bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Breastfeeding in the Woman with a Compromised Nervous System
Authors: Halbert Lee-Ann
Published: March 2007

An increasing number of women with physical limitations are choosing to conceive and are entering the health care system for the care of their pregnancies. These women are faced with the choice of how to feed the child. Although research specific to lactation and nervous system disorders could not be found, this paper reviews selected articles from the literature on three central nervous system disorders: spinal cord injury, multiple sclerosis, and stroke. Potential effects on breastfeeding are discussed.
Breastfeeding Practices Among Employed Thai Women in Chiang Mai
Authors: Yimyam Susanha , Morrow Martha
Published: March 2007

In many developing countries, labor force participation by women in the childbearing years has increased rapidly. Social and economic changes present new challenges for women attempting to combine their roles as workers and mothers. Little is known about how these challenges affect infant feeding choices. This multidisciplinary study investigated work and infant feeding decisions among 313 employed women in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Resumption of employment generally had negative affects on breastfeeding rates and duration. At 6 months postpartum, women who worked inside the home breastfed more than those working in the formal sector at jobs with inflexible hours (home, 80%; public sector, 37%; private sector, 39%). Women who were working outside the home for a long period or had shift jobs encountered many obstacles to maintaining breastfeeding, and most gave it up within 1 month after resuming employment. There is a need for multisectoral policies that address obstacles to breastfeeding among women in the paid labor force in Thailand.
Connection and Pleasure, Disruption and Distress: Women's Experience of Breastfeeding
Authors: Schmied Virginia , Barclay Lesley
Published: March 2007

Interview data collected in a recent study of first time motherhood were used to explore the experience of breastfeeding. Twenty-five Australian women participated in a series of semistructured interviews begun during late pregnancy and continuing until 6 months postpartum. Discourse analysis was used to examine the transcribed data. The analysis revealed that breastfeeding was central to these women's experience of motherhood. The majority of women were strongly committed to breastfeeding. Their decision to breastfeed was influenced by a range of public and professional discourses. Breastfeeding was also an embodied experience that was difficult to articulate. For some, this embodied experience was connected, harmonious and pleasurable and for others, disruptive, unpleasant, and violent. This paper describes the embodied experience of breastfeeding and highlights the complexity of the relationship between embodied experience and contemporary meanings and context of breastfeeding.
DEFINING PROPER WORK PERFORMANCE
Authors: MILLER GALE
Published: March 2007

The article is an analysis of the social organization of complaint-making and -negotiation in a Work Incentive Program. In it I treat complaint-making and -negotiation as ongoing interactional procedures for defining and managing ambiguous and contradictory organizational purposes and goals to which staff members are held accountable. These procedures involved accusing other staff members of acting in improper ways. Through negotiations about such complaints, staff members produced short-term and practical understandings of relevant organizational purposes and goals as well as of proper work performance. The negotiations focused on two issues: whether the choices and actions in questions were (1) consistent with general organizational purposes, and (2) determined by written rules and procedure beyond persons' control. The article concludes by considering some of the implications of the findings for the analysis of complaint-making and -negotiation in contemporary organizations.
THE CHARAKA COMPLEX
Authors: HAZANI MOSHE
Published: March 2007

This study uses a subcultural approach to explain why most delinquents abandon crime as they reach adulthood. An ethnographic study of an Israeli slum, it reveals that the slum culture is composed of different age groups, one of which—the youth— promotes delinquency, while the others practice conventional behavior. While the youth encourage some deviant and daring acts, they also encourage activities that facilitate an eventual movement into the conventional world of adults. The cohesiveness of the community as a whole leads to affectionate interaction between the various age groups in the slum, with the result that members of youth gangs emulate adult role models and experience anticipatory socialization. The adults' influence as role models enables them to curb excessive deviant acts, and accounts for the boys' smooth maturation out of delinquency.
MANAGING PERCEIVED DECEPTION AMONG RESPONDENTS
Authors: OBLIGACION FREDDIE R.
Published: March 2007

Dealing with perceived respondent deception requires the realization that a respondent's account is only one of several possible versions that could be elicited contingent on the situational characteristics of an interview, the relationship between the observer and the observed, interviewer expectations, the presentation of the respondent's existential self, and the dialectic between the interpreter and the interpreted. To discourage deliberate deception, field-workers are well-advised to negotiate a happy medium between intimacy and distance during interviews, encourage a gradual unfolding of selves, maintain communication with peers, keep detailed journals, and access independent checks and informants whenever possible. In the face of suspicion and doubts, researchers can console themselves with the thought of the ambiguity of social reality and the idea that people are enigmas unto themselves. There will always be facets of a person's life that will elude even the most assiduous researcher. Essential to the protection of one's identity, personal secrets will remain within the umbra of the unknowable.
ETHNOMETHODOLOGICAL POSITIONS ON THE USE OF ETHNOGRAPHIC DATA IN CONVERSATION ANALYTIC RESEARCH
Authors: NELSON CHRISTIAN KJAER
Published: March 2007

This article presents explicit ethnomethodological positions on the acceptability and/or desirability of using ethnographic data, variously conceived, with conversation analytic discourse data to carry out conversation analytic studies. Besides aiming to prompt thought about the different types of ethnographic data and their worth to certain social scientific objectives, this review also seeks to suggest why continuing ethnomethodological discussions regarding the use of ethnographic data might prove worthwhile to those trying to further their understanding of ethnomethodology.
An Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Louisville’s Enterprise Zone
Authors: Lambert Thomas E. , Coomes Paul A.
Published: March 2007

Louisville, Kentucky, has one of the oldest and largest enterprise zones (EZs) in the United States, yet until recently, the program had not been independently evaluated. Perhaps because no clearly superior evaluation methodology has emerged in the literature, the efficacy of EZ programs around the United States remains a contentious subject among scholars and policy makers alike. The authors take a quasi-experimental approach in evaluating Louisville’s EZ, using many different measures to give the program every chance to show success. Program tax exemptions and administrative costs of more than $55 million within the 13-year period studied are identified. The measures reveal that one of the EZ’s three objectives was obtained in one geographic subset of the zone, but not because of the EZ policy treatment. The research adds one more case study to the EZ literature and provides another indication of the questionable benefits of EZ programs.
Regions as Loci of Conflict and Change: The Contributions of Ben Harrison to Regional Economic Development
Authors: Markusen Ann
Published: March 2007

By 1970, the civil rights and anti-Vietnam War legacies had provoked new forms of scholarship and novel approaches to regional and industrial planning. Bennett Harrison was a key figure in the shift from regional science toward a politically committed scholarship that incorporated new radical and institutionalist theories with creative empirical analyses and links to real world practice in economic development. Harrison, I argue, saw regions as loci of capitalist conflict and change, not as the rarified analytical units of regional science or as the faceless regional actors of the “new regionalism.” The actions of corporations and labor unions and the conflict between firms and between capital and labor were central to his interpretation of regions, which he approached in an unabashedly inductive manner. In this article, I review Harrison’s regional writings and make the case for the durability of his insights and his path-making contributions to the field.
The Impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement on the Economy of Western New York
Authors: Will Renee , MacPherson Alan
Published: March 2007

This article examines the economic impact of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) on western New York (WNY). A variety of theoretical perspectives are reviewed, notably impact assessment. Evidence from a survey of local industrial firms suggests that NAFTA has not played an especially important role in the various upswings and downswings that have affected the WNY area in the 1990s. In contrast to a number of inquiries that have appeared in the recent literature, the authors find little evidence to support the view that WNY has been negatively affected by NAFTA. Instead, the authors’ evidence suggests that NAFTA has had a positive impact in terms of new export development, job creation, input sourcing, and sales growth. The article concludes with a brief discussion of the empirical and theoretical difficulties that confront researchers who wish to explore the effects of trade agreements upon regional economies.
The Bittersweet Courtship of Congressional Democrats and Industrial Policy
Authors: Baker Ross K.
Published: March 2007

While Reagan administration opposition to industrial policy was intense, it appears that divisions within the Democratic party were at least as decisive a factor in its fall from favor. Industrial policy could not transcend party differences: It was, instead, consumed by them. In its early stages as a possible alternative economics for the Democratic party that could transcend divisions in the party, industrial policy appeared attractive. But as the House Democrats examined the concept and its implications more closely, industrial policy became, in itself, a source of division among members.
On Understanding and Evaluating the University's Evolving Economic Development Policy
Authors: Steinnes Donald N.
Published: March 2007

This article presents evidence that the university has evolved in recent years into an active player in the local economic development game and an attempt is made to provide an understanding of this evolution in university policy on the basis of political and economic events during the 1980s. Finally, a model is specified and estimated for a sample of cities to evaluate the effectiveness of university economic development policy. The results, while not definitive, do suggest that the university can be a positive influence on economic development in a city and that some of the most explicit policies, including the Small Business Development Centers (SBDCs), have the most significant impact on local job growth.
Regional Economic Multipliers: Definition, Measurement, and Application
Authors: Stevens Benjamin H. , Lahr Michael L.
Published: March 2007

Economic development specialists are often called upon to assess the total regional impacts of a project, policy, or program. This paper reviews traditional multiplier methods of impact evaluation, pointing out their advantages and limitations. Emphasis is given to definition and measurement problems as they affect the way regional multipliers are usually estimated and used. The discussion is then extended to input-output models and multipliers. Particular attention is given to the greater accuracy and range of results as well as the additional complexity of application and interpretation inherent in regional input-output methods.
Product Development Corporations and State Economic Development
Authors: Fisher Peter S.
Published: March 2007

Product development corporations have been established by eight states for the purpose of promoting the development of innovative sectors of the economy by augmenting the supply of risk capital. They operate by providing a grant to a firm to finance the design, testing, and commercialization of a new product, in return for royalties on sales of the product. An evaluation of the oldest of these programs, the Connecticut Product Development Corporation (now in its twelfth year), reveals that the public corporation has yet to become self-sustaining. Simulations indicate that the rate of royalty returns will have to increase significantly if the CPDC is to turn a profit for the state. While profitability may be too narrow a criterion for evaluating product development corporations, there are grounds to be skeptical that the CPDC or similar institutions will generate true public benefits (beyond monetary returns) sufficient to justify a long-term taxpayer subsidy.
Elements of an Effective Technology Assistance Policy to Stimulate Economic Development
Authors: Clifton David S. , Edens Larry R. , Johnson Harris T. , Springfield Robert W.
Published: March 2007

Webster defines technology as "a technical method for achieving a practical purpose." Competitiveness of manufacturers can be addressed through the implementation of various "technical methods. " Timely adoption of technology-ranging from organizational development and management information systems to the latest process automation-is critical to a nation's economic health, but many firms are unaware or unsure of their technology options. Such companies typically are small- or medium-size rural firms, lacking expertise, funds, and routine processes for adopting technology. Often, they are privately held and their direction is closely linked to the skills and personal interests or views of their owners. Also, labor skills and support services may appear insufficient for adopting new technology. But the vitality and survival of small firms is crucial to not only their locales but to the entire economy. An effective assistance policy can facilitate the adoption of technology. A proven mechanism is one-on-one personal contact by a skilled field engineer who provides reliable advice and information to area firms. He should represent a trusted and credible organization, provide timely and suitable assistance, and offer all-important follow-up services to encourage implementation of the adopted technology.
State Incentive Packages and the Industrial Location Decision
Authors: Milward H. Brinton , Newman Heidi Hosbach
Published: March 2007

Since 1980 there has been both a rapid escalation in the costs associated with industrial recruitment and a dramatic increase in the number of states vying for new auto assembly facilities. The following study reviews both the business and nonbusiness factors relevant in location determination, and focuses on the Nissan, Mazda, Saturn, Diamond-Star, Toyota, and Fuji-Isuzu plant announcements and the offered state incentive packages that have led to the recent formation of the "Japanese Auto Alley. "
An Econometric Model of New York City and Region: What it is and What it can do
Authors: Drennan Matthew P.
Published: March 2007

The largest scale econometric model developed to date for any metropolitan area and city, namely the GOTHAM model of New York City and the greater New York-New Jersey region, is described in this article. The description is brief, and nontechnical. Economic development policy and forecast applications in which the model and data base have been employed are summarized.
A Typology of Suburban Economic Development Policy Orientations
Authors: Pelissero John P. , Fasenfest David
Published: March 2007

This article explores variations in economic development goals and orientations among suburban governments and the impact of these on economic development programs. The research was conducted among suburban officials in the Chicago Metropolitan area who responded to a survey in 1987. The results of the survey show that suburbs can be divided into five types based upon their economic development policies: aggressive, regulatory, cooperative, retentive, and reactive. These general policy orientations were found to affect the specific city government staffing, planning, activities, fiscal programs, and regulation related to economic development in the community.
Local Government, Minor League Baseball, and Economic Development Strategies
Authors: Johnson Arthur T.
Published: March 2007

Policy debates over the investment of public funds in sports stadiums are dominated by a concern for the economic impact of local sports teams. Local officials in communities with minor league teams have little research on which to base their policy decisions and often assume that economic benefits similar to those received by cities with major league teams will accrue to them if a minor league stadium is built. The article finds that a minor league team's economic impact is insignificant relative to a community's total economy. However, if a development logic is used in planning a stadium project the facility can help achieve such outcome goals as downtown revitalization, new development, enhancement of community image, and recreational infrastructure improvement. Examples of the successful use of minor league stadiums to achieve these goals are presented. Outcome goals such as these, rather than debate over a team's economic impact should shape policy decisions.
Issues in the Design of State Science- and Technology-Based Economic Development Programs: The Case of Pennsylvania's Ben Franklin Partnership
Authors: Rahm Dianne , Luce Thomas F.
Published: March 2007

Pennsylvania, primarily through the Ben Franklin Partnership Program, has vigorously pursued science and technology (S&T)-based economic development strategies. This article describes the partnership and highlights the policy choices made when establishing this S&T-based economic development policy. Emphasis is placed on organizational form, the attract or develop question, issues relating to firm size, and targeting by sectors or technologies.
Benefits from a Baseball Franchise: An Alternative Methodology
Authors: Blair John P.
Published: March 2007

Rosentraub and Swindell presented a fiscal impact study of a minor league franchise in Fort Wayne, Indiana. They concluded that it would not be advisable for the city to provide a substantial subsidy to the franchise because the extra tax revenues generated by the team would be insufficient to justify the subsidy. Their conclusions rest on faulty methodology. The largest benefit from the franchise is the additional income that Fort Wayne residents would receive due to extra spending. These important benefits were treated as negligible in the Rosentraub and Swindell study. A benefit-cost approach provided a framework for a more complete accounting of the benefits to Fort Wayne residents. When all the benefits to local residents are considered, a larger subsidy could have been justified Had a larger subsidy induced the team to locate in Fort Wayne, citizen welfare could have been enhanced.
Manufacturing Plants in Ohio: Spatial Changes, 1978-1987
Authors: Stafford Howard A. , Wu Qiutao
Published: March 2007

The numbers of manufacturing plant births and deaths are both very highly correlated with the total number of manufacturing plants per county. For the period from 1978 to 1987 there have not been dramatic absolute changes in the spatial distribution of manufacturing within Ohio. Spatial variations in opening and closing rates are less easily explained. About half to three quarters of the variations in rates are statistically explained by different collections of variables and counties. Three submodels attempt to determine whether these variations in rates are mainly functions of the economic and social attributes of counties, of general levels of economic activity, or are consequences of the inherited industries and plants. The structural model is generally more powerful than either the socioeconomic or vitality configurations. Relative change in manufacturing is best predicted by the industrial profile of an area, for example, the sizes and ages of plants and diversity of industrial types, and its classification as a central, suburban, or rural county.
The Los Angeles Rebellion: A Retrospective View
Authors: Johnson James H. , Jones Cloyzelle K. , Farrell Walter C. , Oliver Melvin L.
Published: March 2007

The Los Angeles rebellion of 1992 is evaluated from an urban political economy perspective. After discussing the anatomy of the rebellion and assessing retrospectively the outcome of the police brutality trial; the civil unrest is situated within the broader context of the recent demographic, social, and economic changes occurring in Los Angeles society. This is followed by a critical review of existing policies and proposals advanced to rebuild Los Angeles. An alternative strategy for rebuilding south central Los Angeles, which seeks to address the real "seeds" of the rebellion, is proposed.
Economic Impact of Retirement Migration
Authors: Deller Steven C.
Published: March 2007

The applied research reported in this article focuses on the economic impact of retirement migration on a small rural state. A hypothetical policy designed to increase the number of retirees entering the state of Maine is analyzed using the regional economic modeling system, Regional Economic Models, Inc. (REMI). By comparing the simulated impact of the policy to a baseline projection, implicit economic multipliers that can be used for future policy analysis are generated. Based on the REMI simulation, the impact of retirement migration on the regional economy can be substantial. Additional descriptive information suggests that the short-run impact of retirement migration is significant and warrants serious consideration.
Response: Broader Lessons from Visser and Wright's Research on Professional Education in Economic Development
Authors: Iannone Donald T.
Published: March 2007

Universities and national professional associations have increased attention to professional education and training of economic developers. Visser and Wright s research provides useful insights into this arena. Three broader issues may be drawn from this research. First, knowledge about the professional education and training of economic developers is not well understood by practitioners or educators. Second, neither group has articulated and agreed upon the knowledge and skills needed to succeed in economic development practice. Third, little is understood about the economic development labor market and future needs for education and training. Three future actions are urged. First, more research on economic development education should be conducted. Second, the current body of economic development research should be assessed to help determine what should be taught in future courses. Third, a study of the economic development labor market should be conducted, defining job prospects in the field.
When is a Cost Really a Benefit? Local Welfare Effects and Employment Creation in the Evaluation of Economic Development Programs
Authors: Felsenstein Daniel , Persky Joseph
Published: March 2007

This article claims that the local welfare effects of employment generation are often treated inadequately in the evaluation of economic development programs. Opportunity costs of labor are often either ignored or overstated, resulting in misleading indicators of welfare changes. Appropriately accounting for these costs requires recognizing employment creation as a benefit in terms of the chain reaction that it sets off in the local labor market. This article uses the concept of “job chains” and describes the different labor market circumstances in which they are likely to form. The local development of these chains, the impacts of in-migrants on their length, and the likelihood of their completion within the local area are all particularly important economic development issues with public policy implications. The article discusses the empirical estimation of these chains and their implications for evaluating the welfare impacts of alternative economic development projects.
NEW PLANTATIONS, NEW WORKERS
Authors: RAYNOLDS LAURA T.
Published: March 2007

This study analyzes the gendered nature of recent production and labor force restructuring in the Dominican Republic. Using a longitudinal case study of work relations on a large transnational corporate pineapple plantation, the author explores the production politics involved in the initial corporate attempt to create a wage labor force and the subsequent replacement of employees with contracted labor crews. She demonstrates how female, and then male, labor forces were negotiated in this process and how labor relations became embedded in local gendered institutions. The study reveals how workforces and spheres of work are constituted through struggles over gender, as well as ethnicity and class, in intersecting arenas linking the local community to the global economy. In this case, gender proves critical in shaping both worker identity and the shifting scope and form of resistance to plantation practices.
Occupational Segregation, Human Capital, and Motherhood
Authors: REID LORI L.
Published: March 2007

Recent research indicates that among young women, Blacks have lower employment rates than whites. Evidence is provided about whether young Black women's lower employment rates stem from structural features of the labor market, discrimination, or changing family or individual characteristics. Data show that Black women exit full-time employment at higher rates because they are more likely to be laid off, to leave because they work in temporary/seasonal jobs, and to leave for other reasons. Structural features of the labor market are key in explaining Black women's higher rates of lay-offs, exits from temporary/seasonal work, and exits for other reasons. Individual characteristics and discrimination play a role in Black women's higher rates of lay-offs and exits for other reasons while family characteristics are important in explaining Black women's higher rates of leaving temporary/seasonal work and leaving for other reasons. Evidence suggests that Black women's higher exit rates are indicative of disadvantage in the labor market.
Doing Gender
Authors: WEST CANDACE , ZIMMERMAN DON H.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to advance a new understanding of gender as a routine accomplishment embedded in everyday interaction. To do so entails a critical assessment of existing perspectives on sex and gender and the introduction of important distinctions among sex, sex category, and gender. We argue that recognition of the analytical independence of these concepts is essential for understanding the interactional work involved in being a gendered person in society. The thrust of our remarks is toward theoretical reconceptualization, but we consider fruitful directions for empirical research that are indicated by our formulation.
LABOR MARKET GENDER INEQUALITY IN MINORITY GROUPS
Authors: ALMQUIST ELIZABETH M.
Published: March 2007

Women's small share of professional and managerial occupations compared with their share of the total labor force is examined for the 11 largest racial and ethnic minorities in the United States. Gender-related characteristics—women's labor force participation rates, marital status, and the sex ratio—influence women's share of the top jobs, as do class and ethnic variables such as place of birth, population size, and class of worker. Labor market gender inequality is greatest among the smaller, more affluent minorities, many of whom are recent immigrants to this country. The larger, frequently indigenous, minority groups exhibit less of this kind of inequality. Minority and gender status intersect, so that men monopolize surplus resources among the more affluent minority groups and use these resources to secure a more advantaged labor market position.
HUSBANDS' EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND SUPPORT FOR WIVES' RETURN TO SCHOOL
Authors: SUITOR J. JILL
Published: March 2007

This study used data collected during intensive interviews with 44 returning women students and 33 of their husbands to investigate the effects of husbands' educational attainment on their attitudes toward their wives' enrollment and on their provision of instrumental support during the first year in a university. As hypothesized, well-educated husbands held more positive attitudes toward their wives' enrollment than did less-educated husbands; however, contrary to expectations, well-educated husbands provided their wives with lower levels of instrumental support than did less-educated husbands. Less-educated husbands appear to have provided their wives with higher levels of instrumental support because they were more likely to believe that their wives' increasing educational attainment would raise the total family income.
THE IMPERISHABLE VIRGINITY OF SAINT MARIA GORETTI
Authors: YOUNG KATHLEEN Z.
Published: March 2007

Many Roman Catholic female saints have been virgin martyrs whose lives exemplify a feminine Christian ideal. This article examines the legend of the modern virgin martyr Maria Goretti, a spiritual template whose sainthood can be said to institutionalize violence by defining women as sexualized beings and potential rape victims. The social and psychological effects of the legend of Goretti are discussed as a form of spiritual and sexual terrorism.
“THE TIME OF CHAOS WAS THE BEST”
Authors: FERREE MYRA MARX
Published: March 2007

The women's movement in East Germany went through three phases—emergence, white-hot mobilization, and demobilization—in rapid succession. These stages are analyzed with regard to the resources, political opportunities, and personal meanings of feminism that activists had available. The postunification crisis of the movement is used to examine issues of collective identity between East and West, and to highlight challenges to dichotomies between public and private, capitalism and socialism posed by the movement.
TEASING, DISPUTING, AND PLAYING
Authors: VOSS LAURIE SCARBOROUGH
Published: March 2007

This article explores and compares cross-gender interactions of first and third graders in one child care center. Three prevalent forms of interaction are discussed: teasing, disputing, and playing. The author argues that these three forms of interaction are related to the use of space: Teasing often occurs when space is constricted, disputing is often the result of invaded space, and playing requires shared space and varying levels of cooperation. By focusing on the relationship between space and interaction, important power asymmetries appear. Since boys are more likely to initiate invasions and more likely to determine the rules and terms of the play, they maintain a greater amount of power and control.
THE “WOMEN'S FRONT”
Authors: HASSO FRANCES S.
Published: March 2007

Nationalisms are polymorphous and often internally contradictory, unleashing emancipatory as well as repressive ideas and forces. This article explores the ideologies and mobilization strategies of two organizations over a 10-year period in the occupied Palestinian territories: a leftist-nationalist party in which women became unusually powerful and its affiliated and remarkably successful nationalist-feminist women's organization. Two factors allowed women to become powerful and facilitated a fruitful coexistence between nationalism and feminism: (1) a commitment to a variant of modernist ideology that was marked by grassroots as opposed to military mobilization and (2) a concern with proving the cultural worth of Palestinian society to the West, a project that was symbolized by women's status in important ways. By comparing international and indigenous feminist discourses, the study also demonstrates how narratives about gender status in the Third World are implicated in, and inextricable from, international economic and political inequalities.
FEMINIST TACTICS AND FRIENDLY FIRE IN THE IRISH WOMEN'S MOVEMENT
Authors: TAYLOR JUDITH
Published: March 2007

This work considers current models for understanding tactical interaction among social movement actors and finds them insufficient for making sense of the tactical work required of the Irish women's movement. Analysis of Irish feminist efforts to expand reproductive freedom calls into question the idea that tactical innovations are solely responses to countermovements or state repression. In this case, feminist activists spent considerable energy avoiding co-optation by sympathetic men and class-based movements and competing with economic and nationalist dilemmas that capture the lion's share of public attention. “Friendly fire” refers to the process by which nonoppositional groups within and around, but not of, a movement threaten movement aims. Observational work focused on feminist campaign meetings and political theater yields significant insights concerning the effects of friendly fire and, specifically, the role of men in women's movements.
PARENTING IN BLACK AND WHITE FAMILIES
Authors: HILL SHIRLEY A. , SPRAGUE JOEY
Published: March 2007

It is widely believed that gendered expectations are communicated to children in the process of socialization. However, there is reason to ask whether and how gender is constructed in Black families. An early perspective that still continues to inform some contemporary research is assimilationism, which assumes that Black people embrace and pass on to their children the gender norms of the dominant white society. The Afrocentric perspective challenges this view, maintaining that the unique historical experiences of Blacks have militated against an emphasis on rigid gender distinctions, and that relative gender neutrality exists in Black families' child-rearing practices. The development of multicultural feminist theory, which argues that the impact of race on gender varies by social class, implies that both assimilationism and Afrocentrism may be overgeneralizations. Yet, little systematic research has been done on whether race makes a difference in how parents view gender. The authors use data from surveys completed by a nonrandom sample of parents in 202 African American and 204 white families in two large metropolitan school districts to examine the impact of gender, race, and class on parents' self-reports of their immediate priorities and long-term goals for their children, their view of the parenting role, and their discipline strategies. The findings are consistent with multicultural feminist theory: Race and social class interact to shape the intergenerational construction of gender in families.
Atypical Dementia and Spastic Paraplegia in a Patient with Primary Lateral Sclerosis and Numerous Neocortical Beta Amyloid Plaques: New Disorder or Alzheimer's Disease Variant?
Authors: Engel Peter A. , Grunnet Margaret
Published: March 2007

Primary lateral sclerosis (PLS) and hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) are clinically similar disorders in which progressive lower limb spasticity and corticospinal tract degeneration are characteristic. We report the occurrence of progressive spastic paraplegia and frontal systems dementia in a patient with postmortem features of PLS combined with moderate Alzheimer-like changes in neocortex and hippocampus. This combination of clinical and neuropathologic findings has not been described in PLS or HSP and varies from other cases in which spastic paraplegia, dementia, and Alzheimer neuropathology occurred concurrently. This 69-year-old woman developed spastic quadriplegia and dementia over 12 years. Left leg weakness progressed over 7 years to paraplegia, then quadriplegia by age 68. Sensory and cerebellar function were preserved and fasciculations were absent. Dementia characterized by concrete thinking, perseveration, and impaired executive function appeared in the seventh year and remained relatively stable until 6 months before death at age 69. Degeneration of the lateral corticospinal and dorsal spinocerebellar tracts confined to the spinal cord was evident at postmortem examination. Brain stem, midbrain, and cerebellum were normal. Numerous beta/A4 amyloid positive diffuse plaques (10-15/200X field) were apparent in neocortex, and neurofibrillary tangles immunopositive for paired helical filament were detected in hippocampus. This case broadens the spectrum of disorders associated with Alzheimer neuropathologic changes. The relationship between PLS, HSP, and Alzheimer's disease requires further study. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000; 13:60-64).
Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome in a Patient with Ataxia and Dementia
Authors: Vig Elizabeth K. , Brodkin Kayla I. , Raugi Gregory J. , Gladstone Hayes
Published: March 2007

Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (BRBNS), an uncommon disorder characterized by cavernous hemangiomas, most often of the skin and gastrointestinal tract, is usually diagnosed during childhood and young adulthood. We made this diagnosis in an octogenarian referred to a geriatric medicine clinic because of concerns about his ability to live independently. Ataxia, dementia, focal neurologic signs, and bluish/purplish vascular nodules on his lips, buccal mucosa, tongue, chest, and neck were noted on physical examination. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an old left parietal infarction, multiple cavernous hemangiomas most densely concentrated in the subcortical structures and cerebellum, and areas of hemosiderin deposition. Skin biopsy findings were consistent with hemangioma. The physical examination, MRI, and skin biopsy made a diagnosis of BRBNS likely. The patient's ataxia, dementia, and other neurologic signs can be explained by previous hemorrhage from the vascular malformations in his brain. Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome is an uncommon cause of a relatively common geriatric syndrome presentation. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2002; 15:7-11).
Comparative Study of Cerebral Ventricular Dilation and Cognitive Function in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease of Early versus Late Onset
Authors: Kono Kazuhiko , Kuzuya Fumio , Yamamoto Takayuki , Endo Hidetoshi
Published: March 2007

The clinical, psychological, and neurologic characteristics of 37 Japanese patients with early-onset Alzheimer's disease (eAD; onset before age 65 years) were compared with those of 23 patients with late-onset Alzheimer's disease (lAD; onset at age 65 years or later). This study evaluated brain atrophy using computed tomographic (CT) scans, and the behavioral and psychological differences in the two groups using the Gottfries-Bråne-Steen scale, Japanese revision (GBSS-JR). Follow-up CT scans were obtained and compared in 20 patients with eAD, 24 patients with lAD, and 23 elderly nondemented control subjects. The size of lateral cerebral ventricular dilation, measured every 6 months following admission, was significantly larger in the eAD patients than in the control subjects. The characteristics of the 37 patients with eAD were compared with those of the 23 patients with lAD by evaluating the scores on all 38 items in the five categories of the GBSS-JR. To compare the test results by duration of disease, patients were divided into subgroups according to average duration of disease: eAD1 (nine patients), 2.2 years; eAD2 (16 patients), 5.0 years; eAD3 (12 patients), 9.0 years; lAD1 (seven patients), 1.6 years; lAD2 (10 patients), 3.1 years; and lAD3 (six patients), 5.3 years. The GBSS-JR scores were compared in duration-matched pairs, that is, eAD1 versus lAD1 and eAD2 versus lAD3. The eAD1 patients showed significantly worse scores in four categories and 13 items compared with the lAD1 patients. Fewer differences in scores were found between eAD2 patients and the lAD3 patients than between the eAD1 patients and the lAD1 patients. Increasing severity of disease and rapid deterioration of patients with eAD, particularly during the first 3 years following disease onset, was recognized. The pattern of abnormalities on GBSS-JR showed no difference between the two broad groups (early versus late onset). The categorization of patients with Alzheimer's disease as early and late onset is relevant to clinical management.
Pultrusion Processes for Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Larock J.A. , Hahn H.T. , Evans D.J.
Published: March 2007

Composite materials pultrusion has recently incorporated thermoplastics as a matrix candidate due to their high performance properties compared to thermosetting matrix resins. Most of the recent work on pultrusion has concentrated on thermosetting matrices and the effects of resin cure on heat transfer, resin pressure, and pull force. By using these previous studies as guides, the analysis of thermoplastic pultrusion will be treated. The major areas of concentration are (1) methods of material impregnation, (2) preheating effects, and (3) die configuration for sufficient compaction and resin flow.
Effects of Thermal History and Jet Fuel Absorption on the Properties of APC-2
Authors: Russell John D. , Curliss David B.
Published: March 2007

The response of APC-2 (AS4/PEEK) processed with different thermal histories simulating different fabrication techniques was investigated. Three thermal histories were evaluated: (1) slow cooled (SC) from the melt state at 2°C/min; (2) rapidly quenched (Q) from the melt state by cold press transfer; and (3) quenched and annealed (Q/A) at 160°C. The SC APC-2 was found to have a fully developed semicrystalline matrix and the highest strength and modulus for flexural and shear tests, while the Q APC- 2 was found to have an essentially amorphous matrix and the greatest fracture toughness. In uniaxial creep tests of [±45°]2 S coupons both exposed and unexposed to JP-4, the unexposed Q specimens had the highest creep rates at room temperature and 100°C. The exposed SC specimens had the highest creep rates at 100°C because of the plasticization effect of the absorbed JP-4.
A Study of Consolidation in Filament Winding with Thermoplastic Prepregs
Authors: Buijs J.A.H.M. , Nederveen P.J.
Published: March 2007

A heating system was developed for the filament winding of thermoplastic composites An infrared preheating section combined with hot gas torches for local bond ing at the mandrel turned out to be effective and controllable The system was tested by studying the consolidation of two prepregs. A partially impregnated PETP/glass fiber material showed rather poor bonding at normal winding speeds, as investigated by shear tests. For a fully impregnated PA12/aramid tape, better consolidation was achieved. For both materials, optimum bonding could only be approached by thermal post treatment or very low winding velocities (≤ 1 cm/s). For most practical purposes, the processing char acteristics of both prepregs appear adequate.
Fiber/Matrix Interaction in Carbon/PEEK Composites
Authors: Denault J. , Vu-Khanh T.
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with the fiber/matrix interface in carbon /PEEK compos ites. It is found that although interphase crystallinity is essential to ensure good interfacial strength in carbon /PEEK composites, it is not the primary factor responsible for the crea tion of fiber/matrix interaction in this composite. The results suggest that such interaction is a result of several complex mechanisms such as matrix adsorption on the fiber surface, fiber/matrix reaction leading to chemical bonding, and crystallization of the interphase. The concept of adsorption proposed by Brady and Porter for the carbon/polycarbonate system seems to be valid for interpreting the evolution of the short beam shear strength with residence time, as described by a Langmuir-type expression. The temperature de pendence of the formation of the fiber/matrix interaction, as measured by the short beam shear strength, is also found to follow an Arrhenius equation with an activation energy of about 324 kJ mol-1. The high value of the activation energy and the irreversibility of the interaction process suggest that chemisorption could be a dominant mechanism, since, in the range of processing temperatures for carbon / PEEK composites, there is effective modification of the matrix (chain scission and crosslinking) as well as thermal degradation leading to reactive species.
New Developments in Chemical Recycling as a Sink for Problematic Waste from Fiber-Reinforced Plastics
Authors: Menges G.
Published: March 2007

It is not economical to recycle a number of composite parts through tradi tional routes, such as remelting or chemical recycling, because they either consist of a mixture of polymers or are highly contaminated. A typical example of such waste is the lightweight fraction of shredder waste that accounts for a substantial proportion of the weight of a discarded automobile body. This shredder waste comprises 10-12 % plastics and 6-8% rubber and textiles of the body is eight, with the remainder made up of inor ganic materials such as glass, stones, metals and metal oxides, including rust. This paper discusses a number of alternative techniques for waste disposal, emphasizing processing routes that could be conducted in self-contained plants without any emissions.
Bending of Anisotropic Sandwich Beams with Variable Thickness
Authors: Lu C.-H.
Published: March 2007

In the stress analysis of anisotropic sandwich construction, a theory based on the assumption of constant thickness has been available for some time. With the design of high-performance spacecraft, aircraft, and sailboats, there is a trend to use variable- thickness sandwich structures to have proper guidance of airflow and further weight minimization. In this paper a theory is presented for the bending of linearly elastic sand wich beams with variable thickness. The sandwich structure consists of fiber-reinforced composites as the face sheets and honeycomb as the cores. In the analysis the face sheets are considered as membranes, the core is assumed to be deformable m transverse shear, and the contributions of the face sheets in resisting transverse shear together with the face- sheet membrane strains arising from the transverse shear deformation in the core are taken into account. The results indicate that analyses based on constant-thickness theory locally may lead to significant errors when applied to thickness-tapered sandwich beams with cores that are deformable in shear. The errors arise mainly from two factors: (a) the trans verse shear components of the membrane forces in the face sheets alter the transverse shears carried by the core; and (b) the face-sheet membrane strains arise from transverse shear deformation of the core.
Effective Crisis Management through Established Stakeholder Relationships
Authors: Ulmer Robert R.
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the postcrisis communication of Aaron Feuerstein, chief executive officer of Malden Mills, after a fire destroyed his textile mill. It explains how leadership communication prior to a crisis has an impact on postcrisis communication. Stakeholder theory is used to ground the analysis and to provide direction in developing practical implications for precrisis and postcrisis communication. The analysis demonstrates the importance of establishing strong communication channels and positive value positions with stakeholders well before crises erupt.
The Contextual Nature of Interpersonal Communication in Management Theory and Research
Authors: Henderson Linda S.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a reconceptualization of the contextual nature of interpersonal communication in management theory and research. The current literature related to the area of interpersonal managerial communication (IMC) is examined and reformulated within a model that develops (a) the interactional/relational nature of managerial communication, (b) the way IMC is influenced by the work situation and influences the attainment of work goals, and (c) a necessary direction for future research.