bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The person behind the eponym: Wilhelm Frederick von Ludwig (1790–1865)
Authors: Murphy Sharon C.
Published: April 2006

In 1836, Wilhelm Frederick von Ludwig described a fast‐spreading, nearly always fatal infection involving the connective tissues of the neck and floor of the mouth. Named after this Stuttgart physician, the condition has been known since as “Ludwig's angina”. This biographical sketch highlights the life and times of the man behind the eponym, who was lauded for his surgical prowess at the age of 19, went on to become president of the Württemberg Medical Association, and whose name and the condition he described continue to be recognized today.
Clear cell odontogenic carcinoma in the mandible: histochemical and immunohistochemical observations with a review of the literature
Authors: Muramatsu Takashi , Hashimoto Sadamitsu , Inoue Takashi , Shimono Masaki , Noma Hiroyasu , Shigematsu Tomohiro
Published: April 2006

A rare case of clear cell odontogenic carcinoma was investigated using histochemical and immunohistocheinical methods. The tumor occurred in the anterior mandible of a 69‐year‐old Japanese man. Histologically, the tumor was composed mostly of large clear cells and squamous cells. Columnar‐shaped cells with basophilic nuclei polarized away from the basement membrane were observed at the periphery of the tumor foci. The tumor cells had aggressively invaded muscle and perineural tissues. The tumor cells were positive for PAS staining. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells reacted positively to keratin. Cytokeratin19, epithelial membrane antigen, and S‐100 protein. The tumor was diagnosed as a clear cell odontogenic carcinoma. Its characteristics are discussed in term of its histopathological, histochemical and immunohistochemical features.
Increased expression of a 38kd cell‐surface glycoprotein MH99 (KS 1/4) in oral mucosal dysplasias
Authors: High A. S. , Robinson P. A. , Klein C. E.
Published: April 2006

A “window of expression” of a 38‐kD cell‐surface glycoprotein MH99 (KS 1/4 antigen) has been observed in dysplastic oral tissues using an MH99‐specific monoclonal antibody. It appeared that expression of this epitope increases from baseline levels in normal oral epithelium to that of high levels in mild, moderate and severe dysplasia. In invasive squamous cell carcinoma, relatively low levels of expression were observed. In contrast, high levels of expression were demonstrated in basal cell carcinomas. Antibody reactivity could clearly distinguish between the margins of historically normal and dysplastic tissues. It is envisaged that the expression of this cell‐surface glycoprotein. Which is possibly related to nidogen, a matrix‐adhesion molecule with receptor‐like function, could be used in monitoring progression or regression of these lesions and assessment of surgical excision margins. It could also be useful in in vivo and in vitro investigations into molecular changes underlying the formation of dysplastic lesions.
Scanning electron microscopy of dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA)‐treated hamster cheek pouch
Authors: McMillan M. D. , Smillie A. C.
Published: April 2006

The aim of the present study was to describe changes which could be regarded as a result of neoplastic rather than inflammatory processes. Fifty‐five weeks after 6 weeks of DMBA application to the cheek pouches of 5 male hamsters there were 4 types of lesion: larger ulcerated sessile: smaller non‐ulcerated sessile: non‐ulcerated pedunculated; conical projections. These and the rest of the pouches were examined by scanning electron and light microscopy. The interlesional mucosa, non‐ulcerated sessile lesions and conical projections were covered by flat polygonal cells with either a honeycomb surface pattern of interconnecting microridges, or microridges arranged into more parallel lines. Cell imprints and boundaries were formed by linear ridges, grooves or both. Pedunculated lesions had flat smooth‐surfaced cells and cells with a honeycomb surface pattern. None of these lesions were carcinomas by light microscopy but the ulcerated sessile lesions were. The appearance of the cells on the ulcerated lesions varied: flat, with a variable number of short microvilli that were often knob‐like, isolated short microridges, or both: plump, giving a cobblestone appearance with surfaces that were smooth, covered by microvilli, short microridges or both. Such appearances have been described as characteristic for dysplastic and malignant stratified squamous epithelium in a number of sites. Further study of both experimental and naturally occurring mucosal disease is needed to validate this.
AgNOR mark epithelial foci in malignant transformation in hamster cheek pouch carcinogenesis
Authors: Schwint A. E. , Folco A. , Morales A. , Cabrini R. L. , Itoiz M. E.
Published: April 2006

Hamster cheek pouch mucosa is an accepted model of oral carcinogenesis. We herein examined the value of morphometric evaluation of silver‐stained nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR) in the detection of epithelial foci in malignant transformation following dimethyl‐1, 2‐benzanthracene‐induced carcinogenesis of hamster cheek pouch. AgNOR‐related parameters were analyzed at different stages of the process of carcinogenesis (control epithelium, epithelium with no unusual microscopic features, “dysplastic” epithelium, exophytic and endophytic carcinomas). Morphometric evaluation of AgNOR revealed incipient cellular alterations which were not evident in routine preparations and contributed to the characterization of different stages of carcinogenesis in this model.
Epulides in the dog: a review
Authors: Gardner David G.
Published: April 2006

This article is based on a review of the literature and the study of pathology sections obtained from various veterinary pathology laboratories. Epulis is a non‐specific, clinical designation for a localized, exophytic growth on the gingiva. Four reactive epulides occur in human beings, namely focal fibrous hyperplasia (fibrous epulis). pyogenic granuloma. peripheral giant cell granuloma (giant cell epulis. and peripheral ossifying fibroma (calcifying fibrous epulisl). The first three also occur in dogs but only focal fibrous hyperplasia appears to be common. The peripheral ossifying fibroma has not yet been reported in dogs. Odontogenic tumors occurring on the gingiva (i.e., as epulides) are referred to as peripheral odontogenic tumors. Three types have been reported in dogs. One, the common fibromatous epulis. is equivalent to the rare peripheral odontogenic fibroma in human beings. Another, the acanthomatous epulis. appears to be a form of ameloblastoma but differs from the peripheral ameloblastoma in human beings in that it invades bone; its biological behavior is therefore that of the human intraosseous ameloblastoma. The third, a rare lesion, has been referred to in the veterinary literature as a calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumor, although it is not the canine counterpart of the human CEOT The term, amyloid‐producing odontogenic tumor, has been suggested as being appropriate for this lesion.
Clinical and physiological investigations in patients with taste abnormality
Authors: Osaki Tokio , Ohshima Masashi , Tomita Yukinobu , Matsugi Noriko , Nomura Yuka
Published: April 2006

The cause of taste abnormality was investigated in 25 patients with decreased taste sensation (hypogeusia group) and 14 patients with abnormal taste sensation (dysgeusia group) by examining taste threshold, salivary flow rate. Candida cell culture, and laboratory examination of peripheral blood. The cause of hypogeusia was identified as iron deficiency in 7 patients, oral candidiasis in 6. hyposalivation (xerostomia) in 6. and psychiatric distress in 3. and could not be determined in 3 (idiopathic). Dysgeusia was associated with psychiatric distress in 8 patients, oral candidiasis in 3. drug medication in 2. and hyposalivation in 1. In the hypogeusia group, the decreased taste sensation generally corresponded with elevated taste thresholds, which decreased along with improvement of the decreased taste sensation in all except the 3 patients with psychiatric etiology and 2 of the 3 patients with idiopathic etiology. In contrast, no elevation or depression of taste thresholds were observed in the dysgeusia group, and the abnormal taste sensation did not disappear in most cases: however, drug‐induced dysgeusia improved completely within 2 months after cessation of the drug administration. The serum copper and zinc levels were not decreased in any patient, but a decreased serum iron level was observed in 7 patients. Based on these results, it is concluded that abnormal taste sensation may be induced by many oral and systemic disturbances and that hypogeusia. which may be induced by deficiency of iron but not of zinc or copper, is usually accompanied by elevation of taste thresholds, while dysgeusia is not.
Oral manifestations associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection in a Spanish population
Authors: Ceballos‐Salobreña Alejandro , Aguirre‐Urizar José M. , Bagan‐Sebastian José V.
Published: April 2006

A study was made of the oral manifestations in 396 patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The following risk groups were established: intravenous drug users (79.5%), homosexuals (7.8%), homosexual intravenous drug users (3.3%). heterosexuals (8.1%) and hemophiliacs/transfusion patients (1.3%). The oral lesions, in decreasing order of frequency, were: periodontal disease (78.28%). candidiasis (65.65%). hairy leukoplakia (16.16%). herpes simplex virus lesions (5.30%), Kaposi's sarcoma (2.27%), recurrent aphthous ulceration (RAS) (1.01%), lichen planus (0.5%), non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (0.25%). tuberculous lesion of the tongue (0.25%) and ulcerations of uncertain etiology (0.25%). Attention is drawn to the greater predominance of these lesions in patients with CD4 values of less than 200/mm3, compared with those who have higher lymphocyte counts.
Hepatitis C virus infection in Italian patients with oral lichen planus: a prospective case‐control study
Authors: Carrozzo Marco , Gandolfo Sergio , Carbone Mario , Colombatto Piero , Broccoletti Roberto , Garzino‐Demo Paolo , Ghisetti Valeria
Published: April 2006

To assess the aetiology of liver disease associated with lichen planus, we prospectively studied 70 consecutive newly diagnosed patients with oral lichen planus (OLP) living in northwest Italy (Piemonte) and 70 controls matched for age and sex with other oral keratoses coming from the same district. Twenty‐two patients with OLP (3.4%) and 9 controls (12.9%) were found to be affected by chronic liver disease (CLD) (P=0.014). In sixteen of the 22 OLP patients with CLD the liver disease was hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐related. whereas 2 of the 9 controls had a HCV‐related CLD (P=0.016). In another OLP case, liver damage was related to a combination of HCV and alcohol abuse. The prevalence of HCV antibodies in the whole OLP group (27.1%) was significantly higher than in controls (4.3%) (P=0.014). whereas no difference was found between the OLP and control groups regarding hepatitis B virus markers and other common causes of CLD. HCV infection was more frequently found in patients with erosive OLP (58.8%) than in patients with non‐erosive OLP (13.2%) (P=0.004). Serum HCV‐RNA was detected by polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) in the majority (93.7%) of OLP patients who had HCV antibodies. Excluding OLP and control patients with HCV markers, there was no difference between the two groups regarding frequency of CLD. Our data show that HCV is probably the main pathogenic factor in liver disease of Italian patients with OLP. and suggests that HCV could be involved in the pathogenesis of OLP.
T cell antigen receptor expression by intra‐epithelial lymphocytes in oral lichen planus
Authors: Walton L. J. , Thornhill M. H. , Farthing P. M.
Published: April 2006

The distribution of T lymphocytes expressing the αβ or γδ heterodimer of the T cell receptor (TCR) was examined in normal oral mucosa (NOM) and reticular oral lichen planus (OLP) using a panel of antibodies specific for CD3, the αβ TCR and the γδ TCR. Intra‐epithelial lymphocytes were counted and epithelial surface length was measured by image analysis. T cells in the lamina propria were not quantified. Total intra‐epithelial lymphocytes were increased in OLP compared with NOM (p=0.0004). The proportions of cells expressing the γδ TCR in NOM and OLP were 10% and 9.3%, respectively, suggesting there is no selective recruitment from the circulation of either αβ or γδ TCR‐bearing cells into normal oral epithelium or that affected by OLP The role. if any, of γδ T cells in the pathogenesis of OLP remains to be determined.
Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma: report of a case
Authors: Urban Scott D. , Keith David A. , Goodman Max
Published: April 2006

Urban SD, Keith DA. Goodman M: Hyalinizmg clear cell carcinoma: report of a case.

Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma (Hccc) is a recently described low‐grade malignant neoplasm of minor salivary glands. Of the thirteen reported patients with this neoplasm, the majority have occurred in the oral cavity of elderly women. We report another case and add further supporting evidence that hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma is a distinct pathological entity.
Site‐specific variations in metabolism by human fibroblasts exposed to nifedipine in vitro
Authors: Henderson J.S. , Flynn J.C. , Tucci M.A. , Tsao A.K. , Zebrowski E.J. , Odium O. , Johnson R.B.
Published: April 2006

Nifedipine induces overgrowth of gingival tissues in some patients. However, other collagenous tissues in their body do not overgrow. The purpose of this study was to compare effects of serial dilutions of nifedipine on the in vitro metabolism of fibroblasts derived from normal gingiva. nifedipine‐induced hyper‐plastic gingiva. knee capsular ligament, and dermis. The data suggested that nifedipine affects the metabolism of fibroblasts derived not only from gingiva. but also from other connective tissues. Thus, nifedipine‐responder cells are present in tissues other than gingiva. There was an inverse relationship between in vivo tissue levels of IL‐1‐beta and in vitro responsiveness to nifedipine of fibroblasts derived from that tissue. Nifedipine‐induced overgrowth of connective tissues, other than gingiva, probably does not occur either because of the relatively slow rate of collagenous protein synthesis by resident fibroblasts or because of alterations in collagen deposition/resorption within susceptible tissues produced by nifedipine on collagenase synthesis.
Immunohistochemical localization of fibroblast growth factor‐1 (FGF‐1), FGF‐2 and fibroblast growth factor receptor‐1 (FGfR‐1) in pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary glands
Authors: Myoken Yoshiko , Myoken Yoshinari , Okamoto Tetsuji , Sato J. Denry , Kan Mikio , McKeehan Wallace L. , Fujihara Megumu , Takada Kazuaki
Published: April 2006

Fibroblast growth faclor‐1 (FGF‐l) and FGF‐2 are heparin‐binding polypeplides that are potent mitogens for neoplastic cells. In this study, fibroblast growth factor‐1 (FGF‐l), FGF‐2, and fibroblast growth factor receptor‐1 (FGfR‐1) were immunohistochemically analyzed in 10 patients with pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary gland by using specific monoclonal antibodies. The tumor tissues were histopathologically classified as: tubular, solid, myxoid or chondroid. Both FGF‐1 and FGF‐2 were immunohistochemically identified in the tumor cells of all histological types. In addition, immunoreactive FGF‐2 was also found in the basement membrane of tubular type tumor cells. Conversely. FGfR‐1‐positive tumor cells were essentially confined to the tubular and solid areas of tumors. Tumor cells in the myxoid and chondroid areas were FGfR‐1 immunonegative. These results suggest that the co‐expression of FGF and its receptor appears to be related to the proliferative activity of tumor cells in the tubular and solid areas, whereas loss of FGF receptor expression may be associated with the differentiation of tumor cells into myxoid and chondroid tissue types.
Salivary gland scintigraphy with 99mTc‐pertechnetate in Sjögren's syndrome: relationship to clinicopathologic features of salivary and lacrimal glands
Authors: Saito Tohru , Fukuda Hiroshi , Horikawa Masa‐aki , Ohmori Kei‐ichi , Shindoh Masanobu , Amemiya Akira
Published: April 2006

Salivary gland scintigraphy was performed on 52 patients who were suspected of having Sjögren's syndrome (SS). and the results were compared with clinicopathologic features of the salivary and lacrimal glands. The time‐activity curves which were obtained from computer‐assisted analysis of 99mTc‐pertechnetate (99mTc) scintigraphy were classified into four types (normal, median, flat and sloped types). The stimulated parotid flow rate decreased and the incidence of SS‐related sialographic and histopathologic findings increased significantly as the scintigraphic abnormality advanced. In addition, the lacrimal gland function decreased and the proportion of patients diagnosed as having keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) increased significantly as the scintigraphic abnormality advanced. These results indicate that the results of scintigraphy are related not only to the clinicopathologic features of the salivary glands but also to the lacrimal gland function in SS.
Depressive symptoms in individuals with idiopathic subjective dry mouth
Authors: Bergdahl Maud , Bergdahl Jan , Johansson Ingegerd
Published: April 2006

It has been known for many centuries that there is a relationship between saliva flow rate and emotional status. The significance of psychological processes in the subjective sensation of a dry mouth has been discussed earlier, and this study deals with the presence of depressive symptoms in individuals with idiopathic subjective sensation of a dry mouth. Depressive symptoms in 94 healthy subjects with normal flow rates for unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva but with a subjective sensation of a dry mouth were assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and compared with healthy age‐ and gender‐matched controls. The subjects with a subjective dry mouth condition were significantly more depressive and also had a significantly higher frequency of depressive symptoms. Depression was found in 21.3% of the individuals with a subjective dry mouth sensation and in 3.2% of the controls. The results of this study indicate that, in some cases, subjective dry mouth may be of psychological origin.
Absence of Helicobacter pylori DNA in salivary lymphoepithelial lesions
Authors: Jordan Richard C. K. , Diss Tim C. , Millson Charles , Wilson Mike , Speight Paul M. , Speight Paul M.
Published: April 2006

Helicobacter pylori is a common cause of chronic gastritis and has been implicated as the main agent responsible for the development of lymphomas of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) in the stomach. An uncommon cause of salivary gland swelling is salivary lymphoepithelial lesion (SLEL). which shows histological features of aquired MALT and is associated with the development of MALT‐type lymphomas. Since H. pylori has been identified in the oral cavity, we hypothesised that this organism might act as a potential antigen for the development of MALT in salivary glands. Routinely processed biopsies of 20 SLEL were screened for H. pylori DNA using a sensitive two‐stage PCR technique to amplify the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Immunoglobulin heavy chain gene monoclonality was determined by amplifying the VDJ gene using a nested PCR technique. All SLEL had histological features of organised MALT and 14 cases showed Ig heavy chain gene monoclonality consistent with MALT lymphoma. None of the SLEL contained H. pylori DNA. In contrast to the putative role of H. pylori as an antigenic stimulus in gastric MALT lymphomas, it appears not to play a role locally in the development of MALT or MALT lymphomas of the salivary gland.
Effect of non‐erupted third molars on roots of approximal teeth. A radiographic, clinical and histologic study
Authors: Nemcovsky Carlos E. , Tal Haim , Pitaru Sandu
Published: April 2006

This study was undertaken to evaluate clinically and histologically root resorption in extracted human second molars in close proximity to non‐erupted third molars. The control group consisted of extracted second molars that were proximal to fully erupted third molars. Eight out of the 11 teeth in the study group presented different degrees of radiographic root resorption nine presented clinical resorption, and all 11 had histologic evidence of root resorption. In the control group, no signs of root resorption were seen radiographically or clinically. Histologically, limited sites of resorption were identified in all teeth, which were partially repaired by cellular cementum. Histologic observation of study specimens revealed root surface resorption in 10 out of the 11 teeth, one showing replacement resorption as well. Inflammatory resorption was observed in the three most advanced cases in the study group. Reparative cementum partially lining resorbed areas was evident to all teeth with surface resorption. Within the limits of this study, radiographic identification of distal root resorption of second molars in close proximity to non‐erupted third molars appears reliable. The findings may support the hypothesis that the presence of a non‐erupted third molar in close proximity to the distal root of the second results in root resorption.
Carcinoma of the oral tongue in Northern Finland: trends in overall incidence and patient and tumour characteristics
Authors: Kari Saara , Alho Olli‐Pekka , Jokinen Kalevi , Hyrynkangas Kalevi , Läära Esa
Published: April 2006

A population‐based survey was conducted in the two northernmost provinces of Finland to describe the incidence of tongue cancer as well as patient and tumour characteristics in cases diagnosed between 1974 and 1994. A total of 105 new‐patients with cancer of the oral tongue were included in the 21‐year study period. The age‐standardised incidence (per 100,000 years) of the carcinoma in men increased from 0.6 in the first 7‐year period (1974–1980) to 1.0 in the last period (1988–1994). The incidences in women were 0.7 to 1.4, respectively. The average patient profile remained much the same through the years. The median duration of symptoms also remained the same over the 2 decades, as did the median size and location of the tumour at diagnosis. In conclusion, the incidence of carcinoma of the tongue about doubled in both the male and the female population from 1974 to 1994. However, the patient and tumour characteristics remained about the same, the tumours being relatively large at the time of diagnosis in spite of well‐developed community health and dental care.
Changes in the expression of αv integrins in oral squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Jones Judith , Watt Fiona M. , Speight Paul M.
Published: April 2006

Integrins are cell surface adhesion molecules that regulate normal cellular interactions; aberrant integrin expression is believed to play a role in tumour invasion and metastasis. The αv subunit is capable of forming heterodimers with several β subunits but not all the heterodimers expressed in oral epithelium have been investigated. We have examined the distribution of αv integrins in normal buccal mucosa and seventeen oral squamous cell carcinomas. Antibodies to the αv subunit and αvβ5 heterodimer stained normal epithelium, with strong expression in the basal layers and weaker staining in the more superficial layers. The β3 and β6 subunits were not expressed in normal epithelium. Anti‐αv and anti‐αvβ5 antibodies stained all the squamous cell carcinomas, but the pattern of expression was variable both within and between tumours. Poorly differentiated tumours showed the weakest staining and often had areas showing loss of expression. β6, was expressed in all of the carcinomas, indicating new expression of the αvβ6 integrin in malignant oral epithelium. These results suggest that alterations in αv integrins may contribute to the behaviour of malignant epithelium and that αvβ6 expression may play a role in tumour progression.
Electron microscopic studies of the early cellular events occurring in oral mucosa of rats affected by graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD)
Authors: Fujiwara K. , Sugiura J. , Sakai Y.
Published: April 2006

Previous histologic studies of tongue lesions in graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) in non‐irradiated (Brown Norway×Lewis) F1 rats given parental spleen cells have demonstrated an increase in the number of MHC class II+ cells with dendritic shape in the lamina propria to be the earliest event in the development of the lesion. We studied this histologic finding by electron microscopy lo increase understanding of the early cellular events occurring in the lesion. Electron microscopically, the most prominent cell type observed in the lamina propria was the ceil with a dendritic shape. These dendritic cells possessed large nuclei that often showed irregular indentations and ample cytoplasm containing numerous filaments and mitochondria. A few lysosomal or phagocytic structures were also seen in the cytoplasm. No Birbeck granules were identified. These findings were very similar to those of indeterminate cells in the epidermis and dermis. Our data strongly support the hypothesis that MHC class IP cells with dendritic shape present antigen during the induction of local immunological responses in the tongue of GVHD rats.
Oral squamous cell carcinoma following treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: van der Waal R. I. F. , Veerman A. J. P. , Snow G. B. , van der Waal I.
Published: April 2006

With substantially increased survival after most paediatric cancers over the past decades have come the late sequelae of treatment. Of all late complications of treatment, second malignancies are generally considered to be the most serious. We report on a 20‐year‐old man with an oral squamous cell carcinoma 17 years after initial chemotherapy and irradiation for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Although occurrence of the oral malignancy in this patient could have been treatment‐related, one should keep in mind that the occurrence of second tumours may also be based on a shared genetic aetiology.
T‐cell receptor Vβ usage by lesional lymphocytes in oral lichen planus
Authors: Thomas D. W. , Stephens P. , Stephens M. , Patten D. W. , Lim S. H.
Published: April 2006

To determine whether the T‐cell inflammatory infiltrate in oral lichen planus (OLP) represents a selective activation and expansion of a limited repertoire of T‐cell receptor (TCR) specific T‐cells. Vβ gene expression was investigated in lesional T‐lymphocytes in OLP. A reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) technique was used to amplify the 24 major Vβ gene sub‐families of infiltrating mucosal lymphocytes and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMNC) in seven patients with reticular OLP and four healthy control patients. Specificity of amplified products was confirmed by Southern blotting with a Cp internal probe. TCR Vβ usage by lesional T‐cells in OLP was markedly heterogeneous 5–23 Vβ sub‐families). In 6/8 patients with OLP. Vβ usage was restricted with 20/25 sub‐families detected: only one of the Vβ sub‐families (Vβ 8) was present in all of the OLP patients demonstrating TCR Vβ restriction. In contrast. TCR Vβ usage was unrestricted in PMNC from OLP patients and controls (23/25 sub‐families detected). In three patients, certain Vβ sub‐families (Vβ13, Vβ14 & Vβ15) were present in the lesional T‐cell population but were under‐represented in PMNC. These results suggest a selective Vβ gene usage by lesional infiltrating T‐cells in oral lichen planus. The non‐uniformity of Vβ restriction in lesional T‐cells does not support the concept of a common superantigen in OLP and reflects the heterogeneity of the disease.
Effect of snuff on cytokeratin expression in oral vestibular sulcus epithelium
Authors: Luomanen Marita , Tiitta Outi , Heikinheimo Kristiina , Heinaro Ilkka , Happonen Risto‐Pekka
Published: April 2006

Differences in the expression of cytokeratins (CK) in specimens obtained from snuff‐affected oral epithelium of the maxillary vestibular sulcus and clinically normal sulcular epithelium were studied by indirect immunofluorescence staining with a panel of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), CK 14, a marker of stratified squamous epithelium, was not seen expressed in 3/11 of the snuff user's specimens. Terminal differentiation markers, typical of ramified epithelia (CK 1, 9, 10 and 11). were detected suprabasally in the snuff user's keratosis but not in the normal control epithelium. The use of snuff seemed to change the CK staining pattern of the mucosa so that it resembles more that of a cornfield type of epithelium. Simple epithelial‐type CK were included in the study in order to establish the CK profile of the snuff‐induced keratosis, for comparison with normal and dysplastic lesions. MAb to CK 7 and 19 showed reactivity in the basal cells and suprabasally, whereas the monospecific MAb anti‐CK 7 showed suprabasal staining both in the control and affected epithelia. By using MAbs, we found no immunoreactivity against CK 18 either in normal or affected epithelia, whereas we found suprabasal reaction (5/11) against CK 8 in the snuff user's epithelia. The two MAbs demonstrating the expression of CK 19, normally confined to the basal cells of the stratified squamous epithelium, showed variable patterns of expression both in basal cells and suprabasally in the snuff lesions. The results show that use of oral snuff causes some alterations in the CK expression pattern of the affected epithelium. Whether the alterations are indicative of a premalignant change is, however, uncertain. The results encourage further studies on the subject.
Quantitation and localization of cycling tumor cells in pleomorphic adenomas and myoepitheliomas: an immunohistochemical analysis
Authors: Norberg Lena , Stratis Michael , Dardick Irving
Published: April 2006

Previous investigations have suggested that in certain salivary gland tumors only nonluminal (myoepithelial‐like) tumor cells proliferate and that this may have histogenetic implications; however, no quantitative assessment of the cycling component is available. We decided, therefore, to enumerate the cycling luminal and nonluminal cells in 15 pleomorphic adenomas and six myoepitheliomas by using an antibody to proliferating cell nuclear antigen. The mean percentages of cycling luminal and nonluminal cells in pleomorphic adenomas were 2.3±1.4 and 2.4±2.3. respectively, and 2.1 ±0.7 of the tumor cells in myoepitheliomas. Even though duct‐like structures in pleomorphic adenomas are considerably separated by more numerous nonluminal cells and. therefore, cycling cells may seem fewer, both cell types proliferate at similar rates. The results indicate that nonluminal cells are not the sole proliferative component in salivary gland tumors.
Cyclosporin A‐induced alterations of dentinogenesis in rat molars
Authors: Ayanoglou C. M. , Godeau G. , Lesty C. , Septier D. , Goldberg M.
Published: April 2006

Cyclosporin A (CsA), a widely used immunosuppressive drug, induces gingival overgrowth and modifications of bone remodelling. The scope of this study was to investigate the possible effect of CsA on dentin. Thirty mg/kg/day of CsA were administered orally to male Sprague‐Dawley rats for nineteen weeks. The same number of control rats received oil‐based vehicle solution. Rats were anesthetized, and tissues were fixed by an intracardiac perfusion of fixative solution. Mandibles were dissected, demineralized, and processed for Epon embedding, Semi‐thin sections of the first molars revealed alterations at the secondary dentin‐pulp interface in four out of six experimental animals. The changes consisted of the formation of: 1) osteodentin spurs, in which the volume and interface with the secondary dentin varied from about 25,000 to 75.000 μm3 and from 1400 to 3530 μm2, respectively; 2) abnormally shaped and irregularly spaced incremental lines; and 3) numerous globular formations embedded in dentin or free in the pulp. These results indicate that CsA induces abnormal mineralized matrix formation in dentin and in the peripheral part of the pulp in rat molars.
In vitro lymphocyte proliferation test in the diagnosis of oral mucosal hypersensitivity reactions to dental amalgam
Authors: Laine Juhani , Happonen Risto‐Pekka , Vainio Olli , Kalimo Kirsti
Published: April 2006

Patch testing was carried out in 23 patients with oral lichenoid lesions (OLL) topographically related to dental amalgam fillings. Twelve patients displayed positive reactions to several mercury compounds, whereas 11 patients were negative. An in vitro lymphocyte proliferation (LyPro) test was carried out using different mercury compounds and other metal salts. Mercuric chloride and phenyl mercuric acetate caused positive proliferation in 3/12 patch test‐positive and in 5/11 negative patients. One out of seven healthy control subjects had a positive LyPro result. The mean stimulation index (SI) values between the patient groups or compared with the control subjects did not differ significantly. Zinc, tin, copper or silver salts caused in vitro lymphocyte stimulation in most of the patients and in healthy control people. Total (14) or partial (4) replacement of amalgam fillings was carried out in 18 patients. Complete healing of lichenoid lesions was seen in 4/6 LyPro test‐positive and in 5/10 patch test‐positive patients at follow‐up examinations 12 months after the replacement of amalgam fillings. The in vitro proliferation assay seems not to be a specific test for identifying the patients who would benefit from amalgam replacement.
A ciliated cyst as a component of pleomorphic adenoma of the parotid gland
Authors: Sasaki Atsushi , Yokoyama Shigeo , Daa Tsutomu , Kashima Kenji , Nakayama Iwao , Shimamura Koichiro
Published: April 2006

A large cyst, lined with ciliated cells (ciliated cyst), was found as a component of a pleomorphic adenoma of the left parotid gland in a 34‐year‐old Japanese man. The dimensions of the tumor were 25 × 33 mm and it consisted of a solid mass with a centrally located cyst 20 × 23 mm. which contained yellowish‐brown material of muddy consistency. The tumor was encapsulated and the solid mass had features typical of a pleomorphic adenoma. The inner surface of the cyst was lined with ciliated cells and scattered mucus‐secreting cells in addition to cuboidal‐to‐flattened cells. In some regions, the neoplastic cells of the pleomorphic adenoma were exposed to the cavity of the cyst. A histological transformation from ciliated cells to pleomorphic adenomatous cells was also observed. These findings indicated that the ciliated epithelium was an element of the tumor. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of a ciliated cyst derived from some elements of a pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary gland.
Human herpesvirus‐6 (HHV‐6) DNA and virus‐encoded antigen in oral lesions
Authors: Yadav Manmohan , Arivananthan Meena , Chandrashekran Anil , Tan Bee Siew , Hashim Bin Yaacob
Published: April 2006

Archival oral tissues comprising 51 squamous cell carcinomas, 18 non‐malignant lesions and 7 normal mucosa samples were investigated for human herpesvirus‐6 (HHV‐6)‐encoded antigens and HHV‐6 DNA. The virus‐specific antigens were detected by an immunohistochemical method using monoclonal antibodies. Two further techniques used for HHV‐6 DNA detection included the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with virus‐specific primers and in situ hybridization using digoxigenin‐labelled oligonucleotides specific for HHV‐6A and HHV‐6B genotypes. A high proportion (79‐80%) of the squamous cell carcinomas were positive for HHV‐6 with the various detection methods. In cases of lichen planus and leukoplakia a high prevalence rate (67‐100%) was noted with in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical techniques but a lower proportion (22–33%) was detected with the PCR method. All 7 normal tissues tested were negative for HHV‐6. The HHV‐6 variant B was found in 60% of the oral carcinoma tissues analysed. The study demonstrates the frequent presence of HHV‐6 in neoplastic and non‐malignant lesions of the oral cavity. While the role of HHV‐6 in oral mucosal tissues remains to be determined, the in vitro tumorigenic potential of the virus suggests a possible role in the etiopathogenesis of oral lesions.
Factor XIIIa‐positive dendrocytes are increased in number and size in recurrent aphthous ulcers (RAU)
Authors: Natah Sirajedin S. , Häyriner‐Immonen Ritva , Hietanen Jarkko , Malmström Maria , Konttinen Yrjö T.
Published: April 2006

The factor XIIIa‐positive (FXIIIa+) cell is a potent antigen‐presenting cell, which has been described as increasing in numbers in various chronic inflammatory conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution and frequency of FXIIIa+ cells in acute recurrent aphthous ulcer (RAU) lesions compared with induced traumatic ulcer (TU) lesions and with clinically healthy oral mucosa. Samples were labeled with polyclonal rabbit anti‐human FXIIIa antibodies in avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex (ABC) staining. Most of the FXIIIa‐immunoreactive cells in TUs and normal mucosa were spindle‐shaped, whereas a relatively large, dendritic‐like cell was predominant in RAU lesions. FXIIIa+ cells were quite frequent within mononuclear cell‐rich inflammatory cell infiltrates and in perivascular areas in RAU lesions. In contrast, FXIIIa+ cells were not found in mucosal epithelium or in the neutrophil‐rich areas. RAU mononuclear cell‐rich inflammatory cell infiltrates appeared to have greater numbers of positively stained cells than the TU‐inflammatory cell infiltrates (199±67 vs 110±31 cells/mm2p < 0.001). Overall, FXIIIa+ dendrocytes were increased in numbers, and apparently also in size, in RAU lesions (274±68/mm2) as compared lo controls (177±74/mm2, p < 0.01), and to TU lesions (183±50 mm2, P < 0.01). Interestingly, relatively high numbers of FXIIIa+ dendrocytes were also found in deep connective tissue in RAU sections compared with TUs (281 ±80 vs 166±57, p < 0.01). The characteristic changes in the size and shape of individual FXIIIa+ cells, their typical distribution and increase in frequency in RAU lesions indicate active involvement in the local pathogenic mechanisms. Localization to perivascular areas/inflammatory cell infiltrates would be compatible with a role in antigen presentation.
Distribution and synthesis of type VII collagen in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Kainulainen Tiina , Grenman Reidar , Oikarinen Aarne , Greenspan Daniel S. , Sale Tuula
Published: April 2006

The distribution of the basement membrane anchoring fibril component type VII collagen was studied in oral squamous cell carcinoma by using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical methods. The expression of type VII collagen in oral normal mucosa, lichen planus and epithelial dysplasias was also investigated. In squamous cell carcinomas, the signals for type VII collagen raRNA were Socated exclusively in malignant peripheral cells in tumour islands and in fibro‐blast‐like cells among the stromal tissue. In normal buccal mucosa, type VII collagen mRNA expression was located in basal epithelial cells. In oral lichen planus and epithelial dysplasias, the signals for type VII collagen mRNA were also located in basal keratinocytes: however, the signal was especially strong in some epithelial cells. In oral squamous cell carcinomas, the linear immunohistochemical staining pattern of type VII collagen was noted surrounding partly squamous epithelial tumour cell islands, and a large number of tumour cells showed a cytoplasmic staining reaction using the type VII collagen antibody. Some fibroblast‐like stromal cells also showed a positive immunostaining reaction. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that a high synthesis level, but an impaired distribution of type VII collagen, are highly characteristic of squamous epithelial tumour cells.
Histochemical and immunohistochemical localisation of elastic system fibres in focal reactive overgrowths of oral mucosa
Authors: Mighell Alan J. , Robinson Philip A. , Hume William J.
Published: April 2006

Eight specimens each of the following groups were investigated: gingival pyogenic granuloma. fibrous epulis. calcifying fibrous epulis. peripheral giant cell granuloma, giant cell fibroma (four gingival. four non‐gingival), denture‐irritation byperplasia and fibroepithelial polyp. These lessons have diverse histopathological appearances but the composition of their connective tissue is poorly defined. The elastic system consists of a complex mixture of glycoproteins that in normal oral mucosa form three differentially distributed fibre types; oxylalan, elaunin and elastic. The elastic system was investigated by Verhoeff's haematoxylin stain. aldehyde fuchsin staining and an anti‐elastin monoclonal antibody. Elastin was identified in all fibroepithelial polyps and denture‐irritation hyperplasias, but in none of the other lesions. In particular, this identified a distinct difference in the extracellular matrix between the giant cell fibroma and fibroepithelial polyp. Many of the epulides included only oxytalan fibres, but the presence of oxylalan fibres did not follow any pattern within either a single lesion group, or between different lesions. However, the presence of oxytalan fibres in the absence of elastin does not necessarily support a periodontal ligament origin for reactive epulides.
Central giant cell granulomas of the jaws: phenotype and proliferation‐associated markers
Authors: O'Mailey Miriam , Pogrel M. Anthony , Stewart Jeffery C. B. , Silva Rebeka G. , Regezi Joseph A.
Published: April 2006

Central giant cell granulomas (CGCGs) are jaw tumors of unknown origin that often exhibit an aggressive, though unpredictable, clinical course. The purpose of this study was to determine the immunoprofile of the mononuclear cells that seem to be responsible for the biologic behavior of these tumors. Numbers of cells in cell cycle were also determined and compared in clinically aggressive and non‐aggressive CGCGs. Sixteen aggressive and 12 non‐aggressive CGCGs were immunohistochemically stained with antibodies to CD34, CD6S. factor XHIa, ct‐smooth muscle actin. prolyl 4‐hydroxylase, Ki‐67. and p53 protein. Cell populations and numbers of cells in cell cycle were determined through microscopic quantitative assessment. CD34‐positive ceils were limited to support vessels. CD68‐positive mononuclear cells constituted a small population of cells in ail tumors. With two exceptions, factor XIIIa‐positive cells were rarely seen. Alpha‐smooth muscle actin staining was present in approximately half the tumors, and occasionally large numbers of positive cells were seen. Most mononuclear cells were positive for fibroblast‐associated antigen. No phenotypic differences were detected between aggressive and non‐aggressive tumors. P53 protein did not appear to be overexpressed in CGCGs. Ki‐67 staining showed that only mononuclear cells were in cell cycle, and that there were no differences between aggressive and non‐aggressive tumors. We conclude that CGCGs are primarily fibroblastic (and myofibroblastic) tumors in which macrophages appear to play a secondary role. Tumor cells show no differentiation toward endothelial cells or macrophage‐related dendrocytes (factor XIIIa). Cellular phenotypes and numbers of cells in cell cycle are similar in both aggressive and non‐aggressive tumors.
Oral granular cell tumours: a histological and immunocytochemical study
Authors: Williams Hazel K. , Williams David M.
Published: April 2006

In a series of nine cases of intra‐oral granular cell tumours (GCTs) an attempt was made, using both histochemical and immunocytochemical methods, to determine whether these tumours show Schwann‐cell or neuroendocrine differentiation. Positive immunostaining with protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5). neurone‐specific enolase (NSE) and S‐100. in contrast to predominantly negative immunostaining in 12 cases of neurilemmoma of the head and neck, and a similar pattern of staining with luxol fast blue to five known neuroendocrine tumours, strongly suggests that granular cell tumours may be neuroendocrine in nature.
Expression of CD1 and HLA‐DR by Langerhans cells (LC) in oral lichenoid drug eruptions (IDE) and idiopathic oral lichen planus (LP)
Authors: McCartan B. E. , Lamey P.‐J.
Published: April 2006

Numbers of Langerhans ceils (LC) expressing the common thymocyte antigen (T6/CD1) are similar in oral lichen planus (LP) and in normal oral epithelium: however, expression of class II major histocompatibility antigens (HLA‐DR/Ia) by Langerhans cells is greater in lichen planus than in normal epithelium, a phenomenon believed to be associated with activation and antigen presentation. This study quantified the numbers of T6+ve and HLA‐DR + ve Langerhans cells in oral lichen planus and lichenoid drug eruptions (LDE) to investigate whether differences may reflect differing routes of antigen presentation. Six patients with oral lichenoid drug eruptions and six control idiopathic oral lichen planus patients had lesional biopsies. An immunoperoxidase technique was used to demonstrate binding of T6 and HLA‐DR antibodies to identify dendritic intra‐epithelia! cells as Langerhans cells and activated Langerhans cells, respectively. In lichenoid drug eruptions, the number of HLA‐DR+ve LC was significantly lower than the number of T6+ve LC (P < 0.05), whereas in idiopathic lichen planus the numbers of T6+ve and HLA‐DR+ve LC did not differ significantly (P= 0.20). The results provide evidence for differences in the routes of antigen presentation in lichenoid drug eruptions and idiopathic lichen planus.
Triclosan inhibits sodium lauryl sulphate‐induced changes in expression of cytokeratin genes in hamster cheek pouch epithelium
Authors: Baert J. H. , Veys R. J.
Published: April 2006

Triclosan is known to reduce the untoward side effects of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS). The aim of the present study was to determine whether triclosan can inhibit SLS‐induced changes in expression of cytokeratin (CK) genes in hamster cheek pouch epithelium. With a hybridohistochemical technique, using specific human cRNA probes, hamster CK mRNAs were identified by immunological detection of heterologous hybrids. In contrast to application of SLS‐containing paste, application of paste containing SLS together with triclosan produced no marked changes in expression and distribution patterns of CK. mRNAs, compared to the normal cheek pouch epithelium. Therefore, we may accept that triclosan inhibits the effect of SLS on CK gene expression. However, the mechanism of this protection remains elusive. Conversely, the epithelial hyperplasia induced by application of SLS was histologically identical to that induced by application of SLS and triclosan. This suggests that the changes in CK. gene expression identified in the present study are not a simple consequence of epithelial hyperplasia. but rather are specific to the irritating agent. Establishment of the fact that SLS may influence gene expression, and that this may be prevented by triclosan, may be helpful in research on the cytological effects of SLS and the elucidation of protection mechanisms of triclosan against side effects of SLS.
Mucinous adenocarcinoma of the sublingual gland
Authors: Krogdah Annelise S. , Schou Christian
Published: April 2006

A case of mucinous (colloid) adenocarcinoma of the sublingual gland is reported. Adenocarcinomas associated with large pools of extracellular mucin are extremely rare in the major salivary glands. Analysis of the tumor for cytokeratin expression, estrogen and progesterone receptors was performed. Predominantly, the tumor expressed cytokeratins 7, 8, 18 and 19 that are commonly found in simple epithelia, and to a lesser degree cytokeratins 4 and 13 which are usually found in complex epithelia. Staining for estrogen and progesterone receptors was negative. No other cancer has been detected for three years after the first examination. The tumor is considered to be a primary mucinous adenocarcinoma of the sublingual gland.