bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermometry in dynamic and high-temperature combustion filed based on hybrid femtosecond/picosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering
Authors: Tian Zi-Yang , Zhao Hui-Jie , Wei Hao-Yun , Li Yan ,   State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instrument, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Published: August 2021

Temperature, as an important parameter in combustion diagnostic process, will directly affect the combustion efficiency and the generation of combustion products. The accurate measuring of combustion temperature and then controlling of combustion state can not only contribute to avoiding the generation of harmful waste gas, such as carbon monoxide (CO) and oxynitride (NOx), but also improve the combustion efficiency, thereby saving the energy. However, in practical applications, dynamic and high-temperature combustion field has strict requirements for measurement accuracy and response speed of the thermometry technology. As an advanced spectral thermometry technology, coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) has a much higher spatial resolution, and can achieve accurate temperature measurement in high-temperature environment, so CARS has the potential applications in complex combustion field. For the temperature measurement requirements in the complex dynamic and high-temperature combustion field, we demonstrate a hybrid femtosecond/picosecond coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering thermometry method through using the second harmonic bandwidth compression method, and achieve accurate measurements and dynamic response to temperature in dynamic and high-temperature combustion field. By using the narrow-band picosecond pulse obtained from the sum frequency process of femtosecond pulse in the BBO crystal as a probe pulse, this thermometry method can achieve single-shot, 1-kHz temperature measurement in high-temperature flame. We utilize the standard burner to simulate dynamic combustion field in a range of 1700–2200 K by changing the equivalence ratio quickly, and carry out continuous temperature measurement in 70 s by our thermometry method in this simulated dynamic and high-temperature flame. The least square method is used to fit the theoretical spectrum library to the actual single spectrum, and the fitting temperature corresponding to the actual single spectrum is obtained from the curve of fitting error. The continuous temperature measurements in 70 s exhibit superior performance in dynamic and high-temperature flame with a temperature inaccuracy less than 1.2% and a precision less than 1.8% at four different temperatures, and can track the temperature variation process within 0.2 s dynamically. These results verify the accuracy, stability and response speed in dynamic and high-temperature environment, and provide a new system scheme for thermometry in practical harsh combustion field.
Self-assembled CuS porous grade sub-nanoflowers as efficient nano-adsorbents for adsorption/self-deposition characteristics research
Authors: Zhao Xian-Tuo , Xu Lin-Lin , Tian Yue , Jiao An-Xin , Ma Hui , Zhang Meng-Ya , Cui Qing-Qiang ,   School of Physics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
Published: August 2021

In recent decades, growing population and industrial development have led to releasing huge amounts of highly toxic chemical pollutants into the environment globally. Several approaches to handling the removal of contaminants from wastewater for environmental remediation, including biological, chemical, physical, and advanced oxidation processes have been employed. Among them, using nano-adsorbents as a tool for effectively removing organic contaminants represents a promising strategy in sewage purification field. More importantly, the nano-adsorbents with auto-deposition property can greatly improve the efficiency of sewage treatment. Therefore, the developing of environment friendly nano-adsorbents is thus an important issue to remove organic contaminants in water via simply adsorbing. Here in this work, porous flower-like copper sulfide (CuS) grade sub-nanomaterials are successfully fabricated by simply mixing two inorganic salts. Furthermore, the as-prepared nano-adsorbents with auto-deposition property can create a super adsorption capability for organic contaminants in wastewater. We further study the adsorption/auto-deposition characteristics of porous flower-like CuS grade sub-nanomaterials systematically by using various organic dyes (methyl blue, crystal violet, lemon yellow, sunset yellow and amaranth) as target molecules. For instance, in a typical procedure, 0.8-mg methyl blue can be removed 100% via adding 10-mg porous flower-like CuS grade sub-nanomaterials sample in 30 min. Therefore, the adsorption efficiency can be enhanced by 55% and 26% in comparison with the adsorption efficiency of CuS micro pompons and micron particles, respectively. Additionally, the porous flower-like CuS grade sub-nanomaterials can self-deposite on the bottom of the solution within 3 h after adsorption has finished, and the deposition efficiency can be improved by 95% and 3.17 times in comparison with the deposition efficiency of CuS micro pompons and micron particles, respectively. Comparing with micron particles, the unique self-depositing characteristics of porous flower-like grade sub-nanomaterials are attributed to larger specific surface area, greater porosity and stronger electrostatic adsorption capacity. Remarkably, this work provides an effective method of effectively removing various organic dyes from wastewater.
Strain control of two-dimensional ferroelectric In2Se3/InSe vertical heterojunction energy band
Authors: Li Yong-Ning , Xie Yi-Qun , Wang Yin ,   Department of Physics, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China,   Department of Physics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200030, China
Published: August 2021

In recent years, two-dimensional ferroelectric heterojunctions have shown potential applications in the fields of high-density storage and optoelectronic devices. The development of novel two-dimensional ferroelectric heterojunctions is an important current research direction. In this work, first-principles calculations are used to study the band structure and stress control of In2Se3/InSe vertical heterojunction composed of two-dimensional ferroelectric material α-In2Se3 and monolayer InSe. The calculations show that the In2Se3/InSe heterojunction is an indirect band gap semiconductor with type-II band matching. When the polarization direction of In2Se3 is perpendicular to the surface facing outward, the band gap is 0.50 eV, and the top and bottom of the valence band originate from InSe and In2Se3 respectively; when the polarization direction of In2Se3 points inward the plane, the band gap decreases by 0.04 eV, and the sources of the top of the valence band and the bottom of the conduction band are interchanged. Under in-plane stretching, the greater the degree of stretching, the smaller the band gap is. After a certain threshold is exceeded, the heterojunction changes from a semiconductor into a conductor, which can also change the heterojunction with an indirect band gap into that with a direct band gap. The research results of this work show that changing the polarization direction and applying stress is an effective way to control the two-dimensional In2Se3/InSe ferroelectric heterojunction, which can provide a theoretical reference for designing the relevant ferroelectric devices.
Modeling study of adsorption/desorption of proteins by polymer mixed brush
Authors: Liu Chun-Jie , Zhao Xin-Jun , Gao Zhi-Fu , Jiang Zhong-Ying ,   Xinjiang Laboratory of Phase Transitions and Microstructures of Condensed Matter Physics, Yi Li Normal University, Yining 835000, China,   Laboratory of Micro-Nano Electro Biosensors and Bionic Devices, Yi Li Normal University, Yining 835000, China,   Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China
Published: August 2021

Based on the diffusion dynamics, a new theoretical model is established to investigate the dynamic properties of a polymer mixed brush (PMB) in the protein adsorption/desorption process. The theoretical model considers the adsorption of proteins by one polymer chain (P-polymer chain) and the desorption of proteins by another polymer chain (N-polymer chain) in a PMB, as well as the time delay between adsorption and desorption. The dynamic properties of protein adsorption/desorption by a PMB depend on not only the chemical and physical properties of polymer chains, but also the microenvironment (density of protein in the solution and protein diffusivity) of the PMB. In order to describe the different chemical and physical properties of polymer chains and microenvironments in PMB, we take different model parameters, and obtain partial adsorption/desorption, complete adsorption/desorption and periodic adsorption/desorption of proteins by the PMB. By analyzing the process of protein adsorption/desorption in a PMB, we find that the microenvironment has an obvious influence on the adsorption and desorption of protein by the PMB. It is also shown that the adsorption of protein and the desorption of protein by the PMB have a stable and invariable periodic cycle when an alternating electric field is applied. The average adsorption capacity and the average desorption capacity increase in comparison with those when no electric field is applied. A stable alternating electric field enables the PMB to exhibit stable periodic dynamic characteristics in the dynamic process of protein adsorption and desorption. Our theoretical results are consistent with the experimental observations. Based on this, it is predicted that an external electric field can realize multiple cycles of protein adsorption and desorption by PMB, which provides necessary references and useful insights into controllable protein adsorption/desorption by the PMB in the practical applications.
First principles study of structure and property of Nb5+-doped SrTiO3
Authors: Gong Ling-Yun , Zhang Ping , Chen qian , Lou Zhi-Hao , Xu Jie , Gao Feng ,   State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China,   School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
Published: August 2021

The modification of SrTiO3 materials by doping Nb5+ ions in B-site is studied through using the first-principles method to calculate the electronic structure, optical properties, mechanical properties and thermal properties at different Nb5+ doping concentrations. The calculation results show that as the doping content of Nb5+ increases, the lattice parameters increase. After being doped with Nb5+, SrTiO3 changes from an indirect band gap compound into a direct band gap compound. Doping Nb5+ can reduce the reflection coefficient, absorption coefficient, and energy loss of SrTiO3 material, which can be used to modify its optical properties. Additionally, the brittleness of SrTiO3 material is improved through doping Nb5+. As the doping content of Nb5+ increases, the elastic modulus of the material hardly changes, the shear modulus and Young's modulus decrease, the Poisson's ratio increases, and the Debye temperature decreases, and both the lattice thermal conductivity and the theoretical minimum lattice thermal conductivity decrease as well.
Theoretical study of exciton-exciton annihilation dynamics in the approximation of weak coupling
Authors: Fan Xu-Yang , Chen Han-Chao , Wang Lu-Xia ,   Physics Department, Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
Published: August 2021

Dynamics of exciton-exciton annihilation (EEA) in molecular aggregates is closely related to its luminescence characteristics and energy transfer. It is meaningful to uncover energy and charge transfer process in molecular systems. Therefore, studying the dynamics of exciton is important for simulating photosynthesis in nature and analyzing the transport process of photocarriers. In this paper the weak coupling approximation is adopted to obtain the rate equation in the framework of density matrix theory. The relation among the intermolecular distance, exciton state density, excited state dipole moment and exciton-exciton annihilation dynamics is studied by the rate equations. It is found that the decrease of intermolecular distance leads the generation rate of higher-order excited states to increase, resulting in the obvious S-shaped decay characteristics. Moreover, the dipole moment of the higher-order excited state is the key factor of the exciton fusion process, and the greater the exciton density, the more easily the exciton fusion process occurs. Therefore, the reduction of intermolecular distance and the increase of the dipole moment of the higher-order excited state make the nearest neighbor molecules have a strong coupling, resulting in a high generation rate of the higher-order excited state. It is found that the evolution processes of the first excited state in different exciton densities are consistent with the experimental results of the excitation of OPPV7 monomer (PPV oligomers of 7) at a low excitation energy, and the excitation of OPPV7 aggregates at different excitation energy levels. It can be observed that the exciton decay rate is faster under the excitation of the strong external field. Using the quantum wave packet under optical excitation as the initial state, the excited state dynamics is simulated at different exciton energy levels. It is found that the exciton state can maintain good locality within a few hundreds of femtoseconds, which shows that the exciton state is a coherent superposition state, and its local characteristics are related to the excitation energy level. These conclusions are applicable to the aggregations whose single molecule has an energy level of \begin{document}${E_{mf}} \approx 2{E_{me}}$\end{document}, and also provide a reasonable reference for the exciton-exciton annihilation process under optical excitation.
A synthesis tree of the Copepoda: integrating phylogenetic and taxonomic data reveals multiple origins of parasitism
Authors: Bernot James P. , Boxshall Geoffrey A. , Crandall Keith A.
Published: August 2021

The Copepoda is a clade of pancrustaceans containing 14,485 species that are extremely varied in their morphology and lifestyle. Not only do copepods dominate marine plankton and sediment communities and make up a sizeable component of the freshwater plankton, but over 6,000 species are symbiotically associated with every major phylum of marine metazoans, mostly as parasites. Unfortunately, our understanding of copepod evolutionary relationships is relatively limited in part because of their extremely divergent morphology, sparse taxon sampling in molecular phylogenetic analyses, a reliance on only a handful of molecular markers, and little taxonomic overlap between phylogenetic studies. Here, a synthesis tree method is used to integrate published phylogenies into a more comprehensive tree of copepods by leveraging phylogenetic and taxonomic data. A literature review in this study finds fewer than 500 species of copepods have been sampled in molecular phylogenetic studies. Using the Open Tree of Life platform, those taxa that have been sampled in previous phylogenetic studies are grafted together and combined with the underlying copepod taxonomic hierarchy from the Open Tree of Life Taxonomy to make a synthesis phylogeny of all copepod species. Taxon sampling with respect to molecular phylogenetic analyses is reviewed for all orders of copepods and shows only 3% of copepod species have been sampled in phylogenetic studies. The resulting synthesis phylogeny reveals copepods have transitioned to a parasitic lifestyle on at least 14 occasions. We examine the underlying phylogenetic, taxonomic, and natural history data supporting these transitions to parasitism; review the species diversity of each parasitic clade; and identify key areas for further phylogenetic investigation.
Degradation of Ciprofloxacin by Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticles: Optimization of Conditions, Toxicity, and Degradation Pathway
Authors: Usman Mohammad Rofik , Prasasti Azmi , Islamiah Sovia , Firdaus Alfian Nur , Marita Ayu Wanda , Fajriyah Syamsiyatul , Noviyanti Atiek Rostika , Eddy Diana Rakhmawaty
Published: August 2021

The popular use of ciprofloxacin is often irrational, so it causes environmental pollution such as resistance. The solution to overcome environmental pollution due to ciprofloxacin is degradation by using TiO2 nanoparticles. TiO2 nanoparticles performance is influenced by environment such as light source, pH solvent, duration of lighting and TiO2 nanoparticles mass. The residual levels determination of ciprofloxacin was carried out by using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Toxicity test of ciprofloxacin degradation products with TiO2 nanoparticles used Escherichia coli bacteria. Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LCMS) was used to determine the type of ciprofloxacin degradation product with TiO2 nanoparticles. The optimum condition for the ciprofloxacin degradation with TiO2 nanoparticles is lighting for 5 hours by using a white mercury UV lamp and 50 mg TiO2 nanoparticles with pH solvent of 5.5. The toxicity of ciprofloxacin degradation product with TiO2 nanoparticles was low. The smallest degradation product identified with m/z was p-fluoraniline (m/z 111). Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Meta-analysis of differences in sleep quality based on actigraphs between day and night shift workers and the moderating effect of age
Authors: Chang Wen-Pei , Peng Yu-Xuan
Published: August 2021

Objectives

This study was to conduct a meta-analysis of studies that used actigraphs to compare the influence of day and night shifts on the sleep quality of workers as well as examine the moderating effect of age.

Methods

Databases including PubMed, CINAHL, the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and EBSCOhost were searched for relevant studies published in English between January 1st, 2000 and April 30st, 2021. Our main targets were studies that used actigraphs to assess the sleep quality of night shift workers. This meta-analysis included 12 papers and was performed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) Version 3.0. Effect sizes were displayed in a forest plot using standardized mean difference (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results

Among the sleep quality indices of the day and night shift workers, no significant difference existed in terms of sleep efficiency (SE) (SMD = 0.27, 95% CI: −0.03-0.57), whereas night shift workers presented longer sleep-onset latency (SOL) (SMD = 0.62, 95% CI: 0.15-1.08), greater wake after sleep onset (WASO) (SMD = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.12-0.70), and longer total sleep time (TST) (SMD = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.32-1.39) than did day shift workers. The differences between the day and night shift workers in SOL, WASO, and TST did not vary with age.

Conclusions

Among the sleep quality indices, night shift workers presented longer SOL and greater WASO than did day shift workers. However, night shift workers could regulate their rest time and had adequate TST; thus, their SE was not different from that of day shift workers.
Addressing fatigue in medical residents with biomathematical fatigue modeling
Authors: Schwartz Lindsay P , Devine Jaime K , Hursh Steven R , Davis Jonathan E , Smith Mark , Boyle Lisa , Fitzgibbons Shimae C
Published: August 2021

Fatigue in resident physicians has been identified as a factor that contributes to burnout and a decline in overall wellbeing. Fatigue risk exists because of poor sleep habits and demanding work schedules that have only increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic. At this time, it is important not to lose sight of how fatigue can impact residents and how fatigue risk can be mitigated. While fatigue mitigation is currently addressed by duty hour restrictions and education about fatigue, Fatigue Risk Management Systems (FRMSs) offer a more comprehensive strategy for addressing these issues. An important component of FRMS in other shiftwork industries, such as aviation and trucking, is the use of biomathematical models to prospectively identify fatigue risk in work schedules. Such an approach incorporates decades of knowledge of sleep and circadian rhythm research into shift schedules, taking into account not just duty hour restrictions but the temporal placement of work schedules. Recent research has shown that biomathematical models of fatigue can be adapted to a resident physician population and can help address fatigue risk. Such models do not require subject matter experts and can be applied in graduate medical education program shift scheduling. It is important for graduate medical education program providers to consider these alternative methods of fatigue mitigation. These tools can help reduce fatigue risk and may improve wellness as they allow for a more precise fatigue management strategy without reducing overall work hours.
Identification and characterization of glycosyltransferases catalyzing direct xanthone 4‐C‐glycosylation in Hypericum perforatum
Authors: Uchida Kai , Akashi Tomoyoshi , Hirai Masami Yokota
Published: August 2021

Xanthones are compounds with a diphenyl ether skeleton mainly found in plants and often glycosylated at carbon atoms. Although many C‐glycosyltransferases (CGTs) participating in flavone C‐glycosylation have been identified, MiCGT from Mangifera indica, adding sugar to an open‐chain benzophenone skeleton, is the only identified xanthone biosynthesis‐related CGT. Here, we identified two CGTs from Hypericum perforatum that add sugar to the closed‐ring xanthone, but not benzophenone. These CGTs catalyze sugar transfer to the C‐4 position of norathyriol (1,3,6,7‐tetrahydroxyxanthone) to form isomangiferin (1,3,6,7‐tetrahydroxyxanthone 4‐C‐glucoside), a major xanthone C‐glucoside. This is the first study to report CGTs that mediate the direct C‐glycosylation of xanthone.
Elesclomol induces copper‐dependent ferroptosis in colorectal cancer cells via degradation of ATP7A
Authors: Gao Wei , Huang Zhao , Duan Jiufei , Nice Edouard C. , Lin Jie , Huang Canhua
Published: August 2021

Cancer cells reprogram their copper metabolism to adapt to adverse microenvironments, such as oxidative stress. The copper chelator elesclomol has been reported to have considerable anticancer efficacy, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we found that elesclomol‐mediated copper overload inhibits colorectal cancer (CRC) both in vitro and in vivo. Elesclomol alone promotes the degradation of the copper transporter copper‐transporting ATPase 1 (ATP7A), which retards the proliferation of CRC cells. This property distinguishes it from several other copper chelators. Combinational treatment of elesclomol and copper leads to copper retention within mitochondria due to ATP7A loss, leading to reactive oxygen species accumulation, which in turn promotes the degradation of SLC7A11, thus further enhancing oxidative stress and consequent ferroptosis in CRC cells. This effect accounts for the robust antitumour activity of elesclomol against CRC, which can be reversed by the administration of antioxidants and ferroptosis inhibitors, as well as the overexpression of ATP7A. In summary, our findings indicate that elesclomol‐induced copper chelation inhibits CRC by targeting ATP7A and regulating ferroptosis.
Prolonged estrogen deprivation triggers a broad immunosuppressive phenotype in breast cancer cells
Authors: Hühn Daniela , Martí‐Rodrigo Pablo , Mouron Silvana , Hansel Catherine , Tschapalda Kirsten , Porebski Bartlomiej , Häggblad Maria , Lidemalm Louise , Quintela‐Fandino Miguel , Carreras‐Puigvert Jordi , Fernandez‐Capetillo Oscar
Published: August 2021

Among others, expression levels of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD‐L1) have been explored as biomarkers of the response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer therapy. Here, we present the results of a chemical screen that interrogated how medically approved drugs influence PD‐L1 expression. As expected, corticosteroids and inhibitors of Janus kinases were among the top PD‐L1 downregulators. In addition, we identified that PD‐L1 expression is induced by antiestrogenic compounds. Transcriptomic analyses indicate that chronic estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) inhibition triggers a broad immunosuppressive program in ER‐positive breast cancer cells, which is subsequent to their growth arrest and involves the activation of multiple immune checkpoints together with the silencing of the antigen‐presenting machinery. Accordingly, estrogen‐deprived MCF7 cells are resistant to T‐cell‐mediated cell killing, in a manner that is independent of PD‐L1, but which is reverted by estradiol. Our study reveals that while antiestrogen therapies efficiently limit the growth of ER‐positive breast cancer cells, they concomitantly trigger a transcriptional program that favors their immune evasion.
Discrete‐time modified repetitive sliding mode control for uncertain linear systems
Authors: Kurniawan Edi , Wang Hai , Sirenden Bernadus H. , Prakosa Jalu A. , Adinanta Hendra , Suryadi Suryadi
Published: August 2021

This article presents a design strategy and stability analysis of modified repetitive sliding mode controller for uncertain linear systems. A modified repetitive controller is adopted to simultaneously track and reject periodic signals. A discrete‐time sliding mode controller is combined to compensate the slow response of repetitive control and to provide robustness against plant parameters uncertainties. Stability analysis is provided to prove boundedness of the proposed control law and the convergence of sliding function and the tracking error. Comparative simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method is able to accurately track reference signal and to reject disturbance with fast transient response. The results also indicate that the closed‐loop system remains stable in the presence of plant parameter changes.
Superhydrophobic and Conductive Cotton Fabric Composite with Excellent Corrosion Resistance for Wearable Electronics
Authors: Kang Zhixin , He Yeqing , Sang Jing , Hirahara Hidetoshi , Chen Dexin
Published: August 2021

Herein, a superhydrophobic and highly conductive cotton fabric (CF) composite with outstanding corrosion resistance for wearable textile electronics is developed. The fabrication process of the fabric composite involves spraying deposition and electrodeposition. Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) are first synthesized on cotton fibers surface via two components spraying, forming cotton fibers core/AgNPs shell structure. The CF/AgNPs composite is then covered with a layer of cerium myristate (CeM) by electrodeposition, which endows the composite with superhydrophobicity and outstanding corrosion resistance. The resistivity of CF/AgNPs/CeM composite could reach as low as 0.106 Ω mm. Moreover, the obtained CF/AgNPs/CeM composite exhibits excellent self‐cleaning property and superhydrophobicity with a contact angle (CA) of 158.4°. Also, it maintains superhydrophobicity (CA > 150°) after 60 cm abrasion test or immersion in strong acidic/alkaline solution (pH = 1 or 13) for 24 h. In addition, the corrosion current density of conductive fabric composite (CFC) after electrodeposition decreases to 4.79% of the original value in simulated sweat corrosive media, suggesting a significant improvement of anti‐corrosion. The developed superhydrophobic CFC with excellent corrosion resistance and self‐cleaning performance has promising applications for wearable electronics in harsh conditions.
Photoinduced Superhydrophilic TiO2–PHEA/PS Photonic Crystal Composites with Vivid Structural Color, Self‐Cleaning Ability, and Robust Structure
Authors: Zhang Yeguang , Qi Yong , Zhang Shufen
Published: August 2021

Due to its high refractive index, photocatalytic activity, and photoinduced superhydrophilicity, TiO2 has advantages in photonic crystals (PCs). However, the composite of TiO2 and PCs needs to be calcined at high temperatures, and the structural stability of the composites is poor. In this study, photoinduced superhydrophilic TiO2–poly(hydroxyethyl acrylate)/polystyrene (PHEA/PS) PC composites with strong structural colors and self‐cleaning are fabricated by coating triethanolamine‐modified anatase TiO2 nanoparticles‐hydroxyethyl acrylate on the surface of PS PCs. The ordered arrays can be retained after the superficial layers of PS PCs are filled with TiO2–PHEA, and vivid blue, green, and red composites can be obtained. The water contact angles of the composites can be reduced to 3° in 0.4 s, and superhydrophilicity can be maintained for 180 days in a laboratory environment. The declining superhydrophilicity can be restored under UV irradiation. The composites can degrade the adsorbed methylene blue under UV irradiation. Photocatalytic activity and superhydrophilicity impart self‐cleaning ability on the composites. The locking of PS arrays by TiO2–PHEA enhances the structural stability of the composites, making them resistant to water soaking and washing. Therefore, the composites show prospects for decoration, fabric coloring, and wearable electronic devices.
Two‐Step Access toβ‐Substitutedo‐Hydroxyphenyl Ethyl Ketones from 4‐Chromanone and its Application in Preparation of a Silica‐Supported Cobalt(II) Salen Complex
Authors: Guo Luxia , Ye Meng , Vaccaro Luigi , Li Minghao , Gu Yanlong
Published: August 2021

Theo‐hydroxyphenyl ethyl ketone skeleton is prevalent in many biologically active natural products and active pharmaceutical ingredients. Herein, a two‐step protocol has been developed for synthesis of variousβ‐substitutedo‐hydroxyphenyl ethyl ketones. A base‐mediated ring opening of 4‐chromanone was used to introduce theβ‐ethoxylo‐hydroxyphenyl ethyl ketone intermediary, followed by nucleophile substitution under BF3 ⋅ Et2O assisted conditions to give the desiredβ‐carbon, nitrogen, or thiol substitutedo‐hydroxyphenyl ethyl ketones. With the aid of this protocol, a silica‐supported cobalt(II) salen complex was successfully prepared and its structure was confirmed by FTIR,13C MAS NMR, UV‐Vis absorption, and XPS spectra. The immobilized cobalt(II) salen catalyst not only displayed comparable catalytic activity in the synthesis of several heterocycles including 1,3‐oxazolidine, benzimidazole, and benzoxazole as compared with their homogeneous counterparts, but also could be recycled for several times without obvious loss of its catalytic activity.

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Nonchlorinated Solubility Enhanced by Lipophilicity: An Effective Strategy for Environmentally Benign Processing of Rigidly Regular n‐type Polymeric Semiconductors
Authors: Ran Yang , Li Qingyuan , Li Junyu , Sun Yunlong , Shi Wei , Guo Yunlong , Liu Yunqi
Published: August 2021

Application of high‐performance unipolar n‐type polymeric semiconductors lagged behind due to those polymers’ poor solubility in green solvents. Traditional methods, such as random copolymerization and asymmetric structuring, enhance solubility but reduce mobility. Here, a universal “lipophilicity strategy” for eco‐friendly processing is reported. This strategy could effectively improve the solubility of polymers without sacrificing crystallinity thus maintaining good mobility of the devices. CF3 group and SCF3 group, which are famous for their high lipophilicity, are introduced to (E)‐1,2‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)ethane (TVT). The solubility of two monomers is confirmed to be 5 and 16 times higher than the brominated counterpart, respectively. Moreover, CF3TVT and SCF3TVT not only improve solubility of the polymers but also reduce energy levels of donor unit due to their strong electron withdrawing property. By using Ozawa's condition, three unipolar n‐type semiconducting polymers are obtained through direct (hetero)arylation polycondensation (DHAP). Among them, CF3TVT based P2 processed by xylene solutions exhibited the best unipolar n‐type mobility up to 1.37 cm2 V−1 s−1 and reached current on/off ratio of 108, for the first time realizing both green synthesis and nonchlorinated processing. In general, this lipophilicity strategy provides an effective guideline to design high‐performance n‐type polymer with good solubility in nonchlorinated solvents.
Monolithic Multi‐Color Tunable Inorganic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Baek Seung‐Hye , Kim Hee‐Wung , Lee Gun‐Woo , Lee Sung‐Nam
Published: August 2021

Inorganic light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) possess exceptional advantages for achieving wide wavelength emission ranges. However, certain material limitations should be overcome to alleviate the green gap between InGaN and AlInGaP‐based LEDs. In this study, monolithic red, green, and bluish‐green emissions are achieved by exploiting the blueshift phenomenon, caused by the band‐filling and piezoelectric screening effects. Different‐sized LEDs are designed to control the injection current density on the same wafer. The smaller the size of the LED, the shorter the emission wavelength, resulting in multi‐color emission (from red to bluish‐green). As a result, red, green, and white emissions are individually and simultaneously obtained using dichromatic LED systems, comprising three red and one green LED cell. In addition, a wide range of visible light colors are achieved by adjusting the size of the LEDs and the applies injection current.
Spectrum of hematological malignancies, clonal evolution and outcomes in 144 Mayo Clinic patients with germline predisposition syndromes
Authors: Martin Emma St , Ferrer Alejandro , Mangaonkar Abhishek A. , Khan Shakila P. , Kohorst Mira A. , Joshi Avni Y. , Hogan William J. , Olteanu Horatiu , Moyer Ann M. , Al‐Kali Aref , Tefferi Ayalew , Chen Dong , Wudhikarn Kitsada , Go Ronald , Viswanatha David , He Rong , Ketterling Rhett , Nguyen Phuong L. , Oliveira Jennifer L. , Gangat Naseema , Lasho Terra , Patnaik Mrinal M.
Published: August 2021

Germline predisposition syndromes (GPS) result from constitutional aberrations in tumor suppressive and homeostatic genes, increasing risk for neoplasia in affected kindred. In this study, we present clinical and genomic data on 144 Mayo Clinic patients with GPS; 59 evaluated prospectively using an algorithm‐based diagnostic approach in the setting of a dedicated GPS/ inherited bone marrow failure syndrome (IBMFS) clinic. Seventy‐two (50%) patients had IBMFS (telomere biology disorders‐32,Fanconi anemia‐18, Diamond Blackfan Anemia – 11, congenital neutropenia–5, Schwachman‐Diamond Syndrome‐5 and Bloom Syndrome‐1), 27 (19%) had GPS with antecedent thrombocytopenia (RUNX1‐FPD‐15, ANKRD26‐6, ETV6‐2, GATA1‐1, MPL‐3), 28 (19%) had GPS without antecedent thrombocytopenia (GATA2 haploinsufficiency‐16, DDX41‐10, CBL‐1 and CEBPA‐1) and 17 (12%) had general cancer predisposition syndromes (ataxia telangiectasia‐7, heterozygous ATM variants‐3, CHEK2‐2, TP53‐2, CDK2NA‐1, NF1‐1 and Nijmegen Breakage Syndrome‐1). Homozygous and heterozygous ATM pathogenic variants were exclusively associated with lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD), while DDX41 GPS was associated with LPD and myeloid neoplasms. The use of somatic NGS‐testing identified clonal evolution in GPS patients, with ASXL1, RAS pathway genes, SRSF2 and TET2 being most frequently mutated. Fifty‐two (91%) of 59 prospectively identified GPS patients had a change in their management approach, including additional GPS‐related screening in 42 (71%), referral for allogenic HSCT workup and screening of related donors in 16 (27%), medication initiation and selection of specific conditioning regimens in 14 (24%), and genetic counseling with specific intent of fertility preservation and preconceptual counseling in 10 (17%) patients; highlighting the importance of dedicated GPS screening, detection and management programs for patients with hematological neoplasms.
A cluster of hypersensitivity pneumonitis associated with exposure to metalworking fluids
Authors: Tustin Aaron W. , Cooney Ryan , Lamson Glenn E. , Hodgson Michael J.
Published: August 2021

Background

Workers exposed to metalworking fluids (MWF) can develop respiratory illnesses including hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP). These respiratory manifestations are likely due to microbial contamination of aerosolized MWF. This paper reports a cluster of HP and respiratory symptoms at a manufacturing plant where MWF and workplace air were contaminated with bacterial endotoxin despite frequent negative bacterial cultures of MWF.

Methods

A pulmonologist assessed and treated three workers with respiratory symptoms. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inspected the plant. OSHA's investigation included bacterial culture of MWF, measurement of endotoxin concentrations in MWF and workplace air, review of the employer's fluid management program, and distribution of a cross‐sectional symptom questionnaire.

Results

Three workers had biopsy‐confirmed HP. In addition, 30.8% of questionnaire respondents reported work‐related respiratory symptoms. OSHA detected endotoxin levels as high as 92,000 endotoxin units (EU)/ml in MWF and 3200 EU/m3 in air. Endotoxin concentrations and risk of MWF inhalation were highest near an unenclosed multistation computer numerical control machine. A contractor had tested this machine's MWF for bacterial growth weekly during the preceding three years, and most (96.0%) of those tests were negative.

Conclusions

Contaminated MWF can cause severe occupational lung disease even if microorganisms do not grow in fluid cultures. Endotoxin testing can increase the sensitivity of detection of microbial contamination. However, employers should not rely solely upon MWF testing data to protect workers. Medical surveillance and meticulous source control, such as engineering controls to suppress MWF mist and prevent its inhalation, can reduce the likelihood of respiratory disease.
Single‐Molecule Frequency Fingerprint for Ion Interaction Networks in a Confined Nanopore
Authors: Li Xinyi , Ying Yi‐Lun , Fu Xi‐Xin , Wan Yong‐Jing , Long Yi‐Tao
Published: August 2021

The transport of molecules and ions through biological nanopores is governed by interaction networks among restricted ions, transported molecules, and residue moieties at pore inner walls. However, identification of such weak ion fluctuations from only few tens of ions inside nanopore is hard to achieve owing to electrochemical measurement limitations. Here, we developed an advanced frequency method to achieve qualitative and spectral analysis of ion interaction networks inside a nanopore. The peak frequency fm reveals the dissociation rate between nanopore and ions; the peak amplitude am depicts the amount of combined ions with the nanopore after interaction equilibrium. A mathematical model for single‐molecule frequency fingerprint achieved the prediction of interaction characteristics of mutant nanopores. This single‐molecule frequency fingerprint is important for classification, characterization, and prediction of synergetic interaction networks inside nanoconfinement.
Ordered Conformation‐Regulated Vesicular Membrane Permeability
Authors: Zheng Yi , Wang Zuojie , Li Zifen , Liu Hang , Wei Jing , Peng Chuan , Zhou Yeqiang , Li Jianshu , Fu Qiang , Tan Hong , Ding Mingming
Published: August 2021

In nature, the folding and conformation of proteins can control the cell or organelle membrane permeability and regulate the life activities. Here we report the first example of synthetic polypeptide vesicles that regulate their permeability via ordered transition of secondary conformations, in a manner similar to biological systems. The polymersomes undergo a β‐sheet to α‐helix transition in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to wall thinning without loss of vesicular integrity. The change of membrane structure increases the vesicular permeability and enables specific transport of payloads with different molecular weights. As a proof‐of‐concept, the polymersomes encapsulating enzymes could serve as nanoreactors and carries for glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion in vivo inspired by human glucokinase, resulting in safe and effective treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus in mouse models. This study will help understand the biology of biomembranes and facilitate the engineering of nanoplatforms for biomimicry, biosensing, and controlled delivery applications.
Sun coral management effectiveness in a wildlife refuge from south‐eastern Brazil
Authors: Savio Lucca A. C. , Dias Gustavo M. , Leite Kelen L. , Godoi Silvia N. , Figueiroa Apoena C. , Neto Geraldo F. O. , Correa Edineia C. , Francini Carlo L. B. , Shintate Gustavo , Kitahara Marcelo V.
Published: August 2021

The introduction of exotic species is one of the major causes for biodiversity loss in marine environments. Introduced species can change habitat complexity, impacting local communities and altering ecosystem functioning.

Since the 1980s, the scleractinian species Tubastraea coccinea and Tubastraea. tagusensis (commonly known as sun corals) have been spreading in the south‐western Atlantic, posing a major threat to local biodiversity and marine ecosystems. Nowadays, these species are reported from more than 3,500 km along the Brazilian coast and on at least 21 oil and gas offshore platforms.

Considering the great environmental pressure resulting from sun coral invasion, this study verified the effectiveness of manual removal of Tubastraea spp. along a rocky shore in Alcatrazes Wildlife Refuge, one of the most pristine marine regions in Brazil.

Results indicate that removal is indeed effective as a control technique; however, as invaders have high regeneration capabilities and recruitment rates, successive management efforts are essential. In order for management to be effective against Tubastraea's year‐round release of clonal larvae, results suggest invaded areas should receive at least two management actions per year.

Successive management efforts, in addition to the development of new techniques and prevention of new invasions should be priorities for mitigating sun coral impacts.
Further analysis of psychotropic medication and severe problem behavior
Authors: Falligant John M. , Bednar Molly K.
Published: August 2021

Cox et al. (2021) recently outlined a number of analytic methods (i.e., procedures for estimating effect size, conditional rates, and nonparametric partial correlation tests) that may help quantify the relative contributions of psychotropic medication and behavioral interventions on problem behavior among individuals with intellectual and developmental disorders. The purpose of the current study was to examine the generality of these methods by applying these procedures in a novel clinical context (i.e., a hospital‐based inpatient unit for severe problem behavior). We extended the procedures described by Cox to include a larger sample size, cases with more frequent, severe and treatment‐resistant problem behavior, cases with both medication decreases and increases, and cases with at least one similar class of psychotropic medication in common (i.e., atypical antipsychotics). This work remains a proof of concept, but we replicated a number of the preliminary findings from Cox et al. Implications for future research and medication monitoring practices are discussed.
Metabolic regulation and optimization of oxygen supply enhance the 2,3‐butanediol yield of the novel Klebsiella sp. isolate FSoil 024
Authors: Chu Wanying , Jiang Ke , Lu Ping , Xu Yudong , Yang Jiayao , Wei Xuan , Li Li , Liu Shuxin , Wu Yan , Wang Shenghou , Zhao Hongxin
Published: August 2021

Background

Biogenic 2,3‐butanediol (2,3‐BDO) is a high‐value‐added compound that can be used as a liquid fuel and a platform chemical. Bioproduction of 2,3‐BDO is an environmentally friendly choice.

Method and Results

Three recombinant derivatives of the novel Klebsiella sp. isolate FSoil 024 (WT) were constructed via different strategies including deletion of lactate dehydrogenase by λ‐Red homologous recombination technology, overexpression of the small‐noncoding RNA RyhB and a combination of both. The 2,3‐BDO productivity of the mutants increased by 61.3%–79%, and WT‐Δldh/ryhB displayed the highest 2,3‐BDO yield of 42.36 mM after 24 h of shake‐flask fermentation. Glucose was shown as the best carbon source for 2,3‐BDO production by WT‐Δldh/ryhB. In addition, higher oxygenation was favorable for ideal product synthesis. The maximal 2,3‐BDO yield of WT and WT‐Δldh/ryhB were increased by 23.3% and 52.5% respectively compared to the control group in the presence of 70% oxygen (V:V’ = O2:(O2 + N2)).

Conclusion and Implications

According to the present study, deletion of lactate dehydrogenase, RyhB overexpression, and manipulation of oxygen supply showed great impacts on cell growth, 2,3‐BDO productivity and cellular metabolism of the novel isolated strain Klebsiella sp. FSoil 024. This work would also provide insights for promoting 2,3‐BDO biosynthesis for industrial applications.
Chemical‐activity‐based quality marker screening strategy for Viscum articulatum
Authors: Wei Xu‐Ya , Guo Wen‐Jing , Chen Ze‐Yan , Qiu Zi‐Dong , Guo Juan , Cui Guang‐Hong , Wang Ya‐Nan , Gong Li , Chen Lan‐Ying , Lai Chang‐Jiang‐Sheng , Huang Lu‐Qi
Published: August 2021

Viscum articulatum Burm. f. is a parasitic plant rich in flavonoids, triterpenoids, and catechins and has a high nutritional value. It has been reported that consuming V. articulatum can prevent cardiac diseases. In this study, six bioactive compounds, including catechins, triterpenoids, and phenylpropanoid glycosides, were determined in alcohol extracts of the plant using HPLC. The anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activities of three catechins, two triterpenoids, and three combination drugs were measured in cardiomyocytes, and the results showed that the anti‐inflammatory activity was significantly enhanced while retaining strong antioxidant activity when epicatechin and ursolic acid were used in combination. The main quality markers epicatechin and ursolic acid were screened based on the specificity of the genuine herb and a potent synergistic effect, and the lowest limitation contents of V. articulatum which could discriminate it from some other taxonomically similar materials were accordingly determined. This self‐built lowest limitation content of the two screened quality markers could quickly and accurately reflect the efficacy in terms of chemical composition and reverse the disorderly market use of nongenuine herbs or confusing species for adulteration. This study is of some significance for market regulation, drug development, and clinical medication.
Metabolic reprogramming of immune cells: Shaping the tumor microenvironment in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Xia Yujia , Brown Zachary J. , Huang Hai , Tsung Allan
Published: August 2021

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a typical inflammation‐induced cancer and displays a complex interaction between the tumor microenvironment and tumor development. Immune cells in the HCC microenvironment play both pro‐ and anti‐tumoral roles in HCC progression. An increasing number of findings indicate that metabolic reprogramming is essential for immune cell differentiation and function. In this review, we discuss the metabolic changes of different immune cells and correlate these findings to HCC progression.