bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hydrophilic–hydrophobic AB diblock copolymers containing poly(trimethylene carbonate) and poly(ethylene oxide) blocks
Authors: Feng Yakai , Zhang Shifeng
Published: September 2005

AB‐type block copolymers with poly(trimethylene carbonate) [poly(TMC); A] and poly(ethylene oxide) [PEO; B; number‐average molecular weight (Mn) = 5000] blocks [poly(TMC)‐b‐PEO] were synthesized via the ring‐opening polymerization of trimethylene carbonate (TMC) in the presence of monohydroxy PEO with stannous octoate as a catalyst. Mn of the resulting copolymers increased with increasing TMC content in the feed at a constant molar ratio of the monomer to the catalyst (monomer/catalyst = 125). The thermal properties of the AB diblock copolymers were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry. The melting temperature of the PEO blocks was lower than that of the homopolymer, and the crystallinity of the PEO block decreased as the length of the poly(TMC) blocks increased. The glass‐transition temperature of the poly(TMC) blocks was dependent on the diblock copolymer composition upon first heating. The static contact angle decreased sharply with increasing PEO content in the diblock copolymers. Compared with poly(TMC), poly(TMC)‐b‐PEO had a higher Young's modulus and lower elongation at break. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4819–4827, 2005
New developments in the synthesis and characterization of phosphate esters of linear (per)fluoropolyether monofunctional and difunctional macromonomers
Authors: Russo Antonio , Tonelli Claudio , Barchiesi Emma
Published: September 2005

The synthesis of (per)fluoropolyether phosphate esters prepared by the reaction of phosphorus pentoxide and fluorinated alcohols has been investigated. The reactivity strongly depends on the structure of the fluorinated alcohol, generally decreasing with increasing acidity. Moreover, the addition of a modulated amount of water to the starting fluorinated alcohol allows the fine‐tuning of the monoalkylester and dialkylester contents in the final products. Therefore, when difunctional perfluoropolyether macromonomers are considered, the polymerization degree can be varied, and phosphate oligoesters of different molecular weights can be obtained in high yields, even if, as in this study, the synthesis is focused on low‐molecular‐weight oligomers. This easy control of the oligoester composition in the final product makes it possible to address the synthesis of phosphate oligoesters having a well‐defined equivalent weight, which also depends on the average molecular weight of the starting alcohol. The full characterization of the products is made possible by the combination of different NMR techniques (1H, 19F, 31P, 13C, and two‐dimensional NMR: 31P–1H and 31P–13C). This synthetic route shows great potential and opens the way to a new family of interesting candidates for the treatment of different organic or inorganic substrates to impart phobic properties against both polar and apolar substances. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4790–4804, 2005
Side‐chain terpyridine polymers through atom transfer radical polymerization and their ruthenium complexes
Authors: Tzanetos Nikos P. , Andreopoulou Aikaterini K. , Kallitsis Joannis K.
Published: September 2005

Polymers containing side‐chain terpyridine ligands of well‐defined architectures and controllable molecular weights and molecular weight distributions are reported. These polymers were synthesized by the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of a newly synthesized terpyridine monomer with three functional initiators. The obtained polymers were characterized with 1H NMR and gel permeation chromatography techniques. The efficiency of the ATRP technique and the overall control of the molecular characteristics of the polymers were demonstrated by a kinetic study of the polymerization reaction. Subsequently, the ruthenium(III)/ruthenium(II) complexation chemistry was employed for the attachment of bis(dodecyloxy)‐functionalized terpyridine moieties onto each side 2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine unit of the main polymeric backbone. Thus, the grafting approach was successfully combined with the metal–ligand coordination chemistry for the preparation of highly soluble polymeric complexes. The resulting complexes were fully characterized by means of 1H NMR, gel permeation chromatography, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4838–4848, 2005
Preparation of polyurethane dispersions by miniemulsion polymerization
Authors: Li Chien‐Yu , Chiu Wen‐Yen , Don Trong‐Ming
Published: September 2005

With a two‐step miniemulsion polymerization, hydrophobic polyurethane (PU) dispersions were prepared with a cosurfactant, the costabilizer hexadecane (HD) in the oil phase, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in the water phase. The first step involved the formation of NCO‐terminated prepolymers between isophorone diisocyanate and poly(propylene glycol) oligomer in toluene. Next, PU dispersions were produced by a miniemulsion method in which an oil phase containing NCO‐terminated prepolymers, HD, the chain extender 1,4‐butanediol (BD), the crosslinking agent trimethylol propane (TMP), and the catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate was dispersed in the water phase containing SDS. The influence of experimental parameters, such as the ultrasonication time, concentrations of SDS and HD, and TMP/BD and NCO/OH equivalent ratios, on the sizes of the miniemulsion droplets and polymer particles, as well as the molecular weights and thermal properties of the PU polymer, was examined. The chemical structure of the produced PU polymer was identified with a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The molecular weight distribution and average particle size were measured through gel permeation chromatography and dynamic light scattering, respectively. The thermal stability of the PU polymer was characterized with thermogravimetric analysis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4870–4881, 2005
Preparation by controlled radical polymerization and self‐assembly via base‐recognition of synthetic polymers bearing complementary nucleobases
Authors: Lutz Jean‐François , Thünemann Andreas F. , Nehring Rainer
Published: September 2005

The radical polymerization of three monomers bearing nucleobases 1‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)thymine (VBT), 1‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)uracil (VBU) and 9‐(4‐vinylbenzyl)adenine (VBA) was investigated. The corresponding homopolymers could be prepared in high yields via conventional radical polymerization. However, the resulting polymers were found to be only soluble in a few polar solvents. On the other hand, copolymers of dodecyl methacrylate (DMA) with either VBT or VBA could be prepared via both free radical polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization and could be dissolved in a large variety of organic solvents. Moreover, the formed complementary copolymers P(VBT‐co‐DMA) and P(VBA‐co‐DMA) were found to self‐assemble in dilute solutions in dioxane or chloroform via base recognition, as evidenced by a significant hypochromicity effect in UV spectroscopy. Nevertheless, at higher concentrations in chloroform, both dynamic light scattering and optical microscopy indicate that P(VBT‐co‐DMA), P(VBA‐co‐DMA), or P(VBT‐co‐DMA)/P(VBA‐co‐DMA) mixtures spontaneously self‐assemble into micron size spherical aggregates. 1H NMR and FTIR studies confirmed that the self‐assembly process is driven in all cases via H‐bond formation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4805–4818, 2005
Increased thermal conductivity of free‐standing low‐dislocation‐density GaN films
Authors: Liu Weili , Balandin Alexander A. , Lee Changho , Lee Hae‐Yong
Published: September 2005

Proposed high‐power electronic and optoelectronic applications of GaN materials rely heavily on the effectiveness of heat removal from the devices. Here we report the results of our measurements of thermal conductivity in the thick free‐standing GaN films prepared by hydride vapor phase epitaxy. The fabrication method allows one to grow the low‐dislocation density films without the use of non‐native substrates. Our experimental data show that the room tempera‐ ture thermal conductivity in free‐standing GaN films can be as high at 225 W/mK, which is a factor of 1.8 increase compared to a reference GaN film grown on sapphire substrate. The modeling, performed for the given sample parameters, indicates that the low‐temperature thermal conductivity can reach a record value of 7460 W/mK. The presented results are important for the thermal management optimization of GaN‐based devices. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
‘Inclusive’ design for containers: improving openability
Authors: Langley J. , Janson R. , Wearn J. , Yoxall A.
Published: September 2005

For many years the standard engineering design approach has been to design for the most common size or ability and hence ensuring that your product is applicable to the broadest proportion of society. Recently, however, this approach has been seen to be flawed, particularly with regards to consumer packaging (although there many examples in other industries, such as transport). This paper outlines a new approach to packaging design that has been termed ‘inclusive’ design. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geometry of 1,3‐dihalocyclobutanes by dipole moment analysis
Authors: Lampman Gary M. , Aumiller James C.
Published: September 2005

The dipole moments of cis and trans‐1,3‐dichloro‐, 1,3‐dibromo‐, and 1,3‐diiodocyclobutanes were obtained. The deviation from planarity (angle of puckering) was calculated from the dipole moments. In all cases, the compounds were found to be non‐planar (puckered). Although the angle strain increases slightly for a non‐planar ring, the decrease in torsional strain becomes more important. For the cis‐series, it was found that the angle of puckering was largest for the 1,3‐diiodocyclobutane. For the trans‐series the angle of puckering was the least for the 1,3‐diiodocyclobutane. trans‐1,3‐Dibromo‐1,3‐dimethylcyclobutane has the least amount of puckering of all the compounds studied. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
A new interface to couple thin‐layer chromatography with laser desorption/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry for plate scanning
Authors: Peng Song , Edler Michael , Ahlmann Norman , Hoffmann Thorsten , Franzke Joachim
Published: September 2005

An interface to allow on‐line qualitative and quantitative full‐plate detection and analysis of compounds separated by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) is presented. A continuous wave diode laser is employed as a desorption source. Atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry ionizes and subsequently identifies the desorbed sample molecules. Besides direct laser desorption on untreated TLC plates, graphite particles were used as a matrix to couple in the laser power and improve the efficiency of desorption. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Searching for non‐target chlorinated pesticides in food by liquid chromatography/time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: García‐Reyes Juan F. , Ferrer Imma , Thurman E. Michael , Molina‐Díaz Antonio , Fernández‐Alba Amadeo R.
Published: September 2005

In this study the unique and most salient features of liquid chromatography/time‐of‐flight‐mass spectrometry (LC/TOFMS) were applied for the identification of non‐target chlorinated pesticides in complex food extracts ‘a priori’, i.e., without the use of standards. The combination of high sensitivity full‐scan spectra incorporating accurate mass measurements (routinely better than 2 ppm accuracy) of the protonated molecules with the evidence from resolved isotopic clusters provides the ability to obtain a reduced number of possible elemental compositions (typically 1–2). Databases were then used to find the identity of the suspected species using the elemental composition as a searching criterion. The accurate mass and the generated elemental composition of characteristic fragment ions of the suspected species provide further evidence for the proposed species. With this approach we have identified the following chlorinated pesticides in different market‐purchased fruit and vegetable extracts: Chlorotoluron (tomato), iprodione (apple), and procymidone (grapes). Finally, the confirmation and quantitation of these suspected species were successfully accomplished with standards. Other unknown compounds could be partially identified based on the data obtained within this study. As an example, a chlorinated species (‘m/z311’) is discussed; the elemental composition and possible structures were proposed and the analytical potential, advantages and disadvantages of the proposed approach critically discussed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The pre‐B cell receptor and its ligands – it takes two to tango
Authors: Bradl Harald , Vettermann Christian , Schuh Wolfgang , Meister Silke , Jäck Hans‐Martin
Published: September 2005

The development of early precursor B cells is governed by the surface‐bound pre‐B cell receptor consisting of the immunoglobulin μ heavy chain, the surrogate light chain components λ5 and VpreB, and the signal transducing subunits immunglobulin α/immunglobulin β. The pre‐B cell receptor controls clonal expansion, survival and efficient differentiation of functional B lymphoid precursors; however, it is still controversial how signals from this receptor are initiated. Recent studies with Abelson murine leukemia virus (Abl‐MuLV)‐transformed pre‐B cell lines suggest that the N‐terminal non‐immunoglobulin portion of λ5, the so‐called unique tail, is required to initiate cell‐autonomous signals by mediating self‐aggregation of the pre‐B cell receptor (pre‐BCR). Strikingly however, the λ5 unique tail also controls the interaction with two different groups of stroma cell‐derived pre‐BCR ligands, namely heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans and surface‐associated galectin‐1. Even though these findings are not mutually exclusive, they refresh the discussion about potential modes of pre‐BCR signal initiation. In this review, we discuss recent key findings and propose an integrative model for ligand dependent and independent initiation of pre‐BCR signals during selection of functional B cell precursors.
Resistant Starch‐rich Powders Prepared by Autoclaving of Native and Lintnerized Banana Starch: Partial Characterization
Authors: Aparicio‐Saguilán Alejandro , Flores‐Huicochea Emmanuel , Tovar Juscelino , García‐Suárez Francisco , Gutiérrez‐Meraz Felipe , Bello‐Pérez Luis A.
Published: September 2005

Powdered preparations enriched in resistant starch (RS) were obtained from native and lintnerized (prolonged acid treatment) banana starches by consecutive autoclaving/cooling treatments. The preparations were tested for indigestible starch content, swelling and solubility properties, thermal analysis and pasting profile. The autoclaved samples had higher RS content than their parental counterparts, but the chemical modification (lintnerization process) allowed development of higher RS proportions (19%, dry matter basis, dmb). The autoclaved samples (RS‐enriched products) showed similar swelling values (α = 0.05) at the temperatures assessed. These RS‐rich products exhibited a lower solubility in water than the corresponding raw materials. The peak temperatures of the thermal transition were 155.5 and 145.8°C for native autoclaved and lintnerized autoclaved starch, respectively. These values indicate that RS products have a marked thermal stability. The pasting behavior of the RS products was less pronounced than that of the raw counterparts. Hence, their potential use as processed food ingredients should not impact final product viscosity. These RS‐enriched products appear suitable for the formulation of functional foods.
Rate of Hydroxypropylation of Starches as a Function of Reaction Time
Authors: Han Jung‐Ah , BeMiller James N.
Published: September 2005

To determine the course of the hydroxypropylation reaction as a function of reaction time, waxy corn, normal corn, potato, and wheat starches were reacted with propylene oxide under normal reaction conditions. Amounts of leached material and MS values of both leached and granular molecules were determined over the course of reaction. For waxy and normal corn starches, the extent of reaction increased linearly from 0 to 12 h, after which the reaction proceeded at an ever decreasing rate, reaching zero at about 30 h of reaction. The initial rate of reaction was determined by reacting waxy corn starch with a greater amount of propylene oxide (10×normal concentration) so that there would be no slowing of the reaction due to loss of reagent. Results confirmed that the initial reaction rate was linear. The hypothesis that, as derivatization proceeds, granules are opened up, resulting in ever increasing rates of reaction was not substantiated. Amounts and MS values of leached molecules from waxy and normal corn starches increased continuously over the course of the reaction. For potato and wheat starches, MS values of the granular starch also increased continuously over the entire reaction period. Amounts of leached molecules from potato starch were greater than those from wheat starch, with the amount leached at 30 h from potato starch being slightly more than that from normal and waxy corn starches and that from wheat starch being considerably less.
Effects of Granule Sizes on Physicochemical Properties of Cross‐linked and Acetylated Wheat Starches
Authors: Van Hung Pham , Morita Naofumi
Published: September 2005

Large and small wheat starch granules were used for cross‐linking and acetylation to determine effects of granule sizes on physicochemical properties of the modified starches. The native and cross‐linked starches from the small granules showed higher phosphorus contents than did those from the large granules. However, the level of phosphate substituents in the modified starches was not significantly different between the large and small granules under the same conditions. In contrast, the large granules had a higher reactivity with acetic anhydride than did the small granules. The phosphate group cross‐linked starch (CS), acetylated starch (AS) and acetylated cross‐linked starch (ACS) from the large granules had lower gelatinization temperatures and higher enthalpies than those from the small granules. The paste viscosities of the CSs from the large granules decreased rapidly, whereas those of the AS or ACS increased significantly as compared with those from the small granules. The pastes of cross‐linked starches from the small granules were more stable than those from the large granules, whereas the pastes of AS and ACS from the large and small granules had similar resistance to freeze‐thaw treatment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also showed that the small granules were less damaged after modification than the large ones. Thus, the different granule sizes resulted in different physicochemical properties of starch after modification.
An overview of transplacental chemical carcinogenesis
Authors: Rice Jerry M.
Published: September 2005

Transplacental carcinogenesis is surveyed with emphasis on major problems currently constituting active areas of research. These include identification of transplacental carcinogens and the tissues they preferentially affect in different species; enzyme‐mediated metabolism of carcinogens; formation of reactive metabolites in maternal, placental, and fetal tissues; transplacental passage of carcinogens and their localization in fetal tissues; changing susceptibilities of different tissues during embryonic and fetal development; differences in susceptibility to a given agent between corresponding tissues of fetus and adult; carcinogenic effects in later generations not directly exposed to carcinogens in utero; tissue culture systems for identification of transformed cells used in combination with transplacental exposure to carcinogens; and relevance of animal experiments to cancer in man, including the special case of cancer in childhood and the possible interaction of teratogenic and carcinogenic agents.
Altered mucopolysaccharide metabolism in organ cultures of fetal hamster bones infected by the H‐1 strain of parvovirus
Authors: Heggie Alfred D. , Stjernholm Rune L.
Published: September 2005

Infection with the H‐1 strain of parvovirus results in death and deformities in hamster embryos, retardation of skeletal growth and development in immature hamsters, and delayed repair of osseous wounds in older animals. Several aspects of this interference with bone growth can be reproduced as a laboratory model by infection of organ cultures of fetal hamster tibiae with H‐1 virus. To investigate the pathogenesis of this virus‐induced retardation of skeletal growth, the incorporation and release of 35S by infected and control tibiae was measured in this organ culture model to determine the effect of H‐1 virus infection on the rates of synthesis and loss of mucopolysaccharides by fetal bone. Ash weights and mineral‐free dry weights of infected and control bones were also compared to detect differences in degrees of mineralization and cartilage formation. By these methods, growth retardation was found to be associated with decreased cartilage formation and increased synthesis and loss of mucopolysaccharides or their components. No difference was found between the mineral contents of infected and control bones. It is proposed that H‐1 virus infection interferes with formation of the matrix of cartilage and that intensified 35S incorporation reflects a compensatory but ineffective effort to reverse this inhibition by increasing mucopolysaccharide synthesis. Although no quantitative difference was detected between the mineral contents of infected and control bones, it is suggested that disordered matrix formation may contribute to the delayed or incomplete mineralization of osseous tissues that occurs during later stages of maturation in this animal model of virus‐induced dwarfism.
Early Prediction of Normocalcemia after Thyroid Surgery
Authors: Güllüoğlu Bahadır M. , Manukyan Manuk N. , Cingi Asım , Yeğen Cumhur , Yalın Rıfat , Aktan A. Özdemir
Published: September 2005

Hypocalcemia is the principal factor that determines length of hospital stay after thyroid surgery. Seventy‐nine patients who underwent thyroidectomy were prospectively evaluated in order to define risk factors for postoperative hypocalcemia. Serum samples were taken postoperatively at 8, 14, 24, and 48 hours to measure total calcium levels. The slope of change in serum calcium level between each sample time was calculated. Patients were also examined for age, gender, surgical indications, type and extension of surgery, thyroid function, presence of substernal extension, initial operation versus reoperation, and application of parathyroid autotransplantation. All comparisons were made between hypocalcemic and normocalcemic groups. Hypocalcemia occured in 15 (19%) patients. In univariate analysis, type and extent of thyroidectomy, serum calcium levels at each time point, as well as the slope of change in serum total calcium levels between 8 and 14 hours were found to be significantly predictive of normocalcemia. All patients who underwent hemithyroidectomy and who had a positive or neutral slope of calcium change after surgery remained normocalcemic. By multivariate logistic regression analysis, only the slope of change in calcium levels within the first 14 postoperative hours independently predicted calcium status after thyroidectomy. All patients who undergo unilateral thyroid surgery who have a positive/neutral slope of change in serum total calcium levels within the first 14 hours after surgery can be safely discharged early if they have no other risks.
Treatment of “Hernia” in the Writings of Celsus (First Century AD)
Authors: Papavramidou Niki S. , Christopoulou‐Aletras Helen
Published: September 2005

Descriptions concerning “hernia” can be found from the early historical years, and its treatment was a subject mentioned by numerous physicians of Antiquity, such as Hippocrates and Praxagoras of Kos. Yet, Aulus Cornelius Celsus, a famous doctor and encyclopedist of the first century AD, was among the first to propose surgical treatment and carry it out successfully, according to his accounts. Many physicians attempted to treat several types of “hernia” before him, but more “scientific” information with details and complete descriptions could be found only in Celsus’ work. In his book DeMedicina, Celsus described eight types of “hernia”: bronchocele, umbilical hernia, intestinal and omental hernias, hydrocele, varicocele, sarcocele (hernia carnosa), and inguinal hernia. Among them, some retain their ancient nomenclature up to now, although others have acquired gradually different terminology or are not recognized by physicians today as “hernias” (e.g., bronchocele). For each type of “hernia”, Celsus provided his readers with an extremely detailed, well reasoned description of the execution of surgical procedures accompanied usually with pre‐ and postoperative instructions. His innovations particularly concerned ligature of the vessels. He recommended that an injured vessel be tied in two places with lint threads and then cut between the ties. Other pre‐ and postoperative practices, such as sterilization and bandaging of the incised area, were elements that helped in the advances of medicine, and some of them still exist in modern medicine.
Predicting impacts of global warming on population dynamics and distribution of arthropods in Japan
Authors: Kiritani Keizi
Published: September 2005

The mean surface temperature rose by 1.0°C over the last 40 years in Japan. Changes in the pest status, distribution range, winter mortality, and the synchronization in phenology were examined. The increase in the number of annual generations of each taxon was predicted based on the lower developmental threshold and the thermal constant. Increasing damage due to rice‐ and fruit‐infesting bugs, their simultaneous outbreaks and the poleward geographic spread observed for six species may be triggered by global warming. The winter mortality of adults of Nezara viridula and Halyomorpha halys is predicted to be reduced by 15% by each rise of 1°C. More than 50 species of butterflies showed northward range expansions and ten species of previously migrant butterflies established on Nansei Islands during 1966–1987. Global warming may be responsible for the recent decline in abundance of Plutella xylostella and the increase in Helicoverpa armigera and Trichoplusia ni. In general, global warming may work in favour of natural enemies (except for spiders) by increasing the number of generations more than in their host species. Biological control utilizing native natural enemies is expected to become a more important control tactic in the future. Greenhouse culture may provide a model of a temperate agroecosystem after global warming. The increasing occurrence of alien species of tropical origin in association with the increase in pesticide applications might be expected. Interception of alien pests by plant quarantine followed by integrated pest management is needed.
Seasonal variation in leaf properties and ecosystem carbon budget in a cool‐temperate deciduous broad‐leaved forest: simulation analysis at Takayama site, Japan
Authors: Ito Akihiko , Muraoka Hiroyuki , Koizumi Hiroshi , Saigusa Nobuko , Murayama Shohei , Yamamoto Susumu
Published: September 2005

Seasonal changes in gross primary production (GPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) in temperate deciduous forests are mostly driven by environmental conditions and the phenology of leaf demography. This study addresses another factor, temporal changes in leaf properties, i.e., leaf aging from emergence to senescence. A process‐based model was used to link the ecosystem‐scale carbon budget with leaf‐level properties on the basis of field observation and scaling procedures; temporal variations in leaf thickness (leaf mass per area, LMA), photosynthetic rubisco (Vcmax) and electron‐transport (Jmax) capacity, and dark respiration (Rd) were empirically parameterized. The model was applied to a cool‐temperate deciduous broad‐leaved forest at Takayama, in central Japan, and validated with data of net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE=−NEP) measured using the eddy‐covariance method. NEP of the Takayama site varied seasonally from 3 g C m−2 day−1 net source in late winter to 5 g C m−2 day−1 net sink in early to mid‐summer. A sensitivity experiment showed that removing the leaf‐aging effect changed the seasonal CO2 exchange pattern, and led to overestimation of annual GPP by 6% and annual NEP by 38%. We found that seasonal variation in Vcmax affected the seasonal pattern and annual budget of CO2 exchange most strongly; LMA and Rd had moderate influences. The rapid change in Vcmax and Rd during leaf emergence and senescence was important in evaluating GPP and NEP of the temperate deciduous forest.
Forest vegetation as related to climate and soil conditions at varying altitudes on a humid subtropical mountain, Mount Emei, Sichuan, China
Authors: Tang Cindy Q.
Published: September 2005

Altitudinal variations in temperature and soils were analysed on a humid subtropical mountain, Mt Emei (3,099 m a.s.l., 29°34.5′N, 103°21.5′E), in Sichuan, China, to see how the vegetation varies with the environmental factors. As a principal finding, the coldest mean monthly temperature −1°C, rather than the warmth index of 85°C·months, emerged as the primary factor that delimited the evergreen broadleaved forest. With regard to soils, properties such as organic C, total N, available P, exchangeable K tended to increase with altitude. The highest values in organic C (26.6%), total N (1.34%) and available P (45.39 ppm) were recorded in surface soils of the mixed forest (2,210 m a.s.l.) including all three tree life forms, i.e. evergreen/deciduous broadleaved and coniferous trees. The high pH and contents of exchangeable Ca and Mg in the surface soils derived from the parent material, limestone and dolomite, between 900 and 1,200 m, where several Tertiary tree species existed. The C/N ratios of surface soils in the coniferous forests (2,500–3,099 m) were higher than those of the evergreen broadleaved forests (600–1,500 m) and the mixed forests (1,500–2,500 m).
Expression of Familial Middle–Ring–Little Finger Syndactyly as Either Simple Syndactyly or Synpolydactyly
Authors: AL-QATTAN M. M.
Published: September 2005

A family with middle–ring–little finger syndactyly is reported to demonstrate that the responsible autosomal gene may be expressed as either simple syndactyly or synpolydactyly.
pre-eighteenth-century traditions of revivalism: damascus in the thirteenth century
Authors: hirschler konrad
Published: September 2005

this article examines whether it is possible to trace eighteenth- and nineteenth-century revivalist thought to earlier ‘medieval’ examples. the discussion is centred on the issue of ijtiha¯d/taqli¯d, which featured prominently in revivalist thought. taking the example of scholars in thirteenth-century damascus, it firstly compares the respective readings of ijtiha¯d/taqli¯d, by focusing on one individual, abu¯ sha¯ma (d. 1267). it secondly asks whether a scholar like abu¯ sha¯ma, who had adopted a reading similar to later revivalists, also took a critical and oppositional stand against large sections of his contemporary society, i.e. a revivalist posture. it is this article's main contention that the example of abu¯ sha¯ma shows the need to study in more detail possible revivalist traditions prior to the ‘grand’ movements. the combination of the history of ideas and social history might allow a deeper understanding of how and in what contexts calls for reform and opposition to the current state of affairs were expressed.
Consonant–vowel co-occurrence patterns in Mandarin-learning infants
Authors: CHEN LI-MEI , KENT RAYMOND D.
Published: September 2005

Most studies on CV co-occurrence patterns in early phonetic development have been based on Indo-European languages. Data from infants learning Mandarin, which has a substantially different phonological system from Indo-European languages, can confirm or refute the findings of previous studies, thus shedding further light on the theoretical bases of CV association. Spontaneous vocalizations were recorded in 45-minute sessions for each of 24 Mandarin-learning infants aged 0;7 to 1;6. In addition, the speech production of 24 caregivers was audio-recorded during their natural daily interactions with the infants at home. Both infants' vocalizations and adults' speech were transcribed and analysed for consonant–vowel co-occurrence patterns. These patterns were similar to those in other language groups, but language-specific patterns were evident by 1;0. Combinations of alveolars+front vowels and velars+back vowels confirm Davis & MacNeilage's (1990, 1995) frame-then-content theory and Clements's (1991) model of unified features for consonants and vowels. However, our finding of a language-specific pattern (labials+back vowels) suggests the need to reexamine the ‘pure frame’ of Davis & MacNeilage and Clements's grouping of labials and rounded vowels.
The precocious two-year-old: status of the lexicon and links to the grammar
Authors: McGREGOR KARLA K. , SHENG LI , SMITH BRUCE
Published: September 2005

This is a study of the lexical and grammatical abilities of 16 lexically precocious talkers. These children, aged 2;0 were compared to their age-matched peers, 22 typical talkers aged 2;0, and their expressive vocabulary-matched peers, 22 typical talkers aged 2;6. Individual differences in children's lexical knowledge at 2;0 were stable – evident in parent report, laboratory observation, and an experimental fast-mapping paradigm. In accordance with the continuity hypothesis, the lexically precocious children were also grammatically precocious, having a greater representation of grammatical types and tokens and more advanced combinatorial language than their typical age-matches. Their grammatical development was very similar to that of their older vocabulary-matched peers. Limits on continuity were highly constrained with no true dissociation between the lexicon and the grammar in 33 cases examined. We conclude that, among two-year-olds, grammatical development is more tightly associated with the size of the lexicon than with chronological age.
Parent–child picture-book reading, mothers' mental state language and children's theory of mind
Authors: ADRIAN JUAN E. , CLEMENTE ROSA A. , VILLANUEVA LIDON , RIEFFE CAROLIEN
Published: September 2005

This study focuses on parent–child book reading and its connection to the development of a theory of mind. First, parents were asked to report about frequency of parent–child storybook reading at home. Second, mothers were asked to read four picture-books to thirty-four children between 4;0 and 5;0. Both frequency of parent–child storybook reading at home, and mother's use of mental state terms in picture-books reading tasks were significantly associated with success on false belief tasks, after partialling out a number of potential mediators such as age of children, verbal IQ, paternal education, and words used by mothers in joint picture-book reading. Among the different mental state references (cognitive terms, desires, emotions and perceptions), it was found that the frequency and variety of cognitive terms, but also the frequency of emotional terms correlated positively with children's false belief performance. Relationships between mental state language and theory of mind are discussed.
Negative input for grammatical errors: effects after a lag of 12 weeks
Authors: SAXTON MATTHEW , BACKLEY PHILLIP , GALLAWAY CLARE
Published: September 2005

Effects of negative input for 13 categories of grammatical error were assessed in a longitudinal study of naturalistic adult–child discourse. Two-hour samples of conversational interaction were obtained at two points in time, separated by a lag of 12 weeks, for 12 children (mean age 2;0 at the start). The data were interpreted within the framework offered by Saxton's (1997, 2000) contrast theory of negative input. Corrective input was associated with subsequent improvements in the grammaticality of child speech for three of the target structures. No effects were found for two forms of positive input: non-contingent models, where the adult produces target structures in non-error-contingent contexts; and contingent models, where grammatical forms follow grammatical child usages. The findings lend support to the view that, in some cases at least, the structure of adult–child discourse yields information on the bounds of grammaticality for the language-learning child.
Do parents lead their children by the hand?
Authors: ÖZÇALIŞKAN ŞEYDA , GOLDIN-MEADOW SUSAN
Published: September 2005

The types of gesture+speech combinations children produce during the early stages of language development change over time. This change, in turn, predicts the onset of two-word speech and thus might reflect a cognitive transition that the child is undergoing. An alternative, however, is that the change merely reflects changes in the types of gesture+speech combinations that their caregivers produce. To explore this possibility, we videotaped 40 American child–caregiver dyads in their homes for 90 minutes when the children were 1;2, 1;6, and 1;10. Each gesture was classified according to type (deictic, conventional, representational) and the relation it held to speech (reinforcing, disambiguating, supplementary). Children and their caregivers produced the same types of gestures and in approximately the same distribution. However, the children differed from their caregivers in the way they used gesture in relation to speech. Over time, children produced many more REINFORCING (bike+point at bike), DISAMBIGUATING (that one+point at bike), and SUPPLEMENTARY combinations (ride+point at bike). In contrast, the frequency and distribution of caregivers' gesture+speech combinations remained constant over time. Thus, the changing relation between gesture and speech observed in the children cannot be traced back to the gestural input the children receive. Rather, it appears to reflect changes in the children's own skills, illustrating once again gesture's ability to shed light on developing cognitive and linguistic processes.
Staging Reconciliation: Popular Theatre and Political Utopia in France in 1937
Authors: IRON JESSICA
Published: September 2005

This article focuses on two mass spectacles performed in Paris stadiums in 1937, one Catholic and the other Communist, both of which sought to picture the ideal city with the working people at centre stage. By studying these productions in the light of recent research on fascist theatre and politics, and with reference to the debate on ‘modernity’ in interwar France, the article explores the French use of theatre in responding to the aesthetic, political and social challenge of representing the masses. The parallels between these two little-known productions can also be used to illuminate a wider rivalry to orchestrate the masses and to portray them as a united national community.
Narrating the Second World War in Denmark since 1945
Authors: SØRENSEN NILS ARNE
Published: September 2005

After the liberation in 1945, two conflicting narratives of the war experience were formulated. A consensus narrative presented the Danish nation as being united in resistance while a competing narrative, which also stressed the resistance of most Danes, depicted the collaborating Danish establishment as an enemy alongside the Germans. This latter narrative, formulated by members of the resistance movement, was marginalised after the war and the consensus narrative became dominant. The resistance narrative survived, however, and, from the 1960s, it was successfully retold by the left, both to criticise the Danish alliance with the ‘imperialist’ United States, and as an argument against Danish membership of the EC. From the 1980s, the right also used the framework of the resistance narrative in its criticism of Danish asylum legislation. Finally, liberal Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen started using it as his basic narrative of the war years (partly in order to legitimise his government's decision to join the war against Iraq in 2003). The war years have thus played a central role in Danish political culture since 1945, and in this process the role of historians has been utterly marginal.
Is Economic History too Complex to be Left to Historians? Comments on Some Recent Works by Economists and Political Scientists
Authors: VERLEY PATRICK
Published: September 2005

Economic history, in France at least, sometimes suffers from rather shallow thinking, the result of a lack of communication with other human sciences whose concepts and fields of investigation it appropriates without reciprocation. There are, of course, exceptions to this rule as is seen in a number of studies based on the analysis of institutions and organisations, on discourse or representation analysis, or in some divergent field of economics inspired by conventional theory or the Regulation School, which is influential in France and Belgium but little known elsewhere.
The Solidarity of Distance1
Authors: Wicklund Robert A.
Published: September 2005

Abstract: Solidarity in the classic sense pertains to a cohesion among humans that entails physical contact, shared emotions, and common goals or projects. Characteristic cases are to be found among families, close friends, or co-workers. The present paper, in contrast, treats a phenomenon of the solidarity of distance, a solidarity based in fear of certain others and in incompetence to interact with them. The starting point for this analysis is the person who is motivated to interact with others who are unfamiliar or fear-provoking. Given that the fear and momentary social incompetence do not allow a full interaction to ensue, the individual will move toward solidarity with those others on a symbolic level. In this manner the motivation to approach the others is acted upon while physical and emotional distance is retained.
Terror Management Theorie und deutsche Symbole
Authors: Jonas Eva , Fritsche Immo
Published: September 2005

Zusammenfassung: Die Forschung zur Terror Management Theorie hat gezeigt, dass die experimentelle Induktion der kognitiven Verfügbarkeit eigener Sterblichkeit (“Mortalitätssalienz”) bei Menschen das Bestreben erhöht, das eigene kulturelle Weltbild zu verteidigen. Vor allem in US-amerikanischen Studien hat sich dies in einer erhöhten Verteidigung nationaler Symbole niedergeschlagen. Wir berichten über eine Studie, in der wir den Einfluss von Mortalitätssalienz auf Reaktionen auf die Verteidigung der Geschehnisse um die deutsche Wiedervereinigung und die Einstellung zur DM in Ost- und Westdeutschland untersucht haben. Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Personen aus Ostdeutschland nach Mortalitätssalienz verglichen mit einer Kontrollbedingung eine verstärkte Tendenz aufwiesen, die deutsche Einheit gegenüber Kritik zu verteidigen. Für Personen aus Westdeutschland war diese Reaktion nicht zu beobachten. Weiterhin zeigte sich, dass jüngere Personen aus Ostdeutschland die DM nach Mortalitätssalienz abwerteten, während bei älteren Personen eine tendenzielle Aufwertung zu beobachten war. Diese Befunde verdeutlichen, dass Reaktionen auf nationale Ereignisse und Symbole unter Mortalitätssalienz in Abhängigkeit unterschiedlicher Bevölkerungs- und Altersgruppen differenziert betrachtet werden müssen.
Suicide in Developing Countries (2)
Authors: Vijayakumar Lakshmi , John Sujit , Pirkis Jane , Whiteford Harvey
Published: September 2005

Abstract. The majority of studies on risk factors for suicide have been conducted in developed countries, and less work has been done to systematically profile risk factors in developing countries. The current paper presents a selective review of sociodemographic, clinical, and environmental/situational risk factors in developing countries. Taken together, the evidence suggests that the profiles of risk factors in developing countries demonstrate some differences from those in developed countries. In some developing countries, at least, being female, living in a rural area, and holding religious beliefs that sanction suicide may be of more relevance to suicide risk than these factors are in developed countries. Conversely, being single or having a history of mental illness may be of less relevance. Risk factors that appear to be universal include youth or old age, low socioeconomic standing, substance use, and previous suicide attempts. Recent stressful life events play a role in both developing and developed countries, although their nature may differ (e.g., social change may have more of an influence in the former). Likewise, access to means heightens risk in both, but the specific means may vary (e.g., access to pesticides is of more relevance in developing countries). These findings have clear implications for suicide prevention, suggesting that preventive efforts that have shown promise in developed countries may need to be tailored differently to address the risk factor profile of developing countries.
Suicidal Ideation in Pakistani College Students
Authors: Khokher Sehar , Khan Murad M.
Published: September 2005

Abstract. Suicidal behavior includes ideation, attempts and completed suicides. Information on suicidal behavior from Pakistan, a conservative South Asian Islamic country, is lacking. To address the issue, a pilot study was carried out to assess the prevalence of suicidal ideation in Pakistani college students. Suicidal ideation was assessed on the basis of responses to four questions contained in the depression subscale of the General Health Questionnaire-28. Of the total 217 completed questionnaires, the overall rate of suicidal ideation was 31.4%. While there was no significant difference between genders, more females (33%) than males (29.2%) responded positively. Respondents belonging to single parent families and those living at home, compared to those using hostel facilities, reported higher rates. The reported rate in our sample is higher than similar studies conducted elsewhere. There is the need for more information in this important area of suicidal behavior, including studying such feelings in school going children as well as in a larger community sample. The findings of such studies can contribute to our understanding of the suicidal process in the Pakistani population and to address it at various levels.
Large‐scale variations of the low‐latitude ionosphere during the October–November 2003 superstorm: Observational results
Authors: Lin C. H. , Richmond A. D. , Liu J. Y. , Yeh H. C. , Paxton L. J. , Lu G. , Tsai H. F. , Su S.‐Y.
Published: September 2005

The GPS‐derived total electron content (TEC), ion drift measurements from the ROCSAT‐1 spacecraft at around 600 km altitude, and far‐ultraviolet airglow measured by the Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) carried on board the NASA TIMED satellite are utilized for studying large disturbances of the low‐latitude ionosphere during the October–November 2003 superstorm period. Two chains of GPS receivers, one in the American sector (∼70°W) and the other in the Asian/Australian sector (∼120°E), are used to simultaneously observe the daytime equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) during the entire storm period. It is found from the GPS‐TEC measurements that the EIA expanded to very high latitudes with large increases of TEC right after the storm started. The large expansion of the EIA was associated with strong upward E × B drifts measured from the Ionospheric Plasma and Electrodynamics Instrument (IPEI) on board the ROCSAT‐1, providing evidence of a penetration electric field and a strong plasma fountain effect. Suppression of the EIA was observed during the storm recovery, associated with downward E × B drifts that were observed by the ROCSAT‐1. Significant negative storm effects in the southern hemisphere were also observed in the GPS‐TEC during the first day of the recovery phase. The areas of negative storm effects are in good agreement with reductions in the [O]/[N2] density ratio inferred from the ratio of OI (135.6 nm) to LBH emissions measured from GUVI. An enhancement of the EIA was observed on the day, 1 November, that the storm was about to fully recover.