Post-Acute COVID Syndrome, the Aftermath of Mild to Severe COVID-19 in Brazilian Patients
Authors: Andrade Barreto Ana Paula , Duarte Lucimeire Cardoso , Cerqueira-Silva Thiago , Barreto Filho Marcio Andrade , Camelier Aquiles , Tavares Natalia Machado , Barral-Netto Manoel , Boaventura Viviane , Coelho Lima Marcelo Chalhoub 
Published: June 2021

Objective

To describe persistent symptoms after acute COVID-19 in different spectrum of disease severity in a population from an upper/middle income country, and identify the main clinical features impacting the quality of life.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Outpatient clinic from a public post-COVID-19 health center (CPC) at Bahia-Brazil, a state where 80% are black or mixed race.

Participants

Patients admitted between August 2020 and February 2021 with symptoms at least one month after the onset of COVID-19.

Main outcome measures

PACS and related disorders such as hospitalization one month or later after disease onset, biochemical dysregulation and reduced quality of life (EQ-5D-5L questionnaire).

Results

Among 683 individuals assisted at CPC in this period, 602 were recruited. Patients had average of 52 (±14.6) years, 355 (59%) were female, 528 (88%) black/brown. Individuals were classified as mild (39.9%), moderate (27.9%) or severe (32.2%) during acute illness if outpatient, hospitalized non-UCI or UCI, respectively. Most patients reported a polysymptomatic profile, in median eight (IQR=6-9) acute symptoms. The most frequent residual symptoms were dyspnea (66%), fatigue (62%) and chest pain (43%). Women were more affected regardless disease severity at acute stage: presented more residual symptoms [4 (2-6) vs 3 (2-4)] and a higher impact in quality of life. Altered HbA1c [(184/275 (66.9%)], high CRP levels [195/484 (40.3%)] and anemia [143/545 (26.2%)] were the most common abnormalities in laboratory exams. 76 patients presented HbA1c above 6.4% although only 42 referred previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. After one month of disease onset, 30 patients required hospitalization, including seven cases with mild acute illness. Hospital admission after acute disease was required on 30 patients, seven (23%) were mild. Quality of life had been affected for 357/404 (88.4%) patients according to EuroQoL (EQ-5D-5L), mainly the domains of anxiety/depression [severe or extreme anxiety for 79/401 (19.7%)] and pain/discomfort [severe or extreme pain for 71/403 (17.6%)]. The median EuroQoL Global Score was 70 [IQR 50-80]. PACS symptoms such as dyspnea, chest pain, and fatigue, was associated with decreased quality of life.

Conclusions

PACS, such as dyspnea, chest pain and fatigue, occurred after variable degree of disease severity. Among this majority black/mixed-race patients, woman seemed to be more affected. Other consequences included post-acute hospitalization, and abnormal glucose metabolism and reduced quality of life.

Summary Box

Section 1: What is already known on this topic:

✓ Post-Acute COVID Syndrome (PACS) comprises a set of persistent or new-onset symptoms after illness onset.

✓ As far as we know, there are no studies describing PACS in a population principally black and mixed-race. Additionally, few studies have addressed PACS among outpatients.

Section 2: What this study adds:

✓ Similar PACS were reported after mild, moderate and severe illness. Dyspnea, fatigue and chest pain were the most prevalent symptoms in this population presenting majority of black/mixed-race patients.

✓ Women presented more residual symptoms, a higher frequency of myalgia and worse score for mobility, usual activities, anxiety/depression, and pain.

✓ Hospitalization may occur one month or later after mild or moderate/severe acute infection due to respiratory and vascular disorders. Abnormal glucose metabolism was detected in the absence of previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.