bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Children’s Disclosures of Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Finkel Martin A.
Published: December 2012

CME Educational Objectives

1.

Understand the spectrum of clinical presentations that raise the concern that a child has experienced sexual victimization, the clinical expression of the “disease” of sexual victimization, and the disclosure process.

2.

Differentiate normal developmental behaviors vs. concerning sexual behaviors and the unique role of the medical history as an essential element of securing an accurate diagnosis.

3.

Determine the basics of meeting the medical, mental health, and protective needs of child victims, as well as review reporting expectations and liabilities.

The appropriate response to possible child sexual abuse can only occur when the pediatrician understands the essential elements of the “disease of sexual victimization.” As with any disease, the evolution of this disease is reflected by a clinical presentation that unfolds over a period of time with associated signs and symptoms. This article describes how children who are suspected of being sexually abused present to pediatricians, and how to properly diagnose them in order to meet the statutory mandate to report.
Incidence of Retinopathy of Prematurity and Risk Factors Among Premature Infants at a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Canada
Authors: Isaza Gloria , Arora Sourabh , Bal Manpartap , Chaudhary Varun
Published: December 2012

Purpose:

To study the incidence of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in a neonatal intensive care unit and obtain information on risk factors associated with ROP.

Methods:

Four hundred twenty-three infants were screened for ROP between July 2006 and July 2010. Demographic information, clinical data, and risk factors were reviewed.

Results:

The incidence was 40.4% (171 infants) for ROP, 9.2% (39 infants) for severe ROP, and 5.67% (24 infants) for laser treatment. Mean gestational age and birth weight were significantly lower among infants with ROP versus those without ROP (26 ± 0.13 vs 28.55 ± 0.12 weeks,P< .0001 and 840.5 ±17.49 vs 1,190.24 ± 20.20 g,P< .0001, respectively). Birth weight (P< .001), gestational age (P< .001), mechanical ventilation therapy (P= .039), and necrotizing enterocolitis (P =.019) were independent risk factors for ROP.

Conclusion:

Gestational age and birth weight were the most significant risk factors for developing ROP. The study population had an elevated percentage of infants with birth weight less than 1,000 g (extremely low birth weight), yet there was no corresponding increase in severe ROP incidence and treatment when compared to other studies.
Environmentalizing the curriculum: a critical dialogue of south-north framings
Authors: Payne Phillip , Rodrigues Cae
Published: December 2012

The question of how the environmentalization of the curriculum might occur inthe higher education sector in a sustainable manner has become a local, national,regional and global concern for environmental educators, specifically, and educators,generally. The contemporary ACES framework includes ten characteristics of“environmentalization” deemed appropriate for incorporation into teacher educationprograms, and has been adopted by some Brazilian public universities among othersin Latin America and Europe. This highly influential framework was developed by agroup of “Latin” academics from Europe and Latin America. We bring that frameworkinto critical dialogue with the development of the “socially critical” and “post-critical”perspectives in environmental education curriculum and framings of its research,as this critical discourse has developed in the Anglo-speaking North over the pastthirty years. We reflexively identify a number of key similarities and differences in thisSouth-North dialogue. Brazilian educators, curriculum specialists and researchers, forwhom this article is primarily written, might further refine the critical possibilitiesof the ACES framework in their efforts to environmentalize the curriculum. Morebroadly, this article exemplifies a non-colonial approach to globalizing the discourseof environmental education.
Parte de la Naturaleza: sobre el cuerpo como potencia compositiva
Authors: Merçon Juliana
Published: December 2012

En medio de la constelación de mitos que han contribuido a la actual crisis socioecológica,se encuentra la creencia de que somos individuos sustanciales, atomizadoso separados del entorno al cual intentamos ‘dominar’. La ignorancia con respecto anuestra interdependencia ontológica está en la base de muchas de nuestras posturas(auto) destructivas y ha sido reforzada por diversos sistemas teóricos a lo largo de lahistoria occidental. Al margen de dualismos platónicos, de transcendencias judaicocristianasy del cogito cartesiano, la filosofía de Benedictus de Spinoza (1632-1677)nos invita a repensar los fundamentos de la realidad compleja en la cual estamosinmersos. Mi propósito en este artículo es tejer relaciones productivas entre algunasdimensiones de su filosofía, el pensamiento ambiental y la educación. El punto departida será la concepción spinozista de cuerpo. Este será definido como potencia quese expresa a la vez como productividad (fuerza causal) y sensibilidad (fuerza receptiva).El carácter esencialmente relacional y afectivo del cuerpo humano nos permitirápensarlo también como potencia compositiva. Desconstruyendo la dicotomíaentre Naturaleza y Cultura, propondré que reflexionemos sobre las composicioneshumano-tecnológicas con respecto a sus efectos sobre nuestra potencia de pensar yactuar. En conclusión, presentaré algunos comentarios sobre el rol de la educacióncomo espacio relacional, en el cual se pueden integrar de forma potenciadora lasdimensiones epistémica, ética, política y ambiental de nuestra existencia como partesinterdependientes de la Naturaleza.
Educação Ambiental: a emergência de um campo científico
Authors: Reigota Marcos
Published: December 2012

No presente artigo, são apresentadas algumas questões, acontecimentos e autores quecontribuíram para a Educação Ambiental se constituir como campo (na definição deBourdieu) no espaço científico brasileiro e internacional. Num segundo momento, aEducação Ambiental é analisada como campo emergente, que se encontra defrontadacom a concepção hegemônica neoliberal, competitiva e produtivista de ciência e,portanto, antagônica ao ideário ecologista que originou e identifica as “educaçõesambientais” (Rodrigo Barchi). Entre os autores que colaboram com a argumentação doautor, encontram-se Álvaro Vieira Pinto, Paulo Freire, Jean Ladrière, Isabelle Stengers,Pierre Bourdieu e Michel Foucault. A diversidade epistemológica entre esses autoresse justifica, pois o autor do artigo procurar explicitar um itinerário pessoal de leiturasao longo de sua trajetória que coincide com o momento histórico da emergência daEducação Ambiental como campo.
A educação superior no plano nacional de educação 2011-2020
Authors: Lima Kátia Regina de Souza
Published: December 2012

O artigo analisa o embate entre projetos antagônicos de educação e universidade queatravessa a história brasileira e sua face atual expressa nas disputas pela estruturaçãodo Plano Nacional de Educação (PNE) 2011-2020. Considera as ações da Campanhaem Defesa da Escola Pública e do Fórum Nacional em Defesa da Escola Pública comoimportantes referências deste embate. Apoiado nos documentos produzidos peloMEC e pelo Fórum, o texto analisa as principais divergências entre o PNE – Propostada Sociedade Brasileira e o PNE aprovado no Governo Fernando Henrique Cardoso(1995-2002), problematizando os vetos daquele governo à alocação de verba públicapara a Educação Superior pública. O artigo analisa algumas metas e estratégias do PL8035/10 – PNE 2011-2020, especialmente aquelas referentes à Educação Superior,questionando em que medida o novo Plano expressa o aprofundamento das diretrizesda atual política de Educação Superior. Por fim, problematiza a concepção deinvestimento público total em relação ao PIB, que inclui a transferência de recursospúblicos ao setor privado, principalmente através de programas como o Fundo deFinanciamento Estudantil (FIES), como um indicativo do aprofundamento daprivatização da Educação Superior brasileira na próxima década.
Ações políticas educacionais e impactos sobre o trabalho docente
Authors: Marin Alda Junqueira
Published: December 2012

O artigo apresenta análises sobre a Lei no 9.394/1996 que estabelece as diretrizese bases da educação nacional e os seus desdobramentos que pressupõem váriasmudanças para as escolas e para o trabalho dos professores. Afirma esse agente comosujeito às ações políticas em educação e aponta a necessidade de compreensão amplacom relações entre diferentes aspectos tanto na pesquisa quanto para a formação epara o exercício da função nas escolas. Para tanto, examina pontos da organização dotrabalho e da organização da escola presentes na legislação e seus impactos sobre otrabalho dos professores, articulando com dados de pesquisas atuais.
Making Sense of ‘Global’ Social Justice: Claims for Justice in a Global Labour Market
Authors: Winchester Nik , Bailey Nicholas
Published: December 2012

Inequality and social justice are key issues in a context marked by endemic interconnectedness. However, traditional accounts of social justice deploy explanatory frameworks that are state bound. By contrast, it is argued that globalisation has led to the emergence and entrenchment of forms and structures of power and influence that operate beyond and across national boundaries and that are capable of perpetrating inequity and injustice. In response theorists have begun to argue for the need to recognise the demands of social justice in non-state territorial contexts. Whilst extant theories offer a high level of abstraction, we ground these theories by examining the global labour market for seafarers as an example of a multinational workforce operating in a global context. The paper offers a detailed examination of these workers raising a global social justice claim within an international forum. In so doing we argue that this case leads to a significant problematisation of global social justice as an empirical phenomenon and conceptual object; one that escapes extant theoretical resources. In conclusion we highlight conceptual and pragmatic issues associated with theorising and realising global social justice, and the role that sociology has to play in this endeavour.
A better understanding of cloud optical thickness derived from the passive sensors MODIS/AQUA and POLDER/PARASOL in the A-Train constellation
Authors: Zeng S. , Cornet C. , Parol F. , Riedi J. , Thieuleux F.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Cloud optical thickness (COT) is one of the most important parameter for the characterization of cloud in the Earth radiative budget. Its retrieval strongly depends on instrument characteristics and on many cloud and environment factors. Using coincident observations from POLDER/PARASOL and MODIS/AQUA in the A-Train constellation, geographical distributions and seasonal changes of COT are presented, in good agreement with general cloud climatology characteristics. Retrieval uncertainties mainly associated to sensor spatial resolution, cloud inhomogeneity and microphysical assumptions are discussed. Comparisons of COT derived from POLDER and MODIS illustrate that as the primary factor, the sensor spatial resolution impacts COT retrievals and statistics through both cloud detection and sub-pixel cloud inhomogeneity sensitivity. The uncertainties associated to cloud microphysics assumptions, namely cloud phase, particle size and shape, also impact significantly COT retrievals. For clouds with unambiguous cloud phase, strong correlations exist between the two COTs, with MODIS values comparable to POLDER ones for liquid clouds and MODIS values larger than POLDER ones for ice clouds. The large differences observed in ice phase cases are due to the use of different microphysical models in the two retrieval schemes. In cases when the two sensors disagree on cloud phase decision, COT retrieved assuming liquid phase is systematically larger. The angular biases related to specific observation geometries are also quantified and discussed in particular based on POLDER observations. Those exhibit a clear increase of COT with decreasing sun elevation and a decrease of COT in forward scattering directions due to sub-pixel inhomogeneities and shadowing effects, this especially for lower sun. It also demonstrates unrealistic COT variations in the cloudbow and backward directions due to inappropriate cloud optical properties representation and an important increase of COT in the sun-glint directions in case of broken cloud.
In-situ aircraft observations of ice concentrations within clouds over the Antarctic Peninsula and Larsen Ice Shelf
Authors: Grosvenor D. P. , Choularton T. W. , Lachlan-Cope T. , Gallagher M. W. , Crosier J. , Bower K. N. , Ladkin R. S. , Dorsey J. R.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. In-situ aircraft observations of ice crystal concentrations in Antarctic clouds are presented for the first time. Orographic, layer and wave clouds around the Antarctic Peninsula and Larsen Ice shelf regions were penetrated by the British Antarctic Survey's Twin Otter aircraft, which was equipped with modern cloud physics probes. The clouds studied were mostly in the free troposphere and hence ice crystals blown from the surface are unlikely to have been a major source for the ice phase. The temperature range covered by the experiments was 0 to −21 °C. The clouds were found to contain supercooled liquid water in most regions and at heterogeneous ice formation temperatures ice crystal concentrations (60 s averages) were often less than 0.07 l−1, although values up to 0.22 l−1 were observed. Estimates of observed aerosol concentrations were used as input into the DeMott et al. (2010) ice nuclei (IN) parameterisation. The observed ice crystal number concentrations were generally in broad agreement with the IN predictions, although on the whole the predicted values were higher. Possible reasons for this are discussed and include the lack of IN observations in this region with which to characterise the parameterisation, and/or problems in relating ice concentration measurements to IN concentrations. Other IN parameterisations significantly overestimated the number of ice particles. Generally ice particle concentrations were much lower than found in clouds in middle latitudes for a given temperature. Higher ice crystal concentrations were sometimes observed at temperatures warmer than −9 °C, with values of several per litre reached. These were attributable to secondary ice particle production by the Hallett Mossop process. Even in this temperature range it was observed that there were regions with little or no ice that were dominated by supercooled liquid water. It is likely that in some cases this was due to a lack of seeding ice crystals to act as rimers to initiate secondary ice particle production. This highlights the chaotic and spatially inhomogeneous nature of this process and indicates that the accurate representation of it in global models is likely to represent a challenge. However, the contrast between Hallett Mossop zone ice concentrations and the fairly low concentrations of heterogeneously nucleated ice suggests that the Hallet Mossop process has the potential to be very important in remote, pristine regions such as around the Antarctic coast.
The sensitivity of stratospheric ozone changes through the 21st century to N2O and CH4
Authors: Revell L. E. , Bodeker G. E. , Huck P. E. , Williamson B. E. , Rozanov E.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Through the 21st century, anthropogenic emissions of the greenhouse gases N2O and CH4 are projected to increase, thus increasing their atmospheric concentrations. Consequently, reactive nitrogen species produced from N2O and reactive hydrogen species produced from CH4 are expected to play an increasingly important role in determining stratospheric ozone concentrations. Eight chemistry-climate model simulations were performed to assess the sensitivity of stratospheric ozone to different emissions scenarios for N2O and CH4. Global-mean total column ozone increases through the 21st century in all eight simulations as a result of CO2-induced stratospheric cooling and decreasing stratospheric halogen concentrations. Larger N2O concentrations were associated with smaller ozone increases, due to reactive nitrogen-mediated ozone destruction. In the simulation with the largest N2O increase, global-mean total column ozone increased by 4.3 DU through the 21st century, compared with 10.0 DU in the simulation with the smallest N2O increase. In contrast, larger CH4 concentrations were associated with larger ozone increases; global-mean total column ozone increased by 16.7 DU through the 21st century in the simulation with the largest CH4 concentrations and by 4.4 DU in the simulation with the lowest CH4 concentrations. CH4 leads to ozone loss in the upper and lower stratosphere by increasing the rate of reactive hydrogen-mediated ozone loss cycles, however in the lower stratosphere and troposphere, CH4 leads to ozone increases due to photochemical smog-type chemistry. In addition to this mechanism, total column ozone increases due to H2O-induced cooling of the stratosphere, and slowing of the chlorine-catalyzed ozone loss cycles due to an increased rate of the CH4 + Cl reaction. Stratospheric column ozone through the 21st century exhibits a near-linear response to changes in N2O and CH4 surface concentrations, which provides a simple parameterization for the ozone response to changes in these gases.
CALIPSO observations of transatlantic dust: vertical stratification and effect of clouds
Authors: Yang W. , Marshak A. , Várnai T. , Kalashnikova O. V. , Kostinski A. B.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. We use CALIOP nighttime measurements of lidar backscatter, color and depolarization ratios, as well as particulate retrievals during the summer of 2007 to study transatlantic dust properties downwind of Saharan sources, and to examine the influence of nearby clouds on dust. Our analysis suggests that (1) under clear skies, while lidar backscatter and color ratio do not change much with altitude and longitude in the Saharan Air Layer (SAL), depolarization ratio increases with altitude and decreases westward in the SAL; (2) the vertical lapse rate of dust depolarization ratio, introduced here, increases within SAL as plumes move westward; (3) nearby clouds barely affect the backscatter and color ratio of dust volumes within SAL but not so below SAL. Moreover, the presence of nearby clouds tends to decrease the depolarization of dust volumes within SAL. Finally, (4) the odds of CALIOP finding dust below SAL next to clouds are about ⅔ of those far away from clouds. This feature, together with an apparent increase in depolarization ratio near clouds, indicates that particles in some dust volumes loose asphericity in the humid air near clouds, and cannot be identified by CALIPSO as dust.
A Lagrangian analysis of a developing and non-developing disturbance observed during the PREDICT experiment
Authors: Rutherford B. , Montgomery M. T.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. The problem of tropical cyclone formation requires among other things an improved understanding of recirculating flow regions on sub-synoptic scales in a time evolving flow with typically sparse real-time data. This recirculation problem has previously been approached assuming as a first approximation both a layer-wise two-dimensional and nearly steady flow in a co-moving frame with the parent tropical wave or disturbance. This paper provides an introduction of Lagrangian techniques for locating flow boundaries that encompass regions of recirculation in time-dependent flows that relax the steady flow approximation. Lagrangian methods detect recirculating regions from time-dependent data and offer a more complete methodology than the approximate steady framework. The Lagrangian reference frame follows particle trajectories so that flow boundaries which constrain particle transport can be viewed in a frame-independent setting. Finite-time Lagrangian scalar field methods from dynamical systems theory offer a way to compute boundaries from grids of particles seeded in and near a disturbance. The methods are applied to both a developing and non-developing disturbance observed during the recent pre-depression investigation of cloud systems in the tropics (PREDICT) experiment. The data for this analysis is derived from global forecast model output that assimilated the dropsonde observations as they were being collected by research aircraft. Since Lagrangian methods require trajectory integrations, we address some practical issues of using Lagrangian methods in the tropical cyclogenesis problem. Lagrangian diagnostics are used to evaluate the previously hypothesized import of dry air into ex-Gaston, which did not re-develop into a tropical cyclone, and the exclusion of dry air from pre-Karl, which did become a tropical cyclone and later a major hurricane.
Impact of mineral dust on cloud formation in a Saharan outflow region
Authors: Smoydzin L. , Teller A. , Tost H. , Fnais M. , Lelieveld J.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. We present a numerical modelling study investigating the impact of mineral dust on cloud formation over the Eastern Mediterranean for two case studies: (i) 25 September 2008 and (ii) 28/29 January 2003. In both cases dust plumes crossed the Mediterranean and interacted with clouds forming along frontal systems. For our investigation we used the fully online coupled model WRF-chem. The results show that increased aerosol concentrations due to the presence of mineral dust can enhance the formation of ice crystals. This leads to slight shifts of the spatial and temporal precipitation patterns compared to scenarios where dust was not considered to act as ice nuclei. However, the total amount of precipitation did not change significantly. The only exception occurred when dust entered into an area of orographic ascent, causing glaciation of the clouds, leading to a local enhancement of rainfall. The impact of dust particles acting as giant cloud condensation nuclei on precipitation formation was found to be small. Based on our simulations the contribution of dust to the CCN population is potentially significant only for warm phase clouds. Nevertheless, the dust-induced differences in the microphysical structure of the clouds can contribute to a significant radiative forcing, which is important from a climate perspective.
A new scheme for sulphur dioxide retrieval from IASI measurements: application to the Eyjafjallajökull eruption of April and May 2010
Authors: Carboni E. , Grainger R. , Walker J. , Dudhia A. , Siddans R.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. A new optimal estimation algorithm for the retrieval of sulphur dioxide (SO2) has been developed for the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) using the channels between 1000–1200 and 1300–1410 cm−1. These regions include the two SO2 absorption bands centred at about 8.7 and 7.3 μm (the ν1 and ν3 bands respectively). The retrieval assumes a Gaussian SO2 profile and returns the SO2 column amount in Dobson units and the altitude of the plume in millibars (mb). Forward modelled spectra (against which the measurements are compared) are based on the Radiative Transfer for TOVS (RTTOV) code. In our implementation RTTOV uses atmospheric profiles from European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) meteorological data. The retrieval includes a comprehensive error budget for every pixel derived from an error covariance matrix that is based on the SO2-free climatology of the differences between the IASI and forward modelled spectra. The IASI forward model includes the ability to simulate a cloud or ash layer in the atmosphere. This feature is used to illustrate that: (1) the SO2 retrieval is not affected by underlying cloud but is affected if the SO2 is within or below a cloud layer; (2) it is possible to discern if ash (or other atmospheric constituents not considered in the error covariance matrix) affects the retrieval using quality control based on the fit of the measured spectrum by the forward modelled spectrum. In this work, the algorithm is applied to follow the behaviour of SO2 plumes from the Eyjafjallajökull eruption during April and May 2010. From 14 April to 4 May (during Phase I and II of the eruption) the total amount of SO2 present in the atmosphere, estimated by IASI measurements, is generally below 0.02 Tg. During the last part of the eruption (Phase III) the values are an order of magnitude higher, with a maximum of 0.18 Tg measured on the afternoon of 7 May.
Relationships between particles, cloud condensation nuclei and cloud droplet activation during the third Pallas Cloud Experiment
Authors: Anttila T. , Brus D. , Jaatinen A. , Hyvärinen A.-P. , Kivekäs N. , Romakkaniemi S. , Komppula M. , Lihavainen H.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Concurrent measurement of aerosols, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and cloud droplet activation were carried out as a part of the third Pallas Cloud Experiment (PaCE-3) which took place at a ground based site located on northern Finland during the autumn of 2009. In this study, we investigate relationships between the aerosol properties, CCN and size resolved cloud droplet activation. During the investigated cloudy periods, the inferred number of cloud droplets (CDNC) varied typically between 50 and 150 cm−3 and displayed a linear correlation both with the number of particles having sizes over 100 nm and with the CCN concentrations at 0.4% supersaturation. Furthermore, the diameter corresponding to the 50% activation fraction, D50, was generally in the range of 80 to 120 nm. The measured CCN concentrations were compared with predictions of a numerical model which used the measured size distribution and size resolved hygroscopicity as input. Assuming that the droplet surface tension is equal to that of water, the measured and predicted CCN concentrations were generally within 30%. We also simulated size dependent cloud droplet activation with a previously developed air parcel model. By forcing the model to reproduce the experimental values of CDNC, adiabatic estimates for the updraft velocity and the maximum supersaturation reached in the clouds were derived. Performed sensitivity studies showed further that the observed variability in CDNC was driven mainly by changes in the particle size distribution while the variations in the updraft velocity and hygroscopicity contributed to a lesser extent. The results of the study corroborate conclusions of previous studies according to which the number of cloud droplets formed in clean air masses close to the Arctic is determined mainly by the number of available CCN.
An eddy-stimulated hotspot for fixed nitrogen-loss from the Peru oxygen minimum zone
Authors: Altabet M. A. , Ryabenko E. , Stramma L. , Wallace D. W. R. , Frank M. , Grasse P. , Lavik G.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Fixed nitrogen (N) loss to biogenic N2 in intense oceanic O2 minimum zones (OMZ) accounts for a large fraction of the global N sink and is an essential control on the ocean's N-budget. However, major uncertainties exist regarding microbial pathways as well as net impact on the magnitude of N-loss and the ocean's overall N-budget. Here we report the discovery of a N-loss hotspot in the Peru OMZ associated with a coastally trapped mesoscale eddy that is marked by an extreme N-deficit matched by biogenic N2 production, high NO2− levels, and the highest isotope enrichments observed so far in OMZ's for the residual NO3−. High sea surface chlorophyll in seaward flowing streamers provides evidence for offshore eddy transport of highly productive, inshore water. Resulting pulses in the downward flux of particles likely stimulated heterotrophic dissimilatory NO3− reduction and subsequent production of biogenic N2 within the OMZ. A shallower biogenic N2 maximum within the oxycline is likely a feature advected by the eddy streamer from the shelf. Eddy-associated temporal-spatial heterogeneity of N-loss, mediated by a local succession of microbial processes, may explain inconsistencies observed among prior studies. Similar transient enhancements of N-loss likely occur within all other major OMZ's exerting a major influence on global ocean N and N isotope budgets.
Better constraints on the sea-ice state using global sea-ice data assimilation
Authors: Mathiot P. , König Beatty C. , Fichefet T. , Goosse H. , Massonnet F. , Vancoppenolle M.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. Short-term and decadal sea-ice prediction systems need a realistic initial state, generally obtained using ice–ocean model simulations with data assimilation. However, only sea-ice concentration and velocity data are currently assimilated. In this work, an ensemble Kalman filter system is used to assimilate observed ice concentration and freeboard (i.e. thickness of emerged) data into a global coupled ocean–sea-ice model. The impact and effectiveness of our data assimilation system is assessed in two steps: firstly, through the use of synthetic data (i.e. model-generated data), and secondly, through the assimilation of real satellite data. While ice concentrations are available daily, freeboard data used in this study are only available during six one-month periods spread over 2005–2007. Our results show that the simulated Arctic and Antarctic sea-ice extents are improved by the assimilation of synthetic ice concentration data. Assimilation of synthetic ice freeboard data improves the simulated sea-ice thickness field. Using real ice concentration data enhances the model realism in both hemispheres. Assimilation of ice concentration data significantly improves the total hemispheric sea-ice extent all year long, especially in summer. Combining the assimilation of ice freeboard and concentration data leads to better ice thickness, but does not further improve the ice extent. Moreover, the improvements in sea-ice thickness due to the assimilation of ice freeboard remain visible well beyond the assimilation periods.
Ice volume distribution and implications on runoff projections in a glacierized catchment
Authors: Gabbi J. , Farinotti D. , Bauder A. , Maurer H.
Published: December 2012

Abstract. A dense network of helicopter-based ground-penetrating radar (GPR) measurements was used to determine the ice-thickness distribution in the Mauvoisin region. The comprehensive set of ice-thickness measurements was combined with an ice-thickness estimation approach for an accurate determination of the bedrock. A total ice volume of 3.69 ± 0.31 km3 and a maximum ice thickness of 290 m were found. The ice-thickness values were then employed as input for a combined glacio-hydrological model forced by most recent regional climate scenarios. This model provided glacier evolution and runoff projections for the period 2010–2100. Runoff projections of the measured initial ice volume distribution show an increase in annual runoff of 4% in the next two decades, followed by a persistent runoff decrease until 2100. Finally, we checked the influence of the ice-thickness distribution on runoff projections. Our analyses revealed that reliable estimates of the ice volume are essential for modelling future glacier and runoff evolution. Wrong estimations of the total ice volume might even lead to deviations of the predicted general runoff trend.
Computer Based Acquisitions System at Texas A&I University
Authors: Morris Ned C.
Published: December 2012

In September 1966, a system was initiated at the University which provides for the use of automatically produced multiple orders and for the use of change chards to update order information on previously placed orders already on disk storage. The system is geared to an IBM 1620 Central Proessing Unit (40K) which has processed a total of 10,222 order transactions the first year. It is believed that the system will lend itself to further development within its existing framework and that it will be capable of handling future work loads.
Creation of Computer Input in an Expanded Character Set
Authors: Black Donald V.
Published: December 2012

Keypunching of an expanded character set for library catalog data is described. The set included 101 different characters. Source documents were shelf list cards, the master record at the University of California Library, Santa Cruz. At the end of February 1967, some 50 million characters, representing more than 110,000 separate titles, had been punched. Some of the considerations leading to the adoption of this method for the creation of machine readable input are given, and details on costs and production rates.
Cost Comparison of Computer Versus Manual Catalog Maintenance
Authors: Kountz John C.
Published: December 2012

Is a computer assisted catalog system less expensive than its manual counterpart? A method for comparing the two was developed and applied to historical data from the Orange County Public Library. Comparative costs obtained were $.89 per entry for computer assisted catalog maintenance versus $1.71 for manual maintenance.
Subject Reference Lists Produced by Computer
Authors: Chen Ching-chih , Kingham E. Robert
Published: December 2012

A system developed to produce fourteen subject reference lists by IBM 360/75 is described in detail. The computerized system has many advantages over conventional manual procedures. The feedback from students and other users is discussed, and some analysis of cost is included.
Conversion of Bibliographic Information to Machine Readable Form Using On-Line Computer Terminals
Authors: Balfour Frederick M.
Published: December 2012

A description of the first six months of a project to convert to machine readable form the entire shelf list of the Libraries of the State University of New York at Buffalo. IBM DATATEXT, the on-line computer service which was used for the conversion, provided an upper- and lower-case typewriter which transmitted data to disk storage of a digital computer. Output was a magnetic tape containing bibliographic information tagged in a modified MARC I format. Typists performed all tagging at the console. All information except diacriticals and non-Roman alphabets was converted. Direct costs for the first six months were $.55 per title.
Bibliographic Retrieval from Bibliographic Input; the Hypothesis and Construction of a Test
Authors: Ruecking, Jr. Frederick H.
Published: December 2012

A study of problems associated with bibliographic retrieval using unverified input data supplied by requesters. A code derived from compression of title and author information to four, four-character abbreviations each was used for retrieval tests on an IBM 1401 computer. Retrieval accuracy was 98.67%
South Africa: A Diceyan Rechtsstaat?
Authors: Venter Francois
Published: December 2012

South Africa’s transformation to constitutionalism in 1994 saw the addition to a mixed legal system of a supreme constitution that requires all law to conform to its provisions, principles, and values. This new constitutional design was developed for the circumstances and modeled on existing liberal democratic constitutions, the most influential of which were Canadian and German.

Adopted in 1993, the first constitution introduced the notion of the “constitutional state” but being only a transitional document, it provided for the creation of a “final” constitution crafted in conformity with prescribed principles. The final constitution, adopted in 1996, made no mention of the “constitutional state”, including instead the expression “rule of law”. Since the constitutional principles laid down in 1993 referred to neither the German “Rechtsstaat”, nor Diceyan “rule of law”, the replacement of the former term by the latter was permissible.

The two constitutional texts did not, however, elaborate on these two terms. It was left to constitutional interpreters, especially the judiciary, to give meaning to these historically disconnected but conceptually related ideas. The result was a completely novel and pervasive constitutional doctrine. The judicial process of merging these notions may be described as “comparison by global assimilation”.
African Customary Marriages in South Africa and the Intricacies of a Mixed Legal System: Judicial (In)novatio or Confusio?
Authors: Rautenbach Christa , du Plessis Willemien
Published: December 2012

South Africa has a mixed legal system comprised of transplanted European laws (the core being Roman-Dutch law, subsequently influenced by English common law) and indigenous laws, referred to as customary law. This mix is also evident in South Africa’s marriage laws, which can roughly be divided into two categories: civil marriages or unions, and African customary marriages. Since 1994, the developments in these two categories of marriage have been revolutionary. The case law reads like a jurisprudential chronicle of factual situations never contemplated by the legislator, and the judiciary must resort to innovation to solve the intricacies of a constitutionalized mixed legal system. To deal with the challenges posed by the interaction of two seemingly equal legal systems in one legal sphere, the courts have followed a variety of approaches including legal positivism, the application of common law principles, and, more recently, the notion of transformative constitutionalism. The primary aim of this essay is to discuss the sometimes innovative and at other times confusing approaches followed by the judiciary in dealing with the complexities created by a mixed legal system, especially with regard to marriages between Africans.
“Dignitizing” Free Speech in Israel: The Impact of the Constitutional Revolution on Free Speech Protection
Authors: Carmi Guy E.
Published: December 2012

This article examines the changes in the approach to the analysis of free speech rights in Israel. It demonstrates the growing shift from the American liberty-based influence in the 1980s to a more dignity-based, and principally Canadian- and German-inspired, model following the adoption of the partial bill of rights in the 1990s. This is demonstrated both by a statistical analysis of the Israeli Supreme Court free speech rulings in the past thirty years and by a substantive analysis of recent rulings in the areas of prior restraint, pornography, and libel.

The statistical findings demonstrate that while human dignity rarely played a role in free speech rulings in the past, it plays a significant role today. Another indication of the “dignitization process” lies in the reference to foreign rulings. Moreover, a substantive examination of the Israeli Supreme Court’s free speech rulings from the last decade reveals the dignitization process both in rhetoric and outcomes.

This article offers a means of strengthening the protection that free speech receives in Israel by divorcing the constitutional protection of free speech from the concept of human dignity, and by focusing on the value of liberty. This can be achieved by the incorporation of the unenumerated right to free speech via the liberty clause within Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty.
L’abus de droit : l’anténorme — Partie 1
Authors: Moyse Pierre-Emmanuel
Published: December 2012

La théorie de l’abus de droit est une théorie de la législation. Elle a pour objectif d’encadrer l’application des droits prescrits par les lois. Le titulaire d’un droit engage sa responsabilité lorsque l’acte qu’il autorise ordinairement est animé par l’intention de nuire. C’est là la formule du Code civil du Québec qui, en 1994, en a consacré le principe. Le principe de responsabilité que pose l’abus demeure toutefois problématique en ce sens qu’il vise des activités que la loi permet a priori. La théorie de l’abus donne en effet aux tribunaux le moyen de lever cette immunité de sorte que l’acte pourtant conforme à la lettre de la loi devient contraire à son esprit, c’est-à-dire au droit. C’est en ce sens que l’on peut dire que l’abus est l’anténorme. Ce principe de superlégalité donne une place de premier plan au pouvoir judiciaire : « par la jurisprudence, mais au-delà de la jurisprudence », écrivait Josserand. Il ne s’agit pas de donner aux tribunaux le droit de légiférer, mais plutôt d’éviter, dans des cas exceptionnels, la tyrannie des droits. L’étude de la théorie de l’abus de droit nous invite à redécouvrir les premiers mouvements de la pensée socialisante du début du vingtième siècle. Est abusif l’usage asocial d’un droit individuel. L’abus doit être ainsi replacé dans le contexte d’une doctrine civiliste fleurissante qui s’inscrit contre la méthode de l’exégèse et le subjectivisme juridique. Mais l’intérêt de son étude n’est pas simplement historique. Elle offre l’hypothèse particulièrement attrayante d’une nouvelle application. Né à une époque où le juriste s’interroge sur les imperfections d’une législation qui se complexifie, l’abus semble tout particulièrement adapté pour s’appliquer dans des disciplines fortement réglementées et sujettes au changement, telle la propriété intellectuelle ; une matière dont on déplore régulièrement les dérives et les abus. Ce texte est la première partie d’un article publié en deux numéros.
Les rapports entre la constitution et les accords politiques dans les États africains : Réflexion sur la légalité constitutionnelle en période de crise
Authors: Mambo Paterne
Published: December 2012

Depuis l’avènement du multipartisme dans certains États africains, des crises plus ou moins violentes y agitent régulièrement la scène politique. Les désaccords entre les gouvernants et l’opposition créent un climat de tensions permanentes, débouchant quelquefois sur des confrontations armées d’une rare violence.

Les acteurs politiques africains recourent assez fréquemment à des accords et autres compromis pour sortir des crises nées de leurs désaccords. Ces arrangements politiques comportent souvent un contenu juridique destiné à pallier les insuffisances et les lacunes de la constitution, dont l’instrumentalisation par le pouvoir exécutif est l’une des causes du malaise des sociétés politiques africaines.

La relation entre la constitution et les conventions politiques en période de crise pose problème. Elle se révèle être une relation à la fois conflictuelle et pacifique, dont les manifestations dépendent des règles en présence. La grille de lecture de l’analyse constitutionnelle classique se trouve affectée par le caractère atypique de cette normativité constitutionnelle pénétrée par la politique. La pyramide des normes, en particulier, est bouleversée par ces accords politiques qui, dans certains cas, sont prioritaires par rapport à la constitution. Cette hétérodoxie normative, dans laquelle la norme constitutionnelle semble affaiblie, a néanmoins l’intérêt de favoriser parfois son enrichissement par la norme politique.
From the Backroom to the Front Line: Making Constitutional History or Encounters with the Constitution: Patriation, Meech Lake, and Charlottetown
Authors: Dawson Mary
Published: December 2012

Toward the end of the previous century, Canadians experienced an unprecedented period of constitutional activity involving changes and proposed changes to our constitution, three referendums, and a series of important court decisions. The patriation of the constitution of Canada was formally proclaimed in Canada on April 17, 1982. The new amending formula was tested in a series of constitutional negotiations. The two most prominent of the proposed amendments, the Meech Lake and Charlottetown Accords, although ultimately unsuccessful, had a very significant impact. A number of other, less extensive amendments were achieved with little controversy. In this lecture, as drafter of the proposed amendments and former legal advisor to the Government of Canada, I will look back on the drama of these events, paying particular attention to the context in which they took place, the different processes that were carried out, the events that were taking place in the backrooms, and the aftermath of some of these initiatives.
Uma viagem pela história da Malacologia
Authors: Colley Eduardo , Simone Luiz Ricardo L. , Silva Jayme de Loyola e
Published: December 2012

O filo Mollusca constitui o segundo maior grupo zoológico conhecido pela ciência. Seus representantes conquistaram com êxito quase todos os ambientes naturais do planeta e são fundamentais para a manutenção do ecossistema em que estão inseridos. Os moluscos configuram entre os animais mais evidentes e intimamente relacionados à sociedade humana desde a pré-história até os dias atuais, sendo importantes como recurso econômico e vetores de doenças. A Malacologia, ciência que se ocupa do estudo sobre moluscos, têm avançado em nível global nas últimas décadas; porém, diante da diversidade e importância atribuída ao grupo, seu conhecimento pode ser considerado ainda incipiente. No Brasil não existe uma área prioritária para ser incrementada dentro da Malacologia e o recurso mais urgente para o desenvolvimento dessa ciência no país é a formação de pessoal especializado para manter e coordenar pesquisas e as coleções científicas.
Ética no uso de animais: A experiência do Comitê de Ética no Uso de Animais da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná
Authors: Fischer Marta Luciane , Oliveira Gracinda Maria D’Almeida e
Published: December 2012

A reflexão acerca da conduta ética do homem diante dos animais passou por inúmeras transformações ao longo da história, sendo a valorização do antropocentrismo e o repúdio ao antropormofismo, mecanismos favorecedores do distanciamento emocional entre humanos e demais animais. A multiplicidade de inter-relações, percepções, posicionamento se condutas direcionaram o questionamento do porquê e em que condições é necessário ser ético diante do sofrimento e bem-estar dos animais. Pensadores, pesquisadores, legisladores e gestores têm procurado parâmetros físicos e emocionais que subsidiem mudanças de paradigmas éticos, morais e legais pela sociedade. A consolidação da visão mecanicista que descreditava a senciência dos animais foi tão efetiva, que atualmente a ciência tem dispendido um grande esforço para provar que os animais possuem emoções e, automaticamente, o direito de serem enquadrados em um estatuto moral. Com o intuito de levantar a reflexão ética a respeito do uso de animais, especialmente no meio acadêmico, o presente ensaio apresenta um histórico das relações éticas entre o homem e demais animais e os principais avanços na ética no uso dos animais nos últimos 60 anos, ressaltando as linhas teóricas de pensamento, os parâmetros de avaliação de bem-estar,a contribuição dos autores na consolidação regional dessa área, a reflexão do impacto social, acadêmico e econômico, bem como as perspectivas futuras.
Ralph João George Hertel
Authors: Kersten Rodrigo de Andrade , Acra Luiz Antonio
Published: December 2012

Procurando resgatar a memória de um dos grandes Botânicos do Paraná, este artigo discorre sobre a vida e a obra de Ralph João George Hertel, professor das Universidades Católica e Federal do Paraná. Formado na primeira turma do curso de História Natural do estado, Hertel é responsável por artigos até hoje influentes. Dentre algumas de suas principais publicações,podem ser citados o artigo de 1949, primeiro no Brasil a considerar ecologia de epífitas vasculares e um dos primeiros no mundo. Merece destaque, também, a série Contribuições para a fitologia teórica, além dos trabalhos sobre estrutura efilogenia de Araucaria angustifolia, até hoje largamente citados.