bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GIS-Based Aesthetic Appraisal of Short-Range Viewsheds of Coastal Dune and Forest Landscapes
Authors: Urbis Arvydas , Povilanskas Ramūnas , Jurkus Egidijus , Taminskas Julius , Urbis Domantas
Published: November 2021

This paper demonstrates the possibilities of a Geographical Information System (GIS) for investigating and explicating the spatial variation of the short-range viewshed aesthetic appeal in a World Heritage coastal dune and forest area. The study pursues the following objectives: (1) develop and trial a GIS-based algorithm for computing the Aesthetic Appeal Index for a Short-Range Viewshed (ǣ); (2) deliver an output map showing the spatial variation of the computed ǣ values in the target territory and distribution of the zones with high scenic quality and potential aesthetic ecosystem services (PAES); and (3) assess management alternatives in zones with high PAES and high conservation value. This study combines two key innovative aspects. First, it integrates an objective digital map of habitats with subjective scenic preferences of coastal forest and dune landscapes based on psychophysical and cognitive perceptions of scenic beauty. Second, it applies a GIS-based algorithm to translate subjective scenic preferences to an output map of ǣ. The study’s main conclusion is that the combined aesthetic appraisal of the immediate and foreground viewshed of coastal forests and dunes, by applying a specially created GIS algorithm, allows an assessment of the scenic quality of this landscape reliably in statistical terms.
Nondestructive Testing of Mechanical Properties of Bamboo–Wood Composite Container Floor by Image Processing
Authors: Jiang Zhilin , Liang Yi , Su Zihua , Chen Aonan , Sun Jianping
Published: November 2021

The bamboo–wood composite container floor (BWCCF) has been wildly utilized in transportation in recent years. However, most of the common approaches of mechanics detection are conducted in a time-consuming and resource wasting way. Therefore, this paper aims to provide a frugal and highly efficient method to predict the short-span shear stress, the modulus of rupture (MOR) and the modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the BWCCF. Artificial neural network (ANN) models were developed and support vector machine (SVM) models were constructed for comparative study by taking the characteristic parameters of image processing as input and the mechanical properties as output. The results show that the SVM models can output better values than the ANN models. In a prediction of the three mechanical properties by SVMs, the correlation coefficients (R) were determined as 0.899, 0.926, and 0.949, and the mean absolute percentage errors (MAPE) were obtained, 6.983%, 5.873%, and 4.474%, respectively. The performance measures show the strong generalization of the SVM models. The discoveries in this work provide new perspectives on the study of mechanical properties of the BWCCF combining machine learning and image processing.
Root Growth Dynamics and Structure in Seedlings of Four Shade Tolerant Mediterranean Species Grown under Moderate and Low Light
Authors: García-Pérez José L. , Oliet Juan A. , Villar-Salvador Pedro , Guzmán Jorge Eduardo
Published: November 2021

Specific functional traits such as shade tolerance or leaf habits can enhance root growth dynamics and structure of planted seedlings in the understory of planted forests. We assessed how low and moderate light levels (17 and 33% of full sunlight, mimicking after-thinning stocking) affect the root growth dynamics and structure of four late successional trees, three deciduous (Acer monspessulanum L., Quercus pyrenaica Willd and Sorbus torminalis (L.) Crantz) and one evergreen (Quercus ilex L.) species. Rooting depth, dynamics and structure were mainly explained by species functional differences. Roots of deciduous trees elongated faster and deeper and were larger than the roots of the evergreen Q. ilex. Among deciduous trees, S. torminalis had the lowest root growth. Specific leaf area and nutrient concentration were positively related to root growth, highlighting the importance of traits related to the plant economic spectrum, as determinants of species root growth differences. Moderate light level slightly enhanced root growth and decreased the specific leaf area (SLA). Species differences in water potential under drought were positively related to rooting depth, evidencing the importance of its role in overcoming drought stress during seedling establishment. These findings can guide the selection of late successional, shade tolerant tree species for underplanting thinned Mediterranean plantations and provide insights into their ecology.
Misconfiguration in Firewalls and Network Access Controls: Literature Review
Authors: Alicea Michael , Alsmadi Izzat
Published: November 2021

Firewalls and network access controls play important roles in security control and protection. Those firewalls may create an incorrect sense or state of protection if they are improperly configured. One of the major configuration problems in firewalls is related to misconfiguration in the access control roles added to the firewall that will control network traffic. In this paper, we evaluated recent research trends and open challenges related to firewalls and access controls in general and misconfiguration problems in particular. With the recent advances in next-generation (NG) firewalls, firewall roles can be auto-generated based on networks and threats. Nonetheless, and due to the large number of roles in any medium to large networks, roles’ misconfiguration may occur for several reasons and will impact the performance of the firewall and overall network and protection efficiency.
In-Vitro Validation of Self-Powered Fontan Circulation for Treatment of Single Ventricle Anomaly
Authors: Das Arka , Prather Ray , Divo Eduardo , Farias Michael , Kassab Alain , DeCampli William
Published: November 2021

Around 8% of all newborns with a Congenital Heart Defect (CHD) have only a single functioning ventricle. The Fontan operation has served as palliation for this anomaly for decades, but the surgery entails multiple complications, and the survival rate is less than 50% by adulthood. A rapidly testable novel alternative is proposed by creating a bifurcating graft, or Injection Jet Shunt (IJS), used to “entrain” the pulmonary flow and thus provide assistance while reducing the caval pressure. A dynamically scaled Mock Flow Loop (MFL) has been configured to validate this hypothesis. Three IJS nozzles of varying diameters 2, 3, and 4 mm with three aortic anastomosis angles and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) reduction have been tested to validate the hypothesis and optimize the caval pressure reduction. The MFL is based on a Lumped-Parameter Model (LPM) of a non-fenestrated Fontan circulation. The best outcome was achieved with the experimental testing of a 3 mm IJS by producing an average caval pressure reduction of more than 5 mmHg while maintaining the clinically acceptable pulmonary flow rate (Qp) to systemic flow rate (Qs) ratio of ~1.5. Furthermore, alteration of the PVR helped in achieving higher caval pressure reduction with the 3 mm IJS at the expense of an increase in Qp/Qs ratio.
Mantle Electrical Conductivity and the Magnetic Field at the Core–Mantle Boundary
Authors: Shebalin John V.
Published: November 2021

The Earth’s magnetic field is measured on and above the crust, while the turbulent dynamo in the outer core produces magnetic field values at the core–mantle boundary (CMB). The connection between the two sets of values is usually assumed to be independent of the electrical conductivity in the mantle. However, the turbulent magnetofluid in the Earth’s outer core produces a time-varying magnetic field that must induce currents in the lower mantle as it emerges, since the mantle is observed to be electrically conductive. Here, we develop a model to assess the possible effects of mantle electrical conductivity on the magnetic field values at the CMB. This model uses a new method for mapping the geomagnetic field from the Earth’s surface to the CMB. Since numerical and theoretical results suggest that the turbulent magnetic field in the outer core as it approaches the CMB is mostly parallel to this boundary, we assume that this property exists and set the normal component of the model magnetic field to zero at the CMB. This leads to a modification of the Mauersberger–Lowes spectrum at the CMB so that it is no longer flat, i.e., the modified spectrum depends on mantle conductance. We examined several cases in which mantle conductance ranges from low to high in order to gauge how CMB magnetic field strength and mantle ohmic heat generation may vary.
What Drives the Choice of Local Seasonal Food? Analysis of the Importance of Different Key Motives
Authors: Wallnoefer Laura Maria , Riefler Petra , Meixner Oliver
Published: November 2021

Local seasonal food choices are environmentally relevant behaviors and a promising opportunity for enhancing sustainable food consumption. Therefore, we need a more integrated understanding of motives driving consumers to opt for food that is produced locally and also in its natural growing season. The aim of this study is to (i) identify which motives for local food choices are also relevant for local seasonal food choices and (ii) investigate whether environmental motives become (more) relevant for these environmentally friendly choices. To assess consumer perceptions of socioeconomic, health, and environmental aspects, a survey in combination with a choice-based conjoint experiment to measure consumer preferences for seasonal (apples) and non-seasonal choices (tomatoes) was conducted. The data were collected by means of an online-panel survey (n = 499) and analyzed using two structural equation models. Results revealed that while the support of the local economy presents the most relevant driver, consumers’ price sensibility is even more relevant as a barrier. What differs is the relevance of authenticity and local identity. While local seasonal food provides environmental benefits to consumers, these benefits have no implications for the relevance of environmental motives. Based on these findings, we derive evidence-based recommendations for policymakers and marketers and propositions for future research regarding additional drivers and barriers for local seasonal food consumption.
Microbiological Food Safety of Seaweeds
Authors: Løvdal Trond , Lunestad Bjørn Tore , Myrmel Mette , Rosnes Jan Thomas , Skipnes Dagbjørn
Published: November 2021

The use of seaweeds in the human diet has a long history in Asia and has now been increasing also in the western world. Concurrent with this trend, there is a corresponding increase in cultivation and harvesting for commercial production. Edible seaweed is a heterogenous product category including species within the green, red, and brown macroalgae. Moreover, the species are utilized on their own or in combinatorial food products, eaten fresh or processed by a variety of technologies. The present review summarizes available literature with respect to microbiological food safety and quality of seaweed food products, including processing and other factors controlling these parameters, and emerging trends to improve on the safety, utilization, quality, and storability of seaweeds. The over- or misuse of antimicrobials and the concurrent development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria is a current worldwide health concern. The role of seaweeds in the development of AMR and the spread of antimicrobial resistance genes is an underexplored field of research and is discussed in that context. Legislation and guidelines relevant to edible seaweed are also discussed.
Microbiological Quality Assessment of Chicken Thigh Fillets Using Spectroscopic Sensors and Multivariate Data Analysis
Authors: Spyrelli Evgenia D. , Papachristou Christina K. , Nychas George-John E. , Panagou Efstathios Z.
Published: November 2021

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and multispectral imaging (MSI) were evaluated for the prediction of the microbiological quality of poultry meat via regression and classification models. Chicken thigh fillets (n = 402) were subjected to spoilage experiments at eight isothermal and two dynamic temperature profiles. Samples were analyzed microbiologically (total viable counts (TVCs) and Pseudomonas spp.), while simultaneously MSI and FT-IR spectra were acquired. The organoleptic quality of the samples was also evaluated by a sensory panel, establishing a TVC spoilage threshold at 6.99 log CFU/cm2. Partial least squares regression (PLS-R) models were employed in the assessment of TVCs and Pseudomonas spp. counts on chicken’s surface. Furthermore, classification models (linear discriminant analysis (LDA), quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), support vector machines (SVMs), and quadratic support vector machines (QSVMs)) were developed to discriminate the samples in two quality classes (fresh vs. spoiled). PLS-R models developed on MSI data predicted TVCs and Pseudomonas spp. counts satisfactorily, with root mean squared error (RMSE) values of 0.987 and 1.215 log CFU/cm2, respectively. SVM model coupled to MSI data exhibited the highest performance with an overall accuracy of 94.4%, while in the case of FT-IR, improved classification was obtained with the QDA model (overall accuracy 71.4%). These results confirm the efficacy of MSI and FT-IR as rapid methods to assess the quality in poultry products.
Fish Loss/Waste and Low-Value Fish Challenges: State of Art, Advances, and Perspectives
Authors: Racioppo Angela , Speranza Barbara , Campaniello Daniela , Sinigaglia Milena , Corbo Maria Rosaria , Bevilacqua Antonio
Published: November 2021

The sustainability of fishery is a global challenge due to overfishing and reduced stocks all over the world; one of the leading factors of this threat is fish loss/waste. As a contribution to the global efforts towards a sustainable world, this review addresses the topic from different sides and proposes an overview of biorefinery approaches by discussing bioactive compounds that could be produced from fish loss (nitrogen compounds, lipids, minerals and pigments, and fish-based compounds such as chitosan). The second part of this review reports on the possibility of using loss or unwanted fish to design products for human consumption or for animal feeding, with a focus on economic criteria, consumers’ segmentation, and some examples of products. The final focus is on Food and Agriculture Organization FAO guidelines as a roadmap for the future with respect to solving this threat by addressing the problem from different sides (technology, skills, market, policy, social and gender equity, and infrastructures).
Microwave-Assisted Hydrodistillation of Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Terpenes: A Pilot-Scale Study
Authors: Lamberti Lorenzo , Grillo Giorgio , Gallina Lorenzo , Carnaroglio Diego , Chemat Farid , Cravotto Giancarlo
Published: November 2021

Interest in essential oils has consistently increased in recent years. Essential oils have a large variety of applications in multiple fields, including in the food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. The volatile fraction (VF) in hops (Humulus lupulus L.) fits within this domain as it is primarily used in the brewery industry for the aromatization of beer, and is responsible for the floral and fruity tones. This work aims to design an optimized extraction protocol of the VF from hops, using microwaves. Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) has been developed to reduce energy and time consumption in lab-scale reactors up to industrial-scale systems. Hops are principally available in three forms, according to a brewery’s applications: (i) fresh (FH); (ii) dried (DH) and (iii) pelletized (PH). In this work, all three forms have therefore been studied and the recovered volatiles characterized by means of GC-MS. The optimized lab-scale MAHD protocol gave the best extraction yield of 20.5 mLVF/kgdry matrix for FH. This value underwent a slight contraction when working at the highest matrix amount (3 kg), with 17.3 mLVF/kgdry matrix being achieved. Further tests were then performed in a pilot reactor that is able to process 30 kg of material. In this case, high yield increases were observed for PH and DH; quadruple and double the lab-scale yields, respectively. In addition, this industrial-scale system also provided marked energy savings, practically halving the absorbed kJ/mLVF.
Utilizing a Rapid Multi-Plug Filtration Cleanup Method for 72 Pesticide Residues in Grape Wines Followed by Detection with Gas Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Liu Shaowen , Bai Aijuan , Song Le , Zou Nan , Han Yongtao , Zhou Li , Yu Chuanshan , Li Changjun , Pan Canping
Published: November 2021

A convenient and fast multi-residue method for the efficient identification and quantification of 72 pesticides belonging to different chemical classes in red and white grape wines has been developed. The analysis was based on gas chromatography tandem quadrupole mass spectrometric determination (GC–MS/MS). The optimization strategy involved the selection of the amount of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and the number of cleanup procedure cycles for multi-plug filtration cleanup (m-PFC) to achieve ideal recoveries and reduce the sample matrix compounds in the final extracts. The optimized procedure obtained consistent recoveries between 70.2 and 108.8% (70.2 and 108.8% for white wine, and 72.3 and 108.4% for red wine), with relative standard deviations (RSDs) that were generally lower than 9.2% at the three spiking levels of 0.01, 0.05 and 0.1 mg/kg. The linearity was studied in the range between 0.002 and 0.1 mg/kg using pesticide standards prepared both in pure solvent and in the presence of the matrix, showing coefficients of determination (R2) higher than 0.9495 for all the pesticides. To improve accuracy, matrix-matched calibration curves were used for calculating the quantification results. Finally, the method was used successfully for detecting pesticide residues in commercial grape wines.
On a Neutral Itô and Arbitrary (Fractional) Orders Stochastic Differential Equation with Nonlocal Condition
Authors: El-Sayed Ahmed M. A. , Fouad Hoda A.
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we are concerned with the combinations of the stochastic Itô-differential and the arbitrary (fractional) orders derivatives in a neutral differential equation with a stochastic, nonlinear, nonlocal integral condition. The existence of solutions will be proved. The sufficient conditions for the uniqueness of the solution will be given. The continuous dependence of the unique solution will be studied.
Production of Porous Agarose-Based Structures: Freeze-Drying vs. Supercritical CO2 Drying
Authors: Guastaferro Mariangela , Baldino Lucia , Reverchon Ernesto , Cardea Stefano
Published: November 2021

In this work, the effect of two processes, i.e., freeze-drying and supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) drying, on the final morphology of agarose-based porous structures, was investigated. The agarose concentration in water was varied from 1 wt% up to 8 wt%. Agarose cryogels were prepared by freeze-drying using two cooling rates: 2.5 °C/min and 0.1 °C/min. A more uniform macroporous structure and a decrease in average pore size were achieved when a fast cooling rate was adopted. When a slower cooling rate was performed instead, cryogels were characterized by a macroporous and heterogenous structure at all of the values of the biopolymer concentration investigated. SC-CO2 drying led to the production of aerogels characterized by a mesoporous structure, with a specific surface area up to 170 m2/g. Moreover, agarose-based aerogels were solvent-free, and no thermal changes were detected in the samples after processing.
Gelatinization, Retrogradation and Gel Properties of Wheat Starch–Wheat Bran Arabinoxylan Complexes
Authors: Yan Wenjia , Yin Lijun , Zhang Minghao , Zhang Meng , Jia Xin
Published: November 2021

Gelatinization, retrogradation and gel properties of wheat starch–wheat bran arabinoxylan (WS–WBAX) complexes have been evaluated. The results of rapid viscosity analyzer (RVA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed that WBAX samples with larger Mw and branching degree (HWBAX) significantly impeded gelatinization process of starch by effectively reducing the amount of water available for starch gelatinization. DSC analysis showed that both molecular characteristics and additive amount of WBAX samples have an effect on the long-term retrogradation behavior of starch. For the rheological studies of WS–WBAX mixed gels, the elastic moduli (G’) and shear viscosity of WS–WBAX mixed gels increased with the increase in additive amount of WBAX. WS–HWBAX mixed gels exhibited the lower G’ compared with starch gels containing WBAX with lower Mw and branching degree (LWBAX) at the same amount. The scanning electron micrographs (SEM) revealed that the microstructures of WS–WBAX mixed gels were mainly affected by the amount of WBAX, but hardly by the molecular characteristics of WBAX. Texture profile analysis (TPA) showed that the cohesiveness of fresh WS–WBAX mixed gels became larger with an increase in the WBAX addition amount. The hardness of WS–WBAX mixed gels tended to increase over the 14-day storage.
DNA Transfer in Forensic Science: Recent Progress towards Meeting Challenges
Authors: van Oorschot Roland A. H. , Meakin Georgina E. , Kokshoorn Bas , Goray Mariya , Szkuta Bianca
Published: November 2021

Understanding the factors that may impact the transfer, persistence, prevalence and recovery of DNA (DNA-TPPR), and the availability of data to assign probabilities to DNA quantities and profile types being obtained given particular scenarios and circumstances, is paramount when performing, and giving guidance on, evaluations of DNA findings given activity level propositions (activity level evaluations). In late 2018 and early 2019, three major reviews were published on aspects of DNA-TPPR, with each advocating the need for further research and other actions to support the conduct of DNA-related activity level evaluations. Here, we look at how challenges are being met, primarily by providing a synopsis of DNA-TPPR-related articles published since the conduct of these reviews and briefly exploring some of the actions taken by industry stakeholders towards addressing identified gaps. Much has been carried out in recent years, and efforts continue, to meet the challenges to continually improve the capacity of forensic experts to provide the guidance sought by the judiciary with respect to the transfer of DNA.
APOE Gene Associated with Cholesterol-Related Traits in the Hispanic Population
Authors: Lozano Stephanie , Padilla Victoria , Avila Manuel Lee , Gil Mario , Maestre Gladys , Wang Kesheng , Xu Chun
Published: November 2021

Genetic variants in the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene are associated with lipid metabolism and lipid-related traits in the non-Hispanic population. There have been limited studies regarding the association between the APOE gene and hypercholesterolemia in the Hispanic population; therefore, our aim for this study is to examine the APOE gene’s associations with cholesterol level and its related phenotypes. The APOE gene consists of three different alleles, ε2, ε3, and ε4, with ε4 being associated with dementia and cardiovascular diseases. A total of 1,382 subjects were collected from the Texas Alzheimer’s Research and Care Consortium (TARCC, N = 1320) and the Initial Study of Longevity and Dementia from the Rio Grande Valley (ISLD-RGV, N = 62). Questionnaires on demographics, medical history, and blood/saliva samples were collected and APOE genotypes were performed. We observed allele frequencies of the APOE ε3 (96.7%), ε4 (22.6%) and ε2 (6.8%) alleles, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression revealed a significant association between the APOE ε4 allele and hypercholesteremia (p = 1.8 × 10−4) in our studied Hispanic population. We prove for the first time, that the APOE ε4 allele increases the risk for hypercholesterol in Hispanics. Further research is needed to confirm and supports our current findings.
Regeneration in the Segmented Annelid Capitella teleta
Authors: Seaver Elaine C. , de Jong Danielle M.
Published: November 2021

The segmented worms, or annelids, are a clade within the Lophotrochozoa, one of the three bilaterian superclades. Annelids have long been models for regeneration studies due to their impressive regenerative abilities. Furthermore, the group exhibits variation in adult regeneration abilities with some species able to replace anterior segments, posterior segments, both or neither. Successful regeneration includes regrowth of complex organ systems, including the centralized nervous system, gut, musculature, nephridia and gonads. Here, regenerative capabilities of the annelid Capitella teleta are reviewed. C. teleta exhibits robust posterior regeneration and benefits from having an available sequenced genome and functional genomic tools available to study the molecular and cellular control of the regeneration response. The highly stereotypic developmental program of C. teleta provides opportunities to study adult regeneration and generate robust comparisons between development and regeneration.
Unusual Mammalian Sex Determination Systems: A Cabinet of Curiosities
Authors: Saunders Paul A. , Veyrunes Frédéric
Published: November 2021

Therian mammals have among the oldest and most conserved sex-determining systems known to date. Any deviation from the standard XX/XY mammalian sex chromosome constitution usually leads to sterility or poor fertility, due to the high differentiation and specialization of the X and Y chromosomes. Nevertheless, a handful of rodents harbor so-called unusual sex-determining systems. While in some species, fertile XY females are found, some others have completely lost their Y chromosome. These atypical species have fascinated researchers for over 60 years, and constitute unique natural models for the study of fundamental processes involved in sex determination in mammals and vertebrates. In this article, we review current knowledge of these species, discuss their similarities and differences, and attempt to expose how the study of their exceptional sex-determining systems can further our understanding of general processes involved in sex chromosome and sex determination evolution.
Quantitative Biofacies Analysis to Identify Relationships and Refine Controls on Paleosol Development, Prince Creek Formation, North Slope Alaska, USA
Authors: Bonelli James R. , Flaig Peter P.
Published: November 2021

Late Cretaceous coastal plain deposits of the Prince Creek Formation (PCF) offer a rare glimpse into an ancient, high-latitude, arctic greenhouse ecosystem for which there is no modern analog. Here, we employ quantitative biofacies analysis to explore the spatio-temporal variability in PCF palynomorph and microbiota assemblages from nine paleosol horizons exposed along the Colville River, North Slope, Alaska. Biofacies results provide insight into paleoenvironmental controls on the coastal plain ecosystem. Cluster and ordination analyses recognize five biofacies and the following two assemblage types: (1) fern and moss dominated assemblages and (2) algae dominated assemblages. Ordination arrays biofacies along environmental gradients related to soil moisture and marine influence. Fern and moss dominated biofacies from regularly water-logged paleosols along lake and swamp margins on the lower delta plain clearly segregated from algae dominated assemblages of periodically drier levee-overbank paleosols. These results support previous interpretations from the sedimentology, paleopedology, and geochemistry of PCF paleosols that suggest that fluctuations in the water table, related to seasonal river discharge and variations in topography and drainage, controlled soil development and vegetation growth across the coastal plain. This quantitative biofacies-based approach provides an independent predictive tool and cross-check for interpreting environmental conditions along any ancient coastal ecosystem.
Digital Health Platforms in Saudi Arabia: Determinants from the COVID-19 Pandemic Experience
Authors: Alghamdi Saeed M. , Alsulayyim Abdullah S. , Alqahtani Jaber S. , Aldhahir Abdulelah M.
Published: November 2021

COVID-19 poses a significant burden to healthcare systems. Healthcare organisations with better health innovation infrastructures have faced a reduced burden and achieved success in curbing COVID-19. In Saudi Arabia, digital technologies have played a vital role in fighting SARS-CoV-2 transmission. In this paper, we aimed to summarise the experience of optimising digital health technologies in Saudi Arabia as well as to discuss capabilities and opportunities during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. A literature search was conducted up to September 2021 to document the experience of using DHTPs in Saudi Arabia in response to the COVID-19 outbreak. We also considered any published data, press briefings, and announcements by the MOH in Saudi Arabia. The findings were synthesised in narrative form. Health officials succeeded in optimising and maintaining a strategy to mitigate the spread of the virus via different digital technologies, such as mobile health applications, artificial intelligence, and machine learning. The quick digital response in Saudi Arabia was facilitated by governmental support and by considering users and technology determinants. Future research must concentrate on establishing and updating the guidelines for using DHTPs.
Shoot Growth and Flower Bud Production of Peony Plants under Subtropical Conditions
Authors: Bogiatzis Krista C. , Wallace Helen M. , Trueman Stephen J.
Published: November 2021

Peony plants require temperate winter temperatures to break underground bud dormancy and allow shoot emergence and flowering in spring. This study assessed whether artificial chilling at 4 °C for 2–6 weeks could induce shoot emergence and flowering under subtropical conditions. It also assessed whether pre-treatment at cool temperatures prior to chilling, or gibberellin application after chilling, promoted shoot emergence and flowering. Artificial chilling at 4 °C for 4 or 6 weeks promoted the greatest shoot emergence. Pre-treatment at cool temperatures did not affect shoot growth or flower bud production but it improved shoot emergence from plants also treated with gibberellin. Gibberellin more than doubled the number of shoots per plant without affecting shoot length. The optimal treatment combination for shoot emergence, growth and flower bud production was pre-treatment from 20 °C to 8 °C over an 8-day period in autumn, chilling at 4 °C for 6 weeks in early winter, and treatment with 250 mL of 100 mg/L GA3, before returning plants to subtropical winter conditions. This treatment combination provided medians of 3 (0–7) and 8 (0–31) flower buds per plant in the second and third years of production, respectively. Peony flowers can be produced in subtropical climates using artificial chilling and gibberellin, allowing out-of-season market supply.
The Comparison of the Effects between Continuous and Intermittent Energy Restriction in Short-Term Bodyweight Loss for Sedentary Population: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Trial
Authors: Xu Manwen , Li Ji , Zou Yan , Xu Yining
Published: November 2021

Objective: To compare the effects of continuous energy restriction (CER) and intermittent energy restriction (IER) in bodyweight loss plan in sedentary individuals with normal bodyweight and explore the influence factors of effect and individual retention. Methods: 26 participants were recruited in this randomized controlled and double-blinded trial and allocated to CER and IER groups. Bodyweight (BW), body mass index (BMI), and resting metabolic rate (RMR) would be collected before and after a 4-week (28 days) plan which included energy restriction (CER or IER) and moderate-intensity exercise. Daily intake of three major nutrients (protein, carbohydrate, fat) and calories were recorded. Results: A significant decrease in BW and BMI were reported within each group. No statistically significant difference in the change of RMR in CERG. No statistically significant difference was reported in the effect between groups, neither as well the intake of total calories, three major nutrients, and individual plan retention. The influence factors of IER and CER are different. Conclusion: Both CER and IER are effective and safe energy restriction strategies in the short term. Daily energy intake and physical exercise are important to both IER and CER.
Health and Economic Impacts Assessment of O3 Exposure in Mexico
Authors: Texcalac-Sangrador José Luis , Hurtado-Díaz Magali , Félix-Arellano Eunice Elizabeth , Guerrero-López Carlos Manuel , Riojas-Rodríguez Horacio
Published: November 2021

Health effects related to exposure to air pollution such as ozone (O3) have been documented. The World Health Organization has recommended the use of the Sum of O3 Means Over 35 ppb (SOMO35) to perform Health Impact Assessments (HIA) for long-term exposure to O3. We estimated the avoidable mortality associated with long-term exposure to tropospheric O3 in 14 cities in Mexico using information for 2015. The economic valuation of avoidable deaths related to SOMO35 exposure was performed using the willingness to pay (WTP) and human capital (HC) approaches. We estimated that 627 deaths (95% uncertainty interval (UI): 227–1051) from respiratory diseases associated with the exposure to O3 would have been avoided in people over 30 years in the study area, which confirms the public health impacts of ambient air pollution. The avoidable deaths account for almost 1400 million USD under the WTP approach, whilst the HC method yielded a lost productivity estimate of 29.7 million USD due to premature deaths. Our findings represent the first evidence of the health impacts of O3 exposure in Mexico, using SOMO35 metrics.
An eCoach-Pain for Patients with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain in Interdisciplinary Primary Care: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Lamper Cynthia , Huijnen Ivan , de Mooij Maria , Köke Albère , Verbunt Jeanine , Kroese Mariëlle
Published: November 2021

eHealth could support cost-effective interdisciplinary primary care for patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. This study aims to explore the feasibility of the eCoach-Pain, comprising a tool measuring pain complexity, diaries, pain education sessions, monitoring options, and chat function. Feasibility was evaluated (June–December 2020) by assessing learnability, usability, desirability, adherence to the application, and experiences from patients and general practitioners, practice nurses mental health, and physiotherapists. Six primary healthcare professionals (PHCPs) from two settings participated in the study and recruited 29 patients (72% female, median age 50.0 years (IQR = 24.0)). PHCPs participated in a focus group. Patient data was collected by evaluation questionnaires, individual interviews, and eCoach-Pain-use registration. Patients used the eCoach during the entire treatment phase (on average 107.0 days (IQR = 46.0); 23 patients completed the pain complexity tool and used the educational sessions, and 12 patients the chat function. Patients were satisfied with the eCoach-Pain (median grade 7.0 (IQR = 2.8) on a 0–10 scale) and made some recommendations for better fit with patient-specific complaints. According to PHCPs, the eCoach-Pain is of added value to their treatment, and patients also see treatment benefits. However, the implementation strategy is important for successful use of the eCoach-Pain. It is recommended to improve this strategy and involve a case-manager per patient.
Associations between Cognitive and Affective Responses to Tobacco Advertisements and Tobacco Use Incidence: A Four-Year Prospective Study among Adolescent Boys
Authors: Keller-Hamilton Brittney , Curran Hayley , Stevens Elise M. , Slater Michael D. , Lu Bo , Roberts Megan E. , Ferketich Amy K.
Published: November 2021

Exposure to tobacco advertisements is associated with initiation of tobacco use among youth. The mechanisms underlying this association are less clear. We estimated longitudinal associations between youths’ cognitive and affective responses to advertisements for cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and smokeless tobacco (SLT) and initiation of these products. N = 1220 Ohio-residing boys of ages 11–16 were recruited into a cohort in 2015 and 2016. Participants completed surveys every six months for four years. Surveys assessed cognitive and affective responses to tobacco advertisements (which included health warnings) and tobacco use after an advertisement viewing activity. We used mixed-effects Poisson regression models with robust standard errors to estimate risk of initiating use of each tobacco product according to participants’ cognitive (i.e., memorability of health risks) and affective (i.e., likability of advertisement) responses to advertisements for that product. No associations between affective responses to advertisements and tobacco use outcomes were detected in adjusted models. However, finding health risks memorable was associated with reduced risk of ever smoking initiation (aRR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.34, 0.95) and a reduced risk of ever SLT initiation that approached statistical significance (aRR = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.36, 1.05). Measures to increase saliency of health risks on cigarette and SLT advertisements might reduce use among youth.
Perinatal Mortality Analysis in Espírito Santo, Brazil, 2008 to 2017
Authors: Bezerra Italla Maria Pinheiro , Ramos José Lucas Souza , Pianissola Micael Colodetti , Adami Fernando , Rocha João Batista Francalino da , Ribeiro Mariane Albuquerque Lima , de Castro Magda Ribeiro , Bezerra Juliana da Fonsêca , Smiderle Fabiana Rosa Neves , Sousa Luiz Vinicius de Alcantara , Siqueira Carlos Eduardo , de Abreu Luiz Carlos
Published: November 2021

This is an ecological and time-series study using secondary data on perinatal mortality and its components from 2008 to 2017 in Espírito Santo, Brazil. The data were collected from the Mortality Information System (SIM) and Live Births Information System (SINASC) of the Unified Health System Informatics Department (DATASUS) in June 2019. The perinatal mortality rate (×1000 total births) was calculated. Time series were constructed from the perinatal mortality rate for the regions and Espírito Santo. To analyze the trend, the Prais–Winsten model was used. From 2008 to 2017 there were 8132 perinatal deaths (4939 fetal and 3193 early neonatal) out of a total of 542,802 births, a perinatal mortality rate of 15.0/1000 total births. The fetal/early neonatal ratio was 1.5:1, with a strong positive correlation early neonatal mortality rate, perinatal mortality rate, r (9) = 0.8893, with a significance level of p = 0.000574. The presence of differences in trends by health region was observed. Risk factors that stood out were as follows: mother’s age ranging between 10 and 19 or 40 and 49 years old, with no education, a gestational age between 22 and 36 weeks, triple and double pregnancy, and a birth weight below 2499 g. Among the causes of death, 49.70% of deaths were concentrated in category of the tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases, fetuses and newborns affected by maternal factors and complications of pregnancy, labor, and delivery (P00–P04), and 11.03% were in the category of intrauterine hypoxia and birth asphyxia (P20–P21), both related to proper care during pregnancy and childbirth. We observed a slow reduction in the perinatal mortality rate in the state of Espírito Santo from 2008 to 2017.
The Trickle-Down Effect of Responsible Leadership on Employees’ Pro-Environmental Behaviors: Evidence from the Hotel Industry in China
Authors: Tian Hong , Suo Danni
Published: November 2021

Based on the trickle-down effect model, social learning theory and trait activation theory, this study explores the mechanisms of multi-level responsible leadership on employees’ pro-environmental behaviors in the hotel industry in China. The results show that responsible leadership positively influences employees’ pro-environmental behaviors; mid-level responsible leadership significantly mediates the positive relationship between high-level responsible leadership and employees’ pro-environmental behaviors; and the perceived role of ethics and social responsibility positively moderates the relationship between responsible leadership and employees’ pro-environmental behaviors. The results of this study provide empirical support for further analysis of the “black box” of responsible leadership on employees’ pro-environmental behaviors, fill the gap of the trickle-down model in leadership, and provide new directions for sustainable value creation in hospitality industry organizations.
The Ventilation Efficiency of Urban Built Intensity and Ventilation Path Identification: A Case Study of Wuhan
Authors: Yin Jie , Zhan Qingming , Tayyab Muhammad , Zahra Aqeela
Published: November 2021

Urban ventilation is being hampered by rough surfaces in dense urban areas, and the microclimate and air quality of the urban built environment are not ideal. Identifying urban ventilation paths is helpful to save energy, reduce emissions, and improve the urban ecological environment. Wuhan is the capital city of Hubei, and it has a high urban built intensity and hot summers. Taking Wuhan city, with a size of 35 km ×50 km, as an example, the built environment was divided into grids of 100 m × 100 m and included the building density, floor area ratio, and average building height. The ventilation mechanism of the urban built intensity index has previously been explained. The decrease in building density is not the sole factor causing an increase in wind speed; the enclosure and width of the ventilation path and the height of the front building are also influential. Twelve urban built units were selected for CFD numerical simulation. The ventilation efficiency of each grid was evaluated by calculating the wind speed ratio, maximum wind speed, average wind speed, and area ratio of strong wind. The relationship between the urban built intensity index and ventilation efficiency index was established using the factor analysis method and the Pearson correlation coefficient; building density and average building height are the most critical indexes of ventilation potential. In addition, the layout of the building also has an important impact on ventilation. A suitable built environment is that in which the building density is less than 30%, the average building height is greater than 15 m, and the floor area ratio is greater than 1.5. The urban built intensity map was weighted to identify urban ventilation paths. The paper provides a quantitative reference for scientific planning and design of the urban spatial form to improve ventilation.
Citizen Debates in Social Networks about Didactic Resources for Mathematics
Authors: Valls-Carol Rosa , Álvarez-Guerrero Garazi , López de Aguileta Garazi , Alonso Álvaro , Soler-Gallart Marta
Published: November 2021

Citizens are increasingly turning to social media to open up debates on issues of utmost importance, such as health or education. When analyzing citizens’ social media interactions on COVID-19, research has underlined the importance of sharing and spreading information based on scientific evidence rather than on fake news. However, whether and how citizens’ interactions in the field of education, particularly in mathematics, are based on scientific evidence remains underexplored. To contribute to filling this gap, this article presents an analysis of citizen debates in social networks about didactic resources for mathematics. Through social media analytics, 136,964 posts were extracted from Reddit, Instagram, Twitter and Facebook, of which 1755 were analyzed. Results show that out of the 213 posts of citizen debates on didactic resources for mathematics, only two contained scientific evidence and eight claimed to contain scientific evidence. These findings highlight the importance of promoting actions to encourage citizen debates around didactic resources for mathematics based on scientific evidence.
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy among the Younger Generation in Japan
Authors: Khan Mostafa Saidur Rahim , Watanapongvanich Somtip , Kadoya Yoshihiko
Published: November 2021

Japan has vaccinated its older population; a mass vaccination program for younger citizens is underway. Accordingly, this study investigated vaccine hesitancy among younger Japanese citizens. We used online panel survey data from the Hiroshima Institute of Health Economics Research of Hiroshima University and applied probit regression models. Our study found that vaccine hesitancy among younger people was significantly higher than among older people. Moreover, vaccine hesitancy was significantly higher among younger women than younger men and inter-age-group differences in vaccine hesitancy were higher for younger men than for younger women. Regression demonstrated that subjective health status and anxiety about the future were significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy among younger women and younger men of all ages, respectively. Furthermore, marital status, university degree, anxiety about the future, and myopic view of the future had specific associations with vaccine hesitancy among younger women of different ages, while subjective health status, university degree, having children, financial literacy, household income and assets, and myopic view about the future had specific associations with vaccine hesitancy among younger men of varying ages. Therefore, these results suggest that policymakers should consider the diversity among the younger generation while developing effective, tailored communication strategies to reduce their vaccine hesitancy.
Health and Access to Health Services for People with Disability in Australia: Data and Data Gaps
Authors: Fortune Nicola , Madden Rosamond H. , Clifton Shane
Published: November 2021

The right of people with disability to enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health without discrimination on the basis of disability is enshrined in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). Among its obligations as a signatory to the CRPD, Australia is required to collect appropriate information, including statistical and research data, to inform development and implementation of policies to give effect to the Convention. In this commentary, we first describe how the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) conceptual model of disability can be operationalised in statistical data collections, with a focus on how this is achieved in key Australian data sources such that people with disability can be identified as a population group. We then review existing statistical data on health and health service use for people with disability in Australia, highlighting data gaps and limitations. Finally, we outline priorities and considerations for improving data on health and access to health services for people with disability. As well as conceptual, practical, and ethical considerations, a key principle that must guide future disability data development is that people with disability and their representative organisations must be involved and participate fully in the development of disability data and statistics, and in their use.
The Unmet Medical Demand among China’s Urban Residents
Authors: Sheng Pengfei , Yang Tingting , Zhang Tengfei
Published: November 2021

Our work aimed to build a reasonable proxy for unmet medical demands of China’s urban residents. We combined health demand modeling and stochastic frontier analysis to produce a frontier medical demand function, which allowed us to disentangle unmet medical demands from the unobservable effects. We estimated unmet medical demands by using China’s provincial dataset that covered 2005–2018. Our estimates showed that unmet medical demand at the national level was 12.6% in 2018, and regions with high medical prices confronted more unmet medical demands than regions with moderate or low medical prices during 2005–2018. Furthermore, medical prices and education were the main factors that affected unmet medical demand; therefore, policy making should pay more attention to reducing medical costs and promoting health education.