bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is This Broken Bone Because of Abuse? Characteristics and Comorbid Diagnoses in Older Adults with Fractures
Authors: Gironda Melanie W. , Nguyen Annie L. , Mosqueda Laura M.
Published: July 2016

Objectives

To examine the relationship between individual characteristics and potential correlates of elder abuse in older adults who present with fractures.

Design

Cross‐sectional analysis of deidentified data extracted from medical records.

Setting

Academic medical center.

Participants

Individuals aged 65 and with a primary diagnosis of any fracture admitted to an outpatient department or emergency department (ED) in a single southern California medical center over a 36‐month period (N = 652).

Measurements

Participant characteristics included demographic characteristics, number of medical visits, and point of service. Corresponding International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD‐9) codes, E‐codes, and V‐codes were extracted to identify cause, location, and type of fracture. The presence of 13 potential correlates of abuse as captured by ICD‐9 codes were extracted and summed. Descriptive statistics and regression models were used for analyses.

Results

Mean age of participants was 77.2, 58% were female (58%), 60% were white (60%), and 46% had one or more potential correlates of abuse. In bivariate analyses, older age (≥80), dementia, seeking care in the ED (vs inpatient or outpatient clinics), only one visit to a medical facility (vs multiple visits) in the 36‐month study period, cause of fracture as something other than a fall, and fractures of the head or face were more likely to have at least one correlate of abuse. In logistic regression, dementia (B = 0.794, standard error (SE) = 0.280); seeking care in the ED (vs outpatient or outpatient clinics) (B = 1.86, SE = 0.302); at least two visits to a medical facility (vs multiple visits) (B = −0.585, SE = 0.343); and fracture of the back (B = 0.730, SE = 0.289), head (B = 1.22, SE = 0.333), and face (B = 1.28, SE = 0.474) were associated with the presence of at least one correlate of abuse.

Conclusion

Certain characteristics in older adults with fracture are associated with potential correlates of abuse. Medical practitioners should have a heightened awareness when these signs are present.
A simple technique to repair a hand fracture in a captive Siamang
Authors: Piga Sara , Negro Francesco , Meda Stefano , Bertuglia Andrea
Published: July 2016

A 5‐year‐old female Siamang (Hylobates syndactilus) in captivity sustained a displaced closed fracture of the proximal phalanx of the middle digit, resulting in finger deformity and hand functional disability. Anatomical reduction and stabilization of the fracture were obtained surgically using two multifilament wire sutures. The primate had a successful functional recovery.
The intermediate filament protein vimentin is essential for axonotrophic effects of Clostridium botulinum C3 exoenzyme
Authors: Adolf Andrej , Leondaritis George , Rohrbeck Astrid , Eickholt Britta Johanna , Just Ingo , Ahnert‐Hilger Gudrun , Höltje Markus
Published: July 2016

The type III intermediate filament protein vimentin was recently identified to mediate binding and uptake of Clostridium botulinum C3 exoenzyme (C3bot) in two cell lines. Here, we used primary neuronal cultures from vimentin knockout (Vim−/−) mice to study the impact of vimentin on axonal growth and internalization of C3bot. In contrast to wild type, vimentin knockout neurons were insensitive to C3bot. Application of extracellular vimentin to Vim−/− neurons completely restored the growth‐promoting effects of C3bot. In line with this uptake of C3bot into Vim−/− neurons was strongly decreased resulting in reduced ADP‐ribosylation of RhoA and B as detected by an antibody recognizing selectively ADP‐ribosylated RhoA/B. Again, uptake of C3bot into Vim−/− neurons was rescued by addition of extracellular vimentin. In addition, in purified embryonic stem cell‐derived motor neurons that are devoid of glial cells C3bot elicited axonotrophic effects confining neuronal vimentin as a binding partner.

image

Primary neuronal cultures from vimentin knockout (KO) mice were used to study the impact of vimentin on axonal growth and internalization of C3bot. In contrast to wild type, vimentin knockout neurons were insensitive to the axonotrophic effects of C3bot. Application of extracellular vimentin (recombinant vimentin) to vimentin KO neurons completely restored the growth‐promoting effects of C3bot. In line with this uptake of C3bot into vimentin KO neurons was strongly decreased resulting in reduced ADP‐ribosylation of RhoA and B as detected by an antibody recognizing selectively ADP‐ribosylated RhoA/B.
Prognostic significance of VEGF‐C in predicting micrometastasis and isolated tumour cells in N0 oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Kazakydasan Sarvambika , Rahman Zainal Ariff Abdul , Ismail Siti Mazlipah , Abraham Mannil Thomas , Kallarakkal Thomas George
Published: July 2016

Background

Lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a well‐known independent prognostic factor. However, the identification of occult tumour cells within the lymph nodes has remained a challenge for the pathologist as well as the clinician.

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of micrometastasis and isolated tumour cells (ITCs) in pathologically staged N0 OSCC of the tongue and buccal mucosa and to assess its correlation with vascular endothelial growth factor C, (VEGF‐C) expression in the primary tumour.

Methods

Thirty‐four cases of N0 OSCC comprising of 17 cases each from the tongue and buccal mucosa were evaluated by immunohistochemistry for VEGF‐C expression. The corresponding lymph nodes from levels I and II were pathologically examined and cross‐detected for micrometastasis and ITCs with desmoglein 3 (DSG3).

Results

The prevalence of micrometastasis and ITCs in OSCC of the tongue and buccal mucosa was 23.5% and 17.6%, respectively. A total of 12 out of 151 lymph nodes contained micrometastatic tumour foci and ITCs. A higher expression of VEGF‐C in the primary tumour was associated with a greater probability for the occurrence of micrometastasis and ITCs in the lymph nodes.

Conclusion

High expression of VEGF‐C in the primary tumour may be a good determinant for detection of occult tumour cells in the lymph nodes of OSCC cases.
Metabolizable energy intake of client‐owned adult dogs
Authors: Thes M. , Koeber N. , Fritz J. , Wendel F. , Dillitzer N. , Dobenecker B. , Kienzle E.
Published: July 2016

A post hoc analysis of the metabolizable energy (ME) intake of privately owned pet dogs from the authors' nutrition consultation practice (Years 2007–2011) was carried out to identify if currentMErecommendations are suitable for pet dogs. Data on 586 adult dogs were available (median age 5.5, median deviation from ideal weight 0.0), 55 of them were healthy; the others had various diseases. For ration calculation, a standardized questionnaire and the software diet‐check Munich™was used.MEwas predicted according toNRC(2006). Data were evaluated for the factors disease, breed, size, age, gender and type of feeding. The meanMEintake of all adult dogs amounted to 0.410 ± 0.121MJ/kg metabolic body weight (BW0.75) (n = 586). There was no effect of size and disease. Overweight dogs ate 0.360 ± 0.121MJ/kgBW0.75, and underweight dogs ate 0.494 ± 0.159MJ/kgBW0.75. Older dogs (>7 years,n = 149, 0.389 ± 0.105MJ/kgBW0.75) had a lowerMEintake than younger ones (n = 313, 0.419 ± 0.121MJ/kgBW0.75), and intact males had a higherMEintake than the others (p < 0.001). Some breeds were above average: Jack Russell Terrier, Dalmatian, small Munsterlander and Magyar Viszla, Bearded Collies, Sight Hounds, German Boxers, English foxhounds, Rhodesian Ridgebacks and Flat‐Coated Retrievers with a meanMEintake of 0.473 ± 0.121MJ/kgBW0.75. The following breeds were below average: Dachshunds, Bichons, West highland White Terrier, Collies except Bearded Collies, Airedale Terriers, American Staffordshire terriers and Golden Retrievers with a meanMEintake of 0.343 ± 0.096MJ/kgBW0.75. The mean maintenance energy requirements of pet dogs are similar to that of kennel dogs which do not exercise very much. These results suggest that opportunity and stimulus to exercise provided for pet dogs are lower than for kennel dogs. Lower activity in pet dogs may reduce part of potential effects of breed, medical history and age groups.
Comparative Study on Physical–Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Grass Carp Reovirus From Different Genotypes
Authors: Wang Qing , Zeng Weiwei , Yin Liang , Wang Yingying , Liu Chun , Li Yingying , Zheng Shucheng , Shi Cunbin
Published: July 2016

Grass carp reovirus (GCRV) was first isolated in 1983. In China, the virus caused severe hemorrhagic disease with significant losses of fingerling and yearling grass carp,Cyenopharyngodon idellus. Clade analysis of the differentGCRVisolates from China indicates there are three distinct branches, which represent genotypesI,II, andIII. However, little is known about the physical–chemical and biological characteristics of viruses from these three genotypes. In this study, the morphologic characteristics ofJX‐0901 (genotype I),HZ08(genotypeII), and Hubei grass carp disease reovirus (genotypeIII) were determined using electron microscopy which revealed morphological similarities but viral particles of the isolates arrayed in different ways. A comparison of selected viruses was performed for physical and chemical properties, including stability under differentpHconditions, treatment with ether and trypsin, and repeated freeze–thaw cycles. Three isolates showed similar resistance to treatment with ether or trypsin and were stable betweenpH3 andpH10. The viruses exhibited different proliferation curves in the Grass carp swimming bladder cell. No postinfection mortalities or histological lesions were observed in infected rare minnow. Furthermore, cross‐protection assays revealed low cross protection between different genotype viruses. This study contributes to the body of knowledge concerning disease control and vaccine development for grass carp hemorrhagic disease.
Molecular Characterization and Dietary Regulation of the AlaSerCys Transporter 2 in Grass Carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella
Authors: Hu Rong , Wang Yonghong , Qu Fufa , Tang Jianzhou , Zhou Yi , Lu Shuangqing , Zhang Jianshe , Liu Zhen , Zhou Zhigang , Guo Xinhong
Published: July 2016

AlaSerCys Transporter 2 (ASCT2), a glutamine/amino acid transporter, plays an important role in the absorption of neutral amino acids. In this study, we cloned the full‐length cDNA of ASCT2 from grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, which encodes a 541‐amino‐acid protein. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the ASCT2 sequence of grass carp clustered with the ASCT2 from Danio rerio. ASCT2 mRNA was differentially expressed in different tissues, with a gradient expression from high to low in tissues of the liver, gill, muscle, midgut, hypophysis, hindgut, kidney, heart, foregut, brain, spleen, and gonad. Meanwhile, the quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction results showed that 22% crude protein diets could significantly stimulate ASCT2 gene expression. In addition, ASCT2 was expressed in higher quantities in the soybean meal group than in the fishmeal group. Furthermore, 7.5 g/kg glutamine and 2.5 g/kg glutamine dipeptide remarkably improved the expression of ASCT2. These results suggested that ASCT2 expression is regulated by the dietary protein levels and sources, as well as appropriate concentration of glutamine and glutamine dipeptide additives.
The Forms and Limits of Choice Architecture as a Tool of Government
Authors: Yeung Karen
Published: July 2016

Although the use of design‐based control techniques, broadly understood as the purposeful shaping of the environment and the things and beings within it toward particular ends, have been used throughout human history, until the publication of Thaler and Sunstein's Nudge, they have remained relatively neglected as a focus of regulatory scholarship. Nudge can be understood as a design‐based regulatory technique because it provides the means by which a choice architect intentionally seeks to influence another's behavior through the conscious design of the choice environment. But there are other forms of choice architecture besides nudge. The gunman who offers his victim “your money or your life?” is as much a choice architect as the cafeteria manager who places the fruit at eye level while placing the chocolate cake further back to encourage patrons to make healthier dietary choices and the supermarket owner who slashes grocery prices on their use by date to stimulate sales. This article focuses on three forms of choice architecture—coercion, inducements, and nudge—employed by the state in order to influence the behavior of others. It seeks to evaluate whether each form of choice architecture coheres with the fundamental values and premises upon which liberal democratic states rest and can therefore be properly characterized as libertarian. Chief among these values is the importance of individual liberty and freedom and the concomitant special status accorded to individual choice in liberal democratic communities. In so doing, it highlights different ways in which these techniques may be regarded as an interference with individual freedom, and the conditions under which such interferences might be rendered acceptable or otherwise justified.
Differential Laser‐Induced Perturbation Spectroscopy for Analysis of Mixtures of the Fluorophores l‐Phenylalanine, l‐Tyrosine and l‐Tryptophan Using a Fluorescence Probe
Authors: Oztekin Erman K. , Hahn David W.
Published: July 2016

Quantitative detection of common endogenous fluorophores is accomplished using differential laser‐induced perturbation spectroscopy (DLIPS) with a 193‐nm UV fluorescence probe and various UV perturbation wavelengths. In this study, DLIPS is explored as an alternative to traditional fluorescence spectroscopy alone, with a goal of exploring natural fluorophores pursuant to biological samples and tissue analysis. To this end, aromatic amino acids, namely, l‐phenylalanine, l‐tyrosine and l‐tryptophan are mixed with differing mass ratios and then classified with various DLIPS schemes. Classification with a traditional fluorescence probe is used as a benchmark. The results show a 20% improvement in classification performance of the DLIPS method over the traditional fluorescence method using partial least squares (PLS) analysis. Additional multivariate analyses are explored, and the relevant photochemistry is elucidated in the context of perturbation wavelengths. We conclude that DLIPS is a promising biosensing approach with potential for in vivo analysis given the current findings with fluorophores relevant to biological tissues.
Photoprotective Potential of Baccharis antioquensis (Asteraceae) as Natural Sunscreen
Authors: Mejía‐Giraldo Juan C. , Winkler Robert , Gallardo Cecilia , Sánchez‐Zapata Ana M. , Puertas‐Mejía Miguel A.
Published: July 2016

In the quest for new natural agents of photoprotection, we evaluated the photoprotective and antioxidant activity of B. antioquensis leaf extracts as well as its phenolic composition. The methanolic extract treated with activated carbon showed the highest absorption coefficients for UVA‐UVB radiation, as well as an antioxidant capacity comparable to butylated hydroxy toluene. Furthermore, the formulation containing this extract showed suitable sensorial and photostable characteristics for topical use, and significant values of UVAPF, critical wavelength (λc), UVA/UVB ratio and sun protection factor (5.3, 378 nm, 0.78 and 9.1 ± 0.1, respectively). In addition, three glycoside derivatives of quercetin, a kaempferol glycoside and a derivative of caffeic acid were the main polyphenolic compounds identified. These results demonstrate the potential of B. antioquensis extracts to be used as active components of novel, natural sunscreens.
E‐products, E‐waste and the Basel Convention: Regulatory Challenges and Impossibilities of International Environmental Law
Authors: Khan Sabaa Ahmad
Published: July 2016

Electronic waste is recognized as the fastest growing hazardous waste stream of the twenty‐first century. Because e‐waste streams contain highly valuable precious metals and other secondary resources as well as hazardous toxic substances, the issue of their regulation lies at a liminal space between products and wastes. This complex legal interface engages the distinct and sometimes contradictory international regimes of liberalized trade and environmental protection. With most global flows of e‐waste being treated by informal recycling industries in developing countries, and given the continued structural exclusion of these marginalized e‐waste recycling sectors from official waste governance paradigms, the globalization of e‐waste raises important environmental justice and North–South development issues. The present article examines the discussion of e‐waste within international environmental law. In particular, it assesses new guideline developments under the Basel Convention on Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Waste and their Disposal. It is argued that despite its overarching objectives in relation to human health and environmental protection, the Basel Convention and the newly adopted Technical Guidelines on E‐waste primarily ensure the continued circulation of obsolete electronic commodities in conditions that reproduce international externalities. The impossibility of this international environmental regime to foster any meaningful and authoritative notion of accountability over hazardous wastes that are generated through transboundary flows of ‘products’ inevitably limits its potential to curb the externalization of hazardous waste pollution to vulnerable populations who suffer the most acute health risks of global hi‐tech production, consumption and reproduction. In essence, the success of this international regime over ‘wastes’ depends very critically on its coupling with national legislative controls over ‘products’ and more importantly, necessitates serious reflection on the legal dimensions of the notion of sustainable consumption.
Clinical features, aetiology and outcome of bacteraemic pneumonia in neutropenic cancer patients
Authors: Gudiol Carlota , Royo‐Cebrecos Cristina , Laporte Júlia , Ardanuy Carmen , Garcia‐Vidal Carolina , Antonio Maite , Arnan Montserrat , Carratalà Jordi
Published: July 2016

Background and objective

We aimed to assess the clinical features, aetiology and outcomes of bacteraemic pneumonia in neutropenic cancer patients (NCP) in the current era of increasing antimicrobial resistance.

Methods

All episodes of bacteraemia occurring in hospitalized patients with cancer, including haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients, from January 2006 to April 2015 were included.

Results

We identified 1723 episodes of bacteraemia, of which 795 occurred in neutropenic patients with cancer, and among them, 55 episodes were identified as bacteraemic pneumonia. The most frequent causative agents were Pseudomonas aeruginosa (39.6%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (20.6%) and Escherichia coli (8.6%). Among the Gram‐negative organisms, 12.8% were multidrug resistant (MDR). Eleven patients (20%) required admission to intensive care, and eight (14.8%) underwent invasive mechanical ventilation. Nine patients (16.3%) received inadequate empirical antibiotic therapy, of whom six (66.6%) died; eight of these nine patients had pneumonia caused by resistant microorganisms. The early (48 h) case‐fatality rate was 24% and the overall (30 day) case‐fatality rate was 46.2%.

Conclusion

Bacteraemic pneumonia is a frequent complication among NCP and is mainly caused by P. aeruginosa and S. pneumoniae. The emergence of MDR organisms is of special concern. Despite the improvement in the management of cancer patients, case‐fatality rates of NCP with bacteraemic pneumonia remain high. Urgent assessment is needed to identify a better approach for the management and support of these patients.
Parents' perception of dental caries in intellectually disabled children
Authors: Weckwerth Solange Aparecida Modesto , Weckwerth Giovana Maria , Ferrairo Bunna Mota , Chicrala Gabriela Moura , Ambrosio Alexandre Macedo Batitucci , Toyoshima Guilherme Hideki Lima , Bastos José Roberto Magalhães , Pinto Edu Cassiano , Velasco Sofia Rafaela Maito , Bastos Roosevelt Silva
Published: July 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate the parents’ perception of dental caries in children with intellectual disability. This cross‐sectional study was conducted with 6 to 14 years old schoolchildren: Group 1 (50 children diagnosed with intellectual disabilities) and Group 2 (50 children without it). The dental caries was assessed by the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for primary and permanent teeth. Parents’ psychosocial perception was assessed by Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS). Similar prevalence of caries free children was found between groups in both dentitions. In primary dentition the caries index was higher in Group 2, and the opposite occurred in permanent teeth. Group 1 presented higher impact (p < .05) in the dimension drinking, eating and pronunciation, whereas in Group 2 there was higher impact (p = .01) on pain, sleep, irritation, the smile and family finances. Findings showed significant impact of dental caries on parents’ perception of the oral health related quality of life of children with intellectual disabilities.
Presence of HLA‐DR Molecules and HLA‐DRB1 mRNA in Circulating CD4+ T Cells
Authors: Revenfeld A. L. S. , Steffensen R. , Pugholm L. H. , Jørgensen M. M. , Stensballe A. , Varming K.
Published: July 2016

The human major histocompatibility complex class II isotype HLA‐DR is currently used as an activation marker for T cells. However, whether an endogenous protein expression or a molecular acquisition accounts for the presence of HLA‐DR on T cells remains undetermined and still controversial. To further characterize this phenomenon, we compared several aspects of the presence of the HLA‐DR protein to the presence of associated mRNA (HLA‐DRB1), focusing on human T cells from peripheral blood of healthy individuals. Using a flow cytometric approach, we determined that the HLA‐DR observed on CD4+ T cells was almost exclusively cell surface‐associated, while for autologous CD19+ B cells, the protein could be located in the plasma membrane as well as in the cytoplasm. Moreover, negligible expression levels of HLA‐DRB1 were found in CD4+ T cells, using an HLA‐DRB1 allele‐specific qPCR assay. Finally, the presence of HLA‐DR was not confined to activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as evaluated by the co‐expression of CD25. The functional role of the HLA‐DR molecule on T cells remains enigmatic; however, this study presents evidence of fundamental differences for the presence of HLA‐DR on T cells from HLA‐DR in the context of antigen‐presenting cells, which is a well‐known phenomenon. Although an inducible endogenous protein expression cannot be excluded for the T cells, our findings suggest that a re‐evaluation of the HLA‐DR as a T cells activation marker is warranted.
Belongingness and Burdensomeness in Adolescents: Slovene Translation and Validation of the Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire
Authors: Podlogar Tina , Žiberna Janina , Poštuvan Vita , C. R. Kerr David
Published: July 2016

The Interpersonal Needs Questionnaire (INQ) for assessing thwarted belongingness (TB) and perceived burdensomeness (PB) has not been validated with community adolescents. We translated and administered the INQ to 307 Slovenian adolescents twice over 2–3 months and found that the 15‐item version (INQ‐15) did not fit without modification. TB and PB scales correlated with concurrent and later suicide ideation and lifetime suicide attempt history. The latent PB factor was associated with concurrent and later ideation controlling for TB, age, gender, depressive symptoms, binge drinking, and peer victimization. Suicide ideation and binge drinking were independently related to attempt history. Assessing and intervening on PB and binge drinking may be promising approaches to suicide prevention with community adolescents.
Is There a Relationship between Suicidal Intent and Lethality in Deliberate Self‐Poisoning?
Authors: Gjelsvik Bergljot , Heyerdahl Fridtjof , Holmes Jane , Lunn Daniel , Hawton Keith
Published: July 2016

The relationship between suicidal intent and lethality of deliberate self‐poisoning (DSP) episodes and their associations with suicide have yielded contradictory findings. The aims of this study were to investigate the association between patients’ suicidal intent and independently rated lethality of DSP episodes, and whether the association changes over time. Eighty‐nine DSP patients were investigated longitudinally. Self‐reported suicidal intent, including perceived likelihood of dying, wish to die, and whether or not the DSP was considered a suicide attempt, was measured at the time of the index episode (t1), 3 months (t2), and 12 months (t3) later. Lethality was assessed independently by three clinical toxicologists. Lethality was significantly associated with patients’ reported wish to die (p = .01) and perceived likelihood of dying (p = .04) at t1, but not at t2 and t3. No association was found between whether the episode was considered a suicide attempt or not and lethality at t1, t2, or t3. Lethality and suicidal intent should be considered as largely separate dimensions of self‐harm. Clinicians should bear this in mind during clinical assessment, especially regarding historical information.
Individual and combined effects of acute and chronic running loads on injury risk in elite Australian footballers
Authors: Murray N. B. , Gabbett T. J. , Townshend A. D. , Hulin B. T. , McLellan C. P.
Published: July 2016

A model that takes into account the current workload, and the workload the athlete has been prepared for, as an acute:chronic workload ratio has been previously used as a novel way to monitor training load and injury risk. Fifty‐nine elite Australian football players from one club participated in this 2‐year study. Global Positioning System technology was used to provide information on running workloads of players. An injury was defined as any non‐contact “time‐loss” injury. One‐week (acute), along with 4‐week (chronic) workloads were calculated for a range of variables. The size of the acute workload in relation to the chronic workload was calculated as an acute:chronic workload ratio. An acute:chronic workload ratio of >2.0 for total distance during the in‐season was associated with a 5 to 8‐fold greater injury risk in the current [relative risk (RR) = 8.65, P = 0.001] and subsequent week (RR = 5.49, P = 0.016). Players with a high‐speed distance acute:chronic workload ratio of >2.0 were 5–11 times more likely to sustain an injury in the current (RR = 11.62, P = 0.006) and subsequent week (RR = 5.10, P = 0.014). These findings demonstrate that sharp increases in running workload increase the likelihood of injury in both the week the workload is performed, and the subsequent week.
Performing a forward dive with 5.5 somersaults in platform diving: simulation of different technique variations
Authors: Heinen T. , Supej M. , Čuk I.
Published: July 2016

Performing dives with multiple somersaults is an inherent component of competitive diving. In individual international competitions, dives are performed from a 1‐ or 3‐m springboard as well as from a 10‐m platform, and divers use different technique variations in accelerating and decelerating rotation about the somersault axis. Therefore, the first aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different technique variations in accelerating and decelerating rotation about the somersault axis in a 109C dive (4.5 forward somersault in a tucked posture) by means of a multi‐body computer simulation model based on the real performance of an expert diver. The second aim was to evaluate the feasibility of adding an additional somersault rotation to the 109C dive. The results revealed that different technique variations accounted for different amounts of gain and loss in somersault rotation, whereas no isolated technique variation accounted for an additional somersault rotation. Applying an optimized technique variation together with an increase in angular and linear momentum allowed the simulation model to perform a forward dive with 5.5 somersaults under achievable biomechanical constraints (1011C dive). It is concluded that the 1011C would be a feasible skill for a diver whose sensory‐motor system is adequately adapted to withstand angular velocities of approximately 1200°/s and who is able to perform a double tucked somersault in a split‐tuck posture above the platform level. Implications for changes in training practices and platform equipment are discussed.
Water Policy And Governance Networks: A Pathway To Enhance Resilience Toward Climate Change
Authors: Caniglia Beth , Frank Beatrice , Kerner Bridget , Mix Tamara L.
Published: July 2016

Natural resources governance is key to enhancing resilience toward climate change and strengthening socioecological systems in light of future uncertainties. Overlapping jurisdictions and lack of clarity in the lines of authority reduce the efficiency of environmental policies and governance, jeopardizing the conservation and sustainable use of resources. With the forecast of longer droughts, extreme precipitation patterns, faster runoff, and slower water table recharge over the coming years, water governance becomes an impellent issue. To understand the risks posed by water scarcity and water regulations, a case study was conducted of Oklahoma state‐level water policies and governance. A content analysis of water policies and a network analysis of water governance was used to determine how Oklahoma experiences features of fragmented and adaptive governance within its natural resource governance structure. Data analysis reveals that Oklahoma water governance experiences multiple forms of fragmentation while also showing features of an adaptive network. Such adaptive features make Oklahoma's water governance network more resilient than forecasted. Identifying gaps and understanding how a governance system experiences fragmentation can help policy makers develop strategies to enhance the adaptive features of water governance, thus preparing for risk and disasters related to water scarcity and climate variability.
Subpartisan Cues and Ideological Distinctions: The Effect of the Tea Party Label on Voter Perceptions of Congressional Candidates*
Authors: Gervais Bryan T. , Taylor Jeffrey A.
Published: July 2016

Objective

We aim to fill a gap in the voter heuristic literature by estimating the impact of subparty cues—labels that connect candidates to an intraparty faction—on perceptions of candidates’ ideological positions. We argue that the Tea Party label acts as a subpartisan cue, and should affect perceptions of both Republicans and their Democratic opponents.

Methods

We measure ideological perceptions using data from the Cooperative Congressional Election Study (CCES), and measure Tea Party “saliency” based on how often candidates were linked with the Tea Party in news media. Using probit regression, we estimate the impact of Tea Party saliency on ideological perceptions of candidates.

Results

We find that Republican candidates often associated with the Tea Party are more likely to be perceived as conservative or very conservative, even when we control for candidate and voter ideology, while their Democratic opponents are perceived to be more moderate.

Conclusion

The results suggest that extremizing cues like the Tea Party label can have a moderating effect on opponents. These findings shed new light on the role and interaction of party‐related voting cues, and have important implications for elections, campaigns, and voter opinion and behavior.
Understanding Attitudes Toward Nuclear Energy After the Fukushima Accident: Differences Between Asserted and Ambivalent Positions*
Authors: Crettaz von Roten F. , Clémence A. , Thevenet A.
Published: July 2016

Objective

The goal of this article is to understand the attitudes toward nuclear energy after the Fukushima accident. Such an analysis necessitates the avoidance of a dichotomous perspective (pro/against)—consider “supporter,” “neither‐nor,” and “opponent”—and to determine the effect of various factors on attitudes.

Methods

This study analyzes a 2013 Swiss survey that measures public attitudes toward nuclear energy.

Results

Public acceptance of nuclear power remains lower two years after. Attitudinal structure of neither‐nor indicates ambivalence. Different factors explain the three positions.

Conclusions

Public attitudes toward nuclear energy are in line with Swiss energy strategy for 2050 to ban nuclear energy. These results draw practical implications for implementing political decisions and for policy communication.
European Neighbourhood Policy: History, Structure, and Implemented Policy Measures
Authors: Wesselink Edzard , Boschma Ron
Published: July 2016

The objective is to provide an overview of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). Focus will be on the history of the ENP and its goals, the institutional structure of the ENP, and the policy measures that have been carried out through the ENP. The evolution of the ENP is traced from its origins in a 2003 European Commission communication to the broad and multifaceted policy that it is nowadays. Then the institutional dimension of the ENP, with both its thematic and spatial elements on a sub‐national, national, regional and interregional level will be explored. Finally, we present the specific policy measures that have been implemented on an interregional, regional, and national level.
Alveococcosis of the liver – strategy of surgical treatment with special focus on liver transplantation
Authors: Patkowski W. , Kotulski M. , Remiszewski P. , Grąt M. , Zieniewicz K. , Kobryń K. , Najnigier B. , Ziarkiewicz‐Wróblewska B. , Krawczyk M.
Published: July 2016

Background

Echinococcosis is a zoonosis caused by infestation with any of 4 (of the 16) members of the Echinococcus genus, namely Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Echinococcus oligarthus, and Echinococcus vogelii. The aim of this retrospective analysis was to present the outcomes of patients undergoing liver resection and liver transplantation (LT) for E. multilocularis infection.

Methods

A total of 44 patients who underwent surgical treatment of E. multilocularis infection in the period between 1989 and 2014 were included in the study cohort and retrospectively analyzed.

Results

LT was performed in 22 patients (50.0%), including 4 of 26 patients undergoing initial non‐transplant management. Non‐transplant procedures comprised liver resection in 23 patients (88.5%), diagnostic laparoscopy in 2 (7.7%), and left adrenalectomy in 1 patient (3.8%). Post‐transplantation survival rates were 90%, 85%, and 75% at 1, 5, and 10 years, respectively.

Conclusion

In conclusion, LT for E. multilocularis infection is a safe and effective treatment method.
Nucleos(t)ide analog(s) prophylaxis after hepatitis B immunoglobulin withdrawal against hepatitis B and D recurrence after liver transplantation
Authors: Cholongitas E. , Goulis I. , Antoniadis N. , Fouzas I. , Imvrios G. , Giakoustidis D. , Giouleme O. , Papanikolaou V. , Akriviadis E. , Vasiliadis T.
Published: July 2016

Background/aims

Nucleos(t)ide analogs (NAs) have made a hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG)‐sparing protocol an attractive approach against hepatitis B virus (HBV) recurrence after liver transplantation (LT). However, this approach is considered controversial in patients transplanted for HBV and hepatitis D (HDV) co‐infection.

Material/Methods

All patients transplanted for HBV/HDV cirrhosis were evaluated. After LT, each patient received HBIG + NAs and then continued with NAs prophylaxis. All patients were followed up with HBV serum markers and HBV DNA, while anti‐HDV/HDV RNA was performed in those with HBV recurrence.

Results

A total of 34 recipients were included (22 men, age: 46.7 ± 16 years). After HBIG discontinuation, NAs were received as monoprophylaxis (lamivudine [LAM]: 2, adefovir [AFV]: 1, entecavir: 9, tenofovir [TDF]: 12) or dual prophylaxis (LAM + AFV [or TDF]: 10 patients). Two (5.8%) of the 34 patients had HBV/HDV recurrence after HBIG withdrawal (median follow‐up: 28 [range, 12–58] months). These 2 patients had undetectable HBV DNA at LT. Statistical analysis revealed that those with recurrence had received HBIG for shorter period, compared to those without recurrence (median: 9 vs. 28 months, P = 0.008).

Conclusions

We showed for the first time, to our knowledge, that maintenance therapy with NAs prophylaxis after HBIG discontinuation was effective against HBV/HDV recurrence, but it seems that a longer period of HBIG administration might be needed before it is withdrawn after LT.
Semi-Analytic Probability Density Function for System Uncertainty
Authors: Younes Ahmad Bani , Turner James
Published: July 2016

In general, the behavior of science and engineering is predicted based on nonlinear math models. Imprecise knowledge of the model parameters alters the system response from the assumed nominal model data. One proposes an algorithm for generating insights into the range of variability that can be expected due to model uncertainty. An automatic differentiation tool builds the exact partial derivative models required to develop a state transition tensor series (STTS)-based solution for nonlinearly mapping initial uncertainty models into instantaneous uncertainty models. The fully nonlinear statistical system properties are recovered via series approximations. The governing nonlinear probability distribution function is approximated by developing an inverse mapping algorithm for the forward series model. Numerical examples are presented, which demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
Effects of Second-Order Slip and Magnetic Field on Mixed Convection Stagnation-Point Flow of a Maxwellian Fluid: Multiple Solutions
Authors: Rahman M. M.
Published: July 2016

In this paper, we investigate the effects of second-order slip and magnetic field on the nonlinear mixed convection stagnation-point flow toward a vertical permeable stretching/shrinking sheet in an upper convected Maxwell (UCM) fluid with variable surface temperature. Numerical results are obtained using the bvp4c function from matlab for the reduced skin-friction coefficient, the rate of heat transfer, the velocity, and the temperature profiles. The results indicate that multiple (dual) solutions exist for a buoyancy opposing flow for certain values of the parameter space irrespective to the types of surfaces whether it is stretched or shrinked. It is found that an applied magnetic field compensates the suction velocity for the existence of the dual solutions. Depending on the parametric conditions; elastic parameter, magnetic field parameter, first- and second-order slip parameters significantly controls the flow and heat transfer characteristics. The illustrated streamlines show that for upper branch solutions, the effects of stretching and suction are direct and obvious as the flow near the surface is seen to suck through the permeable sheet and drag away from the origin of the sheet. However, aligned but reverse flow occurs for the case of lower branch solutions when the mixed convection effect is less significant.
Numerical Simulation of Piston Cooling With Oil Jet Impingement
Authors: Nasif G. , Barron R. M. , Balachandar R.
Published: July 2016

Convective heat transfer of an impinging jet is numerically evaluated for piston cooling process. A circular jet of subcooled engine oil that impinges normally onto the inner surface of the piston for an engine operating at normal condition is considered in the study. The k−ω  shear stress transport (SST) based on transient three-dimensional governing Navier–Stokes (Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS)) equations are computationally solved using a finite-volume technique. The conjugate heat transfer method is used to obtain a coupled heat transfer solution between the solid and fluid regions, to predict the heat transfer coefficient at the piston walls and then the temperature distribution in the piston. It is shown that the cooling jet can significantly decrease the piston temperature. The location of the incidence of maximum heat transfer coefficient is moved away from the impingement point as the nozzle size increases.
Nanoscale Schottky barrier mapping of thermally evaporated and sputter deposited W/Si(001) diodes using ballistic electron emission microscopy
Authors: Nolting Westly , Durcan Chris , Narasimham Avyaya J. , LaBella Vincent P.
Published: July 2016

Ballistic electron emission microscopy has been utilized to demonstrate differences in the interface electrostatics of tungsten-Si(001) Schottky diodes fabricated using two different deposition techniques: thermal evaporation using electron-beam heating and magnetron sputtering. A difference of 70 meV in the Schottky barrier heights is measured between the two techniques for both p- and n-type silicon even though the sum of n- and p-type Schottky barrier heights agrees with the band gap of silicon. Spatially resolved nanoscale maps of the Schottky barrier heights are uniform for the sputter film and are highly disordered for the e-beam film. Histograms of the barrier heights show a symmetric Gaussian like profile for the sputter film and a skewed lognormal distribution for e-beam film. A Monte-Carlo model is developed to simulate these histograms which give strong indication that localized elastic scattering is causing this skewing as forces the hot electrons to need a greater total energy to surmount the barrier. These differences are attributed to silicide formation from the unintentional substrate heating during the e-beam deposition, which is confirmed with transmission electron microscopy.
Evaluating the osseointegration of nanostructured titanium implants in animal models: Current experimental methods and perspectives (Review)
Authors: Babuska Vaclav , Moztarzadeh Omid , Kubikova Tereza , Moztarzadeh Amin , Hrusak Daniel , Tonar Zbynek
Published: July 2016

The aim of this paper is to review the experimental methods currently being used to evaluate the osseointegration of nanostructured titanium implants using animal models. The material modifications are linked to the biocompatibility of various types of oral implants, such as laser-treated, acid-etched, plasma-coated, and sand-blasted surface modifications. The types of implants are reviewed according to their implantation site (endoosseous, subperiosteal, and transosseous implants). The animal species and target bones used in experimental implantology are carefully compared in terms of the ratio of compact to spongy bone. The surgical technique in animal experiments is briefly described, and all phases of the histological evaluation of osseointegration are described in detail, including harvesting tissue samples, processing undemineralized ground sections, and qualitative and quantitative histological assessment of the bone-implant interface. The results of histological staining methods used in implantology are illustrated and compared. A standardized and reproducible technique for stereological quantification of bone-implant contact is proposed and demonstrated. In conclusion, histological evaluation of the experimental osseointegration of dental implants requires careful selection of the experimental animals, bones, and implantation sites. It is also advisable to use larger animal models and older animals with a slower growth rate rather than small or growing experimental animals. Bones with a similar ratio of compact to spongy bone, such as the human maxilla and mandible, are preferred. A number of practical recommendations for the experimental procedures, harvesting of samples, tissue processing, and quantitative histological evaluations are provided.
Selective release of InP heterostructures from InP substrates
Authors: Chang Tzu-Hsuan , Fan Wenjuan , Liu Dong , Xia Zhenyang , Ma Zhenqiang , Liu Shihchia , Menon Laxmy , Yang Hongjun , Zhou Weidong , Berggren Jesper , Hammar Mattias
Published: July 2016

The authors report here a method of protecting the sidewall for the selective release of InGaAsP quantum-well (QW) heterostructure from InP substrates. An intact sidewall secured by SiO2 was demonstrated during the sacrificial layer selective etching, resulting in the suspended InGaAsP QW membranes which were later transferred to the Si substrate with polydimethylsiloxane stamp. The quality of the transferred InGaAsP QW membranes has been validated through photoluminescence and EL measurements. This approach could extend to arbitrary targeting substrate in numerous photonics and electronics applications.
Short-term enhancement and suppression of dolphin auditory evoked responses following echolocation click emission
Authors: Finneran James J. , Echon Roxanne , Mulsow Jason , Houser Dorian S.
Published: July 2016

Biosonar gain control mechanisms in a bottlenose dolphin were investigated by measuring the auditory steady-state response (ASSR) to an external tone while the animal echolocated. The dolphin performed an echo change-detection task that utilized electronically synthesized echoes with echo delays corresponding to 25- and 50-m target range. During the task, amplitude modulated tones with carrier frequencies from 25 to 125 kHz were continuously presented and the instantaneous electroencephalogram stored for later analysis. ASSRs were extracted from the electroencephalogram by synchronously averaging time epochs temporally aligned with the onset of the external tone modulation cycle nearest to each of the dolphin's echolocation clicks. Results showed an overall suppression of the ASSR amplitude for tones with frequencies near the click center frequencies. A larger, temporary suppression of the ASSR amplitude was also measured at frequencies above 40–50 kHz, while a temporary enhancement was observed at lower frequencies. Temporal patterns for ASSR enhancement or suppression were frequency-, level-, and range-dependent, with recovery to pre-click values occurring within the two-way travel time. Suppressive effects fit the patterns expected from forward masking by the emitted biosonar pulse, while the specific mechanisms responsible for the frequency-dependent enhancement are unknown.
Diffraction of acoustic-gravity waves in the presence of a turning point
Authors: Godin Oleg A.
Published: July 2016

Acoustic-gravity waves (AGWs) in an inhomogeneous atmosphere often have caustics, where the ray theory predicts unphysical, divergent values of the wave amplitude and needs to be modified. Unlike acoustic waves and gravity waves in incompressible fluids, AGW fields in the vicinity of a caustic have never been systematically studied. Here, asymptotic expansions of acoustic gravity waves are derived in the presence of a turning point in a horizontally stratified, moving fluid such as the atmosphere. Sound speed and the background flow (wind) velocity are assumed to vary gradually with height, and slowness of these variations determines the large parameter of the problem. It is found that uniform asymptotic expansions of the wave field in the presence of a turning point can be expressed in terms of the Airy function and its derivative. The geometrical, or Berry, phase, which arises in the consistent Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin approximation for AGWs, plays an important role in the caustic asymptotics. In the dominant term of the uniform asymptotic solution, the terms with the Airy function and its derivative are weighted by the cosine and sine of the Berry phase, respectively. The physical meaning and corollaries of the asymptotic solutions are discussed.