bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Illegal Mining and Armed Banditry in Katsina State, Nigeria: What is their Contribution to the Heavy Metal Pollution of a Popularly Consumed Vegetable?
Authors: Yaradua A. I. , Bungudu J. I. , Shuaibu L. , Nasir A. , Usman A. , Kankia I. H. , Matazu N. U. , Suleiman Z. A. , Rumah F. A. , Bello U. , Tukur A. B. , Sani A. S. , Lawal R. G. , Matazu H. K. , Sani A. K. , Kabir Z. G. , Yaradua A. I. , Kabir H. G. , Halliru M. I. , Abbas A. , Dalhatu M. M. , Yaradua I. A. , Nasir M. N. , Mukhtar F. , Hassan M. , Abdullahi B. , Sabiru A. Y. , Nasir R. , Rawayau M. A. , Muhammad A. N.
Published: January 2023

The health risk to the population from exposure to heavy metals in an area that have witnessed a surge in illegal mining activities, cattle rustling and banditry were evaluated in the current study. Cabbage leaves sample from Makiya village, Jibia local Government area, Katsina State, Nigeria was evaluated for the presence of heavy metals using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The health risks of the evaluated heavy metals in the sample to the population were assessed using the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Health Risk Index (HRI)) to assess the possible non-carcinogenic effect and the Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) for the cancer risks. The result of the mean concentration value of the evaluated heavy metal Pb from the sample falls above the Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MAC) of heavy metals in leafy vegetables. The concentrations of the other metals including Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni, Mn and Cd evaluated in the sample were within the permissible values The result of the Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) associated with the evaluated heavy metals exposure through consumption of the sample for adults and children were all below 1. The combined health risks for all the metals in the sample for the adults and children population represented as the HRI were below 1, the result of the Incremental Life Cancer Risk (ILCR) for both the adults and children population shows that all the heavy metals have ILCR that falls within the safety limit for cancer risk. Because of the above permissible Pb concentration in the analysed cabbage leaves sample, it can be deduced that the vegetable is not safe for consumption.
Assessment of Factors Causing COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Improving Uptake in Anambra State South-East Nigeria
Authors: Ohamaeme M. C. , Igboekwu C. , Chibuzor U. , Muoghalu E. , Ani M. , Oji N. , Adamu A. H. , Obidike A. B.
Published: January 2023

Aim: This study assessed the factors causing vaccine hesitancy and ways to mitigate it. This bordered on knowledge gaps responsible for vaccine hesitancy and uptake, determined factors responsible for vaccines hesitancy, and evaluated the roles of communities, governments, and key stakeholders in promoting vaccine acceptance of the new COVID-19 vaccines.

Methodology: A cross-sectional analytic study was carried out. Using questionnaires on 840 respondents, which bordered on Socio-demographics, Knowledge gaps, factors responsible for COVID vaccine hesitancy, and roles of government and stake holders in mitigating vaccine hesitancy was employed. The 21 LGAs had 40 questionnaires each out of which 839 was retrieved. This was administered through 81 validators across the Local Government Areas.

The research took place across the 21 LGAs in Anambra State, South East Nigeria. The study lasted from April –September 2022.

Results: About 99.2% have heard about COVID via radio/television and social media being the most frequent (56.3%, 21.2%). Another 76.1% does not believe it is real while 71.9% thinks it could be prevented by vaccination. More than half (55.3%) have not taken the COVID vaccine due to fear (13.1%), side effects (15.1%), lack of believe in the disease (12.2%), misinformation & conspiracies (14.2%) among others. Further factors to hesitancy were vaccine seen as biological weapon to reduce population (27.2%), inadequate information (25.4%), no COVID in Nigeria (24.7%) and other issues. Majority (57.4%) thinks these could be resolved by awareness creation, health education (6.3%), with government/ stake holders’ commitment.

Conclusion: Knowledge The decision to delay vaccination or the refusal to vaccinate is indeed a major factor to accepting COVID vaccination. Furthermore, knowledge gaps, socio-behavioural factors, information’s gaps, and government commitment affected immunization and vaccine acceptance. Continuous advocacy, awareness creation and right information should be made available to the population to reduce and eliminate COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy.
Association of New York State’s Marketplace Special Enrollment Period for Pregnancy With Prenatal Insurance Coverage
Authors: Eliason Erica L. , Steenland Maria W.
Published: January 2023

This cross-sectional study uses Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System data to investigate the association between marketplace pregnancy special enrollment and prenatal insurance coverage in New York.
History of Incarceration and Its Association With Geriatric and Chronic Health Outcomes in Older Adulthood
Authors: Garcia-Grossman Ilana R. , Cenzer Irena , Steinman Michael A. , Williams Brie A.
Published: January 2023

Importance

Although incarcerated older adults experience higher rates of chronic disease and geriatric syndromes, it is unknown whether community-dwelling older adults with a history of incarceration are also at risk for worse health outcomes.

Objective

To evaluate the association between a history of incarceration and health outcomes, including chronic health conditions and geriatric syndromes, in older age.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study using population-based data from the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study included US community-dwelling adults aged 50 years or older who completed the 2012 or 2014 survey waves assessing self-reported history of incarceration. Statistical analysis was completed from December 2021 to July 2022.

Exposures

Self-reported history of incarceration.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Geriatric health outcomes included cognitive impairment, mobility impairment, vision impairment, hearing impairment, urinary incontinence, and impairment of activities of daily living (ADLs). Chronic health outcomes included high blood pressure, diabetes, chronic lung disease, heart disease, stroke, mental health conditions, heavy alcohol use, and self-reported health. Survey weights were applied to adjust for the survey design.

Results

Among 13 462 participants, 946 (7.6%) had experienced incarceration (mean [SD] age, 62.4 [7.8] years); compared with 12 516 people with no prior incarceration (mean [SD] age, 66.7 [10.0] years), previously incarcerated adults were more likely to be male (83.0% vs 42.8%; P < .001) and in the lowest quartile of wealth (44.1% vs 21.4%; overall P < .001). After adjusting for age, sex, race and ethnicity, wealth, educational attainment, and uninsured status, a history of incarceration was associated with a 20% to 80% increased risk of all geriatric syndromes evaluated, including impairment of ADLs (relative risk [RR], 1.62; 95% CI, 1.40-1.88) and hearing impairment (RR, 1.22; 95% CI, 1.04-1.44). Incarceration was also associated with increased risk of some chronic diseases, including chronic lung disease (RR, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.27-1.91), mental health conditions (RR, 1.80; 95% CI, 1.55-2.08), and heavy alcohol use (RR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.59-2.84). Prior incarceration was not associated with diabetes or cardiovascular conditions.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this study, at least 1 in 15 older US adults reported a history of incarceration in their lifetime. Past incarceration was associated with many chronic diseases and geriatric syndromes even after accounting for socioeconomic status. These findings suggest that attention to incarceration history may be an important consideration in understanding and mitigating health risks in older age.
Effect of Prescriber Notifications of Patient’s Fatal Overdose on Opioid Prescribing at 4 to 12 Months
Authors: Doctor Jason N. , Stewart Emily , Lev Roneet , Lucas Jonathan , Knight Tara , Nguyen Andy , Menchine Michael
Published: January 2023

This randomized clinical trial evaluates the effect of prescriber notifications of a patient’s fatal overdose on opioid prescribing, including decreases in morphine milligram equivalents, new patients taking opioids, and patients taking a high dose, at 4 to 12 months after notification.
Integrative characterisation of secreted factors involved in intercellular communication between prostate epithelial or cancer cells and fibroblasts
Authors: Wu Yunjian , Clark Kimberley C. , Niranjan Birunthi , Chüeh Anderly C. , Horvath Lisa G. , Taylor Renea A. , Daly Roger J.
Published: January 2023

Reciprocal interactions between prostate cancer cells and carcinoma‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) mediate cancer development and progression; however, our understanding of the signalling pathways mediating these cellular interactions remains incomplete. To address this, we defined secretome changes upon co‐culture of prostate epithelial or cancer cells with fibroblasts that mimic bi‐directional communication in tumours. Using antibody arrays, we profiled conditioned media from mono‐ and co‐cultures of prostate fibroblasts, epithelial and cancer cells, identifying secreted proteins that are upregulated in co‐culture compared to mono‐culture. Six of these (CXCL10, CXCL16, CXCL6, FST, PDGFAA, IL‐17B) were functionally screened by siRNA knockdown in prostate cancer cell/fibroblast co‐cultures, revealing a key role for follistatin (FST), a secreted glycoprotein that binds and bioneutralises specific members of the TGF‐β superfamily, including activin A. Expression of FST by both cell types was required for the fibroblasts to enhance prostate cancer cell proliferation and migration, whereas FST knockdown in co‐culture grafts decreased tumour growth in mouse xenografts. This study highlights the complexity of prostate cancer cell–fibroblast communication, demonstrates that co‐culture secretomes cannot be predicted from individual cultures, and identifies FST as a tumour‐microenvironment‐derived secreted factor that represents a candidate therapeutic target.
Precise Modulation of Surface Layer Dynamics for Tunable Flowability and Gas Absorption Properties of Molecular Porous Liquids
Authors: Lai Yuyan , Yang Junsheng , Cai Linkun , Zhang Mingxin , He Xiaofeng , Yu Haitao , Li Mu , Ning Guo‐Hong , Yin Panchao
Published: January 2023

Porous liquids (PLs) have improved the understanding of the porous properties of matter; however, rational tuning of the viscosities and gas absorption properties of PLs lag far behind the explosive growth of PL applications. Herein, neat molecular PLs are constructed by grafting polymers onto the surface of 2 nm molecular nanocages with precisely tuned graft densities and molecular weights Mws. The flowability of the PLs showed a non‐monotonic dependence on the Mw of the polymers due to the interplay between the surface confinement effect and polymer chain entanglements, enabling optimization of their viscosities, similar to those of conventional liquids. The surface layer dynamics and gas absorption kinetics are quantified, correlation between the two properties is confirmed, and gas permeation process is regulated by surface layer dynamics. From the understanding of the structure–property relationship, the surface layer grafting densities are tuned to promote surface layer dynamics to achieve improved gas sorption performance.
A Novel Layered WO3 Derived from An Ion Etching Engineering for Ultrafast Proton Storage in Frozen Electrolyte
Authors: Wang Di , Xu Tiezhu , Zhang Miaoran , Ren Zhenghong , Tong Hao , Shen Laifa
Published: January 2023

Aqueous proton batteries/pseudocapacitors are promising candidates for next‐generation electrochemical energy storage. However, their development is impeded by the lack of suitable electrode materials that facilitate rapid transport and storage of protons. Herein, an open‐layered hydrous tungsten oxide (WO3·nH2O) with larger layer spacing from Aurivillius Bi2WO6 via ion etching is proposed. Particularly, the WO3·nH2O electrode possesses a unique multi‐level nanostructure and presents superior rate performance (254 F g−1 at 1000 mV s−1, surpassing most carbon‐based electrode materials known). In situ X‐ray Diffraction combined with crystallography study demonstrate that the open layered structure with negligible structural strain enables fast and reversible (de)intercalation of protons during electrochemical reaction. Furthermore, a full proton pseudocapacitor (Prussian blue analogues//WO3·nH2O) operating in a wide temperature range from −40 to 25 °C is fabricated. This device can deliver 70% of the room‐temperature capacitance and stably cycle with negligible capacitance fading over 5000 cycles even in the solid‐phase electrolyte at −20 °C. This study provides a valuable strategy to design electrode materials with layered structures for the development of high‐performance aqueous proton batteries/pseudocapacitors at low temperatures.
Fullerene Lattice‐Confined Ru Nanoparticles and Single Atoms Synergistically Boost Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Luo Tianmi , Huang Jianfeng , Hu Yuzhu , Yuan Chengke , Chen Junsheng , Cao Liyun , Kajiyoshi Koji , Liu Yijun , Zhao Yong , Li Zhenjiang , Feng Yongqiang
Published: January 2023

The design and construction of electrocatalysts with high efficiency, low cost and large current output suitable for industrial hydrogen production is the current development trend for water electrolysis. Herein, a lattice‐confined in situ reduction effect of the 3D crystalline fullerene network (CFN) is developed to trap Ru nanoparticle (NP) and single atom (SA) via a solvothermal‐pyrolysis process. The optimized product (RuNP‐RuSA@CFN‐800) exhibits outstanding electrocatalytic performance for alkaline hydrogen evolution reactions. To deliver a current density of 10 mA cm−2, the RuNP‐RuSA@CFN‐800 merely required an overpotential of 33 mV, along with a robust electrocatalytic durability for 1400 h. Even at large current densities of 500 and 1000 mA cm−2, the overpotentials are only 154 and 251 mV, respectively. Density function theorey calculation results indicated that the electronic synergetic effect between Ru NP and SA enable to regulate the charge distribution of RuNP‐RuSA@CFN‐800 and reduce the Gibbs free energy of intermediate species for water dissociation process, thereby accelerating the hydrogen evolution process. Moreover, the robust CFN matrix render this strategy patulous to other transition metals, e.g., Cu, Ni, and Co. The present study provides a new clue for the construction of novel electrocatalyst in the field of energy storage and conversion.
All‐Optical Switching Based on Sub‐Bandgap Photoactivation of Charge Trapping in Metal Halide Perovskites
Authors: Wan Sushu , Li Ke , Zou Meijun , Hong Daocheng , Xie Mingcai , Tan Hairen , Scheblykin Ivan G. , Tian Yuxi
Published: January 2023

Controllable optical properties are crucial for the application of light‐emitting materials in optical devices. In this work, controllable photoluminescence in metal halide perovskite crystals is realized via photoactivation of their defects. It is found that under continuous excitation, the photoluminescence intensity of a CH3NH3PbBr3 crystal can be fully controlled by sub‐bandgap energy photon illumination. Such optically controllable emission behavior is rather general as it is observed also in CsPbBr3 and other perovskite materials. The switching mechanism is assigned to reversible light‐induced activation/deactivation of nonradiative recombination centers, the presence of which relates to an excess of Pb during perovskite synthesis. Given the success of perovskites in photovoltaics and optoelectronics, it is believed that the discovery of green luminescence controlled by red illumination will extend the application scope of perovskites toward optical devices and intelligent control.
Polymer‐Assisted Compressed Flux Growth: A Universal and High‐Yield Method for Dimension‐Controlled Single Crystals
Authors: Ge Chao , Zheng Xiaoxin , Guo Qing , Liu Yang , Tao Xutang
Published: January 2023

Single crystals possess the most perfect and stable morphology and represent the intrinsic and upper limits of performance when integrated into various application scenarios. However, for a large portion of the newly emerging low‐dimensional and molecular materials, the mass production of crystals with a desirable shape is still challenging. Here, a universal and high‐yield method to grow functional single crystals with controlled dimensions is provided that can be directly integrated into a device. By utilizing a polymeric flux in combination with a compressed growth space, numerous materials can be grown into size‐controllable single crystalline flakes, with millions produced in one batch. This scalable growth method shows promise for the large‐scale integration of micro‐single‐crystals as functional components, as exemplified by the construction of a 5 in. field‐effect transistor array.
Macrocycle‐Based Covalent Organic Frameworks
Authors: Yuan Yufei , Bang Ki‐Taek , Wang Rui , Kim Yoonseob
Published: January 2023

Macrocycles with well‐defined cavities and the ability to undergo supramolecular interactions are classical materials that have played an essential role in materials science. However, one of the most substantial barriers limiting the utilization of macrocycles is their aggregation, which blocks the active regions. Among many attempted strategies to prevent such aggregation, installing macrocycles into covalent organic frameworks (COFs), which are porous and stable reticular networks, has emerged as an ideal solution. The resulting macrocycle‐based COFs (M‐COFs) preserve the macrocycles’ unique activities, enabling applications in various fields such as single‐atom catalysis, adsorption/separation, optoelectronics, phototherapy, and structural design of forming single‐layered or mechanically interlocked COFs. The resulting properties are unmatchable by any combination of macrocycles with other substrates, opening a new chapter in advanced materials. This review focuses on the latest progress in the concepts, synthesis, properties, and applications of M‐COFs, and presents an in‐depth outlook on the challenges and opportunities in this emerging field.
Perspiring Soft Robotics Skin Constituted by Dynamic Polarity‐Switching Porous Liquid Crystal Membrane
Authors: Zhan Yuanyuan , Broer Dirk J. , Liu Danqing
Published: January 2023

Secretion of functional fluids is essential for affecting surface properties in ecosystems. The existing polymer membranes that mimic human skin functions are limited to secreting, either apolar or polar, liquid. However, the development of membranes that grant exchange liquid with different polarities remains a grand challenge. This process is prohibited by the mismatch of the polarity between the carrier polymer and the loaded liquid. To conquer this limitation, an innovative strategy is reported to dynamically switch the polarity of the porous membrane, thereby empowering the exchange of apolar liquid with polar liquid and vice versa. This approach incorporates a benzoic acid derivative into the original apolar polymer network. The benzoic acid dimerizes and forms hydrogen bonds, which supports the molecular alignment, but can be broken into the ionic state when subjected to alkaline treatment, changing the polarity of themembrane. Consequently, the apolar liquid can be replaced with a more polar one. This polar liquid is ejected upon safe‐dose UV illumination from the membrane. Reabsorption occurs on demand by illumination of visible light or when left in contact with the membrane, spontaneously in the dark. Based on this, the consumed membrane is replenished with the same or different exchanging liquid.
A short review on the pulsar magnetic inclination angles
Authors: Li Biao‐Peng , Gao Zhi‐Fu
Published: January 2023

The inclination angle χ between the magnetic and rotation axes of pulsars is an important parameter in pulsar physics. The changes in the inclination angle of a pulsar would lead to observable effects, such as changes in the pulse beam width and braking index of the star. In this paper, we perform a short review on the evolution of a pulsar's magnetic inclination angle, as well as the latest research progress. Using an alignment rotator model in a vacuum, we investigate the magnetic inclination angle change rates for 12 high‐braking index pulsars without a glitch, whose timing observations are obtained using the Nanshan 25‐m Radio Telescope at Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory. For our purpose, three representative pulsars J0157+6212, J1743−3150, and J1857+0526 are chosen and their rotation and inclination angle evolutions are further investigated. In the future, radio and x‐ray polarimetric observations will provide more information about the inclination angles of pulsars, which could help us understand the origin of the variations in χ of pulsars and shed light on the range of possibilities of pulsar magnetic field configuration. A continuous study of the pulsar inclination angle will provide an important window into additional physical processes at work in the young and highly magnetized pulsars.
Improvements in the reduction coagulation filtration process for hexavalent chromium treatment
Authors: Gorman Craig , Kennedy Anthony , Samson Carleigh , Plummer Sarah , Townsend Eli , Seidel Chad
Published: January 2023

Reduction coagulation filtration using ferrous iron (Fe(II)‐RCF), or reduction filtration using stannous tin (Sn(II)‐RF), for the removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) from drinking water represent attractive alternatives to ion exchange or reverse osmosis. With a new maximum contaminant level for Cr(VI) anticipated in California, this study sought to expand on previous research by applying Fe(II)‐RCF and Sn(II)‐RF to multiple groundwaters under a variety of reductant dose and reduction time scenarios. Four different granular filter media were also tested for removal of total chromium (Cr(T)) following Cr(VI) reduction to trivalent chromium (Cr(III)). Sodium hypochlorite, instead of aeration, was used to oxidize excess Fe(II) to Fe(III) prior to filtration, with minimal Cr(III) to Cr(VI) reoxidation. Sn(II)‐RF was also able to achieve Cr(T) and Cr(VI) treatment goals without dedicated reduction time prior to filtration. Results of this study were used to develop more up‐to‐date, feasibility‐level, 20‐year annualized cost estimates.
Aquatic biomass as sustainable feedstock for biorefineries
Authors: Amulya Kotamraju , Morris Sinead , Lens Piet N.L.
Published: January 2023

The development of biorefineries is a crucial step in the circular economy framework. In biorefineries, research is intensified towards utilizing feedstocks, which do not need arable land or compete with food sources. In this scenario, emerged, submerged and free‐floating aquatic plants are garnering significant attention as potential feedstocks owing to their generation in huge quantities, especially in eutrophic water bodies, similar composition to lignocellulosic biomass with lower lignin content and requirement for only mild pre‐treatments. Therefore, exploring the feasibility of using these aquatic plants for the production of various biocommodities in a biorefinery approach can be of prime importance. In light of this, the current review illustrates the use of some of the major aquatic plants for the production of different biocommodities. The main focus of the study is to shed light on the various biorefinery schemes that could be implemented using these aquatic plants. It also outlines the challenges and prospects of aquatic plant‐based biorefineries. The findings suggest that various biorefinery schemes can be implemented using these aquatic plants and a combination of chemical and biological processes could aid in lowering the cost and achieving better yields. Furthermore, it is also observed that research on large‐scale management and valorization of these aquatic plants also needs to be intensified.
Effect of nano‐curcumin on various diseases: A comprehensive review of clinical trials
Authors: Hassanizadeh Shirin , Shojaei Mehrnaz , Bagherniya Mohammad , Orekhov Alexander N. , Sahebkar Amirhossein
Published: January 2023

The antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and antibacterial properties of curcumin have made it a valuable herbal product for improving various disorders, such as COVID‐19, cancer, depression, anxiety, osteoarthritis, migraine, and diabetes. Recent research has demonstrated that encapsulating curcumin in nanoparticles might improve its therapeutic effects and bioavailability. To our knowledge, the efficacy of nano‐curcumin on different aspects of health and disease has not been summarized in a study. Therefore, this review aimed to evaluate nano‐curcumin's efficacy in various diseases based on the findings of clinical trials. In order to review publications focusing on nanocurcumin's impact on various diseases, four databases were searched, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. This review highlights the potential benefits of nano‐curcumin in improving a wide range of human diseases including COVID‐19, neurological disorders, chronic disease, oral diseases, osteoarthritis, metabolic syndrome, and other diseases, especially as an adjunct to standard therapy and a healthy lifestyle.
Use of short videos and case studies to enhance student confidence in biochemistry knowledge and application in a large lecture biochemistry course in first year veterinary curriculum
Authors: Cardamone Carie , Linder Deborah E. , Knoll Joyce S. , Webster Cynthia R. L. , Murray Maureen , Frank Nicholas , Shorter Brittain , Heinze Cailin R. , Schonhoff Christopher M.
Published: January 2023

Large lecture courses are an efficient way to convey material to many students but have potential limitations, most notably the tendency for them to promote passive learning opportunities rather than active pedagogies. The curriculum at Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, like many veterinary schools, contains many large lecture courses in the pre‐clinical curriculum. This objective of this study was to use two active pedagogical interventions in a first‐year lecture course named Veterinary Biochemistry and Metabolism that drew connections between basic science and several veterinary diseases. The first intervention targeted increasing students' intrinsic motivation and their confidence with understanding biochemistry concepts using videos created via collaborations between students, staff, and clinical and basic science faculty. The second intervention targeted active and collaborative learning via the implementation of clinical case studies completed in groups to relate lecture content to clinical scenarios with the aim of further enhancing student confidence in their knowledge of the material. To assess the effectiveness of these two interventions, pre‐and post‐course surveys using Likert style questions were administered to evaluate student confidence in the targeted concepts. The post‐survey included open‐ended responses on students' perspectives on their most important takeaways from the activities and their suggestions for improvements. The data showed a positive impact of these interventions on student motivation and confidence in their knowledge. This study provides support that targeted interventions to increase active learning strategies increase student engagement and may improve learning efficacy in large lecture courses.
Does exposure to research experiences have different learning outcomes than prior exposure to lab techniques in non‐research settings?
Authors: Beheshtian Cheyenne , Garcia Vanessa Elena , Zhu‐Hui Ng Tiffany , Alkhatib Sarah , Quang Erica , Cho Kira Jinju , Nguyen Timothy Duy , Le Dustin Nguyen , Kadandale Pavan
Published: January 2023

A large body of literature has established the benefits of undergraduate research experiences via the traditional apprenticeship model. More recently, several studies have shown that many of these benefits can be recapitulated in course‐based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) that are more scalable and easier for students to participate in, compared to the apprenticeship‐based research experiences. Many Biology curricula also incorporate more traditional laboratory courses, where students learn to use common laboratory techniques through guided exercises with known outcomes. Indeed, many programs across the nation provide such programs or courses for students early in their careers, with a view toward increasing student interest and engagement in Biology. While there is general consensus that all lab experiences have some benefits for students, very few studies have examined whether either research experiences or learning biological techniques in more traditional lab courses directly impacts student performance in lecture courses. Here, we show that prior familiarity with laboratory techniques does not improve student performance in a lecture course, even if these techniques are directly related to content being taught in the course. However, having prior research experience improves performance in the course, irrespective of whether the research experience included the use of course‐related laboratory techniques.
Escape of lattice water in potassium iron hexacyanoferrate for cyclic optimization in potassium‐ion batteries
Authors: Wei Yaojie , Zhang Shuhua , Zhai Dengyun , Kang Feiyu
Published: January 2023

Potassium iron hexacyanoferrate (Prussian blue [PB]) is a very competitive cathode for potassium‐ion batteries due to its 3D robust open framework. However, [Fe(CN)6]4− vacancies and lattice water existed in PB lattices aggravate electrochemical performances. Herein, PBs with different content of vacancies and lattice water are obtained under two synthesis temperatures of 0°C and 25°C. Although K1.36Fe[Fe(CN)6]0.74·0.48H2O (PB0) exhibits an outstanding rate capability compared with K1.43Fe[Fe(CN)6]0.94·0.42H2O (PB25), PB25 with less defects shows a lower polarization and superior stability than PB0 during the cycle. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra results show that lattice water can escape from PB lattices during the cycle, which enhances the diffusion of K+ kinetically in the PB structure. Benefited from this phenomenon, the diffusion coefficient of K+ in vacancy‐less PB25 reaches 10−8 in two reaction platforms. As potassium‐ion battery cathodes, PB25 displays higher capacity retention of 86.5% over 1000 cycles at 5 C than PB0 with 20.1% capacity retention over 600 cycles. This study provides a new understanding of [Fe(CN)6]4− vacancy and lattice water behavior in K‐containing PB structure.
Comparative proteomics reveals anticancer compounds from Lansium domesticum against NSCLC cells target mitochondrial processes
Authors: Alvarez Michael Russelle , De Juan Florence , Zhou Qingwen , Dimzon Ian Ken D. , Grijaldo Sheryl Joyce , Sunga Sean , Heralde Francisco , Lebrilla Carlito B. , Completo Gladys Cherisse , Nacario Ruel C.
Published: January 2023

Lansium domesticum is identified as a potential source of anticancer compounds. However, there are minimal studies on its anti‐lung cancer properties as well as its mechanism of action. Here, we show the specificity of lanzones hexane (LH) leaf extracts to non‐small cell lung cancer cells (A549) compared to normal lung fibroblast cells (CCD19‐Lu) and normal epithelial prostate cells (PNT2). Subsequent bioassay‐guided fractionation of the hexane leaf extracts identified two bioactive fractions with IC50 values of 2.694 μg/ml (LH6‐6) and 2.883 μg/ml (LH7‐6). LH 6‐6 treatment (1 μg/ml concentration) also showed a significantly reduced migration potential of A549 relative to the control. Thirty‐one phytocompounds were isolated and identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometric (MS) analysis and were then subjected to network pharmacology analysis to assess its effects on lung cancer target proteins. Using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry proteomics experiments, we were able to show that these compounds cause cytotoxic effects through targeting mitochondrial processes in A549 lung cancer cells.
Bifunctional Water Splitting Performance of NiFe LDH Improved by Pd2+ Doping
Authors: Liu Daoxin , Liu Jingru , Xue Bing , Zhang Jianan , Xu Zhiqiang , Wang Lumeng , Gao Xinyu , Luo Feng , Li Fangfei
Published: January 2023

Nobel metal doping is an effective strategy to enhance the catalytic activity of electrocatalysts. Herein, a novel bifunctional electrocatalyst based on NiFe layered double hydroxide with ultra‐low Pd2+ doping (NiFePd LDH) was constructed by a one‐step hydrothermal method, where the Pd2+ is introduced by PdCl42−. The results show that Ni2+ and Pd2+ species are concomitantly deposited, and the slow‐release introduction of Pd2+ improves the element uniform distribution and effectively affects the electronic structures of active species by inducing local defects and lattice distortions, which is beneficial for stimulating the catalytic activity of NiFePd LDH. Under the optimal hydrothermal time, NiFePd LDH‐3 h only requires OER/HER overpotentials of 270 mV at 50 mA cm−2/‐316 mV at −10 mA cm−2, respectively, whose Tafel slopes are only 69.3/135.8 mV dec−1. As a bifunctional catalyst, it achieves a low voltage of 1.74 V at 10 mA cm−2 for overall water splitting with excellent long‐term durability.
Functionalized MOF‐Based Photocatalysts for CO2 Reduction
Authors: Fang Zhaohui , Yue Xiaoyang , Li Fang , Xiang Quanjun
Published: January 2023

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) materials have become a research forefront in the field of photocatalytic CO2 reduction attributed to their ultra‐high specific surface area, adjustable structure, and abundant catalytic active sites. Particularly, MOFs can be facilely tuned to match CO2 photoreduction by utilizing post‐modification of metal nodes, functionalization of organic linkers, and combination with other active materials. Herein, the recent advances in the construction strategy of MOF‐based photocatalysts materials for CO2 reduction are highlighted. Some systematic modification strategies on MOF‐based photocatalysts are also discussed, such as modification of metal sites and organic ligands, construction of heterojunction, introduction of single/dual‐atom, and strain engineering. Finally, the future development directions of MOF‐based photocatalysts in the field of CO2 reduction are presented.
Secondary Orbital Effect Involving Fluorine is Responsible for Substrate‐Controlled Diastereodivergence in the Catalyzed syn‐aza‐Henry Reaction of α‐Fluoronitroalkanes
Authors: Smajlagic Ivor , Johnston Jeffrey N. , Dudding Travis
Published: January 2023

The fluorine atom is a powerful, yet enigmatic influence on chemical reactions. True to form, fluorine was recently discovered to effect diastereodivergence in an enantioselective aza‐Henry reaction, resulting in a very rare case of syn‐β‐amino nitroalkane products. More bewildering was the observation of an apparent hierarchy of substituents within this substrate‐controlled behavior: Ph>F>alkyl. These cases have now been examined comprehensively by computational methods, including both non‐fluorinated and α‐fluoro nitronate additions to aldimines catalyzed by a chiral bis(amidine) [BAM] proton complex. This study revealed the network of non‐covalent interactions that dictate anti‐ (α‐aryl) versus syn‐selectivity (α‐alkyl) using α‐fluoronitronate nucleophiles, and an underlying secondary orbital interaction between fluorine and the activated azomethine.
Accelerating deep learning inference via layer truncation and transfer learning for fingerprint classification
Authors: Mukoya Esther , Rimiru Richard , Kimwele Michael , Gakii Consolata , Mugambi Grace
Published: January 2023

Biometric systems have been used extensively in the identification and verification of persons. Fingerprint biometrics stands out as the most effective due to their characteristics of Permanence, uniqueness, ergonomics, throughput, low cost, and lifelong usability. By reducing the number of comparisons, biometric recognition systems can effectively deal with large‐scale databases. Fingerprint classification is an important task used to reduce the number of comparisons by dividing fingerprints into classes. Deep learning models have demonstrated impressive classification performance in fingerprint classification tasks. The high‐level features of deep learning models can affect the transfer learning in deep learning models. Furthermore, the high‐level features involve high computational costs that can render difficulty in the deployment of the applications. This work proposes an improved system for fingerprint classification through the truncation of layers and transfer learning. Our approach modifies the ResNet50 model to improve its network inference speed and performance in fingerprint classification by removing some deep convolutional layers. We then finetune the modified model and train it using a fingerprint dataset. The results show that the finetuned modified model improves classification accuracy at a reduced computational cost. At only 5.1M parameters, our model obtained a classification accuracy of 93.3% and precision of 93.4% performing better than previous studies based on its size‐performance ratio.
Anger profiles among individuals seeking treatment for maladaptive anger: Associations with emotion regulation
Authors: Larsson Johannes , Bjureberg Johan , Hesser Hugo
Published: January 2023

Individuals who experience problems with anger represent a heterogeneous group. Identifying clinically relevant subtypes of anger may advance treatment research. In the current study, latent profile analysis (LPA) was conducted to explore if distinct subtypes of anger could be identified within a sample of individuals seeking treatment for maladaptive anger (N = 538; 55.4% females; mean age = 39.78, SD = 12.28). Furthermore, the utility of the empirical classification was examined based on differences in usage of emotion regulation strategies (cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, mindful emotion awareness and relaxation) across subtypes. Four anger profiles were identified in the best‐fitted LPA model: Low Anger (n = 153, 28.4%), Anger In (n = 91, 16.9%), Moderate Anger (n = 193, 35.9%) and High Anger (n = 101, 35.5%). Results from the multinominal regression revealed that the use of emotion regulation differed across all profiles. Participants from the High Anger and Anger In profiles exhibited distinct patterns of dysfunctional emotion regulation. The results add to the increasing amount of evidence demonstrating a link between emotion regulation strategies and maladaptive anger. Clinical implications on how to tailor treatments for individuals with maladaptive anger are discussed.
Pooling robustness in distance sampling: Avoiding bias when there is unmodelled heterogeneity
Authors: Rexstad Eric , Buckland Steve , Marshall Laura , Borchers David
Published: January 2023

The pooling robustness property of distance sampling results in unbiased abundance estimation even when sources of variation in detection probability are not modeled. However, this property cannot be relied upon to produce unbiased subpopulation abundance estimates when using a single pooled detection function that ignores subpopulations.

We investigate by simulation the effect of differences in subpopulation detectability upon bias in subpopulation abundance estimates. We contrast subpopulation abundance estimates using a pooled detection function with estimates derived using a detection function model employing a subpopulation covariate. Using point transect survey data from a multispecies songbird study, species‐specific abundance estimates are compared using pooled detection functions with and without a small number of adjustment terms, and a detection function with species as a covariate.

With simulation, we demonstrate the bias of subpopulation abundance estimates when a pooled detection function is employed. The magnitude of the bias is positively related to the magnitude of disparity between the subpopulation detection functions. However, the abundance estimate for the entire population remains unbiased except when there is extreme heterogeneity in detection functions. Inclusion of a detection function model with a subpopulation covariate essentially removes the bias of the subpopulation abundance estimates. The analysis of the songbird point count surveys shows some bias in species‐specific abundance estimates when a pooled detection function is used.

Pooling robustness is a unique property of distance sampling, producing unbiased abundance estimates at the level of the study area even in the presence of large differences in detectability between subpopulations. In situations where subpopulation abundance estimates are required for data‐poor subpopulations and where the subpopulations can be identified, we recommend the use of subpopulation as a covariate to reduce bias induced in subpopulation abundance estimates.
Seasonal flooding decreases fruit‐feeding butterfly species dominance and increases spatial turnover in floodplain forests of central Amazonia
Authors: Oliveira Isabela Freitas , Baccaro Fabricio Beggiato , Werneck Fernanda P. , Haugaasen Torbjørn
Published: January 2023

The seasonal flood pulse in Amazonia can be considered a primary driver of community structure in floodplain environments. Although this natural periodic disturbance is part of the landscape dynamics, the seasonal inundation presents a considerable challenge to organisms that inhabit floodplain forests. The present study investigated the effect of seasonal flooding on fruit‐feeding butterfly assemblages in different forest types and strata in central Amazonia. We sampled fruit‐feeding butterflies in the canopy and the understory using baited traps in adjacent upland (unflooded forests—terra firme), white and blackwater floodplain forests (várzea and igapó, respectively) during the low‐ and high‐water seasons. Butterfly abundance decreased in the high‐water season, especially of dominant species in várzea, but the number of species was similar between seasons in the three forest types. Species composition differed between strata in all forest types. However, the flood pulse only affected butterfly assemblages in várzea forest. The β‐diversity components also differed only in várzea. Species replacement (turnover) dominated the spatial β‐diversity in igapó and terra firme in both seasons and várzea in the high‐water season. Nonetheless, nestedness was relatively higher in várzea forests during the low‐water season, mainly due to the effect of dominant species. These results emphasize the importance of seasonal flooding to structure butterfly assemblages in floodplain forests and reveal the idiosyncrasy of butterfly community responses to flooding in different forest types. Our results also suggest that any major and rapid changes to the hydrological regime could severely affect floodplain communities adapted to this natural seasonal hydrological cycle, threatening the existence of these unique environments.
Resource availability modulates the effect of body size on reproductive development
Authors: Gergely Réka , Tökölyi Jácint
Published: January 2023

Within‐species variation in animal body size predicts major differences in life history, for example, in reproductive development, fecundity, and even longevity. Purely from an energetic perspective, large size could entail larger energy reserves, fuelling different life functions, such as reproduction and survival (the “energy reserve” hypothesis). Conversely, larger body size could demand more energy for maintenance, and larger individuals might do worse in reproduction and survival under resource shortage (the “energy demand” hypothesis). Disentangling these alternative hypotheses is difficult because large size often correlates with better resource availability during growth, which could mask direct effects of body size on fitness traits. Here, we used experimental body size manipulation in the freshwater cnidarian Hydra oligactis, coupled with manipulation of resource (food) availability to separate direct effects of body size from resource availability on fitness traits (sexual development time, fecundity, and survival). We found significant interaction between body size and food availability in sexual development time in both males and females, such that large individuals responded less strongly to variation in resource availability. These results are consistent with an energy reserve effect of large size in Hydra. Surprisingly, the response was different in males and females: small and starved females delayed their reproduction, while small and starved males developed reproductive organs faster. In case of fecundity and survival, both size and food availability had significant effects, but we detected no interaction between them. Our observations suggest that in Hydra, small individuals are sensitive to fluctuations in resource availability, but these small individuals are able to adjust their reproductive development to maintain fitness.
The biological responses of vitamin K2: A comprehensive review
Authors: Yan Quanxiang , Zhang Tao , O'Connor Christine , Barlow James W. , Walsh John , Scalabrino Gaia , Xu Feng , Sheridan Helen
Published: January 2023

Vitamin K1 (VitK1) and Vitamin K2 (VitK2), two important naturally occurring micronutrients in the VitK family, found, respectively, in green leafy plants and algae (VitK1) and animal and fermented foods (VitK2). The present review explores the multiple biological functions of VitK2 from recently published in vitro and in vivo studies, including promotion of osteogenesis, prevention of calcification, relief of menopausal symptoms, enhancement of mitochondrial energy release, hepato‐ and neuro‐protective effects, and possible use in treatment of coronavirus disease. The mechanisms of action associated with these biological effects are also explored. Overall, the findings presented here suggest that VitK, especially VitK2, is an important nutrient family for the normal functioning of human health. It acts on almost all major body systems and directly or indirectly participates in and regulates hundreds of physiological or pathological processes. However, as biological and clinical data are still inconsistent and conflicting, more in‐depth investigations are warranted to elucidate its potential as a therapeutic strategy to prevent and treat a range of disease conditions.