bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Refining Clinical Phenotypes to Improve Clinical Decision Support and Reduce Alert Fatigue: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Samal Lipika , Wu Edward , Aaron Skye , Kilgallon John L. , Gannon Michael , McCoy Allison , Blecker Saul , Dykes Patricia C. , Bates David W. , Lipsitz Stuart , Wright Adam
Published: July 2023

Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common and associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Most care for early CKD is provided in primary care, including hypertension (HTN) management. Computerized clinical decision support (CDS) can improve the quality of care for CKD but can also cause alert fatigue for primary care physicians (PCPs). Computable phenotypes (CPs) are algorithms to identify disease populations using, for example, specific laboratory data criteria.

Objectives Our objective was to determine the feasibility of implementation of CDS alerts by developing CPs and estimating potential alert burden.

Methods We utilized clinical guidelines to develop a set of five CPs for patients with stage 3 to 4 CKD, uncontrolled HTN, and indications for initiation or titration of guideline-recommended antihypertensive agents. We then conducted an iterative data analytic process consisting of database queries, data validation, and subject matter expert discussion, to make iterative changes to the CPs. We estimated the potential alert burden to make final decisions about the scope of the CDS alerts. Specifically, the number of times that each alert could fire was limited to once per patient.

Results In our primary care network, there were 239,339 encounters for 105,992 primary care patients between April 1, 2018 and April 1, 2019. Of these patients, 9,081 (8.6%) had stage 3 and 4 CKD. Almost half of the CKD patients, 4,191 patients, also had uncontrolled HTN. The majority of CKD patients were female, elderly, white, and English-speaking. We estimated that 5,369 alerts would fire if alerts were triggered multiple times per patient, with a mean number of alerts shown to each PCP ranging from 0.07–to 0.17 alerts per week.

Conclusion Development of CPs and estimation of alert burden allows researchers to iteratively fine-tune CDS prior to implementation. This method of assessment can help organizations balance the tradeoff between standardization of care and alert fatigue.
Reexamining the impact of foreign direct investment on carbon emissions: does per capita GDP matter?
Authors: Wang Qiang , Yang Ting , Li Rongrong , Wang Xiaowei
Published: July 2023

Research on the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on environmental quality has not reached consensus. This paper examines the potential structural break in the relationship between FDI and the environment from the perspective of economic scale. The results of the panel threshold estimation for 67 countries of different income groups show that the impact of FDI on carbon emissions shifts from positive to negative at different income level stages, using GDP as the threshold. This conclusion is further verified by the group regression results of the robustness test. When the GDP per capita is below $541.87, FDI shows a significant positive impact on carbon emissions, and this interval corresponds to a wide range of low-income economies today, however, when the GDP per capita exceeds $541.87, this positive impact almost disappears. The negative impact of FDI on carbon emissions manifests itself once the GDP per capita reaches $46515, and the sample countries corresponding to this interval since 2014 are mainly Switzerland, Iceland, Denmark, Sweden, the United States, Singapore, and Australia. Therefore, we call on countries to raise their income levels so that they can cross the lower threshold and thus take advantage of the emission reduction effect provided by FDI.
Point-contact spectroscopy in the Centre of Low Temperature Physics Košice (Review article)
Authors: Samuely Peter , Szabó Pavol
Published: July 2023

Point-contact spectroscopy offers a unique straightforward possibility to study the electronic properties of metals. Soon after the invention of this technique by Igor Yanson in the B. Verkin Institute for Low Temperature Physics and Engineering of the NAS of Ukraine [Sov. Phys. JETP39, 506 (1974)], multiple laboratories adopted this technique and applied it to various topical problems in modern solid-state physics. Here, we offer a brief review of how point-contact spectroscopy has been developed and used in the Centre of Low Temperature Physics Košice. By this technique, we were able to obtain for example the spectrum of the electron-phonon interaction in an unprecedented large energy scale up to 160 meV in LaB6. The Zeeman splitting of the Pr3+ ion levels in the crystal-electric field has been detected for the first time in PrNi5. “Inverse” point-contact spectra of the electron-phonon interaction found in semimetallic arsenic were explained by the weak localization in the point-contact area. The point-contact Andreev reflection spectroscopy enabled to detect not only the superconducting energy gap in YB6, but also the Einstein-like phonon mode responsible for superconductivity. The first spectroscopic evidence of the two-gap superconductivity in MgB2 has been provided in our experiments. High spin polarization in Co2FeSn Heusler nanowires for spintronics has been obtained.
A feasible path for the use of ferromagnetic josephson junctions in quantum circuits: The ferro-transmon
Authors: Massarotti D. , Ahmad H. G. , Satariano R. , Ferraiuolo R. , Di Palma L. , Mastrovito P. , Serpico G. , Levochkina A. , Caruso R. , Miano A. , Arzeo M. , Ausanio G. , Granata C. , Lucignano P. , Montemurro D. , Parlato L. , Vettoliere A. , Fazio R. , Mukhanov O. , Pepe G. P. , Tafuri F.
Published: July 2023

We discuss the capabilities of ferromagnetic (F) Josephson junctions (JJs) in a variety of layouts and configurations. The main goal is to demonstrate the potential of these hybrid JJs to disclose new physics and the possibility to integrate them in superconducting classical and quantum electronics for various applications. The feasible path towards the use of ferromagnetic Josephson junctions in quantum circuits starts from experiments demonstrating macroscopic quantum tunneling in NbN/GdN/NbN junctions with ferro-insulator barriers and with triplet components of the supercurrent, supported by a self-consistent electrodynamic characterization as a function of the barrier thickness. This has inspired further studies on tunnel ferromagnetic junctions with a different layout and promoted the first generation of ferromagnetic Al-based JJs, specifically Al/AlOx/Al/Py/Al. This layout takes advantage of the capability to integrate the ferromagnetic layer in the junction without affecting the quality of the superconducting electrodes and of the tunnel barrier. The high quality of the devices paves the way for the possible implementation of Al tunnel-ferromagnetic JJs in superconducting quantum circuits. These achievements have promoted the notion of a novel type of qubit incorporating ferromagnetic JJs. This qubit is based on a transmon design featuring a tunnel JJ in parallel with a ferromagnetic JJ inside a SQUID loop capacitively coupled to a superconducting readout resonator. The effect of an external RF field on the magnetic switching processes of ferromagnetic JJs has been also investigated.
Nonlinear transport properties of atomic copper point contacts
Authors: Strohmeier Marcel , Kirchberger Kim , Scheer Elke
Published: July 2023

We report studies on the nonlinear electronic transport properties of copper point contacts. Utilizing the mechanically controllable break junction technique, various contact sizes can be realized to study ensemble-averaged differential conductance spectra at low temperatures. We investigate signatures of phonon excitations for contact sizes down to the atomic scale, where conductance fluctuations arise superimposing the phonon signatures. Applying high bias voltages to atomic-size copper contacts reveal additional features caused by atomic rearrangements.
Point-contact Andreev reflection measurements on ZrRuAs single crystals
Authors: Wang He , Li Yuan , Ji Haoran , Luo Jiawei , Yan Dayu , Shi Youguo , Wang Jian
Published: July 2023

ZrRuAs single crystals with hexagonal crystal structure, which is a kind of non-centrosymmetric superconductor with relatively high transition temperature, is predicted to be a topological superconductor candidate. To explore the exotic properties of ZrRuAs, the superconducting gap of ZrRuAs needs to be measured. In this work, point-contact Andreev reflection (PCAR) spectroscopy is used to investigate the superconductivity of ZrRuAs single crystals. The double conductance peaks in the PCAR spectra are observed along different crystal directions. The superconducting gap can be quantitatively analyzed by using the modified Blonder–Tinkham–Klapwijk model based on the s-wave superconductivity. The temperature dependence of the extracted superconducting gap follows the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer theory. Our results suggest the isotropic s-wave superconductivity in ZrRuAs.
Influence of macroscopic magnetic inhomogeneity on the superconducting proximity effect in MgB2/La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 nanocomposite
Authors: Krivoruchko V. N. , Tarenkov V. Yu.
Published: July 2023

As theory predicts, long-extended triplet superconducting correlations are realized in superconductor/ferromagnet (SC/F) structures in the presence of magnetization inhomogeneity at the SC–F interface. In this report, the external magnetic field effect on triplet superconducting correlations in the nanocomposite of proximity coupled s-wave SC, MgB2, and half-metallic ferromagnet (hmF), La2/3Ca1/3MnO3, has been investigated experimentally. The results obtained bring out clearly that the nanocomposite’s superconducting characteristics significantly correlate with the La2/3Ca1/3MnO3 nanoparticles bulk magnetization order. In particular, the dependence of the point contacts’ conductance characteristics on the external magnetic field demonstrates direct spectroscopic signatures that the nanoscale magnetization inhomogeneity plays an essential role in the generation of a long-extended triplet superconductivity in SC/hmF proximity coupled nanostructures. The results obtained prove the impact of nanoscale magnetic nonhomogeneity on the generation of the spin-triplet Cooper pairing in SC/hmF structures.
Lower-temperature fabrication of airbridges by grayscale lithography to increase yield of nanowire transmons in circuit QED quantum processors
Authors: Stavenga T. , Khan S. A. , Liu Y. , Krogstrup P. , DiCarlo L.
Published: July 2023

Quantum hardware based on circuit quantum electrodynamics makes extensive use of airbridges to suppress unwanted modes of wave propagation in coplanar-waveguide transmission lines. Airbridges also provide an interconnect enabling transmission lines to cross. Traditional airbridge fabrication produces a curved profile by reflowing resist at elevated temperature prior to metallization. The elevated temperature can affect the coupling energy and even yield of pre-fabricated Josephson elements of superconducting qubits, tunable couplers, and resonators. We employ grayscale lithography to enable reflow and thereby reduce the peak temperature of our airbridge fabrication process from 200 to 150 °C and link this change to a substantial increase in the physical yield of transmon qubits with Josephson elements realized using Al-contacted InAs nanowires.
Simulating tunable coherence for scattered light suppression in laser-interferometric gravitational wave detectors
Authors: Voigt Daniel , Lohde André , Gerberding Oliver
Published: July 2023

Ground-based gravitational wave detectors use laser interferometry to realize ultra-precise displacement measurements between free-floating test masses to detect signals in the frequency band of 10 Hz to 10 kHz. Light scattered out of and back into the main beam path creates noise in these detectors that non-linearly up-converts low-frequency, out-of-band signals into the measurement band. This scattered light induced noise becomes more relevant as the sensitivity at lower frequencies is improved in current and future detectors. To suppress this noise source, we study how the strong spatial coherence of the laser light can be reduced to a few centimeters by introducing high-speed pseudo-random noise phase modulations into the Michelson interferometer topology. We simulate the interferometer signals in the presence of scattered light in the time domain. Our simulations show that tuning of the coherence can reduce the coupling of scattered light by orders of magnitude, and that the phase modulations are, in principle, compatible with resonant cavities that are employed in the complex interferometer topologies of modern detectors to achieve ultra-low quantum noise levels. We outline the currently expected limitations of this approach and discuss the applicability to detectors.
Variational deep learning of equilibrium transition path ensembles
Authors: Singh Aditya N. , Limmer David T.
Published: July 2023

We present a time-dependent variational method to learn the mechanisms of equilibrium reactive processes and efficiently evaluate their rates within a transition path ensemble. This approach builds off of the variational path sampling methodology by approximating the time-dependent commitment probability within a neural network ansatz. The reaction mechanisms inferred through this approach are elucidated by a novel decomposition of the rate in terms of the components of a stochastic path action conditioned on a transition. This decomposition affords an ability to resolve the typical contribution of each reactive mode and their couplings to the rare event. The associated rate evaluation is variational and systematically improvable through the development of a cumulant expansion. We demonstrate this method in both over- and under-damped stochastic equations of motion, in low-dimensional model systems, and in the isomerization of a solvated alanine dipeptide. In all examples, we find that we can obtain quantitatively accurate estimates of the rates of the reactive events with minimal trajectory statistics and gain unique insights into transitions through the analysis of their commitment probability.
Capacity estimation of Li-ion battery based on transformer-adversarial discriminative domain adaptation
Authors: Liu Xin , Yang Changbo , Meng Yanmei , Zhu Jihong , Duan Yijian
Published: July 2023

Lithium-ion batteries are widely used in various electronic devices as well as electric vehicles, and accurate estimation of the battery capacity is important to ensure safe and reliable operation of the system. However, in practice, the complex working conditions and the limitation of the number of charge/discharge cycles lead to insufficient historical data and inaccurate capacity estimation. In order to improve the adaptability as well as accuracy under different operating conditions, this paper proposes a lithium-ion battery capacity estimation model based on Transformer-Adversarial Discriminative Domain Adaptation (T-ADDA). The model takes charging voltage, charging current, and charging temperature as inputs and uses a transformer network to extract the time series features from the data. Then, adversarial domain adaptation is trained on the source and target domain data by the domain discrimination network of the ADDA model so as to find the domain invariant features between the source and target domains. Finally, the regression network of ADDA is used to achieve cross-domain prediction for the target domain data. The experimental results show that the T-ADDA model can accurately achieve cross-domain prediction and that the average error of prediction under different operating conditions is only 3.9225%. Therefore, the T-ADDA model has good adaptability and accuracy, and it can significantly improve the performance of lithium-ion battery capacity estimation.
Role of electron temperature at extremely low density in negative positive ion plasma
Authors: Saleem H. , Ali Muddasir
Published: July 2023

It is pointed out that the role of electrons in the dynamics of pair ion and negative positive ion plasmas cannot be neglected even at extremely low density of electrons, i.e., ne0n+0≪mem+ (where nj0 is the background density of jth species and mj is the mass of the particles of the j-species while j = e, +, −) because electron thermal velocity is almost always larger than thermal velocities of ions, i.e., vT± ≪ vTe. An analysis of electrostatic waves in unmagnetized negative positive ion electron (NPIE) and pair ion electron (PIE) plasmas is presented for the case ωpe ≪ ωp+ (where ωpj=(4πnj0e2mj)1/2 is the plasma oscillation frequency corresponding to j-species). The electron dynamics contribute to electrostatic perturbations at ion plasma oscillation time scale at longer wavelengths for λDe2k2<1 where λDe=(Te4πne0)1/2 is the electron Debye length. On the other hand, the electron plasma wave turns into thermal wave when the conditions ωpe ≪ ωp± and 1≪λDe2k2 hold simultaneously and ion acoustic wave approaches the sum of ion plasma oscillation frequencies of positive and negative ions. The only electrostatic normal mode of such a plasma is the ion plasma wave corresponding to longer wavelengths, which also includes the contribution of electrons. The electron thermal wave is separated from plasma oscillations and electron time scale disappears with respect to electrostatic perturbations. Similar situation also occurs in plasmas having negatively charged dust particles. To elaborate these points, the analytical results are applied to the two experiments with NPIE and PIE plasmas.
Suppression of vortex shedding in the wake of a circular cylinder through high-frequency in-line oscillation
Authors: Pang Dan , Cheng Liang , Jiang Hongyi , Tong Feifei , An Hongwei
Published: July 2023

This paper presents a new flow control approach to suppress the vortex shedding in the wake of a circular cylinder through high-frequency oscillation. The circular cylinder is forced to oscillate in the streamwise direction at high-frequency and low amplitude, corresponding to a high Stokes number (β = 100–1000) and low Keulegan–Carpenter number (KC = 0.001–4). Two-dimensional (2-D) and three-dimensional (3-D) direct numerical simulations of an oscillating circular cylinder in steady current have been carried out in the parameter space of KC, Rec, and β. Our numerical results show that when the flow remains in the two-dimensional vortex shedding regime, the cylinder wake sequentially experiences transitions from the vortex shedding regime to the suppression of the vortex shedding regime and finally to the symmetry breaking regime, with increasing KC. Corresponding wake characteristics and variations of hydrodynamic forces over the three wake regimes are explored. Three quantities that represent shear-layer characteristics, including the length of separating shear layers, the circulation of shear layers and wake recirculation length, reach maxima at the onset of suppression. The physical mechanisms for the suppression of vortex shedding and occurrence of symmetry breaking are also explained. Once the flow becomes 3-D, vortex shedding from the cylinder cannot be suppressed, primarily because the outer shear layers induced by the steady approaching flow are enhanced in 3-D flows. The cylinder oscillation over the frequency range investigated in the present study delays wake transition to 3-D. The cylinder oscillation alters the 3-D vortical structure and its spanwise wavelength significantly.
Bacteriophage Pf1 complex viscosity
Authors: Kanso M. A. , Calabrese V. , Shen Amy Q. , Pak Myong Chol , Giacomin A. J.
Published: July 2023

Bacteriophages (phages) are viruses that attack bacteria, causing them to multiply. This attack requires phage orientation with respect to the bacterial receptor, a necessary condition for attachment. Since phages are not motile, they rely on their Brownian motion and, specifically, its rotational components to reorient. We focus specifically on Pf1 (the bacteriophage called pseudomonas phage Pf1), the phage about which much has been written, though whose rotational diffusivity determined from rheological measurements is not known. We compare general rigid bead-rod theory with intramacromolecular hydrodynamic interactions with our new measurements of the complex viscosity of an aqueous Pf1 suspension to arrive at the relaxation time. From this time, we get the central transport property for the Pf1 reorientation, the dimensionless rotational diffusivity, of λ0Dr=2.37×10−6, which differs within one order of magnitude from the one from fluorescence microscopy. At low frequency, we find good agreement of our theoretical predictions with both parts of our new bacteriophage Pf1 complex viscosity measurements.
A new paradigm of reservoir computing exploiting hydrodynamics
Authors: Marcucci Giulia , Caramazza Piergiorgio , Shrivastava Shamit
Published: July 2023

Nonlinear waves have played a significant role in the development of the science of complexity throughout history. More recently, they have also contributed to the emergence of a novel paradigm in reservoir computing called neuromorphic computing by waves. In this paradigm, information is transmitted through wave dynamics, which process the data to perform complex tasks with minimal energy consumption. Leveraging nonlinear hydrodynamic waves for computational purposes, we have created the Aqua-Photonic-Advantaged Computing Machine by Artificial Neural Networks (Aqua-PACMANNs). This system utilizes wave propagation in shallow water as the primary physical phenomenon, with minimal electronic components required, limited to a camera for detection purposes. As a proof of concept, we have successfully implemented an exclusive-not-or logic gate using the Aqua-PACMANN architecture. This accomplishment demonstrates the potential of fluid dynamic neuromorphic computing and opens up possibilities for a new class of computing systems.
Numerical study on the lubrication performance of oil films in textured piston/cylinder pairs
Authors: Haidak Gaston
Published: July 2023

The piston/cylinder pair is one of the most important friction pairs in the axial piston pump; reducing the friction of it can improve the axial piston pump efficiency. In this paper, the Reynolds equation coupled with the Half–Sommerfeld boundary condition is applied to predict the dynamics of the textured piston/cylinder pairs, and the characteristic function is used to predict the optimal geometry parameters. The analysis results show that the combination of the shearing coefficient and the characteristic function can predict the cavitation region and the critical inclination angle. The results of this paper provide theoretical guidance for the surface texture design on piston/cylinder pairs.
Genotype-dependent responses of Andean and Coastal quinoa to plant population density for yield and its physiological determinants in Northwest Argentina
Authors: Agüero Juan José , Acreche Martín Moisés , Sühring Silvia Susana , Bertero Héctor Daniel , Curti Ramiro Néstor
Published: July 2023

Context In quinoa, similar yields are found under a wide range of plant population densities due to its phenotypic plasticity. Aims This study aimed to identify optimal plant population densities for achieving attainable yields, in relation to the most adapted genotype for a given environment. Methods Andean (RQ252 and RQ420) and Coastal (Titicaca and Puno) genotypes were tested at conventional (14 plants/m2) and low (7 plants/m2) plant population densities, in Dry Valley and Highland mega-environments for 2 years. Key results More than 64% of total variation was explained by genotype, location, and interaction effects for grain yield, biomass, and harvest index. For these variables, the genotype × location × plant population density term presented the highest percentage of variation among triple and quadruple interaction terms. In the Highlands, grain yields decreased with plant population density for Andean genotypes (30–40%), in contrast to lower reductions for Coastal genotypes (9–20%). In the Dry Valleys, no effect of plant population density was found for all genotypes. In the Highlands, reductions in biomass and harvest index explained grain yield response, in parallel with increases in small grain percentage of up to 16% when frosts came early, related to uneven maturity at low plant population density. Conclusions Attainable yields in Northwest Argentina were achieved by exploring local adaptation and response to plant population density of Andean genotypes in the Highlands, in contrast to stable yields of Coastal genotypes through locations and plant population densities. Implications Understanding genotype-dependent responses to plant population density according to Northwest Argentina mega-environments can reduce yield gaps in quinoa production and refine breeding strategies.
Wounding induces suberin deposition, relevant gene expressions and changes of endogenous phytohormones in Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita) tubers
Authors: Liu Linyao , Geng Ping , Jin Xueyuan , Wei Xiaopeng , Xue Jing , Wei Xiaobo , Zhang Lihua , Liu Mengpei , Zhang Liang , Zong Wei , Mao Linchun
Published: July 2023

Wounds on Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita) tubers can ocurr during harvest and handling, and rapid suberisation of the wound is required to prevent pathogenic infection and desiccation. However, little is known about the causal relationship among suberin deposition, relevant gene expressions and endogenous phytohormones levels in response to wounding. In this study, the effect of wounding on phytohormones levels and the expression profiles of specific genes involved in wound-induced suberisation were determined. Wounding rapidly increased the expression levels of genes, including PAL, C4H, 4CL, POD, KCSs, FARs, CYP86A1, CYP86B1, GPATs, ABCGs and GELPs, which likely involved in the biosynthesis, transport and polymerisation of suberin monomers, ultimately leading to suberin deposition. Wounding induced phenolics biosynthesis and being polymerised into suberin poly(phenolics) (SPP) in advance of suberin poly(aliphatics) (SPA) accumulation. Specifically, rapid expression of genes (e.g. PAL, C4H, 4CL, POD) associated with the biosynthesis and polymerisation of phenolics, in consistent with SPP accumulation 3 days after wounding, followed by the massive accumulation of SPA and relevant gene expressions (e.g. KCSs, FARs, CYP86A1/B1, GPATs, ABCGs, GELPs). Additionally, wound-induced abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) consistently correlated with suberin deposition and relevant gene expressions indicating that they might play a central role in regulating wound suberisation in yam tubers.
Structures and membrane interactions of native serotonin transporter in complexes with psychostimulants
Authors: Yang Dongxue , Zhao Zhiyu , Tajkhorshid Emad , Gouaux Eric
Published: July 2023

The serotonin transporter (SERT) is a member of the SLC6 neurotransmitter transporter family that mediates serotonin reuptake at presynaptic nerve terminals. SERT is the target of both therapeutic antidepressant drugs and psychostimulant substances such as cocaine and methamphetamines, which are small molecules that perturb normal serotonergic transmission by interfering with serotonin transport. Despite decades of studies, important functional aspects of SERT such as the oligomerization state of native SERT and its interactions with potential proteins remain unresolved. Here, we develop methods to isolate SERT from porcine brain (pSERT) using a mild, nonionic detergent, utilize fluorescence-detection size-exclusion chromatography to investigate its oligomerization state and interactions with other proteins, and employ single-particle cryo-electron microscopy to elucidate the structures of pSERT in complexes with methamphetamine or cocaine, providing structural insights into psychostimulant recognition and accompanying pSERT conformations. Methamphetamine and cocaine both bind to the central site, stabilizing the transporter in an outward open conformation. We also identify densities attributable to multiple cholesterol or cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHS) molecules, as well as to a detergent molecule bound to the pSERT allosteric site. Under our conditions of isolation, we find that pSERT is best described as a monomeric entity, isolated without interacting proteins, and is ensconced by multiple cholesterol or CHS molecules.
Lifetime prediction under dead-load long-term creep test and models analysis of wood-plastic composites for building materials
Authors: Ratanawilai Thanate , Leelasilapasart Vira , Srivabut Chainarong , Ratanawilai Sukritthira
Published: July 2023

Optimal formulation of wood-plastic composites (WPCs) from recycled polypropylene (rPP) and rubberwood flour (RWF) was determined. Mechanical properties and long-term creep behaviour of rPP and WPCs were investigated. This study revealed that an increasing of rubberwood flour content clearly increases the flexural, compressive, and tensile values. The modulus of composite samples linearly increased with an increasing amount of RWF. The creep behaviour test with load levels at 20, 30, and 40% of the ultimate flexural strength were conducted for 1000 h. The deflection of the composites at the same load levels of rPP gave the higher creep behaviour (2.45, 4.65, and 6.68 mm) than that of WPCs (1.53, 2.41, and 3.37 mm), respectively. Six-element for determining Burger model parameters was well fitted with the long-term creep of WPCs, this deflection result was compared to four-element Burger and Power law models. Finally, the master curve could predict lifetime of composite materials.
Chasing the right tail: How the ER membrane complex recognizes its substrates
Authors: Rapaport Doron , Herrmann Johannes M.
Published: July 2023

Tail-anchored proteins are tethered to membranes of the ER, mitochondria, and peroxisomes. In this issue, Pleiner and colleagues (2023. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202212007) show that the ER membrane complex (EMC) uses an inbuilt charge-dependent selectivity filter to specifically insert ER tail-anchored proteins according to their topology signals and to prevent the misincorporation of mitochondrial proteins.
Tuning Surface Spin Polarization of CoFeB by Boron Diffusion Detected by Spin Resolved Photoemission
Authors: Liu Qi , Lu Xianyang , Fu Chengrui , Chen Jiarui , Zhang Zhe , Gong Yuting , Wang Xinyue , Yan Yu , Gao Qinwu , Li Hui , Ruan Xuezhong , Li Yao , Du Jun , Wu Jing , He Liang , Liu Bo , Zhang Rong , Xu Yongbing
Published: July 2023

Research of spin polarization of magnetic CoFeB thin films is of practical importance in spintronic applications. Here, using a direct characterization technique of spin-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we obtain the surface spin polarization of amorphous Co40Fe40B20 thin films with different annealing temperatures from 100 °C to 500 °C prepared by magnetron sputtering. After high annealing temperature, a quasi-semiconductor state is gradually formed at the CoFeB surface due to the boron diffusion. While the global magnetization remains almost constant, the secondary electrons’ spin polarization, average valence band spin polarization and the spin polarization at Fermi level from spin-resolved photoemission spectroscopy show a general trend of decreasing with the increasing annealing temperature above 100 °C. These distinct surface properties are attributed to the enhanced Fe–B bonding due to the boron segregation upon surface after annealing as confirmed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy. Our findings provide insight into the surface spin-resolved electronic structure of the CoFeB thin films, which should be important for development of high-performance magnetic random-access memories.
Enhanced Magnetic Interaction between Ga and Fe in Two-Dimensional van der Waals Ferromagnetic Crystal Fe3GaTe2
Authors: Zha Heming , Li Wei , Zhang Gaojie , Liu Wenjing , Deng Liwei , Jiang Qi , Ye Mao , Wu Hao , Chang Haixin , Qiao Shan
Published: July 2023

Fe3GaTe2, a recently discovered van der Waals ferromagnetic crystal with the highest Curie temperature and strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy among two-dimensional (2D) magnetic materials, has attracted significant attention and makes it a promising candidate for next-generation spintronic applications. Compared with Fe3GeTe2, which has the similar crystal structure, the mechanism of the enhanced ferromagnetic properties in Fe3GaTe2 is still unclear and needs to be investigated. Here, by using x-ray magnetic circular dichroism measurements, we find that both Ga and Te atoms contribute to the total magnetic moment of the system with antiferromagnetic coupling to Fe atoms. Our first-principles calculations reveal that Fe3GaTe2 has van Hove singularities at the Fermi level in nonmagnetic state, resulting in the magnetic instability of the system and susceptibility to magnetic phase transitions. In addition, the calculation results about the density of states in ferromagnetic states of two materials suggest that the exchange interaction between Fe atoms is strengthened by replacing Ge atoms with Ga atoms. These findings indicate the increase of both the itinerate and local moments in Fe3GaTe2 in view of Stoner and exchange interaction models, which results in the enhancement of the overall magnetism and a higher Curie temperature. Our work provides insight into the underlying mechanism of Fe3GaTe2's remarkable magnetic properties and has important implications for searching 2D materials with expected magnetic properties in the future.
Fabrication and development of novel micromachined parylene-based electroactive membranes with embedded microfluidic architectures
Authors: Rebolledo Uscanga Fernando Antonio , Pierce Mark C , Zahn Jeffrey D
Published: July 2023

This work describes the design, fabrication, modeling, and testing of monolithic micromachined parylene-based electroactive membranes (µPEMs) with embedded microfluidic channels. The design and modeling employed analytical plate theory to determine the optimal membrane dimensions and structural shapes for various microsystem designs. The µPEMs were fabricated using a combination of surface and bulk micromachining techniques incorporating Parylene C as a biocompatible polymeric structural material combined with patterned electrodes for actuation. Experimental actuation of the electroactive membranes demonstrated reliability with minimal voltage shifts, and theoretical pull-in voltages closely matching experimental results. Different structural parameters of the µPEMs were also tested, such as varying the overall membrane thickness/structural rigidity and actuation chamber depth. Dynamic actuation of the membrane, including, the deflection and system response to various actuation frequencies, was observed and quantified via optical coherence tomography techniques. Microfluidic architectures were monolithically integrated with the membrane actuator and successfully perfused, with no signs of leakage. This compact microsystem has potential applications in microfluidics and Lab/System-On-a-Chip devices, for use in micromixers, particle manipulators, and applying strain to adherent cells cultured on top of the membrane.
Domain wall motion at low current density in a synthetic antiferromagnet nanowire
Authors: E A Barker Christopher , Finizio Simone , Haltz Eloi , Mayr Sina , Shepley Philippa M , Moore Thomas A , Burnell Gavin , Raabe Jörg , Marrows Christopher H
Published: July 2023

The current-driven motion of magnetic domain walls (DWs) is the working principle of magnetic racetrack memories. In this type of spintronic technology, high current densities are used to propel DW motion in magnetic nanowires, causing significant wire heating that corresponds to wasted energy. Synthetic antiferromagnets are known to show very fast DW motion at high current densities, but lower current densities around onset of motion have received less attention. Here we use scanning transmission x-ray microscopy to study the response of DWs in a SAF multilayer to short current pulses. We observe that the DWs depin at

(
3.5
±
0.4
)
×

10

11

A m−2 and move more quickly in response to 5 ns duration current pulses than in comparable multilayers that lack antiferromagnetic coupling. The results suggest that DWs in SAF structures are superior to conventional Néel DWs for low energy consumption racetrack technologies.
A subwavelength ventilated structure for efficient broadband sound insulation
Authors: Hong Guangfu , Sun Yingjian , Tang Yucong , Yuan Xujin , Yang Jun , Jin Zhongkun , Jia Han
Published: July 2023

Multifunctional structures such as ventilated sound barriers, have become the focus of recent research on the noise reduction and environmental comfort. However, its large size and complex inner structure hinder its potential applications. Novel structures with side-branch sectorial Helmholtz resonators and double-layered perforated slit plates enlightened by macro-perforated plates to enhance the soundproof performance and facilitate natural ventilation are proposed and experimentally validated. Compared with simple muffler ducts, the combinations with slit plates provide a smoother transmission loss (TL) curve with a broad and continuous TL band. We also study the influences of the independent parts and interactive effects of the assembly on the sound field, including the frequency migration and plate vibration. The proposed sub-wavelength structures with a thickness of 15 mm can obtain TL values up to 25 dB with a broad bandwidth from 930 Hz to 1600 Hz. Moreover, soundproof walls can be fabricated by using these structures with plenty of ventilated slits to freely exchange air and heat. This ventilation sound barrier is suitable for acoustic landscape buildings as it covers the main frequency spectrum of a human equal loudness contour.
Plasmonic gold disk nanoarrays-based surface lattice resonance sensor with high figure of merit and its near-field and far-field coupling characteristics
Authors: Wang Qi , Zhang Shu-Shuai , Wang Lei , Zhao Wan-Ming , Yin Xiang-Yu
Published: July 2023

In the field of localized surface plasmon resonance sensing, narrow linewidth, high-quality factor, and high absorptivity have always been the goals that researchers are committed to achieving. The primary methods for achieving this goal are near-field coupling and far-field coupling. Due to the limitations of nanomanufacturing processes, current research often only focuses on single coupling methods such as far-field coupling or near-field coupling, with few relevant reports combining the two coupling methods. Based on this, this paper proposes a single-layer gold nano-disk array structure, which is simple and easy to manufacture. Through modal field analysis and structural parameter adjustment, some significant results have been achieved. On the one hand, the suggested gold nano-disk array structure yields a resonant peak based on far-field coupling with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of less than 0.05 nm and a figure of merit of more than 15 000

RI

U

−
1

(the quality factor is more than 20 000). On the other hand, it has been successfully accomplished to combine near-field coupling and far-field coupling, leading to a composite coupling peak that incorporates the benefits of both types of coupling. Moreover, this coupling peak has excellent characteristics such as narrow FWHM (less than 3 nm) and high absorptivity (up to 80.5%), which is superior to most reported sensing structures and more in line with practical sensing application requirements. In this paper, the potential of the gold disk array structure as a high-performance sensing structure is further explored, providing reference and new ideas for the design of easy-to-prepare and high-performance electromagnetic resonance devices.
Influence of single-particle energy on inclusive electron scattering
Authors: Wang Hongkai , Su Qiang , Xu Chang , Ren Zhongzhou , Liu Jian
Published: July 2023

Extensive studies have been carried out over the past decades to explore the impacts of nucleon momentum distributions (NMDs) on the inclusive electron scattering

(
e
,

e

′

)

process. Nevertheless, there remains limited research about the effects of the single-particle energy level distributions E
s.p.(β) on

(
e
,

e

′

)

reaction. For a given nucleus, the E
s.p.(β) of different deformations exhibits distinct changes. In this paper, we investigate the influences of the E
s.p.(β) of distinct deformations on

(
e
,

e

′

)

process. Using the plane-wave impulse approximation method, we calculate the

(
e
,

e

′

)

cross sections of different deformed configurations. The corresponding E
s.p.(β) and NMDs are obtained from the deformed relativistic mean-field model. It is found that the theoretical

(
e
,

e

′

)

cross sections show moderate dependence on the E
s.p.(β) of distinct deformations. This is due to the conservation of energy, which restricts the number of nucleons participating in the

(
e
,

e

′

)

process of diverse deformed configurations. The studies in this paper can provide useful guides for future lepton-nucleus scattering experiments.
Synthesis and investigation of structural, elastic, and electrical properties of cobalt and magnesium substituted Ni–Zn spinel ferrite nanoparticles
Authors: Hasan Sarwar , Azhdar Bruska
Published: July 2023

The sol–gel auto-combustion approach was used to create Ni0.4M0.2Zn0.4Fe2O4 (M = Ni2+, Mg2+, and Co2+) nanoparticles. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and an inductance–capacitance–resistance (LCR) meter were used to analyse the samples’ structural, elastic, and electrical properties. In all samples, the XRD patterns obtained indicated the formation of a monophasic cubic spinel structure with no identifiable impurity phase, which was supported by EDS investigations. The introduction of substituting ions, specifically Mg2+ and Co2+, into Ni–Zn ferrite nanoparticles results in an increase in the lattice parameter. The lattice parameter for Ni–Zn is 8.377 Å, while for the substituted nanoparticles it is 8.389 and 8.388 Å for Mg2+ and Co2+ respectively. Additionally, the crystallite size of the substituted nanoparticles increases to 46.57 nm from 40.75 nm for Ni–Zn. However, the x-ray density of the substituted nanoparticles decreases to 5.180 and 5.337 g cm−3 for Mg2+ and Co2+ respectively, from 5.358 g cm−3 for Ni–Zn. The elastic parameters, such as the Young’s modulus, Debye temperature, bulk modulus, and rigidity modulus, were calculated. The good elastic characteristics of Ni–Zn ferrite were confirmed and may be explained by the lower lattice parameter values and smaller crystallite sizes. Temperature and frequency effects on dielectric behaviour and AC electrical conductivity (σ
AC) were investigated. At ambient temperature, the dielectric characteristics, specifically the dielectric constant (ϵ′) and loss tangent (tanδ), were computed over a frequency range of 100–2 MHz. The compositions display normal dielectric properties, which are attributed to the interfacial polarisation following the Maxwell–Wagner model. The AC conductivity of nanoparticles was shown to decrease when Mg2+ and Co2+ were substituted into Ni–Zn ferrite. Furthermore, the AC conductivity diminishes with decreasing frequency, which is a sign of ionic conductivity. There was a direct relationship between the temperature and the values of ϵ′, tanδ, and σ
AC for different ions.
Cahn–Hilliard–Brinkman model for tumor growth with possibly singular potentials
Authors: Colli Pierluigi , Gilardi Gianni , Signori Andrea , Sprekels Jürgen
Published: July 2023

We analyze a phase field model for tumor growth consisting of a Cahn–Hilliard–Brinkman system, ruling the evolution of the tumor mass, coupled with an advection-reaction-diffusion equation for a chemical species acting as a nutrient. The main novelty of the paper concerns the discussion of the existence of weak solutions to the system covering all the meaningful cases for the nonlinear potentials; in particular, the typical choices given by the regular, the logarithmic, and the double obstacle potentials are admitted in our treatise. Compared to previous results related to similar models, we suggest, instead of the classical no-flux condition, a Dirichlet boundary condition for the chemical potential appearing in the Cahn–Hilliard-type equation. Besides, abstract growth conditions for the source terms that may depend on the solution variables are postulated.
4D dosimetric-blood flow model: impact of prolonged fraction delivery times of IMRT on the dose to the circulating lymphocytes
Authors: Hammi Abdelkhalek
Published: July 2023

To investigate the impact of prolonged fraction delivery of modern intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) on the accumulated dose to the circulating blood during the course of fractionated radiation therapy. We have developed a 4D dosimetric blood flow model (d-BFM) capable of continuously simulating the blood flow through the entire body of the cancer patient and scoring the accumulated dose to blood particles (BPs). We developed a semi-automatic approach that enables us to map the tortuous blood vessels of the surficial brain of individual patients directly from standard magnetic resonance imaging data of the patient. For the rest of the body, we developed a fully-fledged dynamic blood flow transfer model according to the International Commission on Radiological Protection human reference. We proposed a methodology enabling us to design a personalized d-BFM, such it can be tailored for individual patients by adopting intra- and inter-subject variations. The entire circulatory model tracks over 43 million BPs and has a time resolution of

∆
t

= 10−3 s. A dynamic dose delivery model was implemented to emulate the spatial and temporal time-varying pattern of the dose rate during the step-and-shoot mode of IMRT. We evaluated how different configurations of the dose rate delivery, and a time prolongation of fraction delivery may impact the dose received by the circulating blood (CB).Our calculations indicate that prolonging the fraction treatment time from 7 to 18 min will augment the blood volume receiving any dose

V

D
>
0
Gy

from 36.1% to 81.5% during one single fraction. The results indicate that increasing the segment number has only a negligible effect on the irradiated blood volume, when the fraction time is kept identical. We developed a novel concept of customized 4D d-BFM that can be tailored to the hemodynamics of individual patients to quantify dose to the CB during fractionated radiotherapy. The prolonged fraction delivery and the variability of the instantaneous dose rate have a significant impact on the accumulated dose distribution during IMRT treatments. This impact should be considered during IMRT treatments design to reduce RT-induced immunosuppressive effects.