bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Patient‐reported effect in patients receiving implant or tooth‐supported fixed prosthesis
Authors: Øzhayat Esben B. , Gotfredsen Klaus
Published: August 2019

Objectives

To compare the patient‐reported effect of treatment with implant‐supported fixed prosthesis (ISFP) and fixed dental prosthesis (FDP) in patients with a small number of tooth losses to replace.

Methods

From a population of 155 patients receiving either ISFP or FDP, 68 patients were matched in pairs based on gender, number of teeth replaced, zone of replacement, age and number of remaining teeth. The patient‐reported effect was prospectively obtained by measuring change in the short‐form oral health impact (OHIP‐14) from before to one month after treatment. Effect size (ES), standardised response mean (SRM) and a minimal important difference of two units were applied to estimate the magnitude of the change.

Results

Both the ISFP and FDP groups decreased significantly in OHIP‐14 after treatment (P < .01). The change was not significantly different between the ISFP and FDP groups. The magnitude of the change was for both treatments moderate and slightly higher in the ISFP group (ES = 0.52 and SRM = 0.58) than in the FDP group (ES = 0.48 and SRM = 0.47). Applying the minimal important difference showed that 23 participants in the ISFP group and 21 in the FDP group had good effect.

Conclusions

The patient‐reported effect of treatment with ISFP or FDP was similar, clinically meaningful and of moderate magnitude in patients with a small number tooth losses to replace.
Evaluation of metabolic profile and C‐reactive protein concentrations in brachycephalic dogs with upper airway obstructive syndrome
Authors: Gianella Paola , Caccamo Roberta , Bellino Claudio , Bottero Enrico , Fietta Federica , Roncone Silvia , Ostanello Fabio , Pietra Marco , Buracco Paolo
Published: August 2019

Background

Brachycephalic dogs have abnormal breathing patterns similar to those in humans with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is associated with dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. Despite the fact that anatomic and functional alterations are well described in brachycephalic dogs, little is known about the consequences of upper airway obstruction on systemic inflammatory response and metabolic profile.

Objectives

To describe history, clinical presentation, and anatomic abnormalities; to evaluate systemic inflammatory response and metabolic profile; and to identify possible associations among clinical signs, anatomic abnormalities, inflammatory response, and metabolic profile in brachycephalic dogs with airway obstruction.

Animals

Thirty purebred brachycephalic dogs with brachycephalic airway obstructive syndrome (BAOS).

Methods

Prospective study. The following information was recorded and studied: respiratory and digestive signs, airway and digestive endoscopic anomalies, presence or absence of tracheal hypoplasia, histologic evaluation of gastrointestinal tract biopsy specimens, serum concentrations of C‐reactive protein (CRP), fructosamine, insulin, glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, and plasma concentrations of lipoprotein classes.

Results

A high proportion of dogs (76.7%) had gastrointestinal signs. Esophageal deviation, atony of the cardia of the stomach, and distal esophagitis were the most common endoscopic anomalies detected. Twenty‐six (86.6%) dogs had different degrees of laryngeal collapse. Gastrointestinal histologic evaluation identified mostly chronic inflammation. Glucose, fructosamine, triglycerides, cholesterol, CRP, pre‐beta, beta lipoproteins, and chylomicrons were increased to a variable extent. Significant associations among clinical signs, anatomic abnormalities, CRP, and metabolic profile were not found.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

Despite the presence of inflammation and some mild metabolic derangements, the clinicopathological variables evaluated did not offer valuable information in dogs with BAOS.
Mycoplasma haemolamae and intestinal parasite relationships with erythrocyte variables in clinically healthy alpacas and llamas
Authors: Viesselmann Lisa C. , Videla Ricardo , Schaefer John , Chapman Aly , Wyrosdick Heidi , Schaefer Deanna M. W.
Published: August 2019

Background

Mycoplasma haemolamae (Mhl) and gastrointestinal nematodes can cause anemia in camelids. Control programs aim to suppress parasitism without promoting anthelminthic resistance, but few evidence‐based guidelines define acceptable parasite loads in camelids.

Hypothesis/Objectives

In clinically healthy nonanemic camelids, compare erythrocyte variables to Mhl real‐time PCR status and to fecal egg count (FEC). Determine the FEC threshold above which erythrocyte variables are consistently below reference interval medians.

Animals

One hundred fourteen client‐owned adult alpacas and llamas.

Methods

In a cross‐sectional study, whole blood in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was assessed for packed cell volume (PCV) by centrifugation, erythrocyte count (RBC), and hemoglobin concentration (HGB) using an ADVIA120 analyzer, and Mhl using real‐time PCR. Trichostrongyle eggs per gram (epg) were counted by modified McMaster test on freshly collected feces. Significant differences in erythrocyte variables based on Mhl status and FEC thresholds were assessed by independent t test and one‐way ANOVA, respectively.

Results

Packed cell volume, RBC, and HGB were not significantly different between Mhl‐positive and Mhl‐negative animals, but were significantly lower in animals with FEC >1000 epg compared to those with <500 epg. All animals with FEC >600 epg had RBC and HGB below the reference interval median. All animals with FEC >750 epg had PCV below the reference interval median.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

In healthy nonanemic camelids, positive Mhl PCR is not associated with lower erythrocyte variables and such animals may not warrant treatment. Fecal egg count >600‐750 epg has a negative effect on erythrocyte variables, and may be a guide for deworming protocols.
Temperament Predicts Processing Speed in Low Socioeconomic Status Rural Preschoolers
Authors: Hermida Maria Julia , Segretin Maria Soledad , Shalom Diego Edgar , Lopez‐Rosenfeld Matías , Abril Marcelo Claudio , Lipina Sebastián Javier , Sigman Mariano
Published: August 2019

Extreme poverty all over the world is concentrated in rural settings. However, studies about cognition in low socioeconomic status (SES) children are for the most part conducted in urban populations. This paper investigates, in a poor rural sample, what are the individual and socioenvironmental variables that make the difference in performance in a processing speed task. Forty four 5‐year‐old children were evaluated with a processing speed task; individual and socioenvironmental information was obtained from parents' interviews. Higher scores in the effortful control dimension of temperament were associated with higher performance in the processing speed task. No other individual or socioenvironmental variable predicted the performance. These results showed that effortful control is important in processing speed and suggest that in low SES rural contexts, low effortful control children would require stronger interventions.
Beyond ‘driving’: The relationship between assessment, performance and learning
Authors: Scott Ian M.
Published: August 2019

Objective

Is the statement ‘assessment drives learning’ a myth?

Background

Instructors create assessments and students respond to these assessments. Although such responses are often labelled indications of learning, the responses educators observe can also be considered a performance. When responses are aligned with generating stable changes, then assessment drives learning. When responses are not aligned with stable changes, we must consider them to be something else: a performance put on partially or fully for the sake of implying capability rather than actual learning. The alignment between the assessments educators create and the way students respond to these assessments is determined by the actions students take in our curriculum, in preparation for our assessments and after engaging with our assessments.

Conclusions

Not all assessments need to or should support learning, but when we assume all assessments ‘drive learning’, we endorse the myth that assessment is necessarily a formative aspect of our curricula. When we create assessments that encourage performance activities such as cramming, competing for tutorial airtime and impression management in the clinical setting we drive students to a performance. By thinking about how our students, institutions, curricula and assessments support learning and how well they support performance, we can modify and more fully align our curricular and assessment efforts to support learners in achieving their (and our) desired outcome. So, is the phrase ‘assessment drives learning’ a myth? This paper will conclude that it often is but we as educators must, through our leadership, move this myth towards a reality.
The projection of anorectal afferents to cortex of the rat: Comparison of two methods of cortical mapping
Authors: Turner Keira , Pickering Mark , O'Connell P. Ronan , Jones James F. X.
Published: August 2019

Background

The rat has served usefully as a model for fecal incontinence and exploration of the mechanism of action of sacral neuromodulation. However, there is a gap in knowledge concerning representation(s) on the primary sensory cortex of this anatomical region.

Methods

Multi‐electrode array (32 channels) and intrinsic optical signal (IOS) processing were used to map cortical activation sites following anorectal electrical stimulation in the rat. A simple method for expanding a 32‐electrode array to a virtual 2700 array was refined.

Key Results

The IOS method identified activation of parietal cortex following anorectal or first sacral nerve root (S1) stimulation; however, the signal was poorly localized and large spontaneous vasomotion was observed in pial vessels. In contrast, the resulting high‐density maps showed two anatomically distinct cortical activation sites to anorectal stimulation.

Conclusions & Inferences

There are two distinct sites of activation on the parietal cortex following anorectal stimulation in the rat. The implications for sacral neuromodulation as a therapy for fecal incontinence are discussed.
Sticky mucilages and exudates of plants: putative microenvironmental design elements with biotechnological value
Authors: Galloway Andrew F. , Knox Paul , Krause Kirsten
Published: August 2019

Plants produce a wide array of secretions both above and below ground. Known as mucilages or exudates, they are secreted by seeds, roots, leaves and stems and fulfil a variety of functions including adhesion, protection, nutrient acquisition and infection. Mucilages are generally polysaccharide‐rich and often occur in the form of viscoelastic gels and in many cases have adhesive properties. In some cases, progress is being made in understanding the structure–function relationships of mucilages such as for the secretions that allow growing ivy to attach to substrates and the biosynthesis and secretion of the mucilage compounds of the Arabidopsis seed coat. Work is just beginning towards understanding root mucilage and the proposed adhesive polymers involved in the formation of rhizosheaths at root surfaces and for the secretions involved in host plant infection by parasitic plants. In this article, we summarise knowledge on plant exudates and mucilages within the concept of their functions in microenvironmental design, focusing in particular on their bioadhesive functions and the molecules responsible for them. We draw attention to areas of future knowledge need, including the microstructure of mucilages and their compositional and regulatory dynamics.
A Bayesian network meta‐analysis of orthopaedic treatment in Class III malocclusion: Maxillary protraction with skeletal anchorage or a rapid maxillary expander
Authors: Wu Zuping , Zhang Xin , Li Zixuan , Liu Yuyao , Jin Hairu , Chen Qian , Guo Jie
Published: August 2019

To evaluate and compare the effectiveness of orthopaedic treatment for Class III malocclusions using skeletal anchorage or a rapid maxillary expander for maxillary protraction. Electronic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library and Web of Science, were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non‐randomized clinical trials (CCTs) for orthopaedic treatment of Class III malocclusions. Five interventions were studied: a facemask with a maxillary temporary anchorage device (MTAD), a bone‐anchored rapid maxillary expansion (BARME), a rapid maxillary expansion (RME), an alternate rapid maxillary expansion and contraction (Alt‐RAMEC), and a bone‐anchored intermaxillary traction (BAIMT). Eight outcomes (SNA, SNB, ANB, overjet, SN‐GoGn, ANS‐Me, IMPA (L1‐MP), and U1‐PP) were statistically polled. We conducted network meta‐analysis using R statistical software with the GeMTC package. Twenty‐five studies met the inclusion criteria. Compared with the RME group, the Alt‐RAMEC group (mean difference (MD): 1.3; 95% credibility interval (CrI): 0.26, 2.3) and MTAD group (MD: 0.85; 95% CrI: 0.065, 1.6) showed a better effect on ANB in CCTs. Regarding the vertical relationship, the BAIMT group (MD: −2.2; 95% CrI: −5.2, 0.73) showed a smaller effect regarding increasing the vertical dimension of ANS‐Me. The RME, MTAD and Alt‐RAMEC group showed a higher ability to decrease the angle of L1‐MP. The Alt‐RAMEC and MTAD protocol have a higher possibility to obtain a skeletal and tooth effect in sagittal relationships. The BAIMT protocol can acquire a better skeletal effect in sagittal relationships with less vertical and dental changes. More well‐designed RCTs are needed to ensure that the conclusion is reliable.
A Deal that Does Not Die: The United States and the Rise, Fall and Future of the (CP)TPP
Authors: Ji Xianbai , Rana Pradumna B.
Published: August 2019

The Trans‐Pacific Partnership (TPP) is one of the most politically resilient economic arrangements of the past decades. Its evolution, including the highs and lows, is closely tied to the shifting positions of the United States. This article examines the role played by the United States in the rise, fall and future of the TPP and its successor, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for TPP (CPTPP). First, this article revisits Washington's threefold geo‐economic interest behind the original TPP in terms of projecting influence in Asian affairs, supporting Obama's Rebalance to Asia strategy, and leading the regional rule‐writing efforts to facilitate 21st century trade and investment. Second, this article delves into offering an explanation of the loss of the TPP in the United States. It argues that the TPP was crippled under an overlay of bad timing, bad politics and bad context. Specifically, the 2016 elections, Trump's disapproving views on the TPP, and the narrow and underperforming US trade policy ecosystem at large were the key factors leading to the US withdrawal from the TPP. In conclusion, the article considers the future of the CPTPP by asking and answering three questions: Will China and other countries join the bloc? Will the CPTPP evolve into a Free Trade Area of the Asia‐Pacific? And, are the CPTPP and the China‐backed Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership part of the Asia‐Pacific's constructive response to Trump's protectionism?
Appraising the “Thucydides Trap” Geographically: The Korean Factor in Sino‐US Relations
Authors: Yang Xiangfeng
Published: August 2019

In lieu of taking stock of the many problems presently plaguing Sino‐US relations, this research zeroes in on just one of them – the evolving situation on the Korean Peninsula that has both alarmed and captivated the world. Korea, prima facie, is a case that has the likely potential to erupt into an open conflict between China and the United States. Situated against the broad context of great power entanglement on the Peninsula, this paper examines the convergence, as well as divergence, of interests and strategic objectives for both China and the United States in terms of areas of cooperation and competition. It argues that their shared aversion to a war, and the complex, multilateral nature of the matter, distinguishes Korea from other disputes, particularly Taiwan and the South China Sea. Korea, therefore, is not at the center of a Sino‐US Thucydides Trap. Nevertheless, Sino‐US competition to shape the future of the strategic landscape of the Peninsula will undoubtedly continue and might even intensify.
Do We Love For Reasons?
Authors: Han Yongming
Published: August 2019

Do we love for reasons? It can seem as if we do, since most cases of non‐familial love seemselective: coming to love a non‐family‐member often begins with our being drawn to them for what they are like. I argue, however, that we can vindicate love's selectivity, even if we maintain that there are no reasons for love; indeed, that gives us a simpler, and hence better, explanation of love's selectivity. We don't, in short, come to love forreasons. That which seemed like evidence for thinking that there are reasons for love, then, turns out to militate against that view how can these purported reasons be reasons for love, if they don't engender (in virtue of rationalizing) it?
Is Democracy Necessary for Good Governance?
Authors: Ishiyama John
Published: August 2019

Objective

Is democracy necessary for good governance? Although it is often assumed that there is a natural connection between democracy and governance, there is remarkably little empirical work that tests this relationship cross‐nationally.

Methods

In this article, I first focus on distinguishing aspects of good governance and separate them conceptually from democracy. Second, I outline several different types of regime models that represent models for emulation among developing countries. Third, using data from 115 countries from 1996 to 2011, I quantitatively analyze which of these is more effective in producing good governance (which in part explains the appeal of some models over others).

Results

The results suggest that there are (1) either no differences between one‐party regimes and democracies in terms of the promotion of rule of law or effective governance in the developing world; and (2) some types of semi‐authoritarian one‐party regimes are better at promoting rule of law and effective governance than other types of authoritarian regimes—equally as well as democracies.

Conclusion

Contrary to much of the literature, democracy does not appear to be necessary for good “enough” governance. However, in the long run, for good governance and the “rule of law” to firmly take root (where regime elites are held accountable by law), democratic institutions must be ultimately developed.
Honor and Terrorism: Cultural Origins of the Severity of Terrorist Attacks
Authors: Tschantret Joshua
Published: August 2019

Objective

Why are some terrorist attacks so much more devastating than others? Despite the importance of this question, few studies examine the great variance in lethality across terrorist incidents. This article proposes that some cultures witness deadlier terrorism. In particular, it maintains that deadlier terrorism will occur in cultures of honor that socialize individuals to view violence as an acceptable means for upholding a reputation for toughness. Cultures of honor produce terrorists motivated by perceived slight and reputational challenges, which they are compelled to rectify through especially severe acts of violence. Reclaiming one's honor is possible by inflicting maximum damage on the offending person or group.

Method

This argument is empirically tested in a multilevel statistical analysis of domestic terrorism in the United States from 1970 to 2015.

Results

Clear evidence emerges that terrorism is deadlier in the U.S. South—the quintessential culture of honor—than in the other regions of the United States. Other variables highlighted in the existing literature, however, receive mixed support.

Conclusion

The evidence presented in this article indicates that cultural variables help explain variation in terrorist attack lethality. Future research on political violence, including terrorism, would benefit from taking culture into greater consideration.
Structuring ward rounds to enhance education
Authors: Gray Amy Z , Modak Maitreyi , Connell Tom , Enright Helen
Published: August 2019

Background

Ward rounds are a fundamental part of hospital culture and teaching on rounds has a long tradition. Yet evidence points towards increasing difficulties in delivering ward round education in complex heath care settings. Drawing on the literature and gaps identified in our own hospital setting we hypothesised that a tool for structuring ward rounds could improve the educational experience on rounds without adding a time burden to already busy consultants.

Methods

We used a developmental evaluation approach to develop a framework and evaluate a tool for improving ward round education. The ward round framework STIC (Set, Target, Inspect and Close) and ward round tool was developed through an iterative process of reviewing and piloting in a clinical department and was evaluated against Moore's outcome levels drawing on quantitative and qualitative data. Surveys of consultants were used to quantify uptake, acceptability and usefulness of the ward round tool. Focus groups of trainee doctors evaluated their experience of ward round education.

Results

The majority of consultants used the ward round tool and found it accessible, and useful to enhance education, without extending ward round time. Trainee doctors had seen the ward round tool in use and reflected that it provided structure, focused their learning opportunities, gave clarity to the agenda and provided closure. Unintended benefits were seen for enhanced team work.

Conclusions

We present a structured framework STIC and tool for ward rounds that incorporates education, which is acceptable to consultants and is perceived to enhance education for trainees and to strengthen team work. Understanding our framework STIC and our ward round tool's applicability in other settings, scalability and impact and the perspective of patients, would be valuable extensions of this work.

We present a structured framework STIC and tool for ward rounds that incorporates education, which is acceptable to consultants and is perceived to enhance education for trainees and to strengthen team work
Hormone replacement therapy following treatment of gynaecological malignancies
Authors: Richardson Alison , Ayres Julie , Cust Mike , Phillips Andrew
Published: August 2019

Key content

Approximately 21 000 women in the UK were diagnosed with a gynaecological malignancy in 2015; although most of these malignancies occurred in postmenopausal women, 30–40% present in premenopausal or perimenopausal women.

Management typically involves surgery and/or chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, which in younger women may result in an induced menopause.

Many women struggle with both the immediate symptoms and the long‐term consequences of estrogen deficiency, all of which are debilitating and compromise the quality and quantity of life, in addition to the cancer diagnosis and treatment.

These patients represent a complex group and most units in the UK do not have easy access to menopause specialists.

Gynaecologists may be reluctant to prescribe hormone replacement therapy (HRT) to these women; clinicians involved in the care of these women must appreciate when HRT is and is not contraindicated.

Learning objectives

To understand the safety of HRT in women who have undergone treatment for endometrial, ovarian, cervical, vulval or vaginal malignancies, with particular emphasis on the type, stage and grade of cancer.

To establish an evidence‐based approach to the management of menopausal symptoms using HRT in women who have previously been treated for a gynaecological malignancy.

To appreciate the role of non‐hormonal alternatives to HRT in these women.

Ethical issues

How to balance the known benefits of HRT against the potential risks, when evidence is limited in women who have undergone treatment for a gynaecological malignancy.
A novel computational framework for D(t) from Fluorescence Recovery after Photobleaching data reveals various anomalous diffusion types in live cell membranes
Authors: Kang Minchul , Day Charles A. , Kenworthy Anne K.
Published: August 2019

Diffusion of proteins and lipids in lipid membranes plays a pivotal role in almost all aspects of cellular biology, including motility, exo−/endocytosis and signal transduction. For this reason, gaining a detailed understanding of membrane structure and function has long been a major area of cell biology research. To better elucidate this structure‐function relationship, various tools have been developed for diffusion measurements, including Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching (FRAP). Because of the complexity of cellular microenvironments, biological diffusion is often correlated over time and described by a time‐dependent diffusion coefficient,
D(t), although the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Since
D(t) provides important information regarding cellular structures, such as the existence of subresolution barriers to diffusion, many efforts have been made to quantify
D(t) by FRAP assuming a single power law,
D(t) = Γt
α − 1 where
Γ and
α are transport coefficient and anomalous exponent. However, straightforward approaches to quantify a general form of
D(t) are lacking. In this study, we develop a novel mathematical and computational framework to compute the mean square displacement of diffusing molecules and diffusion coefficient
D(t) from each individual time point of confocal FRAP data without the single power law assumption. Additionally, we developed an auxiliary equation for
D(t) which can readily distinguish normal diffusion or single power law anomalous diffusion from other types of anomalous diffusion directly from FRAP data. Importantly, by applying this approach to FRAP data from a variety of membrane markers, we demonstrate the single power law anomalous diffusion assumption is not sufficient to describe various types of
D(t) of membrane proteins. Lastly, we discuss how our new approaches can be applied to other fluorescence microscopy tools such as Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS) and Single Particle Tracking (SPT).
Total hip arthroplasty to address chronic hip luxation with pseudoacetabulum formation in seven dogs
Authors: Jones Stephen C. , Bula Edyta , Dyce Jonathan
Published: August 2019

Objective

To compare the outcome of dogs treated with total hip arthroplasty (THA) for chronic hip luxation and pseudoacetabulum formation to that of dogs with simple hip dysplasia and secondary osteoarthritis.

Study design

Retrospective, case‐controlled study.

Animals

Seven dogs with pseudoacetabulum (group 1) and 21 matched control dogs (group 2).

Methods

Each dog in group 1 was matched with three control dogs, primarily according to similarity of THA implant type and size. Patterns of radiographic pathology were characterized in each dog. Outcome measures included operative time, acetabular cup position/orientation (inclination angle, angle of lateral opening, version angle) complications, and long‐term outcomes. Outcome measures were compared between groups using linear regression (P = .05).

Results

The presence of a pseudoacetabulum was associated with ilial remodeling and heterotopic bone formation concentric to the luxated femoral head. Exposing the native acetabulum and reducing the prosthesis were surgically challenging. The mean (SD) operative time of dogs in group 1 (96 [18] minutes) was longer than that of dogs in group 2 (63 [14] minutes; P = .00002). Cup position/orientation was not different between dogs in group 1 and group 2. One intraoperative complication and two minor postoperative complications occurred in group 1 dogs. All dogs had good long‐term outcomes.

Conclusion

Total hip arthroplasty in dogs with a pseudoacetabulum was more challenging than in control dogs. However, the procedure provided good to excellent long‐term clinical outcomes in all dogs.

Clinical significance

Surgeons should be prepared for the specific surgical challenges associated with THA in dogs with pseudoacetabulum formation.
MECHANICAL AND WATER TRANSPORT PERFORMANCE OF SUSTAINABLE GEOPOLYMER COMPOSITE USING BINARY BLENDS OF POZZOLANIC MATERIALS
Authors: Khan Khan Asudullah , Raut Ashwin , Chandrudu C. Rama , Sashidhar C.
Published: August 2019

The focus of the researchers has now shifted towards the geopolymer based materials as it considered as sustainable alternative to the existing cementitious materials. This paper attempts to incorporate the binary blend of pozzolanic material to develop geopolymer composite and understand it’s mechanical and water transport performance as a building material. The combination of bottom ash and rice husk ash with fly ash as a common binder was used for development of geopolymer composite. Replacement levels of both bottom ash and rice husk ash was kept at 40%, 30% and 20% of total solid proportions. Also, the molarity of NaOH was provided at 12 M and 14 M levels respectively. The results showed that the blend of FA-BA blend to be better performed against the blend of FA-RHA blend for their mechanical and water transport properties. The compressive strength of the geopolymer composite having blend of fly ash and bottom ash reached to the value of 41.49 MPa due to its suitable Si/Al ratio for geopolymerization reaction, which is quite remarkable. Also, the results of water transport performance shows the blend of FA-BA to be 15-20% more resistant to percolation of water as compared to FA-RHA blended geopolymer composite, thus lowering the risk of damages to the structures.
REVIEW ON SUDDEN DEATHS DUE TO CARDIAC ABNORMALITIES
Authors: Shih Sheng Soo , Budin Siti Balkis , Ishak Ismarulyusda , Mohd Nor Faridah , Mohamad Anuar Nur Najmi
Published: August 2019

Sudden death is an unexpected natural death within the one-hour onset of a symptom or unwitnessed death that occurs within 24 hours. This definition is most often used to describe death caused by cardiac failure as it is one of the well-known causes of natural death. Various aetiologies are leading to sudden death, and myocardial infarction is reported to be one of the leading causes either due to coronary atherosclerosis and/ or thrombosis. An autopsy is a procedure routinely performed by the pathologist to determine the cause and manner of death which provides valuable information such as, demographic factors comprises gender, age, ethnic and lifestyle that were strongly linked to sudden deaths. This article review will discuss on autopsy in sudden death, as well as the aetiology of sudden death associated with cardiac abnormalities. Further, the contribution of demographic factors to sudden death will also be discussed and highlighted.
A Study on Learning Styles of Individuals Receiving Vocational Music Education
Authors: Çelenk Koray , Lehimler Emrah
Published: August 2019

The aim of this study is to examine the learning styles of the students who take vocational music education and to determine whether the learning styles differ according to gender, age, high school, university, faculty, and class level and instrument variables. This research is a descriptive study conducted in a survey model. In this context, the conceptual infrastructure has been formed by searching the literature, studies on learning styles have been examined and Kolb’s Learning Style Inventory III has been used as a data collection tool. The study group consists of 423 students who study in faculties and conservatories which give vocational music education of 9 universities in Turkey. The results show that the students receiving vocational music education are mostly in the “Diverger” category, while the distribution of students in the “Assimilator”, “Accommodator”, and “Converger” categories is less. In this study, it has been found that the learning styles of the students receiving vocational music education have not differred according to gender, age, university, faculty, and class level and instrument variables. A significant difference has been found in the high school variable. Basing on Kolb’s learning approach, it can be said that providing education in accordance with the students’ preferred instructional approaches (using question-answer, using metaphor, discussion, expression, team work, project preparation, using visual materials, conducting individual research, collecting information from mass media, organizing seminars, utilization from experts etc.) in Diverger and Assimilator categories will have a positive effect on the complete and meaningful learning of the students.
Laboratory measurements and simulations of reflections from a water/clay interface during the diffusion of salt
Authors: Venegas Gabriel R. , Sagers Jason D. , Wilson Preston S.
Published: August 2019

Estuarine, riverine, and certain continental shelf environments experience significant temperature and salinity variability near the ocean bottom that can produce significant changes in how sound interacts with fine-grained sediments, presenting challenges in applications including shallow water sonar and bottom surveys. To begin to understand the effects of this variability on acoustic reflection, reflection measurements in the laboratory near 1 MHz were obtained from a water-clay interface while varying the salinity of the bottom water. At certain angles of incidence, salinity variations caused changes in bottom loss up to 15 dB and 180-degree phase shifts in the reflected signal, and induced changes in the reflectivity of the clay through the diffusion process, thereby leading to complicated, coupled interactions at the water-clay interface. By modeling the reflectivity of clay during molecular diffusion of salt, the diffusion coefficients were experimentally inferred and simulations at lower frequencies and longer timescales were performed. Derived characteristic length scales associated with the molecular diffusion of salt are compared with acoustic wavelengths to identify frequency regimes that are sensitive to salinity fluctuations. Results indicate that the dynamic nature of the bottom water can cause measurable and significant effects in reflectivity at and below frequencies applicable to sonar.
Questionnaire-Based Prevalence of Physical Activity Level on Adults According to Different International Guidelines: Impact on Surveillance and Policies
Authors: Soares Edgard Melo Keene von Koenig , Molina Guilherme E. , Saint Martin Daniel , Leitão João Luís A. E. Sadat P. , Fontana Keila E. , Junqueira Luiz F. , de Araújo Timóteo Leandro , Matsudo Sandra Mahecha , Matsudo Victor K. , Porto Luiz Guilherme Grossi
Published: August 2019

Background: The World Health Organization recommends 150 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (PA) throughout the week. However, the weekly frequency of PA and how to combine moderate and vigorous PA to define who reaches the recommended PA are controversial. PA level might be highly different based on the recommendation and/or the criteria employed.Methods: Demographic data and PA level evaluated by International Physical Activity Questionnaire from 3 random and representative samples from 1 state, 1 city, and 1 local organization in Brazil were analyzed (n = 2961). Nine criteria from different recommendations were used to define PA level. Prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals of sufficient PA were calculated for each criterion and compared with the referent (World Health Organization guideline). Total agreement, sensitivity, and specificity were also calculated with 95% confidence interval.Results: When a weekly frequency of PA was required, the prevalence of sufficient PA decreased by 11% (P < .05). For all criteria, doubling the vigorous PA minutes was similar to simply adding them to moderate PA. These findings are consistent regardless of sex, age, and educational level.Conclusion: Prevalence estimates and agreement between different PA recommendations were significantly affected when a minimum frequency was required but did not change when vigorous PA minutes were doubled.
Epidemiology and Treatment of Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections
Authors: Horcajada Juan P. , Montero Milagro , Oliver Antonio , Sorlí Luisa , Luque Sònia , Gómez-Zorrilla Silvia , Benito Natividad , Grau Santiago
Published: August 2019

In recent years, the worldwide spread of the so-called high-risk clones of multidrug-resistant or extensively drug-resistant (MDR/XDR)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
has become a public health threat. This article reviews their mechanisms of resistance, epidemiology, and clinical impact and current and upcoming therapeutic options.
In vitro
and
in vivo
treatment studies and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) models are discussed.
Interference with SAMHD1 Restores Late Gene Expression of Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara in Human Dendritic Cells and Abrogates Type I Interferon Expression
Authors: Sliva Katja , Martin Judith , von Rhein Christine , Herrmann Tobias , Weyrich Anastasia , Toda Masako , Schnierle Barbara S.
Published: August 2019

SAMHD1 is a phosphohydrolase and reduces cellular dNTP concentrations, which impairs poxviral DNA replication. The simian SIV accessory protein Vpx promotes degradation of SAMHD1, leading to increased cellular dNTP concentrations. Vpx addition enables poxviral DNA replication in human dendritic cells (DCs), as well as the expression of viral late proteins, which is normally blocked. SAMHD1 function during modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) infection of human DCs was studied with recombinant MVA-vpx expressing Vpx. Infection of human DCs with MVA-vpx decreased SAMHD1 protein amounts, enabling MVA DNA replication and expression of late viral genes. Unexpectedly, type I interferon expression was blocked after MVA-vpx infection. MVA-vpx might be a good tool to study SAMHD1 depletion during poxviral infections and to provide insights into poxvirus-host interactions.
Granzyme B Cleaves Multiple Herpes Simplex Virus 1 and Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Gene Products, and VZV ORF4 Inhibits Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity
Authors: Gerada Chelsea , Steain Megan , Campbell Tessa Mollie , McSharry Brian , Slobedman Barry , Abendroth Allison
Published: August 2019

HSV-1 causes oral and genital herpes and establishes life-long latency in sensory ganglia. HSV-1 reactivates multiple times in a person’s life and can cause life-threatening disease in immunocompromised patients. VZV is closely related to HSV-1, causes chickenpox during primary infection, and establishes life-long latency in ganglia, from where it can reactivate to cause herpes zoster (shingles). Unlike HSV-1, VZV only infects humans, and there are limited model systems; thus, little is known concerning how VZV maintains latency and why VZV reactivates. Through studying the link between immune cell cytotoxic functions, granzyme B, and viral gene products, an increased understanding of viral pathogenesis will be achieved.
Breast Tumor-Associated Metalloproteases Restrict Reovirus Oncolysis by Cleaving the σ1 Cell Attachment Protein and Can Be Overcome by Mutation of σ1
Authors: Fernandes Jason P. , Cristi Francisca , Eaton Heather E. , Chen Patricia , Haeflinger Sarah , Bernard Isabelle , Hitt Mary M. , Shmulevitz Maya
Published: August 2019

We demonstrate that metalloproteases in breast tumor microenvironments can inactivate reovirus. Our findings expose that tumor microenvironment proteases could have a negative impact on proteinaceous cancer therapies, such as reovirus, and that modification of such therapies to circumvent inactivation by tumor metalloproteases merits consideration.
Robust Archaeal and Bacterial Communities Inhabit Shallow Subsurface Sediments of the Bonneville Salt Flats
Authors: McGonigle Julia M. , Bernau Jeremiah A. , Bowen Brenda B. , Brazelton William J.
Published: August 2019

Pleistocene Lake Bonneville, which covered a third of Utah, desiccated approximately 13,000 years ago, leaving behind the Bonneville Salt Flats (BSF) in the Utah West Desert. The potash salts that saturate BSF basin are extracted and sold as an additive for agricultural fertilizers. The salt crust is a well-known recreational and economic commodity, but the biological interactions with the salt crust have not been studied. This study is the first geospatial analysis of microbially diverse populations at this site using cultivation-independent environmental DNA sequencing methods. Identification of the microbes present within this unique, dynamic, and valued sedimentary evaporite environment is an important step toward understanding the potential consequences of perturbations to the microbial ecology on the surrounding landscape and ecosystem.
Socioeconomic inequalities in suicide mortality in Barcelona during the economic crisis (2006–2016): a time trend study
Authors: López-Contreras Natalia , Rodríguez-Sanz Maica , Novoa Ana , Borrell Carme , Medallo Muñiz Jordi , Gotsens Mercè
Published: August 2019

Objectives

This study aimed to analyse trends in socioeconomic inequalities in suicide mortality in Barcelona before and after the start of the economic crisis that started at the end of 2008, including both individual factors and contextual factors of the deceased’s neighbourhood of residence.

Design

This is a trend study of three time periods: pre-economic crisis (2006–2008), early crisis (2009–2012) and late crisis (2013–2016).

Setting

Total Barcelona residents between 2006 and 2016 (≥25 years of age) and death data derived from the Judicial Mortality Registry of Barcelona.

Participants

996 deaths by suicide between 2006 and 2016 were analysed.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

The outcomes were age-standardised suicide mortality rates and the associations (relative and absolute risk) between suicide mortality and individual and contextual characteristics for the three time periods.

Results

From 2006 to 2008, men with a lower educational level were more likely to commit suicide than better educated men (relative risk (RR)=1.46; 95% CI 1.11 to 1.91). This difference disappeared after the onset of the crisis. We found no differences among women. From 2013 to 2016, suicide risk increased among men living in neighbourhoods with higher unemployment levels (RR=1.57; 95% CI 1.09 to 2.25) and among women living in neighbourhoods with a higher proportion of elderly people living alone (RR=2.13; 95% CI 1.15 to 3.93).

Conclusions

We observed risks for suicide among men living in neighbourhoods of Barcelona with higher unemployment levels and among women living in neighbourhoods with a higher proportion of elderly people living alone. Inequalities in suicide mortality according to educational level tended to disappear during the crisis among men. Thus, it is important to continue to monitor suicide determinants especially in times of economic crisis.
Do alternative weighting approaches for an Index of Multiple Deprivation change the association with mortality? A sensitivity analysis from Germany
Authors: Schederecker Florian , Kurz Christoph , Fairburn Jon , Maier Werner
Published: August 2019

Objectives

This study aimed to assess the impact of using different weighting procedures for the German Index of Multiple Deprivation (GIMD) investigating their link to mortality rates.

Design and setting

In addition to the original (normative) weighting of the GIMD domains, four alternative weighting approaches were applied: equal weighting, linear regression, maximization algorithm and factor analysis. Correlation analyses to quantify the association between the differently weighted GIMD versions and mortality based on district-level official data from Germany in 2010 were applied (n=412 districts).

Outcome measures

Total mortality (all age groups) and premature mortality (<65 years).

Results

All correlations of the GIMD versions with both total and premature mortality were highly significant (p<0.001). The comparison of these associations using Williams’s t-test for paired correlations showed significant differences, which proved to be small in respect to absolute values of Spearman’s rho (total mortality: between 0.535 and 0.615; premature mortality: between 0.699 and 0.832).

Conclusions

The association between area deprivation and mortality proved to be stable, regardless of different weighting of the GIMD domains. The theory-based weighting of the GIMD should be maintained, due to the stability of the GIMD scores and the relationship to mortality.
Improving adherence to lung cancer guidelines: a quality improvement project that uses chart review, audit and feedback approach
Authors: Jazieh Abdulrahman , Alkaiyat Mohammad Omar , Ali Yosra , Hashim Mohamed Ahmed , Abdelhafiz Nafisa , Al Olayan Ashwaq
Published: August 2019

Introduction

The implementation of evidence-based clinical practice guidelines is one of the most effective interventions for improving quality of care. A gap between guidelines and clinical practice often exists, which may result in patients not receiving appropriate care. This project aimed at improving adherence to lung cancer guidelines at our institution.

Method

The records of patients with lung cancer were evaluated for adherence to guidelines by using an auditing tool that was developed to capture pertinent information. The study team collected data about the following variables: compliance with documentation of pathological diagnosis, documentation of disease stage prior to treatment initiation, presentation at thoracic tumour board within 30 days of diagnosis, management course, and management of end of life in terms of early ‘no code’ initiation, stopping chemotherapy and referral to palliative care prior to 2 weeks of death. Annual audits were performed from 2012 to 2015. Education and discussion with team members to address the deviations were the main interventions to improve adherence.

Results

The baseline measurements were taken in 2012 (49 patients). Histological subtype identification improved from 94% to 100%. Presentation of new cases at the tumour board improved from 35% to 82%. Testing for epidermal growth factor receptor mutation for non-squamous cell lung cancer improved from 77% to 100%. The staging was documented in 100% of the cases.

Conclusion

Running audits to monitor adherence to guidelines and discussions with the team have a positive effect on providing consistent evidence-based care for patients with lung cancer.
Effect of exercise intensity on circulating hepatokine concentrations in healthy men
Authors: Willis Scott A. , Sargeant Jack A. , Thackray Alice E. , Yates Thomas , Stensel David J. , Aithal Guruprasad P. , King James A.
Published: August 2019

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), follistatin and leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2) are novel hepatokines that are modulated by metabolic stresses. This study investigated whether exercise intensity modulates the hepatokine response to acute exercise. Ten young, healthy men undertook three 8-h experimental trials: moderate-intensity exercise (MOD; 55% peak oxygen uptake), high-intensity exercise (HIGH; 75% peak oxygen uptake), and control (CON; rest), in a randomised, counterbalanced order. Exercise trials commenced with a treadmill run of varied duration to match gross exercise energy expenditure between trials (MOD vs HIGH; 2475 ± 70 vs 2488 ± 58 kJ). Circulating FGF21, follistatin, LECT2, glucagon, insulin, glucose and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were measured before exercise and at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 7 h postexercise. Plasma FGF21 concentrations were increased up to 4 h postexercise compared with CON (P ≤ 0.022) with greater increases observed at 1, 2, and 4 h postexercise during HIGH versus MOD (P ≤ 0.025). Irrespective of intensity (P ≥ 0.606), plasma follistatin concentrations were elevated at 4 and 7 h postexercise (P ≤ 0.053). Plasma LECT2 concentrations were increased immediately postexercise (P ≤ 0.046) but were not significant after correcting for plasma volume shifts. Plasma glucagon (1 h; P = 0.032) and NEFA (4 and 7 h; P ≤ 0.029) responses to exercise were accentuated in HIGH versus MOD. These findings demonstrate that acute exercise augments circulating FGF21 and follistatin. Exercise-induced changes in FGF21 are intensity-dependent and may support the greater metabolic benefit of high-intensity exercise.