bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Types of On-Screen Content and Mental Health in Kindergarten Children
Authors: Wang Haiwa , Zhao Jin , Yu Zhangsheng , Pan Hao , Wu Saishuang , Zhu Qi , Dong Yuanyuan , Liu Huilin , Zhang Yunting , Jiang Fan
Published: December 2023

Importance

Excessive screen time has been associated with a higher risk for mental health problems, but whether the associations differ by screen content types is unclear.

Objective

To examine the allocation of and longitudinal changes in screen exposure across different content types and to explore their associations with mental health in children aged 3 to 6 years.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study used 3-wave, lagged generalized estimating equation models to analyze data from the Shanghai Children’s Health, Education and Lifestyle Evaluation–Preschool (SCHEDULE-P) study in Shanghai, China. The cohort was a representative sample of kindergarten children. Data were collected between November 2016 and May 2019 when children were aged 3 to 4 years (wave 1), 4 to 5 years (wave 2), and 5 to 6 years (wave 3). Data analysis was performed between June 2022 and May 2023.

Exposure

Screen exposure (total daily time and time with each type of content, including educational programs, entertainment programs, non–child-directed programs, electronic games, and social media) was collected when children were aged 3, 5, and 6 years.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Mental health of children at age 3, 5, and 6 years was reported by parents using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.

Results

Of the 15 965 children included in the representative sample, 8270 were males (51.7%) and the mean (SD) age at wave 1 was 3.73 (0.30) years. As children developed from ages 3 to 6 years, the proportion of screen exposure to educational programs (≤1 hour per day: 45.0% [95% CI, 43.5%-46.5%] to 26.8% [95% CI, 25.3%-28.3%]) and entertainment programs (≤1 hour per day: 44.4% [95% CI, 42.8%-45.9%] to 32.1% [95% CI, 30.4%-33.9%]) decreased, whereas exposure to social media increased (≤1 hour per day: 1.5% [95% CI, 1.2%-1.9%] to 27.1% [95% CI, 25.5%-28.7%]). The associations between on-screen content and mental health varied. For a given total screen time, a higher proportion of screen exposure to educational programs was associated with a lower risk for mental health problems (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 0.73; 95% CI, 0.60-0.90), whereas non–child-directed programs were associated with a higher risk for such problems (AOR, 2.82; 95% CI, 1.91-4.18). Regardless of the content, total screen time was consistently associated with mental health problems.

Conclusions and relevance

Results of this study indicated that both total screen time and different types of content were associated with mental health problems in children aged 3 to 6 years. Limiting children’s screen time, prioritizing educational programs, and avoiding non–child-directed programs are recommended.
DNA on the move: mechanisms, functions and applications of transposable elements
Authors: Schmitz Michael , Querques Irma
Published: December 2023

Transposons are mobile genetic elements that have invaded all domains of life by moving between and within their host genomes. Due to their mobility (or transposition), transposons facilitate horizontal gene transfer in bacteria and foster the evolution of new molecular functions in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. As transposition can lead to detrimental genomic rearrangements, organisms have evolved a multitude of molecular strategies to control transposons, including genome defense mechanisms provided by CRISPR‐Cas systems. Apart from their biological impacts on genomes, DNA transposons have been leveraged as efficient gene insertion vectors in basic research, transgenesis and gene therapy. However, the close to random insertion profile of transposon‐based tools limits their programmability and safety. Despite recent advances brought by the development of CRISPR‐associated genome editing nucleases, a strategy for efficient insertion of large, multi‐kilobase transgenes at user‐defined genomic sites is currently challenging. The discovery and experimental characterization of bacterial CRISPR‐associated transposons (CASTs) led to the attractive hypothesis that these systems could be repurposed as programmable, site‐specific gene integration technologies. Here, we provide a broad overview of the molecular mechanisms underpinning DNA transposition and of its biological and technological impact. The second focus of the article is to describe recent mechanistic and functional analyses of CAST transposition. Finally, current challenges and desired future advances of CAST‐based genome engineering applications are briefly discussed.
Intersectional research in adult education: A diffractive gaze
Authors: Sim Eunbi , Nicolaides Aliki , Bierema Laura L.
Published: December 2023

Interlocking systems of oppression are embedded and embodied in the world. Utilizing intersectionality (Crenshaw, 1989; 1991) as a framework and perspective to interrogate oppressive systems, intersectional research (IR) has been produced across adult education (AE) journals. IR articles published in AE journals were reviewed using diffractive analysis (Barad, 2007). We illuminated how these studies, when diffracted, produce patterns of difference that illuminate new pathways for the purposeful entanglement of IR in AE to produce more just ways of knowing and action.
Correlative Analysis of Microstructural and Magnetic Characteristics of Dual‐Phase High‐Carbon Steel
Authors: Sarmadi Negin , Pahlevani Farshid , Udayakumar Sanjith , Biswal Smitirupa , Pervez Md Firoz , Ulrich Clemens , Chakraborty Arnab , Bhattacharyya Saroj Kumar , Sahajwalla Veena
Published: December 2023

The microstructural phases in steel influence the magnetic moments due to different alignments and arrangements of the atoms in the crystal lattice. This study is based on the relationship of the microstructural phases with saturation magnetization (MS), a characteristic magnetic property of a phase in a material. Understanding the changes in microstructural phases during steel processing is paramount for different industries to fulfill the desired mechanical properties of the grade. The current research investigates the microstructural phases and magnetic properties of industrial‐grade high‐carbon steel under compressive and controlled‐thermal deformation to obtain a dual‐phase steel microstructure, i.e., retained austenite and martensite. High‐carbon steel samples are subjected to compression and heat treatments, resulting in different variations of dual‐phase structure. The sample microstructure is characterised using optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopic analyses, and their phases are quantified using X‐ray diffraction, complemented by electron back‐scatter diffraction techniques. An empirical relationship between the microstructural phases of steel and the magnetic characteristics is derived based on the magnetic measurements determined using a SQUID magnetometer. The correlation statistically holds good for high‐carbon steels. This relationship between the volume of transformation of retained austenite (VRA) to martensite (VM) and the magnetic properties is successful in investigating the possibility of a non‐destructive method for evaluating dual‐phase low‐alloyed high‐carbon steels.
Dual‐Site Doping and Low‐Angle Grain Boundaries Lead to High Thermoelectric Performance in N‐Type Bi2S3
Authors: Yang Jian , Ye Haolin , Zhang Xiangzhao , Miao Xin , Yang Xiubo , Xie Lin , Shi Zhongqi , Chen Shaoping , Zhou Chongjian , Qiao Guanjun , Wuttig Matthias , Wang Li , Liu Guiwu , Yu Yuan
Published: December 2023

Bismuth sulfide (Bi2S3) is a promising thermoelectric material with earth‐abundant, low‐cost, and environment‐friendly constituents. However, it shows poor thermoelectric performance due to its extremely low electrical conductivity derived from the low electron concentration. Here, a high‐performance Bi2S3‐based material is reported to benefit from the Fermi level tuning by Ag and Cl co‐doping and defect engineering by introducing dense low‐angle grain boundaries. Both Ag and Cl act as donors in Bi2S3, upshifting the Fermi level. This increases the electron concentration without degrading the electron mobility, thereby obtaining improved electrical conductivity. The electron localization function (ELF) contour map indicates that interstitial Ag causes electron delocalization, showing higher electron mobility in Bi2S3. More importantly, dense low‐angle grain boundaries block phonon propagation, yielding an ultralow lattice thermal conductivity of 0.30 W m−1 K−1. Consequently, a record ZT value of ≈0.9 at 676 K is achieved in the Bi2Ag0.01S3‐0.5%BiCl3 sample.
Conductive and Ferromagnetic Syntactic Foam with Shape Memory and Self‐Healing/Recycling Capabilities
Authors: Sarrafan Siavash , Li Guoqiang
Published: December 2023

Herein, a new lightweight syntactic foam is reported with strong mechanical properties, unique multifunctionalities, and recyclability. Multifunctionality of materials and structures has gained ever‐increasing interest as an excellent approach to designing minimalistic systems. Inspired by nature, these materials can perform multiple functions besides bearing a load. Due to their shape‐changing and damage‐healing property, shape memory vitrimers (SMVs) are a great example of multifunctional materials readily exploited for many applications. Using nickel and silver‐plated hollow glass microbubbles (HGMs), an SMV‐based syntactic foam is introduced here that supplements the multifunctionality of SMVs with electrical conductivity and ferromagnetism, which enables a series of additional potentials such as strain sensing, damage monitoring, Joule heating, and electromagnetic interference shielding. Despite its low density and outstanding mechanical properties, this foam exhibits shape memory behavior, which can be triggered by an electrical current, and damage healing capability due to its reversible dynamic covalent bonds. Especially its recyclability makes recycling the expensive silver‐coated and nickel‐coated HGMs feasible, making this foam cost‐effective and environmentally sustainable. With its many features and economical manufacturability, this syntactic foam has a potential to be utilized in many applications, ranging from aerospace structures to biomedical devices to household items.
Emerging Solutions to Enable the Efficient Use of Sodium Metal Anodes: Progress and Perspectives
Authors: Chen Chong , Yao Wenjiao , Tang Yongbing
Published: December 2023

Sodium‐metal batteries (SMBs) are regarded as key for next‐generation energy storage due to their high theoretical energy and potential cost‐effectiveness. However, Na‐metal systems remain challenged by several factors, including uncontrollable metallic dendrite growth for liquid systems and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) with most organic electrolytes, which limit the feasibility of SMBs. Here, the authors detail the interrelated degradation mechanisms. Afterward, the recent advances in improving the electrochemical performance of SMBs are highlighted. The strategies can be subdivided into the following taxonomy: The utilization of three‐dimensional (3D) conductive skeletons; the introduction of protective layers; the development of compatible electrolyte systems; and the employment of alloy anodes. Designing deposition substrates for the “‘hostless”’ Na has a great effect on reducing the current density and buffering the plating‐stripping volume expansion. The artificial interface approach would introduce efficient mechanical modulus or film‐forming type barriers, which can inhibit detrimental parasitic reactions. Improved solvent‐electrolyte combinations and additives tailored for Na will promise to suppress Na dendrite growth by obtaining a more stable SEI. The formation of alloy phase with Na can tune the bulk properties of the metal per se. Finally, the research challenges and possible development directions of SMBs are also discussed.
Super‐Stable Homogeneously Sustained‐Release System Mediates Transcatheter Arterial Ionic‐Embolization Strategy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Therapy
Authors: Peng Xuqi , Zheng Yating , Xue Yi , Liang Xiaoliu , He Pan , Chen Hu , He Peng , Peng Yisheng , Zhao Zhenwen , Chen Yulun , Gui Xiran , Yang Lei , Xiong Yongfu , Lin Juan , Shi Yesi , Chu Chengchao , Zhang Yang , Liu Gang
Published: December 2023

The clinical effectiveness of locoregional therapies in treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is frequently constrained by multi‐drug resistance and/or tumor metastasis. To surmount these challenges, a promising approach, transcatheter arterial ionic‐embolization (TAIE) is proposed, which can specifically and continuously disrupt the intracellular ionic balance to significantly inhibit tumor activity and invasion. The hydrophilic micro‐nanoscale sodium chloride particles (SCPs) are ingeniously intermixed with hydrophobic lipiodol to create a super‐stable homogeneous embolic formulation (lipiodol‐sodium chloride, LSC). After interventional administration, the LSC selectively deposits in HCC lesions, where lipiodol stably delivers SCPs to disrupt the cell's ionic balance, causing cell death without drug resistance. Notably, it is demonstrated that LSC can significantly hinder tumor cell migration and invasion. The mechanism is through SCP disruption of the ionic balance, which induces cell swelling and subsequent vimentin hydrolysis‐mediated cytoskeletal remodeling. In addition, it is found that LSC treatment notably downregulates the expression of MYLK, TLN, and THBS2 genes in the focal adhesion (FA) signaling pathway of HepG2 cells. LSC formulation integrated tumor‐specific deposition, intratumoral sustained release, efficient tumoricidal activity, significant metastasis inhibition, and excellent biological safety, thereby demonstrating superior in vivo tumor therapeutic effects via TAIE strategy, and showing a promising cancer therapeutic approach for clinical application.
Bio‐Based and Recyclable Self‐Healing Elastomer for the Application of Self‐Powered Triboelectric Nanogenerator in Low‐Temperature
Authors: Wang Hong , Yin Yuxiu , Su Ziyue , Chen Chaoyu , Zhang Linman , Wang Ceyong , Yang Weijun , Huang Yunpeng , Xu Pengwu , Ma Pibo , Liu Tianxi , Ma Piming
Published: December 2023

The cracks in flexible triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) cannot naturally repair themselves during low‐temperature operation, which significantly restricts their practical applications. Yet, the development of elastomers capable of self‐repair at low temperatures has remained a formidable challenge. In this study, a dual dynamic cross‐linking network using multiple hydrogen bonds and β‐hydroxy esters is constructed to fabricate a fully bio‐based elastomer known as PLMBE. This elastomer can be stretched up to an impressive 1200% of its original length and possesses a remarkable autonomous self‐healing capability even under harsh conditions, including low temperatures (−10 °C, 12 h, with a 75% efficiency rate) and exposure to supercooled, high‐concentration saline (10% NaCl solution at −10 °C, 12 h, with a 64% efficiency rate). These remarkable properties are attributed to the elastomer's low glass transition temperature (Tg) of −30 °C and the abundance of hydrogen‐bonded supramolecular interactions. Importantly, this elastomer is highly suitable as a triboelectric layer for creating bio‐based TENG (Bio‐TENG) . These results demonstrate that Bio‐TENG can achieve an impressive output power density of 2.4 W m−2, and the output voltage recovers up to 95% after self‐healing at −10 °C. Consequently, these bio‐based elastomers have promising applications in various fields, including energy storage devices.
Coalescence‐Induced Jumping Bubbles during Pool Boiling
Authors: Park Hyunggon , Ahmadi S. Farzad , Foulkes Thomas P. , Boreyko Jonathan B.
Published: December 2023

Surfaces with micro/nano‐structures significantly enhance the critical heat flux of nucleate boiling by increasing the wickability of the liquid phase to delay film boiling. An alternative strategy, of removing surface bubbles at smaller sizes, is largely ignored. Here, they fabricate a rationally designed micro‐structured surface that enables the coalescence‐induced departure of microscopic vapor bubbles during the pool boiling of water at diameters an order of magnitude smaller than single‐bubble buoyant departure. Arrays of micro‐cavities or micro‐grooves serve as tailored nucleation sites to nucleate close‐packed vapor bubbles, which coalesce at unusually small sizes compared to a homogeneous surface. Two different modes of coalescence‐induced bubble departure are observed and modeled: capillary‐inertial jumping for smaller micro‐bubbles and buoyant‐inertial liftoff for larger micro‐bubbles. Capillarity‐enhanced pool boiling on micro‐structured surfaces has the potential to dramatically enhance the heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux of pool boiling.
Characterization of Chitosan‐Gallic Acid Graft Copolymer for Periodontal Dressing Hydrogel Application
Authors: Feng Mengge , Zeng Xuelian , Lin Quan , Wang Yunxiao , Wei Hongjiang , Yang Shanyi , Wang Guangwei , Chen Xingyu , Guo Mengqin , Yang Xin , Hu Jun , Zhang Yufeng , Yang Xiangliang , Du Yangge , Zhao Yanbing
Published: December 2023

The postoperative periodontal wound is in a complex physiological environment; the bacteria accumulation, the saliva stimulation, and the food residues retention will aggravate the wound deterioration. Commercial periodontal dressings have been widely used for postoperative periodontal treatment, and there still exists some problems, such as poor biocompatibility, weak adhesion, insufficient antibacterial, and anti‐inflammatory properties. In this study, a chitosan‐gallic acid graft copolymer (CS‐GA) is synthesized as a potential periodontal dressing hydrogel. CS‐GA possesses high swelling rate, adjustable degradability, self‐healing ability, biocompatibility, strong adhesion ability, high mechanical properties and toughness. Furthermore, CS‐GA has good scavenging ability for ·OH, O2−, and 1O2. And CS‐GA has good inhibition effect on different bacterial through bacterial membranes damage. CS‐GA can stop bleeding in a short time and adsorb erythrocytes to form physical blood clots to enhance the hemostatic performance. In addition, CS‐GA can reduce inflammatory factors expressions, increase collagen fibers deposition, and neovascularization to promote wounds healing, which makes it as a potential periodontal dressing for postoperative tissue restoration.
First Observation of Negative Capacitance in Molecular Ferroelectric Thin Films
Authors: Feng Zi‐Jie , Xiong Yu‐An , Sun Wen‐Cong , Sha Tai‐Ting , Yao Jie , Pan Qiang , Hu Huihui , Dong Shuai , Xiong Ren‐Gen , You Yu‐Meng
Published: December 2023

On the path of persisting Moore's Law, one of the biggest obstacles is the “Boltzmann tyranny,” which defines the lower limit of power consumption of individual transistors. Negative capacitance (NC) in ferroelectrics could provide a solution and has garnered significant attention in the fields of nanoelectronics, materials science, and solid‐state physics. Molecular ferroelectrics, as an integral part of ferroelectrics, have developed rapidly in terms of both performance and functionality, with their inherent advantages such as easy fabrication, mechanical flexibility, low processing temperature, and structural tunability. However, studies on the NC in molecular ferroelectrics are limited. In this study, the focus is centered on the fabricated high‐quality thin films of trimethylchloromethyl ammonium trichlorocadmium(II), and a pioneering investigation on their NC responses is conducted. The findings demonstrate that the NC exhibited by molecular ferroelectrics is comparable to that of conventional HfO2‐based ferroelectrics. This underscores the potential of molecular material systems for next‐generation electronic devices.
Nanoparticle‐Based Bioaffinity Assays: From the Research Laboratory to the Market
Authors: Farka Zdeněk , Brandmeier Julian C. , Mickert Matthias J. , Pastucha Matěj , Lacina Karel , Skládal Petr , Soukka Tero , Gorris Hans H.
Published: December 2023

Advances in the development of new biorecognition elements, nanoparticle‐based labels as well as instrumentation have inspired the design of new bioaffinity assays. This review critically discusses the potential of nanoparticles to replace current enzymatic or molecular labels in immunoassays and other bioaffinity assays. Successful implementations of nanoparticles in commercial assays and the need for rapid tests incorporating nanoparticles in different roles such as capture support, signal generation elements, and signal amplification systems are highlighted. The limited number of nanoparticles applied in current commercial assays can be explained by challenges associated with the analysis of real samples (e.g., blood, urine, or nasal swabs) that are difficult to resolve, particularly if the same performance can be achieved more easily by conventional labels. Lateral flow assays that are based on the visual detection of the red‐colored line formed by colloidal gold are a notable exception, exemplified by SARS‐CoV‐2 rapid antigen tests that have moved from initial laboratory testing to widespread market adaption in less than two years.
Processability Considerations for Next‐Generation Organic Photovoltaic Materials
Authors: Yang Xinrong , Shao Yiming , Wang Shanshan , Chen Mingxia , Xiao Bo , Sun Rui , Min Jie
Published: December 2023

The evolution of organic semiconductors for organic photovoltaics (OPVs) has resulted in unforeseen outcomes. This has provided substitute choices of photoactive layer materials, which effectively convert sunlight into electricity. Recently developed OPV materials have narrowed down the gaps in efficiency, stability, and cost in devices. Records now show power conversion efficiency in single‐junction devices closing to 20%. Despite this, there is still a gap between the currently developed OPV materials and those that meet the requirements of practical applications, especially the solution processability issue widely concerned in the field of OPVs. Based on the general rule that structure determines properties, methodologies to enhance the processability of OPV materials are reviewed and explored from the perspective of material design and views on the further development of processable OPV materials are presented. Considering the current dilemma that the existing evaluation indicators cannot reflect the industrial processability of OPV materials, a more complete set of key performance indicators are proposed for their processability considerations. The purpose of this perspective is to raise awareness of the boundary conditions that exist in industrial OPV manufacturing and to provide guidance for academic research that aspires to contribute to technological advancements.
Discovery of the Layered Thermoelectric Compound GeBi2Se4 and Accelerating Its Performance Optimization by Machine Learning
Authors: Wang Shaoqin , Wang Xiangdong , Li Zhili , Luo Pengfei , Zhang Jiye , Yang Jiong , Luo Jun
Published: December 2023

Searching for new materials with intrinsically low lattice thermal conductivity is crucial for the exploration of high‐performance thermoelectric materials. Herein, the layered compound GeBi2Se4 with intrinsically low lattice thermal conductivity is discovered, and its thermoelectric performance optimization is accelerated by machine learning. The ultralow lattice thermal conductivity of 0.53 W m−1 K−1 at room temperature for the GeBi2Se4 sample can be ascribed to the large anharmonicity and miscellaneous crystal defects. By alloying tellurium (Te) at the selenium (Se) site, the lattice thermal conductivity is further reduced due to the alloy scattering effect and chemical bond softening while the density‐of‐states effective mass of electrons is significantly increased. Finally, the best n‐type thermoelectric GeBi2Se1.9Te2.1 sample with a dimensionless figure of merit zT of 0.56 at 460 K is screened out by machine learning and verified by experiments, which increases by 140% in comparison with the pristine GeBi2Se4.
A Wrinkle‐Enhanced Porous Poly(lactic Acid) Electret‐based Nanogenerator for Self‐powered Wireless Temperature Measurement Systems
Authors: Li Chaohai , Qiao Liang , Zhu Yuxuan , Yu Fang , Peng Biaolin , Wang Zhong Lin , Ren Kailiang
Published: December 2023

Recently, electret‐based triboelectric nanogenerator (E‐TENG) showssignificant advantages for energy harvesting applications, including a largeelectric current and high output stability. Inthis investigation, porous biocompatible polylactide (PLA) film is prepared for E‐TENG applications. They found that thesurface potential of the porous PLA‐based bioelectret film is maintained at2.1 kV after 86 days of decay,. The measurement data from theE‐TENG‐based cantilever beam showed that the E‐TENG reached an open‐circuitvoltage (Voc) of 184 V and a short circuit current (Isc)of 22.4 µAat 13.8 Hz. Furthermore, the E‐TENG and the PVDF‐based piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) are combined to create a hybridNG for energy harvesting applications. The data indicate that the maximumoutput power of the hybrid NG reached 73.5 µWat 6 MΩ,which is 30.7% and 1.91‐fold higher than that of the PENG and the E‐TENG,respectively. The hybrid NG is used as a powersource to drive a wireless temperaturetransmission system, which can receive a temperature transmission signal from 20 m away. The advantages of biocompatibility,softness and ease of processing make the porous PLA film a great candidate forwearable devices applications.
Thermo‐Mechanical Analysis of Epoxy Resins Under the Influence of Moisture‐Heat Coupling by Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Sheng Can , Liang Kang , Wang Shizhao , Liu Sheng
Published: December 2023

Epoxy resins are used in electronic packaging. However, its low thermal conductivity is a disadvantage and the high moisture absorption leads to defects such as cracking and delamination. In this work, the effect of thermo‐mechanical properties of epoxy resins under moisture‐heat coupling is investigated by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and polyetheramine D230 are used as epoxy resin matrix and curing agents, respectively. The degree of cross–linking is set from 0% to 98% and the moisture mass fraction is set from 0 wt.% to 10 wt.%. The radius distribution function(RDF) shows that water molecules tend to appear ≈2.75 Å from the epoxy resin. The thermal conductivity of the epoxy resin increases by 54.55% for the maximum cross–linking degrees studied. And it increases by 19.23% when the moisture mass fraction is increased from 0 wt.% to 10 wt.%. The deformation of the epoxy resin is calculated which includes the coefficient of thermal expansion(CTE), coefficient of moisture expansion(CME), and coefficient of linear expansion. It is found that moisture expansion predominated at low temperatures and thermal expansion dominates at high temperatures. The analysis provides a theoretical basis for the study of hygrothermal coupling effects.
Biomimetic Wearable Sensors: Emerging Combination of Intelligence and Electronics
Authors: Pan Donglei , Hu Jiawang , Wang Bin , Xia Xuanjie , Cheng Yifan , Wang Cheng‐Hua , Lu Yuan
Published: December 2023

Owing to the advancement of interdisciplinary concepts, for example, wearable electronics, bioelectronics, and intelligent sensing, during the microelectronics industrial revolution, nowadays, extensively mature wearable sensing devices have become new favorites in the noninvasive human healthcare industry. The combination of wearable sensing devices with bionics is driving frontier developments in various fields, such as personalized medical monitoring and flexible electronics, due to the superior biocompatibilities and diverse sensing mechanisms. It is noticed that the integration of desired functions into wearable device materials can be realized by grafting biomimetic intelligence. Therefore, herein, the mechanism by which biomimetic materials satisfy and further enhance system functionality is reviewed. Next, wearable artificial sensory systems that integrate biomimetic sensing into portable sensing devices are introduced, which have received significant attention from the industry owing to their novel sensing approaches and portabilities. To address the limitations encountered by important signal and data units in biomimetic wearable sensing systems, two paths forward are identified and current challenges and opportunities are presented in this field. In summary, this review provides a further comprehensive understanding of the development of biomimetic wearable sensing devices from both breadth and depth perspectives, offering valuable guidance for future research and application expansion of these devices.
Site‐Selective Tyrosine Reaction for Antibody‐Cell Conjugation and Targeted Immunotherapy
Authors: Chen Hongfei , Wong Hong‐Chai Fabio , Qiu Jiaming , Li Biquan , Yuan Dingdong , Kong Hao , Bao Yishu , Zhang Yu , Xu Zhiyi , Tse Ying‐Lung Steve , Xia Jiang
Published: December 2023

Targeted immunotherapies capitalize on the exceptional binding capabilities of antibodies to stimulate a host response that effectuates long‐lived tumor destruction. One example is the conjugation of immunoglobulins (IgGs) to immune effector cells, which equips the cells with the ability to recognize and accurately kill malignant cells through a process called antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In this study, a chemoenzymatic reaction is developed that specifically functionalizes a single tyrosine (Tyr, Y) residue, Y296, in the Fc domain of therapeutic IgGs. A one‐pot reaction that combines the tyrosinase‐catalyzed oxidation of tyrosine to o‐quinone with a subsequent [3+2] photoaddition with vinyl ether is employed. This reaction installs fluorescent molecules or bioorthogonal groups at Y296 of IgGs or the C‐terminal Y‐tag of an engineered nanobody. The Tyr‐specific reaction is utilized in constructing monofunctionalized antibody‐drug conjugates (ADCs) and antibody/nanobody‐conjugated effector cells, such as natural killer cells or macrophages. These results demonstrate the potential of site‐selective antibody reactions for enhancing targeted cancer immunotherapy.
Optothermal Needle‐Free Injection of Vaterite Nanocapsules
Authors: Kislov Denis , Ofer Daniel , Machnev Andrey , Barhom Hani , Bobrovs Vjaceslavs , Shalin Alexander , Ginzburg Pavel
Published: December 2023

The propulsion and acceleration of nanoparticles with light have both fundamental and applied significance across many disciplines. Needle‐free injection of biomedical nano cargoes into living tissues is among the examples. Here a new physical mechanism of laser‐induced particle acceleration is explored, based on abnormal optothermal expansion of mesoporous vaterite cargoes. Vaterite nanoparticles, a metastable form of calcium carbonate, are placed on a substrate, underneath a target phantom, and accelerated toward it with the aid of a short femtosecond laser pulse. Light absorption followed by picosecond‐scale thermal expansion is shown to elevate the particle's center of mass thus causing acceleration. It is shown that a 2 µm size vaterite particle, being illuminated with 0.5 W average power 100 fsec IR laser, is capable to overcome van der Waals attraction and acquire 15m sec−1 velocity. The demonstrated optothermal laser‐driven needle‐free injection into a phantom layer and Xenopus oocyte in vitro promotes the further development of light‐responsive nanocapsules, which can be equipped with additional optical and biomedical functions for delivery, monitoring, and controllable biomedical dosage to name a few.
Bio‐Inspired Microreactors Continuously Synthesize Glucose Precursor from CO2 with an Energy Conversion Efficiency 3.3 Times of Rice
Authors: Zhu Yujiao , Xie Fengjia , Wun Tommy Ching Kit , Li Kecheng , Lin Huan , Tsoi Chi Chung , Jia Huaping , Chai Yao , Zhao Qian , Lo Benedict Tsz‐woon , Leu Shao‐Yuan , Jia Yanwei , Ren Kangning , Zhang Xuming
Published: December 2023

Excessive CO2 and food shortage are two grand challenges of human society. Directly converting CO2 into food materials can simultaneously alleviate both, like what green crops do in nature. Nevertheless, natural photosynthesis has a limited energy efficiency due to low activity and specificity of key enzyme D‐ribulose‐1,5‐bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO). To enhance the efficiency, many prior studies focused on engineering the enzymes, but this study chooses to learn from the nature to design more efficient reactors. This work is original in mimicking the stacked structure of thylakoids in chloroplasts to immobilize RuBisCO in a microreactor using the layer‐by‐layer strategy, obtaining the continuous conversion of CO2 into glucose precursor at 1.9 nmol min−1 with enhanced activity (1.5 times), stability (≈8 times), and reusability (96% after 10 reuses) relative to the free RuBisCO. The microreactors are further scaled out from one to six in parallel and achieve the production at 15.8 nmol min−1 with an energy conversion efficiency of 3.3 times of rice, showing better performance of this artificial synthesis than NPS in terms of energy conversion efficiency. The exploration of the potential of mass production would benefit both food supply and carbon neutralization.
Electrolyte Engineering Toward High Performance High Nickel (Ni ≥ 80%) Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Dong Tiantian , Zhang Shenghang , Ren Zhongqin , Huang Lang , Xu Gaojie , Liu Tao , Wang Shitao , Cui Guanglei
Published: December 2023

High nickel (Ni ≥ 80%) lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) with high specific energy are one of the most important technical routes to resolve the growing endurance anxieties. However, because of their extremely aggressive chemistries, high‐Ni (Ni ≥ 80%) LIBs suffer from poor cycle life and safety performance, which hinder their large‐scale commercial applications. Among varied strategies, electrolyte engineering is very powerful to simultaneously enhance the cycle life and safety of high‐Ni (Ni ≥ 80%) LIBs. In this review, the pivotal challenges faced by high‐Ni oxide cathodes and conventional LiPF6‐carbonate‐based electrolytes are comprehensively summarized. Then, the functional additives design guidelines for LiPF6‐carbonate ‐based electrolytes and the design principles of high voltage resistance/high safety novel electrolytes are systematically elaborated to resolve these pivotal challenges. Moreover, the proposed thermal runaway mechanisms of high‐Ni (Ni ≥ 80%) LIBs are also reviewed to provide useful perspectives for the design of high‐safety electrolytes. Finally, the potential research directions of electrolyte engineering toward high‐performance high‐Ni (Ni ≥ 80%) LIBs are provided. This review will have an important impact on electrolyte innovation as well as the commercial evolution of high‐Ni (Ni ≥ 80%) LIBs, and also will be significant to breakthrough the energy density ceiling of LIBs.
Modification Strategies for Development of 2D Material‐Based Electrocatalysts for Alcohol Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Fu Haichang , Chen Zhangxin , Chen Xiaohe , Jing Fan , Yu Hua , Chen Dan , Yu Binbin , Hu Yun Hang , Jin Yanxian
Published: December 2023

2D materials, such as graphene, MXenes (metal carbides and nitrides), graphdiyne (GDY), layered double hydroxides, and black phosphorus, are widely used as electrocatalyst supports for alcohol oxidation reactions (AORs) owing to their large surface area and unique 2D charge transport channels. Furthermore, the development of highly efficient electrocatalysts for AORs via tuning the structure of 2D support materials has recently become a hot area. This article provides a critical review on modification strategies to develop 2D material‐based electrocatalysts for AOR. First, the principles and influencing factors of electrocatalytic oxidation of alcohols (such as methanol and ethanol) are introduced. Second, surface molecular functionalization, heteroatom doping, and composite hybridization are deeply discussed as the modification strategies to improve 2D material catalyst supports for AORs. Finally, the challenges and perspectives of 2D material‐based electrocatalysts for AORs are outlined. This review will promote further efforts in the development of electrocatalysts for AORs.
A Self‐Assembly Pro‐Coagulant Powder Capable of Rapid Gelling Transformation and Wet Adhesion for the Efficient Control of Non‐Compressible Hemorrhage
Authors: Lei Xiong‐Xin , Zou Chen‐Yu , Hu Juan‐Juan , Fan Ming‐Hui , Jiang Yan‐Lin , Xiong Ming , Han Chen , Zhang Xiu‐Zhen , Li Ya‐Xing , Zhao Long‐Mei , Nie Rong , Li‐Ling Jesse , Xie Hui‐Qi
Published: December 2023

Rapid and effective control of non‐compressible massive hemorrhage poses a great challenge in first‐aid and clinical settings. Herein, a biopolymer‐based powder is developed for the control of non‐compressible hemorrhage. The powder is designed to facilitate rapid hemostasis by its excellent hydrophilicity, great specific surface area, and adaptability to the shape of wound, enabling it to rapidly absorb fluid from the wound. Specifically, the powder can undergo sequential cross‐linking based on “click” chemistry and Schiff base reaction upon contact with the blood, leading to rapid self‐gelling. It also exhibits robust tissue adhesion through covalent/non‐covalent interactions with the tissues (adhesive strength: 89.57 ± 6.62 KPa, which is 3.75 times that of fibrin glue). Collectively, this material leverages the fortes of powder and hydrogel. Experiments with animal models for severe bleeding have shown that it can reduce the blood loss by 48.9%. Studies on the hemostatic mechanism also revealed that, apart from its physical sealing effect, the powder can enhance blood cell adhesion, capture fibrinogen, and synergistically induce the formation of fibrin networks. Taken together, this hemostatic powder has the advantages for convenient preparation, sprayable use, and reliable hemostatic effect, conferring it with a great potential for the control of non‐compressible hemorrhage.
Constructing Multiphase‐Induced Interfacial Polarization to Surpass Defect‐Induced Polarization in Multielement Sulfide Absorbers
Authors: Hui Shengchong , Zhou Xu , Zhang Limin , Wu Hongjing
Published: December 2023

The extremely weak heterointerface construction of high‐entropy materials (HEM) hinders them being the electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbers with ideal properties. To address this issue, this study proposes multiphase interfacial engineering and results in a multiphase‐induced interfacial polarization loss in multielement sulfides. Through the selection of atoms with diverse reaction activities, the multiphase interfacial components of CuS (1 0 5), Fe0.5Ni0.5S2 (2 1 0), and CuFe2S3 (2 0 0) are constructed to enhance the interfacial polarization loss in multielement Cu‐based sulfides. Compared with single‐phase high‐entropy Zn‐based sulfides (ZnFeCoNiCr‐S), the multiphase Cu‐based sulfides (CuFeCoNiCr‐S) possess optimized EMW absorption properties (effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 6.70 GHz at 2.00 mm) due to the existence of specific interface of CuS (1 0 5)/CuFe2S3 (2 0 0) with proper EM parameters. Furthermore, single‐phase ZnFeCoNiCr‐S into FeNi2S4 (3 1 1)/(Zn, Fe)S (1 1 1) heterointerface through 400 °C heat‐treated is decomposed. The EMW absorption properties are enhanced by strong interfacial polarization (EAB of 4.83 GHz at 1.45 mm). This work reveals the reasons for the limited EMW absorption properties of high‐entropy sulfides and proposes multiphase interface engineering to improve charge accumulation and polarization between specific interfaces, leading to the enhanced EMW absorption properties.
Low‐Temperature Carbonized N/O/S‐Tri‐Doped Hard Carbon for Fast and Stable K‐Ions Storage
Authors: Lu Xiaoyi , Zhou Junjie , Huang Le , Peng Handong , Xu Junling , Liu Guoping , Shi Chenglong , Sun Zhipeng
Published: December 2023

Hard carbon stands out as one of the premier anodes for potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs), celebrated for its cost‐effectiveness, natural abundance, and high yield. Yet, its performance in PIBs remains subpar due to slow kinetics, a result of the large ionic radius of K‐ions. Herein, a unique lamellar N/O/S‐tri‐doped hard carbon (NOSHC) has been developed at an impressively low pyrolysis temperature of 500°C, showcasing a distinct “slope‐dominated” characteristic. NOSHC delivers superior rate performance with a dominant surface‐driven capacitive contribution (71.6% at a scan rate of 0.5 mV s−1), maintaining a robust reversible specific capacity of 125 mAh g−1 (half its peak) even at 5 A g−1. Its stability is equally commendable, as it sustains a substantial specific capacity of 265 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g−1 and retains 210 mAh g−1 post‐1000 cycles at 1 A g−1. Moreover, NOSHC undergoes continuous activation via potassiation/depotassiation during cycling. Rich heteroatom doping introduces a plethora of defects and vacancies, creating abundant active sites. The distinct lamellar structure, featuring minimal pores, optimizes K‐ions transport by shortening the diffusion length. This study unveils the potential of enhancing hard carbon anodes for PIBs by harnessing a low carbonization temperature approach.
Digestive enzymes of postweaned greenlip abalone (Haliotis laevigata) are influenced by water temperatures and dietary protein levels
Authors: Bansemer Matthew S. , Salini Michael J. , Qin Jian G. , Harris James O. , Howarth Gordon S. , Stone David A. J.
Published: December 2023

Digestive enzyme activities are known to fluctuate in abalone grown under different environmental conditions however the effects of different dietary regimes are less clear. Therefore, in a 12‐week study, the effects of water temperature and dietary protein levels on digestive enzyme activity in postweaned (6‐month‐old) greenlip abalone (Haliotis laevigata) were investigated. The abalone were fed diets with crude protein levels that ranged from 27% to 36% and cultured at 14°C, 17°C and 20°C. Diets were formulated to be isoenergetic (12.5 MJ kg−1 digestible energy) and isolipidic (3.6% crude lipid). Trypsin, α‐amylase and lipase activities were measured in the gastrointestinal region. Trypsin, α‐amylase and lipase activities significantly increased as water temperatures were raised. In addition, significantly higher α‐amylase activities were observed as protein levels increased, potentially indicating a compensatory effect to increase carbohydrate utilisation for energy metabolism when in short supply. However, abalone fed high dietary protein levels may also utilise protein for energy metabolism. Further research investigating the dietary carbohydrate source for greenlip abalone is recommended. This study provides useful information on the digestive enzyme activity in postweaned greenlip abalone to improve diet strategies for sustainable production.

Abbreviated abstract: Post‐weaned greenlip abalone digestive enzyme activity was examined after feeding four dietary protein levels at three different temperatures for a 12‐week period. Enzyme activities were significantly increased with increasing water temperature. Additionally, significantly higher α‐amylase activities were observed as protein levels increased.
Multimodal Human–Robot Interaction for Human‐Centric Smart Manufacturing: A Survey
Authors: Wang Tian , Zheng Pai , Li Shufei , Wang Lihui
Published: December 2023

Human–robot interaction (HRI) has escalated in notability in recent years, and multimodal communication and control strategies are necessitated to guarantee a secure, efficient, and intelligent HRI experience. In spite of the considerable focus on multimodal HRI, comprehensive disquisitions delineating various modalities and intricately analyzing their combinations remain elusive, consequently limiting holistic understanding and future advancements. This article aspires to bridge this inadequacy by conducting a profound exploration of multimodal HRI, predominantly concentrating on four principal modalities: vision, auditory and language, haptics, and physiological sensing. An extensive review encapsulating algorithmic dissection, interface devices, and applicative dimensions forms part of this discourse. This manuscript distinctively combines multimodal HRI with cognitive science, deeply probing into the three dimensions, perception, cognition, and action, thereby demystifying algorithms intrinsic to multimodal HRI. Finally, it accentuates the empirical challenges and contours preemptive trajectories for multimodal HRI in human‐centric smart manufacturing.
Coupled Resonator Acoustic Waveguides‐Based Acoustic Interferometers Designed within 2D Phononic Crystals: Experiment and Theory
Authors: Martínez‐Esquivel David , Méndez‐Sánchez Rafael Alberto , Heo Hyeonu , Martínez‐Argüello Angel Marbel , Mayorga‐Rojas Miguel , Neogi Arup , Reyes‐Contreras Delfino
Published: December 2023

The acoustic response of defect‐based acoustic interferometer‐like designs, known as Coupled Resonator Acoustic Waveguides (CRAWs), in 2D phononic crystals (PnCs) is reported. The PnC is composed of steel cylinders arranged in a square lattice within a water matrix with defects induced by selectively removing cylinders to create Mach‐Zehnder‐like (MZ) defect‐based interferometers. Two defect‐based acoustic interferometers of MZ‐type are fabricated, one with arms oriented horizontally and another one with arms oriented diagonally, and their transmission features are experimentally characterized using ultrasonic spectroscopy. The experimental data are compared with finite element method (FEM) simulations and with tight‐binding (TB) calculations in which each defect is treated as a resonator coupled to its neighboring ones. Significantly, the results exhibit excellent agreement indicating the reliability of the proposed approach. This comprehensive match is of paramount importance for accurately predicting and optimizing resonant modes supported by defect arrays, thus enabling the tailoring of phononic structures and defect‐based waveguides to meet specific requirements. This successful implementation of FEM and TB calculations in investigating CRAWs systems within PnCs paves the way for designing advanced acoustic devices with desired functionalities for various practical applications, demonstrating the application of solid‐state electronics principles to underwater acoustic devices description.
Time‐Resolved Photoemission Electron Microscopy on a ZnO Surface Using an Extreme Ultraviolet Attosecond Pulse Pair
Authors: Vogelsang Jan , Wittenbecher Lukas , Mikaelsson Sara , Guo Chen , Sytcevich Ivan , Viotti Anne‐Lise , Arnold Cord L. , L'Huillier Anne , Mikkelsen Anders
Published: December 2023

Electrons photoemitted by extreme ultraviolet attosecond pulses derive spatially from the first few atomic surface layers and energetically from the valence band and highest atomic orbitals. As a result, it is possible to probe the emission dynamics from a narrow 2D region in the presence of optical fields, as well as obtain elemental specific information. However, combining this with spatially‐resolved imaging is a long‐standing challenge because of the large inherent spectral width of attosecond pulses, as well as the difficulty of making them at high repetition rates. Here, this work demonstrates an attosecond interferometry experiment on a zinc oxide (ZnO) surface using spatially and energetically resolved photoelectrons. Photoemission electron microscopy is combined with near‐infrared pump ‐ extreme ultraviolet probe laser spectroscopy and the instantaneous phase of an infrared field is resolved with high spatial resolution. Results show how the core level states with low binding energy of ZnO are well suited to perform spatially resolved attosecond interferometry experiments. A distinct phase shift of the attosecond beat signal is observed across the laser focus which is attributed to wavefront differences between the pump and the probe fields at the surface. This work demonstrates a clear pathway for attosecond interferometry with high spatial resolution at atomic scale surface regions opening up for a detailed understanding of nanometric light‐matter interaction.