bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Basal Ganglia Disease And Depression
Authors: Chatterjee Anjan , Marder Karen
Published: November 2023

Diseases of the basal ganglia are quintessential neuropsychiatric disorders, characterized by abnormal movements, cognitive impairment, and psychiatric symptoms and signs. Depression is common in these illnesses and may occur at presentation or during the course of the illness. Individuals may present to the psychiatrist before seeing a neurologist. Depression is an important target for research, as it affords a unique perspective on the pathophysiology of basal ganglia diseases as well as an alternative method of understanding the biology of mood disorders. Traditionally, basal ganglia diseases are diagnosed and treated by neurologists, who define their onset by specific motor manifestations. Psychiatric symptomatology has been considered peripheral to the understanding of the motor disorders that define basal ganglia diseases. There is growing evidence for the contrary view that mood and affect are integrally related to the evolution of these diseases. For example, in diseases such as Huntington’s disease or Wilson’s disease, where the genetic mutation has been identified, it is possible to identify presymptomatic individuals, prior to the development of motor signs, who are unaware of their genetic status, and determine whether cognitive or psychiatric manifestations occur more often in gene-positive than in genenegative individuals. Another way to examine the role of psychiatric impairment is to study individuals in the general population who have undergone psychiatric assessments and to determine if individuals with a history of affective disorder are more likely to develop specific basal ganglia diseases (e.g., Parkinson’s disease) than individuals without mood disorders. This chapter includes a review of the epidemiology, prevalence, and correlates of depression in basal ganglia diseases and their treatment.
Real Estate Investment Trusts
Authors: Chan Su Han , Erickson John , Wang Ko
Published: November 2023

The book offers broad understanding and unique insights into the REITs industry. Its scope is to analyze and synthesize the existing scholarly research on REITs in a way that will enable managers to improve their investments decisions and the operating performance of their REITs. It also provides up-to-date original research on REITs based on the authors' own database, which is the most extensive data base available on REITs that is free of suvivorship bias. This book helps investors evaluate REITs and identify those with the greatest investment potential. Finally, it provides the reader with a detailed discussion of likely future changes anticipated for this unique invetment vehicle.
The White Peril of Europe
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A
Published: November 2023

On May 26, 1924, President Calvin Coolidge signed the Johnson-Reed bill into law, severely reducing the numbers of southern and eastern Europeans permitted to migrate to the United States and excluding Japanese immigrants entirely. The bill’s passage came as the culmination of a decades-long rise in anti-immigrant racialism in the United States that greeted Italians as soon as they arrived in Chicago in magazines, in newspapers, in government reports, on the job, and in their neighborhoods. But ascendant anti-immigrant racialism leading to restriction and exclusion is only part of the story. A diverse set of alternative voices—from liberal intellectuals and scientists to “new” immigrants themselves—had existed for years and continued to contest racialist notions and dogma. This chapter explores some of the complex contours of this debate on “new” European immigration as it was fought out both nationally and in Chicago between the end of World War I and the passage of the Immigration Act of 1924. Because many of these debates took place at the national level, this chapter, more than others, will focus as much on events and people outside as inside Chicago.
Fascism, Empire, and War
Authors: Guglielmo Thomas A
Published: November 2023

On October 3, 1935, dispensing with the formalities of war declarations and violating international law and a number of treaties, Italy invaded Ethiopia, the last-remaining independent African nation. At first, bad weather, rough terrain, economic sanctions from the League of Nations, and Ethiopian resistance frustrated Italian imperial designs. By May 1936, however, after sparing no expense and employing the most ruthless of weapons and military tactics, Italy proudly proclaimed itself victor of “the greatest colonial war known to history.” By this point, Italian troops had occupied the capitol of Addis Ababa, driven Emperor Haile Sellassie and his royal family into exile, and made Ethiopia the new crown jewel of Mussolini’s revived Roman empire.

The war was not limited to the high, dusty, desert plains of Ethiopia. Thousands of miles west across the Atlantic in scores of American cities, a diverse cast of characters—African Americans and Italian Americans, fascists and anti-fascists, elite and everyday folk, the Italian state and American mass culture—also battled over the meaning, merits, and outcome of the Italian-Ethiopian War and its implications for different social groups’ claims to power and prestige in America.
Introduction
Authors: Robin Corey
Published: November 2023

It is seldom noted, but fear is the first emotion experienced by a character in the Bible. Not desire, not shame, but fear. Adam eats from the tree, discovers he is naked, and hides from God, confessing, “I was afraid, because I was naked.” Before this admission, God creates and sees that his creations are good. He sees that Adam is without a mate, which is not good. Eve sees that the tree of knowledge is “pleasant to the eyes, and a tree to be desired to make one wise.” But these are reports of antiseptic perception, with no warming murmur of appreciation or aversion. Everyone looks, everyone sees. Does anyone feel? Not until they eat the forbidden fruit do we hear of felt experience. And when we do, it is fear. Why fear? Perhaps it is because, for the authors of the Bible, fear is the most electric of emotions. Prior to being afraid, Adam and Eve exist and act in the world, but without any palpable experience of it. Afraid, they are awash in experience, with God promising even more— for Eve the pain of childbirth, for Adam the duress of work, for both the dread knowledge of death. Unafraid, Adam and Eve have only the laziest appreciation of the good and haziest apprehension of the bad. Their dim cognizance of evil makes them spectators to their own lives, semiconscious actors at best. Adam names, Eve succumbs, but neither really knows what it is that they do. Afraid, they know. Shallow temptation gives way to dramatic choice, inertial motion to elected action. Their story—our story—is ready to begin.
Terror
Authors: Robin Corey
Published: November 2023

Hobbes wrote about fear in the midst of political collapse, when the centripetal forces of civil war could no longer be contained by established norms of religion or history. So unnerving was this experience of political entropy that he sought to have it permanently imprinted on the European mind, there being “nothing more instructive towards loyalty and justice than . . . the memory, while it lasts, of that war.” Charles Louis de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu—a French aristocrat born in 1689, a full decade after Hobbes’s death—took up the question of fear just as that memory began to fade. Montesquieu’s was a world suffering not from the confusion of disorder but from the clarity of established rule. By the time of Montesquieu’s birth, Louis XIV had turned a country that only narrowly escaped the revolution that wrecked Britain into the most orderly state in Europe. Convinced that “a little harshness was the greatest kindness I could do my subjects,” Louis concentrated political power in his own hands, subduing nobles and commoners alike. He seized control of France’s armies, turning semiprivate militias into soldiers of the crown. He banished the aristocracy from royal councils of power, relying instead on three trusted advisors and an efficient corps of officials in the countryside. He snatched veto power from local grandees accustomed to striking down royal edicts in regional parlements. He bankrupted the nobility through obscure methods of taxation; others he corrupted with frivolous titles, assigning them to positions of responsibility over his kitchen and stables.
“No Easy Walk to Freedom”
Authors: Berger Iris
Published: November 2023

Just as South Africa was intensifying racial exploitation in the late 1940s and 1950s, other countries throughout the world were successfully casting off the chains of colonialism and racial domination. During the mid-1950s, when D. F. Malan and Hendrik Verwoerd were taking steps to force women to carry passes, Rosa Parks and Martin Luther King Jr. were boycotting segregated buses, inaugurating massive civil rights protests in the United States. Elsewhere in Africa, nationalist leaders were organizing mass movements and guerrilla struggles that ousted British, French, and Portuguese colonial rulers. This context meant that criticism of apartheid came not only from internal opposition movements, but also from international sources, particularly after the massacre of anti-pass protesters at Sharpeville focused international attention on the brutality necessary to uphold South Africa’s
Refining the “Equal Protection Clause” of the Workplace
Authors: Estlund Cynthia
Published: November 2023

The law has a well-established role in securing equal opportunity in the workplace. By prohibiting discrimination in the composition and the treatment of a workforce, the law of equal employment tends to make workplaces more heterogeneous and less stratified on the basis of race, sex, and other traits that have historically shaped individuals’ employment opportunities. It tends, in short, to produce workplaces that are more integrated and more likely to foster constructive intergroup bonds. So one important component of a strategy for building the civic potential of the workplace lies in the already well-developed legal effort to make workplaces more egalitarian, particularly along lines of race, ethnicity, and sex.

Yet the law’s commitment to equal opportunity in the workplace, and its tendency to produce greater integration, does not always add up to an affirmative commitment to workplace integration. It should. We have seen that workplace integration—both more-than-token representation and genuine intergroup interaction-is a crucial social good. Moreover, as an empirical matter, workplace integration is closely linked, even essential to, real workplace equality.
Hormone Use in Menopause & Male Andropause
Authors: Segal Sheldon J , Mastroianni Luigi
Published: November 2023

This book, by two of the most distinguished figures in fertility and reproduction research, answers all the most common questions about menopause and andropause, and hormone resupplement therapy (HRT) for menopausal women. It offers explanations of all aspects of this subject, presenting balanced and reliable information about benefits, risks, and prospects for this field. Segal invented Norplant, the first long-term implantable contraceptive, and as the leader of Reproductive Biology at the Population Council, he orchestrated and coordinated the research and trials leading to basically every new contraceptive introduced over a period of about 25 years. Mastroianni did more than anyone else to develop in vitro fertizilation as a viable treatment option, and was for many years the chairman of the largest department of obstetrics and gynecology, and the director of the most successful IVF clinic. This book is unique in including coverage of the climacteric in men.
Apes and Men
Authors: Restall Matthew
Published: November 2023

Why is Conquest history so ridden with myths? According to the anthropologist Samuel Wilson, we seek to distance ourselves from the history of the Contact and Conquest because of the tragedy it contains. “It is politically safer and emotionally less taxing,” suggests Wilson, “to blur history into myth and thereby confine it.” This argument helps to explain not only the modern perpetuation of Conquest myths, but also their development in the Conquest period itself. That these myths can be found alive and well in both the sixteenth and twentyfirst centuries should not surprise us; after all, as Wilson points out, we are still living in “the contact period.”
Leif Edvinsson: The Intelligent Organization
Authors: Chatzkel Jay L .
Published: November 2023

Leif Edvinsson is a key contributor to the theory and practice of intellectual capital. In this conversation, he explores the basis for IC and the IC growth model. Edvinsson examines what creates value in the world of knowledge-based organizations and the various ways in which we will be upgrading our own knowledge base. Since understanding and focusing on intellectual capital requires a significant rethinking of what really drives value, he looks at the challenge that intellectual capital leadership has in changing its mindset so it can use the structural capital of organizations to turbocharge the capabilities of our human capital. The out come of this is the development of truly intelligent organizations but organizations of a very different nature. These new organizations may well evolve into communities, and instead of employees, we will become citizens of those communities.
Failure To Thrive
Authors: Niedbala Barbara , Swanson Mark
Published: November 2023

Inadequate growth of infants and young children has been traditionally called failure to thrive (FTT). Diagnostic criteria for FTT distinguish infants and children with chronic inadequate growth (weight for age (5th percentile) from those in whom there is a recognizable retardation of growth velocity (usually a shift of two or more major growth percentiles). The child’s inability to consume sufficient nutrients to sustain adequate growth may stem from a variety of diseases (organic FTT or OFTT), environmental causes (nonorganic FTT or NOFTT), or from a combination of both. Growth failure affects 10% to 30% of children in indigent populations; FTT accounts for 1% to 5% of hospital admissions of children younger than 2 years of age in the United States. Inadequate growth has been closely linked with behavioral, developmental, and intellectual problems that persist even after growth velocity resumes.
Cleft Lip and/or Cleft Palate and Other Craniofacial Anomalies
Authors: Christensen Nedra , Saal Howard
Published: November 2023

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) and cleft palate (CP) result from incomplete merging and fusion of embryonic processes during formation of the face. Microforms of clefting are also known to occur, the best example being submucous CP. In this condition there is incomplete fusion of the muscular layers of the velum (soft palate) with fusion of the overlying mucosa. In children and adults with submucous CP, the clinical features are highly variable, ranging from an isolated, inconspicuous clinical finding of bifid uvula to severe speech (hypernasality) and feeding difficulties, often with attendant chronic otitis media. Cleft palate and CL/P have multiple etiologies as well. They are often associated with underlying syndromes. Additionally, orofacial clefts are classified by anatomical involvement. This includes unilateral cleft lip, bilateral cleft lip, cleft lip with cleft palate (generally indicating involvement of the primary and secondary palates) cleft palate, and cleft palate secondary to Pierre Robin sequence4 (Figs. 25–1, 25–2, and 25–3). Hundreds of disorders have been associated with orofacial clefts, including both genetic and teratogenic conditions. Among the most common causes of cleft palate is the Pierre Robin sequence. This specifically refers to disruption of normal elevation of the fusion of the palatal shelves secondary to micrognathia and a posterally placed tongue (Fig. 25–2). Like all orofacial clefts, Pierre Robin sequence can be caused by multiple underlying disorders.
Allergy and Immunological Disorders in Children
Authors: Assa’ad Amal , Sutton Steve
Published: November 2023

There is extensive interplay between the human immune system and nutrition. The integrity of the immune system depends in part on healthy nutritional status, while congenital or acquired immunodeficiencies may lead to cachexia and malnutrition. Other disruptions of the immune response that lead to an allergic reaction, for example the development of food allergy, may impair the individual’s nutritional status. This chapter will give a very brief overview of the immune system, immunodeficiencies, and the interaction of nutrition and immunity. We will then discuss food allergy in children as an example of an allergic disorder with an impact on nutrition. In the past decade there has been an explosion of information related to the human immune system and its amazing capabilities. For all its strength, however, it relies on adequate nutrition to function properly. The immune system is so interdependent with the host’s nutritional status that even deficiencies of trace elements can predispose to life-threatening infection. The human immune system has several layers of protection against invading microorganisms. The first and most evident line of defense consists of physical barriers. Intact skin with all of its secretions forms an almost impermeable barrier to microorganisms. Sweat and sebaceous gland secretions can inhibit the growth of bacteria. In the eyes and respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, tears, mucus, saliva, and stomach acid work in concert with mechanical processes to clear microorganisms from the epithelium. These physical barriers, along with the complement of commensal bacteria, greatly reduce the likelihood of infection. If a microorganism breaks through these defenses, the host has other, more sophisticated mechanisms to stop the spread of infection.
Congenital Heart Disease And Lipid Disorders In Children
Authors: Lewis Alan , Hsieh Violet
Published: November 2023

The incidence of congenital heart disease (CHD) is 8–10 per 1000 live births (20 per 1000 live births if nonstenotic bicuspid aortic valves are included), and this represents 12% of all congenital malformations. Approximately 32,000 infants are born annually in the United States with congenital heart abnormalities. Just over one-fourth of these are severe enough to result in cardiac catheterization, surgery, or death within the first year of life. With the improvements in surgical techniques and survival over the past several decades, it is estimated that one million Americans are alive today with congenital cardiac defects.2 From 1989 to 1999, deaths rates from congenital cardiovascular defects declined by 31.5%. Congenital heart anomalies may be divided into two broad categories: acyanotic and cyanotic. Within the former grouping, defects may be further classified into left-to-right shunt lesions, such as atrial septal defects (ASD) and ventricular septal defects (VSD) or obstructive lesions, such as aortic and pulmonary valve stenosis or coarctation of the aorta. Cyanotic heart malformations include complete transposition of the great arteries and tetralogy of Fallot. Table 32–1 lists the more common malformations in each of these categories.
Constipation And Fiber
Authors: Ekvall Shirley W
Published: November 2023

Constipation can be a complaint in as many as one-fourth of pediatric patients. DiLorenzo states that “immobilization, abnormal colonic motility, inability to contract the abdominal muscles, and inadequate fiber intake contribute to the high prevalence of constipation children with neurological impairments.” Typically, formula-fed infants have only one bowel movement daily, whereas breast-fed infants have two or three. Constipation exists only when the stools are hard, dry, and eliminated with difficulty. Gabriel et al. divide the causes of constipation into five categories: Anal irritation or parents’ references to stools as “dirty” may also lead to constipation. The North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition has developed a plan for evaluation and treatment by clinical practitioners. A personal history and physical exam are the main components of the evaluation. Treatment includes education, behavior modification, and possibly medication. The average stool weighs approximately 25 g, depending on diet and fiber intake, and has a transit time of 33 hours. Emptying of the rectum occurs when there is increased abdominal pressure caused by peristalsis in the rectal wall. This increased pressure is generated through synchronization of autonomic and voluntary muscles and sensory fibers. As the infant matures, the rectum length increases and rectal valves develop. By 39 weeks of functional age, the internal anal sphincter reflex appears.
Phenylketonuria And Maternal Phenylketonuria
Authors: Hunt Melanie , Berry Susan , Berry, Helen , Leslie Nancy
Published: November 2023

Phenylketonuria (PKU) may be the most thoroughly studied inherited metabolic disorder, a disorder in which the consequences can be multigenerational and can have significantly different outcomes. A neonate may be born with PKU or may be an offspring of a woman with maternal phenylketonuria (MPKU). The neonate with PKU will require long-term treatment to prevent developmental problems, while the pregnant woman with PKU must maintain exquisite control of her metabolic disorder to prevent harmful effects on her unborn child (Fig. 39–1). Phenylketonuria was first described by a Norwegian physician, Asbjörn Fölling, in 1934, after a persistent and observant mother asked him to determine the cause of mental retardation in her two children. He noted a peculiar clinging odor about the children and suspected that it might be a clue to their mental retardation. After testing the urine of each child for a possible infection and finding none, he tested some acidified urine with an aqueous ferric chloride solution, expecting to find the red-brown color characteristic of ketones. Instead, he observed a dark green color now known to be characteristic of phenylpyruvic acid, a metabolite of phenylalanine. Phenylketonuria remained a somewhat obscure biochemical curiosity for nearly 20 years. In 1951 Woolf and Vulliamy suggested that there might be a relation between excess phenylalanine and brain damage. At about the same time, Armstrong and Tyler in the United States began studies on the effects of phenylalanine-restricted diets, and Bickel et al. published the first report in 1953 describing marked clinical improvement after use of a phenylalanine-restricted diet. However, these initial attempts at therapy showed that initiation of treatment after recognition of developmental delay was futile in reversing the established cognitive damage. In contrast, initiation of therapy in affected newborns born into families known to be at high risk for PKU established the principle that diet could prevent cognitive damage.
Tyrosinemia
Authors: Roberts Rebecca , Spronsen Francjan Van , Ekvall, Shirley W , Ekvall Valli K
Published: November 2023

In 1932 the term tyrosinemia was first used to describe a single patient with constant urinary excretion of large quantities of tyrosine and the tyrosine metabolites, p-hydroxy phenyllactic (p-HPLA) and p-hydroxy phenylpyruvic acids (p-HPPA),1 which together are called tyrosyluria. Subsequent to this description, several conditions resulting from different defects were found to produce the biochemical features of tyrosinemia and tyrosyluria. So far, five defects in the catabolic pathway of tyrosine metabolism have been described (Fig. 40–1). All of these defects are transmitted as autosomal recessive traits. Apart from tyrosinemia types I, II, and III, alkaptonuria and maleylacetoacetate isomerase (MAA) deficiency have been described, the last being reported in one paper, the problems corresponding with tyrosinemia type I. Therefore, this chapter does not describe the problems related to MAA deficiency.
Isovaleric Acidemia And 3-Methylcrotonyl Glycinuria
Authors: Frazier Dianne
Published: November 2023

The essential branched-chain amino acids, leucine, isoleucine, and valine, are catabolized by separate but similar pathways that involve transamination and oxidative decarboxylation steps. The coenzyme A (CoA) thioesters formed by the latter step are metabolized to simple organic acid intermediates that can then enter the general metabolic pathway. In this chapter two organic acidemias, which result from impaired leucine catabolism, will be discussed: isovaleryl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (IVA) and 3-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase deficiency (3-MCG). Both of these disorders respond to dietary intervention. Normal outcomes are possible, especially in infants who are diagnosed and treated presymptomatically following newborn screening by tandem mass (MS/MS) spectrometry. This technology can detect abnormal concentrations of the carnitine adjuncts of the accumulated organic acids in blood spotted on filter paper.
Adrenoleukodystrophy And Other Peroxisomal Disorders
Authors: Moser Hugo , Brereton Nga Hong
Published: November 2023

Genetically determined peroxisomal disorders are divided into two major categories: (1) disorders of peroxisome biogenesis, in which the organelle is not normally formed, and (2) disorders that involve a single peroxisomal enzyme. The biochemical and gene defects in each of these disorders have been defined. A list of the disorders with pertinent references follows: X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) is the most common peroxisomal disorder. Its frequency is estimated to be 1:17,000 and approaches that of phenylketonuria. The gene defect involves ABCD1, a gene that has been mapped to chromosome Xq28 and codes for a peroxisomal membrane protein, ALDP. The principal biochemical abnormality is the accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA), mainly hexacosanoic (C26:0) and tetracosanoic (C24:0), in tissues and also in plasma. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy leads to progressive neurological disability. Approximately 70% of patients also have adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease), which responds well to adrenal hormone replacement therapy. X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy involves the X chromosome. Men, who have only one X chromosome, are thus more severely affected. Women, who have one abnormal X chromosome, are referred to as heterozygotes and are protected to a varying extent by their other X chromosome, which is nearly always normal. Early neurological and mental development is entirely normal in both boys and girls.
Lactose Intolerance
Authors: Hack Shirley , Bergwerk Ari
Published: November 2023

Lactose intolerance is a type of maldigestion in which a standard dose of lactose cannot be tolerated without developing biochemical changes. Symptoms of diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, and flatulence may also be present. Lactose intolerance is not an allergic reaction and should not be confused with milk protein allergy. It is the most common food intolerance and the most common carbohydrate malabsorption disorder. Lactose is the major carbohydrate source in the neonatal period. It is the preferred carbohydrate for infants, as it enhances the absorption of minerals such as calcium and magnesium, as well as the growth of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria in the intestinal tract Young children and adolescents continue to receive a significant amount of lactose in their diet from milk and milk products such as cheese and ice cream.
Cystic Fibrosis And Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Authors: Luder Elisabeth
Published: November 2023

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the most common life-threatening autosomal recessive disease of Caucasians in the United States. It affects 1/3000 live births. Although primarily a disease of Caucasians, CF has been described in virtually every race and has an approximate incidence of 1 per 17,000 in blacks. The disease is characterized by impaired epithelial transport of electrolytes and fluid, producing thick, viscous secretions in the lungs, pancreatic ducts, hepatobiliary ducts, intestinal glands, and vas deferens, as well as poor chloride reabsorption in the sweat duct. The clinical sequelae reflect the multiorgan involvement: lung disease, pancreatic insufficiency, cirrhosis, neonatal meconium ileus, cystic fibrosis–related diabetes (CFRD), and distal intestinal obstruction syndrome. All of these problems can interfere with the intake, assimilation, or utilization of nutrients and lead to malnutrition.
Lymphatic System
Authors: Allanson Judith E
Published: November 2023

The lymphatic system plays a fundamental part in regulating the physiologic environment by returning protein, cells, mac- romolecules, and fluid to the bloodstream, as well as by removing metabolic byproducts, dying or mutant cells, microbes, and inorganic matter. It also acts as a conduit for trafficking immune cell populations. Lymphatics were first observed by Herophilos about 300 BC and by Erasistratus about 310–250 BC, but it was not until 1622 that Asellius described lacteals and their content in the mesentery of dogs and human beings. Pecquet described the cisterna chyli and thoracic duct shortly thereafter.
Language and Gender in the (Hetero)Romance: “Reading” the Ideal Hero/ine through Lovers’ Dialogue in Japanese Romance Fiction
Authors: Shibamoto Smith Janet S
Published: November 2023

Romantic category fiction (love stories) provides a rich source of data about women’s and men’s romantic expressivity. Such texts offer cultural models of how heterosexual couples falling in love are represented as thinking and speaking about their feelings. This chapter centers around a linguistic analysis of the dialogue between female and male protagonists in a set of nine romances drawn from the three major subgenres of Japanese romance fiction. The goal of this chapter is not to describe how real Japanese women and men act as they embark on the projects of courtship and seduction but to begin to understand what cultural models are available to at least some of them−that is, the largely female readership of romance novels−as they set about falling in love. This chapter, then, brings issues of emotionality and sexuality, specifically heterosexuality, into Japanese language and gender studies.
Alternative Femininity: Personae of Middle-aged Mothers
Authors: Matsumoto Yoshiko
Published: November 2023

The origins of the common perceptions of femininity and of female roles within Japanese society have been illuminated in sociological and anthropological studies of Japanese women. For example, Lebra, describing the traditional socialization and discipline of young people in Japan, discusses an aspect of discipline that she labels “femininity training”: training in manners and comportment according to the culturally standardized codes of propriety that were imposed upon young women (1984:42). According to her description, which is largely based on the prewar and wartime experience of women, the three dimensions of “femininity training” were “modesty,” “elegance,” and “tidiness.” Women were trained to efface themselves in behavior that included posture, movement, and speech, and to portray elegance and tidiness in their handling of objects. With regard to speech according to Lebra, the prescription of modesty “demanded overall reticence, a soft voice, the polite and feminine style of speech, and avoidance of exposing the oral cavity” (1984:42).
Japanese Junior High School Girls’ and Boys’ First-Person Pronoun Use and Their Social World
Authors: Miyazaki Ayumi
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I analyze diverse linguistic practices of Japanese junior high school students that go against the Japanese ideology of gender-divided language. In particular, I explore girls’ and boys’ untraditional first-pronoun usage, as demonstrated in the preceding comments of a girl who says that she uses the supposedly vulgar masculine first-person pronoun, ore, and of a boy who reports that he eschews this masculine pronoun. This chapter examines such linguistic practices by locating them within students’ social world, namely, their peer-group relations, and within the power dynamics of their gakkyuu, the fundamental unit of Japanese schools.
Dental Morphology, Proportions, and Attrition
Authors: Hillson Simon W
Published: November 2023

The abundant dental remains from Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov consist of teeth present in the alveoli of the six associated skeletons, in the Pavlov 2 and 3 maxilla and mandible, and in the collections of isolated elements from Dolní Věstonice I and II and Pavlov I (Chapter 5). From Dolní Věstonice I, there are the 31 teeth of Dolni V0stonice 3, plus 16 isolated teeth, 5 of which have been lost. From Dolní Věstonice II, there are 116 teeth from the four associated skeletons, 9 teeth that make up the Dolní Věstonice 36 infant, and 1 isolated tooth. Pavlov I yielded the 27 teeth in Pavlov 1, 11 teeth in Pavlov 2 and 3, and 26 isolated teeth for Pavlov 5 to 28. This provides a total of 237 teeth, of which 232 are currently available for analysis. There are few Paleolithic sites or site complexes that provide as much data on dental remains as do these sites on the Pavlovské Hills.
The Vertebral Columns
Authors: Holliday Trenton W
Published: November 2023

The vertebral column is well represented among the skeletons from Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov. In particular, the individuals from the triple burial (Dolní Věstonice 13–15) preserve the majority of their vertebral elements in various stages of completeness (Sládek et al., 2000; Chapter 5). The purpose of this chapter is twofold. First, detailed morphological description of each individual element of the presacral vertebrae is given (the sacrum is discussed with the pelvis in Chapter 17). Second, osteometric analyses are performed in order to compare the Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov axial skeletal morphology with those of penecontemporary and recent humans. The comparative samples used for these analyses vary considerably, depending on which skeletal elements are being studied, and therefore discussion of the measurements and indices used, as well as the compositions of the comparative samples, will come at the beginning of the osteological analysis.
Skeletal and Dental Paleopathology
Authors: Trinkaus Erik , Hillson Simon W , Franciscus, Robert G , Holliday Trenton W
Published: November 2023

The paleobiological analysis of the human remains from Dolní Věstonice and Pavlov involves a detailed consideration of the developmental and/or degenerative pathological lesions and anomalies on the remains, since these have the potential to provide information on both the natures and levels of the stress to which the individuals were subjected and their abilities to survive various forms of hardship. Many of the lesions have been referred to in previous publications (Jelínek, 1954, 1992; Vlček, 1991, 1997; Kuklík, 1992; Trinkaus & Jelínek, 1997; Sládek et al., 2000; Trinkaus et al., 2000c, 2001; Formicola et al., 2001),), but none of those references has provided a complete list of the lesions or thorough diagnoses of them. In addition, most of the lesions have been mentioned in the preceding morphological chapters since they affect, to varying degrees, the morphological and functional anatomical interpretations of the remains. However, none of those previous citations here deals with the lesions specifically or provides diagnoses of their etiologies.
What Caused Enron?: A Capsule of Social and Economic History of the I 990s
Authors: Coffee John C
Published: November 2023

The sudden explosion of corporate accounting scandals and related financial irregularities that burst over the financial markets between late 2001 and the first half of 2002 e.g., Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, Adelphia, and others-raises an obvious question: why now? What explains the sudden concentration of financial scandals at this moment in time? Much commentary has rounded up the usual suspects and blamed the scandals on a decline in business morality, “infectious greed,” and similar subjective trends that cannot be reliably measured.
A Theory Of International Rhetoric
Authors: Goldsmith Jack L , Posner Eric A
Published: November 2023

During the sixteenth year of the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta, an Athenian force landed on the island of Melos, a Spartan colony and a neutral in the war. Thucydides recounts a dialogue between Athenian envoys and Melian leaders. In a famous passage, the Athenians demand that the Melians submit to their rule: For ourselves, we shall not trouble you with specious pretenses—either of how we might have a right to our empire because we overthrew the Mede, or are now attacking you because of wrong that you have done us—and make a long speech which would not be believed; and in return we hope that you, instead of thinking to inﬂuence us by saying that you did not join the Spartans, although their colonists, or that you have done us no wrong, will aim at what is feasible, holding in view the real sentiments of us both; since you know as well as we do that right, as the world goes, is only in question between equals in power, while the strong do what they will and the weak suffer what they must. (Thucydides 1982, 5.89)
International Law And Moral Obligation
Authors: Goldsmith Jack L , Posner Eric A
Published: November 2023

The instrumental theory of international law outlined in parts 1 and 2 was offered as an alternative to the conventional wisdom that international law has a normative component that pulls states toward compliance, contrary to their interests. Some traditionalists will claim that our purely positive, or explanatory, analysis is not responsive. Even if international law is best explained by states acting in their self-interest, states should obey international law’s moral command. On this view, our preoccupation with the conditions under which states in fact comply with international law is of little interest. The important issue is what states should do; international law scholarship should press states to live up their obligations, regardless of whether it is in their interest to do so.
Liberal Democracy And Cosmopolitan Duty
Authors: Goldsmith Jack L , Posner Eric A
Published: November 2023

Chapter 7 analyzed a state’s moral duty to comply with international law. This chapter analyzes the state’s moral duty to enter into treaties and to take other related forms of international action in the first place. Mainstream international law scholarship contends that states, especially liberal democratic ones, should be more other-regarding. They should enter into more treaties that would benefit third-party states, give up sovereignty to justice-promoting institutions like the International Criminal Court (ICC), and, in general, act internationally on the basis of global welfare rather than state welfare.
Introduction popular constitutionalism
Authors: Kramer Larry D
Published: November 2023

Some snapshots from the early American Republic: Monday, July 29, 1793. A jury acquitted Gideon Henfield of charges that he violated the law of nations by serving aboard a French privateer. The facts of Henfield’s case were uncontested, and his defense turned on a point of law. Henfield argued that it was unconstitutional to prosecute him because his actions were not proscribed by any existing statute or law of the United States. The court—consisting of Supreme Court Justices James Wilson and James Iredell and District Court Judge Richard Peters—instructed jurors that Henfield’s defense was legally frivolous. It was the “joint and unanimous opinion of the court,” Wilson told them, that Henfield’s acts might be culpable as common law offenses against the United States. The jury disagreed, and its verdict triggered celebrations throughout the nation. John Marshall reports that Henfield’s acquittal was greeted with “extravagant marks of joy and exultation” by a public that doubted the administration’s position. Bonfires were lit and feasts held in cities and towns from Maine to Georgia. In Charleston, South Carolina, a “number of respectable citizens” followed an evening of “great hilarity and harmony” by toasting “[t]he patriotic jury of Philadelphia who acquitted Gideon Henfield, and supported the rights of man.
Courts, as Well as Other Departments, Are Bound by That Instrument accepting judicial review
Authors: Kramer Larry D
Published: November 2023

The United States experienced a run of dizzying economic growth in the 1790s. Propelled by war in Europe, demand for American produce and raw materials skyrocketed. Profiting as well from Alexander Hamilton’s brilliant stewardship of the Treasury Department, not to mention the advantage accruing to the United States as possessor of the world’s largest neutral fleet, the value of domestic exports more than tripled, while the value of re-exports increased by fiftyfold and earnings from the carrier trades quadrupled. New wealth seeped into every sector of the economy and every region of the country as demand for skilled and unskilled labor mushroomed and wages soared.
The Democratic Constitution
Authors: Devins Neal , Fisher Louis
Published: November 2023

In this fascinating debunking of judicial supremacy, Devins and Fisher argue that nonjudicial contributions to constitutional interpretation make the Constitution more stable, more consistent with constitutional principles, and more protective of individual and minority rights. This highly readable narrative of how the Court and elected officials work in concert with the American people to shape constitutional values is an impressive affirmation of public participation in the political process.
Adverse Events: What We Feel and Why
Authors: Charles Sara C , Frisch Paul R
Published: November 2023

Dr. Laura West, the youngest full-time member of an obstetric-gynecology university faculty, was under the additional pressure of preparing for her specialty board examinations. Faced with a very complex case involving a young woman at risk for a life-threatening bleed from a placental abnormality, Dr. West prepared for every contingency. She had been trained in a high-density litigation environment and anticipated lawsuits with every difficult case regardless of the outcome. Before the patient’s delivery, she planned for the necessary backup and conducted and recorded a detailed informed consent session that included a list of relevant references. “It was the perfect chart. And what could happen, happened.”
Adverse Events: What Physicians Can Say About Them
Authors: Charles Sara C , Frisch Paul R
Published: November 2023

Physicians should always do the human thing. Something healthy in all of us prompts us to talk about errors, as well as unexpected or catastrophic adverse events. We feel a spontaneous but quite normal urge to express our emotional reactions to the event and to review our innermost thoughts: did we have a role in it, and what were the circumstances that contributed to its occurrence? Are physicians, however, really free to respond in such a human way? In contrast to so many other serious life situations, the involvement of a physician in a seriously adverse medical outcome triggers the possibility of a lawsuit taking over his or her life and work.
Introduction
Authors: Frankel Tamar
Published: November 2023

The initial title of this book was “Abuse of Trust.” Then news about frauds, which started as a trickle, grew to a downpour. And as I continued my research, it became clear that something different from the past and more basic has been happening to America. It is that America is becoming used to abuse of trust and deception. It is that American culture has been moving toward dishonesty, regardless of whether fraud has been actually rising. And that became the focus and title of this book.
Political Action
Authors: Walzer Michael
Published: November 2023

In a 1971 issue of Philosophy & Public Affairs there appeared a symposium on the rules of war which was actually (or at least more importantly) a symposium on another topic. The actual topic was whether or not a man can ever face, or ever has to face, a moral dilemma, a situation where he must choose between two courses of action both of which it would be wrong for him to undertake. Thomas Nagel worriedly suggested that this could happen and that it did happen whenever someone was forced to choose between upholding an important moral principle and avoiding some looming disaster. R. B. Brandt argued that it could not possibly happen, for there were guidelines we might follow and calculations we might go through which would necessarily yield the conclusion that one or the other course of action was the right one to undertake in the circumstances (or that it did not matter which we undertook). R. M. Hare explained how it was that someone might wrongly suppose that he was faced with a moral dilemma: sometimes, he suggested, the precepts and principles of an ordinary man, the products of his moral education, come into conflict with injunctions developed at a higher level of moral discourse. But this conflict is, or ought to be, resolved at the higher level; there is no real dilemma.
Of Federalism And Caste
Authors: Sunstein Cass R
Published: November 2023

Mary Lyndon Shanley rejects the contractualist model of marriage. She believes that contractualism neglects the mutual dependence of spouses and the need for “positive state action to enhance equality and equal opportunity.” In particular, she contends that marriage should be understood in such a way as not to subordinate women but “to press for marriage partners’ rights to social and economic supports that sustain family relationships and enable spouses to provide care to one another.” I want to explore two gaps in Shanley’s excellent paper. 1. Shanley is aware that states greatly vary in their approaches to the marital relationship, but she says little about how the variations might bear on law and policy. In the 2000 campaign, Vice President Dick Cheney, asked about same-sex marriage, responded, “Different states are likely to come to different conclusions, and that’s appropriate. I don’t think there should necessarily be a federal policy in this area.” I believe that the vice president’s response was wise, and that the wisdom of his response extends far beyond the issue of same-sex marriage. Of course there should be decent floors, based on an understanding of people’s minimal entitlements, moral and economic; states should not be permitted to forbid people to use contraceptives or to marry people of different races. (More on that shortly.) But beyond those floors, a great deal of variation should be welcomed.
After Marriage
Authors: Brown Wendy
Published: November 2023

The track record for marriage as a just institution, Shanley is the first to admit, is a poor one. Historically, marriage has promulgated neither liberty nor equality but rather has been and remains a site of male and heterosexual superordination. So why attempt to produce justice at this site? Because, Shanley insists, marriage promotes enduring associational and affective ties, “represents the social and relational sides of our lives,” makes people “part of an entity that is not reducible to or identical with its individual components,” and, as such, constitutes a reprieve from a radically individualistic order of rationality and action. To eliminate the gender subordination in marriage and homosexual exclusion from it, Shanley advocates a number of political and economic reforms. These include the introduction of gay marriage and “jobs that pay a living wage . . . equal pay for equal work . . . benefits extended to all workers . . . basic health benefits not tied to employment status . . . work restructured in such a way that it accommodates caregiving through a shorter workweek and more flexible scheduling . . . affordable child care . . . the kind of child allowance common in European countries . . . paid parental leave for both men and women.” For Shanley, these reforms are desirable because they “move society toward greater justice in marriage.” But why don’t these add up to a formula for justice, period? Together these reforms would contribute to the historically unparalleled possibility of developing a modest, ungendered autonomy for adults that includes rather than eschews caring for children and other dependents.