bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Great Inoculator
Authors: Weightman Gavin
Published: January 2021

Smallpox was the scourge of the eighteenth century: it showed no mercy, almost wiping out whole societies. Young and old, poor and royalty were equally at risk — unless they had survived a previous attack. Daniel Sutton, a young surgeon from Suffolk, used this knowledge to pioneer a simple and effective inoculation method to counter the disease. His technique paved the way for Edward Jenner's discovery of vaccination — but, while Jenner is revered, Sutton has been vilified for not widely revealing his methods until later in life. This book reclaims Sutton's importance, showing how the clinician's practical and observational discoveries advanced understanding of the nature of disease. The book explores Sutton's personal and professional development, and the wider world of eighteenth-century health in which he practised inoculation. Sutton's brilliant and exacting mind had a significant impact on medicine — the effects of which can still be seen today.
Saving the Quality
Authors: Weightman Gavin
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines how Princess Caroline an extraordinary medical experiment to take place in London's notorious Newgate Gaol. It was this bold — and by today's standards quite unethical — trial of the safety of inoculation that first introduced the novel procedure to the public. The Newgate trial was a success, yet most of the medical profession disapproved. The Newgate experiment for 'saving the lives of the Quality' only served to stir controversy over the value of inoculation and it did not persuade Princess Caroline or her medical advisers that she should follow Lady Mary's example. A question raised by William Wagstaffe, the Barts physician fiercely opposed to inoculation, was whether or not the Newgate prisoners had suffered from 'genuine' smallpox. If they had not, they would still not be immune to the true disease. This was a worrying question for Princess Caroline and her royal doctors.
A Most Surprising Fellow
Authors: Weightman Gavin
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at how, in just four years, from late in 1763 until 1767, Daniel Sutton made a fortune working single-handedly as an inoculator. He did not, as might have been expected, head to London to prosper among the well-to-do. His experience working with his father had taught him that in country towns and villages there was a demand for inoculation and not many country surgeons at that time were willing to offer it. Sutton was sometimes described as a quack because he had no medical qualifications. He was, in the terms of the day, a 'mere empiric'. But what he achieved with his regime was real, effective as a preventive against smallpox, the most devastating disease of the age. He was more successful than his father and brothers because he made inoculation more accessible and less daunting with his relatively easy-going regime. As inoculation had become more acceptable in the 1750s, there were occasional attempts to inoculate whole populations simultaneously to overcome the danger of the infection spreading to those who had not been treated. This provided a new line of business for Sutton.
Sutton the Parvenu
Authors: Weightman Gavin
Published: January 2021

This chapter assesses how Daniel Sutton became a veritable Georgian parvenu. Greatly admired as he was for his skills as an inoculator, Sutton was aware that he was regarded socially as no more than an avaricious upstart. He belonged to no societies, medical or otherwise; he had no qualifications nor had he published anything more profound than a series of newspaper advertisements. Then, in the spring of 1766, at the age of thirty-two, with his fortune made, he began to take steps to enhance his status and reputation. In just one year he hired a clergyman to officiate at a small chapel he had built in Ingatestone for his pious patients. At the same time, he applied for a Sutton coat of arms, which would cost him a considerable sum in fees. While he maintained his home, Maisonette, in Ingatestone, he took up residence in a grand house in London. His social standing now assured, he married a rich young widow whose parents owned land in the West Indies.
A Suttonian in America
Authors: Weightman Gavin
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the practice of Suttonian inoculation in America. In Britain, there were not really any challenges to the Suttons' claim of their inoculation method's originality. However, most of those who practised the new method in Britain were members of the Sutton family or practitioners who were credited, having bought the Sutton seal of approval. Not many tried their luck abroad. In particular, there seemed to be little incentive to set up in practice in the American colonies. Smallpox inoculation had been pioneered in Boston in 1721, the same year as the Newgate trial in London. In some of the thirteen counties of colonial America it had been banned altogether, in others it had been practised with considerable success. Why cross the Atlantic for such an unpromising venture? One who did was James Latham, an army sergeant who, before he was posted to Quebec with the threat of revolution growing in the colonies to the south, had got himself accredited as a Suttonian inoculator.
Inoculation for the Industrious Poor
Authors: Weightman Gavin
Published: January 2021

This chapter reflects on a decline in Daniel Sutton's grip on the business he and his family had pioneered. Inoculation had come to be regarded as less of a luxury for those families who could afford it and more of an economic necessity to protect the 'industrious poor' in towns and villages. It was not the end of the road for Daniel and the Sutton family, for their skills were still in demand. But the most lucrative business for which inoculators competed was now in the many schemes being promoted to offer inoculation to the poor. For those parishes that were prepared to pay for an experienced inoculator there was a great deal of choice. Both Daniel and his father had inoculated whole towns and villages before and would be an obvious first choice. Daniel was certainly considered when the village of Glynde in East Sussex was faced with an imminent outbreak of smallpox in 1767.
The Mystery of Immunity
Authors: Weightman Gavin
Published: January 2021

This chapter assesses the mystery of immunity. Today, Edward Jenner is often referred to as the 'father of immunology'. But really, Jenner had no more claim to that title than Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, or the Greek women inoculating in Constantinople, or Daniel Sutton. None of them knew anything of the micro-organisms that Louis Pasteur and his contemporaries called 'germs'. It took well over a century after the deaths of Sutton and Jenner for an accumulation of scientific investigation to gain some understanding of what had been going on medically when the inoculators and vaccinators sought to bring smallpox under control. And it was a long time after the identification of 'germs', and the detective work that isolated the elements in them that caused specific infections, that it was understood that inoculation and vaccination worked because they triggered an immune response in the patient.
The Rule of Chaos
Authors: Pucci Molly
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the history of Poland between 1945 and 1947. It examines the conflicts that emerged in the aftermath of the war, with a focus on the civil conflict between the communist-dominated Polish Committee for National Liberation, which was backed by the Soviet Union, and the London government-in-exile. It places the emergence of the Polish Ministry of Public Security into the context of post-WWII violence, the presence of Soviet military and security forces, and the recent occupations of Polish territory, which had left behind caches of arms and ammunition, alcohol, and conflicts over positions and resources. It traces the consolidation of communist power in Poland through the June 1946 referendum and the repression of the Home Army.
Conquering the Secret Police in Poland
Authors: Pucci Molly
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores how the Polish secret police was transformed from a military-style institution into a police bureaucracy. It shows how thousands of new officials were brought into the service in the early 1950s as the regime waged a war on criminality in the security forces. It delves into the process of training, professionalizing, and establishing party control over the MBP. These disciplinary campaigns informed a shift in policing methods from military-style campaigns to prophylactic policing and covert surveillance. It ends by exploring the terror unleashed inside the Polish communist party in the late 1940s and early 1950s.
A Revolution in a Revolution in Czechoslovakia
Authors: Pucci Molly
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines the campaigns to bring new recruits from the working class into the StB and to establish a centralized party organization in the security force. It discusses the activities of the instructor group, a counterintelligence unit tasked with collecting information on lower-level StB offices to inform major personnel changes to the force in the early 1950s. These personnel changes were accompanied by important shifts in the structure and methods of the force inspired by the Czechoslovaks’ trips to secret police schools in Hungary, Bulgaria, and Romania from 1949. It ends by describing the arrests and trials of leading figures in the Czechoslovak secret police starting in the early 1950s.
Prologue
Authors: Rahe Paul A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyzes the character of the Spartan polity, traces its origins, and describes the grand strategy that the Lacedaemonians first articulated in the mid-sixth century. It discusses the defense of the Spartan polity and the way of life associated with it before Persians burst on the scene. It also investigates how Spartans gradually adjusted their strategy to fit the new and unexpected challenge that suddenly loomed on the horizon when the Mede first appeared. The chapter describes the fashion in which Spartans organized and managed the alliance with which they confronted and defeated the invader bearing down on Hellas. It also highlights the way the victorious Hellenes gradually and awkwardly worked out a postwar settlement that seemed to suit all concerned.
A Tug of War
Authors: Rahe Paul A.
Published: January 2021

This chapter reviews Thucydides's admiration for Themistocles above all other statesmen and Pericles, who he held in high esteem. It describes the strategic vision articulated by Pericles, emphasizing that Athens had the resources and the strength to “win through” its struggle with Lacedaemon and its Peloponnesian allies. It also investigates how Pericles persisted in attributing pronoía regarding the war even after his expectations had come to naught. The chapter also mentions the unanticipated surprise attack that the Thebans launched on Plataea at the very beginning of the spring in 431. It also points out how citizens of a self-governing pólis in the Hellenic mainland had never fought a war in which they refused battle and cowered behind their walls while Greek invaders repeatedly ravaged their land.
Religious Conflict in Brazil
Authors: Helgen Erika
Published: January 2021

This innovative study explores the transition in Brazil from a hegemonically Catholic society to a religiously pluralistic society. The book shows that the rise of religious pluralism was fraught with conflict and violence, as Catholic bishops, priests, and friars organized intense campaigns against Protestantism. These episodes of religious violence were not isolated outbursts of reactionary rage, but rather formed part of a longer process through which religious groups articulated their vision for Brazil's national future. The book begins with a background on Catholic–Protestant relations in the Brazilian Northeast. It suggests a new religious history of modern Latin America that puts religious pluralism at the center rather than at the margins of historical analysis. In doing so it seeks to understand the ways in which religious competition and conflict redefined traditional relationships between church and state, lay and clergy, popular and official religion, and local and national interests.
Saint, Fanatic, or Restorationist Hero?
Authors: Helgen Erika
Published: January 2021

This chapter pays special attention to Frei Damião de Bozzano, a Capuchin missionary who gained the status of a popular saint. It analyzes how Frei Damião was one of the principal agents of northeastern anti-Protestantism, as his fire and brimstone sermons urged Catholics to purify their towns of the Protestant scourge. It describes the ways Protestants sought to portray Frei Damião as a dangerous religious fanatic who was on the verge of provoking a millenarian uprising in the supposedly backward Northeast. Protestants hoped to provoke the condemnation and repression of Frei Damião by ecclesiastical and civil authorities. It argues that at the same time he was gaining a reputation for being a mystical and religious figure, Frei Damião was working hard to present himself as a modern anti-Protestant agent who was laboring on behalf of his ecclesiastical and civil superiors.
Introduction
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: January 2021

This chapter outlines the topics of power and succession in the history of plays. It describes how power and succession was being staged and performed as a series of plays before ideologically and socially mixed audiences throughout the 1590s. It also draws on the existing corpus of literary criticism, mixing and matching insights and arguments culled from a broad range of methodologically distinct schools of literary criticism. The chapter explores William Shakespeare's history plays, including plays that are conventionally regarded as tragedies or Roman plays. It argues that the plays “Julius Caesar,” “Hamlet,” and “Troilus and Cressida” were all based on what contemporaries regarded as history and are available for the same processes of application to current political thought and practice as the plays about English history.
Contemporary resonances
Authors: Lake Peter
Published: January 2021

This chapter argues that through the figure of the ghost, William Shakespeare deliberately inserted the issue of confessional politics into his plays. It explains Hamlet's relation to Catholicism and whether he, by the end of the play, has been converted or even saved by Christianity. It also points out how Hamlet is suffused throughout with the language, practices and images of the old religion. Within the Catholic context evoked so carefully by the play, the chapter explores Hamlet that comes across as an orthodox believer. It describes Hamlet's belief in purgatory, which has been confirmed or strengthened by his encounter with the ghost and experiences the dread of something after life.
The Crusader Strategy
Authors: Tibble Steve
Published: January 2021

Medieval states, and particularly crusader societies, often have been considered brutish and culturally isolated. It seems unlikely that they could develop “strategy” in any meaningful sense. However, the crusaders were actually highly organized in their thinking and their decision making was rarely random. This book draws on a rich array of primary sources to reassess events on the ground and patterns of behavior over time. The book shows how, from aggressive castle building to implementing a series of invasions of Egypt, crusader leaders tenaciously pursued long-term plans and devoted single-minded attention to clear strategic goals. Crusader states were permanently on the brink of destruction; resources were scarce and the penalties for failure severe. Intuitive strategic thinking, the book argues, was a necessity, not a luxury.
Strategy in a Medieval State
Authors: Tibble Steve
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on Gerard of Ridefort, master of the entire Templar Order. It describes how Gerard dominated the chain of command and brook no opposition, outranking and outshouting every other knight on the field. It discusses Gerard's well-deserved reputation for arrogance and overweening sense of entitlement and colossal self-belief, which was famous across Europe for its pride and fanaticism. The chapter talks about the battle of the Spring of the Cresson as the archetypical crusader battle, encapsulating both the best and worst approach to war. It analyzes how Gerard lost the battle and some of the kingdom's best warriors at Cresson and then the repeat of his appalling performance a few weeks after on a far larger scale.
The Coastal Strategy
Authors: Tibble Steve
Published: January 2021

This chapter mentions an English pilgrim named Saewulf, who made the trip in the summer of 1102 to the Palestinian coast, where he was caught in the midst of battle with crusaders. It talks about the Franks, European settlers in the Holy Land, who kept coming to the new crusader states even in the most dangerous of times and the most perilous of conditions. It analyzes the capture of Jerusalem and the extraordinary culmination of the First Crusade in which strategy exists only in the context of objectives and the decisions that lead up to them. The chapter explains the first phase of Frankish strategy on taking control of the entire coastline of Syria and Palestine. It also looks at the coastal strategy that followed a remarkable trajectory across the three crusader states that bordered on the eastern Mediterranean.
The Ascalon Strategy
Authors: Tibble Steve
Published: January 2021

This chapter talks about the Egyptian army that poured out of Ascalon and onto the plain of Sharon. It describes the invasion of the Egyptiam army and advanced elements that attacked Ramla in order to flush out the Frankish garrison. It also mentions the local bishop, Robert of Rouen, who gave the first warning of the Egyptian attack to King Baldwin at Jaffa after seeing enemy scouts raiding around his monastery in Lydda. The chapter explains how the Fatimid army was underestimated and yet considered the largest and best-resourced military force facing the crusader states. It also illustrates the massive Fatimid military base at Ascalon on the southern fringes of the loosely defined border zone between the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem and Egypt, which remained the only stronghold along the entire coastline by 1125.
State compensation as rape justice: are public attitudes a legitimate foundation for reform of the UK’s Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme?
Authors: Smith Olivia , Daly Ellen , Herriott Charlotte , Willmott Dominic
Published: January 2021

The British state’s mechanism for compensating victim-survivors of sexual offences has been critiqued as retraumatising. However, a recent review preliminarily rejected calls to loosen the eligibility rules, stating that the current criteria reflect public attitudes. This article outlines the first empirical study of public opinion on the UK Criminal Injuries Compensation Scheme (CICS), drawing on data from over 2,000 survey participants. The findings show ambivalence among members of the public, but also reveal the current rules are not strongly supported and are in some cases highly unpopular. The article then examines some difficulties with relying on public opinion for criminal justice reform, and ultimately argues that there are stronger justifications for reforming the CICS than popularity with the public. Specifically, loosening the eligibility criteria would create more legitimate policy through the protection of core societal values such as fairness and dignity.
A new page? The public library in austerity
Authors: Davidson Emma
Published: January 2021

This chapter demonstrates how, in the UK, austerity has not been limited to the provision of social security. Most government departmental budgets were cut and there was a clear shift in responsibility from central to local government, which also had its budgets slashed. The cuts to local government have also resulted in a marked decrease in the provision of key services. The chapter finds that libraries can be important spaces for support workers to meet clients, as well as for those with fewer resources to access computers, books, or simply a safe communal space outside of their home. Future lack of investment in universal public services may perpetuate and further widen the inequalities in access to these resources.
No way home: the challenges of exiting homelessness in austere times
Authors: Carmichael Christina
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the ways in which austerity manifests at the ‘street level’ for a particularly poor and marginalised population, drawing on interviews with single homeless people and practitioners living and working in homelessness accommodation projects. While existing research has assessed the impact of recent housing and welfare reforms on those at risk of or transitioning into homelessness and those sleeping rough, the chapter offers additional insight by placing focus on the implications of austerity for transitions out of homelessness. The data presented reveals the ways in which austerity-driven policies are actively hindering service users' efforts to move beyond homelessness and leaving them increasingly susceptible to longer-term cycles of instability. Increases in benefit sanctioning and conditionality, combined with cuts to homelessness services over the last ten years, have resulted in overwhelmed practitioners increasingly forced to focus on crisis management, while little or no resources are left to invest in prevention and helping users to transition out of homelessness. Meanwhile, the interviews with homeless service users and practitioners suggest that contrary to the prevailing narrative of welfare dependency, insufficient funding has impaired transitions into work.
‘Everywhere and nowhere’: interventions and services under austerity
Authors: Crossley Stephen
Published: January 2021

This chapter explains how austerity has led to an increasingly fragmented and disparate economy and geography of welfare. These changes have affected people's ability to access services, leaving some of them isolated and excluded from activities that they previously enjoyed. The chapter then questions the use of new information technology (IT) systems and the related expansion of cybernetic relations to register, administer, manage, and target some of the most vulnerable members of society. It argues that these virtual systems emerge as a way of dealing with cases that need physical and in-depth contact in the context of austerity budgets rather than a tested way of pooling information to save lives. This argument suggests that they can also be a way to exclude service users from decision-making about their entitlement and ultimately their lives, reconfiguring the power relations between the public and the state.
Community-based Learning and Social Movements
Authors: Mayo Marjorie
Published: January 2021

The rise of Far Right populism poses major challenges for communities, exacerbating divisions, hate speech and hate crime. This book shows how communities and social justice movements can effectively tackle these issues, working together to mitigate their underlying causes and more immediate manifestations.
Showing that community-based learning is integral to the development of strategies to promote more hopeful rather than more hateful futures, Mayo demonstrates how, through popular education and participatory action research, communities can develop their own understandings of their problems. Using case studies that illustrate education approaches in practice, she shows how communities can engineer democratic forms of social change.
Shame as an anthropological, historical and social emotion
Authors: Magyar-Haas Veronika
Published: January 2021

In her chapter Veronika Magyar-Haas shows that in an anthropological point of view the possibility of the experience of the self in two modes – as a subject and an object, and so the difference between the ‘I’ and ‘Me’ – serves as a structural condition of feeling ashamed. Even if shame in this sense can be defined as a universal human feeling, the historical and cultural relativity of this phenomenon is to be taken into account. The author argues that in shameful situations subjects become objects for others and for themselves, too. She points out that by analysing shame, the existential difference of the self can be presumed – but the sources of shame as well as its intensity and forms of appearance are historically, culturally, and socially varying. It will be argued that in the emotion of shame the self reveals itself as a vulnerable self, which is in various relationships to others and to social norms. With reference to neoliberal expectations and ‘workfare programs’, the chapter illustrates to what extent they generate shame among service users and how shame can be seen as a reproduction of power.
Shame regulation as organisational control: evoking, containing and diverting shame to create compliance
Authors: Gibson Matthew
Published: January 2021

Matthew Gibson, author of this chapter, considers how those invested in an organisation seek to regulate feelings of shame in employees to generate compliance and conformity to organisational rules, standards, and expectations. This chapter outlines a framework for understanding how leaders and managers seek to contain or divert feelings of shame as a result of doing tasks the organisation expects them to do while ensuring they evoke shame in employees as a result of any transgressions. This perspective extends and deepens themes developed within shame in professional practice, both within social work and in other professions. Finally, the author states that ensuring that social workers are not shamed for taking time to work with people or trying new things they genuinely believed would help and would facilitate innovation and creativity.
Misery as business: how immigration detention became a cash cow in Britain’s borders
Authors: Bhatia Monish , Canning Victoria
Published: January 2021

In this chapter, we wish to advance the knowledge of the workings of Britain’s hostile border regime by unpacking the financial dynamics involved. To do so, we will primarily focus on one aspect: the privatisation and expansion of Immigration Removal Centres (IRCs). We argue that, not only these spaces by their very nature coercive and violent, but they also profit financially from migrant misery as a business model. Therefore, the attention on outsourcing of migration control helps us understand the profits attached to the forced confinement of racialised and criminalised people, profits that are generated through human suffering, while simultaneously diminishing accountability and unmediated (often hidden) state-corporate violence. Moreover, once we scratch the surface of bordered profiteering we find that a double standard exists: whilst successive governments publicly decry foreign migrant labour in the UK, the same governments are more than willing to engage with multi-national corporations and thus policy become answerable to the interests of foreign capital.
Children's Charities in Crisis
Authors: Body Alison
Published: January 2021

Following a decade of radical change in policy and funding in children’s early intervention services and with the role of the third sector under increased scrutiny, this timely book assesses the shifting interplay between state provision and voluntary organisations delivering interventions for children, young people and their families.
Using one-hundred voices from charities and their partners on the frontline, this book provides vivid accounts of the lived experiences of charitable groups, offering key insights into the impact of recent social policy decisions on their work. Telling the story of how the landscape of children’s early intervention services has changed over the last decade, it provides crucial lessons for future policy whilst demonstrating the immeasurable value of voluntary organisations working in this challenging terrain.
How to write a critical case study
Authors: Krumer-Nevo Michal
Published: January 2021

The second chapter of Part One is based on an analysis of the rhetorical aspects of a case study written by a social worker for a group supervision. It covers ideas regarding the politics of representation and exemplifies how awareness of the power of professional writing can change a written case study through the presentation of three versions of the same case study. In addition to contributing to social workers who wish to gain insight into this aspect of their work, the chapter is suitable for teaching purposes.
Poverty, recognition, therapy
Authors: Krumer-Nevo Michal
Published: January 2021

This chapter opens Part Two of the book, which is dedicated to the PAP’s version of relationship-based practice. The chapter introduces readers to the concept of recognition, linking it to poverty and therapy. Based on a review of works by philosophers and psychoanalysts, this chapter argues that recognition is a basic component of the therapeutic relationship that enables the psychological experience of one’s subjectivity. Nevertheless, in the context of the power relations that constitute the helping relations with people in poverty, recognition must overcome specific obstacles. The chapter argues that in order to give recognition to service users living in poverty, social workers should acknowledge four aspects of service users’ inner worlds: their needs, their knowledge, the emotional pain caused by poverty, and their ways of resisting poverty. Acknowledging these four aspects enables full recognition and makes it possible to see the full humanity of service users and establish close relationships with them. The recognition of these four aspects are further detailed and exemplified in the next three chapters.
On emotional pain
Authors: Krumer-Nevo Michal
Published: January 2021

This chapter continues the discussion of recognition by focusing on the second area of service users’ inner worlds that needs to be recognized—the emotional pain connected to poverty. The chapter presents excerpts from women’s accounts of the existence of emotional pain in their lives. Since pain is a subjective phenomenon, in order to recognize it social workers are forced to adopt service users’ perspectives regarding their emotional pain. Unlike pathology, which is determined by the social worker with or without the approval of service users, pain can be defined and determined only by service users. The chapter presents women’s strategies for dealing with their pain—including concealment. Hence, the recognition of pain requires close and trustful relationships. The chapter discusses the role pain plays in the interactions between people in poverty and social workers.
Preventing Sexual Violence against Older Women
Authors: Bows Hannah
Published: January 2021

Despite the vast amount of sexual violence research, there exists an important gap in knowledge around older victims and offenders. Internationally, the focus of academic research, policy and practice has been on young women who are consistently found to be most 'at risk' of experiencing sexual violence. Consequently, we know very little about the extent, nature and impacts of sexual violence for older adults. The 'real rape' stereotype of the young, white attractive woman who is raped by a young stranger, often at night in a public place, has contributed to the exclusion of older victims and the denial that sexual violence occurs across the life course. Furthermore, the majority of prevention initiatives and campaigns have often exacerbated and reinforced the 'real rape' stereotype. Drawing on the first national study to examine sexual violence against older people in the UK, this chapter presents the findings from qualitative interviews with practitioners working in sexual violence organisations (n=23), age-related organisations (n=4) and older survivors (n=3) to examine challenges and opportunities for preventing, and responding to, sexual violence in later life.
The Istanbul Convention: A Genuine Confirmation of the Structural Nature of Domestic Violence against Women within a Human Rights Law Framework?
Authors: Guney Gizem
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyses the recently adopted Istanbul Convention in the special context of domestic violence against women. Before the adoption of the Convention, human rights bodies developed several approaches in order to address the issue in particularly last three decades. However, all these developments occurred within existing, mostly gender neutral and non-binding human rights law instruments, particularly in Europe. This picture has been reversed entirely by the adoption of the Istanbul Convention. For the first time in Europe, the Convention gave legally binding status to the fact that domestic violence in its nature is a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between women and men and therefore prevalent. This affirmation of the historical nature of the problem is strengthened through its 4(P)s structure bringing detailed measures to be taken by state parties to eliminate the problem. This chapter argues that the Istanbul Convention constitutes the strongest confirmation of the ordinary and structural nature of the problem of domestic violence against women within international human rights law.
Women Who Commit Sexual Offences: Improving Assessment to Prevent Recidivism
Authors: Cardoso Cristiana , Kewley Stephanie
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the utility and potential implementation of a new female version of an assessment tool called the Active Risk Management System (ARMS) along with some of the limitations and challenges academics and practitioners face when attempting to engage with strengths-based approaches. In doing this, an analysis of the areas to be assessed is offered with a special focus on protective factors that have been highly overlooked in the past. Forwarding women to programmes that enhance their strengths and empower them is a very promising strategy that can be used at all levels of prevention (primary, secondary and tertiary) but that can only happen if they are assessed accordingly.
Wildlife Criminology
Authors: Nurse Angus , Wyatt Tanya
Published: January 2021

The harm and crime committed by humans does not only affect humans. Victimisation is not isolated to people, but instead encompasses the planet and other beings. Yet apart from fairly recent green criminological scholarship employing an expanded criminological gaze beyond the human, the discipline of criminology has largely confined itself to human victims, ignoring the human-caused suffering and plight of the billions of other individuals with whom we share the Earth. In order to take another step in rectifying criminology’s blindness to the non-human world, we propose a ‘Wildlife Criminology’. Wildlife Criminology is a complimentary project that expands the existing green and critical criminological scholarship even further beyond the human. As the book’s chapters will demonstrate, criminology’s current and future engagement with wildlife issues needs to develop by considering wider notions of crime and harm involving non-human animals and plants. We focus on non-human animals: as property, as food, for sport, reflectors of violence, the link to interpersonal human violence, and rights through exploration of four interconnected themes - commodification and exploitation, violence, rights, and speciesism and othering. We offer directions for the future of criminal justice system, humans’ relationship to the non-human, and for the project of Wildlife Criminology.
Symbolic Violence and Affective Affinities
Authors: Threadgold Steven
Published: January 2021

Chapter Five considers how tastes, ethics, morals, values, aesthetics and the like are all key to thinking about modes of distinction and the dissemination of symbolic violence. These phenomena are situated as an affective economy, where engagements and entanglements with things and people in specific social spaces summon emotions and feelings that are the very moments where inequalities shift from being immanent and imminent to being present and felt. Symbolic violence is therefore an affective violence. The chapter discusses the concept of social death and how tastes and morals are relations of affective affinity. The experience of symbolic violence is an affective experience of lack, that is, a lack of sticky affinities with the ‘right’ things.
Shifting Identities, Policy Networks, and the Practical and Ethical Challenges of Gaining Access to the Field in Interventions
Authors: Kostić Roland
Published: January 2021

This chapter explains interviews as an illustrative example of the effects that a violent or illiberal context can have on how informants or interviewees are accessed. It points out that what is shared in an interview is influenced in particular ways by certain contexts and on meta-data in interviews about war and mass violence. The chapter focuses on Roland Kostić, who shows how interviewing intervention elites brings about its own series of challenges and dilemmas. It discusses Kostić's interview-based research with international intervention elites in Bosnia and Herzegovina. It also shows how long-term research is crucial for opening the door to elite networks in a way that has allowed for behind-the-scene insights and information that are far beyond a formal expert interview situation.
A Different Form of Intervention? Revisiting the Role of Researchers in Post-war Contexts
Authors: Lai Daniela
Published: January 2021

This chapter deals with Daniela Lai's argument on the case of Bosnia and Herzegovina, which explains how some forms of distance between researcher and researched are created by academic research and seen as a form of intervention. It focuses on the consequences of research-as-intervention and intervention by academia that shape the very field it sets out to research. It also discusses how the over-research of certain areas of Bosnian society are experienced due to academic biases that lead to distancing. The chapter looks into another form of distancing that concerns communities, groups, and topics that are sidelined by intervention research for not being the focus of the military and political interventions. It also addresses why there are people, places, and problems that are absent and distant from fieldwork-based research in most over-researched post-conflict societies.
Ten Things to Consider Before, During and After Fieldwork in a Violent or Closed Context
Authors: de Guevara Berit Bliesemann , Bøås Morten
Published: January 2021

This chapter reviews themes that constitute ten points that all academics planning fieldwork-based research on international intervention should consider. It illustrates how even the most prepared or experienced researchers have struggled with the idea of control over the fieldwork-based research process in a closed or violent context. It also links to a broader emergent debate on researcher failure, which suggests that the perceptions of “failure” in research are not the exception but the rule. The chapter contributes to discussions of the dilemmas of balancing restrictive ethics and risk assessments of cautious universities with real risks and meaningful research in areas of international intervention. It tackles the dynamics of international organizations and actors as an integral element of challenges and dilemmas of distance and closeness.
Between Protection and Participation: Affect, Countering Violent Extremism and the Possibility for Agency
Authors: Pearson Elizabeth
Published: January 2021

In 2015, United Nations Security Council Resolution (UNSCR) 2242 set out the need for a gendered approach to Countering Violent Extremism (CVE) and counter terrorism. Scholars have critiqued the incorporation of gender into existing CVE programmes and on multiple grounds: CVE has instrumentalised the Women Peace and Security (WPS) agenda towards state-centric goals; it has essentialised the Muslim women (and men) it encounters; and it has framed women in need of Protection from risky men, creating tension with the space for female Participation, advocated within WPS. Violent extremism and radicalisation have so far, therefore, proved problematic frameworks for interpreting conflict-related violence and gender, given the critiques focus on the ways in which policy seeks to deny women’s agency. While acknowledging these critiques, this chapter argues for the ambiguities in Muslim women’s role in gendered CVE, which yet contains the possibility for women to exercise agency. As the soft side of counter-terrorism, gendered CVE entails partnering communities to build resilience. CVE programmes aimed at women’s participation rely on - and indeed reproduce – women’s affective relationships within a distinctly localized terrain. This chapter acknowledges this ambivalence, so far neglected in the literature, to explore how these relationships offer a new direction for the women peace and security agenda in CVE. Through a series of interviews with women in the field of CVE, the chapter explores how affective relationships underpinning the UK counter-radicalisation strategy Prevent can enable British Muslim women’s transformation of CVE; their leadership; and their participation. Women are able to both impact and progress gendered CVE, which is constituted in female agency within communities, as much as within policy, either at the UN or national level. The chapter problematises the straightforward reading of CVE as necessarily exploitative and reductive, instead revealing the ways in which women’s own community relations can produce agency and resistance, and a new path for the WPS agenda in CVE.
Lessons Lived in Gender and International Criminal Law
Authors: Sellers Patricia Viseur , Chappell Louise
Published: January 2021

Accountability for gender-based crimes has been discussed as an important feature of the Women, Peace and Security Agenda. However, too often there has been a significant gap between the ideal of such accountability and its operation. This has been demonstrated over the past decade or so in the operations of the International Criminal Court and other tribunals such as that for conflicts in the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Sierra Leone. Interviewing Patricia V. Sellers, leading International Criminal Law Prosecutor and Special Adviser on Gendering the Office of the Prosecutor, ICC this contribution canvasses the challenges of and lessons learned about achieving accountability for gender crimes through international criminal tribunals, the steps forward towards new accountability practices and strategies and for strengthening the relationship between these tribunals and the broader international WPS agenda.
Business and Community in Medieval England
Authors: Casson Catherine , Casson Mark , Lee John , Phillips Katie
Published: January 2021

One of the most important manuscripts surviving from thirteenth-century England, the corpus of documents known as the Hundred Rolls for Cambridge have been incomplete until the recent discovery of an additional roll.
This invaluable volume replaces the previous inaccurate transcription by the record commission of 1818 and provides new translations and additional appendices.
Shedding new light on important facets of business activity in thirteenth-century Cambridge, this volume makes a significant contribution to our knowledge of the early phases of capitalism.
This unique text will be of interest to anyone working in the fields of economic and business history, entrepreneurship, philanthropy and medieval studies.
A research monograph based on recently discovered historical documents, Compassionate Capitalism: Business and Community in Medieval England, by Casson et al, is also now available from Bristol University Press.
Housing Demand, Financial Markets and Taxation
Authors: Meen Geoffrey , Whitehead Christine
Published: January 2021

In Chapter 7, fiscal and monetary policies are considered and particular attention is paid to structural changes in mortgage finance markets. From the early 1980s the UK experienced two periods of strong mortgage growth: the first lasted until the recession of the early 1990s and the second started in the mid-1990s and ended with the Global Financial Crisis (GFC). However, a distinguishing feature of the GFC period was the fall in mortgage advances, which has never been fully reversed. Credit tightening causes particular problems for first-time buyers as compared to the majority of current owners; the latter typically have sufficient equity in their existing properties, which they can use to finance further purchases. Therefore, the decline in credit availability has had important distributional effects. Accumulated equity also provides an advantage for existing owners entering the expanded Buy to Let market. Similarly, the stress tests that borrowers now have to undertake fall primarily on aspiring first-time buyers and those with volatile incomes. The chapter also considers non-neutralities in the property tax system which can discriminate against first-time buyers.
Raising the Level of Private Housing Construction
Authors: Meen Geoffrey , Whitehead Christine
Published: January 2021

Chapter 10 returns to the question of increasing private housing construction. In addition to the restrictions on construction arising from land use planning policies, other constraints arise from the behavioural responses and incentives structures facing local authorities, builders and landowners. Output is, therefore, influenced by the structure of the housebuilding industry, notably the business model of larger speculative builders; the skills base and productivity; and the extent to which demand is there to maintain increased output levels. The chapter then discusses possible models for speeding up development, including off-plan sales by private developers; greater diversity of housing types and tenures; and the increasing incentives to housing associations to develop market housing. In addition, the chapter considers attempts to limit the negative impacts of planning controls through permitted development and planning in principle as well as the core role of planning obligations in providing affordable housing and local infrastructure.
Increasing Home Ownership
Authors: Meen Geoffrey , Whitehead Christine
Published: January 2021

Chapter 13 is concerned with owner occupation and discusses both the long history of tax reliefs for this sector and the scope for enabling increases in ownership among younger cohorts in future years. Support has always been closely related to political as much as economic objectives – as well as to the limitations of rental tenures. Consequently, some policies – particularly those concerned with taxation – have been off limits. Nevertheless, many economists are highly critical of the current tax system and have proposed reforms. Falling home ownership rates among the young and indeed the early middle aged are an international phenomenon, but the decline (while currently being slowly reversed) has been greater in the UK than in most other developed economies. The chapter also argues the need for home ownership to be sustainable. This raises the question of the benefits from additions to the standard debt financing model, including greater use of equity finance.