bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Harbour Michael González , Gutiérrez J. Javier
Published: November 2007

The chairman introduced the session pointing out its main goals, which were to:

• discuss different visions of architectural frameworks and coding patterns with Ada 2005

• and formulate proposals and roadmaps to facilitate adoption or secondary standards.

Afterwards, the three papers [1][2][3] included in this session were briefly introduced by their authors followed by the discussion on the issues proposed in them.
Ada 2005 code patterns for metamodel-based code generation
Authors: Pulido José A. , de la Puente Juan A. , Hugues Jérome , Bordin Matteo , Vardanega Tullio
Published: November 2007

In this paper we discuss the issues we have explored, as part of the ASSERT project, in the definition and implementation of Ada coding patterns for the support of the automated code generation stage of a comprehensive approach to model-driven development for high-integrity systems.
Introduction
Authors: Burns Alan , Wellings Andy
Published: November 2007

The goals of this session were to

• Discuss implementation experience with the new realtime features

• Review the support provided by the new real-time features

• Review features proposed but omitted from Ada 2005
Microprogramming in the computer science curriculum
Authors: Hemming C. W.
Published: November 2007

The expansion of computer technology in recent years has presented many new and different concepts which are of utmost importance to the computer scientist. The incorporation of these into a computer science curriculum has, in many cases, caused a proliferation of topics with the inherent confusion of the student. Furthermore, the traditional techniques used to introduce the student to computer science are rapidly becoming obsolete. A detailed study of the architecture of a particular machine and expertise in its instruction set are no longer adequate for appreciation of the diversity of current hardware and software techniques, much less a firm foundation.
Microprogramming as a pedagogical tool in teaching computer science
Authors: Merwin R. E.
Published: November 2007

Microprogramming has emerged in the past five years as a major control system design technique for digital systems of all types. Originally proposed by Wilkes [1] in 1951 as a systematic technique for designing computer control units it attracted little attention until the development of third generation computer systems in the early 1960's. The requirement for third generation systems to be able to run second generation system software was met through microprogrammed emulators. With its inherent flexibility in designing control circuits, microprogramming was widely adopted as a design technique for these systems.
Minicomputer-based health sciences instruction (summary report)
Authors: Brigham Christopher R.
Published: November 2007

Simplicity, ease of access, reliability, and frequent freedom from communication charges and difficulties, make the use of low-cost minicomputers attractive. Although their cost per computation is relatively high, in certain situations minicomputers may cost less than the use of a large time-shared computer and communication lines. Minicomputers are currently handicapped by small memory size and inadequate high speed bulk storage. Therefore, they frequently lack sophisticated languages and operating systems, and are limited in performing extensive computation and handling large amounts of data. As minicomputer technology advances, these problems should be alleviated.
Floating point sub-language of a string language
Authors: Kagan Claude A. R.
Published: November 2007

The facilities for floating point computation within the framework of a string language currently operating on the PDP-10 at the Western Electric Company Engineering Research Center are considered to be a sublanguage.

This sublanguage is accessed through use of the * (asterisk) as a function marker in lieu of the colon, and such use causes execution of all of the available arithmetic functions as well as a family of additional functions whose names are the same as those used in Fortran.

The list of functions that will execute in this sublanguage is displayed through execution of ** (LF), expression.
APL on the Honeywell 635
Authors: Glick Norman , Schrader Richard
Published: November 2007

This paper describes an implementation of APL for the Honeywell 635 Computer. Although several of the primitives of the language have not yet been implemented, there are some system commands which provide an interesting link to other subsystems within the GECOS operating system. The primary implementation language is FORTRAN IV, so that some degree of machine independence is obtained.

The hardware, software, and user environment is briefly described, followed by a description of the APL package from the user perspective, including the reasons for selecting the ASCII character set rather than the APL set. The features which link APL to the other GECOS sybsystems, and the debug package used are briefly described, and finally, a few interesting features of the implementation are described.
ZIL
Authors: Bacher Stephen E.
Published: November 2007

"ZIL" is an implementation of Lisp on MVS/XA running on an IBM 3090-200 System/370 mainframe at the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory. The system includes a full Lisp interpreter and compiler, as well as a full-screen dialog user interface developed in IBM's ISPF (Interactive System Productivity Facility) product.
The key of Lisp
Authors: Ennis Susan
Published: November 2007

Having asked about the possibility that there are real people out there who use LISP (as opposed to Al People who are known to be non-real) and having received no answers. I can only conclude that LISP is not being used and that it is not, therefore, a real language. I seriously thought that there were folk using the language for advanced applications and for prototyping. I also thought that there might be a few locations in the world where the language was being used for teaching something other than Al.
((lambda (discussions) (report on x3j13)) (first year report))
Authors: Mathis Robert F.
Published: November 2007

This is the report I am submitting to the US Tecnical Advisory Group (TAG) to ISO/TC97/SC22 (the subcommitte on programming languages) and SPARC (X3's Standards Planning and Review Committee).
The scheme of things
Authors: Clinger William
Published: November 2007

With this article I'm changing the series title to "The Scheme of Things". The original title was a weak pun on the technical term
environment
. An environment, you see, associates names with their meanings. In the Scheme environment, for example, the word "environment" has the meaning just stated, while in some other parts of the programming language world the word "environment" has a less technical meaning that refers to the stuff that comes with a programming system. One of my purposes has been to explain the meaning of terms in the Scheme environment. Sometimes a word like "environment" or "stream" means something different in Scheme than it does in some other dialect of Lisp, usually because the Scheme terminology follows that of another well-established language or group of languages.
The symbolic programming environment (SPE™)
Authors: Endelman Aaron , Gadol Steve
Published: November 2007

The constructs provided in the Common Lisp Language provide a very powerful and flexible representation mechanism. The language alone, however, does not create an efficient work environment. Without tools that explicitly attack the problems of program organization, editing, and debugging, it remains a difficult task to exploit these advantages fully. What is needed is a collection of tools which, with knowledge about the relationship of the components in Lisp and a model of how Lisp programs are developed, encapsulates the tasks that constitute the Lisp programming process. Building such a programming environment in Lisp is a more tractable problem than in most conventional languages (such as C, FORTRAN, and Pascal) because the flexibility of Lisp allows programs to be operated on as data by other Lisp programs. This gives rise to the potential for a much tighter integration of tools than has typically been available.
The scheme of things
Authors: Clinger William
Published: November 2007

About fifty Schemers came a day early for the 1988 ACM Conference on Lisp and Functional Programming, which was held in late July at Snowbird, Utah. They devoted the Sunday before the conference to revising once again the
Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Scheme
[1], or R3RS for short. Three days later, after the conference, the IEEE/MSC/P1178 Working Group on Scheme met for the first time. A two-day meeting of ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22 WG-16 that followed made it a good week for alphabet soup.
Menus for Scheme
Authors: Goldberg Morton
Published: November 2007

Menus for Scheme

is a trademark of Morton Goldberg. Microsoft, MS-DOS, and MS are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation. CompuServe is a registered trademark of CompuServe Incorporated
An alternative dynamic binding model
Authors: Alberga Cyril N.
Published: November 2007

The two most common dynamic binding models used in Lisp systems are shallow and deep binding. For a succinct summery of these see Padget and Fitch [1985], which includes a proposed third model. It is often claimed that shallow binding are unsuited to systems which allow context switching. We wish to describe an alternative binding model, deep binding with cacheing, which provides the efficiency of shallow binding in "ordinary" call/return control, while exhibiting the ease of context switching of deep binding. This binding model was implemented in the Lisp system built at the IBM Research Center, later elaborated into LISP/VM. In this article the term LISP/VM will be used to encompass both that program and all of its progenitors developed at IBM Research.
Gossiping in distributed systems
Authors: Kermarrec Anne-Marie , van Steen Maarten
Published: November 2007

Gossip-based algorithms were first introduced for reliably disseminating data in large-scale distributed systems. However, their simplicity, robustness, and flexibility make them attractive for more than just pure data dissemination alone. In particular, gossiping has been applied to data aggregation, overlay maintenance, and resource allocation. Gossiping applications more or less fit the same framework, with often subtle differences in algorithmic details determining divergent emergent behavior. This divergence is often difficult to understand, as formal models have yet to be developed that can capture the full design space of gossiping solutions. In this paper, we present a brief introduction to the field of gossiping in distributed systems, by providing a simple framework and using that framework to describe solutions for various application domains.
The promise, and limitations, of gossip protocols
Authors: Birman Ken
Published: November 2007

Recent years have seen a surge of interest in gossip protocols, with proposals to apply them for purposes ranging from autonomic self-management, repair of inconsistencies, reliable multicast and distributed search. Yet the field of distributed computing is littered with technologies that had initial promise, but were ultimately rejected by the industry. Researchers who measure their work through its impact need to ask some tough, basic questions. What are the uses to which gossip is particularly well-matched, and what are its limitations? What alternatives are there to gossip-based solutions, and when would we be better-off using a non-gossip protocol? When, in effect, is gossip the technology of choice?
Formal analysis techniques for gossiping protocols
Authors: Bakhshi Rena , Bonnet Francois , Fokkink Wan , Haverkort Boudewijn
Published: November 2007

We give a survey of formal verification techniques that can be used to corroborate existing experimental results for gossiping protocols in a rigorous manner. We present properties of interest for gossiping protocols and discuss how various formal evaluation techniques can be employed to predict them.
A Conversation with Jeff Bonwick and Bill Moore
Authors: Stanik John
Published: November 2007

This month ACM Queue speaks with two Sun engineers who are bringing file systems into the 21st century. Jeff Bonwick, CTO for storage at Sun, led development of the ZFS file system, which is now part of Solaris. Bonwick and his co-lead, Sun Distinguished Engineer Bill Moore, developed ZFS to address many of the problems they saw with current file systems, such as data integrity, scalability, and administration. In our discussion this month, Bonwick and Moore elaborate on these points and what makes ZFS such a big leap forward.
Storage Virtualization Gets Smart
Authors: Roussos Kostadis
Published: November 2007

Over the past 20 years we have seen the transformation of storage from a dumb resource with fixed reliability, performance, and capacity to a much smarter resource that can actually play a role in how data is managed. In spite of the increasing capabilities of storage systems, however, traditional storage management models have made it hard to leverage these data management capabilities effectively. The net result has been overprovisioning and underutilization. In short, although the promise was that smart shared storage would simplify data management, the reality has been different.
Improving computer security through environmental controls
Authors: Richards Thomas C.
Published: November 2007

The computer resides in an environment which has a critical impact on its continual operation and availability. This environment has several key control elements including, temperature and humidity controls, power supply controls, working space control, fire protection systems, and physical security systems. Most of these elements are impacted during machine installation which is usually a one-time process and consequently does not receive the attention given other control and security problems. Site design requires careful planning to insure an environment that will not adversely affect the computer center's reliability and security. The designer of a computer center should view the continuous operation of its services as paramount. The consequential loss through failure can very quickly run into large amounts of money and can be detrimental to the continued operation of a company in the worst scenario. Downtime can be costly resulting in lost production and lost business. The loss of essential services is often due to planning without regard to the above elements. "Downtime is a catastrophe. When that downtime is caused by a failure of the environment it is a needless catastrophe," writes James E. Hassett (6).
Tracking potential security violations
Authors: Lehmann R. L.
Published: November 2007

Security concerns not only involve providing restricted access to computer resources, but frequently require investigative studies to track suspicious utilization for potential company violations. For such studies it is important to have pertinent information for the entire job in order to trace what is being done. Sometimes very little information is available to use as a key for isolating the jobs in question. This paper describes a tool developed at Union Carbide Corp. to enhance such investigations on IBM MVS systems.
Institutional memory and risk management
Authors: Riehle Richard
Published: November 2007

Software risk management is a critical aspect of software engineering. Software risks based on metrics derived from a large number of similar projects, along with effective statistical methods, can improve risk prediction, assessment, and management.
Measuring the evolution of open source software systems with their communities
Authors: Wang Yi , Guo Defeng , Shi Huihui
Published: November 2007

Open Source Software (OSS) has become the subject of much commercial and academic interest in last few years. As traditional software, OSS also evolves to fulfill the need of stakeholders. Therefore, providing quantitative metrics for OSS evolution has also become an urgent issue. However, most existing studies of software evolution have been performed on systems developed within a single company using traditional management techniques. These metrics models are inadequate to measure OSS evolution. In this paper, we describe a preliminary evolution metrics set for evaluating OSS. The most significant novelty of this model is that it takes specific properties of Open Source Community (OSC) into consideration. In another word, we measure the evolution of OSS and OSC together. We also provide a lightweight case study on Ubuntu project using this metrics set. We find out that the Open Source Community and its members also play essential role in OSS evolution. We expect this metrics model can bring better understandings and explanations of phenomena in open source development and evolution.
Increase in stretch-induced rhythmic motor activity in the diabetic rat colon is associated with loss of ICC of the submuscular plexus
Authors: Forrest Abigail , Huizinga Jan D. , Wang Xuan-Yu , Liu Louis W. C. , Parsons Mike
Published: November 2007

Diabetes affects many aspects of gastrointestinal motility, in part due to changes in interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC). The effect of diabetes on the colon, however, is not well characterized, and the aim of the present study was to investigate possible relationships between altered colonic motility as a consequence of streptozotocin-induced diabetes and injury to ICC. Physiological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural techniques were employed. The motor pattern of the rat colon was dominated by rhythmic high-amplitude, low-frequency contractions that were primarily myogenic in origin. These rhythmic contractions were induced by stretch associated with increased tension; the amplitude of the superimposed rhythmic contractions increased with increasing applied tension. In diabetic rats, the stretch-induced rhythmic contractile activity remained robust and of similar frequency but was significantly higher in amplitude compared with that in control rats. At 700 mg of applied tension, the force of contraction in circular colonic muscle strips of the diabetic rats was 370% of control values. This robust presence of low-frequency contractions is consistent with the unaffected pacemaker, the ICC associated with Auerbach's plexus, and the increased amplitude correlates with loss of and injury to ICC of the submuscular plexus and intramuscular ICC. Loss of inhibitory nitrergic nerves does not appear to be a factor based on unaltered nNOS immunoreactivity.
Molecular properties of side population-sorted cells from mouse small intestine
Authors: Gulati Ajay S. , Ochsner Scott A. , Henning Susan J.
Published: November 2007

The high rate of turnover of the intestinal epithelium is maintained by a group of stem cells that reside at the base of the crypts of Lieberkuhn. Whereas the existence of these intestinal epithelial stem cells has been well established, their study has been limited due to the inability to isolate them. Previous work has utilized side population (SP) sorting of the murine small intestine to isolate a viable fraction of cells enriched for putative intestinal epithelial stem cells. In the present study, we have used gene expression profiling techniques to characterize the molecular features of this potential stem cell population. Further in situ hybridization studies reveal that transcripts enriched in the SP tend to localize to the intestinal crypt base/progenitor cell zone, while deenriched transcripts localize outside of this region. From a functional standpoint, gene ontology and pathway mapping analyses demonstrate that immune, mesenchymal, and differentiated epithelial cells are depleted in the SP fraction, while putative progenitor cells are enriched in this cell population. Furthermore, the significance of the maturity onset diabetes of the young pathway in these cells suggests that enteroendocrine progenitors are enriched in this cell fraction as well. In conclusion, SP sorting of mouse small intestinal mucosa does appear to isolate cells with progenitor characteristics. These findings provide the foundation for membrane protein-based sorting procedures that can be used to further fractionate these cells for transplantation experiments in the future.
Clinical correlates of frequency analyses of cardiovascular control after spinal cord injury
Authors: Claydon Victoria E. , Krassioukov Andrei V.
Published: November 2007

Spinal cord injury (SCI) has profound effects on cardiovascular autonomic function due to injury to descending autonomic pathways, and cardiovascular diseases are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality after SCI. Evaluation of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction after SCI and appraisal of simple noninvasive autonomic assessments that are clinically meaningful would be useful to SCI clinicians and researchers. We aimed to assess supine and upright cardiovascular autonomic function from frequency analyses of heart rate and blood pressure variability (HRV and BPV) after SCI. We studied 26 subjects with chronic cervical or thoracic SCI and 17 able-bodied controls. We continuously recorded R-R interval (RRI, by ECG) and beat-to-beat blood pressure (by Finometer) in supine and seated positions. Cardiovascular control was assessed from spectral analysis of RRI and blood pressure time series. Cardiac baroreflex control was assessed from cross-spectral analyses of low-frequency spectra. Supine and upright low-frequency HRV and BPV were reduced in cervical SCI subjects, as were total BPV and HRV. Supine high-frequency HRV was reduced in thoracic SCI subjects. Cardiac baroreflex delay was increased in cervical SCI subjects. Supine frequency domain indexes were correlated with sympathetic skin responses, orthostatic cardiovascular responses, and plasma catecholamine levels. SCI results in reduced sympathetic drive to the heart and vasculature and increased baroreflex delay in cervical SCI subjects and reduced cardiac vagal tone in thoracic SCI subjects. Frequency analyses of autonomic function are related to clinical measures of autonomic control after SCI and provide useful noninvasive clinical tools with which to assess autonomic completeness of injury following SCI.
Intravital microscopy of the murine pulmonary microcirculation
Authors: Tabuchi Arata , Mertens Michael , Kuppe Hermann , Pries Axel R. , Kuebler Wolfgang M.
Published: November 2007

Intravital microscopy (IVM) is considered as the gold standard for in vivo investigations of dynamic microvascular regulation. The availability of transgenic and knockout animals has propelled the development of murine IVM models for various organs, but technical approaches to the pulmonary microcirculation are still scarce. In anesthetized and ventilated BALB/c mice, we established a microscopic access to the surface of the right upper lung lobe by surgical excision of a window of 7- to 10-mm diameter from the right thoracic wall. The window was covered by a transparent polyvinylidene membrane and sealed with α-cyanoacrylate. Removal of intrathoracic air via a transdiaphragmal intrapleural catheter coupled the lung surface to the window membrane. IVM preparations were hemodynamically stable for at least 120 min, with mean arterial blood pressure above 70 mmHg, and mean arterial Po2 and arterial Pco2 in the range of 90–100 Torr and 30–40 Torr, respectively. Imaged lungs did not show any signs of acute lung injury or edema. Following infusion of FITC dextran, subpleural pulmonary arterioles and venules of up to 50-μm diameter and alveolar capillary networks could be visualized during successive expiratory plateau phases over a period of at least 2 h. Vasoconstrictive responses to hypoxia (11% O2) or infusion of the thromboxane analog U-46619 were prominent in medium-sized arterioles (30- to 50-μm diameter), minor in small arterioles <30 μm, and absent in venules. The presented IVM model may constitute a powerful new tool for investigations of pulmonary microvascular responses in mice.
Effect of inspired oxygen on periodic breathing in methy-CpG-binding protein 2 (Mecp2) deficient mice
Authors: Bissonnette John M. , Knopp Sharon J.
Published: November 2007

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the X-linked gene methyl-CpG-binding protein 2 ( Mecp2) that encodes a DNA binding protein involved in gene silencing. Periodic breathing (Cheyne-Stokes respiration) is commonly seen in RTT. Freely moving mice were studied with continuous recording of pleural pressure by telemetry. Episodes of periodic breathing in heterozygous Mecp2 deficient (Mecp2+/−) female mice (9.4 ± 2.2 h−1) exceeded those in wild-type (Mecp2+/+) animals (2.5 ± 0.4 h−1) ( P = 0.010). Exposing Mecp2+/− animals to 40% oxygen increased the amount of periodic breathing from 118 ± 25 s/30 min in air to 242 ± 57 s/30 min ( P = 0.001), and 12% oxygen tended to decrease it (67 ± 29 s/30 min, P = 0.14). Relative hyperoxia and hypoxia did not affect the incidence of periodic breathing in Mecp2+/+ animals. The ventilation/apnea ratio (V/A) was less at all levels of oxygen in heterozygous Mecp2+/− females compare with wild type ( P = 0.003 to P < 0.001), indicating that their loop gain is larger. V/A in Mecp2+/− fell from 2.42 ± 0.18 in normoxia to 1.82 ± 0.17 in hyperoxia ( P = 0.05) indicating an increase in loop gain with increased oxygen. Hyperoxia did not affect V/A in Mecp2+/+ mice (3.73 ± 0.28 vs. 3.5 ± 0.28). These results show that periodic breathing in this mouse model of RTT is not dependent on enhanced peripheral chemoreceptor oxygen sensitivity. Rather, the breathing instability is of central origin.
Cytosolic phospholipase A2and arachidonic acid metabolites modulate ventilator-induced permeability increases in isolated mouse lungs
Authors: Miyahara Takashige , Hamanaka Kazutoshi , Weber David S. , Anghelescu Mircea , Frost James R. , King Judy A. , Parker James C.
Published: November 2007

We previously reported that the cytosolic phospholipase A2(cPLA2) pathway is involved in ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI) produced by high peak inflation pressures (PIP) ( J Appl Physiol 98: 1264–1271, 2005), but the relative contributions of the various downstream products of cPLA2on the acute permeability response were not determined. Therefore, we investigated the role of cPLA2and the downstream products of arachidonic acid metabolism in the high-PIP ventilation-induced increase in vascular permeability. We perfused isolated mouse lungs and measured the capillary filtration coefficient ( Kfc) after 30 min of ventilation with 9, 25, and 35 cmH2O PIP. In high-PIP-ventilated lungs, Kfcincreased significantly, 2.7-fold, after ventilation with 35 cmH2O PIP compared with paired baseline values and low-PIP-ventilated lungs. Also, increased phosphorylation of lung cPLA2suggested enzyme activation after high-PIP ventilation. However, treatment with 40 mg/kg arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (an inhibitor of cPLA2) or a combination of 30 μM ibuprofen [a cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitor], 100 μM nordihydroguaiaretic acid [a lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitor], and 10 μM 17-octadecynoic acid (a cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase inhibitor) prevented the high-PIP-induced increase in Kfc. Combinations of the inhibitors of COX, LOX, or cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase did not prevent significant increases in Kfc, even though bronchoalveolar lavage levels of the COX or LOX products were significantly reduced. These results suggest that multiple mediators from each pathway contribute to the acute ventilator-induced permeability increase in isolated mouse lungs by mutual potentiation.
Spontaneous Mammary Intraepithelial Lesions in Dogs—A Model of Breast Cancer
Authors: Antuofermo Elisabetta , Miller Margaret A. , Pirino Salvatore , Xie Jun , Badve Sunil , Mohammed Sulma I.
Published: November 2007

Mammary intraepithelial lesions (IEL) are nowadays frequently diagnosed as a result of the success of mammographic screening, education programs, and awareness by women. Establishment of an animal model for these lesions to test treatment or preventive modalities is a prerequisite for human clinical trials. A model for spontaneous IELs, especially for estrogen receptor (ER)-negative lesions, does not exist. This study describes the histologic and immunohistochemical similarity between human and canine mammary IELs. Mammary tumors from 200 dogs were classified and histologic sections of the excisional specimens were evaluated for IELs. IELs, found in specimens from 60 dogs, were categorized as adenosis, sclerosing adenosis, intraductal papilloma, sclerosing papilloma, ductal hyperplasia, atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH), and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS; high, intermediate, and low grade). Most proliferative IELs without atypia were associated with benign tumors, whereas IELs with atypia (ADH and DCIS) were generally associated with mammary cancer. ER-α expression was significantly low or absent in most ADH and DCIS lesions as well as in their associated tumors. Ki67 expression was significantly higher in high-grade DCIS than in hyperplasia or low-grade DCIS. Two thirds of high-grade DCIS lesions were positive for HER-2. Canine mammary IELs were strikingly similar to those of the human breast. The frequency of IELs in the dog, their association with spontaneous mammary cancer, their pattern of ER-α and HER-2 expression, and their histologic resemblance to human IELs may make the dog an ideal model to study human ER-negative (both HER-2 positive and negative) breast cancer progression as well as prevention and treatment. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(11):2247–56)
Chemoprevention of Prostate Cancer through Dietary Agents: Progress and Promise
Authors: Syed Deeba N. , Khan Naghma , Afaq Farrukh , Mukhtar Hasan
Published: November 2007

Prostate cancer (CaP) is second only to lung cancer as the cause of cancer-related deaths in American men and is responsible for over 29,000 deaths per year. One promising approach to reduce the incidence of CaP is through chemoprevention, which has been recognized as a plausible and cost-effective approach to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality by inhibiting precancerous events before the occurrence of clinical disease. Indeed, CaP is an ideal candidate disease for chemoprevention because it is typically diagnosed in the elderly population with a relatively slower rate of growth and progression, and therefore, even a modest delay in the development of cancer, achieved through pharmacologic or nutritional intervention, could result in substantial reduction in the incidence of clinically detectable disease. In this review, we have summarized the recent investigations and mechanistic studies on CaP chemoprevention using dietary agents, such as selenium, vitamins D and E, lycopene, phytoestrogens, flavonoids, and green tea polyphenols. Well-designed trials are required to delineate the potential clinical usefulness of these agents through issues, such as determining the optimal period and route of administration, systemic bioavailability, optimal dosing and toxicity of the agent, and single or combinatorial approach. It is hoped that, combining the knowledge based on agents with targets, effective approaches for CaP chemoprevention can be established. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(11):2193–204)
Neighborhood-Level Socioeconomic Predictors of Nonadherence to Mammography Screening Guidelines
Authors: Dailey Amy B. , Kasl Stanislav V. , Holford Theodore R. , Calvocoressi Lisa , Jones Beth A.
Published: November 2007

As neighborhood context is increasingly recognized as an important predictor of health outcomes and health behaviors, this analysis sought to determine the relationship between neighborhood-level socioeconomic status (SES) and regular mammography screening behavior. One thousand four hundred fifty-one women ages 40 to 79 years who obtained an “index” screening mammogram at one of five urban hospitals in Connecticut between October 1996 and January 1998 were enrolled in this prospective study. The logistic regression analysis includes the 1,229 women [484 African-American (39%) and 745 White (61%)] who completed telephone interviews at baseline and follow-up (average 29.4 months later) and for whom the study outcome, nonadherence to age-specific mammography screening guidelines, was ascertained. Neighborhood-level SES was determined using 1990 census tract information. Neighborhood-level SES variables (quartiles) were associated with nonadherence for African-American women [neighborhood-level education and composite socioeconomic position index (SEP Index)] and White women (neighborhood-level crowding and neighborhood-level assets). Using race-specific categorizations reflective of individual-level SES distributions, the SEP Index and neighborhood-level education were associated with nonadherence to mammography screening guidelines for African-American women (marginally significant for White women), independent of individual-level SES and other known predictors of mammography screening use [African-American women: SEP Index odds ratio (OR), 3.55; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.33-9.51; neighborhood-level education OR, 3.21; 95% CI, 1.25-8.26; White women: SEP Index OR, 2.13; 95% CI, 0.97-4.67; neighborhood-level education OR, 2.31; 95% CI, 0.93-5.76]. The results of this analysis underscore the importance of examining neighborhood social context as well as individual factors in the study of mammography screening behavior. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(11):2293–303)
National Cancer Institute's Small Grants Program for Behavioral Research in Cancer Control Boosts Careers for New Investigators and Fulfills NIH Research Priorities
Authors: Chollette Veronica Y. , Crowley Kathleen
Published: November 2007

Background: In 1998, the NIH's National Cancer Institute created the Behavioral Research Program (BRP) within the Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences. A primary goal of the BRP is to stimulate and expand the field of behavioral research in cancer prevention and control. To help achieve this end, BRP created the Small Grants Program. This study examines the effect of the program on the careers of new investigators in cancer prevention and control.

Methods: A mixed-method analysis was conducted on data from a grantee survey and publication and post-award activity records.

Results: A majority of grantees (n = 197) submitted additional research grant applications, and of these grantees, 37% (n = 73) were awarded funding from the NIH and 20% (n = 40) received funding at the R01 level. Grantees published research results in journals or presented at professional conferences. Of the 47 grantees who provided their curriculum vitae, 72% (n = 34) published or had in press at least one article resulting from their small grant (R03) and 40% (n = 19/47) published at least one article as lead author. These articles were cited a total of 134 times in 85 journals.

Conclusions: By supporting investigators' initial behavioral research applications, the Small Grants Program seems to open the door to additional “independent” research opportunities and fulfills the NIH's goals of supporting early career investigators and stimulating promising new areas of cancer research. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(11):2459–63)
Statin Use and Risk of Prostate Cancer in the California Men's Health Study Cohort
Authors: Flick E. Dawn , Habel Laurel A. , Chan K. Arnold , Van Den Eeden Stephen K. , Quinn Virginia P. , Haque Reina , Orav Endel J. , Seeger John D. , Sadler Marianne C. , Quesenberry Charles P. , Sternfeld Barbara , Jacobsen Steven J. , Whitmer Rachel A. , Caan Bette J.
Published: November 2007

Statins have known anticarcinogenic effects, however, evidence for long-term statin use as effective chemoprevention for prostate cancer is inconsistent. We examined the association between statin use and risk of prostate cancer among 69,047 eligible participants in the California Men's Health Study, a prospective cohort of Northern and Southern California Kaiser Permanente (KP) members, ages 45 to 69 years, initiated in 2002. Prostate cancer cases were identified by linkage to the KP California Cancer Registries. Statin exposure, estimated from automated KP outpatient pharmacy records (available since 1991 in Southern California and since 1994 in Northern California), was treated as time-varying and defined as the cumulative days dispensed of any statin from the first dispensing until a prostate cancer diagnosis, radical prostatectomy, termination of membership, or end of study (December 31, 2004). Cox proportional hazards models with age as the time scale were used to estimate rate ratios, while controlling for confounding variables. During follow-up, 888 prostate cancer cases, including 131 advanced cases, were identified. There was no association between ever statin use or <5 years use and prostate cancer. Conversely, ≥5 years use was associated with a 28% lower risk for prostate cancer compared with nonuse (adjusted rate ratio, 0.72; 95% confidence interval, 0.53-0.99). This association did not differ markedly for advanced disease. However, the association did seem to be restricted to those who regularly take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Our findings suggest that long-term statin use might be associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer but perhaps only among regular nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug users. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(11):2218–25)
Dietary Flavonoid Intake and Breast Cancer Survival among Women on Long Island
Authors: Fink Brian N. , Steck Susan E. , Wolff Mary S. , Britton Julie A. , Kabat Geoffrey C. , Gaudet Mia M. , Abrahamson Page E. , Bell Paula , Schroeder Jane C. , Teitelbaum Susan L. , Neugut Alfred I. , Gammon Marilie D.
Published: November 2007

Background: Laboratory research and a growing number of epidemiologic studies have provided evidence for a reduced risk of breast cancer associated with dietary intake of certain classes of flavonoids. However, the effects of flavonoids on survival are not known. In a population-based cohort of breast cancer patients, we investigated whether dietary flavonoid intake before diagnosis is associated with subsequent survival.

Methods: Women ages 25 to 98 years who were newly diagnosed with a first primary invasive breast cancer between August 1, 1996, and July 31, 1997, and participated in a population-based, case-control study (n = 1,210) were followed for vital status through December 31, 2002. At the case-control interview conducted shortly after diagnosis, respondents completed a FFQ that assessed dietary intake in the previous 12 months. All-cause mortality (n = 173 deaths) and breast cancer–specific mortality (n = 113 deaths) were determined through the National Death Index.

Results: Reduced hazard ratios [age- and energy-adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval)] for all-cause mortality were observed among premenopausal and postmenopausal women for the highest quintile of intake, compared with the lowest, for flavones [0.63 (0.41-0.96)], isoflavones [0.52 (0.33-0.82)], and anthocyanidins [0.64 (0.42-0.98)]. No significant trends in risk were observed. Results were similar for breast cancer–specific mortality only.

Conclusion: Mortality may be reduced in association with high levels of dietary flavones and isoflavones among postmenopausal U.S. breast cancer patients. Larger studies are needed to confirm our findings. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(11):2285–92)
The Effect of Mammographic Screening and Hormone Replacement Therapy Use on Breast Cancer Incidence in England and Wales
Authors: Waller Michael , Moss Sue , Watson Joanna , Møller Henrik
Published: November 2007

Design: An extended age-period-cohort model was used to estimate the effect of mammographic screening and hormone replacement therapy on breast cancer incidence in England and Wales between 1971 and 2001.

Results: Incidence of breast cancer increased noticeably in women attending screening for the first time compared with nonattenders [rate ratio (RR), 1.73; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.67-1.80]. Incidence was also 18% to 35% higher in attenders relative to nonattenders in subsequent screening rounds. In the first 3 years after women left the screening program, rates of breast cancer were reduced (RR, 0.88; 95% CI, 0.86-0.90), but by 7 to 9 years after screening, the rates had returned to the expected level (RR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.94-1.00). The estimated RR of hormone replacement therapy on breast cancer incidence was 1.55 (95% CI, 1.37-1.75). Screening is estimated to increase a woman's lifetime risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer from 7.8% to 8.6%.

Conclusions: It is estimated that in the absence of screening, rates of breast cancer incidence would have continued to increase. A study at the individual subject level would be beneficial to assess the level of overdiagnosis associated with breast cancer screening. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(11):2257–61)
DNA Repair Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Colorectal Cancer and their Role as Modifiers of the Effect of Cigarette Smoking and Alcohol in the Singapore Chinese Health Study
Authors: Stern Mariana C. , Conti David V. , Siegmund Kimberly D. , Corral Román , Yuan Jian-Min , Koh Woon-Puay , Yu Mimi C.
Published: November 2007

Recently, we reported that among Singapore Chinese, cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking were independent risk factors for colorectal cancer. Both tobacco smoking and alcohol use are plausible colorectal cancer risk factors, partly due to their ability to induce mutations in the colorectal lumen. In the present study, we investigated the role in colorectal cancer of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in five DNA repair genes: XRCC1 (Arg194Trp and Arg399Gln), PARP (Val762Ala, Lys940Arg), XPD (Asp312Asn, Lys751Gln), OGG1 (Ser326Cys), and MGMT (Leu84Phe). We conducted this study within the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a population-based cohort of 63,257 middle-aged and older Singapore Chinese men and women enrolled between 1993 and 1998. Our study included 1,176 controls and 310 cases (180 colon and 130 rectum cancer). We observed a positive association between the PARP codon 940 Lys/Arg and Arg/Arg genotypes and colorectal cancer risk [odds ratio (OR), 1.8; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.1-3.1], and an inverse association between the MGMT codon 84 Leu/Phe or Phe/Phe genotypes and colon cancer risk (OR, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.3-0.9), but not rectal cancer (test of heterogeneity by tumor site, P = 0.027). We observed evidence that XRCC1 may modify the effects of smoking (interaction P = 0.012). The effect of smoking among carriers of the Arg194-Gln399 haplotype was OR = 0.7 (95% CI, 0.4-1.1), whereas, among carriers of the Trp194-Arg399 haplotype, it was OR = 1.6 (95% CI, 1.1-2.5). We also observed a nonstatistically significant modification of XRCC1 on the effects of alcohol (P = 0.245). Whereas alcohol had no effect among carriers of the codon 194 Arg/Arg (OR, 1.0; 95% CI, 0.6-1.7) or Arg/Trp genotypes (OR, 1.1; 95% CI, 0.6-1.9), there was a positive association among carriers of the Trp/Trp genotype (OR, 2.8; 95% CI, 1.0-8.1). Our results support a role for reactive oxygen species as relevant genotoxins that may account for the effects of both smoking and alcohol on colorectal cancer risk. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(11):2363–72)
Phenol Sulfotransferase SULT1A1*2 Allele and Enhanced Risk of Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Rouprêt Morgan , Cancel-Tassin Géraldine , Comperat Eva , Fromont Gaëlle , Sibony Mathilde , Molinié Vincent , Allory Yves , Triau Stéphane , Champigneulle Jacqueline , Gaffory Cécile , Larré Stéphane , de la Taille Alexandre , Richard François , Hamdy Freddie C. , Cussenot Olivier
Published: November 2007

Cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULT) are involved in detoxification pathways. A functional polymorphism in the SULT1A1 gene, leading to an Arg213His substitution (SULT1A1*2), is thought to confer susceptibility to various types of cancer. Upper urinary tract urothelial cell carcinomas (UUT-UCC) are rare (5% of all urothelial carcinomas). We genotyped 268 patients with UUT-UCC and 268 healthy controls matched for age, gender, tobacco consumption, and ethnicity. His213 (SULT1A1*2) allele frequency was significantly higher in patients than in controls (37.1% versus 28.9%; P = 0.004). The His/His genotype corresponding to low-activity SULT1A1 enzyme conferred a significantly higher risk of UUT-UCC (odds ratio, 2.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.28-3.69; P = 0.004).(Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(11):1–4) (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(11):2500–3)
Associations between Beer, Wine, and Liquor Consumption and Lung Cancer Risk: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Chao Chun
Published: November 2007

Objective: Epidemiologic studies suggest that the effect on lung cancer risk may be different for beer, wine, and liquor. We conducted dose-specific meta-analyses and dose-response meta-regression to summarize findings from the current literature on the association between consumption of beer, wine, or liquor and lung cancer risk.

Results: Average beer consumption of one drink or greater per day was associated with an increased risk of lung cancer [relative risk (RR), 1.23; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.06-1.41]. This association was observed in both men and women, although it was only significant in men. A J-shaped dose-response curve was suggested for beer intake. An inverse association was observed for both average wine consumption of less than one drink per day (RR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.59-1.00) and one drink or greater per day (RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.60-1.02) in the drinking range incurred in the source studies. Average liquor consumption of one drink or greater per day was found to be associated with increased risk in men (RR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.10-1.62). No association was observed for liquor drinking in women. The presence of heterogeneity between studies was detected. Study design, country, gender, adjustment factors, and lung cancer histologic type were not significant predictors of the heterogeneity.

Conclusions: The results from this meta-analysis suggest that high consumption of beer and liquors may be associated with increased lung cancer risk, whereas modest wine consumption may be inversely associated with risk. More research with improved control of confounding is needed to confirm these findings and to establish the dose-response relationship, particularly risk at high consumption levels. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(11):2436–47)
Family History of Cancer and Risk of Lung Cancer among Nonsmoking Chinese Women
Authors: Zhang Yawei , Shu Xiao-Ou , Gao Yu-Tang , Ji Bu-Tian , Yang Gong , Li Hong Lan , Kilfoy Briseis , Rothman Nathaniel , Zheng Wei , Chow Wong-Ho
Published: November 2007

The relationship between family cancer history in first-degree relatives and risk of lung cancer was evaluated among a population-based cohort of 71,392 female nonsmokers in Shanghai, China. A total of 179 newly diagnosed lung cancer patients were identified during 441,410 person-years of follow-up. Lung cancer risk was not elevated among those with a family history of lung cancer. However, risk of lung cancer was increased among subjects who had two or more first-degree relatives with any type of cancers {rate ratio [RR], 1.95 [95% confidence intervals (95% CI), 1.08-3.54] for two relatives with any cancers and RR, 3.17 [95% CI, 1.00-10.03] for three or more relatives with any cancer}. Having a family history of colorectal cancer (RR, 2.38; 95% CI, 1.21-4.70) and having siblings with stomach cancer (RR, 2.16; 95% CI, 1.01-4.65) and pancreatic cancer (RR, 4.19; 95% CI, 1.04-16.95) were also found to be associated with lung cancer risk. This cohort study indicated a moderate association of lung cancer risk with a family cancer history in general, but not with a family history of lung cancer specifically. The associations were stronger when a sibling, rather than a parent, was affected. The apparent link between lung cancer risk and a family history of colorectal, stomach, and pancreas cancers may be worth further investigation. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(11):2432–5)