bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Feeding Ecology and Behaviour of Seven Species of Raptor Overwintering in Coastal Victoria.
Authors: Baker-Gabb DJ
Published: June 2005

Diet was studied of raptor birds, 1 sp. of each of the genera Accipiter, Circus, Elanus, Falco, Haliastur, Ninox and Tyto. Interaction and competition for prey and carrion among those species and between them and Corvus mellori were noted. Details of the diet of each species, according to season, are given in an Accessory Publication available from Editorial and Publications Service, CSIRO, 314 Albert Street, East Melbourne, Vic. 3002, Australia, and the details are also in press (Australasian Raptor Association News).
The Diet of the Nestling Noisy Scrub-Bird, Atrichornis Clamosus.
Authors: Smith GT , Calver MC
Published: June 2005

The diet of nestling noisy scrub-birds, Atrichornis clamosus, was determined from observations at 12
nests and from examination of 718 faecal sacs. Nestlings were fed invertebrates of 18 orders plus a few
small vertebrates. There was no significant difference in the proportions of the various taxa as
determined from observational and faecal sac data. The most common prey from the combined data
were Araneida (35%), Orthoptera (29%), larvae (13%), Blattodea (7%), Hymenoptera (4%), Chilopoda
(3%), and Lumbricidae (2%). There were significant differences between the proportions of the main
prey items between years, within years and within territories. There were no significant differences in
the type of prey fed at different ages. The data suggest that the female noisy scrub-bird is a generalist
predator when feeding her young.
Food of the Snake-Necked Turtle, Chelodina Longicollis (Shaw) (Testudines: Chelidae) in the Murray Valley, Victoria and New South Wales.
Authors: Chessman BC
Published: June 2005

The diet of C. longicollis was inferred from analysis ofthe stomach contents of 105 turtles collected from
the Murray River and associated water bodies in south-eastem Australia. The most important food
items in terms of volume were carrion and decapod crustaceans in the river, camon and littoral-benthic
invertebrates in lakes and ponds containing fish, and planktonic crustaceans (mostly Cladocera) in
ponds and pools without fish. Terrestrial invertebrates, which had presumably fallen into the water,
nektonic insects and whole fish were also eaten. Diet varied relatively little with turtle size and sex,
although juveniles ate relatively less carrion and more littoral and benthic invertebrates than adults.
Within the constraints of its obligate carnivory, C. longicollis is a catholic and opportunistic feeder.
Social Organization, Reproduction and Feeding Behaviour of a Population of Yellow-Bellied Gliders, Petaurus Australis (Marsupialia: Petauridae).
Authors: Craig SA
Published: June 2005

Population dynamics, habitat use and feeding behaviour in a small population of P. australis were
studied in 190 ha of Tall Open Forest in the Victorian Central Highlands. Between October 1979 and
December 1982, 13 marked individuals were trapped on 71 occasions during 1223 trap-nights. Gliders
formed relatively stable family groups, each comprising a single resident pair living in a monogamous
relationship with or without dependent offspring. They bred between August and October. Four females
were observed with a single pouch young. Each pair occupied substantially separate ranges of between
30 and 55 ha. The maximum number of individuals estimated to be present during any month was
eight. Den hollows were located only in living trees and one family group of three individuals used at
least eight den trees within their home area. All sap-site trees were located mid-slope and were used
mainly during the winter-spring months. Analysis of faeces and direct observation of feeding animals
indicated that the bulk of this glider's diet is made up of arthropods, supplemented with insect and plant
exudates. Some management implications, based on the life-history requirements of this glider, are
discussed.
The Diets of the Large Rock-Rat, Zyzomys Woodwardi, and the Common Rock-Rat, Z. Argurus (Rodentia: Muridae).
Authors: Begg RJ , Dunlop CJ
Published: June 2005

The diets of Zyzomys woodwardi from two habitat types and Z, argurus from one of them were
investigated by microanalysis of faecal samples which were collected over a 12-month period.
Forty-three species of food plants were identified. Differences were found in the diets of Z. woodwardi
from the two habitat types, according to the different food plants available; the two species living
sympatrically shared 52% of plant species identified. Both species ate a wide range of seed sizes,
according to what was available seasonally. Hard-shelled seeds remained on the ground as a ready food
store for much of the year but grasses were utilized only in the dry season, as they rotted or germinated
during the wet. The technique used produced fragments that were identifiable, when the reference
collection was sufficiently extensive, but was not suitable for detailed quantitative comparisons and was
extremely time-consuming.
The Acceptance of Dyed Grain by Feral Pigs and Birds II. Penned Feral Pigs
Authors: Kleba R , Hone J , Robards G
Published: June 2005

Three experiments were conducted to determine the acceptance of dyed and undyed grain bait by
penned feral pigs. The experiments were conducted with three grains (wheat, sorghum and maize) each
coloured blue, green or black with a powdered food dye or pigment. The pigs showed no preference for
any of the three grains and ate as much dyed grain as they had previously eaten undyed grain. However,
high levels of pigment concentration depressed (P<0.05) intake. These results indicate that the
addition of dye to poison grain will not reduce grain intake. There was evidence to suggest that pigs have
a degree of colour vision, because they showed preference for certain coloured grain.
Damage to Cultivated Fruit by Parrots in the South of Western Australia.
Authors: Long JL
Published: June 2005

Damage to 6 orchards of apples, pears, plums and nectarines in Western Australia by the parrots Purpureicephalus spurius, Platycercus icterotis and Barnardius zonarius was studied in 1973-75 and damage by the cockatoo Calyptorhynchus funereus baudinii was recorded opportunistically for comparison. There was up to 12% damage to individual varieties of fruit, least to green varieties of apple. In any one season no single orchard had losses over 1.4% of total fruit grown and none had net income affected by more than $A100. Damage by those smaller parrots was of little economic significance during the study. The cockatoo caused more damage to apples, and in a shorter time, than did the small parrots.
Breeding Biology, Diet and Morphometrics of the King Shag, Phalacrocorax Albiventer Purpurascens, at Macquarie Island.
Authors: Brothers NP
Published: June 2005

Nineteen colonies of the king shag, Phalacrocorax albiventer purpurascens, occur on Macquarie I.
varying in size from 3 to 320 breeding pairs. The total population was estimated at 660 breeding pairs in
1975-79. Breeding varied annually, but most eggs were laid in the last half of October with an average
clutch size over two seasons of 2.7 eggs. Most chicks hatched by late December and fledged from late
January onwards. Minimum age at first breeding was 2 years but most shags did not breed until the age
of 4 years or more. Faithful breeding pairs tended to be more successful than those that changed mates
although most remained together for only one or two seasons. Male shags had a stronger tendency to
retain their nest-site than did females, and it was the female that was responsible for the breakdown of
the pair-bond. This breakdown and annual variation in breeding success was thought to be mainly due
to shortage of food, which consisted solely of benthic fish.
The Sensitivity of Australian Animals to 1080 Poison VIII.* Amphibians and Reptiles
Authors: Mcilroy JC , King DR , Oliver AJ
Published: June 2005

Amphibian and reptile species that have been tested in Australia are generally more tolerant to 1080
poison than are most other animals. The most common signs of poisoning amongst both groups of
animals are a lack of movement or convulsions. Visible signs of poisoning first appeared from 13 h to
almost 7 days after dosing. Deaths followed from 15 h to almost 22 days after dosing. It is unlikely that
amphibians and reptiles face any direct poisoning risk from pest-poisoning campaigns involving 1080,
given their high tolerance and the enormous amounts of poisoned bait that would have to be eaten.
Some individuals, however, could be detrimentally affected through ingesting sublethal quantities of
1080.
Methods for Small-Scale Surveys of Grey Kangaroo Populations
Authors: Coulson GM , Raines JA
Published: June 2005

Small-scale survey methods which have previously been applied to grey kangaroos were evaluated on a
population of known size. The total population size of free-ranging eastern grey kangaroos, Macropus
giganteus, on Rotamah Island in the Gippsland Lakes of Victoria was determined by a drive count. Two
types of small-scale survey methods were evaluated against this total: line transect counts and faecal
pellet counts. The line transect estimates were not significantly different from the known population
size, and grey kangaroos appear to meet the critical conditions of the models. Counts of individual faecal
pellets gave an acceptable estimate of population density, whereas counts based on pellet groups had
significant positive bias.
The European Rabbit in South-Western Australia. I. Study Sites and Population Dynamics.
Authors: King DR , Wheeler SH
Published: June 2005

Descriptions are given of 2 study sites in the south-west of Western Australia, on which rabbit numbers were monitored. Breeding seasons began in March or April, with the onset of winter rain, and rabbit numbers peaked in October-December, followed by a fall over the non-breeding period in summer. Winter epizootics of myxomatosis, which were spread by Spilopsyllus cuniculi, caused severe declines in rabbit numbers at both sites. Summer epizootics at one site before the introduction of the flea as a biological control agent, and rabbit mortality during these, was lower than in the winter epizootics.
The European Rabbit in South- Western Australia II. Reproduction
Authors: Wheeler SH , King DR
Published: June 2005

'The reproduction of the European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.), at two intensive study sites in south-western Australia is compared with reproductive data from rabbits taken throughout the coastal and inland districts of the south-west region. South-western Australia has hot, arid summers and cool wet winters. Rabbit breeding in the region is characteristic of that in Mediterranean climates, with a winter breeding season which begins when pastures germinate with the initial winter rainfall (April-May) and ceases when the pastures dry out at the end of the year. Unseasonal cyclonic rain can promote pasture growth in summer, leading to limited breeding. At all times of year there were some fertile males, with fewest at the height of summer, followed by an increase before the winter breeding season. Near the coast, male fertility increased more rapidly than further inland. At our two study sites at Cape Naturaliste (on the coast) and Chidlow (55 km inland) the pattern was similar to that in the coastal district. Production of kittens was greater near the coast than further inland, because near the coast there was a high early peak in incidence of pregnancy, a second peak late in the year, and litters remained large throughout the breeding season. In the inland district, the early incidence of pregnancy was lower, there was no second peak, and litter sizes fell at the end of the year. Female reproduction at Cape Naturaliste was typical of that in the coastal district, but that at Chidlow was typical of the inland. The second peak of pregnancy at Cape Naturaliste was due to intensive breeding by subadults born earlier in the year. The differences in female reproduction and productivity between the coastal and inland districts are probably because pasture growth begins earlier and is better in the more fertile coastal areas than in the inland. That nutrition is better for rabbits in the coastal areas than in the inland is reflected in higher growth rates of kittens at Cape Naturaliste than at Chidlow. It is postulated, on the basis of the literature and the results of our studies, that the factor which determines whether rabbits will breed is the presence of growing vegetation, and that the intensity of breeding is influenced by a seasonal cycle in fertility.
Myxomatosis: Use of an Aerosol Generator to Introduce a Virulent Strain of Myxoma Virus for the Control of Populations of Wild Rabbits, Oryctolagus Cuniculus.
Authors: Conolly D , Sobey WR
Published: June 2005

A lightweight, portable virus aerosol generator was designed and used initially to introduce a virulent strain of myxoma virus into an artificial warren to assess it ability to disseminate virus and cause rabbits to become infected. It was subsequently used to initiate an epizootic under field conditions. The machine needs to be more robust for field use.
Dispersal of Silver Gulls, Larus novaehollandiae Stephens, from Breeding Colonies in South Australia
Authors: Ottaway JR , Carrick R , Murray MD
Published: June 2005

Dispersal of Larus novaehollandiae Stephens, from 10 colonies in South Australia, was studied during
1968-8 1 by means of bands designed for identification of free-living, uncaptured individuals. Dispersal
patterns were characteristic of each colony, even for three colonies which were, at most, 10 km apart.
Almost all dispersal records came from the area between Adelaide and Melbourne, and within 30 km of
the coast. After breeding, the majority of gulls disperse eastwards; however, dispersal from each colony
was correlated with a shift of gull population into areas where food was available from human sources
such as rubbish dumps. From colonies 80 km south-east of Adelaide, a major human population, the
predominant winter dispersal of these gulls was north-west, into the city and suburbs.
The maximum direct-line dispersal distances recorded for 95% of the 3133 resighted gulls were
<458 km. The greatest direct-line distance recorded was 1430 km. Overall, there was no significant
difference in the mean dispersal distances of juveniles and adults, although at distances >480 km
significantly more juveniles (<2y) were seen than adults (>2y). This involved only 2.5% of the total
number of birds resighted. It is suggested that older, dominant birds maintain high status at preferred
feeding places, and juveniles are possibly more erratic in their movements, as they search for food. This
would account for the difference in the dispersal ofjuveniles and adults from a particular colony, and
also for the significantly higher proportion of juveniles found at extreme distances from their natal
colonies.
Causes and Frequencey of Deaths among Birds Mist-Netted for Banding Studies at Two Localities
Authors: Recher HF , Gowing G , Armstrong T
Published: June 2005

During studies of forest and heathland birds undertaken by the authors in south-eastem Australia, 53
(1.3%) of 4184 birds caught in mist nets died in the nets or when handled for banding. Mortality was
higher in the study offorest birds, where 2.8% of individuals died, than in that of heathland birds, where
0.5% died. There was no relation between the size or kinds of birds handled and mortality. Instead, the
difference between the two studies was probably the result of better procedures for handling birds in the
heathland study. Causes of mortality, and ways to avoid or minimize injury to or death of birds during
use of mist-nets, are discussed.
Observations on the Sensitivity of Some Australian Birds and the Feral Pig to the Organophosphorus Insecticide, Fenthion Ethyl.
Authors: Mcilroy JC
Published: June 2005

Some toxicological data are presented to show that 7 species of birds in Australia are highly sensitive to Lucijet [O,O-diethyl O-[3-methyl-4-(methylthio)phenyl] phosphorothioate], an insecticide that is used against blowflies [Lucilia cuprina], lice and keds on sheep. Data on the sensitivity of birds to fenthion (the methyl analogue of Lucijet) indicate that other species of birds in Australia could be highly sensitive to Lucijet. This is partly confirmed by the variety of species found dead where Lucijet has been used to kill animals regarded as pests (such as feral pigs). Poison 1080 (sodium fluoroacetate) is probably more effective against pigs and less hazardous to birdlife.
Inter- and Intra specific Conflict between Arid-zone Kangaroos at Watering Points
Authors: Croft DB
Published: June 2005

Red kangaroos Macropus rufus and euros M. robustus were observed drinking at a stock trough in northwestern
New South Wales. The populations of both species were divided into five age-sex classes. Drinking
and agonistic behaviour was similar across classes and species. Inter- and intraspecific conflict between these
classes for a drinking position were analysed. Within species, there is a size-related hierarchy for gaining and
maintaining a drinking space, favouring the larger class. Interspecifically, euros, the smaller species, dominate
equivalent age classes of red kangaroos. Retaliation in aggressive encounters is more likely between adjacent
rank neighbours than those more distant in the hierarchy. Drinking individuals tend to win more encounters
than individuals attempting to gain a drinking place. The longer a kangaroo has been drinking the less likely
it is to act aggressively to an intruder. When drinking, spacing between kangaroos is essentially random.
Both species displace another individual at a similar mean distance of 0.6-0.8 m, but spacing between adult
euros is wider than between adult red kangaroos. Spacing is modified by the relative positions of neighbours
on either side of the trough. The results are discussed in terms of social and other factors that may have
led to the euro's dominance of the red kangaroo at water.
Movement of Kangaroos After a Fire in Mallee Woodland.
Authors: Caughley G , Brown B , Noble J
Published: June 2005

Experimental burning of mallee (Eucalyptus spp.) and shrub vegetation has been done in New South Wales to stimulate plant growth for grazing sheep and cattle. In March 1984 fires were started by an aerial ignition technique in a 'paddock' of 116 km2 and a study was made, by aerial surveys, of movements of kangaroos (Macropus rufus and M. fuliginosus) into the area. Such movements would detract from the benefit to grazing stock. It was found that on this occasion the burned area did not attract kangaroos, apparently because good winter rains gave adequate food for them elsewhere. It is suggested that burning for grazing is likely to be most beneficial where winter rains are most predictable, i.e. inside the mallee zone.
Overbrowsing, and decline of a population of the koala, Phascolarctos cinereus, in Victoria. I. Food preference and food tree defoliation
Authors: Martin R. W.
Published: June 2005

Tree usage by koalas as a measure of foliage preference was analysed for 2 yr in an open forest near Walkerville, Victoria, containing 3 Eucalyptus species. At the start of the study, there was significant defoliation of E. ovata. The koalas showed a significant preference for this species, which became increasingly defoliated as the study progressed. The preference for E. ovata decreased in the second year of the study, probably as a result of a decline in available foliage. It also changed seasonally, with koalas showing a stronger preference for E. ovata in autumn and winter than in spring and summer. The preference for E. radiata and E. obliqua was greater in summer, when these species were producing abundant new growth. It is suggested that the koalas select foliage so as to maximize their intake of crude protein.
Overbrowsing, and decline of a population of the koala, Phascolarctos cinereus, in Victoria. II. Population condition
Authors: Martin R. W.
Published: June 2005

Juvenile and sub-adult koalas from a population at Walkerville, Victoria, which was severely defoliating its preferred food trees, had significantly lower growth rates than animals from a population on French Island, Victoria. Mature males from Walkerville were significantly smaller than French Island males in most age classes. There was no significant difference between the body weights of mature females of the 2 populations. Haematological tests on the females showed that nutritionally induced anaemia was significant in the Walkerville animals by Jan. 1981. Heavy tick loads probably exacerbated the effects of the food shortage on the animals' condition, but were not the cause of the anaemia. The low fertility rate of the Walkerville females appeared to be due to their poor nutritional state and to reproductive tract disease.
Distribution of Rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus, Warrens in relation to Soil Type
Authors: Parer I , Libke JA
Published: June 2005

Rabbit warrens in a semiarid environment of New South Wales were concentrated in those areas where impact
penetrometer readings indicated friable soil to a depth of at least 75 cm. Isolated warrens in areas with few
warrens were found in restricted patches of favourable soil. The absence of warrens from areas with shallow
soil was considered to be due to high soil temperatures. The distribution of the rabbit in Australia was examined
in relation to deep soil temperatures. It was suggested that the application of bituminous coating on ripped
warrens may be a useful technique for the control of rabbits in the arid zone.
The Acceptance of Dyed Grain by Feral Pigs and Birds. 3. Comparison of Intakes of Dyed and Undyed Grain by Feral Pigs and Birds in Pig-Proof Paddocks.
Authors: Hone J , Bryant H , Nicholls P , Atkinson W , Kleba R
Published: June 2005

In a 2-year study maize, wheat and sorghum grains, and a green and a blue dye were used. Of 57 bird species recorded in the study area only galahs and crested pigeons were observed eating grain. Neither feral pigs nor birds had differences in intake of undyed or dyed grain on average over the study; however, intake differences were highly variable as a result of interactions involving years, seasons, grains and times within seasons. Daily grain intake per pig averaged 2.33 kg and daily grain intake by all birds averaged 0.24 kg. Intakes by pigs and birds varied significantly with years, seasons, grains and times within seasons in complex interactions. The study suggests that poisoned grain baits for feral pig control may be dyed with little effect on intake by feral pigs, but that dyeing poisoned grain may not decrease its acceptance by some bird species.
Tree Species Preferences of Foraging Birds in Jarrah Forest in Western Australia.
Authors: Abbott I , Heurck PV
Published: June 2005

A study of foraging by 10 bird species suggests that selective logging of large Eucalyptus marginata will only have affected Melithreptus lunatus, but that proposed silvicultural treatments, including removal of Banksia grandis, may affect several other bird species.
Turnover in Breeding Bird Populations on Rottnest I. Western Australia
Authors: Saunders DA , de Rebeira CP
Published: June 2005

The avifauna of Rottnest Island, W.A., has been surveyed four times between 1904 and 1983: by Lawson
in 1904, Glauert (1928), Storr between 1953 and 1962, and ourselves between 1981 and 1983. There were
three recorded extinctions and 10 immigrations in the 79-year period, but none of the extinctions and only
three of the immigrations could be regarded as valid for calculating natural turnover rates. The remainder
had been influenced by human activity; therefore the avifauna extinction rate for Rottnest Island was 0,
the immigration rate was 0.04% per year for non-marine species of bird and the relative turnover rate for
the 79 years was 0.12% per year. These results for Rottnest I. support the view of Abbott (1978, 1980)
that for Australian islands, immigrations and extinctions are infrequent and turnover of breeding species
is also infrequent. There have been 109 sightings of vagrants recorded for the island between 1905 and 1983;
only one of these had individuals present in sufficient numbers during the breeding season to establish a
breeding population. The data show that for one Australian island natural extinctions of both passerines
and non-passerines are rare. Water does act as a barrier and although birds do cross water and often appear
as vagrants, they very rarely do so in sufficient numbers or at the right time to establish breeding populations.
Population and Habitat Selection of the Noisy Scrub-bird, Atrichornis clamosus, 1962-83
Authors: Smith GT
Published: June 2005

The noisy scrub-bird Atrichornis clamosus at Two Peoples Bay was censused, the number of singing males
being used as the population index. Incomplete data from 1962 to 1968 suggest that the number of males
varied from 40 to 50 during this period. The first rigorous census found 45 males in 1970 and this number
increased to 138 in 1983. The most likely reason for this increase is the absence of fire from the area since
1970. Since 1975 the population has expanded out of its headland stronghold to the south-west of Two Peoples
Bay to form a subpopulation around Lake Gardner that is well separated from the headland population by
roads, firebreaks and a strip of control burnt blocks. The growth of this subpopulation has added a further
safeguard to the population. Observations on the vegetation formations (heath, thicket, low forest A and
low forest B) used by male noisy scrub-birds on the headland indicate that most of the best habitat (low
forest B) is occupied and that an increasing number of males are occupying suboptimal habitat (heath and
thicket). There is sufficiently good habitat to the west of Lake Gardner to allow at least 30 additional males
to live in the area.
The Relationship between Moult and the Reproductive Cycle in a Population of Crested Terns, Sterna bergii Lichtenstein
Authors: Dunlop JN
Published: June 2005

In a population of crested terns breeding in the Fremantle area of south-western Australia, a proportion
of adults were moulting in all seasons. At the individual level moult was protracted over the period of gonadal
quiescence (39-41 weeks) with little overlap between the alternate moults of the cap and the basic moult.
Wave moult was observed in the replacement of the primary feathers. Plumage state was a reliable indicator
of gonadal condition in females at all times of year, but not in males while they were involved in the nesting
cycle. The plumage states observed in the population reflected the prolonged breeding season with bimodal
peaks of laying characteristic of the area, but the moult patterns of marked individuals suggested that moult
was essentially aseasonal and continuous.
Bias in Food Habits of Australian Waterfowl.
Authors: Briggs SV , Maher MT , Palmer RP
Published: June 2005

Most food studies of Australian waterfowl have relied on gizzard analyses. This introduces bias because of differential digestion rates. Oesophageal and gizzard contents collected from feeding grey teal (Anas gibberifrons) and pink-eared duck (Malacorhynchus membranaceus) at 2 sites in south-western New South Wales were determined. Pink-eared duck ate 99.6% animal food (mainly chironomid larvae and ostracods); grey teal ate 74.2% animal food (mainly corixids and dipteran larvae) at one site but 63.9% plant food (mainly grass seeds) at the other. Both species contained higher proportions of animal material in their oesophagi than in their gizzards. Rank correlation analyses showed no significant relationships between oesophageal and gizzard contents in the 2 species in this study, nor in other Australian and overseas waterfowl reported in the literature. It is suggested that gizzard analysis has led to overestimation of the importance of seeds in the diet of Australian waterfowl and underestimation of the importance of invertebrates. It is recommended that future food habits studies of waterfowl use oesophageal contents from feeding birds, and results from previous gizzard studies be treated with caution.
Hunter Activity and Waterfowls Havests in New South Wales, 1977-82
Authors: Briggs SV , Maher MT , Davey CC
Published: June 2005

The results of six annual surveys of waterfowl hunters in New South Wales by mail card are reported.
The aims of the survey were to ascertain reported distribution of hunting effort, size and composition of
hunters' bags, and state of hunter origin. Hunting effort and waterfowl harvests were highest in southern
inland New South Wales. Seasonal bag sizes varied between 15.8 and 27.2 ducks per hunter. Pacific black
duck, grey teal and maned duck made up 88.6% of hunters' bags. About half the hunters in New South
Wales originated from Victoria. Bag size and species composition, effect of reducing bag size on total harvest,
regional bias in hunting effort and harvest, and annual variation in licence sales are discussed.
Crocodylus johnstoni in the McKinlay Area, N.T. VIII. A Population Simulation Model
Authors: Smith AMA , Webb GJW
Published: June 2005

A population simulation model was constructed for the McKinlay River population of the freshwater crocodile
Crocodylus johnstoni. C, johnstoni are long-lived reptiles (50 y +) which take 9-16 years to reach maturity.
As a consequence, the effects of legal hunting before 1963 are still reflected in an unstable population age
structure. No quantitative data on the original population densities exist, nor are there data on the densities
at which equilibrium can be expected in the future. The model examines the dynamics of a population which
is still expanding and does not take into account density-dependent factors which may ultimately limit the
population. If the population was undisturbed for 10 years, the model predicted the mean natural rate of
population increase would be 1 .5% per annum. However, the population has been disturbed during research
activities, and when these disturbances and manipulations were simulated the model predicted a 4% decrease
in the population between 1979 and 1983. Independent surveys in both 1979 and 1983 indicated a 5% decrease
in the population. This consistency has been interpreted as indicating that the model's predictions are not
grossly erroneous. Sensitivity tests were carried out in which most parameters in the model were independently
varied by plus or minus their estimated error, while other parameters were held constant. The resultant changes
in the estimated population size after 10 years indicated the model was most sensitive to the age-specific
mortality estimates. C. johnstoni management has the conservation requirement of maintaining or even
enhancing the density of wild populations. Sustained-yield harvesting can theoretically be achieved without
compromising this requirement by harvesting eggs and/or hatchlings, and later returning a proportion of the
harvest to the population when they are larger and have a greater probability of surviving. When released
into the wild, captive-raised C. johnstoni survive as well as wild ones of equivalent sizes. The model was
used to simulate egg and hatchling harvests with different collection and return rates, and different ages of
returned animals. It was also used to simulate harvests of post-hatchling crocodiles, without a return of captiveraised
animals.
The Rate of RAnge Expansion by Bufo marinus in Northern Australia, 1980-84
Authors: Freeland WJ , Martin KC
Published: June 2005

Between 1980 and 1984, the cane toad, Bufo marinus, expanded its range westward from a small, isolated
and probably man-introduced population north-west of Burketown in Queensland, at an average rate of
27 km per year. The rate of range expansion is not influenced by rainfall (dry or wet season) and appears
to occur by continual colonization of new areas by small, sexually immature toads. If current rates of expansion
continue, cane toads will have colonized the 'Top End' of the Northern Territory by the year 2027. However,
the high frequency of toad dispersal assisted by man suggests that colonization will be more rapid.
The Habitat, Distribution and Conservation Status of the Tasmanian Bettong, Bettongia-Gaimardi (Desmarest)
Authors: Rose RW
Published: June 2005

The Tasmanian bettong, Bettongia gaimardi, appears to be the most common member of its genus. Though
formerly distributed on the Australian mainland, B. gaimardi is now found only in the open forest habitats
of eastern Tasmania, the vast majority of which are susceptible to forestry operations, such as clearfelling,
burning and the laying of 1080 poison. Unless carefully managed, all of these practices in the long term are
likely to reduce bettong populations. This and the fact that only 5% of bettong habitat lies within National
Parks, leads to the conclusion that the conservation status of this species should be regarded as 'vulnerable'.
Factors Affecting Aerial Surveys of Marine Fauna, and Their Relationship to a Census of Dugongs in the Coastal Waters of the Northern-Territory
Authors: Bayliss P
Published: June 2005

Some factors that may affect the aerial counts of dugongs, dolphins and turtles were examined experimentally.
Tidal influence did not affect the counts of dugongs or dolphins, but those of turtles increased around high
tide. A combined doubling of survey altitude and transect width reduced observed density of all three classes
of animals by 50%. The counts of four observers did not differ significantly, but further data counsel caution.
Overcast weather depressed counts of dugongs and turtles. Dolphin counts were affected by water surface
condition, counts being lowest in choppy seas. A mark-recapture model was used on tandem observations
to derive correction factors for groups of animals missed on the surface of a transect. Observers missed between
33% and 75% of dugong groups on the surface, the probability of detection decreasing with increased survey
altitude and transect width. A similar range and pattern of probabilities was found for dolphins and turtles.
Dugongs were censused in the coastal waters of the Northern Territory between the Daly River and Millingimbi
in December 1983, an area of 28 746 km*2. Sampling intensity was 7.6%. A minimum population of
2953 � 530 (standard error) was estimated, an overall relative density of 0.11 � 0.02 km-2. A theoretical
correction for submerged dugongs not seen yielded a total population estimate of 38 000, an overall density
of 1.46 km-2. The distribution of dugongs in the survey area was patchy, the highest densities being
associated with shallow coastal waters, sheltered bays, and large islands.
The Sensitivity of Australian Animals to 1080 Poison .9. Comparisons Between the Major Groups of Animals, and the Potential Danger Nontarget Species Face From 1080 Poisoning Campaigns
Authors: Mcilroy JC
Published: June 2005

The sensitivity of a species to 1080 poison is difficult to predict from toxicity data for other, closely related
species. LD*50s of practical use for evaluating the risk species might face from 1080-poisoning campaigns can
be obtained for untested members of some groups by the use of either values for similar species, regression
equations involving body weight, or the lower 95% confidence limits of the distribution of LD*50S of members
in each group.
Among the 171 species for which there are data there was considerable variability in the time until signs
of poisoning became apparent (0.1 h- >7 days), the time to death (0.1 h- >21 days) and the time until animals
began to show signs of recovery (2 h-18 days). Marsupial carnivores generally showed signs earlier and died
or recovered quicker than eutherian carnivores, eutherian herbivores and the marsupial herbivores of eastern
Australia, even though the last three groups have lower LD*5OS. Reptiles and amphibians generally were the
slowest to show signs of poisoning, to die or to recover, and had the highest LD50s .
All species in Australia for which toxicity data are available were ranked according to the percentage
of their body weight they would have to eat of various poison baits to receive an LD*5O. Many non-target
species require lower percentages than the target animals but the actual consumption of lethal bait may be
affected by various factors. Finally, an evaluation is given of the major groups of animals potentially most
at risk in 1080-poisoning campaigns in Australia, based on their susceptibility to 1080.
Age, Movements and the Management of the Wedge-Tailed Eagle, Aquila-Audax, in Arid Western Australia
Authors: Ridpath MG , Brooker MG
Published: June 2005

Four populations of wedge-tailed eagles were studied from 1967 to 1976 in the arid zone of Western Australia,
and compared with data from the rnediterranean zone. The overall colour of eagles and the width of the
pale bar on the dorsal surface of the wing were used to estimate ages in the field. Breeding usually started
at 6-7 years old. The proportion of eagles of breeding age in the population varied between a quarter and
two-thirds. A total of 355 eagles were banded (50% as nestlings) and 29 were recovered, 12 at >100 km,
the furthest at 784 km away. Eagles of breeding age were probably sedentary even in drought, but as many
as half those less than breeding age left the natal area. Most recoveries were within 2 years, but some bands
were lost thereafter. Killing by man accounted for 54% of the recoveries in the arid zone. Such killing
cropped the eagle population, the productivity of which varied according to its food supply. Killing was
probably ineffective in reducing the numbers of eagles as it chiefly accounted for immatures, the birds most
vulnerable to natural mortality. However, in habitats marginal for eagles and not used for sheep, such killing
rates could have posed a threat to the species. Increases in land clearance and intensity of land usage could
affect the wedge-tailed eagle in the future, even in the arid zone. Such effects would not be immediately
obvious in such a long-lived, reproductively conservative species.
Breeding-Season, Nesting Success and Nestling Growth in Carnabys Cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus-Funereus-Latirostris, Over 16 Years at Coomallo Creek, and a Method for Assessing the Viability of Populations in Other Areas
Authors: Saunders DA
Published: June 2005

The short-billed form of the white-tailed black cockatoo has been studied at Coomallo Creek for 16 years
(1969-84), during which time the distribution of natlve vegetation in the district has greatly changed, and
its total percentage has diminished from 67% in 1969 to 34% in 1982. At the same time the breeding
population of black cockatoos in the area has fallen by one-third (to about 40 breeding pairs), but without
any decrease in nesting success or in nestling 'fitness' as measured by comparing nestling weights with those
of earlier years. The results of this study have been used to derwe a technique to assess the viability of
populations of the white-tailed black cockatoo in other areas. This may be done by finding several nests,
weighing each nestling, and measuring the length of its folded left wing, then aging it from a curve for
growth of folded left wing drawn up from known-age nestlings. The weights of the nestlings are plotted
against the appropriate ages, based on data from Coomallo Creek. Areas where nestlings show decreased
'fitness', as established by this method, may be in the process of losing their populations of the white-tailed
black cockatoo.
Home Range and Activity Patterns of Pregnant Female Skinks, Tiliqua-Rugosa
Authors: Fergusson B , Algar D
Published: June 2005

Published estimates of the home range size and movements of the skink Tiliqua rugosa reveal high variability
between lizards at any one time and also between seasons. Differences between the sexes could account
for some of this variability. In particular, it could be anticipated that the greater body weight of pregnant
females restricts movements and thereby reduces home range size. However, movements and home range
size of pregnant females in late summer are not significantly different from estimates based on both sexes.
This cannot be explained by extensive foraging to sustain the growth of the fetus(es), because the pregnant
females maintain relatively constant body weight until parturition. It is still not clear what determines home
range size in this lizard.
Populations of Cane Toad, Bufo-Marinus, in Relation to Time Since Colonization
Authors: Freeland WJ
Published: June 2005

A repeatable index of population density for cane toads active around permanent water in the dry season
showed that, in the lowlands of the Gulf of Carpentaria, local populations rapidly increased in size following
colonization, and remained high (up to 2138 ha-1 on a single night) for at least 19 years. Long-established
populations ( ~ 47 years) around Townsville have declined to an average density of 82 ha-1 on a single
night. In this area toads are in poor body condition, are smaller, and have a lower proportion of reproductive
males than do younger populations. The sizes of fat bodies, and the numbers of ova carried by females,
do not appear to have declined in the Townsville populations. The index of population density was found
to represent approximately 20% of a Jolly-Seber, capture-recapture estimate of population density for a
2.5-year-old cane toad population. The Jolly-Seber estimate for this young population is up to 45 times
the densities of native cane toads in Panama. The numbers of toads captured, toad body sizes and proportions
of sexually mature toads in the Townsville populations are very similar to those in Panama.
Correcting for Incomplete Sighting in Aerial Surveys of Kangaroos
Authors: Barnes A , Hill GJE , Wilson GR
Published: June 2005

Kangaroo density estimates derived from aerial survey depend on the method of deriving sightability
correction factors developed by Caughley. The method depends on five assumptions, some concerned
with the mathematical properties of a model for sightability probabilities and others with deriving correction
factors from this model. All these assumptions can be criticized. In addition, evidence on the performance
of the method does not suggest that it is accurate. Published density estimates are less precise than indicated,
and may include biases due to factors not considered in the correction factors used, e.g. seasonal conditions,
time of day, and species differences. At present, no satisfactory alternative method of correction exists
but, because inaccuracies may be large, continued use of the method requires much greater caution than
has previously been shown. This is particularly relevant where density estimates are used to determine
management procedures.
The Mortality of Kangaroos in Drought
Authors: Robertson G
Published: June 2005

Kinchega National Park was drought-stricken for most of 1982 and part of 1983. Extremely low pasture
biomass led to a high mortality of kangaroos. An estimated 14500 � 1450 kangaroos died, of which 9400
were western grey kangaroos and 5100 were red kangaroos. Most subadult and old kangaroos died, and
proportionately more adult males died than adult females. The age structures of western greys and reds
that died were significantly different.
Ecology of the Swamp Wallaby (Wallabia-Bicolor) in Northeastern New-South-Wales .1. Diet
Authors: Hollis CJ , Hollis CJ , Robertshaw JD , Robertshaw JD , Harden RH , Harden RH
Published: June 2005

The diet of the swamp wallaby Wallabia bicolor was determined by identifying plant fragments from
the forestomachs of animals collected at two sites (Diamond Flat and the Styx River State Forest) in
forests on the edge of the eastern escarpment of the Great Dividing Range in north-eastern New South
Wales. Seventy-seven and 72 genera of plants were recorded in the diets at the two sites respectively.
The dietary items were grouped into six categories, the overall occurrence of which ranged frcm forbs
(26%), ferns (19%), shrubs (19%), grasses, sedges and rushes (17%) and fungi (15%) to vines (3%).
There were broad similarities in the diets of the animals from both sites, though there were some seasonal
differences both within and between sites, the most marked being an increase in grasses, sedges and rushes
and a decrease in fungi in spring. It is suggested that fungi may be an important source of nitrogen
during the other seasons. The wide array of plant species eaten by the swamp wallaby indicates that
it is a generalist rather than specialist feeder, and more of a browser than the larger macropodids.
The Spatial Distributions of Sympatric Populations of Kangaroos and Sheep - Examples of Dissociation Between These Species
Authors: Andrew MH , Lange RT
Published: June 2005

We present three sets of data, based on dung counts, which show that western grey and red kangaroos
tended to dissociate from sheep in arid zone paddocks when the opportunity permitted. In two cases,
the abundance of kangaroo dung within sheep-proof enclosures was much greater than that outside.
In the third, kangaroos were consistently more abundant in those parts of the paddock not frequented
by the sheep. This dissociation may be related to the relative attractiveness to the kangaroos of the pasture
which has remained ungrazed by sheep, rather than to antagonism between the two species.
The Breeding and Reestablishment of the Brush-Tailed Bettong, Bettongia-Penicillata, in South-Australia
Authors: Delroy LB , Earl J , Radbone I , Robinson AC , Hewett M
Published: June 2005

The brush-tailed bettong formerly ranged over much of southern Australia, but is now extinct except
in the south-west of Western Australia and northern Queensland. A small colony was obtained from
the Perth Zoo in 1975 and these were bred successfully at the Para Wirra Recreation Park near Adelaide
and provided stock for a re-establishment program in South Australia. Details of the breeding program
are given. Bettongs were kept in small colonies, usually one male and two or three females; the young
were removed when they reached 550 g, or, with very intensive breeding, at a lower weight. The animals
were fed principally on commercial kangaroo pellets with a range of supplements. Usually two offspring
per year were produced although up to three were produced with intensive breeding. Females commenced
breeding when approximately 4 months old. Techniques for re-establishment were tested on small islands.
One island, Island A in Venus Bay, provided apparently ideal habitat and the captive-bred stock released
there established quickly. Bettongs bred in the wild on two small and two large islands. However, the
introduction to St Francis I., their last stronghold before extinction in South Australia, was least successful.
Possible reasons for this are discussed.
Grazing Behavior of Feral Buffalos on a Native Pasture in the Northern Portion of the Northern-Territory
Authors: Tulloch DG , Tulloch DG , Cellier KM , Cellier KM
Published: June 2005

The dietary preferences of 13 buffaloes were observed over the wet and early dry seasons of 1960, 1961
and 1962 on an area of Humpty Doo Station where 11 plant species known to be palatable to buffaloes
were growing. The grazing intensity on the various herbage species changed over time. Some species
were consistently eaten throughout the season but the majority were not. There was no correlation between
protein content and grazing intensity between species; nor was grazing preference correlated with availability,
because the most prevalent species was not the most preferred, especially in the early dry season.
Effects on Nontarget Animal Populations of Wild Dog Trail-Baiting Campaigns With 1080 Poison
Authors: Mcilroy JC , Gifford EJ , Cooper RJ
Published: June 2005

Populations of birds and small mammals in a mountain forest area of New South Wales were not significantly
affected by two trail-baiting campaigns involving 1080 poison that were carried out against wild dogs,
Canis familiaris, during the winters of 1980 and 1981. Factors which probably minimized the effect on
the non-target species were the sparse distribution of baits, the placement of the baits in habitats not
favoured by small mammals, their initially rapid rate of removal by foxes, Vulpes vulpes, the dietary
preferences of the non-target animals and the low risk they would face if they did consume a bait.