bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jazz on the Air
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

Radio broadcasting came along in the 1920s, just in time to help spread the sound of jazz. Many people in small American towns found out about jazz by hearing a radio broadcast from a big city ballroom or nightclub. When such broadcasts were aired via clear-channel stations late at night, they carried great distances, helping to build a new audience for jazz that bought records and flocked to see traveling bands. Paul Whiteman didn’t really have a jazz band, even though he was known as “The King of Jazz” (to his press agent, not to musicians). But he hired good jazz soloists and presented them well, and he was one of the first bandleaders to realize the benefit of radio exposure. Smith and Guttridge tell of a couple of early Whiteman radio shows: Once just before going on the air, Paul Whiteman lifted his baton to lead the band into Chinatown, My Chinatown. A last-minute impulse seized him and he switched the command to China Boy. A rustle of paper sounded coast-to-coast as the musicians changed their music while the red light flashed on.
Songs
Authors: Crow Bill
Published: November 2023

The American popular song form and the twelve-bar blues have been used by most jazz musicians as the basis for their improvising, though modernists have moved on to the exploration of other forms. The standard repertoire made it possible for disparate musicians to play together. A jazz musician from Dallas who knew the standard tunes could sit in with a band in Boston or Paris or Stockholm without difficulty even if he played with a regional style. Since composer royalties are a source of income, jazz musicians eventually realized that a new melody based on a standard set of chords could be copyrighted. Original jazz tunes proliferated on records, and publishers and managers found that it was profitable to talk jazz composers into adding their names to the credits. Many of Duke Ellington’s early hits list Duke and his manager, Irving Mills, as the composers.
Trends in Data Acquisition and Knowledge Development
Authors: Bartel Lee R
Published: November 2023

Research is “a systematic process by which investigators gather information, organize it in a meaningful way, and analyze and interpret it” (Asmus & Radocy, 1992, p. 141). While this definition does not indicate why investigators gather and work with information, a clue is in “a meaningful way”— the research process should be meaningful. Organizing, analyzing, and interpreting is a process of developing knowledge. Another way to express this is to say that research is a systematic process of data acquisition and knowledge development. The terms “data acquisition” and “knowledge development” resonate clearly with the current computer lexicon (Knowledge Discovery in Databases or KDD). This is intentional because technology is one of the most influential forces affecting research in the past 30 years. I have selected these terms to serve as “lenses” with which to examine trends in research. A trend is direction of movement, a course, an inclination.
The Opioid Contract
Authors: Chen Felix A , Fishman Scott M , Kreis Paul G
Published: November 2023

The medication contract is an instrument commonly used in the treatment of patients placed on long-term opioid therapy. Although these contracts are widely used in the chronic administration of opioids, their efficacy in practice remains to be proven. A contract is defined by the Oxford English Dictionary as an ‘‘explicit bilateral commitment to a well-defined course of action.’’ As such, the physician-patient contract implies several basic assumptions (Quill, 1983): (1) The terms and consequences for breaching the contract are explicitly stated; (2) the doctor and patient each have unique responsibilities; (3) the doctor-patient relationship is consensual, not obligatory; and (4) both physician and patient are willing and able to negotiate. Both parties in the contract are typically required to have a clearly stated understanding of their individual obligations. The term contract may not be required to fulfill the spirit or purpose of a contract.
Public Reason and Political Justification
Authors: Freeman Samuel
Published: November 2023

In a constitutional democracy, citizens normally have a sense of the kinds of reasons that are fittingly appealed to, as well as those that are not, in legislative and judicial forums and when arguing about laws and the constitution with people who hold different religious or philosophical views. We see this all the time in arguments in news editorials, for example. But it is very hard to characterize these reasons in any straightforward way. It is not enough to say that, because people have different faiths and their differences are irresolvable, religious considerations ought to be kept out of politics. For, people have irresolvably conflicting philosophical and ethical beliefs, too. Moreover, sometimes it may be wholly fitting within public political life for members of a faith to declare the religious beliefs that lead them to support or oppose measures involving fundamental questions of justice (Martin Luther King’s religious declarations in support of civil rights is one example). How, then, are we to make sense of this idea of “public reasons”?
Why There Are No People
Authors: Unger Peter
Published: November 2023

Imagine, if you will, a somewhat uncommonly shaped object, one whose shape is not very irregular or bizarre, perhaps, but which is at least sufficiently so that we have no common name or expression for an object with a shape of that sort. Following this instruction, then, you have not imagined a pyramid, or cylindrical object, for those are readily spoken of in available terms. I shall call your imagined object a nacknick, which term you are to apply also to such various other objects as you deem suitably similar in shape to the first. In this way, we have invented a new word together: I have given you the form of the inscription, ‘nacknick’, and some instructions which help to delimit the meaning. But only you have enough of an idea of the word to put it to much use. That is because, according to this little story, you have not revealed your imagined shape to me, or done much else to give me a useful idea of it.
The Uniqueness In Causation
Authors: Unger Peter
Published: November 2023

There is a logical principle governing causation which, while it has consequences of considerable philosophic interest, never appears to be fully articulated or even recognized by any philosopher. I call it the principle of the uniqueness of that which causes. Expressed in terms of the verb “cause,” and a notion of a particular thing, which delimits the relevant objects of the verb, the principle reads like this: If some entity causes, or some entities cause, a particular thing, then nothing else causes that latter thing and no other entities cause it. This is an entirely general statement concerning the logic of causation, though of course it does not imply that anything ever is caused. In the antecedent, I talk of entities instead of things. This is to make dear that the principle governs persons and other conscious beings, insofar as they may be causes, as well as events, facts, physical objects and other entities naturally called things. It is quite obvious, I suppose, that our principle dictates as follows: If John’s putting poison in Jim’s food caused a certain particular thing, say, Jim’s death, then Bill’s shooting Jim did not cause that latter thing. I want it to be just as dear that our principle dictates this as well: If John’s putting poison in Jim’s food caused Jim’s death, then John himself, who is a man and not that first fact or event, did not cause Jim’s death.
The Curse Of Caste; Or The Slave Bride
Authors: Collins Julia C
Published: November 2023

In 1865, The Christian Recorder, the national newspaper of the African Methodist Episcopal Church, serialized The Curse of Caste; or The Slave Bride, a novel written by Mrs. Julia C. Collins, an African American woman living in the small town of Williamsport, Pennsylvania. The first novel ever published by a black American woman, it is set in antebellum Louisiana and Connecticut, and focuses on the lives of a beautiful mixed-race mother and daughter whose opportunities for fulfillment through love and marriage are threatened by slavery and caste prejudice. The text shares much with popular nineteenth-century women's fiction, while its dominant themes of interracial romance, hidden African ancestry, and ambiguous racial identity have parallels in the writings of both black and white authors from the period. Begun in the waning months of the Civil War, the novel was near its conclusion when Julia Collins died of tuberculosis in November of 1865. In this first-ever book publication of The Curse of Caste; or The Slave Bride, the editors have composed a hopeful and a tragic ending, reflecting two alternatives Collins almost certainly would have considered for the closing of her unprecedented novel. In their introduction, the editors offer the most complete and current research on the life and community of an author who left few traces in the historical record, and provide extensive discussion of her novel's literary and historical significance. Collins's published essays, which provide intriguing glimpses into the mind of this gifted but overlooked writer, are included in what will prove to be the definitive edition of a major new discovery in African American literature. Its publication contributes immensely to our understanding of black American literature, religion, women's history, community life, and race relations during the era of United States emancipation.
Renewing the Stuff of Life
Authors: Cohen Cynthia B
Published: November 2023

Renewing the Stuff of Life offers the first truly comprehensive picture of the scientific, ethical, policy, social, religious, political, and business issues raied by stem cell research ever since it exploded onto the scene in 1998. It addresses such riveting questions as: should we use cloning and parthenogenesis to create embryos for stem cell research? Is it wrong to develop human-nonhuman chimeras that might house human brains in animal bodies? What social and political forces are driving federal and state stem cell research policies and why? Should stem cell lines be patented? Do we need a national ethics body to guide the development of this research? Cohen explains just what stem cells are, where they come from, and how they function, bringing in the most recent scientific discoveries in this challenging field. She then takes the reader through the leading secular and religious arguments regarding the compelling question of the moral significance of human embryos. In response, she offers a way to meet our responsibilities both to very early embryos and to those who are sick and suffering that takes account of basic values at the heart of our democratic policy. The much-maligned notion of human dignity receives new treatment here in an exploration of the moral import of creating human-nonhuman chimeras in stem cell research.
KAL1, FGFR1, PROKR2, PROK2 and Kallmann Syndrome
Authors: Hardelin Jean-Pierre , Dodé Catherine
Published: November 2023

Kallmann syndrome (KS) combines hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia or hyposmia. Anosmia is related to the absence or hypoplasia of the olfactory bulbs and tracts. Hypogonadism is due to gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) deficiency, and presumably results from a failure of embryonic migration of the neuroendocrine GnRH cells.
P450 Oxidoreductase Deficiency and the Antley–Bixler Syndrome
Authors: Miller Walter L
Published: November 2023

P450 oxidoreductase (POR) is an electron-transport Mavoprotein required for the catalytic activities of all microsomal (but not mitochondrial) cytochrome P450 enzymes. These 50 distinct cytochrome P450 enzymes are involved in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones, prostaglandins, bile acids, leukotrienes, vitamin D, retinoids, and other molecules, as well as in the hepatic metabolism of drugs and xenobiotics. Autosomal recessive POR mutations, first described in 2004, are principally characterized by an unusual and complex disorder in adrenal and gonadal steroid hormone synthesis that produces a picture of partial deficiencies in multiple steroidogenic enzymes; the most severely affected is the 17,20 lyase activity of P450c17, but the 17α-hydroxylase activity of this enzyme, and the 21-hydroxylase (P450c21) are also affected.
A Correct, Classical Scholar
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

As much as the books he inherited meant to Thomas Jefferson, they were no substitute for the father he had lost. He took his father’s death hard and, for a time, felt helpless without him. Years later he told his grandson, Thomas Jefferson Randolph: “When I recollect that at 14. years of age, the whole care and direction of my self was thrown on myself entirely, without a relation or friend qualified to advise or guide me, and recollect the various sorts of bad company with which I associated from time to time, I am astonished I did not turn off with some of them, and become as worthless to society as they were.” Without Peter Jefferson’s guidance, his son’s upbringing was consigned to committee. The men who formed the group of Thomas’s guardians and the executors of his father’s estate included Peter Randolph, his mother’s cousin; John Harvie, a family friend and business associate who would serve as the estate’s working executor; and Dr. Thomas Walker, neighbor and family physician.
William and Mary
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

Christmas 1759 found Jefferson at the home of Nathaniel West Dandridge, where, coincidentally, Patrick Henry was also spending the holiday. The two had never met. Jefferson was sixteen, Henry twenty-three. Henry was at an unsettled time in his life. He had tried being a shopkeeper and a farmer but failed in both pursuits. Yet to realize his true calling as a lawyer, he may have started reading law this holiday season. If so, he told Jefferson nothing about it. Regardless, Henry refused to let his professional uncertainty dampen his holiday spirits. Jefferson found him dancing, fiddling, and regaling others with fanciful tales.
The Limits of English Law
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

Though busy reading law and helping George Wythe prepare the cases he would argue before the General Court in the autumn of 1764, Jefferson still managed to find time for himself. On several occasions, the printing office of the Virginia Gazette lured him inside its doors. The first Wednesday of October, for example, he visited the Gazette office with several volumes to be rebound and gilt, yet not all his trips to the printing office involved purchasing books or having them bound. Sometimes he came to buy paper, other times to pay for postage or to buy sundries—pens, ink, stationary, all things concerned with the business of being a law student.
A Shelf of Notebooks
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

The precise date Thomas Jefferson passed the bar remains a mystery. Some have suggested that he did not pass it until 1767, the year he recorded his first legal case, but he had to have passed it before then because he practiced law in the General Court of Virginia, not its lower county courts. In order to come before the bar of the General Court, a lawyer did not necessarily have to practice in the inferior courts, but he did have to hold for one year a license to practice in the inferior courts, which was granted upon passing the bar examination. Most likely Jefferson passed the bar in late 1765. The Virginia Gazette daybooks hint that he was studying for his examinations in early autumn, when he purchased a copy of Grounds and Rudiments of Law and Equity, a general survey that made an ideal study aid. The daybooks offer another clue to suggest that Jefferson’s legal training was reaching a point of culmination: in addition to the various other goods he acquired from the printing office that autumn, he also purchased “1 skin Parchment.” Jefferson, itseems, was getting ready to hang his sheepskin.
The Declaration of Independence
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

The third week of September 1775, Samuel Ward wrote George Washington an anxious letter from Philadelphia, asking him if he knew where Jefferson was. The Continental Congress had reconvened the preceding week, but Jefferson, who was emerging as one of its hardest working and distinguished delegates, had yet to show. Though Ward did not realize it, personal reasons were keeping Jefferson home beyond the date Congress was scheduled to reconvene: he had to bury his second daughter, Jane Randolph Jefferson. Born the first week of April the year before, the baby had received her name from both her grandmother and her aunt. Jane, Thomas’s favorite sister, had died as a young woman; her namesake had not lived to see her second birthday. The child’s bereaved father lingered at Monticello until the last week of September. Once he left home, he made excellent time and reached Philadelphia before the month’s end.
Of Law and Learning
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

On Christmas night, 1776, a powerful winter storm covered Virginia with more than twenty inches of snow. During the next few weeks, the weather remained crisp and cold, the temperature seldom creeping above the twenties, the Christmas snow continuing to blanket the land. Though this was the severest winter he could remember, Jefferson had no intention of letting either the snow or the cold hinder his plans. The second week of January 1777, he ventured to Fredericksburg to meet other members of the committee named by the Virginia legislature to revise its laws: Thomas Ludwell Lee, George Mason, Edmund Pendleton, and George Wythe. Since the creation of the United States, all laws present and in force needed to be scrutinized and, in many cases, reworked.
Lines of Communication
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

Among the legislation Jefferson drafted as part of his revision of the laws of Virginia is “A Bill for Establishing Cross Posts.” Its preamble clearly establishes the bill’s purpose. Intended to promote “the more general diffusion of public intelligence among the citizens of this commonwealth,” it would help Virginians keep in touch with friends, merchants, and legislators. Jefferson’s choice of words echoes the diction of “A Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowledge.” Read in juxtaposition, similar phrases from the two prompt a question: how does the general diffusion of knowledge resemble the general diffusion of public intelligence? Both require infrastructure: Knowledge can be diffused through the construction of schools and the establishment of a public school system; public intelligence, on the other hand, can be diffused through the establishment of an efficient postal system. By “cross posts” Jefferson specifically meant additional post roads branching off the main north–south route that ran through Virginia and connected it with the other American states.
Notes on the State of Virginia
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

Jefferson stayed with his family at Poplar Forest through June of 1781. It was during this time that he was thrown from his horse, suffered a bad fall, and broke his arm—not during his retreat from Monticello, as his detractors charged. The injury debilitated him for months but also provided some unexpected leisure, time enough to resume a major writing project he had begun while in the governor’s office. This literary effort ultimately took shape as Notes on the State of Virginia. In his writings, Jefferson usually refers to this work in the plural, suggesting that he considered it a collection of notes rather than a unified whole. In his preface to the first London edition, he hesitated to mention “the circumstances of the time and place of their composition,” which, he asserted, would “open wounds which have already bled enough.” Privately, he was more blunt: he told Giovanni Fabbroni the work was written “while our country was wasting under the ravages of a cruel enemy, and whilst the writer was confined to his room by an accidental decrepitude.”1 Unable to leave Poplar Forest, Jefferson was not only physically handicapped, but also handicapped by his separation from most of his books and papers, which he had sent away to distant parts of Virginia for safekeeping in the face of invading British forces.
The Narrow House
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

For the Chevalier de Chastellux, the second Saturday in April 1782 “commenced, like every other day in America, by a large breakfast”: “ham, butter, fresh eggs, and coffee with milk.” Having left Williamsburg five days earlier, Chastellux was headed toward the home of Thomas Jefferson this morning. He had first come to America as a major general in the French Expeditionary Forces, third in command under General Rochambeau. A professional soldier, polished author, and brilliant conversationalist, Chastellux was equally at home on the battlefield, at his desk, or in the salons of Paris. As an author, he had already written a number of works including, most important, De la Félicité Publique, a groundbreaking study of social history and the history of social institutions.
An American Odyssey
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

On Thursday, October 16, 1783, Thomas Jefferson, now forty, left Monticello to resume his career as a legislator. Earlier that year he had been reelected to the U.S. Congress, the latest session of which was scheduled to convene at Princeton in November. Leaving home, he chose a circuitous route through the Shenandoah Valley. This detour would let him see some of Virginia’s more distant scenic areas, places he wanted to describe within his revised and expanded version of Notes on the State of Virginia. Patsy, or Martha, as she will now be called, joined her father in the phaeton as he left Monticello, and James Hemings accompanied them on horseback. Think about the time of year and imagine how beautiful the tree-covered hills must have been. Autumn makes a paradise of Virginia, Jefferson told his daughter.
A Tour through Holland and the Rhine Valley
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

During his first year in Paris, one of Jefferson’s greatest pleasures was spending time with John Adams and his family. Sometimes he would travel to their fine suburban home at Auteuil for an evening of pleasant conversation; other times they would venture to the heart of the city to dine with him and attend the theater. Once Adams became minister plenipotentiary to Great Britain and relocated the family to London, Jefferson missed them very much. “The departure of your family has left me in the dumps,” he wrote Adams. Their presence in London, however, did offer him the opportunity of developing a correspondence with Abigail Adams, which both enjoyed immensely.
The Vice President and the Printed Word
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

After being elected vice president of the United States, Thomas Jefferson was elected president of the American Philosophical Society, an office aligning him with some of the greatest scientific minds in early America. Benjamin Franklin had served as president of the Society until his death in 1790. David Rittenhouse had succeeded him and served until his death in 1796. Accepting the office and the honor, Jefferson expressed hope not only for what the Society could contribute toward the advancement of science, but also for what science could contribute toward the advancement of mankind: “I feel no qualification for this distinguished post but a sincere zeal for all the objects of our institution, and an ardent desire to see knowledge so disseminated through the mass of mankind that it may at length reach even the extremes of society, beggars and kings.” As he had many times before, Jefferson emphasized the direct relation between science and liberty. Freedom from tyranny brings opportunities for scientific inquiry; scientific advances reinforce and extend freedom. Given his ideas about how science could contribute to the advancement of mankind, Thomas Jefferson made an ideal choice to lead the American Philosophical Society into the next century.
The Wall of Separation
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

Writing to Benjamin Rush a few months before the 1800 presidential election, Thomas Jefferson made one of his most famous pronouncements: “I have sworn upon the altar of god eternal hostility against every form of tyranny over the mind of man.”1 Save for the fact that these words occur in a private letter to a trusted friend, they have the aura of a campaign slogan. But Jefferson was not solely inveighing against political tyranny. He was also speaking against religious tyranny. Read within the context of this letter, his words are tinged with irony: they occur in a paragraph recalling ideas about Christianity he and Rush had discussed in Philadelphia during the winter of 1798–99. Their energetic conversations had encouraged Jefferson to think about religion further, and he had promised to write up his thoughts on Christianity for Rush. This letter reiterates that promise.
The Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

Few authors in Jefferson’s retirement library were better represented than Baron d’Holbach, the renowned freethinker who had dared to question the basic tenets of Christianity. Holbach had established his reputation with Christianisme Dévoilé, a scathing attack tracing human evil back to religion in general and Christianity in particular. He developed his ideas along these same lines in subsequent treatises. Systéme de la Nature, his most famous work, denied the existence of a deity. Long, ponderous, and often confusing, Systéme de la Nature nonetheless provoked contemporary readers to rethink their understanding of Christianity. To give his ideas greater currency, Holbach digested the work as Bon Sens. These two works were part of the great library Jefferson sold to Congress, and he bought replacement copies of both for his retirement library. Neither of these anonymously published works verifies Jefferson’s interest in Holbach, however: he attributed both to Diderot. The catalogue of his retirement library shows that Jefferson really became interested in Holbach during the last ten years of his life. Altogether, he had nine works by Holbach in his retirement library.
The Autobiography
Authors: Hayes Kevin J
Published: November 2023

Rereading Benjamin Franklin’s autobiography in the spring of 1820, William Short regretted that Jefferson had yet to write his life story. Short had asked him to do so earlier but without result. Tenaciously, he wrote again that year to reiterate the request: “I have lately read over again Dr Franklin’s plain and simple narration of the events of his own life. It has renewed my desire to see the same kind of work from yourself; but I will not be importunate in asking it at your hands against your own inclination, notwithstanding the great gratification it would give to your invariable and faithful friend.”1 While aware of Franklin’s autobiography and other recent books devoted to the lives of the patriots, Jefferson had so far avoided writing the story of his life. The year following Short’s letter, however, he finally relented.
An Argument from Free Will
Authors: Layman C Stephen
Published: November 2023

Dear Thomas, How are you? Are you ready for another argument? I’d like to try out an argument that depends crucially on some claims about free will. Theists and Naturalists quite often disagree about the nature of free will and/ or about whether humans have free will at all. The issues here are difficult and much fought over, but we should explore them, for at least three reasons. First, the free will issue forces both Theists and Naturalists to clarify certain aspects of their respective positions. Thus, by exploring this issue, we get a better understanding of both Theism and Naturalism. Second, while the free will issue is not an easy one to sort out, as we work through the issues, I believe that an interesting argument for Theism will emerge. Third, Theists generally make crucial assumptions about free will in responding to the problem of evil (“Why is there so much evil and suffering in the world, given that God is almighty and good?”). And since the problem of evil is generally considered the most important objection to Theism, we need to discuss it eventually. So, even if we disagree about the value of my “argument from free will” for Theism, our discussion will facilitate an exploration of the problem of evil.
Theism and Evil
Authors: Layman C Stephen
Published: November 2023

Dear Thomas, Long ago we began by comparing Theism and Basic Naturalism. We saw that Basic Naturalism, due to its relative simplicity, has a higher prior probability than Theism. But Basic Naturalism also has a very limited degree of explanatory power. To explain the presence of contingent beings, Naturalists must adopt Necessity Naturalism (or something similar). But Necessity Naturalism is almost as complicated as Theism. And hence, if we grant that Theistic mystical experience provides even a very modest amount of support for Theism, then Theism and Necessity Naturalism seem about equally justified.
A Moral Argument
Authors: Layman C Stephen
Published: November 2023

To paraphrase: Pick an action that you regard to be wrong, clearly wrong. For me, torturing people just for fun would be a good example. Then make a list of all the natural features of the action that make it wrong. (Leave aside supernatural features, such as divine approval.) For instance, torturing people just for fun involves causing intense pain in humans, solely for the enjoyment of the one who inflicts the pain. If your list of natural, wrong-making features is really complete, can you conceive of another action with the very same features that is not wrong? No, says Swinburne.
The Major Phase, Part 2: Absalom, Absalom! and Go Down, Moses
Authors: Porter Carolyn
Published: November 2023

Once Light in August Was Completed, Faulkner Found himself in financial trouble again. He had received virtually no royalties from Sanctuary, since Hal Smith’s fledgling publishing firm went bankrupt. His short story sales were slim and largely un remunerative, and so he accepted an offer from Hollywood, arriving in Culver City, California, at the MGM studios on May 7, 1932. He had a six-week contract at $500.00 a week. It would prove to be the first of many, eventually fairly regular, trips to Hollywood over the next decade, as Faulkner struggled to make enough money to support his family, restore Rowan Oak, and meet his often expensive tastes, not to mention Estelle’s.
Slang
Authors: Adams Michael
Published: November 2023

Slang, writes Michael Adams, is poetry on the down low, and sometimes lowdown poetry on the down low, but rarely, if ever, merely lowdown. It is the poetry of everyday speech, the people’s poetry, and it deserves attention as language playing on the cusp of art. In Slang: The People’s Poetry, Adams covers this perennially interesting subject in a serious but highly engaging way, illuminating the fundamental question “What is Slang” and defending slang—and all forms of nonstandard English—as integral parts of the American language. Why is an expression like “bed head” lost in a lexical limbo, found neither in slang nor standard dictionaries? Why are snow-boarding terms such as “fakie,” “goofy foot,” “ollie” and “nollie” not considered slang? As he addresses these and other lexical curiosities, Adams reveals that slang is used in part to define groups, distinguishing those who are “down with it” from those who are “out of it.” Slang is also a rebellion against the mainstream. It often irritates those who color within the lines—indeed, slang is meant to irritate, sometimes even to shock. But slang is also inventive language, both fun to make and fun to use. Rather than complain about slang as “bad” language, Adams urges us to celebrate slang’s playful resistance to the commonplace and to see it as the expression of an innate human capacity, not only for language, but for poetry. A passionate defense of slang, jargon, argot and other forms of nonstandard English, this marvelous volume is full of amusing and even astonishing examples of all sorts of slang. It will be a must for students of language and a joy for word lovers everywhere.
The Family in the Tower The Triumph of Levittown and the Production of a New Whiteness
Authors: Feder Ellen K
Published: November 2023

In 1958 sociologist Herbert Gans moved to Levittown to be a participant-observer in a new suburb. His hope was that his work would bridge the gap between an intelligentsia critical of the glut of suburban building that was destroying farmland and creating aesthetic wastelands and the lower-middle class so eager to move their families to these new towns. Gans cast his project as concerned with the dynamics of community development—how a group of strangers come to understand themselves as a community and the relationship of that sense of community to the intentions and aspirations of the builders.
AlI The Rockets Taking Off 1963–6
Authors: Cook Richard
Published: November 2023

At least Davis had a new saxophonist, a young white alto player named Frank Strozier, who had been part of the Memphis scene in the early 1950s before departing for first Chicago and then New York. It’s unclear who recommended whom, but somehow Strozier became part of a Davis group with fellow Memphis players Harold Mabern (piano) and George Coleman (tenor sax). On bass, another new name came in: Ron Carter, originally from Detroit, then playing in New York with Art Farmer’s quartet with Jim Hall. Carter had already worked with Cannonball Adderley and others, and he had a formidable background as far as music education was concerned: his first aspiration was to play classical cello, but he discovered early on that being a black cellist didn’t open a lot of doors in the classical music establishment. He already had many years of study behind him before he began working on the New York scene. Davis heard a distinctive player: Carter could solo or accompany with the same unflinching strength, and his harmonic knowledge was profound enough for him to be able to devise ways to elaborate on whatever music was being played without losing his way or letting his timekeeping role suffer. The band was all but complete, but Davis needed a drummer, and for the West Coast engagements he had coming up he hired one of the stalwarts of the Los Angeles scene, Frank Butler; the group was all set for a residency at the Blackhawk.
He Didn’t Erase Anything 1969–70
Authors: Cook Richard
Published: November 2023

The sales figures for In A Silent Way were good, if not as startling as Macero in particular had hoped. The album actually made a dent in Billboard’s chart on its week of release (number 134, not quite with a bullet), and its momentum was decent enough: the new FM radio stations, which had developed as a consequence of the interest in album-orientated rock, were playing it. Many listeners who could pretend that they had been hip to Davis all along could now stack his records alongside the album-rock giants without it seeming jarringly out of place. The dreamy, open-ended grooves of In A Silent Way functioned as drug music, too. Still, in the end the album only sold in the region of 90,000 units, a major advance on where Davis had been but not the breakthrough Macero and Clive Davis had hoped for. The quintet’s live work was hazily documented by a few bootleggers: sets from New York’s Central Park (Miles Runs The Voodoo Down At Central Park [1]) and Rutgers University (Odds ‘N’ Ends 1969-73 [2]) were taken down from somewhere in the audience, but the surviving sound is so poor that it’s hard to judge what the band were really doing.
A 30 Percent Chance of Rain Tomorrow
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: November 2023

Predicting weather is an age-old problem of statistical inference. Harvesting, warfare, and outdoor sporting events depend on it. Before the Grand Prix, one of Ferrari’s most-discussed decisions is which weather forecaster to hire because reliable forecasts are key to choosing the right tires—and to winning the race. Over most of human history, forecasts of precipitation (rain or snow) were given in a deterministic form, such as, “It will rain tomorrow,” sometimes modified by “it is likely.” In the mid–twentieth century, how- ever, the advent of computers turned forecasting into a probabilistic science (Shuman, 1989) and later influenced the way forecasts were communicated to the public.
Children Can Solve Bayesian Problems
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: November 2023

There is an apparent paradox concerning the human ability to reason according to the laws of probability. On the one hand, according to the classical work by Piaget and Inhelder (1951/1975), by age 12 or so, children understand the laws of combinatorics, the law of large numbers, the irreversibility of chance processes, and other characteristics of probability. Recent studies have qualified this finding and demonstrated that, depending on the task, even younger children show signs of probabilistic reasoning (e.g., Falk & Wilkening, 1998; Schlottmann & Anderson, 1994).
Introduction: Philippic I
Authors: Wooten Cecil
Published: November 2023

In 359, Philip succeeded his brother Perdiccas, who had been killed fighting the Illyrians, as king of Macedon. Two years later, when the Athenians were preoccupied with the outbreak of the Social War, Philip attacked Amphipolis and captured it. Athens had established Amphipolis as a colony in 436. In the winter of 424/23, Brasidas had come to the aid of the pro-Spartan faction in the city, freed it of Athenian control, and established a Spartan garrison there. Three years later, according to the terms of the Peace of Nicias, the Spartan garrison was removed and Amphipolis was given back to the Athenians, who, nevertheless, failed to reassert their control over the city, although they never gave up their claim to it (Griffith, 231–33).

The kings of Macedon had been interested in Amphipolis for two reasons. First of all, it enjoyed a very strategic location; it sat on the route from east to west across the Strymon River and gave access to the passage along the river into the interior of Macedon. The city, therefore, could act as a fortress protecting the eastern parts of the kingdom. Second, it was near the gold and silver mines of Mount Pangaeum and thus an important source of income. Perdiccas had put a Macedonian garrison there in 360. Philip had withdrawn it in 359, when he was trying to assert his control over Macedon, in an effort to appease the Athenians and to keep them from interfering in the north.
“We Have to Be Exaggerated”: Aesthetics
Authors: Schloss Joseph G
Published: November 2023

B-boying, like most other aspects of hip-hop, is often portrayed as being devoid of abstract aesthetic principles (see Schloss 2004:65–66 for discussion of this issue with regard to sampling). In the case of b-boying specifically, this is partially due to its being seen as a pop culture fad of the ’80s, partially the result of social prejudice toward the communities from which the dance emerged, and partially due to the way hip-hop tends to keep its aesthetic prin-ciples to itself.
Headache Syndromes
Authors: Dimario Francis J
Published: November 2023

Epileptic seizures, particularly those of focal onset, often initiate with an aura. These may be sudden, short-lived alterations in visual, psychic, somatosensory, and other sensory experiences. Although auras can precede both simple and complex partial seizures with or without secondary generalized motor convulsions, they, too, may terminate without further evolution. In either case subsequent headache may be experienced after the motor phenomena has terminated.
What’s Wrong With Secular Societies?
Authors: Sinnott-Armstrong Walter
Published: November 2023

When Evelyn Waugh converted to Catholicism, a fellow believer is said to have asked, “How can you be a Christian when you are such an asshole?” Waugh reportedly responded, “Just think how much worse an asshole I would be if I were not a Christian.” The lesson of this legend is that Christianity might have a positive influence on every believer’s life, even if some believers remain very bad. Hence, atheists cannot legitimately cite evil Christians as evidence that Christianity has no positive influence. By the same token, it is no more legitimate to cite evil atheists as evidence either that atheism has no positive influence or that atheism is pernicious.
Mechanisms of Atmospheric Oxidation of the Alkanes
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Derwent Richard G , Orlando John J , Tyndall Geoffrey S , Wallington Timothy J
Published: November 2023

An international team of eminent atmospheric scientists have prepared Mechanisms of Atmospheric Oxidation of the Alkanes as an authoritative source of information on the role of alkanes in the chemistry of the atmosphere. The book includes the properties of the alkanes and haloalkanes, as well as a comprehensive review and evaluation of the existing literature on the atmospheric chemistry of the alkanes and their major atmospheric oxidation products, and the various approaches now used to model the alkane atmospheric chemistry. Comprehensive coverage is given of both the unsubstituted alkanes and the many haloalkanes. All the existing quality measurements of the rate coefficients for the reactions of OH, Cl, O(3P), NO3, and O3 with the alkanes, the haloalkanes, and their major oxidation products have been reviewed and evaluated. The expert authors then give recommendations of the most reliable kinetic data. They also review the extensive literature on the mechanisms and rates and modes of photodecomposition of the haloalkanes and the products of atmospheric oxidation of the alkanes and the haloalkanes, and make recommendations for future use by atmospheric scientists. The evaluations presented allow an extrapolation of the existing kinetic and photochemical data to those alkanes and haloalkanes that are as yet unstudied. The current book should be of special interest and value to the modelers of atmospheric chemistry as a useful input for development of realistic modules designed to simulate the atmospheric chemistry of the alkanes, their major oxidation products, and their influence on ozone and other trace gases within the troposphere.
Introduction
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: November 2023

What counts as a life well lived? The question, as I see it, is a three-pronged ­challenge: how to live in nature, how to live in society, and how to live with ourselves. I work on the “why be moral” question, on connections between being moral and being rational. I work on a more political question of what counts as a life well lived given that we want to live together. I also work on a more ecological question of what counts as a life well lived given that we want to live well in the natural world.
Choosing Strategies
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: November 2023

Suppose I need to decide whether to go off to fight for a cause in which I deeply believe, or stay home with a family that needs me and that I deeply love. What should I do? My friends say I should determine the possible outcomes of the two proposed courses of action, assign probabilities and numerical utilities to each possibility, multiply through, and then choose whichever alternative has the highest number.
Moral Dualism
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: November 2023

Chapter 4 argues that reflectively rational beings have reasons to be other-regarding and to have integrity. If the conclusion is true, does that answer the question “Why be moral”? It depends on whether having integrity and having concern and respect for others are ways of being moral. Common sense says they are, which counts for something, but (and this, too, is common sense) common sense is not infallible. This essay offers a theoretical framework for sorting out what parts of common sense morality warrant endorsement as genuinely moral.
Reinventing the Commons: An African Case Study WITH ELIZABETH WILLOTT
Authors: Schmidtz David
Published: November 2023

Swiss and Japanese villagers have learned the relative benefits and costs of private-property and communal-property institutions related to various types of land and uses of land. The villagers in both settings have chosen to retain the institution of communal property as the foundation for land use and similar important aspects of village economies.
Catastrophe in Munich, 1864–1869
Authors: Walker Alan
Published: November 2023

On March 10, 1864, Wagner’s declining fortunes experienced a dramatic reversal. Maximilian II of Bavaria died, and his eighteen-year-old son Lud- wig ascended the throne. Ludwig was still a student, a romantic dreamer, more interested in music and theatre than in the military or politics— the usual enthusiasms for royalty. He was already a fervent admirer of Wagner. When he was thirteen years old, one of his private tutors had presented him with a copy of Wagner’s essay Opera and Drama. Fascinated by the Lohengrin saga, and especially by Wagner’s operatic treatment of it, the boy was thereafter on the lookout for anything that issued from Wag- ner’s pen. In 1863, a year before he became king, Ludwig got hold of one of the privately printed copies of Wagner’s poem of The Ring of the Ni- belungen. The story held him in thrall; but it was the preface that com- pelled his immediate attention.
The Tao of Chemistry and Life
Authors: Cordes Eugene H
Published: November 2023

Written with the non-scientist in mind, this book employs the molecule and its interactions to explain the characteristics of living organisms in terms of the underlying chemistry of life. Following introductory chapters on the fundamentals of life, attention then turns to small molecules such as hormones and neurotransmitters and subsequently to macromolecules including proteins and nucleic acids. The interactions between small and macromolecules remains a central point throughout the book. These include enzymatic catalysis, hormone action, neurotransmission, regulation of metabolism, biosynthesis of macromolecules, the mechanism of action of drugs, taste, olfaction, learning and memory, and chemical communication. A second central point of emphasis is the sensitive relationship between chemical structure and biological activity. Examples abound and include why subtle changes in fatty acid architecture have positive or negative outcomes for human health in omega-three fatty acids and trans fats and how modest changes in the chemical decoration of the steroid skeleton provide the difference between male and female sex hormones. Beyond these examples taken from the chemistry of small molecules, the book includes a thoughtful consideration of genomics, including the relationship between genome structure and species. The theme of human health appears throughout the book. Cardiovascular medicine, cancer, metabolic diseases, and diseases of the nervous system receive significant attention including consideration of how a variety of drugs work in combating these issues. In sum, the goal of this book is to inform the non-scientist community in a way that will lead to increased understanding of the relationship between chemistry and life.