bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metals concentration in freshwater fish from Doce River and the influences of the Samarco’s Dam collapse, Mariana, Brazil
Authors:   , Ferreira Frederico Fernandes
Published: February 2023

The Rio Doce basin is located in southeastern Brazil, in the states of Minas Gerais (MG) and Espírito Santo (ES). The basin is characterized by intense economic activity, which, added to the high population density and historical processes of extractivism, makes it one of the Brazilian drainages most impacted by human activities. With the disposal of domestic sewage, agricultural and industrial inputs in the channel of the Doce River and its tributaries, violations of water quality parameters such as total phosphate and fecal coliforms are historically recorded for the basin. The collapse of the SAMARCO dam threw 62 tons of tailings into the Doce River channel. Covering fish microhabitats, foraging and breeding areas, aggravating the state of degradation of the basin and modifying the physical and chemical characteristics of the river bed sediment. The tailings avalanche turned over the river bottom, resuspending the sediment and bio making available metals that were previously trapped in lower river layers. The composition of the tailings is mainly silica and iron oxides, but studies indicate high levels of other elements such as Aluminum, Arsenic and Manganese. Thus, the tailings contributed directly and indirectly to the mobilization of metals for the aquatic biota. Bioaccumulation within fish and biomagnification of metals in the food chain can generate irreversible impacts on aquatic biota given its persistence in biota, not being decomposed, increasing its toxicity. Our results indicate mercury biomagnification and bioaccumulation of several elements such as arsenic and mercury, for several of the studied species, and the result varies in an interspecific way. Some species are more subject to bioaccumulation, among them those with piscivorous and benthic habits stand out. These groups should be a priority target for monitoring the concentrations of metals in the ichthyofauna with a focus on food security and maintenance of fish communities in the basin. Among the tributaries studied, the Gualaxo do Norte and Carmo rivers deserve special attention, mainly due to the high mercury values recorded for the region's ichthyofauna. The historic gold extraction process in the region and the leaching and contamination of aquatic biota makes these tributaries the main target for monitoring and bioremediation studies. Keywords: Fish. arsenic. Mercury. Bioaccumulation. Trophic level.
Síndrome de Takotsubo: complicación cardiovascular del accidente cerebrovascular
Authors: Leiva Abanto Claudio , Medina Palomino Félix , Anchante Hernández Henry , Dueñas Carvajal Roy
Published: February 2023

An 82-year-old woman, Katz A, with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and high blood pressure, was admitted for ischemic stroke complicated by Takotsubo ́s syndrome with subsequent readmission for atrial fibrillation after discharge. These three clinical events have criteria to be integrated as a Brain Heart Syndrome, which is a high-risk condition for mortality.
Causes, Effects and Potential Health Risk of Gully Erosion Menace in Calabar Municipal: Residence Perspective
Authors: Bassey Bassey
Published: February 2023

Purpose: The present study sought to investigate the potential health risk associated with gully erosion in addition to environment effect which is commonly investigated upon by researchers. The prevalence of gullies in Calabar Municipal was also a unique factor in this study.

Methodology: Data were gathered from both primary and secondary sources. The main instrument for gathering primary data was the questionnaire design by the researcher and validated with a reliability coefficient of .76. Descriptive statistics of mean, and graphs were used to answer the research questions while the hypotheses were tested using dependent t-test at .05 level of significant.

Findings: The findings revealed that human activities such as farming, intensive and short-period rainfall, improper land use, improper irrigation design, improper discharge of water in the channels¸ soil characteristics where the cause of gully erosion in the study area; while open grassing was not part of the cause of gully erosion in the study area. it was further discovered that effect of gully erosion included, Loss of farmland, threat to vegetations and biodiversity, loss of properties, increase poverty and famine, expansion of degraded land, increase surface runoff, low agricultural production, environmental destruction with significant health implication p<.00<.05.

Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: The study concluded that there is need for adequate funding, committed political will (not lip-service) and well-articulated sustainable policies are required in other to solve the problems of gully erosion in Calabar municipal.
Metode Studi Kasus dalam Penelitian Kualitatif
Authors: Assyakurrohim Dimas , Ikhram Dewa , Sirodj Rusdy A , Afgani Muhammad Win
Published: February 2023

Penelitian ditujukan memecahkan masalah yang dihadapi untuk pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan permasalahan umat manusia. Jawaban masalah tersebut menggunakan pendekatan ilmiah (scientific approach) yang pada gilirannya melahirkan metode ilmiah (scientific method). Metode penelitian berisi jenis penelitian yang digunakan peneliti untuk memecahkan masalah penelitian. Berbagai ragam metode atau teknik penelitian antara lain: metode penelitian korelasi, eksperimen, kausal komparatif, deskriptif, evaluasi, kebijakan, tindakan kelas, sejarah, survey, studi kasus, pengembangan dan metode penelitian kepustakaan. Dalam mengkaji tulisan ini menggunakan metode penelitian kepustakaan (library research) dengan mengkaji kritis dan mendalam terhadap bahan-bahan pustaka yang relevan dengan materi seperti buku dan jurnal yang layak dijadikan referensi. Metode studi kasus lebih disukai untuk penelitian kualitatif. Seperti yang diungkapkan oleh Patton bahwa kedalaman dan detail suatu metode kualitatif berasal dari sejumlah kecil studi kasus. Semuanya ini merupakan suatu fenomena yang menarik untuk dipertanyakan. Studi kasus menjadi berguna apabila seseorang/peneliti ingin memahami suatu permasalahan atau situasi tertentu dengan amat mendalam  dan dimana orang dapat mengidentifikasi kasus yang kaya dengan informasi,  kaya dalam pengertian bahwa suatu persoalan besar dapat dipelajari dari beberapa contoh fenomena dan biasanya dalam bentuk pertanyaan.
Penggunaan Metode Etnografi dalam Penelitian Sosial
Authors: Sari Meisy Permata , Wijaya Adi Kusuma , Hidayatullah Bagus , Sirodj Rusdy A , Afgani Muhammad Win
Published: February 2023

Etnografi adalah termasuk salah satu pendekatan dari penelitian kualitatif. Penelitian etnografi dibidang pendidikan diilhami oleh penelitian sejenis yang dikembangkan dalam bidang sosiologi dan antropologi. Penelitian etnografi pernah dilakukan oleh peneliti Bernama Jonathan Kozol, dalam rangka melukiskan perjuangan dan impian para warga kulit hitam dalam komunitas yang msikin dan terpinggirkan di daerah Bronx, New York. Penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan ini kemudian banyak diterapkan dalam meneliti lingkungan pendidikan disekolah. Tujuan dari artikel ini adalah untuk mengantarkan pembaca dalam memahami langkah langkah penggunaan metode etnografi dalam penelitian sosial. Dalam tulisan ini dipaparkan tentang apa itu penelitian etnografi, ciri-ciri peeenelitian etnografi, jenis-jenis penelitian etnografi, karakteristik penelitian etnografi, kemudian prosedur penelitian etnografi dan hal-hal apa saja yang harus diperhatikan dalam penelitian etnografi. Kelebohan dan kekurangan penelitian etnografi juga diulas dalam tulisan ini.
Influence of Social Responsibility Projects on the Holistic Development of Secondary School Students
Authors: Das Madhubanti , Roy Rupsha
Published: February 2023

This Study tries to investigate the impact of demographic profile, moral science and social service, more specifically the social responsibility in developing secondary school students’ perception about social responsibility and how they contribute towards their holistic development. This is exploratory research based on a modest sample of 120 respondents drawn from various secondary schools in Kolkata, India through judgement sampling method.
Role of Performance-Related Pay in the Global Financial Crisis
Authors: Agrawal Chetan
Published: February 2023

The global financial crisis has been fiercely debated. Researchers have proposed several reasons ranging from weak regulatory mechanisms to fiscal policies as leading to the ultimate crash of the financial markets. In this article, we discuss how performance-related pay1 (PRP) played a crucial role. This article argues that PRP encouraged quantity over quality, and shorttermism over long-termism thereby affecting the stability of the financial system. Furthermore, pay design was structured in a manner that it was insulated from long-term shareholder value and losses to capital contributors other than shareholders, which led to executives indulging in risk taking because their focus was short term. This is not to say that one can negate other factors responsible for the crisis, such as regulatory shortcomings2 with regard to risk taking and capital requirements, and asset bubbles due to global factors making the operational environment of the companies riskier
Impact of Development-induced Displacement on Children: A Study in Jammu Region
Authors: Aryan Sudesh
Published: February 2023

India focused on various development projects like dams, power plants, highways, etc. after independence. Proverbially regarded as symbols of modern India, they enabled the country to kickstart a forward journey towards self-reliance and economic development, especially through the Five Year Plans. While an array of development projects laid the foundations of a prosperous nation, they also resulted in large scale displacement of citizens who faced loss of land and livelihood without much relief due to lacunae in land acquisition laws prevailing in the country.
THE COMPENSATION POLICY FOR NON-PERMANENT EMPLOYEES DURING THE PANDEMIC TOURISM SERVICE OF BOALEMO DISTRICT
Authors: Neno Rikriyanto , Rachman Azis , Musa Maman
Published: February 2023

This research aims to find out the compensation policy for temporary employees during the pandemic of the Boalemo Regency Tourism Office.

       This research is descriptive qualitative. The data collection techniques used in this research was observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation.

       The research results showed that financial compensation was very influential on non-permanent employees at the Tourism Office, both from salaries, incentives, bonuses, and allowances; it was clear from the current pandemic conditions. Based on the results obtained, some policies needed to be considered by local governments. As well as the Tourism Office providing financial compensation, including incentives and bonuses, there was no budget for the two types of compensation provided by the Tourism Office to non-permanent employees and ASN. Meanwhile, non-financial compensation also influenced work motivation for all employees in the Tourism Office, non-financial compensation for employees such as providing facilities and a comfortable work environment.
ANALYSIS OF THE LEVEL OF RESPONSIBILITY OF APPLIANCES IN IMPLEMENTING TASKS IN PANGEYA VILLAGE WINOSARI DISTRICT BOALEMO DISTRICT
Authors: Igris Isfan y. , Darman  , Anani Siske
Published: February 2023

This study aims 1) To carry out the level of responsibility of the apparatus in carrying out tasks in Pangeya Village. And 2) To increase the understanding of the apparatus in carrying out functions in Pangeya Village. The method in this research is qualitative with a descriptive approach. According to Miles and Huberman, the data analysis technique used is the data analysis technique, where the activities in data analysis are data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. The results of the study show as follows: 1) Organizational responsibility in Pangeya Village is considered not to be running well because there are still several concepts that are not by the needs, especially in carrying out services to the community. 2) Political responsibility in Pangeya Village is considered to have not formed a decision to implement services due to differences in duties and others. 3) Legal responsibility is carried out in carrying out the task because the policies are adjusted to the responsibility in seeing the existing conditions with the existing policies. 4) Professional responsibility with provisions in carrying out the responsibilities of tasks carried out with existing provisions in improving the quality of existing work in carrying out Pangeya Village services.
Electrochemical Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Beams with Different Flexural Tensile Stresses in the Steel Reinforcement
Authors: Moreno-Herrera J. , Visairo-Méndez R. , Varela-Rivera J. , Balancán-Zapata M. , Castro-Borges P.
Published: February 2023

In this work, the electrochemical and structural behavior of reinforced concrete beams subjected to flexure is studied. Eight beams with and without corrosion were considered. The study variable was the tensile stress in the longitudinal steel reinforcement. Stresses of 40% and 80% of the yielding stress of steel were considered. The beams were subjected to sustained loads using a post-tensioning system. Corrosion in the steel reinforcement was induced by chloride contamination of fresh concrete and wet and dry cycles. The corrosion rate of the steel, as well as the resistivity and concentration of chlorides of the concrete, were measured. The beams were tested two times using a four-point loading system. The first one before that corrosion was induced; a load associated with the target tensile stress in the steel reinforcement was applied to determine the initial structural parameters of the beams: crack pattern, crack resistance, and initial and postcrack stiffness. The second time after the corrosion was induced; incremental loads were applied until the failure of beams to determine the change in yielding and maximum strength, as well as the postyielding stiffness of the beams. It was found that the electrochemical behavior of the beams with corrosion was similar regardless of the tensile stress in the steel considered (40% or 80%). The measured electrochemical parameters indicated a high level of corrosion in accordance with Mexican standards; however, from the structural point of view, the strength and stiffness were not significantly affected by the corrosion status. Beams with electrochemical parameters associated with a higher level of corrosion are needed to study the initial degradation of the structural parameters, for example, strength degradation.
A extinção do Ministério do Esporte no Brasil: uma análise da seção temática v.31 n.60/2019 da revista Motrivivência
Authors: Souza Neidiana Braga da Silva , Menezes Murillo Lago , Souza Juliano de , Starepravo Fernando Augusto
Published: February 2023

O presente ensaio visa apresentar, explorar e discutir sobre os desdobramentos da extinção do Ministério do Esporte no campo científico-acadêmico da educação Física. No cerne dos procedimentos metodológicos, trata-se de um estudo exploratório de abordagem qualitativa, sendo a técnica de coleta e análise de dados documental. Para tal, foram analisados os artigos publicados em 2019 pela Revista de Educação Física, Esporte e Lazer – conhecida nacionalmente como Motrivivência – numa sessão temática, especificamente voltada para as discussões sobre a extinção do Ministério do Esporte. A edição foi composta por um editorial e seis artigos. Os dados analisados, demonstram que há uma tendência a um foco estrutural nas investigações. Por fim, novos estudos precisam ser realizados, com vistas a compreender as causalidades e os impactos a médio e longo prazo do fim do Ministério do Esporte no Brasil.
Evaluation in Ayres Sensory Integration® (EASI) Tactile Perception Tests: Construct Validity and Internal Reliability
Authors: Schaaf Roseann C. , Wright Kelly Auld , Mailloux Zoe , Grady Patricia , Parham L. Diane , Roley Susanne Smith , Bundy Anita
Published: February 2023

Importance: Assessment of tactile perception is foundational for addressing aspects of occupational performance.

Objective: To evaluate the construct validity and internal reliability of four new tactile perception tests.

Design: Causal comparative groups design.

Settings: Homes, schools, and therapy practices across the United States.

Participants: Children ages 3 to 12 yr: typically developing (n = 174) and those with sensory integration concerns (n = 153).

Outcomes and Measures: Rasch analyses to evaluate construct validity; analysis of covariance to evaluate group differences.

Results: The Rasch model confirmed evidence of construct validity for each of the four tests. The typically developing group scored significantly higher than the clinical group on all tests (η2p = .040–.105, p < .001). Person reliability indices and strata indicated moderate to strong internal reliability (Rasch person reliability indices = .69–.87; strata = 2.33–3.82).

Conclusions and Relevance: The Evaluation in Ayres Sensory Integration® (EASI) Tactile Perception Tests are reliable and valid measures for assessing tactile perception in children ages 3 to 12 yr. Findings suggest that these tests are likely to be clinically useful and appropriate for children in this age range and may provide critical information regarding underlying sensory functions necessary for optimal occupational performance.

What This Article Adds: This article provides data supporting the reliability and validity of the EASI Tactile Perception Tests in a U.S. sample. These assessments can be used by therapists trained in their administration to assess tactile functions that may affect participation in activities, tasks, and occupations.
LOCAL COMMUNITY’S ACCEPTANCE OF MANGROVE FOREST AS A SUSTAINABLE TOURISM PRODUCT: A PRELIMINARY FINDINGS
Authors: Talib Hamimah , Zaidon Nurnadhira Najwa , Rashid Rosmalina Abdul , Chan Jennifer Kim Lian
Published: February 2023

The study was conducted to examine the local community's acceptance towards mangrove forest as a sustainable tourism product in Kampung Rampayan Laut and Kampung Nanamun, Kota Belud, Sabah, Malaysia. In addition to the above, it is also to determine the level of knowledge of the local community on the importance of mangrove forests as well as to determine the level of willingness of the local community to participate in mangrove forest management. These two specific sites were selected due to the increasing tourists influx in the area for mangrove forest river-cruise and fireflies watching. Purposive sampling technique was used which involved distribution of questionnaires to 150 respondents from both Kampung Rampayan Laut and Kampung Nanamun, which is about 10% from the actual population size. Likert scale was used in the questionnaire form, ranging from one which represents strongly disagree to five which represents strongly agree for each item to measure respondents’ level of acceptance, knowledge, and willingness to participate in mangrove forest management. The study found that the level of local communities acceptance is high which supports the efforts to make mangrove forest as a sustainable tourism product. This study also found that local communities have the basic knowledge on the importance of mangrove forests to the ecosystems and are willing to be involved in mangrove management. This study has identified the community’s acceptance towards mangrove forest as a sustainable tourism product through their perception of benefits acquired through mangrove forest tourism which could be used as a baseline data for wetland resource management to ensure sustainability.
LOCAL COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT IN GEOTOURISM HIKING IN KAMPUNG KINIRASAN, RANAU, SABAH
Authors: Johunis Elyria Crystta , Talib Hamimah , Abdul Rahsid Rosmalina , Kamlun Kamlisa Uni , Chan Jennifer Kim Lian
Published: February 2023

Geotourism is a form of sustainable tourism that focuses on the knowledge of the geological features of the earth by encouraging understanding, appreciation and conservation of the environment and culture as well as providing benefits to the local community. It was created to improve the well-being and standard of living of the local community through involvement in tourism while preserving the local environment, culture and heritage. This study was conducted to examine the level of readiness, acceptance and involvement of the local community in geotourism-hiking project around Bukit Balingkadus, Kampung Kinirasan, Ranau. Quantitative research is done by distributing questionnaires to the respondents. The results of the analysis showed that the local community is ready to get involved in the geotourism-hiking project. Incentives and returns earned will encourage their enthusiasm to be actively involved in this project. The project is also seen to be able to open new employment opportunities and raising the living standards of the local community. Cooperation between all parties is essential in order to achieve the sustainable development objectives of the geotourism-hiking project carried out. Further studies need to be conducted in the future.
GENERATIONAL COHORT ANALYSIS OF MALAYSIAN DOMESTIC TOURISTS
Authors: Adnan Syuhada Farhana , Omar Shida Irwana
Published: February 2023

As a result of the COVID-19 outbreak, the Malaysian economy has suffered considerably. With the closure of international borders to travellers and the implementation of restricted travel movement, the tourism industry has been one economic sector heavily affected. To encourage a rebound in the tourism industry the Malaysian government has taken steps to focus on the domestic tourism market. Since the domestic tourism market involves quite a diverse range of segments, an understanding of the generational cohort in tourist behaviour is crucial to facilitate the effective prediction of tourism trends. This paper attempts to review and analyses the generational shifts in Malaysian travel characteristics between four cohorts, namely, baby boomers, generation X, millennials and generation Z that have been discussed in the literature. First, the travel characteristics of each cohort were identified, and comparisons were made between the cohorts. As a result of a literature review, findings indicate that each cohort has distinctive characteristics that differentiate them from their older counterparts and these characteristics lead to a diverse demand for tourism products and services. Therefore, it is important for tourism stakeholders to better understand the travel characteristics of their target customers based on generational cohort before preparing the right packages, products and services that match and fulfil their customers’ needs and preferences.
TOURISM CRISES AND REGIONALIZATION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA
Authors: Mat Som Ahmad Puad , Ghaderi Zahed , Aguenza Benjamin
Published: February 2023

Globalization and regionalization are dominant trends in the world’s economy as they stimulate economic integration and new forms of cooperation which affect the operation of the tourism industry. The emergence of growth triangles and development corridors, within the context of regionalization, is part of the governments’ efforts to pursue certain broad economic objectives in one specific sub-region. This concept is also apparent in place marketing as the strategic alliances that are formed promote a set of countries, or parts of them, as single destinations. This paper, based on secondary data, seeks to examine whether tourism crises have had any effect on economic complementarities, comparative advantage and competitiveness of subregion destinations in Southeast Asia. Although regionalism appears viable for many governments, this paper argues there are various constraints in operation and difficulties to overcome in terms of their contribution to tourism, especially when this region has often been struck by many crises of different types and magnitude in the past two decades. Thus, it seems timely to review existing mechanisms and consider whether they have a continued role in tourism expansion in the region.
CHANGES IN SMALL ISLANDS OF TOURIST DESTINATION CASE STUDY: TURTLE ISLANDS PARK, SANDAKAN, SABAH
Authors: Saleh Ejria , Aung Than , Muslim Aidy@Mohamed Shawal , Pengiran Bagul Awangku Hassanal Bahar , Abdul Razak Fazrullah Rizally
Published: February 2023

Tourists are fascinated with small islands trip for many purposes. In addition to their natural beauties the islands may be calm, isolated area and pollution free from mainland. Most of the small islands in Sabah, Malaysia have been promoted to tourists as diving, snorkeling, swimming and sun bathing destination. However, the main tourist attraction for Turtle Islands Park (TIP) is for turtle landings and laying their eggs. It is located 40 km north of Sandakan and are gazzeted as a park in 1977 under the jurisdiction of Sabah Parks. Beach erosion is one of the serious problems in TIP. It is a major threat to Sabah Parks’s shore-based facilities andturtle nesting. This study aimed to identify the shoreline changes and the most dynamic part of the two islands in TIP. Aerial photos in 1970 and 1996 were collected from various departments and merged to examine the shape of the islands. Field trips in February and June 2011 were conducted to record the coordinates of the shoreline and vegetation areas by using Global Position System. The aerial photos and field data were analyzed using ArcGIS version 9.3 software. Results show that major changes of the island have occurred since 1970. Most of the original trees seen on aerial photos in 1970 were gone and the coastal vegetation identified during the field trip was new and small in size. Severe erosion occurs within the Selingaan Island while large amount of sediment loss in the southern part of the Gulisaan Island is evidenced that erosion contributes to reduce the area of nesting ground. During the field trip, there was no sign of new beach erosion in Selingaan but southern part of Gulisaan Island. The impact of the monsoons season to the beach erosion is not clear because the eroded area is not concentrated in one direction only. Actions have been taken by Sabah Parks to protect the islands by setting up the reef balls and stone revetment in Selingaan Island. However, it is only effective to one side of the island while erosion continuously occurs on other side of the island. Further actions are needed to maintain the beach that is highly important for the turtles, which is playing an important role as tourist attraction.
BUILDING COMMUNITY-BASED ENTREPRENEURSHIP: A CASE STUDY ON KILIM COOPERATIVE SOCIETY (KCS)
Authors: Jaafar Mastura , Mohamed Badaruddin
Published: February 2023

Case Study
DEFINING COMMUNITY RESILIENCE IN COMMUNITY BASED TOURISM: MISO WALAI AND PULAU MABUL IN SABAH, MALAYSIA
Authors: Lew Alan
Published: February 2023

Case Study
THE MAKING OF “AUTHENTIC” TOURISM EXPERIENCE: THE CASE OF BARIO, SARAWAK
Authors: Adeyinka-Ojo Samuel Folorunso , Khoo-Lattimore Catheryn
Published: February 2023

Case Study
RURAL TOURISM 3.0: CONCEPTUALISING AN INNOVATIVE APPROACH IN MONITORING THE ‘HEALTH’ OF RURAL DESTINATIONS IN MALAYSIA
Authors: Nair Vikneswaran , Mohamed Badaruddin , Hamzah Amran , Lo May Chiun , Hong Jer Lang
Published: February 2023

With the evolution from Web 1.0 to Web 3.0, web servers are able to dynamically generate rich web information to internet users. The capabilities of Web 3.0 can be used in the tourism sector to manage the industry more effectively. One of the major forms of tourism that is gaining its momentum in Malaysia and requires efficient management is rural tourism. Nonetheless, in the last decade, the concept of rural tourism has melded with mainstream tourism and resulting in it losing its distinctness. Consequently, the tourism industry's growth throughout the years has created an increasing amount of stress economically, socially and environmentally. Hence, the development of a sustainable and responsible rural tourism is needed in fulfilling the objectives of all stakeholders in the system. Thus, the main aim of this paper is to conceptualise a framework to monitor the ‘health’ of rural tourism destinations in Malaysia using Web 3.0 technologies. A rural tourism prototype called the “Rural Tourism 3.0” is developed to assess, advice and monitor the economic, socio-cultural and environmental responsible impact of rural tourism destinations using an integrated real-time decision support system.
PREDICTING THE SURVIVAL OF THE BATAK, AN ENDANGERED LANGUAGE IN PALAWAN, PHILIPPINES
Authors: Tajolosas Teresita
Published: February 2023

The aim of the study was to examine the ethnolinguistic vitality of three Batak communities in Palawan and predict whether language maintenance or shift will prevail, drawing on various studies. The study employed three research tools: (1) observation of in-group‘s language behavior; (2) guided interviews for the following questionnaires: (a) Personal Profile and Reported Language Ability Questionnaire, (b) Questionnaire on Reported Language Use and Language Attitude, (c) Questionnaire on Interpersonal Network of Linguistic Contacts (INLC), and (d) Beliefs in Ethnolinguistic Vitality Questionnaire (BEVQ); and (3) Lexical Ability Test,Sentence Translation Test and Actual Language Proficiency Test. Despite the high rate of migration and intermarriage in Riyandakan and Mangapin, all three Batak communities studies demonstrated positive language attitude and very high ethnic identity, reported high Batak language ability which correlated with actual language proficiency, reported more domains of language use and exhibited medium to strong beliefs in ethnolinguistic vitality. Structural analysis of data from the objective language test revealed replacements of Batak lexicon by Tagbanua and Cuyonon counterparts. However, examination of sentence translation data forgrammatical morphemes revealed a relatively intact set of Batak grammatical morphemes. Findings in the present study have established the following variables– (1) age, (2) actual language proficiency, (3) language attitude, (4) ethnic identity and interpersonal network of linguistic contacts as predictors of language use. Overall, the speakers in all three areas have generally demonstrated in varying degrees, additive bilingualism/multilingualism in that the learning of Tagalog, Tagbanua, and Cuyonon did not entail the loss of the Batak language. While Tagalog is indisputably dominant in the domains of school, church, politics, media and public interactions, and while Tagbanua and Cuyonon have shown influence in Batak language, none of these three languages is embraced as a Batak identity marker, hence the Batak language continually occupies the domains of home, neighborhood and work in all three areas.
CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY OF THE PALA’WANS IN BUNOG, RIZAL, PALAWAN, PHILIPPINES
Authors: Roa Shellemai , Domingo Krisnel , Fedillaga Kevin , Hechanova Ivy , Natividad Jamaica , Docto Ramon
Published: February 2023

The study aims to assess the current situation and vulnerability rate of the Pala‟wans, one of the major indigenous peoples in Palawan, to climate change in terms of agricultural yield, common plant diseases, water availability, and collected forest products per unit effort. It also seeks to describe the livelihood activities of Pala‟wans, patterns of change in planting and harvesting schedules, and determine the adaptation strategies to changes by applying indigenous knowledge and the influences of migrants. Triangulation method was used to assess the vulnerability rate of the Pala‟wans which involved ocular inspection of the site; interviews using questionnaires that were validated in other areas; and key informant interviews among chieftains/elders. Thirty-five household respondents were interviewed which comprised one hundred percent of the total community. The findings revealed that Pala‟wans have different livelihoods but kaingin or slash and burn farming was their main source of income. Others work as laborers or make woodcrafts for a living, among others. There were no changes in the planting and harvesting schedules. The observed effects were the decreased harvest from kaingin by approximately ninety percent, rapid increase of pests that damage crops, and unpredictable weather conditions. As a response to the changes, strategies were developed and practiced like burning of roots of “Peperason tree” to drive away pests. However, the Pala‟wans in the area are highly vulnerable to climate change.
BOHOL, PHILIPPINES: BUILDING PARTNERS FOR CORAL REEF RESTORATION IN PANGLAO ISLAND
Authors: Gulayan Samuel , Aaron Jesrelljane , Belleza Dominic Franco , Buscato Winfild , Sotto Filipina
Published: February 2023

Panglao Island is one of the tourist destin ations in the Philippines due to its white sand beaches, spectacular coral formations, beautiful reef fishes and crystal clear waters. Tourist arrival in 2012 noticeably decreased according to the dive shop operators and hotel and restaurant operators. Cor al reefs damaged due to human and natural factors. Philippine Council for Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources Research and Development (PCARRD) of the Department of Science and Technology (DOST) implemented the Filipinnovation on Coral Reef Restora tion Program in collaboration with the University of San Carlos (USC), Cebu City and Bohol Island State University (BISU), Candijay Campus to manage the Pilot Technology Demonstration on Coral Reef Restoration in Panglao, Bohol. The ultimate goal of the project was to restore the degraded coral reefs through innovative means while maintaining partnerships between the local government units and private sectors which directly benefiting the coral ecosystems. The project team members were able to complete the deployment of 40 coral nursery units (CNUs) underwater in the month of September 2012. About 20,000 coral fragments were planted directly to the substrate using two techniques: 1) underwater epoxy as coral adhesive; and 2) nail and cable tie method. Tagged coral samples, it was found that the survivability of the transplanted coral was at 80% but decreased significantly with the presence of corallivores such as crown of thorns seastars, Acanthaster plancii and the snail that feeds on corals, Drupella cornus . Data gathered from the CNUs, it was ascertained that Acropora nobilis was a fast growing acroporid species capable of growing at .37 cm in three weeks or at 5.76 cm/ year, with all else assumed being linear. The project invites and encourages dive shop o perators, hotel and restaurant owners, local government units and non government organization’s officials in Bohol province to sustain the project.
SHADOW ECONOMY: EFFICIENCY AND RESILIENCY OF INFORMAL TRADING INDUSTRY OF NON CONVENTION SIZE SHIPS (NCSS) IN TAWI TAWI PROVINCE
Authors: Eguia Rec
Published: February 2023

This study aims to investigate the efficiency and resiliency of the informal economy of trading industry of non convention size ships (NCSS) in Tawi Tawi Province. A Social Benefit Cost Analysis was undertaken to quantify the benefits and costs associated with the transactions of the market players of the industry which include vessel owners, traders, Bureau of Customs, Maritime, LGUs, Consumers and shadow authorities governing the informal trading of goods in the province in particular; and estimate the shadow economic contribution to ARMM economy in general. Findings revealed that NCSS informal trading are equally beneficial in terms of private and social profitability of industry players and consumers. This explains the shape of resiliency in the industry structure, conduct and performance of the NCSS informaltrading. The study further demonstrated that the shadow economic activity of NCSS industry is socially and economically beneficial in maintaining the balance of peace and resiliency of the population in the area; and the shadow industry contributed informally in the aggregate economic performance of the province.
IN VITRO ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF POLY-Γ-GLUTAMATE AGAINST NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS INFECTION ON MURINE MACROPHAGE CELLS
Authors: Talactac Melbourne , Lee Jong-Soo , Sung Moon-Hee , Kim Chul-Joong
Published: February 2023

The High-molecular-weight Poly-γ-glutamate (HM-γ-PGA) is a promising natural and edible polymer with diverse biological functions. Among the applications of HM-γ-PGA, its capacity to promote immune-stimulating effect via Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) signaling solidifies its significance as a potential natural antiviral agent. In the pre-treatment assay, HM-γ-PGA can protect murine macrophage cells (RAW 264.7) against Newcastle Disease (ND) infection. Such protection can be explained by the induction of antiviral state of HM-γ-PGA in RAW 264.7 cells via TLR4-mediated IRF-3, IFN-B, and IFN-related gene induction as shown in time-dependent changes in mRNA expression confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Moreover, since mRNA expression does not necessarily correlate with the secreted protein levels, pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion was also measured by murine Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Therefore, our findings suggest that HM-γ–PGA can be a potential antiviral substance that can inhibit NDV infection through its stimulation of antiviral state on RAW 264.7 cells. These results have been consistent with the previous studies showing that this natural polymer can protect RAW 264.7 and mice against influenza infection. However, it should be noted that although murine macrophage cells are susceptible to NDV, they are not the natural host cells of the virus, thus further in vitro and in vivo studies using chicken and chicken-derived cells are needed to fully assess the efficacy and applicability of HM-γ–PGA in the poultry industry.
SCREENING OF Gmelina arborea (Yemane) LEAF EXTRACTS FOR ANTIMICROBIAL, PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PESTICIDAL PROPERTIES
Authors: Guinto Jayseline , Montealegre Gerome Lesty , Monticalvo Ariel , Geroy Marita
Published: February 2023

Leaves of Gmelinaarborea were extracted using ethanol, methanol, and distilled water. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of fats and oils, hydrolysable tannins, 2 deoxysugars, saponins and tannins. The agar disc diffusion method was used to determine the antibacterial and antifungal activity on three Gram (+) bacteria B. cereus, B. subtilis, and S. aureus ), two Gram (--) bacteria E. coli and S. typhi) and a fungus ( C. albicans). The highest activity was shown by the aqueous extract with a mean diameter of inhibition zone ranged from 15.33 24.67 mm followed by ethanol which had 14 23.67 mm and lastly was observed in methanol which had 14 22.33 mm. The minimuminhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts for E. coli, S. typhi and C. albicans was 56 mg/mL, for B. cereus, B. subtilis, and S. aureus ranged from 14 mg/mL 28 mg/mL. Pesticidal activity screening was determined using a Brassica juncea (mustasa) and lethal dosage was assessed using sawfly (Athalia lugens proxima). Lethal dosage was carried out using four concentrations (70%, 80%, 90% and 100%) for each of the extracts, which involved the determination of time of paralysis and time of death of the worm. The best activity was found in aqueous extract having 90% mortality rate in just 18 seconds, followed by ethanol and methanol both having 80% mortality rate in 25 and 29 seconds respectively. These promising findings suggest the presence of antibacterial and antifungal agents in the tested plant material, exhibited by its bioactive compounds, and serving them as an alternative antimicrobial agent against the tested microorganisms, furthermore, alcoholic and aqueous extract significantly demonstrated death of sawfly especially at higher concentration of the extract making this plant a potential agent as an organic pesticide.
ANALYSIS OF TOURISM POTENTIALS IN THE MUNICIPALITY OF DUMARAN, PALAWAN, PHILIPPINES
Authors: Edgar M. Jr. Reyes , Ma. Catriona E. Devanadera , John Ceffrey L. Eligue , Ralphael P. Gonzales , Sandra S. Samantela , Fevi Rose C. Paro , Janece Jean A. Polizon
Published: February 2023

Dumaran is a 3rd class municipality in the northwestern section of Palawan. It is composed of 16 barangays, seven of which are part of Dumaran Island, and nine are located in the mainland. It is bounded by municipalities of Taytay, Roxas and Araceli. Dumaran is enriched with natural potentials coming from coastal, forest, and agricultural resources. One of the municipality’s development goals is to explore its vast ecotourism potentials, however, it has not yet been achieved due to poor road networks and other support infrastructures. A pool of multidisciplinary researchers and planners from the University of the Philippines Los Baños conducted an exploratory study to identify and analyze the potential tourism sites and activities in Dumaran. Through secondary data gathering, on-site validation, focus group discussions and key informant interviews, the research team identified and characterized Dumaran’s different potential eco-tourism sites. Recommendations were made on sustainable community-based tourism activities and strategies that would greatly contribute to the municipality’s economic development.
EXPLORING THE FACTORS INFLUENCING THE EMPLOYEE CAREER PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT IN STAR-RATED HOTELS IN MALAYSIA
Authors: Chan Kim Lian Jennifer , Che Shaari Sharija , Dasan Jakaria
Published: February 2023

The study reports an exploratory qualitative study on career planning and development in hotels rated three to five stars in Malaysia. It explores what influences employee career planning and development in the hotel industry from the operation staff and supervisor perspectives. Specifically, it describes the factors that shape their personal career planning and development in the hotel industry. Data collection was carried out with selected hotel employees from the various departments in the three to five star-rated hotels in Malaysia from July 2015 to February 2016. A total of 151 employees were involved in data collection. Interviews and an open-ended profile accumulative technique survey were conducted with respondents as a data collection method at the respective hotels. Finding shows that majority of employee perceives positively in term of job and career opportunities and considers it quite promising due to the rapid growth of hotels. A majority of employees felt that there is a lack of proper career planning and career development provided by the hotel employers except few international chain hotels and five star rated hotels. Key factors emerged from the responses that shape and employee’s career planning and development can be divided into seven themes: 1) nature of the job – interesting and fun but also challenging ; 2) job and career opportunities available in the hotel industry; 3) work environment and flexible work hours; 4) management practices; 5) opportunities for personal development and training programs to enhance their skill, knowledge and languages; 6) Individual attitude ; 7) hotel brand names and image. These findings benefit human resource practices to develop and strengthen employee’s career planning and development. Having proper career planning and development in place may attract the right employees to remain in the hotel employment; and subsequently to reduce the staff turnover rate. It strongly suggests that human resource department should seriously look into employee’s career path and development. It also suggest that in order to attract and retain competent staffs, a paradigm shift in human resource management and practices by giving more attention to formulate relevant career paths and development strategies is required.
SUCCESS INDICATOR’S FOR SABAH ECOTOURISM SITES
Authors: Tshin Lip Vui , Pengiran Bagul Awangku Hassanal Bahar
Published: February 2023

Sabah, one of the thirteen Malaysian states, is located in the northern part of Malaysian Borneo. It is a melting pot of many different cultures and traditions, being home to about 2.9 million people with more than 30 ethnic groups. It is also known as one of the twelve mega-diversity sites in the world with its rich living heritage, ethnic makes it ideal for the ecotourism industry. Sabah enjoys a steady flow of eco tourists from domestic and international markets with a gradual increase in the number of visitor arrival each year. Sabah‟s ecotourism is categorized by its natural attraction, wildlife, and wilderness habitats. This paper sets out to interpret and develop the indicators for success ecotourism sites in Sabah and measures its‟ development stage. The long-term viability of tourism can be assured only when the limitations and favorable opportunities of the overall environment for tourism development are understood and ways to measure changes induced by tourism are identified and applied. This thesis applied qualitative methods which can help researchers to understand how and why such behaviors take place. The data were then analyzed to get the results, which are success indicators of ecotourism sites based on the perception of stakeholders. There are two set of the indicators are proposed. The indicators are quite consistent with those others drawn from the literature review. The analysis also shows that there are issues that need to be addressed with regards to these indicators. These indicators are output-based; therefore there is a need to establish the measurement or the parameters of these indicators to make it more quantifiable and more meaningful. Another aspect that the thesis identified is that the success level of each ecotourism site. Different development level of the ecotourism sites will use different strategic in their management. In the end of the thesis, the level of sites development will linked to the Butler‟s Model in determine the success level of the ecotourism sites. This will contribute to tourism literature by enhancing the knowledge of ecotourism, and to the ecotourism industry by providing a means of ecotourism success.
MAPPING OF ETHNOGRAPHIC PATTERNS OF KADAZAN DUSUN COMMUNITY IN TAMBUNAN, SABAH USING GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
Authors: Kong Teck Sieng , Eboy Oliver Valentine , Pugh-Kitingan Jacqueline
Published: February 2023

In this decade, the preservation of traditional heritage in the Kadazan Dusun community is an important step that must be emphasized in order for future generations to know and practice their ancestral cultures. The reason is that the Kadazan Dusun community has a unique diversity of legacy tradition. Additionally, more and more countries in the world make the legacy a key component of tourism development. Therefore, it would be a loss to the community as well as the country if the tradition's heritage is extinct from practicing. Currently, the Geographic Information System (GIS) has been introduced in preserving the traditional heritage because of its effectiveness in producing ethnographic maps. This study has mapped the ethnographic area of the Kadazan Dusun community and uses the GIS application to identify the ethnographic pattern of the community. Data from research projects in 2011 was used in this study. The result of this study shows the level of density of ethnographic patterns of the Kadazan Dusun community in Tambunan. The findings of this study provide exposure to the community, especially the Kadazan Dusun in respect of areas with high ethnographic density in Tambunan, thus promoting the area as a Cultural and Heritage Tourism site and also developing knowledge in the field of ethnographic mapping.