bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integration of molecular functions at the ecosystemic level: breakthroughs and future goals of environmental genomics and post‐genomics
Authors: Vandenkoornhuyse Philippe , Dufresne Alexis , Quaiser Achim , Gouesbet Gwenola , Binet Françoise , Francez André‐Jean , Mahé Stéphane , Bormans Myriam , Lagadeuc Yvan , Couée Ivan
Published: April 2010

Ecology Letters(2010) 13: 776–791

Environmental genomics and genome‐wide expression approaches deal with large‐scale sequence‐based information obtained from environmental samples, at organismal, population or community levels. To date, environmental genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics are arguably the most powerful approaches to discover completely novel ecological functions and to link organismal capabilities, organism–environment interactions, functional diversity, ecosystem processes, evolution and Earth history. Thus, environmental genomics is not merely a toolbox of new technologies but also a source of novel ecological concepts and hypotheses. By removing previous dichotomies between ecophysiology, population ecology, community ecology and ecosystem functioning, environmental genomics enables the integration of sequence‐based information into higher ecological and evolutionary levels. However, environmental genomics, along with transcriptomics and proteomics, must involve pluridisciplinary research, such as new developments in bioinformatics, in order to integrate high‐throughput molecular biology techniques into ecology. In this review, the validity of environmental genomics and post‐genomics for studying ecosystem functioning is discussed in terms of major advances and expectations, as well as in terms of potential hurdles and limitations. Novel avenues for improving the use of these approaches to test theory‐driven ecological hypotheses are also explored.
Effect of systemic arterial pressure on erectile dysfunction in the initial stages of chronic arterial insufficiency
Authors: Spessoto Luis Cesar F. , Cordeiro José Antonio , De Godoy José Maria Pereira
Published: April 2010

Study Type – Prognosis (case series) Level of Evidence 4

OBJECTIVE

To report the effect of systemic arterial pressure on erectile dysfunction (ED) in patients in the initial stages of peripheral arterial disease.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

All patients with a diagnosis of ED in the urology outpatient clinic of the Medicine School in São José do Rio Preto, Brazil were evaluated in a cross‐sectional, quantitative study. The patients were assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function, the ankle‐brachial index, and measurement of arterial blood pressure. Binary logistic regression, log‐likelihood, Pearson chi‐square and likelihood ratio chi‐square and Kruskal–Wallis Test were used for statistical analysis with P < 0.05 being considered acceptable. Fifty‐two patients (mean age 56.63 years) were enrolled in the study.

RESULTS

Differences were detected between the median grades of ED of patients with differing degrees of chronic arterial insufficiency. Hypertensive patients in the initial stages of peripheral arterial disease had less severe grades of ED than normotensive patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The progression of ED parallels the development of chronic arterial insufficiency. Systemic arterial hypertension in the initial stages of peripheral arterial disease might protect against ED, but peripheral arterial disease constitutes an aggravating factor for ED, and thus hypertension might exert a paradoxical effect in this stage of the disease.
Relationship between chronic kidney disease and silent cerebral infarction in patients with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Bouchi R. , Babazono T. , Yoshida N. , Nyumura I. , Toya K. , Hayashi T. , Hanai K. , Tanaka N. , Ishii A. , Iwamoto Y.
Published: April 2010

Diabet. Med. 27, 538–543 (2010)

Aims  Silent cerebral infarction (SCI) is an independent risk factor for future symptomatic stroke. Although the prevalence of SCI is closely related to kidney function in non‐diabetic individuals, evidence is lacking whether albuminuria and/or reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) independently increase the risk of SCI in diabetic patients. We therefore examined the relationships between albuminuria, eGFR and SCI in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods  We studied 786 T2DM patients with an eGFR ≥ 15 ml/min 1.73/m2, including 337 women and 449 men [mean (± sd), age 65 ± 11 years]. All patients underwent cranial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect SCI. GFR was estimated using the modified three‐variable equation for Japanese subjects. Albuminuria was defined as a first morning urinary albumin‐to‐creatinine ratio (ACR) ≥ 30 mg/g.

Results  SCI was detected in 415 (52.8%) of the subjects. The prevalence of SCI was significantly associated with both elevated ACR and decreased eGFR in univariate analysis. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, urinary ACR remained independently associated with SCI after adjusting for conventional cardiovascular risk factors [odds ratio (OR) of urinary ACR per logarithmical value: 1.89, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.41–2.51, P < 0.001]; however, eGFR was no longer significantly associated with SCI (OR per ml/min 1.73/m2 = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.98–1.00, P = 0.095).

Conclusion  In conclusion, albuminuria but not decreased eGFR may be an independent predictor of prevalent SCI in patients with T2DM.
Political Self‐control and European Constitution: The Assumption of National Political Loyalty to European Obligations as the Solution to the Lex Posterior Problem of EC Law in the National Legal Orders
Authors: Phelan William
Published: April 2010

Current understandings of the constitutional effectiveness of EC law emphasise the European Court of Justice's (ECJ's) claims of supremacy and direct effect, and the acceptance of those claims by the national courts. However, the lex posterior problem of EC law in the national legal order—the problem whereby the application of European obligations in the national legal order could be legislated away by subsequent contrary national legislation—has been addressed not by national courts' acceptance of Costa but by national courts' assumption that national legislatures do not intend to legislate contrary to prior European obligations, often developed from separately established national doctrines which assume legislative fidelity to treaty obligations. As such, the solution to the lex posterior problem of EC law in the national legal orders rests on these national legal doctrines combined with pervasive national legislative self‐restraint. Political self‐control in the Member States supports the European legal order.
Young UK adults and the 5 A DAY campaign: perceived benefits and barriers of eating more fruits and vegetables
Authors: Herbert Georgia , Butler Laurie , Kennedy Orla , Lobb Alexandra
Published: April 2010

Although consuming adequate amounts of fruits and vegetables reduces the risk of developing chronic diseases, it is widely recognized that young adults' intakes are currently well below the Department of Health's recommended five portions a day, with men consuming even less than women. One approach in the UK has been to introduce health campaigns such as the 5 A DAY programme; however, little is currently known about how well their messages are understood amongst young adults. This study examined current knowledge of the 5 A DAY message in young adults, as well as the perceived benefits and remaining barriers towards consuming more fruits and vegetables. In total, four focus groups were conducted using male (n = 22) and female (n = 18) students at the University of Reading. Content analysis revealed that while participants were aware of the 5 A DAY recommendation, there was widespread confusion regarding the detail. In addition, men were less accepting of the message than women, reporting greater disbelief and a lack of motivation to increase intake. Finally, a range of barriers was reported by participants of both genders, despite the perceived beneficial effects for health and appearance. The results illustrate a considerable gap between awareness and knowledge of the 5 A DAY message, and underscore the challenge that changing behaviour in young adults represents. As well as stepping up education‐ and skill‐based health campaigns, more targeted gender specific interventions will be needed to achieve sustained increases in fruit and vegetable intake.
Local Extinction of Dragonfly and Damselfly Populations in Low‐ and High‐Quality Habitat Patches
Authors: SUHONEN JUKKA , HILLI‐LUKKARINEN MILLA , KORKEAMÄKI ESA , KUITUNEN MARKKU , KULLAS JOHANNA , PENTTINEN JOUNI , SALMELA JUKKA
Published: April 2010

Abstract: Understanding the risk of extinction of a single population is an important problem in both theoretical and applied ecology. Local extinction risk depends on several factors, including population size, demographic or environmental stochasticity, natural catastrophe, or the loss of genetic diversity. The probability of local extinction may also be higher in low‐quality sink habitats than in high‐quality source habitats. We tested this hypothesis by comparing local extinction rates of 15 species of Odonata (dragonflies and damselflies) between 1930–1975 and 1995–2003 in central Finland. Local extinction rates were higher in low‐quality than in high‐quality habitats. Nevertheless, for the three most common species there were no differences in extinction rates between low‐ and high‐quality habitats. Our results suggest that a good understanding of habitat quality is crucial for the conservation of species in heterogeneous landscapes.
Effects of Amphibian Chytrid Fungus on Individual Survival Probability in Wild Boreal Toads
Authors: PILLIOD DAVID S. , MUTHS ERIN , SCHERER RICK D. , BARTELT PAUL E. , CORN PAUL STEPHEN , HOSSACK BLAKE R. , LAMBERT BRAD A. , MCCAFFERY REBECCA , GAUGHAN CHRISTOPHER
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  Chytridiomycosis is linked to the worldwide decline of amphibians, yet little is known about the demographic effects of the disease. We collected capture–recapture data on three populations of boreal toads (Bufo boreas [Bufo = Anaxyrus]) in the Rocky Mountains (U.S.A.). Two of the populations were infected with chytridiomycosis and one was not. We examined the effect of the presence of amphibian chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis [Bd]; the agent of chytridiomycosis) on survival probability and population growth rate. Toads that were infected with Bd had lower average annual survival probability than uninfected individuals at sites where Bd was detected, which suggests chytridiomycosis may reduce survival by 31–42% in wild boreal toads. Toads that were negative for Bd at infected sites had survival probabilities comparable to toads at the uninfected site. Evidence that environmental covariates (particularly cold temperatures during the breeding season) influenced toad survival was weak. The number of individuals in diseased populations declined by 5–7%/year over the 6 years of the study, whereas the uninfected population had comparatively stable population growth. Our data suggest that the presence of Bd in these toad populations is not causing rapid population declines. Rather, chytridiomycosis appears to be functioning as a low‐level, chronic disease whereby some infected individuals survive but the overall population effects are still negative. Our results show that some amphibian populations may be coexisting with Bd and highlight the importance of quantitative assessments of survival in diseased animal populations.
Links Between Granuloma Annulare, Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum and Childhood Diabetes: A Matter of Time?
Authors: Davison James E. , Davies Alison , Moss Celia , Kirk Jeremy M. W. , Taibjee Saleem M. , Agwu J. Chizo
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  Diabetes mellitus is associated with a range of dermatologic presentations, including granuloma annulare and necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum. Granuloma annulare occurs earlier than necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum and the association with diabetes mellitus is much weaker. We describe two children with diabetes who both developed granuloma annulare and later, necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum. We postulate that the early onset and transient nature of granuloma annulare, compared with the later onset and persistence of necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum, might account for the different apparent rates of association with diabetes mellitus.
GAPO Syndrome: A Report of Two Siblings and a Review of Literature
Authors: Nanda Arti , Al‐Ateeqi Wafa A. , Al‐Khawari Mona A. , Alsaleh Qasem A. , Anim Jeoram T.
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  Growth retardation, alopecia, pseudoanodontia, optic atrophy (GAPO) syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder. The molecular nature of the disease is not fully understood and is considered to be one of the ectodermal dysplasia defects. In this report, we describe clinical, histologic, and ultrastructural features in two siblings born to consanguineous parents with a brief review of the literature.
Fox‐Fordyce Disease Exacerbated by Hyperhidrosis
Authors: Alikhan Ali , Gorouhi Farzam , Zargari Omid
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  Fox‐Fordyce disease is an uncommon disorder primarily affecting postpubertal females. It is characterized by intensely pruritic, papular eruptions in apocrine‐gland bearing regions. Rarity and scant literature have resulted in a lack of definitive treatment options or pathognomonic diagnostic indicators. We report a 16‐year‐old boy with typical findings of Fox‐Fordyce disease including numerous, grouped, rounded (1–3 mm), skin‐colored papules confined to the axillary and periareolar areas, bilaterally. These lesions started before puberty, and were exacerbated by hyperhidrosis.
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis Presenting as Hypopigmented Papules
Authors: MEHTA BIJAL , AMLADI SANGEETA
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  A 1½‐year‐old boy with Langerhans cell histiocytosis presented with a frontal bone mass showing features of eosinophilic granuloma. He subsequently developed multiple asymptomatic discrete hypopigmented papules on the face, trunk and extremities, which, on histology, were confirmed as Langerhan’s cell histiocytosis, a presentation hitherto unreported in literature. He responded well to surgery and chemotherapy.
Tubular Apocrine Adenoma: Presentation in the Vaginal Introitus of an Eight‐Year‐Old
Authors: Ross ISHAI , SHWAYDER TOR
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  Tubular apocrine adenoma is a very rare hamartomatous lesion that to our knowledge has never been described in the anogenital region in the pediatric population. A brief report of a tubular apocrine adenoma in the vaginal introitus of an 8‐year‐old.
Ichthyotic‐Appearing Skin Changes Associated with Childhood Morphea, Systemic Sclerosis, and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus/Scleroderma Overlap
Authors: Williams Christy M. , Storm Craig A. , Burns Christopher , Rigby William , Dinulos James G. H.
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  Ichthyotic‐appearing skin changes have been associated with autoimmune disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis in adults. We report three children with ichthyotic‐appearing skin changes that may be an early feature reflecting underlying dermal sclerosis. Detection of these subtle skin changes may be predictive of more widespread cutaneous involvement, ultimately prompting earlier treatment.
Multiple Granular Cell Tumors in a Child with Noonan Syndrome
Authors: RAMASWAMY PREETHI V. , STORM CRAIG A. , FILIANO JAMES J. , DINULOS JAMES G. H.
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  Granular cell tumors are benign neurally derived neoplasms, involving cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues; and typically occur as solitary lesions. Multiple granular cell tumors occur in 10% of affected individuals, but are in children. Children with underlying somatic and genetic syndromes, including neurofibromatosis and Noonan syndrome, appear to be at higher risk of developing multiple granular cell tumors. Skin biopsy assists in diagnosis, since granular cell tumors have a similar appearance to other cutaneous nodules. Painful or rapidly growing granular cell tumors should be excised and asymptomatic non‐growing granular cell tumors may be observed. Children with multiple granular cell tumors should have a complete physical examination to rule out an underlying genetic syndrome.
Ankyloblepharon Filiforme Adnatum: Presentation of a Case
Authors: MARTÍNEZ‐ORTIZ ALBA , GARRIDO‐CONTRERAS VANESSA , PÉREZ‐MARTÍNEZ ALBERTO , ARDANAZ‐ALDAVE ANTONIA , ZUBIETA‐GARCIANDÍA ALICIA , ELSO‐TARTAS JESÚS
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  Ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum is a rare malformation, which may appear either in isolation, or with associated findings. We report a case of ankyloblepharon filiforme adnatum without associated anomalies, and discuss the management, and need for careful examination to exclude other anomalies.
Sweet Syndrome in Infancy
Authors: MOHR MELINDA R. , TOROSKY CYNDI M. , HOOD ANTOINETTE F. , CUNNION KENJI M. , FISHER RANDALL G. , WILLIAMS JUDITH V.
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  Sweet syndrome, or acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis, is characterized by the presence of fever, peripheral leukocytosis, painful erythematous plaques and nodules, and a predominately neutrophilic dermal infiltrate. We report a case occurring in a 10‐week‐old male child, with preceding upper respiratory tract, and gastrointestinal infection symptoms. Sweet syndrome occurring in an infant should prompt a work‐up for immunodeficiency, as well as a review of the peripheral blood smear to rule out the rare case of malignancy.
Oral Sucrose for Pain Relief in Young Infants with Hemangiomas Treated with Intralesional Steroids
Authors: Sorrell Jennifer , Carmichael Carrie , Chamlin Sarah
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  Intralesional corticosteroids are one preferred method for treating small localized infantile hemangiomas because of efficacy in halting proliferation and minimal systemic side effects. Although often efficacious, this procedure is uncomfortable for infants. We describe the successful use of an oral 24% sucrose solution given via needleless syringe to the anterior tip of the tongue or in combination with a pacifier as an analgesic during intralesional injection of infantile hemangioma. Options for anesthesia in this young age group include topical prilocaine/lidocaine, injectable lidocaine, and parent soothing. Most often, topical or intralesional anesthesia is deferred when treating hemangiomas of infancy with intralesional corticosteroids. We use oral sucrose as a compassionate option.
The Influence of Insects on Decomposition Rate in Buried and Surface Remains
Authors: Simmons Tal , Cross Peter A. , Adlam Rachel E. , Moffatt Colin
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  This article reports results of a comparative study of decomposition rates of wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) which were either (i) buried after exposure to insect activity, (ii) buried without exposure, (iii) kept above ground behind an insect screen, or (iv) continuously exposed above ground in a field experiment. Results showed that dipteran oviposition occurred consistently in groups i and iv only. Decomposition rates (measured by Total Body Score every c. 50 accumulated degree days [ADD]) of rabbits kept behind the screen and those buried without exposure showed no difference (p = 0.450). This was significantly slower than those buried after exposure (p = 0.0016) which was in turn significantly slower than those continuously exposed (p << 0.001). Temperatures collected from animals showed the presence of feeding larvae increased intra‐abdominal temperatures to >5°C above ambient. The findings support the assertion that insect presence is the primary agent affecting decomposition rate via tissue consumption and also the heat they generate.
Validity of self‐reported nickel allergy
Authors: Josefson Anna , Färm Gunilla , Meding Birgitta
Published: April 2010

Background: To estimate the prevalence of nickel allergy, self‐reports are sometimes used in epidemiological studies. Self‐reports are practical and may facilitate estimation of prevalence provided that the questions are validated.

Objectives: To investigate the validity of self‐reported nickel allergy.

Methods: Three hundred and sixty‐nine women, aged 30–40 years, from the general population participated in the study. The participants answered a questionnaire before a clinical examination and patch testing. The two questions being validated were ‘Are you sensitive/hypersensitive/allergic to nickel?’ and ‘Do you get a rash from metal buttons, jewellery or other metal items that come in direct contact with your skin?’

Results: Patch test showed nickel‐positive reaction in 30% of the subjects. Self‐reported prevalence of nickel allergy as indicated by the two respective questions was 40% and 35%. Positive predictive values for the two questions were 59% (95% CI 50–67) and 60% (95% CI 51–69). History of childhood eczema was over‐represented among women with ‘false‐positive’ self‐reported nickel allergy (P = 0.008). Self‐reported hand eczema or ‘high wet exposure’ did not influence the validity.

Conclusions: The validity of self‐reported nickel allergy is low. The questions regarding nickel allergy overestimate the true prevalence of nickel allergy.
Habitat Complexity and Invasive Species: The Impacts of Gamba Grass (Andropogon gayanus) on Invertebrates in an Australian Tropical Savanna
Authors: Parr Catherine L. , Ryan Ben J. , Setterfield Samantha A.
Published: April 2010

Habitat complexity is an important factor structuring local faunal assemblages. Many invasive plant species alter vegetation complexity because they are both functionally and structurally different from native flora. This study investigated the effects of an invasive grass (Andropogon gayanus Kunth.), which is invading undisturbed savannas in northern Australia. Although A. gayanus is a similar lifeform to that dominant in the native understory (i.e., a C4 grass), it is structurally different and significantly alters habitat complexity. We, therefore, hypothesized that there would be a substantial effect of the invasive grass on ant, spider, and other invertebrate assemblages. Contrary to our hypothesis, there was no effect of A. gayanus on ant species richness, abundance, or composition, nor were spiders or other invertebrates affected. Instead the change in weather conditions with season was more important in structuring the local invertebrate assemblages. Change in habitat complexity was most pronounced vertically, rather than horizontally at ground level, thus although there was a clear difference in the vertical structure between invaded and noninvaded habitats, the limited invertebrate response to different A. gayanus densities suggests some invertebrates are less sensitive to vertical changes in vegetation structure.
The nuclear stellar disc in Andromeda: a fossil from the era of black hole growth
Authors: Hopkins Philip F. , Quataert Eliot
Published: April 2010

The physics of angular momentum transport from galactic scales (∼10–100 pc) to much smaller radii is one of the outstanding problems in our understanding of the formation and evolution of supermassive black holes (BHs). Seemingly unrelated observations have discovered that there is a lopsided stellar disc of unknown origin orbiting the BH in M31, and possibly many other systems. We show that these nominally independent puzzles are in fact closely related. Multiscale simulations of gas inflow from galactic to BH scales show that when sufficient gas is driven towards a BH, gravitational instabilities form a lopsided, eccentric disc that propagates inwards from larger radii. The lopsided stellar disc exerts a strong torque on the remaining gas, driving inflows that fuel the growth of the BH and produce quasar-level luminosities. The same disc can produce significant obscuration along many sightlines and thus may be the putative ‘torus’ invoked to explain obscured active galactic nuclei and the cosmic X-ray background. The stellar relic of this disc is long lived and retains the eccentric pattern. Simulations that yield quasar-level accretion rates produce relic stellar discs with kinematics, eccentric patterns, precession rates and surface density profiles in reasonable agreement with observations of M31. The observed properties of nuclear stellar discs can thus be used to constrain the formation history of supermassive BHs.
NUTRITIONAL AND TEXTURAL STUDIES ON DIETARY FIBER‐ENRICHED MUFFINS AND BISCUITS FROM CASSAVA‐BASED COMPOSITE FLOURS
Authors: JISHA S. , PADMAJA G. , SAJEEV M.S.
Published: April 2010

The demand for designer food products having specific nutritional/functional attributes is on the increase worldwide. Composite flours prepared from malted and pregelatinized cassava through appropriate blending with cereal and/or legume and bran sources were used for making muffins and biscuits with high fiber content. Muffins made from Termamyl‐malted and pregelatinized cassava flour had lower starch content (38.84–41.82%) than those from germinated gram amylase malted flour. The products had protein contents of 4.50–5.60% (<1.0% in cassava flour). High dietary fiber content of 2.77–3.44% and 3.20–3.40%, respectively, was obtained in muffins and biscuits made from cassava–bran blends. The spread ratio of the test biscuits was fewer by five to eight units than the control biscuits made from refined wheat flour. The lowin vitrostarch digestibility of muffins/biscuits from cassava–bran blends (24–29 units and 31–34 units, respectively) was a specific advantage, suggesting their therapeutic use for obese and diabetic people. Muffins made from Termamyl‐malted mixes had lower hardness and toughness than those from gram amylase malted flour. The high dietary fiber content of the two baked goods indicates their use for cardiovascular patients and also for conditions such as constipation and its related problems.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The study focuses on the use of cassava flour for making two baked goods viz., muffins and biscuits. The nutritional and functional properties of cassava flour were modified through malting and pregelatinization and further by blending with cereal and/or legume flours and bran sources. The composite flours that have high protein content and dietary fiber (DF) content were further enriched through the addition of wheat bran at levels of 10.0 g per formula. The products developed had high DF content of 2.77–3.44% and protein content of 4.50–5.60% (dwb). The lowin vitrostarch digestibility of muffins and biscuits from cassava–bran blends was an additional advantage, suggesting their use in medical nutrition therapy for treating obese and diabetic people as well as for management of cardiovascular and intestinal problems.
ADEQUATE HANDLING CONDITIONS TO PRESERVE VITAMIN C AND CAROTENOIDS IN TOMATOES
Authors: CAMPOS FLÁVIA M. , CHAVES JOSÉ BENÍCIO P. , DE AZEREDO RAQUEL M.C. , MATA GARDÊNIA M.S.C. , PINHEIRO‐SANT'ANA HELENA M.
Published: April 2010

Safe handling practices must be followed to minimize nutrient loss in fruits and vegetables. To evaluate such loss in tomatoes, storage and preparation practices were tested under storage at 10C and 24C (24 and 72 h), sanitization times (15, 45 and 75 min), type of cut (slices and cubes) and exposure time until consumption (0, 30 and 60 min). Ascorbic acid (AA), dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), lycopene andβ‐carotene were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Under refrigeration, AA retention was 8% higher during 24 h storage. DHA increased at room temperature and lycopene retention was lower under refrigeration temperature. No differences were verified between cutting methods and the exposure times used. Retention after the selected storage and processing conditions ranged from 78 to 86% for vitamin C, from 53 to 81% for lycopene and from 74 to 83% forβ‐carotene.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Vitamin C and carotenoids are recognized as important components of healthy diet. However, the processes to which vegetables are submitted from harvest to consumption can alter vitamin content. The adoption of safe handling practices can minimize vitamin C and carotenoids losses during preparation. When the extent of the losses is known and controlled, menus can be complemented to reach the recommended vitamin daily intake. This study investigated the influence of post harvesting handling practices (storage, sanitization, slicing and the period between cooking and consumption) to select the practices that would result in greatest vitamin C and carotenoid retention.
THE EFFECT OF MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE PACKAGING ON THE QUALITY AND SHELF LIFE OF FRANKFURTER TYPE‐SAUSAGES
Authors: GOKOGLU NALAN , YERLIKAYA PINAR , URAN HARUN , TOPUZ OSMAN KADIR
Published: April 2010

The effects of modified atmosphere packaging on the quality and shelf life of frankfurter‐type sausages, prepared exclusively from beef meat, were investigated. Sausages were packed under varying modified atmosphere conditions (30% CO2/70% N2; 70% CO2/30% N2; 100% CO2; 80% CO2/20% O2) and vacuum, and stored at 4C for 28 days. Lower pH values were observed in the samples packed under modified atmospheres compared to vacuum. Inhibition effect of carbon dioxide concentration on the oxidation was seen. Carbon dioxide caused microbial inhibition. The lowest total viable count was found in the samples packed under 100% CO2. It was concluded that modified atmosphere packaging had significant effect on the quality and shelf life of frankfurter‐type sausages compared to vacuum packaging. The most suitable atmosphere among the tested atmospheres was that with 70% CO2, 30% N2 atmosphere. The shelf life of sausages under this atmosphere was 28 days.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Meat and meat products are susceptible to spoilage. Several preservation techniques are used to extend their shelf life. Packaging of fresh meat is a common application to protect its quality. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) means to replace the air in a package of food with some different mixture of gases. The success in MAP is to choose the suitable gas combination, packaging system, package application and the package material. Proper gas combination to keep meat quality should be provided. Several studies have been performed to extent shelf life of pork sausages and local‐type sausages using modified atmosphere packaging technique. However there is no data on beef sausages. The results of this research will form the basis for further studies and also will be beneficial for industry.
What factors are related to delayed treatment in individuals at high risk for psychosis?
Authors: Chung Young‐Chul , Jung Hee‐Yeon , Kim Sung‐Wan , Lee Seung‐Hwan , Shin Sang‐Eun , Shin Yun‐Mi , Park Jong‐Ik , An Suk K. , Kim Young‐Hoon
Published: April 2010

Background: Previous studies have shown that the individuals at high risk for psychosis suffer from depression, anxiety, and deficits in social functioning. The present report describes help‐seeking behaviours, baseline psychopathology, and duration of attenuated psychotic symptoms (DUAPS) and their associations with other variables.

Methods: Using the Comprehensive Assessment of At‐Risk Mental States (CAARMS), we conducted systematic evaluations of individuals at high risk for psychosis. Help‐seeking behaviours, current Axis I diagnoses, DUAPS, and baseline psychopathology were investigated. Demographic and clinical characteristics of short and long DUAPS groups were compared.

Results: Thirty‐eight subjects were recruited from nine centres. Participants seldom sought psychiatric services at their first help‐seeking contact, and the mean DUAPS was 22.00 ± 28.59 months. Most participants had current Axis I diagnoses, and depressive disorder NOS was the most common of these. Higher levels of depression, anxiety, obsessive‐compulsive symptoms, and functional impairment were also identified. We found no significant differences between short and long DUAPS groups in baseline psychopathology. However, we observed significantly lesser distressing intensity of thought contents and significantly greater social impairment in the long‐DUAPS group.

Conclusion: These findings suggest that high‐risk subjects frequently received delayed treatment despite symptomatic distress and functional impairment. No direct evidence supporting the delayed effect of the DUAPS on baseline psychopathology was found.
Determinants of subjective quality of life in first‐episode schizophrenia: perspective from Malaysia
Authors: Chee K. Y.
Published: April 2010

Aim: This study sought to examine the determinants of subjective quality of life among patients with first‐episode schizophrenia in a developing country.

Method: One‐hundred and twenty patients registered with National Mental Health Registry for Schizophrenia from 1 January 2003 to 31 August 2005 were included. They were diagnosed with first‐episode schizophrenia, schizoaffective and schizophreniform disorders and had been compliant to treatment. Sociodemographic data were obtained and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale‐Anchored Version, Health of The Nation Outcome Scales, Simpson–Angus Extrapyramidal Side Effects Scale, Barnes Akathisia Scale and the World Health Organization Quality of Life were used to assess psychopathology, side effects from antipsychotics and subjective quality of life.

Results: Gender, positive and disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia, and cognitive and physical impairments appeared to be the most important predictors of subjective quality of life among the patients from this centre in Malaysia.

Conclusion: Different domains of self‐rated quality of life correlated with different sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Some of the characteristics were malleable and a better understanding of these could lead to improvements in the management of patients with schizophrenia.
A descriptive study of pathways to care of high risk for psychosis adolescents in Korea
Authors: Shin Yun‐Mi , Jung Hee Yeon , Kim Sung‐Wan , Lee Seung‐Hwan , Shin Sang‐Eun , Park Jong‐Ik , An Suk Kyoon , Kim Young‐Hoon , Chung Young‐Chul
Published: April 2010

Aim: To cut down on the time of untreated psychosis it is necessary to know the pathways to care of patients. We designed this study to examine patients' help seeking contacts. There have only been a few studies in developing countries examining the pathways to care, and this research is the first of its kind in Korea focusing on adolescents.

Methods: The sample consisted of 18 adolescents aged 15 to 18 years. We evaluated the Comprehensive Assessment of At‐Risk Mental States and ‘pathway to care’ at the initial evaluation of the patient. ‘Pathways to care’ data was collected via an interview with the patient. In each interview, the prospective description of each participants' help contacts, from the initial suspected psychiatric illness until the first psychiatric help was noted.

Results: In total, 14 contacts were made among the 18 patients. Of these, the most common contacts were either through a family member, teacher or the Internet. Thirty‐three percent of high risk for psychosis adolescents sought help themselves.

Conclusion: Our findings showed that the Internet and family members were the key contacts in as many as 57% of high risk adolescents. In Korea, patients and caregivers both serve important roles in help seeking efforts. It is important for adolescents who are at high risk of psychosis in Korea to have easy access to information in recognizing mental health problems. Therefore, mass in‐depth educating and public campaigning are important in recognizing the symptoms of early psychosis and in doing so can reduce the DUP.
Impact of 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the staging and treatment response assessment of extra‐pulmonary small‐cell cancer
Authors: Gregory DL , Brennan SM , Stillie A , Herschtal A , Hicks RJ , MacManus MP , Ball DL
Published: April 2010

The aim of this study was to retrospectively evaluate the value of 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) in extrapulmonary small‐cell cancer (EPSCC). Patients with EPSCC who underwent PET for staging or response assessment between 1996 and 2007 were identified from a database. Patient records were reviewed. PET‐based, and conventional staging and restaging results were compared. The binary staging classification of limited disease (LD) versus extensive disease (ED) was used. Patients with LD had tumours that could be encompassed within a tolerable radiation therapy (RT) volume. Of 33 eligible patients, 12 had staging PET scans, 11 had restaging scans and 10 had both. All known gross disease sites were FDG‐avid. PET and conventional stage groupings were concordant in 21 of 22 cases. One patient was appropriately upstaged from LD to ED by PET. PET detected additional disease sites, without causing upstaging in three further patients. Restaging PET scans identified previously unrecognised persistent or progressive disease in 4 of 21 cases. In four further cases, persistent FDG uptake after treatment was either false positive (n = 2) or of uncertain (n = 2) aetiology. PPV was 100% for staging and 82% for restaging. In 8 of 43 imaging episodes (19%), PET appropriately influenced management in five cases by changing treatment intent from radical to palliative, and in three cases by altering the RT volume. PET has incremental value compared to conventional imaging for staging EPSCC, and may also be useful for restaging after therapy. PET influenced patient management in 19% of 43 imaging episodes.
Multidetector computed tomography of jaw lesions in children and adolescents
Authors: Gadodia A , Seith A , Sharma R , Choudhury AR , Bhutia O , Gupta A
Published: April 2010

Jaw lesions in paediatric and adolescent population are uncommon and can arise in odontogenic or non‐odontogenic tissues. With the advent of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT), algorithm for imaging jaw lesions has changed dramatically. This pictorial essay describes the imaging appearance of commonly encountered jaw lesions in children and adolescents with emphasis on MDCT findings.
A short case of a splenic arteriovenous fistula coexisting with portal hypertension secondary to hepatitis C: Radiologic diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Azar CR , Al‐Kutoubi AO , Mourad FH
Published: April 2010

Splenic arteriovenous fistula (SAVF) is a rare but potentially curable condition. Only a few cases have been reported in the English literature. SAVF can cause portal hypertension, ascites, gastrointestinal bleeding, and heart failure. An early diagnosis is essential to avoid life threatening complications. We hereby present a case of SAVF in a young female patient, with hepatitis C liver cirrhosis who presented with recurrent severe upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Such an association of liver cirrhosis and SAVF has not been previously reported.
Lung cancer multidisciplinary team meetings: A survey of participants at a national conference
Authors: Bydder S , Hasani A , Broderick C , Semmens J
Published: April 2010

Multidisciplinary meetings (MDMs) are a useful aid for the development of comprehensive treatment plans for cancer patients. However, little is known about the requirements for effective MDM function. Attendees at a national lung cancer conference who participated at least weekly in lung cancer MDMs were surveyed. The survey addressed the attendees' perceptions regarding the aims of MDMs, and for their own institutional MDMs, the importance and need for improvement for each of: (i) the attendance of nine discipline groups; and (ii) 15 aspects related to MDM function derived from the literature. The survey also asked participants if MDMs met their needs. There was a general agreement on the aims of the meetings. There was also an agreement on the importance of various groups' attendance and each of the examined aspects of MDMs. However, many respondents reported their meetings required moderate or substantial improvements in one or more areas. More than 20% of the respondents indicated improvement was required for the attendance of three discipline groups (palliative care physicians, pathologists and cardiothoracic surgeons) and 10 of the 15 examined aspects (more than half in the case of computerised databases). Only 9% of the respondents reported that none of the features surveyed needed either moderate or substantial improvement. MDMs met the needs of 79% of the respondents. We found general agreement on the aims of the meetings, the importance of various groups' attendance at MDMs and each of the examined aspects of MDMs. However, moderate or substantial improvements were thought to be required by many respondents. The performance of individual institutions' MDMs and the resources they have available to achieve their aims should be assessed and periodically reviewed. The survey applied here may provide a framework for MDM members to do this.
Dosimetric implications of the addition of 18 fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography in CT‐based radiotherapy planning for non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Vinod SK , Kumar S , Holloway LC , Shafiq J
Published: April 2010

The aim of this study was to assess the impact of F‐18 fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) CT on radiotherapy planning parameters for patients treated curatively with radiotherapy for non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Five patients with stages I–III NSCLC underwent a diagnostic FDG‐PET CT (dPET CT), planning FDG‐PET CT (pPET CT) and a simulation CT (RTP CT). For each patient, three radiation oncologists delineated a gross tumour volume based on RTP CT alone, and fused with dPET CT and pPET CT. Standard expansions were used to generate PTVs, and a 3D conformal plan was created. Normal tissue doses were compared between plans. Coverage of pPET CT PTV by the plans based on RTP CT and dPET CT was assessed, and tumour control probabilities were calculated. Mean PTV was similar between RTP CT, dPET CT and pPET CT, although there were significant inter‐observer differences in four patients. The plans, however, showed no significant differences in doses to lung, oesophagus, heart or spinal cord. The RTP CT plan and dPET CT plan significantly underdosed the pPET PTV in two patients with minimum doses ranging from 12 to 63% of prescribed dose. Coverage by the 95% isodose was suboptimal in these patients, but this did not translate into poorer tumour control probability. The effect of fused FDG‐PET varied between observers. The addition of dPET and pPET did not significantly change the radiotherapy planning parameters. Although FDG‐PET is of benefit in tumour delineation, its effect on normal tissue complication probability and tumour control probability cannot be predicted.
Nurses' views on current and future systems for classification of psychiatric disorders
Authors: Aitchison Rachael , Mellsop Graham
Published: April 2010

Introduction: This study aimed to document experiences and views of practicing mental health nurses on the official psychiatric diagnostic systems and their current usage.

Methods: A questionnaire and research design were established by a nursing reference group and resulted in a survey sent to 600 nurses of whom 150 responded. Respondents represented a wide range of clinical practice situations, age, years of experience and both genders.

Results: Only 20% of respondents routinely used the World Health Organization (WHO) system of International Classification of Diseases (ICD) 10. The American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)‐IV was a more popular diagnostic system.

Discussion:

This study highlights the importance of the classificatory system to treatment planning and to intra‐team communication. However, nurses indicated a number of reservations about its utility and appropriateness for their daily work and specified areas they consider for improvement in the development of next versions of the international classificatory systems.
SECRECY
Authors: Young Ruth C. , Francis Joe D.
Published: April 2010

The United States government has something like 500 research and development laboratories. They include labs operated by the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Defense, Department of Commerce, Department of Energy and Department of Transportation, as well as national labs and labs of the Atomic Energy Commission. For a long time the government has wanted these labs to transfer technology to industry, especially in our post‐war world. Have they succeeded in this transfer?
The Mysterious Expulsion of the Roy Chapman Andrews Expedition
Authors: Lamborinchin R.
Published: April 2010

Often referred to as “the original Indiana Jones,” Roy Chapman Andrews was the first to find dinosaur eggs. It was a discovery that set the world of natural history afire: What else might be found? He was not allowed to find out as he was banned from further work by the new Communist government. Once Mongolia gained political independence in the early 1990s, there was an avid interest in continuing the work begun in the 1920s. Eventually, a Roy Chapman Andrews Society was formed among intellectuals in Ulaanbaatar. Part of their interest was to revisit the issues surrounding Andrew's departure and failure to return. This article is written by a Mongolian member of the Society.
The Blue Pearl of Mongolia
Authors: Goulden Clyde E. , Gelhaus Jon , Hession Cully , Boldgiv B.
Published: April 2010

Mongolia's Lake Khovsgol is one of the major ecological gems of Central Asia. Until recently only Soviet scientists worked in the region. Over the past decade, the authors have documented and researched the lake and its ecosystems in order to inform a wider public. These data will prove invaluable as increased herding, tourism and fuel oil transport lead to changes in runoff, water quality and erosion patterns.
Territorial Organization of Mongolian Pastoral Livestock Husbandry in the Transition to a Market Economy
Authors: Barzagur D.
Published: April 2010

Errors and misconceptions abound about nomadic behavior in Mongolia. Mongolians organize the use of space in their own unique way. Their approach to herding is different from that of nomads or pastoralists in Europe or the United States. D. Barzagur, Chairman of Mongolia's Center of Nomadic Pastoralism Study, provides the facts, and discusses the contrasts among ancient herding traditions, the Socialist/Communist period, and the present transition to free‐market conditions. Unfortunately, much knowledge and many older traditions are being lost during this process of change.
Geography of War: The Significance of Physical and Human Geography Principles
Authors: Haning Trey
Published: April 2010

“Not knowing the form of mountains and forests, defiles and gorges, marshes and swamps, one cannot move the army. Not employing local guides, one cannot take advantage of the ground.” ‐ Sun Tzu, The Art of War