bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quasi one‐dimensional chains and exciton–phonon interactions in TiSe2
Authors: van Wezel J. , Nahai‐Williamson P. , Saxena S.S.
Published: February 2010

In charge ordered materials such as the transition metal dichalcogenides, in which the lattice modes are strongly coupled to the charges, the critical fluctuations surrounding a quantum critical point will consist of slow charge modulations as well as soft phonons. The presence of both these types of fluctuations offers an excellent opportunity for novel phases and unconventional forms of supercondictivity to arise. One such material, TiSe2, has been found to superconduct upon intercalation of copper [Morosan et al., Nature Phys. 2, 544 (2006)], with a concomitant suppression of CDW order. The transition is driven by an imbalance of charge carriers, leading to conventional superconductivity. Very recently however, Kusmartseva et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 236401 (2009)] also discovered superconductivity in the pure system under pressure. This finding cannot be explained solely by the an imbalance of charge carriers and hints at the possibility of exciton‐mediated superconductivity made manifest in a clean experimental system. Here we analyze the electronic structure of TiSe2 using a tight binding model to fit its band structure. The resulting values found for the various overlap integrals in this material strongly suggest that TiSe2 is best viewed as a system of weakly linked one‐dimensional chains. We argue that in these chains excitons and Jahn–Teller phonons will strongly interact, and that it is therefore likely that both the charge density wave transition and the superconductivity which arises upon suppression of the CDW phase are driven by excitonic as well as phononic modes.
Quantum criticality in CePt1−xNix due to hydrostatic and chemical pressure
Authors: Bagrets Nadezda , Fritsch Veronika , Grube Kai , Löhneysen Hilbert v.
Published: February 2010

We have investigated the possibility of tuning ferromagnetic CePt1−xNix for $x = 0.85$ and 0.9 to a quantum critical point (QCP) by measuring the magnetization between 2 and 300 K on polycrystals under pressures up to 13 kbar. Thus we constructed a TC–p phase diagram for CePt1−xNix with $x = 0.85$. For the alloy with $x = 0.9$ we show that the ferromagnetic hysteresis loop at 2.5 K is completely suppressed by a hydrostatic pressure of 10.2 kbar. Our findings suggest that Ce(Pt:Ni) can be tuned to the QCP with the application of hydrostatic pressure at considerably lower pressures than pure CePt.
Inhibitory effects of curcumenol on human liver cytochrome P450 enzymes
Authors: Sun Dong‐Xue , Fang Zhong‐Ze , Zhang Yan‐Yan , Cao Yun‐Feng , Yang Ling , Yin Jun
Published: February 2010

Curcumenol, one of the major components of Zedoary turmeric oil, has been widely used to treat cancer and inflammation. As an antibiotic or anticancer drug, curcumenol is highly likely to be used in combination with various synthetic drugs in most cases, thus it is necessary to evaluate potential pharmacokinetic drug‐drug interactions induced by curcumenol. In this study, the inhibitory effects of curcumenol on seven CYP isoforms were investigated, and the results demonstrated that only CYP3A4 was strongly inhibited (IC50 = 12.6 ± 1.3 μM). Kinetic analysis showed the inhibition type was competitive with Ki value of 10.8 μM. Time‐ and NADPH‐dependent inhibitions were also investigated to show curcumenol is not a mechanism‐based inhibitor. Employing these in vitro data and maximum plasma concentration of curcumenol in human predicted from beagle dog's in vivo pharmacokinetic data, the change in AUC of victim drugs was predicted to be 0.4%, which suggested that curcumenol may be safely used without inducing metabolic drug‐drug interaction through P450 inhibition. Nevertheless, due to the limited pharmacokinetic data available for curcumenol in humans, it is still not possible to evaluate its potential clinical effects on human patients from in vitro data. Thus, the magnitude of drug‐drug interaction (DDI) induced by curcumenol warrants further investigation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geomorphic comparison of two Atlantic coastal rivers: Toward an understanding of physical controls on Atlantic salmon habitat
Authors: Wilkins B. C. , Snyder N. P.
Published: February 2010

River channel substrate size and mobility are important to Atlantic salmon spawning and rearing success. We compare morphology and bed sediment between two North American Atlantic coastal streams (Narraguagus River, Maine, USA and Jacquet River, New Brunswick, Canada). The watersheds have similar drainage areas and mean annual precipitation, but differing relief structure, channel longitudinal profiles and numbers of returning salmon. The lower‐relief Narraguagus River is segmented into steeper (gradient >0.002) and flatter reaches (gradient <0.0005). Flat reaches, including mainstem lakes, act as sediment sinks, preventing the continuity of downstream sediment transport. Based on field measurements, the Narraguagus River has a larger high‐flow width to depth ratio than the Jacquet River, but this difference is principally the result of outliers from low‐gradient channel reaches. Measurements of substrate grain size reveal finer river‐bed sediments on the Narraguagus River, however, Shields parameter calculations indicate that bed sediment should be mobile during high flows in both streams. We use the Shields equation to predict grain size based on channel slope, width and drainage area measured from digital elevation models (DEM) and aerial photographs. Predictions of median grain size agree with field measurements within a factor of 2 for 62–70% of the survey stations. We suggest ways that model misfits may provide opportunities to prioritize reach‐based restoration efforts. Based on expected grain size, we estimate 62% spawning and 68% rearing habitat along the length of the Narraguagus River, and 28 and 95% respectively on the Jacquet. Overall, glacial history and relief structure appear to be the first‐order controls on substrate grain size and habitat quality in these two rivers. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mathematical Modelling of Water Sampler Filling
Authors: Zhang Z. , Tilliander A. , Jönsson P. G.
Published: February 2010

Steel samples taken from ladles or tundishes during the steel making process can be of significant importance when monitoring the inclusion size and distribution. In order to preserve the original size and distributions of inclusions in the extracted samples, it is important to avoid their collisions and coagulations inside samplers during filling. Thus, it is necessary to investigate the flow during a sampling process to make sure that this is minimized. In addition, it is important to study the turbulence characteristics, since it is known to influence the inclusion growth. This study presents mathematical modelling of sampler filling using water as a media and experimental results for verification. The study focuses on a lollipop‐shaped sampler since it is one of the most common in the industry. The sampler is filled from an inlet pin located at the bottom centre of the main body. In addition, two different turbulence models, the realizable k‐ε model and Wilcox k‐ω model, were used to study the flow pattern in the sampler. The predictions were compared to experimental results obtained by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements. It was found that the flow field predictions using the Wilcox k‐ω model agreed best with the flow field obtained by PIV measurements. Furthermore, it was illustrated that the Wilcox k‐ω model can be used for predictions of the different flow regions as well as the positions of the centres of vortexes which are located near the free surface. Thus, it is concluded that the Wilcox k‐ω model can be used in the future to predict the filling of steel samplers.
Experimental and Morphological Investigations of the Reduction from Coarse Hematite to Magnetite and Wüstite under Fluidized Bed Conditions
Authors: Weiss B. , Sturn J. , Voglsam S. , Strobl S. , Mali H. , Winter F. , Schenk J.
Published: February 2010

For optimization of iron ore fines reduction processes, fundamental knowledge of the reduction kinetics under industrial operating conditions is required. Reduction tests with coarse hematite iron ore were performed in H2‐rich reduction gas atmospheres of H2, H2O, CO, CO2 and CH4 considering elevated pressures similar to industrial process conditions. The reaction kinetics of the reactions hematite to magnetite, magnetite to wüstite and hematite to wüstite were investigated in a laboratory‐scale pressurized fluidized bed reactor. To facilitate kinetic measurements, the laboratory‐scale fluidized bed reactor is equipped with a sampling system, which allows sampling of the bed material at operating conditions. Process conditions were chosen close to industrial plants in a temperature range from 400 to 700 °C. Significant influence of temperature on the rate of reduction was found in all tests. Variation of reduction gas composition showed no influence on the rate of reduction in the range of concentrations investigated. Results presented herein proved the feasibility of depicting industrial process conditions in laboratory scale. For the reduction of hematite to magnetite and magnetite to wüstite topochemical phase growth were observed. In the single step reduction of hematite to wüstite, magnetite appeared as intermediate product formed by topochemical reaction while progressive conversion of magnetite to wüstite was found.
Simulation of Solidification Microstructure and Columnar to Equiaxed Transition in Free‐cutting Steel 9SMn28 based on a CAFE Method
Authors: Wang J. , Wang F. , Li C. , Zhang J.
Published: February 2010

The solidification microstructure in 9SMn28 free‐cutting steel is simulated by the finite element – cellular automaton (CAFE) method based on the calculation of convection in a casting. The simulation results are consistent with experimental findings; the simulated crystallisation process conforms to the actual situation. The solidification of 9SMn28 alloy is a volume solidification mode under slow cooling condition. The columnar‐to‐equiaxed transition (CET) is also studied in the CAFE model. The mechanism of the CET in the CAFE model is thermal interaction. The CET is not abrupt but occurs gradually, the long columnar grains are first blocked by elongated grains. The grains become more equiaxed as the thermal gradient is decreased with the development of solidification.
Possibility of Selective Oxidation of Vanadium from Iron and Phosphorus in Fe‐V‐P Melt
Authors: Lindvall M. , Rutqvist E. , Ye G. , Björkvall J. , Sichen Du
Published: February 2010

Experiments on a vanadium recovery method from vanadium containing BOF‐slag using both a Tamman furnace (3 kg scale) and an induction furnace (150 kg scale) were conducted. The vanadium was extracted into the slag phase by bubbling oxidation gas into a metal bath consisting mainly of V (1–10 mass%), Si (less than 1 mass%) and P (about 1 mass%). The first experiments revealed that the slag formed during oxidation reaction had considerably high phosphate capacity. High phosphorus content would rule out the possibility of using the slag as a raw material for the production of ferrovanadium of high quality. In order to reduce the P‐content in the slag, addition of slag former to reduce phosphate capacity was necessary. A suitable slag system (having the initial composition 40 mass% Al2O3 ‐ 25 mass% CaO ‐ 35 mass% SiO2) and a suitable atmosphere, by using CO2, that enhanced the oxidation of vanadium, but limit the oxidation of iron and phosphorus was found. However, more efforts should be put forward, e.g. study of the phase diagram, the viscosity of the slag and even oxide activities to gain more insight into the slag formed by selective oxidation.
Geh‐ und Radwegbrücke über den Stadtkanal in Brandenburg an der Havel
Authors: Reck Peter , Andrä Hans‐Peter , Häberle Uwe
Published: February 2010

Im Rahmen von Stadtentwicklungsmaßnahmen wird vor dem St. Pauli‐Kloster in Brandenburg an der Havel eine neue Gehund Radwegbrücke über den Stadtkanal errichtet. Das integrale Stahlrahmenbauwerk mit einer Gesamtlänge von 40,50 m ist das Ergebnis eines begrenzt offenen Gestaltungswettbewerbs.

Bridge for footpath and cycle track across the urban canal in Brandenburg an der Havel, Germany. In the context of urban development, a new pedestrian bridge across the Stadtkanal is planned in the city of Brandenburg an der Havel. The steel frame bridge with the total length of 40,50 m is the result of a competition.
Die dritte Brücke über den Orinoco/Venezuela – Eine zweistöckige Schrägkabelbrücke für Straße und Eisenbahn mit Verbundfachwerk
Authors: Saul Reiner , Humpf Karl , Schiele Ingo
Published: February 2010

Die dritte Brücke über den Orinoco verbindet die Orte Cabruta, Provinz Guárico, im Norden und Caicara del Orinoco, Provinz Bolivar, im Süden und hat eine Schlüsselstellung in der weiteren Erschließung Venezuelas, insbesondere der Gebiete südlich des Orinoco. Die kombinierte Straßen‐ und Eisenbahnbrücke hat eine Gesamtlänge von 11125 m. Die doppelstöckige Hauptbrücke mit einer Länge von 2280 m und Regelstützweiten von 120 m hat eine seilverspannte Hauptöffnung von 360 m. Der Überbau ist ein Verbundfachwerk mit einer Gesamthöhe von rund 12 m. Die diamantenförmigen Pylone haben eine Höhe von 182,5 m und werden auf 39 Großbohrpfählen mit einem Durchmesser von 2,5 m und einer Länge von 80 m gegründet. Der Überbau wird in 60 m Schüssen mit Pontons zur Baustelle transportiert, dort zu 360 m langen Einheiten zusammengebaut und auf Teflon‐Lagern eingeschoben, hierzu sind temporäre Verstärkungen erforderlich. Das 120 m lange und 2400 t schwere Schlussstück der Schrägkabelbrücke wird eingeschwommen und mit Litzenhebern gehoben.

The third bridge across the Orinoco River/Venezuela – A doubledeck bridge cable‐stayed bridge for highway and railroad with composite truss girder. With the aim of developing the Southwest of Venezuela and to enable its connections with the rest of the country, a third bridge over the Orinoco River was designed between the cities of Cabruta, State of Guárico, in the north and Caicara del Orinoco, State of Bolivar, in the south. The combined highway and railroad bridge will have a total length of 11125 km. The stay‐cable main bridge with 360 m main span and the adjacent approach bridges with a length of 2 · 720 m are comprised of a steel composite truss girder with a depth of 12,0 m. The diamond shaped pylons are founded on piles with a diameter of 2,5 m and a length of up to 80 m. The bridge is transported to the site on barges in lengths of 60 m and assembled in construction yards adjacent to the southern and northern abutments to elements of 360 m, before launching each into its final position using Teflon plates on top of the piers; this requires temporary strengthening. The center segment of the main bridge with a length of 120 m and a dead weight of 2400 t will be lifted from a barge.
Neubau der Elbebrücke Schönebeck – Entwurf, Ausschreibung und Vergabe
Authors: Eilzer Wolfgang , Portius Meike , Morawietz Markus , Stockmann Rico , Heymel Ulrich
Published: February 2010

Im Zuge der Ortsumgehung Schönebeck der Bundesstraße B 246a wird der Neubau einer Brücke über die Elbe erforderlich. Der folgende Aufsatz behandelt die im Rahmen der Entwurfsplanung untersuchten Varianten des 1128,50 m langen Bauwerkes und geht auf die weitere Planung bis zur Vergabe ein. Kernstück der neuen Elbequerung ist die einhüftige Schrägseilbrücke mit einer Hauptspannweite von 185 m.

The new Elbe Bridge Schönebeck – design, bidding procedure and allocation. The following article describes the studies and the design of the new roadwaybridge across the river Elbe near the City of Schönebeck, Germany. The new bridge will have a total length of 1128,50 m and a main span of 185 m built as a single tower cable‐stayed bridge.
Eine Erweiterung der Verallgemeinerten Technischen Biegetheorie zur Erfassung von Scheibenschubverzerrungen
Authors: Hanf Manfred
Published: February 2010

Es wird eine Erweiterung der VTB vorgestellt, mit deren Hilfe Membranschubverzerrungen erfasst werden können. Nach einem Überblick über Grundlagen und Bezeichnungsweise der schubstarren Faltwerkstheorie werden die Ansätze für die Erweiterung, die Einführung kinematischer Schubkorrekturen sowie zusätzliche Wölbfreiheitsgrade an Nebenknoten, dargestellt. Die hierfür erforderlichen Modifikationen bei der Querschnittswerteberechnung werden beschrieben. Das beherrschende Differentialgleichungssystem wird aufgestellt. Mit Hilfe eines Potenzreihenansatzes gelingt die quasi‐geschlossene Lösung unter Angabe von Stabsteifigkeitsmatrizen und Partikularlösungen. Den Abschluss bilden Vergleichsrechnungen mit konkurrierenden Verfahren beziehungsweise Versuchen.

An extension of the Generalized Beam Theory to determinate plate shear lags. An extension of the GBT which includes membrane shear lags is introduced. After giving an overview of the basics and terminology of the shear rigid folded plate theory, the approach for the extension, including the implementation of kinematic shear corrections as well as additional warping degrees of freedom on secondary nodes, are shown. The modifications of the calculation of cross section values necessary therefore are described. The differential equation is solved by using power series which leads to a quasi‐closed solution with indication of stiffness matrices and particulate solutions. As conclusion, comparisons with competing methods and experiments are presented.
Buckled Bridges Using Film Stress for Three‐Dimensional Structures: Effects of Lateral Designs on Vertical Profiles and Dynamic Characteristics
Authors: Sasaki Minoru , Hane Kazuhiro , Briand Danick , Noell Wilfried , de Rooij Nicolaas F.
Published: February 2010

Bridges buckled by film stress can generate a vertical displacement resulting in three‐dimensional structures. We have demonstrated a micromirror lifted by buckled bridges and a vertical comb drive actuator. The structures show rounded profiles in a stable manner. The detailed profiles of the bridges and the lifted micromirrors are examined. The relations between the lateral design and its effect on the vertical profile and the dynamic characteristics are studied. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Vacuum Packaging Technology for Uncooled Infrared Sensor
Authors: Kimata Masafumi , Tokuda Takayuki , Tsuchinaga Akinobu , Matsumura Takeshi , Abe Hideyuki , Tokashiki Naotaka
Published: February 2010

We developed vacuum packaging equipment and low‐cost vacuum packaging technology for the mass production of uncooled infrared focal plane arrays (IRFPAs). The equipment consists of two chambers with identical construction. Two‐chamber architecture provides flexibility in the vacuum packaging process, so we can bake the components and achieve getter activation by heating, stem/cap soldering, and cap/window soldering in a series under high‐vacuum conditions. Heaters and component‐holding jigs are designed to assure rapid and uniform heating to 500°C. The batch size is 27 if we choose a 15‐mm diameter TO8 package and can be increased by enlarging the heater area. We also developed a micro‐vacuum gauge to evaluate the vacuum level in encapsulated packages. The operation principle of this vacuum gauge is based on thermal conduction by air molecules. It can be integrated in IRFPA chips since the fabrication process is compatible with that for IRFPAs. We encapsulated the vacuum gauges in TO8 packages with our vacuum packaging equipment, and confirmed that the pressure in fabricated packages is sufficiently low for high‐performance IRFPA operation (≪1 Pa). Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Individual Generator Modeling in Multimachine Networks and Its Stabilization with SVCs
Authors: Zhou Jun
Published: February 2010

Individual generators with damping windings and shunt static VAR compensators (SVCs) and under disturbances in multimachine power networks are modeled via what we call the model‐reference (MR) swing equations. Then stabilization of individual generators is contrived with nonlinear and MR SVCs, by employing the MR swing equations. The SVCs guarantee robust stability against disturbances and uncertainties in generators and from connecting networks, and they can be implemented in a variety of ways. As a specific example, nonlinear and piecewise SVCs are suggested, which can accommodate performances on generators such as swing reduction ratio. Examples illustrate efficacy of the stabilization technique. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An Experimental Study on Relative Displacement Sensing Using Phototransistor Array for Building Structures
Authors: Kanekawa Kiyoshi , Matsuya Iwao , Sato Maya , Tomishi Ryota , Takahashi Motoichi , Miura Satoru , Suzuki Yasutsugu , Hatada Tomohiko , Katamura Ryuta , Nitta Yoshihiro , Tanii Takashi , Shoji Shuichi , Nishitani Akira , Ohdomari Iwao
Published: February 2010

We propose a novel sensor for directly measuring the relative displacement of a building structure. The sensor is composed of a laser light source and a phototransistor (PT) array. The PT array is immobilized on the floor together with a photo scattering plate made of glass, whereas the laser light source is separately immobilized on the ceiling. The photo scattering plate is placed in front of the PT array and distributes the laser beam on the multiple PTs. The relative displacement between the ceiling and the floor is estimated by the distribution of the PT output voltages, and the displacement is estimated with a resolution finer than the interval between the PTs. The accuracy of the relative displacement sensor (RDS) is experimentally assessed by conducting a shaking table test exhibiting several waves from harmonic sinusoidal waves to real seismic waves. We discuss the feasibility of real‐time monitoring system utilizing this sensor. Copyright © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Performance modeling of MPEG‐4 video streaming over IEEE 802.11 using distribution coordination function
Authors: Lin Cheng‐Han , Chilamkurti Naveen K. , Zeadally Sherali , Shieh Ce‐Kuen
Published: February 2010

Delivering video streaming over wireless Internet is becoming increasingly popular. However, most of the research studies focused on the modeling analysis of system performance such as saturation throughput and channel utilization. Perceived quality of video streaming cannot be assessed solely based on the results of analytical models. In this paper, we propose a model to assess the perceived quality of MPEG‐4 video streaming over IEEE 802.11 distribution coordination function (DCF)‐based wireless local area networks. The analysis of our proposed model considers not only effects of losses such as collision loss from channel access competition but also wireless loss caused by wireless interferences. Moreover, the impact of the loss of specific MPEG‐4 video frames is also taken into account in the performance analysis. The model was validated by comparing our performance results with results obtained from simulation and analytical models. The results show that our proposed model is able to predict the perceived quality of MPEG‐4 video streaming over DCF‐based WLAN more accurately than other models. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic hybrid duplex for rate maximization in OFDMA
Authors: Oh Sangmin , Lee Chae Y.
Published: February 2010

Orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) is considered as one of the technologies for 4th generation (4G) due to its robustness against multi‐path environment. OFDMA also has the advantage of flexibility in resource allocation, which cannot be supported by existing duplex schemes. In this paper, we propose dynamic hybrid duplex (DHD) which will enhance the efficiency and flexibility of the OFDMA system. To establish the framework of resource allocation for the DHD, we formulate DHD resource allocation problem (DRAP) which maximizes the total users' data rate with power, rate, and subcarrier allocation constraints. A heuristic procedure is developed to solve the problem. The procedure finds the best mode and the best amount of resources allocated to downlink (DL) and uplink (UL). Simulation is performed with five scenarios to evaluate the DHD. Its results show that the proposed DHD outperforms other duplex schemes in various environments. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Site‐directed mutagenesis of Asp853 in Pdr3p transcriptional activator from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Dzugasova Vladimira , Borecka Silvia , Batova Monika , Pilisiova Ruzena , Hervayova Nora , Subik Julius
Published: February 2010

The PDR3 gene encodes one of the main transcriptional activators involved in the control of multidrug resistance in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Recently, it has been demonstrated that a specific D853Y mutation results in the loss of transactivation activity of Pdr3p and its conversion to multicopy suppressor of multidrug resistance. In this study, the Asp853 in Pdr3p was replaced by eight different amino acids and the function of mutated proteins was analysed. Different levels of complementation of cycloheximide hypersensitivity and expression of autoregulated PDR3 and its PDR5 target in the pdr1Δpdr3Δ mutant strain, ranging from that of the wild‐type to loss‐of‐function alleles, were observed in pdr3 mutants containing Pro, Glu, Arg, Asn, Ser, Leu, Phe, Ile or Tyr instead of Asp853 in Pdr3p. The introduction of the D853Y mutation into gain‐of‐function Pdr3p suppressed the transcription of the PDR3 and PDR5 genes and reduced both the rhodamine 6G efflux rate and the drug resistance level in corresponding double mutants. The results indicate that, while Pdr3p can tolerate several substitutions of Asp853, the occurrence of a hydrophobic amino acid at this position has an adverse effect on its function. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Yap family and its role in stress response
Authors: Rodrigues‐Pousada Claudina , Menezes Regina A. , Pimentel Catarina
Published: February 2010

The budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae possesses a very flexible and complex programme of gene expression when exposed to several environmental challenges. Homeostasis is achieved through a highly coordinated mechanism of transcription regulation involving several transcription factors, each one acting singly or in combination to perform specific functions. Here, we review our current knowledge of the function of the Yap transcription factors in stress response. They belong to b‐ZIP proteins comprising eight members with specificity at the DNA‐binding domain distinct from that of the conventional yeast AP‐1 factor, Gcn4. We finish with new insights into the links of transcriptional networks controlling several cellular processes. The data reviewed in this article illustrate how much our comprehension of the biology of Yap family involved in stress response has advanced, and how much research is still needed to unravel the complexity of the role of these transcriptional factors. The complexities of these regulatory interactions, as well as the dynamics of these processes, are important to understand in order to elucidate the control of stress response, a highly conserved process in eukaryotes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brownian motion of polyphosphate complexes in yeast vacuoles: characterization by fluorescence microscopy with image analysis
Authors: Puchkov Evgeny O.
Published: February 2010

In the vacuoles of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast cells, vividly moving insoluble polyphosphate complexes (IPCs) <1 µm size, stainable by a fluorescent dye, 4′,6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI), may appear under some growth conditions. The aim of this study was to quantitatively characterize the movement of the IPCs and to evaluate the viscosity in the vacuoles using the obtained data. Studies were conducted on S. cerevisiae cells stained by DAPI and fluorescein isothyocyanate‐labelled latex microspheres, using fluorescence microscopy combined with computer image analysis (ImageJ software, NIH, USA). IPC movement was photorecorded and shown to be Brownian motion. On latex microspheres, a methodology was developed for measuring a fluorescing particle's two‐dimensional (2D) displacements and its size. In four yeast cells, the 2D displacements and sizes of the IPCs were evaluated. Apparent viscosity values in the vacuoles of the cells, computed by the Einstein–Smoluchowski equation using the obtained data, were found to be 2.16 ± 0.60, 2.52 ± 0.63, 3.32 ± 0.9 and 11.3 ± 1.7 cP. The first three viscosity values correspond to 30–40% glycerol solutions. The viscosity value of 11.3 ± 1.7 cP was supposed to be an overestimation, caused by the peculiarities of the vacuole structure and/or volume in this particular cell. This conclusion was supported by the particular quality of the Brownian motion trajectories set in this cell as compared to the other three cells. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New applications of pHluorin—measuring intracellular pH of prototrophic yeasts and determining changes in the buffering capacity of strains with affected potassium homeostasis
Authors: Marešová Lydie , Hošková Barbora , Urbánková Eva , Chaloupka Roman , Sychrová Hana
Published: February 2010

pHluorin is a pH‐sensitive variant of green fluorescent protein for measuring intracellular pH (pHin) in living cells. We constructed a new pHluorin plasmid with the dominant selection marker KanMX. This plasmid allows pH measurements in cells without auxotrophic mutations and/or grown in chemically indefinite media. We observed differing values of pHin for three prototrophic wild‐types. The new construct was also used to determine the pHin in strains differing in the activity of the plasma membrane Pma1 H+‐ATPase and the influence of glucose on pHin. We describe in detail pHluorin measurements performed in a microplate reader, which require much less hands‐on time and much lower cell culture volumes compared to standard cuvettes measurements. We also utilized pHluorin in a new method of measuring the buffering capacity of yeast cell cytosol in vivo, shown to be ca. 52 mM/pH for wild‐type yeast and moderately decreased in mutants with affected potassium transport. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Target validation and ligand development for a pathogenic fungal profilin, using a knock‐down strain of pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata and structure‐based ligand design
Authors: Ueno Keigo , Tamura Yutaka , Chibana Hiroji
Published: February 2010

The emergence of antifungal drug resistance is triggering vigorous searches for novel antifungal targets and lead compounds. In this study, we focused on fungal profilin, which is a small actin control protein sharing limited homology to human profilin. To validate its potentiality as a target, a profilin‐conditional mutant of the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata was constructed, using a regulatable Tet promoter, and its growth was monitored in vitro. Repression of profilin expression led to severe growth defect, demonstrating the potential of this protein as a novel antifungal target. Next, novel peptides binding to the active interface of profilin were designed by computer simulation. ELISA analysis showed that these peptides did bind to the wild‐type profilin but bound less strongly to a profilin with amino acid substitutions at the active interface. Hence, we show here that profilin is a potential antifungal target and offer novel peptide ligands. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An International Perspective on Ultrasound Training and Use for Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease
Authors: Miller Barbra S. , Gauger Paul G. , Broome James T. , Burney Richard E. , Doherty Gerard M.
Published: February 2010

Background

Use of ultrasound (USN) by endocrine surgeons has dramatically increased. Presently, optimal training and certification requirements have not been standardized at any level (resident/fellow/attending). We sought to define the types of USN training endocrine surgeons receive and how USN is employed in practice. We hypothesized that in more recent years fellowship‐trained endocrine surgeons were more likely to receive formal training in the use of USN during their endocrine surgery fellowship.

Methods

A survey link was sent via email to a large group of endocrine surgeons around the world asking about the settings in which they received USN training, the type of instruction received, current use of USN, and other various questions. χ2 analysis was performed and P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

One hundred twenty‐one surveys were collected from respondents in 27 countries. Median time from completion of residency to the present was 17 years (range = 2–49). Fifty‐nine percent of both fellowship‐ and nonfellowship‐trained endocrine surgeons currently use USN in their practice. Of those currently performing USN, 38% reported no USN training of any kind (47% international vs. 23% United States). USN experience among international and U.S. residents was not different (P = 0.27). Fifty‐nine percent of respondents reported completing an endocrine surgery fellowship; of those, 85% reported no formal USN training. Forty‐one percent reported not being comfortable performing USN at the completion of their endocrine surgery fellowships, requiring the presence of someone else to assist with the exam.

Conclusions

USN training among endocrine surgeons varies widely around the world. Despite an increase in the number of formal endocrine surgery fellowships offered, it does not appear that the number with formal USN training and certification has increased. Formal USN certification is achieved in only a minority of cases among practicing endocrine surgeons. It is currently unknown whether there is a difference in competency between endocrine surgeons with formal versus informal USN training.
Sonographic Evaluation and Sonographic-Guided Therapeutic Options of Lateral Ankle Pain: Peroneal Tendon Pathology Associated with the Presence of an Os Peroneum
Authors: Sofka Carolyn M. , Adler Ronald S. , Saboeiro Gregory R. , Pavlov Helene
Published: February 2010

Clinical implications of acute injuries of the os peroneum have been described, with the recommendation in some cases being the excision of the bone fragments. We describe the spectrum of sonographic appearances associated with pain in the region of the os peroneum, document associated peroneal tendon pathology, and describe the use of sonography to direct and guide therapeutic and/or diagnostic injections. All sonographic examinations in our ultrasound database from Jan 1, 2001–Jan 30, 2007 with the words “os peroneum” were reviewed. Patients were cross-referenced in our radiology database to find relevant foot or ankle radiographs for correlation. There were 47 patients (18 men and 29 women, age range 16 to 83) referred for sonographic evaluation of lateral foot and/or ankle pain who had an os peroneum identified during the sonographic evaluation. Eighteen patients were referred specifically for targeted injection of the lateral ankle, including peroneal tendon sheath injections ( N = 10), calcaneocuboid joint injections ( N = 1), and injections around symptomatic os peroneum ( N = 7). All 47 patients had tendinosis of the peroneus longus, in varying degrees of severity. Radiographs were available for correlation in 28 patients. The causes of lateral ankle pain with a co-existent os peroneum are multifactorial and may not directly relate to the presence of an os peroneum. Ultrasound can be of value in separating out the specific etiology for pain, as well as provide a method for problem solving by the performance of targeted diagnostic or therapeutic injections in the lateral ankle.
HIV/Aids
Authors: Schafberger Armin
Published: February 2010

Einleitung

Die antiretrovirale Therapie (ART) hat die Lebenserwartung von Menschen mit HIV deutlich erhöht. AIDS ist eine weitgehend vermeidbare Komplikation einer HIV-Infektion geworden und tritt vor allem noch bei zu später Diagnose oder zu spätem Therapiebeginn auf. Erkrankungen, die mit dem beschleunigten Alterungsprozess durch die HIV-Infektion oder mit den Langzeitnebenwirkungen von Medikamenten assoziiert sind, stellen neue Herausforderungen für die Therapie dar.
Death and Renewal
Authors: Hopkins Keith
Published: February 2010

This is a volume of studies concerned with death and its impact on the social order. The first topic considered is gladiatorial combat; not merely popular entertainment, it was also an important element in Roman politics. The book then investigates the composition of the political elite in the late Republic and Principate (249 BC – AD 235), showing that ideals of hereditary succession disguised high rates of social mobility. The final chapter ranges over aristocratic death rituals and tombs, funerals and ghost stories, to the search for immortality and the power of the Roman dead in distributing property by written wills.
James Joyce and the Problem of Justice
Authors: Valente Joseph
Published: February 2010

This is the first full-length study of James Joyce to subject his work to ethical and political analysis. It addresses important issues in contemporary literary and cultural studies surrounding problems of justice, as well as discussions of gender, homosociality and the colonial condition. Valente uses an original theory and psychology of justice through which to explore both the well-known and the more obscure of Joyce's works. He traces the remarkable formal and stylistic evolution that defined Joyce's career, and his progressive attempt to negotiate the context of social difference in racial, colonial, class and sexual terms. By analysing Joyce's verbal strategies within both the psychobiographical and sociohistorical contexts, Valente unlocks the politics of Joyce's unconscious and reveals the legacy of Western political thought.
Inverse Methods in Physical Oceanography
Authors: Bennett Andrew F.
Published: February 2010

Observations of ocean circulation have increased as a result of international field programmes and of remote sensing systems on artificial earth satellites. Oceanographers are increasingly turning to inverse methods for combining these observations with numerical models of ocean circulation. Professor Bennett's work explores the potential for inverse theory, emphasizing possibilities rather than expedient or rudimentary applications. In addition to interpolating the data and adding realism to the model solutions, the methods can yield estimates for unobserved flow variables, forcing fields, and model parameters. Inverse formulations can resolve ill-posed modelling problems, lead to design criteria for oceanic observing systems, and enable the testing of models as scientific hypothesis. Exercises of varying difficulty rehearse technical skills and supplement the central theoretical development. Thus this book will be invaluable for environmental scientists and engineers, advanced undergraduates in applied mathematics, and graduate students in physical oceanography.
Kinship, Law and the Unexpected
Authors: Strathern Marilyn
Published: February 2010

How can we hold in the same view both cultural or historical constructs and generalities about social existence? Kinship, Law and the Unexpected takes up an issue at the heart of studies of society - the way we use relationships to uncover relationships. Relationality is a phenomenon at once contingent (on certain ways of knowing) and ubiquitous (to social life). The role of relations in western (Euro-American) knowledge practices, from the scientific revolution onwards, raises a question about the extent to which Euro-American kinship is the kinship of a knowledge-based society. The argument takes the reader through current issues in biotechnology, new family formations and legal interventions, and intellectual property debates, to matters of personhood and ownership afforded by material from Melanesia and elsewhere. If we are often surprised by what our relatives do, we may also be surprised by what relations tells us about the world we live in.
The Just War Revisited
Authors: O'Donovan Oliver
Published: February 2010

Leading political theologian Oliver O'Donovan here takes a fresh look at some traditional moral arguments about war. Modern Christians differ widely on this issue. A few hold that absolute pacifism is the only viable Christian position, others subscribe in various ways to concepts of 'just war' developed out of a Western tradition that arose from the legacies of Augustine and Aquinas, while others still adopt more pragmatically realist postures. Professor O'Donovan re-examines questions of contemporary urgency including the use of biological and nuclear weapons, military intervention, economic sanctions, war crimes trials and the roles of the Geneva Convention, international conventions and the UN. His enquiry opens with a challenging dedication to the new Archbishop of Canterbury and proceeds to shed new light on vital topics with which the Archbishop and others will be very directly engaged. It should be read by anyone concerned with the ethics of warfare.
The Heavenly Writing
Authors: Rochberg Francesca
Published: February 2010

In antiquity, the expertise of the Babylonians in matters of the heavens was legendary and the roots of both western astronomy and astrology are traceable in cuneiform tablets going back to the second and first millennia BC. The Heavenly Writing, first publsiehd in 2004, discusses the place of Babylonian celestial divination, horoscopy, and astronomy in Mesopotamian intellectual culture. Focusing chiefly on celestial divination and horoscopes, it traces the emergence of personal astrology from the tradition of celestial divination and the use of astronomical methods in horoscopes. It further takes up the historiographical and philosophical issue of the nature of these Mesopotamian 'celestial sciences' by examining elements traditionally of concern to the philosophy of science, without sacrificing the ancient methods, goals, and interests to a modern image of science. This book will be of particular interest to those concerned with the early history of science.
Iterative Receiver Design
Authors: Wymeersch Henk
Published: February 2010

Iterative processing is an important technique with numerous applications. Exploiting the power of factor graphs, this detailed survey provides a general framework for systematically developing iterative algorithms for digital receivers, and highlights connections between important algorithms. Starting with basic concepts in digital communications, progressively more complex ideas are presented and integrated resulting in the development of cutting-edge algorithms for iterative receivers. Real-world applications are covered in detail, including decoding for turbo and LDPC codes, and detection for multi-antenna and multi-user systems. This accessible framework will allow the reader to apply factor graphs to practical problems, leading to the design of new algorithms in applications beyond digital receivers. With many examples and algorithms in pseudo-code, this book is an invaluable resource for graduate students and researchers in electrical engineering and computer science, and for practitioners in the communications industry. Additional resources for this title are available online at www.cambridge.org/9780521873154.
The Bilingual Child
Authors: Yip Virginia , Matthews Stephen
Published: February 2010

How does a child become bilingual? The answer to this intriguing question remains largely a mystery, not least because it has been far less extensively researched than the process of mastering a first language. Drawing on new studies of children exposed to two languages from birth (English and Cantonese), this book demonstrates how childhood bilingualism develops naturally in response to the two languages in the children's environment. While each bilingual child's profile is unique, the children studied are shown to develop quite differently from monolingual children. The authors demonstrate significant interactions between the children's developing grammars, as well as the important role played by language dominance in their bilingual development. Based on original research and using findings from the largest available multimedia bilingual corpus, the book will be welcomed by students and scholars working in child language acquisition, bilingualism and language contact.
Languages of Class
Authors: Stedman Jones Gareth
Published: February 2010

This collection of essays by Gareth Stedman Jones proposes a different way of seeing both historians' analytical conceptions of 'class', and the actual manifestation of class in the history of English politics and English culture since the 1830s. As the progenitor of the first generally acknowledged working-class movement, the English working class provided the initial empirical basis for not only the original Marxist theory of modern industry and proletarian revolution, but also subsequent historians' reactions against, or adaptations of, the Marxist theory of class. In Languages of Class Gareth Stedman Jones draws a distinction between two conceptions of class: the everyday and commonplace perception of its pervasiveness in England, and the Marxist idea of its revolutionary significance. He proceeds to challenge the predominant conceptions of the meaning and development of 'class consciousness' by stressing the political and discursive conditions in which particular languages appeared and receded. Among the themes of individual essays in the book are a rethinking of 'the making of the English working class' and the phenomenon of Chartism, a novel exploration of the formation and components of 'working-class culture', and, in the light of these, a new approach to understanding the history of the Labour Party.
John Huston's Filmmaking
Authors: Brill Lesley
Published: February 2010

John Huston's Filmmaking offers an analysis of the life and work of one of the greatest American independent filmmakers. Always visually exciting, Huston's films sensitively portray humankind in all its incarnations, chronicling the attempts by protagonists to conceive and articulate their identities. Fundamental questions of selfhood, happiness and love are intimately connected to the idea of home, which for the filmmaker also signified a congenial place among other people in the world. In this study, Lesley Brill shows Huston's films to be far more than formulaic adventures of masculine failure, arguing instead that they demonstrate the close connection between humanity, the natural world, and divinity.
Knowledge in Perspective
Authors: Sosa Ernest
Published: February 2010

Ever since Plato, philosophers have faced one central question: what is the scope and nature of human knowledge? In this volume the distinguished philosopher Ernest Sosa collects essays on this subject written over a period of twenty-five years. All the major topics of contemporary epistemology are covered: the nature of propositional knowledge; externalism versus internalism; foundationalism versus coherentism; and the problem of the criterion. 'Sosa is one of the most prominent and most important epistemologists on the current American scene.' William P. Alston, Syracuse University