bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autonomy in Psychiatric Ethics
Authors: Radoilska Lubomira
Published: February 2015

This chapter explores four kinds of skepticism about autonomy in general and its applicability to psychiatric ethics in particular. It is argued that although there are valuable lessons to be learnt from each of these skeptical challenges, their overall contribution is best understood in terms of friendly correctives to an autonomy-centered normative and conceptual framework instead of viable alternatives to it. The first four sections each provide a logical reconstruction of a distinct skeptical line of reasoning about autonomy and expand on its implications for psychiatric ethics: skepticism about personal autonomy; skepticism about autonomy as an agency concept; vulnerability-grounded skepticism about autonomy; and paternalism-friendly skepticism about autonomy. The fifth section identifies and explores the underlying presuppositions that motivate the previously discussed forms of skepticism about autonomy, and the sixth reflects on the significance of psychiatric ethics for rebutting skepticism about autonomy and developing a new, more promising positive theory.
Feminist Standpoint
Authors: Intemann Kristen
Published: February 2015

Despite a long history of scholarship on feminist standpoint theory, the central claims of the view are often interpreted in different ways, some of which render them implausible. Moreover, as more sophisticated versions of the view have evolved, it has become less clear how standpoint theory offers a distinct alternative to other feminist epistemologies or philosophies of science, such as feminist empiricism. This chapter elucidates and defends an interpretation of feminist standpoint theory known as feminist standpoint empiricism, understood as a branch of feminist empiricism that is committed to producing empirically adequate knowledge that challenges, rather than reinforces, systems of oppression. In doing so, it identifies not only the claims that feminist standpoint theorists share with feminist empiricists, but also the unique epistemological and political benefits that feminist standpoint theory offers.
Sexual Difference
Authors: Stone Alison
Published: February 2015

This chapter explains the main conceptions of sexual difference that have influenced feminist theory, tracing their roots in the psychoanalysis of Freud and Lacan, and then introducing the radical rethinking of sexual difference put forward by Luce Irigaray. For Irigaray, in the Western symbolic order there has only ever been sexual hierarchy, not genuine sexual difference. Her political program for changing the symbolic order to create a positive feminine subject-position—one that is not merely the underside or negative opposite of the masculine position—has been developed practically by some Italian feminists. Conceptions of sexual difference have also helped feminist theorists to rethink embodiment beyond the sex/gender distinction. The chapter concludes by considering how conceptions of sexual difference have made various current directions in feminist theory possible, including the new “material feminisms.”
The Cognitive Neuroscience of Source Monitoring
Authors: Mitchell Karen J.
Published: February 2015

Source monitoring is a metamemory function that includes processes for encoding and organizing the content of memories, and processes that selectively revive, cumulate, and evaluate that content in the service of making attributions about the origin of the information (e.g., perception vs imagination). Neuroimaging techniques, especially functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), are encouraging rapid developments in understanding the neural mechanisms supporting source monitoring. This chapter reviews current findings, placing them in historical context. It highlights key issues of particular relevance, including: neural reinstatement—the match between brain activity at encoding and later remembering; the role of lateral parietal cortex in cumulating multiple features and attending to information during remembering; functional specificity of the prefrontal cortex with respect to cognitive control; and identifying functional networks that support source monitoring. Suggestions are made for clarifying the big picture and increasing the specificity of our understanding of source monitoring and its neural architecture.
‘Remotely Global’ Village Life in Interior West Africa
Authors: Stahl Ann B.
Published: February 2015

To pursue the history of African village life through archaeological investigations was once considered an oxymoron. Viewed as ‘traditional’ locales apart from the core of modernity, ethnographic inquiry was thought to provide a picture of village life to which archaeological investigations could add little. But in the last few decades archaeological investigations at sites of recent centuries have yielded robust insights into the dynamics of daily practice as African villagers negotiated the shifting terrain of global networks. This chapter explores how archaeological sources contribute to our understanding of the dynamics of daily practice in ‘remotely global’ (Piot 1999) villages of interior West Africa.
Sex, Politics, and Censorship in Mozart’s Don Giovanni/Don Juan
Authors: Nedbal Martin
Published: February 2015

This article examines sex, politics, and censorship in Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s opera Don Giovanni/Don Juan, published in Vienna in the spring or summer of 1787. More specifically, it considers the so-called dialogic aspects of censorship by citing the example of institutional supervision over the content of Mozart’s work. It first discusses the issues surrounding the libretto and the role of censorship in several performances of a German adaptation at the Vienna court theater. It then describes how Franz Karl Hägelin, head of the office of the theater censor in Vienna, and other court theater personnel at the time approached the content of German-language works presented to them in the early 1780s.
Does “Second Impact Syndrome” Exist?
Authors: McCrory Paul , Davis Gavin , Makdissi Michael , Turner Michael
Published: February 2015

Second impact syndrome is a condition that is believed by some people to be a consequence of recurrent sports concussion. The only evidence to support its existence is anecdotal and, if it does exist, it is rare. The fear of this condition has driven the promulgation of concussion management guidelines and, more worryingly, the recent trend towards government regulation of the clinical management of concussion in the United States. Diffuse brain swelling following a single head injury, a well-recognized condition, is more common in children than in adults and usually has a poor outcome. It is posited that the so-called second impact syndrome simply represents diffuse brain swelling mistakenly attributed to repeated concussion.
Sex Differences in Sports-Related Concussion
Authors: Brand Jesse G. , Rossetti Heidi R. , Broshek Donna K.
Published: February 2015

Sex differences in sports-related concussion are the focus of a growing body of literature. This chapter discusses the increasing rates of female participation in sport, briefly addresses sex differences in traumatic brain injury (TBI), as well as physical sex differences and their impact on sports-related concussion. Several discrepancies in sports regulations and playing style between sexes that have been implicated in differing rates of sports-related concussion are also discussed. Variations in symptom reporting between the sexes and sex differences in cognitive outcomes of sports-related concussion are also addressed. Sex differences in symptom resolution and time to return to play are presented. Finally, limitations of this literature are identified and suggestions for future research are provided.
Animal Sheltering
Authors: Irvine Leslie
Published: February 2015

American animal shelters house between six and eight million dogs and cats each year. The question of what to do with millions of healthy but unwanted animals has animated sheltering from the start. Responses reveal how the presence of animals in society shapes institutions, laws, and policies. Pounds emerged to resolve the problems posed by stray animals. Concern for animal welfare created the need and justification for shelters, as humane alternatives to the pounds. Trends in pet-keeping and veterinary medicine shaped twentieth-century sheltering practices, as shelter populations evolved from strays to unwanted pets. Recently, criticism of high euthanasia rates engendered no-kill shelters. The social and cultural significance of animal sheltering lies in the light it sheds on the changing value of companion animals.
Animals as Reflexive Thinkers
Authors: Rowlands Mark , Monsó Susana
Published: February 2015

The ability to engage in reflexive thought—in thought about thought or about other mental states more generally—is regarded as a complex intellectual achievement that is beyond the capacities of most nonhuman animals. To the extent that reflexive thought capacities are believed necessary for the possession of many other psychological states or capacities, including consciousness, belief, emotion, and empathy, the inability of animals to engage in reflexive thought calls into question their other psychological abilities. This chapter attacks the idea that reflexive thought is required in this pervasive way and holds that supposing that it is derives from a tendency among philosophers and scientists toward overcomplication. Against this tendency, it recommends an aponoian framework, from apó, “away from” and noûs, “intelligence” or “thought,” arguing that seemingly complex psychological abilities are often not as complex as they seem, and do not require the ability to engage in reflexive thought.
The Bantoid Languages
Authors: Blench Roger
Published: February 2015

The Bantoid languages are a body of some 150 to 200 languages positioned geographically between Nigeria and Cameroun. They do not form a genetic group but all are in some way more closely related than to Bantu than other branches of Benue-Congo. The most well-known branches are Dakoid, Mambiloid, Tivoid, Beboid, Grassfields, and Ekoid. Bendi, formerly Cross River, may be Bantoid, while Jarawan is probably Narrow Bantu. Their classification has been controversial. Due to their inaccessibility, many are poorly described. This article summarizes the literature on their classification and main linguistic features and in particular how these relate to Bantu. Their main typological characteristics include S (AUX) OV word order, functioning or traces of nominal affixing and alliterative concord, suffixed verbal extensions, ATR vowel harmony, and labial-velars in the phonology. Some languages have developed highly complex tone systems as a result of extreme erosion of segmental material.
Greek Literature in Contemporary Political Theory and Thought
Authors: Kasimis Demetra
Published: February 2015

This article explores the uses of Greek literature, philosophy, and politics in contemporary political theory. It explains that, since the second half of the 20th century, the study and deployment of Greek texts in political theory has served four interrelated projects: (1) to underscore political theory’s roots as an embedded and politically relevant practice; (2) to show that the history of political thought may function as contemporary critique; (3) to recover the spontaneity, plurality, and equality of classical politics for modernity; (4) and to offer new resources for thinking about democratic equality and activity. The article suggests that the question of how to recuperate the new political theoretical possibilities posed by a polyvocal or deconstructed Plato remains an underappreciated but critical question for political and democratic theory today.
Time, Tense, and Temporality in Ancient Greek Historiography
Authors: Grethlein Jonas
Published: February 2015

One of the most important trends in recent scholarship on ancient historiography is to explore how historical meaning is constructed through the form of narrative. This essay argues that the narratives of ancient historians can and should also be seen as an engagement with temporality. Such a view, combining the lenses of narratology, philosophy, and linguistics, yields a “grammar of historiographic time”: ancient historiography engages with different levels of the past including the “plupast,” depends on the dynamics of “futures past,” and tries hard to restore “presence” to the past. Other than these various temporal levels, ancient historians also deploy the subjunctive when they consider counterfactuals.
Egyptian Archaeology and the Museum
Authors: Stevenson Alice
Published: February 2015

The relationship between excavation and museums is often assumed to be linear, with artifacts removed from the field and transferred to a museum. This article, however, envisages a more complex connection between the two based on the premise that archaeological context is a continuous process rather than a static setting. The article’s departure point is the legacy and history of collections that were excavated in Egypt and widely distributed to the world’s museums in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. These collections comprise not only excavated artifacts, but also the related documents of fieldwork and finds distribution. As a whole, this material allows for continual contextualization as the colonial legacy of archaeology in Egypt, and the hyper-reality of its presentation in museums, is confronted. Concepts such as the contact zone, indigenous archaeologies and radical transparency are just a few of the ways these issues might be addressed. Museum assemblages also permit a critical assessment of both the contemporary and possible future relationships between Egyptian archaeology in the field and museums.
Virtual Religion
Authors: Helland Christopher
Published: February 2015

This essay introduces some of the key issues associated with virtual religious practices. With the development of the MODEM program and public access to the Internet and then the WWW, online religious activity has flourished. On a most basic level, virtual religion has affected religious community, authority, and identity. However, online religious activity has also changed ritual practices, religious information seeking behaviors, and even people’s religious experiences. Virtual religion is having significant impact and changing the way people “do” religion in our wired world. After introducing the topic and key issues, this essay presents an important case study of Virtual Tibet, highlighting the significant changes that can occur in religious beliefs and practices as they are “digitized” and experienced online.
Remembering Narrative in Deuteronomy
Authors: Britt Brian M.
Published: February 2015

The narrative of Deuteronomy contains Moses’s farewell speech, which in turn encompasses retrospective and prospective history, legal instruction, and covenant ritual. Past, present, and future thus merge within a larger narrative frame that unobtrusively records and performs acts of memory that give the book coherence. This chapter surveys scholarship on the narrative of Deuteronomy and proposes the category of memory as a way to integrate the book’s elements. Historical criticism, literary scholarship, sociopolitical approaches, and reception history all agree that Deuteronomy has a complex narrative structure with a fairly straightforward message. The questions that remain are whether and how such a complex text can yield such a clear purpose. A historically contextualized reading of Deuteronomy, attentive to repetitions, injunctions to remember, and the framing statement “I call heaven and earth to witness against you today” (4:26; 30:19), shows how acts of memory lend coherence to the book’s complex narrative.
Plotting Bodies in Biblical Narrative
Authors: Schipper Jeremy
Published: February 2015

Scholars often argue that physical description in the Hebrew Bible narrative is used primarily to convey important information for the understanding the plot, rather than a clear visual image of the character, for the reader. This chapter examines some of the implications of this argument for the critical study of disability and nondisability imagery in biblical narrative. It argues that the two most frequent types of physical description in biblical narrative, attractiveness and disability, operate according to the same narrative logic as physical description in general. They are not necessarily included to indicate an extraordinary or unusual physical feature. Instead, they are described to help explain the plot of the story regardless of how unusual or commonplace the feature or condition was in ancient Israelite cultures. The chapter makes use of this argument to question reading strategies that assume that disability is presented as abnormal in biblical narrative.
Candidate Effector Proteins of the Rust Pathogen Melampsora larici-populina Target Diverse Plant Cell Compartments
Authors: Petre Benjamin , Saunders Diane G. O. , Sklenar Jan , Lorrain Cécile , Win Joe , Duplessis Sébastien , Kamoun Sophien
Published: February 2015

Rust fungi are devastating crop pathogens that deliver effector proteins into infected tissues to modulate plant functions and promote parasitic growth. The genome of the poplar leaf rust fungus Melampsora larici-populina revealed a large catalog of secreted proteins, some of which have been considered candidate effectors. Unraveling how these proteins function in host cells is a key to understanding pathogenicity mechanisms and developing resistant plants. In this study, we used an effectoromics pipeline to select, clone, and express 20 candidate effectors in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cells to determine their subcellular localization and identify the plant proteins they interact with. Confocal microscopy revealed that six candidate effectors target the nucleus, nucleoli, chloroplasts, mitochondria, and discrete cellular bodies. We also used coimmunoprecipitation (coIP) and mass spectrometry to identify 606 N. benthamiana proteins that associate with the candidate effectors. Five candidate effectors specifically associated with a small set of plant proteins that may represent biologically relevant interactors. We confirmed the interaction between the candidate effector MLP124017 and TOPLESS-related protein 4 from poplar by in planta coIP. Altogether, our data enable us to validate effector proteins from M. larici-populina and reveal that these proteins may target multiple compartments and processes in plant cells. It also shows that N. benthamiana can be a powerful heterologous system to study effectors of obligate biotrophic pathogens.
Dissection of Two Complex Clusters of Resistance Genes in Lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
Authors: Christopoulou Marilena , McHale Leah K. , Kozik Alex , Reyes-Chin Wo Sebastian , Wroblewski Tadeusz , Michelmore Richard W.
Published: February 2015

Of the over 50 phenotypic resistance genes mapped in lettuce, 25 colocalize to three major resistance clusters (MRC) on chromosomes 1, 2, and 4. Similarly, the majority of candidate resistance genes encoding nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat (NLR) proteins genetically colocalize with phenotypic resistance loci. MRC1 and MRC4 span over 66 and 63 Mb containing 84 and 21 NLR-encoding genes, respectively, as well as 765 and 627 genes that are not related to NLR genes. Forward and reverse genetic approaches were applied to dissect MRC1 and MRC4. Transgenic lines exhibiting silencing were selected using silencing of β-glucuronidase as a reporter. Silencing of two of five NLR-encoding gene families resulted in abrogation of nine of 14 tested resistance phenotypes mapping to these two regions. At MRC1, members of the coiled coil-NLR-encoding RGC1 gene family were implicated in host and nonhost resistance through requirement for Dm5/8- and Dm45-mediated resistance to downy mildew caused by Bremia lactucae as well as the hypersensitive response to effectors AvrB, AvrRpm1, and AvrRpt2 of the nonpathogen Pseudomonas syringae. At MRC4, RGC12 family members, which encode toll interleukin receptor-NLR proteins, were implicated in Dm4-, Dm7-, Dm11-, and Dm44-mediated resistance to B. lactucae. Lesions were identified in the sequence of a candidate gene within dm7 loss-of-resistance mutant lines, confirming that RGC12G confers Dm7.
Identifying and Analyzing the Diversity of Resistance Gene Analogs in Colombian Rubus Genotypes
Authors: Afanador-Kafuri L. , Mejía J. F. , González A. , Álvarez E.
Published: February 2015

Five Andean blackberry Rubus genotypes, three resistant and two susceptible to anthracnose, were used to identify regions in the Rubus genome with homology to disease-resistance genes found in other plant species. Polymerase chain reaction amplification with 12 pairs of primers and fragment cloning yielded 520 clones, of which 151 showed inserts between 500 and 700 bp long. When sequenced, 47 clones showed homology with two types of resistance genes, non-Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) nucleotide binding site (NBS) leucine-rich repeat (LRR) and TIR-NBS-LRR, thereby confirming their designation as resistance gene analogs (RGAs). The number of RGAs detected per Rubus genotype ranged from 7 to 11, with the highest in a wild resistant and a cultivated susceptible genotype. Rubus RGAs were also homologous with several non-TIR- and TIR-type RGAs found in other members of the Rosaceae family (Rosa hybrid cultivar, Rosa roxburghii, Malus × domestica, M. prunifolia, M. baccata, M. floribunda, Pyrus communis, Prunus persica, P. kansuensis, P. avium, and Fragaria vesca). Three RGAs shared identity with two Rosaceae RGAs associated with the CRPM1 locus for powdery mildew resistance in R. roxburghii and the Rosa hybrid cultivar. This is the first report on RGAs present in the Andean blackberry in Colombia.
Silverleaf Nightshade (Solanum elaeagnifolium), a Reservoir Host for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’, the Putative Causal Agent of Zebra Chip Disease of Potato
Authors: Thinakaran Jenita , Pierson Elizabeth , Kunta Madhurababu , Munyaneza Joseph E. , Rush Charlie M. , Henne Don C.
Published: February 2015

Zebra chip disease of potato is caused by the bacterial pathogen ‘Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ and is a growing concern for commercial potato production in several countries in North and Central America and New Zealand. ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ is vectored by the potato psyllid Bactericera cockerelli, which transmits the pathogen to several cultivated and wild solanaceaous host plants. Silverleaf nightshade (SLN), Solanum elaeagnifolium, is a common weed in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas and a host for both the potato psyllid and ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’. SLN plants were successfully inoculated with ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ under laboratory conditions. Retention studies demonstrated that ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’-infected SLN planted in the field in January 2013, concurrent with commercial potato planting, retained the pathogen under field conditions throughout the year despite extensive dieback during summer. The presence of ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ was confirmed in leaves, roots, and stolons of SLN plants collected the following year using polymerase chain reaction. Acquisition assays using B. cockerelli adults also revealed that SLN retained the pathogen. Transmission studies determined that B. cockerelli can acquire ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ within a 2-week acquisition access period on ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’-infected SLN and subsequently transmit the pathogen to potato. These results demonstrate that SLN plants can serve as a reservoir for ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’, providing a source of inoculum for B. cockerelli adults colonizing potato the next season. The presence of SLN plants all year round in the LRGV makes the weed an epidemiologically important host. These findings underscore the importance of eradicating or managing SLN plants growing in the vicinity of potato fields to prevent spread of ‘Ca. L. solanacearum’ and damage caused by zebra chip.
Physiologic Specialization of Puccinia triticina on Wheat in the United States in 2013
Authors: Kolmer J. A. , Hughes M. E.
Published: February 2015

Collections of Puccinia triticina were obtained from rust-infected leaves provided by cooperators throughout the United States and from wheat fields and breeding plots by USDA-ARS personnel and cooperators in the Great Plains, Ohio River Valley, and southeastern states in order to determine the virulence of the wheat leaf rust population in 2013. Single uredinial isolates (490 total) were derived from the collections and tested for virulence phenotype on 20 lines of Thatcher wheat that are near-isogenic for leaf rust resistance genes. In 2013, 79 virulence phenotypes were described in the United States. Virulence phenotypes MBTNB, TNBGJ, and MCTNB were the three most common phenotypes. Phenotypes MBTNB and MCTNB are both virulent to Lr11, and MCTNB is virulent to Lr26. MBTNB and MCTNB were most common in the soft red winter wheat region of the southeastern states and Ohio Valley. Phenotype TNBGJ is virulent to Lr39/41 and was widely distributed throughout the hard red winter wheat region of the Great Plains. Isolates with virulence to Lr11, Lr18, and Lr26 were common in the southeastern states and Ohio Valley region. Isolates with virulence to Lr21, Lr24, and Lr39/41 were frequent in the hard red wheat region of the southern and northern Great Plains.
Host Range of Verticillium isaacii and Verticillium klebahnii from Artichoke, Spinach, and Lettuce
Authors: Gurung Suraj , Short Dylan P. G. , Hu Xiaoping , Sandoya German V. , Hayes Ryan J. , Koike Steven T. , Subbarao Krishna V.
Published: February 2015

Verticillium is a genus that includes major vascular wilt pathogens. Recently, multilocus phylogenetic analyses of the genus identified five new species, including Verticillium isaacii and V. klebahnii, both of which occur in agricultural soils in coastal California and have been isolated from asymptomatic and diseased spinach and lettuce plants. Little data are available regarding their pathogenicity and virulence on a broader range of crops important to the region. Four isolates each of V. isaacii and V. klebahnii along with two reference isolates of V. dahliae races 1 and 2 were inoculated on eight crops (artichoke, cauliflower, eggplant, lettuce, pepper, tomato, spinach, and strawberry) in a greenhouse experiment. After 8 weeks, plants were assessed for disease severity to determine the relative host ranges of Verticillium isolates. Additionally, 13 lettuce lines resistant to race 1 and partially resistant to race 2 of V. dahliae were screened against V. isaacii and V. klebahnii to evaluate their responses. Three of four V. isaacii and four of four V. klebahnii isolates tested were nonpathogenic on all crops tested except those indicated below. One V. isaacii isolate caused wilt on artichoke and ‘Salinas’ lettuce and most isolates of both species caused varying degrees of Verticillium wilt on strawberry. Lettuce lines resistant to V. dahliae race 1 and partially resistant to V. dahliae race 2 also exhibited resistance to all of the isolates of V. isaacii and V. klebahnii. Thus, at least some isolates in the populations of V. isaacii and V. klebahnii have the potential to become significant pathogens of coastal California crops. However, resistance developed against V. dahliae also offers resistance to the pathogenic isolates of both species, at least in lettuce.
Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Tomography With 3D and En Face Imaging of the Punctum and Vertical Canaliculus: A Step Toward Establishing a Normative Database
Authors: Kamal Saurabh , Ali Mohammad Javed , Ali Mohammad Hasnat , Naik Milind N
Published: February 2015

Purpose:

To report the features of Fourier domain optical coherence tomography imaging of the normal punctum and vertical canaliculus.

Methods:

Prospective, interventional series of consecutive healthy and asymptomatic adults, who volunteered for optical coherence tomography imaging, were included in the study. Fourier domain optical coherence tomography images of the punctum and vertical canaliculus along with 3D and En face images were captured using the RTVue scanner with a corneal adaptor module and a wide-angled lens. Maximum punctal diameter, mid-canalicular diameter, and vertical canalicular height were calculated. Statistical analysis was performed using Pearson correlation test, and scatter plot matrices were analyzed.

Results:

A total of 103 puncta of 52 healthy subjects were studied. Although all the images could depict the punctum and vertical canaliculus and all the desired measurements could be obtained, occasional tear debris within the canaliculus was found to be interfering with the imaging. The mean maximum punctal diameter, mid-canalicular diameter, and vertical canalicular height were recorded as 214.71 ± 73 μm, 125.04 ± 60.69 μm, and 890.41 ± 154.76 μm, respectively, with an insignificant correlation between them. The maximum recorded vertical canalicular height in all the cases was far less than the widely reported depth of 2 mm. High-resolution 3D and En face images provided a detailed topography of punctal surface and overview of vertical canaliculus.

Conclusion:

Fourier domain optical coherence tomography with 3D and En face imaging is a useful noninvasive modality to image the proximal lacrimal system with consistently reproducible high-resolution images. This is likely to help clinicians in the management of proximal lacrimal disorders.
Implicit constitutive relations for nonlinear magnetoelastic bodies
Authors: Bustamante R. , Rajagopal K. R.
Published: February 2015

Implicit constitutive relations that characterize the response of elastic bodies have greatly enhanced the arsenal available at the disposal of the analyst working in the field of elasticity. This class of models were recently extended to describe electroelastic bodies by the present authors. In this paper, we extend the development of implicit constitutive relations to describe the behaviour of elastic bodies that respond to magnetic stimuli. The models that are developed provide a rational way to describe phenomena that have hitherto not been adequately described by the classical models that are in place. After developing implicit constitutive relations for magnetoelastic bodies undergoing large deformations, we consider the linearization of the models within the context of small displacement gradients. We then use the linearized model to describe experimentally observed phenomena which the classical linearized magnetoelastic models are incapable of doing. We also solve several boundary value problems within the context of the models that are developed: extension and shear of a slab, and radial inflation and extension of a cylinder.
Assessing the potential information content of multicomponent visual signals: a machine learning approach
Authors: Allen William L. , Higham James P.
Published: February 2015

Careful investigation of the form of animal signals can offer novel insights into their function. Here, we deconstruct the face patterns of a tribe of primates, the guenons (Cercopithecini), and examine the information that is potentially available in the perceptual dimensions of their multicomponent displays. Using standardized colour-calibrated images of guenon faces, we measure variation in appearance both within and between species. Overall face pattern was quantified using the computer vision ‘eigenface’ technique, and eyebrow and nose-spot focal traits were described using computational image segmentation and shape analysis. Discriminant function analyses established whether these perceptual dimensions could be used to reliably classify species identity, individual identity, age and sex, and, if so, identify the dimensions that carry this information. Across the 12 species studied, we found that both overall face pattern and focal trait differences could be used to categorize species and individuals reliably, whereas correct classification of age category and sex was not possible. This pattern makes sense, as guenons often form mixed-species groups in which familiar conspecifics develop complex differentiated social relationships but where the presence of heterospecifics creates hybridization risk. Our approach should be broadly applicable to the investigation of visual signal function across the animal kingdom.
Group personality during collective decision-making: a multi-level approach
Authors: Planas-Sitjà Isaac , Deneubourg Jean-Louis , Gibon Céline , Sempo Grégory
Published: February 2015

Collective decision-making processes emerge from social feedback networks within a group. Many studies on collective behaviour underestimate the role of individual personality and, as a result, personality is rarely analysed in the context of collective dynamics. Here, we show evidence of sheltering behaviour personality in a gregarious insect (Periplaneta americana), which is characterized by a collective personality at the group level. We also highlight that the individuals within groups exhibited consistent personality traits in their probability of sheltering and total time sheltered during the three trials over one week. Moreover, the group personality, which arises from the synergy between the distribution of behaviour profiles in the group and social amplifications, affected the sheltering dynamics. However, owing to its robustness, personality did not affect the group probability of reaching a consensus. Finally, to prove social interactions, we developed a new statistical method that will be helpful for future research on personality traits and group behaviour. This approach will help to identify the circumstances under which particular group compositions may improve the fitness of individuals in gregarious species.
Isolation of Brucella from a White’s tree frog (Litoria caerulea)
Authors: Whatmore Adrian M. , Dale Emma‐Jane , Stubberfield Emma , Muchowski Jakub , Koylass Mark , Dawson Claire , Gopaul Krishna K. , Perrett Lorraine L. , Jones Matthew , Lawrie Alistair
Published: February 2015

Introduction:

Brucellosis is a zoonotic disease that has a significant economic, social and public health impact in many parts of the world. The causative agents are members of the genus Brucella currently comprising 11 species and with an expanding known host range in recent years.

Case presentation:

One of a pair of White’s tree frogs (Litoria caerulea) developed skin lesions from which a pure growth of a haemolytic organism was obtained. The isolate was identified as Brucella melitensis by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, although the colony morphology was inconsistent with this identification. Applying the classical biotyping approach used to subdivide members of the genus Brucella, the isolate did not correspond to any known Brucella sp. However, PCR targeting of genes specific for members of the genus Brucella was strongly positive and 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed a close relationship with extant Brucella spp. In order to place the isolate more accurately, a multilocus sequencing approach was applied, which confirmed that the isolate represented a novel member of the emerging ‘atypical’ Brucella group, which includes isolates from human disease, from rodents and, more recently, reported isolations from frogs in Germany.

Conclusion:

This case represents the first report of isolation of a Brucella sp. from frogs outside Germany and suggests that these isolates may be widespread. Whilst there is no evidence to date that these isolates represent a zoonotic threat, the association of other ‘atypical’ Brucella sp. with human disease suggests that appropriate measures should be taken to avoid unnecessary contact with potentially infected amphibians until the zoonotic potential of this group is better understood.
The spatial and temporal organization of origin firing during the S-phase of fission yeast
Authors: Kaykov Atanas , Nurse Paul
Published: February 2015

Eukaryotes duplicate their genomes using multiple replication origins, but the organization of origin firing along chromosomes and during S-phase is not well understood. Using fission yeast, we report the first genome-wide analysis of the spatial and temporal organization of replication origin firing, analyzed using single DNA molecules that can approach the full length of chromosomes. At S-phase onset, origins fire randomly and sparsely throughout the chromosomes. Later in S-phase, clusters of fired origins appear embedded in the sparser regions, which form the basis of nuclear replication foci. The formation of clusters requires proper histone methylation and acetylation, and their locations are not inherited between cell cycles. The rate of origin firing increases gradually, peaking just before mid S-phase. Toward the end of S-phase, nearly all the available origins within the unreplicated regions are fired, contributing to the timely completion of genome replication. We propose that the majority of origins do not fire as a part of a deterministic program. Instead, origin firing, both individually and as clusters, should be viewed as being mostly stochastic.
Whole-genome and multisector exome sequencing of primary and post-treatment glioblastoma reveals patterns of tumor evolution
Authors: Kim Hoon , Zheng Siyuan , Amini Seyed S. , Virk Selene M. , Mikkelsen Tom , Brat Daniel J. , Grimsby Jonna , Sougnez Carrie , Muller Florian , Hu Jian , Sloan Andrew E. , Cohen Mark L. , Van Meir Erwin G. , Scarpace Lisa , Laird Peter W. , Weinstein John N. , Lander Eric S. , Gabriel Stacey , Getz Gad , Meyerson Matthew , Chin Lynda , Barnholtz-Sloan Jill S. , Verhaak Roel G.W.
Published: February 2015

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a prototypical heterogeneous brain tumor refractory to conventional therapy. A small residual population of cells escapes surgery and chemoradiation, resulting in a typically fatal tumor recurrence ∼7 mo after diagnosis. Understanding the molecular architecture of this residual population is critical for the development of successful therapies. We used whole-genome sequencing and whole-exome sequencing of multiple sectors from primary and paired recurrent GBM tumors to reconstruct the genomic profile of residual, therapy resistant tumor initiating cells. We found that genetic alteration of the p53 pathway is a primary molecular event predictive of a high number of subclonal mutations in glioblastoma. The genomic road leading to recurrence is highly idiosyncratic but can be broadly classified into linear recurrences that share extensive genetic similarity with the primary tumor and can be directly traced to one of its specific sectors, and divergent recurrences that share few genetic alterations with the primary tumor and originate from cells that branched off early during tumorigenesis. Our study provides mechanistic insights into how genetic alterations in primary tumors impact the ensuing evolution of tumor cells and the emergence of subclonal heterogeneity.
Natural Variation in Monoterpene Synthesis in Kiwifruit: Transcriptional Regulation of Terpene Synthases by NAC and ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3-Like Transcription Factors
Authors: Nieuwenhuizen Niels J. , Chen Xiuyin , Wang Mindy Y. , Matich Adam J. , Perez Ramon Lopez , Allan Andrew C. , Green Sol A. , Atkinson Ross G.
Published: February 2015

Two kiwifruit (Actinidia) species with contrasting terpene profiles were compared to understand the regulation of fruit monoterpene production. High rates of terpinolene production in ripe Actinidia arguta fruit were correlated with increasing gene and protein expression of A. arguta terpene synthase1 (AaTPS1) and correlated with an increase in transcript levels of the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate pathway enzyme 1-deoxy-d-xylulose-5-phosphate synthase (DXS). Actinidia chinensis terpene synthase1 (AcTPS1) was identified as part of an array of eight tandemly duplicated genes, and AcTPS1 expression and terpene production were observed only at low levels in developing fruit. Transient overexpression of DXS in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves elevated monoterpene synthesis by AaTPS1 more than 100-fold, indicating that DXS is likely to be the key step in regulating 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 4-phosphate substrate flux in kiwifruit. Comparative promoter analysis identified potential NAC (for no apical meristem [NAM], Arabidopsis transcription activation factor [ATAF], and cup-shaped cotyledon [CUC])-domain transcription factor) and ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3-like transcription factor (TF) binding sites in the AaTPS1 promoter, and cloned members of both TF classes were able to activate the AaTPS1 promoter in transient assays. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that AaNAC2, AaNAC3, and AaNAC4 bind a 28-bp fragment of the proximal NAC binding site in the AaTPS1 promoter but not the A. chinensis AcTPS1 promoter, where the NAC binding site was mutated. Activation could be restored by reintroducing multiple repeats of the 12-bp NAC core-binding motif. The absence of NAC transcriptional activation in ripe A. chinensis fruit can account for the low accumulation of AcTPS1 transcript, protein, and monoterpene volatiles in this species. These results indicate the importance of NAC TFs in controlling monoterpene production and other traits in ripening fruits.
Introducing 4G mobile networks: implications for UK higher education
Authors: Garcia Elaine , Elbeltagi Ibrahim , Bugliolo Martial
Published: February 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore the opportunities the rollout of 4G services across the UK will offer to the higher education (HE) sector. Potential benefits are considered within existing literature to include factors such as an ability to study in an any-time, any place manner, improved access to education, particularly in remote and rural areas and the transformation of teaching and learning.

Design/methodology/approach

– This research utilises a case study approach, analysing the views of teaching staff who have taken part in a trial of 4G as part of a funded project from JANET, part of a UK government funded company (JISC) whose primary aim is to provide and develop network infrastructure to meet the needs of education and research communities.

Findings

– Findings demonstrate that benefits of using 4G mobile technologies relate to key areas such as the general effectiveness of 4G services, any-time, any place access, transformation of teaching and learning and personal and organisational effectiveness.

Research limitations/implications

– Overall this paper concludes that staff can envisage significant benefits to the HE sector of the adoption of 4G technologies within the UK although these will be limited until the network is fully evolved.

Originality/value

– The research provides a unique opportunity to explore the potential of 4G at the commencement of the rollout across the UK providing an opportunity to explore the value of 4G for HE before contracts are agreed or purchase of hardware has been undertaken.
Leveraging marketing capabilities into competitive advantage and export performance
Authors: Tan Qun , Sousa Carlos M.P.
Published: February 2015

Purpose

– By using the dynamic capabilities (DC) theory and the theory of competitive advantage, the purpose of this paper is to develop a framework to investigate the role of marketing capabilities on the firm’s export performance. Specifically, this framework depicts the consequences of marketing capabilities and focuses on the relationships among marketing capabilities, competitive advantage, and export performance.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors conduct a meta-analysis of the literature on marketing capabilities and use multivariate analyses to test the framework.

Findings

– The study revealed that competitive advantage has an important mediating role in the relationship between marketing capabilities and export performance. Specifically, the authors found that two types of competitive advantage (i.e. low-cost advantage and differentiation advantage) positively mediate the effect of marketing capabilities on export performance.

Originality/value

– Although research on marketing capabilities is still in its early infancy, the study provides a base from which future work can be developed. The authors also contribute to the literature by examining the mediating role of competitive advantage in the marketing capability-export performance relationship, thereby offering new insights into how and why marketing capabilities play a crucial role in explaining the firm’s export performance.
Challenges in conducting and publishing research on the Middle East and Africa in leading journals
Authors: Lages Cristiana R. , Pfajfar Gregor , SHOHAM Aviv
Published: February 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine the reasons for the lack of research attention paid to the Middle East (ME) and Africa regions. In particular, this study seeks to identify the reasons for and implications of the paucity of ME- and Africa-based studies in high-quality international journals in the marketing field with a specific focus on the challenges in conducting and publishing research on these regions.

Design/methodology/approach

– The authors conducted a systematic review of the literature on the ME and Africa regions to identify papers published in 23 high-quality marketing, international business, and advertising journals. This search resulted in 301 articles, among which 125 articles were based on primary or secondary data collected from a local source in those regions. The authors of these 125 articles constitute the Delphi study sample. These academics provided input in an effort to reach a consensus regarding the two proposed models of academic research in both regions.

Findings

– This paper differs from previous studies, where academic freedom emerged as the most important inhibitor to conducting and publishing research. The most frequently mentioned challenges in conducting research in Africa were access to data, data collection issues, diversity of the region, and lack of research support infrastructure. For the ME, the most often described challenges included validity and reliability of data, language barriers, data collection issues, and availability of a network of researchers. Editors’ and reviewers’ low interest and limited knowledge were ranked high in both regions. South Africa, Israel, and Turkey emerged as outliers, in which research barriers were less challenging than in the rest of the two regions. The authors attribute this difference to the high incidence of US-trained or US-based scholars originating from these countries.

Originality/value

– To the best of the knowledge, no marketing studies have discussed the problems of publishing in high-quality international journals of marketing, international business, and advertising for either region. Thus, most of the issues the authors discuss in this paper offer new insightful results while supplementing previous research on the challenges of conducting and publishing research on specific world regions.