bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Equity in Representing Literacy Growth in Dual Language Bilingual Education for Emerging Bilingual Students
Authors: Arteagoitia Igone , Yen Shu Jing
Published: August 2020

The promise of access to key 21st‐century skills (i.e., bilingualism, biliteracy, and global awareness) has resulted in the rapid gain in popularity of dual language bilingual education (DLBE) programs in the United States over the past two decades. Despite their integrative and additive nature, concerns have been raised about lack of equity in their implementation (Cervantes‐Soon, 2014; Palmer, 2010; Valdés, 1997, 2018). In this article, the authors argue that the fact that DLBE research almost exclusively focuses on English outcomes contributes to inequity. In order to represent the full achievements of emerging bilingual students, the authors designed a longitudinal study to examine the biliteracy growth rates of third‐grade students enrolled in all of the DLBE programs that had longitudinal achievement data in the two program languages in one state in the United States. The data were disaggregated by students who were currently, or had at one point been, classified as an English learner (ever ELs) and those who had never been classified as ELs including those with English as their home language (never ELs). Results of the three‐level linear growth model estimated on participants’ reading scale scores show that, although both groups made progress in reading achievement in both languages over time, never ELs exhibited faster growth rates in Spanish than ever ELs but their growth rates in English were similar. Considering outcomes in the two program languages not only provides a better understanding of emerging bilingual students’ full biliteracy potential, but underscores the value of their language background.
Dissipation energy based parameter identification of anisotropic linear viscoelastic composites
Authors: Mika Micheal , Horst Thomas , Landgraf Ralf
Published: August 2020

The current work presents a relaxation analysis based procedure to identify effective material parameters of the multiaxial generalized Maxwell model (GMM) by a numerical homogenization of the microscopic dissipation energy density for anisotropic linear viscoelastic composites. The employed GMM enables the derivation of a thermodynamically consistent constitutive law and a function of the dissipation energy density for direction‐dependent viscoelastic materials. The identity of this energy function to the microstructure's homogenized dissipation energy density is utilized for the identification of effective relaxation times. Furthermore, the identified relaxation times enable a simple determination of the remaining stiffness parameters. Finally, the presented procedure is demonstrated and evaluated for a randomly endless fibre‐reinforced plastic with a polymer matrix exhibiting a significant viscoelastic behaviour.
Aligned CP-violating Higgs sector canceling the electric dipole moment
Authors: Kanemura Shinya , Kubota Mitsunori , Yagyu Kei
Published: August 2020

Abstract

We discuss the effect of CP violation in the aligned scenario of the general two-Higgs-doublet model, in which the Higgs potential and the Yukawa interaction provide additional CP-violating phases. An alignment is imposed to the Yukawa interaction in order to avoid dangerous flavor changing neutral currents. The Higgs potential is also aligned such that the coupling constants of the lightest Higgs boson, which is identified as the discovered Higgs boson with the mass of 125 GeV, are the same as those of the standard model. In general, CP-violating phases originated by the Yukawa interaction and the Higgs potential are strongly constrained by the current data for the electric dipole moment (EDM). It is found that in our scenario contributions from the two sources of CP violation can be destructive and consequently their total contribution can satisfy the EDM results, even when each CP-violating phase is large. Such a large CP-violating phase can be tested at collider experiments by looking at the angular distributions of particles generated by the decays of the additional Higgs bosons.
Provenance of classical Hamiltonian time crystals
Authors: Alekseev Anton , Dai Jin , Niemi Antti J.
Published: August 2020

Abstract

Classical Hamiltonian systems with conserved charges and those with constraints often describe dynamics on a pre-symplectic manifold. Here we show that a pre-symplectic manifold is also the proper stage to describe autonomous energy conserving Hamiltonian time crystals. We explain how the occurrence of a time crystal relates to the wider concept of spontaneously broken symmetries; in the case of a time crystal, the symmetry breaking takes place in a dynamical context. We then analyze in detail two examples of timecrystalline Hamiltonian dynamics. The first example is a piecewise linear closed string, with dynamics determined by a Lie-Poisson bracket and Hamiltonian that relates to membrane stability. We explain how the Lie-Poisson brackets descents to a time-crystalline pre-symplectic bracket, and we show that the Hamiltonian dynamics supports two phases; in one phase we have a time crystal and in the other phase time crystals are absent. The second example is a discrete one dimensional model of a Hamiltonian chain. It is obtained by a reduction from the Q-ball Lagrangian that describes time dependent nontopological solitons. We show that a time crystal appears as a minimum energy domain wall configuration, along the chain.
A note on dual prehomomorphisms from a group into the Margolis–Meakin expansion of a group
Authors: Billhardt Bernd , Singha Boorapa , Sommanee Worachead , Thamkaew Paweena , Tiammee Jukrapong
Published: August 2020

We give a category-free order theoretic variant of a key result in Auinger and Szendrei (J Pure Appl Algebra 204(3):493–506, 2006) and illustrate how it might be used to compute whether a finite X-generated group H admits a canonical dual prehomomorphism into the Margolis–Meakin expansion M(G) of a finite X-generated group G. We show that for G the Klein four-group a suitable H must be of exponent 6 at least and recapture a result of Szakács.
General practitioners’ challenges and strategies in dealing with Internet-related health anxieties—results of a qualitative study among primary care physicians in Germany
Authors: Wangler Julian , Jansky Michael
Published: August 2020

Time and again, it is discussed that in medical practices, the number of patients who develop health anxieties due to extensive health information searches on the Internet is increasing. The objective of this study is to explore and describe general practitioners’ experiences and attitudes towards cyberchondria patients as well as strategies to stabilize affected patients. Following a qualitative approach, oral personal semi-standardized interviews with general practitioners (N = 38) in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany, were conducted in 2019. In the course of a content analysis, one can see that most interviewees see the emergence of Internet-related health anxieties as an increasing problem in everyday care. Affected patients not only show marked levels of doubt and nervousness as well as hypersensitivity to their own state of health, but also low confidence in the physician. In addition to compliance-related difficulties, the high need for advice and the demand for further diagnostics are regarded as major problems. Various approaches were identified by which general practitioners respond to unsettled patients (more consultation time, recommendation of reputable websites, information double-checking, expanded history questionnaire, additional psychosocial training).
Damage Detection in Composites By Artificial Neural Networks Trained By Using in Situ Distributed Strains
Authors: Califano America , Chandarana Neha , Grassia Luigi , D’Amore Alberto , Soutis Constantinos
Published: August 2020

In this paper, a passive structural health monitoring (SHM) method capable of detecting the presence of damage in carbon fibre/epoxy composite plates is developed. The method requires the measurement of strains from the considered structure, which are used to set up, train, and test artificial neural networks (ANNs). At the end of the training phase, the networks find correlations between the given strains, which represent the ‘fingerprint’ of the structure under investigation. Changes in the distribution of these strains is captured by assessing differences in the previously identified strain correlations. If any cause generates damage that alters the strain distribution, this is considered as a reason for further detailed structural inspection. The novelty of the strain algorithm comes from its independence from both the choice of material and the loading condition. It does not require the prior knowledge of material properties based on stress-strain relationships and, as the strain correlations represent the structure and its mechanical behaviour, they are valid for the full range of operating loads. An implementation of such approach is herein presented based on the usage of a distributed optical fibre sensor that allows to obtain strain measurement with an incredibly high resolution.
Test particle simulations of cosmic rays
Authors: Mertsch Philipp
Published: August 2020

Modelling of cosmic ray transport and interpretation of cosmic ray data ultimately rely on a solid understanding of the interactions of charged particles with turbulent magnetic fields. The paradigm over the last 50 years has been the so-called quasi-linear theory, despite some well-known issues. In the absence of a widely accepted extension of quasi-linear theory, wave-particle interactions must also be studied in numerical simulations where the equations of motion are directly solved in a realisation of the turbulent magnetic field. The applications of such test particle simulations of cosmic rays are manifold: testing transport theories, computing parameters like diffusion coefficients or making predictions for phenomena beyond standard diffusion theories, e.g. for cosmic ray small-scale anisotropies. In this review, we seek to give a low-level introduction to test particle simulations of cosmic rays, enabling readers to perform their own test particle simulations. We start with a review of quasi-linear theory, highlighting some of its issues and suggested extensions. Next, we summarise the state-of-the-art in test particle simulations and give concrete recipes for generating synthetic turbulence. We present a couple of examples for applications of such simulations and comment on an important conceptual detail in the backtracking of particles.
Towards the Automatic Localization of the Irritative Zone Through Magnetic Source Imaging
Authors: Luria Gianvittorio , Duran Dunja , Visani Elisa , Rossi Sebastiano Davide , Sorrentino Alberto , Tassi Laura , Granvillano Alice , Franceschetti Silvana , Panzica Ferruccio
Published: August 2020

The present work aims at validating a Bayesian multi-dipole modeling algorithm (SESAME) in the clinical scenario consisting of localizing the generators of single interictal epileptiform discharges from resting state magnetoencephalographic recordings. We use the results of Equivalent Current Dipole fitting, performed by an expert user, as a benchmark, and compare the results of SESAME with those of two widely used source localization methods, RAP-MUSIC and wMNE. In addition, we investigate the relation between post-surgical outcome and concordance of the surgical plan with the cerebral lobes singled out by the methods. Unlike dipole fitting, the tested algorithms do not rely on any subjective channel selection and thus contribute towards making source localization more unbiased and automatic. We show that the two dipolar methods, SESAME and RAP-MUSIC, generally agree with dipole fitting in terms of identified cerebral lobes and that the results of the former are closer to the fitted equivalent current dipoles than those of the latter. In addition, for all the tested methods and particularly for SESAME, concordance with surgical plan is a good predictor of seizure freedom while discordance is not a good predictor of poor post-surgical outcome. The results suggest that the dipolar methods, especially SESAME, represent a reliable and more objective alternative to manual dipole fitting for clinical applications in the field of epilepsy surgery.
Outcomes following lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) for 100 cases of lymphedema: results over 24-months follow-up
Authors: Qiu Shan S. , Pruimboom Tim , Cornelissen Anouk J. M. , Schols Rutger M. , van Kuijk Sander M. J. , van der Hulst René R. W. J.
Published: August 2020

Purpose

Lymphedema is a debilitating condition that significantly affects patient’s quality of life (QoL). The aim of this study was to assess the long-term outcomes after lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) for extremity lymphedema.

Methods

A single-center prospective study on upper and lower extremity lymphedema patients was performed. All LVA procedures were preceded by outpatient Indocyanine Green (ICG) lymphography. Quality of life measured by the Lymph-ICF was the primary outcome. Limb circumference, use of compression garments, and frequency of cellulitis episodes and manual lymphatic drainage (MLD) sessions were secondary outcomes.

Results

One hundred consecutive patients, predominantly experiencing upper extremity lymphedema following breast cancer (n = 85), underwent a total of 132 LVAs. During a mean follow-up of 25 months, mean Lymph-ICF score significantly decreased from 43.9 preoperative to 30.6 postoperative, representing significant QoL improvement. Decrease in upper and lower limb circumference was observed in 52% of patients with a mean decrease of 6%. Overall mean circumference was not significantly different. Percentage of patients that could reduce compression garments in the upper and lower extremity group was 65% and 40%, respectively. Number of cellulitis episodes per year and MLD sessions per week showed a mean decrease of respectively 0.6 and 0.8 in the upper extremity and 0.4 and 1.0 in the lower extremity group.

Conclusions

LVA resulted in significant QoL improvement in upper and lower extremity lymphedema patients. Limb circumference did not significantly improve but good results concerning compression garments, cellulitis episodes, and MLD sessions were obtained. Additionally, a simple and patient-friendly method for outpatient ICG lymphography is presented.
N- and O-glycosylation patterns and functional testing of CGB7 versus CGB3/5/8 variants of the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) beta subunit
Authors: Biskup Karina , Blanchard Véronique , Castillo-Binder Paola , Alexander Henry , Engeland Kurt , Schug Sindy
Published: August 2020

The classical function of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is its role in supporting pregnancy. hCG is a dimer consisting of two highly glycosylated subunits, alpha (CGA) and beta (CGB). The beta-hCG protein is encoded by CGB3, CGB5, CGB7 and CGB8 genes. CGB3, 5 and 8 code for an identical protein, CGB3/5/8, whereas CGB7 differs in three amino acids from CGB3/5/8. We had observed earlier that CGB7 and CGB3/5/8 display very distinct tissue expression patterns and that the tumor suppressor and transcription factor p53 can activate expression of CGB7 but not of CGB3/5/8 genes. Here, we investigate the glycan structures and possible functional differences of the two CGB variants. To this end, we established a system to produce and isolate recombinant CGA, CGB7 and CGB3/5/8 proteins. We found that N- and O-glycosylation patterns of CGB7 and CGB3/5/8 are quite similar. Functional assays were performed by testing activation of the ERK1/2 pathway and demonstrated that CGB7 and CGB5/5/8 appear to be functionally redundant isoforms, although a slight difference in the kinetics of ERK1/2 pathway activation was observed. This is the first time that biological activity of CGB7 is shown. In summary, the results lead to the hypothesis that CGB7 and CGB3/5/8 do not hold significant functional differences but that timing and cell type of their expression is the key for understanding their divergent evolution.
Shake and Fake: the Role of Interview Anxiety in Deceptive Impression Management
Authors: Powell Deborah M. , Bourdage Joshua S. , Bonaccio Silvia
Published: August 2020

We investigated whether anxiety about self-presentation concerns during interviews (i.e., interview anxiety) is associated with applicants’ use of deceptive impression management (IM) tactics. We examined the relationship between interview anxiety and deceptive IM, and we examined whether the personality traits of honesty-humility and extraversion would be indirectly related to deceptive IM through interview anxiety. Participants (N = 202) were recruited after an interview for a research assistant position. Interview anxiety scores were positively related to deceptive IM. Furthermore, there was evidence of a negative indirect effect of honesty-humility on deceptive IM, via overall interview anxiety. Also, extraversion was indirectly associated with deceptive IM through interview anxiety. Results suggest that deceptive IM can be used as a protective mechanism to maintain self-esteem or to avoid the loss of rewards. This paper is the first to examine the role of interview anxiety in interview faking.
Soziotechnisch – agil – lean: Konzepte und Vorgehensweisen für Arbeits- und Organisationsgestaltung in Digitalisierungsprozessen
Authors: Bendel Alexander , Latniak Erich
Published: August 2020

In diesem konzeptionellen Beitrag für die Zeitschrift „Gruppe – Interaktion – Organisation. Zeitschrift für Angewandte Organisationspsychologie (GIO)“ werden leane, agile und soziotechnische Konzepte der Arbeitsgestaltung beschrieben und miteinander verglichen. Vor dem Hintergrund der Digitalisierung benötigen die Akteur*innen betrieblicher Arbeitsgestaltung mehr denn je Orientierungswissen. Derzeit dominieren diesbezüglich Ansätze, die sich an agilen und Lean-Production- bzw. Lean-Mangement-Konzepten orientieren. Punktuell wird auch an soziotechnische Konzepte (STS-D) der Arbeitsgestaltung angeknüpft (insbesondere in der Informatik). Allerdings ist die praktische Umsetzung der Konzepte aber einerseits deutlich diverser und hybrider als es in den Konzepttexten nahegelegt wird. Andererseits lassen sich selbst auf konzeptioneller Ebene nicht immer eindeutige Unterschiede zwischen agilen, leanen und soziotechnischen Prinzipien der System- und Arbeitsgestaltung ausmachen. Es wird dargelegt, dass soziotechnische Konzepte insbesondere aufgrund ihrer Berücksichtigung technischer Arbeitsmittel, ihrer Verfahrenshinweise in Veränderungsprozessen sowie aufgrund des Vorhandenseins von Evaluationskriterien den Herausforderungen der Digitalisierung am adäquatesten zu begegnen scheinen. Agile und Lean-Konzepte sollten folglich um soziotechnische Elemente der Arbeitsgestaltung ergänzt werden.
Roses: the latest chapter in the conflicted history of controlling irrigation water in the Ecuadorian Andes
Authors: Mena-Vásconez Patricio , Boelens Rutgerd , Vos Jeroen
Published: August 2020

The history of the Pisque watershed in the Ecuadorian Andes is one of local livelihoods and resources being disrupted by external actors: Incas in Pre-Columbian times, Spaniards during the era of Conquest and Colonisation, and, during the Republic, white-mestizo elites followed by international businesses. Local communities have suffered from, rebelled against, and adapted to adverse, ever-changing socioeconomic, environmental, and political conditions. We trace this history from a political–ecological standpoint, applying the Echelons of Rights Analysis framework and the hydrosocial territory concept to examine conflicts over resources, norms, authorities, and discourses related to irrigation water. The centuries-old saga of battles over water in Pisque helps us understand the latest chapter in the story: the onset of rose agribusinesses, inheritors of the privileges of colonial haciendas. The recent arrival (ca. ten years ago) of small locally managed greenhouses adds complexity to the “food vs. flowers” dichotomy. It also makes it difficult to predict the effects on local attitudes to food security, water justice, and sovereignty.
Safety of Early Administration of Apixaban on Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Acute Large Vessel Occlusion
Authors: Yoshimura Shinichi , Uchida Kazutaka , Sakai Nobuyuki , Imamura Hirotoshi , Yamagami Hiroshi , Tanaka Kanta , Ezura Masayuki , Nonaka Tadashi , Matsumoto Yasushi , Shibata Masunari , Ohta Hajime , Morimoto Masafumi , Fukawa Norihito , Hatano Taketo , Enomoto Yukiko , Takeuchi Masataka , Ota Takahiro , Shimizu Fuminori , Kimura Naoto , Kamiya Yuki , Shimamura Norito , Morimoto Takeshi
Published: August 2020

Early administration of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with acute large vessel occlusion (LVO) and nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) is a concern, as endovascular therapy (EVT) became highly utilized. We conducted a historical and prospective multicenter registry at 38 centers in Japan from July 2016 to February 2018. Patients aged ≥ 20 years with NVAF and acute LVO or stenosis who received apixaban within 14 days from onset were included. We compared patients who received apixaban < 48 h (Early group) and ≥ 48 h (Late group) after onset in terms of the primary outcome (a composite of ischemic events, major bleeding events, and all-cause deaths). The secondary outcomes were each component of the primary outcome. Among the 686 patients, the median time from onset to administration was 2.5 days (range, 0–14; Early 263, Late 423). The Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI)-ASPECTS) were significantly higher in the Early group than in the Late group. Recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) and EVT were more utilized in the Early group (rt-PA 46% vs. 35%, p = 0.003; EVT 62% vs. 46%, p < 0.0001). The cumulative incidence of primary outcome was similar between groups (ischemic events: Early 1.9% vs. Late 0.5% at 30 days; 3.5% vs. 0.7% at 90 days, major bleeding 3.4% vs. 2.9% at 30 days; 5.0% vs. 3.4% at 90 days). Early administration of apixaban (< 48 h), after onset of acute LVO in patients with NVAF, was generally safe compared with those who received it Late (≥ 48 h). http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02818868 (June 30, 2016)
Electrochemical Compression Technologies for High-Pressure Hydrogen: Current Status, Challenges and Perspective
Authors: Zou Jiexin , Han Ning , Yan Jiangyan , Feng Qi , Wang Yajun , Zhao Zhiliang , Fan Jiantao , Zeng Lin , Li Hui , Wang Haijiang
Published: August 2020

Hydrogen is an ideal energy carrier in future applications due to clean byproducts and high efficiency. However, many challenges remain in the application of hydrogen, including hydrogen production, delivery, storage and conversion. In terms of hydrogen storage, two compression modes (mechanical and non-mechanical compressors) are generally used to increase volume density in which mechanical compressors with several classifications including reciprocating piston compressors, hydrogen diaphragm compressors and ionic liquid compressors produce significant noise and vibration and are expensive and inefficient. Alternatively, non-mechanical compressors are faced with issues involving large-volume requirements, slow reaction kinetics and the need for special thermal control systems, all of which limit large-scale development. As a result, modular, safe, inexpensive and efficient methods for hydrogen storage are urgently needed. And because electrochemical hydrogen compressors (EHCs) are modular, highly efficient and possess hydrogen purification functions with no moving parts, they are becoming increasingly prominent. Based on all of this and for the first time, this review will provide an overview of various hydrogen compression technologies and discuss corresponding structures, principles, advantages and limitations. This review will also comprehensively present the recent progress and existing issues of EHCs and future hydrogen compression techniques as well as corresponding containment membranes, catalysts, gas diffusion layers and flow fields. Furthermore, engineering perspectives are discussed to further enhance the performance of EHCs in terms of the thermal management, water management and the testing protocol of EHC stacks. Overall, the deeper understanding of potential relationships between performance and component design in EHCs as presented in this review can guide the future development of anticipated EHCs.

Graphic Abstract
Effekte der Konzeption „Lesen durch Schreiben“ auf verschiedene Teilbereiche lauttreuer und orthografischer Verschriftung in der Mitte des ersten Schuljahres
Authors: Hess Miriam , Denn Ann-Katrin , Kirschhock Eva-Maria , Lorenz-Krause Alena , Lipowsky Frank
Published: August 2020

„Lesen durch Schreiben“ (Jürgen Reichen) ist eine Konzeption für den Schriftspracherwerb, in der die Kinder mit einer Anlauttabelle schreiben lernen, ohne dass eine Korrektur von Fehlern erfolgt. Anhand von differenzierten, qualitativen Fehleranalysen frei geschriebener Texte von 507 Kindern aus 31 ersten Klassen wird mehrebenenanalytisch untersucht, ob die Bedeutung, die diese Konzeption im Unterricht des ersten Schuljahres spielt, unter Kontrolle schriftsprachlicher Vorläuferfertigkeiten Effekte auf verschiedene Teilbereiche lauttreuer und orthografischer Verschriftung hat. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Kinder, in deren Unterricht „Lesen durch Schreiben“ laut Lehrperson eine größere Rolle spielt, insgesamt mehr Wörter falsch schreiben als Kinder, in deren Unterricht „Lesen durch Schreiben“ eine geringere Rolle spielt. Dieser Unterschied ist auf eine höhere Anzahl orthografisch falsch geschriebener Wörter zurückzuführen, während die Anzahl nicht lautgetreu verschrifteter Wörter in keinem systematischen Zusammenhang zur Rolle von „Lesen durch Schreiben“ in den jeweiligen Klassen steht.
Comparison of bilateral ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve block versus transverses abdominis nerve block for postoperative pain management for parturient undergoing elective cesarean section in Dilla University Referral Hospital, Ethiopia. A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Abiy Sileshi , Ayalew Nugusu , Eshete Akine , Aweke Zemedu , Mergia Getachew , Mulugeta Hailemariam , Neme Derartu , Mola Simeneh
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT

Background:

Pain is one of the most common complaints and causes of distress in the perioperative period. The postoperative pain after cesarean section is believed to be of mild to moderate intensity lasting for up to 72 h. Apart from patient preferences, several factors affect choices of analgesia in a resource-limited setting like Ethiopia. Availability of resources, trained manpower, and inter-individual variation in pain threshold was among the factors affecting analgesia choices. Thus, this study aims to compare TAP block versus II/IH block for post-cesarean delivery analgesia in resource-limited areas where the ultrasound-guided block is not practiced.

Method:

A randomized controlled trial study was conducted in Dilla university referral hospital. Pregnant women scheduled for elective cesarean section were randomized to either TAP block (n = 36) or II/IH block (n = 36) for postoperative pain management. The sample size was calculated using a G-power version 3.1.9.2 getting a total of 72 participants. Pain severity, total tramadol consumption, and time to first analgesic request were assessed during the first 72 h postoperatively. Manny Whitney U-test and independent t-test were used based on the distribution of data. A Kaplan Meier analysis was used to assess' proportion of patients who did not require analgesia for a 48 h follow up period.

Result:

The cumulative median tramadol consumption over 48 h were 100 mg for TAP group and 150 mg for II/IH (p = 0.018). The median tramadol consumption at 24hr. and 36 h were also lower in the TAP group compared to II-IH (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between groups regarding time to first analgesia request (p > 0.05). The median pain score at 36hr. and 48hr. were lower in the TAP group (3 and 4) compared to the II-IH group (4 and 6) respectively (p < 0.05). There is no statistically significant difference between groups regarding the postoperative side effects and complications.

Conclusion:

Both II-IH and TAP block had comparable analgesic efficacy during the first 24hr. TAP block had longer analgesic effectiveness compared to II-IH with an effect lasting for 48hr.

Highlights:
Antiretroviral treatment failure among HIV-positive adults taking first-line therapy and associated risk factors at Adigrat General hospital, Adigart, Ethiopia 2019: A cross sectional study
Authors: Demsie Desalegn Getnet , Bantie Abere Tilahun , Allene Mengesha Dessie , Alema Niguse Meles , Gebrie Desye
Published: August 2020

ABSTRACT

Background:

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a major public health problem globally. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has led to profound reduction in the incidence of mortality. However, effective treatment is challenged by the treatment failure. Anti-Retroviral Treatment (ART) Failure may predispose patients to new or recurrent clinical condition.

Objective:

This study was designed to assess virological and immunological failure of highly active antiretroviral therapy users and associated risk factors at Adigrat General Hospital, Adigrat, Ethiopia.

Methods:

Institutional based retrospective cross sectional study was conducted. Data were collected by pre-tested structured checklist. The data were entered into Epi-info version 7 and exported into SPSS version 22.0 for analyses. The association between variables was analyzed using multivariate binary logistic regression analysis. The results were presented using text, tables and figure.

Result:

Seven hundred eighty four patients were included in this study. Of all study participants, 508 (64.8%) were females. More than half participants 376 (47.96%) were in the age range of (31–45) years. The overall prevalence of treatment failure was 27.48%; of this 12.35% of the participants developed immunologic failure and 4.70% of them had both immunologic and virologic failure. Factors that were significantly associated with treatment failure following multivariable analysis were rural resident [AOR = 3.6; 95% CI (1.11–7.36)], WHO stage III/IV [AOR = 2.7; 95% CI (1.21–5.08)], baseline CD4 count (cells/mm3) less than 199 [AOR = 8.11; 95% CI (2.46–19.54)], treatment interruption [AOR = 5.4; 95% CI (2.61–10.45)], poor drug adherence [AOR = 5.9; 95% CI (1.15–12.43)] and TB/HIV co-infection [AOR = 4.6; 95% CI (1.33–12.12).

Conclusion:

The prevalence of ART failure was higher. Multivariate analysis showed that rural residency, WHO clinical stage III/IV, baseline CD4 count (cells/mm3) less than 200, treatment interruption, poor drug adherence, opportunistic infections and TB/HIV co-infection were significantly associated with treatment failure.

Highlights:
Trioxane Ingestion in a Child
Authors: Theobald Jillian L. , Kostic Mark , Stanton Matthew , Gummin David
Published: August 2020

Trioxane is a stable cyclic trimer of formaldehyde. It is an active ingredient in fuel bars for heating prepackaged foods by military and outdoorspeople. Trioxane depolymerizes to formaldehyde in an acidic environment and is further oxidized to formic acid, which causes neurologic and ocular damage. Because it is solid at room temperature, trioxane is a greater potential hazard to children than aqueous formaldehyde. Little information is available regarding the management of ingestion of solid, compressed fuel bars. We present a case of a 19-mo-old male child who ingested an unknown amount of a trioxane fuel bar, with fortunately limited consequences.
Joint research findings have the potential to enhance water permeability and substance removal capabilities of RO
Authors: Atkinson Simon
Published: August 2020

In Japan, findings from research conducted jointly by Toray Industries Inc and national research and development institute Bioengineering Laboratory and Theoretical Molecular Science Laboratory of Riken have the potential to enhance the water permeability and substance removal capabilities of reverse osmosis systems.
A class of simple non-weight modules over the virasoro algebra
Authors: Chen Haibo , Han JianZhi
Published: August 2020

The Virasoro algebra$\mathcal {L}$is an infinite-dimensional Lie algebra with basis {Lm,C|m ∈ ℤ} and relations [Lm,Ln] = (n − m)Lm+n + δm+n,0((m3 − m)/12)C, [Lm,C] = 0 form,n ∈ ℤ. Let$\mathfrak a$be the subalgebra of$\mathcal {L}$spanned byLifori ≥ −1. For any triple (μ, λ, α) of complex numbers with μ ≠ 0, λ ≠ 0 and any non-trivial$\mathfrak a$-moduleVsatisfying the condition: for anyv ∈ Vthere exists a non-negative integermsuch thatLiv = 0 for alli ≥ m, non-weight$\mathcal {L}$-modules on the linear tensor product ofVand ℂ[∂], denoted by$\mathcal {M}(V,\mu ,\Omega (\lambda ,\alpha ))\ (\Omega (\lambda ,\alpha )=\mathbb {C}[\partial ]$as vector spaces), are constructed in this paper. We prove that$\mathcal {M}(V,\mu ,\Omega (\lambda ,\alpha ))$is simple if and only ifμ ≠ 1, λ ≠ 0,α ≠ 0. We also give necessary and sufficient conditions for two such simple$\mathcal {L}$-modules being isomorphic. Finally, these simple$\mathcal {L}$-modules$\mathcal {M}(V,\mu ,\Omega (\lambda ,\alpha ))$are proved to be new forVnot being the highest weight$\mathfrak a$-module whose highest weight is non-zero.
Neuropsychological Change After a Single Season of Head Impact Exposure in Youth Football
Authors: Maerlender Arthur , Smith Eric , Brolinson P. Gunnar , Crisco Joseph , Urban Jillian , Ajamil Amaris , Rowson Steven , Campolettano Eamon T. , Gellner Ryan A. , Bellamkonda Srinidhi , Kieffer Emily , Kelley Mireille E. , Jones Derek , Powers Alex , Beckwith Jonathan , Stitzel Joel , Greenwald Richard M. , Duma Stefan
Published: August 2020

Objectives:

Head impact exposure (HIE) in youth football is a public health concern. The objective of this study was to determine if one season of HIE in youth football was related to cognitive changes.

Method:

Over 200 participants (ages 9–13) wore instrumented helmets for practices and games to measure the amount of HIE sustained over one season. Pre- and post-season neuropsychological tests were completed. Test score changes were calculated adjusting for practice effects and regression to the mean and used as the dependent variables. Regression models were calculated with HIE variables predicting neuropsychological test score changes.

Results:

For the full sample, a small effect was found with season average rotational values predicting changes in list-learning such that HIE was related to negative score change: standardized beta (β) = -.147, t(205) = -2.12, and p = .035. When analyzed by age clusters (9–10, 11–13) and adding participant weight to models, the R2 values increased. Splitting groups by weight (median split), found heavier members of the 9–10 cohort with significantly greater change than lighter members. Additionaly, significantly more participants had clinically meaningful negative changes: X2 = 10.343, p = .001.

Conclusion:

These findings suggest that in the 9–10 age cluster, the average seasonal level of HIE had inverse, negative relationships with cognitive change over one season that was not found in the older group. The mediation effects of age and weight have not been explored previously and appear to contribute to the effects of HIE on cognition in youth football players.
From liberal interventionism to stabilisation: A new consensus on norm-downsizing in interventions in Africa
Authors: MOE LOUISE WIUFF , GEIS ANNA
Published: August 2020

This article traces recent changes of the practices and justifications of the use of force in intervention, in the context of African security governance, highlighting how these changes interact with norm transformations at the scale of the global order. In doing so, it conveys how a long-standing pattern of norm contestation between international and African actors over external intervention vs sovereignty, has started to give way to a mutually accepted division of labour. After 9/11, the paradigm of liberal interventionism has been incrementally replaced by the framework of stabilisation, with a re-prioritisation of sovereigntist agendas. This has increased collaboration between international and African actors, specifically prompting the United Nations and the African Union to divide tasks of mandating and enforcement, thereby increasing inter-institutional ‘order’. This consensus, however, far from signifying wider compliance with ‘liberal ordering’ principles, rather indicates the need to revisit central assumptions of the International Relations norm diffusion literature. While the latter emphasises the diffusion of ‘good’ international norms, especially pertaining to human rights and democratisation, the growing consensus on ‘intervention as stabilisation’ instead exposes how post-9/11 justifications of practices that carry the potential to downsize the scope of such norms, are starting to resonate across international, regional and national sites of policy and practice.
Atmospheric Dust Inputs, Iron Cycling, and Biogeochemical Connections in the South Pacific Ocean From Thorium Isotopes
Authors: Pavia Frank J. , Anderson Robert F. , Winckler Gisela , Fleisher Martin Q.
Published: August 2020

One of the primary sources of micronutrients to the sea surface in remote ocean regions is the deposition of atmospheric dust. Geographic patterns in biogeochemical processes such as primary production and nitrogen fixation that require micronutrients like iron (Fe) are modulated in part by the spatial distribution of dust supply. Global models of dust deposition rates are poorly calibrated in the open ocean, owing to the difficulty of determining dust fluxes in sparsely sampled regions. We present new estimates of dust and Fe input rates from measurements of dissolved and particulate thorium isotopes 230Th and 232Th on the FS Sonne SO245 section (GEOTRACES process study GPpr09) in the South Pacific. We first discuss high‐resolution upper water column profiles of Th isotopes and the implications for the systematics of dust flux reconstructions from seawater Th measurements. We find dust fluxes in the center of the highly oligotrophic South Pacific Gyre that are the lowest of any mean annual dust input rates measured in the global oceans, but that are 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than those estimated by global dust models. We also determine dust‐borne Fe fluxes and reassess the importance of individual Fe sources to the surface South Pacific Gyre, finding that dust dissolution, not vertical or lateral diffusion, is the primary Fe source. Finally, we combine our estimates of Fe flux in dust with previously published cellular and enzymatic quotas to determine theoretical upper limits on annual average nitrogen fixation rates for a given Fe deposition rate.
Macroscopic Flow Disequilibrium Over Aeolian Dune Fields
Authors: Gunn A. , Schmutz P. , Wanker M. , Edmonds D. A. , Ewing R. C. , Jerolmack D. J.
Published: August 2020

Aeolian dune fields are self‐organized patterns formed by wind‐blown sand. Dunes are topographic roughness elements that impose drag on the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), creating a natural coupling between form and flow. While the steady‐state influence of drag on the ABL is well studied, nonequilibrium effects due to roughness transitions are less understood. Here we examine the large‐scale coupling between the ABL and an entire dune field. Field observations at White Sands, New Mexico, reveal a concomitant decline in wind speed and sand flux downwind of the transition from smooth playa to rough dunes at the upwind dune‐field margin, that affects the entire ∼10‐km ‐long dune field. Using a theory for the system that accounts for the observations, we generalize to other roughness scenarios. We find that, via transitional ABL dynamics, aeolian sediment aggradation can be influenced by roughness both inside and outside dune fields.
Developmental excitation-inhibition imbalance underlying psychoses revealed by single-cell analyses of discordant twins-derived cerebral organoids
Authors: Sawada Tomoyo , Chater Thomas E. , Sasagawa Yohei , Yoshimura Mika , Fujimori-Tonou Noriko , Tanaka Kaori , Benjamin Kynon J. M. , Paquola Apuã C. M. , Erwin Jennifer A. , Goda Yukiko , Nikaido Itoshi , Kato Tadafumi
Published: August 2020

Despite extensive genetic and neuroimaging studies, detailed cellular mechanisms underlying schizophrenia and bipolar disorder remain poorly understood. Recent progress in single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technologies enables identification of cell-type-specific pathophysiology. However, its application to psychiatric disorders is challenging because of methodological difficulties in analyzing human brains and the confounds due to a lifetime of illness. Brain organoids derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of the patients are a powerful avenue to investigate the pathophysiological processes. Here, we generated iPSC-derived cerebral organoids from monozygotic twins discordant for psychosis. scRNA-seq analysis of the organoids revealed enhanced GABAergic specification and reduced cell proliferation following diminished Wnt signaling in the patient, which was confirmed in iPSC-derived forebrain neuronal cells. Two additional monozygotic twin pairs discordant for schizophrenia also confirmed the excess GABAergic specification of the patients’ neural progenitor cells. With a well-controlled genetic background, our data suggest that unbalanced specification of excitatory and inhibitory neurons during cortical development underlies psychoses.
Correction: AMG-232 sensitizes high MDM2-expressing tumor cells to T-cell-mediated killing
Authors: Sahin Ilyas , Zhang Shengliang , Navaraj Arunasalam , Zhou Lanlan , Dizon Don , Safran Howard , El-Deiry Wafik S.
Published: August 2020

The original HTML version of this article was updated shortly after publication following a formatting issue which resulted in the abstract heading being omitted. This error has now been corrected in the HTML version of the Article. The PDF version of the Article was correct at the time of publication.
Symbiotic cooperation between freshwater rock-boring bivalves and microorganisms promotes silicate bioerosion
Authors: Daval Damien , Guyot François , Bolotov Ivan N. , Vikhrev Ilya V. , Kondakov Alexander V. , Lyubas Artem A. , Bychkov Andrey Y. , Yapaskurt Vasily O. , Cabié Martiane , Pokrovsky Oleg S.
Published: August 2020

Bioerosion is a process with a high socio-economic impact that contributes to coastal retreat, and likely to increase with climate change. Whereas limestone bioerosion is well explained by a combination of mechanical and chemical pathways, the bioerosion mechanisms of silicates, which are harder and chemically more resistant, remain elusive. Here we investigated the interface between siltstone and freshwater rock-boring bivalves Lignopholas fluminalis (Bivalvia: Pholadidae). Remains of a microbial biofilm were observed only in the poorly consolidated part of the rock within the macroborings created by bivalves. Secondary Mn-bearing minerals identified in the biofilm suggest that microbes promoted silicate rock weathering by dissolving Mn-rich chlorites. Moreover, hard mineral debris found in a biofilm attached to the shells likely contributed to the abrasion of the rock substrate. Thus, beyond the classical view of chemical and/or mechanical action(s) of macroborers, silicate bioerosion may also be facilitated by an unexpected synergistic association between macro- and microorganisms.
Network-based modeling of drug effects on disease module in systemic sclerosis
Authors: Kim Ki-Jo , Moon Su-Jin , Park Kyung-Su , Tagkopoulos Ilias
Published: August 2020

The network-based proximity between drug targets and disease genes can provide novel insights regarding the repercussions, interplay, and repositioning of drugs in the context of disease. Current understanding and treatment for reversing of the fibrotic process is limited in systemic sclerosis (SSc). We have developed a network-based analysis for drug effects that takes into account the human interactome network, proximity measures between drug targets and disease-associated genes, genome-wide gene expression and disease modules that emerge through pertinent analysis. Currently used and potential drugs showed a wide variation in proximity to SSc-associated genes and distinctive proximity to the SSc-relevant pathways, depending on their class and targets. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TyKIs) approach disease gene through multiple pathways, including both inflammatory and fibrosing processes. The SSc disease module includes the emerging molecular targets and is in better accord with the current knowledge of the pathophysiology of the disease. In the disease-module network, the greatest perturbing activity was shown by nintedanib, followed by imatinib, dasatinib, and acetylcysteine. Suppression of the SSc-relevant pathways and alleviation of the skin fibrosis was remarkable in the inflammatory subsets of the SSc patients receiving TyKI therapy. Our results show that network-based drug-disease proximity offers a novel perspective into a drug’s therapeutic effect in the SSc disease module. This could be applied to drug combinations or drug repositioning, and be helpful guiding clinical trial design and subgroup analysis.
Cheating on forensic hair testing? Detection of potential biomarkers for cosmetically altered hair samples using untargeted hair metabolomics
Authors: Eisenbeiss Lisa , Binz Tina M. , Baumgartner Markus R. , Kraemer Thomas , Steuer Andrea E.
Published: August 2020

Hair analysis has become an integral part in forensic toxicological laboratories for e.g. assessment of drug or alcohol abstinence.
A DNAzyme-mediated logic gate system based on Ag(i)–cysteine
Authors: Zhang Xun , Zhang Qiang , Liu Yuan , Wei Xiaopeng
Published: August 2020

A switchable logic circuit which can represent three kinds of logical operations by adjusting concentration of silver ion and cysteine (Cys) based on E6 and Ag10c DNAzyme was developed.
An electrochemical biosensor based on a graphene oxide modified pencil graphite electrode for direct detection and discrimination of double-stranded DNA sequences
Authors: Ahmadi Mehran , Ahour Fatemeh
Published: August 2020

A simple electrochemical biosensor using a GO modified PGE for label-free and direct detection of ds-DNA in plasmid samples without denaturation.
Ultrathin two-dimensional polydopamine nanosheets for multiple free radical scavenging and wound healing
Authors: Jing Yasun , Deng Zhenru , Yang Xiuyun , Li Leijiao , Gao Ying , Li Wenliang
Published: August 2020

Novel 2D polydopamine nanosheets were successfully prepared by using a simple but effective synthesis method. The polydopamine nanosheets exhibit excellent multiple free radical scavenging activities and skin wound healing promoting action.
Fine tuning of intra-lattice electron transfers through site doping in tetraoxolene-bridged iron honeycomb layers
Authors: Sekine Yoshihiro , Chen Jian , Eguchi Naoki , Miyasaka Hitoshi
Published: August 2020

The precise tuning of the multiple electron transfers based on a chemical technique of site-doping in tetraoxolene-bridged Fe honeycomb layer systems was demonstrated.
Dynamic dimer–monomer equilibrium in a cycloruthenated complex of [Re(η6-C6H6)2]+
Authors: Hernández-Valdés Daniel , Wettstein Lionel , Fernández-Terán Ricardo , Probst Benjamin , Fox Thomas , Spingler Bernhard , Nadeem Qaisar , Alberto Roger
Published: August 2020

Cycloruthenation of a rhenium-sandwich derivative gives a hetero-bimetallic Re/Ru complex with planar chirality, which reversibly dimerizes to the meso-form of the individual complexes.
A novel chiral surfactant-type metallomicellar catalyst for asymmetric Michael addition in water
Authors: Liang Xinping , Gui Yang , Li Kuiliang , Li Jindong , Zha Zhenggen , Shi Lei , Wang Zhiyong
Published: August 2020

A new chiral surfactant-type metallomicellar catalyst was prepared and applied to an asymmetric Michael addition reaction in water.