bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In situ expression patterns of melanoma inhibitory activity 2 in healthy and diseased livers
Authors: Hellerbrand Claus , Bataille Frauke , Schlegel Jacqueline , Hartmann Arndt , Mühlbauer Marcus , Schölmerich Jürgen , Büttner Reinhard , Hofstädter Ferdinand , Bosserhoff Anja‐Katrin
Published: March 2005

Abstract: Recently we identified a novel gene of the MIA gene family, melanoma inhibitory activity 2 (MIA2) and found that MIA2 mRNA is selectively expressed in hepatocytes. Here, we analyzed the in situ expression of MIA2 protein and mRNA in healthy and diseased livers to get first insights into the function of MIA2.

Methods: We analyzed liver tissue of patients with chronic hepatitis C (HepC) infection and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) as well as a human multi‐tissue array, primary human hepatocytes and the hepatoma cell‐lines HepG2, Hep3B and PLC by immunohistochemical staining and quantitative RT‐PCR. In addition to MIA2, the expression of α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐sma), a marker for activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs)/myofibroblast, was analyzed.

Results: Hepatocytes were confirmed as the exclusive cellular source of MIA2 expression, with a granular, cytoplasmatic staining pattern without enhancement at the cell membrane. In contrast, only low MIA2 expression levels were detected in most HCC and hepatoma cell lines. Only in HCC that contained fibrous stroma or thick hyalinized bundles, adjacent atypical hepatocytes revealed strong staining. In accordance, MIA2 expression was also upregulated in non‐tumorous livers of patients with HepC and correlated with the staging of fibrosis. Interestingly, both in HCC and liver tissues of patients with HepC we found a correlation of MIA2 and α‐sma expression.

Discussion: We define for the first time in situ expression patterns of MIA2 in healthy and diseased livers. Our data raise the hypothesis that activation of HSCs/myofibroblasts has influence on MIA2 expression in vivo, consistent with our previous in vitro findings. Since the staining pattern and the protein structure highly suggests that MIA2 is a secreted protein, it may possibly serve as a marker of hepatic fibrosis.
A radiographic assessment of progressive loading on bone around single osseointegrated implants in the posterior maxilla
Authors: Appleton Richard S. , Nummikoski Pirkka V. , Pigno Mark A. , Cronin Robert J. , Chung Kwok‐Hung
Published: March 2005

Objectives: The aim of this clinical study was to determine the effectiveness of progressive loading procedures on preserving crestal bone height and improving peri‐implant bone density around maxillary implants restored with single premolar crowns by an accurate longitudinal radiographic assessment technique.

Materials and methods: Twenty‐three HA‐coated, endosseous dental implants were placed in 20 subjects and permitted to heal for 5 months before surgical uncovering. The implants were randomly assigned to either an experimental or control group. Following a conventional healing period, the control group implants were restored with a metal ceramic crown and the experimental group implants underwent a progressive loading protocol. The experimental group was progressively loaded by increasing the height of the occlusal table in increments from a state of infraocclusion to full occlusion by adding acrylic resin to a heat‐processed acrylic crown. The progressively loaded crowns were placed in infraocclusion for the first 2 months, light occlusion for the second 2 months, and full occlusion for the third 2 months. At this point, a metal ceramic crown replaced the acrylic crown. Standardized radiographs of each implant were made at the time of restoration, then after 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months of function. Digital image analysis and digital subtraction radiography were used to measure changes in crestal bone height and peri‐implant bone density.

Results: The mean values of crestal bone height loss at 12 months were 0.2±0.27 mm for the progressively loaded implants and 0.59±0.27 for the conventionally loaded implants, and when tested with repeated‐measure ANOVA across the time periods, the differences were statistically significant (P≤0.05). The progressively loaded group showed a trend for higher bone density gain in the crestal area than the conventionally loaded group, but the conventionally loaded group showed a trend for higher bone density gain at the apex of the implants.

Conclusion: The peri‐implant bone around progressively loaded implants demonstrates less crestal bone loss than the bone around implants placed conventionally into full function. The peri‐implant density measurements of the progressively loaded implants show continuous increase in peri‐implant bone density by time.
Parietal bone as graft material for maxillary sinus floor elevation: structure and remodeling of the donor and of recipient sites
Authors: Le Lorc'h‐Bukiet Ingrid , Tulasne Jean‐François , Llorens Annie , Lesclous Philippe
Published: March 2005

Abstract: Particulate parietal bone is used for maxillary sinus floor elevation procedure prior to dental implant placement. However, data on internal structure of the parietal bone and on graft remodeling and incorporation in the host bone are limited. We determined the structure and remodeling activities of 24 parietal bone specimens sampled at time of sinus grafting (T1 samples), and the amount and turnover of bone formed at the recipient site at time of implant placement (T2 samples, obtained 10 months after T1 samples, on average). In T1 samples, the outer cortex was 1.16±0.45 mm thick, had a typical haversian structure, and showed a low level of remodeling. In the cancellous portion of the samples, trabecular bone volume represented 52.8±10.3%. Bone remodeling was more active in the cancellous portion than in the cortical portion, but few osteoblasts and osteoclasts were seen. T2 samples consisted solely of trabecular bone, which occupied 49.4±18.4% of total sample volume. The boundary between new bone and the recipient bed was not discernible. Remnants of the graft particles were embedded within new bone, and showed signs of intense resorption. Bone remodeling was highly active, as shown by the presence of numerous osteoclasts resorbing new bone, together with thick osteoid seams and large osteoblasts. A loose cotton‐like mineralized material was frequently observed in the marrow spaces; this acellular and non‐collagenous material was strongly stained by toluidine blue, suggesting a glycoprotein nature. This study offers insights into cortical and trabecular bone structure and shows the low‐level remodeling activity of parietal bone. About 10 months after grafting, the grafted chips were incorporated in new bone and almost completely resorbed. This high turnover may be beneficial for implant placement.
Alveolar ridge augmentation with a prototype trilayer membrane and various bone grafts: a histomorphometric study in baboons
Authors: Busenlechner Dieter , Kantor Markus , Tangl Stefan , Tepper Gabor , Zechner Werner , Haas Robert , Watzek Georg
Published: March 2005

Abstract: Barrier membranes have become a standard treatment option in alveolar ridge augmentation prior to implant placement. However, non‐resorbable membranes require secondary surgery and resorbable membranes show an unfavorable degradation profile. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of a slowly biodegradable/bioresorbable prototype trilayer membrane (PTLM) for supporting bone regeneration in alveolar ridge augmentation. Clinically relevant cavities were made 3 months after the extraction of the first and second molars in each jaw of six baboons. Each animal was treated with four different regimens: (1) autogenous bone block (ABB) alone, (2) ABB+PTLM, (3) deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM)+PTLM and (4) no treatment. After 9 months, the baboons were sacrificed and block sections of the augmented area were subjected to histologic and histomorphometric analyses. Newly formed bone areas were determined at a distance of 1, 3, 7 and 10 mm from crestal. The data showed a well‐preserved ridge profile at the membrane‐protected sites, whereas non‐protected bone blocks and control sites underwent severe resorption resulting in knife‐edge ridge profiles. Significant differences were found between ABB+PTLM and ABB (P=0.0137–0.0232). DBBM+PTLM also produced a larger bone area compared with ABB alone (P=0.0396–0.0439). No significant difference in bone area was detectable between ABB+PTLM and DBBM+PTLM (P>0.05). The present study supports the use of the slowly biodegradable/bioresorbable PTLM with autografts and DBBM for lateral ridge augmentation in this type of bone defects.
Breastfeeding peer supporters and a community support group: evaluating their effectiveness
Authors: Ingram Jenny , Rosser Jilly , Jackson Dawn
Published: March 2005

Peer support for breastfeeding mothers has often been promoted as a way of increasing rates in communities with low breastfeeding prevalence, where there are few breastfeeding role models and a bottle‐feeding culture predominates. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a peer support initiative, which trained peer supporters who then set up a support group, in an area of social and economic deprivation in South Bristol, UK. The effects of training on 6 local women were explored; the combined effect of peer support and the group on breastfeeding prevalence assessed; and mothers’ views on what they had gained from the breastfeeding support group reported. Focus groups were held with the peer supporters, who also completed questionnaires before and after their training. Questionnaires were sent to all mothers (35) who attended the support group over the first 5 months to ascertain their views. Breastfeeding rates were extracted from routinely collected sources for both the local area and the wider Bristol population (excluding the peer support area). The initial training increased the peer supporters’ knowledge about breastfeeding and their confidence in talking to and supporting mothers. The number of mothers attending the breastfeeding support group increased from 3 per week in May to 10 per week by September 2001. Mothers who attended the group particularly appreciated being able to talk about breastfeeding and getting consistent breastfeeding advice. Breastfeeding rates in the area for 12‐months before and after the start of the peer support initiative showed a significant increase at 8 weeks (7%), which was higher than the overall increase in the wider Bristol area (3%). This evaluation suggests that peer supporters combined with a breastfeeding support group are an effective way of increasing breastfeeding prevalence in areas of low continuation.
Effects on Promoter Activity of Base Substitutions in the
cis
-Acting Regulatory Element of HrpXo Regulons in
Xanthomonas oryzae
pv. oryzae
Authors: Tsuge Seiji , Terashima Shinsaku , Furutani Ayako , Ochiai Hirokazu , Oku Takashi , Tsuno Kazunori , Kaku Hisatoshi , Kubo Yasuyuki
Published: March 2005

In
Xanthomonas oryzae
pv. oryzae, the causal agent of bacterial leaf blight of rice, HrpXo is known to be a transcriptional regulator for the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (
hrp
) genes. Several HrpXo regulons are preceded by a consensus sequence (TTCGC-N
15
-TTCGC), called the plant-inducible promoter (PIP) box, which is required for expression of the gene that follows. Thus, the PIP box can be an effective marker for screening HrpXo regulons from the genome database. It is not known, however, whether mutations in the PIP box cause a complete loss of promoter activity. In this study, we introduced base substitutions at each of the consensus nucleotides in the PIP box of the
hrpC
operon in
X. oryzae
pv. oryzae, and the promoter activity was examined by using a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter gene. Although the GUS activity was generally reduced by base substitutions, several mutated PIP boxes conferred considerable promoter activity. In several cases, even imperfect PIP boxes with two base substitutions retained 20% of the promoter activity found in the nonsubstituted PIP box. We screened HrpXo regulon candidates with an imperfect PIP box obtained from the genome database of
X. oryzae
pv. oryzae and found that at least two genes preceded by an imperfect PIP box with two base substitutions were actually expressed in an HrpXo-dependent manner. These results indicate that a base substitution in the PIP box is quite permissible for HrpXo-dependent expression and suggest that
X. oryzae
pv. oryzae may possess more HrpXo regulons than expected.
STACKING DECREASES THE COOPERATIVITY OF MELTING OF HOMOPOLYMERIC DNA
Authors: MOROZOV V. , BADASYAN A. , GRIGORYAN A. , SAHAKYAN M. , MAMASAKHLISOV E.
Published: March 2005

We report on theoretical investigation of interactions of different mechanisms and their influence onto DNA cooperativity of helix–coil transition (melting). Using the modified version of microscopic Potts-like one-dimensional model we showed that increased stacking results in decreased correlation length. The decrease in cooperativity is explained as a result of combined hydrogen bonding and stacking.
NONLINEAR PATTERN CLASSIFICATION ASSOCIATED WITH CELLULAR NEURAL NETWORKS-BASED DYNAMIC PROGRAMMING
Authors: KIM HYONGSUK , OH TAEWAN , LIM MYOUNG SEOB , CHUA LEON O.
Published: March 2005

A Cellular Neural Networks (CNN)-based nonlinear pattern classification algorithm utilizing the most likely path-finding feature of dynamic programming is proposed. Dynamic programming for the most likely path-finding algorithm can be implemented with CNN. If exemplars and test patterns are assigned as the goals and the start positions, respectively for our CNN-based dynamic programming, the paths from the test patterns to their closest exemplars are found with the optimality feature of CNN-based dynamic programming. Such paths are utilized as aggregating keys for classification. Our algorithm is suitable for patterns with nonlinear pattern boundaries. Simulation results are included.
Pathologically elevated cyclic hydrostatic pressure induces CD95-mediated apoptotic cell death in vascular endothelial cells
Authors: Hasel Cornelia , Dürr Susanne , Bauer Anke , Heydrich Rene , Brüderlein Silke , Tambi Tabe , Bhanot Umesh , Möller Peter
Published: March 2005

We describe cyclic hydrostatic pressure of 200/100 mmHg with a frequency of 85/min as a hemodynamically relevant pathological condition enforcing apoptosis in endothelial cells (EC) after 24 h of treatment. This went along with an increase of CD95 and CD95L surface expression, shedding of CD95L into the supernatant, cleavage of caspase-3 and caspase-8, and elevated JNK-2, c-Jun, and CD95L mRNA expression. Furthermore, increased DNA-binding activity of the AP-1 transcription factor family members FRA-1 and c-Jun was observed. This activation was reduced by inhibition of JNK, which subsequently prevented elevated CD95L mRNA expression. Caspase inhibitors and a CD95L-neutralizing antibody also reduced EC apoptosis. Most of the pressure-induced events were most prominent at 24 and 48 h. However, after 48 h, the CD95/CD95L expression pattern switched back to CD95−/CD95L+ and the specific death rate decreased. Cyclic pathological hydrostatic pressure is a novel type of stress to EC that renders them susceptible to CD95/CD95L-mediated autoapoptosis and/or paracrine apoptosis accompanied by upregulation of intracellular molecules known to trigger both apoptosis and survival.
A comprehensive update of the sequence and structure classification of kinases
Authors: Cheek Sara , Ginalski Krzysztof , Zhang Hong , Grishin Nick V
Published: March 2005

Background

A comprehensive update of the classification of all available kinases was carried out. This survey presents a complete global picture of this large functional class of proteins and confirms the soundness of our initial kinase classification scheme.

Results

The new survey found the total number of kinase sequences in the protein database has increased more than three-fold (from 17,310 to 59,402), and the number of determined kinase structures increased two-fold (from 359 to 702) in the past three years. However, the framework of the original two-tier classification scheme (in families and fold groups) remains sufficient to describe all available kinases. Overall, the kinase sequences were classified into 25 families of homologous proteins, wherein 22 families (~98.8% of all sequences) for which three-dimensional structures are known fall into 10 fold groups. These fold groups not only include some of the most widely spread proteins folds, such as the Rossmann-like fold, ferredoxin-like fold, TIM-barrel fold, and antiparallel β-barrel fold, but also all major classes (all α, all β, α+β, α/β) of protein structures. Fold predictions are made for remaining kinase families without a close homolog with solved structure. We also highlight two novel kinase structural folds, riboflavin kinase and dihydroxyacetone kinase, which have recently been characterized. Two protein families previously annotated as kinases are removed from the classification based on new experimental data.

Conclusion

Structural annotations of all kinase families are now revealed, including fold descriptions for all globular kinases, making this the first large functional class of proteins with a comprehensive structural annotation. Potential uses for this classification include deduction of protein function, structural fold, or enzymatic mechanism of poorly studied or newly discovered kinases based on proteins in the same family.
Correlates of motivation to prevent weight gain: a cross sectional survey
Authors: Wammes Birgitte , Kremers Stef , Breedveld Boudewijn , Brug Johannes
Published: March 2005

Background

This study is an application of the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) with additional variables to predict the motivations to prevent weight gain. In addition, variations in measures across individuals classified into Precaution Adoption Process stages (PAPM-stages) of behaviour change were investigated.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey among 979 non-obese Dutch adults aged 25–35 years was conducted. Multiple binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the associations of Body Mass Index (BMI), demographic factors and psychosocial variables from the TPB with the intention to prevent weight gain. Differences in BMI, demographic and psychosocial factors between PAPM-stages were explored using one-way analysis of variance and chi-square tests.

Results

Eighty-five percent of respondents intended to prevent weight gain. Age, attitudes and risk perceptions related to weight gain were the strongest correlates of intention (age: OR = 1.12, 95%CI: 1.04–1.20; attitude OR = 7.91, 95%CI: 5.33–11.74; risk perception OR = 1.24, 95%CI: 1.11–1.38). Significant differences were detected between the PAPM-stages in almost all variables. Notably, perceived behavioural control was lowest among people who had decided to prevent weight gain.

Conclusion

Messages to influence attitudes towards the prevention of weight gain and risk perception may affect people who are not yet motivated to prevent weight gain. Interventions increasing people's perceived behavioural control in overcoming barriers to prevent weight gain may help people to act on their intentions.
Effects of Vacuum Processing on Strength and Surface Hardness Properties of Concrete
Authors: Şimşek O
Published: March 2005

In this experimental study, the effects of vacuum process on mechanical and physical properties of concrete were investigated by comparing mechanical properties of vacuum processed and half vacuum processed concrete specimens with those of control specimens. Vacuum equipment was used to apply vacuum to fresh concrete in order to extract water from floor concrete. Compressive strength and some other test results obtained from both vacuum processed and plain concrete core specimens were evaluated and then compared. Test results have shown that the compressive strength of vacuum processed concrete specimens increased substantially due to the decrease in water/cement ratio by dewatering process. The effects of the process on compressive strength at early ages and on surface placement are much more pronounced. Some of the other properties such as dry density, unit weight, surface hardness, and surface porosity are also improved by vacuum dewatering process.
Winter Sports in an Indoor Facility—Accident and Injury Trends
Authors: Richter S , Jendrusch G , Henke H , Hermichen HG , Heck H
Published: March 2005

Along with the increasing popularity of indoor winter sport activities, the need for specific investigations with respect to injury prevention is growing. This statement was the background for a one-year study in which all sports injuries/accidents reported at the indoor artificial ski slope in Neuss (Germany) were documented and evaluated by way of an accident protocol. Injuries requiring medical attention or treatment were documented in the casualty department and injured persons were interviewed by a telephone survey regarding cause, type, degree, and possible consequences of their injury. A total of 372 skiing accidents were reported, 64.5% concerning men, 35.5% women. While the majority of ski hall visitors are skiers (57.9%) compared to snowboarders (40.1%, tire-tubing or others: 2.0%), more accidents happened to snowboarders (55.6%) than to skiers (33.3%; tubing: 3.8%, others: 1.1%, not known 6.2%). Winter sport beginners account for the largest group of accidents victims (> 40 %). Snowboarders seem to suffer a particular risk since they prefer to use the very challenging funpark section of the indoor facility, which is provoking more dangerous situations leading to accidents as a consequence.
Evaluating the Physiological Performance of a Liquid Cooling Garment Used to Control Heat Stress in Hazmat Protective Ensembles
Authors: Semeniuk KM , Dionne J-P , Makris A , Bernard TE , Ashley CD , Medina T
Published: March 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physiological performance of a liquid cooling garment in controlling heat stress in individuals wearing Hazmat protective ensembles. Five heat-acclimated male subjects completed three trials each: standard work clothing (WC), Hazmat suit (H), and a Hazmat suit with torso cooling (HC). All testing took place in an environmental chamber (35°C and 50 % relative humidity) with subjects walking on a treadmill at a metabolic rate of 300 W. Trials were performed until subjects completed the maximum 90 min, achieved the predetermined endpoints in core temperature (38.5°C) or heart rate (95 % of age predicted maximum), or symptoms of fatigue, disorientation, and discomfort forced the participant to discontinue or the researchers to end the test. A significant difference (P<0.05) between HC and H was found in final heart rate and core temperature (Tre), rate of change in heart rate and Tre, and exposure time. As well, HC was similar to WC in all measured physiological variables. It was concluded that a liquid cooling vest was beneficial in alleviating the heat stress caused by Hazmat protective ensembles.
Influence of Long Service Exposures on the Thermal-Mechanical Behavior of Zy-4 and M5™ Alloys in LOCA Conditions
Authors: Portier L , Bredel T , Brachet J-C , Maillot V , Mardon J-P , Lesbros A
Published: March 2005

The main objective of this paper is to describe the effects of a long service exposure of the PWR fuel cladding tubes on their thermal-mechanical properties during and after a hypothetical LOCA transient. Within this prospect, specific studies have been performed: on one hand, thermal ramp tests under uniaxial stress loading on as-received, pre-hydrided and irradiated samples of Zy-4 and M5™, and on the other hand, mechanical tests after high temperature oxidation and quench on as-received and prehydrided Zy-4 and M5™. The main conclusions are:

(1) In service, hydrogen pick-up impacts the thermal ramp behavior under uniaxial stress loading of cladding tubes upon the first phase of LOCA transient, and the effect of the irradiation defects can be ignored for the conditions tested.

(2) As-received Zy-4 and M5™ achieve comparable post-quench mechanical behavior at 1000, 1100, and 1200°C for representative times of LOCA transient (1800 s).

(3) Oxygen has the most important effect in embrittlement of as-received Zr alloys at 1100 and 1200°C.

(4) Hydriding has no effect on the oxidation kinetics at 1200°C, but after quenching the hydrided materials become brittle at a lower weight gain than as-received materials; this embrittlement is due both to an intrinsic hydrogen-embrittlement effect and to the oxygen content increase resulting from the effect of hydrogen on its solubility in prior-Beta phase.
Differentiation of Damage and Failure Mechanisms of Co-Cured Fiber-Reinforced Composite Joints Using Acoustic Emission
Authors: Cao C , Stefan Dancila D
Published: March 2005

Through feature-based acoustic emission (AE) analysis and supervised clustering, data acquired during monotonic loading can reveal damage initiation, development, and accumulation within a specimen. In this work, AE analysis using a supervised pattern recognition method is carried out on specimens with co-cured composite joints of single lap and single nested overlap configurations. Correlation with physical observations from other techniques suggests that the resulting clusters may be associated with specific damage modes and failure mechanisms.
Rheological 3-D Modeling of Scuffing for the EP-Additive Condition
Authors: Escobar Jaramillo EF , Escobar López CE
Published: March 2005

A rheology-based new model for predicting the scuffing limit in heavily loaded contacts, concerned especially with effects of EP-Additive Oil (Antiwearbasis Sulfure phosphore Zinc Nitrogen and Zincdithio phosphare) is developed here. The theoretical framework is sustained on the main assumption that all of the effects of additives can be modeled by the use of a combined friction-temperature variable, introduced in the theoretical known Blok's calculating criterion. The analytical step-jump method3 is used to expand the rearranged form of Blok's Flash Temperature expression, to yield a constitutive integral equation in order to describe a generalized friction process. The particular solution found is assumed to be representative for the rheological behavior of contacts, in the Additive Containing Condition (ACC), thus representing the linear step response contribution of protective layers due to tribochemical action. The improvement of the scuffing capacity with speed is influenced radically by the derived thermorheological friction-function, which at least turns out to be explicitly a function of the sliding speed. Physically, the friction-function represents the rheological response of the lubricated contact to the operating conditions. Mathematically, it is equivalent to the relaxation modulus in viscoelasticity. Thereafter, the scuffing capacity depends on the sliding speed as a dominant variable and markedly on two experimental response coefficients containing all the tribology of the model. Additionally, a short and economical method for determining experimentally the scuffing limit is suggested for the FZG-rig [33]. This study is concerned with Blok's calculating method and its extension to the ACC [3] and also with the view to incorporate the model into a code to form a general predictive capability for the design of gearing [25].
Culture, Drugs, and Society: A Social Science Approach to Drug Use
Authors: Winkelman Michael
Published: March 2005

Culture, Drugs, and Society:. Social Science Approach to Drug Use. Ed Knipe. Prospect Heights: Waveland Press, 1995. $21.95. (paper). Instructor's manual available.
Aboriginal Health in Canada: Historical, Cultural, and Epidemiological Perspectives; Disciplined Hearts: History, Identity, and Depression in an American Indian Community
Authors: Harkin Michael
Published: March 2005

Aboriginal Health in Canada: Historical, Cultural, and Epidemiological Perspectives. JAMES B. WALDRAM, D. ANN HERRING, and T. KUE YOUNG. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995. xii + 334 pp., figures, tables, index.

Disciplined Hearts: History, Identity, and Depression in an American Indian Community. THERESA DELEANE O'NELL. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1996. xi + 252 pp., figures, maps, index.
The Mexican Outsiders: A Community History of Marginalization and Discrimination in California
Authors: Barriga Miguel Díaz
Published: March 2005

The Mexican Outsiders: A Community History of Marginalization and Discrimination in California. MARTHA MENCHACA. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1995. xx + 250 pp., maps, photographs, tables, notes, bibliography, index.
AIDS and STDs In Africa: Bridging the Gap between Traditional Healing and Modem Medicine
Authors: Janzen John M.
Published: March 2005

AIDS and STDs In Africa: Bridging the Gap between Traditional Healing and Modem Medicine. EDWARD C. GREEN. Boulder, CO and Oxford: Westvlew Press, 1994. xi + 276 pp. photographs, tables, bibliography, Index.
Nuer Dilemmas: Coping with Money, War, and the State
Authors: Moore Sally Falk
Published: March 2005

Nuer Dilemmas: Coping with Money, War, and the State. SHARON A. HUTCHINSON. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996. xviii + 408 pp., illustrations, appendix, bibliography, index.
An Indian Village through Letters and Pictures
Authors: Aggarwal Ravina
Published: March 2005

An Indian Village through Letters and Pictures. DETLEF KANTOWSKY. MARA LUCKMANN, trans. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995. First published in German, Campus Verlag 1986. Ix + 193 pp., illustrations, maps, tables, notes, bibliography, index.
Ethnicity and Aborlglnality: Case Studies in Ethnonationalism
Authors: King Alexander D.
Published: March 2005

Ethnicity and Aborlglnality: Case Studies in Ethnonationalism. MICHAEL D. LEVIN, ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993. xiii +179 pp., contributors.
The American Revolution in Indian Country: Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities; Buried Roots and Indestructible Seeds: The Survival of American Indian Life in Story, History, and Spirit
Authors: Dinwoodie David W.
Published: March 2005

The American Revolution in Indian Country: Crisis and Diversity in Native American Communities. COLIN CALLOWAY. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. xxiii + 327 pp., maps, tables, photographs, index.

Burled Roots and Indestructible Seeds: The Survival of American Indian Life in Story, History, and Spirit. MARK LINDQUIST and MARTIN ZANGER, eds. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1994, photographs, notes, references.
Moving Away from Silence: Music of the Peruvian Altiplano and the Experience of Urban Migration
Authors: Coplan David B.
Published: March 2005

Moving Away from Silence: Music of the Peruvian Altlplano and the Experience of Urban Migration. THOMAS TURINO. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993. xii + 324 pp., figures, Illustrations, maps, musical transcriptions, notes, references, index.
Lower back disorders among forklift operators: An emerging occupational health problem?
Authors: Waters Thomas , Genaidy Ash , Deddens James , Barriera‐Viruet Heriberto
Published: March 2005

Background

Most studies focusing on the occupational hazards associated with forklift operation have examined risks of fatalities and traumatic injuries. Few studies have examined the magnitude of risk of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs). We review and critically appraise the epidemiological studies conducted on forklift operators in relation to MSDs, such as lower back pain and neck problems.

Methods

A comprehensive search of databases resulted in the identification of seven epidemiological studies that addressed MSDs. A critical appraisal of these studies was conducted using epidemiological principles and a meta‐analysis approach that involved the use of the confidence limit method to determine an overall “meta‐odds ratio.”

Results

The methodological quality of these studies ranged from “marginal” to “average” with the exception of one study, which was considered “good.” The meta‐odds ratio for lower back pain among forklift operators was 2.13 (95% CI: 1.57, 2.87).

Conclusions

Our results suggest that forklift operators are at increased risk of lower back pain. Additional high quality epidemiological studies are needed in the US, however, to determine the magnitude of risk for MSDs. In this regard, studies should address not only lower back pain among forklifts operators, but also neck pain. A full exposure assessment of physical and non‐physical factors in these studies is needed. Am. J. Ind. Med. 47:333–340, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of glycidylethylhexylphthalate and its effects on poly(vinyl chloride) films as a novel plasticizer
Authors: Kim Sang‐Woo , Kim Jeong‐Gon , Choi Jung‐Ik , Jeon Il‐Ryun , Seo Kwan‐Ho
Published: March 2005

To improve the processability and prevent the thermal degradation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), various plasticizers and heat stabilizers have to be compounded. Phthalic plasticizers and metal soap stabilizers are usually used with epoxides as costabilizers. Epoxidized soybean oil (ESO), is one of the most commonly used epoxides because of its typical combined roles as a plasticizer and heat stabilizer in PVC compounds. ESO, however, sometimes causes surface contamination of PVC compounds because saturated fatty acids such as stearic and palmitic acids in soybean oil easily bleed onto the surface. In addition, some ingredients in ESO with hydroxide groups and unreacted double bonds during epoxidization also tend to increase the bleeding of ESO. This is due to their low compatibility with PVC resins. In this study, a novel plasticizer of PVC resins, glycidylethylhexylphthalate (GEHP), was synthesized, and its performance was evaluated. GEHP was designed to act as a plasticizer like normal phthalic plasticizers and to act as a heat stabilizer like ESO. Through the addition of epoxy groups in phthalic compounds, the resistance to bleeding was improved, and the plasticizing and heat‐stabilizing effects on the PVC compounds were preserved. Soft PVC films were prepared with GEHP. The mechanical properties, thermal stability, and bleeding properties of the films were investigated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1347–1356, 2005
Gas sensing in microplates with optodes: Influence of oxygen exchange between sample, air, and plate material
Authors: Arain Sarina , Weiss Svenja , Heinzle Elmar , John Gernot T. , Krause Christian , Klimant Ingo
Published: March 2005

Microplates with integrated optical oxygen sensors are a new tool to study metabolic rates and enzyme activities. Precise measurements are possible only if oxygen exchange between the sample and the environment is known. In this study we quantify gas exchange in plastic microplates. Dissolved oxygen was detected using either an oxygen‐sensitive film fixed at the bottom of each well or a needle‐type sensor. The diffusion of oxygen into wells sealed with different foils, paraffin oil, and paraffin wax, respectively, was quantified. Although foil covers showed the lowest oxygen permeability, they include an inevitable gas phase between sample and sealing and are difficult to manage. The use of oil was found to be critical due to the extensive shaking caused by movement of the plates during measurements in microplate readers. Thus, paraffin wax was the choice material because it avoids convection of the sample and is easy to handle. Furthermore, without shaking, significant gradients in pO2 levels within a single well of a polystyrene microplate covered with paraffin oil were detected with the needle‐type sensor. Higher pO2 levels were obtained near the surface of the sample as well as near the wall of the well. A significant diffusion of oxygen through the plastic plate material was found using plates based on polystyrene. Thus, the location of a sensor element within the well has an effect on the measured pO2 level. Using a sensor film fixed on the bottom of a well or using a dissolved pO2‐sensitive indicator results in pO2 offset and in apparently lower respiration rates or enzyme activities. Oxygen diffusion through a polystyrene microplate was simulated for measurements without convection—that is, for samples without oxygen diffusion through the cover and for unshaken measurements using permeable sealings. This mathematical model allows for calculation of the correct kinetic parameters. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytochalasin D can improve heterologous protein productivity in adherent Chinese hamster ovary cells
Authors: Hayduk Eric J. , Lee Kelvin H.
Published: March 2005

We generated a series of adherent gene‐amplified CHO clones expressing human secreted alkaline phosphatase (SEAP) as a model for heterologous protein production. Clones demonstrate a 26‐ to 52‐fold increase in productivity compared to controls after dhfr/methotrexate‐mediated gene amplification and clone selection. SEAP is stably expressed in these clones over at least a 6‐week period without significant productivity loss. Two‐dimensional protein electrophoresis identified 21 proteins that exhibited altered expression in clones of increasing SEAP productivity. Based on MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometry of relevant protein spots, changes in translation, energy pathways, chaperones, regulatory proteins, and cytoskeletal proteins were observed, including a 4‐fold expression increase in actin capping protein. We hypothesized that an alteration of the actin cytoskeleton using cytochalasin D as a mimic for actin‐capping protein could have a beneficial effect on heterologous protein secretion. Treatment with 0.5 μg/mL cytochalasin D increased SEAP productivity 2‐ to 3‐fold compared to an amplified control which resulted in an increase in productivity from 52‐ to 150‐fold compared to a nonamplified parent. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rotational Dynamics Account for pH‐Dependent Relaxivities of PAMAM Dendrimeric, Gd‐Based Potential MRI Contrast Agents
Authors: Laus Sabrina , Sour Angélique , Ruloff Robert , Tóth Éva , Merbach André E.
Published: March 2005

The EPTPA5− chelate, which ensures fast water exchange in GdIII complexes, has been coupled to three different generations (5, 7, and 9) of polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers through benzylthiourea linkages (H5EPTPA=ethylenepropylenetriamine‐N,N,N′,N′′,N′′‐pentaacetic acid). The proton relaxivities measured at pH 7.4 for the dendrimer complexes G5‐(GdEPTPA)111, G7‐(GdEPTPA)253 and G9‐(GdEPTPA)1157 decrease with increasing temperature, indicating that, for the first time for dendrimers, slow water exchange does not limit relaxivity. At a given field and temperature, the relaxivity increases from G5 to G7, and then slightly decreases for G9 (r1=20.5, 28.3 and 27.9 mM−1 s−1, respectively, at 37 °C, 30 MHz). The relaxivities show a strong and reversible pH dependency for all three dendrimer complexes. This originates from the pH‐dependent rotational dynamics of the dendrimer skeleton, which was evidenced by a combined variable‐temperature and multiple‐field 17O NMR and 1H relaxivity study performed at pH 6.0 and 9.9 on G5‐(GdEPTPA)111. The longitudinal 17O and 1H relaxation rates of the dendrimeric complex are strongly pH‐dependent, whereas they are not for the [Gd(EPTPA)(H2O)]2− monomer chelate. The longitudinal 17O and 1H relaxation rates have been analysed by the Lipari–Szabo spectral density functions and correlation times have been calculated for the global motion of the entire macromolecule (τgO) and the local motion of the GdIII chelates on the surface (τlO), correlated by means of an order parameter S2. The dendrimer complex G5‐(GdEPTPA)111 has a considerably higher τgO under acidic than under basic conditions (${\tau {{298\hfill \atop {\rm gO}\hfill}}}$=4040 ps and 2950 ps, respectively), while local motions are less influenced by pH (${\tau {{298\hfill \atop {\rm lO}\hfill}}}$=150 and 125 ps). The order parameter, characterizing the rigidity of the macromolecule, is also higher at pH 6.0 than at pH 9.9 (S2=0.43 vs 0.36, respectively). The pH dependence of the global correlation time can be related to the protonation of the tertiary amine groups in the PAMAM skeleton, which leads to an expanded and more rigid dendrimeric structure at lower pH. The increase of τgO with decreasing pH is responsible for the pH dependent proton relaxivities. The water exchange rate on G5‐(GdEPTPA)111 (${k{{298\hfill \atop {\rm ex}\hfill}}}$=150×106 s−1) shows no significant pH dependency and is similar to the one measured for the monomer [Gd(EPTPA)(H2O)]2−. The proton relaxivity of G5‐(GdEPTPA)111 is mainly limited by the important flexibility of the dendrimer structure, and to a small extent, by a faster than optimal water exchange rate.
High‐Electron‐Density C6H6 Units: Stable Ten‐π‐Electron Benzene Complexes
Authors: Diefenbach Martin , Schwarz Helmut
Published: March 2005

The first stable benzene molecule with ten π electrons is predicted. Stability is achieved through barium atoms acting as an electron‐donating “matrix” to C6H6 in the inverted sandwich complex [Ba2(C6H6)]. The bis(barium)benzene complex has been computed at the density functional level of theory by using the hybrid functional mPW1PW91. Ab initio calculations were performed by using the coupled‐cluster expansion, CCSD(T). Nucleus independent chemical shift (NICS) indices imply distinct aromatic character in the benzene ring of bis(barium)benzene. The D6h‐symmetric structure with a 1A1g electronic ground state represents a thermochemically stable, aromatic benzene molecule with four excess π electrons, stabilised by two barium ions. A possible molecular wire, built up from Ba end‐capped thorium–benzene “sandwiches”, is discussed.
Trend‐setters in environmental policy: the character and role of pioneer countries
Authors: Jänicke Martin
Published: March 2005

There is reason to believe that environmental policy convergence resulting from policy diffusion is influenced not only by functional imperatives of the world market, but also by a collective behaviour of national governments, where pioneer countries function as (intellectual) leaders under conditions of uncertainty. Their solutions for general environmental problems are adopted by other countries. As a rule, there is one single solution that is preferred by a large group or the majority of countries. This regulatory ‘conformism’ makes pioneer roles of countries highly relevant. The article analyses the character and role of such ‘trend‐setters’ in environmental policy.

 A necessary condition for becoming a pioneer country in environmental policy is a high domestic capacity for environmental policy‐making. This encompasses institutional, economic and informational framework conditions as well as the relative strength of the green advocacy coalition of a country. While these factors refer to relatively stable factors of policy‐making, this does not explain why sometimes countries give up their roles as pioneers. To explain this, an analytical framework is proposed that encompasses situative factors, strategic factors and actor constellations, especially the coalition between organized proponents of environmental objectives and economic modernizers. This coalition of ecological modernizers may break down, for example in times of economic crisis. The political and economic framework conditions of globalization may sometimes bear impediments for pioneers, but at the same time they also provide incentives for highly advanced countries to take over national pioneer roles – at least in the field of environmental protection, which has become an important issue in the competition for innovation. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Synthesis and Conformational Analysis of Saturated3,1,2‐Benzoxazaphosphinine 2‐Oxides
Authors: Kivelä Henri , Zalán Zita , Tähtinen Petri , Sillanpää Reijo , Fülöp Ferenc , Pihlaja Kalevi
Published: March 2005

N‐Unsubstituted, N‐methyl and N‐benzyl cis‐ and trans‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)cyclohexylamines were subjected to ring closure with phenylphosphonic dichloride, phenyl dichlorophosphate and bis(2‐chloroethyl)phosphoramidic dichloride in order to synthesize P‐epimeric diastereomers of the corresponding unsubsituted and N‐substituted 2‐phenyl‐, 2‐phenoxy‐ and 2‐[bis(2‐chloroethyl)amino]octahydro‐2H‐3,1,2‐benzoxazaphosphinine 2‐oxides. The stereochemistry and conformations of the prepared compounds were analyzed mainly by variable‐temperature1H, 13C and 31P NMR spectroscopy. Geometry optimizations were performed for some trans‐fused molecules by utilizing the B3LYP DFT method and a locally dense basis set, followed by JH,P coupling constant calculations at the UB3LYP/cc‐pVTZ level of theory. The population of the N‐out conformation of the cis‐fused compounds was found to increase with increasing steric size of the N substituent (H < Me < CH2Ph), and also to be strongly influenced by the configuration at the phosphorus atom. The heteroring of the trans‐fused compounds predominantly adopts a chair conformation with the notable exception of the (2R*,4aS*,8aS*) epimers of the 2‐phenoxy‐substituted compounds, for which the axial tendency of OPh causes the heteroring to adopt mainly B2,4a‐ and/or 1S4a‐type nonchair conformations. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Synthesis and Functionalisation of 5‐Substituted Neocuproine Derivatives
Authors: Eggert Jan P. W. , Lüning Ulrich , Näther Christian
Published: March 2005

2,9‐Dimethyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (neocuproine, 1) was functionalised selectively in the 5‐position. Silylation of the methyl groups followed by bromination in the 5‐position was carried out to give the bis(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)‐substituted neocuproine 3 and 5‐bromo‐2,9‐dimethyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (4) after deprotection. Compounds 3 and 4 are versatile building blocks for the construction of 5‐substituted neocuproines. Palladium‐catalysed couplings (Suzuki, Sonogashira, Buchwald/Hartwig) can be utilized to connect different substituents to the 1,10‐phenanthroline moiety (5–7). These substituents may carry additional functional groups that allow the further connection of the 5‐substituted neocuproines to form other molecules. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Vinylation of Functionalized Aryl Halides with Vinyl Acetates
Authors: Amatore Muriel , Gosmini Corinne , Périchon Jacques
Published: March 2005

A new method for the preparation of styrene derivatives is described on the basis of the activation of aryl halides by low‐valent cobalt species. A combination of CoII bromide and 2,2′‐bipyridine is suitable as catalyst for the cross‐coupling reaction of a wide range of aromatic halides (X = Cl, Br, I), mostly bearing sensitive moieties, with vinyl acetates. These reactions proceed under mild conditions in the presence of the appropriate reducing agent to afford α‐substituted styrene compounds in satisfactory to high yields. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Analysis of the glucosinolate pattern of Arabidopsis thaliana seeds by capillary zone electrophoresis coupled to electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Bringmann Gerhard , Kajahn Inga , Neusüß Christian , Pelzing Matthias , Laug Stefanie , Unger Matthias , Holzgrabe Ulrike
Published: March 2005

An easy and rapid method for the analysis of intact, non‐desulfated glucosinolates by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) coupled to electrospray ionization‐time of flight‐mass spectrometry (ESI‐TOF‐MS) is described. Surprisingly, an electrolyte and a sheath liquid based on formic acid provided the best results. In this strongly acidic system, the glucosinolates were separated and detected as anions, resulting in an excellent selectivity. Thus, crude plant extracts could be analyzed without any interference of matrix constituents. The sensitivity together with mass accuracy and true isotopic pattern of the TOF‐MS allowed identification of a broad series of glucosinolates in Arabidopsis thaliana seeds.