bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reorganization of human motor cortex after hand replantation
Authors: Röricht Simone , Machetanz Jochen , Irlbacher Kerstin , Niehaus Ludwig , Biemer Edgar , Meyer Bernd‐Ulrich
Published: September 2002

In 10 patients, reorganizational changes of the motor cortex contralateral to a replanted hand (MCreplant) were studied one to 14 years after complete traumatic amputation and consecutive successful replantation of the hand. The organizational state of MCreplant was assessed for the deafferentated and peripherally deefferentated hand‐associated motor cortex and the adjacent motor representation of the proximal arm. For this, response maps were established for the first dorsal interosseus and biceps brachii muscle using focal transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on a skull surface grid. Characteristics of the maps were center of gravity (COG), number of effective stimulation sites, amplitude sum, and amplitudes and response threshold at the optimal stimulation point. The COG is defined by the spatial distribution of response amplitudes on the map and lies over the cortex region with the most excitable corticospinal neurones supplying the recorded muscle. The COG of the biceps map in MCreplant was shifted laterally by 9.8 ± 3.6 mm (range 5.0–15.7 mm). The extension of the biceps map in MCreplant was increased and the responses were enlarged and had lowered thresholds. For the muscles of the replanted hand, the pattern of reorganization was different: Response amplitudes were enlarged but thresholds, COG, and area of the cortical response map were normal. The different reorganizational phenomena observed for the motor cortical areas supplying the replanted hand and the biceps brachii of the same arm may be influenced by a different extent of deafferentation and by their different role in hand motor control.
Nanostructured ceramics: a review of their potential
Authors: Cain Markys , Morrell Roger
Published: September 2002

The driving forces for the recent development of nanoscale features in conventional ceramic materials for both mechanical and functional reasons are discussed, and the causes of some of the resulting property enhancements are identified. Examples from the technical literature are examined, and the potential for future applications is assessed in terms of the tradeoff between enhanced properties and the added costs and difficulties of processing ultrafine powders. © Crown copyright 2001. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoinduced degradation by iron(III): removal of triphenyltin chloride from water
Authors: Mailhot Gilles , Brand Nathalie , Astruc Michel , Bolte Michele
Published: September 2002

The photoredox process taking place in iron(III) aquacomplexes was used to cause the complete degradation of triphenyltin (TPT). TPT elimination was proved to come only from attack by hydroxyl radicals generated upon irradiation at 365 nm of Fe(H2O)5OH2+, the iron(III) species present under the experimental conditions ([Fe(III)] in the range (3–6) × 10−4 mol l−1). The first step is the formation of an adduct between hydroxyl radicals and the benzene ring. The main process is a stepwise dephenylation of the starting TPT. Hydroxylated phenyltin derivatives were also formed, but only as minor photoproducts. The process was shown to be efficient with artificial light as well as with solar light. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultracytochemical study of medullary bone calcification in estrogen injected male Japanese quail
Authors: Yamamoto Toshio , Nakamura Hiroaki , Tsuji Takehito , Hirata Azumi
Published: September 2002

Fine structural and cytochemical studies were performed to clarify the pattern of medullary bone calcification, specifically in relation to sulfated glycosaminoglycans, by using estrogen‐induced medullary bone of male Japanese quails. Tibiae were collected at 4 and 7 days after estrogen treatment. Medullary bone had developed inward toward the marrow cavity, and calcification had begun near the cortical bone and deeper parts of the trabeculae, accompanied by wide osteoid at extending tips and surface areas of the trabeculae. Sulfated glycosaminoglycans, detected by high iron diamine (HID), were distributed in the matrix in a pattern similar to that of calcified matrix of the trabeculae. Cortical bone was negatively stained by HID. In undecalcified specimens, calcified nodules were seen in areas undergoing calcification. Globular structures composed of fine filamentous materials, a marginal dense layer, and central core, were also observed in the matrix of decalcified specimens. Both the calcified nodules and globular structures showed the same distribution pattern, i.e., they were dispersed at surface areas and coalesced in the deeper areas of the matrix. The globular structures were exclusively positive for HID–thiocarbohydrazide–silver protein (HID‐TCH‐SP) stain, indicating the localization of sulfated glycosaminoglycans. These results strongly suggest that medullary bone calcification progresses by the coalescence of calcified nodules and that sulfated glycosaminoglycans play an important role for the regulation of globular calcification. Anat Rec 264:25–31, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factors influencing the protein binding of a new phosphodiesterase V inhibitor, DA‐8159, using an equilibrium dialysis technique
Authors: Shim Hyun J. , Lee Eun J. , Kim So H. , Kim Soon H. , Yoo Moohi , Kwon Jong W. , Kim Won B. , Lee Myung G.
Published: September 2002

Various factors influencing the protein binding of DA‐8159 to 4% human serum albumin (HSA) were evaluated using an equilibrium dialysis technique at an initial DA‐8159 concentration of 5 µg/mL. It took approximately 8 h incubation to reach an equilibrium between 4% HSA and an isotonic phosphate buffer of pH 7.4 containing 3% of dextran (‘the buffer’) using a Spectra/Por 2 membrane (mol. wt. cut‐off: 12 000–14 000) in a water bath shaker kept at 37°C and at a rate of 50 oscillations per min. The extent of binding was dependent on DA‐8159 concentrations, HSA concentrations, incubation temperature, buffer pH, and alpha‐1‐acid glycoprotein (AAG) concentrations. The binding of DA‐8159 in heparinized human plasma (93.9%) was significantly higher than in rats (81.4%), rabbits (80.4%), and dogs (82.2%), and this could be due to differences in AAG concentrations in plasma. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gene therapy and retinitis pigmentosa: advances and future challenges
Authors: Dejneka Nadine S. , Bennett Jean
Published: September 2002

It may be possible, one day, to use gene therapy to treat diseases whose genetic defects have been discerned. Because many genes responsible for inherited eye disorders within the retina have been identified, diseases of the eye are prime candidates for this form of therapy. The eye also has the advantage of being highly accessible with altered immunological properties, important considerations for easy delivery of virus and avoidance of systemic immune responses. Currently, adenovirus, adeno‐associated virus and lentivirus have been used to successfully transfer genetic material to retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor cells. By harnessing therapeutic genes to these viruses, researchers have been able to demonstrate rescue in rodent models of retinitis pigmentosa, providing evidence that this form of therapy can be effective in delaying photoreceptor cell death. Future challenges include confirming therapeutic effects in animal models with eyes more anatomically similar to those of humans and demonstrating long‐term rescue with minimal toxicity. BioEssays 23:662–668, 2001. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Simultaneous determination of D‐lactic acid and 3‐hydroxybutyric acid in rat plasma using a column‐switching HPLC with fluorescent derivatization with 4‐nitro‐7‐piperazino‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole (NBD‐PZ)
Authors: Fukushima Takeshi , Lee Jen‐Ai , Korenaga Takanori , Ichihara Hideaki , Kato Masaru , Imai Kazuhiro
Published: September 2002

A highly sensitive method for the determination of D‐lactic acid and 3‐hydroxybutyric acid (3‐HB) in rat plasma was developed using high‐performance liquid chromatography with octadecylsilica (ODS) connected to a chiral column. At first, (D + L)‐lactic acid and 3‐HB in the plasma were derivatized with a fluorescent reagent, 4‐nitro‐7‐piperazino‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazole (NBD‐PZ), separated on the ODS column and determined fluorimetrically at 547 nm with 491 nm of excitation wavelength. During the separation step on the ODS, the peak fraction of (D + L)‐lactate derivative was introduced directly to a phenylcarbamoylated β‐cyclodextrin chiral column by changing the flow of the eluent via a six‐port valve. Then, D‐lactate derivative was separated enantiomerically from the L‐lactate derivative, and the enantiomeric ratio was determined from the chromatogram. Intra‐ and inter‐day accuracy values for the determination of D‐lactic acid in 10 µL of rat plasma were 97.8–109.2 and 98.4–109.9%, and those for 3‐HB were 99.8–108.4 and 99.8–103.8%, respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐day precision values were within 4.6 and 5.1% for D‐lactic acid, and 2.7 and 2.4% for 3‐HB, respectively. The detection limits for D‐lactic acid and 3‐HB were approximately 2.0 and 0.04 µM, respectively (signal‐to‐noise ratio 3). The proposed method was applied to the plasma of diabetic rats induced by intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin, and the significant increases of both D‐lactic acid and 3‐HB concentrations were observed in the diabetic rats as compared to the normal rats. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reversed‐phase planar chromatography of some enantiomeric amino acids and oxazolidinones
Authors: Lepri L. , Boddi L. , Bubba M. Del , Cincinelli A.
Published: September 2002

The resolution of two enantiomeric amino acids and four structurally related oxazolidinones was evaluated by reversed‐phase planar chromatography using both home‐made microcrystalline cellulose triacetate (MCTA) layers and mobile phase additivies, such as β‐cyclodextrins (β‐Cy), modified α, β, γ cyclodextrins and bovine serum albumin (BSA), on commercially available RP‐18W/F254 and SilC18–50/UV254 plates. All the enantiomers were partially or baseline resolved by at least one of the chiral phases tested. Densitograms of optical antipodes and their mixtures were measured on MCTA layers developed with hydroalcoholic solvents. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A satisfied clientele seeking more diverse services: Latinos and the courts*
Authors: de la Garza Rodolfo O. , DeSipio Louis
Published: September 2002

This article assesses Latino views of the court system, both of their beliefs about the courts and their experiences with the courts. Relying primarily on the Latino over‐sample of the National Center for State Courts (2000) survey of public attitudes toward the courts, we evaluate three aspects of the Latino–judicial relationship. First, we measure whether there are differences between Latino and non‐Latino views of the courts. Second, we assess whether there are differences within the Latino community, particularly differences based on nativity, in Latino attitudes toward the courts. Finally, we assess the implications of Latino views of the courts for US society in general. We are particularly concerned about whether having a greater share of Latinos in the population will create new pressures to reform the judiciary. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Public trust and confidence in legal authorities: What do majority and minority group members want from the law and legal institutions?*
Authors: Tyler Tom R.
Published: September 2002

Discussions of public trust and confidence in the police and the courts often assume that the key to public feelings is the public's evaluation of the outcomes that the public receives from these legal authorities. In the case of the courts, discontent is often assumed to be linked to issues of cost and delay—instrumental concerns about the outcomes delivered to the public by the courts. In the case of the police, the inability to effectively control crime is frequently seen as driving public evaluations. This article presents an alternative procedural justice based model that links public trust and confidence to views about the manner in which legal authorities treat the public. Drawing upon psychological research about public evaluations of institutions and authorities it is argued that the key issue that shapes public views is a process based evaluation of the fairness of the procedures that the police and courts use to exercise their authority. Analyses from several studies exploring the basis of public views support this procedural justice based model of public evaluation. In addition, the results provide suggestions about the elements of procedures that are central to public judgments about their fairness. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practical enantioresolution of alcohols with 2‐methoxy‐2‐(1‐naphthyl)propionic acid and determination of their absolute configurations by the 1H NMR anisotropy method
Authors: Taji Hiromi , Kasai Yusuke , Sugio Akinori , Kuwahara Shunsuke , Watanabe Masataka , Harada Nobuyuki , Ichikawa Akio
Published: September 2002

The enantioresolution of racemic alcohols as esters of 2‐methoxy‐2‐(1‐naphthyl)propionic acid (MαNP acid 1) and the determination of their absolute configurations on the basis of 1H NMR anisotropy effect are described. The enantiopure MαNP acid (S)‐(+)‐1 was allowed to react with racemic 2‐alkanols and 1‐octyn‐3‐ol, yielding diastereomeric mixtures of esters, which were easily separated by HPLC on silica gel. To determine the absolute configurations of the first‐eluted diastereomeric esters by the 1H NMR anisotropy method, the general scheme was proposed. Separated esters were reduced with LiAlH4 or hydrolyzed with KOH/EtOH to recover enantiopure alcohols. Chirality 14:81–84, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Number, origins, and chemical types of rat pallidostriatal projection neurons
Authors: Kita Hitoshi , Kita Takako
Published: September 2002

The dorsal globus pallidus (GP) receives major inputs from the dorsal neostriatum (Str), the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and the dorsal thalamus. The GP projects to multiple basal ganglia nuclei. One of the GP projection sites is the Str. The pallidostriatal projection has been considered minor. However, several recent studies have suggested that this projection is heavier than previously thought and that it might play a significant role in controlling the activity of the Str. To reveal more details of this projection, we examined the number of GP neurons that participated in the projection, their origins in the GP and their immunoreactivity for the calcium binding protein parvalbumin (PV), by using a combination of Fluoro‐Gold (FG) retrograde labeling and immunohistochemical methods. Immunostaining for the calcium binding protein calbindin‐28K (CaBP) was used to identify the CaBP‐poor sensorimotor and CaBP‐rich associative Str regions and the corresponding CaBP‐poor middle, CaBP‐rich border, and the caudomedial GP regions. The CaBP‐poor dorsolateral Str region occupies a small portion of the Str, whereas the CaBP‐poor middle GP region occupies a large portion of the GP. The immunostaining for neuron‐specific nuclear protein (NeuN) was used to visualize neurons that were immunonegative for FG or PV. Cell counts revealed that the middle GP region contained a higher density of neurons and also a higher percentage of PV‐positive neurons than the border and caudomedial regions of the GP. These observations suggested that the GP is involved more in sensorimotor function than associative function. Approximately 40% of neurons in the CaBP‐poor middle GP region project to the CaBP‐poor part of the dorsolateral Str. Approximately 30% of the neurons in both the CaBP‐rich border and the caudomedial GP regions project to the CaBP‐rich Str region. More than 40% of the pallidostriatal neurons in CaBP‐poor middle GP region are PV‐positive, whereas most of those in CaBP‐rich GP regions are PV‐negative. It was estimated from the cell count data that most of the PV‐negative neurons in all three regions of the GP project to the Str. The results indicate that the sensorimotor and associative territories of the Str have reciprocal projections between corresponding territories of the GP. The involvement of a large number of GP neurons suggested that the pallidostriatal projection should be taken into account in the analysis of functional roles of the basal ganglia. J. Comp. Neurol. 437:438–448, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Connections of the nucleus incertus
Authors: Goto Marina , Swanson Larry W. , Canteras Newton S.
Published: September 2002

The nucleus incertus (NI) is a distinct cell group in caudoventral regions of the pontine periventricular gray, adjacent to the ventromedial border of the caudal dorsal tegmental nucleus. Recent interest in the NI stems from evidence that it represents one of the periventricular sites with the highest expression levels of mRNA encoding the type 1 corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) receptor, which has a high affinity for naturally occurring CRH, perhaps accounting for some of the extrapituitary actions of the peptide on autonomic and behavioral components of the stress response. However, almost nothing is known about NI function and hodological relationships. In this paper, we present the results of a systematic analysis of NI inputs and outputs using cholera toxin B subunit as a retrograde tracer and Phaseolus vulgaris‐leucoagglutinin as an anterograde tracer. Our retrograde tracer experiments indicate that the NI is in a strategic position to integrate information related to behavioral planning (from the prefrontal cortex), lateral habenular processing, hippocampal function, and oculomotor control. Based on its efferent connections, the NI is in a position to exert significant modulating influences on prefrontal and hippocampal cortical activity, and the nucleus is also in a position to influence brain sites known to control locomotor behavior, attentive states, and learning processes. Overall, the present results support the idea that the NI is a distinct region of the pontine periventricular gray, and together with the superior central (median raphé) and interpeduncular nuclei the NI appears to form a midline behavior control network of the brainstem. J. Comp. Neurol. 438:86–122, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tutorial on the importance of color in language and culture
Authors: Schirillo James A.
Published: September 2002

This tutorial examines how people of various cultures classify different colors as belonging together under common color names. This is addressed by examining Berlin and Kay's (1969) hierarchical classification scheme. Special attention is paid to the additional five (derived) color terms (i.e., brown, purple, pink, orange, and gray) that must be added to Herings' six primaries (i.e., white, black, red, green, yellow, blue) to constitute Berlin and Kay's basic color terms. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 179–192, 2001
The development of the CIE 2000 colour‐difference formula: CIEDE2000
Authors: Luo M. R. , Cui G. , Rigg B.
Published: September 2002

A colour‐difference equation based on CIELAB is developed. It includes not only lightness, chroma, and hue weighting functions, but also an interactive term between chroma and hue differences for improving the performance for blue colours and a scaling factor for CIELAB a* scale for improving the performance for gray colours. Four reliable colour discrimination datasets based upon object colours were accumulated and combined. The equation was tested together with the other advanced CIELAB based equations using the combined dataset and each individual dataset. It outperformed CMC and CIE94 by a large margin, and predicted better than BFD and LCD. The equation has been officially adopted as the new CIE colour‐difference equation. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 26, 340–350, 2001
Adaptive ABR congestion control with active buffer control
Authors: Yuan X. J. , Soong B. H.
Published: September 2002

ATM Forum has defined that the ABR service is designed mainly for data traffic. The design of a simple and efficient congestion control scheme is a problem that network managers have to face. In this paper, we propose a control scheme for ABR service for better scalability and response. The scheme uses both the load level and an increase in queue length to detect the presence of congestion. Continuous control functions are designed for the bandwidth allocation. A better buffer control is achieved by incorporating the percentage of buffer occupancy into the control function. All of the control functions are designed in such a way that they are sensitive to the change of the system states when they are far from the optimal level to get a fast response, but insensitive and change slowly when the states are close to the optimal level to keep the system around the steady state. Our simulation results show that the algorithm is fair to all the connections and it converges fast when the network's condition changes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atypical squamous epithelium in cytologic specimens from the pancreas: Cytological differential diagnosis and clinical implications
Authors: Layfield Lester J. , Cramer Harvey , Madden John , Gopez Evelyn V. , Liu Katharine
Published: September 2002

Atypical squamous epithelium is an uncommon finding in cytologic specimens obtained from pancreatic lesions. A variety of pathologic conditions can result in the presence of these cells, including primary or metastatic carcinomas, chronic pancreatitis, and squamous metaplasia related to pancreatic or biliary duct stent placement. Primary adenosquamous and squamous‐cell carcinomas of the pancreas are rare, representing 3.4% and 1.4 % of pancreatic carcinomas, respectively. Cytologic separation of these malignancies from less ominous metaplasias has immense clinical importance. We reviewed Indiana University Hospital's and Duke University's experiences with atypical squamous epithelium occurring within pancreatic aspirates. Study cases were identified using a computer to search the cytology records of these two institutions. Nine cases with a diagnosis of squamous‐cell carcinoma, adenosquamous carcinoma, or atypical squamous epithelium were retrieved from the two institutions' Department of Pathology files. One case of pure squamous‐cell carcinoma occurred in a patient with a known pulmonary primary; a single case of adenosquamous carcinoma was diagnosed in a patient with a coexistent endometrial primary; a single sample of adenocarcinoma with squamous differentiation was diagnosed in a patient without other known disease; and four primary squamous‐cell carcinomas of the pancreas were detected. In addition, a single case of atypical squamous metaplasia associated with a stent was identified, and one case of atypical squamous epithelium associated with chronic pancreatitis was diagnosed. Despite the reactive atypia present in the examples of metaplastic squamous epithelium, separation of these cases from true squamous‐cell carcinoma and adenosquamous carcinoma was achievable by cytologic evaluation. No cytologic criteria aided in separating primary pancreatic carcinomas with squamous differentiation from metastatic lesions. In this study, we report our findings in a series of nine cases where cytology disclosed atypical squamous epithelium in the aspirates derived from pancreatic lesions. Diagn. Cytopathol. 25:38–42, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Primary pleural effusion posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder: Distinction from secondary involvement and effusion lymphoma
Authors: Ohori N. Paul , Whisnant Richard E. , Nalesnik Michael A. , Swerdlow Steven H.
Published: September 2002

Pleural effusion presentation of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is relatively uncommon. Most examples of effusion‐based PTLD have been secondary to widespread solid organ involvement, and are associated with an aggressive clinical course. We report on a case of primary effusion PTLD in a 70‐yr‐old male liver transplant recipient with a history of hepatitis B infection. Cytomorphologically, the pleural fluid specimen showed a monomorphous population of intermediate to large‐sized transformed lymphoid cells, with irregular multilobated nuclear contours and readily identifiable mitotic figures. Flow cytometric immunophenotypic studies revealed a CD5‐negative, CD10‐negative, lambda immunoglobulin light chain‐positive, monoclonal B‐lymphocyte (CD19‐positive/CD20‐positive) population. The immunocytochemical stain for CD30 antigen was negative. In situ hybridization study for Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) early RNA (EBER) and Southern blot analysis for EBV terminal repeat sequences were both positive. Southern blot analysis for human herpes virus‐8 (HHV‐8) was negative. No solid‐organ PTLD was identified, and the cytologic results supported the diagnosis of primary effusion PTLD. Immunosuppression was decreased, and 8 mo following the diagnosis of pleural fluid PTLD, the patient was stable and his pleural effusion had markedly diminished. Recognition of primary effusion PTLD and its distinction from PTLD secondarily involving the body fluids and from other lymphomas is important, since the behavior and prognosis appear different. Diagn. Cytopathol. 25:50–53, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
P2 nucleotide receptors in peripheral nerve trunk
Authors: Irnich Dominik , Burgstahler Ralf , Grafe Peter
Published: September 2002

There is considerable interest in the possibility that ATP may function as a peripheral pain mediator. Most of the studies underlying this idea are electrophysiological recordings from sensory cell bodies, as nociceptive axons with diameters of 1 to 3 μm are not accessible by intracellular electrophysiological methods. However, the most important region for conduction of nociceptive information is thin axons in the peripheral nerve trunk. These nociceptive axons are in close contact with ensheathing Schwann cells, which also cannot easily be studied in situ by conventional recording techniques. In this review, we describe new methods that have been used to study the effects of ATP on unmyelinated axons and Schwann cells in intact peripheral nerve preparations. Threshold tracking of compound C fibre potentials and confocal calcium imaging revealed that extracellular ATP has rapid excitatory effects on both axons and Schwann cells in peripheral nerve trunk. Thereby, at least four different ionotropic and metabotropic P2 receptors were separated by pharmacological profiles. These receptors (P2X2/3 on unmyelinated axons; P2Y1, P2Y2, and P2X7 on Schwann cells) would allow for rapid interactions between axons and Schwann cells. It is suggested that purinergic signalling in peripheral nerve trunk contributes not only to pain transduction but might be involved in mechanosensitivity, inflammation, proliferation, and demyelination. Drug Dev. Res. 52:83–88, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Negative chronotropic effect of CVT‐510 in anesthetized and awake rats
Authors: Gao Zhenhai , Rosete Jose , Kohler Gail , Huang Bee‐Lian , Blackburn Brent , Belardinelli Luiz
Published: September 2002

CVT‐510 (N‐(3(R)‐tetrahydrofuranyl)‐6‐aminopurine riboside), a selective A1 adenosine receptor (AdoR) agonist, is being developed as an “AV nodal blocking” agent for acute control of ventricular rate during atrial fibrillation and flutter and management of AV nodal reentrant tachycardias. A1 AdoR agonists are also known to cause sinus bradycardia. In the present study, we characterized the bradycardic effect of CVT‐510 in anesthetized and awake rats. In anesthetized rats, intravenous infusions of CVT‐510 slowed heart rate in a dose‐dependent manner. At doses of 0.5–1.0 μg/kg (1.5–3.0 nmol/kg) and >1.5 μg/kg (4.5 nmol/kg), CVT‐510 slowed heart rate by 30–40% and >50% of baseline, respectively. The sinus bradycardia caused by CVT‐510 was reversible upon termination of infusion. The decreases in heart rate caused by CVT‐510 were accompanied by stepwise increases in plasma levels of CVT‐510. The relationship between plasma levels of CVT‐510 and slowing of heart rate yielded a correlation coefficient (R value) of 0.9. In awake rats CVT‐510 given by repeated (n = 7) intraperitoneal (ip) injections or by chronic (4 days) subcutaneous (sc) administration caused reproducible, dose‐dependent, and persistent bradycardia. Injections ip of 50 μg/kg (148 nmol/kg) CVT‐510 caused sinus bradycardias of >100 bpm. Continuous sc administration of CVT‐510 (e.g., 100 nmol/kg/h) slowed heart rate by 80–60 bpm throughout the duration of infusion, i.e., 4 days. Thus, in rats the sinus bradycardia caused by CVT‐510 does not undergo desensitization due to repeated injections and is persistent, with minimal attenuation during chronic administration. Drug Dev. Res. 52:424–430, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term reliability evaluation of power semiconductor devices used in power station rectifiers and substation rectifiers
Authors: Horiuchi Toshikazu , Sugawara Yoshitaka
Published: September 2002

In power stations and substations of electric power companies, power semiconductor devices such as diodes and thyristors have been used in control power supplies and emergency power supplies since the 1970s. Such equipment is designed on the assumption that power semiconductor devices are semipermanent, since their service life is much longer than that of capacitors and resistors. Therefore, it is hard to find studies that have systematically examined the long‐term reliability of semiconductor devices.

Such studies are very important from the viewpoint of ensuring reliability and improving the renewal period by proper equipment maintenance. This paper discusses the long‐term reliability of power semiconductor devices used in power station rectifiers and substation rectifiers. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 136(3): 67–75, 2001
Application of wavelet theory to identify yielding in seismic response of bi‐linear structures
Authors: Pan Tso‐Chien , Lee Chin Long
Published: September 2002

The time–frequency and the time‐scale analysis methods are used in this paper to identify the dynamic characteristics of non‐linear seismic response of structural systems with single degree of freedom (SDOF) and multiple degrees of freedom (MDOF). Based on the floor acceleration response time histories of bi‐linear SDOF and MDOF structures, the current study compares the results of system identification using the short‐time Fourier transform (STFT), continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) methods. The aim is to identify the frequency variations and the time at on‐set of yielding and unloading of a bi‐linear structural system during seismic response. The results demonstrate that the CWT method is better than the STFT method in both time and frequency resolutions, and that the DWT method is the best at detecting the time at on‐set of yielding and unloading. Combining the results of CWT and DWT methods therefore provides accurate information of both frequency variations and yielding time in non‐linear seismic response. To alleviate the problems associated with noise‐contaminated signals, e.g. seismic response data recorded on site, the study suggests that low‐pass filtering be carried out before applying the DWT method to decompose the signals into multiple levels of details. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Critical damping of structures with elastically supported visco‐elastic dampers
Authors: Lee Yujin , Takewaki Izuru , Uetani Koji , Inoue Kazuo
Published: September 2002

This paper presents a new formulation for critical damping of structures with elastically supported visco‐elastic dampers.Owing to the great dependence of damper performance on the support stiffness, this model is inevitable for reliable modelling of structures with visco‐elastic dampers. It is shown that the governing equation of free vibration of this model is reduced to a third‐order differential equation and the conventional method for defining the critical damping for second‐order differential equations cannot be applied to the present model. It is demonstrated that the region of overdamped vibration is finite in contrast to that (semi‐infinite) for second‐order differential equations and multiple critical damping coefficients exist. However, it turns out that the smaller one is practically meaningful. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eating disorders in Italy: a historical review
Authors: Ruggiero Giovanni Maria , Prandin Marcello , Mantero Mario
Published: September 2002

This paper reviews the history of medical knowledge of eating disorders in Italy. It starts with the first examples of the medical interpretation of starvation during the Middle and Renaissance Ages, continues with the seminal figure of Brugnoli in the late XIX century, describes the neurological interpretations of the 1930s, the return to psychiatry in the 1940s and 1950s, the rise to international prominence of Mara Selvini Palazzoli in the 1960s and 1970s and ends with a description of the present state of the art. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
A re‐examination of the excess smoothness puzzle when consumers estimate the income process
Authors: Banerjee Anurag N. , Basu Parantap
Published: September 2002

The excess smoothness puzzle is explored using a simple version of the permanent income hypothesis. The new feature is that consumers do not know the observed data‐generating process for income. Instead they estimate the income process every period using the past income data and update their income forecasts as new data arrive. Two scenarios are examined: first, where the income has a linear deterministic trend and second, where the income has a constant trend. There is a misspecification bias in the estimate of the marginal propensity to consume (MPC). This bias is of second‐order importance in the first scenario while it is of first‐order importance in the second. We conclude that the second scenario, which may be relevant for less developed countries, may offer a potential solution to the excess smoothness puzzle. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forecasting output growth rates and median output growth rates: a hierarchical Bayesian approach
Authors: Tobias Justin L.
Published: September 2002

This paper describes procedures for forecasting countries' output growth rates and medians of a set of output growth rates using Hierarchical Bayesian (HB) models. The purpose of this paper is to show how the γ‐shrinkage forecast of Zellner and Hong (1989) emerges from a hierarchical Bayesian model and to describe how the Gibbs sampler can be used to fit this model to yield possibly improved output growth rate and median output growth rate forecasts. The procedures described in this paper offer two primary methodological contributions to previous work on this topic: (1) the weights associated with widely‐used shrinkage forecasts are determined endogenously, and (2) the posterior predictive density of the future median output growth rate is obtained numerically from which optimal point and interval forecasts are calculated. Using IMF data, we find that the HB median output growth rate forecasts outperform forecasts obtained from variety of benchmark models. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An analysis of the relationship between electricity and natural‐gas futures prices
Authors: Emery Gary W. , Liu Qingfeng (Wilson)
Published: September 2002

This article analyzes the relationship between electricity futures prices and natural‐gas futures prices. We find that the daily settlement prices of New York Mercantile Exchange's (NYMEX's) California–Oregon Border (COB) and Palo Verde (PV) electricity futures contracts are cointegrated with the prices of its natural‐gas futures contract. The coefficient of natural‐gas futures prices in our model of COB electricity futures prices is not significantly different from the coefficient of gas prices in our model of PV electricity although there are differences in the production of electricity in these two service areas. The coefficients in our model do reflect differences in the consumption of electricity in the COB and PV service areas, however. Our trading‐rule simulations indicate that the statistically significant mean reversion found in the relationship between electricity and natural‐gas futures prices also is economically significant in both in‐sample and out‐of‐sample tests. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:95–122, 2002
The Binomial Black–Scholes model and the Greeks
Authors: Chung San‐Lin , Shackleton Mark
Published: September 2002

This article returns to the choice of method for calculating option hedge ratios discussed by Pelsser and Vorst (1994). Where they demonstrated that numerical differentiation of a binomial model compared poorly to their design of an extended tree, this study shows that the Binomial Black–Scholes method advocated by Broadie and Detemple (1996) does not suffer from the same problem; therefore, it is very effective in the calculation of the Greeks. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:143–153, 2002
Neuronal signals regulate neurotrophin expression in oligodendrocytes of the basal forebrain
Authors: Dai Xudong , Qu Peimei , Dreyfus Cheryl F.
Published: September 2002

Previous studies suggest that oligodendrocytes express trophic molecules, including neurotrophins. These molecules have been shown to influence nearby neurons. To determine whether neuronal signals may, in turn, affect oligodendrocyte‐derived trophins, we examined regulation of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3) mRNA expression in cultured oligodendrocytes of the basal forebrain. Neuronal signals had distinct effects on individual neurotrophins. KCl elicited increases in BDNF mRNA, but did not affect expression of NGF or NT‐3. The cholinergic agonist, carbachol, increased expression of NGF, but did not affect expression of BDNF or NT‐3. Glutamate elicited a decrease in BDNF, but did not affect expression of NGF or NT‐3. This glutamate effect is not due to toxicity, since the number of total cells was unchanged, while the number of mature myelin basic protein positive (MBP+) cells increased. Our observations suggest that individual neuronal signals distinctly influence the trophic function of oligodendrocytes. GLIA 34:234–239, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Behavioral profile of Alzheimer's disease in Chinese elderly – a validation study of the Chinese version of the Alzheimer's disease behavioral pathology rating scale
Authors: Lam Linda C. W. , Tang W. K. , Leung Vivian , Chiu Helen F. K.
Published: September 2002

Objectives

This study aims to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Alzheimer's disease behavioral pathology rating scale (CBehave‐AD) and the behavioral profile of Chinese patients with AD.

Methods

Seventy‐one subjects with NINCDS‐ADRDA diagnosis of probable and possible AD were assessed for validation of the CBehave‐AD. A behavioral symptom frequency checklist, the Chinese version of the Blessed Roth dementia scale (CDS) and the Cantonese version of the Mini‐Mental State Examination (CMMSE) were used for comparison. An extended sample of 120 AD patients was then evaluated with the CBehave‐AD.

Results

High correlations between the CBehave‐AD and checklist scores were found (paranoid and delusional ideation, hallucinations, activity disturbances, aggressiveness and diurnal rhythm disturbances). The scale also demonstrated satisfactory inter‐rater and test‐retest reliabilities. The mean (SD) CMMSE score of the 120 patients was 9.4 (7.1). Among them, 32% have delusions, 15% had hallucinations, 54% had activity disturbances, 61% had aggressive behavior, 44% had sleep disturbance, 24% had affective disturbances, 19% had anxiety and phobias. Delusional ideation was significantly associated with hallucinations, aggressiveness, and affective disturbances. Diurnal rhythm disturbances were associated with activity disturbances and aggressiveness. CBehave‐AD total scores were not significantly correlated with severity of AD, but individual symptom categories showed different pattern of correlation. Delusions, hallucinations, anxiety and phobias were significantly correlated with dementia staging.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that the CBehave‐AD is a valid assessment tool for behavioral disturbances in patients with AD. Variable associations between different symptom categories and dementia staging suggest a need for further exploration of the complex interactions between behavioral and cognitive disturbances in dementia. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Delirious mania in the elderly
Authors: Weintraub Daniel , Lippmann Steven
Published: September 2002

Delirious mania is a clinical syndrome in which the signs and symptoms of delirium manifest themselves in the context of a manic episode. Though there have been numerous descriptions and case reports of this syndrome, all have described mania as the presenting feature, with signs of delirium developing subsequently, and none of the vignettes have involved elderly patients. We report two cases of elderly individuals with mania who initially presented as in a delirium. Both of them experienced clear manic episodes, which were confirmed by their psychiatric histories and clinical responses to mood stabilizers. Mania needs to be in the differential diagnosis of elderly people presenting with confusion, disorientation, and perceptual changes, particularly in those with a history of bipolar disorder. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An investigation of visual hallucinosis and visual sensory status in dementia
Authors: Murgatroyd C. , Prettyman R.
Published: September 2002

Introduction

Visual hallucinosis occurs frequently amongst patients with dementia and there is some evidence of an association between hallucinosis and impaired visual function. This study examined the association between objectively rated visual acuity, ambient illumination levels and hallucinosis in patients with dementia.

Methods

Thirty dementia patients with visual hallucinosis plus 30 non‐hallucinating dementia patients were recruited from referrals to community mental health teams in Leicestershire. Data were collected by means of a carer interview (including the Neuro‐Psychiatric Inventory (NPI) and Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR)), patient assessment (including Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and measures of corrected visual acuity) and photometric assessment of the room most frequently occupied by the subject.

Results

Hallucinators and non‐hallucinators did not differ significantly in respect of age, cognitive status or global dementia severity. Fifty per cent of hallucinators had a Snellen visual acuity of 6/24 or worse compared with 27% of non‐hallucinators. Comparison of LogMAR transformed values for distance (Snellen chart) and near‐vision (Sussex test‐types) revealed significantly worse visual acuity for hallucinators on both measures (Mann–Whitney p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively). Ambient illumination in the centre of the room under conditions of natural plus artificial lighting was significantly lower for hallucinating subjects than for non‐hallucinators (median values 200 versus 345 Lux respectively; Mann–Whitney p < 0.05).

Conclusion

These results are consistent with previous findings suggesting an association between visual hallucinations and poor visual acuity in patients with dementia, and introduce environmental illumination as another possible aetiologically relevant factor. Interventions aimed at improving visual function in this patient group now require evaluation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study of the reactivity of a tetraphosphadeltacyclene*
Authors: Asmus Sven M. F. , Seeber Georg , Bergsträßer Uwe , Regitz Manfred
Published: September 2002

The selective deselenation of the recently described tetraphosphatetracycle 4a leads to the tetraphosphabishomoprismane 6 in high yield. Triethylphosphine is used as a deselenating reagent. A further example for a selective decomposition of 4a is performed by mesitylnitrile oxide (9), yielding the 1,2,4‐oxazaphosphole 10. Bromine and iodine furnish tetracyclic rearrangement products 13a,b. Finally, the applicability of the tetracycle 4a as a ligand in transition metal chemistry is evaluated by complexation with tungsten (14) and, respectively, iron (15) carbonyl fragments.

Side aspects of this article are the first synthesis of 3,5‐dimesityl‐1,2,4‐selenadiphosphole 2e starting from mesitylphosphaalkyne 1e, as well as the first report on a mixed substitution at a cage compound of type 4. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:406–413, 2001
Estimating treatment effects in randomized clinical trials with non‐compliance: the impact of maternal smoking on birthweight
Authors: Hamilton Barton H.
Published: September 2002

This paper assesses the causal impact of late‐term (8th month) maternal smoking on birthweight using data from a randomized clinical trial, in which some women were encouraged not to smoke, while others were not. The estimation of treatment effects in this case is made difficult as a result of the presence of non‐compliers, women who would not change their smoking status, regardless of the receipt of encouragement. Because these women are not at risk of changing treatment status, treatment effect distributions may be difficult to construct for them. Consequently, the paper focuses on obtaining the distribution of treatment impacts for the sub‐set of compliers found in the data. Because compliance status is not observed for all subjects in the sample, a Bayesian finite mixture model is estimated that recovers the treatment effect parameters of interest. The complier average treatment effect implies that smokers give birth to infants weighing 348 g less than those of non‐smokers, on average, although the 95% posterior density interval contains zero. The treatment effect is stronger for women who were moderate smokers prior to pregnancy, implying a birthweight difference of 430 g. However, the model predicts that only about 22% of the women in the sample were at risk of changing their smoking behaviour in response to encouragement to quit. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Maspin expression in stage I and II oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Yasumatsu Ryuji , Nakashima Torahiko , Hirakawa Naoya , Kumamoto Yoshihiko , Kuratomi Yuichiro , Tomita Kichinobu , Komiyama Sohtaro
Published: September 2002

Background

A relatively high failure rate in the therapy of patients with early oral tongue squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) is evidenced by untreated clinically negative neck lymph node metastasis. It is important to predict the malignant potential of oral tongue SCC in stage I and II patients, because the development of lymph node metastasis directly affects the prognosis of the patients.

Methods

We evaluated maspin expression immunohistochemically in patients with stage I and II oral tongue SCCs and determined whether the expression level may be a useful factor in predicting metastatic potential and prognosis of these SCCs.

Results

Clinical follow‐up data showed a longer disease‐free interval and overall survival periods for tumors immunohistochemically positive for maspin than for tumors negative for maspin, with the difference in disease‐free interval being statistically significant (p = .01). The absence of maspin expression was found more frequently in cases of subsequent cervical lymph node metastasis than in cases without metastasis (p = .03).

Conclusions

Decreased maspin expression may be a significant factor associated with the metastatic potential of stage I and II oral tongue SCCs. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 962–966, 2001.