bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Luminescence and radiocarbon dating as tools for the recognition of extraterrestrial impacts
Authors: Stankowski Wojciech
Published: January 2011

Extraterrestrial events and the extraterrestrial origin of both material and impact forms were recognized in the Morasko, Kaali and Przełazy shallow geological profiles by means of luminescence and radiocarbon dating as well as the frequency of magnetic spherules. The obtained results provide a promising tool for proving theat extraterrestrial events affected characteristic lithological and morphological environmental features.
Estimation of soil erosion on cultivated fields on the hilly Meghalaya Plateau, North-East India
Authors: Poręba Grzegorz , Prokop Paweł
Published: January 2011

The estimation of soil erosion rates in complex subtropical agricultural systems of hilly environment is difficult and most of the traditional methods have serious limitations. The 137Cs technique allows to obtain relatively quickly retrospective medium term soil erosion results. The objective of this study was using 137Cs approach to quantify soil loss under agricultural system which develops under growing human pressure on the hilly terrain of the Meghalaya Plateau. The measured values of caesium inventory for all sampling points are between 2% and 63% of the reference value of caesium inventory. The estimated annual soil loss for sampling points located on the slope are between 29 and 79 Mg·ha−1·yr−1 in the case of an improved mass balance model. It means that soil erosion in this manually tilled agricultural area cannot be neglected.
Holocene marine ingressions in the coastal zone of the pomeranian bay based on radiocarbon assays
Authors: Borówka Ryszard , Cedro Bernard
Published: January 2011

In recent years, a team at the Geology and Paleogeography Unit, Marine Sciences Institute, University of Szczecin, has been performing geological, geochronological and paleogeographic surveys in (i) the Szczecin Lagoon and Świna Gate Sandbar and (ii) the estuary section of the Rega river valley near Mrzeżyno. These studies have helped to examine and identify not only the distribution of fossil marine sediments but also their lithological and sedimentological characteristics. The age of marine ingressions and regressions in the coastal zone of the Pomeranian Bay were determined using approximately 170 radiocarbon assays.

It was found that the marine ingression associated with the ‘Littorina transgression’ was not synchronous at these two areas. It started earlier in the Mrzeżyno area, ca. 8300-8200 cal BP. In that first phase, marine sediments developed as tightly packed sands containing a few fragments of shells. In several profiles, these deposits were separated from the bottom and top with layers of peat, thus allowing an indirect determination of their age. The next phase of ingression began about 7300 cal BP. These younger marine sediments already contained quite numerous shells of marine malacofauna, especially Cardium glaucum, often found in a life position.

In the area of the Szczecin Lagoon and Swina Gate Sandbar, the oldest marine ingression started as early as about 7350 cal BP. The quite clear trace is a considerably thicker series of marine sands with numerous sea shells representing marine and brackish-marine environments, including Cardium glaucum shells in a life position, which made it possible to identify the age and the rate of accumulation of marine sands.
Combined dating methods applied to building archaeology: The contribution of thermoluminescence to the case of the bell tower of St Martin’s church, Angers (France)
Authors: Blain S. , Guibert P. , Prigent D. , Lanos P. , Oberlin C. , Sapin C. , Bouvier A. , Dufresne P.
Published: January 2011

St Martin’s church, Angers, is emblematic of the problems raised in pre-12th century history of architecture. In view of the importance of this building, it was necessary to attempt to define its dating and this study particularly focuses on its bell-tower. In addition to the conclusion resulting from the interpretation of written sources and typological criteria positioning the construction of the site at the beginning of the 11th century, not only a significant number of 14C dates were carried out on charcoals from the masonry structures, but also independent dating by archaeomagnetism and thermoluminescence were performed on bricks from the bell-tower. The whole results from these three different methods agree and indicate the lower level of the bell-tower was likely built in the 9th century, disputing evidence to the theory of construction in the 11th century of the church. Presented here are the detailed results obtained from the thermoluminescence (TL) dating analysis.
Comparison of three K-feldspar luminescence dating methods for Holocene samples
Authors: Li Guo-Qiang , Zhao Hui , Chen Fa-Hu
Published: January 2011

The luminescence dating of the K-feldspar fraction is an alternative way for samples that cannot yield reasonable equivalent dose (De) from quartz fraction with very weak luminescence signal. For testing the reliability of the infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) dating of K-feldspar, luminescence dating was applied to quartz and K-feldspar fractions respectively for several Holocene samples in this study. K-feldspar apparent ages using routine single aliquot regenerative-dose (SAR) protocol, K-feldspar ages using g value correction method and ages from isochron dating method were compared with quartz ages. It is found that the g value correction method cannot give reliable ages due to the large errors induced during measurements. The isochron dating method is effective to the sample with problematically external dose rate. However, isochron dating may introduce a relatively greater error during grain sizes — De curve fitting, therefore this method could obtain low-resolution ages for Holocene samples. Even K-feldspar apparent age from routine SAR protocol is relatively younger by about 10% than the quartz age, it still could establish reasonable chronological framework for Holocene samples.
Cytomegalovirus chronic infection as a risk factor for stroke: a prospective study
Authors: Ķēniņa Viktorija , Auce Pauls , Priede Zanda , Irbe Inese , Vainšteina Lana , Smeltere Elvīra , Millers Andrejs
Published: January 2011

Cytomegalovirus chronic infection as a risk factor for stroke: a prospective study

Stroke is the second most common cause of death in the world and a major cause of long-term disability. Chronic infection is an independent risk factor for ischemic stroke and related forms of atherosclerotic vascular disease. The aim of our study was to compare the plasma Cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunoglobulin G antibody level in a patient and control group, and to determine the association of CMV chronic infection with ischemic stroke, and with stroke subtype. The present study does not present a cogent demonstration that cytomegalovirus chronic infection is a risk factor of stroke. Further studies are necessary to clarify the effective prophylactic measures to determine other significant risk factors for stroke.
Comparative analysis of sweet cherry (P. avium) genetic diversity revealed by two methods of SSR marker detection
Authors: Lācis Gunārs , Rashal Isaak , Trajkovski Viktor
Published: January 2011

Comparative analysis of sweet cherry (P. avium) genetic diversity revealed by two methods of SSR marker detection

Three previously described highly polymorphic SSR (microsatellite) primer pairs in 126 sweet cherry (Prunus aviumL.) accessions were tested using two microsatellite marker detection methods: ASCE (automated sequencer capillary electrophoresis) and PAGE (polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) in screening of sweet cherry germplasm collections. It was determined that ASCE provided more precise genotyping. In the case of PAGE, due to possible manual scoring errors, a higher number of putative alleles was observed, which overestimated the level of polymorphism and hence the genetic diversity. This should be taken into account when comparing results obtained in different investigations. The ASCE detection method generally is considered as expensive, it requires more advanced and expensive equipment, and is available mostly in mid- to high-throughput laboratories. Nevertheless, the detection precision and possibility of complete unification of laboratory protocols among laboratories makes it a very useful tool in the identification and characterisation of sweet cherry breeding material, especially in large, diverse collecions.
Protective effects of mildronate in indinavir- and efavirenz-induced toxicity in mice
Authors: Pupure Jolanta , Isajevs Sergejs , Kalviņš Ivars , Kluša Vija
Published: January 2011

Protective effects of mildronate in indinavir- and efavirenz-induced toxicity in mice

Previously we showed that mildronate effectively protected mice heart tissue against the toxic influence of anti-HIV drugs azidothymidine, stavudine and lamivudine, which belong to nucleosideanalogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) class. Recently we also demonstrated that mildronate protected isolated rat liver mitochondria against mitochondrial damage caused by azidothymidine. The present study was devoted to examine the possible protective effectiveness of mildronate in cardio-, hepato- and neurotoxicity models caused by anti-HIV drugs of other classes: indinavir, a representative of protease inhibitor (PI) class, and efavirenz, a non-nucleoside-analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI). Drugs were administered intraperitoneally for two weeks, at the dose of 50 mg/kg of anti-HIV drugs and 100 mg/kg for mildronate. Afterwards, mice heart, liver and brain tissue were examined morphologically and immunohistochemically. The results showed that indinavir in heart tissue caused inflammatory and degenerative changes, manifested as increased expression of nuclear factor kappaBp65 (NF-kBp65), as well as cardiomyocyte necrosis and cellular infiltration. Efavirenz did not cause pathological changes in mice heart tissue, whereas it induced marked expression of caspase-3 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in mice brain tissue and small degenerative alterations in mice liver tissue. The data obtained show mildronate's protective properties in indinavir-induced cardiotoxicity and efavirenz-induced neurotoxicity.
Renal anaemia: the role of haemoglobin control in patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: Kuzema Viktorija , Pētersons Aivars , Čerņevskis Harijs , Lejnieks Aivars
Published: January 2011

Renal anaemia: the role of haemoglobin control in patients with chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a significant and prevalent health problem in the world. Anaemia is one of the most common manifestations in patients with CKD. The correction of anaemia with erythropoietin normalises haemoglobin level and improves quality of life. Many aspects of the impact of anaemia treatment with erythropoiesis-stimulating agents on the progression of CKD remain unresolved and disputable. The present study is a retrospective chart review of 1654 outpatients with CKD. The data were collected from the Centre of Nephrology between 1 January 2002 and 31 December 2006. The aims of the study were to assess the causes of CKD; the prevalence of anaemia based on the current guidelines for anaemia management in CKD (Kidney Disease Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative; K/DOQI); to evaluate haemoglobin (Hb), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP), glomerular filtration rate (GFR) at the first referral to a nephrologist and at the start of renal replacement therapy (RRT). The most common causes of CKD were arterial hypertension (17.2%), chronic glomerulonephritis (17.2%), chronic intersticial nephritis (13.3%), and diabetes (12.8%). Twenty-three percent of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients had diabetes mellitus. At the first visit in the renal department, 16% of the patients had an advanced degree of CKD (GFR <30 ml/min). The proportion of patients under an observation in the kidney centre for a period of six months and more was only 34% (554 of 1654). Hypertension was recorded in 72% of study subjects. The blood pressure (BP) values in patients at the first visit (n = 1633) vs. at the start of RRT (n = 154) were: mean SBP 147.4 ± 24.8 mm Hg vs. 152.2 ± 23.0 mm Hg (P < 0.05); mean DBP 88.8 ± 13.6 mm Hg vs. 88.4 ± 12.0 mm Hg (P 0.05). Anaemia was recorded in 41% of study subjects, estimated using K/DOQI recommendations. The prevalence of anaemia was increased from 30.2% to 44.8% of study patients with a rise of BP (from normal BP to hypertension; P < 0.05). The mean Hb level at the start of RRT was 9.8 ± 2.1 g/dl. Only 18% of patients with renal anaemia had used erythropoiesis-stimulating agents before RRT (28 of 155). Anaemia is the prevalent condition at moderate degrees of CKD. The severity of anaemia in the CKD population is determined by evidence of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and renal function. Anaemia may often be unrecognised or untreated.
Late-onset hypogonadism: Review of the problem
Authors: Požarskis Anatolijs , Ērenpreiss Juris
Published: January 2011

Late-onset hypogonadism: Review of the problem

The study investigates late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), its influence on male joint system, build, cardiovascular system, haematopoesis, cognitive functions, and sexual function. LOH is a clinical and biochemical syndrome, which is related to aging and characterised by typical symptoms and a decreased serum testosterone level. It causes a worsened life quality, and the functions of various organs are badly affected. LOH is diagnosed when the testosterone level is below 8 nmol/l (230 ng/dl) or it is at the border-line (from 8 and 12 nmol/l) and there are LOH clinical symptoms such as a decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, reduced muscular mass and strength, increased obesity, reduced bone mineral density, osteoporosis, and depression. All patients with LOH are indicated testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). TRT is contra-indicated to patients suffering from prostate or thoracic gland carcinoma. In case of erythrocytosis (haematocrit > 52%), severe heart failure, marked prostate benign hyperplasia with the obstruction of urine pathways, and obstructive sleep apnoe syndrome, TRT is relatively contra-indicated and should not be started unless these dysfunctions are cured. The treatment of LOH requires thorough patient monitoring, which includes digital rectal examination and Prostate Specific Antigen conducted after 3-6 months and 12 months in the first treatment year. It is necessary to determine the total blood count after 3-4 and 12 months in the first treatment year and afterwards once a year.
Significance of arginine radicals for sturgeon gonadotropin secondary structure and function
Authors: Zenkevičs Henriks , Vosekalna Ilze , Vose Vija
Published: January 2011

Significance of arginine radicals for sturgeon gonadotropin secondary structure and function

Guanidine groups of arginine side chains were selectively chemically modified with 1,2-cyclohexanedione (CHD) in sturgeon (Acipenser güldenstädti Br.) gonadotropic hormone (GTH) and in its subunits. It was found that only two of the six guanidines were accessible for the reagent and each of the two modified groups was bound to an individual subunit. The results showed that both modified groups were located on the surface of the hormone dimeric molecule. CD-spectroscopy of the modified hormonal preparations did not indicate any considerable changes in their secondary structure. On the basis of the data obtained, a conclusion was made that the free guanidine groups are of exclusive importance for the hormone function at the receptor level as the bearers of the positive charge in the functionally important active sites or effector zones located on the surface of the hormone molecule. Also, it was shown that the guanidine groups played a certain role in sustaining the functionally effective spatial structure of the subunits and GTH.
Cloning and expression of chemokine receptor CXCR4 in eukaryotic cells CHO, HEK293 and BHK21
Authors: Strods Arnis , Petrovska Ramona , Jackeviča Ludmila , Renhofa Regīna
Published: January 2011

Cloning and expression of chemokine receptor CXCR4 in eukaryotic cells CHO, HEK293 and BHK21

Chemokines and their receptors are now under intensive investigation from different points of view: theoretically, to understand "how they work", and practically, to discover methods to affect or to force cellular processes into organisms in the intended direction. Evidence gathered during recent years suggests an important role for chemokines in normal cell proliferation, migration, intracellular communication, but what is of greater interest is their number of pathophysiological processes, such as chronic and acute inflammation, infection diseases, modulation of angiogenesis, tumour growth and spread. Chemokines have been also in several brain areas, where ligand-receptor systems can seriously alter the action of neuronally active pharmacological agents. Our interest is focused on the receptor/ligand pair CXCR4 / CXCL12 (SDF-1). We attempted the overexpression of this receptor into several eukaryotic cell lines for detailed interaction studies of receptor CXCR4 with ligands that were virus-like particles-based analogs of its only known natural ligand SDF-1 or stromal cell derived factor. This study evaluates the expression of CXCR4 into cells CHO, HEK293 and BHK21 with the idea of developing a handy "instrument" for further investigations.
Les communaux de la partie orientale du Marais Poitevin
Authors: Bouhier Abel
Published: January 2011

SUMMARY

Numerous country districts in the Marais Poitevin still possess areas of common land which are occasionally quite extensive. Whereas in the region to the West of a line joining Doix, Saint-Jean-de-Liversay and Le Gué-d'Alleré, these common lands are used collectively for grazing animals, in the region to the East of this line they are divided into plots of tâches (tasks), which the municipalities allocate to the inhabitants for private posession, usually for short periods, and, in rare cases, for life.

The tâches are sometimes let out at a fixed rate, sometimes auctioned, and sometimes distributed by drawing lots. These different systems bear some relationship to one another : the first one derives from the second and is practised currently (1960-1965) ; the second one derives from the third and was in practice during the last third of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th. The third system (i. e. the periodic redistribution of plots by lottery) would therefore seem to be the basic system. Nevertheless, this does not mean to say that it was the primary form originating at one particular time, and then being rapidly generalised. Careful examination of documents proves that this system came to be established during the course of the 19th century by slow development from an even older means of possession. This clearly existed before the 18th century and combined collective grazing with the periodic assignment of plots of land to hay-harvesting. A number of factors have governed this evolution : the pedological nature of the region ; the structure of the administrative areas ; the possibility of land reclamation ; the pattern of demographic growth and the structure of social classes.

The antiquity of this custom of allocating plots of land periodically by means of lottery gives rise to several major problems in the general spheres of administrative organisation and the creation of agrarian landscapes.

Economically speaking, the common lands have lost much of their importance ; nevertheless, the part they continue to play in local life, which varies considerably from place to place, is by no means negligible.
L'évolution récente des principaux ports de pêche bretons
Authors: Gautier Marcel
Published: January 2011

RÉSUMÉ

La situation actuelle des ports de pêche bretons se présente comme suit. En ce qui concerne la pêche du thon, réduction de la flotille pêche fraîche, déclin des ports morbihannais, essor d' Audierne et des ports bigoudens, développement de la pêche concarnoise de l'albacore dans les eaux africaines, succès croissant des congélateurs et des senneurs. Dans le domaine du chalutage, il faut signaler le développement progressif de la congélation, l'apparition des chalutiers péchant par l'arrière, la création d'un nouveau port de pêche fraîche à Sainl-Malo en 1965. La pêche langoustière est en crise, mais la Cornouaille fournit toujours 80 % des tonnages français de langoustes.

La lutte pour la 2e place, derrière Boulogne, se poursuit entre Lorient, qui l'emporte légèrement pour le tonnage, et Concarneau qui l'emporte pour la valeur des prises. Une tentative d'organisation du marché s'opère avec la SOVETCO, la SOPROGEL et la SURGELMER, qui sont des initiatives concarnoises. Malgré l'amélioration des installations portuaires, par exemple à Douarnenez, la pêche et la vente du poisson restent encore trop au stade artisanal ; l'associaiion régionale n'est encore qu'un vœu ; le mouvement coopératif est toujours embryonnaire, malgré la création d'un Armement Coopératif Artisanal Finistérien (A.C.A.F.) en 1965.
Les enseignements du bassin hydrographique du ruisseau du Lou du Lac (Ille-et-Vilaine) et des gorges de la Rance moyenne
Authors: Gautier Marcel
Published: January 2011

RÉSUMÉ

Les gorges de la Rance moyenne et le réseau de son affluent, le ruisseau du Lou du Lac, dans le N.O. du bassin de Rennes et à travers le synclinorium médian de la Bretagne, mettent en évidence l'existence de déformations tectoniques tardives qui se situent à la fin du Miocène et au début du Pliocène. Ceci ressort du tracé des cours d'eau, de leurs relations avec la structure et les déformations tectoniques, de failure des dépôts miocènes et pliocènes, du profil en long de la Rance et des replats de sa vallée en amont du barrage de Rophemel. La persistance des déformations jusqu'au Pliocène et l'antécédence expliquent le cours singulier de la Rance dont les gorges se creusent à travers un bloc basculé vers le Nord, gauchi vers le N.O., à contre-pente du gauchissement.
Géographie humaine de la Finlande au dix-huitième siècle. Examen de quelques matériaux de base
Authors: Mead W. R.
Published: January 2011

RÉSUMÉ

Au XVIIIe siècle, la Finlande était un pays très peu connu sur la marge de l'œkoumène de l'Europe. Elle était un grand-duché de la Suède, faisant fonction de tampon sur la frontière orientale du royaume. A la fois les pressions croissantes des Russes sur ses frontières et les demandes européennes croissantes pour ses produits entraînèrent une connaissance plus grande du territoire et des ressources de la Finlande.

En conséquence, on commença de nombreuses enquêtes. Ces enquêtes sont fondamentales pour l'appréciation de la géographie humaine de la Finlande au XVIIIe siècle. En outre on y trouve les premiers matériaux de base statistiques et cartographiques de la Finlande contemporaine. Les premières séries de cartes étendues et à grande échelle sont le résultat de la réorganisation agraire (finlandais : isojako ; suédois : storskifte) selon la législation de 1747. Ces séries bien connues, conservées surtout à l'Office du Service agraire à Helsinki, sont complétées par une série négligée de cartes des Archives militaires suédoises à Stockholm. Les cartes de reconnaissance militaire de la Finlande méridionale, exécutées surtout entre 1770 et 1780, sont semblables en forme et caractère à celles résultant des travaux de Cassini et Roy.

La collection des statistiques, précédée par les estimations contenues dans les rapports provinciaux des gouverneurs généraux, commencèrent avec la législation sur le recensement de 1748. Par la suite, les recensements de population, établis sur une base paroissiale, furent renouvelés tous les cinq ans. La législation a fourni le matériel de recensement détaillé continu le plus long pour n'importe quelle partie du monde en dehors de la province de Québec. On ajouta par la suite les chiffres des récoltes et des produits fermiers à ceux de population. De même que la géographie humaine de nombreuses régions de l'Europe occidentale, celle de la Finlande au XVIIIe siècle peut être reconstituée à partir d'une foule de descriptions topographiques. Celles-ci manquent d'uniformité, mais elles fournissent des images de nombreuses régions du pays comme les voyaient les auteurs locaux. Le premier essai de synthèse de ces matériaux variés dans une étude géographique du Grand-Duché fut fait en 1795 par H. G. Porthan, Recteur de l'Université d'Abo (en finlandais Turku). Les matériaux géographiques utilisés dans cet article servent à montrer à quel point est connue une partie de l'Europe apparemment inconnue il y a 150 à 200 ans. La tradition des enquêtes et des études effectuées à cette époque permet d'expliquer la compréhension que les Finlandais ont de la géographie de leur pays.
Karsts et glaciers quaternaires. Irlande et Laponie
Authors: Corbel Jean
Published: January 2011

RÉSUMÉ

Dans un premier chapitre intitulé : Point de départ, l'auteur rappelle que lorsqu'un glacier abandonne un Karst, les calcaires se présentent sous deux formes : la roche en place, les moraines et alluvions chargées de calcaire arraché à cette roche, et il signale que les rapports entre la dissolution des calcaires et les glaciers quaternaires posent de nombreux problèmes.

Il étudie ensuite les relations morphologiques d'érosion dans la roche en place et les relations dans les matériaux d'accumulation. Dans ce dernier chapitre sont soulignés l'importance des calcaires dans les moraines et formations conjuguées et les problèmes de l'altération chimique ; puis l'auteur donne des exemples d'altération en milieu frais (zone périalpine, Irlande, Laponie) et termine l'article par un essai de corrélation entre les différents facteurs du climat et l'ampleur des altérations dans les trois régions considérées.
Tourisme balnéaire et structures foncières : l'exemple du littoral vendéen
Authors: Renard Jean
Published: January 2011

RÉSUMÉ

Le Pays de Brem et le Talmondais sont tes deux secteurs du littoral vendéen qui ont été touchés te plus tardivement par le tourisme balnéaire. Ils ont conservé une vie agricole traditionnelle, aujourd'hui en crise, où les contrastes entre les types d' occupation du sol sont particulièrement nets. L'on constate un rapport étroit entre la présence des structures foncières pulvérisées des hameaux et la colonisation touristique. Jusqu'à maintenant les grandes propriétés ont résisté. La diversité des structures foncières explique donc la localisation et les types de fonctions touristiques.
Aperçus statistiques sur les landes et les boisements de la Gâtine tourangelle
Authors: Couderc J.-M.
Published: January 2011

RÉSUMÉ

L'auteur présente des statistiques et un certain nombre de cartes qui sont le bilan de recherches faites au service du Cadastre du département d'Indre-et-Loire.

Pour chaque commune du Nord de l'Indre-et-Loire, les cadastres de 1830, 1914, 1935 et 1963 ont été dépouillés en ce qui concerne les landes, forêts et boisements divers. Un certain nombre de chiffres établis d'après le dernier cadastre (1963) donnent l'état actuel du boisement de la Gâtine tourangelle :

— taux de boisement par commune.

— superficie des grandes forêts domaniales ou privées.

— superficie des landes et des forêts communales. — part des forêts en taillis, en taillis-sous-futaie et en futaie par rapport à la surface totale.

— part des résineux dans le total des forêts de la Gâtine tourangelle.

Ces données sont reliées aux grands faits géologiques et historiques. Par ailleurs, une étude de l'évolution des boisements et des landes, quant à leur superficie et à leur qualité, est faite depuis 1830, avec, comme étapes intermédiaires et comme stades de comparaison les années 1860 (grâce à des inventaires forestiers), 1914 et 1963.
Les migrations de la population de Noirmoutier : le tourisme
Authors: Gerbier Guy
Published: January 2011

SUMMARY

Among the migratory phenomena that are at present affecting the population of Noirmoutier, the tourist trade is the most noticeable factor upsetting the demographic balance. It is responsible for a veritable revolution in the way of life of the islanders.

After mentioning the tourist potential of the island, which is not yet sufficiently developed, the author studies the rather limited possibilities or accommodating holidaymakers : hotel facilities, second residences, lodgings, holiday camps and camping area, the latter being representative of a fully developing tourist trend. Tourists go to the island at Easter, at Whitsun, and especially from June to September. 51 % of the summer visitors go camping, 32 % have a second residence at Noirmoutier, 9 % stay in hotels, 8 % stay with their family, or in rest homes.

For a long time the island has been linked to the mainland only by the Gois causeway, which is subject to flooding. There will be a visible development in the tourist assets of the island when the bridge, wich is planned for completion in 1971, is built. Together with the tourist trade, the economy will keenly feel the effects of a permanent access road.
Les tremblements de terre du Massif Armoricain
Authors: Gautier Marcel
Published: January 2011

RESUME

L'étude des séismes armoricains, qui tantôt affectent des zones étendues, tantôt sont étroitement localisés, fait ressortir leurs relations avec ta structure du massif et notamment avec sa tectonique cassante et la répartition des batholites granitiques. Toutes les grandes failles reconnues du Massif Armoricain ne constituent cependant pas des zones sismiques. Au nombre des régions les plus sensibles, il faut placer le Golfe normand-breton et les grands alignements tectoniques de direction armoricaine de la zone méridionale de la Bretagne et de la région au Sud de lu Loire. La cause de ces tremblements de terre paraît résider essentiellement dans des rejeux de fractures profondes. Si certaines secousses ont eu des effets notables, il n'y eut cependant jamais là de catastrophe sismique.
Livreurs de vin et bouilleurs de cru du pays de Cognac ?
Authors: Belot Claude
Published: January 2011

RESUME

La viticulture Charentaise, forte de près de 30.000 exploitants, présente des aspects très divers et même très contrastés, du fait d'une intégration verticale plus ou moins poussée dans le processus d'élaboration du Cognac. Toutefois, les relations entre la viticulture et le négoce se modifient, mais il n'est pas certain que la redistribution des rôles qui s'esquisse soit favorable aux viticulteurs.
Contribution à l'étude des fortes tempêtes d'Ouest sur la façade Atlantique de l'Europe du Nord-Ouest
Authors: Marchand Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2011

RESUME

II est parfois difficile d'apprécier quantitativement l'importance des car les données publiées sont variables selon les stations et ne que les vitesses moyennes du vent et non pas les rafales.

L'étude des tempêtes les plus violentes de ces dernières années en et en Bretagne montre qu'elles sont causées par de petites perturbations jalonnant le front polaire et qui se creusent à proximité d'une dépression centrée sur l'Atlantique du Nord-Est ; le creusement s'expliquer par une accélération du jet en altitude et, au niveau de mer, par une augmentation de la convergence jointe à un réchauffement local de la mer.

Une comparaison est faite entre ces tempêtes et les cyclones
Actions naturelles et actions humaines dans l'évolution d'une flèche littorale : Le cordon dunaire des Moutiers-en-Retz (L.A.)
Authors: Gautier Marcel
Published: January 2011

La flèche littorale des Moutiers résulte d'un poulier qui se développa en offshore-bar, puis en cordon (lunaire avant de reculer vers l'Est au Nord pour s'ancrer à l'angle d'une falaise aujourd'hui morte, et de progresser au Sud vers l'Ouest en formant trois crochets successifs. Fortement attaqué au XIXe siècle, puis ensuite enrichi en sable, le cordon recule actuellement sur à peu près toute sa longueur. Réduisant la charge sableuse d'une dérive littorale, favorisant ailleurs l'attaque, des actions humaines accélèrent un processus naturel de recul des formes d'accumulation partout constaté, très probablement lié à une lente remontée du niveau marin. Cette flèche, dont révolution fut rapide, prend ainsi une valeur d'exemple.
Les pêches de la Baltique
Authors: Carré François
Published: January 2011

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG

Obwohl die Ostsee, wegen ihrer hydrologischen Merkmalen nicht sehr fis- chreich ist, hat doch der Fischfang seit 20 Jahre zugenommen und machte im Jahre 1972 740.000 t aus. Drei Uferländer, die DDR, Polen und vor allem die Sowjelunion haben den Fang der drei wichtigsten Fischarten, Hering, Sprolle und Dorsch, intensiviert. Aber, als die Fischbestände hier begrenzel sind, sollten dièse selben Lander ihren grossen Fischreiflolten nach entfernlen Gründen im ganzen Atlantischen Ozean schicken, werwandeln die Ostsee- häfen in Slandorlen der Reedereien und in Fischausladenzentren (3 mio.t.im Jahr). Die drei sozialislischen Slaate haben sich fur dièse neue wirtschaftliche Wahl enischiedel, weil diese Meeresfront fiir sie die einzige oder als lebens- wichtig war, während aile Lander, mit der Ausnahme Finnlands, die eine Marktwirtschaft betreiben, eine Küslen-bzw. Hochseefischerei vor ihrer Weslküste, also ausserhalb der Ostsee, mit kleineren Mitteln entwickelt haben.

Deswegen liegen heule die grösslen Fischereihäfen der Ostsee auf der südlichen Uferseite : mit 700.000 I ist Kaliningrad der zweitgrösste Hafen Europas ; in einigen werden mehr als 200.000 t ausgeladen : in Riga, Klaipeda und in dem Komplex Swinoujscie-Szczecin an der Odermündung .
Une grande société industrielle implantée en milieu rural : la Stora Kopparberg (Suède)
Authors: Pinard Jacques
Published: January 2011

SUMMARY

STORA KOPPARBERG is one of Sweden's oldest industrial companies. Founded at first to work the Dalecarlia's copper ore, it very early diversified its activities to avoid the decline caused by the exhaustion of ore mines. Ilsought for and dug new ores, it launched out into forest farming and chiefly it founded a varied production (special steels, chemical products, pulp...) in which it has often invented new methods of working (such as KALDO method an oxygen-blowing process) and which permits it to make 13 000 persons work in about ten large works scattered in the glades of Central Sweden forests and near them very modern and busy middle-sized towns have grown, such as Falun and Borlange.
Quelques remarques sur l'espace touristique
Authors: Flament Emile
Published: January 2011

RÉSUME

Le tourisme est consommateur d'espaces et de paysages. L'évolution des moyens de transport a progressivement élargi les horizons touristiques. Certaines préférences spatiales se dessinent avec vigueur. Une réflexion sur la valeur récréative et la signification des lieux est nécessaire. L'espace touristique est un espace concret dont la valeur récréative varie avec son accessibilité, ses aptitudes, la variété de l'offre. Mais il est peut être plus encore un espace perçu à travers le prisme déformant des goûts, des modes et du conformisme. La publicité et les mass media proposent une représentation de l'espace, finissent par imposer des espaces exemplaires. Encore faible, la consommation récréative va s'imposer comme une préoccupation essentielle de l'aménagement spatial.
Regards sur l'industrie en milieu rural dans les pays angevins
Authors: Lardeux B
Published: January 2011

RÉSUMÉ

Malgré une dégradation relative à l'égard des zones urbaines, la période récente est caractérisée, en milieu rural angevin, par un développement sensible de l'emploi industriel et sa mutation partielle. Conçues dans une conjoncture favorable, les diverses incitations volontaristes locales et nationales ont corrigé en partie les disparités régionales. Mais, avec la crise actuelle, les ambiguïtés de la croissance industrielle se font plus vives et, en l'absence de choix prioritaires pour l'estuaire de la Basse Loire et les pôles de développement ruraux, la consolidation des résultats obtenus semble mal assurée.
Les caractères des convois à blocs du haut Limousin occidental
Authors: Lacotte R.
Published: January 2011

RÉSUMÉ

L'auteur décrit une coupe complète, typique des formations de versant limousines ; puis, en complément à deux articles ayant étudié de façon statistique leur répartition et quelques-uns de leurs caractères quanti fiables, il évoque des cas de convois à blocs plus singuliers : traces de cryolurbation, présence d'arènes litées, de récurrences ; enfin, il aborde les problèmes que pose la mise en place de ces formations à blocs.

Pour leur genèse, il est résolument en faveur de la gélifluxion qui, lors des périodes froides, brassait un mélange de matrice fine et de blocs que la géli- fraclion détachait de têtes de rochers dénudés, mais aussi de blocs recouverts d'une mince couverture meuble, le tout issu d'une altération différentielle de détail, au sein de roches fragilisées par place par des diaclases ou des fractures.
Reduce, reuse, and recycle: Developmental evolution of trait diversification
Authors: Preston Jill C. , Hileman Lena C. , Cubas Pilar
Published: January 2011

A major focus of evolutionary developmental (evo‐devo) studies is to determine the genetic basis of variation in organismal form and function, both of which are fundamental to biological diversification. Pioneering work on metazoan and flowering plant systems has revealed conserved sets of genes that underlie the bauplan of organisms derived from a common ancestor. However, the extent to which variation in the developmental genetic toolkit mirrors variation at the phenotypic level is an active area of research. Here we explore evidence from the angiosperm evo‐devo literature supporting the frugal use of genes and genetic pathways in the evolution of developmental patterning. In particular, these examples highlight the importance of genetic pleiotropy in different developmental modules, thus reducing the number of genes required in growth and development, and the reuse of particular genes in the parallel evolution of ecologically important traits.
Evolutionary diversification of the flowers in angiosperms
Authors: Endress Peter K.
Published: January 2011

Angiosperms and their flowers have greatly diversified into an overwhelming array of forms in the past 135 million years. Diversification was shaped by changes in climate and the biological environment (vegetation, interaction with other organisms) and by internal structural constraints and potentials. This review focuses on the development and structural diversity of flowers and structural constraints. It traces floral diversification in the different organs and organ complexes (perianth, androecium, gynoecium) through the major clades of extant angiosperms. The continuously improved results of molecular phylogenetics provide the framework for this endeavor, which is necessary for the understanding of the biology of the angiosperms and their flowers. Diversification appears to work with innovations and modifications of form. Many structural innovations originated in several clades and in special cases could become key innovations, which likely were hot spots of diversification. Synorganization between organs was an important process to reach new structural levels, from which new diversifications originated. Complexity of synorganization reached peaks in Orchidaceae and Apocynaceae with the independent evolution of pollinaria. Such a review throughout the major clades of angiosperms also shows how superficial and fragmentary our knowledge on floral structure in many clades is. Fresh studies and a multidisciplinary approach are needed.
Phylogeny of the clusioid clade (Malpighiales): Evidence from the plastid and mitochondrial genomes
Authors: Ruhfel Brad R. , Bittrich Volker , Bove Claudia P. , Gustafsson Mats H. G. , Philbrick C. Thomas , Rutishauser Rolf , Xi Zhenxiang , Davis Charles C.
Published: January 2011

• Premise of the study: The clusioid clade includes five families (i.e., Bonnetiaceae, Calophyllaceae, Clusiaceae s.s., Hypericaceae, and Podostemaceae) represented by 94 genera and ∼1900 species. Species in this clade form a conspicuous element of tropical forests worldwide and are important in horticulture, timber production, and pharmacology. We conducted a taxon‐rich multigene phylogenetic analysis of the clusioids to clarify phylogenetic relationships in this clade.

• Methods: We analyzed plastid (matK, ndhF, and rbcL) and mitochondrial (matR) nucleotide sequence data using parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference. Our combined data set included 194 species representing all major clusioid subclades, plus numerous species spanning the taxonomic, morphological, and biogeographic breadth of the clusioid clade.

• Key results: Our results indicate that Tovomita (Clusiaceae s.s.), Harungana and Hypericum (Hypericaceae), and Ledermanniella s.s. and Zeylanidium (Podostemaceae) are not monophyletic. In addition, we place four genera that have not been included in any previous molecular study: Ceratolacis, Diamantina, and Griffithella (Podostemaceae), and Santomasia (Hypericaceae). Finally, our results indicate that Lianthus, Santomasia, Thornea, and Triadenum can be safely merged into Hypericum (Hypericaceae).

• Conclusions: We present the first well‐resolved, taxon‐rich phylogeny of the clusioid clade. Taxon sampling and resolution within the clade are greatly improved compared to previous studies and provide a strong basis for improving the classification of the group. In addition, our phylogeny will form the foundation for our future work investigating the biogeography of tropical angiosperms that exhibit Gondwanan distributions.
Switching adhesion forces by crossing the metal–insulator transition in Magnéli-type vanadium oxide crystals
Authors: Stegemann Bert , Klemm Matthias , Horn Siegfried , Woydt Mathias
Published: January 2011

Magnéli-type vanadium oxides form the homologous series VnO2n-1 and exhibit a temperature-induced, reversible metal–insulator first order phase transition (MIT). We studied the change of the adhesion force across the transition temperature between the cleavage planes of various vanadium oxide Magnéli phases (n = 3 … 7) and spherical titanium atomic force microscope (AFM) tips by systematic force–distance measurements with a variable-temperature AFM under ultrahigh vacuum conditions (UHV). The results show, for all investigated samples, that crossing the transition temperatures leads to a distinct change of the adhesion force. Low adhesion corresponds consistently to the metallic state. Accordingly, the ability to modify the electronic structure of the vanadium Magnéli phases while maintaining composition, stoichiometry and crystallographic integrity, allows for relating frictional and electronic material properties at the nano scale. This behavior makes the vanadium Magnéli phases interesting candidates for technology, e.g., as intelligent devices or coatings where switching of adhesion or friction is desired.
Cassandre parmi les porcs-épics
Authors: Charazac Vincent
Published: January 2011

Résumé Parce qu’il menace la singularité du sujet, le groupe fait surgir des angoisses spécifiques parmi ses membres, comme l’illustre la parabole des porcs-épics (Freud). Mais le groupe tente aussi de dépasser ces angoisses grâce à des aménagements défensifs dont l’illusion groupale est le plus puissant et le plus fréquemment observé. Pour illustrer un aspect de la lutte interne au groupe entre ces deux mouvements, l’auteur convoque la figure mythique de Cassandre en postulant qu’elle incarne le versant dépressif de l’illusion groupale. Trois vignettes cliniques issues d’une session de dynamique de groupe illustrent les différents temps du développement de l’angoisse au sein du groupe et en particulier celui du surgissement de Cassandre.
Évolution de processus autistiques au travers du psychodrame psychanalytique à médiations
Authors: Barrer Laurence
Published: January 2011

Résumé L’auteur tente de montre au travers du psychodrame psychanalytique de groupe d’enfants très régressés comment la création d’un cadre avec médiateurs a permis à un enfant autiste de transformer les processus autistiques qui l’envahissaient. L’adaptation du dispositif, où les agirs ont été considéré comme des préfigurations de symbolisation sous-tendant la transformation de processus psychiques archaïques en primaires puis secondaires, a joué le rôle de contenant de ces mouvements archaïques déstructurants. En particulier l’auteur analyse le rôle de relation d’un des médiateurs. Et, comment l’objet concret externe, de l’expression de la symbolique de l’enveloppe individuelle, amena le groupe psychodramatique à élaborer la symbolique paternelle, dans un mouvement synergique de ces différents éléments, aller-retour entre groupe et individu. À partir du transfert agglutiné/symbiotique des premières séances dans lequel se trouvaient les patients, elle décrit comment la capacité de symbolisation s’est développée. Un constant aller-retour de mécanisme projectif et introjectif qui les a conduits à une différenciation des espaces, créant un Surmoi groupal petit à petit introjecté subjectivement. L’émergence du lien aux pairs, au travers des différents appareils psychiques proposés a permis à l’enfant autiste de tester les différentes places du scénario familial. Il a pu introjecter la représentation de la famille et d’un Surmoi en mettant en jeu des processus identificatoires.
L'intégration monétaire en Afrique : particularités et rationalité économique
Authors: Musungaie André Nyembwe
Published: January 2011

Résumé Nous décrivons les zones monétaires existantes et passons en revue les projets d’intégration monétaire en cours en Afrique avec en toile de fond l’étude de la rationalité économique de cette intégration. Nous présentons aussi les arguments qui font l’attrait des zones monétaires à la lumière notamment des effets de la crise financière internationale sur l’inflation, particulièrement en Afrique subsaharienne. Codes JEL  : F33, F36
Moving source profile data processing, modelling and comparison with 3D surface seismic data at the CO2SINK project site, ketzin, Germany
Authors: Yang Can , Juhlin Christopher , Enescu Nicoleta , Cosma Calin , Ltith Stefan
Published: January 2011

Baseline moving source profiling data were acquired in borehole Ketzin 202/2007 along seven lines at the Ketzin CO2 injection site in 2007. The data were recorded on eight three‐component receivers spaced 10 m apart over a depth interval of 470–540 m. The main objective of the moving source profile survey was to generate high‐resolution seismic images around the borehole. This was especially important given that the 3D surface seismic data in the area have a low fold at the injection site. Mapping of the sandy layers in the target formation (Stuttgart Formation) at around 630 m, the approximate CO2 injection depth, was another objective of the research. A comparison with repeat moving source profile surveys, during and after the injection, will be done in the future. A processing sequence consisting in hodogram analysis, wavefield separation and prestack migration was applied to the moving source profile data. A median filter was used to separate the downgoing and upgoing wave modes. The data were processed to generate depth migrated images in the vicinity of the borehole that could be compared with the 3D surface seismic data. Both the modelling studies that were carried out and the migrated images, indicate that the sandy layers within the Stuttgart Formation can potentially be imaged in the moving source profile data whereas reflections from these layers are not as clearly observed in the 3D surface seismic data.