bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interplaying Factors of Students Personal Characteristics in Online Learning Modality: Evidence in Asian Context
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad , Shet Jayashree Premkumar , Alsaraireh Mohammad Yousef , Rad Dana , Ignat Sonia , Hernández Ronald M. , Mohamed Sameem Mohamed Aboobucker , Beltran Joel Alanya
Published: March 2022

Mapping the multidimensional impact of learner attributes on behavior demonstrates the importance of models in learning. To this purpose, we examined the correlations between strategies and student characteristics and utilized regression analysis to determine how learner attributes affect strategy selection. A cross-sectional study of 258 students demonstrated widespread strategy use, as well as statistically significant connections within and between the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning and Student Characteristics of Learning measures. Regression analysis found distinctions in the types of learner characteristics associated with strategy adoption, most notably between direct and indirect strategies. Instrumental motivation predicted both direct and indirect Strategy Inventory for Language Learning scores, but self-efficacy affected memory, cognitive, and compensatory strategies, and perseverance predicted reported metacognitive and emotional strategy choice levels. Additionally, a negative route coefficient occurred between persistence and compensation techniques and between competition and memory strategies, implying mediation and a high degree of complexity in the way learner traits impact behavior. The present study's findings have implications for prospective instructor techniques for motivating students to become fully involved in language learning via the online procedure.
Movement Is Life—Optimizing Patient Access to Total Joint Arthroplasty: Cardiovascular Health Disparities
Authors: Wiznia Daniel H. , Santos Erick M. , Morgan Randall C.
Published: March 2022

Cardiovascular disease includes a collection of conditions with 6.7% of American adults having coronary artery disease and 45% having hypertension. Proper management of these conditions is low (<25%). Hypertension is highest among African Americans and is associated with lower socioeconomic status and education level. Heart disease is associated with postoperative complications, such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, pulmonary and coagulopathy complications, and mortality. Underserved communities can be optimized beginning with a thorough preoperative assessment, which includes evaluating for food security, instituting dietary modifications and exercise regimens, and improving cardiovascular health with pharmacologic modalities and specialty care. Nurse navigators can be invaluable for guiding patients through a cardiovascular preoperative optimization pathway.
The Impact of Osteoporosis on Adverse Outcomes After Short Fusion for Degenerative Lumbar Disease
Authors: Wolfert Adam J. , Rompala Alexander , Beyer George A. , Shah Neil V. , Ikwuazom Chibuokem P. , Kim David , Shah Sharan T. , Passias Peter G. , Lafage Virginie , Schwab Frank J. , Paulino Carl B. , Diebo Bassel G.
Published: March 2022

Introduction:

Osteoporosis affects nearly 200 million individuals worldwide. There are little available data regarding outcomes in patients with osteoporosis who undergo short-segment lumbar fusion for degenerative disk disease (DDD). We sought to identify a relationship between osteoporosis and risk of adverse outcomes in patients with DDD undergoing short-segment lumbar fusion.

Methods:

Using the New York State Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System, all patients with DDD who underwent 2- to 3-level lumbar fusion from 2009 through 2011 were identified. Patients with bone mineralization disorders and other systemic and endocrine disorders and surgical indications of trauma, systemic disease(s), and infection were excluded. Patients were stratified by the presence or absence of osteoporosis and compared for demographics, hospital-related parameters, and 2-year complications and revision surgeries. Multivariate binary logistic regression models were used to identify notable predictors of complications.

Results:

A total of 29,028 patients (osteoporosis = 1,353 [4.7%], nonosteoporosis = 27,675 [95.3%]) were included. Patients with osteoporosis were older (66.9 vs 52.6 years), more often female (85.1% vs 48.4%), and White (82.8% vs 73.5%) (all P < 0.001). The Charlson/Deyo comorbidity index did not significantly differ between groups. Hospital lengths of stay and total charges were higher for patients with osteoporosis (4.9 vs 4.1 days; $74,484 vs $73,724; both P < 0.001). Medical complication rates were higher in patients with osteoporosis, including acute renal failure and deep-vein thrombosis (both P < 0.01). This cohort also had higher rates of implant-related (3.4% vs 1.9%) and wound (9.8% vs 5.9%) complications (both P < 0.01). Preoperative osteoporosis was strongly associated with 2-year medical and surgical complications (odds ratios, 1.6 and 1.7) as well as greater odds of revision surgeries (odds ratio, 1.3) (all P < 0.001).

Conclusion:

Patients with osteoporosis undergoing 2- to 3-level lumbar fusion for DDD were at higher risk of 2-year medical and surgical complications, especially implant-related and wound complications. These findings highlight the importance of rigorous preoperative metabolic workup and patients' optimization before spinal surgery.
Practical experience with modified bitumen and bituminous binders
Authors: Kusbergenova Zhanar , Zhankina Aizhan , Mkilima Timoth
Published: March 2022

To date, the issue of polymer waste recycling becomes relevant, because every year the amount of plastic and polyethylene waste increases, which leads to devastating effects on flora and fauna everywhere. One of the ways to solve this problem of polymer waste recycling is to use them to modify asphalt-concrete mixture and bitumen. Thus, two problems are solved at once: reuse of plastic, polyethylene, and other polymer wastes and improvement of asphalt concrete pavement with an increase in its service life. The paper presents a discussion of the use of modified bitumen in the construction of highways and roads, the design and technological solutions, features of the technology of modified bitumen, as well as the results of laboratory tests of modified bitumen, based on which was decided on the advisability of using. The use of the combined approach of the road pavement allows increasing the service life of the road.
Students’ Need Analysis in the Content of English for Hotel Accommodation of Vocational High School
Authors: Kurniawati Kadek Lina
Published: March 2022

Different students’ need in vocational high school   with senior high school direct the teachers to analyze the needs of the students in order to design an appropriate teaching-learning activity. The students’ need is emphasized to produce professional students to work in line with their particular field as the aim of vocational high school. The aim of this study was to identify some factual information about the students’ need in English learning, especially in the fourth English language skills, namely listening, speaking, reading, and writing as well as the components of English, namely grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. The subject in this study were the tenth-grade students of hotel accommodation program in SMK N 2 Singaraja especially class XP 1 and XP 2. Questionnaire and interview were used to collect the data in this study. The results showed that the students’ need is to meet their own academic professions and their future needs. It was done by covering everyday language of hotel’s activity with its language structure and examples which portray real hotel’s activity in each language skill and its components.
Carbon Sequestration Potential of Fruit Farms in Selected Sites of National Greening Program in Batangas Province, Philippines
Authors: Peñaflor Bondee , Enoc Judilyn
Published: March 2022

The study assessed the carbon sequestration potential of existing fruit farms in Batangas province. A structured questionnaire was used coupled with KII, FGD, desk review of secondary data, farm and community visits, and gathering of geo-referenced points was done to gather the needed data. Data were analyzed in Microsoft Excel. Results show that there are 13 species of fruit trees being grown and the top three most grown are Coconut, Avocado and Langka. As to land cover, in 2010, the majority of the areas in Cahil, Calaca, Batangas are covered with Perennial Crops followed by annual crops. In 2015, a decrease in the areas of Perennial and Annual Crops was observed while there was an increase in the areas covered with brush/shrubs. In Sucol, Balayan, Batangas, the majority of the areas in 2010 are covered with perennial crops, shrubs and annual crops. In 2015, no recorded areas were covered with perennial crops while areas covered with shrubs have increased. Meanwhile, the respondents are highly affected by climate change impacts but fruit farmers have coping strategies to address such impacts. As to carbon sequestration, Mangifera indica has the highest average above-ground biomass (AGB) and carbon sequestration in Cahil with 18,854.95kg and 8,484.73kg, respectively. This is followed by Persia amaricana with an average AGB and carbon sequestration of 14,165.83kg and 6,374.62kg, respectively. Coffea Arabica has the least recorded AGB with 2,669.24kg and the carbon sequestration is 1,201.16kg. In Sucol, M. Indica has the highest average AGB with 55,170.89kg and carbon sequestration of 24,826.90kg. Citrofortunella microcarpa has the least recorded AGB and carbon sequestration with 184.32kg and 82.94kg, respectively. The study necessitates the need to prepare necessary documentation highlighting several success stories in the study sites which could serve as benchmark documents for other greening efforts in the country and abroad.
Aplikasi Akad Murabahah Pembiayaan Mikro Syariah Pada Bank Aceh Syariah Takengon
Authors: Hartika Ika
Published: March 2022

Sistem perbankan yang sesuai dengan prinsip-prinsip syari’ah Islam mampu menyediakan berbagai produk yang bervariasi dan banyak diminati oleh masyarakat. Salah satu produknya adalah pembiayaan mikro merupakan pembiayaan bank kepada nasabah yang diperuntukkan kepada nasabah yang telah mempunyai usaha kecil dan membutuhkan pengembangan untuk usahanya. Pelaksanaan akad murabahah pada pembiayaan Mikro Syariah di Bank Aceh adalah untuk membantu usaha pedagang-pedagang kecil di pasar. Pembiayaan ini mempunyai cara yang mudah dan cepat sehingga tidak mempersulit nasabah untuk pengajuan pembiayaan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan usahanya.
Konsep Tafsir Ayat Gadai/Rahn dalam Al-Qur’an dengan Pendekatan Tafsir Buya Hamka
Authors: Riyadi Dwi Kresna
Published: March 2022

Ekonomi adalah hal yang paling mendasar dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Dalam memenuhi kebutuhan konsumsi, kegiatan ekonomi menjadi salah satu pendorong untuk memutar roda perekonomian. Namun tidak banyak manusia yang beruntung dalam hal maeraih pundi rupiah demi mendapatkan kebutuhan tersebut, sehingga perputaran ekonomi di sebagian kalangan masyarakat tidak terpenuhi dengan baik. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan perihal gadai/rahn dengan pendekatan tafsir Buya HAMKA, studi pada surat Al-Baqarah ayat 282-283. Hal ini dimaksud agar berdampak pada kebiasaan umat dalam memperoleh harta/modal dengan lebih baik sesuai anjuran agama Islam yang diajarkan oleh Nabi Muhammad. SAW. Islam sebagai agama yang aplikatif, telah memberikan solusi dari masalah yang terjadi diatas khususnya yang menyangkut dalam muamalah. Dalam keterbatasan sumber daya modal, dari masa yang telah dilalui oleh Rasulullah SAW, beliau telah mengajarkan serta mempraktikkan perihal gadai/rahn untuk memperoleh kebutuhan sumber daya modal. Dengan cara ini diyakini bahwa umat senantiasa dijauhkan oleh fitnah riba, yang dapat menjerat umat Islam.
Perlakuan Manusiawi Terhadap Budak dalam Konsep Agama Islam
Authors: Amanda Ruri
Published: March 2022

Perbudakan merupakan salah satu warisan peradaban kuno yang masa kini sudah ditolak dan tidak diakui lagi sebagai bagian dari sistem kehidupan manusia. Namun pada masanya perbudakan pernah menjadi suatu sistem yang sangat vital dalam kehidupan manusia, terutamanya pernah dipraktekkan secara luas oleh peradaban lama Yunani, India, Persia, Romawi ataupun China. Ketika agama Islam muncul praktek perbudakan ini masih sangat umum dipraktekkan, pada masa Pra-Islam di kawasan Arab budak digunakan secara multifungsi mulai sebagai pembantu rumah tangga, pekerja kasar, tenaga militer bahkan hingga sebagai pekerja seks komersial. Pada masa itu terutamanya di kawasan Arab perbudakan juga menjadi simbol prestise dari kekayaan seseorang, semakin banyak budak yang dimilikinya maka semakin terpandang pula ia di tengah masyarakat. Oleh karena ketika itu sistem perbudakan menjadi bagian yang tak terpisahkan dari kehidupan masyarakat maka Islam hadir dengan memperkenalkan syariat yang tidak secara tegas menghapus perbudakan dengan pertimbangan untuk menghindari konflik sosial ekonomi yang cukup tajam jika Islam dengan frontalnya menghapus perbudakan. Tujuan kajian ini untuk mengangkat serta mengingatkan kembali konsep-konsep Islam tentang bagaimana agama ini memperlakukan budak secara manusiawi dan bagaimana pula strategi persuasif yang dimiliki Islam dalam menghapus perbudakan sehingga kajian ini dapat dengan sederhana membantah pandangan miring sebagian pihak tentang syariat Islam mengenai perbudakan. Kajian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif analitis dengan menggunakan pendekatan penelitian kepustakaan (Library Research).
Adatok a Közép-Zagyva-völgy (Pásztó és környéke) középkori és kora újkori településtörténetéhez
Authors: Pásztor Angelika , Reményi László
Published: March 2022

Tanulmányunkban Pásztó szűkebb környéke középkori és kora újkori településtörténeti képének megrajzolására teszünk kísérletet. Az írásos forrásokból ismert hét középkori falu közül hatot tudtunk régészeti lelőhelyekkel azonosítani, továbbá két, korábban ismeretlen települést is találtunk. Röviden bemutatjuk azokat a településtörténeti változásokat, amelyek eredményként a Közép-Zagyva-völgyben a török kort egyedül a mezőváros, Pásztó élte túl.
Aszód: ein gemischter Fundort der Lengyel- und Theiss-Kultur
Authors: Kalicz Nándor
Published: March 2022

Aszód hat sich im Laufe der Jahrzehnte seiner Ausgrabung als eine Grenzsiedlung der Lengyel-Kultur mit bedeutenden Theiß-Beziehungen erwiesen. Die grundlegende Analyse des Fundmaterials in den vergangenen Jahren hat je doch ergeben, dass Aszód nicht nur eine enge Verbindung zur Theiß-Kultur hatte, sondern die kulturelle Einheit der letzteren etwa zur Hälfte auch ein Bestandteil des Fundplatzes von Aszód war. Die “A nwesenheit “ der Theiß-Kultur ist auch in den Bauten der Siedlung und der Bestattungsordnung zu erkennen. In größtem Maße beweist aber das Material der Sachkultur die Verflochtenheit der beiden Kulturen in Aszód. Unter den vielfältigen Ähnlichkeiten hebe ich in erster Linie die schwarze Bemalung der Gefäße und die Harpunen als aus der Tiefebene, aus der Theiß-Kultur stammende typische Komponenten hervor, die für Aszód bestimmend sind. Ein derart hohes Maß der Symbiose ist in der Ostgruppe der Lengyel-Kultur nur in Aszód zustande gekommen.
Aerial archaeology in the research of burial tumuli in Hungary
Authors: Czajlik Zoltan
Published: March 2022

Presented in this study are the most important findings o f the aerial surveys o f tumulus cemeteries begun in 2001 in Hungary. The investigation o f the already known Iron Age cemeteries in Transdanubia and the probably prehistoric mounds in the Her nád Valley provided an abundance o f fresh data. Also discussed are the features indicating perished tumuli on aerial photographs, allowing the identification o f previously unknown tumulus cemeteries, together with a comparison o f tumuli and ditched graves.
Kelta temető leletei Szabadiból (Somogy megye)
Authors: Horváth László , Németh Péter Gergely
Published: March 2022

A Szabadi község határában nyitott homokbányában a homok kitermelésével párhuzamosan folyó leletmentés során 12 kelta szórthamvas sírt sikerült megfigyelni és leleteiket összegyűjteni. A négy csoportból álló temetőt a leletek részletes értékelése alapján a LT B2a-Clb periódusok között használták. A legkiemelkedőbb sír a fegyveres többes temetkezés, melynek magyarázatára több variáció lehetséges (akár trimarkisia is). A fegyverek - különösen a pajzsok - erős déli kapcsolatokra utalnak. Az egyik gazdag női sír ékszertípusai és a viselet feltűnő hasonlóságot mutat a rezi temető egyik temetkezésével, valószínűleg rokonságban állhatták egymással.
Késő kelta telep a budakalászi Duna-parton
Authors: Ottományi Katalin
Published: March 2022

Az МО-ás útgyüríí építését megelőző feltárások során 2005-2006-ban Budakalászon, közvetlenül a Duna-parton, a tervezett hídpillérek alatt került elő egy olyan késő kelta település részlet, melyet valószínűleg a római foglalás kezdetén, a hadsereg limes menti felzárkóztatása miatt hagytak fel. A tanulmány a telep objektumok és kerámia anyag ismertetésén túl beilleszti a telepet a környező Duna-parti késő kelta telepek sorába.
The first and the second “battle of Mohács” (AD 1526, 1687). Archaeological Research and Perspectives
Authors: Polgár Balázs
Published: March 2022

Conflict archaeology is a young subdiscipline of Hungarian archaeological research. The Ministry of Defence Military History Institute and Museum has been conducting research on the battlefields of Mohács and Harsány mountain (AD 1526, 1687) since 2010. The methodology of the research is based on classical conflict archaeological methodology (landscape archaeology, non-destructive archaeological research, military terrain analysis). The area and the historical landscape of the first and the second battle of Mohács show similarities, at the same time the different amount of source material resulted different battlefield or landscape archaeological perspectives.
Honfoglalás kori temető Jászberény határában
Authors: Fodor István
Published: March 2022

A Jászberény melletti homokbánya kitermelése közben egy 10. század eleji magyar temetőt semmisítettek meg. A megmentett leletek több sírból származnak, a „B” sírból embercsontok és lócsontok is megmaradtak. A megmaradt tárgyak közül a legfontosabb egy aranyozott ezüstlemezből készült süvegcsúcs, amelynek felületét hálóba szerkesztett palmettás díszítés fedi. A tanulmány következtetése, hogy a magyar és normann süvegcsúcsok Kelet-Európában alakulhattak ki a 9. század végén. A két magyarországi példány a magyar honfoglalás utáni években készülhetett.
A Sarmatian-period ceramic tripod from Rákóczifalva
Authors: Masek Zsófia
Published: March 2022

A medium-sized late Sarmatian–Hun-period settlement was excavated at the Rákóczifalva-Bagi-földek 5 site in 2006. The present study offers a detailed assessment of a unique vessel from the site, which yielded a very rich ceramic inventory. The large three-legged vessel is without exact parallels in the period’s published material. A review of the late antique parallels suggests that the vessel is an adoption of late Roman-early Byzantine metal vessels or perhaps pottery forms. In spite of its uniqueness, the vessel fits into the range of the special products of late Sarmatian pottery and reflects the far-reaching range of cultural and trade contacts on the Hungarian Plain during the late Sarmatian period.
Castelluccia, Manuel: Transcaucasian Bronze Belts. BAR International Series 2842. BAR Publishing, Oxford 2017. 419 p.
Authors: Szabó Géza
Published: March 2022

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Az Enea Lanfranconi-hagyaték régészeti és numizmatikai vonatkozású anyaga a Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum gyűjteményeiben
Authors: Szabadváry Tamás , Tarbay Gábor , Mozgai Viktória , Soós Bence , Pallag Márta
Published: March 2022

A tanulmány fókuszában Enea Lanfranconi (1850–1895) pozsonyi mérnök, műgyűjtő Magyar Nemzeti MúzeumRégészeti- és Éremtárába került anyagának feldolgozása áll. A hatalmas kollekció eredetileg a maga korábanhíres, ritka (részben hungarica) könyv-, festmény- és metszetanyaggal rendelkezett, ellenben jelentős részét tettékki különböző régiségek. A megvásárolt hagyatékrész a rézkortól kezdődően egészen a késő népvándorlás korigterjed, nagyobb részét római kori kisleletek képezik. Egyes tételek más közgyűjteményekbe kerültek, melyek közülkét márványplasztikát sikerült a Szépművészeti Múzeumban azonosítani. Indokolt esetben több fémtárgy természettudományosvizsgálatátára (kézi röntgenfluoreszcens spektrometria, hXRF) is sor került.
Obligation of the Carrier to Transport Radioactive Medicines by Air
Authors: Abeyratne Ruwantissa
Published: March 2022

It is indisputable that civil aviation has proved to be the most effective medium of relief to suffering humanity. From the Asian tsunami of 2004 to Hurricane Katrina in the United States in 2005, both of which left many dead and stranded, cataclysmic events needing assistance to people in distress have been coped with effectively by aid provided through carriage by air of essential items. It follows, therefore, that there should be no distinction in the role of civil aviation in this regard between times of collective distress and exigencies of individual distress of patients whose lives depend on the expedited transport of medicines.

At a meeting held in May 2006 at the IAEA Headquarters on the subject of denial of shipments of radioactive material, ICAO advised that air carriers could only be persuaded to carry radioactive cargo, and cannot be forced to do so. At the same meeting, IFALPA observed that there has been an increase in recent years of the number of denials of shipments of radioactive materials by airlines, airports, pilots and States and that such denials are capable of posing problems for hospitals, patients and suppliers of radioactive pharmaceuticals. This article examines the attendant obligation at law of a carrier not to refuse the carriage of radioactive cargo to be used for medical purposes.
Air Transport and Pandemic Influenza
Authors: Hodgkinson David
Published: March 2022

Recent articles, including one by Abeyratne in Air & Space Law, have examined the relationship between air travel and the spread of pandemic influenza. A number of studies in 2006 in scientific and medical journals have also addressed this relationship. Three of these studies suggest that, with some qualifications, air travel restrictions may be of little value in delaying an influenza pandemic. A fourth study, while noting an influence of air travel on influenza timing and spread, suggests that the efficacy of flight restrictions or bans on a global influenza pandemic is uncertain. The question of air transport restrictions in the event of such a pandemic is a critical one not just for the air transport industry but for States generally.
EU Aviation Scene: Major Developments April 2007–July 2007
Authors: Goeteyn Geert
Published: March 2022

This article gives an overview of important developments on the EU aviation scene between 1 April 2007 and 31 July 2007. During this period, the main developments were:

– The report of the European Parliament on the Commission’s proposal for a Regulation on common rules for the operation of air transport services in the EU, combining and simplifying the current three common market regulations;

– The Commission’s decision to block the proposed acquisition of Aer Lingus by Ryanair;

– The outcome of the comments on the Commission’s Consultation Paper on the possible revision of the CRS Code of Conduct;

– The abolition of the IATA passenger block exemption for IATA passenger tariff conferences for interlining on routes between EU and non-EU countries; and

– The conclusion of a final EU/US deal on the exchange of PNR data.
A Particular Aircraft Accident Litigation Scenario
Authors: Rijsdijk Onno
Published: March 2022

The legal consequences of an aircraft accident are always complex to deal with. Typically, aircraft accidents are caused by a series of events: technical failures, weather conditions, crew response, and so forth. Apart from the fact that it will not be easy to determine afterwards which events played a role in the causation,it is also difficult to translate and rank those events in terms of culpability. It becomes even more complex if one of the parties that may be involved has ceased to exist and there is no true successor. The above summarizes the ingredients for this article. It will address the specifics of a particular accident involving a Fokker Fo100 aircraft, the subsequent accident investigation, and the resulting litigation against a bankrupt manufacturer and its purported successors.
EU Emissions Trading Scheme and Aviation: Quo Vadis?
Authors: Steppler Ulrich
Published: March 2022

The inclusion of aviation into the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) may have more surprises in store for small and medium-sized carriers than those airlines will appreciate. It is not the large international carriers with their climate change managers and environmental departments that have EU ETS on their agenda for years but, in particular, third country carriers or companies in business aviation that might get hit harder than others. Compliance with the new set of rules and procedures will be a challenge and the prework dimension should not be underestimated. Unfortunately, the time frame is tight and the policymakers and its administration do not seem to be too expeditious when it comes to enacting the necessary laws, regulations, and guidelines and providing the support the industry is requesting.

On the other hand, the potential of the EU ETS concerning a distortion of competition, in particular, for European carriers, is not determined yet. It is feared that traffic from the United States to Asia will switch routes via the Gulf States, that is, not touching European airports and thus avoiding any extra costs. This would not only result in longer routes but also simultaneously have the counterproductive effect of creating more emissions. Therefore, although the concerted European action is a needful forerunner and acceptance in general is growing, a global approach is required more than ever and the industry’s hopes are high for the UN climate conference in Copenhagen in December this year.
Arbitration of International Cargo Claims
Authors: Whalen Thomas J.
Published: March 2022

Airlines have customarily not provided for arbitration in their cargo contracts of carriage (air waybill). The author explains the advantages of the arbitration of such claims (reducing legal costs, simplified procedure, relaxed evidence rules, an arbitrator knowledgeable about the Warsaw and Montreal Conventions and the industry, finality) and its disadvantages (significant arbitrator fees, limited appeal ability, no precedential value for future guidance.) The author argues that, overall, the arbitration of international air cargo claims before a single knowledgeable arbitrator will benefit all concerned (carriers and shippers) with significant cost savings. An enforceable arbitration provision can be included in a carrier’s conditions of carriage, incorporated by reference into the International Air Transport Association (IATA) Standard Air Waybill (Conditions of Contract). The author recommends arbitration for all air cargo claims, large and small, as beneficial to carriers and shippers.
Single European Sky - a possible regulatory framework for System Wide Information Management (SWIM)
Authors: Masutti Anna
Published: March 2022

Single European Sky ATM Research (SESAR) is the modernization programme of the European air traffic control infrastructure designed for the development of a new generation of air traffic management (ATM) technologies and procedures that will constitute the Single European Sky (SES) technologies and procedures. These will allow SES to cope with the increasing air traffic service demand predicted for the next twenty years. System Wide Information Management (SWIM) is a key part of SESAR; its objective is to create a new system of aeronautical information to increase efficiency and improve air transport safety. SWIM involves a group of independent users (Air Navigation Service Providers (ANSP), airlines, airports, etc.) that will exchange aeronautical information to ensure a safe gate-to-gate movement of an aircraft (flying object). SWIM architecture has many similarities with today's Internet. SWIM, as with any other system created to provide a public service, needs a regulatory framework for governance and to establish the identification of responsibilities and liabilities of the parties involved in the programme. The conclusions of different debates regarding the governance of such organizations have led to the wide acceptance of the principle that for every organization where many parties operate with a certain degree of freedom, it is advisable to set up a system of guidelines, with mechanisms to encourage participating parties to conform, for example, to a code of conduct. In short, this article examines a possible system for regulating the relationships between all the parties involved, offering a comprehensive description of the SWIM programme, its possible governance, and the main elements for designing a regulatory framework.
IATAs New Distribution Capability (NDC): A Revolution?
Authors: Steppler Ulrich , Brecke Katja Helen
Published: March 2022

Forty years after the birth of the current distribution paradigm, this meeting is the opportunity for everyone to get in on the ground floor of the next revolution in airline retailing.
The Aircraft Engine Dispute in Denmark: First Judgment
Authors: Jakobsen Morten L. , Gabelgaard Lotte Bay
Published: March 2022

The article analyses the judgement of December 2013 of a Danish bankruptcy court according to which engine owners lost their rights over two leased engines out of nine following the bankruptcy of the Danish airline Cimber Sterling. The main dispute in the case was the interpretation of the accession principle set out in article XVI of the Geneva Convention. The judgment confirms the principle that title to temporarily installed engines remains with the engine owner, but goes astray in the interpretation of what 'temporary' is. The judgment has been appealed to the Western High Court of Denmark where engine owners hope to win the ownership over all nine engines.
All-Electric Satellites Seek Equal Rights in Space
Authors: Morozova Elina
Published: March 2022

Lately, satellite operators have been showing growing interest in all-electric satellites, which help slash the total budget of a satellite program and make the use of the radio frequency spectrum more efficient. However, due to certain technological features of electric propulsion sub-systems, it takes more time to move an all-electric satellite to its destination after the launch compared to a conventional chemically propelled satellite. Considering that the terms for putting various types of satellites into operation differ, while regulatory deadlines for bringing frequency assignments into use are the same for all types of satellites, the factor of time becomes a formidable obstacle preventing a wide use of all-electric satellites. At the same time, a rational, equitable, efficient, and economical use of the radio frequency spectrum is one of the tasks of the International Telecommunication Union and its Member States are encouraged to apply the latest technical advances as soon as possible. Will this United Nations specialized agency for information and communication technologies be able to respond to the current needs of the world space industry and secure all-electric satellites equal rights in outer space?
The Distinction Between Civil and State Aircraft: Does the Current Legal Framework Provide Sufficient Clarity of Law with Regard to Civil and State Aircraft in Relation to Aviation Practicalities?
Authors: de Oliveira Ricardo
Published: March 2022

This article explores the concepts surrounding civil and state aircraft, and the distinction between them. Focus will be placed on the current legal framework and whether or not this international system has sufficiently unified the law and provided clarity on the law applicable to civil and state aircraft. It provides an overview of the law relating to civil and state aircraft, from a historical background, to the current system, and onto what the system should potentially be. A comparison will then be made between the different international instruments in place. Lastly, an analysis will be made on where the law is currently lacking with regard to civil and state aircraft moving into the future, and how this can be solved. This article will conclude in expressing three possible solutions to the drawbacks of the current legal framework regarding civil and State aircraft.
Cape Town Convention and Qualifying Declarations: Analysis of Ratification Approach and Transaction Practice in Recent Contracting States (20152016)
Authors: Christensen Thomas E. , Reuleaux Matthias , Jakobsen Morten l. Hans
Published: March 2022

Between the beginning of 2015 and mid–2017, six countries with either existing or expected importance for the aircraft finance and leasing industry acceded to the Cape Town Convention (Australia, Denmark, Spain, Sweden, the UK and Vietnam). The Cape Town Convention offers acceding Contracting States a variety of options how to ratify and implement the treaty. This article attempts to analyse the approach taken by each respective ‘newcomer’, inter alia by reference to the ‘Cape Town Convention quality standard matrix’ developed by the OECD.
The Digital Aviation Industry: A Balancing Act Between Cybersecurity and European Consumer Protection
Authors: Trimarchi Andrea , Scott Benjamyn I.
Published: March 2022

The connectivity of computers is essential in aviation as systems must simultaneously and constantly speak with one another. For example, computers enable passengers to book tickets, check-in online and clear airport security. Furthermore, air carriers rely on them in order to operate their aircraft, such as, through varying communications links with ground handlers, air traffic controllers, other air users and the relevant airports. As the use of computers and their connectivity increases in aviation, cybersecurity will continue to grow in importance, as it will be vital for providing safe and secure transportation. There is, however, a tendency to treat ‘cybersecurity’ as one homogenized topic, rather than as an overarching title that encompasses numerous acts, different attackers, varying victims and a plethora of consequences. If this complexity is not appreciated, there could then be the tendency to sensationalize the topic to a point where a cyber-attack is generally perceived as an extreme, unpredictable and unpreventable event. This article will analyse the consequences of a cyber-attack within the currently unexplored context of consumer protection. In particular, emphasis will be placed on the scrutiny of the European ad hoc regime in terms of air passengers’ protection, namely Regulation 261/2004. This article will specifically focus on whether a cyber-attack can amount to, and if so, to what extent, an ‘extraordinary circumstance’ in which the air carrier can invoke to exonerate itself from paying compensation as prescribed by the Regulation. Therefore, this article will attempt to highlight the recently established links between passenger rights and cybersecurity, expose the complex and relatively unexplored topic of aviation cybersecurity, and show some key considerations that must be appreciated when looking at the extraordinary circumstance defence following a cyber-attack.
Cold War Treaties in a New World: The Inevitable End of the Outer Space and Antarctic Treaty Systems
Authors: Reed Jacob A.
Published: March 2022

The Outer Space Treaty regime faces significant obstacles as Member States push against the rules governing military activities and economic exploration in space. These obstacles could lead to the ultimate collapse of the Outer Space Treaty system. While significant, these issues are not unique – the Antarctic Treaty System faces several of the same issues with the same potential result. This article presents a thematic comparison of the treaties and their respective rules, including their treatment of military activities, the appropriation of territory, transparency and mutual observation, and dispute settlement. The article culminates in an analysis of the obstacles facing both treaty systems and the geopolitical scenarios that could destroy one or both treaty regimes in the near future. These obstacles include military conflict and competing territorial claims, as well as growing private interest in the economic possibilities available in both outer space and Antarctica. By comparing the two treaty systems, analysts can better understand the fault lines of these treaties and how lessons learned from one treaty can be used to better analyse the other.
Lessor Liability for Damage Resulting from an Aviation Accident
Authors: Sharma Sidhant
Published: March 2022

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the lessor liability for damage resulting from an aviation accident. To provide a structured analysis, this article will address the issue of liability under two headings: liability to passengers with specific analysis of the applicable US legislation and case law and liability to third parties on the ground, using the applicable Norwegian legislation to support the analysis. Additionally, this article will give close attention to the legal mechanisms available to the lessors in avoiding or reducing their liability for damage resulting from an aviation accident
A Very Famous Payload: The Launch of a Car into Orbit around the Sun Offers an Opportunity to Reconsider the International Framework for the Prevention of Harmful Contamination of Outer Sp
Authors: Millwood Scott
Published: March 2022

On 6 February 2018, the US corporation SpaceX launched a highly publicized payload into orbit around the sun. Although the use of a car as a payload mass simulator might be dismissed as a publicity stunt, it represents an opportunity to examine whether the current legal framework governing what we put into space is adequate. The Outer Space Treaty provides all States with the freedom of scientific investigation, exploration and use of outer space, while balancing this with obligations to avoid its harmful contamination. In the burgeoning New Space era, will commercial space operators be held to the same standards as national space agencies? Is it legal to launch a car into orbit, contributing to the growing problem of space debris? How should we ensure private space operators comply with their obligations to prevent the harmful contamination of outer space? This article explores these questions in the context of theOuter Space Treaty, the Planetary Protection Policy maintained by the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) and the UN Space Debris Mitigation Guidelines, offering proposals to strengthen these guidelines, while highlighting the unique opportunity COSPAR has to redefine the role it plays in protecting the environment of outer space.
Air Transport in India: Some Legal, Regulatory and Economic Issues
Authors: Abeyratne Ruwantissa
Published: March 2022

Air transport in India is at the cusp of an unstoppable forward march towards reaching eminence in the aviation industry in the years to come. Although the turn towards liberalization of air transport came in 1990 with an open skies approach, the industry was beleaguered with restrictions on foreign investment, stringent regulation imposed on burgeoning carriers with regard to international operations, and a cumbersome bureaucracy. The inflexion point arrived in 2016 with the new National Civil Aviation Policy. This policy revolutionized the industry with the removal of foreign direct investment constraints hitherto imposed on the industry, as well as the regulation of airfares and ease of business concerning such commercial aspects as the provision of ground handling services and code sharing. Airports have been given a boost by the Policy with regard to the disposal of their non-aeronautical revenue with a ‘hybrid till’ approach. The policy has also enabled the welcome advent of low cost carriers and an overall environment conducive to fair and equal opportunity for carriers to compete. It has also infused a Keynesian flavour to governmental involvement with a regional connectivity scheme and a regional connectivity fund which stimulates the domestic industry. Additionally, a progressive open skies policy both regionally and internationally has opened out the air transport market. Foreign aircraft manufacturers have been given a welcome boost.

 

With all this, there are still considerations that need to be looked at with a sense of purpose and direction. With global megatrends such as the economic shift from the West to the East, demographic change, and rapid urbanization, all of which can be seen within India, competition among Asian air carriers will be ominous, requiring vigilance and forward thinking on the part of the Indian government. This article looks at the legal, regulatory and economic factors driving air transport in India with an analytical look at its strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats.
Reimbursement of Commissions Charged by Intermediaries After Flight Cancellation. A Legal Analysis of the Harms Case (C-601/17) and Its Impact on the Objectives of Regulation (EC) No 261/2004
Authors: Dejonckheere Joachim
Published: March 2022

In the Harms case (C-601/17) of 12 September 2018, the European Court of Justice ruled that in the event of cancellation of a flight, the price of the ticket that should be reimbursed in application of Article 8(1)(a) of Regulation (EC) No 261/2004 also includes the commissions collected by intermediaries, unless the commissions were set without the knowledge of the air carrier, which it is for the referring court to ascertain.
A Comprehensive Study of Air Transport Liberalization Through the Lens of Strategic Airline Alliances
Authors: Lykotrafiti Antigoni
Published: March 2022

The present study examines the issue of the liberalization of air transport through the lens of strategic airline alliances. Alliances are seen as a corollary to the suboptimal regulatory framework governing international civil aviation, stemming from ‘the nationality rule’. The ‘nationality rule’ provides that majority ownership and effective control of an airline must be vested in the country that designates it. This requirement has nurtured the establishment of national airlines and has prevented the industry from consolidating out of fear that traffic rights, negotiated bilaterally between States, will be lost. What is more, it has locked States into a ‘prisoner’s dilemma’, stalling liberalization. Airlines have reacted by forging alliances to emulate mergers and reap merger-like efficiencies. The present study examines the way that the airline industry has positioned itself strategically within the suboptimal regulatory framework in order to unleash the benefits of liberalization. It finds that the model of open skies, metal neutrality and antitrust immunity, pioneered by KLM and Northwest in 1992, has embedded a degree of de facto liberalization. Twenty-five years after its introduction, this model seems to have exhausted its liberalizing potential, threatening to lock States into yet another prisoner’s dilemma. The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) is presently preparing a broad programme to deal with a wide variety of aspects of air transport liberalization, including airline alliances. The present study aims to contribute to the ICAO’s research effort and, more broadly, to the long list of works on air transport liberalization.
Single till V. Dual till and the Paradox of Airport Competition
Authors: Varsamos Stamatis
Published: March 2022

Airports’ regulatory till has been an issue of debate between airlines and airports for some time now. In 1most of the cases the type of till is set by legislation or it is part of concession agreements under which many airports operate now in Europe. As claimed by airlines and airlines associations the use of the single till, under which non aeronautical revenues are taken also into account when considering the level of airport charges, it rightfully reflects the indispensable link between aeronautical and nonaeronautical services provided at an airport, while the use of either the dual till concept where only aeronautical revenues are taken into account for setting airport charges or of the hybrid till mechanism under which only part of the non-aeronautical revenues are considered, is an evidence of lack of competition among airports and of misuse of their market power. Airports on the other hand indicate that the full costs of aeronautical charges and therefore the principle of cost relatedness is ensured under the dual till concept and the choice of regulatory till cannot be related to the competitiveness of the airport market or with abusive conduct. Recent evaluation assessments however carried out by the European Commission does not seem to accept as sufficient evidence of misuse of market power of airports the use of dual till, while airports have long before been subjected to the competition rules.
How WTO Sanctions Are Hurting Aircraft Exports
Authors: Rojas García Daniela María
Published: March 2022

This article broadly analyses the circumstance of non-compliance with the rulings of the Dispute Settlement Body (the ‘DSB’) of the World Trade Organization (the ‘WTO’) and the remedies provided by WTO law. The issue of non-compliance opens the gateway to the imposition of remedies, largely affecting free trade and hindering the objectives of the system. This problem is strongly evidenced in bigger markets like the aircraft manufacture and export sectors. This article aims at establishing the justification for finding alternative answers to the imposition of trade barriers, advocating for the exclusion of the defaulted Member of the WTO (the ‘Member(s)’), until their compliance with the DSB’s rulings.

Aircraft manufacture, aircraft export, illegal export subsidy, WTO, free trade, countervailing duties, dispute settlement system, non-compliance.
COVID-19 and Its Impact on Space Activities: Force Majeure and Further Legal Implications
Authors: Smith Lesley Jane , C. Jung Lukas
Published: March 2022

The inability to fulfill a contract, if not fault-related, is not unknown in the law of contracts. Various rules are available to alleviate liability for default, such as impossibility, force majeure, as well as the law of frustration. COVID19 has sparked interest in these provisions again. The following analysis investigates how COVID19 impacts on various legal issues relating to the space sector, including force majeure. Just as COVID19 is marked by divergent responses of countries towards health-related restrictions on participation in public life, divergent patterns are detectable in the reliance on force majeure. Continuing space activities - although to differing degrees - has been a clear driver around the world where the resilience of space technology and space-based solutions has been looked to in managing the pandemic. Force majeure is therefore not necessarily an instrument on which the space community would seek to rely. This overview also identifies an area where industry and agencies could look to develop cross-compatibility in standards to foster greater interaction between space and health-related technology.

Contracts, Force Majeure, Frustration, Impossibility, Cross-Operability