bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of ATP‐binding cassette subfamily G member 1 in tumor progression
Authors: Xinyi Xu , Gong Yang
Published: June 2024

Background

ATP‐binding cassette subfamily G member 1 is mostly known as a transporter for intracellular cholesterol efflux, and a number of studies indicate that ABCG1 also functions actively in tumor initiation and progression. This review aimed to provide an overall review of how ABCG1 acts in tumor progression.

Method

A comprehensive searching about ABCG1 and tumor was conducted up to November 2023 using proper keywords through databases including PubMed and Web of Science.

Result

Overall, ABCG1 plays a crucial role in the development of multiple tumorigenesis. ABCG1 enhances tumor‐promoting ability through conferring stem‐like properties to cancer cells and mediates chemoresistance in multiple cancers. Additionally, ABCG1 may act as a kinase to phosphorylate downstream molecules and induces tumor growth. In tumor microenvironment, ABCG1 plays a substantial role in immunity response through macrophages to create a tumor‐favoring circumstance.

Conclusion

High expression of ABCG1 is usually associated with poor prognosis, which means ABCG1 may be a potential biomarker for early diagnosis and prognosis of various cancers. ABCG1‐targeted therapy may provide a novel treatment for cancer patients.
Real‐world treatment patterns of adjuvant endocrine therapy and ovarian suppression in premenopausal HR+/HER2+ breast cancer
Authors: Sukumar Jasmine S. , Sardesai Sagar , Ni Andy , Williams Nicole , Johnson Kai , Quiroga Dionisia , Ramaswamy Bhuvana , Wesolowski Robert , Cherian Mathew , Stover Daniel G. , Gatti‐Mays Margaret , Pariser Ashley , Sudheendra Preeti , George Mridula A. , Lustberg Maryam
Published: June 2024

Background

The optimal adjuvant endocrine therapy (ET) in hormone receptor positive (HR+) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive (HER2+) premenopausal breast cancer (BC) remains unclear. Moreover, the benefit and clinical indications of ovarian suppression (OS) is poorly elucidated. We described real‐world patterns surrounding choice of ET and clinicopathologic features which predicted treatment with OS in a contemporary cohort of premenopausal women with HR+/HER2+ BC.

Methods

This retrospective analysis included premenopausal patients with nonmetastatic HR+/HER2+ BC from the CancerLinQ Discovery database from January 2010 to May 2020. Women were less than 50 years and received chemotherapy, anti‐HER2 therapy, and ET. They were categorized into 1 of 4 groups based on type of ET prescribed at initiation: aromatase inhibitor (AI) + OS, OS, tamoxifen + OS, or tamoxifen. Multivariable logistic regression assessed associations between clinicopathologic features and OS use.

Results

Out of 360,540 patients with BC, 937 were included. The majority (n = 818, 87%) were prescribed tamoxifen, whereas 4 (0.4%), 50 (5.3%), and 65 (6.9%) received OS, tamoxifen + OS and AI + OS, respectively. No clinicopathologic features predicted OS use apart from age; patients <35 years were more likely to receive OS compared with those ≥35 years (odds ratio 2.33, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

This is the first real‐world study evaluating ET treatment patterns in HR+/HER2+ premenopausal BC. OS use was uncommon and the majority received tamoxifen as the preferred ET regardless of most clinicopathologic risk factors. Additional research is needed to optimize ET decisions in young women with this distinct BC subtype.
Preclinical evidence for the use of anti‐Trop‐2 antibody‐drug conjugate Sacituzumab govitecan in cerebral metastasized castration‐resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Weiten Richard , Niemann Max , Below Eduard , Friker Lea L. , Ralser Damian J. , Toma Marieta , Kristiansen Glen , Hahn Oliver , Zechel Sabrina , Grünwald Viktor , Bald Tobias , Siewert Johannes , Pietsch Torsten , Ritter Manuel , Hölzel Michael , Eckstein Markus , Alajati Abdullah , Krausewitz Philipp , Klümper Niklas
Published: June 2024

Purpose

Improved survival rates have been observed in castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) due to advancements in treatment options. However, individuals with brain metastases still have limited therapeutic options and an unfavorable prognosis. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore new therapeutic avenues, such as antibody‐drug conjugates (ADCs), which have demonstrated significant clinical activity against active brain metastases in solid tumors. Our objective was to determine the expression levels of the ADC targets Trop‐2 and NECTIN‐4 in cerebral metastasized CRPC (mCRPC).

Methods

Immunohistochemical staining of Trop‐2 and NECTIN‐4 with evaluation of H‐score was performed in CRPC brain metastases (n = 31). Additionally, we examined Trop‐2 protein expression in prostate cancer cell lines and studied their responsiveness to the anti‐Trop‐2 ADC Sacituzumab govitecan (SG) in vitro.

Results

Our analysis revealed that most patients exhibited moderate to strong Trop‐2 expression [n = 27/31 with H‐score ≥100, median H‐score 220 (IQR 180–280)], while NECTIN‐4 was absent in all cerebral metastases. Mechanistically, we demonstrated that the efficacy of SG depends on Trop‐2 expression levels in vitro. Overexpression of Trop‐2 in Trop‐2‐negative PC‐3 cells led to sensitization to SG, whereas CRISPR‐Cas9‐mediated knockdown of Trop‐2 in Trop‐2‐expressing DU‐145 cells conferred resistance to SG.

Conclusion

The substantial expression of Trop‐2 in cerebral metastases, along with our preclinical in vitro results, supports the efficacy of SG in treating cerebral mCRPC. Thus, our results extend the understanding of the potential of ADCs in prostate cancer treatment and provide an additional treatment strategy for the challenging subset of patients with cerebral metastases.
Characterization of HphA: The First Enzyme in the Homologation Pathway of l‐Phenylalanine and l‐Tyrosine
Authors: Stewart Laura E. , Owens Skyler L. , Ahmed Shopno R. , Lang Harman Rebecca M. , Mori Shogo
Published: June 2024

Homologation of amino acids is the insertion or deletion of a methylene group to their side chain, which is a relatively uncommon chemical transformation observed in peptide natural product (NP) structure. Homologated amino acids can potentially make the NP more stable in a biological system, but its biosynthesis is yet to be understood. This study biochemically characterized the first of three unexplored enzymes in the homologation pathway of l‐phenylalanine and l‐tyrosine. Previously proposed reactions catalyzed by HphA were confirmed by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry analysis. The substrate profile and kinetic parameters showed high selectivity for the natural substrates and their close analogs. The comparability of HphA to homologous enzymes in primary metabolic pathways, 2‐isopropylmate synthase and homocitrate synthase which are involved in l‐leucine and l‐lysine biosynthesis, respectively, was validated by bioinformatical and site‐directed mutagenesis studies. The knowledge obtained from this study has deepened the understanding of the homologation of amino acids, which can lead to future combinatorial biosynthesis and metabolic engineering studies.
Amitriptyline and cholecalciferol amend hippocampal histological structure and myelination during stress in Wistar rats via regulating miR200/BMP4/Olig‐2 signaling
Authors: Roushdy Marian Maher Salib , Labib Jolly M. W. , Abdelrahim Dina Sayed , Mohamed Dalia Abdel Wahab , Abdelmalak Marian Farid Louka
Published: June 2024

Chronic stress is a universal condition commonly associated with many psychiatric diseases. An extensive body of evidence discussed hippocampal affection upon chronic stress exposure, however, the underlying molecular pathways still need to be identified. We investigated the impact of chronic stress on miR200/BMP/Olig‐2 signaling and hippocampal myelination. We also compared the effects of chronic administration of amitriptyline and cholecalciferol on chronically stressed hippocampi. Both amitriptyline and cholecalciferol significantly decreased serum cortisol levels, reduced immobility time in the forced swim test, increased the number of crossed squares in open field test, decreased the hippocampal expression of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) and its messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, reduced miR200 expression as compared to untreated chronically stressed rats. Also, both drugs amended the hippocampal neuronal damage, enhanced the surviving cell count, and increased the pyramidal layer thickness of Cornu Ammonis subregion 1 (CA1) and granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus. Cholecalciferol was more effective in increasing the area percentage of myelin basic protein (MBP) and Olig‐2 positive cells count in hippocampi of chronic stress‐exposed rats than amitriptyline, thus enhancing myelination. We also found a negative correlation between the expression of BMP4, its mRNA, miR200, and the immunoexpression of MBP and Olig‐2 proteins. This work underscores the amelioration of the stress‐induced behavioral changes, inhibition of miR200/BMP4 signaling, and enhancement of hippocampal myelination following chronic administration of either amitriptyline or cholecalciferol, though cholecalciferol seemed more effective in brain remyelination.
Transition from WATCHMAN generation‐2.5 device to WATCHMAN FLX device for percutaneous left atrial appendage closure: Incidence and predictors of device‐related thrombosis and short‐ to mid‐term outcomes
Authors: Chatani Ryuki , Kubo Shunsuke , Tasaka Hiroshi , Nishiura Naoki , Mushiake Kazunori , Ono Sachiyo , Maruo Takeshi , Kadota Kazushige
Published: June 2024

Background

Patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) not suitable for long‐term anticoagulant therapy undergo percutaneous left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) using the WATCHMAN device. The safety and efficacy of WATCHMAN‐FLX (WM‐FLX) compared with WATCHMAN‐2.5 (WM‐2.5), particularly in Asian populations, is unknown.

Methods

We evaluated the background, procedure, and clinical outcomes of 199 patients who underwent LAAC between September 2019 and December 2022 and compared WM‐2.5 (72 patients) with WM‐FLX (127 patients).

Results

The mean age was 76 years, with 128 men, and 100 had nonparoxysmal AF (non‐PAF). The mean CHA2DS2‐VASc, and HAS‐BLED were 5.1, and 3.2 points, respectively. WM‐FLX group demonstrated a shorter procedure time than WM‐2.5 group (50 vs. 42 min, p = 0.001). The WM‐FLX group demonstrated no procedural‐related acute cardiac tamponade, which was significantly low (5.6% vs. 0%, p = 0.02), and a significantly higher rate of complete seal at 45‐day (63% vs. 80%, p = 0.04). WM‐FLX group had a significantly higher cumulative 1‐year incidence of device‐related thrombosis (DRT) than WM‐2.5 group (3.4% vs. 7.0%, Log‐rank p = 0.01). Univariate analysis identified two DRT risk factors in the WM‐FLX group: non‐PAF (odds ratio [OR] 7.72; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20–48.7; p = 0.04), and 35‐mm device (OR 5.13; 95% CI 1.31–19.8; p = 0.02).

Conclusions

WM‐FLX significantly improved the procedural quality and safety of LAAC. However, DRT remains an important issue even in the novel LAAC device, being a hazard for patients with high DRT risk, such as having non‐PAF and using 35‐mm devices.
Oxygen Release in Ni‐Rich Layered Cathode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries: Mechanisms and Mitigating Strategies
Authors: Chu Youqi , Mu Yongbiao , Zou Lingfeng , Wu Fuhai , Yang Lin , Feng Yitian , Zeng Lin
Published: June 2024

LiNixCoyAlzO2 (NCA) and LiNixCoyMnzO2 (NCM) have become extensively utilized as cathodes in lithium‐ion batteries for consumer electronics, electric vehicles, and energy storage applications that necessitate consistent power output over prolonged periods and under varying environmental conditions. A crucial structural degradation issue leading to cycling‐induced deterioration, rapid loss of cell capacity/voltage, and the onset of undesirable thermal runaway events involves the decay of cathode materials enriched in nickel. This contribution offers a comprehensive evaluation of cutting‐edge strategies in engineering and material design to enhance the structural stability of cathode materials and reduce detrimental oxygen evolution reactions. It also provides the most recent discoveries regarding oxygen release phenomena and associated mechanisms contributing to structural breakdown in high‐nickel cathodes. The primary source of oxygen depletion and the ensuing structural deterioration caused are thoroughly examined. Additionally, the kinetic mechanisms responsible for oxygen loss are scrutinized, and measures to mitigate resulting electrochemical degradation are elaborated. This overview can guide researchers in the development of oxygen‐containing cathode materials in the future, where oxygen leakage is of lesser concern compared to other forms of deterioration.
Thermo‐hydraulic analysis of wavy microchannel heat sinks with porous fins based on field synergy principle
Authors: Dai Hao , Wang Ling , Liu Yingwen
Published: June 2024

In order to enlarge the area and intensity of convective heat transfer among the coolant and heated surface, the vertical fins of microchannel heat sinks (MCHSs) with microencapsulated phase change material slurry (MPCMS) as coolant are arranged into wavy porous channels to realize more heat being dissipated to the outside. The phase transition of microencapsulated particles in laminar flow state is described, and the Brinkman–Forchheimer–Darcy model based on volume average approach and the energy equation for local heat equilibrium are adopted to portray flow and heat transfer in porous medium. The impacts of geometrical parameters on flow and heat transfer behaviour of wavy porous MCHS are numerically analyzed, and performance evaluation factor (PEF) is defined to estimate the thermo‐hydraulic capability of heat exchanger. The numeric outcomes match well with the experiments. Results indicate that MPCMS has a significant heat transfer improvement in the newly designed channel configuration compared with the coolant fluid flowing in the straight microchannel. Based on field synergy principle, the comprehensive capability enhancement mechanism of MPCMS in new MCHS is explored, and its superior thermal performance can be attributed to the improvement of the synergistic degree among flow and temperature fields, and its reasonable structural design can effectively improve the heat rejection capacity in the limited space.
Acute Stress Symptoms, Intolerance of Uncertainty and Coping Strategies in Reaction to the October 7 War
Authors: Sowan Wafaa , Baziliansky Svetlana
Published: June 2024

Background

On 7 October 2023, hundreds of armed Hamas fighters breached the security border fence and entered Israel from the Gaza Strip. More than 1400 Israeli citizens were murdered, and 239 individuals were kidnapped. Many Israeli citizens experienced these occurrences as psychologically traumatic events that caused stress and uncertainty.

Objectives

The present study aimed to examine the relationship between exposure to war (in more distant circles), intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and disengaged coping on acute stress symptoms (ASS). First, we examined whether exposure to war and IU were directly associated with ASS. Second, we tested the mediating role of disengaged coping in the relationship among war exposure, IU and ASS.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study involved 393 Israeli citizens. Participants answered questionnaires on exposure to war, IU, coping strategies and ASS.

Results

The study results indicate that higher exposure and higher levels of IU were directly associated with more intensive ASS, and this association was partially mediated by higher use of disengaged coping strategies.

Conclusions

Individuals during wartime are at risk of experiencing high levels of ASS and developing ASD. However, degree of exposure to war alone was not associated with ASS, but it was related to personal resources and coping strategies.
Expression and Purification of Human U1‐70K (snRNP70) and its BAD Domains Using an E. coli Expression System
Authors: Paul Trenton M. , Jamal Shariq , Ekpenyong Ethan , Prevelige Peter , Fargason Talia E. , Zhang Zihan , Zhang Jun
Published: June 2024

U1‐70K (snRNP70) serves as an indispensable protein component within the U1 complex, assuming a pivotal role in both constitutive and alternative RNA splicing processes. Notably, U1‐70K engages in interactions with SR proteins, instigating the assembly of the spliceosome. This protein undergoes regulation through phosphorylation at multiple sites. Of significant interest, U1‐70K has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease, in which it tends to form detergent‐insoluble aggregates. Even though it was identified more than three decades ago, our understanding of U1‐70K remains notably constrained, primarily due to challenges such as low levels of recombinant expression, susceptibility to protein degradation, and insolubility. In endeavoring to address these limitations, we devised a multifaceted approach encompassing codon optimization, strategic purification, and a solubilization protocol. This methodology has enabled us to achieve a high yield of full‐length, soluble U1‐70K, paving the way for its comprehensive biophysical and biochemical characterization. Furthermore, we provide a detailed protocol for the preparation of phosphorylated U1‐70K. This set of protocols promises to be a valuable resource for scientists exploring the intricate web of U1‐70K‐related mechanisms in the context of RNA splicing and its implications in neurodegenerative disorders and other disorders and biological processes. © 2024 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Expression and purification of full‐length U1‐70K from E. coli

Support Protocol 1: Making chemically competent BL21 Star pRARE/pBB535 cells

Basic Protocol 2: Phosphorylation of full‐length U1‐70K using SRPK1

Support Protocol 2: Purification of SRPK1

Basic Protocol 3: Expression and purification of U1‐70K BAD1 from E. coli

Basic Protocol 4: Phosphorylation of U1‐70K BAD1 using SRPK1

Basic Protocol 5: Expression and purification of U1‐70K BAD2 from E. coli
Analysis of Globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) in Liquid Urine: A Straightforward Assay Using Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Boutin Michel , Maranda Bruno , Waters Paula J.
Published: June 2024

Fabry disease (FD) is a lysosomal storage disorder caused by variants in the GLA gene encoding α‐galactosidase A, an enzyme required for catabolism of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3). Accumulation of Gb3 in patients’ cells, tissues, and biological fluids causes clinical manifestations including ventricular hypertrophy, renal insufficiency, and strokes. This protocol describes a methodology to analyze urinary Gb3 and creatinine. Samples are diluted with an internal standard solution containing Gb3(C17:0) and creatinine‐D3, centrifuged, and directly analyzed by ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐MS/MS) using an 8.7‐min method. Eight Gb3 isoforms [C16:0, C18:0, C20:0, C22:1, C22:0, C24:1, C24:0, and (C24:0)OH] are analyzed and the total is normalized to creatinine. Confirmation ions are monitored to detect potential interferences. The Gb3 limit of quantification is 0.023 µg/ml. Its interday coefficients of variation (3 concentrations measured) are ≤15.4%. This method minimizes matrix effects (≤6.5%) and prevents adsorption or precipitation of Gb3. Urine samples are stable (bias <15%) for 2 days at 21°C, 7 days at 4°C, and 4 freeze/thaw cycles, whereas prepared samples are stable for 5 days at 21°C, and 14 days at 4°C. The Gb3/creatinine age‐related upper reference limits (mean + 2 standard deviations) are 29 mg/mol creatinine (<7 years) and 14 mg/mol creatinine (≥7 years). This simple, robust protocol has been fully validated (ISO 15189) and provides a valuable tool for diagnosis and monitoring of FD patients. © 2024 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol: Analysis of urinary globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and creatinine by UHPLC‐MS/MS

Support Protocol 1: Preparation of the urinary quality controls

Support Protocol 2: Preparation of the urine matrix used for the Gb3 calibration curve

Support Protocol 3: Preparation of the Gb3 calibrators

Support Protocol 4: Preparation of the working solution containing the internal standards

Support Protocol 5: Preparation of the creatinine calibrators

Support Protocol 6: Preparation of the UHPLC solutions and mobile phases
CEO power, board features and ESG performance: An extensive novel moderation analysis
Authors: Abdullah  , Zhu Naiping , Hashmi Muhammad Arsalan , Shah Muhammad Hashim
Published: June 2024

The ESG paradigm has exerted increasing pressure on firms to adopt environment‐friendly and socially responsible policies. Interestingly, less attention has been paid to the drivers of ESG performance. Therefore, we address this gap by analyzing a sample of Chinese non‐financial firms. First, we examine if CEO power dimensions influence ESG performance. Second, we investigate if board gender diversity (BGD) influences the association between CEO power and ESG performance. Third, we explore if board independence and board gender diversity complement each other by influencing the relationship between CEO power and ESG performance. The study has used a rigorous methodology comprising five statistical estimation techniques and several variable measurements. In addition, we extensively analyze the two‐way and three‐way interactions for moderation analysis. Our unique results indicate that CEO structural and duality powers diminish ESG performance while CEO expert and ownership powers enhance ESG performance. Further, we document that BGD has a positive influence on the association between CEO power and ESG performance. The results also reveal that BGD and BI favorably complement each other by influencing the relationship between CEO power and ESG performance. The further analysis results indicate that an adequate number (or critical mass) of female directors are required on the board along with CEO power to improve ESG performance. We also find that CEO tenure and ownership have an inverted U‐shaped relationship with ESG performance.
Reticular Imine‐Linked Coordination Polymers Based on Paddlewheel Diruthenium/Dirhodium Nodes: Synthesis and Metal‐Site Dependent Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2
Authors: Itoh Chisa , Kitada Masaki , Kondo Mio , Masaoka Shigeyuki , Yoshino Haruka , Kosaka Wataru , Ootani Yusuke , Matsuda Junko , Kubo Momoji , Konno Toyohiko J. , Miyasaka Hitoshi
Published: June 2024

The paddlewheel‐type dimetal core ([M2]) is a ubiquitous motif in the nodes in coordination polymers (CPs) and metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs). However, their preparation has relied on ligand‐substitution‐labile metal ions owing to challenges associated with crystallization. Consequently, examples featuring ligand‐substitution‐inert metal ions, such as Ru or Rh, are scarce. This study presents the synthesis of novel reticular imine‐linked CPs incorporating the paddlewheel‐type diruthenium(II, II) ([Ru2II,II]; 1‐Ru) or dirhodium(II, II) ([Rh2II,II]; 1‐Rh) subunits. The synthetic approach involved a Schiff base dehydration condensation reaction between p‐formylbenzoate‐bridged [Ru2II,II] or [Rh2II,II] precursors (i. e., CHO−Ru and CHO−Rh, respectively) and 2,5‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylenediamine in a 1 : 2 ratio. The catalytic activities of 1‐Ru and 1‐Rh for the photochemical reduction of CO2 in a heterogeneous system depended on the metal site. The 1‐Ru system exhibited exceptional selectivity, generating 3.0×104 μmol g−1 of CO after 24 h of irradiation, whereas the 1‐Rh system generated a lower amount of CO (3.2×103 μmol g−1). The catalytic activity of 1‐Ru ranked with that of all relevant catalytic systems. This study paves the way for the exploration of [Ru2II,II]‐ or [Rh2II,II]‐based polymers with open metal site‐dependent functional properties.
Fulfilling the unmet potential: Harnessing ambition, autonomy, and agility in Northern Ireland's education system
Authors: McFlynn Paul , Davidson Mairead , McAuley Clare , Taggart Sammy
Published: June 2024

Despite the divisions within Northern Ireland's education system along religious and academic lines, it has managed to maintain relative stability, or at least a functional inertia, over the past four decades. The full potential, however, of this system and in particular, the Northern Ireland Curriculum (NIC), has yet to be realised. This paper presents a comprehensive exploration of the intricate interplay between the NIC and Initial Teacher Education (ITE), bringing to the fore the footprint of Lawrence Stenhouse. It critically examines the salient features of the NIC, particularly its alignment with Stenhouse's pedagogical tenets, and its subsequent ramifications on ITE, for both its content and pedagogical strategies. The ambitions are, however, not without their challenges. The overarching shadow of an exam‐centric system stymies the NIC's full realisation, presenting a dichotomy between curriculum goals and pragmatic educational realities. The absence of a coherent Teacher Professional Learning framework also inhibited curriculum development. The Learning Leaders strategy, although yet to be implemented due to the collapse of the Northern Ireland Assembly and consequently lack of financial support, has the potential to pick up the baton of reform and help teachers and school leaders move closer to implementing the NIC in the way it was intended. The paper concludes by identifying the probable, possible, plausible and preferred ways forward for NI's education system.
Scavenging in two mountain ecosystems: Distinctive contribution of ants in grassland and non‐ant invertebrates in forest
Authors: Fernandes Tiago Vinícius , Parr Catherine L. , Campos Ricardo Ildefonso , Neves Frederico de Siqueira , Solar Ricardo
Published: June 2024

Scavenging is a key process for the cycling of nutrients in ecosystems, yet it is still neglected in the ecological literature. Apart from the importance of specific groups of animals in scavenging, there have been few ecological studies that compare them. Furthermore, the ecological studies on scavenging have mainly focused on vertebrates despite the crucial importance of invertebrates in this process. Here, we performed a large‐scale ant suppression and vertebrate exclusion experiment to quantify the relative contribution of ants, non‐ant invertebrates and vertebrates in scavenging nitrogen‐rich (insect carcasses) and carbon‐rich (seeds) baits in two contrasting mountainous habitats in Brazil (grasslands and forests). Overall, bait removal was 23.2% higher in forests than in grasslands. Ants were the primary scavengers in grasslands, responsible for more than 57% of dead insect larvae and seed removal, while, in forests, non‐ant invertebrates dominated, removing nearly 65% of all baits. Vertebrates had a minor role in scavenging dead insect larvae and seeds in both habitats, with <4% of removals. Furthermore, our results show that animal‐based baits were more consumed in forests than seeds, and both resources were equally consumed in grasslands. Therefore, we demonstrate the superiority of invertebrates in this process, with a particular emphasis on the irreplaceable role of ants, especially in this grassland ecosystem. As such, we further advance our knowledge of a key ecosystem process, showing the relative importance of three major groups in scavenging and the differences in ecosystems functioning between two contrasting tropical habitats.
Design and improvement of torque characteristics of half‐wave rectified variable field flux motor with axial gap structure
Authors: Yazama Kentaro , Abe Takashi , Otomo Yoshitsugu , Koga Takahiro , Shimohara Yuzen
Published: June 2024

The axial gap structure of a half‐wave rectified variable field flux motor (AG‐HVFM) has been proposed, which has a double stator structure and field winding short‐circuited by a diode. Although the AG‐HVFM can achieve a high‐efficiency drive in wide speed and torque range via variable field flux control, its structure deteriorates the average torque and torque ripple. In this paper, we sequentially design the core shape, aspect ratio, and current control method for an AG‐HVFM to improve its torque characteristics.
Characterization of serum phosphate levels over time with intravenous ferric carboxymaltose versus placebo as treatment for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and iron deficiency: An exploratory prospective substudy from HEART‐FID
Authors: Nouhravesh Nina , Garg Jyotsna , Rockhold Frank W. , De Pasquale Carmine G. , O'Meara Eileen , Lewis Gregory D. , Butler Javed , Harrington Josephine , Ezekowitz Justin A. , Ponikowski Piotr , Troughton Richard W. , Wong Yee Weng , Blackman Nicole , Numan Syed , Adamczyk Robert , Hernandez Adrian F. , Mentz Robert J.
Published: June 2024

Aims

Ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) is guideline‐recommended for iron deficiency (ID) in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Despite a well‐established safety profile, the magnitude and clinical significance of FCM‐induced hypophosphataemia in HFrEF remains unclear. This pre‐specified substudy of HEART‐FID evaluated serum phosphate, 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D, and plasma parathyroid hormone (PTH) subsequent to FCM.

Methods and results

HEART‐FID was a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of ambulatory patients with HFrEF and ID randomized to FCM versus placebo. This substudy assessed mean change from baseline across eight visits over 6 months for the following endpoints: serum phosphate, 25‐hydroxyvitamin D, 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D, and PTH, in addition to the clinical severity of potential hypophosphataemia. Overall, 133 patients (n = 62 FCM, n = 71 placebo) were prospectively enrolled. Mean age was 68 ± 11 years, 55 (41.4%) were women, and 29 (21.8%) had chronic kidney disease. Phosphate levels decreased in 34 (57.6%) patients in the FCM group compared with 7 (10.3%) in the placebo group. Mean change in phosphate levels reached a nadir at day 21 (−0.36 ± 0.27 mmol/L) subsequent to FCM infusion with 28 (51%) having moderate‐to‐severe hypophosphataemia. Reductions in 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D were also observed, whilst PTH increased. These biochemical changes returned to baseline levels by day 91. Serum levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D remained stable throughout the study. No serious adverse events associated with hypophosphataemia were reported.

Conclusions

Transient moderate‐to‐severe hypophosphataemia was frequent subsequent to FCM infusion, accompanied by 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D decrease and PTH increase. Serum levels of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D remained stable. No evidence of symptomatic hypophosphataemia was reported, collectively indicating FCM‐related hypophosphataemia to be clinically benign and transient in HFrEF.
Reaction Course Dependent Regiospecific Transformation of 4‐Azido‐Coumarin into Coumarin C3‐C4 Fused Imidazole and 5‐Substituted‐1,4‐Benzodiazepine Scaffolds
Authors: Nagamani Vediyappan , Kamaraj Sriraghavan
Published: June 2024

Herein, we report an efficient route for coumarin C3‐C4 fused imidazole scaffolds via indium chloride‐mediated single‐step transformation of 4‐azido‐coumarin with amines/aldehydes and coumarin C3‐C4 fused 5‐substituted‐1,4‐benzodiazepine scaffolds with 1,2‐azide‐nitrogen migration through two‐step sequential synthesis via the transitory intermediacy of 2,3‐bridged‐2H‐azirine. A plausible mechanistic pathway has been proposed from the control/entrapment experiments and 1H‐NMR studies. This protocol provides the reaction condition‐dependent product selectivity, structural diversification, and excellent yields.
Effects of microstructure on hydraulic fracturing and gas–water production in coal reservoirs: A case study of the Dahebian coalbed methane block in Western Guizhou, China
Authors: Zhu Shiliang , Zhou Xiaozhi , Zhao Fuping , Wu Jiaxin , Han Sijie , Zhao Lingyun , Zhou Peiming , Wang Jun , Yang Zigang
Published: June 2024

The development of coalbed methane (CBM) in China is susceptible to the influence of microstructure. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the extension laws of hydraulic fractures and engineering responses in coal reservoirs affected by microstructure development. Utilizing the Dahebian block in western Guizhou as the study area, this investigation examines the coal reservoir characteristics, fracturing, and drainage engineering analysis of the well DC1 group in the region. The aim is to discuss the spatial distribution characteristics of hydraulic fractures, geological controlling factors influenced by microstructure, and their corresponding engineering responses. The results indicate that, for coal reservoirs unaffected by microstructure, the extension laws of the fracture network in both longitudinal and planar directions are influenced by burial depth and the regional stress field. In the microstructural belt, tectonic stress dominates, causing changes in the ground stress field. Consequently, the hydraulic fracture network deviates from the direction of the maximum principal stress during the extension process. When a secondary fracture is nearby, the hydraulic fracture network extends towards the shortest path radial secondary fracture direction, leading to a rapid increase in fracture width per unit length until it intersects with the secondary fracture. Additionally, the presence of secondary joints near the microfault structure decreases fracturing pressure and results in a dense distribution of the fracture network. This promotes the formation of a complex fracture network, favorable for fracturing. The extension of the fracture network in complex structural development areas is influenced by the microfault structure between wells, which is reflected in the fracturing construction pressure and fluid output. This accounts for the significant variations in the early drainage performance of CBM wells.
Effect of proppant injection condition on fracture network structure and conductivity
Authors: Bai Zhifeng , Li Mingzhong , Li Jinyong , Li Changxing
Published: June 2024

The hydraulic fracturing of shale reservoirs is an important topic, and adjusting the fracturing process can enhance fracturing efficiency. To analyze the effect of injection conditions on the fracture network structure and conductivity, numerical simulations and theoretical calculations are carried out based on the construction data, and the variation patterns of the fracture network parameters are determined. During the theory study, a fracture network conductivity model was obtained by combining the fracture network expansion model and the fracture diversion model. Then a numerical model was set up according to the analysis results of monitoring data. The numerical simulation results showed the fracture network structure and proppant distribution under different conditions. Throughout the simulation process, the structural parameters and conductivity of the fracture network can be determined by controlling the injection amount and adjusting the injection method, speed, and sand ratio. Results indicated that the proppant pulse frequency during the injection process was a major factor affecting the structure and conductivity of the fracture network. At the same time, a comparison of the distribution structure of the proppant revealed that although the intermittent injection of the proppant improved the flow channel, the efficiency of fracture utilization can still be improved.
Variability in wind energy on interannual and decadal scales and its influence on hydrogen energy storage
Authors: Boretti Alberto , Castelletto Stefania
Published: June 2024

Forecasting future wind electricity generation requires diverse methods and tools to estimate potential output at specific locations. This study utilizes historical meteorological data and simple models at particular sites, along with past electricity production records from selected wind farms. The interannual and decadal oscillations of wind energy production at the grid level are computed. The large‐scale, long‐term energy storage needed to achieve dispatchable electricity, addressing generation variability is assessed. For the continental United States, the estimated storage requirement is approximately 1300 GWh per GW of installed capacity. The inclusion of solar power generation and the round‐trip efficiency of energy storage positively or negatively impact this estimation.
Bioconcentration of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Precursors in Fathead Minnow Tissues Environmentally Exposed to Aqueous Film-Forming Foam–Contaminated Waters
Authors: Hill Nicholas I. , Becanova Jitka , Vojta Simon , Barber Larry B. , LeBlanc Denis R. , Vajda Alan M. , Pickard Heidi M. , Lohmann Rainer
Published: June 2024

Exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) has been associated with toxicity in wildlife and negative health effects in humans. Decades of fire training activity at Joint Base Cape Cod (MA, USA) incorporated the use of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF), which resulted in long-term PFAS contamination of sediments, groundwater, and hydrologically connected surface waters. To explore the bioconcentration potential of PFAS in complex environmental mixtures, a mobile laboratory was established to evaluate the bioconcentration of PFAS from AFFF-impacted groundwater by flow-through design. Fathead minnows (n = 24) were exposed to PFAS in groundwater over a 21-day period and tissue-specific PFAS burdens in liver, kidney, and gonad were derived at three different time points. The ∑PFAS concentrations in groundwater increased from approximately 10,000 ng/L at day 1 to 36,000 ng/L at day 21. The relative abundance of PFAS in liver, kidney, and gonad shifted temporally from majority perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides (FASAs) to perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSAs). By day 21, mean ∑PFAS concentrations in tissues displayed a predominance in the order of liver > kidney > gonad. Generally, bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for FASAs, perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs), and fluorotelomer sulfonates (FTS) increased with degree of fluorinated carbon chain length, but this was not evident for PFSAs. Perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) displayed the highest mean BCF (8700 L/kg) in day 21 kidney. Suspect screening results revealed the presence of several perfluoroalkyl sulfinate and FASA compounds present in groundwater and in liver for which pseudo-bioconcentration factors are also reported. The bioconcentration observed for precursor compounds and PFSA derivatives detected suggests alternative pathways for terminal PFAS exposure in aquatic wildlife and humans. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1795–1806. © 2024 The Author(s). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

Flow-through dosing experiments utilizing aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF)–contaminated groundwater revealed positive linear correlations between fluorinated carbon chain length and logarithm-transformed bioconcentration factors (BCFs) for perfluoroalkyl sulfonamides identified in fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) liver via target analysis and suspect screening using high-resolution mass spectrometry. FBSA = perfluorobutane sulfonamide; FHxSA = perfluorohexane sulfonamide; FOSA = perfluorooctane sulfonamide; FPeSA= perfluoropentane sulfonamide; FPrSA = perfluoropropane sulfonamide.
Bifidobacterium longumBL‐19 inhibits oxidative stress and inflammatory damage in the liver of mice with NAFLD by regulating the production of butyrate in the intestine
Authors: Zhang Xiajun , Xu Jingwen , Dong Xueyun , Tang Jiajun , Xie Yan , Yang Jie , Zou Limin , Wu Liang , Fan Jilong
Published: June 2024

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a common chronic liver disease, but there is currently no effective treatment method. Probiotics have been used as an adjunct therapy for NAFLD, but the mechanism is not clear. This study used Bifidobacterium longum BL19 (BL‐19) to treat the NAFLD mice induced by a high‐fat diet, and explored the treatment mechanism through gut microbiota and serum metabolomics techniques. We found that BL‐19 effectively prevented rapid weight gain in NAFLD mice and reduced their overall food and energy intake, decreased liver inflammatory factors expressions, and increased the bile acid synthetase enzyme CYP7A1 and superoxide dismutase. After BL‐19 treatment, the abundances of butyric acid bacteria (Oscillospira and Coprococcus) in the feces of mice increased significantly, and the concentration of butyric acid also increased significantly. We believe that BL‐19 promotes the production of butyrate in the intestines, which in turn regulates the activity of CYP7A1 in the liver and bile acid synthesis, ultimately treating liver inflammation and lipid accumulation in NAFLD mice. Serum metabolomics results indicated that BL‐19 affected multiple pathways related to inflammation and lipid metabolism in NAFLD mice. These findings suggest that BL‐19 shows promise as an adjunct therapy for NAFLD, as it can significantly improve oxidative stress, reduce inflammation in the liver, and decrease lipid accumulation.
Ameliorating effects of Clerodendrum viscosum leaves on lead‐induced hepatotoxicity
Authors: Kabir Ehsanul , Islam Jahidul , Shila Tasnim Tabassum , Beauty Sharmin Akter , Sadi Junayed , Gofur Md. Royhan , Islam Farhadul , Hossain Shakhawoat , Nikkon Farjana , Hossain Khaled , Saud Zahangir Alam
Published: June 2024

Lead (Pb), a common toxicant is ubiquitously present in the environment. Chronic Pb exposure affects almost every organ system of human body including liver. Clerodendrum viscosum is a medicinal plant and its leaves are known to have hepatoprotective, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐hyperglycemic activities. However, the protective effect of C. viscosum leaves against Pb‐induced hepatotoxicity is yet to be studied. Therefore, this study was designed to assess the protective effect of the aqueous extract of C. viscosum leaf (Cle) against Pb‐induced hepatotoxicity in experimental mice. Pb‐acetate was given to Pb and Pb + Cle groups interperitoneally, and Cle was supplemented to Cle and Pb + Cle groups by oral gavage. Serum biomarkers of liver function—butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT), antioxidant enzyme activities in hepatic tissue—superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione reductase (rGR) and catalase (CAT), levels of transcription factor—nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), and inflammatory marker—interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) were analyzed. Additionally, histological analyses of hepatic tissues of all groups of experimental mice were performed. Pb‐treatment significantly increased ALP, AST, and ALT activities and decreased BChE activity compared to control mice. The antioxidant enzyme (SOD, rGR, and CAT) activities and expression of Nrf2 level were significantly (p < .05) decreased, while IL‐6 level was significantly (p < .05) increased in the hepatic tissue homogenates of Pb‐treated mice compared to the control group. Furthermore, histological examination revealed the disruption of hepatic tissue integrity in Pb‐treated mice. Notably, supplementation of Cle provided significant protection against the changes in the activities of liver function biomarkers and antioxidant enzymes, levels of Nrf2 and IL‐6, and disruption of hepatic tissue by Pb. Taken together the present study suggests that Cle ameliorates the hepatic toxicity caused by Pb.
Biofilm generation and antibiotic resistant profile of extensive and multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa from burn patients in Ahvaz: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Akrami Sousan , Ekrami Alireza , Avarvand Arshid Y.
Published: June 2024

Background and Aims

Multidrug and extensive drug‐resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa was extracted from burn patients referring to burn centers in southwest Iran so that biofilm generation and antibiotic resistance could be investigated.

Methods

A specific primer was used to confirm all our considered 110 P. aeruginosa culture‐positive reports on 345 burn patients. The resistance of P. aeruginosa to seven antibiotics and Colistin with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was assessed. Biofilm formation was assessed by the phenotypic study of specimens under Congo red agar and microtiter plate assays.

Results

One hundred and 10 clinical P. aeruginosa isolates taken from burn wound infections were validated. Among P. aeruginosa isolates, Piperacillin, Ceftazidime, Maeropenem, Gentamycin, and Gatifloacin had the highest resistance to antibiotics, while Ticarcillin‐Clavulanic acid and Ceftolozane‐Tazobactam showed the least resistance. MICs were then evaluated via the E test. Seven isolates were resistant to colistin. Colistin reference MICs for multidrug‐resistant P. aeruginosa prevalence was 38%, while it was 22% for extensively drug‐resistant (XDR) P. aeruginosa. One P. aeruginosa was pandrug‐resistant (PDR). Under Congo red agar test, 66 isolates (67%) formed biofilms and black colonies, whereas 44 isolates (50%) had red colonies. In MTP, 76% formed biofilm. 40%, 32%, 21% of the isolates were strong, moderate, and weak biofilm formers, respectively, while 43% did not form biofilms.

Conclusion

The P. aeruginosa resistance to antimicrobial agents has largely challenged the control of the infection. Accordingly, a higher resistance occurred when the isolates were transferred to the patients. Less than 50% P. aeruginosa samples generated strong biofilms. Consequently, hygienic measurements are essential to inhibit P. aeruginosa transmission to hospitalized patients.
Spatio‐temporal pattern and associate meteorological factors of airborne diseases in Bangladesh using geospatial mapping and spatial regression model
Authors: Chowdhury Arman Hossain , Rahman Md. Siddikur
Published: June 2024

Background and Aims

Airborne diseases due to climate change pose significant public health challenges in Bangladesh. Little was known about the spatio‐temporal pattern of airborne diseases at the district level in the country. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the spatio‐temporal pattern and associated meteorological factors of airborne diseases in Bangladesh using exploratory analysis and spatial regression models.

Methods

This study used district‐level reported cases of airborne diseases (meningococcal, measles, mumps, influenza, tuberculosis, and encephalitis) and meteorological data (temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and precipitation) from 2017 to 2020. Geospatial mapping and spatial error regression models were utilized to analyze the data.

Results

From 2017 to 2020, a total of 315 meningococcal, 5159 measles, 1341 mumps, 346 influenza, 4664 tuberculosis, and 229 encephalitis cases were reported in Bangladesh. Among airborne diseases, measles demonstrated the highest prevalence, featuring a higher incidence rate in the coastal Bangladeshi districts of Lakshmipur, Patuakhali, and Cox's Bazar, as well as in Maulvibazar and Bandarban districts from 2017 to 2020. In contrast, tuberculosis (TB) emerged as the second most prevalent disease, with a higher incidence rate observed in districts such as Khagrachhari, Rajshahi, Tangail, Bogra, and Sherpur. The spatial error regression model revealed that among climate variables, mean (β = 9.56, standard error [SE]: 3.48) and maximum temperature (β = 1.19, SE: 0.40) were significant risk factors for airborne diseases in Bangladesh. Maximum temperature positively influenced measles (β = 2.74, SE: 1.39), whereas mean temperature positively influenced both meningococcal (β = 5.57, SE: 2.50) and mumps (β = 11.99, SE: 3.13) diseases.

Conclusion

The findings from the study provide insights for planning early warning, prevention, and control strategies to combat airborne diseases in Bangladesh and similar endemic countries. Preventive measures and enhanced monitoring should be taken in some high‐risk districts for airborne diseases in the country.