bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Liquid Hot Water (LHW) and Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) of Coffee Berry Waste: Kinetics, Catalysis, and Optimization for the Synthesis of Platform Chemicals
Authors: Lozano-Pérez Alejandra Sophia , Guerrero-Fajardo Carlos Alberto
Published: April 2024

Colombia is the world’s leading producer of mildly washed arabica coffee and produces 12.6 million bags of green coffee, but at the same time, 784,000 tons of waste biomass are dumped in open fields, of which only 5% is recovered or used. The objective of this project was to evaluate the production of platform chemicals from these coffee wastes for sustainable resource management. To achieve this, biomass characterization was carried out using proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, and structural analysis. Hydrothermal valorization was carried out at a temperature range of 120–180 °C (LHW) and 180–260 °C (HTC) for one hour. The platform chemicals obtained were quantified by HPLC-RI and monitored by pH and conductivity, and the solid fraction was characterized by monitoring the functional groups in IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. Hydrolysis processes were obtained at 150 °C, production of platform chemicals at 180 °C, and maximum concentration at 180 °C-4 h; over 200 °C, degradation of the products in the liquid fraction starts to take place. Homogeneous basic and acid catalysts were used to improve the yields of the reaction. The kinetics of the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic structures to sugars were also analyzed and described, and reaction orders of 1 (LHW), 3 (HTC), and their respective reaction rate equations were reported.
Life Cycle Assessment of Ordinary Portland Cement Production in South Africa: Mid-Point and End-Point Approaches
Authors: Akintayo Busola Dorcas , Olanrewaju Oludolapo Akanni , Olanrewaju Oludolapo Ibrahim
Published: April 2024

Several environmental impacts are associated with cement production, ranging from high greenhouse gas (GHG) levels to high energy consumption (fossil fuel and electricity) to high resource usage. Due to the growing demand for cement in the industry and limited studies in South Africa, it is essential to evaluate the environmental impact of cement production in the South African context. In this study, an analysis of the production model of South African (SA) cement plants was carried out to quantify its impacts and decipher how they consequently affect lives, resources, and the ecosystem. This study carried out a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of cement using both the mid-point and end-point approaches of the Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA). This study carried out a cradle-to-gate analysis of 1 kg of cement produced in a typical SA plant. The result showed that for every 1 kg of cement produced, 0.993 CO2 eq was emitted into the atmosphere; 98.8% was actual CO₂ emission, and its resultant effect was global warming, which causes changes in climatic conditions. Also, 1.6 kg of 1,4-Dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB) eq was emitted into the air and water, which caused high toxicity in these media, and for every 1 kg of cement produced, 0.139 kg of oil eq was produced, and its effect was seen in fossil resources’ scarcity. The end-point result showed that 55,404 was the potential number of human lives that could be endangered annually; 133 species had the potential to be endangered annually, and the effect of a potential scarcity of resources caused a total marginal price increase of ZAR 6.2 billion due to these damages. In conclusion, this study prescribed mitigation and adaptation strategies to counter these environmental impacts.
Sustainable Design and Construction Cost of Warehouse in the Light of Applicable Fire Regulations
Authors: Pawluk Katarzyna , Lendo-Siwicka Marzena , Trach Roman , Wrzesiński Grzegorz , Kowalski Jan , Ogrodnik Paweł , Jasztal Michał , Omen Łukasz , Skrypchuk Petro
Published: April 2024

This paper examines the effectiveness of sustainable warehouse design with regard to fire regulations and costs. When designing industrial facilities, the high risk of fire during their subsequent operation must be considered. Therefore, in this article, the variant analysis in terms of cost and technological, sustainable solutions for the investment in the “design and build” system were subjected to fire protection installation systems for three variants with different fire zones. During the modelling, the impact of the fire zone on the spread of smoke, temperature changes at a selected point above the fire source, and visibility were examined. Numerical analyses showed differences in the degree of smoke spread for variants I, II, and III without any relevant impact on the effectiveness of evacuation. The division of the hall into a larger number of fire zones reduces the effects of a potential fire. This study highlights that the cost of the investment is vastly influenced by the conditions of fire protection and evacuation.
Organisations and Citizens Building Back Better? Climate Resilience, Social Justice & COVID-19 Recovery in Preston, UK
Authors: Charnley-Parry Ioan M. , Farrier Alan , Dooris Mark , Whitton John , Manley Julian
Published: April 2024

The impacts of COVID-19 on cities across the United Kingdom were significant and diverse, whilst ongoing climate-related, sustainability and social challenges were highlighted and sometimes amplified. Lessons from organisational and citizen experiences and their responses have the potential to improve local sustainability and resilience to global events; hence, they must be examined. We report findings from a project conducted in Preston (UK) exploring how COVID-19 recovery might accelerate organisation-led and citizen-led action for the wellbeing of people, places and the planet. The project used a settings approach to public health and combined qualitative research with conceptual development; the former involved online interviews and group dialogues with members of several local anchor institutions, whilst the latter examined synergy between community wealth building, Doughnut Economics and place-based climate action. We explore two themes—anchor institutions’ strategic priorities and plans; ‘building back better’, and its future sustainability implications. These revealed four cross-cutting aspects: wellbeing, tackling societal inequalities, collaborative working, and COVID-19 as a catalyst for transformative change. Informed by ‘Doughnut-Shaped Community Wealth Building’, organisations are encouraged to embed commitment to equitable and inclusive climate action; consolidate the co-operative approach developed during the pandemic at strategic, operational and grassroots levels; take a nuanced approach to future work policies and practices; work across anchor institutions to advocate collectively for supportive national-level policy to build a sustainable, wellbeing economy.
Views of Students, Parents, and Teachers on Smartphones and Tablets in the Development of 21st-Century Skills as a Prerequisite for a Sustainable Future
Authors: Lang Vida , Šorgo Andrej
Published: April 2024

It is no longer just an opinion but a fact that the only way to prevent a catastrophic future for humanity on a planetary scale is to introduce sustainable practices in all areas of human endeavour. The key role in these processes is activity to education. The aim of this study is to investigate the perceptions of Slovenian secondary school students, parents, and teachers (SPTs) regarding the role of smartphones and tablets in promoting 21st-century skills. This study explores the views of Slovenian secondary school students, parents, and teachers (SPTs) on the value of smartphones and tablets in 21st-century skills education. The results show a consensus among participants that smartphones and tablets make a positive contribution to various aspects of 21st-century skills as a Prerequisite for Sustainable Future. Participants consistently rated the suggested benefits of smartphones and tablets above the middle of the scale, with a focus on internet, digital, and information literacy. However, there is still room for improvement in basic skills and higher-order thinking skills. The factorial analysis revealed three correlated factors: Holistic Learning skills, Higher-Level Cognitive skills, and Digital Information Literacy skills. Subsequent analysis revealed significant differences between the focus groups, with students showing stronger agreement with the positive impact of smartphones and tablets on a wide range of skills. While teachers recognized the value of smartphones and tablets for students’ digital literacy and engagement, the differences between teachers and other groups were relatively small. These findings underscore the importance of integrating smartphone strategies and technology tools to promote 21st-century skills as a Prerequisite for Sustainable Future. Educators and policymakers can use these findings to promote effective teaching and learning practices that meet the demands of the 21st century.
The Perceived Impact of Climate Change on the Livelihoods of Smallholder Farmers in Kwazulu-Natal Province, South Africa
Authors: Maziya Mbongeni , Nkonki-Mandleni Busisiwe , Mbizana Nandipha , Tirivanhu Precious
Published: April 2024

Smallholder farming is an important livelihood strategy for rural households in developing countries. Climate change and variability threaten the sustenance of livelihoods and hinder efforts to eradicate poverty and food insecurity. Although perception studies on climate change and coping mechanisms have been conducted in KwaZulu-Natal Province, little has been done on livelihood analysis. This study uses the Sustainable Livelihood Framework for livelihoods analysis of smallholder farmers in the uMkhanyakude district of KwaZulu-Natal Province in South Africa. Survey data were collected from a sample of 400 smallholder farmers in two local municipalities of the district, using a stratified random sampling procedure. Focus group discussions were used to augment survey data. Descriptive statistics were generated to analyse quantitative data, while qualitative data were analysed through thematic analysis. This study found that climate change significantly eroded livelihood assets, posing a threat to the well-being of smallholder farmers. Persistent drought has led to poor crop and livestock productivity, compelling households to rely heavily on food purchases. These findings underscore the urgent need to safeguard the livelihoods of smallholder farmers in the face of climate change. This study recommends that policymakers should focus on policies that enhance the resilience of livelihood assets for farming communities to minimise climatic risk.
Data-Driven Decision Making for Sustainable IT Project Management Excellence
Authors: Pantović Vladan , Vidojević Dejan , Vujičić Slađana , Sofijanić Svetozar , Jovanović-Milenković Marina
Published: April 2024

In today’s rapidly evolving technological landscape, effective management of information technology (IT) projects is paramount for organizational success. However, ensuring sustainability in IT project management remains a persistent challenge. This paper proposes a novel approach centered on data-driven strategies to enhance sustainability and excellence in IT project management. By harnessing the power of data analytics, organizations can derive actionable insights to optimize resource allocation, mitigate risks, and streamline project workflows. The integration of data-driven decision making processes enables project managers to make informed choices, fostering adaptability and resilience in the face of dynamic project environments. This research explores the utilization of IT software project performance metrics and historical project data to fuel analysis of how strategies drive business sustainability. Moreover, this paper examined these dimensions with the help of advanced analytics techniques such as multiple linear regression. By aligning IT project management practices with business sustainability objectives, organizations can enhance project success rates, while minimizing adverse environmental impacts and resource consumption. Prospectively, this kind of research should expand to determining factors for the adoption of data-driven strategies to empower organizations to achieve sustainable IT project management excellence, ensuring long-term competitiveness and value creation in a digitalized world.
Sensitivity-Based Permutation to Balance Geometric Inaccuracies in Modular Structures
Authors: Forman Patrick , Ahrens Mark Alexander , Mark Peter
Published: April 2024

In modular structures, inaccuracies of the modules superimpose over the entire structure. Depending on the placement of the modules, these inaccuracies have (different) effects on stresses and total deformations. Especially for structures with many individual modules, it is favorable to place them according to their influence. To cover structural diversity, column-, beam-, and wall-like modular structures made from plane modules are investigated. In numerical simulation, geometric inaccuracies are applied via an equivalent temperature approach, which allows almost arbitrary nodal deviations of the modules. With the elementary effects method, the sensitivities of the modules’ inaccuracies regarding their structural impact can be determined with minimal computational effort. On a predefined control node, the overall structural inaccuracies are examined in a simplified manner. Column-like structures experience higher deformations due to inclination than beam-like or wall-like structures. For column-like, the bottommost modules are decisive for the overall inaccuracy, as they contribute significantly to the inclination. By contrast, modules at the supports are identified as particularly sensitive for beam- and wall-like structures. Controlling module placement towards their mean absolute influence, the deformation at the control node is mathematically reduced by at least 43% compared to random placement. Thereby, even modules that do not comply with tolerance requirements for structural components can be used in areas of low influence for a sustainable and low-waste design.
An Improved Slack Based Measure Model for Evaluating Green Innovation Efficiency Based on Asymmetric Data
Authors: Chen Limei , Xie Xiaohan , Tao Siyun
Published: April 2024

Nowadays, one of the main challenges facing green innovation management is how to enhance the performance of innovation processes by utilizing asymmetric input and output data. Therefore, this paper develops an improved SBM model analysis framework for evaluating the green innovation efficiency of asymmetric input and output data. The framework is applied to assess the technical (TE), managerial (PTE), and scale (SE) efficiencies of new energy companies under three input variables (R&D personnel input, R&D capital input, and comprehensive energy consumption input), two desirable output variables (green technology output and economic output), and one undesirable output variable (greenhouse gas emissions). Then, environmental factors and random factors are eliminated from the obtained input slack variables based on the SFA model, placing decision-making units in a homogeneous environment. The results demonstrate that TE, PTE, and SE are improved after eliminating environmental factors and random factors. Subsequently, based on the entropy method, this paper classifies companies’ green innovation patterns into four categories and provides targeted solutions. The purpose of this paper is to provide an evaluation method for new energy companies to understand green innovation efficiency and assist decision makers in identifying the most optimal resource allocation approach. The proposed improved SBM model contributes to the literature and to industry practice by (1) providing a reliable evaluation of green innovation efficiency under asymmetric input and output data; (2) determining effective improvement actions based on a slack analysis of environmental variables and random variables that lead to improved process performance; and (3) making fuzzy innovation performance efficient to facilitate understanding and managing innovation resource allocation quality.
Carbon Fiber Polymer Reinforced 3D Printed Composites for Centrifugal Pump Impeller Manufacturing
Authors: Mansour Gabriel , Papageorgiou Vasileios , Tzetzis Dimitrios
Published: April 2024

Centrifugal pumps are used extensively in various everyday applications. The occurrence of corrosion phenomena during operation often leads to the failure of a pump’s operating components, such as the impeller. The present research study examines the utilization of composite materials for fabricating centrifugal pump components using additive manufacturing as an effort to fabricate corrosion resistant parts. To achieve the latter two nanocomposite materials, carbon fiber reinforced polyamide and carbon fiber reinforced polyphenylene sulfide were compared with two metal alloys, cast iron and brass, which are currently used in pump impeller manufacturing. The mechanical properties of the materials are extracted by performing a series of experiments, such as uniaxial tensile tests, nanoindentation and scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination of the specimen’s fracture area. Then, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is performed using various impeller designs to determine the fluid pressure exerted on the impeller’s geometry during its operation. Finally, the maximum power rating of an impeller that can be made from such composites will be determined using a static finite element model (FEM). The FEM static model is developed by integrating the data collected from the experiments with the results obtained from the CFD analysis. The current research work shows that nanocomposites can potentially be used for developing impellers with rated power of up to 9.41 kW.
Ferulic Acid Derivatives Ameliorate Intestine Barrier Destruction by Alleviating Inflammatory Responses in Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Kim Yeon-Yong , Hur Gayeong , Jang Hyun-Jae , Jeong Seungwon , Lee Seung Woong , Lee Seung-Jae , Rho Mun-Chual , Kim Sang-Hyun , Lee Soyoung
Published: April 2024

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a chronic disorder affecting the colon and rectum, involves the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines causing damage to tight junctions (TJ) in the intestinal epithelial cells and chronic inflammation. The current mainstay of treatment, sulfasalazine, often causes adverse effects, thereby necessitating the exploration of alternative herbal medicines with fewer side effects. Portulaca oleracea L. (P. oleracea), a traditional medicinal herb, contains feruloyl amide compounds. We synthesized new compounds by conjugating ferulic acid (FA) with (±)-octopamine. Our study focused on novel FA derivatives that demonstrate protective effects against the intestinal epithelial barrier and inflammatory responses. In lipopolysaccharide-induced cells, C1 and C1a inhibited the production of inflammatory mediators. In Caco-2 cells, these compounds maintained the TJ protein expression, thereby demonstrating their protective effects on the epithelial barrier. In a mouse model of dextran sulfate sodium-induced IBD, a treatment with these compounds ameliorated features including a body weight reduction, colon shortening, an increased disease activity index, and histopathological changes. Furthermore, C1a demonstrated greater efficacy than C1 at the same concentration. These findings suggest that the novel FA derivative (C1a) effectively alleviates clinical signs and inflammatory mediators in IBD, making these compounds potential candidates as natural medicines for the treatment of IBD.
The Post-Transcriptional Regulatory Element of Hepatitis B Virus: From Discovery to Therapy
Authors: Mouzannar Karim , Schauer Anne , Liang T. Jake
Published: April 2024

The post-transcriptional regulatory element (PRE) is present in all HBV mRNAs and plays a major role in their stability, nuclear export, and enhancement of viral gene expression. Understanding PRE’s structure, function, and mode of action is essential to leverage its potential as a therapeutic target. A wide range of PRE-based reagents and tools have been developed and assessed in preclinical and clinical settings for therapeutic and biotechnology applications. This manuscript aims to provide a systematic review of the characteristics and mechanism of action of PRE, as well as elucidating its current applications in basic and clinical research. Finally, we discuss the promising opportunities that PRE may provide to antiviral development, viral biology, and potentially beyond.
Body Weight as a Preferred Method for Normalizing the Computed Tomography-Derived Liver Volume in Dogs without Hepatic Disease
Authors: Kinoshita Kosuke , Moore George , Murakami Masahiro
Published: April 2024

The assessment of liver size is usually performed using radiography in dogs. However, due to wide variations in patients’ sizes and body conformations, accurate diagnosis of hepatomegaly or microhepatia is difficult. Computed tomographic (CT) volumetry can quantitatively and accurately measure liver volume. However, a reliable method for the standardization or normalization of volume in dogs without hepatic disease using CT has not yet been established. The purpose of this study was to assess seven different anatomic measures for normalizing liver volume in dogs and determine the tentative range of liver volume in dogs without hepatic disease. We retrospectively searched medical records from 1 January 2017 through to 1 June 2020 and included dogs with abdominal computed tomography without hepatic disease. The liver volume, lengths of four vertebrae (T11, T12, L2, L3), diameter of the abdominal aorta, body weight, and body condition scores (BCSs) of the dogs were recorded. Forty-one client-owned dogs without evidence of hepatic disease were included. The CT-derived liver volume was 813.8 ± 326.5 cm3 (mean ± SD). Body weight was determined to be the most reliable single-variable method for normalizing liver volume, with a raw CT-derived liver-volume-to-body-weight ratio of 22.1 cm3/kg (95% CI: 12.9–31.3 cm3/kg) and regression prediction model of volume = 19 × BWkg + 97. However, a better normalizing factor would likely be provided by the fat-free mass if it can be accurately measured.
Unveiling Torrential Flood Dynamics: A Comprehensive Study of Spatio-Temporal Patterns in the Šumadija Region, Serbia
Authors: Petrović Ana M. , Leščešen Igor , Radevski Ivan
Published: April 2024

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of flood frequency and a spatio-temporal characterization of historical torrential floods in the Šumadija region using water discharge datasets and documented events. A chronology of 344 recorded torrential flood events, spanning from 1929 to 2020, illustrates the region’s vulnerability, with a death toll exceeding 43. The study defines the intra-annual primary and secondary peaks of torrential flood occurrences and explains their spatial distribution. Furthermore, the identification of suitable probability distribution functions underscores the necessity of tailored approaches for effective flood risk management in this diverse geographical environment. The study employed Flood Frequency Analysis (FFA) and goodness-of-fit tests, including the Kolmogorov–Smirnov (K-S) and Cramér–von Mises (CvM) tests, to assess the frequency and magnitude of flood events and evaluate diverse distribution functions. The main results include the identification of suitable probability distribution functions for each river within the region, emphasizing the need for tailored approaches in flood risk management. Additionally, discharge values for various return periods offer crucial insights for informed decision-making in flood risk management and infrastructure planning.
An Integration of Logistic Regression and Geographic Information System for Development of a Landslide Hazard Index to Land Use: A Case Study in Pingtung County in Southern Taiwan
Authors: Tseng Chih-Ming , Chen Yie-Ruey , Tsai Ching-Ya , Hsieh Shun-Chieh
Published: April 2024

In Taiwan, mountainous areas account for approximately two-thirds of the total area. The steep terrain and concentrated rainfall during typhoons cause landslides, which pose a considerable threat to mountain settlements. Therefore, models for analyzing rainfall-induced landslide hazards are urgently required to ensure adequate land use in mountainous areas. In this study, focusing on Pingtung County in southern Taiwan, we developed a landslide hazard index (IRL) to land use. Using FORMOSA-2 and SPOT-5 satellite images, data were collected before and after four typhoons (one in 2009 and three in 2013). The ArcGIS random tree classifier was used for interpreting satellite images to explore surface changes and disasters, which were used to analyze slope disturbances. The product of the maximum 3-h rolling rainfall intensity and effective accumulated rainfall was used as a rainfall trigger index (IRT). Considering environmental and slope disturbance factors, an index of slope environmental strength potential (ISESP) was developed through logistic regression (LR). Landslide hazard to land use was estimated using IRT and ISESP. The average coefficient of agreement (Kappa) was approximately 0.71 (medium to high accuracy); the overall accuracy of slope environmental strength potential analysis was approximately 80.4%. At a constant ISESP, IRT increased with the increasing hazard potential of rainfall-induced landslides. Furthermore, IRT and ISESP were positively correlated with landslide occurrence. When large ISESP values occur (e.g., fragile environment and high land development intensity), small IRT values may induce landslides.
Study on Multi-Measures Joint Optimization Regulation of Temperature Control and Ice Melting for Water Conveyance Projects in Cold Regions
Authors: Yang Deming , Lian Jijian , Zhao Xin , Chen Yunfei
Published: April 2024

In order to realize the goal of ice-free water conveyance in the winter for water conveyance projects in cold regions, the operation principle of ice-free water conveyance through channels is described based on the two ice-melting measures of a solar heating gallery and heated storage tank. Based on the multi-year meteorological data and the theory of a product probability event, the concept of a “comprehensive satisfaction rate” was proposed, and then the joint optimal regulating model under two ice-melting measures was established, and the genetic algorithm was used to solve the problem, which solved the important limitations of the economic and efficiency optimization of different ice-melting measures. This paper applies this model to the Zhanghe control gate–Mangniuhe control gate section of the middle route of the South-to-North Water Transfer Project. According to the optimization analysis of a large number of operating conditions, the operating costs of the ice-melting measures have also increased with the increase in the comprehensive satisfy rate. In the operation process, the water temperature along the lines presents a “ladder-like” shape. The average hourly flow and average hourly water temperature of the heated water storage tank have the characteristics of overall unity and local complementarity. With the increase in the water flow and downstream depth before the gate, its operating cost also increases. The increase in the flow velocity at the same time can increase the heat transfer efficiency, reducing the operating costs. In addition, the water temperature of the channel with a solar heating gallery decreased more slowly than that without a solar heating gallery due to its good thermal insulation effect.
Modification of Polylactide-poly (butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PLA/PBAT) Mixed-Matrix Membranes (MMMs) with Green Banana Peel Additives for Oil Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Ghadhban Maryam Y. , Rashid Khalid T. , Abdulrazak Adnan A. , Ibrahim Israa Taha , Alsalhy Qusay F. , Shakor Zaidoon M. , Hamawand Ihsan
Published: April 2024

Ultrafiltration membranes are often considered a highly efficient technique for purifying oily wastewater. The primary objective of this research was to improve the performance and antifouling properties of PLA/PBAT membranes used in oily wastewater treatment by incorporating banana peel (BP) nanoparticles. Various characterization techniques, including field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), wettability analysis, pure water flux measurement, porosity assessment, tensile analysis, and FTIR analysis, were employed to describe the prepared membranes. The results of the FT-IR test revealed that BP nanoparticles were effectively integrated into the PLA/PBAT membrane matrix. The contact angle decreased from 73.7° for the pristine PLA/PBAT membrane to 38.99° for the membrane incorporating 0.05 wt.% BP-NPs, indicating that the nanoparticles enhanced the hydrophilic characteristics of the membranes. A similar trend was observed for the pure water flux of PLA/PBAT/BP membranes, suggesting that membranes with a BP-NP concentration of 0.05 weight percent exhibited the highest pure water flux. This improvement can be attributed to the synergistic effects of the nanoparticles. Additionally, the presence of BP-NPs enhanced the mechanical properties of the membranes. Finally, an ultrafiltration system using oily wastewater as feed was employed to evaluate the performance of the prepared membranes. The finding demonstrated that PLA/PBAT/BP membranes exhibited a higher flux and a greater oil removal efficiency of 105.3 L/m2h and 95.2% compared to neat PLA/PBAT membranes (62 L/m2h and 88%), respectively.
A Data Assimilation Methodology to Analyze the Unsaturated Seepage of an Earth–Rockfill Dam Using Physics-Informed Neural Networks Based on Hybrid Constraints
Authors: Dai Qianwei , Zhou Wei , He Run , Yang Junsheng , Zhang Bin , Lei Yi
Published: April 2024

Data assimilation for unconfined seepage analysis has faced significant challenges due to hybrid causes, such as sparse measurements, heterogeneity of porous media, and computationally expensive forward models. To address these bottlenecks, this paper introduces a physics-informed neural network (PINN) model to resolve the data assimilation problem for seepage analysis of unsaturated earth–rockfill dams. This strategy offers a solution that decreases the reliance on numerical models and enables an accurate and efficient prediction of seepage parameters for complex models in the case of sparse observational data. For the first attempt in this study, the observed values are obtained by random sampling of numerical solutions, which are then contributed to the synchronous constraints in the loss function by informing both the seepage control equations and boundary conditions. To minimize the effects of sharp gradient shifts in seepage parameters within the research domain, a residual adaptive refinement (RAR) constraint is introduced to strategically allocate training points around positions with significant residuals in partial differential equations (PDEs), which could facilitate enhancing the prediction accuracy. The model’s effectiveness and precision are evaluated by analyzing the proposed strategy against the numerical solutions. The results indicate that even with limited sparse data, the PINN model has great potential to predict seepage data and identify complex structures and anomalies inside the dam. By incorporating coupling constraints, the validity of our PINN model could lead to theoretically viable applications of hydrogeophysical inversion or multi-parameter seepage inversion. The results show that the proposed framework can predict the seepage parameters for the entire research domain with only a small amount of observation data. Furthermore, with a small amount of observation data, PINNs are able to obtain more accurate results than purely data-driven DNNs.
The Impact of Climate Change on the Failure of Water Supply Infrastructure: A Bibliometric Analysis of the Current State of Knowledge
Authors: Żywiec Jakub , Szpak Dawid , Wartalska Katarzyna , Grzegorzek Martyna
Published: April 2024

With ongoing climate change, new threats appear to the operation of water supply systems (WSSs), which are related to the amount of available drinking water resources, its quality, the operation of existing water supply infrastructure and changes in consumer behavior. The paper presents a bibliometric analysis of the state of knowledge on the impact of climate change on the failure of water supply infrastructure. The bibliometric analysis was performed based on the VOSviewer program. The results of the analysis indicate current research trends in this area around the world and allow the identification of strengths and weaknesses. Most research concerns the identification of factors related to the impact of climate on the failure rate of water distribution systems. A popular research topic was also the prediction of water supply network failures, taking into account the impact of climatic factors. The main research gap is determining the impact of climate change on water quality. The acquired knowledge can be used by water companies, policy-makers and other researchers to plan adaptation strategies to climate change, which pose new challenges for the operation of water supply systems. The conducted bibliometric analysis also allowed for identifying research gaps.
EFFICACY OF DISTAL REVASCULARIZATION IN PATIENTS WITH CRITICAL LIMB ISCHEMIA
Authors: Belyaev Aleksandr Nazarovich , Dudorov Ivan Ivanovich , Pol'kina Irina Sergeevna
Published: April 2024

Critical limb ischemia (CLI) leads to an increase in the above-the-knee amputations and mortality, which can reach 40 %.
The aim of the study is to improve the results of treatment in patients with CLI by including endovasal revascularization methods in complex therapy.
Materials and Methods. The results of surgeries on lower limb arteries in 189 patients were analyzed; among them 110 patients were diagnosed with CLI. The study enrolled 74 men (67.3 %), and 36 women (32.7 %). The average age was 68 years old. Patients underwent color duplex ultrasound scanning (CDUS) and CT angiography. Along with surgical revascularization, patients were prescribed antibacterial, anticoagulant, antiplatelet and insulin therapy (those with diabetes mellitus).
Results. 110 patients with CLI underwent endovascular revascularization: balloon angioplasty – 110 (100 %), stenting – 54 (49.1 %), hybrid surgeries – 9 (8.2 %), atherectomy and mechanical aspiration – 9 (8.2 %). 88 patients with CLI (80 %) were also diagnosed with multilevel lower extremity arterial disease, and only 22 patients (20 %) had segmental lesions. Above-the-knee amputation was performed in 4 patients, below-the-knee amputation was conducted in 2 patients. Out of 110 patients, 7 people died (6 %). Out of 103 patients, 97 people (94 %) preserved foot balancing function.
Conclusion. In patients with CLI and distal arterial bed, endovascular revascularization prevented above-the-knee amputation in 94%. Thus, it allowed us to maintain foot balancing function in patients.
L’acquisition des structures sonores du langage par l’enfant et les tendances phonologiques des langues du monde
Authors: Vallée Nathalie , Boë Louis-Jean
Published: April 2024

En nous plaçant dans le cadre d’une linguistique orientée vers l’étude de la substance, nous tentons de montrer que les grandes tendances des structures sonores des langues du monde peuvent s’expliquer, en partie, par des contraintes sensori-motrices. Nous replaçons cette hypothèse dans le cadre historique de l’émergence de la phonologie, à la fin des années 1920. Nous illustrons ensuite — dans la voie ouverte par Liljencrants et Lindblom en 1972 — la possibilité d’une substantialisation de la phonologie grâce aux avancées de la phonétique dans les domaines de la typologie des langues et de l’interprétation des données de l’ontogenèse de la parole. Nous présentons un ensemble de tendances universelles des systèmes consonantiques et des structures syllabiques des lexiques des langues que nous rapprochons de données de la littérature sur l’acquisition du langage, du babillage canonique à l’acquisition des contrôles.
Influence of educational environment on the formation of skills among future professionals
Authors: Marchenko Olga , Fedorenko Olena , Kovalenko Yuliya , Pavlyk Olena , Lukin Bohdan
Published: April 2024

This research aims to explore the impact of educational environment factors within higher education institutions on the process of shaping professional (Hard Skills) and social competencies (Soft Skills) of future professionals. The proposed study falls within the realm of mixed-method scientific inquiry, as it encompasses the synthesis of theoretical analysis of scholarly concepts relevant to the article’s core ideas, a factor analysis of empirical data collected to quantify the influence of external and internal educational environment factors, as well as qualitative generalizations drawn from the results of the factor analysis. Empirical data collection was conducted through the observation of a student group (n = 925) utilizing methods such as surveys, questionnaires, testing, and interviews. The findings of this research are valuable for informing the implementation of models for graduates of higher education institutions. The study revealed that future professionals are expected to have not only hard skills but also develop soft skills, the formation of which should occur in parallel.
Flexible Optical Fiber Sensing: Materials, Methodologies, and Applications
Authors: Gan Jiulin , Yang Anping , Guo Qianyi , Yang Zhongmin
Published: April 2024

Advances in stretchable and flexible sensors are meeting the demands of an expanding range of applications, such as wearable healthcare, in vivo monitoring, and soft interactive robots. Unlike conventional rigid sensors, soft and elastic material-based flexible sensors are more adaptable to applied objects which involve dynamic and irregular surfaces. Flexible optical fiber sensors offer superior advantages over conventional flexible electronic sensors, including high sensitivity, rapid response time, high biocompatibility, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and enhanced safety. These desirable features have propelled them to become a prominent category, witnessing substantial advancements in recent years. This technology has successfully facilitated a diverse range of applications, such as human health monitoring, biological measurements, and human-machine interfaces. In this review, we provide a concise overview of the latest developments in flexible optical fiber sensing, focusing on key aspects, including preparation materials, methodologies, and applications. Furthermore, we provide valuable insights into the potential challenges and opportunities that lie ahead in this field of sensing technology.
Superior Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Generation through Phactr3-Driven Mechanomodulation of Both Early and Late Phases of Cell Reprogramming
Authors: Chowdhury Mohammad Mahfuz , Zimmerman Samuel , Leeson Hannah , Nefzger Christian Maximilian , Mar Jessica Cara , Laslett Andrew , Polo Jose Maria , Wolvetang Ernst , Cooper-White Justin John
Published: April 2024

Human cell reprogramming traditionally involves time-intensive, multistage, costly tissue culture polystyrene-based cell culture practices that ultimately produce low numbers of reprogrammed cells of variable quality. Previous studies have shown that very soft 2- and 3-dimensional hydrogel substrates/matrices (of stiffnesses ≤ 1 kPa) can drive ~2× improvements in human cell reprogramming outcomes. Unfortunately, these similarly complex multistage protocols lack intrinsic scalability, and, furthermore, the associated underlying molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated, limiting the potential to further maximize reprogramming outcomes. In screening the largest range of polyacrylamide (pAAm) hydrogels of varying stiffness to date (1 kPa to 1.3 MPa), we have found that a medium stiffness gel (~100 kPa) increased the overall number of reprogrammed cells by up to 10-fold (10×), accelerated reprogramming kinetics, improved both early and late phases of reprogramming, and produced induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) having more naïve characteristics and lower remnant transgene expression, compared to the gold standard tissue culture polystyrene practice. Functionalization of these pAAm hydrogels with poly-
l
-dopamine enabled, for the first-time, continuous, single-step reprogramming of fibroblasts to iPSCs on hydrogel substrates (noting that even the tissue culture polystyrene practice is a 2-stage process). Comparative RNA sequencing analyses coupled with experimental validation revealed that a novel reprogramming regulator, protein phosphatase and actin regulator 3, up-regulated under the gel condition at a very early time point, was responsible for the observed enhanced reprogramming outcomes. This study provides a novel culture protocol and substrate for continuous hydrogel-based cell reprogramming and previously unattained clarity of the underlying mechanisms via which substrate stiffness modulates reprogramming kinetics and iPSC quality outcomes.
Associations of Deforestation and Predator Species Richness with the Spillover Risk of Hendra Virus in Australia
Authors: Chang Taehee , Cho Sung-il , Min Kyung-Duk
Published: April 2024

Hendra virus (HeV) is a highly pathogenic virus causing fatalities in humans and horses for which the natural reservoir is pteropid bats (also called flying foxes). Anthropogenic stressors, such as land-use change and biodiversity loss, may increase the risk of cross-species transmission from the reservoir to horses by increasing the activity of the reservoir and subsequently its contact with horses. However, only a few studies have investigated the effect of environmental changes on spillover events. This study aims to investigate the impacts of deforestation and predator species richness on HeV spillover in Australia. Historical records of HeV outbreaks on horse farms in Australia were collated as an outcome variable. The study area was divided into 0.5° × 0.5° grids and categorized based on reported HeV occurrences. Open-source data for wildlife occurrences and estimated deforestation level were used as the major explanatory variables, representing predator species richness and deforestation, respectively. Logistic regression models were employed to estimate the associations. The results showed that higher Carnivora species richness was associated with lower odds of HeV spillover (odds ratio = 0.01; 95% confidence interval = 0.00 to 0.17). However, the degree of deforestation did not significantly affect HeV occurrence. Altogether, these findings demonstrate potential effects of predator species richness on suppressing cross-species spillover. Follow-up studies are highly recommended to elaborate on these associations.
A High-Resolution Simulation of Forest Ecosystem Carbon Budget Change with Complex Terrain
Authors: Song Yunkun , Yan Xiaodong
Published: April 2024

Forest ecosystems represent important carbon sinks within terrestrial ecosystems. Simulating carbon budgets in forest ecosystems located within complex terrains forms the foundation for understanding global carbon cycle dynamics. In this study, employing the FORCCHN model and utilizing mountain climate data as forcing parameters, the impact of the terrain factors of the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve on carbon budget change in 1998–2017 was studied. The dynamics and distribution patterns of carbon fluxes at different slope aspects and elevations were discussed. Findings demonstrated that between 1998 and 2017, the per-unit area gross primary production (GPP), net primary production (NPP), and net ecosystem production (NEP) for the Changbai Mountain Reserve were 839.35, 462.03, and 192.72 gC m
−2
a
−1
, respectively. The carbon fluxes varied significantly with elevation: the GPP of the north, south, and west and the NPP of the east, south, and west decreased, and the NEP of the south and west increased. The total amount in GPP and NPP of the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve fluctuated slightly year by year, but the carbon sequestration capacity decreased from year to year. The reserve had an average annual total GPP, NPP, and NEP of 1.62, 0.89, and 0.37 TgC a
−1
, respectively. The north was the strongest carbon sink in the study area, contributing 35.98%, 35.88%, and 36.80% to the total amount of GPP, NPP, and NEP, respectively. This study emphasized the significance of precise mountain meteorological data to accurately quantify the carbon fluxes of mountain forest ecosystems.
Implantation of Solid Electrolyte Interphase Stabilizer within High-Capacity Silicon Electrode Enabling Enhanced Battery Performance
Authors: Wang Xiaohong , Li Chunhao , Chen Zihe , Sun Yongming
Published: April 2024

The commercial application of high-capacity silicon (Si) anode in lithium-ion batteries is limited by the marked volume expansion and continuous interface side reactions between the active material and the electrolyte. To address the issues, one popular strategy is to induce functional salt additives to the electrolyte, which could help to construct a robust solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) to resist the undesirable parasitic reactions and fast electrode failure. However, there exists the shortness of the dependency in the solubility of the additive salt and the possible homogeneity of the SEI. In light of this, we propose an innovative method of incorporating an SEI stabilization regent, exemplified by lithium difluorooxalate borate (LiDFOB), in the Si anode. This approach facilitates the effective utilization of the functional SEI stabilizer and impressively enhances the presence of inorganic compounds within the SEI. The resultant stable SEI effectively impedes interfacial side reactions, mitigates substantial expansion/contraction, and promotes the transport of Li
+
ions. As a result, the Si electrode incorporated with LiDFOB displays superior long cycle life and enhanced rate capability, indicating the advancement of planting LiDFOB in the electrode in promoting the development of advanced high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries.
Spatial and Temporal Variations of Thermal Contrast in the Planetary Boundary Layer
Authors: Di Gioacchino Tommaso , Clarisse Lieven , Noppen Lara , Van Damme Martin , Bauduin Sophie , Coheur Pierre
Published: April 2024

High-spectral resolution infrared sounders on board satellites can measure atmospheric trace gases confined to the planetary boundary layer (PBL). However, their sensitivity to the PBL depends on the temperature difference between the surface and the atmosphere, the so-called thermal contrast (TC). After reviewing the physical aspects of TC and how it drives measurement sensitivity, we characterize the global and temporal behavior of TC in clear-sky conditions. Combining land surface temperatures from the Copernicus Global Land Services dataset with air temperatures from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis v5, we obtain global monthly averages of TC at high spatial (31 km) and temporal (1 h) resolution. TCs are analyzed as a function of time of the day, time of the year, location and land cover. Daytime maxima are observed from 1130 to 1330 local time, from 5–10 K in winter to 10–30 K in summer. A large dependency on land cover type is observed, both in the magnitude of the daily variations, and in the seasonality. For bare soils, shrublands, sparse and herbaceous vegetation, a maximum is seen in summer with daily TC amplitudes over 30 K. In contrast, for forests, wetlands, and croplands, the seasonal maximum occurs in spring, with daily variations below 15 K. Nighttime TCs typically range between −5 and −10 K. Occasionally, very favorable nighttime measurement conditions occur during winter and autumn due to large temperature inversions. Throughout the paper, we illustrate important concepts by means of satellite observations of NH
3
over the Po Valley (Italy).