bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
6. Assembling the contract
Authors: Arvind TT
Published: September 2022

This chapter considers how the courts determine what the terms of the contract are, both where the contract is in writing and where it is oral. It first examines unwritten contracts, focusing on oral negotiations and how the courts identify which statements, out of everything the parties said and did, were intended to have contractual force. It then discusses three categories of statements made by the parties: statements that are ‘mere puff’, statements that are factual ‘representations’, and statements that are intended to be contractual terms. It also describes written documents, and more specifically what impact the existence of a written contract has on other terms which a party argues were agreed, but which were not written down in the contract. The chapter concludes by looking at incorporation and the criteria the law sets for holding that external terms were validly incorporated into a contract.
15. Breach of contract
Authors: Arvind TT
Published: September 2022

This chapter examines how English law defines breach of contract and what the immediate effect of breach is on the validity of the contract, along with the obligations of the parties under the contract. It first considers the core principles underlying the law’s approach to defining breach before explaining how the courts assess performance and the consequences of breach, with particular emphasis on cases involving repudiation. It then discusses three types or classes of contractual terms: conditions, warranties, and innominate terms. It also looks at how the law deals with situations of anticipatory breach and concludes with an analysis of the scope and limits of the right of a party to terminate the contract following a repudiatory breach by the other party.
16. Compensatory remedies
Authors: Arvind TT
Published: September 2022

This chapter considers compensatory damages, the primary remedy for breach of contract which an affected party can seek in English law. It first examines how the courts assess and award damages based on two approaches: expectation interest and reliance interest. In particular, it looks at the various measures of damages such as the loss of profit measure, the ‘cost of cure’ and ‘difference in value’ measures, loss of amenity and disappointed expectations, and the loss of chance measure. The chapter also discusses the various ways in which compensatory remedies can be limited in law by focusing on the principles of causation, mitigation, and remoteness. Finally, it evaluates the role damages play in contract law and suggests that English law gives the parties a good deal of freedom to design remedies, which parties can use when designing contracts.
17. Non-compensatory remedies
Authors: Arvind TT
Published: September 2022

This chapter considers a range of non-compensatory remedies that are available at English law in cases of breach. Non-compensatory remedies seek to respond to breach of contract in ways other than compensation. The starting point for non-monetary obligations is that breach is best remedied through the award of damages. Literal enforcement of such an obligation, through an order for specific performance or an injunction, is only awarded in exceptional circumstances. In contrast, obligations involving the payment of a definite sum of money are frequently literally enforced through the remedy of debt. This chapter first examines literal performance as a non-compensatory remedy before discussing debt, gain-based remedies, and restitution interest.
Complete Land Law
Authors: Bogusz Barbara , Sexton Roger
Published: September 2022

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This edition of Complete Land Law combines clear commentary and explanation of the subject in relation to land law with essential extracts from legislation and cases. A wide range of extracts is included, providing convenient and reliable access to all the materials needed. The book employs a number of pedagogical features aimed at explaining land law in a straightforward way; it includes diagrams to explain key procedures, definitions throughout the book to explain legal terms, case studies, thinking points with suggested answers, review questions, and summary points at the end of the chapter to support the student new to the subject. This edition discusses some of the latest case law in the area of land law, including: the Supreme Court’s decision in Alexander Devine Children’s Cancer Trust v Housing Solutions Ltd (2020) on the modification of restrictive freehold covenants; the High Court’s decision in Howe v Gossop (2021) on proprietary estoppel; and Ali v Dinc (2020) on priorities.
2. Tenures and Estates
Authors: Bogusz Barbara , Sexton Roger
Published: September 2022

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter discusses the concepts of tenure and estates. It describes what tenure is in both the historical and modern-day context; describes what an estate is; and describes the various forms of estate. It covers feudal tenures; leasehold tenure; commonhold; estates; fee simple; fee simple estates before 1926; fee simple estates after 1925; modified fee simple estates; fee tail; life estates; estates in possession; estates in reversion; estates in remainder; and interests under trusts.
6. Interests Protected by Registration and Overriding Interests
Authors: Bogusz Barbara , Sexton Roger
Published: September 2022

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter discusses which interests require protection by registration and how interests in registered land are protected. It demonstrates how the priority of interests in registered land is determined, providing a basic rule that the priority of any interest in registered land is determined by the date of creation. It discusses searches of the register. It also discusses how to determine what are overriding interests (i.e. unregistered interests which override registered dispositions) and the meaning of the term ‘actual occupation’.
15. Adverse Possession and the Limitation Acts
Authors: Bogusz Barbara , Sexton Roger
Published: September 2022

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter discusses the basic principles for adverse possession; adverse possession against land which is subject to a lease; and the complex rules applicable where adverse possession is taken against land which is registered title. It covers the rationale of adverse possession; possession giving a right to sue trespassers; the Limitation Act 1980; commencement of adverse possession; offence of squatting in a residential building; preventing the acquisition of title by adverse possession; and the effect of adverse possession.
23. The Remedies of Mortgagees
Authors: Bogusz Barbara , Sexton Roger
Published: September 2022

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter discusses the remedies of legal mortgagees. These include action on a mortgagor’s covenant to repay; a mortgagee taking possession; court proceedings for possession brought by a mortgagee; a mortgagee taking possession of a dwelling house; sale of the property where there is negative equity; the court’s discretion to adjourn possession proceedings; the mortgagee’s statutory power of sale (when the power of sale arises, when the statutory power becomes exercisable, mortgagee’s duties on selling the property, the effect of sale); power to appoint a receiver; foreclosure; and remedies of an equitable mortgagee or chargee.
Thompson's Modern Land Law
Authors: George Martin , Layard Antonia
Published: September 2022

This book offers contemporary coverage of a traditionally difficult subject. It moves away from the typically dense, black-letter approach adopted by many textbooks to take a more engaging look at the social context within which Land Law operates. The book is structured to reflect the key topics that are typically covered on the LLB, making it ideal for use as a main textbook, and the contextual approach and selective coverage ensure that it offers in-depth and rigorous analysis and discussion. It explains difficult rules and concepts, and guides students around the common pitfalls in areas where there is typically misunderstanding or confusion.
8. The Legal Framework of Co-ownership
Authors: George Martin , Layard Antonia
Published: September 2022

Co-ownership of land imposes a trust, which was originally a trust for sale but is now simply a trust of land, and which is imposed mainly because it is essential to determine, separately, the position of the co-owners in law and at equity. This is attributed to the legal framework that governs co-ownership. In the past, land could be co-owned via four different methods—joint tenancies, tenancies in common, tenancies by entireties, and coparcenery—the first two of which remain important, while the last two are now virtually nonexistent. This chapter examines the legal framework under which co-ownership of land takes place. It first considers joint tenancies and tenancies in common before turning to co-ownership after 1925, severance and implied severance, acts of severance, disputes between co-owners, and disputes over sale.
Feasibility of a remotely delivered program to prevent Latino adolescent obesity in the Midwestern USA
Authors: Nagao-Sato Sayaka , de Davila Silvia Alvarez , Monardez Popelka Javiera , Burk Gabriela , Soltani Darya , Baltaci Aysegul , Peralta Reyes Alejandro Omar , Rodriguez Matt , Reicks Marla , Hurtado Choque Ghaffar Ali
Published: September 2022

Adolescent obesity prevention programs focusing on Latino fathers may be useful to address Latino adolescent obesity. Adolescent obesity has become an urgent issue because of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, with limited ability to deliver prevention programs in-person. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of a community-based, adolescent obesity prevention program for Latino father–adolescent dyads delivered remotely, adapted from the in-person Padres Preparados, Jóvenes Saludables program. A quasi-experimental design was used to assess the feasibility of the remotely delivered program based on criteria adapted from other feasibility studies of community-based health promotion programs for Latino families. Father–adolescent dyads were recruited at two sites in a Midwestern state during 2020; mothers were also encouraged to participate. Recruitment met the feasibility criteria (65 families expressed interest between August and October) with 26 families participating in this study. The retention ratio (percentage of participants who completed a post-session survey to those who completed the baseline survey) among fathers was acceptable (77%), while a lower percentage of adolescents were retained (68%). The session attendance ratio (number of sessions attended of the eight total sessions offered) was higher among adolescents (88%) and lower among fathers (68%) compared to the criteria. Satisfaction ratings (≥88%) and completeness of data collection at both baseline and post-session survey (≥76%) were acceptable. Favorable results were obtained for parent outcomes, while adolescent outcomes were not favorably changed. This remotely delivered adolescent obesity prevention program was feasible for Latino fathers; however, additional engagement with adolescents may be needed.
Phenology and environmental drivers of glass eel entrance in a Mediterranean lagoon
Authors: Lagarde Raphaël , Peyre Jason , Amilhat Elsa , Bourrin François , Prellwitz François , Perrault Alexandre , Simon Gaël , Faliex Elisabeth
Published: September 2022

The European eel, Anguilla anguilla, is an emblematic facultative catadromous species that spawns in the Sargasso Sea and grow in continental waters of Europe and North Africa. In most of its growing habitats its population has dropped since 1980. Although Mediterranean lagoons represent particularly important habitats for eel, knowledge of eel ecology in lagoons is not as developed as it is in rivers. Particularly, data on the phenology, drivers and biometrics characteristics of glass eel entering lagoons are scarce. To address this lack of data, the abundance, pigmentation stage, size, and weight of glass eel entering the Bages-Sigean lagoon (western French Mediterranean) were monitored during 647 d from December 2018 to April 2021 using passive floating traps. Simultaneously, different environmental drivers were measured (flow velocity, temperature, rainfalls…). The highest abundances of glass eels were observed between mid-November and mid-March especially when the discharge of the main tributary of the lagoon was higher than its base flow. The glass eels captured during the peak of entrance were less pigmented, longer, and bigger than during other months. This work enabled us to identify periods when anthropogenic activities should be limited to decrease human-based impact on glass eel in similar habitats.
A retrospective study of drugs associated with xerostomia from the Australian Database of Adverse Event Notifications
Authors: Choo Pei Jin , Taing Meng-Wong , Teoh Leanne
Published: September 2022

Objectives

Xerostomia is a subjective sensation of dry mouth associated with many medications and increases the risk of tooth decay and other oral complications. The aim of this study was to identify unreported medications associated with dry mouth from the Australian Database of Adverse Event Notifications (ADAEN) from the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) in Australia.

Methods

This was a descriptive retrospective study. A request was made to the TGA to provide all reports associated with dry mouth. De-identified reports were provided from the commencement of the database in 1971 until June 2020. Drugs were divided into established drugs that are associated with xerostomia in the primary literature and secondary drugs not reported in the primary literature.

Key findings

There were 1927 individual case reports for dry mouth associated with medications. Of these, there were 1379 reports of established (primary) drugs and 1481 reports of secondary drugs associated with xerostomia. Dry mouth was found to be associated with many medication classes; analgesics, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal drugs had the greatest number of secondary drugs reported.

Conclusions

A comprehensive list of suspected medications associated with xerostomia has been established. This adds to the growing catalogue of medications associated with dry mouth, where several medications have not previously been identified in the primary literature.
Phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of the emerging human respiratory pathogen Mycoplasma amphoriforme isolated from the UK and Denmark
Authors: Day Jessica , Afshar Baharak , Rowlands Richard S , Umer Taiba S , Windsor Helena , Paukner Susanne , Jensen Jorgen S , Spiller Owen B , Chalker Victoria J , Beeton Michael L ,   the ESCMID Study Group for Mycoplasma and Chlamydia Infections (ESGMAC), Beeton Michael , Jensen Jorgen Skov , Mestrovic Tomislav , Pereyre Sabine , Van Der Pol Barbara
Published: September 2022

Objectives

To determine the phenotypic and genotypic antibiotic susceptibility of Mycoplasma amphoriforme isolates recovered from patients in the UK and Denmark.

Methods

Seven isolates of M. amphoriforme were examined for antimicrobial susceptibility to seven antibiotics using the microbroth dilution assay in line with the CLSI guidelines for mycoplasmas. Each isolate was additionally subjected to WGS to identify resistance-associated mutations. Based on the consensus sequences from the genomic data, PCR primers were designed, and tested, for the amplification of the QRDR within the parC gene.

Results

Of the seven isolates investigated, four (57%) were resistant to moxifloxacin (0.5–1 mg/L) and levofloxacin (1–2 mg/L), compared with those that were susceptible (0.03–0.06 and 0.006 mg/L, respectively). Isolate H29 was resistant to five of the seven antibiotics tested: moxifloxacin, 0.5 mg/L; levofloxacin, 2 mg/L; azithromycin, 64 mg/L; erythromycin, 128 mg/L; and clindamycin, 64 mg/L. All isolates were susceptible to tetracycline (0.06 mg/L) and lefamulin (0.001–0.004 mg/L). Mutations from genomic data confirmed the presence of an S89F mutation within the ParC protein among all fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates and an A2059G mutation in the 23S rRNA gene in the macrolide- and lincosamide-resistant isolate H29.

Conclusions

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time where phenotypic and genotypic resistance data have been paired for M. amphoriforme confirming a correlation between the two. These data suggest the need for focused testing and resistance determination of isolates from high-risk patients given the backdrop of a high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance.
Model to Inhibit Contraction in Third-Degree Burns Employing Split-Thickness Skin Graft and Administered Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells
Authors: Rodriguez-Menocal Luis , Davis Stephen C , Guzman Wellington , Gil Joel , Valdes Jose , Solis Michael , Higa Alexander , Natesan Shanmugasundaram , Schulman Carl I , Christy Robert J , Badiavas Evangelos V
Published: September 2022

Third-degree burns typically result in pronounced scarring and contraction in superficial and deep tissues. Established techniques such as debridement and grafting provide benefit in the acute phase of burn therapy, nevertheless, scar and contraction remain a challenge in deep burns management. Our ambition is to evaluate the effectiveness of novel cell-based therapies, which can be implemented into the standard of care debridement and grafting procedures. Twenty-seven third-degree burn wounds were created on the dorsal area of Red Duroc pig. After 72 h, burns are surgically debrided using a Weck knife. Split-thickness skin grafts (STSGs) were then taken after debridement and placed on burn scars combined with bone marrow stem cells (BM-MSCs). Biopsy samples were taken on days 17, 21, and 45 posttreatment for evaluation. Histological analysis revealed that untreated control scars at 17 days are more raised than burns treated with STSGs alone and/or STSGs with BM-MSCs. Wounds treated with skin grafts plus BM-MSCs appeared thinner and longer, indicative of reduced contraction. qPCR revealed some elevation of α-SMA expression at day 21 and Collagen Iα2 in cells derived from wounds treated with skin grafts alone compared to wounds treated with STSGs + BM-MSCs. We observed a reduction level of TGFβ-1 expression at days 17, 21, and 45 in cells derived from wounds treated compared to controls. These results, where the combined use of stem cells and skin grafts stimulate healing and reduce contraction following third-degree burn injury, have a potential as a novel therapy in the clinic.
Chlordimeform: A Detachment-Stimulating Chemical for Three-Host Ticks
Authors: Gladney W. J. , Ernst S. E. , Drummond R. O.
Published: September 2022

Nymphs and adults of Amblyomma americanum (L.), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille), and Dermacentor andersoni Stiles attached Co guinea pigs were topically treated with 0.03125-1.0% chlordimeform [N'-(4-chloro-o-tolyl)-N,N-dimethylformamidine] in 1 ul of acetone. At 0.5-1.0%, 83.9-85.5% of adult A. americanum and at 0.125-0.25%, all adult R. sanguineus and D. andersoni detached within 2 hr of treatment. Chlord meform was less effective as a tick detachment agent with nymphs than adults but was more toxic to nymphs than adults. The compound was highly effective in causing ticks to detach; it alto caused a slow and incomplete kill of the detached ticks.
A guide to hydrogen legislation in the USA: a renewed effort
Authors: Talus Kim , Martin Maxwell
Published: September 2022

This article will discuss how hydrogen-based energy could resolve green-energy uptake issues in the USA. In doing so, this article will first present the unique characteristics of hydrogen and its production methods. Next, this article will detail prior US hydrogen policy which often focused on research and development (R&D) rather than implementation strategies. Later, this paper will delve into the Biden Administration’s recent legislation Infrastructure and Jobs Act (IJA) and the Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and the hydrogen production incentivization policies enacted. And last, this article will delve into issues that were not resolved by the recent legislation.
Detection of circulating DNA for the diagnosis of invasive fusariosis: retrospective analysis of 15 proven cases
Authors: Dellière Sarah , Guitard Juliette , Sabou Marcela , Angebault Cécile , Moniot Maxime , Cornu Marjorie , Hamane Samia , Bougnoux Marie-Elisabeth , Imbert Sébastien , Pasquier Grégoire , Botterel Françoise , Garcia-Hermoso Dea , Alanio Alexandre
Published: September 2022

Fusarium spp. are plant pathogens and opportunistic pathogens in severely immunocompromised (hematological malignancy, neutropenia, solid organ transplantation, etc.) and severely burned patients. Invasive fusariosis often disseminates and mortality remains high partly due to delayed diagnosis in the absence of a positive culture. The aim of our study is to design a quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay and evaluate the detection of Fusarium spp. DNA for early diagnosis of invasive infection. A qPCR assay was designed and optimized to identify all Fusarium species complex and secondarily evaluated on patient samples. A total of 81 blood samples from 15 patients diagnosed with proven invasive fusariosis from 9 centers in France were retrospectively tested. Circulating DNA was detected in 14 patients out of 15 (sensitivity of 93% [95% Confidence Interval (CI95), 70.1-99.7]). Detection was possible up to 18 days (median 6 days) before the diagnosis was confirmed by positive blood culture or biopsy. By comparison serum galactomannan and ß-D-glucan were positive in 7.1 and 58.3% of patients respectively. qPCR was negative for all patients with other invasive fungal diseases (IFD) tested (n = 12) and IFD-free control patients (n = 40). No cross-reactions were detected using DNA extracted from 81 other opportunistic fungi. We developed and validated a pan-Fusarium qPCR assay in serum/plasma with high sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility that could facilitate early diagnosis and treatment monitoring of invasive fusariosis.

Lay Abstract

Fusariosis ranks third among invasive mould infections. It is frequently diagnosed late due to the lack of specific tools. We designed and evaluated a new qPCR assay with high sensitivity and specificity allowing detection of Fusarium DNA in serum samples up to 18 days before conventional diagnosis.
Conclusion
Authors: Baumgartner Michael
Published: September 2022

The first part of this concluding chapter summarizes Godard’s concept of film music. He self-consciously approaches film music by either fragmenting musical compositions or repeating the unaltered fragments several times in the same film. Fragmentation and repetition are two devices with which Godard questions the validity of the leitmotif technique for cinematic use. He further explores music with quotations by self-consciously integrating into his films works of the Western musical canon or French, English, American, and Italian popular songs. He also expands the concept of quotation to referencing self-reflexively genre-specific film music. Critically questioning the function of film music in musical comedies, films noir, science-fiction films, and melodramas, he pastiches or parodies music associated with these stereotypical Hollywood genres in several of his 1960s films. A last category of metafilm music in Godard’s work is concerned with music making as a metaphor for filmmaking. This analogy between the two arts was prompted by the increasing intensification in the 1980s of his creative crisis as a postmodern filmmaker struggling with completing a meaningful work. The second part of this concluding chapter offers an outlook confirming that the concept of metafilm music is not confined to Godard’s work. A list provides names of other primarily modernist or postmodern filmmakers drawn to self-reflexive filmmaking and further suggests bodies of films that may likely include music that can be analyzed as metafilm music.
Impact of water flow rate on finishing pig performance
Authors: Miller Hannah E , McClellan Katlyn , Perez-Palencia Jorge Y , Samuel Ryan S , Levesque Crystal L , Thaler Robert C
Published: September 2022

A survey of 23 South Dakota pork producers in 2019 reported that 68% of the waterers in finishing barns had water flow rates above the recommended rate of 500–1,000 mL/min. The objective of the two studies was to determine the impact of water flow rate on finishing pig performance in the summer months. Study 1 used a total of 396 pigs in two groups in a 77-day trial (35.0 to 104.3 kg BW) with 6 pigs/pen and 1 cup waterer/pen. Study 2, conducted in a commercial style barn, used a total of 1,227 pigs in an 84-day trial (60.9 to 117.4 kg BW) with 26 pigs/pen and 2 cup waters/pen. Pens were assigned to one of three water flow rates (high, medium, low) based on the 3-hole settings of the water nipples (2.0, 1.0, and 0.8 mm; n = 22 and 16 pens/treatment for Study 1 and 2, respectively). Room temperature, outside temperature and relative humidity were recorded daily for both studies. In Study 1, water disappearance was recorded daily, and individual pen water flow rates were recorded every two weeks. At every diet phase change (26 ± 2.6 days), feed disappearance and individual pig body weights were recorded. Water flow rates averaged 1856 ± 188, 906 ± 214, 508 ± 100 mL/min for high, medium, and low flow settings, respectively. In Study 2, individual pen water flow rate, water disappearance, BW, and feed disappearance were recorded every two weeks. Water flow rates averaged 1115 ± 98, 906 ± 209, and 605 ± 203 mL/min for high, medium, and low flow settings, respectively. In both studies, there were no differences in final BW, cumulative ADG, or G:F. Due to the variability of water flow rate within a setting, data was further analyzed using regression with flow rate as the independent variable. Apart from average daily water disappearance (adj. R2 = 0.87), there was a low relationship between pig performance and water flow rate (adj. R2 < 0.09). The low R2 values associated with pig performance and the high association with water disappearance suggests that water flow rate above current recommendations has little impact on finishing pig performance but does contribute to water wastage and its associated costs.
Root nitrogen uptake capacity of Chinese fir enhanced by warming and nitrogen addition
Authors: Jiang Qi , Lin Chengfang , Guo Runquan , Xiong Decheng , Yao Xiaodong , Wang Xiaohong , Chen Tingting , Jia Linqiao , Wu Dongmei , Fan Ailian , Chen Guangshui , Yang Yusheng
Published: September 2022

There is a knowledge gap in the effects of climate warming and nitrogen (N) deposition on root N absorption capacity, which limits our ability to predict how climate change alters the N cycling and its consequences for forest productivity especially in subtropical areas where soil N availability is already high. In order to explore the effects and mechanism of warming and the N deposition on root N absorption capacity of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), a subtropical arbuscular mycorrhizal conifer, the fine root 15NH4+ and 15NO3− uptake kinetics at a reference temperature of 20 °C were measured across different seasons in a factorial soil warming (ambient, +5 °C) × N addition (ambient, +40 kg N ha−1 yr−1) experiment. The results showed that (i) compared with the control, warming increased the maximal uptake rate of NH4+ (Vmax,20 °C-NH4+) in summer, while N addition enhanced it in spring and summer; compared with non-warming treatments, warming treatments increased the uptake rate of NO3− at a reference concentration of 100 μmol (V100,20 °C-NO3−) in spring. (ii) The analysis of covariance showed that Vmax,20 °C-NH4+ was positively correlated with root mycorrhizal colonization rate (MCR) and V100,20 °C-NO3− was positively correlated with specific root respiration rate (SRR), whereas no N uptake kinetic parameter was correlated with specific root length, root N and non-structural carbon concentrations. Thus, our results demonstrate that warming-increased root NH4+ uptake might be related to warming-increased MCR, whereas warming-increased root NO3− uptake might be related to warming-increased SRR. We conclude that root NH4+ and NO3− uptake capacity of subtropical Chinese fir can be elevated under warming and N deposition, which could improve plantation productivity and mitigate N leaching loss and soil acidification.
Encouragement for the Christian Nurse
Authors: Jones Christina L. Cummins
Published: September 2022

In today's difficult and chaotic time, nurses are reminded that their work is a calling from God. When overwhelmed and discouraged, biblical truths in this article may serve as reminders that God is present, carries burdens, comforts, and provides hope. God gives multiple spiritual resources for encouragement and enablement to do his work.
Instruments for Assessing Spiritual/Religious Coping in Multicultural Clinical Settings
Authors: Casaleiro Tiago , Caldeira Sílvia , Esperandio Mary Rute G.
Published: September 2022

A review of literature was conducted to discover and compare various instruments that could be used in daily nursing practice to assess spiritual and religious coping in a variety of multicultural clinical settings. Fifteen spiritual and religious (S/R) instruments were identified, used in 31 studies in multiple countries. These S/R coping tools may be useful to nurses in assessment and for planning interventions.
Demonstrating Servant Leadership During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Simon Elizabeth , Mathew Anjali Nisha , Thomas V.V.
Published: September 2022

Servant leadership (SL) is an especially effective leadership style for healthcare. This article relays characteristics, attributes, and essential behaviors of SL. Jesus Christ demonstrated SL by inverting the traditional leadership triangle of leader at the top. Servant leadership promotes a culture of openness, transparency, empowerment, and sharing of ownership. The servant leader values listening, developing, encouraging, building collaboration, and maintaining personal relationships, while displaying authenticity, openness, accountability, and willingness to learn. The experience of a staff nurse functioning as a servant leader for patients and colleagues during the COVID-19 pandemic elaborates how SL can be evidenced in bedside care.
A rose by another name? Characteristics that distinguish headache secondary to temporomandibular disorder from headache that is comorbid with temporomandibular disorder
Authors: Sharma Sonia , Slade Gary D. , Fillingim Roger B. , Ohrbach Richard
Published: September 2022

Co-occurring pain conditions that affect overlapping body regions are complicated by the distinction between primary vs secondary pain conditions. We investigate the occurrence of headache and painful temporomandibular disorder (TMD) in a community-based, cross-sectional study of US adults in the Orofacial Pain: Prospective Evaluation and Risk Assessment (OPPERA-II) study. A specific goal was to determine whether headache attributed to TMD is separable from primary headache. Using DC/TMD and International Classification of Headache Disorders—third edition criteria, 3 groups of individuals were created: (a) headache without TMD; (b) headache comorbid with TMD; and (c) headache attributed to TMD. Regression models compared study groups according to demographic and comorbid characteristics, and post hoc contrasts tested for differences. Descriptive statistics and Cohen d effect size were computed, by group, for each predictor variable. Differences in continuous predictors were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. Nearly all demographic and comorbid variables distinguished the combined headache and TMD groups from the group with headache alone. Relative to the reference group with primary headache alone, markers related to headache, TMD, somatic pain processing, psychosocial, and health conditions were substantially greater in both headache comorbid with TMD and headache attributed to TMD, attesting to their qualitative similarities. However, effect sizes relative to the reference group were large for headache comorbid with TMD and larger again for headache attributed to TMD, attesting to their separability in quantitative terms. In summary, the presence of overlapping painful TMD and headache adds substantially to the biopsychosocial burden of headache and points to the importance of comprehensive assessment and differential management.
Vertical Versus Horizontal Assessment Methods for Scoring Physiotherapy Entrance Interviews
Authors: Smith-Turchyn Jenna , Macedo Luciana , Wojkowski Sarah , Spadoni Gregory F. , Stratford Paul W.
Published: September 2022

Introduction:

The purpose of this study was to provide insight into carryover bias in the vertical and horizontal methods of assessing virtual admission interviews for physiotherapy candidates and to estimate interrater reliability of items within the 2 assessment methods and assessors’ satisfaction with the new horizontal method of assessment.

Methods:

This was a quality improvement study using retrospective data analysis of 2 datasets. The vertical scoring method (2020 dataset) consisted of 2 assessors scoring all items for a single candidate. The horizontal method (2021 dataset) had assessors evaluate selected candidates for a single group of items. Assessors completed a virtual survey asking about their satisfaction with the new horizontal scoring method. To investigate carryover bias, multiquestion, multirater correlation matrices were generated for the 2020 and 2021 datasets. Interrater reliability was examined by calculating Shrout and Fleiss class 1 and 2 intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Descriptive statistics were used to summarize scaling questions on the satisfaction survey. Open-ended questions were analyzed using content analysis to identify common themes.

Results:

Correlation matrices for the multiquestion, multirater correlation analysis supported carryover bias in the analysis of the 2020 dataset. In contrast for the 2021 data, higher correlations were obtained between raters within a question, demonstrating a reduced carryover effect. Interrater reliability based on the average of 2 raters was 0.62 (95% CI: 0.70–0.77) for the 2020 cohort and 0.74 (95% CI: 0.02–0.22) for the 2021 cohort. The ICC difference between the datasets was statistically significant (Z = 2.40, P = .016). Most assessors agreed that they enjoyed reviewing applicants more horizontally than vertically.

Discussion and Conclusions:

Results of this study demonstrated reduced carryover bias and increased interrater reliability and assessor satisfaction with the horizontal method of scoring physiotherapy admissions interviews compared with the traditional vertical method. Continued exploration of admissions processes is vital to ensure the fairest method of conducting online physiotherapy admission interviews for a large pool of candidates.
A case report of a young woman with spinal tuberculosis: Pharmacological managements and rehabilitation approach (CARE- compliant)
Authors: Al-Mahmood Md. Rashid
Published: September 2022

A case report of a young woman with spinal tuberculosis: Pharmacological managements and rehabilitation approach (CARE- compliant)

Spinal tuberculosis (TB) is one of the rare form of TB in young patient. This can result in serious complications if left untreated or treated inadequately. A different rehabilitation approach is needed for this spinal condition without which there is a chance of poor prognosis.

Our patient, 21 years old women, presented with complaints of upper back pain for 7-month and occasional fever for 5-month. This chronic upper back pain was mild to moderate in nature and shared both mechanical and inflammatory features. Fever was occasional, low grade and evening rise of temperature was present. She had anemia, tender upper thoracic area and normal neurological findings.

She was diagnosed as tubercular spondylodiscitis from histopathology, MRI and biochemical evidence. She was treated with antiTB chemotherapies for 6 months with inadequate response and continued long for 12 months after further evaluation. A customized, extensive rehabilitation program was planned for her considering short term and long-term outcomes.

Duration of anti TB drugs in extra pulmonary TB is a debate. Medical diagnosis and rehabilitation both are equally necessary for improving quality of life. Early diagnosis, proper drug treatment and customized rehabilitation can give nearly full remedy.
EZH2 Protein Expression in Estrogen Receptor Positive Invasive Breast Cancer Treated With Neoadjuvant Endocrine Therapy: An Exploratory Study of Association With Tumor Response
Authors: Gan Yujun , Lo Yungtai , Makower Della , Kleer Celina , Lu Jinyu , Fineberg Susan
Published: September 2022

Introduction:

Neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (NET) can be used to treat estrogen receptor positive (ER+) invasive breast cancer (IBC). Tumors with Ki67>10% after 2 to 4 weeks of NET are considered resistant to endocrine therapy. Enhancer of Zeste Homolog 2 (EZH2) is a targetable oncoprotein and overexpression in ER+ IBC has been linked to resistance to endocrine therapy. We examined whether EZH2 expression levels in ER+ IBC could be used to predict response to NET.

Materials and Methods:

We retrospectively identified 46 patients with localized ER+ HER2/neu negative IBC treated with a minimum of 4 weeks of NET. We quantified EZH2 nuclear expression in pretherapy core biopsies using a score that included intensity and percent of cells staining. Ki67 was evaluated in both pretherapy core biopsies and posttherapy tumor resections and scored according to the guidelines of the International Ki67 Working Groups, with a global weighted score. Ki67≤10% after NET was considered endocrine responsive. Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association between EZH2 expression and response to NET.

Results:

We found significant associations of tumor grade (P=0.011), pretherapy Ki67 (P=0.003), and EZH2 (P<0.001), with response to NET. On logistic regression adjusted for tumor grade and pretherapy Ki67, increased EZH2 scores were associated with decreased odds of endocrine responsiveness, defined as posttreatment Ki67≤10% (odds ratio=0.976, 95% CI, 0.956 to 0.997; P=0.026). In addition, with EZH2 score in the model, associations of tumor grade and pretreatment Ki67 with posttreatment Ki67≤10% response to NET became not significant.

Conclusions:

Our results suggest that EZH2 might be a useful biomarker to predict response to NET.
Central role of B cells in interleukin-23 dependent neuroinflammation in the GF-IL23 model
Authors: Nitsch Louisa , Petzinna Simon , Zimmermann Julian , Getts Daniel R. , Becker Albert , Müller Marcus
Published: September 2022

Interleukin (IL)-23 is one of the critical cytokines in autoimmune neuroinflammation. To further clarify the local function of IL-23 on the course of neuroinflammation, we recently established a transgenic mouse model with astrocyte-specific expression of IL-23 (GF-IL23). The GF-IL23 mice spontaneously developed a progressive ataxic phenotype with cerebellar infiltration with high amounts of B cells most prominent in the subarachnoid and perivascular space. To enlighten the B cell role in GF-IL23 mice, we generated GF-IL23 mice on a B cell knockout (k.o.) background (GF-IL23 B cell k.o.). GF-IL23 B cell k.o. mice compared with GF-IL23 mice had no infiltrates or only minor infiltration, and no antibody deposition was detected in the cerebellum. Furthermore, microglia, astrocyte activation, hypervascularization and demyelination were reduced in GF-IL23 B cell k.o. mice compared with GF-IL23 mice. Cytokines and chemokine receptors like IL-12a, cerebrospinal fluid 2 and CXCR3 were downregulated. Our study indicates that B cells are essential in IL-23–dependent neuroinflammation in the GF-IL23 model.
Gait initiation impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease and freezing of gait
Authors: Palmisano Chiara , Beccaria Laura , Haufe Stefan , Volkmann Jens , Pezzoli Gianni , Isaias Ioannis U.
Published: September 2022

Objective

Freezing of gait (FOG) is a sudden episodic inability to produce effective stepping despite the intention to walk. It typically occurs during gait initiation or modulation and may lead to falls and loss of independence. We assessed gait initiation (GI) changes in parkinsonian patients suffering from FOG when off dopaminergic medications, removing correlations with anthropometric measurements, the base of support, and initial stance posture. We also addressed the temporal pattern of segmental body movements subserving gait initiation.

Methods

We studied 23 subjects with Parkinson’s disease (PD) and FOG (PDF), 20 patients with PD and no previous history of FOG (PDNF), and 20 healthy controls (HC). Kinematic and dynamic analysis of anticipatory postural adjustments (imbalance, unloading, stepping phase) was performed while patients were starting gait from upright standing after a self-selected period, to avoid any effect of cueing on gait initiation.

Results

The center of pressure (CoP) displacement and velocity during imbalance showed a significant impairment in both PDNF and PDF, more prominent in the latter patients. Several measurements were specifically impaired in PDF patients, especially the CoP displacement along the anteroposterior axis during unloading. The pattern of segmental center of mass (SCoM) movements during gait initiation did not show any differences between groups, but had high inter-subject variability. The standing postural profile preceding GI did not correlate with outcome measurements.

Conclusions

Our results showed impaired motor programming at gait initiation in parkinsonian patients. The more prominent deterioration of unloading in PDF patients might suggest impaired processing and integration of somatosensory information subserving gait initiation. The unaltered temporal movement sequencing of SCoM in both PDNF and PDF might indicate some compensatory cerebellar mechanisms triggering time-locked models of body mechanics in PD.
Leveraging Natural Language Processing and Geospatial Time Series Model to Analyze COVID-19 Vaccination Sentiment Dynamics from Tweets
Authors: Ye Jiancheng , Hai Jiarui , Wang Zidan , Wei Chumei , Song Alan Jiacheng
Published: September 2022

Objective

To develop and apply a natural language processing (NLP) – based approach to analyze public sentiments on social media and their geographic pattern in the United States toward COVID-19 vaccination. We also provide insights to facilitate the understanding of the public attitudes and concerns regarding COVID-19 vaccination.

Methods

We collected Tweet posts by the residents in the United States after the official dissemination of the COVID-19 vaccine. We performed sentiment analysis based on the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) and qualitative content analysis. Time series models were leveraged to describe sentiment trends. Key topics were analyzed longitudinally and geospatially.

Results

A total of 3,198,686 Tweets related to COVID-19 vaccination were extracted from January 2021 to February 2022. 2,358,783 Tweets were identified to contain clear opinions, among which 824,755 (35.0%) expressed negative opinions towards vaccination while 1,534,028 (65.0%) demonstrated positive opinions. The accuracy of the BERT model was 79.67%. The key hashtag-based topics include Pfizer, breaking, wearamask, and smartnews. The sentiment towards vaccination across the states showed manifest variability. Key barriers to vaccination include mistrust, hesitancy, safety concern, misinformation, and inequity.

Conclusion

We found that opinions toward the COVID-19 vaccination varied across different places and over time. This study demonstrates the potential of an analytical pipeline, which integrates NLP-enabled modeling, time series, and geospatial analyses of social media data. Such analyses could enable real-time assessment, at scale, of public confidence and trust in COVID-19 vaccination, help address the concerns of vaccine skeptics, and provide support for developing tailored policies and communication strategies to maximize uptake.
The spectrum of rare and novel indel mutations responsible for β Thalassemia in eastern India
Authors: Sinha Sajan , Bhattacharya Paramita , Das Mrinal Kanti , Dutta Atanu Kumar
Published: September 2022

Purpose

There is limited data available regarding the clinical utility of routine molecular diagnosis of β Thalassaemia in addition to HPLC-based screening in low resource settings. The current study highlights the caveats of an HPLC-based screening compared to the inclusion of genetic confirmation as a second-tier test and its implications in terms of genotype-phenotype correlation.

Material and Methods

A prospective, institution-based, observational study was conducted at the Department of Paediatric Medicine, including 103 children aged up to 12 years. Five common mutations for β Thalassemia and the HbE mutation in the HBB gene were tested by a two-tiered approach using multiplex ARMS PCR and PCR RFLP methods respectively. Sanger sequencing of all three exons of the HBB gene was performed in all negative cases.

Results

Sequencing revealed many rare pathogenic mutations like c.316-106C>G (dbSNP: 34690599); Hb Kairouan (c.92G>C); c.33C>A (dbSNP rs35799536); c.47G>A (dbSNP rs63750783); c.51delC (HbVar ID 799); c.[93-2A>C] and c.118C>T (HbVar ID 845). We detected a novel Pathogenic M_000518.5(HBB):c.164_168delinsGGCATCA (p.Val55fs) mutation in a heterozygous state which was reported in the ClinVar database with accession ID VCV000590977.2. We also encountered several cases of silent carrier on HPLC and de novo occurrence of mutation.

Conclusion

We conclude that the multiplex touchdown ARMS PCR methodology employed in the present study provides a low-cost solution for molecular diagnostics of Β Thalassaemia. The problem of silent carriers in HPLC is significant enough to rethink if we need supplemental genetic testing in the couple when one of the partners is a carrier.