bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Skin Response To Fabric. A Review of Studies and Assessment Methods
Authors: Hatch Kathryn L. , Markee Nancy L. , Maibach Howard I.
Published: October 2007

Research studies which provide insight into the response of human skin to fabric when contacted by and/or covered with fabric are reviewed When possible, the fabric parameter thought influential in eliciting a certain response (e.g., increase in capillary blood flow, hydration state) is given. The operating principles of several key instruments used for assessing the response of skin to fabric are explained.
The Administration of Textile and Apparel Quotas: A Case Study of Malaysian Policy and Its Implications for the U.S
Authors: Douglas Sara U.
Published: October 2007

Most international textile trade operates under the auspices of the Multifiber Arrangement (MFA), which allows protection through voluntary export restraints (VERs). The rights to agreed-upon quotas are given to the governments of importing countries. The importing country then allocates these rights to manufacturers within the country. This study examines the distinctive characteristics of VERs by means of a case study of Malaysia, Malaysia's trade relations with the U.S., and a political economy analysis. Standard economic models facilitate one dimension of analysis but neglect the political and social effects, knowledge of which yields increased understanding of the interests involved and the outcomes of the process. Conclusions of the analysis thus go beyond the finding that the economic benefits of VERs to Malaysia are moderately high while in the U.S. it is the costs that are high. The evidence also indicates that social costs in Malaysia are high but relatively low in the U.S. Politically there are mixed costs and benefits in Malaysia and relatively high benefits in the U.S. These conclusions are discussed in relation to the ongoing discussions of textile trading nations regarding a phaseout of the MFA and a return of textile trade to the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade.
Market Segmentation of Tuxedo Customers
Authors: May Roxanna , Shim Soyeon , Kotsiopulos Antigone
Published: October 2007

This research project was designed to segment the tuxedo customer market and develop customer profiles. Data were collected by a questionnaire mailed to 266 tuxedo customers. Respondents (n = 90) were segmented as purchasers and renters as well as light and heavy tuxedo users. These customer segments were compared according to their information search patterns, clothing involvement, product characteristics, clothing behaviors, and consumer demographics. Customer profiles were developed, along with applicable marketing implication. This study contributes to research in male consumer behavior.
Female Bicyclists and Interest in Dress: Validation with Multiple Measures
Authors: Casselman-Dickson Marsha A. , Damhorst Mary Lynn
Published: October 2007

Differences in the use of and interest in sport clothing of 56 female bicyclists at two levels of involvement in bicycling were examined. Two data collection methods-qualitative open-ended interviews and quantitative questionnaires-were employed for triangulation of measures. Similarities were found between the two groups in their interest in attracting attention, satisfaction with appearance, modesty, and choice of role appropriate dress. Cyclists differed in concern with attractiveness, dressing correctly, and conforming with dress. Parallels in strength and direction of findings between the qualitative and quantitative results indicated validity of the findings. Discrepancies in findings related to Conformity illustrated the need for caution when using only one type of measure.
Adhesion Promotion in Rayon/Nylon Skin/Core Bigeneric Fibers
Authors: Collier Billie J. , Collier John R. , Weiying Tao
Published: October 2007

Rayon/nylon skin/core bigeneric fibers have been developed to combine mechanical properties ofsynthetic core material with moisture and comfort properties of cellulosic skin. Fibers are produced in a fiber coating operation where oriented nylon fiber is coated with viscose rayon solution in a fiber coating die. For fibers produced in earlier studies, adhesion between skin and core was not sufficient, and the skin debonded during subsequent processing. In this study, fumaric acid (FA) was used as an adhesion promoter in rayon coated fibers.

Results of a severe abrasion test show that FA is an effective coupling agent with adhesion dependent on application conditions. There was significant interaction between FA concentration and time of FA pretreatment; high concentrations at shorter pretreatment times and low concentrations at longer times gave best adhesion. Results of the adhesion test were confirmed with electron microscopy.
Apparel Production in the Caribbean: A Classic Case of the New International Division of Labor
Authors: Balkwell Carolyn , Dickerson Kitty G.
Published: October 2007

An international division of labor now exists in textile and apparel production. Epitomizing this movement, the Caribbean Basin has become the fastest growing apparel assembly region for U.S. firms. This paper describes tariff and quota provisions that make the Caribbean countries desirable sites for U.S. apparel assembly operations, thus enabling U.S. manufacturers to compete more effectively with low cost imports from non-Caribbean countries. The evolution of special tariff and quota provisions for the Caribbean region is examined. Special trade provisions include 807 production (now 9802 in the Harmonized Tariff Schedule), the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI), and Guaranteed Access Levels (GALs) under 807A (now 9802.80 10 2 in the Harmonized Tariff Schedule). The Enterprise for the Americas Initiative is also considered. This paper examines the impact of each of these provisions and explores the implications for the U.S. textilelapparel complex and for the economic development of select Caribbean countries. Costs and benefits to both investor/parent firms and host countries are examined. The effect of paid employment in the apparel industry on the role and status of Caribbean women is considered briefly.
"No Seamstresses, No Ready-Made Clothing" Clothing Consumption on the American Frontier, 1850-1890
Authors: Campbell Julie A. , Brandt Brenda
Published: October 2007

This study presents a more complete description of North American dress, specifically that of women married to officers of the Indian-fighting U.S. Army in the second half of the nineteenth century, resulting from changes as a response to unusual frontier conditions. Diaries, letters, and memoirs of 18 army wives were primary source materials. The women's writings contained seven themes related to changes in clothing. Two of these are associated with clothing consumption, the acquisition and maintenance of clothing. Living on the frontier forced women to obtain clothes in unaccustomed ways and provided unforeseen opportunities to lose and damage garments. To cope, women obtained clothing from various sources and relied on sewing skills. U.S. Army wives were both domestic producers and consumers of clothing.
The Influence of Appropriateness of Dress and Gender on The Self-Perception of Occupational Attributes
Authors: Kwon Yoon-Hee
Published: October 2007

This study investigated male and female perceptions of the role clothing plays in enhancing ten occupational attributes: responsibility, competence, knowledgability, professionalism, honesty, reliability, intelligence, trustworthiness, willingness to work hard, and efficiency. The objective was to investigate gender differences of perceived influence of dress on enhancement of occupational attributes mediated by (a) two dress modes (properly dressed and not properly dressed), (b) subjects' self-perceptions of their own attributes, and (c) subjects' clothing interests.

Data collected from 132 males and 190 females supported the belief that clothing generally enhances self-perception of occupational attributes. Males generally believed proper clothing can enhance occupational attributes (intelligence, competence, knowledgability, honesty, and reliability) and this belief was influenced by perceptions of their own attributes and clothing interests. Females did not believe many attributes could be enhanced by manipulation of clothing, and their belief was not influenced by perceptions of occupational attributes or clothing interests.
Predicting Apparel and Gift Retail Buyers' Satisfaction with the Services of A Regional Merchandise Mart: From the Industrial Services Marketing Perspective
Authors: Shim Soyeon , Kotsiopulos Antigone
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this study was to predict apparel and gift retail buyers' satisfaction with a western regional merchandise mart and its service offering in the context of the mart as a service organization. The 643 respondents who were clients of a regional mart were included in the analysis. Variables investigated included buyers' overall satisfaction and seven specific dimensions of satisfaction identified by a factor analysis, and buyers' attitudinal, individual and store characteristics. Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified that retail buyers' overall satisfaction with the mart was predicted by four specific dimensions of satisfaction—Merchandise Lines/Sales Reps, Mart Staffs, Hotel Services, and Publications/Seminars. The overall satisfaction, however, was not predicted by the other three dimensions of satisfaction (Social Events, Parking/Food, and Location/Airfare) nor by retail buyers' attitudinal, individual and store characteristics. Further analysis revealed that the seven specific factors of satisfaction were predicted by retail buyers' selected variables of attitudinal (i.e., information-seeking), individual (i.e., gender), and store (i.e., sales volume) characteristics. Results from this study theoretically contribute to the industrial service organization models. Managerial and educational implications are also discussed.
Retail Buyers' and Manufacturers' Sales Representatives' Perceptions of Market Show Services in Small Apparel Markets
Authors: Fairhurst Ann E. , Lennon Sharron J. , Yu Haekyung
Published: October 2007

This paper explores apparel retail buyers' perceptions of (a) the importance of and (b) satisfaction with services available at market shows. We also measured manufacturers' sales representatives' perceptions of the importance of the market services. Respondents were 161 apparel retail buyers and 146 manufacturers' sales representatives who attended a local midwest market show. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that apparel retail buyers and manufacturers' sales representatives differed regarding the importance of five market show services. As compared to retail buyers, manufacturers' sales representatives attributed more importance to help for new retailers, show books, and timing of the markets. As compared to manufacturers' sales representatives, retail buyers attributed more importance to the number of lines available and to parking arrangements. Results of a multiple regression analysis revealed that retail buyer satisfaction with (a) timing of markets, (b) number of lines available, (c) buyer's lounge, and (d) the provision of help for new retailers accounted for 74% of the explained variance in satisfaction with overall market services. Suggestions are offered for improving market services.
Aesthetics: A Comparison of the State of the Art Outside and Inside the Field of Textiles and Clothing. Part Three: Appreciation Process, Appreciator and Summary Comparisons
Authors: Fiore Ann Marie , Moreno Josephine Maria , Kimle Patricia Anne
Published: October 2007

This is the last of three papers in which we review aesthetics literature published from 1970 to 1992, found outside and inside the field of textiles and clothing. In this paper we review Appreciation Process and Appreciator literature, including research that explores internal processes that take place during the aesthetic response to a preexisting object or event. Also included is literature that focuses upon the psychological and socio-cultural factors influencing the person involved in the appreciation process, in terms of his or her aesthetic ability, and preference, evaluation, and selection of aesthetic objects. For this paper, the literature external to the field of textiles and clothing came primarily from books and journal articles of psychology. Other major contributors were the fields of anthropology, art education, and marketing. We limited our review of textiles and clothing literature to articles found in Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, Dress, Home Economics Research Journal, Journal of Consumer Studies and Home Economics , and Textiles Research Journal. Broad comparisons are made between aesthetics literature outside and inside the field of textiles and clothing.
Osnaburg Overalls, Calico Frocks, and Homespun Suits: The Use of 19th Century Georgia Newspaper Notices to Research Slave Clothing and Textiles
Authors: Hunt Patricia K.
Published: October 2007

This paper discusses the value of newspaper notices in the search for data on slave clothing. Two hundred and seventy-three fugitive slave notices, 10 sheriff notices, and 79 store advertisements were examined from 34 Georgia newspapers published from 1800 to 1865. Although these sources provide us with, in most cases, extremely detailed information about slave clothing and textiles, researchers should also recognize the limitations these sources have. These include a narrow picturing of the slave runaway population (mostly male slaves) as seen in a relatively small number of extant newspapers that carry notices. If researchers keep these restrictions in mind when drawing conclusions based on these sources, extant newspapers of the times can reveal much about the slave clothing which is no longer available for research.
Acculturation Characteristics and Apparel Shopping Orientations: Chinese Students and Spouses from the People's Republic of China Residing in the Southwest
Authors: Shim Soyeon , Yen Qiong Chen
Published: October 2007

Acculturation characteristics were examined as predictors of apparel shopping orientations among groups of Chinese students and spouses (n = 182) residing in the United States. Two major groups, which were identified by cluster analysis on 11 shopping orientation factors, differed in their overall acculturation characteristics, F (13,168) = 12.81, p < .01. Cluster 1 displayed a lower level of American acculturation characteristics and a less active shopping style, and was labeled Minimalist-Less Acculturated Shoppers. Cluster 2 displayed characteristics in a direct contrast to Cluster 1, and therefore was labeled Actively Involved-More Acculturated Shoppers. It was concluded that different acculturation levels of Chinese consumers may be related to different orientations to apparel shopping.
Relationship of Optimum Stimulation Level to Fashion Behavior
Authors: Kwon Yoon-Hee , Workman Jane E.
Published: October 2007

According to optimum stimulation level theory, each individual seeks optimum stimulation. Environmental stimulation may include novelty, excitement, or new experiences. Optimum stimulation level may operate to guide consumer behavior, and particularly, regarding fashion. One way to increase stimulation might be to shop for and adopt new clothing fashions. This study investigated gender differences in (a) fashion behavior, (b) optimum stimulation level (OSL), and (c) the relationship of subjects' OSL to fashion behavior. Subjects were 335 students who filled out a questionnaire containing OSL measures and fashion behavior measures. Females scored higher on fashion leadership and arousal from unusual stimuli while males scored higher on arousal from sensuality and new environments. Fashion behavior was primarily related to three OSL factors: arousals from change (males and females), risk, and unusual stimuli (males).
Transmission and Reconstruction of Gender through Dress: Hmong American New Year Rituals
Authors: Lynch Annette , Detzner Daniel F. , Eicher Joanne B.
Published: October 2007

This is the second of two articles focused on the role of dress in the formulation of Hmong American cultural life. The first article focused on the performance of two versions of Hmong American New Year and how dress is used by Hmong Americans to make sense of their position between the cultural world of the past and contemporary American culture. This paper centers on the transmission and reconstruction of female gender roles in the American context as expressed through women's headdress worn to the Hmong American New Year celebration. Both uses of dress arose out of attempts to reconcile the cultural life of the past with their lives in the United States; both are expressed visually through the dressed and evaluated body within the context of the Hmong New Year celebration.
"Tastily Bound with Ribands": Ribbon-bordered Dress of the Great Lakes Indians, 1735-1839
Authors: Pannabecker Rachel K.
Published: October 2007

This research illuminates the historical context and cultural significance of ribbon-bordered dress of the Native Americans in the Great Lakes region in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Period manuscripts and print materials were studied to document access to European-produced silk ribbon, to trace the spread of ribbon-bordered dress among Great Lakes tribes, to explore the origins of cut-and-sewn ribbonwork borders on dress, and to interpret the cultural context in which ribbon-bordered dress arose. In summary, ribbon-bordered dress was found to embody a creative and innovative response to an imported material by Great Lakes Indian women. Moreover, through its use and transformation in Native American dress, silk ribbon both established cultural boundaries and bound cultures together.
Consumers of Ethnic Apparel from Alternative Trading Organizations: A Multifaceted Market
Authors: Dickson Marsha A. , Littrell Mary A.
Published: October 2007

Consumers from the mailing list of Pueblo to People, an alternative trading organization specializing in ethnic apparel and crafts from Latin America, were segmented by their desirability ratings for a variety of clothing evaluative criteria. Two market segments emerged that were considered meaningful for targeted product development. Creative Ethnic consumers preferred a unique and dramatic look that they believe can be achieved through ethnic and traditional styling. The traditional and bright colors of Latin America were desirable to this group, who also rated high quality as important. Plain and Simple consumers also preferred high quality garments, but not elaborate patterns and surface designs characteristic of traditional ethnic fabrics. Rather, Plain and Simple consumers preferred dark colors in blue hues or neutral colors such as black, white, or gray. Findings are discussed in relation to literature on textile craft consumers. Additionally, suggestions are made for product development that would target both groups.
Design and Evaluation of Thermal Protective Flightsuits. Part I: The Design Process and Prototype Development
Authors: Tan Yi-bin , Crown Elizabeth M. , Capjack Linda
Published: October 2007

An aviator's flightsuit must protect against hazardous thermal environments. In addition, it must be comfortable, fit properly, allow for mobility, and meet several other expectations for military clothing. A systematic approach to designing protective garments is needed to ensure acceptance on all criteria.

The purpose of this study was to design and evaluate garment systems for optimum thermal protection for Canadian Forces flight personnel and to determine the effect of selected garment parameters (style, fit, closure system and seam type) on thermal protection. Part I focuses on the design process. Orlando's (1979) functional apparel design process served as the conceptual framework; for this study the process incorporated a literature search, material analysis, focused group interviews and movement analysis to develop design criteria and specifications for eight alternative flightsuits incorporating the parameters of interest. The design criteria included thermal protection, other functional requirements, psychological requirements, production and maintenance. Patterns for the garments were developed using AutoCAD® and PCPattern® software. The design process allowed systematic consideration of all related aspects of the problem. Evaluation of the garments is described in Part II.
Adolescents' Purchasing Role Structure when Shopping by Catalog for Clothing
Authors: Simpson Linda D. , Douglas Sara U.
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this research is to further the understanding of the consumer socialization process by examining the purchasing role structure of adolescents who purchase clothing through catalogs. Purchasing role structure refers to the influence of socialization agents on adolescents' purchase decisions. In particular, there are two major categories of socialization agents: those independent of family members (decisions made alone or with friends) and those dependent on family members (consider what their family members would think of the purchase decision). Results suggest that adolescents believe their catalog purchase decisions are independent from family members. In other words, adolescents do not consider what their family members would think of the purchase decision. Younger adolescents perceive direct and indirect influence more often from parents and indirect influence more often from siblings and friends than do older adolescents. In addition, the younger adolescents perceive indirect parental influence more often on all garment types except dress clothes and direct parental influence on all garment types except dress clothes and socks. As in previous research, these findings suggest that as a child ages parental influence decreases. Male adolescents in the sample perceive indirect influence from their siblings more often than females. By contrast, females perceive indirect influence from their friends more often than males did.
Research Attitude and Productivity Among Faculty at Four-Year U.S. Institutions: A Socialization Perspective
Authors: Shim Soyeon , O'Neal Gwendolyn , Rabolt Nancy
Published: October 2007

This study examines factors that influence attitudes vis-a-vis research and research productivity among apparel and textile faculty at four-year U.S. institutions from a socialization perspective. Survey data (N = 242) collected from International Textile and Apparel Association members of U.S. four-year institutions were analyzed via a path analysis with LISREL structural equation modeling as well as factorial analysis of variance. Results indicated that perceived support from graduate school, colleagues, institutionsladministrators and family, respectively, were important predictors of attitude toward research. Attitude toward research, in turn, directly influenced research productivity. Environmental and professional characteristics also influenced perceived support from various socialization agents, research attitude, and productivity. On the other hand, personal demographic characteristics had no influence on either perceived support from socialization agents or research attitude and productivity.
Cross-cultural and Intra-societal. Application of DeLong's Framework for Visual Analysis
Authors: Lynch Annette , Michelman Susan O. , Hegland Jane E.
Published: October 2007

This paper analyzes the application of DeLong's framework of visual analysis in research on dress outside of the mainstream. Drawing from three bodies of separately conducted research, this paper explores the potential of using a system for visual analysis originally developed for study of cosmopolitan2 dress to understand visual information in other cultural contexts. As a component of our research design each researcher used DeLong's system of visual analysis to explore dress as a reflection of cultural construction of gender. This collaborative effort, which summarizes our individual works, demonstrates that visual analysis is a useful means for examining gender through symbolic dimensions of dress.
Fair Trade Performance in a Competitive Market
Authors: Littrell Mary A. , Dickson Marsha A.
Published: October 2007

Fair Trade Organizations (FTOs) market crafts from developing countries through retail stores and catalogs in the U.S. With their focus on maximizing income generation for artisans, FTOs provide a dramatic contrast to mainstream craft marketers whose attention is directed toward meeting customer needs and expanding shareholder profits. Two research questions were addressed: 1) How have FTOs developed viable organizational cultures that focus on support for producers while giving limited attention to customers? 2) How will FTOs continue to be viable in the increasingly competitive international market for ethnic products ? Five themes related to business performance were extracted from case studies with three leading FTOs. Themes described a large, flexible workforce of artisans in critical need of income; volunteer employees for U.S. retail operations; products targeted toward quality and ethnicity; creation of customer to artisans linkages; and changing store images. Propositions for FTO performance that address strategic appropriateness and competitive strategy were developed. Challenges for the future and research needs were identified.
Remote Memory for Visuospatial Information in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Beatty William W. , Salmon David P.
Published: October 2007

Remote memory for visuospatial information was studied in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) using a test of geographic knowledge previously employed in a study of patients with Huntington's disease. When asked to locate places on a map of the region of the United States in which they were born and raised or on a map of California where they currently resided, the DAT patients performed less accurately than controls. However, unlike controls, the performance of DAT patients in locating places was relatively more accurate using the map of the region in which they were born and raised than using the map of California. Thus, the DAT patients exhibited temporally graded retrograde amnesia for visuospatial knowledge, which parallels the pattern of retrograde amnesia reported for DAT patients when remote memory was assessed with tests requiring identification of famous persons or recall of past public events. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991;4:14-17).
The Clinical Validity of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale in Staging Alzheimer's Dementia
Authors: Shay Kathleen A. , Duke Linda W. , Conboy Thomas , Harrell Lindy E. , Callaway Ross , Folks David G.
Published: October 2007

Considerable heterogeneity exists in the criteria used for the establishment of stages of impairment for patients with dementia. The valid distinction of stages is important both for clinical interpretation and the study of dementia. This study reports on the use of the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS) in staging dementia. Using a sample of 42 patients diagnosed with Alzheimer-type dementia, DRS performance and a rating of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) were compared with clinical ratings of dementia severity. Total DRS score provides a clinically valid measure of stage of impairment and appeared to provide a better distinction among stages than IADL score. However, use of the IADL score in conjunction with total DRS may improve correspondence with clinical staging over use of the total DRS score alone. Normative data for the DRS are also provided. ( J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 1991; 4:18-25).
Learning from the tale of an Ofsted inspection
Authors: Follows Margaret
Published: October 2007

The first part of this series in the last edition of MiE told the fictionalised story of an Ofsted inspection. This current article provides insight into the method of fictionalised story writing used by the author. A concluding article to be published in the next issue of MIE will offer a review of the literature on Ofsted.
Treatment of Panic Disorder
Authors: Hayes Peggy E.
Published: October 2007

In 1981, panic disorder was officially recognized as a separate illness and not merely a component of generalized anxiety disorder. Panic disorder is characterized by panic attacks or unpredictable episodes of sudden and overwhelming feelings of fear or terror. The disorder has a lifetime prevalence rate of 1.6% to 2%, being more common in women than men; many patients do not seek treatment. The majority of patients who have panic disorder develop severe anxiety and agoraphobia; comorbidity with depression occurs in approximately 33%. Panic disorder seems to be chronic with significant morbidity and mortality, including suicide, in patients who are untreated. Fortunately, panic disorder can be successfully treated using several drugs, including antidepressants, imipramine and phenelzine, and the benzodiazepine, alprazolam. It is anticipated that the Federal Food and Drug Administration (FDA) will soon approve the first antipanic drug, alprazolam (Xanax, Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI). The drug of choice for panic disorder is determined by careful evaluation of several drug and patient characteristics. Although alprazolam has some distinct advantages over the antidepressants, including faster onset of therapeutic response and greater patient acceptance, the major problem is drug dependence and withdrawal, especially after high-dose, long-term use. Alprazolam should never be abruptly discontinued, but slowly tapered according to individual response. The pharmacist can play a valuable role in educating patients regarding the efficacy of drug treatment, risks and benefits of individual therapeutic agents, as well as the risks of untreated panic disorder.
Psychiatric Uses of Anticonvulsants
Authors: Dorson Peter G.
Published: October 2007

Anticonvulsants are being used for psychiatric indications with increasing frequency. The potential indications for carbamazepine (CBZ), valproic acid (VPA), clonazepam, and phenytoin are reviewed, with emphasis on double-blind controlled studies where available. Dosage guidelines, adverse effects, and monitoring parameters are reviewed for each of these drugs. The pathophysiological basis for anticonvulsant effectiveness is presented for mood disorders and aggression. CBZ and VPA represent second and third line agents after traditional lithium therapy in bipolar disorder. Clonazepam may be effective in the acute treatment of manic agitation. These alternative agents, when used for appropriate indications, may help the clinician manage the treatment-resistant manic patient. CBZ is also effective for the treatment of aggression and potentially effective for alcohol withdrawal.
Antipsychotic Drugs: Medicolegal Implications for Pharmacists
Authors: Bryant Stephen G. , Felthous Linda Ann , Felthous Alan R.
Published: October 2007

The purposes of this article are to briefly review the adverse reactions induced by antipsychotics that have the greatest modicolegal implications and to set them in the context of pharmacist liability for patient injury. Although little or no case law has evolved specifying antipsychotic drugs and the pharmacist's possible duty to warn, such an obligation may be increasingly realized as standards of practice in psychiatric pharmacy are elevated.
Update on Infections in the Immunocompromised Host
Authors: Marchbanks C. Randall , Rowley Karen A.
Published: October 2007

Recent advances in medical care have provided more effective therapies for the treatment of various malignancies and increased the number of successful bone marrow and organ transplantations. However, these advances often place the patient in a severely immunocompromised state for several days or weeks resulting in one or more life-threatening infections. This article discusses some general principles, current pharmacotherapeutic strategies, and novel treatment strategies for the management of immunocompromised patients.
The Pharmacological Treatment of Ambulatory Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients
Authors: DeYoung G. Robert , Vetter Patricia L. , Kradjan Wayne A.
Published: October 2007

Because of the widespread prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the important role of drug therapy in its management, there is significant opportunity for the pharmacist to interact with COPD patients. Whether educating patients or other health care providers about COPD, a knowledge of the treatment options and their correct application in these patients is essential for pharmacists today. This article reviews the pharmacological management of ambulatory COPD patients, including the roles of β-agonists, anticholinergics, theophylline, steroids, oxygen, and other treatment modalities. Copyright © 1992 by W.B. Saunders Company
Theophylline Injuries Resulting in Litigation
Authors: O'Donnell James
Published: October 2007

Lawsuits emanating from theophylline are discussed, describing the mechanism and types of toxicity, manufacturer's liability, necessity for recognition of theophylline toxicity and place in therapy of asthma, and need for blood level monitoring to assure safe and effective levels when needed. Pharmacists duties are addressed in some of the litigation presented. Copyright © 1992 by W.B. Saunders Company
AIDS: A Holistic Perspective
Authors: Hover-Kramer Dorothea
Published: October 2007

This article explores the holistic nursing implications of the deadly disease known as AIDS. Although the current population of persons with active AIDS is relatively small, the population of potential carriers of the disease, those with positive antibodies, is estimated at two million in the U.S.A. Health care workers have a unique challenge to prepare themselves emotionally and spiritually to deal with the expanding prevalence of the disease in clinics, mental health centers, and hospitals. A transpersonal perspective, enabling the caregiver to move with compassion toward these patients and their families, is needed to deal maturely with the social paranoia and prejudice that currently accompanies AIDS.
A Holistic Technique to Lower Anxiety: Relaxation with Guided Imagery
Authors: King Jane Valerie
Published: October 2007

In this study, the Donovan (1980) Relaxation with Guided Imagery (RGI) script was tested to investigate its effects on reducing state anxiety, as measured by the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), on 33 graduate nursing students. The RGI script was administrated three times, at two week intervals between sessions, in a one-group pretest/post-test pre-experimental design. Findings revealed state anxiety levels were reduced in each of the three administrations at the .001 level of confidence; that anxiety reduction was short-term, returning to previous levels in two weeks; and that trait anxiety levels were unchanged. Future research is needed to clarify the relationship between variables.
Spiritual Well Being In Appalachian Women: An Instrument Evaluation
Authors: Barker Elizabeth R.
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this research was to investigate the efficacy of the Spiritual Well Being instrument constructed by Paloutzian and Ellison. A convenience sample of 50 rural Appalachian women agreed to complete the questionnaire. Guarantees of confidentiality were made by the investigator. Although the Cronbach alpha for the instrument was 9.11, the Likert scale may have been unsatisfactory as a response format. The conceptual clarity of the construct, spiritual well being, is unclear and requires further phenomenologic investigation to determine the indicators for the population of Appalachian women.
Depression, Exercise, and the Elderly: State of the Art
Authors: Schachner Marcia K.
Published: October 2007

The incidence of depression in the elderly is a growing problem. Although treatment includes psychotherapy and J or pharmacologic intervention, alternate forms that are cost effective, low in side effects, and far reaching to the vast numbers who are suffering from this psychiatric ailment are being sought. With the advent of the fitness craze," and the introduction of a health promotion and wellness philosophy by health care professionals, increasing attention has been drawn to the health benefits of physical activity. The purpose of this article is, after a brief examination of the symptoms'and treatment of depression, to examine the physiological and psychological benefits of exercise and review research related specifically to the elderly.
The Endogenous Healing Process: Conceptual Analysis
Authors: Scandrett-Hibdon Sharon L. , Freel Mildred I.
Published: October 2007

The art of nursing has long utilized the self in supporting the process of healing without systematic study of that self involvement. This article explores the natural healing process from a holistic perspective. Five recurring elements of self involvement are identified which appear to be aspects of the natural healing process. An illustration is presented which demonstrates these elements. Further study of the healing process and its elements is suggested.
The Growing Problem of Public Sector Pay?
Authors: Elliott R.F.
Published: October 2007

The research on which this paper is based was supported by a grant from the Aberdeen University Advisory Committee for Research. Thanks are due to The Treasury and Local Authorities Conditions of Service Advisory Board for information, to Grant Jordan, Ceri Thomas and Peter Sloane for comments on an earlier draft of this paper, to Hector Williams for help with the considerable computation necessary to produce Table 2 and to all those who typed the manuscript.
Sir Richard Clarke - 1910-1975 A Most Unusual Civil Servant
Authors: Hubback David
Published: October 2007

Sir Richard Clarke, known always as Otto, was a highly unusual and controversial Treasury civil servant responsible for a wide range of new initiatives in Whitehall between 1945 and 1970. A Cambridge Wrangler, a pre-war chess champion and originator of the Financial Times Index he entered Whitehall in war time more literate and numerate than most of his contemporaries. He regarded Keynes with whom he worked as his model. He was one of a new breed of post-war forceful civil servants, and one of the few capable of original thought.

This biographical article tries to assess Otto's contribution, especially in the period 1945-52, compared with that of his contemporaries, in working out the new economic and financial strategy needed for post-war recovery. It also glances at his later career as the main architect of the P.E.S.C. system for controlling public expenditure.
Frank Stacey Memorial Lecture, 1987: Civil Servants and their Ministers
Authors: Marshall Geoffrey
Published: October 2007

This paper suggests that the accepted textbook views on minister and civil servant relations rest on vague references in the traditional sources. These gaps have not been filled by the recent Parliamentary Report and Government statements. Civil Servants may have some duty to serve the public interest. This duty may be distinguishable from their service to a particular department. This public interest defence might be relevant to the Spy Catcher case.
Judicial Review — Quite Enough of a Fairly Good Thing?
Authors: Drewry Gavin
Published: October 2007

Here is a contract made by a fishmonger and a carrier of fish who know their business, and whether it is just and reasonable is to be settled by me who am neither fishmonger nor carrier, nor with any knowledge of their business. (Lord Bramwell, 1883) (1) For myself I believe that in the present state of the democratic process in Britain and for so long as one can see into the future, the judge should share the popular rather than the official outlook and should judge as the ordinary man judges. Accordingly, I am against any attempt to make him an expert in anything or to qualify him or half- qualify him in any particular science. (Lord Devlin, 1975) (2)
Cost-containment in Health Care: a comparison of policies in the Netherlands and England
Authors: Flynn Rob , Simonis Jan
Published: October 2007

Cost-containment in health care has become an increasingly important objective for governments in most industrialised societies, irrespective of differences in systems of finance and service-delivery. Policies for cost-containment and retrenchment in the intra-mural (hospital) sector are described and compared in two ostensibly different health care systems - the mixed social insurance model in the Netherlands, and the National Health Service in England. Close similarities are observed, but the claim that cost-control and cutbacks are more easily implemented in nationalised public systems receives some support.
The Lost World of British Local Pressure Groups
Authors: Stoker Gerry , Wilson David
Published: October 2007

The studies of the 1970s present the local authority as in control of its pressure group environment. Pressure groups are brought into decision-making on a selective basis when they are in tune with a local authority's concerns. Drawing on evidence from Leicestershire and elsewhere we argue that from the late 1970s onwards many local authorities have created new opportunities for interaction with a wider range of better resourced pressure groups. Yet the tone of relations remains set by the local authority with its political preferences directing diverse development in different areas. From the mid-1980s onwards a number of factors have made the dominance of the local political arena by local authorities more problematic. We argue against those who see business leadership automatically stepping to the fore, but note the scope for increased influence from business and non-business pressure groups. Local authorities still have a number of resources and management strategies at their disposal and the pattern of local pressure group activity may continue to vary depending on the composition of the local political system.
Government by Grant: The Case of Housing Renovation
Authors: Boyne G.A. , Millington A.I. , Hunter J.A.
Published: October 2007

Public policies increasingly consist of attempts by governments to modify market processes. A major market based policy instrument is the payment of cash incentives to private individuals and organisations. This paper evaluates the success of one such policy, housing grants which are intended to stimulate renovation activity. A statistical model of renovation by private households is specified and tested. The explanatory variables in the model include grants, local property taxes and measures of the characteristics of dwellings, households and local neighbourhoods. The empirical evidence shows that grants largely substitute for private renovation activity. Much grant funding simply pays for renovation work that would have been undertaken anyway, and is effectively a general income transfer to grant recipients. Conclusions are drawn on the design of housing grants and market-based policies in general.
Training Civil Servants: Some Reflections after 17 Years
Authors: Bird Dennis L.
Published: October 2007

This article outlines the development of training in the Civil Service; describes the work of the Civil Service College in familiarising its course members (particularly specialists) with rapid changes in political, social, economic, and technological aspects of British Government, and offers some thoughts on current training at a time when the Civil Service is itself undergoing fundamental changes. The author recently retired after serving at the Civil Service College for most of the years 1973 to 1991.
Performance Review: Threats and Opportunities
Authors: Ball Rob , Monaghan Claire
Published: October 2007

This paper explores the growth in interest in performance review in the local government context. It reviews the role which Central Government and the Audit Commission have played in bringing pressure to bear on local authorities to introduce review systems whilst recognising that pressure has also come from within councils. The accountability implications of the adoption of PR are considered as is the impact which the Citizen's Charter legislation is likely to have on local government.

Our research has uncovered a number of useful performance review systems in a variety of councils which have been developed in response to specific local needs and circumstances. We are concerned that the Audit Commission's literature in this area, has placed undue emphasis on cost-cutting and as a result, has introduced confusion as to the role which performance review should play in councils. We also conclude that there is a serious danger that in the light of the Citizen's Charter, councils may abandon the development of appropriate internal review mechanisms in favour of the indicators which are to be published nationally as part of the legislation.
The Role of the Civil Service: A Traditional View in a Period of Change
Authors: Chapman Richard A. , O'Toole Barry J.
Published: October 2007

From 1854 until the late 1960s the civil service developed greater uniformity and tighter central control. In the 1980s, that process was deliberately reversed, with the establishment of executive agencies and the delegation from the centre of many management responsibilities. The question of standards of conduct was not much considered when those changes were made: the need for efficiency and effectiveness in the delivery of resources was given pre-eminent place. (Nolan, 1995, p. 57).
Contemporary public management: a new global paradigm?
Authors: Hood Christopher
Published: October 2007

This paper takes another look at the much-canvassed idea of a 'new global paradigm' emerging in contemporary public management. It argues that, linguistic usage apart, the 'globality' and monoparadigmatic character of contemporary public management change seems to be exaggerated. Three interrelated objections are advanced against the claim of an emerging new global paradigm. First, it is argued that contemporary reform ideas, particularly those advanced by Osborne and Gaebler, are culturally plural rather than homogenous. Second, it is argued that there are substantial biases towards exaggerating international similarity in public management reforms, but that the similarity weakens when we go beyond semantic packaging to examine the specific content of reform initiatives. Third, it is claimed that there are also built- in biases for overstressing the continuity of contemporary public management reforms, but that in fact there are major obstacles to the emergence of a stable new paradigm in public management. One is the underlying mutual repulsion of the multiple reform paradigms today, and the other is the frequency of self disequilibrating processes in public management reform associated with the production of unintended side-effects and reverse effects.
Recurring Issues in Scottish Local Government Reform
Authors: McVicar Murray , Boyne George , Jordan Grant
Published: October 2007

This article examines the political pressures affecting local government reorgan isation in Scotland. It highlights conflicts over reform between local and central government, within political parties and within the local government environment itself. It concludes that such tensions are inevitable in any reform process. The Government entered the reform process in 1991 believing that there was a consensus on single-tier. In fact, whereas there was agreement in principle, consensus on the specific outcomes did not exist. This was because any reform of structure will inevitably create winners and losers. The central argument of the paper is that the reorganisation exercise of the 1990s was not unique. Conflict was also inherent during the last reforms in the 1970s.