bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On a Name Change for the Journal
Authors: Epperson J. E. , Huang C. L. , Fu T. T. , Fletcher S. M.
Published: July 2016

Membership of the Southern Agricultural Economics Association (SAEA) was polled to ascertain the strength of support for changing the name of the Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics (SJAE) to eliminate the regional connotation. The general view was that a name change is unwarranted. The overall impression of our profession is that the SJAE is a high quality journal and that the name is not the crucial factor in promulgating this image but rather the continued striving for excellence. A number of profiles were developed to show that the ordered-response model may be used in predicting probabilities for those who would or would not likely favor a name change.
Meshing Natural Resource Use and Development with Increasing Urbanization
Authors: Back W. B.
Published: July 2016

C. R. Enock, speaking as a conservationist in 1913, made a plea for the merging of the sciences into a new science “ …a comprehensive and constructive science whose aim would be to evolve and teach the principles under which economic equilibrium in the life of communities may be attained”. He stated, further:

…the real science of living on the earth, or “human geography,” the adaption of natural resources and national potentialities to the life of the community, has never been formulated. The congestion of the population in towns, the desertion of countryside, the high cost of living, low wages, unemployment and so forth are related phenomena, intimately connected with the conservation and development of natural resources …
Farm Policy Requirements as Seen from the Perspective of Government
Authors: Paarlberg Don
Published: July 2016

For many years my interest in farm policy was focused on the substance of the issues we confronted. What were the alternative means by which the current questions could be answered? What were the consequences of the alternative solutions? But recently I have found myself focusing on a different set of questions. These questions have to do, not with the substance of the items that happen to be on the agenda, but with the makeup of the agenda itself. How did the present questions get on the agenda? Who is intent on keeping them there? What other questions are there, questions not on the agenda? Who wants to put them on? In short, are we asking the right questions? Many years of teaching have convinced me that it is very difficult to get the right answer if we ask the wrong questions.
Effects of Industrialization on Capital Requirements for Southern Agriculture
Authors: Bostwick Don
Published: July 2016

Industrialization is a synonym for the industrywide adoption of the systems approach to production. Agriculture in the South will approach the highly organized state currently exhibited by broiler and hog producers, and perhaps pulp and sugar and some cattle feeding operations. I shall define the two terms “industrialization” and “capital” quite briefly, and proceed to a discussion of effects such a development might have on capital requirements.

In general, industrialization means an increase in the degree of organization, the coherence and internal dependence between separable parts of a production process.
The Cotton Program Under the Food and Agriculture Act of 1965
Authors: Vermeer James
Published: July 2016

Many features incorporated in the Food and Agriculture Act of 1965 were previously tested for feed grain and wheat but used little, if at all, for controlling production and supporting incomes from cotton. The Act included additional provisions specifically applicable to cotton. The following analysis is directed toward appraising the effects of the Act on cotton production, on the income of cotton producers, and on Government costs.

The Agriculture Act of 1965 marked a major change in the emphasis of farm programs. It was the first legislation to officially recognize (by legislation for a 4-year program) that the surplus production of specific commodities was not a temporary problem that could be solved with temporary programs.
The Optimum Geographical Location of Burley Tobacco Production within the Burley Belt
Authors: Grise Verner
Published: July 2016

Burley tobacco is a major crash crop in Kentucky, middle and eastern Tennessee, and Southwestern Virginia. Burley tobacco acreages and the farm acreage distributions of burley tobacco have been determined by the United States Department of Agriculture since 1933. In 1966, approximately 250,000 acres of burley tobacco was alloted to farmers in the United States.

The purpose of burley acreage allotments has been to equate the supply and demand for burley tobacco at a price considerably higher than that which a free market would establish.
Relationships of Labor Costs to Selected Variables in Flue-Cured Tobacco Production
Authors: Bradford Garnett L.
Published: July 2016

Since 1960, data from “typical” enterprise budgets have been used extensively in several studies dealing with a wide variety of problems. Budgets were compiled in cost-of-production studies by Green, Pierce and Williams, Coutu and Mangum and the North Carolina Agricultural Extension Service. Without surprise, extensive use of these budgets has focused attention on their limitations.

More extensive and precise field measurements were needed for several cost items, particularly labor costs. In addition, certain types of cost-input or cost-output relationships were implicit in such constant-type coefficients—relationships which may or may not exist in reality. It may be true, for example, that X hours of priming labor are required to harvest Y pounds of tobacco, but it might require α + 1.8X hours to harvest 2Y pounds.
An Economic Appraisal of the U. S. Tung Oil Economy
Authors: Matthews Jimmy L. , Womack Abner W.
Published: July 2016

Tung has been a preferred natural drying oil because of the high gloss finish, durability and water resistance qualities which it imparts to paint, varnish and lacquer products. However, increased competition from chemical synthetics, combined with lower prices for other natural oils since the early 1950's, has brought a decline of domestic tung oil consumption from 72.4 million pounds in 1950-51 to around 32 million pounds in 1968–69.

The mandatory support program, initiated in 1948, obligates the Commodity Credit Corporation to support tung oil prices to growers at a minimum 65 percent of parity or at 24.3 cents per pound in 1968. Large accumulations of CCC stocks, close to 63 million pounds in 1966, triggered a change in CCC inventory policy.
Toward An Information System for Guiding Research in the Soybean Production Economy
Authors: Penn J. B.
Published: July 2016

The soybean economy experienced balanced growth in both total demand and total supply since the early 1940's, but in recent years encountered excess production. Since the soybean economy is effectively interdependent with that of corn, cotton, and rice, programs for these commodities must be tailored to current and potential conditions relating to soybeans. Detailed analyses of sources of increased production, of associated inter-regional effects, and of production alternatives in the soybean area are needed to provide basic information for formulation of new programs. My primary purpose is to discuss the need for expanded research on soybean production patterns. However, most of the emphasis, herein is on developing a comprehensive information framework as an initial step to accomplish the research task.
A Re-Evaluation of the Contribution of the Rural-To-Urban Labor Flow
Authors: Brannon Russell H. , Anschel Kurt R.
Published: July 2016

In 1954, W. Arthur Lewis published his well-known landmark article conceptualizing a two-sector model of a developing nation, and centered his analysis around the classical assumption of an unlimited supply of labor [12]. The two sectors in the model consisted of the non-capital-using subsistence sector, and the capitalist sector which used reproducible capital. Among the key features of the model was the gain in productivity to be derived from the transfer of labor from the labor-abundant subsistence sector to the more productive capital-using sector. Given an assumption of a negligible marginal productivity of labor in the subsistence sector, labor could be transferred at a very low opportunity cost and with very little required increase in wages. Cheap labor was viewed as a boon to development since it produced a “capitalist surplus” which could be reinvested in capitalist enterprise for continued growth. This capitalist surplus would continue to be reaped so long as there existed surplus labor in the subsistence sector to provide labor to the capitalist sector at a constant wage. The capitalist surplus was viewed as the key to the model since it was assumed that savings and investment were available primarily from profits and not from wages or rents.
The Use of Discrete Variables to Estimate Price and Income Elasticities for Products with Seasonal Consumption Patterns
Authors: Trammell David L. , Hurt Verner G.
Published: July 2016

The consumption of a number of agricultural products varies from one season of the year to another. For some products, seasonal variations in consumption correspond to variations in production. For others, such as fluid milk, consumption and production patterns tend to vary inversely, Downen [2] reported significant seasonal variations in daily average sales of fluid milk with the highest sales occurring in the fall and winter months and the lowest in the spring and summer months. Other studies [1,5] have also reported seasonal variations in per capita sales of fluid milk. Conversely, production of fluid milk naturally tends to peak in the spring and summer months and reach its lowest point in the fall and winter.
A Simultaneous Equation Approach to Production Response: Delta Region
Authors: Penn J. B. , Irwin George D.
Published: July 2016

Soybeans occupy the unique position of common denominator in crop production for much of the Eastern half of the U.S. The interdependence between the soybean economy and those of corn, cotton, and rice means that policy changes directed toward one crop can have very decided effects upon the others.

Effective policy and program decisions need continuing research as input in formulating and evaluating these decisions. Detailed analyses of inter- and intraregional interdependence among crops, and of production alternatives involving soybeans, are especially needed because it is no longer certain that an expanding demand will provide a safety valve for soybean and related commodity programs [4,9].
Environmental and Economic Aspects of Recycling Livestock Wastes-Algae Production Using Waste Products
Authors: Martin John B. , Madewell Carl E.
Published: July 2016

Attention is now focused upon problems confronting our Nation in the area of environmental pollution. There is a close correlation between industrial and agricultural expansion and increases in population over the last few decades. There is also a pronounced association between increases in population and the magnitude of pollution problems. As an example, there is some concern about environmental pollution associated with power production which is rapidly expanding to meet the demands for electricity of an increasing population and industrial complex. Power production expansion is occurring largely in areas which already have high population densities.
Intertemporal Allocation of Ground Water in the Central Ogallala Formation: An Application of a Multistage Sequential Decision Model
Authors: Bekure Solomon E. , Eidman Vernon R.
Published: July 2016

A closed underground water supply whose annual recharge is insignificant relative to its annual withdrawal is a stock resource subject to eventual economic exhaustion. Furthermore, it is a common property resource because its users tap the same reservoir. Economists have expressed their concern over the intertemporal misallocation of such fugitive resources, arising from a possible divergence between social and private costs [5, 6, 7, 8, 9]. While the practical determination of the marginal social cost of a ground water stock at different points in time is a formidable task, economists have suggested methods of evaluating ground water as a stock resource [5,7,9].
The Benefit-Cost Ratio in Resource Development Planning
Authors: Pavelis George A.
Published: July 2016

The stimulus for this article was an observation that resource development in the United States is of a lumpy or whole project-by-project character. We seem to have looked at resource development proposals in isolation from other worthwhile activities and to have been preoccupied with the magnitude of “benefit-cost ratios” in evaluating and comparing individual resource development activities, projects, or programs. Unless properly interpreted, however, such ratios can mislead planners and legislators to invest capital and other inputs in a way that leads to a less than fully efficient pattern of resource development, even where the objective is only to maximize quantifiable monetary benefits. Accordingly, this analysis examines the “benefit-cost ratio” in the context of an income-producing efficiency objective and elementary production theory. Such other currently emphasized objectives as environmental quality improvement are treated implicitly, though not within a multiobjective framework. For a more complete treatment of these see Miller and Holloway [9] who have illustrated an application of multiobjective resource planning principles recently issued by the Water Resources Council [15]. Other particular papers and reports dealing with multiobjective resource development planning are [3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13 and 14].
Factors in Freight Car Supply
Authors: Hutchinson T. Q.
Published: July 2016

The Wall Street Journal, the Great Plainsman and other publications tell us that there is a rail car shortage. The dual purpose of this article is to demonstrate that the shortage is one of rail service rather than rolling stock and to examine several of the mechanisms available to increase the quantity of rail service.
Planning Educational Services
Authors: White Fred , Tweeten Luther
Published: July 2016

A school system can be visualized as a firm utilizing capital and labor to produce its output. It must compete with other firms in purchasing its inputs. It is broadly concerned with efficient use of resources to produce its product. However, there is no well-defined product nor a price that can be attached to its product, and most of its product is not directly sold. Users (students) exert little pressure to increase efficiency, not only because they lack mature judgment and are unaware of input-output relationships (often inputs as well as outputs are ill-defined and uncertain), but also because efficiency gains are not passed to users. Furthermore, factors outside the school system influence output throughout the long production process. Even if the price mechanism does not work, economic principles can still be used in education to improve decision making.
Public Financing of Community Services
Authors: Peterson Everett E.
Published: July 2016

“Governors predict bankruptcy for their states in the immediate future if additional funds are not forthcoming. Mayors forecast a total collapse of city services unless they receive additional revenues from the state and Federal governments. Taxpayers are faced with increased rates of existing taxes or the imposition of new taxes. Indeed, the nation's Federal system of government appears to be in fiscal jeopardy.”-New England Letter, First National Bank of Boston, June, 1971.
Application of Simulation to Regional and Community Planning
Authors: Doeksen Gerald A.
Published: July 2016

Economic planning can assist policy makers in using available resources to improve the quality of life for rural and urban people. The objective of this paper is to illustrate how simulation can aid in regional and community planning. The paper will be presented in three main sections. First, economic planning and simulation will be defined. Second, empirical results of a regional simulation study will be presented. Third, empirical results of multi-county and community simulation studies will be discussed.
Economic Factors Influencing the Level of Economic Development of Multicounty Areas
Authors: Daberkow Stan
Published: July 2016

Economic development is an elusive, multidimensional concept. Identification of the interdependencies and interactions underlying the development process seem to call for appropriate multivariate analysis. Principal component and factor analyses were used in a study of socioeconomic interdependencies associated with economic development in multicounty areas in the 48 contiguous States. This paper summarizes some results from that study and explains the use of a mathematical identity relating factor analysis to principal component analysis. This identity explains the level of economic development in terms of alternative levels of factors.
Impacts of a New Agricultural Processing Plant on Rural Development
Authors: Doeksen Gerald A. , Rathwell James
Published: July 2016

Community leaders of rural areas characterized by low-income and surplus labor seeking ways to promote rural development, frequently encourage new firms to process the primary products of the region. In a rural state such as Oklahoma, which is a large producer and exporter of agricultural products, interest is often focused on industries which process these goods. Impact multipliers are often used to measure income and employment impacts created from processing primary products.
An Analytical Approach to the Consolidation of Counties in North and West Florida Based on Educational Efficiency Criteria
Authors: Ricker William D. , Tyner Fred H.
Published: July 2016

Both public officials and private organizations are becoming increasingly concerned with the need for improved efficiency in and reorganization of local governments. The seriousness of the financial crises in both state and local governments is nowhere more evident than in the President's proposal for federal revenue sharing with the state and local governments.

The fiscal problems of local government, however, are more pervasive than temporary funding solutions alone can deal with.Exhaustive studies of the origins, political and social influences, organization and accomplishments of local governments themselves and their relationships with other units and levels of government are needed in order to develop a governmental organization consistent with contemporary needs. Several areas in the South have dealt forcefully with governmental reorganization through city-county consolidation. Notable examples of this are Miami-Dade and Jacksonville-Duval in Florida, and Nashville-Davidson in Tennessee.
Areawide Planning for Optimum Location of Hospital Facilities for Rural People
Authors: Eddleman B. R.
Published: July 2016

The agricultural economic literature is abundant with least-cost location studies of agricultural processing industries. Yet very little effort has been directed toward similar planning for public facilities in rural areas. The purpose of this paper is to present a conceptual model and its application to the planning of locations for additional multiple service hospital facilities in a predominantly rural area for 1980. The approach is based on the premise that areawide planning, as opposed to substantial reliance upon market mechanisms, is required to allocate health care resources among communities. In this approach it is assumed that all health care service cost functions are long run and that the time period of adjustment is such that fixed capital goods do not restrict adjustments in the service output of hospital facilities.
Hog Price Flexibilities as Related to Cycle Phases
Authors: Parvin D. W.
Published: July 2016

During the past decade, commercial pork production has varied from 723 to 1,372 million pounds (dressed weight) per month. For the same period, the average farm price of hogs has ranged from $12 to $30. Consequently, net returns to hog producers were highly variable.

Agricultural economists have devoted considerable research effort to estimating the quantity-price relationship for pork. Purcell and Raunikar suggest that the relationship between price and quantity of pork may differ for positive and negative changes in the price of pork at the retail level.
Mean-Variance Analysis of Alternative Hedging Strategies
Authors: Holland David , Purcell Wayne D. , Hague Terry
Published: July 2016

Much of the research in commodity hedging has concentrated upon the development of theoretical models describing the optimum position in cash and futures markets. Other studies have shown that the difference between current spot price and futures price represents the market price for storage, processing services, or both. The revenue stabilizing potential of futures markets for commodities with continuous as opposed to noncontinuous inventories has also received attention. However, very little work or literature is publicly available on how different hedging strategies actually would have performed for a particular commodity over time.
Financial Options Used for Financing Selected Public Investments in Three Washington State Communities, 1930-1965
Authors: Bills Nelson L.
Published: July 2016

The past few decades have seen significant absolute and relative increases in numbers of urban residents. The process of city or community growth, however, has been exceedingly uneven in the sense that only a proportion of those villages and towns that stood on the threshold of urbanization and sustained population growth have emerged as cities. Some communities have experienced dramatic population increases while others have barely sustained themselves in terms of population, or at best have realized modest population gains. Finally, significant numbers of small communities have been faced with relatively large population declines.
The Estimation of Cotton Costs in the Southeast
Authors: Hoover Dale M. , Carlson Gerald A. , Sutherland J. Gwyn
Published: July 2016

The Agriculture Act of 1964 provided for the development of a special cotton research program designed to produce information which could be used to reduce the cost of producing upland cotton in the United States. Authorization of $10 million annually for the special program provided for the extensive collection of data and for an annual report to congressional committees by the Secretary of Agriculture on the progress of the program. Field surveys have been conducted for the 1964, 1965, 1966 and 1969 crop years on about 5,000 cotton farms across all production regions in the United States.
Structure of Agriculture: The Policy Issue
Authors: Breimyer Harold F.
Published: July 2016

Each generation believes it has a monopoly on crises. Its spokesmen declare how exceptional are the perils of its day. Crossroads are invariably said to loom ahead.

It is, therefore, with diffidence that I declare my uneasy feeling that our nation is approaching a crisis decision as to the kind of economy and kind of government that are to prevail through ending years of our century. I am not timid to the point of silence because I have not customarily played a Cassandra role. My direst warnings have been of prospective demise of central markets for setting cattle prices.
Discussion: Structure of Agriculture: The Policy Issue
Authors: Godwin Marshall R.
Published: July 2016

The image of concern portrayed here regarding the future structure of agriculture is done in livid rhetoric and with a very broad brush. I share the concern of Breimyer and others regarding this issue. But, I do not think it necessary to engage in the inferential stretch required to forecast a cataclysmic set of national circumstances in order to justify considering it. I do not believe that we have devastated the continent. I do not foresee economic stagnation of the national economy, or unmanageable power accruing from an alarming skewness in private wealth distribution. I believe that we have the inventiveness to cope with the emerging energy crisis and with the depletion that is occurring in some of our key resources. I do not believe that our collective moral values will erode until we worship almost totally at the altar of science and materialism. And most important of all, I have an abiding faith that our system of government has the resiliance to adjust to the requirements of the future regardless of what these may be.
Economic Research Trade-Offs Between Efficiency and Equity
Authors: West Quentin M.
Published: July 2016

U.S. agricultural economic research has traditionally focused on farm production and marketing efficiency. In the future it must give more attention to equity.

Americans will certainly maintain their interest in producing things more efficiently. But, it is a healthy sign that they are also becoming more interested in making sure that changes are made fairly, justly, and impartially.

While there has been an increasing amount of agricultural economic research directed toward the problems of equity, there has not been enough. While I could present a paper documenting this research, I think it more useful at this point to consider seriously our overall research policy and try to reach some conclusion about whether it has adequately come to grips with the economic and social issues pressing upon us today.
Producer Bargaining: Its Current Status and Distribution of Benefits
Authors: Berry Calvin R.
Published: July 2016

”It must be considered that there is nothing more difficult to carry out, nor more doubtful of success, nor more dangerous to handle, than to initiate a new order of things. For the reformer has enemies in all those who profit by the old order, and only lukewarm defenders in all those who would profit by the new order, this lukewarmness arising partly from fear of their adversaries, who have the laws in their favor; and partly from the incredulity of mankind, who do not truly believe in anything new until they have had actual experience of it.”–

Niccolo Machiavelli

These observations by Machiavelli on the nature of human behavior seem most appropriate when reviewing the current status and distribution of benefits of producer bargaining. While the concept of bargaining by farmers is not new, it has experienced a resurgence of interest of unprecedented magnitude in recent years. This increased emphasis has led some to refer to agricultural bargaining as a “concept whose time has arrived.” Also, this development suggests the possibility-if not the promise-of the initiation of a “new order of things” to many of those who have observed it.
Discussion: Educational Programs for Commercial Agriculture and Agri-Business
Authors: Sprott J. Michael
Published: July 2016

The authors of this paper are to be congratulated for the comprehensiveness and clarity which they were able to obtain throughout the paper. Their major contribution is the listing of the strengths and weaknesses of selected educational and/or consulting delivery systems, as in Table 1. They farsightedly point out that the major decision at this juncture is whether to deliver assistance to the large agriculture clientele, rather than which vehicle is selected for delivery.

This discussant was intrigued with the justification put forth for our working with the large commercial farmer. Indeed, to work with this group seems to offer a panacea, one which none of us would demean.
Equalization Aspects of Federal Aid to Education: The District Perspective
Authors: Holland David W.
Published: July 2016

The principle of equality of opportunity has raised serious legal questions about the revenue distribution associated with use of the property tax as the main school funding vehicle. Partially in response to the recognition of a maldistribution of funds at the local level there has been renewed interest in the degree to which the distribution of state revenue, via alternative foundation plans, does in fact provide compensating state revenue to low wealth districts. It is now widely recognized that many existing state foundation plans have performed inadequately in this regard and alternative plans are under study in many states. Relatively little public attention or research effort, however, has been devoted to examination of the distributional impact of the federal component of schooling revenues, particularly at the school district level.
Estimated Impact of Withdrawing Specified Pecticides from Cotton Production
Authors: Casey Jim , Lacewell Ronald D.
Published: July 2016

Pesticides have become a major input for commercial agriculture. The quantity of pesticides applied annually is approximately 140 million pounds. Even with this level of pesticide use, research indicates that per an additional dollar of pesticide use, returns are increased two to four dollars. However, recent emphasis on environmental quality has caused considerable pressure to discontinue use of some pesticides. This raises important questions regarding the impact of withdrawing specific pesticides from commercial agriculture.

In response to possible cancellations, research has been directed toward establishing expected effects. However, much of the completed research is directed principally at the producer level and associated economic consequences of restricting the use of a pesticide. Some of the pesticides evaluated are phenoxy herbicides, organochlorines and chlordane. Other studies have considered the effect of a tax and change in government farm policy on level of pesticide use.
On Market Development for Food Products
Authors: Sporleder Thomas L.
Published: July 2016

With the industrialization that has been occurring in the agricultural sector, various agricultural commodity interests are increasingly recognizing the need for an organization for marketing. Once formed, commodity organizations commonly wish to develop markets for their product but likely lack the expertise to evaluate alternatives open to their organization for market development. In addition, no comprehensive statement of the market development concept has appeared in the literature. This situation lends impetus to the need for a definition and description of market development along with the alternatives which may exist for various marketing institutions.
Optimum Resource Allocation for Selected U. S. Agricultural Commodities
Authors: Cleveland O. A. , Ray Daryll E.
Published: July 2016

The commercial farm problem is often defined as a disequilibrium condition in which agriculture's productive capacity exceeds utilization at socially acceptable prices. However, commodity supplies are determined by the level and composition of resources committed to their production. While the commercial farm problem surfaces as a production-utilization disequilibrium, basically it is a resource imbalance problem.

Resource imbalances in agriculture result in an inefficient organization of the industry. To be efficient, resource use in the farm industry must satisfy three conditions:

1. the allocation of resources among agricultural and non-agricultural products must result in output and price levels that reward identical resources equally,

2. the use of resources in agriculture must result in a product mix geared to the relative demands for different products, and

3. each farm product must be produced at minimum factor cost.

The research reported in this paper focuses on the last efficiency condition. More specifically, we estimate the level and combination of resources for historical production levels of feed grains, wheat, soybeans, cotton and tobacco that minimize factor cost.
Storage Utilization in a Deficit Region
Authors: Boutwell Wayne A. , Kenyon David E.
Published: July 2016

During the past two decades corn production has increased in the South Atlantic region defined as Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia but not as rapidly as total U. S. production. The region accounted for 6.7 percent of the U. S. corn production in 1950 compared with 3.7 percent in 1970. During the same period soybean production has increased in the South Atlantic relative to other areas, accounting for 5.3 percent of U. S. production in 1970, up from 2.9 percent in 1950.

The major consumer of both corn and soybeans is the livestock industry. During the past twenty years this industry has expanded in the South Atlantic. In terms of grain consuming animal units (GCAU), the region accounted for 7.4 percent of U. S. production in 1953 compared with 9.1 percent in 1970. As a result the area is a deficit producer of both corn and soybeans, although with the relative increase of soybean production, the soybean deficit is expected to decrease.
Economies of Size Among Municipal Water Authorities in Pennsylvania
Authors: Daugherty Arthur B. , Jansma J. Dean
Published: July 2016

Water utilities are being subjected to progressively greater economic pressures. The demand for water is increasing, due to both a growing number of customers and rising per capita consumption. Consequently, many utilities are faced with declining reserves of water, necessitating additional investment to develop sources of supply. Frequently, new or enlarged facilities to treat, store and distribute the larger volume of water are required. Public policies, also, are promoting the extension or development of public water systems to serve sparsely populated suburban communities, small towns, and rural areas. All these changes affecting the demand for water, combined with rising construction costs, are causing water utility costs to skyrocket.
Increasing Productivity in the Fluid Milk Processing Sector Through Changes in Market Organization and Structure
Authors: Conner M. C.
Published: July 2016

It is well recognized that a number of factors, basically technological in nature but having significant economic effects, have made feasible a drastic restructuring of the fluid milk industry. This is the economic outgrowth of developments that have been shifting the economies of scale in processing sharply to the right, that have all but eliminated home route delivery, that have improved quality and shelf life of the product, and that have provided methods for handling and moving milk over wide areas at low costs.
Agricultural Prices in the 1970's: How Will Value be Established?
Authors: Forker Olan D.
Published: July 2016

The method of value determination for agricultural commodities and products is likely to be of major concern during the balance of the 1970's. Food and agricultural prices are currently in the forefront of public interest. This concern is likely to continue and be more dramatic at times during the rest of this decade. Attention is likely to focus on the marketplace and arrangements for price determination.

Several writers in the field argue that the manner in which agricultural prices are determined presents some major equity problems. They envision more problems ahead. Some conclude that there must be better mechanisms, institutions, organizational arrangements and procedures for determining the value of agriculture products. This concern implies a belief that a relationship exists between the method or process of price determination and performance. However, we know very little about the formation of prices, and we have very little empirical evidence on which to base firm conclusions about alternative arrangements.
Rural Development Research Under Scrutiny
Authors: Tyner Fred H.
Published: July 2016

Second thoughts about the assigned title of this paper (Rural Development Research—One Perspective) prompted a change — there is a not too subtle implication that the “one perspective” may not be the correct perspective. Also, I had envisioned assimilating a number of perspectives attributable to others into my own – and at least attempting not to miss the target altogether. However, such would be a rather placid and inappropriate approach to the topic. Consequently, I propose to confront the topic of rural development research more directly, scrutinizing it as closely as possible, and attempting to make a contribution to a better understanding of the problems facing rural development researchers and those concerned with action programs in “rural development.”
The Systems Approach – Research or Research Management
Authors: Parvin D. W. , Tyner Fred H.
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the management of larger multidisciplinary research projects in the existing agricultural experiment station framework. Through a recounting of changes occurring in agriculture and their implications for research, the need for research management is established.

Next, systems analysis is introduced as a means for organizing the quantity and variety of resources involved in large multidisciplinary research projects. After a discussion of the requirements for engaging in systems analysis, suggestions are made for organizing research through the systems analysis approach. An example, with diagrams, is used to help clarify the discussion and to strengthen the argument that systems analysis constitutes a potentially productive tool – both for primary research and for research management.
New Community Water and Sewer Systems and the Population of Small Towns
Authors: Stam Jerome M.
Published: July 2016

Recent years have seen a rapid expansion in expenditures for new small town water and sewer systems. Both federal and state governments have increased their aid programs significantly in this field. The primary source of federal funds for new water and sewer facilities in such towns has been the Farmers Home Administration (FmHA), whose loans and grants totaled approximately $1,425 million for water and $629 million for sewer facilities in such places during fiscal years 1966-1973.
The Dual of a Cost Minimizing Linear Transshipment Model: An Economic Interpretation of an Assembly-Plant Processing-Distribution Network for a Firm
Authors: Holroyd William. M.
Published: July 2016

The general economic meanings and mathematical structure of the dual of a primal mathematical programming model have been discussed for many years. However, within the mathematical programming realm, many interesting formulization variations have developed partly in response to variations in particulars of problems.

A number of authors have discussed the economic meaning and mathematical structure of the primal of a linear cost minimizing transportation model. Some authors discussed the economic meaning and mathematical structure of the dual as well as the primal of the transportation model. Several authors discussed cost minimizing transshipment models. Recently, greater interest has been shown in specific economic meanings of the dual of the cost minimizing transshipment model.
Cost of Required Water Pollution Abatement on Poultry Processing Plants
Authors: Kerns Waldon R. , Jones Harold B.
Published: July 2016

Efforts currently are being made to arrive at pollution abatement standards for the poultry processing industry. Once a set of effluent limits are established, individual firms have several alternatives to meet the best available control requirements by altering in-plant techniques and modifying waste water treatment systems. This study provides information on current cost and expenditure levels for waste water treatment in the poultry processing industry in Georgia. The primary objective was to provide an assessment of the probable industry cost of achieving higher levels of treatment which are required under new pollution control guidelines. Changes needed for individual plants will vary depending on the nature of the waste, the degree and kind of treatment, and the size and location of the firm.
Shrimp Processing in the Southeast: Supply Problems and Structural Change
Authors: Prochaska Fred J. , Andrew Chris O.
Published: July 2016

A growing deficit in shrimp landings relative to processing needs in the Southeast Region of the United States concerns both industry and government officials. Structural changes in the shrimp industry are encouraged by the growing supply deficit. The shrimp supply situation and resulting industry organization changes are the primary concerns of this paper.
Bayesian Decision Strategies Applied to Production and Marketing Decisions for Cow-Calf Farms in the Shenandoah Area of Virginia
Authors: Chiang Y. C. , Jensen R. B. , Kenyon D. E. , Kline R. G.
Published: July 2016

The main objective of this study is to derive economic strategies or decision rules for beef cow-calf farmers making production and marketing decisions under uncertain beef prices and pasture conditions. The problem analyzed relates to decisions concerning alternative beef systems for a 400-acre beef farm in the Shenandoah area of Virginia. At the beginning of the fall season, given the level of corn production and cow herd size, a beef farmer, faced with uncertain pasture conditions and uncertain feeder and slaughter prices for the coming year, must decide whether to sell his weaned calves or to keep them for sale later. At this time the farmer decides the amount of corn to be harvested as grain and as silage and the amount of corn to sell.
Economic Implications of Discontinuing the Texas High Plains Boll Weevil Suppression Program
Authors: Lacewell Ronald D. , Larson James L. , Bottrell D. G. , Rummel D. R. , Billingsley Ray V.
Published: July 2016

The federal government has supported and continues to support or share in the support, financially and technically, of several regional pest management programs. Implicit in continued federal support is the concept that the benefits of the program to society exceed the governmental portion of the costs. As these programs are evaluated and consideration is given to discontinuing federal support, improved estimates of program benefits, or costs of discontinuing, are needed.

The objective of this study was to identify and quantify the expected effects in terms of agricultural output, insecticide use, and production costs of discontinuing a regional boll weevil suppression program on the Texas High Plains. Results of this study are useful to governmental decision makers, local producers, environmentalists and economists.
Advertising-Pricing Conduct in Meat Retailing
Authors: Rhodes V. James , Abou-Bakr Ahmed
Published: July 2016

For a decade or longer it has been recognized that pricing of food products in supermarkets is not a matter of competitive price discovery but of intricately interwoven pricing and merchandising strategy. In the search for patterns of that strategy, the more conventional approach has been to apply customary data on market structure. In a further search for conduct patterns, because of the prohibitive expense of a comprehensive multi-city study, the best research course is to build up a library of case studies. This case study of 14 supermarkets in Columbia, Mo., reports two contrasting patterns of advertising-pricing behavior. Prices are not varied as much as the ads imply.
Income and Economic Status of People with Farm Earnings
Authors: Larson Donald K. , Carlin Thomas A.
Published: July 2016

Total money income typically is used to indicate the relative economic status of people. A family with total money income below some commonly recognized standard may be deemed to be poor. For example, the official low-income standard is the benchmark used by most analysts to indicate persons in poverty [15]. Historically, the proportion of farm people with low incomes has been greater than that for nonfarm people. In the 1960's, however, the income gap between farm and nonfarm people narrowed due primarily to increased off-farm income [2]. Growth in off-farm income in recent years ranks among several major changes affecting families in the farming sector [3, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 16].

We recognize that the concept of economic status is multi-dimensional including elements other than current money income. Some of these include aspects of permanent income [4], net worth [18], and the general quality of life [1, 6].
Recycling of Solid Wastes - A Classic Problem in Supply and Demand
Authors: Carley D. H.
Published: July 2016

Recycling can recover the value of solid waste materials. Recycling reduces solid wastes, conserves virgin materials, and preserves and improves environmental quality. Ideally, it has been stated that “what we must aim for essentially is a steady-state world, one in which per capita consumption has virtually leveled off and the goods used are for the most part produced from recycled materials” [6]. Trends in recycling, however, are not encouraging, and, in fact, resource recovery is losing ground [3, 7].

Currently, recycling is largely that of relatively homogeneous waste materials. The Council on Environmental Quality has identified over 50 systems in various stages of development aimed primarily at the technology of recovering materials from mixed wastes [7].
Economic Impact of Brush Encroachment in Texas
Authors: Osborn James E. , Witkowski Gerald V.
Published: July 2016

Range livestock is important to the economy of the state of Texas. Over 4.2 billion lbs. of beef were produced in Texas with a value of over $1.2 billion in 1971, which was the greatest for any of the 50 states. Sheep and lamb production in Texas for 1971 exceeded 200 million lbs. and was valued at $43.4 million which was the highest of all 50 states. Cash receipts from cattle, calves, sheep, and lambs marketed in Texas in 1971 were estimated at $1.6 billion.

Texas' production of range livestock is limited by the availability of rangeland. In 1967, over 53 percent of the land area in Texas was classified as rangeland. Undesirable woody plants which compete with favorable grasses for moisture and sunlight have infested 82 percent of the grasslands in the state.
Some Distributional Effects of Reducing the Property Tax in Rural and Urban Areas
Authors: White Fred C. , Miller Bill R.
Published: July 2016

A question now being asked in many states is whether the property tax is too burdensome and whether it should be displaced by another tax. Many states have lowered property taxes on specific classes of property, while other states are considering more widespread relief from property taxes. If property taxes are reduced, other taxes will have to be increased in order to offset reductions in government revenues. What is the effect of substituting one tax for another; who will pay more and who will pay less if property taxes are decreased and sales or income taxes increased? Will overall regressiveness of taxes be reduced by substitution? The basic technique of sampling and analysis presented here hopefully will be applicable in many states and will provide important answers to these questions.
Implications of Fuel Shortages on Cotton and Grain Sorghum Production and Producer Returns-Southern High Plains of Texas
Authors: Casey James E. , Jones Lonnie L. , Lacewell Ronald D.
Published: July 2016

Shortages of hydrocarbon-based fuels (petroleum and natural gas) for all uses in the United States have caused concern among agricultural leaders and farmers over their ability to obtain fuel for agricultural production purposes in competition with other users. During the 1973 crop year, for the first time in recent years, farmers were faced with the consequent need to make necessary adjustments in production and harvesting practices to utilize the fuel available. Analyses that have appeared since the recent widespread recognition of the energy crisis conclude that this is not a short-run phenomenon. Rather, farmers are likely to find themselves competing with other major users for limited petroleum supplies for some time to come.
Extension Economics: An Effective Research Industry Interface — A Discussion
Authors: Brown Thomas G.
Published: July 2016

Our colleagues have presented three useful papers. Lampher points out that farm enterprise budgets have been an essential component in the Extension Agricultural Economist's kit of tools for a long time. Researchers have tended to blow hot and cold in development of enterprise budgets. During the heyday of the regional adjustment studies, we had them coming out our ears. Most Extension Economists found this flurry of budget building to be of little value. As I look back, I think the main value that accrued was the number of my friends and colleagues who earned Ph.D.'s working on these projects.