bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vibration properties in the design of tensegrity structure
Authors: Faroughi Shirko , Tur Josep M Mirats
Published: July 2013

The main objective of the present work is to develop an algorithm consisting of the eigenvalue sensitivity and modal updating along with the mode tracking to analyze the dynamic behavior (i.e., vibrational properties) of a tensegrity structure. The optimum values of the design parameters including the pre-tension force, element section area, etc., are obtained to satisfy the desired vibrational properties of the structure. The optimum variables will be acceptable if the design constraints involving the buckling constraint for rod elements and the strength constraints for all components of the system are fully satisfied. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm for finding the optimum values of the design variables of the tensegrity structures is proved through the solution of three examples
Documentation of Nursing Care in Advanced Home Care
Authors: Öhlén Agneta , Forsberg Christina , Broberger Eva
Published: July 2013

Nursing documentation in advanced home care (AHC) is essential in communication between nurses and interprofessionally for evaluation of patient care. Poor documentation could be a threat to high quality care and patient safety. The aim of this study was to describe documentation of nursing care within AHC. Sixty nursing records from two AHC-units in Sweden were collected and a content analysis was performed. The results revealed documentation from a broad spectrum of advanced nursing care, consisting of both planned and acute care. However, the documentation was often fragmented and information sometimes hard to find. Nursing documentation often described caring needs, but lacked interventions and evaluations. Further development and research on nursing documentation and its connection to evidence-based practice within AHC is needed.
Obstacles to Developing Digital Literacy on the Internet in Middle School Science Instruction
Authors: Colwell Jamie , Hunt-Barron Sarah , Reinking David
Published: July 2013

Obstacles, and instructional responses to them, that emerged in two middle school science classes during a formative experiment investigating Internet Reciprocal Teaching (IRT), an instructional intervention aimed at increasing digital literacy on the Internet, are reported in this manuscript. Analysis of qualitative data revealed that IRT enabled students to explain and demonstrate appropriate strategies for locating and evaluating information on the Internet when they were asked to do so. However, students did not use these strategies or they quickly abandoned them when working independently or in small groups during inquiry projects. Data revealed three obstacles that inhibited efforts to promote consistent, independent use of strategies: the teacher’s role in student inquiry, the structure of inquiry projects, and students’ previous strategies. Results suggest notable challenges to implementing instruction that inculcates dispositions among middle school students leading to consistent, independent use of appropriate strategies for locating and evaluating information on the Internet. Implications for practitioners, policy makers, and researchers are discussed.
Transmutation and Reinvention of Public Spaces Through Ideals of Urban Planning and Design
Authors: Haas Tigran , Olsson Krister
Published: July 2013

Our cities are undergoing a rapid transformation of public spaces due to different factors, such as economic and cultural globalization, demographic transformations, marketing strategies, urban planning and design approaches, medialization reinterpretations, social networks, and others. The urban realm itself is the collection of public spaces and places—buildings, squares, streets, landscapes, and ecosystems, as well as processes, mindscapes, and people that make up and shape any environment. In that respect, urban planning and design is really characterized by two distinct processes that transubstantiate space and place: static and dynamic. This qualitative, reflective article discusses these issues, taking a standpoint from the notion of public space as a common good. This notion is discussed in relation to the factors that transform our cities and is analyzed in relation to the concept of public good. We reflect this discussion vis-à-vis the views of the leading paradigms in urban planning and design, and their intake on and outlook on these complex issues.
Examining patterns of association with defensive information processing about colorectal cancer screening
Authors: McQueen Amy , Swank Paul R , Vernon Sally W
Published: July 2013

To reduce negative psychological affect from information or behavior that is inconsistent with one’s positive self-concept, individuals use a variety of defensive strategies. It is unknown whether correlates differ across defenses. We examined correlates of four levels of defensive information processing about colorectal cancer screening. Cross-sectional surveys were completed by a convenience sample of 287 adults aged 50–75 years. Defenses measures were more consistently associated with individual differences (especially avoidant coping styles); however, situational variables involving health-care providers also were important. Future research should examine changes in defenses after risk communication and their relative impact on colorectal cancer screening.
Shadow-reading: Affordances for imitation in the language classroom
Authors: de Guerrero María CM , Commander Millie
Published: July 2013

Imitation has a fundamental role in learning and development within Vygotskyan sociocultural theory. In this study, we adopt a sociocultural theory view of imitation as an intentional, meaningful, and transformative process leading learners to higher developmental levels. The study centers on instances of imitation that occurred as adult learners of English as a second language (ESL) were engaged in a classroom shadow-reading task. The task consisted of an interactional phase where two learners, working collaboratively, read aloud, shadowed, and orally summarized a story, and a non-interactional phase where students produced written retellings of the story. The qualitative analysis of the data involved identifying possible instances of imitation and tracking relevant story segments throughout the different phases of the activity. Various types of imitative behaviors were found, ranging from close copies to major transformations of models, as well as immediate to deferred reproductions. From an instructional point of view, the built-in, recursive structure of the shadow-reading task seemed effective in providing affordances for persistent, meaningful imitation and internalization of second language (L2) exemplars as well as story comprehension and retention.
Beyond metrocentrism: From empire to globalism in early US sociology
Authors: Go Julian
Published: July 2013

Existing accounts of American sociology’s founding years during the early twentieth century assume that the discipline was ‘metrocentric.’ They assume that it was only interested in processes occurring within the United States; that American sociologists fell prey to state-centrist thought; and that, therefore, contextualizing America sociology’s emergence necessitates understanding relations, events, and processes within the confines of US territorial boundaries. By contrast, this paper shows the imperial and hence global aspects of early American sociological thought. Early American sociologists were interested in imperialism and, therefore, in cross-societal, transnational, and global processes and relations. Implicitly or explicitly they approached imperialism as a process by which social groups, not least ‘races,’ interacted and conflicted. They also saw it as a route towards new global forms. Early American sociology thus articulated a sociological imagination that looked beyond American society and to the wider world.
Screening for diabetes and cardiometabolic disease in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Tomlinson Julie A , Pinkney Jonathan H , Evans Phil , Millward Ann , Stenhouse Elizabeth
Published: July 2013

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a significant risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular disease risk (together referred to as ‘cardiometabolic disease’, CMD). Primary prevention of CMD may be possible in women with PCOS but the diagnostic criteria for PCOS are controversial and this often hampers optimal clinical management. PCOS affects as many as 18% of women of reproductive age, and at least 70% remain undiagnosed in primary care. Screening women with PCOS for diabetes is seldom undertaken, largely through difficulties in diagnosis due to identification and management of PCOS continuing to focus on treatment of infertility and hirsutism. This article focuses on the diagnostic challenges of making the initial diagnosis of PCOS and considers how screening, detection and prevention of CMD might become routine clinical practice. It explores the unique challenges associated with PCOS and highlights the need for better evidence to justify screening and intervention. Finally, a pragmatic approach to assessing women with PCOS is suggested for use within primary care.
Yoga in the Management of Overweight and Obesity
Authors: Bernstein Adam M. , Bar Judi , Ehrman Jane Pernotto , Golubic Mladen , Roizen Michael F.
Published: July 2013

Although yoga may help manage conditions comorbid with overweight and obesity, such as low back pain, whether yoga helps with weight loss or maintenance beyond that which can be achieved with diet and exercise remains unclear. A search of multiple databases through September 2012 was undertaken identifying peer-reviewed studies on yoga, meditation, mindfulness, obesity, and overweight. Studies on yoga and weight loss are challenged by small sample sizes, short durations, and lack of control groups. In addition, there is little consistency in terms of duration of formal group yoga practice sessions, duration of informal practices at home, and frequency of both. Studies do however suggest that yoga may be associated with weight loss or maintenance. Mechanisms by which yoga may assist with weight loss or maintenance include the following: (a) energy expenditure during yoga sessions; (b) allowing for additional exercise outside yoga sessions by reducing back and joint pain; (c) heightening mindfulness, improving mood, and reducing stress, which may help reduce food intake; and (d) allowing individuals to feel more connected to their bodies, leading to enhanced awareness of satiety and the discomfort of overeating. Thus, yoga appears promising as a way to assist with behavioral change, weight loss, and maintenance.
Concealment and fabrication by experienced research subjects
Authors: Devine Eric G , Waters Megan E , Putnam Megan , Surprise Caitlin , O’Malley Katie , Richambault Courtney , Fishman Rachel L , Knapp Clifford M , Patterson Elissa H , Sarid-Segal Ofra , Streeter Chris , Colanari Laurie , Ciraulo Domenic A
Published: July 2013

Background

Subjects who enroll in multiple studies have been found to use deception at times to overcome restrictive screening criteria. Deception undermines subject safety as well as study integrity. Little is known about the extent to which experienced research subjects use deception and what type of information is concealed, withheld, or distorted.

Purpose

This study examined the prevalence of deception and types of deception used by subjects enrolling in multiple studies.

Methods

Self-report of deceptive behavior used to gain entry into clinical trials was measured among a sample of 100 subjects who had participated in at least two studies in the past year.

Results

Three quarters of subjects reported concealing some health information from researchers in their lifetime to avoid exclusion from enrollment in a study. Health problems were concealed by 32% of the sample, use of prescribed medications by 28%, and recreational drug use by 20% of the sample. One quarter of subjects reported exaggerating symptoms in order to qualify for a study and 14% reported pretending to have a health condition in order to qualify.

Limitations

Although this study finds high rates of lifetime deceptive behavior, the frequency and context of this behavior is unknown. Understanding the context and frequency of deception will inform the extent to which it jeopardizes study integrity and safety.

Conclusion

The use of deception threatens both participant safety and the integrity of research findings. Deception may be fueled in part by undue inducements, overly restrictive criteria for entry, and increased demand for healthy controls. Screening measures designed to detect deception among study subjects would aid in both protecting subjects and ensuring the quality of research findings.
Clinical trials of health information technology interventions intended for patient use: Unique issues and considerations
Authors: DeVito Dabbs Annette , Song Mi-Kyung , Myers Brad , Hawkins Robert P , Aubrecht Jill , Begey Alex , Connolly Mary , Li Ruosha , Pilewski Joseph M , Bermudez Christian A , Dew Mary Amanda
Published: July 2013

Background

Despite the proliferation of health information technology (IT) interventions, descriptions of the unique considerations for conducting randomized trials of health IT interventions intended for patient use are lacking.

Purpose

Our purpose is to describe the protocol to evaluate Pocket PATH® (Personal Assistant for Tracking Health), a novel health IT intervention, as an exemplar of how to address issues that may be unique to a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate health IT intended for patient use.

Methods

An overview of the study protocol is presented. Unique considerations for health IT intervention trials and strategies are described to maintain equipoise, to monitor data safety and intervention fidelity, and to keep pace with changing technology during such trials.

Lessons Learned

The sovereignty granted to technology, the rapid pace of changes in technology, ubiquitous use in health care, and obligation to maintain the safety of research participants challenge researchers to address these issues in ways that maintain the integrity of intervention trials designed to evaluate the impact of health IT interventions intended for patient use.

Conclusions

Our experience evaluating the efficacy of Pocket PATH may provide practical guidance to investigators about how to comply with established procedures for conducting RCTs and include strategies to address the unique issues associated with the evaluation of health IT for patient use.
Distributed Leadership
Authors: Lumby Jacky
Published: July 2013

In about a decade the theory of distributed leadership has moved from a tool to better understand the ecology of leadership to a widely prescribed practice. This article considers how to account for its spread and dominance and what purpose it serves. The concept offers an enticing suggestion of including more in leadership, and even sometimes including staff members equally. The resulting issues around distribution of power are largely ignored or referred to in passing; a kind of inclusivity lite, which does not engage with, for example, issues of gender or ethnicity. Using a range of concepts of power, the article explores the ways power is enacted in how distributed leadership is theorized and how it has been promoted. It is suggested that opportunities to contribute to leadership are not equal and that distributed leadership remains silent on persistent structural barriers. The theory's confusions, contradictions and utopian depictions are argued to be a profoundly political phenomenon, replete with the uses and abuses of power. The conclusion suggests that the effect of distributed leadership theory is to maintain the power status quo.
Biomarkers in systemic lupus erythematosus: challenges and prospects for the future
Authors: Liu Chau-Ching , Kao Amy H. , Manzi Susan , Ahearn Joseph M.
Published: July 2013

The search for lupus biomarkers to diagnose, monitor, stratify, and predict individual response to therapy is currently more intense than ever before. This effort is essential for several reasons. First, epidemic overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis of lupus, even by certified rheumatologists, leads to errors in therapy with concomitant side effects which may be more serious than the disease itself. Second, identification of lupus flares remains as much an art as it is a science. Third, the capacity to stratify patients so as to predict those who will develop specific patterns of organ involvement is not currently possible but would potentially lead to preventive therapeutic strategies. Fourth, only one new drug for the treatment of lupus has been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration in over 50 years. A major obstacle in this pipeline is the dearth of biomarkers available to prove a patient has responded to an experimental therapeutic intervention. This review will summarize the challenges faced in the discovery and validation of lupus biomarkers, the most promising lupus biomarkers identified to date, and the promise of future directions.
Preventing Falls in the Operating Room
Authors: Toussaint Rull James , Abousayed Mostafa M. , Kwon John Y.
Published: July 2013

Background. Many articles have been published to address the topic of in-hospital falls; however, there is considerably less literature that focuses specifically on the topic of falls from the operating room table. The lay press and legal filings contain reports of such incidents, which can result in considerable morbidity, lawsuits, and occasional death. Technique. When tilting the operating table, a simple technique for preventing falls is through the use of posts. Posts are regularly used during knee and hip arthroscopy to facilitate valgus positioning or access into the joint. These posts can be positioned below the axilla and at the level of the greater trochanter to supplement patient safety straps when tilting the table. Discussion. Falls that occur during a hospital admission can lead to serious injury and prolonged hospital stays. Furthermore, falls that occur off the operating table are particularly disastrous and in some cases have resulted in death. Our proposed technique is simple and particularly useful for patients with large or small body habitus or when operating procedures necessitate significant tilting of the operating table.

Levels of Evidence: Level V
Oxygen Consumption Changes With Yoga Practices
Authors: Tyagi Anupama , Cohen Marc
Published: July 2013

Oxygen consumption varies with physical and mental activity as well as pathological conditions. Although there is a strong relationship between yoga and metabolic parameters, the relationship between yoga and oxygen consumption has not yet been formally reviewed. This systematic review attempted to include all studies of yoga that also measured oxygen consumption or metabolic rate as an outcome. A total of 58 studies were located involving between 1 and 104 subjects (average 21). The studies were generally of poor methodological quality and demonstrated great heterogeneity with different experimental designs, yoga practices, time periods, and small sample sizes. Studies report yoga practices to have profound metabolic effects producing both increase and decrease in oxygen consumption, ranging from 383% increase with cobra pose to 40% decrease with meditation. Compared to nonpractitioners, basal oxygen consumption is reported to be up to 15% less in regular yoga practitioners, and regular yoga practice is reported to have a training effect with oxygen consumption during submaximal exercise decreasing by 36% after 3 months. Yoga breathing practices emphasize breathing patterns and retention ratios as well as unilateral nostril breathing, and these factors appear critical in influencing oxygen consumption. A number of studies report extraordinary volitional control over metabolism in advanced yoga practitioners who appear to be able to survive extended periods in airtight pits and to exceed the limits of normal human endurance. More rigorous research with standardized practices is required to determine the mechanisms of yoga’s metabolic effects and the relevance of yoga practices in different clinical populations.
A Note on the Names in Names
Authors: Abel Ernest Lawrence
Published: July 2013

AbstractNames, the journal of the American Name Society, has been publishing articles on names since 1953, but, in the fifty-plus years of publication, Names has yet to publish any studies on the names of the authors who have contributed to the journal. This article examines the names of these contributors in terms of academic associations, prosody, and diversity.
Mouse extraembryonic arterial vessels harbor precursors capable of maturing into definitive HSCs
Authors: Gordon-Keylock Sabrina , Sobiesiak Malgorzata , Rybtsov Stanislav , Moore Kate , Medvinsky Alexander
Published: July 2013

Key Points

Mouse umbilical arteries and VAs contain precursors that can mature into adult HSCs in the presence of interleukin 3.
Differences in gene expression and cytokine levels between newly diagnosed and chronic pediatric ITP
Authors: Jernås Margareta , Hou Yu , Strömberg Célind Frida , Shao Linlin , Nookaew Intawat , Wang Qian , Ju Xiuli , Mellgren Karin , Wadenvik Hans , Hou Ming , Olsson Bob
Published: July 2013

Key Points

Newly diagnosed and chronic ITP are most likely separate disease entities.
Identification of the lamin A/C phosphoepitope recognized by the antibody P-STM in mitotic HeLa S3 cells
Authors: Chen Jeng-Ting , Ho Chia-Wen , Chi Lang-Ming , Chien Kun-Yi , Hsieh Ya-Ju , Lin Shih-Jie , Yu Jau-Song
Published: July 2013

Background

Lamins A and C, two major structural components of the nuclear lamina that determine nuclear shape and size, are phosphoproteins. Phosphorylation of lamin A/C is cell cycle-dependent and is involved in regulating the assembly–disassembly of lamin filaments during mitosis. We previously reported that P-STM, a phosphoepitope-specific antibody raised against the autophosphorylation site of p21-activated kinase 2, recognizes a number of phosphoproteins, including lamins A and C, in mitotic HeLa cells.

Results

Here, using recombinant proteins and synthetic phosphopeptides containing potential lamin A/C phosphorylation sites in conjunction with in vitro phosphorylation assays, we determined the lamin A/C phosphoepitope(s) recognized by P-STM. We found that phosphorylation of Thr-19 is required for generating the P-STM phosphoepitope in lamin A/C and showed that it could be created in vitro by p34cdc2/cyclin B kinase (CDK1)-catalyzed phosphorylation of lamin A/C immunoprecipitated from unsynchronized HeLa S3 cells. To further explore changes in lamin A/C phosphorylation in living cells, we precisely quantified the phosphorylation levels of Thr-19 and other sites in lamin A/C isolated from HeLa S3 cells at interphase and mitosis using the SILAC method and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that the levels of phosphorylated Thr-19, Ser-22 and Ser-392 in both lamins A and C, and Ser-636 in lamin A only, increased ~2- to 6-fold in mitotic HeLa S3 cells.

Conclusions

Collectively, our results demonstrate that P-STM is a useful tool for detecting Thr-19-phosphorylated lamin A/C in cells and reveal quantitative changes in the phosphorylation status of major lamin A/C phosphorylation sites during mitosis.
Growth inhibition of an Araucaria angustifolia (Coniferopsida) fungal seed pathogen, Neofusicoccum parvum, by soil streptomycetes
Authors: Dalmas Fernando Rostirolla , Astarita Leandro , DeFilippis Luigi , Magel Elisabeth , Fiedler Hans-Peter , Bauer Robert , Hampp Rüdiger
Published: July 2013

Background

Araucariaceae are important forest trees of the southern hemisphere. Life expectancy of their seedlings can largely be reduced by fungal infections. In this study we have isolated and characterized such a fungus and investigated the potential of Streptomyces Actinobacteria from the respective rhizosphere to act as antagonists.

Results

The pathogenic fungus from Araucaria angustifolia seeds was identified by morphological markers (pore-associated Woronin-bodies) as belonging to the Pezizomycotina. Molecular data identified the fungus as Neofusicoccum parvum (Botryosphaeriaceae). Co-cultures on agar of this fungus with certain streptomycete isolates from the rhizosphere, and from the surface of Araucaria roots significantly reduced the growth of the fungus. HPLC analysis of the agar yielded streptomycete-specific exudate compounds which were partly identified. There were differences in compounds between single (bacteria, fungus) and dual cultures (bacteria + fungus).

Conclusion

Streptomycetes from the rhizosphere of Araucariaceae produce exudates which can suppress the development of pathogenic fungi in their seeds.
Fast selection of maribavir resistant cytomegalovirus in a bone marrow transplant recipient
Authors: Schubert Axel , Ehlert Karoline , Schuler-Luettmann Susanne , Gentner Eva , Mertens Thomas , Michel Detlef
Published: July 2013

Background

Human cytomegalovirus infections are still significant causes of morbidity and mortality in transplant recipients. The use of antiviral agents is limited by toxicity and evolving resistance in immunocompromised patients with ongoing viral replication during therapy. Here, we present the first documented case of genotypic resistance against maribavir in a bone marrow transplant (BMT) recipient.

Case presentation

The female 13-year-old patient was suffering from a refractory cytopenia. Ganciclovir, foscarnet, cidofovir, leflunomide and maribavir, an inhibitor of the cytomegalovirus UL97 protein, were administered to treat a therapy-resistant cytomegalovirus infection. Viral mutations conferring resistance against nucleotide and pyrophosphate analogs as well as maribavir (MBV) have evolved sequentially. Particularly, impressive was the fast emergence of multiple mutations T409M, H411Y and H411N conferring maribavir resistance after less than 6 weeks.

Conclusion

We describe the fast emergence of cytomegalovirus variants with different maribavir resistance associated mutations in a bone marrow transplant recipient treated with MBV 400 mg p.o. twice per day. The results suggest that a high virus load permitted a selection of several but distinct therapy-resistant HCMV mutants. Since a phase II study with MBV is intended for the treatment of resistant or refractory HCMV infections in transplant recipients this has to be kept in mind in patients with high viral loads during therapy (NCT01611974).
Mitochondrial DNA variant m.15218A > G in Finnish epilepsy patients who have maternal relatives with epilepsy, sensorineural hearing impairment or diabetes mellitus
Authors: Soini Heidi K , Moilanen Jukka S , Vilmi-Kerälä Tiina , Finnilä Saara , Majamaa Kari
Published: July 2013

Background

Mitochondrial diseases caused by mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) affect tissues with high energy demand. Epilepsy is one of the manifestations of mitochondrial dysfunction when the brain is affected. We have studied here 79 Finnish patients with epilepsy and who have maternal first- or second-degree relatives with epilepsy, sensorineural hearing impairment or diabetes mellitus.

Methods

The entire mtDNA was studied by using conformation sensitive gel electrophoresis and PCR fragments that differed in mobility were directly sequenced.

Results

We found a common nonsynonymous variant m.15218A > G (p.T158A, MTCYB) that occurs in haplogroup U5a1 to be more frequent in patients with epilepsy. The m.15218A > G variant was present in five patients with epilepsy and in four out of 403 population controls (p = 0.0077). This variant was present in two branches in the phylogenetic network constructed on the basis of mtDNA variation among the patients. Three algorithms predicted that m.15218A > G is damaging in effect.

Conclusions

We suggest that the m.15218A > G variant is mildly deleterious and that mtDNA involvement should be considered in patients with epilepsy and who have a maternal history of epilepsy, sensorineural hearing impairment or diabetes mellitus.
Simvastatin decreases the level of heparin-binding protein in patients with acute lung injury
Authors: McAuley Daniel F , O’Kane Cecilia M , Craig Thelma R , Shyamsundar Murali , Herwald Heiko , Dib Karim
Published: July 2013

Background

Heparin-binding protein is released by neutrophils during inflammation and disrupts the integrity of the alveolar and capillary endothelial barrier implicated in the development of acute lung injury and systemic organ failure. We sought to investigate whether oral administration of simvastatin to patients with acute lung injury reduces plasma heparin-binding protein levels and improves intensive care unit outcome.

Methods

Blood samples were collected from patients with acute lung injury with 48 h of onset of acute lung injury (day 0), day 3, and day 7. Patients were given placebo or 80 mg simvastatin for up to 14 days. Plasma heparin-binding protein levels from patients with acute lung injury and healthy volunteers were measured by ELISA.

Results

Levels of plasma heparin-binding protein were significantly higher in patients with acute lung injury than healthy volunteers on day 0 (p = 0.011). Simvastatin 80 mg administered enterally for 14 days reduced plasma level of heparin-binding protein in patients. Reduced heparin-binding protein was associated with improved intensive care unit survival.

Conclusions

A reduction in heparin-binding protein with simvastatin is a potential mechanism by which the statin may modify outcome from acute lung injury.

Trial registration

Current controlled trials: ISRCTN70127774
Antileptospiral activity of xanthones from Garcinia mangostanaand synergy of gamma-mangostin with penicillin G
Authors: Seesom Weeranuch , Jaratrungtawee Amornmart , Suksamrarn Sunit , Mekseepralard Chantana , Ratananukul Piniti , Sukhumsirichart Wasana
Published: July 2013

Background

Leptospirosis, one of the most widespread zoonotic infectious diseases worldwide, is caused by spirochetes bacteria of the genus Leptospira. The present study examined inhibitory activity of purified xanthones and crude extracts from Garcinia mangostana against both non-pathogenic and pathogenic leptospira. Synergy between γ-mangostin and penicillin G against leptospires was also determined.

Methods

Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of crude extracts and purified xanthones from G. mangostana and penicillin G for a non-pathogenic (L. biflexa serovar Patoc) and pathogenic (L. interrogans serovar Bataviae, Autumnalis, Javanica and Saigon) leptospires were determined by using broth microdilution method and alamar blue. The synergy was evaluated by calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index.

Results

The results of broth microdilution test demonstrated that the crude extract and purified xanthones from mangosteen possessed antileptospiral activities. The crude extracts were active against all five serovars of test leptospira with MICs ranging from 200 to ≥ 800 μg/ml. Among the crude extracts and purified xanthones, garcinone C was the most active compound against both of pathogenic (MIC =100 μg/ml) and non-pathogenic leptospira (MIC = 200 μg/ml). However, these MIC values were higher than those of traditional antibiotics. Combinations of γ-mangostin with penicillin G generated synergistic effect against L. interrogans serovars Bataviae, Autumnalis and Javanica (FIC = 0.52, 0.50, and 0.04, respectively) and no interaction against L. biflexa serovar Patoc (FIC =0.75). However, antagonistic activity (FIC = 4.03) was observed in L. interrogans serovar Saigon.

Conclusions

Crude extracts and purified xanthones from fruit pericarp of G. mangostana with significant antibacterial activity may be used to control leptospirosis. The combination of xanthone with antibiotic enhances the antileptospiral efficacy.
Association of tumor necrosis factor-alpha promoter variants with risk of HPV-associated oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Jin Lei , Sturgis Erich M , Zhang Yang , Huang Zhigang , Song Xicheng , Li Chao , Wei Qingyi , Li Guojun
Published: July 2013

Background

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) plays an important role in inflammation, immunity, and defense against infection and clearance of human papillomavirus (HPV). Thus, genetic variants may modulate individual susceptibility to HPV-associated oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Methods

In this study we genotyped four common single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in theTNF-αpromoter [ −308G > A(rs1800629), -857C > T (rs1799724), -863C > A (rs1800630), and -1031T > C (rs1799964)] and determined HPV16 serology in 325 OSCC cases and 335 matched controls and tumor HPV status in 176 squamous cell carcinomas of the oropharynx (SCCOP) patients. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results

We found that HPV16 seropositivity alone was associated with an increased risk of OSCC (OR, 3.1; 95% CI, 2.1–4.6), and such risk of HPV16-associated OSCC was modified by each SNP. Patients with both HPV16 seropositivity and variant genotypes for each SNP had the highest risk when using patients with HPV16 seronegativity and a wild-type genotype as a comparison group. Moreover, similar results were observed for the combined risk genotypes of four variants and all such significant associations were more pronounced in several subgroups, particularly in SCCOP patients and never smokers. Notably, the combined risk genotypes of four variants were also significantly associated with tumor HPV-positive SCCOP.

Conclusion

Taken together, these results suggest thatTNF-αSNPs may individually or, more likely, jointly affect individual susceptibility to HPV16-associated OSCC, particularly SCCOP and never smokers. Validation of our findings is warranted.
Investigation of bulk hybrid heterojunction solar cells based on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 nanocrystals
Authors: Yen Yu-Ting , Lin Yi-Kai , Chang Shu-Hao , Hong Hwen-Fen , Tuan Hsing-Yu , Chueh Yu-Lun
Published: July 2013

This work presents the systematic studies of bulk hybrid heterojunction solar cells based on Cu(In, Ga)Se2 (CIGS) nanocrystals (NCs) embedded in poly(3-hexylthiophene) matrix. The CIGS NCs of approximately 17 nm in diameter were homogeneously blended with P3HT layer to form an active layer of a photovoltaic device. The blend ratios of CIGS NCs to P3HT, solvent effects on thin film morphologies, interface between P3HT/CIGS NCs and post-production annealing of devices were investigated, and the best performance of photovoltaic devices was measured under AM 1.5 simulated solar illumination (100 mW/cm2).
The Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi induces inflammation and apoptosis in cells from dorsal root ganglia
Authors: Ramesh Geeta , Santana-Gould Lenay , Inglis Fiona M , England John D , Philipp Mario T
Published: July 2013

Background

Lyme neuroborreliosis (LNB), caused by the spirocheteBorrelia burgdorferi, affects both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. Radiculitis or nerve root inflammation, which can cause pain, sensory loss, and weakness, is the most common manifestation of peripheral LNB in humans. We previously reported that rhesus monkeys infected withB.burgdorferidevelop radiculitis as well as inflammation in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), with elevated levels of neuronal and satellite glial cell apoptosis in the DRG. We hypothesized thatB.burgdorferiinduces inflammatory mediators in glial and neuronal cells and that this inflammatory milieu precipitates glial and neuronal apoptosis.

Methods

To model peripheral neuropathy in LNB we incubated normal rhesus DRG tissue explants with liveB.burgdorferi ex vivoand identified immune mediators, producer cells, and verified the presence ofB.burgdorferiin tissue sections by immunofluorescence staining and confocal microscopy. We also set up primary cultures of DRG cells from normal adult rhesus macaques and incubated the cultures with liveB.burgdorferi. Culture supernatants were subjected to multiplex ELISA to detect immune mediators, while the cells were evaluated for apoptosis by thein situTUNEL assay. A role for inflammation in mediating apoptosis was assessed by evaluating the above phenomena in the presence and absence of various concentrations of the anti-inflammatory drug dexamethasone. As Schwann cells ensheath the dorsal roots of the DRG, we evaluated the potential of liveB.burgdorferito induce inflammatory mediators in human Schwann cell (HSC) cultures.

Results

Rhesus DRG tissue explants exposed to liveB.burgdorferishowed localization of CCL2 and IL-6 in sensory neurons, satellite glial cells and Schwann cells while IL-8 was seen in satellite glial cells and Schwann cells. LiveB.burgdorferiinduced elevated levels of IL-6, IL-8 and CCL2 in HSC and DRG cultures and apoptosis of sensory neurons. Dexamethasone reduced the levels of immune mediators and neuronal apoptosis in a dose dependent manner.

Conclusion

In this model,B.burgdorferiinduced an inflammatory response and neuronal apoptosis of DRG. These pathophysiological processes could contribute to peripheral neuropathy in LNB.
Reduction of microglial activity in a model of multiple sclerosis by dipyridamole
Authors: Sloka Scott , Metz Luanne M , Hader Walter , Starreveld Yves , Yong V Wee
Published: July 2013

Background

Despite extensive and persistent activation of microglia in multiple sclerosis (MS), microglia inhibitors have not yet been identified for treatment of the disorder. We sought to identify medications already in clinical use that could inhibit the activation of microglia. On the basis of the reported inhibitory effects of dipyridamole on phosphodiesterase activity that result in the production of various anti-inflammatory outcomes, we selected it for study. Dipyridamole is used clinically for secondary prevention in stroke. In this study, dipyridamole was examined using microglia in culture and in the mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE).

Results

We found that dipyridamole attenuated the elevation of several cytokines and chemokines in human microglia caused by Toll-like receptor stimulation. Morphological characteristics of activated microglia in culture were also normalized by dipyridamole. In mice, dipyridamole decreased the clinical severity of EAE and reduced microglial activity and other histological indices of EAE in the spinal cord.

Conclusions

Dipyridamole is an inhibitor of microglia activation and may have a role in MS and other neurological conditions to attenuate microglial activity.
Dysregulated Tim-3 expression on natural killer cells is associated with increased Galectin-9 levels in HIV-1 infection
Authors: Jost Stephanie , Moreno-Nieves Uriel Y , Garcia-Beltran Wilfredo F , Rands Keith , Reardon Jeff , Toth Ildiko , Piechocka-Trocha Alicja , Altfeld Marcus , Addo Marylyn M
Published: July 2013

Background

Natural killer (NK) cells constitutively express high levels of Tim-3, an immunoregulatory molecule recently proposed to be a marker for mature and functional NK cells. Whether HIV-1 infection modulates the expression of Tim-3 on NK cells, or the levels of its ligand Galectin-9 (Gal-9), and how signaling through these molecules affects the NK cell response to HIV-1 remains inadequately understood.

Results

We analyzed Tim-3 and Gal-9 expression in a cohort of 85 individuals with early and chronic HIV-1 infection, and in 13 HIV-1 seronegative control subjects. HIV-1 infection was associated with reduced expression of Tim-3 on NK cells, which was normalized by HAART. Plasma concentrations of Gal-9 were higher in HIV-1-infected individuals than in healthy individuals. Interestingly, Gal-9 expression in immune cells was significantly elevated in early infection, with monocytes and dendritic cells displaying the highest expression levels, which correlated with HIV-1 viral loads. In vitro, Gal-9 triggered Tim-3 downregulation on NK cells as well as NK cell activation.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that high expression levels of Gal-9 during early HIV-1 infection can lead to enhanced NK cell activity, possibly allowing for improved early control of HIV-1. In contrast, persistent Gal-9 production might impair Tim-3 activity and contribute to NK cell dysfunction in chronic HIV-1 infection.
‘Huang Qi Elixir’ for proteinuria in patients with diabetic nephropathy: a study protocol for a randomized controlled pilot trial
Authors: Tu Xiang , Liu Fang , Jordan James B , Ye Xue Feng , Fu Ping , Wang Fei , Zhong Sen
Published: July 2013

Background

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the major complication of diabetes; proteinuria is the hall mark of DN. Currently, the treatment for proteinuria is mainly limited to angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs). According to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) theory, Chinese medicinals ‘securing essence and tonifying the kidney’ may be appropriate for proteinuria. The most promising Chinese medicinals and formulae are introduced in the present study to form a potent formula for DN proteinuria. To make oral administration convenient, the formula will be processed in the form of granules.

Methods/design

A randomized, multi-center pilot trial will be conducted. Forty eight participants with DN will be randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups:

1. A granule group, at 10 grams, three times daily (G10 group, n = 12);

2. A granule group, at 20 grams, three times daily (G20 group, n = 12);

3. A decoction group (D group, n = 12); and

4. An irbesartan group (Aprovel group, n = 12).

The following outcome measures will be used: the percentage change of the albumin-to-creatinine ratio; and the changes in serum creatinine, glomerular filtration rate, fasting plasma glucose and hemoglobulin from baseline to the end of the trial.

Discussion

It is notable that most published clinical trials which assessed the efficacy of TCM on DN were of poor methodology and, therefore, their results have been invalidated. It is necessary to carry out well-designed clinical trials to provide sound evidence. The present trial is a study with potentially great value, for it will provide the parameters for future randomized, placebo-controlled, clinical trials with large sample sizes.

Trial registration

The trial is registered on the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR-TRC-12002718 (http://www.chictr.org/cn/proj/show.aspx?proj=3820).
Medicinal plants used for the treatment of various skin disorders by a rural community in northern Maputaland, South Africa
Authors: De Wet Helene , Nciki Sibongile , van Vuuren Sandy F
Published: July 2013

Background

Skin diseases have been of major concern recently due to their association with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Acquired Immunity Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS). The study area (northern Maputaland) has the highest HIV infection rate in South Africa, which made them more prone to a wide range of skin conditions. Fungal infections due to the hot climate and overcrowding households are common in this area, as well as burn accidents due to the use of wood as the major fuel for cooking. It is known that the lay people in this area depend on medicinal plants for their primary health care. However no survey has been done in northern Maputaland to document the medicinal plants used to treat various skin disorder.

Methods

Interviews were undertaken at 80 homesteads, using structured questionnaires. The focus was on plants used for dermatological conditions and information regarding vernacular plant names, plant parts used, preparation (independently and in various combinations) and application was collected.

Results

A total of 87 lay people, both male (22%) and female (78%) were interviewed on their knowledge of medicinal plants used to treat disorders of the skin. Forty-seven plant species from 35 families were recorded in the present survey for the treatment of 11 different skin disorders including abscesses, acne, burns, boils, incisions, ringworm, rashes, shingles, sores, wounds and warts. When searching the most frequently used scientific databases (ScienceDirect, Scopus and Pubmed), nine plant species (Acacia burkei, Brachylaena discolor, Ozoroa engleri, Parinari capensis, subsp. capensis, Portulacaria afra, Sida pseudocordifolia, Solanum rigescens, Strychnos madagascariensis and Drimia delagoensis) were found to be recorded for the first time globally as a treatment for skin disorders. Fourteen plant combinations were used. Surprisingly, the application of enema’s was frequently mentioned.

Conclusions

The preference of traditional medicine over allopathic medicine by most of the interviewees strengthens previous studies on the importance that traditional medicine can have in the primary health care system in this rural community. Studies to validate the potential of these plants independently and in their various combinations is underway to provide insight into the anti-infective role of each plant.
A synonymous change, p.Gly16Gly in MECP2 Exon 1, causes a cryptic splice event in a Rett syndrome patient
Authors: Sheikh Taimoor I , Mittal Kirti , Willis Mary J , Vincent John B
Published: July 2013

Background

Mutations in MECP2 are the main cause of Rett Syndrome. To date, no pathogenic synonymous MECP2 mutation has yet been identified. Here, we investigated a de novo synonymous variant c.48C>T (p.Gly16Gly) identified in a girl presenting with a typical RTT phenotype.

Methods

In silico analyses to predict the effects of sequence variation on mRNA splicing were employed, followed by sequencing and quantification of lymphocyte mRNAs from the subject for splice variants MECP2_E1 and MECP2_E2.

Results

Analysis of mRNA confirmed predictions that this synonymous mutation activates a splice-donor site at an early position in exon 1, leading to a deletion (r.[=, 48_63del]), codon frameshift and premature stop codon (p.Glu17Lysfs*16) for MECP2_E1. For MECP2_E2, the same premature splice site is used, but as this is located in the 5′untranslated region, no effect on the amino acid sequence is predicted. Quantitative analysis that specifically measured this cryptic splice variant also revealed a significant decrease in the quantity of the correct MECP2_E1 transcript, which indicates that this is the etiologically significant mutation in this patient.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that synonymous variants of MECP2 as well as other known disease genes—and de novo variants in particular— should be re-evaluated for potential effects on splicing.