bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La création de la chaire d’Histoire des religions au Collège de France (1880) : les rapports de Jules Soury et d’un savant anonyme [Ernest Renan]
Authors: Henriet Patrick
Published: March 2021

En 1880 fut créée au Collège de France une chaire d’Histoire des religions. Il s’agissait là d’un des moments forts de l’institutionnalisation de cette discipline en France. Il n’y eut pas alors d’élection, mais une nomination par le ministère. La presse rendit largement compte de l’affrontement entre les deux candidats. Jules Soury était alors le représentant d’un anticléricalisme virulent qui allait bien au-delà du catholicisme et qui affirmait que les religions étaient un archaïsme dont les sociétés évoluées finiraient par se débarrasser. Le pasteur Albert Réville, qui l’emporta, était quant à lui le représentant du protestantisme libéral. On conserve aux Archives Nationales deux rapports défendant l’opportunité de cette création. L’un est de Jules Soury lui-même. Quant à l’autre, anonyme, nous pensons pouvoir l’attribuer à Ernest Renan. Nous publions ces deux textes inédits avec des notes explicatives.
Doro Rekufa and Tsvitsa: Beer, Animals and Death Rituals among the Ndau of South Eastern Zimbabwe
Authors: Shenjere-Nyabezi Plan
Published: March 2021

Despite Westernization and particularly the advent of Christianity and its widespread entrenchment on the African continent, traditional indigenous rituals continue to constitute an integral part of African religious belief systems and practices. This article presents the results of an ethnoarchaeological study of two death rituals that are conducted by the Ndau people of south eastern Zimbabwe. The rituals are a demonstration of attitudes towards death and beliefs about the role of the dead among the living. The Ndau do not believe that death signals and represents the end of life. In the same vein and perhaps more importantly, the Ndau do not believe that death just happens. It is caused by human agency out of jealousies, hatred and conflict among the living. These beliefs are central to the two rituals presented and discussed here: the first ritual is conducted to ascertain cause of death and the second to bring back the spirit of the deceased from a temporary state of limbo immediately after death. Meat and beer are central to these rituals, firstly as offerings to the deceased and secondly as an important part of the living celebration of the rituals. The paper then explores some interpretive implications of the rituals from an archaeological perspective.
Cinema and Nation Formation in Tanzania
Authors: Mwakalinga Mona N.
Published: March 2021

Through a national cinema theoretical framework, this article interrogates how cinema aided the Tanzanian government in the invention of a national culture identity during the country’s nation-building phase of the 1960s and 1970s. It is argued that in its initial stage of nation formation after Independence, the government used cinema as an apparatus to construct a national identity that confirmed and adhered to the ruling class’s interests and idea of a nation. Thus by controlling how cinema was produced, distributed, and exhibited to the masses through the 1960s and 1970s, the government did not bring about unification of the people; rather it helped in solidifying the primacy of the government. The cinema produced by the government was a cheer leading cinema which provided no space for analysis of issues; further, it was a cinema that denied freedom of expression to its filmmakers and to its audiences.
Transforming Humanities and Social Sciences in the East African Community Universities: From Endangerment to Sustainability
Authors: Kateregga Abubakar , Ngarambe Telesphore , Mulindahabi Charline , Ruterana Canisius
Published: March 2021

This study was conducted in eight universities within the East African Community (EAC). Its objective was to investigate the endangerment situation of the Humanities in order to suggest some lessons for Rwanda in transforming the teaching of these subjects. The endangerment was measured in terms of stakeholder salience, declining student enrolment, government budget-cuts as well as the devalorisation of these disciplines and negative society perceptions towards them. The study investigates the causes and consequences of this endangerment and shows how the embattled disciplines can be helped to survive. It draws on the stakeholders’ theory of salience to argue that less salient stakeholders in universities can have their saliency strengthened through policy. Humanities are disciplines holding the key towards solving a set of complex social problems in the current globalised world because they offer a sure channel of imparting analytical and critical thinking skills, effective argumentation and negotiation skills. It is argued that if left unchecked, the current devalorisation of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences (HASS) in favour of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) will eventually lead to a non-holistic education with inadequate skills for all categories of students, including science ones. Graduates need these skills to cope with challenging social demands in their workplace.
Tanzanian Anglophone Fiction: A Survey
Authors: Wakota John
Published: March 2021

Tanzanian Anglophone fiction is extant and bustling. The invisibility of Tanzanian fiction in English is not due to the country’s inability to produce good- quality Anglophone novels but is related to the challenge in accessing the texts both within and outside Tanzania. Studies about East African fiction tend to ignore the contribution of Tanzanian Anglophone writers in the region. In Tanzania people know more about other canonical African novelists than their very own Anglophone writers. This article explores the emergence and development of Tanzanian Anglophone fiction, paying particular attention to the emergence of Tanzanian Anglophone literary canons and how these canons have inspired and continue to inspire the production of Tanzanian fiction. Starting with the novels produced by the inaugural Tanzanian Anglophone writers in the sixties, and continuing with the most recent works, the paper examines the interface between Swahili and English, translation and self-translation, diasporic writers, universities’ and researchers’ contributions to the definition of the canon and to the visibility of the fiction in general.
Pray Unceasingly (1 Thessalonians 5:17): A Reflective Non-Commentary
Authors: Cornelli Evaristi Magoti
Published: March 2021

Africa is like a punching bag. It does not matter how hard you hit it, the bag will swing away, but it will always come back to you for more punches. Africa is being hit very hard. This paper attempts to break Africa’s commitment to embracing views of the world which are foreign to Africa. Focusing on prayer in Africa, and using historical and descriptive methods, I argue that the European perception about prayer in Africa has been misleading since Europeans first intruded. Because the African way of communicating with God is different from, and more efficacious than the prayer of Western counterparts, European church leaders have never understood African prayer, which is rooted not only in reason but in African traditions and cultures, and the very basic of human needs and capacity for transcendent harmony, fulfillment and balance. I conclude by suggesting that the African way of praying is a legitimate way of being in communion with God. Instead of ridiculing it, church leaders should be investigating it, to see what Africans can offer through prayers to the rest of Christianity.
Judicial Intervention in Selected Colonial Boundary Disputes in South West Nigeria: Surveying the Provenance and Effects of Procedural Errors
Authors: Olupayimo Dolapo Zacchaeus
Published: March 2021

Boundary disputes form an integral part of regular disputes commonly found across the world. There is no doubt that such disputes have occurred in both pre-colonial and colonial Nigerian societies, and more generally in both agrarian and nomadic economies around the African continent where land has been central to culture, political and family survival. Arguably, when these conflicts took place in pre-colonial polities of South-West Nigeria, they were settled. However, when the British colonial administration attempted to adjudicate in this kind of disagreement, they committed a number of procedural errors. This essay examines selected cases adjudicated by the colonial administrators who doubled as judicial officers during the colonial period with specific focus on these procedural issues. In some cases protocols were respected; but there were also cases where the procedures were relaxed in the interest of British colonial economy. It is argued here that where the procedures were followed, there was a fair resolution; whereas when procedures were relaxed, issues still remain unresolved very many years after.
Land-Related Conflicts in Uchagga, 1960-2000
Authors: Kirey Reginald Elias
Published: March 2021

Land scarcity and its related conflicts are a serious problem facing the Chagga people of Moshi Rural District in the Kilimanjaro region. The problem started during the colonial period when a massive amount of land was grabbed by the colonial governments and some was acquired by colonial missionaries. As a result, the Chagga were dispossessed of the land they had reserved for future use. Although much of the land alienated by the colonial authorities was nationalised after independence, the problem of land scarcity lingered, due to population pressure. The net result of this situation was an increased incidence of land grabbing, encroachment, eviction, misdistribution of land, and perpetuation of family conflicts including gender-related injustices. Post-colonial agrarian reform policies such as villagization and liberalisation created the tendency to privatize land and intensify the market for it, which exacerbated conflicts over land at the local level. I argue that land scarcity, as a cause of land-related conflicts, resulted not only from population pressure, but also from competitive land use as well as political and cultural factors. My argument is premised on the assumption that the forces behind land-related conflicts in Africa, as observed by Ward Anseeuw and Chris Alden (2010), do not behave logically. The paper sheds light on the complexity of land conflicts by analysing their political, economic, cultural and historical dimensions. The political economy approach, normative quest theory and scarcity school of thought is used to analyse the complexity of the land crisis in Uchagga.
Uhusiano wa Kiswahili na Kiingereza Katika Muktadha wa Kimandhari-Lugha Nchini Tanzania: Uchunguzi Kifani wa Eneo la Mlimani City Jijini Dar es Salaam
Authors: Kidami Rhoda Peterson
Published: March 2021

Lugha mbalimbali hutumiwa katika mandhari-lugha ya Tanzania. Pamoja na lugha zingine, Kiswahili na Kiingereza ndizo lugha zinazotawala kimatumizi. Wakati mwingine lugha hizi kuchanganywa katika viwango tofautitofauti vya kiisimu, kama vile mofimu, maneno, na sentensi. Pamoja na hayo, uhusiano wa lugha, hususani katika muktadha wa kimaandishi, hauishii kwenye viwango vya kiisimu pekee. Mwonekano wa maandishi husika unaweza pia kutoa taarifa mbalimbali za kiuhusiano kati ya lugha moja na nyingine. Lengo la makala hii ni kuchunguza jinsi lugha za Kiswahili na Kiingereza zinavyohusiana katika muktadha wa kimandhari-lugha kwa kutumia vipengele vya kiisimu, kama vile mofimu, maneno na sentensi; na pia vipengele visivyo vya kiisimu, kama vile mpangilio wa lugha katika matini, matumizi ya rangi, pamoja na saizi ya fonti. Data iliyotumika kuchunguza uhusiano wa lugha hizi ni matangazo ya kibiashara yenye matumizi mchaganyiko ya lugha za Kiswahili na Kiingereza katika eneo la Mlimani City jijini Dar es Salaam. Data ilichambuliwa kwa kutumia mkabala-mseto uliopendekezwa na Sebba (2012) kuchanganulia matini-andishi, hususani za kijamiilugha-ulumbi. Msingi wa mkabala huu ni kwamba mwonekano wa maandishi unaweza kutoa taarifa mbalimbali za kiisimujamii, ambazo hazipatikani katika lugha ya mazungumzo. Hivyo, Sebba anasisitiza kuwa uchambuzi wa matini-andishi, hususani zilizopo katika mandhari-lugha uhusishe vipengele vya kiisimu pamoja na mwonekano wa matini husika kwa ujumla. Matokeo ya utafiti huu yanadhihirisha kwamba lugha za Kiswahili na Kiingereza zinakamilishana kimaudhui katika muktadha wa kimandhari-lugha katika eneo la utafiti. Aidha, vipengele vingine kama vile mpangilio wa lugha, matumizi ya fonti, herufi kubwa na ndogo, pamoja na rangi vimeifanya lugha ya Kiswahili ichomoze zaidi na kuonekana kuwa yenye nguvu katika matangazo husika ikilinganishwa na Kiingereza.
The Interface between Morphology, Phonology and Semantics in Standard Swahili Compound Nouns
Authors: Mashauri Michael A.
Published: March 2021

This article serves two purposes: firstly, it demonstrates the use of a constraints approach in dealing with certain aspects of Swahili. Secondly it is shown that this approach gives a clearer picture than is usually afforded of the interface of grammatical modules in forming Swahili compound nouns. Specifically this analysis will focus on the interaction between morphology, phonology and semantics in forming compounds, showing how stress, vowel length, and intonation (phonology) interact with morphology (in compounding operation) and with the meaning constraints in forming optimal compound nouns. It is argued here that optimality theory (OT) serves best in accounting for the interaction phenomena between more than two modules. Further, these considerations heuristically suggest that the constraints approach, based upon OT, might be productively employed by researchers for investigation in other fields of study across the humanities such as sociolinguistics and cultural studies involving complex communication and preservation of meaning content.
African Traditional Deliberative and Agonistic Democracy: A Maravi Perspective
Authors: Kayange Grivas M.
Published: March 2021

This essay traces elements of democracy in the history of African political thought, mainly in the Maravi Kingdom which once spanned the regions of present-day Malawi, Zambia and Mozambique. Based on the study of Maravi history, language, and some published philosophical reflections on democracy, elements of both deliberative and agonistic democracy are demonstrably present in these traditions. These elements include consensus-building, democratic legitimisation of leaders (such as kings) and the capacity to tame agonism in the community. While some of the main studies on African traditional theory of democracy build on an exotic and exceptional conception of African culture as communitarian, this paper argues for using the model of moderate communitarianism as representative of African societies through the ages. On this view the understanding is that indigenous African political cultures accommodate both communitarian and individualistic elements independently of Western influences. It is the accommodation of these cultural elements as indigenous to Africa that allows democracy to flourish in various African settings.
Social Networking as Power Balancing in Tanzanian Politics
Authors: Keya Antoni
Published: March 2021

Online social networks have made communication more accessible in many spheres; they have been used as an alternative political means of regaining or equalising power between a political opposition and a ruling party, when the former is functioning in the absence of a traditional political platform. Recently opposition politicians in Tanzania have utilised online social networks towards this end. Positioning theory draws out this political dynamic in operation. Historically, political communication using electronically transmitted networks in Tanzania was necessitated after the fifth-phase presidency (beginning in 2015) placed a ban on political activities reaching outside their official jurisdictions and naming specific candidates. This ban seemed to weaken opposition politicians because they were regarded as preferring to work in collectives. The analysis here focuses on a press conference involving a United Republic of Tanzania Member of Parliament from the opposition party, addressing the national and international communities in regard to secrecy that surrounded a late arrival of two new jets into Tanzania from Canada, late in 2016. The data suggests that online social networking has enabled opposition politicians to identify themselves as fellow sufferers and representatives of the ordinary citizen, demanding good governance and speaking against misappropriation and laxity in distribution and use of national resources. The opposition has gone further in utilising social media to present the nation’s presidential agenda as pitted against the ordinary citizen. Social media allows the opposition to represent the current government as an elite group responsible for the problems Tanzanians are facing, and therefore as untrustworthy. This limited case study reveals how electronic media re-introduces a potential for effective political opposition to the status quo at a national level.
Betwixt and Between: Negotiating Parental Abandonment and Family Life in Sade Adeniran’s Imagine this
Authors: Ng’umbi Yunusy Castory
Published: March 2021

Using African feminist and post-colonial theories, this paper examines the representation of the institution of family in Sade Adeniran’s Imagine This, in order to explore the character’s creation of a third space – one that is ambivalent and traumatic – in her context of divorce and family abandonment. As depicted in the narrative, a major reason behind such family tragedies is an overlap between patriarchy and the postcolonial state. Thus, through the protagonist’s troubled identity and traumatic experience due to her family’s dynamics, the narrative questions the role of a child in reconnecting fragmented family bonds. This heroine’s traumatised hatred of her culture and of the institution of motherhood raises questions about the future of African feminism. If this ideology marginalises culture and renders motherhood as an institution no longer centrally important to contemporary African women, then it requires critical engagement. I explore how the literary genre inspired by African feminism enters established socio-cultural spaces critically and interrogates family dynamics ruthlessly. And I query whether it offers any solutions to the dilemmas of women that are uncovered and illuminated thereby. I will argue that the child protagonist in this narrative is presented not merely as a victim of circumstance – existing as she does betwixt and between family identities that are simultaneously familiar and strange – she is also depicted as attempting valiantly to reconnect the fragmented family bonds.
The taxonomy and phylogeny of Austropleospora ochracea sp. nov. (Didymosphaeriaceae) from Guizhou, China

Authors: DISSANAYAKE LAKMALI S. , WIJAYAWARDENE NALIN N. , SAMARAKOON MILAN C. , HYDE KEVIN D. , KANG JI-CHUAN
Published: March 2021

Austropleospora is a genus of Didymosphaeriaceae with only three extant species. A survey of saprobic ascomycetes in Guizhou Province, China, discovered a new Austropleospora species on dead twigs in a terrestrial habitat. The molecular phylogeny based on a combined SSU-LSU-tef1-ITS DNA sequence dataset confirmed the new species’ taxonomic position in Austropleospora. Austropleospora ochracea sp. nov. is characterized by globose to subglobose and uni-loculate ascoma with a centric short papilla, brown to dark brown peridium with cells of textura angularis to textura prismatica and conical, comparatively smaller ascospores with narrowly rounded polar ends. The new taxon is compared with similar species in Austropleospora, and its taxonomic status is briefly discussed.
Two new species of genus Svistella Gorochov, 1987 from China (Orthoptera: Trigonidiidae: Trigonidiinae)
Authors: LI SHI-YU , PENG HUI-LING , HE ZHU-QING
Published: March 2021

The genus Svistella contains 8 species worldwide with 7 recorded from China. In this study, we reconstructed the gene tree based on COI gene, and reported two new species, S. wuyong He sp. nov. and S. malu He sp. nov. The new species differs from allied species in color, male genitalia, songs and molecular study. The type specimens are deposited in the Museum of Biology, East China Normal University (ECNU).
Additions of new species to the Paratanaoidea (Crustacea, Tanaidacea) of Taiwan
Authors: TZENG YOU-WEI , HSUEH PAN-WEN
Published: March 2021

The present study reports one new species of the Family Leptocheliidae Lang, 1973 and one new species of Pseudotanaidae Sieg, 1976 from Taiwan. The leptocheliid Paraleptochelia setosa sp. nov. can be differentiated from its congeners by both sexes having a two-articled exopod and five-articled endopod on the uropod, the female having coupling hooks on the inner margin of the maxilliped endite, the male having a five-articled antennule flagellum, and cheliped fixed finger with one large subtriangular denticle on the incisive margin in some individuals. The pseudotanaid Akanthinotanais pedecerritulus sp. nov. can be distinguished from its congeners by pereopods 2 and 3 having a sigmoid (S-shaped) dactylus, a unique feature in Akanthinotanais. The family Pseudotanaidae and the two genera are reported from Taiwan for the first time, as are the two genera for the West Pacific. Key morphological characters of all known Paraleptochelia and Akanthinotanais species are tabulated.
1. Dissertating in Public
Authors: Fitzpatrick Kathleen
Published: March 2021

Kathleen Fitzpatrick analyses the sudden isolation graduate students find themselves in during the dissertation process. In the humanities, she observes, graduate students are regularly habituated into an anxiety of intellectual independence whereby sharing ideas, collaboration and publishing work in progress is to be considered suspect and potentially diminishing scholarly value. Digital scholarship, she argues, can eliminate or at least sideline such anxieties (and their untimeliness) by creating a participating public, testing ideas, interesting possible publishers early and creating a community of scholarship that, together with the support of PhD-granting institutions, endorses ‘new kinds of open work’.
3. The Digital Monograph?
Authors: Kuhn Virginia
Published: March 2021

Since defending her own digital dissertation in 2005, Virginia Kuhn has honed a loosely established rubric, refined in collaboration with a group of students, with which to assess digital theses. Three areas, ‘Conceptual Core, Research Component, Form + Content’, each feature three additional foci that leave ample room for epistemological play and space beyond a traditionally alphabetized, linear text-only dissertation. For example, digital scholarship need not be ‘thesis-driven prose’, it can establish a ‘controlling idea’ presented in media other than text. Any kind of rubric or assessment measure, Kuhn warns, also requires a rethinking of review formats, however: annotation and feedback, too, will necessitate multimodal features such that radical scholarship and deep collaboration, echoing Ball’s and Fitzpatrick’s terms, become part of evaluative considerations, and feedback formats allow for non-linear, creative interruptions.
4. #DigiDiss
Authors: Gossett Kathie , Potts Liza
Published: March 2021

Outlining the trials and tribulations of archiving born-digital dissertations, Kathie Gossett and Liza Potts detail a study they have conducted over more than a decade, the ultimate goal being the formation of a persistent, searchable database of these projects. The results of a National Endowment for the Humanities funded workshop conducted with stakeholders from several academic institutions, Gossett and Potts note their current focus as they partner with the Humanities Commons framework and also work on establishing a network of like-minded scholars for support when working in non-traditional formats.
5. The Gutenberg Galaxy will be Pixelated or How to Think of Digital Scholarship as The Present
Authors: Finger Anke
Published: March 2021

Anke Finger presents an incisive argument about the shifting nature of the book as both a ‘medium and artifact’, and one which offers exciting possibilities with the affordances of the digital. However, academic institutions, Finger notes, have not kept pace with these new forms and this is due, in large part, to a lack of evaluative measures and experience in applying them, making it risky at best to embark upon a large-scale digital project. Using her experience as a PhD advisor and founding director of the Digital Humanities and Media Studies initiative at the University of Connecticut, Finger argues for support for digital literacy in humanities-based graduate education. Specifically, students need ‘access to scholarly inquiry and research innovation beyond print’, and this should come early in graduate education in order to provide the type of scaffolding needed if universities are seriously committed to digital scholarship.
9. Publish Less, Communicate More!
Authors: Dang Sarah-Mai
Published: March 2021

Sarah-Mai Dang, working from within the context of German academic parameters, questions a publication process that relies on economic structures often beyond the reach of the graduate and maintaining the ‘symbolic capital of the book’. Instead, she chose to publish her research in four different formats, trying to undo a staid and costly convention that not only prevented affordable (for both author and reader) public dissemination, but also a speedy delivery of scholarship and access to an international audience. Simultaneously, as a media studies scholar, she turned this process into a research project, taking stock of data to measure impact.
13. Writing a Dissertation with Images, Sounds and Movements
Authors: Redman Lena
Published: March 2021

Dismissing the epistemological confines of traditional thesis composition software such as MS Word, Lena Redman (aka Elena Petrov) devises her own theory of multimodal creativity by analyzing what she calls ‘deep remixability’ and its interdependence with ‘cinematic bricolage’ as a research methodology. Her thesis, composed with InDesign and the Adobe Cloud, employs mnemonic material and autobiographical information to enhance what Redman calls feedback loops. These loops deepen the researcher’s individualization of knowledge as her intellectual work merges with memory-work to allow for unique meaning-making processes and what Søren Brier has called ‘cybernetics of human knowing.’
14. Precarity and Promise
Authors: Sharpe Celeste Tường Vy
Published: March 2021

If the digitally networked world provides the ability to author with images as well as a more open form of academic scholarship, it also raises concomitant ethical considerations around areas such as privacy and copyright. Celeste Tường Vy Sharpe confronted these issues in her own dissertation project completed in a department of History in the United States. Sharpe’s research included extensive archival research of sensitive materials in her exploration of visual culture and disability. Given the topic, Sharpe found herself weighing the need for visual evidence with the ethics of exposing images culled from the March of Dimes.
Rapid Warming of Sea Surface Temperature along the Kuroshio and the China Coast in the East China Sea during the Twentieth Century
Authors: Sasaki Yoshi N. , Umeda Chisato
Published: March 2021

It has been reported that the sea surface temperature (SST) trend of the East China Sea during the twentieth century was a couple of times larger than the global mean SST trend. However, the detailed spatial structure of the SST trend in the East China Sea and its mechanism have not been understood. The present study examines the SST trend in the East China Sea from 1901 to 2010 using observational data and a Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) with an eddy-resolving horizontal resolution. A comparison among two observational datasets and the model output reveals that enhanced SST warming occurred along the Kuroshio and along the coast of China over the continental shelf. In both regions, the SST trends were the largest in winter. The heat budget analysis using the model output indicates that the upper-layer temperature rises in both regions were induced by the trend of ocean advection, which was balanced in relation to the increase of surface net heat release. In addition, the rapid SST warming along the Kuroshio was induced by the acceleration of the Kuroshio. Sensitivity experiments revealed that this acceleration was likely caused by the negative wind stress curl anomalies over the North Pacific. In contrast, the enhanced SST warming along the China coast resulted from the ocean circulation change over the continental shelf by local atmospheric forcing.
Assessing the Influence of Complex Terrain on Severe Convective Environments in Northeastern Alabama
Authors: Katona Branden , Markowski Paul
Published: March 2021

Storms crossing complex terrain can potentially encounter rapidly changing convective environments. However, our understanding of terrain-induced variability in convective storm environments remains limited. HRRR data are used to create climatologies of popular convective storm forecasting parameters for different wind regimes. Self-organizing maps (SOMs) are used to generate six different low-level wind regimes, characterized by different wind directions, for which popular instability and vertical wind shear parameters are averaged. The climatologies show that both instability and vertical wind shear are highly variable in regions of complex terrain, and that the spatial distributions of perturbations relative to the terrain are dependent on the low-level wind direction. Idealized simulations are used to investigate the origins of some of the perturbations seen in the SOM climatologies. The idealized simulations replicate many of the features in the SOM climatologies, which facilitates analysis of their dynamical origins. Terrain influences are greatest when winds are approximately perpendicular to the terrain. In such cases, a standing wave can develop in the lee, leading to an increase in low-level wind speed and a reduction in vertical wind shear with the valley lee of the plateau. Additionally, CAPE tends to be decreased and LCL heights are increased in the lee of the terrain where relative humidity within the boundary layer is locally decreased.
Moved to speak up: How prosocial emotions influence the employee voice process
Authors: Heaphy Emily , Lilius Jacoba , Feldman Elana
Published: March 2021

Employees often notice issues as they go about their work, but they are more likely to remain silent than to voice about those issues. This means that organizations miss out on critical opportunities for improvement. We deepen understanding of why and when employees do speak up by theorizing about voice episodes that arise when organizational issues (e.g. policies, actions) cause others to suffer. We suggest that when employees feel prosocial emotions—empathic concern, empathic anger, and/or guilt—in response to another’s suffering, they are more likely to voice about the issues creating that suffering. Specifically, we propose that these other-oriented emotions make it more likely that employees will see an opportunity for voice, feel sufficiently motivated to voice, and assess the potential benefits of speaking up as greater than the possible costs. We also posit that three contextual factors—relationship to sufferer, relational scripts, and emotional culture—influence whether (and how intensely) employees experience prosocial emotions in response to suffering triggered by an organizational issue, and thus affect the likelihood of voice. By theorizing the mechanisms through which prosocial emotions animate a specific episode of voice, we provide a foundation for understanding how employees can be moved to speak up.
Getting Religion Right in Civil Wars
Authors: Toft Monica Duffy
Published: March 2021

Surveying civil war in the world today is striking in terms of how often religious cleavages and grievances have become central to armed conflict. How are the causes and outcomes of religious civil wars different than other civil wars, if at all? Is Islam implicated for the contemporary surge in religious civil war? The first section reviews the literature and addresses the importance of religion for civil war. I then introduce a dataset and describe key trends in religious civil war in the third section, while in the fourth section I present tests of whether Muslim or Arab Muslim societies in particular are more prone to religious strife. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of the main findings.
Simulation-based Fuzzy Multiple Attribute Decision Making framework for an optimal apron layout for aRoll-on/Roll-off/Passenger terminal considering passenger service quality
Authors: Guolei Tang , Xiaoyi Zhao , Zhuoyao Zhao , Jingjing Yu , Lei Guo , Yuhan Wang
Published: March 2021

The apron of the Roll-on/Roll-off/Passenger (Ro-Pax) terminal is an accident-prone zone with high risk of traffic congestion and vehicle exhaust pollution in the peak season, which brings a bad experience to passengers and even endangers passengers’ health. This study aims to improve the passenger service quality in the peak season by rezoning the Ro-Pax terminal apron and its traffic organization. Thus, we establish a simulation-based Fuzzy Multiple Attribute Decision Making framework to evaluate the passenger service quality and distinguish an optimal layout of the terminal apron. This framework introduces three evaluation indicators (safety, convenience, and comfort and health) and 11 performance indexes to define the passenger service quality, and the values of these indexes are derived from an agent-based simulation model for the Ro-Pax terminal apron operation. Finally, an example of the proposed framework is presented in a case study to show how to select an improved layout of the Ro-Pax terminal apron considering passenger service quality. The result confirms the proposed framework is an effective tool to solve rezoning the Ro-Pax terminal apron and the proposed methodology can also be used to cope with similar problems.
Risk factors for severe bronchiolitis in Colombia
Authors: A Buendía Jefferson , Patiño Diana Guerrero
Published: March 2021

High medical costs of treatment of severe bronchiolitis in infants impose a severe economic burden, especially in tropical middle-income countries. There is a critical need therefore to explore the risk factors concerned. In our retrospective cohort study, we included all infants younger than two years admitted in Rionegro, Colombia, owing to bronchiolitis. We used log-binomial regression and estimate prevalence ratios. Out of a total of 417 included, 300 (72.12%) had severe bronchiolitis, with respiratory syncytial virus and current exposure to cigarette smoking being independent predictors.
Simple Endoscopic Application of Laryngeal Keel Stent
Authors: Sweed Ahmed Hassan , Mobashir Mohamed , Mohamed Abd Elraof Said , Elsayed Ahmed Ibrahim , Elmalt Ashraf , Elshora Mohamed Elsayed
Published: March 2021

This study describes a simple extraendolaryngeal technique to apply laryngeal keel in dealing with anterior commissure web/fibrosis. Standard extraendolaryngeal punctures were applied via 20‐gauge needles, 30° from the skin surface, in midline through the cricothyroid and thyrohyoid membranes. These needles were used as a conduit for the passage of 2/0 Prolene threads, which were retrieved through the laryngoscope by crocodile forceps. Both laryngoscopic ends of the Prolene threads were passed through a fabricated silastic sheet (keel stent) via a 22‐gauge free needle, and these ends were tied to have a secure internal knot. Steady traction was applied on the other 2 external threads until there was appropriate application of this keel stent within the vicinity of anterior commissure. Finally, these external ends were tied to have a secure external knot. A keel stent could be applied without the need for special instrumentation and with reasonable outcomes (proper healing of anterior commissure, satisfied voice outcome, and patent airway).
Orthokeratology lens-related Acanthamoeba keratitis: case report and analytical review
Authors: Wu Jinfang , Xie Huatao
Published: March 2021

Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a rare but severe ocular infection with a significant risk of vision loss. Contact lens use is the main risk factor for AK. The orthokeratology (OK) lens, a specially designed contact lens, has been used worldwide as an effective method of myopia control. However, the OK lens is associated with an increased risk of Acanthamoeba infection. Many primary practitioners are concerned about this infection because of its relative rarity, the lack of promising therapeutic medications, and the need for referral. We herein report two cases of AK associated with OK lenses, present a systematic review of such cases, and discuss the possible reasons for the higher incidence rate of this infection in patients who wear OK lenses. We combined the clinical knowledge and skills of corneal specialists and lens experts with the sole objective of addressing these OK lens-related AK cases. We found that the most common risk factors were rinsing the lenses or lens cases with tap water. Prompt and accurate diagnosis along with adequate amoebicidal treatment are essential to ensure desirable outcomes for OK lens wearers who develop AK. Appropriate OK lens parameters and regular checkups are also important.
Aggressive fibromatosis of the right colon mimicking a gastrointestinal stromal tumour: a case report
Authors: Mitrovic Jovanovic Milica , Djuric-Stefanovic Aleksandra , Velickovic Dejan , Keramatollah Ebrahimi , Micev Marijan , Jankovic Aleksandra , Milosevic Stefan , D Kovac Jelena
Published: March 2021

Aggressive fibromatosis is a rare type of intra-abdominal desmoid tumour that usually involves the small bowel mesentery. It is a locally-invasive lesion, with a high rate of recurrence, but without metastatic potential. Aggressive fibromatosis is seen more often in young female patients. This case report presents the radiological, intraoperative and histopathological findings from a 37-year-old female patient that presented with epigastric pain and a palpable mass in the right hemiabdomen. Histological and immunohistochemical examinations of the resected tumour, including positive staining for beta-catenin, confirmed a postoperative diagnosis of desmoid type fibromatosis. This specific case showed that desmoid type fibromatosis of the colon can mimic gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST) based on its clinical presentation, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Differential diagnosis between desmoid type fibromatosis and GIST is clinically very important due to the different treatments and follow-up protocols that are implemented for these lesions.
A Marxian Reply to Hahnel: The Relative Explanatory Power of Marx’s Theory and Sraffa’s Theory
Authors: Moseley Fred
Published: March 2021

This paper critically examines Robin Hahnel’s 2017 book Radical Political Economy: Sraffa versus Marx and especially compares the relative explanatory power of Marx’s theory and Sraffa’s theory. Hahnel’s book argues that Sraffa’s theory is superior to Marx’s theory with respect to the following six subjects: prices, profit, technological change, crises, the environment, and moral critique (each one considered in a separate chapter). This paper challenges Hahnel’s arguments on all six subjects and argues that Marx’s theory has greater explanatory power than Sraffa’s theory and continues to be the best critical theory of capitalism.

JEL Classification: B24, B51
Understanding the Role of Vaping in Criminal Behavior Among Adolescents
Authors: Vito Anthony G. , Rocheleau Gregory C. , Intravia Jonathan
Published: March 2021

This study examines the link between ever vaped, vaped just flavoring in the past 30 days, and vaped just flavoring frequently in the past 30 days and violent crime, property crime, marijuana use, and smoking. Using the 2017 Monitoring the Future form two data set and propensity score matching, the researchers are better able to consider the impact of the vaping behavior among similarly situated 12th-grade adolescents. Results illustrate that there are no vaping behaviors linked with violent crime or property crime among similarly situated adolescents. In contrast, results show that adolescents who have ever vaped, vaped just flavoring, or vaped just flavoring frequently are linked with marijuana use and smoking. Limitations and future research implications are discussed.
Evidence for Co-Evolution of Masking With Circadian Phase in Drosophila Melanogaster
Authors: Ghosh Arijit , Sharma Pragya , Dansana Shephali , Sheeba Vasu
Published: March 2021

Heritable variation in the timing of rhythmic events with respect to daily time cues gives rise to chronotypes. Despite its importance, the mechanisms (clock or non-clock) regulating chronotypes remain elusive. Using artificial laboratory selection for divergent phasing of emergence of adults from pupae, our group has derived populations of Drosophila melanogaster which are early and late chronotypes for eclosion rhythm. Several circadian rhythm characteristics of these populations have since been described. We hypothesized that our selection protocol has inadvertently resulted in selection for masking, a non-clock phenomenon, in the early chronotype due to the placement of our selection window (which includes the lights-ON transition). We designed experiments to discriminate between enhanced masking to light versus circadian clock mediated changes in determining enhanced emergence in the morning window in our early chronotypes. Using a series of phase-shift protocols, LD-DD transition, and T-cycle experiments, we find that our early chronotypes have evolved positive masking, and their apparent entrained phases are largely contributed by masking. Through skeleton T-cycle experiments, we find that in addition to the evolution of greater masking, our early chronotypes have also evolved advanced phase of entrainment. Furthermore, our study systematically outlines experimental approaches to examine relative contributions of clock versus non-clock control of an entrained behavior. Although it has previously been suggested that masking may confer an adaptive advantage to organisms, here we provide experimental evidence for the evolution of masking as a means of phasing that can complement clock control of an entrained behavior.
Caregiver Reported Quality of End-of-Life Care of Adolescent and Young Adult Decedents With Cancer
Authors: Currie Erin R. , Johnston Emily E. , Bakitas Marie , Roeland Eric , Lindley Lisa C , Gilbertson-White Stephanie , Mack Jennifer
Published: March 2021

Background: The quality of palliative and end-of-life (EOL) care for adolescents and young adults (AYAs) with cancer remains largely unknown. Objective: To describe caregivers of AYA cancer decedents perspectives’ on EOL care quality related to EOL care communication. Design: Cross-sectional observational study. Setting/Subjects: Caregivers (n = 35) of AYAs who died from a cancer diagnosis from 2013-2016 were recruited from 3 U.S. academic medical centers. Measurements: Caregiver participants completed structured surveys (FAMCARE scale and the Toolkit After-Death Bereaved Family Member Interview) by telephone to gather perceptions of quality of EOL care of their AYA cancer decedents. Results: Caregivers reported unmet needs regarding preparation for the time of death (50%), the dying process (45%) and unmet spiritual/ religious needs (38%). Lowest quality of EOL care scores related to communication and emotional support. Conclusions: Our findings call for special focus on providing information about what to expect during the dying process and adequately addressing spiritual and religious preferences during EOL care for AYAs.
Effect of strength and direction of external magnetic field on dynamics of vortices in a square lid-driven cavity flow
Authors: Hadidi Amin
Published: March 2021

In this study, the effect of magnetic field strength and its direction are considered on square lid-driven cavity flow. The whole range of applicable magnetic field strength which is used in practice up to now (0 to 10 Tesla) is accomplished in this research. The governing equations, including non-linear conservative equations of continuity, momentum and magnetic field equations are solved numerically. Continuity and momentum equations are solved by the finite volume method using SIMPLE algorithm, where the finite difference method is used in the magnetic field equation solving. In this research the effect of magnetic field on the velocity distribution, streamlines and vortex flow show that the vortices of the cavity shrink (decreases) up to 0.01 T where the uniform and vertical magnetic field applied from the bottom surface of the square cavity. For the magnetic field of 0.01 T, vortices in the cavity flow disappear. Higher values of the magnetic field create larger vortices. It was also concluded that the magnetic field has a strong effect on vortex formation, its size and location; therefore it can be used to control the vortex dynamics in a contactless way.
Modeling cortical bone adaptation using strain gradients
Authors: Tiwari Abhishek Kumar , Goyal Ajay , Prasad Jitendra
Published: March 2021

Cyclic and low-magnitude loading promotes osteogenesis (i.e. new bone formation). Normal strain, strain energy density and fatigue damage accumulation are typically considered as osteogenic stimuli in computer models to predict site-specific new bone formation. These models however had limited success in explaining osteogenesis near the sites of minimal normal strain, for example, neutral axis of bending. Other stimuli such as fluid motion or strain gradient also stimulate bone formation. In silico studies modeled the new bone formation as a function of fluid motion, however, computation of fluid motion involves complex mathematical calculations. Strain gradients drive fluid flow and thus can also be established as the stimulus. Osteogenic potential of strain gradients is however not well established. The present study establishes strain gradients as osteogenic stimuli. Bending-induced strain gradients are computed at cortical bone cross-sections reported in animal loading in vivo studies. Correlation analysis between strain gradients and site of osteogenesis is analyzed. In silico model is also developed to test the osteogenic potential of strain gradients. The model closely predicts in vivo new bone distribution as a function of strain gradients. The outcome establishes strain gradient as computationally easy and robust stimuli to predict site-specific osteogenesis. The present study may be useful in the development of biomechanical approaches to mitigate bone loss.
Amelioration of N,N′-dimethylhydrazine induced colon toxicity by epigallocatechin gallate in Wistar rats
Authors: Afzal SM , Vafa A , Rashid S , Shree A , Islam J , Ali N , Sultana S
Published: March 2021

Colon cancer is a life-threatening disease all over the world and is linked to constant oxidative stress and inflammation. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), is a naturally occurring flavone possessing health benefiting pharmacological properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and free radical scavenging properties. Our study investigates the role of EGCG on N,N′-dimethylhydrazine (DMH), a toxic environmental pollutant, induced colon toxicity. To investigate the effect of EGCG, Wistar rats were given EGCG for 7 days at the two doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg body weight and DMH was injected on the seventh day in all the group rats except the control. Our results indicate that DMH administration increased the oxidative stress (MDA) and depleted the glutathione and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GR, GST and GPx) which was significantly ameliorated by EGCG treatment. Additionally DMH treatment upregulated inflammatory markers expression (NF-κB, COX-2 and IL-6) and enhanced mucosal damage in the colon. EGCG treatment significantly reduced inflammation and restored the normal histoarchitecture of the colon. We can conclude from the present study findings that EGCG protects the colon from DMH toxicity through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential.