bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Activities of Ligatin and MCT-1/DENR in eukaryotic translation initiation and ribosomal recycling
Authors: Skabkin Maxim A. , Skabkina Olga V. , Dhote Vidya , Komar Anton A. , Hellen Christopher U.T. , Pestova Tatyana V.
Published: August 2010

Eukaryotic translation initiation begins with ribosomal recruitment of aminoacylated initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAMeti) by eukaryotic initiation factor eIF2. In cooperation with eIF3, eIF1, and eIF1A, Met-tRNAMeti/eIF2/GTP binds to 40S subunits yielding 43S preinitiation complexes that attach to the 5′-terminal region of mRNAs and then scan to the initiation codon to form 48S initiation complexes with established codon–anticodon base-pairing. Stress-activated phosphorylation of eIF2α reduces the level of active eIF2, globally inhibiting translation. However, translation of several viral mRNAs, including Sindbis virus (SV) 26S mRNA and mRNAs containing hepatitis C virus (HCV)-like IRESs, is wholly or partially resistant to inhibition by eIF2 phosphorylation, despite requiring Met-tRNAMeti. Here we report the identification of related proteins that individually (Ligatin) or together (the oncogene MCT-1 and DENR, which are homologous to N-terminal and C-terminal regions of Ligatin, respectively) promote efficient eIF2-independent recruitment of Met-tRNAMeti to 40S/mRNA complexes, if attachment of 40S subunits to the mRNA places the initiation codon directly in the P site, as on HCV-like IRESs and, as we show here, SV 26S mRNA. In addition to their role in initiation, Ligatin and MCT-1/DENR can promote release of deacylated tRNA and mRNA from recycled 40S subunits after ABCE1-mediated dissociation of post-termination ribosomes.
Constitutively active NF-κB triggers systemic TNFα-dependent inflammation and localized TNFα-independent inflammatory disease
Authors: Dong Jie , Jimi Eijiro , Zeiss Caroline , Hayden Matthew S. , Ghosh Sankar
Published: August 2010

NF-κB is well established as a key component of the inflammatory response. However, the precise mechanisms through which NF-κB activation contributes to inflammatory disease states remain poorly defined. To test the role of NF-κB in inflammation, we created a knock-in mouse that expresses a constitutively active form of NF-κB p65 dimers. These mice are born at normal Mendelian ratios, but display a progressive, systemic hyperinflammatory condition that results in severe runting and, typically, death 8–20 d after birth. Examination of homozygous knock-in mice demonstrates significant increases in proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Remarkably, crossing this strain with mice lacking TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) leads to a complete rescue of the hyperinflammatory phenotype. However, upon aging, these rescued mice begin to display chronic keratitis accompanied by increased corneal expression of TNFα, IL-1β, and MMP-9, similar to that seen in human keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) or “dry eyes.” Therefore, our results show that, while constitutively active NF-κB can trigger systemic inflammation, it does so indirectly, through increased TNF production. However, certain inflammatory disease states, such as keratitis or KCS, a condition that is seen in Sjogren's syndrome, are dependent on NF-κB, but are independent of TNFR1 signaling.
p53 binds preferentially to genomic regions with high DNA-encoded nucleosome occupancy
Authors: Lidor Nili Efrat , Field Yair , Lubling Yaniv , Widom Jonathan , Oren Moshe , Segal Eran
Published: August 2010

The human transcription factor TP53 is a pivotal roadblock against cancer. A key unresolved question is how the p53 protein selects its genomic binding sites in vivo out of a large pool of potential consensus sites. We hypothesized that chromatin may play a significant role in this site-selection process. To test this, we used a custom DNA microarray to measure p53 binding at approximately 2000 sites predicted to possess high-sequence specificity, and identified both strongly bound and weakly bound sites. When placed within a plasmid, weakly bound sites become p53 responsive and regain p53 binding when stably integrated into random genomic locations. Notably, strongly bound sites reside preferentially within genomic regions whose DNA sequence is predicted to encode relatively high intrinsic nucleosome occupancy. Using in vivo nucleosome occupancy measurements under conditions where p53 is inactive, we experimentally confirmed this prediction. Furthermore, upon p53 activation, nucleosomes are partially displaced from a relatively broad region surrounding the bound p53 sites, and this displacement is rapidly reversed upon inactivation of p53. Thus, in contrast to the general assumption that transcription-factor binding is preferred in sites that have low nucleosome occupancy prior to factor activation, we find that p53 binding occurs preferentially within a chromatin context of high intrinsic nucleosome occupancy.
Characterization of the Molecular Mechanism Underlying Gibberellin Perception Complex Formation in Rice
Authors: Hirano Ko , Asano Kenji , Tsuji Hiroyuki , Kawamura Mayuko , Mori Hitoshi , Kitano Hidemi , Ueguchi-Tanaka Miyako , Matsuoka Makoto
Published: August 2010

The DELLA protein SLENDER RICE1 (SLR1) is a repressor of gibberellin (GA) signaling in rice (Oryza sativa), and most of the GA-associated responses are induced upon SLR1 degradation. It is assumed that interaction between GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1 (GID1) and the N-terminal DELLA/TVHYNP motif of SLR1 triggers F-box protein GID2-mediated SLR1 degradation. We identified a semidominant dwarf mutant, Slr1-d4, which contains a mutation in the region encoding the C-terminal GRAS domain of SLR1 (SLR1G576V). The GA-dependent degradation of SLR1G576V was reduced in Slr1-d4, and compared with SLR1, SLR1G576V showed reduced interaction with GID1 and almost none with GID2 when tested in yeast cells. Surface plasmon resonance of GID1-SLR1 and GID1-SLR1G576V interactions revealed that the GRAS domain of SLR1 functions to stabilize the GID1-SLR1 interaction by reducing its dissociation rate and that the G576V substitution in SLR1 diminishes this stability. These results suggest that the stable interaction of GID1-SLR1 through the GRAS domain is essential for the recognition of SLR1 by GID2. We propose that when the DELLA/TVHYNP motif of SLR1 binds with GID1, it enables the GRAS domain of SLR1 to interact with GID1 and that the stable GID1-SLR1 complex is efficiently recognized by GID2.
An analytical model for the small-angle scattering of polyethylene glycol-modified liposomes
Authors: Arleth Lize , Vermehren Charlotte
Published: August 2010

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) modification of liposomes is one of the most commonly applied ways of increasing bothin vitroandin vivostability of liposomes. The formed liposomes are commonly referred to as stealth liposomes because the PEG corona renders the liposomes invisible to the macrophages in the bloodstream. The first detailed small-angle neutron scattering analysis of PEG-modified liposomes is presented here. An analytical model for the PEG-modified liposomes is derived, where the liposomes are described as a water core surrounded by a bilayer lipid film with grafted polymer chains in a Gaussian random coil conformation attached to the inside and the outside lipid leaflets. There is an excellent agreement between the obtained experimental data and the proposed structural model of the liposomes. These results are the most direct proof of the structure of the PEG-modified liposomes presented so far, and the described formalism may easily be generalized to more complex liposome structures such as synaptic vesicles.
Investigation of high-temperature phase transformation in one-dimensional Ta2O5nanorods
Authors: Devan Rupesh S. , Lin Jin-Han , Ho Wei-Der , Wu Sheng Yun , Liou Yung , Ma Yuan-Ron
Published: August 2010

The thermochromic phase transformations that occur in one-dimensional Ta2O5nanorods were analysed at elevated temperatures ranging from 300 to 750 K. X-ray photoemission spectroscopy data revealed not only the electronic structures and chemical properties of the one-dimensional Ta2O5nanorods, but also their stoichiometric Ta and O compositions. High-temperature X-ray diffraction data revealed complex and polymorphic thermochromic phase transformations of the α(1 0 11), α(200), α(2 0 10), β(3 11 1) and β(2 21 1) lattice planes in the one-dimensional Ta2O5nanorods, which incorporate β to α (β–α), β to β (β–β), α to α (α–α) and α to β (α–β) phase transitions. The thermochromic phase transformations between α- and β-phase crystals can be explained by a shift in 2θ and expansion of thedspacing of the lattice planes.
Eternity in an hour: experiences of time related to psychotherapy sessions
Authors: Yariv Gail
Published: August 2010

In this paper I consider the individual nature of the way a person develops senses of time. I suggest that something of a patient's early, unvoiced, experience is revealed through the temporal rhythms of interaction with the therapist. I refer to development, cycles of experience, metabolism, transgenerational emotions, experiences of beginnings and endings, early interactions with (m)other, together with narrative and its relation to unconscious processes. Experiences of time within the session indicate the nature of the feelings that are being lived, or refused life. I consider the paradox of living in the present and its relation to chronology. Lastly I give an example of the difficulty of timing comments when there is no flow of feeling, which is, itself, a communication.
The myth of the ‘correct’ interpretation
Authors: Von Der Tann Matthias
Published: August 2010

Starting from a quotation by Winnicott and a clinical vignette, the irreducible multiplicity of possible interpretations of a clinical situation is illustrated. Interpretations can, at their best, be in tune, but never ‘correct’. Nevertheless, the possibility of a ‘correctness’ of interpretations is claimed ever and again, even after taking increasingly into account the subjectivity of the analyst. The individuality of the analyst as major source of influence thereby is insufficiently taken into consideration. Conclusions concerning the description of clinical situations are given.
Internet Discussion Forum Summary
Authors: Hewison David
Published: August 2010

Article Discussed in this forum:

‘Memories, fantasies, archetypes: an exploration of some connections between cognitive science and analytical psychology’ by Jean M. Knox (JAP, October 2001, 46:4)
Cross‐cultural structures of concentric and diametric dualism in Lévi‐Strauss’ structural anthropology: structures of relation underlying the self and ego relation?
Authors: Downes Paul
Published: August 2010

The parallels between Jung's and Lévi‐Strauss’ concentric cross‐cultural structures of the unconscious are highlighted. Lévi‐Strauss’ basic contrasts between concentric and diametric dualisms are developed into psychologically relevant differences regarding symmetry, connection and separation, and interaction between foreground and background structures respectively. These contrasts between concentric and diametric structures are applied as a common structural framework for understanding Jungian conceptions of the self, the ego and their relations, Freudian views of compensation and repetition in obsessional neurosis, and Winnicott's conception of a child's transitional object. Developing the contrasts between concentric and diametric structures reveals a compensatory relation between both structures. This supports an argument that concentric structures express the self and diametric structures express the ego in their mutual compensatory interrelation. Contrasting concentric with ­diametric structures challenges traditional Western logic, including Fordham's view that it is contradictory to treat the self as both centre and totality. It also develops an understanding of Jung's transcendent function which seeks to go beyond the ego‐shadow opposition.
Trauma and defences: their roots in relationship
Authors: Knox Jean
Published: August 2010

Abstract: In this paper the differing psychodynamic models of defences are outlined and compared with an attachment theory perspective in which affect regulation plays a central role. Behavioural and intrapsychic distance regulation (defensive exclusion) are seen as the main strategies for affect regulation and are the manifestations of the habitual ­pattern of emotional regulation in the relationship between the child and the primary caregiver. A new perspective on unconscious fantasy is offered, in which fantasies are seen to be actively created as defensive narratives to protect the development of healthy narcissism and to become integrated into a person's internal working models. Archetypal defences are explored from a developmental perspective and some neurobiological issues relevant to defences are highlighted.
Secular trends in social patterning of cardiovascular risk factor levels in Sweden. The Northern Sweden MONICA Study 1986–1994
Authors: Peltonen M. , Huhtasaari F. , Stegmayr B. , Lundberg V. , Asplund K.
Published: August 2010

Peltonen M, Huhtasaari F, Stegmayr B, Lundberg V, Asplund K (Umeå University Hospital, Luleå‐Boden Hospital, Kalix Hospital, Sweden). Secular trends in social patterning of cardiovascular risk factor levels in Sweden. The North Sweden MONICA Study 1986–1994. J Intern Med 1998; 244: 1–9.

Objectives

In the Northern Sweden MONICA Study, levels of cardiovascular risk factors were determined in 1986, 1990 and 1994. The aim of this study was to assess the trends in cardiovascular risk factors, and to analyse the relationship between levels of risk factors and level of education.

Design

Cardiovascular risk factors were determined in cross‐sectional population studies of randomly selected 25–64 year old men and women in 1986, 1990 and 1994 (a total of 4742 individuals).

Results

Throughout the years 1986 to 1994, cardiovascular risk factor levels showed a marked social pattern, generally being more favourable among people with a university education. Serum cholesterol levels declined in all educational groups, but blood pressure declined significantly only in women with a university education. Body mass index increased, most markedly in men with university and in women with a secondary school education. Prevalence of cigarette smoking decreased significantly in young men. It increased markedly in low‐educated women so that the social gaps in smoking widened substantially over time. The improved level of education in the population at large was calculated to explain only a little of the risk factor changes between 1986 and 1994.

Conclusions

Trends in risk factor levels in different educational groups have been more diverging for women than for men. The most marked change in risk factor levels has been the decline in total serum cholesterol for both men and women in all educational groups.
Towards a new perspective on deliberate self‐harm in an area of multiple deprivation
Authors: Redley Marcus
Published: August 2010

Abstract Based on 50 qualitative interviews with people who have repeatedly taken overdoses, this paper presents a new perspective for understanding deliberate self‐harm. The perspective is new in the sense that it (1) avoids over‐reliance on risk factors and (2) places agency at the centre of the analysis to document how the respondents’ artfully constructed accounts of their lives minimise agency and constitute life in a perpetual present.
New Product Activities and Performance: The Moderating Role of Environmental Hostility
Authors: Calantone Roger J. , Schmidt Jeffrey B. , Di Benedetto C. Anthony
Published: August 2010

In the race to bring new products to market, a company may be tempted to cut corners in the new product development (NPD) process. And a hostile environment—that is, one marked by intense competition and rapid technological change—only heightens the pressure to reduce NPD cycle time. However, hasty completion of the NPD process may actually jeopardize a product's chances for success.

In a study of Fortune 500 manufacturers of industrial products, Roger J. Calantone, Jeffrey B. Schmidt, and C. Anthony Di Benedetto explore the relationships among new product success rates, proficiency in the execution of NPD activities, and the perceived level of hostility in the competitve environment. Their study examines how proficiency in NPD activities affects the odds of success for industrial new products. Adding environmental hostility to the mix, they also investigate whether the perceived level of hostility in the competitive environment affects the relationship between NPD proficiency and success. In this way, they provide insight into the factors managers must consider when attempting to accelerate cycle time in a hostile competitive environment.

The respondents to their survey—142 senior managers involved in NPD or product innovation rated environmental hostility in terms of the extent to which the firm perceives its industry as safe, rich in investment opportunity, and controllable. To assess NPD proficiency, respondents were asked about their firms' performance in predevelopment marketing and technical activities, development marketing and technical activities, and financial analysis. Respondents assessed new product performance in terms of product profitability.

As expected, the responses indicate that proficiency in the performance of NPD activities increases the likelihood of new product success. Proficiency in development marketing activities produced the largest increase in likelihood of success—nearly 25 percent over that of projects in which respondents rated performance of these activities at any level below “most proficient.” More importantly, the responses indicate that a hostile competitive environment increases the impact of NPD proficiency. In other words, by improving performance of key NPD activities under hostile environmental conditions, a firm can greatly increase the likelihood of success for a new industrial product. Rather than simply cut corners in the NPD process, a firm faced with a hostile environment must strike a balance between speed and quality of execution.
Improving the New Product Development Process: A Fractal Paradigm for High‐Technology Products
Authors: Spivey W. Austin , Munson J. Michael , Wolcott John H.
Published: August 2010

Those professionals who are charged with improving the new product development (NPD) process may well feel as though they have been asked to bring order out of chaos. For every level in the organization, and for every step in the NPD process, they must contend with myriad, often interdependent choices—of products and processes; of tools and technologies; of proven best practices and hypothesized solutions. In turn, each choice may cascade into several additional decisions. With so many issues to address and so many variables to consider, practioners and researchers alike need a clear, but complete, framework for exploring, understanding, and improving the NPD process.

To help bring some order to the study and the practice of NPD management, W. Austin Spivey, J. Michael Munson, and John H. Wolcott introduce a new metaphor, or paradigm, for product development: a fractal paradigm. Like some fractal images, their framework for understanding the essence of NPD rests on the concept of self‐similarity. In other words, the picture their framework provides for understanding and managing the NPD process consists of the same set of concerns, regardless of the level at which the process is viewed. They developed this fractal paradigm during an empirical study of technology transition in a highly successful federal laboratory organization.

Whether the focus is on the organization, the division, the team, or the individual, the essence of the NPD process as viewed through their framework comes down to two sets of factors: management factors and resource factors. In turn, each of these factors cascades into several interrelated sets of concerns. For example, the management factors comprise concerns about leadership and the management system. The resource factors include concerns about information, infrastructure, time, and money.

Regardless of the level of detail at which the framework is viewed, improving the NPD process requires attention to all of these factors, by all levels within the organization. For example, visionary leadership on the part of senior management will have little effect if middle management and line supervisors fail to provide the necessary leadership for their respective groups of subordinates. Notwithstanding the complexity of the NPD process, the fractal paradigm focuses attention on those few key factors that must be managed continually, throughout all levels of the organization, to ensure successful commercialization of new products.
Book Reviews
Authors: Rosenau Milton D.
Published: August 2010

The three books we review this month deal with important practical aspects of the new product development process. John Moran's review of a book by Robert Haavind emphasizes the importance of quality and provides many pointers on how this can be enhanced. Although the book is primarily of value for manufacturing firms, it also deals with quality for services, emphasizing, for example, the importance of including the customer in the firm's development activity. Vic Prushan reviews a book by Michael Spendolini on benchmarking, a practice that is important to the improvement of quality. This practice is applicable to any firm developing any new good or service. Finally, John Cushman reviews a book by Donald Carter and Barbara Baker on concurrent engineering, finding the book to be of greatest interest to technical people working in the development of technology‐based products.
Book Reviews
Authors: Rosenau Milton D.
Published: August 2010

We have reviews of five books that deserve practitioners' attention. The first review discusses the sixth book about accelerating new product development that we have recently reviewed. The McGrath et al. book will be of particular value to those readers who work in large firms on large new product development projects. The second and third reviews cover second editions of significant books. Randy Englund's review of Russ Archibald's book on project management emphasizes how this discipline has value to all new product development project teams. James Scheu reports that George Gruenwald's useful book is of special value to those working in the package goods industry.

The last two reviews stress aspects of teamwork. George Castellion notes that the book by Katzenbach and Smith helpfully illuminates the difference between teamwork and teams. Randy Englund's review of the book by Jeffrey Pfeffer draws our attention to the role and potential abuse of a manager's power in product development.
Book Reviews
Authors: Rosenau Milton D.
Published: August 2010

Practitioners provide reviews of four recent books. K. G. Peeples finds that Mass Customization by B. Joseph Pine describes a trend to replace mass production with a more responsive and tailored approach. She reports that this emerging direction applies to both manufacturing and service firms. It offers numerous benefits to both the supplier and the customer, such as greater variety, lower cost, and more responsive availability. Next, Martha Dohm examines Corporate Venturing by two academics, Zenas Block and Ian MacMillan. She finds it to be a useful primer on this important subject, although lacking in recent practical examples.

The final two reviews are of books that cite, in part, examples from the same high‐technology firms, but cover these from very different perspectives. Vic Prushan assesses Winning in High‐ Tech Markets by Joseph G. Morone. He reports that this book is built around three detailed case studies, from which four lessons are drawn for corporate managers. Jimmy Loon reviews Lightning Strategies for Innovation by Willard I. Zangwill, another academic. He says that the book offers a seven‐ step process that primarily will be of value to the less experienced practitioner.
Activated Protein Kinases and Overall Survival in Patients with Metastatic Melanoma.
Authors: Diwan A. H. , Kim K. , Zhang P. , Prieto V. G.
Published: August 2010

Protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) are proteins that may play importants roles in survival, proliferation and progression to metastasis in several tumors, including melanoma. There is little information on the expression pattern of the phosphorylated (i.e. activated) forms of such kinases in melanoma and their impact on overall survival (OS). We sought to determine the expression, by immunohistochemistry, of phosphorylated MAP kinase (pMAPK), Akt (pAkt) and C‐kit (pCkit) in primary and metastatic melanoma, and their correlation with OS. Fifteen patients with Stage III and Stage IV (metastatic melanoma) disease were randomly selected from the UT MD Anderson database. Expression was rated by two investigators on intensity (negative, weak, moderate, and strong) and proportion of reactive tumor cells (0 = <5%, 1 = 5–25%, 2 = >25–75%, 3 = >75%). Eleven of the 15 tumors (primary and/or metatasis) exhibited pMAPK expression (73%). Corresponding percentages were 100% for pAKT and <50%(7/15) for pCkit. OS ranged from less than one year to 9 years. However, there was no correlation between OS and expression of any of these markers.
Continuous Support for Women During Childbirth
Authors: Hodnett E.D. , Gates S. , Hofmeyr G.J. , Sakala C.
Published: August 2010

Background:  Historically, women have been attended and supported by other women during labour. However, in recent decades in hospitals worldwide, continuous support during labour has become the exception rather than the routine. Concerns about the consequent dehumanization of women's birth experiences have led to calls for a return to continuous support by women for women during labour.

Objectives:  Primary: to assess the effects, on mothers and their babies, of continuous, one‐to‐one intrapartum support compared with usual care. Secondary: to determine whether the effects of continuous support are influenced by: (1) routine practices and policies in the birth environment that may affect a woman's autonomy, freedom of movement, and ability to cope with labour; (2) whether the caregiver is a member of the staff of the institution; and (3) whether the continuous support begins early or later in labour.

Search strategy:  We searched the Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group trials register (30 January 2003) and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2003).

Selection criteria:  All published and unpublished randomized controlled trials comparing continuous support during labour with usual care.

Data collection and analysis:  Standard methods of the Cochrane Collaboration Pregnancy and Childbirth Group were used. All authors participated in evaluation of methodological quality. Data extraction was undertaken independently by one author and a research assistant. Additional information was sought from the trial authors. Results are presented using relative risk for categorical data and weighted mean difference for continuous data.

Main results:  Fifteen trials involving 12,791 women are included. Primary comparison: Women who had continuous intrapartum support were less likely to have intrapartum analgesia, operative birth, or to report dissatisfaction with their childbirth experiences. Subgroup analyses: In general, continuous intrapartum support was associated with greater benefits when the provider was not a member of the hospital staff, when it began early in labour, and in settings in which epidural analgesia was not routinely available.

Reviewers’ conclusions:  All women should have support throughout labour and birth.

Citation:  Hodnett ED, Gates S, Hofmeyr G J, Sakala C. Continuous support for women during childbirth (Cochrane Review). In: The Cochrane Library, Issue 3, 2004. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. •••The preceding report is an abstract of a regularly updated, systematic review prepared and maintained by the Cochrane Collaboration. The full text of the review is available in The Cochrane Library (ISSN 1464‐780X). The Cochrane Library is designed and produced by Update Software Ltd, and published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Putting Woman‐Centered Care into Practice: A New (ANEW) Approach to Psychosocial Risk Assessment During Pregnancy
Authors: Gunn Jane , Hegarty Kelsey , Nagle Cate , Forster Della , Brown Stephanie , Lumley Judith
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Background:
When antenatal care is provided, identification and management of challenging problems, such as depression, domestic violence, child abuse, and substance abuse, are absent from traditional midwifery and medical training. The main objective of this project was to provide an alternative to psychosocial risk screening in pregnancy by offering a training program (ANEW) in advanced communication skills and common psychosocial issues to midwives and doctors, with the aim of improving identification and support of women with psychosocial issues in pregnancy.
Methods:
ANEW used a before‐and‐after survey design to evaluate the effects of a 6‐month educational intervention for health professionals. The setting for the project was the Mercy Hospital for Women in Melbourne, Australia. Surveys covered issues, such as perceived competency and comfort in dealing with specific psychosocial issues, self‐rated communication skills, and open‐ended questions about participants’ experience of the educational program.
Results:
Educational program participants (n = 22/27) completed both surveys. After the educational intervention, participants were more likely to ask directly about domestic violence (p = 0.05), past sexual abuse (p = 0.05), and concerns about caring for the baby (p = 0.03). They were less likely to report that psychosocial issues made them feel overwhelmed (p = 0.01), and they reported significant gains in knowledge of psychosocial issues, and competence in dealing with them. Participants were highly positive about the experience of participating in the program.Conclusions:The program increased the self‐reported comfort and competency of health professionals to identify and care for women with psychosocial issues. (BIRTH 33:1 March 2006)
Ein Fall yon pancreatogener Fettdiarrhöe
Authors: BREMS A.
Published: August 2010

Es wird ein Fall von pancreatogener Fettdiarrhöe mit Thrombopenie und ausgesprochenen Insuffizienzsymptomen seitens des Inselgewebes (erhöhte Nüchternwerte des Blutzuckers, Glykosurie und diabetische Blutzuckerkurve nach peroraler Traubenzuckerzufuhr) geschildert. Eine Untersuchung des Gehalts des Blutes an Neutralfett + freiem Cholesterin nach peroraler Gabe von 1 g Fett per kg wies im Anfangsstadium des Leidens eine auffallend kurzdauernde Steigerung der Werte auf. Es handelt sich zweifellos um eine diffuse pancreatitis, die sowohl das azinöse wie das Inselgewebe angegriffen hat und möglicherweise durch kanalikuläre Propagation einer infektiösen Darmerkrankung entstanden ist.
Experimentelle, therapeutische Beeinflussung zentral‐nervöser Lähmungen.
Authors: BRÜLL ZOLTÁN
Published: August 2010

Es wird eine Arbeitshypothese, der Mechanismus und die Bedeutung regenerativer Vorgänge besprochen.

Es wird die Methode mitgeteilt, die benutzt wurde, um bei Kaninchen durch mechanische Beschädigung des Rückenmarkes konstant verlaufende Lähmungszustande hervorzurufen. Infolge des Fehlens einer Neigung zu Spontanbesserung, sind die Zustande zur Beurteilung therapeutischer Resultate geeignet. Es werden dann weitere Versuche mitgeteilt, in denen es gelungen ist diese Lahmun‐gen zu bessern und zur Ausheilung zu bringen.

Es wird zunächst angenommen, dass der verwendete Extrakt den Wirkstoff beinhaltet, der in der Ontogenese die Bildung dieser zentral‐nervösen Gewebe bedingt und im postembryonalen Leben die Reaktion einer Regeneration derselben Gewebe in Gang setzt.
Neurogenic Pulmonary Oedema
Authors: Lagerkranser Michael , Pehrsson Kenneth , Sylvén Christer
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. Five cases of neurogenic pulmonary oedema (NPE) are described. The causes were mechanical trauma to the skull, subarachnoid haemorrhage and epileptic seizure. In every case a frank pulmonary oedema was diagnosed that resolved within a few days. Treatment of the underlying disease resulted in a favourable outcome. The literature has been reviewed. The basic mechanism seems to be an increased intracranial pressure (ICP) precipitating an increased central sympathetic nerve activity mediated via peripheral α‐ or β‐adrenergic discharge. NPE results from a predominant α‐receptor stimulation with massive increase in pre‐ and after load. The major therapeutic efforts should be directed towards the underlying cause and, in addition, mechanical ventilation with passive hyperventilation is vital. High positive end‐expiratory pressure should not be used without strict monitoring of ICP.
Severe Proliferative Retinopathy in a Young Man with Diabetes of Very Short Duration
Authors: SEYER‐HANSEN KJARTAN , FAURSCHOU SVEND
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. Seyer‐Hansen K, Faurschou S. (Department of Internal Medicine, Svendborg Hospital, Svendborg, and University Clinic of Ophthalmology, Odense Hospital, Odense, Denmark.) Severe proliferative retinopathy in a young man with diabetes of very short duration.

A 22‐year‐old man developed typical insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. At the time of diagnosis no signs of diabetic retinopathy were found by an experienced ophthalmologist, but florid proliferative diabetic retinopathy was observed only seven months later. Despite treatment with laser and vitrectomy the eye lesions progressed to total blindness within 30 months after the diagnosis of diabetes.
Cardiovascular risk factor profile and mortality in two Scottish cities
Authors: SMITH W.C.S. , CROMBIE I.K. , TUNSTALL‐PEDOE H.D. , TAVENDALE R. , RIEMERSMA R.A.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT. Edinburgh and Glasgow are the two largest cities in Scotland, which has one of the highest coronary heart disease mortality rates in the world. Within Scotland, there is a geographical variation in these rates and Glasgow has a higher mortality rate than Edinburgh. However, the cities also differ socially and economically.

Population surveys have been conducted in centres in both Edinburgh and North Glasgow using the MONICA project methods. These surveys were performed simultaneously in 1986 in men and women aged 25–64 years. Preliminary analysis shows that the differences in cigarette smoking, blood pressure and body mass index in men and women between the two centres are consistent with the difference in cardiovascular mortality. However there is no difference between the centres in reported exercise levels, and the difference in mean serum total cholesterol between the centres is in the opposite direction to that expected. Possible explanations of these differences are discussed.
Identification of three genetic loci controlling leaf senescence in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Oh Sung Aeong , Park Joon‐Hyun , Lee Gyu In , Paek Kyung Hee , Park Soon Ki , Nam Hong Gil
Published: August 2010

Four mutants that show the delayed leaf senescence phenotype were isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetic analyses revealed that they are all monogenic recessive mutations and fall into three complementation groups, identifying three genetic loci controlling leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. Mutations in these loci cause delay in all senescence parameters examined, including chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II, relative amount of the large subunit of Rubisco, and RNase and peroxidase activity. Delay of the senescence symptoms was observed during both age‐dependent in planta senescence and dark‐induced artificial senescence in all of the mutant plants. The results indicate that the three genes defined by the mutations are key genetic elements controlling functional leaf senescence and provide decisive genetic evidence that leaf senescence is a genetically programmed phenomenon controlled by several monogenic loci in Arabidopsis. The results further suggest that the three genes function at a common step of age‐dependent and dark‐induced senescence processes. It is further shown that one of the mutations is allelic to ein2‐1, an ethylene‐insensitive mutation, confirming the role of ethylene signal transduction pathway in leaf senescence of Arabidopsis.
PIS1, a negative regulator of the action of auxin transport inhibitors in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Fujita Hironori , Syōno Kunihiko
Published: August 2010

In order to clarify the mechanism underlying the polar auxin transport system, the pis1 mutant in Arabidopsis thaliana that is hypersensitive to N‐1‐naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), an auxin transport inhibitor was isolated and characterized. Whereas the pis1 mutant is normally sensitive to phytohormones, auxins, cytokinin and ethylene precursor, this mutant is hypersensitive to NPA over the broad spectrum of its effects such as growth of seedlings, root elongation, root gravitropism, root phototropism and root curling. This result indicates that the pis1 mutant is specifically affected in the polar auxin transport system. This result also defines a genetic factor controlling both gravitropism and phototropism, and strongly indicates the involvement of auxin transport during both tropic responses. NPA, 2,3,5‐triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) and 9‐hydroxyfluorene‐9‐carboxylic acid (HFCA) represent different classes of auxin transport inhibitors. The pis1 mutation conferred hypersensitivity to both NPA and TIBA but not to HFCA. These results show the genetic separation of the actions of NPA/TIBA and of HFCA. The PIS1 gene product might be specifically involved in the response pathway of NPA/TIBA, leading to interference with auxin‐efflux carriers, and might act as a negative regulator of the action of NPA/TIBA.
The adaptation of digestive enzymes to temperature, season and diet in roach, Rutilus rutilus L. and rudd Scardinius erythrophthalmus L. 1. Amylase
Authors: Hofer R.
Published: August 2010

Seasonal changes of the amylolytic activity in the gut content of roach and rudd in four Tyrolean lakes and the adaptation of the amylase to four acclimation temperatures and to different natural foods were studied. In roach amylolytic activity varied with the environmental temperature. Between September and October, however, enzyme activity shifted to a higher level where it remained for the entire cold season. In rudd, which has almost the same seasonal pattern of amylolytic activity as the roach, the activity of the enzyme is independent of environmental temperature. This suggests an endogenous rhythm of enzyme activity. Under natural conditions the roach, but not the rudd, has a higher amylolytic activity when feeding on animals and a lower activity when feeding on detritus. The laboratory experiments revealed no significant differences in amylase activity between fish feeding on animals and those feeding on plants, although in both species the enzymatic activity was lowest when Chara served as food.
Histopathology due to the presence of Gracilisentis gracilisentis in Dorosoma cepedianum (Le Sueur)
Authors: Jilek Reid
Published: August 2010

The acanthocephalan, Gracilisentis gracilisentis, infects the pyloric caeca and small intestine of Dorosoma cepedianum. Sections of intestinal tissue were examined microscopically and indicated pathological lesions were produced by G. gracilisentis in the mucosa and submucosa. G. gracilisentis occurs during the period of seasonal mortalities of D. cepedianum and may be responsible for such mortalities.
Annual cycle in female minnows Phoxinus phoxinus (L.) from an upland Welsh lake
Authors: Wootton R. J. , Mills L. A.
Published: August 2010

A population of Phoxinus phoxinus in a small, upland, Welsh lake was sampled at monthly intervals between February 1976 and January 1977. Mature females belonged to the 1972, 1973 and 1974 year classes. Spawning took place in May and June over gravel at the lake's edge. Regression analysis provided estimates of the mean carcase, ovary and liver weights expected for a female of length 65 mm. The ovarian weight increased rapidly in spring but dropped sharply between May and August. Carcase and liver weight declined during the breeding season, but recovered rapidly on completion of breeding. The increase in the weight of the ovary was accompanied by an increase in the proportion of dry matter, while the carcase and liver became relatively hydrated during the breeding season. Also at this time, the energy and lipid content of the carcase was low, but the ash content was high. Thus ovarian maturation and breeding were associated with a depletion of the carcase and liver, but this was quickly reversed at the end of the breeding season. Preliminary estimates of the changes in total energy in the ovary and carcase during ovarian maturation were made which suggested that the decline in the energy content of the carcase represented a significant proportion of the gain in energy content of the ovary. The sampling period coincided with an unusually severe drought and the possible consequences of this on the population are considered.
Otolith microstructure indicating growth and mortality among plaice, Pleuronectes platessa L., post‐larval sub‐cohorts
Authors: Al‐Hossaini M. , Liu Q. , Pitcher T. J.
Published: August 2010

Growth and mortality of post‐metamorphosed plaice were studied by means of daily increments in the sagittal otoliths. The Gompertz model was the best fit to length‐at‐age data and there were no significant differences between length‐at‐age and back‐calculated lengths. The microstructure pattern of the otoliths at metamorphosis was also used to estimate hatching and settlement distributions. Differential growth and mortality occurred among sub‐cohorts; growth rates and mortality were higher in fish that settled earlier. In 1986, the best survival was for a sub‐cohort settling in late May to early June. In contrast, in the warmer season of 1987, survival was highest for the second and third sub‐cohorts settling in late April and mid May.
A new method for fish chromosome preparation
Authors: Fan Z. , Fox D. P.
Published: August 2010

A new method for the preparation of fish chromosomes from abdominal cavity fluid has been developed. Cells were collected from fish abdominal cavity fluid after an in vivo PHA treatment, and cultured for a short time in medium with colchicine. After 30 min hypotonic treatment for marine fish and 35 min for freshwater fish, slides were prepared by the conventional air‐drying method. The advantages ofthe method are: (1) it is technically simple; (2) it produces a reasonably high mitotic index; (3) chromosome spreading is good (4) there is very little cell breakage. Using this method, the chromosomes ofrainbow trout (2n=62); cod (2n=4546) and plaice (2n=46,47 and 48) were investigated.
Differences in the host resistance of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., stocks to the monogenean Gyrodactylussalaris Malmberg, 1957
Authors: Bakke T. A. , Jansen P. A. , Hansen L. P.
Published: August 2010

The susceptibility and resistance of hatchery‐reared salmon parr, native to the rivers Neva (U.S.S.R. Baltic Sea), Alta (northern Norway) and Lone (western Norway) (both eastern Atlantic Ocean), to Gyrodactylus salaris from Norway, was examined. The level of resistance to the parasite was assessed from counts, made on anaesthetized salmon, ofthe numbers of G. salaris after an initial experimental exposure (2 weeks) to G. salaris‐infected salmon. Three experiments, all in water at c. 12° C, were carried out: (1) 50 Alta and 50 Neva salmon, initial mean parasite intensity c. 12; (2) 50 Lone and 50 Neva salmon, initial mean parasite intensity c. 60; (3) 10 Lone and 10 Neva salmon individually isolated, initial intensity one gravid G. salaris. In both the Norwegian salmon stocks, the G. salaris infrapopulations steadily increased during the experimental period of 5 weeks, in contrast to a prominent decline in the Neva salmon stock, after, respectively: (Exp. 1) week 3, average peak intensity 32.6; (Exp. 2) week 2, average peak intensity 58.7; and (Exp. 3) week 3, average peak intensity 6.3. The hatchery‐reared Baltic Neva stock demonstrated both an innate and an acquired resistance towards G. salaris, in contrast to the highly susceptible, Norwegian Alta and Lone salmon stocks.
Identification and localization of α‐ and β‐spectrins in oocytes of three Antarctic teleosts: Trematomus bernacchii, Trematomus newnesi (Nototheniidae) and Chionodraco hamatus (Channichthyidae)
Authors: Tammaro S. , Filosa S. , Frezza V. , Motta C. M. , Simoniello P. , Carotenuto R.
Published: August 2010

The presence and localization of α‐ and β‐spectrins and of the spectrin cross‐linking protein actin were investigated, in previtellogenic oocytes of three species of Antarctic teleosts: the two red‐blooded nototheniids, Trematomus bernacchii and Trematomus newnesi, and the channichthyid, the ice fish Chionodraco hamatus. Analyses by western blotting indicated that these species had an unusual abundance of spectrin isoforms and that they were characterized by rather low molecular masses. The immunocytochemistry in situ demonstrated that α‐ and β‐spectrins showed a variable pattern of localization that clearly depended on both the species considered and the stage of oocyte differentiation. In particular, the two Trematomus spp. showed a distribution of spectrins absolutely comparable and rather different from that of C. hamatus. The evidences collected confirmed that channichthyids have isolated early from the group of red‐blooded species and suggest that in notothenioids significant changes might have occurred in spectrin genes and in their protein products.
Effect of yolk redistribution at different developmental stages on survivorship of zebrafish embryos
Authors: Roustaian P. , Litvak M. K.
Published: August 2010

Survival of zebrafish Danio rerio embryos subjected to yolk redistribution during early development (cleavage to segmentation) was found to be dependent on the stage of manipulation and the quantity of redistributed yolk. The findings point to the presence and importance of yolk intrinsic organization during early development.
Deceptive female oviposition behaviour elicits male ejaculation in the European bitterling
Authors: Smith C. , Zhu Y. , Liu H. , Reichard M.
Published: August 2010

In European bitterling Rhodeus amarus, fish that lay their eggs in the gill chambers of living freshwater mussels, females perform conspicuous behaviours associated with spawning that increases the probability of males performing ejaculatory behaviour and participating in a spawning. A significant positive association was detected between behaviour in which a female performs a spawning action but without releasing eggs, here termed ‘deceptive female oviposition’, and ejaculatory behaviour by courting males.