bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Slave Rebellions
Authors: Peterson David K.
Published: January 2013

Slavery has existed in various places and times throughout human history. So too have slave rebellions. Some of the most well‐known and compelling stories of all time have depicted these rebellions. Moses led a revolt against the enslavement of Hebrews in ancient Egypt, demanding of Pharoah to “Let my people go!” This episode is important, if not central, to the Abrahamic spiritual traditions—Christianity, Judaism, Islam, and others. Spartacus, during the Third Servile War in the first century, led a rebellion of slaves against their Roman captors. The tale of this revolt is especially beloved in the Western political tradition. In ninth‐century Iraq more than 500 000 East African slaves rose up against their Arab masters in what is known as the Zanj Rebellion. Rebellions have occurred in other places and times and have similarly become the stuff of legend. Because slave rebellions emerge from the site of the most extreme dispossession, in the face of the most terrifying odds, they are paradigm cases of resistance to oppressive power; they represent, in the words of Herbert Aptheker (1943: 3), the preeminent historian on the subject, “the highest form of protest.”
Visual Analysis of Social Movements
Authors: Doerr Nicole , Teune Simon
Published: January 2013

Visual analysis
is the development of concepts and methods to study visual elements of the mobilization, framing, diffusion, and resonance of protest and social movements. In the early 1990s, the “visual turn” in the humanities and cultural studies inspired a theoretical debate about the “power of images” in political conflict (Müller & Özcan 2007). While the visual turn resonated in international relations and media studies, especially in reaction to contentious global media events such as September 11, few social movement scholars have adjusted their focus to the visual realm. Although it is widely acknowledged that visible manifestations are a vital part of social movements and their reception in the public sphere, analysts of social movements have relied almost entirely on text‐based concepts and methods.
Adaptive state tracking of switched systems based on a hyperstability criterion
Authors: Wang Xia , Zhao Jun
Published: January 2013

The adaptive state tracking problem of switched systems is studied in this paper. The desirable state trajectory is generated by a switched reference model. First, a condition for asymptotical hyperstability of switched systems is proposed and a switching law is designed, which is a generalization of the classical hyperstability condition for non‐switched systems. Then, the result is applied to uncertain switched systems to achieve state tracking. An individual adaptive law is designed for each subsystem such that the Popov inequality is satisfied. Asymptotical state tracking is achieved under non‐persistent exciting input when the error system switches in a certain way. The result is demonstrated by a numerical example and a practical system of Highly Maneuverable Aircraft Technology vehicle, respectively. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced and Engineered d0 Ferromagnetism in Molecularly‐Thin Zinc Oxide Nanosheets
Authors: Taniguchi Takaaki , Yamaguchi Kazuhiro , Shigeta Ayako , Matsuda Yuki , Hayami Shinya , Shimizu Tetsuya , Matsui Takeshi , Yamazaki Teruo , Funatstu Asami , Makinose Yukihiro , Matsushita Nobuhiro , Koinuma Michio , Matsumoto Yasumichi
Published: January 2013

Molecularly‐thin nanosheets are ultimate two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials potentially giving unusual physical and chemical properties due to the strong 2D quantum and surface effects. Here, it is demonstrated that 1.5‐nm‐thick ZnO nanosheets exhibit greatly enhanced room‐temperature ferromagnetism. Saturation magnetization value of the nanosheets with intercalated dodecyl sulfate layers is approximately 100 times that of ZnO mesocrystals. Anion exchange with dodecyl phosphate layers strongly suppresses ferromagnetic ordering as a result of surface defect passivation while maintaining bulk‐like n‐type semiconducting properties, which reveals significance of interfacial states to engineer functional properties of nanosheet‐based hybrid materials.
Spray Layer‐by‐Layer Electrospun Composite Proton Exchange Membranes
Authors: Liu David S. , Ashcraft J. Nathan , Mannarino Matthew M. , Silberstein Meredith N. , Argun Avni A. , Rutledge Gregory C. , Boyce Mary C. , Hammond Paula T.
Published: January 2013

Polymer electrolyte films are deposited onto highly porous electrospun mats using layer‐by‐layer (LbL) processing to fabricate composite proton conducting membranes. By simply changing the assembly conditions for generation of the LbL film on the nanofiber mat substrate, three different and unique composite film morphologies can be achieved in which the electrospun mats provide mechanical support; the LbL assembly produces highly conductive films that coat the mats in a controlled fashion, separately providing the ionic conductivity and fuel blocking characteristics of the composite membrane. Coating an electrospun mat with the LbL dipping process produces composite membranes with “webbed” morphologies that link the fibers in‐plane and give the composite membrane in‐plane proton conductivities similar to that of the pristine LbL system. In contrast, coating an electrospun mat using the spray‐LbL process without vacuum produces a uniform film that bridges across all of the pores of the mat. These membranes have methanol permeability similar to free‐standing poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride)/sulfonated poly(2,6‐dimethyl 1,4‐phenylene oxide) (PDAC/sPPO) thin films. Coating an electrospun mat with the vacuum‐assisted spray‐LbL process produces composite membranes with conformally coated fibers throughout the bulk of the mat with nanometer control of the coating thickness on each fiber. The mechanical properties of the LbL‐coated mats display composite properties, exhibiting the strength of the glassy PDAC/sPPO films when dry and the properties of the underlying electrospun polyamide mat when hydrated. By combining the different spray‐LbL fabrication techniques with electrospun fiber supports and tuning the parameters, mechanically stable membranes with high selectivity can be produced, potentially for use in fuel cell applications.
Capsular Assemblies of Calix[4]resorcinarene‐based Cavitands
Authors: Yamanaka Masamichi , Kobayashi Kenji
Published: January 2013

Various supramolecular capsule structures have been developed in recent decades. Calix[4]resorcinarene‐based cavitands with bowl‐shaped aromatic cavities are suitable platforms for the formation of capsular assemblies. This Focus Review examines the construction of supramolecular capsules through the self‐assembly of cavitand derivatives. Various types of intermolecular interactions, such as hydrogen bonding, metal–ligand coordination, dynamic covalent bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic interactions have been used as driving forces for the formation of diverse structures of capsular assemblies.
Correlation over time for citations to mathematics articles
Authors: Lercher Aaron
Published: January 2013

Explicit definition of the limits of citation analysis demands additional tests for the validity of citation analysis. The stability of citation rankings over time can be regarded as confirming the validity of evaluative citation analysis. This stability over time was investigated for two sets of citation records from the Web of Science (Thomson Reuters, Philadelphia, PA) for articles published in journals classified in Journal Citation Reports as Mathematics. These sets are of all such articles for the 1960s and for the 1970s. This study employs only descriptive statistics and draws no inferences to any larger population. The study found a high correlation from one decade to the next of rankings among sets of most highly cited articles. However, the study found a low correlation for rankings among articles whose ranks were the 500 directly below those of the 500 most cited. This perhaps expected result is discussed in terms of the Glänzel‐Schubert‐Schoepflin stochastic model for citation processes and also in connection with an account of the purposes of evaluative citation analysis. This interpretative context suggests why the limitations of citation analysis may be inherent to citation analysis even when it is done well.
Central compartment dissection for papillary thyroid cancer
Authors: Shaha A R
Published: January 2013

Still a controversial Issue
Gene expression of the IGF pathway family distinguishes subsets of gastrointestinal stromal tumors wild type for KIT and PDGFRA
Authors: Beadling Carol , Patterson Janice , Justusson Emily , Nelson Dylan , Pantaleo Maria A. , Hornick Jason L. , Chacón Matias , Corless Christopher L. , Heinrich Michael C.
Published: January 2013

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) arise from the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) and are the most common mesenchymal neoplasm of the gastrointestinal tract. While the majority of GISTs harbor activating mutations in either the v‐kit Hardy‐Zuckerman feline sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KIT) or platelet‐derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) tyrosine kinases, approximately 10–15% of adult GISTs and 85% of pediatric GISTs lack such mutations. These “wild‐type” GISTs have been reported to express high levels of the insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), and IGF1R‐targeted therapy of wild‐type GISTs is being evaluated in clinical trials. However, it is not clear that all wild‐type GISTs express IGF1R, because studies to date have predominantly focused on a particular subtype of gastric wild‐type GIST that is deficient in the mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex. This study of a series of 136 GISTs, including 72 wild‐type specimens, was therefore undertaken to further characterize wild‐type GIST subtypes based on the relative expression of transcripts encoding IGF1R. Additional transcripts relevant to GIST biology were also evaluated, including members of the IGF‐signaling pathway (IGF1, IGF2, and insulin receptor [INSR]), neural markers (CDH2[CDH: Cadherin], neurofilament, light polypeptide, LHX2 [LHX: LIM homeobox], and KIRREL3 [KIRREL: kin of IRRE like]), KIT, PDGFRA, CD34, and HIF1A. Succinate dehydrogenase complex, subunit B protein expression was also assessed as a measure of SDH complex integrity. In addition to the previously described SDH‐deficient, IGF1Rhigh wild‐type GISTs, other SDH‐intact wild‐type subpopulations were defined by high relative expression of IGF1R, neural markers, IGF1 and INSR, or low IGF1R coupled with high IGF2. These results underscore the complexity and heterogeneity of wild‐type GISTs that will need to be factored into molecularly‐targeted therapeutic strategies.
SOCS and diabetes—ups and downs of a turbulent relationship
Authors: Suchy Dariusz , Łabuzek Krzysztof , Machnik Grzegorz , Kozłowski Michał , Okopień Bogusław
Published: January 2013

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most emerging diseases threatening the present world. Thus, intensive investigations are carried out to better understand the mechanisms occurring in type 1 (T1D) and 2 (T2D) diabetes, and to elaborate more potent methods to fight the disease. In this aspect, the suppressors of cytokine signalling (SOCS) are one of the most studied factors of recent years. SOCS proteins have been discovered as cytokine pathway inhibitors; however, presently, their influence seems wider. Most of the known SOCS proteins are involved in the modulation of the development of insulin resistance, β‐cell failure and eventually T1D and T2D. They are also involved in complications related with diabetes, such as retinopathy, nephropathy and cardiomyopathy. In T1D, SOCS proteins regulate β‐cell mass, mediate resistance to damaging factors and improve pancreatic islet graft survival. Regarding insulin resistance and T2D, SOCS proteins take part in mediating signals produced by diabetogenic substances and regulate insulin receptor functioning, affecting insulin sensitivity. However, not all of the present data are consistent, and thus, further studies are required. Finally, for several pharmacologically active substances of importance regarding the treatment of diabetes, SOCS‐modulating properties have already been described. Here, we review the findings of SOCS–diabetes relations of the last decade. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catch‐and‐Release Probes Applied to Semi‐Intact Cells Reveal Ubiquitin‐Specific Protease Expression in Chlamydia trachomatis Infection
Authors: Claessen Jasper H. L. , Witte Martin D. , Yoder Nicholas C. , Zhu Angela Y. , Spooner Eric , Ploegh Hidde L.
Published: January 2013

Protein ubiquitylation controls many cellular pathways, and timely removal of ubiquitin by deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) is essential to govern these different functions. To map endogenous expression of individual DUBs as well as that of any interacting proteins, we developed a catch‐and‐release ubiquitin probe. Ubiquitin was equipped with an activity‐based warhead and a cleavable linker attached to a biotin affinity‐handle through tandem site‐specific modification, in which we combined intein chemistry with sortase‐mediated ligation. The resulting probe is cell‐impermeable and was therefore delivered to the cytosol of perfringolysin O (PFO)‐permeabilized cells. This allowed us to retrieve and identify 34 DUBs and their interacting partners. We also noted the expression, in host cells infected with Chlamydia trachomatis, of two additional DUBs. Furthermore, we retrieved and identified chlamydial DUB1 (ChlaDUB1) and DUB2 (ChlaDUB2), demonstrating by experiment that ChlaDUB2, the presence and activity of which had not been detected in infected cells, is in fact expressed during the course of infection.
Methods in Molecular Biology 872: In Vivo Cellular Imaging Using Fluorescent Proteins: Methods and Protocols. Edited by Robert M. Hoffman.
Authors: Morris May
Published: January 2013

Humana Press, Totowa 2012, XIII+269 pp., hardcover, $ 119.00.—ISBN 978‐1‐61779‐796‐5
Exploring the Reactivity of Multicomponent Photocatalysts: Insight into the Complex Valence Band of BiOBr
Authors: Fang Yan‐Fen , Ma Wan‐Hong , Huang Ying‐Ping , Cheng Gen‐Wei
Published: January 2013

The band structure of multicomponent semiconductor photocatalysts, as well as their reactivity distinction under different wavelengths of light, is still unclear. BiOBr, which is a typical multicomponent semiconductor, may have two possible valence‐band structures, that is, two discrete valence bands constructed respectively from O 2p and Br 4p orbitals, or one valence band derived from the hybridization of these orbitals. In this work, aqueous photocatalytic hydroxylation is applied as the probe reaction to investigate the nature and reactions of photogenerated holes in BiOBr. Three organic compounds (microcystin‐LR, aniline, and benzoic acid) with different oxidation potentials were selected as substrates. Isotope labeling (H218O as the solvent) was used to determine the source of the O atom in the hydroxyl group of the products, which distinguishes the contribution of different hydroxylation pathways. Furthermore, a spin‐trapping ESR method was used to quantify the reactive oxygen species (.OH and .OOH) formed in the reaction system. The different isotope abundances of the hydroxyl O atom of the products formed, as well as the reverse trend of the .OH/.OOH ratio with the oxidative resistance of the substrate under UV and visible irradiation, reveal that BiOBr has two separate valence bands, which have different oxidation ability and respond to UV and visible light, respectively. This study shows that the band structure of semiconductor photocatalysts can be reliably analyzed with an isotope labeling method.
Selective Removal of Hydroxyl Groups from Graphene Oxide
Authors: Chua Chun Kiang , Pumera Martin
Published: January 2013

Graphene has a wide range of potential applications, thus tremendous efforts have been put into ensuring that the most direct and effective methods for its large‐scale production are developed. The formation of graphene materials from graphene oxide through a chemical reduction method is still one of the most preferred routes. Numerous methods starting from various reducing agents have been developed to obtain near‐pristine graphene sheets. However, most of the reducing agents are not mechanistically supported by classical organic chemistry knowledge and of those that are supported, they are only theoretically capable of, at most, reducing oxygen‐containing groups on graphene oxide to hydroxyl groups. Herein, we present a mechanistically proven method for the selective defunctionalisation of hydroxyl groups from graphene oxide that is based on ethanethiol–aluminium chloride complexes and provides a graphene material with improved properties. The structural, morphological and electrochemical properties of the graphene materials have been fully characterised based on high‐resolution X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry techniques. Our analyses showed that the obtained graphene materials exhibited high heterogeneous electron‐transfer rates, low charge‐transfer resistance and high conductivity as compared to the parent graphene oxide. Moreover, the selective defunctionalisation of hydroxyl groups could potentially allow for the tailoring of graphene properties for various applications.
A 24‐h Forecast of Oxidant Concentration in Tokyo Using Neural Network and Fuzzy Learning Approach
Authors: Pai Tzu‐Yi , Hanaki Keisuke , Su Han‐Chang , Yu Lu‐Feng
Published: January 2013

In this study, several types of adaptive network‐based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) with different membership functions (MFs) and artificial neural network (ANN) were employed to predict hourly photochemical oxidants that were oxidizing substances such as ozone and peroxiacetyl nitrate produced by photochemical reactions. The results indicated that ANFIS statistically outperforms ANN in terms of hourly oxidant prediction. The minimum mean absolute percentage errors (MAPEs) of 4.99% could be achieved using ANFIS with bell shaped MFs. The maximum correlation coefficient, the minimum mean square errors, and the minimum root mean square errors were 0.99, 0.15, and 0.39, respectively. ANFIS's architecture consists of both ANN and fuzzy logic including linguistic expression of MFs and if‐then rules, so it can overcome the limitations of traditional neural network and increase the prediction performance.
A Web‐based communication aid for patients with cancer
Authors: Meropol Neal J. , Egleston Brian L. , Buzaglo Joanne S. , Balshem Andrew , Benson Al B. , Cegala Donald J. , Cohen Roger B. , Collins Michael , Diefenbach Michael A. , Miller Suzanne M. , Fleisher Linda , Millard Jennifer L. , Ross Eric A. , Schulman Kevin A. , Silver Allison , Slater Elyse , Solarino Nicholas , Sulmasy Daniel P. , Trinastic Jonathan , Weinfurt Kevin P.
Published: January 2013

BACKGROUND:

Cancer patients and their oncologists often report differing perceptions of consultation discussions and discordant expectations regarding treatment outcomes. CONNECT, a computer‐based communication aid, was developed to improve communication between patients and oncologists.

METHODS:

CONNECT includes assessment of patient values, goals, and communication preferences; patient communication skills training; and a preconsultation physician summary report. CONNECT was tested in a 3‐arm, prospective, randomized clinical trial. Prior to the initial medical oncology consultation, adult patients with advanced cancer were randomized to the following arms: 1) control; 2) CONNECT with physician summary; or 3) CONNECT without physician summary. Outcomes were assessed with postconsultation surveys.

RESULTS:

Of 743 patients randomized, 629 completed postconsultation surveys. Patients in the intervention arms (versus control) felt that the CONNECT program made treatment decisions easier to reach (P = .003) and helped them to be more satisfied with these decisions (P < .001). In addition, patients in the intervention arms reported higher levels of satisfaction with physician communication format (P = .026) and discussion regarding support services (P = .029) and quality of life concerns (P = .042). The physician summary did not impact outcomes. Patients with higher levels of education and poorer physical functioning experienced greater benefit from CONNECT.

CONCLUSIONS:

This prospective randomized clinical trial demonstrates that computer‐based communication skills training can positively affect patient satisfaction with communication and decision‐making. Measurable patient characteristics may be used to identify subgroups most likely to benefit from an intervention such as CONNECT. Cancer 2013. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Adjuvant therapy for high‐grade, uterus‐limited leiomyosarcoma
Authors: Hensley Martee L. , Wathen J. Kyle , Maki Robert G. , Araujo Dejka M. , Sutton Gregory , Priebat Dennis A. , George Suzanne , Soslow Robert A. , Baker Laurence H.
Published: January 2013

BACKGROUND:

Between 30% and 50% of women who have high‐grade uterine leiomyosarcoma (uLMS) limited to the uterus at diagnosis remain progression‐free at 2 years. Adjuvant pelvic radiation does not improve outcome. The objective of the current study was to determine the 2‐year and 3‐year progression‐free survival (PFS) among a prospective cohort of women who received adjuvant gemcitabine plus docetaxel followed by doxorubicin.

METHODS:

Women with uterus‐limited, high‐grade uLMS and adequate organ function were eligible. Within 12 weeks of complete resection and after confirmation that they had no evidence of disease on computed tomography (CT) images, the patients received 4 cycles of fixed‐dose‐rate gemcitabine plus docetaxel. Those who were confirmed disease‐free on CT scans after cycle 4 received 4 cycles of doxorubicin. CT imaging for recurrence was performed every 3 months for 2 years, then every 6 months for 3 years.

RESULTS:

In total, 47 women were enrolled (46 evaluable) in 3 years. Characteristics included a median age of 53 years; 1988 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage I disease in 81% of patients, stage II disease in 15%, and serosa‐only stage IIIA disease in 4%; American Joint Committee on Cancer stage II disease in 13% of patients and stage III disease in 87%; a median tumor size of 8 cm (range, 2.5‐30 cm); and a median mitotic rate of 18 mitoses per 10 high‐power fields (range, 5‐83 mitoses per 10 high‐power fields). At a median follow‐up of 39.8 months, 21 of 46 patients developed recurrent disease (45.7%). The median time to recurrence was 27.4 months (range, 3‐40 months). Seventy‐eight percent of patients (95% confidence interval, 67%‐91%) were progression‐free at 2 years, and 57% (95% confidence interval, 44%‐74%) were progression‐free at 3 years. The median PFS was not reached and exceeded 36 months.

CONCLUSIONS:

Among women with high‐grade, uterus‐limited uLMS who received treatment with adjuvant gemcitabine plus docetaxel followed by doxorubicin, 78% remained progression‐free at 2 years, and 57% remained progression‐free at 3 years. A randomized trial of adjuvant chemotherapy versus observation to determine whether adjuvant chemotherapy can improve survival in women with uterus‐limited uLMS is underway. Cancer 2013. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
A trigger channel threshold artifact in nanoparticle analysis
Authors: Nolan John P. , Stoner Samuel A.
Published: January 2013

The analysis of individual nanoparticles by flow cytometry involves the measurement of dim signals that are near the detection limits of the instrument. Discriminating the signal from particles of interest from that of background particles in buffers and from optical and electronic noise can be challenging, and requires careful consideration of the measurement approach, control experiments, and scrutiny of the resulting data. In applying this scrutiny, we have come to recognize an artifact that results from the inappropriate selection of the trigger channel threshold that might not be obvious to the casual user. When measuring dim signals close to the noise or background levels, it is intuitive and common for the operator to adjust the trigger threshold to minimize the “false triggers” acquired by the system, and then to run the unknown sample, interpreting the events detected above the background as measurements of individual particles. We show here that when this approach is used to measure particles whose signals fall below the trigger threshold, only coincident events are detected, producing erroneous measurements of both particle number and brightness. We suggest that in many cases, the analysis of dim nanoparticles is best achieved using a fluorescence channel for the trigger. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
PDGF Receptor Alpha+ Mesoderm Contributes to Endothelial and Hematopoietic Cells in Mice
Authors: Ding Guo , Tanaka Yosuke , Hayashi Misato , Nishikawa Shin‐Ichi , Kataoka Hiroshi
Published: January 2013

Background: Early mesoderm can be classified into Flk‐1+ or PDGF receptor alpha (PDGFRα)+ population, grossly representing lateral and paraxial mesoderm, respectively. It has been demonstrated that all endothelial (EC) and hematopoietic (HPC) cells are derived from Flk‐1+ cells. Although PDGFRα+ cells give rise to ECs/HPCs in in vitro ES differentiation, whether PDGFRα+ population can become hemato‐endothelial lineages has not been proved in mouse embryos. Results: Using PDGFRαMerCreMer mice, PDGFRα+ early mesoderm was shown to contribute to endothelial cells including hemogenic ECs, fetal liver B lymphocytes, and Lin‐Kit+Sca‐1+ (KSL) cells. Contribution of PDGFRα+ mesoderm into ECs and HPCs was limited until E8.5, indicating that PDGFRα+/Flk‐1+ population that exists until E8.5 may be the source for hemato‐endothelial lineages from PDGFRα+ population. The functional significance of PDGFRα+ mesoderm in vascular development and hematopoiesis was confirmed by genetic deletion of Etv2 or restoration of Runx1 in PDGFRα+ cells. Etv2 deletion and Runx1 restoration in PDGFRα+ cells resulted in abnormal vascular remodeling and rescue of fetal liver CD45+ and Lin‐Kit+Sca‐1+ (KSL) cells, respectively. Conclusions: Endothelial and hematopoietic cells can be derived from PDGFRα+ early mesoderm in mice. PDGFRα+ mesoderm is functionally significant in vascular development and hematopoiesis from phenotype analysis of genetically modified embryos. Developmental Dynamics 242:254–268, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic Interaction Screens Identify a Role for Hedgehog Signaling in Drosophila Border Cell Migration
Authors: Geisbrecht Erika R. , Sawant Ketki , Su Ying , Liu Ze (Cindy) , Silver Debra L. , Burtscher Ashley , Wang Xuejiao , Zhu Alan Jian , McDonald Jocelyn A.
Published: January 2013

Background: Cell motility is essential for embryonic development and physiological processes such as the immune response, but also contributes to pathological conditions such as tumor progression and inflammation. However, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying migratory processes is incomplete. Drosophila border cells provide a powerful genetic model to identify the roles of genes that contribute to cell migration. Results: Members of the Hedgehog signaling pathway were uncovered in two independent screens for interactions with the small GTPase Rac and the polarity protein Par‐1 in border cell migration. Consistent with a role in migration, multiple Hh signaling components were enriched in the migratory border cells. Interference with Hh signaling by several different methods resulted in incomplete cell migration. Moreover, the polarized distribution of E‐Cadherin and a marker of tyrosine kinase activity were altered when Hh signaling was disrupted. Conservation of Hh‐Rac and Hh‐Par‐1 signaling was illustrated in the wing, in which Hh‐dependent phenotypes were enhanced by loss of Rac or par‐1. Conclusions: We identified a pathway by which Hh signaling connects to Rac and Par‐1 in cell migration. These results further highlight the importance of modifier screens in the identification of new genes that function in developmental pathways. Developmental Dynamics 242:414–431, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of gonadal soma‐derived factor expression during sex change in the protogynous wrasse, Halichoeres trimaculatus
Authors: Horiguchi Ryo , Nozu Ryo , Hirai Toshiaki , Kobayashi Yasuhisa , Nagahama Yoshitaka , Nakamura Masaru
Published: January 2013

Background: Sex change in fishes provides a good experimental model for understanding the mechanisms and plasticity of sex determination and differentiation. The three‐spot wrasse, Halichoeres trimaculatus is a protogynous hermaphrodite. During sex change from female to male, the ovary is replaced by the testis through the degeneration of oocytes and subsequent spermatogenesis. In the present study, we cloned a cDNA‐encoding gonadal soma‐derived factor (GSDF) from protogynous wrasse and examined its expression pattern in the sexually mature gonads and the sex‐changing gonad induced experimentally by aromatase inhibition. Results: Expression of gsdf was predominantly observed in the testis, and it was mainly localized to the supporting cells surrounding the spermatogonia. In the ovary, only slight expression of gsdf was observed in morphologically undifferentiated supporting cells in contact with oogonia. During sex change, strong expression of gsdf appeared first in the supporting cells surrounding the gonial germ cells before the onset of spermatogenesis. Thereafter, the expression of gsdf continually increased in the supporting cells surrounding the proliferating spermatogonia throughout the sex change. Conclusions: These results suggest that gsdf is involved in the proliferation of spermatogonia and subsequent spermatogenesis in both the testis and the gonad in the early stages of sex change. Developmental Dynamics 242:388–399, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Iron(II) Complexes of Two Amine/Imine N5 Chelate Ligands Containing a 1,4‐Diazepane Core – To Crossover or Not To Crossover
Authors: Schmidt Marc , Wiedemann Dennis , Moubaraki Boujemaa , Chilton Nicholas F. , Murray Keith S. , Vignesh Kuduva R. , Rajaraman Gopalan , Grohmann Andreas
Published: January 2013

Two new chelate ligands, 6‐methyl‐6‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐1,4‐bis[(pyridin‐2‐yl)methyl]‐1,4‐diazepane (4a) and 6‐methyl‐6‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)‐1,4‐bis[2‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)ethyl]‐1,4‐diazepane (4b), were synthesized from pyridine‐derived precursors in three‐step procedures. Both ligands have N5 donor sets consisting of two tertiary amine and three pyridyl N atoms. Complexation with FeCl2 or FeBr2 in MeOH followed by anion exchange with (nBu4N)PF6 gave the complexes [Fe(4a)X]PF6 and [Fe(4b)X]PF6 (X = Cl, Br) in moderate‐to‐good yields. The coordination geometry around the iron(II) centre, as determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, is strongly distorted octahedral for ligand 4a and more regular for ligand 4b. Magnetic susceptibility measurements show the complexes to contain high‐spin iron(II) over the whole range of temperatures (2 < T < 300 K). DFT calculations for the complexes of ligands 4a and 4b reproduce the high‐spin ground state and suggest that exchange of the halide ligand for ligands that exhibit some degree of π‐type interaction could induce SCO behaviour. Also, calculations of the zero‐field splitting (ZFS) parameters of these complexes rationalize the observed sign change on the basis of different degrees of structural distortion imparted by ligands 4a and 4b.
Formation of Zinc Hydroxide Nitrate by H+‐Catalyzed Dissolution‐Precipitation
Authors: Moezzi Amir , Cortie Michael , McDonagh Andrew M.
Published: January 2013

The formation of zinc hydroxide nitrate, Zn5(OH)8(NO3)2·2H2O, by reaction between zinc oxide and aqueous zinc nitrate solution was examined. Scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis were used to analyze the conversion of nanoscale ZnO particles into much larger crystals of the hydroxide nitrate. The rate of the reaction displayed sigmoidal behavior with the maximum conversion rate at ca. 75 min. The reaction stoichiometry involves a 1:1 ZnO/Zn(NO3)2 molar ratio. The data indicate that an amorphous zinc‐containing intermediate phase is formed during the transition, and that the zinc hydroxide nitrate crystals nucleate and grow from this phase. The crystals of zinc hydroxide nitrate are several µm in size, but are formed from zinc oxide crystals of only a few hundred nanometers in size, indicating that mass transfer in the aqueous phase plays an important role. We propose that H+‐catalyzed dissolution/precipitation is the key process in the mechanism of the reaction. The zinc hydroxide nitrate is stable to about 110 °C, but decomposes above that temperature to a series of less hydrated phases, with associated loss of mass, until zinc oxide is formed at about 190 °C. The solubility product, Ksp, of Zn5(OH)8(NO3)2·2H2O in water was measured by two independent techniques and found to be in the range of 7.4–8.5 × 10–11.
Influence of kernel roasting on bioactive components and oxidative stability of pine nut oil
Authors: Cai Luyun , Cao Ailing , Aisikaer Guzanuer , Ying Tiejin
Published: January 2013

Changes in the content of bioactive components, oxidative stability, and radical scavenging capacity of pine nut oils extracted from kernels roasted for different times (0–60 min) at 150°C were determined. Oil extracted from kernels roasted for 30 min demonstrated the highest oxidative stability. The browning index which indicates extent of Maillard reaction significantly (p<0.05) increased with roasting. Compared to samples from unroasted kernels, roasting was found to cause an increase in total phenolics and a reduction in the level of total tocopherols. Total carotenoids and total chlorophylls were also reduced by roasting and almost completely diminished in heaver roasting conditions. The highest radical scavenging capacity was detected in oil sample from kernels roasted for 30 min. The improvement of oxidative stability and antioxidant capacity is possibly resulted from the combined action of the neo‐formed Maillard reaction products, increased total phenolics, and other remaining bioactive components.
Synthesis of Nucleobase‐Functionalized Morpholino‐Modified Nucleoside Monomers Through Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Nandi Bappaditya , Pattanayak Sankha , Paul Sibasish , Sinha Surajit
Published: January 2013

Morpholino‐modified nucleoside analogues have widespread applications in developmental biology. To achieve nucleobase‐functionalized forms of morpholino nucleosides, syntheses of 5‐substituted cytidine, 8‐substituted adenosine, and 8‐substituted guanosine morpholino nucleoside monomers are described for the first time. The syntheses are based on the use of 5‐iodocytidine, 8‐bromoadenosine, and 8‐bromoguanosine morpholino nucleosides as the key starting materials. These iodo or bromo derivatives have also been synthesized for the first time. Palladium‐mediated cross‐coupling reactions (Sonogashira, Suzuki, and Heck) were then employed with the halo derivatives to accomplish the substitutions. Different reaction conditions for C, A, and G were standardized to achieve the conversions. The strategy was devised in such a way that the usefulN‐trityl protecting groups remain at the end. The catalyst combinations used for Sonogashira, Suzuki, and Heck reactions were Pd(PPh3)2Cl2·CuI, Pd(dppf)Cl2·CH2Cl2, and Pd(OAc)2, respectively. Heck coupling between 5‐iodocytidine monomer and methyl acrylate worked well, whereas with acrylonitrile the exocyclic amine of cytidine was found to form the aza‐Michael adduct. In this context, treatment of iodocytidine with methyl acrylate under two different sets of conditions was found to produce either the Michael addition product or the Heck coupling product. Four of the functionalized morpholino monomers have been further confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray structural analysis. All of these functionalized monomers were obtained in good to excellent overall yields.
Spatio–temporal modeling for disease mapping using CAR and B‐spline smoothing
Authors: Torabi Mahmoud
Published: January 2013

In this paper, generalized additive mixed models are constructed for the analysis of geographical and temporal variability of disease ratios. In this class of models, spatio–temporal models that use conditionally autoregressive smoothing across the spatial dimension and B‐spline smoothing over the temporal dimension are considered. The frequentist analysis of these complex models is computationally difficult. On the other hand, the advent of the Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm has made the Bayesian analysis of complex models computationally convenient. Recently developed data cloning (DC) method provides a frequentist approach to mixed models and equally computationally convenient. We propose to use DC, which yields to maximum likelihood estimation, to conduct frequentist analysis of spatio–temporal modeling of disease ratios. The advantages of DC approach are that the non‐estimable parameters are flagged automatically and prediction (and prediction intervals) of the smoothing incidence ratios over space and time are easily obtained. We illustrate this approach using a real dataset of yearly childhood asthma visits to hospital in the province of Manitoba, Canada, during 2000–2010. The performance of the DC approach is also studied through a simulation study. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mineralization of phenanthrene sorbed on multiwalled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Xia Xinghui , Zhou Chuanhui , Huang Jianhua , Wang Ran , Xia Na
Published: January 2013

Carbon nanotubes have attracted attention around the world because of their high sorption capacity for hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs); however, the bioavailability of HOCs sorbed on carbon nanotubes to bacteria is not well known. In the present study, 14C-labeled and unlabeled phenanthrene was spiked onto four kinds of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and aged for 60 d, and the mineralization of phenanthrene sorbed on MWCNTs was studied. The mineralization efficiencies of phenanthrene sorbed on the four kinds of MWCNTs were 2.38, 8.84, 23.88, and 31.47%, respectively, after incubation for 35 d, which were positively correlated with the sum of fast and slow desorption fractions of phenanthrene (p < 0.05). The authors found that the mineralization efficiencies agreed well with the MWCNT properties; the increasing specific surface area and mesopore and micropore volume of MWCNTs caused a significant decrease in the mineralization efficiency of phenanthrene (p < 0.05). After incubation for 35 d, the density of bacteria had a significant positive correlation with both the desorption and the mineralization efficiencies. The authors inferred that, although MWCNTs might have toxic effects on the bacteria, the biodegrading ability of bacteria might not decrease significantly under the influence of MWCNTs with low surface area. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2013;32:894–901. © 2013 SETAC
Technology: Shaky estimates show renewables cost enormous
Authors: Skinner R. Kenneth
Published: January 2013

Energy policy took a back seat to more immediate issues during this year's presidential debates, issues like job creation, economic growth, and the role of Big Bird as a publicly funded icon. Although not discussed frequently, it seems that both political parties agree that energy independence and renewable energy choices are important for our energy future. This past decade, under both the Bush and Obama administrations, alternative energy choices have been encouraged through various policies at both the state and federal levels.
NERC matters: Eliminating zero‐tolerance enforcement
Authors: Carpentier Deborah
Published: January 2013

Since the mandatory enforcement of Reliability Standards, the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) and its eight regional entities (collectively, “NERC Enterprise”) have prosecuted almost every potential violation, regardless of the risk posed to the bulk electric system (BES) resulting from such violation. Even if many of these violations resulted in zero or nominal penalties, the resources expended by the NERC Enterprise and the entities that must comply with the NERC Reliability Standards, called “Registered Entities,” were substantially similar in scope to the resources dedicated to the prosecution of higher‐risk violations.
High‐resolution topography and anthropogenic feature extraction: testing geomorphometric parameters in floodplains
Authors: Sofia Giulia , Fontana Giancarlo Dalla , Tarolli Paolo
Published: January 2013

In floodplains, anthropogenic features such as levees or road scarps, control and influence flows. An up‐to‐date and accurate digital data about these features are deeply needed for irrigation and flood mitigation purposes. Nowadays, LiDAR Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) covering large areas are available for public authorities, and there is a widespread interest in the application of such models for the automatic or semiautomatic recognition of features. The automatic recognition of levees and road scarps from these models can offer a quick and accurate method to improve topographic databases for large‐scale applications. In mountainous contexts, geomorphometric indicators derived from DTMs have been proven to be reliable for feasible applications, and the use of statistical operators as thresholds showed a high reliability to identify features. The goal of this research is to test if similar approaches can be feasible also in floodplains. Three different parameters are tested at different scales on LiDAR DTM. The boxplot is applied to identify an objective threshold for feature extraction, and a filtering procedure is proposed to improve the quality of the extractions. This analysis, in line with other works for different environments, underlined (1) how statistical parameters can offer an objective threshold to identify features with varying shapes, size and height; (2) that the effectiveness of topographic parameters to identify anthropogenic features is related to the dimension of the investigated areas. The analysis also showed that the shape of the investigated area has not much influence on the quality of the results. While the effectiveness of residual topography had already been proven, the proposed study underlined how the use of entropy can anyway provide good extractions, with an overall quality comparable to the one offered by residual topography, and with the only limitation that the extracted features are slightly wider than the investigated one. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validity evidence for the back beliefs questionnaire in the general population
Authors: Bostick G.P. , Schopflocher D. , Gross D.P.
Published: January 2013

Background

Despite common usage of the back beliefs questionnaire (BBQ) in a variety of studies, important validity evidence is missing. The objective of this study was to examine the validity of the BBQ in the general population.

Methods

A population‐based, cross‐sectional study design was used. Adult residents in two Canadian provinces were randomly sampled. To examine structural validity, items from the BBQ were subjected to factor analysis. Construct validity was tested by examining two hypotheses: BBQ scores would be most pessimistic in those with a recent history of back pain and in those who utilized passive treatments for back pain. Multiple linear regression was used to analyse the two hypotheses.

Results

Complete data were available for 6171 subjects. The best structure for the BBQ was to use eight or nine of the 14 items for scoring, which is consistent with the structure reported by the BBQ developers. BBQ scores varied based on participants’ history of low back pain (LBP) and depended on pain severity. Those with severe pain and a recent history of LBP had the most pessimistic BBQ scores. In addition, participants who utilized passive management behaviours such as bed rest and activity avoidance had more pessimistic BBQ scores compared with those that did not.

Conclusions

This study provides strong validity evidence supporting the current structure and scoring of the BBQ. In addition, construct validity was evidenced by the behaviour of BBQ scores in a manner congruent with our hypotheses, further supporting use of the BBQ in the general population.
It's not about pager replacement: An in‐depth look at the interprofessional nature of communication in healthcare
Authors: Quan Sherman D. , Wu Robert C. , Rossos Peter G. , Arany Teri , Groe Silvi , Morra Dante , Wong Brian M. , Cavalcanti Rodrigo , Coke William , Lau Francis Y.
Published: January 2013

BACKGROUND

Institutions have tried to replace the use of numeric pagers for clinical communication by implementing health information technology (HIT) solutions. However, failing to account for the sociotechnical aspects of HIT or the interplay of technology with existing clinical workflow, culture, and social interactions may create other unintended consequences.

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate a Web‐based messaging system that allows asynchronous communication between health providers and identify the unintended consequences associated with implementing such technology.

DESIGN

Intervention—a Web‐based messaging system at the University Health Network to replace numeric paging practices in May 2010. The system facilitated clinical communication on the medical wards for coordinating patient care. Study design—pre‐post mixed methods utilizing both quantitative and qualitative measures.

PARTICIPANTS

Five residents, 8 nurses, 2 pharmacists, and 2 social workers were interviewed. Pre‐post interruption—15 residents from 5 clinical teams in both periods.

MEASUREMENTS

The study compared the type of messages sent to physicians before and after implementation of the Web‐based messaging system; a constant comparative analysis of semistructured interviews was used to generate key themes related to unintended consequences.

RESULTS

Interruptions increased 233%, from 3 pages received per resident per day pre‐implementation to 10 messages received per resident per day post‐implementation. Key themes relating to unintended consequences that emerged from the interviews included increase in interruptions, accountability, and tactics to improve personal productivity.

CONCLUSIONS

Meaningful improvements in clinical communication can occur but require more than just replacing pagers. Introducing HIT without addressing the sociotechnical aspects of HIT that underlie clinical communication can lead to unintended consequences. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2013;8:137–143. © 2013 Society of Hospital Medicine
Converging skills in healthcare: The perfect storm or the perfect opportunity?
Authors: Charney Fran
Published: January 2013

This editor's letter was completed before hurricane Sandy made landfall and her destruction was known. Our hearts go out to those who have suffered losses from the storm and we remember you in our thoughts and prayers.