bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prophylactic treatment of migraine with lomerizine hydrochloride
Authors: Hibi Y , lgarashi, H , Sakai F
Published: November 2023

Lomerizine hydrochloride is a novel calcium channel blocker developed for the prophylaxis of migraine.Although the effect of lomerizine to protect the brain from hypoxia and ischemia was examined in experimental animal models, the clinical usefulness of this agent to prevent migraine has not been fully explored. In this report, we investigated the prophylactic effect of lomerizine in eighteen patients with migraine using our quantitative headache diary. The purpose of our study is to evaluate the efficacy of lomerizine hydrochloride for the prophylaxis of migraine by using visual-analogue scale headache diary.
Serotonin receptors and migraine prophylaxis-the case of dihydroergotamine
Authors: Hamon M , Bourgoin, S , Lanfumey L
Published: November 2023

Important progress has been made for the last decade in the knowledge of physiopathological mechanisms underlying migraine attack. This was achieved notably through extensive investigations on the mechanisms of actions of drugs, such as triptans, which efficiently stop headache when they are administered acutely, immediately after the first clinical signs of a migraine attack. Like triptans, the classical antimigraine drug, dihydroergotamine (DRE), is also effective in the acute treatment of migraine, probably through its ability to prevent activation of the trigemino-vascular pathway, and the associated release of calcitonin gene-related peptide from activated trigeminal fibres. However, in contrast to triptans, DRE is also effective for the prophylactic treatment of migraine, but the mechanisms underlying the latter effect are essentially unknown.
Looking Ahead
Authors: Scott Alwyn
Published: November 2023

At the end of this introduction to nonlinear science, it seems appropriate to review the ground we have covered and consider where studies of emergent phenomena might be going in the present century. Over the past few decades the landscape of applied science has changed dramatically. Many concepts and ideas that were widely accepted in the 1960s have been unexpectedly superseded by quite different perspectives, altering profoundly our collective understanding of dynamics and opening new vistas into the future. As we have seen, examples of such changes include the following.
Long-term illness and you
Authors: Campling Frankie
Published: November 2023

As its title suggests, this book is about long-term (chronic) illness, as opposed to short-term (acute) illness, and about how a long-term illness can best be managed. Before we move on to talk about illness management though, we would like to start by discussing a few other topics which we believe will help you understand the approach we are taking.
Looking After Your General Health
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael
Published: November 2023

If you have to manage a particular illness, looking after your general health becomes even more important. You need to do as much as you can not to burden your body with other problems. Long-term illness may well mean lifetime illness. As we get older, our chances of developing other problems increases, but the risk can be minimized by healthy living. Much of what we talk about in this book is about general health management as much as about illness management. So here is a summary of health behaviours that would be good sense for anybody, sick or well. You will find most of the following topics expanded on throughout the book.
Dealing with Problems
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael
Published: November 2023

Coping with difficulties and problems is a part of normal life. However, being ill can create a new batch of problems to add to the ones you had before. At every stage of your illness, things change; some things that are difficult get easier, but new difficulties crop up. We all have our own ways of coping, but the problems generated by illness will make new demands on your ability to cope and may require some ‘advanced coping skills’ (another term for dealing with problems). Managing problems in the best way is very much part of managing your illness and making life easier for yourself.
Building Pleasure into Your Life
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael
Published: November 2023

If you are feeling tired and ill, it can be hard to think about enjoying your-self. You may have a Puritanical feeling that you do not deserve pleasure while you are ill or you may feel that some people will criticize you for using some of your available energy on things other than the essentials. However, pleasure is an essential part of your life—just as important as good food. Sometimes the things that you used to enjoy are not possible at present, but that does not mean that you could not enjoy yourself in rather different ways. Now could be the time to try something a bit different or to use a bit of lateral thinking to see if you could continue to do something you enjoy, even if you have to tackle it in a rather different way.
Living with Uncertainty
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael
Published: November 2023

Nobody feels comfortable with uncertainty, though people vary in how well they can tolerate it. A very basic human need is to feel certain about our life, which is actually an unobtainable goal—because life is uncertain. You cannot know for sure what is going to happen. Having a long-term illness adds to the areas of uncertainty. You may worry about whether a past decision was right or about what the future may hold.
Managing Your Thinking
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael
Published: November 2023

Understanding the way you as an individual think about things—the way you view yourself, your life and the world around you—can make a great difference to the way you manage your illness. We all of us, well or ill, have our own established patterns in the way we think. Some of them are helpful and some unhelpful, but they all influence our thinking and our moods. Moods and emotions have a physical effect on the body, which is why we believe that managing your thinking is so important. Some of your beliefs and thought patterns may well have been appropriate in the past but no longer fit the person you are today.
Managing Severe Anxiety, Panic or Depression
Authors: Campling Frankie , Sharpe Michael
Published: November 2023

We talked earlier about worry, fear and low spirits. States of overwhelming anxiety, panic and depression are severe versions of those emotions. Youmay have had a tendency to one or all of these states before you became ill,or it may be a very unwelcome extra now. They are all very unpleasantto experience and produce physical symptoms that add to the burden thatillness has already placed on your body, so anything you can do (or can behelped to do) to control them will be of benefit to your general well-being.
Malignant mesothelioma: epidemiological snapshots from around the world
Authors: Abratt R P
Published: November 2023

Asbestos has remarkable properties and has been used by humans for many centuries. The word ‘asbestos’ means inextinguishable or unquenchable. It is flexible and has great tensile strength. These properties make it an ideal compound for use in the construction industry and insulation. Asbestos was initially used for wicks in lamps and candles as far back as 4000 BC. Between 2000 and 3000 BC the embalmed bodies of Egyptian pharaohs were wrapped in asbestos cloths to off-set the ravages of time. In Finland, asbestos was used to strengthen clay pots in the period around 2500 BC. There is anecdotal evidence that Charlemagne (742–814 AD) had a tablecloth made from woven asbestos. The Mediterranean people used chrysotile from Cyprus and tremolite from upper Italy for the fabrication of cremation cloths, mats, and wicks for temple lamps from 1000 AD. Marco Polo visited an asbestos mine in China in the latter half of the thirteenth century. He concluded that asbestos was a stone and laid to rest the myth that it was the hair of a woolly lizard. Asbestos papers and boards were made in Italy from the early eighteenth century. Benjamin Franklin bought a purse made of asbestos which is now in the Natural History Museum, London.
Histopathology of malignant pleural mesothelioma
Authors: King J E , Galateau-Sallé F , Hasleton P S
Published: November 2023

It is well recognized that malignant mesothelioma can be a difficult tumour to diagnose histologically. Malignant pleural mesothelioma may be difficult to distinguish from malignant primary and metastatic pleural carcinomas or sarcomas, and also from benign mesothelial disease. Although there have been great advances in diagnostic histopathology in the last three decades, there is still no single test that can reliably identify malignant mesothelial cells. The correct classification of pleural malignancy is important to ensure that appropriate treatment is given and, in the case of patients with occupational asbestos exposure, to support claims for industrial compensation.
Immunobiology of malignant mesothelioma
Authors: Smith A M , Lansley S , Jackaman C , Koloska B , Broomfield S , Robinson B W S , Nelson D J
Published: November 2023

Exactly how malignant mesothelioma (MM) tumours arise, both at the molecular level, as a result of genetic mutation(s), and subsequently at the cellular level, remains poorly defined. The lengthy period between asbestos exposure and the manifestation of obvious disease makes tracking immune responses to developing MM tumours difficult in humans. Furthermore, the lack of obvious early symptoms means that MM remains undetectable until characteristic clinical symptoms manifest; even then, rigorous histopathological and/or cytopathological examination is required for confirmation of disease. As a result, MM is diagnosed late in disease progression and is associated with a rapid decline in health. Despite these limitations, a number of experimental approaches have been utilized to characterize MM-specific and non-specific immune responses to the progressing disease. In this chapter we briefly review the cell types involved in the innate and adaptive immune systems, current thinking regarding the interplay between these cells, and their immunobiological roles during the development of MM.
Introduction
Authors: Davis Mellar P
Published: November 2023

In Dennis Turk’s insightful editorial entitled ‘Remember the Distinction Between Malignant and Benign Pain? Well Forget It’ list 12 points that question the separation of cancer pain from non-malignant pain: The difference between nociception and pain is the same for cancer patients and non-cancer patients. No pain is benign (particularly when I experience it). Anatomically, physiologically and biochemically, malignant and non-malignant pain does not differ. Cancer patients do experience more symptoms (cachexia, anorexia, dyspnea), but patients with chronic non-malignant pain will experience symptoms that can over-lap with cancer patients.
Hydrocodone
Authors: Davis Mellar P
Published: November 2023

Hydrocodone (dihydrocodeinone) is a semi-synthetic congener of codeine, which is highly selective for mu opioid receptor (MOR). Hydrocodone has not been directly compared with morphine in humans and its comparison with other opioids is clouded by the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and acetaminophen combination product. Hydrocodone titration is also limited by availability in only the combination products. Hydrocodone and oxycodone possess almost identical potencies and very similar pharmacokinetics.
Methadone
Authors: Davis Mellar P
Published: November 2023

Methadone is a synthetic opioid agonist that was developed over 50 years ago. It is a biphenyl propylamine synthetic potent mu and delta agonist. The chemical structure is distinctly different from other opioid alkaloids or theobaine derivatives. Methadone’s physicochemical properties, pharmacodynamics and kinetics are unique compared with hydrophilic opioids. In addition methadone is not a pure mu opioid receptor (MOR) agonist, which adds complexity to the determination of opioid equianalgesia. Finally, as evidenced by clinical experience, there is a large interindividual difference in methadone pharmacology, which necessitates guidelines for safe use that are distinctly different than those used for morphine.
Opioid rotation
Authors: Hardy Janet R
Published: November 2023

Morphine is the opioid of choice for moderate to severe cancer pain and can be used successfully to control pain in the majority of cancer patients. Although criticized for a lack of formal validation, there is a wealth of clinical experience in the use of morphine in the context of the WHO analgesic ladder and claims of efficacy above 80%. Some patients, however, experience intolerable adverse effects before adequate analgesia is achieved or, more rarely, have no analgesic benefit at all. It has been estimated that 10–30% of all patients have a poor response and/or unacceptable toxicity when started on morphine. This is often due to factors such as co-morbid medical disorders predisposing to toxicity, the pathophysiology of the pain and specific pharmacological effects of individual drugs.
Opioid dosing strategies
Authors: Glare Paul , Davis Mellar
Published: November 2023

The World Health Organization (WHO) three-step approach to managing cancer pain bases drug choice upon pain severity. Such an approach has been generally accepted as valid. The choice of opioids, whether ‘weak’ or ‘potent’, is usually determined by geographic availability, although morphine is preferred by most palliative specialists as the potent opioid of choice. Low doses of morphine are frequently substituted for weak opioids in countries where morphine is readily available without prescription barriers. One of the major drawbacks to the WHO recommendations is that the guidelines do not include dosing strategies for temporal changes in pain severity.
Risk estimation in ovarian cancer
Authors: Evans D Gareth R
Published: November 2023

Ovarian cancer is the most common gynaecological cancer, affecting approximately 1 in 70 of the general female population. Ovarian cancer generally presents late and the overall 5-year survival for ovarian cancer is only 28 per cent. If diagnosed with stage I–II ovarian cancer, the prognosis is much improved with a 5-year survival of up to 84 per cent (1).
Management of familial breast and breast–ovarian cancer in Europe
Authors: Møller Pål
Published: November 2023

Paul Broca, in 1866, was the first to describe inherited breast–ovarian cancer (1). He demonstrated the transmission of the assumed underlying genetic defect, its expression, the age-related and sex-limited penetrance, and the possibilities of modifying environ- mental and genetic factors, but his work attracted limited attention. The concept of inherited breast cancer re-emerged a hundred years later, when it was subjected to formal segregation analyses, which also demonstrated an association with ovarian cancer (2). Efforts were undertaken to locate the genes, leading to description of the BReast CAncer 1 and 2 (BRCA1 and BRCA2) genes. It emerged that in some families most women died of ovarian cancer:the genetic basis of inherited breast–ovarian cancer had been uncovered. BRCA2 mutations also cause cancers in other organs. Mutations in a number of additional genes cause multiorgan cancer syndromes (TP53, PTEN, ATM, CHEK2). Thus, in contrast to the popular concept of ‘inherited breast cancer’, we are faced with the need for a multidisciplinary approach to a number of distinct multiorgan cancer syndromes.
Management of familial breast and ovarian cancer in North America
Authors: McGillivray Barbara C
Published: November 2023

Women identified to have either a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation have an increased lifetime risk of breast cancer of 50 to 85 per cent. Having a BRCA1 mutation also confers a lifetime risk of 15 to 45 per cent for ovarian cancer. The ovarian cancer risk associated with a BRCA2 mutation has been estimated to be as high as 20 per cent (1).
Other tumour predisposing syndromes
Authors: Lalloo Fiona , Evans D Gareth R
Published: November 2023

Melanoma is an increasing problem in western Caucasian societies as the consequences of excessive sun exposure have their effects on melanoma incidence. Rates of melanoma for Europe are now 7 per 100 000 (1), with rates in the USA of 10 (2) and Australia of 35 (3) per 100 000 per year. This equates to a lifetime risk of 0.6 per cent in Europe and 2.8 per cent in Australia. Life expectancy is inversely proportional to the thickness of the lesion, with the result that early diagnosis and detection of precursor lesions will have a beneficial effect on long-term mortality.
Statistical Concepts and Issues Related to Prognostic Models
Authors: Gimotty Phyllis A
Published: November 2023

Prognostic studies have traditionally been used to identify significant prognostic factors that are important for risk prediction to aid in clinical management. These studies have identified relevant prognostic factors for stratification in designs of clinical trials and for development of cancer classification schemes and staging systems. Prognostic factors are patient and tumour characteristics that have been shown to be related to clinical events such as response to treatment, development of metastasis, and survival. Prognostic models are statistical models that are used to characterize and evaluate the relationship between potential prognostic factors and clinical events of interest.
Evidence-Based Medicine
Authors: Glare Paul , Maltoni Marco , Brunelli Cinzia
Published: November 2023

Consider the following clinical situation, as presented in the article ‘Doc, How much time do I have?’ published in the Journal of Clinical Oncology a few years ago. ‘Mary Smith’, a 42-year- old woman, has pancreatic cancer with liver metastases. Despite chemotherapy for 2 months, a repeat CT scan shows progressive disease. Her oncologist tells her that no further chemotherapy is indicated. There is a pause, and then she asks ‘How much time do I have?’The oncologist has several options for responding to this question. One would be to avoid answering – given the choice, the option preferred by many physicians – and reply ‘it’s not possible for me to answer that question’.
Bladder Cancer
Authors: Schips Luigi , Zigeuner Richard
Published: November 2023

Bladder cancer is one of the most frequently diagnosed cancers in humans, the fourth most common cancer in males and the eighth most common cancer in females, which translates into male- to-female ratio of approximately 2.5:1.1 Histologically, the majority (more than 90 per cent) of cases are transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs). Rare cases include squamous cell carcinoma, especially caused by schistosomiasis in endemic regions and indwelling catheters, as well as adenocarcinomas, and urachal carcinoma.
Prostate Cancer
Authors: Gilligan Timothy
Published: November 2023

Prostate cancer presents a unique challenge for the prognostician. It kills more men in the United States than any other malignancy except lung cancer but its 5-year relative survival rate of 99.5 per cent is the highest of any common malignancy other than non-melanoma skin cancer. In other words, for every 1000 men diagnosed with prostate cancer, there are only five more deaths in the five years after diagnosis compared to what would have been expected without a diagnosis of prostate cancer. Yet we lose nearly 30,000 men annually in the US to this disease.
Gynaecological Cancer
Authors: Carter Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Ovarian cancer unfortunately holds the dubious distinction as the most deadly of all the gynaecological cancers. More women die each year from ovarian cancer than from the more common corpus and cervical cancers combined. The main reason for this is that most patients are diagnosed with advanced stage disease. The most common histological variants include serous, mucinous, endometrioid, clear cell, Brenner, mixed and undifferentiated.
Unknown Primary
Authors: Dowell Jonathan E
Published: November 2023

In the majority of cancer patients, the organ in which the malignancy developed is evident at presentation. However, some patients present with cancer that has metastasized, and the primary tumour site cannot be identified. Cancer from an unknown primary site (CUP) represents 2–3 per cent of all cancer diagnoses. While certain subgroups of patients with this diagnosis benefit from specific therapeutic approaches, unfortunately, these subgroups constitute only a small minority (10–15 per cent) of the patients with CUP.1 Treatment options for the remainder of patients are limited and the prognosis for this group is poor.
Hypercalcaemia
Authors: Zojer Niklas , Pecherstorfer Martin
Published: November 2023

Hypercalcaemia is defined as increase of serum calcium above the upper limit of normal range. In adults, the normal range of serum Ca is 2.1–2.7 mmol/L (or 8.4–10.6 mg/dl). Approximately 40 per cent of serum Ca is bound to albumin, 10 per cent is found in the form of inorganic complexes, while 50 per cent is circulating in the free, ionized form, which is the biologically active form. Abnormally high or low serum albumin levels can lead to the detection of false high or low total serum Ca levels (pseudohyper- or pseudohypocalcemia, respectively).
Prognostication in the Imminently Dying Patient
Authors: Stevenson James , Ellershaw John
Published: November 2023

In many of the preceding chapters of this book there have been discussions related to prognosis in a variety of cancer-related states, from early through to metastatic disease, as well as a number of clinical conditions which occur as complications of advancing cancer. Statistics are available which, in conjunction with clinical assessment, assist clinicians with calculating prognosis and communicating this to patients, their families and other healthcare professionals. In the broad sense, it is now possible to discuss prognosis from the time of diagnosis for many of these conditions in terms of mean and median survivals for all those who have been diagnosed with the same condition.
Classical semantics
Authors: Bornat Richard
Published: November 2023

In Part II you saw that constructive proof was easier than classical proof. In Chapter 9 you saw the subtlety of constructive semantics. I dealt with constructive semantics first for two reasons: I wanted to show you that even easy-to-use logic can be weird; and I wanted to prepare you to take a sceptical view of the claim that classical semantics is the only model of logic.
Specification and verification
Authors: Bornat Richard
Published: November 2023

The connection between logic and computer science runs through computer programming. Computer programming languages are formal systems — that is, specialized logics. It ought to be possible to exploit that connection and make programs with proven logical properties, programs which don’t go wrong or crash as often as programs do today.
Loops
Authors: Bornat Richard
Published: November 2023

Most interesting programs use loops (or recursion, which is just a super kind of loop). Hoare logic’s treatment of loops is by the method of invariants, and it takes some swallowing. Once swallowed, though, never forgotten ... and it definitely is worth the effort.
The standard model
Authors: Kaye Richard
Published: November 2023

Throughout this book :ℒA will denote the first-order language of arithmetic whose nonlogical symbols consist of the following: the constant symbols, 0 and l; the binary relation symbol,<; and the two binary function symbols, + and From one point of view this book is about a particular :ℒA-structure, ℕ, and a particular axiom system by which theorems about ℕ can be deduced. The structure ℕ (called the standard model) is the ℒA-structure whose domain is the set of non-negative integers, {O, 1, 2, 3, ... }, and where the symbols in ℒA are given their obvious interpretation. The axiom system involved is the formal system of Peano arithmetic (PA) which consists of a small number of basic axioms together with the axiom scheme of mathematical induction.
Subsystems of PA
Authors: Kaye Richard
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we return to considering the subsystems I ∑n, B∑n of PA defined in Section 7.1. (The reader should consult the diagram in Exercise 7.3 as a guide to the various implications between these theories.) The two main results of this chapter show that these subsystems form a hierarchy, and therefore PA is not finitely axiomatized.
Suggestions for further reading
Authors: Kaye Richard
Published: November 2023

Arithmetic is a large subject and touches on many different branches of mathematics and logic. The last fifteen chapters have been devoted to what could be described as the ‘core’ of the subject of models of arithmetic, and there are many directions that the reader could now pursue; I would like to indicate some suggestions here. Inevitably these suggestions reflect my own interests, and some areas of study will be unjustly under-represented. I have concentrated mainly on those papers with a specifically model theoretic interest: this has made my task more tractable, but it has meant that proof-theoretic aspects of arithmetic and also reverse mathematics (to name just two further areas with a large literature) have been largely omitted.
A new scaling of a problem in combustion theory
Authors: Wake G C , Burnell J B , Graham-Eagle J G , Gray B F
Published: November 2023

The well-established approach to the theory of thermal ignition expresses the heat balance equation in terms of the dimensionless variables introduced by FrankKamenetskii( 1955). Unfortunately, this choice of scaling confuses the role of ambient temperature to such an extent that it is almost impossible to consider the effect of varying the ambient temperature alone. The purpose of this paper is to use different dimensionless variables which allow the ambient temperature to be varied independently of the remaining system parameters. The problem obtained from this approach is nonstandard in as much as the bifurcation parameter occurs in the boundary condition, but it is nevertheless amenable to treatment by the usual methods of functional analysis; see Burnell et al. (1989) for a summary of results.
Enumeration of paths and cutsets
Authors: Shier Douglas R
Published: November 2023

Several exact methods for calculating network reliability, such as the inclusion-exclusion and disjoint-products techniques, require that the simple s-t paths or the s-t cutsets be first enumerated. Likewise, a number of methods for obtaining bounds on the exact reliability (Section 4.1) are predicated on a knowledge of the s-t paths and cutsets. It will be seen in the next chapter that certain ‘pseudopolynomial’ algorithms for calculating reliability also require that such objects be generated in advance. Consequently, this chapter discusses various methods for enumerating the paths and cutsets of a directed network. of particular interest will be algebraic enumeration methods that parallel and extend the algebraic techniques presented in previous chapters.
Pseudopolynomial algorithms for calculating reliability
Authors: Shier Douglas R
Published: November 2023

As discussed in previous chapters, the calculation of reliability is known to be #P-complete, meaning that there is unlikely to exist an algorithm that is polynomial in the size of the input network (the number of nodes and the number of edges). Part of the difficulty inherent in reliability calculations is the fact that the number of simple paths and cutsets in a network can grow exponentially with its size. Thus the techniques of inclusion-exclusion and disjoint products, as well as other methods that process a given listing of the paths or cutsets, are automatically doomed to exponential growth in the worst case. A less ambitious, but still important, objective is to seek pseudopolynomial algorithms for calculating network reliability-methods that are polynomially bounded in the number of simple paths or the number of cutsets. Since there exist methods, described in Chapter 5, that allow the paths and cutsets to be generated efficiently in terms of the number of such objects, subsequent processing of these objects by a pseudopolynomial algorithm might be effective in cases where the number of such objects is not too large.
Mfe In 1-D: First-Order Equations
Authors: Baines M J
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we extend the results of the previous chapter concerning exact semi-discrete solutions to more general first order equations by the use of Miller’s MFE residual minimization procedure of Chapter 1, Section 1.4. The minimization (1.44) can be regarded simply as the L projection of the driving function ℒU of the PDE into the Sαβ or tangent, space of the approximating manifold occupied by Ut. As we saw in Chapter 3, this is equivalent in 1-D to projection into Sϕ, the space of discontinuous linear functions. In this chapter we show that the projection provides additional grid movement, over and above the approximate characteristic speeds already observed, initially in the form of element velocities which can then be transformed into nodal speeds.
Quadratic Residues
Authors: Rose H E
Published: November 2023

Here we shall continue the development of congruence theory begun in the previous chapter: we shall discuss the quadratic case in detail and prove Gauss’s famous law of quadratic reciprocity. This illustrates many of the ideas used in the general (nth degree) theory whilst being amenable to elementary treatment Over the past hundred years many mathematicians have been involved in the development of the cubic, quartic, and higher degree theory culminating in the results associated with Artin’s reciprocity law, a considerable generalization of Gauss’s law. The general theory is beyond the scope of an undergraduate text as it builds upon deep results about algebraic number fields: a good introduction is given in Ireland and Rosen (1982) where the cubic and quartic cases are discussed in detail.
Discrete and continuum descriptions: general introduction
Authors: Maugin Gerard A
Published: November 2023

We first examine the discrete case in its simplest form, a one-dimensional lattice-a linear chain-in which a cell at each site comprises only one ‘atom’ of mass m (Fig. 2.1). Each of these atoms-not to be mistaken for the real atoms of atomic physics-is a point-like mass, without internal structure, subject to interactions with all other atoms in the chain, but more significantly with its nearest neighbours. The first question raised, therefore, is about the modelling of these interactions, which must be consistent with known facts, e.g. the macroscopically observable elasticity of perfect crystals. On the other hand, the interactions are such that a typical interatomic potential V (Fig. 2.2a) is attractive at relatively large distances and repulsive at short distances, with the equilibrium at the binding energy. The binding energy is a characteristic feature of a specific crystal. The force f acting between the ‘atoms’ is the derivative (V’) of V. Figure 2.2 shows both V (with respect to separation R binding potential) and f The force/max is the maximum force that the pair can sustain, corresponding.
Nonlinear waves in martensite structures
Authors: Maugin Gerard A
Published: November 2023

Martensite is the principal product of the quenched iron-carbon alloys. The martensitic transformation is a first-order phase transition involving a shearinduced homogeneous deformation of the crystalline lattice. This transformation takes place according to two criteria: (i) the transition from the crystal structure of the mother phase to that of a new phase occurs via a crystallographic mechanism that involves a shear-type cooperative displacement of all atoms, and the displacements are smaller than the interatomic distance so that no diffusion occurs. The chemical composition of the new phase is thus identical to that of the mother phase.
Miscellany
Authors: Maugin Gerard A
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we discuss briefly the dissipative phenomena involving heat or viscosity. The corresponding solutions are different in nature compared to those corresponding to the elastic waves considered in earlier chapters.
Gravity flow of a granular material in compression between vertical walls and through a tapering vertical channel
Authors: Spencer A J M , Bradley N J
Published: November 2023

We give two applications of the double-shearing theory of flow of granular materials under gravitational forces in plane strain. In the first the material is constrained between vertical rigid rough walls which compress the material by moving towards each other. Exact solutions for the stress and velocity fields are obtained. In the second problem the material flows under gravity through a tapering rough vertical channel with fixed walls. For this problem we derive an approximate solution that is accurate to the first order in a small parameter that is related to the wall slope relative to the vertical, and is based on the solution for compression between vertical walls as a first approximation.
A Construction for Negative Representations
Authors: Hoffman P N , Humphreys J F
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we shall give an operation which enables the irreducible negative representations of G Y˜ H to be built from those of given objects G and H in 𝒢. It is more convenient to express this construction in terms of modules than of representations. We therefore first recall the basic facts about G-modules and tensor products. The irreducible representations of a direct product G × H are then constructed from those of G and H. In the case of G ˜ H, we define a twisted action on the tensor product, which is used to construct the negative modules. Its character values are then detennined in terms of those of its factors.
Nearest defective matrices and the geometry of ill-conditioning
Authors: Demmel James
Published: November 2023

The problem of finding the nearest defective matrix to a given matrix has attracted the attention of J. H. Wilkinson as well as many other researchers in numerical linear algebra. In this paper we review the motivation for this probelm, and the contributions made by Wilkinson and others toward its solution. We also present a general theory of ill-conditioning which explains many of these results and relates them to analogous results about the distance to the nearest singular matrix, the distance to the nearest polynomial with a multiple root, and in fact the distance from any problem whose solution is an algebraic function to the nearest ‘ill-posed’ problem.
Oscillation Theory of Delay Differential Equations
Authors: Györi I , Ladas G
Published: November 2023

In recent years there has been a resurgence of interest in the study of delay differential equations motivated largely by new applications in physics, biology, ecology, and physiology. The aim of this monograph is to present a reasonably self-contained account of the advances in the oscillation theory of this class of equations. Throughout, the main topics of study are motivated by applications as diverse as the populations of blowflies, logistic equations in ecology, the survival of red blood cells in animals, integro-differential equations, and the motion of the tips of growing plants. The authors begin by reviewing the basic theory of delay differential equations including the fundamental results of existence and uniqueness of solutions and the theory of the Laplace and z-transforms. Consequently, little prior knowledge of the subject is required other than a firm grounding in the main techniques of differential equation theory. As a result this book provides an invaluable reference to the recent work both for mathematicians and for all those whose research includes the study of this fascinating class of differential equations.
Oscillations Of Delay Difference Equations
Authors: Györi I , Ladas G
Published: November 2023

Our primary goal in this chapter is to develop an oscillation theory for delay (and also for advanced) difference equations which parallels the oscillation theory of delay differential equations.
Metalevel features 1n the object level: modal and temporal logic programming III
Authors: Gabbay* D M
Published: November 2023

There exist several translations of modal and temporal logic into the classical predicate calculus. These translations are used not only as conceptual reductions of these logics into classical logic but also as computational reductions into (sometimes the Horn clause fragment of) classical logic. Through these reductions, classical logic is playing the role of a metalanguage. Although this role is intuitively clear, there is a lack of proper analysis of the language - metalanguage capabilities of classical logic - and there is a need for a general for a framework for clarifying the notion of what we might call object language implementation of metalanguage concepts. This need is not restricted to logic. The phenomenon of implementing or interpreting one language in another is widespread in computing.
Negation and linear completion *
Authors: Cerritot Serenella
Published: November 2023

The reasons motivating our choice of linear logic over classical or intuitionistic logic to study the problem of the semantics of logic programs may be explained as follows.

Classical logic is not always useful to describe the declarative content of a program because there are situations where we need a commutation of the connectives with provability which classical logic does not provide: typically, the classical provability of A V B does not imply that either A is provable or Bis provable. Below, we illustrate this by means of an example (Example 1).
Supplementary texts
Authors: Hogger Christopher John
Published: November 2023

Many books have been published on the subjects of logic programming, Prolog and sundry topics relating to them. Most of them are tutorial guides to Prolog programming in the context of artificial intelligence applications such as expert systems. They vary widely both in their degree of sophistication and in the extent to which they acknowledge and exploit underlying logical principles.

Itemized below are a few books selected according to their appropriateness as supplementary material for this course. None of them is strictly necessary to the course, but each of them can contribute usefully to the assimilation of the material presented.
More language definitions
Authors: Hogger Christopher John
Published: November 2023

A literal is either an atomic formula or a negated atomic formula, as in theseThe first kind is called a positive literal and the second kind is called a negative literal.

The use of the word atom in many Edinburgh Prolog texts refers there to what we are calling a constant, not to what we are calling an atomic formula; this confusion of terminology is the fault of certain-persons-who­shall-not-be-named who sought to import LISP terminology into Prolog.
Elements of model theory
Authors: Hogger Christopher John
Published: November 2023

Model theory provides one way of attributing meaning to any given sentence of logic. Informally, the basic idea is to associate the sentence with some truthvalued statement about a chosen domain, a process known as interpretation. The domain is simply any set of our choice, for instance the set of natural numbers. Whatever truth-value that statement has is then bestowed upon the sentence.
Useful equivalences and implications
Authors: Hogger Christopher John
Published: November 2023

When we know that two sentences are (logically) equivalent we know that they have identical meaning, since they must share the same models. There are many contexts in which we wish to derive new sentences from given sentences in such a way as to preserve meaning. In the course of program transformation, for example, the intention is often to improve either the program’s structure or its performance, but without altering the veracity of the statements it makes about the problem domain. The latter requirement can be enforced by transforming the program only into some equivalent one.
Promises And Problems
Authors: Laidler Keith J
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the metrics of the Software Science model, cyclamate complexity, and information flow in more detail. These are selected on the basis of their popularity within the software engineering literature, and the significance of the claims made by their progenitors. Claimed benefits are summarized. Each metric is then made the subject of an in–depth critique and all are found wanting. The important point made by this chapter is that this is not due to mischance, but is indicative of deeper problems of methodology employed in the field of software metrics. The preceding chapter has provided an introduction to the area of software metrics and has, at the same time, outlined some of the major problems of the subject. The aim of this chapter is to look at three widely used metrics and use them as examples to illustrate more fully these problems. The first metric – or rather family of metrics – is that derived from Halstead’s Software Science which is almost certainly the widest studied and ‘validated’ metric. Of the three metrics examined in this chapter this has, over the last ten years, been the recipient of most criticism; we summarize these criticisms here.
Models, Theories, And Metrics
Authors: Laidler Keith J
Published: November 2023

The preceding two chapters have described major problems that afflict the software metrics area. These can be directly ascribed to inadequate theories and a lack of attention to the modelling process. This chapter first examines the main concepts of measurement theory; looks at the relationship between measurement and modelling; and then describes the difficult subject of model evaluation. It concludes with an examination of some of the attempts to remedy problems in software metrication based on measurement theory and axiomatic descriptions. They are found wanting. The analysis of developments in software metrics in the two preceding chapters suggests that measurement is understood and applied on a very informal basis. In particular, Chapters 2 and 3 have demonstrated that software metrologists have a rather weak notion of modelling which, as a consequence, has profound implications upon progress within the whole subject area. The justification for the use of metrics as an adjunct to software development has tended to run along the following lines.
Learning Optimal Chess Strategies
Authors: Bain M , Muggleton S
Published: November 2023

Move-perfect databases for chess endgames can be constructed by full-width backup from won positions. Complete tabulations are available for certain endgames, such as King and Rook against King (KRK), which contain optimal depth-to-win information. Previous work has applied decision-tree learning to construct rules for the classification of positions from such databases as won or not won, but with limited success. The current work takes an Inductive Logic Programming approach, using methods of generalization in first-order logic and specialization by predicate invention. Results are given on learning rules from example black-to-move KRK positions which are won-for-white in a fixed number of moves.
A Comparative Study of Classification Algorithms: Statistical, Machine Learning and Neural Network
Authors: King R D , Henery R , Feng C , Sutherland A
Published: November 2023

The aim of the Stat Log project is to compare the performance of statistical, machine learning, and neural network algorithms, on large real world problems. This paper describes the completed work on classification in the Stat Log project. Classification is here defined to be the problem, given a set of multivariate data with assigned classes, of estimating the probability from a set of attributes describing a new example sampled from the same source that it has a pre-defined class. We gathered together a representative collection of algorithms from statistics (Naive Bayes, K-nearest Neighbour, Kernel density, Linear discriminant, Quadratic discriminant, Logistic regression, Projection pursuit, Bayesian networks), machine learning (CART, C4.5, NewID, AC2, CAL5, CN2, ITrule —only propositional symbolic algorithms were considered), and neural networks (Backpropagation, Radial basis functions, Kohonen). We then applied these algorithms to eight large real world classification problems: four from image analysis, two from medicine, and one each from engineering and finance. Our results are still provisional, but we can draw a number of tentative conclusions about the applicability of particular algorithms to particular database types. For example: we found that K-nearest Neighbour can perform well on complex image analysis problems if the attributes are properly scaled, but it is very slow; machine learning algorithms are very fast and robust to non-Normal features of databases, but may be out-performed if particular distribution assumptions hold. We additionally found that many classification algorithms need to be extended to deal better with cost functions (problems where the classes have an ordered relationship are a special case of this).
A framework for behavioural cloning
Authors: Bain Michael , Sammut Claude
Published: November 2023

This paper describes recent experiments in automatically constructing reactive agents. The method used is behavioural cloning, where the logged data from skilled, human operators are input to an induction program which outputs a control strategy for a complex control task. Initial studies were able to successfully construct such behavioural clones, but suffered from several drawbacks, namely, that the clones were brittle and difficult to understand. Current research is aimed at solving these problems by learning in a framework where there is a separation between an agent’s goals and its knowledge of how to achieve them.
The cladistic biogeography of salps and pyrosomas
Authors: Van Soest R W M
Published: November 2023

The biogeography of salps and pyrosomas has so far been treated only by the classical approach of tabulating individual distributions, combining them into a limited number of inferred areas of endemism, and comparing these with abiotic parameters such as temperature and ocean current patterns (Van Soest, 1975, 1979; Van der Spoel and Heyman, 1983). This ecological approach emphasizes salp and pyrosoma recent ecology, ignoring the historical causes underlying the distribution patterns. However, it cannot answer such questions as: why are there no Arctic salp species?; where and when did the (sub)Antarctic species arise?; why are so many tax.a restricted to the Indo-West Pacific? Such questions might perhaps be answered by inferring possible scenarios for the observed distribution patterns from the geological history of the oceans (e.g. Van Soest, 1975). However, although this approach may work well in certain land and freshwater areas and much less well in benthic marine areas, in the pelagic environment it is virtually useless since there are great uncertainties about palaeoecology and palaeocurrent patterns earlier than the Pleistocene.
Eggs and egg-laying
Authors: Porter Keith
Published: November 2023

For success, a female butterfly must develop eggs, mate, and then place those eggs in sites where there is the greatest likelihood of larval success. This involves complex physiological and behavioural processes. Eggs have their origin in undifferentiated cell masses, or germinal buds, which are formed in the development of the embryo. These cells remain dormant throughout the life of the larva and begin to proliferate during the pupal stage. Upon emergence, many species of butterfly will already have a major part of their egg load fully developed and ready to be fertilized. In other species the process of egg growth will not begin until the female has had the opportunity to feed.