bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A resource for the in silico identification of fungal polyketide synthases from predicted fungal proteomes
Authors: DELGADO JAVIER A. , AL‐AZZAM OMAR , DENTON ANNE M. , MARKELL SAMUEL G. , GOSWAMI RUBELLA S.
Published: November 2011

The goal of this study was to develop a tool specifically designed to identify iterative polyketide synthases (iPKSs) from predicted fungal proteomes. A fungi‐based PKS prediction model, specifically for fungal iPKSs, was developed using profile hidden Markov models (pHMMs) based on two essential iPKS domains, the β‐ketoacyl synthase (KS) domain and acyltransferase (AT) domain, derived from fungal iPKSs. This fungi‐based PKS prediction model was initially tested on the well‐annotated proteome of Fusarium graminearum, identifying 15 iPKSs that matched previous predictions and gene disruption studies. These fungi‐based pHMMs were subsequently applied to the predicted fungal proteomes of Alternaria brassicicola, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, Verticillium albo‐atrum and Verticillium dahliae. The iPKSs predicted were compared against those predicted by the currently available mixed‐kingdom PKS models that include both bacterial and fungal sequences. These mixed‐kingdom models have been proven previously by others to be better in predicting true iPKSs from non‐iPKSs compared with other available models (e.g. Pfam and TIGRFAM). The fungi‐based model was found to perform significantly better on fungal proteomes than the mixed‐kingdom PKS model in accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and precision. In addition, the model was capable of predicting the reducing nature of fungal iPKSs by comparison of the bit scores obtained from two separate reducing and nonreducing pHMMs for each domain, which was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis of the KS domain. Biological confirmation of the predictions was obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of the KS and AT domains of predicted iPKSs from V. dahliae using domain‐specific primers and genomic DNA, followed by sequencing of the PCR products. It is expected that the fungi‐based PKS model will prove to be a useful tool for the identification and annotation of fungal PKSs from predicted proteomes.
Seasonal changes in vertical distribution patterns of cod (Gadus morhua) in the Bornholm Basin, central Baltic Sea
Authors: SCHABER MATTHIAS , HINRICHSEN HANS‐HARALD , GRÖGER JOACHIM
Published: November 2011

Hydroacoustic single fish detection and corresponding hydrographic measurements were used to study seasonal changes in vertical distribution of adult cod (Gadus morhua) in relation to ambient environmental conditions in the Bornholm Basin, central Baltic Sea. Sampling was conducted in April, June and August covering the years 2006–2009. Vertical distribution of individual fish was resolved from hydroacoustic single‐target detection in combination with a fish‐tracking algorithm and related to ambient hydrographic conditions. Based on a generalized linear effect model, both salinity and oxygen concentration were identified as key parameters affecting cod vertical distribution. Results also showed a clear seasonal effect with a more shallow distribution as the spawning season progressed and oxygen concentrations in the deep parts of the basin deteriorated. The upper limit of the distributional range was mostly constituted by the halocline and remained rather constant, whereas increasing oxygen depletion in the deep water layers lifted the lower boundary of the vertical distribution, leading to the observed upward shift in the overall distribution pattern. The results presented in this study highlight a significant shortcoming of the assessment survey design established for this species, as the observed shift in vertical distribution is not taken into account, thus introducing a potential bias into a data series used to tune the ICES standard stock assessment of this species.
Direct medical costs of care for Chinese patients with colorectal neoplasia: a health care service provider perspective
Authors: Wong Carlos K. H. , Lam Cindy L. K. , Poon Jensen T. C. , McGhee Sarah M. , Law Wai‐Lun , Kwong Dora L. W. , Tsang Janice , Chan Pierre
Published: November 2011

Objectives  To estimate the direct medical cost of colorectal neoplasia (CRN) from newly diagnosed to the completion of the tumour‐specific treatment in the initial year of disease across stages and tumour primary sites.

Methods  Only direct medical costs from the perspective of the health care service provider were incorporated in the cost analysis (in 2009 USD) using a bottom‐up approach. Tumour‐specific treatments of surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy data in the initial year of disease were identified from the 401 CRN adult patients by a review of their medical records. Service utilization for diagnosis, staging, pre‐operative assessment and post‐operative follow‐up consultations was estimated from the recommendations of established surveillance and clinical practice guidelines.

Results  Direct medical cost for the care of a newly diagnosed CRN was ranging from $1941 for low‐risk polyp to $45 115 for stage IV colorectal cancer in the initial year of care. Costs of care showed a gradient increase from $1748 for low‐risk colonic polyps to $42 899 for stage IV colon cancer, and from $2232 for low‐risk rectal polyps to $48 453 for stage IV rectal cancers. Diagnostic/pre‐operative assessment and treatment accounted for most of total costs of colorectal polyp (58.9–76.7%) and cancer (60.8–85.2%) care.

Conclusion  The results provided stage and site‐specific estimations of the direct medical costs of CRN in a Chinese population that can assist policy decision making and facilitate health care service planning and cost‐effectiveness evaluations.
Haloarchaeal myovirus φCh1 harbours a phase variation system for the production of protein variants with distinct cell surface adhesion specificities
Authors: Klein R. , Rössler N. , Iro M. , Scholz H. , Witte A.
Published: November 2011

The φCh1 myovirus, which infects the haloalkaliphilic archaeon Natrialba magadii, contains an invertible region that comprises the convergent open reading frames (ORFs) 34 and 36, which code for the putative tail fibre proteins gp34 and gp36 respectively. The inversion leads to an exchange of the C‐termini of these proteins, thereby creating different types of tail fibres. Gene expression experiments revealed that only ORF34 is transcribed, indicating that φCh1 produces tail fibre proteins exclusively from this particular ORF. Only one of the two types of tail fibres encoded by ORF34 is able to bind to Nab. magadii in vitro. This is reflected by the observation that during the early phases of the infection cycle, the lysogenic strain L11 carries its invertible region exclusively in the orientation that produces that specific type of tail fibre. Obviously, Nab. magadii can only be infected by viruses carrying this particular type of tail fibre. By mutational analysis, the binding domain of gp34 was localized to the C‐terminal part of the protein, particularly to a galactose‐binding domain. The involvement of galactose residues in cell adhesion was supported by the observation that the addition of α‐D‐galactose to purified gp34 or whole virions prevented their attachment to Nab. magadii.
The genetic and structural basis of two distinct terminal side branch residues in stewartan and amylovoran exopolysaccharides and their potential role in host adaptation
Authors: Wang Xiaolei , Yang Fan , von Bodman Susanne B.
Published: November 2011

Stewartan and amylovoran exopolysaccharide (EPS) produced by the plant pathogenic bacteria Pantoea stewartii and Erwinia amylovora are virulence factors in the cause of Stewart's vascular wilt and fire blight. The biosynthesis of amylovoran and stewartan is encoded by a set of homologous operons that have been partially characterized, although some annotations are solely on the basis of sequence homology. The major distinguishing features of these two EPS forms are the presence of a terminal pyruvate in amylovoran and glucose in stewartan, even though the gene systems to account for both are conserved and present in each bacterium. This study explores the genetic, structural and functional differences of amylovoran and stewartan, and their potential role in host adaptation. We report that the pyruvyl transferase gene in P. stewartii is non‐functional, while the terminal glucosyl transferase is catalytically active. Conversely, in E. amylovora, the homologous glucosyl transferase activity appears to be relatively ineffective, while the pyruvyl transferase function predominates. We also show that the terminally pyruvylated versus glucosylated EPS require specific repeating unit translocases (Wzx). We discuss the evolutionary, functional and biological implications of the terminally pyruvylated and glucosylated polymers and their potential contribution to plant and insect host adaptation.
Pediatric health‐related quality of life after intestinal transplantation
Authors: Ngo K. D. , Farmer D. G. , McDiarmid S. V. , Artavia K. , Ament M. E. , Vargas J. , Busuttil R. W. , Colangelo J. , Esmailian Y. , Gordon‐Burroughs S. , Duffy J. , Venick R. S.
Published: November 2011

Ngo KD, Farmer DG, McDiarmid SV, Artavia K, Ament ME, Vargas J, Busuttil RW, Colangelo J, Esmailian Y, Gordon‐Burroughs S, Duffy J, Venick RS. Pediatric health‐related quality of life after intestinal transplantation.  Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15: 849–854. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  As outcomes after ITx improve, greater emphasis is needed on HRQOL. The primary aims of this study were to (i) assess the feasibility of measuring HRQOL in pediatric ITx recipients, (ii) measure HRQOL using validated instruments, and (iii) compare HRQOL in ITx recipients to healthy normal (NL) children. The CHQ and Pediatric Quality of Life (PedsQL4.0) instruments were administered to both patients and parents at outpatient visits. All 24 eligible patients were enrolled. The median age at study enrollment was 6.0 yr (range: 2–18 yr), and the median time from transplant to study enrollment was 2.8 yr (range: 0.5–11.8 yr). The majority of subjects were male (58%), Latino (58%), and liver‐inclusive (92%) recipients. For CHQ and PedsQL4.0, parental responses were significantly lower in multiple categories including physical health and social functioning compared to healthy norms. Patient responses were not different from NL using CHQ but using PedsQL4.0 were significantly lower in the school functioning subcategory and psychosocial health summary score. HRQOL as reported by children and families after ITx is significantly lower in multiple categories compared to NL.
Variable disease progression after successful stem cell transplantation: Prospective follow‐up investigations in eight patients with Hurler syndrome
Authors: Grigull Lorenz , Sykora Karl‐Walter , Tenger Andreas , Bertram Harald , Meyer‐Marcotty Max , Hartmann Hans , Bültmann Eva , Beilken Andreas , Zivicnjak Miroslaw , Mynarek Martin , Osthaus Alexander W. , Schilke Reinhard , Kollewe Katja , Lücke Thomas
Published: November 2011

Grigull L, Sykora K‐W, Tenger A, Bertram H, Meyer‐Marcotty M, Hartmann H, Bültmann E, Beilken A, Zivicnjak M, Mynarek M, Osthaus AW, Schilke R, Kollewe K, Lücke T. Variable disease progression after successful stem cell transplantation: Prospective follow‐up investigations in eight patients with Hurler syndrome.  Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15: 861–869. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  We report the results of a prospective, standardized follow‐up programme of eight children (median age at SCT 1.2 yr) with mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS1H, M. Hurler) transplanted using a fludarabine‐based SCT. SCT resulted in stable engraftment without transplant‐related mortality. All patients are alive, engrafted and in ambulatory care. During follow‐up (median five yr, 1.9–8 yr), six of eight showed developmental delay (two severe, two mild/no), all eight had spinal deformities and one received hip surgery for acetabular dysplasia. Hand surgery for carpal tunnel release and trigger digits was required in five of the patients. The cranio‐cervical junction was narrowed in four patients, one child having already received surgery. CC was present in all patients prior to SCT. It remained unchanged in seven and regressed in one child. Severe cardiac dysfunction was present in two of the eight children before SCT. Cardiac pump function was normal in six patients and ameliorated in two, while valve abnormalities could be detected in six patients. Currently, transplantation seems no longer the major obstacle for MPS1H patients, but the variable musculoskeletal disease progression after successful SCT remains a challenge. Patients with Hurler syndrome need specialized follow‐up care because of their manifold health problems. The standardized follow‐up presented here is a step to optimize care for MPS children and their families after SCT.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients, report of five cases and review of the literature
Authors: Miloh Tamir , Arnon Ronen , Roman Elizabeth , Hurlet Anne , Kerkar Nanda , Wistinghausen Birte
Published: November 2011

Miloh T, Arnon R, Roman E, Hurlet A, Kerkar N, Wistinghausen B. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura in pediatric solid organ transplant recipients, report of five cases and review of the literature.  Pediatr Transplantation 2011: 15: 870–878. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Cytopenias are common among pediatric SOT; however, autoimmune cytopenias are infrequently reported. We report five cases of autoimmune cytopenias in pediatric LT patients: two with isolated IgG‐mediated AIHA, two with ITP, and one with Evans syndrome (ITP and AIHA). All patients were maintained on tacrolimus as immunosuppression. Viral illness commonly preceded the autoimmune cytopenias. All patients responded well to medical therapy (steroids, intravenous immunoglobulin, and rituximab) and lowering tacrolimus serum level. Prognosis appears to be worse when more than one cell line (e.g., Evans syndrome) is affected, and/or there is no preceding viral illness. A critical literature review of autoimmune cytopenias in children following SOT is conducted. Autoimmune cytopenias are a rarely reported complication of pediatric SOT, but clinicians taking care of pediatric transplant recipients need to be aware of this complication.
Practitioner characteristics and the treatment of children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Mitchell Philip B , Levy Florence , Hadzi‐Pavlovic Dusan , Concannon Patrick E , Hutchins Paul , Mulcahy Desmond L , Clarke Simon D , Salmelainen Pia A , Warner Alexandra , Hughes Clifford F
Published: November 2011

Aim:  To investigate whether recent Australian practice conforms to the draft 2009 National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) guidelines on the management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Methods:  Data from the 2007 Special Review on Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents in New South Wales (NSW) were examined.

Results:  Two hundred seven approved stimulant prescribers in NSW responded to a detailed survey on treatment practice (including 121 paediatricians and 67 psychiatrists). Overall, the practice identified in this survey of NSW approved stimulant prescribers was consistent with that recommended in the draft NHMRC guidelines. Paediatricians were more likely to inform families of developmental therapies. Most prescribers (67%) considered stimulants to be the first line of treatment for at least half of their patients. Psychiatrists were more likely to use stimulants as first‐line treatments, while those recently qualified were less likely to prescribe. Half of the prescribers were willing to consider prescribing for children 4 years of age and younger. Paediatricians were more likely to consider prescribing to this age group, while those recently qualified were less likely. There were no significant differences in prescribing practice between child and adult psychiatrists. Most prescribers (67–97%) routinely monitored patients on stimulants for weight, height, blood pressure and academic progress. Psychiatrists were less likely to review these parameters than paediatricians, with this difference being largely due to adult psychiatrists.

Conclusions:  There are significant differences in prescribing practice between paediatricians and psychiatrists. These variations may reflect differing training programs and patient populations, and merit close consideration in any review arising from the publication of the recent NHMRC guideline.
Association of adrenergic receptor gene polymorphisms with adolescent obesity in Taiwan
Authors: Chou Yi‐Chun , Tsai Chi‐Neu , Lee Yun‐Shien , Pei Jen‐Sheng
Published: November 2011

Background:  Polymorphisms of β2‐adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) and β3‐adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) have been reported to be associated with obesity in adults and adolescents, although study results have been controversial. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of polymorphisms of ADRB2 (Arg16Gly, Gln27Glu) and ADRB3 (Trp64Arg) with adolescent obesity in Taiwan.

Methods:  A total of 559 adolescent volunteers with equal numbers female and male were enrolled. Participants were divided into two groups: obese (body mass index [BMI]≥ 95th percentile) and normal weight (BMI 15th–85th percentile). Genomic DNA was extracted from buccal mucosa cells and genotyped in TaqMan assays. Genotype results and clinical subject characteristics were analyzed.

Results:  Among the three ADRB polymorphisms, only Arg16Gly polymorphism was found to be significantly correlated with adolescent obesity, especially in girls. Girls with genotype Gly/Gly had a lower probability of obesity than those with genotypes Arg/Gly or Arg/Arg (P= 0.006; Arg/Gly: odds ratio [OR], 2.57, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.22–5.41; Arg/Arg: OR, 3.03, 95%CI: 1.50–6.12). Girls with genotype Gly/Gly had lower BMI than those with genotype Arg/Arg (P= 0.049). Obese adolescents with genotype Gly/Gly had a lower probability of hypertension than those with genotype Arg/Gly or Arg/Arg (P= 0.005).

Conclusions:  Arg16Gly polymorphism of ADRB2 was significantly associated with obesity in female adolescents, and those with the Gly/Gly genotype were associated with a lower possibility of obesity and lower BMI. This polymorphism was also associated with a lower probability of hypertension in obese adolescents. The other two polymorphisms of ADRB (Gln27Glu and Trp64Arg) were not associated with adolescent obesity in Taiwan.
ENVIRONMENTAL DYNAMICS AND THE LINKS BETWEEN GROWTH, VOLATILITY AND MORTALITY
Authors: Varvarigos Dimitrios
Published: November 2011

I construct a model of a growing economy with pollution. The analysis of the model shows that the interactions between capital accumulation, endogenous lifetime and environmental quality determine both the long‐run growth rate and the pattern of convergence (i.e., monotonic or cyclical) towards the balanced growth path. I argue that such interactions can provide a possible explanatory factor behind the, empirically observed, negative correlation between growth and volatility. Furthermore, the model may capture the observed pattern whereby economic growth and mortality rates appear to be negatively related in the long run, but positively related in the short run.
TILLICHIAN TELEODYNAMICS: AN EXAMINATION OF THE MULTIDIMENSIONAL UNITY OF EMERGENT LIFE
Authors: Pryor Adam
Published: November 2011

Abstract Emergence theory has generated many significant new questions for dialogue between theology and science. My work will examine the models of one emergence theorist, Terrence Deacon, and consider the constructive potential of Tillich's multidimensional unity of life for responding to the theological ramifications of this account of emergence theory. Such a Tillich‐inspired constructive process will rely upon Robert Russell's method of “Creative Mutual Interaction.” Building on the interactive quality of Russell's method, I will also begin to offer suggestions for how Tillich's theological themes might influence scientific research programs using Deacon's emergence theory by contributing to the process of defining life. Finally, I will conclude by identifying three facets of continued research that stem from this analysis, focusing primarily on its implications for theological anthropology and what it means to be in the image of God.
CHURCH TEACHING, PUBLIC ADVOCACY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION
Authors: Christiansen Drew
Published: November 2011

Abstract Adapted from the six 2010 Star Island Chapel Talks, the paper introduces the readers to contemporary Catholic Social Teaching and its application and implementation, particularly in the fields of environmental justice and human rights. An opening vignette explains how ideas about the common good contributed to the defeat of “Takings” legislation aimed at undoing environmental regulation in the 104th Congress (1995–1996). The teaching is presented as a vision of society centered on the communion of persons and creation rather than a discrete set of principles, with human rights and charity being the twin pillars of an evolving tradition. The interaction among ideas, historic events, and social movements is stressed throughout.
OVERCOMING ENERGY GLUTTONY: A PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Irvine William B.
Published: November 2011

Abstract As there are food gluttons, so there are energy gluttons. One difference is that energy gluttons are typically oblivious to how much energy they consume and the source of that energy. Their energy gluttony is a side effect of insatiable desire for material goods, which themselves are often associated with social status. Nonetheless, steps taken to deal with energy gluttony parallel those taken with food gluttony. Typically these fall into three categories: educational, political, and technological. I will examine a fourth, however, best characterized as philosophical. I will show how, by following the advice of the ancient Stoics and training ourselves to care less what others think of us, we can help overcome our desire for social status, resulting in a reduction in our desire for material things and a significant reduction in our personal energy bill. The pessimistic conclusion, however, is that most people are probably unwilling to undergo the self‐analysis and self‐transformation that this philosophical approach requires.
Y‐chromosome O3 Haplogroup Diversity in Sino‐Tibetan Populations Reveals Two Migration Routes into the Eastern Himalayas
Authors: Kang Longli , Lu Yan , Wang Chuanchao , Hu Kang , Chen Feng , Liu Kai , Li Shilin , Jin Li , Li Hui ,   The Genographic Consortium
Published: November 2011

The eastern Himalayas are located near the southern entrance through which early modern humans expanded into East Asia. The genetic structure in this region is therefore of great importance in the study of East Asian origins. However, few genetic studies have been performed on the Sino‐Tibetan populations (Luoba and Deng) in this region. Here, we analyzed the Y‐chromosome diversity of the two populations. The Luoba possessed haplogroups D, N, O, J, Q, and R, indicating gene flow from Tibetans, as well as the western and northern Eurasians. The Deng exhibited haplogroups O, D, N, and C, similar to most Sino‐Tibetan populations in the east. Short tandem repeat (STR) diversity within the dominant haplogroup O3 in Sino‐Tibetan populations showed that the Luoba are genetically close to Tibetans and the Deng are close to the Qiang. The Qiang had the greatest diversity of Sino‐Tibetan populations, supporting the view of this population being the oldest in the family. The lowest diversity occurred in the eastern Himalayas, suggesting that this area was an endpoint for the expansion of Sino‐Tibetan people. Thus, we have shown that populations with haplogroup O3 moved into the eastern Himalayas through at least two routes.
Niche partitioning of fish assemblages in a mountain stream with frequent natural disturbances – an examination of microhabitat in riffle areas
Authors: Lee Pey‐Yi , Suen Jian‐Ping
Published: November 2011

Abstract –  Microhabitat usage by different species of fish was studied to examine the potential for niche partitioning in riffle areas of a mountain river characterised by frequent natural disturbances. We randomly sampled 96 riffle‐area plots (mostly 1 m × 1 m) in a stream in south‐western Taiwan for fish abundance and microhabitat characteristics during the dry season from November 2008 to March 2009. Density and electivity values associated with microhabitat usage indicate the presence of niche partitioning among four major species of fish based largely on flow velocity and water depth. Hemimyzon formosanum, a herbivore, prefers higher velocity and shallower water but avoids sandy substrate. Onychostoma alticorpus, a herbivore, prefers lower velocity and deeper water. Rhinogobius nantaiensis, an omnivore, prefers higher velocity, shallower water and gravel‐sized substrate but avoids boulder substrate. Acrossocheilus paradoxus, an omnivore, prefers lower velocity and deeper water but avoids pebble‐sized substrate. The existence of differentiation of microhabitat preference and overlap of microhabitat usage suggests that interspecific competition is a factor affecting the structure of this fish assemblage, which may remain at early successional stages because of frequent disturbances in the stream. Study results also show that density and electivity detect preference differently. Density detects microhabitat preference for two herbivores while electivity detects microhabitat preference for two omnivores.
Fluorescent fibre‐optic confocal imaging of lesional and non‐lesional psoriatic skin compared with normal skin in vivo
Authors: Suihko Christian , Serup Jørgen
Published: November 2011

Background/aims

Fibre‐optic confocal imaging (FOCI) allows non‐invasive visualization of live skin in vivo. A contrast agent, a fluorophore, is injected in the dermis. FOCI images are optical sections from a horizontal (en face) view. The aim was to study epidermis and the cellular structure of keratinocytes of psoriatic plaques and adjacent non‐lesional with healthy skin as a reference.

Methods

Twelve patients with stable plaque psoriasis were studied and compared with a control group of eight healthy individuals. Fluorescein sodium was used as fluorophore. A hand held fibre‐optic laser scanner (Stratum®; Optiscan Pty., Melbourne, Australia) was used. The study included morphometric analyses.

Results

The confocal in vivo images demonstrated characteristic features of epidermis and keratinocytes in lesional and non‐lesional skin vs. healthy skin. Morphometry based on FOCI demonstrated an approximately 30% increased width of keratinocytes of psoriatic skin vs. healthy control, and the number of keratinocytes per viewing field was reduced. FOCI allowed non‐invasive visualization of cell nuclei and parakeratosis of psoriatic epidermis. The horizontal width of dermal papillae of psoriatic skin was increased by approximately 50% as compared with healthy skin, and the flow of erythrocytes in the papillar vessels could be observed in real‐time.

Conclusion

FOCI can directly visualize essential epidermal structures of plaque psoriasis in vivo, in real‐time and with cellular resolution without the need of taking biopsies and thus without disturbing the natural state of the skin. FOCI is a versatile future tool for non‐invasive microscopic diagnosis and therapy follow‐up of psoriasis.
VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN U.S. METROPOLITAN AREAS: CHANGES IN WOMEN'S STATUS AND RISK, 1980–2004*
Authors: XIE MIN , HEIMER KAREN , LAURITSEN JANET L.
Published: November 2011

This article examines the impact of women's status on rates of violence against women using longitudinal data from the National Crime Survey and National Crime Victimization Survey for 40 U.S. metropolitan areas for the period 1980 to 2004. Drawing on feminist and routine activities perspectives, we specify hypotheses about the association between women's status and violent victimization, some of which predict different effects depending on whether the offender is a stranger, intimate, or known (nonintimate) other. Consistent with feminist and other perspectives, we find that absolute increases in women's labor force participation, income, and education are associated with decreases in intimate partner violence. Our findings also provide limited support for the backlash hypothesis by showing that increases in female labor participation relative to men are associated with increases in intimate partner violence but not with increases in violence by others. Consistent with routine activities theory, the data also indicate that absolute increases in female labor force participation are associated with increases in victimization by strangers and by known others. Furthermore, we find that absolute increases in female voter participation are associated with decreases in violence for all victim–offender relationship categories. The findings thus show that changes in the status of women have both positive and negative associations with violence victimization, and that comparative analyses of different types of violence are necessary for clarifying the sources of violence against women.
Computed Tomography Perfusion Prognostic Maps Do Not Predict Reversible and Irreversible Neurological Dysfunction following Reperfusion Therapies
Authors: Zhao Limin , Barlinn Kristian , Bag Asim K. , Kesani Maruthi , Cava Luis F. , Balucani Clotilde , Alexandrov Anne W. , Horton Joseph A. , Patterson Damon E. , Harrigan Mark R. , Albright Karen C. , Alexandrov Andrei V.
Published: November 2011

Background

We aimed to evaluate the ability of commercially available computed tomography perfusion (CTP) prognostic maps software to identify reversibly and irreversibly damaged brain functions in the best case scenario: patients who achieved early and complete tissue reperfusion.

Methods

Consecutive ischemic stroke patients who received reperfusion therapies, those with early (less than two-hours from treatment initiation) and complete Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction grade III or equivalent reperfusion were included in the analysis. Computed tomography perfusion prognostic maps were assigned as ‘red,’ or irreversible if cerebral blood volume declined below 2 ml/100 g and ‘green,’ or recoverable if the affected/unaffected mean transit time ratio was >1·45. Only patients with middle cerebral artery territory affected were included and subcomponents of the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scale pre- and posttreatment were analyzed based on anatomical correlation of the affected CTP areas and corresponding neurological functions.

Results

Among 109 consecutive patients who had intra-arterial reperfusion procedures, 16 (age 60±17 years, 56% men, median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 13·5, interquartile range 7–18) had pretreatment CTP and had early complete reperfusion. We identified 44 affected areas on CTP (red 12 (27%), green 32 (73%)) with corresponding measurable neurological deficits including aphasia, arm, face weakness, and inattention. Red areas correctly identified 5/12 (42%) of functions that did not recover despite early reperfusion. Green areas correctly identified 18/32 (56%) of functions that recover after early reperfusion (OR 0·92, 95% CI 0·25–3·39, P=1·0).

Conclusions

In-patients achieving early and complete reperfusion, pretreatment CTP prognostic maps were not predictive for irreversibly or reversibly lost neurologic functions.
Circuit Class or Seven-Day Therapy for Increasing Intensity of Rehabilitation after Stroke: Protocol of the CIRCIT Trial
Authors: Hillier Susan , English Coralie , Crotty Maria , Segal Leonie , Bernhardt Julie , Esterman Adrian
Published: November 2011

Rationale

There is strong evidence for a dose–response relationship between physical therapy early after stroke and recovery of function. The optimal method of maximizing physical therapy within finite health care resources is unknown.

Aims

To determine the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of two alternative models of physical therapy service delivery (seven-days per week therapy services or group circuit class therapy over five-days a week) to usual care for people receiving inpatient rehabilitation after stroke.

Design

Multicenter, three-armed randomized controlled trial with blinded assessment of outcomes.

Study

A total of 282 people admitted to inpatient rehabilitation facilities after stroke with an admission functional independence measure (FIM) score within the moderate range (total 40–80 points or motor 38–62 points) will be randomized to receive one of three interventions: • usual care therapy over five-days a week • standard care therapy over seven-days a week, or • group circuit class therapy over five-days a week. Participants will receive the allocated intervention for the length of their hospital stay. Analysis will be by intention-to-treat.

Outcomes

The primary outcome measure is walking ability (six-minute walk test) at four-week postintervention with three- and six-month follow-up. Economic analysis will include a costing analysis based on length of hospital stay and staffing/resource costs and a cost-utility analysis (incremental quality of life per incremental cost, relative to usual care). Secondary outcomes include walking speed and independence, ability to perform activities of daily living, arm function, quality of life and participant satisfaction.
Time to Adapt to a Warming World, But Where's the Science?
Authors: Kerr Richard A.
Published: November 2011

With dangerous global warming seemingly inevitable, users of climate information—from water utilities to international aid workers—are turning to climate scientists for guidance. But usable knowledge is in short supply.
Increased Susceptibility to DNA Virus Infection in Mice with a GCN2 Mutation
Authors: Won Sungyong , Eidenschenk Celine , Arnold Carrie N. , Siggs Owen M. , Sun Lei , Brandl Katharina , Mullen Tina-Marie , Nemerow Glen R. , Moresco Eva Marie Y. , Beutler Bruce
Published: November 2011

The downregulation of translation through eIF2α phosphorylation is a cellular response to diverse stresses, including viral infection, and is mediated by the GCN2 kinase, protein kinase R (PKR), protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), and heme-regulated inhibitor kinase (HRI). Although PKR plays a major role in defense against viruses, other eIF2α kinases also may respond to viral infection and contribute to the shutdown of protein synthesis. Here we describe the recessive, loss-of-function mutation
atchoum
(
atc
) in
Eif2ak4
, encoding GCN2, which increased susceptibility to infection by the double-stranded DNA viruses mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and human adenovirus. This mutation was identified by screening macrophages isolated from mice carrying
N
-ethyl-
N
-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced mutations. Cells from

Eif2ak4
atc/atc

mice failed to phosphorylate eIF2α in response to MCMV. Importantly, homozygous

Eif2ak4
atc

mice showed a modest increase in susceptibility to MCMV infection, demonstrating that translational arrest dependent on GCN2 contributes to the antiviral response
in vivo
.
New 9-methyl-8-(4-hydroxyphenyl)adenine derivatives as A1 adenosine receptor antagonists
Authors: Lambertucci Catia , Buccioni Michela , Cacciari Barbara , Dal Ben Diego , Federico Stephanie , Klotz Karl-Norbert , Marucci Gabriella , Volpini Rosaria , Spalluto Giampiero , Cristalli Gloria
Published: November 2011

A new series of 9-methyladenines, bearing different bulky groups at the 8-position, were prepared and their affinity for the four human adenosine receptor subtypes were evaluated. All the synthesized compounds showed affinities at the A1, A2A, and A3AR subtypes ranging from nanomolar to micromolar levels with different degrees of A1selectivity, while they resulted nearly inactive at A2BAR. In particular, 9-methyl-8-[4-(4-methylbenzyloxy)phenyl]- adenine showed A1AR affinity in the nanomolar range and good levels of selectivity versus the other receptor subtypes. Furthermore, a functional assay at mouse ileum allowed to assess the potency of selected compounds at A1AR subtype. Results showed that all the tested derivatives are neutral antagonists and theirKbvalues are in good agreement with theKivalues from radioligand binding assay at human A1AR, confirming that the effect is due to inhibition of this subtype.
Fluorescent oligonucleotides containing a novel perylene 2′-amino-α-L-LNA monomer: Synthesis and analytical potential
Authors: Astakhova Irina V. , Kumar T. Santhosh , Wengel Jesper
Published: November 2011

Herein, a novel fluorescent nucleotide analogue, perylene-2′-amino-α-L-LNA, has been prepared and studied within synthetic oligonucleotides of different sequences. The phosphoramidite reagent was synthesized in 85% overall yield starting from 2′-amino-α-L-LNA nucleoside. Incorporation efficiency of the resulting perylene-2′-amino-α-L-LNA monomer (T*) into synthetic oligonucleotides was significantly improved by replacement of the typically used 1H-tetrazole activator with pyridine hydrochloride. Generally, oligonucleotides containing monomerT* showed high binding affinity towards complementary DNA and RNA targets, batochromically shifted excitation/emission wavelengths with respect to the often applied polyaromatic hydrocarbon pyrene, high fluorescent quantum yields and very low target detection limits (5–10 nM). Fluorescence of single stranded LNA/DNA mixmer oligonucleotide having two incorporations of monomersT* was quenched (quantum yield ΦF= 0.21) relative to duplexes of this probe with complementary DNA and RNA (ΦF= 0.42 and 0.35, respectively). On the contrary, a strong fluorescence quenching upon target binding was demonstrated by two short oligonucleotides of analogues sequences containing monomersT* at 5′- and 3′-terminal positions. We explain the hybridization-induced light-up effect observed for double-labeled probe by a reduction of fluorescence quenching due to precise positioning of the fluorophores within the double-stranded complexes. Furthermore, we propose that a covalent link between twoT* monomers in the double-labeled probe provides a remarkable degree of rigidity in the double helix which enforces positioning of the bulky perylene moieties in the nonpolar groove resulting in reduced fluorescence quenching.
Is compressive load a factor in the development of tendinopathy?
Authors: Cook JL , Purdam C
Published: November 2011

Tendons are designed to take tensile load, but excessive load can cause overuse tendinopathy. Overuse tendinopathy results in extensive changes to the cells and extracellular matrix, resulting in activated cells, increase in large proteoglycans and a breakdown of the collagen structure. Within these pathological changes, there are areas of fibrocartilaginous metaplasia, and mechanotransduction models suggest that this response could be due to compressive load. As load management is a cornerstone of treating overuse tendinopathy, defining the effect of tensile and compressive loads is important in optimising the clinical management of tendinopathy.

This paper examines the potential role of compressive loads in the onset and perpetuation of tendinopathy, and reviews the anatomical, epidemiological and clinical evidence that supports consideration of compressive loads in overuse tendinopathy.
Injury incidence in qualification runs versus final runs in FIS World Cup snowboard cross and ski cross
Authors: Steenstrup Sophie E , Bere Tone , Flørenes Tonje W , Bahr Roald , Nordsletten Lars
Published: November 2011

Background

In the International Ski Federation (FIS), World Cup (WC) snowboard cross (SBX) and ski cross (SX), the injury incidence in individual qualification runs versus final runs in heats of four athletes is unknown.

Objective

To investigate the injury incidence in individual qualification runs versus final runs of SBX and SX.

Methods

Injuries were recorded by the FIS injury surveillance system (FIS ISS) through retrospective athlete interviews at the end of each season during four WC seasons (2006–2010). A total of 713 athletes (345 SBX and 368 SX) were interviewed. Time-loss injuries occurring during SBX and SX competitions were included. Injury incidence was expressed as the relative injury rate (per 1000 runs).

Results

For SBX, the injury incidence per 1000 runs in finals was 12.1 vs 6.1 in qualifications (RR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1–3.5). The injury incidence was 12.9 in finals and 4.4 in qualifications (RR 2.9, 95% CI 1.4–6.2) for SBX males and 10.5 vs 9.3 (RR 1.1, 95% CI 0.5–2.8) for females. For SX, the injury incidence in finals was 12.4 and 9.2 in qualifications (RR 1.4, 95% CI 0.8–2.3). The injury incidence for SX males was 13.6 in finals vs 8.8 in qualifications (RR 1.5, 95% CI 0.8–3.1) and10.8 vs 9.8 (RR 1.1, 95% CI 0.5–2.6) for females.

Conclusion

The injury incidence was significantly higher in final runs compared with qualification runs in SBX for males. For SBX females and in SX, no significant differences were found.
TRACKING OF VORTICAL STRUCTURES IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL DECAYING HOMOGENEOUS ISOTROPIC TURBULENCE
Authors: ABDEL-KAREEM WALEED
Published: November 2011

Direct numerical simulation of three-dimensional decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence with a resolution of 1283 is carried out using the Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM). The aim of this paper is to investigate the statistical characteristics of the obtained turbulent flow field and the behavior of the vortical structures. Most of the LBM simulations of decaying turbulence were mainly focused on the statistical results of the velocity field, however the characteristics of the coherent vortices and their time evolution are ignored. In this paper, the statistical properties of the velocity field as well as the extraction and tracking processes of individual vortices are considered. Results show that the present simulation could recover important features of turbulence such as isotropy, skewness, energy spectrum and elongated vortical structures. A vortex ring is identified in the flow field which can be considered as a sign for the existence of vortex rings in homogeneous isotropic turbulence. Forward and reverse tracking of individual vortical structures shows that vortex rings can be generated from the interaction and the overlapping of vortex tubes.
Role of blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin system in development of diabetic nephropathy (DN) in eNOS−/− db/db mice
Authors: Zhang Ming-Zhi , Wang Suwan , Yang Shilin , Yang Haichun , Fan Xiaofeng , Takahashi Takamune , Harris Raymond C.
Published: November 2011

Randomized clinical trials have clearly shown that inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) will slow the rate of progression of diabetic nephropathy, but controversy remains about whether the observed beneficial effects result from more than control of blood pressure. Deletion of eNOS in a model of type II diabetes, db/db mice (eNOS−/− db/db), induces an accelerated nephropathy and provides an excellent model of human diabetic nephropathy. As is frequently seen in type II diabetes, blood pressure is moderately elevated in eNOS−/− db/db mice. To determine the role of elevated blood pressure per se vs. additional deleterious effects of the RAS in mediation of disease progression, 8-wk-old eNOS−/− db/db mice were randomly divided into three groups: vehicle, treatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) captopril, or treatment with “triple therapy” (hydralazine, resperine, hydrocholorothiazide), and the animals were euthanized after treatment for 12 wk. Blood pressure was reduced to comparable levels with ACE inhibition or triple therapy. Although both treatment regimens decreased development of diabetic nephropathy, ACE inhibition led to more profound reductions in albuminuria, glomerulosclerosis, markers of tubulointerstitial injury, macrophage infiltration, and markers of inflammation. Therefore, this animal model suggests that while there is an important role for blood pressure control, RAS blockade provides additional benefits in slowing the progression of diabetic nephropathy.
Potassium excretion during antinatriuresis: perspective from a distal nephron model
Authors: Weinstein Alan M.
Published: November 2011

Renal excretion of Na+and K+must be regulated independently within the distal nephron, but is complicated by the fact that changing excretion of one solute requires adjustments in the transport of both. It is long known that hypovolemia increases Na+reabsorption while impairing K+excretion, even when distal Na+delivery is little changed. Renewed interest in this micropuncture observation came with identification of the molecular defects underlying familial hyperkalemic hypertension (FHH), which also increases distal Na+reabsorption and impairs K+excretion. In this work, a mathematical model of the distal nephron (Weinstein AM. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 295: F1353–F1364, 2008), including the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), connecting segment (CNT), and collecting duct (CD), is used to examine renal K+excretion during antinatriuresis. Within the model, Na+avidity is represented as the modulation of DCT NaCl reabsorption, and the K+secretion signal is an aldosterone-like effect on principal cells of the CNT and CD. The first model prediction is that changes in DCT NaCl reabsorption are not mediated by NaCl cotransporter density alone, but require additional adjustments of both peritubular Na-K-ATPase and KCl cotransport. A second observation is that the CNT response to increased DCT Na+reabsorption should not only stabilize CD K+delivery but also compensate for the compromise of K+excretion downstream, as low Na+delivery increases CD K+reabsorption. Such anticipatory regulation is seen with the aldosterone response of hypovolemia, while the FHH phenotype manifests enhanced DCT NaCl transport but a blunted aldosterone effect. The model emphasizes the need for two distinct signals to the distal nephron, regulating Na+excretion and K+excretion, in contrast to a single switch apportioning NaCl reabsorption and Na+-for-K+exchange.
A Case of Torsion of Gravid Uterus Caused by Leiomyoma
Authors: Deshpande Gururaj , Kaul Rajesh , P. Manjuladevi
Published: November 2011

Uterine torsion during pregnancy is only sporadically reported in the literature. Here we present a case of leiomyoma causing uterine torsion in pregnancy and review the literature on etiology, diagnosis, and management. A 25-years-old primigravida with leiomyoma complicating pregnancy was admitted in our hospital with abdominal pain and uterine tenderness. She underwent emergency LSCS (lower segment cesarean section) for fetal bradycardia. Intraoperatively, the uterus was rotated 180 degrees left to right. Inadvertent incision on the posterior wall was avoided by proper delineation of anatomy. Torsion was corrected by exteriorization of leiomyoma and uterus, and lower segment cesarean was carried out safely. Prompt recognition and management of this condition is necessary for better maternal and fetal outcome.
A Survey of Adaptive and Real-Time Protocols Based on IEEE 802.15.4
Authors: Xia Feng , Hao Ruonan , Cao Yang , Xue Lei
Published: November 2011

The IEEE 802.15.4 standard is a protocol that has been widely used in many applications exploiting wireless sensor networks (WSNs). However, it does not provide any means of differentiated services to improve the quality of service (QoS) for time-critical and delay-sensitive events. Furthermore, adaptive throughput performance for individual nodes cannot be supported with the current specifications. In this survey paper, we first discuss the negative aspects of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC in contention access period, contention-free period, and the overall cross-period, respectively, in terms of adaptive and real-time guarantees. We then give an overview on some interesting mechanisms used in existing adaptive and real-time protocols in compliance with IEEE 802.15.4. Careful examination of such research works reveals that by optimizing the original specifications and dynamically adjusting the protocol parameters, the total network efficiency can be significantly improved. Nevertheless, there are still certain challenges to overcome in pursuing the most appropriate protocol without introducing any unacceptable side effects.