bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Sexual Schema Transposition and Transgender in Phenomenology of Perception
Authors: Salamon Gayle
Published: November 2023

In Phenomenology of Perception Maurice Merleau-Ponty makes but a single reference to what might be called mixed-gender embodiment: “A patient feels a second person implanted in his body. He is a man in half his body, a woman in the other half” (88). This remark would not seem to promise much for thinking about nonnormative gender configurations. We are introduced to this person of indeterminate gender as a “patient,” already marked by some indistinct but defining sign of emotional or mental distress. That patient is doubly confined within a binary system of gender. Even though this patient is, phenomenologically speaking, both a man and a woman, this gender configuration is not thought as some new third term that might exceed the binary of man and woman but is conceived by Merleau-Ponty as a man, intact and entire, somehow fused with an also properly gendered woman, with the body divided down the middle neatly between them.1 Despite this, I want to argue that, even given the dearth of attention to nonnormative genders in this text, the phenomenological approach to the body that Merleau-Ponty offers in Phenomenology of Perception can be uniquely useful for understanding trans embodiment.2
Creatures Void of Form
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: November 2023

Microorganisms had been studied predominantly from a medical perspective in the nineteenth century. The concept of germs as agents of killer diseases against which one could take action was the wonder of the 1880s and 1890s (table 4.1). The demonstration that invisible organisms were inducers of putrefaction and fermentation is also one of the earmarks of modern biology. Life does not result from decayed organic matter’it is its cause. This was the conclusion of the debates and experiments over spontaneous generation, brought to a head in the early 1860s. Led by Louis Pasteur (1822’1895) and Robert Koch (1843’1910), new methods were developed for detecting the fearful enemies and for learning how they were transported, how they multiplied, and how they could be arrested. Public health laboratories expanded and multiplied as pathologists developed vaccines, antitoxins, and antisera. In 1888, the Pasteur Institute was founded, and an international network of 40 other Pasteur institutes was subsequently established. In 1891, the German government furnished Koch with a research institute. That same year, the British Institute for Preventive Medicine was founded in London, which in 1903 changed its name to the Lister Institute to honor its champion, Joseph Lister (1827’1912).
Value Judgments and the Theory of Important Criteria
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: November 2023

In the twentieth century, a number of different sorts of meta-ethical theories have been put forward to explain and clarify the meaning of value terms and to answer the age-old question whether it is possible to give (objectively) good reasons for value judgments. Older, cruder forms of ethical naturalism, emotivism, and intuitionism (nonnaturalism) have been criticized for so many different reasons and from so many points of view that most contemporary ethical theorists are convinced that such theories cannot yield an adequate account of the meaning and justification of value judgments. In recent years, R. M. Hare has articulated a modified type of emotivist theory, and this theory has been criticized by Philippa Foot and others from the standpoint of a new and highly sophisticated version of naturalism. In the present paper, I shall offer some criticisms of these two recent and (to my mind) important and promising metaethical theories, and then develop a new theory of the meaning and justification of value judgments based on the Theory of Important Criteria.
Understanding Free Will
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: November 2023

In recent years, Harry Frankfurt, Wright Neely, and Gary Watson have offered accounts of free will and free agency that play down the challenge of determinism and equate freedom with a kind of rationality in action.
Object-Utilitarianism
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: November 2023

In An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, Bentham claims that only pleasure and pain, happiness and unhappiness, are good or bad in themselves—everything else that is good or bad counts as such in virtue of its effects, its tendency to produce pleasure (avert pain) or to produce pain (avert pleasure). Bentham’s most notable application of this idea was, of course, to the moral assessment of actions. As an act-utilitarian he held that the rightness or wrongness of actions depends on whether they cause happiness or unhappiness; no other considerations are relevant.
Ethics Naturalized
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: November 2023

Philosophers who have discussed or advocated naturalized epistemology have often called attention to analogies between ethics or moral theory, on the one hand, and epistemology or theory of knowledge, on the other. And utilitarianism in particular has been singled out as an ethical analogue of a naturalistic or naturalizing approach to questions of epistemic justification. Both Bon Jour and Firth make the latter point, and since both also regard utilitarianism as ethically unacceptable, they make use of the epistemic/ethical parallelism to cast doubt on naturalizing epistemology.
Some Thoughts for the Future
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: November 2023

When I first started thinking about philosophy, people interested in ethics did meta-ethics, and normative ethics was hardly visible as a discipline. But John Rawls changed all that, and because I was a graduate student at Harvard, I had the pleasant and useful opportunity to fall under his influence—even though I didn’t actually begin to work in normative ethics till many years later.
Secular Philosophy and the Religious Temperament
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

This volume collects recent essays and reviews by Thomas Nagel in three subject areas. The first section, including the title essay, is concerned with religious belief and some of the philosophical questions connected with it, such as the relation between religion and evolutionary theory, the question of why there is something rather than nothing, and the significance for human life of our place in the cosmos. It includes a defense of the relevance of religion to science education. The second section concerns the interpretation of liberal political theory, especially in an international context. A substantial essay argues that the principles of distributive justice that apply within individual nation-states do not apply to the world as a whole. The third section discusses the distinctive contributions of four philosophers to our understanding of what it is to be human--the form of human consciousness and the source of human values.
Secular Philosophy and the Religious Temperament
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

Analytic philosophy as a historical movement has not done much to provide an alternative to the consolations of religion. This is sometimes made a cause for reproach, and for unfavorable comparisons with the continental tradition of the twentieth century, which did not shirk that task. That is one of the reasons that continental philosophy has been better received by the general public: It at least tries to provide nourishment for the soul, the job by which philosophy is supposed to earn its keep Analytic philosophers usually rebuff the complaint by pointing out that their concerns are continuous with the central occupations of Western philosophy from Parmenides onward: metaphysics, epistemology, logic, and ethical theory. Those topics have been pursued in a great tradition of works that are often technical and difficult, and that are not intended for a broad audience. The aim of that tradition is understanding, not edification.
Public Education and Intelligent Design
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

The 2005 decision by Judge John E. Jones in Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District was celebrated by all red-blooded American liberals as a victory over the forces of darkness. The result was probably inevitable, in view of the reckless expression by some members of the Dover School Board of their desire to put religion into the classroom and the clumsiness of their prescribed statement in trying to dissimulate that aim.1 But the conflicts aired in this trial—over the status of evolutionary theory, the arguments for intelligent design, and the nature of science—reveal an intellectually unhealthy situation. The political urge to defend science education against the threats of religious orthodoxy, understandable though it is, has resulted in a counterorthodoxy, supported by bad arguments, and a tendency to overstate the legitimate scientifi c claims of evolutionary theory. Skeptics about the theory are seen as so dangerous, and so disreputably motivated, that they must be denied any shred of legitimate interest. Most important, the campaign of the scientifi c establishment to rule out intelligent design as beyond discussion because it is not science results in the avoidance of signifi cant questions about the relation between evolutionary theory and religious belief, questions that must be faced in order to understand the theory and evaluate the scientifi c evidence for it.
Appiah’s Rooted Cosmopolitanism
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: November 2023

In two recent books Kwame Anthony Appiah undertakes to combine a form of liberalism that aspires to universal validity with a full recognition and substantial acceptance of the important cultural and ethical diversity that characterizes our world. The Ethics of Identity is a philosopher’s contribution to ethical theory, Cosmopolitanism is a more popular work of social and political reflection, but both are of wide interest—invitingly written and enlivened by personal history. Some of the issues Appiah addresses are familiar from contemporary public debate over multiculturalism, the relation of the state to religious pluralism, the effects of economic globalization, and the international reach of universal standards of human rights. Most of us have our own reactions to the prohibition of the Islamic headscarf in French lycées and Turkish universities, restrictions on English signage in Quebec, the battles over gay marriage, the teaching of evolution in American public schools, the practice of female circumcision in Africa, the return of the Elgin Marbles to Greece, or the claim that liberal rights should be regarded merely as an ethnic custom of the West. Appiah is wonderfully perceptive and level-headed about this tangle of issues.
Schiavo, Privacy, and the Interests of Law
Authors: Robinson Daniel N
Published: November 2023

The issues arising from the care, prolonged illness, and death of Terri Schindler Schiavo are various and interrelated. Some of these, at the more fundamental level, were either ignored or systematically misunderstood by the cadre of bioethicists, physicians, and lawyers willing, if not eager, to inform the nation by way of sound-bites and fleeting interviews. It is useful at the start to survey just a handful of the issues, not all of equal weight but all deserving more attention than was afforded in the weeks and months of commentary. These include aspects of medical
Conclusion
Authors: Kumar Udaya
Published: November 2023

IN the preceding chapters, I attempted to develop an argument about the textual organization of Ulysses and about some of the specific effects it generates. I began with an examination of the strategies of repetition used in the text and concluded with a reading of some ideas in Joyce’s aesthetic theory in the light of the notion of tradition that emerges in his work. In this chapter, I shall attempt to clarify this notion of tradition and differentiate it from another notion of tradition that one finds in the early modernist moment in English literature. To facilitate the beginning of this discussion, I shall return to some of the points elaborated in the earlier chapters. While discussing the two modes of repetition in Ulysses, we found the pervasive use of disruptive repetition at work in the novel, questioning identities and creating serial connections that cannot be easily totalized. We also found that these events of repetition as well as the large number of organizational patterns deployed by Joyce in Ulysses create asymmetries in the text that render a unilinear temporal synthesis impossible and present an experience of differential temporality. I also argued that the specific ways in which memory functions in Joyce further accentuate this problem. In our discussion of the sign, it was further pointed out that instead of a bipartite relationship, we find a third element, dynamic and temporal, uniting the signifier and the signified.
‘The Girl beside me’: V. Sackville-West and the Mystics
Authors: Raitt Suzanne
Published: November 2023

Tm: best-selling novels of the early 1930s established Vita Sackville-West as one of the better-known novelists of her time. But it was not only to novels that she turned as the 1930s wore on and Europe watched with trepidation the tightening hold of Fascism on its peoples. Sackville-West’s response to the political tensions of the time was to draw back into her own concerns. She and Nicolson bought Sissinghurst Castle as a ruin in 1930, and on 16 October 1930, Vita Sackville-West spent her first night at Sissinghurst. She slept alone, in the tower where, in future, she would establish her writing room. This retreat to Sissinghurst, a withdrawal from London and social life, symbolized a tendency towards introversion that was linked to her growing preoccupation with religion and mysticism.
Introduction
Authors: Gasper Julia
Published: November 2023

This study concentrates on the religious-political aspect of Dekker’s work for the theatre. There have been two prevalent critical views of Dekker in the twentieth century. One is that his work is an expression of nascent bourgeois capitalism. That is an anachronistic view, even by Marxist standards, and its weaknesses are discussed in detail in Chapter 1. The second view is even more hostile, because it is patronizing: the idea that Dekker is gentle and tolerant, but na’ive and simple, a sort of good-natured village idiot grinning on a wall. In a rather hasty essay of 1936, which attributed to Dekker passages (in Patient Grissil) that are very probably by Chettle, Una Ellis-Fermor accused Dekker of lacking ‘a reasoned and coherent group of principles either moral or aesthetic’. It is strange that a writer of Dekker’s homiletic tendency should be called unprincipled. Yet the influence of this view has been very extensive, and it has never really been refuted.
Sex, Horror, Farce, and the Heroic Inclination in the Seventies
Authors: Hume Robert D
Published: November 2023

T  he sixties saw the re-establishment of a vigorous theatre, the emergence of several promising playwrights, and the gradual development of new modes and vogues in the drama. The seventies were to see this new drama and its writers at their peak. Within the decade there are two broad patterns. In comedy, a great boom in sex seems to blow itself out late in the seventies. In serious drama, the rhymed heroic play enjoys its protracted vogue but gives way to other forms. At the outset of the new decade the writers engage in deliberate and vigorous debate about what sorts of plays ought to be written. But regardless of theory and noble prescriptions, sex, horror, and spectacle flourish in the next few years: both genteel comedy and the rhymed heroic play suffer accretions. Nonetheless, in the brief period 1675–7 Carolean drama reaches its greatest heights. Dryden, Shadwell, Etherege, Wycherley, Lee, and Otway are all at or near the peak of their powers, and each of them brings out at least one major play. After 1677, however, the onset of theatrical depression is quick and ruinous: the uproar attendant upon the Popish Plot and the following Exclusion Crisis drastically thins the playgoing audience. The King’s Company does not actually die until 1682, but competition and innovation had long since been stifled.
The Satirical Tradition in Medieval Latin
Authors: Blamires Alcuin , Pratt Karen , Marx C W
Published: November 2023

To be ‘lettered’, in the Middle Ages, generally presupposed an education for a career in the Church. The language of the Church was Latin. Not surprisingly, amongst a readership of ‘clerks’ or clerici (those in, or intending, a career in the priesthood, which in theory was celibate), there was a continuous recycling of received misogyny. Some of this was probably done in a facetious spirit, seeking to upstage tradition. But one might also view it as a form of individual or group therapy in support of celibacy.
Vernacular Adaptations in the Later Middle Ages
Authors: Blamires Alcuin , Pratt Karen , Marx C W
Published: November 2023

Because the distinction between Latin and vernacular culture in the Middle Ages was constantly blurred, it is rather artificial to compartmentalize them in separate chapters. Nevertheless, Christine de Pizan makes the point that one’s first steps in learning Latin could lead towards misogynistic indoctrination because of the inclusion of exemplary material on David, Samson, etc., alongside Ovid, in the elementary Latin curriculum. Since women were not often educated in Latin, there was therefore a sense in which Latin remained a linguistic enclave where antifeminism perpetuated itself and could be indulged with particular impunity, safe from female retort. Richard de Bury joked that women were justified in resenting books, full of antifeminist ‘secrets’ which, fortunately, they could not understand. However, it was often the Latin-trained ‘clerks’ who wrote in, or translated into, the vernacular, too. So despite their wider dissemination, vernacular writings from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries are not notable for being less abrasively or less voluminously antifeminist, though courtly romance could be considered a major sector of vernacular literature relatively positive about women.
Brief Lives and Miniatures: John Aubrey and Samuel Cooper
Authors: Wendorf Richard
Published: November 2023

When Aubrey wrote to his friend John Ray about the two miniatures that had been stolen from the Ashmolean in r 69 r, he received this reply from the famous naturalist: ‘Your picture done in miniature by Mr Cowper is a thing of great value. I remember so long agoe as I was in Italy, and while he was yet living, any piece of his was highly esteemed there: and for that kind of painting he was esteemed the best artist in Europe.’ Cooper’s enviable reputation among his contemporaries contrasts sharply with the relative neglect of- the prolific Aubrey, who published virtually nothing during his own lifetime. And yet it is precisely Aubrey’s habit of collecting biographical materials for others as well as his natural instinct to work ‘in little’ that makes a comparison between these two artists so interesting. Their decision to work outside the mainstream of seventeenth-century biography and portrait-painting enabled them to achieve naturalistic effects that anticipate a much more modern form of portraiture. We discover in the constricted formats of their portraits a fresh sense of enargeia, a further movement beyond the iconicism still to be found in the full-scale portraits of their contemporaries.
Introduction
Authors: Bruyn Frans De
Published: November 2023

The progress of Edmund Burke ‘s career, in which political ambitions succeeded to, yet by no means displaced, literary aspirations, illustrates the problem that this book aims to explore, namely, the pervasively literary character of his political utterances. Burke came to London in 1750 reluctantly committed at his father ‘s behest to the study of the law, but the allure of the capital ‘s literary scene soon diverted him, as it had many others before, from his legal education. In his first decade of residence in London, he embarked on a number of literary projects that encompassed a wide variety of genres and subjects, including what we would today categorize as aesthetics, criticism, history, literary journalism, and political theory.
The Documentary Idea and the Melodrama of Everyday Life The Public, the Private and the National Family: Millions Like Us and This Happy Breed
Authors: Higson Andrew
Published: November 2023

I liked the notion that, in making films of man in his modern environment, one would be articulating the corporate character of that environment and finding again, after a long period of sloppy romanticism and the person in private, an aesthetic of the person in public.
Hamlet
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David
Published: November 2023

2886 Adamic, Bojan. [—]. MS circa Incidental music. First performed Slovensko gindsko gledališ če Celje, Yugoslavia, 1 2 February 19ss (Janež Erzen, Hamlet; Minca Jerajeva, Ophelia; Avgust Sedej, first grave-digger; Dino Radojević, director), in Oton Županičič’s translation.
King John
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David
Published: November 2023

5568 Amram, David. [—]. MS [1967 (composer)]. Incidental music: [ch orch]. First performed New York Shakespeare Festival, Delacorte Theater, Central Park, 5 July 1967 (Harris Yulin, John; Robert Burr, Philip; Marian Winters, Constance; Joseph Papp, director). 5569 [Anon.].[—]. MS [1952]. Fanfares: [orch]. Pre-recorded (by University Band; Raymond Dvorak, conductor) for use in a production mounted at Wisconsin Union Theatre, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 9 May 1952 (Donald Soule, John; Glen Potter, Philip; Marie Iezzi, Constance; Ronald Mitchell, director). According to the theatre, the fanfares were composed by music students.
King Lear
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David
Published: November 2023

5654 a Becket, Thomas. Music for The Fool in ‘King Lear’. MS n.d. [before 1900?) (Ws [Shakespeare Ms. Music (A-D), 7|). Song: [low) voice, unaccompanied. The material held by Ws includes another copy, headed The Fooll’)s Music in King Lear. The work is inscribed ‘for J.B. Roberts’.
The Tempest
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David
Published: November 2023

14691 Abady, H. Temple. [—]. MS [1927]. Incidental music: [small orch (fl, cl, hn, dulcitone, 3 vln, 2 via, 2 vcl, pl)]. First performed Provost’s Garden, Worcester College, Oxford University, 23 June 1927 (Oxford University Dramatic Society: J. H. Hall, Prospero; H. S. Barnes, Caliban; Molly Blissett, Miranda; G. T. C. Norman, Ariel; R. P. Price, Stephano; composer, music director; Reginald Denham, director). The names of the musicians are printed on the programme for this production.
Twelfth Night
Authors: Gooch Bryan N S , Thatcher David
Published: November 2023

16585 Abbott, G. W. [Was ihr wollt oder Die zwölfte Rauhnacht]. MS [1982). Incidental music. First performed Stadttheater Giessen, FRG, 16 May 1982 {Franz Winter, director), in Winter’s adaptation. 16586 Abrahams, Paul. [—]. MS [circa 1982J. Incidental music. First performed Wolsey Theatre, Ipswich, 19 January 1983 (Stephen Boswell, Malvolio; Norman Tyrell, Feste; Gabrielle Glaister, Olivia; Joanna Hole, Viola; David Slater, Orsino; Brian Hewlett, Sir Toby; Robert Benfield, Sir Andrew; Antony Tuckey, director).
Frank McEachran (1900-1975)
Authors: Bridgen John
Published: November 2023

Existing accounts of Auden’s education mention many people who fostered his enthusiasms, introduced him to certain authors, and influenced him in various other ways. These accounts suggest that Auden’s most abiding literary and philosophical concerns either began at Oxford or were largely self-engendered before this. However, they have overlooked the fact that in his last year at Gresham’s Auden came under the influence of a man of broad and varied cultural interests. Frank McEachran arrived at Gresham’s at Michaelmas 1924 (Auden was in the Sixth Form), and he had a direct influence on Auden until Auden went up to Oxford after the summer term in 1925. I believe that, stimulated by McEachran, Auden arived at the basic literary and philosophical framework of his lifetime’s intellectual enquiry while he was still at Gresham’s.
Collecting W. H. Auden
Authors: Wilson Robert A
Published: November 2023

Book collecting is a challenge. If the challenge is too easy, for instance, assembling a complete collection of the works of Thomas Pynchon or Robert Lowell, there will be little excitement because these collections can be completed with no greater difficulty than the expenditure of a relatively small sum of money. In both cases, there are no great rarities to pursue. On the other hand, if the challenge is too hard, there is no incentive. Take, for instance, collecting the work of Vladimir Nabokov. His first book, a volume of poems issued in St Petersburg before the Russian Revolution of 1917, is known to exist in only two copies in the Western world, and both of these arc lodged permanently in institutional libraries. Thus a collection of Nabokov is unlikely ever to be complete, a fact which will frustrate the true collector. Furthermore, a long and satisfying chase can be made only in pursuit of a sufficiently large quantity of material. Thus, most twentieth-century authors and poets are not ideal targets for the spirited and devoted collector, although there are, of course, some exceptions. They arc by and large the giants of the century: Yeats, Pound, Lawrence, Joyce, Stein, and Eliot spring readily to mind. But these authors have been collected so avidly for the last two decades that prices have risen to staggering heights for the rarities and the supply even of middle-range items in fine condition has been virtually exhausted.
‘Evii‘ in the Odyssey
Authors: Hankey Robin
Published: November 2023

The Odyssey is sometimes described as a romance or folk-tale in which there is a clear distinction between good and evil, where good is victorious and evil defeated; and indeed some of Odysseus‘ own utterances (e.g. 22. 372-4) seem to encourage the notion of just such a simple moral polarity But the reality may be more problematic and disturbing, and less bland. The present essay aims to examine some aspects of evil in the poem as a whole, firstly the uses of the Greek word for ‘evil‘, and secondly the nature of the behaviour that is generally condemned or disapproved of. I hope it will be of interest to Sir Kenneth Dover, whose scholarly achievements include a classic study of Greek moral values and the language in which they are represented.
The Earliest Quotation of the Iliad?
Authors: Taplin Oliver
Published: November 2023

Much work on the Odyssey these days accepts that it presupposes and responds to the Iliad, and that appreciation is enriched by a prior awareness of the values and tendencies of the poem of the Fury of Peleus‘ son Achilles. But interplay, let alone intertextuality, is much weaker than quotation, which I would define in terms of the consciousness not so much of the poet as of the audience. Is there any passage in the Odyssey whose significance for the audience is transformed by a recognized awareness of a specific passage of the Iliad? Book 14. 156f. is a candidate. The disguised Odysseus assures Eumaeus that his master will come home before long.
Pericles and the Plague
Authors: Marshall Morrison
Published: November 2023

Thucydides’ report of the Athenian Plague has both a more technical or medical side and a literary or rhetorical one (mainly 2. 47. 3f., 5of.), which emphasizes the mysteriously severe impact of the disease. Cochrane and Weidauer promoted the view, based on the manner of the description and the use of certain words, that Thucydides had a medical education; Weidauer furthermore concluded by comparison of 1. 22. 4 and 2. 48. 3 that the description, like the History in general, was given for practical future benefit. Page, accepting the arguments of Cochrane, examined the vocabulary in detail, concluded that it was technical, and offered on that basis a diagnosis of the disease. It is notorious, however, that up to this date no finally acceptable identification with any known disease has been found. Parry, criticizing Page‘s analysis of the vocabulary, denied that it was technical and stressed rather the atmosphere of mystery, taking it as evidence that the author was not interested in medical accuracy but regarded the epidemic as an irresistible daemonic visitation, and that the benefit promised in 47. 3f. is purely academic. Parry was evidently willing to entertain the idea that the plague is represented as in some way supernatural, but does not go beyond the wording ‘irresistible daemonic visitation‘; Toole, however (p. 244), goes much further, holding that the epidemic was interpreted by Thucydides as a divine punishment sent by Apollo (cf. 1. 118. 3, 2. 54. 4) as support for the Spartans.
Pericles and the Plague
Authors: Marshall Morrison
Published: November 2023

Plato was the first feminist. Only, he was concerned not with women‘s rights, as modern feminists are, but with their usefulness (Rep. 451 B-457B). Like a modern planner, he felt it was a waste of woman-power to seclude women in their homes, when they could be performing useful tasks in the factory or the office. Women should be used, just as men were, for the benefit of the community. There were no fundamental differences between the sexes which unfitted women for useful toil. Admittedly, women were on average less strong and generally less good than men, but that was only a generalization, which did not hold in every case. Some women were just as good, indeed better, than some men (Rep. 4550). Whether a particular woman was suited to a particular task should be decided on the merits of the case, not on any general assumptions about womankind as a whole. The guardians were to rise above their sexual prejudices. They might feel that the sight of old women exercising in the nude was ridiculous, but that was only a matter of custom, and should be overcome (Rep. 452). Women should exercise the same as men, be educated the same as men, go to war the same as men, and generally be treated exactly the same, except that not so much should be expected of them (Rep. 457A Io). Differentiation in treatment between one guardian and another should be based on difference of talent, not on difference of sex (Rep. 540c 5-9). The only function sex was relevant for was the breeding of children (Rep. 4540-E). In modern terms Plato holds that while a guardian‘s chromosomes are highly relevant to his suitability for various social roles, the possession of a Y-chromosome rather than a second X-chromosome is not.
Cola and Clausulae in Cicero’s Speeches
Authors: Nisbet Robin
Published: November 2023

In a volume dedicated to Kenneth Dover an article on prose colometry should not come amiss. Questions of word-order are relevant, as are rhythmical patterns, so much more complicated than in the poets; progress will ultimately depend on a combination of linguistic instinct and clear-headedness about statistics. It may seem more anomalous that the following remarks are based on Cicero‘s speeches, but here as elsewhere a Latin author may have something to offer even to Hellenists. Cicero‘s Kunstprosa is derived from Greek oratory, and his clausulae can be paralleled in the contemporary inscription of Antiochus of Commagene; but because of the sheer bulk of his writings as well as the nature of his sentences (persistently rhythmical but still very varied), he provides a better testing-ground for colometry than perhaps any Greek.
Hellenism and Empire
Authors: Swain Simon
Published: November 2023

Hellenism and Empire explores identity, politics, and culture in the Greek world of the first three centuries AD, the period known as the second sophistic. The sources of this identity were the words and deeds of classical Greece, and the emphasis placed on Greekness and Greek heritage was far greater now than at any other time. Yet this period is often seen as a time of happy consensualism between the Greek and Roman halves of the Roman Empire. The first part of the book shows that Greek identity came before any loyalty to Rome (and was indeed partly a reaction to Rome), while the views of the major authors of the period, which are studies in the second part, confirm and restate the prior claims of Hellenism.
Lucian
Authors: Swain Simon
Published: November 2023

The satirist and essayist Lucian was born between 11 5 and 12 5 at Samosata, a city of Roman Syria. Samosata had been the capital city of the independent kingdom of Commagene until AD 72, when on the basis of unfounded allegations king Antiochus IV was removed by the legate of Syria, Caesennius Paetus.2 Antiochus and his family were well treated by the emperor Vespasian and enjoyed prominence in the Roman world. His grandson, Plutarch’s acquaintance C. Julius Antiochus Epiphanes Philopappus (‘Fond of Grandfather’), rose to a suffect consulship in 109, and his granddaughter Julia Balbilla the sister of Philopappus accompanied Hadrian and Sabina when they visited the ‘singing’ colossus of Memnon in Egypt on 19-21 November 130.
Introduction
Authors: Elm Susanna
Published: November 2023

Asceticism appears to many as a strange and peculiar phenomenon, perhaps even an affliction. It evokes solitary men driven by their quest for God into the desertum, the barren wilderness of remote countrysides, far removed from the world, and in par ticular far removed from women. The great champions of the movement, revered as its originators — Paul of Thebes, Symeon the Stylite, and, most importantly, Antony the Great — all embody these essential characteristics, and their victories over physical afflication and demonic temptation have fuelled the imagination for centuries. Monasticism, the ‘higher evolution’ of asceticism, is likewise clearly defined by our commonplace notions. By moderating the physical extremes of the ascetic life, monasticism emphasizes order, work, prayer, obedience, stability — all within the monastic family.
Parthenoi, Widows, Deaconesses: Continuing Variety
Authors: Elm Susanna
Published: November 2023

When Rufinus of Aquileia wrote his continuation of Eusebius’ Historia Ecclesiastica in circa 402, Basil’s ascetic innovations had transformed Pontus and Cappadocia. Wandering around cities and the countryside — to paraphrase Rufinus — inducing all to come together, constructing monastic settlements wherever he went, Basil changed the face of the entire province. Sozomen likewise attests to Basil’s numerous monastic foundations, and to the fact that ‘by teaching the people, he persuaded them to hold like views with himself. Yet another fifth-century testimony comes from Gaul. John Cassian reports in his Collationes Patrum, written in 419 and 426, that a certain Piamun came across Basilian coenobia in numerous Pontic villages.
Conclusion
Authors: Elm Susanna
Published: November 2023

During the fourth century the Roman Empire underwent a transformation which is among the most decisive in the history of what was to become Europe in the West and Byzantium in the East. Inaugurated by Constantine’s recognition of Christianity, and made manifest by Theodosius’ famous edict defining orthodoxy for ‘cunctos populos’ in 380, the Roman Empire became the Christian Roman Empire. Neither Christianity nor the Roman Empire remained the same, and although the changes often consisted of little more than subtle rearrangements and reinterpretation of already existing concepts, structures, and institutions, yet they compounded into a fundamental and far-reaching metamorphosis.
Afterlife in the Homeric Poems: Text and Belief
Authors: Sourvinou-Inwood Christiane
Published: November 2023

The extent and the ways in which it is legitimate to use literary texts as evidence for ancient beliefs is a problem that needs discussing. As far as religious practices are concerned, the texts must clearly not be treated as though they were documents containing straightforward information which can be simply extracted. For the ancient authors manipulated ritual stuff according to their aims and writing modes, which determined their selections, and thus the ways in which the material out of which the texts were created was shaped. This material sometimes included cultic knowledge functioning as a point of reference, as a given, the manipulations of which were registered by the contemporary audience (in which I am including the notion ‘readers’), who shared in that knowledge, as manipulation, distortion, polarization, or reversal.
Austerity, Excess, Success, and Failure in Hellenistic and Early Imperial Italy
Authors: Dench Emma
Published: November 2023

My aim in this chapter is to analyse ancient definitions of ethnic identity and military power by exploring the history of uses of images of austerity and decadence in Hellenistic and Roman Italy. In the moralizing rhetoric of ancient Greece and Rome, decadence, along with traits associated with it, such as lust and lack of self-control, is commonly conceptualized as feminine. Austerity and self-control are most usually identified as desirably masculine virtues defined in opposition to these feminine vices. The identification of moral superiority as masculine explains and justifies the holding of power by males in ancient Graeco- Roman societies, and is supposed to guarantee social, political, and military success. Assertion of the unusual susceptibility of women to luxury, lust, and self indulgence may in certain contexts indicate their incapability of holding power. In other contexts, however, it indicates the threat that they may pose to the society’s success, and their need to be controlled in order to eliminate or minimize this threat. In ancient thought, the feminine sphere is frequently elided with other conceptual categories, such as foreigners, slaves, and animals, which, if uncontrolled, may pose a similar threat to society. These masculine virtues and feminine vices are frequently conceptualized as being written on the body of the individual, in the form of clothing, gesture, sexual behaviour, appetites, and physical activity.
Sowing the Seeds of Violence: Rape, Women, and the Land
Authors: Dougherty Carol
Published: November 2023

Helke Sanders opens Mass Rape: The War against Women in Bosnia-Herzegovina (1994), a collection of essays on rape as part of ethnic hostilities in the former Yugoslavia, with a letter to Lysistrata. Since Lysistrata successfully led the women of Athens and Sparta in a sex strike in order to put an end to the Peloponnesian War, He like Sanders wants to know if her strategy ‘would make any sense today in the war zone of the former Yugoslavia’.
The Arabic Alphabet Phonetically Interpreted
Authors: Mitchell T F
Published: November 2023

The Arabic alphabet consists of twenty-eight consonants. These are listed at Table I in Arabic alphabetical order, together with the corresponding roman symbols employed in this book and the names of the letters in transcribed form. There are numerous systems of roman letter-shapes for the transcription/transliteration of Arabic. In contrast with Writing Arabic, the transcription used here is based entirely on resources provided by an everyday typewriter. Capitals have been used for the Arabic ‘emphatics’, and, among diacritics, the hyphen and the solidus or oblique stroke have been used as part of certain letter-shapes. A word should perhaps be said about the relationship between the transcription and the symbols of the International Phonetic Association, some of which appear elsewhere. IPA symbols are used where necessary to indicate greater detail of pronunciation in what is termed a ‘narrow’ transcription. Items (consonants, vowels, words) symbolized in this way are usually·
Hints on the Pronunciation of the Consonants
Authors: Mitchell T F
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with the pronunciation of consonants presented within familiar groups (4.1(i)-(vi)) and the germination or doubling of consonants (4.2). b: Again formed as its English counterpart. Arabic pronunciation is characterized by its vigour, at least among male speakers, and all consonants, including b, are pronounced with greater muscular tension than in English. An English tendency to unvoice voiced consonants in initial position, to pronounce even a weakly articulated p for b, should be resisted, though the stricture applies less to final position, where unvoicing occurs in both Arabic and English (see 6.3).
Vladimir Makanin (b. 1937)
Authors: Laird Sally
Published: November 2023

Vladimir Makanin is a professional outsider: someone who, like many of his heroes, has always lived on borderlines and resisted belonging. A Muscovite with strong roots in the Urals, an intellectual with a pronounced practical bent, Makanin has retained, in his writing, something of the austerity and rigour of his first profession, mathematics. Neither ‘official ‘ nor ‘dissident ‘, at odds with both his own gener-ation of 1960s liberals—shestidesyatniki—and with the younger ‘School of Moscow prose ‘* to which critics, at one time, sought to assimilate him, Makan in was to write for almost two decades before finding a secure place in the literary mainstream.
Viktor Pelevin (b. 1962)
Authors: Laird Sally
Published: November 2023

Viktor Pelevin is one of the most popular young writers of the ‘post-Soviet ‘ era. His first collection of stories, The Blue Lantern (1991), sold 100,000 copies, and in 1993 was awarded the ‘small ‘ Russian Booker Prize for the best collection of the early 1990s. His subsequent novels and novellas have been published in the prestigious monthlies Znamya and Novy mir, and his work has been translated into Japanese and several European languages.
The Making of Illusion: Experiments 1900-19w
Authors: Reed T J
Published: November 2023

We find this type of artistic creation lacking in taste—not to use another, stronger term; for the people concerned are entirely defenceless against such an undertaking and cannot but feel injured when they are described in the novel with their foibles, great and small. The author has duly found little sympathy for the most part among our townspeople. That of course was no reason for not taking a look at him. Injured or no, some Ltibeckers handed Thomas Mann a laurel wreath, complete with bow in the city colours.
Cross-Cut: Gypsy
Authors: Smith Paul Julian
Published: November 2023

By the mid-1990s the themes of the gypsy and of flamenco ( irreducible to and inseparable from one another) acquired unprecedented prominencein Spanish popular culture. No fewer than four major films released in1995 featured this motif: Julio Medem's Tierra (as we have seen) located agypsy community in the bleak stasis of a lunar landscape; Almodovar' s Laflor de mi secreto ('The Flower of my Secret') featured dancer JoaquinCortes in his first dramatic role; flamenco fusion group Ketama were shown performing both in the multicultural London of Fernando Colomo's El efecto de mariposa ('The Butterfly Effect') and in the ethnically diverse Madrid of Chus Gutierrez's Alma gitana ('Gypsy Soul').
The Facts of the Case
Authors: Edwards Rachel , Reader Keith
Published: November 2023

The killings took place on the evening of 2 February 1933, at the Lancelin family home—6 rue Bruyère, in the city of Le Mans. That name generally evokes the celebrated 24-hour Grand Prix car race which takes place on the outskirts of the town, but Le Mans has other claims to fame than motor-racing and murder. It is the capital of the province of Maine, at the point where the Loire country shades off into Normandy and Brittany. It is a major railway junction on the westbound lines out of the Gare de Montparnasse (now only an hour from Paris by high-speed train) and an important centre of the car and food industries, as well as being a university city. Its population has very nearly doubled since the Papin sisters’ day, when it clustered much more tightly around the old town centre-the cathedral of Saint-Julien and the vieux Mans, a handful of higgledy-piggledy medieval streets of wooden houses that still attract the tourists. The rue Bruyere is only a short distance from the old centre, an unremarkable street of terraced bourgeois houses.
Cinematic Reproductions
Authors: Edwards Rachel , Reader Keith
Published: November 2023

This chapter will examine three cinematic interpretations of the Papin affair: Nico Papatakis’s Les Abysses (1963), Nancy Meckler’s Sister my Sister (1994), and Claude Chabrol’s La Ceérémonie (1995).
Afterword
Authors: Edwards Rachel , Reader Keith
Published: November 2023

This book was about to go to press when we heard from Paris that the Papin affair had made a spectacular return to public attention in France. Two films, both produced by the same company (ARP), were released at the end of 2000—a fictional reconstruction of the crime and the events leading up to it (Les Blessures assassines/Murderous Wounds, directed by Jean-Pierre Denis), and a documentary inquiry into the crime and its aftermath (En quete des soeurs Papin/In Search of the Papin Sisters, directed by Claude Ventura).
‘Ministers of Pastime’ The String Consort 1540-1558
Authors: Holman Peter
Published: November 2023

IN the summer of 1539 Henry VIII was once again preparing for marriage. In June the French ambassador reported that: The King, who in some former years has been solitary and pensive, now gives himself up to amusement, going to play every night upon the Thames, with harps, chanters and all kind of music and pastime. He evidently delights now in painting and embroidery, having sent men to France, Flanders, Italy and elsewhere for masters of this art, and also for musicians and other ministers of pastime. All his peo le think this is a sign of his desire to marry if he should find an agreeable match.
#x2018;Nach Englischer Art’ A ‘Lost’ Repertoire of Elizabethan Dance Music
Authors: Holman Peter
Published: November 2023

IN studying old music it is important not to assume that the musical sources surviving from a particular time and place are representative of its musical activity. The picture will almost certainly have been distorted by the taste of later periods, by the chance survival or non-survival of particular collections, or by the fact that certain areas of the repertoire were wholly or partially improvised. Functional dance music of the sixteenth century-the material actually used by professional dance groups as opposed to copies or arrangements made for other purposes has suffered particularly badly from the ravages of time. Changes of dance fashions soon rendered the music of particular dances obsolete; professional instrumentalists normally played without music at the time, and would have had little incentive to preserve items of their repertoire on paper once they had committed them to memory; their collections, unprepossessing documents for the most part, would have been of little interest to collectors of later times.
‘Infinitely Gallant’ Court Masque and Opera
Authors: Holman Peter
Published: November 2023

Pepys’s diary entry has a triple significance. It seems to be the first reference to the performance of a play at the newly restored court; the play in question was The Silent Woman by Ben Jonson, and was given at the Cockpit in Court, the private theatre in Whitehall Palace.2 It is an early reference to members of the Twenty-four Violins; John Singleton evidently led the group of violinists who were ‘appointed by his Majesty to increase the number of his violins’ at Midsummer 1660, and who formed a ‘private consort’ that played in the Privy Chamber until succeeded by Banister’s Select Band in 1662 (see Ch. 12). It is also the first sign that Charles II envisaged a role for his violinists as theatre musicians.