bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Homeopathy as Therapy for Mycosis Fungoides: Case Reports of Three Patients
Authors: Nwabudike Lawrence Chukwudi
Published: July 2019

Background Mycosis fungoides (MF) is an uncommon, indolent, form of cutaneous T cell lymphoma, of which there are various types according to international classification. Various treatment modalities are available; however, these are fraught with potentially severe adverse effects.

Methods Three cases of immunohistochemically confirmed MF were treated with classical individualized homeopathy. Each case was followed up with photographic documentation and was reported according to the criteria set out in the HOM-CASE guidelines. Based on the WHO-EORTC (World Health Organization–European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer) criteria, the patients were classified as T1b, T1a/T1b and T2b respectively.

Results All cases remitted following homeopathic treatment and remained in remission. Side effects were not reported in these cases.

Conclusions MF may respond to individualized homeopathic medicine. Although the case number here is small, MF is not a common disorder, spontaneous remission is not usually expected, and the disease may progress to a more severe form. Hence, these findings could serve as a basis for further research into the role of individualized homeopathic medicine in the treatment of MF.
Allylic C–H Alkynylation via Copper-Photocatalyzed Cross-Dehydrogenative Coupling
Authors: Almasalma Ahmad A. , Mejía Esteban
Published: July 2019

An efficient, novel photocatalyzed allylic-alkynylation methodology via copper-based cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) is described. Different types of 1,4-enyne compounds were synthesized in one step at room temperature using copper(I) terpyridyl complex as photocatalyst/initiator. This procedure is an improvement and to some extent complementary to previously reported thermal CDC methods. Preliminary investigations on the reaction mechanism are also presented.
Complex Renal Arteriovenous Malformation (AVM) Embolization using Ethylene Vinyl Alcohol (EVOH) Copolymer and a Balloon Microcatheter
Authors: Moriarty Heather Kate , Clements Warren , Joseph Tim , Madan Anoop , Phan Tuan
Published: July 2019

Occurrence of a symptomatic renal arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is rare. The authors present the case of a patient with a background of Turner's syndrome, hemophilia B, and horseshoe kidney, who presented with hematuria and was successfully treated with endovascular embolization. The use of a microballoon catheter Scepter XC (Microvention, Inc.) to safely embolize the feeding arterial supply, using ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH) copolymer (Onyx; Medtronic/ev3) has not, to the authors’ knowledge, previously been described for the treatment of renal AVM. This novel use of an occlusal balloon catheter is permitted by the precipitation rate of Onyx, and allowed a safe and effective procedure, reducing the risk of reflux, allowing a forward push of embolic material in a controlled manner.
A torsional thrust balance with asymmetrical configuration for microthruster performance evaluation
Authors: Wang Yanan , Ge Chongjian , Cheng Le , Ding Weidong , Geng Jinyue
Published: July 2019

In this paper, a torsional thrust balance with an asymmetrical arm is designed and tested which is effective for the microthruster performance evaluation in the vacuum facilities with limited space. An optimization design method for the key parameters of the thrust balance has been developed. By utilizing the asymmetrical arm, a great resolution can be obtained with a restrained arm length. A novel printed circuit board electrostatic comb has been applied to the thrust balance calibration. Experimental results show that the comb is capable of producing steady force in the range of about 30 μN–3300 μN and an impulse bit of 7 µNs–777 µNs which can be further extended to nano-Newton second range with a shorter pulse width and a lower voltage. The calibration results show that the thrust balance has a great repeatability and reliability. The total uncertainty of the thrust stand is estimated to be 3.33% in the 1 µNs range.
Strain-enhanced electron mobility and mobility anisotropy in a two-dimensional vanadium diselenide monolayer
Authors: Shi Mengchao , Mo Pinghui , Lu Jiwu , Liu Jie
Published: July 2019

This paper investigates the impacts of compressive and tensile uniaxial strains on the lattice and electronic properties of the two-dimensional (2H-phase) vanadium diselenide (VSe2) monolayer, which hitherto has not yet been synthesized, by using first-principles density functional theory and deformation potential theory. Under equilibrium, it is found that the mobility in the “zigzag” direction (μzig≈307cm2/Vs) is about 3.20 times larger than the mobility in the “armchair” direction (μarm≈96cm2/Vs). It is revealed that by applying 1%, 2%, and 3% compressive uniaxial strains along the “zigzag” direction, μzig can be enhanced by 2.20, 5.25, and 10.55 times, respectively. The strain dependence of the bandgap, effective mass, elastic modulus, and deformation potential constant are analyzed quantitatively, in order to better understand the underlying mechanism. The strain-enhanced electron mobility and mobility anisotropy properties of the emerging two-dimensional VSe2 monolayer might be useful to implement novel devices and sensors.
Twente mass and heat transfer water tunnel: Temperature controlled turbulent multiphase channel flow with heat and mass transfer
Authors: Gvozdić Biljana , Dung On-Yu , van Gils Dennis P. M. , Bruggert Gert-Wim H. , Alméras Elise , Sun Chao , Lohse Detlef , Huisman Sander G.
Published: July 2019

A new vertical water tunnel with global temperature control and the possibility for bubble and local heat and mass injection has been designed and constructed. The new facility offers the possibility to accurately study heat and mass transfer in turbulent multiphase flow (gas volume fraction up to 8%) with a Reynolds-number range from 1.5 × 104 to 3 × 105 in the case of water at room temperature. The tunnel is made of high-grade stainless steel permitting the use of salt solutions in excess of 15% mass fraction. The tunnel has a volume of 300 l. The tunnel has three interchangeable measurement sections of 1 m height but with different cross sections (0.3 × 0.04 m2, 0.3 × 0.06 m2, and 0.3 × 0.08 m2). The glass vertical measurement sections allow for optical access to the flow, enabling techniques such as laser Doppler anemometry, particle image velocimetry, particle tracking velocimetry, and laser-induced fluorescent imaging. Local sensors can be introduced from the top and can be traversed using a built-in traverse system, allowing, for example, local temperature, hot-wire, or local phase measurements. Combined with simultaneous velocity measurements, the local heat flux in single phase and two phase turbulent flows can thus be studied quantitatively and precisely.
Puzzle of non-surface related 2D electron gas in n-InN epitaxial samples
Authors: Baj Michał , Dmowski Lesław H. , Kwiatkowski Adam , Przybytek Jacek , Wang Xinqiang , Koblmüller Gregor , Gallinat Chad S. , Speck James S.
Published: July 2019

We have studied multicarrier contributions to the conductivity in low concentration (with Hall concentration below 1×1018 cm−3) nondoped bulk n-InN samples using Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) in the tilted magnetic field as well as variable field resistivity tensor measurements. In some samples, the Shubnikov-de Haas effect also revealed, besides 3D electron gas, high mobility 2D electron contributions (with transport and quantum mobilities reaching the values of 5060 cm2/V s and 1800 cm2/V s, respectively, for one of our samples), which could hardly be assigned to the surface electrons as the latter are commonly believed to have mobility too low to be detected at magnetic fields not exceeding 12 T in our SdH measurements. The values of the effective masses derived from the temperature dependences of the SdH oscillation amplitudes scale with the concentration of 2D channels and are typical for low concentration InN, thus confirming that these contributions are presumably located on the InN side of some interfaces. This is one of the first experimental evaluations of the effective mass of nonsurface-related 2D electron gas in InN grown on GaN.
Superconducting optoelectronic loop neurons
Authors: Shainline Jeffrey M. , Buckley Sonia M. , McCaughan Adam N. , Chiles Jeffrey T. , Jafari Salim Amir , Castellanos-Beltran Manuel , Donnelly Christine A. , Schneider Michael L. , Mirin Richard P. , Nam Sae Woo
Published: July 2019

Superconducting optoelectronic hardware has been proposed for large-scale neural computing. In this work, we expand upon the circuit and network designs previously introduced. We investigate circuits using superconducting single-photon detectors and Josephson junctions to perform signal reception, synaptic weighting, and integration. Designs are presented for synapses and neurons that perform integration of rate-coded signals as well as detect coincidence events for temporal coding. A neuron with a single integration loop can receive input from thousands of synaptic connections, and many such loops can be employed for dendritic processing. We show that a synaptic weight can be modified via a superconducting flux-storage loop inductively coupled to the current bias of the synapse. Synapses with hundreds of stable states are designed. Spike-timing-dependent plasticity can be implemented using two photons to strengthen and two photons to weaken the synaptic weight via Hebbian-type learning rules. In addition to the synaptic receiver and plasticity circuits, we describe an amplifier chain that converts the current pulse generated when a neuron reaches threshold to a voltage pulse sufficient to produce light from a semiconductor diode. This light is the signal used to communicate between neurons in the network. We analyze the performance of the elements in the amplifier chain to calculate the energy consumption per photon created. The speed of the amplification sequence allows neuronal firing up to at least 20 MHz, independent of connectivity. We consider these neurons in network configurations to investigate near-term technological potential and long-term physical limitations. By modeling the physical size of superconducting optoelectronic neurons, we calculate the area of these networks. A system with 8100 neurons and 330 430 total synapses will fit on a 1×1cm2 die. Systems of millions of neurons with hundreds of millions of synapses will fit on a 300 mm wafer. For multiwafer assemblies, communication at light speed enables a neuronal pool the size of a large data center (105m2) comprised of trillions of neurons with coherent oscillations at 1 MHz.
Radial distribution functions of water: Models vs experiments
Authors: Camisasca Gaia , Pathak Harshad , Wikfeldt Kjartan Thor , Pettersson Lars G. M.
Published: July 2019

We study the temperature behavior of the first four peaks of the oxygen-oxygen radial distribution function of water, simulated by the TIP4P/2005, MB-pol, TIP5P, and SPC/E models and compare to experimental X-ray diffraction data, including a new measurement which extends down to 235 K [H. Pathak et al., J. Chem. Phys. 150, 224506 (2019)]. We find the overall best agreement using the MB-pol and TIP4P/2005 models. We observe, upon cooling, a minimum in the position of the second shell simulated with TIP4P/2005 and SPC/E potentials, located close to the temperature of maximum density. We also calculated the two-body entropy and the contributions coming from the first, second, and outer shells to this quantity. We show that, even if the main contribution comes from the first shell, the contribution of the second shell can become important at low temperature. While real water appears to be less ordered at short distance than obtained by any of the potentials, the different water potentials show more or less order compared to the experiments depending on the considered length-scale.
Magneto-optical Kerr effect and nuclear resonant scattering study of uni-directional anisotropy in hard-soft magnetic bilayers
Authors: Hussain Zaineb , Raghavendra Reddy V. , Leupold Olaf , Kumar Dileep , Gupta Mukul , Wille H.-C. , Gupta Ajay
Published: July 2019

The present work reports the unconventional exchange bias (EB) phenomena in an exchange-coupled hard and soft magnetic bilayer system and the tunability of EB. The EB phenomena, i.e., shifting of the hysteresis loop of the soft (Fe) layer is observed when the hard magnetic (L10 FePt) layer is under the remanent state indicating the development of unidirectional anisotropy. The nuclear resonant scattering measurements clearly reveal the development of unidirectional anisotropy in the soft magnetic (Fe) layer, when the hard magnetic layer is under the remanent state. The magnetization reversal process is investigated by measuring two in-plane orthogonal components of magnetization, i.e., parallel (M∥) and perpendicular (M⊥) to the applied field using the magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE). When the magnetic field is applied parallel (antiparallel) to the biasing field direction, (HSAT) magnetization reversal is nonuniform, and on the other hand, the rotation of magnetization is observed when the magnetic field is applied away from the HSAT direction. In addition, the sign inversion of the M⊥ component is observed when the magnetic field is applied at the same angle on either side of the HSAT direction, which clearly imply the change in handedness of the chirality of spin structure during the magnetization reversal of the soft layer. Further, it is observed that the EB decreases with the increase of soft magnetic (Fe) layer thickness, demonstrating the tunable nature of EB phenomena even in these unconventional systems.
Time-resolved turbulent velocity field reconstruction using a long short-term memory (LSTM)-based artificial intelligence framework
Authors: Deng Zhiwen , Chen Yujia , Liu Yingzheng , Kim Kyung Chun
Published: July 2019

This paper focuses on the time-resolved turbulent flow reconstruction from discrete point measurements and non-time-resolved (non-TR) particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements using an artificial intelligence framework based on long short-term memory (LSTM). To this end, an LSTM-based proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) model is proposed to establish the relationship between velocity signals and time-varying POD coefficients obtained from non-TR-PIV measurements. An inverted flag flow at Re = 6200 was experimentally measured using TR-PIV at a sampling rate of 2000 Hz for the construction of training and testing datasets and for validation. Two different time-step configurations were employed to investigate the robustness and learning ability of the LSTM-based POD model: a single-time-step structure and a multi-time-step structure. The results demonstrate that the LSTM-based POD model has great potential for time-series reconstruction since it can successfully recover the temporal revolution of POD coefficients with remarkable accuracy, even in high-order POD modes. The time-resolved flow fields can be reconstructed well using coefficients obtained from the proposed model. In addition, a relative error reconstruction analysis was conducted to compare the performance of different time-step configurations further, and the results demonstrated that the POD model with multi-time-step structure provided better reconstruction of the flow fields.
Solar energy export prospects shed light on a sustainable future for Saudi Arabia
Authors: Mandel Savannah
Published: July 2019

A comprehensive analysis of solar energy export candidates suggests that Pakistan, India, and Turkey might soon share a renewable relationship with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Reactive power control strategies for renewable energy systems
Authors: Larter Raima
Published: July 2019

A comprehensive review of reactive power control strategies for dealing with large numbers of photovoltaic units connected to the electrical grid is presented.
Effects of wave trapping and ducting inside plasma density depletions are studied in a laboratory magnetoplasma
Authors: Mandel Savannah
Published: July 2019

A laboratory experiment creates a pulsed magnetoplasma and demonstrates that oblique propagation of upper hybrid waves is necessary to understand ionospheric heating experiments.
Mutant huntingtin disrupts mitochondrial proteostasis by interacting with TIM23
Authors: Yablonska Svitlana , Ganesan Vinitha , Ferrando Lisa M. , Kim JinHo , Pyzel Anna , Baranova Oxana V. , Khattar Nicolas K. , Larkin Timothy M. , Baranov Sergei V. , Chen Ning , Strohlein Colleen E. , Stevens Donté A. , Wang Xiaomin , Chang Yue-Fang , Schurdak Mark E. , Carlisle Diane L. , Minden Jonathan S. , Friedlander Robert M.
Published: July 2019

Significance

We delineate the downstream pathologic consequences underlying the known mitochondrial protein import defect caused by mutant huntingtin (mHTT). We show direct high-affinity mHTT interaction with the inner mitochondrial membrane protein importing complex subunit translocase of mitochondrial inner membrane 23 (TIM23) and show that mHTT more strongly associates with TIM23 than wild-type huntingtin (wtHTT). We find that endogenous full-length wtHTT and mHTT localize in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. We also find that reduction of TIM23-imported mitochondrial matrix proteins is likely due to mHTT binding to TIM23. Thus, the interaction between mHTT and TIM23 results in an altered mitochondrial proteome. Our findings explain a cause of the mitochondrial pathology in Huntington’s disease and provide insight into the mechanistic consequences of mitochondrial mHTT interactions.
The Value of a Statistical Life
Authors: Kniesner Thomas J. , Viscusi W. Kip
Published: July 2019

The value of a statistical life (VSL) is the local tradeoff rate between fatality risk and money. When the tradeoff values are derived from choices in market contexts the VSL serves as both a measure of the population’s willingness to pay for risk reduction and the marginal cost of enhancing safety. Given its fundamental economic role, policy analysts have adopted the VSL as the economically correct measure of the benefit individuals receive from enhancements to their health and safety. Estimates of the VSL for the United States are around $10 million ($2017), and estimates for other countries are generally lower given the positive income elasticity of the VSL. Because of the prominence of mortality risk reductions as the justification for government policies the VSL is a crucial component of the benefit-cost analyses that are part of the regulatory process in the United States and other countries. The VSL is also foundationally related to the concepts of value of a statistical life year (VSLY) and value of a statistical injury (VSI), which also permeate the labor and health economics literatures. Thus, the same types of valuation approaches can be used to monetize non-fatal injuries and mortality risks that pose very small effects on life expectancy. In addition to formalizing the concept and measurement of the VSL and presenting representative estimates for the United States and other countries our Encyclopedia selection addresses the most important questions concerning the nuances that are of interest to researchers and policymakers.
The Impact of Private Insurance Access on Nonurgent Inflammatory Bowel Disease-Related Emergency Department Use
Authors: Bollegala Natasha , Nguyen Geoffrey C
Published: July 2019

Background

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)-related Emergency Department (ED) visits are a costly component to current healthcare expenditures. Patients who are discharged directly from the ED for nonurgent issues (aka “treat and release” ED visits) present an opportunity for quality improvement.

Purpose

To determine the impact of private insurance on IBD-related treat and release ED visits. The secondary outcome was cost per IBD-related ED visit.

Methodology

A retrospective cohort study was performed on the 2006 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS). Comparisons were made between patients with access to private insurance vs those without. Multivariable survey-weighted logistic and linear regression models with clustering by hospital were created for the primary and secondary outcomes, respectively.

Results

In total, 19,324 patient encounters were included in the stratified analytic sample. Of these, 9272 (47.98%) patients reported private insurance as their primary payment method. An additional 10,052 (52.02%) patients reported an alternative payment form. The private insurance group was statistically younger, less likely to reside in an urban setting and had more representation within the highest income quartile. The OR of a treat and release ED visit was 1.47 (95% confidence interval 1.34–1.62) for no private insurance compared to private insurance. On average, the cost per ED visit of patients without private insurance was $214.80 ± 48.48, P < 0.001 less than those with private insurance.

Conclusions

Lack of private insurance is an important predictor of IBD-related treat and release ED visits.
Was There a Money Economy in Late Anglo-Saxon and Norman England?
Authors: Fairbairn Henry
Published: July 2019

This article asks whether there was a money economy in Anglo-Saxon and Norman England (924–1135). In simple terms, a money economy can be defined as an economic system where money has replaced barter as the principal means of exchange. Bolton has also recently stated that ‘when the use of coin becomes the norm and not the exception … we have the beginnings of a money economy’. These two complementary definitions will provide the basis against which the question will be answered. One focus of this article is therefore on a thorough examination of the documentary material in order to demonstrate the value of monetary equivalents and small-scale transactions in this period. The second focus is on assembling, collating and analysing the abundant numismatic material in the form of single coin finds and coin hoards, an approach which affords more specific evidence of how money was actually used. The combination of approaches proposed here makes possible the formation of a more precise understanding of how money was—and was not—used across the social spectrum of English society during a period of momentous political change.
Iterative Versus Standard Deferred Acceptance: Experimental Evidence★
Authors: Bó Inácio , Hakimov Rustamdjan
Published: July 2019

We test experimentally the Gale-Shapley Deferred Acceptance (DA) mechanism versus two versions of the Iterative Deferred Acceptance Mechanism (IDAM), in which students make applications one at a time. A significantly higher proportion of stable outcomes is reached under IDAM than under DA. The difference can be explained by a higher proportion of subjects following an equilibrium truthful strategy under iterative mechanisms than the dominant strategy of truthful reporting under DA. We associate the benefits of iterative mechanisms with the feedback on the outcome of the previous application they provide to students between steps.
Rare and common variant discovery in complex disease: the IBD case study
Authors: Venkataraman Guhan R , Rivas Manuel A
Published: July 2019

Complex diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which consists of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease, are a significant medical burden—70 000 new cases of IBD are diagnosed in the United States annually. In this review, we examine the history of genetic variant discovery in complex disease with a focus on IBD. We cover methods that have been applied to microsatellite, common variant, targeted resequencing and whole-exome and -genome data, specifically focusing on the progression of technologies towards rare-variant discovery. The inception of these methods combined with better availability of population level variation data has led to rapid discovery of IBD-causative and/or -associated variants at over 200 loci; over time, these methods have grown exponentially in both power and ascertainment to detect rare variation. We highlight rare-variant discoveries critical to the elucidation of the pathogenesis of IBD, including those in NOD2, IL23R, CARD9, RNF186 and ADCY7. We additionally identify the major areas of rare-variant discovery that will evolve in the coming years. A better understanding of the genetic basis of IBD and other complex diseases will lead to improved diagnosis, prognosis, treatment and surveillance.
Impact of national interventions to promote responsible antibiotic use: a systematic review
Authors: Lim Jane Mingjie , Singh Shweta Rajkumar , Duong Minh Cam , Legido-Quigley Helena , Hsu Li Yang , Tam Clarence C
Published: July 2019

Background

Global recognition of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) as an urgent public health problem has galvanized national and international efforts. Chief among these are interventions to curb the overuse and misuse of antibiotics. However, the impact of these initiatives is not fully understood, making it difficult to assess the expected effectiveness and sustainability of further policy interventions. We conducted a systematic review to summarize existing evidence for the impact of nationally enforced interventions to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use in humans.

Methods

We searched seven databases and examined reference lists of retrieved articles. To be included, articles had to evaluate the impact of national responsible use initiatives. We excluded studies that only described policy implementations.

Results

We identified 34 articles detailing interventions in 21 high- and upper-middle-income countries. Interventions addressing inappropriate antibiotic access included antibiotic committees, clinical guidelines and prescribing restrictions. There was consistent evidence that these were effective at reducing antibiotic consumption and prescription. Interventions targeting inappropriate antibiotic demand consisted of education campaigns for healthcare professionals and the general public. Evidence for this was mixed, with several studies showing no impact on overall antibiotic consumption.

Conclusions

National-level interventions to reduce inappropriate access to antibiotics can be effective. However, evidence is limited to high- and upper-middle-income countries, and more evidence is needed on the long-term sustained impact of interventions. There should also be a simultaneous push towards standardized outcome measures to enable comparisons of interventions in different settings.
An empirical infrared transit spectrum of Earth: opacity windows and biosignatures
Authors: Macdonald Evelyn J R , Cowan Nicolas B
Published: July 2019

The Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer on the SCISAT satellite has been measuring infrared (IR) transmission spectra of Earth during Solar occultations since 2004. We use these data to build an IR transit spectrum of Earth. Regions of low atmospheric opacity, known as windows, are of particular interest, as they permit observations of the planet’s lower atmosphere. Even in the absence of clouds or refraction, imperfect transmittance leads to a minimum effective thickness of hmin ≈ 4 km in the 10–12 $\mu \mathrm{m}$ opacity window at a spectral resolution of R = 103. None the less, at R = 105, the maximum transmittance at the surface is around ${70}{{{\ \rm per\ cent}}}$. In principle, one can probe the troposphere of an Earth-like planet via high-dispersion transit spectroscopy in the mid-IR; in practice aerosols and/or refraction likely make this impossible. We simulate the transit spectrum of an Earth-like planet in the TRAPPIST-1 system. We find that a long-term near-IR (NIR) campaign with the James Webb Space Telescope(JWST) could readily detect CO2, establishing the presence of an atmosphere. A mid-IR campaign or longer NIR campaign would be more challenging, but in principle could detect H2O and the biosignatures O3 and CH4.
The geometry of the gas surrounding the Central Molecular Zone: on the origin of localized molecular clouds with extreme velocity dispersions
Authors: Sormani Mattia C , Treß Robin G , Glover Simon C O , Klessen Ralf S , Barnes Ashley T , Battersby Cara D , Clark Paul C , Hatchfield H Perry , Smith Rowan J
Published: July 2019

Observations of molecular gas near the Galactic Centre (|l| < 10°, |b| < 1°) reveal the presence of a distinct population of enigmatic compact clouds that are characterized by extreme velocity dispersions ($\Delta v \gt 100\, {\rm km\, s^{-1}}$). These extended velocity features are very prominent in the data cubes and dominate the kinematics of molecular gas just outside the Central Molecular Zone (CMZ). The prototypical example of such a cloud is Bania Clump 2. We show that similar features are naturally produced in simulations of gas flow in a realistic barred potential. We analyse the structure of the features obtained in the simulations and use this to interpret the observations. We find that the features arise from collisions between material that has been infalling rapidly along the dust lanes of the Milky Way bar and material that belongs to one of the following two categories: (i) material that has ‘overshot’ after falling down the dust lanes on the opposite side; (ii) material which is part of the CMZ. Both types of collisions involve gas with large differences in the line-of-sight velocities, which is what produces the observed extreme velocity dispersions. Examples of both categories can be identified in the observations. If our interpretation is correct, we are directly witnessing (a) collisions of clouds with relative speeds of $\sim 200\, {\rm km\, s^{-1}}$ and (b) the process of accretion of fresh gas onto the CMZ.
Indirect evidence of significant grain growth in young protostellar envelopes from polarized dust emission
Authors: Valdivia Valeska , Maury Anaëlle , Brauer Robert , Hennebelle Patrick , Galametz Maud , Guillet Vincent , Reissl Stefan
Published: July 2019

How and when in the star formation sequence do dust grains start to grow into pebbles is a cornerstone question to both star and planet formation. We compute the polarized radiative transfer from a model solar-type protostellar core, using the polaris code, aligning the dust grains with the local magnetic field, following the radiative torques (RATs) theory. We test the dependency of the resulting dust polarized emission with the maximum grain size of the dust size distribution at the envelope scale, from $a_\mathrm{max}=1\,$ to $50 \,\hbox{$\mu $m}$. Our work shows that, in the framework of RAT alignment, large dust grains are required to produce polarized dust emission at levels similar to those currently observed in solar-type protostellar envelopes at millimetre wavelengths. Considering the current theoretical difficulties to align a large fraction of small ISM-like grains in the conditions typical of protostellar envelopes, our results suggest that grain growth (typically $\gt 10 \,\hbox{$\mu $m}$) might have already significantly progressed at scales 100–1000 au in the youngest objects, observed less than 105 yr after the onset of collapse. Observations of dust polarized emission might open a new avenue to explore dust pristine properties and describe, for example, the initial conditions for the formation of planetesimals.
Analyzing whole genome bisulfite sequencing data from highly divergent genotypes
Authors: Wulfridge Phillip , Langmead Ben , Feinberg Andrew P , Hansen Kasper D
Published: July 2019

In the study of DNA methylation, genetic variation between species, strains or individuals can result in CpG sites that are exclusive to a subset of samples, and insertions and deletions can rearrange the spatial distribution of CpGs. How to account for this variation in an analysis of the interplay between sequence variation and DNA methylation is not well understood, especially when the number of CpG differences between samples is large. Here, we use whole-genome bisulfite sequencing data on two highly divergent mouse strains to study this problem. We show that alignment to personal genomes is necessary for valid methylation quantification. We introduce a method for including strain-specific CpGs in differential analysis, and show that this increases power. We apply our method to a human normal-cancer dataset, and show this improves accuracy and power, illustrating the broad applicability of our approach. Our method uses smoothing to impute methylation levels at strain-specific sites, thereby allowing strain-specific CpGs to contribute to the analysis, while accounting for differences in the spatial occurrences of CpGs. Our results have implications for joint analysis of genetic variation and DNA methylation using bisulfite-converted DNA, and unlocks the use of personal genomes for addressing this question.
Noninvasive Localization of Language Cortex in an Awake 4-Year-Old Child with Rasmussen Encephalitis: A Case Report
Authors: Narayana Shalini , Embury Luke M , Shah Namrata , Weatherspoon Sarah , Choudhri Asim F , Boop Frederick A
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE

Presurgical mapping of eloquent cortex in young patients undergoing neurosurgery is critical for timely intervention, surgical planning, and minimizing postoperative deficits. However, invasive direct cortical stimulation has limited success in young children and noninvasive modalities, such as magnetoencephalography and functional MRI, require sedation, often precluding localization of critical language cortices. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), a noninvasive brain stimulation technique, is well suited to evaluate language areas in young children because it does not require the patient to remain still during mapping.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

A 4-yr and 11-mo-old female patient diagnosed with epilepsia partialis continua of the right arm and face and right-sided weakness was evaluated at our institution. MRI findings and clinical examination led to the diagnosis of Rasmussen encephalitis involving left frontal lobe and insula. Language cortices were successfully identified in both hemispheres using TMS. The TMS findings aided in discussing with the family the risks of postsurgical deficits of left functional hemispherectomy, the definitive treatment for Rasmussen encephalitis. Postoperatively, the patient had intact speech and was seizure free.

CONCLUSION

We illustrate the feasibility and utility of TMS as a noninvasive functional mapping tool in this young child. The preoperative demonstration of bilateral language organization indicated a greater likelihood of preserved language functions postsurgery. We demonstrate that TMS is a safe and noninvasive tool to map language cortices in young children with serious epilepsy syndromes.
Relationships matter: How clinicians can support positive parenting in the early years
Authors: Williams Robin C , Biscaro Anne , Clinton Jean
Published: July 2019

A secure attachment relationship with at least one healthy adult is essential for a child to develop optimal coping abilities. Primary care providers like paediatricians and family physicians can help by supporting parents in practice settings. Every clinician encounter is an opportunity to ask parents about children’s relationships and their behaviour, daily routines, and overall family function. This statement, which focuses on children aged 0 to 6 years, describes basic principles in support of positive parenting and recommends in-office practices to promote secure parent–child relationships, engage families and build trust with parents. Crying, sleep, and difficult behaviours are described as opportunities for clinicians to provide anticipatory, responsive guidance to parents.
VARIATION SIMULATION OF RADON CONCENTRATION IN THE TISSUES AND ORGANS OF THE BODY BY AN ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT
Authors: Pirmoradi Milad , Negarestani Ali , Baghizadeh Amin
Published: July 2019

In this study, a new model based on electric circuit theory has been introduced to simulate the dynamics of radioactive chemically inert gases in the human body. For this manner, it is assumed that inert gas is transported through the body to various organs via the blood stream. In this simulation, a voltage source is equivalent to gas generation in the atmosphere, the conductivity is equivalent to the cardiac output of the organ, the capacitor capacitance is equivalent to the volume of blood or tissue and voltage across a capacitor is equivalent to the gas concentration in air or blood or a tissue. This simulation can be used to study the dynamics of any inert gas whose partition coefficients are known. We use this simulation to study the dynamics of radon in human body. The physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model that describes the fate of radon in systemic tissue has been used for this simulation. Using this simulation, the effective dose equivalent resulting from inhalation of radon has been estimated. The calculated values agree with the previously reported value. Also, using the model, it has been shown that after inhalation of radon gas, absorbed dose has been decreased in different tissues by increasing the inhalation rate without radon. So that, by doubling the inhalation rate and the rate of cardiac output, the value of the absorbed dose has been decreased 11.88% in the adipose tissue, 25.49% in the red marrow tissue and 20.3% in the liver organ.
Low-Density EEG for Neural Activity Reconstruction Using Multivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition
Authors: Soler Andrés Felipe , Muñoz-Gutiérrez Pablo A. , Bueno-López Maximiliano , Giraldo Eduardo , Molinas Marta
Published: July 2019

Several approaches can be used for estimating neural activity. The main differences between them are in the apriori information used and their sensibility to high noise levels. Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) has been recently applied to Electroencephalography EEG-based neural activity reconstruction to provide apriori time-frequency information to improve the neural activity estimation. EMD has the specific ability to identify independent oscillatory modes in non-stationary signals with multiple oscillatory components. The various attempts to use EMD in EEG analysis, however, did not provide yet the best reconstructions due to the intrinsic mode mixing problem of EMD. Some previous works have used a single-channel analysis and in other cases, multiple-channel have been used for other applications. In this paper, we present a study about multiple-channel analysis using Multivariate Empirical Mode Decomposition (MEMD) as a method to attenuate the mode mixing problem and to provide apriori useful time-frequency information to the reconstruction of neuronal activity using several low-density EEG electrode montages. The methods were evaluated over real and synthetic EEG data, in which the reconstructions were performed using multiple sparse priors (MSP) method with several electrode numbers of 32, 16, and 8, and the source reconstruction quality was measured using the Wasserstein Metric. Comparing the solutions when no pre-processing was made and when MEMD was applied, the source reconstructions were improved using MEMD as apriori information in the low-density montage of 8 and 16 electrodes. The mean source reconstruction error on a real EEG dataset was reduced a 59.42% and 66.04% for the 8 and 16 electrodes montages respectively, and on a simulated EEG with three active sources, the mean error was reduced an 87.31% and 31.45% for the same electrodes montages.
Crystal structure and energetic features of the cocrystal of carbamazepine with 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid
Authors: Pawlędzio Sylwia , Trzybiński Damian , Woźniak Krzysztof
Published: July 2019

The synthesis and detailed description of the crystal structure and energetic features of the 1:1 cocrystal of carbamazepine (5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine-5-carboxamide, CBZ) with 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid (35DNBA), i.e. C15H12N2O·C7H4N2O6, are reported. The CBZ and 35DNBA molecules are packed in alternately arranged layers. Two characteristic R
2
2(8) and R
2
2(16) hydrogen-bond ring motifs have been found. The supramolecular architecture, besides the network of hydrogen bonds, is also stabilized by numerous C—H...π, C=O...π, N—O...π, N—O...C and C=O...N weak intermolecular contacts involving neighbouring molecules in the crystal network. Identified interactions have been discussed in detail on the basis of a structural and energetic analysis. The latter approach, performed using the Pixel and CrystalExplorer programs, yielded additional information about the lattice energy and energetic landscape of the respective interactions in the crystal of CBZ·3DNBA with the evaluation of electrostatic, polarization, repulsion and dispersion terms.
Determination of the auxiliary anode position via finite element method in impressed current cathodic protection
Authors: Liu Yingwei , Zhang Zhongwu , Zhang Yang , Zhang Jianneng
Published: July 2019

Purpose

It is a challenge in the design to determine the feasible anode position and the supply current when the hull is protected by the impressed current cathodic protection method. It is difficult to obtain these parameters through traditional experimental methods due to the huge hull surface area and geometric complexity. This study aims to solve the problem by finite element method.

Design/methodology/approach

First, a great number of experiments need to be conducted; second, experiments are empirical; finally, there exist measurement errors, etc. All these factors make the experimental results less reliable. The application of the finite element method, combined with other technologies, is expected to overcome these deficiencies. In this paper, the combined Matlab and Comsol method was used to calculate various anode positions and corresponding protection areas with a series of input current conditions. The calculation is implemented via the script in Matlab.

Findings

As a result, the best design can be obtained. The results show that the method provided in this paper can replace the experiment to a certain extent, save human and material resources and reduce the design time. The method also can be applied to other similar fields, having a good universality.

Originality/value

This optimization method can be extended to other areas of relevant production and research, having a good universality.
Model order reducibility of nonlinear electro-quasistatic problems
Authors: Kasolis Fotios , Clemens Markus
Published: July 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to develop an automated domain decomposition strategy that is based on the presence of nonlinear field grading material, in the context of model order reduction for transient strongly nonlinear electro-quasistatic (EQS) field problems.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper provides convincing empirical insights to support the proposed domain decomposition algorithm, a numerical investigation of the performance of the algorithm for different snapshots and model order reduction experiments.

Findings

The proposed method successfully decomposes the computational domain, while the resulting reduced models are highly accurate. Further, the algorithm is computationally efficient and robust, while it can be embedded in black-box model reduction implementations.

Originality/value

This paper fulfills the demand to effectively perform model order reduction for transient strongly nonlinear EQS field problems.
Enactments of a “holistic approach” in two Danish welfare institutions accommodating young adults with offending behavior and drug use experiences
Authors: Herold Maria Dich , Rand Cecilia , Frank Vibeke Asmussen
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to discuss how a “holistic approach” is enacted in two interventions accommodating the same target group, young adults with offending behaviour and drug use experiences, but offered in very different contexts, the Prison Service and the community. The aim is to show how enactments of a “holistic approach”, although similar on paper, differ in welfare institutional practices due especially to organisational and structural conditions.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is based on qualitative semi-structured interviews and written material from and about the two interventions.

Findings

Different enactments of a “holistic approach”, due to organisational and structural conditions of the interventions, construct different possibilities for institutional identities. These insights could be useful to take into consideration when discussing prevention initiatives (in a broad sense) for young people with complex problems, including co-occurring offending behaviour and drug use experience.

Originality/value

Research with a focus on citizens with complex problems who do not comply with OR conform to standard welfare institutions are limited. The authors contribute to this literature by focussing on young adults with offending behaviour and drug experiences.
Race and workplace discrimination
Authors: Daniels Shanna , Thornton LaDonna M.
Published: July 2019

Purpose

Drawing upon theories of modern discrimination, the present study focuses on cyber incivility and interpersonal incivility as mechanisms through which race leads to perceived discrimination. Participants included 408 full-time working adults who responded to an online survey. The results indicate that Non-White employees experience subtle forms of discrimination through the use of e-mail, which accentuate the need for organizations to eradicate workplace mistreatment so that their employees can avoid the adverse outcomes associated with experiencing cyber incivility. The purpose of this paper is to extend the understanding of selective incivility and concludes with directions for future research and practical implications.

Design/methodology/approach

Participants included 408 full-time working adults who responded to the survey online.

Findings

The results indicate that race was indirectly associated with discrimination through cyber incivility. The results indicate that Non-White employees experience subtle forms of discrimination through the use of technology and cyber space which accentuate the need for organizations to eradicate workplace incivility so that their employees can evade the adverse outcomes associated with experiencing incivility at work.

Research limitations/implications

This study extends the understanding of selective incivility and concludes with directions for future research and practical implications.

Originality/value

This paper is the first to explore the relationship between race, cyber incivility and discrimination.
Mesoscopic approach for simulating nanofluid flow and heat transfer in a finned multi-pipe heat exchanger
Authors: Liu Jia-Bao , Bayati Morteza , Abbas Mazhar , Rahimi Alireza , Naderi Mohammad
Published: July 2019

Purpose

The lattice Boltzmann method is used to simulate the nanofluid flow and heat transfer inside a finned multi-pipe heat exchanger.

Design/methodology/approach

The heat exchanger is filled with CuO-water nanofluid. The Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li (KKL) model is used to estimate the dynamic viscosity and considering the Brownian motion in the simulation. On the other hand, the influence of nanoparticles’ shapes on the heat transfer rate is considered, and the best efficient shape is selected to be used in the investigation.

Findings

The Rayleigh number, nanoparticle concentration and the thermal arrangements of internal active fins and bodies are the governing parameters. In addition, the impacts of these two parameters on the nanofluid flow, heat transfer rate, local and total entropy generation and heatline visualization are analyzed, comprehensively.

Originality/value

The originality of this work is using of lattice Boltzmann method for simulation of nanofluid flow and heat transfer during natural convection in a heat exchanger. Furthermore, influence of the shape of nanoparticles on the thermo-physical properties of nanofluid is analyzed using Koo–Kleinstreuer–Li correlation.