bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maternal Grief as an Archetype in the Psychology of Grief and Ancient Near East
Authors: Kozlova Ekaterina E.
Published: June 2017

This chapter surveys recent grief studies, which show that amongst various types of bereavement maternal grief is regarded as the most intense type and is the most persistent. It also looks at anthropological studies that show how interrupted motherhood often leads to various forms of socio-political and religious engagement among women constituting a form of grief-driven activism. Building on these studies, this chapter examines the extant ancient Near East sources—mythologies, liturgies, medical texts, royal chronicles, etc.—showing that in the taxonomy of both death-related and non-death-related types of grief and their emotive and ritual expression, maternal grief was seen as archetypal and was implemented paradigmatically.
The Woman of Tekoa
Authors: Kozlova Ekaterina E.
Published: June 2017

This chapter focuses on the woman of Tekoa (2 Sam. 14) and argues that her speech points out a pattern of David’s previous misconducts (profiled in ANE literature as the royal deviance principle) that endangered his family and YHWH’s people. Using the ominous phraseology in v. 14 (we are like water spilled on the ground), and reinforcing its tie to ancient maledictions, the woman parades before David a horrid demise of a nation due to its monarch’s failure to rectify inner-dynastic feuds. By placing her curse-related imagery into a lament-based petition, the woman protests its fulfilment in the ensuing chapters in the Absalom saga. Since the entirety of 2 Sam. 14 is supplemented with grief-related artifices, the woman’s speech functions as an act of mourning for the cumulative death toll of God’s people under David’s kingship.
The Established Churches, Church Growth, and Secularization in Imperial Britain, c.1830–1930
Authors: Brown Stewart J.
Published: June 2017

This chapter considers the question of whether church establishments, representing the alliance of church and state, contributed to church decline. It does so through a study of the established Church of England and the established Church of Scotland during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The chapter argues that these churches experienced a remarkable resurgence in the decades after 1830—the period representing the height of British world influence—building thousands of new churches, conducting a vibrant home and overseas mission, educating much of the British youth, mobilizing lay support, and raising significant financial donations to supplement their historic tithes and endowments. The motivation behind this growth was largely a sense of Christian responsibility for the higher interests of the British peoples and Empire. Although this revival of the established churches waned after about 1900, there is no evidence that established religion was a cause of church decline in Britain.
‘There are no Secular Events’
Authors: Curtis Heather D.
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores how American Evangelicals have employed popular media to maintain and augment their vitality in the United States during a supposedly secular age. By focusing on the story of the Christian Herald, an evangelical newspaper that greatly expanded its circulation and influence during the 1890s, it elucidates the innovative strategies publishers adopted to attract and retain the attention of a significant segment of the American Protestant public. By embracing ground-breaking printing and photographic technologies, novel approaches to popular journalism, and modern advertising techniques, the Christian Herald became the most successful religious newspaper in the world within a decade, a position it held throughout most of the twentieth century. Analysing these enterprising methods alongside the distinctive messages about American exceptionalism that the Christian Herald communicated in its columns also helps to explain why evangelicalism has continued to flourish in the USA in comparison to the UK or Europe.
On the Volatile Relationship of Secularization and New Religious Movements
Authors: Holland David
Published: June 2017

This chapter considers the complex relationship between secularization and the emergence of new religious movements. Drawing from countervailing research, some of which insists that new religious movements abet secularizing processes and some of which sees these movements as disproving the secularization thesis, the chapter presents the relationship as inherently unstable. To the extent that new religious movements maintain a precarious balance of familiarity and foreignness—remaining familiar enough to stretch the definitional boundaries of religion—they contribute to secularization. However, new religious movements frequently lean to one side or other of that median, either promoting religious power in the public square by identifying with the interests of existing religious groups, or emphasizing their distinctiveness from these groups and thus provoking aggressive public action by the antagonized religious mainstream. This chapter centres on an illustrative case from Christian Science history.
Mormons and Materialism
Authors: McDannell Colleen
Published: June 2017

By consistently conflating spirit and matter, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has steadfastly resisted secularization theory’s prediction of the inevitable decline and marginalization of religion. This chapter argues that successful use of material and popular culture by Mormons in the USA and Great Britain has enabled its expansion. I maintain that Mormonism is a ‘material Christianity’, demonstrated by the Book of Mormon’s embodied Jesus and the 1847 establishment of a religious community in Utah. Latter-day Saints now run church museums and historic sites, put on musical pageants, and produce film sagas—all intended to inspire the faithful and proselytize to the rest. Successful church public relations campaigns dovetail with secular depictions of Mormons in film, on television, and in Broadway and West End theatre. The church’s foray into popular culture is funded partially through for-profit companies that creatively combine the business world with the world of faith.
‘Such a Renewal’
Authors: Osselaer Tine Van
Published: June 2017

The narrative is well known: in the nineteenth century Christianity became ‘feminized’, men were turned into the irreligious or uninterested other, and at the start of the twentieth century there were several attempts to bring man back to church and ‘masculinize’ religion. Both trends, the ‘feminization’ and ‘masculinization’, have been traced in American and European Christianity. Research on both sides of the Atlantic has thereby placed the ‘masculine religion’ of the early twentieth century in opposition to the ‘feminine’ character of nineteenth-century Christianity. But should we examine the ‘masculinity’ promoted in this era solely from this oppositional perspective? Are we not, by doing so, falling in line with a narrative that has already triggered criticism? This chapter address these questions by examining the all-male Catholic movements that developed in France, Belgium, and Germany.
‘Billy Graham’s Cold War Crusades’
Authors: Balbier Uta A.
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores the Billy Graham revival campaigns in Washington, London, New York, and Berlin in the 1950s as expressions of a transnational religious revival that took place simultaneously in the USA, Germany, and the UK. During this short-lived revival, discourses around Christianity, anti-Communism, democracy, and the Free World blended, produced new forms of civil religious identities, and seemed to briefly challenge secularization processes. The chapter explores the mindset of political and religious leaders who supported the Billy Graham Crusades as well as the staging of events as important performances in the transnational culture of the Cold War. It argues that despite obvious differences in the religious landscapes on both sides of the Atlantic regarding church attendance and the role of religion in political discourse, there still existed significant similarities. These can only be explained when taking transnational phenomena such as Cold War culture or secularization processes into consideration.
Is there an American Exceptionalism?
Authors: Damberg Wim
Published: June 2017

This chapter on the development of US and German Catholicism in the second half of the twentieth century till 2015 traces two paths of religious modernization. The legacy of the religious subcultures of the nineteenth century in both nations was quite similar. However, after 1945 the Catholics followed different tracks, which are often interpreted as ‘secularization’ versus ‘exceptional’ booming religious life. More detailed data show that this argument is quite short-sighted: both Catholic Churches adjusted in the first place to the different developments of the nations of which they are a part (church–state relations, welfare state, culture, etc.), although, since the millennium, a deep (generational?) crisis of membership on both sides of the Atlantic can be identified. So from this argument it can be concluded that the USA is not a religious nation that is separate from the rest of the world.
How Exceptional?
Authors: Tentler Leslie Woodcock
Published: June 2017

For roughly two decades after 1945, Catholicism in the United States did indeed look exceptional when compared with most of Western Europe. Rates of mass attendance were high and an increasingly well-educated Catholic population gave strong voluntary support to institutional separatism. But by 1965, signs of what soon became an inexorable decline in religious observance and communal loyalty were evident. If American Catholics can no longer be regarded as ‘exceptional’ when compared with their Western European counterparts, however, they live in a national culture where religion still functions in ways not found in other developed nations. Why Catholic decline occurred in the United States and why, despite that decline, the religious contours of American life are still markedly distinctive are the twin subjects of this chapter.
Gospels of Growth
Authors: Richardson Kip
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines one of the most visible institutional expressions of contemporary religious vitality, the American-style evangelical ‘megachurch’, which has proliferated globally since at least the 1970s—with the notable exception of the European continent. While it is tempting to attribute this disparity to a perceived mismatch between European cultural norms and the alleged ‘Americanness’ of the megachurch (i.e. the valorization of bigness, consumerism, and popular leisure aesthetics), there is an alternative historical explanation as well: the ‘gospel of growth’, a long-standing theological emphasis within American evangelicalism on the imperative need and divine sanction for strenuous evangelism and continual harvest of souls. Embraced by revivalists, social gospellers, fundamentalists, black evangelicals, pentecostals, Southern Baptists, and a host of others, the ‘gospel of growth’ outfitted many American evangelical subcultures with a characteristic emphasis on the importance of congregational size, an emphasis largely absent among their European evangelical counterparts.
Prologue
Authors: Hilliard Christopher
Published: June 2017

The prologue introduces the reader to the early phases of the case by relating the responses of senior government lawyers to what they suspected was a miscarriage of justice. Rose Gooding had twice been convicted of libelling her neighbour Edith Swan and was serving a sentence of a year’s imprisonment. When new evidence was discovered by the West Sussex police, it was referred to the Director of Public Prosecutions, Sir Archibald Bodkin, and the Home Office’s lawyers, led by Sir Ernley Blackwell. They quickly came to believe that Gooding had been wrongly convicted, and enlisted George Nicholls of the Metropolitan Police to investigate under the ‘Police Aid’ scheme, whereby the Metropolitan Police lent detectives to provincial forces (about a third of which had no investigative units of their own).
It Is Not My Verdict
Authors: Hilliard Christopher
Published: June 2017

Scurrilous letters continued to circulate after Edith Swan’s acquittal. The authorities moved again nearly two years later. The DPP sought the help of the General Post Office’s Investigative Branch. They ran a sting operation using stamps specially marked with invisible ink. Swan was caught and charged again. Her second trial was another media event, and Travers Humphreys, again appearing for the prosecution, felt obliged to remind the jury ‘that they were not living in the pages of a sensational novel, but . . . were dealing with facts in real life’. Swan appeared before Mr Justice Avory again, who summed up in her favour, but the jury found her guilty and she went to prison for a year.
Epilogue
Authors: Hilliard Christopher
Published: June 2017

The epilogue considers the mystery of Edith Swan and her wider significance. It begins by examining the press commentary on her and moves down into questions of motive and agency. After Swan’s conviction, newspapers were quick to diagnose her with a form of ‘sex mania’, applying the second-hand Freudianism that was becoming current in early 1920s Britain (one that assumed that repression led to outbursts of sexualized behaviour, rather than displacement into other areas). Yet Swan’s actions were at least as consistent with what is now known as borderline personality disorder. Many of Swan’s letters needled members of her own family about homely grievances. And while the letters accusing her of being promiscuous may have been fantasies of a sort, they also set up dramas in which she played the starring role.
Angers
Authors: Lloyd Howell A.
Published: June 2017

This short introductory chapter reviews Bodin’s background and the circumstances that conditioned his early life. It identifies his place of birth and parentage, notes his father’s occupation, and points to some family connections. It outlines the commercial and institutional character of the city of his boyhood, and indicates the nature of his early education prior to his departure for the Carmelite house in Paris to continue his studies.
République
Authors: Lloyd Howell A.
Published: June 2017

A France riven by hostile factions furnishes the immediate background to the appearance of Bodin’s masterpiece. Successive editions of the République are reviewed comparatively, and the vast array of sources which its author chose to cite is analysed, together with his manner of source usage. The work’s structure is identified together with its themes, initially in relation to the private sphere, and notably the question of private property. Then, firmly distinguishing the citizen from the private head of household, Bodin arrives at his central themes: sovereignty, the defining characteristic of the république, the forms which the latter might take, the ‘marks’ of sovereignty itself, and its basis. Attention is next drawn to another key Bodinian thesis: distinction between ‘state’ and ‘government’, the components of the latter being considered at length, with especial reference to the magistracy. The chapter culminates with the key topics of religion, justice, and harmony.
Coda: Colloquium
Authors: Lloyd Howell A.
Published: June 2017

The disputed question of the Colloquium’s authorship is decided in Bodin’s favour, precedents for the work are noted, and its intellectual background is briefly reviewed. A dialogue aimed at discovering common ground and thereby a basis for reconciling discordant religious creeds, its structure is examined, and Bodin’s use of sources is assessed critically once more. In pursuing their aim the seven participants identify a number of seemingly promising themes, invoke a set of key terms, and seem to surmount various obstacles by converging on the idea of erecting agreement on the basis of the oldest creed. But the quest, with a natural philosopher and a Hebraist conspicuous in leading it, founders ultimately on precepts of Christian doctrine despite Bodin’s familiarity with its sources—and particularly on the long-vexed issue of the nature of Christ.
Chile
Authors: Cruces Guillermo , Fields Gary S. , Jaume David , Viollaz Mariana
Published: June 2017

During the 2000s Chile achieved rapid economic growth and improved most labour market indicators: the unemployment rate fell; the mix of employment by occupational position and sector improved; the educational level of the employed population, the percentage of registered workers, and labour earnings increased; and all poverty and inequality indicators decreased. The economy suffered a recession during the international crisis of 2008, but recovered quickly. The chapter shows that some labour market indicators were negatively affected by the crisis. The unemployment rate was the only indicator that did not return to its pre-crisis level by the end of the period studied.
Costa Rica
Authors: Cruces Guillermo , Fields Gary S. , Jaume David , Viollaz Mariana
Published: June 2017

In the 2000s, Costa Rica experienced moderate economic growth and a general improvement in labour market conditions. From 2000 to 2012, Costa Rica grew at the Latin American average. Most labour market indicators improved during 2001–9 and 2010–12 (the series with comparable data). However, the unemployment rate increased in both periods, the mix of employment by occupations polarized from 2010 to 2012, and some poverty and inequality indicators increased from 2010 to 2012. The international crisis had substantial negative effects on the economic growth rate, unemployment, poverty, and inequality indicators, and not all of them recovered after the crisis.
Dominican Republic
Authors: Cruces Guillermo , Fields Gary S. , Jaume David , Viollaz Mariana
Published: June 2017

During the 2000s, the Dominican Republic experienced above-average economic growth along with mixed results in labour market indicators. Gross domestic product per capita stagnated through 2004 and, for the most part, grew rapidly from 2005 through 2012. Comparing 2000 with 2012, many unfavourable developments were seen. Among them: an increase in unemployment; worsening in the employment composition by occupation and position; a substantial fall in labour earnings; and no progress in reducing poverty. The international crisis slowed economic growth but did not reverse it and had a negative effect on some labour indicators, which failed to return to pre-crisis levels by 2012.
Paraguay
Authors: Cruces Guillermo , Fields Gary S. , Jaume David , Viollaz Mariana
Published: June 2017

During the 2000s Paraguay experienced slow economic growth but improved all labour market indicators. The growth process was erratic. Paraguay underwent a macroeconomic crisis at the beginning of the period, a recession as a consequence of the international crisis of 2008, and a local crisis in 2012. Most labour market indicators improved between 2001 and 2013 following the erratic pattern of GDP. The only labour market indicator that improved almost steadily over the period was the educational level of the employed population. All poverty and inequality indicators exhibited an erratic behaviour over time, but fell overall between 2001 and 2013.
Venezuela
Authors: Cruces Guillermo , Fields Gary S. , Jaume David , Viollaz Mariana
Published: June 2017

Venezuela experienced slow economic growth during the 2000s. The economy suffered a recession in the early years of the period and during the international crisis of 2008, but most labour market indicators improved and moved along with the business cycle over the period. The chapter shows that the only indicators that did not improve were the composition of employment by occupational position and the percentage of workers registered with social security, which remained essentially unchanged. Most of the labour market indicators were affected negatively by the international crisis, and some of them had not recovered their pre-crisis levels by 2012.
Introduction
Authors: Harris Frances
Published: June 2017

This introduces the Marlborough-Godolphin partnership as not just a political alliance, but a close friendship founded on ideals of platonic love and heroic virtue. It reviews the various discourses of friendship, noting the cultural influences (the essayists Montaigne, Sir William Temple, Saint-Évremond, as well as heroic drama and opera) which carried the ideal forward, but with the growing sense that it must prove itself in actual human transactions. It suggests that studying the Marlborough-Godolphin friendship as it proved itself in war abroad and party conflict at home is revealing of two historical figures whom historians have often found enigmatic, though in the end their commitment to it contributed to their short-term failure as well as their longer-term success. The distinction between friendship and royal favour is also touched on.
1705–1706
Authors: Harris Frances
Published: June 2017

The sixth chapter traces the beginning of the Whig alliance. The Whigs are now prepared to offer constructive help in return for a share of government. This includes furthering the Union with Scotland (the Scots pass the necessary legislation with the Duke of Argyll as commissioner), support in Parliament and the City for the Grand Alliance, the Hanoverian succession, and the war, despite Marlborough’s disappointing campaign in Germany and Flanders. With the Tories now hostile, Godolphin accepts their help, believing he can control them, and Sarah supports him, though the queen and Harley are unconvinced and Marlborough keeps his distance, again spending much of the winter at the German courts. When he brings the Duke of Shrewsbury back with him to help Godolphin, the Whigs will not accept him and Godolphin has to continue the ministry alone.
1706–1707
Authors: Harris Frances
Published: June 2017

The seventh chapter describes the annus mirabilis of the Marlborough-Godolphin partnership. With Italy and Spain the priorities, Marlborough is given discretionary instructions to march to save Turin. Instead he uses these to induce the Dutch to let him give battle in Flanders. His second great victory at Ramillies wins the Spanish Netherlands back from France and Marlborough is offered the governorship. With success in Spain and Italy, complete success seems in sight. But the Habsburgs lose their opportunity in Spain, the Dutch deny Marlborough the governorship, and the Whigs demand cabinet office for Marlborough’s son-in-law Sunderland, whom the queen dislikes. Godolphin says that if Marlborough will not return and support him he must resign. Believing that they need only one more year to achieve their objectives, Marlborough agrees, but also helps to rebalance the parties. The Whigs are discontented again and Harley now has the queen’s ear.
1707–1708
Authors: Harris Frances
Published: June 2017

The eighth chapter describes the lowest point of the Marlborough-Godolphin partnership. The Allied army in Spain is defeated at Almanza, Sarah is supplanted at court by her poor relation (and Harley’s cousin) Abigail Masham, and the Whigs turn against the government because the queen refuses to consult them over senior Church appointments (‘the bishoprics crisis’). Marlborough says he would be better able to serve in a military capacity only, while Harley tells the queen that the partnership has become a dangerous concentration of power: the Treasury should be put into commission and the war be brought to an end on realistic terms. Marlborough’s loyalty to Godolphin seems to waver. Then the discovery that one of Harley’s clerks, William Gregg, is a spy forces a premature confrontation. Marlborough obliges the queen to part with Harley and goes over to try to ‘get Spain by France’.
1708–1709
Authors: Harris Frances
Published: June 2017

The ninth chapter describes how the Marlborough-Godolphin partnership continues with an agreed division of labour and again comes in sight of complete success. Marlborough wins a third major victory at Oudenarde and besieges Lille, a huge undertaking in which Godolphin’s support is crucial. Godolphin achieves one of the milestones of his administration by uniting factions within the East India Company so that it can join the Bank of England in providing government finance. Marlborough goes on to make a winter campaign and afterwards keeps vice-regal court at Brussels. The queen admits Somers and Wharton to the cabinet, while Godolphin maintains his authority by means of the new Scots members. France sues for peace and Marlborough plans to retire with his wife and Godolphin in England. But to secure himself he asks the queen to make him Captain-General for life, confirming for her that he is a threat to her sovereignty.
1709–1710
Authors: Harris Frances
Published: June 2017

The tenth chapter describes how peace slips from the Allies’ grasp. Louis XIV refuses to join in driving his grandson out of Spain; Marlborough refuses to mediate between the Dutch and the Habsburgs; and the Whig financiers reject a separate peace with France with a campaign to get Spain afterwards. Another battle at Malplaquet fails to solve the impasse. Marlborough withdraws from his diplomatic and ministerial roles. Godolphin, having completed his bargain with the Whigs by getting Orford into the Admiralty, feels himself master of them, but Marlborough contests control of the army with the queen (the Essex regiment crisis) and tries unsuccessfully to use the Whig majority in Parliament to drive Abigail Masham from court. The queen, advised by Harley behind the scenes, is now convinced Marlborough is a threat to her and has turned completely against his wife, though Godolphin retains her confidence.
1711–1712
Authors: Harris Frances
Published: June 2017

The final chapter shows how the partnership continues until Godolphin’s death. When Godolphin realizes that Harley (now Earl of Oxford) has begun a secret peace treaty separately from the Allies, he leads the opposition. Marlborough at first hopes that he will be able to remain neutral, but at Godolphin’s persuasion he joins in publicly, is dismissed, vilified in a press campaign led by Swift, and threatened with prosecution and even assassination. When Godolphin dies in 1712 Marlborough goes abroad. His ostensible aim, a coup by the Allies to overturn Oxford’s ministry, forestall the peace of Utrecht, and secure the Hanoverian succession, fails. But the queen becomes disillusioned with Oxford and Bolingbroke, regrets parting with Godolphin, and encourages Marlborough to return, although she dies before he can land in England. Marlborough is reinstated by George I, and Robert Walpole inherits Godolphin’s role, with Marlborough’s great fortune an asset for government borrowing.
Afterword
Authors: Harris Frances
Published: June 2017

Most of the notable pairs of friends of their time, even those with significant public roles—Nottingham’s uncle Sir John Finch and his companion Dr Thomas Baines, Bishop Croft and Dean Benson of Hereford, the aldermen Sir Robert Geffery and Sir Henry Tulse—are better known for the material remains of their friendships—portraits, inscriptions, funeral monuments—than for any effect of them that can now be traced in their public lives....
Introduction
Authors: Beaman Lori G.
Published: June 2017

Beginning with a story that exemplifies some of the key concepts in the book, this chapter outlines the conceptual framework that guides the chapters that follow. Key concepts include deep equality, the ‘non-event’, contaminated diversity, and agonistic respect. The chapter discusses the limitations of law in thinking about equality, and sets up the parameters and scope of the arguments and themes in subsequent chapters. The unique methodology upon which the book is built is outlined, including the use of narrative, the challenges of studying everyday life, and the necessity of drawing from a range of disciplines to think about complex futures.
Tolerance and Accommodation
Authors: Beaman Lori G.
Published: June 2017

This chapter problematizes the notions and language of tolerance and accommodation in relation to religious diversity, and traces their genealogy both as legal solutions and as discursive frameworks within which religious diversity is increasingly understood in the public sphere. The problem they pose is that they create a hierarchy of privilege that preserves hegemonic power relations by religious majorities over religious minorities. Tolerance in this context might be imagined as the broadly stated value that we must deal with diversity and those who are different from us by tolerating them. Accommodation might be seen as the implementation of this value—that in order to demonstrate our commitment to tolerance we must accommodate the ‘demands’ of minority groups and those individuals who position themselves or align themselves with minorities.
Conclusion
Authors: Beaman Lori G.
Published: June 2017

Drawing on a range of sources including the animated film of William Kentridge, Kenneth Gergen’s work on complex futures and the role of social scientists, and Tony Kushner’s play Angels in America, the conclusion of this book illustrates the multiple vectors of deep equality. It also addresses obstacles to the achievement of deep equality, including critiques that deep equality is utopian and naïve. Other obstacles include the persuasive power of the dominant narrative of competition and the seductive power of law. Acknowledging the fragility of deep equality, the author argues that the next challenge on the horizon in terms of living well together in diversity is not religious diversity but the increasing polarization between those who self-describe as ‘none’ and those who claim a religious identity.
Mini-India
Authors: Zehmisch Philipp
Published: June 2017

This contribution to political anthropology, migration research, and postcolonial studies fills a gap in the hitherto under-represented scholarship on the migrant and settler society of the Andaman Islands, called ‘Mini-India’. Focusing on political, social, economic, and cultural effects of migration, the main actors of the book stem from criminalized, low-caste, landless, refugee, repatriated, Adivasi, and other backgrounds of the subcontinent and South East Asia. Settling in this ‘new world’, some underprivileged migrants achieved social mobility, while others remained disenfranchised and marginal. Employing the concept of subalternity, this ethnographic study analyses various shades of inequality that arise from communities’ material and representational access to the state. It elaborates on the political repercussions of subaltern migration in negotiations of island history, collective identity, ecological sustainability, and resource access. The book is divided into three parts: Part I, titled ‘Theory, Methodology, and the Field’ introduces the reader into subaltern theory and the Andamans as fieldwork site. Part II, titled ‘Islands of Subalternity: Migration, Place-Making, and Politics’ concentrates on the Andaman society as a multi-ethnic conglomerate of subaltern communities in which stakes of history and identity are negotiated. Part III, titled ‘Landscapes of Subalternity: An Ethnography of the Ranchis of Mini-India’ focuses on the Ranchis, one particular community of 50,000 subaltern Adivasi migrants from the Chotanagpur region. It highlights the exploitative history of Ranchi contract labour migration, which triggered specific forms of cultural and ecological appropriation as well as multi-layered strategies of resistance against domination to achieve autonomy, autarchy, and peaceful cohabitation in the margins of the state.
Mini-India
Authors: Zehmisch Philipp
Published: June 2017

Chapter 4 highlights how, as a consequence of migration and place-making processes, the discourses of locality, nation, and community came to be equated with the term ‘Mini-India’. Here, three intersecting meanings of the notion of Mini-India are discussed: The first section describes how the term ‘Mini-India’ is appropriated by the state to encompass diverse ethnic and religious identifications under the nationalist slogan ‘unity in diversity’ and to declare the pluralist Andaman society as a secular example of communal harmony. The second part considers Mini-India as a subaltern consciousness, which the author calls the ‘island mentality’. From this perspective, Mini-India refers to a localized sense of belonging that can also be termed a ‘rural cosmopolitanism’. Thirdly, it is argued that the notion of Mini-India must, at the same time, be regarded as an arena of politics in which ethnic communities compete with each other for funds and recognition by the state.
Interlude
Authors: Zehmisch Philipp
Published: June 2017

The Interlude at the beginning of Part III functions like a prologue to the chapters that follow. It serves to describe the conditions under which the author conducted fieldwork among the Ranchis (Adivasi migrants from the Chotanagpur region). The Interlude presents a narrative summary of the events of two days in 2011. This vignette seeks to introduce firstly, the ambiguous dynamics of postcolonial statehood that shaped the author’s and his interlocutors’ perception of the ‘everyday state’. Secondly, the Interlude illustrates that the fieldworker’s ‘gaze’ of ‘the field’ may be understood as evolving out of a dialectical process between preconditioned knowledge, subjective experiences of the Other, and the interpretations of events brought forward by ‘friends’ who collaborate in the research.
The Politics of Voice and Silence
Authors: Zehmisch Philipp
Published: June 2017

Chapter 8 aims to offer alternative ways to understand the Ranchis’ disenfranchisement by bringing hegemonic modes of explanation in dialogue with silenced subaltern perspectives. The first section examines how prevailing conditions of speech deepened the Ranchis’ exclusion from the lines of social mobility. It demonstrates that the attempts of community leaders, bureaucrats, politicians, NGO workers, and the Catholic Church to include Ranchis into welfare and development programmes largely failed because no appropriate form of communication between subalterns and these hegemonic actors was found. The second part of the chapter shows that the Ranchis’ marginalization must also be regarded as a result of their own forms of silent resistance against state interference. Referring to theories of anarchist anthropology, the author puts forward the argument that the Ranchis’ preference for self-rule has triggered their conscious evasion from interaction with the state.
Setting the Scene
Authors: Barkataki-Ruscheweyh Meenaxi
Published: June 2017

Besides giving a general introduction, setting up the theoretical and analytical frame and providing a summary of the work, the first chapter also contains a description of the Documentation of Endangered Languages (DOBES)-project under which the study was done. The methodological problems involved with doing fieldwork as a team and in ‘Tangsaland’— the hypothetical area in India where the Tangsa live today are also discussed; it also contains my personal background as well as the genesis of the central questions I hope to investigate in the chapters that follow.
Kharangkong
Authors: Barkataki-Ruscheweyh Meenaxi
Published: June 2017

Chapter 4 unfolds in the Cholim basti (settlement) of Kharangkong in the home of Aphu Tyanglam, one of the most respected Tangsa elders in Assam. I use Aphuʼs biography to describe the Tangsa situation in the basti, and also his personal efforts to revive the Wihu festival for the Tangsa in Assam, some of the modifications he has introduced and some of the problems involved in the process. I end with a discussion of the advantages as well as problems of having one dominant leader in the village as well as of doing fieldwork with such a person.
Phulbari
Authors: Barkataki-Ruscheweyh Meenaxi
Published: June 2017

The Ronrang Tangsa basti of Phulbari described in Chapter 6 is also Baptist, but because of its location in the plains close to the Arunachal Pradesh border and because of the strong influence of the Baptist Ronrang Tangsa living in the neighbouring bastis in Arunachal Pradesh, the picture in Phulbari is very different from that in Malugaon. Baptist Christianity plays a defining role in determining the daily routines of many Tangsa people in Phulbari. Efforts of the village leaders towards Tangsa consolidation by organizing a pan-Tangsa festival in Phulbari in 2010 will also be described. The final section deals with my fieldwork experiences with respect to the Assamese I came into contact with during the course of my work.
Closing the Circle
Authors: Barkataki-Ruscheweyh Meenaxi
Published: June 2017

In the concluding chapter, I discuss the various strategies that the Tangsa use in Assam to survive as a small ethnic minority group and how performing identity and ethnicity at festivals can be considered to be yet one more such strategy. This leads to a discussion of Tangsa identity, ethnicity, and culture as well as the role of the state and the Assamese ‘other’ in defining what it means to be Tangsa. In a ‘Taking Stock’ section, I list all my shortcomings, and also all that that still needs to be done before some amount of clarity can be achieved in understanding the complex Tangsa picture. The concluding section summarizes my findings to make clear the underlying and undeniable connection between performing ethnicity and negotiating marginalization.
Inventing New Forms of Political Theatre
Authors: Fischer-Lichte Erika
Published: June 2017

Chapter 7, ‘Inventing New Forms of Political Theatre’, covers the 1960s and 1970s. It situates the chosen productions in the socio-political climate of the GDR—that is, within the discussions on the leadership of the Party—and in the Federal Republic of Germany, where the anti-authoritarian movement, the student movement, and the emergence of the Red Army Faction provide the context. The aesthetics of Benno Besson’s Oedipus Tyrant (1967, East Berlin), Hansgünther Heyme’s Oedipus (1968, Cologne), Hans Neuenfels’ Medea (1976), and Christoph Nel’s Antigone (1978, both in Frankfurt/Main) is evaluated in terms of their contribution to this discussion and their political stance. The last three productions serve as examples of how the Bildungsbürgertum—still the majority of the theatregoers in West Germany—wanted the politicization of theatre to be not merely justified but mandatory.
Choric Theatre
Authors: Fischer-Lichte Erika
Published: June 2017

The ninth chapter, ‘Choric Theatre. Between Tragic Experience and Participatory Democracy’, discusses a new form of theatre that grew out of Greek tragedy’s chorus. While Einar Schleef used the chorus in The Mothers (1986) in order to create a new tragic theatre, in the 1990s—that is, after the protest choruses of the Monday demonstrations in the GDR had led to the fall of the Berlin Wall—choric theatre became an important form of political theatre. Mostly, these choruses were composed of local citizens, as in Volker Lösch’s Oresteia in Dresden (2003) or in theatercombinat’s The Persians (2006–8), and often even of members of a minority, as in all of Volker Lösch’s later productions. Here choric theatre gave a voice to those who had been silenced and even anticipated a utopia of a truly participatory democracy.
Introduction
Authors: Retallack James
Published: June 2017

This Introduction explains what the book hopes to achieve, its central thesis, and the related arguments it puts forward. It explains how the book throws new light on the reciprocal relationship between political modernization and authoritarian governance in Germany over six decades. The first section differentiates between social and political aspects of democratization and outlines two kinds of election battles fought in Imperial Germany—over suffrage laws and during election campaigns. Both can be appraised in terms of the values, norms, and concepts that link a society to the act of voting. The second section outlines the book’s contribution to histories of Social Democracy and the German bourgeoisie. Section three asks: Why Saxony? It argues that regional history works best as a critical tool to reassess larger questions of German history over the longue durée.
On the Threshold of a New Age
Authors: Retallack James
Published: June 2017

Focusing on 1866 and the Austro-Prussian War fought that year, this chapter examines the political ramification of Saxony’s defeat at the hands of Prussia, which fundamentally changed its international standing and domestic politics. The chapter begins by outlining socio-economic change in the mid-nineteenth century and Saxony’s constitutional system. A second section examines the birth of Conservative, left-liberal, National Liberal, and Social Democratic parties in Saxony under an oppressive Prussian occupation. The chapter next examines Bismarck’s fateful decision to introduce universal manhood suffrage for Reichstag elections. Final remarks identify the suffrage as a key issue in Saxon political discourse—one that remained contentious from 1866 until 1918.
The Struggle Against Revolution
Authors: Retallack James
Published: June 2017

This chapter focuses on the repression unleashed against Social Democrats in Saxony and Germany under Bismarck’s Anti-Socialist Law (1878–90). The chapter’s perspective moves between the national, regional, and local levels to assess the range of options open to those who sought to eradicate the “threat” of Social Democracy. The first section examines the national context of Bismarck’s war on socialism, while the following section considers Saxon peculiarities (opportunities and constraints). The focus falls on plans to impose the Lesser State of Siege on Leipzig. The next section discusses the Social Democrats’ continuing success in Landtag and Reichstag elections and zooms in on election battles “in the trenches.” Two final sections consider groups and individuals who played other roles in suppressing Social Democracy, in monitoring the fairness of elections, and in trying to rewrite the “rules of the game” for future election contests.
Deflecting Democracy
Authors: Retallack James
Published: June 2017

This chapter offers a thematic, not chronological, treatment of suffrage issues. It examines how electorates grow, shrink, or become divided. It does so by considering the processes of democratization from comparative perspectives, arguing that a German suffrage discourse was part of a larger transnational conversation about electoral fairness. At the outset a number of non-German cases of expanding voting rights are examined, followed by a survey of suffrage reforms in German states outside Saxony, including the particularly important three-class system in Prussia. Next, this chapter examines models for suffrage reform put forward by Saxon politicians, statisticians, and others. Saxon statesmen and their suffrage experts had a wide range of options to choose from in attempting to devise a modern but “safe” voting law for their Landtag. They drew eclectically from international, German, and Saxon recipes for change.
Crisis and Retrenchment
Authors: Retallack James
Published: June 2017

This chapter begins by examining the violent street protests in 1905 in favor of suffrage reform in Saxony. At this time, the authority of Saxony’s state ministry reached a new low, and opponents of Social Democracy were forced to temporize even as they considered which suffrage reform proposals to adopt. Then the culture of working-class protest is examined from the perspective of Social Democracy’s new confidence and bourgeois fears of “the rabble.” This chapter’s second section examines the setback suffered by Social Democrats in the Reichstag election of 1907, and the lessons they and their enemies learned. This section examines the reasons for Social Democratic losses in Saxony, which included a new willingness on the Right to undertake the hard labor of grass-roots agitation. Yet the Right still sought to slow or halt Germany’s political democratization.
Adrift
Authors: Retallack James
Published: June 2017

This chapter examines Imperial Germany’s final half-decade of peace (1909–14). It charts Saxon traditions of anti-socialism, anti-liberalism, and antisemitism, including their contingent trajectories, in the context of developments elsewhere in Germany. The first section examines Saxon parliamentary life up to the outbreak of war and battles to reform or defend Prussia’s three-class suffrage. The second section is devoted to Imperial Germany’s last general election in 1912, looking at the campaign, the voting, and efforts to “spin” its outcome. Local examples of dirty tricks are juxtaposed with larger reflections on the meaning of “politics in a new key.” After Social Democrats scored another Reichstag victory, the anti-socialist parties licked their wounds, but pressures for further suffrage reform and the task of mustering parliamentary majorities ensured that Saxony’s and Germany’s electoral cultures continued to evolve. The final section examines suffrage proposals and other remedies to overcome democratic, “dysfunctional” parliaments.
Making Things Up
Authors: Bennett Karen
Published: June 2017

We frequently speak of certain things or phenomena being built out of or based in others. This soda can is made of molecules, which are in turn made of atoms, which are in turn made of subatomic particles. The behavior of a crowd is based in the behaviors of and interactions between individual people—it behaves as it does in virtue of the individual behaviors and interactions. Making Things Up concerns the family of relations that such talk appeals to, which Karen Bennett calls “building relations.” Grounding is one currently popular such relation; so too are composition, property realization, and—controversially—causation. Building relations connect more fundamental things (like atoms) to less fundamental things (like soda cans). But what are we even talking about when we say that something is more fundamental than something else? This book illuminates the ideas of building and fundamentality, as they are deployed in metaphysics and elsewhere in philosophy. Bennett paints a picture of a hierarchically structured world, and makes good sense of otherwise somewhat cryptic talk of “in virtue of” and fundamentality.
Causing
Authors: Bennett Karen
Published: June 2017

It is common to sharply distinguish between causal and noncausal determination, and to assume that building or grounding only involves the latter. That is a mistake; the line between causal and noncausal determination is not nearly as clear as it is usually taken to be. This chapter defends the claim that building is causally tainted in two quite distinct senses. First, it is useful to count causation itself as a building relation. That is, the class that includes both causation and other putatively noncausal building relations is reasonably natural and philosophically important. Second, some particular building relations other than causation hold in virtue of causal facts.
Relative Fundamentality
Authors: Bennett Karen
Published: June 2017

The previous chapter was about absolute fundamentality. This chapter turns to the topic of relative fundamentality, or ontological priority. What does it mean to say that one thing is more fundamental than, or ontologically prior to, another? This chapter argues against two forms of primitivism about relative fundamentality, and in favor of the claim that relative fundamentality can be fully understood in terms of building. A toy account is presented and rejected, and a more complex picture outlined. The resulting picture is one according to which relative fundamentality relations like more fundamental than are implicitly indexed to particular building relations, and not everything is even comparable with respect to relative fundamentality.
Building Building?
Authors: Bennett Karen
Published: June 2017

Is there anything in virtue of which the building facts obtain? That is, when a builds b, is there anything in virtue of which that is the case? This chapter argues that the answer must be ‘yes’, and defends the view that a builds b in virtue of the existence and nature of a. Recent alternatives by Dasgupta and Fine are considered and rejected.