bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender-Specific Differences of the Foot During the First Year of Walking
Authors: Unger Heidi , Rosenbaum Priv. Doz. Dr. Dieter
Published: November 2015

Background: It is is well established that gender-specific differences in foot shape exist in adults. However, no information is available whether these differences are present already in children's feet and at what stage in the development these changes become evident. Methods: Plantar pressure patterns and footprints of 42 healthy infants (20 male, 22 female) were evaluated over the course of one year and compared regarding gender-specific differences. The age at initial evaluation of the children was 16.1 months, and they were evaluated every 3 months. Anthropometric data, foot shape, and foot loading parameters for the whole foot, as well as for selected regions of interest, were evaluated. Results: Significant differences in the foot shape and dynamic foot loading parameters were noted between boys and girls already at this young age. Boys demonstrated a broader midfoot, indicating a lower arch. Girls showed a more pronounced dynamic loading, especially in the heel and forefoot regions. Conclusions: The differences seen in this study should be taken into account by the shoe industry responsible for the design of children's shoes to support healthy development of the growing foot. Foot disorders are not only caused by hereditary factors but may be due to disturbances during foot growth and development. Since today's society is dependent on wearing shoes for foot protection, shoes should be designed not only according to the fashion demands of the customers but also to the biomechanical needs. Therefore, it is important to ensure that shoes fit the shape of the feet, which is different for boys and girls already when walking begins.
Floating-Toe Deformity as a Complication of the Weil Osteotomy
Authors: Migues Atilio , Slullitel Gaston , Bilbao Facundo , Carrasco Marina , Solari Gabriel
Published: November 2015

Background: The Weil osteotomy for treatment of central metatarsalgia is an oblique osteotomy of the metatarsal neck and shaft parallel to the ground that provides controlled shortening of the metatarsal without additional depression. It offers many advantages over more traditional osteotomies, including stability and a large area of bone-to-bone contact. However, a floating-toe deformity appears to be a common complication after this osteotomy. Methods: Between February, 2000 and February, 2003, 70 Weil osteotomies (in 26 patients) were done at one institution. Follow-up averaged 18.3 (6 to 36) months. Weightbearing radiographs were examined for shortening, subluxation, and for evidence of nonunion or malunion of the metatarsal head. Floating-toe deformity and mild recurrent tenderness were noted in the history and physical examination. The American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Lesser Metatarsophalangeal-Interphalangeal Scale (LMIS) was used for outcome rating. At final follow-up, nonunion and malunion also were evaluated. Results: The median score of the AOFAS scale was 81 (19 to 95) points. Fifty-four percent of the osteotomies were done with a proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint arthrodesis of the same ray, and we observed a higher occurrence of floating-toe deformity in this group of patients. Conclusion: Although it may be associated with some complications, the Weil osteotomy is an effective and safe procedure for the treatment of central metatarsalgia. We conclude that floating-toe deformity is a common complication associated with PIP joint arthrodesis. Although it appears not to cause a functional impairment, concurrent PIP arthrodesis should be avoided to reduce the occurrence of floating toes.
Simple Bone Cysts of the Calcaneus: A Report of Five Cases and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Hanna Stephen J. , Dasic Davor , Floyd Andrew
Published: November 2015

Background: Simple bone cysts of the calcaneus are relatively uncommon. There is no clear consensus on either their etiology or management. Pathological fractures of such cysts are exceptionally rare. Materials and Methods: Five simple bone cysts of the calcaneus were present in three males and two females with an average age of 44 years. One patient presented with pain, three cysts were incidental findings on ankle radiographs, and one patient presented with a fracture after a significant fall. Results: All five were managed nonoperatively and had satisfactory outcomes. Conclusions: A review the literature on the etiology and management of simple bone cysts of the calcaneus and the outcomes of these patients indicate that complications of these cysts are rare and nonoperative management is appropriate.
Human Factors: Problems of Adapting Systems for the Interaction of Information to the Individual: The Theory of Hybrid Intelligence
Authors: Lomov B. F. , Venda V. F.
Published: November 2015

Optimization of the strucuture of a complex information system on the basis of the various models supplied by operators and computers is often the most significant factor in the efficiency of problem-solving in many types of operator-controlled scientific research. The most effective process of such optimization lies in the adaptation of sociotechnical systems for the interaction of information to the individual operator (hybrid intelligence), and also in achieving an intellectual resonance during the interaction of information. Some theoretical principles and an example of HI are given.
The Effects of the Boating Environment on Operator Performance
Authors: Stiehl C. Christian
Published: November 2015

Through detailed studies of boating accident data and in-depth accident investigations, the United States Coast Guard has determined that approximately ninety percent of the causes of boating collisions are operator related. These cause identification studies have indicated that the boating environment (through stressors such as noise, heat, glare, etc.) may contribute significantly to operator related causes of accidents. The Visual Alertness Stressor Test (VAST) was developed as a means of measuring the effects of stressors on a boat operator's performance. VAST is a divided attention task. The small boat operator is required to maintain a course and speed dictated by an on board experimenter (primary task), and respond to particular light patterns shown on a semicircular display around the cockpit (secondary task). Basic measures of performance include response times and error scores for the light patterns. This paper presents the results of three years of research in the area of boating stressors and operator performance, primarily using VAST. Research in the area of balancing performance is discussed. The results to date have shown that stressors such as fatigue, noise, shock/vibration, and alcohol can be shown to lead to operator performance degradations. Other variables which have been or will be studied include glare, wind, and more detailed studies of noise and shock/vibration. Future applications include the application of VAST research techniques to finding and testing countermeasures for the special stressor problems associated with Coast Guard search and rescue missions.
Measurement Invariance and Convergent Validity of Anger and Sadness Self-Regulation Among Youth From Six Cultural Groups
Authors: Di Giunta Laura , Iselin Anne-Marie R. , Eisenberg Nancy , Pastorelli Concetta , Gerbino Maria , Lansford Jennifer E. , Dodge Kenneth A. , Caprara Gian Vittorio , Bacchini Dario , Uribe Tirado Liliana Maria , Thartori Eriona
Published: November 2015

The present study examined measurement invariance and convergent validity of a novel vignette-based measure of emotion-specific self-regulation that simultaneously assesses attributional bias, emotion-regulation, and self-efficacy beliefs about emotion regulation. Participants included 541 youth–mother dyads from three countries (Italy, the United States, and Colombia) and six ethnic/cultural groups. Participants were 12.62 years old ( SD = 0.69). In response to vignettes involving ambiguous peer interactions, children reported their hostile/depressive attribution bias, self-efficacy beliefs about anger and sadness regulation, and anger/sadness regulation strategies (i.e., dysregulated expression and rumination). Across the six cultural groups, anger and sadness self-regulation subscales had full metric and partial scalar invariance for a one-factor model, with some exceptions. We found support for both a four- and three-factor oblique model (dysregulated expression and rumination loaded on a second-order factor) for both anger and sadness. Anger subscales were related to externalizing problems, while sadness subscales were related to internalizing symptoms.
X-Linked Developmental Defects of Myelination: From Mouse Mutants to Human Genetic Diseases
Authors: Nave Klaus-Armin , Boespflug-Tanguy Odile
Published: November 2015

Molecular cloning of the major myelin-specific genes and a systematic analysis of mouse mutants have led to the identification of molecular defects in human genetic diseases that affect myelination. In the central nervous system, Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease (PMD) and X-linked spastic paraplegia (SPG-2) are clinically distinct with respect to the severity of motor dysfunction but involve the same gene for myelin proteolipid protein (PLP). Spontaneous mouse mutants of the PLP gene, such as jimpy and rumpshaker, provide faithful models of these human diseases and allow a detailed analysis of PLP dysfunction. Hypomyelination in jimpy and, presumably, in PMD is largely the result of abnormally increased oligodendrocyte death and a lack of terminal differentiation. In rumpshaker, a model for X-linked spastic paraplegia, myelinating oligodendrocytes appear normal in number but fail to assemble myelin correctly. Recently, PLP-transgenic mice have provided experimental evidence that increasing the normal PLP gene dosage (e.g., by a gene duplication) is by itself sufficient to cause PMD. The latter is strikingly similar to the peripheral neuropathy Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease frequently associated with a duplication of the myelin protein gene PMP-22.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: The Role of Central Chemosensitivity
Authors: Richerson George B.
Published: November 2015

Clinical and basic research on Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) has focused on sleep-disordered cardiorespiratory control during a critical period of brainstem maturation. Recently, some SIDS cases have been reported to have abnormalities of the arcuate nucleus of the medulla. The human arcuate nucleus is thought to be homologous to the medullary raphe in rats and cats, a widely projecting serotonergic system that is functionally linked to both respiration and sleep. Neurons of the medullary raphe are now known to be highly sensitive to respiratory acidosis in vitro and are candidates for central chemoreceptors. The relevance of changes in the arcuate nucleus to the mechanisms of death in SIDS remains controversial. However, based on this new data, a specific hypothesis is proposed here. In combination with Immaturity of respiratory control mechanisms, dysfunction of arcuate neurons may lead to a fatal exaggeration of a normal physiologic inhibition of central chemoreception during sleep. The major elements of this working hypothesis are testable in animal experiments and clinical studies.
Lazaroids: Mechanisms of Action and Implications for Disorders of the CNS
Authors: Hall Edward D.
Published: November 2015

Oxygen radical-induced lipid peroxidation to cerebrovascular or brain parenchymal cell membranes has been implicated as a pathophysiological mechanism in both acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders, including brain and spinal cord trauma, ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. As a result, pharmacological strategies have been aimed at antagonizing lipid peroxidative damage in a safe and effective manner. Perhaps the first successful antioxidant neuroprotective approach is high dose treatment with the glucocorticoid steroid methylprednisolone, which has been reported to be effective in improving neurological recovery after blunt spinal cord injury in animals and humans. After a determination that these effects were based upon inhibition of posttraumatic lipid peroxidative reactions rather than steroid receptor interactions, a new class of 21-aminosteroids (“lazaroids”) was discovered. The lazaroids are more effective inhibitors of lipid peroxidation and, at the same time, devoid of glucocorticoid side effect potential. One of them, tirilazad (U-74006F), was found protective in a variety of preclinical neuroprotection models and is currently the subject of Phase III clinical trials. Thus far, the compound has been demonstrated to significantly improve 3-month survival and neurological recovery after subarachnoid hemorrhage in humans. Although tirilazad does penetrate the injured CNS, much of its protective activity is mediated by an action on vascular endothelium. Recently, the 21-aminosteroids have been followed up with a newer series of non-steroidal compounds, the pyrrolopyrimidines, which possess even greater antioxidant efficacy and brain penetration that may be useful for the treatment of chronic neurodegenerative disorders.
Ischemic Neuronal Apoptosis: A View Based on Free Radical-Induced DNA Damage and Repair
Authors: Shaikh Arif Y. , Ezekiel Uthayshanker R. , Liu Philip K. , Hsu Chung Y.
Published: November 2015

Neurons are different from other cells in that they are postmitotic and not replaced after they are lost. The CNS is thus particularly vulnerable to neuronal cell loss from various causes, including ischemic injury. Recent observations show that apoptosis is a common feature in neurons dying of ischemic injury. Free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemic brain injury. Reperfusion after cerebral ischemia is accompanied by excessive free radical formation. Many of these free radicals are reactive oxygen species and cause oxidative damage to DNA. The base-excision repair pathway is believed to repair oxidative DNA damage in the brain after ischemia-reperfusion. We review recent laboratory findings that provide evidence of free radical-induced DNA damage and repair after ischemic injury. The polymerase responsible for replication during base-excision repair, DNA polymerase-β, lacks proofreading activity and is considered error prone. This may lead to the accumulation of DNA damage and genomic instability, probable causes of accelerated neuronal aging. A number of DNA repair genes, including ataxia teleangiectasia, p53, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, are activated after DNA damage. The pathogenetic roles of these genes in ischemia-induced neuronal apoptosis are under active investigation. NEUROSCIENTIST 4:88-95, 1998
Computers Are An Integral Part of this Family's Life Style
Authors: Datnow Claire-Louise
Published: November 2015

The appearance of the inexpensive personal computer is in many ways like the period after the printing press was invented. People recognized that printing technology would make record keeping for business and government easier and information more widely available. However, the main impact on daily life became evident decades later when the majority became literate enough to use reading and writing for personal satisfaction and gain.

Today, although thousands of people are discovering the rewards of computer literacy, “in the public mind computer literacy still belongs to that small priesthood who painfully acquire their skills in the service of large cloistered machines, unapproachable by ordinary laymen,” say A. Luehrmann and H. Peckman in their book Apple Pascal. In fact, anyone can learn to use a computer. For many families the computer has become an integral part of their life styles.
For The G/C/T Classroom: Finding The Right Resources: Research Activities
Authors: Shade Richard
Published: November 2015

Research has been and should continue to be an integral component of any gifted program. Of the three basic types of research (historical, descriptive, and experimental), the first two types are most often engaged by students in the elementary classroom. These two types of research usually involve an encyclopedia as a primary source of information. Unless students are given the opportunity to be exposed to the wide variety of resources at their disposal it is unlikely that they will discover them on their own.

It is the purpose of this article to provide the teacher of elementary gifted students with five research activities that can help expose students to those different resources. The activities should take about one week to complete, except for the final one. The purpose of the activities should be explained to the students before beginning them.
A Model Program for Precocious Children: Hollingworth Preschool
Authors: Wright Lisa , Coulianos Connie
Published: November 2015

It is 8:30 on a cold, windy Monday morning in February. The cheery voices of children and parents can be heard echoing in the hallway. As the teachers open the “cubbie room” door (the room adjacent to the main classroom) the children race to their cubbies, stow their coats, hats, and boots, bid their parents a quick goodbye, and dash into the classroom.

“Connie, look what 1 brought today!” exclaims Matthew as he holds up the most recent edition of the National Geographic.

“I can see you are very excited about that. I wonder why?” responds Connie as she bends down to look at the magazine with him.

“This is all about Will Steeger and Antarctica” Matthew points out as he holds open a picture of the Transantarctic Team.

“How exciting. Do you have a plan for it?” questions Connie.

“I want to show it to everyone at meeting time!” he says walking into the classroom with Connie.

“Good idea. You choose the picture you would like to show the children.” Connie is pleased, though not surprised, that he has become so involved in the current unit of study in Antarctica.

The other children have already begun activities in the classroom. Seth is at the art table making yet another book about animals to add to his growing collection, Theo and Jamie are building complex vehicles with the Legos™, Hannah and Beth are playing the penguin lotto game, and Sarah is rapidly assembling the new 40 piece floor puzzle. An energetic hum pervades the classroom as the 16 children, two teachers, and one graduate intern intermingle and pursue a host of activities.

At 9:05 the children assemble on the red rug and the morning meeting commences. As the meeting proceeds, the children ponder such problems as what Will Steeger and his crew should take on their transantarctic journey, and how 16 children can share four scooters in the gym equitably. Their ideas demonstrate an extraordinary level of thought, their language development is astonishing, their enthusiasm for problem solving is infectious, and their delight in one another is endearing.

This vignette is from the Hollingworth Preschool and these children are 3½ years old.
Source Cues in Online News: Is the Proximate Source More Powerful than Distal Sources?
Authors: Kang Hyunjin , Bae Keunmin , Zhang Shaoke , Sundar S. Shyam
Published: November 2015

With the rise of intermediaries such as portals, social-bookmarking sites, and microblogs, online news is often carried through multiple sources. However, the perceived credibility of different source cues attached to a single news story can be quite different. So, how do readers evaluate the story? Do users factor in all distal sources, or do they simply refer to the proximate source delivering the news? Using a 2 (involvement) × 2 (proximal source credibility) × 2 (distal source credibility) full-factorial between-subjects experiment (N = 231), we found that while highly involved readers considered both types of sources, low-involvement readers were primarily influenced by the proximate source.
Debating Healthcare Reform: How Political Parties' Issue-Specific Communication Influences Citizens' Perceptions of Organization-Public Relationships
Authors: Seltzer Trent , Zhang Weiwu
Published: November 2015

A survey of U.S. citizens (N = 420) was conducted to examine the influence of strategic communication regarding healthcare reform on perceptions of organization-public relationships (OPRs) with political parties. Results indicate that issue-specific strategic communication—and dialogic communication in particular—not only improved perceptions of the OPR with the sponsoring political party, but also destabilized relationships with the opposition party. Positive perceptions of political OPRs resulted in favorable attitudes toward parties and support for the parties' position on the issue.
The (Mis-) Measurement of Fiscal Decentralization in Developing and Transition Countries
Authors: Boex Jamie , Edwards Benjamin
Published: November 2015

There is an extensive literature on the impact of fiscal decentralization on economic growth, development, and public sector effectiveness. However, the empirical literature on fiscal decentralization has exclusively focused on measuring the finances of elected or “devolved” local governments. Other types of decentralized expenditures, including deconcentrated and delegated expenditures, have been systematically excluded from measurement and analysis in the public finance and development literature. Our analysis considers the extent to which using devolved expenditures as a proxy for all devolved expenditures may have impacted the findings of the empirical literature. We collect comprehensive vertical expenditure profiles for health and education services in twenty-nine developing and transition countries and find that by exclusively focusing on devolution, previous analyses have overlooked two-thirds of local public sector expenditures. By excluding these “nondevolved” decentralized expenditures, the previous (often inconclusive) empirical analyses are likely to have suffered from omitted-variable bias.
A Note on the Role of Credit in the Determination of Price in the United Kingdom
Authors: Black Harold
Published: November 2015

The paper investigates the oral model specified by the British liquidity school, which asserts that there exists a causal and positive relationship between movements in credit (and their controls) and movements in prices. Importantly, the Bank of England has conducted monetary policy consistent with the pronouncements of the liquidity school. Consequently, in order to restrain in rising prices, the Bank of England tightens credit via the use of selective controls on bank lending, calls for special deposits, and hire purchase agreements.

When the hypothesis is tested, it is found that credit controls exert little significant effect on prices. The poor performance of the model indicates that the role of credit controls in the determination of retail prices should be deemphasized.
Long-Run Effects of Debt versus Tax Financing
Authors: Silva Anibal Cavaco
Published: November 2015

This paper reexamines Modigliani's remits of the long effects of an increment in public debt to finance a tax reduction or arising from a free distribution of government bonds Firstly, the effect of debt service on human and nonhuman wealth is introduced into the analysis. Secondly, it is shown that for the purpose of long-run debt analysis it is not legitimate to treat the cumulated change in saving as an equal change in net worth. This leads to a major correction of Modigliani's results.
A Statistical Estimation of an Operating Cost Function for Municipal Refuse Collection
Authors: Kitchen Harry M.
Published: November 2015

This study is both an attempt to isolate those factors which contribute to the variation in average unit costs of collecting refuse and an attempt to examine the extent to which economies of scale exist. The model employed states that the average per capita cost to a municipality is a function of five categories of factors. Within the categories, a number of variables were postulated to have some significant effect on the per unit cost. However, the unavailability of some data and lack of variation in other data reduced the actual model so that in the final analysis ten variables were found to significantly affect costs. The results from the sample indicated that average costs increased in municipalities with populations of up to 324,000 and only began to fall when cities exceeded this size. A number of other variables exerted in one direction or another a significant effect on costs. A further statistical analysis of this sort may prove to be rather fruitless. What is perhaps needed is a more in-depth descriptive analysis of the institutional implications of the factors affecting the whole operation of refuse collection.
The Economics of Congestion: A Geometric Review
Authors: Porter Richard C.
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this review is to consolidate the analytical basis and reduce the technical complexity of the growing literature on congestion. Money and time costs are kept distinct, and the basic positive and normative implications of congestion are derived geometrically. On the assumptions that the “size” of the facility is fixed and that an uncongested alternative exists, the implications are derived for one and two classes of identical users entering under various means: with free access, efficiently, with private ownership, and through clubs.
Professional socialization experiences of early career urban physical educators
Authors: Flory Sara Barnard
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this research was to examine how three physical education (PE) teachers’ professional socialization programmes influenced their early careers in urban schools in the US. Using cultural relevance theory and occupational socialization theory, three early career PE teachers were observed and interviewed for a period of six weeks each. Data were analyzed using constant comparison and inductive analysis. Three major themes emerged from the data, including a lack of coursework in sociocultural issues, a curricular emphasis on team sports, and varying exposure to urban schools and communities during physical education teacher education (PETE). The findings highlight the challenges and struggles that early career PE teachers in urban schools faced that were not addressed in their professional socialization programmes. Based on these findings, PETE students need to have a broader range of experiences within the school context. This needs to be prioritized within PETE programmes.
Integration of Telemedicine into Emergency Medical Services
Authors: Cabrera M F , Arredondo M T , Quiroga J
Published: November 2015

We developed an integrated model of telemedicine services in emergency medical care. The architecture was designed to support pre-hospital management. The experimental work was carried out with the collaboration of the emergency medical services (EMS) in Madrid. Two different study populations were defined: a control population using conventional EMS protocols and a population using the telemedicine system. The telemedicine system was based on a telepresence service; electrocardiograms and images were transmitted from the ambulance to the health emergency coordination centre. The cost of dealing with 100 patients using telemedicine was €6030 less than the cost of conventional care. The response times using telemedicine were significantly lower.
Community Coronary Units: Strategies to Promote Pre-Hospital Thrombolysis
Authors: Pedley D , Ferguson J , Palombo A , Richardson J
Published: November 2015

Early diagnosis and the early delivery of pre-hospital thrombolysis in cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have been shown to decrease mortality. Despite strong evidence of its benefits, pre-hospital thrombolysis rates are still worryingly low. The challenge is to empower community practitioners to deliver thrombolysis. In the Grampian region there is a network of community hospitals which have been equipped with both videoconferencing and remote telemetry equipment. This allows realtime consultation with the local accident and emergency department and coronary care unit. Early trials of the system show that clinical information can be viewed in realtime, with transfer of a 12-lead electrocardiogram at 60 s intervals. This will give general practitioners unprecedented access to specialist advice. Our aim is to use a combination of teaching and decision support technology to ensure that all patients with AMI have the opportunity to access timely and appropriate prehospital thrombolysis.
Tourism Student Perceptions of a Travel Agency Career
Authors: Litvin Stephen W.
Published: November 2015

Travel agencies, at the end of the century, face an uncertain future, with fierce competition, both internal and external. As the industry becomes more complex and sophisticated, travel agent managers will require correspondingly increasing skills and the ability to adapt to a changing environment. Meeting these challenges tomorrow may well depend on the industry's ability to attract today a cadre of excellent employees that can be groomed for future leadership. This study finds, however, based upon tourism students' view of the travel industry in Singapore, that travel agencies are not seen as an attractive career option, and concludes that the industry's future success, perhaps even its survival, may depend upon improved marketing to these internal customers.
Action Research: An Essential Tool for Hospitality Management Education?
Authors: Lashley Conrad
Published: November 2015

This paper argues for the use of action research both within industrial contexts and in educational establishments. For industrial commercial hospitality organisations, action research could assist mangers to improve practice through the study of complex situations in a way that takes account of a variety of stakeholder interests. Action research involves an approach which is compatible with learning organisations, and the development of a culture of permanent improvement. For hospitality management educators action research represents both a technique to include in the development of hospitality managers, and a technique which can inform the improvement of their own professional practice. The paper outlines some key philosophical discussions and debates about action research, and makes a case for the inclusion of action research in the hospitality management curriculum.
Do Hotel Grading Inspections Assess What Customers and Hotel Managers Perceive to Be Important? An Innovative Assertion
Authors: Callan Roger J.
Published: November 2015

The paper presents the findings of a survey of 41 hotel grading scheme inspectors. The inspection of service products is discussed. The methodology is explained and justified and a profile of the inspectorate is presented. The inspectors expressed the assessment specificity of 65 important hotel selection attributes, indicating those which could be assessed by observation, those which could not be assessed and those which could be specifically assessed. For the latter they suggested methods of assessment. The isolation of these previously under-inspected attributes and the proposed method of inspection leads to a discussion of the possible future form and organisation of hotel classification and grading schemes.
The Tourist and Economic Significance of Antarctic Travel in Australian and New Zealand Antarctic Gateway Cities
Authors: Hall C. Michael
Published: November 2015

The growth of tourism and scientific expeditions to Antarctica has created substantial competition for the economic benefits of supplying Antarctic visitation. This paper examines the development of Antarctic gateway functions in relation to the cities of Hobart, Australia and Christchurch, New Zealand. It is noted how government at all levels in both locations has embraced the development of Antarctic supply networks along with attempting to attract tourist interest in order to generate economic development. The paper concludes that the desire for gateway status has the potential to influence national Antarctic policies as well as influencing future tourism flows.
E-Mail Customer Service in the Swiss Hotel Industry
Authors: Frey Susanne , Schegg Roland , Murphy Jamie
Published: November 2015

This research explored the state of electronic customer service in Switzerland by e-mailing a typical room query to a random and stratified sample of 200 hotels. Based on the hotel responses, this study found that guests had less than a one in ten chance of receiving a prompt, polite and personal reply. Diffusion of innovations helps explain the poor e-mail replies by Swiss hoteliers. The quality of reply differed across hotel size, category, online relationship marketing tools and linguistic region while responsiveness differed across online relationship marketing tools, geographic location and linguistic region. This study suggests that hotels can gain an immediate competitive advantage by implementing basic e-mail procedures.
Searching for Rich Narratives of Tourism and Leisure Experience: How Oral History Could Provide an Answer
Authors: Trapp-Fallon J. M.
Published: November 2015

This paper suggests that oral history offers a potentially insightful methodological approach to those engaged in tourism and leisure research. The paper begins by defining oral history, discussing its origins and outlining its development. It is suggested that the oral history technique offers opportunities for more researcher/researched interaction and participation since it is a ‘shared’ and reflexive process. It also provides greater transparency in the research process since it acknowledges the role of the interviewer. In order to illustrate the value and application of the oral history technique in tourism and leisure research, the paper then presents a brief indication of how it is being applied in an ongoing study of the leisure uses of canals in South Wales during the 20th century. The paper concludes by suggesting how oral history could be applied in future tourism and leisure research projects.
Some Applications of Photo-Electric Cells to Problems of Daylight Illumination
Authors: McDermott L. H.
Published: November 2015

The following paper describes three distinct ways in which photo-electric cells have been used in connection with problems of daylight illumination. The first deals with a photo-electric relay control for the lighting of part of the National Portrait Gallery, the second with the continuous recording of daylight illumination at Teddington, and the third with an attempt to find out what is the lowest natural illumination which a worker will tolerate on the working plane
The Revealing Power of Street Lighting Installations
Authors: Waldram J. M.
Published: November 2015

The revealing power of a street lighting installation is distinguished from the “visibility” as generally understood. The factors which contribute to revealing power are examined, and a method is described for evaluating it. The method is compared with others that have been proposed, and its advantages and disadvantages are set out. Certain conclusions are given by way of example of the use of the principles given in the paper.
Necessary Values of Brightness Contrast in Artificially Lighted Streets
Authors: Dunbar C.
Published: November 2015

Experiments conducted in a street lighting installation in which the road surface was uniform in brightness have given a curve relating the brightness of the background to the difference in brightness between an object and the background which it is necessary to have for safe driving at 30 m.p.h. This standard curve applies only to the case of installations in which there is no glare from the street lamps.

Although the background in most street lighting installations is not uniform in brightness, the results of other experiments have been used to show that, in practice, no modification of the standard curve is necessary on this account provided that the road is dry.

If an installation is not free from glare, the necessary brightness difference between an object and its background will be greater than that given by the standard curve. The curve can, however, still be used if, in deriving this brightness difference, all brightnesses of the background are assumed to be increased by a certain amount. Methods of evaluating this correction for glare have been described.

The results of this work can be applied to the problem of determining what proportion of practical objects will be revealed to the driver of a car by any region of the background in a street lighting installation.
The Fundamental Principles of Vision in Very Weak Light
Authors: Wright W. D.
Published: November 2015

A scale of subjective brightness is proposed in terms of which the changes in sensitivity of the eye can be recorded. The unit of subjective brightness is called a “brill,” and it is suggested that the scale may also prove satisfactory as a means of specifying contrast. An experiment is described which enables the changes taking place during dark adaptation to be appreciated in a very striking manner and by means of which the time required to adapt down to low levels of adaptation other than complete dark adaptation can be recorded. The effect of area on visibility is briefly discussed and the action of a glare source in depressing the sensitivity of the eye and delaying its recovery is described. A short discussion of the extent to which contrast is affected by a reduction both of illumination and of area follows, after which a new test for defective night vision is described and some preliminary results reported. In the final section a brief description of a portable binocular matcher that can be used as a “brillmeter” to measure subjective brightness is given.
The Dimming of Fluorescent Lamps and its Application to the Theatre
Authors: Strange J. W.
Published: November 2015

Fluorescent lamps offer a wide range of colour and high efficiency but have not been used for theatre lighting due to the lack of means of controlling brightness. The development of circuits for this purpose is traced from the quick start circuit used for general lighting purposes. The importance of heating the filaments to full thermionic emission and the need for a separate impedance for each lamp circuit is stressed. A range of dimming of over 300 to 1 can be obtained with 2ft. 40-watt lamps. It is shown that relative efficiency of the fluorescent lamp compared with the incandescent lamp is considerably increased when coloured effects are required due to the use of additive light mixtures instead of subtractive filters, the ratios of efficiencies being increased from 2 or 3 to 1 to as high as 40 to 1. Reference is also made to the new lighting effects obtainable.
Stage Lighting in the Post-War Theatre in Great Britain
Authors: Applebee L. G.
Published: November 2015

The paper endeavours to give a clear picture of the requirements of stage lighting and indicates some of the difficulties which are met and which have to be overcome. Indications are given of the various uses to which the many different types of apparatus are put. The paper also deals with the very elaborate control that is necessitated by the demands of those who have to use the apparatus and devise the picture that has to be presented to the audience. The subject of colour obtained by the use of light is also discussed. One of the outstanding features of post-war stage lighting equipment is the application of the electronic valve to control apparatus and this type of stage lighting control is described.
Problems of Underwater Illumination
Authors: Chesterman W. D. , Collins J. B.
Published: November 2015

Visibility and lighting problems under water are discussed in relation to the known properties of the medium. Measuring instruments for use on the actual location are described. A photographic method of examining the visibility problem in daylight was used and range curves for targets of different reflection factor in water of varying clarity are derived from contrast measurements. The requirements of artificial lighting in water of poor clarity have been studied, the necessary equipment using mercury and sodium vapour discharge lamps has been developed experimentally, and techniques of its use in the sea have been learnt. The use of high speed photography for some special underwater problems requires the use of flash discharge tubes, and the application of these to propeller cavitation research is described.
Some Aspects of Power Station Lighting
Authors: Figgis P. D.
Published: November 2015

Power station lighting covers a wide field. Exterior lighting includes the lighting of roadway systems, railway sidings or wharves, coal handling plant and coal storage areas, and uses standard street lighting and area floodlighting techniques.

Interior lighting is more difficult. Boiler houses, however efficient, are always dusty, and the space much obstructed by pipes, flues, trunking, etc., making installation and maintenance awkward.

Two basic systems of lighting are discussed for the illumination of the turbine houses.

Problems arising in the control room—the nerve centre—depend closely on the interrelation of switch panel and control desk layouts and ceiling structure. Such lighting is best planned in the initial drawing board stage by close co-operation of all concerned.

Emergency lighting systems must also be provided.
Some Polarised Headlight Systems
Authors: Jehu V. J.
Published: November 2015

This is the second of two papers dealing with polarised headlight systems. The first paper discussed the relative merits of commercially available filters for polarising headlights. The present paper discusses the widely differing proposals that have been put forward in America and Germany for the use of polarised headlights, and records the results of tests made with an alternative system. The discussion and tests are concerned only with the benefits to drivers of vehicles. The consequences to pedal cyclists and pedestrians are not discussed in this paper.

Any polarising device fitted to a headlamp will reduce the light available for seeing. The American system overcomes this handicap by increasing the power of the polarised headlights, so that the user always sees at least as well as with the driving beam of conventional headlights; the German system on the other hand uses a polarised beam which is no more glaring to face without a visor than existing German meeting beams. Neither system would be easy to introduce, because initially the benefits to the user would, for different reasons, be limited to the occasional meeting with another user.

Polarisation of existing driving beams might provide a system which operated between these two extremes, and might enable the user to see objects in his own beam at greater distances than usual even when meeting normal beams. Driver-appreciation tests with the system, however, suggest that it does not illuminate the road near the vehicle well enough to inspire confidence, and that the loss in silhouette seeing is a real disadvantage. Preliminary experiments suggest that both criticisms might be overcome with an in-part polarised system in which the near view is illuminated by unpolarised light and the distant view by polarised light.
Artificial Lighting as Applied to Museums and Art Galleries
Authors: Rawson-Bottom W. E. , Harris J. B.
Published: November 2015

Artificial lighting was first introduced into a national museum just over 100 years ago, and during the ensuing period there have been radical changes in its mode of application. Museums vary in style of architecture and in the nature and display of their exhibits so that the preparation of a standard code of lighting practice would be no easy task. Both the visiting public and museum authorities, however, have become “lighting-minded” and consequently lighting is now accepted as indispensable in modern display technique.

The paper states the objectives of museum and art gallery lighting and deals with the problems encountered in both new and old buildings. The need for close co-operation between architects and lighting engineers, particularly when lighting is embodied in the main decorative scheme, is stressed. References are made to examples of specific integrated lighting treatments which have resulted in the creation of a pleasing and refreshing environment far removed from the all too familiar mausoleum atmosphere. The demand for better visual conditions has led to an increased interest in local lighting, and general recommendations are given in respect of various types of showcases.

Paintings are a specialised subject of study involving accurate positioning of lighting equipment, avoidance of daylight shadows and consideration of colour and texture of walls. Provided that care is taken in their application, modern lamps and light controlling materials will be found of inestimable value in solving the various lighting problems encountered.
Modern Aids to Lighting Design—Computer Techniques
Authors: Bellchambers H. E. , Lambert G. K. , Ruff H. R.
Published: November 2015

Modern lamp designs and improved lighting techniques need for their full development a tremendous number of calculations. Electronic computers make these practicable by overcoming their tedium and cost. The basis of analogue and digital computers is explained. Analogue computers are shown to be particularly useful for elucidating interior lighting design problems. The prodigious speed of digital computers rapidly completes complex calculations necessary for examining lamp and equipment designs, and lighting installations. The application to flux distributions, interreflections, luminance patterns and glare in interiors, and to streetlighting performance and floodlighting illumination in exterior lighting is followed in some detail. Tabulated data from research investigations will enable the lighting engineer to improve his design fairly simply, and some routine problems are already being referred to the computer as a matter of course.
The Calculation of Illumination in Practical Lighting Design
Authors: Einhorn H. D.
Published: November 2015

Practical design calculations must be simple and high accuracy is rarely required. The widely used lumen-method is becoming increasingly dependable; local lighting methods are nevertheless indispensable. The applicability of the point source concept is discussed, and the principles of line source calculations using the sector flux concept are briefly given. An example shows the combined use of point and line source methods. Flux relations are summarized.
Zonal Method and Linear Sources
Authors: Einhorn H. D.
Published: November 2015

A method of calculating the direct ratios of linear sources, such as fluorescent luminaires, is described. Zonal multipliers are partitioned into two factors to allow for the transverse and axial distribution of the source. If these two distributions differ materially, the direct ratio in an oblong room depends on the orientation of the sources and a distinction between longitudinal and transverse layouts is warranted. This study was instigated by CIE Committee E-3.1.1.1.
The Night-Time Visibility of Vehicle Number Plates
Authors: Hargroves R. A.
Published: November 2015

From time to time complaints and doubts have been expressed about the standard of visibility of vehicle number plates at night. This paper is the second stage of a general experimental study on the visibility of British vehicle number plates and describes tests made after dark to determine the greatest distance at which the number on a plate could be read correctly. Twenty-one observers made 270 measurements of visibility for three different types of number plates and six different illumination schemes. The results give average distances at which plates can be read correctly varying between 35 feet and 130 feet. The lower distances are given by poor illumination schemes and plates where the digits have a low luminance factor for 45° illumination and 90° (normal) viewing. Conversely, the greater distances are given by better illumination schemes and plates with digits of higher luminance factor. Plates with clear white digits have a visibility about 50 feet greater than those with shiny chrome digits and this difference is highly significant statistically. It is evident that there is an optimum (and reasonably even) illumination level of about 10 to 20 lumens per square foot for good visibility. At both higher and lower levels of illumination visibility is impaired.