bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of nested design of plasma antenna based on the azimuthally symmetric surface waves: UHF and SHF bands
Authors: Nasr N. , Mehdian H. , Hajisharifi K. , Hasanbeigi A.
Published: October 2017

In this paper, a plasma antenna nested inside a plasma tube, called the nested model of the plasma antenna, as a suitable candidate to improve the conventional plasma antenna is theoretically investigated in ultra-high frequency (UHF) and super high frequency (SHF) ranges. Using the Fluid-Maxwell equations, the dispersion relations for both the nested model of plasma antenna and single plasma antenna and single plasma antenna are obtained to find their practical, vph≥0.85c, azimuthally symmetric surface modes. The numerical results for the single plasma antenna show that the number of practical modes is very limited in the UHF range, and in the SHF range, the phase velocities of the modes radiating over this range are mostly lower than the speed of light in vacuum. However, the results of the considered nested model indicate that in the UHF range, the number of practical modes greatly increases, and by optimizing the plasma tube parameters, the generated modes can extend over all this range, forming a mode line with the phase velocity very close to the speed of light. On the other hand, in the SHF range, employing the nested model leads to an additional mode line having higher phase velocity (coinciding with the light speed line under the optimum conditions) with respect to that of the single plasma antenna. Using the proposed nested model of the plasma antenna not only leads to clearly significant advances in the single plasma antenna but also is more controllable due to adding the plasma tube parameters.
Tetraiodoallene, I2C=C=CI2 – the missing link between I2C=CI2 and I2C=C=C=CI2 – and the oxidation product, 2,2-diiodoacrylicacid, I2C=CH(CO2H)
Authors: Bruce Michael I. , Head Nicholas J. , Skelton Brian W. , Spackman Mark A. , White Allan H.
Published: October 2017

The X-ray structure of tetraiodoallene is reported. On standing, atmospheric hydrolysis converts this compound into 2,2-diiodoacrylic acid, for which a structure has also been determined. Energy framework diagrams have been constructed for the two compounds.
Effect of Structured Surfaces on MALDI Analyte Peak Intensities
Authors: Bashir Sajid , Liu Jingbo L. , Derrick Peter J.
Published: October 2017

A surface modification method is presented: a sodium chloride crystal, a transparent wide bandgap insulator, was deposited onto a stainless steel surface. The surface was subjected to various stimuli to induce surface defects either on the steel surface or salt crystal and the ion yield of substance P, a model peptide, was investigated as a function of stimuli. The interaction of the laser at potential defect sites resulted in an increase in the ion yield of substance P (3–17 fold increase relative to no stimuli).
Evolutionary dynamics of language systems
Authors: Greenhill Simon J. , Wu Chieh-Hsi , Hua Xia , Dunn Michael , Levinson Stephen C. , Gray Russell D.
Published: October 2017

Significance

Do different aspects of language evolve in different ways? Here, we infer the rates of change in lexical and grammatical data from 81 languages of the Pacific. We show that, in general, grammatical features tend to change faster and have higher amounts of conflicting signal than basic vocabulary. We suggest that subsystems of language show differing patterns of dynamics and propose that modeling this rate variation may allow us to extract more signal, and thus trace language history deeper than has been previously possible.
Expanded subgenomic mRNA transcriptome and coding capacity of a nidovirus
Authors: Di Han , Madden Joseph C. , Morantz Esther K. , Tang Hsin-Yao , Graham Rachel L. , Baric Ralph S. , Brinton Margo A.
Published: October 2017

Significance

All members of the order Nidovirales, including
Simian hemorrhagic fever virus
(SHFV), produce subgenomic mRNAs (sg mRNAs) for their 3′ genes regulated by genomic transcription regulatory sequences (TRSs). We used a next-generation sequencing–facilitated approach to comprehensively analyze a nidovirus sg mRNA transcriptome. The discovery of high sg mRNA redundancy for individual genes and multiple previously unreported sg mRNAs encoding nonstructural proteins, alternative reading frame proteins, or C-terminal peptides of known proteins represents a paradigm shift in our understanding of SHFV genome-coding capacity and the complexity of transcription regulation that is expected to also be characteristic of other nidoviruses. High sg mRNA redundancy would ensure continued protein synthesis if a TRS is inactivated by random mutation.
Geometric constraints alter cell arrangements within curved epithelial tissues
Authors: Rupprecht Jean-Francois , Ong Kok Haur , Yin Jianmin , Huang Anqi , Dinh Huy-Hong-Quan , Singh Anand P. , Zhang Shaobo , Yu Weimiao , Saunders Timothy E.
Published: October 2017

Organ and tissue formation are complex three-dimensional processes involving cell division, growth, migration, and rearrangement, all of which occur within physically constrained regions. However, analyzing such processes in three dimensions in vivo is challenging. Here, we focus on the process of cellularization in the anterior pole of the early Drosophila embryo to explore how cells compete for space under geometric constraints. Using microfluidics combined with fluorescence microscopy, we extract quantitative information on the three-dimensional epithelial cell morphology. We observed a cellular membrane rearrangement in which cells exchange neighbors along the apical-basal axis. Such apical-to-basal neighbor exchanges were observed more frequently in the anterior pole than in the embryo trunk. Furthermore, cells within the anterior pole skewed toward the trunk along their long axis relative to the embryo surface, with maximum skew on the ventral side. We constructed a vertex model for cells in a curved environment. We could reproduce the observed cellular skew in both wild-type embryos and embryos with distorted morphology. Further, such modeling showed that cell rearrangements were more likely in ellipsoidal, compared with cylindrical, geometry. Overall, we demonstrate that geometric constraints can influence three-dimensional cell morphology and packing within epithelial tissues.
Regulation of Arf activation occurs via distinct mechanisms at early and late Golgi compartments
Authors: Gustafson Margaret A. , Fromme J. Christopher
Published: October 2017

At the Golgi complex, the biosynthetic sorting center of the cell, the Arf GTPases are responsible for coordinating vesicle formation. The Arf-GEFs activate Arf GTPases and are therefore the key molecular decision-makers for trafficking from the Golgi. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, three conserved Arf-GEFs function at the Golgi: Sec7, Gea1, and Gea2. Our group has described the regulation of Sec7, the trans-Golgi Arf-GEF, through autoinhibition, positive feedback, dimerization, and interactions with a suite of small GTPases. However, we lack a clear understanding of the regulation of the early Golgi Arf-GEFs Gea1 and Gea2. Here we demonstrate that Gea1 and Gea2 prefer neutral over anionic membrane surfaces in vitro, consistent with their localization to the early Golgi. We illustrate a requirement for a critical mass of either Gea1 or Gea2 for cell growth under stress conditions. We show that the C-terminal domains of Gea1 and Gea2 toggle roles in the cytosol and at the membrane surface, preventing membrane binding in the absence of a recruiting interaction but promoting maximum catalytic activity once recruited. We also identify the small GTPase Ypt1 as a recruiter for Gea1 and Gea2. Our findings illuminate core regulatory mechanisms unique to the early Golgi Arf-GEFs.
Involvement of Zizimin2/3 in the age-related defect of peritoneal B-1a cells as a source of anti-bacterial IgM
Authors: Sakamoto Akihiko , Matsuda Takenori , Kawaguchi Koichiro , Takaoka Akinori , Maruyama Mitsuo
Published: October 2017

Zizimin2 (Ziz2), also known as dedicator of cytokinesis 11 (DOCK11), is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor that is predominantly expressed in lymphoid tissues. Recent findings demonstrated that Ziz2 is involved in the development of B cells, including germinal centre B cells and marginal zone B cells. However, limited information is currently available on the roles of Ziz2 in B-1 cells, a B-cell subset that resides in body cavities and contributes to protection against foreign pathogens in a T-cell-independent manner. We herein show that Ziz2 and its widely expressed isoform Ziz3 (also known as DOCK10) may be involved in defective production of anti-bacterial IgM by aged B-1a cells, a CD5+ subset of B-1 cells. Natural IgM against typical bacterial epitopes was defectively produced by peritoneal B-1a cells from aged mice. The down-regulation of Ziz2/3 in B-1a cells appeared to be responsible for this defective IgM production, as demonstrated by Ziz2/3 double-knockout mice. Mechanistically, lower levels of basal AKT phosphorylation did not allow for the differentiation of Ziz2/3-deficient B-1a cells into plasma cells. Defective production of anti-bacterial IgM was not fully rescued by immunization, resulting in slightly weaker protection in Ziz2/3-deficient mice. Thus, the down-regulation of Ziz2/3 in B-1a cells may at least partly account for defective protection in aged mice.
Estimating Systematic Risk under Extremely Adverse Market Conditions*
Authors: van Oordt Maarten R C , Zhou Chen
Published: October 2017

This paper considers the problem of estimating a linear model between two heavy-tailed variables if the explanatory variable has an extremely low (or high) value. We propose an estimator for the model coefficient by exploiting the tail dependence between the two variables and prove its asymptotic properties. Simulations show that our estimation method yields a lower mean-squared error than regressions conditional on tail observations. In an empirical application, we illustrate the better performance of our approach relative to the conditional regression approach in projecting the losses of industry-specific stock portfolios in the event of a market crash.
Electoral Systems and Legislative Organization
Authors: Martin Shane
Published: October 2017

Legislatures are a cornerstone of representative democracy at the local, subnational, national, and even supra-national levels. Electoral systems determine how votes are transformed into legislative seats. Because of this, what legislators must do to get re-elected is shaped by electoral rules. The impact of electoral incentives goes beyond behavior, potentially shaping the rules and procedures of the legislature itself. This chapter analyzes theories and evidence that link legislative organization to members’ electoral incentives. However, not all legislative structures have a clear electoral basis. As this chapter suggests, the relationship between electoral systems and how a legislature chooses to organize itself is a conditional one.
Organizational Routines and Organizational Learning
Authors: Becker Markus C.
Published: October 2017

Drawing on recent theory on organizational routines, this chapter presents an overview of the role of organizational routines for organizational learning. The chapter structures the discussion along the three processes of knowledge creation, retention, and transfer. To integrate insights from the relevant literature, the chapter uses the recent conceptualization of organizational routines as generative systems where rules and individual-level habits generate recurrent interaction patterns, which in turn shape rules and habits. In synthesizing knowledge on the role of organizational routines for organizational learning, the chapter also uses the possibilities offered by such a two-level framework with a generative level and a behavioral level to leverage the links between the two levels in an explanation.
The Impact of Compassion Meditation Training on the Brain and Prosocial Behavior
Authors: Weng Helen Y. , Schuyler Brianna , Davidson Richard J.
Published: October 2017

Compassion meditation is a form of mental training that cultivates compassion towards oneself and other people, and is thought to result in greater prosocial behavior in real-world settings. This framework views compassion as a quality that can be trained, rather than a stable trait, and scientists have started testing these hypotheses using neuroscientific and objective behavioral methods. How does this internal meditative practice translate to external behavioral changes? We propose an emotion-regulation model of compassion meditation, where responses to suffering may change through three processes: (1) increasing empathic responses, (2) decreasing avoidance responses, and (3) increasing compassionate responses to suffering. These altered responses to suffering may lead to behavioral transfer, where prosocial behavior is more likely to occur, even in a non-meditative state. We summarize the neuroscientific and behavioral literature that may provide early support for this model, and make recommendations for future research to further test the model.
Studies of Training Compassion
Authors: Skwara Alea C. , King Brandon G. , Saron Clifford D.
Published: October 2017

Recent years have seen a growth of interest in contemplative approaches to cultivating compassionate responses to suffering. This chapter draws on contemporary research from cognitive, affective, and social psychology to provide an introduction to the field of compassion training. We consider what constitutes compassion training and offer a summary of current meditation-based approaches. We then provide an overview of the empirical evidence for a relationship between compassion training and changes in socioemotional processes, prosocial behavior, and physiological stress responses to the perception of others’ suffering. We further address challenges in interpreting data from these studies, considering potential training-related mechanisms of change and how compassion-relevant processes might develop over time. Lastly, we conclude by outlining key theoretical challenges for future research.
Cognitively Based Compassion Training
Authors: Mascaro Jennifer S. , Negi Lobsang Tenzin , Raison Charles L.
Published: October 2017

Recent research has examined the beneficial impact of kindness-based meditation practices, including cognitively-based compassion training (CBCT). Here we provide a theoretical and practical account of CBCT and review the emerging evidence that it affects the brain and body in ways that are relevant for health. Initial research demonstrated that CBCT alters immune function and stress physiology, and augments empathy as well as the neural activity supporting it. More recent studies indicate that CBCT is differentially effective, depending on the population that practices. We suggest directions for future research to best examine the apparently complex effects of CBCT on health and well-being.
The Cultural Shaping of Compassion
Authors: Koopmann-Holm Birgit , Tsai Jeanne L.
Published: October 2017

In this chapter, we first review the existing literature on cross-cultural studies on compassion. While cultural similarities exist, we demonstrate cultural differences in the conception, experience, and expression of compassion. Then we present our own work on the cultural shaping of compassion by introducing Affect Valuation Theory (e.g., Tsai, Knutson, & Fung, 2006), our theoretical framework. We show how the desire to avoid feeling negative partly explains cultural differences in conceptualizations and expressions of compassion. Specifically, the more people want to avoid feeling negative, the more they focus on the positive (e.g., comforting memories) than the negative (e.g., the pain of someone’s death) when responding to others’ suffering, and the more they regard responses as helpful that focus on the positive (vs. negative). Finally, we discuss implications of our work for counseling, health care, and public service settings, as well as for interventions that aim to promote compassion.
Enhancing Compassion
Authors: Condon Paul , DeSteno David
Published: October 2017

Historically, social psychologists are known for demonstrating the power of situations to reduce compassionate impulses and prosocial behavior. The simple presence of other people, for example, can decrease the rates at which people act to help others. Yet more recent findings also point to the power of situations to evoke other-oriented emotional states that increase intentions and actions to help others and build relationships. In this chapter, we review the current social psychological literature on compassion and its role in shaping moral decision-making and relationship formation. We then turn to the burgeoning field of contemplative science and demonstrate the role of meditation practices in shaping prosocial character. In the end, this literature suggests that humans are amenable to situational forces that tip the scales in favor of compassionate responding. Moreover, such behaviors can be increased through simple, readily available meditation-based exercises.
To Help or Not to Help
Authors: Poulin Michael J.
Published: October 2017

Why does compassion appear to have disparate associations with helping, emotions, and well-being? One possibility is that, while compassion always elicits a desire to help others, it only sometimes leads to commitment to that goal. Drawing on the action-phase model of goal pursuit, I propose that compassion has the most beneficial outcomes for those in need and for potential helpers in the presence of factors that drive commitment to helping goals. Among those factors are implementation intentions with respect to helping goals, readily perceived means for helping, and perceiving that one has passed a point of no return (a.k.a. a “Rubicon”) with respect to helping goals. Research on this model may reveal with more specificity compassion’s true role in social life.
The Call for Compassion in Health Care
Authors: Shea Sue , Lionis Christos
Published: October 2017

The concept of compassion applies to a number of situations and deserves to play a major role in health care. Within this chapter, we discuss the importance of compassionate care within both the hospital and primary healthcare settings, with a view to identifying ways of improving quality of care. We then discuss the importance of addressing compassion and health with regard to specific societal conditions such as during times of austerity, and towards vulnerable individuals such as the homeless who might experience specific health and social needs. Finally, we address factors that may hinder or promote compassion, before considering how compassion can be sustained in the longer term, and the extent to which the concept may be effectively incorporated in teaching and training programs.
A Call for Compassion and Care in Education
Authors: Lavelle Brooke D. , Flook Lisa , Ghahremani Dara G.
Published: October 2017

Students are challenged by stressors that negatively impact their physical health and well-being as well as their ability to thrive in school. Many educators have mobilized to address these issues, as mounting evidence suggests that enhancing the social, emotional, cultural, and ethical aspects of schooling improves student well-being. These movements have stirred a variety of prosocial education initiatives—including Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) and mindfulness-based programs—which have been shown to make a positive impact. Yet in spite of this growing interest in prosocial education, these movements have proceeded largely independently of one another and without a comprehensive theoretical model of prosocial development. In this chapter, we review the evidence of compassion-based interventions and offer a compassion-based framework as an organizing principle for the field that may help integrate diverse prosocial approaches and help educators respond most effectively to needs of our school communities.
Heroism
Authors: Zimbardo Philip G. , Seppälä Emma M. , Franco Zeno
Published: October 2017

Heroism as an important factor in social transformation, and enacted compassion can fundamentally change individual and societal level outcomes. Although some of our prior work has distinguished heroism from altruism, compassion can be viewed as a central element in many heroic acts. Here we assert that one definition of heroism is compassionate action at the risk of personal sacrifice. We also suggest that training compassionate self-sacrifice is possible, through programs like the Heroic Imagination Project and other similar training efforts. Two pilot studies based on this idea are summarized. The first examines gang desistance programs that focus on replacing these activities with compassionately driven, prosocial ones. However, these actions can put former gang members at considerable personal risk. The second study examines transitions in Palestinians and Israelis who have turned away from war and are focusing on reconciliation, but at the cost of compromised relationships with family members and friends.
Compassion in Children
Authors: Spinrad Tracy L. , Eisenberg Nancy
Published: October 2017

Developmental psychologists have been increasingly interested in studying children’s “prosocial behavior,” defined as voluntary acts to benefit another. We begin this chapter by differentiating between empathy, sympathy, and personal distress reactions, arguing that compassion overlaps considerably with the construct of sympathy. Next, we focus on the normative development of children’s prosocial behavior and children’s empathy-related responses. Our empirical work also is reviewed, highlighting the differential associations of empathy, sympathy, and personal distress with children’s prosocial behavior. In addition, we discuss our work examining both dispositional and socialization factors that predict individual differences in children’s concern for others. We conclude by urging researchers to consider nuances in compassionate behaviors, such as studying the recipients of prosocial actions and different types of prosocial behaviors.
College Athletics
Authors: Zola Warren K.
Published: October 2017

The intersection of law and college athletics is unique given the role that the NCAA, a private membership association, plays in defining amateurism in the United States. In the twenty-first century, college athletics has evolved into a multi-billion-dollar-a-year industry. Yet, as the revenue to college athletics skyrockets—primarily as a result of exploding media broadcast rights fees—compensation to the labor that produces the demand for this product, the college athletes, remains restricted. Increasingly, lawsuits challenge the NCAA’s efforts to protect its version of amateurism. As a result of the growing tension between ideology and commercialism, it is abundantly clear that change is coming to the landscape of college athletics.
Selective Eating
Authors: Zucker Nancy , Arena Courtney , Dable Cortney , Hill Jasmine , Hubble Caroline , Sohl Emilie , Yoon Jee
Published: October 2017

Selective eating (also referred to as picky or fussy eating) has been described as a normative developmental phase that a significant minority experience and, potentially, “grow out of” without formal intervention. This chapter reviews the literature on selective eating from the stance that this eating pattern is a clinical condition rather than a normative developmental phase. Construing selective eating as a clinical condition, it probes questions of definition, chronicity, and impairment that would warrant intervention. It explores the phenomenology of selective eating, suggesting that the experience of disgust has been relatively neglected in understanding the experience of selective eaters and that the inclusion of this feature may offer some novel hypotheses for both necessary treatment elements and novel conceptualizations about what it means to “outgrow” selective eating. Finally, assuming the hypotheses proposed are accepted, it suggests some necessary treatment elements to expand food variety in individuals with selective eating.
Coastal Hazards, Risks, and Marine Extreme Events
Authors: Marone Eduardo , de Camargo Ricardo , Salcedo Castro Julio
Published: October 2017

This article describes the threat costal hazards pose to existing life in light of climate change and natural disaster. It includes an overview of flooding, extreme waves, and other water-related stressors. The article discusses how human-induced risks in the coastal zone, resulting from mismanaged urbanization, persistent pollution, and overexploitation of resources, exacerbate matters and pose extra pressure on the environment, science, and society. Ways of measurement and reaction to these events, as well as best practices for preparedness, are discussed. Businesses, individuals, and ecosystems are under threat of destruction from these circumstances. The article also emphasizes the need to make scientific work in this field accessible and understandable to society and decisión makers.
Empirical Studies of Corporate Law and Governance
Authors: Klausner Michael
Published: October 2017

This chapter examines the empirical literature on corporate law and governance in the United States. Four areas of the US corporate governance literature are discussed: (i) state competition to produce corporate law, (ii) independent boards, (iii) takeover defenses, and (iv) the use of corporate governance indices. The chapter concludes that these areas of research reflect varying degrees of success. The literature on state competition has been a major success. We know much more in this area as a result of empirical analysis in this area than we did on the basis of theory alone. At the other extreme is the literature on takeover defenses and the related literature that uses governance indices as measures of governance quality. Those empirical literatures are plagued by misunderstandings of how takeovers and takeover defenses work, and many results are therefore not as informative as they appear to be. In between is the literature on the impact of an independent board. Here, empiricists faced perhaps insurmountable challenges in proving causation, but nonetheless exposed informative associations.
Talent or Not
Authors: Meyers Maria Christina , Dries Nicky , De Boeck Giverny
Published: October 2017

It is assumed that employees display favorable attitudes (e.g., high organizational commitment) and behaviors (e.g., high work effort) when identified as organizational talent. If they did not, the idea that talent management creates value by making disproportionate investments into organizational talent would need to be reconsidered. We reviewed the literature to explore whether the assumed favorable reactions among talent are valid and the results are not straightforward. Many studies found evidence for the assumption; however, several studies revealed that talent designation bears considerable risks: Being identified as talent creates (overly optimistic) expectations of receiving rewards and benefits from the organization and it increases the felt pressure to meet high performance standards. We discuss the findings in the light of social exchange theory, psychological contract theory, and others commonly used in talent-management research, highlighting key issues regarding talent designation and identifying avenues for future research.
The Potential for Leadership
Authors: Silzer Rob F. , Borman Walter C.
Published: October 2017

Leading business organizations are pursuing strategically driven talent-management processes to be competitive. They put a premium on identifying and developing individuals who have potential to make significant leadership contributions to the organization in the future. We review and summarize key indicators of leadership potential found in genetic, childhood/adolescent, early adult, and midcareer research. We also present a unifying approach to leadership potential and outline an integrated model, the Blueprint of Leadership Potential.
Talent Development
Authors: Day David V. , O'Connor Patricia M. G.
Published: October 2017

The chapter provides an overview of talent development in organizations, including why it is important, whom to invest in materially, and how to identify best practices in the field. We first review literature on talent development in young people. Then elaborate on how nature in the form of emergenic traits and nurture regarding epigenetic experiences interact to shape development. This perspective is applied in understanding focal issues on building organizational capability through talent. State-of-the-art talent development focuses on developing collective capability through the creation of systems, processes, practices, and culture required to achieve strategic objectives sustainably. Talented individuals are integral architects of these types of collective phenomena, responsible for executing, stewarding, and improving them. A comprehensive approach to building organizational capability does not rely on any one—or a few—extraordinarily talented people. It involves development of broad-based organizational capacity for leadership.
Talent Management in Multinational Corporations
Authors: Björkman Ingmar , Ehrnrooth Mats , Mäkelä Kristiina , Smale Adam , Sumelius Jennie
Published: October 2017

The focus of the chapter is on the practices used by multinational corporations (MNCs) to manage employees defined as “talent.” We examine the content of corporate practices, the actors involved in carrying out these practices and the roles they are playing, and the effects of these practices on outcomes at different levels of analysis. Efforts are made to identify promising ways to enhance our knowledge of talent management in the context of MNCs. By way of an illustration of the kinds of issues covered, we present the talent-management practices of one MNC in particular, the Finland-based elevator and escalator company KONE.
Talent and Teams
Authors: Kehoe Rebecca R. , Rosikiewicz Blythe L. , Tzabbar Daniel
Published: October 2017

We provide an integrative review of extant research related to talent (i.e., stars) in the team context. Beginning with a focus an the influences of stars on teams, we review research on stars’ roles as boundary spanners, in which stars may leverage their favorable network positions to enhance their teams’ access to external resources. We then examine stars’ interpersonal influences within teams, which can be positive (e.g., collaboration and mentoring) or negative (e.g., imposing constraints on colleagues’ opportunities). In the second section, we focus on the effects of the team context on stars. Here, we examine how characteristics of the team environment influence the value of stars’ contributions. We then examine the effects of complementarity and redundancy resources on stars’ behavioral propensities and performance outcomes. Finally, we draw on patterns of findings in the extant research we reviewed to identify critical directions for future research on stars and teams.
Straight Talk About Selecting for Upper Management
Authors: Highhouse Scott , Brooks Margaret E.
Published: October 2017

This chapter examines the commonly held misconceptions or myths surrounding assessment and selection of upper-management positions. Specifically, it is suggested that (1) more information about a candidate is not always better; (2) executive assessment should be more science than art; (3) tests do indeed work for upper-management assessment; (4) assessors do not need to reach consensus on candidate qualities; and (5) interviews make little difference. It is suggested that one of the most difficult challenges for people charged with selecting upper management is accepting mistakes as inevitable.
Talent Management in Emerging Economies
Authors: Cooke Fang Lee
Published: October 2017

This chapter reviews the status quo of research on talent management in nations with emerging economies. It highlights a number of major challenges confronting these nations and some of the initiatives of the nation states to combat the bottleneck caused by talent shortages in their economic development. The chapter highlights the research conducted on various aspects of talent management, and it presents a set of research agendas for future studies. Further, it shows that research on talent management in emerging economies has largely focused on a small number of countries and multinational corporations. While there is a growing level of understanding of the effectiveness and types of talent-management activities in different national contexts and types of organizational settings, future research in this field would benefit from drawing on a broader set of disciplinary perspectives and using more robust research design and systematic analysis of practices, processes, and outcomes.
Employer Branding and Talent Management
Authors: Edwards Martin R.
Published: October 2017

This chapter explores the intersection between employer branding and talent management. In considering this intersection, it reflects upon the phenomenon of human resources (HR) practice differentiation in the context of both employer branding and talent management. In particular, it considers some similarities between brand management programs that are likely to differentiate HR practices based on perceived talent versus employer-brand segmentation that is more likely to differentiate HR practices on the basis of employee needs and wants. The chapter also reflects upon the potential implications for an organization’s employer brand and perceived employment offering when organizations take an object- versus subject-oriented approach to differentiating the workforce based on talent identification.
Talent Management in the Public Sector
Authors: Boselie Paul , Thunnissen Marian
Published: October 2017

Private and public sector organizations are confronted with intensifying competition for talent. Talent management in the public sector, however, is an underexplored field of research. The aim of this chapter is to define talent management in the public sector context by putting it in a public sector human resources management framework and linking it to public sector developments and tendencies. Thus, we apply a multidisciplinary approach to talent management, using insights from human resource management, public administration, and public management. First, we describe relevant public sector characteristics and developments. Then, we define talent management in the public sector context based on what is already know from previous research and the literature, and we discuss key issues, dualities, and tensions regarding talent management in the public sector. Finally, we suggest a future agenda for talent-management research in public sector contexts and present some implications for practitioners.
Remedies
Authors: Ross Terence P.
Published: October 2017

This chapter surveys the development of the law of damages and remedies in Anglo-American intellectual property (IP) law. It differentiates the two principal approaches to damages for IP infringement in the Western tradition—pre-fixed or statutory and discretionary damages—and explains several predicates for obtaining them. It also discusses how damages awards are calculated in IP, and what are their key elements. Finally, it discusses non-monetary remedies for IP infringement, including general principles of equitable awards with particular attention to their procedural requirements and potential defenses. The chapter concludes by identifying certain recent developments that may be expected to have a significant impact on this aspect of IP law in the future.
The Basic Structure of Intellectual Property Law
Authors: Epstein Richard A.
Published: October 2017

This chapter puts forward a comprehensive framework for evaluating property regimes for both physical and intellectual property resources. It starts with an account of the trade-off between common and private property regimes, noting that the former is appropriate, as a first approximation for resources that facilitate communication and transportation, where holdout problems dominate externality constraints. But where high levels of investment are needed, and coordination problems are low, private property, as bounded by laws of trespass, nuisance and infringement now tend to dominate. There are no rules of acquisition for an open-access regime. But for private property in all its forms, the common and civil law rules of occupation avoid virtually all the complications that stem from Locke’s erroneous labor theory of acquisition. The chapter then explores the rules governing duration, exclusion, remedies, and alienation in multiple private property interests, including the major forms of intellectual property.
What Kind of Rights Are Intellectual Property Rights?
Authors: Merges Robert P.
Published: October 2017

This chapter considers the nature of intellectual property (IP) rights. It addresses some misunderstandings about legal rights, including that they are necessarily absolute, and rejects the view of IP as a regulatory tool rather than property. It then enumerates the key attributes and limits of IP using Hohfeld’s taxonomy of legal relations, and shows that, while none of these limits is enough to disqualify IP from being property, altogether they impose significant restrictions on its scope. Attention then turns to the problems of injunctions and constitutional takings of IP rights. The chapter concludes with observations about why, when properly framed, “rights talk” about IP does not inexorably point to absolutist views. The emphasis throughout is on two consistent thoughts: IP rights are real rights; but they are limited rights. They dominate some interests, but not all, and they are subject to restrictions and limitations that third parties also sometimes hold as rights.
Constructing the Invisible
Authors: Zografou Athanassia
Published: October 2017

In ancient Greek thought, Hades constitutes, inter alia, the incarnation of the invisible— an apparent contradiction of efforts to represent the dark kingdom of the lord of dead. After a brief review of the special vocabulary, imagery, and connotations associated with darkness in poetic and philosophical thinking, this chapter investigates the main devices used in mythic narratives as well as in real religious topography to insinuate darkness and invisibility. An astute use of natural landscape features and architectural elements, such as natural or artificial chasms, narrow passages, cloudy atmosphere, shadowing, and reflective effects tries to anticipate the features of the Otherworld and/or to permit a protected, although slightly distorted, view of the unseeable. Particular emphasis is given to the role of caves and ever-flowing rivers and streams, but also of still water of pools and lakes, an element which acquires an increasing importance from the classical period onwards.
Coping through Emotional Approach
Authors: Moreno Patricia I. , Wiley Joshua F. , Stanton Annette L.
Published: October 2017

Emotional approach coping (EAC) is a construct encompassing the intentional use of emotional processing and expression to manage adverse circumstances. Emotional processing is defined by attempts to acknowledge, explore, and understand one’s emotions, and emotional expression is defined by verbal/nonverbal efforts to communicate one’s emotional experience. Research demonstrates that EAC enhances adjustment to stressors, including infertility, sexual assault, diabetes, and cancer. In particular, findings suggest that EAC is most beneficial in response to uncontrollable stressors and in the context of receptive social environments. Although emotional processing and expression are core components of many clinical approaches, measurement of EAC within intervention studies is limited. Further study of the pathways by which EAC confers benefit also is needed. An improved understanding of who benefits from EAC in which contexts and how these benefits accrue will require continued integration of findings from stress and coping research, emotion science, and clinical studies.
Asia
Authors: Sunquist Scott W.
Published: October 2017

Asian ecumenism began as a pragmatic concern of Western mission agencies, but was catalysed under the pressure of Japanese imperialism early in the twentieth century. National ecumenical organizations were promoted in the wake of the 1910 Edinburgh Missionary Conference, but with the dismantling of imperialism in Asia after the Pacific War, national and regional cooperation became the sole work of younger Asian leaders. Organic church unions occurred between the 1930s and 1960s, but this has not been a major theme of ecumenism in Asia. China is unique in the ecumenical movement in Asia because of the formation of the Three-Self Patriotic Movement as a way to negotiate a new place for the church in Chinese society. Ecumenism has once again become more pragmatic, and major ecumenical bodies (e.g. the Christian Conference of Asia) have become more focused on issues such as public health, disaster relief, and the environment.
Anglican
Authors: Tanner Mary
Published: October 2017

This chapter traces the Anglican commitment to, and involvement in, the ecumenical movement from the mid-nineteenth century to the present, particularly as reflected in resolutions of successive Lambeth Conferences from 1867 to 2008. It highlights the classic statement of the Anglican ecumenical vision given by the 1920 Lambeth Conference, centred on the Lambeth Quadrilateral, and the Appeal to All Christian People that the Conference issued. It considers various ecumenical developments with Anglican participation in the 1940s and 1950s and records major doctrinal agreements reached in bilateral and multilateral dialogues particularly from the 1970s onwards, as well as new stages of closer communion entered into with a number of ecumenical partners at regional levels. Increasingly, a commitment to an ecumenism of action is becoming a dominant feature of today’s ecumenical movement, although doctrinal conversations continue to search for the agreement in faith that is required and sufficient for visible unity.
Phrygian
Authors: Brixhe Claude
Published: October 2017

After being enslaved for centuries, the Phrygians recovered at the end of the first century ce. They were, of course, Hellenized, and they produced a great quantity of epigrams. But they used a Greek that was strongly influenced by the region, and their ancestral language once more appeared in writing. They displayed the Phrygo-Anatolian character of their culture through imprecations that protected their tombstones and through ‘confessions’, a reflection of a unique and active paganism. Christianity reached them very early on and produced the most famous Christian inscription, but the fragmentation of the country and its people favoured the emergence of sects, the best known of which, Montanism, seems to have had its own ‘literature’.
Internationalizing Public History
Authors: Noiret Serge , Cauvin Thomas
Published: October 2017

This chapter explores the transformation of public history in relation to internationalization in the humanities, audiences, media, and historian networks. The rising number of public history programs worldwide provides opportunities for international collaboration and discussion. We posit that the multiplication of international public history projects and programs and the global use of the English language and the Internet encourage new historical approaches and practices. One way to address the internationalization of public history is to urge glocal interpretations of the past. Public historians are increasingly responsible for making sense of the links among local, national, and international interpretations of the past. We suggest anchoring the actual evolution of public history in a general definition of the interactive concept of local/global in social sciences. Then, we describe the consequences of the internationalization process for public history practices. Specifically, we examine how the process of internationalization influences public history teaching and training.
From Environmental Liability to Community Asset
Authors: Comp T. Allan
Published: October 2017

This chapter explores linking economic redevelopment with a recognition of regional legacy. It provided an opportunity to apply public history to real-world needs and to do something with history on a larger scale and led to the work discussed here. “AMD&ART” is now both the name of a park in Vintondale, Pennsylvania, and the name of an idea, a commitment to interdisciplinary work in the service of community aspirations to address environmental challenges. As an idea, AMD&ART is a lasting antidote to the complex problems of coal country that is, and in fact must be, cultural and environmental; only a place-based multidisciplinary solution that starts with good history has the power to transform environmental liabilities into community assets that engage a broad spectrum of support.
Shaping Institutional Memory
Authors: Ritchie Donald A.
Published: October 2017

In the wake of the Watergate scandal, the historian Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. urged the leaders of the U.S. Senate to do more about opening the records of the legislative branch. His appeal led to the creation of the Senate Historical Office in 1975 and indirectly in 1983 to its counterpart in the House of Representatives. The two legislative bodies differ greatly in structure and traditions, and their separate historical offices have also evolved differently, although they share a common mission in serving members, staff, researchers, reporters, and the general public. Their efforts demonstrate how public historians can function within highly political institutions, providing objective and nonpartisan historical information.
Public History as a Social Form of Knowledge
Authors: Keane Hilda
Published: October 2017

This chapter argues that history is not a given, but a construction involving choices drawn from materials garnered from the past and made by different individuals, institutions, nations, and communities that change over time. It focuses on the process whereby materials, in and outside the archive, representing traces of the past, become appropriated into histories. This approaches emphasizes knowledge as a social construction that embodies experience. An interdisciplinary and collaborative approach may provide us with new ways of understanding the past—and the present—by exploring, for example, the ways in which family histories and those of political campaigns, such as women’s suffrage, are developed. By opening the categorization of those making history (“the who”), the epistemology (“the what”) can also change.
The Past and Future of Public History
Authors: Gardner James B. , Hamilton Paula
Published: October 2017

Against a background of extensive political and social change across the world since the 1990s, this chapter explores the development of public history in an international context. It charts the definitional issues in public history, the spread of public history as a concept and practice, and the development of training programs in several countries, outlining differences and similarities. It also examines the changing context for public history theory and practice, with particular attention to the impact of scholarship such as memory studies and critical heritage on the field. Finally, it outlines the rise of China and the shift in perspective this entails for international public historians.