bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sources and Patterns of Wolverine Mortality in Western Montana
Authors: SQUIRES JOHN R. , COPELAND JEFFREY P. , ULIZIO TODD J. , SCHWARTZ MICHAEL K. , RUGGIERO LEONARD F.
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT  We instrumented 36 wolverines (Gulo gulo) on 2 study areas in western Montana and one study area on the Idaho‐Montana (USA) border: 14 (9 M, 5 F) on the Pioneer study area, 19 (11 M, 8 F) on the Glacier study area, and 3 (2 M, 1 F) on the Clearwater study area. During 2002–2005, harvest from licensed trapping accounted for 9 (6 M, 3 F) of 14 mortalities, including individuals from all 3 study areas. Based on Akaike's Information Criterion adjusted for small sample sizes (AICc) rankings of 8 a priori models, a trapping model and a trapping‐by‐sex interaction model were equally supported (ΔAICc < 2) in explaining wolverine survival. Estimated annual survival was 0.80 when we did not consider harvest, whereas additive mortality from harvest reduced annual survival to 0.57. Glacier National Park in the Glacier study area provided some refuge as evidenced by an annual survival rate of 0.77 compared to 0.51 for the Pioneer Mountain study area. We incorporated these survival rates into a simple Lefkovitch stage‐based model to examine rates of population change. The finite rate of population change (Λ) for the Glacier study area was 1.1, indicating a stable to slightly increasing population, whereas Λ for the Pioneer study area was 0.7, indicating a 30% annual population decrease during our study. Changes in Λ for both study areas were most sensitive to adult survival. In 2004, we used a Lincoln Index to estimate that 12.8 ± 2.9 (95% CI) wolverines resided in the 4 mountain ranges comprising the Pioneer study area, suggesting that small, island ranges in western Montana supported few individuals. Our results suggest that if wolverines are harvested, they should be managed within individual mountain ranges or small groupings of mountain ranges to limit mortality to within biologically defined limits in recognition of the increased vulnerabilities owing to low fecundity and low population numbers in small mountain ranges. We found that refugia, such as Glacier National Park, were important by reducing trap mortality and providing immigrants to the surrounding population, but even large parks were inadequate to provide complete protection to wolverines from trapping as they ranged outside park borders.
Evaluating Detection Probabilities for American Marten in the Black Hills, South Dakota
Authors: SMITH JOSHUA B. , JENKS JONATHAN A. , KLAVER ROBERT W.
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT  Assessing the effectiveness of monitoring techniques designed to determine presence of forest carnivores, such as American marten (Martes Americana), is crucial for validation of survey results. Although comparisons between techniques have been made, little attention has been paid to the issue of detection probabilities (p). Thus, the underlying assumption has been that detection probabilities equal 1.0. We used Presence‐Absence data obtained from a track‐plate survey in conjunction with results from a saturation‐trapping study to derive detection probabilities when marten occurred at high (>2 marten/10.2 km2) and low (≤1 marten/10.2 km2) densities within 8 10.2‐km2 quadrats. Estimated probability of detecting marten in high‐density quadrats was p = 0.952 (SE = 0.047), whereas the detection probability for low‐density quadrats was considerably lower (p = 0.333, SE = 0.136). Our results indicated that failure to account for imperfect detection could lead to an underestimation of marten presence in 15–52% of low‐density quadrats in the Black Hills, South Dakota, USA. We recommend that repeated site‐survey data be analyzed to assess detection probabilities when documenting carnivore survey results.
Transferring Research to Endangered Species Management
Authors: MCCLEERY ROBERT A. , LOPEZ ROEL R. , SILVY NOVA J.
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT In the natural resource and wildlife profession, we face difficulties in the production, diffusion, and transfer of rigorously tested science, especially when facing entrenched management paradigms. We present 3 case studies to illustrate the challenges in changing entrenched management paradigms for endangered species. Here we examine specifically what factors helped or hindered the adoption of management practices through the theoretical framework developed for the dissemination of technologies. An examination of 3 case studies suggests that active communication and advocacy of scientific findings, along with simple, visible results, will aid researchers in the acceptance and adoption of their research. Management agencies that increase openness and communication with outside experts, reduce bureaucratic procedures, and localize decision making increase the likelihood that new scientific ideas will be adopted by the agency. We also suggest adaptive resource management as a strategy for endangered species management may foster many of the characteristics that aid in the adoption of scientific ideas into management activities.
Limits of Data Analysis in Scientific Inference: Reply to Sleep et al.
Authors: STEIDL ROBERT J.
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT  Statistical inference is an important element of science, but these inferences are constrained within the framework established by the objectives and design of a study. The choice of approach to data analysis, while important, has far less consequence on scientific inference than claimed by Sleep et al. (2007). Their principal assertion—that when model selection is used as the approach to data analysis, all studies provide a reliable foundation for distinguishing among mechanistic explanatory hypotheses—is incorrect and encourages faulty inferences. Sleep et al. (2007) overlook the critical distinction between inferences that result from studies designed a priori to discriminate among a set of candidate explanations versus inferences that result from exploring data post hoc from studies designed originally to meet pattern‐based objectives. No approach to data analysis, including model selection, has the power to overcome fundamental limitations on inferences imposed by study design. The comments by Sleep et al. (2007) reinforce the need for scientists to understand clearly the inferential basis for their scientific claims, including the roles and limitations of data analysis.
Cancer and Low Dose Responses in vivo: Implications for Radiation Protection
Authors: Mitchel R. E. J.
Published: September 2007

The Linear No Threshold (LNT) hypothesis states that ionizing radiation risk is directly proportional to dose, without a threshold. This hypothesis, along with a number of additional derived or auxiliary concepts such as radiation and tissue type weighting factors, and dose rate reduction factors, are used to calculate radiation risk estimates for humans, and are therefore fundamental for radiation protection practices. This system is based mainly on epidemiological data of cancer risk in human populations exposed to relatively high doses (above 100 mSv), with the results linearly extrapolated back to the low doses typical of current exposures. The system therefore uses dose as a surrogate for risk. There is now a large body of information indicating that, at low doses, the LNT hypothesis, along with most of the derived and auxiliary concepts, is incorrect. The use of dose as a predictor of risk needs to be re-examined and the use of dose limits, as a means of limiting risk needs to be re-evaluated. This re-evaluation could lead to large changes in radiation protection practices.
A 100K Genome-Wide Association Scan for Diabetes and Related Traits in the Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Florez Jose C. , Manning Alisa K. , Dupuis Josée , McAteer Jarred , Irenze Kathryn , Gianniny Lauren , Mirel Daniel B. , Fox Caroline S. , Cupples L. Adrienne , Meigs James B.
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE— To use genome-wide fixed marker arrays and improved analytical tools to detect genetic associations with type 2 diabetes in a carefully phenotyped human sample.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— A total of 1,087 Framingham Heart Study (FHS) family members were genotyped on the Affymetrix 100K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and examined for association with incident diabetes and six diabetes-related quantitative traits. Quality control filters yielded 66,543 SNPs for association testing. We used two complementary SNP selection strategies (a “lowest P value” strategy and a “multiple related trait” strategy) to prioritize 763 SNPs for replication. We genotyped a subset of 150 SNPs in a nonoverlapping sample of 1,465 FHS unrelated subjects and examined all 763 SNPs for in silico replication in three other 100K and one 500K genome-wide association (GWA) datasets.

RESULTS— We replicated associations of 13 SNPs with one or more traits in the FHS unrelated sample (16 expected under the null); none of them showed convincing in silico replication in 100K scans. Seventy-eight SNPs were nominally associated with diabetes in one other 100K GWA scan, and two (rs2863389 and rs7935082) in more than one. Twenty-five SNPs showed promising associations with diabetes-related traits in 500K GWA data; one of them (rs952635) replicated in FHS. Five previously reported associations were confirmed in our initial dataset.

CONCLUSIONS— The FHS 100K GWA resource is useful for follow-up of genetic associations with diabetes-related quantitative traits. Discovery of new diabetes genes will require larger samples and a denser array combined with well-powered replication strategies.
Identification of Novel Candidate Genes for Type 2 Diabetes From a Genome-Wide Association Scan in the Old Order Amish
Authors: Rampersaud Evadnie , Damcott Coleen M. , Fu Mao , Shen Haiqing , McArdle Patrick , Shi Xiaolian , Shelton John , Yin Jing , Chang Yen-Pei C. , Ott Sandra H. , Zhang Li , Zhao Yiju , Mitchell Braxton D. , O'Connell Jeffery , Shuldiner Alan R.
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE— We sought to identify type 2 diabetes susceptibility genes through a genome-wide association scan (GWAS) in the Amish.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— DNA from 124 type 2 diabetic case subjects and 295 control subjects with normal glucose tolerance were genotyped on the Affymetrix 100K single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. A total of 82,485 SNPs were tested for association with type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes–associated SNPs were further prioritized by the following: 1) associations with 5 oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) traits in 427 nondiabetic Amish subjects, and 2) in silico replication from three independent 100L SNP GWASs (Framingham Heart Study Caucasians, Pima Indians, and Mexican Americans) and a 500K GWAS in Scandinavians.

RESULTS— The strongest association (P = 1.07 × 10−5) was for rs2237457, which is located in growth factor receptor–bound protein 10 (Grb10), an adaptor protein that regulate insulin receptor signaling. rs2237457 was also strongly associated with OGTT glucose area under the curve in nondiabetic subjects (P = 0.001). Of the 1,093 SNPs associated with type 2 diabetes at P < 0.01, 67 SNPs demonstrated associations with at least one OGTT trait in nondiabetic individuals; 80 SNPs were nominally associated with type 2 diabetes in one of the three independent 100K GWASs, 3 SNPs (rs2540317 in MFSD9, rs10515353 on chromosome 5, and rs2242400 in BCAT1 were associated with type 2 diabetes in more than one population), and 11 SNPs were nominally associated with type 2 diabetes in Scandinavians. One type 2 diabetes–associated SNP (rs3845971, located in FHIT) showed replication with OGTT traits and also in another population.

CONCLUSIONS— Our GWAS of type 2 diabetes identified several gene variants associated with type 2 diabetes, some of which are worthy of further study.
A Search for Variants Associated With Young-Onset Type 2 Diabetes in American Indians in a 100K Genotyping Array
Authors: Hanson Robert L. , Bogardus Clifton , Duggan David , Kobes Sayuko , Knowlton Michele , Infante Aniello M. , Marovich Leslie , Benitez Deb , Baier Leslie J. , Knowler William C.
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE— To identify genetic variants in linkage disequilibrium with those conferring diabetes susceptibility, a genome-wide association study for young-onset diabetes was conducted in an American-Indian population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Data come from 300 case subjects with type 2 diabetes with age of onset <25 years and 334 nondiabetic control subjects aged ≥45 years. To provide for tests of within-family association, 121 nondiabetic siblings of case subjects were included along with 140 diabetic siblings of control subjects (172 sibships). Individuals were genotyped on the Affymetrix 100K array, resulting in 80,044 usable single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). SNPs were analyzed for within-family association and for general association in case and control subjects, and these tests were combined by Fisher's method, with priority given to the within-family test.

RESULTS— There were more SNPs with low P values than expected theoretically under the global null hypothesis of no association, and 128 SNPs had evidence for association at P < 0.001. The association of these SNPs with diabetes was further investigated in 1,207 diabetic and 1,627 nondiabetic individuals from the population study who were not included in the genome-wide study. SNPs from 10 genomic regions showed evidence for replication at P < 0.05. These included SNPs on chromosome 3 near ZNF659, chromosome 11 near FANCF, chromosome 11 near ZBTB15, and chromosome 12 near SENP1.

CONCLUSIONS— These studies suggest several regions where marker alleles are potentially in linkage disequilibrium with variants that confer susceptibility to young-onset type 2 diabetes in American Indians.
Identification of Type 2 Diabetes Genes in Mexican Americans Through Genome-Wide Association Studies
Authors: Hayes M. Geoffrey , Pluzhnikov Anna , Miyake Kazuaki , Sun Ying , Ng Maggie C.Y. , Roe Cheryl A. , Below Jennifer E. , Nicolae Raluca I. , Konkashbaev Anuar , Bell Graeme I. , Cox Nancy J. , Hanis Craig L.
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE—The objective of this study was to identify DNA polymorphisms associated with type 2 diabetes in a Mexican-American population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We genotyped 116,204 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 281 Mexican Americans with type 2 diabetes and 280 random Mexican Americans from Starr County, Texas, using the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 100K set. Allelic association exact tests were calculated. Our most significant SNPs were compared with results from other type 2 diabetes genome-wide association studies (GWASs). Proportions of African, European, and Asian ancestry were estimated from the HapMap samples using structure for each individual to rule out spurious association due to population substructure.

RESULTS—We observed more significant allelic associations than expected genome wide, as empirically assessed by permutation (14 below a P of 1 × 10−4 [8.7 expected]). No significant differences were observed between the proportion of ancestry estimates in the case and random control sets, suggesting that the association results were not likely confounded by substructure. A query of our top ∼1% of SNPs (P < 0.01) revealed SNPs in or near four genes that showed evidence for association (P < 0.05) in multiple other GWAS interrogated: rs979752 and rs10500641 near UBQLNL and OR52H1 on chromosome 11, rs2773080 and rs3922812 in or near RALGPS2 on chromosome 1, and rs1509957 near EGR2 on chromosome 10.

CONCLUSIONS—We identified several SNPs with suggestive evidence for replicated association with type 2 diabetes that merit further investigation.
Interaction of unmodified and partially silylated nanosilica with red blood cells
Authors: Gun’ko Vladimir , Galagan Natalia , Grytsenko Irina , Zarko Vladimir , Oranska Olena , Osaulenko Vyacheslav , Bogatyrev Viktor , Turov Vladimir
Published: September 2007

Interaction of red blood cells (RBCs) with unmodified and partially (50%) silylated fumed silica A-300 (nanosilica)was studied by microscopic, XRD and thermally stimulated depolarisation current (TSDC) methods. Nanosilica at a low concentration C A-300C A-300 = 1 wt% all RBCs transform into shadow corpuscles because of 100% haemolysis. Partial (one-half) hydrophobization of nanosilica leads to reduction of the haemolytic effect in comparison with unmodified silica at the same concentrations. A certain portion of the TSDC spectra of the buffered suspensions with RBC/A-300 is independent of the amounts of silica. However, significant portions of the low-and high-temperature TSDC bands have a lower intensity at C A-300 = 1 wt% than that for RBCs alone or RBC/A-300 at C A-300 = 0.01 wt.% because of structural changes in RBCs. Results of microscopic and XRD investigations and calculations using the TSDC-and NMR-cryoporometry suggest that the intracellular structures in RBCs (both organic and aqueous components) depend on nanosilica concentration in the suspension.
Differential pulse voltammetric determination of dopamine with the coexistence of ascorbic acid on boron-doped diamond surface
Authors: Guo-hua Zhao , Ming-fang Li , Ming-li Li
Published: September 2007

Electrochemical determination of dopamine (DA) in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA) was achieved on boron-doped diamond (BDD) film electrode by differential pulse voltammetry. The experimental results indicated that the oxidative peaks of DA and AA could be separated completely on anodically-treated (BDD) electrode without further modification, although these two peaks can not be separated on glassy carbon electrode. The peak separation of DA and AA was developed to be 0.44 V. High sensitivity was obtained to determine DA selectively with the coexisting of a large excess of AA in acidic media by DPV. The detection limit of DA was achieved to be 1.1 × 10-6 M in the presence of AA with the concentration of 200 times more than DA. This technique was also applied to the determination of DA in real samples.
Study of the reactivity of quinohemoprotein alcohol dehydrogenase with heterocycle-pentacyanoferrate(III) complexes and the electron transfer path calculations
Authors: Tetianec Lidija , Dagys Marius , Kulys Juozas , Ziemys Arturas , Meskys Rolandas
Published: September 2007

The reactivity of alcohol dehydrogenase IIG (ADH IIG) from Pseudomonas putida HK5 with new heterocycle-pentacyanoferrate(III) complexes and hexacyanoferrate(III) was determined at pH 7.2. The pentacyanoferrate(III) complexes contained imidazole, pyrazole, pyridine, their derivatives and 2-aminobenzothiazole as the sixth ligand. The largest reactivity of the complexes with ADH IIG was estimated for the complex containing pyridine. An apparent bimolecular constant (k
ox) for this complex was 8.7 × 105 M−1s−1. The lowest value of k
ox was estimated for the complex with benzotriazole (k
ox = 3.1 × 104 M−1s−1). The investigation of the hexacyanoferrate(III) enzymatic reduction rate at different ionic strength gave a single negative charge of reduced ADH IIG. Docking calculations revealed two binding sites of the complexes in ADH-IIG structure. The first one is located at the entrance to the PQQ pocket, and the second is at the site of cytochrome domain. The calculations of electron transfer (ET) path indicated that the most effective ET takes place from heme to the complex docked at the entrance to the PQQ pocket. This shortest path is constructed of amino acids Ser607 and Cys606.
Organic light emitting devices
Authors: Godlewski J. , Obarowska M.
Published: September 2007

The purpose of this paper is to provide general information about basic physical processes involved in organic electroluminescence and to present the main parameters and advantages of organic light emitting devices (OLEDs).
Paul Cazin, the “Manneken-Pis” and the Deification of Boyhood
Authors: Emerson Catherine
Published: September 2007

This article explores attitudes toward boyhood shaped by the traumatic experiences of the First World War. It focuses particularly on the work of the little-known French author, Paul Cazin, and his attempts to commemorate the entirety of “the lost generation” by transcending divisions of religion and secularism that characterized boyhood activities in France before the war. The figure of the “Manneken-Pis” enables him to do this and is particularly suited to the expression of conflicting attitudes toward militarism in boyhood. Cazin’s intellectual program leads to a reading of the famous Manneken-Pis fountain depicting a urinating boy as a religious artifact. A variety of interwar responses to the statue demonstrate the strength of emotion provoked by the figure of the young boy. The fact that these responses have been enshrined in modern cultural and artistic practices suggests the extent to which the experience of the First World War still conditions attitudes toward boyhood.
The Changing Nature of Childhood and Boyhood
Authors: Mook Bertha
Published: September 2007

Although there is a realization in Western society today that childhood is changing, the topic remains clouded in confusion and contradictory viewpoints. The central question, if and how the nature of childhood itself has changed, has led the author to conduct a metabletic inquiry. Metabletics or the science of change is a human science research approach that incorporates phenomenological methods and seeks to understand a phenomenon by taking its historical development, its social cultural context and relevant synchronistic developments into account. In exploring the changing nature of childhood, historical, metabletic, and phenomenological studies were consulted as well as some selected sources from literature, art, and entertainment that portray the lives of children and, in particular, of boys in the past and in the present. First, a brief historical perspective on the changing nature of childhood from traditional to modern times is presented. This is followed by the concept of modern childhood and its transition to a postmodern childhood. The author aims to describe the essential characteristics of childhood with a focus on boyhood as lived in different historical time periods in order to contribute to a clearer understanding of its changing nature. The present study is exploratory and opens a vast domain that awaits further detailed investigations.
Boys Left Behind
Authors: Kleinfeld Judith , Reyes Maria Elena
Published: September 2007

The gender gap in college enrollment and completion has become a concern in many nations. The phenomenon is extreme in Alaska, particularly among indigenous people. Semi-structured interviews with 162 urban and indigenous students graduating from high school, and in addition, two single-gender focus groups, suggest that many young men do not see a college education as necessary to financial success and do not expect to assume the gender role of sole family provider. Young women tend to see a college degree as essential to changed gender roles where women are expected to attend college, pursue a career, and not be dependent on a man for financial support. Many young men withdraw from the demands of a verbally-saturated high school curriculum, which they find unenjoyable. Both young men and young women tend to label male withdrawal from school as “male laziness,” an essentialist interpretation rather than an interpretation based on the school environment and changing gender roles.
Amyloid Precursor Protein
Authors: Leong Su Ling , Barnham Kevin J. , Multhaup Gerd , Cappai Roberto
Published: September 2007

The amyloid‐precursor protein (APP) is a transmembrane glycoprotein implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In mammals, there are two paralogues of APP termed amyloid precursor‐like protein 1 (APLP1) and amyloid precursor‐like protein 2 (APLP2). Orthologues of APP also exist, suggesting a conserved function vital throughout evolution. APP is a multidomain protein with metal‐binding sites critical to its function. There are two copper‐binding domains, one lies in the N‐terminus, adjacent to the zinc‐binding domain, and the other is in the amyloid‐beta (Aβ) domain. Aβ is derived via a series of protease cleavages of APP by the secretases, and is the main constituent of the amyloid plaques that are a key pathological hallmark of AD. The physiological role of APP is as yet unknown. It can reduce Cu
2+
to Cu
+
, and the physiological and three‐dimensional structure suggests a role as a copper chaperone. The binding of Cu to Aβ is toxic to neuronal cultures, and this may contribute to the oxidative stress that is commonly observed in AD.
Metal Ions in Cyanobacterial PhotosystemII
Authors: Loll Bernhard , Biesiadka Jacek , Saenger Wolfram
Published: September 2007

Development of oxygenic photosynthesis provided the primeval reducing atmosphere with oxygen that is essential for all presently existing higher forms of heterotrophic life including human beings. Oxygenic photosynthesis is initiated at photosystem II (PSII), a multi‐subunit protein complex that is decorated with various cofactors and located in the thylakoid membrane of cyanobacteria, algae and higher plants. PSII captures sunlight with its antenna proteins and converts it to chemical energy by catalyzing water oxidation to atmospheric oxygen, protons and electrons. The reducing electrons are exploited in subsequent steps in the formation of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) used to reduce CO2to carbohydrates.

We discuss here the presently most complete structure of cyanobacterial PSII that includes 35 chlorophylla, 11 carotenoids, 2 pheophytinsa, 2 plastoquinones, 2 hemes, bicarbonate, 14 lipids, 3 detergent molecules (n‐dodecyl‐β‐D‐maltoside), 4 Mn‐atoms, 2 Ca2+, and Fe2+that are embedded within 19 protein subunits per monomer. Water oxidation takes place at a redox‐active metal cluster that is composed of 4 Mn‐cations and 1 Ca2+cation. The arrangement, geometry and coordination of the metal ions in the Mn4Ca‐cluster provide information essential for understanding mechanistic aspects of water oxidation.
Human Ferrochelatase
Authors: Lanzilotta William N , Dailey Harry A
Published: September 2007

Ferrochelatase catalyzes the terminal step of heme biosynthesis, the insertion of ferrous iron into protoporphyrin IX to form heme. The mammalian enzyme is a homodimer with a total molecular weight of 83 000 and is associated with the matrix side of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Each subunit contains a [2Fe–2S] cluster whose coordination and spectral properties are unlike any other currently characterized [2Fe–2S] cluster. The crystal structure of the human enzyme both with and without porphyrin substrate‐bound is presented and discussed. The enzyme without substrate‐bound possesses an open mouth for an active site with the two lips of the mouth being responsible for interaction with the membrane. The enzyme with bound porphyrin has a closed mouth that results in a hand‐in‐glove fit with the porphyrin substrate.
Fts
H
/
Hfl
B
Authors: Bieniossek Christoph , Baumann Ulrich
Published: September 2007

The ATP‐dependent, membrane‐standing metalloprotease FtsH/HflB (filamentation temperature‐sensitive locus H/high frequency of lysogenisation locus B) is universally conserved in eubacteria, chloroplasts, and mitochondria. Its substrates are integral membrane proteins, for example, it degrades the unassembled subunits such as SecY of the SecYEG translocon or the a‐subunit of F
o
ATPase, as well as some soluble proteins, most notably the heat shock factor σ
32
, the λ‐phage transcriptional activator λ‐CII and LpxC, a key enzyme in lipid A biosynthesis. FtsH is the only essential energy‐dependent protease in
Escherichia coli
and its knockout shows generally severe phenotypes, for example, malfunctioning of paraplegin, a close homolog in human mitochondria, results in one form of spastic paraplegia. The crystal structure of the cytosolic region reported here reveals a self‐compartmentalizing protease composed of two hexameric rings. The protease ring exhibits perfect sixfold symmetry with a novel, virtually all‐helical fold of the monomers. The active center is formed by the
427
HEAGH motif and the conserved Asp500 as third zing ligand. The AAA domains have ADP bound and are arranged in a hexameric ring with twofold symmetry only. Two of the essential pore residues Phe234, which are implied in substrate binding and translocation, are located toward the interior of the two rings. This suggests a mechanism of substrate recognition and unfolding.
Copper Transporters and Chaperones
Authors: Arnesano Fabio , Banci Lucia
Published: September 2007

Copper is an essential element for many cellular processes in all the kingdoms of life. Its presence in cells needs to be tightly controlled, as free copper ions can be toxic due to their redox chemistry, though they must be available to obtain the mature form of copper‐dependent proteins.

For this purpose, organisms have developed a machinery for proteins, which control copper uptake, transport, sequestration, and efflux. These proteins are engaged in complex, highly specific pathways, responsible for copper incorporation in target proteins, its transport within a compartment and/or through different cellular compartments and organelles, and its excretion. In the present chapter, we describe the structural and functional features of proteins involved in the three most characterized processes, that is, copper delivery to the trans‐Golgi network or transport across the plasma membrane, involving copper‐transporting adenosine triphosphatases, copper incorporation into the Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase, and into the two copper centers of cytochromecoxidase, located in two different enzyme subunits and involving three copper ions.

The structural properties of various functional states of these copper transport proteins, and the related mechanisms, are discussed with respect to their key role in cellular processes.
Sulfur: Organic Polysulfanes
Authors: Steudel Ralf
Published: September 2007

The chemistry of organic polysulfanes (or polysulfides) is thoroughly and critically reviewed. The synthesis of chain‐like and cyclic polysulfanes with alkyl and aryl substituents as well as their analysis, molecular structures, reactions with nucleophiles, natural occurrence and potential applications are described.
Intent to harm or injure? Gender and the expression of anger
Authors: Campbell Anne , Muncer Steven
Published: September 2007

Gender differences in aggressive behaviour but not in anger suggest that women may express anger through behaviours that lack intent to harm or injure. Angry behaviours (injurious and noninjurious) were rated in terms of their likelihood of use when angry (N=888). Confirmatory factor analysis revealed a direct aggression factor and two further scales: explosive acts (e.g. throwing objects when alone) and defusing acts (e.g. talking to a third party). Men exceeded women on direct aggression and explosive acts, whereas women exceeded men on defusing acts. Expressive beliefs about aggression (as a loss of self‐control) were higher among women and strongly associated with use of defusing acts and the avoidance of direct aggression. Instrumental beliefs about aggression (as a means of control over others) were higher among men and showed the opposite pattern of associations. We highlight the need for further work on actors' intention in relation to angry behaviours and the impact of context on these intentions. Aggr. Behav. 34:282–293, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Confocal Raman Spectroscopy of α‐Sexithiophene: From Bulk Crystals to Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Brillante A. , Bilotti I. , Albonetti C. , Moulin J.‐F. , Stoliar P. , Biscarini F. , de Leeuw D. M.
Published: September 2007

We report confocal micro‐Raman spectra of the organic semiconductor α‐sexithiophene (T6) on bulk crystals and on thin films grown on technologically relevant substrates and devices. We show that the two polymorphs, which are clearly identified by their lattice phonon spectra, may coexist as physical impurities of one inside the other in the same crystallite. Spatial distribution of the two phases is monitored by Raman phonon mapping of crystals grown upon different conditions. Raman microscopy has then been extended to T6 thin films grown on silicon oxide wafers. We identify the crystal phase in thin films whose thickness is just 18 nm. The most intense total‐symmetric Raman vibration is still detectable for a two‐monolayer thick film. Comparative analysis between micro‐Raman and AFM of T6 thin films grown on field effect transistors shows that electrode‐channel steps favour the nucleation and growth of T6 molecules on the substrate, at least below 50 nm.
Very Long SiC‐Based Coaxial Nanocables with Tunable Chemical Composition
Authors: Bechelany M. , Brioude A. , Stadelmann P. , Ferro G. , Cornu D. , Miele P.
Published: September 2007

We present a simple process for the fabrication of very long SiC‐based coaxial nanocables (NCs). The versatility of this technique is confirmed by the ability to change the chemical composition of the NC outer layers from silica to carbon and boron nitride. The NCs consist of a SiC core approximately 30 nm in diameter with lengths up to several hundred of nanometers. The thickness of the coating is in the range 2–10 nm. The morphology and structural characterization of the NCs is investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), respectively, and their chemical composition is probed by electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). A vapor–solid growth mechanism is proposed to explain the growth of SiC‐based NCs of various chemical compositions, depending on the chemical nature of the vapor phase. Because of the large quantity of very long and interlaced NCs produced during the synthesis, the macroscopic aspect of the as‐grown material is like a self‐supported felt.
Chiral Thiourea‐Phosphine Organocatalysts in the Asymmetric Aza‐Morita–Baylis–Hillman Reaction
Authors: Shi Yong‐Ling , Shi Min
Published: September 2007

A new kind of bifunctional (thio)urea‐phosphine catalyst was synthesized and applied to the aza‐Morita–Baylis–Hillman reaction of N‐sulfonated imines with methyl vinyl ketone, phenyl vinyl ketone, ethyl vinyl ketone or acrolein. Moderate to excellent ee and yields of the products were obtained under mild reaction conditions.
Synthesis of β‐Lactams by 4‐exo‐tet Cyclization Process Induced by Electrogenerated Cyanomethyl Anion, Part 2:[1] Stereochemical Implications
Authors: Feroci Marta
Published: September 2007

An efficient electrochemically induced synthesis of chiral cis β‐lactams has been described, via deprotonation of chiral amides containing an acidic methylene group and a bromine atom as leaving group and bearing a chiral auxiliary or amine function. The electrogenerated base – cyanomethyl anion – is easily obtained by galvanostatic reduction of acetonitrile‐tetraethylammonium hexafluorophosphate solutions under very mild conditions. The yields are high and the cis‐diastereoselection complete. The use of starting chiral amides has allowed in many cases the preparation of the most abundant isomer in a pure form.
2,3‐Disubstituted Benzo[b]thiophenes from Diarylalkynes via Electrophilic Addition‐Cyclization and Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Lamanna Giuseppe , Menichetti Stefano
Published: September 2007

Diarylalkynes are readily transformed in 3‐chlorobenzo[b]thiophenes in a two‐step electrophilic addition‐cyclization procedure that runs highly efficiently in solution or in the solid phase. The heteroaromatic carbon‐chlorine bond participates in palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura or Buchwald–Hartwig cross‐couplings to give, in a single step, 2,3‐disubstituted derivatives of pharmacological relevance .
Fluorinated Alcohols as Solvents for Enantioselective Hydrogenation with Chiral Self‐Assembling Rhodium Catalysts
Authors: Dubrovina Natalia V. , Shuklov Ivan A. , Birkholz Mandy‐Nicole , Michalik Dirk , Paciello Rocco , Börner Armin
Published: September 2007

We herein describe the beneficial effect of fluorinated alcohols on asymmetric hydrogenation using chiral self‐assembling rhodium complexes. Previously, the application of these catalysts has been hampered by low reaction rates in non‐polar solvents, which are essential for establishing the self‐assembling architecture via hydrogen bonding. Excellent reaction rates are usually observed in alcohols as solvents, but the characteristic hydrogen bonds are cleaved in those media, resulting in poor ee values. We now show for the first time that the disadvantageous properties of both solvent classes on the catalytic reaction can be overcome by using fluorinated alcohols. Due to this key finding, homogeneous catalysis with self‐assembling catalysts is much closer to practical application.
A Chiral Functionalized Salt‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Michael Addition of Ketones to Nitroolefins
Authors: Xiong Yan , Wen Yuehong , Wang Fei , Gao Bo , Liu Xiaohua , Huang Xiao , Feng Xiaoming
Published: September 2007

The chiral functionalized salt catalysis, which differs from the known enzyme‐ and transition metal‐based methods, has been successfully developed to carry out the Michael addition of ketones to nitroolefins. Chiral anion salt (type I), chiral cation salt (type II), or chiral anion‐chiral cation salt (type III) could be expected to be remarkably effective catalysts and afford the corresponding chemically and optically pure Michael addition adducts. A primary amine group activating the ketone during salt catalysis was their obvious and common property. Based on preliminary experimental investigations and previous reports on primary amine catalysis, a reaction pathway via imine, enamine, iminium ion to imine was proposed.
Integrating Catalyst and Co‐Catalyst Design in Olefin Polymerization Catalysis: Transferable Dianionic Ligands for the Activation of Late Transition Metal Polymerization Catalysts
Authors: Brasse Mikaël , Cámpora Juan , Davies Maxwell , Teuma Emmanuelle , Palma Pilar , Álvarez Eleuterio , Sanz E. , Reyes Manuel L.
Published: September 2007

Treatment of nickel and palladium α‐diimine catecholate complexes with alkylaluminum catecholates leads to active ethylene polymerization catalysts. Comparison of the catalytic activities achieved with combinations of α‐diimine catecholate or halide complexes as catalyst precursors with different activators (MMAO or alkylaluminum catecholates) reveals that the presence of the catecholate ligand in both catalyst components is beneficial for achieving high activity levels at very low M/Al ratios.
A Novel (2,2‐Diarylvinyl)phosphine/Palladium Catalyst for Effective Aromatic Amination
Authors: Suzuki Ken , Hori Yoji , Nishikawa Takenobu , Kobayashi Tohru
Published: September 2007

A new series of diarylvinylphosphine ligands was designed and synthesized. A catalyst system, consisting of the ligands and palladium species, effectively catalyzed the coupling reaction of aryl bromides and chlorides with amines to afford the corresponding products in good to excellent yields. The efficiency is likely derived from an interaction between the palladium center and the cis‐aryl moiety on the diarylvinylphosphine ligand stabilizing a catalytic intermediate during the coupling reaction.
Tungsten‐ and Molybdenum‐Based Coordination Polymer‐Catalyzed N‐Oxidation of Primary Aromatic Amines with Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Bordoloi Ankur , Halligudi S. B.
Published: September 2007

Recyclable tungsten‐ and molybdenum‐based coordination polymers efficiently catalyzed the oxidation of primary aromatic amines to the corresponding nitroso derivatives with 30 % aqueous hydrogen peroxide in high yields at room temperature.
Copper(II) Triflate‐Catalyzed Nucleophilic Substitution of Propargylic Acetates with Enoxysilanes. A Straightforward Synthetic Route to Polysubstituted Furans
Authors: Zhan Zhuang‐ping , Wang Shao‐pei , Cai Xu‐bin , Liu Hui‐juan , Yu Jing‐liang , Cui Yuan‐yuan
Published: September 2007

A novel and efficient procedure for the synthesis of γ‐alkynyl ketones by the nucleophilic substitution of propargylic acetates with enoxysilanes in the presence of a catalytic amount of Copper(II) triflate, has been developed. The substitution reaction can be followed by a 4‐toluenesulfonic acid‐catalyzed cyclization without purification of the γ‐alkynyl ketone intermediates, offering a straightforward synthetic route to polysubstituted furans.
Gold‐Catalyzed 5‐ and 6‐exo‐dig Selective Cyclizations of Alkynyl Silyl Enol Ethers: Efficient Method for [3+2] and [4+2] Annulations onto α,β‐Enones
Authors: Lee Kooyeon , Lee Phil Ho
Published: September 2007

An efficient method for the annulation of five‐ and six‐membered rings onto α,β‐enones is described via gold‐catalyzed 5‐ and 6‐exo‐dig selective cyclizations of alkynyl silyl enol ethers.
Successful treatment with rituximab in a patient with an acquired factor V inhibitor
Authors: Lebrun Agnes , Leroy‐Matheron Catherine , Arlet Jean‐Benoit , Bartolucci Pablo , Michel Marc
Published: September 2007

Rituximab has already been successfully used to treat immune‐mediated bleeding disorders such as acquired factor VIII inhibitor. We report here a case of severe acquired factor V (FV) inhibitor deficiency due to FV inhibitor which has been dramatically improved after rituximab. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unilateral focal polymicrogyria in a patient with classical Aarskog–Scott syndrome due to a novel missense mutation in an evolutionary conserved RhoGEF domain of the faciogenital dysplasia gene FGD1
Authors: Bottani Armand , Orrico Alfredo , Galli Lucia , Karam Olivier , Haenggeli Charles‐André , Ferey Solène , Conrad Bernard
Published: September 2007

Faciogenital dysplasia or Aarskog–Scott syndrome (AAS) is an X‐linked disorder characterized by craniofacial, skeletal, and urogenital malformations and short stature. Mutations in the only known causative gene FGD1 are found in about one‐fifth of the cases with the clinical diagnosis of AAS. FGD1 is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that specifically activates the Rho GTPase Cdc42 via its RhoGEF domain. The Cdc42 pathway is involved in skeletal formation and multiple aspects of neuronal development. We describe a boy with typical AAS and, in addition, unilateral focal polymicrogyria (PMG), a feature hitherto unreported in AAS. Sequencing of the FGD1 gene in the index case and his mother revealed the presence of a novel mutation (1396A>G; M466V), located in the evolutionary conserved α‐helix 4 of the RhoGEF domain. M466V was not found in healthy family members, in >300 healthy controls and AAS patients, and has not been reported in the literature or mutation databases to date, indicating that this novel missense mutation causes AAS, and possibly PMG. Brain cortex malformations such as PMG could be initiated by mutations in the evolutionary conserved RhoGEF domain of FGD1, by perturbing the signaling via Rho GTPases such as Cdc42 known to cause brain malformation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Food transfers to young and mates in wild owl monkeys (Aotus azarai)
Authors: Wolovich Christy Kaitlyn , Perea‐Rodriguez Juan Pablo , Fernandez‐Duque Eduardo
Published: September 2007

Accounts of food sharing within natural populations of mammals have focused on transfers to offspring or transfers of food items that are difficult to obtain (such as meat). Five groups of socially monogamous owl monkeys (Aotus azarai azarai) in Formosa, Argentina were observed during 107 hr to determine the pattern of food sharing under natural conditions. There were a total of 42 social interactions involving food with food being transferred on eight occasions. Adult males transferred food to young more often than did adult females. All types of food that were readily obtained and eaten by all age/sex classes were transferred to young. Adult females also transferred food to their mates. This type of food sharing is very rare among animals and may have social benefits specific to monogamous mammals with paternal care. Am. J. Primatol. 70:211–221, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polyurethane–cement‐based foams: Characterization and potential uses
Authors: Verdolotti L. , Di Maio E. , Lavorgna M. , Iannace S. , Nicolais L.
Published: September 2007

The production of a new lightweight composite material based on polyurethane and Portland cement was investigated. The composite was obtained by the mixture of polyurethane foam precursors with different amounts of cement and water. To allow cement hydration, samples were aged in water and characterized through scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and compressive testing. We studied the cement hydration reactions and the effect of the organic phase on hydration by determining the amount of chemically bonded water by calcination. The results showed that the amount of water affected the morphology and porosity of the foams and thereby affected the cement hydration reaction. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the hybrid composite varied in a wide range, depending on the cement and water contents and on whether the hydrated cement particles behaved as fillers or were allowed to interact to form stronger inorganic networks within the polymeric matrix forming the bubble walls. The polyurethane–cement composite foams showed an increase in the stiffness and the yield strength. In addition, the ductile behavior of the polymeric foams was preserved, even at high filler loadings, due to the chemical compatibility between the hydroxyl groups of the polyol and the cement. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation of a multicolored reflective electrochromic display based on monodisperse polymeric microspheres with N‐substituted viologen pendants
Authors: Ryu Jee‐Hyun , Lee Yun‐Ho , Suh Kyung‐Do
Published: September 2007

This article describes the preparation of multicolored reflective electrochromic displays (R‐ECDs) through the control of the substituents on viologen molecules. Cyanophenyl, salicylic, and alkyl groups were introduced onto 4,4′‐bipyridine. The synthesized viologen moieties were reacted with methyl chloride functional groups on polymeric microspheres, which were prepared by seeded polymerization. Then, R‐ECD cells were fabricated by the placement of a mixture of the viologen‐modified polymeric microspheres and an electrolyte between sandwiched indium tin oxide glasses. The R‐ECDs showed an inherent white background without potential because the micrometer‐range particles scattered the light, and the viologen was in a bleached state. From spectrophotometric results and visual appearances, it was confirmed that the devices showed red, green, and blue colors with respect to cyanophenyl‐, salicylic‐, and alkyl‐substituted viologen pendants when 2.7 V was applied to the device. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Relaxation phenomena of stereoregular poly(methyl methacrylate) monolayers at the air/water interface
Authors: Lee Yuh‐Lang , Hsu Wen‐Ping
Published: September 2007

Relaxation behaviors of isotactic, atactic, and syndiotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) monolayers at the air/water interface were investigated at three different temperatures. The monolayer characteristics of the three stereoisomers were studied in terms of surface pressure–area per molecule (π‐A) isotherm, area relaxation, and pressure relaxation. The results show that pressures at inflection points of π‐A isotherms of PMMA decrease with an increase in temperature. The collapse pressure also decreases as the temperature is elevated. It was shown likely for the first time that the relaxation process of PMMA stereoisomers could be described by a model considering the nucleation and growth mechanisms. The simulation parameters of area relaxation of the three stereoisomers at 30 mN/m are very similar, indicating similar mechanisms. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008