bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Mid-Seventeenth-Century Drinking House in New Netherland
Authors: Lucas Michael T. , Traudt Kristina S.
Published: January 2022

European public drinking houses were ubiquitous in the seventeenth century Atlantic world. Yet, these core institutions varied in fundamental ways. Brewing was a staple occupation in Dutch society and beer was the mainstay of mid-seventeenth-century drinking houses in New Netherland, unlike the Chesapeake colonies that relied heavily on cider and rum. Dutch material culture associated with drinking, smoking, and gaming was also distinctive. The artifact assemblage from the tavern at Fort Orange’s southern gate, especially the glass drinking vessels, suggests a drinking house that was very much a part of the Dutch cultural experience mapped onto the New Netherland frontier.
Discussion
Authors: Christie Jessica Joyce
Published: January 2022

Three conclusions regarding the Canyon de Chelly site and migration models are drawn and analyzed: local/closed versus open/regional/national/global cultural landscapes; cultural landscapes and outside economic interactions; and Christianity redefines the cultural landscape.
Early Archaic Dating, Chert Use, and Settlement Mobility in the Falls Region
Authors: Stafford C. Russell
Published: January 2022

Through an examination of projectile point styles, this chapter suggests that by Early Archaic times, the Falls region was a significant cultural boundary zone. But rather than an east-west boundary marker, affinities were with groups to the north and south. This is reflected by the presence of both Thebes Cluster projectile points, a type more common to the north of the Ohio River, and Kirk Cluster projectile points, a type more common at sites to the south of the Ohio River. The presence of a Pine Tree Kirk variety, however, is suggestive of a distinctive style zone that is not present in other areas of the Southeast United States. Stafford also identifies a great deal of diversity in Early Archaic mobility patterns, landscape use, ctool production, and chert procurement strategies. Clearly by Early Archaic times, Native Americans were repeatedly visiting the Falls region on their seasonal rounds to exploit the region’s high-quality chert resources.
Middle and Late Archaic Trophy-Taking in the Falls Region
Authors: Schmidt Christopher W.
Published: January 2022

The author examines the bioarchaeology and the social impact of what he refers to as “trophy-taking”: the intentional placement of isolated elements from other individuals with the dead. In contextualizing the Site 12Fl73 cache relative to other known examples of trophy-taking, he suggests that Middle Archaic and Late Archaic mortuary practices may have been dominated by a cosmology that required the collection and burial of certain human body parts. In addition, the economic resources of the Falls region coupled with an increasing use of symbols and stylizations to communicate group membership/identity and the territoriality implied by cemeteries may have formed a nexus whereby trophy-taking and human bone caches became a legitimized sociocultural phenomenon.
Toward the Creation of an Afro-Argentine Digital Archive in the Cape Verdean Association of Buenos Aires
Authors: Martino MarÍa Cecilia
Published: January 2022

María Cecilia Martino's essay describes how the Cape Verdean community in Buenos Aires is creating a digital archive to transmit Afrodescendant collective memory and make visible groups who have been erased from national histories in Argentina despite having lived there for generations. The digitized documents being made available in the archive are also helping reassess histories in Argentina and the Cape Verde islands, nurturing a transatlantic conception of Blackness, consolidating new histories of Argentina, and enriching intergenerational discussions about individual and collective identity.
Epilogue
Authors: Arriaga Eduard , Villar Andrés
Published: January 2022

The epilogue recapitulates important themes in the previous chapters, arguing that the book as a whole suggests a broader approach to what it means to be human. By fighting to emerge from the invisibility to which they have been relegated, Afro-Latinx communities and individuals are helping to re-write histories across the continent, even as they continue to reassert longstanding claims. With lives firmly grounded in urban and rural communities to which they are committed, Afrodescendants across the Americas are creating digital connections to work toward a decolonized, intersectional, and posthuman future that leads to a more equitable future for all.
Theories and Methods of Artists Performing Fieldwork
Authors: Crosby Jill Flanders , Torres JT
Published: January 2022

This chapter serves as a theoretical and methodological framework for the book. The central discussion examines Patricia Leavy’s argument of how writing is itself a performative act that intersects with knowledge in ways that go beyond traditional data. Critically to the book, this chapter extends James Clifford’s definition of the term true fiction. The authors also offer the additional term choreographed narrative. They describe their application as fieldwork methods. In order to open up possibilities of other ways of knowing—the imaginative, the sensuous, the aesthetic—the authors rely on particular performances of writing (true fiction and choreographed narrative) in order to posit a notion of writing, regardless of genre (e.g., literary, scientific), as both a method of research and a method of performance.
Perico
Authors: Crosby Jill Flanders , Isalbe Melba Núñez
Published: January 2022

This chapter provides an historical overview of Perico, Cuba, including the establishment of the nearby sugar central (mill) once known as España. It narrates in vignette fashion the key historical figures in Perico Arará history detailing their contributions to the establishment of Arará ritual traditions. Included are Ma Florentina, highly respected as starting the first Arará religious cabildo, Sociedad Africana, and Hilda Zulueta, often considered as one of Perico’s last Africans, due to her consecration at the feet of her Aunt Felipa’s Arará fundamentos.
Agramonte
Authors: Crosby Jill Flanders
Published: January 2022

This chapter provides an historical overview of Agramonte, Cuba. It narrates in vignette fashion key historical figures in Agramonte history detailing their contributions to the establishment of Arará ritual traditions. Stories of these elders are linked around shared themes of majas (snakes) and miraculous healing. Included are Ma Gose, known for starting the first Arará religious cabildo in Agramonte, and Ta Andres, a gallo (singer) who sang beside Ma Gose at ritual ceremonies. The chapter begins and ends with stories of Mario José Abreu Díaz, an important ritual practitioner of Agramonte who also became an important interlocutor.
Acts of Storytelling
Authors: Crosby Jill Flanders , Torres JT
Published: January 2022

Chapter 12 begins with Flanders Crosby’s relationship with Natalia Bolívar Aróstegui and then reflects back on the ways scholars may have played a role in the ethnographic interface. It includes further discussions on social memory and cultural memory and identity. This chapter stresses the symbiotic relationship between identity and memory. Building from this point, the authors articulate how identity and memory often operate as a collective weaving, construction, change, reimagining, and reweaving of oral history.
Introduction
Authors: Brunson Takkara K.
Published: January 2022

Takkara Brunson centers African-descended women in its examination of Cuba’s political system between abolition in 1886 and the 1959 Revolution. The career of María Dámasa Jova elucidates one of the central arguments, that Black Cuban women who confronted gender and racial exclusion in their efforts to obtain rights and resources played an integral role in forging a modern democracy. By focusing on evolving citizenship practices among a range of social actors, the book demonstrates how Black women activists contributed to shape legal reforms, political movements, and social ideologies.
“A Heroic and Revolutionary Undertaking”
Authors: Brunson Takkara K.
Published: January 2022

This chapter emphasizes how Black women communists endeavored to unify a broad contingent of laboring women. Communist activists of all races promoted workers’ rights, including the right to strike, equality for women and Blacks, government regulation of major industries, and the creation of social welfare programs. Black women communists, as they embraced these perspectives, aligned themselves politically with the laboring classes—whether they were professionals, agrarian or factory workers, or domestic workers—and called for state intervention on their behalf. Many took on elected positions within the Communist Party during the early 1940s, and they elevated campaigns for anti-discrimination legislation while achieving improved working conditions. With the rise of anti-communism by the late-1940s, African-descended women communists helped refashion the party’s image to present its women supporters as guardians of democracy, both at home and globally. As such, they maintained a political bloc that actively organized women through the 1950s.
Epilogue
Authors: Brunson Takkara K.
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses how the revolutionary government’s programs to eradicate social disparities shifted how Black women activists might respond to racial and gender discrimination. Government efforts to consolidate nationalist narratives led to the erosion of traditional pathways for challenging anti-Black racism; indeed, the government closed most presses and shut down Black civic clubs. Black women artists employed creative citizenship practices within this context. In the twenty-first century, Black women activist-intellectuals have used digital media platforms and community groups to confront the contradictions between Cuban narratives of equality and the persistence of social discrimination. These political voices are transnational, Afro-diasporic, and for many, feminist.
Introduction: Chinese Australian Women, Migration, and Mobility
Authors: Bagnall Kate , Martínez Julia T.
Published: January 2022

This chapter reviews the state of the field of Chinese Australian women’s history and provides an introduction to the historical presence of women of Chinese heritage in Australia. For too many years Chinese Australian women’s history has been doubly erased in a gendered and racialized historiography. This has been compounded by the perceived absence of the primary sources needed to undertake a recovery project. As feminist historians we now recognize that aided by the digital revolution and a creative use of newspapers, family histories, official statistics, and government records, it is possible to uncover and illuminate Chinese Australians women’s lives in the past. In doing so we question the framing of Chinese women as static or immobile while their fathers, husbands, brothers, and sons took part in large-scale migration from Guangdong in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Placing the movements of migrant and Australian-born Chinese women in an international context, we propose a spectrum of mobility along which women’s individual, and changing, situations can be situated. This introduction also surveys existing historical scholarship on Chinese women’s migration and settlement in New Zealand, Canada, and the United States, recognizing that international themes offer inspiration for Australian research.
Chinese Australian Brides, Photography, and the White Wedding
Authors: Couchman Sophie
Published: January 2022

Despite ‘unchanging tradition’ being a key characteristic of the white wedding, the cultural practices that make up the white wedding have evolved and become integrally linked to the creation of the wedding photograph. From the late nineteenth century, increasing numbers of women, including Australians with Chinese heritage, were married and photographed in white. This chapter analyses Chinese-Australian wedding photographs from the 1890s to the 1940s within larger global movements in fashion and culture. It suggests that by marrying in white, Chinese-Australian women were not assimilating into Western, Christian cultural practices that already existed, but that they, alongside other women in Australia, China, Hong Kong and around the world, were building something new – the global phenomenon of the white wedding.
Chinese Australian Women’s Experiences of Migration and Mobility in White Australia
Authors: Kamp Alanna
Published: January 2022

In this chapter, Chinese-Australian women’s first-hand accounts of their migration experiences during the White Australia Policy era are presented alongside historical census and migration data. By combining official records and Chinese-Australian women’s accounts of their migration history – as children, migrant wives, or students – this chapter illustrates that Chinese-Australian women were not only present in Australia during the White Australia Policy era, but they were internationally mobile. The diversity of the migration experience during this period, including various reasons and motivations for this movement, is also uncovered. This discussion challenges general assumptions of female immobility in global migration patterns and understandings of female Chinese migration. As such, the ability and value of utilising Chinese Australian women’s voices to supplement the official record is revealed.
Mary Chong and Gwen Fong: University-Educated Chinese Australian Women
Authors: Martínez Julia T.
Published: January 2022

Mary Chong and Gwen Fong were among the first female university graduates in Australia of Chinese heritage. They both went on to path-breaking careers, demonstrating a strong commitment to public and political life. Mary Chong, after graduating from the University of Sydney with a Bachelor of Arts in 1929, was employed by the Chinese Consul General in Sydney. Soon after she went to China, working first for the Republic of China government and later in journalism, returning to Australia in later years. Gwen Fong, who graduated with a degree in Medicine from the University of Melbourne in 1947, remained in Melbourne working as a doctor. While pursuing her medical studies and career, Gwen was politically active in the Communist Party of Australia, as a leader of the university branch and as an organiser of educational events. Education within the Australian university system allowed these pioneering women to take up fulfilling careers in Australia and in China. Their writings, which include protests against a range of Australian government policies, enrich the archive of women’s political history.
PROPOSTA DE TESTE FÍSICO DE NATAÇÃO COM SOBRECARGAS PARA RATOS ESPONTANEAMENTE HIPERTENSOS
Authors: Freitas Swamy Oesterreich
Published: January 2022

Muitos estudos têm usado ratos em treinamento com natação para investigar as respostas de diferentes variáveis ao exercício. A investigação do efeito do treinamento físico de baixa e alta intensidade, no comportamento da pressão arterial de Ratos Espontaneamente Hipertensos (SHR) tem sido de grande interesse para o conhecimen­to e o tratamento da hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS). Este estudo trata da padronização de um teste físico com natação para SHR, utilizando sobrecargas seqüenciais capazes de provocar um aumento progressivo de esforço, obtendo as respostas das concentrações de lactato sangüíneo de cada rato para cada percentual de sobrecarga, além do valor de repouso. A proposta de protocolo de avaliação de SHR foi formulada a partir dos protocolos de esteira, normalmente utilizados para avaliação de sujeitos em laboratórios. O protocolo foi compos­to por um máximo de 8 estágios com sobrecargas progressivas (3 minutos cada estágio e intervalo de um minuto entre os estágios) e mostrou-se prático e exeqüível, de fácil reprodutibilidade devido ao fato de se utilizar a coleta sangüínea na cauda entre os estágios, permitindo a verificação do comportamento da concentração de lactato sangüíneo a cada diferente sobrecarga.
Metodologias qualitativas: Usos e Possibilidades
Authors: Haguete Tereza Maria Frota
Published: January 2022

O pesquisador da área das ciências do homem freqüentemente se defronta com duas aparentes antinomias por ocasião da escolha de seus métodos de pesquisa: 1) que métodos escolher, os chamados qua­litativos ou os quantitativos? e 2) no caso de optar pelos qualita­tivos, o que adotar, a pesquisa participativa ou outro método? de­sejo encaminhar a discussão no intuito de mostrar que estas antino­mias são faltas, não representando problema maior para o investiga­dor esclarecido.
LEGITIMAÇÃO PELO PROCEDIMENTO E CONTROLE DAS EMOÇÕES: NOVOS PARADIGMAS DO ESPORTE E LAZER NO SISTEMA NACIONAL DE ESPORTE E LAZER
Authors: Cardoso Carlos Luiz
Published: January 2022

A presente pesquisa procura fundamentações para o sistemanacional de esporte e lazer e suas políticas públicas no contexto contemporâneo,ressignificando-o mediante a presença dos conceitos legitimação peloprocedimento de Luhmann, paradigma de Kuhn e controle das emoções deElias. Amplia-se a compreensão dos eventos esportivos, tanto em níveis decomplexidade quanto em territorialidade, mediante a observação de três eventosesportivos: Jogos brasileiros universitários (nacional), jogos sulamericanos(regional) e jogos intercurso (local). Os resultados apontam para a constataçãode instâncias deliberativas e disciplinares dos eventos usadas como sistema decontrole das emoções. Tais encaminhamentos no interior do esporte garantemtanto a legitimação do evento quanto a sustentação da vida dos sistemasesportivo e social, via procedimento e auto-aprendizagem sistêmica. Diante daconstatação do processo civilizatório, indicamos novas temáticas na “formação”de professores.
COMPARAÇÃO ENTRE A APRENDIZAGEM DOS ESTILOS FOSBURY-FLOP E HAY DE SALTO EH ALTURA EH ESCOLARES DE 15 A 17 ANOS
Authors: Gobbi Sebastião
Published: January 2022

0 OBJETIVO DO ESTUDO FOI COMPARAR, NAS VARIÁVEIS DE MAGNITU­DE DA RESPOSTA, PRECISÃO DA RESPOSTA E ATITUDES, A APRENDIZAGEM DOS ESTILOS F0SBURY-Fl0P E HaY DE SALTO EM ALTURA. A AMOSTRA FOI CONSTI­TUÍDA DE 40 SUJEITOS DO SEXO MASCULINO, NA FAIXA ETÁRIA DE 15 A 17 A NOS, FREQUENTANDO A PsERIE DO 2° GRAU NO COLÉGIO DA POLICIA MILI­TAR do Estado de São Paulo, Foram formados dois grupos, A um deles foi aplicado o processo de ensino-aprendizagem do estilo Fosbury-Flop, enquanto que ao outro foi aplicado o estilo Hay, em 24.sessões. Uti- lizando-se como tratamento estatístico dos dados o "Statistical Pa­ckage for Social Sciences"(SPSS), concluiu-se que o grau de aprendi­zagem DOS SUJEITOS QUE UTILIZARAM 0 ESTILO FOSBURY-FLOP FOI SUPERIOR AOS QUE UTILIZARAM O ESTILO HAY, NAS VARIÁVEIS DE MAGNITUDE E PRECI­SÃO DA RESPOSTA, Na VARlÃVEL DE ATITUDES NÃO HOUVE DIFERENÇA SIGNIFi CATIVA ENTRE OS GRUPOS,
A EFETIVIDADE DA UTILIZAÇÃO DE DIFERENTES HODELOS DE DEHONSTRAÇÀO NA APRENDIZAGEM DE UMA DESTREZA NOTORA FECHADA
Authors: Guedes Joana Elisabete Pinto
Published: January 2022

0 PRESENTE ESTUDO TEVE_COMO OBJETIVO VERIFICAR AS DIFERENÇAS ENTRE OS MODELOS DE DEMONSTRAÇÃO DO PROFESSOR, VIDEO-TAPE E CRIANÇA, NA AQUISIÇAO E RETENÇÃO DE UMA DESTREZA MOTORA FECHADA, EXPLICADAS A través da Teoria de Processamento de Informações. A amostra consis­tiu DE 60 ESCOLARES," NA FAIXA ETARIA DE 10 A 12 ANOS, PERTENCENTES A Rede Oficial de Ensino de Londrina-PR, subdivididos em 3 grupos expe RI MENTA IS DE 20 ESCOLARES CADA, SENDO 10 DO SEXO MASCULINO E 10 DO FE MININO, Para cada grupo foi utilizado ummodelo diferente na demons­tração de uma seqüência de Ginastica Artística.A tarefa consistiu em APRENDER UMA SEQÜENCIA LÓGICA DE.10 MOVIMENTOS EM ORDEM SERIAL E RE~ CORDÁ-LOS APÓS UM INTERVALO DE 7 DIAS. 0s RESULTADOS I ND ICARAMQUE O MODELO PROFESSOR E CRIANÇA PROPORCIONARAM A APRENDIZAGEM ATRAVÉS DE UM MENOR NUMERO_DE TENTATIVAS_QUANDO COMPARADO AO MODELO VIDEO-TAPE. Quanto a retenção da informação_na memória de_longa duração, consta­tou-se QUE NÃO HOUVE DETERIORAÇÃO DA INFORMAÇÃO, NÃO TENDO OCORRIDO DIFERENÇAS SIGNIFICATIVAS ENTRE A APRENDIZAGEM INICIAL E O TESTE DE RETENÇÃO. A CAPACIDADE MEDIA DE RETENÇÃO IMEDIATA DA INFORMAÇ_AO NA ME MÓRIA DE CURTA DURAÇÃO, INDEPENDENTE DO MODELO DE DEMONSTRAÇAO UTILi ZADO, FOI EM TORNO DE 4 A 5 MOVIMENTOS.
EDUCAÇÃO FISICA NA PRE-ESCOLA E NAS QUATRO PRIMEIRAS SÉRIES DO ENSINO DE PRIMEIRO GRAU: UM ABORDAGEM DE DESENVOLVIMENTO I
Authors: Tani Go
Published: January 2022

Recentemente, tem aumentado, entre os profissionais da Educação Física, a preocupação com a Educação FÍsica na Pré-escola e nas qua­tro primeiras séries do Ensino de Primeiro Grau. Tentativas têm sido' iniciadas no sentido de promover uma Educação Fisica que atenda ade­quadamente às necessidades e expectativas das crianças nesta faixa es colar. Cursos de especialização e de aperfeiçoamento em Educação FÍ^ sica Infantil, palestras e conferências têm sido organizados e reali^ zados em diferentes pontos do país, com o objetivo de capacitar pro­fessores a atuarem com crianças em sua maioria dos quatro aos dez a- nos de idade. 0 Ministério da Educação, através da Secretaria de E- ducação FÍsica e Desportos publicou, por sua vez, "Diretrizes de Im­plantação e Implementação da Educação FÍsica na Educação Pré-escólar e no Ensino de Primeira à Quarta Séries do Primeiro Grau" em 1982. 0 momento é de muita expectativa mas também de muita incerteza. Não poderia ser diferente. A expectativa se justifica pela importân cia indiscutível da atividade motora organizada no desenvolvimento global da criança nesta faixa etária. A incerteza também se justifi^ ca se levarmos em consideração a grande responsabilidade de se traba lhar com seres humanos em sua idade de maior sensibilidade às mudan­ças e, portanto, susceptíveis às influências tanto positivas como ne gativas.
Von Musterland bis Massentests. Diskursanalytische Zugänge zur slowakischen Corona-Debatte
Authors: Mészáros Attila
Published: January 2022

Die Anfang 2020 ausgebrochene Corona-Pandemie änderte die uns bislang bekannte Welt in drastischem Maße. Der erbitterte Kampf gegen den unsichtbaren Krankheitserreger und die Experimente mit unterschiedlichsten Schutzmaßnahmen führten weltweit zu Diskussionen, die durch eine besonders heterogene Palette von Themen zwischen Angst und Verschwörung geprägt sind. Aus diesem Grund zeichnet sich der sog. Corona-Diskurs auch für die Diskurslinguistik als vielseitiger Forschungsgegenstand aus. Der vorliegende Beitrag versucht, einen Einblick in die slowakische Corona-Debatte zu geben. Dabei wird einerseits auf die Akteurs- und die Argumentationsebene, andererseits auf den zugehörenden Wortschatz eingegangen. Ziel ist es, anhand einer korpusbasierten Untersuchung Auskunft über die Themen und Denkweisen zu liefern, die im Laufe des (ersten) sog. Corona-Jahres die Kommunikation über das Coronavirus in der slowakischen Öffentlichkeit bestimmt haben.
Technique of TiNi-based shape memory alloy thin film coating on optical fibers
Authors: Dang Jun-Po , Jiang Xiu-Juan , Tang Zhen-Hua ,   School of Electromechanical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China,   School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
Published: January 2022

Intelligent, integrated and cost-effective micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) and micro sensors can be developed with TiNi-based memory alloy thin film and optical fibers. Such devices can work in harsh environment, like in deep sea, in space with flammable or explosive objects, or with strong electromagnetic interference; and examples of their possible applications include gas concentration detection in underground mines, dynamic detection of production parameters in oil or gas mining, etc. As TiNi-based memory alloy thin film possesses good biocompatibility, such devices can also be used in intracranial/endocardial pressure test, surgical resection, early cancer assessment, etc. The successful development of the above MEMS and micro sensors involve optical fibers coated with memory alloy films. However, unlike the common planar substrates, optical fiber is of a cylinder with a small diameter, and how to grow good-quality memory alloy film on its surface remains to be explored.

In this work, the silica fibers are coated with TiNi memory alloy films by magnetron sputtering. How to choose the proper operating parameters in the sputtering process, and also the effects of subsequent annealing treatment on the films, are discussed in detail. Uniform thin films are grown on the 125-μm-diameter cylindrical surfaces of optical fibers with our built coating mask device specially designed for fibers. The experiments show that when target-substrate distance, background vacuum degree, Ar gas flow and sputtering time are fixed in the sputtering process, the sputtering power can be optimized, while a higher sputtering pressure results in lower film deposition rate but better surface roughness. The thin film is well crystallized under annealing, and the major martensite B19′ phase and minor austenite B2 phase coexist in the Ti49.09Ni50.91 film. In the experiments, with the optimal operating parameters (sputtering power of 150 W and sputtering pressure of 0.23 Pa), TiNi memory alloy film about 852.2 nm in thickness is grown on the fiber at a deposition rate of 0.118 nm/s, and surface root mean square roughness of the unannealed film is 15.1 nm. Annealing at temperatures of 500, 550 and 600 ℃ are respectively tried, and such a thermal treatment evidently refines the crystalline grains inside the film. Surface root mean square roughness of the film annealed at 600 ℃ is reduced to 6.32 nm.

This work indicates that a glass fiber can be coated with high-quality TiNi-based memory alloy film, and it thus forms a part of the bases of further development of relevant MEMS and micro sensors.
Structural, magnetic and ferroelectric properties of VOBr2 monolayer: A first-principles study
Authors: Song Rui , Wang Bi-Li , Feng Kai , Wang Li , Liang Dan-Dan ,   Department of General Education, Army Engineering University of People’ Liberation Army, Nanjing 211101, China
Published: January 2022

On the basis of first-principles calculations, the structure, magnetism and ferroelectricity of VOBr2 monolayer are studied systematically in the present work. The calculation results indicate that a spontaneous ferroelectric distortion takes place at low temperature, causing the structure of VOBr2 to transform from a centrosymmetric paraelectric phase to a ferroelectric one. In contrast with its sister compound VOI2, the dimerization of V is unstable in VOBr2 and may quench the local magnetic moment on V ions. Additionally, the easy magnetization axis of VOBr2 monolayer is in-plane along the a-axis, and the magnetic coupling between adjacent local moments is antiferromagnetic both along the a-axis and along the b-axis. Moreover, the ferroelectric displacement of V ions occurs in the a-axis, along the V—O—V chains direction, resulting in a polarization of about 40 μC/cm2. Comparing with the ferro-to-paraelectric reversal pathway, the energy barrier can be effectively reduced for ferroelectric switching on partial or individual V—O—V chains. It is reasonable to believe that the dipole moment flipping on specific chain can be achieved through a moderate external field, thereby providing new direction for designing the low-energy-consumption and high-density ferroelectric memory device.
Introduction
Authors: Wight David M.
Published: January 2022

This introductory chapter begins by looking at White House chief of staff Donald Rumsfeld's proposal that Washington should offer to cooperate with a consortium of Arab nations to develop an Arab space program. Rumsfeld's proposal mirrored the hopes and assumptions of many other US policymakers and businesspeople regarding petrodollars. This book argues that the surge in petrodollar profits of oil-rich states during the long 1970s facilitated a fundamental transformation in the relationship between the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), on the one hand, and the international empire that the United States had forged since World War II, on the other. It provides an important example of how the United States successfully maintained its international empire in the face of repeated challenges from partners and adversaries alike. The United States achieved this by accommodating the rising power and ambitions of its oil-rich MENA allies and utilizing their enhanced wealth for shared ends, thereby transitioning to a new system of cooperative empire.
Pursuing Petrodollar Interdependence
Authors: Wight David M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter details how Saudi Arabia and the United States gradually regained trust in each other through joint projects that utilized Saudi petrodollars. This system of petrodollar interdependence met immediate concerns of both parties, such as providing the Saudis with secure places to invest and appreciate their revenues while providing the United States with needed funds. More broadly, however, Riyadh and Washington sought to develop petrodollar interdependence between each other in the service of indirect goals, most prominently Saudi oil supply and price policies for the Americans and US action on Arab demands regarding Israel for the Saudis. Saudi–US petrodollar interdependence would take time to develop, and petrodollar ties did not guarantee a meeting of minds. But pursuing petrodollar interdependence went a long way in restoring Saudi Arabia to the system of US empire while radically transforming the former's role within the latter, as Saudi Arabia's importance shifted from providing the West with low-priced oil to supplying the United States with large sums of petrodollars that provided vital funds to the US economy.
The Triangle to the Nile
Authors: Wight David M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter assesses how, due to its strategic value and regional ties, Egypt constituted a top priority of US efforts to direct petrodollars to oil-poor, less developed countries. Egyptian and US government officials believed that petrodollars could facilitate the strengthening of Egyptian–US ties. They began to use the term “tripartite” or “triangular investment” to describe the goal of combining oil-rich Arab investment funds with US technology and service expertise to produce profitable private ventures in developing sectors of the Egyptian economy such as industry, agriculture, tourism, finance, and mineral extraction. Triangular investment, as envisioned by its advocates, would recycle Arab petrodollars back into the world economy with a profit to the Gulf states, bring needed development to Egypt, and provide US companies with lucrative new sales and investments. Israel, however, would vigorously oppose Washington's efforts to establish stronger economic and military ties with Egypt, and Israeli efforts would cause new strains in Arab–US relations and contribute to an increase in US aid to Israel to help assuage its petrodollar-linked fears.
Coda
Authors: Williams Katherine Schaap
Published: January 2022

This chapter traces the tension between fixing and unfixing through two late-seventeenth-century texts, narrative accounts that recast the formal experiments that are the output of the early modern theater's staging of disability. It presents Jeremy Collier's account of the stage at the end of the seventeenth century which laments that the theater's affective power “disables the whole Audience.” The chapter then turns to discuss this disabling as the electrifying endpoint of the theater's aesthetic experimentation with formal unfixing. It examines how the early modern theater, in a moment before the typical settles into the normative, enjoins us to a speculative theater history that defamiliarizes theatrical form. The chapter illustrates how inextricable are the thinking of disability and theatricality in early modern culture.
Introduction
Authors: Park Seo Young
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on everyday lives and the subjective narratives of workers in the Dongdaemun market. It looks at how the fast pace among them manifests itself as an embodied, immanent, and affective experience. The chapter argues that their work sustains the fast-paced material production and distribution that defines the market. It further explicates how these narratives shape the politics and counterpolitics of labor and the urban city. The chapter then investigates how the marketplace emerged as a charged space with bodies, objects, built forms, and nature, all of which were differently paced and constituted in time in disparate ways. It then traces the stories of those whose work composes the temporal fabric of the marketplace, while sustaining and challenging the problem of speed — and, in doing so, reveals the tangled paces and temporality of the labor and the city.
Pacing the Flow
Authors: Park Seo Young
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the macrolevel transformation of the landscape that attempted to discursively and physically create the slow pace of the city, in an attempt to alter the previous urban pursuit of growth-centered, sped-up urban lives. It suggests that it is not only the emphasis on actual rapidity but also the way the rapidity has been problematized that shapes the temporality of the city. The chapter then takes the Cheonggyecheon stream as a starting point to think through contestations over the linear passage of history. It uses the term “flow” as a metaphor to highlight the actual and imagined fluvial motion of the stream itself, the passage of time from past to present, and the mobility of lives, vehicles, and the capital. The chapter argues that the efforts to control the flow of people, vehicles, and commodities and to create a new path for labor and urban politics eventually reveal more complexities and incongruent tempos, cycles, and paces within the flows. Ultimately, the chapter zooms into Chun Taeil Bridge to discuss its more nuanced role to materialize and open a space of commemoration, both supporting and complicating the new flow that the urban planning projects desire to create. It then takes a closer look at the three friends' narratives and discusses the way they make sense of their own trajectories and carve out a path that unsettles the singular notion of the flow and the singular temporality of urban and labor politics.
Kagetsura and Nobutoki secretly obstruct Yoshizane; Ujimoto and Sadayuki calamitously submit to Tateyama
Authors: Bakin Kyokutei
Published: January 2022

This chapter details how, Anzai Saburōdayū Kagetsura, upon being informed by his attendant that Satomi Yoshizane had arrived by boat with two followers, harbored grave doubts but failed to fathom what harm this presaged. He could not answer swiftly, but instead turned to Nobutoki of the Maro. Kagetsura and Nobutoki decided to summon Yoshizane to test his courage and whether he could be serviceable. If he was not, then they would have him killed to ward off any future troubles. The chapter then looks at how Yoshizane, Ujimoto, and Sadayuki submitted to Kagetsura's wishes for them to catch a carp to be offered to the God of War. Ujimoto and Sadayuki thought that such an activity was not for a warrior to engage in, but Yoshizane scolded them and acquiesced to Kagetsura's requirements.
The Lives of the Eight Dogs of the Satomi of Southern Fusa
Authors: Bakin Kyokutei
Published: January 2022

Volume II

Table of Contents

Book I, Chapter XI:

In a dream, a hermit marks the way to Mount To;

In darkness, Sadayuki is entrusted with a spirit missive1

Same Book, Chapter XII:

In a grotto on Mount To, a beast conceives a heart to know truth;...
Pedagogies of Pleasure
Authors: Harris Carissa M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter exposes how alewife poems and singlewomen's erotic songs stage models of peer education in which women teach their peers how to pursue pleasure, minimize risk, and negotiate for satisfaction. It explores English songs from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries which enact common models of same-sex performative pedagogy. The chapter discusses these understudied lyrics and reveals a paramount focus on pleasure in women's sexual education even as they traffic in misogynist stereotypes of the “lusty maiden” — young, single, often lower-status — who is always ready for sex. In their emphasis on maidens' self-assured pursuit of pleasure, the chapter unveils how these lyrics contrast sharply with popular discourses that portray young women's erotic expression as engendering shame, regret, and self-inflicted social and spiritual ruin. Ultimately, the chapter shows how these lyrics represent same-sex peer pedagogy as having the potential to engender changes in sexual culture that are as necessary today as they were in the Middle Ages.
Introduction
Authors: Prassas Despina D.
Published: January 2022

This chapter highlights the writings of Maximus the Confessor (580–662), the seventh-century monk whose theological teachings contributed significantly to early Byzantine monasticism and the decisions of the Sixth Ecumenical Council (680–81). It explores how the writings of the Confessor have continued into the twenty-first century, inspiring a new generation of scholars. The new millennium finds the ongoing production of scholarship addressing the works of the Confessor. It presents numerous monographs in various languages dealing with the topics of Christology, the body and deification, and with Maximus's philosophical contributions, hermeneutics, cosmology, monothelitism, and anthropology. The chapter seeks to better understand the Confessor's antecedents and influences. In doing so, the chapter examines how Maximus has emerged as an essential church father and contributed to the development of Christian thought.
St. Maximus the confessor’s Quaestiones et dubia Translation
Authors: Prassas Despina D.
Published: January 2022

This chapter provides the first English language translation of Maximus the Confessor's Quaestiones et Dubia, a series of 239 questions and responses found in Jose Declerck's Quaestiones et dubia in volume 10 of Corpus Christianorum Series graeca. It focuses on the primary witness of the critical edition — Vaticanus graecus 1703 (Vat.gr. 1703), a manuscript found in the Vatican libraries approximately fifty years ago. There exists a French language translation of Maximus's text by Emmanuel Ponsoye; however, in several places the author's translation departs from Ponsoye's. The chapter argues that the current volume is not meant to include an exhaustive treatment of the Quaestiones et Dubia. It then introduces the Quaestiones et Dubia and provides a brief historical and literary contextual background to help ground and familiarize the reader for a reading of the translation.
Mocking the False Savior
Authors: Greenwood David Neal
Published: January 2022

This chapter reviews Julian's true religious and philosophical commitment. It considers Julian's religious writings as employed on behalf of his pragmatic political goals, showing two competing religious metanarratives. The chapter then unfolds how Julian began laying a foundation of mockery of Christianity, Christ, and his earthly counterpart Constantine in the Symposium, also referred to in some manuscripts as the Kronia and later as the Saturnalia or Caesares. In it, the emperor combined searing criticism of Constantine and his sons with biting humor, rendering the work attractive even for those without significant background in the political history of the time. The chapter ultimately explains Marcus Aurelius's writings and its connection to the Symposium.
Crafting the Salvific Heracles
Authors: Greenwood David Neal
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the actions that allowed Julian to develop his rhetoric against Constantine. Following the death of Constantius II, some who had benefited from his patronage at the expense of others found themselves without protection. The chapter introduces Bishop George of Alexandria, formerly Julian's tutor, then describes Julian's request to Alexandria demanding the library of George. This request holds some unappreciated significance as the link to a shift in Julian's thinking. The chapter then jumps to emphasize the two letters that Julian wrote: To Porphyrius and To Ecdicius. To Ecdicius, the emperor demanded that George's library be found and sent to him at Antioch, and he made clear that he wanted included the works on the teachings of the impious Galilaeans. A second letter, To Porphyrius, reiterated the same demand for the library, and many modern scholars have theorized that the addressee was perhaps George's secretary. The chapter describes Julian's work as the unveiling of his religious state program. It then highlights Julian's crafting of a Heracles much like Christ, the son of Zeus-Helios and the virgin goddess Athena.
K-Star Road
Authors: Oh Youjeong
Published: January 2022

This chapter presents how the promotion of Gangnam has been sustained through the suppression of other areas since the 1980s, so that eventually the area built up a rich cultural infrastructure, including a cluster of entertainment agencies. It investigates a case of place marketing employing the aura of K-pop idols. K-Star Road in Gangnam is a government-initiated urban district branding project featuring K-pop stars. As the biggest commercial and financial district in Seoul, Gangnam is a bastion of fortified wealth, power, and status. The chapter offers detailed empirical data about the production and consumption processes at work in K-Star Road. It begins with the history of Gangnam development to reveal the social, economic, and cultural meanings of the area. The chapter then demonstrates that the branding of K-Star Road is a selective process designed to create particular urban images that stand in contrast to the existing realities in an effort to turn Gangnam into a global city. Ultimately, it argues that the K-Star Road project, on the one hand, reduces the realities of the place to fantasized images that are entirely entertainment oriented and, on the other, exploits the presence of fans and the emotional investment that they make in the area.
Uneven Resources and Manpower Concerns
Authors: Scoggins Suzanne E.
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks more deeply at the effects of police budget and other resource limitations to argue that many areas of policing fall short, even as protest control excels. It recounts frontline stories and interprets them with the intent of establishing a more complete picture of what policing in China is, as well as what it is not. The chapter reveals that pay is low, overtime goes unpaid, and stations do not have enough qualified officers on the front lines to manage current workloads. Improvements in funding, training, and technology have also failed to keep pace with increases in crime, citizen demands, and central government hiring limits for civil service employees. The chapter uncovers what resource limitations look like on the ground. It assesses the impact of allocation decisions at the station level to the ground-level police, and examines how stations manage manpower and financial resources. Going beyond the budget figures, the chapter shows how ground-level police experience resource limitations and how these shortfalls affect their ability to respond to crime in Chinese cities.
Poor Policing and State-Society Conflict
Authors: Scoggins Suzanne E.
Published: January 2022

This chapter highlights the reports of citizen attacks against the Chinese police — focusing on the year of the Weng'an incident in 2008. It recounts the large-scale attacks on police, mass incidents, everyday violence, and provides insight into police-society conflict. The chapter also pays attention to the biggest police brutality scandal in recent years: the Lei Yang case. The case garnered so much attention that even President Xi Jinping weighed in on the matter by releasing a statement that admonished local police to adhere to the law. The chapter then reiterates how the mishandling of everyday crime affects Chinese society by feeding back into a loop of protest and dissent. It explains that police–society conflict is generally caused by unexpected situations in which the police suddenly become targets of public frustration. Ultimately, the chapter emphasizes another problem faced by frontline officers: unrealistic performance requirements by the government and the ministry.
Introduction
Authors: Erley Mieka
Published: January 2022

This chapter outlines the two central questions of the book: How is soil, as the site of traditional values and lifeways, remythologized in the modern age? And how does soil, as a material substance, resist what Stacy Alaimo calls the “dematerializing networks” of culture and the symbolic processes involved in making sense of our world? The chapter approaches these main questions by presenting a genealogy of key Russian and Soviet cultural myths of nation and nature rooted in soil, ranging from Fedor Dostoevsky's “native soil” movement (pochvennichestvo) to the Soviet myth of the Virgin Lands. It illustrates how attempts to “socialize” soil — to theorize it as an object of social relations and to make it productive under socialism — were countered by the resistance of the material itself. The chapter also offers a selection of key episodes: myths of soil that are richly and extensively ramified, that refresh our understanding of well-worn topics or texts, or that intersect with material history in striking ways. The chapter highlights the continuities across various Eurasian spaces and shows how ideological and symbolic systems devised for the Russian heartland transformed when transplanted to other soils.
Native Soil
Authors: Erley Mieka
Published: January 2022

This chapter tracks the biopolitical metaphors of native soil, rootedness, grafting, and transplantation through nineteenth-century Russian discourses of the nation — focusing on a particular complex of ideas: the organic analogy of nation and plant. It discovers their origin in the German philosophical traditions of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, particularly in the work of Johann Gottfried Herder. While figures like Herder had attempted to ground their theories of national difference in material and environmental conditions, soil nonetheless remained primarily a cultural, discursive, and philosophical construct in the age of Romantic nationalism. The chapter examines how the study of nature disengages itself from Naturphilosophie and claims ever-greater authority on the basis of empirical data and controlled experiment. It investigates how the matter (materiia) of soil, which had remained chiefly the occupation of the farmer and peasant, was claimed by new institutions of scientific knowledge.
Introduction
Authors: Bryant Rebecca , Reeves Madeleine
Published: January 2022

This introductory chapter provides an overview of sovereign agency. Sovereign agency denotes the variety of practices, strategies, and future-oriented claims that constitute institution and subject in ways that make the latter politically recognizable and capable of agentive action. In this sense, sovereign agency is often more aspiration than realization. It is an aspiration for forms of institutional recognition and political legibility that enable efficacious action, or what can be called “state desire.” The desire for sovereign agency, in turn, often emerges from a sense of loss — of political voice, of political legibility, of political order — and a yearning to regain it. This book situates sovereign agency at the foreground of anthropological inquiry. Who or what is the locus of political imagination in claims to “take back control?” What does sovereignty look like from the ground up?