bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: screening by uterine artery Doppler at 11–13 weeks
Authors: Poon L. C. Y. , Staboulidou I. , Maiz N. , Plasencia W. , Nicolaides K. H.
Published: July 2009

Objectives

To examine the performance of screening for hypertensive disorders in pregnancy by a combination of the maternal factor‐derived a‐priori risk with the uterine artery (UtA) pulsatility index (PI) and to determine whether it is best in such screening to use the mean PI of the two arteries, the highest PI or the lowest PI.

Methods

This was a prospective screening study for pre‐eclampsia (PE) requiring delivery before 34 weeks (early PE), late PE and gestational hypertension (GH) in women attending their routine first hospital visit in pregnancy at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation. Maternal history was recorded and color flow Doppler imaging was used to measure the left and right UtA‐PI. The performance of screening for PE and GH by a combination of the maternal factor‐derived a‐priori risks determined in a previous study and the UtA‐PI was assessed.

Results

There were 8061 (96.4%) cases unaffected by PE or GH, 37 (0.4%) that developed early PE, 128 (1.5%) with late PE and 140 (1.7%) with GH. The lowest, mean and highest UtA‐PI were significantly higher in early PE and late PE than in the controls (P < 0.0001) and in early PE than late PE (P < 0.0001). The lowest UtA‐PI was higher in GH than in controls (P = 0.014). The best performance in screening was provided by the lowest PI. The detection rate of early PE at a 10% false‐positive rate increased from 47% in screening by maternal factors alone to 81% in screening by maternal factors and the lowest UtA‐PI. The respective detection rates for late PE increased from 41% to 45% and those for GH increased from 31% to 35%.

Conclusions

The patient‐specific risk for PE and GH can be derived by combining the disease‐specific maternal factor‐derived a‐priori risk with the measurement of the lowest UtA‐PI in a multivariate regression model. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Counseling in isolated mild fetal ventriculomegaly
Authors: Melchiorre K. , Bhide A. , Gika A. D. , Pilu G. , Papageorghiou A. T.
Published: July 2009

In this Review we aim to provide up‐to‐date and evidence‐based answers to the common questions regarding the diagnosis of isolated mild fetal ventriculomegaly (VM). A literature search was performed to identify all reports of antenatal VM in the English language literature. In addition, reference lists of articles identified using the search were scrutinized to further identify relevant articles. Fetal mild VM is commonly defined as a ventricular atrial width of 10.0–15.0 mm, and it is considered isolated if there are no associated ultrasound abnormalities. There is no good evidence to suggest that the width of the ventricular atria contributes to the risk of neurodevelopmental outcome in fetuses with mild VM. The most important prognostic factors are the association with other abnormalities that escape early detection and the progression of ventricular dilatation, which are reported to occur in about 13% and 16% of cases, respectively. Most infants with a prenatal diagnosis of isolated mild VM have normal neurological development at least in infancy. The rate of abnormal or delayed neurodevelopment in infancy is about 11%, and it is unclear whether this is higher than in the general population. Furthermore, the number of infants that develop a real handicap is unknown. There are limitations of existing studies of mild VM. Although they address many of the relevant questions regarding the prognosis and management of fetal isolated mild VM, there is a lack of good‐quality postnatal follow‐up studies. The resulting uncertainties make antenatal counseling for this abnormality difficult. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on bandwidth control for multiple transmission rates in IEEE 802.11e EDCAF
Authors: Lee Bih‐Hwang , Lai Hui‐Cheng
Published: July 2009

IEEE 802.11e supports the guaranteed quality of service (QoS) by providing different transmission priorities. IEEE 802.11e improves the media access control layer of IEEE 802.11 to satisfy the different QoS requirements by introducing two channel access functions: the enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) and the hybrid coordination function (HCF) controlled channel access (HCCA). Signal quality may affect the available bandwidth and transmission rate, because the characteristic of communication channel in wireless environment is in random time‐variation manner. Generally a station using a lower transmission rate will occupy communication channel for a longer time and degrade system performance, which causes unfairness and cannot provide the guaranteed QoS for the stations with higher transmission rates. We propose a bandwidth control scheme (BCS) by combining the IEEE 802.11e enhanced distributed channel access function (EDCAF) protocol to overcome the guaranteed bandwidth issue in multirate environments. A multirate discrete Markov chain model is analyzed for the multirate transmission system in this paper. According to the obtained results, BCS improves performance especially in throughput and makes the different QoS requirements be processed efficiently and flexibly. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Throughput improvement and its tradeoff with the queuing delay in the diamond relay networks
Authors: Wang Qing , Fan Pingyi , Letaief K. B.
Published: July 2009

Diamond relay network model, as a basic transmission model, has recently been attracting considerable attention in wireless ad hoc networks. Node cooperation and opportunistic scheduling scheme are two important techniques to improve the performance in wireless scenarios. In the paper we consider such a problem how to efficiently combine opportunistic scheduling and cooperative modes for the Rayleigh fading scenario in the diamond relay network. To do so, we first compare the throughput of SRP (Spatial Reused Pattern) and AFP (Amplify Forwarding Pattern) in the half‐duplex case with the assumption that channel side information is known to all and then come up with a new scheduling scheme. It will be verified that only switching between SRP and AFP simply does little help to obtain an expected improvement because SRP is always superior to AFP on average due to its efficient spatial reuse. To improve the throughput further, we put forward a new processing strategy in which buffers are employed at both relays in SRP mode. By efficiently utilizing the links with relatively higher gains, the throughput can be greatly improved at a cost of queuing delay. Furthermore, we shall quantitatively evaluate the queuing delay and the tradeoff between the throughput and the additional queuing delay. Finally, to realize our developed strategy and make sure it always run at stable status, we present two criteria and an algorithm on the selection and adjustment of the switching thresholds. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Letters
Authors: Twidale C.R.
Published: July 2009

This letter refers to WEA312 published in Weather 64:4 please follow the link below to view the original article.

Original Article
Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium Silicalite Modified by Noble Metal
Authors: Shi Chunfeng , Zhu Bin , Lin Min , Long Jun
Published: July 2009

With good potentials for ulterior savings in capital and production costs, onsite hydrogen peroxide production followed by its conversion to organic oxides without refining, is being regarded as an attractive route and promising technology to the production of organic oxides. The key point of the direct oxidation technology is the design and preparation of the bifunctional catalysts used therein. Herein, we present such bifunctional solid materials, which is one new modified titanium silicalite with incorporated noble metal (denoted as NMTS) with a hollow structure, which means for example that it hasintra‐particle voids. The samples were characterized by various instruments. Its catalytic properties in the direct epoxidation of propylene were also investigated, the results showed that NMTS is an excellent catalyst for the direct preparation of organic oxides from one‐pot process.
Solid, Solution, and Theoretical Approach of [Cu(CN‐acac)(dmeen)]+
Authors: Lalia‐Kantouri Maria , Hatzidimitriou Antonios G. , Williams David
Published: July 2009

The reaction of bis(3‐cyano‐2,4‐pentanedionato)copper(II), [Cu(NC‐acac)2] with the nitrogenous base N,N‐dimethyl, N′‐ethyl‐1,2‐ethylenediamine (dmeen) in the presence of Cu(ClO4)2·6H2O, afforded a new cationic mixed‐ligand chelate [Cu(CN‐acac)(dmeen)]+. Its structure was characterized spectroscopically (IR, UV/Vis, EPR) and verified by X‐ray diffraction studies as [Cu(CN‐acac)(dmeen)(H2O)]ClO4. The coordination of CN‐acac– as bridging ligand leads to a polymeric helical chain, which extends in the crystallographic c axis. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations suggest that in the solid state the anion CN‐acac– binding is envisaged through the nitrogen atom of the cyanido group, establishing an octahedral arrangement around copper, whereas in solution, the square‐planar arrangement is prevailed, in accordance with the EPR findings.
Gaps in the essential spectrum of periodic elastic waveguides
Authors: Cardone C. , Minutolo V. , Nazarov S.A.
Published: July 2009

Examples of periodic elastic waveguides are constructed, the essential spectrum of which has a gap, i.e. an open interval in the positive real semiaxis intersecting with the discrete spectrum only. The gap is detected with the help of an inequality of Korn's type and the max‐min principle for eigenvalues of self‐adjoint positive operators. Under a certain symmetry assumption, it is demonstrated that the first band of the essential spectrum can include eigenvalues in the point spectrum.
Fibroma of tendon sheath located within the ankle joint capsule
Authors: Ciatti Riccardo , Mariani Pier Paolo
Published: July 2009

We report a very rare case of fibroma of the tendon sheath arising from the anteromedial ankle joint capsule, with no apparent connection to any tendon in the area, found in a 58-year-old patient complaining of progressive local swelling. This uncommon tumor has its usual localization in tendon sheaths, is extremely rare in joint capsules, and has never been described in this location previously. MRI showed nonuniform low signal intensity in T1- and T2-weighted images and high intensity in STIR images. The mass was completely excised by open surgery. Histopathological analysis later confirmed the diagnosis of a fibroma of the tendon sheath.
Prediction of outcome in isolated methylmalonic acidurias: combined use of clinical and biochemical parameters
Authors: Hörster F. , Garbade S. F. , Zwickler T. , Aydin H. I. , Bodamer O. A. , Burlina A. B. , Das A. M. , De Klerk J. B. C. , Dionisi‐Vici C. , Geb S. , Gökcay G. , Guffon N. , Maier E. M. , Morava E. , Walter J. H. , Schwahn B. , Wijburg F. A. , Lindner M. , Grünewald S. , Baumgartner M. R. , Kölker S.
Published: July 2009

Objectives Isolated methylmalonic acidurias (MMAurias) are caused by deficiency of methylmalonyl‐CoA mutase or by defects in the synthesis of its cofactor 5′‐deoxyadenosylcobalamin. The aim of this study was to evaluate which parameters best predicted the long‐term outcome. Methods Standardized questionnaires were sent to 20 European metabolic centres asking for age at diagnosis, birth decade, diagnostic work‐up, cobalamin responsiveness, enzymatic subgroup (mut0, mut−, cblA, cblB) and different aspects of long‐term outcome. Results 273 patients were included. Neonatal onset of the disease was associated with increased mortality rate, high frequency of developmental delay, and severe handicap. Cobalamin non‐responsive patients with neonatal onset born in the 1970s and 1980s had a particularly poor outcome. A more favourable outcome was found in patients with late onset of symptoms, especially when cobalamin responsive or classified as mut−. Prevention of neonatal crises in pre‐symptomatically diagnosed newborns was identified as a protective factor concerning handicap. Chronic renal failure manifested earlier in mut0 patients than in other enzymatic subgroups. Conclusion Outcome in MMAurias is best predicted by the enzymatic subgroup, cobalamin responsiveness, age at onset and birth decade. The prognosis is still unfavourable in patients with neonatal metabolic crises and non‐responsiveness to cobalamin, in particular mut0 patients.
Synthesis and Properties of Novel Double‐Tail Trisiloxane Surfactants
Authors: Peng Zhongli , Lu Caifeng , Lai Jianxiong
Published: July 2009

To improve the hydrolysis resistant ability of trisiloxane surfactants, ethoxylated single‐tail and double‐tail trisiloxane surfactants of the general formulas Me3SiOSiMeR1OSiMe3 (R1 = (CH2)3NHCH2CH(OH)CH2(OCH2CH2)xOCH3; x = 8.4, 12.9, 17.5, 22) and Me3SiOSiMeR2OSiMe3 (R2 = (CH2)3NR3CH2CH(OH)CH2(OCH2CH2)xOCH3; R3 = CH2(CH2)yCH3; x = 8.4, 12.9, 17.5, 22; y = 2, 6) were synthesized. Their structures were characterized by 1H NMR and 13C NMR. The surface activity and hydrolysis resistant properties of the trisiloxane surfactants prepared were also studied. The values of the critical micelle concentration of all trisiloxane surfactants prepared were at levels of 10−5 and 10−4 mol/L. They can reduce the surface tension of water to less than 24 mN/m. The hydrolysis resistant properties of double‐tail trisiloxane surfactants are superior to those of single‐tail trisiloxane surfactants. The double‐tail trisiloxane surfactants 1B (x = 8.4; y = 2) and 2C (x = 12.9; y = 6) can be stable for 8 days in an acidic solution (pH 4.0) and 11 days in an alkaline environment (pH 10.0).
Resistance of a recombinant Escherichia coli to dehydration
Authors: Khroustalyova Galina , Boudrant Joseph , Rapoport Alexander
Published: July 2009

Dehydration of microorganisms, rendering them anhydrobiotic, is often an efficient method for the short and long term conservation of different strain‐producers. However, some biotechnologically important recombinant bacterial strains are extremely sensitive to conventional treatment. We describe appropriate conditions during dehydration of the recombinant Escherichia coli strain HB 101 (GAPDH) that can result dry cells having a ∼88% viability on rehydration. The methods entails air‐drying after addition of 100 mM trehalose to the cultivation medium or distilled water (for short term incubation).
Retinal astrocyte differentiation mediated by leukemia inhibitory factor in cooperation with bone morphogenetic protein 2
Authors: Fukushima Mikiko , Setoguchi Takao , Komiya Setsuro , Tanihara Hidenobu , Taga Tetsuya
Published: July 2009

Retinal astrocytes and their precursor cells migrate from the optic nerve. Interleukin 6 family cytokines, whose signal transduction requires gp130, promote astrocyte differentiation in the optic nerve, though the mechanism of astrocyte differentiation in the retina has not been clarified. We found that GFAP‐positive astrocytes were significantly decreased in number but that a considerable number of astrocytes were still present in gp130‐deficient mouse retina. These findings suggest that gp130‐dependent signaling pathways play essential roles in retinal astrocyte differentiation and that retinal astrocyte differentiation can also be promoted by other signaling pathways. We found that leukemia inhibitory factor, bone morphogenetic proteins, and their receptors are expressed in P0 retina. In addition, leukemia inhibitory factor and bone morphogenetic protein 2 synergistically promote astrocyte differentiation of retinal precursor cells isolated from P0 mouse retina. These observations demonstrated that not only gp130‐dependent signaling but also bone morphogenetic proteins play essential roles in retinal astrocyte differentiation.
Transforming growth‐interacting factor (TGIF) regulates proliferation and differentiation of human myeloid leukemia cells
Authors: Hamid Rizwan , Brandt Stephen J.
Published: July 2009

Transforming growth‐interacting factor (TGIF) is a homeobox transcriptional repressor that has been implicated in holoprosencephaly and various types of cancer. TGIF is expressed in hematopoietic stem cells and modulates TGF‐β and retinoic acid (RA) signaling, both of which play an important role in hematopoiesis. We recently reported that TGIF's levels correlate inversely with survival in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia. Here we present the first direct evidence of a role for TGIF in myelopoiesis. We used short hairpin RNA interference to define the effects of TGIF knockdown on proliferation and differentiation of myeloid leukemia‐derived cell lines. Decreased TGIF expression resulted in reduced proliferation and differentiation and lower expression of CEBPβ, CEBPϵ, PU.1 and RUNX1, key myeloid transcription factors. Furthermore, TGF‐β signaling was increased and RA signaling was decreased. Further insights into the molecular basis of TGIF's effects were provided by a genome‐wide chromatin immunoprecipitation‐based elucidation of TGIF target genes. Together, these data suggest that TGIF has an important role myelopoiesis and may regulate the balance between proliferation and differentiation. Reduced TGIF expression could tip the balance toward quiescence thus providing progenitor as well as hematopoietic stem cells protection from anti‐cycle agents.
Enhanced fixation and preservation of a newly arisen duplicate gene by masking deleterious loss-of-function mutations
Authors: TANAKA KENTARO M. , TAKAHASI K. RYO , TAKANO-SHIMIZU TOSHIYUKI
Published: July 2009

Segmental duplications are enriched within many eukaryote genomes, and their potential consequence is gene duplication. While previous theoretical studies of gene duplication have mainly focused on the gene silencing process after fixation, the process leading to fixation is even more important for segmental duplications, because the majority of duplications would be lost before reaching a significant frequency in a population. Here, by a series of computer simulations, we show that purifying selection against loss-of-function mutations increases the fixation probability of a new duplicate gene, especially when the gene is haplo-insufficient. Theoretically, the probability of simultaneous preservation of both duplicate genes becomes twice the loss-of-function mutation rate (uc) when the population size (N), the degree of dominance of mutations (h) and the recombination rate between the duplicate genes (c) are all sufficiently large (Nuc>1,h>0·1 andc>uc). The preservation probability declines rapidly withhand becomes 0 whenh=0 (haplo-sufficiency). We infer that masking deleterious loss-of-function mutations give duplicate genes an immediate selective advantage and, together with effects of increased gene dosage, would predominantly determine the fates of the duplicate genes in the early phase of their evolution.
Increased litter size and super-ovulation rate in congenic C57BL mice carrying a polymorphic fragment of NFR/N origin at theFecq4locus of chromosome 9
Authors: LILJANDER MARIA , ANDERSSON ÅSA , HOLMDAHL RIKARD , MATTSSON RAGNAR
Published: July 2009

By analysing N2 mice from a cross between the inbred C57BL strain B10.Q and the NMRI-related NFR/N strain, we recently identified a quantitative trait locus (QTL) influencing litter size. This locus is now denotedFecq4, and it is present on the murine chromosome 9. In the present paper, we describe how theFecq4fragment originating form the NFR/N mouse strain will affect B10.Q mice by means of breeding capacity, super-ovulation rate and embryonic developmentin vitro. Our results show that both the breeding capacity (number of pups produced/breeding cage during a 5 months period) and the mean litter size are significantly increased inB10.Q.NFR/N-Fecq4congenic mice. Furthermore.B10.Q.NFR/N-Fecq4congenic mice (both homozygous and heterozygous) did respond much better to super-ovulation than wild-type mice, resulting in a dramatically increased yield of fertilized 1-cell embryos. In addition, embryos containing theFecq4fragment were easy to cultivatein vitro, resulting in a higher yield of embryos reaching the blastocyst stage. We propose thatB10.Q.NFR/N-Fecq4congenic mice may be used to improve breeding or super-ovulation rate in different types of genetically modified mice (on C57BL background) that exhibit severe breeding problems. TheFecq4fragment has been described in detail, and the possible role of polymorphic candidate genes near the linkage peak (58 Mb) has been discussed. Genes of the cytochrome P450 family (1, 11 and 19), such asCyp19a1, are assumed to be particularly interesting, since they are known to exhibit female-associated reproductive phenotypes, affecting the ovulation rate, if mutated.
Measuring the degree of starshape in genealogies – summary statistics and demographic inference
Authors: LOHSE KONRAD , KELLEHER JEROME
Published: July 2009

The degree of starshape of a genealogy is readily detectable using summary statistics and can be taken as a surrogate for the effect of past demography and other non-neutral forces. Summary statistics such as Tajima'sDand related measures are commonly used for this. However, it is well known that because of their neglect of the genealogy underlying a sample such neutrality tests are far from ideal. Here, we investigate the properties of two types of summary statistics that are derived by considering the genealogy: (i) genealogical ratios based on the number of mutations on the rootward branches, which can be inferred from sequence data using a simple algorithm and (ii) summary statistics that use properties of a perfectly star-shaped genealogy. The power of these measures to detect a history of exponential growth is compared with that of standard summary statistics and a likelihood method for the single and multi-locus case. Statistics that depend on pairwise measures such as Tajima'sDhave comparatively low power, being sensitive to the random topology of the underlying genealogy. When analysing multi-locus data, we find that the genealogical measures are most powerful. Provided reliable outgroup information is available they may constitute a useful alternative to full likelihood estimation and standard tests of neutrality.
Reconsideration for conservation units of wildPrimula sieboldiiin Japan based on adaptive diversity and molecular genetic diversity
Authors: YOSHIDA YASUKO , HONJO MASANORI , KITAMOTO NAOKO , OHSAWA RYO
Published: July 2009

Primula sieboldiiE. Morren is a perennial clonal herb that is widely distributed in Japan, but in danger of extinction in the wild. In a previous study, we revealed the genetic diversity of the species using chloroplast and nuclear DNA and used this information to define conservation units. However, we lacked information on adaptive genetic diversity, which is important for long-term survival and, thus, for the definition of conservation units. In order to identify adaptive traits that showed adaptive differentiation among populations, we studied the genetic variation in six quantitative traits within and among populations for 3 years in a common garden using 110 genets from five natural populations from three regions of Japan. The number of days to bud initiation was adaptive quantitative trait for which the degree of genetic differentiation among populations (QST) was considerably larger than that in eight microsatellite markers (FST). The relationship between this trait and environmental factors revealed that the number of days to bud initiation was negatively correlated, with the mean temperature during the growing period at each habitat. This suggests that adaptive differentiation in the delay before bud initiation was caused by selective pressure resulting from temperature differences among habitats. Our results suggest that based on adaptive diversity and neutral genetic diversity, the Saitama population represents a new conservation unit.
Relative mutation rates of each nucleotide for another estimated from allele frequency spectra at human gene loci
Authors: PARK LEEYOUNG
Published: July 2009

This study aims to comprehensively examine the mutation rates of one base for another in human gene loci. In contrast to most previous efforts based on divergence data from untranscribed regions, the present study employs the basic theory of the reversible recurrent mutation model using large-scale, high-quality re-sequencing data from public databases of gene loci. Population mutation parameters (4Nν and 4Nμ) are obtained for each pair of base substitutions. The estimated parameters show good strand reversal symmetry, supporting the existence of mutation-drift equilibrium. Analysis of specific gene regions including mRNA, coding sequence (CDS), 5′-untranslated region (5′-UTRs), 3′-UTR and intron shows that there are clear differences in the mutation rates of each base for another depending on the location of the base in question. Results from analyses that take the adjacent bases into account exhibit excellent strand reversal symmetry, confirming that the identity of an adjacent base influences mutation rates. The CpG to TpG (or CpG to CpA) substitution is found at a rate approximately seven-fold higher than the reverse transition in intron regions due to cytosine deamination, but the effect is strongly reduced in mRNA regions and almost entirely lost in 5′-UTRs. However, from the overall increased transitions in sites other than CpGs and the proportion of CpGs in the total sequence, CpG methylation is not the main factor responsible for the increased rate of transitions as compared with transversions. In this report, after adjusting average mutation rates to the sequence compositions, no substitution bias is found between A+T and C+G, indicating base composition equilibrium in human gene loci. Population differences are also identified between groups of people of African and European descent, presumably due to past population histories. By applying the basic theory of population genetics to re-sequenced data, this study contributes new, detailed information regarding mutations in human gene regions.
Learning English in corporate China
Authors: bo Li Tian , Moreira Gillian
Published: July 2009

A study of English in China's business context.

China's rise and its potential markets are attractive enough for companies worldwide to want to do business in and with this country. Recognizing the important role played by language and culture in international business, this paper will explore the functions of English as a language of international communication in the business context in China. In particular it examines the rise in English learning fever and how English is perceived, mainly in companies. Our analysis will be based on a survey of 59 foreign and Chinese companies in mainland China in 2007. The results show that in these companies English is perceived as a tool for international communication, better pay, better jobs and a window to the world.
Decoding Implications of the Genographic Project for Archaeology and Cultural Heritage
Authors: Hollowell Julie , Nicholas George
Published: July 2009

Recent controversies surrounding the Genographic Project, sponsored by the National Geographic Society and IBM, and its predecessors call attention to a need to better understand the broader ethical and practical implications of uses of ancient and contemporary human genetic information, which is today a form of cultural property. Although technological advances continue to facilitate the kinds of information available to researchers, concerns about appropriation and the potential misuse or commodification of human genetic material and the data extracted from it have been raised by a number of stakeholders. Misconceptions and apprehensions about the topic also abound. These issues were addressed in a forum, “Decoding Implications of the Genographic Project,” which we convened at the 39th Annual Chacmool Conference in 2006, “Decolonizing Archaeology.” The purpose of the panel was to explore and discuss some of the salient issues from a range of perspectives, in the hope of moving beyond a polarized debate to generate productive dialogue and delineate further questions about intellectual property, cultural identity, and research ethics. We later solicited seven commentaries on the transcript from a range of scholars, which are included here. Some of the issues addressed by the panelists and commentators include access to samples, permissions for research and analysis, ownership and dissemination of data, and potential consequences of archaeological or historical interpretation of results. The event was co-sponsored by the Intellectual Property Issues in Cultural Heritage Project (IPinCH) and the World Archaeological Congress.
Introduction
Authors: Hollowell Julie , Nicholas George
Published: July 2009

In November 2006, a discussion thread erupted on the online discussion list of the World Archaeological Congress (WAC) concerning the National Geographic Society's Genographic Project (which is also sponsored by IBM and the Waitt Family Foundation). Initiated in 2005, the Genographic Project is designed to study human population movements in the past based on the analysis of DNA samples voluntarily contributed from people around the world. This project was also designed to move beyond the kinds of ethical and other concerns relating to indigenous rights, appropriation, and group consent (to name a few) that led to the demise of its predecessor, the Human Genome Diversity Project, which began in 1991 and continued until the late 1990s. Such projects owe their origins to significant advancements in biomolecular research and technology studies, which have not only resulted in a genetic revolution in archaeology and related studies but also witnessed growing public interest in ancestry tracing through genetic means.
Response to Decoding Implications of the Genographic Project
Authors: Wells Spencer , Schurr Theodore
Published: July 2009

Editors' note

In spring 2007, the transcript of the forum discussion was sent to all of the panelists for their review and approval. That summer we invited a number of people—several of them individuals who had been invited to attend the Chacmool Conference but were unable to do so—to contribute essays to be published as commentaries on the forum proceedings or the topic of the forum itself. We made a concerted effort to seek people from a wide range of backgrounds and perspectives; however, not everyone responded to the invitation. It took another full year, until late summer 2008, to gather and edit the commentaries, with several glitches along the way. But, as a result, this special section includes seven stimulating essays from scholars who are passionate about the topic and the issues it raises.
Implications of the Genographic Project for Molecular Anthropologists
Authors: Malhi Ripan
Published: July 2009

Many molecular anthropologists no longer incorporate a field component into their research; rather, they rely on analyzing existing data sets and/or on collaborating with field researchers to obtain samples for analysis. This trend in molecular anthropology, combined with the aggressive agenda of the Genographic Project, has an important implication for the future of the discipline. If Native American communities are exposed to genetic ancestry research largely through the Genographic Project, they are less likely to see that there are multiple ways for Native American communities to interact with genetic researchers. Molecular anthropologists are in a position to offer an alternative approach to research by pursuing enduring and mutually beneficial collaborative projects with Native American communities.
Introduction
Authors: REIFF JANICE L. , ETHINGTON PHILIP J.
Published: July 2009

The idea for this special issue, exploring the history of cities and urbanism within the emerging transnational paradigm, originated in a discussion among the members of the North American Editorial Board ofUrban Historyabout what it means for cities to be global. Veering in many directions, spanning multiple centuries and stretching into much of the world, the conversation touched on the movement of people and ideas, the relationship of urban areas with their hinterlands and with each other, the importance of given technologies and industries for particular forms of urban development, the critical role of politics – at all levels – in that development and the ongoing and evolving role of global capital on those cities. Using the global Internet, members of the North American Editorial Board located in Montreal (Michèle Dagenais), Rochester (Victoria Wolcott), Irvine (Jeffrey Wasserstrom), Philadelphia (Lynn Hollen Lees), Miami (Robin Bachin), Mexico City (Hira de Gortari Rabiela), Hamilton (Richard Harris), Los Angeles (Philip Ethington and Janice Reiff), Amherst (Max Page) and Ann Arbor (Matthew Lassiter) generated a plan to issue a global call for papers for the IXth International Conference of the European Association for Urban History in Lyon, France in August of 2008. Nine scholars from Canada, the United States, France and Mexico pre-circulated their papers for a special bilingual double-long session, co-chaired by Michèle Dagenais and Phil Ethington.
From body and home to nation and world: the varying scales of transnational urbanism in Montreal and Brussels at the turn of the twentieth century
Authors: KENNY NICOLAS
Published: July 2009

The vast transformations that shaped western cities at the turn of the twentieth century were the product of global processes and interactions. Drawing on the cases of Montreal and Brussels, this article argues that underlying these broad dynamics were questions and preoccupations pertaining to more localized and personal scales of the body and the home. Concentrating on the discourses that circulated in these distinct, yet analogous cities, the article shifts the focus of the transnational approach from specific contacts between individuals and places, to the wider web on which circulated the ideas and initiatives that reshaped people's living environment.
Timely innovations: planes, trains and the ‘whites only’ economy of a Pan-American city
Authors: CONNOLLY N. D. B.
Published: July 2009

‘Timely innovations’ uses Jim Crow segregation, and the human activity it inspired, to account for Greater Miami's emergence as a city of global importance. It shows how city dwellers in South Florida deployed race and racism as technologies of economic and demographic control. The article also explores how evolving forms of racial segregation worked in tandem with other innovations in human mobility, urban planning and US foreign policy, with each helping Miami's residents maintain a white-over-black social order. Jim Crow, the author argues, never quite disappeared. Rather, it experienced a series of modernizations, leaving even Miami, one of the most culturally diverse American cities, beholden to the mores of bi-racial governance.
Tracing urban design's ‘Townscape’ origins: some relationships between a British editorial policy and an American academic field in the 1950s
Authors: ORILLARD CLÉMENT
Published: July 2009

In the 1950s, ‘urban design’ was born in American debate thanks partly to the import of foreign discourses in a new context. Among others, was the fragmented and erratic translation of the BritishArchitectural Review's ‘Townscape’ discourse. This article traces carefully this translation not only to describe another key moment in the Anglo-American dialogue on planning but also to give a more complex portrait of the foundation and early development of the field of urban design. Involving some American universities,Fortunemagazine and the Rockefeller Foundation, these lines of exchange also exemplify variations on the translation of a militant discourse into an academic one.
The Alliance for Progress and housing policy in Rio de Janeiro and Buenos Aires in the 1960s
Authors: BENMERGUI LEANDRO
Published: July 2009

This article explores the construction of publicly financed low-income housing complexes in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Buenos Aires, Argentina, in the 1960s. These housing developments were possible thanks to the arrival of foreign economic and technical assistance from the Alliance for Progress. Urban scholars, politicians, diplomats and urbanists of the Americas sought to promote middle-class habits, mass consumption and moderate political behaviour, especially among the poor, by expanding access to homeownership and ‘decent’ living conditions for a burgeoning urban population. As a result, the history of low-income housing should be understood within broader transnational discourses and practices about the ‘modernization’ and ‘development’ of the urban poor.
Bidirectional crossmap of the Short Lists of the European Paediatric Cardiac Code and the International Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature and Database Project
Authors: Franklin Rodney C. G. , Jacobs Jeffrey P. , Tchervenkov Christo I. , Béland Marie J.
Published: July 2009

On 6 October, 2000, A Meeting of representatives from the Association for European Paediatric Cardiology, the Society of Thoracic Surgeons, and the European Association for Cardiothoracic Surgery, took place in Frankfurt, Germany to discuss the publications earlier that year of two separate systems of nomenclature for paediatric and congenital heart disease: the European Paediatric Cardiac Code and the International Congenital Heart Surgery Nomenclature and Database Project. It was agreed at this meeting that the Short Lists of both systems should be mapped to each other in a first attempt to gravitate toward a single system for describing cardiac defects and procedures related to the heart. The need for this mapping, the historical background of the two parallel nomenclature systems and the later ratification of the mapping process by the first International Summit on Nomenclature for Congenital Heart Disease on 27 May, 2001, in Toronto, Canada, are discussed in the current issue ofCardiology in the Young.
Current insights in diagnosis and management of the cardiovascular complications of Marfan's syndrome
Authors: Nollen Gijs J. , Groenink Maarten , van der Wall Ernst E. , Mulder Barbara J. M.
Published: July 2009

Marfan's syndrome is an inherited disorder of connective tissue, caused by mutations in the fibrillin-1 gene located on chromosome 15. Diagnosis is still based on a combination of major and minor clinical features. Prognosis is mainly determined by the cardiovascular complications. Advances in surgical and medical treatment for these complications have dramatically improved the prognosis of the syndrome.
Systemic-to-pulmonary blood supply in tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia
Authors: Rossi Renata N. , Hislop Alison , Anderson Robert H. , Martins F. Maymone , Cook Andrew C.
Published: July 2009

Tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia is one of the most challenging congenital cardiac malformations, for the morphologist, cardiologist and surgeon alike. Much of the difficulty in this lesion concerns the nature and development of pulmonary arterial supply, and the manner in which complete segmental supply to the lungs can be successfully restored or maintained. In this review, we discuss the anatomy and nomenclature of the lesion, emphasising the variability that can occur in pulmonary arterial anatomy, particularly in the presence of systemic-to-pulmonary collateral arteries. We speculate on the likely embryologic origins of these connections. Then by means of anatomic-clinical correlations, we emphasise the diagnostic approach to delineating the origin and extent of the pulmonary vasculature.
Provision of services for rehabilitation of children and adolescents with congenital cardiac disease: a survey of centres for paediatric cardiology in the United Kingdom
Authors: Lewin Robert J.P. , Kendall Lynne , Sloper Patricia
Published: July 2009

A postal questionnaire survey of the 17 centres for paediatric cardiology in the UK investigated the attitudes of staff towards rehabilitation and the current level of provision. The majority of respondents (82%) believed they should provide rehabilitation for their patients, but only one centre had a programme for rehabilitation. Few respondents (18%) believed they were meeting the needs of their patients' for rehabilitation. Major barriers to providing rehabilitation were funding and the wide geographical catchment areas.
Acute myocardial infarction in the neonatal period
Authors: Murugan S. Jothi , Gnanapragasam James , Vettukattil Joseph
Published: July 2009

We describe two neonates presenting with myocardial infarction, due to two different aetiologies of this extremely rare but potentially treatable condition, and discuss the management. One neonate had myocardial infarction complicating enteroviral myocarditis and recovered completely. The second had fatal myocardial infarction due to thrombosis of the left coronary artery. Although rare, the attending paediatrician should have a high index of suspicion when evaluating a neonate with acute onset of collapse. Electrocardiographic changes are diagnostic, but further echocardiographic assessment and prompt management at a tertiary cardiac centre are advised.
Habitability on planetary surfaces: interdisciplinary preparation phase for future Mars missions
Authors: Peeters Z. , Quinn R. , Martins Z. , Sephton M.A. , Becker L. , van Loosdrecht M.C.M. , Brucato J. , Grunthaner F. , Ehrenfreund P.
Published: July 2009

Life on Earth is one of the outcomes of the formation and evolution of our solar system and has adapted to every explored environment on planet Earth. Recent discoveries have shown that life can exist in extreme environments, such as hydrothermal vents, in deserts and in ice lakes in Antarctica. These findings challenge the definition of the ‘planetary habitable zone’. The objective of future international planetary exploration programmes is to implement a long-term plan for the robotic and human exploration of solar system bodies. Mars has been a central object of interest in the context of extraterrestrial life. The search for extinct or extant life on Mars is one of the main goals of space missions to the Red Planet during the next decade. In this paper we describe the investigation of the physical and chemical properties of Mars soil analogues collected in arid deserts. We measure the pH, redox potential and ion concentrations, as well as carbon and amino acid abundances of soils collected from the Atacama desert (Chile and Peru) and the Salten Skov sediment from Denmark. The samples show large differences in their measured properties, even when taken only several meters apart. A desert sample and the Salten Skov sediment were exposed to a simulated Mars environment to test the stability of amino acids in the soils. The presented laboratory and field studies provide limits to exobiological models, evidence on the effects of subsurface mineral matrices, support current and planned space missions and address planetary protection issues.
Potential role of mantle‐derived fluids in weakening the San Andreas Fault
Authors: Fulton Patrick M. , Saffer Demian M.
Published: July 2009

On the basis of both geomechanical and thermal data, the San Andreas Fault (SAF) has been interpreted to act as a weak plane within much stronger crust, allowing it to slip at very low shear stresses. One explanation for this weakness is that large fluid overpressures exist locally within the fault zone. However, mechanisms for generating, maintaining, and localizing pressures within the fault are poorly quantified. Here we evaluate whether realistic sources of mantle‐derived fluids, proposed on the basis of high mantle helium signatures near the SAF, can generate localized fluid pressures within the fault zone in a manner consistent with a wide range of observations along the fault and in the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth borehole. We first calculate a reasonable estimate of the magnitude and location of a mantle‐derived flux of water into the crust. This fluid flux results from dehydration of a serpentinized mantle wedge following the northward migration of the Mendocino Triple Junction and the transition from subduction to strike‐slip tectonics. We then evaluate the potential effect of this water on fluid pressures within the crust using 2‐D cross‐sectional models of coupled fluid flow and heat transport. We show that in models with realistic permeability anisotropy, controlled by NE dipping faults and fractures within the country rock, large localized fluid pressures can be focused within a SAF acting as a hydrologic barrier. Our results illustrate a simple and potentially plausible means of weakening the SAF in a manner generally consistent with available hydrologic, thermal, and mechanical constraints.
Stress triggering of large earthquakes complicated by transient aseismic slip episodes
Authors: Cho Ikuo , Tada Taku , Kuwahara Yasuto
Published: July 2009

We investigate how a static stress change, caused by a nearby earthquake, perturbs sliding processes on a fault and the time to the next earthquake. For this purpose, we model numerically a reverse fault in a two‐dimensional, semi‐infinite and elastic medium, partly stable and partly unstable under a rate‐ and state‐dependent friction law. When no stress change intervenes, steady sliding spreads out of the deep zone of frictional stability and keeps expanding updip during the interseismic period. Aseismic slip episodes (ASEs) develop spontaneously within the region of steady sliding and repeat quasi‐periodically. When steady sliding has spread beyond a certain critical length (the nucleation length) above the zone of frictional stability, one of the ASEs undergoes rapid buildup and avalanches into high‐speed seismic sliding. When a step‐like stress change intervenes, ASEs of larger amplitudes arise and evolve similarly to their spontaneous counterparts until one of them avalanches into an earthquake. If the stress change arrives not too early nor too late in the seismic cycle, the basic picture is as follows: delaying the stress step, be it positive or negative, delays the timing of the ASE sequence and thereby postpones the next earthquake. When the stress step is delayed to more than a certain extent, however, an earlier ASE gets to evolve into an earthquake, advancing its time discontinuously. Only in the final stage of a seismic cycle does a positive stress step systematically advance the next earthquake and a negative stress step systematically delay it.
Impact of the Indian Ocean subtropical dipole on the precipitation of east China during winter monsoons
Authors: Yang Qiuming
Published: July 2009

A link between the Indian Ocean subtropical dipole (IOSD) of sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) and rainfall in east China during winter monsoons is unraveled, and the associated physical mechanism has been identified. A sea‐air interaction in the southern Indian Ocean (IO) linked to IOSD changes the internal heating distribution of the atmosphere over south Asia and east Asia, and then a low‐frequency wave train of the circum‐Pacific pattern (CP) around the Pacific Ocean at 500 hPa during the Northern Hemisphere winter is generated, corresponding to a series of anomalous anticyclone and cyclone circulation at 850 hPa. During boreal winter when a positive (negative) IOSD event occurs, a southwestern (northeastern) wind anomaly appears over southeastern China to the south of an anomalous cyclone (anticyclone) circulation, and such a wind anomaly is associated with a strong ascending (descending) motion. As a result, rainfall anomalies in the south of the Yangtze River and northern China tend to be increased (decreased). The impacts of the IOSD on the China climate during winter are very different from those of ENSO, and the difference of the geographical regions for dry/wet conditions in the winter in China influenced by IOSD and ENSO is significant. Hence the CP wave train related to IOSD is one of the key factors resulting in the rainfall anomalies in east China during winter monsoons.