bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distance and Reflexivity: Creating the Stage World of Pantoland
Authors: Taylor Millie
Published: October 2005

In pantomime the Dame and comics, and to a lesser extent the immortals, are positioned between the world of the audience and the world of the story, interacting with both, forming a link between the two, and constantly altering the distance thus created between audience and performance. This position allows these characters to exist both within and without the story, to comment on the story, and reflexively to draw attention to the theatricality of the pantomime event. In this article, Millie Taylor concludes that reflexivity and framing allow the pantomime to represent itself as unique, original, anarchic, and fun, and that these devices are significant in the identification of British pantomime as distinct from other types of performance. Millie Taylor worked for many years as a freelance musical director in repertory and commercial theatre and in pantomime. She is now Senior Lecturer in Performing Arts and Music Theatre at the University of Winchester. An earlier version of this article was presented at the Conference on Arts and Humanities in Hawaii (2005), and an extended version will appear in her forthcoming book on British pantomime. Her research has received financial support from the British Academy.
Embodying the Site: the Here and Now in Site-Specific Dance Performance
Authors: Hunter Victoria
Published: October 2005

In this article, Victoria Hunter explores the concept of the ‘here and now’ in the creation of site-specific dance performance, in response to Doreen Massey's questioning of the fixity of the concept of the ‘here and now’ during the recent RESCEN seminar on ‘Making Space’, in which she challenged the concept of a singular fixed ‘present’, suggesting instead that we exist in a constant production of ‘here and nows’ akin to ‘being in the moment’. Here the concept is applied to an analysis of the author's recent performance work created as part of a PhD investigation into the relationship between the site and the creative process in site-specific dance performance. In this context the notion of the ‘here and now’ is discussed in relation to the concept of dance embodiment informed by the site and the genius loci, or ‘spirit of place’. Victoria Hunter is a Lecturer in Dance at the University of Leeds, who is currently researching a PhD in site-specific dance performance.
Spatio-temporal permanence and plasticity of foraging trails in young and mature leaf-cutting ant colonies (Atta spp.)
Authors: Kost Christian , de Oliveira Evandro Gama , Knoch Tobias Aurelius , Wirth Rainer
Published: October 2005

The distribution and formation of foraging trails have largely been neglected as factors explaining harvesting patterns of leaf-cutting ants. We applied fractal analysis, circular, and conventional statistics to published and newly recorded trail maps of seven Atta colonies focusing on three aspects: permanence, spatio-temporal plasticity and colony life stage. In the long term, trail patterns of young and mature Atta colonies revealed that foraging activities were focused on distinct, static sectors that made up only parts of their potentially available foraging range. Within these foraging sectors, trails were typically ephemeral and highly variable in space and time. These ephemeral trails were concentrated around permanent trunk trails in mature and around nest entrances in young colonies. Besides these similarities, the comparison of trail systems between the two life stages indicated that young colonies exploited fewer leaf sources, used smaller and less-complex systems of foraging trails, preferred different life forms as host plants, and switched hosts more often compared with mature colonies. Based on these analyses, we propose a general hypothesis which describes the foraging pattern in Atta as a result of initial foraging experiences, spatio-temporal distribution of suitable host plants, energetic constraints, and other factors such as seasonality and interspecific predation.
Testing the roles of species in mixed-species bird flocks of a Sri Lankan rain forest
Authors: Goodale Eben , Kotagama Sarath W.
Published: October 2005

Studies of mixed-species bird flocks have found that ‘nuclear’ species, those important to flock coherence, are either intraspecifically gregarious or are ‘sentinel’ species highly sensitive to predators. Both types of species are present in flocks of a Sri Lankan rain forest: orange-billed babblers (Turdoides rufescens Blyth) are highly gregarious, whereas greater racket-tailed drongos (Dicrurus paradiseus Linnaeus) are less so, but more sensitive and reliable alarm-callers. We hypothesized that flock participants would be attracted to the playback of both species more than to the clearly non-nuclear yellow-fronted barbet (Megalaima flavifrons Cuvier). Further, we hypothesized that insectivores would prefer babbler vocalizations, as babblers could facilitate their foraging in several ways. We found that the response of insectivores was three times greater during babbler or drongo playback, and eight times greater during playback of these two species together, than during barbet playback or silence. Insectivores did not show, however, any difference in their response to babbler as compared to drongo playback; omnivores and frugivores responded relatively equally to all treatments. Our results show that birds with high propensity to flock, such as insectivores, use the vocalizations of nuclear species to locate flocks and that a sentinel species may be as attractive as a highly gregarious species.
Impact of habitat disturbance on the distribution of endemic species of small mammals and birds in a tropical rain forest in Sri Lanka
Authors: Wijesinghe Mayuri R. , de L. Brooke M.
Published: October 2005

We tested whether species endemic to Sri Lanka were less able than non-endemics to tolerate disturbed habitats. Small mammals were surveyed in four habitat types along a disturbance gradient (unlogged forest, selectively logged forest, cultivated areas and areas abandoned after cultivation) within and around the Sinharaja rain forest in south-west Sri Lanka. Twenty 90-m×40-m plots were live trapped in each of these habitat types. Twelve taxa: nine rodents (Srilankamys ohiensis, Rattus rattus kelaarti, R. r. kandianus, Mus mayori, M. cervicolor, Bandicota indica, Funambulus layardi, F. sublineatus and F. palmarum) and three insectivores (Crocidura miya, Suncus zeylanicus and Feroculus feroculus) were recorded. Of these, five were endemic to Sri Lanka at the species level (species confined to the island) and six at subspecies level (subspecies confined to the island; other subspecies occurring on the Indian subcontinent). Species richness of small mammals decreased with the magnitude of forest disturbance. The endemic species selectively utilized sites within the forest whilst the majority of the other taxa used both forest and non-forest habitat types or were restricted to the latter. Bird surveys were carried out in the same plots, using sightings and calls. Sixty-six bird species were recorded, of which 21 were endemic species. Twenty endemic bird species preferentially used sites within the forest. The findings suggest that the forest-dwelling endemic species of both small mammal and bird encounter difficulties in tolerating modified landscapes, whilst other taxa are less affected. This highlights the vulnerability of endemic species to forest conversion.
Seasonal variation in the quality of a tropical ripe fruit and the response of three frugivores
Authors: O'Driscoll Worman Cedric , Chapman Colin A.
Published: October 2005

Seasonality in tropical forests can be more subtle than that of temperate forests but still affects the resources available to wildlife. Much work has been done describing changes in fruit availability and dietary composition but the nutritional quality of any particular food item is assumed to be relatively constant. We investigated seasonal changes in the quality of the ripe fruit of Celtis durandii, a common tree that produces fruit year-round and is important in the diets of many species. The lipid content of the ripe fruit was found to be highly variable (0.3–30.8% dry matter) among months and this variation was positively correlated with the summed daily rainfalls of the previous and concurrent months. The amount of this fruit in the diets of three frugivorous primate species (Cercopithecus mitis, Cercopithecus ascanius and Lophocebus albigena) was positively related to measured or estimated lipid levels in the fruit. Such predictable changes in the quality of a constantly available fruit have not been previously reported and suggest that the resources provided by tropical forests may be more seasonal than shown by common measures of fruit availability.
The understorey palm Licuala (Arecaceae) suppresses tree regeneration in a lowland forest in Asia
Authors: LaFrankie James V. , Saw L. G.
Published: October 2005

The establishment and growth of a young tree requires a microsite that falls within a range of specific environmental conditions. Microsites will to some degree be modified by such neighbouring plants as are already established, a circumstance that will in turn lead to either a positive or negative spatial association among the individuals. Such patterns of spatial interactions are amenable to statistical inference. Positive associations may result when one species ameliorates overall hostile conditions, such as the shade and moisture provided the seedlings of long-leaf pine by the canopy of the saw palmetto (Allen 1956). Indeed, positive associations appear widespread in arid and cold habitats (reviewed in Tirado & Pugnaire 2003). However, on the forest floor of the humid tropics, negative associations are presumably more likely (Montgomery 2004). Harms et al. (2004) recently found a correlation between high density of small palms and a low density of tree saplings across four Neotropical sites, while Wang & Augspurger (2004) demonstrated that dwarf palms and cyclanths reduce seedling recruitment on the forest floor in Costa Rica.
The Making of Indigenous Knowledge in Intellectual Property Law in Australia
Authors: Anderson Jane
Published: October 2005

The challenge of how to stop the unauthorized use of Indigenous knowledge has been firmly constituted as a problem to be solved by and managed through the legal domain. In this paper, my questions are directed to the way Indigenous knowledge has been made into a category of intellectual property law and consequently how law has sought to define and manage the boundaries of Indigenous knowledge.
The Incorporation of the Native American Past: Cultural Extermination, Archaeological Protection, and the Antiquities Act of 1906
Authors: Colwell-Chanthaphonh Chip
Published: October 2005

In the late nineteenth century, while advocates garnered support for a law protecting America's archaeological resources, the U.S. government was seeking to dispossess Native Americans of traditional lands and eradicate native languages and cultural practices. That the government should safeguard Indian heritage in one way while simultaneously enacting policies of cultural obliteration deserves close scrutiny and provides insight into the ways in which archaeology is drawn into complex sociopolitical developments. Focusing on the American Southwest, this article argues that the Antiquities Act was fundamentally linked to the process of incorporating Native Americans into the web of national politics and markets. Whereas government programs such as boarding schools and missions sought to integrate living indigenous communities, the Antiquities Act served to place the Native American past under the explicit control of the American government and its agents of science. This story of archaeology is vital, because it helps explain the contemporary environment in which debates continue about the ownership and management of heritage.
Protecting Traditional Knowledge and Expanding Access to Scientific Data: Juxtaposing Intellectual Property Agendas via a “Some Rights Reserved” Model
Authors: Kansa Eric C. , Schultz Jason , Bissell Ahrash N.
Published: October 2005

The twenty-first century has ushered in new debates and social movements that aim to structure how culture is produced, owned, and distributed. At one side, open-knowledge advocates seek greater freedom for finding, distributing, using, and reusing information. On the other hand, traditional-knowledge rights advocates seek to protect certain forms of knowledge from appropriation and exploitation and seek recognition for communal and culturally situated notions of heritage and intellectual property. Understanding and bridging the tension between these movements represents a vital and significant challenge. This paper explores possible areas of where these seemingly divergent goals may converge, centered on the Creative Commons concept ofsome rights reserved. We argue that this concept can be extended into areas where scientific disciplines intersect with traditional knowledge. This model can help build a voluntary framework for negotiating more equitable and open communication between field researchers and diverse stakeholding communities.
Why Sanctions Seldom Work: Reflections on Cultural Property Internationalism
Authors: Lowenthal David
Published: October 2005

Heritage piety departs ever farther from reality. High-minded admonitions broaden the gulf between what happens to cultural property and what virtuous stewards feel should happen. Ever more of our patrimony gets looted, destroyed, mutilated, shorn of context, hidden from scrutiny, inadequately stored, poorly conserved, eBayed. Merryman cites three causes: the animus of UNESCO and archaeology against marketing cultural property, the sanguine view that trafficking abuse can be quashed by state fiat and moral suasion, and excessive constraint against heritage export by blanket diktats from source nations (and tribes and ethnic groups). These evils endure because heritage stewards commonly subscribe to four underlying sacrosanct fictions. (1) The heritage of all humanity deserves to be preserved in toto. (2) Cultural heritage matters above all for the information it can yield. (3) Collecting is reprehensible; it must be circumscribed if not outlawed. (4) Nations and tribes are enduring entities with sacred rights to time-honored legacies. I show why these views are mistaken yet remain embedded in heritage philosophy and protocol. In particular, although heritage is piously declared the legacy of all mankind, chauvinist sentiment continues to impede internationalism, partly because it buttresses the credentials of those in charge, who are forced into moral postures that promise unachievable stewardship. National and local self-esteem are holy writ for UNESCO and other cultural property agencies. Equating heritage with identity justifies every group's claim to the bones, the belongings, the riddles, and the refuse of every forebear back into the mists of time. All that stands in the way of everyone's reunion with all their ancestors and ancestral things is its utter impossibility. Heritage professionals once seen as selfless are now targets of suspicion, often thought backward looking, deluded, self-seeking, or hypocritical. Small wonder that militant reformers who seek to suppress illicit cultural property dealings by treaties, court decisions, government fiats, and the moral artillery of shame and guilt are viewed with an increasingly cynical eye.
Is There an Expert in the House? Thomson v.
Christie's: The Case of the Houghton Urns
Authors: Vyas Stephanie G.
Published: October 2005

The May 2004 decision of the London High Court in the matter of
Thomson v. Christie's captured the interest of the salacious
British press for its glamorous players: the Canadian heiress, the English
aristocrat, and the international auction house. Taylor Thomson, the
daughter of billionaire newspaper baron, Lord Thomson of Fleet, sued both
the Marquess of Cholmondeley, a bachelor filmmaker with a fortune valued
at over £100 million, and Christie's Auction House, for
misrepresenting a pair of gilt and porphyry urns she purchased from
Cholmondeley at a Christie's sale in London in 1994 for just under
£2 million.
Symbolic Revolutions and the Australian Archaeological Record
Authors: Brumm Adam , Moore Mark W.
Published: October 2005

Australia was colonized by at least 40,000 bp and scientists agree that the continent was only ever occupied by anatomically and behaviourally modern humans. Australia thus offers an alternative early record for the archaeological expression of behavioural modernity. This review finds that the pattern of change in the Australian archaeological sequence bears remarkable similarity to the pattern from the Lower to Upper Palaeolithic in the Old World, a finding that is inconsistent with the ‘symbolic revolution’ model of the origin of modern behaviour. This highlights the need for archaeologists to rethink the implications of the various criteria and scales of analysis used to identify modern human behaviour.
The Archaeological and Genetic Foundations of the European Population during the Late Glacial: Implications for ‘Agricultural Thinking’
Authors: Gamble Clive , Davies William , Pettitt Paul , Hazelwood Lee , Richards Martin
Published: October 2005

This article presents the initial results from the S2AGES data base of calibrated radiocarbon estimates from western Europe in the period 25,000–10,000 years ago. Our aim is to present a population history of this sub-continental region by providing a chronologically-secure framework for the interpretation of data from genetics and archaeology. In particular, we define five population events in this period, using dates-as-data, and examine the implications for the archaeology of Late Glacial colonization. We contrast this detailed regional approach to the larger project which we call the cognitive origins synthesis that includes historical linguistics in the reconstruction of population history. We conclude that only archaeology can currently provide the framework for population history and the evaluation of genetic data. Finally, if progress is to be made in the new interdisciplinary field of population history then both disciplines need to refrain from inappropriate agricultural thinking that fosters distorting models of European prehistory, and they should also pay less, if any, attention to historical linguistics.

With comments from L.G. Straus, J.-P. Bocquet-Appel, P.A. Underhill & R. Housley and followed by a reply from the author.
Recall of Schematic and Non-Schematic Material Related to Threat in Blood Fearful and Nonfearful Individuals
Authors: Wenzel Amy , Adams Carissa , Goyette Melanie
Published: October 2005

The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that blood fearful and nonfearful individuals would be differentiated by their pattern of recall of schematic and non-schematic prose material. Blood fearful (n=36) and nonfearful (n=40) individuals were presented with five prose passages describing harm or injury. Nine sentences in each passage described events representative of the schema content of most individuals, whereas six sentences in each passage described events that are not representative of typical schema content. Participants read passages that either described themselves experiencing the situations or described themselves witnessing others in the situations and completed a free recall task in both immediate (i.e. 2 minutes) and delayed (i.e. one week) recall conditions. Results did not replicate studies from the cognitive psychology literature on which this study was based. Instead, participants who read passages describing themselves in these situations recalled the gist of the material more accurately than participants who read passages in which they witnessed another individual in the situation. Blood fearful participants recalled the affective tone of neutral passages less accurately than nonfearful participants. Results suggest that activation of schema content has little influence on memory performance, although assessing the affective tone of recalled material detected subtle differences in memory performance between fearful and nonfearful groups.
‘SCARLATTINO, THE WONDER OF HIS TIME’: DOMENICO SCARLATTI’S ABSENT PRESENCE IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ENGLAND
Authors: DECKER TODD
Published: October 2005

Domenico Scarlatti played a consistently significant role in English musical life from 1738 to the end of the century, even though he never travelled to England. His ‘absent presence’ was mediated by the eighty-three Scarlatti sonatas available in print in the eighteenth century. Scarlatti’s ‘English’ sonatas – defined here as those pieces available in print or manuscript to an eighteenth-century English player – display common compositional traits, in particular the frequent use of virtuoso techniques that appeal to the eye as well as the ear, such as crossed-hand passagework and leaps. English professional keyboard players used these visually virtuoso sonatas to establish their credentials in a competitive market, and the performance of this repertory – the most difficult in print – remained a benchmark for skilful execution at the keyboard to the end of the century. The performance venues for Scarlatti sonatas are difficult to document outside of anecdotal evidence drawn from personal accounts such as those by Charles and Fanny Burney. I provide new documentary evidence for semi-public performances of Scarlatti sonatas by Charles Jr and Samuel Wesley in the 1770s and offer further evidence that Scarlatti’s music held its place during a period of profound change in musical style and taste. Even as his sonatas were published and played to the end of the century, Scarlatti was frequently invoked in writings on music and aesthetics. His shifting position as exemplar or bad example is demonstrated in texts by Charles Avison, William Crotch, Uvedale Price, Sir John Hawkins and Charles Burney. Much like Arcangelo Corelli, another Italian with a strong absent presence principally mediated by print, Domenico Scarlatti had a powerful and lasting impact in England. This article presents an eighteenth-century portrait in absentia of the ‘English’ Scarlatti, suggesting how this elusive figure might be moved out of courtly isolation and into the thick of the eighteenth-century musical marketplace.
Structure of the Alpine foreland
Authors: Berge T. B. , Veal Steven L.
Published: October 2005

Recent reprocessing of seismic reflection profiles (including the TRANSALP profile) along the frontal zone of the Bavarian Alpine salient has led to a revised understanding of the basic structure of what has been referred to as the folded molasse zone and how the structure of that zone changes along strike. The folded molasse zone, as well as the north dipping foreland panel of the foreland molasse, is interpreted here to be deformed para‐autochthonous rocks that form the roof elements of a triangle zone; a transitional structural zone between the European plate and the allochthonous Adriatic plate. This zone has now been well‐imaged on numerous two‐dimensional profiles allowing us to confidently map its extent from near Zurich east to Munich, a distance of about 250 km. It is likely to extend farther into Austria.
Multisatellite determination of the relativistic electron phase space density at geosynchronous orbit: Methodology and results during geomagnetically quiet times
Authors: Chen Y. , Friedel R. H. W. , Reeves G. D. , Onsager T. G. , Thomsen M. F.
Published: October 2005

We develop and test a methodology to determine the relativistic electron phase space density distribution in the vicinity of geostationary orbit by making use of the pitch‐angle resolved energetic electron data from three Los Alamos National Laboratory geosynchronous Synchronous Orbit Particle Analyzer instruments and magnetic field measurements from two GOES satellites. Owing to the Earth's dipole tilt and drift shell splitting for different pitch angles, each satellite samples a different range of Roederer L* throughout its orbit. We use existing empirical magnetic field models and the measured pitch‐angle resolved electron spectra to determine the phase space density as a function of the three adiabatic invariants at each spacecraft. Comparing all satellite measurements provides a determination of the global phase space density gradient over the range L* ∼ 6–7. We investigate the sensitivity of this method to the choice of the magnetic field model and the fidelity of the instrument intercalibration in order to both understand and mitigate possible error sources. Results for magnetically quiet periods show that the radial slopes of the density distribution at low energy are positive, while at high energy the slopes are negative, which confirms the results from some earlier studies of this type. We further show that the observed gradients near geosynchronous are generally small, making them very sensitive to both calibration and magnetic field model choice. This paper lays the foundation for this method for future applications to disturbed periods and for future inclusion of additional satellite data.
Modulation of dayside reconnection during northward interplanetary magnetic field
Authors: Provan G. , Lester M. , Cowley S. W. H. , Grocott A. , Milan S. E. , Hubert B. , Khan H.
Published: October 2005

On 17 September 2000 the IMF was directed continuously northward for more than 3 hours. Density fluctuations in the solar wind resulted in quasiperiodic variations in the solar wind dynamic pressure, and correlated fluctuations also occurred in the IMF Bz component. The Northern Hemisphere SuperDARN radars observed bursts of high‐latitude high‐velocity plasma flow during this northward IMF interval, both when ionospheric signatures consistent with low‐latitude merging were observed and when lobe merging was occurring. On average the recurrence period of these flow bursts was ∼22 min. During this time the SI‐12 spectrographic imager channel on the IMAGE spacecraft observed the dayside proton auroral spot continuously (Frey et al., 2003a). The brightness of the auroral spot varied over time. Here we find a direct correlation between the occurrence of bursts of plasma flow and periodic fluctuations in the brightness of the proton auroral spot. Our results suggest that correlated fluctuations in the solar wind dynamic pressure and IMF Bz component modulated ionospheric precipitation and dayside reconnection, resulting in fluctuations in the brightness of the proton auroral spot and periodic variations in the dayside high‐latitude plasma flow.
Modeling upwelling circulation off the Oregon coast
Authors: Gan Jianping , Allen J. S.
Published: October 2005

Time‐dependent, three‐dimensional, upwelling circulation on the continental shelf off the Oregon coast is studied using a primitive equation numerical model. A limited area domain with a high‐resolution curvilinear grid is utilized. The response of the coastal ocean to forcing by observed wind stress and heat flux during the summer 2001 time period of the Coastal Ocean Advances in Shelf Transport (COAST) field experiment is investigated. Model results are compared to COAST current and hydrographic measurements. The shelf velocity and density fields are generally characterized by the presence of a southward alongshore coastal jet with an upwelling density front on the shoreward side of the jet. The large variability in shelf topography associated with Heceta Bank exerts a major influence on the shelf velocity and density fields. Over the bank the alongshore coastal jet is displaced offshore, and colder upwelled water extends farther from the coast. Northward mean flow and upward motion are found inshore of the jet. Three‐dimensional flow structures in response to variable shelf bottom topography are presented, and an analysis of time‐ and space‐dependent alongshore momentum balances is applied to clarify the associated dynamics. In general, northward pressure gradients, set up over the bank during southward upwelling winds, accelerate currents on the inshore side of the jet northward when the winds relax. Analysis of term balances in the depth‐averaged equation for potential temperature shows that during upwelling, across‐shore advection makes the major contribution to cooling over most of the region, except inshore over Heceta Bank, where alongshore advection also plays a significant role.
Impacts of Asian megacity emissions on regional air quality during spring 2001
Authors: Guttikunda Sarath K. , Tang Youhua , Carmichael Gregory R. , Kurata Gakuji , Pan Li , Streets David G. , Woo Jung‐Hun , Thongboonchoo Narisara , Fried Alan
Published: October 2005

Measurements from the Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE‐P) and Asian Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE‐Asia) field experiments obtained during the period of March–April 2001 are used to evaluate the impact of megacity emissions on regional air quality in east Asia. A classification method built upon back trajectory analysis and sensitivity runs using the Sulfur Transport and Emissions Model 2001 (STEM‐2K1) regional chemical transport model are used to identify the aircraft observations that were influenced by megacity emissions. More than 30% of measurement points are classified as urban points, with a significant number of plumes found to have originated from Shanghai, Qingdao, Beijing, Taiyuan, Tianjin and Guiyang, Seoul, and Pusan. These data are then analyzed, and chemical characteristics of these megacities are compared. Emission estimates for the megacities are also presented and discussed in the context of expected similarities and differences in the chemical signals in the ambient air impacted by these cities. Comparisons of the observation‐based ratios with emission‐based estimates are presented and provide a means to test for the consistency of the emission estimates. The observation‐based ratios are shown to be generally consistent with the emissions ratios. The megacity emissions are used in the STEM‐2K1 model to study the effects of these emissions on criteria and photochemical species in the region. Over large portions of the Japan Sea, Yellow Sea, western Pacific Ocean, and the Bay of Bengal, megacity emissions contribute in excess of 10% of the near‐surface ambient levels of O3, CO, SO2, H2SO4, HCHO, and NOz. The megacity emissions are also used to study ozone levels in Asia under a scenario where all cities evolve their emissions in a manner such that they end up with the same VOC/NOx emission ratio as that for Tokyo. Monthly mean ozone levels are found to increase by at least 5%.
Interaction between surface waves and absorbing boundaries for wave propagation in geological basins: 2D numerical simulations
Authors: Festa G. , Delavaud E. , Vilotte J.‐P.
Published: October 2005

Surface waves control the peak of the seismic records at regional and teleseismic distances. In complex structures, such as basins, their amplitude is produced by the interference between the topography and the wedges of the model. Therefore, they represent a challenging target for numerical simulations. When modelling low frequencies in thin media, such as basins and waveguides, some instabilities arise from the interaction between propagating evanescent waves and the artificial layer, required to avoid spurious reflection to be sent back into the elastic volume. Here we propose to generalize the absorbing boundary conditions, by adding a cut‐off frequency and an overdamping. The efficiency is demonstrated through a comparison with analytical solutions. Finally an analysis is performed by adopting a complex basin geometry, where we show that the pollution of classical absorbing conditions becomes significant near the edges of the model.
Acoustic waves generated by gusty flow over hilly terrain
Authors: Walterscheid R. L. , Hickey M. P.
Published: October 2005

We examine the generation of acoustic waves by gusty flow over hilly terrain. We use simple theoretical models of the interaction between terrain and eddies and a linear model of acoustic‐gravity wave propagation. The calculations presented here suggest that over a dense array of geographically extensive sources orographically generated vertically propagating acoustic waves can be a significant cause of thermospheric heating. This heating may account in good part for the thermospheric hot spot near the Andes reported by Meriwether et al. (1996, 1997).
Auroral electron dispersion below inverted‐V energies: Resonant deceleration and acceleration by Alfvén waves
Authors: Chen Li‐Jen , Kletzing Craig A. , Hu Shuanghui , Bounds Scott R.
Published: October 2005

Rocket observations of electron time dispersion which occurs at energies below the primary inverted‐V electron precipitation exhibit a variety of characteristics in the dispersion timescale and flux intensity distribution. We present simulation results that illustrate how different dispersion signatures can be produced by resonant acceleration and deceleration of auroral electrons by inertial Alfvén waves. We investigate the individual effects of relevant parameters such as the altitude of the inverted‐V potential, Alfvén wave amplitude, wave velocity, and source electron population. The energies to which Alfvén waves can accelerate electrons are primarily determined by the peak Alfvén speed below the DC potential drop and to a lesser extent by the amplitude of the wave parallel electric field. The observed electron signatures can be used to obtain information about the peak Alfvén speed, the wave parallel electric field, the DC electric field, and plasma environment through which the waves propagate.
A study on the effects of convective transport on regional‐scale Asian dust storms in 2002
Authors: Jung E. , Shao Y. , Sakai T.
Published: October 2005

In this study, we examine the effects of convective transport in the framework of a regional‐scale dust model. For this purpose a time‐dependent convective transport scheme coupled with the Kain‐Fritsch scheme of a host atmospheric model is used. Through comparison with independent studies it is shown that the scheme can adequately simulate upward convective dust transport and downward dust transport by subsidence in the environment. The scheme is applied to the simulation of Asian dust storms in 2002. It is shown that on regional scale, convective transport alters vertical dust distribution in two ways. In some areas, because of strong upward drafts, convective transport carries dust particles from the boundary layer to the middle and upper troposphere, while in other areas the net effect of convective transport is to move dust particles in the middle and upper troposphere downward leading to increased dust concentration in the lower troposphere.
Dry slab avalanche shear fracture properties from field measurements
Authors: McClung D. M.
Published: October 2005

Dry slab avalanches release by propagation of shear fractures in a thin, planar weak layer underneath a cohesive, stronger slab. This implies that a balance between shear fracture toughness and the shear fracture stress intensity factor fundamentally determines snow slab stability. Conventionally, fracture toughness is a material property and, for most materials, emphasis is on tensile fracture since most materials fail first in tension. However, for the snow slab, the weak layer fractures first, and field measurements show that the slab material is always stronger than the weak layer. Snow slabs in nature vary with respect to mechanical properties and other characteristics, so the concept of fracture toughness as a material property has no relevance when it is calculated for different avalanches. In this paper, field measurements collected from hundreds of snow slabs are combined with the cohesive crack model to yield estimates for the mode II shear fracture toughness, KIIc. The results suggest that the snow slab has extremely low fracture toughness with variations in nature over more than two orders of magnitude. The nominal weak layer shear strength τNu has a power law relationship with respect to the fundamental scaling parameter: the slab thickness, D. Model results also imply that KIIc has power law scaling with respect to D. It is also shown that KIIc follows a log‐normal probability density function. This implies a multifractal character by considering the moments, q, of shear fracture toughness scaled with D. Positive multifractal dimensions are suggested for q up to approximately 2.
Effectiveness of electron-cyclotron and transmission resonance heating in inductively coupled plasmas
Authors: Polomarov Oleg V. , Theodosiou Constantine E. , Kaganovich Igor D. , Ramamurthi Badri N. , Economou Demetre J.
Published: October 2005

The electron-cyclotron and transmission resonances in magnetically enhanced low-pressure one-dimensional uniform inductively coupled plasmas are studied analytically within a simple model of two driven electrodes. The results of our approach are also applicable to the case of one grounded electrode. It is shown that, for a high discharge frequency, the plasma resistance is greatly enhanced at electron-cyclotron and transmission resonances, but normally does not exhibit a sharp peak at the electron-cyclotron resonance (ECR) condition. For a low discharge frequency, the ECR heating is not effective. Conditions of strong transmission resonances are identified. A transition from a bounded to semi-infinite plasma with overlapping of transmission resonances is also considered.
C
S
2
O
+
and CS2O in the gas phase: An experimental and computational study
Authors: de Petris Giulia , Troiani Anna , Rosi Marzio
Published: October 2005

The CS2O+ ion and CS2O molecule were prepared and structurally characterized by mass spectrometric techniques as isolated species in the gas phase. The theoretical analysis, performed by B3LYP and CCSD(T) computational methods, predicted different CS2O+ isomers, SSCO+, O(CS2)+, SCSO+, SCOS+ and S(COS)+, and structurally related singlet and triplet CS2O. Experiment and theory agree in identifying the obtained CS2O+ ions as a mixture of SCSO+ and SCOS+ isomers. CS2O neutral species, prepared by neutralization-reionization mass spectrometry, were directly characterized as intact, long-lived species with a lifetime τ⩾2μs.
On the semigroup decomposition of the time evolution of quantum mechanical resonances
Authors: Strauss Y.
Published: October 2005

A way of utilizing Lax-Phillips type semigroups for the description of time evolution of resonances for scattering problems involving Hamiltonians with a semibounded spectrum was recently introduced by Strauss. In the proposed framework the evolution is decomposed into a background term and an exponentially decaying resonance term evolving according to a semigroup law given by a Lax-Phillips-type semigroup; this is called the semigroup decomposition. However, the proposed framework assumes that the S-matrix in the energy representation is the boundary value on the positive real axis of a bounded analytic function in the upper half-plane. This condition puts strong restrictions on possible applications of this formalism. In this paper it is shown that there is a simple way of weakening the assumptions on the S-matrix analyticity while still obtaining the semigroup decomposition of the evolution of a resonance.
A highly sensitive atomic force microscope for linear measurements of molecular forces in liquids
Authors: Patil Shivprasad , Matei George , Dong Hang , Hoffmann Peter M. , Karaköse Mustafa , Oral Ahmet
Published: October 2005

We describe a highly improved atomic force microscope for quantitative nanomechanical measurements in liquids. The main feature of this microscope is a modified fiber interferometer mounted on a five axis inertial slider which provides a deflection sensitivity that is significantly better than conventional laser deflection based systems. The measured low noise floor of 572.0fm∕Hz provides excellent cantilever amplitude resolution. This allows us to operate the instrument far below resonance at extremely small cantilever amplitudes of less than 1 Å. Thus linear measurements of nanomechanical properties of liquid systems can be performed. In particular, we present measurements of solvation forces in confined octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane and water with amplitudes smaller than the size of the respective molecules. In general, the development of the instrument is important in the context of quantitative nanomechanical measurements in liquid environments.
Bistable lasing in twin microdisk photonic molecules
Authors: Ishii Satoru , Baba Toshihiko
Published: October 2005

We demonstrate the bistable lasing in a photonic molecule consisting of twin microdisks. When the photonic molecule was nonuniformly photopumped, the bistability and/or mode switching were observed with an effective pump power of <100μW. The rate equation analysis indicated that the operation was based on saturable absorption and gain switching, which depended on the nonuniformity, disk diameter detuning, and Q factors of coupled modes. Such a bistable laser, particularly showing the mode switching, will be applied for ultrasmall high-speed optical memories, flip-flops, and so on.
Structural, ferroelectric, dielectric, and magnetic properties of BiFeO3∕Pb(Zr0.5,Ti0.5)O3 multilayer films derived by chemical solution deposition
Authors: Li Y. W. , Sun J. L. , Chen J. , Meng X. J. , Chu J. H.
Published: October 2005

Bi Fe O 3 ∕ Pb ( Zr 0.5 , Ti 0.5 ) O 3 (BFO/PZT) multilayer films have been grown on platinum-coated silicon substrate by chemical solution deposition. The remnant polarization is about 12μC∕cm2, which is much bigger than most of pure BFO thin films. P-E measurement shows that there are more obstacles affecting the motion of the domain wall in the multilayer films than those in the pure PZT films. This conclusion is also confirmed by measuring the dependence of capacitance with ac field under subswitching field. The frequency dependence of dielectric loss indicates that the dielectric loss (tanδ) of the multilayer is smaller than that of the PZT thin films at high frequency. Magnetic measurement indicates that the multilayer films are antiferromagnetic.
Children's Search Behaviour in Large-Scale Space: Developmental Components of Exploration
Authors: Smith Alastair D , Gilchrist Iain D , Hood Bruce M
Published: October 2005

It has been argued that visual-search tasks provide a valid model for foraging behaviour. However, Gilchrist et al (2001 Perception30 1459 – 1464) demonstrated that, whilst some aspects of behaviour transferred to large-scale egocentric search, there were substantially fewer revisits to previously searched locations than would be expected from the visual-search literature. This difference might be a result of the greater effort required to search in a large-scale egocentric context. Here, we present a novel, automated paradigm, for examining the effect of effort on egocentric search behaviour by manipulating the motor difficulty of the task. Children searched for a hidden target amongst a randomised display of lights by activating a switch at each potential location. The motor difficulty of the task was manipulated by requiring children to search with either their dominant or their nondominant hand. We found that when children searched with their nondominant hand, they made significantly more revisits to previously checked locations than they did when using their dominant hand. This suggests that, when the motor response was more effortful, children were less able to efficiently guide their search behaviour. Individuals with a greater visuo-spatial short-term memory span performed the task more quickly than those with a lower span. However, search latencies were unrelated to general fluid intelligence. This highlights the role of spatial working memory in the development of efficient exploration of large-scale space.
Sound and Sight: Acoustic Figures and Visual Phenomena
Authors: Wade Nicholas J
Published: October 2005

The impact that the analysis of sound waves has made on theories of light is well known, and is touched upon here. However, the acoustic figures described initially by Robert Hooke in 1665 and in more detail by Ernst Chladni in 1787 (often referred to as Chladni figures) were instrumental in vision in two specific respects. First, their representation by Tyndall [1867 Sound. A Course of Eight Lectures Delivered at the Royal Institution of Great Britain (London: Longmans, Green)] in a book on sound resulted in the description of a visual illusion, the Hermann grid. Secondly, attempts to render the acoustic figures visible (on the basis of briefly persisting images) led to the discovery of instruments that could synthesise movement. These two developments are discussed in their historical contexts.
Kanizsa's Shrinkage Illusion Produced by a Misapplied 3-D Corrective Mechanism
Authors: González Esther G , Ono Hiroshi , Lam Elaine , Steinbach Martin J
Published: October 2005

In order to include the monocular areas from the left and the right eye in the cyclopean view, the visual system displaces the occluded elements which would result in a horizontal elongation of the shape but does not occur thanks to a correction mechanism which preserves the shape. We hypothesised that this mechanism causes Kanizsa's a modal shrinkage illusion (the apparent elongation of a partially occluded square) when it is incorrectly applied by the visual system to a two-dimensional stimulus. Four experiments tested this hypothesis: (i) one-eyed observers were less susceptible to the illusion than people with normal binocular vision because, for them, the correction for shape is unnecessary; (ii) the illusion was stronger with binocular than with monocular vision since binocularity induces the visual system to correct for the shape distortion; (iii) the illusion diminished when the stimulus was rotated 90° given that displacement and compression are not required for vertical occlusion; (iv) the magnitude of the illusion was a function of the width of the occluder because, as previous research has shown, the edges of a partially occluded square are less displaced the farther they are from the edges of the occluder. The data from the four experiments support our hypothesis even though no condition was able to eliminate the illusion; other possible causes are discussed.
Inhibin, a member of a new peptide family
Authors: Burger HG
Published: October 2005

There is considerable experimental evidence that follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are regulated by separate mechanisms in some circumstances. Part of this differential regulation involves the gonadal factor inhibin, which preferentially affects FSH. A sensitive and specific bioassay based on suppression of FSH cell content in dispersed cultured pituitary cells was used to monitor the purification of inhibin to homogeneity. The two subunits were cloned and the full amino acid sequence of the molecule established. Much evidence has been gathered to support the hypothesis that FSH and inhibin form a classic endocrine closed-loop feedback system in which FSH stimulates inhibin secretion both in vivo and in vitro and inhibin in turn exerts a significant suppressive effect on FSH secretion. The establishment of an inhibin radioimmunoassay has allowed the description of its concentrations in various physiological states such as in the normal menstrual cycle, during puberty and in pregnancy. Inhibin levels were shown to be within the normal range in the polycystic ovarian syndrome. A potential commercial application of inhibin is as a vaccine to increase fertility in domestic animals.