bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conceptual framework of acute care nurse practitioner role enactment, boundary work, and perceptions of team effectiveness
Authors: Kilpatrick Kelley , Lavoie‐Tremblay Mélanie , Lamothe Lise , Ritchie Judith A. , Doran Diane
Published: May 2012

Aim.  This article describes a new conceptual framework for acute care nurse practitioner role enactment, boundary work and perceptions of team effectiveness.

Background.  Acute care nurse practitioners contribute positively to patient care by enacting an expanded scope of practise. Researchers have found both positive and negative reactions to the introduction of acute care nurse practitioners in healthcare teams. The process of role enactment, shifting role boundaries, and perceptions of team effectiveness has been studied disparately. A framework linking team structures and processes to desirable outcomes is needed.

Data sources.  Literature was obtained by searching CINAHL, PsycInfo, MedLine, PubMed, British Nursing Index, Cochrane Library, JSTOR Archive, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from 1985–2010. A descriptive multiple‐case study was completed from March 2009–May 2009.

Discussion.  A new conceptual framework describing how role enactment and boundary work affect perceptions of team effectiveness was developed by combining theoretical and empirical sources. The framework proposes proximal indicators used by team members to assess their team’s performance.

Implications for nursing.  The framework identifies the inter‐related dimensions and concepts that different stakeholders need to consider when introducing nurse practitioners in healthcare teams. Further study is needed to identify team‐level outcomes that reflect the contributions of all providers to quality patient care, and explore the patients’ and families’ perceptions of team effectiveness following the introduction of acute care nurse practitioners.

Conclusion.  The new framework can guide decision‐making and research related to the structures, processes, and outcomes of nurse practitioner roles in healthcare teams.
Identification and management of ocular lipid deposition in association with hyperlipidaemia in captive moray eels , Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani, Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier) and Muraena retifera Goode and Bean
Authors: Clode A B , Harms C , Fatzinger M H , Young F , Colitz C , Wert D
Published: May 2012

Ocular lipid deposition and its surgical management and possible association with systemic hyperlipidaemia in captive moray eels are described. Ophthalmologic examinations, haematology and plasma biochemistry analyses were performed on an initial population of captive moray eels (n = 10): green moray, Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani; spotted moray, Gymnothorax morninga (Cuvier) and reticulated moray, Muraena retifera Goode and Bean. Recently captured green moray eels comprised the control group (n = 9). Clinical signs compatible with ocular lipid deposition were identified in six of ten captive eels (60%) vs. none of the controls. Green moray eels in the initial captive population (n = 5) had significantly higher total protein, triglyceride, cholesterol and aspartate amino transferase values than the control eels. Dietary management was attempted in all captive eels, and surgical intervention was performed in three eels, including two from a separate population, with improved ocular clarity within 1 month post‐operatively. Histopathological evaluation of surgical specimens and two eyes from an additional affected eel that died suggested ocular lipid deposition. Eels in captivity have an apparent predisposition for hyperlipidaemia and ocular lipid deposition. Although limited in this study and complicated by exhibit restraints, dietary management was minimally effective, while surgery improved ocular clarity.
Fitness‐compensatory mutations in rifampicin‐resistant RNA polymerase
Authors: Brandis Gerrit , Wrande Marie , Liljas Lars , Hughes Diarmaid
Published: May 2012

Mutations in rpoB (RNA polymerase β‐subunit) can cause high‐level resistance to rifampicin, an important first‐line drug against tuberculosis. Most rifampicin‐resistant (RifR) mutants selected in vitro have reduced fitness, and resistant clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis frequently carry multiple mutations in RNA polymerase genes. This supports a role for compensatory evolution in global epidemics of drug‐resistant tuberculosis but the significance of secondary mutations outside rpoB has not been demonstrated or quantified. Using Salmonella as a model organism, and a previously characterized RifR mutation (rpoB R529C) as a starting point, independent lineages were evolved with selection for improved growth in the presence and absence of rifampicin. Compensatory mutations were identified in every lineage and were distributed between rpoA, rpoB and rpoC. Resistance was maintained in all strains showing that increased fitness by compensatory mutation was more likely than reversion. Genetic reconstructions demonstrated that the secondary mutations were responsible for increasing growth rate. Many of the compensatory mutations in rpoA and rpoC individually caused small but significant reductions in susceptibility to rifampicin, and some compensatory mutations in rpoB individually caused high‐level resistance. These findings show that mutations in different components of RNA polymerase are responsible for fitness compensation of a RifR mutant.
Role of DNA base excision repair in the mutability and virulence of Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Gonzalez Kaisha , Faustoferri Roberta C. , Quivey Jr Robert G.
Published: May 2012

The oral pathogen, Streptococcus mutans, possesses inducible DNA repair defences for protection against pH fluctuations and production of reactive oxygen metabolites such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which are present in the oral cavity. DNA base excision repair (BER) has a critical role in genome maintenance by preventing the accumulation of mutations associated with environmental factors and normal products of cellular metabolism. In this study, we examined the consequences of compromising the DNA glycosylases (Fpg and MutY) and endonucleases (Smx and Smn) of the BER pathway and their relative role in adaptation and virulence. Enzymatic characterization of the BER system showed that it protects the organism against the effects of the highly mutagenic lesion, 7,8‐dihydro‐8‐oxo‐2′‐deoxyguanine (8‐oxo‐dG). S. mutans strains lacking a functional Fpg, MutY or Smn showed elevated spontaneous mutation frequencies; and, these mutator phenotypes correlated with the ability of the strains to survive killing by acid and oxidative agents. In addition, in the Galleria mellonella virulence model, strains of S. mutans deficient in Fpg, MutY and Smn showed increased virulence as compared with the parent strain. Our results suggest that, for S. mutans, mutator phenotypes, due to loss of BER enzymes, may confer an advantage to virulence of the organism.
Identification of a metabolic bottleneck for cold acclimation in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Nägele Thomas , Stutz Simon , Hörmiller Imke I. , Heyer Arnd G.
Published: May 2012

Central carbohydrate metabolism of Arabidopsis thaliana is known to play a crucial role during cold acclimation and the acquisition of freezing tolerance. During cold exposure, many carbohydrates accumulate and a new metabolic homeostasis evolves. In the present study, we analyse the diurnal dynamics of carbohydrate homeostasis before and after cold exposure in three natural accessions showing distinct cold acclimation capacity. Diurnal dynamics of soluble carbohydrates were found to be significantly different in cold‐sensitive and cold‐tolerant accessions. Although experimentally determined maximum turnover rates for sucrose phosphate synthase in cold‐acclimated leaves were higher for cold‐tolerant accessions, model simulations of diurnal carbohydrate dynamics revealed similar fluxes. This implied a significantly higher capacity for sucrose synthesis in cold‐tolerant than cold‐sensitive accessions. Based on this implication resulting from mathematical model simulation, a critical temperature for sucrose synthesis was calculated using the Arrhenius equation and experimentally validated in the cold‐sensitive accession C24. At the critical temperature suggested by model simulation, an imbalance in photosynthetic carbon fixation ultimately resulting in oxidative stress was observed. It is therefore concluded that metabolic capacities at least in part determine the ability of accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana to cope with changes in environmental conditions.
The evidence for the use of recombinant factor VIIa in massive bleeding: revision of the transfusion policy framework
Authors: Lin Y. , Moltzan C. J. , Anderson D. R. ,   on behalf of the National Advisory Committee on Blood and Blood Products
Published: May 2012

In 2006, the Canadian National Advisory Committee on Blood and Blood Products (NAC) developed a transfusion policy framework for the use of off‐label recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) in massive bleeding. Because the number of randomised controlled trials has doubled, the NAC undertook a review of the policy framework in 2011. On the basis of the review of 29 randomised controlled trials, there remains little evidence to support the routine use of rFVIIa in massive bleeding. Mortality benefits have not been demonstrated. Contrarily, an increase in arterial thromboembolic events has been observed with the use of off‐label rFVIIa. Given the absence of evidence of benefit and with evidence of the risk of harm, the NAC recommends that recombinant VIIa no longer be used for the off‐label indications of prevention and treatment of bleeding in patients without haemophilia.
Identification of a novel HLA‐A*24:02:55 allele by sequence‐based typing
Authors: Guolong Y. , Limei D. , Xinge Y. , Jin Y. , Peng L.
Published: May 2012

HLA‐A*24:02:55 differs from A*24:02:01:01 by a single nucleotide substitution at position 295, in exon 2.
Reliability and validity of the continence self‐efficacy scale in Turkish women with urinary incontinence
Authors: Zengin Neriman , Pinar Rukiye
Published: May 2012

This study investigated the psychometric properties of the Continence Self‐Efficacy Scale. Data was collected from 128 women who had urinary incontinence using the following instruments: the Continence Self‐Efficacy Scale, the Broome Pelvic Muscle Exercise Self‐Efficacy Scale, the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form, and the Beck Depression Inventory. The validity of the Continence Self‐Efficacy Scale was investigated using confirmatory factor analysis and convergent and divergent validity analyses. The reliability of the Continence Self‐Efficacy Scale was examined in terms of internal consistency and test–retest correlations. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated a three ‐factor model that had acceptable goodness‐of‐fit indices. The convergent validity of the Continence Self‐Efficacy Scale was supported by a positive correlation between the Continence Self‐Efficacy Scale and the Broome Pelvic Muscle Exercise Self‐Efficacy Scale. The divergent validity of the Continence Self‐Efficacy Scale was supported by negative relationships between the Continence Self‐Efficacy Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory. The Cronbach's alpha values regarding internal consistency were 0.94 for the overall scale and 0.92–0.93 for the subscales. Test–retest correlations were 0.75 for the overall scale and 0.52–0.74 for the subscales. The Continence Self‐Efficacy Scale is a valid and reliable instrument for use in Turkish women with urinary incontinence.
Sexual function and laparoscopic ventral rectopexy for complex rectocoele
Authors: Abet E. , Lehur P. A. , Wong M. , Rigaud J. , Darnis E. , Meurette G.
Published: May 2012

Aim  Laparoscopic ventral rectopexy (LVR) has recently been shown to be feasible, safe and efficient in restoring anatomy and improving rectal emptying in female patients presenting with a posterior pelvic floor prolapse. However, little is known about the sexual function of these patients. This study aimed to assess sexual activity in a group of patients referred for complex rectocoele and the consequences on sexual comfort of their treatment after LVR.

Method  We prospectively assessed 41 consecutive patients who underwent LVR (either laparoscopic or robotic‐assisted) for symptomatic complex rectocoele from January 2009 to January 2010. We first identified sexually active patients in the cohort using a nonvalidated simplified questionnaire. The Brief Index Sexual Functioning for Women (BISF‐W) questionnaire was used postoperatively to assess the impact of LVR on sexual function. Acceptability of the assessment of sexuality was also tested. The postoperative outcome of the sexually active patients was compared with data obtained from the French general population.

Results  Among 38 patients in whom a successful LVR had been performed (three conversions), 22 (57.9%) were sexually active preoperatively and 18 (47.4%) were sexually active postoperatively at a mean of 7 ± 4.2 months of follow‐up (P = 0.44). No de novo dyspareunia was reported. At baseline, 13 patients experienced dyspareunia compared with six after LVR (P = 0.02). A significant improvement in dyspareunia was observed (seven patients vs two patients; P = 0.03). 19 (86%) of the 22 patients responded to the BISF‐W questionnaire. The mean composite score was 26.7 ± 8.2, with 63.2% of patients estimating sexual activity as important or very important. Compared with a reference population, sexual comfort was similar in LVR patients (32.2 ± 12.6 vs 26.7 ± 8.2; P = 0.14).

Conclusion  Assessment of sexual function is accepted by the majority of patients suffering from pelvic floor disorders. In addition to the benefit on anatomical restoration and bowel function, LVR improves sexual function and dyspareunia in patients operated on for complex rectocoele.
A pilot randomised controlled trial of modafinil during acute methamphetamine withdrawal: Feasibility, tolerability and clinical outcomes
Authors: Lee Nicole , Pennay Amy , Hester Robert , McKetin Rebecca , Nielsen Suzi , Ferris Jason
Published: May 2012

Introduction and Aims

There are no medications approved for the treatment of methamphetamine withdrawal. Wake‐promoting agent modafinil has recently been proposed as a viable option. This paper reports on the results of a pilot study that tested the feasibility of modafinil in an inpatient withdrawal setting during acute methamphetamine withdrawal.

Design and Methods

In a double‐blind, randomised, placebo‐controlled study, 19 methamphetamine dependent participants received modafinil (n = 9) or placebo (n = 10) daily for 7 days (200 mg for the first 5 days and 100 mg on days 6 and 7). Primary outcomes were retention in treatment and severity of withdrawal symptoms. Secondary outcomes were methamphetamine craving, sleep and physiological outcomes.

Results

There were no significant differences between groups on retention in treatment, withdrawal severity, craving, sleep or physiological outcomes. There were no adverse events or side‐effects reported.

Conclusions

Modafinil was found to be tolerable and well accepted by methamphetamine users and feasible for short‐term inpatient withdrawal, but the sample was too small to detect treatment effects. Larger trials are needed to establish efficacy.
DYNASTIC MANAGEMENT
Authors: CASELLI FRANCESCO , GENNAIOLI NICOLA
Published: May 2012

The most striking difference in corporate‐governance arrangements between rich and poor countries is that the latter rely much more heavily on the dynastic family firm, where ownership and control are passed on from one generation to the other. We argue that if the heir to the family firm has no talent for managerial decision making, dynastic management is a failure of meritocracy that reduces a firm's total factor productivity (TFP). We present a simple model that studies the macroeconomic causes and consequences of dynastic management. In our model, the incidence of dynastic management depends, among other factors, on the imperfections of contractual enforcement. A plausible calibration suggests that, via dynastic management, poor contract enforcement may be a substantial contributor to observed cross‐country differences in aggregate TFP. (JEL O43, O47, G32)
The nature of infants’ goal representation: commentary on Hernik and Southgate
Authors: Bíró Szilvia
Published: May 2012

This commentary article is to be published alongside: Hernik, M., & Southgate, V. (2012). Nine‐months‐old infants do not need to know what the agent prefers in order to reason about its goals: on the role of preference and persistence in infants’ goal‐attribution. Developmental Science. doi/10.1111/j.1467‐7687.2012.01151.x
Diagnosing goal‐attribution: commentary on Hernik and Southgate
Authors: Kuhlmeier Valerie A. , Robson Scott J.
Published: May 2012

This commentary article is to be published alongside: Hernik, M., & Southgate, V. (2012). Nine‐months‐old infants do not need to know what the agent prefers in order to reason about its goals: on the role of preference and persistence in infants’ goal‐attribution. Developmental Science. doi/10.1111/j.1467‐7687.2012.01151.x
The moral discourse of banks about money laundering: an analysis of the narrative from Paul Ricoeur's philosophical perspective
Authors: Dion Michel
Published: May 2012

In this paper, we will use Ricoeur's philosophy in order to present money laundering as a metaphor and a narrative. We will firstly analyze the corporate moral discourse of 10 banks about money laundering. We have selected 10 banks that have codes of ethics and a corporate moral discourse about money laundering. The banks come from six countries: United States (2), Canada (2), Switzerland (2), Spain (2), Germany (1), and Belgium (1). We will see how their moral discourse about money laundering contributes to deepen the understanding of money laundering as a narrative. Then, we will see to what extent Ricoeur's philosophy could help us to better understand the moral discourse of banks. We will describe the main components of money laundering as a narrative.
Optimum allocation in multivariate stratified random sampling: stochastic matrix mathematical programming
Authors: Dí az‐Garcí a José A. , Ramos‐Quiroga Rogelio
Published: May 2012

The allocation problem for multivariate stratified random sampling as a problem of stochastic matrix integer mathematical programming is considered, minimizing the estimated covariance matrix of estimated means subject to fixed cost or fixed total sample size. With these aims the asymptotic normality of sample covariance matrices for each strata is established. Some alternative approaches are suggested for its solution. An example is solved by applying the proposed techniques.
A Lightweight Approach for the Sensor Observation Service to Share Environmental Data across Europe
Authors: Jirka Simon , Bröring Arne , Kjeld Peter , Maidens Jon , Wytzisk Andreas
Published: May 2012

The importance of near real‐time access to environmental data has increased steadily over the last few years. In this article, the focus is on the European Environment Agency (EEA), which receives environmental data from a large number of providers. The heterogeneous data formats and data transfer mechanisms make the data collection and integration a difficult task for the EEA. An approach is needed for facilitating the interoperable exchange of environmental data on a large scale. A core element of this approach is the Sensor WebEnablement (SWE) technology of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) which allows the standardized, interoperable, vendor and domain independent exchange of sensor data. The main contribution of this article is a lightweight profile for the OGC Sensor Observation Service that ensures the necessary interoperability for seamlessly integrating the environmental data provided by the EEA's member states and thus forms the foundation for the developed data exchange mechanisms. This is complemented by information about the resulting Sensor Web architecture and the integration into the EEA's existing IT infrastructure. In summary, this article describes a practical scenario in which SWE technology enables the exchange of near real‐time environmental data on a large scale.
Implementing RFID in a hospital library: a scoping study
Authors: Norwood Joseph , Skinner Ben
Published: May 2012

This article discusses a scoping study on implementing radio frequency identification device (RFID) in a hospital library context, conducted by Joseph Norwood for his MA dissertation at the University of Brighton. The study was carried out during the summer of 2011 to support possible RFID implementation at the Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals (BSUH) Trust, and the library staff were able to use the findings to good effect to create a business plan. This article also acts as the template for the new Dissertations into Practice feature, which was introduced in the March issue (Marshall, A. Health Information and Libraries Journal 2012, 29, 72). The dissertation highlighted here is very practical in nature and had immediate and quantifiable benefits for the Trust library. Future feature articles are likely to reflect the range of health‐related dissertation topics which students choose and will include studies on user information behaviour, information services related to mental health and well‐being, as well as the impact of technology on health‐related library or information services.AM
Health, sport and nutritional information: tailoring your approach
Authors: Grant Maria J.
Published: May 2012

One of the intended legacies of the London 2012 Olympics is to increase the level of physical activity amongst the general population. Health information on the positive health benefits of sport and nutrition can assist in this goal and its positive benefit can been seen in communities within and beyond the United Kingdom, particularly within an educational context. In the United States, young people view their teachers as a valuable source of health information, and in Taiwan, teachers have been key collaborators in the development of a national Health e‐Learning Network providing multimedia‐learning modules for use in the classroom. However, classrooms are not the only source of health information and, with the reported inaccuracies in the translation of health information from academic papers to the popular press, school librarians have a role to play in facilitating students’ ability to assess the quality of the health information they access, whatever the source.
Visualising postcode data for urban analysis and planning: the Amsterdam City Monitor
Authors: Pfeffer Karin , Deurloo Marinus C , Veldhuizen Els M
Published: May 2012

Public agencies typically collect statistical databases on population, housing, economic activities and various other indicators. In their existing form, these databases cannot be directly adopted for planning and policy formulation, as they need to be tailored to the issue for which information is required. The specific problem addressed in this article is how to process and visualise small‐area data, in our case referring to the Dutch 6‐digit postcode, to provide detailed information for areas that are normally difficult to target in policy terms because they do not relate to the identifiable administrative entities that planners and politicians are accustomed to. Therefore a methodology is presented that identifies spatial concentrations based on the underlying data using geographical information systems (GIS). Emphasis is placed on the technical characteristics of this method, which has been applied in a number of urban studies, and on the advantages and disadvantages for further utilisation. Using the Amsterdam City Monitor as a case study, this paper illustrates how to produce detailed maps of urban dynamics within a city to support local policy and planning. It also shows that the presented method of mapping spatial concentrations can be applied to a variety of urban issues, and complements the common practice of using intensity classes to compare places.
Perception and Communication of Flood Risks: A Systematic Review of Empirical Research
Authors: Kellens Wim , Terpstra Teun , De Maeyer Philippe
Published: May 2012

Flood hazards are the most common and destructive of all natural disasters. For decades, experts have been examining how flood losses can be mitigated. Just as in other risk domains, the study of risk perception and risk communication has gained increasing interest in flood risk management. Because of this research growth, a review of the state of the art in this domain is believed necessary. The review comprises 57 empirically based peer‐reviewed articles on flood risk perception and communication from the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The characteristics of these articles are listed in a comprehensive table, presenting research design, research variables, and key findings. From this review, it follows that the majority of studies are of exploratory nature and have not applied any of the theoretical frameworks that are available in social science research. Consequently, a methodological standardization in measuring and analyzing people's flood risk perceptions and their adaptive behaviors is hardly present. This heterogeneity leads to difficulties in comparing results among studies. It is also shown that theoretical and empirical studies on flood risk communication are nearly nonexistent. The article concludes with a summary on methodological issues in the fields of flood‐risk perception and flood‐risk communication and proposes an agenda for future research.
Domain Wall Motion in A and B Site Donor‐Doped Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 Films
Authors: Zhu Wanlin , Fujii Ichiro , Ren Wei , Trolier‐McKinstry Susan
Published: May 2012

Donor‐doped PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3 (PZT) films were utilized to study the effect of dopants on the mobility of ferroelectric domain walls. For chemical solution deposited PZT films 2 μm in thickness, doped with 1%–4% Nb or La, the low field dielectric permittivity remained between 1100 and 1300. With increasing Nb concentration, both the reversible and irreversible Rayleigh constants increased from ɛinit and α′ of 1150 and 39 cm/kV, respectively, for undoped PZT films to 1360 and 43 cm/kV for films doped with 2 mol% Nb. La doping increased the irreversible Rayleigh constant but did not strongly affect the reversible Rayleigh parameter. These observations are consistent with softening of the dielectric and electromechanical response with donor doping.
Effect of Aluminum Doping on Microwave Absorption Properties of ZnO/ZrSiO4 Composite Ceramics
Authors: Kong Luo , Yin Xiaowei , Zhang Litong , Cheng Laifei
Published: May 2012

In this study, Al‐doped ZnO particles are infiltrated into porous ZrSiO4 substrates to form an Al‐doped ZnO/ZrSiO4 composite ceramic using sol‐gel process. The doping of aluminum results in the high‐concentration carriers, leading to the improvement of polarization capability and electric conductivity. When the Al content increases to 2.5 at.%, particle shape is changed from spherical into flower‐like one, and the electric conductivity of ZnO/ZrSiO4 composite ceramics is further improved. Therefore, both dielectric loss and microwave absorption properties of ZnO/ZrSiO4 composite ceramics increase with the increase of Al content. The further increase of Al content leads to the production of ZnAl2O4, which is a low‐permittivity ceramic, so the dielectric constant and dielectric loss of ZnO/ZrSiO4 composite ceramics show a decreasing tendency. Owing to the higher dielectric loss, the 2.5 at.% Al‐doped ZnO/ZrSiO4 composite ceramics exhibit the best microwave absorption properties over the frequencies ranging from 8.2 to 12.4 GHz (X‐band).
Expression of Toll‐like receptor9 in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma: further exploring CpG oligodeoxynucleotide in NFκB pathway
Authors: Huang Wan‐Ting , Weng Shao‐Wen , Huang Chao‐Cheng , Lin Huei‐Chiou , Tsai Po‐Chin , Chuang Jiin‐Haur
Published: May 2012

Human Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) that recognize a variety of pathogen‐associated molecular patterns are associated with activation and immunogenic response in lymphoid neoplasms, but rarely explored in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We conducted this study to evaluate the expression of TLR9 in and potential treatment of DLBCL with TLR9 agonist – CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN). The real‐time quantitative reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction was carried out to detect TLR9 expression in 41 formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded samples. The transformation of immunophenotype and NFκB pathway of DLBCL upon CpG ODN stimulation were investigated by a DLBCL cell line. TLR9 was commonly detected in DLBCL with relative mRNA levels above 1.0 × 10−2 in 35 of 41 cases (85.36%). It was suspected that a high proportion of DLBCL to be activated by CpG stimulation. In vitro study with a DLBCL cell line revealed an increased CD20, but decreased BCL‐6 and MUM1/IRF4 expression after treatment with CpG ODN. The NFκB pathway was initially activated, but finally suppressed upon CpG ODN stimulation. The proliferation of tumor cells was also inhibited by long time incubation. These findings provide new insights into the role of TLR9 in DLBCL and potential implication of TLR9 agonist in the treatment of DLBCL.
Anti‐leukemic effect of a synthetic compound, (±) trans‐dihydronarciclasine (HYU‐01) via cell‐cycle arrest and apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Kim Seo Ju , Park Hyun Ki , Kim Ju Young , Yoon Jin Sun , Kim Eun Shil , Cho Cheon‐Gyu , Kim Byoung Kook , Park Byeong Bae , Lee Young Yiul
Published: May 2012

(±) trans‐Dihydronarciclasine, isolated from Chinese medicinal plant Zephyranthes candida, has been shown to possess quite potent anti‐tumoral effect against selected human cancer cell lines. However, little is known about the anti‐tumoral effect of (±) trans‐dihydronarciclasine in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This study was performed to investigate the effect of a novel synthetic (±) trans‐dihydronarciclasine (code name; HYU‐01) in AML. The HYU‐01 inhibited the proliferation of various AML cell lines including HL‐60 as well as primary leukemic blasts in a dose‐dependent manner. To investigate the mechanism of the anti‐proliferative effect of HYU‐01, cell‐cycle analysis was attempted in HL‐60 cells, resulting in G1 arrest. The expression levels of CDK2, CDK4, CDK6, cyclin E, and cyclin A were decreased in a time‐dependent manner. In addition, HYU‐01 up‐regulated the expression of the p27, and markedly enhanced the binding of p27 with CDK2, 4, and 6, ultimately resulting in the decrease of their kinase activities. Furthermore, HYU‐01 induced the apoptosis through the induction of proapoptotic molecules and reduction of antiapoptotic molecules in association with the activation of caspase‐3, ‐8, and ‐9. These results suggest that HYU‐01 may inhibit the proliferation of HL‐60 cells, via apoptosis, as well as G1 block in association with the induction of p27.
Shared learning for oral health therapy and dental students: enhanced understanding of roles and responsibilities through interprofessional education
Authors: Ritchie C. , Dann L. , J Ford P.
Published: May 2012

Introduction

To enhance interprofessional learning outcomes, The School of Dentistry at The University of Queensland redesigned first‐year curricula. Courses for Bachelor of Oral Health (OHT) and Bachelor of Dental Science (DS) students were combined, and learning content created to support the development of skills, knowledge and attitudes required for the oral healthcare team to work effectively in providing the best possible care for patients.

Methods

Over a 2‐year period, all commencing OHT and DS students were invited to participate in this study. One cohort (n = 93) was enrolled into a traditional, discipline‐specific programme (TRAD), whereas the other cohort (n = 93) experienced an integrated learning programme (INT) with combined courses for OHT and DS students. The Readiness for Interprofessional Learning Scale (RIPLS) and a modified dental and dental care professional roles and responsibilities (DRR) survey were completed to determine students' awareness of dental professionals' roles and responsibilities, and their attitudes to interprofessional education and teamwork.

Results

Following completion of 1 year of learning, both INT and TRAD cohorts showed similar levels of readiness for shared learning. At the commencement of the second year of the study programme, however, there was a significantly better understanding of shared care amongst INT students.

Conclusions

This study provides initial support for the integrated learning approach adopted by this university. The INT cohort had significantly improved understandings of the roles and responsibilities of dentists and oral health therapists. The results of this study have been used to refine ongoing curriculum developments.
Process‐based long‐term evaluation of an ecological network of calcareous grasslands connected by sheep herding
Authors: Wagner Helene H. , Rico Yessica , Lehnert Henry , Boehmer Hans Juergen
Published: May 2012

This paper evaluates the long‐term effect of an ecological network of calcareous grasslands, a habitat type that experienced dramatic habitat loss and fragmentation during the 20th century, on species richness of habitat specialist plants. Calcareous grasslands are of special conservation concern as the habitat type with the highest diversity in plant and invertebrate species in central Europe. A baseline survey in 1989 established complete vascular plant species lists for all 62 previously abandoned calcareous grassland patches in the study area and assessed the presence of 48 habitat specialist plant species. An ecological network was initiated in 1989 to reconnect these patches with existing grazed pastures (core areas) through large flock sheep herding where feasible, as sheep are thought to be the primary dispersal vectors for calcareous grassland plants. An evaluation survey in 2009 showed significant increase in species richness of habitat specialist plants in patches reconnected by sheep herding, indicating successful colonizations by habitat specialist plants, while ungrazed patches showed no significant change. Observed increase in species richness between 1989 and 2009 was related to connectivity by sheep herding and the presence of a diversity of structural elements providing microsites for establishment. Baseline species richness of the patches, which had been abandoned since at least 1960, was associated with patch area, supporting the effect of ecological drift, and with vegetation type, which suggests that delays in extinction may be related to site factors governing the strength of competition with later seral species. The implementation of this ecological network represents a long‐term ‘natural experiment’ with baseline data, manipulation, and evaluation of hypothesized effects on a clearly defined target variable. It thus provides much needed empirical evidence that species loss in fragmented calcareous grassland communities can be counteracted by restoring functional connectivity among remnant patches.
Angptl4 maintains in vivo repopulation capacity of CD34+ human cord blood cells
Authors: Blank Ulrika , Ehrnström Birgitta , Heinz Niels , Nilsson Eva , Brun Ann , Baum Christopher , Schiedlmeier Bernhard , Karlsson Stefan
Published: May 2012

Objectives

Methods to expand hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) ex vivo encompass an attractive approach that would substantially broaden the clinical applicability of HSCs derived from cord blood (CB). Recently, members of the angiopoietin‐like (Angptl) family of growth factors were shown to expand both murine and human HSCs. Specifically, Angptl5 has been implicated in the expansion of human NOD/SCID‐repopulating cells (SRCs) ex vivo. Here, we sought to evaluate the potential of additional Angptls to expand human SRCs from CB. Additionally, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of Angptl‐mediated expansion of SRCs across independent experiments.

Methods

Human CD34+ cells from CB were cultured in vitro for eleven or 8 d in the presence or absence of Angptls. The reconstitution capacity of expanded cells was subsequently measured in vivo by transplantation into NOD/SCID or NSG mice and compared with that of uncultured cells.

Results

We report here that Angptl4 functions to maintain SRC activity of CD34+ CB‐derived cells ex vivo as assayed in NOD/SCID and NSG mice. However, all Angptls tested, including Angptl1, Angptl4, and Angptl5, were associated with variation between experiments.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that Angptl4 and Angptl5 can lead to increased engraftment capacity of SRCs, but more frequently, these factors are associated with maintenance of SRC activity during ex vivo culture. Thus, Angptl‐mediated expansion of SRCs ex vivo is associated with more interexperimental variation than previously thought. We conclude that Angptls would be useful in instances where there is a need to maintain HSCs ex vivo, such as during transduction for gene therapy applications.
A blueprint for staging of murine melanocytic lesions based on the Cdk4R24C/R24C::Tyr‐NRASQ61K model
Authors: Wurm Elisabeth M.T. , Lin Lynlee L. , Ferguson Blake , Lambie Duncan , Prow Tarl W. , Walker Graeme J. , Soyer H. Peter
Published: May 2012

It has been shown that gene mutations which drive the development of malignant melanoma (MM) in humans also lead to emergence of MM when engineered mice. However, little attention has been paid to the clinical and histopathological features of melanocytic lesions and their natural history in a given mouse model. This knowledge is crucial to enable us to understand how engineered mutations influence the initiation and evolution of melanocytic lesions, and/or for the use of mice as a preclinical model to test specific treatments. We recently reported the development of melanocytic proliferations along the spectrum of naevi to MM in a Cdk4

R24C/R24C

::Tyr‐

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mouse model. In this study, we followed the development of lesions over time using digital photography and dermoscopy with the aim to correlate the clinical and histopathological features of lesions developing in this model. We identified two types of lesions. The first are slow‐growing dermal MMs that emanate from dermal naevi. The second did not emanate from naevi, grew rapidly, and appeared to be solely confined to the subcutaneous fat. We present a simple staging system for the MMs that progress from naevi, based on depth of extension into the dermis and subcutis. This represents a blueprint for documentation and follow‐up of MMs in the live animal, which is critical for the proper use of murine melanoma models.
Wound infection, dressings and pain, is there a relationship in the chronic wound?
Authors: Cutting KF , White RJ , Mahoney P
Published: May 2012

The focus on quality of life issues in wound care has justly taken a far greater importance. With the acceptance that pain can be a major factor to the patient, and in particular, pain at dressing change comes the opportunity for avoidance and/or reduction strategies. Whilst pain has been associated with wound infection for millennia, it is only much more recently that this has received due attention from research and clinical practice. In this study, the nature of pain, changes in pain and pain associated with infection are the focal points. A Delphi approach, now a frequently used tool in wound care research, has been used to obtain expert opinion on these aspects of management.
Acute mediastinal bleeding during vacuum‐assisted closure
Authors: Vos Roemer J , Yilmaz Alaaddin , Sonker Uday , Kloppenburg Geoffrey T L
Published: May 2012

Vacuum‐assisted closure is commonly used to treat post‐sternotomy mediastinitis. Several studies show improved outcome using vacuum‐assisted therapy; however, risks using negative pressure should not be underestimated. We describe two cases of acute mediastinal bleeding during vacuum treatment for post‐sternotomy mediastinitis and discuss preventative measurements.
Identification of the novel HLA allele, HLA‐B*40:159, in a Taiwanese hematopoietic stem cell donor and the probable HLA haplotype in an association with B*40:159
Authors: Yang K. L. , Lee S. K. , Lin P. Y.
Published: May 2012

Using a sequence‐based typing method, we found a new HLA‐B*40 variant, B*40:159, in a Taiwanese hematopoietic stem cell donor. The sequence of B*40:159 is identical to the sequence of B*40:06:01:01 in exons 2 and 3 except the nucleotides at positions 412 (A → G) and 429 (A → C). The sequence variation caused two amino acid exchanges at residue 114 (N → D) and residue 116 (Y → S). The probable HLA‐A, HLA‐B, HLA‐C and HLA‐DRB1 haplotype in association with B*40:159 may be deduced as HLA‐A*02:06‐B*40:159‐C*08:01‐DRB1*08:03. The generation of B*40:159 is thought as the result of a sequence recombination event where B*46:01:01:01, B*15:01:01 or B*15:02:01 donated a minimum length of the DNA sequence from residue 412 to residue 419 to the recipient sequence of B*40:06:01:01.
CONSEQUENCES OF INDIVIDUAL CHEWING STRATEGIES ON BOLUS RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES AT THE SWALLOWING THRESHOLD
Authors: YVEN CLAUDE , PATARIN JEREMY , MAGNIN ALBERT , LABOURÉ HELENE , REPOUX MARIE , GUICHARD ELISABETH , FERON GILLES
Published: May 2012

The chewing process transforms food into bolus for a safe swallow. It is known that humans adapt their chewing behavior to food product characteristics. This study aimed at identifying individual chewing strategies of healthy consumers and determining the respective consequences on bolus properties. For that purpose, the chewing activity of 50 subjects was recorded during consumption of five model cheeses. Boluses were collected at the swallowing threshold for rheological analyses. We found that 30% of subjects showed only slight adaptation of chewing activity to product characteristics and thus produced boluses with different rheological properties. Among the 70% of subjects who adapted their chewing behavior, 57% adapted their behavior via chewing time and 40% adapted their behavior via chewing time and muscular contraction amplitude. Among the bolus rheological parameters, only consistency was not influenced by chewing strategies. Hence, it seemed to be a determinant factor of the swallowing threshold for these products.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Flavor compounds are released during the oral processing of food. It is thus important to understand how consumers form a bolus and to analyze the consequences of chewing behaviors on bolus properties at the swallowing threshold, at the end of the oral stage of food, to clarify the role of mastication in the release of stimuli responsible for perception. Chewing strategies and bolus properties are some of the key factors of flavor release and product acceptability that is of interest for food manufacturers who can use these factors as additional parameters for new solid product design.
PON Gene Polymorphisms and Ischaemic Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta Analysis
Authors: Liu Hua , Xia Ping , Liu Ming , Ji Xun Ming , Sun Hong Bin , Tao Li , Mu Qi Wen
Published: May 2012

Background

Paraoxonase is known to play an important role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. Genetic variants of the paraoxonase gene have been implicated as risk factors for atherosclerotic diseases such as coronary artery disease, but individual genetic association studies examining the relationship between the paraoxonase gene polymorphisms and ischaemic stroke have yielded inconsistent results.

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the association between the paraoxonase gene variants and ischaemic stroke using systematic review with meta-analysis.

Methods

Relevant studies were identified by searching English and Chinese databases extensively. Allele and genotype frequencies for each included study were extracted. The odds ratio was calculated using a random-effects or fixed-effects model. A Q statistic was used to evaluate homogeneity, and Egger's test and funnel plot were used to assess publication bias.

Results

A total of 28 studies were included and identified for the current meta-analysis. It was found that the R allele or RR genotype of paraoxonase 1 Q192R polymorphism had an increased risk for ischaemic stroke in the general population (192R allele: odds ratio: 1·21, 95% confidence interval: 1·08–1·35, P = 0·0009 and 192RR genotype: odds ratio: 1·25, 95% confidence interval: 1·06–1·49, P = 0·009 in general population, respectively), but there was no significant association between other genetic variants of paraoxonase gene and ischaemic stroke.

Conclusions

Existing evidence indicates that the Q192R polymorphism (the R allele and RR genotype) is associated with an increased risk of ischaemic stroke in the general population. Future studies with larger sample sizes will be necessary to confirm the present results.
At What Age Should Children Engage in Agricultural Tasks?
Authors: Yang Jingzhen , O’Gara Erin , Cheng Gang , Kelly Kevin M. , Ramirez Marizen , Burmeister Leon F. , Merchant James A.
Published: May 2012

Purpose: We compared parents’ perceived‐as‐appropriate ages with actual‐performance ages for their children engaging in selected agricultural tasks or practices, and we examined the factors associated with age discrepancy.

Methods: We analyzed data from the Keokuk County Rural Health Study collected among parents of children age 17 or younger. Parents were interviewed separately regarding the age of their children's involvement in 14 selected agricultural tasks and their opinions about appropriate age of involvement.

Findings: Of the 264 families included, 86.5% with a son and 69.8% with a daughter reported having children involved in at least 1 of 14 selected agricultural tasks. The average actual‐performance ages for children to be involved in any of the tasks were younger than those that parents perceived appropriate. Furthermore, in 6 of the 9 North American Guidelines for Children's Agricultural Tasks (NAGCAT) that we assessed, parents’ perceived‐as‐appropriate ages were younger than minimum ages recommended by the NAGCAT. Driving an all‐terrain vehicle (ATV) was the most common task with actual‐performance age younger than the NAGCAT‐recommended age; 53.0% of boys (n = 106) and 36.1% of girls (n = 61) did so under the recommended age. Boys and children who live on a farm, or whose parents have been or are farmers, were significantly more likely to perform agricultural tasks at earlier ages.

Conclusions: Our results suggest farm parents and other rural stakeholders need to be better educated and encouraged to follow the NAGCAT guidelines, and that multilevel interventions need to be developed to ensure protection of children from agricultural injury and death.
Polymerase chain reaction for detection of Ureaplasma diversum from urogenital swabs in cattle in Australia
Authors: Smith A , Chousalkar KK , Chenoweth PC
Published: May 2012

Background  Ureaplasma diversum has been associated with various reproductive problems in cattle, including granular vulvovaginitis, endometritis, salpingitis, early embryonic death, weak calves, decreased conception rates, balanoprosthitis, impaired spermatozoids and seminal vesiculitis in bulls.

Methods  This study briefly outlines the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the rapid detection of U. diversum directly from urogenital swabs collected from Australian beef cattle.

Results  The 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences obtained from the PCR products of the clinical samples were closely related to U. diversum strain A417.

Conclusion  The present test enabled detection of the organism directly from clinical swabs collected from animals with or without lesions.