bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Existe-t-il une écriture post-romantique ? L’Éducation sentimentale de Gustave Flaubert et La Poupée de Bolesław Prus
Authors: Neau Jessy
Published: January 2021

Cet article cherche à explorer la validité de la notion de «post-romantisme» appliquée à des romans de la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle tels que L’Éducation sentimentale de Flaubert et La Poupée (Lalka) de Prus. En utilisant le préfixe «post», nous ne cherchons pas à exclure de nouvelles catégories littéraires basées sur des caractéristiques communes sélectionnées, ni à remodeler l’histoire littéraire du XIXe siècle: nous voulons plutôt éclairer l’ensemble des processus qui se produisent dans les romans dont les objets esthétiques et politiques de base sont fondamentalement associés à une relation troublée et obsessionnelle avec le romantisme.
Colegio de Educadores de Párvulos de Chile AG
Authors: Rayo Quintana M. Soledad , Mesa Contardo Mónica de , Laengle Scarlazetta Gloria , Guzmán Valenzuela Estela , Araya Rojas Grimaldina , Simonstein Fuentes Selma , Salazar Acuña Fernanda
Published: January 2021

Este artículo intenta describir al Colegio de Educadores de Párvulos de Chile AG, su organización, funcionamiento y actividades realizadas en cuanto al ejercicio profesional y al desarrollo de la Educación Parvularia del país. Presenta también planteamientos de algunas colegiadas referidos al deber ser de la Reforma Educacional chilena en este nivel.
La importancia de realizar investigación en ciencias naturales en el nivel preescolar: la biofilia como una oportunidad
Authors: Torres-Contreras Hugo
Published: January 2021

Existe escasa información sobre los aprendizajes de los preescolares chilenos en el ámbito de las Ciencias Naturales. Tomando en consideración la empatía innata que exhiben los niños pequeños por otros seres vivos, en este artículo se describen las habilidades de pensamiento científico observar y preguntar, y los cambios en nivel de complejidad que éstas experimentan a través del tiempo. Además, en el contexto de un proyecto FONDECYT Regular, se comentan las primeras actividades realizadas con niños del primer nivel de transición cuando éstos son confrontados a ejemplares de fauna nativa, y los registros de observaciones y preguntas que son capaces de efectuar a partir de dibujos y entrevistas. La dependencia administrativa del colegio, el nivel de vocabulario con que ingresan los niños, la interacción que establecen con sus padres en ambientes naturales, y la enseñanza que reciben de parte de sus educadoras de párvulos, son variables que podrían tener implicancias en las habilidades científicas de los niños.
La Ciencias Sociales en la Docencia Universitaria
Authors: Atria Benaprés Raul
Published: January 2021

El artículo destaca los profundos procesos de cambio que acompañan la transformación modernizante de la sociedad contemporánea. Por ello, es imperativo examinar la formación de recursos humanos en el campo de las ciencias sociales para enriquecer la capacidad de intervención social de los jóvenes profesionales de hoy. Al respecto, hay que enfrentar desafíos mayúsculos para asegurar la relevancia de la docencia universitaria, entendida como un proceso transformador del estudiante y dinámico en la entrega de contenidos intelectuales. El pregrado es el primer escenario de esa transformación. La investigación es indispensable en la docencia de posgrado y es altamente conveniente en el pregrado, especialmente en los niveles avanzados de los currículos. Hay tres contribuciones de las ciencias sociales para responder a esos desafíos: desarrollar pensamiento analítico, desarrollar capacidad investigativa y adiestrar en las prácticas profesionales. La docencia universitaria de pregrado debe asumir la innovación curricular como una tarea ineludible en las instituciones de educación superior.
Mercantilización de la Educación. Comentarios sobre la Reforma Educativa en Chile 2015
Authors: González López Juan , Parra Moreno Diego
Published: January 2021

El presente texto pretende analizar las medidas contenidas en la llamada ley de inclusión educativa. Estas medidas han sido promovidas en la ciudadanía señalando que responden a las demandas del movimiento social por la educación que se ha movilizado en escuelas y calles, año a año desde el 2006. Se hará un análisis de estas medidas, contextualizando la reforma chilena en la reforma educativa neoliberal que se está implementando en el continente desde los años 80 y utilizando algunos datos sobre la privatización del sistema educativo chileno recogidos en proceso de investigación.
La reforma universitaria en Chile y la nueva universidad desde sus actores locales 1967-1973
Authors: Cuello Marjorie
Published: January 2021

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo relevar las visiones de los actores locales participantes en el proceso de reforma universitaria en Chile en el periodo 1967-1973 como forma de construir un relato a partir de los elementos específicos de la movilización y sus demandas, expresando la forma en la que ambos elementos se hacen realidad en la transformación de las instituciones universitarias en Chile, en la ciudad de Valparaíso, con énfasis en dos instituciones, la Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María y la Universidad de Chile Valparaíso.
Subacute Low Back Pain: infectious spondylodiscitis with epidural and psoas abscess
Authors: Bartkó Judit , Ladóczky-Hulló Daniella , Petrovszki Viktor , Varga Katalin
Published: January 2021

We describe a case of infectious spondylodiscitis of the lumbar spine  complicated by epidural and bilateral psoas abscesses which started with subtle symptoms and a non-specific clinical picture. Diagnosis is based on clinical, laboratory and radiological features. It can be difficult and often delayed due to the rarity of the disease and the high frequency of low back pain in the general population. Our aim is to raise awareness for the possibility of specific low back pain which requires quick and indispensable action from the physician.
Earthquake forecasting, public policy and earthquake forecasting
Authors: Lensen G. J.
Published: January 2021

The geodetic, geophysical and seismological approaches to earthquake forecasting are summarised and illustrated with examples of precursory phenomena, which can be categorised into long term, intermediate term, short term and imminent. The results from at least two, but preferably more, disciplines are needed to reliably identify a precursory phase before a forecast can be made.

The socio-economic impact of earthquake forecasting on business and the community is discussed and it is recommended that for at least the present such forecasts should not be made public. Instead Civil Defence and related exercises should be held in several areas including the "prone" area, in a realistic manner, ensure that manpower is organised, equipment etc. upgraded, and public awareness sharpened in order to reduce the imminent effects on safety both in public and at home.

Once the public has gained confidence, not only in the reliability of such forecasts, but more specifically confidence in the authorities concerned, and once their preparedness has become an accepted fact, only then will a public forecasting have a beneficial effect.
Kırım-Kongo Kanamalı Ateşi: 16 Olgunun Klinik Özelliklerinin ve Laboratuvar Bulgularının Retrospektif Değerlendirilmesi
Authors: Akyol Deniz , Erdem Kıvrak Esra , Erdem Hüseyin Aytaç , Pullukçu Hüsnü , Sipahi Oğuz Reşat , Taşbakan Meltem
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a zoonotic disease frequently transmitted by tick bite and accompanied by fever and bleeding. It may cause important public health problems. Besides clinical symptoms and epidemiological history, blood count and biochemical test results are the first clues for CCHF. In this study, we aimed to retrospectively evaluate 16 patients who were followed and treated due to CCHF in our hospital. Materials and Methods: The patients who were followed up and treated with CCHF between 2009-2019 in our clinic were evaluated retrospectively in terms of demographic characteristics, presenting complaints, presence of tick history, laboratory parameters, necessity of blood products replacement, hospitalization periods, ribavirin treatment and one-month survival. Results: Sixteen patients [ten females, six males, mean age 50.37 ± 18.01 (min: 18-max: 79)] with the diagnosis of CCHF were included into the study. Presenting complaints were fever (16/16, 100%), fatigue (16/16, 100%), bleeding (9/16, 56.2%), petechial rash (7/16, 43.7%). nausea and vomiting (6/16, 37.5%). There was a history of tick contact in 14 cases (87.5%) but not in two cases. Supportive treatment was applied to all cases, and droplet and contact isolation were applied. Blood product replacement was performed in five patients (31.2%), and ribavirin was administered in nine patients (56.2%). Mortality rate was 6.3% (1/16). Conclusion: Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever is an endemic disease in our country. Especially in spring and summer months, patients with fever and cytopenia on hemogram should be questioned, and tick contact should be sought.
Cutaneous Anthrax: Evaluation of 27 Cases
Authors: Şahin Tuğçe , Çevirme Ayşe
Published: January 2021

Introduction: While the incidence of anthrax is decreasing in Turkey, it is still endemic in some regions of the country. In this study, it was aimed to develop preventive methods by determining the characteristics of cutaneous anthrax after assessing the literature over the last six years (2013-2019) of cutaneous anthrax cases in Turkey. Materials and Methods: The studies carried out in the last six years on cutaneous anthrax were examined retrospectively. Diagnosis, physical examinations, vital signs, laboratory results, medical treatments of the evaluated cases were performed and tables on demographic characteristics were developed. Results: Patients' age ranged from 8 to 65 years. A total of 13 patients (48.1%) who were assessed were males. The source of infection was contact with infected animal and its products in 23 cases (85.2%), husbandry in 2 cases (7.4%), contact with infected blood in one case (3.7%), and being in the same environment with an anthrax diagnosed patient in one case (3.7%). As a result of microbiological investigations, it was found out that 10 patients (37%) had Bacillus anthracis. All patients received penicillin treatment. Only three patients were surgically treated. Treatment resulted in recovery in 26 cases. Conclusion: In order to prevent the disease, preventive measures such as training of risky individuals dealing with animal husbandry and vaccination of animals will reduce the incidence of the disease.
SARS-CoV-2 ve İnfluenza Virüs Birlikteliği
Authors: Kaptan Figen
Published: January 2021

Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 was initially identified in the Chinese city Wuhan on 29 December 2019. The infection has rapidly spread all over the world, and the World Health Organization declared the infection a pandemic on 11 March 2020. The disease, named coronavirus disease 19, has similar modes of transmission and clinical features with influenza, and coinfections have also been reported during the course of coronavirus disease 19. Studies have shown that the ratio of coinfections ranged widely among studies, and the clinical presentation in coinfections has varied from mild to severe disease leading to death. Detection of coinfection is important in order to plan the optimal treatment and improve clinical outcome. Studies reveal that nonpharmaceutical interventions such as social distancing and changes in population behavior implemented for coronavirus disease 19 have also reduced influenza transmission.
Pesquisa de audiências no YouTube: um estudo com base nas métricas do canal de Felipe Neto
Authors: Salgado Tiago Barcelos Pereira , Souza Juliana Lopes de Almeida
Published: January 2021

Este trabalho investiga como se constituem as audiências do canal de Felipe Neto no YouTube de acordo com as métricas de visualização, gostei (likes), não gostei (dislikes) e comentários, acumuladas em oito anos do canal (2010-2018). O método de coleta recorre às ferramentas digitais disponibilizadas pela Digital Methods Iniciative (DMI), o tratamento dos dados é feito por meio de tabelas em Excel, e a visualização conta com o auxílio do Tableau Public. Analisamos a relação entre as métricas e a correspondência de usuários que comentaram nos três vídeos com mais acúmulo de métricas do canal de Neto no período pesquisado. A investigação demonstra que cada vídeo configura audiências próprias, de maneira fragmentada, ampliando e problematizando suas ações diversas de engajamento.
Emancipação política por meio de práticas comunicativas alternativas: Lélia Gonzalez no Jornal “Mulherio”
Authors: Guimarães-Silva Pâmela
Published: January 2021

Este artigo analisa as possibilidades de emancipação política das mulheres negras, no começo da década de 1980, a partir da utilização de práticas comunicativas alternativas, nas quais elas tematizaram a própria condição. Para tanto, apresentamos uma análise de um recorte da atuação política da ativista mineira Lélia Gonzalez, sua coluna no jornal Mulherio (1981 - 1988). Nesse periódico ela era a única mulher negra a participar do conselho editorial e a assinar uma coluna. Como recurso metodológico, utilizamos a noção de discurso de Fairclough (1989) e concluímos que, ao se constituir sujeita política de palavra - tematizando às opressões interseccionadas que as mulheres negras sofrem -, Gonzalez promoveu um deslocamento nesse contexto para si e para os seus pares.
A lógica empresarial na política: intersecção entre campos, práticas e discursos
Authors: Fossá Maria Ivete Trevisan , Santos Mateus da Cunha
Published: January 2021

Nos últimos anos, temos presenciado um movimento de empresários ingressando na política. Nesse quadro, a proposta do artigo é analisar de que modo o discurso empresarial se manifesta na política. Com um aporte teórico-metodológico construído a partir do método de Análise do Discurso e teorias sobre o discurso político e o discurso empresarial, analisamos cinco programas eleitorais e três inserções de TV das campanhas eleitorais do empresário João Doria. A análise indicou que marcas linguísticas que remetem ao discurso empresarial foram incorporadas ao discurso eleitoral do candidato, apreendidas pela construção de valores associados à mentalidade empresarial, como o sucesso, a liderança, a inteligência, a competência, a moderação, o altruísmo, a responsabilidade, a inovação e a experiência.
His Neighbor's Wife
Authors: Starchman Bryan ,   After Dinner Conversation
Published: January 2021

What is fair and equitable justice? Is the point of justice to deter crime, to punish those that commit crime, or to educate criminals so they can integrate successfully back into society? In this work of philosophical short story fiction, the country has chosen to adopt the “Law Of Vindication.” If a drunk driver hits and kills someone with their car, their punishment is to be hit and killed with a car. The same reciprocal punishments exist for all serious crimes. Furthermore, it is a crime to not assist the government, when necessary, in providing the reciprocal punishment. The parents of a murdered child MUST murder the child of their killer. In this story, the narrator is in an unhappy marriage and decides his best chance of getting away with killing his wife is to kill his neighbor’s wife and wait for the law of retribution to require that his wife be killed as punishment. Of course, things don’t go quite as planned, and the law is interpreted differently than he expects.
Elementary logic as a basis for plane geometry.
Authors: Smith Eugene R.
Published: January 2021

This paper is the report of an experiment which I have been trying in my classes, and it will on that accow1t necessitate a frequent use of the personal pronoun.
Modern Tendencies in the Teaching of Algebra
Authors: Lennes N. J.
Published: January 2021

One of the most obvious facts about mathematics in our secondary schools is a very general dissatisfaction which is expressed on all sides. There is an alarming number of failures, especially in the first year of the high school, which argues that the pupils do not find the subject suited to their tastes and capacities. Instructors in the colleges and universities rarely miss an opportunity for declaring that their students came poorly prepared. The programs of teachers' meetings and the tables of contents of pedagogical journals are teeming with titles which assume that something is wrong.
A Tentative Program of Junior High-School Mathematics
Authors: Walsh C. B.
Published: January 2021

The statement is axiomatic and perhaps trite that the teaching of secondary-school mathematics is in a state of unrest. This condition has been aggravated, if not caused, by excessive criticism and this unstable state of affairs is reflected by the numerous new courses of study. It is consequently as inevitable as it is probably desirable that our curriculum in mathematics is to be reconstructed.
A Connection between Algebra and Life
Authors: White Elizabeth G.
Published: January 2021

Can algebra be made a vital subject of real value to every student? Can it be made an instrument to prepare each student for his life problems? Questions like these must confront every teacher who is not so blinded by the glittering generalities of formal discipline that he can not see the issues that count.
The Place of Arithmetic in the High-School Curriculum
Authors: Wiener William
Published: January 2021

A comparative study of methods of school administration and plans upon which the writer has for some time been engaged has left the impression that courses of study in high schools smack too much of similarity.
The Reconstruction of the Mathematical Requirement
Authors: Evans Geo. W.
Published: January 2021

The following statement contains no material that has been decided upon by the Committee on the Curriculum in Algebra. I must assume personal responsibility for any mistakes of judgment.
Why Students Fail in Mathematics
Authors: Merrill Helen A.
Published: January 2021

This subject was suggested some weeks ago, at a meeting of the Council of this Association, as one in which both school and college teachers are likely to be interested. There is a certain advantage in directing the attention occasionally to facts with which all are perfectly familiar, particularly if those same facts involve problems which are never completely solved, but which must be faced anew with each new set of students that enters our classrooms. This is my reason for undertaking today to open a discussion of a subject with which all of us may well be equally familiar. I am further encouraged by a remark made last fall by Professor (now Major) Julian Coolidge, who told an audience that he was addressing on a rather elementary subject, that while he had often been bored by too difficult mathematiral discussions, he had never yet been bored by too easy ones, a sentiment in which every hearer probably concurred.
The Courtis Tests in Arithmetic
Authors: Boyer Philip A.
Published: January 2021

The efficiency of an operation is determined in large measure by the ability to evaluate results. In no department of educational work are there greater opportunities for service to the individual pupil than in the scientific measurement of the product. The rapid multiplication of tests and measurements in the field of education is at once an indication of their usefulness and a guarantee of their success in directing the search light of scrutiny to the minutiae of the teaching process. Indeed before one gets very far with such investigation he finds himself launched upon numerous related and more detailed studies, the sum total of which cannot fail to bring about a more intelligently purposeful contact between teacher and pupil.
Teaching Practical Mathematics Efficiently
Authors: Sampson Charles H.
Published: January 2021

Practical mathematics is a valuable tool for any tradesman to own. And yet a very small percentage indeed of these men fully realize the value of this tool. Why?
The Metric System its Relation to Mathematics and Industry
Authors: Souder Wilmer
Published: January 2021

Lord Kelvin has said that our understanding of a physical phenomenon is not complete until we are able to express its relations in the form of a mathematical equation. This is equally true in many other fields of activity. Even the smallest capitalist, the newsboy, is not getting all the pleasure (or worry) out of life unless he is able to accurately compare his gains and losses with those of former days and with those of his fellow workers. There is no more fundamental science than the science of mathematics, and I envy you, your position in our educational system. There is a definite yes or no to all your problems. The student who distorts the problems in any way must somewhere make a second error or inevitably arrive at the wrong answer. There is little or no occasion for an argument or back talk in your work. For the development of precision, definiteness, and confidence your subject must always remain at the top.
Educational Opportunity in the Army of Occupation
Authors: Smith Eugene R. , Gaylord Harry D. , Chambers Geo. Gailey , Breckenridge William E. , Rorer J. T.
Published: January 2021

The educational work of the A. E. F. was firmly established by General Orders 9 and 30, issued by the Commander in Chief. Among other things in these orders, General Pershing authorized three types of educational assignment for the men: first, at universities or colleges; second, at divisional schools; third, at post schools. Only the work for illiterates at post schools was to be compulsory, but the elective opportunities attracted far more applicatioils than could be granted. Thousands of men took advantage of the remarkable privilege to study at the French and English universities and professional schools, while on the army payroll, and free of any personal expense. These in the main were men who had been in American colleges and universities, or who were fully prepared for university work when they left home. Shortly after they began their work at Cambridge, Oxford, Edinburgh, Paris, Grenoble, or any of the other established seats of learning, another call was issued announcing the opening of the American University at Beaune. Cote d'Or. Here was an educational miracle; a Harvard and Chicago combined, thirteen colleges completely organized almost over night and surprisingly well equipped, with a wonderful faculty of about one thousand, and a student body of more than eight thousand. During the three months that it was in session, it gave an intellectual impetus to thousands of young men and undoubtedly was a large factor subsequently in bringing many of these students back to home colleges and universities.
Why it is Impossible to Trisect an Angle or to Construct a Regular Polygon of 7 or 9 Sides by Ruler and Compasses
Authors: Dickson Leonard Eugene
Published: January 2021

1. Introduction.— An alert student of geometry who has learned how to bisect any angle is apt to ask if every angle can be trisected, and, if not, why not. After learning how to construct regular polygons of 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 10 sides, he will be inquisitive about the missing ones of 7 and 9 sides. The teacher will be in a comfortable position if he knows the facts and what is involved in the simplest discussion to date of these questions.
Computation in Junior High School Mathematics
Authors: Werremeyer D. W. , _ _
Published: January 2021

With the present tendency of including so much geometric and algebraic material in the junior high school and of devoting so much time to informational subjects in many vocations and avocations, one may well ask the question, “Is there sufficient time left to give the necessary drill and practice to make pupils proficient in the four fundamental operations with integral numbers and with common and decimal fractions?”
A Program of Investigation and Cooperative Experimentation in the Mathematics of the Seventh, Eighth and Ninth School Years
Authors: Schorling Raleigh , Clark John R.
Published: January 2021

The Present Status of Mathematics in Grades Seven, Eight, and Nine. — These appears to be widespread dissatisfaction with the content and the organization of traditional materials of instruction in these grades. In particular, the work of these years is characterized by waste of time and effort in the teaching of insignificant subject matter. There is little defense against the charge that the conventional seventh and eighth grade mathematics devotes much time to unmotivated and unproductive reviews; that much of the social-economic arithmetic (taxes, insurance, stocks, bonds, and the like) is beyond the comprehension of the pupils of these earlier grades; that common sense estimation in solving problems does not receive adequate exercise; and that American practice has not begun to profit by the experiences of European schools in giving to pupils of these grades an outlook and an appreciation of the significance and meaning of mathematics beyond arithmetic.
The Formula in Ninth Grade Algebra
Authors: Kinney J. M.
Published: January 2021

Algebra is a general science. In elementary mathematics we recognize a body of mathematical material which we are accustomed to classify as arithmetic and another which we classify as algebra. Yet upon examination of the material of these two subjects we find many common problems. Does this mean that there is no sharp line of demarcation between these two subjects? In order to answer this question let us first consider some simple examples.
Teaching Pupils How to Study Mathematics
Authors: Davis Alfred
Published: January 2021

So far the suggestions which concern study and teaching have been of a general nature, applicable, for the most part, to any study. We shall now discuss in greater detail the study of geometry. We select this subject because it offers unusual opportunities to both teacher and student for both teaching and study. The suggestions made for geometry will make clear the proper methods of procedure for other mathematical studies. Moreover, the student who handles geometry successfully is probably equipped to study any subject to which he wishes to apply himself.
The Psychology of the Equation
Authors: Thorndike Edward L.
Published: January 2021

The equation has two different uses. First, it is an organization of data in such a way as to indicate the operations required to obtain a certain numerical result, this result being the answer to a question which led the worker to frame the equation. So 60 − x = x − 45 is a good way to organize data to answer the question. “What number is as much less than 60 as it is greater than 45? The equation is here a thing to be solved. Second, the equation is the expression of a relation between a variable and one or more other variables. The important thing in this case is to understand the relation or law.
Rabbi Ben Ezra on Permutations and Combinations
Authors: Ginsburg Jekuthiel
Published: January 2021

Introductory Note: There are few algebraic topics more interesting to high school pupils that Permutations and Combinations when this subject is presented in an elementary fashion. It has of late years dropped out of the curriculum because it had come to be unnecessarily difficult through numerous unnecessary complications, but as a slight diversion it still has value, and in advanced algebra it is almost necessary.
“Steradians” and Spherical Excess
Authors: Evans George W.
Published: January 2021

In elementary geometry, or oftener in trigonometry, we speak of radian measure of plane angles; but, if we ever mention the measure of a solid angle by the included area of a unit sphere, it is a mere comment, and seems to have nothing to do with the fact that the area of a spherical triangle is proportional to its spherical excess. It is not easy for the pupil to infer, and he generally does not infer, that the spherical excess, expressed in radians, is precisely this measure of the solid angle, and, if multiplied by r2, gives the area of the triangle.
Permutations in the 16th Century Cabala
Authors: Turetsky Morris
Published: January 2021

INTRODUCTORY NOTE. In the November, 1922 number of the Mathematics Teacher attention was called to some interesting material relating to permutations and combinations which had been discovered in certain Hebrew works by Messrs. Ginsburg and Turetsky. The latter came across his material in a certain work by Moses Cordovero, a learned rabbi of the first part of the 16th century—the Pardes Rim-monim (Orchard of Pomegranates), first printed in the Hebrew language at Salonika in the year 1552. It sets forth the simple and interesting way in which Cordovero attacked the subject of permutations and suggests a method which could be used with profit at the present time. The translation is interesting because of the quaint style, and the notes will be found valuable not merely for their explanations but for the mathematical principles set forth.
The Art of Questioning
Authors: Gould Clarence G.
Published: January 2021

Ill the Study of the history of educational systems from the earliest times to the present, it is evident that the question has always been a factor in teaching. Teaching in Grecian and Roman times produced, by means of the question, thinkers and philosophers. In the middle ages, the question played an important part in the teaching which was mostly to the individual and not to groups.
Our Geometry in Egypt and China
Authors: Austin William A.
Published: January 2021

Two articles describing the laboratory plan of teaching plane geometry in Fresno High School have appeared in School Science and Mathematics. The first article, A Flu Dream in Mathematics,” was in the November, 1919 issue. the second article, “A Dream Come True”, was published in the October 1921 number.
The Logic of Mathematical Processes
Authors: Sloctemyer Hugo F.
Published: January 2021

It is my privilege today to speak to you on a subject in which I have been long and deeply interested. Unfortunately for me, but possibly fortunately for the profession. I am not a teacher of Mathematics, though at times in my career through force of circumstances, I have engaged in that important and absorbing occupation. I am and have been occupied for some years in the teaching of Physics in colleges and engineering schools, and therefore, although I have not had the opportunity of making observations on the teachings of Mathematics from the standpoint of the professor, I have had occasions innumerable of calculating the results of their teaching in students.
Time is Money: A story for High School and College Students and for All Who Are Interested in Saving Money
Authors: Breckenridge William E.
Published: January 2021

Bill and Jack are two high school boys and both are members of the baseball team. Jack is the star pitcher for the school and Bill plays third base. A few days ago after school these boys met and the following coversation took place:
The Price of Wisdom
Authors: Evans George W.
Published: January 2021

The present economic situation, say the commentators on the news, is disastrous especially to the “middle class.” The misfortunes referred to are obscure in origin, but the causes can be fairly well seen where the conditions are exaggerated; Germany furnishes a sad and obvious diagram. The buying power of a fixed sum of money becomes less and less, and the persons who depend on an income that is not capable of numerical increase, such as men on salary or old people who have invested the savings of their busy youth, have to do the best they can under conditions increasingly severe. Still more does the endowed university or library suffer; for its expenses are enormously increased, while its income is a nearly constant percentage of an unchanged capital.
Craig's Edition of Euclid: Its “Use and Application” of the Principal Propositions Given
Authors: Rowlands Agnes G.
Published: January 2021

In 1818 in Baltimore there was published an edition of Euclid edited by John D. Craig, which contains many practical applications of the theorems in Euclid, which teachers of geometry would find suggestive. Many of them are very familiar ones. To give teachers an idea of the book, I quote a passage from the introduction and a few of the problems.
Advantages of A General Course in Mathematics for the First Two Years in High School
Authors: McCoy Louis A.
Published: January 2021

Shall we have a general course in mathematics for the first two years in high school, or shall we stick to the time-honored one year of algebra and one year of plane geometry? By the general course we mean a course, unified as far as possible from the standpoint of subject-matter, coherently connected, and consisting of some arithmetic, some algebra, some plane geometry, a little solid geometry, and the idea and the use of the function in numerical trigonometry. If there be any justification for such a course, it must be that it can do more for a pupil, give him better equipment, and more power, so that he can take his place as an intelligent member of the community if he should leave school, or be a greater aid to him should he continue his school work in preparation for college.
An Experiment in Testing and Classifying Pupils in Beginning Algebra
Authors: Austin C. M.
Published: January 2021

This experiment was started about five years ago. At that time the grade schools began sending their estimate of the pupils’ ability to the high school office. Each pupil was rated as being A, B or C in ability. This classification was accepted at its face value and pupils placed in three groups. This grouping was not at all satisfactory from our standpoint as the grade teachers seemed to rate the pupils according to behavior or personal preference or achievement in some other study.
A Better Use of Tests in Mathematics
Authors: Reeve W. D.
Published: January 2021

Tests in mathematics may be classified under two main heads, namely, prognostic tests, and achievement or diagnostic tests. Prognostic tests are those which may be given by the teacher early in the pupil's mathematical career the results of which are supposed to measure innate ability to do mathematical work. By their use one is supposed to be able to predict how the pupil will probably perform in his later mathematical work. These tests must, in the nature of things, be more comprehensive than any which have been devised for particular fields.
Purpose, Method, and Mode of Demonstrative Geometry
Authors: Hart W. W.
Published: January 2021

Preparation for living is the conception of the purpose of education which is most popular,—with emphasis often if not usually upon a narrowly specific preparation for some vocation. “Practical value” (usually undefined) has come to be a shibboleth used for a subject, and any apparent lack of it is used against a subject. Teachers are asked to indicate what parts of their subjects, if any, contribute certain specific abilities or qualities which are needed by adults; the implication is that the content is to be determined by what adults actually will use within or outside their callings. In this manner, emphasis is thrown upon specific preparation for the future in terms of subject matter.
News Notes
Authors: Claussen Christine
Published: January 2021

The University of Chicago Conference. With Chicago's assistant superintendent, Mr. William J. Bogan, as chairman, the mathematics section of the University of Chicago Conference was called to order in Reynolds Club Theatre, Friday afternoon, May 9th.
The Recitation in Mathematics
Authors: Atkin Edith Irene
Published: January 2021

Many movements in education are claiming the attention of teachers of mathematics. Some teachers and administrators would make all high school mathematics elective, some are teaching some form of general mathematics, some are emphasizing standardized tests, some have instituted supervised study or instruction by homogeneous groups, and others are working on the content of courses in mathematics for both the junior and the senior high schools. These different movements all indicate an earnest desire on the part of their exponents to help in the solution of educational problems, and every progressive teacher is vitaily interested in the results, either from the standpoint of a participator or an observer.
Animated Mathematics
Authors: Baker Howard Bates
Published: January 2021

Very much has been said about “intuitional mathematics.” This, I believe, to be a misnomer, for it seems to me that there is very little intuitional about mathematics outside of the axioms and postulates. With due respect to Socrates, ask a boy to construct a square with an area equal to twice that of a given square, and watch the result.
Some Methods in Subtraction
Authors: Gibson Charles S.
Published: January 2021

In teaching subtraction three factors of the subject present themselves to us in different ways, and the inter-relation of these factors by a series of permutations produces a variety of methods sometimes widely different, and sometimes very similar, but still enough unlike to prove confusing to children. First, there is the nature of the subject itself, second, the terminology to be employed, and third, the matter of “carrying” in the Arabic notation. The terminology depends in some cases directly upon the first factor and in others upon the third.
The Junior High School Mathematics in Newton, Mass.
Authors: Tracy Sarah E.
Published: January 2021

The establishment of the Frank Ashley Day Junior High School in Newton was a stimulus to every one in every department of our schools. It was the signal for careful house cleaning—throwing out the old and useless and looking to the more complete unifying of the work in grades, junior high and senior high.
The Influence of Standardized Tests on the Curriculum in Arithmetic
Authors: Upton Clifford B.
Published: January 2021

With the beginnings of experimental education and research in educational psychology a movement started which has had considerable influence on the teaching of arithmetic. Out of this movement grew the standardized tests in arithmetic as we find them to-day. We have had considerable assistance from these tests and more or less harm; it is the harm that comes from them that I wish to discuss in this paper. Unfortunately teachers the country over, being unfamiliar in general with the larger developments in the teaching of arithmetic, have looked upon the standardized test in arithmetic as a kind of authoritative guide as to what should be done in the teaching of this subject. From their viewpoint, the arithmetic they had taught was good if the pupil succeeded in passing a standardized test; otherwise the subject matter and the teaching were poor. Consequently teachers have come to regard many of these tests as outlines of the minimum essentials in number work and therefore guides to the particular topics which should be given most emphasis. This is, however, not the case.
Mathematics in the Junior High School
Authors: Clark John R.
Published: January 2021

Two weeks from to-day, as you know, we plan to open the first junior high school in our city. Many of us have been asking ourselves in what respects the kind of education that our pupils will receive, or should receive, in this new school may he expected to differ from that which they have been receiving in our conventional type of school. While we are aware that there is developing in this country a new education, so to speak, few of us have any definite convictions about its general aims and philosophy. Still fewer of us feel that we know exactly what should be taught in any subject in the junior high school, even in mathematics, the subject in which we are particularly interested. Realizing that we should he more familiar with the ideals of this new education, the Board of Education has asked us to come together for a series of conferences for the purpose of formulating a course of study in mathematics. We want to enter into our new work with as much insight and understanding as possible. I feel that too many cities have adopted the junior high in name only. They have not appreciated its real function.
The Value of the History of Greek Mathematics to Secondary School Teachers
Authors: Eells Walter Crosby
Published: January 2021

The course in history of mathematics is given this year at Whitman College two hours a week for sixteen weeks to a class of five juniors and seniors, all of whom are planning on teaching high school mathematics.
“Elementary Geometry” and the “Foundations”
Authors: Webb H. E.
Published: January 2021

Recent attempts at reform or improvement in the teaching of elementary geometry have been directed chiefly toward the development of a preliminary informal treatment of the material with which the subject is concerned, or toward a judicious selection of “real problems” for the purpose of applying geometrical principles. The field of the abstract “original exercise” has long since been cultivated to the point of exhaustion.
The Teaching of Mathematics in an English Secondary School
Authors: Brown Margaret
Published: January 2021

Whilst the work of pioneers in education is generally known in other countries and the work of exceptional schools is often watched with interest, teachers both in America and in England are singularly ignorant of what is the general practice in the schools on the other side of the Atlantic. Hence, the organization of the mathematical work in a common type of English secondary school may be of interest to American teachers of mathematics.
Some Lovers of the Conic Sections
Authors: Chapin Margaret L.
Published: January 2021

The conic sections have been among the most beloved play-things of mathematicians for more than two thousand years. I remember that I was fascinated as a very little girl when my mother showed me a cone that had been sliced this way and that to give different curves; and I wondered whether I should ever study about them when I came to college.
The Introduction to the Study of Geometry
Authors: Hefferman John K.
Published: January 2021

It is said that King Ptolemy, hearing of the wonders of geometry, summoned Euclid before him and commanded the latter to teach him this new science. The king was much disturbed (in mind, at least) when Euclid answered that there was no royal road to geometry. I am sure that we can exercise a little “poetic lincense” and use as our text, “There is no royal road to the teaching of geometry.” So this treatise is not written as a panacea for all the academic ills connected with the subject but rather a critical study of some of the features which make up the introduction to the study of geometry.
A Review of Professor Moore's Presidential Address
Authors: English Harry
Published: January 2021

On December 29, 1902, Professor E. H. Moore of the University of Chicago delivered the Presidential Address before the American Mathematical Society, “On the Foundations of Mathematics.” It is with great hesitation that I make any attempt to consider this epoch-making pronouncement of the views and visions, ideals and hopes, of this noted mathematician and general thinker as regards mathematical content and methods.
Discussion
Authors: Stroup P.
Published: January 2021

In the Mathematics section of the Ohio State Educational Conference at Columbus, April 9, 1926, Miss Marie Gugle of that city read a paper on the above subject. A change suggested was that the extended teaching of intuitive geometry in the Junior High School be taken advantage of by spending less time on demonstrative plane geometry in the tenth year and thus make room for solid geometry as a part of that year's work. The high school course would then be completed with the customary algebra, some analytics and trigonometry.
A Few Constructive Phases of Mathematics in Life
Authors: Webber W. Paul , Cole J. P. , O’Quin R. L.
Published: January 2021

In this age no country can compete successfully in business or industry without advanced and specialized scholarship in many fields of study. So well recognized is this that we read in current newspapers that more and more research fellowships are being endowed in our great universities by commercial and industrial corporations. Fire insurance companies are providing facilities for young people to study fire insurance scientifically. Fellowships in agriculture, economics and various other lines are being added to the list. Even fellowships in handling and marketing meat are to be found.
A Few Algebra Methods
Authors: Smith Eugene R. , Rorer Jonathan T. , Dean Philip R.
Published: January 2021

Granted certain favorable conditions such as: (1) a thoroughly trained and broad-minded teacher, (2) reasonable-sized classes, and (3) pupils mature enough for the work at hand, two things seem to me highly essential for the best teaching. These are (a) well-grounded methods; and (b) daily and sympathetic planning of each lesson.
Analysis Versus Synthesis
Authors: Wuest Alma M.
Published: January 2021

One of the major issues in the teaching of demonstrative geometry is to determine the relative values of the analytic and synthetic methods of proof. The usual method employed is the latter and although it is in the newer hooks that we find more use made of the analytic method, the analytic method is not new. Plato is said to have invented this form of proof. To estimate the relative values of these two methods let us examine them in the light of the aims for teaching demonstrative geometry. If we can decide why a pupil should study geometry then it will he comparatively easy to determine which of these two forms of proof will help us achieve the desired results.
The Problem of Algebra Instruction
Authors: Birch John J.
Published: January 2021

With the introduction of the Junior High School movement, mathematical instruction in our schools is at present in a period of transition. In the old system, arithmetic was presumed to be completed in the eighth grade and algebra started in what was then termed the first year of high school. With the newer idea, a course in general mathematics is given during the first two years of the Junior High School followed by algebra in the last year and then the higher mathematics work of the senior high school.
The Place and Teaching of Calculus in Secondary Schools
Authors: Farmer Susie B.
Published: January 2021

The past two decades have seen many changes in the mathematics of secondary schools both in aim, method, and content. This movement to vitalize mathematics and make it more appreciative was begun in 1901 by Professor Perry who was at that time in charge of certain apprenticeship schools in London and who felt that the traditional mathematics of those schools meant little to the pupils in their later work. The reform movement in this country was started by Professor E. II. Moore of the University of Chicago. In 1903 associations of mathematics teachers were formed in various parts of the United States and mathematics magazines were established in order to spread the movement among classroom teachers. After twenty years of persistent effort on the part of reformers, we can see a marked change in aim, method, and content of mathematical curricula through new types of text books, efforts of progressive teachers, and through investigations and reports of national and international committees culminating in the Reorganization of Mathematics in Secondary Education by the National Committee of Mathematics Requirements under the auspices of the Mathematics Association of America. This noteworthy publication furnishes a national basis from which future improvement is assured.