bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of alkali and ultraviolet aging on physical, thermal, and mechanical properties of fibers for potential use as reinforcing elements in glass/silicate composites
Authors: Akonda M. H. , Kandola B. K. , Horrocks A. R.
Published: October 2011

This work reports the effect of an alkaline environment and ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the physical, thermal, and tensile properties of different fibers selected as potential reinforcing elements to enhance the impact properties of brittle glass/silicate composites. The fibers, which included regenerated cellulosic (viscose and rayon), synthetic (ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, polypropylene, polyamide, acrylic), glass, ceramic, and steel, were aged in different alkaline solutions with pH ranging from 11.1 to 13.6 at 70°C for different periods of time and exposed to UV radiation for 330 h. The physical and thermal properties of aged fibers were studied using tensile testing, scanning electron microscopy, and simultaneous differential and thermogravimetric analysis. Results showed that the regenerated cellulosic fibers, acrylic, E‐glass, and A‐glass fibers could not withstand the highly alkaline environment. Overall, ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene, UV‐stable polypropylene, polyamide 6.6, AR‐glass, ceramic (alumino borosilicate), and steel fibers performed very well under all conditions, indicating that they have the potential to be used as reinforcing elements in glass/silicate composites. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep‐disordered breathing disturbances in survivors of childhood central nervous system tumors
Authors: Mandrell Belinda N. , Wise Merrill , Schoumacher Robert A. , Pritchard Michele , West Nancy , Ness Kirsten K. , Crabtree Valerie McLaughlin , Merchant Thomas E. , Morris Brannon
Published: October 2011

Background

Improvements in treatment and management for pediatric central nervous system (CNS) tumors have increased survival rates, allowing clinicians to focus on long‐term sequelae, including sleep disorders. The objective of this study was to describe a series of CNS tumor survivors who had sleep evaluations that included polysomnography (PSG) with attention to sleep disorder in relation to the tumor site.

Procedure

We report on 31 patients who had retrievable reports including an overnight PSG; 17 also underwent multiple sleep latency tests (MSLT) to characterize their sleepiness.

Results

Mean age at tumor diagnosis was 7.4 years, mean age at sleep referral 14.3 years, and a mean time between tumor diagnosis and sleep referral of 6.9 years. The most common tumor location was the suprasellar region, the most common reason for sleep referral was excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), and the most common sleep diagnosis was obstructive sleep apnea (n = 14) followed by central sleep apnea (n = 4), hypersomnia due to medical condition (n = 4), and narcolepsy (n = 3). Twenty‐six of the 31 subjects were obese/overweight, and among those with the concurrent complaint of EDS, the mean sleep latency on MSLT was 3.16 minutes, consistent with excessive sleepiness.

Conclusions

Suprasellar region tumor survivors who are obese or overweight are more likely to have complaints of EDS and are at greater risk of sleep‐disordered breathing. Sleep‐related symptoms may not be recognized and referral initiated until years after CNS diagnosis. A periodic and thorough sleep history should be taken when caring for CNS tumor survivors. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58: 746–751. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pharmacologic management of obesity
Authors: Kushner Robert F.
Published: October 2011

Recent discoveries of processes that govern regulation of body weight and energy expenditure have led to development of new anti‐obesity pharmacological agents. This article will inform health professionals of new anti‐obesity medications that target neuronal systems within the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral humoral proteins that send signals to the CNS. An emerging theme of new therapies is to use combination medications that are directed toward several targets or leverage existing gastrointestinal satiety hormonal signals. By using combination therapies, it is anticipated that greater weight loss will be achieved compared to monotherapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 58: 140–143. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ensemble modeling of protein disordered states: Experimental restraint contributions and validation
Authors: Marsh Joseph A. , Forman‐Kay Julie D.
Published: October 2011

Disordered states of proteins include the biologically functional intrinsically disordered proteins and the unfolded states of normally folded proteins. In recent years, ensemble‐modeling strategies using various experimental measurements as restraints have emerged as powerful means for structurally characterizing disordered states. However, these methods are still in their infancy compared with the structural determination of folded proteins. Here, we have addressed several issues important to ensemble modeling using our ENSEMBLE methodology. First, we assessed how calculating ensembles containing different numbers of conformers affects their structural properties. We find that larger ensembles have very similar properties to smaller ensembles fit to the same experimental restraints, thus allowing a considerable speed improvement in our calculations. In addition, we analyzed the contributions of different experimental restraints to the structural properties of calculated ensembles, enabling us to make recommendations about the experimental measurements that should be made for optimal ensemble modeling. The effects of different restraints, most significantly from chemical shifts, paramagnetic relaxation enhancements and small‐angle X‐ray scattering, but also from other data, underscore the importance of utilizing multiple sources of experimental data. Finally, we validate our ENSEMBLE methodology using both cross‐validation and synthetic experimental restraints calculated from simulated ensembles. Our results suggest that secondary structure and molecular size distribution can generally be modeled very accurately, whereas the accuracy of calculated tertiary structure is dependent on the number of distance restraints used. Proteins 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of the Inverse Substructure Method in the Investigation of Dynamic Characteristics of Product Transport System
Authors: Wang Zhi‐Wei , Wang Jun , Zhang Yuan‐Biao , Hu Chang‐Ying , Zhu Yong
Published: October 2011

Product, packaging and vehicle constitute a complex product transport system in logistics. It is very difficult to obtain accurately the dynamic response of a product transport system under the action of environmental vibration and shock. In this paper, product transport system is treated as a two substructure‐coupled system composed of product system (including critical element) and vehicle connected by packaging and its fixing (location pattern, securing, etc.); the inverse substructure method is applied to the analysis of the dynamic characteristics of the system. For verification of the validity of the inverse substructure method for product transport system, a typical lumped mass model is taken as an example for numerical validation. To check out the accuracy of the method, we completed the experiment, and the predicted substructure‐level frequency response functions are in overall agreement with those measured. The sensitivity of the method to measurement error is also made. To study the influences of the product parameters, packaging and its fixing, we investigated the effects of the coupling stiffness, mass ratio, frequency parameter ratio and damping on the dynamic response of critical element. Reducing the coupling static stiffness of product–vehicle interface can effectively lower the response of critical element, especially when the coupling stiffness is less than the stiffness of product and vehicle. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on sliced inverse regression with missing predictors
Authors: Dong Yuexiao , Zhu Liping
Published: October 2011

Sufficient dimension reduction (SDR) is effective in high‐dimensional data analysis as it mitigates the curse of dimensionality while retaining full regression information. Missing predictors are common in high‐dimensional data, yet are only discussed occasionally in the SDR context. In this paper, an inverse probability weighted sliced inverse regression (SIR) is studied with predictors missing at random. We cast SIR into the estimating equation framework to avoid inverting a large scale covariance matrix. This strategy is more efficient in handling large dimensionality and strong collinearity among the predictors than the spectral decomposition of classical SIR. Numerical studies confirm the supremacy of our proposed procedure over existing methods. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining, 2011
Privacy preserving protocol for service aggregation in cloud computing
Authors: Wang Peishun , Mu Yi , Susilo Willy , Yan Jun
Published: October 2011

Cloud computing has increasingly become a new model in the world of computing, and more businesses are moving to the cloud. As a cost‐effective and time‐efficient way to develop new applications and services, service aggregation in cloud computing empowers all service providers and consumers and creates tremendous opportunities in various industry sectors. However, it also poses various challenges to the privacy of personal information as well as the confidentiality of business and governmental information. The full benefits of service aggregation in cloud computing would only be enjoyed if the privacy concerns are addressed properly. In this paper, we investigate the privacy issues in service aggregation in a cloudenvironment and propose a privacy preserving protocol that is suitable for this environment. To demonstrate the security of our system, we construct a security game called IND‐P3SAC‐CPA and prove the security of the protocol accordingly. Our protocol has a distinct property that allows any service provider to obtain only the queried data under its conspiracy with the cloud. Additionally, the efficiency and various extensions are also discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of power Doppler gain setting on Virtual Organ Computer‐aided AnaLysis indices in vivo: can use of the individual sub‐noise gain level optimize information?
Authors: Collins S. L. , Stevenson G. N. , Noble J. A. , Impey L. , Welsh A. W.
Published: October 2011

Objectives

To demonstrate the influence of gain setting on the calculated Virtual Organ Computer‐aided AnaLysis (VOCAL™) three‐dimensional (3D) indices and define a point, the sub‐noise gain (SNG), at which maximum information is available without noise artifact.

Methods

Pregnant women were recruited at the time of their pregnancy‐dating scan. Five identical static 3D power Doppler volumes of the placenta were acquired using identical machine settings apart from altering the power Doppler gain setting. The gain settings included the individualized SNG setting (determined by increasing gain until noise artifact was visible, then reducing it until the artifact just disappeared). The data were analyzed using VOCAL II. Vascularization index (VI), flow index (FI) and vascularization flow index (VFI) were calculated for the same sample at five different power Doppler gain levels. The relationship between the values calculated for the VOCAL indices and the gain value was explored using linear regression analysis.

Results

Results from 50 women were analyzed. The percentage difference in VI and VFI from that observed at the SNG level in each woman was significantly linearly related to the gain setting relative to that at the SNG point (VI: r2 = 0.68, P < 0.0001; VFI: r2 = 0.72, P < 0.0001), with the values produced for VI and VFI decreasing as the gain was turned down. There was a distinct ‘turning point’ at the SNG level with linear relationships above and below, but with significantly different gradients (P ⩽ 0.001). This relationship was not demonstrated for FI.

Conclusion

The SNG setting appears to represent each individual's optimum gain level. Using this may improve meaningful comparisons of VI and VFI between patients. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence analysis of rock art pigments from the ‘Abrigo dos Gaivões’ and ‘Igreja dos Mouros’ caves (Portugal)
Authors: Nuevo M. J. , Martín Sánchez A. , Oliveira C. , de Oliveira J.
Published: October 2011

A portable energy dispersive X‐ray fluorescence spectrometer was used to obtain the elemental composition of Neolithic rock art paintings of the ‘Abrigo dos Gaivões’ and ‘Igreja dos Mouros’ caves. These caves, located in the Esperança parish, Arronches' county, in the San Mamede's mountains (Portugal), belong to a group of spread shelters just next to the western Spanish border. Results show the strong presence of iron in bare rock, and this element can be clearly detected as the main component of the red paintings. No evidence of manganese was detected in either the brownish or the black paintings, contrary to other Neolithic paintings in the Mediterranean area. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Freshwater diatoms as a source of lipids for biofuels
Authors: Graham James M , Graham Linda E , Zulkifly Shahrizim B , Pfleger Brian F , Hoover Spencer W , Yoshitani Jun
Published: October 2011

Until recently, biodiesel production has been derived from terrestrial plants such as soybean and canola, leading to competition between biodiesel production and agricultural production for source materials. Microalgae have the potential to synthesize 30 times more oil per hectare than terrestrial plants without competing for agricultural land. We examined four genera (Cyclotella, Aulacoseira, Fragilaria, Synedra) of common freshwater diatoms (Bacillariophyceae) for growth and lipid content in defined medium (sD11) that replicates hypereutrophic conditions in lakes and wastewater treatment plant effluents and optimized the medium for silicon content. Cyclotella and Aulacoseira produced the highest levels of total lipids, 60 and 43 μg total lipids/ml, respectively. Both diatoms are rich in fatty acids C14, C16, C16:1, C16:2,7,10, and C22:5n3. Of the diatoms examined, Cyclotella reached the highest population density (>2.5 × 106 cells/ml) in stationary phase when many of the cells appeared to be filled entirely with oil. Silicon enrichment studies indicated that for optimal utilization of phosphorus and nitrogen by diatoms growing in wastewater effluent, the amount of silicon present or added to the effluent should be 17.5 times the mass of phosphorus in the effluent. With high growth rates, high lipid contents, and rapid settling rates, Cyclotella and Aulacoseira are candidates for biodiesel production.
Optimization of glucose feeding approaches for enhanced glucosamine and N-acetylglucosamine production by an engineered Escherichia coli
Authors: Chen Xin , Liu Long , Li Jianghua , Liu Jie , Du Guocheng , Chen Jian
Published: October 2011

In this work, a recombinant Escherichia coli was constructed by overexpressing glucosamine (GlcN) synthase and GlcN-6-P N-acetyltransferase for highly efficient production of GlcN and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). For further enhancement of GlcN and GlcNAc production, the effects of different glucose feeding strategies including constant-rate feeding, interval feeding, and exponential feeding on GlcN and GlcNAc production were investigated. The results indicated that exponential feeding resulted in relatively high cell growth rate and low acetate formation rate, while constant feeding contributed to the highest specific GlcN and GlcNAc production rate. Based on this, a multistage glucose supply approach was proposed to enhance GlcN and GlcNAc production. In the first stage (0–2 h), batch culture with initial glucose concentration of 27 g/l was conducted, whereas the second culture stage (2–10 h) was performed with exponential feeding at μ  set = 0.20 h−1, followed by feeding concentrated glucose (300 g/l) at constant rate of 32 ml/h in the third stage (10–16 h). With this time-variant glucose feeding strategy, the total GlcN and GlcNAc yield reached 69.66 g/l, which was enhanced by 1.59-fold in comparison with that of batch culture with the same total glucose concentration. The time-dependent glucose feeding approach developed here may be useful for production of other fine chemicals by recombinant E. coli.
Deletion of GPIHBP1 causing severe chylomicronemia
Authors: Rios Jonathan J. , Shastry Savitha , Jasso Juan , Hauser Natalie , Garg Abhimanyu , Bensadoun André , Cohen Jonathan C. , Hobbs Helen H.
Published: October 2011

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is a hydrolase that cleaves circulating triglycerides to release fatty acids to the surrounding tissues. The enzyme is synthesized in parenchymal cells and is transported to its site of action on the capillary endothelium by glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored high‐density lipoprotein‐binding protein 1 (GPIHBP1). Inactivating mutations in LPL; in its cofactor, apolipoprotein (Apo) C2; or in GPIHBP1 cause severe hypertriglyceridemia. Here we describe an individual with complete deficiency of GPIHBP1. The proband was an Asian Indian boy who had severe chylomicronemia at 2 months of age. Array‐based copy‐number analysis of his genomic DNA revealed homozygosity for a 17.5‐kb deletion that included GPIHBP1. A 44‐year‐old aunt with a history of hypertriglyceridemia and pancreatitis was also homozygous for the deletion. A bolus of intravenously administered heparin caused a rapid increase in circulating LPL and decreased plasma triglyceride levels in control individuals but not in two GPIHBP1‐deficient patients. Thus, short‐term treatment with heparin failed to attenuate the hypertriglyceridemia in patients with GPIHBP1 deficiency. The increasing resolution of copy number microarrays and their widespread adoption for routine cytogenetic analysis is likely to reveal a greater role for submicroscopic deletions in Mendelian conditions. We describe the first neonate with complete GPIHBP1 deficiency due to homozygosity for a deletion of GPIHBP1.
Patient Selection for Prostate Biopsy: Risk-based or PSA-based?
Authors: Nariculam J. , Shabbir M. , Thomas Karen , Le Roux P.J. , Walker R.M. , Charig C.R. , Parker C.
Published: October 2011

Aim:

The AUA Best Practice Statement on PSA advocates a risk-based approach to selecting men for biopsy, based not on a PSA threshold, but on the risk of finding cancer on biopsy. We have therefore studied the association between candidate risk factors and prostate biopsy results.

Method:

All patients who underwent a prostate biopsy within the Epsom and St Helier NHS Trust between July 2005 and July 2007 were identified. Those with a serum PSA value of <15.0ng/ml were selected for inclusion. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was done to analyse risk factors for the presence of cancer, and of significant cancer, on biopsy. Significant prostate cancer on biopsy was arbitrarily defined as either a Gleason score of 7 or more, or the presence of cancer in 50% or more of the cores.

Results:

Of 400 cases, 153 (38%) were found to have prostate cancer on biopsy, of which 93 were classed as significant. On multivariate analysis, smaller prostate volume, abnormal DRE, PSA level and absence of previous negative biopsy were independent predictors of significant prostate cancer. The multivariate logistic regression results were used to create a predictive nomogram for significant cancer.

Conclusion:

The PSA level is merely one of several factors that predict biopsy results. A risk-based, rather than a PSA-based, approach to selecting men for prostate biopsy has the potential to both reduce the number of men undergoing biopsy, and increase the detection of significant cancers.
Fate and Free Will in the Jewish Philosophies according to Josephus
Authors: Moore George Foot
Published: October 2011

In the thirteenth book of his Ancient History of the Jews, Josephus relates (Ant. xiii. 1–5) the doings and fortunes of Jonathan, the brother of Judas Maccabaeus and after the death of Judas (161 B.C.) the leader of the rebellious Jews in their struggle with the Syrian rulers. In the sequel of Jonathan's embassies to Rome and Sparta, and not long before he fell into the hands of Tryphon and was put to death, we read (Ant. xiii. 5, 9):

About this time there were three philosophical schools (αἱρέσɛις) among the Jews, which entertained different opinions about human affairs. One of them was called that of the Pharisees, one of the Sadducees, and the third of the Essenes.
The Immoralities of the Patriarchs according to the Exegesis of the Late Middle Ages and of the Reformation
Authors: Bainton Roland H.
Published: October 2011

The Old Testament has always been something of an embarrassment to the Christian church. The book was Scripture and its heroes were to be taken as examples. Nevertheless there was much in their conduct which ran counter to the prevailing Christian ethics. A problem thus arose both in exegesis and in ethics. Were the patriarchs to be justified? Should they be imitated? Marcion evaded the difficulty by simply rejecting the Old Testament, pointing out the complete antithesis, for example, between the precept, “Let not the sun go down upon your wrath,” and the conduct of Joshua, who kept the sun up till his wrath went down. In the main the fathers resolved such difficulties by allegory, but even this key did not suffice. There was no denying that Moses really slew the Egyptian, that the Israelites robbed them, that Abraham lied, that Jacob was polygamous, and that Samson committed suicide, not to mention the deeds which made it appropriate to attribute to David the penitential psalms. Origen, the prince of allegorists, admitted that the incest of Lot and the polygamy of Abraham and Jacob were “mysteries not understood by us.”
The Athens Text of Athanasius, Contra Gentes and De Incarnatione
Authors: Casey Robert P.
Published: October 2011

In the Harvard Theological Review for July 1926 attention was called to a manuscript of the works of St. Athanasius (Athens, National Library 428) which is of interest as the oldest Greek witness to a recension of De Incarnatione recently discovered by Professor Lebon of Louvain. Further investigation of this manuscript, and especially an examination of its text of Contra Gentes, raises new problems in the textual history of Athanasius's works and adds to our knowledge of the recension of De Incarnatione discovered by Lebon.
“The Five Books of Matthew”: Bacon on the Gospel of Matthew
Authors: Enslin Morton S.
Published: October 2011

Some years ago there was discovered in the monastery of Iveron on Mount Athos a curious paper manuscript of the sixteenth century, “filled with all kinds of theological extracts.” It was catalogued by Lambros, as the work of “Matthew a monk” (Mατθαíου μονάχου). Rendel Harris, to whom New Testament students are indebted for many valuable and penetrating judgments, questioned the justice of this identification. The Matthew referred to was, he held, not an obscure mediaeval monk: he was none other than Matthew the apostle.
Manichaeism and Augustine's Idea of ‘Massa Perditionis’
Authors: Buonaiuti E.
Published: October 2011

In my essay, “The Genesis of St. Augustine's Idea of Original Sin,” published in this Review (1917, pp. 159–175), I advanced the theory that Augustine's doctrine of original sin and its transmission was not derived from the teaching of Ambrose, as Harnack holds, but rather from the commentary on the Epistle to the Romans by the unknown writer commonly referred to as Ambrosiaster. From this fourth-century writer Augustine borrowed his final formulation of the doctrine of the universal participation of mankind in the sin of Adam and his interpretation of the most discussed passages of the Epistle to the Romans, as well as the notions of man “servus culpae” and “servus gratiae.”
The Ahmadiya Movement and its Western Propaganda
Authors: Addison James Thayer
Published: October 2011

If he knows where to look for them, the traveller may find among the suburbs of London two Mohammedan mosques — one about thirty-six years old at Woking in Surrey, the other only a year or two old at Southfields near Wandsworth. Here, every week, come English worshippers, and from these centres of Islam, with their resident missionaries, go forth various types of propaganda aiming to present Islam in favorable and convincing fashion to the modern western world. Both of these headquarters are controlled by branches or sub-sects of the Ahmadiya Movement — a recent heretical offshoot of Mohammedanism. The study of its origin and present teachings, therefore, has more than academic value, for it will reveal the history and aims of the only branch of Islam which is seriously trying to convert western Christians.
Is there a Lectionary Text of the Gospels?
Authors: Colwell Ernest Cadman
Published: October 2011

Do the majority of the Greek lectionaries of the gospels agree with one another so consistently that it is possible to speak of their text as “the lectionary text”? It has generally been assumed that the text of lectionaries does not merit serious attention, and that even if they should agree in text, the quality of that text would not justify its study. But the discussion of the quality and significance of this text may reasonably be postponed until its existence has been established.
The Göttingen Investigation and Edition of the Septuagint
Authors: Hedley P. L.
Published: October 2011

A New era in Septuagint studies began in the autumn of 1891. In November of that year Hort drew up a scheme for the larger Cambridge edition: a few days later Lagarde, just before the operation from which he died on December 22, showed to his young pupil Alfred Rahlfs the works on which he was engaged, and explained his plans for their completion and publication. In these two schemes three scholars have found an arduous and self-sacrificing life-work. When A. E. Brooke and Norman McLean undertook the preparation of the Cambridge edition in 1895, they hoped that the Octateuch might be completed in five years: the final part of this first volume did not appear until 1917. But strenuous and untiring as their toil was through long years, it is now bearing rapid fruit. It is astonishing that the intricate editions of Samuel and Kings should have been published within the four years 1927–30, and Chronicles at the beginning of 1932.
Foreign Groups in Rome during the First Centuries of the Empire
Authors: Piana George La
Published: October 2011

Among the many religions of oriental origin Christianity was the only one which really became a Roman religion, and any attempt to explain the complex history of the institutional development of the Church of Rome during the early centuries of the empire must start from the analysis of this distinguishing fact, the ‘romanization’ of the Christian Church. A survey of the Roman environment in which Christianity made its first conquests and secured its success is the indispensable preliminary to the study of the process that gradually transformed Christianity in Rome from a religion of foreign groups into the legally established religion of the Roman Empire.
A Vision of Mandulis Aion
Authors: Nock Arthur Darby
Published: October 2011

The Roman garrison town of Talmis, now called Kalabsha, lies in Nubia a little South of the Lesser Cataracts of the Nile and was the seat of a god called Merul or Melul, a name hellenized as Mandulis. He was worshipped elsewhere in this region, as for instance in a temple of his own at Ajuala and in the temple of Petêsi and Pihor at Dendûr, and again further North at Philae, where a figure of him was in A.D. 394 sculptured on the North wall of the ‘Hadrian passage,’ but he is at Dendûr described as ‘great god, lord of Talmis,’ and Talmis was certainly the center of his cult. The first religious edifice known there was built by Amenophis IV, but Professor Griffith informs me that there is no likelihood that Mandulis was worshipped in it, his name being unknown in Pharaonic Egypt and apparently non-Egyptian.
A Prophetic Attestation of the Decalogue: Hosea 6:5 With Some Observations on Psalms 15 and 24
Authors: Spiegel Shalom
Published: October 2011

A dark and delphic verse, out of joint with what precedes and follows, the type of abrupt and fragmentary utterances which has made many a student of the little book complain with Jerome:Osee commaticus est et quasi per sententias loquens. The ready acquiescence in the familiar refuge of the fatigued philologist, ‘corrupt beyond restoration’, is nowhere more regrettable than in Hos 65. The verse, obviously defaced, mars a glorious bit of ancient Hebrew writing, the otherwise well preserved poem 61–6. Generations have used all their wit and skill of interpretation to read some coherent meaning into the puzzling passage, willing at times to forego rules of biblical grammar or even fundamentals of biblical faith. All in vain. Forḥāṣabtîcan be as little squared withharagtîmas one can conceive of Hosea, a heart of deepest tenderness, believing the prophets to have been slayers of their people or God to have been the slayer of the prophets. Whatever ‘demonic’ features his concept of deity may contain—inherited from sterner generations or reflecting the transient moods to which a sensitive and impulsive poet is given—its innermost and abiding nature is inexhaustible love which no sin of man can wear out, let alone sway to cruel injustice.
The Cultus of St. Gregory Thaumaturgus
Authors: Telfer W.
Published: October 2011

Saint-cultus is an element which mingles in the subject-matter proper to historians, liturgiologists and archaeologists. Sometimes they are tempted to draw conclusions with regard to questions belonging to their own fields of study in dependence upon the estimate which they have formed of some hagiological situation. Only too often the hagiological situation differs in some way from their idea of it, and the conclusion which they have reached is accordingly unsound.
Religion and Politics in Egypt: The Ulema of Al-Azhar, Radical Islam, and the State (1952–94)
Authors: Zeghal Malika
Published: October 2011

A vast literature has been produced since the 1980s on the emergence of Islamist movements in the Middle East. This literature offers different rationales for the emergence of new kinds of foes to the political regimes of the region. Filling the void left by the leftist opposition, the Islamist militants appeared around the 1970s as new political actors. They were expected neither by the state elites, which had initiated earlier modernizing political and social reforms, nor by political scientists who based their research on modernization-theory hypotheses. The former thought that their reform policies toward the religious institution would reinforce their control of the religious sphere, and the latter expected that secularization would accompany the modernization of society. The surprise brought by this new political phenomenon pushed observers to focus mainly on the Islamists and to overlook the role of the ulema, the specialists of the Islamic law, who were considered entirely submitted to the state.
Racial and inter-racial differences in work capacity
Authors: Andersen K. Lange
Published: October 2011

Man's ability to perform his daily round of work is a complex matter and depends upon an optimal function of numerous organs and their integration. Intellectual ability, motivation and emotional stability play a great, and sometimes decisive, role in work performances.
Cytogenetics and sex determination in man and mammals
Authors: Ford C. E.
Published: October 2011

Sex in man and probably throughout the class mammalia is normally determined by the presence of a Y chromosome (male) or its absence (female). The presence of genetic loci on both the long and the short arm of the X chromosome in double dose appears to be essential for the development of mature functional ovaries in the human female though a single X suffices in the female mouse.

The development of masculine genital anatomy and phenotype is a consequence of prior formation of testes. In the absence of gonads of either kind, female internal and external genitalia are formed but secondary sex development fails. In rare human families a mutant gene suppresses the development of male external genitalia in 46, XY embryos but permits the development of testes and male internal genitalia. The external phenotype is normal female (syndrome of testicular feminization). A sex-linked mutant gene in the mouse has a similar effect.

The locus or loci directly concerned with male development might lie wholly on the Y chromosome or might be located on another chromosome or chromosomes. In the latter case it (or they) must be repressed in the female and normally activated by a locus or loci on the Y chromosome in the male. Present evidence does not permit the exclusion of either possibility.
Sex differences at puberty
Authors: Marshall W. A.
Published: October 2011

The physical changes which take place at puberty in both sexes may be classified under the following headings:

(1)Morphological. The rate of growth increases but this acceleration is greater in some dimensions than others so that the overall shape of the body changes, i.e. the rate of change in both size and shape alters.

(2)Body composition. There are changes in the relative amounts of bone, muscle and fat.

(3)Physiological. There are changes, particularly in the circulatory and respiratory systems, altering the ability to carry out prolonged muscular work.

(4)Sex specific. The secondary sex characters develop and reproductive capacity is attained.

(5)Endocrine. The above changes result from alterations in the quantities of various hormones released into the blood stream by the endocrine glands, especially the pituitary, the gonads (ovaries in female and testes in male), and the adrenal cortex. The endocrine changes must precede the morphological or other effects which they produce, but will be more readily understood if we examine their effects first.
Comparative employability of men and women in different industries
Authors: Davies B. T.
Published: October 2011

The employability of men and women in different industries is shown to be based mainly on traditional patterns and culture and by economic pressure and conditions of the labour market. Two probable reasons for the preference of men in some industries are: (1) their physical strength; (2) their lower labour turnover rate. One probable reason for the preference of women in some industries is their lower incidence of colour blindness. Other aspects of employability, including wages, anthropometry and productivity, are discussed.
Domiciliary family planning services: a reappraisal
Authors: Selman P. F.
Published: October 2011

When the first Eugenics Society Symposium (Meade & Parkes, 1965) was held in 1964, its final session, on ‘Aspects of Fertility Control’, included two papers (Peberdy, 1965; Morgan, 1965) describing experimental family planning services, which offered advice and treatment in their own homes to the ‘problem parents’ of large families in the lower working class. These two projects, established from 1959 onwards in Newcastle and Southampton, together with a similar service pioneered in York by Dr Dronfield, have been used as models for subsequent ‘domiciliary family planning services’, and an account of one (Brittan, 1964) has been reprinted by the FPA as an information leaflet.
Neuroendocrine control of lactational infertility
Authors: Tyson John E.
Published: October 2011

An ever-changing secretory pattern of pituitary gonadotrophins and prolactin has been observed in puerperally lactating women. Studies in our laboratory suggest such changes are under neurogenic control via the breast. This in turn alters hypothalamic function. Endocrine profiles in lactating women obtained over 10 hours indicate that prolactin secretion and, to a lesser extent, LH secretion, are directly related to the duration and intensity of the suckling stimulus. Thus, lactation performance governs pituitary-ovarian function. Other investigators have shown that alterations in hypothalamic catecholamine turnover represents the interface between nipple stimulation and subsequent pituitary hormone secretion. Although further work is necessary to elucidate the exact neuroendocrine pathways involved, full lactation will effectively delay the restoration of cyclic gonadotrophin secretion and ovulation.
Studies on lactation and contraception in WHO's research programme
Authors: Bernard R. M.
Published: October 2011

Although steroid contraceptives have been in widespread use for many years, there still appears to be considerable uncertainty in the minds of many clinicians and family planning programme decision-makers regarding their prescription to nursing mothers. This uncertainty appears to be reflected in replies to a questionnaire sent by the Human Reproduction unit of WHO to scientists in its network of Collaborating Centres for Clinical Research in Human Reproduction regarding the current status of the use of steroid contraceptives by nursing mothers in different national settings. Although the information was, of necessity, in some cases imprecise, the following impressions were gained about eighteen countries: (Australia, Canada, Chile, Egypt, Holland, Hungary, India, Mexico, Nigeria, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Thailand, Turkey, United Kingdom, USA, Zambia).
Diseases affecting contraceptive practice in middle age
Authors: Beard Robert J.
Published: October 2011

There are many factors which affect the choice of contraceptive practice in middle age. Co-existing disease is only one and in some ways is the least important. Childbirth itself poses a considerable risk to the health of the mother in as much as maternal mortality rises steeply with age especially after 45 years (Fig. 1); similarly perinatal mortality increases with age (Fig. 2). Together these two factors make the need for careful contraception all the more important. Fertility is reduced with age and this unfortunately lulls some couples into a false sense of security and they may take unnecessary risks.
Culture and the climacteric
Authors: Flint Marcha P. , Garcia Margarita
Published: October 2011

Two American ethnic (sub-cultural) groups of Cuban and Jewish women of comparable socio-economic status were studied in New Jersey, USA in order to show how each of their cultures influences the climacteric. A wide spectrum of cultural variables, associated with each of these ethnic groups, was obtained through a questionnaire about self-image, reproductive history, attitudes toward the menopause, climacteric symptoms, the role of the physician during the climacteric and behaviour, attitudes and feelings about sex. A further differentiation of these variables, associated with each specific ethnic group, yielded an ethnic profile from which ethnic group membership could be predicted.
Social bonding and violence in sport
Authors: Dunning Eric
Published: October 2011

Having set out a provisional ‘typology of violence’, the question of violence in sport is considered in its historical perspective, with numerous examples. The question of violence in relation to social bonding is then considered and distinctions are drawn between the types of violence inherent in two differently structured societies, the segmentally and functionally bonded. Contemporary football hooliganism is then considered as developing from segmentally bonded elements in present-day society.
Sport and physical health
Authors: Bassey E. Joan , Fentem P.H.
Published: October 2011

The role of sport is considered in the light of the health and physical capabilities of the average members of the population. It is shown how the different aspects of physical capacity can be extended, not only in the average sedentary person, but also in the elderly and the physically incapacitated. The efficacy of sport in the prevention of disease is also discussed.
Sport and mental health
Authors: Yaffé Maurice
Published: October 2011

The contribution of mental health to sports performance in sports populations is discussed. Athletes' psychological needs and problems, and the various ways in which these may be resolved, are considered.

The benefits of physical activity in the treatment of psychiatric populations and the elderly are reviewed.

Recent emphasis on sports participation for its intrinsic rewards and the psychological benefits derived are also considered, and attention is drawn to the particular needs of children.
Use and abuse of drugs in sport
Authors: Beckett Arnold H.
Published: October 2011

An account is presented of the increasing use of drugs in sport, the attempts to test for and control the drugs used, and the devices used to evade detection. The author's view is that all the drugs being used at present can be detected, provided that sufficient funds are available for organizing tests and that national federations co-operate fully.
Social mobility of ethnic minorities
Authors: Heath Anthony , Ridge John
Published: October 2011

Rates of social mobility are some of the most revealing indicators of a society's character. In any society there is a tendency for privileged groups to try to close ranks, preserve their advantages and pass them on to their children, but the arguments of social justice, economic efficiency and social stability all suggest that these tendencies towards closure and inherited privilege should be curbed. In western liberal societies the dominant version of social justice is perhaps the one that advocates equality of opportunity: those with equal effort and talent should be equally rewarded whatever their class, sex, age, race or religion. Economic efficiency likewise requires that workers should be paid according to their actual productivity rather than to ascribed (and economically irrelevant) characteristics such as their race or sex. And theories of social order hold that the blocking of legitimate aspirations for social and economic advancement will be a potent source of social dissent and conflict (see Goldthorpe, 1980; Heath, 1981). On all three counts the opportunities open to members of ethnic minorities are of interest, but sociologically the third has particular interest for whereas within native white society failure to secure upward social mobility may lead to individual responses—to personal frustration and stress—an ethnic minority which experiences discrimination and blocked careers as a shared grievance is to that extent more likely to respond with collective protest and militant group action.
Nature's contraceptive
Authors: Short Roger
Published: October 2011

Our ancestors were unique in having the lowest rate of reproduction of any living mammal. This was achieved by the postponement of puberty until well into the second decade of life, a maximal probability of conception of only about 25% per menstrual cycle even when ovulation had commenced, a 4-year birth interval as a result of the contraceptive effects of breast-feeding, and sharply declining fertility during the fourth decade of life, leading to complete sterility at the menopause (Short, 1976, 1983).
The hospital environment and infant feeding: results from a five country study
Authors: Covington Deborah L. , Gates D. S. , Janowitz Barbara , Israel R. , Williamson Nancy
Published: October 2011

In recent years both the prevalence and duration of breast-feeding have decreased, especially in urban areas of the developing world (McCann et al., 1981). While the majority of births in these areas continue to be attended by traditional birth attendants, the proportion of mothers giving birth in hospitals is increasing. The potential for hospital personnel and practices to affect infant feeding preferences is likely to increase as the trend towards hospital births continues.
Endovascular coiling of a mycotic external carotid artery pseudoaneurysm following pharyngolaryngectomy with a free jejunal graft
Authors: Smelt J L C , Alhamarneh O , Dyer J D , Liew L
Published: October 2011

Objectives:

(1) To highlight the significance of carotid artery pseudoaneurysm as a rare complication following neck dissection, and (2) to suggest endovascular coiling as management, in the presence of infection, previous radiotherapy and a grafted blood supply.

Case report:

A 66-year-old man diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the hypopharynx and upper oesophagus underwent pharyngolaryngectomy with reconstruction of a neo-pharynx using a free jejunal graft. The patient had previously received radiotherapy for a soft palate squamous cell carcinoma. Two months after surgery, computed tomography demonstrated a bilobed pseudoaneurysm of the left external carotid artery just distal to the arterial branch supplying the jejunal graft. This mycotic pseudoaneurysm was successfully treated with endovascular coiling, while maintaining the patency of the superior thyroid artery supplying the jejunal graft anastomosis.

Conclusion:

In this patient, endovascular coiling of the external carotid artery was considered to be the only definitive treatment for a life-threatening mycotic pseudoaneurysm.
NOVITATES GABONENSES 80. ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO THE FLORA OF GABON
Authors: Walters G. , Dauby G. , Stévart T. , Dessein S. , Niangadouma R. , Lachenaud O.
Published: October 2011

Since the publication of the Gabon Checklist in 2006, intensive fieldwork activity has led to the discovery of many novelties. We document here 61 new records for the flora of Gabon, including nine new generic records. Five taxa are also removed from the Gabon flora.
A NEW SPECIES OF RHINACANTHUS (ACANTHACEAE) FROM SRI LANKA
Authors: Amarasinghe A. P. P. R. , Wijesundara D. S. A.
Published: October 2011

A new species, Rhinacanthus flavovirens Amarasinghe & Wijesundara (Acanthaceae), from Sri Lanka, is described and illustrated. It is compared with the closely allied Rhinacanthus nasutus and R. polonnaruwensis. A key to Rhinacanthus species in Sri Lanka is also presented.
Cultural Surprises as Sources of Sudden, Big Policy Change
Authors: Swedlow Brendon
Published: October 2011

A major complaint against cultural theories is that they cannot explain political change (Lockhart 1997). Cultural and institutional accounts of politics are also often seen as antagonistic (Chai 1997; Grendstad and Selle 1995; Lockhart 1999). The cultural theory (CT) developed by Mary Douglas, Aaron Wildavsky, and others (see, e.g., Schwarz and Thompson 1990; Thompson, Ellis, and Wildavsky 1990), by contrast, offers a theory of culture that includes a theory of cultural change that integrates institutions into its explanation of change (Lockhart 1997, 1999; Thompson, Ellis, and Wildavsky 1990, 69–81; Wildavsky 1985). Moreover, CT can help specify the cultural conditions for sudden, big institutional and policy change, thereby, I argue, strengthening Frank Baumgartner and Bryan Jones's “punctuated equilibria” (PE) theory of change (Baumgartner and Jones 1993, 2002). The plausibility of this CT of PE change is illustrated in this article by using it to explain dramatic changes in forest and wildlife management in the Pacific Northwest (PNW) (building on Swedlow 2002a, b, 2003, 2007, 2009, and 2011a, b).
Robert E. Hawkinson
Authors: Marks Michael P.
Published: October 2011

Robert E. Hawkinson died May 22, 2011 of an apparent heart attack at the age of 68. At the time of his death Prof. Hawkinson was Emeritus Dean of Campus Life/Associate Professor of Politics at Willamette University in Salem, Oregon. He was also Kaneko Faculty Commons Mentor, a position created as part of the Residential Commons system initiated by Prof. Hawkinson during his tenure as Campus Life Dean at Willamette. During his nearly thirty years at Willamette, Bob Hawkinson was a fixture on campus and one of the most revered educators, advisors, and mentors, reaching out to generations of students through his inspired teaching and committed dedication to the intellectual life of the university community. Although Bob was rewarded with emeritus status in 2009, he continued to teach in the Politics Department at Willamette for the remaining two years of his life.