bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elementos de profissionalidade em livros de desenho linear do século XIX
Authors: Oliveira Maria Cristina Araújo de
Published: June 2019

O artigo investiga elementos de profissionalidade identificados em quatro manuais escolares brasileiros de Desenho Linear para o ensino primário e normal do século XIX. Essa noção considera os conteúdos e a adequação deles aos alunos em cada série – nível de escolaridade, os métodos para aprendizagem, os materiais indicados, entre outros aspectos. Procurou-se identificar, além dos saberes a ensinar, os conteúdos objeto de trabalho dos professores e os saberes para ensinar, ou seja, aqueles que mais diretamente se alinham à profissão docente. O Desenho Linear a ensinar em todos eles referem-se ao estudo das figuras planas – linhas, polígonos e curvas –; e dos poliedros e corpos redondos, sem a preocupação com o cálculo de grandezas como perímetro, área e volume. As marcas específicas de cada uma das obras analisadas ficam mais evidentes no que diz respeito às questões metodológicas – Desenho Linear para ensinar.
On Sets $X \subseteq {\mathbb N}$ for Which an Explicitly Known Algorithm Returns an Integer $n$ Such That $\max(X)<n$ if $X$ is Finite
Authors: Tyszka Apoloniusz
Published: June 2019

Let {$\Gamma(k)$} denote {$(k-1)!$}, and let {$\Gamma_{n}(k)$} denote {$(k-1)!$}, where {$n \in \{3,\ldots,16\}$} and {$k \in \{2\} \cup [2^{\textstyle 2^{n-3}}+1,\infty) \cap \mathbb N$}. For an integer {$n \in \{3,\ldots,16\}$}, let $\Sigma_n$ denote the following statement: if a system of equations {${\mathcal S} \subseteq \{\Gamma_{n}(x_i)=x_k:~i,k \in \{1,\ldots,n\}\} \cup \{x_i \cdot x_j=x_k:~i,j,k \in \{1,\ldots,n\}\}$} with $\Gamma$ instead of $\Gamma_{n}$ has only finitely many solutions in positive integers {$x_1,\ldots,x_n$}, then every tuple {$(x_1,\ldots,x_n) \in (\mathbb N \setminus \{0\})^n$} that solves the original system ${\mathcal S}$ satisfies {$x_1,\ldots,x_n \leqslant 2^{\textstyle 2^{n-2}}$}. Our hypothesis claims that the statements {$\Sigma_{3},\ldots,\Sigma_{16}$} are true. The statement {$\Sigma_6$} proves the following implication: if the equation {$x(x+1)=y!$} has only finitely many solutions in positive integers $x$ and $y$, then each such solution {$(x,y)$} belongs to the set {$\{(1,2),(2,3)\}$}. The statement {$\Sigma_6$} proves the following implication: if the equation {$x!+1=y^2$} has only finitely many solutions in positive integers $x$ and $y$, then each such solution {$(x,y)$} belongs to the set {$\{(4,5),(5,11),(7,71)\}$}. The statement {$\Sigma_9$} implies the infinitude of primes of the form {$n^2+1$}. The statement {$\Sigma_9$} implies that any prime of the form {$n!+1$} with {$n \geqslant 2^{\textstyle 2^{9-3}}$} proves the infinitude of primes of the form {$n!+1$}. The statement {$\Sigma_{14}$} implies the infinitude of twin primes. The statement {$\Sigma_{16}$} implies the infinitude of Sophie Germain primes.
Social Change in Sikkim in its Historical Context
Authors: Rai Peter
Published: June 2019

Sikkim is a land of myths, who has lost the pre-historic written documents but has left with the remarkable mystery of the country. Sikkim was sparsely populated and rich in natural resources including a large number of flora and fauna. There are three major ethnic communities, Lepchas, Bhutias and Nepalis inhabiting in the country. In the early period, Sikkim had a gigantic physical structure from the Himalayas to the plains. Earlier, the Tibetan called the territory of Sikkim as “Denjong, Demojong, and Deoshong, which have the same meaning as “Valley of Rice”. There is another myth, that, the first Tibetan king had made a palace in Rabdenchi, at that period of time the Limbo community people called the palace as “SU- HIM” which meaning as “New Home”. Another myth tells that in early days the Lepcha head married a Limbo girl from Limbuwan, and when she went to her father’s house, she told the people of the village that she had came from ‘Su Him’ or ‘New Home’. Later on, the Nepalese called it as ‘Su Khim’ instead of ‘Su Him’ but the advent of British in India, who could not pronounce the word  ‘Su Khim’ and called it as ‘Sikkim’. That was the last change in the name of the nation for forever.
Biomechanics of Biodegradable Subacromial Balloon Spacer for Irreparable Superior Rotator Cuff Tears
Authors: Lobao Mario H. , Canham R. Bruce , Melvani Roshan T. , Abboud Joseph A. , Parks Brent G. , Murthi Anand M.
Published: June 2019

Background:

A subacromial balloon spacer is an option to treat irreparable rotator cuff tears. We hypothesized that the balloon would restore glenohumeral contact pressure, the acromion-humeral interval, and deltoid load to intact values after a simulated irreparable supraspinatus tear in a cadaveric model.

Methods:

Fourteen cadaveric shoulders (mean age at the time of death, 67.9 years) were tested using a custom test frame. In this frame, glenohumeral contact pressure, the acromion-humeral interval, and deltoid load were measured using a digital sensor, a MicroScribe, and a spring scale, respectively. Test conditions included the intact shoulder, a small supraspinatus tear, supraspinatus repair, repair plus balloon, an irreparable supraspinatus tear (rotator cable-insufficient), and an irreparable tear plus balloon. Load was applied in a simulated neutral arm position (balanced) and active shoulder abduction (unbalanced).

Results:

When the balloon was inflated over the irreparable supraspinatus tear in the balanced condition, glenohumeral contact pressure increased by 122% (p = 0.006) compared with that for the irreparable tear at 0° of abduction and by 94% (p = 0.046) at 60°. In the unbalanced condition, pressure decreased in the irreparable tear condition after the balloon was inflated, restoring pressure to close to that in the intact state. The balloon did not restore glenohumeral contact area to that in the intact shoulder in either the balanced or the unbalanced condition. The irreparable tear displaced the humeral head superiorly in the unbalanced condition, decreasing the acromion-humeral interval. The balloon moved the head inferiorly by a mean (and standard error of the mean) of 6.2 ± 1.3 mm (p < 0.001) at 0° of abduction, 4.4 ± 1.3 mm (p < 0.001) at 30°, and 3.0 ± 0.8 mm (p < 0.001) at 60°. The balloon increased the deltoid load after an irreparable tear by 8.2% (p = 0.022) at 0°, 12.6% (p = 0.002) at 30°, and 11.1% (p = 0.008) at 60°.

Conclusions:

In a cadaveric model of an irreparable supraspinatus tear, a balloon spacer restored intact-state glenohumeral contact pressures at most abduction angles, lowered the humeral head, and increased deltoid load at postoperative time 0.

Clinical Relevance:

This study supports further investigation of the balloon spacer in comparative clinical studies of surgical options for irreparable rotator cuff tears, with clinically relevant evaluation measures and observation periods.
Fragility Fractures of the Pelvis Classification
Authors: Pieroh Philipp , Höch Andreas , Hohmann Tim , Gras Florian , Märdian Sven , Pflug Alexander , Wittenberg Silvan , Ihle Christoph , Blankenburg Notker , Dallacker-Losensky Kevin , Schröder Tanja , Herath Steven C. , Wagner Daniel , Palm Hans-Georg , Josten Christoph , Stuby Fabian M.
Published: June 2019

Background:

The fragility fractures of the pelvis (FFP) classification was established to address the specific fracture morphology and dynamic instability in the elderly. Although this system is frequently used, data on the intra-rater and inter-rater reliabilities are lacking.

Methods:

Six experienced and 6 inexperienced surgeons and 1 surgeon trained by the originator of the FFP classification (“gold standard”) each used the FFP classification 3 times to grade the computed tomography (CT) scans of 60 patients from 6 hospitals. We assessed intra-rater and inter-rater reliabilities using Fleiss kappa statistics and the percentage of agreement using the “gold standard,” the submitting hospital, and the majority vote as references.

Results:

The intra-rater reliability for the FFP classification was mainly moderate, with a mean Fleiss kappa coefficient (and 95% confidence interval) of 0.46 (0.40 to 0.50) for the complete classification (i.e., both the main-group FFP ratings [I through III] and the subgroup ratings [a, b, and c]) and 0.60 (0.53 to 0.65) for the main group only. The inter-rater reliability was substantial for the main group classification (0.61 [0.54 to 0.66]) and moderate for the complete classification (0.53 [0.48 to 0.58]). The percentage of agreement was 68% to 80%. The lowest agreement was found for FFP II and III.

Conclusions:

The FFP classification displayed moderate and substantial intra-rater and inter-rater reliabilities.

Clinical Relevance:

With moderate to substantial intra-rater and inter-rater reliabilities, the FFP classification forms a solid basis for future clinical investigations. The differentiation of FFP II from FFP III should be evaluated thoroughly, as the initial treatment changes from nonoperative for II to operative for III.
Saline Solution Lavage and Reaspiration for Culture with a Blood Culture System Is a Feasible Method for Diagnosing Periprosthetic Joint Infection in Patients with Insufficient Synovial Fluid
Authors: Li Rui , Lu Qiang , Chai Wei , Hao Li-Bo , Lu Shi-Bi , Chen Ji-Ying
Published: June 2019

Background:

Culture is a key step for detecting periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) before surgery. However, using saline solution lavage and reaspiration in patients with insufficient synovial fluid remains controversial. The objective of this study was to evaluate this technique.

Methods:

This study included 286 aspirations performed by 1 surgeon in patients after total joint arthroplasty during the period of April 2015 to August 2018. If >1.0 mL of synovial fluid was obtained, then we directly used the fluid for culture. For cases in which ≤1.0 mL of synovial fluid was aspirated, 10 mL of saline solution was injected and the joint was reaspirated for culture. The samples were injected into 2 blood culture bottles for anaerobic bacterial culture and aerobic bacterial and fungal culture, and were inoculated for 14 days in a BACT/ALERT 3D blood culture system unless microorganisms were detected. A PJI diagnosis was determined on the basis of the modified Musculoskeletal Infection Society criteria.

Results:

Saline solution lavage and reaspiration were used in 82 cases (47 PJI cases and 35 non-PJI cases), while direct aspiration was used in 204 cases (99 PJI cases and 105 non-PJI cases). The overall rate for the use of saline solution lavage was 28.7% (82 of 286). Among knee cases, the saline solution lavage rate was 15.0% (21 of 140), and among hip cases, the rate was 41.8% (61 of 146). The overall sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of culture were 0.795 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.720 to 0.857), 0.957 (95% CI, 0.909 to 0.984), 0.951 (95% CI, 0.896 to 0.982), and 0.817 (95% CI, 0.749 to 0.873); and for “dry tap” cases, they were 0.851 (95% CI, 0.717 to 0.938), 0.857 (95% CI, 0.697 to 0.952), 0.889 (95% CI, 0.760 to 0.963), and 0.811 (95% CI, 0.648 to 0.920), respectively.

Conclusions:

Saline solution lavage and reaspiration for culture in patients with insufficient synovial fluid before surgery may be a sound practice.

Level of Evidence:

Diagnostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Modified V-Y Turndown Flap Augmentation for Quadriceps Tendon Rupture Following Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Shi Shao-Min , Shi Glenn G. , Laurent Emily M. , Ninomiya James T.
Published: June 2019

Background:

Quadriceps tendon rupture following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is an infrequent but potentially devastating adverse event. Although uncommon, the long-term sequelae of this injury can result in permanent inability to walk. Despite the severity of this injury, there is no single accepted treatment, with various surgical methods producing mixed results. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of a modified V-Y turndown flap as a viable alternative method of treatment for this injury.

Methods:

Twenty-four quadriceps tendon ruptures in 23 patients (10 men and 13 women) who underwent TKA (8 primary and 15 revision), including 1 tendon rerupture, were treated with use of a modified V-Y turndown. The average patient age at the time of the V-Y flap repair was 61 years (range, 41 to 86 years). Knee Society scores, range of motion, strength, medical comorbidities, nature of the procedure (i.e., primary versus revision), and the ability to walk were all recorded before and after the quadriceps reconstruction, along with general satisfaction and adverse events following the procedure.

Results:

Twelve patients (52%) had predisposing comorbidities, including obesity, diabetes, chronic dialysis, and steroid dependence. Prior to repair with the V-Y flap, none of the patients were able to walk independently, requiring either a wheelchair or walker. No patient had quadriceps strength greater than 3 (of 5), although all had full passive extension. Following the repair procedure, patients had significant (p < 0.0001) improvements in mean Knee Society knee score (88.7; range, 45 to 95) and mean strength (4.8; range, 3 to 5), and all were able to walk without assistive devices. Twenty knees exhibited active range of motion of 0° to 120°, whereas 4 had residual extensor lag of ≥5° (range, 5° to 35°). Major adverse events were limited to a single hematoma and an unacceptable extensor lag (35°) after repair.

Conclusions:

The modified V-Y quadriceps tendon turndown flap was a reliable alternative treatment for achieving restoration of the extensor mechanism after complete quadriceps tendon rupture following TKA.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Comparison of Anderson-Green Growth-Remaining Graphs and White-Menelaus Predictions of Growth Remaining in the Distal Femoral and Proximal Tibial Physes
Authors: Birch John G. , Makarov Marina A. , Jackson Taylor J. , Jo Chan-Hee
Published: June 2019

Background:

Epiphysiodesis of the distal femoral and/or proximal tibial physes is commonly performed in children and adolescents to treat lower-limb length discrepancy. It is important to determine the amount of growth remaining in the physes of these patients. Two main methods are used to make this determination: the White-Menelaus arithmetic method, which assumes a consistent amount of growth per year until skeletal maturity, and the Anderson-Green growth-remaining charts, which diagram average growth per year ± 2 standard deviations. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate these apparently disparate predictions of growth remaining in a cohort of patients managed with epiphysiodesis.

Methods:

From a database of patients managed with epiphysiodesis for lower-limb length discrepancy, we identified all healthy, unoperated leg segments with follow-up to skeletal maturity. We compared the amount of observed growth with the growth predicted by the White-Menelaus method and the Anderson-Green growth-remaining graphs, for both skeletal and chronological ages.

Results:

A total of 441 healthy segments (201 femora and 240 tibiae) in 221 patients (105 boys and 116 girls) with an age range of 9.0 to 16.5 years at the time of epiphysiodesis were analyzed. We observed no relationship between the length percentile of the leg segments at the time of epiphysiodesis and the amount of growth that actually occurred. Growth in the distal femoral and proximal tibial physes was relatively constant (9 and 6 mm per year of skeletal growth, respectively). Skeletal age was a better predictor of growth remaining than chronological age for both methods of estimation. Although the distribution of growth remaining in the present study resembled the Anderson-Green growth-remaining charts, that distribution was not associated with the initial length of leg segments.

Conclusions:

The White-Menelaus method predicted the amount of growth remaining more accurately than the Anderson-Green growth-remaining charts. The distribution of growth remaining observed in the present study resembled that of the Anderson-Green growth-remaining graphs but was not predicted by the initial bone segment length.

Clinical Relevance:

The present study found no positive association between the length percentile of leg segments and the amount of growth that occurred in an epiphysiodesis-age group. This finding can explain the comparative accuracy of the White-Menelaus method and the possible source of prediction errors in the straight-line graph and multiplier methods.
Total Elbow Arthroplasty
Authors: Egidy Claus C. , Cross Michael B. , Nam Denis , Figgie Mark P. , Jost Bernhard
Published: June 2019

» Since the 1940s, innovations in total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) implant design have been made based on reported outcomes. However, complications still exist and current designs remain imperfect.

» Currently, linked (semiconstrained) implants can be used for any indication for TEA; however, aseptic loosening at the bone-cement interface remains a concern.

» Unlinked (unconstrained) prostheses have been used primarily in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in situations where the soft-tissue envelope is intact; however, dislocation and/or instability can occur.

» Convertible prostheses may provide a solution when the stability of the elbow can be determined intraoperatively, and a semiconstrained implant can be used if the soft-tissue envelope is not intact. Recent long-term results are promising.

» There are 3 questions that we sought to answer in this review: (1) How did the failures of early implants change the evolution of TEA designs? (2) How did the evolution of implant design change the indications for TEA? (3) How do the results after TEA differ depending on the indications?
Energy Conversion Options for Energy-efficient Controlled Environment Agriculture
Authors: Scott Norman R. , Rutzke Corinne Johnson , Albright Louis D.
Published: June 2019

One of the deterrents to the commercial adoption of controlled-environment agriculture (CEA) on a broad scale is the significant energy cost for lighting and thermal environmental control. Advances in energy conversion technologies, such as internal combustion engines (ICs), microturbines and fuel cells, offer the potential for combined heat and power (CHP) systems, which can be matched with the needs of CEA to reduce fossil-based fuels consumption. A principal concept delineated is that an integrated entrepreneurial approach to create business and community partnerships can enhance the value of energy produced (both electrical and heat). Energy production data from a commercial dairy farm is contrasted with energy use data from two greenhouse operations with varying energy-input requirements. Biogass produced from a 500-cow dairy combined with a 250-kW fuel cell could meet nearly all of the energy needs of both the dairy and an energy-intensive 740-m2 CEA greenhouse lettuce facility. The data suggest CEA greenhouses and other closely compatible enterprises can be developed to significantly alter agriculture, as we have known it.
The Sun Grant Initiative—A New Day for Agriculture
Authors: Kephart Kevin D. , Rutzke Corinne J. , Scott Norman R. , Walker Larry P.
Published: June 2019

The Sun Grant Initiative is a new Act of Congress (Sec. 9011 of Title IX of the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act) that reflects a new vision for the future in agriculture. The Sun Grant Initiative is driven by a national consortium of land grant universities, in coordination with the U.S. Department of Agriculture and the U.S. Department of Energy. The mission of the Sun Grant Initiative is to 1) enhance national energy security through development, distribution, and implementation of biobased energy technologies; 2) promote diversification and environmental sustainability of America's agriculture through land-grant based research, extension, and education programs in renewable energy and biobased products; and 3) promote opportunities for biobased economic diversification in rural communities. Bioenergy produced on American farms represents an opportunity to both reduce dependence on imported oil and provide a significant source of income to American farmers.
An Overview of the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System's Exploration Program
Authors: Williams Karen A.
Published: June 2019

The Plant Exploration Program was established by USDA in 1898, several decades before the emergence of the US National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS), and continues to support international and domestic plant explorations for germplasm acquisition. These explorations are designed to fill collection gaps identified by the crop curators of the NPGS and the 40 Crop Germplasm Committees that counsel the NPGS. About 15 explorations are conducted annually under the auspices of this program. Although plant explorations to remote areas are often still the only means of acquiring unique new germplasm, the focus and methods applied by modern plant explorers have changed significantly in recent years in response to evolving germplasm needs and the new opportunities presented by recent technological advances. Modern explorations are characterized by the targeting of specific taxa and traits. New exploration techniques and tools, including geographic information systems and improved methods of data collection, are being applied to locate, document, and assess plant genetic diversity. During the past decade, legal obstacles faced by the Program have increased due to restrictive laws implemented in germplasm donor countries that exercise their national sovereignty over genetic resources, replacing the free and open access to genetic resources that prevailed before the ratification of the Convention on Biological Diversity in 1993. The NPGS has responded to these regulatory challenges with a flexible approach that includes nonmonetary benefit sharing and increased partnerships with host countries.
Rosemary Cultivar Ontogeny Affects Success as Potted Christmas Tree Shaped Topiary
Authors: Warnock Daniel F. , Voigt Charles E.
Published: June 2019

Greenhouse production of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) as small potted Christmas tree topiaries for holiday sales has become necessary for many companies marketing to large retail outlets. Topiaries must be sheared multiple times to obtain an acceptable Christmas tree shape. Cultivars vary in physical attributes, suggesting that they may respond differentially to mechanical shearing during production. This study assessed sixteen rosemary cultivars for their potential as potted Christmas tree shaped topiaries. Beginning July 2001, rosemary plants derived from vegetative propagation of shoot tips were provided high fertility and maximum light in a greenhouse. From August to October, plants were pruned monthly for a total of three shearing events. The crop was considered mature on the targeted market date of 5 Dec. Final plant quality was visually assessed using a 1 to 5 scale that accounted for taper, plant-to-pot ratio, canopy density, foliage quality, and overall appeal, with one point being removed for each factor not meeting industry expectations. The cultivars varied in their performance as Christmas tree shaped topiaries with most being unacceptable due to minimal basal branching or excessive leaf burn that negatively impacted shape, taper, and aesthetics. Six of the cultivars, `Taylor's Blue', `Herb Cottage', `Joyce DeBaggio' (Golden Rain), `Shady Acres', `Rexford' (Rex), and an unnamed clone, were suitable for commercial use having visual ratings ranging from 3.8 to 4.5. These cultivars had equally healthy foliage with little damage. `Taylor's Blue', `Shady Acres', `Joyce DeBaggio' (Golden Rain), the unnamed clone, and `Herb Cottage' had foliar damage ratings ranging from 3.3 to 3.8 and were not significantly different from the most healthy cultivars, `Logee White' (Thinleaf White), `Salem', and `Hill Hardy', all of which had mean ratings of 4.0. These cultivars should be examined for additional attributes that may enhance their performance as Christmas tree shaped topiaries.
Occurrence and Location of Endophytic Bacteria in Garden and Wild Strawberry
Authors: Kukkurainen S. , Leino A. , Vähämiko S. , Kärkkäinen H.R. , Ahanen K. , Sorvari S. , Rugienius R. , Toldi O.
Published: June 2019

The occurrence of bacteria in different tissues was studied using field-grown strawberries, in vitro-grown strawberries, wild strawberries, and aseptically germinated strawberry seedlings. Strawberry has a number of endophytic bacteria in its the internal tissue, most of which appear to be nonpathogenic. In the in vitro-grown strawberries, all identified isolates were in the genus Pantoea. In field-grown garden and wild strawberries the most common genera were Pantoea and Pseudomonas. Location of eubacterial inhabitants within strawberry tissue sections was studied by in situ hybridization. Bacteria were detected in flower stalks, leaf stalks, leaves, stolons, berries and aseptically germinated seedlings. The existence of bacteria in seeds and seedlings suggests that bacteria are able to move up to the generative tissue and, ultimately, to the next generation, forming a symbiosis-like chain of plant-bacteria coexistence.
Enhancement of Growth and Development of Tomato Seedlings by Extending the Light Period Each Day
Authors: Toida Hiromi , Ohyama Katsumi , Omura Yoshitaka , Kozai Toyoki
Published: June 2019

The light and dark periods can be easily controlled by the use of artificial lighting. To understand the effects of alternation of light and dark periods on plant growth and development, we studied the growth and development of tomato (`Momotaro') seedlings under nonperiodic alternation of light and dark periods. Tomato seedlings grown under two nonperiodic alternation treatments of NF (NF-1 and NF-2) were compared with seedlings grown under a periodic alternation treatment (P treatment) with 12-hour light and dark periods. In all treatments, photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) during the light period was maintained at 280 μmol·m-2·s-1; the sum of each light period and the following dark period was 24 hours; and each of the integrated light and dark periods was 132 hours during 11 days of the experiment. In NF-1, the initial light and dark periods were 7 and 17 hours, respectively, and the light period was extended 1 hour per day, while in NF-2, they were initially 17 and 7 hours, respectively, and the light period was shortened 1 hour per day. At the end of the experiment, dry weight per seedling was greater and flower-bud initiation of the first flower truss was earlier in NF-1 than in NF-2 and P, even though the integrated PPF during the experiment was the same in all treatments. These results demonstrate that growth and development of tomato seedlings can be enhanced without any increase in electric energy consumption for lighting by gradually extending the light period or shortening the dark period.
Influence of Nitrogen Form on the Quality of Dieffenbachia amoena `Tropic Snow'
Authors: Jiménez S. , Lao M.T.
Published: June 2019

The plant quality in function of the ratio nitrate:ammonium has been studied. The experiment was carried out in a recicling system in a Buried Solar Greenhouse. Dieffenbachia amoena `Tropic Snow' was cultivated in expanded clay substrate. The parameters considered to evaluate the quality have been plant height, leaf area index (LAI), leaf area ratio (LAR), leaf weight ratio (LWR), biomass, shoot to root ratio, number of buds, number of leaves, leaf length and width, leaf color, variegation, and ornamental visual quality evaluated by a group of experts and consumers. The rehearsed NO3-:NH4+ ratios has been 100:0, 50:50, and 0:100. The amoniacal form improves the following productive parameters: plant height, LAI, biomass, number of leaves, number of buds and color of the leaf, as well as the visual quality as much for experts as for consumers.
Establishment and Persistence of Sedum spp. and Native Taxa for Green Roof Applications
Authors: Monterusso Michael A. , Rowe D. Bradley , Rugh Clayton L.
Published: June 2019

Although the economic, environmental, and aesthetic benefits of green roofs have been recognized for decades, research quantifying these benefits has been limited—particularly in the U.S. Green roof usage and research is most prevalent in Germany, but can also be seen in several other European countries and Canada. If green roof installations are to be successful in Michigan and the rest of the U.S., then a better understanding of what specific taxa will survive and thrive under harsh rooftop conditions in this geographic area is required. Nine simulated rooftop platforms containing three commercially available drainage systems were installed at Michigan State University. Eighteen Michigan native plants planted as plugs and nine Sedum spp. planted as either seed or plugs were evaluated over three years for growth, survival during both establishment and overwintering, and visual appearance. All Sedum spp. tested were found to be suitable for use on Midwestern green roofs. Of the eighteen native plant taxa tested, Allium cernuum L., Coreopsis lanceolata L., Opuntia humifosa Raf., and Tradescantia ohiensis L. are suitable for use on unirrigated extensive green roofs in Michigan. If irrigation is available, then other native species are potential selections.
Resistance to Fire Blight among Flowering Pears and Quince
Authors: Bell Andrew C. , Ranney Thomas G. , Eaker Thomas A. , Sutton Turner B.
Published: June 2019

Fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al., is one of the most destructive diseases of plants in the Rosaceae subfamily Maloideae. Artificial inoculations, using E. amylovora strain E2002a, were conducted to determine levels of resistance to fire blight among taxa of flowering pears (Pyrus L. spp.) and quince (Chaenomeles Lindl. spp.). The level of resistance was measured as the length of the fire blight lesion as a percentage of overall shoot length. Considerable variation in resistance was observed among both pears and quince. Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. `Prairie Gem' was highly resistant with a lesion length of 1% of the total shoot length. Pyrus calleryana Decne. `Bradford' was intermediate with a 50% lesion length while P. calleryana `Chanticleer' was significantly more resistant with a lesion length of 31%. Nine pear taxa were highly susceptible and did not differ significantly from 100% disease severity (total shoot death). Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nak. `Contorta' was highly resistant with a lesion length of 15%. Six quince taxa, including C. × superba (Frahm) Rehd. `Cameo', `Texas Scarlet', and `Jet Trail' were highly susceptible while nine other taxa showed intermediate resistance.
In vitro Propagation of Laelia albida (Orchidaceae) for Conservation and Ornamental Purposes in Mexico
Authors: Santos-Hernández Leticia , Martínez-García Martha , Campos Jorge E. , Aguirre-León Ernesto
Published: June 2019

The orchid Laelia albida is an important cultural and religious plant resource of the Tehuacan-Cuicatlan Valley Biosphere Reserve in south-central Mexico. It is gradually becoming scarce due to overcollecting and habitat perturbation. For this reason, and for preservation purposes, the aim of the present work was to obtain the conditions to successfully propagate this species, through the use of mature seeds stored at 4 °C, and basal buds following in vitro techniques. Seeds with different storage periods (lot 1 and lot 2) were analyzed for seed viability as determined by the TTC method, germination percentage and germination index were analyzed on a monthly basis for 11 months on two Knudson C (K-4003, K-4128; Sigma). Seedlings were initially grown on the same culture media variants, but 30 days later they needed to be supplemented with potato starch (20 g·L-1). Basal buds were cultured on Knudson C containing nine BAP and NAA combinations two of which were also supplemented with potato starch (20 g·L-1) and coconut water (10%). Seed viability ranged from 78% to 98% throughout the 11 months and germination percentage was 70% to 90% without significant differences between the two lots. K-4003, either alone or supplemented with potato starch, was the best culture medium used to achieve all the development stages as well as seedlings with rhizoids. Bud proliferation was also successful on K-4003 added with BAP, NAA, potato starch and coconut water. The BAP (7.4 μm) and NAA (5.3 μm) combination promoted shoots and protocorm-like bodies (PLB). The results obtained with basal buds, make its preservation through in vitro culture possible and give the possibility to obtain available plantlets for its cultivation in regional nurseries. Storage conditions tested here may be useful for seed bank management for this species. Chemical names used: 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Response of Six Dwarf-type Bermudagrasses to Trinexapac-ethyl
Authors: McCullough Patrick E. , Liu Haibo , McCarty Lambert B.
Published: June 2019

Trinexapac-ethyl (TE) is an effective plant growth retardant for hybrid bermudagrass; however, growth responses of various dwarf-type bermudagrass cultivars to TE have not been reported. Two 60-day greenhouse experiments were conducted at the Clemson Greenhouse Research Complex, Clemson, S.C., to evaluate the response of `Champion', `FloraDwarf', `MiniVerde', `MS Supreme', `Tifdwarf', and `TifEagle' bermudagrass with and without TE at 0.0125 kg·ha-1 a.i. per 10 days. From 20 to 60 days after initial treatments, TE enhanced visual quality 9% to 13% for all cultivars. From four samples, TE reduced clippings 63%, 63%, 69%, 62%, 64%, and 46% for `Champion', `FloraDwarf', `MiniVerde', `Tifdwarf', and `TifEagle', respectively. Trinexapac-ethyl enhanced root mass 23% and 27% for `MiniVerde' and `FloraDwarf' bermudagrass, respectively. `Champion', `MS Supreme', `Tifdwarf', and `TifEagle' bermudagrass treated with TE had similar root mass to the untreated respective cultivars. Among untreated cultivars, `FloraDwarf', `MiniVerde', `MS Supreme', and `Tifdwarf' had similar root masses; however compared to these cultivars, `Champion' and `TifEagle' had 33% and 81% less root mass, respectively. Root length was unaffected by TE; however, `Champion' and `TifEagle' averaged 20% and 36% less root length compared to `Tifdwarf' bermudagrass, respectively, while `FloraDwarf', `MiniVerde', and `MS Supreme' had similar root length to `Tifdwarf'. Trinexapac-ethyl safely enhanced turf quality and reduced clipping yield at 0.0125 kg·ha-1 per 10 days without inhibiting root growth of six dwarf-type bermudagrasses. Chemical name used: [4-(cyclopropyl-[α]-hydroxymethylene)-3,5-dioxo-cyclohexane carboxylic acid ethyl ester] (trinexapac-ethyl).
Fusarium Wilt Race 1 on Lettuce
Authors: McCreight James D. , Matheron Michael E. , Tickes Barry R. , Platts Belinda
Published: June 2019

Three races of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lactucae, cause of fusarium wilt of lettuce, are known in Japan, where the pathogen was first observed in 1955. Fusarium wilt first affected commercial U.S. lettuce production in 1990 in Huron, Calif., but did not become a serious problem in the U.S. until 2001 when it reappeared in Huron and appeared in the Yuma, Arizona lettuce production area. Reactions of three fusarium wilt differentials (`Patriot', susceptible to races 1, 2 and 3; `Costa Rica No. 4', resistant to race 1, and susceptible to races 2 and 3; and `Banchu Red Fire', susceptible to races 1 and 3, and resistant to race 2) in a naturally-infected commercial field test and artificially-inoculated greenhouse tests, indicated presence of race 1 in the Yuma lettuce production area. Reactions of these differentials to an isolate from Huron confirmed the presence of race 1 in that area. Consistent with previous results from the U.S. and Japan, `Salinas' and `Salinas 88' were resistant to the Yuma and Huron isolates of race 1, whereas `Vanguard' was highly susceptible. Limited F1 and F2 data indicate that resistance to race 1 in `Costa Rica No. 4' and `Salinas' is recessive. `Calmar' is the likely source of resistance in `Salinas' and `Salinas 88'.
Rootstock and Training System Affect Sweet Cherry Growth, Yield, and Fruit Quality
Authors: Whiting Matthew D. , Lang Gregory , Ophardt David
Published: June 2019

Traditional sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) training systems in the United States are based upon vigorous rootstocks and multiple leader vase canopy architectures. The sweet cherry research lab at Washington State University has been investigating the potential of new rootstocks and training systems to improve production efficiency and produce high quality fruit. This paper describes the effects of three rootstocks—Mazzard (P. avium), `Gisela 6', and `Gisela 5' (P. cerasus × P. canescens)—and four training systems—central leader, multiple-leader bush, palmette, and y-trellis—on `Bing' sweet cherry tree vigor, fruit yield and quality over a seven year period. Compared to trees on Mazzard, trees on `Gisela 5' and `Gisela 6' had 45% and 20% lower trunk cross-sectional areas after 7 seasons, respectively. Trees on `Gisela 6' were the most productive, yielding between 13% and 31% more than those on `Gisela 5' and 657% to 212% more than trees on Mazzard, depending on year. Both Gisela rootstocks significantly improved precocity compared to Mazzard, bearing fruit in year 3 in the orchard. Canopy architecture had only moderate effects on tree vigor and fruit yield. Across rootstocks, bush-trained trees were about 25% less productive compared to the other systems, which exhibited similar cumulative yields (102 kg/tree). Fruit weight was negatively and closely (r2 = 0.84) related to tree yield efficiency (kg·cm–2). Crop value was related positively to fruit yield.
Tolerance of Three Sweet Corn Hybrids to a Postemergence Tankmix of Nicosulfuron plus Bromoxynil
Authors: Corbett Cheryl-Ann L. , Soltani Nader , Hamill Allan S. , Sikkema Peter H. , Bowley Stephen , Robinson Darren E.
Published: June 2019

Trials were conducted over 2 years at three locations in Ontario to determine the tolerance of three sweet corn hybrids to postemergence application of nicosulfuron (25 and 50 g·ha–1), bromoxynil (280 and 560 g·ha–1), and nicosulfuron plus bromoxynil (25 + 280 g·ha–1 and 50 + 560 g·ha–1). All hybrids showed injury 7 days after treatment (DAT). The crop largely recovered from the injury in most treatments, as indicated by the ratings completed 14 and 28 DAT. However injury from the tankmix of nicosulfuron plus bromoxynil at both rates still appeared to be synergistic at 7, 14, and 28 DAT. Visual injury, height reductions and yield loss in the nicosulfuron plus bromoxynil (50 + 560 g·ha–1) treatment were more severe than in the other herbicide treatments. Yield of BSS5362 was significantly decreased in the nicosulfuron (50 g·ha–1) and nicosulfuron plus bromoxynil (50 + 560 g·ha–1) but was not affected by any other herbicide-hybrid combination. Caution must be exercised when using this tankmix combination, as there is potential to cause significant visual injury, height reductions and yield loss.
Reducing Fennel Stand Density Increases Pollen Production, Improving Potential for Pollination and Subsequent Oil Yield
Authors: Falzari Linda M. , Menary Robert C. , Dragar Valerie A.
Published: June 2019

Fruit set is a key component of essential oil yield from fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) under Tasmanian conditions. Fruit set in commercial crops is often low, possibly due to incomplete pollination. Fennel flowers are strongly protandrous and a series of flowers must be produced to ensure pollination. The hypothesis tested was that decreasing stand density increases the number of lateral branches, thereby increasing the number of higher order umbels and thus increasing the overlap between the periods of pollen production and stigma receptivity. A field trial was used to examine the number of umbels of each order produced under stand densities of 4, 12, 25, 50 and 100 plants/m2. Stand density influenced the ratio of pollen producing to pollen receptive umbels and stand densities of 50 and 100 plants/m2 showed a distinct imbalance between pollen production and stigma receptivity. The data collected supported the hypothesis and it is probable that, in commercial crops, fruit set is being reduced by a lack of synchrony between pollen production and stigma receptivity. The highest stand density tested reduced total oil production. We therefore recommend the inclusion of low stand-density strips within standard-density commercial crops.
Mulch Type, Mulch Depth, and Rhizome Planting Depth for Field-grown American Mayapple
Authors: Cushman Kent E. , Maqbool Muhammad , Gerard Patrick D.
Published: June 2019

American mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum L.) is a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial found in wooded areas of eastern North America and is a source of the pharmaceutical compound podophyllotoxin. To explore the possible domestication of this species, this research examined strategies for establishing mayapple in field plantings using organic mulches. Mayapple rhizome segments were harvested from the wild and transplanted to raised beds in northern Mississippi in Fall 2001. Two types of mulch (pine bark or wheat straw), two depths of mulch (7.5 or 15 cm), and two planting depths (0 or 5 cm) of rhizome segments were examined in a factorial arrangement and randomized complete block design. Data were recorded during spring of 2002 and 2003. Shoot number was not affected by mulch depth, but there was a significant interaction between mulch type and rhizome planting depth. Rhizome segments planted 0 cm deep and covered with straw mulch produced about 30% fewer shoots compared to any of the other treatment combinations. Number of emerging shoots was also affected by year, with a 33% increase in shoots from 2002 to 2003. Total leaf area and total leaf dry weight were not affected by mulch depth, but there was a significant three-way interaction between mulch type, rhizome planting depth, and year. During 2002, treatment combinations were not different, but during 2003 rhizome segments planted 0 cm deep and covered with straw mulch produced less leaf area and leaf dry weight than any of the other treatment combinations. The ratio of sexual shoots to total shoots was affected by year, with a higher ratio of sexual shoots occurring in 2002 than 2003. Grasses established in bark mulch to a greater extent than in straw mulch in 2002, but weed control was excellent for all treatments in 2003. These results indicate that rhizome segments planted 0 cm deep and covered with straw mulch consistently produced fewer shoots with less leaf area and dry mass compared to any other treatment combination. We preferred bark mulch, but we can recommend either bark or straw mulch for the purpose of establishing field plantings of american mayapple in full sun as long as rhizome planting depth is 5 cm. There was no difference between the two mulching depths used in this study; therefore, a mulch depth of 7.5 cm can be recommended because of its lower cost.
The Effect of Daily Light Integral on Bedding Plant Growth and Flowering
Authors: Faust James E. , Holcombe Veronda , Rajapakse Nihal C. , Layne Desmond R.
Published: June 2019

Daily light integral (DLI) describes the rate at which photosynthetically active radiation is delivered over a 24-hour period and is a useful measurement for describing the greenhouse light environment. A study was conducted to quantify the growth and flowering responses of bedding plants to DLI. Eight bedding plant species [ageratum (Ageratum houstonianum L.), begonia (Begonia ×semperflorens-cultorum L.), impatiens (Impatiens wallerana L.), marigold (Tagetes erecta L.), petunia (Petunia ×hybrida Juss.), salvia (Salvia coccinea L.), vinca (Catharanthus roseus L.), and zinnia (Zinnia elegans L.)] were grown outdoors in direct solar radiation or under one of three shade cloths (50, 70 or 90% photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) reduction) that provided DLI treatments ranging from 5 to 43 mol·m–2·d–1. The total plant dry mass increased for all species, except begonia and impatiens, as DLI increased from 5 to 43 mol·m–2·d–1. Total plant dry mass of begonia and impatiens increased as DLI increased from 5 to 19 mol·m–2·d–1. Impatiens, begonia, salvia, ageratum, petunia, vinca, zinnia, and marigold achieved 50% of their maximum flower dry mass at 7, 8, 12, 14, 19, 20, 22, and 23 mol·m–2·d–1, respectively. The highest flower number for petunia, salvia, vinca, and zinnia occurred at 43 mol·m–2·d–1. Time to flower decreased for all species, except begonia and impatiens, as DLI increased to 19 or 43 mol·m–2·d–1. There was no consistent plant height response to DLI across species, although the shoot and flower dry mass per unit height increased for all species as DLI increased from 5 to 43 mol·m–2·d–1. Guidelines for managing DLI for bedding plant production in greenhouses are discussed.
Drying Rates following Priming Affect Temperature Sensitivity of Germination and Longevity of Lettuce Seeds
Authors: Schwember Andrés R. , Bradford Kent J.
Published: June 2019

Seed priming (controlled hydration followed by drying) is used to alleviate high temperature inhibition of germination and improve seedling emergence of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and other species. However, seed priming can also reduce the longevity of seeds during dry storage. Alternative drying methods [i.e., slow drying or moisture content reduction (MCR) before drying] can extend seed longevity compared to conventional rapid drying procedures after priming. Three postpriming drying treatments were tested on `Conquistador' and `Genecorp Green' lettuce seeds: rapid drying, slow drying and MCR (10% fresh weight loss, then held at 100% relative humidity (RH) for 6 hours, followed by rapid drying). The effects of the postpriming treatments on seed quality and longevity were compared based upon standard germination tests, germination rates, thermogradient table tests, controlled deterioration (CD) tests, and headspace volatiles analysis. The latter may be correlated with seed longevity as release of volatiles (e.g., acetaldehyde, ethanol) is associated with lipid peroxidation. While neither slow drying nor MCR before drying restored lettuce seed longevity to that of the control (not primed) seeds, the MCR method generally gave better results in both cultivars compared to rapid drying. Among the CD test conditions used, 50 °C and 75% RH gave the most consistent results for estimating potential longevity. Headspace volatile emissions from both control and primed lettuce seeds were very low and were not well correlated with seed longevity. Alternative postpriming drying regimes can extend seed longevity while retaining the beneficial effects of priming.
`Ben Lear' and `Stevens' Cranberry Root and Shoot Growth Response to Soil Water Potential
Authors: Baumann Dana L. , Workmaster Beth Ann , Kosola Kevin R.
Published: June 2019

Wisconsin cranberry growers report that fruit production by the cranberry cultivar `Ben Lear' (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) is low in beds with poor drainage, while the cultivar `Stevens' is less sensitive to these conditions. We hypothesized that `Ben Lear' and `Stevens' would differ in their root growth and mortality response to variation in soil water potential. Rooted cuttings of each cultivar were grown in a green-house in sand-filled pots with three different soil water potentials which were regulated by a hanging water column below a fritted ceramic plate. A minirhizotron camera was used to record root growth and mortality weekly for five weeks. Root mortality was negligible (2% to 6%). Whole plant relative growth rates were greatest for both cultivars under the wettest conditions. Rooting depth was shallowest under the wettest conditions. Whole-plant relative growth rates of `Ben Lear' were higher than `Stevens' at all soil water potentials. `Stevens' plants had significantly higher root to shoot ratios and lower leaf area ratios than `Ben Lear' plants, and produced more total root length than `Ben Lear' at all soil water potentials. Shallow rooting, high leaf area ratio, and low allocation to root production by `Ben Lear' plants may lead to greater susceptibility to drought stress than `Stevens' plants in poorly drained cranberry beds.