bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laboratory and Field Evaluation of Base Stabilization Using Cement Kiln Dust
Authors: Si Zhiming , Herrera Caroline H.
Published: June 2007

Laboratory and nondestructive field tests were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of cement kiln dust (CKD) as a stabilizer for a limestone base. The test results showed that CKD has promise as a stabilizer for the base material if it is used properly. The comparative performances of CKD and other traditional stabilizers such as lime, cement, and fly ash were also investigated during laboratory and field testing. The unconfined compressive strength (UCS) increased substantially when the dosage of CKD was increased. The UCS also increased substantially over time because of the formation of more cementitious products through pozzolanic reactions and cementitious material hydrations. The dielectric value measured in the tube suction test is a good indicator of moisture susceptibility of base materials. It increased with increasing amounts of CKD after a short-term curing period; conversely, and beneficially, it decreased because of chemical reactions within specimens after a long-term curing period. Therefore, it appears that the tube suction test is not effective for evaluating moisture susceptibility of CKD-stabilized base materials. The seismic modulus increased substantially with addition of CKD for the same reasons the UCS increased. Conductivity and colorimetry tests indicated that sulfate content increased with the amount of CKD added. A low resistivity value of CKD-stabilized base materials indicated that they cannot be used as backfill material. The field pavement evaluation indicated that the lime-stabilized section exhibited the highest modulus, followed by the CKD-stabilized section. The other three sections yielded similar layer modulus values. In general, the modulus of all sections decreased over time.
Rapid Soils Analysis Kit for Low-Volume Roads and Contingency Airfields
Authors: Berney Ernest S. , Wahl Ronald E.
Published: June 2007

The ability to determine the construction requirements for soil without the need to conduct laboratory testing is essential in performing an expedient airfield or highway design. Until now, only subjective field analysis techniques satisfied this requirement, but their results failed to provide tangible numeric data that could be used to determine moisture–density and California bearing ratio (CBR) design criteria. This paper introduces a rapid soils classification kit with instruments that are compact and easily transported to provide an immediate measure of soil moisture, grain-size distribution, and plastic limit. An accompanying software program incorporates the numeric data generated from the soils kit, classifies the soil, and performs multiple regression routines based on a statistical analysis of a large database of soil properties to predict optimum water content and maximum dry density for the soil of interest. Built-in, higher-order regression equations allow the user to visualize complete moisture–density curves for varying compaction energies as well as soaked and unsoaked CBR as functions of water content for the constructed condition of the soil. The moisture–density curve and CBR strength represent the critical data necessary to enable contingency design and construction of highways and airfields.
Geotextile Response to Common Index Property Tests
Authors: Jersey Sarah R. , Tingle Jeb S.
Published: June 2007

Pavement engineers must design for marginal materials while simultaneously minimizing construction and design costs and extending the pavement design life. The inclusion of geotextiles in pavement structures is a common method of accounting for these apparently incompatible goals. However, the attempt to provide a cost-effective design often forces engineers to design on the basis of a minimal amount of geotextile index property data. The objective of this investigation was to quantify the variability of geotextile index tests to provide engineers with a means of estimating material variability for reliability-based engineering. A wide variety of geotextiles was obtained from manufacturers to represent a broad cross section of available geotextile products. The geotextiles were subjected to a battery of index property tests. The experimental manufacturer's average roll value (MARV) was computed from the limited number of replicates in the laboratory and compared with the manufacturer's reported MARV. General conclusions regarding strength, elongation, modulus, and toughness properties of geotextiles from index tests are presented. Behavioral trends were observed for geotextile material types and manufacturing processes. The implications of the trends for design applications and product specification are noted. The intent of this paper is to improve the general practitioner's understanding of geotextile behavior and of the implications of using index properties for product specification and project design.
Development of Performance-Based Tests for Nontraditional Road Additives
Authors: Jones D.
Published: June 2007

Nontraditional road additives (chemical stabilizers and dust palliatives) are applied to unsealed roads to reduce dust levels and gravel loss and improve riding quality and all-weather passability. However, the level of research conducted on additives and documentation derived from it are often unsatisfactory. A review of studies revealed that similar procedures were followed, which entailed routine laboratory tests on a locally available material, followed by a field test during which the period of effectiveness was assessed. No documented test methods exist specifically for these additives. Researchers tend to adapt methods developed for cementitious and asphaltic additives or compare before- and after-treatment results on standard indicator tests. Results rarely correlate with field performance, necessitating construction of full-scale experiments before making a decision on applying the additives on a wider scale. Invariably, a new experiment must be constructed each time conditions such as material, traffic, and climate change. A series of performance-based laboratory tests for nontraditional road additives has been developed, and results have been compared with performance in full-scale experiments. Results are compared with untreated controls or traditional stabilizers. The tests have been incorporated into a research protocol as well as a fit-for-purpose certification system for road additives. They are sensitive enough to assess performance at different application rates and to compare the performance of different additives on the same material. Tentative limits for decision making have been developed on the basis of comparisons of test results with performance on full-scale sections.
Aggregate Surfacing Design and Management for Low-Volume Roads in Temperate, Mountainous Areas
Authors: Mills Keith , Pyles Marvin , Thoreson Rick
Published: June 2007

An integrated aggregate design and management system for forest roads in wet, mountainous terrain requires special considerations. Typically, subgrade soils, drainage conditions, and compactive effort vary along the length of new and existing roads. There are fewer testing opportunities for obtaining design parameters in these remote areas. Nevertheless, relatively small depths of aggregate can provide high performance. This design requires characterization of subgrade materials before or during construction. It uses steep road grades to advantage for effective drainage of the subgrade and aggregate. The design is used in conjunction with drainage practices that minimize erosion from reaching streams. Compaction effectiveness can be limited by soil moisture that is wet of optimum for compaction during the short construction period, requiring that aggregate depths be adjusted accordingly. To be used by practitioners, the design must be simple and not very conservative. Aggregate properties vary widely, and gradation specifications must be adjusted on the basis of these properties. Aggregate roads require timely inspection and should be graded only when they are rutted or major defects are present. Drainage and subgrade problems also need to be addressed during maintenance of the surface.
Alaska's Dense-Graded High-Float Emulsion Surface Treatments
Authors: Saboundjian Steve , McHattie Robert L.
Published: June 2007

Asphalt surface treatment (AST) pavements using high-float (HF) emulsions and dense-graded aggregates have been constructed on Alaska's low-volume roads for more than 20 years. These HF ASTs proved to be relatively inexpensive, were easy to construct, and provided good service for low-volume roads. However, the normally positive economics of these pavements have sometimes been offset by problems during or after construction. It was argued that most problems could be solved if a mix design method was devised to ensure optimum application rates of emulsion and aggregate. This paper presents a standardized laboratory mix design method for HF emulsion and dense-graded aggregates based on simple volumetric calculations. The method accounts specifically for aggregate maximum size, compaction characteristics, moisture content, and air voids. An outline of the design method and an example numerical application are presented, and reasons supporting each element of the design method are discussed. The paper addresses the variables that control the emulsion and aggregate contents of these mixes. New laboratory test methods are proposed for determining aggregate density. The proposed mix design method requires that 15% additional aggregate be added to the design amount determined through voids calculations. The paper also presents information that improves the constructability and long-term performance of HF pavements.
Condition-Triggered Maintenance for Mine Haul Roads with Reconstructed-Vehicle Response to Haul Road Defects
Authors: Hugo Daniel , Heyns Stephan P. , Thompson Roger J. , Visser Alex T.
Published: June 2007

The management of unpaved mine road networks—characterized by high axle loadings, low traffic volumes, variable materials and construction quality, and rapid rates of deterioration—is often inadequate. This situation results in either overmaintenance of the road or failure to recognize significant deterioration, which both lead to the application of suboptimal road maintenance strategies with the attendant increase in total road-user costs. A real-time condition-triggered maintenance management system was identified as a solution, in which onboard monitoring of vehicle dynamic response to road condition forms the basis of road defect recognition and maintenance response. A practical approach to road defect reconstruction using measured truck response is presented. Initially, the application context is introduced, then the field testing program is described, in which data sets were generated that served as the basis for mathematical modeling of the truck response. A modeling approach utilizing the concept of independent front suspension dynamic equilibrium is described as the basis for road defect recognition. On the basis of measured suspension forces and the acceleration of the unsprung mass, the approach to tire force and road defect reconstruction is presented. It is concluded that the methodology developed enables reconstruction of road defect geometries with an accuracy sufficient to allow specific types and dimensions of defects to be recognized for the purpose of road maintenance. By extending the methodology to public unpaved roads, maintenance could be applied as and where needed with a resultant reduction in authority cost and improvement in service provided for the road user.
Estimation of Remaining Pavement Life of Low-Volume Roads with Falling Weight Deflectometer Results
Authors: Werkmeister Sabine , Alabaster David
Published: June 2007

A practical method to estimate the remaining pavement life of low-volume roads is presented that uses the results of falling weight deflectometer (FWD) measurements. The method was developed from observations of accelerated pavement tests, and additional field results from Transit New Zealand's asset management database are presented. Methods currently used in Australia and New Zealand to predict the remaining life of pavements are based on linear elastic backcalculation of FWD tests with the association of Australian and New Zealand road transport and traffic authorities (Austroads) approach, in which the life of the pavement is related to the vertical compressive strain at the top of the sub-grade. The vertical compressive subgrade strain is usually determined by linear elastic backcalculation of FWD tests. Industry has highlighted significant concern about the Austroads procedure in New Zealand and whether the traditional FWD analysis with the Austroads subgrade strain criterion can predict pavement life accurately. In response to industry concerns, accelerated pavement test results from the Canterbury Accelerated Pavement Testing Indoor Facility were used to develop a new pavement performance criterion that predicts rutting of a low-volume road. The remaining-life prediction procedure is based on central deflections from the FWD measurement results and uses the change in FWD test results between the start and end of the postcompaction period.
Forensic Case Studies on Low-Volume Roads in Texas
Authors: Si Zhiming , Herrera Caroline H.
Published: June 2007

Three forensic investigations were conducted to determine the causes of premature pavement failure. Specific causes for both longitudinal and transverse cracking, fatigue cracking, and sulfate-induced soil heave problems were identified and verified through a series of nondestructive field and laboratory evaluation tests. Conclusions were made, and recommendations are proposed to the districts to help them select a strategic rehabilitation plan to prevent the same problems from recurring. In Case I, the transverse cracking was believed to be due to either the shrinkage cracks of the very stiff treated caliche base or the shrinkage cracks in the lime-treated subgrade. The longitudinal edge cracks were attributed to edge shrinkage cracking due to wetting and drying cycles and heavy agricultural vehicles traveling along the pavement edge. The major cause for severe fatigue cracking in Case II was identified to be the very open structure of a lightweight seal coat beneath the hot-mix asphalt surface combined with weak support of the subgrade. A lack of sufficient support for the pavement under loading facilitated its fatigue failure. On the basis of Case III, stabilization of high-sulfate-bearing soil with calcium-based stabilizers alone is not recommended because of high swell potential and low residual unconfined compressive strength. The combination of lime and fly ash proved to be the best stabilizer for the soil with high sulfate content, provided that special precautions are taken during the mix design and construction process.
Environmental and Traffic Deterioration with Mechanistic–Empirical Pavement Design Model
Authors: Tighe Susan , Huen Ken , Haas Ralph
Published: June 2007

Limited budgets are resulting in a need for better design of low-volume roads. Traffic loading, environmental conditions, subgrade soil, and construction and maintenance quality are among the various factors that influence pavement performance and must be considered in the design process. Environmental conditions have a significant impact on the performance of low-volume pavements. Performance-graded asphalts, which are mixes designed for the in-service environment of the pavement, are vital in Canada, where low-temperature cracking has been a prevalent distress. In addition, southern Ontario has a moderate climate with high traffic volumes, whereas in northern Ontario the winters are severe and traffic loading is lower. A mechanistic–empirical (M-E) model is described that has been developed for Ontario, the Ontario Pavement Analysis of Cost (OPAC 2000) model, and the data presented relate specifically to low-volume roads, namely, collector and local facilities. The M-E model incorporates elastic layer analysis to predict pavement response. It uses cumulative equivalent single-axle loads, subgrade type, and layer thickness to determine the most effective design. The pavement performance is based on the cumulative effect of the environment and traffic. The output of the M-E model is predicted pavement performance and projected economic impacts on the agency and the public. Examples are provided to illustrate the relative deterioration and performance curves for various design situations. For instance, the predicted total life-cycle economic impact of low-volume roads in Ontario, per kilometer, ranges from $250,000 to $750,000 (Canadian). Although this system was initially developed for Ontario conditions, the M-E model can be recalibrated to apply to other conditions.
Multicomponent multicompartment model for Fischer–Tropsch SCBR
Authors: Iliuta Ion , Larachi Faïçal , Anfray Jérôme , Dromard Nicolas , Schweich Daniel
Published: June 2007

The Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) in which a syngas is converted into a wide range of paraffins, olefins, and oxygenates, has found renewed interest in the context of indirect conversion of natural gas. Slurry bubble column reactors (SBCR) rank high among the candidate reactors for FTS. Despite their simple construction, their design are still uncertain because of the fragmented understanding about FTS chemistry, the reactor fluid mechanics, heat and mass transfer, the thermodynamics, and how these phenomena are intermingled in the reactor. A multicomponent/compartment model was developed to account for a detailed hydrodynamics where upon were tied the Fischer–Tropsch and water‐gas‐shift reactions, the thermodynamics and thermal effects, the variable gas flow‐rate because of chemical/physical contraction, and gas and slurry (re)circulation and percompartment back‐mixing. A Cobased mechanistic kinetics accounting for olefin re‐adsorption was used to describe paraffin and olefin formation and vapor–liquid equilibria were evaluated using a Peng‐Robinson/Marano‐Holder model. The model was used to analyze the effects of catalyst loading, temperature, gas velocity, water‐gas shift, and gas contraction on the performance of SBCRs. The simulated behavior for commercial‐scale SBCR was discussed in the light of a sensitivity analysis of the model outputs with regard to the hydrodynamic, the heat and mass transfer parameters. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Rituximab‐induced interstitial lung disease
Authors: Wagner Stephanie A. , Mehta Apurva C. , Laber Damian A.
Published: June 2007

The aim of this study is to characterize rituximab‐induced interstitial lung disease (R‐ILD). The information on all reported cases of R‐ILD was reviewed. This analysis focused on patient characteristics, underlying disease, rituximab dosing schedule, and R‐ILD characteristic‐like symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. Sixteen cases of R‐ILD, including our two cases, have been reported in the literature. Commonalities include older age, clinical presentation, computerized tomography findings, pulmonary function tests, and biopsy findings. Therapy included corticosteroids and broad spectrum antibiotics. Prognosis has been variable. Patients who worsen despite corticosteroids have a poor outcome. The pathogenesis of R‐ILD is largely unknown. Potential explanations for R‐ILD may include the induction and release of cytotoxic substances. R‐ILD is a rare but potentially fatal pulmonary toxicity due to rituximab. R‐ILD should be considered in patients who present with dyspnea, fever, and cough, and there is no clear evidence of infection. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with corticosteroids is essential. Am. J. Hematol. 82:916–919, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determinants and characteristics of mean corpuscular volume and hemoglobin concentration in white HFE C282Y homozygotes in the hemochromatosis and iron overload screening study
Authors: McLaren Christine E. , Barton James C. , Gordeuk Victor R. , Wu Lu , Adams Paul C. , Reboussin David M. , Speechley Mark , Chang Henry , Acton Ronald T. , Harris Emily L. , Ruggiero Andrea M. , Castro Oswaldo
Published: June 2007

Elevated mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is common in persons with hemochromatosis associated with HFE C282Y homozygosity. We evaluated data from the subset of non‐Hispanic white participants in the Hemochromatosis and Iron Overload Screening Study to determine if elevated MCV in C282Y homozygotes is related to this genotype or to serum iron measures. Regression analysis was used to model MCV and Hb from transferrin saturation (TfSat), serum ferritin (SF), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count, age, HFE genotype, Field Center, and presence of liver‐related abnormalities in C282Y homozygotes and control subjects without HFE mutations (wt/wt genotype). Mean MCV was higher in C282Y homozygotes than in HFE wt/wt controls (94.4 vs. 89.7 fL in women; 95.3 vs. 91.2 fL in men; P < 0.0001 for both). These differences were largely associated with increased mean TfSat and SF in C282Y homozygotes. Adjusted mean MCV was 92.0 fL (95% confidence interval, 91.1, 92.9) in female C282Y homozygotes and 90.9 fL (90.3, 91.5) in controls. Among women with SF in the reference range 20–200 μg/L, adjusted mean MCV was 92.9 fL, (91.7, 94.2) in C282Y homozygotes, 1.8 fL higher than in controls (P = 0.013). The adjusted mean MCV of male C282Y homozygotes and controls was similar (P = 0.30). Adjusted mean Hb was 0.2 g/dL higher in women with C282Y/C282Y than in controls. Greater mean MCV in C282Y homozygosity reflects increased mean TfSat and mean SF in men and women; an additional effect of genotype on MCV and Hb was detected in women. Am. J. Hematol. 82:898–905, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The β‐globin gene cluster distribution revisited—Patterns in Native American populations
Authors: Callegari‐Jacques Sidia M. , Crossetti Shaiane G. , Kohlrausch Fabiana B. , Salzano Francisco M. , Tsuneto Luiza T. , Petzl‐Erler Maria Luiza , Hill Kim , Hurtado A. Magdalena , Hutz Mara H.
Published: June 2007

New frequencies for the β‐globin gene cluster haplotypes are presented for the Aché (N = 82 individuals), Guarani (N = 76), and Kaingang (N = 54), three Native South American populations that live in an area between parallels 20°S and 30°S not covered by previous studies at this locus. The haplotype frequencies obtained for the three populations are within the interval observed for 28 other Native American populations. The Aché show much less haplotypes (five) than the other two populations (9–10), the haplotype prevalences being more similar to those of the Guarani than to the Kaingang. The Native American total heterozygosity was about half (0.41) that obtained for the African populations (0.71), but was not much different from those obtained for other continents. A geographical pattern was disclosed in South America by mapping the frequencies of the most common haplotype (haplotype 2), and by means of spatial correlation analysis. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and pairwise FST data suggest three distinct sectors for the genetic landscape of Native South America: the Andes, the Center/Southeast region, and the Amazon. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“Zuzu” strikes again—Morphological affinities of the early holocene human skeleton from Toca dos Coqueiros, Piaui, Brazil
Authors: Hubbe Mark , Neves Walter A. , do Amaral Heleno Licurgo , Guidon Niéde
Published: June 2007

The Serra da Capivara National Park in northeastern Brazil is one of the richest archaeological regions in South America. Nonetheless, so far only two paleoindian skeletons have been exhumed from the local rockshelters. The oldest one (9870 ± 50 BP; CAL 11060 ± 50), uncovered in Toca dos Coqueiros and known as “Zuzu,” represents a rare opportunity to explore the biological relationships of paleoindian groups living in northeastern Brazil. As previously demonstrated, South and Central America Paleoindians present skull morphology distinct from the one found nowadays in Amerindians and similar to Australo‐Melanesians. Here we test the hypothesis that Zuzu shows higher morphological affinity with Paleoindians. However, Zuzu is a controversial skeleton since previous osteological assessments have disagreed on several aspects, especially regarding its sex. Thus, we compared Zuzu to males and females independently. Morphological affinities were assessed through clustering of principal components considering 18 worldwide populations and through principal components analysis of the individual dispersion of five key regions for America's settlement. The results obtained do not allow us to refute the hypothesis, expanding the known geographical dispersion of the Paleoindian morphology into northeast Brazil. To contribute to the discussion regarding Zuzu's sex, a new estimation is presented based on visual inspection of cranial and post‐cranial markers, complemented by a discriminant analysis of its morphology in relation to the paleoindian sample. The results favor a male classification and are consistent with the mortuary offerings found in the burial, yet do not agree with a molecular determination. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An automated storage and retrieval system for clinical pharmaceutical research documents
Authors: Weaver Barbara N. , Ruffner Albert B. , Ellis Claire , Anderson Helen , Delorenzo Samuel X.
Published: June 2007

The Medical Information Center of Schering Corporation is the central depository for all original clinical documents. The Clinical Documentation Section of the Center has developed an automated document storage and retrieval system capable of generating indexes to all documents in the system, summaries, and reports for management by computer.

Documents are indexed and stored according to a project‐product oriented classification scheme and the resulting citations reduced to tab cards for computer input. Citation master files are updated daily, and cumulative outputs are issued.

Major system sources are completely updated and generated monthly by computer and include a patient document citation index, keyword index, file index, and patient document log book. Many special outputs are issued upon request.

Other system functions include providing documents for F.D.A. submissions and the maintenance of a grant‐reporting system capable of generating financial and clinical status reports by computer. The system services all company divisions engaged in clinical research and offers complete and immediate availability, accessibility, and security of documents and information.
A study of statistical measures for predicting terms used to index documents
Authors: Rosenberg Victor
Published: June 2007

A statistical measure is developed for predicting the terms from a restricted vocabulary that will be used to index a document, given that one of the index terms is known. The results indicate that a large proportion of terms can be predicted using co‐occurrence data and that the best method of ordering the terms ranks them first in descending order of co‐occurrence frequency and then breaks ties in descending order of total frequency. The central assumption is that data from a previously indexed collection can be useful in predicting the terms to be assigned to a new document. The procedure for presenting an indexer with computer‐produced ordered lists of suggested index terms in response to an initial term choice could be implemented in an interactive man‐machine environment.
Two machine indexing projects at the Catholic University of America
Authors: Blum Fred
Published: June 2007

This paper describes an application of Keyword‐in‐Context/KWIC/Keyword‐Out‐of‐Context/KWOC programs (IBM 1401‐CR‐02X) to indexing masters' theses and doctoral dissertations at the Catholic University of America. Two recent (1970) computer‐produced indexes, one covering 5,458 masters' theses and doctoral dissertations accepted in all schools between 1961 and 1967, inclusive, and the other covering 975 masters' theses in nursing accepted between 1932 and 1961, are described. The machine configuration, programs, general system and costs are discussed.
On‐line systems: Promise and pitfalls
Authors: Cuadra Carlos A.
Published: June 2007

Interactive systems, in existence for nearly 15 years, are becoming increasingly important, both for information retrieval and library support operations. The virtues of these systems are speed, intimacy, and—if time‐sharing is involved—economy. The major problems are the cost of the large computers and files necessary for bibliographic data, the still‐high cost of communications, and the generally poor design of the user‐system interfaces. The desirable features of online retrieval interfaces are only now being defined and tested in a systematic way, e.g., by the National Library of Medicine in its AIM‐TWX nationwide experimental retrieval service. System implementers must, in addition to engineering the right capabilities into online systems, also make a careful, concerted effort to engineer user acceptance. Common pitfalls here include overselling system capabilities and failure to take into account the social context around the user terminal. The major national problem is to avoid or limit wasteful and expensive duplication in providing nationwide search access to the hundreds of public and private data bases that will be readily available during the next few years. We do not need technological breakthroughs to exploit the potential of online systems, but we do need breakthroughs in organizing for technological change.
Selected results from an inquiry into testing of information retrieval systems
Authors: Saracevic Tefko
Published: June 2007

A variety of aspects related to testing of retrieval systems were examined. A model of a retrieval system, together with a set of measures and a methodology for performance testing were developed. In the main experiment the effect on performance of the following variables was tested: sources of indexing, indexing languages, coding schemes, question analyses, search strategies and formats of output. In addition, a series of separate experiments was carried out to investigate the problems of controls in experimentation with IR systems. The main conclusions: the human factor appears to be the main variable in all components of an IR system; length of indexes affects performance considerably more than indexing languages; question analyses and search strategies affect performance to a great extent—as much, if not more than indexing. Retrieval systems seem to be able to perform at present only on a general level, failing to be at the same time comprehensive and specific. It seems that testing of total IR systems controlling and monitoring all factors (environmental and systems‐related) is not possible at present.
Suggestions for exploiting the potential of on‐line remote access information retrieval and display systems
Authors: Wolfe Theodore
Published: June 2007

The ideal remote access, on‐line, information retrieval and display system would exploit the inherent potential of on‐line program capabilities to a far greater extent than those currently employed by on‐going, on‐line information systems. Special emphasis would be placed on the utilization of the feedback capabilities of on‐line user‐computer interactions as a means of increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of search and display capabilities. The most significant contribution of online program capabilities to the advancement of information retrieval is their ability to top the immense computational capacities of the computer as a retrieval tool. The ideal on‐line information retrieval system would offer statistical inference analysis and heuristic optimization programs as aids to query formulation. In fact, the ideal system would include on‐line programs capable of automatically computing, generating, and executing, optimal query formulations and retrieval on request. Implementation of expanded on‐line capabilities to achieve the ideal on‐line information retrieval and display system will have a considerable economic impact on the entire field of information science.
Machine‐assisted approach to general reference materials
Authors: Meredith J. C.
Published: June 2007

A collection of 144 general reference works was analyzed and encoded according to 254 identifiable characteristics of services and contained data, comprising an “approach language” expressing search parameters. In response to a request submitted at an on‐line terminal, the “REFSEARCH” system retrieves the names of those works whose profiles meet or exceed the specification. The background and rationale of the system is discussed, its current use in the School of Librarianship, University of California, and its potential for direct service to library patrons.
Holography as applied to information storage and retrieval systems
Authors: Johnson Claire , Briggs Eleanor
Published: June 2007

An attempt was made to assess the potential use of holography in information storage and retrieval systems. Various scientific (physics), engineering, and business indexes were searched as well as those dealing with information science and libraries. A great many articles were found in the first three, all of which indicate the vast amount of interest, research, and development in the field, and lead to the conclusion that holography is one of the most promising methods now under research for the achievement of high bulk storage with fast random access at a reasonable cost. Because such a method implies a far greater than present ability to store, access, and transmit information on the part of information centers and libraries, and because little has been written in their literature, this paper has been prepared as a “state of the art” to provide background knowledge which is expected to be useful to many in the future.
On the evolution of information science
Authors: Harmon Glynn
Published: June 2007

The emergence and development of information science within its wider disciplinary framework is interpreted. Information science is approached as one of a modern generation of communication or behavioral disciplines which emerged almost simultaneously around World War II. Consequently, an attempt is made to discern the evolution of relationships between information science and other modern generation disciplines. The internal development of information science is first sketched. Second, possible relationships and roles of information science within a potentially emergent suprasystem of knowledge are discussed.
Some implications of automatic recognition of bibliographic elements
Authors: Shoffner Ralph M.
Published: June 2007

A theoretical approach to the problem of converting printed bibliographic records to machine readable form is developed based on principles of systems analysis. Experience from several recent projects conducted by the Institute of Library Research, University of California, are used to illustrate how this theoretical approach is currently being tested prior to implementation in a large scale conversion project.
Informal communication among scientists in sleep research
Authors: Crawford Susan
Published: June 2007

At the frontiers of an active area of science, social structure based upon communication is demonstrated. Using sociometric techniques, an informal communication network was identified which included 73% of the scientists. Within the network was a core group of scientists who were the focus of a disproportionately large number of contacts and who were differentiated from others by greater productivity, higher citation record and wider readership. Information transferred to these scientists is so situated that it could be transmitted to 95% of the network scientists through one intermediary scientist or less.
Citations, references and the growth of scientific literature: A model of dynamic interaction
Authors: Krauze Tadeusz K. , Hillinger Claude
Published: June 2007

A mathematical model is presented which explains the observed exponential growth rates of citations and references in a scientific discipline. The independent variables are the growth rate of the number of articles published and the decay rate of citation of old literature. It is shown how the parameters of the model can be estimated.
A computer‐based procedure for keyword indexing of newspapers
Authors: Davis Charles H. , Kearney W. Robert , Davis Bonnie M.
Published: June 2007

Although indexing coverage of national and international news items has been handled well by the New York Times Index and other sources, similar coverage of items which are of local or regional interest has either been non‐existent or provided for by card files which make the information accessible only with difficulty. A study was conducted to determine the feasibility of tagging terms from newspaper headlines, adding descriptors for enrichment, and then using a computer to reformat the data and print out a keyword index. The results of the study indicate that this would be a straightforward, relatively inexpensive method of increasing the accessibility of this kind of information.
Preparation for interpersonal communication
Authors: Wolek Francis W.
Published: June 2007

This paper describes three methods used by engineers and scientists to enrich their understanding of a technical subject prior to an interpersonal communication. Professionals may: (a) store the information need in hopes of an accidental or working encounter with the required information (piggybacking), and/or (b) verify and extend their background by contact with friendly associates (friendly consultation), and/or (c) review the literature of the field which is peripheral to their own (professional peripheration). Factors which determine the methods used are proposed: the opportunity cost of time, the extent to which similar needs have been encountered before, and the breadth of the user's (problem). Implications for the management of R & D organizations concern the provision of peripheral literature, the development of skills involved in consultation, and the clarification of the organization's technical goals.
The “generality” effect and the retrieval evaluation for large collections
Authors: Salton G.
Published: June 2007

The retrieval effectiveness of large document collections is normally assessed by using small subsections of the file for test purposes, and extrapolating the data upward to represent the results for the full collection. The accuracy of such an extrapolation unhappily depends on the “generality” of the respective collections.

In the present study the role of the generality effect in retrieval system evaluation is assessed, and evaluation results are given for the comparison of several document collections of distinct size and generality in the areas of documentation and aerodynamics.
An economic analysis of the demand for scientific journals
Authors: Berg Sanford V.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study is to demonstrate that economic analysis can be useful in modeling the scientific journal market. Of particular interest is the efficiency of pricing and page policies. For example, would the community be better off if more copies or pages are produced, or similarly, should the journal be produced at all? In order to calculate losses due to the inefficiencies, demand parameters are statistically estimated and used in a discussion of market efficiency.

Although more refinement is needed for both the specification of the demand functions and proxies for variables, the techniques used permit the establishment of lower bounds on the net benefits stemming from journals (assuming that there are additional social benefits). The responses of individuals and institutions to changes in pages are shown to differ. Thus, the analytic framework facilitates the evaluation of current trends toward the selective dissemination of information to individuals.
Federal aid and the growth of a subject literature
Authors: Baughman James C.
Published: June 2007

Since 1966 the federal government has made millions of dollars available for the purchase of instructional materials for use in the nation's elementary and secondary schools. While the federal funds have benefited students and teachers through the establishment of materials collections, relatively little research has been conducted in the use of these materials.

The experimental test described in this article shows that productivity in regard to the subject literature supporting the school library media center concept increases or decreases in correspondence with the amount of federal funds made available for each fiscal year. This subject literature represents the state of knowledge (source) in a communication process to the learner (destination). It is suggested that if federal funds were made available for the systematic study of the phenomena of use of learning materials, new knowledge and a more effective communication system would result. Thus, the teacher's knowledge and understanding of the use of instructional materials, which will ultimately determine the use or nonuse of such materials, would increase, and children would benefit.
Analysis of directory searching
Authors: Lowe Thomas C. , Roberts David C.
Published: June 2007

Files are frequently organized into records, and keys are associated with those records. A directory is a list of key‐address pairs, where each pair consists of a key and an address associated with that key. The addresses may be those of records in the file, or of intermediate data, such as inverted lists. A fundamental problem is searching a directory efficiently for known keys, in order to find all addresses associated with those keys. Several problems of finding keys in directories are considered. Methods of searching both ordered and unordered directories are analyzed; directories are classified as they organize unused space: compacted, distributed, or chained. Searching on ranges of key values, rather than exact key matching, is also considered. Finally, design tradeoffs among the classes of directory and searching strategies are developed.
Sampling in‐library book use
Authors: Jain A. K.
Published: June 2007

Although a large number of book usage studies have been conducted in the past, very little is known about in‐library (unrecorded) use. This may be due to the lack of a “good” method of sampling in‐library use. Here, a plan for sampling in‐library use is presented which attempts to avoid the pitfalls of the earlier methods. According to this plan, the library is divided into a certain number of areas, and a sample of monographs within each area is selected for study. Inspection rounds are then made on each of the days of the survey period. The sequence in which different areas of the library are surveyed is determined at random for every round. During each round an investigator goes through the book shelves and determines which sample monographs are away from their positions on shelves. This plan yields an unbiased estimate of a proposed index of in‐library use for any specified group of books. A hypothetical example is provided to explain the proposed plan.
Citation patterns of the cardiovascular serial literature
Authors: McMurtray Frances , Ginski John M.
Published: June 2007

In an attempt to further amplify the characteristics of the cardiovascular serial literature, citation patterns were studied. As previously shown, one‐third of the 5,860 papers from the National Heart Institute grantees for 1967 appeared within 13 journals (3). After the exclusion of the abstract journals, the remaining journals were used to obtain a basic pool of 300 cardiovascular related articles. Science Citation Index was used to gather statistics relative to citing author, journal and year. The 300 articles in the basic pool were cited a total of 2,545 times during this four‐year period (1967‐1970). The figures concerning citation rate by year serve to uphold the idea that journal citation reaches a peak during the third year after publication. Also some definite patterns of self‐citation were noted. It was found that, when analyzed on the basis of first author, 15 percent of the 2,545 citations were self‐citations. The ten basic journals tend to be cited mostly within themselves; one‐third of the citations were found in these journals. Although the citations were found throughout 349 journals, indicating an extensive scatter, a relatively high percentage of papers were found in few journals.
A flow chart for indexing with a thesaurus
Authors: Wellisch Hans
Published: June 2007

The utilization of all or most of the different possibilities to find prescribed descriptors, identifiers or new index terms in thesauri is aided by using a flow chart which is applicable to most indexing aids (thesauri or subject heading lists). The use of the flow chart is shown in an application of the Thesaurus of Engineering and Scientific Terms to three articles from different fields of technology.
Retrieval parameters in growing data bases
Authors: Marcus Richard S.
Published: June 2007

In a recent article (1) Gerard Salton considered the question of how certain retrieval parameters can be estimated for large collections from their values in small collections. The purpose of this communication is to suggest that in the situation where documents are retrieved independently the desired parameters may be estimated more accurately by sampling and averaging techniques over homogeneous subparts of the data base. It is also suggested that certain changes in the nomenclature of the parameters would help to avoid ambiguities in their interpretation.
Marketing perspectives for “ERIC‐like” information systems
Authors: Kuehl Philip G.
Published: June 2007

The objective of this discussion is to examine and articulate three perspectives which “Marketing” can contribute to a better understanding of the role “ERIC‐like” information systems can fulfill in satisfying user needs. It is the author's contention that an understanding of “marketing”—a discipline focused on building linkages between producers and consumers—can provide valuable insights for understanding the capability for success or failure of “ERIC‐like” information systems.

This objective is accomplished through discussing three specific dimensions of marketing thought and technique. First, “Marketing” is characterized as a pervasive societal process; i.e., a discipline whose content encompasses both the private and public sectors of society through focusing on the fundamental goal of providing “Need satisfactions” to consumers.

In this respect, it is the author's contention that all “ERIC‐like” systems should recognize that they (a) are in the “Marketing business” and (b) attempt to improve their marketing capability and performance.

The second dimension of marketing discussed is the so‐called “Marketing concept.” This concept, which stresses a “User/consumer need” orientation, provides four distinct advantages and applications for the manager of information systems: (a) proper “Product” definitions; (b) new product opportunity abilities; (c) more efficient dissemination and distribution patterns; (d) efficient use of system resources.

Finally, the following four specific marketing technique areas are related to information science: (a) consumer behavior research; (b) channel of distribution technique; (c) organizational theory; and, (d) market segmentation analysis.
Dialectical inquiring systems: A new methodology for information science
Authors: Mitroff Ian I. , Williams James , Rathswohl Eugene
Published: June 2007

A taxonomy for modeling information systems is presented. The taxonomy derives from the history of Western epistemology. Epistemology is used as a prescriptive modeling basis because (1) the fundamental problems of epistemology are concerned with information, and (2), because the history of epistemology identifies and archetypal ways that men have conceived of information and of models.

It is shown how the different models of epistemology can be made scientifically operational through the use of a special kind of systems analysis.

Finally, the results of a preliminary experiment based on one of the models are presented in the form of prescriptive rules for the design of future experiments.