bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The protein methylation network in yeast: A landmark in completeness for a eukaryotic post-translational modification
Authors: Hamey Joshua J. , Wilkins Marc R.
Published: May 2023

Defining all sites for a post-translational modification in the cell, and identifying their upstream modifying enzymes, is essential for a complete understanding of a modification’s function. However, the complete mapping of a modification in the proteome and definition of its associated enzyme–substrate network is rarely achieved. Here, we present the protein methylation network for
Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Through a formal process of defining and quantifying all potential sources of incompleteness, for both the methylation sites in the proteome and also protein methyltransferases, we prove that this protein methylation network is now near-complete. It contains 33 methylated proteins and 28 methyltransferases, comprising 44 enzyme-substrate relationships, and a predicted further three enzymes. While the precise molecular function of most methylation sites is unknown, and it remains possible that other sites and enzymes remain undiscovered, the completeness of this protein modification network is unprecedented and allows us to holistically explore the role and evolution of protein methylation in the eukaryotic cell. We show that while no single protein methylation event is essential in yeast, the vast majority of methylated proteins are themselves essential, being primarily involved in the core cellular processes of transcription, RNA processing, and translation. This suggests that protein methylation in lower eukaryotes exists to fine-tune proteins whose sequences are evolutionarily constrained, providing an improvement in the efficiency of their cognate processes. The approach described here, for the construction and evaluation of post-translational modification networks and their constituent enzymes and substrates, defines a formal process of utility for other post-translational modifications.
An end-to-end deep learning method for protein side-chain packing and inverse folding
Authors: McPartlon Matthew , Xu Jinbo
Published: May 2023

Protein side-chain packing (PSCP), the task of determining amino acid side-chain conformations given only backbone atom positions, has important applications to protein structure prediction, refinement, and design. Many methods have been proposed to tackle this problem, but their speed or accuracy is still unsatisfactory. To address this, we present AttnPacker, a deep learning (DL) method for directly predicting protein side-chain coordinates. Unlike existing methods, AttnPacker directly incorporates backbone 3D geometry to simultaneously compute all side-chain coordinates without delegating to a discrete rotamer library or performing expensive conformational search and sampling steps. This enables a significant increase in computational efficiency, decreasing inference time by over 100× compared to the DL-based method DLPacker and physics-based RosettaPacker. Tested on the CASP13 and CASP14 native and nonnative protein backbones, AttnPacker computes physically realistic side-chain conformations, reducing steric clashes and improving both rmsd and dihedral accuracy compared to state-of-the-art methods SCWRL4, FASPR, RosettaPacker, and DLPacker. Different from traditional PSCP approaches, AttnPacker can also codesign sequences and side chains, producing designs with subnative Rosetta energy and high in silico consistency.
Ablation of ZC3H11A causes early embryonic lethality and dysregulation of metabolic processes
Authors: Younis Shady , Jouneau Alice , Larsson Mårten , Oudin Jean-Francois , Adenot Pierre , Omar Jihad , Brochard Vincent , Andersson Leif
Published: May 2023

ZC3H11A (zinc finger CCCH domain–containing protein 11A) is a stress-induced mRNA-binding protein required for efficient growth of nuclear-replicating viruses. The cellular functions of ZC3H11A during embryonic development are unknown. Here, we report the generation and phenotypic characterization of
Zc3h11a
knockout (KO) mice. Heterozygous null
Zc3h11a
mice were born at the expected frequency without distinguishable phenotypic differences compared with wild-type mice. In contrast, homozygous null
Zc3h11a
mice were missing, indicating that
Zc3h11a
is crucial for embryonic viability and survival.
Zc3h11a
–/–
embryos were detected at the expected Mendelian ratios up to late preimplantation stage (E4.5). However, phenotypic characterization at E6.5 revealed degeneration of
Zc3h11a
–/–
embryos, indicating developmental defects around the time of implantation. Transcriptomic analyses documented a dysregulation of glycolysis and fatty acid metabolic pathways in
Zc3h11a
–/–
embryos at E4.5. Proteomic analysis indicated a tight interaction between ZC3H11A and mRNA-export proteins in embryonic stem cells. CLIP-seq analysis demonstrated that ZC3H11A binds a subset of mRNA transcripts that are critical for metabolic regulation of embryonic cells. Furthermore, embryonic stem cells with an induced deletion of
Zc3h11a
display an impaired differentiation toward epiblast-like cells and impaired mitochondrial membrane potential. Altogether, the results show that ZC3H11A is participating in export and posttranscriptional regulation of selected mRNA transcripts required to maintain metabolic processes in embryonic cells. While ZC3H11A is essential for the viability of the early mouse embryo, inactivation of
Zc3h11a
expression in adult tissues using a conditional KO did not lead to obvious phenotypic defects.
Succinyl-CoA ligase ADP-forming subunit beta promotes stress granule assembly to regulate redox and drive cancer metastasis
Authors: Boese Austin C. , Kang JiHoon , Hwang Jung Seok , Kim Jaehyun , Eun Kiyoung , Malin Courteney M. , Magliocca Kelly R. , Pan Chaoyun , Jin Lingtao , Kang Sumin
Published: May 2023

Although recent studies demonstrate active mitochondrial metabolism in cancers, the precise mechanisms through which mitochondrial factors contribute to cancer metastasis remain elusive. Through a customized mitochondrion RNAi screen, we identified succinyl-CoA ligase ADP-forming subunit beta (SUCLA2) as a critical anoikis resistance and metastasis driver in human cancers. Mechanistically, SUCLA2, but not the alpha subunit of its enzyme complex, relocates from mitochondria to the cytosol upon cell detachment where SUCLA2 then binds to and promotes the formation of stress granules. SUCLA2-mediated stress granules facilitate the protein translation of antioxidant enzymes including catalase, which mitigates oxidative stress and renders cancer cells resistant to anoikis. We provide clinical evidence that SUCLA2 expression correlates with catalase levels as well as metastatic potential in lung and breast cancer patients. These findings not only implicate SUCLA2 as an anticancer target, but also provide insight into a unique, noncanonical function of SUCLA2 that cancer cells co-opt to metastasize.
Technology advancement is driving electric vehicle adoption
Authors: Forsythe Connor R. , Gillingham Kenneth T. , Michalek Jeremy J. , Whitefoot Kate S.
Published: May 2023

Electric vehicle sales have been growing rapidly in the United States and around the world. This study explores the drivers of demand for electric vehicles, examining whether this trend is primarily a result of technology improvements or changes in consumer preferences for the technology over time. We conduct a discrete choice experiment of new vehicle consumers in the United States, weighted to be representative of the population. Results suggest that improved technology has been the stronger force. Estimates of consumer willingness to pay for vehicle attributes show that when consumers compare a gasoline vehicle to its battery electric vehicle (BEV) counterpart, the improved operating cost, acceleration, and fast-charging capabilities of today’s BEVs mostly or entirely compensate for their perceived disadvantages, particularly for longer-range BEVs. Moreover, forecasted improvements of BEV range and price suggest that consumer valuation of many BEVs is expected to equal or exceed their gasoline counterparts by 2030. A suggestive market-wide simulation extrapolation indicates that if every gasoline vehicle had a BEV option in 2030, the majority of new car and near-majority of new sport-utility vehicle choice shares could be electric in that year due to projected technology improvements alone.
Proline hydroxylation of CREB-regulated transcriptional coactivator 2 controls hepatic glucose metabolism
Authors: Xue Yaqian , Cui Aoyuan , Wei Shuang , Ma Fengguang , Liu Zhengshuai , Fang Xia , Huo Shaofeng , Sun Xiaoyang , Li Wenjing , Hu Zhimin , Liu Yuxiao , Cai Genxiang , Su Weitong , Zhao Jiuxiang , Yan Xi , Gao Chenlin , Wen Jian , Zhang Haibing , Li Hong , Liu Yi , Lin Xu , Xu Yong , Fu Wenguang , Fang Jing , Li Yu
Published: May 2023

Prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD) enzymes change HIF activity according to oxygen signal; whether it is regulated by other physiological conditions remains largely unknown. Here, we report that PHD3 is induced by fasting and regulates hepatic gluconeogenesis through interaction and hydroxylation of CRTC2. Pro129 and Pro615 hydroxylation of CRTC2 following PHD3 activation is necessary for its association with cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) and nuclear translocation, and enhanced binding to promoters of gluconeogenic genes by fasting or forskolin. CRTC2 hydroxylation–stimulated gluconeogenic gene expression is independent of SIK-mediated phosphorylation of CRTC2. Liver-specific knockout of PHD3 (PHD3 LKO) or prolyl hydroxylase–deficient knockin mice (PHD3 KI) show attenuated fasting gluconeogenic genes, glycemia, and hepatic capacity to produce glucose during fasting or fed with high-fat, high-sucrose diet. Importantly, Pro615 hydroxylation of CRTC2 by PHD3 is increased in livers of fasted mice, diet-induced insulin resistance or genetically obese ob/ob mice, and humans with diabetes. These findings increase our understanding of molecular mechanisms linking protein hydroxylation to gluconeogenesis and may offer therapeutic potential for treating excessive gluconeogenesis, hyperglycemia, and type 2 diabetes.
Calcium dynamics at the neural cell primary cilium regulate Hedgehog signaling–dependent neurogenesis in the embryonic neural tube
Authors: Shim Sangwoo , Goyal Raman , Panoutsopoulos Alexios A. , Balashova Olga A. , Lee David , Borodinsky Laura N.
Published: May 2023

The balance between neural stem cell proliferation and neuronal differentiation is paramount for the appropriate development of the nervous system. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is known to sequentially promote cell proliferation and specification of neuronal phenotypes, but the signaling mechanisms responsible for the developmental switch from mitogenic to neurogenic have remained unclear. Here, we show that Shh enhances Ca2+activity at the neural cell primary cilium of developingXenopus laevisembryos through Ca2+influx via transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily C member 3 (TRPC3) and release from intracellular stores in a developmental stage-dependent manner. This ciliary Ca2+activity in turn antagonizes canonical, proliferative Shh signaling in neural stem cells by down-regulating Sox2 expression and up-regulating expression of neurogenic genes, enabling neuronal differentiation. These discoveries indicate that the Shh-Ca2+-dependent switch in neural cell ciliary signaling triggers the switch in Shh action from canonical-mitogenic to neurogenic. The molecular mechanisms identified in this neurogenic signaling axis are potential targets for the treatment of brain tumors and neurodevelopmental disorders.
Climate-smart forestry through innovative wood products and commercial afforestation and reforestation on marginal land
Authors: Zhang Bingquan , Lan Kai , Harris Thomas B. , Ashton Mark S. , Yao Yuan
Published: May 2023

Afforestation and reforestation (AR) on marginal land are nature-based solutions to climate change. There is a gap in understanding the climate mitigation potential of protection and commercial AR with different combinations of forest plantation management and wood utilization pathways. Here, we fill the gap using a dynamic, multiscale life cycle assessment to estimate one-century greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation delivered by (both traditional and innovative) commercial and protection AR with different planting density and thinning regimes on marginal land in the southeastern United States. We found that innovative commercial AR generally mitigates more GHGs across 100 y (3.73 to 4.15 Giga tonnes of CO
2
equivalent (Gt CO
2
e)) through cross-laminated timber (CLT) and biochar than protection AR (3.35 to 3.69 Gt CO
2
e) and commercial AR with traditional lumber production (3.17 to 3.51 Gt CO
2
e), especially in moderately cooler and dryer regions in this study with higher forest carbon yield, soil clay content, and CLT substitution. In a shorter timeframe (≤50 y), protection AR is likely to deliver higher GHG mitigation. On average, for the same wood product, low-density plantations without thinning and high-density plantations with thinning mitigate more life cycle GHGs and result in higher carbon stock than that of low-density with thinning plantations. Commercial AR increases the carbon stock of standing plantations, wood products, and biochar, but the increases have uneven spatial distributions. Georgia (0.38 Gt C), Alabama (0.28 Gt C), and North Carolina (0.13 Gt C) have the largest carbon stock increases that can be prioritized for innovative commercial AR projects on marginal land.
Even lawyers do not like legalese
Authors: Martínez Eric , Mollica Francis , Gibson Edward
Published: May 2023

Across modern civilization, societal norms and rules are established and communicated largely in the form of written laws. Despite their prevalence and importance, legal documents have long been widely acknowledged to be difficult to understand for those who are required to comply with them (i.e., everyone). Why? Across two preregistered experiments, we evaluated five hypotheses for why lawyers write in a complex manner. Experiment 1 revealed that lawyers, like laypeople, were less able to recall and comprehend legal content drafted in a complex “legalese” register than content of equivalent meaning drafted in a simplified register. Experiment 2 revealed that lawyers rated simplified contracts as equally enforceable as legalese contracts, and rated simplified contracts as preferable to legalese contracts on several dimensions–including overall quality, appropriateness of style, and likelihood of being signed by a client. These results suggest that lawyers who write in a convoluted manner do so as a matter of convenience and tradition as opposed to an outright preference and that simplifying legal documents would be both tractable and beneficial for lawyers and nonlawyers alike.
Vectored immunoprophylaxis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a preclinical model
Authors: Tada Takuya , Minnee Julia , Landau Nathaniel R.
Published: May 2023

Vectored immunoprophylaxis was first developed as a means of establishing engineered immunity to HIV using an adenoassociated viral vector expressing a broadly neutralizing antibody. We applied this concept to establish long-term prophylaxis against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in a mouse model using adenoassociated virus and lentiviral vectors expressing a high-affinity angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) decoy. Administration of decoy-expressing (adenoassociated virus) AAV2.retro and AAV6.2 vectors by intranasal instillation or intramuscular injection protected mice against high-titered SARS-CoV-2 infection. AAV and lentiviral vectored immunoprophylaxis was durable and was active against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants. The AAV vectors were also effective therapeutically when administered postinfection. Vectored immunoprophylaxis could be of value for immunocompromised individuals for whom vaccination is not practical and as a means to rapidly establish protection from infection. Unlike monoclonal antibody therapy, the approach is expected to remain active despite continued evolution viral variants.
The tonal morphology of the potential in Coatec Zapotec (Di′zhke′)
Authors: Beam de Azcona Rosemary G.
Published: May 2023

While the phenomenon of tonogenesis is well represented in the literature, diachronic tone change in already-tonal
languages has received less attention. This paper considers two types of tonal morphology used to mark the “potential”
inflectional category on verbs in Coatec Zapotec (aka Di′zhke′). Some verbs are marked with upstep. Coatec upstepped tones are
emergent tonal contrasts that are developing out of high register allotones which assimilated to a historical high tone on a
now-deleted preceding syllable. Other verbs display patterns of tone ablaut such that a verb with underlying low or falling tone
surfaces with high or rising in the potential. Both upstep and tone ablaut in Coatec can be traced to an earlier floating high
tone that could dock onto different syllables according to a set of ranked constraints. Using a combination of internal and
comparative reconstruction, details of the earlier tonal system are revealed. This is the first published treatment of
Proto-Zapotec tone since Swadesh (1947) and the first paper to address tone in
Proto-Zapotecan and Proto Core Zapotec. *ʔ is revealed to have been a consonant through the Core Zapotec period, suggesting that
the complex systems of phonation contrasts found in some Central Zapotec languages are a recent development. Cases of tonal
contrasts developing out of phonation contrasts are known from Southeast Asia, but Zapotec phonation contrasts arose out of
interaction between the glottal consonant and pre-existing tonal contrasts. An exploration of the morphological environments
conducive to upstep leads to new discoveries about Zapotecan derivational voice prefixes and reveals the origins of perfective
allomorphy.
Blame-avoiding strategies for a digital scandal
Authors: Liu Ming , Lu Yanxi
Published: May 2023

The burgeoning digital economy has also aroused wide public concerns over its improper use of personal data for
economic and political profits. This study focuses on the milestone Facebook-Cambridge Analytica scandal and examines how Mark
Zuckerberg succeeded in avoiding public blame during two US Congressional hearings. An integrated analytic framework has been
established by combining blame theory and critical discourse analysis to examine blame-avoiding strategies used by Mark Zuckerberg
during the two Congressional hearings. The findings have revealed not only the topics but also the specific strategies and the
linguistic means and realizations for these strategies. It is expected that this study can generate significant implications on
blame-avoiding strategies by digital corporations for their inherently flawed business models.
Mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism and glutaminolysis toggle steady-state and emergency myelopoiesis
Authors: Pizzato Hannah A. , Wang Yahui , Wolfgang Michael J. , Finck Brian N. , Patti Gary J. , Bhattacharya Deepta
Published: May 2023

To define the metabolic requirements of hematopoiesis, we examined blood lineages in mice conditionally deficient in genes required for long-chain fatty acid oxidation (Cpt2), glutaminolysis (Gls), or mitochondrial pyruvate import (Mpc2). Genetic ablation of Cpt2 or Gls minimally impacted most blood lineages. In contrast, deletion of Mpc2 led to a sharp decline in mature myeloid cells and a slower reduction in T cells, whereas other hematopoietic lineages were unaffected. Yet MPC2-deficient monocytes and neutrophils rapidly recovered due to a transient and specific increase in myeloid progenitor proliferation. Competitive bone marrow chimera and stable isotope tracing experiments demonstrated that this proliferative burst was progenitor intrinsic and accompanied by a metabolic switch to glutaminolysis. Myeloid recovery after loss of MPC2 or cyclophosphamide treatment was delayed in the absence of GLS. Reciprocally, MPC2 was not required for myeloid recovery after cyclophosphamide treatment. Thus, mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism maintains myelopoiesis under steady-state conditions, while glutaminolysis in progenitors promotes emergency myelopoiesis.
Anisotropic behavior of mechanical properties for the a- and c-domains in a (001) BaTiO3 single crystal
Authors: Torres-Torres D , Hurtado-Macias A , Herrera-Basurto R , Conteras E , Sánchez S , Mercader-Trejo F , González-Hernández J , Auciello O
Published: May 2023

Barium titanate (BaTiO3) single crystal with a tetragonal phase was characterized by nanoindentation. Elastic and elastic–plastic deformation regimes were obtained. The main objective was the evaluation of the anisotropic behavior related to mechanical properties associated with the cross-section of the ferroelectric a- and c-domains (In-plane and out-of-plane) in (001) configuration domains. This behavior was evaluated along a line perpendicular to the between domains, which demonstrated that the mechanical properties of the BaTiO3 single crystal depend on the distance from due to the effect of the influence of the neighbor domain. A three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model was developed to simulate mechanical effects revealed by the nanoindentations test. The FE simulation demonstrated that there is no simple isotropic mechanical behavior associated with the domain type. Numerical simulations and experiments performed to study ferroelastic switching domains in BaTiO3 crystals revealed the interaction of the 90°-ca domain with the indentation position.
Nanoplatform-based analysis for the detection of HER3 and HER4 for gastric cancer diagnosis
Authors: Gheorghe Damaris-Cristina , Stefan-Van Staden Raluca-Ioana , Ilie-Mihai Ruxandra-Maria , Sfirloaga Paula
Published: May 2023

Nanographene and α-cyclodextrin based sensors modified with gold nanoparticles and spheroidal copper were used to develop two stochastic sensors, which were then characterized and validated for the purpose of molecularly identifying and quantifying HER3 and HER4 in biological samples. In order to accomplish this goal, each of the stochastic sensors was incorporated in a nanoplatform. The two nanoplatforms were connected to a smartphone and recorded very low limits of determination (1 × 10−15 g ml−1) and wide linear concentration ranges (1 × 10−15–1 × 10−8 g ml−1) when a potential of 170 mV versus Ag/AgCl was applied. This allowed for the molecular identification and quantification of HER3 and HER4 in patients with gastric cancer, as well as in healthy individuals.
Partial degeneration of finite gap solutions to the Korteweg–de Vries equation: soliton gas and scattering on elliptic backgrounds
Authors: Bertola M , Jenkins R , Tovbis A
Published: May 2023

We obtain Fredholm type formulas for partial degenerations of theta functions on (irreducible) nodal curves of arbitrary genus, with emphasis on nodal curves of genus one. An application is the study of ‘many-soliton’ solutions on an elliptic (cnoidal) background standing wave for the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation starting from a formula that is reminiscent of the classical Kay–Moses formula for N-solitons. In particular, we represent such a solution as a sum of the following two terms: a ‘shifted’ elliptic (cnoidal) background wave and a Kay–Moses type determinant containing Jacobi theta functions for the solitonic content, which can be viewed as a collection of solitary disturbances on the cnoidal background. The expressions for the travelling (group) speed of these solitary disturbances, as well as for the interaction kernel describing the scattering of pairs of such solitary disturbances, are obtained explicitly in terms of Jacobi theta functions. We also show that genus N + 1 finite gap solutions with random initial phases converge in probability to the deterministic cnoidal wave solution as N bands degenerate to a nodal curve of genus one. Finally, we derive the nonlinear dispersion relations and the equation of states for the KdV soliton gas on the residual elliptic background.
Hybrid imaging of prompt x-rays and induced positrons using a pinhole gamma camera during and after irradiation of protons
Authors: Yamamoto Seiichi , Watabe Hiroshi , Nakanishi Kohei , Yabe Takuya , Yamaguchi Mitsutaka , Kawachi Naoki , Kamada Kei , Yoshikawa Akira , Islam Md Rafiqul , Miyake Masayasu , Tanaka Kazuo S , Kataoka Jun
Published: May 2023

Objective. Prompt x-ray imaging using a low-energy x-ray camera is a promising method for observing a proton beam’s shape from outside the subject. Furthermore, imaging of positrons produced by nuclear reactions with protons is a possible method for observing the beam shape. However, it has not been possible to measure these two types of images with a single imaging system due to the limited imaging capability of existing systems. Imaging of both prompt x-rays and the distribution of positrons may compensate for the shortcomings of each method. Approach. We conducted imaging of the prompt x-ray using a pinhole x-ray camera during irradiation with protons in list mode. Then, after irradiation with protons, imaging of annihilation radiations from the produced positrons was conducted using the same pinhole x-ray camera in list mode. After this imaging, list-mode data were sorted to obtain prompt x-ray images and positron images. Main results. With the proposed procedure, we could measure both prompt x-ray images and induced positron images with a single irradiation by a proton beam. From the prompt x-ray images, ranges and widths of the proton beams could be estimated. The distributions of positrons were slightly wider than those of the prompt x-rays. From the time sequential positron images, we could derive the time activity curves of the produced positrons. Significance. Hybrid imaging of prompt x-rays and induced positrons using a pinhole x-ray camera was achieved. The proposed procedure would be useful for measuring prompt x-ray images during irradiation to estimate the beam structures as well as for measuring the induced positron images after irradiation to estimate the distributions and time activity curves of the induced positrons.
In-situ electron density measurement in inductively coupled plasma using microwave reflectometer by Wi-Fi antenna on wafer
Authors: Shin Gi Won , Kim Jae Hyeon , Lee Sun Hee , Bang In Young , Kim Ji Hwan , Kwon Hee Tae , Kim Woo Jae , Kwon Gi-Chung
Published: May 2023

Among the characteristics of the low-temperature plasma often used in semiconductor processes, electron density plays an important role for understanding the plasma physics. Therefore, various studies involving invasive and non-invasive methods have been conducted to measure the electron density. This study aims to verify the possibility of measuring the electron density by simultaneously utilizing the characteristics of both invasive and non-invasive methods using a reflectometer attached to a commercial Wi-Fi antenna on a wafer in the vacuum chamber. The electron density was additionally measured using an interferometer and a single Langmuir probe under the same experimental conditions to assess the reliability of the reflectometer results, and the results were compared. The experiments were performed by increasing the 13.56 MHz radio frequency power applied to generate the plasma discharge in the 300 mm inductively coupled plasma bevel etcher equipment from 200 W to 400 W and 600 W, respectively. The electron densities measured using the three measurement methods (reflectometer/interferometer/single Langmuir probe) were confirmed to be in excellent agreement. Hence, the in-situ reflectometer on the wafer was verified to produce reliable results.
High-speed plasma diagnostics based on the floating harmonic method in inductively coupled plasma and pulsed plasma
Authors: Seo Beom-Jun , Kim Kyung-Hyun , Eo Hyundong , Lee Ho-Won , Kim Ju Ho , Chung Chin-Wook
Published: May 2023

The floating harmonic method is a diagnostic technique for obtaining plasma parameters, such as ion density and electron temperature, by applying a sinusoidal voltage to a floating probe. The typically applied frequency is in the kilohertz range. This method has been widely used in plasma diagnostics of semiconductor processes due to its robustness to RF fluctuations and fast measurement speed. However, recently, pulsed plasma has become common in semiconductor processes. As the plasma sheath is analyzed with a high-time-resolution diagnostic method such as phase-resolved optical emission spectroscopy, the development of high-speed plasma diagnostic techniques has become increasingly important. In this study, we investigated high-speed plasma diagnostic measurements based on the floating harmonic method. When the frequency of the voltage applied to the floating probe increases up to 1 MHz, the electron temperature can be underestimated due to the currents flowing through the capacitive sheath and the ceramic sleeve of the probe. We found that the displacement current of the probe sheath increases rapidly compared to the conduction current as the plasma density and electron temperature decrease. We also removed the additional harmonic currents flowing through the ceramic sleeve via two approaches. The plasma parameters obtained using the proposed method are in good agreement with the measurements performed using the floating harmonic method in the kilohertz range. Moreover, the electron temperature of the pulsed plasma was measured.
Acoustic transport in higher-order topological insulators with Dirac hierarchy
Authors: Yu Xinglong , Zhang Xin , Luo Li , Wang Licheng , Peng Jiebin , Huang Yingyi , Guo Yuan , Cai Jing , Wang Yanping , Zhao Degang , Yao Yuanwei , Wu Fugen
Published: May 2023

Dirac cones (DCs) are an important band structure in topological insulators (TIs) for realizing topological phase transition, and they provide unique ways to artificially regulate wave transport. Herein, we proposed a simple method to achieve Dirac hierarchy in three-dimensional (3D) acoustic TIs with rich and controllable topological phase transitions. The split of multifold DCs in each bulk Dirac hierarchy induced boundary Dirac hierarchy, including topological surface states and topological hinge states. We successfully realized 3D higher-order topological insulators (HOTIs) that exhibited two-fold boundary Dirac hierarchy with hinge states and achieved energy transport along three independent directions based on hinge-to-hinge channels. The proposed method is not limited to single hinges, and it provides a new design idea for multidimensional sound transport, serving as the basis for controllable acoustic functional devices.
Non-stationary free-space geodesic dynamics due to the interaction with weak gravitational waves
Authors: Brandsema Matthew J
Published: May 2023

In this paper, the author investigates how non-stationary reference frames affect the observed trajectories of test particles, and how these observed effects might allow for the detection of gravitational waves. Most gravitational wave experiments rely on observing geometric oscillations of the spacetime between stationary test masses (with respect to each other). The results of this study indicate that an impinging gravitational wave, even of very weak amplitude, can cause much more noticeable effects between moving reference frames. The concepts herein are loosely analogous to how the properties of a magnetic field can be obtained from observing a charged particle’s cyclotron motion through it. To this end, the linearized geodesic differential equations are solved to obtain the coordinates of a particle along a path, and explicit trajectories are calculated for a wide range of gravitational wave parameters. It is found that the angular deviation in trajectory is dependent on the polarization state of the wave and amplitude, leading to the possibly of extracting these parameters from the deviation for real-world experiments. The approach here represents a first step and as such, there are many simplifying assumptions, which will be relaxed slowly over time in future work.
Exploration of effects of gate underlap in HOI FinFETs at 10 nm gate length
Authors: Datta Parabi , Nanda Swagat , Sankar Dhar Rudra
Published: May 2023

With sub-22 nm technology nodes, the short channel effects (SCEs) arose in FinFETs, which hindered the further scaling of devices. The leakage currents became detrimental with scaling of the gate oxide thickness below 2 nm, hence the demand for control of leakage currents due to corner effects in the sidewalls of FinFETs. Research suggested use of gate underlap (GUL) architectures to suppress the leakage currents. The objective of this paper is to utilize a GUL structure in a 10 nm gate length Heterostructure-On-Insulator (HOI) FinFET, encompassing a three layered strained channel architecture to enrich the drive currents. Different structures with GUL lengths of 1 nm, 3 nm and 5 nm are designed to study the electrical characteristics besides the effects of leakage currents and other SCEs. A noteworthy decrease is observed in the leakage currents with increasing GUL lengths. However, it also leads to decrease of drive currents of the devices. A trade-off between the enhanced dimensions of source/drain along with an optimized GUL length proves beneficial in the strained silicon channel devices. The 10 nm HOI device employing a 3 nm GUL with height/width of source/drain at 8 nm provides drive currents and leakage currents at par with the 10 nm HOI device with no underlap. But with higher Ion/Ioff current ratio and lower SCEs, this device with 3 nm underlap decreases corner effects and is observed from the electron velocity and total current density contours leading to faster switching speeds and optimized device performance towards semiconductor industry.
Relic gravitons and high-frequency detectors
Authors: Giovannini Massimo
Published: May 2023

Cosmic gravitons are expected in the MHz–GHz regions that are currently unreachable by the operating wide-band interferometers and where various classes of electromechanical detectors have been proposed through the years. The minimal chirp amplitude detectable by these instruments is often set on the basis of the sensitivities reachable by the detectors currently operating in the audio band. By combining the observations of the pulsar timing arrays, the limits from wide-band detectors and the other phenomenological bounds we show that this requirement is far too generous and even misleading since the actual detection of relic gravitons well above the kHz would demand chirp and spectral amplitudes that are ten or even fifteen orders of magnitude smaller than the ones currently achievable in the audio band, for the same classes of stochastic sources. We then examine more closely the potential high-frequency signals and show that the sensitivity in the chirp and spectral amplitudes must be even smaller than the ones suggested by the direct and indirect constraints on the cosmic gravitons. We finally analyze the high-frequency detectors in the framework of Hanbury-Brown Twiss interferometry and argue that they are actually more essential than the ones operating in the audio band (i.e. between few Hz and few kHz) if we want to investigate the quantumness of the relic gravitons and their associated second-order correlation effects. We suggest, in particular, how the statistical properties of thermal and non-thermal gravitons can be distinguished by studying the corresponding second-order interference effects.
New constraints on the dark matter-neutrino and dark matter-photon scattering cross sections from TXS 0506+056
Authors: Ferrer Francesc , Herrera Gonzalo , Ibarra Alejandro
Published: May 2023

The flux of high energy neutrinos and photons produced in a blazar could get attenuated when they propagate through the dark matter spike around the central black hole and the halo of the host galaxy. Using the observation by IceCube of a few high-energy neutrino events from TXS 0506+056, and their coincident gamma ray events, we obtain new constraints on the dark matter-neutrino and dark matter-photon scattering cross sections. Our constraints are orders of magnitude more stringent than those derived from considering the attenuation through the intergalactic medium and the Milky Way dark matter halo. When the cross-section increases with energy, our constraints are also stronger than those derived from the CMB and large-scale structure.
Ultra-high photoresponsive photodetector based on ReS2/SnS2 heterostructure
Authors: Wang 王 Binghui 冰辉 , Xing 邢 Yanhui 艳辉 , Dong 董 Shengyuan 晟园 , Li 李 Jiahao 嘉豪 , Han 韩 Jun 军 , Tu 涂 Huayao 华垚 , Lei 雷 Ting 挺 , He 贺 Wenxin 雯馨 , Zhang 张 Baoshun 宝顺 , Zeng 曾 Zhongming 中明
Published: May 2023

Photodetectors based on two-dimensional materials have attracted much attention because of their unique structure and outstanding performance. The response speed of single ReS2 photodetector is slow exceptionally, the heterostructure could improves the response speed of ReS2-based photodetector, but the photodetectors responsivity is reduced greatly, which restricts the development of ReS2. In this paper, a vertically structured ReS2/SnS2 van der Waals heterostructure photodetectors is prepared, using ReS2 as the transport layer and SnS2 as the light absorbing layer to regulate the channel current. The device has an ultra-high photoconductive gain of 1010, which exhibits an ultra-high responsivity of 4706 A/W under 365-nm illumination and response speed in seconds, and has an ultra-high external quantum efficiency of 1.602×106% and a high detectivity of 5.29×1012 jones. The study for ReS2-based photodetector displays great potential for developing future optoelectronic devices.
Effect of conformity on evolution of cooperation in a coordination game
Authors: Wang 王 Xianjia 先甲 , Wang 王 Tao 饕
Published: May 2023

Individual decision-making processes are not solely driven by self-interest maximization but are also influenced by the pressure to conform to the group. In primary games like the prisoner’s dilemma, the presence of conformity pressure may facilitate the constructive development of cooperative behavior. In this study, we investigate how conformity influences the growth of cooperation in complicated coordination games. Our findings reveal that, even in the presence of stringent game rules, conformity can promote cooperation. In fact, a certain level of conformity pressure can even eliminate the “defection basin” of deer hunting games played on regular networks. Additionally, we demonstrate that the effect of conformity on cooperative behavior is contingent upon the degree of conformity pressure, with different levels of conformity pressure producing opposite effects. These findings provide novel insights into the promotion of cooperative evolution. For instance, if increasing the reward for cooperation has proven ineffective, manipulating the proportion of initial strategy choices may be a more promising approach.
Robustness of community networks against cascading failures with heterogeneous redistribution strategies
Authors: Song 宋 Bo 波 , Wu 吴 Hui-Ming 惠明 , Song 宋 Yu-Rong 玉蓉 , Jiang 蒋 Guo-Ping 国平 , Xia 夏 Ling-Ling 玲玲 , Wang 王 Xu 旭
Published: May 2023

Network robustness is one of the core contents of complex network security research. This paper focuses on the robustness of community networks with respect to cascading failures, considering the nodes influence and community heterogeneity. A novel node influence ranking method, community-based Clustering–LeaderRank (CCL) algorithm, is first proposed to identify influential nodes in community networks. Simulation results show that the CCL method can effectively identify the influence of nodes. Based on node influence, a new cascading failure model with heterogeneous redistribution strategy is proposed to describe and analyze node fault propagation in community networks. Analytical and numerical simulation results on cascading failure show that the community attribute has an important influence on the cascading failure process. The network robustness against cascading failures increases when the load is more distributed to neighbors of the same community instead of different communities. When the initial load distribution and the load redistribution strategy based on the node influence are the same, the network shows better robustness against node failure.
Analytical three-periodic solutions of Korteweg–de Vries-type equations
Authors: Chen 陈 Mi 觅 , Wang 王 Zhen 振
Published: May 2023

Based on the direct method of calculating the periodic wave solution proposed by Nakamura, we give an approximate analytical three-periodic solutions of Korteweg–de Vries (KdV)-type equations by perturbation method for the first time. Limit methods have been used to establish the asymptotic relationships between the three-periodic solution separately and another three solutions, the soliton solution, the one- and the two-periodic solutions. Furthermore, it is found that the asymptotic three-soliton solution presents the same repulsive phenomenon as the asymptotic three-soliton solution during the interaction.
Cross sections for inelastic K+ϕ scattering*
Authors: Pan Yi-Hao , Xu Xiao-Ming
Published: May 2023

In the first Born approximation, we study the reactions

,

,

, and

with quark-antiquark annihilation and creation. Transition amplitudes are derived with the development in the spherical harmonics of the relative-motion wave functions of two initial mesons and two final mesons so that parity is conserved and the total angular momentum of the final mesons equals that of the initial mesons. Unpolarized cross sections are calculated from the transition amplitudes that also contain mesonic quark-antiquark relative-motion wave functions and transition potentials for quark-antiquark annihilation and creation. The notable temperature dependence of the cross sections is shown. The cross sections for

,

, and

may be of the millibarn scale, whereas the cross section for

is small.
How Fast is Fast Enough? Industry Perspectives on the Use of Large-eddy Simulation in Wind Energy
Authors: Asmuth Henrik , Korb Henry , Ivanell Stefan
Published: May 2023

The use of graphics processing units (GPUs) has facilitated unprecedented performance gains for computational fluids dynamics in recent years. In many industries this has enabled the integration of large-eddy simulation (LES) in the engineering practice. Flow modelling in the wind industry though still primarily relies on models with significantly lower fidelity. This paper seeks to investigate the reasons why wind energy applications of LES are still an exception in the industrial practice. On that account, we present a survey among industry experts on the matter. The survey shows that the large runtimes and computational costs of LES are still seen as a main obstacle. However, other reasons such as a lack of expertise and user experience, the need for more validation, and lacking trust in the potential benefits of LES reveal that computational efficiency is not the only concern. Lastly, we present an exemplary simulation of a generic offshore wind farm using a GPU-resident Lattice Boltzmann LES framework. The example shows that the runtime requirements stated by a large part of the respondents can already now be fulfilled with reasonable hardware effort.
Multi-scale modeling of a wind turbine wake in complex terrain
Authors: Kale Baris , Buckingham Sophia , Beeck Jeroen van , Cuerva-Tejero Alvaro
Published: May 2023

Comparing numerical simulations of wind turbine wakes in neutral atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) flow over complex terrains with full-scale experiments is not always straightforward. Pure neutral ABL conditions are rarely found in the atmosphere as the characteristics of the ABL change during the diurnal cycle. This study presents some insights into how a single wind turbine (WT) and its wake behave under near-neutral ABL conditions in complex terrain. The Perdigão Valley in Portugal was chosen as the test case as it is an excellent case study of three-dimensional flow in complex terrain to validate numerical simulations of WT wake with experimental data due to the availability of extensively deployed remote sensing equipment (e.g., German Aerospace Center (DLR) and Technical University of Denmark (DTU) multi-Doppler lidars). The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) [1] model is utilized in large-eddy simulation (LES) mode in order to simulate the period of interest with a multi-scale modeling approach. Five nested domains, with the finest domain having a spatial resolution of 5 m, are used to dynamically downscale mesoscale flow features to microscale. A generalized actuator line (GAL) WT parameterization is used to model the wind turbine-flow interaction. WRF-LES-GAL (hereinafter referred to as WLG) results compare quite well with the experimental data obtained from lidars and meteorological mast, with minor biases between the simulated and observed data. Due to insufficient buoyancy generation from the WRF-LES model, the simulated track wake was found to have lower vertical deflection compared to the lidar data; hence, no recirculation zone is observed in the valley. Overall, the WLG model is able to reproduce the wake characteristics observed on the first ridge top into the valley, as well as the power and thrust generation, and can be used for further analysis of other stability conditions.
Assessment of energy production and costs associated with a massive exploitation of wind power in the North Sea
Authors: Sørensen Jens N. , Larsen Gunner C.
Published: May 2023

A study to assess the potential of a massive exploitation of offshore wind power in the North Sea has been performed. The study includes both a prediction of the available wind resources and the costs associated with such a large-scale exploitation of the wind power in the North Sea. The main parameters of the model are wind turbine size, average distance between the turbines (determined from area and number of turbines), as well as wind resources (i.e. mean wind speed Weibull distribution) and water depths conditioned on specific locations within the North Sea. The cost model includes expressions for the most essential wind farm cost elements, such as costs of wind turbines, support structures, cables and electrical substations, as well as costs of operation and maintenance - all as function of wind climate, rotor size, interspatial distance between the turbines and water depth. A main outcome of the study, is that exploiting an area of 180.000 km2, corresponding to about 1/3 of the North Sea, covered with 60.000 20 MW wind turbines, may in average produce electricity corresponding to the consumption of Europe at a price of 6.2 €cents/kWh (in 2020 prices). Furthermore, more energy could actually be captured by installing the wind turbines closer to each other. As an example, doubling the average power by installing more wind turbines on the same area will increase the levelized cost of energy from 6.2 €cent/kWh to 10.1 €cent/kWh. Still, this may be relevant in case of scarcity of suitable sites for a massive exploration.