bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defining regulatory agencies for analytical purposes
Authors: Brown‐John C. Lloyd
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Traditionally regulatory agencies have been viewed from a very narrow perspective, usually relating to control of natural monopolies. This discussion reports on an on‐going research programme at the University of Windsor designed to provide information on regulatory agencies and the concept of regulation and the regulative process.

This initial discussion outlines the operational definition of regulatory agencies, and then applies it to assorted statutory agencies throughout Canada. The discussion notes problems involved in compiling a list of manageable proportions, and then of devising analytical techniques.

The paper concludes that legislators have been remiss in defining regulatory functions for administrative purposes and that they have tended to confuse regulatory, regulative, and adjudicatory functions to the detriment of all concerned. As well, the paper suggests a need for provincial governments to maintain accurate records of agencies and other delegated statutory powers and authorities.

Sommaire. On considère traditionnellement les organismes de régulation dans une optique très étroite, généralement celle de la régulation des monopoles naturels. Cet exposé concerne le programme de recherche que poursuit l'université de Windsor, conçu pour fournir des renseignements sur les organismes de régulation et sur le concept de la régulation et de son processus.

Le débat initial dégage la définition opérationnelle des organismes de régulation pour Fappliquer ensuite à une variété d'organismes de tout le Canada. L'auteur indique les problèmes que posent l'établissement d'une liste de dimensions raisonnables et la mise au point de techniques analytiques.

Il conclut en declarant que les législateurs ont négligé de définir les fonctions de régulation à des fins administratives et qu'ils ont eu tendance à confondre les fonctions réglementaire, régulatrices et adjudicatrices au détriment de tous les intéressés. Il maintient aussi qu'il est nécessaire, pour les gouvernements provinciaux, de tenir des dossiers exacts des organismes auxquels ont été délégués des pouvoirs statutaires.
Mackenzie King and the origins of the cabinet secretariat
Authors: Mallory J. R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. While it has been generally known that the development of the cabinet secretariat in Canada within the Privy Council Office was strongly influenced by the British model, the nature of this influence has been obscure. Documents in the King Papers reveal not only that a study of the British organization was undertaken for Mackenzie King by Burgon Bickersteth, then warden of Hart House, in 1927, but also that the Prime Minister later discussed the question with the Governor General, Lord Tweedsmuir, in 1935. The probable effect of the proposals made at that time on Mackenzie King's ultimate decision are examined, and thereby provide an illustration of his method of reaching decisions.

Sommaire. On reconnait généralement la forte influence du modèle britannique sur le développement du secretariat du cabinet dans le cadre du Conseil privé, mais on connait mal la nature de cette influence. Des documents trouvés parmi les papiers de Mackenzie King révèlent qu'en 1927, Burgon Bickersteth, qui était alors le directeur de Hart House, avait entrepris une étude du système britannique pour le compte du Premier Ministre, qui en avait discuté plus tard, en 1935, avec le Gouverneur Général, Lord Tweedsmuir. L'auteur de cet article étudie l'effet probable des recommandations faites alors sur la décision finale de Mackenzie King, et de ce fait illustre les méthodes de prise de décision de ce dernier.
The evolution of transportation policy in Canada
Authors: Baldwin John R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The nineteenth century produced the deeply rooted belief that transportation was one of the few major instruments of policy for affecting national and regional growth. Basically transportation was monopolistic and centred upon railway dominance. Because of these conditions, large government interventions in the normal economic processes of transport were assumed to be necessary and normal. Rapidly changing economic and technical processes after the two world wars changed the whole nature of the transportation system and made this approach outmoded. Transportation policy in recent decades has been a reflection of the struggle between the realities of the new transport conditions and the traditional older beliefs.

The growth of newer types of transportation, and of competition and the increasing burden of costs to the taxpayer resulting from continuation of the older outlooks, have gradually forced greater reliance on the normal economic forces of the marketplace. This leads to review of the value of major areas of subsidy or government intervention as transport itself is recognized as only one of many tools for government use, not the prime tool. As transport has moved to a lower position in the total list of government priorities, it slowly and with much opposition has achieved greater freedom of action. The new atmosphere of greater reliance on economics can produce a more efficient transportation system. Some new difficulties are foreseen because, as the regulatory agencies tend either to move to a diminished role or use their authority more flexibly, bureaucracy shows a tendency to assume new quasi‐regulatory authority.

The article describes the first appearance of these trends between the two world wars and then develops the theme in greater detail after 1945. It covers the areas of government provision of facilities, safety regulation, growth of competition within and between modes of transport and its effects. It includes rate‐making and rate control, inter‐carrier cooperation as affected by competition legislation, and comments on deregulation. There is a description of major government interventions in and distortions of economic processes in transport, including both direct and indirect subsidies and user charges. The role of the two major transportation crown corporations and, finally, the changes in the machinery of government are outlined.
The Political economy of regulating occupational health: the Ham and Beaudry reports
Authors: Doern G. Bruce
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The article examines the content and findings of the report of the Ham Royal Commission on the Health and Safety of Workers in Mines (in Ontario), and the preliminary report of the Beaudry inquiry into health in the Quebec asbestos industry. The reports are analyzed in relation to a case study (on the Matachewan asbestos plant) and in the broader context of the main variables in the political economy of regulating occupational health (and hazardous substances). These variables include the market economy and the production cycle, the role of organized labour, federalism, and the choice of governing instruments, the organizational forms for regulation, the relationships between regulation‐making and regulatory compliance, the openness of regulatory processes, and the scientific and laymen's conflicting approaches to evidence and causal knowledge.

The analysis suggests that by far the heaviest causal weight in explaining past regulatory inadequacies should be placed on the raw economics of regulating occupational health and on how this has been aided and abetted, by design or by neglect, by interdepartmental jurisdictional conflict. The two reports reinforce the continuing need, intellectually, to link policy with administrative behaviour and to relate both to the Canadian industrial system.

Sommaire. L'auteur de cet article examine la teneur et les conclusions du rapport de la Commission royale Ham sur la santé et la sécurité des mineurs (en Ontario) et le rapport préliminaire de l'enquěte Beaudry sur la santé dans l'industrie de l'amiante, au Québec. Il analyse ces rapports en relation avec une étude de cas (une exploitation d'amiante dans la Matachewan) et dans le contexte plus large des différentes variables de l'économie politique régissant la santé au travail (et les produits nocifs). Ces variables comprennent l'économie du marché et les cycles de production, le rǒle de la main d'oeuvre syndiquée, le fédéralisme et le choix des instruments gouvernementaux, les formes institutionnelles de réglementation, les rapports entre l'élaboration des réglements et la façon dont ils sont respectés, l'ouverture du processus de réglementation et les conceptions opposées des scientifiques et des profanes face aux faits et à la connaissance des causes.

Il se dégage de cette analyse que les principales causes des carences régle‐ mentatoires sont les préceptes économiques de la réglementation de la santé au travail et la façon dont, sciemment ou par défaut, les conflits de juridiction départementaux ont joué dans le měme sens. Les deux rapports réitèrent la nécessité constante de relier, intellectuellement, la politique au comportement administratif et d'établir les relations de l'un et de l'autre avec le système industriel canadien.
Questions de base à toute réforme du financement municipal
Authors: Bélanger Gérard
Published: January 2008

Sommaire. Pour conserver un pouvoir politique local fort, la question du financement du secteur municipal est centrale. En premier lieu, ce texte indique la part croissante du pnb québécois consacrée aux dépenses des corporations municipales et dresse un portrait sommaire de leur financement. Comme le financement n'est pas une fin en soi mais un moyen puissant pour atteindre des objectifs, il devient nécessaire de cerner deux questions de base, soit les fonctions dévolues aux municipalités et l'autonomie de gestion que le gouvernement provincial leur accorde. Enfin, les différentes voies possibles pour alléger la « pression fiscale » des municipalités sont analysées.

In order to maintain strong local political power, the question of financing in the municipal areas is of paramount importance. First of all, this paper mentions the growing percentage of the Quebec gnp allocated to the expenses of municipal corporations and gives a summary rundown of their financing. Funding being not a goal in itself but a powerful means to reach them, it becomes necessary to consider two basic questions: the functions of municipalities and the degree of autonomous management granted them by the provincial government. Finally, the various alternatives to lighten the ‘tax pressure’ of municipalities are analysed.
Does management by objectives stifle organizational innovation in the public sector?
Authors: Jacques Jocelyn , Ryan Edward J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Does management by objectives stifle organizational innovation in the public sector? The authors explore this possibility by describing five common characteristics of mbo and then contrasting them with four characteristics of innovative organizations. The comparison suggests that mbo‐pressures lead to organizational stress that is often resolved by the creation of two working environments; one for the pursuit of innovative objectives, and one for the pursuit of regular objectives. This could lead to dysfunctionalism in the form of abandoned objectives‐objectives that might have been achieved if mbo were not used. The authors conclude with four implications for public‐sector managers: (1) the practice of including innovation objectives along with traditional objectives in the same set of objectives is questionable; (2) broader objectives, perhaps pointing in the general direction of the innovations sought, might be more productive in some cases than specific objectives; (3) possible incompatibility between mbo and innovation might be lessened if innovative ventures are pursued in ad hoc organizational structures; and (4) management by objectives and innovation are not necessarily compatible.
French Canada and the ‘bureaucratic phenomenon’ Saskatchewan
Authors: Bakvis Herman
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism (1969) noted in its report that French Canadians, compared with English Canadians, do not have the same way of seeing, settling or discussing problems. How are they different? What is the impact of French‐Canadian values on such variables as patterns of bureaucratic behaviour, organizational structures and styles of policy‐making? These questions were not really dealt with by the Royal Commission in its discussion of the public service.

In this paper an attempt is made to identify so‐called unique French‐Canadian characteristics and to ask whether they do in fact have an impact on patterns of bureaucratic behaviour and bureaucratic structures. Usage is made of a model, developed by the French sociologist Michel Crozier, on the nature of authority relations among civil servants in France. Crozier has argued that French civil servants avoid face‐to‐face authority relations as much as possible, the result being bureaucratic structures which tend to be extremely centralized. Historical and contemporary evidence on French Canada is examined to test for the validity of the model. The model can be only partially confirmed with regard to the behaviour of French‐Canadian civil servants. Nevertheless, the findings are interesting enough to allow one to speculate on what impact French‐Canadian values have on the nature of bureaucratic authority and policy‐making.
Of social policy in Alberta: its management, its modification, its evaluation and its making
Authors: Mansbridge Stanley H.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The paper seeks to identify and describe the highlights of policy management, modification, evaluation and determination in a major department of government in Alberta, namely the Department of Social Services and Community Health. The emphasis of the article is directed to the processes of management in the broadest sense, rather than to the actual policies and programs. How are new policies developed, what leads to policy modification, how sophisticated are the techniques of evaluation, what significant management principles are exploited? These are the questions tackled by the author and, at the same time, descriptions are given of the elements of the machinery of government in Alberta which impinge directly upon the determination and delivery of social service and community health programs.

Particular attention is directed toward the role of the minister in relation to the legislature and the legislative process, the procurement of resources, the consultative process within and outside the government, and, of overriding importance, the relationship between the minister and the deputy minister.

Much attention is also focused on the significance of the budgetary processes and the structure of relevant cabinet and caucus committees in the determination of policies and in their modification and evaluation.

Descriptions are provided of the important committees both within the department and among closely related departments, and of the process of budget planning at the level of officials.

Of particular interest is the section on the variety of means open to a minister and to government for undertaking fundamental policy reassessment, directed toward making new policies. Such measures and royal commissions, special task groups, legislative reviews and others are discussed.
Representative bureaucracy: linguistic/ethnic aspects in Canadian public policy
Authors: Wilson V. Seymour , Mullins Willard A.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. This paper explores the historical background, logical contours and policy implications of recent attempts by the Government of Canada to achieve the ‘effectively balanced participation’ of francophones in the federal public service. Historically, various crucial events concerning French Canadian participation in the federal bureaucracy are recounted with an eye to understanding both the roots of present policies and the distinctive inherited elements which shape them. Logically, the generic concept ‘representative bureaucracy’ is employed as a prism for shedding light on its Canadian variant, ‘balanced participation’: the logic of representative bureaucracy and the arguments for and against it are explicated, with concern for how these pertain to the Canadian case. Finally, the foregoing historical and logical elements are brought to bear on the question of sociological proportionality in the federal public service, especially as it might involve the use of quotas. It is maintained that sociological heterogeneity in the federal bureaucracy is a positive value, and that recruitment and promotion procedures should strive to attract people with manifold backgrounds, perspectives and talents. The use of legislated quotas, however, is viewed as an inefficacious and potentially destructive means for addressing this task. With respect to the issue of francophone participation specifically, the adoption of legislated quotas would be superficial and anachronistic.
Les cadres supérieurs, quinze ans après
Authors: Bolduc Roch
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The author starts by drawing a profile of the senior civil servant in the Quebec government at the end of the fifties and shows the development of this category of the public service on the basis of corresponding data for the years 1969 and 1975. He concludes this first part of his paper with comments on significant changes, indicative of the characteristics of the Quebec public service during the last two decades. The author then comments on the evolution of the social, political and administrative environment in which the senior official discharges his own changing responsibilities and ends this second part with comparative notes on the management of comparable public services in the United States, France and the United Kingdom. The paper concludes with some thoughts on several of the dilemmas facing the senior civil service: responsibility versus authority, neutrality versus involvement and a changing society versus bureaucratization of services.
L'analyse stratégique de Crozier et le déplacement des buts: une tentative d'intégration
Authors: D'Entremont Harley
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Since the early part of this century, we have been trying to explain the ‘conduct’ of organizations, and of individuals within organizations and/ or bureaucracies. Weber suggested an ‘ideal‐type’ form of bureaucracy. Various authors (Merton, Gouldner, Selznick, Crozier) following him have studied certain dysfunctions of bureaucracy in relation to the ‘ideal type.’ One of these dysfunctions is goal displacement, which Selznick suggests can be attributed to decentralization (delegation of decision‐making authority). In this article, we shall attempt to integrate Selznick's goal displacement model with Michel Crozier's ‘strategic behaviour’ model. The main idea behind this type of analyse stratégique is that organizational actors can be considered to have a more or less rational strategy for the maximization (or, at least, the enlargement) of their power or influence.
The other crisis of Canadian federalism
Authors: Cairns Alan C.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. This article examines ‘the other crisis’ of Canadian federalism, which is identified as a declining capacity for the effective use of government authority for the attainment of public goals. Central to this crisis is the negative impact of competitive big governments at both levels on the effective functioning of the federal system. In one sense the crisis is simply a particular version of the widespread crisis in government capacity characteristic of all big governments in the modern era. In another sense it is argued that contemporary Canadian federalism makes a distinct contribution to the growth of the governments whose competitive tendencies it cannot effectively restrain or channel. In sum, escape from the destructive spiral of interaction between collectivism and federalism is unlikely without an intellectual and political transformation of the frames of reference which motivate and control political behaviour.

Sommaire. L'auteur de cet article étudie l'autre crise du fédéralisme canadien, identifiée comme étant l'impuissance croissante du gouvemement d'utiliser son autorité dans l'atteinte d'objectifs publics. L'impact négatif de la concurrence entre des gros gouvernements, aux deux niveaux, sur le système fédéral lui même est au coeur de la crise acluelle. En un sens, la crise est simplement une version particulière de l'impuissance générale des gouvernements, caractéristique de tous les gros gouvernements de l'époque moderne. Dans une autrc optique, l'auteur soutient que le fédéralisme canadien contribue manifestement à la croissance des gouvernements dont il ne peut ni réduire ni canaliser les tendances compétitives, de façon efficace. En conclusion, il y a peu de chance d'échapper à la spirale destructice de l'interaction entre le collectivisme et le fédéralisme, sans une transformation intellectuelle et politique des cadres de reference qui motivent et régissent le comportement politique.
αLe phénomèna bureaucratique et le Canada français: une réponse au professeur Bakvis
Authors: Mercier Jean
Published: January 2008

Abstract. In the spring of 1978 Canadian Public Administration published an article entitled “French Canada and the ‘bureaucratic phenomenon’”. The author, Herman Bakvis, suggested that Michel Crozier's model of bureaucratic behaviour be used to study the bureaucratic behaviour of French Canadians, since the French and French Canadians appear to share important cultural traits. In his analysis of the federal public service, Bakvis overestimates the influence Prime Minister Trudeau had on the operations of the federal bureaucracy.

“French Canada and the ‘Bureaucratic Phenomenon’” is historically wrong when it suggests that a link exists between France, French Canada, feudalism and the bureaucratic behaviour described by Crozier. The reverse is true: observations by de Tocqueville indicate that French centralization and feudalism are historically opposing forces.
Intergovernmental Canada: government by conference ? A fiscal and economic perspective
Authors: Veilleux Gérard
Published: January 2008

Abstract. This paper first reviews the main financial and economic issues discussed at federal‐provincial conferences in the last twenty years. The author notes that intergovernmental accomplishments during this period are very impressive, conflicts not withstanding. At present, however, there is much concern in Canada about federal‐provincial relations and the author submits a list of problems which seem to be the source of this concern. He wonders if the machinery set up in the past twenty years will be adequate to handle the problems of the future. It is clear that the federal government's share in the total revenues of the public sector cannot decrease in the next two decades as it did between 1958 and 1978. Discussion will shift from purely financial issues, and focus to a greater extent on economic development and on questions of federal rather than provincial jurisdiction. Increasingly, the federal government will be called upon to play the role of mediator between the provinces. In the author's view, Canadian federalism now faces two possible alternatives: either the collaborative or the classical approach.

Sommaire. Ľauteur examine ďabord les principales questions financières et économiques qui ont fait ľobjet de conférences fédérales‐provinciales au cours des vingt dernières années. II constate que les réalisations intergouvernemen‐tales de cette période, malgré les conflits, sont impressionnantes. II existe tout de même présentement beaucoup ďinquiétude au Canada au sujet des relations fédérales‐provinciales et ľauteur dresse une liste des problèmes qui sem‐blent être àľorigine de cette inquiétude. II se demande ensuite si les méca‐nismes mis en place au cours des vingt dernières années seront adéquats pour faire face aux problèmes des années à venir. II est évident que la part du gou‐vernement fédéral dans les recettes totales du secteur public ne pourra pas diminuer ďici à 1998 comme elle ľa fait de 1958 à 1978. Les débats s'éloigne‐ront des questions purement financières; on s'attardera davantage au dévelop‐pement économique et à des questions de juridiction fédérale plutôt que pro‐vinciale. Le gouvernement fédéral sera de plus en plus appeléà jouer le rôle de médiateur entre les provinces. Ľauteur pense que le fédéralisme canadien fait maintenant face à deux orientations possibles: soit une approche dite ← de collaboration →, soit une approche dite ← classique →.
Foreign policy objectives, country studies and planning theory
Authors: Madar Daniel
Published: January 2008

Abstract. During the oil embargo of 1973, the Department of External Affairs' Policy Analysis Group formulated a set of Canadian foreign policy objectives and designed a format for studying countries whose relations with Canada portended important changes. Neither measure, according to a series of interviews with DEA officials, had any significant impact. The reasons for this are briefly recounted.

The problem is considered in a more heuristic mode in reference to recent planning and organization theory. Discussion begins with the tenet that planning is an individual as well as an organizational process. This is not a merely academic distinction. It suggests, rather, that planning which actually affects decisions may originate from sources other than planning groups. The close psychological relationship between planning and decision‐making postulated by planning theory directs attention accordingly to the operating levels of DEA and to opportunities and motivations for officials there to plan. Conditions that affect the impact of measures from planning groups are considered in reference to DEA'S organizational features.

Sommaire. Au cours de l'embargo sur le pétrole de 1973, le groupe responsable de l'analyse des politiques au Ministere des Affaires exterieures formula un ensemble d'objectifs pour la politique étrangère canadienne et concut un format pour etudier les pays dont les relations avec le Canada risquaient de beaucoup changer. D'apres une serie d'entrevues avec les représentants officiels du MAE, aucune de ces deux demarches n'a eu beaucoup de succes.

Avec la theorie actuelle de la planification et de l'organisation, le problème se presente de facon plus heuristique. La discussion a commence en tenant pour acquis que la planification est un processus individuel aussi bien qu'orga‐nisational. II ne s'agit pas la d'une distinction purement intellectuelle. Cela veut plut6t dire que la planification qui aboutit aux decisions provient de sources étrangères aux groupes de planification. Le rapport psychologique etroit existant entre la planification et la prise de decision postule par la theorie de la planification attire notre attention sur les niveaux d'operation du MAE et sur les occasions et les motivations qu'y ont les fonctionnaires de planifier. Les conditions qui influencent l'impact des mesures emanant des groupes de planification sont examinees par rapport aux caracteristiques organisationnelles du MAE.
The failure of local government modernization in Britain: a critique of functionalism
Authors: Sharpe L. J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Modernizing local government systems to meet changing needs and urbanization is common to most Western democracies. This article examines the British local government modernization which, it argues, placed far too much emphasis on improving the system's functional capacity and too little to improving its democratic quality. The overemphasis on functionalism has been most decisive in relation to creating wider areas for planning and transportation and creating more populous local units so as to exploit economies of scale. The result is a system with some of the largest local units among Western democracies. The new system is also very unpopular. Yet, even when judged in functional terms it has serious weaknesses especially in regard to its failure to recognize the different functional needs of urban and rural areas.

The article makes a strong plea for the restoration of democratic as opposed to functional criteria in the design of local government systems and notes the contribution that public choice theory can make to local government reorganization by its insistence on distribution efficiency as opposed to production efficiency.

Sommaire. La modemisation des systèmes de gouvemement local pour répondre à de nouveaux besoins et aux exignences de l'urbanisation est commune à la plupart des démocraties occidentales. L'auteur de cet article étudie la modemisation du gouvernement local britannique qui, à son avis, a trop porté sur l'amélioration de la capacité fonctionnelle du système et pas assez sur sa qualité démocratique. La trop grande importance accordée au fonctionnel a joué un rôle particulièrement décisif en créant de grandes régions pour la planification et le transport et des unités locales à très forte densité de population de façon à profiter des économies d'échelle. Le résultat, c'est un système qui compte certaines des unités démographiques les plus fortes dans les démocraties occidentales. Ce nouveau système est aussi très impopulaire. Etmême lorsqu'on le juge du point de vue fonctionnel, il accuse une très grave faiblesse en ne distinguant pas entre les besoins fonctionnels différents des régions urbaines et rurales.

L'auteur plaide en faveur de la restauration de critères démocratiques plutôt que fonctionnels pour la conception de systèmes de gouvemement local et il indique la contribution que pourrait apporter la théorie du choix public à la réorganisation du gouvernement local grâce à son insistance sur l'efficacité de la distribution plutôt que sur l'efficacité de la production.
Interdepartmental coordination and northern development
Authors: Abele Frances , Dosman E.J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. This paper examines the relationship of past and current federal structures for northern policy development to existing federal northern policy requirements. Current policy‐making machinery, arguably appropriate to an earlier era of northern development, now serves neither the interests of any constituency ‐ native or non‐native northerners or the northern resource development industry ‐ nor the national interest. On the basis of a critical analysis of present arrangements, available institutional options for reform are identified and assessed. Far‐reaching structural reforms are recommended including the abolition of the Department of Indian Affairs and Northern Development (DIAND).

Sommaire. Les auteurs de cet exposé examinent le rapport entre les structures fédérales, anciennes et présentes, et les exigences actuelles de la politique fédérale dans le Nord. Le mécanisme actuel de la détermination des politiques, qu'on pouvait justifier à une époque plus ancienne du développement du Nord, nesert plus maintenant ni les intérêrs de groupes particuliers ‐ habitants du Nord, autochtones ou non, industries développant ses ressources ‐ ni l'intérêt national. A partir d'une analyse critique des dispositions actuelles, les auteurs identifient et évaluent les options institutionnelles existantes. Ils recommandent des réformesde grande envergure, dont l'abolition du ministère des Affaires indiennes et du Nord.
Bureaucratic politics and the new fighter aircraft decisions
Authors: Atkinson Michael M. , Nossal Kim Richard
Published: January 2008

Abstract. According to the bureaucratic politics approach to policy making, an appreciation of competition and conflict among bureaucrats is considered to be critical for an understanding of decision outcomes. In this paper, we employ the bureaucratic politics model to assess the outcomes of the initial phase of the Canadian government's new fighter aircraft (NFA) program, which began in March 1977 with cabinet approval of the procurement and ended in April 1980 when cabinet announced the selection of the McDonnell Douglas F‐18A Hornet. This paper examines the interests of the three departments responsible for furnishing cabinet with recommendations ‐ National Defence, Supply and Services, and Industry, Trade and Commerce. We examine instances of conflict among the bureaus involved, but conclude that, overall, conflict was relatively muted in this case. Three reasons are offered to explain why conflict between departments was not endemic to the NFA program, and several broader conclusions are drawn about the applicability and utility of the bureaucratic politics approach.

Sommaire. D'après l'approche de politique bureaucratique en matière d'élaboration de politiques, l'on considère qu'il est très important d'évaluer les rivalités et les conflits existants entre les bureaucrates pour comprendre les conséquences d'une décision. Dans le présent article, les auteilrs se servent du modèle de politique bureaucratique pour évaluer les conséquences de la phase initiale du programme fédéral Nouvel avion de chasse (NAC). Cette phase a débuté en mars 1977 lorsque le conseil des ministres a approuvé l'acquisition d'un tel avion et s'est teminée en avril 1980 avec la sélection du F‐18A Hornet de McDonnell Douglas. Cet article examine les intérêts des trois ministères chargés de présenter leurs recommandations au cabinet, à savoir: la Défense nationale, Approvisionnements et Services, et Industrie et Commerce. Il étudie les cas de conflits entre les services concernés mais conclue que dans l'ensemble, dans le cas en question, les conflits étaient pratiquement inexistants. Les auteurs donnent trois raisons expliquant pourquoi il n'y a pas eu de conflits endé miques entre les ministères à propos de ce programme NAC et ils tirent plusieurs conclusions plus générales au sujet de I'applicabilité et de l'utilité de l'approche de poli tique bureaucratique.
Insubstantial pageant: the rise and fall of provincial planning in Ontario
Authors: Richardson N.H.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. In the late 1960s, the Ontario government embarked upon an ambitious program of provincial planning, including both province‐wide regional development and the planning of the Toronto metropolitan region. Changes in the structure of the provincial government seemed to be well calculated to support this program. Yet, ten years after it began, it collapsed. A deterioration in economic conditions in the province, lack of integration and consistency in the program over time, and its perceived association with a series of politically unpalatable events, all contributed. But the fundamental weakness of provincial planning lay in its failure either to become an integral part of the governmental system, or to win wholehearted support at the political level, within the provincial bureaucracy, or from any broader political or popular constituency. Furthermore, it appears that the practical, fiscal and, above all, political implications of putting plans into effect were not properly appreciated when the program was initiated. When these implications began to be apparent, the provincial planning program lacked either the institutional roots or the political and public support that might have enabled it to survive the inevitable adverse reaction. From the Ontario experience several conclusions are drawn about the requisites for a successful program of planning at this scale.

Sommaire. Vers la fin des années soixante, le gouvernement de l'Ontario s'est lancé dans un ambitieux programme de planification provinciale au niveau de la province et de la région du Grand Toronto. Les changements dans la structure du gouvernement provincial semblaient bien calculés pour appuyer ce programme. Cependant, dix ans plus tard, le programme s'éroulait. Plusieurs facteurs ont contribuéà cet êchec; il y a eu, entre autres, la détérioration des conditions économiques de la province, le manque d'intégration et d'uniformité du programme au cours des années et le fait que ce programme a été associéà des événements politiques déplaisants. En définitive, la faiblesse principale de cette planification provinciale vient de ce qu'elle n'a réussi ni àêtre complètement intégrée au système gouvernemental ni à gagner l'appui total sur le plan politique de la bureaucratie provinciale ou de toute autre circonscription politique ou populaire plus vaste. De plus, il semble qu'au départ, on ne se soit pas vraiment rendu compte des implications pratiques, fiscales et surtout politiques que comportait l'application du programme. Or, quand on a commencéà réaliser la portée de ces implications, le programme de planification provinciale manquait de racines institutionnelles ou de l'appui politique et publique qui lui auraient permis de survivre à l'inévitable réaction hostile. Cette expérience du gouvernement de l'Ontario a permis de tirer plusieurs conclusions quant aux conditions indispensables au sucds d»un programme de planification de cette envergure.
Les quesrtions d‘éthique dans les années 1980
Authors: Bolduc Roch
Published: January 2008

Sommaire: Dans les démocraties occidentales, les fonctionnaires de carrière se doivent d'accomplir leu travail tel que le mandat de la hiérarchie le leur dicte, en toute honnêteté et impartialité, loyauté et confidentialité.

Depuis quelques années, les questions d'éthique ont fait l'objet de plusieurs essais dans cette revue, notamment de la part de MM. Garant, Kemaghan, Dussault, Balls, Bums, Johnson et même Lord Bridges. Il n'est pas question ici de reprendre tout cela mais simplement de décrire comment les choses ont évolué au Québec depuis une génération et pourquoi. Nous décrirons cette évolution sur le plan des normes, puis sur celui de leur application. En conclusion, nous tenterons d'en dégager des réflexions relatives aux prises de décision et au rôle de la fonction publique dans ce processus, réflexions susceptibles d'alimenter la problématique lors dune révision des normes de conduite désirables dans la fonction publique.

Abstract: In Western democracies, career public servants must accomplish their tasks as dictated by the mandate of the hierarchy, honestly, impartially, loyally and confidentially.

Articles on ethical concerns by such authors as Garant, Kernaghan, Dussault, Balls, Burns, Johnson and even Lord Bridges, have appeared in the Journal of the Institute for some years. It is not the intention here to review those contributions but simply to describe the evolution of ethics in Quebec, in the last generation, as well as its causes. That evolution will be described both at the level of standards and of their application. In conclusion, an attempt will be made to present some thoughts on decision‐making and the public service role in that process, which may be of use in reviewing standards of behaviour suitable for public servants.
The Swedish approach to investing public pension funds: Some lessons for Canada ?
Authors: Daly Michael J.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Unlike the Canada Pension Plan, which is financed largely on a pay‐as‐you‐go basis, Sweden's national earnings‐related pension scheme is designed to accumulate a large reserve fund. The degree to which the scheme is funded and the consequent size of its reserve fund means that the Swedish system presents public policy‐makers in Canada with a unique opportunity to observe some of the methods, consequences and problems that arise as a result of funding a large earnings‐related public pension plan.

Of particular interest is the administrative structure of the fund and its investment activities. The National Pension Insurance (ap) Fund, as it is called, has aroused considerable attention abroad because it plays a major role in Sweden's capital market, and is frequently cited as an example of how a partially funded public pension plan might invest its assets in the private sector of the economy. This paper describes the role of the AP Fund and its autonomous sub‐funds. Particular attention is paid to the Fourth Fund which invests in equity shares.

Somrnaire: Contralrement au Régime de pensions du Canada, qui est financé au fur et à mesure, le régime national suédois, qui offre une retraite proportionnelle aux revenus, a été conçu pour permettre l'accumulation d'un fonds de réserve important. Le degré d'approvisionnement du fonds, et par conséquent son importance, offrent aux organismes canadiens chargés d'établir les programmes une occasion unique d'observer quelques méthodes, quelques résultats et quelques problèmes qui découlent de l'approvisionnement d'un pareil régime.

La structure administrative du fonds et ses politiques d'investissement sont particulièrement intéressantes. Le Fonds national d'assurance‐retraite (ap), comme on l'appelle, a suscité beaucoup & d'attention à l'étranger, car il joue un rôle important sur le marché suédois des capitaux. Bien souvent, c'est l'exemple dont on se sert pour décrire comment un régime de retraite public, partiellement approvisionné, pourrait investir ses avoirs dans le secteur privé de l'économie.
The image of the public service in Canada
Authors: Zussman David
Published: January 2008

Abstract During the last twenty years we have witnessed a spectacular increase in the size of Canadian government bureaucracy and in the breadth of its activities. This increased participation in the provision of services by the public sector raises the question of whether government in general, and the public servants who deliver government services in particular, are perceived by the public as effective service agents. Using survey data compiled in 1978, this study sets out to determine how Canadians see the differences between the private and public sectors in terms of their abilities to be fair and prompt in their dealings with the public. The study also attempts to measure whether there are differences in perceptions of the public sector between those who have had contact with the public service and those who have not and, finally, to assess whether attitudes toward specific characteristics of public servants based on personal experience are generalized to include attitudes about the public service as a whole.

The results of this study suggest that the public has little faith in either the public or the private sector's ability to provide services, that favorable contact with the public servants has little impact on overall attitudes and that experiences in using government services are only marginally related to general attitudes about government.

Sommaire. Au cours des vingt dernières années, now avons assistéà un spectaculaire agrandissement de la bureaucratie du gouvernement canadien et à un développement impressionnant de ses activités. Le secteur public assurant désormais davantage de services, on se demande ce que le public pense de l'efficacité du gouvernement en général et des fonctionnaires, dispensateurs de ces services, en particulier. Basée sur des données d'enquêtes compilées en 1978, la présente étude vise à déterminer quelles sont les différences que les Canadiens perçoivent entre le secteur public et le secteur privé, du point de vue de l'impartialité et de l'empressement dont les fonctionnaires font preuve dans leurs relations avec leurs clients. L'étude essaie également de voir si le secteur public est perçu différemment par ceux qui ont des contacts avec lui par rapport à ceux qui n'en ont pas; finalement, elle tente d'établir si la perception des fonctionnaires dans leur ensemble n'est pas la généralisation d'une perception individuelle de cas particuliers.

Lenquête conclut que le public ne fait pas plus confiance au secteur public qu'au secteur privé en ce qui conceme les services qu'ils assurent, que les heureux contacts avec les fonctionnaires n'ont que peu d'influence sur l'attitude générale du public à leur égard et qu'enfin, les expériences dans l'utilisation des services du gouvernement n'ont guère d'effet SIX l'attitude générale envers ce même gouvernement.
The role of coloured papers
Authors: Doerr Audrey D.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. White, green and other coloured papers have been used by the government of Canada as a means of providing information on public policy and involving parliamentarians and interested groups and individuals in debates on policy issues. They have also been used as a basis for consultation with provincial governments. Although the government has issued papers on a wide variety of subjects over the years, no systematic procedures respecting their use as a policy technique have been established. Nevertheless, these papers have the potential of strengthening the role of Parliament in policy‐making activities through debate and public discussion of issues. Some basic measures could be implemented to establish their regular application in policy formulation and review.

Sommaire. Le gouvernement du Canada s'est servi de livres blancs, verts et d'autres couleurs pour fournir des renseignements sur les politiques publiques et pour faire participer parlementaires, groupes divers et individus à des débats sur des questions de poJitique générale. Il les a aussi utilisés comme base de discussion lors de consultations avec les gouvernements provinciaux. Le gouvemement a ainsi publié des “livres” sur toutes sortes de sujets au cours des années, mais n'a pas établi de procédures systématiques pour les utiliser en tant que techniques de prise de décision. Néanmoins, ces “livres” peuvent renforcer le rôle du Parlement dans la détermination des politiques, par le truchement du débat et de la discussion publique. Il devrait donc être possible d'adopter certaines mesures pour assurer leur usage régulier dans la formulation et l'examen des politiques.
Les entreprises publiques: pourquoi et pour qui?
Authors: Carter Richard
Published: January 2008

Sommaire: Le présent article remet en cause les justifications à caractère économique qui sont fréquemment avancées pour “rationaliser” l'existence d'entreprises publiques. La faiblesse des arguments économiques usuels est soulignée dans une perspective à la fois théorique et empirique. Par ailleurs, la poursuite dintérêts politiques et administratifs (bureaucratiques) est proposée comme facteur explicatif et quelques suggestions sont présentées afin de rationaliser le choix des instruments d'intervention utilisés par les gouvernements.

Abstract: This paper shows the weaknesses of the usual economic arguments used to justify the existence of public enterprise. The pursuit of political and bureaucratic interests is proposed as a determinant factor explaining the choice of public enterprise as a tool of government intervention. Some suggestions for a rationalisation of government choice among policies are also presented.
Conscience and conformity: the uncomfortable bedfellows of accountability
Authors: Laframboise H.L.
Published: January 2008

Abstract: The theme of this paper is that the proliferation of service‐wide controls and the emphasis on conformity with centrally prescribed rules and policies have seriously damaged the free play of conscience and discretion in the value system of the federal civil service. Managerial behaviour, as a consequence, now responds excessively to accountability to others, defined as “dependent accountability,” and insufficiently to individual conscience, defined as “independent accountability.” The author deplores this direction in the culture of the federal bureaucracy and gives examples of how the dominance of conformity over conscience impedes productivity and erodes managerial morale.

Sommaire: Selon cet article, la prolifération des contrôles au niveau des services et l'importance attachée à la conformité des règles et politiques édictées par les organismes centraux ont porté très sérieusement atteinte au libre jeu de la conscience et de la discrétion dans le système de valeurs de la fonction publique fédérale. En conséquence, le comportement des gestionnaires est trop conditionné par l'imputabilité vis‐à‐vis d'autrui, ce que l'on appelle “l'imputabilite dépendante”, et ne l'est pas assez par le contrôle de la conscience individuelle, “l'imputabilité indépendante”. L'auteur déplore cette orientation de la culture de la bureaucratie fédérale et montre par des exemples comment la suprématie de la conformité sur la conscience diminue la productivité et érode le moral des gestionnaires.