bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theory and Data on the Religious Behaviour of Migrants
Authors: Mol Hans
Published: March 2007

L'auteur de cet article opère un bilan des recherches qu'il mène en sociologie de la religion des migrants depuis plus de 20 ans.

Après avoir successivement considéré la religion comme variable dépendante, indépendante ou externe, il en vient à penser que le concept d'identité est le plus pertinent pour une appréhension compréhensive du phénomène en question. Ce concept a une application très étendue et permet de : 1) cen trer l'attention sur les problèmes de la culture ethnique dans les contextes anomiques modernes, 2) percevoir le rôle « d'amortisseur» des Eglises ethniques. Dans tous les cas observables, la religion sert à delimiter et à fortifier l'identité des groupes sociaux mis en crise dans des environnements culturels étrangers.
La religiosité de l'émigré italien. Enquête en Allemagne, Suisse et Grande-Bretagne
Authors: Favero Luigi , Tassello Graziano
Published: March 2007

This article presents a few elements concerning the religio sity of the Italian immigrant. It is a result of a synthesis of the research carried out by the Centro Studi Emigrazione- Roma between 1970 and 1976 in Germany, Switzerland and Great-Britain.

After a general description of the sample of the population amongst which the survey has taken place, and after a re flection concerning the elements which, in a given situation, can influence the religious behaviour, the authors take into consideration four dimensions of the religiosity of Italian im migrants, as they emerge from the investigation :

— the acquaintance with the religious institution and the frequenting thereof ;

— doctrinal conformity and the expression of the faith ;

— consistency in ethical practice ;

— religious practice.

In their conclusion, the authors show how the question of the specificity of the migrants' religiosity still remains an unexplored field of research.

They insist moreover on how there has to be at least a passive discordance between the aspirations and the goals as they are expressed in the religiosity of the migrants, and the goals and means brought into play by the institutional Catholic Church.

They finally point out the fundamental question concerning the existence of an ethnic church. Does this ethnic church meet a group's particular needs, is it an answer coming from individuals living with the nostalgia of the church in their country of departure, or does it aim at standardizing the migrant's needs in order to allow the ecclesial institution to survive ?
La fonction de I'Eglise dans la lutte pour l'hégémonie
Authors: Opazo Bernales Andrés
Published: March 2007

In the analysis of the social functions of religion in a capi talistic society, one should avoid two mistakes : economism, on the one hand, which attempts to establish a direct link be tween the relations of production and the ideological relations, and idealism, on the other hand, which considers the social processes to be produced by the power of ideas. Religion can play a role in class relations. These can be defined by their position in a fundamental, objective, economical structure, but at the same time they are social actors. They act by means of their own organizations, with the goal of imposing their inter ests upon the others, and in doing so they have to be accepted by the dominated classes in an active, spontaneous, and natural way. This ideology has to transmit a belief, a conviction.
Social Order and Preaching
Authors: Mickey Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

La prédication peut être définie comme une interaction symbolique entre le prédicateur et l'assemblée des fidèles. Les acteurs utilisent le sermon pour construire leur perception de la religion et, par là, une certaine perception de l'ordre social. Le modèle communicationnel dramatique de Duncan procure à l'Auteur le cadre théorique qu'il utilise pour l'analyse secon daire des données d'enquête. Les résultats montrent que, chez les paroissiens, l'intérêt à l'égard du contenu des sermons semble s'orienter plutôt vers de contenu religieux des attitudes et des conduites envisagées par le prédicateur.
Continuity and Change of Ritual in Polish Folk Piety
Authors: Piwowarski Wladyslaw
Published: March 2007

Par « rituel », l'Auteur comprend toute activité physique (mouvements et gestes) utilisée par un groupe social pour expri mer des significations. La pertinence particulière du rituel au sein de la piété populaire polonaise consiste, selon lui, en ce qu'il est à la base tout à la fois d'une identification religieuse et nationale.
Les rites de passage dans les pays socialistes de l'Europe de l'Est
Authors: Tomka Miklós
Published: March 2007

In Christian cultures, the rites of initiations and anniversaries were celebrated in religious communities, according to patterns established by religious institutions. Beside this, a different type of rites of initiations evolved in various cultures. Either as an ack nowledgement of processes of secularization or with a conscious intention to speed them up, state organs and/or social organiza tions developped the non-religious variants of these rites. A cer tain form, called «socialist ceremonies in the familly» is conti nuously spreading in Eastern Europe.
The Non-Brahmin Movement and Desacralization
Authors: Pillai Mary
Published: March 2007

L'Auteur de cet article étudie l'intéressant phénomène social du mouvement anti-brahamanique au Tamil-Nadu (Inde). Son approche est réalisée à l'aide des concepts d'hégémonie idéologi que et de désacralisation dans le contexte des castes et des classes de la société tamoul.

En tant que s'opposant à l'idéologie dominante, ce mouve ment diffuse une idéologie anti-caste au travers d'une transaction culturelle dont l'objectif est de rendre les masses capables d'être critique vis-à-vis des personnes et des systèmes. L'article montre, en outre, comment le mouvement s'est opposé aux relations de domination existant à différents niveaux de la société par la médiation des mass-media et du jeu politique.
Religion et société politique au Nicaragua après la révolution sandiniste
Authors: Avila Raphaël
Published: March 2007

The transformation of the political field with the Sandinist Revolution brings about a new phase of the class struggle. Two conceptions of the State are developed along the lines of the pri vate and of the public sector of the economy. In the symbolic field, the struggle is about the appropriation of the religious capi tal and its correspondant ethical model.
Revolutionary Struggle and Church Commitment: The Case of El Salvador
Authors: Prendes Jorge Caceres
Published: March 2007

L'article se réfère au processus socio-politique salvadorien au cours des années 1969-1980. Pendant cette décennie, le système de domination existant entre dans une crise profonde, qui s'exprime fondamentalement par une radicalisation des pratiques politiques des classes subalternes confrontées à une répression toujours plus dure de la part des forces au service de ce système.
Cultural Sources of Support for Contemporary Occultism
Authors: Campbell Colin , McIver Shirley
Published: March 2007

Certaines conceptions de l'occultisme le réduisent à n'être qu'une expression déviante et séparée du consensus culturel con ventionnel. Cette perception des choses a l'inconvénient de rendre particulièrement difficile la compréhension de la raison pour laquelle certaines personnes en viennent à adopter une vision occultiste du réel. Elle encourage aussi les sociologues à ne consi dérer ces personnes que comme des cas marginaux, expressifs d'un handicap socio-culturel.

Pour rectifier cette conception, il est indispensable de com mencer par reconnaitre que ni la culture instituée ni l'occultisme ne constituent des systèmes culturels unitaires et que des zones d'interpénétration existent entre eux. En identifiant ce fait et en percevant que, par de multiples aspects, tant la culture populaire que la culture des élites opèrent des emprunts d l'occultisme, il peut être entrevu comment l'occultisme perdure et comment les individus peuvent entrer en contact avec ses enseignements.
Life-Style and Health Status of American Catholic Priests
Authors: Fichter Joseph H.
Published: March 2007

L'Auteur rend compte d'un sondage national concernant la santé du clergé aux Etats-Unis qui toucha 4.660 prêtres catholi ques. La question posée était de savoir s'il y a un rapport entre l'état de santé du clergé et sa conformité — non-conformité avec les variables d'un «modèle de vie» (Alameda County Life Style). L'état de santé est ici correlé avec l'abstention du tabac, l'usage modéré des boissons alcoolisées, l'exercice physique, les heures de sommeil, le contrôle du poids. Dans une première approche, l'état de santé est considéré comme variable dépendante, tandis que dans une seconde approche, les habitudes saines sont globalement considérées comme des variables indépendantes. La comparaison des groupes de ceux qui présentent le meilleur état de santé avec ceux dont cet état est le moins bon révèle que les premiers sont les plus proches du modèle Alameda County. Une épreuve finale indique que ceux qui sont en bonne santé sont aussi ceux qui sont le plus souvent exempts de tensions émotionnelles, d'anxiété et de tracasseries.
Légitimation et régulation étatique de la religion dans les systèmes de type soviétique: L'exemple du catholicisme en Pologne, Tchécoslovaquie et Hongrie
Authors: MICHEL Patrick
Published: March 2007

For the legitimation of the “soviet project” the suppression of religion was necessary. But the project has had to undergo a number of revisions as it has been unable to eliminate religion, and the authorities who have been attempting to make use of it have entered into a complex relationship with the Churches. Some of the Churches have compromised themselves; others have gained prestige from the collaboration, thus contributing to a triple process of de-alienation, de-totalization and de-sovietization.

Those in authority have been unable to control the consequences of their manipulative efforts; the religious sphere has lost its autonomy by becoming diluted in the political field where it is contributing to the task of restructuring. By establishing itself as a privileged institution religion has gained the chance of challenging the system. By doing so, the soviettype system has created a new way of “recharging” the religious through the political.

However, the institutionalization of the Churches, legally recognized and politically encouraged by the authorities, is unable to conceal the capacity of religiosity to escape the confines of officialdom, where the state can exercise control. Instead, the religiosity emerges elsewhere, articulating itself in social and political spheres. It attempts, moreover, independently to create these spheres by reconstituting the social fabric and redefining the political scene.
L'exceptionnelle vitalité religieuse aux Etats-Unis: une relecture de Protestant-Catholic-Jew
Authors: TIRYAKIAN Edward A.
Published: March 2007

As a leading modern industrial society, the USA is exceptional in the diversity and vitality of its religious life. Tocqueville had already made this observation in Democracy in America, the point of departure for the present essay. As Herberg noted in Protestant-Catholic-Jew, religion and ethnicity came together at the turn of the century to provide an important category of social identity to new groups of immigrants. We argue that a major factor in the absence of a labor party in the USA - another dimension of American exceptionalism - stems from the strength of ethnoreligious identity. To further the analysis of Tocqueville and Herberg, this paper considers that for Protestants, Catholics and Jews, respectively, the American experience has been exceptional.
Religion et développement dans les pays musulmans: éléments d'“économie islamique”
Authors: CARRE Olivier
Published: March 2007

The “state economism” of the 1960s and 1970s failed in many of its aims, but it probably paved the way for a new development process. “Islamic economics” today appears a good alternative. It springs from welldefined economic ethics in the large corpus of Fiqh (Islamic law and ethics), notably: common interest and “Mankind's principality upon Earth”; free private productive property; various hiring and leasing and tenancy agreements without risk; exchange contracts without usury/interest; and zakat or Koranic tax, usually translated as “alms”, interpreted as a social tax system for modern development and social justice. The world network of Islamic banks established since 1975 (without predetermined levels of interest) proves to be well adjusted to the dominant “traditional” world banking system. It permits a certain contribution from the “rentier-states” of the Gulf to the poor and very poor muslim countries. This Islamic doctrine and practice may well be a more motivational symbol than Nasserian (or Shah-Iranian) state economism (cf. Weber and “mahdism” and the long-term economic effects of puritanism).
Religions pentecôtistes et moyens de communication de masse au Brésil
Authors: ORO Ari Pedro
Published: March 2007

Despite the influence of North American “tele-evangelists” in Brazil, it is possible to speak of a Brazilian “Electronic Church” with its indigenous thaumaturgical practices. These broadcasts reinforce and promote a religiosity of daily ritual at the same time as using it, closely associating the healing of the sick and requests for financial aid. Donation is a fundamental element of healing, according to the modalities of popular Catholicism with its principle of an alliance and contract between believer and patron saint transferred to the television screen.
The Application of Wrinkle-Resistant Finishes to Cotton Garments
Authors: Hurwitz Melvin D.
Published: March 2007

The practical application of a conventional crease-proofing formulation to cotton garments is described.
Part I: Introductory Survey
Authors: Fraser R.D.B. , MacRae T.P.
Published: March 2007

The present state of knowledge of the molecular organization and fine histological de tail in keratins is reviewed. Methods of determining crystallinity are critically assessed, and the possible bearing of crystalline content on the occurrence of a structural unit in keratins is discussed
The Interpretation of Creep Failure in Textile Fibers as a Rate Process
Authors: Coleman Bernard D. , Knox Andrew G.
Published: March 2007

Some theoretical results are presented which have been obtained using an absolute reaction rate approach for discussing the time dependence of creep failure in textile fibers. The methods used permit a calculation of the functional form of the following relationships: (1) the dependence of the time required for breaking on the magnitude of a sustained dead load; (2) the dependence of the fatigue life under a noncompressive periodic load on the stress amplitude and frequency; (3) the dependence of the tensile strength on the rate of loading used in its measurement; (4) the dependence of the strength loss in a fatigue experiment on the time of exposure. The theory suggests that it may often be possible to predict the results of measurements of all of these quantities from the measurement of one of them. The conditions under which this is true are discussed in detail here.
Physical Properties of Chemically Modified Cottons
Authors: McDonald Allan W. , Orr Rollin S. , Humphreys Geraldine Couturier , Grant James N.
Published: March 2007

Yarns from six cottons selected for their widely different inherent fiber characteristics were mercerized (1) under sufficient tension to maintain their original length, and (2) while permitted to contract freely. Fibers were removed from the yarns and were sub jected to certain physical measurements. Moisture regain, cellulose density, linear den sity, breaking load, and elongation at break were measured on either or both fibers and yarns. Samples of the different cottons were found to differ in their response to the treatment. Those samples with a low value in a property generally displayed the greatest per cent change in that property. Large differences in the properties of the fibers and yarns were associated with the condition of mercerization whether at constant length or slack. Mercerization tended to equalize differences between the properties of fibers in a sample as well as between those of different samples.
The Heat Transmission of Fabrics in Wind
Authors: Niven C.D.
Published: March 2007

Two samples of overcoating material were tested for heat transmission in wind when an air space under the material was provided. The effect of a wind breaker both under and over the material was observed. The work shows that when a sample has a high permeability to air and does not lie close to the hot plate, there is a very marked differ ence between the results obtained with a wind blowing parallel to the surface and those with the wind striking the surface at 45°. The work also proves that the thermal insula tion afforded by a fabric or combination of fabrics in wind depends on what is underneath the sample and suggests that some purely arbitrary test procedure, specified by a standardizing authority, may be desirable.
The Relationship of Experimentally Evaluated Lateral Order Distribution to the Skin-Core Effect of Viscose Rayon 1
Authors: Tsuda Y. , Mukoyama S.
Published: March 2007

The lateral order distributions of experimental rayons spun in the spinning baths of various compositions are evaluated using the method of fractional dissolution of the methanolized cellulose. They are compared with the skin-core effect of cross section which is characteristic of the structure of viscose rayon.
Improved Light and Weather Resistance of Cotton Resulting from Mercerization
Authors: Goldthwait Charles F. , Robinson Helen M.
Published: March 2007

Comparative exposures of mercerized and unmercerized cotton to light and to weath ering brought out anomalous effects in the breakdown of cotton cellulose. There was less deterioration of the mercerized cotton, as measured by the ability of the fabric to resist rupture by tension (measured by breaking strength), but at the same time, more degradation (as determined by fluidity measurements), indicating a reduction in average degree of polymerization of the cellulose.

These observations are consistent with reports in the literature that mercerized cotton is somewhat more susceptible to oxidation and to hydrolysis than comparable un mercerized cotton. The behavior in exposure to light evidently is part of a general phenomenon, because higher fluidities have been ohserved for the chemically reactive mercerized cottons under conditions where the strength losses for mercerized and un mercerized cottons were equal.

The higher retention of strength by the mercerized cotton may represent a significant advantage, because it promises a longer service life of mercerized goods when deteriora tion occurs mainly from exposure to sunlight. When ordinary unmercerized cotton has lost half strength, corresponding mercerized cotton can be expected to last for 14 to 13 longer before reaching that level.
Part I: Drying Behavior
Authors: Steele Richard
Published: March 2007

When apparel fabrics made of various natural and manmade fibers are dried under "drip-dry" conditions, the usual constant rate and falling rate periods of drying can be observed. The former is normally the longer, and its length is determined largely by the amount of water which is initially picked up by the fabric and must be evaporated. This depends primarily on the fiber content and the thickness of the fabric. With rayon and cotton fabrics it can be controlled to some extent by treatment with aminoplast resins. The critical moisture content, which is the water concentration at the end of the constant rate period, has been found in some cases to depend on the sample size and fabric construction when determined on vertically suspended samples. In these cases, it is not related in a simple way to the regain of the fibers in saturated air, as is sometimes proposed.

For hydrophilic fabrics, the whole falling rate period may be characterized by a dry ing coefficient based on the assumption that the area of free surface evaporation is the rate controlling factor and that this is proportional to the water content. With hydro phobic fabrics, the latter half of the falling rate period is not consistent with this assump tion, and the rate becomes somewhat more rapid.
Punched-Card Methods for Studying Fiber-Yarn Relationships
Authors: Wakeham Helmut , Steward La Dean
Published: March 2007

Methods of applying punched-card computing to a study of the relationships between fibers and yarns are described. Various factors such as fiber property distributions, fiber arrangements, the interaction of fiber properties with yarn structure, and the yarn breakage mechanism are considered. Some informational needs which may lead to a better comprehension of the problem and ultimately to a valid prediction of yarn properties are discussed.
What Makes a Comprehensive School Reform Model Learner Centered?
Authors: McCombs Barbara L. , Quiat Melinda
Published: March 2007

One important criterion in adopting a nationally approved comprehensive school reform model is that the model be research based, with evidence of increasing student achievement. The American Psychological Association’s research-validated Learner-Centered Psychological Principles and Learner-Centered Framework provide tools for assessing whether comprehensive school reform models also address individual learner needs. The Community for Learning model meets the nine comprehensive school reform criteria, but does it meet the criterion of being “learner centered?” This question was addressed in three inner-city elementary schools, with some highly positive results for those most concerned with the plight of children who are at risk for academic failure.
Jesse Jackson and the Urban Social Reform Movement
Authors: Eaton William E.
Published: March 2007

A different force in the schools.
The Community School
Authors: Greenblatt Susan L.
Published: March 2007

An innovation which failed: but failure is instructive.
A Retrospective Note on Urban "Neighborhood School" Ideology
Authors: Allen Irving Lewis
Published: March 2007

In 1966 parents supported "neighborhood" schools primarily on the grounds of practicality.
Development of Psychosocial Maturity
Authors: Adams Gerald R. , Shea Judy , Kacerguis Mary Ann
Published: March 2007

Many factors contribute to personality development; many factors remain essentially unexplored.
The Affective Consequences of Home Support, Instructional Quality, and Achievement
Authors: Dolan Lawrence
Published: March 2007

Quality of instruction may be more important than home environment.
Correlates of Role Strain in the Classroom
Authors: Keith Pat M.
Published: March 2007

Teacher role in organizational context.
Distributing "Municipal Overburden" Aid to School Districts
Authors: Stein Jay M.
Published: March 2007

Equity in state aid to school systems is difficult to define. The author derives an index to compensate for "overburden."
The National Politics of Formula Allocation
Authors: Bresnick David
Published: March 2007

Distribution formulas have made Congress' bias less obvious, but it has been, nevertheless, real.
The Cycle of Powerlessness
Authors: Krasner Michael
Published: March 2007

The New York City Decentralization of 1969 did not ensure community control: The political history of New York City District 14.
Least Restrictive Environments and Parent-Child Rights
Authors: Bloom Mark , Garfunkel Frank
Published: March 2007

The Massachusetts law which was a model for PL 94-142 has not served as intended. About half the decisions under the law result in a child being placed in a more restrictive situation.
Youth, School, and the Family in Transition
Authors: McAdoo Harriette Pipes
Published: March 2007

Family patterns are influenced by low incomes and high costs of living. Schooling has not kept pace with changes in technology and employment opportunities.
Youth Unemployment
Authors: Stafford Walter W.
Published: March 2007

Transition from pupil to worker is increasingly difficult for youth, particularly black youth. A unified approach, multidisciplinary and multiagency, has not appeared.
Adolescent Drug Abuse and Alcoholism
Authors: Smith Elsie J.
Published: March 2007

Misuse of alcohol and drugs is a general problem, particularly severe among adolescents and youth, and particularly in the city.
Flexible Modular Scheduling
Authors: Goldman Jeri J.
Published: March 2007

One concept produced much satisfaction, but few more tangible benefits.
Teacher Education Graduates
Authors: Keith Pat M. , Warren Richard D. , Dilts Harold E.
Published: March 2007

Differing prospective job rewards guide women into elementary or secondary teaching. Among prospective high school teachers there are no gender-linked job reward preferences.
Strength of Organizational Coupling in the Instructionally Effective School
Authors: Astuto Terry A. , Clark David L.
Published: March 2007

"Close coupling"has several aspects. Some seem more important than others; global discussion of close coupling can be improved upon.
Determining Effective Schools
Authors: Vincenzi Harry , Ayrer James G.
Published: March 2007

Effective schools should be identified; other schools should be improved. Techniques for identification and improvement.
Trouble at School
Authors: Nespor Jan
Published: March 2007

When conditions in a school deteriorate and teachers and administrators cannot escape or effectively protest, they use several ways of shifting blame.
Alienation from Secondary School
Authors: Avi-Itzhak Tamara E.
Published: March 2007

Among Arab students in Israel, alienation is more closely related to their perceptions than to "objective" measures.
School Desegregation in the Hartford, Connecticut
Authors: Fuerst J. S.
Published: March 2007

Varied strategiesfor school desegregation in a microcosm, Hartford, Connecticut.
Public School Vandalism
Authors: Tygart Clarence
Published: March 2007

Incidence of school vandalism is related to school level, SES, student test scores, and school track, and is explained by strain theory.
The Best Child I Ever Had
Authors: Tewel Kenneth J.
Published: March 2007

Case studies of three principals who "'saved" their schools by unorthodox and nonparticipatory means.
Tales of Risk, of Deliverance, and the Redemption of Learning
Authors: Stevenson John O.
Published: March 2007

Retrospect: 20 years of teaching at-risk students urges collaborative learning and teaching, interdisciplinary approach.
An Investigation of the Possible Effects of an Immersion as Compared to a Traditional Program for African American Males
Authors: W Sanders Eugene T , Reed Patricia L
Published: March 2007

The establishment of African American male immersion schools has received national attention and generated much controversy. However, the central issue has been the question of whether such schools are tantamount to segregation, rather than whether they are more effective in promoting the educational progress of African American males. In this article, the results of a preliminary investigation of the differences over time in the intellectual achievement responsibility, attitude toward school, and self-esteem of African American male students who attended the Milwaukee African-American Immersion Academy as compared with those who attended a traditional Milwaukee school are reported. A significant difference favoring the Immersion Academy students was found at the fifth-grade level but only with respect to intellectual achievement responsibility. However; the investigation has also provided baseline data from which differences between the two groups of students over a more extended period of time may be examined.
The Masking of the Delivery of Educational Services to Lower-Achieving Students
Authors: Teddlie Charles , Lang Michael H. , Oescher Jeffrey
Published: March 2007

A long-term concern of school-effectiveness researchers has been the delivery of educational services to lower-achieving students, who often live in urban areas and come from minority or other socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. The concern has been that to look only at average (mean) achievement in a school might "mask" the ineffective delivery of services to students in traditionally lower-achieving groups. This research on school effectiveness looks at the delivery of services both to the entire school population (measured by the mean score) and to those students who scored below the median (measured by the lower quartile score). Results indicated that mean masking occurred in about 17% of the schools. However, masking occurred more often when schools were doing an average job of educating everyone and an above-average job of educating the lower quartile. Implications for school indicator systems (including recognition and incentive programs) are discussed.
Joining Hands
Authors: Floyd Lenore
Published: March 2007

Although teachers and administrators often go to great lengths to involvelow-income families in school projects, their attempts often are unsuccessful. In this article, alternatives to traditional concepts of involvement and different behavioral styles are discussed. Joining Hands, a model project designed to encourage low-income and minority parents to become more active in their children 's academic education, is described. The first phase of the project, a parent training program, offers parents inexpensive strategies and techniques that they can use to prepare 3- and 4-year-old children for successful school experiences. The second phase of the project, a series of teacher in-service sessions, is aimed at sensitizing school employees to the concerns, needs, and problems of low-income and minority parents.
The Enemy within
Authors: Petersen George J. , Pietrzak Dale , Speaker Kathryne M.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated teacher, district, and site administrators' perceptions of school violence and violence prevention programs in 15 school districts of various sizes in 12 states located across the United States. The study focused on: (a) school personnel fears about violence, (b) frequency of school personnel as victims of violent actions over the past 2 years, (c) areas in the school environment that pose the greatest risk of violence for students or school personnel, (d) profiles of typical victims and perpetrators of violence, (e) strategies implemented by schools to deal with violence, (p9 perceptions regarding which strategies were considered to be the most and least effective in dealing with violence, and (g) the cost to school districts for violence prevention. The study concluded by providing a suggested plan of action to remediate and reduce violence in schools.
The Effects of Religious Commitment on the Academic Achievement of Black and Hispanic Children
Authors: Jeynes William H.
Published: March 2007

Using the National Education Longitudinal Survey (NELS) data set from the 1988 to 1992 period, this study assessed the effects of student religious commitment on the academic achievement of Black and Hispanic children. The results indicate that religiously committed Black and Hispanic children performed better on most academic measures than their less religious counterparts, even when controlling for socioeconomic status, gender, and whether the student attended a private religious school. These results suggest that when researchers study the effects of religion on the academic achievement of children, the nature of the school should be considered but also the religious nature of many of the Black and Hispanic students. The significance of these results is discussed.
Young People's Participation in a New Northern Ireland Society
Authors: HORGAN GORETTI , RODGERS PAULA
Published: March 2007

This article examines the extent to which young people are given the opportunity to contribute to the rebuilding of Northern Irish society in the postconflict situation. It recounts the conflict's effects on the lives of children and young people and evidence that suggests that young people have not felt part of the political process in the past. We then examine arguments about citizenship for children and young people using a children's rights perspective. We provide new evidence of the extent to which the rhetoric of the past has translated into young people being allowed to participate in Northern Irish society. Finally, we identify lessons for Northern Ireland from international models of participation that help young people demonstrate their potential for responsible citizenship, and we look at the potential for increased participation by youth in the political structures emerging in the wake of the Belfast Good Friday Agreement of 1998.
Restorative Justice and the Prosocial Communities Solution
Authors: BLECHMAN ELAINE A. , HILE MATTHEW G. , FISHMAN DANIEL B.
Published: March 2007

Balanced and restorative justice argues for greater accountability, competency, and public safety through community care of juvenile offenders. Toward these ends, the Prosocial Communities Solution builds an infrastructure around key elements of information sharing, coordinated supervision, and immersion in prosocial activities. Assisted by a clinical, cross-organizational management information system, each community horizontally aligns parents with professional caregivers responsible for at-risk youth. The caregiver alliance deploys a cross-organizational ad hoc caregiver team for each juvenile offender on community diversion, probation, or parole. Ad hoc teams negotiate individualized risk reduction contracts with youth and parents providing round-the-clock caregiver-supervised prosocial activities, including restorative justice practices. Through prosocial activities, at-risk youth get natural lessons in self-regulation. The caregiver alliance can learn from locally collected data about the procedures that successfully embody restorative justice goals and elevate the standard of care for at-risk youth.
An Aspect of Political Socialization of Student Movement Participants in Korea
Authors: PARK BYEONG-CHUL
Published: March 2007

This article tests hypotheses from two perspectives, lineage socialization and generation unit, on Korean student protest participation, using 360 self-administered questionnaires collected at three Korean universities in the fall of 1991. Logistic response models were used to examine the influence of qualitative variables on protest behavior. Results indicate that both theoretical perspectives are not mutually exclusive in explaining the characteristics of student protest participants. However, the findings lend stronger support to the generation unit model. The presence of a strong horizontal age-group bond in Korean society influences students' political orientations and subsequently their protest behavior. The common denominator that binds these student protesters appears to be generational consciousness. The data also indicate that agents other than parents, such as peers, mentors, media, and so forth affect the process of (re)socialization to politics in this Korean student sample.
Educating Toward Resistance
Authors: DORNEY JUDITH A.
Published: March 2007

This article explores how the connections between women educators and female students can be critical for the development of a liberating resistance in both. The author addresses the loss of self-esteem, voice, and authority in girls documented in recent research and then reports on a retreat process designed for women educators in Shaker Heights, Ohio and in Boston, Massachusetts. These retreat experiences build community and promote resistance to the educational and cultural messages that silence the voices and negate the knowledge of girls and women. This work has resulted in changes in relationships and educational practice with girls and women colleagues. Thus by fostering healthy resistance, this work with women educators serves as a political intervention in the education of girls.
Delinquency of Chinese-Canadian Youth
Authors: WONG SIU KWONG
Published: March 2007

Research shows that youth of Chinese descent in North America have a lower prevalence of delinquency than the average Canadian or American youth, probably due to the positive influence of Chinese culture. In this study, the relationship between acculturation and delinquency was examined based on a sample of Chinese youth and adolescents in Winnipeg, Manitoba. Related hypotheses derived from three theoretical perspectives—opportunity, control, and intergeneration conflict theories—were tested. The results showed that adherence to Chinese culture reduced the likelihood of delinquency involvement. However, the effect was not explained by Chinese cultural norms and traditions. These findings are not congruent with opportunity and control theories. Nonetheless, it was found that acculturation caused delinquency involvement to increase for those whose parents were less acculturated, suggesting the presence of a widened generation gap exacerbated by acculturation. To that extent, the findings lend considerable support to intergeneration conflict theory.
From Break Dancing to Heavy Metal
Authors: DEYHLE DONNA
Published: March 2007

This article is about a small group of Navajo youth and the messages they expressed through both break dancing and heavy metal. Their break-dancing performances spoke loudly against racial discrimination in their community and echoed the hope of achieving equity. Over their years in high school, they traded the optimistically rebellious music of break dancing for the somewhat fatalistic complaint music of heavy metal. The construction of these youth's identities is framed within a critique of the “living between two worlds” metaphor—the Indian world and the Anglo world—as a deficit model. The traditional world of their grandparents no longer exists, and, due to racism in the community, the Anglo world is not available to them. Instead, we need to look at the complex, conflictual world in which these youth live to make sense of their performances of resistance as expressed in their music choices.
Personalized Philanthropy
Authors: KAHNE JOSEPH
Published: March 2007

The I Have a Dream (IHAD) program provides financial, academic, and social support to randomly selected classes of youth throughout the country. Each program is sponsored by a philanthropist who becomes personally involved with the youth he or she supports. This personalized philanthropic approach aims to forge relationships that bridge social class as well as racial and ethnic divides. When such bridges are built, proponents argue, the impact on both those who receive support and those who provide it can be substantial. Drawing on a 3-year study of IHAD, this study investigates whether such bridges can be built, the factors that enable and constrain these efforts, and the significance of philanthropists' personal involvement for themselves and for those they are trying to both know and help.
`There are No Rules' (George W. Bush): International Order After September 11
Authors: Hurrell Andrew
Published: March 2007

This article examines the role of rules and other kinds of norms in the struggle against terrorism. The first section looks at legal and moral rules: at what the seven months since September 11 tells us about the multiple and complex roles that norms play in world politics; at the processes of institutional and solidarist enmeshment which, on some accounts, have pressed the US to engage with international law and institutions; at the limits to such processes; and at the way in which the nature of the struggle against terrorism and the idea of civilizational conflict have influenced understandings of the roles of legal and moral rules. The second part examines the role of political norms: in terms of the rationality of terrorist violence, the links between terrorism and the conditions from which it arises, and the impact of these events on US power and hegemony and on the idea of a hegemonic political order.
Affiliation as (Dis)semination: Gossip and Family in George Eliot's European Novel
Authors: Gordon Jan B.
Published: March 2007

Is there any successor of the incomparable Lorenzo to whom the great Turk is so gracious as to send over presents of rare animals, rare relics, rare manuscripts, or fugitive enemies, suited to the tastes of a Christian Magnifico who is at once lettered and devout...? And what famous scholar is dictating the Latin Letters of the Republic — what fiery philosopher is lecturing on Dante in the Duomo, and going home to write bitter invectives against the father and mother of the bad critic who may have found fault with his classical spelling? ("Proem", Romola)
Strategies of Causal Inference in Small-N Analysis
Authors: MAHONEY JAMES
Published: March 2007

Much debate concerning small-N analysis has centered on the question of whether this research tradition has powerful tools for assessing causality. Yet, recent contributions make it clear that scholars are not in consensus with regard to the more basic issue of which procedures and underlying logic are in fact used in small-N causal assessment. Focusing on the field of comparative-historical analysis, this article attempts to clarify these procedures and logic. Methods associated with three major strategies of small-N causal inference are examined: nominal comparison, ordinal comparison, and within-case analysis. The article argues that the use of these three strategies within particular small-N studies has led scholars to reach radically divergent conclusions about the logic of causal analysis in small-N research. One implication of this argument is that methodologists must sort out the interrelationship between strategies of causal inference before arriving at conclusions about the overall strengths and limitations of small-N analysis.
The Effects of Causal Feedback On Ordinary Least-Squares Estimators
Authors: Beaver Steven E.
Published: March 2007

When a causal model includes a feedback loop, ordinary least-squares (OLS) is an inappropriate, biased estimation technique. Furthermore, since the system is nonrecursive, a simple application of path analysis or regression is precluded. If the causal feedback is indirect, however, or involves one or more weak causal links, the bias will tend to be small and in some cases may be negligible. If the causal system is correctly specified to include only indirect feedback-i.e., with no direct reciprocal causation between any pair of variables, it is possible to calculate unbiased estimators. Even in other instances, it is often possible to set a reasonable upper limit to the bias encountered by estimators affected only by indirect feedback despite their inclusion in a system in which there is both direct and indirect feedback.
Sources of Error in the Coding of Questionnaire Data
Authors: Morrissey Elizabeth R.
Published: March 2007

Errors made in the coding of a set of 1,209 relatively structured questionnaires were examined in an effort to discover characteristics of the data set and of the coding instructions which contributed to the occurrence of error. Items included in the questionnaire were ordered with respect to the complexity of the coding task involved. The number of errors per decision was found to vary directly with the level of complexity of the task. Closer examination of the types of decisions involved, including the computation of proportion agreement with criterion codes and validity coefficients, revealed sources of error within different levels of complexity. The use of non-mutually exclusive sets of coding categories was found to introduce error into the coding process, and it is suggested that this error is not reflected in resultant measures of reliability and validity. Decisions made in a series applying the same set of categories to a number of similar responses within an item were found to effect lower validity coefficients for later decisions in the series.
The Relation Between Female Labor Force Participation and Ferti Lity
Authors: Havens Elizabeth Maret , Gibbs Jack P.
Published: March 2007

Numerous investigators have reported evidence of an mverse relation between female labor force participation and fertility rates; but the relation has never been systematically derived from a theory, and recognition that it is neither close nor invariant complicates the matter. This paper states a theory from which the relation can be derived, and the theory extends to a testable generalization about variability in the relation. The theory asserts that the relation is contingent on the "career labor force participation" of females; briefly, the greater such participation is in a universe of populations, the more inverse is the relation between female labor force participation and fertility rates. A test based on data for Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (1960) is consistent with the theory.
Optimal Bias in Ridge Regression Approaches To Multicollinearity
Authors: Kasarda John D. , Shih Wen-Fu P.
Published: March 2007

Ridge regression, based on adding a smally quantity, k, to the diagonal of a correlation matrix of highly collinear independent variables, can reduce the error variance of estimators, but at the expense of introducing bias. Because bias is a monotonic increasing function of k, the problem of the appropriate amount of k to introduce as the ridge analysis increment has yet to be resolved This paper proposes a method for selecting the optimal value of k in terms of minimizing the mean square error of estimation. First, we demonstrate mathematically the existence of a minimum mean square error point of the ridge estimator along the scale k. Second, we present an iterative procedure for locating the k value which will minimize the mean square error of estimates for any correlated data set.
Correlated Denominators in Multiple Regression and Change Analyses
Authors: Pendleton Brian F. , Warren Richard D. , Chang H.C.
Published: March 2007

Sociological and demographic research often uses variables computed as ratios. When the denominators are highly correlated, or identical, and the ratios are used in correlation or regression analysis, a statistical dependency is formed. Interpre tations and inferences may be difficult to make and misleading. This article has two basic purposes. The first is to show how this problem expands from bivariate correlation and regression to partial correlation and multiple regression. The second purpose is to review advantages and disadvantages of selected alternative change models, focusing on path analysis and the problem of correlated denomi nators in change and path analyses. It is suggested that, when an identical denomi nator exists, it can be used as an independent control variable in standard least- squares regression equations constructed from the numerators. When, however, the denominators are highly correlated but not identical, as is found in most cross- sectional research and is virtually inescapable in longitudinal research, the use of residual analysis is suggested as a solution to the problem of correlated denomi nators.
Measuring Inequality
Authors: JASSO GUILLERMINA
Published: March 2007

Since unambiguous ranking of income distributions according to their degree of inequality is not always possible, choice of inequality measure must rest on the appropriateness of particular measures for particular substantive problems. This article provides a complete account of one measure of inequality, δ, defined, for x > 0, as the ratio of the geometric mean to the arithmetic mean—a measure that is closely linked to the sense of distributive justice. Its properties are summarized, and formulas reported for the effects of transfers and of location changes. Analytic expressions for δ for three classical probability distributions—the Pareto, Lognormal, and Rectangular families—are provided, and δ's behavior in within-family comparisons discussed. The measure δ's behavior in between-family comparisons is explored using a new procedure for bounding the zones of ambiguity in inequality comparisons. Finally, a newly obtained decomposition formula for δ is reported.