bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Masons, Magonistas, and Maternalists
Authors: González Gabriela
Published: July 2018

This chapter illustrates how, despite the differences in political approach among the gente decente reformers, the greater contrast was between these liberals and the Magonistas who took liberal reform to the radical extreme of anarcho-syndicalism. Flores Magón and his Magonismo followers denounced abuses on both sides of the border long before others did, and their analysis of what was wrong was more far-reaching than the liberals’. However, while Magonismo theoretically supported feminist ideals, in practice the movement tended to subsume the plight of women within that of workers generally. To the extent that they romanticized women’s traditional roles, Magonistas resembled the middle-class liberals they critiqued heavily.
Struggling against Jaime Crow
Authors: González Gabriela
Published: July 2018

This chapter looks at how the Americanization agenda of LULAC (League of United Latin American Citizens) worked in tandem with a long-standing tradition of transborder gente decente politics to shape the organization’s civil rights project. Like the Idars and Munguias, LULACkers sought to eradicate racist practices to allow economic and political empowerment. Similarly, they followed the model of respectability by striving to socially and culturally uplift la raza. For LULAC, redeeming la raza initially meant focusing on the plight of US-born Mexicans whose claims to citizenship facilitated struggles for rights within the American political and judicial systems. But even as they worked within the nation’s institutions, these ethnic American leaders continued to strategically employ transnational approaches that dovetailed with the hemispheric geopolitics of the 1930s and 1940s.
The Effect of Vacuum-Assisted Closure Therapy on Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Wound Biofilms
Authors: Ćirković Ivana , Jocić Dario , Božić Dragana D. , Djukić Slobodanka , Konstantinović Neda , Radak Djordje
Published: July 2018

Biofilm-associated wound infections are a major global health issue, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is among the greatest therapeutic challenges. Vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy is now being revisited as an alternative treatment for both acute and chronic wounds. However, data supporting the concept of its antibiofilm effect remain limited. Using quantitative biofilm-forming assay and a range of genotypic methods (spa, SCCmec, and agr typing), study authors showed that VAC therapy can significantly prevent biofilm formation (P < .01) of a range of MRSA wound isolates differing widely in their biofilm-forming abilities and genetic background. The best effect was presented on CC5-MRSA-SCCmecI-agrII, a dominant MRSA clone among wound isolates worldwide. An assessment of effects of different protocols on dressing changes (1 or 2 times per week) demonstrated significantly greater antibiofilm activity (P < .05) of 3-day dressing changes. These findings support the use of VAC therapy as a topical antibiofilm treatment for the effective management of wound healing.
Mind & body practices in the treatment of adolescent anxiety
Authors: Fulweiler Bernadette , John Rita Marie
Published: July 2018

Although anxiety is the most common mental health condition among adolescents in the United States, the current standards of practice for treatment are expensive, may be difficult to obtain, and potentially harmful. Although mind and body practices show great promise in the treatment of adolescent anxiety, financial constraints, lack of education, and structural barriers can hinder the integration of these practices into primary care.
Recognizing and treating Lyme disease
Authors: Saccomano Scott J. , Hrelic Debra A.
Published: July 2018

Lyme disease is the most commonly reported vector-borne disease in the United States. After initial antibiotic treatment for patients with Lyme disease, ongoing symptoms that may persist have considerable long-term impact on healthcare costs. Posttreatment Lyme disease syndrome is characterized by a host of chronic symptoms that can leave patients physically and mentally disabled.
Ethical Issues and Recommendations in Grateful Patient Fundraising and Philanthropy
Authors: Collins Megan E. , Rum Steven , Wheeler Jane , Antman Karen , Brem Henry , Carrese Joseph , Glennon Michelle , Kahn Jeffrey , Ohman E. Magnus , Jagsi Reshma , Konrath Sara , Tovino Stacey , Wright Scott , Sugarman Jeremy
Published: July 2018

Grateful patients provide substantial philanthropic funding for health care institutions, resulting in important societal benefits. Although grateful patient fundraising (GPFR) is widespread, it raises an array of ethical issues for patients, physicians, development professionals, and institutions. These issues have not been described comprehensively, and there is insufficient guidance to inform the ethical practice of GPFR. Consequently, the authors convened a “Summit on the Ethics of Grateful Patient Fundraising,” with the goal of identifying primary ethical issues in GPFR and offering recommendations regarding how to manage them. Participants were 29 experts from across the United States who represented the perspectives of bioethics, clinical practice, development, law, patients, philanthropy, psychology, and regulatory compliance. Intensive discussions resulted in articulating ethical issues for physicians and other clinicians (discussions with patients about philanthropy; physician-initiated discussions; clinically vulnerable patients; conflicts of obligation and equity regarding physician’s time, attention, and responsiveness and the provision of special services; and transparency and respecting donor intent) as well as for development officers and institutions (transparency in the development professional–donor relationship; impact on clinical care; confidentiality and privacy; conflicts of interest; institution–patient/donor relationship; concierge services for grateful patients; scientific merit and research integrity; transparency in use of philanthropic gifts; and institutional policies and training in responsible GPFR). While these recommendations promise to mitigate some of the ethical issues associated with GPFR, important next steps include conducting research on the ethical issues in GPFR, disseminating these recommendations, developing standardized training for clinicians regarding them, and revising them as warranted.
Resting-state Dynamics as a Cortical Signature of Anesthesia in Monkeys
Authors: Uhrig Lynn , Sitt Jacobo D. , Jacob Amaury , Tasserie Jordy , Barttfeld Pablo , Dupont Morgan , Dehaene Stanislas , Jarraya Bechir
Published: July 2018

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New

Background

The mechanism by which anesthetics induce a loss of consciousness remains a puzzling problem. We hypothesized that a cortical signature of anesthesia could be found in an increase in similarity between the matrix of resting-state functional correlations and the anatomical connectivity matrix of the brain, resulting in an increased function-structure similarity.

Methods

We acquired resting-state functional magnetic resonance images in macaque monkeys during wakefulness (n = 3) or anesthesia with propofol (n = 3), ketamine (n = 3), or sevoflurane (n = 3). We used the k-means algorithm to cluster dynamic resting-state data into independent functional brain states. For each condition, we performed a regression analysis to quantify function-structure similarity and the repertoire of functional brain states.

Results

Seven functional brain states were clustered and ranked according to their similarity to structural connectivity, with higher ranks corresponding to higher function-structure similarity and lower ranks corresponding to lower correlation between brain function and brain anatomy. Anesthesia shifted the brain state composition from a low rank (rounded rank [mean ± SD]) in the awake condition (awake rank = 4 [3.58 ± 1.03]) to high ranks in the different anesthetic conditions (ketamine rank = 6 [6.10 ± 0.32]; moderate propofol rank = 6 [6.15 ± 0.76]; deep propofol rank = 6 [6.16 ± 0.46]; moderate sevoflurane rank = 5 [5.10 ± 0.81]; deep sevoflurane rank = 6 [5.81 ± 1.11]; P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

Whatever the molecular mechanism, anesthesia led to a massive reconfiguration of the repertoire of functional brain states that became predominantly shaped by brain anatomy (high function-structure similarity), giving rise to a well-defined cortical signature of anesthesia-induced loss of consciousness.
Know the Flow
Authors: Pados Britt Frisk , Park Jinhee , Dodrill Pamela
Published: July 2018

Background:

Milk flow rate may play an important role in an infant's ability to safely and efficiently coordinate sucking, swallowing, and breathing during feeding.

Purpose:

To test milk flow rates from bottle nipples used in the hospital and after discharge.

Methods:

Bottle nipples used in hospitals (10 unique types) and available nationwide at major retailers (15 unique types) were identified. For each of the 25 nipple types, 15 nipples of that type were tested by measuring the amount of infant formula extracted in 1 minute by a breast pump. Mean milk flow rate (mL/min) and coefficient of variation (CV) were calculated for each nipple type. Comparisons between nipple types were made within brand and within category (eg, Slow, Standard). A cluster analysis was conducted to identify nipples of comparable flow.

Results:

A total of 375 individual nipples were tested. Milk flow rates varied widely, from 0.86 to 37.61 mL/min. There was also a wide range of CVs, from 0.03 to 0.35. Packing information did not accurately reflect the flow rates of bottle nipples. The cluster analysis revealed 5 clusters of nipples, with flow rates from Extra Slow to Very Fast.

Implications for Practice:

These data can be used to guide decisions regarding nipples to use for feeding infants with medical complexity in the hospital and after discharge.

Implications for Research:

Research on infant feeding should consider the flow rate and variability of nipples used, as these factors may impact findings.
Clinical and Radiological Outcome of a New Total Cervical Disc Replacement Design
Authors: Mehren Christoph , Heider Franziska , Sauer Daniel , Kothe Ralph , Korge Andreas , Hitzl Wolfgang , Wuertz-Kozak Karin
Published: July 2018

Study Design.

A nonrandomized, prospective, and single-center clinical trial of the ProDisc Vivo prosthesis.

Objective.

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and radiological results of a refined total cervical disc replacement (cTDR), the ProDisc Vivo, with two years of follow-up (FU). The incidence of implant-related complications was recorded as a secondary outcome variable.

Summary of Background Data.

Previous generations of the ProDisc artificial cervical disc replacement generate high primary stability due to keel-based designs with opening of the anterior cortex during the implantation and subsequent high rates of heterotopic ossifications.

Methods.

Clinical outcome scores included the Neck Disability Index (NDI), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), arm and neck pain self-assessment questionnaires. The radiological outcome included the range of motion (ROM) and the occurrence of heterotopic ossifications. The incidence of implant-related complications with new implant design was recorded as a secondary outcome variable.

Results.

A total of 55 patients received a single-level treatment with the ProDisc Vivo cTDR between C3/4 and C6/7, with a follow-up rate of 78%. The clinical outcome scores improved in all parameters significantly (P = 0.0001) (NDI: 68.3 → 17.4; VAS arm: 6.3 → 1.4; VAS neck: 4.9 → 1.6). The ROM of the index-segment did not show a significant change (P = 0.26) (7.9° → 9.2°). Heterotopic ossifications at the index segment was found as grade 0 in 58%, grade 1 in 22%, grade 2 in 10%, grade 3 (with functional impairment of the prosthesis) in 7%, and grade 4 in 3% of the cases. We observed three implant-related complications (5.5%), with two implant dislocations anteriorly and one low-grade infect.

Conclusion.

cTDR with ProDisc Vivo demonstrated a significant and sustained improvement of all clinical outcome parameters. A less invasive implantation mechanism with lower primary stability of the cTDR might be a reason for a higher dislocation rate than the keel-based previous generation ProDisc C.

Level of Evidence: 4
Ratio of Blood Glucose Level Change Measurement for Flap Monitoring
Authors: Karakawa Ryo , Yoshimatsu Hidehiko , Narushima Mitsunaga , Iida Takuya
Published: July 2018

Background:

In a setting of flap congestion, early detection and rapid reexploration are important. Some studies described the efficacy of blood glucose measurement for flap monitoring.
1
However, the sensitivity and specificity of this method were not high enough to determine whether reexploration should be done or not. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and establish a method using the ratio of blood glucose level change (RBGC) measurement for detecting venous thrombosis and to propose an algorithm for flap salvage after congestion.

Methods:

Blood glucose level was measured in 36 free tissue transfers over time postoperatively and RBGC was calculated. When flap congestion was suspected, frequent blood glucose measurement and some countermeasures were performed complying with an algorithm. If the venous thrombus was suspected, the reexploration was performed. The RBGCs at the points in time when the venous thrombosis was detected were compared with those at the points in time when the flap demonstrated no venous thrombosis.

Results:

Of the 36 flaps, 30 flaps demonstrated no venous thrombosis and 6 flaps demonstrated venous thrombosis. Four flaps demonstrated signs of congestion but improved after the reexploration. The mean RBGCs at the points in time when the venous thrombosis was detected was −7.61 mg/dl h and those at times when the flap demonstrated no venous thrombosis was 0.10 mg/dl h, the former being significantly lower than the latter.

Conclusion:

Using the flap monitoring method using RBGC measurement, we could salvage some flaps from the congestion due to the venous thrombosis without unnecessary reexploration.
SWEPT-SOURCE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY AND OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY FINDINGS IN WAARDENBURG SYNDROME
Authors: Hsiao Andrew Matthew , Choudhry Netan
Published: July 2018

Purpose:

Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is a rare condition characterized by six main features. It has been previously observed that WS is also associated with hypopigmentation of the choroid through multimodal imaging. To our knowledge, this is the first report of using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) on a patient with known WS.

Methods:

Report of a single case. The swept-source OCT images were captured using Topcon DRI OCT Triton (Topcon, Inc, Tokyo, Japan), whereas swept-source OCTA images were captured by Optovue AngioVue (Optovue, Inc, Fremont, CA) using DualTrack Motion Correction Technology.

Results:

In this case, OCTA demonstrated evidence of normal vasculature of all layers (superficial, deep, and choricocapillaris), a normal foveal avascular zone measuring 0.267 mm2 in the right eye and 0.307 mm2 in the left eye, and a normal capillary density measuring 49.8% in the right eye and 52.6% in the left eye.

Conclusion:

There are many conditions that may mimic the hypopigmentation of the choroid associated with WS; it has been documented that these similar conditions such as choroidal nevus, choroidal melanoma, and Vogt–Koyanagi–Harada syndrome all demonstrated abnormal OCTA findings. Unlike these conditions, our patient with WS had unremarkable OCTA findings.
Comparison of Visual Acuity Outcomes Between Nanothin Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty and Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty
Authors: Kurji Khaliq H. , Cheung Albert Y. , Eslani Medi , Rolfes Erin J. , Chachare Deepali Y. , Auteri Nicholas J. , Nordlund Michael L. , Holland Edward J.
Published: July 2018

Purpose:

To compare the visual outcomes and complications between nanothin Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (NT-DSAEK) and Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK).

Methods:

A prospective comparative case series of 28 consecutive cases of NT-DSAEK (less than or equal to 50 μm) and DMEK was undertaken. Inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of Fuchs dystrophy, presence of pseudophakia, or planned combined cataract surgery/endothelial keratoplasty, with a minimum of 6-month follow-up. Exclusion criteria were any concurrent ocular comorbidities. Primary outcomes measures were best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) and complications.

Results:

Mean thickness of NT-DSAEK grafts was 41.0 ± 7.5 μm (range 26–50 μm). At 1 month postoperatively, the DMEK group had significantly better mean BSCVA of 0.18 ± 0.20 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) (20/33) compared with 0.28 ± 0.16 logMAR (20/40) for NT-NSAEK (P = 0.049). At 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively, mean BSCVA was comparable between both groups [3 months: NT-DSAEK 0.17 ± 0.12 logMAR (20/30) versus DMEK 0.13 ± 0.17 (20/27), P = 0.31; 6 months: NT-DSAEK 0.11 ± 0.10 logMAR (20/26) versus DMEK 0.09 ± 0.10 (20/25), P = 0.63; 12 months: NT-DSAEK 0.07 ± 0.09 logMAR (20/24) versus DMEK 0.07 ± 0.11 logMAR (20/24), P = 0.95]. Other than 1 NT-DSAEK graft that was successfully rebubbled, no other complications were encountered in either group.

Conclusions:

Compared with DMEK, NT-DSAEK provides comparable visual outcomes and complications rates.
Intratympanic Gentamicin for Small Vestibular Schwannomas With Intractable Vertigo
Authors: Yang Jie , Jia Huan , Li Gen , Huang Meiping , Zhu Weidong , Wang Zhaoyan , Li Yun , Wu Hao
Published: July 2018

Objective:

To evaluate the objective and subjective effects of intratympanic gentamicin treatment in patients with small vestibular schwannomas who exhibit intractable vertigo.

Patients:

Individuals diagnosed with small vestibular schwannomas who exhibited intractable vertigo were retrospectively reviewed.

Interventions:

Intratympanic gentamicin injection.

Main Outcome Measures:

Vertigo control.

Results:

Eight patients were included in the study. All patients achieved complete or substantial control of vertigo attacks while six patients reported residual imbalance. Three patients experienced significant hearing loss during therapy and follow-up. Only one patient showed a drop from Class B to Class C. Caloric tests and vestibular evoked myogenic potentials showed that all patients exhibited impaired peripheral vestibular function before treatment and that unilateral vestibular deafferentation was achieved during follow-up. Dizziness Handicap Inventory scores decreased over time, indicating an increase in the quality of life.

Conclusions:

Intratympanic gentamicin could provide an efficient approach to control intractable vertigo caused by small vestibular schwannoma. Before treatment, a complete physical examination, hearing level evaluation, vestibular function evaluation, and appropriate patient expectations are indispensable.
Diagnosis of nonventilated hospital-acquired pneumonia: how much do we know?
Authors: Ranzani Otavio T. , De Pascale Gennaro , Park Marcelo
Published: July 2018

Purpose of review

To describe the current knowledge about clinical and microbiological diagnosis of nonventilated hospital-acquired pneumonia (NV-HAP).

Recent findings

NV-HAP is emerging as a new challenge for clinicians, particularly because VAP incidence has been decreasing. The clinical diagnosis of NV-HAP uses the classical clinical symptoms and signs. However standard evaluation of their accuracy and the evaluation of new criterion (e.g. lung ultrasound) must be conducted particularly in NV-HAP patients. The use of sputum must be encouraged in patients with NV-HAP, assuring its lower respiratory tract representativeness and quality. It is not clear that invasive approaches (e.g. BAL) are associated with improvements in patient-centred outcomes, and further research is needed to assure their correct indication, guaranteeing safety. Rapid diagnosis methods are promising in NV-HAP, particularly for the quick results and information about antibiotic resistance.

NV-HAP poses several barriers for diagnosis compared with VAP, and the available knowledge is limited. A call for further research in diagnosis of nonventilated HAP is urgent.
Validity Evidence for Direct Observation of Procedural Skills in Paediatric Gastroscopy
Authors: Siau Keith , Levi Rachel , Howarth Lucy , Broughton Raphael , Feeney Mark , Beales Ian L.P. , Tzivinikos Christos , Narula Priya
Published: July 2018

Objectives:

Direct observation of procedural skills (DOPS) are competence‐assessment tools in endoscopy. Formative paediatric gastroscopy DOPS were implemented into the UK curriculum in 2016 but lack validity evidence; we aimed to assess validity evidence using a recognised contemporary validity framework.

Methods:

We performed a prospective UK‐wide analysis of formative paediatric gastroscopy DOPS submitted to the e‐Portfolio over 1 year. Internal structure validity was assessed using interitem correlations between DOPS items, average domain, and skillset scores and with the overall competency rating. Overall competence scores and mean DOPS scores were compared by trainee seniority and procedure count (discriminative validity). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to explore if DOPS scores could be used to delineate procedural competency (consequential validity).

Results:

A total of 157 DOPS assessments were completed by 20 trainers for 17 trainees. Strengths of correlations varied between DOPS components, with overall competency correlating most with technical‐predominant items, domains and skillsets. Both the overall assessor's rating and mean DOPS scores increased with trainee seniority (P < 0.001) and lifetime procedure count (P < 0.001). Overall competency could be delineated using mean DOPS scores (area under receiver operating characteristic curve 0.95, P < 0.001), with a threshold of 3.9 providing optimal sensitivity (94.4%) and specificity (89.7%).

Conclusions:

Competencies in paediatric gastroscopy, as assessed using DOPS, vary in their correlation with overall competence and increase with trainee experience. Formative DOPS thresholds could be used to indicate readiness for summative assessment. Our study therefore provides evidence of internal structure, discriminative, and consequential validity in support of formative paediatric gastroscopy DOPS.
Growth, Body Composition, and Micronutrient Abnormalities During and After Weaning Off Home Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Neelis Esther , Olieman Joanne , Rizopoulos Dimitris , Wijnen René , Rings Edmond , de Koning Barbara , Hulst Jessie
Published: July 2018

Objectives:

The aim of the study is to assess growth, body composition, and micronutrient abnormalities in children with intestinal failure (IF) over time, both during and after weaning off parenteral nutrition (PN).

Methods:

Retrospective study in children on home PN between 2001 and 2015. Weight‐for‐age (WFA) and height‐for‐age (HFA) SD scores (SDS) were calculated, as well as fat mass (FM) and fat‐free mass (FFM) SDS obtained by dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry. The course of growth parameters and body composition was analyzed with linear‐mixed models. All micronutrient measurements during the study period were obtained.

Results:

Fifty‐two patients were included with a median follow‐up of 3.4 years. Seventy‐one percent weaned off after a median PN duration of 0.9 years. One year after the start of PN, 28 patients were still PN‐dependent with median WFA‐SDS of −0.66 and median HFA‐SDS of −0.96, both significantly lower than zero. Catch‐up growth was achieved during PN, but HFA‐SDS decreased after weaning (P = 0.0001). At a median age of 6.2 years, median %FM SDS was 0.30 and FFM SDS was −1.21, the latter significantly lower than zero. Frequent micronutrient abnormalities during PN were vitamin A (90%), zinc (87%), and iron (76%) and after weaning vitamin A (94%), E (61%), and 25‐OH vitamin D (59%).

Conclusions:

Children with IF demonstrate abnormal growth and body composition and frequent micronutrient abnormalities. Longitudinal evaluation showed that catch‐up growth occurs during PN, but height SDS decreases after weaning. This underlines the need for close monitoring, also after reaching enteral autonomy.
A 2018 Reference Guide to the Banff Classification of Renal Allograft Pathology
Authors: Roufosse Candice , Simmonds Naomi , Clahsen-van Groningen Marian , Haas Mark , Henriksen Kammi J. , Horsfield Catherine , Loupy Alexandre , Mengel Michael , Perkowska-Ptasińska Agnieszka , Rabant Marion , Racusen Lorraine C. , Solez Kim , Becker Jan U.
Published: July 2018

The Banff Classification of Allograft Pathology is an international consensus classification for the reporting of biopsies from solid organ transplants. Since its initial conception in 1991 for renal transplants, it has undergone review every 2 years, with attendant updated publications. The rapid expansion of knowledge in the field has led to numerous revisions of the classification. The resultant dispersal of relevant content makes it difficult for novices and experienced pathologists to faithfully apply the classification in routine diagnostic work and in clinical trials. This review shall provide a complete and simple illustrated reference guide of the Banff Classification of Kidney Allograft Pathology based on all publications including the 2017 update. It is intended as a concise desktop reference for pathologists and clinicians, providing definitions, Banff Lesion Scores and Banff Diagnostic Categories. An online website reference guide hosted by the Banff Foundation for Allograft Pathology (www.banfffoundation.org) is being developed, which will be updated with future refinement of the Banff Classification from 2019 onward.
RecNW: A fast pairwise aligner for targeted sequencing
Authors: Yahi Alexandre , Lappalainen Tuuli , Mohammadi Pejman , Tatonetti Nicholas P.
Published: July 2018

Motivation

Targeted sequencing aims at in-depth analysis of specific genomic loci through high-throughput sequencing for applications such as resequencing or CRISPR gene editing. These applications require exact pairwise alignment algorithms to fully characterize large amounts of reads by comparison to the targeted locus, or reference. Optimal solutions to this alignment problem are provided by classic implementations of the global and semi-global versions of Needleman-Wunsch algorithms, but they remain computationally expensive due to their quadratic complexity in time and space.

Implementation

In this paper we present RecNW, an open source C++ exact aligner packaged for Python that implements the semi-global version of the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm with affine gap penalty. RecNW utilizes low complexity of targeted sequencing libraries by aligning only unique reads, and recurrently using blocs of the alignment matrix between reads based on their similarities. Through this, RecNW performs exact alignment on average more than four times faster than gold standard comparable software.

Software

https://github.com/AYahi/recNW
FleN contributes to heterogeneous swimming at high temperatures inPseudomonas syringae
Authors: Hockett Kevin L. , Lindow Steven E.
Published: July 2018

Motility is generally conserved among many animal and plant pathogens. Environmental conditions, however, significantly impact expression of the motile phenotype. In this study, we describe a novel heterogeneous motility phenotype inPseudomonas syringae, where under normally suppressive incubation conditions (30°C) punctate colonies arise that are spatially isolated from the point of inoculation, giving rise to a motility pattern we term constellation swimming (CS). We demonstrate that this phenotype is reproducible, reversible, and dependent on a functioning flagellum. Mirroring the heterogeneous motility phenotype, we demonstrate the existence of a sub-population of cells under non-permissive conditions that express flagellin (fliC) at levels similar to cells incubated under permissive conditions using both quantitative single cell microscopy and flow cytometry. To understand the genetics underlying the CS phenotype, we selected for naturally arising mutants that exhibited a normal swimming phenotype at the warmer incubation temperature. Sequencing these mutants recovered several independent non-synonymous mutations within FleN (also known as FlhG) as well as mutations within the promoter region of FleQ, the master flagellum regulator inPseudomonas. We further show that nutrient depletion is the likely underlying cause of CS, as reduced nutrients will stimulate bothfliCexpression and a normal swimming phenotype at 30 °C.
Simultaneous multi-area recordings suggest that attention improves performance by reshaping stimulus representations
Authors: Ruff Douglas A. , Cohen Marlene R.
Published: July 2018

Visual attention dramatically improves subjects’ ability to see and also modulates the responses of neurons in every known visual and oculomotor area, but whether those modulations can account for perceptual improvements remains unclear. We measured the relationship between populations of visual neurons, oculomotor neurons, and behavior during detection and discrimination tasks. We found that neither of the two prominent hypothesized neuronal mechanisms underlying attention (which concern changes in information coding and the way sensory information is read out) provide a satisfying account of the observed behavioral improvements. Instead, our results are more consistent with the novel hypothesis that attention reshapes the representation of attended stimuli to more effectively influence behavior. Our results suggest a path toward understanding the neural underpinnings of perception and cognition in health and disease by analyzing neuronal responses in ways that are constrained by behavior and interactions between brain areas.
Dispersers are more likely to follow mucus trails in the land snailCornu aspersum
Authors: Vong Alexandre , Ansart Armelle , Dahirel Maxime
Published: July 2018

Dispersal, i.e. movement leading to gene flow, is a fundamental although costly life history trait. The use of indirect social information may help mitigate these costs, yet in many cases little is known about the proximate sources of such information, and how dispersers and residents may differ in their information use. Land gastropods, which have a high cost of movement and obligatorily leave information potentially exploitable by conspecifics during movement (through mucus trails), are a good model to investigate links between dispersal costs and information use. We used Y-mazes to see whether dispersers and residents differed in their trail-following propensity, in the snailCornu aspersum. Dispersers followed mucus trails more frequently than expected by chance, contrary to non-dispersers. Ignoring dispersal status during tests would lead to falsely conclude to no trail-following for the majority of ecologically realistic scenarios. Trail following by dispersers may reduce dispersal costs by reducing energy expenditure and helping snails find existing patches. Finally, we point that ignoring the potential for collective dispersal provided by trail-following abilities may lead to wrong inferences on the demographic and genetic consequences of dispersal.
Tracking Activity In a Deformable Nervous System With Motion Correction and Point-Set Registration
Authors: Lagache Thibault , Lansdell Benjamin , Tang Jerry , Yuste Rafael , Fairhall Adrienne
Published: July 2018

The combination of fluorescent probes with time-lapse microscopy allows for the visualization of the entire neuronal activity of small animals, such as worms or cnidarians, over a long period of time. However, large deformations of the animal combined with the natural intermittency of neuronal activity make robust automated tracking of firing fluorescent neurons challenging. Here we present an hybrid approach where (i) a subset of very bright neurons is used as moving reference points (fiducials) to estimate the elastic deformation of the animal; (ii) deformation is frame-by-frame corrected, and firing neurons are aligned at each time with the initial mask; and (iii) point-set registration is used to robustly track the intermittent activity of all the immobilized neurons. We compare different registration strategies with manual tracking performed over ≈620 neurons over 100 time frames in the cnidarianHydra vulgaris.

Index Terms

Fluorescence imaging, wavelet detection, tracking, point-set registration, elastic deformation, Thin Plate Spline (TPS) transform, Coherent Point Drift (CPD), Hydra.
Automated 3-D mapping of single neurons in the standard brain atlas using single brain slices
Authors: Song Jun Ho , Song You-Hyang , Kim Jae-Hyun , Choi Woochul , Lee Seung-Hee , Paik Se-Bum
Published: July 2018

Recent breakthroughs in neuroanatomical tracing methods have helped unravel complicated neural connectivity in whole brain tissue at a single cellular resolution. However, analysis of brain images remains dependent on highly subjective manual processing. In the present study, we introduce AMaSiNe, a novel software for automated mapping of single neurons in the standard mouse brain atlas. The AMaSiNe automatically calibrates alignment angles of each brain slice to match the Allen Reference Atlas (ARA), locates labeled neurons from multiple brain samples in a common brain space, and achieves a standardized 3D-rendered brain. Due to the high fidelity and reliability of AMaSiNe, the retinotopic structures of neural projections to the primary visual cortex (VISp) were determined from single and dual injections of the rabies virus onto different visual areas. Our results demonstrate that distinct retinotopic organization of bottom-up and top-down projections could be precisely mapped using AMaSiNe.
The IκB-Protein BCL-3 Controls MAPK Activity by Promoting TPL-2 Degradation in the Nucleus
Authors: Collins Patricia E. , Somma Domenico , Kerrigan David , Herrington Felicity , Keeshan Karen R. , Nibbs Robert J. , Carmody Ruaidhrí J.
Published: July 2018

The ability of the innate immune system to distinguish between low level microbial presence and invasive pathogens is fundamental for immune homeostasis and immunity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying threat discrimination by innate immune cells are not clearly defined. Here we describe the integration of the NF-ĸB and MAPK pathways in the nucleus by the IĸB protein BCL-3 and the MAP3K TPL-2. Our data reveals that TPL-2 is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein and demonstrates that the nucleus is the primary site for TPL-2 ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. BCL-3 promotes TPL-2 degradation through interaction in the nucleus. As a consequence, Bcl3-/- macrophages have increased TPL-2 stability and MAPK activity following TLR stimulation. The enhanced stability of TPL-2 in Bcl3-/- macrophages lowers the MAPK activation threshold and the level of TLR ligand required to initiate an inflammatory response. This study establishes the nucleus as a key regulatory site for TLR-induced MAPK activity and identifies BCL-3 as a regulator of the cellular decision to initiate inflammation
Association between activities outside work and presenteeism among Korean wage workers: using nationwide survey
Authors: Jung SungWon , Lee June-Hee , Lee Kyung-Jae
Published: July 2018

Introduction

Presenteeism is a significant global health issue nowadays and can influence to producitivity loss. So, there were many studies to analyse relationship between workplace factor and presenteeism. But a few studies have considered non-occupational factor. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between presenteeism and activities outside work, such as, volunteering, self-development, leisure/sports, gardening & house repair activity, in Korean wage workers.

Methods

This study analysed the 4th Korean Working Condition Survey(KWCS) and overall 19,294 wage workers participated. To find the relationship between presenteeism and activities outside work, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used after adjusting for general and occupational characteristics.

Results

Among self-development, leisure/sports and gardening & house repair activities significantly increased the odds ratio of presenteeism (Odds ratio[OR] =1.33, 95% confidence interval[CI]: 1.23-1.43, OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.29-1.51 and OR = 1.09, 95% CI: 1.01-1.18, respectively).

Conclusions

Some of activities outside work were related to presenteeism in Korean wage workers. Although many of previous studies addressed positive effect of those activities for health, this study showed negative effect of activities oudside work for health. And we should consider Korean organizational culture for this reason and need more structural studies to find out specific factors.
A Chromosome-Scale Assembly of the En ormous (32 Gb) Axolotl Genome
Authors: Smith Jeramiah J. , Timoshevskaya Nataliya , Timoshevskiy Vladimir A. , Keinath Melissa C. , Hardy Drew , Voss S. Randal
Published: July 2018

The axolotl (Ambystoma mexicanum) provides critical models for studying regeneration, evolution and development. However, its large genome (~32 gigabases) presents a formidable barrier to genetic analyses. Recent efforts have yielded genome assemblies consisting of thousands of unordered scaffolds that resolve gene structures, but do not yet permit large scale analyses of genome structure and function. We adapted an established mapping approach to leverage dense SNP typing information and for the first time assemble the axolotl genome into 14 chromosomes. Moreover, we used fluorescencein situhybridization to verify the structure of these 14 scaffolds and assign each to its corresponding physical chromosome. This new assembly covers 27.3 gigabases and encompasses 94% of annotated gene models on chromosomal scaffolds. We show the assembly’s utility by resolving genome-wide orthologies between the axolotl and other vertebrates, identifying the footprints of historical introgression events that occurred during the development of axolotl genetic stocks, and precisely mapping several phenotypes including a large deletion underlying thecardiacmutant. This chromosome-scale assembly will greatly facilitate studies of the axolotl in biological research.
Mother centrioles are dispensable for deuterosome formation and function during basal body amplification
Authors: Zhao Huijie , Chen Qingxia , Huang Qiongping , Yan Xiumin , Zhu Xueliang
Published: July 2018

Mammalian epithelial cells use a pair of mother centrioles (MCs) and numerous deuterosomes as platforms for efficient basal body assembly during multiciliogenesis. How deuterosomes form and function, however, remain controversial. They are proposed to either arise spontaneously followed by maturation into larger ones with increased procentriole-producing capacity or be assembled solely on the young MC, nucleate procentrioles under the MC’s guidance, and released as procentriole-occupied "halos". Here we show that both MCs are dispensable for deuterosome formation in multiciliate cells. In both mouse tracheal epithelial and ependymal cells (mTECs and mEPCs), discrete deuterosomes in the cytoplasm were initially procentriole-free and then grew into halos. More importantly, eliminating the young MC or both MCs in proliferating precursor cells through shRNA-mediated depletion of Plk4, a kinase essential to procentriole assembly, did not abolish deuterosome formation when these cells were induced to differentiate into mEPCs. The average deuterosome numbers per cell only reduced by 21% as compared to control mEPCs. Therefore, MC is not essential to the assembly of both deuterosomes and deuterosome-mediated procentrioles.
The RNA-binding proteins CELF1 and ELAVL1 cooperatively control RNA isoform production
Authors: David Géraldine , Reboutier David , Deschamps Stéphane , Méreau Agnès , Taylor William , Padilla-Parra Sergi , Tramier Marc , Audic Yann , Paillard Luc
Published: July 2018

ELAVL1 and CELF1 are RNA-binding proteins that are involved in alternative splicing control. To explore their functional relationship, we looked for mRNAs that are differentially spliced following the depletion of CELF1, ELAVL1, or both. We found that these proteins control the usage of their target exons in the same direction. Double depletion has a greater effect than individual depletions, showing that CELF1 and ELAVL1 exert additive control. To confirm these results, we carried out RT-PCR on the alternative cassette exons of several mRNAs, including CD44, WNK1, PHACTR2, MICAL3, SPTBN1, and PPP3CB. Using FRET, we found that CELF1 and ELAVL1 directly interact in cell nuclei. We demonstrated that the combined levels of CELF1 and ELAVL1 are a valuable biomarker in several cancers, even when their individual levels may yield very limited information. CD44 alternative splicing probably accounts in part for the effects of CELF1 and ELAVL1 levels on patient survival. These data point to strong functional interactions between CELF1 and ELAVL1 in the control of mRNA isoform production, resulting in significant impacts on human pathology.
Exome sequencing of an adolescent with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease identifies a clinically actionable case of Wilson disease
Authors: Wattacheril Julia , Shea Patrick R. , Mohammad Saeed , Behling Cynthia , Aggarwal Vimla , Wilson Laura A. , Yates Katherine P. , Ito Joy , Fishbein Mark , Stong Nicholas , Lavine Joel E. , Goldstein David B.
Published: July 2018

Diagnostic whole-exome sequencing has proven highly successful in a range of rare diseases, particularly early-onset genetic conditions. In more common conditions, however, exome sequencing for diagnostic purposes remains the exception. Here we describe a patient initially diagnosed with a common, complex liver disease, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), who was determined to have Wilson disease (WD) upon research-related exome sequencing. The patient presented as a 14.5-yr-old adolescent with chronically elevated aminotransferases, normal ceruloplasmin, and histologic examination consistent with NAFLD with advanced fibrosis. He was enrolled in a large longitudinal study of patients with NAFLD and was found to have WD by exome sequencing performed 4 yr later. This new diagnosis, confirmed clinically by 24 h urine copper quantification, led to a change in the therapy from lifestyle counseling to directed treatment with d-penicillamine, a copper chelating agent. In this case, the likelihood of making the correct diagnosis and thereby choosing the appropriate treatment was increased by exome sequencing and careful interpretation. This example illustrates the utility of exome sequencing diagnostically in more common conditions not currently considered as targets for genome-wide evaluation and adds to a growing body of evidence that patients diagnosed with more common conditions often in fact have rarer genetically determined syndromes that have escaped clinical detection.
Single-crystal X-ray diffraction study of a host–guest system comprising monofunctionalized-hydroxy pillar[5]arene and 1-octanamine
Authors: Al-Azemi Talal F. , Vinodh Mickey , Mohamod Abdirahman A. , Alipour Fatemeh H.
Published: July 2018

Co-crystallization of a monofunctionalized hydroxy pillar[5]arene with 1-octanamine resulted in the formation of an inclusion complex where the alkyl chain is threaded in the macrocycle cavity, namely 1,2,3,4-(1,4-dimethoxy)-5-(1-hydroxy-4-methoxy)-pillar[5]arene–1-octanamine–water (1/1/1), C44H48O10·C8H19N·H2O. The guest compound is stabilized inside the cavity by hydrogen-bonding and C—H...π interactions. The water molecule in the asymmetric unit mediates the formation of a supramolecular dimer by hydrogen-bonding interactions. These functionalized-pillararene hosts expand the possibility of exploring more supramolecular interactions with various guest species.
Occurrence of chemical contaminants in animal products during 1999–2016 in the Czech Republic
Authors: Tunegová Martina , Samková Eva , Hasoňová Lucie , Klimešová Marcela , Marková Aneta , Kala Robert , Toman Róbert
Published: July 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the results of inspections carried out by the State Veterinary Administration (SVA) of Czech Republic (CR) for the occurrence of chemical contaminants in animal products before and after CR entered the European Union (EU).

Design/methodology/approach

Data was collected from e-databases of the SVA from 1999–2016 and sorted into categories (game animals and fish; livestock; food and raw material of animal origin) and time periods (one before entry and two after entry of CR to the EU). Analyses of the samples were categorized as “positive samples” (any presence of contaminants) and “samples above the MRL” (presence of contaminants exceeding the maximum residue levels).

Findings

Results showed a significant decrease in the number of positive findings of contaminants during the monitored years 1999–2016, especially after CR entered the EU. Most encouragingly, the number of samples that exceeded the MRL was less than 1 percent from all the tested samples of animal origin and, after entry to the EU, in one category (food and raw materials of animal origin) it was even less than 0.1 percent. Findings of banned substances indicate continued environmental contamination in CR; however, this remains a problem in most of Europe due to their extensive use in the past and slow degradation.

Originality/value

This paper provides an overview of the occurrence of chemical contaminants and their levels in food of animal origin in view of the changing legislative requirements before and after CR entered the EU.
Igniting students’ inner determination: the role of a need-supportive climate
Authors: Adams Curt , Khojasteh Jam
Published: July 2018

Purpose

Self-determination theory was used to conceptualize a type of school climate that has consequences for the social, emotional and cognitive well-being of students. The purpose of this paper is to argue that a need-supportive climate emerges through a general pattern of interactions that students experience as supporting their psychological needs.

Design/methodology/approach

A hypothesized model was tested whereby the latent need-supportive climate variable was predicted to work through identification with school to influence student grit.Ex postfacto data were collected during the 2015–2016 school year from a random sample of students in either the 5th, 8th, or 11th grades in 71 schools located in a southwestern city in the USA. A total of 3,233 students received surveys. Of these students, the authors received useable responses from 2,587 students for a response rate of 80 percent.

Findings

Findings support the hypothesis that autonomy-support, competence-support and relational-support are integrated and combine to shape experiences that align with student psychological needs. Additionally, students who experienced a need-supportive climate were also more likely to identify with school and expressed higher grit toward academic pursuits.

Originality/value

A need-supportive climate adds meaning to more general characterizations of school life (e.g. healthy, supportive, open, etc.) and it affords a theoretically derived explanation for how the social side of schools nurtures the inner determination of students to excel.