bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phase Transformation Temperature of NiTi Alloy Sheet Examined by Lamb Wave
Authors: Wang Kai Sheng , He Ru Hui , Zhao Zhi Min
Published: August 2011

In this study, the ultrasonic PZT transducers were used for exciting and receiving Lamb waves on NiTi alloy sheet. Lamb waves were measured when the temperature of the NiTi alloy changed. Analysis on frequency spectrums of the Lamb waves was also done. Some marked changes were observed in the dependence of the waveforms and the frequency spectrums of the Lamb waves versus temperature during phase transformation of NiTi alloy. The results show that phase transformation temperature of NiTi alloy sheet may be examined by Lamb wave method.
Preparation and Characterization of Nano-Scale Zinc Hydroxystannate
Authors: Yang Min , Cui Hong Tao , Chen Hua Wei , Dang Qiong
Published: August 2011

Zinc hydroxystannate was widely used as green flame retardant and smoke suppression agent. In this paper, two different methods were used to prepare the nano-scale zinc hydroxystannate particles. The reaction of tin tetrachloride and zinc oxide was the first way. In the second method, zinc chloride reacted with sodium stannate. The reaction conditions were studied, and the products were characterized by TG/DTA, SEM, and XRD. The best experiment conditions to synthesis zinc hydroxystannate are using sodium stannate and zinc chloride as the raw material, reacting for an half hour at the temperature of 323K, and molar ratio of reactants of 1:1. This will get higher yield, more pure product with regular morphology.
Research on Conversion Utility of Competitive Monitoring Information in Enterprise’s Strategy Decision-Making
Authors: Zou Hui Zhi , Zhou Hai Wei , Yan Shuai
Published: August 2011

Information is inseparable from decision. Competitive information is crucial for enterprise’s strategy decision-making. But in the process of competitive monitoring how to use information effectively is the problem that intelligence workers and decision makers face. According to the research on the relation between competition monitoring and strategy decision-making, this paper puts forward information conversion model from monitoring to decision-making, and establishes the utility evaluation system of information conversion, then provides the train of thought about effective evaluation of strategy decision-making for enterprise to implement strategy decision-making accurately.
Research on the On-Line Model for Energy Efficiency Diagnosis of Thermal Power Pulverized Coal Boiler
Authors: He Yang , Li Su Fen
Published: August 2011

This paper presents one on-line model for energy efficiency calculation and analysis. The computation model of combustion rate and other related physical and chemical equations were introduced to the heat balance computing model of boiler. It established one on-line model of thermal process, which can provide the functional relationship completely in real-time measurable variables to the calculation of energy efficiency. And on that basis, the theory on deviation analysis was introduced to establish the model for energy efficiency quantitative analysis to calculate the single-factor distributed consuming difference. The situation of the CG-220/9.81-M boiler’s energy efficiency was calculated and analyzed with the diagnosis model. The calculation errors of thermodynamic parameters related and the errors between the lumped energy efficiency deviation and the sum of single-factor distributed efficiency deviation were both small. The model is reasonably accurate. The on-line model for energy efficiency diagnosis of thermal power pulverized coal boiler was established.
2-D Numerical Analysis of Combined Heat and Mass Transfer in Straight Rectangular Fin with Natural Convection
Authors: Wang Bo , Mao Jin Feng , Wang Li Jun
Published: August 2011

An analysis was carried out to study the performance of straight rectangular fin with the psychometric correlations given by Hyland and Wexler when subjected to simultaneous heat and mass transfer. Numerical solutions are obtained for the fin efficiency and 2-D temperature distribution with SOR method when the fin surface is dry, fully wet and partially wet. The result was compared with those of previous studies in released literature. The effect of fin parameters including the ratio of fin width and fin thickness to fin length as well as Bix on fin efficiency was also studied. It is found that the temperature distribution on the fin is really two-dimensional and the change of fin parameters shows impressive effect on fin efficiency and 2-D temperature distribution.
Stochastic Material Model and Application System Analysis
Authors: Pu Feng Shan , Zhang Ping Chuan , Zhang Hang Sen
Published: August 2011

this paper did a profound research on the stochastic material of Electro-optic (EO) polymers and mathematic model, and analyzed the stationary stochastic processes, derived the stochastic process mean and autocorrelation function. Setup a bidirectional diode circuit model as a stochastic system to perform the analysis method. The work done here is very useful for the related subjects such as material analysis, signal processing and system analysis, or linear system design.
Research of Spontaneous Emission Enhancement from Quantum Dots in a Photonic Crystal Micro Cavity
Authors: Qiu Peng , Wang Guang Long , Lu Jiang Lei , Hu Cheng Xiang
Published: August 2011

The spontaneous emission rate of a two-level system quantum dots is not intrinsic properties of the emitter itself but is molded by the electromagnetic environment that surrounds it. Photonic crystal micro cavity can conveniently shape the states of electromagnetic modes by providing modes with the required small volumes and high quality factors. This paper studies spontaneous emission from quantum dots embedded in photonic crystal micro cavity, and introduces the coupling characters of photonic crystal and quantum dot, and analyses the effectiveness of spontaneous emission enhancement from quantum dots embedded in photonic crystal micro cavity in detail. The research of this paper provides a basic reference for dynamic control of optics quantum systems.
The Application of Improved Genetic Neural Network in IDS for Material Detecting
Authors: Yu Qing , Wang Jin Lin , Sui Xiao Chen
Published: August 2011

The basic idea of twice genetic algorithm optimization of BP neural network model(TGB)is rough selection network model using genetic algorithm, then use BP neural network to determine the parameters which can make the error function obtained the minimum and determine its position in the parameter space, then the genetic algorithm again to solve the problem of possible local minima.Feature selection is a new formulation of dimension reduction methods. It can simplify the size of neural network and improve real-time and the accuracy of the system.The simulation results TGB-based network intrusion detection algorithm improve intrusion detection rate of samples in different degrees. It can reduce significantly training time and test time. It further demonstrates the effectiveness and feasibility of this method. The study is very useful to detect materials. So from the analysis, you can learn some skills for materials detecting.
Research of Slicing CAD Models with Pro/TOOLKIT for Integral Stereolithography
Authors: Xu Guang Shen , Jing Tian You
Published: August 2011

According to the requirements of integral Stereolithography (integral SL) System, a new direct slicing method under Pro/ENGINEER environment is developed. 3D CAD models are sliced with Pro/TOOLKIT in Pro/ENGINEER environment, and section image of 3D models can be obtained and saved as image format. Dynamic masks are produced with the cross-section images which obtained through the slicing method by dynamic pattern generator, and then 3D real prototyping is fabricated conveniently with integral SL System. A 3D tower model is sliced with this method, and the tower prototyping also is fabricated with integral SL System. Compared with the STL format files slicing method, the new slicing method can achieve high accuracy of layer section profile. The direct slicing method provides a new solution for integral SL system to build objects with high accuracy.
The Noise Analysis for the XRD of YBaCuO Nano Powder with STPS
Authors: Zhou Qiang , Tan Ya Li , Li Jing Yu , Lv Peng
Published: August 2011

The existence of measurement noise in XRD analysis brings about unneglected effect on analysis of elementary composition. In this paper, in order to eliminate the effect of the noise of nano powder of YBaCuO in XRD, Short Time Power Spectral (STPS) was presented in this paper. And the anti-interference capability of STPS was systematically studied and improved in accordance with theoretical analysis. Experiments were carried out to test the anti-interference ability of STPS with inertia filtering. The simulation results show that STPS spectrum of signals with additive noise or multiplicative noise is quite clear. It indicates that STPS with inertia filtering can overcome influence from different noise, and it has better capability of anti-interference from additive noise comparatively.
A New Method for Mechanics Analysis of Bar Structure Materials
Authors: Hong Lin
Published: August 2011

A method for mechanics analysis of bar structure materials has been presented in the paper. The method is based on the theory of kinematics, dynamics, and programming techniques. After deriving of relevant equations, detail analysis about positions, velocities, accelerations, and angles, angular velocities, angular accelerations of bars as well as other parameters relevant to bar structure materials to be searched can be obtained in the paper. Relationships between various parameters and variables of bar structures have been derived according to different working states of bars. The method put forward in the paper is a feasible and high efficient method for mechanics analysis of bar structure materials in the design of mechanism.
Improved Output Characteristic of Distributed Hybrid Solar–Wind Generating Materials by Using Fuzzy and Immune MPPT Control Method
Authors: Liu Li Qun , Liu Chun Xia
Published: August 2011

The price of photovoltaic (PV) materials and wind generating system (WGS) materials is costly, and the stand-alone PV or WGS can not steadily supplied electric power for end user, fortunately, solar power and wind power can compensate well for one another under various locations and climatic conditions, an efficient maximum power point tracking (MPPT) method for hybrid solar-wind electricity materials is important to extract maximum power from wind and solar energy because of the costly price of PV and WGS. The fuzzy MPPT method is used to track the maximum power point (MPP) of distributed small WGS and PV and hybrid solar-wind system. In order to decrease the output oscillation, the immune response feedback principle (IRFP) is used to improve the track speed and response speed and robust of output characteristic of electricity materials, the results displayed that the immune theory can effectively improve the performance and the stability of electric power of stand-alone or hybrid generating materials.
Porterage Robot for Crystal Silicon Solar Cell with Photovoltaic Material
Authors: Wang Zhi Ming , Tang Dong Mei , Wei Guang Pu , Gong Zheng Bang
Published: August 2011

In this paper, a newly porterage robot as a manufacturing equipment of crystal silicon solar cell was introduced. Some problems in the modern solar cell manufacturing equipments were analyzed. Some key techniques, such as robot construction, methods for avoiding breakage of silicon wafer, robot control system etc were reported. Compare with the current equipments, this porterage robot has some characteristics, such as simple construction, strong attraction for silicon wafer, stability and adjustable function of robot action rhythm, good function for avoiding breakage of silicon wafer etc. Experimental results show that the robot action rhythm can be adjusted from 2.5s to 5s, the function for avoiding breakage of silicon wafer is very good. The newly porterage robot has very strong value for actual application.
Vapor Compress Flash: Synthesis and Progress on Seawater Desalination Methods
Authors: Chou Qiao Li , Jin Cong Zhuo , Shu Peng Cheng
Published: August 2011

Among the modern seawater desalination methods, this article analyzes and induces the question of the second vapor condensing latent heat loss of the open heat process in multi-stage flash. Then this article synthesizes its merits and proposes for the first time the newest and the best and integrated vapor compress flash seawater desalination method, in witch a flash with the best product water quality is driven by a vapor compress with the highest heat-power efficiency, with technical superiorities such as the lowest investment cost and independent flash operation and modularization combination production and so on.
Synthesis of Zirconium Tungstate by Hydrothermal Method
Authors: Zheng Li Yun , Yang Zhi Wei
Published: August 2011

Negative thermal expansion material ZrW2O8 was synthesized by hydrothermal method. The prepared ZrW2O8 and the precursor were characterized by x-ray diffractometer, thermo-gravimetric/differential thermal analyzer, FT-IR spectrometer and scanning electron microscope. The results show that a single-phase ZrW2O8 can be synthesized when HCl concentration is as low as 4mol/L. ZrW2O8 was obtained through the precursor dehydration and debonding O-H bond. The dehydration reaction includes two stages. There is a sharp endothermic peak in the first stage of the dehydration reaction and the second stage is a slow endothermic process. A new phase appeared when the sintering temperature is above 600 °C. ZrW2O8 and the precursor have the same rod-like shape and grow up along a specific direction. The synthesized ZrW2O8 particles obtained from 4mol/L HCl appeared large size. It became much finer and the rod with multiple crystal face was easy to form when the concentration of HCl increased to 6~8 mol/L.
Research on the Tensile and Surface Frictional Property of PLA Fibers
Authors: Yang Qing Bin
Published: August 2011

In order to understand the mechanical properties of the PLA fibers, the basic properties of the PLA fibers are measured with different instruments. By the analysis of the results, the following conclusions can be deduced: in the dry state, the initial module and the breaking elongation of the PLA fibers are greater than that of the polyester and nylon and the breaking strength and the breaking work of the PLA fibers are situated between that of the polyester and nylon; in the wet state, the mechanical properties of the PLA fibers have more remarkable changes.
Microstructure Characterization of AZ91D Magnesium Alloy Weldment Using Tungsten Inert Arc Welding Method
Authors: Xu Pei Quan , Ren Jiang Wei , Gong Hong Ying
Published: August 2011

The problem during magnesium alloy welding is the key bottleneck of magnesium application in aerospace, aircraft, automotive and other industries. AZ91D magnesium welded joint is obtained using tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding method without filler materials and groove. The microstructure, morphology, composition and micro hardness distribution of welded joint are investigated using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), EDAX and micro hardness experiment. The results show: (1) Well welded joint of AZ91D magnesium alloy using TIG welding method is obtained under the condition of welding current 152A, welding voltage 13.4V, welding velocity 6.5mm/s and 20L/min Argon shielding gas; (2) Microstructure of welded joint consisted of black matrix phase α-Mg, white eutectic α+Mg17Al12 and gray dendrite.
Study on the Novel Label Free Impedimetric Immunosensor for Aflatoxin B1 Based on Poly(o-phenylenediamine) Film Modified Gold Electrode
Authors: Wu Ning Ning , Cao Li Xin , Yan Pei Sheng , Wang Ming Hao
Published: August 2011

A label free impedimetric immunosensor for the determination of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was fabricated by immobilizing anti-AFB1 onto Poly o-phenylenediamine (PoPD) electropolymerized film modified gold electrode by glutaraldehyde (GA) cross-linking. An electrochemical interfacial modeling of biomolecular recognition was recommended and reasonably interpreted. EIS technology was employed for the quantitative determination. The linear detection concentration ranges of AFB1 were 0.03~0.1 μg/mL and 0.1~0.7 μg/mL. The detection limit was 2.8×10-8μg/mL. The immunosensor could be reused more than 10 times when renewed by HCl-Glycine buffer solution (pH 2.6).
Optimization, Characterization and Kinetic Model of Electroless Ni-P Deposition on Quartz Optical Fiber Surface
Authors: Jiang Bo Quan , Xiao Zheng Qiang
Published: August 2011

Electroless plating was used to deposit Ni-P films on quartz optical fiber surface. The optimal bath compositions and operation conditions were determined by orthogonal experiment: nickel sulfate 0.133 mol/L, sodium hypophosphite 0.30 mol/L, propionic acid 0.268 mol/L, boric acid 0.452 mol/L, pH 5.0 and temperature 84°C. Stereomicroscope, scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, energy spectrometer and thermal shock test were used to characterize the morphologies, structures, compositions and adhesion of the Ni-P films. The results showed that a Ni-P film with good smoothness and adhesion as well as low resistivity was fabricated. The kinetic model was established and proven by the experiments.
Preparation and Thermodynamics of Nickel-Phosphor Deposition on Surface of Quartz Optical Fiber by Electroless Plating
Authors: Jiang Bo Quan , Xiao Zheng Qiang
Published: August 2011

The electroless nickel-phosphor deposition on quartz optical fiber surface was carried out by single factor test. The optimum NiSO4·6H2O, NaH2PO2·H2O , C3H6O2 and H3BO3 concentrations, pH value and temperature were determined to be: 0.1331 mol/L, 0.3019 mol/L, C3H6O20.3761 mol/L, H3BO3 0.4520 mol/L, 4.5 and 84°C, respectively. Scanning electron microscope, stereomicroscope and thermal shock rest were applied to measure the morphology and strength of adhesion of the deposited Ni-P coating. The result showed that a desired Ni-P coating with good smoothness and adhesion was prepared under the optimal conditions. The thermodynamic models were established and proven by the current study.
Research on μ-Stability of Unbounded Time-Varying Delays Neural Networks with Impulsion in Intelligent Materials System
Authors: Yin Li Zi , Wang Xiu Qing
Published: August 2011

This paper is concerned with the problem of μ-stability of unbounded time-varying delays neural systems with impulsion. Some μ-stability criteria are derived by using Lyapunov- Krasovski functional method. Those criteria are expressed in the form of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs).
University Cultural Soft Power Evaluation Model for Manufacturing Engineering Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation
Authors: Li Jia , Chen Guo Sheng , Luo Xin
Published: August 2011

Comprehensive evaluation of university’s cultural soft power for manufacturing engineering made us seen the soft power of the university culture development in-depth understanding. This article used fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to establish the university’s cultural soft power evaluation model, did a comprehensive evaluation to University’s cultural soft power based on four core aspect: the decisive soft power, key soft power, basic soft strength.
RFID-Enabled Manufacturing Executing System for Flexible Assembly Line
Authors: Qiang Xian
Published: August 2011

An increasing number of manufacturing enterprises commence to adopt flexible assembly line to meet the demands of the rapidly changing market. RFID technology is employed to collect the real-time production information in workshop and overcome difficulty to identify key production objects. In this paper, based on the RFID tag data model of smart objects, an RFID application solution on flexible assembly line is proposed, and an RFID-enabled manufacturing executing system is designed, which is integrated with the RFID-enabled real-time data capture system for flexible assembly line. In addition, the framework and integrated operation mode of corresponding RFID-enabled MES are established. The results of application in a motorcycle assembly line show obvious improvement in both production efficiency and quality.
Hydrogen Decoration of Vacancy Related Complexes in Hydrogen Implanted Silicon
Authors: Malmbekk Helge , Vines Lasse , Monakhov Edouard V. , Svensson Bengt Gunnar
Published: August 2011

Interaction between hydrogen (H) and irradiation induced defects in p-type silicon (Si) have been studied in H implanted pn-junctions, using deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS), as well as minority carrier transient spectroscopy (MCTS). Two H related levels at Ev+0.27 eV and Ec-0.32 eV have been observed (Ev and Ec denote the valence and conduction band edge, respectively). Both levels form after a 10 min anneal at 125C, concurrent with the release of H from the boron-hydrogen (B-H) complex. The correlated formation rates and absolute concentrations of the two levels support the notion that they are due to the same defect. In addition, a level at Ec-0.45 eV is observed and discussed in terms of vacancy-hydrogen related defects.
Analysis of Contaminated Oxide-Silicon Interfaces
Authors: Polignano Maria Luisa , Codegoni Davide , Castellano Luca , Greco Stefano , Borionetti Gabriella , Bonoli Francesco , Nutsch Andreas , Altmann Roswitha , Liebold Andreas , Otto Michael , Monge Paolo , Riva Caterina
Published: August 2011

Methods for the analysis of the oxide-silicon interface were compared for their ability to reveal metal segregation at the interface and organic contamination. The impact of these contaminations on surface recombination velocity measurements, on capacitance vs. voltage, conductance vs. voltage and capacitance vs. time measurements and on MOS-DLTS spectra was studied. Niobium-contaminated wafers were used as an example of metal surface segregation, because it was previously shown that niobium is prone to surface segregation. Interface state density measurements obtained by the conductance method showed a limited impact of niobium implantation. Vice versa significant effects were found in MOS-DLTS spectra. For what concerns organic contamination, MOS-DLTS showed the most significant effects from the point-of-view of the intrinsic properties of the silicon oxide - silicon interface, and GOI tests demonstrate a clear impact of the organic contamination on MOS capacitors oxide breakdown events.
Hydrogenated Radiation Defects in Silicon: Isotopic Effect of Hydrogen and Deuterium
Authors: Hazdra Pavel , Komarnitskyy Volodymyr , Buršíková Vilma
Published: August 2011

The isotopic effect of hydrogen and deuterium on hydrogenation of radiation defects introduced in n-type float zone and Czochralski silicon by irradiation with high-energy alphas was investigated. Silicon diodes were first irradiated with 2.4 MeV alphas to a fluence of 1x1010cm-2and then hydrogen or deuterium was introduced by rf plasma treatment at 250°C. Reactions of hydrogen and deuterium with radiation defects were monitored by deep-level transient spectroscopy during subsequent isochronal annealing at temperatures ranging from 100 to 400°C. Results show that hydrogen rf plasma effectively neutralizes majority of vacancy related radiation defects created by alphas in both materials. In contrast with it, neutralization by deuterium plasma is substantially weaker. Disappearing of vacancy related defect levels due to hydrogen (deuterium) treatment is accompanied by introduction of two dominant deep levels at EC-0.309 eV and EC-0.365 eV. While hydrogenation significantly accelerates annealing of radiation defects especially in Czochralski material, deuteration has weaker effect and gives rise to new defect levels during annealing.
Solid Phase Epitaxial Re-Growth of Amorphous Layer in Si:Si Annealed under Enhanced Hydrostatic Pressure
Authors: Bak-Misiuk Jadwiga , Misiuk Andrzej , Barcz Adam , Romanowski Przemyslaw
Published: August 2011

Solid phase epitaxial regrowth (SPER) of amorphized layer in Czochralski grown silicon (Cz-Si) created by self-implantation (Si+ dose 2x1016 cm-2, energy 150 keV), subsequently annealed for 5 h at up to 1400 K under Ar pressure up to 1.4 GPa, was investigated by Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS) and X-ray methods. Annealing of Cz-Si:Si resulted in pressure-dependent SPER with a marked carbon and oxygen gettering within regrown region. Depth profiling of carbon and oxygen contaminants provides useful information concerning SPER in implanted single crystalline silicon.
Implementation of Highly Resistive Emitter Solar Cells in a Production Environment using an Inline Doping System
Authors: Wille Wolfgang , Rothemund Ralph , Meinhardt Gerald , Jantsch Wolfgang
Published: August 2011

Instead of selective emitter technology we investigate an alternative way to optimize contact formation and increased blue responsivity of highly resistive emitter solar cells using screen print technology for the deposition of the frontside metallization grid. We show with the aid of an inline doping/diffusion set-up at Blue Chip Energy that tuning the emitter doping profile is an alternative way to reduce the effect of Auger recombination in the spectral range from 300 nm to 600 nm. By properly choosing the process conditions we were able to minimize the detrimental effect of the low surface concentration of the dopant on the contact resistance. Due to improved blue light responsivity a significant gain in short circuit current Jsc was achieved. This and a reduced reverse saturation current I00E yielded a higher open circuit voltage VOC and an increase of cell efficiency from 17.6 %-avg to more than 17.9 %-avg.
The Mechanical Modeling of Oxygen-Containing Precipitates in Silicon Wafers on Different Stages of the Getter Formation Process
Authors: Shushpannikov Pavel S. , Goldstein Robert V. , Ustinov Konstantin
Published: August 2011

The behavior of the oxygen-containing precipitate in silicon wafer on different stages of the getter formation process is considered from the mechanical point of view. The precipitate is modeled as a spheroidal inclusion undergoing inelastic eigenstrains in an anisotropic silicon matrix. The stress-strain state in the precipitate and matrix is calculated within the framework of the model. An energetic criterion of breaking the spherical shape by the coherent precipitates is obtained and analyzed. Criteria of the formation and onset of motion of the dislocation loops in the vicinity of the precipitate are also proposed. The obtained results are compared with the available experimental data.
CpG and Non-CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Directly Costimulate Mouse and Human CD4+ T Cells through a TLR9- and MyD88-Independent Mechanism
Authors: Landrigan Angela , Wong Michael T. , Utz Paul J.
Published: August 2011

TLR ligands are known to activate APCs, but direct T cell responsiveness to TLR ligands is controversial. Because of their clinical relevance, we performed in-depth studies of the effects of the TLR9-associated ligands, oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs), on highly purified T lymphocytes. Both CpG and non-CpG ODNs directly costimulate mouse and human CD4+ T cells, resulting in activation marker upregulation, cytokine secretion, elevated TCR phosphorylation, and proliferation. Surprisingly, ODN costimulation occurred independently of TLR9 and MyD88, as well as ICOS, CD28, and TRIF. TLR9-antagonist ODNs likewise promoted T cell activation, which has important implications for the study of these “inhibitory” ODNs in inflammatory diseases. Cytokine profiling revealed that ODNs promote polarization of distinct Th subsets, and that ODNs differentially affect human naive and memory T cells. Our studies reveal a striking and unexpected ability of ODNs to directly activate and polarize T cells, presenting an opportunity to enhance the paradigm for selection of therapeutic ODNs in humans.
Development and Function of Innate Polyclonal TCRαβ+ CD8+ Thymocytes
Authors: Rafei Moutih , Hardy Marie-Pierre , Williams Patrick , Vanegas Juan Ruiz , Forner Kathy-Ann , Dulude Gaël , Labrecque Nathalie , Galipeau Jacques , Perreault Claude
Published: August 2011

Innate CD8 T cells are found in mutant mouse models, but whether they are produced in a normal thymus remains controversial. Using the RAG2p-GFP mouse model, we found that ∼10% of TCRαβ+ CD4−CD8+ thymocytes were innate polyclonal T cells (GFP+CD44hi). Relative to conventional T cells, innate CD8 thymocytes displayed increased cell surface amounts of B7-H1, CD2, CD5, CD38, IL-2Rβ, and IL-4Rα and downmodulation of TCRβ. Moreover, they overexpressed several transcripts, including T-bet, Id3, Klf2, and, most of all, Eomes. Innate CD8 thymocytes were positively selected, mainly by nonhematopoietic MHCIa+ cells. They rapidly produced high levels of IFN-γ upon stimulation and readily proliferated in response to IL-2 and IL-4. Furthermore, low numbers of innate CD8 thymocytes were sufficient to help conventional CD8 T cells expand and secrete cytokine following Ag recognition. This helper effect depended on CD44-mediated interactions between innate and conventional CD8 T cells. We concluded that innate TCRαβ+ CD8 T cells represent a sizeable proportion of normal thymocytes whose development and function differ in many ways from those of conventional CD8 T cells.
A função social da leitura da literatura infantil
Authors: Caldin Clarice Fortkamp
Published: August 2011

A laicização da literatura, instalada com o Romantismo, muda a concepção da leitura. A aprendizagem da leitura, transformada em prática social e servindo de legitimação da burguesia, possibilita a emancipação da criança e a assimilação dos valores da sociedade. Nos seus primórdios, a literatura infantil tem função formadora, ao apresentar modelos de comportamento com a finalidade de reforçar os valores sociais vigentes. A literatura infantil contemporânea oferece uma nova concepção de texto escrito, aberto a múltiplas leituras, questionamentos e reflexões. A biblioteca escolar desempenha um papel relevante no despertar o gosto pela leitura da literatura infantil. O bibliotecário, consciente de sua função de educador, prioriza a leitura de textos de qualidade que desenvolvam a capacidade crítica da criança.
Towards improved instrumentation for assessing river-groundwater interactions in a restored river corridor
Authors: Schneider P. , Vogt T. , Schirmer M. , Doetsch J. , Linde N. , Pasquale N. , Perona P. , Cirpka O. A.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. River restoration projects have been launched over the last two decades to improve the ecological status and water quality of regulated rivers. As most restored rivers are not monitored at all, it is difficult to predict consequences of restoration projects or analyze why restorations fail or are successful. It is thus necessary to implement efficient field assessment strategies, for example by employing sensor networks that continuously measure physical parameters at high spatial and temporal resolution. This paper focuses on the design and implementation of an instrumentation strategy for monitoring changes in bank filtration, hydrological connectivity, groundwater travel time and quality due to river restoration. We specifically designed and instrumented a network of monitoring wells at the Thur River (NE Switzerland), which is partly restored and has been mainly channelized for more than 100 years. Our results show that bank filtration – especially in a restored section with alternating riverbed morphology – is variable in time and space. Consequently, our monitoring network has been adapted in response to that variability. Although not available at our test site, we consider long-term measurements – ideally initiated before and continued after restoration – as a fundamental step towards predicting consequences of river restoration for groundwater quality. As a result, process-based models could be adapted and evaluated using these types of high-resolution data sets.
The 2010 Judicial Activity of the International Court of Justice
Authors: Cogan Jacob Katz
Published: August 2011

The International Court of Justice rendered two final decisions on the merits in 2010: inPulp Mills on the River Uruguay(Argentina v. Uruguay) andAhmadou Sadio Diallo(Republic of Guinea v. Democratic Republic of the Congo). The Court also issued an advisory opinion inAccordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovoand an order finding Italy’s counterclaim inadmissible inJurisdictional Immunities of the State(Germany v. Italy).
The male phenotype in osteopathia striata congenita with cranial sclerosis
Authors: Holman Sarah K. , Daniel Phil , Jenkins Zandra A. , Herron Rachel L. , Morgan Tim , Savarirayan Ravi , Chow C.W. , Bohring Axel , Mosel Annette , Lacombe Didier , Steiner Bernhard , Schmitt‐Mechelke Thomas , Schroter Barbara , Raas‐Rothschild Annick , Miñaur Sixto Garcia , Porteous Mary , Parker Michael , Quarrell Oliver , Tapon Dagmar , Cormier‐Daire Valérie , Mansour Sahar , Nash Ruth , Bindoff Laurence A. , Fiskerstrand Torunn , Robertson Stephen P.
Published: August 2011

Osteopathia striata with cranial sclerosis (OSCS) is an X‐linked disease caused by truncating mutations in WTX. Females exhibit sclerotic striations on the long bones, cranial sclerosis, and craniofacial dysmorphism. Males with OSCS have significant skeletal sclerosis, do not have striations but do display a more severe phenotype commonly associated with gross structural malformations, patterning defects, and significant pre‐ and postnatal lethality. The recent description of mutations in WTX underlying OSCS has led to the identification of a milder, survivable phenotype in males. Individuals with this presentation can have, in addition to skeletal sclerosis, Hirschsprung disease, joint contractures, cardiomyopathy, and neuromuscular anomalies. A diagnosis of OSCS should be considered in males with macrocephaly, skeletal sclerosis that is most marked in the cranium and the absence of metaphyseal striations. The observation of striations in males may be indicative of a WTX mutation in a mosaic state supporting the contention that this sign in females is indicative of the differential lyonization of cells in the osteoblastic lineage. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of pre‐oxidation of Fe3Al on its corrosion resistance in sulfur and chlorine contaminated syngas
Authors: Ilyushechkin Alexander Y. , Dolan Michael D. , McLennan Keith G. , Sharma Sunil D.
Published: August 2011

Pre‐oxidation treatment of Fe3Al alloy, a material used in high temperature gas filtration, is common practice to improve corrosion resistance. This work evaluates the various pre‐oxidation procedures in terms of the quality of the protective layers formed, using microstructural analysis and corrosion tests. The effect of atmosphere on the oxidation kinetics at 950 °C and the oxide layer morphology was determined. The corrosion resistance of Fe3Al filters was investigated in simulated coal‐derived synthesis gas in the temperature range 600–800 °C. It was found that the corrosion resistance of Fe3Al was significantly improved by the development of the surface oxide layer, and that the quality of oxide layer is dependent on the oxidation treatment conditions, such partial oxygen pressure, pO2. The best corrosion resistance was achieved with a two‐stage oxidation treatment, involving initial pre‐oxidation at low pO2 and final pre‐oxidation at high pO2. © 2011 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Longitudinal predictors of progression of carotid atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Giles Jon T. , Post Wendy S. , Blumenthal Roger S. , Polak Joseph , Petri Michelle , Gelber Allan C. , Szklo Moyses , Bathon Joan M.
Published: August 2011

Objective

To explore predictors of change in measures of carotid atherosclerosis among rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients without known cardiovascular disease (CVD) at baseline.

Methods

RA patients underwent carotid ultrasonography at 2 time points separated by a mean ± SD of 3.2 ± 0.3 years. The associations of baseline and average patient characteristics with the average yearly change in the mean maximal intima‐media thickness (IMT) of the common carotid artery (CCA) and the internal carotid artery (ICAs) and with incident or progressive plaque in the ICA/carotid bulb, were explored.

Results

Among the 158 RA patients, the maximal CCA‐IMT increased in 82% (median 16 μm/year; P < 0.001) and the maximal ICA‐IMT increased in 70% (median 25 μm/year; P < 0.001). Incident plaque was observed in 14% of those without plaque at baseline (incidence rate 4.2 per 100 person‐years [95% confidence interval 1.6, 6.8]). Plaque progression was observed in 5% of those with plaque at baseline. Among RA predictors, the adjusted average yearly change in the maximal CCA‐IMT was significantly greater in patients with earlier RA than in those with disease of longer duration. Those taking tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors at baseline had a 37% lower adjusted rate of progression in the maximal CCA‐IMT compared with nonusers (14 μm/year versus 22 μm/year; P = 0.026). For the maximal ICA‐IMT, cumulative prednisone exposure was associated with progression after adjustment (1.2 μm/year per gm [95% confidence interval 0.1, 2.4]) and was lower in patients who were prescribed statins concomitant with prednisone. Higher swollen joint counts and higher average C‐reactive protein levels were both associated with incident or progressive plaque, primarily in patients with elevated CVD risk at baseline based on the Framingham Risk Score.

Conclusion

These prospective data provide evidence that inflammation is a contributor to the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in RA and that it is potentially modified favorably by TNF inhibitors and detrimentally by glucocorticoids.
Click to Join Peptides/Proteins Together
Authors: Li Xuechen
Published: August 2011

Copper(I) is able to catalyze Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition in a “click” fashion. This copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction presents excellent chemoselectivity and occurs over a wide‐range of reaction conditions. It shows tolerance to variation in both pH and solvent polarity, thereby facilitating the ligation of peptides and proteins to produce peptidomimetics and synthetic proteins. In addition, the only product formed is a 1,4‐disubstituted‐1,2,3‐triazole moiety, in many aspects resembling the natural peptide bond, including hydrogen‐bonding capability, planarity, distance between the 1 and 4 substituents, and conformational restriction of the peptide backbone; thus the triazole‐backbone‐modified peptide, in which a triazole replaces the amide bond, may be anticipated to present a secondary structure similar to that of its natural counterpart. This Focus Review describes the scope and applications of copper(I)‐catalyzed alkyne–azide cycloaddition in synthetic peptide/protein chemistry.
Deciphering the regulatory codes in bacterial genomes
Authors: Cho Byung‐Kwan , Palsson Bernhard , Zengler Karsten
Published: August 2011

Interactions between cis‐regulatory elements and trans‐acting factors are fundamental for cellular functions such as transcription. With the revolution in microarrays and sequencing technologies, genome‐wide binding locations of trans‐acting factors are being determined in large numbers. The richness of the genome‐scale information has revealed that the nature of the bacterial transcriptome and regulome are considerably more complex than previously expected. In addition, the emerging view of the bacterial transcriptome is revising the concept of the operon organization of the genome. This review describes current advances in the genome‐scale analysis of the interaction between cis‐regulatory elements and trans‐acting factors in microorganisms.
Topoisomerase I‐Mediated Antiproliferative Activity of 10‐Substituted and 12‐Substituted Homocamptothecins
Authors: Guo Wei , Liu Wenfeng , Zhu Lingjian , Zhang Yongqiang , Cheng Pengfei , Dong Guoqiang , Zhuang Chunlin , Yao Jianzhong , Sheng Chunquan , Miao Zhenyuan , Zhang Wannian
Published: August 2011

Homocamptothecin (hCPT) is an E‐ring modified camptothecin (CPT) analogue, which showed pronounced inhibitory activity of topoisomerase I. In search of novel hCPT‐type anticancer agents, two series of hCPT derivatives were synthesized and evaluated in vitro against three human tumor cell lines. The results indicated that the 10‐substituted hCPT derivatives had a considerably higher cytotoxic activity than the 12‐substituted ones. Among the 10‐substituted compounds, 8a, 8b, 9b, and 9i showed an equivalent or even more potent activity than the positive control drug topotecan against the lung cancer cell line A‐549. Moreover, the hCPT analogues 8a and 8b exhibited a higher topoisomerase I inhibitory activity than CPT at a concentration of 100 μM.
Regulation of Folding and Photochromic Reactivity of Terarylenes through a Host–Guest Interaction
Authors: Nakashima Takuya , Fujii Ryosuke , Kawai Tsuyoshi
Published: August 2011

The photochromic reactivity of terarylenes is integrated with molecular folding that is controlled through a host–guest interaction. A thieno[3, 2,b]pyridine unit is introduced into a photochromic terarylene structure as an aryl unit to form a guest‐interacting site. Thienopyridine‐containing terarylenes showed solvent‐dependent photochromic reactivity in solution. A terarylene moiety that contains two thienopyridyl units showed significantly high photocoloration reactivity as high as 88 % of photocyclization quantum yield in methanol, whereas that value was only 24 % in hexane. A temperature‐dependent 1H NMR spectroscopic study in different solvents indicated an interconversion between photochromic‐reactive and unreactive conformations. In methanol, the intermolecular interaction between terarylene species and the solvent molecule slows the rate of interconversion and increases the population of the photochromic‐active form, whereas the unreactive conformation is dominant in hexane. Crystal‐structural studies demonstrated the perfect regulation of molecular folding between a photochromic‐active form and an unreactive conformation by changing the solvents for recrystallization. Single crystals prepared from solutions in methanol showed reversible photochromic reactivity, whereas recrystallization from solutions in hexane did not show this reactivity. X‐ray crystallographic studies of single crystals from solutions in methanol demonstrated that the photochromic molecules bind a solvent methanol molecule at the guest‐interacting site to regulate the molecular conformation into a photochromic‐active form in collaboration with specific intramolecular interactions, whereas crystals from solutions in hexane possess the photochromic‐unreactive conformation.
An investigation of colour appearance for unrelated colours under photopic and mesopic vision
Authors: Fu Chenyang , Li Changjun , Cui Guihua , Luo M. Ronnier , Hunt Robert W. G. , Pointer Michael R.
Published: August 2011

Data were obtained for the colour appearance of unrelated colours under photopic and mesopic conditions. The effects of changes in luminance level and stimulus size were investigated. The method used was magnitude scaling of brightness, colourfulness, and hue. Two stimulus sizes (10° and 0.5°) and four starting luminance levels (60, 5, 1, and 0.1, cd/m2) were used. The results at 0.1 cd/m2 had large variations, so data were obtained for two additional stimulus sizes (1° and 2°) at this luminance level. Ten observers judged 50 unrelated colours. A total of 17,820 estimations were made. The observations were carried out in a completely darkened room, after 20 min adaptation; each test colour was presented on its own. Brightness and colourfulness were found to decrease with decreases of both luminance level and stimulus size. The CAM97u model predicted brightness more accurately than CIECAM02 but gave worse performance in predicting colorfulness. For hue, CAM97u and CIECAM02 both gave satisfactory predictions. Using the brightness correlate from CAM97u, a new colour‐appearance model based on CIECAM02 was developed specifically for unrelated colours under photopic and mesopic conditions, with parameters to allow for the effects of luminance level and stimulus size. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2011;
Redox Chemistry and Group 10 Metal Complexes of Aromatic Compounds with Bulky Bicyclic Guanidino Groups
Authors: Wild Ute , Kaifer Elisabeth , Himmel Hans‐Jörg
Published: August 2011

The reaction between activated bicyclic tetramethylbisurea and 1,2‐diaminobenzene or 1,2,4,5‐tetraaminobenzene affords new aromatic compounds functionalized with bicyclic guanidino groups. Protonation and redox reactions are carried out to obtain information about the chemical properties of these new guanidines. They are used as chelating ligands in mononuclear and dinuclear group 10 metal (Ni, Pd, and Pt) complexes, which could be interesting for catalytic applications. Initial experiments with a Ni complex showed a moderate activity in olefin oligomerization yielding mostly C6 hydrocarbons.
Synthesis, Electrochemical and Optical Absorption Properties of New Perylene‐3,4:9,10‐bis(dicarboximide) and Perylene‐3,4:9,10‐bis(benzimidazole) Derivatives
Authors: Perrin Lara , Hudhomme Piétrick
Published: August 2011

A series of perylene‐3,4:9,10‐bis(dicarboximide) (PBI) and perylene‐3,4:9,10‐bis(benzimidazole) (PTCBI) derivatives that are di‐ or tetra‐substituted at the bay region by electron‐donating or electron‐withdrawing groups have been synthesized as soluble n‐type semiconductors. Optical absorption spectroscopy and electrochemical analysis show that the nature of substitution at the bay region plays a crucial role in the modulation of the electronic properties of these PBI and PTCBI derivatives. Examination of these optical and electrochemical data in the light of energy levels identified by theoretical studies allowed a relationship between the structure and the electronic properties to be established.
Three New 3,6‐Dioxygenated Diketopiperazines from the Basidiomycete Lepista sordida
Authors: Chen Xiang‐Lian , Wu Min , Ti Hui‐Hui , Wei Xiao‐Yi , Li Tai‐Hui
Published: August 2011

Three new 3,6‐dioxygenated diketopiperazines, lepistamides A–C (1–3), along with a known compound, diatretol (4), were isolated from the mycelial solid cultures of the basidiomycete Lepista sordida. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic means. The isolated diketopiperazines were evaluated for the cytotoxic activity against Astc‐a‐1, Bel 7402, and HeLa cell lines, and their biogenetic pathway was discussed.
The Rearrangement of 2,2‐Diphenyl‐1‐[(E)‐2‐phenylethenyl]cyclopropane to 3,4,4‐Triphenylcyclopent‐1‐ene: a DFT Analysis
Authors: Sicking Willi , Sustmann Reiner , Mulzer Johann , Huisgen Rolf
Published: August 2011

A computational study on the rearrangement of 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐[(E)‐2‐phenylethenyl]cyclopropane (1) is presented, using density functional theory (DFT), (U)B3LYP with the 6‐31G* basis set (DFT1) and (U)M05‐2X with the 6‐311+G** basis set (DFT2). In agreement with a biradical character of the transition structure (TS) or intermediate, the potential‐energy hypersurface is lowered by the influence of three conjugated Ph groups. Surprisingly, two conformations of the geminal diphenyl group (different twist angles) induce two different minimum‐energy pathways for the rearrangement. Independent of the functional used, the first hypersurface harbors true biradical intermediates, whereas the second energy surface is a flat, slightly ascending slope from the starting material to the TS. The functional (U)M05‐2X with the basis set 6‐311+G** provides realistic energies which seem to be close to experiment. The activation energy for racemization of enantiomers of 1 is lower than that of rearrangement by 2.5 kcal mol−1, in agreement with experiment.