bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strong magnetic fields in a nonlocal Polyakov chiral quark model
Authors: Gómez Dumm D. , Izzo Villafañe M.F. , Noguera S. , Pagura V.P. , Scoccola N.N.
Published: January 2018

We study the behavior of strongly interacting matter under an external constant magnetic field in the context of nonlocal chiral quark models that incorporate a coupling to the Polyakov loop. We find that at zero temperature the behavior of the quark condensates shows the expected magnetic catalysis effect, our predictions being in good quantitative agreement with lattice QCD results. On the other hand when the analysis is extended to the case of finite temperature our results show that nonlocal models naturally lead to the Inverse Magnetic Catalysis effect for both the chiral restoration and deconfinement transition temperatures.
Measurements of the vector boson production with the ATLAS detector
Authors: Lapertosa A.
Published: January 2018

Measurements of the Drell-Yan production of W and Z bosons at the LHC provide a benchmark of our understanding of perturbative QCD and probe the proton structure in a unique way. The ATLAS collaboration has performed new high precision measurements at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV. The measurements are performed for W+, W- and Z bosons integrated and as a function of the boson or lepton rapidity and the Z mass. Unprecedented precision is reached and strong constraints on Parton Distribution Functions, in particular the strange density are found. Z boson cross sections are also measured at center-of-mass energies of 8 TeV and 13 TeV, and cross-section ratios to the top-quark pair production have been derived. This ratio measurement leads to a cancellation of systematic effects and allows for a high precision comparison to the theory predictions. The production of jets in association with vector bosons is a further important process to study perturbative QCD in a multi-scale environment. The ATLAS collaboration has performed new measurements of Z boson plus jets cross sections, differential in several kinematic variables, in proton-proton collision data taken at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV. The measurements are compared to state-of-the art theory predictions. They are sensitive to higher-order pQCD effects, probe flavour and mass schemes and can be used to constrain the proton structure. In addition, a new measurement of the splitting scales of the kt jet-clustering algorithm for final states containing a Z boson candidate at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV is presented.
The Fragmentation Region of High Energy Nucleus-Nucleus and Hadron-Nucleus Collisions
Authors: McLerran Larry
Published: January 2018

The fragmentation region of particles produced in high energy nuclear collisions provides a laboratory for studying high baryon number density systems. This talk outlines work in progress that attempts to compute properties of the matter produced in these collisions at the highest energies.
Dynamics of inhomogeneous chiral condensates
Authors: Carlomagno Juan Pablo , Krein Gastão , Kroff Daniel , Peixoto Thiago
Published: January 2018

We study the dynamics of the formation of inhomogeneous chirally broken phases in the final stages of a heavy-ion collision, with particular interest on the time scales involved in the formation process. The study is conducted within the framework of a Ginzburg-Landau time evolution, driven by a free energy functional motivated by the Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model. Expansion of the medium is modeled by one-dimensional Bjorken flow and its effect on the formation of inhomogeneous condensates is investigated. We also use a free energy functional from a nonlocal Nambu–Jona-Lasinio model which predicts metastable phases that lead to long-lived inhomogeneous condensates before reaching an equilibrium phase with homogeneous condensates.
The Tensor and the Scalar Charges of the Nucleon from Hadron Phenomenology
Authors: Courtoy A.
Published: January 2018

We discuss the impact of the determination of the nucleon tensor charge on searches for physics Beyond the Standard Model. We also comment on the future extraction of the subleading-twist PDF e(x) from Jefferson Lab soon-to-be-released Beam Spin Asymmetry data as well as from the expected data of CLAS12 and SoLID, as the latter is related to the scalar charge. These analyses are possible through the phenomenology of Dihadron Fragmentation Functions related processes, which we report on here as well.
The Weizsäcker-Williams distribution of linearly polarized gluons (and its fluctuations) at small x
Authors: Dumitru Adrian , Skokov Vladimir
Published: January 2018

The conventional and linearly polarized Weizsäcker-Williams gluon distributions at small x are defined from the two-point function of the gluon field in light-cone gauge. They appear in the cross section for dijet production in deep inelastic scattering at high energy. We determine these functions in the small-x limit from solutions of the JIMWLK evolution equations and show that they exhibit approximate geometric scaling. Also, we discuss the functional distributions of these WW gluon distributions over the JIMWLK ensemble at rapidity Y ~ 1/αs. These are determined by a 2d Liouville action for the logarithm of the covariant gauge function g2tr A+(q)A+(-q). For transverse momenta on the order of the saturation scale we observe large variations across configurations (evolution trajectories) of the linearly polarized distribution up to several times its average, and even to negative values.
Forward backward multiplicity correlations: a tool to study properties of the proton-proton collisions
Authors: Dominguez-Rosas Edgar , Flores Eleazar Cuautle
Published: January 2018

Forward-backward multiplicity correlations have been used to study hadron production mechanisms in electron-positron, proton-proton and more recently in leadlead collisions. The experimental results on this correlations and its comparison to different models reveals an incomplete agreement. In this work, we present an study of forward backward multiplicity correlations in proton-proton collisions using PYTHIA event generator, at LHC energies. Detailed analysis is presented in the case of soft and hard QCD processes, incorporating color reconnection model as part of hadronization mechanism and multiple parton interactions effects in the correlations. Our results and its comparison to available experimental data suggest that this kind of correlations are great tools to characterize the events and gives the possibility to disentangle phenomena in hard and soft QCD processes.
Measurements of jets in heavy ion collisions
Authors: Nattrass Christine
Published: January 2018

The Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) is created in high energy heavy ion collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). This medium is transparent to electromagnetic probes but nearly opaque to colored probes. Hard partons produced early in the collision fragment and hadronize into a collimated spray of particles called a jet. The partons lose energy as they traverse the medium, a process called jet quenching. Most of the lost energy is still correlated with the parent parton, contributing to particle production at larger angles and lower momenta relative to the parent parton than in proton-proton collisions. This partonic energy loss can be measured through several observables, each of which give different insights into the degree and mechanism of energy loss. The measurements to date are summarized and the path forward is discussed.
Pomeron Physics at the LHC
Authors: Deganutti Federico , Gomez David Gordo , Raben Timothy , Royon Christophe
Published: January 2018

We present current and ongoing research aimed at identifying Pomeron effects at the LHC in both the weak and strongly coupled regimes of QCD.
Using the Linear Sigma Model with quarks to describe the QCD phase diagram and to locate the critical end point
Authors: Ayala Alejandro , Castaño-Yepes Jorge David , Flores José Antonio , Hernández Saúl , Hernández Luis
Published: January 2018

We study the QCD phase diagram using the linear sigma model coupled to quarks. We compute the effective potential at finite temperature and quark chemical potential up to ring diagrams contribution. We show that, provided the values for the pseudo-critical temperature Tc = 155 MeV and critical baryon chemical potential μBc ≃ 1 GeV, together with the vacuum sigma and pion masses. The model couplings can be fixed and that these in turn help to locate the region where the crossover transition line becomes first order.
Promp photon yield and υ2 coefficent from gluon fusion induced by magnetic field in heavy-ion collisions
Authors: Castaño-Yepes Jorge David , Ayala Alejandro , Dominguez C. A. , Hernández L. A. , Hernández-Ortíz Saúl , Tejeda-Yeomans María Elena
Published: January 2018

We compute the production of prompt photons and the υ2 harmonic coefficient in relativistic heavy-ion collisions induced by gluon fusion in the presence of an intense magnetic field, during the early stages of the reaction. The calculations take into account several parameters which are relevant to the description of the experimental transverse momentum distribution, and elliptic flow for RHIC and LHC energies. The main imput is the strenght of the magnetic field which varies in magnitude from 1 to 3 times the pion mass squared, and allows the gluon fusion that otherwise is forbidden in the absence of the field. The high gluon occupation number and the value of the saturation scale also play an important role in our calculation, as well as a flow velocity and geometrical factors. Our results support the idea that the origin of at least some of the photon excess observed in heavy-ion experiments may arise from magnetic field induced processes, and gives a good description of the experimental data.
Ptosis bei chronisch progressiver externer Ophthalmoplegie: diagnostische Probleme und therapeutische Konsequenzen
Authors: Pfeiffer Markus
Published: January 2018

Die Ptosis im Rahmen der chronisch progressiven externen Ophthalmoplegie (CPEO) ist häufig das erste Symptom einer sehr seltenen systemischen Muskelerkrankung. In der Progression über viele Jahre treten oft später Einschränkungen der Augenmotilität auf, die den Verdacht auf CPEO begründen. Man beobachtet in den Jahren der Frühphase eine einfache erworbene Ptosis, die mit Levatorchirurgie korrigiert werden kann. Wegen der außerordentlichen Seltenheit der CPEO (< 1% der Ptosisformen) werden aufwendige Muskelbiopsien oder genetische Analysen der mitochondrialen DNA zunächst nicht primär in Erwägung gezogen. Intraoperative Beobachtungen während der Ptosischirurgie und postoperative Motilitätsprobleme erwecken jedoch schon in der Frühphase den Verdacht auf CPEO und begründen diese speziellen Untersuchungen. Nach Bestätigung einer CPEO können alternative Operationsverfahren, z. B. Frontalissuspension, eingesetzt werden.
Efficiency-limiting processes in cyclopentadithiophene-bridged donor-acceptor-type dyes for solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Hinkel Felix , Kim Yoojin M. , Zagraniarsky Yulian , Schlütter Florian , Andrienko Denis , Müllen Klaus , Laquai Frédéric
Published: January 2018

The charge generation and recombination processes in three novel push-pull photosensitizers for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are studied by ps–μs transient absorption (TA) and quasi-steady-state photoinduced absorption (PIA) spectroscopy. The three cyclopentadithiophene-based photosensitizer dye molecules exhibit comparably low power conversion efficiencies ranging from 0.8% to 1.7% in solid-state DSSCs. We find that the photocurrents increase in the presence of Li-salt additives. Both TA and PIA measurements observe long-lived dye cations created by electron injection from the dyes’ excited state for two dyes from the series. However, the third dye shows significantly lower performance as a consequence of the less efficient electron injection even after the addition of Li-salts and faster electron-hole recombination on the ns-μs time scale. In essence, the prerequisites for this class of donor-π bridge-acceptor photosensitizers to reach higher charge generation efficiencies are a combination of strong dipole moments and fine tuning of the electronic landscape at the titania-dye interface by Li-salt addition.
Theoretical restrictions on longest implicit time scales in Markov state models of biomolecular dynamics
Authors: Sinitskiy Anton V. , Pande Vijay S.
Published: January 2018

Markov state models (MSMs) have been widely used to analyze computer simulations of various biomolecular systems. They can capture conformational transitions much slower than an average or maximal length of a single molecular dynamics (MD) trajectory from the set of trajectories used to build the MSM. A rule of thumb claiming that the slowest implicit time scale captured by an MSM should be comparable by the order of magnitude to the aggregate duration of all MD trajectories used to build this MSM has been known in the field. However, this rule has never been formally proved. In this work, we present analytical results for the slowest time scale in several types of MSMs, supporting the above rule. We conclude that the slowest implicit time scale equals the product of the aggregate sampling and four factors that quantify: (1) how much statistics on the conformational transitions corresponding to the longest implicit time scale is available, (2) how good the sampling of the destination Markov state is, (3) the gain in statistics from using a sliding window for counting transitions between Markov states, and (4) a bias in the estimate of the implicit time scale arising from finite sampling of the conformational transitions. We demonstrate that in many practically important cases all these four factors are on the order of unity, and we analyze possible scenarios that could lead to their significant deviation from unity. Overall, we provide for the first time analytical results on the slowest time scales captured by MSMs. These results can guide further practical applications of MSMs to biomolecular dynamics and allow for higher computational efficiency of simulations.
Influence of Ga vacancies, Mn and O impurities on the ferromagnetic properties of GaN micro- and nanostructures
Authors: Guzmán G. , Escudero R. , Silva R. , Herrera M.
Published: January 2018

We present a study of the influence of gallium vacancy (VGa) point defects on the ferromagnetic properties of GaN:Mn and GaN:Mn,O micro- and nanostructures. Results demonstrate that the generation of these point defects enhances the ferromagnetic signal of GaN:Mn microstructures, while incorporation of oxygen as an impurity inhibits this property. XPS measurements revealed that Mn impurities in ferromagnetic GaN:Mn samples mainly exhibit a valence state of 2+. Cathodoluminescence (CL) spectra from Mn-doped GaN samples displayed emissions centered at about 1.97 eV, attributed to transitions between the 4T1-6A1 states of the Mn2+ d orbitals, and emissions centered at 2.45 and 2.9 eV, associated with the presence of VGa. CL measurements also revealed a blue shift of the GaN band-edge emission generated by the expansion of the wurtzite lattice due to Mn incorporation, which was confirmed by XRD measurements. These latter measurements also revealed an amorphization of GaN:Mn due to the incorporation of oxygen as impurities. The GaN:Mn samples were synthesized by thermal evaporation of GaN and MnCO3 powders onto Ni0.8Cr0.2/Si(100) in a horizontal furnace operated at low vacuum. The residual air inside the system was used as a source of oxygen during the synthesis of Mn and O co-doped GaN nanostructures. Mn and O impurities were incorporated into the nanostructures at different concentrations by varying the growth temperature. Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy, XRD, and XPS measurements confirmed that the obtained samples predominantly consisted of GaN.
Acoustic radiation force on a compressible cylinder in the standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW)
Authors: Liang Shen , Chaohui Wang
Published: January 2018

In this work, the radiation force exerted by the standing surface acoustic wave (SSAW) on a compressible cylinder in inviscid fluids is derived. The formula obtained in plane standing waves fails to calculate the radiation force on the cylinder in the SSAW. The Rayleigh angle is introduced to extend the prior formula. According to our expressions, the radiation force can not only repel the cylinder but also attract it in the direction perpendicular to the piezoelectric substrate. The Rayleigh angle can be used to actively tune the equilibrium positions (pressure nodes or antinodes) in the SSAW. Additionally, it can also be used to manipulate bubbles. Thus, our expressions have great potential in the SSAW-based applications.
Enhanced Faraday rotation and magneto-optical figure of merit in gold grating/graphene/silicon hybrid magneto-plasmonic devices
Authors: Qin Jun , Xia Shuang , Jia Ke , Wang Chuangtang , Tang Tingting , Lu Haipeng , Zhang Li , Zhou Peiheng , Peng Bo , Deng Longjiang , Bi Lei
Published: January 2018

Graphene is a promising THz magneto-optical material. However, high Faraday rotation is only achievable at a low THz frequency range in single layer graphene. In this paper, we report simultaneous Faraday rotation and optical transmission enhancement in Au grating/graphene/silicon hybrid plasmonic structures across a wide frequency range from 0.43 to 24 THz using extraordinary transmission of THz spoof surface plasmons. In a broad frequency range up to 13.1 THz, the Faraday rotation and magneto-optical figure of merit in this hybrid structure can exceed the maximum value of single layer graphene at the low THz frequency range. Numerical analysis on the device dispersion relation indicates that the mechanism of simultaneous Faraday rotation and transmission enhancement is due to coupling of the TE waveguide mode with the TM hybrid waveguide-plasmon mode. Our work demonstrates the hybrid plasmonic structure as a promising candidate for THz nonreciprocal photonic device applications.
Behavior of intermolecular interactions in α-glycine under high pressure
Authors: Shinozaki Ayako , Komatsu Kazuki , Kagi Hiroyuki , Fujimoto Chikako , Machida Shinichi , Sano-Furukawa Asami , Hattori Takanori
Published: January 2018

Pressure-response on the crystal structure of deuterated α-glycine was investigated at room temperature, using powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and powder neutron diffraction measurements under high pressure. No phase change was observed up to 8.7 GPa, although anisotropy of the lattice compressibility was found. No significant changes in the compressibility and the intramolecular distance between non-deuterated α-glycine and deuterated α-glycine were observed. Neutron diffraction measurements indicated the distance of the intermolecular D⋯O bond along with the c-axis increased with compression up to 6.4 GPa. The distance of another D⋯O bond along with the a-axis decreased with increasing pressure and became the shortest intermolecular hydrogen bond above 3 GPa. In contrast, the lengths of the bifurcated N–D⋯O and C–D⋯O hydrogen bonds, which are formed between the layers of the α-glycine molecules along the b-axis, decreased significantly with increasing pressure. The decrease of the intermolecular distances resulted in the largest compressibility of the b-axis, compared to the other two axes. The Hirshfeld analysis suggested that the reduction of the void region size, rather than shrinkage of the strong N–D⋯O hydrogen bonds, occurred with compression.
Robust mode space approach for atomistic modeling of realistically large nanowire transistors
Authors: Huang Jun Z. , Ilatikhameneh Hesameddin , Povolotskyi Michael , Klimeck Gerhard
Published: January 2018

Nanoelectronic transistors have reached 3D length scales in which the number of atoms is countable. Truly atomistic device representations are needed to capture the essential functionalities of the devices. Atomistic quantum transport simulations of realistically extended devices are, however, computationally very demanding. The widely used mode space (MS) approach can significantly reduce the numerical cost, but a good MS basis is usually very hard to obtain for atomistic full-band models. In this work, a robust and parallel algorithm is developed to optimize the MS basis for atomistic nanowires. This enables engineering-level, reliable tight binding non-equilibrium Green's function simulation of nanowire metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) with a realistic cross section of 10 nm × 10 nm using a small computer cluster. This approach is applied to compare the performance of InGaAs and Si nanowire n-type MOSFETs (nMOSFETs) with various channel lengths and cross sections. Simulation results with full-band accuracy indicate that InGaAs nanowire nMOSFETs have no drive current advantage over their Si counterparts for cross sections up to about 10 nm × 10 nm.
Photodissociation dynamics of the simplest alkyl peroxy radicals, CH3OO and C2H5OO, at 248 nm
Authors: Sullivan Erin N. , Nichols Bethan , Neumark Daniel M.
Published: January 2018

The photodissociation dynamics of the simplest alkyl peroxy radicals, methyl peroxy (CH3OO) and ethyl peroxy (C2H5OO), are investigated using fast beam photofragment translational spectroscopy. A fast beam of CH3OO− or C2H5OO− anions is photodetached to generate neutral radicals that are subsequently dissociated using 248 nm photons. The coincident detection of the photofragment positions and arrival times allows for the determination of mass, translational energy, and angular distributions for both two-body and three-body dissociation events. CH3OO exhibits repulsive O loss resulting in the formation of O(1D) + CH3O with high translational energy release. Minor two-body channels leading to OH + CH2O and CH3O + O(3P) formation are also detected. In addition, small amounts of H + O(3P) + CH2O are observed and attributed to O loss followed by CH3O dissociation. C2H5OO exhibits more complex dissociation dynamics, in which O loss and OH loss occur in roughly equivalent amounts with O(1D) formed as the dominant O atom electronic state via dissociation on a repulsive surface. Minor two-body channels leading to the formation of O2 + C2H5 and HO2 + C2H4 are also observed and attributed to a ground state dissociation pathway following internal conversion. Additionally, C2H5OO dissociation yields a three-body product channel, CH3 + O(3P) + CH2O, for which the proposed mechanism is repulsive O loss followed by the dissociation of C2H5O over a barrier. These results are compared to a recent study of tert-butyl peroxy (t-BuOO) in which 248 nm excitation results in three-body dissociation and ground state two-body dissociation but no O(1D) production.
Absolute determination of optical constants of three transition metals using reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy
Authors: Xu H. , Yang L. H. , Tóth J. , Tőkési K. , Da B. , Ding Z. J.
Published: January 2018

The optical constants, n and k, of three transition metals (Cr, Co, and Pd) were determined from the measured reflection electron energy-loss spectroscopy (REELS) spectra, covering the spectral energy range from visible to vacuum ultraviolet. To do this, a spectral data analysis technique [Xu et al., Phys. Rev. B 95, 195417 (2017)], which combines a sophisticated Monte Carlo simulation for modelling the experimental REELS spectrum and the simulated annealing algorithm for the determination of the true energy loss function (ELF) was adopted. The validity of the obtained ELFs was discussed by comparing with the previous data derived by optical methods and by applying the oscillator strength and the perfect screening-sum rules. Besides, the consistency of the calculated data was evaluated for three in situ measurements for each sample at three primary energies. The complex dielectric function, the refractive index n and the extinction coefficient k were then derived from the obtained ELF via the analytical Kramers-Kronig relation.
Modelling of hydrogen transport in silicon solar cell structures under equilibrium conditions
Authors: Hamer P. , Hallam B. , Bonilla R. S. , Altermatt P. P. , Wilshaw P. , Wenham S.
Published: January 2018

This paper presents a model for the introduction and redistribution of hydrogen in silicon solar cells at temperatures between 300 and 700 °C based on a second order backwards difference formula evaluated using a single Newton-Raphson iteration. It includes the transport of hydrogen and interactions with impurities such as ionised dopants. The simulations lead to three primary conclusions: (1) hydrogen transport across an n-type emitter is heavily temperature dependent; (2) under equilibrium conditions, hydrogen is largely driven by its charged species, with the switch from a dominance of negatively charged hydrogen (H−) to positively charged hydrogen (H+) within the emitter region critical to significant transport across the junction; and (3) hydrogen transport across n-type emitters is critically dependent upon the doping profile within the emitter, and, in particular, the peak doping concentration. It is also observed that during thermal processes after an initial high temperature step, hydrogen preferentially migrates to the surface of a phosphorous doped emitter, drawing hydrogen out of the p-type bulk. This may play a role in several effects observed during post-firing anneals in relation to the passivation of recombination active defects and even the elimination of hydrogen-related defects in the bulk of silicon solar cells.
A crosslinguistic study of some extended uses ofwhat-based interrogative expressions in Chinese, English, and Korean
Authors: Lee Heeju , Su Danjie , Tao Hongyin
Published: January 2018

Interrogative pronouns such aswhatin English,shenmein Mandarin Chinese, andmwe/mwusunin Korean all have developed extended uses beyond interrogation. Such uses may include filling a gap in conversation, softening a speaker’s epistemic stance, and indicating strong emotions such as surprises or incredulity. Yet there is little research dealing with crosslinguistic patterns with large corpora of interactive discourse data. In this paper, we investigate the extended uses based on corpora of multiple telephone calls from the three languages. We show that eight categories of extended use can be identified in the corpora and that most of the extended uses tend to fall in the negative territory. We provide a pragmatic interactive account for this phenomenon and hope that the taxonomy and coding scheme developed here can serve as a starting point for future crosslinguistic and corpus-based comparative studies ofwhat-like tokens as well as of the discourse pragmatic uses of other interrogative forms.
The challenge of a “lacking” language
Authors: McDonald Edward
Published: January 2018

In the eyes of early modern European scholars, Chinese was commonly regarded as a “lacking” language: lacking its own grammatical tradition or “grammatics”; lacking the complex morphology of the classical European languages; even lacking its own “parts of speech” or word classes. In the late 19th century Ma Jianzhong created a grammatics for Chinese by adapting the categories of Latin grammar - and with a good understanding of the similarities and differences between the two languages - but the Chinese grammarians who followed him have struggled with the question of what might be common to all languages and what might be distinctive to Chinese. Ma saw a Chinese grammatics as a way to fill a gap in the country's literacy education, and this applied focus has been shared by most Chinese grammarians since, something which has tended to put restrictions on their description and theorising. A historical perspective is thus absolutely essential for understanding the practical and ideological problems Chinese grammatics continues to face, and can also throw light on the general challenge of extending “European grammar” to non-European languages.
A corpus-based study of the recurrent lexical bundleka li kong‘let (me) tell you’ in Taiwanese Southern Min conversations
Authors: Chang Miao-Hsia , Hsieh Shu-Kai
Published: January 2018

This paper investigates the most frequent lexical bundle (LB)ka li kong(to-you-say) (KLK), in an 18.5-hour Taiwanese Southern Min conversation corpus. The analysis focuses on the discourse-pragmatic functions of KLK, the role it plays in the speaker’s management of information in talk-in-interaction, and the collocations that are employed. The results show that the speaker utilizes KLK to imply epistemic authority regarding the veracity of the predication. Meanwhile, it expresses the speaker’s stance or functions as a discourse organizer to initiate a narrative that is newsworthy. Prosodically, it is always processed as a holistic chunk with great phonological reduction. Along with the low transitivity of the verbkongdemonstrated by the type of object it takes, we argue that KLK is developing into a discourse marker. Collocation of KLK with the markertohfurther triggers the grammaticalization of the four-word bundletoh ka li kong(TKLK) to encode an extreme stance.
Patterns of affix borrowing in a sample of 100 languages
Authors: Seifart Frank
Published: January 2018

Borrowing affixes may be rare compared to lexical borrowing, but it is not random. The current study describes regular patterns of affix borrowing in a database containing 649 borrowed affixes, challenging a number of previous claims about relative borrowability, in particular regarding inflectional categories. It is shown that borrowing affixes of all major nominal and verbal inflectional categories, including case markers and argument indexes, is well attested. Borrowing case markers, for instance, appears to be just as common as borrowing plural markers. By factoring in the “availability” for borrowing (i.e. whether a potential donor language has a relevant affix), it can be shown that nominal categories are far more frequently borrowed than verbal categories. Additionally, it is shown that sets of borrowed affixes often consist of interrelated sets of forms, e.g. forming paradigms, rather than being isolated forms from different morphosyntactic systems, in particular for the more tightly integrated inflectional subsystems. The frequency and systematicity by which inflectional affixes are borrowed calls for a reconsideration of the role of inflection in models of language contact.
A corpus-based investigation of language change in Italian
Authors: Viola Lorella
Published: January 2018

In Italian, grazie ‘thanks’ and ringraziare ‘to thank’ historically introduce an object by means of the preposition di ‘of’ (Renzi, Salvi & Cardinaletti 1991: 545–548); when grazie and ringraziare introduce a subordinate infinite clause, they may all the same be followed by either di or per ‘for’, the latter being the habitual preposition introducing an implicit causal subordinate (ibid.). In light of these considerations, a general lower frequency of occurrence of collocations with per would be expected. This article argues that, in contemporary Italian, there has been an increase in the use of constructions with per and that such an increase is due to an influence from the English thanks/to thank for. Through diachronic lexicographic, quantitative and qualitative analyses carried out over a range of dictionaries and corpora, this article will show that the frequency of use of forms with per has indeed more than octupled in writing from 1200 to 2011 and more than doubled in speech from 1965 to 2003. Moreover, by analyzing the distribution of the studied constructions in a corpus of dubbed Italian from (American) English, the article will also explore the possibility that language contact with English, mainly via dubbing translations, may have played a concurrent fundamental role motivating such changes.
On the sociolinguistics of video games localisation
Authors: Fernández-Costales Alberto
Published: January 2018

This paper addresses the localization of video games into minority languages by presenting a qualitative study which reports on interviews with professional game localizers and translation scholars from bilingual territories in Spain: the Balearic Islands, the Basque Country, Catalonia, Galicia, and the Valencian Community. The article argues that sociolinguistics has been largely ignored within the emerging field of video game translation, and the implications of and the need to adapt video games into minority languages deserves further investigation. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were held with 5 experts aiming to recall their perceptions and views of the current situation of game localisation in Spain. The analysis of the interviews suggests there is a mismatch between the current reality of video game localisation, which is clearly market-driven, and the scenario for language diversity developed in the European Union and in Spain in the last few decades.
Seeking delocalization
Authors: O’Hagan Minako
Published: January 2018

The continuing development of the Internet and broader technologization have made the presence of game fans and the diverse fan community highly visible, shaping part of contemporary global game culture. The influences of such user empowerment have been debated, notably along the lines of the emergence of participatory culture (Jenkins 2006). Increased fan participation in translation facilitated by technological environments is highlighting the need to pay attention to the role played by such highly engaged users in the localization industry. Yet, to date the topic has not been explored fully in game localization research. To fill this gap, this article considers the significance for game localization of the dynamically evolving status and influence of international game fan communities. Taking the case of a controversy that erupted during 2015 and 2016 over localization of a Japanese tactical RPG (Role Playing Game) title, the article investigates how user empowerment is impacting on game localization. This article demonstrates the importance – for game publishers and developers alike – of recognizing the increasingly significant presence of global game fan communities. In particular, game publishers and developers must be prepared to have clear and consistent localization policies and strategies in place in order to face the scrutiny of increasingly knowledgeable and empowered fan communities.
Targeted translation
Authors: Ranford Aiden
Published: January 2018

Japanese popular culture in the form of anime, manga, and videogames, enjoys significant popularity with diehard international fan groups, who have often become acquainted with aspects of Japanese culture through fan-translated media. However, this base of knowledgeable fans stands unique amongst standard translation practice, which seeks to iron out cultural specificities to create a text that reads flawlessly for a mass audience. This article therefore sets out to explain how videogame translators adopt targeted translation strategies to make their products more marketable to either a mass audience, the members of which may be ignorant, ambivalent, or even hostile to Japanese pop culture products, or to dedicated niche fan groups whose interest in Japan has been stoked by unofficial translations that frequently position themselves as the only avenue for accessing an “authentic” text. The final releases for eight pairs of Japanese games from the Role-Playing Game genre will be analysed to illustrate how far-reaching translation decisions have been used to make individual games more marketable to either group.
Reduced structure in Malagasy headlines
Authors: Paul Ileana
Published: January 2018

This paper examines the register associated with headlines in Malagasy. While in many languages headlines appear to have reduced structure as evidenced by the absence of certain grammatical markers (determiners, copulas, tense), Malagasy headlines show a change in word order from VOS to SVO. It is argued that like English, Malagasy headlines involve a truncated syntactic structure and that the absence of certain functional projections accounts for the change in word order.
Unspeakable sentences
Authors: Haegeman Liliane
Published: January 2018

The empirical focus of this paper is register based subject omission in English. On the basis of a range of empirical data (including naturally occurring examples) the paper first dispels a number of common misconceptions about the phenomenon such as the idea that (i) this phenomenon is only restricted to diary style, (ii) only first person subjects can be omitted, (iii) the null subject is an instantiation of pro, (iv) the null subject is always uniquely identified in the context. The paper develops the cartographic analysis of register based subject omission proposed inHaegeman (2013)and based onRizzi’s (2006b)‘Privilege of the Root’ approach. A key ingredient of the analysis is the hypothesis that there is a specialized projection for the encoding of subjecthood (SubjP).
Subject drop in Swiss French text messages
Authors: Stark Elisabeth , Robert-Tissot Aurélia
Published: January 2018

In this paper, we present evidence in favour of a syntactic approach to subject drop in Swiss French text messages. Subject drop in our corpus follows patterns found in various so-called "written abbreviated registers" such as diaries, notes etc.: it occurs at the beginning of main sentences and after preposed adjuncts. Based on a corpus of 1100 text messages, collected in 2009/10 (www.sms4science.ch), we test predictions put forward by two approaches to argument drop in abbreviated registers, i.e. the "Avoid Weak Start" hypothesis byWeir (2012a)and the "Truncated CP hypothesis" byHaegeman (2013). While for our data the first approach cannot be excluded, our results more strongly support the syntactic one, despite the fact that some data, especially preposed strong subjectmoiwithout clitic resumption, challenge existing analyses. These data suggest that dropped referential subjects can be analysed as instances of familiar topic drop.
Register variation and distributional patterns in article omission in Dutch headlines
Authors: Oosterhof Albert , Rawoens Gudrun
Published: January 2018

This paper presents a corpus study of article omission in newspaper headlines. The corpus consists of material from a variety of Dutch and Flemish newspapers. The most important factor influencing the frequency of article omission in headlines is the journalistic genre in which it occurs. The main focus of the study is on the semantic and syntactic distribution of the phenomenon, on the basis of which a case will be made for its description as a manifestation of the more widespread decline of the article in Dutch and not as a phenomenon motivated solely by pragmatic factors.
Obligatorily null pronouns in the instructional register and beyond
Authors: Massam Diane , Bamba Kazuya , Murphy Patrick
Published: January 2018

English is not canonically considered a pro-drop language. Despite this, it does allow null pronouns, although less freely than traditional pro-drop languages like Italian and Japanese. The focus of this paper is the instructional register (characteristic of recipes) where we claim that object pronouns are obligatorily null in English: “Take 3 eggs. Break _ into a bowl.”. We present an analysis of Instructional Register Null Objects that also accounts for obligatorily null pronouns in certain radical pro-drop languages like Niuean. In this language, most pronouns are optionally null, however 3rd person inanimate pronouns are obligatorily null. We argue that the obligatorily null nature of such pronouns (whether register-specific like in English, or general as in Niuean) is a result of their lack of φ-features, which leaves them with only the option of being realized through Neeleman & Szendrői’s (2007) general Zero Spell-out Rule.
Null arguments in old Norwegian
Authors: Kinn Kari
Published: January 2018

In this paper I propose a new analysis of null arguments in Old Norwegian. I argue that the option of null realization in Old Norwegian correlates with a distinction between φP and DP pronouns in the sense ofDéchaine & Wiltschko (2002), and that this distribution can be captured by a version of pronoun deletion (Roberts 2010b). On a more general, theoretical level, I argue that both the structure of pronouns and that of the functional domains C, T and v influence the null argument properties of a language. Thus, null arguments, but also blocking of null arguments in non-null-argument languages like Modern Norwegian and English, may be derived in different ways.
Conclusion: transforming tourism.
Authors: Smith J.
Published: January 2018

This chapter addresses the question of whether the mainstream tourism industry can be transformed and whether it can adopt a circular approach. It also argues that tourism cannot be measured by standard economic models, and that adoption of measures such as the Economy for the Common Good could challenge the industry and others to rethink what defines progress. The chapter also discusses how tourism can prepare for new work patterns and respond to the growth in migration, as well as how global warming will change tourism.
Further reading.
Authors: Smith J.
Published: January 2018

A list is presented of recommended reading for anyone interested in developing a transformative tourism industry.
Models of sustainable agriculture and their implementation in Nigeria: the role of Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.
Authors: Kwaghe A. V. , Vakuru C. T. , Ndahi M. D.
Published: January 2018

Over the past five decades in Nigeria, the country's economy has dwindled due to poor adherence to agricultural policies, models and inconsistency to the approach that will lead to desirable and sustained agricultural growth. Meanwhile, the picture of budgetary allocations and actual expenditures for the period covered showed that though the government put up ambitious policies, their financial commitment and considerations have been inadequate. Diversified and focused changes have to be implemented in all ramifications in order to attain and sustain a suitable agricultural sphere. Hence, there is the need to renew models and policies on the ground to suit the current situation. Agricultural models are the blueprints for attaining sustainability in agriculture. However, these models should be flexible enough to incorporate changes (modification) where the need arises, in the course of implementation, monitoring or evaluating the outcome in a designated intervention. Most of the models discussed in this study are designed or modified to suit Nigeria or African continent at large, since our agricultural system is still in the developmental state, which makes them suitable for adoption. Basically, one of the main hurdles that will be encountered is resistance to change. The role of Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development is crucial in attaining a sustainable agricultural system which is categorically stated in this study.
Intensification and semi-intensification of tef production in Ethiopia: applications of the System of Crop Intensification.
Authors: Berhe T. , Gebretsadik Z. , Uphoff N.
Published: January 2018

Future strategies for sustainable food security will need to get greater productivity from available land, labour, water and other resources, producing more food, as much as possible, with reduced inputs. The System of Crop Intensification (SCI) which emerged from an agroecological production strategy developed for rice in Madagascar in the 1980s has shown promise in various countries for raising the yields of diverse crops with less reliance on purchased external inputs, using less seed and needing less water because of enhanced root growth and soil improvement. Here we review the adaptation and application of SCI principles to increasing the production and availability of Ethiopia's most important indigenous grain crop, tef. National production of this staple food, which is essential for the country's food security and is also nutritionally very beneficial, has increased in recent years since the government started supporting extension of new crop management methods after the supply of and demand for tef had become quite imbalanced. Contributing to this increase are modifications of the tef cropping system: the System of Tef Intensification (STI), which is one of many SCI derivations, and a less-intensified version designated as TIRR (
Tef
with
I
mproved seed,
R
educed seed rate, and
R
ow planting). STI, which is based on transplanting tef seedlings rather than broadcasting tef seed, requires considerably more labour than farmers' current methods, and weather conditions must be conducive. However, the greater production from STI practices can more than repay the investment of additional labour if farmers are willing and able to make such expenditure, and if the timing of rains permits. TIRR is a less labour-demanding methodology based on drilling tef seed in rows with wide spacing. It is now being promoted by the government to raise national tef production. While it does not improve yield as much as STI does, it is easier for Ethiopian farmers to adopt. Both STI and TIRR modifications capitalize more effectively on the limited resources available to smallholding households which produce tef as their main staple crop for sustenance and for sale. TIRR includes the promotion of improved varieties of tef, while STI has shown improved yield with practically all varieties. These crop management methods draw on existing potentials within tef plants and in the soil systems where these plants grow.
Food-derived regulatory factors against obesity and metabolic syndrome
Authors: Kawada Teruo
Published: January 2018

Obesity is a key factor in metabolic syndrome. The study of metabolic syndrome focuses on the anti-weight gain properties of physiological mechanisms and food components. Abnormal energy metabolism is a major risk factor of metabolic syndrome. Chronic inflammation is a feature of obesity; cytokines from hypertrophied adipocytes cause inflammation in both adipose tissue and blood vessels, resulting in symptoms of metabolic syndrome. Tumor necrosis factor-α causes insulin resistance in adipocytes and regression of brown adipocytes, resulting in abnormal energy metabolism. Functional foods can serve as a strategy for prevention and treatment of obesity linked with metabolic processes in white and brown adipose tissues. Diet-induced thermogenesis caused by certain food components stimulates burning of stored fat within adipose tissues. A mechanistic understanding of dietary thermogenesis via the sympathetic nerve system will prove valuable for the development of precise strategies for the practical prevention of metabolic syndrome.
Dynamic viscoelasticity of protease-treated rice batters for gluten-free rice bread making
Authors: Honda Yuji , Inoue Nanami , Sugimoto Reina , Matsumoto Kenji , Koda Tomonori , Nishioka Akihiro
Published: January 2018

Papain (cysteine protease), subtilisin (Protin SD-AY10, serine protease), and bacillolysin (Protin SD-NY10, metallo protease) increased the specific volume of gluten-free rice breads by 19–63% compared to untreated bread. In contrast, Newlase F (aspartyl protease) did not expand the volume of the rice bread. In a rheological analysis, the viscoelastic properties of the gluten-free rice batters also depended on the protease categories. Principal component analysis (PCA) analysis suggested that the storage and loss moduli (G′ and G″, respectively) at 35 °C, and the maximum values of G′ and G″, were important factors in the volume expansion. Judging from the PCA of the viscoelastic parameters of the rice batters, papain and Protin SD-AY10 improved the viscoelasticity for gluten-free rice bread making, and Protin SD-NY effectively expanded the gluten-free rice bread. The rheological properties differed between Protin SD-NY and the other protease treatments.