bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
P. R. Dubhashi. Policy and Performance, Agricultural and Rural
Development in Post-Independence India. New Delhi: Sage Publications.
1986. 320 pp.List of References; Index. Price (hardbound edition)
Rupees (Indian) 185.00.
Authors: Sarmad Khwaja
Published: August 2018

This book is a fine and straightforward account of the
socioeconomic dynamics of the formulation of agricultural and rural
development policies in post-independence India. It makes a critical
appraisal of the process of policy formulation at various levels of
government, of the circumstances in which these policies evolved, and of
the impact of those policies on the process of rural transformation. It
outlines the case for an integrated agricultural policy in the future,
which pays equal attention to distributional and production aspects of
the development process so that the imbalances that have plagued Indian
agricultural and rural development policy in the past are avoided. The
author has had a long experience of agricultural and rural development
administration, which provides a rich background for this book and
enables the author to have a systemic outlook on agricultural policies.
In addition, the author has made use of an impressive array of reports
of various committees and commissions on agricultural and rural
development, relevant Parliamentary proceedings and other Government
documents as well as related published work to paint a compelling
picture of agricultural and rural development policy and performance in
India.
Wilfred Ethier. Modern International Economics. New York: W. W.
Norton and Company. 1983. xviii + 588 pp.
Authors: Burney Nadeem A.
Published: August 2018

Its been long recognized that various economies of the world
are interlinked through international trade. The experience of the past
several years, however, has demonstrated that this economic
interdependence is far greater than was previously realized. In this
context, the importance of international economic theory as an area
distinct from general economics hardly needs any mentioning. What gives
international economic theory this distinction is international markets
for some goods and effects of national sovereignty on the character of
economic activity. Wilfred Ethier's book, which incorporates recent
developments in the field, is an excellent addition to textbooks on
international economics for one- or twosemester undergraduate courses.
The book mostly covers standard topics. A distinguishing feature of this
book is its detailed analysis of the flexible exchange rates and a
discussion of the various approaches used for their determination.
Within each chapter, the author has extensively used facts, figures and
major events to clarify the concepts in the light of the theoretical
framework. The book also discusses, in a fair amount of detail, the
existing international monetary system and the role of various
international organizations.
Macroeconomic Policy and Private Investment in Pakistan
Authors: Khan Ashfaque H.
Published: August 2018

This paper demonstrates that a theoretically consistent
investment function for a developing country like Pakistan can be
specified and estimated. A variant of the flexible accelerator model was
modified to Incorporate the special features of developing countries.
Within the framework of the model thus derived, the impact of fiscal and
monetary policies on private investment has been examined.
Economic Development and Traditional Social Structures: Some
Theoretical Considerations
Authors: Mumtaz Soofia
Published: August 2018

This paper discusses some issues currently preoccupying social
scientists with respect to the process of development and its
implications for Third World countries. These issues have become highly
significant considering the momentum and nature of the development
process being launched in the so-called "underdeveloped" world, within
the context of modern nation-states. Therefore, in this paper, we seek
to identify: (a) What is meant by development; (b) How the encounter
between this process and traditional social structures (with their own
functional logic, based on earlier forms of production and social
existence) takes place; (c) What the implications of this encounter are;
and (d) What lessons we can learn in this regard from history and
anthropology. Development as a planned and organized process, the prime
issue concerning both local and Western experts in Third World
countries, is a recent phenomenon in comparison to the exposure of Third
World countries to the Western Industrial system. The former gained
momentum subsequent to the decolonization of the bulk of the Third World
in the last half of this century, whereas the latter dates to at least
the beginning of this century, if not earlier, when the repercussions of
colonization, and later the two World Wars, became manifest in these
countries.
Input Use and Productivity across Farm Sizes: A Comparison of the
Two Punjabs
Authors: Mukhtar Eshya Mujahid , Mukhtar Hanid
Published: August 2018

Agricultural production depends upon certain crucial inputs
e.g., water, fertilizer etc. In the less developed regions of South Asia
in general, and the indo-Pakistan sub-continent in particular, the use
of these inputs depends not only upon the financial affordability but
also upon the institutional accessibility of farmers to these inputs.
Besides high economic costs, bureaucratic controls and corruption
regarding the distribution of inputs have created problems of limited
accessibility, especially to the small farmers. In the absence of any
credit, information and/or input distribution networks, the use of these
inputs, and related productivity gains, become confined to that class of
farmers which not only has better access to these inputs but is capable
of using them in the best possible way e.g. use of water and fertilizer
in the appropriate amount and at the appropriate time. This paper
attempts to study how input use and input productivity vary across farm
sizes, with some reference to the infrastructural and institutional
factors, whose development play an important role in improving the
distribution and productivity of inputs. For such an analysis, a
comparison of the two Punjabs i.e. Pakistani and Indian Punjabs,
presents an ideal framework, Separated by a national boundary since
1947, the two Punjabs enjoy a common history and culture, similar
agricultural practices and agro-climatic conditions, Government policies
in the two Punjabs, however, have not only differed between the two
provinces at the same time, but also over time in the same province. It
may be noted that due to certain policy measures, land distribution,
tenancy conditions, promotion of agricultural co-operatives and
provision of infrastructural features, such as roads and electricity,
are relatively more improved in Indian than Pakistani Punjab.
Microeconomic Analysis of the Informal Sector - Results of Sample
Surveys
Authors: Cohen S. I. , Avinga Ivo C. H
Published: August 2018

In earlier studies of the informal sector, and in particular
in its association with small-scale, cottage and household manufacturing
industries (HM), this sector was commonly considered as economically
backward, low-income and offering few possibilities for raising
productive employment. Later studies, by Allal and Chutta (1982)
questioned this view , and noted, in addition, that informal activities
are an important source of income and employment for a large portion of
the population and will remain so over a long period to come and cannot
be neglected , therefore, in t he design of development policies. The
recognition of the importance of this sector has not removed two major
obstacles in the investigation of the sector: data and viable analytical
frameworks. Additional insight in the sector requires primary data
collection of an unregistered population, and developing an analytical
framework for studying settings with significant institutional
influences. ll1is paper reports on the collection of primary data and on
an analytical framework which were applied in a field survey of the
informal sector in the context of urban areas in Pakistan
Evidence of Fertility Decline in Karachi
Authors: Sattar Zeba A. , Akhtar Afifa
Published: August 2018

From most accounts of demographic transition in other
societies it is expected that fertility is more likely to undergo
changes in urban areas and these differences in reproductive behaviour
will permeate only at a later stage to rural areas. In the light of the
persistently high rate of population growth in Pakistan, fertility
levels have acquired acute importance. Growth rates have been found to
be ever higher in the urban areas of Pakistan and are estimated to be
over 4 percent per annum as compared to a growth rate of 3 percent for
Pakistan as a whole. The higher urban rate of growth has been attributed
both to lower mortality and higher marital fertility in urban areas in
combination with substantial rural to urban migration. Whereas in most
societies, urban fertility is found to be lower than rural fertility
(Alam and Casterline 1983) this was not the case for Pakistan. Earlier
findings based on the Pakistan Fertility Survey 1975 and the Population
Labour Force and Migration Survey 1979' both found that urban marital
fertility exceeded rural marital fertility whereas, the total fertility
rate as an outcome of later marriage patterns urban areas, was slightly
lower than in rural areas [A1am el (II. (1983); Sothor
(1979)).
A SAM-based General Equilibrium Model of the Pakistan Economy
1983-84
Authors: Dhanani Shafiq
Published: August 2018

Interest in Social Accounting Matrices as extensions of
input-output tables has grown tremendously in the last ten years both
for the purpose of obtaining a better descriptive analysis of the many
intersect oral interdependencies in an economy and of household income
distribution , and as data framework for macroeconomic modelling. The
objective of this paper is to make use of a social accounting matrix for
Pakistan on one hand and a general equilibrium model framework on the
other hand to gauge the quantitative impact on the country as a whole of
alternative policy options and external shock scenarios. The policy
options and external shocks simulated here and the economic indicators
used for this purpose are shown in Table I.
The Development of Rural People: Myths and Approaches (The
Quaid-i-Azam Lecture)
Authors: Khan Mahmood Hasan
Published: August 2018

Most rural populations in underdeveloped countries are poor,
no matter how one defines poverty. The rural poor are neither a
homogeneous group, nor is the incidence of poverty equally distributed
among them. They do, however, share the underlying causes of their
poverty. Landlessness (or absence of productive land) and poor prospects
of employment at low wage rates are among the major factors. In some
regions, the natural and physical environment exacerbates the conditions
of poverty, even if the poor have reasonable entitlements to land. The
prospects of improved living conditions for the rural poor depend on
many factors. The major ones seem to be (a) population growth, (b)
technical progress, (c) markets, and (d) public policy environment. The
contribution of each of these factors is not easy to identify, because
they act on the human condition in an interdependent and complex way. In
most underdeveloped countries, the forces of market and government
policies tend to work against the rural poor.
Development Policy in a Multi-provincial Economy (Invited
Lecture)
Authors: Khan M. Ali
Published: August 2018

In this paper, we present a stylized model for the study of
development policy in a less developed country with several (rural)
provinces, each with its own local economy, and a federal (urban) sector
with a relatively more developed economic structure. A distinguishing
characteristic of the model is that labour from each province is easily
distinguishable from that of any other on the basis of (say) language,
race, ethnicity, caste, gender or simply, accent. Each province has
economic ties to the federal sector and to the world economy but no
direct ties to any other province. Inter-provincial economic relations
are a consequence of the relation which each province bears to the
federal sector and to the world economy. The object of the study is to
bring out how closely interwoven the economy is despite the assumption
of no direct economic relations between any two provinces. In
particular, we would like to study the effect of a variety of economic
policies on the economy of one province when such policies are primarily
directed at the economy of another province. Our model illustrates, in a
rather dramatic way, how the fortunes or misfortunes of a particular
province impinge on those of the others and how attempts by
policy-makers to alleviate or exploit the economic successes or failures
of one province have economic consequences for the economies of all the
others.
What Remains of the Case for Flexible Exchange Rates? (Invited
Lecture)
Authors: Laidler David P.
Published: August 2018

In the 1950s and 1960s, there was much support among academic
economists for abandoning the Bretton Woods System in favour of a system
of flexible exchange rates. Such proposals had their opponents, of
course, some of whom, for example Robert Triffin (l960), believed that,
if anything. the Bretton Woods System granted too much, rather than too
little, scope to individual national governments to vary their exchange
rates. Nevertheless, at that time, the weight of professional opinion
was against them, and when exchange rate flexibility was adopted in the
1970s, economists by and large welcomed it. This change in policy regime
was not, however, the outcome of reforms undertaken in the light of
academic arguments; although these did have some influence in some
places, not least the United Kingdom.' Nevertheless, the single most
important factor leading to the demise of the Bretton Woods System was
not the acceptance of any academic arguments about how to make the
international monetary system function more’ smoothly. It was something
much more down to earth, namely the unwillingness of certain
governments, notably that of West Germany, to accept the balance of
payments and hence domestic inflationary consequences of United States
fiscal and monetary policies associated with the Vietnam War.
Azizur Rahman Khan and Rehman Sobhan (eds). Trade, Planning and
Rural Development: Essays in Honour of Nurul Islam. (UK): Macmillan
Press Hardbound. 236 pp.
Authors: Malik Sohail J.
Published: August 2018

This edited volume of essays by colleagues and admirers was
published to celebrate the 60th birthday of Professor Nurul Islam. The
three broad themes covered by these essays were chosen to reflect the
three major periods in the professional life of this noted economist as
the emphasis of his work shifted from trade to planning and then to
issues of rural development. Of course, these three areas do not
comprehensively cover the prolific and diverse contributions made by
Professor Islam but are indicative of the progression of his
professional life. There are fourteen essays in this book: five on trade
and aid; three on planning and development; and five on rural
development. The fourteenth essay in lieu of a conclusion is categorised
as "a personal reminiscence" by Sir Austin Robinson.
Hastings Donnan and Pnina Werbner (eds). Economy and Culture in
Pakistan: Migrants and Cities in a Muslim Society. London: Macmillan.
1991. 268 pp.
Authors: Haque Ziaul
Published: August 2018

Modem economic factors and forces are rapidly transforming the
world into a single society and economy in which the migration of people
at the national and international levels plays an important role.
Pakistan, as a modem nation, has characteristically been deeply
influenced by such migrations, both national and international. The
first great exodus occurred in 1947 when over eight million Indian
Muslims migrated from different parts of India to Pakistan. Thus, from
the very beginning mass population movements and migrations have been
woven into Pakistan's social fabric through its history, culture and
religion. These migrations have greatly influenced the form and
substance of the national economy, the contours of the political system,
patterns of urbanisation and the physiognomy of the overall culture and
history of the country. The recent political divide of Sindh on
rural/Sindhi, and urban/non-Sindhi, ethnic and linguistic lines is the
direct result of these earlier settlements of these migrants in the
urban areas of Sindh.
Islamic Banking in Iran and Pakistan: A Comparative Study
Authors: Anwar Muhammad
Published: August 2018

In recent years, several Muslim countries have made ambitious
attempts to practise Islamic banking. Iran and Pakistan appear to be
particularly active in transforming their banking and financial sectors
completely in line with the dictates of shariah [N aqvi (1981)]. The
present study aims to contribute to the understanding of the process of
Islamisation of banking in these countries. This kind of understanding,
it is believed, is important for policy-makers guiding the Islamisation
process anywhere in the world. The study tracks, over a period of a
decade, the routes Iran and Pakistan have taken to attain their avowed
objective, and focusses on the common concerns they share in their
respective pursuits. The study also discusses the ~iverging sets of
problems faced by these countries. The limited amount of empirical
research in the area of Islamic banking has left many policy-related
questions unanswered. One reason for the scarcity of studies on the
subject has been the lack of suitable information. However, with the
availability of some patchy but useful data at hand it is now possible
to arrive at some interesting conclusions in a systematic
fashion.
Wheat Price Policies in Pakistan: Should there be a
Subsidy?
Authors: Ender Gary , Wasay Abdul , Mahmood Aklitar
Published: August 2018

In the 1980s, Pakistan's wheat policies taxed its producers
and subsidised its consumers. Moreover, the post-rationing, open-ended
system of releases has increased the burden on the government budget.
The Government now faces severe shortages of resources at a time when
human capital and physical infrastructure must be developed and
maintained. This paper reviews wheat price policies in Pakistan
and,patterns of wheat consumption over time, and makes recommendations
for policy changes. Wheat is the dominant rabi, or winter, crop.
However, about half the wheat is grown after cotton. Most of this wheat
is planted late and yields substantially less than it could if planted
earlier because the producer price and profitability of wheat are
depressed by government policies. While cotton prices are also depressed
by the Government, cotton, and in particular a fourth picking, remains
highly profitable, even with new, earlier varieties. CIMMYT studies have
shown that wheatcotton farmers are rational in planting wheat late,
given the prices they receive. 1 The average wheat yield has risen since
the Green Revolution, due to the adoption of HYVs. However, the yields
of HYVs have not risen, After they harvest their wheat, farmers can sell
it to the Government (namely to the Pakistan Agricultural Storage and
Services Corporation (PASS CD) or the provincial food departments) at
the procurement price, or to a private trader at the market price. Thus
two prices prevail in the market at any given time. Wheat moves through
both channels primarily because of differences in quality.
Just Adjustment Protecting the Vulnerable and Promoting
Growth
Authors: Banuri Tariq
Published: August 2018

This paper is a follow up in the Pakistani context of the
issues raised in UNICEFs classic contribution to the political economy
of development, Adjustment With a Human Face [Cornia, Jolly and Stewart
(1987), henceforth AWHF]. It tries to set out the issues involved in
understanding why despite four decades of development has there not been
a significant move towards meeting the basic needs of the population.
Our argument is that reliance on the cultural norms of justice and
humanness - particularly as regards vulnerable groups - as the basis of
choosing priorities and designing policies, is a means and not an
obstacle to systainable growth and structural adjustment. Structural
adjustment, namely changes in a ~untry's production and consumption
structure, becomes necessary when expenditures begin to exceed incomes
systematically. However, orthodox adjustment programmes have often been
criticised because they have tended to retard growth in poor countries,
and to shift the burden onto vulnerable groups. In the tradition of this
literature, we argue not against the necessity of structural adjustment,
but against the adverse entailments of such adjustment. Hence the title,
"Just Adjustment".
The Effects of Rate and Variability of Inflation on Output Growth
Variability: Evidence from Selected Countries
Authors: Abbas Kalbe
Published: August 2018

The relationship between the inflation rate and its
variability and its effect on output growth has been investigated widely
during the last two decades. Higher inflation rates lead to higher
variability in inflation which causes greater uncertainty in production
and investment decisions. Consequently output growth is distorted. Logue
and Sweeney (1981) argue that there is a positive effect of the
inflation rate and its variability on the variability of real economic
growth. In contrast to the fmdings of Logue and Sweeney (1981),
Katsimbris (1985), using country level data (without pooling) for
eighteen DECD countries, does not find support for the positive
relationship between the inflation rate and its variability and output
growth variability. According to him the positive and significant
results obtained by Logue and Sweeney from the cross-section (pooled)
data are not reliable because of the aggregation bias. The present study
examines empirically the effects of inflation rate and its variability
on output growth variability in selected countries. 1 The plan of the
paper is as follows. Section 2 presents the methodology adopted in the
study. The results are presented in Section 3. The last section
summarises the main conclusions.
External Shocks and Domestic Adjustment in Pakistan
1970-1990
Authors: Sarmad Khwaja
Published: August 2018

A large current account deficit and an escalating external
debt burden have been the characteristic features of Pakistan's economic
performance during the decades of the seventies and eighties. The poor
performance stemmed largely from the severity of the external shocks -
large changes in external variables caused by sharp swings in the
behaviour of international goods and capital markets - and the
difficulty in adjusting to a worsening external scenario.· Some
perspective of the magnitude of the shocks that Pakistan's economy had
to suffer may be obtained from the following: the dollar denominated
unit value of imports increased by 23 percent in 1973, by 72 percent in
1974 and by another 13 percent in 1975. Import unit value rose again, on
an average, by 17 percent during 1979-1981; remittances increased
dramatically during the second half ofthe seventies amounting to as much
as the total value of exports during 1978-1986; debt service payments
have risen sharply since 1982 averaging over 40 percent of exports;
capital flows have declined to around 35 percent of exports after
reaching a peak level in 1975-1976; economic growth in trade partner
countries has slowed to around 3 percent per annum during 1982-1987
after a long period of fast expansion.1
Profitability, Productivity and Contractual Choice in
Agriculture
Authors: Mahmood Moazam
Published: August 2018

This paper examines cross-sectional trends in profitability,
and explains them through contractual choice. Producers attempt to
increase profits constrained by their production environments of
imperfect markets and imperfect information. Contractual choice then
offers an important variable which producers manipulate to increase
profitability.-These two critical conditions are seen to determine the
observed trends in the relationship between farm size and productivity.
The study examines two contrasting production environments, two villages
in the Punjab. The production enVironments of the canal colony village
has two exogenously imposed constraints, eviction of sharecoppers
through mechanisation, and a credit bias against small farms. This
weakens the traditionally posited inverse relationship, and leads to
profitability and productivity being positively related to farm size.
The production environment of the Southern Punjab village has an
additional endogenous constraint of an imperfect fixed rental market for
land. The consequent reliance on sharecropping leads productivity to
describe aU-shaped curve across farm size.
Consumption Linkages of Mechanical Wheat Production in
Pakistan
Authors: Musfafa Usman
Published: August 2018

In many developing countries like Pakistan, most research work
on farm mechanisation has focused especially on farm labour displacement
and income effects. These studies measure only the micro or direct
effect of mechanisation on a specific farm unit, area or locality. They
lack macro level impact of technologies that emerge from lin~ages
between farm and non-farm sectors and between farm and the household:
The importance of these production anq consumption linkages in
agricultural growth has been emphasised [Hazel and Roell (1983); Mellor
and Lele (1973); Mellor (1976); Yotopoulos and Nugent (1976)]. The
growth linkages between farm and non-farm economy are primarily due to
increases in household consumption expenditures. Increases in household
consumption expenditure is directly related to escalation in income.
Leontiefs (1951, 1966) inpu-output system provides a framework measure
the overall effect of farm mechanisation employment an income. King and
Byerlee (1977) measured links between changes income distribution and
its effect on employment. Rangarajan (1982); Hazel an Roell (1983)
showed that agricultural growth has substantial effects on other sectors
economy. Ahammed and Herdt (1983 1985) also used the input-output
system. The present study is basically an adoption of Ahammed and
Herdt's (1983) model. A system of linear homogenous equations which
permits solutions by simple matrix inversion operations hsa been
used.
Inaugural Address
Authors: Az1z Sartaj
Published: August 2018

It is a matter of great pleasure and privilege for me to
inaugurate the Eighth Annual General Meeting of the Pakistan Society of
Development Economists and to address such a distinguished group of
professional economists and policymakers. Many of you will recall Lord
Keynes famous remark, "Every politician is a slave of some defunct
economist". Perhaps the only way for a politician to escape that
Keynesian trap is to remain an economist. That is what I am trying to
do, but I have begun to realise that the principles of good economics
cannot always be reconciled with the requirements of politics.
Similarly, a Finance Minister cannot always be both popular and
patriotic at the same time. Often he has to make a deliberate choice of
taking unpopular decisions in the national interest.
Public and Private Net Savings in Developing Countries: Some
Empirical Tests for the Period 1972-88 (Distinguishedl Lecture)
Authors: Cornelisse Peter A. , Mortel Elma Van De
Published: August 2018

The severe shocks that rocked the world economy in the 1970s
and the ensuing efforts to adjust and to renew economic growth have had
a profound effect on the economic literature. Especially the external
and public debt problems which reached critical dimensions in many
countries attracted much attention. Thus, in the field of macroeconomics
financial issues have gained more prominence over the last two decades.
Studies relating to the fiscal deficit have been particularly numerous.
The critical size of national public debts, the contribution of the
public debt to external debt, the reduced confidence in the state as the
guide in socioeconomic development and the role of fiscal policy in
adjustment processes are among the main reasons for this increased
interest.
The Issue of Sustainability in Third World Food Production (The
Distinguishedl Lecture)
Authors: Urff Winfried Von
Published: August 2018

In spite of the fact that food production in developing
countries doubled over the last 25 years undernutrition is still widely
spread. At the beginning of the eighties, according to FAO, 335 to 494
million people in developing countries suffered from serious
undernutrition the difference being due to different concepts to
determine undernutrition on which scientist were unable to find a
consensus.) Unfortunately there is no recent comprehensive analysis of
the food situation comparable to those of previous World Food Surveys
but it can be taken for sure that the absolute number of undernourished
has increased. According to unofficial FAO sources a figure of 870
million was estimated for 1990 (22 percent of the total population in
developing countries) using the same concept that led to the figure of
494 million in 1979-81 (23 percent of the total population in developing
countries) which means that most probably the number of undernourished
increased at a rate slightly less than population growth.
Institutional Economics, Development Economics and Labour
Economics (The Distinguishedl Lecture)
Authors: Rodgers Gerry
Published: August 2018

It seems to be quite fashionable for economists to be
interested in institutions nowadays. At least, there is a growing
interest among economists in the economic effects of institutions
(reflected most obviously in the award of the 1991 Nobel Prize to Ronald
Coase). And quite a few books on the economics of institutions have been
coming out recently.! Sociologists are not impressed, of course.
Institutions are and always have been central to much sociological
theory. But for economists, an interest in institutions has in the past
been off the mainstream. One reason may be that it is difficult to reach
agreement on what institutions really represent, because there are so
many ways and levels at which one can consider them. One definition is
that "institutions are the humanly devised constraints that structure
political, economic and social interaction" [North (1991)]. "Humanly
devised" might seem too purposive for some tastes. Others refer to
"rules of a society or of organisations that facilitate co-ordination
among people by helping them form expectations which each person can
reasonably hold in dealing with others" (Ruttan and Hayami); or
"complexes of norms of behaviour that persist over time, by serving
collectively valued purposes" (Uphoff) [both cited in Nabli and Nugent
(l989a), p. 7].
Alia Ahmad. Women and Fertility in Bangladesh. New Delhi: Sage
Publications. 1991. 184 pp.Price: Indian Rs 185.
Authors: Mahmood Naushin
Published: August 2018

A book on the relationship between the status of women and
fertility, Ahmad's study is based on the available literature on the
subject as well as empirical findings from a small group of women in two
villages and Dhaka city in Bangladesh. The book comprises eight
chapters, out of which the first four are devoted to a review of earlier
studies and description of macro-level information on the determination
of women's status and fertility in traditional societies, including
Bangladesh. Then, based on the information collected from 58 rural and
20 urban women, the next three chapters present empirical results on the
status of women in the context of their perceptions about the value of
children, the demand for children and the costs of fertility regulation.
Each chapter, with a summary at the end, provides a variety of arguments
and some evidence on those aspects of women's status in Bangladesh which
are an outcome of the social and economic processes that tend to
perpetuate insecurity among a majority of women. The insecurity is
regarded as conducive to the high demand for children and preference for
sons. The book, thus, is not only a good source of information on
theoretical linkages between women's status and fertility but also
provides some evidence on the related issues in the context of
Bangladeshi society.
Peter Berman and M. E. Khan. Paying for India's Health Care. New
Delhi: Sage Publications. 1993. 326 pp.Hardbound. Indian Rs
295.00.
Authors: Mahmood Mir Annice
Published: August 2018

Health care systems in both developing and developed countries
are in a state of crisis. The burden of providing medical care for those
who require it is stretching government budgets'. To reduce the pressure
on the budgets, alternative measures, e.g., the introduction of a user
fee, have been taken so that the responsibility of financing health care
is shared by all. The use of such fees has become common practice even
in developing countries like India, where socialised medicine has formed
a major plank of social development. This crisis in the financing of
health care systems has resulted in the publication of numerous articles
and books describing the problems and suggesting the methods for their
solution, as well as experimenting with novel ways to provide the
finances needed for an efficient health care system. Thus, this book has
been published at a very opportune time.
Testing for the Onset of Fertility Decline: An Illustration with
the Case of Egypt
Authors: Rebeca Wong Hassan Zaky. , Sirageldin Ismail
Published: August 2018

This paper describes and illustrates how the economic
household production model can be taken as a frame of reference to test
the stage of the fertility transition for a given society. Egypt during
the 1970s and early 1980s is taken as the setting to illustrate the
test. Egyptian fertility trends from the mid-1960s to the early 1980s
puzzled demographers and social scientists. It was not known if Egypt
was at the onset of a' sustainable fertility decline by the early 1980s.
The illustration exercise shows that the Egyptian household fertility
behaviour during this period fits poorly with the model specification
corresponding to a post-transition society. We find that fertility by
the end of the 1970s was, not endogenous to other household decisions,
and conclude that a sustained decline in fertility was unlikely without
this endogeneity. These results agree with previous literature on the
fertility transition in Egypt. The paper concludes with limitations of
the empirical test presented, laying emphasis on the lessons learned to
examine the stage of the fertility transition in any society. The
conclusions also highlight the importance of considering the stage of
the transition in order to specify fertility models
appropriately.
Conflicting Interests and Structural Inflation: TUrkey,
1980-1990
Authors: Yeldan A . Erinc
Published: August 2018

The paper analyses the structural causes of the recent Turkish
inflationary episode. It is argued that monetary policies based on
credit tightening alone are not likely to yield the desired target of
price stabilisation. Instead. it is hypothesised that the underlying
sources of price inflation are affected by income inequality and
conflicting claims on national output; and that excessive credit
expansion serves mainly to accommodate the inertial inflation thereby
originated in the real sector. Given this hypothesis. the paper employs
a computable general equilibrium model to investigate four distinct
sources of structural inflation for the Turkish economy: (i) the
profit/rent inflation based on monopolistic mark-Ups over prime costs;
(ii) imported inflation due to the import-dependent structure of the
domestic industry; (iii) cost-push and demand inflation due to urban
wage claims; and (iv) inflation that results from the fiscal pressures
of the government's budget deficits. The general equilibrium model is in
the Keynesian tradition in determining the production level by aggregate
demand constraints. Furthermore. it accommodates oligopolistic mark-up
rules and working capital expenses for price determination. and nominal
wage fixity to determine the level of employment. The general
equilibrium analysis of the macro economy suggests that. over the
analysed period. conflicting claims of various social classes on
national output and conflicting rates of intersectoral accumulation
warranted by competing producer groups have become important sources of
disequilibria in the domestic economy; and that the distributional
conflict among socio-economic classes had a direct impact on the
formation of price movements.
The Demand for Fertility Control in Pakistan
Authors: Mahmood Naushin , Zahm G. M.
Published: August 2018

The shift from high to low fertility during the process of
modernisation may occur through a reduction in the demand for children
and an increase in deliberate fertility control behaviour of
individuals. This, in tum, depends on couple's positive attitudes and
willingness to adopt contraception and the easy availability and
accessibility of the means of fertility regulation. In social settings
like Pakistan where the desire for large family size exists and
deliberate family limitation is not very common, it is of great
importance to study the process of making family size choices and assess
the demand for fertility control which are very likely to influence the
future prospects of fertility change. A recent study in reviewing
population policy and family planning programme effectiveness in a
number of Third World countries including Pakistan has stressed on the
immediate need to estimate the potential demand for services and the
extent of such demand in specific areas and subgroups of population
[Freedman (1987»). The findings from WFS data on fertility desires for
many developing countries also suggest that if women fully implement
their stated desire for children and restrict themselves to wanted
births, substantial decline in fertility is likely to occur in a
majority of countries and unlikely in only a few [Lightboume (1988»).
Such findings are important in the context of Pakistan's fertility
situation where a significant number of women want to stop childbearing
and speculation about a substantial decline in fertility
exists.
Under-invoicing of Imports: A Case Study of Pakistan
Authors: Mahmood Zafar , Mahmood Riaz
Published: August 2018

Most of the developing countries, including Pakistan, set high
tariffs and stringent quantitative restrictions (QRs) to protect their
domestic industries from foreign competition and to raise tax revenues.
Both tariffs and QRs, due to the weak enforcement of controls, provide
incentives to smuggle goods through illegal channels and to
under-invoice imports through legal channels of trade to evade import
taxes. In particular, under-invoicing of imports challenge both the
abovementioned obj~ctives; that is. the under-invoicing of imports
confers much lower protection to domestic industries than that accorded
by statutory rates of import duties, while the tax revenues are lost as
import taxes are evaded. Tariff barriers, QRs, and foreign exchange
rationing give rise to black foreign exchange markets. Foreign
remittances and under-invoicing of exports are the major supply sources
of foreign exchange in black markets. On the other hand, the demand for
illegal foreign exchange comes largely from the nationals who want to
travel abroad, capital flight abroad, and the under-invoicing of imports
which requires the purchases of black market foreign exchange to make
full payment to the foreign exporter.
History of Development Economics
Authors: Oslington Paul
Published: August 2018

There are many ways we could approach the history of
development economics. We could tell a story of theories replacing and
supplementing each other, finishing with the current body of knowledge.
Alternatively we could explore the relationship between the evolution of
theory and the development experience. Another way of telling the story
would be to put the evolution of theory in a wider social, political and
philosophical context and explore the interactions. This historical
outline will be mainly restricted to the first and simplest method but
at certain points where insights from the other two methods can be
gained they will be used. Searching for the roots of development
economics is also problematic. One possible beginning for this
historical outline would be the beginnings of peoples reflections on the
evolution of societies, perhaps to the reflections embodied in early
mythology. A less extreme approach would begin with the first systematic
reflections on the material progress of societies. Moving closer to the
approach of most histories of development economics we could begin with
systematic reflections on the first industrial revolutions in Europe or
finally we could begin after World War II when this sort of enquiry was
applied to Asia, Africa and Latin America and began to be called
development economics. The beginning chosen depends on the purpose of
the history, and here because the focus is on the academic discipline of
development economics the story will begin after WWII.
On the Privatisation of Health Care in Pakistan
Authors: Mahmood Mir Annice
Published: August 2018

One of the manifestations of underdevelopment is malnutrition
and unhygienic living conditions. These contribute to lowering
productivity levels of labour thereby affecting both industrial and
agricultural output. This gives rise to other problems such as
unemployment, and underemployment which leads to falls in family income
and a consequent decline in living standards. The cycle is then
repeated. However, till the early 1970s most LDCs did not give due
weightage to the improvement of health conditions as they felt that
resources would be better utilised in the directly productive sectors of
the economy, for example, agriculture and industry to name two. However,
the last twenty years has seen, through the basic needs approach, the
role that health can play in promoting development. Expenditures in the
health sector came to be seen as investments in human capital. The
benefits of such investment became apparent from the improvement in the
quality of human resources which was reflected by increases. in
productivity of the labour force as well as by increasing the length of
the expected working life of labour. Thus the provision of better health
facilities has a two-fold effect: first it increases the productivity of
the existing labour force and, second it increases the quantity of human
resources available in the future by increasing the length of working
life. Keeping this in view, the Government of Pakistan's policy with
regard to the provision of health can be summarised in a five-point
agenda:
National Roads Requirements
Authors: Majeed Abdul
Published: August 2018

Although significant advances have been made in the theory and
practice of appraisal of roads projects, little is known about the
determination of the overall requirements of roads for a country as a
whole. Planners are often on the look out of a criteria for the same.
The development plans of Pakistan and India, particularly the Nagpur and
Bombay road plans of the latter, [Ministry of Shipping and Transport
(1984)] are an indication of the same. Comparisons of road length per
unit of area or population are commonly made between regions, countries,
etc. to highlight the availability or deficiency of roads. Rarely
mention is made of location and geographical factors and resource
constraints which are more relevant for the purpose. This paper intends
to identify factors affecting requirements of roads in a country and to
determine the form and strength of relationships of those variables to
overall requirements of roads, with a view to assist the authorities in
the formulation of policy for the development of roads in the
country.
Simulation Model for Distributions of Crop Yields Based on Farmer
Perception-A Case Study from Highland Balochistan, Pakistan
Authors: Mustafa Usman
Published: August 2018

Balochistan is a vast, arid rugged, sunbaked stretch of larid
with multicoloured mountain ranges and green juniper valleys. This is
the largest province of Pakistan in terms of area and the smallest in
terms of population. Seventy-five percent of its population earn their
livelihood from agriculture and livestock. The farmers are very poor and
the literacy rate in Balochistan is the lowest, only 10.06 percent and
in the case of the rural areas it is further decreased to 5.61 percent.
Only 35 percent of the cultivated area is irrigated [Government of
Balochistan (1991»). Balochistan has an arid or semi-arid climate with
annual precipitation varying from 50 mm in the West and over 400 mm in
the East. The rainfall distribution pattern is erratic with extremely
high and low temperatures [Kidd et al. (1988»). In such a harsh and
unpredictable environment and with a very low literacy rate amongst the
farmers, it is very difficult and expensive to get and generate
timeseries information from farmers on the distribution of field crops.
Information on yield of field crops of a specific area is vital for
planning and development of that area/location. The usual approach of
analysing yield distributions demand an extensive data base. There is a
need to provide a way to generate estimates of crop yield distributions
(over time) based on farmer interviews at any particUlar location or
area. There should be a rapid, inexpensive and objective way to measure
yield gaps between the potentials (from growth model) and farmers
experience. Area with large gaps can, therefore, be identified without
long running trials.
The Impact of the GOP's Wheat Pricing Policy on Flour
Prices
Authors: Ryan Joe , Khan Shaheen Rafi
Published: August 2018

The GOP attempts to influence flour prices by fixing its own
wholesale price for wheat-the "release price"-at below market levels. We
will try to determine who benefits from this intervention. In other
words is the open-ended subsidy passed on to consumers, does it end up
as excess profits for flour millers or is it dissipated in the pure
economic waste of excessive investment in mills .. The analysis has
implications for alternative subsidy options which will be considered.
The paper is divided into three sections. We will begin with a brief
institutional description which will set the framework for the following
economic and statistical analysis.
A Dynamic Model of Milk Production Response for Pakistan
Authors: Akmal Muhammad
Published: August 2018

Economists have long been analysing the determinants of milk
production while focusing on the relationship between milk price and
production. Brandow (1953) used a single equation regression procedure
to estimate the supply response function for the United States.
Halvorson (1955) also used a single equation regression .procedure to
analyse the determinants of milk production per cow and found milk
production to be highly price inelastic. In another study, Halvorson
(1958) used the Nerlovian distributed lag model to estimate both
short-run and long-run price elasticities of milk production. Here, he
found the long-run price elasticities of United States milk production
to be in the range of 0.30 to 0.50. Chen et af. (1972) estimated milk
production response for both a polynomial and a geometrically declining
distributed lag price structure. They found long-run price elasticity to
be 2.53. Buckwell (1982) adapted a theory of farm size demonstrated by
Kislev and Peterson (1982) to model milk production behaviour in England
and Wales. Burton (1984) used a model of the United Kingdom dairy sector
to determine simultaneously herd size, number of culls, replacement
heifer price, and milk price. In a recent study, Chavas and Kraus (1990)
developed a dynamic model of a dairy cow population and milk supply
response and applied it to the US Lake States. The authors also
calculated dynamic supply elasticities and found the response of supply
to market prices to be very inelastic in the short run.