bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scaling Occupancy Estimates up to Abundance for Wolves
Authors: Stauffer Glenn E. , Roberts Nathan M. , Macfarland David M. , Van Deelen Timothy R.
Published: July 2021

Management of wildlife populations often requires reliable estimates of population size or distribution. Estimating abundance can be logistically difficult, and occupancy models have been used as a less expensive proxy for abundance estimation. Another alternative is to use independent estimates of home‐range size and mean group size to directly scale occupancy estimates up to abundance. We used simulations to explore when scaling occupancy up to abundance is reliable, and as an example we applied an occupancy approach to estimate abundance of wolves (Canis lupus) from roadside snow‐tracking surveys in northern Wisconsin, USA, in 2016 and 2018. Estimates of wolf abundance were plausible and compared favorably with independent estimates produced by territory mapping, and snow‐tracking data requirements were lower than for territory mapping. Simulation results suggested that reasonable abundance estimates could be obtained under some conditions but also that severe positive bias could result under other conditions, especially when populations were small and dispersed, home range size was small, and areal sampling units were large. Positive bias in abundance estimates occurs because of closure assumption violations when tracks from a single wolf or pack are detected in >1 sample unit, and the sum of the sample unit areas where tracks were detected exceed the sum of the home range areas. Bias was minimized when sampling units were small relative to home range size or when sampling units were route segments that approximate point sample units, and when home ranges were highly aggregated. We conclude that, although caution is warranted when scaling occupancy estimates up to abundance, scaled occupancy models can provide feasible and reliable estimates of abundance, assuming home range size and mean group size are accurately known or estimated, sampling units are appropriately chosen, and covariates that aggregate home ranges can be used to accurately predict occupancy probability. © 2021 The Authors. The Journal of Wildlife Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of The Wildlife Society.
In‐Office Superior Laryngeal Nerve Block for Paralaryngeal Pain and Odynophonia
Authors: Tibbetts Kathleen M. , Dion Gregory R. , Dominguez Laura M. , Loochtan Michael J. , Simpson C. Blake
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Pain localized to the thyrohyoid region may be due to neuralgia of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN), inflammation of the thyrohyoid complex, or a voice disorder. We present outcomes of treatment of paralaryngeal pain and odynophonia with SLN block.

Study Design

Retrospective Review.

Methods

A retrospective chart review of patients undergoing in‐office SLN block for paralaryngeal pain between 2015 and 2018 at two tertiary care centers was conducted. Patient demographics, indications, and response to treatment were analyzed.

Results

Thirty‐eight patients underwent blockade of the internal branch of the SLN for paralaryngeal pain, with 10 excluded for incomplete medical records. Eighty‐two percent (23/28) reported an improvement in their symptoms. Patients underwent an average of 2.5 blocks (SD = 1.88, range 1–8), with 10 patients (36%) undergoing a single procedure. Of the 18 patients who underwent multiple blocks, nine had eventual cessation of symptoms (50%) compared to resolution in 6/10 undergoing a single injection. Eleven patients (39%) noted odynophonia related to vocal effort, and all of these patients had improvement in or resolution of their symptoms and were more likely to improve compared to those without odynophonia (P = .006). Of the four patients who had a vocal process granuloma (VPG) at presentation, three had complete resolution of the lesion at follow‐up.

Conclusion

In‐office SLN block is effective in the treatment of paralaryngeal pain. It may be used as an adjunct in the treatment of vocal process granulomas, as well as voice disorders where odynophonia is a prominent symptom.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 132:401–405, 2022
Hypocalcaemia in pharyngolaryngectomy: Preservation or autotransplantation of parathyroid glands
Authors: Every James D. , Sideris Anders W. , Sarkis Leba M. , Lam Matthew E. , Mackay Stuart G. , Pearson Stephen J.
Published: July 2021

Objective

To describe transient and permanent hypocalcaemia following partial and total pharyngolaryngectomy with parathyroid gland preservation or autotransplantation.

Methods

Thirty patients underwent partial or total pharyngolaryngectomy by a single surgeon during the period 2009‐2020. Intraoperative parathyroid gland preservation or autotransplantation (where the gland appeared devascularized) was routinely performed. Calcium levels performed on day 1, 3 months, and at 12 months postoperatively were collected. Rates of transient and permanent hypocalcaemia were calculated.

Results

A total of 13% of patients had transient hypocalcaemia, and 10% permanent hypocalcaemia. Rates of transient and permanent hypocalcaemia in total pharyngolaryngectomy were 14% and 14%, respectively. Partial pharyngectomy hypocalcaemia rates were 13% for transient and 0% for permanent. The majority of patients underwent salvage surgery for oncological resection, often following radiotherapy (63%). Ipsilateral hemithyroidectomy was preferred to total (57% vs 7%), with high rates of concurrent neck dissection (67%) and reconstruction (87%).

Conclusion

This data supports preservation or autotransplantation of parathyroid glands as a means of reducing permanent postoperative hypocalcaemia.

Level of Evidence

Level IV, case series, retrospective.
Eavesdropping on plankton—can zooplankton monitoring improve forecasting of biotoxins from harmful algae blooms?
Authors: Trapp Aubrey , Heuschele Jan , Selander Erik
Published: July 2021

Harmful algae bloom (HAB) forecasting has developed rapidly over recent decades, but predicting harmful levels of marine biotoxins in shellfish is still a challenge. New discoveries suggest that predator‐prey interactions may be an important driver in the formation of HABs. Key species of harmful algae respond to copepod infochemicals with increased toxin production. In addition, copepods feed selectively on less defended prey, which may further promote harmful taxa. Here we explore if eavesdropping on predator‐prey dynamics by monitoring zooplankton can improve HAB forecasting. We first examine an 8‐yr time series including copepod biomass, harmful algae cells (Dinophysis spp.), and diarrhetic shellfish toxins in blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) using generalized additive models. Models including copepod biomass more accurately predicted okadaic acid in mussels than phytoplankton alone. We then apply this connection more narrowly by analyzing the specific copepod exudates known to induce toxin production, copepodamides, from the mussels sampled in biotoxin monitoring. Adding copepodamide data from shellfish extracts increased model performance compared to copepod biomass. Results suggest that including grazing effects through copepodamide measurements may provide a cost‐efficient way to improve accuracy and lead time for predicting the accumulation of microalgal toxins in shellfish.
Impact of self‐brand connection on willingness to pay premium: Relevant mediators and moderators
Authors: Sarkar Juhi G. , Sreejesh S. , Sarkar Abhigyan , Dwivedi Yogesh K.
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study is to investigate how self‐brand connection in an interactive multi‐actor single‐brand retail context can lead to consumers' willingness to pay premium through the sequential mediation of brand attitudes (intransigent and flexible) and brand love. Study 1 shows that self‐brand connection strengthens (weakens) consumers' intransigent (flexible) brand attitude, thereby increasing their brand love and willingness to pay price premium. Furthermore, consumers' high level of cynicism attenuates brand love and willingness to pay premium for consumers' displaying flexible brand attitudes. Study 2 shows that favorable other customer perceptions can mitigate the detrimental impact of high consumer cynicism on consumers' brand responses. In Study 3, we found that other customers' favorable behaviors (over similarity and/or appearance) can best mitigate the negative effects of consumer cynicism on brand love and willingness to pay premium. The research contributes by showing how varying degrees of consumers' self‐brand connection can develop willingness to pay premium through developing either intransigent (constructive route) or flexible (mitigating route) brand attitudes and brand love. For consumers harboring flexible brand attitudes accompanied with high cynicism, other customer perception serves as a conditioning tool, that alleviates their cynicism, and garners higher brand love as well as willingness to pay premium, and behavior dimension of other customer perception dominates in this quest.
TikTok Tics: A Pandemic Within a Pandemic
Authors: Olvera Caroline , Stebbins Glenn T. , Goetz Christopher G. , Kompoliti Katie
Published: July 2021

Background

TikTok is a social media platform where users create and share videos. During the COVID‐19 pandemic, the use of this site greatly expanded. Tic and Tourette syndrome content also increased dramatically along with the number of patients with tics in neurology clinics.

Objectives

We compared the phenomenology of “TikTok tics” to typical tic disorders. We chose to analyze the most widely viewed videos and therefore focused on the most popular content creators.

Methods

Videos with the keywords “tic,” “Tourette,” or “tourettes” were reviewed to identify content creators between March 11, 2020 and March 30, 2021. We performed a quantitative assessment of TikTok tics as well as a descriptive analysis of the entire series of videos of each content creator.

Results

The mean age of the cohort was 18.8 years old, and the majority were women. Unlike the predominance of facial movements in typical tics, arm movements were most frequent. Average tics per minute was 29, and almost all recorded TikTok tics were severe, causing significant disability. Whereas coprolalia and self‐injurious behavior are only infrequently encountered in typical tic disorders, they were present in the overwhelming majority of TikTok subjects.

Conclusions

TikTok tics are distinct from what is typically seen in patients with Tourette syndrome, although share many characteristics with functional tics. We believe this to be an example of mass sociogenic illness, which involves behaviors, emotions, or conditions spreading spontaneously through a group. A modern clinician needs to remain abreast of social media sources as knowledge of media content is essential in managing patients in the current environment.
Flavan‐3‐ol Microbial Metabolites Modulate Proteolysis in Neuronal Cells Reducing Amyloid‐beta (1‐42) Levels
Authors: Cecarini Valentina , Cuccioloni Massimiliano , Zheng Yadong , Bonfili Laura , Gong Chunmei , Angeletti Mauro , Mena Pedro , Del Rio Daniele , Eleuteri Anna Maria
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegeneration characterized by extensive protein aggregation and deposition in the brain, associated with defective proteasomal and autophagic‐lysosomal proteolytic pathways. Since current drugs can only reduce specific symptoms, the identification of novel treatments is a major concern in AD research. Among natural compounds, (poly)phenols and their derivatives/metabolites are emerging as candidates in AD prevention due to their multiple beneficial effects. This study aims to investigate the ability of a selection of phenyl‐γ‐valerolactones, gut microbiota‐derived metabolites of flavan‐3‐ols, to modulate the functionality of cellular proteolytic pathways.

Methods and Results

Neuronal SH‐SY5Y cells transfected with either the wild‐type or the 717 valine‐to‐glycine amyloid precursor protein mutated gene are used as an AD model and treated with 5‐(4ʹ‐hydroxyphenyl)‐γ‐valerolactone, 5‐(3ʹ,4ʹ‐dihydroxyphenyl)‐γ‐valerolactone and 5‐(3ʹ‐hydroxyphenyl)‐γ‐valerolactone‐4ʹ‐sulfate. Combining in vitro and in silico studies, it is observed that the phenyl‐γ‐valerolactones of interest modulated cellular proteolysis via proteasome inhibition and consequent autophagy upregulation and inhibited cathepsin B activity, eventually reducing the amount of intra‐ and extracellular amyloid‐beta (1‐42) peptides.

Conclusion

The findings of this study establish, for the first time, that these metabolites exert a neuroprotective activity by regulating intracellular proteolysis and confirm the role of autophagy and cathepsin B as possible targets of AD preventive/therapeutic strategies.
FLASH radiotherapy with carbon ion beams
Authors: Weber Uli Andreas , Scifoni Emanuele , Durante Marco
Published: July 2021

FLASH radiotherapy is considered a new potential breakthrough in cancer treatment. Ultra‐high dose rates (>40 Gy/s) have been shown to reduce toxicity in the normal tissue without compromising tumor control, resulting in a widened therapeutic window. These high dose rates are more easily achievable in the clinic with charged particles, and clinical trials are, indeed, ongoing using electrons or protons. FLASH could be an attractive solution also for heavier ions such as carbon and could even enhance the therapeutic window. However, it is not yet known whether the FLASH effect will be the same as for sparsely ionizing radiation when densely ionizing carbons ions are used. Here we discuss the technical challenges in beam delivery and present a promising solution using 3D range‐modulators in order to apply ultra‐high dose rates (UHDR) compatible with FLASH with carbon ions. Furthermore, we will discuss the possible outcome of C‐ion therapy at UHDR on the level of the radiobiological and radiation chemical effects.
MRI‐based radiomics analysis for predicting the EGFR mutation based on thoracic spinal metastases in lung adenocarcinoma patients
Authors: Ren Meihong , Yang Huazhe , Lai Qingyuan , Shi Dabao , Liu Guanyu , Shuang Xue , Su Juan , Xie Liping , Dong Yue , Jiang Xiran
Published: July 2021

Purpose

This study aims to develop and evaluate multi‐parametric MRI‐based radiomics for preoperative identification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation, which is important in treatment planning for patients with thoracic spinal metastases from primary lung adenocarcinoma.

Methods

A total of 110 patients were enrolled between January 2016 and March 2019 as a primary cohort. A time‐independent validation cohort was conducted containing 52 patients consecutively enrolled from July 2019 to April 2021. The patients were pathologically diagnosed with thoracic spinal metastases from primary lung adenocarcinoma; all underwent T1‐weighted (T1W), T2‐weighted (T2W), and T2‐weighted fat‐suppressed (T2FS) MRI scans of the thoracic spinal. Handcrafted and deep learning‐based features were extracted and selected from each MRI modality, and used to build the radiomics signature. Various machine learning classifiers were developed and compared. A clinical‐radiomics nomogram integrating the combined rad signature and the most important clinical factor was constructed with receiver operating characteristic (ROC), calibration, and decision curves analysis (DCA) to evaluate the prediction performance.

Results

The combined radiomics signature derived from the joint of three modalities can effectively classify EGFR mutation and EGFR wild‐type patients, with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.886 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.826–0.947, SEN =0.935, SPE =0.688) in the training group and 0.803 (95% CI: 0.682–0.924, SEN = 0.700, SPE = 0.818) in the time‐independent validation group. The nomogram incorporating the combined radiomics signature and smoking status achieved the best prediction performance in the training (AUC = 0.888, 95% CI: 0.849–0.958, SEN = 0.839, SPE = 0.792) and time‐independent validation (AUC = 0.821, 95% CI: 0.692–0.929, SEN = 0.667, SPE = 0.909) cohorts. The DCA confirmed potential clinical usefulness of our nomogram.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated the potential of multi‐parametric MRI‐based radiomics on preoperatively predicting the EGFR mutation. The proposed nomogram model can be considered as a new biomarker to guide the selection of individual treatment strategies for patients with thoracic spinal metastases from primary lung adenocarcinoma.
A conservative difference scheme with optimal pointwise error estimates for two‐dimensional space fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equations
Authors: Hu Hongling , Jin Xianlin , He Dongdong , Pan Kejia , Zhang Qifeng
Published: July 2021

In this paper, a linearized semi‐implicit finite difference scheme is proposed for solving the two‐dimensional (2D) space fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equation (SFNSE). The scheme has the property of mass and energy conservation at the discrete level, with an unconditional stability and a second‐order accuracy for both time and spatial variables. The main contribution of this paper is an optimal pointwise error estimate for the 2D SFNSE, which is rigorously established for the first time. Moreover, a novel technique is proposed for dealing with the nonlinear term in the equation, which plays an essential role in the error estimation. Finally, the numerical results confirm well with the theoretical findings.
Detection of energetic materials via polyaniline and its different modified forms
Authors: Patil Veerabhadragouda B. , Nadagouda Mallikarjuna N. , Ture Satish A. , Yelamaggad Channabasaveshwara V. , Abbaraju Venkataraman
Published: July 2021

The detection techniques for traces of energetic materials (EMs) is achieved using fact interaction between fluorescent polymers and EMs. Researchers have designed various fluorophores for explosives detection worldwide. In present study, PAni, DBSA doped PAni (D‐PAni), γ‐Fe2O3PAni composite (Fe‐PAni), were synthesized and collectively used terminology as modified PAnis. This were employed for trace detection of EMs like TNT, RDX, PETN, and HNIW/CL‐20 and compared outcome with our earlier results of doped PAnis. All the synthesized PAnis were characterized by FT‐IR, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and resonance Raman studies, UV–Visible, and photoluminescence (PL). The PL studies showed that quenching is selective and sensitive at ppm level (LOD about 0.04–1.50 μ mL−1) and Fe‐PAni emerged as a potential sensor (LOD; 0.092 ± 0.07 μ mL−1). The formation of polaron from bipolaron, the existence of exciton and intermolecular interactions were confirmed and evaluated from the spectrochemical studies.
Facilitators and barriers to return to work and meet financial needs in parents of children with cancer
Authors: Hjelmstedt Sofia , Forinder Ulla , Montgomery Scott , Lindahl Norberg Annika , Hovén Emma
Published: July 2021

Background

The aim of this study was to explore what facilitators and barriers parents of children with cancer identify for their ability to return to work and meet financial needs.

Procedure

Nine focus groups (21 mothers; 11 fathers) were performed across Sweden in 2015 and 2019. A deductive content analysis approach was used. A preconstructed matrix consisting of 12 codes based on previous literature was used to organize the data. The codes were grouped into subcategories, which were abstracted to four generic categories.

Results

Facilitators for a return to work were covered in the category “Flexibility and understanding from employers and social services,” and barriers in the category “Pressure to return without consideration of the consequences.” Facilitators to meeting financial needs were covered in the category “Available public, private, and employer support,” and barriers in the category “Lack of organized and efficient support from employers and social services.”

Conclusions

The identified barriers suggest that there is room for improvement in the provision of psychosocial support, which relates to a perceived lack of organized support regarding practical, financial, and occupational matters. The results show a need for a coordinated support system that includes major stakeholders, such as the health care, welfare agencies, and employers. Moreover, employers should consider how to implement more workplace flexibility and involvement of occupational health services. Importantly, to be able to return to work and achieve a sustainable financial situation, it is necessary for all stakeholders to recognize the long‐term impact of parenting a child with cancer.
Expression and prognostic significance of vascular endothelial growth factor‐A (VEGF‐A) and its receptor in canine prostate cancer
Authors: Leis‐Filho Antonio Fernando , Lainetti Patricia deFaria , Kobayashi Priscila Emiko , Palmieri Chiara , Amorim Renée Laufer , Fonseca‐Alves Carlos Eduardo
Published: July 2021

Background

Vascular endothelial growth factor‐A (VEGF‐A) and its receptor, VEGF receptor‐2 (VEGFR‐2), represent a complex family of angiogenic molecules consisting of different ligands and receptors. Due to the importance of VEGF‐A/VEGFR‐2 signaling in tumor proliferation and angiogenesis, this study aimed to evaluate the protein and gene expression levels of VEGF‐A and VEGFR‐2 in canine prostate cancer (PC).

Methods

We analyzed VEGF‐A and VEGFR‐2 expression in 87 PC samples by immunohistochemistry and quantitative‐polymerase chain reaction. PC samples were graded according to the Gleason score and the immunohistochemical staining for VEGF‐A and VEGFR‐2 was quantified using a selected threshold from the ImageJ Software. Microvascular density was assessed by cluster of differentiation 31 staining and counting the number of positive vessels. Additionally, the homology of VEGF‐A and VEGFR‐2 between humans and dogs was assessed, followed by the construction of a protein structure homology model to compare the tertiary structures of these proteins in both species.

Results

Negative to weakly positive expression levels of VEGF‐A and VEGFR‐2 were observed in the epithelial cells of the normal prostate (NP) and prostatic hyperplasia samples. In contrast, the canine proliferative atrophy and PC samples exhibited higher VEGF‐A (p < .0001) and VEGFR‐2 (p < .0001) compared to NP. Moreover, positive correlations between the expression levels of VEGF‐A and VEGFR‐2 (Spearman's coefficient (r) = .68, p = .013) and the expression levels of VEGF‐A and VEGFR‐2 proteins (r = .8, p < .0001) were also observed in the NP samples. Additionally, the patients with PC exhibiting higher VEGFR‐2 expression levels experienced a shorter survival period (p = .0372). Furthermore, we found an association between the microvascular density and overall survival. Dogs with a higher number of vessels showed a shorter survival time. We further demonstrated that the VEGF‐A and VEGFR‐2 exhibited high homology between humans and dogs, and identified their protein structures in both species.

Conclusions

In conclusion, VEGFR‐2 appears to be an independent prognostic factor in animals with PC. VEGF‐A and VEGFR‐2 are highly conserved between humans and dogs, which can be investigated further in future cross‐species studies to explore their therapeutic applications.
A case of diffuse pulmonary ossification
Authors: Yomota Makiko , Kamei Tina , Mirokuji Kie , Hishima Tsunekazu , Hosomi Yukio
Published: July 2021

Diffuse pulmonary ossification (DPO) is a rare condition characterized by the formation of bone tissues in the lung. DPO is considered to be accompanied by chronic lung diseases, such as idiopathic interstitial pneumonitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or inhalation‐related lung diseases. Most reported cases of DPO were diagnosed during autopsies or surgical specimen. We report a case of DPO after kidney transplantation diagnosed by transbronchial lung biopsy.
Dual‐Mode Learning of Ambipolar Synaptic Phototransistor Based on 2D Perovskite/Organic Heterojunction for Flexible Color Recognizable Visual System
Authors: Huang Xin , Li Qingyuan , Shi Wei , Liu Kai , Zhang Yunpeng , Liu Yanwei , Wei Xiaofang , Zhao Zhiyuan , Guo Yunlong , Liu Yunqi
Published: July 2021

Artificial intelligence vision systems (AIVSs) with information sensing, processing, and storage functions are increasingly gaining attention in the science and technology community. Although synapse phototransistor (SPT) is one of the essential components in AIVSs, solution‐processed large‐area photonic synapses that can detect and recognize multi‐wavelength light are highly desirable. One of the major challenges in this area is the inability of the available materials to distinguish colors from the visible light to the near‐infrared (NIR) light for single carrier (hole‐only or electron‐only) SPTs owing to lack of cognitive elements. Herein, 2D perovskite/organic heterojunction (PEA2SnI4/Y6) ambipolar SPTs (POASPTs) are developed via solution process. The POASPTs can display dual‐mode learning process, which can convert light signals into postsynaptic currents with excitement/inhibition modes (hole‐transporting region) or inhibition/excitement (electron‐transporting region). The POASPTs exhibit high responsivity to visible light (104 A W−1) and NIR light (200 A W−1), and effectively perform learning and memory simultaneously. The flexible POASPT arrays can successfully recognize the images of different colors of light. This study reveals that the fabricated POASPTs have great potentials in the development of large‐area, high‐efficiency, and low‐cost AIVSs.
Seismic performance of high‐strength steel framed‐tube structures with web‐bolted double‐channel shear links
Authors: Lian Ming , Cheng Qianqian , Su Mingzhou , Guan Binlin , Zhang Hao
Published: July 2021

An innovative high‐strength steel framed‐tube structure system with web‐bolted double‐channel shear links (SFTS‐WSL) is introduced herein as an alternative solution to strengthening the seismic performance and earthquake resilience of structures while maintaining the recognized advantages of conventional steel framed‐tube structures (SFTS). In the SFTS‐WSL, the shear links consist of a double‐channel section connected to the ends of spandrel beams via web‐bolted connections. A 2/3‐scale subassembly was tested under cyclic loading to investigate the seismic behavior and replaceability of the links. The results indicate that the expected ductile failure mode is characterized by the web fracture of the links. To readily replace the links, the allowable residual story drift ratio should be 0.31%. Thereafter, a simplified numerical model was developed using OpenSees, which provides accurate predictions for the hysteretic response of the SFTS‐WSL. Additionally, the superior performance of the SFTS‐WSL was benchmarked against that of the SFTS. Under the maximum considered earthquake conditions, the average base shear and inter‐story drift ratio (IDR) of the SFTS‐WSL were 18.33% and 15.13% lower than those of the SFTS, respectively. Meanwhile, a small residual IDR of well below 0.31% enabled replacement of the damaged links to achieve post‐earthquake repair.
Context dependency of time-based event-related expectations for different modalities
Authors: Ball Felix , Andreca Julia , Noesselt Toemme
Published: July 2021

Expectations about the temporal occurrence of events (when) are often tied with the expectations about certain event-related properties (what and where) happening at these time points. For instance, slowly waking up in the morning we expect our alarm clock to go off; however, the longer we do not hear it the more likely we already missed it. However, most current evidence for complex time-based event-related expectations (TBEEs) is based on the visual modality. Here we tested whether implicit TBEEs can act cross-modally. To this end, visual and auditory stimulus streams were presented which contained early and late targets embedded among distractors (to maximise temporal target uncertainty). Foreperiod-modality-contingencies were manipulated run-wise: visual targets either occurred early in 80% of trials and auditory targets occurred late in 80% of trials or vice versa. Participants showed increased sensitivity for expected auditory early/visual late targets which increased over time while the opposite pattern was observed for visual early/auditory late targets. A benefit in reaction times was only found for auditory early trials. Together, this pattern of results suggests that implicit context-dependent TBEEs for auditory targets after short foreperiods (be they correct or not) dominated and determined which modality became more expected at the late position irrespective of the veridical statistical regularity. Hence, TBEEs in cross-modal and uncertain environments are context-dependent, shaped by the dominant modality in temporal tasks (i.e., auditory) and only boost performance cross-modally when expectations about the event after the short foreperiod match with the run-wise context (i.e., auditory early/visual late).
Neuropathology of multiple system atrophy: Kurt Jellinger`s legacy
Authors: Campese Nicole , Fanciulli Alessandra , Stefanova Nadia , Haybaeck Johannes , Kiechl Stefan , Wenning Gregor K.
Published: July 2021

Multiple System Atrophy (MSA) is a rare, fatal neurodegenerative disorder. Its etiology and exact pathogenesis still remain poorly understood and currently no disease-modifying therapy is available to halt or slow down this detrimental neurodegenerative process. Hallmarks of the disease are α-synuclein rich glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs). Neuropathologically, various degrees of striatonigral degeneration (SND) and olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA) can be observed. Since the original descriptions of this multifaceted disorder, several steps forward have been made to clarify its neuropathological hallmarks and key pathophysiological mechanisms. The Austrian neuropathologist Kurt Jellinger substantially contributed to the understanding of the underlying neuropathology of this disease, to its standardized assessment and to a broad systematical clinic-pathological correlation. On the occasion of his 90th birthday, we reviewed the current state of the art in the field of MSA neuropathology, highlighting Prof. Jellinger’s substantial contribution.
The Ethics of Financial Market Making and Its Implications for High-Frequency Trading
Authors: Roncella Andrea , Ferrero Ignacio
Published: July 2021

During the last 20 years, the financial sector has undergone an unprecedented transformation due to new regulations and the implementation of several technological advancements. The combination of regulation and technology has brought about new financial processes thathavefundamentally changed how financial market making is done. This paper studies the ethics of financial market making and its implications for one of the most controversial financial innovations of modern times, namely high-frequency trading (HFT). We claim that the Aristotelian distinction between naturalchrematistics, which is aimed at serving the real economy, and unnaturalchrematistics, whose ultimate purpose is wealth accumulation, can be a useful criterion to assess the ethics of financial market making and the goodness of an innovation as HFT, and how it can serve the common good of society. This approach can be defined as ‘purpose oriented’ or ‘purpose fulfillment’.
Preparations for and practices of online education during the Covid-19 pandemic: A study of Bangladesh and Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Sagun , Haque Saifa , Dawadi Saraswati , Giri Ram Ashish
Published: July 2021

Online education has been adopted widely to address the educational chaos created by the Covid-19 pandemic. Reports on its constraints and challenges appear daily in the global media. However, accounts of teachers’ and students’ experiences of this abrupt shift in pedagogical modality are conspicuously absent in the available literature. This article reports the findings of a study that explored teachers’ and students’ experiences of online education during the pandemic in the context of higher education in Bangladesh and Nepal. The online survey with 147 students and 76 teachers and interviews with a sub-sample of 17 participants indicate that they adapt the action potentials of the digital artifacts to local contexts and use them in the best possible ways to facilitate their communication and enhance student learning in difficult circumstances. The major challenges and constraints they experience in transitioning to online education include poor network, lack of digital skills, lack of technological support from institutions among others. The study findings indicate some pressing policy, pedagogical and research implications, which are discussed in the final section.
Numerical modelling of steady detonations with a variational streamline approach
Authors: Cartwright Malcolm , Falle Sam A. E. G.
Published: July 2021

Previous studies (Watt et al. in J Eng Math 75(1):1, 2012; Cartwright and Falle in J Eng Math 115(1):157, 2019) have shown that a streamline based approach to modelling of steady state detonations can produce good results for rate laws which have maximal reaction at the shock. In this paper we consider a Variational Streamline Approximation (VSA) which introduces streamline curvature. Comparing results with Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) and the existing Straight Streamline Approximation (SSA) model, we find that the VSA improves the predictive accurary of streamlines modelling compared to DNS calculations, capturing the shock front and sonic surfaces with greater accuracy than SSA.
Dissolved oxygen as a propulsive parameter for polyhydroxyalkanoate production using Bacillus endophyticus cultures
Authors: Madhusoodanan Geethu , Hariharapura Raghu Chandrashekar , Somashekara Divyashree
Published: July 2021

Conventional biopolymers resembling synthetic polymers produced from microorganisms, polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) synthesized utilizing renewable resources have gained supreme attention recently. PHA accumulation within the microbial cell is an innate capability of bacteria to store carbon and energy when nutrient imbalance pertains. Gram positive Bacillus endophyticus capable of synthesizing PHA was focused in this study. Study focuses on the possibility of attaining high PHA yield in relation to the varying dissolved oxygen levels induced during production phase. There was a gradual increment in PHA production from 34.5 to 53.03% when cultivated in bioreactor that maintained least dissolved oxygen of 0.4 mg/L at 32 °C. The metabolic flux of organism was altered during oxygen stress brought by varying agitation rate and volume resulting in the accumulation of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Hydrogen (NADH), which led to increase in the overall PHA production. PHA yield was found to be favored by decreasing the oxygen supply thereby inducing an oxygen stress environment. This report was the first one that was correlating the hypothesis that links PHA yield and oxygen stress condition during production phase. PHA produced was characterized by FTIR and 1HNMR spectra in which the presence of Polyhydroxybutyrate was confirmed.

Graphical abstract
Assessment of Autism Spectrum Disorder in Deaf Adults with Intellectual Disability: Feasibility and Psychometric Properties of an Adapted Version of the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS-2)
Authors: Holzinger D. , Weber C. , Bölte S. , Fellinger J. , Hofer J.
Published: July 2021

This study describes the adaptation of the autism diagnostic observation schedule (ADOS-2) to assess autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in adults with intellectual disability (ID) and hearing loss who communicate primarily visually. This adapted ADOS-2 was applied to residents of specialized therapeutic living communities (n = 56). The internal consistency of the adapted ADOS-2 was excellent for the Social Affect of modules 2 and 3 and acceptable for Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors subscale of module 2, but poor for module 3. Interrater reliability was comparable to standard ADOS-2 modules 1–3. Results suggest that autism symptoms of deaf adults with ID can be reliably identified by an adapted ADOS-2, provided adequate expertise in deafness, ID, ASD and proficiency in signed language by the administrator.
Evolution of pitting corrosion resistance and mechanical properties in ultrafine-grained commercially pure aluminium during annealing
Authors: Orłowska Marta , Ura-Bińczyk Ewa , Adamczyk-Cieślak Bogusława , Olejnik Lech , Lewandowska Małgorzata
Published: July 2021

The aim of the present study was to determine the evolution of resistance to pitting corrosion and changes in the mechanical properties of ultrafine-grained aluminium during annealing. In contrast to the numerous papers devoted to the topic of the corrosion resistance of severely deformed aluminium alloys, a unique approach has been taken in this study. The size and distribution of the primary intermetallic particles, which are crucial in terms of corrosion resistance, remain constant during annealing. Therefore, the influence of other microstructural features could be investigated and compare with the results of mechanical properties. It was shown that the ultrafine-grained structure of commercially pure aluminium was stable up to 200 °C. Higher annealing temperatures caused significant grain growth and a reduction in dislocation density, which resulted in a drop in mechanical strength. Also, the corrosion resistance slightly decreased, since with an increase in annealing temperature a decrease in the corrosion potential, pit size, and the area damaged by corrosion attack were noted. The best combination of mechanical strength and resistance to pitting corrosion has been achieved for as-deformed state.
Interactive regulation of root exudation and rhizosphere denitrification by plant metabolite content and soil properties
Authors: Maurer Daniel , Malique François , Alfarraj Salah , Albasher Gada , Horn Marcus A. , Butterbach-Bahl Klaus , Dannenmann Michael , Rennenberg Heinz
Published: July 2021

Aims

Root exudates are known to shape microbial activities in the rhizosphere and to be of fundamental importance for plant-soil-microbe-carbon–nitrogen interactions. However, it remains unclear how and to what extent the amount and composition of root exudation affects rhizosphere denitrification.

Methods

In this study root exudation patterns and rhizosphere denitrification enzyme activity of three different grass species grown on two agricultural soils under two different soil water contents were investigated under controlled conditions.

Results

We found that root exudation of primary metabolites largely depends on plant species, soil type, soil moisture and root exudation medium. In dependence of soil properties and soil moisture levels, plants largely controlled amount and quality of root exudation. Exudates affected denitrification activity and plant–microbe competition for nitrate. Specifically, exudation of organic acids stimulated denitrifying activity while the sugar lyxose exhibited an inhibitory effect.

Conclusion

We show that interactive effects of physicochemical soil properties and species-specific effects of plant metabolism on root exudation act as a dominant control of rhizosphere denitrification, thereby explaining more than half of its variance.
Population living on permafrost in the Arctic
Authors: Ramage Justine , Jungsberg Leneisja , Wang Shinan , Westermann Sebastian , Lantuit Hugues , Heleniak Timothy
Published: July 2021

Permafrost thaw is a challenge in many Arctic regions, one that modifies ecosystems and affects infrastructure and livelihoods. To date, there have been no demographic studies of the population on permafrost. We present the first estimates of the number of inhabitants on permafrost in the Arctic Circumpolar Permafrost Region (ACPR) and project changes as a result of permafrost thaw. We combine current and projected populations at settlement level with permafrost extent. Key findings indicate that there are 1162 permafrost settlements in the ACPR, accommodating 5 million inhabitants, of whom 1 million live along a coast. Climate-driven permafrost projections suggest that by 2050, 42% of the permafrost settlements will become permafrost-free due to thawing. Among the settlements remaining on permafrost, 42% are in high hazard zones, where the consequences of permafrost thaw will be most severe. In total, 3.3 million people in the ACPR live currently in settlements where permafrost will degrade and ultimately disappear by 2050.
Two approaches to natural kinds
Authors: Crane Judith K.
Published: July 2021

Philosophical treatments of natural kinds are embedded in two distinct projects. I call these the philosophy of science approach and the philosophy of language approach. Each is characterized by its own set of philosophical questions, concerns, and assumptions. The kinds studied in the philosophy of science approach are projectible categories that can ground inductive inferences and scientific explanation. The kinds studied in the philosophy of language approach are the referential objects of a special linguistic category—natural kind terms—thought to refer directly. Philosophers may hope for a unified account addresses both sets of concerns. This paper argues that this cannot be done successfully. No single account can satisfy both the semantic objectives of the philosophy of language approach and the explanatory projects of the philosophy of science approach. After analyzing where the tensions arise, I make recommendations about assumptions and projects that are best abandoned, those that should be retained, and those that should go their separate ways. I also recommend adopting the disambiguating terminology of “scientific kinds” and “natural kinds” for the different notions of kinds developed in these different approaches.
Changes in organic matter composition caused by EDTA washing of two soils contaminated with toxic metals
Authors: Jez Erika , Bravo Carlo , Lestan Domen , Gluhar Simon , Martin-Neto Ladislau , De Nobili Maria , Contin Marco
Published: July 2021

Two soils contaminated with potentially toxic metals (PTMs) contrasting in pH and mineralogy were remediated with CaEDTA, and changes in soil organic matter (SOM) composition were investigated. Previous studies showed no significant loss of SOM from CaEDTA-treated soils, but the results of our study reflected significant decreases (from 46 to 49%) in the free fraction of humic acids (HAs). Remediation affected the composition of the free HA fraction via disturbance of intermolecular bonds — an increase in phenolic and aromatic groups with a simultaneous decrease in carbohydrates — which was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy in both soils. Because non-radical molecules such as carbohydrates were selectively removed, the concentration of free radicals in the free HA fraction increased in acidic soil. The bound fraction of HAs and fulvic acids (FAs) in SOM, which are important due to their stability and the permanent effects they have on the soil’s physical properties, remained unchanged in both remediated soils. The effect of soil recultivation was observed only in the excitation emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectra of HAs. In terms of SOM, CaEDTA soil washing can be considered moderately conservative; however, the restoration of free humic fractions is likely to be a long-term process.
NIR Laser Photobiomodulation Induces Neuroprotection in an In Vitro Model of Cerebral Hypoxia/Ischemia
Authors: Gerace Elisabetta , Cialdai Francesca , Sereni Elettra , Lana Daniele , Nosi Daniele , Giovannini Maria Grazia , Monici Monica , Mannaioni Guido
Published: July 2021

Brain photobiomodulation (PBM) is an innovative treatment for a variety of neurological conditions, including cerebral ischemia. However, the capability of PBM for ischemic stroke needs to be further explored and its mechanisms of action remain currently unclear. The aim of the present research was to identify a treatment protocol capable of inducing neuroprotection and to investigate the molecular mechanisms activated by a dual-wavelength near infrared (NIR) laser source in an organotypic hippocampal slice model of hypoxia/ischemia. Hippocampal slices were exposed to oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) for 30 min followed by NIR laser light (fluence 3.71, 7.42, or 14.84 J/cm2; wavelengths 808 nm and 905 nm) delivered immediately or 30 min or 60 min after OGD, in order to establish a therapeutic window. Neuronal injury was assessed by propidium iodide fluorescence 24 h later. Our results show that NIR laser irradiation attenuates OGD neurotoxicity once applied immediately or 30 min after OGD. Western blot analysis of proteins involved in neuroinflammation (iNOS, COX-2, NFkB subunit p65, and Bcl-2) and in glutamatergic-mediated synaptic activity (vGluT1, EAAT2, GluN1, and PSD95) showed that the protein modifications induced by OGD were reverted by NIR laser application. Moreover, CA1 confocal microscopy revealed that the profound morphological changes induced by OGD were reverted by NIR laser radiation. In conclusion, NIR laser radiation attenuates OGD neurotoxicity in organotypic hippocampal slices through attenuation of inflammatory mechanisms. These findings shed light on molecular definition of NIR neuroprotective mechanisms, thus underlining the potential benefit of this technique for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
The autoclaving and re-implantation of an infected prosthesis as a spacer during resection knee arthroplasty: a systematic review
Authors: Spinarelli Antonio , Bizzoca Davide , Moretti Lorenzo , Vicenti Giovanni , Garofalo Raffaele , Moretti Biagio
Published: July 2021

Background

Hofmann et al., in 1995, first described an articulating spacer made by cleaning and autoclaving the original femoral component, which is then re-implanted with a new tibial polyethylene. This systematic review aims to assess the state of existing evidence on the intraoperative autoclaving and re-use of an infected prosthesis, as a spacer, during a two-stage revision following Periprosthetic Joint Infections (PJI).

Methods

A systematic review was conducted with methods described in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. OVID-MEDLINE®, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Google Scholar and PubMed were searched from 1995 to April 2020 to identify relevant studies.

Results

Fourteen studies were included in this systematic review: two prospective case series; six retrospective comparative studies and six retrospective case series. The reviewed studies included 567 patients (571 knees): 394 patients treated with autoclaved components and 173 with a spacer made of new components. The cumulative re-infection rate in patients treated with re-used autoclaved components was 13.7% (54 re-infections in 394 patients), whereas in control patients the re-infection rate was 13.3% (23 re-infections in 173 patients). The final Range of Movement in patients treated using the autoclaved components as a spacer, compared with patients receiving static spacers, was significantly higher in three out of four comparative studies.

Conclusion

There is a moderate level of evidence that the intraoperative autoclaving and re-use of an infected prosthesis as a spacer, during a knee resection arthroplasty, is an effective procedure in the management of knee PJI.