bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nucleation of Fatigue in Very Low Oxygen Bearing Steels
Authors: Lund TB , Johansson SA , Ölund LJP
Published: March 2009

As steel cleanliness has been improved it has become ever more difficult to properly assess micro-inclusion contents and size distribution of harmful non-metallic inclusions in steel. The fact that inclusions do initiate fatigue failure is well known and easily proven in fatigue testing experiments. The problem addressed is to predict the occurrence of non-metallic inclusion of the size required to initiate fatigue failure in rotating beam samples based on modern high-resolution non-metallic inclusion assessments. The results of such non-metallic inclusion ratings are compared to the results obtained in fatigue tests of three modern, low total oxygen contents heats. These heats have been fatigue tested, and all fatigue initiations have been located to non-metallic inclusions which have been analyzed as regards to size, distance from specimen surface and inclusion chemical composition.
Development of Process Capability and Testing Techniques for the Production of Bearing Steels
Authors: Krabiell A , Rzepczyk H , Schüler V , Schütz C-H , Tembergen D
Published: March 2009

A number of metallurgical measures have been carried out within the last 10 years to improve process capability and reduce roduction costs for the production of bearing steels. Examples of improved metallurgical techniques are the composition control of the top slag and the consistent development of continuous casting techniques. As a result, bearing steel characteristics such as oxygen- and titanium content as well as macrocleanness show a continuous improvement within the last years. New efforts have been made to improve volumetric testing of macrocleanness and characterize the size, distribution and composition of nonmetallic inclusions.
Methods for Assessing the Impacts of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Aquatic Invertebrates
Authors: Hurtubise RD , Little EE , Havel JE
Published: March 2009

A standard methodology for assessing the impacts of simulated solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B) on aquatic invertebrates was established. A solar simulator was used to expose a variety of aquatic invertebrates to different levels of UV-B. The simulator was calibrated as close as possible to match local ambient solar radiation measured in and out of water with a scanning spectroradiometer. A series of repeated exposures were conducted to determine the effects of UV-B on two species of Ceriodaphnia. Survivorship of C. reticulata declined with increasing UV-B with 100% mortality occurring after four daily 5 hr exposures to a UV-B irradiance that was 14% of ambient sunlight (40.8/μW/cm2) and 70% mortality for C. dubia after seven days of an exposure to 5% of ambient (14.5μW/cm2). Significant reductions in fertility (#young/adult) was observed in both low and high light adapted individuals with low light individuals appearing to be more sensitive. This methodology allowed us to make comparisons to natural conditions in aquatic habitats and to make risk assessments for individual species.
Evaluating Sublethal Indicators of Stress in Asiatic Clams (Corbicula fluminea) Caged in an Urban Stream
Authors: Black MC , Belin JI
Published: March 2009

Freshwater bivalves have been used extensively to monitor chemical accumulation in field exposures, although little information is available on the use of biomarker measurements in field exposures with bivalves. DNA strand breakage, growth rate, condition index and percentage tissue water were measured in freshwater Asiatic clams (Corbicula flumined) exposed in-situ in a stream that receives urban and industrial stormwater runoff and in a non-impacted reference stream. After 4 weeks exposure, DNA strand lengths in foot tissue from Trail Creek-exposed clams were significantly shorter than DNA from reference clams. These results suggest a reduction in DNA integrity in Trail Creek-exposed clams, possibly indicating exposure to genotoxic chemicals. No significant differences were observed in the growth rates of clams. However, a significant inverse relationship was detected between condition index and % tissue water for all clams. Furthermore, site-specific differences in percentage tissue water and condition indices were observed after 2 and 10 weeks exposure. For this study DNA strand breakage, condition indices, and tissue hydration appear to be more sensitive indicators of sublethal toxicity than growth.
The Use of Field Methods to Evaluate the Toxicity of Lead to Plants at a Small Arms Firing Range
Authors: DeShields BR , Meredith RW , Griffin D , Laughlin T , Collins W
Published: March 2009

The beach dunes at Fort Ord, California, were historically used as small arms firing ranges, resulting in the accumulation of spent bullets and varying concentrations of lead in soil. The form of the lead, and thus its bioavailability, is important in assessing associated ecological risks at firing ranges. Of particular interest at the beach firing ranges at Fort Ord are two species of buckwheat plants that provide habitat for an endangered butterfly. Initially, lead concentrations in soil and plant chaff were measured and root elongation bioassays were conducted. A linear correlation between lead in soil and lead in plant chaff was observed. However, the results of the bioassays were highly variable with no clear dose response pattern. Additional field studies were conducted to (1) further characterize lead concentrations in soil and plant tissue and (2) evaluate associations between soil lead concentrations and plant morpnometric-variables. A relationship between soil and tissue lead concentrations was demonstrated. No significant associations between soil lead levels and plant health/condition were detected. Significant associations were observed between plant health/condition and factors other than lead.
Use of Azolla to Assess Toxicity and Accumulation of Metals from Artificial and Natural Sediments Containing Cadmium, Copper, and Zinc
Authors: Powell GM , Nimmo DWR , Flickinger SA , Brinkman SF
Published: March 2009

The aquatic macrophyte Azolla mexicana was studied to determine if it could indicate toxicity and bioavailability of cadmium, copper, and zinc in sediments. Plants were exposed to metal-fortified artificial sediment and to natural sediment contaminated with tailings from a Superfund site near Deer Lodge, Montana. Dry weights (mass) of biomass were used to determine effects of the metal concentrations and tissue metals were measured to determine metal uptake from the sediments. Plants exposed to artificial sediments fortified with cadmium and copper showed the greatest reduction in dry mass while zinc showed the least. And, plants exposed to copper singly in artificial sediments lost both zinc and cadmium from their tissues. Plants exposed to metal-contaminated natural sediment developed necrotic and chlorotic tissue within 24 hours in 75% and 100% dilutions but significant effects (P<0.0001) using dry mass were found as low as 3.13%.
Method Comparison for Quantification of a Complex Mixture of Petroleum VOCs in a Biofiltration Unit
Authors: Kleinheinz GT , John WPS
Published: March 2009

The effectiveness of biofilters in removing volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in complex mixtures is often difficult to evaluate due to the presence of numerous unknown compounds. A study was undertaken to determine if a simple, accurate, and useful method could be developed for the quantification of complex mixtures of VOCs. The study compared results from an external standard calibration with several primary components, an internal standard calibration with deuterated ethylbenzene (EB-d10), and an external total hydrocarbon calibration. The EB-d10 internal standard calibration resulted in quantifications of both area sum and individual compounds in the VOC stream which were within 12% of the two external calibrations. This technique allows technicians to monitor the concentrations of all analytes individually and as a group without complicated calibration techniques or preparation of multi-component standards. Finally, this method has proved useful in the quantification of air VOC samples which were incorporated into a commercially available toxicity assay system.
Surfactant Toxicity Identification with a Municipal Wastewater
Authors: Amato JR , Wayment DD
Published: March 2009

An acute toxicity identification evaluation following U.S. EPA guidelines was performed with a municipal wastewater to identify effluent components responsible for lethality of larval fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and Ceriodaphnia dubia. Ammonia toxicity, also present in the effluent, was not the object of this study. The study was designed to characterize effluent toxicity not due to ammonia. To minimize ammonia toxicity interferences, all Phase I testing was performed at pH's where ammonia toxicity would be negligible. Phase I toxicity characterization results indicated surfactants as the class of compounds causing acute non-ammonia toxicity for both test species. A distinct toxicant characteristic, specifically sublation at alkaline pH, was employed to track suspect surfactant loadings in the collection system. Concurrently, effluent surfactant residue testing determined nonionic surfactants were at adequate concentrations and were sufficiently toxic to cause the measured adverse effects. Influent surfactant toxicity was determined to be much less than in the final effluent indicating the treatment process was enhancing surfactant toxicity. Nonionic surfactants known to behave in this manner are nonylphenol ethoxylates. Degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylates to the more toxic degradate nonylphenol (NP) during wastewater treatment explained the increase in toxicity. Major loadings of NPE, particularly NPE9, were determined through both analytical measurements and toxicity tracking to be a regional hospital laundry facility and a tannery. Substitution of NPE-based detergents to less toxic citrus-based products resulted in dramatic reduction of municipal effluent NPE concentrations and removal of non-ammonia acute toxicity.
Effect of Keratin on Heavy Metal Chelation and Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms
Authors: Coello WF , Khan MAQ
Published: March 2009

The presence of fresh scales and human hair in water can reduce the toxicity of lead nitrate at and above 6 ppb to fish. This ability is lost on drying and storage, but can be restored if dried hair or scales are treated with a solution of amino acids. The chelation ability of keratin in amino acid-treated scales or hair is retained for months on dry storage. Addition of these hair and / or scales to solutions of lead nitrate (112 ppm), mercuric chloride (5.9 ppm) and a mixture of both (56+2.95 ppm), and cupric sulfate (1 ppm) reduced the toxicity of these solutions to Daphnia magna and Dreissena polymorpha (zebra mussels). Toxicity of 10 ppm solutions of salts of 27 different metals to daphnids was similarly reduced after filtration through scales or hair. A mixture of a 2 ppb concentration of each of these 27 metals also became nonlethal to daphnids in the presence of, or filtration through, treated scales or hair. 0.25 g of treated hair or scale can be used indefinitely, again and again, to remove the mixture of these 27 metals from their fresh solution in 1 L water if the keratin is frequently rinsed with 0.1% nitric acid to remove the bound metals. The keratin in scales, thus, may be the most important ectodermal secretion in absorbing metals from polluted environments and in providing protection against their toxic levels.
Time-Dependent Model of Forest Fire Spread in Turbulent Gusting Winds
Authors: Garzón VE , McDonough JM , Saito K
Published: March 2009

In this paper we describe a model for simulating the spread of large-scale forest fires based on three novel concepts related, respectively to the three main features of the forest-fire problem that make it essentially intractable to simulate from first principles—namely, i) inhomogeneity and irregularity of forest fuel materials, ii) chemistry and radiation, and iii) turbulence. In particular, the complex structural features of the forest are treated as an inhomogeneous, very permeable porous medium; effects of chemistry and radiation are included as a source term in the thermal energy equation, and turbulence is modeled via the standard k-ϵ model. Firebrand trajectories are computed at the end of any given flowfield calculation to estimate maximum spotting distances.
Exxon Valdez Oil Spill: Fate and Effects in Alaskan Waters
Authors: Wells PG , Butler JN , Hughes JS
Published: March 2009

Description

The first definitive exploration of the effects of this catastrophic oil spill since its occurrence in 1989. In addition to a comprehensive overview of the issues involved, 25 peer-reviewed papers cover the following key topics: • Chemistry and Fate of the Spill • Shoreline Impacts of the Spill • Effects on Fish and Fisheries • Effects on Wildlife • Archaeological Site Impact.
Monte Carlo Simulation of Near-Source Dry Deposition
Authors: McDonald-Buller EC , Gilbert RB , Liljestrand HM
Published: March 2009

Calculations of the dry deposition flux in regional budgets are commonly based on estimates of the dry deposition velocity together with ambient concentration measurements at a reference height for a well-developed one-dimensional boundary layer. Alternate approaches are needed to estimate dry deposition to sensitive systems near major sources. In this study, the dry deposition flux is calculated using a steady-state Gaussian plume model that includes dry deposition. Cumulative frequency distributions of five required environmental variables and covariance relationships between variables are determined in order to perform Monte Carlo simulations of ambient concentrations and deposition fluxes near an area source.
Building Uncertainty Analysis into Environmental Risk Assessments of Chemicals Disposed Through Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants
Authors: Versteeg DJ , White CE , Cowan CE
Published: March 2009

Municipal wastewater treatment plants treat a wide variety of materials originating in the home including detergents, personal care products, and drugs and their metabolites. Environmental risk assessments for these materials include both fate and effects assessments. The fate assessment predicts environment concentrations typically through a series of mathematical models. Depending on the availability of data, assumptions are needed to parameterize these models. To avoid the extreme conservatism resulting from use of multiple conservative assumptions for model input parameters, uncertainty analysis was used to predict distributions for the parameters of interest (i.e., surface water concentrations). Variability predicted in model output more closely resembled environmental data than results of the conventional approach. For effects data, single species acute and chronic toxicity data can be used to construct effects distributions. The risk assessment is defined by the degree of overlap of the fate and effects distributions. C12LAS disposal into surface (i.e., riverine) waters is used as a case study to demonstrate this risk assessment process. The final C12LAS risk assessment demonstrates a low risk to environmental organisms of effects due to C12LAS exposure in riverine systems in the United States.
Prediction of Risk-Based Screening Levels for Infiltration of Volatile Subsurface Contaminants into Buildings
Authors: Hers I , Zapf-Gilje R , Petrovic S , Macfarlane M , McLenehan R
Published: March 2009

A Risk-Based Corrective Action (RBCA) approach is increasingly being used for the management of contaminated sites. Fundamental to this approach is the prediction of risk-based screening levels (RBSL) for operable exposure pathways. Screening level models currently used (e.g., ASTM ES-1739-95) indicate that RBSLs for the indoor inhalation pathway can be significantly lower than other pathways typically considered. This paper presents the results of a screening level spreadsheet model used to predict human health risks resulting from infiltration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into buildings. The model was developed to derive RBSLs for soil and groundwater for possible future incorporation into the regulation of contaminated sites in British Columbia. Key features of the semi-analytical VOC infiltration model are steady-state diffusive mass transfer through soil coupled with advective and diffusive mass transfer through a cracked building floor slab or wall, source mass depletion of soil contaminants present using a mass balance approach, and the capability to incorporate multi-component chemical partitioning for soils containing non-aqueous phase liquid (NAPL). The critical factors affecting VOC infiltration and resulting health risks are presented. In terms of model assumptions, the estimated VOC infiltration rates can be unrealistically high when mass depletion or multi-component partitioning is not considered. The effect of building characteristics (concrete cracks and underpressurization) on VOC infiltration rates is shown to be of minor significance for the cases investigated. Soil properties that are sensitive in terms of their effect on resulting screening levels are organic carbon content and air-filled porosity. A significant limitation pertaining to models used to predict infiltration of VOCs into buildings is the lack of fundamental research and field validation.
Effect of Intergranular Surface Attack on the Fatigue and Corrosion Properties of AM-355 CRT Material
Authors: Bhansali KJ , Liu G , Grendahl SM , Champagne VK , Pepi MS
Published: March 2009

A dynamic part, consisting of a stack of laminates, failed in the field after an unexpectedly short life. Failure analysis showed that a multitude of fatigue cracks originated from a combination of corrosion and fretting. Recent changes in the production process of the laminates resulted in the presence of an intergranular (IG) morphology on the surface. Due to the criticality of this part's application, a better understanding of the influence of varying degrees of IG attack on fatigue properties was pursued. Coupon specimens were machined from actual components with different surface IG conditions and were subjected to fatigue testing. Results showed a direct relationship between the number of cycles to failure and the severity of surface IG attack. Potentiodynamic polarization measurements indicated that a sample with IG attack had a lower breakdown potential and an unstable passivation behavior as compared to that without an IG attack. The detrimental effects of surface IG attack on the crack initiation process, endurance limit and corrosion resistance is discussed in terms of the stress concentration and breakdown of the passivation layer.
Influence of Density and Porosity Size and Shape on Fatigue and Fracture Toughness of High Strength FL4405 P/M Steel
Authors: Stephens RI , Horn JJ , Poland DD , Sager EA
Published: March 2009

Density and sintering temperature effects were investigated with FL4405 low alloy P/M high strength steel. Monotonic tensile stress-strain, plane strain fracture toughness and fatigue behavior of smooth, notched and cracked specimens were investigated under both constant and variable amplitude loading. Two density levels, 7.0 and 7.4 g/cm3 and two sintering temperatures, 1120 and 1315‡C, were evaluated. The increased density resulted in smaller pore size and pore volume and the increased sintering temperature resulted in greater pore roundness. All final fracture surfaces were brittle at the macro level while containing ductile dimples at the micro level. Fatigue surfaces contained cleavage only, ductile dimples only or mixed cleavage and ductile dimple morphology with no striations nor beachmarks. Increasing the density resulted in significant higher tensile strength, elastic modulus, ductility, fracture toughness and fatigue resistance. Increasing the sintering temperature, and hence increasing pore roundness, resulted in additional enhancement of these properties. However, this increase was not as significant as that of the density increase.
Design of Reinforced Concrete Bridge Decks Under Moving Loads
Authors: Petrou MF , Perdikaris PC
Published: March 2009

This paper presents design recommendations of non-composite reinforced concrete bridge decks subjected to fatigue due to moving loads. These recommendations are based on test results of 1/3- and 1/6.6- scale physical models of a full-scale 21.6-cm (8.5 in.) thick and 15.24-m (50-ft) long simply supported non-composite reinforced concrete deck. Concrete bridge decks should be designed to transfer the load in a two-way action. Experimental results show that the two-way slab action in the decks changes to a one-way action (transverse direction) as fatigue damage due to a moving wheel-load accumulates. It is recommended to adopt an isotropic steel reinforcing pattern. An isotropic reinforcing pattern with a steel ratio of 0.3 % (each top and bottom layer) in each direction appears to be adequate. A similar reinforcing amount and pattern is required by the Ontario bridge design Code. The required steel content is therefore reduced resulting in substantial savings in the bridge deck construction costs and improving the corrosion resistance in decks, especially in the presence of deicing chemicals. It appears that flexural cracking in the deck and bond failure at the steel-concrete interface are necessary and sufficient conditions for deck failure under traffic loads. It is, thus, highly desirable to preclude or at least limit cracking and maximize the bond strength of the steel rebars.
Structural Integrity Criteria for Commercial Transport Aircraft
Authors: Watanabe RT , Scheumann TD
Published: March 2009

The criteria and procedures used to develop and maintain commercial transport aircraft have produced long-life structure with credible service records. These criteria have evolved over time and address a multitude of regulatory and manufacturer-specific requirements to ensure long-term structural integrity of these aircraft. Structure designed to meet these requirements must balance detail design, manufacturing processes, and ease of maintenance, and must be expected to operate at high stresses because of weight objectives. Static strength requirements ensure that any failure due to static overload is unlikely. Operator service period expectations are met with durability requirements, while detection of damage prior to compromising structural safety is ensured by damage tolerance and fail-safety criteria.

The evolution of structures design criteria is briefly reviewed with major focus on current guidelines for structural durability and damage tolerance.
Femur Fractures in French Winter Sports Resorts
Authors: Laporte JD , Binet MH , Constans D
Published: March 2009

This paper presents the study of the incidence of femur fractures and their epidemiological description in the French winter sports resorts. During the 1994, 1995, and 1996 seasons, 99.339 injuries were recorded by the 72 physicians of the “Médecins de Mon- tagne” Skiing Safety Network. These physicians are divided into 52 winter sports resorts. Their distribution is homogeneous across the entire French mountainous regions. During the 1994 season and in the Northern Alps region, we have studied the activity of the Hospital Rescue Service (SAMU in France) as well as a control group. The descriptive analysis confirms the increasing risk of femoral neck fractures among women over 55 and noted a lesser risk among female teenagers and young women. The incidence of femur fracture is 1.5/100 000 skiers per day or 65.769 MDBI (2.5/1000 skiers per day for all downhill injuries).
Performance of Protective Clothing: Fifth Volume
Authors: Johnson JS , Mansdorf SZ
Published: March 2009

Description

This fully-illustrated publication addresses a wide range of technical areas. 37 peer-reviewed papers are presented in the following sections:

• Physical Test Methods for Protective Clothing and Components

• Chemical and Biological Test Method Development and Applications

• Protective Clothing Issues Relating to Pesticides

• Protective Clothing Testing and Evaluation

• Protective Clothing Program Management

• Protective Clothing Standards and Regulations

• Thermal Test Method Development and Applications.

For safety directors, industrial hygienists, health physicists, occupational physicians, occupational nurses, fire fighters, fire chiefs, emergency medical technicians.Also for chemists (research and teachers), chemical technicians, medical technicians, and environmental professionals and technicians.
Rolling Bearing Life Models and Steel Internal Cleanliness
Authors: Beswick J , Gabelli A , Ioannides S , Tripp JH , Voskamp AP
Published: March 2009

The most widely used steel grade for rolling bearings is based on a steel composition first used almost a hundred years ago, the so-called lC-1.5Cr steel. This steel is used either in a selective surface induction hardened condition or in a through hardened heat treated condition, both yielding exceptional structural and contact fatigue properties. The Lundberg and Palmgren rolling bearing life prediction model, published in 1947, was the first analytical approach to bearing performance prediction, subsequently becoming a widely accepted basis for rolling bearing life calculations. At that time the fatigue life of rolling bearings was dominated by the classical sub-surface initiated failure mode. This mode results from the accumulation of micro-plastic strain at the depth of maximum Hertzian stress and is accelerated by the stress concentrations occurring at the micro internal defects. In common with all fatigue processes, rolling bearing failure is a statistical process: the failures of bearings with high inclusion content tested at high stress levels belong to the well-known family of “Weibull” distributions. Steady improvements in bearing steel cleanliness due, amongst other things, to the introduction of secondary metallurgy steel making techniques, have resulted in a significantly increased rolling bearing life and load carrying capacity. In recognition of this, in 1985 Ioannides and Harris introduced a new fatigue life model for rolling bearings, comprising a more widely applicable approach to the modelling of bearing life based on the relevant failure mode. Subsequently this has been extended to include effects of hardness and of micro-inclusion distributions in state-of-the-art clean bearing steel.
Improving Production, Control and Properties of Bearing Steels Intended for Demanding Applications
Authors: Lund TB , Ölund LJP
Published: March 2009

The advances of ladle metallurgy have led to very significant developments in the internal cleanliness of low alloy steel products. This development, which started with the design of the first functioning ladle furnaces with effective stirring facilities, has now reached a level where “standard” produced steels outperform complex and costly remelting processes. The steel making advances necessitates corresponding developments in testing procedures, perhaps in particular as concerns the control of the non-metallic inclusion contents of steel. The developments in steel processing are reviewed and recent progress in the rating of non-metallic inclusions is detailed, in particular as regards test methods encompassing ultrasonic techniques. Further, recent advances in assessing fatigue initiation causes in bearing steels are discussed and related to contents and morphology of micro-inclusions.
Validation Practices for Biotechnology Products
Authors: Shillenn JK
Published: March 2009

Description

The first reference source of its kind dedicated to current innovative approaches to high standard validation practices for biotechnological uses in the pharmaceutical industry.

12 comprehensive peer-reviewed papers cover the following critical areas: Facilities and Equipment Validation; Process Validation and Planning; and Calibration and Change Control.
Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres: Seventh Volume
Authors: Janoff DD , Royals WT , Gunaji MV
Published: March 2009

Description

The most current information on oxygen compatibility of materials and risk management concepts and practices for oxygen systems design. Features 18 comprehensive peer-reviewed papers in the following key areas:

• Test Method Development

• Ignition and Combustion of Metals

• Ignition and Combustion of Nonmetals

• Cleaning for Oxygen Service

An extensive comparison of national training courses in Medical Oxygen Administration is presented in one paper.The final paper discusses a crucial case study of an oxygen-acetylene torch failure resulting from flashback reactions.
Effects of Radiation on Materials: 17th International Symposium
Authors: Gelles DS , Nanstad RK , Kumar AS , Little EA
Published: March 2009

Description

STP 1270 features the latest information from the world's leading experts on how radiation impacts a wide range of metals. This extensive volume includes 68 peer-reviewed papers organized into 8 comprehensive categories:

Modeling of Controlling Mechanisms -- 8 papers explore mechanisms controlling the behavior and process of radiation embrittlement and segregation in reactor pressure vessel steel.

MicrostructureStudies -- The precipitation process that controls reactor pressure vessel steel embrittlement is discussed in 6 papers.

Charpy Impact Response -- 14 papers explore such properties topics as the effects of annealing, irradiated welds and specific reactor parts, consequences of flux, and the use of small specimen technology and reconstitution.

Strength and Toughness Issues -- 11 papers expand the mechanical properties data base on reactor pressure vessel steels.

Ferritic and Martensitic Steels -- Steels with increased chromium levels for use at higher temperature are examined in 6 papers.

Austenitic Steels -- 12 papers present topics including microstructural response, fundamentals of radiation damage and mechanical properties.

Other Materials -- Nickel, aluminum alloys, vanadium and a zirconium alloy are the focus of 7 papers.

Special Procedures and Techniques -- 4 papers feature procedures for avoiding long term radioactivity and unique methods such as positron measurements and laser extensometry.
Performance of Protective Clothing: Sixth Volume
Authors: Stull JO , Schwope AD
Published: March 2009

Description

Offers the most current information and latest technological advances on the subject of protective clothing evaluation and use. A wide spectrum of experts in the field have presented 28 peer-reviewed papers ranging from testing the integrity of fabrics to withstand numerous hazards to fitting considerations for pregnant women. The following comprehensive topics are discussed:

• Materials development and testing in such areas as thermal protection, physical hazards and dangerous biological exposure

• Innovative performance evaluation methods and current test procedure reassessment

• Testing and performance of entire items of industrial protective clothing in a variety of work environments

• Combining the human factor with the challenge of defining and producing protective clothing that is both comfortable and efficient.
Electrochemical Noise Measurement for Corrosion Applications
Authors: Kearns JR , Scully JR , Roberge PR , Reichert DL , Dawson JL
Published: March 2009

Description

Presents a state-of-the-art review on electrochemical noise as it is applied to corrosion today. Many diverse industrial applications for electrochemical noise measurement (ENM) are presented along with the latest laboratory methods of analysis techniques. Strategies to monitor and control corrosion in heat exchangers, pipelines,storage tanks, and steam generators using ENM technology are discussed from an industrial perspective.

28 peer-reviewed papers represent a variety of industrial and academic perspectives on ENM. In 6 sections:

• Correlations to other Electrochemical Techniques

• Data Analysis

• Industrial Applications

• Pitting

• Methods

• and Standardization.
Predicting the Clinical Wear Performance of Orthopaedic Bearing Surfaces
Authors: Sauer WL , Anthony ME
Published: March 2009

A historical review of both laboratory and clinical wear performance of orthopaedic bearing materials and surfaces is presented. Over time, laboratory wear tests have been developed and used more frequently to support the introduction of new material couples. Historically, these methods have been unreliable, and, despite recent improvements, predicting clinical wear performance is still a challenging task. Orthopaedic wear is a highly multi-factorial process—successful simulation depends on the identification, modeling, and control of many critical factors. Clinical results themselves are highly variable, complicating efforts to establish clinical validation criteria for test methods. It is recommended that improvements be made in identifying the appropriate clinical targets for laboratory tests, and that increased effort be directed toward the optimization and standardization of wear test methods.
Geostatistics for Environmental and Geotechnical Applications
Authors: Rouhani S , Srivastava RM , Desbarats AJ , Cromer MV , Johnson AI
Published: March 2009

Description

STP 1283 gives you the opportunity to review several practical exercises conducted by authorities in this discipline. The 300-page volume opens with a four-part introduction to geostatistics:

Geostatistics for Environmental and Geotechnical Applications: A Technology Transferred examines the practicality of geostatistical methods and concludes with a case study that thoroughly executes the geostatistical approach.

Describing Spatial Variability Using Geostatistical Analysis discusses the interpretation and modeling of experimental measures of spatial variability and demonstrates with examples based on a hypothetical data set consisting of lead and arsenic measurements collected from a contaminated soil site.

Geostatistical Estimation: Kriging discusses ordinary kriging (including a case study of the kriging of lead data); block kriging;alternative forms of kriging, and sources for more information.

Modeling Spatial Variability Using Geostatistical Simulation describes the application of simulation to site investigation problems, and shows how simulated fields can be used to answer questions concerning alternative site remediation strategies.

14 peer-reviewed papers follow in sections on Environmental Applications and Geotechnical and Earth Sciences Applications.
Co-Cr-Mo Alloys Used in Metal-Metal Bearing Surfaces
Authors: Varano R , Yue S , Bobyn JD , Medley JB
Published: March 2009

The microstructure, crystallography, mechanical properties and tribological properties of an ASTM Standard Specification for Thermomechanically Processed Cobalt-Chromium-Molybdenum Alloy for Surgical Implants (F1537-94) were studied in this work. The effects of room temperature compression and carbon content on the above characteristics were also analyzed. Increasing amounts of deformation resulted in a decrease in the number of annealing twins in the microstructure. Also observed was an increase in the volume fraction of the hexagonal-closed-packed phase from the metastable face-centered cubic phase due to a strain-induced transformation. The higher carbon alloy had a lower volume fraction of this strain-induced phase. When subjected to mechanical testing, the low carbon and high carbon alloys exhibited an increase in both the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength with increasing amounts of deformation. In addition, the low carbon alloy experienced higher amounts of work hardening in comparison to the high carbon alloy. Friction studies conducted on these alloys revealed a higher coefficient of friction for the higher carbon alloy and no significant effect of strain-induced transformation on the friction characteristics.
Wear Morphology of Metal-Metal Implants: Hip Simulator Tests Compared with Clinical Retrievals
Authors: Park S-H , McKellop H , Lu B , Chan F , Chiesa R
Published: March 2009

This study compared the bearing surfaces of modern-generation metal- metal implants worn in five different hip joint simulators and worn in vivo. Comparable wear morphology was found between in vitro and in vivo worn implants. The non-contact zones displayed fine residual scratches from the original polishing, and carbide bumps that were either rounded or irregular. In the main bearing zones, the polishing marks and third- body scratches were worn smooth. Moreover, there were flat-bottomed depressions, apparently carbides that had been dissolved below the level of surrounding matrix. Localized numerous micropits were found in the smoothly worn area on most of simulator tested specimens and on some of the retrieved implants. Surrounding the main wear zone was a transition zone containing dense third-body scratches, and thin deposits containing calcium phosphate. The comparable wear morphology suggested that in vitro wear simulators can provide an accurate model of the wear in vivo of modern-generation metal-metal total hip replacements.
Clinical Wear Performance of Metal-on-Metal Hip Arthroplasties
Authors: Rieker CB , Köttig P , Schön R , Windler M , Wyss UP
Published: March 2009

Thirty old (1st generation) Cobalt-Chromium metal-on-metal (Müller design) hip components and 83 new (2nd generation) Cobalt-Chromium metal-on-metal (METASUL™ design) hip components were examined for their in-vivo wear behaviour. The in-vivo wear behaviour of these retrievals was compared with their in-vitro wear behaviour. A running-in period of about one year is observed where the in-vivo wear rate for the whole bearing is approximately 25 μm/year. After this running-in period, the measured in-vivo wear rate of the whole bearing decreases to about 5 μm/year. A very good consistency is found between the in-vitro and in-vivo wear rate. The examination of the wear pattern shows abrasive wear for all the prostheses and some adhesive-fatigue wear areas for 10 per cent of the prostheses. The observed wear rate is independent of the wear mechanisms.

The metal-on-metal bearing can be considered as a very low wear articulation system.
The Wear Characteristics of Sivash®/SRN® Co-Cr-Mo THA Articulating Surfaces
Authors: Scott ML , Lemons JE
Published: March 2009

The objectives of this study were to characterize and quantify the wear for fourteen explanted Sivash/SRN total hip articulating components. A stereoscope and MicroVu optical measuring system were used to microscopically characterize the wear patterns on the bearing components, while a Checkmaster coordinate measuring machine (CMM) was used to estimate both the linear and volumetric wear of the components. Three distinct zones on the component surfaces were revealed: noncontact, transition, and wear (load-bearing). Maximum wear occurred most often on the superolateral aspect of the femoral head components. The combined linear and volumetric wear rates of the bearing couples averaged 17 μm/year and 5.2 mm3year, respectively. The combined linear wear rates decreased significantly (p= 0.03) with a longer time in situ. The service life of the implants was found to increase significantly with decreasing radial clearance (p= 0.03), but no significant correlation was found between radial clearance and either linear or volumetric wear rates.
Improving the Reliability of the Ceramic-On-Ceramic Wear Couple in THR
Authors: Richter HG , Willmann G , Weick K
Published: March 2009

The alumina-on-alumina wear couple which was introduced about 20 years ago has received new attention because of its superior wear behavior. Improved material properties and new design concepts provide solutions which overcome the restrictions of the older cup design. The new design makes use of the beneficial properties of both ceramic and metal materials in a modular cup assembly. In this paper the material aspects are briefly reviewed first: the mechanical strength of medical grade alumina has been improved by about 40 % between 1978 and 1996. Results of finite element analysis of the stresses found in the ceramic cup insert are presented: it was found that the metal back cone angle has to be larger than the insert cone angle in order to minimize tensile stresses in the cup insert. In addition, stresses in the cup insert are minimized if the radial gap between cup insert and ball head is around 40 μm. The finite element results are confirmed by experimental findings on the resistance to static load and on fracture patterns. Also reported are results of cyclic fatigue experiments at up to 107 cycles which result in a fatigue limit of at least 19 kN. Preliminary results on the stability of the cup assembly under directionally oscillating loads show that there is no detectable motion between the cup insert and the metal back after a few load cycles.
Clinical Results of Alumina-on-Alumina Couple in Total Bip Replacement
Authors: Meunier A , Nizard R , Bizot P , Sedel L
Published: March 2009

Ceramic on ceramic bearings applications were developed, in Europe, 27 years ago. After the initial failures related to both manufacturing problems as well as the surgeons learning curve, these materials now appear to be very promising for total hip replacement surgery in young and active patients. Improvement of the material caracteristics has resulted in a higher toughness and reduced wear than that of the classical Metal on Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene combination. Clinical results are now available from different centers, mainly situated in Germany, Austria, Italy, Spain, Finland and France. Although the initial total hip replacements sometimes gave socket loosening and some fracture, the clinical results are acceptable. Moreover the low rate of osteolysis observed may be a very promising long term advantage of this type of bearing surface.
Skiing Trauma and Safety: Eleventh Volume
Authors: Johnson RJ , Mote CD , Ekeland A
Published: March 2009

Description

STP 1289 features comprehensive material from the world's leading experts on the primary causes of serious skiing accidents, as well as the most current research and information on advances in skiing safety.

12 peer-reviewed papers cover the following subjects in 3 key areas:

Epidemiology--Olympic alpine racer injuries • The impact of alcohol on injury rates • Fatalities resulting from cardiac causes and trauma during skiing *Skiing injury trends over a twenty-three year period • An overview of snowboard injuries from 1988 - 1995.

Skiing Equipment--Boot design impact on muscle activity • The dynamics of an electromechanical ski binding release system • Ski binding minimum retention requirements.

Knee Injuries--A seven year evaluation of over 7300 ski injuries and their relationship to demographics, gender, experience and conditions • The impact of heel-low types of bindings on knee injuries • A computer simulation investigation tool for preventing injuries that occur during landing from a jump.
Modularity of Orthopedic Implants
Authors: Marlowe DE , Parr JE , Mayor MB
Published: March 2009

Description

STP 1301 is the first publication of its kind to present a complete compilation of research on testing methods of potential use in orthopedic implant product development.

18 comprehensive peer-reviewed papers are divided into 3 key categories: Clinical Relevance; • Issues of Concern; • and State of the Art in Properties Testing.
Safety in American Football
Authors: Hoerner EF
Published: March 2009

Description

STP 1305 presents up-to-date information on the risk factors for and concerning injuries that occur in the playing and participation of the game of American football. It provides a valuable resource for identifying these risk factors and establishing procedures and techniques to reduce injuries that occur in this athletic and recreational activity.

22 peer-reviewed papers in sections on

• Analyzing Risks,

• Assessment,

• Science,

• Management: Facilities,

• Management: Surfaces,

• and Management: Systems.
Characterization and Properties of Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene
Authors: Gsell RA , Stein HL , Ploskonka JJ
Published: March 2009

Description

Features the most up-to-date research on ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) as used in medical and surgical devices.

This new publication provides you with a thorough and overall understanding of UHMWPE. 11 comprehensive papers are divided into 3 sections on properties and characteristics; morphology; and sterilization and wear.

Topics explored include: In-vivo wear rates, wear patterns, and new wear debris morphology • Relationships between the material’s consolidation quality and its clinical performance • Consequences of various packaging and sterilization techniques on its properties and performance • Effects of various post-consolidation techniques on its properties and performance.

A valuable resource for orthopedic surgeons, product development engineers, senior chemists.
Filling Abandoned Mines with Fluidized Bed Combustion Ash Grout
Authors: Gray DD , Reddy TP , Black DC , Ziemkiewicz PF
Published: March 2009

The hydraulic backfilling of abandoned room and pillar coal mines with ash-based grout holds promise as an environmentally beneficial method of ash disposal, capable of preventing acid mine drainage and subsidence. For this scheme to be economically viable, the grout must be sufficiently flowable so that mines can be filled from a small number of boreholes. This paper describes the development and testing of a water-ash-bentonite grout using ash from a coal and gob burning atmospheric pressure fluidized bed combustor. Bentonite was needed to prevent settling which would limit the ability of the grout to spread. Laboratory techniques were devised to measure the rheological parameters of the grout. A static model was developed to predict the maximum distance of spread due to gravity. A field injection of 765 m3 of grout into an inactive mine panel showed that the grout flows well enough to make hydraulic backfilling feasible.
Properties of Low-Strength Concrete for Meeks Cabin Dam Modification Project, Wyoming
Authors: Dolen TP , Benavidez AA
Published: March 2009

Low-strength, “plastic” concrete mixtures were proportioned to construct a cut-off wall through permeable features in the foundation of Meeks Cabin Dam, Wyoming. Low strength concrete was required to match the deformation properties of the concrete with the embankment materials in the dam. The mixtures were proportioned with zero (control mixture), 10, 15, and 20 % bentonite by mass of cement plus bentonite. The bentonite reduces compressive strength and elastic properties when compared to conventional concrete. Mixtures were proportioned to meet the desired fresh and hardened concrete properties. All mixtures met the 8 in. (200 mm) slump required for tremie placing. The design compressive strength is 200 lb/in.2 (1,380 kPa) at 7 days and 400 lb/in.2 (2,760 kPa) at 28 days. The 15 % bentonite mixture met the strength requirements and was chosen for more detailed testing. Additional tests evaluated the triaxial shear strength, flow-pump permeability, and erodibility of the low-strength, hardened concrete, and determined the effect of adding a retarding admixture on setting time and slump loss of fresh concrete.