bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Musical Storytelling and Revision in Rodgers and Hart’s A Connecticut Yankee
Authors: Woller Megan
Published: April 2021

This short chapter examines Mark Twain’s novel A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court and its relationship to “classical” Arthurian legend. Twain blends time periods in a more sustained way than either T. H. White’s or even Monty Python’s Arthurian world, both of which already are rife with anachronisms and modern intrusions. In “transporting” a contemporary character into ancient Camelot, Twain uses the tale to comment on society and technology in very obvious ways. As an opening prelude to the first section of this book, an examination of Twain’s approach and characterization form a foundation for later retellings. Indeed this overt melding of time periods has made the novel a popular work to adapt.
Interpretation and Characterization in Lerner and Loewe’s Camelot
Authors: Woller Megan
Published: April 2021

This chapter looks at how Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe adapt T. H. White’s The Once and Future King in both original 1960 Broadway stage production and the 1967 Hollywood film adaptation. Specifically, this chapter looks at how the musical Camelot interprets White’s version of Arthurian legend, tracking the changes Lerner and Loewe made and especially how song affects characterization. Drawing on archival research completed at the Library of Congress, this chapter examines the process of adapting this long unwieldy myth into a musical. Although Loewe did not work on the 1967 film, Lerner wrote the screenplay. Since the film version remains fixed and widely available, it is worth investigating how the changes made to it further adapt the tale. Since Lerner and Loewe chose to focus on the love triangle between Arthur, Guenevere, and Lancelot, this chapter pays particular attention to how Lerner and Loewe alter their characters.
Philosophy of Well-Being for the Social Sciences
Authors: Fletcher Guy
Published: April 2021

In this chapter, the author provides an introduction to philosophical work on well-being. He begins by explaining the specific kinds of questions that philosophers are interested in when it comes to well-being. The author then seeks to explain the role of thought experiments in philosophical work on well-being. He explains why such cases are useful and nongratuitous and describes the methodological assumptions that underlie their use. Finally, the author explains how philosophers seek to preserve a common subject matter for debate—well-being—even in the presence of radical disagreement about which theory is correct.
Tradition-Specific Measures of Spiritual Well-Being
Authors: VanderWeele Tyler J. , Long Katelyn N. G. , Balboni Michael J.
Published: April 2021

Spiritual well-being (SWB) is an often-overlooked aspect of a person’s overall well-being. Existing generic measures of SWB are not sufficiently specific to capture the principal ends and concerns of most particular religious communities; tradition-specific measures are needed. To that end, the authors provide conceptual background and develop a set of items for a measure of Christian SWB. Within the Christian religion, the measure is intended to be ecumenical in being broadly applicable across Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox traditions. The chapter discusses ways in which such a measure might be of use both for research purposes and for religious communities themselves to advance their own ends. The authors discuss the possible development of other tradition-specific measures of SWB in the context of a pluralistic society. These measures may be of use in ensuring that research on religion and well-being is not only of academic interest, but also serves the ends of religious communities themselves.
Complex Intersections
Authors: Beres Louis René
Published: April 2021

Going forward, Israel’s foreign policy and defense planners will face increasingly complex challenges to the country’s national security. Such core challenges will present themselves in military and jurisprudential terms, and will need to be confronted together, sometimes in their more-or-less plausible interactions or synergies. One area of especially great significance will concern prospective enemy crimes of “perfidy”. Of most plainly urgent importance in this regard would be those circumstances wherein Palestinian and/or Shiite Arab terror attacks could involve weapons of mass destruction. To best avoid such dire circumstances, Israel will have to pay growing attention to certain measured strategies of preemption or “anticipatory self-defense.” Throughout its pertinent military operations, Jerusalem/Tel Aviv will need to heed the always binding expectations of “distinction,” “proportionality,” and “military necessity”, and to acknowledge the ongoing primacy of dispassionate intellectual analysis over any more narrowly political assessments.
The European Regulatory Conundrum to Face the Rise and Amplification of False Content Online
Authors: Pollicino Oreste , Gregorio Giovanni De , Somaini Laura
Published: April 2021

In the last couple of years, the dissemination of false content online has raised serious concerns worldwide. As a result, states have attempted to tackle disinformation in different ways. Regulating disinformation requires solving the following dilemma: How and to what extent can we regulate (false) speech? It is not by chance that democratic and authoritarian countries have followed different regulatory paths in this field. The social media landscape have contributed to increasing the complexity in the fight against disinformation. The pandemic has then amplified the challenges coming from the spread of false content. This work aims to outline anti-disinformation trends in Europe. By focusing on Europe as one of the most interesting areas of the world to analyse regulatory attempts concerning disinformation, the primary goal of this work is to provide a nuanced approach in this field, going beyond the mere description of supranational and legislative regulation and looking at the European regulatory framework under a multilevel constitutional perspective.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
Authors: Tizzano Antonio
Published: April 2021

The introductory note describes the main developments of 2018 with regard to the functioning and the organization of the Court of Justice of the European Union, as well as to its case law. The Court of Justice and the General Court were confronted with many delicate legal questions pertaining to all aspects of EU law. Amongst others, the EU courts were confronted with the unresolved issues raised by the so-called “migration crisis,” by the exit of the United Kingdom from the European Union, and by the threats to the values inherent in the rule of law, which are worryingly emerging in various member states. The introductory note provides an overview of the most important judgments that were delivered in 2018, in an array of legal domains, including rights and obligations of third-country migrants, fundamental rights, rules of competition and internal market, common commercial policy, and common foreign and security policy.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
Authors: Reinisch August
Published: April 2021

This chapter discusses the 2018 jurisprudence of the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) tribunals and ad hoc committees, which addressed among others the notion of “investment” under Article 25 ICSID Convention, illegality in the making of an investment, and the jurisdictional or admissibility nature of waiting periods qualifying host state consent to investor-state arbitration. They also dealt with direct and indirect expropriation and broadly affirmed the Methanex/Saluka doctrine. In this respect, arbitral tribunals emphasized their limited power of review, stressing that it was not their task to sit in judgment over difficult political and policy decisions made by states. In regard to fair and equitable treatment, tribunals have emphasised that investors’ due diligence plays a crucial role in measuring the legitimacy and reasonableness of their expectations and that proportionality as well as reasonableness are important considerations when assessing the scope of a state’s police powers. ICSID jurisprudence has also firmly adopted the three-step test developed by NAFTA tribunals in order to determine possible violations of the non-discrimination standard of national treatment: (i) to identify the relevant subjects for comparison; (ii) to consider the treatment each comparator receives; and (iii) to consider any factors that justify any differential treatment. Furthermore, ICSID ad hoc committees continued to apply a very restrictive standard of review under Article 52 ICSID Convention.
War and the Soul
Authors: LiVecche Marc
Published: April 2021

Chapter 1 explores in greater detail both the medical and phenomenological foundations of moral injury and its consequences upon the morally injured. It examines the clinical history that led to the recognition of the need for a diagnosis different than, though related to, posttraumatic stress disorder, and it zeroes in on moral injury’s relationship to killing in combat. It goes on to demonstrate the ubiquity of the belief, even among warfighters, that killing is morally evil—even if it is also morally necessary in war. Through again referencing clinical work, and introducing some of the key clinicians focusing on the moral injury construct, the paradoxical relationship between killing and moral injury is then linked to the suicide crisis afflicting combat veterans.
The Mournful Warrior
Authors: LiVecche Marc
Published: April 2021

Chapter 5 defends against the challenge that the attitudinal requirements the just war tradition demands of just warriors are so severe as to be impracticable in actual combat, thus rendering moral injury practically unavoidable, even if in principle unnecessary. Against more extreme forms of dehumanization, callousness—the thickening of one’s skin—is presented as an important moral insulation for the warfighter, even as a martial virtue. Pushing against a popular taxonomy of four “images of the enemy” (perceived as the only possible ways that warfighters view those they war against and each of which is incompatible with the just war tradition), a fifth image is identified—that of the mournful warrior. Articulating the common-sense distinction between grief and guilt, this image is shown to be both compatible with the just war attitudinal mandate and regularly employed by warfighters in actual combat.
World Chaos
Authors: Strasburg James D.
Published: April 2021

This chapter investigates how leading ecumenists like Henry Smith Leiper and fundamentalists such as J. Frank Norris and Gerald Winrod responded to a series of crises that swept over the transatlantic world in the early 1930s, including the global Great Depression, Hitler’s seizure of power, the German Church Struggle, and Nazi persecution of the Jews. It documents how ecumenical and fundamentalist Protestants in the United States developed dramatically different interpretations of these events. While ecumenists called for a new global order of democracy and ecumenism, fundamentalists undertook crusades against evil both at home and abroad. In sum, their respective responses to these challenges further fractured their churches and their nation.
Texts and contexts
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav
Published: April 2021

This chapter analyzes how rhetorical training and the literary culture used and abused historical evidence during the Roman imperial and Byzantine eras to maintain cultural continuity insofar as intellectual life and education (paideia) remained rooted in material from classical Greece. The largely uniform rhetorical curriculum helped to create a class of educated people, the pepaideumenoi, with similar social norms, cultural tastes, and intellectual expectations. While relying on real or alleged classical records, progymnasmata, or preliminary exercises in rhetoric, approached that material in a liberal fashion: students were expected to attain a more powerful effect by improvising; switching out the lead characters in the same situation or putting the same person in different settings; adding and molding direct speech; and combining different types of exercises. This imagined rhetorical past acquired a life of its own, concealing, obscuring, and effectively replacing the historical reality. This environment produced most of our evidence about Demades.
Demades the politician
Authors: Dmitriev Sviatoslav
Published: April 2021

This chapter analyzes how the images of Demades replicated the involvement of the pepaideumenoi in politics: an uneducated nouveau riche of obscure origins and an accidental politician, he proffered an example of the absolute nature of corruption. This image was constructed with the help of the metaphor of Demades consisting of “tongue and guts”—an expression that was retrospectively applied to different political figures—which indicated the selfish nature of his politics; and with stories of his bribe taking and proposing numerous honorific decrees for personal profit. These and other displays of Demades’s immorality, such as cheating and breaking oaths, turn out to have been popularly recycled rhetorical topoi. It was a short step from breaking promises to making illegal proposals. Later references to such proposals by Demades supplied material for progymnasmata exercises in the introduction of laws; these exercises focused on moving legal initiatives that did not comply with existing legislation.
Newspaper Confessions
Authors: Golia Julie
Published: April 2021

Newspaper Confessions chronicles the history of the newspaper advice column, a genre that has shaped Americans’ relationships with media, their experiences with popular therapy, and their virtual interactions across generations. Emerging in the 1890s, advice columns became unprecedented virtual forums where readers could debate the most resonant cultural crises of the day with strangers in an anonymous yet public forum. The columns are important—and overlooked—precursors to today’s digital culture: forums, social media groups, chat rooms, and other online communities that define how present-day American communicate with each other. This book charts the rise of the advice column and its impact on the newspaper industry. It analyzes the advice given in a diverse sample of columns across several decades, emphasizing the ways that advice columnists framed their counsel as modern, yet upheld the racial and gendered status quo of the day. It shows how advice columnists were forerunners to the modern celebrity journalist, while also serving as educators to audience of millions. This book includes in-depth case studies of specific columns, demonstrating how these forums transformed into active and participatory virtual communities of confession, advice, debate, and empathy.
Introduction
Authors: Hoffman Michael
Published: April 2021

This chapter introduces the key issues addressed in the book. Why does religion sometimes strengthen support for democracy and sometimes do just the opposite? This book argues that theological explanations alone cannot account for the wide variety of influences that religion can have on political preferences. It argues, instead, that we must consider the role of group interests. The book presents a new theory that uses an interest-based approach to explain these complex relationships. Evidence from Lebanon, Iraq, and elsewhere supports these claims.
Conclusion
Authors: Hoffman Michael
Published: April 2021

This chapter concludes, placing these findings in the context of religion and political behavior broadly considered. It tests my theory in a large sample of countries using the World Values Survey. Cross-national tests indicate that the pattern described in the above cases is evident in much of the world: the general trend is that for small sects, communal prayer decreases support for democracy, while the opposite is true for large groups. Larger groups can expect to benefit from free elections due to their sheer size, so increased salience of sectarian identity---such as that created by communal worship---should promote democratic attitudes; the reverse logic holds for smaller groups, who would be unlikely to win elections. Finally, the chapter uses the suggestive evidence from the World Values Survey to describe some of the conditions under which this theory should---and should not---apply.
Normative Judgment, Realism, and International Law
Authors: Pavel Carmen E.
Published: April 2021

A strand of thought within international relations realism claims that international law, understood as the dense network of multilateral and bilateral treaties, customary law, and institutions tasked with interpreting and applying them, cannot have meaningfully legal authority. This chapter traces the genealogy of the realist take on international law to a problematic use of the rational choice model for state behavior. Namely, realists derive skeptical positions about the authority and value of international law by using the rational choice model applied to states prescriptively rather than merely descriptively. With parsimonious assumptions about instrumental rationality, preferences, and choice situations, realists have put the model to good use to explain state action in the context of international politics. But they go much further, by taking the rational actor model to articulate an implicit moral ideal for states.
The Fall of an Icon: Institutionalization of Religious Organizations in Turkey
Authors: Yadav Vineeta
Published: April 2021

This chapter introduces and analyses the case of Turkey. First, it identifies the theoretically appropriate religious groups and organizations that are active in Turkey, then discusses their institutional interests and policy preferences, particularly regarding civil liberties, and their lobbying capacity. Using data on religious parties’ parliamentary concentration and on inflation rates, the chapter identifies three theoretically distinct periods that correspond to different outcomes for religious organizations’ institutionalization. Based on Hypothesis 1, these conditions predict that religious parties finally found conditions conducive to strengthening Turkish religious organizations starting in 1996. Therefore, it is only after this period that Turkish religious organizations established a formidable institutional presence in the for-profit education, welfare, media, and business sectors. The chapter then uses evidence from an original survey of more than 200 Turkish politicians, analytical narratives from Turkish political history, and quantitative data to test support for Hypothesis 1 and its corollaries in Turkey and finds strong support for them.
Arable Lands
Authors: Husain Faisal H.
Published: April 2021

This chapter reconstructs Ottoman irrigation policies in the Tigris-Euphrates alluvial plain. Numerous considerations shaped the Ottoman management of irrigation agriculture in the region. The state’s active support for agricultural development, for instance, was tied to Ottoman concepts of upholding precedent and justice. On the other hand, the ecology and location of the Tigris and Euphrates within the empire restrained whatever agricultural investment the Ottoman state desired to make in the region. Istanbul balanced those cultural, political, and environmental considerations to maintain a hybrid irrigation landscape, largely small in scale and local in character, but with a few giant canals that were administered directly by Ottoman imperial authorities.
Formation
Authors: Myrick Nathan
Published: April 2021

This chapter continues examining ethics and music beyond discourse and meaning, and, drawing on fieldwork and theoretical considerations from the literature, argues that the second way that music is ethically significant is through shared experiences of emotional orientation. Musical activity forms communities through its ability to marshal human emotions and orient emotional postures toward or against ideas or objects. Participants experience the emotions of others in profound ways through music, and this influences their thinking, suggesting that musical activity is a site where meaning and emotion intersect. This intersection of meaning and emotion is intensely formational, indicating that music plays an important role in the formation of both reason and relationships.
Conclusion
Authors: Myrick Nathan
Published: April 2021

This final chapter concludes the argument of the previous five chapters. In doing so, it briefly engages the topic of aesthetics, coupling the notion of beauty with that of authenticity to show how the argument of the book precludes moralizing on the basis of aesthetics alone. However, this does not foreclose reflection on aesthetics and ethics but rather reconfigures them so that beauty and goodness are viewed through a relational lens. It further considers the relationship of aesthetics, affect, and goodness to lyrics and texts, and notes that caring worship words restore worshippers to just relationships with their fellows. Finally, the main argument is summarized and suggestions for future research are offered.
The Two-Sidedness of Natural Law
Authors: Banner Stuart
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines several divisive issues of the 19th century in which arguments based on natural law were prominent—capital punishment, property rights, the role of women, and slavery. These were highly salient political debates, and they were also issues that often arose in litigation. Participants on both sides framed their arguments in terms of natural law. By the later part of the century, lawyers began to wonder whether, if natural law could be invoked to support both sides of such hotly contested questions, it was too indeterminate to be used in court.
Substitutes for Natural Law
Authors: Banner Stuart
Published: April 2021

This chapter offers a fresh perspective on some familiar aspects of the legal thought of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, by connecting them to the decline of natural law. Much of what we now call classical legal thought can be understood as the profession’s attempt to find a substitute for natural law, either by replicating the method of natural law with principles found elsewhere than in nature or by bringing natural law into the courtroom indirectly through positive law. At the same time, the decline of natural law led to the emergence of the view that judges are makers, not finders, of law.
Introduction
Authors: Pippin Robert
Published: April 2021

An initial exploration of the various dimensions of the new land that everyone finds themselves exiled to is presented, with an eye to the philosophical questions raised by the most important dimensions: the title (given that the historical figure of Jesus nowhere appears in the book), the enforced migration, the new language they must learn, the erasure of most of their memories, and the nature of the bond between the boy David and the man who takes charge of his care on the sea voyage, Simón. Special attention is paid to the themes of homelessness and forgetfulness, and the connection between that setting, treated here more as a historical landscape (late Western modernity) than a strictly geographical one, and the problem of educating the boy David is discussed. The problem of allegory and the distinctive status of a “metaphysical” allegory is also discussed in detail.
Freedom and the French Revolution
Authors: Skorupski John
Published: April 2021

Two great revolutions set the stage for late modern ethics: the French Revolution and the philosophical revolution of Kant. This chapter studies the events and conflicts of ideas in the French Revolution and its aftermath in France. It gives a narrative account of the Revolution from 1789 to 1804. Three broad ethical stances are distinguished: the feudal-Catholic ethic of the monarch and his allies, the impartial individualism of the Enlightenment, and the Rousseauian radical-democracy of the Jacobins. Under the violent political conflicts between these views lies a resilient philosophical conflict: between impartial individualism and a generic stance which this study identifies as ‘eudaimonistic holism’. The feudal-Catholic ethic and radical-democracy are two very different forms of it. Hegelian ethics will turn out to be a third.
Freedom and Well-Being
Authors: Skorupski John
Published: April 2021

John Stuart Mill is, on the one hand, a man of the Enlightenment, and on the other, the greatest liberal idealist of the nineteenth century. This chapter surveys his philosophy, interpreting it as a synthesis of epistemology, metaphysics, and ethics for the modern age comparable to that of Hegel. The two syntheses are opposed in fundamental respects, notably on the question of individualism and holism, yet in both of them freedom is the governing idea. The first two sections examine Mill’s intellectual development and his naturalism. In the third section his fundamental rethinking of utilitarianism is considered. The final section considers his philosophy of freedom, which takes a Schillerian inner or spiritual freedom to be the leading essential of well-being. The implications are traced through his social and political theory, notably in On Liberty and The Subjection of Women.
Concluding Reflection
Authors: Skorupski John
Published: April 2021

This chapter discusses issues which arose in this period and remain important for philosophical ethics today. The deepest of these is the contest between individualism and holism which was traced in the French Revolution and then in Hegel (Section 1). This fundamental ethical divide interacts with the metaphysics of freedom (Sections 2 and 4) and is shaped by the philosophical crisis of religion (Section 3). Section 5 turns to the ethics of freedom, and Section 6 to its politics, which centres on the relation between democracy and liberalism. Reflection on these topics must take account of the impact of modernism (Section 7), and of the epistemological effects of democracy (Section 8). A concluding reassessment is proposed by contrasting the syntheses of Hegel and Mill (Section 9), and returning in Section 10 to ask: what, then, are the foundations of ethics?
Between lexical verbs and auxiliaries
Authors: Kageyama Taro
Published: April 2021

This chapter classifies Japanese V-V complexes into four major types on the basis of morphosyntactic criteria and shows that the formal taxonomy has semantic underpinnings. Type 1: lexical thematic compound verbs (lexical verb + lexical verb), Type 2: lexical aspectual compound verbs (lexical verb + delexicalized aktionsart verb), Type 3: syntactic compound verbs (verb phrase + delexicalized phasal verb), Type 4: V-te V complex predicates (verb phrase + delexicalized aspectual/attitudinal/benefactive verb). The delexicalized V2s in Types 2, 3, and 4 modify the event structures of the first verbs with an array of aktionsart, phasal, pragmatic, and subjective meanings that are largely comparable to those of Indian vector verbs. These delexicalized verbs, coupled with the auxiliary verbs of a fifth type designating politeness or contempt, are conceived of as “semilexical” categories representing intermediate stages of development on a verb-to-auxiliary grammaticalization cline.
The semantic differentiation of verb-te verb complexes and verb-verb compounds in Japanese
Authors: Matsumoto Yo
Published: April 2021

Japanese has two different formal types of complex predicates involving two verbs: V-te V complex predicates and V-V compound verbs. This chapter discusses the nature of the former in comparison to the latter. The examination reveals that the two kinds of multiverbal complexes similarly have two subtypes, one monoclausal and the other biclausal, but that they are different morphologically, syntactically, and semantically. The most interesting finding is that the two crucially differ in whether deictic and honorific verbs, which encode perspectival and interactional meanings, can participate in the complexes. Morphologically tighter V-V compounds require a same-subject relation between the two verbs and exclude perspectival or interactional meanings (except V1 in syntactic compounds). Loosely concatenated V-te V complexes allow different subjects, typically have perfective/resultative V1, and have V2 as a preferred slot for perspectival/interactional meanings. These observations suggest that Japanese does not have these two options meaninglessly; the different multiverbal complexes serve different purposes.
Korean verb-verb sequences
Authors: Hwang Hyun Kyung , Whitman John
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines Korean V-V sequences where V1 ends with the infinitive suffix -e/a. These complexes correspond in part to Japanese V-V compounds and in part to Japanese Type 4 complex verbs. Like the former, Korean V1-e/a V2 sequences divide up into thematic and nonthematic subtypes, but it is shown that neither are compounds with single-word status, in contrast to a pattern of bare root V-V compounds attested but no longer productive in Modern Korean. It is argued that the thematic V1-e/a V2 pattern, widely analyzed as a serial-verb construction, is subject to a condition similar to Kageyama’s (1993) Transitivity Harmony Principle. However the condition is even stronger in Korean: not only must the two verbs agree with respect to presence or absence of an external argument, they must also match in lexical aspect or aktionsart.
The Hindi-Urdu compound verb and its covert semantics
Authors: Hook Peter E.
Published: April 2021

The first section of this chapter shows how use of quantitative online data can shed light on the semantic and syntactic properties of the Hindi-Urdu compound verb when compared to the compound verb in other Indo-Aryan languages like Marathi and Nepali. The second and third parts of the chapter demonstrate a contrast in the use of compound versus?noncompound verbs in referring to imagined versus real natural events and interpret that contrast as reflecting the conscious reception of information by the prepared mind as opposed to the sudden reception of new information by the unprepared mind (Bashir 1993). This contrast is robust in languages like Hindi-Urdu where the alternation of compound versus noncompound forms of the verb has taken on paradigmatic value and has developed the power to reflect abstract mental states.
Verb + verb sequences in Dravidian
Authors: Steever Sanford B.
Published: April 2021

This chapter analyzes compound verb constructions in the Dravidian language family. Drawing on data from all four subgroups, two broad constructions emerge: auxiliary compound verbs and lexical compound verbs. The former provide complex morphosyntactic vehicles for verbal categories or combinations of categories not found in the simple verb inflections of a language; the latter provide similar vehicles to encode lexical meanings not found in simple lexemes of the language. A third construction, reduplicated compounds, is also analyzed. A brief comparison in made between the pattern of these verb + verb sequences in Dravidian and patterns found in other language families.
A Philosopher’s Guide to Discounting
Authors: Mintz-Woo Kian
Published: April 2021

This chapter introduces several distinctions relevant to what is called the “discounting problem”, since the issue is how (future) costs and benefits are discounted to make them comparable in present terms. The author defends the claim that there are good reasons to adopt Ramsey-style discounting in the context of climate change: the Ramsey rule is robust, flexible, and well-understood. An important distinction involved in discounting—“descriptivism” and “prescriptivism”—is discussed. It is argued that, even if we adopt prescriptivism, and accept that this means there is need for moral experts in parameter assignments, there is a significant issue. The type of moral expertise required for the discounting problem will not involve knowledge of moral theory—thus making moral philosophy unhelpful in terms of making particular parameter assignments, despite these being substantive moral judgments.
Way to Go, Me
Authors: Andreou Chrisoula
Published: April 2021

This chapter considers an interesting possibility related to human psychology and explores its relevance with respect to understanding and impacting behavior in the face of climate change understood as a “creeping environmental problem.” The possibility is that one’s best bet in terms of predicting and understanding someone’s take on her individually trivial contributions to positive or negative outcomes is not to look for clues about whether she is individualistic or group-oriented, but instead to figure out whether an individualistic take or a group-oriented take will facilitate her seeing herself as praiseworthy, or at least not blameworthy: insofar as one take is better suited to facilitating self-praise, or avoiding self-blame, with respect to the behavior at hand, it will, other things equal, be adopted. If this is right, it has important implications with respect to attempts at promoting environmentally friendly behavior by activating motivations associated with the prospect of self-praise or self-blame.
Unilateral, Non-Statutory Executive Powers
Authors: Cohn Margit
Published: April 2021

This chapter offers an in-depth analysis of one form of constitution-generated fuzziness – unilateral rule-making under the constitution. The bases of such powers include historically-embedded sources of power such as the British royal prerogative, uncontested long-standing practices, expansive interpretations of clauses in a written constitution such as the take-care and the Commander-in-Chief clauses in the US Constitution, and reliance on other constructs such as 'third-source' powers, 'constitutional gloss' and concepts of sovereignty. The high-level but indeterminate sources of such action typically do not demarcate the limits of such action; thus, they essentially guarantee the fuzziness so favoured by executives. The chapter considers in detail all the recognized sources for the continued existence of unilateral non-statutory powers in the two compared systems, and addresses two accepted legal constraints on their application: their subjection to statute, under the doctrine of residuality, and their subjection to judicial review.
Fuzzy Legality and the Challenge to Proper Governance
Authors: Cohn Margit
Published: April 2021

This chapter addresses two aspects of the propriety of reliance on fuzzy law as a central strategy for the retention of executive dominance over and under law. First, it presents arguments concerning the direct negative impact of fuzzy law on proper governance. These arguments are sorted around two nodes of democratic theory: ‘the rule of law’, and theories of participatory/deliberative democracy. Both offer good bases for embedding these arguments in the normative debate. The second part of the chapter offers a hitherto untreated aspect: it traces the political economy of fuzziness. It traces the factors that enhance reliance on fuzzy modes of executive action, classified under a distinction between endogenous and exogenous factors. Beyond law’s endemic fuzziness, I study a group of external factors that impact on the retention of fuzziness, including power politics and player preferences; disagreement during the design stage of a rule or at a subsequent political juncture; pressure to act that results in fuzzy arrangement, not necessarily designed to be applied; and the relative marginalization of the action exercised, which leads to the retention of fuzziness. Combined, the two parts of the chapter enrich the understanding of the ubiquity of fuzziness, while emphasizing the prices paid by continuous reversion to such practices.
Conclusion
Authors: Cohn Margit
Published: April 2021

To conclude, this book has traced the ways two central Western democracies, the United Kingdom and the United States, have developed and retained fuzzy modes of law that were relied upon by aggrandized heads of the executive branch. Viewed as an unavoidable feature of governance, the resulting argument for a similar aggrandizement of review by courts, designed to curb some of the ensuing abuse of power, is central to the rounded model offered in the book.
Key issues and questions
Authors: Wilson Jessica M.
Published: April 2021

Both the special sciences and ordinary experience suggest that there is metaphysical emergence, whereby there are macro-entities which materially depend on lower-level configurations, but which are also distinct from and distinctively efficacious as compared to these configurations. Such appearances give rise to two key questions. First, what is metaphysical emergence, more precisely? Second, is there actually any metaphysical emergence? Wilson registers the aim of providing clear, compelling, systematic answers to these questions; she discusses the overall strategy and associated plan for the book; and she surveys certain operative notions, including those of the physical, levels, the fundamental, causes and powers, and methodology.
Metaphysical emergence: next steps
Authors: Wilson Jessica M.
Published: April 2021

Wilson summarizes the results of the book and calls attention to some phenomena whose status as metaphysically emergent deserves further attention, including quantum entanglement, molecular structure, biological systems, and brain dynamics. She closes with some methodological observations pointing towards other ways in which attention to broadly mereological relationships between sets of powers might serve to shed light on other aspects of higher-level reality, beyond metaphysical emergence.
Becoming Virtuous by Doing Virtuous Actions
Authors: Jimenez Marta
Published: April 2021

Aristotle’s great discovery about moral development is that we learn to be good through practice—i.e. we become virtuous by doing virtuous actions. This chapter explores Aristotle’s account of how learners can perform virtuous actions in the right way before they are virtuous, and pays special attention to considerations of continuity between the practices of the learners and those of virtuous people. The chapter shows that (and explains why) Aristotle alludes in his ethical treatises to emotional resources available to non-virtuous people that allow learners to somehow aim at the noble in their actions and grasp the value of virtuous actions before they possess virtuous dispositions of character. Because learners can make use of such emotional resources before having virtue, their practices can resemble those of virtuous people not simply in their external outcomes, but also in the relevant internal motivational aspects.
Pseudo-Virtuous Practices, Pseudo-Virtuous Conditions
Authors: Jimenez Marta
Published: April 2021

This chapter analyzes the causes of the different kinds of pseudo-courage suggested by Aristotle in NE III 8 and EE III 1 with the aim of finding the natural conditions that equip learners so that they are able to perform virtuous actions in the right way. By exploring the “missing ingredients” in each of the causes of pseudo-courage, we gain a clearer idea of the complexity of Aristotle’s understanding of the relationship between agents, actions, behavioral tendencies, and dispositions of character, and we learn about the preconditions which learners must meet in order to perform virtuous on account of their nobility. The analysis of these passages reveals that the variety of pseudo-courage based on shame is the most promising candidate to equip learners with a proto-version of the conditions for virtuously performed virtuous actions, and consequently, as a potential proto-virtue.
The Mixed Nature of Shame
Authors: Jimenez Marta
Published: April 2021

This chapter explores why Aristotle insists on the “mixed” character of shame in his ethical treatises, where he characterizes it as a sui generis emotion that is only in some respects like a virtue. The chapter argues that he has good reasons to maintain that shame is a special kind of emotion—concretely, one of the praiseworthy emotional means—but not a virtuous disposition of character. Appealing to the Aristotelian scheme of capacities, emotions, and dispositions, the chapter shows that shame’s peculiar status as a praiseworthy emotion is a necessary feature for it to be able to operate as a bridge towards virtue in young people. For only if shame is an emotion and not a stable disposition of character can he attribute shame to those young people who are not yet virtuous but are on the path towards virtue.
Conclusion: Shame, Love of the Noble, and Moral Development
Authors: Jimenez Marta
Published: April 2021

My goal in this book has been to argue that, for Aristotle, one of the crucial conditions for successful habituation and one of the fundamental elements in our becoming good is shame, a proto-virtuous emotion that makes us receptive to considerations of nobility from our early days. Young learners who respond to shame and are receptive to praise and blame are well equipped to make progress and become better through virtuous practice. Their responsiveness to shame, I have argued, makes them ready to perform virtuous actions in the right way, loving the noble and hating the shameful, reflecting on how their actions are expressions of their character, and being receptive to moral arguments; as a consequence, they are able to make continuous progress towards virtue....
Taking Newton on Tour
Authors: Roos Anna Marie
Published: April 2021

Although he failed in his first bid to be Royal Society President, Folkes continued to promote Newtonianism abroad. Folkes took a Grand Tour from 1732/3 to 1735, recording the Italian leg of his journey from Padua to Rome in his journal. Chapter five examines Folkes’s travel diary to analyse further his Freemasonry, his intellectual development as a Newtonian and his scientific peregrination in which he used metrology to understand not only the aesthetics but the engineering principles of antique buildings and artefacts, as well as their context and place in the Italian landscape. For Folkes, natural philosophy and antiquarianism went hand in hand. Using Folkes’s diary of his journey, and letters to/from natural philosophers such as Francesco Algarotti, Anders Celsius and Abbé Antonio Conti, this chapter analyses to what extent Folkes’s tour established his reputation as an international broker of Newtonianism as well as the overall primacy of English scientific instrumentation to Italian virtuosi.
Martin Folkes and the Royal Society Presidency
Authors: Roos Anna Marie
Published: April 2021

Chapter seven delineates Folkes role as Royal Society President from 1741 to 1752, analyzing to what extent Folkes’s large number of far-flung social contacts engendered scientific creativity in the Royal Society, challenging the long-standing, mistaken impression among scholars that the organization was in decline in the eighteenth century. The chapters also demonstrates to what extent Folkes participated in discoveries in studies of zoophytes and biological vitalism with Abraham Trembley. In this manner, we thus reclaim the vibrant research programme that Folkes promoted in the Royal Society.
Diachronic change and feature instability
Authors: Alboiu Gabriela , Hill Virginia
Published: April 2021

This chapter focuses on diachronic changes of obligatory control (OC) constructions in Romanian. We argue that the setting for the OC parameter has remained constant since the 16th century, but that the values of the features associated with the C/T/Agr system show systematic change. Specifically, Romanian OC follows the Balkan paradigm (i.e., truncated/FinP clause) which is under tension to accommodate the Romance morphology with Force features that it employs. This pressure results in a continuous cycle, from syncretic to split and, again, to remerged C. This process affects Fin, the only C head available to Romanian OC, alongside constant flux of the T/Agr specifications (i.e., inflected versus uninflected). These findings support the Borer-Chomsky Conjecture (BCC) that sees variation as being restricted to formal features of functional heads (Baker 2008), namely, [+/- Agr] of C/T, while aligning with Biberauer and Walkden’s (2015) observation that diachronic syntax has shifted from the “macro” to the “micro” level.
From lexical to dependent
Authors: Anagnostopoulou Elena , Sevdali Christina
Published: April 2021

In this paper, we discuss the diachronic change in the internal structure of direct and indirect objects in Greek. We do so by comparing the properties of dative and genitive objects in Classical vs. (Standard and Northern) Modern Greek. We argue that there are two distinct modes of dative and genitive objective case assignment: they are either prepositional or dependent (structural) cases, as proposed by Baker & Vinokurova (2010), and Baker (2015). In other words, the change from Classical to Standard Modern Greek must be analyzed as a development from a grammatical system where dative and genitive were lexical/inherent cases, PPs, to a system where genitive is a DP that receives dependent case in the sense of Marantz (1991). By reviewing the diachronic paths of morphological dative, prepositions and prefixes, we propose that the morphological loss of dative from the history of Greek is only indirectly relevant to the diachrony of argumental datives, while change in the case-assigning properties of prepositions played a central role.
Growth of Oxide thin Films and Nanoparticles: Methods of Fabrication
Authors: Netzer Falko P. , Noguera Claudine
Published: April 2021

This chapter outlines the fabrication methods of oxide thin films, from the oxidation of the outer layers of bulk elemental solids to thin film deposition methodologies. The classical theories treating the thermal oxidation of metals and silicon are reviewed. A particular focus is put on the oxidation of alloy single crystal surfaces to generate ultrathin oxide films and the formation of surface oxides, the latter as precursor layers for thicker bulk-type oxide phases. The diverse deposition techniques to grow epitaxial thin oxide films are introduced, with a classification into physical and chemical methods for the ease of presentation; the benefits and disadvantages of the different methods are pointed out. The synthesis of oxide nanoparticles is discussed in the gas phase and in liquid phase environments. The fundamental concepts of nucleation and growth of thin films and nanoparticles are introduced, including the classical capillary approach and atomistic descriptions.
Oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Netzer Falko P. , Noguera Claudine
Published: April 2021

Oxide micro- and nanoparticles are ubiquitous in the natural environment. They have long been used as catalysts, but have found novel applications with the advent of nanotechnologies. From a fundamental point of view, they bridge the gap between the properties of isolated atoms or molecules and those of bulk condensed phases. They present a large spectrum of atomic and electronic structures, due to their finite size in the three dimensions of space and the fact that their atoms are nearly all surface atoms. They represent the first stages of nucleation and growth of larger size oxides, and their stability and properties which depend upon the thermodynamic conditions under which they are formed, largely impact the final product. This chapter reviews their specific properties and analyses their physical origin, both when they are produced in the gas phase, in an aqueous environment, or when cation mixing takes place.
Introduction
Authors: Buchbinder Iosif L. , Shapiro Ilya L.
Published: April 2021

This chapter provides an introduction to the book, which addresses the basic notions and fundamental elements of the modern formalism of quantum field theory and presents an introduction to quantum field theory in curved space and quantum gravity. The chapter begins with a discussion of what constitutes a quantum theory and provides some preliminary notes on the topic. It then goes on to outline the structure of the book. The general notion of a quantized field is discussed. In addition, the Klein-Gordon equation, natural units, notations and conventions are introduced.