bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anorexia nervosa following sexual harassment on the internet: A case report
Authors: Gáti Ágnes , Tényi Tamás , Túry Ferenc , Wildmann Márta
Published: August 2002

Background

Sexual abuse may be a risk factor for the development of anorexia nervosa. No information is available on sexual abuse through the Internet and its connection to the development of eating disorders.

Method

We report on a case of an adolescent female with the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa, whose symptomatology correlated significantly with an incident of sexual harassment experienced via the Internet.

Results

A case of on‐line harassment suffered without off‐line follow‐up is reported to have led to a restrictive type of anorexia nervosa, where the symptomatology was connected to a “computer scatology” like persecution of our patient.

Discussion

A causal connection of the on‐line sexual harassment suffered and development of eating disorder is reported. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 31: 474–477, 2002.
Forbidden fruit: Does thinking about a prohibited food lead to its consumption?
Authors: Mann Traci , Ward Andrew
Published: August 2002

Objective

The phenomenon of overeating the very foods that one is trying to resist is potentially consistent with both an ironic process account of overeating and a reactance account of the desire for “forbidden fruit.” These two models are tested.

Method

Participants in two studies were prohibited or not prohibited from eating a food, or they were encouraged to “choose” to avoid it. Food consumption, thoughts, and desire were assessed before and after the food was forbidden.

Results

Consistent with an ironic process account, participants' thoughts about the food increased, regardless of whether they were required to or chose to avoid it. Consistent with a reactance account, participants' desire for the food increased if they were required to avoid it, but not if they chose to avoid it. Participants did not, however, ultimately overeat the forbidden food.

Discussion

Neither increased thoughts nor enhanced desire for a food necessarily leads to overindulgence. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 319–327, 2001.
Child sexual abuse and later disordered eating: A New Zealand epidemiological study
Authors: Romans Sarah E. , Gendall Kelly A. , Martin Judy L. , Mullen Paul E.
Published: August 2002

Objective

This community‐based study examined how some women who have experienced childhood sexual abuse (CSA) develop an eating disorder (ED), whereas others develop depression and anxiety, and others show no adverse psychological sequelae.

Methods

A two‐stage random community sampling strategy was used to select two groups of women: (1) women with CSA prior to age 16 years and (2) a comparison group of women reporting no abuse. Both groups completed the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI), the Present State Examination, and additional ICD−10 eating disorders questions. Information on the nature and frequency of the CSA was obtained at interview. CSA women with ED (CSA+ED) were compared with CSA women without ED (CSA−noED) and with CSA women with anxiety and/or depression (psychiatric comparison group).

Results

Higher rates of EDs in women who have experienced CSA were confirmed in this study. Belonging to a younger age cohort, experiencing menarche at an early age, and high paternal overcontrol on the PBI independently increased the risk of developing an ED in women who had experienced CSA. Low maternal care was specifically associated with the development of anorexia nervosa, whereas early age of menarche differentiated women with bulimia nervosa. Younger age and early age of menarche also differentiated the CSA+ED women from the psychiatric comparison group.

Discussion

Early maturation and paternal overcontrol emerged as risk factors for ED development in women with CSA. Although these variables are also risk factors in the general population, women with CSA may be vulnerable to ED development because these risk factors are particular domains of concern that emanate from experiences of CSA. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 29: 380–392, 2001.
On a realization problem from non‐terminal capacity matrices on undirected flow networks
Authors: Tamura Hiroshi , Sengoku Masakazu , Shinoda Shoji , Abe Takeo
Published: August 2002

The problem of realizing a given matrix on an undirected flow network has been studied and various results have been obtained. Most of these results consist of necessary and sufficient conditions for methods of realization in which the maximum good flow between the two points and the matrix components coincide. However, there are cases in which coincidence is not required as long as they are close to each other. In this paper, we consider the realization under certain conditions when values not necessarily realizable as maximum good flows of the flow network are given between two points. First, the upper and lower bounds of the maximum good flow are given. The problem of realization between these two extremes is studied and the necessary and sufficient condition is given. Next, by means of this result, we consider the problem of minimizing the difference between the given value and the maximum good flow in the undirected flow network. A realization method is studied. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 84(12): 28–39, 2001
An infinite server queuing model for assessment of the software reliability
Authors: Dohi Tadashi , Matsuoka Toshiaki , Osaki Shunji
Published: August 2002

In the testing phase, which is the final phase in the software development process, stochastic models known as software reliability growth models are often used to quantitatively assess the reliability of software products. In this paper, we propose an infinite server queuing model as a new framework to unify the software reliability growth models proposed previously. We present a new interpretation of conventional software reliability growth models by regarding the software failure occurrence process as an infinite server queue. In a numerical example, we compare the proposed model to the general order statistics model, which is another modeling framework, and demonstrate its effectiveness. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(3): 43–51, 2002
Image Segmentation via Fractal Transformation: Improving Ida's Image Segmentation Scheme
Authors: You Hyunbea , Shiraki Noriyoshi , Tokunaga Ryuji
Published: August 2002

Ida and colleagues have proposed an image segmentation scheme in which a new application of fractal coding is used to iterate pixel transformations on the image plane. However, in Ida's segmentation scheme some problems remain because domains with multiple labels or indefinite boundaries are generated. In this paper, a solution to these problems is proposed, in which labeling is performed by periodic points and labels are corrected by fractal transformation. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(4): 66–72, 2002
A design method of 2D FIR fan filters for wideband beam forming by means of 2D Fourier series approximation
Authors: Nishikawa Kiyoshi , Ohno Hiroaki , Tang Xinhua , Kanamori Takeo , Naono Hiroyuki
Published: August 2002

In order to realize beam forming with an identical radiation characteristic over a wide bandwidth, this paper describes a method of design for two‐dimensional FIR fan filters with wedge‐shaped transition regions. In order to provide excellent amplitude approximations in a wide range from low to high frequencies with different transition range widths, a method based on the two‐dimensional Fourier series approximation is used. The approximate amplitude characteristic of the target fan filter for which the widths of the passband and the transition band are specified in proportion to the frequency from the origin is greatly degraded at low frequencies near the origin. To reduce this degradation, the target amplitude characteristic at low frequencies of the fan filter is replaced with a rectangular cross‐sectional shape. The width of the rectangular amplitude characteristic is set such that the amplitude of the designed result takes the specified value on the center line. Design examples are given for an axially symmetric fan filter and a diagonally symmetric fan filter. Further, the characteristics of the beam formers using these filters are derived and the effectiveness of the method is demonstrated. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 85(7): 38–49, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1106
Electrical power generation from a knitted wire panel using the thermoelectric effect
Authors: Yamamoto Naokatsu , Takai Hiroshi
Published: August 2002

Thermoelectric devices have been investigated widely in order to transform a low temperature heat source to the electrical power. In this report, we proposed a knitted wire panel as a thermoelectric power generator. A thermocouple on the knitted wire panel was formed by knitting an alumel wire and a chromel wire (ϕ 0.3 mm). The knitted wire panel was set at a measurement system using a peltier cooling device, and electrical characteristics were measured. Additionally, we discuss here the characteristics of electrical power generation from the panel using an equivalent circuit model. As a result, electrical power from the panel increased linearly with increasing a number of thermocouple formed by wire knitting process on the panel. It ia considered that thermocouples can be formed easily by wires knitting process. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 140(1): 16–21, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.10028
Quantitative evaluation of generator power control effect of FACTS controllers for power system stabilization
Authors: Hojo Masahide , Mitani Yasunori , Ise Toshifumi , Tsuji Kiichiro
Published: August 2002

The advancement of power electronics technologies has significantly developed the power system stabilizing controllers. Quantitative as well as qualitative evaluation of their effectiveness in power systems is a matter of great importance for the feasibility investigation of these apparatus. In this paper, the possible control region of FACTS controllers with series and/or shunt configuration in a single machine to infinite bus system is formulated in the powerangle curve with a set of algebraic equations. The effectiveness of TCPST (Thyristor‐Controlled Phase Shifting Transformer), SSSC (Static Synchronous Series Compensator), and TCSC (Thyristor‐Controlled Series Compensator) for the improvement of the transient stability is evaluated quantitatively as a numerical example. The correctness of the proposed method has been confirmed by analysis based on the electromagnetic transients simulation with a detailed system model. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 138(3): 43–51, 2002
Sensorless control of SRM using magnetizing curves
Authors: Kosaka Takashi , Ochiai Kiyoe , Matsui Nobuyuki
Published: August 2002

Among various variable speed drives, switched reluctance motors (SRMs) have been found to be competitive with traditional ac and dc motors because of their simple construction and drive electronics. However, the necessity of using a shaft‐mounted position sensor is one of the drawbacks of the SRM from the standpoint of cost, size, and reliability. Position sensorless SRM drives are expected to solve these problems. This paper presents a method of position sensorless control based on a simple fuzzy model of nonlinear position‐dependent magnetizing curves. The sensors needed for the drive are one voltage sensor and one current sensor. Experimental studies using a 1.5‐kW, 5400‐rpm SRM with a 6/4 tooth configuration show that the maximum error of rotor position estimation is less than three mechanical degrees in the 1:20 speed range under any load conditions. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Electr Eng Jpn, 135(2): 60–68, 2001
Evidence for the presence of mutagenic arylamines in human breast milk and DNA adducts in exfoliated breast ductal epithelial cells
Authors: Thompson Patricia A. , DeMarini David M. , Kadlubar Fred F. , McClure Gail Y. , Brooks Lance R. , Green Bridgett L. , Fares Manal Y. , Stone Angie , Josephy P. David , Ambrosone Christine B.
Published: August 2002

Aromatic and heterocyclic amines are ubiquitous environmental mutagens present in combustion emissions, fried meats, and tobacco smoke, and are suspect human mammary carcinogens. To determine the presence of arylamines in breast tissue and fluid, we examined exfoliated breast ductal epithelial cells for DNA adducts and matched human milk samples for mutagenicity. Breast milk was obtained from 50 women who were 4–6 weeks postpartum, and exfoliated epithelial‐cell DNA was evaluated for bulky, nonpolar DNA adducts by 32P‐postlabeling and thin‐layer chromatography. Milk was processed by acid hydrolysis, and the extracted organics were examined in the standard plate‐incorporation Ames Salmonella assay using primarily strain YG1024, which detects frameshift mutations and overexpresses aryl amine N‐acetyltransferase. DNA adducts were identified in 66% of the specimens, and bulky adducts migrated in a pattern similar to that of 4‐aminobiphenyl standards. The distribution of adducts did not vary by NAT2 genotype status. Of whole milk samples, 88% (22/25) had mutagenic activity. Among the samples for which we had both DNA adduct and mutagenicity data, 58% (14/19) of the samples with adducts were also mutagenic, and 85% (11/13) of the mutagenic samples had adducts. Quantitatively, no correlation was observed between the levels of adducts and the levels of mutagenicity. Separation of the milk showed that mutagenic activity was found in 69% of skimmed milk samples but in only 29% of the corresponding milk fat samples, suggesting that the breast milk mutagens were moderately polar molecules. Chemical fractionation showed that mutagenic activity was found in 67% (4/6) of the basic fractions but in only 33% (2/6) of acidic samples, indicating that the mutagens were primarily basic compounds, such as arylamines. Although pilot in nature, this study corroborates previous findings of significant levels of DNA adducts in breast tissue and mutagenicity in human breast milk and indicates that breast milk mutagens may be moderately polar basic compounds, such as arylamines. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:134–142, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human exposure to heterocyclic amine food mutagens/carcinogens: Relevance to breast cancer
Authors: Felton James S. , Knize Mark G. , Salmon Cynthia P. , Malfatti Michael A. , Kulp Kristen S.
Published: August 2002

Heterocyclic amines produced from overcooked foods are extremely mutagenic in numerous in vitro and in vivo test systems. One of these mutagens, 2‐amino‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenylimidazo[4,5‐b]pyridine (PhIP), induces breast tumors in rats and has been implicated in dietary epidemiology studies as raising the risk of breast cancer in humans. Efforts in our laboratory and others have centered on defining the exposure to PhIP and other dietary mutagens derived from cooked food. We accomplish this by analyzing the foods with a series of solid‐phase extractions and HPLC. We have developed an LC/MS/MS method to analyze the four major human PhIP metabolites (sulfates and glucuronides) following a single meal containing 27 μg of cooking‐produced PhIP in 200 g of grilled meat. Although the intake of PhIP was similar for each of eight women, the total amount excreted in the urine and the metabolite profiles differed among the subjects. It appears that adsorption (digestion) from the meat matrix, other foods in the diet, and genetic differences in metabolism may contribute to the variation. The four major metabolites that can be routinely assayed in the urine are N2‐OH‐PhIP‐N2‐glucuronide, PhIP‐N2‐glucuronide, 4′‐PhIP‐glucuronide, and N2‐OH‐PhIP‐N3‐glucuronide. This work is suited to investigate individual exposure and risk, especially for breast cancer, from these potent dietary mutagens. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 39:112–118, 2002. Published 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of wave passage on the relevant dynamic properties of structures with flexible foundation
Authors: Avilés Javier , Suárez Martha , Sánchez‐Sesma Francisco J.
Published: August 2002

An evaluation of the wave passage effects on the relevant dynamic properties of structures with flexible foundation is presented. A simple soil–structure system similar to that used in practice to take into account the inertial interaction effects by the soil flexibility is studied. The kinematic interaction effects due to non‐vertically incident P, SV and Rayleigh waves are accounted for in this model. The effective period and damping of the system are obtained by establishing an equivalence between the interacting system excited by the foundation input motion and a replacement oscillator excited by the free‐field ground motion. In this way, the maximum structural response could be estimated from standard free‐field response spectra using the period and damping of the building modified by both the soil flexibility and the travelling wave effects. Also, an approximate solution for the travelling wave problem is examined over wide ranges of the main parameters involved. Numerical results are computed for a number of soil–structure systems to identify under which conditions the effects of wave passage are important. It comes out that these effects are generally negligible for the system period, but they may significantly change the system damping since the energy dissipation within the soil depends on both the wave radiation and the diffraction and scattering of the incident waves by the foundation. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Earthquake‐induced floor horizontal accelerations in buildings
Authors: Rodriguez M. E. , Restrepo J. I. , Carr A. J.
Published: August 2002

Floor horizontal accelerations are needed for obtaining forces for the design of diaphragms, for the design of their connections and for the design of non‐structural components and equipment supported by structures. Large floor horizontal accelerations have been recorded in buildings during earthquakes. Such accelerations have been responsible for inertia forces causing damage to services and are a major reason for structural damage and even building collapse.

This paper describes an analytical investigation into earthquake‐induced floor horizontal accelerations that arise in regular buildings built with rigid diaphragms. The paper also describes several methods prescribed by design standards and proposes a new method. The method is based on modal superposition modified to account for the inelastic response of the building's lateral force resisting system. Results obtained from time‐history inelastic analysis are compared with the proposed method. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of seismic energy demand
Authors: Manfredi Gaetano
Published: August 2002

In this paper, a method is proposed in order to obtain a simplified representation of hysteretic and input energy spectra. The method is based on the evaluation of the equivalent number of cycles correlated to the earthquake characteristics by the proposed seismic index ID. This procedure allows us to obtain peak values of the hysteretic and input energy that depend on the demanded ductility, on the seismic index ID and on the peak pseudo‐velocity. The assessment of the input energy represents a first step towards the definition of a damage potential index capable of taking into account the effect of the duration of the ground motions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real‐time model predictive control of structures under earthquakes
Authors: Mei Gang , Kareem Ahsan , Kantor Jeffrey C.
Published: August 2002

This paper presents a general formulation of the model predictive control (MPC) scheme for controlling in real time the response of structures under earthquakes. The MPC scheme is based on an explicit use of a prediction model of the system response to obtain the control actions by minimizing an objective function. Optimization objectives in MPC include minimization of the difference between the predicted and desired response trajectories, and the control effort subjected to certain constraints. In this study, the prediction model is formulated using both feedforward (FF) and feedback (FB) components to increase the effectiveness of the MPC scheme. The FF loop in the prediction model is formulated using two types of input. First, it is designed using the established Kanai–Tajimi‐type model to represent the earthquake input. Second, a real‐time FF loop is introduced using an auto‐regressive (AR) model for earthquake ground motion which is constantly updated using real‐time on‐line observations. The real‐time FF loop certainly promises to add predictive and adaptive features to the control actions to account for any unusual features in the ground motion. The structural response with and without the FF and FB loops are compared. Examples are used to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed methodology. These examples show that the MPC‐based controller is effective in reducing the structural response under different earthquakes which contain distinct features in their spectral and non‐stationary descriptions. The performance of the MPC scheme is then compared to H2 control strategies for different time horizons. The effectiveness of MPC is shown to be equivalent to the optimal control. This paper lays a foundation for capturing the main strengths of MPC, i.e. computational expediency, real‐time application, intrinsic compensation for time delays, treatment of constraints and potential for future extensions in structural control. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of reservoir sediment and effects on hydro‐dynamic response of arch dams
Authors: Zhang Chuhan , Yan Chengda , Wang Guanglun
Published: August 2002

Based on the dynamic theory for saturated porous media by Biot (Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 1956; 28: 168–178), a numerical model is presented to analyse the reflection behaviours of reservoir sediment and compared with those from the visco‐elastic model. It is concluded that the two models give very similar results of reflection coefficient α within the frequency range of interest. Then, using the two models, the change of the reflection coefficients α with various sedimentation parameters and excitation frequencies are studied in detail. The results are further used in the analysis of response functions of hydro‐dynamic pressures on, and structural displacements of the Xiang Hong Dian arch dam, for which some results from a field vibration test are available. It appears that effects of water compressibility with sediment reflection on hydro‐dynamic pressures and structural response are not significant for this specific case. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crust strength: a wind tunnel study of the effect of impact by saltating particles on cohesive soil surfaces
Authors: Rice M. A. , McEwan I. K.
Published: August 2002

A wind tunnel study examined the effect of distributions of saltating particles on sediment surfaces which were characterized by distributions of their tensile strength. The sediments consisted of varying proportions of large sand‐sized particles with a fine particle cement. The energies of the impacting particles and the surface strengths were compared with the mass of material lost from the surface. It is important to consider distributions of parameters rather than mean values only, since abrasion and erosion may occur from surfaces not predicted from average strength and saltation velocities.

At the impact velocities used in this study (mean velocity 4·4 m s−1, with standard deviation of 0·51), surfaces containing less than 12 per cent fine material were easily eroded, but insignificant erosion occurred when the fine particle content exceeded 60 per cent.

Small amounts of cementing material were easily ruptured, allowing the large sand grains to be moved (largely in creep) by the bombarding particles. A significant amount of energy was lost to the bed. As the percentage of fine material increased, the surface became more difficult to break up and less energy was lost to the bed.

The probability that erosion will occur for known energy distributions of impacting particles and surface strength can be calculated and the mass loss increases exponentially with a decrease in the percentage of fine cementing particles. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simulation of individual particle movement in a gravel streambed
Authors: Malmaeus J. Mikael , Hassan Marwan A.
Published: August 2002

A two‐dimensional simulation model of travel distances of individual particles in a gravel‐bed river is presented. The model is based on a number of rules, which include particle size, entrainment, trajectory, distance of movement and entrapment. Particle interactions are controlled by resistance fields defined about each obstacle and critical elevation defined in the model. Resistance fields, particle dropping and critical elevation rules control particle interactions. The interaction rules cause the particles to develop pebble clusters, stone cells and transverse structures (transverse ribs). The simulated travel distances of individual particles are consistent with reported field results. Individual particle travel distances were simulated using two different models; one without interactions between the individual particles and the stationary bed and one with interactions. The case without interactions demonstrates the random nature of sediment transport, and narrow ranges of travel distances. Wider ranges of travel distances, similar to those for natural situations, were obtained for the cases with interactions. The more intense the interaction between the mobile stones and the stationary ones, the wider the range of distances of travel for a given particle size. Modelling the mean travel distance yielded a result similar to that published previously, which was based on empirical data. Well developed bed‐surface structures were obtained for relatively poorly sorted sediment with intense interactions between particles. Transverse structures developed when relatively large particles were allowed to move. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Welfare reform and its enduring questions: What have we learned from evaluation research?
Authors: McClintock Charles , Lowe Staci T.
Published: August 2002

Five years after the passage of federal welfare reform, we have arrived at a vantage point that allows members of the policy‐shaping community to reflect on the knowledge that evaluation research has generated, as well as the questions that remain.
Welfare reform and children: A comparison of leavers and stayers in Georgia
Authors: Rickman Dana K. , Foster E. Michael
Published: August 2002

Using administrative and survey data from Georgia, this chapter examines the status of children living in families leaving welfare.
Archeological dendrochronology in the southwestern united states
Authors: Towner Ronald H.
Published: August 2002

Dendrochronology, the science of tree‐ring dating, is the most accurate and precise nondocumentary dating method available to researchers studying the recent past. Tree‐ring dates are accurate and precise to the year and sometimes the season, and have no associated statistical uncertainty or standard error. Other prominent archeological dating techniques that use natural materials (for example, radiocarbon and archeomagnetism) have been calibrated using dendrochronological samples.1 It is this precision and accuracy that has allowed archeologists working in the southwestern United States to construct the most detailed chronologies in the world, and to explore a plethora of environmental, social, and behavioral questions regarding past human adaptation to the region.
Essential oil of two Lippia spp. (Verbenaceae) growing wild in Guatemala
Authors: Senatore Felice , Rigano Daniela
Published: August 2002

The essential oils from Lippia alba and L. graveolens, growing wild in Guatemala, were obtained by hydrodistillation. The oil contents were 0.22% (L. alba) and 0.26% (L. graveolens) (v/w), on a dry weight basis. The oil compositions were analysed by GC and GC–MS. Essential oil from L. alba was characterized by a high amount of limonene (43.6%) and piperitone (30.6%). The essential oil of L. graveolens consisted mainly of thymol (31.6%) and sesquiterpenes. Caryophyllene (4.6%) and caryophyllene oxide (4.8%) were the main components of the sesquiterpenoidic fraction. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local block refinement with a multigrid flow solver
Authors: Lange C. F. , Schäfer M. , Durst F.
Published: August 2002

A local block refinement procedure for the efficient computation of transient incompressible flows with heat transfer is presented. The procedure uses patched structured grids for the blockwise refinement and a parallel multigrid finite volume method with colocated primitive variables to solve the Navier‐Stokes equations. No restriction is imposed on the value of the refinement rate and non‐integer rates may also be used. The procedure is analysed with respect to its sensitivity to the refinement rate and to the corresponding accuracy. Several applications exemplify the advantages of the method in comparison with a common block structured grid approach. The results show that it is possible to achieve an improvement in accuracy with simultaneous significant savings in computing time and memory requirements. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A class of higher order compact schemes for the unsteady two‐dimensional convection–diffusion equation with variable convection coefficients
Authors: Kalita Jiten C. , Dalal D. C. , Dass Anoop K.
Published: August 2002

A class of higher order compact (HOC) schemes has been developed with weighted time discretization for the two‐dimensional unsteady convection–diffusion equation with variable convection coefficients. The schemes are second or lower order accurate in time depending on the choice of the weighted average parameter μ and fourth order accurate in space. For 0.5⩽μ⩽1, the schemes are unconditionally stable. Unlike usual HOC schemes, these schemes are capable of using a grid aspect ratio other than unity. They efficiently capture both transient and steady solutions of linear and nonlinear convection–diffusion equations with Dirichlet as well as Neumann boundary condition. They are applied to one linear convection–diffusion problem and three flows of varying complexities governed by the two‐dimensional incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. Results obtained are in excellent agreement with analytical and established numerical results. Overall the schemes are found to be robust, efficient and accurate. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comprehensive karyotyping of the HT‐29 colon adenocarcinoma cell line
Authors: Kawai Kanji , Viars Carrie , Arden Karen , Tarin David , Urquidi Virginia , Goodison Steve
Published: August 2002

The tumor cell line HT‐29 was derived from a primary adenocarcinoma of the rectosigmoid colon. HT‐29 is hypertriploid (3n+) and has accumulated numerous chromosomal structural aberrations. To identify material involved in chromosome rearrangements, we performed a comprehensive cytogenetic analysis using G‐banding, spectral karyotyping (SKY), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The combination of molecular cytogenetic techniques enabled us to define the first comprehensive karyotype for HT‐29. Seventeen marker chromosomes were found in 75–100% of metaphase cells, generally in a single copy per cell. We confirmed the composition of eight previously described markers, refined the classification of seven others, and identified two novel marker chromosomes. Notable aberrations included a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 6 and 14 and an unusual, large derivative chromosome 8 composed entirely of 8q material. The telomere status, evaluated by FISH, revealed telomeric signals at the termini of all chromosomes. No interstitial telomeric sequences were observed in any cell. Although numerous chromosomal aberrations are present in HT‐29, the cell line appears to have retained a high level of genomic stability during passage in culture since undergoing transformation. The excellent resolving power of SKY, coupled with additional information obtained from molecular cytogenetic analyses, will improve our ability to identify genetic lesions characteristic of cancer. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Unique balanced chromosome abnormalities in treatment‐related myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia: Report from an International Workshop†
Authors: Olney Harold J. , Mitelman Felix , Johansson Bertil , Mrózek Krzysztof , Berger Roland , Rowley Janet D.
Published: August 2002

A total of 123 balanced rearrangements, including 26 occurring as a sole anomaly, not known to be recurrent in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) or acute myeloid leukemia (AML) prior to the Workshop, were ascertained retrospectively from 104 patients with treatment‐related MDS/AML (t‐MDS/t‐AML). Thirteen of the aberrations were reported previously in single cases and hence may be classified as recurrent as a result of the Workshop. Patients with Unique aberrations had complex karyotypes more often (P < 0.001 for all pairwise comparisons) than did other Workshop subgroups, with 72% having 3 or more aberrations. Among 85 cases with secondary chromosomal abnormalities, −5, −7, del(5q), and del(7q) were observed in 76%, which is significantly higher (P ≤ 0.007 for all pairwise comparisons) than the frequencies found in the Workshop subgroups of patients with previously known recurring aberrations. The chromosome bands most often involved in balanced aberrations were 1p36 and 3q26‐27. Treatment exposure was significantly different (less topoisomerase II inhibitor exposure, more radiotherapy‐only exposure) than for patients with 11q23 (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively) and 21q22 (P = 0.007 and P = 0.002, respectively) abnormalities. The median time from the first toxic exposure to secondary disease, 59 months, was significantly longer (P ≤ 0.016 for all significant pairwise comparisons) than the median latency of all other patients except those in the Rare subgroup, and the median survival time, 7 months, was significantly shorter than for patients in the 21q22, inv(16), and t(15;17) subgroups (P ≤ 0.002 for all pairwise comparisons), but similar to patients in the 11q23 and Rare subgroups. In contrast to known recurring abnormalities, significantly more patients (61%, all P < 0.001) presented with t‐MDS, with over one‐third of these patients progressing to t‐AML. Thus, this group of patients appears to be more similar to the typical t‐MDS/t‐AML patients, with complex karyotypes as well as chromosome 5 and 7 abnormalities, than to those with recurrent balanced rearrangements. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cadherin and catenin alterations in human cancer
Authors: Hajra Karen M. , Fearon Eric R.
Published: August 2002

Among the hallmarks of cancer are defective cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesion. Alterations in cadherin–catenin complexes likely have a major contributing role in cell‐adhesion defects in carcinomas arising in many different tissues. E‐cadherin, the prototypic member of the cadherin transmembrane protein family, regulates cell adhesion by interacting with E‐cadherin molecules on opposing cell surfaces. E‐cadherin's function in cell adhesion is also critically dependent on its ability to interact through its cytoplasmic domain with catenin proteins. A diverse collection of defects alter cadherin–catenin function in cancer cells, including loss‐of‐function mutations and defects in the expression of E‐cadherin and certain catenins, such as α‐catenin. Although there is much evidence that β‐catenin is deregulated in cancer as a result of inactivating mutations in the APC and AXIN tumor‐suppressor proteins and gain‐of‐function mutations in β‐catenin itself, the principal consequences of β‐catenin deregulation in cancer appear to be largely distinct from the effects attributable to inactivation of E‐cadherin or α‐catenin. In this review, we highlight some of the specific genetic and epigenetic defects responsible for altered cadherin and catenin function in cancer, as well as potential contributions of cadherin–catenin alterations to the cancer process. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A complex pattern of recurrent chromosomal losses and gains in T‐cell prolymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Soulier Jean , Pierron Gaëlle , Vecchione Danielle , Garand Richard , Brizard Françoise , Sigaux François , Stern Marc‐Henri , Aurias Alain
Published: August 2002

T‐cell prolymphocytic leukemia (T‐PLL) is a rare malignant proliferation of lymphoid cells with a postthymic phenotype. Previous cytogenetic and molecular studies reported complex karyotypes with recurrent chromosomal abnormalities, including translocations involving either TCL1 at 14q32.1 or MTCP1 at Xq28, inactivation of the ATM gene by deletion and/or mutation, and isochromosomes 8. For extensive study of chromosomal imbalances in T‐PLL, we analyzed 22 tumoral DNAs using comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). Abnormal CGH profiles were detected in all cases, demonstrating highly recurrent gains and losses and largely extending the abnormalities previously established. Only a few nonrecurrent abnormalities were observed, in contrast to the genetic instability anticipated from ATM inactivation. Nine recurrent regions of loss were identified at 8p (frequency 86%), 11q (68%), 22q11 (45%), 13q (41%), 6q (36%), 9p (27%), 12p (23%), 11p11–p14 (23%), and 17p (23%), as well as four regions of gain at 8q (82%), 14q32 (50%), 22q21–qter (41%), and 6p (23%). Several recurrent chromosomal abnormalities were simultaneously present in each case (mean, 5.7; up to 10), none being mutually exclusive of another. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis confirmed and extended 22q11 and 13q losses, giving final frequencies of 55% and 45%, respectively. Analysis of one case over a 7‐year period confirmed the overall genetic stability of T‐PLL and showed that tumor progression was associated with the onset of a few chromosomal abnormalities. This study establishes a complex pattern of highly recurrent chromosomal abnormalities in T‐PLL, including some, such as chromosome 13 deletion, commonly found in other lymphoid malignancies. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic imbalances revealed by comparative genomic hybridization in Ewing tumors
Authors: Ozaki Toshifumi , Paulussen Michael , Poremba Christopher , Brinkschmidt Christian , Rerin Julio , Ahrens Susanne , Hoffmann Christiane , Hillmann Axel , Wai Daniel , Schaefer Karl‐Ludwig , Boecker Werner , Juergens Heribert , Winkelmann Winfried , Dockhorn‐Dworniczak Barbara
Published: August 2002

Ewing tumors are characterized by reciprocal translocations involving the EWS gene on 22q12 fused to ETS transcription‐factor family members. Little is known about further aberrations contributing to tumor development and progression. Sixty‐two frozen tumors with known EWS rearrangements (52 primary tumors, 10 relapses) of ET patients registered in the EICESS protocol were analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH). The median number of changes in 52 primary and 10 relapsed cases was 2.5 and 5.0 per tumor (P = 0.153). Frequent abnormalities included gains of chromosomes 8, 12, 20, and 1q and losses of 16q and 19q. Neither number nor type of aberration was associated with histology, tumor size, disease stage, tumor localization, or histologic tumor response to chemotherapy. Among the 52 primary tumors, 26 with Type I fusion (EWS exon 7 to FLI1 exon 6) and 26 with other fusion types had a median of 2.0 and 3.0 aberrations per tumor, respectively (P = 0.031). Combinations of gains of chromosomes 8 and 12, gains of chromosome 20, and either gains of 8q or 18q and losses of 16q and 17p frequently occurred. The cumulative overall survival (OAS) was different between 35 patients with <5 aberrations and 13 patients with ≥5 aberrations (P = 0.009). Univariate analysis showed that patients with gains of 1q, 2q, 12, and 20 or losses of 16q and 17p had significantly lower OAS than those without aberrations. By multivariate analysis, loss of 16q (relative risk [RR] = 5.3; P = 0.0006) was an independent prognostic factor. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐density marker loss of heterozygosity analysis of rat chromosome 10 in endometrial adenocarcinoma
Authors: Behboudi Afrouz , Levan Göran , Hedrich Hans J. , Klinga‐Levan Karin
Published: August 2002

Endometrial cancer is a disease with serious impact on the human population, but not much is known about genetic factors involved in this complex disease. Female BDII rats are genetically predisposed to spontaneous endometrial carcinoma, and the BDII inbred strain provides an experimental animal model for endometrial carcinoma development. In the present study, BDII females were crossed with males from two nonsusceptible inbred rat strains. Endometrial adenocarcinomas (EACs) developed in a proportion of the F1 and F2 progeny. We screened 18 EAC solid tumors and 9 EAC cell cultures for loss of heterozygosity (LOH) using fluorescent‐PCR‐based marker allelotyping methodology with 47 microsatellite markers covering the proximal part of rat chromosome 10 (RNO10). Conclusive evidence was obtained for LOH/deletion involving about 56 cM in the proximal part of RNO10 in DNA from six out of seven informative tumor cell cultures. Analysis of the solid tumors confirmed the presence of LOH in this part of RNO10 in 14 of 17 informative tumors. However, from the studies in the solid tumors it appeared that in fact three separate segments in the proximal part of RNO10 were affected. These three LOH/deletion regions were located approximately in cytogenetic bands 10q11‐12, 10q22, and 10q24. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Germline mutations of the BRCA1‐associated ring domain (BARD1) gene in breast and breast/ovarian families negative for BRCA1 and BRCA2 alterations
Authors: Ghimenti Chiara , Sensi Elisa , Presciuttini Silvano , Brunetti Isa Maura , Conte PierFranco , Bevilacqua Generoso , Caligo Maria A.
Published: August 2002

BARD1 (BRCA1‐associated RING domain) was identified by yeast two‐hybrid screening as a protein interacting with BRCA1. Somatic and germline mutations of BARD1 have been detected in sporadic breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancers. The present study represents the first description of BARD1 germline mutations in hereditary breast and breast/ovarian cancer patients. We analyzed the BARD1 gene in 40 families with hereditary breast and breast/ovarian cancer, tested negative for BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations. A mutational analysis by PCR‐SSCP on the coding region and the exon–intron splice boundaries of the BARD1 gene yielded four different germline mutations. A group of 20 patients diagnosed with sporadic breast cancer below the age of 40 was also examined and only one germline mutation was found. A study of loss of heterozygosity at the BARD1 locus in neoplastic tissues from patients with BARD1 germline mutations was carried out. In all cases, we were unable to find any evidence for allelic deletions. The involvement of BARD1 mutations in the susceptibility to hereditary breast and breast/ovarian cancer is discussed.
Short contribution: A new method of analyzing and documenting micromorphological thin sections using flatbed scanners: Applications in geoarchaeological studies
Authors: Arpin Trina L. , Mallol Carolina , Goldberg Paul
Published: August 2002

Much of the information in micromorphological thin sections exists at the mesoscopic level. The use of flatbed scanners can improve analysis at this level and aid in preservation of the information. This article describes scanning in both plane and cross‐polarized light and discusses the hardware and software required. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The major‐ and trace‐element whole‐rock fingerprints of Egyptian basalts and the provenance of Egyptian artefacts
Authors: Greenough John D. , Gorton M. P. , Mallory‐Greenough Leanne M.
Published: August 2002

Discrimination diagrams have been developed that source Egyptian basaltic artefacts using whole‐rock major element geochemistry. These include K2O versus SiO2, TiO2 and P2O5 against MgO/Fe2O3t (total Fe as Fe2O3), and a discriminant analysis diagram using SiO2, Fe2O3t, CaO, and MnO. A complementary set of diagrams uses easily obtained trace element data (Nb/Y versus Zr/Nb; Zr [ppm] versus Rb/Sr; TiO2 [wt % volatile free] versus V; and Cr [ppm] versus Zr/Y) to determine the bedrock sources. These diagrams have been applied to seven First Dynasty basalt vessels (Abydos), two Fourth Dynasty basalt paving stones (Khufu's funerary temple, Giza), and two Fifth Dynasty paving stones (Sahure's complex, Abu Sir). They show that the bedrock source for all the artefacts was the Haddadin flow in northern Egypt. Multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis applied to the whole‐rock data (major elements and trace elements together) and previously published mineral fingerprinting studies confirm these results. Comparing mineral versus whole‐rock fingerprinting techniques, a major advantage of the former is the small sample size required (0.001 g compared to ≥ 0.1 g). Analytical costs are similar for both methods assuming that a comparison (bedrock) database can be assembled from the literature. For most archaeological problems, a whole‐rock bedrock database is more likely to exist than a mineral database, and whole‐rock analyses on artefacts will generally be easier to obtain than mineral analyses. Whole‐rock fingerprinting may be more sensitive than mineral‐based fingerprinting. Thus, if sample quantity is not an issue, whole‐rock analysis may have a slight cost, convenience, and technical advantage over mineral‐based methods. Our results also emphasize that the Egyptians cherished their Haddadin basalt flow and used it extensively and exclusively for manufacturing basalt vessels and paving stones for at least 600 years (∼3150 B.C. to 2500 B.C., approximate ages of the vessels and Abu Sir paving stones, respectively). © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Transforming growth factor‐β and forskolin attenuate the adverse effects of long‐term Schwann cell denervation on peripheral nerve regeneration in vivo
Authors: Sulaiman Olawale A.R. , Gordon Tessa
Published: August 2002

Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) plays a central role in the regulation of Schwann cell (SC) proliferation and differentiation and is essential for the neurotrophic effects of several neurotrophic factors (reviewed by Unsicker and Krieglstein, 2000; Unsicker and Strelau, 2000). However, its role in peripheral nerve regeneration in vivo is not yet understood. Our studies were carried out to characterize (1) the effects of duration of regeneration, and chronic SC denervation on the number of tibial (TIB) motor neurons that regenerated axons over a fixed distance (25 mm into distal common peroneal [CP] nerve stumps), and (2) the effect of in vitro incubation of 6‐month chronically denervated sciatic nerve explants with TGF‐β and forskolin on their capacity to support axonal regeneration in vivo. TIB–CP cross‐suture in Silastic tubing was used, and regeneration into 0–24‐week chronically denervated CP stumps was allowed for either 1.5 or 3 months. Chronically denervated rat sciatic nerve explants (3 × 3 mm2) were incubated in vitro with either DMEM and 15% fetal calf serum (D‐15) plus TGF‐β/forskolin or D‐15 alone for 48 h and placed into a 10‐mm Silastic tube that bridged the proximal and distal nerve stumps of a freshly cut TIB nerve. The number of tibial motor neurons that regenerated axons through the explants and 25 mm into the distal nerve stump after 6 months, and TIB regeneration into the CP nerve stumps, were assessed using retrograde tracers, fluorogold, or fluororuby. We found that all tibial motor neurons regenerate their axons 25 mm into 0–4‐week denervated CP nerve stumps after a regeneration period of 3 months. Reducing regeneration time to 1.5 months and chronic denervation, reduced the number of motor neurons that regenerated axons over 25 mm. Exposure of 6‐month denervated nerve explants to TGF‐β/forskolin increased the number of motor neurons that regenerated through them from 258 ± 13; mean ± SE to 442 ± 22. Hence, acute treatment of atrophic SC with TGF‐β can reactivate the growth‐permissive SC phenotype to support axonal regeneration. GLIA 37:206–218, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.