bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study of Ethnic Minority's Attitudes toward Home-Language and English of Their Children in British Schools
Authors: Sharma Surinder M.
Published: September 2011

The aim of the present study was to explore attitudes of ethnic minority parents towards their children's home-language and English in the British schools. Data were responses of fathers in 59 families originating from the Indian sub-continent who were settled in U.K. They expressed an overwhelming support for maintenance of home-language in their children's schools and their attitudes were not differentiated along instrumental and integrative dimensions of motivations. However, such differentiations persisted in their attitudes towards English. The paper also outlines a procedure for the study of language attitudes of ethnic minority parents.
Assessment of Anxiety and Depression in General and Psychiatric Nurses
Authors: De Leo Diego , Magni Guido , Vallerini Anna , Dal Palu Cesare
Published: September 2011

The authors gave 56 psychiatric nurses and 69 general hospital nurses Taylor's self-assessment anxiety scale and Zung's depression scale. The psychiatric nurses' scores were significantly higher on both depression and anxiety. The authors hypothesize that this difference is a ‘reaction’ to their occupational activity.
Personality Characteristics of Horse, Turtle, Snake, and Bird Owners
Authors: Kidd Aline H. , Kelley Helen T. , Kidd Robert M.
Published: September 2011

Possibilities of matching companion animals other than dogs and cats to owners' personality types for physical and psychosocial benefits were explored. It was hypothesized that horse, turtle, snake, and bird owners would show significant differences on the personality scales of the Adjective Check List. 200 adults completed an experimenter-designed questionnaire and the check list. An analysis of variance was applied to the scale scores transformed into standardized T scores for each of the check list scales. Newman-Keuls tests showed that the horse owners were assertive and introspective but low in warmth and nurturance. Male horse owners were aggressive and dominant while female horse owners were easy-going and nonaggressive. Turtle owners were hard-working, reliable, and upwardly mobile. Snake owners were unconventional and novelty-seeking. Bird owners were socially outgoing and expressive. Like male horse owners, female bird owners were high in dominance. These demonstrated differences in owners' personality should facilitate matching people with some of the popular animal types other than dogs and cats to maximize the benefits of ownership of companion animals.
Effects of Alcohol on Involvement in a Structured Social Situation
Authors: Baldwin Lynne S. , Schumacher Stephanie , Neuschatz Joseph S. , Trimbach Charles
Published: September 2011

To test the hypothesis that drinking alcohol increases involvement in a structured social situation, 96 volunteer college students were assigned to either an alcohol or non-alcohol condition. Subjects played a standard Monopoly game for a maximum of 3 hr. A checklist was used to record observations of their behavior. Analysis indicates that subjects in alcohol-drinking groups had longer playing time, built more hotels, and consumed more beverage than subjects who were in the non-alcohol condition. These results were interpreted as a reflection of increased involvement of alcohol-drinking subjects in the structured social situation of the game.
Interference Effects in Acquisition of Avoidance Behaviors by Rats
Authors: Cotton M. M.
Published: September 2011

Four groups of rats were given avoidance training either in a Skinner box with a light CS (Groups 1 and 2) or in a shuttlebox with a tone or a light CS (Groups 3 and 4). This was followed by avoidance training in either a shuttlebox with a tone or a light CS (Groups 1 and 2, respectively) or a Skinner box with a light CS (Groups 3 and 4). Shuttlebox-avoidance training with either a visual or an auditory CS interfered with subsequent lever-press avoidance with a visual CS. Lever-press avoidance with a visual CS interfered with shuttlebox avoidance with an auditory CS but had little effect on subsequent shuttlebox avoidance with a visual CS. These results are in marked contrast with those of Ayres, Benedict, Glackenmeyer, and Mathews (1974) who found interference effects across response systems only in unsignalled situations.
Alternative Measures of Perceived Locus of Control
Authors: Bugaighis Margaret A. , Schumm Walter R.
Published: September 2011

A 30-item questionnaire comprised of Rotter's I-E scale (minus 6 filler items), 6 independent questions derived from the I-E scale, and 1 independent question was administered to 93 college students. Common factor analysis assessed the dimensionality of the I-E scale, and 4 factors were identified. The relationship between the measures of locus of control was assessed, yielding evidence that the single-item measure is a valid alternative brief measure of locus of control.
Analysis of Verbal Interactions of A-B Type Therapists during Therapy
Authors: Stoltenberg Cal D. , Dixon David N.
Published: September 2011

The present study showed 8 A therapists accepted and used the ideas presented by their clients more than 9 B therapists. Additionally, experienced A therapists used significantly more accepting of feelings statements than experienced B's.
Locus of Control: A Cross-Cultural Comparison
Authors: Medinnus Gene R. , Ford Martin Z. , Tack-Robinson Susan
Published: September 2011

This study compared locus of control scores of three samples: 42 boys residing in an orphanage in Mexico, 30 Mexican-American boys, and 30 Anglo-American boys living in a small city in northern California. The mean age of all three groups was 13.0 yr. The Mexican boys were expected to show a more external orientation than the other two groups. The hypothesis was only partially supported, with the difference between the Mexican and Mexican-American subjects statistically significant The former group was more externally oriented. The discussion focused on the effect of life circumstances on locus of control and on parental antecedents, specifically in the area of parental control.
Comparison of Need for Achievement versus Need for Affiliation among Music Students
Authors: Waller Delle Jo , Rothschild Gerald
Published: September 2011

This study compared the relationship between need for achievement and need for affiliation within the area of concentration chosen by music students. 172 students, both undergraduate and graduate, and faculty participated. The NachNaff scale, a 30-item forced-choice questionnaire was given. Analysis produced no significant differences in sex, status, or program, i.e., therapy, education, or performance, but significant difference was found between the means of the undergraduates and faculty.
Attributions for Undesirable Life Events, Type a Behavior and Depression
Authors: Weidner Gerdi , Andrews Judy
Published: September 2011

This investigation examined attributions for life events and Type A behavior of 22 undergraduate women. It was expected that Type A students would make attributions associated with learned helplessness for undesirable life events. As hypothesized, Type A students engaged in more self-blame for important undesirable life events and also rated their desirable life events as less important than Type B students. Differences in attributional strategies of the two groups might mediate the relationship between Type A, helplessness, and heart disease.
Negotiating Latitude: A Within- and Between-Groups Analysis of a Key Construct in the Vertical Dyad Linkage Theory of Leadership
Authors: Nachman Sidney , Dansereau Fred , Naughton Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

“Negotiating Latitude” is a key indicator in the vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership. Within- and between-groups analysis is a general methodology to test rival formulations of leadership. In this paper results are presented from applying this approach on the negotiating latitude scale using the data originally reported by Dansereau, Graen, and Haga who described an effect of vertical dyad linkage in 1975. The reanalysis raises questions about the negotiating latitude scale because the results are more compatible with an inference of ambiguous data rather than with an average leadership style or a vertical dyad-linkage approach to leadership.
Huddling Preferences among Albino Rats
Authors: Wills Georgia D. , Wesley Andrea L. , Anderson Howard N. , Sisemore David A. , Caldwell John
Published: September 2011

The effects of kinship and familiarity upon huddling preferences were examined in 30 albino rat pups. Examined were preferences among familiar siblings, nonfamiliar siblings, familiar nonsiblings, and nonfamiliar agemates. Analysis indicated initial preferences among both related and familiar subjects, but preferences were less obvious on the second day of testing. Familiarity may be a primary influence affecting interactions among rat pup siblings.
Comparison of Two Cognitive Strategies in Treatment of a Patient with Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Last Cynthia G. , Barlow David H. , O'Brien Gerald T.
Published: September 2011

The relative efficacy of two cognitive strategies—coping self-statements and paradoxical intention—for reducing anxiety were compared using an alternating treatment design for a patient with generalized anxiety disorder. While cognitive restructuring appeared to be effective clinically in treating this patient, results did not suggest an advantage in effectiveness of one cognitive strategy over the other. However, although measures did not indicate a differential effectiveness between the two cognitive strategies, the patient reported that she found the coping self-statement strategy more helpful, a preference that continued at 1-yr. follow-up.
An Empirical Study of Rational Emotive Therapy in Management of Stress
Authors: Bowin Robert B.
Published: September 2011

A select sample of 72 lower-division college students were exposed to a 3-wk. lecture presentation of Rational Emotive Therapy to determine the effectiveness of the therapy in reducing students' stress. In a control group were 39 upper-division college students. Both groups were given a pretest and posttest. While the results were varied, a reduction in stress was noted so further research appears appropriate.
Role of Reinforcement and Response Cost in Discrimination Learning
Authors: Trent James T.
Published: September 2011

Level of anxiety and condition of reinforcement or response cost separately affect the rate of discrimination learning. This study examined the extent to which discrimination learning by people reporting high anxiety or low anxiety was affected by reinforcement or response cost. 40 adults volunteered and were assigned to either the feedback-only, reinforcement-only, response cost-only, or reinforcement-response cost condition. Analysis indicated that people reporting low anxiety and receiving reinforcement for correct responses and response cost for incorrect responses learned the discrimination faster than people in the other groups. A weaker demonstration of the facilitative effect of reinforcement and response cost was noted in the people reporting high anxiety.
The Arkansas Index: An Efficient System to Match Workers' Personality Dimensions with Objective Personality Tests
Authors: Aamodt Michael G. , Kimbrough Wilson W.
Published: September 2011

The current article provides an index to 288 personality dimensions and 400 personality inventories which measure them. The index was obtained by examination of the major test compendia and then sorting the tests listed in them by the various personality dimensions represented by the subscales.
“Mind Reading”: A Look at Changing Intentions
Authors: Ken Richard Mar
Published: September 2011

Methods adapted from control engineering can be used to discriminate intended from unintended consequences of an organism's actions. By continuously monitoring a quantity called the stability factor it is possible to observe changes in intention which are not visible in overt behavior.
Play of Mothers with Babies: Some Relationships between Maternal Personality and Early Attachment and Development Processes
Authors: Weininger O.
Published: September 2011

This article is a review of some of the ongoing research into the relationships among attachment, personality, and learning. The author emphasizes that the focus of research in the field of early childhood is moving into the area of early mother-child interactions. It is stressed that the child's initial approaches toward understanding his environment take place within the context of the continuing relationship with his mother. More subtle and precise techniques are needed for defining and exploring the nature and effects of the maternal personality on the development of the child. Present research and common sense point to the extreme importance of the earliest communications between mother and baby. Play is indicated as an irreplaceable early experience underlying the child's cognitive and linguistic development. The mother's physical and mental health, as well as her ability to involve herself with her baby are vital factors in the child's future learning styles and interactional patterns. Several studies are discussed which found high positive correlations between maternal personality and early interactional styles. The author strongly suggests that the implications of these findings and the significance of their predictive values warrant considerable further investigation.
A Multimodal Treatment for Secondary Psychogenic Encopresis: A Case Study
Authors: Waksman Steven A.
Published: September 2011

A case study of a multimodal treatment for secondary psychogenic encopresis is described. The treatment incorporated glycerin suppositories, change in diet, mineral oil, parental praise, and self-monitoring by the 10-yr.-old boy. The importance of psychologist-pediatrician consultation is discussed.
Grade, Sex, and Race Differences in Test Anxiety
Authors: Payne Beverly D. , Smith Janet E. , Payne David A.
Published: September 2011

Analyses of scores derived from an internally consistent 15-item measure of test anxiety for 181 students in Grade 4 and 258 in Grade 8 did not show significant mean differences across grade, but statistically higher scores were noted for girls and black students. The practical implications of the differences were considered limited.
A Comprehensive Bibliography of Literature Pertaining to Multiple Personality
Authors: Boor Myron , Coons Philip M.
Published: September 2011

The reported incidence of patients with multiple personalities has increased dramatically during the 1970s. It has become important for therapists and researchers to have available a comprehensive bibliography of the literature pertaining to this increasingly important disorder, especially since much of that literature is in sources that are difficult to locate through typical procedures for literature search. This paper presents a comprehensive bibliography of 350 references relating to multiple personality. The articles, books, and paper presentations included in this bibliography are classified into 11 categories: reviews, general references, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, psychological testing, etiology, case reports, biographical and autobiographical accounts, treatment, experimental investigations, medico-legal aspects, and psychophysiological aspects. References that might be especially useful to the reader new to the multiple personality literature are identified.
Crowding and Litter Effects on Retention and Reversal Learning by Young Rats
Authors: Girden Ellen Robinson
Published: September 2011

72 rats both male and female from litters of 4 or 11, placed 1, 2, or 4/cage until age 65 days, acquired a position response under food deprivation. After 24 hr. each rat relearned to the same criterion, which was followed immediately by reversal training. Males acquired the response sooner, but females and litters of four retained more than their counterparts. Males housed 1/cage were slower to reverse than males housed 4/cage. When each group was subdivided into rats that consumed the reward upon the first correct response occurrence (immediate eaters) and those which did not consume the reward immediately (delay eaters), delay eaters required more trials to acquisition criterion, were slower to respond, had higher savings scores, and took longer to reverse. These findings, coupled with significant correlations of lower savings scores with greater increases in latency from acquisition to re-learning, suggested that emotionality interfered with retention by males and litters of 11. Similarly, emotionality that accompanies isolation was assumed to increase among male rats, to retard reversal learning, because the task increased in difficulty.
Generalizing Impact of Object Language to other Audiences: Peer Response to Office Design
Authors: McElroy James C. , Morrow Paula C. , Wall Larry C.
Published: September 2011

Research on the impact of office design has relied on samples of students. To evaluate the external generalizability of previous findings, the relationships among three design elements (desk placement, status symbol display, tidiness) and visitors' impressions (visitors' feelings, attributions about the officerholder) were examined among 64 college faculty. Using a slide-simulation methodology, more favorable visitors' reactions and normatively desirable attributions were associated with non-barrier desk placement and an intermediate level of tidiness. Status symbol display had little effect. A comparison of faculty responses with previous student-based research shows that both audiences react in a similar manner, albeit with a differential weighting patterns, to the nonverbal cues suggested by interior office design.
Rating of Importance of Job Factors by Office Employees as a Function of Internal-External Control Scores
Authors: Silvers Meryl , Deni Richard
Published: September 2011

30 office workers completed two questionnaires including (a) the Internal-External Control Scale and (b) a 10-item survey asking for ratings of importance assigned to job-satisfaction issues written to portray internally-and externally-oriented factors. Subjects were assigned to two equal groups (internal and external) based on their Control Scale scores. The two average ratings (internally- and externally-oriented job-satisfaction issues) were used as dependent measures in a two-factor analysis. Over-all, subjects rated internally-oriented issues more important than externally-oriented issues. There was also a significant interaction between locus of control and the orientation of the job-satisfaction issue rated on importance. The highest ratings of importance were obtained for internal subjects rating internally-oriented items and external subjects rating externally-oriented items. These data clearly indicated that perception of a job characteristic, the importance of a job-satisfaction issue, was a function of general perception of contingency.
Effects of Pretraining Procedures for Clients in Counseling
Authors: La We Charles F. , Horne Arthur M. , Taylor Shannon V.
Published: September 2011

Two models for pretraining clients entering counseling were compared to a no-treatment control condition on dimensions of clients' self-exploration and the development of client-counselor relationship. Self-exploration was measured by the Carkhuff Helpee Self-exploration Scale and client-counselor relationship development was measured by the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory. Pretraining involved clients' listening to audiotape cassettes concerning problems, expectations, and responsibilities clients frequently encounter during the counseling process. The general pretraining tape was modeled after the Orne and Wender Anticipation Socialization process and the specific pretraining tape was made by the client-specific counselor. 29 subjects volunteered from students seeking help at a university counseling center. Specific and general pretraining equally facilitated the counseling process as measured by clients' self-exploration and counselors' perceptions of client-counselor relationships. This result is contrary to others' research which suggested specific pretraining has a greater facilitating effect. Students in both conditions showed a significant increase in self-exploration beyond the control group's level of self-exploration. A procedure as simple as a recorded, general pretraining process may be sufficient to increase self-exploration.
College Faculty's Attitudes toward its Union under Conditions of Adversity
Authors: Harris Philip , Reichman Walter , Jacobs Alan
Published: September 2011

A survey was conducted among unionized faculty in a northeastern college which previously had two strikes before concluding collective bargaining agreements. The respondents were aware that a ruling was imminent on the college's application to the National Labor Relations Board claiming that the faculty was management, as per the Yeshiva University decision. Also, the respondents were concerned because several of their colleagues were terminated for “financial exigency,” an employer's explanation unacceptable to the union, which had its own version of the motives for the dismissals. The results of the Likert-scale questionnaire developed by Uphoff and Dunnette demonstrated overwhelming approval of the union and its procedures. The data showed significant values of chi-squared for sex, rank, age, and tenure. Also, females were more approving of union communication than males, and higher ranked faculty were more supportive of grievance adjudication and less supportive of affiliation with national unions than lower ranked faculty.
One Degree of Freedom in Basic
Authors: Forer Bertram R.
Published: September 2011

A 15-statement program in Basic for the IBM personal computer provides a template for calculating chi squared with one degree of freedom. By typing in the four obtained frequencies one immediately obtains the value of chi squared, the significance level, and the phi coefficient. With slight changes in wording it can be adapted to other computers and saved on a disk for reuse.
Elements of Pathological Love Relationships
Authors: Curtis John M.
Published: September 2011

The present discussion specifies a number of elements which seem to be involved in functional and pathological relationships. Since the stability of such relationships may be attributable to the manner in which “love” is transacted and interchanged, it seems advisable for the clinician to utilize a more precise set of criteria against which both adaptive and maladaptive relationships may be appraised and therapeutically managed. In this context, the judicious expression of the following elements of adaptive love relationships were identified: (a) needing, (b) giving, (c) romance, and (d) companionship. Similarly, the common determinants of maladaptive love relationships, i.e., (a) power, (b) possession, (c) protection, (d) pity, and (e) perversion, were also labeled and discussed together with therapeutic implications. With these specific elements the therapist may be more able to assess counter-productive patterns and promote the conditions under which qualitative changes in the relationship might be accomplished with improved speed and consistency.
Mental Health in a Remote Community
Authors: Valliant P. M. , Cooper D. , Simpson-Housley P. , Hall B. , Farmsworth D.
Published: September 2011

A total of 118 persons, 44 male and 74 female, from a Northern Ontario community with a local psychiatric hospital were administered a community mental health attitude scale. The groups were relatives of discharged and current psychiatric patients, citizens with no psychiatric relatives, mental health professionals, and psychiatric patients. Significant differences were noted for educational level, age, and community mental health ideology. Analysis suggests that group membership could be predicted with 67% success for patients and 87% for others. Citizens from the community leaned toward a denial of social freedom and recognition for mentally-ill persons and toward treating them as disparate from the rest of the community.
Effects of Locus of Control and A-B Personality Type on Job Satisfaction within the Health Care Field
Authors: Frost Taggart F. , Wilson Hoyt G.
Published: September 2011

The importance of locus of control and A-B personality type and their effects on job satisfaction were investigated. Rotter's I-E Scale, Hackman and Oldham's Job Diagnostic Survey, and the Behavior Activity Profile A-B Personality Scale were administered to 95 registered nurses. Analysis indicated that internal subjects perceived their jobs to be more enriched than external subjects in the following areas: feedback from the job, general satisfaction, internal work motivation, and the motivating potential score. There was a striking lack of relationship between personality type and job satisfaction and between personality type and locus of control.
Differentiating Assertiveness, Aggressiveness, and Shyness: A Factor Analysis
Authors: Tucker Raymond K. , Weaver Richard L. , Redden Eileen M.
Published: September 2011

30 graduate teaching assistants rated 419 students (171 men, 248 women) on assertiveness, aggressiveness, and shyness. A maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis produced a single factor; assertiveness and aggressiveness variables correlated positively and the shyness variable correlated negatively with the factor. These results are interpreted as indicating confusion among lay raters as to whether a syndrome of motoric behavior is assertive or aggressive.
Comparison of Natural and Model-Trained Conservers
Authors: Kaneko Ryutaro , Tanaka Akio , Matsui Michiko
Published: September 2011

This study examined whether natural conservers differ from trained ones. In Exp. 1, four groups were tested: low partial conservers, high partial conservers, younger full conservers, and older full conservers. The first three were examined again in Exp. 2. In both experiments, high and low partial conserver groups observed conservation modeling, thereby creating a subset of trained conservers. In the first experiment, extinction modeling was introduced, and in the second, generalization and delayed testing were studied. The results of Exp. 1 showed that the stability for conservation by trained conservers, especially low partial conservers, was less than that offered by natural conservers, although even low partial conservers maintained a high average score. In Exp. 2, there were no significant differences among the three groups on the delayed posttest and the delayed generalization tests. These findings suggest that trained conservers can acquire stable conservation concepts through modeling, although low partial conservers are inferior in stability for conservation, and that modeling is more effective when it is developmentally appropriate.
The Carleton University Responsiveness to Suggestion Scale: Relationship with other Measures of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Expectancies, and Absorption
Authors: Spanos Nicholas P. , Radtke H. Lorraine , Hodgins David C. , Bertrand Lorne D. , Stam Henderikus J. , Moretti Patricia
Published: September 2011

The Carleton University Responsiveness to Suggestion Scale (CURSS) yields scores on three suggestibility dimensions. Objective (CURSS:0) scores and subjective (CURSS:S) scores reflect overt and experiential response to suggestion, respectively. Objective-Involuntariness (CURSS:OI) scores indicate the number of objective responses rated as feeling involuntary. Study 1 indicated that all three suggestibility dimensions correlated significantly with the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, and Study 2 showed the three Catleton suggestibility dimensions correlated significantly with Form C of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale. The majority of subjects who obtained high scores on the Stanford:C also scored high on the Carleton suggestibility dimensions. Like the Harvard:A and Stanford:C the three Carleton suggestibility dimensions also correlated significantly with attitude/expectancy measures, absorption, and Field's (1965) “hypnotic experiences” inventory. CURSS:VC (voluntary-cooperation) scores reflect the number of objective responses rated as feeling primarily voluntary rather than involuntary. CURSS:VC scores did not correlate significantly with attitude/expectancy variables, absorption or “hypnotic experiences.” Theoretical implications are discussed.
Fear of Success and Sex-Role: There are Reliable Relationships
Authors: Forbes Gordon B. , King Sharon
Published: September 2011

The relationship between fear of success and sex-role was investigated in college males and females. While no sex differences were found, 44 men and 83 women classified as masculine sex-typed had lower fear of success scores than subjects (35 and 8) classified as feminine sex-typed or undifferentiated. Significant negative correlations for men and women (—.34 and —.40) were found between scores on the Bem masculine subscale and on fear of success. No relationship was found with the Bem feminine sub-scale. These results replicated previous studies and indicate the relationship between fear of success and sex-role is reliable.
Factor Analysis of the Children's Depression Inventory
Authors: Hodges Kay Kline , Siegel Lawrence J. , Mullins Larry , Griffin Nora
Published: September 2011

Factor analyses of responses to the Children's Depression Inventory were compared for two groups: 123 children at a psychiatric outpatient clinic and 175 elementary school children who attended Grades 4, 5, and 6. Varimax rotations of principal-axis factors yielded four factors for the clinic children and two factors for the non-clinic student group. The items constituting the factors for the clinic group appeared to be theoretically related. These four factors were considered to reflect cognitive, motivational, social integration, and somatic components. In contrast, for the students there were a general factor with no predominant theme and a second factor characterized by non-compliant behavior. The implications for the relationship between adult and childhood depressive symptomatology are discussed as well as suggestions for studying the inventory as a screening instrument.
One More Time—What Does LPC Measure? A Test of the Cognitive Complexity Interpretation
Authors: Kim Ken I. , Organ Dennis W.
Published: September 2011

152 part-time graduate students enrolled in an evening Master of Business Administration program in a major Midwestern university participated in an experimental study testing cognitive complexity as an interpretation of Fiedler's Esteem for Least Preferred Co-worker measure. The results contradict that interpretation: low scorers, but not high scorers, cognitively differentiated between the manipulated conditions of task stress, suggesting that cognitive complexity is related to the domain (e.g., task vs relationship) of value. The findings are consistent with the value-attitude interpretation of the least preferred co-worker.
Cognitive Belief Systems and Their Persistence: Test-Retest Reliability of the Rational Behavior Inventory
Authors: Thyer Bruce A. , Papsdorf James D. , Neal Lynette
Published: September 2011

It is a basic tenet of rational emotive and other cognitive restructuring psychotherapies that irrational belief systems are relatively stable constructs. The present study investigated this premise by examining the 10-wk. test-retest reliability of the Rational Behavior Inventory, a well-documented measure of irrational beliefs, employing a sample of 74 undergraduates. Correlations between scores for the first and second administrations of the inventory were moderate to high, and significant. There were no significant differences in scores taken at the beginning and end of 10 wk. These data confirm that irrational beliefs exhibit temporal stability.
Identification of Suicidal Episodes with the MMPI
Authors: Watson Charles G. , Klett William G. , Walters Carol , Laughlin Phillip R.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has not identified MMPI scales, patterns or item sets capable of separating eventual suicide committers from non-committers. Looking for MMPI scales associated with a short-term suicide state, we compared the scores of people who had committed suicide soon after taking the inventory with those of people who killed themselves more than three months later. The Suicide Episode group showed a significantly higher mean score than the Remote Suicide sample on Paranoia, and near-significant differences appeared on six other scales. These results suggest that it may be possible to identify a suicide state with the MMPI, but further research should precede clinical application of these findings.
Investigation of College Students' Academic Achievement Based on Their Piagetian Cognitive Level and American College Test Scores
Authors: Dunbar Ann Mary , Taylor Beverly Weidler
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine whether academic achievement differed among the Piagetian cognitive levels of 670 students in teacher-education and whether these differences interacted with sex, age, classification (e.g., freshmen, sophomores), or American College Test scores. All were enrolled in a developmental psychology class. Analysis indicated Piagetian scores differed according to sex and American College Test scores but not classification or age; the four types of achievement (quizzes, projects, test, and total) differed according to Piagetian scores, sex, and American College Test scores. All types of achievement except quizzes differed by classification. Age was not related to achievement.
Anxiety and Intelligence Interact with Recognition and Recall
Authors: Moores Neville D. , Valliant Paul M.
Published: September 2011

Scores of 34 undergraduates on the WAIS, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and course exams showed Digit Span indicated recallers' greater short-term memory. A tendency to be anxious on tests of recall was noted. Replication is needed.
Correlation between Scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale
Authors: Kerner Sharla A. , Jacobs Keith W.
Published: September 2011

The Beck Depression Inventory and the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale were administered to a stratified sample of 78 college students. The two measures of depression were significantly correlated .54. In addition, Beck scores were influenced by an interaction of year and college variables, and Zung scores were different for males and females. It is concluded that these two scales offer somewhat different measures of depression.
Schedule-Induced Behavior: A Reappraisal of Wood-Chewing
Authors: Davis Glen E. , La Bounty Lynda Paulson
Published: September 2011

4 female albino food-deprived rats were run through experimental sessions consisting of three phases: baseline, periodic free-food delivery (one rat skipped this phase), and periodic free-food delivery with free water. Behavior during each session was coded and recorded on an event recorder. Analysis showed that for all rats polydipsia developed rapidly during the food delivery with water phases. The drinking pattern corresponded to the usual schedule-induced polydipsia finding. However, wood-chip chewing and eating was not induced to occur over baseline levels. After the analysis of results of this experiment and reviewing the literature on schedule-induced behavior, it was concluded that schedule-modulation is a more appropriate description of the effects of schedules on most recorded behaviors. Polydipsia was deemed an exceptional schedule effect, not a paradigmatic one.
Job Involvement as Obsession-Compulsion: Some Preliminary Empirical Findings
Authors: Chonko Lawrence B.
Published: September 2011

S. Schwartz suggested that job involvement may be better understood when viewed as obsession-compulsion. In this paper several of the relationships proposed by Schwartz were examined; results offer preliminary support for his viewpoint.
Own-Group Bias in Survey Return Rate: An Unobtrusive Attitude Measure
Authors: Brown Clifford E.
Published: September 2011

A survey of racial attitudes was distributed in two predominantly white neighborhoods differing in median income. In a 15.75% sample of 400 persons fewer questionnaires were returned when the surveyor (identified in an introductory paragraph) was black. In addition, subjects from the high-income neighborhood returned more surveys to a Social Scientist than to a Concerned Citizen.
Awareness: An Understudied Cognitive Factor in Behavior Therapy
Authors: Ladouceur Robert , Mercier Pierre
Published: September 2011

Taking into consideration the importance of cognitive factors in behavior therapy, this article argues that the role played by awareness has until now been understudied in this field of therapy. A review of the literature concerning verbal conditioning, classical conditioning, knowledge of results as reinforcement, self-monitoring, effectiveness of covert and overt practice in the treatment of phobics, perception of self efficacy, and treatment by habit reversal indicates that awareness is an implicit variable present in each case. A reinterpretation of these areas of research is presented. In addition, when this variable is evaluated systematically, the results indicate that the therapeutic impact of awareness has been underestimated. Some potential clinical applications of this position are discussed as are some new avenues of research.
Correlations between the Wide Range Achievement Test and the California Achievement Test with Intellectually Gifted Students
Authors: Karnes Frances A. , Whorton James E. , Currie Billye Bob
Published: September 2011

The scores on the Wide Range Achievement Test (GEs) and the California Achievement Test (standard scores) in reading, mathematics and spelling correlated from .29 to .53 for a sample of 252 (128 males, 124 females) gifted students in Grades 1 through 6.
Contrast between Patients' Definitions of Their Problems and Expectancies for Treatment as a Predictor of Failure to Engage in Treatment
Authors: Phillips Walter M. , Goldberg David A. , O'Connell Brian M.
Published: September 2011

The discrepancy between the numbers of patients seeking help in our outpatient psychiatry department and those subsequently receiving treatment may be a function of the consistency of patients' definitions of their problems and their expectations regarding treatment. Assuming a consumer's approach to patienthood, we hypothesized that the greater the congruence between patients definitions of their problems and expectancy for treatment, the more likely that the patient and evaluating therapist would agree to initiate therapy. For 34 clients responses to a 20-item survey confirmed the hypothesis and suggested the need for explicit clarification with incoming patients of the definition of problems and expectancy for treatment.
Stressful Events, Dysphoric Mood, and Immune Responsiveness
Authors: Linn Margaret W. , Linn Bernard S. , Jensen Joerg
Published: September 2011

This study measured depressive symptoms in 98 men of whom 49 had and 49 had not had a recent experience of family death or serious family illness. The relationships of depression and occurrence of the stressful event to immune function was explored. Persons with higher scores on depression in both groups showed less responsiveness of their lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin and to allogeneic cells. Data indicate that not all persons react the same way to stressful events and that those with high and low depressive features can be differentiated by their immune responses.
Differences in Achievement Patterns for Boys and Girls in Kindergarten and First Grade: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Gullo Dominic F. , Clements Douglas H.
Published: September 2011

This study examined differences in boys' and girls' achievement at the end of kindergarten and first grade. Although no sex differences were found on developmental indexes when children entered kindergarten, sex differences in achievement were noted on four of five measures of achievement by the end of kindergarten. In all instances girls outperformed boys. By the end of first grade, however, no sex differences were evident on four measures of achievement. Bases for sex differences are described in terms of classroom socialization patterns and teachers' interaction with children.
Questionnaire Responses from Self-Identified Binge Eaters and Purgers
Authors: Cullari Salvatore , Redmon William K.
Published: September 2011

55 self-identified bingers and purgers from the general population completed a questionnaire in response to a booklet about bulimia. Analysis indicates that these behaviors are often associated with stress, anxiety, and depression. Most respondents (all women) reported physical side effects such as tooth decay or sore throats, and difficulty in reducing the behaviors without professional help. This survey replicates previous findings about the binge-purge eating disorder with a noncollege campus female population.
Alternate-Form Reliability of the PPVT-R for Black Head Start Preschoolers
Authors: Bing John R. , Bing Sally B.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the comparability of Forms L and M of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised for 30 rural predominantly black Head Start children. Pearson product-moment correlations between Forms L and M ranged from .58 to .75 for boys, girls, and total group. t tests indicated no significant differences in mean standard scores between the forms. The 15 girls, however, scored significantly higher than the 15 boys on Form L.
Staff Perceptions of Work Environment in a State Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Drude Kenneth P. , Lourie Ira
Published: September 2011

The relationship between staff perceptions of work environment and patient/staff ratios was studied at a state psychiatric hospital. Staff in three separate admission units indicated their perceptions by completing the Work Environment Scale. Significant differences in subscale scores were found among the units and correlated with staff/patient ratios. Hypothesized explanations for these findings are presented along with responses made, subsequent to the study, by the hospital.
College Students' Drinking Attitudes: 1970–1982
Authors: Hanson David J. , Engs Ruth C.
Published: September 2011

The drinking attitudes of 1,582 college students at 37 colleges in 1970 were compared to those of 710 students at 14 same or matched institutions in 1982. The results suggest little change in such attitudes over the 12 yr.
Birds of a Brighter Feather: Level of Moral Reasoning and Similarity of Attitude as Determinants of Interpersonal Attraction
Authors: De Wolfe Thomas E. , Jackson Lee Anderson
Published: September 2011

After being classified by scores on the Defining Issues Test, an essay concerning capital punishment, and an Attitudes-toward-Capital Punishment Scale, subjects high and low in moral reasoning and for and against capital punishment evaluated on the Interpersonal Judgment Scale bogus strangers who supposedly had also written essays concerning capital punishment. Essays were varied to reflect attitudes similar to or opposed to the subject's own and to be presented on a similar or different (higher or lower) stage of moral reasoning. Strong main effects occurred in the direction of more positive evaluations of sources (bogus strangers) who were similar in attitude and who reasoned on a principled level. These results were interpreted to suggest that subjects may be favorably impressed by the structure of principled arguments independent of the effects of similarity. This is consistent with modeling as an influence in accounting for upward shifts in moral reasoning.
Effects of Self-Tape Recording on Self-Awareness in a Context of Self-Counseling
Authors: Snider James G. , Davis Mary H. , Brown Ric
Published: September 2011

Clinical evidence suggests that self-tape recording and listening is a useful technique for enhancing awareness in self-counseling. The question arises as to the roles of talking and listening in the process. This study experimentally compared the effects on self-awareness of three group experiences of “Talk and Listen,” “Talk Only” and “Listen Only,” using 90 graduate students in counseling as subjects. A set of self-awareness scales which utilize core conditions of counseling measured self-awareness in subjects of self-facilitation and self-initiation, following the group experiences. Analysis of variance showed significant differences favoring the “Talk and Listen” experiences over the other two experiences in both self-facilitation and self-initiation. It was concluded that self-tape recording and listening may be a moderately powerful self-counseling technique for producing psychological states which are related to therapeutic movement. It is suggested that self-tape recording is worthy of further investigation and use.
Sex Differences in Attributions of Success and Failure
Authors: Leder Gilah C.
Published: September 2011

Sex of the stimulus figure did not affect the attributions for success and failure in mathematics by 126 Australian students.
Educable Mentally Retarded Children's Understanding of Boehm Basic Concepts
Authors: Nelson R. Brett , Cummings Jack A.
Published: September 2011

The Boehm Test of Basic Concepts was administered to 52 educable mentally retarded children. Significant deficits in basic concepts replicated findings of our prior study. Implications for educational instruction and for psychologists assessing educable mentally retarded children are briefly discussed.
Teachers' Generalized Expectations of Children of Divorce
Authors: Ball Donald W. , Newman Joanna M. , Scheuren William J.
Published: September 2011

This study examined teachers' generalized expectations for children living with their divorced vs married mothers. Teachers held significantly more negative expectations on 14 expectancy variables for children living with divorced mothers than for children living in traditional two-parent families. Teachers also had more negative expectations for boys living with divorced mothers than for girls from the same family setting, but there were no differences between teachers' expectations of boys and girls from traditional two-parent families. Results are discussed with respect to teachers' generalized expectations possibly becoming self-fulfilling prophecies.
Left-Wing Rhetoric in Introductory Psychology Textbooks: The Case of Mental Illness
Authors: McKelvie Stuart J.
Published: September 2011

In response to a U.S. Government accusation of political bias in social science research discussed by Hogan and Schroeder in 1981, 23 introductory psychology textbooks were examined for evidence of left-wing rhetoric in their discussions of mental illness. Although most texts presented the sociocultural approach to the problem, very few clearly defended it. In addition, less than one-third gave much space to the views of the antipsychiatrists T. Szasz and R. D. Laing, and only a very small number (at most three) took sides with either of them. Finally, since none of the texts developed an explicit socio-psychological thesis by structuring their chapters to link the topic of abnormal psychology to a prior discussion of social psychology, it is concluded that the present sources are not biased in favour of a radical left-wing political ideology.
A Multi-Trait Multi-Method Evaluation of Creativity and Openness
Authors: Parsons Robert J. , Tittler Bennett I. , Cook Valerie J.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between creativity and openness. Two elaborative and two evaluative measures were administered to 56 undergraduates. A multi-trait multi-method approach was used to analyze Pearson correlations among all measures. Significant correlations were based on the commonality of method rather than trait. It was suggested that creativity and openness were best explained in terms of a typology rather than as unidimensional traits.