bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unregulated Sealing in the Dependencies
Authors: Dickinson A.B.
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides a detailed account of the growth of the unregulated sealing industry in the Dependencies, in the same format as Chapter Two. It begins with a history of the discovery of South Georgia, and follows the arrival of American and British vessels in late eighteenth century. It follows a similar pattern in the Falklands history, where sealing excursions declined during European and American wars, only to return with vigor from 1810 onwards - devastating seal stocks by the 1820s. The South Georgian sealing industry continued to decline during the nineteenth century, with numerous failed excursions recorded. In counterbalance to this, the South Shetland Islands saw a rise in sealing. A rise in sealing occurred during the brief sea fur boom of the 1860s and 1870s, where the chapter concludes.
Regulated Sealing in the Falkland Islands, 1881-1914
Authors: Dickinson A.B.
Published: January 2019

This chapter charts the regulation of the sealing industry in the Falkland Islands from 1881 to 1941. It follows the establishment of the Seal Fishing Ordinance of 1881, which attempted to revive the industry by enforcing closed seasons. It argues that the lack of enforcement capacity made the situation difficult, before continuing to detail further methods of regulation, such as the issuing of extended sealing licences. It also follows the sealing activities of Sarah Hansen on the Jason Islands. It asserts that the Falklands government failed to regulate a satisfactory commercial sealing industry, and that by the onset of the First World War, public attitudes had shifted toward the conservation of the seal over demand for its produce.
Pelagic Sealing
Authors: Dickinson A.B.
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the short-lived pelagic sealing industry that developed around the Falkland Islands at the beginning of the twentieth century; a practice considered detrimental to the domestic industry and a further cause of seal stock depletion. Pelagic sealing was largely undertaken by Canadian vessels, so the focus is concerns data from Canadian vessels and analysis of the conditions aboard them. It concludes that pelagic sealing contributed very little to the Falklands economy, and that the domestic industry did not begin to grow again until the practice was halted.
Aftermath
Authors: Dickinson A.B.
Published: January 2019

This final chapter concludes the history of the Falklands sealing industry, affirming that sealing in all its forms no longer takes place in the Falklands and the Dependencies due to legislation concerning the conservation of seals. The Marine Mammals Ordinance of 1992 further cemented the illegal status of sealing. Statistics show a reduction in the Falklands seal population from 370,000-390,000 to just 2034 in 1995, but the sharp decline over the century could not have been achieved by the sealing rates alone. The potential contributing factors - competition for food due to global fishing practices and the possibility of illegal sealing - are examined in depth but fail to offer a suitable answer. The volume concludes by affirming the dormancy of the Falklands sealing trade, and considers this important, informative chapter of maritime history closed.
Policing the Seas
Authors: Hunter Mark C.
Published: January 2019

This journal explores the British and American attempts to suppress both piracy and slavery in the equatorial Atlantic in the period 1816 to 1865. It aims to demonstrate the pivotal role of naval policy in defining the Anglo-American relationship. It defines the equatorial Atlantic as the region encompassing the coastal zones of the Gulf of Mexico, Central America, Northern Brazil, and the African coast from Cape Verde to the south of the Congo River. It explores the use of sea power by both nations in pursuit of their goals, and the Anglo-American naval relations during this relatively co-operative period. At its core, it argues that naval activities result from national interests - in this instance protecting commerce and furthering economic objectives, a source of tension between America and Britain during the period. It confirms that the two nations were neither allies nor enemies during the period, yet learnt to co-exist non-violently through their strategic use of sea power during peacetime. The journal consists of an introductory chapter, eight chapters of analysis, and a select bibliography.
The Atlantic
Authors: Hunter Mark C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter places the goals and the naval structures of Britain and America into the context of economic development and international relations in the equatorial Atlantic. It introduces the economic status of the Atlantic region in the early nineteenth century, before detailing how British and American naval activity developed power within it. It explores ‘gentlemanly capitalism’ and British imperialism in relation to naval policy-making; the free-trade mentality adopted by the British Empire in the middle of the century and the impact this had on trade with South America and West Africa. It discusses British naval strategy and deployment, American naval policy, and the economic basis of the Anglo-American relationship. It concludes that though America took a protectionist approach to commerce while the British objective sought liberal trade, they avoided diplomatic difficulty by utilising their respective sea powers in order to navigate maritime activity peacefully.
The Royal Navy and West Africa, 1843-1857
Authors: Hunter Mark C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter analyses the British naval policies concerning West Africa between 1843 and 1857. During this period, Britain sought to encourage legitimate commerce and curtail slavery for its own economic interest, while domestically America feared the British domination of the West African coast. As such, suspicion and mistrust was rife between the two nations, and is in great detail via the abolitionist activity in the North of England; the actions of free traders and slavers; Royal Navy operations; the competition for trade between Britain and France; Commodore Charles Hotham’s slavery suppressing naval strategy; British free trade treaties; and the naval methods of enforcing British goals. It concludes in 1857, with British interests torn between strategic naval aims and domestic pressures, and British and American diplomacy still tense over West African policies.
The Civil War and Conflict Resolution in the Equatorial Atlantic
Authors: Hunter Mark C.
Published: January 2019

This final chapter focuses on British and American naval responses to the outbreak of the American Civil War, particularly their efforts to contain their maritime disputes rather than let them spill into the fray. It gives significant attention to British policy-making regarding the Civil War, and traces the actions of parliament in the decision-making process that led to the evasion of the war. The latter half of the chapter brings the journal to an overall conclusion, reiterating the ability and necessity of sea power in maintaining peace during a period of peacetime fraught with anti-slavery and anti-piracy responsibilities.
Contrasting Merchant Communities in the Early Eighteenth Century: Stockholm, Calabar and Charleston
Authors: Evans Chris , Rydén Göran
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the merchant trading communities of three Eighteenth century ports linked by the iron trade: Stockholm, Calabar, and Charleston. It follows the career of Graffin Prankard, an iron merchant operating out of the port of Bristol, the connecting port for the other three. Analysis of each port demonstrates that each had to contend with the various demands of state power, and that the institutional frameworks surrounding each port communities differed severely.
Integration of Immigrant Merchants in Trondheim in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Bull Ida
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines how immigrants integrated into the maritime mercantile community of Trondheim, Norway, in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth centuries. It focuses on the economic, social, and political strategies adopted by the immigrants in order to assimilate into the community and construct local, regional, and international trade networks. It offers a case study of four immigrant families who originated from Flensburg and settled in Trondheim: the Angells, Horneman, Hoë, and Lorck families. It provides a short history of Trondheim, before exploring the economic, social, and political assimilation strategies used by the four families in depth. It concludes that migrant merchants integrated into the relatively small native trading community by finding economic niches, and strengthened their integration into elite society through marriage and the construction of strong trade networks.
Taiwanese Distant-Water Fisheries in Southeast Asia, 1936-1977
Authors: Chen Henry T.
Published: January 2019

This study provides a detailed study of the fishing nation of Taiwan at a regional and local level in order to address the lack of academic research into the Taiwanese fishing industry in comparison to other nations. Over three stages of analysis it identifies the reasons for the rise and decline of Taiwanese distant-water fisheries. The first stage examines the broader historical background, government policy, and birth of the Taiwanese fishing industry. The second explores the industry at a national level, analysing the relationships between fishing, government, military, and ancillary industries. The third approach narrows the scope to individual fishing communities and explores the working lives and cultural habits of the fishermen. The major focus is the port of Kaohsiung and how it became the major supply base for the fishing industry. It explores Taiwan’s relationship with Japan and the postwar decline due to Japan’s losses in the Second World War. Finally, it considers the development of Taiwanese colonial and postwar fishing policies. It concludes that modern fishing techniques were introduced from Japan, and emboldened Taiwanese fisherman to risk entering remote and foreign waters. The author suggests that further research into Taiwan take would help scholars better understand the history of distant-fisheries. The journal consists of nine chapters, an introduction and conclusion, a list of interviewees, and a bibliography of English and Chinese-language sources.
Introduction
Authors: Chen Henry T.
Published: January 2019

Although there are a large number of important historical and ethnographic studies of fishing nations like Japan and the United Kingdom, this is not the case for Taiwan. To begin to rectify this situation, this book traces the historical development of Taiwan's fishing industry in Southeast Asia from 1936 to 1977. Because of its location, Taiwan was one of the most important forward supply bases for the Japanese fishing industry in the ...
The Revival of the Fishing Industry in Postwar Taiwan
Authors: Chen Henry T.
Published: January 2019

This chapter analyses the postwar recovery of the Taiwanese fishing industry, and the outstanding success that quickly followed. It describes the damage caused by the war, such as seized and lost vessels, and the emergency measures taken by the postwar government to protect the industry, both internal and international and extending as far as US intervention. It details the role of fishery authorities postwar, and further development of modern technology. It concludes that the postwar development strategy consisted of an increase in production through modernised vessels, and the construction of such vessels through foreign financial assistance.
Conferences in British Nineteenth-Century Coastal Shipping
Authors: Armstrong John
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines a substantial number of British shipping conferences in the nineteenth century in order to determine their ability to regulate competition across the shipping trade. It identifies and analyses the common features of shipping conferences; the presence of conferences outside of Britain - particularly in China; the early shipping conferences, including the Glasgow-Liverpool conference; and the evidence of large-spread conferences across the United Kingdom. It discovers that coastal shipping was as involved in shipping conferences as the rest of the shipping industry, and that collaboration between firms existed even within the heightened competitive atmosphere.
Railways and Coastal Shipping in Britain in the Later Nineteenth Century: Cooperation and Competition
Authors: Armstrong John
Published: January 2019

This essay charts the lesser-known methods utilised by rail and shipping companies to restrict inter-modal competition in Britain in the late nineteenth century. It examines the collaboration between rail and shipping companies over freight rates and levels of service, via surviving written agreements, Railway Clearing House (RCH) records, and shipping records. It explores the motives for collaboration and offers case studies of several agreements made during the period. Overall, it discovers that collaboration between rail and shipping companies was necessary to keep freight rates fixed and to handle price competition within their sectors.
Liverpool to Hull - By Sea?
Authors: Armstrong John
Published: January 2019

This chapter is a study of the liner shipping service that ran between Liverpool and Hull that ran on a regular basis between 1884 and 1914 - an extraordinarily lengthy and often perilous route that appears redundant in comparison to the much shorter rail route that connected the two cities. Primarily undertaken by the Wilson Line, though other liner companies also used the route, they proved very able to compete with the rail service. The essay explores the merit of the available sources - primarily the Humber Conference - then examines the characteristics of the trade, and finally explores the reasons for the prevalence of the route over a thirty year period before the start of the First World War. It learns that the shipping service was reliable, regular, and economically feasible, as opposed to the rail companies operating between Hull and Liverpool who were plagued with wagon shortages, slow journey times, and lack of investment. In this instance, railway competition did not offer a feasible alternative to coastal service.
Government Regulation in the British Shipping Industry, 1830-1913: The Role of the Coastal Sector
Authors: Armstrong John
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines government regulation in the British shipping industry in relation to the coastal sector. It explores the lack of government presence in the wider shipping industry in comparison to the railway sector, then deconstructs their shipping presence, where it becomes apparent that the majority of government inquiry and legislation in shipping pertained to the coastal sector. By studying Parliamentary acts, the Board of Trade, and governmental activity, it demonstrates that the government strived to pioneer new technology and keep the shipping industry active. It concludes that enquiries and legislation faced by the industry were the result of wrecks, explosions, and collisions - events which affected the coastal sector more keenly than the deep-water sector.
An Estimate of the Importance of the British Coastal Liner Trade in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Armstrong John
Published: January 2019

This chapter attempts to fill in some of the gaps in data in the history of the British coastal liner trade from the beginning of the twentieth century up to the outbreak of the First World War. It explores the various vessels and cargo within the trade; estimates the volume of work performed by coastal liners; and seeks to determine the capacity and frequency of routes used. It provides figures that correlate with previous studies, and suggests in conclusion that the coastal liner trade was made up of three sectors - liner, coal, and the miscellaneous remainder - all of which thrived in Britain during this period.
The Role of Coastal Shipping in UK Transport: An Estimate of Comparative Traffic Movements in 1910
Authors: Armstrong John
Published: January 2019

This chapter aims to estimate the amount of work performed by the coastal shipping industry in 1910 in relation to the rail and canal transport counterparts. It examines the services offered by the coastal industry in this period that the railway could not provide - such as ferrying to remote regions such as the Isle of Man, Isle of Wight, and Scottish islands. It compares and contrasts rail, canal, and coastal services by examining freight traffic; coal shipping; bills of entry; the Royal Commission on Canals; steamship company records; and Parliamentary papers to paint an accurate picture of the British transport industry in the pre-war period. It concludes that the shipping distribution in 1910 was fifty-nine percent coastal; thirty-nine percent rail, and two percent canal - and insists that coastal and canal shipping should not be paired together when discussing the rise of the railway as they were fundamentally distinct.
Worth a War? The Importance of the Trade between British America and the Mediterranean
Authors: McCusker John J.
Published: January 2019

This chapter argues that the American presence in the Mediterranean that surged after the Peace of Paris in 1783 was not the beginning of American involvement in the region, but rather a revival of a pre-existing one. It accomplishes this by exploring the history of American maritime activity: analysing the commerce between the British Continental Colonies and Southern Europe from early colonial settlement up to the American War of Independence. It explores both the visible and invisible components of the colonial balance of payments system, and suggests a financial advantage to Americans far higher than previous estimates have offered. It also considers trade between American and Britain after the 1783 Treaty of Paris; the fluctuating rates of trade goods including tobacco, sugar, and fish; and the threat of North African pirates. It concludes that American willingness to go to war for independence was linked to the profitability of their existing trade links in the Mediterranean.
Minorca: The First United States Naval Base in the Mediterranean and the American Consulate at Port Mahon
Authors: Camps Miquel Ángel Casasnovas
Published: January 2019

This essay analyses the relationship between America and the island of Minorca during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by focussing on the the American naval base established at Port Mahón. It approaches the topic in four stages: the first provides a contextual outline of the history of maritime Minorca in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries; the second examines the functions of the American consulate in Mahón; the third examines the role of Port Mahon as an American Naval base; and the final segment evaluates the impact of the American naval presence on Minorca through social, economic, ideological, and cultural influences. It finds that Mahón possessed good maritime facilities as a result of previous British rule, and provided America with the permanent presence they sought in the Mediterranean. For Minorca, the base provided relief from commercial decline and economic distress. Culturally, America also had a significant contemporary impact on Mahón, though over time the American presence has been somewhat resigned to history, overridden by Britain’s cultural presence on the island.
A Second-Rate Navy, 1714-1795
Authors: Bruijn Jaap R.
Published: January 2019

The final section investigates the decline of the Dutch navy in the years following the financially devastating War of the Spanish Succession, and the various attempts to reinvigorate the Dutch economy through overseas shipping. It is divided into five parts: convoys and the containment of Barbary corsairs; favouritism, innovation, and malpractice within the navy; the restructuring of the roles and responsibilities of naval officers; the role of naval seamen; and a final part concerning the aftermath of the overthrowing of the Dutch Republic in 1795 by the French Revolutionary Army. It concludes by summarising the state of the navy in 1795 - naval administration had become centralised; officers undertook institutionalised education; the fleet undertook new duties; and the advent of steamship technology was beginning to transform the navy with more vigor than ever before.
British Steam Navigation, 1812 to the 1850s: A Bibliographical and Historiographical Review
Authors: Armstrong John , Williams David M.
Published: January 2019

This opening chapter is a bibliographical and historiographical survey of British steam navigation from 1812 through to the 1850s. Its purpose is to provide a contextual framework for the subsequent chapters. It categorises the early steamship into the following sections: general surveys; technological aspects and steamship building; regional shipbuilding in Britain; regional shipbuilding internationally; services; business; and the government. It asserts that though many studies of pre-1850 steamships exist, coverage of later periods is far more comprehensive, and as a result calls for a full statistical census of steamships in order to further develop our understanding of the early steamship period.
Steam Shipping and the Beginnings of Overseas Tourism: British Travel to North Western Europe, 1820-1850
Authors: Armstrong John , Williams David M.
Published: January 2019

This chapter, like the two that precede it, quashes the myth that the recreational travel and tourism industry began with Thomas Cook and the railway system, pointing instead to the roots developed by the steamboat. It explores the growth of British overseas travel through the origins of commercial steamboat services on the Clyde to the first Dover-Calais route. It pays particular attention to the formation of the General Steam Navigation Company in 1824. It also offers a thorough analysis of overseas excursion advertisements in The Times between 1825 and 1850. It concludes that by the end of the 1840s specialist agencies for overseas travellers had come into existence, alongside other frameworks for tourism that developed out of steamboat technology - pre-dating the mid-century rail-led tourism boom by several years.
The Steamship as an Agent of Modernisation, 1812-1840
Authors: Armstrong John , Williams David M.
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the significance of the steamship as a vehicle of change and modernisation in Britain between 1812 and 1840. It builds on the previous chapter’s analysis of the nationwide diffusion of the steamship, then defines the features of modernity that the steamship exhibited - such as large scale production; specialisation; and wider market access. It then explores how these advances impacted society through the widespread recognition of modern technology; wider appreciation of the importance of time; advance of personal mobility; new forms of finance and operations; and the role of technology in the changing function of the British government. It concludes that the steamship played a vital role in British innovation, though ultimately was one factor of many in the widespread and rapidly increasing modernisation of the country.
The Widening of Horizons, 1560-1689
Authors: Davis Ralph
Published: January 2019

This chapter introduces the conventions of British shipping during the mid sixteenth to late seventeenth centuries, concluding in 1689, a year Davis regarded as a turning point in the growth and commercial development of shipping. It begins by comparing British shipping unfavourably to Dutch shipping in 1560, then addresses the mid-century development of British fisheries and the coal trade. It also charts the development of long-distance trade; the disruptiveness of the Spanish Armada and various other wars; growth in tonnage and value; the steady development and impact of Northern trade the seventeenth century; and the trade of colonial goods. It concludes by with a summary of the economic literature pertaining to the period.
Consolidation, 1689-1775
Authors: Davis Ralph
Published: January 2019

This chapter continues the previous chapter’s overview of British shipping conventions, picking up in 1689 at the turning point of industry growth and continuing into the late eighteenth century. It pays particular attention to the Anglo-French wars between 1689-1713 and the effect they had on shipping growth, resulting in both temporary setbacks and long-term economic depression. It examines the Union of England and Scotland, the sharp decline of Anglo-French trade and the compensatory increase in trade with Portugal, and non-war related declines such as trade with Turkey and the decline of the Newfoundland Fishery. It catalogues the shipping tonnage of major English ports, and contrasts Bristol, Liverpool, and Hull in regard to several aspects of shipping such as the growing slave trade. It concludes with the growth of international and transatlantic trade, and the transformation of British shipping in anticipation of modern shipping technology.
The Shipowners
Authors: Davis Ralph
Published: January 2019

This chapter offers a thorough study of the role of the merchant shipowner in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It defines the joint-stock ownership system in relation to British shipowning, and explores the reasons why the practice was so common. It seeks an answer for why so many merchants from outside of the shipping trade were willing to invest in shipowning. It considers the way financial risk was minimised through the spread of investments; the creation of insurance corporations; the concentration of ownerships; and the growing specialisation and separation of merchant and shipowner, to demonstrate the complexities of the shipowning structure and the environment in which joint-stock ownership formed. The latter half of the chapter uses primary sources to show how part-ownership risked incompetent, unfortunate, and fraudulent management, and the struggle of acquiring legal protection, demonstrating unforeseen faults in the joint-stock system.
The Merchant Seamen
Authors: Davis Ralph
Published: January 2019

This chapter studies the role of the crewmen in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries by focussing on their identities, relationship with the sea, and career rewards. It begins by listing the quantities and duties of men on specific voyages, to highlight the variety in crew sizes and determine which roles were vital across all forms of shipping trade. It examines the living conditions of crew members; the specialisation of skills; the flux in intake during wartime; navigation apprenticeships; the possibilities of promotion; and the structure of crew hierarchies. It concludes that conditions for crewmen would vary between shipmasters, but that harsh treatment by the shipmaster would often spur crew members to seek promotions to their own command.
Shipping Management and the Role of the Master
Authors: Davis Ralph
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines British shipping management in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, with particular focus on the role of the shipmaster. It identifies several of the problems in ship management and the consequences that came from joint-stock ownership. It also explores how ships advertised business and employment, and the decision making-process behind the chartering of ships. It determines the duties of shipmasters and how they varied based on the level of involvement of the ship’s managing owner. Using contemporary correspondence to further illustrate the life of the shipmaster, it attempts to define the scope of his authority. It concludes that despite the level of autonomy a shipmaster might attain, ultimately the crucial decisions that ensured a ship’s success lay with the shipowners: purchase of the ship, how to deploy it, and indeed the choice of shipmaster.
The Southern European and Mediterranean Trades
Authors: Davis Ralph
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores trade between Britain, Southern Europe, and the Mediterranean during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In detail, it examines Spanish and Portuguese shipping and the wool and wine trades; the growth in corn trade quantities; trade with Italy and shipping from the port of Livorno; and the Levant company’s monopoly of the silk trade with Syria and Asia Minor. It includes shipping statistics and contemporary correspondence to provide a well-rounded representation of the international shipping trade between these nations.
The Government and the Shipping Industry
Authors: Davis Ralph
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the level of involvement of the British government in mercantile shipping during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It provides the history behind the 1651 Navigation Act and the previous instances of British trade being restricted to British vessels, which date as far back as the fourteenth century and were also present during the reign of Elizabeth I. It then analyses the competition between British and Dutch shipping and the escalating tensions that caused the passing of the 1651 Navigation Act and the outbreak of the Dutch wars. It lists the Navigation Act provisions that applied to shipping, and attempts to answer what scope foreign ships had to trade with England as a result of its implementation. Though the bulk of the chapter discusses the Navigation Acts and their fallout, it also considers the increase of government intervention in maritime activity during the eighteenth century which included law-making efforts concerning the Navy, and investment in docks and ports. It concludes that government intervention, when present, was often beneficial to the industry, particularly when it came to employment issues and working conditions.
Four Ships and Their Fortunes
Authors: Davis Ralph
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides case studies of the working life of four merchant vessels from different points in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries: Diamond (1634-1640); Cadiz-Merchant (1675-1684); Diligence (1728-1742); and Caroline (1754-1766). They illustrate the long-standing difficulties faced by shipowners, charterers, and masters in earning a livelihood at sea, and provide a range of maritime and commercial experiences across the two centuries. These studies show that the first two ships engaged in a variety of trades, but the latter two quickly learnt to specialise in a single trade by a specific route, which proved the more profitable and secure option of the two.
Conclusion
Authors: Davis Ralph
Published: January 2019

This chapter brings the findings of the journal to a conclusion. It gives an overview of the industrial and shipping progress made between the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, noting that the need for the bulk transport of goods propelled much of the development. It reviews the rate of growth and the part shipping played in laying the groundwork for the coming Industrial Revolution. It concludes that these two centuries of shipping established British monopolies, greater wealth, and the dependence of the American economy - a status quo which would last for another century.
The 1890s: Furness Withy's Expansion by Acquisition and Promotion
Authors: Boyce Gordon
Published: January 2019

This chapter follows the actions of the Furness Group during the 1890s, commenting on expansion through acquisition and promotion. In particular, it examines the three expansion methods utilised by Christopher Furness: purchasing firms to acquire their routes and tonnage; entering joint ventures with shipping companies based in Liverpool, London, Hull, and ventures with other industries; and by selling shares in single-ship companies on a larger scale. In doing so, it covers the surge of growth between 1895 and 1901; subsidised services; and the role of branch offices. Finally, it provides a breakdown of the Furness Group’s financial performance between 1892 and 1900. It concludes that Furness’ expansion methods and sharp decision-making were successful and as a result the company flourished while Britain’s trade grew in both volume and complexity.
Industrial Operations and Performance, 1900-1914
Authors: Boyce Gordon
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the operations of the Furness Group’s industrial holdings between 1900 and 1914, and investigates the reasons for their varied performance. It considers Christopher Furness’ strategy in attempt to determine how appropriate it was, plus the effectiveness of policy implementation and how broader economic conditions influenced profitability. It also explores the support networks between allied enterprises and the commercial ties that arose within the Furness Group. It considers the capabilities and output of the Furness-owned shipyards during the period; the pattern of group shipbuilding orders; in-depth commentaries on the performance of the Furness Group’s engineering, steel, and coal interests and sub-companies; plus the links between the company’s shipping and steel interests. It concludes that Furness was both a bold investor and a defensive strategist, and that though operational difficulties arose when absorbing companies the vast majority survived as part of the Furness Group.
The Growth of the Shipping Interests, 1910-1919
Authors: Boyce Gordon
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the growth of the Furness Group’s shipping services between 1910 and 1919, as world trade, shipping values, and freight rates escalated after a brief slump. It charts the wave of acquisitions during the period, and considers the expansion of the Furness Group within the context of the industry-wide changes taking place. It offers an overview of the Furness Group’s performance, followed by an overview of their expansion strategy. Next, it focuses on the purchase and reconstruction of five financially weak firms between 1910-1912. It continues with development and expansion of South American trade. Further competitive difficulties arose between the Furness Group, International Mercantile Marine, and Canadian Pacific Railroad, including expansion efforts in New York and Rotterdam and related wartime developments. It concludes that in contrast to Furness’ promotion efforts at the beginning of the century, no new shipping subsidiaries were floated during this period, so capital gains were not realised as shipping values rose.
Dissolution
Authors: Boyce Gordon
Published: January 2019

This final chapter explores the factors that led to the Furness Group’s split in 1919, using the private papers of Furness manager Frederick Lewis as the basis of the study. The papers provide a contemporary account of the influence of personality, decision-making, expediency, and market conditions that surrounded the Group’s split. It concludes that the problems plaguing the Furness Group in 1919 were most often caused by the personalities within both new and old leadership.
Conclusion
Authors: Hitchcott Nicki
Published: January 2019

In the conclusion, Hitchcott reaffirms the notion that the reader of Rwandan genocide fiction is forced to examine their own positon and response, as well as those of others, in relation to the genocide, whether that is as a tourist, witness, survivor, victim or perpetrator. The author reflects on the usefulness of this particular genre despite the many ethical issues involved, and places emphasis on the need to record and remember. Above all, Hitchcott emphasises that the work she has carried out serves as a testament to the range and diversity of genocide fiction written by Africans, including notable Rwandan authors, and that this enables a country and humanity to move toward an understanding of what happened.
Book-publishing at Présence Africaine
Authors: Bush Ruth
Published: January 2019

‘Book-publishing at Présence Africaine’ explores the extent of which the idealized notion of autonomy was transformed by the effects of decolonization on the Parisian publishing landscape. The chapter also reconsiders the radical nature of Présence Africaine’s early publishing work and its role in shaping notions of literary value in the period leading up to and directly following the independences.
First-Generation Women in Short Films
Authors: Kealhofer-Kemp Leslie
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines key short films featuring Maghrebi migrant women in France through an analysis of objects such as letters, a play script, food, photographs, and clothing items. It highlights the extent to which such objects are crucial to giving expression to the experiences of Maghrebi women through this particular medium, where meaning must necessarily be communicated in a short period of time. These objects have multi-layered meanings and serve as potential channels for communication and understanding between first-generation women and people who are different from them, most notably because they have not shared the women’s experience of migration and exile and in many cases do not speak the women’s mother tongue. This analysis highlights the ways in which the women negotiate, navigate, and cross various cultural, linguistic, psychological, and spatial boundaries or barriers that exist in their lives. The cultural productions discussed in this chapter include films directed by Fejria Deliba, Ismaël Ferroukhi, Faïza Guène, and Catherine Bernstein.
Reconciling through other Knowledges
Authors: Lambright Anne
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers products of the Rescate por la memoria (Rescuing memory) contests in Ayacucho; these post-CVR interventions by Yuyarisun, a collective of Peruvian and international NGOs, invited entries in poetry, painting, illustrated stories, music, and narratives by local inhabitants. The works give an Andean perspective that is present in victims’ testimonies but largely absent in the CVR’s final analysis and recommendations. These ‘different memories’ frequently go against the grain of official discourses on the Shining Path era and the postconflict future of Peru. They are creative responses that defy easy interpretations of events and cookie-cutter resolutions based on ‘universal’ human rights values, while belying dominant visions of a ‘new Peru’ moving forward in a unified manner, having faced and overcome the recent past.
The evolution of Spencerianism
Authors: Priego Natalia
Published: January 2019

This chapter’s focus is upon the reception and assimilation of Spencerian philosophy in Mexico, underpinned by a discussion of the sources of information available to the Mexican positivists. It establishes that their fragmented understanding of his ideas was acquired primarily and indirectly from reviews of his works published in fashionable French journals which arrived in Mexico spasmodically. Thus, their apparent erudition was acquired, at best second-hand, and combined with their own traditional liberalism to produce an eclectic and contradictory discourse. Although many were comfortable with the French language (and, of course, Spanish), most did not read well English or German. Therefore, the ideas that originated in Britain, the United States, and Germany were less influential than French notions in the construction of the Positivism of Porfirian Mexico. However, Mexican intellectuals did what they could to absorb new philosophical currents in their quest to modernise Mexico, insisting that they had mastered science, the new truth that was replacing religion as the source of authority.
Édith Piaf
Authors: Looseley David
Published: January 2019

The world-famous French singer Édith Piaf (1915-63) was never just a singer. Dozens of biographies of her, of variable quality, have seldom got beyond the well known and usually contested ‘facts’ of her life. This book suggests new ways of understanding her. A ‘cultural history’ of Piaf means exploring her cultural, social and political significance as a national and international icon, looking at her shifting meanings over time, at home and abroad. How did she become a star and a myth? What did she come to mean in life and in death? What is her place in popular music yesterday and today? At the centenary of her birth and more than fifty years after her passing, why do we still remember her work and commemorate her through the work of others, from Claude Nougaro and Elton John to Ben Harper and Zaz, as well as in films, musicals, documentaries and tribute acts around the world? What does she mean today?
Inventing la Môme
Authors: Looseley David
Published: January 2019

The chapter begins with a brief biography of Piaf’s early years as a singer but focuses primarily on how the Piaf myth—the imagined Piaf that France and the world would come to know--was invented. The process of invention was the work initially of Piaf herself, who fabricated a life story almost from the beginning. But she was soon joined in this task by her first impresario, Raymond Asso, who wrote the lyrics for many of her early songs, and Marguerite Monnot, who composed the music. This team, progressively joined by others, worked together to produce a new iteration of the well-known realist song genre: Piaf’s songs were read through the narratives of the singer’s life, but, at the same time, those narratives were themselves read through the songs. This reciprocal identification between song and life would form the core meaning of Piaf’s stardom.
Conclusion
Authors: Looseley David
Published: January 2019

This chapter pulls together threads running through the book. Piaf’s talent alone does not explain her persistent position in global memory. Hence the need for a cultural history investigating what the imagined Piaf has come to mean. The book has focused on an invented Piaf rather than the supposedly real Piaf. It has also brought out how the imagined trajectory of her life has been structured like a tragedy. And it has shed light on the evolution of French popular music and French culture in the last and present centuries: mass culture and Americanisation, national and international perceptions of French chanson, and the steady transformation of Piaf into what Pierre Nora calls ‘un lieu de mémoire’.
Epilogue
Authors: Ashley Mike
Published: January 2019

A summary of magazine changes in the 1980s together with statistics and a look ahead the changes arising from the internet.
Introduction
Authors: Shippey Tom
Published: January 2019

Following on from the preceding chapter, the question of the relativity of cultural values is seen as animating much of the work of the author Jack Vance. The Prime Directive of the Star Trek series states that interfering with the normal development of any culture is unacceptable, for all cultures are of equal value, and the loss of any one of them is irreparable. Vance probes the costs and consequences of this belief in a way well beyond the daring of mass media fiction, such as Star Trek, in a series of highly original and problematic scenarios, with results which cannot be reduced to a single or simple solution.
The Magic Art and the Evolution of Words: Ursula Le Guin’s “Earthsea” Trilogy
Authors: Shippey Tom
Published: January 2019

In chapter 13, part IV of C.S. Lewis’s That Hideous Strength (1945), the changing relationships between magic, science and religion are expressed in a conversation between Dr Dimble (a teacher of English) and his wife. Dr Dimble remarks:

‘if you dip into any college, or school, or parish – anything you like – at a given point in its history, you always find that there was a time before that point when there was more elbow-room and contrasts weren’t so sharp; and that there’s going to be a point after that time when there is even less room for indecision and choices are more momentous … The whole thing is sorting itself out all the time, coming to a point, getting sharper and harder.’...
Introduction
Authors: Shippey Tom
Published: January 2019

This chapter argues that Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four could well be seen as an example of the science-fictional sub-genre of the enclosed universe story. In these the reader is simultaneously aware of the wrongness of the narrator’s or hero’s views, and the fact that these views arise naturally out of the narrator or hero’s limited knowledge. Can they be disproved without input from outside the enclosed world, such as the captain’s log of a generation Starship, or in Orwell’s case, the hidden history revealed by Goldstein? It is argued that doublethink and Newspeak are Orwell’s vital concepts as agents of mind control. Two works by Ursula Le Guin are seen as further instances of mind control by language, with interestingly different results.
Introduction
Authors: Davis Colin
Published: January 2019

The Second World War still poses problems of understanding, representation and narration. This book proposes to examine how the war influenced the work of some of the glittering generation of writers and intellectuals who witnessed it at first hand. The book will argue that the war is often present even when it is not overtly mentioned.
Sartre and Beauvoir
Authors: Davis Colin
Published: January 2019

Sartre and Beauvoir have been accused of having a rather easy Occupation, cementing their literary and intellectual careers and pursuing their sexual conquests. They certainly wrote a great deal. This chapter discusses their works written during and about the war, and considers the curious absence of a sense of danger or trauma which these texts suggest. There are nevertheless signs of a more traumatized, problematic experience underlying their deceptively calm texts.
Interpreting, Ethics and Witnessing in La Peste and La Chute
Authors: Davis Colin
Published: January 2019

Camus’s two later major works, La Peste and La Chute, both continue to negotiate the ethical issues raised by trauma, and the difficulties of interpretation which accompany them, in ways which even the most theoretically-informed trauma theorists have failed to register. The chapter examines the intertwined problems of ethics and interpretation in the two novels.
Elie Wiesel
Authors: Davis Colin
Published: January 2019

Wiesel is perhaps the exemplary witness, insisting on the ethical urgency of testimony; but his books also revolve around the difficulty of speaking about the unspeakable, and even entertain – even if finally rejecting – the temptation of remaining silent. The chapter discusses some of the problems of witnessing and literary representation in Wiesel’s testimonial and fictional works.
Sarah Kofman and the Time Bomb of Memory
Authors: Davis Colin
Published: January 2019

As a young Jewish girl in occupied France, Kofman remained hidden during much of the war and thereby escaped deportation. Her memoir Rue Ordener, rue Labat describes what happened to her, and its publication was followed shortly afterwards by her suicide. Her memoir raises questions which are key to this study about repressed memory, the interpretation of the unsaid, and the continuing devastating consequences of trauma, spoken or unspoken.
Aetiology of Diphtheria in Pre-independence Ireland
Authors: Dwyer Michael
Published: January 2019

The opening chapter rescues diphtheria from obscurity, offering a rationale as to why Irish health authorities opted to embrace a new and radical public health intervention and why they set the eradication of diphtheria amongst the first of their national goals. A study of surviving statistical data relating to infectious disease in nineteenth and early twentieth-century Ireland does not suggest that such an intervention was warranted. However, despite the distinct lack of diphtheria notifications recorded in this period, this chapter will show that diphtheria was indeed a major child killer.