bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects Of Ownership Structure And Listed Status On Bank Risk In China
Authors: Cheng Maoyong , Zhao Hong , Zhang Junrui
Published: February 2016

This paper investigates the relationship of ownership structure, listed status and risk by using regression analysis based on the relevant data of Chinas commercial banks. Three main results emerge. First, compared to the state-owned banks, foreign-owned commercial banks exhibit better asset quality, lower credit risk and higher capital adequacy ratio; city commercial banks have lower credit risk and joint-stock commercial banks have lower credit risk and capital adequacy ratio. Second, listed status improves the asset quality and capital adequacy ratio. Finally, we also find that the listed status significantly moderates the relationship between ownership structure and risk. In conclusion, this study provides a theoretical reference for the reform of Chinas commercial banks.
The Evolution Of A Balanced Scorecard
Authors: Malina Mary A.
Published: February 2016

Both professionals and academics have long criticized the use of traditional financial performance measures and called for balance in performance measurement systems. In 1992, Kaplan and Norton introduced the Balanced Scorecard and it has been adopted widely around the world and offered as a superior combination of nonfinancial and financial measures of performance. This paper is the result of a 15-year field study of a Fortune 500 companys Balanced Scorecard. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected to address the following research questions with respect to the Balanced Scorecard: 1) What has changed over time? 2) What has not changed over time? 3) Why has it endured? Changes highlighted are that the Balanced Scorecard was unaffected by a major change in organizational structure, a narrowing of focus and reduction in the scope over time, processes for changing the design were formalized, and that it has become engrained in the compensation system. Factors that have remained constant over time are the purpose of the Balanced Scorecard, its use for relative performance evaluation, and its use as a tool for best practice sharing. Two factors that appear to explain why it has endured are its use as a learning and communication tool and its ability to influence behavior. The paper concludes with a list of key success factors for building and sustaining a successful scorecard. This list might also be helpful to researchers seeking to investigate the design, use or impact of a Balanced Scorecard.
An Assessment Of Patterns Of Coauthorship For Academic Accountants Within Premier Journals Edited Outside The U.S.: Evidence From 1995 - 2009
Authors: Englebrecht Ted D. , Chu Xiaoyan , Coleman Fred , Martin Rebecca
Published: February 2016

Research inaccounting indicates that accounting faculty publish less in their elitejournals than marketing, management, and finance faculty publish in theirrespective elite journals (Swanson, 2004). This paper investigates co-authorshipratios for twelve premier non-U.S. edited accounting and finance journals overthe fifteen year period from 1995 to 2009.Our results suggest that for the years considered, the aggregate co-authorshipratio for non-U.S. premier accounting journals has increased significantly.Also our findings indicate that the financial accounting specialization has thehighest level of co-authorship. Additionally, the co-authorship ratio for Top25 non-U.S. universities is not significantly different than that of lowerranked non-U.S. academic institutions.We also observe that co-authorship among non-U.S. researchers is lowerthan that of U.S. researchers. The findings of this study indicate that trendsof increasing co-authorship among non-U.S. premier accounting journals areconsistent with those of U.S. premier accounting journals.
Key Indicators For Optimising Supply Chain Performance: The Case Of Light Vehicle Manufacturers In South Africa
Authors: Ambe Intaher Marcus
Published: February 2016

This article investigates key indicators for optimising supply chain performance of light vehicle manufacturers in South Africa. The article is based on a survey conducted among light vehicle manufacturers in South Africa with origins in Asia and Europe. Semi-structured interview questionnaire was used based on purposive sampling technique and the data was analysed using SPSS. The findings revealed that quality, final product delivery reliability and cost were highly rated and the most important indicators for the South African automotive market. Innovation (radical and incremental changes) was the least important among the indicators sampled. The article further revealed that there is a perceived difference on the importance of supply chain indicators between manufacturers of Asian and European origins. Final product delivery reliability and order delivery lead time tended to be more important to European manufacturers compared to Asian manufacturers. The article attests to the fact that competitiveness in cost, quality and product offerings are paramount to automotive manufacturers in todays turbulent environment. It also reveals key competitive criteria used by European and Asian manufacturers based in South Africa. The article contributes to literature on SCM and reveals the way in which vehicle manufacturers in South Africa do business.
Healthcare RFID In Germany: An Integrated Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Perspective
Authors: Chircu Alina , Sultanow Eldar , Saraswat Satya Prakash
Published: February 2016

Todays healthcare environments are characterized by a variety of products, services, and associated data and information that are transferred across many healthcare sector participants. Pharmaceutical supply chains in particular are one example of fragmented information flows among supply chain participants. Pharmaceutical supply chain processes have a crucial influence on medication quality and ultimate patient outcomes. When manufacturing problems arise, temperature control cannot be maintained throughout the supply chain, counterfeit medications enter the supply chain, containers are damaged or sensitive medication is improperly transported and stored, the drugs effectiveness can be affected and this can result in serious consequences, including patient sickens or even death. In this paper, we analyze Radio Frequency Identification Technology (RFID), a technology that can improve communication of data and information, reduce counterfeiting, and enable monitoring of drug quality in pharmaceutical supply chains. The study is conducted in the context of an RFID platform implemented in Germany. The paper extends and complements previous studies by analyzing the RFID implementation and business value in an end-to-end supply chain process across multiple stakeholders in the pharmaceutical supply chain, from the manufacturer via the wholesaler to pharmacies and hospitals. The results confirm that RFID benefits are realized when supply chain processes are changed with the help of technology, but that different supply chain participants have different benefit realization perceptions. The analysis further reveals specific types of process changes for each supply chain participant and their corresponding benefits.
Factors Influencing Changes In Analyst Consensus Recommendations: Evidence From The Johannesburg Stock Exchange
Authors: Mackinnon Sarah Kate , Kruger Ryan
Published: February 2016

This paper builds on Prayag and van Rensburgs (2006) study that recognised the returns that can be generated by acting on changes in consensus recommendations on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE). It identifies factors that influence analysts to revise their recommendations based on style anomalies, momentum strategies, and market sentiment. Findings indicate that analysts recommendations on the JSE are driven by similar factors to those in other major markets with a propensity for favouring high-growth stocks with low value multiples. The results for tests in which variables are lagged for longer periods suggest that historical price changes have a more significant impact on analyst revisions than recent changes.
Performance Of The South African Banking Sector Since 1994
Authors: Ifeacho Christopher , Ngalawa Harold
Published: February 2016

This study investigates the impact of bank-specific variables and selected macroeconomic variables on the South African banking sector for the period 1994-2011 using the capital adequacy, asset quality, management, earnings, and liquidity (CAMEL) model of bank performance evaluation. The study employs data in annual frequency from South Africas four largest banks, namely, ABSA, First National Bank, Nedbank, and Standard Bank. These banks account for over 70% of South Africas banking assets. Using return on assets (ROA) and return on equity (ROE) as measures of bank performance, the study finds that all bank-specific variables are statistically significant determinants of bank performance. Specifically, the study shows that asset quality, management quality, and liquidity have a positive effect on both measures of bank performance, which is consistent with a priori theoretical expectations. Capital adequacy, however, exhibits a surprising significant negative relationship with ROA, while its relationship with ROE is significant and positive as expected. Except for interest rates (in the ROA model), unemployment rate (in the ROA model), and the rate of inflation (in the ROE model), the rest of the macroeconomic variables are statistically insignificant. The study reveals that bank performance is positively related to interest rates and negatively related to unemployment rates and interest rates.
Career Interrupted For What Reason? Job Interruptions And Their Wage Effects
Authors: Hayter Jill K.
Published: February 2016

This paper examines whether controlling for the type of career interruption has different effects on mens and womens wages. One argument for the persistence of the gender wage gap is that previously researchers have used poor measures of experience to estimate mens and womens wages. This paper extends the career interruption literature by estimating mens and womens wages including controls for both the type and timing of interruptions. Findings show similar wage effects for mens and womens wages while controlling for the type of interruption. These results are consistent with the basic human capital model, but are inconsistent with previous empirical research.
Institutional Environments And The Internationalization Of Franchise Chains: The Contrasting Cases Of Three North African Countries
Authors: Aliouche E. Hachemi , Bonet Fernandez Dominique , Chanut Odile , Gharbi Nadjoua
Published: February 2016

Franchising has become a dominant model of retailing in the Western world and is rapidly expanding in emerging countries. This paper is an attempt to explain the significant differences in the development of franchising in three emerging countries: Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. Explanations can be found in the general institutional environment in these countries, including the political and economic environments; governments' willingness to modernize the distribution structures; and the legal and regulatory environments specific to franchising. Our analytical framework is based on institutional theory (DiMaggio & Powell, 1983), a framework that provides further insights beyond the approaches based on economic efficiency (agency theory and the resource scarcity perspective). Based on an analysis of the documents in the major public databases in the three countries, supplemented with field research, we propose an analytical framework that helps explain the uneven developments of franchising in the three North African countries based on the specific institutional environment of each country. This study thus provides empirical evidence supporting the institutional theory of franchise expansion. It appears that institutional theory complements agency theory and resource scarcity theory in explaining the development of franchising in emerging markets: while agency theory and resource scarcity theory explain the motivation of firms to expand internationally through franchising, institutional theory helps explain the success or failure of these firms in the emerging markets they expand to.
How Shared Capitalism Affects Employee Withdrawal: An Econometric Case Study Of A French-Listed Company
Authors: Aubert Nicolas , Hollandts Xavier
Published: February 2016

The academic literature emphasizes that shared capitalism positively affects employees attitudes at work. This paper investigates that issue by testing the relationship between shared capitalism and withdrawal behaviors (turnover and absenteeism). Recent literature interprets shared capitalism as a gift exchange between employers and employees. This paper builds on that literature. The analysis, based on an econometric case study, focuses on a five-year panel dataset of more than 800 subsidiaries belonging to a unique French-listed company. Our results show that only long-term shared capitalism translates into better withdrawal behaviors.
Fraudulent Financial Statement Detection Using Statistical Techniques: The Case of Small Medium Automotive Enterprise
Authors: Aris Nooraslinda Abdul , Mohd Arif Siti Maznah , Othman Rohana , Zain Mustafa Mohamed
Published: February 2016

Fraudulent financial statements (FFS) are now placed under greater public scrutiny following an increase in the number of collapses among companies due to management fraud with loses on average at 5% of revenue (ACFE, 2014). There is consensus that management fraud is an on-going reality and no single organization is immune from the damage caused by the fraudsters (KPMG Malaysia, 2009). Small and medium sized businesses are also threatened by fraudulent activities and statistics showed organizations with fewer than 100 employees experienced more fraud cases than larger corporations (ACFE, 2008). Most of the companies in the automotive industry in Malaysia are small and medium scaled, hence these companies bear a greater burden and face higher risks of fraud. Precautionary measures in preventing fraud are crucial; however, with limited resources, effective detection may be severely curtailed. This paper assesses the possibility of FFS in a small medium automotive company in Malaysia using three statistical analyses namely the Beneish model, Altman Z-Score and Financial Ratio. The findings show that there are riskier zones that need to be further investigated by the management. It is suggested for the company to establish an internal audit unit to provide assurance on the companys operations, financial reporting accuracy and adherence to the regulations.
The Market Valuation Of Pre-Registration For Firms In The Online Gaming Industry
Authors: Min Jihong , Oh Yun Kyung
Published: February 2016

Under the uncertainty of market conditions, top management and shareholders keep seeking evidence for whether a new product development project truly improves firm value. In an effort to find the evidence, this study examines the effect of firms innovative outcome on stock market performance. Specifically, we conduct an event study to test whether stock market reacts to pre-registration marketing campaign in online game. In the business practice, the pre-registration is often considered as an important event right before the commercialization of a new game launch. In our empirical analysis on the pre-registration events and daily stock returns of game companies in 2010-2014, we find that stock market responds to the pre-registration event of a new online game positively, with the abnormal returns up to 1.49%. In addition, the stock market rewards the pre-registration events of small firms more than that of large firms. Overall results suggest that stock investors take into account the pre-registration event as economically valuable information and perceive the uncertainty of the innovation process resolved.
Understanding The Shortage Of Business Doctorates
Authors: Evans Fred J. , Fuller Jack A.
Published: February 2016

This study is an attempt to understand what there is about the business student and the business school curriculum that causes the relatively low doctoral production. With this in mind, the occupational and academic attitudes and values of MBA and doctoral students were compared. Based on the findings, some recommendations designed to enhance doctoral production are made.
Sensitivity Of Exports of Non-Oil Developing Countries To Exchange Rate Volatility
Authors: Abdullah Fuad A.
Published: February 2016

Sensitivity Of Exports of Non-Oil Developing Countries To Exchange Rate Volatility
A Research Methodology To Measure The Profitability Of Regulated Public Utilities
Authors: Vaziri M. T.
Published: February 2016

The study focuses on examining the impact of regulatory climate, among other things, upon the regulated firms profitability measurement and development of a statistical analyses and procedures to measure correctly such regulatory impact. The discussion of analytical results was grouped into three clusters to include comparison between deregulated and regulated industry. The clearest finding was profit margins declined when an industry was deregulated, and other element of the theory, such as changes in asset turnover rate and equity multiplier were not supported by the results.
Foundations For Understanding The User Environment: A Study Of Motivation, Task Differences, And Technology
Authors: Yaverbaum Gayle J. , Culpan Oya
Published: February 2016

The growth in the use of computers poses numerous problems for organizations. This paper summaries the results from a survey administered to managers and clerical employees who work in the technological environment. We find that motivational differences exist and prescribe that they must be taken into consideration when employing technology.
Social Responsibility In New Technology Firms: The Executive View
Authors: Evans Dorla A. , Moussavi Farzad
Published: February 2016

The study presents the results of a survey designed to identify the social responsibility of chemical, computer, and pharmaceutical firms. The approach to measuring social responsibility is based on the framework set forth by Sethi (1979) in which operating strategies of firms are indicators of their social responsibility. Examining new technology assessment as an operating strategy, the study found that responding firms react much more to social obligation (accountability) than to social responsiveness (anticipating social norms).
Restructuring Vs. Greenmail In the Market For Corporate Control: The Effect On Shareholder Wealth
Authors: Stick Henry , Chen Carl , Dawkins Steve
Published: February 2016

The effects of shareholder wealth of the payment of greenmail versus restructuring activities to thwart hostile takeover offers were investigated and illustrated in this study. The risk premium version of the market model was used to examine abnormal security price performance relative to an event announcement for selected sample sets of companies which have employed these defense techniques. The resulting company abnormal returns were summed cross-sectionally in event-time to obtain portfolio abnormal returns for use in hypothesis testing. Evidence from prior studies is first discussed to give some insight of the effects of merger activity, capital structure changes, and greenmail announcements on shareholder wealth. Research methods and results of this analysis are then presented. Based upon the comparison of these widely used anti-takeover tactics findings suggest that the payment of greenmail entrenches management at the expense of shareholder wealth, while restructuring activity to thwart hostile offers provides significant positive returns to shareholders.
Differential Perceptions Of Auditing Terms
Authors: Tan Pearl , Koh Hian Chye , Low Aik Meng
Published: February 2016

This paper investigates the differences in the relative perceptions of auditing terms among groups of accountants, bankers and students. Perceptual models were constructed using multi-dimensional scaling and cluster analysis techniques. The models derived therefrom indicate that there are no major inter-group differences in the relative perceptions of auditing terms. This study does not therefore support the hypothesis that the expectation gap between users and preparers of the audit report are caused by semantical problems.
Commodity Futures: An Important Role In Inventory Management
Authors: Reed John H.
Published: February 2016

In a production environment costs of raw material inventories can vary dramatically thereby affecting inventory holding costs. Thus savings achieved through the implementation of the results of an EOQ model, which assumes stable inventory costs, may not be applicable where these costs vary. This paper addresses this problem by demonstrating how to integrate the commodity futures markets into an inventory control decision in order to help stabilize the price of inputs.
Affirmative Action And Governmental Procurement Policies: The Rules Of The Game Have Changed
Authors: Taylor Ronald L.
Published: February 2016

State and local governments have adopted hundreds of affirmative action programs that set-aside a percentage of government procurements for minority-owned businesses. For a number of years, these programs were commonly upheld based upon certain relatively relaxed constitutional rules. Recently, however, the Supreme Court articulated stringent new rules that twill significantly curtail future programs of this nature. Governmental procurement policies must be quickly altered to accommodate these news constitutional limitations.
Taxpayers Rights And IRS Obligations Before And After The 1988 Taxpayers Bill Of Rights
Authors: Bussman John F. , Lasseter, Jr. James
Published: February 2016

Greater protection for taxpayers is an idea whose time has finally arrived. The greater protection provided by the Taxpayer Bill of Rights, included in the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988 (TAMRA) is a good start in consumerism but it does have significant limitations. Surprisingly, along with the greater protection taxpayers have under the new law comes even more accountability by taxpayers to the Internal Revenue Service. This article addresses these new protections, their limitations and the new accountabilities by taxpayers to the IRS.
Market Shares And Rules Of Thumb
Authors: Welch Patrick J.
Published: February 2016

Several popular propositions about firms market shares influence antitrust enforcement, legislation, and business practices. These propositions, however, may not always reflect reality. This paper explores exception to the rules that a broadened product market definition benefits the defendant in a monopolization case, that excess capacity and high seller concentration are unlikely to occur in the same market, and that vertical price restraints benefit full price sellers at the expense of their discounting competitors.
A Call For Research: The Need For Development Of Management Accounting Concepts For Professional Service Firms
Authors: Shitt Jerry D. , Whitt Sue Yeager , Culpepper David H.
Published: February 2016

The results of a survey of recent managerial and cost accounting textbooks suggest that professional service firms have been largely ignored in cost and managerial accounting courses. With the purpose of identifying possible areas for research, this paper presents several managerial accounting concepts that are typically approached form a manufacturing orientation which could as easily be presented from a service viewpoint.
The Flip Side Of Recruitment: Allowing Job Candidates To View Current Employees Rum
Authors: Pesek James G. , Fulmer Williams E.
Published: February 2016

Providing job candidates the opportunity to view the rum of potential supervisors, subordinates, and co-workers is discussed in this paper. Data collected from a sample of members of the Society for Human Resource Management are also analyzed. Of particular note is the finding that the respondents are more interested in viewing the rum of potential subordinates than viewing the rum of potential co-workers.
Student Time Allocation and Scholastic Ability
Authors: Idson Todd L. , Clark J. R.
Published: February 2016

This paper examines the relationship between academic ability and student allocation of time to school work, market work and leisure activities. Based on a sample of undergraduates at two U.S. universities, we find that students with greater scholastic aptitude allocate greater amounts of time to studies and to market work, while consuming lower amounts of leisure. These results indicate the existence of a dominant substitution effect in time allocation with respect to the time price of grades.
Mergers, Debt Capacity, And Stockholder-Bondholder Wealth Transfers
Authors: Rathinasamy R. S. , Philippatos George C. , Shrieves Ronald E.
Published: February 2016

This study presents a framework for determining whether post merger actual debt of a merged firm is higher than its potential debt capacity. Our results show that on the average, actual debt of the merged firm is significantly higher than its potential debt capacity, and that the proportion of firms with actual debt higher than potential debt capacity is higher than expected. This evidence is consistent with the argument that the co-insurance wealth transfer from shareholders to bondholders is negated by increased leverage post merger. The results on abnormal returns to bondholders for the two subgroups with actual debt higher/lower than the potential debt capacity support the neutralization of wealth transfers. Forty-nine industrial mergers during 1970-1984 and the associated debentures comprise the sample. We measure the potential debt capacity after the merger based on a theoretical model using pre-merger correlation of the cash flows of the merging firms and their debt ratios. Our results indicate that post merger actual debt ratios are significantly higher than the potential theoretical ratios providing support for the increased debt capacity as motive for merger. We also find evidence for leverage induced neutralization of wealth transfers to bondholders.
Overseas Expansion And Shareholders Wealth
Authors: Mathur Ike , Waheed Amjad
Published: February 2016

The effects of overseas expansion on shareholders wealth were studied in this paper. The results for a sample of 179 announcements of overseas expansion showed positive and significant cumulative average residuals (CARs). The results for initial overseas expansion were more positive than for subsequent overseas expansion. Five different methods of expansion were examined. Announcements of exports results in the highest, positive and significant CARs. CARs for licensing, opening an overseas subsidiary and acquiring a growing concern were marginally significant, while CARs associated with joint venture announcements were positive but insignificant. The results did not indicate that any differences were associated with the degree of industrialization of the host country.
Investment Tax Credit Effects On The United States And Canada, 1968-1985.
Authors: Shoemaker Paul A.
Published: February 2016

A micro approach of matched pairs (U.S. and Canadian firms) was utilized to ascertain investment tax credit impacts, differentiating between tax credit and non-tax credit firms. Univariate tests were used to measure the significance of the investment rates between the matched pairs over the period 1968-1985. This research found little evidence that the investment tax credit was an effective stimulus for capital investment.
A Note On The Reliability Of Accounting Lobbying Studies
Authors: Buckmaster Dale , Durkee David , Stiner Frederic M.
Published: February 2016

Studies that are based on content analyses of portions of the Financial Accounting Standards Board Public Record have appeared regularly in accounting and business literature since 1978. Inter-rater reliability is a crucial determinant of the validity of content analyses, yet none of the studies based on content analysis of the Public Record report any measure of inter-rater reliability. This study provides some evidence of the degree of inter-rater reliability of these studies. Krippendorffs coefficient of agreement, a measure of inter-rater reliability is derived for each of eight issues from four raters performing a content analysis of respondent letters in the Public Record volume, Exposure Draft: Accounting for Certain Acquisitions of Banking or Thrift Institutions. In general, the coefficients indicated that extreme caution should be exercised in making inferences from studies based on content analyses of the Financial Accounting Standards Board Public Record.
The Structure Of Graduate Tax Programs: Broad-Based Or Concentration In Tax?
Authors: Erickson Paul , Hollingsworth Danny
Published: February 2016

Graduate tax curriculums range from highly concentrated in tax to broad-based. This paper examines perceptions of major accounting firms employees regarding their tax, research, management, computer, and communication skills. Perceptions of broad-based graduates did not differ significantly from that of tax-concentrated graduates. Perceived management skills are greater for graduates with courses in a variety of disciplines. Perceived computer stills are lower for graduates with technical noncomputer courses.
Risk Reduction Possibilities From Diversification Of Real Estate Portfolios
Authors: Isakson Hans R. , McInish Thomas H.
Published: February 2016

Using a macro data base not previously examined, this paper investigates the benefits of diversification in real estate portfolios. Results support the findings of Burns and Epley (1982) and Miles and McCue (1984) that large reduction in risk can be achieved by intra regional diversification. But contrary to some previous work, substantial benefits from interregional diversification are also indicated.
Annual And Quarterly Financial Data: Accuracy Of Investment Decision
Authors: Al-Darayseh Musa , Brown, Jr. James F.
Published: February 2016

Accounting data has been given more consideration recently because of its usefulness in investment decisions. Annual and quarterly accounting data are used by investors in forming their future expectations. The results of this study indicate that the quarterly financial data may not be as accurate as the annual data or in using the data they have.
The Impact Of Organizational Capacity And Material Capacity On Stock Price Performance
Authors: Bacot L. Marie , Mukherjee Tarun K. , Hartman Sandra J. , Lundberg Olof H.
Published: February 2016

Chakravarthy (1982) contends that a firms adaptive ability depends upon its material capacity and its organizational capacity and its adaptive fit. This study identifies the material and organizational capacities of 18 publicly-held corporations and relates each firms state of adaptation and adaptive fit to a measure of its stock price performance. A significant relationship is found between state of adaptation and stock price performance.
Marketing Information Systems: A Marriage Of Systems Analysis And Marketing Management
Authors: Marshall Kimball P. , LaMotte Stephen W.
Published: February 2016

Synergy between information systems and marketing has stimulated interest in marketing information systems (MKIS) as a major marketing management tool. However, educators, researchers and managers are only beginning to define this field systematically. This paper reviews related literature from marketing, management and information sciences to develop a definition of marketing information systems and a model process for MKIS development. Special attention is paid to the role of marketing professionals in the development process.
Consumers Quality Evaluation Process
Authors: Castleberry Stephen B. , McIntyre Faye S.
Published: February 2016

A conceptual definition of quality for marketers of consumer products is offered along with a theoretical model of the quality perception process. Application examples are provided and future research needs are outlined.
The Excess Tax Depreciation Component Of Deferred Taxes: Assumptions Versus Evidence
Authors: Craig Caroline Kern
Published: February 2016

Several recent studies have examined the behavior of deferred taxes in an attempt to determine their proper balance sheet classification and likely information content. A key assumption underlying these studies, and most previous studies in the area, is that deferred taxes results principally from depreciation timing differences. This article, which is based on a detailed examination of Form 10-K reports for 122 sample companies over 15 years, demonstrates that this assumption is not currently valid. Results indicate that timing differences other than depreciation have a substantial impact on deferred tax behavior.
The Influence Of Auditor And Client Characteristics On Auditor Use Of Analytical Procedures
Authors: Tandy Paulette R.
Published: February 2016

This study examines the effect of certain characteristics of the audit situation and the auditor upon the extent and effectiveness of analytical procedures. Results indicate that characteristics of the auditors (including the auditors knowledge of the client and the clients industry, the auditors knowledge of analytical procedures, and the auditors perception of such techniques) are instrumental in the decision to use and rely upon analytical procedures.
An Empirical Examination Of The Effect Of The Section 465 At-Risk Rules On Equipment Leasing Tax Shelters
Authors: Beehler John M.
Published: February 2016

Congress enacted the at-risk rules in the Tax Reform act of 1976 to curb tax shelter abuses. It later added a recapture provision to the at-risk rules in the Revenue Act of 1978 designed to prevent taxpayers from temporarily increasing the amount at risk at year end. Tax Shelter promoters have attempted to avoid the at-risk rules through questionable interpretations of the law. This study examines various interpretations of the at-risk rules and the impact of the recapture provision. It concludes that (1) the inclusion of debt assumed in the amount at risk significantly affects the tax benefits accruing to investors whereas the inclusion of the note payable in the amount at risk does not; and (2) the recapture provision applies in many cases to equipment leasing tax shelters and operates as intended to limit tax benefits to investors.
Were S&L Financial Statements Misleading? Some Evidence And Policy Prescriptions
Authors: Cahan Steven F. , Johnson Eric N.
Published: February 2016

The savings and loan (S&L) crisis was alleged to be caused in part by regulatory accounting practices. These accounting methods allowed some S&Ls to improve their apparent financial health, when in fact these S&Ls were in poor financial condition. In an experimental setting, this paper finds that potential depositors were mislead by RAP statements causing them to make suboptimal deposit decisions. These results have both practical and policy implications for government regulators, management, and depositors.
Pricing Strategies In High-Inflation Markets: Implications For The Multinational Corporation
Authors: Ogbuehi Alphonso O.
Published: February 2016

The pricing decision of multinational firms directly affects their ability to competitively remain in a high-inflation market. Pricing, never an easy task, involves many factors such as competition, market demand, government regulations, and internal factors. However, when the firm must set price within a high-inflation market, these factors become compounded. A framework for formulating pricing strategies in high-inflation markets is proposed.
A Model For Socially Responsible New Technology Decisions
Authors: Evans Dorla A. , Langford Barry E.
Published: February 2016

Firms use relatively unsophisticated techniques to incorporate the unique uncertainties associated with new technology into their capital budgeting decisions. Evidenced supports that firms would prefer to have a more accurate and standardized method to make adjustments for these uncertainties. Proposed is a method of incorporating the uncertainties of new technology into the traditional NPV calculation via the use of a specially derived risk-adjusted discount rate.
Software Economics: An Application Of Price Theory To The Development Of Expert Systems
Authors: Clark J. R. , Levy Leon S.
Published: February 2016

Expert Systems in computer software appear to offer a potential for increases in project productivity in the range of Orders of Magnitude. This paper offers a software development model illustrating not only the optimal allocation of project resources between tool making and tool application but also appropriate investment in the project and several means of dealing with project risk. The model illustrates that much more benefit is to be derived from extending the domain of applicability of expert systems than from increasing the productivity gains of those techniques. We also find that it is possible to compensate for a more risky approach by alternative scheduling.
Consumers Who Correspond With Business: A Profile And Measure Of Satisfaction With Responses
Authors: Smart Denise T. , Martin Charles L.
Published: February 2016

To investigate the personal characteristics of consumers who correspond with business and their level of satisfaction with businesses responses, 300 adults were interviewed. Fifty-five percent had written complaint, praise, or inquiry letters to businesses. About half of those consumers receiving responses were highly satisfied with them. Further analysis revealed that consumers correspondence behaviors and satisfaction with business responses varied according to individual consumer characteristics. Implications and recommendations for nurturing customer satisfaction are discussed.
Resolution Of Complaints By OSHA In Union And Non-Union Manufacturing Organizations
Authors: Scherer Robert F. , Kaufman Daniel J. , Ainina M. Fall
Published: February 2016

The current study reviewed the OSHA complaint inspection and resolution process in union and nonunion firms to identify potential differences in outcomes. Results revealed that it was possible to distinguish between union and nonunion firms on the basis of seven objective OSHA inspection and complaint resolution factors. Implications of bargaining with OSHA, union effectiveness in the resolution process, and the importance of having a formal grievance system in nonunion firms are discussed.
On Narrowing The Credibility GAAP: Has The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Enhanced The Credibility Of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)?
Authors: Schneider Douglas K. , May Gordon S. , Shaffer David R.
Published: February 2016

The purpose of this study was to apply social-psychological research methods to address an issue of widespread concern in the accounting profession. One of the primary motives underlying the creation of the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) was to increase the credibility of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP). Our main objective was to assess any differences in the perceived credibility of FASB GAAP and pre-FASB GAAP, as indicated by three groups of FASB constituents familiar with these procedures: corporate preparers of financial statements (preparers), CPAs who audit financial reports to ensure their adherence to GAAP (auditors), and accountants who use financial reports to make lending and investment decisions (users). The results indicated that (a) the credibility of accounting principles can be assessed, (b) not all dimensions that have been touted as contributors to the credibility of accounting practices predict accountants perceptions of credibility, and (c) examples of FASB GAAP were perceived as less credible than corresponding examples of pre-FASB GAAP by each of the above three groups of FASB constituents. Some implications of these results and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Consumer Response To Utilization Of Comparison Prices In Retail Advertisements
Authors: Amin Sammy G. , Dave Dinesh S.
Published: February 2016

Retailers consider advertising and promotion to be among the most crucial strategic tools in a firms marketing mix. Retailers are concerned with the decision making process involving the content and format of their newspaper advertisements. In this paper an attempt was made to investigate the effects of the inclusion of store discount coupons; and the various brand types on consumer evaluation and reactions to retail newspaper advertisements. The results of this study provide retailers with directions and insights, enabling them to achieve more positive reactions from consumers in their advertising efforts.
The Relationship Between The Effectiveness Of Risk Diversification and Corporate Performance
Authors: Jahera, Jr. John S. , Oswald Sharon L. , McMillan Kelley
Published: February 2016

This research examines the relationship between corporate risk diversification and financial performance. Prior research is extended by the use of a risk-adjusted performance measure typically used in the finance literature and a market-based measure of risk diversification. The analysis also uses a larger sample size than prior work, and controls for both firm size and ownership differences. The results support the hypothesis of a significant relationship between corporate risk diversification and performance. These findings are relevant for managers evaluating diversification strategies, for shareholders selecting appropriate firms for investment, and for researchers seeking to explain performance differences.
Examining The Market Reactions To Regulatory Accounting Events
Authors: Haddad Amin , Mathur Ike , Rangan Nanda , Tadisina Suresh
Published: February 2016

Evaluation of market reaction to regulatory accounting events such as the accounting standards policy setting process has commonly utilized event study methodology. However, this methodology quite often has resulted in inconsistent and conflicting findings due to partial anticipation of the events being examined and due to nonstationarity of the parameters in the estimation model. A multi-regime market model based methodology that allows for the proper treatment of these problems is proposed and is illustrated with an application in the policy setting process for SFAS No. 8.
Measuring Quality Cost Effects On Productivity Using Data Envelope Analysis
Authors: Metzger Lawrence M.
Published: February 2016

Quality has become more important than ever in the production of goods and services. Money spent on quality must ultimately contribute to increased productivity within the firm. Quantifying the benefits of quality costs with respect to increased productivity is an elusive proposition. This paper describes the use of a linear programming technique called data envelopment analysis (DEA) to measure the effects of appraisal and prevention costs on productivity. DEA provide3s additional information to the normal profit driven performance measures and can be used to determine strategies to help improve the efficiency of money spent on quality.
The Impact Of Weekly Money Supply Announcements ON Stock Market Returns: A Multiprocess Mixture Model Approach
Authors: LeSage James P. , Solocha Andrew
Published: February 2016

This study provides evidence concerning the impact of anticipated and unanticipated components of the weekly money supply announcements on stock market returns in the United States and Canada on the date after the announcement. The innovative aspect of this study is the use of a multiprocess mixture model recently proposed by Gordon and Smith (1990) for modeling time series that are subject to several forms of potential discontinuous change and outliers. The technique involves running multiple models in parallel with recursive Bayesian updating procedures which extend the standard Kalman filter. The results provide strong evidence in favor of the efficient markets hypothesis that only the unanticipated component of the money supply announcement influences the stock market returns in both the United States and Canada.The use of OLS estimated in the present study produces results which suggest that both anticipated and unanticipated components of the money supply announcement exert a statistically significant influence on stock market returns in both countries. In contract, the multiprocess mixture model estimation method produces results which support the efficient markets hypothesis. The difference in findings between OLS and multiprocess estimation methods is attributed to the ability of the multiprocess techniques to model discontinuous structural shifts in the parameters and accommodate outliers in the stock return-weekly money relationship. The multiprocess mixture method provides evidence that numerous discontinuities and outliers exist in the stock market returns-weekly money relation and produces posterior probabilities for the multiple models running in parallel. These probabilities suggest that the OLS model has low posterior probability relative to the structural shift and outlier models which suggest poor inferences regarding the significance of anticipated and unanticipated money arise from the use of OLS estimation techniques.
Personal Service Corporations: Issues In Identifying The Proper Taxpayer
Authors: Segal Mark A.
Published: February 2016

Personal Service Corporations (PSCs) constitute a commonly employed entity through which individuals conduct business operations. Use of a PSC can provide many potential tax benefits. As a consequence, the Service has frequently challenged the recognition of PSCs and sought to tax income allegedly earned by a PSC to its shareholder(s)-employee(s). In this article, the issues relevant to Service-taxpayer disputes over PSCs are examined and relevant reform in the law proposed.
The Interrelationship Between Environmental Hostility And Entrepreneurial Orientation
Authors: Miles Morgan P. , Arnold Danny R. , Thompson Donald L.
Published: February 2016

The main purpose of this paper is to present an empirical analysis of the interrelationship between the propensity of a firm to adopt an entrepreneurial orientation and its perceived degree of environmental hostility. The present study provides support for a minority view in the literature which argues that there is an inverse relationship between the degree of perceived environmental hostility and the likelihood that the firm will adopt an entrepreneurial orientation. This is a conclusion not supported by those who argue on logical grounds that adoption of an entrepreneurial orientation is a viable solution to the problem of U.S. firms lack of global competitiveness.
Market Reactions To Callable And Noncallable Debt Issues
Authors: Kish Richard J. , Livingston Miles
Published: February 2016

Financial theory claims that issuing callable debt rather than noncallable debt offers substantial advantages to the issuing firms. Yet our evidence shows that a substantial amount of noncallable debt exists, suggesting a deficiency in the theory. Our event study analysis found that market reactions to callable bond issues were not significantly different from zero. Thus, the prevalent claim that callable debt offers an advantage over noncallable debt is not supported. The market was found to reach negatively the issuance of noncallable debt, short-term noncallable debit, short-term callable debt, and short-term debt. Therefore, short-term bonds appear to be a signal of negative private information and long-term debt issues appear to be a signal of positive information.