bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of molecular photomechanical performance using a one-dimensional harmonic model
Authors: Berges Adam J. , Bardeen Christopher J.
Published: July 2022

The photochemical reaction of a molecule leads to a change in the position of its nuclei that can be harnessed to perform mechanical work. Photomechanical materials use this effect to act as light-powered actuators. In this paper, a one-dimensional model based on coupled harmonic potential energy surfaces is developed to describe the photomechanical response of a molecule. This model generates predictions that are qualitatively consistent with standard mechanochemistry models for ground state rate reactions. To analyze the photomechanical process, excited state dynamics like photon absorption and relaxation are included. The model allows us to derive analytical expressions for the work output, blocking force, and absorbed photon-to-work efficiency. The effects of nonadiabatic electronic coupling, unequal frequency potentials, and the cycling efficiency are also analyzed. If the starting state is the stable (lower energy) isomer, it is possible to attain photon-to-work efficiencies up to 55.4%. If initial state is higher in energy, for example a metastable isomer, then one-way efficiencies > 100% are possible due to the release of stored potential energy. Photomechanical materials can be competitive with photovoltaic–piezoelectric combinations in terms of efficiency, but current materials will require substantial improvement before they can approach the theoretical limits.

Graphical abstract
The Motivating Text: Assigning Hannah Arendt's Eichmann in
Jerusalem
Authors: Turner Charles C.
Published: July 2022

“One is tempted to recommend the story as required reading in political science” (Arendt
1994, 171).
Pura Vida: Using Study Abroad to Engage Undergraduate Students in Comparative
Politics Research
Authors: Bowman Kirk S. , Jennings Ashley
Published: July 2022

Political science undergraduate students often have a difficult time understanding the
processes and methods of social science research. The foci of courses in comparative
politics such as Latin American Politics or European Politics are typically descriptive
information, concepts and theories, and an overview of the principal debates and research
findings. This stands in sharp contrast to undergraduate pedagogy in the natural sciences,
where laboratory sections supplement classroom activities. For example, biology students
learn the basics of the discipline in the classroom, and simultaneously use the tools and
methods of scientists in the lab to replicate elementary experiments. This multi-method
approach not only reinforces the students' understanding of biological concepts, but also
gives them an appreciation for how their professors spend their time and the challenges,
pleasures, and limitations of academic research.
Juger et faire juger les auteurs de violations graves du droit international humanitaire
Authors: Laucci Cyril
Published: July 2022

The establishment of the International Criminal Tribunals for the former Yugoslavia and for Rwanda, and the recent adoption of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, are important steps towards ensuring that justice prevails. However, existing and future international criminal courts alone will never be able to try all cases of serious violations of international humanitarian law. Domestic courts have to step in and they must keep their role as the main agents for rendering justice. The rule according to which the ICC's jurisdiction is a complementary one is wise and also indispensable for guaranteeing the new court's success. The international courts should actively seek to establish cooperation agreements with national jurisdictions and facilitate the transfer of cases, in particular those of minor importance. In the authors'view the future of criminal justice lies in an invigorated domestic justice system
Vashan Wright: A Champion for DEI in the Geosciences
Authors: Fl�rez Santiago
Published: July 2022

While studying tectonic plates and sand, Wright works on a program to make the geosciences more equitable.
Jacqueline Campbell: Studying Oceans from Above
Authors: Japelj Jure
Published: July 2022

Planetary scientist studies oceans with a combination of laboratory work and satellite imagery.
Analytical solution for the motion of a pendulum with rolling wheel: stability analysis
Authors: Moatimid Galal M. , Amer T. S.
Published: July 2022

The current work focuses on the motion of a simple pendulum connected to a wheel and a lightweight spring. The fundamental equation of motion is transformed into a complicated nonlinear ordinary differential equation under restricted surroundings. To achieve the approximate regular solution, the combination of the Homotopy perturbation method (HPM) and Laplace transforms is adopted in combination with the nonlinear expanded frequency. In order to verify the achievable solution, the technique of Runge–Kutta of fourth-order (RK4) is employed. The existence of the obtained solutions over the time, as well as their related phase plane plots, are graphed to display the influence of the parameters on the motion behavior. Additionally, the linearized stability analysis is validated to understand the stability in the neighborhood of the fixed points. The phase portraits near the equilibrium points are sketched.
Interleukin-8 and depressive responses to an inflammatory challenge: secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kruse Jennifer L. , Boyle Chloe C. , Olmstead Richard , Breen Elizabeth C. , Tye Susannah J. , Eisenberger Naomi I. , Irwin Michael R.
Published: July 2022

Emerging evidence suggests that interleukin (IL)-8 has a protective role in the context of depression. Higher levels of IL-8 are associated with lower depressive symptom severity among depressed patients, and treatment-related increases in IL-8 correlate with a positive response in depressed patients. This study (a secondary analysis of a completed randomized controlled trial) aimed to examine whether higher levels of IL-8 mitigate increases in depressed mood in response to an experimental model of inflammation induced depression. Given epidemiologic relationships identified between IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)- α, and subsequent depression, levels of these pro-inflammatory cytokines were also explored as potential moderators of depressed mood response to endotoxin. Secondary analyses were completed on data from healthy adults (n = 114) who completed a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial in which participants were randomly assigned to receive either a single infusion of low-dose endotoxin (derived from Escherichia coli; 0.8 ng/kg of body weight) or placebo (same volume of 0.9% saline). IL-8, as well as IL-6 and TNF- α, were measured at baseline prior to infusion, and depressed mood and feelings of social disconnection were assessed approximately hourly. Baseline levels of IL-8, but not IL-6 or TNF-α, moderated depressed mood (β = − 0.274,p = .03) and feelings of social disconnection (β = − 0.307,p = .01) responses, such that higher baseline IL-8 was associated with less increase in depressed mood and feelings of social disconnection in the endotoxin, but not placebo, condition. IL-8 had threshold effects, in which highest quartile IL-8 (≥ 2.7 pg/mL) attenuated increases in depressed mood in response to endotoxin as compared to lower IL-8 quartiles (p = .02). These findings suggest that IL-8 may be a biological factor that mitigates risk of inflammation-associated depression.

Clinical trials registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01671150, registration date 23/08/2012.
Quantitative texture analysis based on dynamic contrast enhanced MRI for differential diagnosis between primary thymic lymphoma from thymic carcinoma
Authors: Zhu Jia-jia , Shen Jie , Zhang Wei , Wang Fen , Yuan Mei , Xu Hai , Yu Tong-fu
Published: July 2022

To evaluate the value of texture analysis based on dynamic contrast enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) in the differential diagnosis of thymic carcinoma and thymic lymphoma. Sixty-nine patients with pathologically confirmed (thymic carcinoma, n = 32; thymic lymphoma, n = 37) were enrolled in this retrospective study. Ktrans, Kep and Ve maps were automatically generated, and texture features were extracted, including mean, median, 5th/95th percentile, skewness, kurtosis, diff-variance, diff-entropy, contrast and entropy. The differences in parameters between the two groups were compared and the diagnostic efficacy was calculated. The Ktrans-related significant features yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.769 (sensitivity 90.6%, specificity 51.4%) for the differentiation between thymic carcinoma and thymic lymphoma. The Kep-related significant features yielded an AUC of 0.780 (sensitivity 87.5%, specificity 62.2%). The Ve-related significant features yielded an AUC of 0.807 (sensitivity 75.0%, specificity 78.4%). The combination of DCE-MRI textural features yielded an AUC of 0.962 (sensitivity 93.8%, specificity 89.2%). Five parameters were screened out, including age, Ktrans-entropy, Kep-entropy, Ve-entropy, and Ve-P95. The combination of these five parameters yielded the best discrimination efficiency (AUC of 0.943, 93.7% sensitivity, 81.1% specificity). Texture analysis of DCE-MRI may be helpful to distinguish thymic carcinoma from thymic lymphoma.
Using the articularis genu to test peri-articular muscle health during knee osteoarthritis
Authors: Cruz Ayala José A. , Crawford Mallory , Gatterer Mary C. , Tovar Maria , Rivera Jessica C. , Dasa Vinod , Marrero Luis
Published: July 2022

Knee osteoarthritis (OA) involves peri-articular sarcopenia. The infrapatellar articularis genu (AG) links to the quadriceps femoris (QF) and can be sampled from discarded tissue during arthroplasty. We predict disuse-mediated changes in AG myofiber type ratio and atrophy similar to reports on the QF during OA. OA AGs (n = 40) were preserved and grouped by poor (≤ 85°; n = 11), fair (90°–110°; n = 19), and good (≥ 115°; n = 10) range of motion (ROM). Immunolabeling of slow and fast myosin heavy chains in AG sections allowed comparing distribution and cross-sectional area (CSA) of type-I (T1) and type-II (T2) myofibers between groups and associating to ROM. T1/T2 ratios in fair and poor ROM groups was consistent with those published in OA QF. Increasing mean ± SD T2 percentages from good (43.31 ± 11.76), to fair (50.96 ± 5.85), and poor (60.02 ± 8.29) ROM groups was significant between poor versus fair (p = 0.018) and good (p < 0.0001) in association with ROM deficits (r = − 0.729; p < 0.0001). T1 and T2 CSA decreased with worsening ROM, which associates with lower symptom scores (r = 0.3198; p = 0.0472). In-depth evaluation of the OA AG as a surrogate for the OA QF relative to serum and/or synovial fluid biomarkers of sarcopenia could refine diagnostics of peri-articular muscle health to guide individualized strength rehabilitation after surgery.
Effects of elevated serum urate on cardiometabolic and kidney function markers in a randomised clinical trial of inosine supplementation
Authors: Dalbeth Nicola , Mihov Borislav , Stewart Angela , Gamble Gregory D. , Merriman Tony R. , Mount David , Reid Ian R. , Stamp Lisa K. , Horne Anne
Published: July 2022

In observational studies, serum urate positively associates with cardiometabolic and kidney diseases. We analyzed data from a randomised placebo-controlled trial to determine whether moderate hyperuricemia induced by inosine affects cardiometabolic and kidney function markers. One hundred and twenty post-menopausal women were recruited into a 6-month randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of inosine for bone health. Change from baseline in the following pre-specified endpoints was analyzed: body mass index; blood pressure; lipid profile; C-reactive protein; fasting glucose; insulin; HbA1c; serum creatinine; and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Despite increases in serum urate levels (+ 0.17 mmol/L at week 6, P < 0.0001), no significant between-group differences were observed in cardiometabolic markers, with the exception of lower fasting glucose concentrations with inosine at week 19. In the inosine group, change in serum urate correlated with change in serum creatinine (r = 0.41, P = 0.0012). However, there was no between-group difference in serum creatinine values. Over the entire study period, there was no significant difference in eGFR (ANCOVA P = 0.13). Reduction in eGFR was greater in the inosine group at Week 13 (mean difference − 4.6 mL/min/1.73 m2, false detection rate P = 0.025), with no between-group difference in eGFR at other time points. These data indicate that increased serum urate does not negatively influence body mass index, blood pressure, lipid profile, or glycaemic control. Serum urate changes associated with inosine intake correlate with changes in serum creatinine, but this does not lead to clinically important reduction in kidney function over 6 months.

Clinical trial registration number: Australia and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12617000940370), registered 30/06/2017.
Practical conversion-type titanium telluride anodes for high-capacity long-lifespan rechargeable aqueous zinc batteries
Authors: Du Yiqun , Zhang Boya , Kang Rongkai , Zhou Wei , Qin Jingyu , Wan Jiaqi , Zhang Jianxin , Chen Guowen
Published: July 2022

Aqueous Zn batteries with a practical TiTe2 anode deliver remarkable capacity and outstanding long-term stability.
Activity and selectivity of N2 fixation on B doped g-C9N10: a density functional theory study
Authors: Wang Yuelin , Pham Thanh Ngoc , Yan Likai , Morikawa Yoshitada
Published: July 2022

BN1 doped g-C9N10 exhibits superior N2RR activity and selectivity due to the lower UL of the N2RR and weaker H adsorption.
Steady‐state hybrid extended Kalman filter based sensorless voltage controller for a phase‐shifted full‐bridge converter
Authors: Candan Muhammed Yusuf , Ankarali Mustafa Mert
Published: July 2022

This study proposes a steady‐state hybrid extended Kalman filter‐based control method for sensorless output voltage regulation of a phase‐shifted full‐bridge DC/DC converter. Unlike the conventional applications, there are some specific cases where the voltage feedback needs to be received indirectly. For example, in wireless power transmission applications, obtaining a “continuous” and real‐time feedback without relying only on wireless communication could significantly advance the systems' performance and robustness. Specifically, in this paper, a method that can estimate the output voltage feedback as well as load resistance in real‐time for sensorless voltage control is proposed. The approach in this study relies on estimating the output voltage using processed primary current measurement. Although the exemplary converter system is modelled in discontinuous conduction mode (DCM), the method can also estimate the load resistance and provide a stable operation in continuous conduction mode (CCM). However, for very low load resistances which cause limit states such as current control limit or duty cycle limit, method cannot estimate the load resistance properly. Throughout the paper, the modelling framework is first introduced and then the design of the proposed sensorless voltage control scheme is presented. Finally, the algorithm's performance is verified through experimental studies.
Master‐slave design for frequency regulation in hybrid power system under complex environment
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad , Gulzar Muhammad Majid
Published: July 2022

The advancement in technology has proceeded exceptionally that the stability of the power system becomes a major challenge. The mismatch of generation and demand creates frequency perturbation that need to be curbed under the limits to avoid power breakdown. Owing to this, the paper focuses to counter the ever‐increasing challenges to the power system much like load and fault disruption that causes frequency deterioration and breakdown. A novel master‐slave (MS) control design is formulated for a hybrid interconnected power system in which fractional‐order‐proportional‐integral‐derivative (FOPID) controller act as a master and model predictive controller (MPC) act as a slave controller. The gain parameters of the master controller are tuned by salp swarm algorithm (SSA) which act as a secondary loop controller, while slave act as a primary loop controller. The MS formation has resultantly removed the steady‐state error associated with MPC and help to mitigate the LFC problem. Furthermore, the superiority of the controller is tested under load and fault disruption in a multi‐area power system. The designed controller is tested under four states (1) abrupt load variation, (2) sinusoidal load deviation, (3) sensitivity analysis and (4) IEEE 39‐bus test system analysis. The disclosed simulation results depicts that the proposed control scheme has a dynamic performance as compared to other controllers.
A layered multi‐objective parallel equalizer for lithium‐ion battery system
Authors: Liu Hongrui , Li Hairui , Gu Donghua , Qian Jing
Published: July 2022

Aiming at the problems of slow equalization speed and low equalization efficiency in a large battery system, a layered multi‐objective parallel equalizer is proposed in this paper. In addition to the single battery, the equalizer introduces the battery cell as a new equalization object, and two‐layer equalization is proposed, the first layer equalization and the second layer equalization. The first‐layer equalization takes the single battery as the equalization object, and the second equalization takes the battery cell as the equalization object. By dividing objects into different layers, the equalization efficiency is improved effectively. The equalizer breaks the traditional serial equalization mode and proposes the multi‐objective parallel equalization, which makes the equalization speed double. The working principle of the equalizer is analyzed in detail, and an experimental platform including 18 lithium‐ion batteries is built; the experimental results prove the feasibility and effectiveness of the equalizer.
PPR 2.0: eine schwere Geburt
Authors: Bechtel Peter
Published: July 2022

Am 22.06.22 hat Bundesgesundheitsminister Lauterbach im Rahmen der Gesundheitsministerkonferenz endlich die „Katze aus dem Sack gelassen“ und verkündet, die PPR 2.0 kommt. Damit hat sich der Minister zu einer Entscheidung durchgerungen, bei der wichtige Fragen zur konkreten Umsetzung weiter offen bleiben.
Von der Vision zur Wirklichkeit
Authors: Probst Karin
Published: July 2022

Gelassenheit, Gesundheit und Gemeinschaft – nach den Erfahrungen der letzten Jahre tut es sicher not, diese „3 Gs“ wieder zu stärken. In diesem Artikel erhalten Sie einen Überblick darüber, wie agiles Führen die Reise in eine gute und gelebte Leitbildkultur begleitet und somit raus aus der Erschöpfungsspirale führen kann.
Ich pflege wieder, wenn …
Authors: Heeser Alexandra
Published: July 2022

Der Personalmangel in der Profession Pflege ist durch die Pandemie nicht weniger geworden. Bislang sind es meist Mütter, die nach einer mehr oder weniger langen Pause wieder in den Beruf einsteigen. Das Potenzial der Wiedereinsteiger ist jedoch riesig und geht weit über Wiederkehrer aus der Elternzeit hinaus – das hat eine Studie der Bremer Arbeitnehmerkammer aufgezeigt.
Einfluss des Pflegemanagements
Authors: Roßius Sabrina
Published: July 2022

Spätestens seit der Pandemie ist klar, wie systemrelevant Pflegende in der Gesellschaft sind. Doch welche Maßnahmen unterscheiden zwischen politischen Lippenbekenntnissen und tatsächlicher Unterstützung? Und vor allem: Was ist Aufgabe der Berufsgruppe selbst?
Translation of a Phosphine- and Azide-Based Reaction to Chemical Modification of Biomolecules in Ionic Liquid
Authors: Ohata Jun , Uzoewulu Chiamaka P.
Published: July 2022

The difference of reaction design principles between traditional, small-molecule synthetic chemistry and biomolecular chemical reactions prevented the simple translation of small-molecule chemistry into biomolecular reactions. One of the key challenges of bioconjugation, or reactions on biomolecules, are the necessity of aqueous solutions as the solvent. In this Synpacts article, we describe our pursuit of using an ionic liquid as a nonaqueous reaction medium to conduct phosphine- and azide-based bioconjugation reactions.
A Holistic Approach to Addressing Post-Fitting Needs in the Short and Long Term for New Hearing Aid Users
Authors: Mamo Sara K. , Henckel Tomma
Published: July 2022

Helping your client adjust to being a hearing aid (HA) user and learn to manage their hearing challenges requires a combination of technical skill and psychosocial counseling in the short- and long-term periods. A key aspect of providing support in this time period is to keep the door open for psycho-social-emotional counseling that is often necessary even when the HA user was motivated to make this change, and even when, objectively, they seem to be fit successfully. Another key aspect is not to assume that once they have checked off all the HA fitting boxes, you are done. Over the long term, the user will experience changes in their own hearing abilities and in their life circumstances that will require on-going support to adapt to new communication needs. Approaching the post-fitting period from a person-/family-centered perspective and using a holistic approach to consider how this treatment fits into the HA user's broader life will result in the most success for that person.
The Effect of Nusinersen Therapy on Laboratory Parameters of Patients with Spinal Muscular Atrophy
Authors: Sarıkaya Uzan Gamze , Paketçi Cem , Günay Çağatay , Edem Pınar , Özsoy Özlem , Hız Kurul Semra , Yiş Uluç
Published: July 2022

Introduction We evaluated the effect of nusinersen on clinical and laboratory parameters and presented its safety and effect on laboratory parameters.

Methods Two groups were formed from among patients with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) followed up between September 2017 and June 2021: group 1, SMA type 1; group 2, SMA type 2 and 3. The laboratory parameters were evaluated in groups 1 and 2 between doses. Motor scale tests were performed on patients before each dose of nusinersen.

Results Twenty seven patients (group 1; n = 13, group 2; n = 14) were included. The mean age (±standard deviation) at the onset of symptoms was 3 ± 1.21 (range, 1.5–6) months in group 1 and 12 ± 4.27 (range, 8–24) months in group 2. No significant laboratory treatment-related abnormalities and adverse effects were observed. The cerebrospinal fluid protein levels and the frequency of conventional LP were higher in group 1. Serum creatinine (Cr) levels were higher in group 1 before the first dose and higher in group 2 before the fifth dose (p < 0.05). With treatment, the Cr levels of group 1 decreased and group 2 remained constant or increased. We observed that the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Infant Test of Neuromuscular Disorders and Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale-Expand scores increased as our patients received treatment (p < 0.05).

Conclusion Our results support the safety and efficacy of nusinersen. However, changes in Cr levels according to the clinical type and treatment suggested that serum Cr could be a candidate marker for treatment follow-up.
Reflex and Spontaneous Movements in Pediatric Patients with Brain Death
Authors: Kim Juhyeon , Kwon Oh-Young , Kim Do-Hyung , Yang Tae-Won , Kim Minhwa , Lee Jeongrim , Cho Wonhyun , Yeom Jung Sook , Kim Young-Soo
Published: July 2022

Background Reflex and spontaneous movements are not uncommon in brain death patients. However, most studies have been conducted in adults, while reports in infants and children are rare. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the frequency and characteristics of these movements in pediatric patients declared as brain death.

Methods Records of pediatric patients who were diagnosed as brain death from 15 hospitals in the Yeongnam region, South Korea, between January 2013 and September 2016 were analyzed. All body movements in patients who met the criteria for brain death as established by the Korea Medical Association were assessed by medical doctors and trained organ transplant coordinators. The frequency and characteristics of these movements were identified. Additionally, the demographic and clinical factors of the brain death patients with and without these movements were compared.

Results A total of 31 patients who met the criteria for brain death were enrolled. Seven patients (22.6%) showed either reflex or spontaneous movements; six of them (85.7%) showed reflex movements only, and one patient (14.3%) showed both types of movements. The most common types of reflex movements were the flexor/extensor plantar response and isolated finger jerk. Four of seven patients (57.1%) showed a single movement pattern, while three (42.9%) showed two different movement patterns.

Conclusion It is essential for physicians who perform pediatric brain death examinations to recognize the frequency and characteristics of reflex and spontaneous movements, and this article may help in the accurate and prompt diagnosis of brain death.
Experimental observation on the end-gas autoignition and detonation affected by chemical reactivity in confined space
Authors: Zhong Lijia , Zhou Lei , Liu Peilin , Zhang Xiaojun , Li Kuangdi , Chen Rui , Wei Haiqiao
Published: July 2022

The deflagration-to-detonation transition remains one of the most interesting and mysterious physical phenomena in the combustion of energetic materials, which contains substantial complicated and nonlinear characteristics. In the present work, the effect of the chemical reactivity of different fuels and diluent gases on the end-gas autoignition and detonation development in a confined space was investigated. Five fuels (hydrogen, methane, iso-octane, n-heptane, and PRF50) and three diluent gases (argon, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide) were used to change the chemical reactivity. The results showed that both the chemical reactivity and shock wave had a significant influence on the end-gas autoignition and detonation development. For mixtures with different diluent gases, it was observed that the transition thresholds (denoted by critical oxygen fraction) increased in the order of argon, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide. Different detonation modes with varying shock compressions were observed under different diluents for n-heptane. Although the flame propagation of different fuels differs at 21% oxygen fraction, end-gas autoignition and detonation development processes can still be observed in all kinds of fuels when the oxygen fraction was elevated to a certain value. The transition thresholds increased in the order of hydrogen, n-heptane, PRF50, iso-octane, and methane. Further analysis revealed that the fuel with a shorter ignition delay usually required a lower flame tip velocity, accomplished with a delayed occurrence of detonation. In addition, the transition threshold was determined by the chemical reactivity and flame speed.
Orientation dynamics of anisotropic and polydisperse colloidal suspensions
Authors: Mohammad Mehdipour Narges , Reddy Naveen , Shor Roman J. , Natale Giovanniantonio
Published: July 2022

Small-angle light scattering (SALS) is employed to determine in situ microstructural changes of polydisperse colloidal suspensions under capillary flow. Titanium dioxide (rod-like) bundles and kaolinite nanoclay (platelet) flake-like stacks of particles are suspended in a Newtonian fluid to explore the effects of shape anisotropy. Subjecting the systems to a startup test in a flow cell in Stokes's regime, the evolution of the anisotropy factor (AF), and the average orientation angle (χ) of particles vs strain is probed at different averaged Péclet (Pe¯) numbers. Dilute and semi-dilute concentration regimes are explored in a capillary flow. Moving in the vorticity direction, we show significant changes in χ due to the gradient in shear rate in the capillary flow, while no cross-sectional flow migration was exhibited. In these polydisperse colloidal suspensions, two characteristic stages are observed: initial particle alignment and subsequent orientational demixing. Probing the velocity–vorticity (xy) plane, an initial particle alignment in the flow direction at high Pe¯ (> 1) occurs, is demonstrated by an elliptical SALS pattern, and then, an increase in AF is observed due to particles' phase mixing. This behavior is then followed by a breakdown in structure and loss of particle alignment due to orientational demixing. The evolution of the average orientation angle of particles in the xy plane can be clearly observed through these two stages by the help of high-resolution SALS contours. These experimental findings provide novel insights into the flow–microstructure relationship of polydisperse colloidal suspensions for the optimization of many industrial processing schemes.
Proposition of extension of models relating rheological quantities and microscopic structure through the use of a double fractal structure
Authors: Bouthier Louis-Vincent , Castellani Romain , Hachem Elie , Valette Rudy
Published: July 2022

Colloidal suspensions and the relation between their rheology and their microstructure are investigated. The literature showed great evidence of the relation between rheological quantities and particle volume fraction, ignoring the influence of the cluster. We propose to extend previous models using a new double fractal structure which allows, first, to recover the well-known models on the case of the percolated system and, second, to capture the influence of the cluster size. This new model emphasizes the necessity of such a structure to account for recent experimental results. Then, the model is compared with data coming from the literature and shows close agreement.
The new effect of oscillations of the total angular momentum vector of viscous fluid
Authors: Bogoyavlenskij Oleg
Published: July 2022

The new effect is discovered in viscous fluid dynamics satisfying the three-dimensional (3D) Navier–Stokes equations without external forces that consists of oscillations of the corresponding total angular momentum vector. Exact viscous flows obeying the no-slip boundary condition are derived that have an arbitrary number of oscillations of the total angular momentum vector on any given interval [q,p] of time t. Stability of the oscillations with respect to small perturbations of exact solutions is proven.
Multiscale analysis of the Reynolds stress, dissipation, and subgrid-scale tensor in turbulent bubbly channel flows: Characterization of anisotropy and modeling implications
Authors: Klein M. , Trummler T. , Radtke J.
Published: July 2022

A direct numerical simulation database of bubbly channel flows at friction Reynolds number 180  and with three different global void fractions has been used to perform a multiscale analysis of the anisotropy of the Reynolds stress tensor, the dissipation tensor, and the subgrid-scale (SGS) tensor in order to characterize the turbulence for a wide range of scales down to the smallest structures occurring in the flow. Based on the hypothesis of Kolmogorov, the non-linear turbulent energy transfer is expected to result in a loss of directional information such that, for a sufficiently high Reynolds number, the small-scale turbulence is expected to be isotropic and universal. The present analysis reveals that the presence of the bubbles increases the anisotropy of the flow which persists down to the smallest scales of motion, even for the dissipation and SGS tensor. This has implications for the complete landscape of turbulence modeling approaches ranging from large eddy simulation, over hybrid approaches to Reynolds averaged Navier–Stokes based modeling.
Benchmarking to drive improvements in extensive beef cattle welfare: a perspective on developing an Australian producer-driven system
Authors: Salvin Hannah E. , Monk Jessica E. , Cafe Linda M. , Lee Caroline
Published: July 2022

There are increasing calls by stakeholders to raise the standards of animal welfare across the livestock sector. The beef industry needs a way to demonstrate improvements in animal welfare over time. The enforcement of minimum standards can be effective in preventing poor welfare, but the ability to recognise, exemplify and reward those at the top end of the welfare continuum is currently lacking. Our perspective article outlines the benefits and challenges of taking a voluntary, producer-driven benchmarking approach to recording and improving animal welfare in Australian pasture-based beef cattle. We discuss considerations when selecting measures for use in this benchmarking approach, including their validity, reliability, feasibility and value. The assessment of the human–animal relationship is discussed as a worked example of balancing these considerations in a way that suits the extensive Australian beef cattle production environment. We propose that careful consideration at the development stage is required to produce a benchmarking system that is robust and fit for purpose. This will also facilitate the collection of clear, meaningful data to allow for transparency and accountability throughout the industry. Demonstration of successful welfare benchmarking of extensive beef cattle may enable the approach to be expanded across the supply chain and to other sectors of livestock production.
Glucose consumption and gene expression in granulosa cells collected before and after
Authors: Ruggeri E. , Young C. , Ravida N. , Sirard M. A. , Krisher R. , de la Rey M. , Herbst C. , Durrant B.
Published: July 2022

Context With two northern white rhinos (NWR) remaining, the continued existence of this species relies on studying their relative, the southern white rhino (SWR). Aims (1) Characterise gene expression in granulosa cells (GC) from SWR cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) prior to (Pre-) and after (Post-) in vitro maturation (IVM), comparing culture media and oocytes from donors treated with or without gonadotropin stimulation prior to ovum recovery; and (2) evaluate COC glucose consumption in spent media. Methods COCs were retrieved from four SWRs. Granulosa cells were collected before and after IVM in SDZ or IZW medium. Total RNA was evaluated by qPCR. Key results Oocyte maturation was greater in SDZ than IZW media. Expression of genes associated with follicle development increased in Pre-IVM GC. Six genes were differentially expressed in Post-IVM GC from stimulated compared to unstimulated donors. COCs from stimulated animals consumed more glucose. Fifty seven percent of oocytes in SDZ medium consumed all available glucose. Conclusions Gene expression changed upon in vitro maturation and gonadotropin stimulation. Higher glucose availability might be needed during IVM. Implications This is the first study examining GC gene expression and COC metabolic requirements in rhinoceros, which are critical aspects to optimise IVM of rhinoceros oocytes.
Effects of an art-based intervention in older adults with mild cognitive impairment: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Lin Rong , Luo Yu-ting , Yan Yuan-jiao , Huang Chen-shan , Chen Li-li , Chen Ming-feng , Lin Mo-jun , Li Hong
Published: July 2022

Background

Art-based interventions may delay cognitive decline and improve health-related outcomes in older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).

Objective

To examine the effects of the Creative Expressive Arts-based Storytelling (CrEAS) program compared to active and waitlist controls on neurocognitive and other health-related outcomes in older people with MCI.

Design

Three-arm parallel-group, randomised controlled design.

Participants

One-hundred and thirty-five adults with MCI (mean age: 70.93 ± 6.91 years).

Methods

Participants were randomly assigned to intervention (CrEAS, n = 45), active control (n = 45) or waitlist control (n = 45) groups. Interventions were applied once per week for 24 weeks. The primary outcome was global cognitive function; secondary outcomes were specific cognition domains (memory, executive function, language and attention) and other health-related outcomes (anxiety, depression and quality of life [QoL]). All variables were measured at baseline (T0), 24-week follow-up (T1) and 48-week follow-up (T2).

Results

Participants in the CrEAS group showed significantly higher global cognitive function (adjusted mean difference [MD] = −0.905, 95% confidence interval [CI] −1.748 to −0.062; P = 0.038) and QoL (adjusted MD = −4.150, 95% CI -6.447 to −1.853; P = 0.001) and lower depression symptoms (adjusted MD = 2.902, 95% CI 0.699–5.104; P = 0.011) post-intervention at the 24-week follow-up compared with the active control group. At 48-week follow-up, only the Auditory Verbal Learning Test Immediate recall score was significantly improved compared with the active control group (adjusted MD = −2.941, 95% CI −5.262 to −0.620; P = 0.014).

Conclusions

Older adults with MCI who participated in the CrEAS program improved their neuropsychological outcomes and QoL and reduced their rate of cognitive deterioration.
Association between multimorbidity and hospitalization in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Rodrigues Luciana Pereira , de Oliveira Rezende Andréa Toledo , Delpino Felipe Mendes , Mendonça Carolina Rodrigues , Noll Matias , Nunes Bruno Pereira , de Oliviera Cesar , Silveira Erika Aparecida
Published: July 2022

Background

Multimorbidity is defined as the presence of multiple chronic conditions in the same individual. Multimorbidity is more prevalent in older adults and can lead to several adverse health outcomes.

Methods

We systematically reviewed evidence from observational studies to verify the association between multimorbidity and hospitalization in older adults. Furthermore, we also aimed to identify whether it changes according to gender, advanced age, institutionalization, and wealth of the country of residence. We searched the PubMed, Embase and Scopus databases from December 2020 to April 2021. The analysed outcomes were as follows: hospitalization, length of stay and hospital readmission.

Results

Of the 6,948 studies identified in the databases, 33 were included in this review. From the meta-analysis results, it was found that multimorbidity, regardless of the country’s wealth, was linked to hospitalization in older adults (OR = 2.52, CI 95% = 1.87–3.38). Both definitions of multimorbidity, ≥2 (OR = 2.35, 95% CI = 1.34–4.12) and ≥3 morbidities (OR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.87–3.38), were associated with hospitalization. Regardless of gender, multimorbidity was associated with hospitalization (OR = 1.98, 95% CI = 1.67–2.34) and with readmission (OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.04–1.09). However, it was not possible to verify the association between multimorbidity and length of stay.

Conclusions

Multimorbidity was linked to a higher hospitalization risk, and this risk was not affected by the country’s wealth and patient’s gender. Multimorbidity was also linked to a higher hospital readmission rate in older adults. PROSPERO Registration (Registration number: CRD42021229328).
Projections of dependency and associated social care expenditure for the older population in England to 2038: effect of varying disability progression
Authors: Kingston Andrew , Wittenberg Raphael , Hu Bo , Jagger Carol
Published: July 2022

Objectives

to assess the effect of recent stalling of life expectancy and various scenarios for disability progression on projections of social care expenditure between 2018 and 2038, and the likelihood of reaching the Ageing Society Grand Challenge mission of five extra healthy, independent years at birth.

Design

two linked projections models: the Population Ageing and Care Simulation (PACSim) model and the Care Policy and Evaluation Centre long-term care projections model, updated to include 2018-based population projections.

Population

PACSim: about 303,589 individuals aged 35 years and over (a 1% random sample of the England population in 2014) created from three nationally representative longitudinal ageing studies.

Main outcome measures

Total social care expenditure (public and private) for older people, and men and women’s independent life expectancy at age 65 (IndLE65) under five scenarios of changing disability progression and recovery with and without lower life expectancy.

Results

between 2018 and 2038, total care expenditure was projected to increase by 94.1%–1.25% of GDP; men’s IndLE65 increasing by 14.7% (range 11.3–16.5%), exceeding the 8% equivalent of the increase in five healthy, independent years at birth, although women’s IndLE65 increased by only 4.7% (range 3.2–5.8%). A 10% reduction in disability progression and increase in recovery resulted in the lowest increase in total care expenditure and increases in both men’s and women’s IndLE65 exceeding 8%.

Conclusions

interventions that slow down disability progression, and improve recovery, could significantly reduce social care expenditure and meet government targets for increases in healthy, independent years.
Outcomes as experienced by older patients after hospitalisation: satisfaction, acceptance, frustration and hope—a grounded theory study
Authors: van der Kluit Maria Johanna , Dijkstra Geke J
Published: July 2022

Background

outcomes of hospitalisation are often described in quantitative terms. It is unknown how older frail patients describe their own outcomes.

Objective

to discover how older frail persons describe their own hospitalisation outcomes and the meaning of these outcomes for their daily lives.

Design

Constructivist Grounded Theory approach.

Participants

frail older people discharged from hospital.

Methods

Open interviews in the participant’s home. Transcripts were coded inductively according to the Constructivist Grounded Theory approach.

Results

Twenty-four interviews were conducted involving 20 unique participants. Although for some participants hospitalisation was just a ripple, for others, it was a turning point. It could have positive or negative impacts on outcomes, including remaining alive, disease, fatigue/condition, complaints, daily functioning, social activities and intimate relationships, hobbies, living situation and mental well-being. Few participants were completely satisfied, but for many, a discrepancy between expectation and reality existed. Some participants could accept this, others remained hopeful and some were frustrated. Factors associated with these categories were research and treatment options, (un)clarity about the situation, setting the bar too high or pushing boundaries, confidence in physicians, character traits and social factors.

Conclusions

of the persons whose outcomes did not meet their expectations, some were frustrated, others hopeful and others accepted the situation. The following interventions can help patients to accept: clear communication about options and expectations before, during and after hospitalisation; giving room for emotions; help finding social support, encouragement to engage in pleasant activities and find meaning in small things. For some patients, psychological treatment may be needed.
‘Weighing up risks’: a model of care home staff decision-making about potential resident hospital transfers
Authors: Harrad-Hyde Fawn , Armstrong Natalie , Williams Christopher D
Published: July 2022

Background

care home staff play a crucial role in managing residents’ health and responding to deteriorations. When deciding whether to transfer a resident to hospital, a careful consideration of the potential benefits and risks is required. Previous studies have identified factors that influence staff decision-making, yet few have moved beyond description to produce a conceptual model of the decision-making process.

Objectives

to develop a conceptual model to describe care home staff’s decision-making when faced with a resident who potentially requires a transfer to the hospital.

Methods

data collection occurred in England between May 2018 and November 2019, consisting of 28 semi-structured interviews with 30 members of care home staff across six care home sites and 113 hours of ethnographic observations, documentary analysis and informal conversations (with staff, residents, visiting families, friends and healthcare professionals) at three of these sites.

Results

a conceptual model of care home staff’s decision-making is presented. Except in situations that staff perceived to be urgent enough to require an immediate transfer, resident transfers tended to occur following a series of escalations. Care home staff made complex decisions in which they sought to balance a number of potential benefits and risks to: residents; staff (as decision-makers); social relationships; care home organisations and wider health and social care services.

Conclusions

during transfer decisions, care home staff make complex decisions in which they weigh up several forms of risk. The model presented offers a theoretical basis for interventions to support deteriorating care home residents and the staff responsible for their care.
TRPA1 modulation by Sigma-1 receptor prevents oxaliplatin-induced painful peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Marcotti Aida , Fernández-Trillo Jorge , González Alejandro , Vizcaíno-Escoto Marta , Ros-Arlanzón Pablo , Romero Luz , Vela José Miguel , Gomis Ana , Viana Félix , de la Peña Elvira
Published: July 2022

Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy is a frequent, disabling side effect of anticancer drugs. Oxaliplatin, a platinum compound used in the treatment of advanced colorectal cancer, often leads to a form of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy characterized by mechanical and cold hypersensitivity. Current therapies for chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy are ineffective, often leading to the cessation of treatment. Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is a polymodal, non-selective cation-permeable channel expressed in nociceptors, activated by physical stimuli and cellular stress products. TRPA1 has been linked to the establishment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy and other painful neuropathic conditions. Sigma-1 receptor is an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone known to modulate the function of many ion channels and receptors. Sigma-1 receptor antagonist, a highly selective antagonist of Sigma-1 receptor, has shown effectiveness in a phase II clinical trial for oxaliplatin chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. However, the mechanisms involved in the beneficial effects of Sigma-1 receptor antagonist are little understood. We combined biochemical and biophysical (i.e. intermolecular Förster resonance energy transfer) techniques to demonstrate the interaction between Sigma-1 receptor and human TRPA1. Pharmacological antagonism of Sigma-1R impaired the formation of this molecular complex and the trafficking of functional TRPA1 to the plasma membrane. Using patch-clamp electrophysiological recordings we found that antagonists of Sigma-1 receptor, including Sigma-1 receptor antagonist, exert a marked inhibition on plasma membrane expression and function of human TRPA1 channels. In TRPA1-expressing mouse sensory neurons, Sigma-1 receptor antagonists reduced inward currents and the firing of actions potentials in response to TRPA1 agonists. Finally, in a mouse experimental model of oxaliplatin neuropathy, systemic treatment with a Sigma-1 receptor antagonists prevented the development of painful symptoms by a mechanism involving TRPA1. In summary, the modulation of TRPA1 channels by Sigma-1 receptor antagonists suggests a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy and could inform the development of novel therapeutics for neuropathic pain.