bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Solution Growth of 4-Inch Diameter SiC Single Crystal Using Si-Cr Based Solvent
Authors: Kusunoki Kazuhiko , Kishida Yutaka , Seki Kazuaki
Published: July 2019

We grew large diameter and long size 4H-SiC crystals by the solution growth method using Si-Cr based solvent. To optimize the crystal growth conditions, we applied two-dimensional axisymmetric steady-state analysis to conduct a comprehensive heat transfer analysis that calculates the magnetic field, heat transfer, and liquid flow. In particular, by optimizing the solution surface temperature environment and the seed shaft structure, we suppressed parasitic undesirable crystal formations and promoted single crystal growth at the same time. Consequently, we obtained a 2-inch bulk crystal with a thickness of 20 mm and a 4-inch bulk crystal with a thickness of 15 mm.
Comparative Study of Developed 1200V/50A Full SiC IEMOS and VMOS Power Module
Authors: Hayashi Kei , Funaki Tsuyoshi , Michikoshi Hisato , Fukuda Kenji
Published: July 2019

This study developed two types full SiC half bridge power module, which consist of IEMOS (Implantation Epitaxial MOSFET / Planer structure) or VMOS (V-groove trench MOSFET / Trench structure). The switching loss and conduction loss of the power module are evaluated in H bridge circuit. The VMOS module experimentally shows less loss than IEMOS module.
High Quality 4H-SiC Epitaxial Layer by Tuning CVD Process
Authors: Piluso Nicolo , Campione Alberto , Lorenti Simona , Severino Andrea , Arena Giuseppe , Coffa Salvo , La Via Francesco
Published: July 2019

In this work many steps concerning the epitaxial layer growth on 4H-SiC are studied, evaluated and optimized to obtain high quality 4H-SiC epitaxy. The processes evaluated have been studied on a Hot Wall CVD reactor. The first step related to the substrate surface etching has been tuned by choosing the H2 flow, temperature and process time at which most of defects (mainly stacking faults) are not propagated. Then, the buffer layer step has been optimized by increasing the thickness at which an effective reduction of defect density and an improved electrical performance of power devices have been detected. Also, during the buffer layer growth a strong dependence between basal plane dislocations propagation and the growth rate has been observed. A crucial step carefully studied has been the drift layer growth. It was optimized by increasing the growth rate (13<GR<15µm/h) that results in a lower defectiveness, good thickness and doping uniformity. Final stage concerning the cooling of the process has been strongly revisited. A significant decreasing of the morphological defects (carrots, pits) and stacking faults has been observed by slowing the cool down process (~ 25 °C/min).
Examining intra-African tourism: A trade theory perspective
Authors: Viljoen Adam H. , Saayman Andrea , Saayman Melville
Published: July 2019

Background: Around the world, domestic and regional travel is considered the backbone of the tourism industry, with as much as 80% of international visitors within the same region, however, various factors permit or deter tourists to move around freely. The arguments of tourism promoting trade and vice versa, are both valid. Since trade can promote tourism in Africa it implies that regional integration is necessary to foster regional tourism.Aim: This article seeks to determine whether trade theory is able to explain intra-African tourism. This was done by applying four theoretical models of international trade to bilateral African tourism flows.Method: Using panel data from 25 African countries over a 10-year period, this research shows that intra-African tourism flows can best be explained by the gravity theory.Results: Cultural and geographic proximity, as well as the development of the destination country, dictates intra-African tourism. Additionally, African countries that already have an advantage in worldwide tourism receipts also benefit from intra-African tourism.Conclusion: This research contributes to a greater understanding of the determinants that attract African travellers to other African countries, which holds important implications for both policymakers and destination managers.
A Variational Tate Conjecture in crystalline cohomology
Authors: Morrow Matthew
Published: July 2019

Given a smooth, proper family of varieties in characteristic

p > 0

, and a cycle

z

on a fibre of the family, we consider a Variational Tate Conjecture characterising, in terms of the crystalline cycle class of

z

, whether

z

extends cohomologically to the entire family. This is a characteristic

p

analogue of Grothendieck’s Variational Hodge Conjecture. We prove the conjecture for divisors, and an infinitesimal variant of the conjecture for cycles of higher codimension; the former result can be used to reduce the

\ell

-adic Tate conjecture for divisors over finite fields to the case of surfaces.
La influencia de la memoria operativa y de la inteligencia emocional en la expresión de la emoción en español como segunda lengua
Authors: Mavrou Irini , Bustos-López Fernando
Published: July 2019

The current study intended to examine the influence of working memory capacity and emotional intelligence on emotional expression in Spanish as a second language (SSL). Forty-one learners of SSL (A2 and B1 levels) carried out a writing task about an emotional topic. The global quality of their texts was assessed by means of an analytical scale, and the web-based search engine emoFinder was used in order to measure the number and valence of emotional words produced by the participants. Moreover, participants completed a self-report measure of emotional intelligence and performed three working memory tasks. The results showed an influence of emotional intelligence on written expression in SSL, a positive correlation between the quality of written expression and the number of emotional words, as well as a greater use of positive words compared to the negative ones.
Rayleigh wind retrieval for the ALADIN airborne demonstrator of the Aeolus mission using simulated response calibration
Authors: Zhai Xiaochun , Marksteiner Uwe , Weiler Fabian , Lemmerz Christian , Lux Oliver , Witschas Benjamin , Reitebuch Oliver
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Aeolus, launched on August 22nd in 2018, is the first ever satellite to directly observe wind information from the surface up to 30 km on a global scale. An airborne prototype called ALADIN Airborne Demonstrator (A2D) was developed at the German Aerospace Centre (DLR) for validating the Aeolus measurement principle based on realistic atmospheric signals. To obtain accurate wind retrievals, the A2D uses a measured Rayleigh response calibration (MRRC) to calibrate its Rayleigh channel signals. However, the atmospheric and instrumental variability currently limit the reliability and repeatability of this MRRC. Thus, a procedure for a simulated Rayleigh response calibration (SRRC) is developed and presented in this paper to resolve these limitations of the A2D Rayleigh channel MRRC. The transmission functions of the A2D Rayleigh channel interferometer, consisting of the double-edge Fabry-Perot interferometers (FPIs), are firstly characterised and optimized based on measurements performed during different airborne and ground-based campaigns. The optimized FPI transmission function is then combined with the molecular Rayleigh backscatter spectrum to derive an accurate A2D SRRC which can finally be implemented in the A2D wind retrieval. Using dropsonde data as a reference, a statistical analysis based on data from a flight campaign in 2016 reveals a bias and a standard deviation of line-of-sight (LOS) wind speeds derived from an SRRC of only 0.05 m s−1 and 2.52 m s−1, respectively. Compared to the result derived from a MRRC with a bias of 0.23 m s−1 and a standard deviation of 2.20 m s−1, the accuracy improved while the precision is considered to be at the same level. Furthermore, it is shown that SRRC allows the simulation of receiver responses over the whole altitude range from the aircraft down to sea level, thus overcoming limitations due to continuous ground elevation during the performance of airborne instrument response calibrations.
Spatiotemporal changes in aridity of Pakistan during 1901–2016
Authors: Ahmed Kamal , Shahid Shamsuddin , Wang Xiaojun , Nawaz Nadeem , Khan Najeebullah
Published: July 2019

Abstract. The changing characteristics of aridity over a larger
spatiotemporal scale have gained interest in recent years due to climate
change. The long-term (1901–2016) changes in spatiotemporal patterns of
annual and seasonal aridity during two major crop growing seasons of
Pakistan, Kharif and Rabi, are evaluated in this study using gridded
precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET) data. The UNESCO aridity
index was used to estimate aridity at each grid point for all the years
between 1901 and 2016. The temporal changes in aridity and its associations
with precipitation and PET are evaluated by implementing a moving window of
50 years of data with an 11-year interval. The modified Mann–Kendall (MMK) trend
test is applied to estimate unidirectional change by eliminating the effect
of natural variability of climate, and Pettitt's test is used to detect
year of change in aridity. The results revealed that the climate over 60 % of
Pakistan (mainly in southern parts) is arid. The spatial patterns of aridity
trends show a strong influence of the changes in precipitation on the aridity
trend. The increasing trend in aridity (drier) is noticed in the southwest,
where precipitation is low during Kharif, while there is a decreasing trend (wetter)
in the Rabi season in the region which receives high precipitation due to
western disturbances. The annual and Kharif aridity is found to decrease
(wetter) at a rate of 0.0001 to 0.0002 per year in the northeast, while
Kharif and Rabi aridity are found to increase (drier) at some locations in
the south at a rate of −0.0019 to −0.0001 per year. The spatial patterns of
aridity changes show a shift from arid to the semi-arid (wetter) climate in
annual and Kharif over a large area while showing a shift from arid to hyper-arid
(drier) region during Rabi in a small area. Most of the significant changes
in precipitation and aridity are observed in the years between 1971 and
1980. Overall, aridity is found to increase (drier) in 0.52 %, 4.44 %
and 0.52 % of the area and decrease (wetter) in 11.75 %, 7.57 % and 9.66 % of the
area for annual, Rabi and Kharif seasons respectively during 1967–2016
relative to 1901–1950.
How do the Swiss produce their New National Map Series?
Authors: Wigley Mark
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Switzerland, not unlike Japan, has a difficult and challenging topography to map.The Swiss have been officially mapping their country now for nearly 175 years, which started when the “Bureau topographique fédéral” first published the initial set of official National maps in 1845. The various Swiss National Map series have been revised a number of times throughout its history and the latest revision and update was carried out in 2014 when the Federal Office of Topography swisstopo, published the first four sheets in the new generation of maps at 1:25’000.Swisstopo have, with their new revised map series not only reviewed, challenged and changed their map production procedures but completely redesigned them.The new production procedures for the national map series 1:10’000, 1:25’000, 1:50’000 and 1:100’000 are now all based on the 1:10’000 Topographic Landscape Model (TLM) where GIS methodology and software have replaced the old cartographic software.Each of these four scales brings its own unique series of challenges such as generalisation, map design and labelling, and each goes through the same three main production procedures: automatic generalisation, cartographic improvement and manual cartographic finishing.The automatic model and cartographic generalisation are performed by a large series of procedures, taking the base TLM data and preparing it for the required scale.The cartographic improvement involves running preconfigured, so-called “Carto Processes” which perform cartographic improvements such as improving the road endings, creating annotations and various masks, rotating symbols and suppressing certain feature details.The manual cartographic finishing (not required for the fully automatic 1:10’000 national map) is carried out by a highly skilled cartographic workforce, which take over where the automatic procedures fail to produce the required cartographic finish which the local market still demands from its National Mapping Agency.
Spatial data quality impacts on the efficiency of the property tax system: The case of construction land fees
Authors: STARČEK Simon , ŠUBIC KOVAČ Maruška
Published: July 2019

Spatial data are directly linked to spatial planning, and to spatial management in general, including the property tax system. Spatial data quality impacts the efficiency of the property tax system, as well as its equity and reasonability. This article presents a methodological approach to analysing the quality of spatial databases managed by municipalities for assessing construction land fees. Adjusted Jaccard and Czekanowski indices were defined and applied for data quality analysis because they are applicable in cases in which differences between the data compared amount to less than 5%. The indices were used to establish the level of matching for areas of buildings and the unbuilt construction land in the municipal construction land fee assessment databases and in the real estate register. Based on an analysis of the completeness, logical consistency, and thematic accuracy of municipal construction land fee assessment databases, municipal databases were updated. Modifications to the municipal databases were analysed following updating in terms of the number of persons subject to construction land fee payment and the construction land fee amount payable. The results of the first study of this type have been obtained on a small sample, but the methodology is also applicable for analysis on a large sample or in all Slovenian municipalities. As such, the analysis may be of help to experts at municipal offices, spatial planners, and decision-makers in taxation policies.
Degradation or regeneration? Prospects for developing the port-city interface in Odesa
Authors: KHALIN Vladimir , KIELY Natalie
Published: July 2019

Seeking an optimum sustainable development strategy is a core objective of municipalities and innovative urban planners around the world. Various viewpoints and interests regarding the interface between ports and cities and the resulting extensive waterfront regeneration in principal seaports render spatial planning projects of this type complex to complete and obtain agreement on. For a modern city, port development is a principal source of influences and benefits related to ecology, society, and transportation. Currently, the world’s largest seaports are moving cargo terminals out of historical city centres. As a result, ports are assuming more advanced functions unrelated to the maritime industry, and thus projects that equitably share port territories will naturally gain momentum. The most significant projects for moving cargo ports out of historical town centres and regenerating port areas are found in European cities. To understand the various approaches, examples from European regeneration projects for port territories in Bilbao, Barcelona, and Oslo are presented, and their experience with various geographical and town-planning conditions is highlighted. This study is devoted to the Ukrainian port city of Odesa. It identifies the most successful strategy for developing the port-city interface under current economic and geopolitical conditions. It combines the ideas and studies of city planners in management, economics, and transport geography along with various policies and sociology aspects to provide new information and understanding aimed at ensuring the sustainable development of coastal cities in developing countries.
Teaching by Recycling; Transferring the Individually-Obtained Knowledge by a Single Student to All Other Students
Authors: Hashimi Sama’a Al
Published: July 2019

In computer-based courses such as multimedia and digital design courses, being fully conversant with a computer application is almost unachievable within a single academic semester. Therefore, it is common for students to seek additional help and information from their lecturers either during office hours or through emails. It is also common for students to acquire skills from online tutorials, books, friends, or private tutors, which may cause the student to possess more advanced computer skills than others, including their lecturers. The knowledge that is individually acquired by the student from the teacher or from other sources is usually limited to that single learner. Therefore, this action research proposes a new teaching method; Teaching by Recycling (TBR) whereby the effort of teaching a single student is recycled into the practice of teaching all students together. The main aim is to transfer the individually-obtained knowledge from the teacher or from other sources to other students. This research explores the implications of TBR and investigates its effectiveness in augmenting the pedagogical efficiency and scope of teaching students individually through expanding this scope to include teaching all students collectively.
Linear Support Vector Regression and Partial Least-Squares for Determination of Dapoxetine Hydrochloride and Tadalafil in Binary Pharmaceutical Mixtures
Authors: Anwar Basma H , Abdelhamid Nessreen S , Magdy Maimana A , Naguib Ibrahim A
Published: July 2019

Background: Dapoxetine (DAP) is a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, and Tadalafil (TAD) is a phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor. Both are coformulated as tablets called Erectafil® for treatment of erectile ejaculation. Objective: DAP and TAD were analyzed in their binary mixtures and pharmaceutical formulations using two multivariate calibration chemometric models. Methods: Partial least-squares (PLS) and linear support vector regression (SVR) models were applied using two factor-four level experimental design and UV-spectrophotometric data. They were compared to each other, and their advantages and disadvantages were discussed. Results: The developed methods succeeded to determine DAP and TAD in different ratios with good results regarding International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Linearity ranges were 2–15 μg/mL and 3–30 μg/mL for DAP and TAD, respectively, with good accuracy of 100 ± 0.37 for DAP and 100 ± 0.8 for TAD regarding PLS model and 100.04 ± 0.32 for DAP and 99.89 ± 0.77 for TAD regarding SVR model. Good precision values of 0.787 for DAP and 0.793 for TAD regarding PLS model and 1.105 for DAP and 0.930 for TAD regarding SVR model were obtained. The two models were applied on the dosage forms and statistically compared with the published HPLC method with no significant difference regarding accuracy and precision. Conclusions: The two models can be utilized for routine analysis and QC of DAP and TAD in their bulk and pharmaceutical formulations. The SVR model gives better results and generalization ability than those of the PLS model regarding accuracy and prediction error, while the latter is better for being simpler and faster.
CROSS-CULTURAL VARIATION IN THE EXPRESSION OF PERSUASIVE POWER IN THE GENRE OF TECHNICAL MANUALS: THE CASE OF DIRECTIVES
Authors: Povolná Renata
Published: July 2019

The paper provides a cross-cultural analysis of selected linguistic realizations of persuasion in technical manuals as typical representatives of technical discourse. It aims to identify differences and similarities between the ways persuasive power is expressed in this type of specialized discourse in English and Czech L1 texts. The data comprises manuals to various technical devices and amounts to slightly more than 200,000 words. This specialized corpus (15 manuals in English and 15 in Czech) is assumed to enable the comparison of the ways in which technical communicators express persuasion. The investigation, which is conducted from the perspectives of corpus analysis and discourse analysis, focuses on the ways in which the interactive and dynamic process of persuasion is explicitly manifested: 1. directly (i.e. using directives expressed by imperatives of full verbs, modals of obligation, necessity, prohibition, and predicative adjectives expressing the writer’s judgement of the necessity to perform an action) and 2. indirectly (i.e. using other language means than directives, such as other modals than those related to obligation, necessity or prohibition, conditional clauses, rhetorical questions). The findings are expected to be relevant and applicable in the education domain to raise technical writers’ awareness of directives as useful persuasive strategies suitable for the production of effective well-written technical manuals since their quality including the appropriate degree of persuasiveness can influence prospective consumers to make a purchase of a particular technical device.
A LINGUISTIC LANDSCAPE ANALYSIS OF PATTAYA, THAILAND’S SIN CITY
Authors: Prasert Keerati , Zilli Pattamawan Jimarkon
Published: July 2019

Pattaya is one of the most popular tourist destinations attracting international travelers. Given its uniquely cosmopolitan nature, it can be regarded as one of the most multilingual and multicultural areas, making it linguistically stand out from other big cities. This paper, therefore, aims to explore the linguistic landscape of Pattaya’s two main streets by analyzing the data (542 signs) collected from commercial signs. The results present the variation and dominance of the use of languages in those public spaces. By highlighting the differences among the various linguistic landscapes, it draws on the factors of business types and population dominance.
Scholastická logika „vědění“ I.
Authors: Hanke Miroslav ,   University of South Bohemia
Published: July 2019

Fourteenth-century logic gave rise, among others, to the genre De scire et dubitare, which offered a unified framework for discussing different forms of epistemic sophisms by utilising the underlying systems of epistemic logic. One of the problems introduced in this context already by the founding father of this genre, William Heytesbury, was the so-called axiom of positive introspection, i.e., the principle that an agent who knows that something is the case, knows that she knows that it is the case. Owing to Heytesbury’s enormous popularity in the subsequent centuries, discussion of this problem became relatively widespread. This debate was addressed already in Boh’s seminal Epistemic Logic in the Later Middle Ages, which, despite its limitations acknowledged by its author, is a standard source. The present study elaborates on Boh by extending the corpus of his works (both in the sense of including new authors and of utilising manuscripts along with printed editions) and drawing new connections based on that. The core of the survey consists of an analysis of the positions of William Heytesbury and John Wyclif (both pertaining to the context of Merton College), their Italian reception by Peter of Mantua, and the “continental” reception of Heytesbury by John of Holland. The main goals of this study are to formalise the key arguments, which makes it possible to address the underlying systems of epistemic logic and their respective “strength”, and to articulate the conceptual background of those arguments and systems (the concepts of evidence, attention, and order of cognitive operations). The gist of the debate is, on one of the sides, an attempt to prove that it is impossible to doubt whether one knows that something is the case by employing whether the principles of positive introspection and of distribution of knowledge over implication, or the principles of positive and negative introspection combined.
Identification of primary genes in glomeruli compartment of immunoglobulin A nephropathy by bioinformatic analysis
Authors: Miraji Mohammed Khamis , Cheng Yichun , Ge Shuwang , Xu Gang
Published: July 2019

The current study is aimed to explore the specific genes which are responsible for the manifestation of Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN). Gene expression profilesGSE37460,GSE93798andGSE104948were analyzed using biological informatics methods to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in IgAN glomeruli samples which were then compared to normal control samples. Subsequently, the DEGs were overlapped to explore genes with significant expression in at least two profiles. Finally, the enrichment analysis was conducted and the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed for the overlapping DEGs. A total of 28 genes were up-regulated and 10 genes were down-regulated. The up-regulated genes including CD44 and FN1 were chiefly involved in extracellular matrix receptors interaction pathway. In addition, CX3CR1 and CCL4 were associated with chemokine signaling pathway. ITGB2, PTPRC, FN1, and FCER1G were hub genes with a high degree of interaction in the PPI network. Therefore, this study identified many significant genes associated with extracellular matrix expansion and inflammatory mechanism which may be the novel biomarker and target candidates in IgAN.
Enhancing Micro-propagation of Some Cameroonian Plantain (Musa paradisiaca L) Cultivars/Landraces
Authors: Njualem Dominic, K. , Achiri Tange Denis , Yuninwenkeh Amanwi Climson , Nkuh Abdulai Assan , Yaya Fornkwa Victorine
Published: July 2019

Aims: This study was conducted to enhance germplasm conservation of some indigenous plantain landraces through tissue culture techniques in Cameroon.

Study Design: The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three treatments in four replications.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the tissue culture laboratory of the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), Bambui, Cameroon, in the first half of 2018.

Methodology: Explants were gotten from three plantain land races (Kwah, Ngumbe and Sangmoh) gotten from Bambui. Shoot tips were excised and cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 30 g of sucrose, 5 ml of ascorbic acid, 4 ml of 6- benzylaminopurine (BAP 1 mg/l), 1 ml indole-3- acetic acid (IAA 1 mg/l) and 6 g of agar at pH of 5.8±0.1 for shoot initiation and proliferation. Data was collected over a period of 12 weeks every 4th week on the average number of buds, shoot length, number of leaves, number contaminated and number dead.

Results: All the landraces responded positively to shoot tip culture, since they could adapt and regenerate by producing buds with Ngumbe giving the highest mean number (7.0) of buds and Sangmoh giving the lowest (3.0). Analysis of variance revealed significant differences (p = 0.05) in most of the parameters measured except for number contaminated. High dead rate was recorded in Kwah with dead mean of 3.0. Ngumbe was found to regenerate better than Kwah and Sangmoh.

Conclusion: It is recommended that the three plantain landraces, germplasm be conserved. The ramification of this finding vis-à-vis germplasm conservation and increase productivity is explained.
Switch Effect, Water‐Like State, and New Interaction Mechanism of an H‐Bonded Polycation–Polyacrylamide System to Realize Instant Decolorization of Dyeing Wastewater
Authors: Li Hongyan , Zhao Junhong , Bai Yu , Song Chunli , Yu Yikai
Published: July 2019

A switch for controlling hydrogen bonds is incorporated into a polymer‐based system of polyamine polycation and polyacrylamide, with an ultrahigh molecular weight of 18 million; a surprising process results whereby the apparent viscosity of the whole system suddenly plunges from 321 cps to below 6.5 cps, forming a new water‐like phase state (WLPS) of an H‐bonded polymer‐based system. When WLPS products are used as decolorant materials to purify dyeing wastewater, they can flow similar to water during mass transfer and be quickly dissolved, immediately interacting with the anionic dyes in water. This observation is the first of a sudden change in apparent viscosity and the formation of a water‐like state in a polymer‐based system. Moreover, due to the switch effect to control hydrogen bonds, WLPS decolorants can change from water‐like states to strong hydrogen bonding states after interacting with anionic dyes, thus increasing the attractive forces of formed flocs to realize the instantaneous and highly adaptable decolorization of dyeing wastewater. It only took 10 s for the WLPS decolorants to remove more than 95% of various dyes in dyeing wastewater. Subsequently, a series of new cohesive floc structure–forms are first discovered by a computer imaging optical microscope.
Strongly Luminescent Tungsten Emitters with Emission Quantum Yields of up to 84 %: TADF and High‐Efficiency Molecular Tungsten OLEDs
Authors: Chan Kaai‐Tung , Lam Tsz‐Lung , Yu Daohong , Du Lili , Phillips David Lee , Kwong Chun‐Lam , Tong Glenna So Ming , Cheng Gang , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: July 2019

Metal‐TADF (thermally activated delayed fluorescence) emitters hold promise in the development of next generation light‐emitting materials for display and lighting applications, examples of which are, however, largely confined to CuI and recently AuI, AgI, and AuIII emitters. Herein is described the design strategy for an unprecedented type of metal‐TADF emitter based on inexpensive tungsten metal chelated with Schiff base ligand that exhibit high emission quantum yields of up to 56 % in solutions and 84 % in thin‐film (5 wt % in 1,3‐bis(N‐carbazolyl)benzene, mCP) at room temperature. Femtosecond time‐resolved emission (fs‐TRE) spectroscopy and DFT calculations were undertaken to decipher the TADF properties. Solution‐processed OLEDs fabricated with the W‐TADF emitter demonstrated external quantum efficiency (EQE) and luminance of up to 15.6 % and 16890 cd m−2, respectively.
X‐ray crystal of diprotonated tetra‐(2‐pyridyl)pyrazine (H2TPPZ), aqua Fe3+‐phen crystal and new lanthanide complexes of TPPZ and their biochemical studies
Authors: Al‐Assy Waleed H. , Mohamed Mahmoud M.A. , Husein Dalal Z. , Mostafa Mohsen M.
Published: July 2019

New complexes derived from M3+ salts with polyazine as monometallic such as [Fe (TPPZ)Cl3].½H2O (1), [Cr (TPPZ)2Cl2]Cl.2EtOH (2), [La (TPPZ)(NO3)2(H2O)2]NO3.H2O (3) in addition to [Fe (Phen)3]3Cl.7H2O (4) were isolated. Three bimetallic, [H2TPPZ][(AuCl4)2]. H2O (5), [Ce2(TPPZ)EtOH (NO3)3]3NO3 (6) and [Nd2TPPZCl2(H2O)4]4Cl.CHCl3. 4H2O (7) and mixed ligand complexes, [Fe (TPPZ)(Phen)2]Cl3 (8), [Fe (TPPZ) (Phen)2][TPPZCl3] (9), [La2(TPPZ)(Phen)2(EtOH)2]6Cl.CHCl3.EtOH.H2O (10) and [Nd2(TPPZ)(Phen)Cl4]2Cl.3H2O (11) were synthesized and characterized. Crystal data of (4) is tetragonal, I41/a, a = b 35.951 (3) Å, c = 11.9055 (8) Å, α = 80.201 (2)° β = 78.846 (2)°, γ = 89.687 (2)° V = 741.06 (5)Å3, Z = 1 while triclinic, P1, a = 7.3913 (3) Å, b = 9.7344 (4) Å, c = 10.6577 (4) Å, α = β = γ = 90°, V = 741.06 (5)Å3 and Z = 170 for (5). Analyses, spectral and cyclic voltammetry studies indicate the bonding and the redox properties. Anticancer studies promised to be effective in lanthanides and some complexes were screened against antibacterial or antifungal.
Researchers Keep Rejecting Grandmother Cells after Running the Wrong Experiments: The Issue Is How Familiar Stimuli Are Identified
Authors: Bowers Jeffrey S. , Martin Nicolas D. , Gale Ella M.
Published: July 2019

There is widespread agreement in neuroscience and psychology that the visual system identifies objects and faces based on a pattern of activation over many neurons, each neuron being involved in representing many different categories. The hypothesis that the visual system includes finely tuned neurons for specific objects or faces for the sake of identification, so‐called “grandmother cells”, is widely rejected. Here it is argued that the rejection of grandmother cells is premature. Grandmother cells constitute a hypothesis of how familiar visual categories are identified, but the primary evidence against this hypothesis comes from studies that have failed to observe neurons that selectively respond to unfamiliar stimuli. These findings are reviewed and it is shown that they are irrelevant. Neuroscientists need to better understand existing models of face and object identification that include grandmother cells and then compare the selectivity of these units with single neurons responding to stimuli that can be identified.
Determination of ethanamizuril, a novel triazine coccidiostat, in rat plasma by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography system‐tandem mass spectrometry and its application in a toxicological study
Authors: Wang Xiaoyang , Zhao Juan , Wei Shuya , Wang Chunmei , Zhang Lifang , Wang Mi , Liu Yingchun , Fei Chenzhong , Xue Feiqun , Zhang Keyu
Published: July 2019

Ethanamizuril is a new triazine compound that has the potential to be a novel anticoccidial drug. Toxicological studies in experimental rats were performed to understand the safety profile of ethanamizuril for drug product development. In this study, a novel, selective and accurate ultra‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed for the determination of ethanamizuril concentrations in rat plasma. With 4‐nitro‐o‐cresol as an internal standard, sample pretreatment involved a one‐step extraction with acetonitrile of 100 μL plasma. The detection was carried out by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in negative ion mode with selected ion recording. The standard curves were linear (r2 ≥ 0.999) over the concentration range of 0.1–100 μg/mL. The relative standard deviations of intra‐ and inter‐day precisions were less than 8.4 and 8.87%, respectively. The mean extraction recovery of ethanamizuril from rat plasma was 97.68–102.57%. The method was fully validated and successfully applied to monitor plasma concentrations of ethanamizuril in a short‐term toxicity study and two‐generation reproduction toxicity study. The result of the study confirmed that the elimination of ethanamizuril in rats is slow.
Pathways towards sustainability in manufacturing organizations: Empirical evidence on the role of green human resource management
Authors: Yong Jing Yi , Yusliza Mohd‐Yusoff , Ramayah Thurasamy , Chiappetta Jabbour Charbel Jose , Sehnem Simone , Mani Venkatesh
Published: July 2019

Green human resource management (HRM) practices can help organizations align their business strategies with the environment. Anchored in the resource‐based view of the firm, this study examines the influence of green HRM practices on sustainability using cross‐sectional data obtained from 112 large manufacturing firms in Malaysia. The results show that green recruitment and green training have positive effects on sustainability. However, green analysis and job description, green selection, green performance assessment, and green reward were not found to have any significant influence on sustainability. The model presented in this paper offers useful insights into the positive role of green HRM in the sustainability of manufacturing firms, and as previous studies exploring the link between green HRM and sustainability using empirical data from Malaysian manufacturing firms are scarce, this research is of significant importance for scholars and practitioners. The scope of this study focuses on emerging economies with a limited number of variables that are contextual and specific to the Malaysian economy. Future research could explore the relationship between green HRM and other variables that may contribute to the present framework in other contexts. Future studies may also consider each dimension of green HRM, or indeed other elements of green HRM, in relation to the different aspects of sustainability.
Enzymatic Cascade in Pseudomonas that Produces Pyrazine from α‐Amino Acids
Authors: Masuo Shunsuke , Tsuda Yusuke , Namai Tomohito , Minakawa Hajime , Shigemoto Ryosuke , Takaya Naoki
Published: July 2019

Pyrazines are widespread chemical compounds that include pheromones and odors. Herein, a novel mechanism used by Pseudomonas fluorescens SBW25 to biosynthesize monocyclic pyrazines is reported. Heterologous expression of the papABC genes that synthesize the natural α‐amino acid 4‐aminophenylalanine (4APhe), together with three adjacent papDEF genes of unknown function, in Escherichia coli resulted in the production of 2,5‐dimethyl‐3,6‐bis(4‐aminobenzyl)pyrazine (DMBAP), which comprised two symmetrical aminobenzyl moieties derived from 4APhe. It is found that PapD is a novel amino acid C‐acetyltransferase, which decarboxylates and transfers acetyl residues to 4APhe, to generate an α‐aminoketone, which spontaneously dehydrates and condenses to give dihydro DMBAP. PapF is a novel oxidase in the amine oxidase superfamily that oxidizes dihydro DMBAP to yield the pyrazine ring of DMBAP. These two enzymes constitute a unique mechanism for synthesizing monocyclic pyrazines and might serve as a novel strategy for the enzymatic synthesis of pyrazine derivatives from natural α‐amino acids.
Aminotenuazonic Acid: Isolation, Structure Elucidation, Total Synthesis and Herbicidal Activity of a New Tetramic Acid from Fruiting Bodies of Laccaria Species
Authors: Schrey Hedda , Backenköhler Jana , Kogler Herbert , Plaumann Markus , Spiteller Peter
Published: July 2019

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Peter Spiteller at the Universität Bremen. The image depicts the experiments that were performed to reveal the chemical structure and the bioactivity of aminotenuazonic acid discovered in several Laccaria species, such as the violet‐coloured fruiting bodies of the amethyst deceiver (Laccaria amethystina). Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201901405.
A Germylene Supported by Two 2‐Pyrrolylphosphane Groups as Precursor to PGeP Pincer Square‐Planar Group 10 Metal(II) and T‐Shaped Gold(I) Complexes
Authors: Cabeza Javier A. , Fernández Israel , Fernández‐Colinas José M. , García‐Álvarez Pablo , Laglera‐Gándara Carlos J.
Published: July 2019

An efficient synthesis of 2‐di‐tert‐butylphosphanylmethylpyrrole (HpyrmPtBu2), by treating 2‐dimethylaminomethylpyrrole (HpyrmNMe2) with tBu2PH at 135 °C in the absence of any solvent, has allowed the preparation of the new PGeP germylene Ge(pyrmPtBu2)2 (1), by treating [GeCl2(dioxane)] with LipyrmPtBu2, in which the Ge atom is stabilized by intramolecular interactions with one (solid state) or both (solution) of its phosphane groups. Reactions of germylene 1 with Group 10 metal dichlorido complexes containing easily displaceable ligands have led to [MCl{κ3P,Ge,P‐GeCl(pyrmPtBu2)2}] [M=Ni (2), Pd (3), Pt (4)], which have an unflawed square‐planar metal environment. Treatment of germylene 1 with [AuCl(tht)] (tht=tetrahydrothiophene) rendered [Au{κ3P,Ge,P‐GeCl(pyrmPtBu2)2}] (5), which is a rare case of a T‐shaped gold(I) complex. The hydrolysis of 5 gave the linear gold(I) derivative [Au(κP‐HpyrmPtBu2)2]Cl (6). Complexes 2–5 contain a PGeP pincer chloridogermyl ligand that arises from the insertion of the Ge atom of germylene 1 into a M−Cl bond of the corresponding metal reagent. The bonding in these molecules has been studied by DFT/NBO/QTAIM calculations. These results demonstrate that the great flexibility of germylene 1 makes it a better precursor to PGeP pincer complexes than the previously known germylenes of this type.
Rational Fabrication and Biomedical Application of Biomolecule‐Conjugated AIEgens through Click Reaction
Authors: Yuan Qiming , Cheng Yong , Lou Xiaoding , Xia Fan
Published: July 2019

Recently, the issue of cancer has attracted extensive attention. Early diagnosis and timely therapy are important for cancer treatment. And lots of advanced fluorescent probes have been applied to cancer theranostics. However, the further development of these probes is limited by the disadvantages of poor targeting, weak sensitivity and photobleaching. Fortunately, the emergence of biomolecule‐conjugated fluorescent probes with aggregation‐ induced emission properties has taken innovative impetus to the cancer theranostics. This review summarizes the rational fabrication and biomedical applications of biomolecule‐conjugated AIE luminogens (AIEgens) based on “click reaction” over the past decade. In the meantime, the challenges of biomolecule‐conjugated AIEgens in the field of biomedicine are also discussed.
Photoinduced Energy‐ and Electron‐Transfer Processes in a Side‐to‐Face RuII‐Porphyrin/Perylene‐bisimide Array
Authors: Amati Agnese , Natali Mirco , Indelli Maria Teresa , Iengo Elisabetta , Würthner Frank
Published: July 2019

A side‐to‐face array DPy‐gPBI[Ru(4‐tBuTPP)(CO)]2, based on a “green” perylene bisimide chromophore sandwiched between two RuII‐porphyrins, has been prepared by self‐assembly. Its photophysical properties have been characterized in detail by a combination of steady‐state and time‐resolved techniques upon selective excitation of the two different components. Different photoinduced processes are observed as a function of the excitation wavelength. Electron transfer quenching is attained upon “red light” excitation of the perylene unit, whilst an energy transfer pathway is followed upon “green light” excitation of the metallo‐porphyrin moiety. Regardless of the excitation wavelength efficient population of the triplet excited state of the perylene chromophore is achieved. The photophysical results are discussed within the framework of classical electron transfer theory and compared with those of a previously reported system.
Metformin reduces risk of varicose veins in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Tseng Chin‐Hsiao
Published: July 2019

Aim

This population‐based retrospective cohort study compared the incidence of varicose veins in an unmatched cohort and a cohort of 1:1 propensity score (PS)‐matched pairs of ever and never users of metformin in type 2 diabetes patients.

Methods

Patients with new‐onset type 2 diabetes during 1999 to 2005 were enrolled from Taiwan's National Health Insurance and followed until December 31, 2011. Analyses were conducted in an unmatched cohort of 123 710 ever users and 15 095 never users and in 15 088 PS‐matched pairs of ever users and never users. Hazard ratios were estimated by Cox proportional hazards model incorporated with the inverse probability of treatment weighting using the PS.

Results

New‐onset varicose veins were diagnosed in 126 never users and 633 ever users in the unmatched cohort and in 126 never users and 80 ever users in the matched cohort. The respective incidences were 191.36 and 110.04 per 100 000 person‐years in the unmatched cohort and 191.41 and 115.81 per 100 000 person‐years in the matched cohort. The hazard ratio for ever versus never users in the unmatched cohort was 0.57 (95% confidence interval, 0.47‐0.69) and was 0.60 (0.45‐0.80) for the matched cohort. In the unmatched cohort, the hazard ratios for the first, second, and third tertiles of cumulative duration were 1.03 (0.83‐1.28), 0.55 (0.44‐0.69), and 0.29 (0.23‐0.37), respectively. The respective hazard ratios in the matched cohort were 0.97 (0.65‐1.43), 0.79 (0.55‐1.15), and 0.24 (0.13‐0.42).

Conclusion

Metformin use is associated with a lower risk of varicose veins in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Solvent and Counter‐Ion Induced Coordination Environment Changes Towards AgI Coordination Polymers
Authors: Gupta Arvind Kumar , Salazar Daniel Morales , Orthaber Andreas
Published: July 2019

A series of silver coordination polymers based on the 9,9′‐bis(4,5‐diazafluorene) (BDF‐H2) ligand is presented. The choice of counterions and reaction conditions dictate the observed topology on the final systems by influencing the silver coordination environment. Coordination modes, flexibility of the ligand and extended π–π stacking interactions have allowed the preparation and crystallographic characterisation of one 1D‐ and three 2D‐coordination polymers: 1D‐[Ag(BDF‐H2)(DMSO)]n(X)n (where X = OTf– and ClO4–); 1D‐[Ag2(BDF‐H2) m1‐(TfO)2,m2‐(TfO)2]n(TfO)n, and 2D‐[Ag2(BDF‐H2)3]n(PF6)2n.
Microwave‐Assisted Suzuki–Miyaura and Sonogashira Coupling of 4‐Chloro‐2‐(trifluoromethyl)pyrido[1,2‐e]purine Derivatives
Authors: Tber Zahira , Biteau Nicolas G. , Agrofoglio Luigi , Cros Julien , Goffinont Stéphane , Castaing Bertrand , Nicolas Cyril , Roy Vincent
Published: July 2019

The convenient preparation of three imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine‐2‐carboxamide intermediates is reported through known Strecker–Ugi type multicomponent reactions, Tschitschibabin type condensations, and further synthetic sequences. The derivatives were then efficiently converted to novel 4‐chloro‐2‐(trifluoromethyl)pyrido[1,2‐e]purines by their original reactions with 2,2,2‐trifluoroacetamide, followed by subsequent dehydroxychlorination reactions. These compounds were cross‐coupled under microwave irradiation through SuzukiMiyaura and Sonogashira palladium(0) catalysis to various aromatic and alkynyl reagents, thus providing the related C‐4 substituted pyrido[1,2‐e]purines of biological interest in good yields.
A discontinuous Galerkin immersed boundary solver for compressible flows: Adaptive local time stepping for artificial viscosity–based shock‐capturing on cut cells
Authors: Geisenhofer Markus , Kummer Florian , Müller Björn
Published: July 2019

We present a higher‐order cut cell immersed boundary method (IBM) for the simulation of high Mach number flows. As a novelty on a cut cell grid, we evaluate an adaptive local time stepping (LTS) scheme in combination with an artificial viscosity–based shock‐capturing approach. The cut cell grid is optimized by a nonintrusive cell agglomeration strategy in order to avoid problems with small or ill‐shaped cut cells. Our approach is based on a discontinuous Galerkin discretization of the compressible Euler equations, where the immersed boundary is implicitly defined by the zero isocontour of a level set function. In flow configurations with high Mach numbers, a numerical shock‐capturing mechanism is crucial in order to prevent unphysical oscillations of the polynomial approximation in the vicinity of shocks. We achieve this by means of a viscous smoothing where the artificial viscosity follows from a modal decay sensor that has been adapted to the IBM. The problem of the severe time step restriction caused by the additional second‐order diffusive term and small nonagglomerated cut cells is addressed by using an adaptive LTS algorithm. The robustness, stability, and accuracy of our approach are verified for several common test cases. Moreover, the results show that our approach lowers the computational costs drastically, especially for unsteady IBM problems with complex geometries.
Neoproterozoic granitic activity in syn‐collisional setting: Insight from petrology, geochemistry, and zircon–monazite geochronology of S‐type granites of the Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex, eastern India
Authors: Chakraborty Kuhu , Ray Arijit , Chatterjee Amitava , Deb Gautam Kumar , Das Kaushik
Published: July 2019

The evidence of a long‐lived Grenvillian orogeny around 1.0 Ga is preserved in the eastern part of India in the form of large‐scale syn‐collisional granitic activity and high‐grade metamorphism in the Chotanagpur Granite Gneissic Complex (CGGC). Geochemically, granitoid rocks of CGGC were classified as ferroan, per‐aluminous, and calc‐alkalic to alkali‐calcic S‐type granites which were generated from the anatexis of meta‐sedimentary protolith (khondalite) in a volcanic‐arc to syn‐collisional setting. Relatively high crystallization temperatures (800–850°C for garnetiferous granite gneiss, 770–830°C for megacrystic granite gneiss, and 639–725°C for pink granite) of these rocks were calculated by geothermometric calculations. The REE modelling testified that 40–45% partial melting of the khondalite in H2O undersaturated condition at around 5‐kbar pressure might have given rise to the parent magma of the garnetiferous granite gneiss (GGG). LA‐ICPMS zircon (U–Pb) dating yielded the crystallization ages of the megacrystic granite gneiss (MGG) and pink granite (PG) as ~1.0 Ga, and EPMA monazite (U–Th–total Pb) dating suggested that the GGG was metamorphosed during 1.0 Ga. The 1.0–0.90 Ga age of high‐grade metamorphism and anatexis in the CGGC may be correlated with that in the Rayner Complex–Eastern Ghats Belt in the Indo‐Antarctic sector, which is considered as the result of Indo‐Antarctic collision during the assembly of Rodinia.