bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of pulsatile motion with millisecond resolution by MRI
Authors: Souchon Rémi , Gennisson Jean‐Luc , Tanter Mickael , Salomir Rares , Chapelon Jean‐Yves , Rouvière Olivier
Published: September 2011

We investigated a technique based on phase‐contrast cine MRI combined with deconvolution of the phase shift waveforms to measure rapidly varying pulsatile motion waveforms. The technique does not require steady‐state displacement during motion encoding. Simulations and experiments were performed in porcine liver samples in view of a specific application, namely the observation of transient displacements induced by acoustic radiation force. Simulations illustrate the advantages and shortcomings of the methods. For experimental validation, the waveforms were acquired with an ultrafast ultrasound scanner (Supersonic Imagine Aixplorer), and the rates of decay of the waveforms (relaxation time) were compared. With bipolar motion‐encoding gradient of 8.4 ms, the method was able to measure displacement waveforms with a temporal resolution of 1 ms over a time course of 40 ms. Reasonable agreement was found between the rate of decay of the waveforms measured in ultrasound (2.8 ms) and in MRI (2.7–3.3 ms). Magn Reson Med, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Confirmation of the efficacy of vitamin B6 supplementation for McArdle disease by follow‐up muscle biopsy
Authors: Sato Shinya , Ohi Takekazu , Nishino Ichizo , Sugie Hideo
Published: September 2011

No effective treatment for McArdle disease exists.We report a Japanese patient with McArdle disease who was treated with vitamin B6 supplementation (60–90 mg/day). After treatment, increased muscle phosphorylase activity was confirmed by follow‐up muscle biopsy (3.8 times higher than pretreatment levels). Increased lactate levels were seen on the forearm exercise test, and regular work activities could be resumed. Vitamin B6 supplementation can enhance residual phosphorylase activity and improve insufficient anaerobic glycolysis of skeletal muscle. Muscle Nerve, 2012
Spectral methods based on Hermite functions for linear hyperbolic equations
Authors: Aguirre Julián , Rivas Judith
Published: September 2011

We consider the approximation by spectral and pseudo‐spectral methods of the solution of the Cauchy problem for a scalar linear hyperbolic equation in one space dimension posed in the whole real line. To deal with the fact that the domain of the equation is unbounded, we use Hermite functions as orthogonal basis. Under certain conditions on the coefficients of the equation, we prove the spectral convergence rate of the approximate solutions for regular initial data in a weighted space related to the Hermite functions. Numerical evidence of this convergence is also presented. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 2012
What Happened Here? Bone Histology as a Tool in Decoding the Postmortem Histories of Archaeological Bone from Castricum, The Netherlands
Authors: Hollund H. I. , Jans M. M. E. , Collins M. J. , Kars H. , Joosten I. , Kars S. M.
Published: September 2011

It is generally a challenge to interpret incomplete and degraded skeletal assemblages found during archaeological excavations. Several events after the death of animals and humans, before and during burial, will have influenced the situation as seen upon excavation. This postmortem sequence of events can be calledthe taphonomic history of bones. Taphonomic signatures as detected using histology can provide additional data on deposition/burial and the evolution of the burial environment. This article reports on the results of a histological characterisation of diagenetic alterations in a bone assemblage from the Roman period burial and settlement site of Castricum, located in the province of Noord‐Holland in the Netherlands. The aim is to assess the relationship between bone histology and known taphonomic events. Both transmitted light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate histological changes.

In 1995, the excavation at Castricum uncovered the skeletal material of humans and a variety of animal species that had received different burial treatments. The humans, as well as some dogs and cattle, were buried as complete inhumations. The skeletal remains of horses provided evidence of surface exposure before deposition. In addition, both environmental changes (e.g. variations in groundwater levels) and disturbances by later human activity are known to have occurred since the internment of the bones. Together with the animal refuse bones from the site, this assemblage provides an excellent opportunity to investigate the relationship between early taphonomy, burial conditions and histological appearance. The complex taphonomic history of the Castricum skeletal material was found to be reflected in several characteristic alterations of the bone microstructure such as the extent of bioerosion, cracking, staining and inclusions of framboidal pyrite crystals. This allowed for the reconstruction of a postmortem sequence of events. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Taphonomic Analysis of Amphibian and Squamate Remains from El Harhoura 2 (Rabat‐Témara, Morocco): Contributions to Palaeoecological and Archaeological Interpretations
Authors: Stoetzel E. , Denys C. , Bailon S. , El Hajraoui M. A. , Nespoulet R.
Published: September 2011

Amphibian and reptile remains found in archaeological contexts are still poorly studied, especially in North Africa. This article presents the first taphonomic analysis realised on amphibian and squamate remains coming from a North‐African quaternary site. The bones were not transported/sorted by water; they were quickly buried and no significant perturbation occurred within deposits. The main origin of the amphibian and squamate assemblages is predation, although some animals probably died in the cave from natural causes. A comparison with taphonomic data from small mammals of the same cave gave more accurate taphonomic and reliable palaeoecological interpretation of the site. This study also highlights the numerous problems of interpretation linked to the lack of taphonomic referentials based on predator pellets/scats and on weathering/burying experiments in North Africa. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The rate of polymerization in two loci reaction systems: VDF‐HFP precipitation copolymerization in supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Costa Liborio I. , Storti Giuseppe , Morbidelli Massimo , Galia Alessandro , Filardo Giuseppe
Published: September 2011

When the copolymerization of vinylidene fluoride (VDF) and hexafluoropropylene (HFP) is carried out in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) under heterogeneous conditions, the reaction occurs both in the continuous CO2‐rich phase and in the dispersed polymer‐rich phase. The two phases being characterized by different values of reactant concentrations and kinetic parameters, one would expect that the reaction kinetics is affected by the polymer phase holdup in the reactor. However, the reaction rate is almost insensitive to the amount of produced polymer, at least at specific reaction conditions. This apparent contradiction is discussed and clarified in this paper by a series of comparative simulations carried out using different models, accounting for the reaction in one single phase (one‐locus) or in two phases (two‐loci). This analysis provides general procedures which can be used to design experimental investigations able to identify the number of reaction loci for a given heterogeneous polymerization system. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Optimizing performances of photovoltaics in Reunion Island—tilt angle
Authors: Bojić Milorad , Bigot Dimitri , Miranville Frederic , Parvedy‐Patou Alexandre , Radulović Jasna
Published: September 2011

As in Reunion Island, France, around 61% of electricity is produced by using coal and fuel oil with high greenhouse emissions, it is beneficial to the environment to produce electricity from solar energy. Therefore, there is a large push to generate electricity from solar energy by use of photovoltaic (PV) arrays. However, it is important to have high efficiency of electricity generation, that is, to locate PV arrays in an optimal direction. The investigated PV systems may take 1, 2, 4, and 12 tilts per year. For the PV arrays facing the north–south direction, this paper reports investigations of their optimum tilts and the maximum amounts of generated electricity. The investigated PV arrays are located in the towns of Saint‐Benoit, Les Avirons, Piton Saint‐Leu, and Petite‐France in Reunion Island. To obtain optimal tilt of the PV arrays for electricity production from solar energy, EnergyPlus software and GenOpt software are used with Hooke–Jeeves optimization routine. For the investigated PV arrays, the percentage gains in energy, exergy, avoided fossil energy, and the percentage decrease in CO2 emission are around 5% when compared with that of the PV array that takes only one optimum tilt per year. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteomic analysis of oligodendrogliomas expressing a mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase‐1
Authors: Thirant Cécile , Varlet Pascale , Lipecka Joanna , Le Gall Morgane , Broussard Cédric , Chafey Philippe , Studler Jeanne‐Marie , Lacombe Joelle , Lions Séverin , Guillaudeau Angélique , Camoin Luc , Daumas‐Duport Catherine , Junier Marie‐Pierre , Chneiweiss Hervé
Published: September 2011

Gliomas are primary tumors of the human central nervous system with unknown mechanisms of progression. Isocitrate dehydrogenase‐1 (IDH1) mutation is frequent in diffuse gliomas such as oligodendrogliomas. To gain insights into the physiopathology of oligodendrogliomas that have a better prognosis than other diffuse gliomas, we combined microdissection, 2‐D DIGE and MS/MS focusing on proteome alterations associated with IDH1 mutation. We first compared tumor tissues (TT) and minimally infiltrated parenchymal tissues (MIT) of four IDH1‐mutated oligodendrogliomas to verify whether proteins specific to oligodendroglioma tumor cells could be identified from one patient to another. This study resulted in identification of 68 differentially expressed proteins, with functions related to growth of tumor cells in a nervous parenchyma. We then looked for proteins distinctly expressed in TT harboring either mutant (oligodendrogliomas, n=4) or wild‐type IDH1 (oligodendroglial component of malignant glio‐neuronal tumors, n=4). This second analysis resulted in identification of distinct proteome patterns composed of 42 proteins. Oligodendrogliomas with a mutant IDH1 had noteworthy enhanced expression of enzymes controlling aerobic glycolysis and detoxification, and anti‐apoptosis proteins. In addition, the mutant IDH1 migrated differently from the wild‐type IDH1 form. Comparative proteomic analysis might thus be suitable to identify proteome alterations associated with a well‐defined mutation.
UniCarbKB: Putting the pieces together for glycomics research
Authors: Campbell Matthew P. , Hayes Catherine A. , Struwe Weston B. , Wilkins Marc R. , Aoki‐Kinoshita Kiyoko F. , Harvey David J. , Rudd Pauline M. , Kolarich Daniel , Lisacek Frederique , Karlsson Niclas G. , Packer Nicolle H.
Published: September 2011

Despite the success of several international initiatives the glycosciences still lack a managed infrastructure that contributes to the advancement of research through the provision of comprehensive structural and experimental glycan data collections. UniCarbKB is an initiative that aims to promote the creation of an online information storage and search platform for glycomics and glycobiology research. The knowledgebase will offer a freely accessible and information‐rich resource supported by querying interfaces, annotation technologies and the adoption of common standards to integrate structural, experimental and functional data. The UniCarbKB framework endeavors to support the growth of glycobioinformatics and the dissemination of knowledge through the provision of an open and unified portal to encourage the sharing of data. In order to achieve this, the framework is committed to the development of tools and procedures that support data annotation, and expanding interoperability through cross‐referencing of existing databases. Database URL: http://www.unicarbkb.org.
Magnetization and electronic structure of polycrystalline La1‐xCax MnO3 (x =0.19, 0.17)
Authors: Zhang Hongguang , Li Yongtao , Chen Lingshan , Liu Hao , Chen Yuanyuan , Chen Kai , Dong Xueguang , Li Qi
Published: September 2011

Magnetization and electronic states of polycrystalline La1‐xCax MnO3 (LCMO, x = 0.19, 0.17) were studied in order to further understand the nature of Griffiths phase in LCMO. The results of hysteresis loop and x‐ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of Mn 2p demonstrated the intrinsic inhomogeneity and competition between coexisted phases of paramagnetic phase and ferromagnetic phase caused by mixed valence states of Mn3+ and Mn4+. The valence band spectra (VBS) of samples indicated that there is high degree of hybridization of egstates and O 2p orbital. Combined with the local structure change of crystal lattice, the higher degree of hybridization of these orbitals may play an important part on the physical properties, like Griffiths phase, in prepared samples (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Study of nanocluster‐assembled ZnO thin films by nanocluster‐beam deposition
Authors: Zhao Zhiwei , Lei Wei , Zhang Xiaobing , Tay Beng Kang
Published: September 2011

Nanocluster‐assembled ZnO thin films were obtained by nanocluster‐beam deposition, in which nanoclusters were produced by a magnetron sputtering gas aggregation source. Two kinds of ZnO thin films were obtained using this method with the one grown under the on‐line heating temperature of 700 °C, and the other grown without on‐line heating. Film microstructure and optical properties are investigated by various diagnostic techniques. It was found that both of film microstructure of ZnO thin films keep wurtzite structure as that of ZnO bulk materials. The averaged particle size for the film grown without on‐line heating is around 6 nm, which is a little lower than that grown with the on‐line heating. It was also found that as increasing the wavelength, both of the absorbance spectra for the films decrease sharply near ultra‐visible to extend slowly to the visible and infrared wavelength range. For the film grown without on‐line heating, the bandgap energy was estimated to 3.77 eV, while for the film grown with on‐line heating, the bandgap energy was redshift to 3.71 eV. Similar behavior was also found for PL spectra analysis, where PL spectrum exhibited a peak centered at 3.31 eV without on‐line heating, while it redshift to 3.20 eV with on‐line heating. The mechanisms behind these behaviors were presented in this article. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cost and Waste Comparison of Reusable and Disposable Shipping Containers for Cut Flowers
Authors: Menesatti Paolo , Canali Emiliano , Sperandio Giulio , Burchi Gianluca , Devlin Ger , Costa Corrado
Published: September 2011

Logistics is a fundamental component of the post‐harvest processes, especially in the floricultural sector where the products have to be marketed in short times after the cutting because of their fragility. In the previous years, new approaches to efficiently manage the logistical function and to reduce costs and environmental impacts have been consolidated. In this paper, the investments for two different containers for flower transportation, one disposable and one reusable, are compared, considering a specific supply chain located in central Italy. All data were provided by stakeholders. These were divided into four groups: purchasing, administration, logistical and disposal costs. For the reusable containers, a reverse logistical system, to collect the return components, was hypothesised by using the network analysis tool of the geographic information system (GIS). Results show that the use of a reusable system, which assures a production with less waste and less environmental pressures, is also economically advantageous. Reusable containers involve an initial investment but became cheaper from the second year of the investment and also remained convenient, considering all the costs related to the return collection of the items. Reusable system permits a financial advantage of approximately 140 k€ in total and 21 k€ for each year, considering all the nine years of analysis. Logistics is responsible of the great contribution of total cost in both the reusable and the disposable container (88% and 76%), probably because of the high fragmentation in the delivery service to sale points. Reverse logistics represents the 17% of the reusable container total costs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ab initio electron propagator calculations on electron detachment energies of nickel phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate tetraanions
Authors: Dolgounitcheva Olga , Zakrzewski V. G. , Ortiz J. V.
Published: September 2011

Vertical electron detachment energies of nickel phthalocyanine tetrasulfonate tetraanion (NiPcTSTA) isomers were obtained with ab initio electron propagator methods. Quasiparticle, outer valence Green's function (OVGF), and partial third‐order approximations were applied to the most stable C4h, all‐δ isomer of NiPcTSTA. Basis set influence on the detachment energies was studied on the most symmetric, D2h, all‐δ structure. Nondiagonal, renormalized methods were applied, as well. The OVGF method provided negative binding energy for the highest occupied level in excellent agreement with the experimental findings. Strong correlation effects are revealed for all low‐lying π cationic states. These results were compared with those obtained with the same methods for the parent Ni phthalocyanine molecule. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
Power and sample size evaluation for the Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel mean score (Wilcoxon rank sum) test and the Cochran–Armitage test for trend
Authors: Lachin John M.
Published: September 2011

The power of a chi‐square test, and thus the required sample size, are a function of the noncentrality parameter that can be obtained as the limiting expectation of the test statistic under an alternative hypothesis specification. Herein, we apply this principle to derive simple expressions for two tests that are commonly applied to discrete ordinal data.

The Wilcoxon rank sum test for the equality of distributions in two groups is algebraically equivalent to the Mann–Whitney test. The Kruskal–Wallis test applies to multiple groups. These tests are equivalent to a Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel mean score test using rank scores for a set of C‐discrete categories. Although various authors have assessed the power function of the Wilcoxon and Mann–Whitney tests, herein it is shown that the power of these tests with discrete observations, that is, with tied ranks, is readily provided by the power function of the corresponding Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel mean scores test for two and R > 2 groups. These expressions yield results virtually identical to those derived previously for rank scores and also apply to other score functions.

The Cochran–Armitage test for trend assesses whether there is an monotonically increasing or decreasing trend in the proportions with a positive outcome or response over the C‐ordered categories of an ordinal independent variable, for example, dose. Herein, it is shown that the power of the test is a function of the slope of the response probabilities over the ordinal scores assigned to the groups that yields simple expressions for the power of the test. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A General Synthetic Approach for Obtaining Cationic and Anionic Inorganic Nanoparticles via Encapsulation in Amphiphilic Copolymers
Authors: Geidel C. , Schmachtel S. , Riedinger A. , Pfeiffer C. , Müllen K. , Klapper M. , Parak W. J.
Published: September 2011

A series of amphiphilic copolymers with variable charge densities on their backbone is synthesized. Positively charged N,N,N‐trimethylammonium‐2‐ethyl methacrylate iodide or negatively charged 2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethylphosphonic acid and lauryl methacrylate are used as building blocks. When wrapped around hydrophobically capped inorganic nanoparticles (NPs), the latter are able to disperse in aqueous solutions. Using this method, positively as well as negatively charged colloidal NPs can be synthesized in a reliable way. The method presented herein allows the charge on the NPs to be adjusted to different negative and positive values by using polymers with a variable ratio of charged monomers and lauryl methacrylate. Virtually all kinds of hydrophobic inorganic NPs could be coated with these amphiphilic polymers. The coating procedure is demonstrated for Au particles as well as for CdSe/ZnS quantum dots. To date, wrapping amphiphilic polymers around NPs has led only to anionic NPs. The polymers synthesized in this work allow for positively charged NPs with a high colloidal stability.
Reynolds number dependence of turbulence statistics in the wake of wind turbines
Authors: Chamorro Leonardo P. , Arndt R.E.A , Sotiropoulos F.
Published: September 2011

A wind tunnel experiment has been performed to quantify the Reynolds number dependence of turbulence statistics in the wake of a model wind turbine. A wind turbine was placed in a boundary layer flow developed over a smooth surface under thermally neutral conditions. Experiments considered Reynolds numbers on the basis of the turbine rotor diameter and the velocity at hub height, ranging fromRe = 1.66 × 104to 1.73 × 105. Results suggest that main flow statistics (mean velocity, turbulence intensity, kinematic shear stress and velocity skewness) become independent of Reynolds number starting fromRe ≈ 9.3 × 104. In general, stronger Reynolds number dependence was observed in the near wake region where the flow is strongly affected by the aerodynamics of the wind turbine blades. In contrast, in the far wake region, where the boundary layer flow starts to modulate the dynamics of the wake, main statistics showed weak Reynolds dependence.

These results will allow us to extrapolate wind tunnel and computational fluid dynamic simulations, which often are conducted at lower Reynolds numbers, to full‐scale conditions. In particular, these findings motivates us to improve existing parameterizations for wind turbine wakes (e.g. velocity deficit, wake expansion, turbulence intensity) under neutral conditions and the predictive capabilities of atmospheric large eddy simulation models. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional stereoscopic plots
Authors: Symanzik Jürgen
Published: September 2011

Three‐dimensional (3‐d) stereoscopic plots allow human viewers to interpret printed plots, plots shown on a computer screen, or plots projected to a wall as realistic 3‐d images. Our human perception of depth, that is, the third dimension, works because of the fact that each of our eyes sees a slightly different image. When these images are combined in the human brain, we interpret the result as a third dimension that represents depth or distance. In 3‐d stereoscopic plots, two slightly different images are created and are presented to the two eyes of the viewer. When done well, a realistic 3‐d image is created in our brain. Various techniques exist to create and present the two different images to the human viewer. In this article, we will focus on techniques that have been used extensively in the field of statistics, that is, freeviewing of side‐by‐side images and anaglyphs. Additional techniques exist and will be presented in the context of Virtual Reality (VR) and CAVE environments.WIREs Comp Stat2011 3 483–496 DOI: 10.1002/wics.189

This article is categorized under:

Algorithms and Computational Methods > Computer Graphics

Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Exploratory Data Analysis

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Statistical Graphics and Visualization
The biological basis of mental illness
Authors: Dincin Jerry
Published: September 2011

Belief in the biological roots of mental illness will govern some of what we do in a psychiatric rehabilitation program.
The best approach to safely is to fix schools and support children and staff
Authors: Osher David M. , Sandler Susan , Nelson Cameron Lynn
Published: September 2011

It is possible to create schools that are humane, caring places where discipline issues are minimized.
How schools can do better: Fostering stronger connections between teachers and students
Authors: Pianta Robert C. , Stuhlman Megan W. , Hamre Bridget K.
Published: September 2011

Teachers are a centrally important yet often overlooked resource in the lives of youth. Teacher‐student relationships, when properly harnessed, may emulate mentoring at its best. This chapter explores the teacher‐student relationship and examines ways in which it can be enhanced to the benefit of youth and adults.
Reactions of the Tetraalkyldigallium Compound R2Ga–GaR2 [R = CH(SiMe3)2] with Acidic Reagents, Retention vs. Cleavage of the Ga–Ga Bond and Formation of Supramolecular Aggregates via Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Uhl Werner , Voß Matthias , Hepp Alexander
Published: September 2011

Treatment of the tetraalkyldigallium compound R2Ga–GaR2 [1, R = CH(SiMe3)2] with two equivalents of carboxylic acid hydrazides (4‐trifluormethylbenzhydrazide, 2‐fuoric acid hydrazide and 2‐chlor‐6‐hydrazineisonicotinic acid hydrazide) afforded new digallium species by the release of CH2(SiMe3)2. The intact Ga–Ga bonds of the products (2 to 4) are terminally coordinated by two chelating hydrazide ligands via NH2 groups and the carbonyl oxygen atoms. Interesting supramolecular aggregates are formed in the solid state, which contain dimeric formula units of the digallium species connected via a complex system of hydrogen bonds. Two ether molecules are additionally coordinated to terminal N–H functions. Phenylphosphinic acid and 1 gave the analogous substituent replacement reaction with the formation of a dimeric tetragallium compound (5). Its two Ga–Ga bonds are in a perpendicular arrangement with four phosphinate ligands in the bridging positions. Oxidation of the gallium atoms and insertion of an N=N double bond into the Ga–Ga bond was observed upon treatment of 1 with azodicarbonamide.
The cytochrome f–plastocyanin complex as a model to study transient interactions between redox proteins
Authors: Cruz-Gallardo Isabel , Díaz-Moreno Irene , Díaz-Quintana Antonio , De la Rosa Miguel A.
Published: September 2011

Transient complexes, with a lifetime ranging between microseconds and seconds, are essential for biochemical reactions requiring a fast turnover. That is the case of the interactions between proteins engaged in electron transfer reactions, which are involved in relevant physiological processes such as respiration and photosynthesis. In the latter, the copper protein plastocyanin acts as a soluble carrier transferring electrons between the two membrane‐embedded complexes cytochrome and photosystem I. Here we review the combination of experimental efforts in the literature to unveil the functional and structural features of the complex between cytochrome f and plastocyanin, which have widely been used as a suitable model for analyzing transient redox interactions.
Locally Invasive Lymphangiosarcoma in a Young Domestic Shorthair
Authors: Jackson Dorothy E , Berent Linda M , Cohn Leah A , Senter David A
Published: September 2011

A 2-year-old, female spayed, domestic shorthair cat presented to the University of Missouri-Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital (UMC-VMTH) with an approximately 11-month history of fluid-draining pockets along her ventral thorax and axillae. The skin in these regions was erythematous, and multiple areas drained a serous to serosanguinous fluid. Fluid-filled, nodules formed along the ventrum, but these nodules disappeared as fluid drained spontaneously. Histologic assessment of skin biopsies revealed areas of vascular proliferation extending along the deep margin of the section and rare instances of invasion into the superficial dermis. These vascular channels were devoid of cells, lined by variably pleomorphic endothelial cells which had a low mitotic index. Based on the mild to moderate pleomorphism, positive staining with prospero-related homeobox gene-1 (PROX-1), and the locally aggressive nature of the tumor, a final diagnosis of lymphangiosarcoma was made.
Evaluation of Medetomidine, Ketamine and Buprenorphine for Neutering Feral Cats
Authors: Harrison Kelly A , Robertson Sheilah A , Levy Julie K , Isaza Natalie M
Published: September 2011

A combination of medetomidine (M, 100 μg/kg), ketamine (K, 10 mg/kg) and buprenorphine (B, 10 μg/kg), administered by intramuscular injection, was evaluated for spaying and castration (neutering) of feral cats ( n = 101). Eleven animals (11%) required supplemental anesthesia (isoflurane by mask) to maintain an adequate plane of surgical anesthesia. Atipamezole (A, 125 μg/kg) was administered subcutaneously at the completion of surgery. All cats recovered from surgery and were released the following day. A hemoglobin saturation (SpO2) value of <95% was recorded at least once during anesthesia in all cats. This MKB combination can be used in a feral cat sterilization clinic, but isoflurane supplementation may be necessary. Further research is indicated to determine the clinical significance of the low SpO2 values associated with this anesthetic regimen.
Development of an Injection Site Sarcoma Shortly after Meloxicam Injection in an Unvaccinated Cat
Authors: Munday John S , Banyay Katalin , Aberdein Danielle , French Adrienne F
Published: September 2011

Asingle dose of a rapidly-absorbed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) was injected into the subcutaneous tissue of the interscapular region of a 12.5-year-old cat. A mild swelling was noticed at the injection site 6 weeks later. This progressed into a 5 cm diameter mass which was removed 6 months after the injection had been given. An injection site sarcoma (ISS) was diagnosed histologically. As the cat had not been vaccinated for at least 12 years, the previous NSAID injection was considered to be a possible cause of the ISS. Inflammation is thought to be important in the development of ISS. If injection of a rapidly-absorbed NSAID can stimulate sufficient inflammation to promote the development of an ISS, other non-vaccine injections may also have the potential to influence ISS development. This suggests that injection of both vaccines and non-vaccine medications should be minimised to reduce the risk of ISS development.
Calcareous dinoflagellate cysts from the Pleistocene (Marine Isotope Stage 31) of the Ross Sea, Antarctica
Authors: Streng Michael , Esper Oliver , Wollenburg Jutta
Published: September 2011

Following a report of supposed fragments of calcareous dinoflagellate cysts from a Pleistocene drill core (CRP-1) recovered in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, sediments of the same core were re-investigated for their microfossil content. Besides common foraminifera and other microfossils, rare complete cysts of calcareous dinoflagellates were found. All cysts belong to the speciesCaracomia arctica(Gilbert & Clark, 1983) Streng, Hildebrand-Habel & Willems, 2002, a taxon characteristic of late Neogene high latitude, coldwater environments. Two morphotypes can be distinguished,C. arcticaf.arcticaandC. arcticaf.rossensis, of which the latter is described as a new form. The presence ofC. arcticastrengthens diatom-based palaeoenvironmental reconstructions of periodical sea ice-free conditions at the time of deposition. Accordingly, cysts ofC. arcticaare interpreted as resting cysts that allow survival during harsh intervals of the high latitude environment. Previously reported calcareous dinoflagellates cyst fragments from these sediments are re-interpreted as test fragments of bilamellar foraminifera, which represent the most common group of foraminifers in the sediments.
ExO: An Ontology for Exposure Science
Authors: Mattingly Carolyn , McKone Thomas , Callahan Michael , Blake Judith , Cohen Hubal Elaine
Published: September 2011

An ontology is a formal representation of knowledge within a domain and typically consists of classes, the properties of those classes, and the relationships between them. Ontologies are critically important for specifying data of interest in a consistent manner, thereby enabling data aggregation, analysis and exchange. An exposure ontology, consistent with those being used in toxicology and other health sciences, is required to formally represent exposure concepts, the relationships between these concepts and most important, the relationships between exposure, susceptibility, and toxicology information. A successful exposure ontology must facilitate the semantic retrieval of exposure data in the context of environmental health science, medical surveillance, disease control, health tracking, risk assessment, and other public health and environmental science endeavors. To address this need, an Exposure Ontology, ExO, was designed and a prototype developed to provide the foundation for exposure data centralization and integration. The root classes forming the basis for the ontology are 'exposure event’ ‘exposure stressor', 'exposure receptor', and 'exposure outcome'. Although the initial development of ExO was focused on human exposure to chemicals, the ultimate intent is to provide domains that can be extended to address exposures to the full suite of environmental stressors.
Aldehyde stress and up-regulation of Nrf2-mediated antioxidant systems accompany functional adaptations in cardiac mitochondria from mice fed n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Anderson Ethan J. , Thayne Kathleen , Harris Mitchel , Carraway Kristen , Shaikh Saame Raza
Published: September 2011

Diets replete with n−3 PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) are known to have therapeutic potential for the heart, although a specifically defined duration of the n−3 PUFA diet required to achieve these effects remains unknown, as does their mechanism of action. The present study was undertaken to establish whether adaptations in mitochondrial function and stress tolerance in the heart is evident following short- (3 weeks) and long- (14 weeks) term dietary intervention of n−3 PUFAs, and to identify novel mechanisms by which these adaptations occur. Mitochondrial respiration [mO2 (mitochondrial O2)], H2O2 emission [mH2O2 (mitochondrial H2O2)] and Ca2+-retention capacity [mCa2+ (mitochondrial Ca2+)] were assessed in mouse hearts following dietary intervention. Mice fed n−3 PUFAs for 14 weeks showed significantly lower mH2O2 and greater mCa2+ compared with all other groups. However, no significant differences were observed after 3 weeks of the n−3 PUFA diet, or in mice fed on an HFC (high-fat control) diet enriched with vegetable shortening, containing almost no n−3 PUFAs, for 14 weeks. Interestingly, expression and activity of key enzymes involved in antioxidant and phase II detoxification pathways, all mediated by Nrf2 (nuclear factor E2-related factor 2), were elevated in hearts from mice fed the n−3 PUFA diet, but not hearts from mice fed the HFC diet, even at 3 weeks. This increase in antioxidant systems in hearts from mice fed the n−3 PUFA diet was paralleled by increased levels of 4-hydroxyhexenal protein adducts, an aldehyde formed from peroxidation of n−3 PUFAs. The findings of the present study demonstrate distinct time-dependent effects of n−3 PUFAs on mitochondrial function and antioxidant response systems in the heart. In addition, they are the first to provide direct evidence that non-enzymatic oxidation products of n−3 PUFAs may be driving mitochondrial and redox-mediated adaptations, thereby revealing a novel mechanism for n−3 PUFA action in the heart.
Transport mechanism of MeV protons in tapered glass capillaries
Authors: Hasegawa Jun , Jaiyen Sarawut , Polee Chalermpong , Chankow Nares , Oguri Yoshiyuki
Published: September 2011

To investigate the transport mechanism of MeV protons in tapered glass capillaries, spatially resolved energy spectra were measured for proton microbeams focused by 20-μm-outlet capillaries having various taper angles. Three-dimensional Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were also performed to support the experiments and trace each particle in the capillary in more detail. The dependence of the proton energy distribution on the outgoing angle proved that the capillary-focused proton beam consists of two different components, protons traveling straight through the capillary without colliding with the capillary wall and protons scattered by the capillary inner wall. Moreover, the focusing effect of the tapered glass capillary was found to be mainly due to the scattered beam component. The MC simulations well reproduced the experimental results and showed that beam focusing ratios of 1.6–2.4 are possible with capillaries having a convex inner wall. The flight distance of the scattered proton in the capillary glass body was found to play an important role in determining transport efficiency of the protons through the capillary.
Oxygen tracer diffusion in donor doped barium titanate
Authors: Frömling T. , Hou J. , Preis W. , Sitte W. , Hutter H. , Fleig J.
Published: September 2011

Oxygen exchange with the ambient atmosphere and oxygen diffusion are assumed to play a decisive role in the re-oxidation process of positive temperature coefficient (PTC) resistors based on donor doped barium titanate. 18O tracer experiments with subsequent time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) measurements were thus carried out to investigate the oxygen diffusion properties of donor doped barium titanate. Fast grain boundary diffusion was found at temperatures between 750 °C and 900 °C. Moreover, evidence is given for a position dependent diffusion coefficient close to the surface. The secondary phase developing during the production process is shown to be Ti-rich and hardly any oxygen tracer exchange with this secondary phase could be observed. This suggests that grain boundary diffusion does not take place via such secondary phases. Rather, evidence of diffusion along an oxygen vacancy enriched space charge region is found.
Magnetostatic interaction mechanisms in a two-dimensional composite magnet
Authors: Sievers Sibylle , Schnittger Sven , Norpoth Jonas , Hu Xiukun , Siegner Uwe , Schumacher Hans Werner , Jooss Christian
Published: September 2011

The magnetization structure and the mechanisms of magnetic interaction in an artificial two-phase magnet are analyzed with magnetic force microscopy and magnetooptics. A model system built up of arrays of hard magnetic CoPt squares (5 μm edge length) embedded in a soft magnetic permalloy matrix is investigated. Special emphasis is put on the characterization of the matrix magnetization and on the interaction between the matrix and the CoPt squares. Different effects on different length scales are observed. At large distances to the hard magnetic dots, the magnetization of the matrix relaxes and is dominated by the characteristic pattern of an antidot array. The stability of this pattern with respect to magnetic fields and its dependence on the magnetic history of the system is analyzed. Nearby the dots, the magnetostatic coupling between the matrix and the CoPt induces a fine scale modulation of the magnetization of the matrix. At inter-dot distances up to 1 μm, the dot matrix interaction is prevalent and the matrix contributes essentially to the dot-dot interaction. We have studied the characteristics of this modulation, particularly considering their decay length and the interaction transfer mediated by the modulation.
Note: Two-dimensional resistivity mapping method for characterization of thin films and nanomaterials
Authors: Han Jin-Woo , Kim Beomseok , Park Yun Chang , Meyyappan M.
Published: September 2011

A two-dimensional resistivity mapping method is presented as an analysis tool for thin films. The spatial distribution of resistivity in the interior of the film is reconstructed with the data measured on its periphery. A square window with four electrodes on each side is fabricated as the test vehicle. While the current is applied to one electrode, the potentials on the other electrodes are monitored and an iterative method generates the resistivity map. The technique is demonstrated by measurements on a homogeneous organic PEDOT:PSS film and an inhomogeneous ZnO nanoparticle coating.
Tritium plasma experiment: Parameters and potentials for fusion plasma-wall interaction studies
Authors: Shimada Masashi , Kolasinski Robert D. , Sharpe J. Phillip , Causey Rion A.
Published: September 2011

The tritium plasma experiment (TPE) is a unique facility devoted to experiments on the behavior of deuterium/tritium in toxic (e.g., beryllium) and radioactive materials for fusion plasma-wall interaction studies. A Langmuir probe was added to the system to characterize the plasma conditions in TPE. With this new diagnostic, we found the achievable electron temperature ranged from 5.0 to 10.0 eV, the electron density varied from 5.0 × 1016 to 2.5 × 1018 m−3, and the ion flux density varied between 5.0 × 1020 to 2.5 × 1022 m−2 s−1 along the centerline of the plasma. A comparison of these plasma parameters with the conditions expected for the plasma facing components (PFCs) in ITER shows that TPE is capable of achieving most (∼800 m2 of 850 m2 total PFCs area) of the expected ion flux density and electron density conditions.
Thermoelectric temperature control device for vapor pressure measurements
Authors: Berg Robert F.
Published: September 2011

The static method of measuring equilibrium vapor pressure requires locating the sample at the coldest part of the apparatus to avoid errors due to evaporation and recondensation elsewhere. This paper describes a device that can hold the sample 1 K below the temperature of the surrounding air without a liquid bath. It comprises a pair of thermoelectric elements and two thermometers attached to an insulated aluminum block. The device can operate as high as 200 °C while controlling the sample with a precision of 0.02 K; below 110 °C, the precision is 2 mK. Also described is a method to measure the small temperature offset due to heat flow between the sample and the surrounding aluminum block. The uncertainty due to the offset is small compared to the 6 mK uncertainty due to the thermometer.
Carbonyl vibrational wave packet circulation in Mn2(CO)10 driven by ultrashort polarized laser pulses
Authors: Abdel-Latif Mahmoud K. , Kühn Oliver
Published: September 2011

The excitation of the degenerate E1 carbonyl stretching vibrations in dimanganese decacarbonyl is shown to trigger wave packet circulation in the subspace of these two modes. On the time scale of about 5 ps, intramolecular anharmonic couplings do not cause appreciable disturbance, even under conditions where the two E1 modes are excited by up to about two vibrational quanta each. The compactness of the circulating wave packet is shown to depend strongly on the excitation conditions, such as pulse duration and field strength. Numerical results for the solution of the seven-dimensional vibrational Schrödinger equation are obtained for a density functional theory based potential energy surface and using the multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree method.
A broadband and tunable MMW–THz quasi-optical cavity
Authors: Shenggang Liu , Ya-Xin Zhang , Yong Yin
Published: September 2011

Based on the Fabry–Perot cavity, a broadband and tunable cavity is presented and investigated theoretically and experimentally. The results show that the cavity can work in the millimetre wave (MMW)–THz frequency regime. The experimental Q value is up to about 6000 at 37.5 GHz and higher than 800 at 2.54 THz. The resonant frequency of the cavity can be tuned by adjusting the distance between two mirrors, and it is capable of working at a high power. So this quasi-optical cavity may have very good potential applications in MMW–THz science and technology.
L–H transition studies on DIII-D to determine H-mode access for operational scenarios in ITER
Authors: Gohil P. , Evans T.E. , Fenstermacher M.E. , Ferron J.R. , Osborne T.H. , Park J.M. , Schmitz O. , Scoville J.T. , Unterberg E.A.
Published: September 2011

A comprehensive set of L–H transition experiments has been performed on DIII-D to determine the requirements for access to H-mode plasmas in ITER's first (non-nuclear) operational phase with H and He plasmas and the second (activated) operational phase with D plasmas. The H-mode power threshold, P
TH, was evaluated for different operational configurations and auxiliary heating methods for the different main ion species. Helium plasmas have significantly higher P
TH than deuterium plasmas at low densities for all heating schemes, but similar P
TH as deuterium plasmas at high densities except for H-neutral beam injection-heated discharges, which are still higher. Changes in P
TH are observed when helium concentration levels in deuterium plasmas exceed 40%. There is a strong dependence of P
TH on the magnetic geometry in the vicinity of the divertor. The trend of decreasing P
TH with decreasing X-point height is observed for all of the main ion species irrespective of the heating method, which appears to indicate that there is a common physics process behind this effect for all of the ion species. Helium and deuterium plasmas exhibit a significant increase in P
TH for strong resonant magnetic perturbations. The application of a local magnetic ripple of 3% from test blanket module mock-up coils did not change P
TH in deuterium plasmas.
Effect of He on D retention in W exposed to low-energy, high-fluence (D, He, Ar) mixture plasmas
Authors: Baldwin M.J. , Doerner R.P. , Wampler W.R. , Nishijima D. , Lynch T. , Miyamoto M.
Published: September 2011

W targets are exposed at fixed temperature in the range ∼420–1100 K, to either pure D2, D2–δHe (0.1 < δ < 0.25), or D2–δHe–γAr (γ = 0.03) mixture plasma, or He pretreatment plasma followed by exposure to D2 plasma. A strong reduction in D retention is found for exposure temperature above 450 K and incident He-ion fluence exceeding ∼1024 m−2. Reduced D retention values lie well below that measured on D2 plasma-exposed reference targets, and the scatter in retention values reported in the literature. A small level of Ar admixture to D2–0.1He plasma, leading to an Ar ion density fraction of ∼3%, is found to have minimal effect on the D inventory reduction caused by He. In targets with reduced inventory, nuclear-reaction analysis reveals shallow D trapping (<50 nm), in the same locale as nanometre-sized bubbles observed using transmission electron microscopy. It is suggested that near-surface bubbles grow and interconnect, forming pathways leading back to the plasma–material interaction surface, thereby interrupting transport to the bulk and reducing D retention.
Magnetic confinement experiments: stability (EX/S), wave–plasma interactions, current drive, heating, energetic particles (EX/W), plasma–material interactions, divertors, limiters, SOL (EX/D)
Authors: Jacquinot J.
Published: September 2011

This summary is based on 155 papers presented at FEC 2010 in Daejeon. It deals with a wide range of aspects of magnetic confinement experiments covering inter alia: stability, wave–plasma interactions, current drive, heating, energetic particles, plasma–material interactions, divertors, limiters and SOL aspects. Whenever possible, findings and new understanding have been organized and regrouped by issues. Particular attention has been given to issues in the critical path of ITER construction. The fusion scientific community has focused on these issues in a sticking manner.
23rd IAEA Fusion Energy Conference: summary of sessions EX/C and ICC
Authors: Hawryluk R.J.
Published: September 2011

An overview is given of recent experimental results in the areas of innovative confinement concepts, operational scenarios and confinement experiments as presented at the 2010 IAEA Fusion Energy Conference. Important new findings are presented from fusion devices worldwide, with a strong focus towards the scientific and technical issues associated with ITER and W7-X devices, presently under construction.