bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RESPIRATION AND DROWNING IN OVERWINTERING PUPAE OFHELIOTHIS ZEA(BODDIE)
Authors: Williams D.W. , Stinner R.E.
Published: November 2009

Respiration rates and drowning times after complete submergence were observed in diapausingHeliothis zea(Boddie) pupae at 5, 10, 15, 20, and 27°C. Respiration rate in pupae 2.5–12 weeks in diapause increased as an exponential function of temperature. The respiration rate of post-diapause pupae at 27°C increased over 10-fold in an approximately linear fashion during 12 days of pharate adult development. Time to 50% drowning in diapausing pupae decreased with increasing temperature, varying from 22.9 to 4.1 days at 5 and 27°C, respectively. Drowning rates in these pupae increased approximately exponentially with temperature. Diapausing and post-diapause pupae at 27°C had similar times to 50% drowning. An empirical model of drowning fitted the results well at all five temperatures, but a mechanistic model based on respiration predicted drowning considerably before it was observed. When the latter model was modified to allow withdrawal of dissolved oxygen from the water, it predicted longer survival periods, as observed. Our evidence suggests that respiration and drowning rates are closely correlated. Given the long survival times under complete submergence at 5–20°C, we speculate that pupae overwintering in the field in deep diapause are relatively resistant to drowning, whereas pre- and post-diapause pupae, with higher respiration rates, are at much greater risk.
RELATION BETWEEN POD DAMAGE CAUSED BY LARVAE OF BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA WALKER (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), AND YIELD LOSS, SHELLING, AND SEED QUALITY IN CANOLA
Authors: Bracken G.K.
Published: November 2009

Canola plants in 0.84-m2 field plots were exposed to 120 bertha army worm larvae per square metre, beginning at mid 5th instar, for increasing durations. Yield loss increased with feeding duration throughout the feeding period whereas the proportion of pods damaged increased rapidly at first then leveled at 45%. Pod damage was negatively correlated with plot yield but the regression was not statistically significant. More seed shelled from plants with damaged pods than from plants with no pod damage under field conditions simulating drying in the swath. Seed from damaged pods had greater proportions of green and broken seeds causing lower seed grade and these defects were evident in seed from plots with 21% or more damaged pods. Although control measures for bertha armyworm should not be undertaken before pod damage is observed, a control decision should be made before 20% of the pods are damaged.
DEVELOPMENTAL ADAPTATION OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER (OSTRINIA NUBILALIS HÜBNER) IN ALBERTA
Authors: Lee Dennis A. , Spence John R.
Published: November 2009

Temperature effects on development were studied for two Alberta populations of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), from the South Saskatchewan River valley and the surrounding plains. Lower developmental thresholds for all life stages of both Alberta populations were determined by linear regression. Thresholds for the egg stage were significantly less for plains borers (9.5°C) than for valley borers (10.8°C), and about 2°C lower than for corn borers from the United States. Thresholds in Alberta populations for the 4th (15.3°C) and 5th (14.0°C, plains) instars, and for post-diapause pupation (12.8°C), were much higher than in populations from the United States. Higher temperature thresholds delay development in Alberta populations, thus reducing midsummer pupation. Valley populations developed significantly faster than plains populations during egg development, during the prepupal period of the 5th instar, and during post-diapause pupation. These results explain why valley populations have a partial second generation in some years.
A HYBRID POPULATION OF NEPHROTOMA (DIPTERA: TIPULIDAE) FROM A CENTRAL TEXAS REFUGIUM
Authors: Oosterbroek Pjotr , Tangelder Ida R.M.
Published: November 2009

A discussion is presented about specimens that are morphologically intermediate between Nephrotoma ferruginea (Fab.) and N. suturalis suturalis (Loew). The specimens came from far outside the present ranges of these two species, namely Kerrville, Texas. It is concluded that the specimens might represent a population of hybrids. It is further estimated that the withdrawal of the parental species from central Texas could possibly have occurred a thousand years ago or earlier.
INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE IN NEW BRUNSWICK POPULATIONS OF THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Boiteau Gilles , Parry R.H. , Harris C.R.
Published: November 2009

A study conducted between 1982 and 1985 established the presence of a limited number of populations of Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), resistant to carbofuran in New Brunswick. Additional laboratory tests with two field-collected strains indicated that both were resistant to endosulfan; one strain also showed 43- and 37-fold levels of resistance to carbofuran and phosmet, respectively, and low-level (< 10-fold) resistance to permethrin, fenvalerate, disulfoton, and aldicarb. There has been no measurable spread of resistance.
BIOSYSTEMATICS OFPISSODESGERMAR (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE): SEASONALITY, MORPHOLOGY, AND SYNONYMY OFP.APPROXIMATUSHOPKINS ANDP.NEMORENSISGERMAR
Authors: Phillips Thomas W. , Teale Stephen A. , Lanier Gerald N.
Published: November 2009

Pissodes approximatusHopkins (1911) is a junior subjective synonym ofP.nemorensisGermar (1824). The conspecificity of these entities, traditionally considered distinct based only on distribution and slight morphological differences, is corroborated here with comparative studies of ecology, behavior, and morphology. When pheromone-baited traps were deployed during the spring (May–June) and fall (November–December) in several localities to examine seasonal activity, southern populations (P.nemorensis sensuHopkins) responded only in the fall and northern populations only in the spring, but a population in Virginia responded during both seasons. Laboratory studies found that individuals from five southern populations became reproductively mature under 16:8, 12:12, and 8:16 (L:D) photoperiods but weevils in a New York population did not mature under the 8:16 photoperiod. A two-species model based on strict seasonal isolation between northern and southern populations is rejected. Morphometrics revealed significant differences in six body dimensions and three morphometric ratios among 13 populations, but there was no geographic pattern of differences to suggest the existence of two species. Sexual dimorphism in rostrum length was most pronounced in southern populations but occurred in all five populations in which it was investigated. Examination of male and female genitalia revealed similar variation in northern and southern populations and conflicted with previously reported diagnostic differences. Our study and the results of earlier work lead us to conclude that the populations previously represented by the namesP.nemorensisandP.approximatuscomprise one widely distributed species and display intraspecific variation in life history and morphological characters.
A NEW SUBSPECIES, NEPHROTOMA LUNDBECKI ALEXANDERI, DESCRIBED FROM SOUTH OF THE MAXIMUM EXTENT OF THE LAURENTIDE ICE AND NEW DISTRIBUTION RECORDS FOR OTHER NEARCTIC NEPHROTOMA (DIPTERA: TIPULIDAE)
Authors: Oosterbroek Pjotr , Tangelder Ida R.M.
Published: November 2009

Subspeciation in the circumpolar Nephrotoma lundbecki is discussed for a population from south of the Laurentide Ice Sheet, described here as N.l. alexanderi. For 18 nearctic Nephrotoma species new distribution records are presented, mainly from the northern Nearctic, adding considerably to our knowledge of the distribution of these species. Included is the second nearctic record of the palaearctic species Nephrotoma cornicina (L.).
REDEFINITION OFAMETROPROCTUS(ACARI: ORIBATIDA) WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES
Authors: Behan-Pelletier Valerie M.
Published: November 2009

The oribatid mite genusAmetroproctus, soil and litter inhabitants in the desert, alpine, and montane regions of western North America, is discussed. Two subgenera are recognized,Ametroproctuss. str. andCoropoculia. Their respective type-species,A.oresbiosHiggins and Woolley andC.reticulataAoki and Fujikawa, are redescribed, and newly discovered immatures of both species are described. Four new species are proposed,A.(Ametroproctus) tuberculosus,A.(A.) aridus,A.(Coropoculia) beringianus, andA.(C.) canningsi. A new generic diagnosis is given, as well as a key to subgenera and species known from North America.
SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIATION IN ABUNDANCE, SEX RATIO, AND SPECIES COMPOSITION OF CONNECTICUT RHAGIONIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: Maier Chris T. , Webb Donald W.
Published: November 2009

Rhagionids were studied principally by capturing adults in emergence traps at Southington (1979) and in Malaise traps at Hamden (1980–1983) and Guilford, CT (1983–1985). Most captures ofChrysopilus rotundipennisLoew,C.thoracicus(Fabr.),Rhagio mystaceus(Say), andSymphoromyia hirtaJohnson occurred during a 2- to 5-week period. Mean capture dates for sexes differed significantly in only a few cases. Based on percentage of total captured,S.hirtaandR.mystaceusranked first and second at Hamden whereasC.rotundipennisandS.hirtahad these respective ranks at Guilford. The sex ratio ofC.ornatus(Say) adults in emergence traps did not depart significantly from 1.0, but most rhagionids captured in Malaise traps had skewed sex ratios. Based on percentage and quotient of similarity, faunas at Hamden and Guilford shared many species, but relative abundances of species common at one or both sites were very different. In this study, we found 14 rhagionid species, including 4 not previously recorded from Connecticut. A total of 16 species are now recorded from the state.
DYNAMICS AND STRUCTURE OF GRASSHOPPER ASSEMBLAGES IN SHORTGRASS PRAIRIE
Authors: Capinera John L. , Thompson David C.
Published: November 2009

Grasshopper assemblages inhabiting eight pastures of shortgrass prairie rangeland in northeast Colorado were studied for 4–6 years during a general increase and decrease in grasshopper abundance. Average densities increased 10-fold during a 3- to 4-year increase phase, with individual species and populations in separate pastures exhibiting greater or lesser changes. Asynchrony in grasshopper population characteristics was noted. The co-dominant species, Opeia obscura (Thomas) and Melanoplus gladstoni Scudder, exhibited similar trends in density, but M. gladstoni dominance, expressed as its proportion of the population, declined steadily relative to O. obscura. Subdominant species similarly were asynchronous. Species richness did not change during this cycle. Grasshopper densities and assemblage structure were not affected by rangeland management practices of fertilizer (nitrogen) and herbicide (atrazine) application.
SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING OF ADULT NORTHERN AND WESTERN CORN ROOTWORMS (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: McAuslane H.J. , Ellis C.R. , Allen O.B.
Published: November 2009

Three sequential-sampling plans were developed for adult Diabrotica barberi Smith and Lawrence and D. virgifera virgifera LeConte in field corn in southern Ontario. The distribution of both species was well approximated by the negative binomial distribution and obeyed Taylor’s power law. Two plans, following the methods of Kuno (1969) and Green (1970), estimated populations with predetermined precision. The third plan, based on Wald’s (1947) sequential probability ratio test, categorized populations relative to an economic threshold. Different sequential-sampling plans were constructed for 1st-year fields and for all other fields because the parameter k, measuring the extent of aggregation of the beetles, differed between these two classes of fields. Decision equations for Wald’s plan in 1st-year fields were: D1 = 0.98n − 17.75 and D2 = 0.98n + 13.82. Decision equations for 2nd-year or older fields were: D1 = 0.99n − 13.42 and D2 = 0.99n + 10.45. The use of Wald’s plan reduced the required sample size by 55% in 1st-year fields, and by 48% in all other fields. The savings associated with the other sequential-sampling plans were not significant.
EFFECT OF SUBLETHAL INFECTION LEVELS OF NOSEMA SP. ON THE PHEROMONE-MEDIATED BEHAVIOR OF THE WESTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS FREEMAN (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Sweeney J.D. , McLean J.A.
Published: November 2009

Western spruce budworm, Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman, adult males were observed in a wind tunnel for their response to synthetic sex pheromone and subsequently examined to determine their degree of infection with a microsporidian parasite, Nosema sp. A subsample of C. occidentalis was randomly selected and electroantennograms (EAG) of individual moths were measured for response to pheromone. The Nosema infection level ranged from 0 to 21.8 × 106 spores per milligram and was significantly negatively correlated with the proportion of males wing-fanning, taking off, and flying upwind to contact the pheromone source. The level of Nosema infection and the amplitude of the antennal response (EAG) to pheromone were not significantly related. These results suggest that Nosema affects the response of C. occidentalis males to pheromone in some way other than directly reducing the sensitivity of the antennae. We hypothesize that sublethal infections of Nosema sp. may reduce mating success of the western spruce budworm in field populations.
SERIAL IN VIVO PASSAGE OF THE ENTOMOPATHOGENIC HYPHOMYCETE TOLYPOCLADIUM CYLINDROSPORUM IN MOSQUITOES
Authors: Goettel Mark S.
Published: November 2009

Enhancement of virulence in entomogenous fungi has been a particularly neglected area of research (Roberts and Yendol 1971). It is generally believed that virulence increases following successive passage through a host and decreases following repeated subculturing on artificial media (see Aizawa 1971; Roberts and Yendol 1971). Using single-spore isolates (clones) of Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill., SamšiňSáková and Kálalová (1983) demonstrated spontaneous mutants with increased virulence. Enhancement of virulence using parasitic selection pressures has been accomplished by passage of fungal strains through a host (Daoust and Roberts 1982; references in Ignoffo et al. 1982). Such changes are thought to be due to gradual selection of genotypes.
THE PARASITIC HYMENOPTERA ASSOCIATED WITH SUNFLOWER (HELIANTHUS SPP.) IN MID-WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Sharkey M. , Arthur A. , Bisdee G. , Yoshimoto C. , Barron J.
Published: November 2009

A key to the species of Hymenoptera that parasitize insects feeding on sunflower seed heads is presented. The data base for this work is from rearings done in mid-western Canada but the key should be reliable throughout North America. A discussion of each parasitoid, giving host records, distribution, references, and a morphological diagnosis, is presented. Finally, a list of all of the species of parasitic Hymenoptera associated with sunflower in North America is given including important references.
EFFECTS OF FENITROTHION INSECTICIDE ON INHABITANTS OF LEAVES OF THE PITCHER PLANT, SARRACENIA PURPUREA L.
Authors: Fairchild W.L. , Eidt D.C. , Weaver C.A.A.
Published: November 2009

By injecting fenitrothion into fluid in leaves of pitcher plants, Sarracenia purpurea L., it was determined that the mosquito, Wyeomyia smithii (Coquillett), and the midge, Metriocnemus knabi (Coquillett), are under some risk from fenitrothion forest sprays at the rate of 210 g AI/ha. Wyeomyia smithii is slightly more susceptible than is M. knabi. Other leaf inhabitants, mites and rotifers, were not affected by initial concentrations of fenitrothion in the fluid (up to 9.6 μg/L) that did affect the mosquito and the midge.
AERIAL APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS AGAINST DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH, ORGYIA PSEUDOTSUGATA (McDUNNOUGH) (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE): I. IMPACT IN THE YEAR OF APPLICATION
Authors: Otvos I.S. , Cunningham J.C. , Friskie L.M.
Published: November 2009

Four 10-ha plots located in Kamloops Forest District, British Columbia, containing Douglas-fir trees infested with Douglas-fir tussock moth were aerially sprayed with nuclear polyhedrosis virus (Virtuss) in 1982 when most larvae were in the first instar. A dosage of 2.5 × 1011 polyhedral inclusion bodies (PIB) per hectare was applied in an emulsifiable oil tank mix to one plot and the same dosage in an aqueous tank mix containing molasses was applied to a second plot. The remaining two plots were treated with dosages of 8.3 × 1010 and 1.6 × 1010 PIB per hectare, respectively, in the oil mix. The treatments were applied with a fixed-wing aircraft fitted with boom and nozzle equipment and calibrated to deliver 9.4 L/ha. A further four plots were selected as checks.

Population reduction at 6 weeks post-spray (calculated using a modified Abbott’s formula) was 65% in the plot receiving the lowest dosage and from 87 to 95% in the remaining three plots. Incidence of virus infection, determined microscopically, peaked at 5–6 weeks post-spray with 85–100% of the larvae scored as positive. Levels of naturally occurring virus remained low in the check plots. Adult emergence from the pupae collected in the treated plots ranged from 4 to 19% and from 28 to 43% in the check plots. Reduction in egg-mass density attributed to the treatments was 97% in one plot, 99% in two others, and not determined for the fourth.

A virus dosage of 8.3 × 1010 PIB per hectare, which is one-third of the previously recommended dosage, is adequate, and either tank mix is acceptable.
AERIAL APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS AGAINST DOUGLAS-FIR TUSSOCK MOTH, ORGYIA PSEUDOTSUGATA (McDUNNOUGH) (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE): II. IMPACT 1 AND 2 YEARS AFTER APPLICATION
Authors: Otvos I.S. , Cunningham J.C. , Alfaro R.I.
Published: November 2009

Following aerial application of a Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough), nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) product called Virtuss on four plots in 1982, observations were made to determine the impact of these treatments in 1983 and 1984. Treated plots as well as buffer zones between and adjoining the treated plots, and three of the four check plots established in 1982, were monitored. The NPV appeared to have spread from the treated plots to adjoining areas in 1982, effectively reducing the Douglas-fir tussock moth population. This observation suggests that a strategy of spraying alternate swaths of Douglas-fir tussock moth infested stands with this viral insecticide may effectively initiate an epizootic that would control the population at a reduced cost.

A naturally occurring NPV epizootic decimated the Douglas-fir tussock moth population in the three check plots in 1983, but severe tree mortality occurred in two of these plots with 60 and 62% of sample trees dead in 1984. Light tree mortality was noted in 1984 in two of the four treated plots with 4 and 7% of sample trees killed. It is concluded that the virus treatments in 1982 were successful in preventing tree mortality.
TEMPERATURE-DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT OF EGGS AND LARVAE OF CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) AND SIMULATION OF ITS SEASONAL HISTORY
Authors: Régnière Jacques
Published: November 2009

Relationships between temperature and development rates of eggs, overwintered second-instar larvae, and all larval stages of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) fed on artificial diet were determined. Egg development was observed at eight constant temperatures between 7 and 32°C. It was fastest at 30°C, and showed relatively little variability. The rate of emergence of overwintered second-instar larvae was observed at 10 constant temperatures between 4 and 33°C. Maximum development rates occurred at 30°C. Variability in emergence rates was large, but unimodal. Development rates of the second to sixth larval instars were measured at 10 constant temperatures between 7 and 36°C, and maximum rates were observed, again, at 30°C. Variability in the development rates of the larvae was large, with no correlations between the development rates of the various larval instars. The results of computer simulations of the insect’s seasonal history are presented and discussed.
WILD BEE POLLINATOR DIVERSITY AND ABUNDANCE IN ORCHARD AND UNCULTIVATED HABITATS IN THE OKANAGAN VALLEY, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Scott-Dupree Cynthia D. , Winston Mark L.
Published: November 2009

Wild bee pollinators were collected in tree-fruit orchards and uncultivated habitats in the Okanagan Valley. Higher abundance and diversity of wild bee pollinators were found at uncultivated sites than on tree-fruit crops. Wild bees were not abundant enough in orchard habitats to provide adequate tree-fruit pollination. Variable flower visitation patterns by polylectic bees in orchard and uncultivated habitats make it difficult to predict floral visitation patterns. Therefore, orchardists cannot rely on a substantial and predictable contribution to pollination of fruit crops by wild bee species. Research into the use of wild bees as managed pollinators for tree-fruit crops in the Okanagan Valley may have potential. Future studies should consider three wild bee species collected in Okanagan Valley orchards, Bombus terricola occidentalis Greene, Bombus bifarius nearcticus Handlirsch, and Osmia lignaria propinqua Cresson, for pollination management.
LABORATORY FLOW-THROUGH BIOASSAYS OF FOUR FORESTRY INSECTICIDES AGAINST STREAM INVERTEBRATES
Authors: Poirier D.G. , Surgeoner G.A.
Published: November 2009

Continuous-flow laboratory bioassays were used to assess the acute toxicities of four formulated insecticides to representative stream invertebrates. Toxicities (48-h LC50) ranged from 3.2 to 7.4 μg/L for permethrin, from 39 to 269 μg/L for fenitrothion, from 478 to 2863 μg/L for aminocarb, and from 99 to 492 μg/L for mexacarbate. Slopes of the probit lines were similar for acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (fenitrothion, aminocarb, and mexacarbate), but slightly lower for permethrin. All test species responded to all of the insecticides at concentrations of 0.25 μg/L for permethrin, 10 μg/L for fenithrothion, and 25 μg/L for aminocarb and mexacarbate by drifting in the test chambers.
REVIEW OFSCHIZOPHRAGMAOGLOBLIN AND THE NON-AUSTRALIAN SPECIES OFSTETHYNIUMENOCK (HYMENOPTERA: MYMARIDAE)
Authors: Huber John T.
Published: November 2009

StethyniumEnock, a mainly old world genus most of whose members occur in Australia, is redescribed based on study of the non-Australian species. The subgenusNeostethyniumOgloblin is removed fromStethyniumand given generic status. The namesS.faunumGirault andS.empoascaeSubba Rao are synonymized underS.triclavatumEnock. A lectotype is designated forS.triclavatum.Stethynium angustipennesp. n. is described.

SchizophragmaOgloblin, formerly a subgenus ofPatasson, is redescribed as a genus.Anaphes bicolorDozier andStethynium annulatumDoutt are transferred toSchizophragma. The namesS.annulatumandS.nanaOgloblin are synonymized, respectively, underS.bicolorandS.parvulaOgloblin. Lectotypes are designated forS.bicolor(Dozier) andS.latipennis(Crawford). A provisional key to the species ofSchizophragmais presented.
NUMBER OF INSTARS OF LARVAE OF THE ALFALFA LEAFCUTTER BEE, MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA (F.) (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE)
Authors: Whitfield G.H. , Richards K.W. , Kveder T.M.
Published: November 2009

The number of instars of larvae of the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata (F.), was determined by direct observation, frequency distribution plots, and linear regression of head-capsule measurements. For all three methods, developmental polymorphism was observed; larvae were grouped according to the number of instars. The majority of larvae (77%) had four larval instars and the remainder had five. Mortality of bee larvae, apparently a result of physical injury during measurement of head-capsule width, was high but results were based on data for 259 individuals that completed development to the prepupal (= pharate pupa) stage. Direct observation of larval moults was found to be the only accurate method for determining instar designation but analysis of head-capsule width did describe the number of instars present in a population and provided estimates of head-capsule width for each instar. A morphological key for separation among four instars is presented as a practical alternative for instar determination in field studies.
ADDITIONS TO THE SYSTEMATICS AND BIOLOGY OF THE CADDISFLY FAMILY UENOIDAE (TRICHOPTERA)
Authors: Wiggins Glenn B. , Erman Nancy A.
Published: November 2009

A description is given for the male, female, and larva of Farula praelonga sp. nov. and for the female and larva of Neothremma genella Denning. Farula praelonga sp. nov. is distinctive in having an exceptionally long internal branch of segment X. The female of Neothremma genella is the only female yet known in that genus to have greatly reduced ventrolateral lobes of sternum IX. Modifications are made to the keys previously published for adults of Farula and Neothremma to incorporate this new information. These two species occur together in abundance; they are univoltine and have emergence periods 6 months apart.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER, MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (FAB.) (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE), TO BEAUVERIA BASSIANA (BALS.) VUILLEMIN (HYPHOMYCETE): INFLUENCE OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY
Authors: Marcandier S. , Khachatourians G.G.
Published: November 2009

In laboratory tests, Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fab.) was susceptible to infection by Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuillemin conidia. Infection occurred independently of the relative humidity (RH) (12, 33, 76, 100% RH). No significant difference was observed in the final percentage mortality of the treated grasshoppers and in the lethal times (LT50)(P > 0.05) under the RH conditions studied. However, the daily rate of mortality after treatment was higher at 76% RH than at 33% RH. High natural mortality occurred at 100% RH.

At 100% RH, treatment with B. bassiana was associated with an outgrowth of microorganism that created septicemic conditions in the absence of the characteristic symptoms of mycosis. Below 100% RH, mycelial growth on cadavers was never observed, even though partial or total insect mummification occurred, and a pink body coloration on approximately 80% of the insects indicated Beauveria as the killing agent. Once transferred to 100% RH, no more than 5% of the treated grasshoppers exhibited external mycelial growth.

The microenvironment at the cuticular level of the grasshopper allows expression of conidial pathogenicity regardless of ambient RH. Hence, together, these observations suggest the feasibility of field testing with B. bassiana as a bioinsecticide against M. sanguinipes in semi-arid climatic areas.
MORPHOMETRIC STUDY OF ANAGRUS GIRAULTI CRAWFORD (HYMENOPTERA: MYMARIDAE) REARED FROM EGGS OF THREE DIFFERENT CICADELLID HOSTS
Authors: Meyerdirk Dale E. , Moratorio Mario S.
Published: November 2009

Morphometric analysis was studied on the measurements of the forewings, ovipositor, hind tibia, and antenna of female Anagrus giraulti Crawford reared from the following hosts: Circulifer tenellus Baker, Empoasca fabae (Harris), and Scaphytopius nitridus (DeLong). Results showed that A. giraulti emerging from E. fabae had significantly shorter antennal segments, ovipositor, and tibia III than those reared from the other two host species. Host eggs of C. tenellus produced female A. giraulti with significantly longer wing lengths than did the other two species and wider wing widths than did E. fabae.
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON MORTALITY AND RECOVERY OF SPRUCE BUDWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) EXPOSED TO BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER
Authors: van Frankenhuyzen Kees , Nystrom Carl W.
Published: November 2009

Spruce budworm larvae were bioassayed against Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner to study the effect of temperature on the expression of toxicity. Temperatures between 16 and 28°C did not affect the ultimate level of toxicity (LC50). However, LT50’s increased from 2–8 days at 28°C to 11–20 days at 16°C, depending on concentration of the pathogen. When larvae were force-fed with a single dose, temperature had a similar effect on the time course of mortality without affecting the level of mortality. Feeding inhibition of force-fed larvae commenced immediately after dosing. Larvae that did not recover died without further feeding, even at lower temperatures when death occurred 2–3 weeks after dosing. Recovering larvae resumed feeding after 2 (28°C) to 6 (13°C) days. Recovered larvae took longer to develop and produced lighter pupae than untreated larvae. Our data suggest that temperature-dependent feeding and recovery did not contribute to quicker death at higher temperatures. Expression of the toxin itself appears to depend on temperature, possibly through the influence of temperature on metabolic rate of affected gut cells. Implications of these findings for the efficacy of spruce budworm control operations are discussed.
EFFECT OF WET FOLIAGE ON EFFICACY OF BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS SPRAY AGAINST THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA CLEM. (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: van Frankenhuyzen Kees
Published: November 2009

Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner is registered for control of several defoliating forest insects, including the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.), jackpine budworm (C. pinus Freeman), and gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) (Morris et al. 1986). Product labels and user guidelines of several manufacturers recommend application to dry foliage for best results. Efficacy is presumably reduced when foliage is wet from dew or precipitation. Possible causes are lower impaction efficiency of spray droplets on the wet leaf surface (Spillman 1984) and dilution of the active ingredient. I compared the efficacy of B. thuringiensis applied to wet and dry balsam fir foliage (Abies balsamea L.) in a laboratory bioassay with larvae of the spruce budwom, Choristoneura fumiferana.
A RED COLOR MORPH OF THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE, LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (SAY) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Boiteau Gilles
Published: November 2009

The Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), has a genetic system of great diversity and dynamic nature. This results in an enormous adaptability to a range of habitat conditions. Its genetic diversity is exemplified by the existence of color mutants (Tower 1906; Boiteau 1980, 1985).

In the summer of 1986, a red-body mutant male beetle was found in a potato field on the grounds of the Research Station in Fredericton, N.B., Canada. No other red beetles could be found in spite of frequent monitoring of beetle populations. The specimen retains the normal black maculation throughout but all pale yellow to flavous areas of normal beetles have been replaced by the color red (Scarlet 19/3 of the Royal Horticultural Society Colour Charts, 1942). To the best of my knowledge, this is the first report of a red Colorado potato beetle in Canada. Previously, red potato beetles had only been reported from the semi-desertic area of Toluca, near Mexico City (Tower 1906).
REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE EASTERN LARCH BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS SIMPLEX LECONTE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE), IN NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: Langor David W. , Raske Arthur G.
Published: November 2009

Overwintered adults of Dendroctorms simplex LeConte emerged in May and June and produced one generation and two broods in 1983 and 1984. Egg galleries were vertical, slightly sinuous, and significantly longer in first brood trees than in second brood trees . Females laid zero to four eggs per niche . The average number of eggs per gallery was significantly higher in first brood trees (48) than in second brood trees (31). Mean number of eggs per centimetre of gallery was 1.2 for both broods. Mean brood density was significantly higher in first brood trees (50 individuals per 100 cm2) than in second brood trees (23 per 100 cm2).

Dendroctonus simplex has four larval instars. Development from egg to adult in the field averaged 60 and 70 days for first and second broods, respectively. Total development at 12, 18, and 24°C in the laboratory averaged 80, 42, and 39 days, respectively. Adult males were significantly smaller than females.
A REVISION OF THE SPECIES OFPRAONHALIDAY IN NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE)
Authors: Johnson James W.
Published: November 2009

The genusPraonis revised. Thirteen North American species north of Mexico are recognized, including one new to science:P.carinumsp. nov.Praon cerasaphis(Fitch) andP.coloradenseAshmead are retained asSpecies inquirende. The female ofP.alaskenseAshmead and the male ofP.artemisaphisSmith are described for the first time.Praon nanusBaker,P.exsoletum palitansMuesebeck,P.agutiSmith, andP.negundinusSmith are placed in synonymy. The genusParapraonStary is considered a synonym ofPraonHaliday. A generic diagnosis ofPraonHaliday is given, and a key, diagnoses, and illustrations of North American species are provided.
MONITORING WESTERN FLOWER THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE) IN “GRANNY SMITH” APPLE BLOSSOM CLUSTERS
Authors: Terry L. Irene , DeGrandi-Hoffman Gloria
Published: November 2009

The efficiency and accuracy of sampling western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis[Pergande]) from “Granny Smith” apple blossom clusters were analyzed during 1986–1987 to develop a sampling plan for research purposes. The accuracy of the “shake” method was compared with an “extraction” process of each of three blossom cluster types: pink, open, and petalless (petal fall). Thrip extractions from combined clusters revealed that a 9-s and 6-s “shake” removed 84 and 74%, of the thrips, respectively, but a 3-s “shake” removed 53%, and was more variable. Open blossom clusters always had higher thrips densities than either pink or petal fall clusters, regardless of the bloom state. The effects of cardinal position within trees were not consistent over time. Clusters from the top of the canopy had more thrips than lower canopy clusters, and apical clusters had more thrips than basal clusters during peak bloom. Variance component analyses indicated that thrips counts from clusters within tree were more variable than counts among trees, even when cluster types were analyzed separately. Two sets of indices (Iwao’s regression of mean crowding on mean density and Taylor’s regression of log variance on log mean density) for each cluster type indicated aggregated spatial patterns. Precision level sampling plans were developed using Iwao’s regression coefficients.
EVIDENCE FOR MORTALITY IN ADDITION TO SUCCESSFUL PARASITISM OF NEEDLEMINING LARCH CASEBEARER (LEPIDOPTERA: COLEOPHORIDAE) LARVAE BYAGATHIS PUMILA(RATZ.) (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Ryan R.B.
Published: November 2009

In an attempt to control the larch casebearer,Coleophora laricella(Hübner), in western North America with biological agents, insect parasites from Europe and Japan were introduced (Denton 1972, 1979; Ryanet al.1987). The braconidAgathis pumila(Ratz.) has become widely established and apparently has been responsible for markedly reduced casebearer densities (Ryan 1983, 1986; Ryanet al.1987). Parasitization by it in many research plots reached 80-95% (unpublished data), then declined following reductions in the casebearer populations in a typically delayed density-dependent manner. I present here a partial explanation for why casebearer densities declined so drastically, to levels even lower than could perhaps be explained by parasitization at such high levels.
THE EFFECTS OF FOOD SUPPLY ON ADULT SIZE IN THE BUMBLE BEE BOMBUS TERRICOLA KIRBY (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Authors: Sutcliffe G.H. , Plowright R.C.
Published: November 2009

Captive colonies of Bombus terricola Kirby received pollen for 8, 14, or 24 h per day from the time of onset of second brood oviposition until colony decline. The pattern of change of worker body size over time, especially between the first and second broods, varied according to these experimental food regimes. The results indicate that conflicting results reported in the literature, with respect to changes in worker size over the course of colony development, probably can be regarded, at least in part, as the outcome of differences in food supply.
PROBABILITY ANALYSIS OF FLUCTUATIONS OF GRASSHOPPER POPULATIONS IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Mukerji M.K. , Hayhoe H.N.
Published: November 2009

Distribution of grasshopper populations was examined on a rural municipality (RM) basis over a 44-year period in Saskatchewan. A two-state Markov chain probability model was used to describe the transitional probabilities from high or low populations for different time steps. The analysis showed significant persistence of grasshopper populations in particular locations but the degree of persistence varied between RMs. The probability model was used to determine the expected duration of outbreaks or recessions. The potential usefulness of estimates of the expected duration of an outbreak is discussed in relation to crop protection.
DENSITY, DIVERSITY, AND EFFICIENCY OF POLLINATORS OF SAINFOIN, ONOBRYCHIS VICIAEFOLIA SCOP.
Authors: Richards K.W. , Edwards P.D.
Published: November 2009

The density and efficiency of bumble bees, honey bees, and alfalfa leafcutter bees on sainfoin, Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop., grown in southern Alberta were studied. Six species of bees were identified as pollinators, with alfalfa leafcutter bees comprising 56% of the observations, honey bees 40%, and bumble bees 4%. The density of flowers over the season can be described as curvilinear. The mean number of flowers per raceme decreased significantly over the season. The rate of foraging by pollinator species from flower to flower varied and is described by multiple regression models. Julian date, hour of day, and flower density are the independent variables. More than 90% of the bees visited three or fewer flowers per raceme when 60% of the racemes had three or more flowers available for pollination. The bees foraged on sainfoin for about 12 h per day and average bee density increased significantly with the corresponding flower density. A theoretical approach used to predict the bee populations required to pollinate varying flower densities shows that the required population of bumble bees is about two-thirds that of honey bees or alfalfa leafcutter bees. The observed populations of pollinators did not correspond well with the derived values, probably because multiple visits per flower are required for fertilization.
SEASONAL DAMAGE BY INSECTS AND SQUIRRELS TO FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES OF BLACK SPRUCE, PICEA MARIANA (MILL.) B.S.P.
Authors: Prévost Y.H. , Laing J.E. , Haavisto V.F.
Published: November 2009

The seasonal damage to female reproductive structures (buds, flowers, and cones) of black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P., was assessed during 1983 and 1984. Nineteen insects (five Orders) and the red squirrel, Tamiasciurus hudsonicus (Erxleben), were found feeding on these reproductive structures. Collectively, these organisms damaged 88.9 and 53.5% of the cones in 1983 and 1984, respectively. In the 2 years, Lepidoptera damaged 61.8% of the cones in 1983 and 44.4% of the cones in 1984. The spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), and the spruce coneworm, Dioryctria reniculelloides Mut. and Mun., were the most important pests. Cones damaged by Lepidoptera could be classed into three categories: (a) severe, yielding no seeds; (b) moderate, yielding 22.3 seeds per cone; and (c) light, yielding 37.5 seeds per cone. Undamaged cones yielded on average 39.9 seeds per cone. Red squirrels removed 18.8% of the cones in 1983 and none in 1984. The spruce cone axis midge, Dasineura rachiphaga Tripp, and the spruce cone maggot, Lasiomma anthracinum (Czerny), caused minor damage in both years. Feeding by spruce cone axis midge did not reduce cone growth significantly or the number of viable seeds per cone, but feeding by the spruce cone maggot did. During both years new damage by insects to the female reproductive structures of the experimental trees was not observed after mid-July. In 1983 damage by red squirrels occurred from early to late September. In 1984 damage to cones on trees treated with dimethoate was 15.6% compared with 53.5% for untreated trees, without an increase in the number of aborted cones.
EFFECTIVENESS OF MICROBIAL AND CHEMICAL INSECTICIDES IN CONTROL OF THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) ON POTATOES AND TOMATOES
Authors: Jaques Robert P. , Laing Daniel R.
Published: November 2009

The control of the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), by formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (B.t.) and other microbial agents and chemical insecticides was assessed in field plots of potatoes and tomatoes over a 5-year period. Applications of formulations of thuringiensin, the beta exotoxin of B.t., and of B.t. var. son diego (B.t.sd.) to potatoes reduced numbers of larvae of the potato beetle compared with the nontreated check and resulted in yields significantly greater than from the check plots and, in most cases, similar to yields from plots treated with carbofuran. Treatment of tomatoes with B.t.sd. reduced populations of larvae of the Colorado potato beetle compared with the nontreated check and increased yield of nondamaged fruit from plots. An initial application of carbofuran to potatoes or permethrin to tomatoes followed by applications of thuringiensin or B.t.sd. protected potatoes or tomatoes as well as did the chemical insecticide used alone in a treatment program. Applications of preparations of B.t. var. kurstaki or spores of the fungus Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin or the microsporidium Vairimorpha necatrix (Kramer) did not reduce populations of the beetle.
LABORATORY FEEDING AND COLONIZATION OF NON-HOST LODGEPOLE PINE BY TWO POPULATIONS OF PISSODES STROBI (PECK) (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE)
Authors: Alfaro Rene I.
Published: November 2009

Two populations of Pissodes strobi (Peck), one from Sitka spruce, Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr, and the other from Engelmann spruce, Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm., were successfully induced to oviposit on the non-host lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta Dougl. var latifolia. The number of egg punctures excavated on the non-host was smaller than that on either Sitka or Engelmann spruce. Survival from egg to adult was similar on the non-host and the host trees. The two weevil populations differed in the degree to which lodgepole pine met the nutritional requirements for weevil development, as measured by weight of weevils and developmental time from egg to adult. In choice-feeding experiments, weevils reared in lodgepole pine rejected this species and chose Sitka spruce, suggesting that feeding preference in P. strobi is genetically fixed and therefore cannot be changed by rearing the insects on the non-host tree. The importance of these findings is discussed in relation to the idea of weevil control through the development of weevil-resistant varieties.
INJURY TO PINUS PUMILA REGEL BY THE LARVAE OF CEPHALCIA VARIEGATA TAKEUCHI AND GILPINIA DAISETUSANA TAKEUCHI IN JAPAN, WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVAE AND LIFE HISTORY OF CEPHALCIA VARIEGATA (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE, PAMPHILIIDAE)
Authors: Togashi Ichiji , Yoshida Nariaki
Published: November 2009

Pinus pumila Regel growing at Takanegahara Plateau of Mt. Taisetsu, Hokkaido, Japan, were damaged by larvae of Cephalcia variegata Takeuchi and Gilpinia daisetusana Takeuchi. The feeding behavior and life history of C. variegata are reported.
RATE OF DEVELOPMENT, REPRODUCTION, AND MASS-REARING OF APANTELES FUMIFERANAE VIER. (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE) UNDER CONTROLLED CONDITIONS
Authors: Nealis V.G. , Fraser S.
Published: November 2009

The temperature-dependent rate of development of the post-diapause larval and pupal stages of the spruce budworm parasitoid, Apanteles fumiferanae Vier., was estimated under controlled conditions. Parasitoid larvae required 289.0 degree-days (DD) above a threshold of 8.1 °C to complete development and the pupae required 106.2 DD above a threshold of 9.6 °C to complete development. Longevity of the adult wasp at several temperatures also was examined. Female wasps lived longer than male wasps at all temperatures. Wasps tended to mate more readily under natural than under artificial light conditions.

Newly emerged female A. fumiferanae had few, if any, mature eggs in their ovaries. The number of mature eggs increased to a peak of 40–75 eggs, 4–12 days after eclosion of the adult. The pattern in number of ovipositions was similar to this pattern of egg availability. The daily rate of oviposition, however, was only about one-quarter the number of eggs available.

These biological measurements are discussed in view of the development of a mass-rearing technique for this parasitoid.
ENTOMOPHAGA GRYLLI (FRESENIUS) INFECTIONS IN GRASSHOPPER (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE) POPULATIONS IN SASKATCHEWAN AND ALBERTA, 1985–1986
Authors: Erlandson M. A. , Johnson D. L. , Olfert O. O.
Published: November 2009

A survey of grasshopper populations in Saskatchewan and Alberta indicated that the fungal disease caused by Entomophaga grylli (Fresenius) pathotype II was present in melanopline grasshoppers in 1985 and 1986. The disease was more prevalent and widespread in 1986, being found at 44% of 128 survey sites in Saskatchewan compared with 11% of 190 sites in 1985. In Alberta a high incidence (≥ three per 100 m2) of infected grasshoppers was found at 6% of 1746 sites in 1986 as compared with less that 1% of 2055 sites in 1985. Levels of infection based on cadaver densities at sites with high incidence of disease in Saskatchewan were similar in both years ranging from 3 to 28% for the total population. Melanoplus bivittatus (Say) was the predominant host species for E. grylli pathotype II; M. sanguinipes (Fabricius) was less affected. Entomophaga grylli pathotype I was isolated from Camnula pellucida (Scudder) hosts from a few sites in both Saskatchewan and Alberta in 1986.
UN NOUVEAU TINOCALLIS SUR ULMUS, ORIGINAIRE D’ASIE CENTRALE ET SEMBLABLE À T. SALTANS (NEVSKY) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Remaudière G. , Quednau F. W. , Heie O. E.
Published: November 2009

Two different species of Tinocallis were previously confused under the name T. saltans (Nevsky). The status of the true T. saltans is established by designation of a lectotype from the Nevsky syntype series. The alate vivipara, embryo, alatoid nymph, male, and ovipara of T. nevskyi sp. nov. are described and compared with T. saltans. The new aphid is known from Iran, Pakistan, and Afghanistan and it recently appeared in Europe. A new synonymy is established: T. yinchuanensis Zhang, 1980 = T. saltans (Nevsky, 1929).
PATHOGENICITY OF NOSEMA FUMIFERANAE (THOMSON) (MICROSPORIDA) IN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEMENS), AND IMPLICATIONS OF DIAPAUSE CONDITIONS
Authors: Bauer Leah S. , Nordin Gerald L.
Published: November 2009

A standardized bioassay procedure was used to determine median lethal doses (LD50) of the microsporidium, Nosema fumiferanae (Thom.), on newly molted fourth- and fifth-instar eastern spruce budworm larvae (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)). The LD50 for fifth-instar larva was 1.23 × 106 ± 2.82 × 105 spores. The fourth-instar LD50 was 2.23 × 104 ± 4.30 × 103 spores per larva for populations experiencing prolonged post-diapause cold storage or an elevated temperature during diapause and 2.00 × 105 ± 6.66 × 104 spores per larva for populations not experiencing stressful conditions during and after diapause. Median lethal times (LT50) ranged from 6 to 19 days, depending on instar and dose level. Sublethal responses of fourth- and fifth-instar larvae inoculated with serial dilutions of spores were estimated by significant linear models. These regressions were negative for pupal weight and adult longevity and positive for development time (duration of instar VI). Inoculations of newly molted sixth-instar larvae produced similar models, although development time was not significantly affected. Insects reared following stress during and after diapause had consistently longer developmental times. The importance of prolonged developmental time on disease expression and insect susceptibility is discussed.