bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Probing the circumnuclear absorbing medium of the buried AGN in NGC 1068 through NuSTAR observations
Authors: Zaino A , Bianchi S , Marinucci A , Matt G , Bauer F E , Brandt W N , Gandhi P , Guainazzi M , Iwasawa K , Puccetti S , Ricci C , Walton D J
Published: January 2020

We present the results of the latest NuSTAR monitoring campaign of the Compton-thick Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 1068, composed of four ∼50 ks observations performed between 2017 July and 2018 February to search for flux and spectral variability on time-scales from 1 to 6 months. We detect one unveiling and one eclipsing event with time-scales less than 27 and 91 d, respectively, ascribed to Compton-thick material with NH = (1.8 ± 0.8) × 1024 and ≥ (2.4 ± 0.5) × 1024 cm−2 moving across our line of sight. This gas is likely located in the innermost part of the torus or even further inward, thus providing further evidence of the clumpy structure of the circumnuclear matter in this source. Taking advantage of simultaneous Swift–XRT observations, we also detected a new flaring ULX, at a distance d ∼ 30 arcsec (i.e. ∼2 kpc) from the nuclear region of NGC 1068, with a peak X-ray intrinsic luminosity of (3.0 ± 0.4) × 1040 erg s−1 in the 2–10 keV band.
A broad-band look of the accreting millisecond X-ray pulsar SAX J1748.9−2021 using AstroSat and XMM–Newton
Authors: Sharma Rahul , Beri Aru , Sanna Andrea , Dutta Anjan
Published: January 2020

SAX J1748.9−2021 is a transient accretion powered millisecond X-ray pulsar located in the globular cluster NGC 6440. We report on the spectral and timing analysis of SAX J1748.9−2021 performed on AstroSat data taken during its faint and short outburst of 2017. We derived the best-fitting orbital solution for the 2017 outburst and obtained an average local spin frequency of 442.361098(3) Hz. The pulse profile obtained from 3 to 7 and 7 to 20 keV energy bands suggest constant fractional amplitude ∼0.5 per cent for fundamental component, contrary to previously observed energy pulse profile dependence. Our AstroSat observations revealed the source to be in a hard spectral state. The 1–50 keV spectrum from SXT (Soft X-ray Telescope) and LAXPC (Large Area X-ray Proportional Counter) on-board AstroSat can be well described with a single temperature blackbody and thermal Comptonization. Moreover, we found that the combined spectra from XMM–Newton (EPIC-PN) and AstroSat (SXT + LAXPC) indicated the presence of reflection features in the form of iron (Fe Kα) line that we modelled with the reflection model xillvercp. One of the two X-ray burst observed during the AstroSat/LAXPC observation showed hard X-ray emission (>30 keV) due to Compton up-scattering of thermal photons by the hot corona. Time-resolved analysis performed on the bursts revealed complex evolution in emission radius of blackbody for second burst suggestive of mild photospheric radius expansion.
Cross-correlation of the thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect and weak gravitational lensing: Planck and Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam first-year data
Authors: Osato Ken , Shirasaki Masato , Miyatake Hironao , Nagai Daisuke , Yoshida Naoki , Oguri Masamune , Takahashi Ryuichi
Published: January 2020

Cross-correlation analysis of the thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (tSZ) effect and weak gravitational lensing (WL) provides a powerful probe of cosmology and astrophysics of the intracluster medium. We present the measurement of the cross-correlation of tSZ and WL from Planck and Subaru Hyper-Suprime Cam. The combination enables us to study cluster astrophysics at high redshift. We use the tSZ-WL cross-correlation and the tSZ autopower spectrum measurements to place a tight constraint on the hydrostatic mass bias, which is a measure of the degree of non-thermal pressure support in galaxy clusters. With the prior on cosmological parameters derived from the analysis of the cosmic microwave background anisotropies by Planck and taking into account foreground contributions both in the tSZ autopower spectrum and the tSZ-WL cross-correlation, the hydrostatic mass bias is estimated to be $26.9^{+8.9}_{-4.4} {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ ($68{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ CL), which is consistent with recent measurements by mass calibration techniques.
MEGARA-GTC stellar spectral library: I
Authors: García-Vargas M L , Carrasco E , Mollá M , de Paz A Gil , Berlanas S R , Cardiel N , Gómez-Alvarez P , Gallego J , Iglesias-Páramo J , Cedazo R , Pascual S , Castillo-Morales A , Pérez-Calpena A , Martínez-Delgado I
Published: January 2020

MEGARA (Multi Espectrógrafo en GTC de Alta Resolución para Astronomía) is an optical (3650–9750 Å), fibre-fed, medium-high spectral resolution (R = 6000, 12 000 and 20 000) instrument for the Gran Telescopio CANARIAS (GTC) 10.4-m telescope, commissioned in the summer of 2017, and currently in operation. The scientific exploitation of MEGARA requires a stellar spectra library to interpret galaxy data and to estimate the contribution of the stellar populations. In this paper, we introduce the MEGARA-GTC spectral library, detailing the rationale behind the building of this catalogue. We present the spectra of 97 stars (21 individual stars and 56 members of the globular cluster M15, which are both subsamples taken during the commissioning runs, and 20 stars from our ongoing GTC Open-Time programme). The spectra have R = 20 000 in the HR-R and HR-I set-ups, centred at 6563 and 8633 Å, respectively. We describe the procedures to reduce and analyse the data. Then, we determine the best-fitting theoretical models to each spectrum through a χ2 minimization technique, to derive the stellar physical parameters, and we discuss the results. We have also measured some absorption lines and indices. Finally, we introduce our project to complete the library and the data base in order to make the spectra available to the community.
Neurologic and oncologic features of Erdheim–Chester disease: a 30-patient series
Authors: Bhatia Ankush , Hatzoglou Vaios , Ulaner Gary , Rampal Raajit , Hyman David M , Abdel-Wahab Omar , Durham Benjamin H , Dogan Ahmet , Ozkaya Neval , Yabe Mariko , Petrova-Drus Kseniya , Panageas Katherine S , Reiner Anne , Rosenblum Marc , Diamond Eli L
Published: January 2020

Background

Erdheim–Chester disease (ECD) is a rare histiocytic neoplasm characterized by recurrent alterations in the MAPK (mitogen-activating protein kinase) pathway. The existing literature about the neuro-oncological spectrum of ECD is limited.

Methods

We present retrospective clinical, radiographic, pathologic, molecular, and treatment data from 30 patients with ECD neurohistiocytic involvement treated at a tertiary center.

Results

Median age was 52 years (range, 7–77), and 20 (67%) patients were male. Presenting symptoms included ataxia in 19 patients (63%), dysarthria in 14 (47%), diabetes insipidus in 12 (40%), cognitive impairment in 10 (33%), and bulbar affect in 9 (30%). Neurosurgical biopsy specimens in 8 patients demonstrated varied morphologic findings often uncharacteristic of typical ECD lesions. Molecular analysis revealed mutations in BRAF (18 patients), MAP2K1 (5), RAS isoforms (2), and 2 fusions involving BRAF and ALK. Conventional therapies (corticosteroids, immunosuppressants, interferon-alpha [IFN-α], cytotoxic chemotherapy) led to partial radiographic response in 8/40 patients (20%) by MRI with no complete responses, partial metabolic response in 4/16 (25%), and complete metabolic response in 1/16 (6%) by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-PET scan. In comparison, targeted (kinase inhibitor) therapies yielded partial radiographic response in 10/27 (37%) and complete radiographic response in 14/27 (52%) by MRI, and partial metabolic response in 6/25 (24%) and complete metabolic response in 17/25 (68%) by FDG-PET scan.

Conclusions

These data highlight underrecognized symptomatology, heterogeneous neuropathology, and robust responses to targeted therapies across the mutational spectrum in ECD patients with neurological involvement, particularly when conventional therapies have failed.
Jonathan Dollimore
Authors: Marlow Christopher
Published: January 2020

Jonathan Dollimore (b. 1948) is a writer and academic whose work on early modern literature, desire, and sexuality has been of preeminent importance to English studies for the last forty years. He is best known as the author of Radical Tragedy: Religion, Ideology and Power in the Drama of Shakespeare and His Contemporaries and Sexual Dissidence, as the co-editor of and key contributor to Political Shakespeare, and as the co-originator, with Alan Sinfield, of the critical practice known as cultural materialism. Taken together these interventions revolutionized literary studies by combining a dedication to close textual analysis with an examination of the social and political contexts within which texts are produced and received, a deployment of theory and philosophy and, most controversially, an explicit commitment to progressive political causes. Each of the latter three aspects of this methodology met with considerable objections because they challenged idealist notions of literature as timeless, apolitical, and offering privileged access to an unchanging human nature. Alongside New Historicism, Dollimore and Sinfield’s cultural materialism has been instrumental in introducing an interdisciplinary approach to the study of English literature, so much so that it is now routine for critics and students to consider historical documents, theory, and popular culture alongside canonical literary texts. It is, however, less common to see the political and philosophical elements of Dollimore’s method being pursued systematically, a tendency that he has lamented. Dollimore has always advocated that politics and theory should be backed up with action; to this end, in the same year as the publication of Sexual Dissidence (1991), he co-founded with Sinfield the Centre for the Study of Sexual Dissidence at the University of Sussex, a hub for research and teaching on sexuality and queer studies. The first of its kind in the United Kingdom, the controversial center did significant work to establish the discipline of queer studies/queer theory in the United Kingdom. Dollimore’s work has always been concerned with locating marginal groups within hegemonic cultures, be they gays, lesbians or bisexuals, crossdressers, sex workers, or “perverts,” and with showing how dissident ideas and practices persist alongside dominant ideologies and can even be co-opted by them. He has repeatedly argued against “wishful” uses of theory, and advocates a sustained engagement with intellectual history as a vital corrective to this tendency, an approach that he has practiced throughout his career.
People of African Descent in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Bärwald Annika , Köstlbauer Josef , von Mallinckrodt Rebekka
Published: January 2020

People of African descent shaped early modern Europe, here encompassing the 15th to 18th centuries, in many ways. They traveled, moved, or were trafficked to the European continent, voluntarily or by force, temporarily or for the rest of their lives. Yet the great majority of Africans arrived in Europe as captives or slaves. Enslavement practices that originated in ancient and medieval times gained momentum during the era when peoples living in the Mediterranean basin practiced reciprocal enslavement, only to continue after the advent of the transatlantic slave trade. This article takes into consideration people from North Africa who were part of the Mediterranean slavery system as well as sub-Saharan Africans who were affected by the transatlantic slave trade and are referred to in some research literatures as “black Africans.” However, as the early modern term “moor” was used indiscriminately by contemporaries to refer to dark-skinned people from a wide variety of geographical locations, it is not always possible to differentiate between people from the African continent (North and South), the Ottoman Empire (which extended from Central Asia and the eastern Mediterranean to North Africa), or, for instance, the Indian subcontinent. Africans not only arrived as captives or slaves but also as merchants, diplomats, scholars, and students. They came as the partners or children of marital, but more often informal, relationships between Europeans and Africans in the colonies. Whereas it is often difficult to reconstruct to what extent these relationships were characterized by love, force, or pragmatism, the composition of Euro-African families in Europe suggests African agency as much as the intellectual, artistic, and military career trajectories of people of African descent. By contrast, research on the contribution of people of African descent to early modern European culture is only in its beginning stages and is aggravated by a dearth of sources as well as Eurocentric perspectives. The research in different European countries differs enormously, depending on the country’s proximity to the Mediterranean or the Atlantic basin, its involvement in colonial projects and subsequent need for manpower, and public awareness of the topic. Whereas research on the Mediterranean slave trade as well as the repercussions of the transatlantic slave trade on western European colonial powers like France, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain partly goes back to the 1950s, Scandinavia, the German territories, and the Central European “hinterlands” have attracted more attention only recently.
Internal Slave Migrations in the Americas
Authors: Müller Viola Franziska
Published: January 2020

Studies of the movements of enslaved people from one region to another have been dominated by the trans-Atlantic slave trade. In fact, it is, due to its volume, duration, and involvement of international actors one of the most well-known migrations in history. But also in the Americas, enslaved people often migrated within and across national, territorial, and regional boundaries. The volumes were usually much smaller and their durations shorter than those of the trans-Atlantic slave trade, still these migrations often had a dramatic impact on the lives of the enslaved, on economic developments, and on policies regarding slavery. Internal slave migrations were mainly defined by forced migrations, most notably slave trades. Runaway slaves can also fall under the category of slave migrants, yet labeling their movement “voluntary” does not do justice to their situation. “Freedom-based migration” is a more adequate term as it encompasses both their initial situation and the envisioned outcome. This does not necessarily mean that enslaved people fled to free polities, yet because free-soil regions increased toward the end of the eighteenth century, the number of enslaved people who migrated over borders to achieve freedom became larger as well. The forced displacement of enslaved people has a longer history, but drastically intensified in the nineteenth century. This was mostly due to the domestic slave trades of Brazil and the United States. As the number of involuntary and freedom-based movements grew in the nineteenth century, the social, cultural, political, and economic ramifications they brought with them became more dramatic. The focus of his bibliographical overview will therefore be primarily on the late eighteenth to the late nineteenth centuries. Approaching slave trade and slave flight through the lens of migration highlights the agency and experiences of the migrants over those of enslavers, traders, and policy makers. More research is needed to add social-historical perspectives; for the time being, the references here listed intend to serve as starting points and inspiration.
Science and Technology in Modern Latin America
Authors: Ragas José
Published: January 2020

Science and technology are witnessing an auspicious moment in Latin America. Once associated exclusively with dictatorships, economic turmoil, and social unrest, the region is becoming an important technological hub according to the media and specialized magazines. Among the explanations for this “techno-scientific moment” is that scientific communities are expanding scholarly networks to communicate their findings in other languages, applying to external funding, pressing for more national funding, and carving a niche in the competitive scenario of journals and collaborative projects. A geopolitical shift has also contributed to this surge. For instance, the end of the embargo era promises a new epoch of cooperation between scholars in Cuba and the United States, something that we could only have imagined until a few years ago. As this occurs on the surface, scholars and resources keep flowing in multiple directions, strengthening less visible networks that serve as platforms for the next stages of creativity and innovation in the region. Techno-scientific communities are trying to find their own niches based on their own backgrounds by developing nascent areas and training future experts. New journals such as Tapuya: Latin America Science, Technology and Society and the visibility of minorities and vulnerable populations represent a good sign. It is also a good sign that science and technology in Latin America are no longer confined to laboratories and campuses. They are now part of the public debate in social media and the streets, where citizens and scientists engage in discussions on how governments should support scientists and knowledge as engines of development and democracy. To highlight the research on science and technology developed by scholars in and of Latin America, this bibliography offers a comprehensive compilation of references published in the last forty years. I have considered science and technology in a broader spectrum, suggesting studies that use the Science and Technology Studies (STS) approach even indirectly. Therefore, this bibliography compiles references extracted from books, edited volumes, journals, dissertations, newspapers, and websites. The references cover a chronological arch from the wars of Independence to the present published in Spanish, Portuguese, and English. Due to the flexible and expansive nature of the STS field, which can also include the study of the environment and history of medicine, I have focused on areas that have not been covered by previous bibliographical essays. I encourage readers to complement this essay with other essays already published by Oxford Bibliographies: “Agricultural Technologies,” “Environmental History,” and “History of Health and Disease in Modern Latin America.”
Melanie Klein
Authors: Oliver Malby
Published: January 2020

Melanie Klein (b. 1882–d. 1960) proposed a revolutionary way of thinking about children and child psychoanalysis that led to discoveries related to the understanding of the functioning, structure, and growth of the mind, as well as an original method for the psychoanalytic treatment of children. The creation of her play technique redefined child psychoanalysis, transformed adult psychoanalysis, and opened new areas including the psychoanalysis of psychosis, autism and borderline conditions, group analysis, and interdisciplinary studies on issues that affect the child’s world. Klein started working with children at a time when child analysis occupied a marginal position in psychoanalysis; children were considered unanalyzable, or in danger if analyzed. Klein’s freedom of thought led her to test psychoanalytic theory and method in her clinical encounters with children, resulting in her concept of the child as a unique object of psychoanalytic treatment and investigation. Her radically original approach to child analysis facilitated the study and treatment of the earliest and deepest functioning of the psyche. The infant was conceived of as born with its objects and with an ego from birth, equipping the infant with the capacity to relate, to love, and to hate the other, to differentiate between me and not-me, inside and outside, and to phantasize. Klein’s theory of the paranoid-schizoid and depressive positions is a theory on changes in the link between the ego and its objects and ensuing anxieties. The task in development is to master this related anxiety and transform it into language and thought, this occurring in the context of the relationship with the mother/other/analyst. Klein took children extremely seriously. Her child clinical material offers vivid descriptions of the child’s mind and the contact she made with challenging young patients. Klein had an obvious passion for clinical work and curiosity about the child’s unconscious discourse, her intuition, and capacity for observation. Available for the child, playing out the roles attributed to her, adhering to phantasy, receiving positive and negative transferences, intuitively registering anxiety and interpreting it: Klein gives meaning to the child’s experience. The main focus of this article is on the relevance of Kleinian discourse for the study of the child and the thinking on the needs of and dangers affecting children in the 21st century.
Television Music
Authors: Wissner Reba
Published: January 2020

The literature on television music has been gradually expanding since the earliest studies dating from the 1950s. Because of the medium’s infancy at this time, the literature was limited and only began to really blossom in the 1970s and 1980s. Studies on television music can be divided into four types: music in television shows; music on television, such as live music shows like American Idol and The Voice and opera on and for television; music for advertising, such as commercials; and music videos. The items in this bibliography will focus on only the first of the four types—music written for television series. Despite the growth in television music research, few sources are dedicated to only television music, but rather are joined with sources about film music, which has, in general, been more wide-ranging than television music studies. All of the sources on television music in this article were written in English, though there are other sources in languages such as French, German, Italian, and Spanish. More work on television music has been conducted in the second decade of the 21st century than ever before, with the demand for it in published research continually increasing. This bibliography contains the most influential sources concerning television music, from reference works to material on specialized areas. It will also consider blogs, which, now more than ever, form an increasingly useful platform for the publication of television music scholarship.
Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)
Authors: Huitema Bradley E.
Published: January 2020

The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) is a method for testing the hypothesis of the equality of two or more population means, ideally in the context of a designed experiment. It is similar in purpose to the analysis of variance (ANOVA), but it differs in that an adjustment is made to both the dependent variable means and the error term to provide both descriptive and inferential advantages. The adjustments are made on the basis of information on one or more variables (called covariates) that are measured on each participant before treatments are applied. The advantages of incorporating the covariate information are typically (1) more meaningful outcome means and (2) a smaller error term than is associated with ANOVA. These adjustments result in more interpretable effects, narrower confidence intervals, and an increase in the statistical power of the analysis. Suppose an experiment is carried out to evaluate effects of two treatments. The randomly assigned treatment groups differ somewhat in average age, and age is correlated with the achievement measure used as the dependent variable. Differences between groups on achievement will be somewhat ambiguous to interpret because the groups differ in terms of both age and treatment condition. The analysis of covariance will provide “adjusted means” that estimate the value the outcome means would have been if the groups had been exactly the same with respect to age. At the same time, within-group variation in achievement scores predictable from the covariate (age) will be removed from the error variation to increase the precision of the test for differences between the adjusted means. The application of ANCOVA in some observational studies (rather than randomized experiments) is controversial and has led to a large literature that explores the concerns surrounding the adequacy of the analysis when used in this context. The label “analysis of covariance” is now viewed as anachronistic by some research methodologists and statisticians because this analysis can be both conceptualized and computed as a variant of the general linear model (GLM). But the term remains useful because it immediately conveys to most researchers the notion that a categorical variable (the treatment conditions) and two continuous variables (the covariate and the dependent variable) are involved in a single analysis. Researchers should be warned, however, that ANCOVA is not the same as the “analysis of covariance structures,” a term that was frequently used in the 1970s and 1980s to refer to what is currently known as a “structural equation model.” Additionally, some sources of information regarding ANCOVA subsume several analyses related to (but different from) ANCOVA under this general heading. Examples of these related analyses include the test of the significance of the covariate, the test for homogeneous regression slopes, and the Johnson-Neyman technique.
Zhu Xi
Authors: Thompson Kirill O.
Published: January 2020

Zhu Xi (1130–1200) was the most influential Chinese Neo-Confucian (Daoxue) scholar of imperial China (220 bce–1908 ce). He is ranked the foremost philosopher of China since Mencius and Zhuangzi of Antiquity. His influence spread throughout East Asia, particularly to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam, and it persists to this day. Zhu was a master interpreter of the Confucian classics and the teachings of Confucius and Mencius and their earlier followers. He was such exuberant interpreter of the Confucian classics that he ventured not just to edit and rearrange many of them, but in the case of the Daxue (Great Learning) he interpolated a long paragraph that he himself wrote into the text. He also absorbed the philosophical concepts of the 11th-century Northern Song masters, such as Zhou Dunyi, Zhang Zai, Cheng Hao, and Cheng Yi, and integrated them into a comprehensive system by serious analytic and synthetic thinking. Zhu Xi’s system influenced his interpretive work, while the classics and thinkers he studied afforded him issues, topics, and examples for reflection and developing his system. Zhu had a probing, reflective mind, an analytic and synthetic acumen, and his philosophical inquiries led in every direction: ontology, cosmology, philosophical anthropology, natural philosophy, ethics, politics, epistemology, education, the transmission or succession of the Confucian Way, and so forth, making him the most well-rounded of traditional Chinese philosophers. In his philosophic thinking, Zhu Xi is distinguished for his arguing for determinate, well-defined views based on his system, categories, methodology, and place in the Confucian succession. He was at once a classical interpreter who sought deeper meanings as well as textual mastery and a philosophical thinker who discussed and debated a range of issues with his contemporaries. Many of Zhu’s writings and dialogues have been translated into English and other Western languages. And the body of research on Zhu’s scholarship, classical studies, and philosophical thought East and West is growing apace. The scholarship has evolved from general and philosophical to contextualized and historical. Issues have evolved from his comparability with Plato, Aristotle, and Whitehead to specific characteristics of his thought as transcendental versus immanental, conceptual, or formal versus process. Moreover, his ethical thought is compared with parallel Western approaches and brought to bear on a range of ethical issues.
Perioperative Continuation of Buprenorphine at Low–Moderate Doses Was Associated with Lower Postoperative Pain Scores and Decreased Outpatient Opioid Dispensing Compared with Buprenorphine Discontinuation
Authors: Quaye Aurora , Potter Kevin , Roth Sarah , Acampora Gregory , Mao Jianren , Zhang Yi
Published: January 2020

Objective

An increasing number of individuals are prescribed buprenorphine as medication-assisted treatment for opioid use disorder. Our institution developed guidelines for perioperative buprenorphine continuation with an algorithm for dose reduction based upon the surgical procedure and patient's maintenance dose. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of buprenorphine continuation with those of discontinuation on postoperative pain scores and outpatient opioid dispensing.

Design

Retrospective observational study.

Subjects

Surgical patients on buprenorphine from March 2018 to October 2018. Patients on buprenorphine for chronic pain and those with minor procedures were excluded from analysis.

Methods

We compared postoperative outpatient opioid dispensing and postanesthesia care unit (PACU) pain scores in patients where buprenorphine was continued compared with held perioperatively, collecting single surgical subspecialty prescriber data on outpatient full mu-opioid agonist prescriptions dispensed, converted into mean morphine equivalents. Buprenorphine formulations were not included in our morphine milligram equivalents (MME) total.

Results

There were 55 patients total (38 cont. vs 17 held). There was no difference in postoperative buprenorphine treatment adherence (91% cont. vs 88% held, P = 0.324). The number of opioid prescriptions dispensed was significantly higher with buprenorphine discontinuation (53% cont. vs 82% held, P = 0.011), as was MME dispensed (mean of 229 cont. vs mean of 521 held, P = 0.033). PACU pain scores were higher with buprenorphine discontinuation (mean 2.9 cont. vs mean 7.6 held, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

There was a significant reduction in opioid prescriptions filled, MME dispensed, and PACU pain scores in patients where buprenorphine was continued vs held perioperatively. We provide evidence to support that buprenorphine can be continued perioperatively and that continuation is associated with decreased postoperative pain and decreased outpatient opioid dispensing. These results contribute to the existing literature supporting the perioperative continuation of buprenorphine.
Spontaneous symmetry breaking and Nambu–Goldstone modes in open classical and quantum systems
Authors: Hidaka Yoshimasa , Minami Yuki
Published: January 2020

We discuss spontaneous symmetry breaking of open classical and quantum systems. When a continuous symmetry is spontaneously broken in an open system, a gapless excitation mode appears corresponding to the Nambu–Goldstone mode. Unlike isolated systems, the gapless mode is not always a propagation mode, but it is a diffusion one. Using the Ward–Takahashi identity and the effective action formalism, we establish the Nambu–Goldstone theorem in open systems, and derive the low-energy coefficients that determine the dispersion relation of Nambu–Goldstone modes. Using these coefficients, we classify the Nambu–Goldstone modes into four types: type-A propagation, type-A diffusion, type-B propagation, and type-B diffusion modes.
Asymptotic Field Near the Tip of a Debonded Anticrack in an Anisotropic Elastic Material
Authors: Wang Xu , Schiavone Peter
Published: January 2020

We use the sextic Stroh formalism to study the asymptotic elastic field near the tip of a debonded anticrack in a generally anisotropic elastic material under generalised plane strain deformations. The stresses near the tip of the debonded anticrack exhibit the oscillatory singularities $r^{-3/4\pm i\varepsilon }$ and $r^{-1/4\pm i\varepsilon }$ (where $\varepsilon $ is the oscillatory index) as well as the real power-type singularities $r^{-3/4}$ and $r^{-1/4}$. Two complex-valued stress intensity factors and two real-valued stress intensity factors are introduced to respectively scale the two oscillatory and two real power-type singularities. The corresponding three-dimensional analytic vector function is derived explicitly, and the material force on the debonded anticrack is obtained. Our solution is illustrated using an example involving orthotropic materials.
Exit strategy or exit trap? Basic income and the ‘power to say no’ in the age of precarious employment
Authors: Birnbaum Simon , De Wispelaere Jurgen
Published: January 2020

An increasingly influential claim is that exit-based empowerment through an unconditional basic income offers the cornerstone of an effective strategy for supporting precarious workers in contemporary labor markets. However, it is plausible to assume that supporting the ‘power to say no’—to avoid or leave unattractive jobs—will empower precarious workers only to the extent that it offers the basis of a credible exit threat. In this article, we argue that a basic income-induced exit strategy amounts to a hollow threat. In light of a realistic understanding of how labor markets operate and how the opportunities of disadvantaged workers are presently structured, we show that the basic income-centered exit option can easily become an exit trap rather than an empowered fallback position.
White Christian Nationalism and Relative Political Tolerance for Racists
Authors: Davis Joshua T , Perry Samuel L
Published: January 2020

Recent studies demonstrate that white Americans who adhere to “Christian nationalism”―an ideology that idealizes and advocates a fusion of Christianity and American civic life―tend to hold authoritarian, exclusionary, and overtly prejudicial attitudes, particularly regarding ethno-racial minorities. We use data from the 1996 and 2014 General Social Surveys and consider relative political tolerance toward old-fashioned racists (i.e., persons who believe black Americans are genetically inferior) compared to other historically stigmatized groups, including anti-religionists, communists, militarists, and homosexuals. Viewing Christian identity as essential to American civic belonging is among the strongest predictors of whites’ being politically intolerant of all stigmatized groups, racists included. However, when we examine relative tolerance toward racists compared to other stigmatized groups, white Christian nationalists show greater tolerance than other whites. This effect is distinct from personal religiosity which is associated with lower relative tolerance toward racists. Additionally, we find both time and gender moderate the association between white Christian nationalism and relative tolerance toward racists. Findings ultimately demonstrate that white Americans who adhere to Christian nationalism exhibit authoritarian tendencies―expressing lower tolerance for all groups considered―while making greater relative allowance for old-fashioned racists, who may be allies in the task of social control and coercion.
Anaerobic Soil Disinfestation Reduces Viability of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor Sclerotia and Root-Knot Nematodes in Muck Soils
Authors: Sanabria-Velazquez Andres D. , Testen Anna L. , Khadka Ram B. , Liu Zhe , Xu Fuqing , Miller Sally A.
Published: January 2020

Experiments were conducted to evaluate potential functional and mechanistic differences in the suppression of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and S. minor and root-knot nematodes in muck soils by anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) using different carbon source amendments. Volatile compounds produced during ASD in muck soil amended with molasses, wheat bran, or mustard greens at 20.2 Mg/ha or a 2% ethanol solution significantly reduced the mycelial growth and number of sclerotia produced by both Sclerotinia spp. compared with the anaerobic control. In amended soils, acetic and butyric acids were detected in concentrations that reduced the viability of sclerotia of both pathogens. Higher concentrations of carbon dioxide were observed in ASD-treated soils, regardless of the amendment, than in the nonamended anaerobic control. Only amendment with wheat bran did not increase the production of methane gas during ASD compared with the controls. Meloidogyne hapla survival was completely suppressed in soils treated with ASD regardless of carbon source. Field trials were conducted in Ohio muck soil to assess survival of sclerotia of both Sclerotinia spp. The viability of sclerotia of both Sclerotinia spp. was significantly reduced in soil subjected to ASD amended with wheat bran (20.2 Mg/ha), molasses (10.1 Mg/ha), or wheat bran (20.2 Mg/ha) plus molasses (10.1 Mg/ha) compared with the controls. A consistent negative correlation between soil reduction and viability of sclerotia of both pathogens was observed. Wheat bran and molasses are both widely available amendments that can be used as ASD carbon sources for the management of soilborne pathogens in muck soils.
Premature, Opportune, and Delayed Weaning in Mechanically Ventilated Patients: A Call for Implementation of Weaning Protocols in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Diaz-Soto Maria P. , Morgan Brooks W. , Davalos Long , Herrera Phabiola , Denney Joshua , Roldan Rollin , Paz Enrique , Jaymez Amador A. , Chirinos Eduardo E. , Portugal Jose , Quispe Rocio , Brower Roy G. , Checkley William
Published: January 2020

Objectives:

Weaning protocols establish readiness-to-wean criteria to determine the opportune moment to conduct a spontaneous breathing trial. Weaning protocols have not been widely adopted or evaluated in ICUs in low- and middle-income countries. We sought to compare clinical outcomes between participants whose weaning trials were retrospectively determined to have been premature, opportune, or delayed based on when they met readiness-to-wean criteria.

Design:

Prospective, multicenter observational study.

Setting:

Five medical ICUs in four public hospitals in Lima, Perú.

Subjects:

Adults with acute respiratory failure and at least 24 hours of invasive mechanical ventilation (n = 1,657).

Interventions:

None.

Measurements and Main Results:

We established six readiness-to-wean criteria and retrospectively categorized our sample into three weaning groups: 1) premature: if the weaning trial took place before fulfilling all criteria, 2) opportune: if the weaning trial took place within 24 hours after fulfilling the criteria, and 3) delayed: if the weaning trial took place over 24 hours after fulfilling criteria. We compared 90-day mortality, ventilator-free days, ICU-free days, and hospital-free days between premature, opportune, and delayed weaning groups. In our sample, 761 participants (60.8%) were classified as having a premature weaning trial, 196 underwent opportune weaning (15.7%), and 295 experienced delayed weaning (23.6%). There was no significant difference in 90-day mortality between the groups. Both the premature and delayed weaning groups had poorer clinical outcomes with fewer ventilator-free days (–2.18, p = 0.008) and (–3.49, p < 0.001), ICU-free days (–2.25, p = 0.001) and (–3.72, p < 0.001), and hospital-free days (–2.76, p = 0.044) and (–4.53, p = 0.004), respectively, compared with the opportune weaning group.

Conclusions:

Better clinical outcomes occur with opportune weaning compared with premature and delayed weaning. If readiness-to-wean criteria can be applied in resource-limited settings, it may improve ICU outcomes associated with opportune weaning.
Association of poor mental health and skin cancer development: a cross-sectional study of adults in the United States
Authors: Tkachenko Elizabeth , Singer Sean , Mostaghimi Arash , Hartman Rebecca I.
Published: January 2020

The relationship between mental health and skin cancer is poorly characterized. This cross-sectional study used 2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data to evaluate the association between mental health problems and skin cancer development. Multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to calculate adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for skin cancer development by mental health problems, adjusting for potentially confounding demographic and lifestyle factors. Odds of skin cancer were significantly higher in those with mental health problems problems [aOR 1.24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.17–1.31, P < 0.001]; this finding remained in sensitivity analysis adjusting for sunburn history (aOR 1.34, 95% CI 1.09–1.63, P = 0.004). Our findings reveal an association between poor mental health and increased skin cancer prevalence. The direction of this association is unclear. Distress of a skin cancer diagnosis may promote mental health problems, while, conversely, mental health problems may biologically potentiate skin cancer or be associated with risk factors like indoor tanning. Nevertheless, we demonstrate an elevated prevalence of mental health problems in patients with skin cancer.
Optimized cutoff maternal age for adverse obstetrical outcomes: a multicenter retrospective cohort study in Urban China during 2011 to 2012
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Lei , Liang Huan , Zhao Huan-Qiang , Wu Su-Wen , Zhou Qiong-Jie , Li Xiao-Tian
Published: January 2020

Background:

China's two-child policy has led to a trend of aging in pregnancy which was associated with adverse outcomes. This study aimed to identify the clinically cutoff maternal age for adverse obstetric outcomes in China.

Methods:

This secondary analysis of a multicenter retrospective cohort study included data of childbearing women from 39 hospitals collected in urban China during 2011 to 2012. Logistic regression was used to assess the adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of adverse outcomes in different age groups in comparison to women aged 20 to 24 years. The adjustments included the location of the hospital, educational level, and residence status. Clinically cutoff age was defined as the age above which the aOR continuously become both statistically (P < 0.05) and clinically (aOR > 2) significant.

Results:

Overall, 108,059 women were recruited. In primiparae, clinically cutoff maternal ages for gestational diabetes (aOR: 2.136, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.856–2.458, P < 0.001), placenta previa (aOR: 2.400, 95% CI: 1.863–3.090, P < 0.001), cesarean section (aOR: 2.511, 95% CI: 2.341–2.694, P < 0.001), hypertensive disorder (aOR: 2.122, 95% CI: 1.753–2.569, P < 0.001), post-partum hemorrhage (aOR: 2.129, 95% CI: 1.334–3.397, P < 0.001), and low birth weight (aOR: 2.174, 95% CI: 1.615–2.927, P < 0.001) were 27, 31, 33, 37, 41, and 41 years, respectively. In multiparae, clinically cutoff ages for gestational diabetes (aOR: 2.977, 95%CI: 1.808–4.904, P < 0.001), hypertensive disorder (aOR: 2.555, 95% CI: 1.836–3.554, P < 0.001), cesarean section (aOR: 2.224, 95% CI: 1.952–2.534, P < 0.001), post-partum hemorrhage (aOR: 2.140, 95% CI: 1.472–3.110, P < 0.001), placenta previa (aOR: 2.272, 95% CI: 1.375–3.756, P < 0.001), macrosomia (aOR: 2.215, 95% CI: 1.552–3.161, P < 0.001), and neonatal asphyxia (aOR: 2.132, 95% CI: 1.461–3.110, P < 0.001) were 29, 31, 33, 35, 35, 41, and 41 years, respectively.

Conclusions:

Early cutoff ages for gestational diabetes and cesarean section highlight a reasonable childbearing age in urban China. The various optimized cutoff ages for different adverse pregnancy outcomes should be carefully considered in childbearing women.
Interaction between postmenopausal hormone therapy and diabetes on cataract
Authors: Costanian Christy , Aubin Marie-Josée , Buhrmann Ralf , Freeman Ellen E.
Published: January 2020

Objective:

We investigated whether postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) use interacts with diabetes, a risk factor for several age-related eye diseases.

Methods:

A cross-sectional analysis of women involved in the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging was performed. The random sample comprised of 15,320 community-dwelling women between ages 45 and 85 years old sampled from areas adjacent to 11 data collection centers across Canada. Information on menopausal status and HT were collected by self-report. Data on diabetes and eye disease were obtained by self-report of a physician diagnosis. Multivariable logistic regression was used.

Results:

After adjusting for demographic, lifestyle, and health variables, a multiplicative interaction was identified such that HT use for 10 years or more was associated with a much higher odds of a report of cataract in women with type 2 diabetes (odds ratio = 2.44, 95% confidence interval 1.49, 3.99) but not in long-term HT users with no diabetes (odds ratio = 1.03, 95% confidence interval 0.87, 1.21) (interaction term P value = 0.013). HT use was not associated with glaucoma or macular degeneration.

Conclusions:

Long-term HT use and type 2 diabetes interact in their relationship with cataract. This novel finding should be confirmed. If confirmed, women with type 2 diabetes should be informed that long-term HT use increases their risk of cataract.

Video Summary:

http://links.lww.com/MENO/A519.
Obstetrician-gynecologists’ screening and management of depression during perimenopause
Authors: Raglan Greta B. , Schulkin Jay , Juliano Laura M. , Micks Elizabeth A.
Published: January 2020

Objective:

Depression in women is more common during perimenopause (the time period around and during menopause) than pre and postmenopause. Obstetrician-gynecologists (ob-gyns) play a vital role in the detection and management of depression symptoms in women because for many women ob-gyns are the first and most frequent point of medical contact. This study assessed ob-gyns’ screening practices and management of depression in perimenopause.

Methods:

A survey regarding depression during perimenopause was sent to 500 practicing ob-gyns who were fellows of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and members of the Collaborative Ambulatory Research Network.

Results:

The survey response rate was 41.8% (209 of 500 surveys returned). Over a third of respondents (34.1%) reported that they did not regularly screen perimenopausal patients for depression. Higher-quality education about depression, respondent sex, and personal experience with depression were associated with higher rates of screening. While 85.7% of respondents believed that they could recognize depression in perimenopausal women, only about half (55.8%) were confident in their ability to treat these patients.

Conclusion:

Increased education of ob-gyn physicians related to depression during perimenopause may increase the screening and treatment of women during this phase of life.
Assessment Model of Radiation Doses from External Exposure to the Public after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident
Authors: Takahara Shogo , Iijima Masashi , Watanabe Masatoshi
Published: January 2020

Radiation exposure is one of most important factors to manage following a nuclear emergency. Actual measurement is the best way to obtain information concerning the dose received by the people in terms of accuracy and reliability. However, in practice, it is difficult to collect measurements from all people affected by nuclear accidents over the whole period of exposure from past to future. Therefore, probabilistic assessment using a model is needed. An assessment model of radiation doses from external exposures was developed based on the actual measurement of individual doses and ambient dose equivalent rates inside and outside houses in Fukushima City. A survey of behavioral patterns was also performed for the same purpose. In addition to our measurement and survey, we took into account the latest insights from the experiences of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident. Comparisons between the assessed and measured results revealed that the time-dependence of doses and the distribution of doses obtained using the developed models agree well with the results of actual measurements. Thus, our probabilistic approach was validated. Based on both our assessment and on our actual measurements, no participants were observed to receive doses in excess of 1 mSv y−1 as of 8 y after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in Fukushima City.