bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous Selection of the Wild‐type Genotypes of the G894T and 4B/ 4A Polymorphisms of NOS3 Associate with High‐altitude Adaptation
Authors: Ahsan A. , Norboo T. , Baig M. A. , Qadar Pasha M. A.
Published: December 2005

The routine performance of high‐altitude (HA) natives in the hypoxic environment of HA exemplifies the process of adaptation mainly through natural selection. The recent therapeutic application of nitric oxide (NO) in HA disorders, for the improvement of oxygenation and vasodilation, ushered us to investigate the endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene (NOS3) with respect to HA adaptation. The study subjects, 131 HA monks (HAM), 136 HA controls (HAC), and 170 lowlanders (LLs) were screened for NOS3 G894T (Glu298Asp) and 4B/4A polymorphisms. The NO levels were estimated, for a correlation with the polymorphisms. The three groups were in Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium for the polymorphisms. The overall genotype distributions for the G894T and 4B/4A polymorphisms were significant (P = 0.01 and 0.02, respectively) in the three groups. Wild‐type alleles G and 4B were significantly over‐represented in the HA groups as compared to the LLs (P = 0.006 and P = 0.02, respectively). The NO levels were in the order of HAM>HAC>LLs (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, combinations of the GG and BB genotypes were distributed significantly more frequently in the HAM (P < 0.0001) and HAC (P = 0.0005) than in LLs. The NO levels contributed by the wild‐type genotype combination GG, BB were significantly elevated when compared with the remaining eight genotype combinations together in the HAM, HAC and LLs (P = 0.003, P = 0.0006 and P < 0.0001, respectively). To conclude, the genotype combination of NOS3 wild‐type homozygotes (GG, BB) was found significantly more frequently in HA groups than in LLs, by contributing to higher NO levels associated with HA adaptation.
Analysis of Dystrophin Gene Deletions Indicates that the Hinge III Region of the Protein Correlates with Disease Severity
Authors: Carsana A. , Frisso G. , Tremolaterra M. R. , Lanzillo R. , Vitale D. F. , Santoro L. , Salvatore F.
Published: December 2005

We have investigated the frequency of deletions in the dystrophin gene in 108 unrelated Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD/BMD) patients from southern Italy (DMD, n. 47; BMD, n. 61) and identified 89 deletions. The de novo mutation rate (about 30%), and the preferentially maternal origin of deletional mutations, analysed in families in which the maternal grandparents were available or their haplotypes could be unequivocally reconstructed, are in agreement with data reported for other populations. The correlation between BMD phenotype and type of deletion suggests that, in the distal rod domain region, the deletion size may not be as crucial as the particular combination of missing exons. In fact, we provide immunohistochemical and clinical evidence that in‐frame deletion of the hinge III region in the distal rod domain results in a milder phenotype as compared with shorter deletions that do not include the hinge III region. Our data obtained in BMD patients, by confirming inferences arising from minigene transfection experiments in mdx mice, represent an important contribution to gene therapy approaches.
The Effect of Genetic Drift in a Young Genetically Isolated Population
Authors: Pardo Luba M. , MacKay Ian , Oostra Ben , van Duijn Cornelia M. , Aulchenko Yurii S.
Published: December 2005

The genetic make‐up of genetically isolated populations may differ from a general population as a result of genetic drift and founder effects. We assessed the extent of this deviation in a recently isolated population located in the southwest of the Netherlands and studied as part of the Genetic Research in Isolated Population (GRIP) program. A gene‐dropping experiment was performed in a large pedigree from this isolate, assuming different initial frequencies in the population founders came from. Allelic frequencies in the last generations of this pedigree were estimated. Simulation analysis showed large fluctuations, as measured by variation coefficient and sufficient loss probability, when initial frequencies were lower than or equal to 1%. For initial frequencies larger than 1% the fluctuations were small. We also analyzed mean heterozygosity and allele diversity of 592 markers in a random sample from the GRIP population. The results were compared with a general population (CEPH sample), old large isolate (Icelandic sample) and the small‐sized population of Talana (Sardinia). GRIP mean heterozygosity and mean number of alleles were significantly lower as compared with CEPH and Iceland, but much higher when compared with the Talana population. We also concluded that the findings from the GRIP population for common variants (>1%) are likely to be extendable to other young isolates in Europe as well as to outbred populations.
Nucleotide Sequence Analyses of Human Complement 6 (C6) Gene Suggest Balancing Selection
Authors: Soejima M. , Tachida H. , Tsuneoka M. , Takenaka O. , Kimura H. , Koda Y.
Published: December 2005

The sixth complement component (C6) has a common charge polymorphism, C6A and C6B, with similar gene frequencies in all major populations. In addition, C6B2 is also found in Japanese populations at a frequency of about 6%. Sequence analyses of the coding region of three human and ape C6 alleles indicated four nonsynonymous and three synonymous changes in C6*B2 relative to C6*A, suggesting that a recombination event occurred between C6*B2 and C6*A to give rise to C6*B. Sequence variation in a 3.86 kb region encompassing exon 3, where the causal base change of the common C6 polymorphism is found, indicated that several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were in extensive linkage disequilibrium (LD), with little differentiation among populations. Sliding window estimates of two test statistics for neutrality revealed significant values in a subregion where the replacement coding polymorphism resides, in all three human populations. These results raise the possibility that the two common C6 alleles in human populationsw are maintained by balancing selection.
Power and Related Statistical Properties of Conditional Likelihood Score Tests for Association Studies in Nuclear Families with Parental Genotypes
Authors: Li Z. , Gastwirth J. L. , Gail M. H.
Published: December 2005

Both population based and family based case control studies are used to test whether particular genotypes are associated with disease. While population based studies have more power, cryptic population stratification can produce false‐positive results. Family‐based methods have been introduced to control for this problem. This paper presents the full likelihood function for family‐based association studies for nuclear families ascertained on the basis of their number of affected and unaffected children. The likelihood of a family factors into the probability of parental mating type, conditional on offspring phenotypes, times the probability of offspring genotypes given their phenotypes and the parental mating type. The first factor can be influenced by population stratification, whereas the latter factor, called the conditional likelihood, is not. The conditional likelihood is used to obtain score tests with proper size in the presence of population stratification (see also Clayton (1999) and Whittemore & Tu (2000)). Under either the additive or multiplicative model, the TDT is known to be the optimal score test when the family has only one affected child. Thus, the class of score tests explored can be considered as a general family of TDT‐like procedures. The relative informativeness of the various mating types is assessed using the Fisher information, which depends on the number of affected and unaffected offspring and the penetrances. When the additive model is true, families with parental mating type Aa×Aa are most informative. Under the dominant (recessive) model, however, a family with mating type Aa×aa(AA×Aa) is more informative than a family with doubly heterozygous (Aa×Aa) parents. Because we derive explicit formulae for all components of the likelihood, we are able to present tables giving required sample sizes for dominant, additive and recessive inheritance models.
Wilson Disease: High Prevalence in a Mountaineous Area of Crete
Authors: Dedoussis G. V. Z. , Genschel J. , Sialvera T‐E. , Bochow B. , Manolaki N. , Manios Y. , Tsafantakis E. , Schmidt H.
Published: December 2005

Wilson disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism. The disorder is caused by mutations in the ATP7B gene, encoding a copper transporting P‐type ATPase. The worldwide incidence is in the order of 30 cases per million, with a gene frequency of 0.56% and a carrier frequency of 1 in 90. The increased number of Wilson disease patients in the island of Crete led us to study the spectrum of mutations in a small village close to the city of Heraklion, from where many patients have been referred during the last 25 years. In order to estimate the frequency of the disease, we firstly investigated the number of births and the number of WD patients in the village since 1978. Six out of 90 births were diagnosed as WD patients, presenting the highest prevalence of WD reported so far. Analysis of the whole gene in three Wilson disease patients, and relatives of a boy who died from WD, led to the detection of 4 different point mutations. Two of them were missense (p.I1148T and p.G1176R) and cosegregated in cis in the same patient; the other allele of this patient carried a nonsense mutation (p.Q289X). This is the first report in the literature of three mutations co‐segregating in the same WD patient. The fourth mutation identified was a novel frameshift mutation (c.398delT) with documented cosegregation. When screening 200 inhabitants originating from the same area, 18 were found to be carriers of one of these mutations. These findings indicate the need for health education intervention, genetic counselling and newborn screening for the Wilson disease.
Corrigendum to: Seasonal patterns of soil carbon dioxide efflux from a wet¿dry tropical savanna of northern Australia
Authors: Chen Xiaoyong , Eamus Derek , Hutley Lindsay B.
Published: December 2005

Soil CO2 efflux rates were measured in a eucalypt open
forest in a tropical savanna of northern Australia, with a portable closed
chamber and CO2 gas analyser. Both abiotic (soil
temperature and water content) and biotic (litterfall and fine-root growth)
factors that may influence soil CO2 efflux were
examined. Daytime rates of soil CO2 efflux rate were
consistently higher than nocturnal values. Maximal rates occurred during late
afternoons when soil temperatures were also maximal and minimum values were
recorded during the early morning (0400–0800 hours). Average soil
CO2 efflux was 5.37 mol m–2
s–1 (range 3.5–6.7 mol
m–2 s–1 during the wet
season and declined to 2.20 mol m–2
s–1 (range 1.2–3.6 mol
m–2 s–1) during the
dry season. The amount of carbon released from soil was 14.3 t
ha–1 year–1, with
approximately 70% released during the wet season and 30% during
the dry season. The rate of efflux was correlated with soil moisture content
and soil temperature only during the wet season, when root growth and
respiration were high. During the dry season there was no correlation with
soil temperature. These results are discussed in relation to the carbon
balance of tropical savannas.
Corrigendum to: TURNER REVIEW No. 5: Are listed threatened plant species actually at risk?
Authors: Burgman Mark A.
Published: December 2005

Despite the fact that the most changes in lists of threatened species reflect
changes in knowledge rather than changes in conservation status, the lists
continue to provide social and legal mandates for conservation; they are used
to report on the state of the environment and to guide the allocation of
scarce resources. There is a substantial under-representation of non-vascular
species in threatened plant lists, reflected in an absence of documented
extinctions among fungi and algae. Turnover in the composition of extinct
flora lists in Australia suggests that the lists of threatened species may not
be sufficiently reliable to form the basis for reporting on the state of the
environment. They are of limited use in distinguishing between levels of
threat and may not be a reliable guide for the allocation of scarce
conservation resources among plant species. Systems for listing threatened
species create a feedback loop, responsive to the subjective preferences of
scientists, largely unresponsive to underlying true threats, self-perpetuating
and accentuating bias with each iteration. Other tools, including formal
decision approaches and the acquisition of new kinds of data, are needed to
fill the roles.
The occurrence of heartwood crystals in certain timbers
Authors: Chattaway MM
Published: December 2005

Crystals of a very characteristic shape and colour have been observed in the heartwood of 52 species form 19 different families. They are quite distinct in composition and appearance from the crystals of calcium oxalate that occur in the wood of many timbers, and they have never been seen in sapwood.
The crystals appear first in the ray cells, where these are in contact with a vessel element. The area in which the crystals occur extends through all the tissues of the heartwood. The shape they take is partially dependent on the tissue in which they occur. They have frequently been found in close association with fungal hyphae.
Their distribution has been studied intensively in Eucalyptus hemiphloia F. Muell. and E. sideroxylon A. Cunn., in which species they occur from the pith to a short distance from the outer edge of the heartwood and from the base of the tree to the upper limit of the heartwood. In a random selection of discs from other species of the genus Eucalyptus the crystals have a similar distribution within the heartwood.
The crystals in E. hemiphloia have given identical chromatograms with crystals of ellagic acid, and it is probable that crystals in other Myrtaceae are of a similar nature.
Further research is needed for identification of the fungi with which these crystals are associated, and to determine the chemical composition of the crystals and of the heartwood extractives of the woods in which they occur.
Objective methods for the classification of vegetation. I. The use of positive interspecific correlation
Authors: Goodall DW
Published: December 2005

It is argued that correlations between the presence or quantity of different species recorded in quadrats imply heterogeneity in the vegetation in which the quadrats were placed. If the quadrat data can be so divided that within each subdivision no interspecific correlations occur, these subdivisions represent elementary classification units of the vegetation, and an objective classification may be arrived at if methods can be found of satisfying this requirement. Four procedures are described for dividing a set of quadrat data into groups satisfying the above criterion of homogeneity. The simplest and apparently the most satisfactory consists in finding the most frequent species showing significant correlations with others, and separating in the first instance all quadrats contain- ing this species. Within this group correlations are again tested, and the process is repeated until a group with no significant correlations has been extracted. All other quadrats are then lumped together and the process is begun again from the beginning. When the whole collection of quadrat data has been divided in this way into homogeneous groups, these groups are recombined where this can be done without the resulting larger group showing interspecific correlations. The four procedures suggested are illustrated on data from a small area of the Victorian Mallee. Some of the results suggest that classification is an inap- propriate method of dealing with variation in this type of vegetation, and that a coordinate treatment might be more suitable.
The identification of the sporomorph Phyllocladidites with Dacrydium and its distribution in Southern Tertiary deposits
Authors: Cookson IC
Published: December 2005

The morphological similarity between the Tertiary sporotype Phyllocladidites and the pollen grains of the recent Tasmanian conifer Dacyldium franklhii is indicated. It is suggested that, in future, pollen grains of this type should be referred to as Dacrydiumites and that the two sporomorphs already described should be known as Dacrydiumites mawsolzii † and Dacrydiumites ruei respectively. The Tertiary distribution of these sporomorphs is considered.† By an etymological error, the final "i" was omitted from the original spelling (Cookson 1947).
The tertiary occurrence and distribtion of Podocarpus (section Dacrycarpus) in Australia and Tasmania
Authors: Cookson IC , Pike KM
Published: December 2005

Proof of the occurrence of the section Dacrycarpus of the genus Podocarpus
in Australia and Tasmania is presented.Foliage shoots with structure preserved from Yallourn, Victoria, have been designated hypotypes of Podocarpus praecupressinus Ett.
Pollen grains of the Dacrycarpus type have been identified in a number of
widely separated Tertiary deposits. The sporotype Dacycarpites has been instituted
for them and one sporomorph Dacrycarpites australienis described.
The rate of podzol development in sands of the Woy Woy District, NSW
Authors: Burges A , Drover DP
Published: December 2005

Soil profiles examined in the parallel sand ridges between Ocean Beach and Woy Woy, N.S.W., show a progressive increase in podzolizatiun as one goes from the beach towards Woy Woy. There is reason to believe that the oldest ridges are about 4000 years old and it is thus possible to suggest a time scale for the leaching of calcium carbonate and the formation of a podzol.
Botanical contributions of the Northern Australia regional survey. I. Studies on Northern Australian species of Eucalyptus
Authors: Blake ST
Published: December 2005

This is the first botanical contribution from the C.S.I.R.O. Northern Australia Regional Survey. Revised accounts of 50 species with discussions on taxonomy, distribution, and typification of names are the result of a partial revision of the genus Eucalyptus as represented in the northern part of Australia; keys to two groups particularly studied are given. All the 42 species known from the northern part of the Northern Territory are treated, with three keys to their identification; the first of these is based on characters observable in the field, the second on hand specimens with buds and flowers, and the third on hand specimens with fruits only. New criteria for the discrimination of species have been used, and some examples of their application are shown graphically; these include the number of lateral veins in the leaf, the ratio of its length to its breadth, and (to some extent) the exact distance of the intramarginal vein from the margin and the shape of the free part of the calyx-tube of the flower. The juvenile stages, flowers, fruits,
and seeds are described for the first time for some species. Types of all names, with the herbaria in which they are to be found, are cited, with reference to published figures, some of which appear for the first time in this paper. Several lectotypes are designated, and the guiding principles adopted for their selection are described. Citations of specimens are restricted to those collected in 1946-9 on the Northern Australia Regional Survey, to types, new records, and some critical collections. Distribution maps of 51 species are based on all specimens examined. Plates from photographs illustrate the characteristic habit of some species, the deciduous nature of some, a few characteristic barks, various type specimens and some other specimens cited in taxonomic discussions.

The status of about 160 names was investigated. Among others, E. clavigera A. Cunn. ex Schau., E. polycarpa F. Muell., E. terminalis F. Muell., E. foelscheana F. Muell., and E. racernosa Cav. are shown to have been originally applied to species different from those currently passing under
these names. Many names are treated as synonyms on taxonomic grounds, 24 of them for the first time. All nomenclatural changes are summarized in two tables. One new species, E. porrecta S. T. Blake, and one new combination, E. gilbertensis (Maiden & Blakely) S. T. Blake, are proposed. The following species are new records for the areas mentioned: E. Izerbertiana and E. cliftoniana (Northern Territory) ; E. aspera and E. ferruginea (Queensland) ; E. bigalerita and E. patellaris (Western Australia) ; and E. dichromophloia (South Australia). In an appendix, the graphical methods and distribution maps are discussed and some remarks made on the phylogeny and history of distribution of the genus.
The vegetation of the south-eastern Riverina, New South Wales. II. The disclimax communities
Authors: Moore CWE
Published: December 2005

A general description of the disclimax communities in the south-eastem
Riverina is presented.The disclimax communities are essentially the pastures developed on clearing some or all of the trees in the climax communities and grazing the herbaceous stratum. These pastures are discussed in relation to soil and the grazing factor. Notes on the occurrence of weeds and the possibilities of pasture improvement are given.
The agrostrological index: A phytogeographical approach to the problems of pasture plant introduction
Authors: Hartley W
Published: December 2005

In continuation of a previous study of grass distribution, a modified normal distribution spectrum is presented, giving the average percentage frequency of grass species of the five largest tribes in the eastern and western hemispheres. This modified spectrum forms the basis of iso-agrostological maps delimiting areas in which each tribe is present in more than normal frequency. An iso-agrostological map of the United States shows a general agreement with the distribution of temperature zones, but little correlation with vegetation. More useful comparisons between grass distribution in different countries can be made through the agrostological index, in which the percentage of grasses in each tribe is included in one of 10 frequency groups. In general, areas in different parts of the world with identical agrostological indices have similar latitude, climate, and topography, though some exceptions are noted. Where accurate floristic data are available, the agrostological index may be used to show grass distribution in small areas, and the relationship of this distribution to climatic and other environmental factors. Regions with similar agrostological indices have similar cultivated pasture plants, and hence the index may be of value in pasture plant introduction.
The Cainozoic occurrence of Acacia in Australia
Authors: Cookson IC
Published: December 2005

The occurrence of pollen grains of Acacia in several Victorian late Cainozoic deposits has been recorded. Two sporomorphs, Acacia octosporites and A. myriosporites, have been described. Some of the microfossils associated with the Acacia sporomorphs have been mentioned. A table giving the range in size and the number of pollen grains constituting the polyads of 53 species of Acacia has been included.
Botanical contributions of the Northern Australia Regional Survey. II. Studies on miscellaneous northern Australian plants
Authors: Blake ST
Published: December 2005

This is an account of portion of the botanical collections of the Northern Australia Regional Survey, 1946–47, chiefly from the Darwin–Katherine area. Families fully considered are Anacardiaceae, Aquifoliaceae, Araceae, Barringtoniaceae, Burseraceae, Casuarinaceae, Cochlospermaceae, Lauraceae, Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae, Leguminosae-Mimosoideae (except Acacia), Meliaceae, Myristicaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Palmae, Pandanaceae, Passifloraceae, Pittosporaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rhizophoraceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Sonneratiaceae, and Sphenocleaceae. A few species of the following families are also discussed: Combretaceae, Cyperaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Gramineae, Leguminosae-Papilionatae, and Moraceae. In addition to discussions on taxonomy, synonymy, and orthography of names, the following additions to the flora of the Northern Territory are recorded: new species: Dendrolobiunz stipatum, Desmodizim polyneurum, Horsfieldia australiana, Sclerandrittm grandiflorum, and Vavaea australiana; species not previously recorded from Australia: Mimosa acanthocarpa, Pistia stratiotes, and Sphenoclea xeylanica; species already known from other parts of Australia: Albixia canescens, Casuarina cunninghamiana, Colubrina asiatica, Cryptocarya cunninghamii, Cyperus platystylis, Cyperus ramosii, Hymenachne amplexicaulis, Neptunia gracilis, Passiflora foetida, and Petalostigma banksii. Two new names are proposed, Eulalia mackinlayi (F. Muell.) S. T. Blake and Terminalia ferdinandiana Exell. The
genera Horsfieldia, Pistia, Sphenoclea, and Vavaea have not previously been recorded from Australia and Albixia, Colubrina, Cryptocarya, Dendrolobium, Hymenachne, and Mimosa have not previously been recorded from the Northern Territory. Sphenoclea represents a new family (Sphenocleaceae) for Australia. Cochlospermum fraseri, Cryptocarya cunninghamii, and Sphenoclea xeylanica are also recorded for the first time from Queensland. The following reductions to synonymy are made: Alectryon bleeseri O. Schwartz to Cupaniopsis alliacardioides (A. Rich.) Radlk.; Barringtonia denticulata (Miers) Knuth to B. gracilis (Miers) Knuth, which is treated as distinct from B. aczttangula (L.) Gaertn.; Buchanania oblongifolia W. V. Fitzg. and
B. muelleri Engl. var. pilosa Engl. to B. obovata Engl.; Buchanania muelleri Engl. to B. arborescens (BI.) Bl.; Ilex peduncularis F. Muell. to I . arnhemensis (F. Muell.) Loes.; and Pandanus delestangii Martelli to P. aquaticus F. Muell.
Observations on crossed lamellar structures in the cell walls of higher plants
Authors: Wardrop AB
Published: December 2005

Crossed lamellar structures in cell walls have been known to occur with certainty only in some green algae. A number of higher plants in which it was considered this structure might be present have been examined, and it has been demonstrated in the phloem fibres of Vinca major and the tracheidal elements of the aerial root of Alstonia spathulata. In the latter two types of crossed structure are recognized, in one bands of laterally associated microfibrils
c. 0.5µ wide intersect at variable angles, whereas in the other lateral association is complete, forming a crossed lamellar structure which approaches most nearly that occurring in the algae. In the outer layer of the secondary wall of wood fibres of Eucalyptus elaeophora and E. regnans there is inconclusive evidence of a crossed structure similar to that observed in the cell walls of some vessels, which consists of a loosely formed meshwork of aggregates of microfibrils. This structure is considered to be distinct from the crossed lamellar and cross-banded structures.
The mechanism of surface growth involved in the differentiation of fibres and tracheids
Authors: Wardrop AB
Published: December 2005

An electron microscopic investigation has been made of the differentiating xylem elements of Pinus radiata, Eucalyptus elaeophora, and Ulmus sp. In the tips of fibres and tracheids there is a tendency for the microfibrils of cellulose to be oriented in the direction of growth. It is considered that this orientation can be disturbed by subsequent dimensional changes in the cell. The thin areas of the differentiating cells which are involved in the so-called
"mosaic growth" have been compared with the regions of the cell wall penetrated by plasmodesmata in the storage parenchyma of potato tubers. The suggestion is made that the thin areas are regions of the cell wall penetrated by plasmodesmata, or are developing primary pit fields. The implications of this concept, with respect to intercellular readjustment and to the differences between fibres and tracheids in extension growth, are discussed.
Aluminium accumulation in the Australian–New Guinea flora
Authors: Webb LJ
Published: December 2005

Eighty aluminium-accumulating species were detected among 1324 species tested from the Australian–New Guinea flora. Accumulation was most strongly developed in certain dicotyledons (69 spp.) and Filicales (11 spp.). A high aluminium content of the organs of accumulating plants appears to be associated with normal metabolism. Recorded accumulators are mainly restricted to what are usually regarded as the more primitive groups in dicotyledons and Filicales, suggesting that, accumulation is a physiological relic in these groups.
Obligate accumulators are confined to leached acid soils from a variety of parent materials, in comparatively high-rainfall areas. The re-deposition of aluminium in vegetable debris beneath Australian rain-forest communities dominated by accumulators (e.g. Ceratopetalum apetalum D. Don.) may be an important ecological and pedogenic factor. The significance of accumulation is discussed along biochemical, ecological, and taxonomic lines. There is evidence that accumulation is an adjunct of specialization (i.e.
relatively narrow physiological tolerances), chiefly among tree species able to exploit impoverished soils in relatively primitive, generally tropical, mesic habitats. Accumulation seems a useful special character to supplement other data in the clarification of some taxonomic problems.
Some dicotyledonous pollen types from Cainozoic deposits in the Australian region
Authors: Cookson IC , Pike KM
Published: December 2005

Pollen types referable to the families Casuarinaceae, Haloragaceae,Myrtaceae, Olacaceae, Proteaceae, Santaiaceae, and Sapindaceae have been described from Cainozoic deposits in the Australian region; their relationship to living species has been discussed wherever possible.
The characters and distribution of three sporomorphs of uncertain affinity have been considered. Details concerning the pollen grains of some of the living species of Anacolosa, Cathedra, Casuarina, the tribe Cupanieae (Sapindaceae), Haloragis, Myriophyllurn, and Santalurn have been recorded.
The rhizosphere effect shown by some Victorian heathland plants
Authors: Thrower LB
Published: December 2005

During the period July 1951 to October 1952, a study was made of the fungai population of the soil of a TVictorian heathland with reference to the rhizosphere effect exerted by five species of native plants growing there. Some 45 genera of fungi with 115 species were isolated; of these, 52 species were obtained from the free soil and the rhizosphere, 25 from the soil only,
27 from the rhizosphere, and 11 species were isolated only from dung. During this period, the numbers of fungal propagules in the free soil, estimated by the dilution-plate technique, varied from 68,500 to 247,600 per gram of oven-dry soil; R/S ratios of 0.6–9.7 were recorded. A study has been made of the antibiotic and cellulose-decomposing activities, and the nutritional requirements, of the mycoflora. Examination of the soil for N-fixing organisms showed that Azotobacter and acid-tolerant aerobes were absent; anaerobes were present in small numbers.
Objective methods for the classification of vegetation. III. An essay in the use of factor analysis
Authors: Goodall DW
Published: December 2005

The possibilities of using the statistiral technique of factor analysis in describing variations in plant communities are explored. This method enables the variations to be treated as continuous, instead of resulting in a separation of the stands studied into a limited number of discrete associations or other synecological categories. It further provides a means for testing whether such separation can be objectively justified. It may often facilitate the recognition of the complexes of environmental factors which mainly determine differences in vegetation, and provides a means of estimating the relative value of the various species as indicators of these environmental complexes. In the present paper, the "principal axes" technique of factor analysis is applied to the analysis of data for percentage cover for 14 species in the Victorian Mallee. It is shown that their distribution, in so far as it does not depend on factors peculiar to individual species, can be represented in terms of at most five orthogonal "factors". The two most important "factors" are interpreted in terms of catenary changes in the vegetation. Other less common species not included in the analysis show high correlations with these "factors".
In units of 1.28 ha there is no evidence that more than one continuously varying population is represented in the area; but in units of 25 sq.m. the majority of quadrat records fall into one or other of two principal categories, representing the valley and ridge communities. The potential value of factor analysis in plant sociology, and difficulties in its application to this field, are
discussed.
A quantitative study of a presumed hybrid swarm between Eucalyptus elaeophora and E. goniocalyx
Authors: Clifford HT , Binet FE
Published: December 2005

From measurements of fruit lengths, fruit weights, and lengths of fruiting umbels of trees from the species Eucalyptus elaeophora and E. goniocalyx and their presumed hybrid swarm, a formula is calculated for taxonomic classification using statistical discriminant theory. The rates of misclassification expected with the use of this formula are estimated. A simple geometrical model of the relationship of the species and the hybrid is investigated.
Australian species of Sargassum, subgenus Phyllotrichia
Authors: Womersley HBS
Published: December 2005

A revision of the Australian species of the subgenus Phyllotrichia of Sargassum, based on field knowledge of most species, abundant herbarium material, and a study of the type specimens in English, European, and Australian herbaria, results in the recognition of eight species. Specific variation, seasonal development, and the relationship of Phyllotrichia to the other subgenera of Saryassum are discussed.
The anatomy of bark. II. Oil glands in Eucalyptus species
Authors: Chattaway MM
Published: December 2005

Spherical oil glands of lysigenous origin have been observed as a conspicuous feature
of the phloem of 41 species of Eucalyptus. They occur in seven series of species, six
of which are very closely related. Details of their development form rays of phloem parenchyma are described and
their contents and functions discussed.
The anatomy of bark. III. Enlarged fibres in the bloodwoods (Eucalyptus spp.)
Authors: Chattaway MM
Published: December 2005

Immensely enlarged fibres which are characteristic of certain bloodwoods separate
them clearly from other species wlth which they are usually associated in the
systematic classification of the genus Eucalyptus. Separation nf the two types of
bloodwood herein described agrees closely with a regrouping recently suggested on morphological characteristics. Other eucalypts with large bark fibres are described briefly and their relationships considered.
The anatomy of bark. IV. Radially elongated cells in the phelloderm of species of Eucalyptus
Authors: Chattaway MM
Published: December 2005

The occurrence of a palisade of radially elongated cells, sometimes heavily sclerosed,
in the phelloderm of certain species of Eucalyptus is described. These cells have been
observed in 71 out of 272 species examined. They vary greatly in degree of development
both between different species and, in some instances, between different samples of
the same species. The extreme variation observed in this feature is discussed with special reference
to the occurrence of interspecific hybridization within the genus.
Chromosome numbers and pollen types in the Epacridaceae
Authors: Smith-White S
Published: December 2005

Chromosome numbers are reported for 22 genera and 116 species of the Epacridaceae.In the tribe Styphelieae, haploid numbers of 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, and 14 occur. This numerical sequence does not represent a continuous siries either of decrease or increase, but is built up from polyploid and aneuploid changes on base numbers of x = 4 and x = 6. Polyploid series on base 4 are found in Cyathodes, Astroloma, and Leucopogon � Pleuranthus, on base 6 in Leucopogon � Perojoa, and on base 7 in Lissanthe. Aneuploidy is also found within genera, but is generally more characteristic of particular genera. In the Epacrideae, the usual haploid numbers are 13 and 12, and only one case of polyploidy is reported. Two species of Sphenotoma possess haploid numbers of n = 6 and n = 7 respectively. The base number for the Epacrideae is probably x = 6, and a relationship between the Epacrideae and the Styphelieae at the 6-chromosome level may be accepted. Any relationship between the Epacrideae and the Ericoideae at an amphidiploid level is denied. With the exception of probable autotriplolds in Lissanthe montana, meiosis is essentially regular throughout the family. Tetrad-type pollen is characteristic of the Epacrideae. In the Styphelieae, the pollen is usually monad (S-type) and never truly single. Three variants in the pattern of pollen development occur in the tribe, modified monad (S-type), full tetrad (T-type), and segregating tetrad (A-type). Variants in pollen development pattern are associated with aneuploidy. The Epacridaceae must have had an ancient origin. Features of species distribution suggest that many may be post-Miocene in origin. Most of the genera must have been established in the early Tertiary, and the differentiation of the two tribes, the origin of the monad pattern of pollen development, and some fundamental changes in chromosome structure in the Styphelieae, permitting a period of chromosomal instab~lity during their evolutionary diversification, must have been still more ancient.
Field identification of dicotyledons: A punched card system for the identification of families
Authors: Hall N , Johnston RD
Published: December 2005

A punched card key for use in the identification of dicotyledons to a family level
is described. It has advantages over the ordinary dichotomous key in that it allows
early use of the most conspicuous or most selective characters of an unknown plant.
It also facilitates the identification of incomplete material. The key is based on Hutchinson's (1926) descriptions. Cards for his 264 families have been prepared. A sample card shows the characters used and the method of clipping, and an illustration of the card set shows the distribution of various characters between families.
Bisaccate sporomorphs from Australian Permian coals
Authors: Balme BE , Hennelly JPF
Published: December 2005

The structure and distribution of bisaccate microspores isolated from coals and shales of the Australian Permian are discussed. Microspores assigned here to the sporotypes Lueckisporites Potonie & Klaus, Alisporites Daugherty, Florinites Schopf, Wilson, & Sentail, and Pityosporites Seward have been described and a number of new sporomorphs designated. Vestigisporites n. spt. is instituted as a new sporotype. Comparisons are made between Australian Palaeozoic bisaccate forms and similar types from approximately contemporaneous deposits in other parts of the world, and the possible affinities of early two-bladdered microspores discussed.
Studies in the ecology of the Riverine plain. I. The gilgai microrelief and associated flora
Authors: Williams OB
Published: December 2005

The flora of the gilgai microrelief at Deniliquin, N.S.W., is described, and the major vegetation changes over a 4-year period are outlined. Until 1950 the shelf was dominated by chenopodiaceous plants, the depression by perennial grasses, and the puff by annual grasses and herbs. After heavy and persistent winter rainfall in 1951, the depressions remained waterlogged for several months. The perennial grasses died out and were replaced by species of Juncus and Carex and Eleocharis acuta R.Br. With the return to more normal rainfall the earlier flora in the depression is being slowly re-established. From measurements made on the soils it would appear that physical factors are important in determining the species which grow on the shelf, depression, and puff respectively. Some of the factors concerned are: (a) the soil moisture content at which water becomes available to plants, and particularly to seeds; (b) the intensity of soil cracking, which influences seed retention, moisture penetration, and the extent to which root systems are damaged; (c) aeration of the soil.
The mechanism of surface growth in parenchyma of Avena coleoptiles
Authors: Wardrop AB
Published: December 2005

A study has been made of the organization of the cell wall in the parenchyma
of Avena coleoptiles at successive stages of growth, using light and electron microscopic
methods. It has been observed that extension of the parenchyma involves a
progressive separation of the primary pit fields accompanied by an increasing dispersion
of the cellulose microfibrils about their preferred direction of orientation. On the
basis of this, and ancillary evidence from other cell types, it is suggested that extension
growth involves stretching of the cell with the intercalation of new microfibrils into
the expanding cell wall framework from the regions of the primary pit fields and penetration
of the cell wall by plasmodesmata. It is considered that the evidence is
consistent equally with the view either that the cell wall is stretched as water absorption
accompanying enlargement takes place, or that cell enlargement is controlled by the
synthesis of cell wall material at synthetic centres (pit fields and plasmodesmata)
distributed over the cell surface. The concept of bipolar tip growth for coleoptile
parenchyma is rejected.
The anatomy of bark. VI. Peppermints, boxes, ironbarks, and other eucalypts with cracked and furrowed barks
Authors: Chattaway MM
Published: December 2005

The furrowed barks of peppermints, boxes, and ironbarks are due to cracks which extend through the rhytidome to the outermost phloem. In peppermints and boxes the cracks, which extend into the outer layers of the phloem, originate in the wedges of parenchyma that develop towards the periphery of the living phloem. In the peppermints the furrows are schizogenous in origin. In the boxes they are more often lysigenous, the direction of the crack being often determined by the lysigenous kino pockets that form in the outer phloem. In the ironbarks they are lysigenous, the cell breakdown occurring most often in the inner layers of the wide shytidome and only occasionally in the outer phloem. Much of the width of rhytidome observed in many boxes and ironbarks is due to at wide phellem; their hardness is due to kino which occurs either as cellular kino or as large pockets formed by the breaking down of tissues of the outer phloem.
The nature of reaction wood. IV. Variations in cell wall organization of tension wood fibres
Authors: Wardrop AB , Dadswell HE
Published: December 2005

The cell wall organization, the cell wall texture, and the degree of lignification of tension wood fibres have been investigated in a wide variety of temperate and tropical species. Following earlier work describing the cell wall structure of tension wood fibres, two additional types of cell wall organization have been observed. In one of these, the inner thick "gelatinous" layer which is typical of tension wood fibres exists in addition to the normal three-layered structure of the secondary wall; in the other only the outer layer of the secondary wall and the thick gelatinous layer are present. In all the tension wood examined the micellar orientation in the inner gelatinous layer has been shown to be nearly axial and the cellulose of this layer found to be in a highly crystalline state. A general argument is presented as to the meaning of differences in the degree, of crystallinity of cellulose. The high degree of crystallinity of cellulose in tension wood as compared with normal wood is attributed to a greater degree of lateral order
in the crystalline regions of tension wood, whereas the paracrystalline phase is similar in both cases. The degree of lignification in tension wood fibres has been shown to be extremely variable. However, where the degree of tension wood development is marked as
revealed by the thickness of the gelatinous layer the lack of lignification is also most marked. Severity of tension wood formation and lack of lignification have also been correlated with the incidence of irreversible collapse in tension wood. Such collapse can occur even when no whole fibres are present, e.g. in thin cross sections. Microscopic examination of collapsed samples of tension wood has led to the conclusion that the appearance of collapse in specimens containing tendon wood can often be attributed in part to excessive shrinkage associated with the development of fissures between cells, although true collapse does also occur. Possible explanations of the irreversible shrinkage and collapse of tension wood fibres are advanced.
A hybrid swarm in Cassia
Authors: Symon DE
Published: December 2005

Cassia specimens collected from a transect on a hillside near Alice Springs, central
Australia, showed many intermediate characters, the distribution of which were very suggestive of a hybrid swarm between C. desolata F. Muell. var. involucrata J. M. Black and C. artemisioides Gaud. The specimens were examined for seven characters, and the results are presented. A cline up the hill in leaflet numbers in the species C. artemisioides is recorded.
The pollen morphology of Nothofagus BL. subsection Bipartitae Steen
Authors: Cookson IC , Pike KM
Published: December 2005

The pollen morphology of Nothofagus BL. subsection Bipartitae Steen. has been
described. Pollen descriptions of 12 of the New Guinea species and three of the New Caledonian species have been given. The usefulness of pollen morphology in species determination within the subsection Bipartitae has been considered.
On fluting of the trunk in young trees of Pinus taeda L. (Loblolly Pine) with an appendix on the measurement of radial growith as ring-width
Authors: Newman IV
Published: December 2005

Appearance of fluting of the trunk in young trees of Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine)
from Queensland is due to near alignment of greatly extended depressions produced by suppression of radial growth above and below the insertion of branch-bases. Inclination of the fluting accompanies inclination of grain (spiral grain) in the tree. This suppression, chiefly of early wood, operates for 2–3 years and differs from the very slightly extended suppression associated normally with dead branch-bases on both normal and abnormal trees. A pathological condition of the cambial zone seems to affect not only the quantity but also the structure of the cells formed. In the two butt logs examined, suppression ocourred only in the growing seasons beginning 1948, 1949, and sometimes 1950. After that, the depressions were being obliterated by local excess of radial growth, mainly in apparent late wood, and the surface would probably have appeared undisturbed by the end of the season beginning 1955 or 1956 (trees about 18–20 years old). In a note on measurement of "radial growth" at a grooved surface, of the three possible measurements of ring-width, namely, radial (along the radius of the tree-as-a-whole), histological (along the direction of the rows of wood cells), and apparent (along the shortest distance across the ring), the histological ring-width is suggested as most correctly representing "radial growth". The implied "stepped" arrangement of the cambium is demonstrated.
Pollen morphology of Myrtaceae from the south-west Pacific area
Authors: Pike KM
Published: December 2005

The pollen grains of 300 species of 71 genera of the family Myrtaceae have been examined and their characteristic features summarized in tabular form. The investigation has been mainly concerned with those species that occur in the south-west, Pacific area, particularly Australia. For comparative purposes, the pollen morphology of a limited number of South American and two South African species has been included. The significance of pollen characters for distinguishing genera and species within the family is discussed. In some instances pollen morphology has provided additional evidence for the classification of certain species as suggested by taxonomists. A provisional key to pollen grains of the genera examined has been included.