bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping Bacterial Surface Population Physiology in Real-Time: Infrared Spectroscopy of Proteus Mirabilis Swarm Colonies
Authors: Keirsse Julie , Lahaye Elodie , Bouter Anthony , Dupont Virginie , Boussard-Plédel Catherine , Bureau Bruno , Adam Jean-Luc , Monbet Valérie , Sire Olivier
Published: June 2006

We mapped the space–time distribution of stationary and swarmer cells within a growing Proteus mirabilis colony by infrared (IR) microspectroscopy. Colony mapping was performed at different positions between the inoculum and the periphery with a discrete microscope-mounted IR sensor, while continuous monitoring at a fixed location over time used an optical fiber based IR–attenuated total reflection (ATR) sensor, or “optrode.” Phenotypes within a single P. mirabilis population relied on identification of functional determinants (producing unique spectral signals) that reflect differences in macromolecular composition associated with cell differentiation. Inner swarm colony domains are spectrally homogeneous, having patterns similar to those produced by the inoculum. Outer domains composed of active swarmer cells exhibit spectra distinguishable at multiple wavelengths dominated by polysaccharides. Our real-time observations agree with and extend earlier reports indicating that motile swarmer cells are restricted to a narrow (approximately 3 mm) annulus at the colony edge. This study thus validates the use of an IR optrode for real-time and noninvasive monitoring of biofilms and other bacterial surface populations.
Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm-Based Sample Selection for Partial Least Squares Model Building with Applications to Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Data
Authors: Shinzawa Hideyuki , Li Boyan , Nakagawa Takehiro , Maruo Katsuhiko , Ozaki Yukihiro
Published: June 2006

In this study, multi-objective genetic algorithms (GAs) are introduced to partial least squares (PLS) model building. This method aims to improve the performance and robustness of the PLS model by removing samples with systematic errors, including outliers, from the original data. Multi-objective GA optimizes the combination of these samples to be removed. Training and validation sets were used to reduce the undesirable effects of over-fitting on the training set by multi-objective GA. The reduction of the over-fitting leads to accurate and robust PLS models. To clearly visualize the factors of the systematic errors, an index defined with the original PLS model and a specific Pareto-optimal solution is also introduced. This method is applied to three kinds of near-infrared (NIR) spectra to build PLS models. The results demonstrate that multi-objective GA significantly improves the performance of the PLS models. They also show that the sample selection by multi-objective GA enhances the ability of the PLS models to detect samples with systematic errors.
Shining New Light on Old Principles: Localization of Evanescent Field Interactions at Infrared—Attenuated Total Reflection Sensing Interfaces
Authors: Dobbs Gary T. , Mizaikoff Boris
Published: June 2006

A combined experimental and spectral ray tracing approach for identifying and evaluating evanescent field interactions with discrete surface deposits along a horizontal attenuated total reflection (HATR) element is presented. By experimentally depositing poly(styrene-co-butadiene) (PSCB) residues at fixed intervals along the measurement surface of a HATR crystal, distinct regions of evanescent field interaction with the surface deposits along the multi-reflection waveguide are visualized via infrared absorption features of PSCB. The infrared–attenuated total reflection (IR-ATR) measurements were confirmed by spectral ray tracing analysis simulating transmission–absorption spectra after modeling the polymeric surface deposits as thin-film IR absorbing cylinders. The presented analytical procedures and simulations provide a generic strategy for identifying and evaluating “active” sensing regions along ATR elements. Additionally, the simulated ATR setup along with the presented spectral ray tracing procedures provide a virtual platform aiding the development, optimization, and integration of deep-sea IR-ATR sensor probes with submersible mid-infrared spectrometers for in situ marine monitoring applications, which was the initial motivation for these studies.
Uncertainty Analysis of Visible and Near-Infrared Data of Hydrocarbons
Authors: Venkataramanan Lalitha , Fujisawa Go , Mullins Oliver C. , Vasques Ricardo R. , Valero Henri-Pierre
Published: June 2006

Measurement of physical and chemical properties of hydrocarbons plays an important role in the exploration and production of oil wells. In situ measurement of chemical properties of hydrocarbons makes use of visible and near-infrared (vis-NIR) absorption spectra of hydrocarbons. Uncertainty analysis of these fluid properties is central to developing a fundamental understanding of the distribution of hydrocarbons in the reservoir. In this manuscript, we describe an algorithm called the fluid comparison algorithm (FCA), which provides a statistical framework to quantify and compare hydrocarbon fluid properties and associated uncertainties derived from vis-NIR measurements. The inputs to FCA are the magnitude and uncertainty of vis-NIR spectroscopy data of two hydrocarbons. The output of FCA is a probability that two fluids are statistically different. FCA lays the foundations for subsequent optimization and capture of representative reservoir hydrocarbons. Furthermore, in some circumstances, it can also enable real-time decisions to identify reservoir compartmentalization and hydrocarbon composition gradients in natural oil reservoirs.
Transmission Infrared Spectroscopy as a Probe of Nafion Film Structure: Analysis of Spectral Regions Fundamental to Understanding Hydration Effects
Authors: Korzeniewski Carol , Snow David E. , Basnayake Rukma
Published: June 2006

Transmission infrared spectroscopy was applied to investigate properties of the perfluorosulfonated polymer Nafion. Measurements were made on thin films formed by casting the polymer from solution onto ZnSe windows. Effects of water vapor permeation were studied. A complex band structure between 1350 and 1100 cm−1 was analyzed qualitatively by fitting the region to Gaussian functions. Features associated with vibrational modes of –CF2 and –SO3− groups were identified and observed to be sensitive to film hydration. The intensities of bands for the –SO3− modes increased with film hydration, while bands assignable to –CF2 modes decreased. The results were applied to interpret infrared difference spectra of Nafion and shed light on the complicated features that appear. Vibrational bands for water were also examined. In partially hydrated films, the stretching mode of the free –OH group for interfacial water present in pores and channels of the polymer and bands for hydrated proton clusters were detected.
High-Order Statistical Blind Deconvolution of Spectroscopic Data with a Gauss—Newton Algorithm
Authors: Yuan Jinghe , Hu Ziqiang
Published: June 2006

The spectroscopic data recorded by a dispersion spectrophotometer are usually degraded by the response function of the instrument. To improve the resolving power, double or triple cascade spectrophotometers and narrow slits have been employed, but the total flux of the radiation available decreases accordingly, resulting in a lower signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and a longer measurement time. However, the spectral resolution can be improved by mathematically removing the effect of the instrument response function. A high-order statistical Gauss–Newton algorithm is proposed to blindly deconvolve the measured spectroscopic data. The true spectrum and the instrument response function are estimated simultaneously. Experiments on artificial and real measured spectroscopic data demonstrate the feasibility of this method.
Quadrature Orthogonal Signal Corrected Two-Dimensional Correlation Spectroscopy
Authors: Wu Yuqing , Noda Isao
Published: June 2006

Orthogonal signal correction (OSC) removes a substantial part of the spectral response that is orthogonal to the selected external variable. The combined use of OSC filtering and two-dimensional (2D) correlation analysis was proposed in the previous study (Wu, Noda, Meersman, and Ozaki, J. Mol. Struct., 2006, paper in press) to enable one to obtain high-quality 2D correlation spectra by eliminating any information unrelated to the external variables. However, the direct application of OSC to two-dimensional (2D) correlation analysis will result in the loss of the component that is significantly perpendicular to the external variable but also is the portion significant to the asynchronous 2D correlation analysis. Therefore, in order to avoid the problem of losing the valuable asynchronous 2D correlation information, the present study proposes a modified OSC filtering method, which is called quadrature OSC (QOSC) filtering. By replacing the external variable vector y used for OSC filtering with a two-column Y matrix consisting of y and its Hilbert–Noda transformation, the component of the spectral data asynchronously correlated to the external variable y is preserved. The performance of this technique on two simulated spectra data sets with a strong contaminant band and systematic noises has demonstrated that QOSC filtering 2D correlation analysis enables not only the elimination of the influence of signals that are unrelated to the external variable but also the preservation of the portions of information in the data matrix that are 90 degrees out of phase with y. It enables OSC 2D to deal with the problems of losing the portion of information that is perpendicular to the external variable y but is quite significant to the 2D correlation analysis.
Origins of PM10 Determined by the Micro-Proton Induced X-Ray Emission Spectra of Single Aerosol Particles
Authors: Yue Weisheng , Li Xiaolin , Wan Tianmin , Liu Jiangfeng , Zhang Guilin , Li Yan
Published: June 2006

The micro-proton induced X-ray emission (micro-PIXE) spectrum of a single aerosol particle (SAP) was considered as its fingerprint for tracing its origin. A proton microprobe was used to extract fingerprints of SAPs. Environmental monitoring samples of PM10 were collected from a heavy industrial area of Shanghai and were analyzed by proton microprobe for finding their pollution sources. In order to find the sources of SAPs collected from environmental monitoring sites, a fingerprint database of SAPs collected from various pollution sources was established. The origins of samples collected through environmental monitoring were identified by comparison of the micro-PIXE spectra of SAPs with those of SAPs in the fingerprint database using a pattern recognition technique. The results of this study show that most of the measured PM10 is derived from metallurgic industry, soil dust, coal combustion, automobile exhaust, and motorcycle exhaust. The study also shows that the proton microprobe is an ideal tool for the analysis of SAPs. The unidentified particles of PM10 are classified into seven classes by hierarchical cluster analysis based on the element peak intensity in the spectra.
Fast and Robust Method for the Determination of Microstructure and Composition in Butadiene, Styrene-Butadiene, and Isoprene Rubber by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Vilmin Franck , Dussap Claude , Coste Nathalie
Published: June 2006

In the tire industry, synthetic styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), butadiene rubber (BR), and isoprene rubber (IR) elastomers are essential for conferring to the product its properties of grip and rolling resistance. Their physical properties depend on their chemical composition, i.e., their microstructure and styrene content, which must be accurately controlled. This paper describes a fast, robust, and highly reproducible near-infrared analytical method for the quantitative determination of the microstructure and styrene content. The quantitative models are calculated with the help of pure spectral profiles estimated from a partial least squares (PLS) regression, using 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) as the reference method. This versatile approach allows the models to be applied over a large range of compositions, from a single BR to an SBR-IR blend. The resulting quantitative predictions are independent of the sample path length. As a consequence, the sample preparation is solvent free and simplified with a very fast (five minutes) hot filming step of a bulk polymer piece. No precise thickness control is required. Thus, the operator effect becomes negligible and the method is easily transferable. The root mean square error of prediction, depending on the rubber composition, is between 0.7% and 1.3%. The reproducibility standard error is less than 0.2% in every case.
On-Line Content Uniformity Determination of Tablets Using Low-Resolution Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Wikström Håkan , Romero-Torres Saly , Wongweragiat Sudaratana , Williams Julie Ann Stuart , Grant Edward R. , Taylor Lynne S.
Published: June 2006

Analytical techniques for rapid and nondestructive content uniformity determination of pharmaceutical solid dosage forms have been studied for several years in an effort to replace the traditional wet chemistry procedures, which are labor intensive and time consuming. Both Raman spectroscopy and near-infrared spectroscopy have been used for this purpose, and predictability errors are approaching those of the traditional techniques. In this study, a low-resolution Raman spectrometer was utilized to demonstrate the feasibility of both rapid at-line and on-line determination of tablet content uniformity. Additionally, sampling statistics were reviewed in an effort to determine how many tablets should be assayed for specific batch sizes. A good correlation was observed between assay values determined by high-performance liquid chromatography and Raman analysis. Due to rapid acquisition times for the Raman data, it was possible to analyze far more samples than with wet chemistry methods, leading to a better statistical description of variation within the batch. For at-line experiments, the sampling volume was increased by rotating the laser beam during the acquisition period. For the on-line experiments, the sampling volume was increased by sampling from a stream of tablets moving underneath the Raman probe on a conveyor system. Finally, an approach is proposed for monitoring content uniformity immediately following the compaction process. In conclusion, Raman spectroscopy has potential as a rapid, nondestructive technique for at- or on-line determination of tablet content uniformity.
Coded Aperture Raman Spectroscopy for Quantitative Measurements of Ethanol in a Tissue Phantom
Authors: McCain S. T. , Gehm M. E. , Wang Y. , Pitsianis N. P. , Brady D. J.
Published: June 2006

Coded aperture spectroscopy allows for sources of large étendue to be efficiently coupled into dispersive spectrometers by replacing the traditional input slit with a patterned mask. We describe a coded aperture spectrometer optimized for Raman spectroscopy of diffuse sources, (e.g., tissue). We provide design details of the Raman system, along with quantitative estimation results for ethanol at non-toxic levels in a lipid tissue phantom. With 60 mW of excitation power at 808 nm, leave-one-out and blind cross-validation of partial least squares (PLS) regression models achieve r2 > 0.98. Leave-one-out cross-validation demonstrates prediction errors of < 15% at the common legal limit for intoxication (17.4 mmol/L = 0.08% by vol) and the best blind cross-validation achieves < 12% error at this concentration.
Influence of Near-Infrared Radiation on the pKa Values of L-Phenylalanine
Authors: Olsztynska S. , Komorowska M. , Dupuy N.
Published: June 2006

The effect of pH on L-phenylalanine (L-phe) before and after exposure to near-infrared (NIR) radiation (15 min, 700–2000 nm) was investigated by attenuated total reflection–Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Characteristic bands of L-phe were described and the p Ka values were retrieved from IR spectra by using an intensity ratio method according to our recent paper (Olsztynska et al., Appl. Spectrosc. 55, 901 (2001)). It has been found that the irradiation process modifies p Ka values of L-phe. The spectroscopic study clearly shows the shift of acid–base equilibrium after exposure to NIR radiation. The phenomenon is due to modification of the water structure. Intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds weaken, which could induce conformational changes of the phe molecule. Subsequently, hydrophobic interactions strongly increase. These processes favor aggregation of phe molecules, which leads to deprotonation of the –NH3+ to –NH2 group and protonation of the –COO− to –COOH group, changing the p Ka values.
Application of Multivariate Curve Resolution to Chemical Process Control of an Esterification Reaction Monitored by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Blanco Marcelo , Castillo Miguel , Peinado Antonio , Beneyto Rafael
Published: June 2006

Multivariate curve resolution–alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) methodology was applied to near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) data for the esterification reaction between glycerol and a mixture of caprylic and capric acids. Batch reaction processes were conducted either at the laboratory scale or at an industrial plant, while NIR data were obtained from samples withdrawn during the reaction processes. The process has been monitored via two typical parameters for this type of reaction, namely, the acid value (AV) and the hydroxyl value (OHV). Spectral and concentration profiles were estimated by applying soft-modeling MCR–ALS to a column-wise augmented data matrix with pure spectra of the components, and concentration values for the acid were used as a soft-equality constraint. The estimated concentration profiles have been compared with the AV and OHV values, and the estimated spectral profiles were used to predict the concentration profiles for new batches. Good results have been obtained in terms of RMSE for the prediction of AV and OHV.
Gold-Labeled Nanoparticle-Based Immunoresonance Scattering Spectral Assay for Trace Apolipoprotein AI and Apolipoprotein B
Authors: Jiang Zhiliang , Sun Shuangjiao , Liang Aihui , Huang Wenxin , Qin Aimiao
Published: June 2006

Background: Apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI) and ApoB are risk indicators of cardiovascular disease. We describe the use of immunoresonance scattering to measure the ApoAI and ApoB in serum.

Methods: We used a trisodium citrate method to prepare 9.0-nm gold nanoparticles labeled with goat anti-human ApoAI and ApoB antibodies. The immune reaction between gold-labeled antibodies and antigens took place in Na2HPO4-NaH2PO4 buffer solution (pH 6.4 for ApoAI and pH 6.0 for ApoB) in the presence of 75 g/L polyethylene glycol (PEG). We used a transmission electron microscope to observe the shape of the gold nanoparticles. Results were compared with those obtained by immunoturbidimetric methods. Twenty-five human serum samples were assayed by the immunoresonance scattering assay preset with the data indicated and by an immunoturbidimetric assay.

Results: The presence of PEG greatly enhanced the intensity of resonance-scattering peaks at 560 nm. The intensity (ΔI) was proportional to concentration at 0.00833–0.3333 mg/L ApoAI and 0.00197–0.1972 mg/L ApoB. The detection limits were 2.04 and 0.96 μg/L for ApoAI and ApoB, respectively. The results for human serum samples were in agreement with those obtained with an immunoturbidimetric method. Linear regression analysis revealed a correlation coefficient, slope, and intercept of 0.915, 0.966, and 68.53 mg/L, respectively, for ApoAI and 0.919, 0.996, and 15.46 mg/L for ApoB.

Conclusion: This method showed high sensitivity and good selectivity for quantitative determination of ApoAI and ApoB in human serum, with satisfactory results.
Calculation of Bioavailable and Free Testosterone in Men: A Comparison of 5 Published Algorithms
Authors: de Ronde Willem , van der Schouw Yvonne T , Pols Huibert AP , Gooren Louis JG , Muller Majon , Grobbee Diederick E , de Jong Frank H
Published: June 2006

Background: Estimation of serum concentrations of free testosterone (FT) and bioavailable testosterone (bioT) by calculation is an inexpensive and uncomplicated method. We compared results obtained with 5 different algorithms.

Methods: We used 5 different published algorithms [described by Sodergard et al. (bioTS and FTS), Vermeulen et al. (bioTV and FTV), Emadi-Konjin et al. (bioTE), Morris et al. (bioTM), and Ly et al. (FTL)] to estimate bioT and FT concentrations in samples obtained from 399 independently living men (ages 40–80 years) participating in a cross-sectional, single-center study.

Results: Mean bioT was highest for bioTS (10.4 nmol/L) and lowest for bioTE (3.87 nmol/L). Mean FT was highest for FTS (0.41 nmol/L), followed by FTV (0.35 nmol/L), and FTL (0.29 nmol/L). For bioT concentrations, the Pearson correlation coefficient was highest for the association between bioTS and bioTV (r = 0.98) and lowest between bioTM and bioTE (r = 0.66). FTL was significantly associated with both FTS (r = 0.96) and FTV (r = 0.88). The Pearson correlation coefficient for the association between FTL and bioTM almost reached 1.0. Bland-Altman analysis showed large differences between the results of different algorithms. BioTM, bioTE, bioTV, and FTL were all significantly associated with sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations.

Conclusion: Algorithms to calculate FT and bioT must be revalidated in the local setting, otherwise over- or underestimation of FT and bioT concentrations can occur. Additionally, confounding of the results by SHBG concentrations may be introduced.
Repair of Infarcted Myocardium by an Extract of Geum japonicum with Dual Effects on Angiogenesis and Myogenesis
Authors: Li Ming , Yu Cheuk Man , Cheng Lei , Wang Mei , Gu Xuemei , Lee Ka Ho , Wang Tian , Sung Yn Tz , Sanderson John E
Published: June 2006

Background: It has become apparent recently that cardiac myocytes can divide after myocardial infarction, a circumstance that challenges the orthodox view that myocytes may be terminally differentiated. Replacement of the necrosed heart tissue by newly regenerated functional myocardium is a therapeutic ideal, but attempts to reconstitute functional myocardia and coronary vessels have been less successful.

Methods: We isolated a fraction containing 5 compounds from the Chinese herb Geum japonicum, which stimulates the processes of angiogenesis and cardiomyogenesis. We investigated these dual properties in both ex vivo and in vivo systems.

Results: We observed that this bioactive fraction displayed favorable dual actions on early angiogenesis and cardiomyogenesis in acute myocardial infarction in an animal model. Our results demonstrated that application of this bioactive fraction showed pronounced effects on limiting infarct size by 35%–45%, stimulating early development of new blood vessels in 24 h, and regenerating myocardium, replacing ∼49% of the total infarction volume after 2 weeks. Echocardiographic studies demonstrated marked improvement of left ventricular function within 2 days after infarction, and the improvement was sustained for >1 month.

Conclusions: The properties of this bioactive fraction appear to be entirely novel and represent a new approach for the treatment of ischemic heart disease.
Genomic Rearrangements at the BRCA1 Locus in Spanish Families with Breast/Ovarian Cancer
Authors: de la Hoya Miguel , Gutiérrez-Enríquez Sara , Velasco Eladio , Osorio Ana , de Abajo Ana Sanchez , Vega Ana , Salazar Raquel , Esteban Eva , Llort Gemma , Gonzalez-Sarmiento Rogelio , Carracedo Angel , Benítez Javier , Miner Cristina , Díez Orland , Díaz-Rubio Eduardo , Caldes Trinidad
Published: June 2006

Background: Large genomic rearrangements (LGRs) account for a substantial proportion of the BRCA1 disease-causing changes, or variations, identified in families with hereditary breast/ovarian cancer [HB(O)C]. Great differences in the spectrum and prevalence of BRCA1 LGR have been observed among populations. Here we report the first comprehensive analysis of BRCA1 LGRs conducted in Spain.

Methods: We used multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) to screen for BRCA1 LGRs in the index case individuals of 384 HB(O)C families who previously tested negative for BRCA1 and BRCA2 point variations, small insertions, and deletions. An alternative set of MLPA probes, long-range PCR, and real-time PCR were used to confirm positive results.

Results: We have identified 8 different BRCA1 rearrangements (del exon 1–24, del exon 8–13, del exon 11–15, del exon 14, dup exon 19–20, dup exon 20, exon 21–22 amplification, and del exon 23–24). With the exception of del exon 8–13, they are novel alterations. Overall, BRCA1 LGRs explain 1.4% of the Spanish HB(O)C families, and they account for 8.2% of all BRCA1 pathogenic variations identified in our study population. BRCA1 genetic variants affecting hybridization of commercially available MLPA probes are very rare in our population.

Conclusions: Screening for BRCA1 LGRs should be mandatory in Spanish HB(O)C families. A high proportion of country-specific rearrangements are scattered along the gene. MLPA is a robust method to screen for LGRs in our population. MLPA analysis of positive samples with an alternative set of probes, together with long-range PCR and real-time PCR, is a feasible approach to confirm results in cases in which LGR breakpoints have not been characterized.
Editorial
Authors: Spranger Tade M
Published: June 2006

So-called human genetic databanks (or biobanks) contain several billion tissue samples and other body substances of human origin. The debate about the appropriate rules for regulating these databanks is intensifying around the world as their number, size and scope increases, especially because of their economic relevance. As
Public Trust, Intellectual Property and Human Genetic Databanks: The Need to Take Benefit Sharing Seriously
Authors: Nicol Dianne
Published: June 2006

The last decade or so has seen major advances in two key areas of biomedicine: new genetic technologies, including genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics and the like; and stem cell technology. Both are touted as offering much promise in terms of our understanding of basic biological process and in the translation of this basic science into mainstream medical practice. But in both areas much further research must be done to realise this promise, and this hinges on the appropriate and adequate supply of essential research tools, particularly human tissue, human cells and human genetic information, which are referred to collectively here as
Real Protection for the Embryo
Authors: Mazzoni Cosimo Marco
Published: June 2006

The title of this paper calls for an explanation since it is open to a variety of interpretations. I shall focus on two of these.
Recent Landmark Changes in Japanese Biotechnology & University Patenting (Part I)
Authors: Tessensohn John A , Yamamoto Shusaku
Published: June 2006

This article will discuss the recent landmark policy reforms to Japan's university, intellectual property, science & technology, and biotechnology policy environments which seek to jump-start Japan's underperforming biotechnology sector by encouraging Japanese universities to patent and transfer the fruits of their research to industry or venture startups. If academic researchers at Japanese universities publish their research prior to filing patent applications, in view of their unfamiliarity with patent law, such publications will not destroy all Japanese patent rights in view of Japan's novelty grace period and the designation of several universities to enjoy such grace period benefits. The article concludes that these landmark changes could serve to positively transform Japan's biotechnology sector.
Symbolic Interaction Theory and Architecture
Authors: Smith Ronald W. , Bugni Valerie
Published: June 2006

Architectural sociology is receiving renewed attention but still remains a neglected area of investigation. As a major theoretical perspective within sociology, symbolic interaction helps us understand how the designed physical environment and the self are intertwined, with one potentially influencing and finding expression in the other; how architecture contains and communicates our shared symbols; and how we assign agency to some of our designed physical environment, which then invites in a different kind of self‐reflection. This article discusses numerous instances of symbolic interaction theory–architecture connections, with applied examples showing how symbolic interactionists and architects can collaborate on projects to the benefit of each, and to the benefit of humanity.
The Processes of Social Construction in Talk
Authors: Hollander Jocelyn A. , Gordon Hava R.
Published: June 2006

Sociologists have paid a great deal of attention to the idea that many aspects of human life are socially constructed. However, there has been far less attention to the concrete interactional processes by which this construction occurs. In particular, scholars have neglected how consensual meaning is constructed in verbal interaction. This article outlines nine generic construction tools used in everyday talk, based on a review and synthesis of past work. These tools fall into three general categories: building blocks, linking devices, and finishing devices. The authors argue that scholars must pay greater attention to the interactional nature of social construction, and discuss three interactional processes that are central to the social construction of meaning in talk: challenge, support, and non‐response. The article presents concrete illustrations of these processes using examples from focus group discussions about gender and violence. These micro‐interactional processes often reproduce, sometimes modify, and (more rarely) resist larger institutions and structures, and thus are indispensable to understanding social life.
Identities, Self-Esteem, and Psychological Distress: An Application of Identity-Discrepancy Theory
Authors: Marcussen Kristen
Published: June 2006

Social psychological approaches to mental health often emphasize the link between social roles and psychological distress. Idenity theorists, in particular, explain distress in terms of the meanings that roles hold for individuals. This research draws from sociological and psychological models of self and identity to explain how distress arises from discrepancies that occur among aspirations, obligations, and perceptions of role-identities. It also examines the role of self-esteem as both an outcome of identity discrepancies and a buffer in the relationship between identity discrepancy and distress. The results of this study indicate that although discrepancies related to aspirations tend to be associated with lower levels of depression and higher self-esteem, obligation-related identity discrepancies do not predict distress or self-evaluation. As expected, individuals with lower levels of self-esteem suffer more from aspiration-related discrepancies than do individuals with higher levels of self-esteem; however, individuals with higher self-esteem are more reactive to obligation discrepancies. The implications of these findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Predicting Willingness to Adopt a Child: A Consideration of Demographic and Attitudinal Factors
Authors: Bausch Robert S.
Published: June 2006

This article reports the results of a study to identify demographic and attitudinal factors associated with willingness to adopt a child. Data were gathered from a randomly drawn sample of married individuals ( n = 185) and a nonrandom sample of public adoption agency applicants ( n = 47) from a medium-sized midwestern city. The data were analyzed together and separately using multiple regression. The study concludes that the most consistent covariates of willingness to adopt a child are the infertility status of both respondent and spouse, and exposure to adoptive relationships. Relationships among attitudes emphasizing the importance of biological ties in kinship, the belief that adoptive parenthood is inferior to biologically based parenthood, and willingness to adopt were significant at the bivariate level; however, the only attitudinal factor significantly associated with willingness to adopt in the full multivariate model was pronatalist beliefs. The author discusses the implications of this study for adoption practice, and suggests areas for future research.
Parental Involvement, Family Structure, and Adolescent Sexual Decision Making
Authors: Pearson Jennifer , Muller Chandra , Frisco Michelle L.
Published: June 2006

This study uses data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to determine what aspects of parental involvement are related to sexual initiation, whether parental involvement explains the association between family structure and sexual debut, and whether these relationships differ among boys and girls or among non-Latino/a white, African American, and Latino/a adolescents. Results indicate that among young women and non-Latino/a white adolescents, four aspects of parental involvement—shared dinnertime, participation in shared activities, relationship quality, and communication about sex—are significantly and independently related to sexual initiation. When these young people have positive relationships with their parents, share mealtimes, and participate in shared activities, they are less likely to initiate sex. With a few exceptions, these parenting practices are not related to sexual debut among young men or African American and Latino/a adolescents. Findings also suggest that parental involvement does not mediate the association between family structure and sexual debut; rather, these aspects of adolescents' family lives are independently related to adolescent sexual initiation.
High Roads and Low Roads: Learning Disabilities in California, 1976–1998
Authors: Ong-Dean Colin
Published: June 2006

This study examines the historical relationships among privilege, race, and learning disability (LD) diagnosis. Whereas recent research links disability diagnosis primarily with racial and socioeconomic disadvantage (assuming a “low road” to disability), it is argued that in the case of LD, privileged children initially received the most diagnoses (suggesting a “high road” to disability). Using California data from 1976, 1986, and 1998, this study explores causes of LD diagnosis by examining the effects of students' individual race and district-level minority proportion. Initially, LD diagnosis appears at markedly higher rates in low-minority districts. Over time, this effect diminishes, while the effect of individual race increases, with black and Hispanic students becoming increasingly likely to receive an LD diagnosis as compared to white students. This article then discusses the critical implications of these findings for disability studies, and the relationship of social privilege to parents' role in determining the identification and accommodation of disabilities.
Indicators of veracity and deception: an analysis of written statements made to police
Authors: Adams Susan H. , Jarvis John P.
Published: June 2006

This work examines linguistic and structural features present in written criminal statements for predictive value in determining the likelihood of veracity or deception. Statements written by suspects and victims identified through the investigation of criminal incidents serve as the base of data. Support was found for a positive relationship between deception and the attributes of equivocation, negation and relative length of the prologue. A positive relationship was also found between veracity and unique sensory details. Weak support was found for a relationship between veracity and emotions in the epilogues. Using a logistic regression model, 82.1 per cent of the statements were correctly classified as containing veracity or deception. The most significant predictor of veracity was unique sensory details, while the most significant predictor of deception was relative length of the prologues.
Towards perfect practice in South African court interpreting: A quality assurance and quality management model
Authors: Moeketsi Rosemary M.H. , Mollema Nina
Published: June 2006

The Constitution of South Africa, Act 108 of 1996 at s35(3)(k) stipulates that ‘every accused person has a right to a fair trial, which includes the right to be tried in a language that the accused person understands or, if that is not practicable, to have the proceedings interpreted in that language’. The court interpreter is thus committed to making communication possible between litigants and court personnel within a multilingual and multicultural courtroom. Past and present records disclose many examples of incompetent interpreting and bad practices. The introduction of the concept of Perfect Interpreting Practice (PIP) aims at addressing the predicament of the South African court interpreter by transforming the service and inculcating a culture of commitment to quality, accountability and continuous improvement, where the focus is on the customer’s requirements. This paper considers the multifaceted complexities, as well as the challenges, which surround this type of courtroom communication, the characteristics of a quality interpreting service, as well as possible practical solutions to the problems such as reactive, flexibility-based and developmental training for interpreters.
Local geometry of orbits for an ordinary classical lie supergroup
Authors: Przebinda Tomasz
Published: June 2006

In this paper we identify a real reductive dual pair of Roger Howe with an Ordinary Classical Lie supergroup. In these terms we describe the semisimple orbits of the dual pair in the symplectic space, a slice through a semisimple element of the symplectic space, an analog of a Cartan subalgebra, the corresponding Weyl group and the corresponding Weyl integration formula.
On the periodicity of trigonometric functions generalized to quotient rings of R[x]
Authors: Gauthier Claude
Published: June 2006

We apply a method of Euler to algebraic extensions of sets of numbers with compound additive inverse which can be seen as quotient rings of R[x]. This allows us to evaluate a generalization of Riemann’s zeta function in terms of the period of a function which generalizes the function sin z. It follows that the functions generalizing the trigonometric functions on these sets of numbers are not periodic.
Non functorial cylinders in a model category
Authors: García-Calcines J. , García-Díaz P. , Rodríguez-Machín S.
Published: June 2006

Taking cylinder objects, as defined in a model category, we consider a cylinder construction in a cofibration category, which provides a reformulation of relative homotopy in the sense of Baues. Although this cylinder is not a functor we show that it verifies a list of properties which are very closed to those of an I-category (or category with a natural cylinder functor). Considering these new properties, we also give an alternative description of Baues’ relative homotopy groupoids.
Cauchy, Ferrers-Jackson and Chebyshev polynomials and identities for the powers of elements of some conjugate recurrence sequences
Authors: Wituła Roman , Słota Damian
Published: June 2006

In this paper some decompositions of Cauchy polynomials, Ferrers-Jackson polynomials and polynomials of the form x
2n
+ y
2n
, n ∈ ℕ, are studied. These decompositions are used to generate the identities for powers of Fibonacci and Lucas numbers as well as for powers of the so called conjugate recurrence sequences. Also, some new identities for Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind are presented here.
Selected elements of psychical health among 40-year-old persons
Authors: Maksymiuk Tomasz
Published: June 2006

The psychical health of 40-year-old inhabitants of the City and the (former) Province of Poznan, Poland were examined as part of a larger research project on their general state of health. The study focused on the incidence of past psychical disorders among the subjects themselves, their parents, their siblings, and their children. The perceptions of the study group with respect to their own emotional frame of mind and duration of sleep and its quality were also analyzed. The results indicate a generally favorable state of psychical health for the studied group within the measured categories.
The relationship between features of metabolic syndrome and blood adipocytokine concentrations in the morbid obese patients during dynamic weight loss
Authors: Jankiewicz-Wika Joanna , Kołomecki Krzysztof , Cywiński Jacek , Piestrzeniewicz Katarzyna , Stępień Henryk , Komorowski Jan
Published: June 2006

Bariatric surgery is the most effective method to achieve weight loss in obese subjects.

The aim of this study was to evaluate some adipocytokines and insulin, as well as parameters of metabolic syndrome of the obese patients, for three and six months after vertical banded gastroplasty, in the time of dynamic weight loss.

Seven males and two females aged 28 to 49 years, with long lasting simple obesity and the presence of metabolic syndrome, were studied. After surgical treatment the values of the body mass index, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood concentrations of leptin decreased significantly.

Before surgical operation of all obese patients no statistically significant correlations between studied parameters were noted. Three and six months later a lot of correlations between studied parameters appeared.

In conclusion, (a) vertical-banded gastroplasty is a valuable method in treatment of obese subjects, leading to a significant decrease in body weight and improvement in some parameters of metabolic syndrome in a few months after surgery, (b) adipocytokines, together with an unknown gastric factor, may be key factors in the control of some features of the metabolic syndrome.
Student scientific activity at the Bratislava medical faculty 2000–2004. A scientometric study
Authors: Celec Peter , Hodosy Július
Published: June 2006

Students at the Bratislava medical faculty interested in research can participate voluntarily in a student scientific activity (SSA). Currently, the scientific activity is measured by the quantity and quality of publications and these scientometric parameters are important for grant evaluations as well as for individual careers. In this study, we evaluate the publication successes of SSA papers presented at the SSA conference (SSAC) of Faculty of medicine in Bratislava during the last five years. Names of the first authors of works presented at the SSAC in 2000–2004 were searched in PubMed/Medline and in Thomson ISI Web of Science/Current Contents (CC) in January 2005. Only titles of full text publications (not abstracts) similar to those presented at the SSAC were counted and further analyzed. Publication points were counted according to the currently valid PhD credit system at the Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava. A total of 141 students scientific activity works were presented during a five-year period, with a total of 4 domestic non-CC, 11 foreign non-CC and 9 foreign CC publications, with cumulative impact factor 10,6 and total publication points of 641,2. Publication points gradually increased during the years 2000–2003. In conclusion, medical student research activity can significantly influence the publication output of our medical faculty and should, thus, be further supported. The SSA will probably gain even more importance after the introduction of a mandatory diploma thesis, moreover, if we take into account the increasing significance of evaluations based on scientometric parameters.
Is radiocontrast-induced nephropathy avoidable? The scientific evidence in 2006
Authors: Gusbeth-Tatomir Paul , Ardeleanu Serban , Covic Adrian
Published: June 2006

Due to the wide use of radiocontrast agents (RCA) in modern radiology and interventional cardiology, the incidence of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy (RCIN) is increasing. The risk factors for RCIN are primarily pre-existing (even mild) renal dysfunction, diabetes mellitus, absolute or relative hypovolemia, nephrotoxic drugs, etc., particularly in elderly patients. The presence of these risk factors seems to be more important than the type of contrast agent used. To date, there are several certainties and controversies in the prevention of RCIN. Hydration with normal saline and/or bicarbonate administration pre-and post-intervention is certainly useful. Though controversial, N-Acetylcysteine administration may be still advisable. Recent investigations showed the benefits of aminophylline/theophylline administration in RCA-induced renal tubular toxicity. Conventional hemodialysis cannot prevent RCIN, but may potentially aggravate renal dysfunction through hemodynamic instability. “High-flux” hemodialysis and hemodiafiltration may contribute efficiently to RCIN prevention, but systematic use of these modern dialysis techniques is limited by high costs and availability. The authors review — in a systematic manner, and in the perspective of evidence-based medicine — the most important data from literature concerning the prevention of RCIN.
Self-Determination and Individuals with Severe Disabilities: Re-Examining Meanings and Misinterpretations
Authors: Wehmeyer Michael L.
Published: June 2006

Although some progress has been made, the belief that students with severe cognitive and multiple disabilities will not or cannot become self-determined remains a barrier for many such students. This article revisits topics that were identified in Wehmeyer (1998) as contributing to this problem, with a particular focus on definitional issues pertaining to self-determination and control. In light of this discussion, a modified definition of self-determination is proposed and the importance for moving in this direction is discussed.
A Review of Self-Determination Interventions with Individuals with Severe Disabilities
Authors: Wood Wendy M. , Fowler Catherine H. , Uphold Nicole , Test David W.
Published: June 2006

A comprehensive review was conducted of intervention studies designed to teach component skills of self-determination to individuals with severe disabilities. Twenty-one articles were analyzed regarding content and methodology. Results (a) support previous research on the efficacy of teaching choice making; (b) increase awareness of teaching self-management, problem solving, goal setting, decision making, and self-advocacy; (c) indicate the need for increased methodological rigor in future research; and (d) expand the research body traditionally associated with self-determination interventions for this population.
A Challenge to Self-Determination: Disagreement between the Vocational Choices Made by Individuals with Severe Disabilities and Their Caregivers
Authors: Martin James E. , Woods Lee L. , Sylvester Lorraine , Gardner J. Emmett
Published: June 2006

Individuals become self-determined when they are empowered to make choices that match their interests. But caregivers' perceptions of what they think individuals with severe disabilities like often direct vocational decision making. This choice by proxy denies individuals with disabilities an opportunity to become self-determined. We examined whether the vocational choices made by participants with severe cognitive disabilities matched the vocational choices caregivers made on their behalf. Eight participants with severe disabilities and 11 caregivers participated in this study. Caregivers ranked the top three settings, characteristics, and activities from a checklist of typical entry-level positions. By using the Choose and Take Action vocational assessment software, combined with watching or doing the job of their choice in the community, job seekers indicated their preferences. We compared job seekers' cumulative choices to those made by their caregivers. Results indicate that the choices made by individuals with disabilities seldom matched those made by their caregivers. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Ultrafast Photochemistry
Authors: Morandeira Ana , Fürstenberg Alexandre , Nicolet Olivier , Pages Stéphane , Lang Bernhard , Vauthey Eric
Published: June 2006

Several aspects of ultrafast photochemistry in the condensed phase are discussed and illustrated by three examples from our laboratory.