bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quorum‐quenching endophytic bacteria inhibit disease caused byPseudomonas syringaepv. syringae inCitruscultivars
Authors: Akbari Kiarood Seyyedeh Leila , Rahnama Kamran , Golmohammadi Morteza , Nasrollanejad Saeid
Published: June 2020

Two strains of 64 endophytic bacteria,Bacillus cereusSi‐Ps1 andPseudomonas azotoformansLa‐Pot3‐3, isolated fromCitrus sinensisandC. sinensisvar. Thomson's leaves, respectively, reducedN‐acyl homoserine‐based quorum sensing in bioindicator strainPseudomonas syringaepv. syringae (Pss) B728a and the biofilm production and swarming motility of field isolatePss3289. A homolog ofaiiAgene encoding an AHL‐lactonase was found inB. cereus(Si‐Ps1), suggesting that this isolate can degrade the quorum‐sensing signal molecules ofPss3289. The crude extract of endophytic bacterium,B. cereus(Si‐Ps1), inhibitedPss3289 biofilm formation after 48 and 96 h by 55% and 58%, respectively. Similar reductions in biofilm formation were conferred by crude extracts ofP. azotoformans(La‐Pot3‐3). Correspondingly, the number of planktonic cells in cultures treated with these extracts was higher than in control cultures, indicating a direct effect on biofilm formation and not on cell growth. In greenhouse assays, the virulence ofPss3289 to different citrus cultivars was decreased when coinoculated with these endophytic bacteria.
Molecular circuit of heterocyst differentiation in cyanobacteria
Authors: Harish  , Seth Kunal
Published: June 2020

Differentiation commitment is one of the most complex mechanisms to study in biological science. One of the model systems used for understanding differentiation complexity is heterocyst development in cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria have the capability of biological nitrogen fixation due to highly differentiated heterocyst cells. Once the nitrogen deficiency signal is perceived by the cyanobacteria, few of its vegetative cells commit toward the development of heterocyst. Heterocyst provides a microoxic environment that is essential for the nitrogenase complex to fix the atmospheric dinitrogen. The entire process of development of heterocyst can be divided into different steps, such as (a) sensing signal and differentiation induction, (b) positional (pattern) determination of heterocyst in the filament, (c) formation of extracellular thick heterocyst‐specific layers, and (d) assembly of nitrogen‐fixing machinery. Many of the key regulators that are essential for heterocyst formation in these different steps have been identified. Recently, the role of small RNA and interruption DNA elements that influence the heterocyst formation and function has also been identified. In this review article, we have outlined the current understanding of the entire molecular circuit of heterocyst development in a simplistic way. This article focuses on explaining key concepts related to heterocyst development and discusses recent discoveries in this line.
Locoregional recurrence rate and disease‐specific survival following marginal vs segmental resection for oral squamous cell carcinoma with mandibular bone invasion
Authors: Stoop Celine C. , de Bree Remco , Rosenberg Antoine J.W.P. , van Gemert Jan T.M. , Forouzanfar Tim , Van Cann Ellen M.
Published: June 2020

Background and Objectives

To determine locoregional recurrence rate (LRR) and disease‐specific survival (DSS) following marginal vs segmental mandibulectomy.

Methods

Included were 210 patients, who had marginal or segmental mandibulectomy between 2000 and 2017. Marginal resection was performed when complete removal of the tumor was deemed feasible on the condition that at least 1 cm bone height of the inferior border of the mandible could be preserved. Segmental resection was performed in case less than 1 cm bone height of the mandible would remain. Clinical and histopathological data were collected from medical records. LRR and DSS were computed using Kaplan‐Meier analysis. Cox‐regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for LRR and DSS.

Results

A total of 59 marginal and 151 segmental resections had been performed. There was no significant difference in 3‐ and 5‐year LRR (P = .904) and no significant difference in 3‐ and 5‐year DSS (P = .362) between the marginal and segmental resection group. Cox‐regression analysis showed a trend for surgical margin less than equal to 1 mm, to affect LRR (P = .05) and surgical margin less than equal 1 mm, perineural invasion and lymph node metastasis to affect DSS (P < .05).

Conclusions

There was no difference in outcome between the two types of mandibulectomy.
National postoperative and oncologic outcomes after pelvic exenteration for T4b rectal cancer
Authors: Konstantinidis Ioannis T. , Lee Byrne , Trisal Vijay , Paz Issac , Melstrom Kurt , Sentovich Stephen , Lai Lily , Raoof Mustafa
Published: June 2020

Background and Objectives

Studies reporting outcomes after pelvic exenteration for rectal cancer are limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate early postoperative and oncologic outcomes in a national multi‐institutional cohort.

Methods

Using the National Cancer Database (NCDB), which collects data from over 1500 commission on cancer (CoC)‐accredited hospitals, we analyzed patients undergoing pelvic exenteration for T4b rectal adenocarcinoma.

Results

There were 1367 pelvic exenterations performed in 552 hospitals. Median age was 60 years, the majority of patients (n = 831; 60.8%) were female. Neoadjuvant radiation was used only in 57%; 24.3% of resections had positive margins. Following exenteration, 30‐day mortality rate, 90‐day mortality rate, and readmission rates were: 1.8%, 4.4%, and 7.4%. Age ≥ 60 years and higher Charlson‐Deyo comorbidity index were independently associated with increased 90‐day mortality (P < .001). Overall survival (OS) was 50 months. After adjustment of significant covariates, negative margin status (adjusted HR, 0.6, 95% CI, 0.5‐0.8; P < .001) and receipt of perioperative radiation or chemoradiation (adjusted HR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.4‐0.6; P < .001) were significantly associated with decreased risk of death. Only 71% of the patients received perioperative radiation.

Conclusions

Pelvic exenterations are being performed safely in Coc‐accredited hospitals. However, up to one fourth of patients undergo resections with positive margins or are subject to underutilization of perioperative radiation therapy. Increased use of radiation may increase negative margin resections and improve patient outcomes.
Initial Validation and Measurement Invariance of the Active Inhibition Scale Among Traumatized and Grieving Youth
Authors: Dodd Cody G. , Hill Ryan M. , Alvis Lauren M. , Rooney Evan E. , Layne Christopher M. , Logsdon Tami , Sandler Irwin N. , Kaplow Julie B.
Published: June 2020

The Active Inhibition Scale (AIS; Ayers, Sandler, & Twohey, 1998) is an 11‐item, self‐report measure of emotional suppression among children and adolescents. Previous research with the AIS has linked emotional suppression to several clinically significant outcomes, such as posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and suicide, among trauma‐exposed and bereaved youth; however, there are no published evaluations of its psychometric properties. We examined the factor structure and criterion validity of the AIS in two samples. Sample 1 included youth (M = 12.22 years, SD = 2.96, range: 6–18 years; 55.4% female) referred to an outpatient psychology clinic specializing in childhood trauma and grief. Sample 2 included youth (M = 13.18 years, SD = 2.58, range: 8–18 years; 61.8% female) referred to a community grief counseling center. Confirmatory factor analytic results supported a one‐factor solution, Cronbach's α = .94. Additionally, AIS scores correlated positively with PTSS, depression, and maladaptive grief, rs = .43–.64. Evidence of factorial invariance was found across gender, race/ethnicity, and age group. Emotional suppression scores were higher among girls compared to boys, Black and Hispanic youth compared to White youth, and older compared to younger age groups. The magnitude of correlations between AIS and symptom measure scores was comparable across groups. These results support the reliability and criterion validity of the AIS with diverse youth populations and underscore the role that emotional suppression may play in explaining group differences in mental health symptoms.
Electronic Pneumatic Injection‐Assisted Dermal Drug Delivery Visualized by Ex Vivo Confocal Microscopy
Authors: Bik Liora , van Doorn Martijn B. A. , Biskup Edyta , Ortner Vinzent K. , Haedersdal Merete , Olesen Uffe H.
Published: June 2020

Background and Objectives

Electronic pneumatic injection (EPI) is a technique for dermal drug delivery, which is increasingly being used in clinical practice. However, only few studies have been reported on cutaneous drug distribution and related clinical endpoints. We aimed to visualize the immediate cutaneous drug distribution, changes in skin architecture, and related clinical endpoint of EPI.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Acridine orange (AO) solution was administered to ex vivo porcine skin by EPI at pressure levels from 4 to 6 bar with a fixed injection volume of 50 µl and nozzle size of 200 µm. Immediate cutaneous distribution was visualized using ex vivo confocal microscopy (EVCM). Changes in skin architecture were visualized using both EVCM and hematoxylin and eosin‐stained cryosections.

Results

The defined immediate endpoint was a clinically visible papule formation on the skin. The pressure threshold to consistently induce a papule was 4 bar, achieving delivery of AO to the deep dermis (2319 µm axial and 5944 µm lateral distribution). Increasing the pressure level to 6 bar did not lead to significant differences in axial and lateral dispersion (P = 0.842, P = 0.905; respectively). A distinctively hemispherical distribution pattern was identified. Disruption of skin architecture occurred independently of pressure level, and consisted of subepidermal clefts, dermal vacuoles, and fragmented collagen.

Conclusions

This is the first study to relate a reproducible clinical endpoint to EPI‐assisted immediate drug delivery using EVCM. An EPI‐induced skin papule indicates dermal drug delivery throughout all layers of the dermis, independent of pressure level settings. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 The Authors. Lasers in Surgery and Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals LLC
Speciation of copper in high chloride concentrations, in the context of corrosion of copper canisters
Authors: Lilja Christina , King Fraser , Puigdomenech Ignasi , Pastina Barbara
Published: June 2020

Canisters with a cast iron insert for mechanical strength and a 50‐mm thick copper shell as corrosion protection are planned to be used for disposal of spent nuclear fuel in Sweden and Finland. Chloride can be considered “beneficial”, as it promotes active dissolution of copper rather than passivation (which might result in pitting), but a high concentration of chloride in solution would increase the driving force for corrosion through the formation of soluble copper chloro complexes. Thermodynamic calculations are performed in this study with the PHREEQC software and three of its accompanying databases, and a comparison with experimental data is performed to select the database to be used when evaluating repository performance. The activity coefficient models are given special attention. For the assessment of chloride‐assisted corrosion of a KBS‐3 canister, chloride concentrations pessimistically up to 5 mol/kg are used (in Finland and Sweden, the groundwater and bentonite porewater chloride concentrations are not expected to exceed 1 mol/kg). The resulting copper solubilities are then considered in different mass transport cases.
High‐speed wire electrical discharge machining to create superhydrophobic surfaces for magnesium alloys with high corrosion and wear resistance
Authors: Qiu Rongxian , Li Chao , Tong Wei , Xiong Dangsheng , Li Zhongxin , Wu Zhilin
Published: June 2020

Herein, a superhydrophobic surface of AZ31B magnesium alloy prepared by high‐speed wire electrical discharge machining and modification with stearic acid is reported. The surface morphology and wettability of the superhydrophobic surface were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and optical contact angle measurement, respectively. A uniform micro‐/nanopetal‐like structure was shown within the superhydrophobic surface, resulting in a contact angle of 151 ± 0.5° and a sliding angle of 4 ± 0.5°. Notably, the superhydrophobic surface had better corrosion resistance than the bare magnesium alloy, and its corrosion current density was reduced by nearly one order of magnitude. Under both dry and wet friction conditions, the friction coefficient of the superhydrophobic surface was lower than that of the bare magnesium alloy surface, with a much lower wear loss. In addition, the friction coefficient of the superhydrophobic sample was lower than that of the bare magnesium alloy sample under both the dry and wet friction conditions. Thus, the superhydrophobic sample experienced reduced wear and had a low wear rate.
On the more generalized non‐parametric framework for the propagation of uncertainty in drought monitoring
Authors: Ali Zulfiqar , Hussain Ijaz , Faisal Muhammad , Grzegorczyk Marco , Qamar Sadia , Shoukry Alaa Mohamd , Sharkawy Mohammed A. W. , Gani Showkat
Published: June 2020

Drought has a complex climatic and spatio‐temporal feature. Therefore, its accurate monitoring is a great challenge for hydrological research. Recently, the use of standardized drought indices (SDIs) for drought monitoring is common in practice. However, because of the subjective choices of probability distribution, the uncertainty related to extreme events always exists in SDIs‐based drought‐monitoring tools. The present research extends the generalized non‐parametric framework for drought monitoring. The application of the proposed framework is based on seven meteorological stations in Pakistan. The preliminary analysis considered the standardized precipitation temperature index (SPTI) at different time scales. The significance of the proposed framework is to address extreme values with more accuracy under a non‐parametric framework. It is concluded that the suitable choice of probability‐plotting‐position formulas allows greater accuracy when capturing the probability of extreme drought events.
Software for reconstruction of nonuniformly sampled NMR data
Authors: Pedersen Christian Parsbæk , Prestel Andreas , Teilum Kaare
Published: June 2020

Nonuniform sampling (NUS) of multidimensional NMR experiments is a powerful tool to obtain high‐resolution spectra with less instrument time. With NUS, only a subset of the points needed for conventional Fourier transformation is recorded, and sophisticated algorithms are needed to reconstruct the missing data points. During the last decade, several software packages implementing the reconstruction algorithms have emerged and been refined and now result in spectra of almost similar quality as spectra from conventionally recorded and processed data. However, from the number of literature references to the reconstruction methods, many more multidimensional NMR spectra could presumably be recorded with NUS. To help researchers considering to start using NUS for their NMR experiments, we here review 13 different reconstruction methods found in five software packages (CambridgeCS, hmsIST, MddNMR, NESTA‐NMR, and SMILE). We have compared how the methods run with the provided example scripts for reconstructing a nonuniform sampled three‐dimensional 15N–NOESY–HSQC at sampling densities from 5% to 50%. Overall, the spectra are all of similar quality above 20% sampling density. Thus, without any particular knowledge about the details of the reconstruction algorithms, significant reduction in the experiment time can be achieved. Below 20% sampling density, the intensities of particular weak peaks start being affected. MddNMR's IST with virtual echo and the SMILE algorithms still reproduced the spectra with the highest accuracy of peak intensities.
Factors associated with sleep quality during chemotherapy: An integrative review
Authors: Souza Regina Claudia da Silva , dos Santos Maiara Rodrigues , das Chagas Valota Izabel Alves , Sousa Cristina Silva , Costa Calache Ana Lucia Siqueira
Published: June 2020

Aim

To identify the most important factors associated with sleep pattern changes in patients with cancer during chemotherapy treatment.

Design

An integrative review of the literature was performed between December 2017–August 2018.

Methods

Two independent reviewers searching the National Library of Medicine (PubMed/MEDLINE), Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), Scopus and Scielo. The process followed the recommendations of the PRISMA tool. A total of 16 articles were selected for the final study sample, including 11 cohort studies and 5 cross‐sectional studies.

Results

The predisposing factors for the most prevalent sleep disturbances were precipitants related to the disease and the treatment, such as fatigue, pain, depression, anxiety and distress. Predisposing factors related to lifestyle and demographic characteristics have a significant correlation with sleep disturbances.
Unit‐level variation in bed alarm use in US hospitals
Authors: Staggs Vincent S. , Turner Kea , Potter Catima , Cramer Emily , Dunton Nancy , Mion Lorraine C. , Shorr Ronald I.
Published: June 2020

Bed and chair alarms are widely used in hospitals, despite lack of effectiveness and unintended negative consequences. In this cross‐sectional, observational study, we examined alarm prevalence and contributions of patient‐ and unit‐level factors to alarm use on 59 acute care nursing units in 57 US hospitals participating in the National Database of Nursing Quality Indicators®. Nursing unit staff reported data on patient‐level fall risk and fall prevention measures for 1,489 patients. Patient‐level propensity scores for alarm use were estimated using logistic regression. Expected alarm use on each unit, defined as the mean patient propensity‐for‐alarm score, was compared with the observed rate of alarm use. Over one‐third of patients assessed had an alarm in the “on” position. Patient characteristics associated with higher odds of alarm use included recent fall, need for ambulation assistance, poor mobility judgment, and altered mental status. Observed rates of unit alarm use ranged from 0% to 100% (median 33%, 10th percentile 5%, 90th percentile 67%). Expected alarm use varied less (median 31%, 10th percentile 27%, and 90th percentile 45%). Only 29% of variability in observed alarm use was accounted for by expected alarm use. Unit assignment was a stronger predictor of alarm use than patient‐level fall risk variables. Alarm use is common, varies widely across hospitals, and cannot be fully explained by patient fall risk factors; alarm use is driven largely by unit practices. Alarms are used too frequently and too indiscriminately, and guidance is needed for optimizing alarm use to reduce noise and encourage mobility in appropriate patients.
N‐Functionalised Imidazoles as Stabilisers for Metal Nanoparticles in Catalysis and Anion Binding
Authors: Serpell Christopher J. , Cookson James , Beer Paul D.
Published: June 2020

Metal nanoparticles (NPs) have physicochemical properties which are distinct from both the bulk and molecular metal species, and provide opportunities in fields such as catalysis and sensing. NPs typically require protection of their surface to impede aggregation, but these coatings can also block access to the surface which would be required to take advantage of their unusual properties. Here, we show that alkyl imidazoles can stabilise Pd, Pt, Au, and Ag NPs, and delineate the limits of their synthesis. These ligands provide an intermediate level of surface protection, for which we demonstrate proof‐of‐principle in catalysis and anion binding.
Treatment of refractory oral lichen planus using direct antiviral agents in a patient with chronic hepatitis C: A case report
Authors: Harada Koji , Nakashima Daisuke , Nagao Yumiko , Hidaka Isao , Sakaida Isao , Mishima Katsuaki
Published: June 2020

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory and immunologically mediated mucocutaneous disease with a high prevalence in hepatitis C virus (HCV)‐infected patients. Interferon (IFN)‐free direct‐acting antiviral drugs (DAA) have been recommended for the treatment of patients with extrahepatic manifestations of HCV infection. Herein, we present the case of a 65‐year‐old woman who was diagnosed with OLP and chronic hepatitis C. She received DAA treatment with sofosbuvir (SOF) and ribavirin (RBA) at 75 years of age, which led to partial disappearance of the OLP and complete eradication of HCV. Thus, the patient was effectively treated without any major side effects.
Demographic characteristics and residents' attitude towards tourism development: A case of Kashmir region
Authors: Bhat Aasif Ali , Mishra Ram Kumar
Published: June 2020

This study investigates the attitudes oflocal residents' of the Kashmir region towards tourism development according to their demographic characteristics. A broader set of demographic variables has been used througha well‐structured questionnaire. The questionnaire received 650 valid responses from the households through a convenient sampling method. The robust analysis of responses by the respondents reveals that resident's attitudes could be beneficial for the development of tourismin any tourism potential region. Discussion: The study put forward some interesting results which are pivotal for the development of tourism in a region. The study shows that demographic characteristics of residents affectsignificantly on their perceptions regarding the economic, social and environmental effects of tourism in the Kashmir region.
Managerial ties as determinant of social entrepreneurial intentions: Does gender make a difference?
Authors: Latif Mafia , Ali Sumran
Published: June 2020

The notions of social entrepreneurship and social enterprise have been the emerging trends in the world today, specifically in developing countries. We draw on social network theory to explore causes and situations that encourage individuals to engage in social activities in an entrepreneurial manner. This article investigates the impact of business ties and political ties on SEIs and how gender influences the casual relationships. Linear regression is used to analyze the responses obtained from 300 general populations across three developing countries including Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. The findings show that business ties positively affect SEIs, but political ties are negatively related to SEIs. Furthermore, our results indicate that the gender influences both the positive impact of business ties on SEIs, which is greater for males, and the negative impact of political ties, which is stronger for females.
Proportion and clinical profile of type 1 diabetes patients with a clinical time‐action of insulin glargine U100 shorter than 24 hours
Authors: Albareda Mercè , Lara Mercè , Martin‐Baranera Montserrat , Barnés Raquel , Vila Lluís
Published: June 2020

We aimed to estimate the proportion of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients for whom insulin glargine 100U/ml (Gla‐100) does not clinically cover a period of 24 hours and compare them with T1DM patients treated with a single dose of insulin Gla‐100.

We undertook a cross‐sectional observational study of people with T1DM. The study participants were divided into two groups according to the perceived clinical duration of the action of insulin Gla‐100. Group 1 (duration 24 hours) comprised participants treated with a single dose of insulin Gla‐100; Group 2 (duration <24 hours) comprised participants treated with two doses of insulin Gla‐100 or one dose plus premixed insulin with the midday meal. Data were collected on anthropometric measures, treatment and metabolic control.

In total, 252 people with T1DM were analysed: 157 from Group 1 and 95 from Group 2. In 37.7% of the participants (95% CI 31.7–43.7%) the clinical duration of Gla‐100 was less than 24 hours. The people in Group 2 were older, had longer duration of diabetes and higher BMI. They also required higher doses of insulin and were less insulin sensitive. The independent variables related to the shorter clinical action of insulin Gla‐100 were a higher dose of insulin and a longer duration of diabetes.

It was concluded a high percentage of patients with T1DM present an effective clinical action of Gla‐100 of <24 hours, related to longer duration of diabetes and a need for higher insulin dose. Copyright © 2020 John Wiley & Sons.
A case of type B insulin resistance presenting at a district general hospital
Authors: Ramlochansingh Osada , Surchi Haval , Stears Anna , O'Rahilly Sir Stephen , Mimmack Michael , Jayne David
Published: June 2020

Type B insulin resistance is a rare autoimmune condition with just over 100 cases described in the literature. We describe here the case of a young female who presented to our district general hospital with a rapid onset of profound insulin resistance not ameliorated by intensive insulin therapy.

A previously fit and well 30‐year‐old woman was referred to hospital for hyperglycaemia without ketosis and clinical features consistent with diabetes. She had a normal BMI and no family history of note. Initially, treatment with oral medication was prescribed but due to a worsening of hyperglycaemia and HbA1c over the next few days, insulin therapy was introduced. It was quickly recognised that large doses of insulin given via subcutaneous and intravenous routes had little effect on her blood glucose with levels remaining well above 20mmol/L at maximum therapy.

The presence of acanthosis nigricans along with cutaneous stigmata of connective tissue disease was noted and the case was referred to a specialist centre for further testing due to apparent severe insulin resistance. Antibody testing and further investigations were conducted revealing a final diagnosis of type B insulin resistance with an associated new diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus.

Treatment of this patient's diabetes with immunosuppressive medication has been commenced with the hope of inducing remission. Copyright © 2020 John Wiley & Sons.
COVID‐19: psychological issues for people with diabetes and health care staff
Authors: Hillson Rowan
Published: June 2020

COVID‐19 has frightened us all. Not only are we at risk of a potentially fatal infection, but our governments’ efforts to protect us have separated us from our families and disrupted our lives. People with diabetes are especially vulnerable. Dr Rowan Hillson looks at lessons from past disasters and pandemics to highlight the emotional effects of this pandemic on people with diabetes and health care professionals.
Effect of Preinjury Oral Anticoagulants on Outcomes Following Traumatic Brain Injury from Falls in Older Adults
Authors: Hecht Jason P. , LaDuke Zachary J. , Cain‐Nielsen Anne H. , Hemmila Mark R. , Wahl Wendy L.
Published: June 2020

Background

Warfarin has been the oral anticoagulant of choice for the treatment of thromboembolic disease. However, upward of 50% of all new anticoagulant prescriptions are now for direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC). Despite this, outcome data evaluating preinjury anticoagulants remain scarce following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Our study objective is to determine the effects of preinjury anticoagulation on outcomes in older adults with TBI.

Methods

Patient data were obtained from 29 level 1 and 2 trauma centers from 2012 to June 30, 2018. Overall, 8312 patients who were aged 65 years or older, suffering a ground level fall, and with an Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) head score of ≥ 3 were identified. Patients were excluded if they presented with no signs of life or a traumatic mechanism besides ground level fall. Statistical comparisons were made using multivariable analyses with anticoagulant/antiplatelet use as the independent variable.

Results

Of the total patients with TBI, 3293 were on antiplatelet agents (AP), 669 on warfarin, 414 on warfarin + AP, 188 on DOACs, 116 on DOAC + AP, and 3632 on no anticoagulant. There were 185 (27.7%) patients on warfarin and 43 (22.9%) on a DOAC with a combined outcome of mortality or hospice as compared to 575 (15.8%) in the no anticoagulant group (p<0.001). After adjusting for patient factors, there was an increased risk of mortality or hospice in the warfarin (OR 1.60; 95% CI 1.27–2.01) and DOAC group (OR 1.67; 95% CI 1.07–2.59) as compared to no anticoagulant. Warfarin + AP was associated with an increased risk of mortality or hospice (OR 1.61; 95% CI 1.18–2.21) that was not seen with DOAC + AP (OR 0.93; 95% CI 0.46–1.87) as compared to no anticoagulant.

Conclusions

In older adults with TBI, preinjury treatment with warfarin or DOACs resulted in an increased risk of mortality or hospice whereas preinjury AP therapy did not increase risk. Future studies are needed with larger sample sizes to directly compare TBI outcomes associated with preinjury warfarin versus DOAC use.
Failure analysis of field‐failed bypass diodes
Authors: Xiao Chuanxiao , Hacke Peter , Johnston Steve , Sulas‐Kern Dana B. , Jiang Chun‐Sheng , Al‐Jassim Mowafak
Published: June 2020

Defective bypass diodes are often found as the largest factor leading to power loss in solar modules. Here, we report on failure mechanisms by investigating shunted bypass diodes from a rooftop installation, using a combination of multiple characterizations including current–voltage analysis, thermal‐runaway testing, X‐ray computed tomography, lock‐in thermography, focused ion‐beam cross‐section imaging, chemical decapsulation, optical microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. Differing from static discharge typically associated with lightning strikes on modules, we found diode failure by the mechanism of thermal damage under continuous, long‐term overstress in forward bias. Our conclusion is based on evidence of energy dissipated—the small to medium extent of melt‐through on the Schottky diode face. The diode failure shows distortions or roughening of the Schottky diode metal‐semiconductor interface with the die attach, and some failures are accompanied by die‐attach solder melting. We propose that nonuniform irradiance on the modules caused diode shunting due to extended periods of heat dissipation in the modules, because modules in this string were placed in two different orientations. In contrast, a second parallel module string of the same module type on the same rooftop with a unique plane of array did not show any diode failures. The thermal damage failure of melt‐through was caused by the long‐term current generated by overstressing of diodes that may have had crystalline and impurity defects.
Mixed brushes consisting of oppositely charged Y‐shaped polymers in salt free, monovalent, and divalent salt solutions
Authors: Miliou Kalliopi , Gergidis Leonidas N. , Vlahos Costas
Published: June 2020

The conformation and the internal stratification of mixed brushes formed from oppositely charged Y(−) and Y(+)‐shaped chains in salt free, monovalent, and divalent salt solutions were studied by means of molecular dynamics simulations using the primitive model. Scaling relations of mixed brush height with respect to the grafting surface per chain, the ratio of the total positive to the total negative charge of polyelectrolyte chains, and salt concentrations were obtained. The simulations predicted that mixed brushes show a unique response to divalent salt (1:2) solutions. For symmetric brushes having the same spacer lengths, number of chains and charged units fractions the increase of the salt concentration leads to the enrichment of the outer brush surface with Y(+) units and the lamella microphase separation. For asymmetric brushes in high salt concentration cylindrical domain microphases are formed.
Validity, intra and inter‐reliability of manual evaluation of the respiratory muscle strength in asthmatic patients
Authors: da Luz Goulart Cassia , Trimer Renata , Garcia‐Araujo Adriana Sanches , Caruso Flavia Rossi , Ricci Paula Angélica , dos Santos Polliana Batista , Mendes Renata Gonçalves , Borghi‐Silva Audrey
Published: June 2020

Objective

This study investigated the concurrent validity, inter and intra‐reliability of manual evaluation in Asthma patients.

Methods

Twenty six asthma patients were assessed. Maximal respiratory muscle strength (Mrms) was tested by inspiratory and expiratory pressure (MIP and MEP, respectively) trough manovacuometer. In addition, Mrms of diaphragm (anterior and posterior), Intercostals (lower and upper portion) and Rectus abdominal were obtained manually, according to Medical Research Council (MRC) scale. Two independents evaluators, previously trained, made both measurements.

Results

Reproducibility of Mrms intra‐evaluators: anterior diaphragm (ICCs, 0.79 and 0.67); Posterior portion of the diaphragm (ICCs, 0.43 and 0.51); Upper intercostals (ICCs, 0.47 and 0.40); Lower intercostals (ICCs, 0.81 and 0.51) and rectus abdominal (ICCs, 1.0). Inter‐reproducibility of anterior diaphragm was low to moderate, while intercostals (upper and lower portion) was relatively low. However, rectus abdominal presented high reproducibility reflecting in almost perfect agreement. In addition, we found positive correlations between MIP versus Lower Intercostals (r = .60, p = .007) and MEP versus rectus abdominal (r = .41, p = .04).

Conclusion

In asthmatic patients, manual evaluation of the respiratory muscles is reliable. In addition, maximal respiratory pressures using manometer assessment were related to manual evaluation, in special to diaphragm and rectus abdominal muscles.
A flexible two‐dimensional basic warranty policy with two continuous warranty regions
Authors: Zheng Rui , Su Chun
Published: June 2020

Flexible warranty policies can satisfy customers by allowing them to select the warranty regions according to their usage rates. However, customers are usually unaware of their future usage rates when they purchase a product, which makes it difficult to make sound decisions. To address the problem, this paper proposes a flexible two‐dimensional basic warranty policy with two continuous rectangular regions. Customers can gain experience of their usage rates through the first region, and thus make the second region more cost‐effective. The total price of the two subregions is equal to the basic warranty price, which is prespecified by the manufacturer. The objective is to determine the optimal boundary between the two regions from the perspective of customers. First, the learning effect is used to depict the process of gaining experience from the first region. A warranty pricing model is then developed based on the polynomial failure intensity model. On that basis, the customer's expected repair cost over the warranty period is analyzed, and a numerical method is proposed for the optimization problem. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed policy. The results show that customers can benefit more from the proposed policy than from the iso‐cost warranty policy.
Mediastinal malignant mesothelioma discovered in a patient with dysphagia
Authors: Amore Dario , Massa Simona , Caterino Umberto , Casazza Dino , Palma Albina , Curcio Carlo
Published: June 2020

Key message

A mediastinal mass in patients with a history of asbestos exposure should raise the suspicion of malignant mesothelioma.
Determination of suitable TPH remediation approach via MANOVA and inferential statistics assessment
Authors: Okonofua Ehizonomhen S. , Babatola Josiah O. , Ojuri Oluwapelumi O. , Lasisi Kayode H.
Published: June 2020

Soil contamination resulting from petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants poses a fairly substantial hazard to human health and the environment. Phytoremediation, land farming, and chemico–biological stabilization were used to treat total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at a crude oil polluted soil site in Nigeria. A field pilot study was conducted by preparing nine cells with subcells attached to each serving as a control with an overall area of 1.53 m2. A complete block design method was used for the study. The prepared soil sample cells were divided into three groups with each group having approximately 300 kg of soil and delineated as low, medium, and high test plots. The low samples were spiked with 6.1 kg of crude oil, the medium samples were spiked with 12.2 kg of crudeoil, and the high samples were spiked with 18.3 kg of crude oil. Each row containing three cells with low, medium, and high concentrations were treated separately using the three treatment methods. The ratio of the soil sample to the organic amendment for the treatments was 2:1. The results showed over 90% degradation in the initial concentration of TPH and PAHs across different contaminant levels except in the control subcells where only 30% of degradation was recorded. Multivariate analysis of variance was employed to assess the significant difference in each treatment group while inferential statistics using a mean performance plot was used to ascertain the optimum treatment method. Land farming, chemico–biological stabilization, and phytoremediation ranked 1, 2, and 3, respectively. In conclusion, the three treatment methods employed all degraded the contaminants (TPH and PAHs) with land farming emerging as the best method.
Six pilot‐scale studies evaluating the in situ treatment of PFAS in groundwater
Authors: McGregor Rick
Published: June 2020

Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been identified by many regulatory agencies as emerging contaminants of concern in a variety of media including groundwater. Currently, there are limited technologies available to treat PFAS in groundwater with the most frequently applied approach being extraction (i.e., pump and treat). While this approach can be effective in containing PFAS plumes, previous studies of pump and treat programs have met with limited remedial success. In situ treatment studies of PFAS have been limited to laboratory and a few field studies. Six pilot‐scale field studies were conducted in an unconfined sand aquifer coimpacted by petroleum hydrocarbon along with PFAS to determine if a variety of reagents could be used to attenuate dissolved phase PFAS in the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons. The six reagents consisted of two chemical oxidants, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium persulfate (Na2S2O8), and four adsorbents, powdered activated carbon (PAC), colloidal activated carbon (CAC), ion‐exchange resin (IER), and biochar. The reagents were injected using direct push technology in six permeable reactive zone (PRZ) configurations. Groundwater concentrations of various PFAS entering the PRZs ranged up to 24,000 µg/L perfluoropentanoic acid, up to 6,200 µg/L pentafluorobenzoic acid, up to 16,100 µg/L perfluorohexanoic acid, up to 6,080 µg/L perfluoroheptanoic acid, up to 450 µg/L perfluorooctanoic acid, and up to 140 µg/L perfluorononanoic acid. Performance groundwater sampling within and downgradient of the PRZs occurred for up to 18 months using single and multilevel monitoring wells. Results of groundwater sampling indicated that the PFAS were not treated by either the persulfate nor the peroxide and, in some cases, the PFAS increased in concentration immediately following the injection of peroxide and persulfate. Concentrations of PFAS in groundwater sampled within the PAC, CAC, IER, and biochar PRZs immediately after the injection were determined to be less than the method detection limits. Analyses of groundwater samples over the 18‐month monitoring period, indicated that all the PRZs exhibited partial or complete breakthrough of the PFAS over the 18‐month monitoring period, except for the CAC PRZ which showed no PFAS breakthrough. Analysis of cores for the CAC, PAC, and biochar PRZs suggested that the CAC was uniformly distributed within the target injection zone, whereas the PAC and biochar showed preferential injection into a thin coarse‐sand seam. Similarly, analysis of the sand packs of monitoring wells installed before the injection of the CAC, PAC, and biochar indicated that the sand packs of the PAC and biochar preferentially accumulated the reagents compared with the reagent concentrations within the surrounding aquifer by up to 18 times.
Towards Synergy of rGO and Ni doped CeO2 in their copmposite as Efficient Catalyst for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Hota Ipsha , Debnath A. K. , Muthe K. P. , Varadwaj K. S. K. , Parhi P.
Published: June 2020

The persistently increasing energy consumption and the deficiency of conventional fuels have raised serious concern in the recent years. The advanced energy conversion technologies like fuel cells have been benefitted by the development of suitable catalytic materials that can effectively carry out appropriate electrochemical processes like oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Direct Methanol Fuel cells (DMFCs) act as an energy conversion device and the efficiency can be enhanced with active ORR catalysts. Here, we have reported the ORR activity of Ni doped CeO2/rGO synthesized by microwave mediated hydrothermal method. We have observed that the synergistic interaction between Ni doped CeO2 and rGO is responsible for the enhanced ORR activity. The optimized 5% Ni‐CeO2/rGO was evaluated as the most efficient ORR catalyst among all other composites with onset ORR potential −0.17 V vs. Ag/AgCl and limiting current density 3.67 mA/cm2. The 5% Ni‐CeO2/rGO catalyst showed better stability and methanol tolerant when compared with commercial Pt/C.
Phosphorus Containing Coatings: Technologies and Applications
Authors: Makha Mohammed , Ghailane Anas , Larhlimi Hicham , Busch Heinz , Alami Jones
Published: June 2020

Phosphorus Containing Coatings (PCCs) are an interesting class of materials that attracted considerable attention for use in different domains. A variety of PCCs characterized by outstanding electrical, biological, and chemical properties have been manufactured using various physical and chemical deposition processes. Thanks to developments in thin film and surface deposition technologies, it has become possible to manipulate the formation of PCCs according to the desired application, which has therefore been a mean of promoting this type of material towards new products and processes. This review explores the potential of the PCCs and deposition methods which can be used for their fabrication. Highlights on the connections between processing methods and the resulting film characteristics will be provided. The resulting coatings’ properties are discussed in the context of the characteristics necessary for achieving high‐performance PCCs in different sectors. Important prospects for PCCs research and their practical use in different fields will also be provided, and light will be shed on the future research directions for further progress of promising PCCs for the next film technology generations.
Interfacial Optimization of Bi NPs Decorated Bi2WO6/MIL‐53(Fe) Heterojunction with Enhanced Visible Light Photocatalytic Response
Authors: Sofi Feroz Ahmad , Ahmad Jahangir , Majid Kowsar
Published: June 2020

Bi NPs supported Metal‐Organic Framework MIL‐53(Fe) was developed by hydrothermal method. The as synthesized catalyst exhibits efficient visible light response towards the removal of organic pollutants. Studies based on the changing ratios of “Bi” NPs were also investigated and optimized. The samples were characterized by XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM and DRS. Among the synthesized photocatalysts ternary Bi/Bi2WO6/MIL‐53 heterojunction exhibits the best catalytic response towards the degradation of Rhodamine B. The superior photocatalytic response of ternary phase is attributed to the Plasmonic resonance effect of Bi NPs and the synergism between the MIL‐53 and Bi2WO6. Moreover, the photocatalyst also shows excellent stability after cyclic runs. The scavenging experiments reveal that the .−O2 and h+ are the main species involved in the photocatalytic oxidation and reduction process. Based on these results mechanism with involvement of Plasmonic effect was proposed.
Managing the social aspects of software development ecosystems: An industrial case study on personality
Authors: Akarsu Zulal , Yilmaz Murat
Published: June 2020

The social aspects of software development encompass concerns such as motivating practitioners, building effective teams, and developing personal relations. Not surprisingly, perhaps, many software projects fail due to personality conflicts within team members. This study investigates the personality traits of 132 software practitioners by employing a tailored interactive assessment that was specifically developed for software development organizations. To assess the personality characteristics of the software teams as a whole, the results of 20 project teams were visualized by using personality–team radar charts. The validity part of the study was performed through validation interviews with experts from the field, discussing their experiences using the interactive assessment. The findings of this investigation complement those of earlier studies that suggest that productive team members who were working on social isolation showed higher introversion. In particular, this study strengthens the idea that agreeableness was observed in agile teams. Ultimately, the present data also highlight the existence of conscientiousness personalities in agile software development.
Enterprises' network structure and their technology standardization capability in Industry 4.0
Authors: Jiang Hong , Sun Shuyu , Xu Hongtao , Zhao Shukuan , Chen Yong
Published: June 2020

Smart manufacturing is a key element in Industry 4.0. However, studies on the relationship between manufacturers' network structure and their technology standardization capability are not available. As such, this paper develops a model to explore the relationships among enterprises' network structure, their knowledge acquisition capability and their technology standardization capability. A survey on manufacturers in China is conducted. Hypotheses are developed, and structural equation modelling is applied to analyse the model. The results indicate that the three dimensions of enterprises' network structure are positively related with their technology standardization capability. Enterprises' knowledge acquisition capability mediates the relationship between their network structure and their technology standardization capability.
An experimental study to evaluate the postfire mechanical properties of concrete specimens
Authors: Saedi Daryan Amir , Bakhtiari Mehran , Ghasemi Pouya
Published: June 2020

In this research, the mechanical behavior of structural concrete made with materials in Iran has been experimentally investigated after experiencing high temperatures. For this purpose, six different mix designs were selected in accordance with Iranian Concrete Standard (ABA). Six different target temperatures (25, 100, 250, 500, 700, and 900°C) were also selected for the purpose of fire experience. Compressive and tensile strength tests were carried out on all of the samples and their behavior was evaluated after experiencing different target temperatures. The results show a strong drop in compressive and tensile strength at temperatures above 700°C. It can be noted that at 900°C all specimens lost their strength. Finally, thanks to the large number of experiments, different relationships are presented based on the results to determine the mechanical properties of different mix designs at different temperature levels.