bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Orthogonally functionalizable copolymers based on a novel reactive carbonate monomer
Authors: Cengiz Nergiz , Kabadayioglu Halil , Sanyal Rana
Published: September 2010

A novel N‐hydroxy succinimide‐based carbonate monomer that allows direct synthesis of polymers incorporating a reactive carbonate group in the side chain was synthesized. This new monomer was copolymerized with methyl methacrylate and poly(ethylene glycol) methylether methacrylate using free‐radical polymerization to obtain organo‐ and water‐soluble reactive copolymers. Copolymerization of the activated carbonate monomer with an azide‐containing monomer and N‐hydroxy succinimide‐containing activated ester monomer provided orthogonally functionalizable copolymers. The pendant reactive carbonate groups of the copolymers were functionalized with amines to obtain carbamates. Polymers capable of orthogonal functionalization could be selectively functionalized as desired using subsequent 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition or amidation reactions. The novel monomer and the copolymers were characterized by 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, and infrared spectroscopy. The efficient stepwise orthogonal functionalization of the copolymers were examined via 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Multiarm star polymers with peripheral dendritic PMMA arms through Diels–Alder click reaction
Authors: Durmaz Hakan , Dag Aydan , Onen Ceyda , Gok Ozgul , Sanyal Amitav , Hizal Gurkan , Tunca Umit
Published: September 2010

Dendritic 2‐ and 4‐arm PMMA‐based star polymers with furan‐protected maleimide at their focal point, (PMMA)2n‐MI and (PMMA)4n‐MI were efficiently clicked with the peripheral anthracene functionalized multiarm star polymer, (α‐anthryl functionalized‐polystyrene)m‐poly(divinyl benzene) ((α‐anthryl‐PS)m‐polyDVB) through the Diels–Alder reaction resulting in corresponding multiarm star block copolymers: (PMMA)2n‐(PS)m‐polyDVB and (PMMA)4n‐(PS)m‐polyDVB, respectively. Molecular weights (Mw,TDGPC), hydrodynamic radius (Rh), and intrinsic viscosity (η) of the multiarm star polymers were determined using three‐detection GPC (TD‐GPC). The high efficiency of this methodology to obtain such sterically demanding macromolecular constructs was deduced using 1H‐NMR and UV–vis spectroscopy. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Asymmetric amyloid fibril elongation: A new perspective on a symmetric world
Authors: Heldt Caryn L. , Zhang Shuqi , Belfort Georges
Published: September 2010

Amyloids are insoluble, fibrous proteins formed through the aggregation of misfolded proteins. They accumulate in the tissue of individuals with degenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. The purpose of this study was to determine whether fibril growth from an initial model fibril seed is unidirectional or bidirectional. The prevailing theory on amyloid formation is that a symmetric fibril elongates equally from both ends. This study provides evidence to the contrary; the process occurs predominately unidirectionally, demonstrating that amyloid fibrils may be asymmetric and propagate mostly in one direction. Alexa Fluor 568 labeled insulin fibrils were seeded into a native insulin solution and allowed to elongate at 65°C while the kinetics of fibril growth was monitored. The resulting elongated fibrils were labeled with thioflavin‐T, and the fluorescent images of the fibrils show that a majority of the elongated fibrils propagated along only one end of the seed, with the remaining labeled fibrils having bidirectional elongation or no elongation. Using a crystallographic model, we offer a structural explanation for asymmetric growth of the insulin fibrils. Thus, instead of the current view that fibrils grow symmetrically from both ends of the fibril, this is the first evidence that insulin amyloid fibrils formed in solution are asymmetric and appear to grow from only one end. Proteins 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Template‐controlled thermolysis of single‐source‐precursors
Authors: Erk Christoph , Wehrspohn R. B. , Steinhart Martin , Schlecht Sabine
Published: September 2010

Shape‐defining hard templates containing arrays of aligned cylindrical nanopores have been exploited as a powerful tool in the synthesis of tubular, rod‐like, and core–shell‐type one‐dimensional (1D) nanostructures consisting of inorganic materials. Gaining control over the crystallinity, the crystal orientation, and the internal morphology of the products is a challenging task and obviously turns out to be crucial for adjusting the properties of the nanostructures. Template‐controlled thermolysis of single‐source‐precursors inside nanoporous hard templates is a versatile route toward single‐crystalline nanorods, but also polycrystalline and complex nanostructures can be produced. By alterations of the single‐source‐precursors and reaction conditions and by exploiting the hard templates as reactants, several target materials, including compound semiconductors, metals, and spinel‐type materials of varying crystallinity and morphology can be obtained. Moreover, core–shell nanowires have been accessible in this way. The products synthesized inside macroporous silicon or mesoporous alumina templates exhibit large aspect ratios and high uniformity in size and shape. Therefore the template‐assisted thermolysis of single‐source‐precursors represents a well‐defined platform toward the straightforward synthesis and characterization of 1D inorganic nanostructures.
Preparation and magnetoviscosity of nanotube ferrofluids by viral scaffolding and ALD on porous templates
Authors: Wu Zhenyu , Zierold Robert , Mueller Anna , Ruff S. Emil , Ma Chenchen , Khan Abid A. , Geiger Fania , Sommer Bernd A. , Knez Mato , Nielsch Kornelius , Bittner Alexander M. , Wege Christina , Krill Carl E.
Published: September 2010

Current models for magnetoviscosity suggest that replacing the spherical nanoparticles of a conventional ferrofluid with magnetic nanotubes would lead to a stronger field‐induced viscosity enhancement and a much‐improved stability against shear thinning – two important parameters for technological exploitation of the magnetoviscous effect. We report the development of positive and negative templating strategies for the synthesis of magnetic nanotubes out of a variety of materials. Our positive template is Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) – in natural form or genetically engineered to express specific surface chemistries and lengths – which we exploit as a template for the electroless deposition (ELD) of nanosized clusters of nickel and as a scaffold for magnetic particles in a conventional ferrofluid. Our negative templating strategy employs porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) as a substrate for the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of a conformal coating of iron oxide, offering precise control over the length and wall thickness of the resulting nanotubes. Both strategies were scaled up to produce the mass quantities of uniform‐aspect‐ratio nanotubes that are needed for macroscopic ferrofluid volumes. The magnetoviscosity of these “nanotube ferrofluid” samples was studied as a function of applied magnetic field and shear frequency, and a particularly strong effect was found to be induced by viral scaffolding.
ZnO nanowire arrays – Pattern generation, growth and applications
Authors: Zacharias Margit , Subannajui Kittitat , Menzel Andreas , Yang Yang
Published: September 2010

ZnO nanowires and related materials are in the focus of attention for electronic, optical or sensor applications. However, size, position and arrangement control are essential conditions for the development of future nanowire based devices. Various kinds of template methods including nanosphere lithography and UV laser interference lithography are powerful tools for the preparation of the starting metal catalyst arrays and will be demonstrated and discussed. However, only if the growth mechanism and its guiding parameters are understood in detail, the template will force a pattern arranged growth of nanowires. The paper gives an overview of the various kinds of growth modes for vertical arranged nanowires. Specific experimental conditions establishing the VS or the VLS growth are discussed. In addition, insight is given why the patterning is not all the time conserved and how to overcome these obstacles. In the second part different kinds of applications are summarized. Electronic properties are discussed based on metal–semiconductor–metal devices. The influence of a core–shell nanowire structure on the optical properties is demonstrated. In addition, a simple approach for ZnO nanowire based gas sensors is discussed and shown. As a last example, the transfer of Al2O3 coated nanowires into spinel tubes is reported.

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Bond length dependence of the polarizability and hyperpolarizability of boron hydride
Authors: Maroulis George
Published: September 2010

We have calculated the dipole properties of boron hydride relying on finite‐field Møller‐Plesset perturbation theory and coupled cluster calculations. Our best values for the properties at the equilibrium bond length Re = 2.32889831 a0 have been obtained at the CCSD(T) level of theory with a very large uncontracted basis set (19s14p9d3f/11s9p3d1f) and are: dipole moment, μz = 0.5328 ea0, mean dipole polarizability α = 21.40, and anisotropy Δα = 2.68 e2aE, mean first hyperpolarizability, β = 68.8 e3aE and mean second dipole hyperpolarizability, γ = 10836 e4aE. The bond‐length dependence of all properties has been determined with a large (19s14p9d1f/11s9p1d) basis set at all levels of theory. At the CCSD(T) level the dipole moment and polarizability around the equilibrium Re is very well represented by the expansions

[μ(R) − μ(Re)]/ea0 = −0.6205(R − Re) − 0.1786(R − Re)2 + 0.0928(R − Re)3 + 0.0287(R − Re)4

[α(R) − α(Re)]/e2aE = 2.97(R − Re) + 2.69(R − Re)2 + 0.70(R −Re)3 − 0.65(R − Re)4

[Δα(R) − Δα(Re)]/e2aE = 17.04(R − Re) + 1.98(R − Re)2 – 2.02(R − Re)3 − 0.11(R − Re)4

The derivative of the mean first hyperpolarizability at the CCSD(T)/(19s14p9d1f/11s9p1d) level of theory is estimated as
$\left( {{{d \bar \beta } \over {dR}}} \right)_e /e^3 a_0^2E_h^{ - 2}$
= −62.7 ± 3.1. At the same level of theory the derivatives of the Cartesian components of the mean second hyperpolarizability are adequately estimated as,
$\left( {{{d\gamma _{zzzz} } \over {dR}}} \right)_e$
= 9907 ± 991,
$\left( {{{d\gamma _{xxxx} } \over {dR}}} \right)_e$
= −7441 ± 744, and
$\left( {{{d\gamma _{xxzz} } \over {dR}}} \right)_e$
= 1340 ± 134/e4aE. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Cavity field effects within a polarizable continuum model of solvation: Application to the calculation of electronic circular dichroism spectra of R‐(+)‐3‐methyl‐cyclopentanone
Authors: Pipolo Silvio , Cammi Roberto , Rizzo Antonio , Cappelli Chiara , Mennucci Benedetta , Tomasi Jacopo
Published: September 2010

The effect of the cavity field (CF) on electronic circular dichroism spectra simulated using a polarizable continuum model (PCM) is analyzed. The difference between classical and effective electric field, arising from the charges induced on the surface of the cavity by the radiation field, is shown to have a nonnegligible effect on the rotatory strengths computed within a TDDFT PCM in the case of R‐(+)‐3‐methyl‐ cyclopentanone, a chiral molecule whose ECD spectrum, both in the gas and in several solvents, has been studied both experimentally and theoretically in recent times. PCM CF factors are on the order of 10% smaller than predicted by the Onsager model for the lowest, S1 excited state, in the two conformers known to accommodate almost the whole population at room temperature, in the gas phase and in solution. The percentage increases quite substantially for the second, S2 excited electronic state. In PCM, CF factors are not merely scalar multiplicative factors for the gas‐phase rotational strengths. Instead, they show an anisotropy along the axes of the cavity—a consequence of the adoption of nonspherical cavities. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Study of geometries and electronic properties of AgSin clusters using DFT/TB
Authors: Ziella D. H. , Caputo M. C. , Provasi P. F.
Published: September 2010

We present a theoretical study of the structures of silver silicon clusters, AgSin, n = 1–15, using density functional tight binding methods. We discuss in detail the search for silicon clusters stabilized by silver dopage, their dissociation paths, and electronic properties. We also investigate the properties of silver encapsulated structures and compare them with those obtained when replacing the silver atom by different metals. Our results are checked against experimental measurements when available. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
The iterative self‐consistent reaction‐field method: The refractive index of pure water
Authors: Sylvester‐Hvid Kristian O. , Mikkelsen Kurt V. , Ratner Mark A.
Published: September 2010

We present different microscopic models for describing electromagnetic properties of condensed phases and the models involve iterative self‐consistent procedures for calculating the properties. We report calculations of the frequency‐dependent refractive index of pure water. We investigate the importance of the first solvation shell and nonequilibrium solvent configurations, and present a procedure for estimating appropriate cavity sizes. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
Dimerization free energy of vancomycin‐group antibiotics and the cooperative effect: A density functional approach
Authors: Lee Jung‐Goo , Sagui Celeste , Roland Christopher
Published: September 2010

The cooperative effects between the binding of model bacterial cell wall termini and the dimer forms of the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin and chloro‐eremomycin were investigated with conventional and divide‐and‐conquer (DC) ab initio quantum chemistry simulations. This feature is potentially important for drug design and controlling molecular recognition phenomena in these and other biochemical systems. In terms of the calculation, the vibrational contributions to the dimerization free energies of both molecules found to be the most costly and necessitated the use of the DC method. We specifically focused on calculating the relative strength of the cooperative effect for the two antibiotics. In good agreement with experiments, we find that the cooperative effect is stronger for chloro‐eremomycin by about 1.39 kcal/mol. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2010
Awareness vs Intentionality: Exploring Education for Sustainable Development in a British Hindu Community
Authors: Chauhan Sheila , Rama das Sita , Haigh Martin , Rita Natalia
Published: September 2010

This aims of this community education initiative is to foster sustainability consciousness and behavioural change in the UK's minority Hindu community and determine how awareness affects behavioural intentions. This report compares the effectiveness of an educational experience designed for the congregation at the Janmashtami Festival organized at Bhaktivedanta Manor Temple with its effectiveness at two external events. The experience involves a series of exhibits that link environmental themes with spiritual lifestyle choices through an Ecological Footprint questionnaire, a consultation session, and a pledge tree where respondents vow to make one lifestyle change. Despite the differences in religious context and audience demographic, results are similar. Participants recognized a wide range of lifestyle‐related sustainability issues but were persuaded to pledge changes that were small, easily achieved and tightly specified. They avoided issues that involved major impacts on their lives and were most positive to changes considered to be aligned with the majority values of their community. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Sample size and power calculations for correlations between bivariate longitudinal data
Authors: Comulada W. Scott , Weiss Robert E.
Published: September 2010

The analysis of a baseline predictor with a longitudinally measured outcome is well established and sample size calculations are reasonably well understood. Analysis of bivariate longitudinally measured outcomes is gaining in popularity and methods to address design issues are required. The focus in a random effects model for bivariate longitudinal outcomes is on the correlations that arise between the random effects and between the bivariate residuals. In the bivariate random effects model, we estimate the asymptotic variances of the correlations and we propose power calculations for testing and estimating the correlations. We compare asymptotic variance estimates to variance estimates obtained from simulation studies and compare our proposed power calculations for correlations on bivariate longitudinal data to power calculations for correlations on cross‐sectional data. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role models—implementation‐based approaches to using roles
Authors: Selçuk Yunus Emre , Erdoğan Nadia
Published: September 2010

A role of an entity can be defined as the set of properties that are important for an object in order to behave in a certain way, as expected by a set of other objects. A role model is a software that specifies a style of designing and implementing roles. This paper evaluates roles in the context of modeling dynamic systems by examining its foundations, surveying the recent role models available for academic use and giving implementation examples. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
SPINE: a domain‐specific framework for rapid prototyping of WBSN applications
Authors: Bellifemine Fabio , Fortino Giancarlo , Giannantonio Roberta , Gravina Raffaele , Guerrieri Antonio , Sgroi Marco
Published: September 2010

Wireless body sensor networks (WBSNs) enable a broad range of applications for continuous and real‐time health monitoring and medical assistance. Programming WBSN applications is a complex task especially due to the limitation of resources of typical hardware platforms and to the lack of suitable software abstractions. In this paper, SPINE (signal processing in‐node environment), a domain‐specific framework for rapid prototyping of WBSN applications, which is lightweight and flexible enough to be easily customized to fit particular application‐specific needs, is presented. The architecture of SPINE has two main components: one implemented on the node coordinating the WBSN and one on the nodes with sensors. The former is based on a Java application, which allows to configure and manage the network and implements the classification functions that are too heavy to be implemented on the sensor nodes. The latter supports sensing, computing and data transmission operations through a set of libraries, protocols and utility functions that are currently implemented for TinyOS platforms. SPINE allows evaluating different architectural choices and deciding how to distribute signal processing and classification functions over the nodes of the network. Finally, this paper describes an activity monitoring application and presents the benefits of using the SPINE framework. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Network Intrusion Detection Using Class Association Rule Mining Based on Genetic Network Programming
Authors: Chen Ci , Mabu Shingo , Shimada Kaoru , Hirasawa Kotaro
Published: September 2010

Because of the expansion of the Internet in recent years, computer systems are exposed to an increasing number and type of security threats. How to detect network intrusions effectively becomes an important technique. This paper proposes a class association rule mining approach based on genetic network programming (GNP) for detecting network intrusions. This approach can deal with both discrete and continuous attributes in network‐related data. And it can be flexibly applied to both misuse detection and anomaly detection. Experimental results with KDD99Cup and DARPA98 database from MIT Lincoln Laboratory shows that the proposed method provides a competitive high detection rate (DR) compared to other machine learning techniques. © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Distributed‐Intelligence Approaches for Weighted Just‐in‐Time Production
Authors: Weng Wei , Fujimura Shigeru
Published: September 2010

This paper considers the dynamic flexible‐flow shop scheduling problem in which the manufacturing environment consists of multiple stages with multiple machines at each stage. All jobs must go through all stages in sequence in order to become a product, and the processing time for each product on each machine is different. There exists a delivery time between machines of neighboring stages, and the release time of each job is unknown, which means that a new job may be released into the system at any time. The objective of this work is to minimize the total earliness and tardiness penalties of all jobs, or to achieve just‐in‐time production. Previous researches did much on the static scheduling of such problem with different objectives, whereas little effort has been made on dynamic scheduling for such problem, which is more difficult than the static problem but becomes more and more important under the increasingly competitive manufacturing industry. Therefore, to address such need, efforts are made on dynamic scheduling and several distributed‐intelligence approaches are proposed in this paper. Featured by concurrent computing, the distributed‐intelligence approaches have been tested on two different manufacturing environments, whose result tells that the proposed approaches deliver competitive performance for the targeted problem. © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
EvoCMAR: A New Evolutionary Method to Directly Mine Association Rules for Classification
Authors: Yang Guangfei , Mabu Shingo , Shimada Kaoru , Hirasawa Kotaro
Published: September 2010

In this paper, we propose an evolutionary method with a three‐layer structure to directly mine association rules for classification. The association rules have been demonstrated to be useful for classification, such as classification based on association rule (CBA) and classification method based on multiple association rule (CMAR), and they are found to be more accurate than some traditional methods, such as C4.5. Generally speaking, there are two phases in an associative classification method: (i) association rules mining; (ii) classification by association rules. However, the two phases are almost separated, viz, during the first phase, the mining of association rules does not focus on classification. Moreover, when building the classifier in the second phase, most of the association rues will be pruned. As a result, if we are able to directly mine the classification association rules, we can save time. Meanwhile, we can expect even better accuracy because the mining procedure itself considers the classification. In this paper, we build a novel evolutionary method, named evolutionary classification method based on multiple association rule (EvoCMAR), to tackle these problems, and the simulation results show that it performs well in both accuracy and speed. © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Identification of Human Operations Using Data Clustering and its Applications to Automation
Authors: Zanma Tadanao , Sato Hayato , Okada Tomomi , Ishida Muneaki
Published: September 2010

Some human operations are realized by the combination of continuous behaviors and logical judgment. Such a system is called a hybrid dynamical system (HDS). In this study, we consider a driving task as an HDS. Then, we identify the task using the clustering method, which is one of the methods used to identify an HDS. In addition, we apply the identified model to an automatic driving system. Both the simulation and application results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Air Purification Capability of Charcoal and Its Evaluation
Authors: Shibata Shin‐Ichi , Kang BaoSheng , Oyabu Takashi , Kimura Haruhiko , Nanto Hidehito
Published: September 2010

Charcoal has received much attention recently because of the various kinds of effective functions it can be put to. Especially, its deodorizing capability indoors has been well recognized. However, an evaluation method for this capability has not been established. It is necessary to devise a suitable method and introduce this capability to the general public using an index value. They can then understand the capability easily by the value and use it positively. In this study, an evaluation method is proposed, wherein the deodorizing capability of charcoal is evaluated in an experimental chamber using a tin oxide gas sensor, which outputs a signal according to the concentration of an air‐polluting chemical. The sensor output increases as the concentration of the chemical increases. The index value (Pa) indicating the capability can be represented using the sensor output characteristic to the chemical, using the peak value (h) and the half‐value width (tw); Pa = h/tw × 100. The peak value here means the voltage from offset level to the peak value of the output. Four kinds of charcoals were examined. Especially, charcoal from Japanese cedar and oak were investigated. The results show that both samples give almost same value (Pa = ∼10). Cedar charcoal is cheaper and the heat energy required is also lower than for oak charcoal. This is good for cedar charcoal. It is considered that by installing charcoal in an indoor environment the air quality can be improved and people can have a safe and comfortable life. Charcoal has therefore the capability to remediate indoor air pollution. © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
General momentum theory for wind turbines at low tip speed ratios
Authors: Sørensen Jens N. , van Kuik Gijs A. M.
Published: September 2010

General momentum theory is used to study the behaviour of the ‘classical’ free vortex wake model of Joukowsky. This model has recently attained considerable attention as it shows the possibility of achieving a power performance that greatly exceeds the Lanchester‐Betz limit for rotors running at low tip speed ratios. This behaviour is confirmed even when including the effect of a centre vortex, allowing azimuthal velocities and the associated radial pressure gradient to be taken into account in the axial momentum balance without any simplifying assumptions. It is shown that the most likely explanation for the anomalous behaviour at small tip speed ratios is that the influence of the lateral component of pressure and friction is neglected in the axial momentum theorem. A refined model is proposed that remedies the problem of using the axial momentum theorem and by which the power coefficient never exceeds the Lanchester‐Betz limit and which tends to zero at zero tip speed ratio. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
At the nanoscale: nanohemostat, a new class of hemostatic agent
Authors: Ellis‐Behnke Rutledge
Published: September 2010

Three basic categories of hemostats are widely used in surgery today: chemical agents, thermal devices, and mechanical methods that use pressure or ligature to slow bleeding. Each has its benefits and limitations. However, nanotechnology is rapidly ushering in new medical technologies. This review focuses on the ‘nanohemostat’, a new class of hemostatic agent that stops bleeding in less than 15 seconds by using (RADA)4, referred to as nanohemostat‐1 (NHS‐1), a synthetic biological material that self‐assembles at the nanoscale when applied to a wound, and compares it to the characteristics of the ‘ideal hemostat’. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2011 3 70–78 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.110

This article is categorized under:

Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants

Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement

Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanoscale Tools and Techniques in Surgery
Contributions on the theory and computation of mono‐ and poly‐crystalline cyclic martensitic phase transformations
Authors: Sagar G. , Stein E.
Published: September 2010

In this article new contributions to the theory and computation of cyclic martensitic phase transformations (PT) in mono‐ and poly‐crystalline metallic shape memory alloys are presented. The PT models of the non‐convex variational problem are based on the Cauchy‐Born hypothesis and Bain's principle. A quasi‐convexified C1‐continuous thermo‐mechanical micro‐macro constitutive model for metallic monocrystals is developed which is represented together with the phase transformation constraints by a unified Lagrangian variational functional including phase evolution equations with mass conservation. The unified setting presented here includes poly‐crystalline shape memory alloys whose microstructure is modeled using lattice variants. A pre‐averaging scheme for randomly distributed poly‐crystalline variants of transformation strains is used to transform them into those of a fictitious monocrystal. Thus, the incremental integration in process time and the spatial integration algorithms of the discrete variational problems for both mono‐ and poly‐crystalline phase transformations can be implemented into a unified algorithm with branching for mono‐ and poly‐crystalline phase transformations. Furthermore, an error‐controlled adaptive 3D finite element method in space is presented for phase transformation problems using explicit error indicator with gradient smoothing and mesh refinements via new mesh generation in each adaptive step. Computations of informative examples with convergence studies, and comparisons with published experimental results are presented using 3D finite elements.
Importin β3 mediates the nuclear import of human ribosomal protein L7 through its interaction with the multifaceted basic clusters of L7
Authors: Chou Chang-Wei , Tai Lin-Ru , Kirby Ralph , Lee I.-Fang , Lin Alan
Published: September 2010

MINT‐7992671: L7 (uniprotkb:P18124) physically interacts (MI:0915) with Importin beta‐3 (uniprotkb:O00410) by pull down (MI:0096)
Paired NK cell receptors controlling NK cytotoxicity
Authors: Stanietsky Noa , Mandelboim Ofer
Published: September 2010

Human natural killer (NK) cells possess an arsenal of receptors programmed to regulate the NK cell functions, once encountering a target cell. In general, the activating receptors mediate cytotoxicity when engaged by their tumor specific, stress induced, virally encoded, or rarely, self ligands. Whereas, the inhibitory receptors bind self molecules, mostly MHC class I, presented on all normal and healthy nucleated cells. However, NK cells also possess numerous, highly homologous, pairs of receptors that sometimes even share the same ligands but display divergent functions. In this review we describe the NK cell repertoire of paired receptors and discuss questions regarding their function and mode of action. We focus primarily on the three PVR‐binding receptors; the co‐stimulatory DNAM1 and CD96 and the inhibitory TIGIT.
An aminopeptidase from Streptomyces sp. KK565 degrades beta amyloid monomers, oligomers and fibrils
Authors: Yoo Chulbae , Ahn Kyungsook , Park Jeong Eun , Kim Min-Ju , Jo Sangmee Ahn
Published: September 2010

MINT‐7992752, MINT‐7992778: SKAP (uniprotkb:Q306T3) binds (MI:0407) to Abeta (uniprotkb:P05067) by protease assay (MI:0435)
MEGF10 functions as a receptor for the uptake of amyloid‐β
Authors: Singh Thoudam Debraj , Park Seung-Yoon , Bae Jae-sung , Yun Youngeun , Bae Yong-Chul , Park Rang-Woon , Kim In-San
Published: September 2010

MINT‐7993537: ctxB (uniprotkb:P01556) and Abeta (uniprotkb:P05067) colocalize (MI:0403) by fluorescence microscopy (MI:0416)
Fas activation in adipocytes impairs insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake by reducing Akt
Authors: Wueest Stephan , Rapold Reto A. , Schoenle Eugen J. , Konrad Daniel
Published: September 2010

Fas (CD95) belongs to the superfamily of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors. Besides its key role in apoptosis, Fas contributes to non‐apoptotic pathways such as cell proliferation and inflammation. In 3T3‐L1 adipocytes, activation of Fas by Fas ligand decreased insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake, without affecting cell viability. This decrease in glucose uptake was accompanied by reduced protein expression and diminished phosphorylation of Akt. Similarly, insulin‐stimulated glucose incorporation and protein levels of Akt were increased in isolated adipocytes from Fas deficient mice when compared to wild‐type mice. In conclusion, Fas activation in adipocytes decreases Akt expression and thereby impairs insulin sensitivity.
Cytoskeletal cross‐talk in the control of T cell antigen receptor signaling
Authors: Lasserre Rémi , Alcover Andrés
Published: September 2010

T cell antigen receptor signaling is triggered and controlled in specialized cellular interfaces formed between T cells and antigen‐presenting cells named immunological synapses. Both microtubules and actin cytoskeleton rearrange at the immunological synapse in response to T cell receptor triggering, ensuring in turn the accuracy of intracellular signaling. Recent reports show that the cross‐talk between the cortical actin cytoskeleton and microtubule networks is key for structuring the immunological synapse and for controlling T cell receptor signaling. Immunological synapse architecture and the interaction between the signaling machinery and various cytoskeletal elements are therefore crucial for the fine‐tuning of T cell signaling.
Multiple pathways leading from the T‐cell antigen receptor to the actin cytoskeleton network
Authors: Reicher Barak , Barda-Saad Mira
Published: September 2010

Dynamic rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton, following T‐cell antigen receptor (TCR) engagement, provide the structural matrix and flexibility to enable intracellular signal transduction, cellular and subcellular remodeling, and driving effector functions. Recently developed cutting‐edge imaging technologies have facilitated the study of TCR signaling and its role in actin‐dependent processes. In this review, we describe how TCR signaling cascades induce the activation of actin regulatory proteins and the formation of actin networks, and how actin dynamics is important for T‐cell homeostasis, activation, migration, and other effector functions.
CD46 signaling in T cells: Linking pathogens with polarity
Authors: Hawkins Edwin D. , Oliaro Jane
Published: September 2010

CD46 is a cell surface protein that regulates complement activity and is utilized as a receptor by numerous viral and bacterial pathogens that infect humans. CD46 is not just an entry site for pathogens, but can affect various cellular activities in response to pathogen binding that can have profound consequences for the host response to infection. The study of CD46 signaling in T cells has emerged as an exciting area of research that is shedding new light on how pathogens might manipulate the host immune response. This review will focus on our current understanding of CD46 signaling in T cell polarity and how this might influence disease outcome.
The Social Origins of Electoral Volatility in Africa
Authors: Ferree Karen E.
Published: September 2010

This article utilizes the statistical analysis of an original dataset of African legislative seat volatility levels and three case studies to demonstrate that the size and configuration of politically salient ethnic groups bear a strong relationship with patterns of legislative seat volatility in Africa. Legislative seat volatility is highest in countries where either no social group is large enough to form a majority on its own, or a majority group contains within itself a second smaller majority group; it is lowest in countries where one, and only one, group forms a majority. In contrast, most standard explanations for volatility, including variations in economic performance, democratic period of origin and democratic duration, do not appear relevant in the African context.
Efficacy of homeopathic and antibiotic treatment strategies in cases of mild and moderate bovine clinical mastitis
Authors: Werner Christina , Sobiraj Axel , Sundrum Albert
Published: September 2010

The objective of this clinical control trial was to examine the effectiveness of the classical homeopathic treatment strategy in cases of mild and moderate bovine clinical mastitis in comparison with antibiotic and placebo treatments. Owing to characteristics of the selected herds, only cases of clinical mastitis caused by environmental pathogens and clinical cases with negative bacteriological result in the pre-treatment milk sample were included in the trial. A total of 136 lactating dairy cows with 147 affected quarters from four herds in Germany were randomly allocated to three treatment groups. The cows were examined on days 0, 1, 2 and on days 7, 14, 28 and 56 post initial infection to assess clinical signs. Simultaneously, with the exception of days 1 and 2, quarter milk samples for laboratory examinations (bacteriology, somatic cell count) were collected to assess bacteriological and cytological cure rates. On days 28 and 56, treatment strategies did not differ significantly with respect to the clinical outcomes and the total cure rate in cases of bacteriological negative mastitis (n=56). In cases of pathogen-positive mastitis (n=91), the cure rate after 4 and 8 weeks was similar between the two treatment strategies, homeopathy and antibiotic treatment, but the difference between the homeopathic and the placebo treatment at day 56 was significant (P<0·05). The results indicate a therapeutic effect of homeopathic treatment in cases of mild and moderate clinical mastitis. However, independent of treatment strategy and bacteriological status, the total cure rate was on a low level, revealing limitations in the effectiveness of both antibiotic and homeopathic treatment strategies.
Environmental risk factors for haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in a French new epidemic area
Authors: VIEL J.-F. , LEFEBVRE A. , MARIANNEAU P. , JOLY D. , GIRAUDOUX P. , UPEGUI E. , TORDO N. , HOEN B.
Published: September 2010

In France, haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is endemic along the Belgian border. However, this rodent-borne zoonosis caused by the Puumala virus has recently spread south to the Franche-Comté region. We investigated the space–time distribution of HFRS and evaluated the influence of environmental factors that drive the hantavirus reservoir abundance and/or the disease transmission in this area. A scan test clearly indicated space–time clustering, highlighting a single-year (2005) epidemic in the southern part of the region, preceded by a heat-wave 2 years earlier. A Bayesian regression approach showed an association between a variable reflecting biomass (normalized difference vegetation index) and HFRS incidence. The reasons why HFRS cases recently emerged remain largely unknown, and climate parameters alone do not reliably predict outbreaks. Concerted efforts that combine reservoir monitoring, surveillance, and investigation of human cases are warranted to better understand the epidemiological patterns of HFRS in this area.
Common Knowledge? The Rise of Creative Commons Licensing
Authors: Simmonds Tony
Published: September 2010

Tony Simmonds explains the six types of Open Access licences which are available to academic users to preserve rights in their publications.
Copyright? Why Would I Need to Worry About That? The Challenges of Providing Copyright Support for Staff
Authors: Secker Jane , Bell Maria
Published: September 2010

This article by Jane Secker and Maria Bell presents an overview of the challenges of providing copyright training for staff at LSE. The institution does not employ a dedicated copyright officer, but uses a range of tactics to ensure academic, administrative and Library staff are made aware of copyright issues. Several training sessions are run throughout the year. LSE have also developed an online course and produce a range of online and printed guides to brief staff. Advice and queries are also dealt with by a number of individuals who have specialist knowledge in areas such as copyright and the internet and copying archival materials.
The Google Settlement: a Brief Overview
Authors: Holland Chris
Published: September 2010

Google's plan to digitise huge numbers of books from over 40 libraries has been controversial from the start with court actions still taking place in the United States. Chris Holland traces the history of the project and discusses its potential impact on copyright issues.
Filling the Frame: the Role of Practical Metadata in Online Resources at the IALS
Authors: Whittle Steven
Published: September 2010

This article by Steven Whittle gives a comprehensive picture of not only how metadata has been used at the Institute but also the technical details and scope of the very impressive range of digitisation projects and other resources developed to help fellow legal information professionals access a wide array of information which was previously very hard to find.
Developing Legal Information Services in a Medium-Sized London Law Firm by Improving Relationships Within the Firm
Authors: Fox Claire
Published: September 2010

Claire Fox presents a case study to show how information services at a London law firm were improved by developing good working relationships between the library and the rest of the firm.
Web 2.0: How is it being Used? What can it do for Law Firms?
Authors: Lustigman Allie
Published: September 2010

Allie Lustigman from Linklaters updates the information collated from a survey of the internal use made by law firms of social software tools and provides an insight into how blogs, RSS feeds and wikis are also being implemented for external use for clients.
Now, Where was I Going? A Sideways Look at Portfolio-Building
Authors: Power Gerry
Published: September 2010

Gerry Power of the IALS writes about the benefits of compiling a portfolio which records and reflects on the skills he has aquired through work and which he can apply in his work as a mentor.
Studying Law in the Netherlands: the Role of the Library
Authors: Beljaars Ben , Winter René
Published: September 2010

Ben Beljaars and René Winter contribute a thoroughly well-researched article on the profile of current users of academic libraries in Holland. They discuss their information requirements and usage; the relationship between the library and the law faculty; the use of digital resources in legal education and developments in legal information literacy.
«Herr Doktor, ich fliege nächste Woche nach Australien!»
Authors: Baldi  , Uthoff  , Stein  , Jäger
Published: September 2010

Reisethrombosen sind wahrscheinlich weniger häufig als bisher vermutet. Problematisch sind Flugzeiten von acht und mehr Stunden. Üblicherweise reichen allgemeine Massnahmen wie Vermeiden von einengender Kleidung, ausreichende Flüssigkeitszufuhr, Fussgymnastik und Umhergehen in der Flugzeugkabine aus, um venöse Thromboembolien (VTE) zu verhindern. Kompressionsstrümpfe können empfohlen werden, wenn Risikofaktoren für VTE vorhanden sind. Die Gabe von niedermolekularen Heparinen in prophylaktischer Dosierung ist nach stattgehabten VTE sinnvoll.
STEERB: A three‐dimensional code for storm‐time evolution of electron radiation belt
Authors: Su Zhenpeng , Xiao Fuliang , Zheng Huinan , Wang Shui
Published: September 2010

We present a three‐dimensional code (storm‐time evolution of electron radiation belt, STEERB) for the storm‐time evolution of electron radiation belt following the preceding work. STEERB code is based on the solution of three‐dimensional modified Fokker‐Planck equation, which covers the inner and outer radiation belts with incorporation of the Coulomb collisions, radial diffusion due to magnetic and electric field perturbations, and local pitch angle, energy, and cross‐pitch angle‐energy diffusion due to various wave‐particle interactions. It is implemented by a split operator technique, in conjunction with the recently developed hybrid finite difference method for local wave‐particle interaction, and the fully implicit finite difference method for radial diffusion as well as Coulomb collisions. The resulting numerical model is robust, efficient, and easily parallelizable. Some of the dominant characteristics of electron radiation belt during both quiet and active periods can be well reproduced by STEERB code. Test simulations are performed to evaluate the respective roles of radial diffusion, cyclotron resonant interaction with chorus and plume waves in the global radiation belt dynamics, the sensitivity of numerical results to the uncertainty of wave spectrum, and the importance of cross‐pitch angle‐energy diffusion in the three‐dimensional simulations.
Measurement of differential rupture duration as constraints on the source finiteness of deep‐focus earthquakes: 2. Synthetic tests to estimate errors in rupture vectors and their effect on fault plane identification
Authors: Warren Linda M.
Published: September 2010

The directivity method of Warren and Silver (2006) has been used to distinguish the fault planes of deep earthquakes in the Tonga and Middle America subduction zones. These studies identified exclusively subhorizontal fault planes between 100 and 300 km depth, raising the question of whether the observations represent new constraints on the physical mechanism of the earthquakes or a bias in the methodology. Here, the strengths, weaknesses, and biases of the method are investigated through the comprehensive analysis of 120 synthetic earthquakes with varying depth, rupture vector orientation, rupture complexity, signal‐to‐noise ratio, and station distribution. These synthetic tests, which allow the evaluation of the effect of each of the varied parameters on the rupture vector determination, show that fault planes can be identified for a wide variety of conditions. The method underestimates rupture velocities by 76%–94%, but this does not affect the determination of the orientation of the rupture vector. The most important parameter for determining the orientation of the rupture vector, and thereby allowing identification of the fault plane, is the distribution of stations recording the earthquake; better coverage around the earthquakes results in tighter constraints on the rupture vector. The broader distribution of recording stations for deeper earthquakes results in tighter constraints on the rupture vectors for deeper earthquakes and, therefore, more ease in identifying the fault plane. However, the difference in resolution does not systematically prohibit the identification of certain orientations of fault planes at shallower depths and suggests that previous observations of exclusively subhorizontal fault planes between 100 and 300 km depth are not the result of systematic bias in the methodology. Instead, the observed dominance of subhorizontal fault planes provides important constraints on the physical mechanism of intermediate‐depth earthquakes. The observed subhorizontal fault orientation is inconsistent with the reactivation of the dominant trenchward‐dipping outer rise normal faults.
Constraints on drag and exchange coefficients at extreme wind speeds
Authors: Walsh Kevin J. E. , Sandery P. , Brassington G. B. , Entel M. , Siegenthaler‐LeDrian C. , Kepert Jeffrey D. , Darbyshire R.
Published: September 2010

Because of the lack of observations, the behavior of air‐sea interfacial flux coefficients at extreme wind speeds is not well known. In this study, simulations of a three‐dimensional ocean model are forced by extreme tropical cyclone winds (up to 155 knots) under various drag and exchange coefficient representations and flux parameterizations. The resulting sea surface temperature changes are compared with satellite observations of sea surface temperature changes caused by three tropical cyclones in the Australian region. The results quantify the impact on oceanic mixing of a drag coefficient that does not monotonically increase with wind speed but instead levels out or decreases at extreme wind speeds, as suggested by recent observations. The results also suggest that mixing parameterizations need to be modified to give realistic surface cooling at extreme wind speeds.