Monitoring ammonia slip from large-scale selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems in combined heat and power generation applications with field effect gas sensors
Authors: Khajavizadeh Lida , Andersson Mike 
Published: October 2023

Abstract. Following tightened regulations, selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxides (NOx) by ammonia (NH3) has over
the last couple of decades found wider adoption as a means of reducing
NOx emissions from e.g. power production and district heating plants. As in the SCR process NH3 injected into the flue gas reacts
with and reduces NOx to nitrogen (N2) and water (H2O) on the
surface of a specific catalyst, the NH3 injection has to be dynamically adjusted to match both instant and long-term variations in flue gas nitrogen
oxide concentration in order to minimize NOx and NH3 emissions. One possibility of realizing such NH3 dosing control would be the real-time monitoring and feedback of downstream flue gas NOx and
NH3 concentrations to the NH3 injection control unit. In this
study the sensing characteristics and performance of SiC-based Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field
Effect Transistor (MOSFET)
sensors with a structurally tailored gas-sensitive gate contact of iridium
(Ir) for in situ NH3 monitoring downstream from the SCR catalyst in a
combined heat and power (CHP) plant have therefore been investigated and
evaluated. The sensor's NH3 sensitivity and selectivity as well as the
cross-sensitivity to common flue gas components – oxygen (O2), water
vapour (H2O), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon
monoxide (CO), and a model hydrocarbon, ethene (C2H4) – were
thereby investigated for relevant concentration ranges under controlled
conditions in the laboratory. While, at the prescribed sensor operation
temperature of 300 ∘C, the influence of H2O, CO, and
C2H4 on the sensor's NH3 concentration reading could be
regarded as practically insignificant, a moderate cross-sensitivity was observed between
NH3 and NO2 and, to a lesser extent, between NH3 / NO and NH3 / O2. As the NOx concentration downstream from the
SCR catalyst under normal SCR and power plant operation is expected to be
considerably smaller than the NH3 concentration whenever any
appreciable ammonia slip occurs, the observed NH3 /  NOx
cross-sensitivities may, however, be of less practical significance for
ammonia monitoring in real flue gases downstream from the SCR catalyst.
Furthermore, if required, the small influence of O2 concentration
variations on the sensor reading may also be compensated for by utilizing
the signal from a commercially available oxygen sensor. Judging from in situ measurements performed in a combined heat and power plant, the structurally tailored Ir gate field effect sensors also exhibit good NH3 sensitivity over the relevant 0–40 ppm range when directly exposed to real flue gases, offering an accuracy of ±3 ppm as well as low sensor signal drift, the latter most likely to further improve with regular zero-point calibration and thereby make the Ir gate MOSFET ammonia sensor a promising alternative for cost-efficient real-time ammonia slip monitoring or SCR system control in heat and/or power production plants.