bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Data‐Driven Shape Analysis and Processing
Authors: Xu Kai , Kim Vladimir G. , Huang Qixing , Kalogerakis Evangelos
Published: February 2016

Data‐driven methods serve an increasingly important role in discovering geometric, structural and semantic relationships between shapes. In contrast to traditional approaches that process shapes in isolation of each other, data‐driven methods aggregate information from 3D model collections to improve the analysis, modelling and editing of shapes. Data‐driven methods are also able to learn computational models that reason about properties and relationships of shapes without relying on hard‐coded rules or explicitly programmed instructions. Through reviewing the literature, we provide an overview of the main concepts and components of these methods, as well as discuss their application to classification, segmentation, matching, reconstruction, modelling and exploration, as well as scene analysis and synthesis. We conclude our report with ideas that can inspire future research in data‐driven shape analysis and processing.
Single‐staged vs. two‐staged implant placement using bone ring technique in vertically deficient alveolar ridges – Part 1: histomorphometric and micro‐CT analysis
Authors: Nakahara Ken , Haga‐Tsujimura Maiko , Sawada Kosaku , Kobayashi Eizaburo , Mottini Matthias , Schaller Benoit , Saulacic Nikola
Published: February 2016

Background

Simultaneous implant placement with bone grafting shortens the overall treatment period, but might lead to the peri‐implant bone loss or even implant failure. The aim of this study was to compare the single‐staged to two‐staged implant placement using the bone ring technique.

Material and methods

Four standardized alveolar bone defects were made in the mandibles of nine dogs. Dental implants (Straumann BL®, Basel, Switzerland) were inserted simultaneously with bone ring technique in test group and after 6 months of healing period in control group. Animals of both groups were euthanized at 3 and 6 months of osseointegration period. The harvested samples were analyzed by means of histology and micro‐CT.

Results

The amount of residual bone decreased while the amount of new bone increased up to 9 months of healing period. All morphometric parameters remained stable between 3 and 6 months of osseointegration period within groups. Per a given time point, median area of residual bone graft was higher in test group and area of new bone in control group. The volume of bone ring was greater in test than in control group, reaching the significance at 6 months of osseointegration period (P = 0.002).

Conclusions

In the present type of bone defect, single‐staged implant placement may be potentially useful to shorten an overall treatment period.
One Among Many: Anaphoric One and Its Relationship With Numeral One
Authors: Goldberg Adele E. , Michaelis Laura A.
Published: February 2016

Oneanaphora (e.g.,this is a good one) has been used as a key diagnostic in syntactic analyses of the English noun phrase, and “one‐replacement” has also figured prominently in debates about the learnability of language. However, much of this work has been based on faulty premises, as a few perceptive researchers, including Ray Jackendoff, have made clear. Abandoning the view of anaphoricone(a‐one) as a form of syntactic replacement allows us to take a fresh look at various uses of the wordone. In the present work, we investigate its use as a cardinal number (1‐one) in order to better understand its anaphoric use. Like all cardinal numbers, 1‐onecan only quantify an individuated entity and provides an indefinite reading by default. Owing to unique combinatoric properties, cardinal numbers defy consistent classification as determiners, quantifiers, adjectives, or nouns. Once the semantics and distribution of cardinal numbers, including 1‐one, are appreciated, many properties ofa‐onefollow with minimal stipulation. We claim that 1‐oneanda‐oneare distinct but very closely related lexemes. When 1‐oneappears without a noun (e.g.,Takeone), it is nearly indistinguishable froma‐one(e.g.,takeone)—the only differences being interpretive (1‐oneforegrounds its cardinality whilea‐onedoes not) and prosodic (presence versus absence of primary accent). While we ultimately argue that a family of constructions is required to describe the full range of syntactic contexts in whichoneappears, the proposed network accounts for properties ofa‐oneby allowing it to inherit most of its syntactic and interpretive constraints from its historical predecessor, 1‐one.
Multivariate pattern classification of pediatric Tourette syndrome using functional connectivity MRI
Authors: Greene Deanna J. , Church Jessica A. , Dosenbach Nico U.F. , Nielsen Ashley N. , Adeyemo Babatunde , Nardos Binyam , Petersen Steven E. , Black Kevin J. , Schlaggar Bradley L.
Published: February 2016

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a developmental neuropsychiatric disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics. Individuals with TS would benefit greatly from advances in prediction of symptom timecourse and treatment effectiveness. As a first step, we applied a multivariate method – support vector machine (SVM) classification – to test whether patterns in brain network activity, measured with resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) MRI, could predict diagnostic group membership for individuals. RSFC data from 42 children with TS (8–15 yrs) and 42 unaffected controls (age, IQ, in‐scanner movement matched) were included. While univariate tests identified no significant group differences, SVM classified group membership with ~70% accuracy (p < .001). We also report a novel adaptation of SVM binary classification that, in addition to an overall accuracy rate for the SVM, provides a confidence measure for the accurate classification of each individual. Our results support the contention that multivariate methods can better capture the complexity of some brain disorders, and hold promise for predicting prognosis and treatment outcome for individuals with TS.
helminthR: an R interface to the London Natural History Museum's Host–Parasite Database
Authors: Dallas Tad
Published: February 2016

The understanding of the diversity and distribution of helminth parasites is currently constrained by the limited number of host–parasite interaction databases, and the difficulty in accessing existing data. The London Natural History Museum's Host–Parasite Database represents one such underutilized database, containing over a quarter million helminth parasite occurrence records, accessible through a web interface. To enable users to programmatically search and manipulate data from this database, I developed an R package called helminthR. Here, I introduce the core functions of the package, and detail how helminthR can be used to obtain host–parasite interaction records, citations for interactions, and host taxonomic data.
Subcellular calcium dynamics during juvenile development in mouse hippocampal astrocytes
Authors: Nakayama Ryota , Sasaki Takuya , Tanaka Kenji F. , Ikegaya Yuji
Published: February 2016

Astrocytes generate calcium signals throughout their fine processes, which are assumed to locally regulate neighbouring neurotransmission and blood flow. The intercellular morphological relationships mature during juvenile periods when astrocytes elongate highly ramified processes. In this study, we examined developmental changes in calcium activity patterns of single hippocampal astrocytes using a transgenic mouse line in which astrocytes selectively express a genetically encoded calcium indicator, Yellow Cameleon‐Nano50. Compared with postnatal day 7, astrocytes at postnatal day 30 showed larger subcellular calcium events and a greater proportion of somatic events. At both ages, the calcium activity was abolished by removal of extracellular calcium ions. Calcium events in late juvenile astrocytes were not affected by spontaneously occurring sharp waves that trigger synchronized neuronal spikes, implying the independence of astrocyte calcium signals from neuronal synchronization. These results demonstrate that astrocytes undergo dynamic changes in their activity patterns during juvenile development.
Microglia‐derived purines modulate mossy fibre synaptic transmission and plasticity through P2X4 and A1 receptors
Authors: George Jimmy , Cunha Rodrigo A. , Mulle Christophe , Amédée Thierry
Published: February 2016

Recent data have provided evidence that microglia, the brain‐resident macrophage‐like cells, modulate neuronal activity in both physiological and pathophysiological conditions, and microglia are therefore now recognized as synaptic partners. Among different neuromodulators, purines, which are produced and released by microglia, have emerged as promising candidates to mediate interactions between microglia and synapses. The cellular effects of purines are mediated through a large family of receptors for adenosine and for ATP (P2 receptors). These receptors are present at brain synapses, but it is unknown whether they can respond to microglia‐derived purines to modulate synaptic transmission and plasticity. Here, we used a simple model of adding immune‐challenged microglia to mouse hippocampal slices to investigate their impact on synaptic transmission and plasticity at hippocampal mossy fibre (MF) synapses onto CA3 pyramidal neurons. MF–CA3 synapses show prominent forms of presynaptic plasticity that are involved in the encoding and retrieval of memory. We demonstrate that microglia‐derived ATP differentially modulates synaptic transmission and short‐term plasticity at MF–CA3 synapses by acting, respectively, on presynaptic P2X4 receptors and on adenosine A1 receptors after conversion of extracellular ATP to adenosine. We also report that P2X4 receptors are densely located in the mossy fibre tract in the dentate gyrus–CA3 circuitry. In conclusion, this study reveals an interplay between microglia‐derived purines and MF–CA3 synapses, and highlights microglia as potent modulators of presynaptic plasticity.
Searching for cognitive enhancement in the Morris water maze: better and worse performance in D‐amino acid oxidase knockout (Dao−/−) mice
Authors: Pritchett David , Taylor Amy M , Barkus Christopher , Engle Sandra J , Brandon Nicholas J , Sharp Trevor , Foster Russell G , Harrison Paul J , Peirson Stuart N , Bannerman David M
Published: February 2016

A common strategy when searching for cognitive‐enhancing drugs has been to target the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR), given its putative role in synaptic plasticity and learning. Evidence in favour of this approach has come primarily from studies with rodents using behavioural assays like the Morris water maze. D‐amino acid oxidase (DAO) degrades neutral D‐amino acids such as D‐serine, the primary endogenous co‐agonist acting at the glycine site of the synaptic NMDAR. Inhibiting DAO could therefore provide an effective and viable means of enhancing cognition, particularly in disorders like schizophrenia, in which NMDAR hypofunction is implicated. Indirect support for this notion comes from the enhanced hippocampal long‐term potentiation and facilitated water maze acquisition of ddY/Dao− mice, which lack DAO activity due to a point mutation in the gene. Here, in Dao knockout (Dao−/−) mice, we report both better and worse water maze performance, depending on the radial distance of the hidden platform from the side wall of the pool. Dao−/− mice displayed an increased innate preference for swimming in the periphery of the maze (possibly due to heightened anxiety), which facilitated the discovery of a peripherally located platform, but delayed the discovery of a centrally located platform. By contrast, Dao−/− mice exhibited normal performance in two alternative assays of long‐term spatial memory: the appetitive and aversive Y‐maze reference memory tasks. Taken together, these results question the proposed relationship between DAO inactivation and enhanced long‐term associative spatial memory. They also have generic implications for how Morris water maze studies are performed and interpreted.
An ectomycorrhizal nitrogen economy facilitates monodominance in a neotropical forest
Authors: Corrales Adriana , Mangan Scott A. , Turner Benjamin L. , Dalling James W.
Published: February 2016

Tropical forests are renowned for their high diversity, yet in many sites a single tree species accounts for the majority of the individuals in a stand. An explanation for these monodominant forests remains elusive, but may be linked to mycorrhizal symbioses. We tested three hypotheses by which ectomycorrhizas might facilitate the dominance of the tree, Oreomunnea mexicana, in montane tropical forest in Panama. We tested whether access to ectomycorrhizal networks improved growth and survival of seedlings, evaluated whether ectomycorrhizal fungi promote seedling growth via positive plant–soil feedback, and measured whether Oreomunnea reduced inorganic nitrogen availability. We found no evidence that Oreomunnea benefits from ectomycorrhizal networks or plant–soil feedback. However, we found three‐fold higher soil nitrate and ammonium concentrations outside than inside Oreomunnea‐dominated forest and a correlation between soil nitrate and Oreomunnea abundance in plots. Ectomycorrhizal effects on nitrogen cycling might therefore provide an explanation for the monodominance of ectomycorrhizal tree species worldwide.
Evaluation of the application of the European guidelines for the diagnosis and clinical care of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients in six French ALS centres
Authors: Marin B. , Beghi E. , Vial C. , Bernard E. , Lautrette G. , Clavelou P. , Guy N. , Lemasson G. , Debruxelles S. , Cintas P. , Antoine J. C. , Camdessanche J. P. , Logroscino G. , Preux P. M. , Couratier P. ,   EURECALS consortium
Published: February 2016

Background and purpose

Our objective was to evaluate the extent to which the 2005 recommendations of the European Federation of Neurological Sciences (EFNS) on the multidisciplinary management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are followed in clinical practice.

Methods

This was a multicentre observational study involving six French ALS referral centres receiving prevalent and incident cases. Recommendations were translated into ad hoc questions referring to key aspects of management, and their application was evaluated by a clinical research assistant who independently examined the medical charts (MCs). When necessary, an independent board‐certified neurologist answered the questions based on examination of the MC and interview of the caring neurologist. Questions regarding diagnosis and communication were put to patients in a self‐administered questionnaire.

Results

In all, 376 patients [176 incident, 200 prevalent cases; median age at diagnosis 62.8 years (interquartile range 55.7–72.3); sex ratio 1.37; 27.3% bulbar onset] were included. All the topics covered in the recommendations were evaluated: diagnostic delay (e.g. mean 13.6 months, associated with age and onset); breaking the news (e.g. criteria for communication quality were satisfactory in more than 90%); multidisciplinary and sustained support (e.g. clinic visits were scheduled every 2–3 months in 90%). Also considered were whether riluzole had been offered, symptom management, genetic testing, ventilation, communication defects, enteral nutrition, palliative and end‐of‐life care. Characteristics associated with poor compliance with some guidelines (schedule of visits, delayed riluzole initiation) were also identified.

Conclusion

This is the first evaluation of the application of the EFNS recommendations for the management of ALS in a nationwide sample. The results allow us to highlight areas for improvement.
A bacterial hydrogen‐dependent CO2 reductase forms filamentous structures
Authors: Schuchmann Kai , Vonck Janet , Müller Volker
Published: February 2016

Interconversion of CO2 and formic acid is an important reaction in bacteria. A novel enzyme complex that directly utilizes molecular hydrogen as electron donor for the reversible reduction of CO2 has recently been identified in the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway of an acetogenic bacterium. This pathway is utilized for carbon fixation as well as energy conservation. Here we describe the further characterization of the quaternary structure of this enzyme complex and the unexpected behavior of this enzyme in polymerizing into filamentous structures. Polymerization of metabolic enzymes into similar structures has been observed only in rare cases but the increasing number of examples point towards a more general characteristic of enzyme functioning. Polymerization of the purified enzyme into ordered filaments of more than 0.1 μm in length was only dependent on the presence of divalent cations. Polymerization was a reversible process and connected to the enzymatic activity of the oxygen‐sensitive enzyme with the filamentous form being the most active state.
Seed dispersal by waterbirds in southern Africa: comparing the roles of ectozoochory and endozoochory
Authors: Reynolds Chevonne , Cumming Graeme S.
Published: February 2016

Waterbirds are important seed dispersers and may play a vital role in maintaining connectivity among isolated aquatic communities. Whilst considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the dispersal function of waterbirds, the number of studies is still limited and is largely focused on migratory waterbirds in Europe.

We present the first detailed study of seed dispersal by waterbirds in Africa. We quantified and compared endo‐ and ectozoochory across six waterfowl species at three widely dispersed sampling locations in South Africa and tested for differences between dispersal agents and sampling sites. We also tested for differences in the plant communities dispersed by endo‐ and ectozoochory. All intact and germinating propagules found in freshly collected faecal samples (N = 313) and feather brushings (N = 422) were counted and identified.

A total of 1585 propagules from 48 plant taxa were recovered from the samples. Thirty‐seven per cent of all external brushings and 27% of all faecal samples contained at least one intact propagule and 15 and 8% of the samples contained at least one germinating propagule, respectively. Sampling site had a strong influence on the presence, abundance and germination of propagules recovered from both external and faecal samples. Additionally, sympatric waterfowl showed differences in the abundance and germinability of plant propagules transported by endozoochory.

The presence of at least one propagule was highest in the external samples, but propagule abundance and germination were highest in faecal samples. The community composition of propagules transported by each of these two modes was significantly different, suggesting that endo‐ and ectozoochory are complementary dispersal mechanisms.

Our results indicate an important role for waterbirds in the dispersal of aquatic plants in Africa. While ectozoochory can be an important dispersal mechanism, its effects may be heterogeneous and unpredictable relative to endozoochory. Endozoochory appears to be the more effective and dominant mechanism. Our results also point to a high capacity for the dispersal of exotic species via both ecto‐ and endozoochory.
Spatial and temporal changes in water quality along natural and restored side‐arms of a large New Zealand river
Authors: Ginders Melany A. , Collier Kevin J. , Hamilton David P.
Published: February 2016

Heterogeneity of lateral habitats along large rivers can enhance rates of ecological processes such as nutrient transformations and contaminant sequestration. Consequently, construction or reconnection of hydraulic retention zones such as side‐arms is being widely promoted in river restoration projects, although limited information is available to quantify the benefits to water quality. We sampled natural side‐arms and a reconstructed side‐arm at different phases of hydrological connectivity on a large floodplain river in northern New Zealand to quantify changes to water quality within and between side‐arms, and to determine changes associated with reconnection.

Sampling of seven side‐arm outlets during low flow indicated reduced NO3‐N concentrations but elevated conductivity and total suspended sediment (TSS) compared with the river. Longitudinal changes within disconnected side‐arms were most pronounced at outlet and/or mid‐arm locations where total nitrogen and NO3‐N declined relative to inlets, while TSS and conductivity increased. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen were also markedly reduced in side‐arms during disconnection.

The natural and reconstructed side‐arms displayed different temporal responses to connectivity, with NH4‐N and TSS in particular becoming elevated along the natural side‐arm during low connectivity, while TSS declined and PO4‐P increased along the reconstructed side‐arm. These temporal differences were likely caused by (i) differences in side‐arm age (time since formation) affecting substrate composition, riparian vegetation and hydrological pathways, and (ii) bioturbation by large benthic‐feeding invasive fish which became trapped in natural side‐arms during disconnection.

These results suggest potential for side‐arm reconstruction to influence water quality at the local scale if (i) large invasive fish that mobilise bottom sediments can be excluded at times of disconnection, and (ii) side‐arms are maintained to ensure transformation and attenuation processes persist over time and continue to provide water quality benefits.
Climate change will alter amphibian‐mediated nutrient pathways: evidence from Rana temporaria tadpoles in experimental ponds
Authors: Norlin Linnea , Byström Pär , Karlsson Jan , Johansson Martin , Liess Antonia
Published: February 2016

With global warming, mean temperatures and brownification of many waterbodies are predicted to increase. This may have unknown consequences on aquatic consumer life histories and nutrient content, consumer‐mediated nutrient recycling, and nutrient transport between water and land.

Using a large‐scale experimental pond facility, we altered temperature (ambient/+4 °C) and brownification (clear/humic) in a 2 × 2 factorial design (n = 16 pond sections) to test two aspects of climate change on Rana temporaria tadpole life‐history traits and on tadpole‐mediated nutrient pathways. On day 16 after hatching, we examined tadpole‐mediated nutrient recycling by measuring tadpole nutrient excretion and egestion rates and tadpole body nutrient content. We estimated tadpole growth and development rates from hatching to emergence and measured emergent frog body size and body nutrient content.

Brownification increased total pond water nutrient availability and total pond water nitrogen (N) : phosphorous (P) ratios. Warming positively affected tadpole growth and development rates, whereas browning increased tadpole growth rate only under ambient temperatures. Emergent frog body P content decreased with warming, but only in the clear treatments. But despite these variations in body nutrient content, body stoichiometry remained within a relatively narrow stoichiometric range for both emergent frogs (P content: 1.4–1.8%, N content: 11.4–11.8% and carbon [C] content: 46.9–51.3%) and tadpoles (P content: 1.1–1.2%, N content: 10.1–11.7% and C content: 48.0–50.5%). Warming increased tadpole body P content and browning had a positive effect on tadpole body N content and tadpole N excretion rates, probably mediated by the increased pond water total N availability.

We conclude that warming and brownification will interact in changing aquatic consumer growth and body nutrient stoichiometry. In addition, warming has the potential to affect emergent frog body nutrient content and may thus affect nutrient transport from water to land. Last, by increasing pond water N availability, brownification appears to intensify consumer P limitation and thus amplify consumer‐meditated N recycling.
Grassland responses to increased rainfall depend on the timescale of forcing
Authors: Sullivan Martin J. P. , A.Thomsen Meredith , Suttle K. B.
Published: February 2016

Forecasting impacts of future climate change is an important challenge to biologists, both for understanding the consequences of different emissions trajectories and for developing adaptation measures that will minimize biodiversity loss. Existing variation provides a window into the effects of climate on species and ecosystems, but in many places does not encompass the levels or timeframes of forcing expected under directional climatic change. Experiments help us to fill in these uncertainties, simulating directional shifts to examine outcomes of new levels and sustained changes in conditions. Here, we explore the translation between short‐term responses to climate variability and longer‐term trajectories that emerge under directional climatic change. In a decade‐long experiment, we compare effects of short‐term and long‐term forcings across three trophic levels in grassland plots subjected to natural and experimental variation in precipitation. For some biological responses (plant productivity), responses to long‐term extension of the rainy season were consistent with short‐term responses, while for others (plant species richness, abundance of invertebrate herbivores and predators), there was pronounced divergence of long‐term trajectories from short‐term responses. These differences between biological responses mean that sustained directional changes in climate can restructure ecological relationships characterizing a system. Importantly, a positive relationship between plant diversity and productivity turned negative under one scenario of climate change, with a similar change in the relationship between plant productivity and consumer biomass. Inferences from experiments such as this form an important part of wider efforts to understand the complexities of climate change responses.
Quick and stable parallel puncture of hepatic tumors using a double‐barreled needle direction system for ultrasound‐guided bipolar radiofrequency ablation
Authors: Sakakibara Mitsuru , Ohkawa Kazuyoshi , Imanaka Kazuho , Miyazaki Masanori , Nawa Takatoshi , Kimura Haruki , Abe Yutaro , Katayama Kazuhiro
Published: February 2016

Aim

In bipolar radiofrequency ablation (RFA) therapy, insertion of multiple needles at appropriate points on a target is difficult. The aim of our study was to evaluate a simplified method for multi‐electrode insertion using a newly developed double‐barreled needle guidance system for percutaneous RFA of hepatic tumors.

Methods

RFA using two bipolar electrodes was performed in 15 consecutive patients (nine men, six women; mean age, 72.0 ± 8.2 years) with a solitary small (≤3 cm) hepatic tumor. The first five nodules were treated using the conventional puncture method with the standard attachment, then 10 nodules were ablated using the parallel puncture method with the double‐barreled attachment. The times required for double‐needle placement and the shapes of the ablated areas were compared between the two puncture methods.

Results

The parallel puncture method required a shorter time for double‐needle placement than the conventional method (12 s [range, 8–24] vs 96 s [range, 50–240]; P = 0.0003), and allowed continuous observation of the tip of all needles and the size of the ablated area as it increased until completion of the ablation. The method also provided a stable ellipsoidal ablated area. The median height, width and thickness were 30 mm (range, 22–34), 30 mm (range, 21–33) and 20 mm (range, 7–25), respectively, using 20‐mm electrodes, and 34 mm (range, 32–41), 36 mm (range, 35–38) and 24 mm (range, 23–24), respectively, using 30‐mm electrodes.

Conclusion

The parallel puncture method may be a feasible procedure for multi‐needle RFA therapy.
Risk stratification of allograft failure secondary to hepatitis C recurrence after liver transplantation
Authors: Shiba Hiroaki , Hashimoto Koji , Kelly Dympna , Fujiki Masato , Quintini Cristiano , Aucejo Federico , Uso Teresa Diago , Yerian Lisa , Yanaga Katsuhiko , Matsushima Masato , Eghtesad Bijan , Fung John , Miller Charles
Published: February 2016

Aim

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) recurrence after liver transplantation decreases survival rates. Improved understanding of the multiple factors influencing HCV recurrence could aid decision‐making for donor–recipient pairing and maximize transplant outcomes. The aim of this study was to create a model based on pretransplant variables to stratify patients at risk of HCV‐related allograft failure.

Methods

This retrospective study enrolled 154 liver transplant recipients with HCV at Cleveland Clinic.

Results

Among the study population, 54 recipients (35.1%) experienced HCV recurrence, histologically defined as moderate to severe hepatitis and/or bridging fibrosis to cirrhosis. The multivariate analysis found donor age (≥60 years, P < 0.002), donor body mass index (≥30 kg/m2, P < 0.05), African American recipient (P < 0.01) and genotype 1 (P < 0.02) as risk factors for HCV‐related allograft failure. When these four factors were scored as a combined index (no factor [n = 15], one factor [n = 76], two factors [n = 43] and three or more factors [n = 20]), the HCV recurrence‐free survival showed good stratification according to the scores: 93.3% with no factor, 79.3% with one factor, 52.0% with two factors and 24.4% with three or more factors at 3 years after transplant (P < 0.0001). Moreover, this risk index also identified the patient group at high risk of HCV recurrence after acute rejection.

Conclusion

While the introduction of direct‐acting antiviral agents has been changing the paradigm of HCV treatment, the natural history of recipients with HCV as shown in this study would help estimate the risk of HCV‐related allograft failure in those who do not tolerate such new treatment.
IN SEARCH OF NEW TIMES: TEMPORALITY IN THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND COUNTER‐ENLIGHTENMENT
Authors: JANSEN HARRY
Published: February 2016

Isaiah Berlin and other representatives of historicism have made the Enlightenment and the Counter‐Enlightenment into opposite cultures. The Counter‐Enlightenment is a criticism of the Enlightenment from within, so in many respects they overlap. However, with regard to perceptions of time they contradict each other. The times of the Enlightenment lean heavily toward chronology and can be labeled as “empty,” whereas the time perceptions of the Counter‐Enlightenment can be called “incarnated” and are identical with historical times. As a consequence the differences between the two temporalities lead necessarily to differences in synchronization.
THE REVEREND BAYES VS. JESUS CHRIST
Authors: Tucker Aviezer
Published: February 2016

The Bayesian perspective on historiography is commonsensical: If historiography is not certain like a priori knowledge or sense data, and it is not fiction, historiography is probable. Richard Carrier's book argues for a Bayesian, probabilistic interpretation of historiography in general and of the debate about the historicity of Jesus in particular. Jesus can be interpreted as a historically transmitted reference of “Jesus,” as a bundle of properties, or literally. Carrier devotes too much energy to debating literalism that confuses evidence with hypotheses. But evidence preserves information to different degrees; it is true or not. Carrier proposes to apply objective, frequentist Bayesianism in historiography despite the difficulties in assigning values. He argues that ranges of values can determine historiographical hypotheses. Carrier does not analyze in Bayesian terms the main method for Bayesian determination of posterior probabilities in historiography: inference from multiple independent sources. When the prior probability of a hypothesis is low, but at least two independent evidential sources, such as testimonies, support it, however unreliable each of the testimonies is, the posterior probability leaps. The problem with the Synoptic Gospels as evidence for a historical Jesus from a Bayesian perspective is that the evidence that coheres does not seem to be independent, whereas the evidence that is independent does not seem to cohere. Carrier's explanation of some the evidence in the Gospels is fascinating as the first Bayesian reconstruction of structuralism and mimesis. Historians attempted to use theories about the transmission and preservation of information to find more reliable parts of the Gospels, parts that are more likely to have preserved older information. Carrier is too dismissive of such methods because he is focused on hypotheses about the historical Jesus rather than on the best explanations of the evidence. I leave open questions about the degree of scholarly consensus and the possible reasons for it.
“WITHOUT THINKERS … NO THEORIES OF THE WORLD”
Authors: Mitrović Branko
Published: February 2016

Tim Crane's books Aspects of Psychologism and The Objects of Thought present a perspective on human intentionality based on internalism about mental contents. Crane understands intentionality as the defining aspect of the mental. The theory of intentionality that he formulates is similar to that of John Searle when it comes to ontological commitments, but it is also marked by a more traditional approach that retains the concept of intentional objects as its central aspect. In this review I examine the implications of Crane's internalism for the philosophy of history, by comparing his views with some well‐known arguments in favor of externalism about mental contents, such as Hilary Putnam's “Twin Earth” and Tyler Burge's “arthritis” mental experiments. Although internalism about mental contents such as Crane's is a minority view among contemporary analytic philosophers, I argue that it has significant advantages when it comes to the philosophy of history, because it is much better aligned with standard interpretive procedures in historical research. At the same time, externalism about mental contents typically results in inappropriate contextualizations and approaches that most practicing historians will find awkward. More generally, it is possible to argue that over decades, analytic philosophers’ externalist tendencies have significantly contributed to the reduced interest in their views among philosophers of history. The final section of the article reviews the implication of Crane's views on nonconceptual contents of human perception for art historiography.
A systematic review of electronic multi-compartment medication devices with reminder systems for improving adherence to self-administered medications
Authors: Paterson Mary , Kinnear Moira , Bond Christine , McKinstry Brian
Published: February 2016

Background

Many patients experience difficulties adhering to medication regimes. For people who forget or get confused about medication, there are products to help them such as multi-compartment medication devices (MMDs). Some of these, known as electronic MMDs (eMMDs), use audible and/or visual signals to prompt the patient when to take medication, dispense medications, give instructions to the patient, and contact a caregiver (mobile Internet or text to a carer) as needed.

Aim

To systematically review the literature on the use of eMMDs, to determine what evidence for their effectiveness is available.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search of 10 databases, plus an Internet search and hand searching was conducted, using the MeSH terms reminder systems/patient compliance/medication adherence. There were no date restrictions. Inclusion criteria were patients in any community setting, in any country and with no restrictions of age, gender, ethnicity or medical condition, using an eMMD. Peer-reviewed quantitative or qualitative studies of any design were included.

Results

Of 805 abstracts identified and 99 full text papers retrieved, six met the inclusion criteria. Five of the studies reported adherence to medication regimes; one reported design factors to improve adherence. Adherence varied by the context of the reminders, the target group and usability of the devices. The studies were small scale and only one was a well conducted randomised controlled trial.

Conclusion

Overall methodological quality of the studies was poor. Although positive effects on adherence were reported further, rigorously conducted, studies are needed to inform the use of eMMDs.
Prevalence of co‐occurring alcohol and other drug use in an Australian older adult mental health service
Authors: Searby Adam , Maude Phil , McGrath Ian
Published: February 2016

Co‐occurring mental illness and substance use disorder, known as dual diagnosis, is a significant challenge to mental health services. Few older adult specific alcohol and other drug treatment services exist, meaning older adult mental health services may become the default treatment option for many. Evidence suggests that dual diagnosis leads to substandard treatment outcomes, including higher rates of psychiatric relapse, higher costs of care and poorer treatment engagement. This paper explores the prevalence of co‐occurring alcohol and other drug (AOD) use in an older adult community mental health service in inner Melbourne, Australia. This aim was accomplished by using a retrospective file audit of clinical intake assessments (n = 593) performed on consumers presenting to the service over a two‐year period, June 2012–2014. Of consumers presenting to the service, 15.5% (n = 92) were assessed by clinicians as having co‐occurring AOD use. Depression predominated in the dual diagnosis group as the primary mental health disorder. Dual diagnosis consumers in this sample were statistically more likely to be male and younger than their non‐dual diagnosis counterparts. A limitation of this audit was the lack of implementation of screening tools, leaving assessment to clinical judgement or the interest of the clinician. This may also explain the discrepancy between the results of this study and previous work. Although appearing to be a relatively small percentage of assessments, the results accounted for 92 individuals with complex mental health, AOD and medical issues. Poor screening procedures in a population that is traditionally difficult to assess need to be rectified to meet the future challenges inherent in the ageing baby boomer generation, changing drug use trends and extended lifespans through harm reduction initiatives and medical advancements.
Motivation for physical activity and exercise in severe mental illness: A systematic review of cross‐sectional studies
Authors: Farholm Anders , Sørensen Marit
Published: February 2016

Individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) are less physically active than the general population. One important barrier contributing to this inactivity is lack of motivation. The aim of this paper is to systematically review all cross‐sectional literature on motivation for physical activity among people with SMI and to use the results as basis for guidance on how mental health nurses can facilitate motivation for physical activity. Systematic searches of seven databases were conducted from database inception to February 2015. Studies were eligible if they included participants with SMI and reported data on motivation for physical activity. In total, 21 articles were included and over half them were published in 2011 or later. The present results indicate preliminary evidence of how the motivational processes do not differ between individuals with SMI and the general population, and that they are independent of diagnosis, medication, age, gender, and body mass index. Results from the current systematic review can give some tentative guidance on how to facilitate motivation for physical activity within mental health‐care. However, there is still a great need for developing and examining practical strategies that can enhance adoption and adherence of physical activity among people with SMI.
The regenerative role of adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSC) in plastic and reconstructive surgery
Authors: Naderi Naghmeh , Combellack Emman J , Griffin Michelle , Sedaghati Tina , Javed Muhammad , Findlay Michael W , Wallace Christopher G , Mosahebi Afshin , Butler Peter EM , Seifalian Alexander M , Whitaker Iain S
Published: February 2016

The potential use of stem cell‐based therapies for the repair and regeneration of various tissues and organs offers a paradigm shift in plastic and reconstructive surgery. The use of either embryonic stem cells (ESC) or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) in clinical situations is limited because of regulations and ethical considerations even though these cells are theoretically highly beneficial. Adult mesenchymal stem cells appear to be an ideal stem cell population for practical regenerative medicine. Among these cells, adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSC) have the potential to differentiate the mesenchymal, ectodermal and endodermal lineages and are easy to harvest. Additionally, adipose tissue yields a high number ofADSCper volume of tissue. Based on this background knowledge, the purpose of this review is to summarise and describe the proliferation and differentiation capacities ofADSCtogether with current preclinical data regarding the use ofADSCas regenerative tools in plastic and reconstructive surgery.
Community‐Derived Standards for LA‐ICP‐MS U‐(Th‐)Pb Geochronology – Uncertainty Propagation, Age Interpretation and Data Reporting
Authors: Horstwood Matthew S. A. , Košler Jan , Gehrels George , Jackson Simon E. , McLean Noah M. , Paton Chad , Pearson Norman J. , Sircombe Keith , Sylvester Paul , Vermeesch Pieter , Bowring James F. , Condon Daniel J. , Schoene Blair
Published: February 2016

The LA‐ICP‐MS U‐(Th‐)Pb geochronology international community has defined new standards for the determination of U‐(Th‐)Pb ages. A new workflow defines the appropriate propagation of uncertainties for these data, identifying random and systematic components. Only data with uncertainties relating to random error should be used in weighted mean calculations of population ages; uncertainty components for systematic errors are propagated after this stage, preventing their erroneous reduction. Following this improved uncertainty propagation protocol, data can be compared at different uncertainty levels to better resolve age differences. New reference values for commonly used zircon, monazite and titanite reference materials are defined (based on ID‐TIMS) after removing corrections for common lead and the effects of excess 230Th. These values more accurately reflect the material sampled during the determination of calibration factors by LA‐ICP‐MS analysis. Recommendations are made to graphically represent data only with uncertainty ellipses at 2s and to submit or cite validation data with sample data when submitting data for publication. New data‐reporting standards are defined to help improve the peer‐review process. With these improvements, LA‐ICP‐MS U‐(Th‐)Pb data can be considered more robust, accurate, better documented and quantified, directly contributing to their improved scientific interpretation.
Interfacial Reactions Between Anorthite (CaAl2Si2O8) and Al 7075 Alloy at 850°C and 1150°C
Authors: Adabifiroozjaei Esmaeil , Koshy Pramod , Rastkerdar Ebad , Sorrell Charles C.
Published: February 2016

The present work reports an investigation of the interactions of Al 7075 alloy and anorthite at 850°C (150 h) and 1150°C (24 h). Transmission electron microscopy, electron probe microanalysis, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy‐dispersive spectroscopy were used to identify the mineralogical and microstructural changes at the metal–ceramic interface. At 850°C, the phase formation mechanisms were (a) Si4+–Al3+ interdiffusion between the Al alloy and anorthite to form calcium dialuminate (CA2) and Ca2+–Mg2+ interdiffusion between the Al alloy and calcium dialuminate to form spinel. At 1150°C, spinel + Al2O3 and calcium hexaluminate (CA6) + CA2 were the major and minor phase mixtures, respectively in the corroded area. A thin layer of calcium monoaluminate (CA), gehlenite, and Si was present in the immediate vicinity of anorthite. The early stages of corrosion at 1150°C and 850°C were identical. However, due to thickening of the corroded region (viz., spinel formation) and enhanced evaporation of Mg at the higher temperature, the interdiffusion path evolves from Si4+–Al3+ + Ca2+–Mg2+ to Si4+–Al3+ + Ca2+–Al3+, thus establishing the following phase evolution path at the interface:urn:x-wiley:00027820:media:jace14091:jace14091-math-0001
Effects of Heat‐Treatment Temperature on the Properties of (1–x)(Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3–xBiAlO3 Lead‐Free Piezoelectric Thin Films
Authors: Yao Yunqiang , Wu Xiaoqing , Shi Peng , Ye Zuo‐Guang
Published: February 2016

Lead‐free sodium bismuth titanate–aluminate bismuth [0.97(Na0.5Bi0.5)TiO3–0.03BiAlO3] solid‐solution films deposited on (100) Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si substrates by a sol–gel process were pyrolyzed and annealed at different temperatures. The film annealed at 725°C with a pyrolysis temperature of 410°C exhibited the optimal electrical properties and excellent piezoelectric properties, with a remanent polarization 2Pr of 38 μC/cm2 and a leakage current density of 10−7–10−6 A/cm2 (E < 200 kV/cm). The values of the dielectric constant and dissipation factor at 100 kHz were 422 and 0.039, respectively. The piezoelectric coefficient of the film after poling at 168 kV/cm was found to be 57 pm/V, making the BNT‐BA films a viable lead‐free alternative to the lead‐based materials in such as biosensors and ultrasonic transducers.
Effect of Glucose on the Synthesis of Iron Carbide Nanoparticles from Combustion Synthesis Precursors
Authors: Gu Yueru , Qin Mingli , Cao Zhiqin , Jia Baorui , Wang Xuanli , Qu Xuanhui
Published: February 2016

Iron carbide (Fe3C) nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by combining low‐temperature combustion synthesis method with carbothermal reduction. A homogeneous precursor powder (Fe2O3 + C) derived from iron nitrate, glycine, and glucose mixed solution was subsequently calcined under nitrogen at 450°C–700°C for 2 h. Effects of glucose on the size and morphology of the precursors as well as the synthesized Fe3C powders were studied in details. The results showed a regular variation in the particle size and morphology of the precursors and Fe3C powders with the increasing molar ratio of glucose to iron nitrate (G/Fe). XRD analysis indicated that the initial transformation of the precursor for (G/Fe = 1) to Fe3C occurred at 500°C. Meanwhile, magnetic properties of the Fe3C have been tested by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The saturation magnetization (Ms) of Fe3C powders synthesized using different G/Fe ratios (G/Fe = 1, 2, 3) was 51.2, 37.0, and 27.1 emu/g, respectively. This made the Fe3C a promising candidate for magnetic materials.
Effects of Sintering Temperature on Open‐Volume Defects and Thermoluminescence of Yttria and Lutetia Ceramics
Authors: Chapman Matthew G. , Walker Roger C. , Schmitt Jaclyn M. , McPherson Cameron L. , Ameena Fnu , Kucera Courtney J. , Quarles Carroll A. , DeVol Timothy A. , Ballato John , Jacobsohn Luiz G.
Published: February 2016

The effects of different processing steps and processing conditions for the fabrication of Y2O3 and Lu2O3 ceramics were investigated, particularly the effects of calcination, and sintering temperature on the content of open‐volume and electronic defects. Ceramic bodies were prepared from calcined powders by sintering from 1400°C to 1700°C for 20 h. Density was determined by the Archimedes method and showed pellets reached about 99% of Y2O3 density for temperatures ≥1450°C, and reached 98% for sintering at 1700°C for Lu2O3. The content of open‐volume defects was followed by positron annihilation lifetime (PAL) measurements. For both materials, two lifetimes were obtained. The faster lifetime, 211 ps for Y2O3 and 204 ps for Lu2O3, was assigned to bulk annihilation with possible contribution of grain boundaries. The longer lifetime was assigned to positronium annihilation in open‐volume defects with radii of 2–4 Å. Doppler broadening analysis revealed the same type of defect in Lu2O3 ceramics for all sintering temperatures. PAL analysis results showed that densification was achieved through the elimination and agglomeration of open‐volume defects. Thermoluminescence (TL) measurements of Y2O3 showed that sintering is beneficial in eliminating traps and/or recombination centers, and that higher sintering temperatures increase TL signal.