bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rever ou romper com Vestfália? Por uma releitura da efetiva contribuição dos Acordos de Paz de 1648 à construçã do modelo vestfaliano de Estados
Authors: Bastos Junior Luiz Magno Pinto
Published: May 2017

Este artigo tem por objetivo desconstruir as narrativas-padrão sobre o significado histórico dos tratados que puseram fim à Guerra dos Trinta Anos (os tratados de Vestfália) chamando à atenção para a dimensão simbólica que foi construída tanto no processo de consolidação da noção de soberania, quanto em face do entusiasmo com que a Carta da ONU de 1948 foi recebida por estudiosos da teoria das relações internacionais. Para tanto, empreendeu-se um duplo esforço de sistematização das referências bibliográficas levantadas, de um lado, de consolidar as narrativas que constituem o discurso padrão em torno do significado e do alcance dos tratados de Vestfália para a afirmação do sistema de estados; de outro, de reunir análises voltadas à desconstrução destas narrativas comuns, tendo por referência três dimensões específicas, o contexto histório, os aspectos supostamente inovadores das disposições convencionais e o papel desempenhado para a consolidação do sistema de Estados. Apesar de ser possível afirmar que os tratados de Paz de 1648 não são compatíveis com o que se conhece por “sistema vestfaliano”, reconhece-se que a alusão aos mesmos se reveste de inegável força simbólica. O aspecto realmente diferenciado dos referidos acordos não decorre tanto de sua feitção internacional, mas sobretudo dos arranjos institucionais que a marcam a constituição do Império Sacro Romano. Isto posto, desconstruir Vestfáilia importa em empreender um convite que se revisite Vestfália, sobretudo em face do impacto que os Tratados tiveram para a consolidação de um sistema multinivelado de autoridades no interior do império e de suas conexões internacionais.
BRICS: desafios do desenvolvimento econômico e socioambiental
Authors: Gomes Magno Federici , Gomes Silva Luís Eduardo
Published: May 2017

Ao se ter como objetivo desvelar as interações entre o desenvolvimento econômico dos países emergentes e a demanda por um desenvolvimento sustentável, que possibilite o desenvolvimento de uma economia “verde” e que não seja agressiva ao meio-ambiente, o presente artigo procura compreender, por meio da análise sistemática de argumentos e teorias, como se dá a introdução da proposta de desenvolvimento sustentável nos espaços de discussão e decisão dos países emergentes, em especial, Brasil, Rússia, Índia, China e África do Sul (BRICS), bem como essa proposição se adequaria ao modelo de desenvolvimento adotado por esses países. Observa-se que o BRICS é responsável por importante fatia da produção econômica mundial, enquanto, por outro lado, não registra grande contribuição para a substituição de modelos de desenvolvimento ecologicamente “sujos” por outros que ameacem menos o meio ambiente, garantindo a efetivação do direito humano a um meio ambiente equilibrado. Com base nesses pontos, desenvolver-se-á, no presente trabalho, um estudo descritivo analítico através de pesquisa bibliográfica pura.
Microphysical characterization of long-range transported biomass burning particles from North America at three EARLINET stations
Authors: Ortiz-Amezcua Pablo , Guerrero-Rascado Juan Luis , Granados-Muñoz María José , Benavent-Oltra José Antonio , Böckmann Christine , Samaras Stefanos , Stachlewska Iwona S. , Janicka Łucja , Baars Holger , Bohlmann Stephanie , Alados-Arboledas Lucas
Published: May 2017

Abstract. Strong events of long-range transported biomass burning aerosol were detected during July 2013 at three EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar Network) stations, namely Granada (Spain), Leipzig (Germany) and Warsaw (Poland). Satellite observations from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and CALIOP (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization) instruments, as well as modeling tools such as HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single-Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) and NAAPS (Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System), have been used to estimate the sources and transport paths of those North American forest fire smoke particles. A multiwavelength Raman lidar technique was applied to obtain vertically resolved particle optical properties, and further inversion of those properties with a regularization algorithm allowed for retrieving microphysical information on the studied particles. The results highlight the presence of smoke layers of 1–2 km thickness, located at about 5 km a.s.l. altitude over Granada and Leipzig and around 2.5 km a.s.l. at Warsaw. These layers were intense, as they accounted for more than 30 % of the total AOD (aerosol optical depth) in all cases, and presented optical and microphysical features typical for different aging degrees: color ratio of lidar ratios (LR532 ∕ LR355) around 2, α-related ångström exponents of less than 1, effective radii of 0.3 µm and large values of single scattering albedos (SSA), nearly spectrally independent. The intensive microphysical properties were compared with columnar retrievals form co-located AERONET (Aerosol Robotic Network) stations. The intensity of the layers was also characterized in terms of particle volume concentration, and then an experimental relationship between this magnitude and the particle extinction coefficient was established.
QUALIDADE FÍSICA DE UM CAMBISSOLO HÁPLICO SOB DIFERENTES USOS NA BACIA DO CÓRREGO DOS MICOS, PARATY (RJ)
Authors: De Almeida Rangel Luana , Jose Teixeira Guerra Antonio
Published: May 2017

Esse artigo aborda a bacia do córrego dos Micos, no município de Paraty, que está localizada em uma Área de Proteção Ambiental, com o objetivo de analisar o papel de algumas propriedades do solo, em conjunto com o uso e manejo do solo, para compreender como eles podem alterar um Cambissolo Háplico. Para atingir esses objetivos, amostras de solo foram coletadas a diferentes profundidades (0-10 e 10-20 cm), para serem analisadas em laboratório; e um pluviógrafo foi instalado para coletar dados pluviométricos. As propriedadesdo solo incluem a textura, densidade aparente e estabilidade dos agregados. Os resultados demonstram o papel que essas propriedades têm para compreender os indicadores de qualidade dos solos. Comparando os diversos usos da terra, foi possível destacar que tem ocorrido degradação da estrutura do solo na área deplantação de aipim, que sofre com queimadas constantes. Os resultados também apontam para a necessidade de levantamentos de campo, em conjunto com análises de laboratório, para mostrar como esses estudos podem ser úteis para mostrar aos moradores locais como eles podem melhorar o uso e o manejo para evitar a degradação dos solos.Palavras-chave: Estabilidade de agregados, queimadas, degradação, erosão hídrica.
Difference Study on Relationship Paths of Festival Marketing Activities
Authors: Wu Shwu-Ing
Published: May 2017

Different places around the world attract the tourists by festivals and industrial, cultural and spatial characteristics. By festival marketing, they approach the tourists and can influence or change tourists’ impression and travel in the destinations. Hence, festival marketing activity becomes the important strategy to trigger regional economic development. However, can festival marketing activities held in the areas comply with the surrounding factors and integrate the factors to become characteristics and attract the tourists? It is the topic of this study which mainly explores the impact of festival marketing, landscape construction and regional characteristics on tourists’ value perception and revisit commitment. According to the findings, effect relationship path and relationship intensity of different types of festival marketing activities are different. It means that different areas should hold the unique and appropriate festival marketing activities in order to increase tourists’ value perception. It can significantly and positively influence tourists’ commitment. In addition, when planning festival marketing, local government and related industries should make sure that the content of festival marketing activities can make tourists happy and to reinforce their revisit commitment.
Efeito retroativo e multimodalidade no ENEM: análise de questões de inglês e espanhol
Authors: Pinheiro Larisse Lázaro Santos , Quevedo-Camargo Gladys
Published: May 2017

O presente artigo discute o efeito retroativo potencial do Exame Nacional do Ensino Médio (ENEM) na sala de aula de línguas estrangeiras a partir da análise de algumas questões de língua inglesa e língua espanhola utilizadas nas edições de 2013, 2014 e 2015 do ENEM. Esta discussão tem por base os trabalhos de Alderson & Wall (1993), Bachman & Palmer (1996), Scaramucci (2004) e Quevedo-Camargo (2014), assim como a Teoria da Multimodalidade, baseada nos pressupostos teóricos de Kress & Van Leuween (1996) e Baldry & Thibault (2006), que definem o texto multimodal como aquele que tem seus significados realizados por várias semioses, como linguagem, gesto, movimento, imagens, letras, cores, dentre outros. O artigo se configura como uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa em que se privilegia a interpretação e reinterpretação de dados, e caracteriza-se como um estudo de caso interpretativista. As análises das questões em inglês e espanhol levam-nos a refletir sobre os elementos que compõem o ensino de leitura de textos verbais e não verbais bem como sobre a importância de a escola desenvolver multiletramentos. Palavras-chave: Efeito Retroativo; ENEM; Multimodalidade.
Textos em mídia impressa e digital: confrontando práticas de leitura e objetos de ensino para a formação de leitores proficientes
Authors: Silva Williany Miranda
Published: May 2017

O presente artigo reivindica o lugar pedagógico do texto para o ensino de práticas de leitura utilizados em duas mídias: impressa e digital. Assim, parto da problematização: Será que as práticas de leitura reveladas a partir de textos (de mídias impressa e digital) sinalizam a necessidade de novas configurações para a formação de leitores competentes comunicativamente? Para respondê-la, observamos o tratamento dado ao tema “racismo”, em atividades de livros didáticos, e em comentários, em rede social. O confronto dos objetos com base em Coracini (2005), Kleiman (2009), Abreu (2014), Leurquin e Carneiro (2014), dentre outros, possibilitou a identificação de práticas diferenciadas para cada suporte. No livro didático, elas apontam para uma estabilização de sentidos centrado no texto e no autor, típicas na situação de escolarização. Diferentemente, nos comentários, as práticas evidenciam uma estabilização de sentidos focado no leitor, típicas em situação fora do ambiente escolar. O comportamento divergente para a produção de sentido sinaliza uma contínua tensão no tratamento dado aos textos e à leitura, destacando a necessidade de ações de planejamento de ensino, considerando a relação entre a diversidade textual e os múltiplos suportes midiáticos para a formação de leitores em sintonia com novas práticas.
Firm Value and External Financing Needs
Authors: Karakaya Aykut , Kurtaran Ayten Turan , Kurtaran Ahmet
Published: May 2017

The purpose of this paper is to examine effects on firm value of external financing needs and BIST 100 index to firms listed in the index of Istanbul Stock Exchange manufacturing industry by the panel data analysis methods in the period of 2008-2012. As a result of dynamic panel data analysis, it has be found to increase value of firms by previous term value of firm, being the BIST 100 index, the external financing needs, the financial leverage ratio, firm size and profitability.  It was observed that manufacturing firms in Turkey are firms having growth potential, profitable at low rate, whereas financial risk of them is high.It has been found that firms benefit from shorts term debt market being lower borrowing cost and risk because long term debt market hasn’t developed in Turkey leads to positive relationship between external financing needs and firm value. Additionally, It is determined that value of firms included in the index is higher from without because firms are necessary providing certain conditions to take part in the BIST 100.
Management Strategies for Bank’s Liquidity Risk
Authors: Hlebik Sviatlana , Ghillani Lara
Published: May 2017

Liquidity risk management is today a major focus for regulators, due to increasing complexity of financial markets and concerns related to inadequate identification and managing liquidity risk, exacerbated by the financial crisis. Because the financial market is increasingly interconnected, a liquidity shortfall at a single institution can have system-wide consequences.This paper aims to provide analytical explanations of how important decisions made by bank managers can influence the capability of an institution to finance increases in assets and meet their commitments without impairing cash flow. Banks are particularly susceptible to liquidity risk because the maturity transformation from short-term deposits into long-term loans is one of their key business activity. Further, there can be uncertainties in cash-flow in the external occurrences and agents' behavior. Skillful liquidity risk management is essential, and the present work analyses impact of some management strategies on Basel III liquidity ratios.
Kinetics of Mango Fruits (Mangifera indica cv. ‘Nam Dok Mai Si Thong’) Quality Changes during Storage at Various Temperatures
Authors: Noiwan Duangjai , Suppakul Panuwat , Joomwong Adisak , Uthaibutra Jamnong , Rachtanapun Pornchai
Published: May 2017

Effect of various storage temperatures (13, 20, 27 and 34 °C) on biochemical, physical and physiological changes of mango fruits (Mangifera indica cv. ‘Nam Dok Mai Si Thong’) was investigated. Mangoes stored at low temperature revealed a decrease in their respiration rates. The lower respiration rates delayed ripening, ethylene production, weight loss, peel and flesh color changes, firmness, and total soluble solid content (SSC) as well as titratable acidity (TA). A second-order kinetic model, a Gaussian model, and a first-order kinetic model fitted well with response quality parameters on firmness, SSC and TA. The Arrhenius function was used to calculate the activation energies (Ea) of mango qualities including firmness, SSC and TA, which were 46.45, 43.05 and 54.22 kJ mol-1, respectively. These activation energies indicate a moderate temperature sensitivity of ripeness response and represent a good predictive tool for mango quality estimation along the food supply chain. The data reveal that stored mango fruit at 13 °C effectively prolongs the quality attributes and extends the shelf life of mango fruit.
Occupation or Home: Comparison Housewives and Working Women in the Variables of Stress, Depression and Perception of Quantitative, Mental and Emotional Home Demands
Authors: Dibaji Sayyed Meysam , Reza Oreyzi Sayyed Hamid , Abedi Mohammad Reza
Published: May 2017

In recent years, the employment rate of women, particularly in the service sector has been increasing and at the same time, researchers interested on the psycho-social consequences of women’s employment especially on health. This study compared housewives and working women in terms of stress, depression and perception quantitative, mental and emotional home demands. For this purpose, a sample consists of 94 working women and 94 housewives among Isfahan women selected via convenience sampling and completed warttig et al. perceived stress questionnaire, Beck Depression II and peters et al. home demands questionnaire. Results revealed that working women perceived more depression and quantitative and mental home demands, but no differences between working women and housewives in terms of stress and emotional home demands. According to effort-recovery model, it seems that the pressures of work and family role, especially time pressure means that despite the positive role of work in working women, they were psychologically vulnerable because of the multiplicity of tasks. The results highlight the importance of culture in terms of the role of men in the house, especially in the case of families who identify working women.
Les compositeurs face au passé musical : l’attrait pour l’écriture orchestrale dans la trajectoire de quelques compositeurs québécois
Authors: Trottier Danick
Published: May 2017

L’article porte sur l’écriture orchestrale comme choix naturel dans la trajectoire des compositeurs québécois nés vers la fin des années 1960 et après, l’orchestre étant devenu un outil d’expression privilégié depuis l’arrivée du nouveau millénaire. Cet investissement conduit à questionner la relation que les compositeurs québécois entretiennent avec le passé musical en s’attardant à la façon dont le champ d’expérience et l’horizon d’attente éclairent le régime d’historicité dans lequel ils se meuvent et pensent l’acte de création. Ce régime d’historicité étant gouverné désormais par les contraintes du présent qui sont celles liées à la difficulté de vivre de son art, d’être joué et de durer, le moment présent semble être la catégorie temporelle qui a force de loi. L’article fait référence à des compositeurs comme Simon Bertrand, Nicole Lizée, Julien Bilodeau, Éric Champagne et bien d’autres, et s’intéresse à la façon dont le rapport au temps s’est libéré d’une caricature du métier selon un récit déterministe du passé musical.
Le mythe urnosséen, ou la fabulation anthropologique selon André Hamel
Authors: Bazin Paul
Published: May 2017

Au cours du xxe siècle, une série de fouilles archéologiques mena à la découverte d’artefacts provenant vraisemblablement des urnosséens, une peuplade de bergers ayant vécu au iiie millénaire avant le Christ. Au cours des années 1970, le décryptage des anciens textes harappéens vint confirmer cette hypothèse en nous renseignant sur cette culture, et permit de postuler que les inscriptions ornant les artefacts seraient de nature musicale. Archéologues et anthropologues ont longuement spéculé au sujet du rôle que la musique aurait pu jouer pour ces tribus matriarcales de l’Antiquité, et sont parvenus à la conclusion qu’elle avait sans doute été centrale à un rituel remettant périodiquement en scène leur mythe de la création. En 2004 et en 2011, partant de cette hypothèse, le compositeur André Hamel, la compagnie La Nef et les vulgarisateurs scientifiques Bernard Arcand et Michel Rochon ont proposé une reconstitution de ce rituel au public montréalais. Seul accroc dans la trame de ce récit fascinant : l’écriture harappéenne n’a, à ce jour, jamais été déchiffrée…
Can differentiated care models solve the crisis in HIV treatment financing? Analysis of prospects for 38 countries in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Barker Catherine , Dutta Arin , Klein Kate
Published: May 2017

Introduction: Rapid scale‐up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the context of financial and health system constraints has resulted in calls to maximize efficiency in ART service delivery. Adopting differentiated care models (DCMs) for ART could potentially be more cost‐efficient and improve outcomes. However, no study comprehensively projects the cost savings across countries. We model the potential reduction in facility‐level costs and number of health workers needed when implementing two types of DCMs while attempting to reach 90‐90‐90 targets in 38 sub‐Saharan African countries from 2016 to 2020.

Methods: We estimated the costs of three service delivery models: (1) undifferentiated care, (2) differentiated care by patient age and stability, and (3) differentiated care by patient age, stability, key vs. general population status, and urban vs. rural location. Frequency of facility visits, type and frequency of laboratory testing, and coverage of community ART support vary by patient subgroup. For each model, we estimated the total costs of antiretroviral drugs, laboratory commodities, and facility‐level personnel and overhead. Certain groups under four‐criteria differentiation require more intensive inputs. Community‐based ART costs were included in the DCMs. We take into account underlying uncertainty in the projected numbers on ART and unit costs.

Results: Total five‐year facility‐based ART costs for undifferentiated care are estimated to be US$23.33 billion (95% confidence interval [CI]: $23.3–$23.5 billion). An estimated 17.5% (95% CI: 17.4%–17.7%) and 16.8% (95% CI: 16.7%–17.0%) could be saved from 2016 to 2020 from implementing the age and stability DCM and four‐criteria DCM, respectively, with annual cost savings increasing over time. DCMs decrease the full‐time equivalent (FTE) health workforce requirements for ART. An estimated 46.4% (95% CI: 46.1%–46.7%) fewer FTE health workers are needed in 2020 for the age and stability DCM compared with undifferentiated care.

Conclusions: Adopting DCMs can result in significant efficiency gains in terms of reduced costs and health workforce needs, even with the costs of scaling up community‐based ART support under DCMs. Efficiency gains remained flat with increased differentiation. More evidence is needed on how to translate analyzed efficiency gains into implemented cost reductions at the facility level.
A call for differentiated approaches to delivering HIV services to key populations
Authors: Macdonald Virginia , Verster Annette , Baggaley Rachel
Published: May 2017

Introduction: Key populations (KPs) are disproportionally affected by HIV and have low rates of access to HIV testing and treatment services compared to the broader population. WHO promotes the use of differentiated approaches for reaching and recruiting KP into the HIV services continuum. These approaches may help increase access to KPs who are often criminalized or stigmatized. By catering to the specific needs of each KP individual, differentiated approaches may increase service acceptability, quality and coverage, reduce costs and support KP members in leading the HIV response among their communities.

Discussion: WHO recommends the implementation of community‐based and lay provider administered HIV testing services. Together, these approaches reduce barriers and costs associated with other testing strategies, allow greater ownership in HIV programmes for KP members and reach more people than do facility‐based services. Despite this evidence availability and support for them is limited.

Peer‐driven interventions have been shown to be effective in engaging, recruiting and supporting clients. Some programmes employ HIV‐positive or non‐PLHIV “peer navigators” and other staff to provide case management, enrolment and/or re‐enrolment in care and treatment services. However, a better understanding of the impact, cost effectiveness and potential burden on peer volunteers is required.

Task shifting and non‐facility‐based service locations for antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation and maintenance and antiretroviral (ARV) distribution are recommended in both the consolidated HIV treatment and KP guidelines of WHO. These approaches are accepted in generalized epidemics and for the general population where successful models exist; however, few organizations provide or initiate ART at KP community‐based services.

Conclusions: The application of a differentiated service approach for KP could increase the number of people who know their status and receive effective and sustained prevention and treatment for HIV. However, while community‐based and lay provider testing are effective and affordable, they are not implemented to scale. Furthermore regulatory barriers to legitimizing lay and peer providers as part of healthcare delivery systems need to be overcome in many settings. WHO recommendations on task shifting and decentralization of ART treatment and care are often not applied to KP settings.
Structural basis of cooperativity in kinesin revealed by 3D reconstruction of a two-head-bound state on microtubules
Authors: Liu Daifei , Liu Xueqi , Shang Zhiguo , Sindelar Charles V
Published: May 2017

The detailed basis of walking by dimeric molecules of kinesin along microtubules has remained unclear, partly because available structural methods have been unable to capture microtubule-bound intermediates of this process. Utilizing novel electron cryomicroscopy methods, we solved structures of microtubule-attached, dimeric kinesin bound to an ATP analog. We find that under these conditions, the kinesin dimer can attach to the microtubule with either one or two motor domains, and we present sub-nanometer resolution reconstructions of both states. The former structure reveals a novel kinesin conformation that revises the current understanding of how ATP binding is coupled to forward stepping of the motor. The latter structure indicates how tension between the two motor domains keeps their cycles out of phase in order to stimulate directional motility. The methods presented here pave the way for future structural studies of a variety of challenging macromolecules that bind to microtubules and other filaments.
An Empirical Study on Task-based Listening Teaching Mode in Junior High School of China
Authors: Ni Zeng , Jingxia Liu
Published: May 2017

proper activities, which are closely relevant to daily life, to involve the students enthusiastically into these activities and improve their English listening competence. Research in task-based listening teaching has distinct significant in teaching theory and practice. The writer of this paper has carried out an experiment in the junior high school listening teaching to test whether students’ interest in learning English can be increased and their listening abilities can be improved by Take-based Approach, as well as probing into the best way of employing the theory in English listening teaching. The experiment is a three-month program that involves two junior high school classes with 74 students. One is the experimental class using Task-based Approach in teaching, while the other is the control class using the traditional teaching approach. There are no differences in their listening ability before the experiment. The analysis of the experimental results shows that this model mobilizes students’ learning enthusiasm in English study, and over time it can be concluded that the teaching theory is conductive to the improvement of the students’ listening level and emotional state.
Improving degradation of emerging organic compounds by applying chaotic advection in Managed Aquifer Recharge in randomly heterogeneous porous media
Authors: Rodríguez‐Escales P. , Fernàndez‐Garcia D. , Drechsel J. , Folch A. , Sanchez‐Vila X.
Published: May 2017

Improving degradation rates of emerging organic compounds (EOCs) in groundwater is still a challenge. Although their degradation is not fully understood, it has been observed that some substances are preferably degraded under specific redox conditions. The coupling of Managed Aquifer Recharge with soil aquifer remediation treatment, by placing a reactive layer containing organic matter at the bottom of the infiltration pond, is a promising technology to improve the rate of degradation of EOCs. Its success is based on assuming that recharged water and groundwater get well mixed, which is not always true. It has been demonstrated that mixing can be enhanced by inducing chaotic advection through extraction‐injection‐engineering. In this work, we analyze how chaotic advection might enhance the spreading of redox conditions with the final aim of improving degradation of a mix of benzotriazoles: benzotriazole, 5‐methyl‐benzotriazole, and 5‐chloro‐benzotriazole. The degradation of the first two compounds was fastest under aerobic conditions whereas the third compound was best degraded under denitrification conditions. We developed a reactive transport model that describes how a recharged water rich in organic matter mixes with groundwater, how this organic matter is oxidized by different electron acceptors, and how the benzotriazoles are degraded attending for the redox state. The model was tested in different scenarios of recharge, both in homogenous and in heterogenous media. It was found that chaotic flow increases the spreading of the plume of recharged water. Consequently, different redox conditions coexist at a given time, facilitating the degradation of EOCs.
Parameterization and prediction of nanoparticle transport in porous media: A reanalysis using artificial neural network
Authors: Babakhani Peyman , Bridge Jonathan , Doong Ruey‐an , Phenrat Tanapon
Published: May 2017

The continuing rapid expansion of industrial and consumer processes based on nanoparticles (NP) necessitates a robust model for delineating their fate and transport in groundwater. An ability to reliably specify the full parameter set for prediction of NP transport using continuum models is crucial. In this paper we report the reanalysis of a data set of 493 published column experiment outcomes together with their continuum modeling results. Experimental properties were parameterized into 20 factors which are commonly available. They were then used to predict five key continuum model parameters as well as the effluent concentration via artificial neural network (ANN)‐based correlations. The Partial Derivatives (PaD) technique and Monte Carlo method were used for the analysis of sensitivities and model‐produced uncertainties, respectively. The outcomes shed light on several controversial relationships between the parameters, e.g., it was revealed that the trend of
with average pore water velocity was positive. The resulting correlations, despite being developed based on a “black‐box” technique (ANN), were able to explain the effects of theoretical parameters such as critical deposition concentration (CDC), even though these parameters were not explicitly considered in the model. Porous media heterogeneity was considered as a parameter for the first time and showed sensitivities higher than those of dispersivity. The model performance was validated well against subsets of the experimental data and was compared with current models. The robustness of the correlation matrices was not completely satisfactory, since they failed to predict the experimental breakthrough curves (BTCs) at extreme values of ionic strengths.
A two‐layer depth‐averaged model for both the dilute and the concentrated parts of pyroclastic currents
Authors: Kelfoun Karim
Published: May 2017

Pyroclastic currents are very destructive and their complex behavior makes the related hazards difficult to predict. A new numerical model has been developed to simulate the emplacement of both the concentrated and the dilute parts of pyroclastic currents using two coupled depth‐averaged approaches. Interaction laws allow the concentrated current (pyroclastic flow) to generate a dilute current (pyroclastic surge) and, inversely, the dilute current to form a concentrated current or a deposit. The density of the concentrated current is assumed to be constant during emplacement, whereas the density of the dilute current changes depending on the particle supply from the concentrated current and the mass lost through sedimentation. The model is explored theoretically using simplified geometries as proxies for natural source conditions and topographies. It reproduces the relationships observed in the field between the surge genesis and the topography: the increase in surge production in constricted valleys, the decoupling between the concentrated and the dilute currents, and the formation of surge‐derived concentrated flows. The strong nonlinear link between the surge genesis and the velocity of the concentrated flow beneath it could explain the sudden occurrence of powerful and destructive surges and the difficulty of predicting this occurrence. A companion paper compares the results of the model with the field data for the eruption of Merapi in 2010 and demonstrates that the approach is able to reproduce the natural emplacement of the concentrated and the dilute pyroclastic currents studied with good accuracy.
A theoretically consistent stochastic cascade for temporal disaggregation of intermittent rainfall
Authors: Lombardo F. , Volpi E. , Koutsoyiannis D. , Serinaldi F.
Published: May 2017

Generating fine‐scale time series of intermittent rainfall that are fully consistent with any given coarse‐scale totals is a key and open issue in many hydrological problems. We propose a stationary disaggregation method that simulates rainfall time series with given dependence structure, wet/dry probability, and marginal distribution at a target finer (lower‐level) time scale, preserving full consistency with variables at a parent coarser (higher‐level) time scale. We account for the intermittent character of rainfall at fine time scales by merging a discrete stochastic representation of intermittency and a continuous one of rainfall depths. This approach yields a unique and parsimonious mathematical framework providing general analytical formulations of mean, variance, and autocorrelation function (ACF) for a mixed‐type stochastic process in terms of mean, variance, and ACFs of both continuous and discrete components, respectively. To achieve the full consistency between variables at finer and coarser time scales in terms of marginal distribution and coarse‐scale totals, the generated lower‐level series are adjusted according to a procedure that does not affect the stochastic structure implied by the original model. To assess model performance, we study rainfall process as intermittent with both independent and dependent occurrences, where dependence is quantified by the probability that two consecutive time intervals are dry. In either case, we provide analytical formulations of main statistics of our mixed‐type disaggregation model and show their clear accordance with Monte Carlo simulations. An application to rainfall time series from real world is shown as a proof of concept.
Raindrop interaction in interrill erosion for steady rainfalls: A probabilistic approach
Authors: Nouhou Bako A. , Darboux F. , James F. , Lucas C.
Published: May 2017

The main processes involved in interrill erosion are soil particles detachment and transport. Detachment is caused by shear stresses created by the impacts of raindrops. After sediments are lifted in the water layer, they are transported over a distance that depends on their settling velocities and the water flow velocity. This study calculates the probabilities of interactions between raindrops during soil detachment, and between raindrops and particles during their sedimentation. Raindrops are assumed to be consistent with the Poisson process and their densities are described by raindrop size distribution functions (Marshall‐Palmer, Gamma, and Lognormal laws). Interaction probabilities are calculated based on characteristic time and length scales of the shear stresses and the perturbation created by the raindrop impact inside the water layer. Under the hypothesis of a constant rainfall intensity, the results show that, during soil detachment, raindrops are almost independent. Thus, the total amount of soil detached by a rainfall is practically the sum of soil detached by its individual raindrops. Whereas during sediment transport, the probability of interaction between raindrops and settling particles is very high whatever the rainfall intensity and particle size, emphasizing the need to study further the interaction between raindrops and settling particles.
Gibberellin Transport
Authors: Dayan Jonathan
Published: May 2017

As reviewed in the accompanying chapters, significant progress has been achieved in elucidating the gibberellin (GA) signal transduction pathway. Yet, the hormonal nature of GA with respect to its source, transport, and sink sites remains debatable. However, compelling evidence concerning the significance of GA transport is beginning to emerge. Since plants are immobile and lack a central nervous system they use translocation of signalling molecules, mainly hormones, to maintain synchronised growth and response to environmental cues. GA belongs to this group of hormones. While addressing concerns about its local signalling, the chapter reviews the known molecular and physiological experiments that elucidate the significance of GA transport. On the basis of these findings a transport map can be proposed: maturing leaves are a potential origin of the mobile signal in the shoot, with stems and petioles, and stems and roots as routes for polar and non‐polar transport, respectively. Recent findings identify GA
12
, a non‐active GA precursor, as the major mobile GA signal for long‐distance transport in
Arabidopsis
. The continuous cambium and fibre system, as well as unfolded leaves are important GA‐signalling sinks. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the advances from GA labelling and
in vivo
monitoring that would facilitate future research on the GA transport mechanism and its components.
Enantioselective Epoxidation of Electron‐Deficient Alkenes Catalyzed by Manganese Complexes with Chiral N4 Ligands Derived from Rigid Chiral Diamines
Authors: Chen Xiangning , Gao Bao , Su Yijin , Huang Hanmin
Published: May 2017

A series of tetradentate sp2N/sp3N hybrid chiral N4 ligands derived from rigid chiral diamines were synthesized, which enabled the first manganese‐catalyzed enantioselective epoxidation of electron‐deficient alkenes with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidant. The reaction furnishes enantiomerically pure epoxy amides, epoxy ketones as well as epoxy esters in good yields and excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99.9% ee) with lower catalyst loading. Preliminary studies on structure–activity relationship demonstrated that maintaining comparatively lower electron‐donating ability of the sp3N and relatively higher electron‐donating ability of sp2N of the N4 ligands is beneficial to getting higher activity and selectivity, thus providing us a new view to understand epoxidation with H2O2.

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Carbon Nanofibers Heavy Laden with Li3V2(PO4)3 Particles Featuring Superb Kinetics for High‐Power Lithium Ion Battery
Authors: Shin Jeongyim , Yang Junghoon , Sergey Chernov , Song Min‐Sang , Kang Yong‐Mook
Published: May 2017

Fast lithium ion and electron transport inside electrode materials are essential to realize its superb electrochemical performances for lithium rechargeable batteries. Herein, a distinctive structure of cathode material is proposed, which can simultaneously satisfy these requirements. Nanosized Li3V2(PO4)3 (LVP) particles can be successfully grown up on the carbon nanofiber via electrospinning method followed by a controlled heat‐treatment. Herein, LVP particles are anchored onto the surface of carbon nanofiber, and with this growing process, the size of LVP particles as well as the thickness of carbon nanofiber can be regulated together. The morphological features of this composite structure enable not only direct contact between electrolytes and LVP particles that can enhance lithium ion diffusivity, but also fast electron transport through 1D carbon network along nanofibers simultaneously. Finally, it is demonstrated that this unique structure is an ideal one to realize high electron transport and ion diffusivity together, which are essential for enhancing the electrochemical performances of electrode materials.
Occurrence and predictors of acute stent recoil—A comparison between the xience prime cobalt chromium stent and the promus premier platinum chromium stent
Authors: van Bommel Rutger J. , Lemmert Miguel E. , van Mieghem Nicolas M. , van Geuns Robert‐Jan , van Domburg Ron T. , Daemen Joost
Published: May 2017

Objectives

To compare the occurrence of acute stent recoil in two different stent types (platinum chromium and cobalt chromium) and identify the potential predictors of significant acute stent recoil.

Background

Acute stent recoil is frequently observed after percutaneous coronary intervention and has been associated with in‐stent restenosis and in‐stent thrombosis. Different stent designs may result in varying degrees of stent recoil.

Methods

From a registry of “all‐comers” treated with either the Xience Prime Cobalt Chromium or Promus Premier Platinum Chromium stent, a random sample of 100 patients was drawn. Acute stent recoil was defined as the minimal luminal diameter (MLD) of the last inflated balloon minus the MLD after, divided by the MLD of the last inflated balloon. Significant acute stent recoil was defined as recoil ≥10%.

Results

A total of 123 lesions (61 Xience Prime vs 62 Promus Premier) in 100 patients were analyzed. Acute stent recoil of 8.6 ± 4.9% was observed in the Xience Prime group versus 8.7 ± 4.2% in the Promus Premier group, P = 0.970. In a multivariate model for significant acute stent recoil, a stent/vessel ratio ≥1 (hazard ratio 4.64 [1.94–11.12], P = 0.001), a balloon/stent ratio >1 (hazard ratio 3.83 [1.12–13.14], P = 0.032) and direct stenting (hazard ratio 0.42 [0.18–0.96], P = 0.039) were identified as predictors.

Conclusions

No significant differences were observed in the extent of acute stent recoil between the Xience Prime and the Promus Premier stent. A larger stent/vessel ratio, a larger balloon/stent ratio, and direct stenting were associated with significant acute stent recoil ≥10%. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Feasibility and safety of transfemoral sheathless portico aortic valve implantation: Preliminary results in a single center experience
Authors: Taramasso Maurizio , Denegri Andrea , Kuwata Shingo , Rickli Hans , Haager Philipp K. , Sütsch Gabor , Rodriguez Cetina Biefer Hector , Kottwitz Jan , Nietlispach Fabian , Maisano Francesco
Published: May 2017

Background

Feasibility of transfemoral (TF) transcathteter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is limited by the smallest diameter, the calcification and tortuosity of the iliofemoral access vessels. The use of the Portico system without delivery sheath results in significantly lower profile delivery system compared to standard technique. We herein report our single center experience, feasibility and safety of such an approach.

Methods

The Portico valve was implanted sheathless in 81 high‐risk patients with severe aortic stenosis utilizing percutaneous femoral access. Mean minimal diameter of the ileo‐femoral arterial access was 7.06 ± 1.89 mm. In most cases a multidetector computed tomography was performed before the intervention to assess the feasibility of vascular access and for aortic annulus measurements. The vascular access site was preclosed using two ProGlide suture systems.

Results

Device implantation was successful 98.7% of patients. Valve recapturing and repositioning as well as valve‐in‐valve deployment was performed in only one case (1.2%). There were no infarctions, 2 strokes (2.4%) and 2 acute kidney failure (2.4%), 1 major vascular complication1 (1.2%) 4 major bleedings (4.9%), 11 conductions disturbances and relative pace‐maker implantations (14.2%). The mean gradient decreased from 42.3 ± 17 to 6.3 ± 2.78 mm Hg. Paravalvular regurgitation as assessed by TTE at discharge was absent or trivial in 19 patients, mild in 60 and moderate 1. Thirty‐day mortality was 2.4%.

Conclusions

Sheathless use of the Portico valve is feasible and appears to be safe, with excellent rates of complications and mortality in the short‐term. Such an approach has the potential to further expand feasibility of TF TAVR to patients with severe peripheral arterial disease. Feasibility in patients with smaller femoral access and more challenging anatomy has to be proven in further studies. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risk of cataract among interventional cardiologists and catheterization lab staff: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Elmaraezy Ahmed , Ebraheem Morra Mostafa , Tarek Mohammed Abdelrhman , Al‐Habbaa Ahmed , Elgebaly Ahmed , Abdelmotaleb Ghazy Ahmed , Khalil Adham M. , Tien Huy Nguyen , Hirayama Kenji
Published: May 2017

Objectives

We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis to assess the risk of developing a radiation‐induced cataract in interventional cardiologists (ICs).

Background

ICs are forced to radiation exposure during cardiac catheterization procedures. Since the eye lens is one of the most radiosensitive organs in the body, ICs are highly susceptible to develop a radiation‐induced cataract.

Method

We performed a systematic literature search of nine electronic databases to retrieve studies that report cataract among interventional cardiologists. Records were screened for eligibility and data were extracted and analyzed using review manager (RevMan) for windows.

Results

Eight studies involving 2559 subjects (exposed ICs = 1224) were included. Posterior lens opacity was significantly higher in ICs relative to the control group (RR= 3.21, 95% CI [2.14, 4.83], P < 0.00001). In contrast, there was no significant difference between both groups in cortical lens opacity (RR= 0.69, 95% CI [0.46, 1.06], P = 0.09) and nuclear opacity (RR= 0.85, 95% CI [0.71, 1.02], P = 0.08).

Conclusion

Interventional cardiologists are at high risk of developing radiation‐induced cataract; therefore, protective measures with high safety rates should be implied. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Coumarin‐Dimer Spring—The Struggle between Charge Transfer and Steric Interactions
Authors: Kielesiński Łukasz , Morawski Olaf , Dobrzycki Łukasz , Sobolewski Andrzej L. , Gryko Daniel T.
Published: May 2017

The synthesis of a weakly coupled, strongly polarized coumarin dimer has been achieved for the first time. The three‐step strategy comprises the Skattebøl formylation followed by the Knoevenagel reaction and the formation of a tertiary amide by using a peptide‐type procedure. The molecule consists of two different coumarin moieties: One is a classical donor–acceptor system and the second one possesses a weaker amide donor at the 7‐position. The polarized coumarin dimer can form an electronically conjugated structure possessing an electric dipole larger than that of 7‐(dimethylamino)coumarin‐3‐carboxylic acid. The limited flexibility of the inter‐coumarin connection results in stable conformers of different electric dipole moments and complex photophysics. In the solid state, this compound has a strongly bent conformation with the two coumarin units forming an angle of around 74°. In solution, two conformers are in equilibrium. The existence of the molecule as two conformers in the ground state has been confirmed by optical studies, and further corroborated by molecular calculations. The fluorescence spectra possess a unique feature: A charge‐transfer band (ca. 550 nm) is visible only in nonpolar or weakly polar solvents. Optical spectroscopy studies coupled with molecular calculations allowed us to rationalize this phenomenon: The large amplitude of intramolecular motions is responsible for the conformational isomerization as well as producing a conical intersection between the potential energy surfaces of the excited singlet state and the ground state, which opens an internal conversion channel that effectively competes with the fluorescence of the conformers.
Proteins with Site‐Specific Lysine Methylation
Authors: Wang Zhipeng A. , Liu Wenshe R.
Published: May 2017

As an important epigenetic mark, lysine methylations play critical roles in the regulation of both chromatin and non‐chromatin proteins. There are three levels of lysine methylation, mono‐, di‐, and trimethylation. Each one has turned out to be biologically distinctive. For the biochemical characterization of proteins with lysine methylation, multiple chemical biology methods have been developed. This concept article will highlight these developments and their applications in epigenetic investigation of protein functions.