bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Old English relative þe
Authors: SEPPÄNEN AIMO
Published: April 2004

In current accounts the Old English relative þe is analysed in two radically different ways. The traditional view, inherited from the nineteenth-century grammarians, views the word as a relative pronoun, while the generative analysis, derived from some remarks of Jespersen on the ModE relative that, takes it to be a subordinating particle. The generativist view is based on the word's lack of morphological variation, whereas the older approach examines more generally the grammar of the word, noting that the invariable þe shares the typical nominal categories of number and case, functioning both as a singular and a plural and representing all the four cases of OE nominal elements. A further indication of the word's nominal status is its referential function, distinguishing between specific and generic reference. Against these clear facts, the lack of overt inflection is a minor idiosyncrasy, paralleled by the OE generic man/mon, whose pronominal status is widely agreed. Þe may have been a subordinating particle in origin, but by historical OE times it retained this function in relative clauses only after relative adverbs, having been reanalysed elsewhere either as a relative adverb itself, or, in its most frequent relative use, as a pronoun.
Ichbezogenheit versus Liebe in Paarbeziehungen
Authors: Neumann Eva , Bierhoff Hans Werner
Published: April 2004

Zusammenfassung: Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war, Zusammenhänge zwischen partnerschaftlicher Bindung, Liebesstilen und Narzissmus als einem Persönlichkeitsstil zu überprüfen. 45 Studenten und 60 Studentinnen wurden mit Hilfe standardisierter Messinstrumente befragt. Zunächst wurde überprüft, ob sich die Dimensionen der partnerschaftlichen Bindung und die Liebesstile zu übergeordneten Dimensionen des Erlebens in Paarbeziehungen zusammenfassen ließen. Drei Dimensionen wurden gefunden: Distanzierung vom Partner, Verunsicherung in der Beziehung und Orientierung an Gemeinschaft und Austausch. Anschließend wurden Selbsteinschätzungen des Narzissmus zu diesen Dimensionen in Beziehung gesetzt. Narzissmus hing mit allen drei Dimensionen zusammen: Hoch Narzisstische tendierten zur Distanzierung vom Partner durch Untreue, zeigten Verunsicherung und Eifersucht und waren auf der Grundlage einer pragmatischen Einstellung stark austauschorientiert. Die Ergebnisse stützen die These, dass Narzissmus mit verschiedenen Dimensionen des Erlebens in Partnerschaften zusammenhängt.
Konflikte zwischen Beruf und Familie im Alltagserleben erwerbstätiger Paare
Authors: Wiese Bettina S.
Published: April 2004

Zusammenfassung: In der Lebensgestaltung Erwachsener repräsentieren Beruf und Familie zentrale Bezugspunkte, die allerdings miteinander in Konflikt stehen können. In einer Querschnitts- sowie einer zweiwöchigen Tagebuchstudie mit erwerbstätigen Paaren wurden 70 berufstätige Personen (n = 35 Paare; 51.3 % verheiratet) untersucht. Erhoben wurde neben dem Konflikterleben u. a. das subjektive Engagements in Beruf und Familie, die emotionale Befindlichkeit und persönliche Ziele. Das Konflikterleben der Partner stand teilweise in wechselseitiger Abhängigkeit. Das Ausmaß der Konflikte zwischen Berufs- und Privatleben ließ sich v. a. durch psychologische Variablen (z. B. subjektives berufliches Engagement) vorhersagen. Soziodemografische Kennwerte (z. B. Geschlecht) leisteten keinen darüber hinausgehenden Beitrag zur Varianzaufklärung. Sowohl querschnittlich als auch prozessual fanden sich Beziehungen zwischen Konflikterleben und negativer Befindlichkeit. Für das positive Emotionserleben im Alltag scheinen v. a. individuelle Zielfortschritte und das Erleben eines unterstützenden und zufriedenen Partners bedeutsam zu sein.
Kann die Konfundierung von Konzentrationsleistung und Aktivierung durch adaptives Testen mit dem FAKT vermieden werden?
Authors: Frey Andreas , Moosbrugger Helfried
Published: April 2004

Zusammenfassung: Es wird untersucht, wie sich die Anwendung adaptiver Teststrategien auf die Konfundierung von Konzentrationsleistung mit Aktivierung auswirkt. Eine Stichprobe von 54 Probanden wurde mit je einer von 3 Testformen (2 adaptiv, 1 nicht-adaptiv) des computerbasierten Frankfurter Adaptiven Konzentrationsleistungs-Tests FAKT ( Moosbrugger & Heyden, 1997 ) zu 3 Messzeitpunkten getestet und die Veränderung der Aktivierung (elektrodermale Aktivität) während der Testung registriert. Eine Konfundierung der Konzentrationsleistung mit Aktivierung ist nur bei der nicht-adaptiven Testform zu beobachten, bei den adaptiven Testformen hingegen nicht (p = .01). Die Beseitigung des ansonsten unkontrollierten Zusammenhangs von Konzentrationsleistung und der Störvariablen Aktivierung durch die adaptiven Teststrategien des FAKT bedeutet einen Zugewinn an diskriminanter Validität. Zur Erklärung des beobachteten Effekts wird eine Aufmerksamkeits-Fokussierungs-Hypothese formuliert.
Wahrgenommene Beeinflussbarkeit von negativen Emotionen, Stimmung und komplexes Problemlösen
Authors: Otto Jürgen H. , Lantermann Ernst-Dieter
Published: April 2004

Zusammenfassung: Die traditionelle Intelligenzkomponente “Verarbeitungskapazität” kann komplexes Problemlösen vorhersagen. Wir untersuchen, ob eine Komponente der wahrgenommenen emotionalen Intelligenz, nämlich die Beeinflussbarkeit von negativen Emotionen, die Vorhersagemöglichkeiten verbessert. N = 92 Studierende (67 Frauen, 25 Männer, Mdn = 21 Jahre) wurden mit einem 2 × 3 quasi-experimentellem Design untersucht. In Gruppen mit hoch oder gering beeinflussbarkeitsdisponierten Versuchsteilnehmern wurden negative, neutrale oder positive Emotionszustände induziert. Beim komplexen Problemlösen wurden Indikatoren des Problemlöseverhaltens, der Leistung und des Gefühlszustandes erhoben. Als Kovariate wurde die Verarbeitungskapazität erfasst. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass hoch beeinflussbarkeitsdisponierte Personen bei induzierter negativer Emotion ungeeigneteres Problemlöseverhalten und eine schlechtere Leistung zeigen als niedrig beeinflussbarkeitsdisponierte Personen. Hoch beeinflussbarkeitsdisponierte Personen berichten dabei aber eine durchgängig bessere Stimmung. Die Kovariate hatte keine Signifikanz. Abschließend wird die Kapazitätshypothese diskutiert, das Verhältnis von subjektiven zu objektiven Intelligenzkomponenten und die Konzeption “neuer” Intelligenzformen problematisiert.
Defizite numerischer Basiskompetenzen bei rechenschwachen Kindern der 3. und 4. Klassenstufe
Authors: Gaupp Nora , Zoelch Christof , Schumann-Hengsteler Ruth
Published: April 2004

Zusammenfassung: Kinder mit Dyskalkulie zeigen neben den, das Störungsbild konstituierenden Schwierigkeiten im Rechnen auch Defizite der numerischen Basiskompetenzen, die als direkte Vorläuferfunktionen des Grundrechnens betrachtet werden ( Geary & Hoard, 2001 ). Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war zu prüfen, in welchem Umfang rechenschwache Kinder noch am Ende der Grundschulzeit in der dritten und vierten Klassenstufe solche numerischen Defizite haben. Jeweils 24 isoliert rechenschwache und 24 nach den Kriterien Alter, Geschlecht und Intelligenz individuell parallelisierte normal rechnende Kinder der dritten und vierten Klasse wurden im Hinblick auf die numerischen Basiskompetenzen Zahlbegriff, Mengenbegriff und Zählfertigkeit untersucht. Es zeigt sich, dass rechenschwache Kinder noch in den letzten Grundschuljahren deutliche Defizite der numerischen Basiskompetenzen aufweisen. Die Ergebnisse werden dahingehend diskutiert, in welcher Weise diese Defizite an der Entstehung und Aufrechterhaltung von Rechenschwierigkeiten beteiligt sein können. Daraus wird auch die therapeutische Relevanz der Befunde für die Förderung rechenschwacher Kinder deutlich.
Alfvén waves and wings in Hall magnetohydrodynamics
Authors: Sallago P. A. , Platzeck A. M.
Published: April 2004

The problem of a conducting body moving in a magnetized plasma when the electronic pressure and Hall terms in Ohm's law cannot be neglected is analyzed in the magnetohydrodynamic approximation. Since Alfvén wings are closely related to Alfvén waves, the influence of these terms in the propagation of Alfvénic perturbations of large amplitude is studied. Instead of linearizing the magnetohydrodynamic equations and searching monochromatic waves, the conditions that the group velocity be parallel to the background magnetic induction field, in the reference system in which the plasma is locally at rest, that the perturbation be incompressible, that the perturbations in velocity and the magnetic induction field be related, and that a magnitude connected to the pressure remain constant are imposed. It is shown that large‐amplitude Alfvén waves can propagate in homogeneous plasmas if a “polarization condition” on the current density is fulfilled. The value of their group velocity is different from the value that it takes when simple Ohm's law is used. On the other hand, the methodology of stream functions is used for the analysis of Alfvén wings. Their existence, when the Hall term in Ohm's law is relevant, is proved, and the relations among the plasma pressure, induction magnetic field, velocity, and electric current density in the wing are found. The present results can be applied, as an approximation, to spacecraft or space tethers moving in a circular orbit if one can consider that the density and the magnetic induction field do not change as the source is orbiting and if the influence of partial ionization can be neglected.
Subsurface cyclic magma sill expansions in the 2000 Miyakejima volcano eruption: Possibility of two‐phase flow oscillation
Authors: Fujita Eisuke , Ukawa Motoo , Yamamoto Eiji
Published: April 2004

Step‐like tilt changes were observed at intervals of dozens of hours during the caldera formation stage occurred during the 2000 Miyakejima volcano eruption. Our analysis suggests that these tilt steps were caused by the cyclic expansion of a subsurface sill‐like magma plumbing system trending from SE to NW of the volcano. In the same period a caldera gradually grew at the summit area to a very large 1.6 km in diameter and 450 m in depth. The source mechanism of these tilt steps is fairly well explained by a two‐phase flow instability, called a pressure drop oscillation. This model indicates that the gas‐phase capacity in the upper part of the conduit acts as a pump that controls the flux of two‐phase magma in the sill‐like reservoir. Caldera formation as well as magma uplift and descent in the conduit may reflect temporal changes in the intervals between tilt steps, which are themselves proportional to the volume of this gas capacity.
Shorter telomeres, accelerated ageing and increased lymphoma in DNA‐PKcs‐deficient mice
Authors: Espejel Silvia , Martín Marta , Klatt Peter , Martín‐Caballero Juan , Flores Juana M , Blasco María A
Published: April 2004

Non‐homologous end joining (NHEJ) is the principal repair mechanism used by mammalian cells to cope with double‐strand breaks (DSBs) that continually occur in the genome. One of the key components of the mammalian NHEJ machinery is the DNA‐PK complex, formed by the Ku86/70 heterodimer and the DNA‐PK catalytic subunit (DNA‐PKcs). Here, we report on the detailed life‐long follow‐up of DNA‐PKcs‐defective mice. Apart from defining a role of DNA‐PKcs in telomere length maintenance in the context of the ageing organism, we observed that DNA‐PKcs‐defective mice had a shorter life span and showed an earlier onset of ageing‐related pathologies than the corresponding wild‐type littermates. In addition, DNA‐PKcs ablation was associated with a markedly higher incidence of T lymphomas and infections. In conclusion, these data link the dual role of DNA‐PKcs in DNA repair and telomere length maintenance to organismal ageing and cancer.
Tethering of HP1 proteins to chromatin is relieved by phosphoacetylation of histone H3
Authors: Mateescu Bogdan , England Patrick , Halgand Frederic , Yaniv Moshe , Muchardt Christian
Published: April 2004

Histone H3 lysine 9 methylation is associated with long‐term transcriptional repression through recruitment of heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) proteins. These proteins are believed to promote the formation of dense chromatin structures interfering with DNA accessibility. During the G2 phase of the cell cycle, HP1 proteins are delocalized from foci of pericentromeric heterochromatin, while a wave of H3 serine 10 phosphorylation is initiated within these regions. Here, we show that in vivo phosphorylation of serine 10 in G2 can occur on histone tails methylated on lysine 9. Unexpectedly, this modification favours rather than prevents HP1 binding to chromatin. Dissociation of HP1 from the methylated histone H3 tails is observed only after a third modification by acetylation of lysine 14, which occurs in prophase. We propose that phosphoacetylation of histone H3 could be a general mechanism allowing the cell to overcome HP1‐mediated transcriptional repression.
Iterative Approaches toR×CEcological Inference Problems: Where They Can Go Wrong and One Quick Fix
Authors: Ferree Karen E.
Published: April 2004

This article argues that a key step in King's iterative approach toR×Cecological inference problems—the aggregation of groups into broad conglomerate categories—can introduce problems of aggregation bias and multimodality into data, inducing model violations. As a result, iterative EI estimates can be considerably biased, even when the original data conform to the assumptions of the model. I demonstrate this problem intuitively and through simulations, show the conditions under which it is likely to arise, and illustrate it with the example of Coloured voting during the 1994 elections in South Africa. I then propose an easy fix to the problem, demonstrating the usefulness of the fix both through simulations and in the specific South African context.
Delayed Vertigo after Stapes Surgery
Authors: Albera Roberto , Canale Andrea , Lacilla Michelangelo , Cavalot Andrea L. , Ferrero Vittorio
Published: April 2004

Objectives:Stapes surgery restores partial or total hearing in almost 95% of cases, and in case of failure, revision surgery may often resolve the problem. Delayed vertigo is commonly related to perilymphatic fistula. The aim of this study is to report experience gained in revision stapes surgery in cases of delayed vertigo.

Study Design:This is an intervention study, before‐after trial; it includes follow‐up between 12 and 84 months that was based on clinical history and audiometric evaluations.

Methods:The work was carried out in the otologic surgery referral center of Piemonte in outpatient surgery. Nine patients (4 males and 5 females, between 43 and 60 years of age) who presented with delayed vertigo after stapes surgery were retrospectively reviewed. All nine underwent clinical history evaluation, pure tone audiogram, investigation of the vestibular system with a bithermal binaural caloric test, and fistula test. Vestibular tests were performed with electronystagmography recording. In all nine subjects, functional middle ear exploration was carried out by way of a transmeatal approach using local anesthesia. The demonstration of a perilymphatic leak was positive in only three (33%) cases, but the oval window region was filled with fibrin glue in all nine cases.

Results:At follow‐up, vertigo was resolved in all cases with revision surgery, even though perilymph leak was positive only in three cases.

Conclusion:From the results obtained, we feel that exploration of the middle ear should be always carried out in cases of delayed vertigo after stapes surgery with suspected perilymphatic fistula.
Tissue Engineering of a Human Sized And Shaped Auricle Using a Mold
Authors: Kamil S. H. , Vacanti M. P. , Aminuddin B. S. , Jackson M. J. , Vacanti C. A. , Eavey R. D.
Published: April 2004

Objectives: The creation of a tissue‐engineered auricle was initially successful in an immunocompromised nude mouse model. Subsequently, an immunocompetent porcine model successfully generated a helical construct. We wished to evaluate the novel technique of using a mold to create a complete, anatomically refined auricle in a large animal model.

Methods: Mixtures of autogenous chondrocytes and biodegradable polymers were used inside a perforated, auricle shaped hollow gold mold. Three biodegradable polymers (calcium alginate, pluronic F‐127, and polyglycolic acid) were used to retain the seeded chondrocytes inside the mold. These molds, along with a control, were implanted subcutaneously in the abdominal area of 10 animals (pigs and sheep). The constructs were removed after 8 to 20 weeks and were assessed by gross morphology and histology.

Results: All the gold implants were well tolerated by the animals. The implants using calcium alginate (n = 3) generated constructs of the exact shape and size of a normal human ear; the histology demonstrated mostly normal cartilage with some persistent alginate. The implants with pluronic F‐127 (n = 3) resulted in cartilage with essentially normal histology, although leakage outside the molds and external cartilage generation was noted. Polyglycolic acid implants (n = 3) produced no useful cartilage because of an inflammatory reaction with fibrosis. The empty control mold (n = 1) demonstrated only a very small amount of fibrous tissue inside.

Conclusion: A tissue‐engineered human sized auricle of normal anatomic definition can be generated in an immunocompetent large‐animal model using a mold technique. Although further refinements will be necessary, the technique appears promising for potential use in patients with microtia.
Pediatric Tonsillotomy with the Radiofrequency Technique: Less Morbidity and Pain
Authors: Hultcrantz Elisabeth , Ericsson Elisabeth
Published: April 2004

Objective: To compare two techniques for pediatric tonsil surgery with respect to pain and postoperative morbidity. The two methods were the partial tonsil resection using radiofrequency (RF) technique (tonsillotomy [TT]) versus traditional tonsillectomy (TE).

Study Design: Prospective clinical randomized study in one tertiary care ENT clinic and two secondary care clinics.

Method: One hundred fifty children, between 5 and 15 years of age, were randomized to either TT with RF using the Surgitron™ Ellman, 1.7 MHz, or regular TE. Randomization was performed from the waiting list, including children with both a history of obstructive problems and recurrent tonsillitis. The TT was performed with a specially made sling electrode using a cut/coagulation mode.

Results: Forty‐nine children were operated on with TT and 43 with TE. There was significantly less bleeding in the TT group, although two cases of primary postoperative bleeding occurred among the TT children and one in the TE group. The pain recordings showed significantly less pain for the TT children from the second hour postoperatively onward, and the TT children were pain free and in school 3 days earlier than the TE group. The TT group had less need of the prescribed drugs (diclofenac and paracetamol). After 9 days, 73% of the TT children were completely healed, but only 31% of the TE children. By that time, the TE children had lost a mean of 660 g, and the TT children had gained 127 g. The effect on snoring was the same for both groups.

Conclusion: RF appears to be a safe and reliable method for tonsil surgery with much less postoperative morbidity than regular TE.
Hedgehog signaling in the neural crest cells regulates the patterning and growth of facial primordia
Authors: Jeong Juhee , Mao Junhao , Tenzen Toyoaki , Kottmann Andreas H. , McMahon Andrew P.
Published: April 2004

Facial abnormalities in human SHH mutants have implicated the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway in craniofacial development, but early defects in mouse Shh mutants have precluded the experimental analysis of this phenotype. Here, we removed Hh-responsiveness specifically in neural crest cells (NCCs), the multipotent cell type that gives rise to much of the skeleton and connective tissue of the head. In these mutants, many of the NCC-derived skeletal and nonskeletal components are missing, but the NCC-derived neuronal cell types are unaffected. Although the initial formation of branchial arches (BAs) is normal, expression of several Fox genes, specific targets of Hh signaling in cranial NCCs, is lost in the mutant. The spatially restricted expression of Fox genes suggests that they may play an important role in BA patterning. Removing Hh signaling in NCCs also leads to increased apoptosis and decreased cell proliferation in the BAs, which results in facial truncation that is evident by embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5). Together, our results demonstrate that Hh signaling in NCCs is essential for normal patterning and growth of the face. Further, our analysis of Shh–Fox gene regulatory interactions leads us to propose that Fox genes mediate the action of Shh in facial development.
The Notch target genes Hey1 and Hey2 are required for embryonic vascular development
Authors: Fischer Andreas , Schumacher Nina , Maier Manfred , Sendtner Michael , Gessler Manfred
Published: April 2004

The Delta–Notch signaling pathway plays a central role in the development of most vertebrate organs. The Hey family of bHLH transcription factors are direct targets of Notch signaling. Loss of Hey2 in the mouse leads to cardiac defects with high postnatal lethality. We have now generated a mouse Hey1 knockout that has no apparent phenotypic defect. The combined loss of Hey1 and Hey2, however, results in embryonic death after embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) with a global lack of vascular remodeling and massive hemorrhage. Initial vasculogenesis appears unaffected, but all subsequently developing major vessels in the embryo and yolk sac are either small or absent. Furthermore, the placental labyrinth completely lacks embryonic blood vessels. Similar vascular defects are observed in Jagged1 and Notch1 knockout mice. In the latter we found Hey1 and Hey2 expression in yolk sacs to be strongly reduced. Remaining large arteries in both Notch1 and Hey1/Hey2 knockout mice fail to express the arterial endothelial markers CD44, neuropilin1, and ephrin-B2. This indicates that Hey1/Hey2 are essential transducers of Notch signals in cardiovascular development that may mediate arterial cell fate decision.
HLA‐B27: a registry of constitutive peptide ligands
Authors: Lopez de Castro J.A. , Alvarez I. , Marcilla M. , Paradela A. , Ramos M. , Sesma L. , Vázquez M.
Published: April 2004

Abstract:  The very strong association of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐B27 with spondyloarthritis might be related to its peptide‐presenting properties. The natural polymorphism of this molecule influences both peptide specificity and disease susceptibility. In this study, we present a comprehensive compilation of known natural ligands of HLA‐B27 arising from endogenous proteins of human cells, together with a statistical assessment of residue usage among constitutive peptide repertoires of multiple HLA‐B27 subtypes. This analysis provides evidence that every peptide position, including ‘non‐anchor’ ones, may be subjected to selection on the basis of its contribution to HLA‐B27 binding and also allows a quantization of residue preferences at known anchor positions. The present registry is intended as a basis on which to build up reliable criteria to assess the effect of HLA‐B27 polymorphism on peptide presentation, for T‐cell epitope predictions, and for molecular mimicry studies.
Functional Mitral Regurgitation in Decompensated Heart Failure: Combined Bio‐Impedance and 2D Echocardiography Follow‐Up Monitoring
Authors: Campos Paulo C. , D'Cruz Ivan
Published: April 2004

(ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, Volume 21, May 2004)
Developing services to support parents caring for a technology‐dependent child at home
Authors: Kirk S. , Glendinning C.
Published: April 2004

Background  A group of children with complex health care needs have emerged as a result of medical advances and government policies emphasizing the community as the arena for care. Some of these children remain dependent on the medical technology that enabled them to survive and require care of a complex and intensive nature to be carried out by their parents at home.

Aims  To explore the experiences of families caring at home for a technology‐dependent child; to examine their needs for practical and other support; and to examine how far services are currently meeting these needs.

Methods  In‐depth interviews were conducted with the parents of 24 technology‐dependent children and with 44 health, social care and other professionals.

Results  Services in the community were not sufficiently developed to support this group of families. Major problems were identified in the purchasing and provision of both short‐term care/home support services and specialist equipment/therapies in the community. Service provision could be poorly planned and co‐ordinated at an operational level and few families had a designated key worker. Parents felt that professionals did not always recognize either the emotional costs entailed in providing care of this nature or their expertise in caregiving. Information‐giving to parents was often described as poor and participants reported that hospital professionals failed to negotiate the transfer of caregiving responsibility to parents.

Conclusions  Services need to work in partnership with families and with each other at both strategic and operational levels, to develop integrated and co‐ordinated services that can meet the needs of this group of families.
Classification of Leptospira from the Eyes of Horses Suffering from Recurrent Uveitis
Authors: Hartskeerl R. A. , Goris M. G. A. , Brem S. , Meyer P. , Kopp H. , Gerhards H. , Wollanke B.
Published: April 2004

The pathogenesis of equine recurrent uveitis (ERU) is not completely understood. Persistent infection of pathogenic leptospires in the eyes is the probable primary cause. Consistently, we isolated and characterized in this study leptospires from 32.2% of the intraocular samples collected from 501 horses from the following Western European countries: Germany, Switzerland, Austria, The Netherlands, Luxembourg, Great Britain, Italy and Poland. The vast majority of the leptospiral isolates belonged to serogroup Grippotyphosa (78.2%). The other isolates belonged to the Australis group (14.2%), the Sejroe group (3.6%), the Pomona group (2.5%) and the Javanica group (1.5%). Apart from three isolates that likely belong to Leptospira kirschneri, serovar Dadas, all Grippotyphosa group isolates belonged to L. kirschneri, serovar Grippotyphosa. Analysis with monoclonal antibodies revealed that the isolates differed from Moskva V, the reference strain of serovar Grippotyphosa. However, the Grippotyphosa isolates closely resembled serovar Grippotyphosa, strain Duyster, which has been isolated from a Dutch patient. Because of apparent phenotypic and genotypic differences between the strains Moskva V and Duyster, we propose two different types within serovar Grippotyphosa, namely type Moskva and type Duyster. Distribution of type Duyster is restricted to Western Europe. Strikingly, only a few serovars were isolated from the eyes of horses with ERU. A number of other commonly occurring serovars, such as Copenhageni, were not found, whereas the presence of antibodies in blood and eye fluids against such serovars suggests that infection occurs. Therefore, we hypothesize that, while many pathogenic serovars might be able to penetrate the eyes, only few are capable to persist.
Purification and Characterization of a novel Staphylococcus chromogenes Exfoliative Toxin
Authors: Sato H. , Hirose K. , Terauchi R. , Abe S. , Moromizato I. , Kurokawa S. , Maehara N.
Published: April 2004

Staphylococcus chromogenes strains were isolated in pure culture from six to eight adult pigs affected with exudative epidermitis (EE), while those were isolated from healthy adult pigs, piglets affected with EE and healthy piglets at low rate. The culture filtrates (CFs) of the above isolates caused rounding effect on cultured cells and exfoliation in 1‐day‐old chickens. The exfoliative toxin was isolated from CF of a strain (PC‐16) possessed strong toxic activity and designated S. chromogenes exfoliative toxin (SCET). The SCET was purified by gel filtration on a Sephadex G‐75 column, and sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE). The purified SCET caused exfoliation in 1‐day‐old chickens. The SCET has no caseinolytic protease activity. The SCET was serologically different from S. aureus exfoliative toxins (ETA, ETB and ETC), S. hyicus exfoliative toxins (SHETA and SHETB), and S. intermedius exfoliative toxin (SIET). The molecular weights of SCET (30 kDa) were slightly larger than those of ETs (27 kDa) and SHETs (27 kDa), but almost same as SIET. The SCET caused exfoliation in 1‐day‐old chickens, but not in suckling mice. The SCET was a heat‐stable toxin as well as a S. aureus exfoliative toxin A (ETA). When SCET was inoculated subcutaneously into piglets, the exfoliation were observed in the skin of piglets after 24 h of injection.
Effect of different anaesthetic regimes on the oculocardiac reflex during paediatric strabismus surgery
Authors: HAHNENKAMP KLAUS , HÖNEMANN CHRISTIAN W. , FISCHER LARS G. , DURIEUX MARCEL E. , MUEHLENDYCK HERMANN , BRAUN ULRICH
Published: April 2004

The oculocardiac reflex (OCR) is induced by mechanical stimulation and therefore is frequently encountered during strabismus surgery. This study was designed to determine how various anaesthetic regimes modulate the haemodynamic effects of the OCR during paediatric strabismus surgery. Thirty‐nine patients (4–14 years, ASA I) were randomized to one of four anaesthetic regimes: group P: propofol (12 mg·kg–1·h–1) and alfentanil (0.04 mg·kg–1·h–1); group S: sevoflurane 1–1.2 MAC in 30% O2/70% N2O; group K: ketamine racemate (10–12 mg·kg–1·h–1) and midazolam (0.3–0.6 mg·kg–1·h–1; group H: halothane 1–1.2 MAC in 30% O2/70% N2O. Electrocardiogram (ECG), beat‐to‐beat heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) changes were measured during and after a standardized traction was applied to an external eye muscle (4–6 Newton, 90 s). OCR was defined as a 10% change in HR induced by traction. OCR occurred in 77% of patients. Whereas virtually all patients in the P, H and S groups developed OCR, only 22% developed it in group K. Median HR change in group P (–37 bpm) was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than in group H (–17 bpm) or group K (–7 bpm). Median BP change in group K (+10 mmHg) was significantly different (P < 0.05) from group H (–5 mmHg), group S (–3 mmHg) and group P (–8 mmHg). Atrioventricular rhythm disorders were significantly more frequent in group P compared with group K (P < 0.02). Respiration‐induced sinus dysrhythmia was significantly less frequent (P < 0.001) in group K (0%), compared with group P (100%), group H (56%) and group S (55%). Of the anaesthetic techniques studied, ketamine anaesthesia is associated with the least haemodynamic changes induced by OCR during strabismus surgery in paediatric patients.
Coral reef cascades and the indirect effects of predator removal by exploitation
Authors: Dulvy Nicholas K. , Freckleton Robert P. , Polunin Nicholas V. C.
Published: April 2004

Fisheries exploitation provides the opportunity to examine the ecosystem‐scale biodiversity consequences of predator removal. We document predatory reef fish densities, coral‐eating starfish densities and coral reef structure along a 13‐island gradient of subsistence exploitation in Fiji. Along the fishing intensity gradient, predator densities declined by 61% and starfish densities increased by three orders of magnitude. Reef‐building corals and coralline algae declined by 35% and were replaced by non‐reef building taxa (mainly filamentous algae), as a result of starfish predation. Starfish populations exhibited thresholds and Allee‐type dynamics: population growth was negative under light fishing intensities and high predator densities, and positive on islands with higher fishing intensities and low predator densities. These results suggest the depletion of functionally important consumer species by exploitation can indirectly influence coral reef ecosystem structure and function at the scale of islands.
‘Appropriate’ Policy Knowledge, and Institutional and Governance Implications
Authors: Bell Stephen
Published: April 2004

The papers in this special section of AJPA are the product of a symposium held in Brisbane in February 2003, which was jointly sponsored by the School of Political Science and International Studies at the University of Queensland and the Queensland Department of Premier and Cabinet. Three papers were delivered. David Adams, from the Victorian Public Service, delivered a paper entitled ‘Usable knowledge and public policy’. Wayne Parsons, from the University of London, gave a paper ‘Not just steering but weaving: Relevant knowledge and the craft of building policy capacity’. Randal Stewart, a policy consultant based in Sydney, gave a paper entitled ‘Public sector reform knowledge production’. The purposes of this paper are to highlight salient points from the papers and to assess briefly the institutional and governance implications of taking at last some steps beyond the currently prevailing rationalist approaches to policy and governance.
Usable Knowledge in Public Policy
Authors: Adams David
Published: April 2004

The range of usable information for public policy is complex and distributed but policy debate is still dominated by instrumental and centralised information constructed and controlled by functional and managerial experts—the creed of expertise. In recent years other types of ‘usable’ knowledge has begun to flow back into policy streams and in particular local knowledge (sometimes called community knowledge) is staging a major revival. This inductive knowledge is now being merged with the deductive paradigms of new public management.

In the first section I illustrate the key features of expert‐based knowledge and how it pervades our thinking about how policy happens and the valued content of policy. Then I outline the types of usable information that flows into government and therefore constitutes the basic building blocks for knowledge. Finally, I drill down to expand on the idea of community knowledge and illustrate what it actually looks like.
Not Just Steering but Weaving: Relevant Knowledge and the Craft of Building Policy Capacity and Coherence
Authors: Parsons Wayne
Published: April 2004

The whole process of royal weaving is comprised—never to allow temperate natures to be separated from the brave, but to weave them together, like the warp and the woof, by common sentiments and honour and reputation, and by the giving of pledges to one another; and out of them forming one smooth and even web, to entrust to them the offices of State.

(Plato 1892:517–8)

This paper explores the theory and practice of building policy capacity and coherence and in particular focuses on its epistemological and ontological aspects and assumptions. It argues that designing for capacity and coherence has been overwhelmingly concerned with improving the instrumental rationality of policy‐making through a more systematic and strategic use of knowledge. However, I argue that this instrumentalism has meant that designing has worked within a very tightly constructed epistemological regime which has tended to neglect non‐instrumentalist approaches to policy knowledge and learning. I review some of these non‐instrumentalist approaches and suggest that they provide both a critique of the dominant paradigm and offer alternative ways of framing the problem of building policy capacity and coherence.
Visual stress theory and its application to reading and reading tests
Authors: Wilkins Arnold , Huang Jie , Cao Yue
Published: April 2004

This paper presents a theory of visual stress. The theory is applied to the assessment of symptoms of visual stress and its treatment with coloured filters. The theory has implications for standard reading assessments that relate both to the visual skills and the age of the children taking the tests. These implications are reviewed, with the conclusion that insufficient attention is paid to visual factors in reading, particularly in the design of reading tests.
Biomechanical Evaluation of Suture Pullout from Canine Arytenoid Cartilages: Effects of Hole Diameter, Suture Configuration, Suture Size, and Distraction Rate
Authors: Mathews Kyle G. , Roe Simon , Stebbins Marty , Barnes Roy , Mente Peter L.
Published: April 2004

Objective—To evaluate the mechanical properties of canine arytenoid cartilage–suture constructs.

Study Design—Experimental study.

Sample Population—Eighty canine cadaveric larynges.

Methods—Arytenoid cartilage–suture constructs were loaded to failure on a materials testing machine. The effect of hole size, suture configuration, suture size, and rate of distraction on load at failure, displacement at failure, energy to failure, and construct stiffness were evaluated. Polypropylene sutures were used exclusively. Specific variables evaluated were: (1) hole size—SH needle, 22, 20, and 18 ga hypodermic needles; (2) suture configurations—single dorsal and ventral articular sutures, double sutures, horizontal mattress, locking loop, and single non‐articular sutures; (3) suture size—1, 0, 2‐0, and 3‐0; and (4) distraction rate—0.83 and 36.66 mm/s.

Results—Hole size had no effect on any biomechanical variable. Double suture and horizontal mattress configurations had the highest median load and energy at failure. Single dorsal suture configurations that did not include the arcuate crest had the lowest median load at failure. Larger suture sizes tended to result in stiffer constructs. Cartilage–suture constructs behaved in a viscoelastic manner where load at failure, energy at failure, and stiffness increased when distraction rate was increased, whereas displacement at failure did not. Most constructs failed by suture pullout regardless of distraction rate, although 50% of horizontal mattress configurations failed by avulsion of the muscular process.

Conclusion—Suture and hole sizes appear to have few effects on the biomechanical performance of arytenoid–suture constructs. Double‐suture and horizontal mattress suture patterns had the best overall mechanical properties for arytenoid lateralization. Single‐suture techniques, which do not incorporate the arcuate crest, were biomechanically inferior.

Clinical Relevance—Cumbersome large‐diameter sutures offer no advantage over smaller sutures when performing arytenoid lateralization. The cross‐sectional geometry of the muscular process should be taken into account when placing sutures in the arytenoid cartilages. Single‐suture techniques that do not incorporate the arcuate crest should be avoided.
Survey of Prokinetic Use in Horses with Gastrointestinal Injury
Authors: Van Hoogmoed Linda M. , Nieto Jorge E. , Snyder Jack R. , Harmon Faye A.
Published: April 2004

Objective—To report prokinetic strategies used to manage horses after gastrointestinal surgery.

Design—Electronic questionnaire.

Sample Population—Diplomates of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS) who perform equine intestinal surgery

Procedure—A survey (21 questions) designed to determine use of prokinetic agents was sent electronically to 112 ACVS Diplomates known to perform equine intestinal surgery. Several clinical scenarios were also described to determine which, if any, prokinetic agent respondents would select.

Results—Responses were obtained from 58 (52%) surgeons from 44 clinics. Selection of prokinetic agent for specific gastrointestinal conditions was relatively uniform whereas there was considerable variation in dose administered. For postoperative ileus (POI) associated with most intestinal lesions, 2% lidocaine was most commonly selected. Other prokinetics in decreasing frequency of use were erythromycin lactobionate, metoclopramide, and cisapride. Prokinetic agents were more commonly administered after small intestine strangulating obstructions and less commonly for large intestinal lesions. No novel agents were identified by respondents.

Conclusions—Prokinetic drugs are commonly used for the management and/or attenuation of POI in horses, but dosages and routes of administration are variable.

Clinical Relevance—Although prokinetics are commonly used for management of POI in horses there is clearly a need for more controlled studies to define efficacious dosing and a need to develop new prokinetic drugs.
Evaluation of a Technique for Collection of Cancellous Bone Graft from the Proximal Humerus in Horses
Authors: Harriss Fiona K. , Galuppo Larry D. , Decock Hilde E. V. , Mcduffee Laurie A. , Macdonald Melinda H.
Published: April 2004

Objectives— To describe a technique for collecting cancellous bone graft from the proximal humerus in horses.

Study design— Prospective evaluation of an experimental bone graft collection technique

Animal population— Eight horses, 3–15 years, weighing 495–605 kg.

Methods— Horses were anesthetized and positioned in lateral recumbency. The lateral aspect of the proximal humerus was exposed by a 7–10‐cm incision extending distally from the greater humeral tubercle, followed by sharp dissection through the omotransversarius muscle and between the infraspinatus and deltoideus muscles. A 12‐mm cortical defect was incrementally created in the lateral proximal humerus. Human bone graft harvesting equipment (Acumed®, Beaverton, OR) was drilled through this defect to collect a core of cancellous bone. In five horses additional cancellous bone was then collected with conventional instruments. Bone samples were weighed and histologically examined. Horses were monitored and graded for quality of anesthetic recovery, incisional complications, and postoperative lameness.

Results— Total mean (±SD) surgical time for harvesting bone with the Acumed® system and traditional techniques (n=5) was 38±6 minutes (range, 32–47 minutes). Mean cancellous bone weight collected with the Acumed® system was 3.6±0.8 g (range, 2.0–4.6 g), and cancellous bone collected conventionally was 25.6±7.5 g (range, 16.8–34.2 g). Minimal incisional complications or postoperative lameness were observed. Mortality was 12.5%; one horse fractured the operated humerus during anesthetic recovery.

Conclusion— The Acumed® system provided limited cancellous bone when used with the technique described. However, the quantity of cancellous bone collected with traditional harvesting instruments was comparable to other sites used in horses. The procedure was associated with minimal postoperative incisional complications or lameness, but because one horse suffered a catastrophic humeral fracture further research is required to assess the effects of this procedure on humeral breaking strength.

Clinical Relevance— Based on the risk of catastrophic fracture, this technique cannot be recommended for use in clinical cases, especially if an unassisted recovery from general anesthesia is planned.
Integrated Literature Review of Continuity of Care: Part 1, Conceptual Issues
Authors: Sparbel Kathleen J. H. , Anderson Mary Ann
Published: April 2004

Purpose: Continuity of patient care is a fundamental tenet of professional nursing, yet comprehension of the concept and related issues remains elusive. The purpose of this study was to explore issues associated with definitions, related concepts, and research methods of continuity of care through systematic literature‐based study. In Part 1 of this two‐part series, definitions and related concepts, factors, and variables associated with continuity of care were explored.

Design: Qualitative, integrated literature review of a sample of 38 nursing research articles about continuity of care, 1990–1995.

Methods: Ganong's (1987) stages of an integrative research review guided this study. A data collection tool was developed and pilot tested, and rules for data analysis and interpretation were established. Research articles were systematically analyzed and reported using descriptive analysis.

Findings and conclusions: No consensus was found in the literature about the conceptual definition of continuity of care. Continuity of patient care is a multifactorial concept affected by environmental influences, communication, patient, professional, and system factors.
Nursing Education at an Art Gallery
Authors: Wikström Britt‐Maj
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To introduce an experiential teaching‐learning method in nursing education based on art gallery visits. Works of art communicate a broad spectrum of human experiences and thoughts, and can be useful when studying interpersonal relations.

Design: Theoretical framework on experiential learning was based on writings of Dewey and Burnard. Data were collected from nursing students (N = 206) at a university college of health sciences in Sweden during a 3‐year period, 1995–1998.

Method: The pedagogical approach was experiential and based on three phases: observation, conceptualisation, and reflection. When students visited the art gallery, they were encouraged to look for metaphoric expressions of interpersonal relations. Students were asked to interpret the art, report findings to fellow‐students, and evaluate the program.

Findings: Studying works of art was a powerful teaching‐learning method for understanding interpersonal relations. Students related interpretations of a work of art to interpersonal relations in nursing.

Conclusions: Nursing students' observations and understanding of interpersonal relations were enhanced by the art gallery program.
End‐of‐Life Decision Making for Nursing Home Residents with Dementia
Authors: Forbes Sarah , Bern‐Klug Mercedes , Gessert Charles
Published: April 2004

Purpose: To describe families' decision‐making processes, both cognitive and affective, regarding end‐of‐life treatments for nursing home residents with moderately severe to very severe dementia.

Design: Naturalistic inquiry provided the framework for this descriptive, qualitative study.

Methods: Four focus groups were conducted in selected nursing homes, in the central part of the United States for a qualitative study. Twenty‐eight family members of residents with moderately severe to severe dementia shared their decision‐making experiences. Open‐ended questions were asked in each focus group. Data were analyzed using content analysis.

Findings: Five themes were identified that describe the context of decision making: emotional effect, insult‐to‐life story, two faces of death, values and goals regarding end‐of‐life treatments, and the unrecognized trajectory of dying. Family members made decisions in an emotional climate of overwhelming burden and guilt, because their loved one's life had been robbed of personhood, the changes associated with decline from a dementia‐related illness were unrecognized as part of a trajectory of dying, death was both a tragedy and a blessing.

Conclusions: Family members had poignant, unresolved emotional needs stemming from their loved one's illness and nursing home placement. Participants were unprepared to make end‐of‐life treatment decisions and lacked the informational and emotional support of a consistent provider to help with decisions. Family members need assistance in processing difficult and painful emotions, understanding the trajectory of disease, what decisions might impede a natural death, and comfort or palliative care options.