bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Investigation of Relationship Between the Satisfaction Level and Perceived Organizational Support of Human Resources Management Practices in Sport Organizations
Authors: Topuz Ramazan , Çağlayan Hakan Salim
Published: September 2019

The input and output of all sports organizations is human; therefore, it is considered that the human resources management practices that are applied in sports organizations have a special importance. In the light of this idea, satisfaction level and perceived organizational support from human resources management in sport organizations were examined in terms of various variables. The universe of the research is composed of the individulas who work in various stages of provincial directorates of sports in Turkey and the sample group consists of 321 people, 223 males and 98 females, selected randomly from these provincial directorates. In the study, the satisfaction scale of Human Resources Management practices developed by Gürbüz and Bekmezci (2012) by using the scales in the literature and Perceived Organizational Support Scale developed by Eisenberger et al., (1986) were used. As a result; In body of the literature, it is seen that the studies on human resources management practices and perceived organizational support in sports organizations are quite limited; There is a significant difference in the satisfaction level from hrm of the employees working in the provincial directorates of sports according to gender, working year, staff type, age category and education levels and there weren’t significant difference in perceived organizational support dimension according to gender, working year, staff type, age category but there were significant differences in educational level; There were significant, moderate (R = 0.3-0.7) and positive relationships between the two scales in terms of all variables.
Introduction
Authors: Cusumano Eugenio , Kinsey Christopher
Published: September 2019

In spite of its growing importance in public debate, diplomatic security has received very limited scholarly attention. This introduction outlines the dimensions of diplomatic security, explaining how the volume contributes to the literature on both security and diplomacy, and briefly describing the content of each chapter.
A Century of US Diplomatic Security
Authors: Cullen Patrick
Published: September 2019

The United States' diplomatic security apparatus that operates today from Washington DC to Iraq and Afghanistan is uniquely massive. It is incomparable in its size, budget, degree of institutionalization, and level of sophistication when set against both other nations as well as its own humble origins in WWI. To understand why this is so, the first half of this chapter historically maps and causally explains how, and why, US diplomatic security has been transformed over the course of its modern hundred-year history. The second half provides an empirically rich study of the various roles and functions of the State Department's Bureau of Diplomatic Security and the US military units that protect the US diplomatic mission.
A Policy in Progress
Authors: Joana Jean
Published: September 2019

At the beginning of 2017, a French government decree transformed the Sub-Directorate for Diplomatic Security into a full-fledged directorate of the ministry of Foreign Affairs under the name of the Directorate for Diplomatic Security. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of today’s French diplomatic security policies. To this end, it relies on documents and interview to examine the process underlying the creation of a dedicated service dealing with diplomatic security and investigate how such arrangements have been shaped by French diplomatic culture and more general transformations in French foreign policy.
Russia’s Militarized Approach to Diplomatic Security
Authors: Kropatcheva Elena
Published: September 2019

Despite the increasing number of attacks on Russian diplomatic representations and personnel abroad, Russian diplomatic security has received very little attention. This chapter examines Moscow’s approach to diplomatic security, showing that Russian diplomatic protective arrangements have been characterized by an increasingly large military component. Overall, however, Russia’s diplomatic security policy has been reactive and slow. This, as epitomized by the murder of the Russian ambassador in Istanbul in December 2016, hinders the effective protection of Russia’s diplomatic personnel.
Securing Diplomacy in the War on Terrorism
Authors: Eroukhmanoff Clara
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores the entanglements of Western diplomatic efforts with the war on terrorism, arguing that this involvement might increase diplomats’ insecurity. It takes a critical approach to “security” and the “securitization” of diplomacy, that is, the discourse that portrays Western diplomats as under an “unprecedented” level of threat that requires extraordinary security measures. The securitization of diplomacy in the theaters of the war on terrorism has led to further distancing between diplomats and locals, translating into the use of isolated fortress embassies and the resort to military escorts and private security companies. This chapter sheds light on the short-term and problem-solving nature of this securitization and seeks instead to re-engage diplomacy as a powerful structuring force in the international system.
Conclusion
Authors: Cusumano Eugenio
Published: September 2019

The Conclusion examines the nature and scope of diplomatic security policies worldwide, the factors underlying their variations, their effectiveness in securing diplomats, and their implications for the conduct of diplomacy. It provides novel insights into the study of security and diplomacy alike. Most notably, it underscores the importance of organizational interests and cultures in shaping protective arrangements, conceptualizes diplomatic inviolability as an international norm, and posits the existence of a trade-off between effective diplomacy and effective diplomatic security. Arguing that diplomacy in a traditional sense has partly lost its importance has become commonplace. States’ reluctance to close missions in dangerous locations, arguably the most effective security policy available, vindicates the enduring importance of traditional, face-to-face diplomacy in the twenty-first century.
Iconoclasm As Child's Play
Authors: Moshenska Joe
Published: September 2019

This book begins with the observation that, during the English Reformation, holy things taken from churches and monasteries were on occasion not smashed or burned but instead given to children as toys. Iconoclasm has tended to feature prominently in narratives of modernity as a process of disenchantment, sometimes understood as the cultural diminution of playfulness: this book asks how these narratives might have to change once we recognize that iconoclasm and child’s play were periodically one and the same. Each chapter begins with an example of iconoclastic child’s play in practice--from locations in England, Germany, and East Asia, involving objects from broken crucifixes to wooden sculptures. The chapters then move outward from these starting points to ask what iconoclasm as child’s play can tell us about the ways in which children, their play, and objects more broadly are made to assume meanings. In pursuing these questions the book draws consistently on major and minor sixteenth-century figures--Erasmus, Bruegel, Spenser--but also ranges backward and forward to consider biblical, classical, and patristic understandings of play, as well as more recent thinkers including Walter Benjamin, D. W. Winnicott, T. W. Adorno, Alfred Gell, Ian Hacking, and Michael Taussig. These figures are used not so much to theorize iconoclasm as child’s play as to consider how this phenomenon might inflect the ways in which we seek to interpret and to organize children, play, and the past.
Introduction
Authors: Moshenska Joe
Published: September 2019

The introduction traces the wider historical and theoretical narratives in which iconoclasm and child’s play have played prominent--but typically opposed--roles. It begins with Baudelaire’s association of parents who deny toys to their children with Protestantism, and shows that this is symptomatic of a widely postulated opposition between play and the Reformation, linked to the identification of violently iconoclastic disenchantment as the essence of modernity. It then explores the roles that iconoclasm and play assumed in the emergence of modern aesthetics from Schiller to Gadamer, and the prominence of toys in modern accounts of materiality. These discussions set up the larger narratives of iconoclasm and play against which the texture of iconoclastic child’s play itself is tested in the chapters that follow.
Fetish
Authors: Moshenska Joe
Published: September 2019

This chapter opens with an ambiguous set of objects collected by a Dutch woman named Margrieta van Varick and described as “Indian Babies,” possibly brought with her from the Dutch East Indies to New England, and relates them to the practice of iconoclastic child’s play in Malaysia. It repositions iconoclastic child’s play in a fraught colonial context and asks how the play of other cultures is to be interpreted. Beginning with ethnographic and psychoanalytic discussions of child’s play by Lévi-Strauss, Winnicott, and others, it then moves to consider the category of the fetish as one that has long been intertwined with the status of children and their playing. It uses the contested status of this category--as an object both replete with, and devoid of, meaning--to reconsider the fetish as plaything both in sixteenth-century Guinea and in Adorno’s writing on artworks and children’s games.
Play
Authors: Moshenska Joe
Published: September 2019

This chapter opens with a set of medieval wooden statues in Audley End House in Essex that survived in part because they spent a period being used by children as toys. It considers the uneven trajectories through which these objects have passed--existing at different points as holy things, playthings, and art-things--to consider the wider temporal narratives into which play (and especially the playing of children) is often folded. It considers the way in which educative and habituating schemes from Plato to Renaissance figures such as Thomas Elyot and Montaigne involve the interpretation of play as a linear process of habituation, but it argues that these narratives involve a defensive simplification of the way in which play can in fact unfold in and through time, an attempt to limit and tame its meanings.
Mask
Authors: Moshenska Joe
Published: September 2019

This chapter begins with a wooden doll from the seventeenth century that is juxtaposed with the statues from Audley End considered in the previous chapter on the basis of their equally fixed, impassive visages. This feature is used to consider the way in which children, especially when at play, have been seen as troublingly masked, inscrutable, alien beings. It discusses accounts from the sixteenth century, notably John Harington’s, that recognize in play periods of vacant, blank, neutral time. It then proceeds to an extended reading of Bruegel’s painting Children’s Games, and especially a consideration of the reading of this work by the Nazi art historian Hans Sedlmayr. This painting, and Sedlmayr’s remarkable and deeply disquieting account, are seen as encapsulating the ways in which child’s play’s resistance to interpretation can provoke fear and horror--a possibility linked to the periodic association of children with witchcraft and demonic possession.
Conclusion: Toy
Authors: Moshenska Joe
Published: September 2019

The conclusion returns to the larger narratives into which play has often been folded in order to reconsider them in relation to the complexities of iconoclastic child’s play. It suggests that neat temporalities in which play and seriousness contrast and alternate with one another need to be replaced with trajectories that have room for sudden alteration and reversal. Drawing in part from the writings of Hans Blumenberg, Bruno Latour, Michel Serres, Siegfried Kracauer, and Igor Kopytoff, it suggests that we think of objects (including artworks) in terms of their “toy potential”--the perennial possibility that an object might both come to be, and cease to be, a plaything. The implications of this possibility are illustrated via a reading of an episode from Spenser’s Faerie Queene in which a malevolent allegorical dragon is startlingly transformed into a child’s plaything.
Introduction
Authors: Lurtz Casey Marina
Published: September 2019

Across the late nineteenth century, Latin American rural economies transformed and expanded to meet the demands of urban and industrial markets in the North Atlantic. In examining these transformations, historians have long failed to register the ways smalltime producers as well as foreign and local elites integrated Latin America into global trade. Yet it is impossible to understand the export boom without understanding all those who produced for market. Neither the liberal policies of Latin American elites nor the capital and connections of migrant investors could absolutely disentail regional participants in the shifting political and economic landscape of the era. From the first years of production, numerous factors constrained commercial investors as they attempted to turn places like the Soconusco into model plantation economies serving global markets. Chief among these was the active participation of local villagers in the self-same global market and the institutions that undergirded it.
Scarce Labor and Unrealized Reform
Authors: Lurtz Casey Marina
Published: September 2019

This chapter uses the history of a large finca called San Juan las Chicharras to demonstrate how laborers extracted incentives from their employers as the export economy of the Soconusco expanded. While labeled debt peonage, the labor system of the growing coffee economy is better understood through the idea of incentivized contracts. Because of demographics and planters’ lack of coercive capabilities, planters’ continual attempts to circumvent or reform contracts that came with advances, access to credit, good wages, and subsistence plots continually failed. Finqueros tried to ease their bottom lines through legislation and attempts to reach beyond the regional labor source. Yet so long as need for workers outpaced the supply of interested laborers, these attempts failed. The informal institutions of incentivized contracts won out over attempts to reform formalized labor relations.
Introduction
Authors: Camlot Jason
Published: September 2019

The introduction explores the strange sonic and material qualities of early sound recordings and outlines a methodology for the critical study of early spoken recordings as literary artifacts. It defines concepts that are at the core of the book, including the meaning of “literary recording”, “sound”, “signal”, “audiotextual genres” and “sound media formats.” In outlining a sound-based approach to literary studies, and in considering the synergies between textual criticism and literary sound recordings, it provides a schema for the pursuit of audiotextual criticism, that is, the formal and historical study of literary sound recordings.
Knowledge and Network Typology
Authors: Ibata-Arens Kathryn C.
Published: September 2019

This chapter develops a matrix that plots variations in open/tacit versus closed/codified system architectures supporting or limiting innovation capacity and new-business creation in targeted sectors. Aggregate global- and microlevel data are analyzed to identify concentrations of innovation and firm-level activity. Emerging hubs of knowledge and firm creation in biomedical industries, including biopharmaceuticals, are identified. Aggregate data is supplemented with firm-level case studies and interviews with entrepreneurs, government officials, incubation managers, and investors. The conceptual framework outlined in Chapter 1 and specified in Chapter 2 provides the lens through which innovation and entrepreneurship strategies in China, India, Japan, and Singapore are viewed. The analysis is supplemented with firm-level entrepreneurial case studies.
New Networked Technonationalism in China
Authors: Ibata-Arens Kathryn C.
Published: September 2019

Features of China’s networked technonationalism (NTN) include aggressive science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) education and entrepreneurship policies. Further, the biomedical industry has been identified by political and economic leaders as a “strategic emerging industry” and has become a focal point of state-led economic development. In contrast to Japan’s insular and closed (“sticky”) domestic knowledge and business networks, since the 1970s China’s expatriate and diaspora returnee communities and active inward FDI have contributed to evolving globally competitive business networks. Over time, China used its growing domestic market as a lure to foreign firms from which technology appropriation can occur. However, China’s population size and urban-rural disparities mean that egalitarian redistribution of new wealth has not been guaranteed in this system. Further, introduction of Western chemical pharmaceuticals threaten traditional medicine and therapies.
From Closed to Open in India
Authors: Ibata-Arens Kathryn C.
Published: September 2019

Decades ago, led by the technonational rhetoric of self-reliance and improvement in human health, India delayed opening its market. Consequently, India spent decades on import substitution and other exclusionary policies in a classic technonational system architecture like Japan. Later, India invested in generic-drug research and development and production capacity, complemented by advances in information technology. State-led human-capital development—for example, in the semi-independent Indian Institutes of Technologies (IITs)—targeted initially information technology and more recently has focused on biomedicine. Expatriate and diaspora returnee networks of Indian professionals, via its networked technonational architecture, since the 1990s have contributed to the development of innovative capacity and new ventures, but at a slower pace than in China.
Conclusion
Authors: Ibata-Arens Kathryn C.
Published: September 2019

Chapter 7 summarizes the key findings of the book, reflecting on the framework of networked technonationalism and the conceptual typology of knowledge and networks. It compares variations in networked technonationalism as measured by variation in the knowledge and network architecture and governance regimes in China, India, Japan, and Singapore. The book concludes with theory and policy implications of networked technonationalism for Asia and the world economy.
A Theory of Proxy War
Authors: Groh Tyrone L.
Published: September 2019

This chapter presents a theory of how to conduct proxy war in a way that maximizes such a policy’s utility and efficacy. Regardless of how well the proxy appears to fit the need, the reliance on another to pursue interests and objectives means that the intervening state must prepare for the additional costs and challenges associated with working through a third party. This chapter explores how certain conditions and methods lead to maximizing a proxy’s utility and efficacy. Utility refers to the idea that a proxy can do what is needed—that it can perform the tasks necessary to carry out the intervention. Efficacy describes the proxy’s ability to enable the intervening state to accomplish its desired objectives. Therefore, efficacy represents the long-term perspective.
America’s Proxy War in Laos
Authors: Groh Tyrone L.
Published: September 2019

This chapter presents a case study for how the United States failed to persuade the Royal Lao Government to commit to counterinsurgency efforts against the communist Pathet Lao and therefore cultivated an indigenous proxy in the Hmong. International conditions did not support U.S. involvement at any level, yet the United States gained significant benefits from the arrangement with comparatively small costs. This case represents one of the rare instances when an intervening state supports a proxy that is essentially unaffiliated with the sitting government. Although the Hmong had already begun to band together to fight the North Vietnamese and Pathet Lao, it was not until the United States got involved that the Hmong became an influential factor in the Laotian conflict.
Change and Continuity: 1989–1997
Authors: Yeo Andrew
Published: September 2019

This chapter demonstrates elements of change and continuity in Asia’s regional architecture between the waning years of the Cold War and the Asian financial crisis. Despite the external shock of the Cold War, I argue that the path to change is best captured by endogenous processes of change where mechanisms of change and continuity intersect. The first part of the chapter chronicles the development of two multilateral institutions: the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and the ASEAN Regional Forum. The second part demonstrates the continuity of bilateral alliances, focusing on the US-Japan and US-Philippines alliance.
Complex Patchwork: 2008–2017
Authors: Yeo Andrew
Published: September 2019

This chapter demonstrates how the complex patchwork of overlapping institutions in Asia is largely a product of historical institutional processes. Between bilateralism and multilateralism, a variety of mini-laterals, preferential trade agreements, and track II dialogues have grown to become an important part of the institutional landscape. Policy makers turned to these additional informal outlets to advance regional economic and security goals. The chapter describes US alliance relationships with Australia and the Philippines during the period of the US pivot to Asia, as well as the growth of new security partnerships with Singapore and Vietnam. It also explores trilateral relations and the rise of multilateral trade agreements, including the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP).
America First, China’s Rise, and Regional Order
Authors: Yeo Andrew
Published: September 2019

Chapter 6 explores developments in Asia’s regional architecture under the Trump government and the rising influence of China under Xi Jinping. The chapter draws explicit connections between Asia’s current regional architecture and the future of Asian order. It makes the case that institutions in Asia, particularly US bilateral alliances, are more resilient than presumed. It then draws on the historical institutionalism and regime complexity literatures to describe how the complex patchwork both complicates and advances institutional cooperation. The chapter concludes by offering a more optimistic outlook regarding the complex patchwork and its potential for improving regional governance.
A 3-R(SRS)RP Multi-Loop Mechanism for Space Manipulation: Design, Kinematics, Singularity, and Workspace
Authors: Li Chuanyang , Guo Hongwei , Tang Dewei , Yan Huiyin , Liu Rongqiang , Deng Zongquan
Published: September 2019

Space manipulation has great prospects in aerospace applications. In this work, a multiloop robot, namely 3-R(SRS)RP multiloop mechanism, is presented. Its design, kinematics, singularity, and workspace are studied. The novel design is mainly reflected in the robot’s structure, variable section, and novel compound hinge. Given these features, the forward-displacement undertaken with a closed-loop method leads to a complex mapping diagram. Only numerical solutions are obtained in this model due to the variable section parameter λ. This variable affects kinematic performances such as bending and folding properties. Moreover, the node differential kinematics and the Jacobian matrix are solved to analyze singular configurations of the mechanism. The workspace is then evaluated via a numerical method with varying λ. The bending and folding properties and the continuous workspace of the given robot vary while changing λ. Hence, the robot has great potentials of good performances in various applications. With this robot, a multimodule manipulator with a wide range of operations, increased mobility and rigidity, variable geometry, and adaptable shape based on mission requirements can be constructed.
Matrix-Based Operation Method for Detecting Structural Isomorphism of Planetary Gear Train Structures
Authors: Xu Xiangyang , Sun Hanqiao , Liu Yanfang , Dong Peng
Published: September 2019

Planetary gear sets (PGSs) have been widely used in automatic transmissions (AT) and dedicated hybrid transmissions (DHTs). In this paper, a novel isomorphic detection method for planetary gear transmission structure is proposed based on matrix operation. The isomorphic detection process includes two main parts. In the first part, various components of the transmission structure are classified. In the second part, isomorphic structures of the numerous structures are detected. Through the application of the proposed detection approach, the structures obtained by different synthesis algorithms can be greatly reduced. Furthermore, by the analysis and transformation of the hybrid configuration to conventional transmission configuration, the scope of use of the algorithm can be expanded through the method. The proposed detection approach is capable of automatically detecting the isomorphic structure of the potential structures obtained by synthesis algorithm.
Exact Solutions to the Three-Dimensional Navier–Stokes Equations Using the Extended Beltrami Method
Authors: Dyck Nolan J. , Straatman Anthony G.
Published: September 2019

In a 1966 publication, Chi-Yi Wang used the streamfunction in concert with the vorticity equations to develop a methodology for obtaining exact solutions to the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations, now known as the extended Beltrami method. In Wang's approach, the vorticity is represented by the sum of a linear function of the streamfunction and an assumed auxiliary function, such that the vorticity equation can be reduced to a quasi-linear partial differential equation, and exact solutions are obtainable for many choices of the auxiliary function. In the present work, a natural extension of Wang's formulation to three-dimensional flows in arbitrary orthogonal curvilinear coordinates has been derived, wherein two auxiliary functions are formed at the outset, with the caveat that the pressure and velocity components may vary in two spatial dimensions. As is the case with two-dimensional extended Beltrami flows, exact solutions are only obtainable when the forms of the auxiliary functions are “simple enough” to render the governing equations solvable. To demonstrate the solutions which may be obtained using the extended formulation, the well-known Kovasznay flow is generalized to a three-dimensional flow. A unique solution in plane polar coordinates is found. An extension to the solution to Burgers vortex has been derived and discussed in the context of existing literature. Finally, a new 3D swirling flow solution which is the angular analogue to Kovasznay flow has been developed.
Rocket Propulsion, Classical Relativity, and the Oberth Effect
Authors: Blanco Philip Rodriguez , Mungan Carl E.
Published: September 2019

The role of work and mechanical energy in classical relativity has been a subject of renewed interest in this publication. Here we present a problem that illustrates the relationship between impulse and kinetic energy for a rocket-powered object that can also change its gravitational potential energy. The same introductory physics principles lead to a remarkable result when applied to the mechanics of spaceflight—the Oberth effect—whereby a small impulse can cause a large change in a rocket’s orbital energy without violating any conservation laws.
Student Bench Press Power – A STEM Project for the Gym
Authors: Headly David Miles , Willard Howard
Published: September 2019

A single laboratory exercise in introductory physics that includes a bit of calculus, a little programming, some breadboard wiring, and making mathematical connections between motion, net force, and power provides a nice STEM experience for students. If you can add in a biomechanics component you hopefully have something that overall can be an effective and fun learning experience. Several authors have attempted to incorporate their own students’ physical activity when performing laboratories to increase student interest in the physics. What follows is a description of a lab performed recently in our AP Physics course with the goal of measuring the power generated in performing a single bench press.
Modeling Energy Dynamics with the Energy-Interaction Diagram
Authors: Harrer Benedikt , Paul Cassandra
Published: September 2019

Energy is an important crosscutting concept in all science disciplines, and energy conservation is widely regarded as one of the most important principles in physics. Over the years, numerous graphical representations have been proposed that allow learners of physics to visualize energy states and dynamics in a particular situation. Each diagram highlights different aspects of energy and therefore may represent different conceptualizations of energy. Bar charts, or example, foreground the idea of multiple categories of energy to account for the distribution of energy in a system across those energy types. Similarly, pie charts highlight relative distribution of energy among different energy types. While bar charts are able to represent negative energy, pie charts emphasize that there is a certain, total amount of energy available that is distributed over different types. Various energy tracking diagrams (e.g., PET energy source-receiver diagrams, Energy Tracking Diagrams) foreground the localization of energy along a chain of energy transfer processes and within the involved objects.
Time Scale for Velocity to Track a Force
Authors: Lin Chris L.
Published: September 2019

In this paper we derive and discuss the time it takes for a force to turn a velocity. More precisely, we derive the formula for the time τ it takes a constant force that makes an angle α with the initial velocity v(0) to have v(τ) get within an angle θ < α of the force. We then show how the addition of a viscous force decreases τ logarithmically. The result can be generalized to any vector quantity whose first time derivative is a constant.
Two-Dimensional Collisions and Conservation of Momentum
Authors: Burko Lior M.
Published: September 2019

Analysis of collisions is standardly included in the introductory physics course. In one dimension (1D), there do not seem to be any unusual issues: Typically, the initial velocities of the two colliding objects are specified, and the problem is to find the final velocities. In 1D there are therefore two unknown variables. One can write the equation for conservation of momentum, and either the equation for conservation of energy for the perfectly elastic case, or the expression for the coefficient of restitution (COR) otherwise. Thus, one has two equations for two unknowns, and one may solve the problem fully. An issue arises, however, in two-dimensional (2D) collisions: There are four unknown variables (two components of the final velocity of each object), but now there appear to be only three equations: two components of the equation of conservation of momentum, and the energy condition. The problem may appear therefore to be underdetermined. If this problem were in principle an underdetermined one, one would fail in predicting the outcome of the collision experiment. We describe how one may assign students an appropriate lab exercise and problems for an interesting class of 2D collisions for which one can determine uniquely the outcome of the collision.
Damped Oscillations with a Smart Cart
Authors: Shakur Asif , Emmert Jeffrey
Published: September 2019

The introduction of the Wireless Smart Cart by PASCO scientific in April 2016 has ushered in a paradigm shift in the design and implementation of low-cost undergraduate physics and engineering laboratory experiments. The use of smartphones in experimental physics is by now widely accepted and documented. The smart cart in combination with student-owned smartphones and free apps has opened up a new universe of low-cost experiments that have traditionally required cumbersome and expensive equipment. In this paper we demonstrate the simplicity, convenience, and cost saving achieved by replacing a plethora of traditional laboratory sensors, wires, air tracks, and other equipment clutter with the smart cart and the free SPARKvue app for smartphones by carrying out an experiment on damped oscillations.
Astronomical apps for teaching astronomy
Authors: Heafner Joe
Published: September 2019

Mobile phones and tablet computers are ubiquitous, and the variety of apps (short for software applications, or programs) available for these platforms is daunting to wade through. In this month’s column, I will describe some traditional astronomical apps, and some that aren’t so traditional but may be helpful for teaching certain otherwise difficult astronomical concepts.
Rectilinear movement and functions through the analysis of videos with Tracker
Authors: Castaneda Apolo
Published: September 2019

This article describes the implementation of a teaching strategy aimed at middle school students (aged 11–12 years) for the study of motion as a linear function. The activities were designed to promote a discussion about the variables involved, their relationship and variation, as well as the construction of graphs based on the experience of movement. The students used digital devices, such as cell phones, to record a variety of motion scenarios and used Tracker software to analyze the motion.
Using a local positioning system to track 2D motion
Authors: DeStefano Paul R. , Siebert Cora , Widenhorn Ralf
Published: September 2019

Tracking the motion of an object in 2D as a demonstration in a physics classroom or as a laboratory activity is difficult to accomplish in real time with traditional equipment used by educators. A local positioning system (LPS), like the Pozyx Creator series LPS, has a potentially wide range of educational applications for introductory physics courses. In a previous article we reported using this product to track one-dimensional motion, pressure, rotation, and magnetic field data, but here we discuss how such systems can provide location information (to within approximately ±10 cm) in one, two, and potentially three dimensions both indoors and outdoors.
A computational Bayesian approach for localizing an acoustic scatterer in a stratified ocean environment
Authors: Barros Abner C. , Gendron Paul J.
Published: September 2019

A computational Bayesian method is presented for inference regarding the state of a submerged mobile object. The approach addresses the challenge of closely spaced multipath arrivals in refractive environments with uncertainty in ambient acoustic noise power. Vertical angles and Doppler frequencies of the arrival returns are jointly inferred and their posterior density is mapped to the object's range, depth, and speed through acoustic ray interpolation. The object is localized under the challenging constraint of a small receive vertical aperture. A case study with the classic Munk sound speed profile is presented to lend credence to the approach.
Dust from asteroid breakup veiled and cooled Earth
Authors: Sokol Joshua
Published: September 2019

Ancient event may have led to a boom in animal life.
Face of the mysterious Denisovans emerges
Authors: Price Michael
Published: September 2019

New method uses epigenetics to infer anatomy of Neanderthals' extinct cousins.
Sickle cell drug raises hopes and doubts
Authors: Wadman Meredith
Published: September 2019

FDA grants speedy review of eagerly awaited treatment, despite unproven clinical benefit.
Renewable bonds
Authors: Service Robert F.
Published: September 2019

With solar and wind booming, the chemical industry dabbles with forgoing petroleum as its feedstock.
Decline of the North American avifauna
Authors: Rosenberg Kenneth V. , Dokter Adriaan M. , Blancher Peter J. , Sauer John R. , Smith Adam C. , Smith Paul A. , Stanton Jessica C. , Panjabi Arvind , Helft Laura , Parr Michael , Marra Peter P.
Published: September 2019

Staggering decline of bird populations

Because birds are conspicuous and easy to identify and count, reliable records of their occurrence have been gathered over many decades in many parts of the world. Drawing on such data for North America, Rosenberg
et al.
report wide-spread population declines of birds over the past half-century, resulting in the cumulative loss of billions of breeding individuals across a wide range of species and habitats. They show that declines are not restricted to rare and threatened species—those once considered common and wide-spread are also diminished. These results have major implications for ecosystem integrity, the conservation of wildlife more broadly, and policies associated with the protection of birds and native ecosystems on which they depend.

Science
, this issue p.
120
Linkages between flow regime, biota, and ecosystem processes: Implications for river restoration
Authors: Palmer Margaret , Ruhi Albert
Published: September 2019

River restoration guided by research

Human activities have altered the flow regimes of many of Earth's rivers, with negative impacts on biodiversity, water quality, and ecological processes. In a Review, Palmer and Ruhi explain how restoration designs now attempt to mimic ecologically important aspects of natural flow regimes, guided by insights into how variations in flow affect biota and ecosystem processes. To be successful, such efforts must go beyond accounting for flood pulses to restore natural flow variability and achieve hydrological connectivity between a river and its surroundings.

Science
, this issue p.
eaaw2087
Senescence in immunity against helminth parasites predicts adult mortality in a wild mammal
Authors: Froy H. , Sparks A. M. , Watt K. , Sinclair R. , Bach F. , Pilkington J. G. , Pemberton J. M. , McNeilly T. N. , Nussey D. H.
Published: September 2019

The decline of resistance in old age

Infection, immunity, and demography are rarely measured simultaneously, despite being intertwined. Froy
et al.
measured an immune marker of resistance to infection by worm parasites (helminths) in Soay sheep off the remote Atlantic island of St. Kilda (see the Perspective by Gaillard and Lemaître). They used a library of 2000 blood samples from 800 known individuals that have been left to run wild and unmanaged. Resistance declines as the sheep age, which reduces a sheep's chances of surviving the winter. Helminths are an important component of many natural systems, including humans, and may thus become an increasing burden on health with age.

Science
, this issue p.
1296
; see also p.
1244
The human imperative of stabilizing global climate change at 1.5°C
Authors: Hoegh-Guldberg O. , Jacob D. , Taylor M. , Guillén Bolaños T. , Bindi M. , Brown S. , Camilloni I. A. , Diedhiou A. , Djalante R. , Ebi K. , Engelbrecht F. , Guiot J. , Hijioka Y. , Mehrotra S. , Hope C. W. , Payne A. J. , Pörtner H.-O. , Seneviratne S. I. , Thomas A. , Warren R. , Zhou G.
Published: September 2019

The need to stabilize global climate

Climate change will be the greatest threat to humanity and global ecosystems in the coming years, and there is a pressing need to understand and communicate the impacts of warming, across the perspectives of the natural and social sciences. Hoegh-Guldberg
et al.
review the climate change–impact literature, expanding on the recent report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. They provide evidence of the impacts of warming at 1°, 1.5°, and 2°C—and higher—for the physical system, ecosystems, agriculture, and human livelihoods. The benefits of limiting climate change to no more than 1.5°C above preindustrial levels would outweigh the costs.

Science
, this issue p.
eaaw6974
Structural basis for client recognition and activity of Hsp40 chaperones
Authors: Jiang Yajun , Rossi Paolo , Kalodimos Charalampos G.
Published: September 2019

Catch and release

Chaperones are essential for proper protein folding inside cells, but their interactions with client proteins are difficult to study because they are dynamic. Jiang
et al.
used nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to look at how the chaperones Hsp70 and Hsp40 work together in the client binding and release cycle. Hsp40 alters the folding properties of the client protein, perhaps unfolding a non-native state, by binding dynamically through multiple binding sites. Hsp70 binding to Hsp40 displaces the unfolded client. The released protein may either fold to its native state, or be rebound for another chaperone cycle.

Science
, this issue p.
1313
Cleaning up plastic pollution in Africa
Authors: Adebiyi-Abiola Bilikiss , Assefa Solomon , Sheikh Kareem , García Jeannette M.
Published: September 2019

New technologies and consumer engagement will be key to addressing plastic pollution
REM sleep–active MCH neurons are involved in forgetting hippocampus-dependent memories
Authors: Izawa Shuntaro , Chowdhury Srikanta , Miyazaki Toh , Mukai Yasutaka , Ono Daisuke , Inoue Ryo , Ohmura Yu , Mizoguchi Hiroyuki , Kimura Kazuhiro , Yoshioka Mitsuhiro , Terao Akira , Kilduff Thomas S. , Yamanaka Akihiro
Published: September 2019

A brain pathway for active forgetting

Sleep affects memories via several mechanisms. Izawa
et al.
identified a possible new pathway in the brain: REM sleep–active hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)–producing neurons, which, among others, project to the hippocampus. Surprisingly, genetic ablation of MCH neurons increased memory performance in mice. Conversely, pharmacogenetic activation of MCH neurons impaired memory. In vitro physiological experiments showed that activation of MCH fibers in hippocampal slices suppressed spiking activity of pyramidal cells. These findings indicate that the MCH pathway may become a target for memory modulation.

Science
, this issue p.
1308
EpABC
Genes in the Adaptive Responses of
Exophiala pisciphila
to Metal Stress: Functional Importance and Relation to Metal Tolerance
Authors: Cao Guan-Hua , He Sen , Chen Di , Li Tao , Zhao Zhi-Wei
Published: September 2019

Many ABC transporters and their functions have been identified in animals and plants. However, little is known about ABC genes in filamentous fungi, especially DSEs, which tend to dominantly colonize the roots of plants growing in stressed environments. Our results deepen the understanding of the function of the ABC genes of a super-metal-tolerant DSE (
E. pisciphila
) in enhancing its heavy metal resistance and detoxification. Furthermore, the genetic resources of DSEs, e.g., numerous
EpABC
genes, especially from super-metal-tolerant strains in heavy metal-polluted environments, can be directly used for transgenic applications to improve tolerance and phytoextraction potential.
Genome-Wide Identification of Virulence Genes in
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
: Use of a Mutant Deficient in a
tagF
Homolog as a Safe Oral Vaccine against Swine Erysipelas
Authors: Shimoji Yoshihiro , Ogawa Yohsuke , Tsukio Manae , Shiraiwa Kazumasa , Nishikawa Sayaka , Eguchi Masahiro
Published: September 2019

Swine erysipelas is caused by the Gram-positive pathogen
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
. The swine erysipelas live vaccine in Japan, the
E. rhusiopathiae
Koganei 65-0.15 strain (Koganei), has been reported to cause arthritis and endocarditis. To develop a vaccine with increased safety, we used a virulent Fujisawa strain to construct transposon mutants for a total of 651 genes, which covered 38% of the coding sequence of the genome.
Diagenetic to incipient metamorphic zones of the Benton Uplift, Ouachita Orogen, Arkansas, USA
Authors: Johnson Harold E. , Wiltschko David V. , Harris John P.
Published: September 2019

Vitrinite reflectance analysis and the mean diameter of metamorphosed quartz, suggest that the eastern Ouachita region, Arkansas, USA reached the lower greenschist facies, regardless of burial depth. An increase in “crystallinity” may explain that the maturation is from the exhumation of the rocks from a greater depth. Shale and sandstone samples collected from outcrops along the crest of the Benton Uplift exhibit illite and chlorite crystallinities that yield higher indices compared to younger rocks adjacent to this crustal-scale anticlinal structure. Illite crystallinity d(001) of air-dried, fine (<0.2 μm) authigenic clays (Δ°2θ (CuKα) = 0.417° to 0.875°) yield a range of conditions from diagenetic temperature to lower anchizone temperatures up to ∼200 °C. Air-dried, fine authigenic chlorite clays (Δ°2θ (CuKα) = 0.259° to 1.570°) yield a wide range of diagenetic to metamorphic conditions that span the diagenetic zone through epizone, which indicate a maximum temperature slightly above ∼300 °C. These results are in contrast to prior thermal maturation data. No additional heat sources, such as from pluton emplacement, were identified by major areas of anomalous high maturation based on crystallinity. Regionally, the illite and chlorite crystallinity increases toward the central axis of the Benton Uplift. Exhumation of the rocks from greater depth is all that is required to explain the illite and chlorite crystallinity data.
Recovery of second trimester pre-eclampsia after fetal reduction of a triplet
Authors: bij de Weg Jeske M , de Groot Christianne J , Pajkrt Eva , de Boer Marjon A
Published: September 2019

Women with a multiple pregnancy are at increased risk of developing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. We describe a case of a dichorionic triamniotic triplet pregnancy complicated by severe hypertension, proteinuria and maternal symptoms, fitting with the diagnosis of pre-eclampsia, apart from the early gestational age of only 16 weeks. After reduction of the monochorionic pair, the disease resolved and pre-eclampsia was diagnosed again at 30 weeks of gestation, resulting in a delivery on maternal indication at 33 weeks of gestation. In a review of the literature, we found six papers including eight cases on multifetal pregnancy reduction on maternal indication. Multifetal pregnancy reduction resulted in a prolongation of pregnancy of two to 21 weeks and may be considered in extreme early onset pre-eclampsia in dichorionic multiple pregnancies.
Transnasal transpterygoid resection of meningoencephalocoele with abolition of seizures
Authors: Spinos Dimitrios , Unadkat Samit , Nair Ramesh , Grant William
Published: September 2019

Meningoencephalocoeles are herniations of intracranial contents through skull base defects. Patients may present with a plethora of symptoms ranging from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhoea to epileptic convulsions, or indeed may be asymptomatic. We present a case of a 24-year-old man suffering from new onset, drug-resistant tonic–clonic seizures. Imaging studies revealed neural tissue and meninges protruding through the pterygoid portion of the sphenoid bone, into the anteromedial aspect of the middle cranial fossa. An image-guided endoscopic transnasal transpterygoid approach was carried out as a joint otolaryngological and neurosurgical procedure, resulting in the patient being seizure-free for over 12 months postoperatively. There is a paucity of literature supporting such an endoscopic approach to treat epilepsy secondary to a meningoencephalocoele. We illustrate that this is a safe and minimally invasive treatment option which ultimately rendered the patient free of all anticonvulsants.