bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A strongly coupled Λ-type micromechanical system
Authors: Okamoto Hajime , Schilling Ryan , Schütz Hendrik , Sudhir Vivishek , Wilson Dalziel J. , Yamaguchi Hiroshi , Kippenberg Tobias J.
Published: April 2016

We study a classical Λ-type three-level system based on three high-Q micromechanical beam resonators embedded in a gradient electric field. By modulating the strength of the field at the difference frequency between adjacent beam modes, we realize strong dynamic two-mode coupling, via the dielectric force. Driving adjacent pairs simultaneously, we observe the formation of a purely mechanical “dark” state and an all-phononic analog of coherent population trapping—signatures of strong three-mode coupling. The Λ-type micromechanical system is a natural extension of previously demonstrated “two-level” micromechanical systems and adds to the toolbox for engineering of all-phononic micromechanical circuits and arrays.
Gate controllable resistive random access memory devices using reduced graphene oxide
Authors: Hazra Preetam , Resmi A. N. , Jinesh K. B.
Published: April 2016

The biggest challenge in the resistive random access memory (ReRAM) technology is that the basic operational parameters, such as the set and reset voltages, the current on-off ratios (hence the power), and their operational speeds, strongly depend on the active and electrode materials and their processing methods. Therefore, for its actual technological implementations, the unification of the operational parameters of the ReRAM devices appears to be a difficult task. In this letter, we show that by fabricating a resistive memory device in a thin film transistor configuration and thus applying an external gate bias, we can control the switching voltage very accurately. Taking partially reduced graphene oxide, the gate controllable switching is demonstrated, and the possible mechanisms are discussed.
Electrical spin injection into GaAs based light emitting diodes using perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction-type spin injector
Authors: Tao B. S. , Barate P. , Frougier J. , Renucci P. , Xu B. , Djeffal A. , Jaffrès H. , George J.-M. , Marie X. , Petit-Watelot S. , Mangin S. , Han X. F. , Wang Z. G. , Lu Y.
Published: April 2016

Remanent electrical spin injection into an InGaAs/GaAs based quantum well light emitting diode is realized by using a perpendicularly magnetized MgO/CoFeB/Ta/CoFeB/MgO spin injector. We demonstrate that the Ta interlayer plays an important role to establish the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and the thickness of Ta interlayer determines the type of exchange coupling between the two adjacent CoFeB layers. They are ferromagnetically or antiferromagnetically coupled for a Ta thickness of 0.5 nm or 0.75 nm, respectively. A circular polarized electroluminescence (Pc) of about 10% is obtained at low temperature and at zero magnetic field. The direction of the electrically injected spins is determined only by the orientation of the magnetization of the bottom CoFeB layer which is adjacent to the MgO/GaAs interface. This work proves the critical role of the bottom CoFeB/MgO interface on the spin-injection and paves the way for the electrical control of spin injection via magnetic tunnel junction-type spin injector.
Communication: Protonation process of formic acid from the ionization and fragmentation of dimers induced by synchrotron radiation in the valence region
Authors: Arruda Manuela S. , Medina Aline , Sousa Josenilton N. , Mendes Luiz A. V. , Marinho Ricardo R. T. , Prudente Frederico V.
Published: April 2016

The ionization and fragmentation of monomers of organic molecules have been extensively studied in the gas phase using mass spectroscopy. In the spectra of these molecules it is possible to identify the presence of protonated cations, which have a mass-to-charge ratio one unit larger than the parent ion. In this work, we investigate this protonation process as a result of dimers photofragmentation. Experimental photoionization and photofragmentation results of doubly deuterated formic acid (DCOOD) in the gas phase by photons in the vacuum ultraviolet region are presented. The experiment was performed by using a time-of-flight mass spectrometer installed at the Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory and spectra for different pressure values in the experimental chamber were obtained. The coupled cluster approach with single and double substitutions was employed to assist the experimental analysis. Results indicate that protonated formic acid ions are originated from dimer dissociation, and the threshold photoionization of (DCOOD)⋅D+ is also determined.
Microwave dielectric properties of BNT-BT0.08 thin films prepared by sol-gel technique
Authors: Huitema L. , Cernea M. , Crunteanu A. , Trupina L. , Nedelcu L. , Banciu M. G. , Ghalem A. , Rammal M. , Madrangeas V. , Passerieux D. , Dutheil P. , Dumas-Bouchiat F. , Marchet P. , Champeaux C.
Published: April 2016

We report for the first time the microwave characterization of 0.92(Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3-0.08BaTiO3 (BNT–BT0.08) ferroelectric thin films fabricated by the sol-gel method and integrated in both planar and out-of-plane tunable capacitors for agile high-frequency applications and particularly on the WiFi frequency band from 2.4 GHz to 2.49 GHz. The permittivity and loss tangent of the realized BNT-BT0.08 layers have been first measured by a resonant cavity method working at 12.5 GHz. Then, we integrated the ferroelectric material in planar inter-digitated capacitors (IDC) and in out-of-plane metal-insulator-metal (MIM) devices and investigated their specific properties (dielectric tunability and losses) on the whole 100 MHz–15 GHz frequency domain. The 3D finite-elements electromagnetic simulations of the IDC capacitances are fitting very well with their measured responses and confirm the dielectric properties determined with the cavity method. While IDCs are not exhibiting an optimal tunability, the MIM capacitor devices with optimized Ir/MgO(100) bottom electrodes demonstrate a high dielectric tunability, of 30% at 2.45 GHz under applied voltages as low as 10 V, and it is reaching 50% under 20 V voltage bias at the same frequency. These high-frequency properties of the MIM devices integrating the BNT-BT0.08 films, combining a high tunability under low applied voltages indicate a wide integration potential for tunable devices in the microwave domain and particularly at 2.45 GHz, corresponding to the widely used industrial, scientific, and medical frequency band.
Electric field induced magnetic anisotropy transition from fourfold to twofold symmetry in (001) 0.68Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.32PbTiO3/Fe0.86Si0.14 epitaxial heterostructures
Authors: Guo Xiaobin , Han Xuemeng , Zuo Yalu , Zhang Junwei , Li Dong , Cui Baoshan , Wu Kai , Yun Jijun , Wang Tao , Peng Yong , Xi Li
Published: April 2016

The epitaxial growth of FeSi film on (001) 0.68Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.32PbTiO3 (PMN-0.32PT) was fabricated by sputtering and confirmed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. A fourfold symmetric angular remanent magnetization curve of as-deposited FeSi thin film is well fitted theoretically by considering the cubic magnetocrystalline anisotropy. We found that the fourfold anisotropy decreases slightly when an electric field (E) is applied on the Pt/PMN-0.32PT/FeSi/Ta heterostructures with Pt layer as the positive electrode. However, a magnetic anisotropy transition from fourfold anisotropy to twofold anisotropy occurs under negative E. The strain-electric field curve suggests that the observed different variation trend of magnetic anisotropy results from the asymmetric strain response on the polarity of E. Moreover, once the transition happens, it was irreversible unless the heterostructures are heated above the phase transition temperature of PMN-0.32PT.
On the correct choice of equivalent circuit for fitting bulk impedance data of ionic/electronic conductors
Authors: Hernández Miguel A. , Masó Nahum , West Anthony R.
Published: April 2016

Bulk conductivity data of ionically and electronically conducting solid electrolytes and electronic ceramics invariably show a frequency dependence that cannot be modelled by a single-valued resistor. To model this, common practice is to add a constant phase element (CPE) in parallel with the bulk resistance. To fit experimental data on a wide variety of materials, however, it is also essential to include the limiting, high frequency permittivity of the material in the equivalent circuit. Failure to do so can lead to incorrect values for the sample resistance and CPE parameters and to an inappropriate circuit for materials that are electrically heterogeneous.
Periodic domain inversion in x-cut single-crystal lithium niobate thin film
Authors: Mackwitz P. , Rüsing M. , Berth G. , Widhalm A. , Müller K. , Zrenner A.
Published: April 2016

We report the fabrication of periodically poled domain patterns in x-cut lithium niobate thin-film. Here, thin films on insulator have drawn particular attention due to their intrinsic waveguiding properties offering high mode confinement and smaller devices compared to in-diffused waveguides in bulk material. In contrast to z-cut thin film lithium niobate, the x-cut geometry does not require back electrodes for poling. Further, the x-cut geometry grants direct access to the largest nonlinear and electro-optical tensor element, which overall promises smaller devices. The domain inversion was realized via electric field poling utilizing deposited aluminum top electrodes on a stack of LN thin film/SiO2 layer/Bulk LN, which were patterned by optical lithography. The periodic domain inversion was verified by non-invasive confocal second harmonic microscopy. Our results show domain patterns in accordance to the electrode mask layout. The second harmonic signatures can be interpreted in terms of spatially, overlapping domain filaments which start their growth on the +z side.
Substantial enhancement of red emission intensity by embedding Eu-doped GaN into a microcavity
Authors: Inaba Tomohiro , Lee Dong-gun , Wakamatsu Ryuta , Kojima Takanori , Mitchell Brandon , Capretti Antonio , Gregorkiewicz Tom , Koizumi Atsushi , Fujiwara Yasufumi
Published: April 2016

We investigate resonantly excited photoluminescence from a Eu,O-codoped GaN layer embedded into a microcavity, consisting of an AlGaN/GaN distributed Bragg reflector and a Ag reflecting mirror. The microcavity is responsible for a 18.6-fold increase of the Eu emission intensity at ∼10K, and a 21-fold increase at room temperature. We systematically investigate the origin of this enhancement, and we conclude that it is due to the combination of several effects including, the lifetime shortening of the Eu emission, the strain-induced piezoelectric effect, and the increased extraction and excitation field efficiencies. This study paves the way for an alternative method to enhance the photoluminescence intensity in rare-earth doped semiconductor structures.
Application of neural network and grey relational analysis in ranking the factors affecting runoff and sediment yield under simulated rainfall
Authors: Wang Juan , Huang Jun , Wu Pute , Zhao Xining
Published: April 2016

Soil erosion is a dynamic environmental process that influenced by multiple factors. However, most previous studies only examined the causative factors without ranking their relative importance or examining the individual factors. In this work, back-propagation (BP) neural network modelling and grey relational analysis were used to rank the effects of 7 factors—vegetation growth stage (VGS), vegetation type (VT), vegetation cover (VC), rainfall intensity (RI), rainfall duration (RD), antecedent soil moisture (ASM) and slope gradient (SG)—on total runoff (TR) and total sediment (TS) following simulated rainfall events at 5 intensities (30, 45, 60, 90, 120 mm h–1). The experimental plots including 4 treatments, bare soil (control), ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), purple medic (Medicago sativa L.) and spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under 4 different slopes (9%, 18%, 27.8%, 36.4%). BP models were constructed to predict TR and TS; their predictions tracked the experimental data very closely. A factor analysis based on the BP models ranked the influence of the 7 factors on TR and TS as RI > VC > ASM > RD > VGS > VT > SG and RI > VC > SG > ASM > RD > VGS > VT, respectively. Grey relational analysis provided similar results, ranking the effects of these factors on TR and TS in the order RI > VC > ASM > RD > SG > VGS > VT and RI > VC > SG > ASM > RD > VT > VGS, respectively. These results indicate that runoff and sediment yield depend most strongly on RI and VC, while the effects of the other factors are less pronounced.
Priorities for management of chytridiomycosis in Australia: saving frogs from extinction
Authors: Skerratt Lee F. , Berger Lee , Clemann Nick , Hunter Dave A. , Marantelli Gerry , Newell David A. , Philips Annie , McFadden Michael , Hines Harry B. , Scheele Ben C. , Brannelly Laura A. , Speare Rick , Versteegen Stephanie , Cashins Scott D. , West Matt
Published: April 2016

To protect Australian amphibian biodiversity, we have identified and prioritised frog species at an imminent risk of extinction from chytridiomycosis, and devised national management and research priorities for disease mitigation. Six Australian frogs have not been observed in the wild since the initial emergence of chytridiomycosis and may be extinct. Seven extant frog species were assessed as needing urgent conservation interventions because of (1) their small populations and/or ongoing declines throughout their ranges (southern corroboree frog (Pseudophryne corroboree, New South Wales), northern corroboree frog (Pseudophryne pengilleyi, Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales), Baw Baw frog (Philoria frosti, Victoria), Litoria spenceri (spotted tree frog, Victoria, New South Wales), Kroombit tinkerfrog (Taudactylus pleione, Queensland), armoured mist frog (Litoria lorica, Queensland)) or (2) predicted severe decline associated with the spread of chytridiomycosis in the case of Tasmanian tree frog (Litoria burrowsae, Tasmania). For these species, the risk of extinction is high, but can be mitigated. They require increased survey effort to define their distributional limits and to monitor and detect further population changes, as well as well-resourced management strategies that include captive assurance populations. A further 22 frog species were considered at a moderate to lower risk of extinction from chytridiomycosis. Management actions that identify and create or maintain habitat refugia from chytridiomycosis and target other threatening processes such as habitat loss and degradation may be effective in promoting their recovery. Our assessments for some of these species remain uncertain and further taxonomical clarification is needed to determine their conservation importance. Management actions are currently being developed and trialled to mitigate the threat posed by chytridiomycosis. However, proven solutions to facilitate population recovery in the wild are lacking; hence, we prioritise research topics to achieve this aim. Importantly, the effectiveness of novel management solutions will likely differ among species due to variation in disease ecology, highlighting the need for species-specific research. We call for an independent management and research fund of AU$15 million over 5 years to be allocated to recovery actions as determined by a National Chytridiomycosis Working Group of amphibian managers and scientists. Procrastination on this issue will likely result in additional extinction of Australia’s amphibians in the near future.
Ultrasonic Degradation of Biologically Active Polysaccharide Produced by Serratia piscatorum
Authors: Kita Yasuo , Igarasi Seizi , Nakanishi Itaru , Isono Masao
Published: April 2016

Changes in chemical, physicochemical and biological properties of Serratia piscatorum polysaccharide, PLS N–I, by ultrasonic irradiation were investigated. Ultrasonication decreased the viscosity of an aqueous solution of PLS N–I to give two degraded polysaccharide fractions, PLS F–I and PLS F-II, as separated each other by column chromatography on Sepharose 4B. PLS F–I was different from PLS F–II in their physicochemical and biological properties as well as in their chemical compositions.
Poduction of Biotin by Microbial Transformation of dl-cis-Tetrahydro-2-oxo-4-n-pentyl-thieno-(3,4-d)-imidazoline (dl-TOPTI)
Authors: Ogino Shigeo , Fujimoto Shigehisa , Aoki Yasuhiko
Published: April 2016

The conditions for biotin production were investigated. Urea was a more effective nitrogen source than ammonium chloride and ammonium sulfate. About 60% conversion from dl-cis-tetrahydro-2-oxo-4-n-pentyl-thieno-(3,4-d)-imidazoline (dl-TOPTI) to biotinol and biotin occurred using Corynebacterium sp. B–321. Strain M–6318 which derived from B–321 as a mutant incapable of assimilating n-alkane produced large amounts of dl-biotin from dl-TOPTI. The inability of the microbe to assimilate n-alkane resulted in repression of biotin degradation. Maximum conversion (80%) was obtained by growing cultures of strain M–6318 in the constant presence of n-paraffin.
Studies on Substances Which Increase RNA Content of Yeast Cells
Authors: Yamashita Toshiaki , Hidaka Takayoshi , Watanabe Kiyoshi
Published: April 2016

Active substances which increased RNA content and RNA productivity in yeast culture without affecting the growth rate of yeast were investigated.

The remarkable effect of zinc ion on RNA accumulation was found in flask cultures of Candida utilis.

The active substance of culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was isolated from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces sp. S–22 and it was identified as anisomycin, an antiprotozoal and antifungal antibiotic. The effect of anisomycin on the enhancement of yeast RNA formation was shown only with the Saccharomyces genus, which was more sensitive to the antibiotic than other genus. This phenomenon was exhibited only in the case of anisomycin and cycloheximide, whose modes of action were similar among various antibiotics. The ratio of four nucleotides in RNA fraction was almost equal to that of ribosomal RNA.
“Who Would be Mine for the Day!”: Irano-Judaic Marriage Customs in Late Antiquity
Authors: Emrani Haleh
Published: April 2016

Zoroastrians of Babylonia had long lived alongside an important Jewish community whose presence in the region can be traced back to the Achaemenid period (c. 550‒330 BCE). Such long coexistence should justify an interest in the examination of cultural sharing between these two religious groups of Ērānšahr; however, it is just recently that the question of the level of cultural contact between them has become a more important source of inquiry and research by scholars of Iranian history, religious studies and Late Antiquity. The exchanges between the Jews and Zoroastrians of the Sasanian period and their impact on the character of the Babylonian Talmud have been the subject of a number of recent studies, notably by Shaul Shaked, Yaakov Elman, Geoffrey Herman and Shai Segunda, among others. The aim of this article is to contribute to these efforts by exploring the roots of some distinctly Sasanian marriage customs that transcended religious lines and were shared by the rabbinic Jews and Zoroastrians of Ērānšahr.
The “Warrior of the Lords”: Smbat Bagratuni at the Center and Periphery of Late Sasanian Iran
Authors: McDonough Scott
Published: April 2016

The Armenian general Smbat Bagratuni's remarkable rise to military and political preeminence in the late sixth- and early seventh-century Sasanian Empire presents a fascinating historical question: how did a liminal figure, a Christian from a frontier region, become the “Joy of Ḵusrō” and “Warrior of the Lords” of king Ḵusrō II Aparvēz (590–628 CE)? This essay argues that Bagratuni's accomplishments were rooted in Sasanian patterns of political decentralization, provincial regionalism and strategic politics. The Sasanians were ethnically Persian, but Parthian and Armenian aristocrats from the periphery of the empire played a central role in upholding the regime. Granting titles, wealth and personal support, the king sought to turn aristocratic families against each other to enhance royal authority. Simultaneously, regional aristocrats like Smbat Bagratuni used royal patronage to advance their local interests, often at the expense of the royal center. The life of Smbat Bagratuni illustrates how complex negotiations of individual and collective identity shaped relations of “center” and “periphery” in Sasanian Iran.
Production of Ceratonova shasta Myxospores from Salmon Carcasses: Carcass Removal Is Not a Viable Management Option
Authors: Foott J. S. , Stone R. , Fogerty R. , True K. , Bolick A. , Bartholomew J. L. , Hallett S. L. , Buckles G. R. , Alexander J. D.
Published: April 2016

Severe infection by the endemic myxozoan parasite, Ceratonova (synonym, Ceratomyxa) shasta, has been associated with declines in and impaired recovery efforts of populations of fall-run Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha in the Klamath River, California. The parasite has a complex life cycle involving a polychaete worm host as well as a salmon host. Myxospore transmission of this parasite, from salmon to polychaete, is a life cycle step during which there is a potential for applied disease management. A 3-year data set on prevalence, intensity, and spore characteristics of C. shasta myxospores was obtained from adult Chinook Salmon carcasses surveyed in the main stem of the Klamath River and three of its tributaries, Bogus Creek and the Shasta and Trinity rivers. Annual prevalence of myxospore detection in salmon intestines ranged from 22% to 52%, and spore concentration values per intestinal scraping ranged from 3.94 × 102 to 1.47 × 107 spores. A prevalence of 7.3% of all carcasses examined produced >5.0 × 105 spores, and these carcasses with “high” spore counts accounted for 76–95% of the total spores in a given spawning season. Molecular analysis of visually negative carcasses showed that 45–87% of these samples had parasite DNA, indicating they contained either low spore numbers or presporogonic stages of the parasite. Myxospores were rarely found in carcasses of freshly spawned adults but were common in decomposed carcasses of both sexes. The date of collection or age (based indirectly on FL) did not influence detection. The longer prespawn residence time for spring-run Chinook Salmon compared with that for fall-run Chinook Salmon in the Trinity River was associated with higher spore loads. The dye exclusion method for assessing spore viability in fresh smears indicated an inverse relationship in spore integrity and initial spore concentration. A carcass-removal pilot project in Bogus Creek for 6 weeks in the fall of 2008 (907 carcasses removed) and 2009 (1,799 carcasses removed) failed to measurably influence the DNA quantity of C. shasta in targeted waters. Combined with the high numbers of carcasses that contributed myxospores, we therefore deemed that this labor-intensive approach is not a viable management option to reduce the infectivity of C. shasta in Chinook Salmon in the Klamath River.

Received January 23, 2015; accepted September 28, 2015
A phase field investigation of dendrite morphology and solute distributions under transient conditions in an Al–Cu welding molten pool
Authors: Wang L. , Wei Y. , Zhan X. , Yu F.
Published: April 2016

A quantitative phase field model is developed to simulate dendrite morphology and solute distributions of the Al–4 wt-% Cu alloy in Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) welding molten pool under transient conditions. The functions of temperature gradient and travel velocity are used to obtain transient conditions of the welding molten pool. Time evolutions of the dendrite morphology, solute distributions of different positions and interfaces are obtained. The dendrite growth process can be divided into four stages, namely linear growth, non-linear growth, competitive growth and short-term steady growth. The solute concentration near the primary dendrite tip region is the smallest, while solute concentration is larger in the front of plane crystals growth interface and the solute concentration in the liquid region among the primary dendrites is obviously the largest, where the solute segregation forms readily. For the given welding parameters, the dendrite morphology and the initial instability of solid/liquid interface agree well with the experimental result.
Observational Learning in Capuchin Monkeys: A Video Deficit Effect
Authors: Anderson James R. , Kuroshima Hika , Fujita Kazuo
Published: April 2016

Young human children have been shown to learn less effectively from video or televised images than from real-life demonstrations. Although nonhuman primates respond to and can learn from video images, there is a lack of direct comparisons of task acquisition from video and live demonstrations. To address this gap in knowledge, we presented capuchin monkeys with video clips of a human demonstrator explicitly hiding food under one of two containers. The clips were presented at normal, faster than normal, or slower than normal speed, and then the monkeys were allowed to choose between the real containers. Even after 55 sessions and hundreds of video demonstration trials the monkeys’ performances indicated no mastery of the task, and there was no effect of video speed. When given live demonstrations of the hiding act, the monkeys’ performances were vastly improved. Upon subsequent return to video demonstrations, performances declined to pre-live-demonstration levels, but this time with evidence for an advantage of fast video demonstrations. Demonstration action speed may be one aspect of images that influence nonhuman primates’ ability to learn from video images, an ability that in monkeys, as in young children, appears limited compared to learning from live models.
Metalloproteinase MT1-MMP islets act as memory devices for podosome reemergence
Authors: El Azzouzi Karim , Wiesner Christiane , Linder Stefan
Published: April 2016

Podosomes are dynamic cell adhesions that are also sites of extracellular matrix degradation, through recruitment of matrix-lytic enzymes, particularly of matrix metalloproteinases. Using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy, we show that the membrane-bound metalloproteinase MT1-MMP is enriched not only at podosomes but also at distinct “islets” embedded in the plasma membrane of primary human macrophages. MT1-MMP islets become apparent upon podosome dissolution and persist beyond podosome lifetime. Importantly, the majority of MT1-MMP islets are reused as sites of podosome reemergence. siRNA-mediated knockdown and recomplementation analyses show that islet formation is based on the cytoplasmic tail of MT1-MMP and its ability to bind the subcortical actin cytoskeleton. Collectively, our data reveal a previously unrecognized phase in the podosome life cycle and identify a structural function of MT1-MMP that is independent of its proteolytic activity. MT1-MMP islets thus act as cellular memory devices that enable efficient and localized reformation of podosomes, ensuring coordinated matrix degradation and invasion.
Proactive for invasion: Reuse of matrix metalloproteinase for structural memory
Authors: Gucciardo Erika , Mobashir Mohammad , Lehti Kaisa
Published: April 2016

Migratory cells translocate membrane type-1 matrix metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) to podosomes or invadosomes to break extracellular matrix barriers. In this issue, El Azzouzi et al. (2016. J. Cell. Biol. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201510043) describe an unexpected function for the MT1-MMP cytoplasmic domain in imprinting spatial memory for podosome reformation via assembly in membrane islets.
The ETS1 transcription factor is required for the development and cytokine-induced expansion of ILC2
Authors: Zook Erin C. , Ramirez Kevin , Guo Xiaohuan , van der Voort Grant , Sigvardsson Mikael , Svensson Eric C. , Fu Yang-Xin , Kee Barbara L.
Published: April 2016

Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are a subset of ILCs that play a protective role in the response to helminth infection, but they also contribute to allergic lung inflammation. Here, we report that the deletion of the ETS1 transcription factor in lymphoid cells resulted in a loss of ILC2s in the bone marrow and lymph nodes and that ETS1 promotes the fitness of the common progenitor of all ILCs. ETS1-deficient ILC2 progenitors failed to up-regulate messenger RNA for the E protein transcription factor inhibitor ID2, a critical factor for ILCs, and these cells were unable to expand in cytokine-driven in vitro cultures. In vivo, ETS1 was required for the IL-33–induced accumulation of lung ILC2s and for the production of the T helper type 2 cytokines IL-5 and IL-13. IL-25 also failed to elicit an expansion of inflammatory ILC2s when these cells lacked ETS1. Our data reveal ETS1 as a critical regulator of ILC2 expansion and cytokine production and implicate ETS1 in the regulation of Id2 at the inception of ILC2 development.
Rapid in vivo measurement of β-amyloid reveals biphasic clearance kinetics in an Alzheimer’s mouse model
Authors: Yuede Carla M. , Lee Hyo , Restivo Jessica L. , Davis Todd A. , Hettinger Jane C. , Wallace Clare E. , Young Katherine L. , Hayne Margaret R. , Bu Guojun , Li Chen-zhong , Cirrito John R.
Published: April 2016

Findings from genetic, animal model, and human studies support the observation that accumulation of the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide in the brain plays a central role in the pathogenic cascade of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Human studies suggest that one key factor leading to accumulation is a defect in brain Aβ clearance. We have developed a novel microimmunoelectrode (MIE) to study the kinetics of Aβ clearance using an electrochemical approach. This is the first study using MIEs in vivo to measure rapid changes in Aβ levels in the brains of living mice. Extracellular, interstitial fluid (ISF) Aβ levels were measured in the hippocampus of APP/PS1 mice. Baseline levels of Aβ40 in the ISF are relatively stable and begin to decline within minutes of blocking Aβ production with a γ-secretase inhibitor. Pretreatment with a P-glycoprotein inhibitor, which blocks blood–brain barrier transport of Aβ, resulted in significant prolongation of Aβ40 half-life, but only in the latter phase of Aβ clearance from the ISF.
Bilateral comparison on volume of mass standards
Authors: Vámossy C , Davidson S , Zelenka Z
Published: April 2016

This project was a European regional bilateral comparison of volume determination of stainless steel standards of 10 g, 20 g, and 200 g and 1 kg carried out under the auspices of EURAMET (project 1356, EURAMET.M.D-S2).

The objectives of the present comparison were to check the measurement capabilities of the participants in the field of volume measurements of weights and provide a basis for the calibration measurement capabilities (CMC).

BEV (Austria) was the pilot laboratory and the provider of the transfer standards. MKEH was the other participant in the bilateral comparison and NPL collected the measurement data ensuring the impartiality.

The objectives of the comparison were achieved.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Leukemic Transdifferentiation of Follicular Lymphoma Into an Acute Histiocytic Leukemia in a 52-Year-Old Caucasian Woman
Authors: Steussy Bryan , Lekostaj Jacqueline , Qian Qining , Rosenthal Nancy , Holman Carol J. , Syrbu Sergei , Darbro Benjamin , Bossler Aaron , Karandikar Nitin J.
Published: April 2016

We report an instructive case of acute myeloid leukemia with histiocytic differentiation (acute histiocytic leukemia) arising in a patient, a 52-year-old woman with a history of follicular lymphoma. The results of genetic studies proved a clonal relationship between the lymphoma and the leukemic cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leukemic transdifferentiation of follicular lymphoma into modified base 5-methylcytosine (M5c)–like acute histiocytic leukemia and the first reported karyotype on a transdifferentiated neoplasm.
Biculturalism
Authors: Schwartz Seth J. , Birman Dina , Benet-Martínez Verónica , Unger Jennifer
Published: April 2016

This chapter reviews the construct of biculturalism, focusing on individuals with multiple cultural backgrounds. The chapter focuses on biculturalism as a heterogeneous label, and it covers several variants of biculturalism that have been studied. A number of biculturalism-related constructs are discussed, including endorsement of two or more cultural streams, cultural frame switching, bicultural identity integration, globalization-based biculturalism, and triculturalism (endorsement of three or more cultural streams). Distinctions between biculturalism and triculturalism are discussed, along with consideration of situations in which more than three cultural streams may be intersecting. The chapter concludes with a section on practical implications of biculturalism and on interventions to promote biculturalism in individuals and families.
Genetic Counseling in Psychiatry
Authors: Arribas-Ayllon Michael
Published: April 2016

This chapter offers a sober analysis of the history and prospects of genetic counseling in psychiatry. The present intersection of genetics and psychiatry is complex and limited in scope. The argument is made that recent genomic discoveries are unlikely to revolutionize genetic counseling because the complex nature of psychiatric conditions are not reducible to models of prediction. Susceptibility testing for psychiatric disorders is not a stable platform for clinical psychiatry because tests based on “common variation” are clinically unhelpful. Nevertheless, there are expectations that genetic counseling for psychiatry will be an area of growth and potential. The rest of the chapter focuses on the practical work of individuals and experts as they manage their moral or professional obligations to communicate and understand genetic risk in psychiatry.
Curing Financial Conflicts of Interest in Psychiatric Professional Organizations
Authors: Haque Omar Sultan , Lu Alicia , Wu Daniel , Cosgrove Lisa , Bursztajn Harold J.
Published: April 2016

Most of the attention to the problem of financial conflicts of interest (FCOI) in psychiatry has centered on the actions of individuals. But what if the problem is much larger, and has infected entire organizations? Using the conceptual, and normative framework of “institutional corruption,” we describe how organized psychiatry has developed values, norms, and practices that have undermined its public health mission. Specifically, we argue that institutionalized FCOI have distorted the evidence base upon which psychiatric research, diagnosis, and treatment depends. We argue that current strategies such as simple transparency of commercial ties and “managing” FCOI are insufficient and vulnerable to gamesmanship. Following the IOM’s most recent (2011) recommendations for preventing bias when there are academic–industry relationships, we offer ideas for responding to the ethical and intellectual crisis in psychiatry, and emphasize the importance of training practitioners to think critically when assessing the evidence base of industry-sponsored research.
Advocacy, Ethics, and Values in Mental Health
Authors: Cowley Jakki
Published: April 2016

This chapter discusses mental health advocacy in the UK and how the history of mental health care has influenced current practice, as well as how the advocacy sector in general has shaped government policy and legislation. The emphasis is on England and Wales, although advocacy delivery in Scotland and Northern Ireland is also considered. The chapter first defines advocacy and outlines its history in the UK before analyzing recent developments in the country. It then examines the principles of advocacy (independence; empowerment; representation, information, support; accountability; confidentiality), together with different forms of advocacy in the UK and key legislation, including the Mental Capacity Act 2005 and the Mental Health Act 1983 in England and Wales. Finally, it looks at issues and challenges faced by mental health advocates with regard to ethics and values, such as conflicts of interest and duty, the nature of professional obligations and neutrality, and social justice.
Archaeological Interpretation of Marine Magnetic Data
Authors: Gearhart Robert
Published: April 2016

Interpreting remote sensing data is one of the most important tasks of archaeologists working in submerged environments. Researchers rely on remote-sensing technologies to aid their search for historic shipwrecks of interest. Magnetometers are essential for detection of buried shipwrecks. The main goal of magnetic interpretation has been to distinguish shipwrecks from debris, usually resulting in an archaeological assessment of each anomaly concerning its potential for historic significance. The past two decades have seen improvement in archaeologists' abilities to detect shipwreck anomalies. This article provides a basic, nonmathematical summary of magnetism relevant to archaeological interpretation and the evolving perceptions of shipwreck anomalies. The basis for assessing magnetic anomaly significance must be firmly rooted in empiricism in order to improve the objectivity of data interpretation.
Search and Documentation of Underwater Archaeological Sites
Authors: Tuttle Michael C.
Published: April 2016

Archaeological survey is fundamental to archaeological data collection. Underwater archaeology is developing and maturing as a discipline. The levels of technology available for investigations are variable depending on the objectives of surveys. Prior to entering the field, it is essential to do a complete desktop research, an in-office examination of available literature, and to develop a survey plan. This article describes different methods and the tools used for probing, which are used for examining subsurface features or defining the extent of a site. Remote sensing is an effective method to search for cultural material in a marine context. Once a general survey has located acoustic targets, magnetic anomalies, or other areas of interest, a predisturbance site survey of the targets may be conducted. Accurate positioning during a predisturbance investigation is critical. With an area survey complete or a predisturbance survey conducted, the next step in the archaeological process is excavation.
Ships on Land
Authors: Delgado James P.
Published: April 2016

In the twenty-first century, archaeologists are seeing an increased number of “buried ships” that provide unique opportunities in nautical archaeology. More holistic view of maritime sites on land provides opportunities to assess the growth and decline of ports, port-related infrastructure and technology, and maritime cultural landscapes in port sites that are now land-filled. The buried sites can be deliberately interred as ship burials, or represented by beached shipwrecks or sites where marshes, sea-level change, river channel shifts, siltation, or deliberate land-filling or drainage have buried ships. This article gives an overview of buried ships from antiquity to the late Roman period, from the Byzantine period, from the medieval period to the sixteenth century ce, and from the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries ce. While underwater excavation continues to provide access to shipwrecked cargoes within the context of the vessel itself, excavations on land offer the same potential, as a number of the polders wrecks also contain cargoes.
Historic Naval Architecture Practices as a Guide to Shipwreck Reconstruction: The La Belle Example
Authors: Pevny Taras
Published: April 2016

This article describes the experience of reconstruction of a ship built by a seventeenth century ship builder. The lower hull and partial cargo of La Belle were discovered in 1995 and excavated within a dry cofferdam. The hull was documented, disassembled, and subjected to additional recording and reassembled in order to conserve it as a unit. On the basis of the present remains, the hull was reconstructed and several aspects of design and construction were understood. The discovery of new information, whether in the process of the reconstruction of the archaeological remains or from documentary research, necessitated a reexamination and/or a reworking of earlier recordings, preliminary reconstructions, and working hypotheses. Studying the design of La Belle was to a great extent a circular process—much like a design spiral in modern naval architecture.
Southern African Shipwreck Archaeology
Authors: Werz Bruno E. J. S.
Published: April 2016

The physical remains of the ships that came to an untimely end at the shores of the southern African region represent an important part of the maritime cultural heritage. Yet, very few scientific investigations into this heritage have been undertaken to date, as a result, no archival record or archaeological evidence of local vessels being produced here exists. The known potential of shipwrecks therefore consists of vessels that originated from elsewhere. The first part of this article sketches the physical geographic setting of the region's shores and the adjacent coastal waters. Following this, some aspects relating to southern African shipwreck archaeological investigations are discussed. This article also gives information aspects of specific studies in maritime archaeology that have been undertaken in the southern African region so far.
Underwater Archaeology of the World Wars
Authors: Neyland Robert S.
Published: April 2016

This article describes shipwrecks from the World Wars. For marine archaeology, there are numerous archaeological sites to dive on, research, and analyze. World War II in Europe resulted in staggering losses of shipping and lives. There were changes in naval warfare that resulted from the technological development of weapons capable of sinking ships. This article highlights archaeological research on world war shipwrecks, which focuses on identifying the locations of wrecks and the causes of sinking. The U.S. Navy's wrecks are distributed in every major body of water and represent many questions formulated in World War archaeology. Furthermore, this article highlights the fact that the shipwrecks of the World Wars pose environmental concerns. Shipwreck finds from the World Wars will undoubtedly continue until all the larger ships and notable aircraft have been found, for such is the fascination with discovery and the history of the lost ships and aircraft of those conflicts.
Ship Abandonment
Authors: Richards Nathan
Published: April 2016

Ship abandonment relates to the transfer of vessel possession and is at the core of marine insurance classification. This article explores the theme of ship abandonment in two sections—classification of abandonment activities and behaviors, and the history of ship abandonment studies by maritime historians and archaeologists. The history of ship abandonment is presented in the form of case studies in this article. Ship graveyards contain a high concentration of wrecked vessels and are also called ship traps. There are two types of ship graveyards, the first, where vessels are deliberately abandoned in situations like war, and the second, where unwanted vessels are dumped. Ship abandonment is a cycle of abandonment of one function for the adoption of another. These changes involve structural and functional transformations. This article emphasizes the fact that ships are objects abounding with the qualities of particular cultures, as well as the maritimity of culture.
From Sky to Sea: The Case for Aeronautical Archaeology
Authors: Fix Peter D.
Published: April 2016

Aeronautical archaeology is not a highly developed area of study in today's time. However, there is a phenomenal amount of data in the form of photograph, drawing, manuscripts, and manuals that demonstrates important contributions that aeronautical archaeology can provide to understanding historical perspectives, technological advancements, and period construction practices. Aircraft sites have tremendous archaeological possibility for providing a historic record to help in the understanding of the evolution of aeronautical technology. Although many restoration works have taken place, there is little documentation of the same, hence, it is possible that some valuable data have been lost. Approaches to aeronautical archaeology must continue to evolve and must be used for gaining a better understanding of the context and the times in which these objects were developed and used.
Museums and Maritime Archaeology
Authors: McCarthy Michael
Published: April 2016

This article reflects the role of universities, training institutes, foundations, and conservation laboratories in presenting an in situ underwater display case at an excavation, or a wreck, submerged structure, or dwelling. Therefore, the term “museum” includes both traditional museums as well as institutions that curate and display archaeological data. Museums represent one of the main outlets for maritime, underwater, and nautical archaeological materials. This article describes the early collection strategies of the archaeological data and explains how this concept came into being. Many prominent maritime archeologists were drawn in into universities, forming study collections. Some of these evolved into private museums. This article highlights threats to museums and maritime archaeology, such as lack of resources. There will be great excavations, recording, and raisings of relics, ships, and structures. The trend of bold new maritime archaeological museums is already visible in some countries, and will continue in the foreseeable future.
Maritime Archaeology, the Dive Community, and Heritage Tourism
Authors: Cohn Arthur B. , Dennis Joanne M.
Published: April 2016

In modern times, the development of new survey, navigation, diving, and remotely operated vehicle technologies have made the location, exploration, and excavation of historic shipwrecks feasible to the general public. The debate on the value of underwater cultural heritage is recent and the issues of protecting underwater sites are now accepted. The diving community has been engaged in this debate for several decades, and a wide variety of viewpoints have developed. Museums focusing on underwater cultural heritage serve as platforms to foster discussions on submerged cultural resource protection. As any archaeological site, shipwrecks excite the general public. While museums provide a venue to share the story of the wrecks, or the historical contexts in which they existed, there are multiple ways to share this information with the public that will allow them a first-hand experience with a shipwreck. This notion has given rise to the concept of heritage tourism.
Quantifying Culture
Authors: Demorest Steven M. , Morrison Steven J.
Published: April 2016

All normally developing children acquire an understanding of the music and language of their culture without explicit instruction. This is known as enculturation. The process of musical enculturation is not well understood, but researchers have hypothesized that some form of statistical learning similar to that which influences language acquisition may underlie musical enculturation as well. We propose a “cultural distance hypothesis” that posits predictable expectation and memory responses for out-of-culture music based on a statistical comparison of that music with the listener’s first music. The hypothesis is based on work in computer modeling of melodic expectancy as well as our own work in cross-cultural music understanding. We propose a series of studies to critically test the hypothesis and discuss implications for other domains of cultural neuroscience.