bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moving TESOL forward: Increasing educators’ critical consciousness through a racial lens
Authors: Chan Elisabeth L. , Coney Lavette
Published: December 2020

Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) professionals are immersed in multilingual and multicultural spaces. Thus, many consider TESOL educators innately culturally competent, yet others argue this is not the case (e.g., Lin et al., 2004). Moving the TESOL field from liberal to critical forms of multiculturalism (Kubota & Lin, 2006) requires consideration of power and privilege with increased critical consciousness (Freire, 1973). Using critical approaches through a racial lens, the authors examine the concepts of diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) for professional development and fostering a culture of social justice, where TESOL professionals recognize the ongoing reflexive work necessary to embrace diversity in all its forms. To determine educators’ level of critical consciousness, the authors propose using the Glasgow Group’s (2017) levels of inclusive school communities as a framework for locating educators along a continuum of critical consciousness. They guide readers through the six levels, providing self‐reflection questions, and recommending critical consciousness‐raising resources.
Higgs self-coupling measurements using deep learning in the $$ b\overline{b}b\overline{b} $$ final state
Authors: Amacker Jacob , Balunas William , Beresford Lydia , Bortoletto Daniela , Frost James , Issever Cigdem , Liu Jesse , McKee James , Micheli Alessandro , Saenz Santiago Paredes , Spannowsky Michael , Stanislaus Beojan
Published: December 2020

Abstract

Measuring the Higgs trilinear self-couplingλhhhis experimentally demanding but fundamental for understanding the shape of the Higgs potential. We present a comprehensive analysis strategy for the HL-LHC using di-Higgs events in the fourb-quark channel (hh→ 4b), extending current methods in several directions. We perform deep learning to suppress the formidable multijet background with dedicated optimisation for BSMλhhhscenarios. We compare theλhhhconstraining power of events using different multiplicities of large radius jets with a two-prong structure that reconstruct boostedh→bbdecays. We show that current uncertainties in the SM top Yukawa couplingytcan modifyλhhhconstraints by∼20%. For SMyt, we find prospects of−0.8<$$ {\lambda}_{hhh}/{\lambda}_{hhh}^{\mathrm{SM}} $$λhhh/λhhhSM<6.6 at 68% CL under simplified assumptions for 3000 fb−1of HL-LHC data. Our results provide a careful assessment of di-Higgs identification and machine learning techniques for all-hadronic measurements of the Higgs self-coupling and sharpens the requirements for future improvement.
Design of Flat Vaults with Topological Interlocking Solids
Authors: Lecci Francesca , Mazzoli Cecilia , Bartolomei Cristiana , Gulli Riccardo
Published: December 2020

This paper investigates the principles that regulate complex stereotomic constructions as a starting point for the design of a new two-dimensional floor structure based on the principles of TIM (Topological Interlocking Materials). These interlocking systems use an assembly of identical Platonic solids which, due to the mutual bearing between adjacent units and the presence of a global peripheral constraint, lock together to form pure geometric shapes. This type of structure offers several advantages such as a high energy dissipation capacity and tolerance towards localised failure, which has made it a popular research topic over the last 30 years. The current research project includes a case study of an assembly of interlocking cubes to create a “flat vault”. The resulting vault design features a striking appearance and its geometry may be manipulated to achieve different two-dimensional solutions, provided certain geometric conditions necessary for the stability of the system are followed.
Renal ischemic adverse drug events related to tranexamic acid in women of child-bearing age: an analysis of pharmacovigilance data
Authors: Stämpfli Dominik , Weiler Stefan , Weiniger Carolyn F. , Burden Andrea M. , Heesen Michael
Published: December 2020

Purpose

In response to a large trial, the World Health Organization broadened their recommendation on tranexamic acid to be used for post-partum hemorrhage. A 2013 French periodic safety update report warned of an abnormally high rate of renal cortical necrosis associated with tranexamic acid and other drugs for severe post-partum hemorrhage. We aimed to identify the reporting incidence of adverse thrombo-embolic events among women in child-bearing age who received tranexamic acid, with a focus on renal vascular and ischemic conditions.

Methods

We analyzed individual case safety reports (ICSRs) on renal vascular and ischemic conditions, pulmonary thrombotic and embolic conditions, and peripheral embolism and thrombosis from the database of the World Health Organization – Uppsala Monitoring Centre (WHO-UMC). ICSRs were restricted to reports including tranexamic acid as a suspected drug, sex reported as female, and reported age between 18 and 44 years. Reporting odds ratios (RORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated by comparing ICSRs on tranexamic acid to all other drugs in VigiBase.

Results

Within 2245 included ICSRs on tranexamic acid, we identified 29 reports of adverse renal vascular and ischemic conditions, 42 reports of pulmonary thrombotic and embolic conditions, and 41 reports of peripheral embolism and thrombosis. RORs were statistically significant by 32.6-fold (32.62, 95% CI: 22.50–47.29), 2.5-fold (2.52, 95% CI: 1.85–3.42), and 2.7-fold (2.67, 95% CI: 1.96–3.64), respectively, when compared to any other drug within VigiBase.

Conclusion

Tranexamic acid might bear an increased risk for renal ischemic adverse drug events in women of child-bearing age.
Anatomical basis of erector spinae plane block: a dissection and histotopographic pilot study
Authors: Bonvicini Daniele , Boscolo-Berto Rafael , De Cassai Alessandro , Negrello Michele , Macchi Veronica , Tiberio Ivo , Boscolo Annalisa , De Caro Raffaele , Porzionato Andrea
Published: December 2020

Purpose

Erector spinae plane (ESP) block is an interfascial blockade used in different clinical scenarios. This study investigated the ventral extent of dye diffusion in ESP block.

Methods

The ultrasound-guided ESP block was bilaterally performed with an injection at the T5 vertebral level (21-Gauge, 50 mm needle), using diluted black tissue marking dye (20 mL; 1:4 ratio with standard saline solution) instead of local anesthetic on two fresh-frozen corpses within the body donation program of the University of Padova. Subsequently, the gross anatomical dissection was performed by a combined posterior plus anterior approach, and the histotopographic examination completed.

Results

Macroscopically by gross anatomical dissection, the dye spreading ranged on the dorsal side of the chest from T2/3 to T10/11 with an extension up to 10 cm laterally, and on the ventral side of the chest from T2/3–T9/10. Microscopically by histotopographic examination, the dye diffused ventrally to the intercostal spaces (2–3 and 5–6 spaces on the right and left, respectively) by following the blood vessels coupled to the dorsal nerve passing through the costotransverse foramen.

Conclusions

The anterior pathway of dye diffusion from the site of injection within the erector spinae muscle group during an ESP block seems to follow the blood vessels and dorsal rami of spinal nerves, suggesting the passing through the costotransverse foramen to reach the anterior paravertebral space and the intercostal nerves. These findings display an anterior histotopographic diffusion of dye resembling a paravertebral block.
Paraphyly of the genus Boehmeria (Urticaceae): a response to Liang et al. ‘Relationships among Chinese Boehmeria species and the evolution of various clade’
Authors: Monro Alexandre K. , Dodsworth Steven , Fu Long-Fei , Friis Ib , Wilmot-Dear Christine M. , Maurin Olivier
Published: December 2020

Boehmeria, as currently circumscribed, comprises 52 species and has a pantropical distribution. Liang et al. propose a sectional classification of Boehmeria based on the phylogenetic analysis of SNP data for 20 species and an additional 10 subspecific taxa of these at the rank of variety or form. They restrict their sampling to species documented in China. We found many shortcomings in the sampling and analyses which we feel have resulted in a misleading phylogeny for the genus and the economically important fibre-plant, Boehmeria nivea. By sampling only Chinese species of this genus for their in-group and using a single distantly related outgroup, Liang et al. have failed to capture the diversity of the genus and so erroneously concluded that it forms a monophyletic group. Previous published research clearly demonstrates that Boehmeria is paraphyletic and polyphyletic, comprising at least four monophyletic groupings most closely related to several genera within the Boehmerieae. For these reasons, the sections that Liang et al. (Ind Crops Prod 148:112092, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2020.112092) propose for Boehmeria are not effective tools for its classification. The important fibre-plant, Boehmeria nivea, should therefore not be considered as part of the genus Boehmeria for the purposes of crop breeding, but as sister to Archiboehmeria. Breeding programmes for ramie should therefore focus on populations and germplasm of Archiboehmeria atrata. We conclude that poor taxon sampling, overlooking relevant molecular and taxonomic literature, internal conflict within their SNP data and the overinterpretation of low support values has resulted in the erroneous conclusion that Boehmeria represents a monophyletic or ‘natural’ genus.
Surgical management of symptomatic cavum septum pellucidum cysts: systematic review of the literature
Authors: Simonin Alexandre , Lind Christopher R. P.
Published: December 2020

Cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) and cavum vergae (CV) cysts are commonly found incidentally. They are usually asymptomatic but may present with symptoms related to obstructive hydrocephalus. There is no consensus about the management of symptomatic CSP and CV cysts. We present, to the best of our knowledge, the first systematic review of the different treatment options for symptomatic CSP and CV cysts. We conducted a literature review using PubMed database, searching for cases of symptomatic CSP and CV cysts managed surgically, and published until April 2019. Preoperative characteristics, surgical procedure, and postoperative outcome were analyzed using SPSS® software (Statistical Package for Social Sciences, IBM®). We found 54 cases of symptomatic CSP and CV cysts managed surgically (34 males, 20 females, 1.7/1 male to female ratio). Mean age was 24.3 ± 20.1 years. The most common presentation was headaches (34 patients, 62%), followed by psychiatric symptoms (27 patients, 49.1%). Preoperative radiological hydrocephalus was present in 30 patients (54.5%). The most common surgical procedure was endoscopic fenestration (39 patients, 70.9%), followed by shunting (10 patients, 18.2%), open surgery (3 patients, 5.5%), and stereotactic fenestration (1 patient, 1.8%). Complete resolution of symptoms was achieved in 36 patients (65.5%) and partial resolution in 7 patients (12.7%), and symptoms were unchanged in 2 patients. The present review suggests that surgical treatment could provide resolution of the symptoms in most of the cases, regardless of the procedure performed. Although mean follow-up was short among the studies, recurrence rate was low.
Kopfschmerz bei Parietal- und Okzipitallappenepilepsien
Authors: Birk Denise , Noachtar Soheyl , Kaufmann Elisabeth
Published: December 2020

Epilepsiepatienten leiden überdurchschnittlich häufig unter Kopfschmerzen. Dies gilt insbesondere für Patienten mit idiopathisch generalisierten und parietookzipitalen Epilepsien. Die Häufigkeit des gemeinsamen Auftretens von Kopfschmerzen und Epilepsie überschreitet dabei die rechnerische Koinzidenz, sodass von einer Komorbidität beider Syndrome auszugehen ist. Bestärkt wird diese Hypothese durch überlappende genetische Veränderungen sowie gemeinsame pathophysiologische Mechanismen. Bis zu 62 % der Patienten mit z. B. Parietal- und Okzipitallappenepilepsie (POLE) geben Kopfschmerzen an. Diese treten v. a. nach dem Anfall (postiktal) auf und manifestieren sich am häufigsten als Migräne-ähnlicher Kopfschmerz oder Spannungskopfschmerz. Seltener kommt es zu Kopfschmerzen vor (periiktal), während (iktal) oder zwischen (interiktal) epileptischen Anfällen. Bei transienten neurologischen Ausfallsymptomen mit begleitenden Kopfschmerzen ist differenzialdiagnostisch neben der Migräne an vaskuläre Ereignisse wie Synkopen oder eine transiente ischämische Attacke zu denken.
Greedy weights for matroids
Authors: Johnsen Trygve , Verdure Hugues
Published: December 2020

We introduce greedy weights of matroids, inspired by those for linear codes. We show that a Wei duality holds for two of these types of greedy weights for matroids. Moreover we show that in the cases where the matroids involved are associated to linear codes, our definitions coincide with those for codes. Thus our Wei duality is a generalization of that for linear codes given by Schaathun. In the last part of the paper we show how some important chains of cycles of the matroids appearing, correspond to chains of component maps of minimal resolutions of the independence complex of the corresponding matroids. We also relate properties of these resolutions to chainedness and greedy weights of the matroids, and in many cases codes, that appear.
Nutrient saturation of crop monocultures and agroforestry indicated by nutrient response efficiency
Authors: Schmidt Marcus , Corre Marife D. , Kim Bomin , Morley Julia , Göbel Leonie , Sharma Anuja S. I. , Setriuc Sînziana , Veldkamp Edzo
Published: December 2020

Efficient use of nutrients is a key requisite for a sustainable intensification of agriculture in order to meet the increasing global crop demand while minimizing deleterious environmental impacts. Agroforestry systems exhibit tree–crop interactions, which potentially contribute to nutrient-efficient agro-ecosystems. Our goal was to determine whether the conversion from cropland monocultures to alley-cropping agroforestry increases nutrient response efficiency (NRE), the ability of plants to convert available nutrients into biomass. We found that crop yield, plant-available nutrients and NRE were comparable between agroforestry and monocultures, but the trees in agroforestry had high NRE, contributing to nutrient retention of the agroforestry systems as a whole. The unimodal relationship of the crops’ NRE with plant-available nutrients suggests that NRE values were beyond optimum in both agroforestry and monoculture indicating nutrient saturation. This indicates that fertilizer inputs can be reduced (or optimized) without sacrificing crop yield or profit. Based on the NRE curves, we assessed that a reduction of plant-available N by 50% would lead to a decrease in crop yield by 17% and a concomitant increase in N response efficiency by 67%, whereas a similar reduction of plant-available P would lead to a decrease in crop yield by 8% with an increase in P response efficiency by 83%. An optimized fertilization to achieve such lower levels of plant-available nutrients will have beneficial effects on nutrient retention and redistribution. Optimizing fertilizer input will make alley-cropping agroforestry a productive and profitable agro-ecosystem that contributes to an ecologically sustainable agriculture.
Fabrication of 3D monolithic graphene foam/polycaprolactone porous nanocomposites for bioapplications
Authors: Bahremandi Tolou Neda , Salimijazi Hamidreza , Dikonimos Theodoros , Faggio Giuliana , Messina Giacomo , Tamburrano Alessio , Aurora Annalisa , Lisi Nicola
Published: December 2020

Aiming at the production of light, porous, conductive, biosafe composites, in this paper we are presenting a novel fabrication method for monolithic, three-dimensional (3D) graphene foam (GF)/porous polymer composites. The synthesis adopts a novel process architecture by using Ni foam templates in an inductive heating chemical vapor deposition growth process, and by removing Ni chemically while retaining graphene integrity by the reversible application of cyclododecane (CD); finally, nondestructive coating procedures with polycaprolactone (PCL) solutions have been developed. The composites can be optimized to enhance electrical conduction, flexibility and mechanical properties, while mixing PCL and CD allows to coat the GF with a novel mesoporous polymer coating. By tuning the GF properties, the typical electrical resistance of the 3D forms can be reduced to a few 10 s of Ohms, values that are maintained after the PCL coatings. The current study achieved a GF fraction ranging between 1 and 7.3 wt%, with even the lower graphene content composites showing acceptable electrical and mechanical properties. The properties of these conductive 3D-GF/PCL composites are in line with the requirements for applications in the field of nerve tissue engineering.

Graphical abstract
Fluorimetric Detection of Zn2+, Mg2+, and Fe2+ with 3-Hydroxy-4-Pyridylisoquinoline as Fluorescent Probe
Authors: Gomez Pinheiro Gabriel E. , Ihmels Heiko
Published: December 2020

The suitability of 3-hydroxy-4-pyridylisoquinoline to operate as fluorescent chemosensor for the detection of metal ions was investigated. For that purpose, the interactions of the title compound with selected metal ions were investigated by absorption and emission spectroscopy. The complexation of Zn2+, Fe2+, Mg2+ with 1:1 and 2:1 stoichiometry leads to characteristic optical responses that depend significantly on the employed solvents, thus allowing for the fluorimetric identification and detection of particular metal cations in a matrix-based pattern analysis or by fluorimetric titrations.

Graphical abstract
Team Semantics for Interventionist Counterfactuals: Observations vs. Interventions
Authors: Barbero Fausto , Sandu Gabriel
Published: December 2020

Team semantics is a highly general framework for logics which describe dependencies and independencies among variables. Typically, the (in)dependencies considered in this context are properties of sets of configurations or data records. We show how team semantics can be further generalized to support languages for the discussion of interventionist counterfactuals and causal dependencies, such as those that arise in manipulationist theories of causation (Pearl, Hitchcock, Woodward, among others). We show that the “causal teams” we introduce in the present paper can be used for modelling some classical counterfactual scenarios which are not captured by the usual causal models. We then analyse the basic properties of our counterfactual languages and discuss extensively the differences with respect to the Lewisian tradition.
Static hedging of weather and price risks in electricity markets
Authors: Pantoja Robayo Javier , Vera Juan C.
Published: December 2020

We present the closed-form solution to the problem of hedging price and quantity risks for energy retailers (ER), using financial instruments based on electricity price and weather indexes. Our model considers an ER who is intermediary in a regulated electricity market. ERs buy a fixed quantity of electricity at a variable cost and must serve a variable demand at a fixed cost. Thus ERs are subject to both price and quantity risks. To hedge such risks, an ER could construct a portfolio of financial instruments based on price and weather indexes. We construct the closed form solution for the optimal portfolio for the mean-VaR model in the discrete setting. Our model does not make any distributional assumption.
Effects of Native AlN Particles on Heterogeneous Nucleation in an Al-3Fe Alloy
Authors: Que Zhongping , Mendis Chamini L.
Published: December 2020

The naturally formed inclusions in an Al-3Fe alloy were investigated using a pressurized melt filtration technique. Naturally formed AlN particles with a rodlike morphology and a size distribution between 200 nm and 4 µm coexist with the native Al2O3 particles in the Al-3Fe alloy. These native AlN particles were investigated with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). A well-defined orientation relationship (OR) between AlN and α-Al was found from the AlN particle embedded in α-Al. A tilt angle of 5.8 deg was observed between {111}α-Al and {0001}AlN at the α-Al/AlN interface. The atomic matching for the α-Al/AlN interface was investigated by considering interfacial segregation on the AlN particles. The heterogeneous nucleation potency of the native AlN particles was investigated. Although these native AlN particles can nucleate the α-Al, the contribution is very small. This contribution reveals the heterogeneous nucleation of α-Al on the native AlN particles and the competitive relationship between the native Al2O3 and AlN as the nucleation substrates. The surface modification of the native AlN in Al alloys containing multiple alloy elements and the corresponding effects on the heterogeneous nucleation were preliminarily investigated.
Investing in climate solutions? An exploration of the discursive power and materiality of fossil fuel divestment campaigns in Scotland
Authors: Muncie Ella
Published: December 2020

Divestment is a climate change initiative that aims to persuade institutions, businesses, and governments to remove their financial investments from fossil fuel industries and instead invest in zero-carbon climate solutions. It has, however, also been conceived as an ongoing gateway tactic to curb long-term climate change and simultaneously secure social and environmental justice. Divestment has attracted global attention and is currently employed by numerous universities, religious institutions, art galleries, museums, and national and local governments, in various countries, including Scotland. However academic analysis of the movement remains underdeveloped. This article addresses such absence by giving a voice to the motives, tactics, and rationales as expressed by campaigners themselves. It identifies the collective action frames constructed by Scottish fossil fuel divestment campaigns in order to facilitate mobilisation and alignment with other climate change movements. A key premise of this article is to also explore the power of such frames to motivate action and to assess the extent to which divestment campaign groups can impact government discourse and policy. As such the article concludes by considering whether and how far divestment frames and discourses may have come to inform the climate change policy of the devolved Scottish Government.
Interdisciplinary Diagnosis and Management of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage Due to a Meningeal Diverticulum: a Case Report
Authors: Trumm Christoph Gregor , Forbrig Robert
Published: December 2020

Cerebrospinal fluid leakage through meningeal diverticula represents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge comparatively rarely encountered in the interdisciplinary management of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). Several false-positive CSF leakage signs may be observed during the imaging work-up of SIH. A 27-year-old female with orthostatic headache showing marked spinal epidural CSF collections and MRI signs of intracranial hypotension underwent a blind and CT-guided epidural blood patch (EBP) of a pathological T9/10 meningeal diverticulum (MD), detected by dynamic CT myelography (dCTM). After initial good imaging and symptomatic improvement, recurrent symptoms and a large left-sided subdural hematoma required neurosurgical MD ligation, with persisting clinical success. The following aspects of this brief report are remarkable: added value of dCTM to synchronously detect true CSF leakage and false-positive CSF leakage signs, near-complete resolution of spinal epidural CSF collections after CT fluoroscopy–guided EBP, interdisciplinary diagnosis, and definite management of CSF leakage through an anomalous MD.
Incidence and predictors of bacterial infections in febrile children with sickle cell disease
Authors: Alzahrani Fatma , Alaidarous Khadija , Alqarni Sarah , Alharbi Shaima
Published: December 2020

Introduction:

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive disorder. The incidence of bacterial infection in children with SCD globally is 16% compared 3–14% in general children. Bacterial infection in children is a severe problem and is considered to be a life-threatening condition. To reduce antibiotic overuse, the following factors might be associated with bacterial infection could help: age, C-reactive protein (CRP), white blood cells (WBCs) count, absolute neutrophil count (ANC), and genotype. Therefore, this study is designed to evaluate the CRP, ANC, WBCs, and platelet count levels as predictors for bacterial infection in febrile children with sickle cell anemia over a six-year period in a tertiary center in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Methods:

This study was a retrospective record review that included all SCD patients below the age of 18 years who presented with a febrile episode at any hospital's department from 2017 to 2019. Data were extracted from patient files that included culture result and the causative organism, CRP level, WBCs, ANC, and platelet count.

Results:

The study included 62 children diagnosed with SCD who presented with 89 febrile episodes. There was no statistically significant difference in the median of CRP and ANC between the bacterial and nonbacterial febrile episodes (P = .314, .735, respectively). However, the level of WBC> 20 K/μL was statistically significant at P = .025.

Conclusion:

WBCs significantly associated with a bacterial infection in SCD febrile children along with clinical assessments. This parameter can guide the physicians to determine the children at high risk of bacterial infection.
Early Graft Loss after Deceased-Donor Kidney Transplantation: What Are the Consequences?
Authors: Swinarska Joanna T. , Stratta Robert J. , Rogers Jeffrey , Chang Amy , Farney Alan C. , Orlando Giuseppe , Reeves-Daniel Amber , Gurram Venkat , Gautreaux Michael D. , Jay Colleen L.
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND:

Decreasing kidney discards continues to be of paramount importance for improving organ transplant access, but transplantation of nonideal deceased donor kidneys may have higher inherent risks of early graft loss (EGL). Patients with EGL (defined as graft failure within 90 days after transplant) are allowed reinstatement of waiting time according to United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) policy. The purpose of this study was to examine outcomes for patients experiencing EGL.

STUDY DESIGN:

We performed a single center retrospective review of adult deceased donor kidney transplant (DDKT)-alone recipients from 2001 to 2018, comparing those with EGL (including primary nonfunction [PNF]) to those without.

RESULTS:

EGL occurred in 103 (5.5%) of 1,868 patients, including 57 (55%) PNF, 25 (24%) deaths, 16 (16%) thrombosis, 3 (3%) rejection, and 2 (2%) disease recurrence. Kidney Donor Profile Index (KDPI) > 85% and donation after circulatory death (DCD) DDKTs did not increase risk of either EGL or PNF unless combined with prolonged cold ischemic time (CIT). For KDPI >85% with CIT >24 hours, the risk of EGL or PNF was tripled (EGL odds ratio [OR] 2.9, 95% CI 1.6–5.2; PNF OR3.6, 95% CI1.7–7.7). For DCD with CIT > 24 hours, increased risks were likewise seen for EGL (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.3–4.3), and PNF (OR 3.2, 95% CI 1.5–7). One-year and 5-year patient survival rates were 60% and 50% after EGL, 80% and 73% after PNF, and 99% and 87% for controls, respectively. Only 24% of either EGL or PNF patients underwent retransplantation.

CONCLUSIONS:

EGL and PNF were associated with low retransplantation rates and inferior patient survival. Prolonged CIT compounds risks associated with KDPI > 85% and DCD donor kidneys. Therefore, policies promoting rapid allocation and increased local use of these kidneys should be considered.
Single Institution Trial Comparing Whole Blood vs Balanced Component Therapy: 50 Years Later
Authors: Duchesne Juan , Smith Alison , Lawicki Shaun , Hunt John , Houghton August , Taghavi Sharven , Schroll Rebecca , Jackson-Weaver Olan , Guidry Chrissy , Tatum Danielle
Published: December 2020

BACKGROUND:

Early close ratio transfusion with balanced component therapy (BCT) has been associated with improved outcomes in patients with severe hemorrhage; however, this modality is not comparable with whole blood (WB) constituents. We compared use of BCT vs WB to determine if one yielded superior outcomes in patients with severe hemorrhage. We hypothesized that WB would lead to reduced in-hospital mortality and blood product volume if given in the first 24 hours of admission.

STUDY DESIGN:

This was a 1-year, single institution, prospective, observational study comparing BCT with WB in adult (18+y) trauma patients with active hemorrhage who required blood transfusion upon arrival at the emergency department. Primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality. Secondary endpoints included 24-hour transfusion volumes, in-hospital clinical outcomes, and complications.

RESULTS:

A total of 253 patients were included; 71.1% received BCT and 29.9% WB. The WB cohort had significantly more penetrating trauma (64.4% vs 48.9%; p = 0.03) and higher Shock Index (1.12 vs 0.92; p = 0.04). WB patients received significantly fewer units of packed red blood cells (PRBCs) (p < 0.001) and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) (p = 0.04), with a lower incidence of ARDS (p = 0.03) and fewer ventilator days (p = 0.03). Kaplan Meier survival analysis revealed no difference in survival between the 2 transfusion strategies (p = 0.80). When adjusted for various markers of injury severity and critical illness in Cox regression analysis, WB remained unassociated with mortality (hazard ratio 1.25; 95% CI 0.60–2.58; p = 0.55).

CONCLUSIONS:

There was no difference in survival rates when comparing BCT with WB. In the WB group, the incidence of ARDS, duration of mechanical ventilation, massive transfusion protocol (MTP) activation, and transfusion volumes were significantly reduced. Further research should be directed at analyzing whether there is a true hemorrhage-related pathophysiologic benefit of WB when compared with BCT.
Relativism in the Philosophy of Science
Authors: Kusch Martin
Published: December 2020

'Relativism versus absolutism' is one of the fundamental oppositions that have dominated reflections about science for much of its (modern) history. Often these reflections have been inseparable from wider social-political concerns regarding the position of science in society. Where does this debate stand in the philosophy and sociology of science today? And how does the 'relativism question' relate to current concerns with 'post truth' politics? In Relativism in the Philosophy of Science, Martin Kusch examines some of the most influential relativist proposals of the last fifties years, and the controversies they have triggered. He argues that defensible forms of relativism all deny that any sense can be made of a scientific result being absolutely true or justified, and that they all reject 'anything goes' – that is the thought that all scientific results are epistemically on a par. Kusch concludes by distinguishing between defensible forms of relativism and post-truth thinking.
Pride and Prejudice
Authors: Austen Jane
Published: December 2020

'It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.' With this famous declaration Jane Austen launches into the story of the five Bennet sisters. It is a story that on first reading is full of suspense, surprise and, ultimately, satisfaction, and which on re-reading commands, in addition, admiration for the author's supreme skill in managing a deceptively complex plot to its triumphant conclusion. First published in 1813, and Austen's most popular novel in her own lifetime, Pride and Prejudice has since been widely recognised as one of the finest novels in the English language. This volume, first published in 2006, provides comprehensive explanatory notes, an extensive critical introduction covering the context and publication history of the work, a chronology of Austen's life and an authoritative textual apparatus. This edition is an indispensable resource for all scholars and readers of Austen.
Day‐to‐Day Variability of Diurnal Tide in the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Driven From Below
Authors: Wang Jack C. , Palo Scott E. , Liu Han‐Li , Siskind D. E.
Published: December 2020

The migrating diurnal tide (DW1) is one of the dominant wave motions in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. It plays a crucial role in neutral atmosphere and ionosphere coupling. The DW1 can vary over a range of time scales from days to years. While the long‐term variability of the DW1 is mainly attributed to the source and background atmosphere variability, the driving mechanism of short‐term DW1 variability is still openly debated. Herein the daily structure of the DW1 is extracted from observations using a novel multi‐satellite estimation technique and compared with model simulations (NOGAPS‐ALPHA and WACCM‐X). Both the observations and the models show that the day‐to‐day variability of the DW1 is a persistent and ubiquitous feature. The standard deviation peak of DW1 amplitudes, which is used to measure the maximum variability, is generally aligned with the DW1 amplitude peak. This result indicates that the day‐to‐day variability of the DW1 reflects global‐scale changes rather than local excitation of diurnal oscillation. The spatial lag‐correlation analysis of the diurnal (1,1) and (1,2) Hough modes suggests that the day‐to‐day variability of the diurnal (1,1) Hough mode is likely driven by variability in the lower atmosphere and the source of day‐to‐day variability of the (1,2) mode is uncertain. The significant correlation of the DW1 day‐to‐day variability between the NOGAPS‐ALPHA and the multi‐satellite estimation techniques also indicates that the model is capable of reproducing the DW1 structure on a daily basis.
Corn Syrup Reveals How Bubbles Affect Lava’s Flow
Authors: Gasparini Allison
Published: December 2020

New research shows that huge bubbles can change the viscosity of lava and drastically affect how it moves across the landscape.
Juno Observations of Ion‐Inertial Scale Flux Ropes in the Jovian Magnetotail
Authors: Sarkango Yash , Slavin James A. , Jia Xianzhe , DiBraccio Gina A. , Gershman Daniel J. , Connerney John E. P. , Kurth William S. , Hospodarsky George B.
Published: December 2020

Two ion‐inertial scale magnetic flux ropes are identified in the Juno magnetic field measurements in the dawnside Jovian magnetotail. Previously reported plasmoids in this region had typical diameters of several Jovian radii (RJ). However, events reported here are only ∼0.15–0.19 RJ in diameter, assuming that they move at the local Alfven speed. Using the plasma density determined by the Juno Waves instrument, the diameters are calculated to be on the order of the local ion inertial length (∼0.6–1.6 di). Multiple reversals in the north‐south component are observed ∼30 min before one of these events, which suggests that plasmoid ejection in the dawnside magnetotail may proceed via multiple X‐line reconnection in a highly thinned cross‐tail current sheet in a manner similar to that observed at Mercury and Earth. Further studies will be required to determine the contribution of these small flux ropes to mass loss through plasmoid ejection.
Wind Erosion on Mars Exposes Ideal Targets for Sample Return
Authors: Day Mackenzie , Anderson William
Published: December 2020

The Mars 2020 rover will land in Jezero crater, characterize the local geology, and collect samples to send back to Earth. Ionizing radiation at the Martian surface degrades the complex organic molecules sought by this mission, making it critical to mission success that samples be selected from recently eroded strata minimally exposed to surface radiation. We used numerical modeling to identify sites near the rover landing area potentially eroded by recent winds. Large‐eddy simulation of turbulent airflow over topography was coupled with interpretations of the surface geology to (1) establish a baseline estimate of local grain mobility and (2) characterize potential wind‐driven erosion across the Jezero crater delta deposit. We discuss sediment sources with respect to abrasion and rover trafficability at several locations. Our results identify several locations that provide optimal sites for sample collection. These results offer a baseline for comparing theory and observations collected by the rover.
The Continuum of Northeast Pacific Marine Heatwaves and Their Relationship to the Tropical Pacific
Authors: Xu Tongtong , Newman Matthew , Capotondi Antonietta , Di Lorenzo Emanuele
Published: December 2020

Some questions remain concerning the record‐breaking 2013–2015 Northeast Pacific marine heatwave (MHW) event: was it exceptional or merely the most pronounced of a group of similar events, and was its intensity and multiyear duration driven by internal extratropical processes or did the tropics play an important role? By analyzing the statistical behavior of the historical MHWs within the ERSST.v3 data set over the 1950–2019 period, we find that Northeast Pacific MHWs occurred over a continuum of intensities and durations, suggesting that these events are a recurrent Pacific phenomenon. These statistics and corresponding composite evolution are dynamically reproduced by a large ensemble simulation of a Pacific Linear Inverse Model, thereby providing a greater range of MHW expressions than the short observational record alone. Consistent with the 2013–2015 event's evolution, we find that overall the tropics influence MHWs primarily by increasing their duration, while MHW intensity is related to the initial extratropical anomalies.
Magnetospheric Multiscale Observations of Earth's Oblique Bow Shock Reformation by Foreshock Ultralow‐Frequency Waves
Authors: Liu Terry Z. , Hao Yufei , Wilson Lynn B. , Turner Drew L. , Zhang Hui
Published: December 2020

Collisionless shocks can be nonstationary with periodic reformation shown in many simulation results, but direct observations are still tenuous and difficult to conclusively interpret. In this study, using Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) observations, we report direct observational evidence of Earth's oblique bow shock reformation driven by the foreshock Ultralow‐Frequency (ULF) waves. When the four MMS spacecraft were in a string‐of‐pearls formation roughly along the bow shock normal, they observed that when each period of foreshock ULF waves encountered the bow shock, a new shock ramp formed. Meanwhile, in the magnetosheath, the old bow shock's remnants were observed periodically convecting downstream. We propose that the reformation mechanism of the oblique bow shock is the variation of the upstream conditions by the periodic ULF waves as they encounter the bow shock. We also examine the nature of reflected ions during the reformation process.
Measurement of Magnetic Field Fluctuations in the Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter Missions
Authors: Jannet G. , Dudok de Wit T. , Krasnoselskikh V. , Kretzschmar M. , Fergeau P. , Bergerard‐Timofeeva M. , Agrapart C. , Brochot J.‐Y. , Chalumeau G. , Martin P. , Revillet C. , Bale S. D. , Maksimovic M. , Bowen T. A. , Brysbaert C. , Goetz K. , Guilhem E. , Harvey P. R. , Leray V. , Lorfèvre E.
Published: December 2020

The search‐coil magnetometer (SCM) measures the magnetic signature of solar wind fluctuations with three components in the 3 Hz–50 kHz range and one single component in the 1 kHz–1 MHz range. This instrument is important for providing in situ observations of transients caused by interplanetary shocks and reconnection, for the identification of electromagnetic wave modes in plasmas and the determination of their characteristics (planarity, polarization, ellipticity, and k‐vector) and for studying the turbulent cascade in the kinetic range. Two similar triaxial search‐coils have been built for the Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter missions. Here we describe the science objectives of both missions which led to the SCM design and present the characteristics of the two instruments.
Projecting Three‐Dimensional Ocean Thermohaline Structure in the North Indian Ocean From the Satellite Sea Surface Data Based on a Variational Method
Authors: He Zikang , Wang Xidong , Wu Xinrong , Chen Zhiqiang , Chen Jian
Published: December 2020

This study uses a variational method combined with satellite observations to reconstruct three‐dimensional temperature and salinity profiles for the Northern Indian Ocean. Sensitivity experiments show that sea surface temperature dominantly improve the temperature reconstruction of upper 100 m; sea surface salinity determines salinity estimation in the upper 100 m; sea surface height anomaly dominates the reconstruction of thermocline. The reconstructed temperature fields can be greatly improved in the thermocline by removing barotropic signal from the altimeter sea surface height data through a linear regression method. Ocean reanalysis and in situ temperature and salinity data are used to evaluate the results of reconstruction. Comparing with Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA) in 2016, the spectral correlation between the reconstruction and the SODA density anomalies show that the reconstruction fields can retrieve mesoscale and large‐scale signals better. Moreover, the reconstruction salinity is much more accurate than SODA salinity in the upper ocean over the Bay of Bengal (BoB). Compared with CTD section observations, the reconstruction fields can capture the mesoscale eddy structure in the Arabian Sea and BoB well, respectively. The long time series of reconstruction along Argo trajectory shows that the reconstruction fields can better reproduce the observed intraseasonal oscillations of thermocline/halocline in the BoB. Compared with the World Ocean Atlas 2013 climatology, the reconstruction fields can better characterize upper ocean water mass variability.
Evaluation of Three Numerical Weather Prediction Models for the Weddell Sea Region for the Austral Winter 2013
Authors: Jonassen M. O. , Nygård T. , Vihma T.
Published: December 2020

It is widely recognized that numerical weather prediction (NWP) results for the Antarctic are relatively poor compared to the mid‐latitudes. In this study, we evaluate output from three operational NWP systems: the ECMWF, Global Forecast System (GFS) and Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS), for the Austral winter (June‐August) of 2013 for the Weddell Sea region, paying special attention to regional patterns of error statistics. This is the first evaluation of NWP systems over the Southern Ocean that also addresses the accuracy of forecasted vertical profiles. In the evaluation, we use data from land‐ and ship‐based automatic weather stations (AWS) and radiosoundings. While the ECMWF and AMPS forecasts are on average biased cold and dry near the surface, the GFS forecasts are on average biased warm and moist. The near‐surface wind speed is on average overestimated by the AMPS forecasts, whereas it is slightly underestimated by the forecasts of the other two NWP systems. Among the variables investigated, all three NWP systems forecast the near‐surface specific humidity most accurately, followed by the temperature and then the wind speed. The forecast quality for the near‐surface and upper‐air wind speed degrades the most rapidly with increasing lead time, compared to the other variables. ECMWF is the overall best NWP system when compared against both the near‐surface and upper‐air observations, followed by AMPS and then GFS. The generally poorest model performance is found in locations with complex terrain along the coast of the Antarctic continent, and the best over the ocean.
Residence Time in Hyporheic Bioactive Layers Explains Nitrate Uptake in Streams
Authors: Li Angang , Bernal Susana , Kohler Brady , Thomas Steven A. , Martí Eugènia , Packman Aaron I.
Published: December 2020

The Tracer Additions for Spiraling Curve Characterization (TASCC) model has been rapidly adopted to interpret in‐stream nutrient spiraling metrics over a range of concentrations from breakthrough curves (BTCs) obtained during pulse solute injection experiments. TASCC analyses often identify hysteresis in the relationship between spiraling metrics and concentration as nutrient concentration in BTCs rises and falls. The mechanisms behind these hysteresis patterns have yet to be determined. We hypothesized that differences in the time a solute is exposed to bioactive environments (i.e., biophysical opportunity) between the rising and falling limbs of BTCs causes hysteresis in TASCCs. We tested this hypothesis using nitrate data from Elkhorn Creek (CO, USA) combined with a process‐based particle‐tracking model representing travel times and transformations along each flow path in the water column and hyporheic zone, from which the bioactive zone comprised only a thin superficial layer. In‐stream nitrate uptake was controlled by hyporheic exchange and the cumulative time nitrate spend in the bioactive layer. This bioactive residence time generally increased from the rising to the falling limb of the BTC, systematically generating hysteresis in the TASCC curves. Hysteresis decreased when nutrient uptake primarily occurred in the water column compared to the hyporheic zone, and with increasing the distance between the injection and sampling points. Hysteresis increased with the depth of the hyporheic bioactive layer. Our results emphasize that good characterization of spatial heterogeneity of surface‐subsurface flow paths and bioactive hot spots within streams is essential to understanding the mechanisms of in‐stream nutrient uptake.
Assimilation of Ground‐Based GPS Observations of Vertical Displacement into a Land Surface Model to Improve Terrestrial Water Storage Estimates
Authors: Yin Gaohong , Forman Barton A. , Wang Jing
Published: December 2020

Ground‐based Global Positioning System (GPS) observations of vertical surface displacement can be used to study terrestrial water storage (TWS) change after properly accounting for nonhydrological loading effects. This study systematically merged ground‐based GPS observations of vertical displacement into a land surface model in order to better estimate TWS. Assimilation was conducted across two snow‐dominated watersheds in the western United States using a one‐dimensional ensemble Kalman filter (EnkF). Modeled estimates were compared against TWS retrievals derived from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission and in situ measurements of snow water equivalent (SWE), soil moisture, and runoff. The GPS data assimilation (GPS DA) technique improves prediction skill of TWS anomalies relative to the Open Loop (OL; model run without assimilation) when compared against GRACE TWS retrievals, especially during an extended drought period post‐2011 (e.g., correlation coefficient ROL = 0.46 and RGPSDA = 0.82 in the Great Basin). Furthermore, GPS DA improves SWE estimation with improved R values found over 76% and 69% of all pixels collocated with in situ stations in the Great Basin and Upper Colorado watersheds, respectively. GPS DA estimates of surface soil moisture and runoff, however, exhibit degraded performance relative to the OL due to the limited sensitivity of GPS observations to surface soil moisture variations and the lack of a dynamic surface routing scheme as well as other missing model physics (e.g., river and dam regulation, irrigation‐related water withdrawals, surface water impoundments) that are not included in the Catchment Land Surface Model.
The first-principles and BTE investigation of phonon transport in 1T-TiSe2
Authors: Wang Zhao-Liang , Chen Guofu , Zhang Xiaoliang , Tang Dawei
Published: December 2020

Through the first-principles density functional theory and the phonon Boltzmann transport equation, we investigated the phonon transport characteristics inside 1T-TiSe2.