bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dosimetric comparison of multiple vs single isocenter technique for linear accelerator‐based stereotactic radiosurgery: The Importance of the six degree couch
Authors: Amaya Dania , Shinde Ashwin , Wohlers Christopher , Wong Ka Chun Carson , Novak Jennifer , Neylon John , Han Chunhui , Liu An , Dandapani Savita , Glaser Scott
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Single isocenter technique (SIT) for linear accelerator‐based stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is feasible. However, SIT introduces the potential for rotational error which can lead to geographical miss. Additional planning treatment volume (PTV) margin is required when using SIT. With the six degrees of freedom (6DoF) couch, rotational error can be minimized. We sought to evaluate the effect of the 6DoF couch on the dosimetry of patients with multiple brain metastases treated with SIT.

Materials and Methods

Ten consecutive patients treated with SRS to ≥3 metastases were identified. Original treatments had MIT plans (MITP). The lesions were replanned using SIT. Lesions 5‐10 cm from isocenter had an additional 1mm of margin. Patients were replanned with these additional margins to account for inability to correct rotational error (SITPM). Multiple dosimetric variables and time metrics were evaluated. Dosimetry planning time (DPT) and patient treatment time (PTT) were evaluated. Statistics were calculated using the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test.

Results

A total of 73 brain metastases receiving SRS, to a median of 6 lesions per patient, were identified. MITPs treated 73 lesions with 63 isocenters. On average, MITPs had a 19.2% higher brain V12 than SITPs (P = 0.017).

For creation of SITPM, 30 lesions required 1 mm of additional margin, while none required 2 mm of margin. This increased V12 by 47.8% on average per patient (P = 0.008) from SITP to SITPM.

DPT was 5.5 hours for SITP, while median for MITP was 12.5 hours (P = 0.005) PTT was 30 minutes for SITP, while median for MITP was 144 minutes (P = 0.005).

Conclusions

SITPs are comparable to MITPs if rotational error can be corrected with the use of a 6DoF couch. Increasing margin to account for rotational error leads to a nearly 50% increase in V12, which could result in higher rates of radiation necrosis. Time savings are significant using SIT.
Adjusting Sensitivity and Linearity of the Wearable Pressure Sensors by an Arbitrary Micro‐Protuberance Structure of Polyvinylidene Fluoride/Reduced Graphene Oxide Dielectric Films
Authors: Huang Jingxia , Wang Feng , Xu Xinwei , Hu Renchao , Wang Zehuan , Wang Hong
Published: May 2021

Flexible pressure sensors with high sensitivity over a broad linear range and fast response have extension applications in wearable electronics. Herein, we prepared a tunable capacitive pressure sensors based on arbitrary micro‐protuberances geometry films via low‐cost soft lithography, employing the polyvinylidene fluoride/reduced graphene oxide (PVDF/rGO) composite with a high dielectric constant of 172 and low loss tangent of 0.48. The hierarchical microstructures’ different sizes endow the sensors adjustable pressure response, achieving the regulation of sensitivity and linear detection range. The superior microstructured film‐based sensor exhibits a high sensitivity (1.19 kPa−1) over 20 times that of the bulk film, wide linearity (1.3 kPa), a rapid response (43 ms), a low limit of detection (10.6 Pa), and remarkable durability over 5000 compression/release cycles. In addition, based on the excellent sensing performance above‐mentioned, the device is successfully employed in the scenario of monitoring pressure interaction and human activities by mounting on different parts of the human body or object. This work provides a means to optimize the sensor's sensitivity and linearity by hierarchical structure and contributes to its wearable electronic applications.
Dry Processing and Recycling of Thick Nacre–Mimetic Nanocomposites
Authors: Lossada Francisco , Zhu Baolei , Walther Andreas
Published: May 2021

Bioinspired nanocomposites with high levels of reinforcement hold great promise for future, green lightweight, and functional engineering materials, but they suffer from slow, tedious, and nonscalable preparation routes, that typically only lead to very thin films. A rapid and facile dry powder processing technique is introduced to generate bioinspired nanocomposite materials at high fractions of reinforcements (50 wt%) and with millimeter scale thickness. The process uses powder drying of vitrimer‐coated nanoplatelets (nanoclay and MXene) from aqueous solution and subsequent hot‐pressing. As a method of choice in industrial lightweight composite materials engineering, hot‐pressing underscores a high potential to translate this approach to actual products. The use of the vitrimer chemistry with temperature‐activated bond shuffling is important to facilitate smooth integration into the nanocomposite design, leading to layered nacre‐inspired nanocomposites with nanoscale hard/soft order traced by X‐ray diffraction and excellent mechanical properties investigated using flexural tests. Recycling by grinding and hot‐pressing is possible without property loss. The compatibility with existing composite processing techniques, scalable thickness and dimensions, and recyclability open considerable opportunities for translating bioinspired nanocomposites to real‐life applications.
A Universal Voltage Design for Triggering Manganese Dioxide Defects Construction to Significantly Boost the Pseudocapacitance
Authors: Yan Lijin , Zhu Chong , Hao Jiangyu , Liang Xinyue , Bai Youcun , Hu Qin , Tan Bochuan , Liu Baibai , Zou Xuefeng , Xiang Bin
Published: May 2021

Electrochemical activation can be appropriate for constructing tunable/controllable defects within the interior of electrode materials. However, the activation mechanisms under different applied electric fields urgently need to be systematically explored. Herein, the electrochemically activated manganese dioxide (MnO2) samples are prepared via applying a positive/negative electric field, and two different activation mechanisms are revealed through a series of characterization methods. During the activation process, it is fascinating to discover that MnO2 mainly generates the O vacancies under positive voltage, whereas the electrolyte cations are embedded in the interlayer under negative voltage. The generated O vacancies and intercalated ions not only act as active sites or participate in the charge‐transport process, but also enhance the transmission capability of carriers. In contrast, the specific capacitances of optimized MnO2 samples are 2.9 and 2.8 times than that of pure‐MnO2 after electrochemical activation under positive and negative voltage, respectively. In addition, the activated samples exhibit excellent cycle stability and resistance to electrochemical corrosion, which can well‐maintain the 3D network structure composed of nanosheets after 5000 cycles. This strategy opens up a promising approach for exploring efficient and corrosion‐resistant electrode materials.
Crumple Durable Ultraflexible Organic Solar Cells with an Excellent Power‐per‐Weight Performance
Authors: Song Wei , Yu Kuibao , Zhou Erjun , Xie Lin , Hong Ling , Ge Jinfeng , Zhang Jinsheng , Zhang Xiaoli , Peng Ruixiang , Ge Ziyi
Published: May 2021

Ultraflexible and ultra‐lightweight organic solar cells (OSCs) have attracted great attention in terms of power supply in wearable electronic systems. Here, ultrathin and ultra‐lightweight OSCs, with a total thickness of less than 3 µm, with excellent mechanical properties in terms of their flexibility and ability to be stretched are demonstrated. A stabilized power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 15.5% and unprecedented power‐per‐weight of 32.07 W g−1 at a weight of 4.83 g m−2 is achieved, which represents one of the best‐performing OSCs based on ultrathin foils substrate reported to date. The ternary strategy introduces the third component of amorphous conformation of the PC71BM molecule, which can slightly reduce crystallization and aggregates without decreasing the electron mobility, thereby reducing rigidity and brittleness of the active layer. The increase in the ductility of the active layer significantly improves the mechanical flexibility of the device, resulting in over 90% retention in the PCE after 200 stretching–compression cycles. In addition, the ternary device exhibits excellent stability when stored in a N2‐filled glove box, resulting in the PCE retaining over 95% of its initial efficiency even after 1000 h. This ultraflexible and ultra‐lightweight photovoltaic foils constitute a major step toward the integration of power supply into malleable electronic textiles.
In Situ Carbon Insertion in Laminated Molybdenum Dioxide by Interlayer Engineering Toward Ultrastable “Rocking‐Chair” Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Wang Bo , Yan Jianping , Zhang Yufei , Ye Minghui , Yang Yang , Li Cheng Chao
Published: May 2021

Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) have attracted significant attention due to their intrinsic safety, cost‐effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. However, the common zinc metal anode suffers from zinc dendrite formation, self‐corrosion, and surface passivation, which impede the further application of aqueous ZIBs. Herein, carbon‐inserted molybdenum dioxide (MoO2) materials with laminated structure are designed as novel intercalation‐type anodes for ZIBs by combination of interlayer engineering and in situ carbonization of aniline guest in molybdenum trioxide interlayers. The uniform dispersion of carbon layers in laminated MoO2 not only provide fast transportation paths for electron but also strengthen the framework of MoO2, leading to high structural integration during high‐rate cycling. Benefiting from the unique structural design, the carbon‐inserted MoO2 electrode exhibits high initial Coulombic efficiency, excellent cycling stability, and outstanding rate capability. Multiple ex situ characterizations reveal its excellent electrochemical stability is derived from reversible intercalation mechanism and ultrastable structural framework. Furthermore, the rocking‐chair zinc‐ion full battery assembled with the zinc pre‐intercalated Na3V2(PO4)2O2F cathode presents excellent stability and ultralong lifespan with a high capacity retention of 91% over 8000 cycles.
Development of Effective Tumor Vaccine Strategies Based on Immune Response Cascade Reactions
Authors: Wu Hang , Fu Xianglei , Zhai Yujia , Gao Shan , Yang Xiaoye , Zhai Guangxi
Published: May 2021

To solve the problems of high toxicity and poor efficacy of existing tumor treatment methods, researchers have developed a variety of tumor immunotherapies. Among them, tumor vaccines activate antigen‐presenting cells and T lymphocytes upstream of the cancer‐immunity cycle are considered the most promising therapy to activate the immune system. Nanocarriers are considered the most promising tumor vaccine delivery vehicles, including polymer nanocarriers, lipid nanocarriers, inorganic nanocarriers, and biomimetic nanocarriers that have been developed for vaccine delivery. Based on the cascade reaction for tumor vaccines to exert their effects, this review summarizes the four key factors for the design and construction of nano‐tumor vaccines. The composition and functional characteristics of the corresponding preferred nanocarriers are illustrated to provide a reference for the development of effective tumor vaccines. Finally, potential challenges and perspectives are illustrated in the hope of improving the efficacy of tumor vaccine immunotherapy and accelerating the clinical transformation of next‐generation tumor vaccines.
Organic Light‐Emitting Transistors Entering a New Development Stage
Authors: Qin Zhengsheng , Gao Haikuo , Dong Huanli , Hu Wenping
Published: May 2021

Organic light‐emitting transistors (OLETs) are possibly the smallest integrated optoelectronic devices that combine the switching and amplification mechanisms of organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) and the electroluminescent characteristic of organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Such a unique architecture of OLETs makes them ideal for developing the next‐generation display technology and electrically pumped lasers for miniaturized photonic devices and circuits. However, the development of OLETs has been slow. Recently, some exciting progress has been made with breakthroughs in high mobility emissive organic semiconductors, construction of high‐performance OLETs, and fabrication of novel multifunctional OLETs. This recent slew of advances may represent the advent of a new development stage of OLETs and their related devices and circuits. In this paper, a detailed review of these fantastic advances is presented, with a special focus on the key points for developing high‐performance OLETs. Finally, a brief conclusion is provided with a discussion on the challenges and future perspectives in this field.
Controlled Assembly of Plasmonic Nanoparticles: From Static to Dynamic Nanostructures
Authors: Lee Sunghee , Sim Kyunjong , Moon So Yoon , Choi Jisu , Jeon Yoojung , Nam Jwa‐Min , Park So‐Jung
Published: May 2021

The spatial arrangement of plasmonic nanoparticles can dramatically affect their interaction with electromagnetic waves, which offers an effective approach to systematically control their optical properties and manifest new phenomena. To this end, significant efforts were made to develop methodologies by which the assembly structure of metal nanoparticles can be controlled with high precision. Herein, recent advances in bottom‐up chemical strategies toward the well‐controlled assembly of plasmonic nanoparticles, including multicomponent and multifunctional systems are reviewed. Further, it is discussed how the progress in this area has paved the way toward the construction of smart dynamic nanostructures capable of on‐demand, reversible structural changes that alter their properties in a predictable and reproducible manner. Finally, this review provides insight into the challenges, future directions, and perspectives in the field of controlled plasmonic assemblies.
A Novel Sandwiched Porous MXene/Polyaniline Nanofibers Composite Film for High Capacitance Supercapacitor Electrode
Authors: Chen Binxia , Song Quancheng , Zhou Zehang , Lu Canhui
Published: May 2021

As a class of promising 2D material, MXenes are widely applied to energy storage systems (ESSs) due to metallic conductivity and high electrochemical activities, but the restacking problem during electrode preparation restricts their electrochemical performances. Herein, polyaniline nanofibers (PANINFs) are used as conductive interlayer spacers to induce the self‐assembly of MXene (Ti3C2Tx)‐based electrode. The favored sandwiched porous structure is formed due to the electrostatic adsorption and hydrogen bond interaction between the positively charged PANINFs and the negatively charged Ti3C2Tx nanosheets, which provide abundant accessible sites and facilitate the diffusion of ions. As a result, the flexible freestanding Ti3C2Tx/PANINFs composite electrode exhibits high conductivity (1373.3 S cm–1) and excellent gravimetric capacitance of 645.7 F g–1. Due to the enhanced structural stability, it achieves impressive cycling stability of 98% capacitance retention after 5000 cycles, which is significantly improved from that of pristine Ti3C2Tx electrode (84.6%). This work provides a feasible strategy for the structure regulation and performance enhancement of MXene‐based supercapacitors, which has great potential in energy storage systems.
Resonant Scattering Manipulation of Dielectric Nanoparticles
Authors: Xu Jiahui , Wu Yue , Zhang Pinzheng , Wu Yiming , Vallée Renaud A. L. , Wu Suli , Liu Xiaogang
Published: May 2021

The concentration and manipulation of light in the nanoscale range are fundamental to nanophotonic research. Plasmonic nanoparticles can localize electromagnetic waves within subdiffraction volumes, but they also undergo large Joule losses and inevitable thermal heating. Subwavelength dielectric nanoparticles have emerged as a new class of photonic building blocks that enhance light–matter interactions within nanometric volumes. These nanoparticles exhibit strong electric and magnetic responses with negligible energy dissipation. In recent decades, the design of efficient dielectric nanoresonators has seen tremendous progress. In this review, recent theoretical and experimental advances in characterizing the optical properties of dielectric nanoparticles, from resonant single‐particle scattering characteristics to multimodal interference in complex particle assemblies, are discussed. Specific attention is paid to novel strategies employed to manipulate far‐field Mie‐type scattering, enhance local electromagnetic field, and boost magnetic resonance, as well as ultimately achieve Fano‐like resonance, unidirectional scattering (Kerker conditions), and photon waveguide. A collection of emerging applications of dielectric nanoparticles is also highlighted and the fundamental prospects of designing all‐dielectric/metallic–dielectric photonic nanostructures are considered, particularly those of functional dielectric materials and all‐dielectric 3D assemblies.
Thermally Stable CaLu2Mg2Si3O12:Cr3+ Phosphors for NIR LEDs
Authors: Li Ruiyang , Liu Yongfu , Yuan Chenxu , Leniec Grzegorz , Miao Lijing , Sun Peng , Liu Zehua , Luo Zhaohua , Dong Rui , Jiang Jun
Published: May 2021

Near‐infrared (NIR) phosphor‐converted (pc) light‐emitting diode (LED) is a promising next‐generation tiny light source for smart and broadband NIR spectroscopy technology. However, NIR phosphors suffer from challenges in terms of low efficiency and thermal stability. Herein, by selecting a host with large bandgap and weakening the coupling effect to Cr3+, the novel CaLu2Mg2Si3O12:Cr3+ (CLMSG:Cr3+) NIR phosphor is discovered that has an external quantum efficiency of 20.7% and high thermal stability (92.1%@100 °C). Under ≈450 nm excitation, CLMSG:Cr3+ shows broad NIR emission from 650 to 900 nm with a band width of ≈120 nm. The fabricated tiny pcLED demonstrates bright NIR light (34.75 mW@100 mA) with photoelectric efficiency of 11.6%.
Dual Cobalt and Photoredox Catalysis Enabled Redox‐Neutral Annulation of 2‐Propynolphenols
Authors: Zhu Yao , He Yong‐Qin , Tian Wan‐Fa , Wang Mei , Zhou Zhao‐Zhao , Song Xian‐Rong , Ding Hai‐Xin , Xiao Qiang
Published: May 2021

A hydroxyl‐assisted, organophotoredox/cobalt dual catalyzed annulation of 2‐propynolphenols to form 2‐hydroxymethyl‐benzo[b]furans was developed by employing 1,2,3,5‐tetrakis(carbazol‐9‐yl)‐4,6‐dicyanobenzene (4CzIPN) as photosensitizer and CoCl2(PPh3)2/5,5′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine as cobalt catalytic precursor. Various substrates and functional groups were tolerated. The practical applications of this reaction were further demonstrated by enlarged gram‐scale and various derivations for complex heterocycles. Primary mechanistic studies suggested the involvement of cobalt‐hydride mediated hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process.

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Enantioselective Construction of Pyrimidine‐Fused Diazepinone Derivatives Bearing a Tertiary Stereogenic Center Enabled by Iridium‐Catalysed Intramolecular Allylic Substitution
Authors: Jiang Xiaoding , Pan Bendu , Qian Xu , Liang Hao , Zhang Yaqi , Chen Bin , He Xiaobo , Chan Hoi Shan , Chan Albert S. C. , Qiu Liqin
Published: May 2021

The iridium‐catalysed enantioselective intramolecular allylic substitution of pyrimidine‐tethered allylic carbonates was developed. A wide range of chiral pyrimidine‐fused diazepinone derivatives were successfully constructed in 88–96% yields with 85–99% ees. This work further highlights the power of chiral‐bridged biphenyl phosphoramidites in asymmetric synthesis.

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Synthesis of Trans‐4a,12b/3,4‐Dihydrodibenzo[f,h]quinolin‐2(1H)‐Ones and Dibenzo[f,h]quinolin‐2(1H)‐Ones via Irradiation of 6‐Biphenylpyridine‐2(1H)‐Ones
Authors: Sui Jingzhi , He Yun , Wang Tao , Liang Yong , Zhang Zunting
Published: May 2021

The synthesis of trans‐4a,12b‐dihydrodibenzo[f,h]quinolin‐2(1H)‐ones (2), dibenzo[f,h]quinolin‐2(1H)‐ones (3) and 3,4‐dihydrodibenzo[f,h]quinolin‐2(1H)‐ones (4) via photo‐induced annulation of 6‐([1,1′‐biphenyl]‐2‐yl)pyridine‐2(1H)‐ones (1) under irradiation of a 313 nm UV light was described. Compounds 2 were obtained in 82–95% yields when the irradiation time was 3 h. Products 3 were obtained by irradiating 1 for 12 h in the presence of iodine. Heating the solutions of 2 in DMF at 130 °C for 24 h gave compounds 4 via a double 1,3‐H shift. The demonstrated protocols showed the diversity of photo‐induced cyclization of compounds 1.

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Low‐Noise Dual‐Band Polarimetric Image Sensor Based on 1D Bi2S3 Nanowire
Authors: Yang Wen , Yang Juehan , Zhao Kai , Gao Qiang , Liu Liyuan , Zhou Ziqi , Hou Shijun , Wang Xiaoting , Shen Guozhen , Pang Xinchang , Xu Qun , Wei Zhongming
Published: May 2021

With the increasing demand for detection accuracy and sensitivity, dual‐band polarimetric image sensor has attracted considerable attention due to better object recognition by processing signals from diverse wavebands. However, the widespread use of polarimetric sensors is still limited by high noise, narrow photoresponse range, and low linearly dichroic ratio. Recently, the low‐dimensional materials with intrinsic in‐plane anisotropy structure exhibit the great potential to realize direct polarized photodetection. Here, strong anisotropy of 1D layered bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) is demonstrated experimentally and theoretically. The Bi2S3 photodetector exhibits excellent device performance, which enables high photoresponsivity (32 A W−1), Ion/Ioff ratio (1.08 × 104), robust linearly dichroic ratio (1.9), and Hooge parameter (2.0 × 10−5 at 1 Hz) which refer to lower noise than most reported low‐dimensional materials‐based devices. Impressively, such Bi2S3 nanowire exhibits a good broadband photoresponse, ranging from ultraviolet (360 nm) to short‐wave infrared (1064 nm). Direct polarimetric imaging is implemented at the wavelengths of 532 and 808 nm. With these remarkable features, the 1D Bi2S3 nanowires show great potential for direct dual‐band polarimetric image sensors without using any external optical polarizer.
Good Steel Used in the Blade: Well‐Tailored Type‐I Photosensitizers with Aggregation‐Induced Emission Characteristics for Precise Nuclear Targeting Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Kang Miaomiao , Zhang Zhijun , Xu Wenhan , Wen Haifei , Zhu Wei , Wu Qian , Wu Hongzhuo , Gong Junyi , Wang Zhijia , Wang Dong , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: May 2021

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has long been recognized to be a promising approach for cancer treatment. However, the high oxygen dependency of conventional PDT dramatically impairs its overall therapeutic efficacy, especially in hypoxic solid tumors. Exploration of distinctive PDT strategy involving both high‐performance less‐oxygen‐dependent photosensitizers (PSs) and prominent drug delivery system is an appealing yet significantly challenging task. Herein, a precise nuclear targeting PDT protocol based on type‐I PSs with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) characteristics is fabricated for the first time. Of the two synthesized AIE PSs, TTFMN is demonstrated to exhibit superior AIE property and stronger type‐I reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation efficiency owing to the introduction of tetraphenylethylene and smaller singlet–triplet energy gap, respectively. With the aid of a lysosomal acid‐activated TAT‐peptide‐modified amphiphilic polymer poly(lactic acid)12k–poly(ethylene glycol)5k–succinic anhydride‐modified TAT, the corresponding TTFMN‐loaded nanoparticles accompanied with acid‐triggered nuclear targeting peculiarity can quickly accumulate in the tumor site, effectively generate type‐I ROS in the nuclear region and significantly suppress the tumor growth under white light irradiation with minimized systematic toxicity. This delicate “Good Steel Used in the Blade” tactic significantly maximizes the PDT efficacy and offers a conceptual while practical paradigm for optimized cancer treatment in further translational medicine.
Multifunctional Nanodrug Mediates Synergistic Photodynamic Therapy and MDSCs‐Targeting Immunotherapy of Colon Cancer
Authors: Ding Dongbing , Zhong Huihai , Liang Rongpu , Lan Tianyun , Zhu Xudong , Huang Shengxin , Wang Yong , Shao Jun , Shuai Xintao , Wei Bo
Published: May 2021

An ideal tumor treatment is supposed to eliminate the primary tumor and simultaneously trigger the host antitumor immune responses to prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis. Herein, a liposome encapsulating phosphoinositide 3‐kinase gamma (PI3Kγ) inhibitor IPI‐549 and photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6), denoted by LIC, is prepared for colon cancer treatment. LIC internalized into CT26 cells generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) under laser irradiation to cause immunogenic tumor cell death, during which immunostimulatory signals such as calreticulin are released to further induce T lymphocyte‐mediated tumor cell killing. Meanwhile, IPI‐549 transported by liposome can inhibit PI3Kγ in the myeloid‐derived suppressive cells (MDSCs), resulting in downregulation of arginase 1 (Arg‐1) and ROS to promote MDSCs apoptosis and reduce their immunosuppressive activity to CD8+ T cells. LIC‐mediated immunogenic photodynamic therapy synergizes with MDSCs‐targeting immunotherapy, which significantly inhibits tumor growth via facilitating the dendritic cell maturation and tumor infiltration of CD8+ T cells while decreasing the tumor infiltration of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells, MDSCs, and M2‐like tumor‐associated macrophages. Moreover, the synergistic therapy increases the number of effector memory T cells (TEM) in spleen, which suggests a favorable immune memory to prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis. The Ce6 and IPI‐549‐coloaded multifunctional nanodrug demonstrates high efficacy in colon cancer treatment.
Regulating Exciton–Phonon Coupling to Achieve a Near‐Unity Photoluminescence Quantum Yield in One‐Dimensional Hybrid Metal Halides
Authors: Luo Hui , Guo Songhao , Zhang Yubo , Bu Kejun , Lin Haoran , Wang Yingqi , Yin Yanfeng , Zhang Dongzhou , Jin Shengye , Zhang Wenqing , Yang Wenge , Ma Biwu , Lü Xujie
Published: May 2021

Low‐dimensional hybrid metal halides are emerging as a highly promising class of single‐component white‐emitting materials for their unique broadband emission from self‐trapped excitons (STEs). Despite substantial progress in the development of these metal halides, many challenges remain to be addressed to obtain a better fundamental understanding of the structure–property relationship and realize the full potentials of this class of materials. Here, via pressure regulation, a near 100% photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of broadband emission is achieved in a corrugated 1D hybrid metal halide C5N2H16Pb2Br6, which possesses a highly distorted structure with an initial PLQY of 10%. Compression reduces the overlap between STE states and ground state, leading to a suppressed phonon‐assisted non‐radiative decay. The PL evolution is systematically demonstrated to be controlled by the pressure‐regulated exciton–phonon coupling which can be quantified using Huang–Rhys factor S. Detailed studies of the S‐PLQY relation for a series of 1D hybrid metal halides (C5N2H16Pb2Br6, C4N2H14PbBr4, C6N2H16PbBr4, and (C6N2H16)3Pb2Br10) reveal a quantitative structure–property relationship that regulating S factor toward 28 leads to the maximum emission.
Correlation of attending and patient assessment of resident communication skills in the emergency department
Authors: Lewis Jason J. , Balaji Lakshman , Grossestreuer Anne V. , Ullman Edward , Rosen Carlo , Dubosh Nicole M.
Published: May 2021

Background

Communication and interpersonal skills are one of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education's six core competencies. Validated methods for assessing these among trainees are lacking. Educators have developed various communication assessment tools from both the supervising attending and the patient perspectives. How these different assessment methods and tools compare with each other remains unknown. The goal of this study was to determine the degree of agreement between attending and patient assessment of resident communication skills.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of emergency medicine (EM) residents at an academic medical center. From July 2017 to June 2018, residents were assessed on communication skills during their emergency department shifts by both their supervising attending physicians and their patients. The attendings rated residents’ communication skills with patients, colleagues, and nursing/ancillary staff using a 1 to 5 Likert scale. Patients completed the modified Communication Assessment Tool (CAT), a 14‐item questionnaire based on a 1 to 5 Likert scale. Mean attending ratings and patient CAT scores were calculated for each resident. Means were divided into tertiles due to nonparametric distribution of scores. Agreement between attending and patient ratings of residents were measured using Cohen's kappa for each attending evaluation question. Scores were weighted to assign adjacent tertiles partial agreement.

Results

During the study period, 1,097 attending evaluations and 952 patient evaluations were completed for 26 residents. Attending scores and CAT scores of the residents showed slight to fair agreement in the following three domains: patient communication (κ = 0.21), communication with colleagues (κ = 0.21), and communication with nursing/ancillary staff (κ = 0.26).

Conclusions

Attending and patient ratings of EM residents’ communication skills show slight to fair agreement. The use of different types of raters may be beneficial in fully assessing trainees’ communication skills.
The organized flow structure of an oscillating bubble plume
Authors: Laupsien David , Cockx Arnaud , Liné Alain
Published: May 2021

The detailed experimental investigation of an oscillating bubble plume created in a quasi‐two‐dimensional bubble column is reported for low void fraction and millimeter bubbles. The plume exhibits periodic oscillations and generates large‐scale coherent structures in the liquid. The local and transient hydrodynamics of this bubbly flow was investigated with particle‐image velocimetry (PIV) in the liquid phase and via optical fiber probe and the shadowgraph technique in the gas phase. First, long time averaging is performed (over a large number of plume oscillation periods). Thus, horizontal profiles of gas fraction and of horizontal and vertical components of mean and root mean square velocities in both phases can be examined. Then fluctuations of liquid velocities are studied, in terms of probability density function (indicating organized and random fluctuations), and in terms of phase‐averaged components. Finally, proper orthogonal decomposition is applied to PIV data to extract coherent structure contributions more efficiently.
Arachnodactyly represented in art
Authors: Pyeritz Reed E.
Published: May 2021

Arachnodactyly, a term used since 1902 to describe abnormally long (spider‐like) fingers, is a pathologic feature of several heritable conditions, notably the Marfan syndrome and congenital contractural arachnodactyly. A number of prominent artists, dating from the 16th to the 20th centuries, have depicted subjects with unusually long fingers, sometime associated with elongation of the body, neck and head. El Greco incorporated this style in many paintings. Little evidence supports any subject in any of these paintings as having a congenital deformity.
Step‐Gradient Composite Hydrogels for Local Drug Delivery and Directed Cell Migration
Authors: Motealleh Andisheh , Kehr Nermin S.
Published: May 2021

Even though remarkable advances in biomedical engineering have been made in recent decades, fabricated biomaterials as artificial tissue constructs still have room for improvement and need to offer several characteristics simultaneously. Specifically, engineered biomaterials should possess mechanical, biochemical, and topographical gradients, a 3D network, porosity, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and injectability as well as the ability to deliver drugs locally, to mimic the extracellular matrix environment, to control directional cell migration, to promote vascularization of implanted tissue constructs, to inhibit inflammation after implantation, and to be implanted in a minimally invasive manner. In this respect, a new step‐gradient composite hydrogel and scaffold (GradGA) fabricated by a 3D bioprinting technique is created. This GradGA material is constructed using different ratios of multifunctional porous nanomaterials (NMs), alginate, and gelatin methacryloyl, where the multifunctional NMs allowed for sustained and pH‐responsive controlled release of anti‐inflammatory and chemotherapeutic drug molecules within the 3D network of the composite hydrogel. Further, the construction promotes healthy cell viability and migration in the XY plane of GradGA, whereas it reduces the migration and growth of cancer cells due to the pH‐responsive release of chemotherapeutic drug molecules.
Formationmechanism of high‐pressure water penetration induced fiber orientation in overflow water‐assisted injection molded short glass fiber‐reinforced polypropylene
Authors: Zhang Wei , Liu He‐sheng , Jiang Qing‐song , Kuang Tang‐qing , Lai Jia‐mei , Huang Xing‐yuan
Published: May 2021

Recently, there has been growing interest in water‐assisted injection molding (WAIM) not only for its advantages over gas‐assisted molding (GAIM) and conventional injection molding (CIM), but also for its great potential advantages in industrial applications. To understand the formation mechanism of water penetration induced fiber orientation in overflow water‐assisted injection molding (OWAIM) parts of short glass fiber‐reinforced polypropylene (SGF/PP), in this work, the external fields and water penetration process within the mold cavity were investigated by experiments and numerical simulations. The results showed that the difference of fiber orientation distribution in thickness direction between WAIM moldings and CIM moldings was mainly ascribed to the great external fields generated by water penetration. Besides, fiber orientation depended on the position both across the part thickness and along the flow direction. Especially in the radial direction, fiber orientation varied considerably. The results also showed that the melt temperature is the principal parameter affecting the fiber orientation along the flow direction, and a higher melt temperature significantly facilitated more fibers to be oriented along the flow direction, which is quite different from the results as previously reported in short‐shot water‐assisted injection molding (SSWAIM). A higher water pressure, shorter water injection delay time, and higher melt temperature significantly induced more fibers to be orderly oriented in OWAIM moldings, which may improve their mechanical performances and broaden their application scope.
Three‐dimensional visualization of the human membranous labyrinth: The membrana limitans and its role in vestibular form
Authors: Smith Christopher M. , Curthoys Ian S. , Mukherjee Payal , Wong Christopher , Laitman Jeffrey T.
Published: May 2021

The inner ear contains the end organs for balance (vestibular labyrinth) and hearing (cochlea). The vestibular labyrinth is comprised of the semicircular canals (detecting angular acceleration) and otolith organs (utricle and saccule, which detect linear acceleration and head tilt relative to gravity). Lying just inferior to the utricle is the membranous membrana limitans (ML). Acting as a keystone to vestibular geometry, the ML provides support for the utricular macula and acts as a structural boundary between the superior (pars superior) and inferior (pars inferior) portions of the vestibular labyrinth. Given its importance in vestibular form, understanding ML morphology is valuable in establishing the spatial organization of other vestibular structures, particularly the utricular macula. Knowledge of the 3D structure and variation of the ML, however, remain elusive. Our study addresses this knowledge gap by visualizing, in 3D, the ML and surrounding structures using micro‐CT data. By doing so, we attempt to clarify: (a) the variation of ML shape; (b) the reliability of ML attachment sites; and (c) the spatial relationship of the ML to the stapes footplate using landmark‐based Generalized Procrustes, Principal Component and covariance analyses. Results indicate a consistent configuration of three distinct bony ML attachments including an anterolateral, medial, and posterior attachment which all covary with bony structure. Our results set the stage for further understanding into vestibular and more specifically, utricular macula spatial configuration within the human head, offering the potential to aid in clinical and evolutionary studies which rely on a 3D understanding of vestibular spatial configuration.
Anatomical characterization of acupoint large intestine 4
Authors: Casey Gregory P.
Published: May 2021

Large intestine 4 (LI4) is a major acupoint used in various treatments in acupuncture and Traditional Chinese Medicine. There are structures associated within the region of LI4 that have three‐dimensional anatomical relationship that needs further characterization. The aims of this study were: (a) to observe the anatomical variation of structures around LI4; (b) to observe specific overlap of structures around LI4. A 1256 mm2 area was dissected in 25 cadaveric hands around LI4. Nondissected areas were marked with pins as reference points. Dissections were photographed with a fixed camera. Subsequently, images were imported to Adobe Photoshop 2020 and analyzed. Descriptive statistics and graphs were compiled using Graphpad Prism 2020. The tributaries of the dorsal venous plexus (22.3%), branches of superficial radial nerve (18.9%), first dorsal interosseous muscle (52.4%), arterial branches in the first interosseous space (10.2%), and deep ulnar nerve (4.0%) were observed in the area of LI4. One branch of the superficial radial nerve passed through LI4. The deep ulnar nerve was found in the bulk of the first dorsal interosseous muscle. Several structures observed intersected at LI4. The superficial radial nerve interweaved with the dorsal venous plexus superficially. The deep ulnar nerve passed anterior to the second palmar metacarpal artery before entering into the first dorsal interosseous muscle. These results provide anatomical evidence and variation into the vascular contributions at LI4.
Surface metrology of bone surface attachments of knee ligaments
Authors: Hoehmann Christopher L. , Beatty Brian Lee
Published: May 2021

Objectives

Textural differences between entheses reflect biomechanical activities of the musculoskeletal system. Methods used to measure these surfaces have limitations. Here, the surface metrology of roughness of articular and entheseal surfaces of the knee are investigated with an optical profiler.

Methods

Osteological specimens of six femora and seven tibiae were prepared from cadavers. Measurements were obtained to surrogate body mass. Specimens were molded with polyvinylsiloxane and casts prepared with resin, which were scanned using a white light optical profiler. Scans were processed by a computer program. Each scan produced 32 variables, categorized into 6 groups for each location.

Results

The distribution of data was mostly normal. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) identified Ssk significant (p‐value .002); post hoc Tukey testing indicated significance between femoral PCL and tibial ACL entheses groups (p‐value .007), and between tibial ACL and tibial entheses groups (p‐value .002) suggesting the ability to differentiate anterior and posterior cruciate ligament entheses. Sku was found significant with a t test between articular and entheseal surfaces. Correlation coefficients were significant between surface metrology parameters and measurements related to body mass.

Conclusions

This study distinguished differences between entheses of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, with the Ssk parameter most useful. Differences in articular and entheseal surfaces were found with the Sku parameter most useful. Correlations indicated a relationship between body mass and surface metrology parameters. Finally, these findings suggest this method can be used for further investigation of spondyloarthropathies.
The course and prognostic capability of motor difficulties in infants showing early signs of autism
Authors: Licari Melissa K. , Varcin Kandice , Hudry Kristelle , Leonard Hayley C. , Alvares Gail A. , Pillar Sarah V. , Stevenson Paul G. , Cooper Matthew N. , Whitehouse Andrew J. O. ,   the AICES Team
Published: May 2021

Delays within the motor domain are often overlooked as an early surveillance marker for autism. The present study evaluated motor difficulties and its potential as an early predictive marker for later autism likelihood in a cohort of infants (N = 96) showing early behavioral signs of autism aged 9–14 months. The motor domain was evaluated using the motor subscales of the Mullen Scales of Early Learning at baseline, and at a 6‐month follow‐up. The Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule – Toddler Module (ADOS‐T) was completed at follow‐up as a measure of autism likelihood. Motor difficulties were common at baseline, with 63/96 (65.6%) infants scoring very low or below average in the gross motor domain and 29/96 (30.2%) in the fine motor domain. At follow‐up, gross motor difficulties had resolved for many, with 23/63 (36.5%) infants maintaining these difficulties. Fine motor difficulties resolved in fewer infants, with 20/29 (69.0%) continuing to present with fine motor delays at follow‐up. Adjusted linear regression models suggested that fine motor scores at baseline (β = −0.12, SE = 0.04) and follow‐up (β = −0.17, SE = 0.05) were associated with higher ADOS‐T scores; with difficulties across both timepoints (β = 5.60, SE = 1.35) the strongest (largest in magnitude) association with ADOS‐T scores of the predictors examined. Motor difficulties are prominent in children displaying emerging signs of autism, with persistent fine motor difficulties predictive of the developing autism phenotype. The findings indicate the potential clinical value of including evaluation of motor skills within early autism surveillance measures.

Lay Summary

This prospective study evaluated motor development over a 6‐month period in infants showing early behavioral signs of autism. Atypical motor development was a common feature of infants showing early signs of autism and persistent fine motor difficulties were predictive of the emerging autism phenotype.
Soybean‐based concept biorefinery
Authors: Biazatti Meury J. , de Carvalho Miranda Júlio C.
Published: May 2021

Soybean is an important commodity. Its processing generates a great variety of important commercial products and processable residues. Using the concept of biorefinery, it is possible to integrate different technologies and increase the value added by the whole process. In this work, we conducted an oriented review. First, a base process was chosen, which would produce edible soybean oil, soy protein, and soy protein isolate. From this base process, we listed the residues and made a review of the processing technologies to convert them into valuable products. We elaborated a process network for each residue, linking the intermediary products to their processing technologies and, subsequently, the commercial value‐added products. Based on a price and market evaluation, the result was an integrated conceptual biorefinery process for soybean processing, mostly considering the Brazilian scenario. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Synthesis of carbon dots for Al3+ sensing in water by fluorescence assay
Authors: Mei Xiping , Wang Dongxiu , Zhang Lin , Li Junfen , Dong Chuan
Published: May 2021

Fifty‐four Eucommia ulmoides leaves were subjected to a hydrothermal technique to synthesize carbon dots (CDs) of 3.55 ± 1.45 nm size. The nanomaterial possessed excellent stability and strong fluorescence emission (φf 42.3%). In a neutral buffer solution, the fluorescence signals of CDs solution were enhanced by aluminium ion without interference from other ions. Degree of enhancement correlated linearly with the Al3+ content in the range 0.01–2.5 mM. Response of this method was fast and sensitive (detection limit was 23 nM). The CDs performed successfully as a sensitive sensor for trace Al3+ determination in water samples, and satisfactory results were obtained.
An integrated modular framework for modeling the effect of ammonium on the sialylation process of monoclonal antibodies produced by CHO cells
Authors: Savizi Iman Shahidi Pour , Motamedian Ehsan , E. Lewis Nathan , Jimenez del Val Ioscani , Shojaosadati Seyed Abbas
Published: May 2021

Background

Monoclonal antibodies (mABs) have emerged as one of the most important therapeutic recombinant proteins in the pharmaceutical industry. Their immunogenicity and therapeutic efficacy are influenced by post‐translational modifications, specifically the glycosylation process. Bioprocess conditions can influence the intracellular process of glycosylation. Among all the process conditions that have been recognized to affect the mAB glycoforms, the detailed mechanism underlying how ammonium could perturb glycosylation remains to be fully understood. It was shown that ammonium induces heterogeneity in protein glycosylation by altering the sialic acid content of glycoproteins. Hence, understanding this mechanism would aid pharmaceutical manufacturers to ensure consistent protein glycosylation.

Methods

Three different mechanisms have been proposed to explain how ammonium influences the sialylation process. In the first, the inhibition of CMP‐sialic acid transporter, which transports CMP‐sialic acid (sialylation substrate) into the Golgi, by an increase in UDP‐GlcNAc content that is brought about by the augmented incorporation of ammonium into glucosamine formation. In the second, ammonia diffuses into the Golgi and raises its pH, thereby decreasing the sialyltransferase enzyme activity. In the third, the reduction of sialyltransferase enzyme expression level in the presence of ammonium. We employed these mechanisms in a novel integrated modular platform to link dynamic alteration in mAB sialylation process with extracellular ammonium concentration to elucidate how ammonium alters the sialic acid content of glycoproteins.

Results

Our results show that the sialylation reaction rate is insensitive to the first mechanism. At low ammonium concentration, the second mechanism is the controlling mechanism in mAB sialylation and by increasing the ammonium level (< 8 mM) the third mechanism becomes the controlling mechanism. At higher ammonium concentrations (> 8 mM) the second mechanism becomes predominant again.

Conclusion

The presented model in this study provides a connection between extracellular ammonium and the monoclonal antibody sialylation process. This computational tool could help scientists to develop and formulate cell culture media. The model illustrated here can assist the researchers to select culture media that ensure consistent mAB sialylation.