bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Repression of MAPK/Erk signaling by Efnb2-Ephb4-Rasa1 is required for lymphatic valve formation
Authors: Meng Yaping , Lv Tong , Zhang Junfeng , Meng Anming , Jia Shunji
Published: October 2021

The lymphatic vascular system plays important roles in various physiological and pathological processes, and lack of lymphatic or lymphovenous valves always causes lymph or blood reflux, and can lead to lymphedema. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the valve formation is poorly understood. Here we report that the MAPK/Erk signaling needs to be repressed during the valve-forming lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) fate determination, which differs from its positive role in the LECs specification. Up-regulation of MAPK/Erk signaling in ephb4b, efnb2a;efnb2b and rasa1a;rasa1b mutants leads to lymphatic valve defects, whereas simultaneous loss of Erk1 and Erk2 causes valve hyperplasia. Moreover, valve defects in ephb4b or rasa1a;rasa1b mutants are mitigated in the presence of MEK inhibitors, indicating a new function of Efnb2-Ephb4-Rasa1 cassette in lymphatic valve progenitor cells specification by repressing MAPK/Erk activity. Therefore, our findings provide a mechanistic understanding of the lymphatic valve formation and potential drug targets for related lymphatic diseases.
T7Max transcription system
Authors: Deich Christopher , Cash Brock , Sato Wakana , Sharon Judee , Aufdembrink Lauren , Gaut Nathaniel J. , Heili Joseph , Stokes Kaitlin , Engelhart Aaron E , Adamala Katarzyna P
Published: October 2021

Efficient cell-free protein expression from linear DNA templates has remained a challenge primarily due to template degradation. Here we present a modified T7 RNA polymerase promoter that acts to significantly increase the yields of both transcription and translation withinin vitrosystems. The modified promoter, termed T7Max, recruits standard T7 RNA polymerase, so no protein engineering is needed to take advantage of this method. This technique could be used with any T7 RNA polymerase-basedin vitroprotein expression system. Unlike other methods of limiting linear template degradation, the T7Max promoter increases transcript concentration in a T7 transcription reaction, providing more mRNA for translation.
A multistage retrieval account of associative recognition ROC curves
Authors: Hakobyan Olya , Cheng Sen
Published: October 2021

Despite its name, associative recognition is a paradigm thought to rely on memory recall. However, it remains unclear how associative information may be represented and retrieved from memory and what its relationship to other information, such as item memory, is. Here, we propose a computational model of associative recognition, where relational information is accessed in a generic, multistage retrieval process. The model explains the relative difficulty of associative recognition compared with item recognition, the difference in experimental outcomes when different types of lures are used, as well as the conditions leading to the emergence of associative ROC curves with different shapes.
Optical design and performance of the biological small-angle X-ray scattering beamline at the Taiwan Photon Source
Authors: Liu D.-G. , Chang C.-H. , Chiang L.-C. , Lee M.-H. , Chang C.-F. , Lin C.-Y. , Liang C.-C. , Lee T.-H. , Lin S.-W. , Liu C.-Y. , Hwang C.-S. , Huang J.-C. , Kuan C.-K. , Wang H.-S. , Liu Y.-C. , Tseng F.-H. , Chuang J.-Y. , Liao W.-R. , Li H.-C. , Su C.-J. , Liao K.-F. , Yeh Y.-Q. , Shih O. , Wu W.-R. , Wang C.-A. , Jeng U.
Published: October 2021

The optical design and performance of the recently opened 13A biological small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) beamline at the 3.0 GeV Taiwan Photon Source of the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center are reported. The beamline is designed for studies of biological structures and kinetics in a wide range of length and time scales, from angstrom to micrometre and from microsecond to minutes. A 4 m IU24 undulator of the beamline provides high-flux X-rays in the energy range 4.0–23.0 keV. MoB4C double-multilayer and Si(111) double-crystal monochromators (DMM/DCM) are combined on the same rotating platform for a smooth rotation transition from a high-flux beam of ∼4 × 1014 photons s−1 to a high-energy-resolution beam of ΔE/E ≃ 1.5 × 10−4; both modes share a constant beam exit. With a set of Kirkpatrick–Baez (KB) mirrors, the X-ray beam is focused to the farthest SAXS detector position, 52 m from the source. A downstream four-bounce crystal collimator, comprising two sets of Si(311) double crystals arranged in a dispersive configuration, optionally collimate the DCM (vertically diffracted) beam in the horizontal direction for ultra-SAXS with a minimum scattering vector q down to 0.0004 Å−1, which allows resolving ordered d-spacing up to 1 µm. A microbeam, of 10–50 µm beam size, is tailored by a combined set of high-heat-load slits followed by micrometre-precision slits situated at the front-end 15.5 m position. The second set of KB mirrors then focus the beam to the 40 m sample position, with a demagnification ratio of ∼1.5. A detecting system comprising two in-vacuum X-ray pixel detectors is installed to perform synchronized small- and wide-angle X-ray scattering data collections. The observed beamline performance proves the feasibility of having compound features of high flux, microbeam and ultra-SAXS in one beamline.
Causes and consequences of unauthorized use of books: readers, authors, and publishers' perspective
Authors: Gudinavičius Arūnas , Grigas Vincas
Published: October 2021

Purpose

The current study aims to identify and explore causes and consequences of unauthorized use of books from readers', publishers', and authors' points of view. The case of Lithuania also assessed, especially historical background (banned alphabet, book smuggling, theft as the social norm in Soviet times) of the country.

Design/methodology/approach

Aiming for more understanding why readers, authors and publishers are using or not using technology for unauthorized access of books, technology acceptance model approach was used, a total of 30 respondents (publishers, authors and readers) were interviewed in semi-structured face-to-face interviews and thematic analysis of collected qualitative data was conducted. Interviews were coded in English with coding software for further analysis.

Findings

Findings indicate that the main cause for the unauthorized use of books is a lack of legal e-book titles and acquisition options. This mainly points at publishers, however, instead of using unauthorized sources as opportunities for author promotion or marketing, they rather concentrate on the causes of unauthorized use of books which they are not in control of, including access to unauthorized sources, habits and economic causes. Some publishers believe that the lack of legal e-book titles is the consequence of unauthorized use of book rather than its cause.

Originality/value

This research contributed to the body of knowledge by investigating unauthorized use of books from readers', publishers' and authors' points of view which renders to have a better understanding of the causes and consequences of such behavior, as well as differences between these roles. The authors suggest that these causes lead to the intention to use and actual use of technology which is easier to use and which gives more perceived advantages – technology for unauthorized downloading and reading of books vs legal e-book acquisition options.

Peer review

The peer review history for this article is available at:https://publons.com/publon/10.1108/OIR-03-2021-0133.
Biome Awareness Disparity is BAD for tropical ecosystem conservation and restoration
Authors: Silveira Fernando A. O. , Ordóñez‐Parra Carlos A. , Moura Livia C. , Schmidt Isabel B. , Andersen Alan N. , Bond William , Buisson Elise , Durigan Giselda , Fidelis Alessandra , Oliveira Rafael S. , Parr Catherine , Rowland Lucy , Veldman Joseph W. , Pennington R. Toby
Published: October 2021

We introduce the concept of Biome Awareness Disparity (BAD)—defined as a failure to appreciate the significance of all biomes in conservation and restoration policy—and quantify disparities in (a) attention and interest, (b) action and (c) knowledge among biomes in tropical restoration science, practice and policy.

By analysing 50,000 tweets from all Partner Institutions of the UN Decade of Ecosystem Restoration, and 45,000 tweets from the main science and environmental news media world‐wide, we found strong disparities in attention and interest relative to biome extent and diversity. Tweets largely focused on forests, whereas open biomes (such as grasslands, savannas and shrublands) received less attention in relation to their area. In contrast to these differences in attention, there were equivalent likes and retweets between forest versus open biomes, suggesting the disparities may not reflect the views of the general public.

Through a literature review, we found that restoration experiments are disproportionately concentrated in rainforests, dry forests and mangroves. More than half of the studies conducted in open biomes reported tree planting as the main restoration action, suggesting inappropriate application of forest‐oriented techniques.

Policy implications. We urge scientists, policymakers and land managers to recognise the value of open biomes for protecting biodiversity, securing ecosystem services, mitigating climate change and enhancing human livelihoods. Fixing Biome Awareness Disparity will increase the likelihood of the United Nations Decade on Ecosystem Restoration successfully delivering its promises.
Receptor binding domain‐IgG levels correlate with protection in residents facing SARS‐CoV‐2 B.1.1.7 outbreaks
Authors: Blain Hubert , Tuaillon Edouard , Gamon Lucie , Pisoni Amandine , Miot Stéphanie , Delpui Valentin , Si‐Mohamed Nejm , Niel Clémence , Rolland Yves , Montes Brigitte , Groc Soraya , Rafasse Sophia , Dupuy Anne‐Marie , Gros Nathalie , Muriaux Delphine , Picot Marie‐Christine , Bousquet Jean
Published: October 2021

Background

Limited information exists on nursing home (NH) residents regarding BNT162b2 vaccine efficacy in preventing SARS‐CoV‐2 and severe COVID‐19, and its association with post‐vaccine humoral response.

Methods

396 residents from seven NHs suffering a SARS‐CoV‐2 B.1.1.7 (VOC‐α) outbreak at least 14 days after a vaccine campaign were repeatedly tested using SARS‐CoV‐2 real‐time reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction on nasopharyngeal swab test (RT‐qPCR). SARS‐CoV‐2 receptor‐binding domain (RBD) of the S1 subunit (RBD‐IgG) was measured in all residents. Nucleocapsid antigenemia (N‐Ag) was measured in RT‐qPCR‐positive residents and serum neutralizing antibodies in vaccinated residents from one NH.

Results

The incidence of positive RT‐qPCR was lower in residents vaccinated by two doses (72/317; 22.7%) vs one dose (10/31; 32.3%) or non‐vaccinated residents (21/48; 43.7%; p < .01). COVID‐19–induced deaths were observed in 5 of the 48 non‐vaccinated residents (10.4%), in 2 of the 31 who had received one dose (6.4%), and in 3 of the 317 (0.9%) who had received two doses (p = .0007). Severe symptoms were more common in infected non‐vaccinated residents (10/21; 47.6%) than in infected vaccinated residents (15/72; 21.0%; p = .002). Higher levels of RBD‐IgG (n = 325) were associated with a lower SARS‐CoV‐2 incidence. No in vitro serum neutralization activity was found for RBD‐IgG levels below 1050 AU/ml. RBD‐IgG levels were inversely associated with N‐Ag levels, found as a risk factor of severe COVID‐19.

Conclusions

Two BNT162b2 doses are associated with a 48% reduction of SARS‐CoV‐2 incidence and a 91.3% reduction of death risk in residents from NHs facing a VOC‐α outbreak. Post‐vaccine RBD‐IgG levels correlate with BNT162b2 protection against SARS‐CoV‐2 B.1.1.7.
Autoimmune diseases in microscopic colitis: A Danish nationwide case–control study
Authors: Wildt Signe , Munck Lars Kristian , Winther‐Jensen Matilde , Jess Tine , Nyboe Andersen Nynne
Published: October 2021

Background

The association between autoimmune diseases and microscopic colitis remains uncertain.

Aims

To describe the association between autoimmune diseases and microscopic colitis by using a matched case–control design based on nationwide registry data.

Methods

All adult Danish patients with a diagnosis of microscopic colitis from 2001 to 2018 were identified from nationwide registries. Odds of autoimmune diseases were compared between cases with microscopic colitis and sex‐ and age‐matched controls from the background population in a 1:10 ratio and evaluated by logistic regression calculating odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) adjusted for comorbidity. Analyses were stratified according to sex, age and the subtypes of lymphocytic and collagenous colitis.

Results

We identified 15 597 cases with microscopic colitis and matched to 155 910 controls. In total, 3491 (22%) of patients with microscopic colitis had concomitant autoimmune disease compared to 16 521 (11%) of controls (OR, 2.46; 95% CI, 2.36‐2.56). Adjusting for comorbidities reduced the OR to 2.09 (95% CI, 2.01‐2.19). Analyses showed increased ORs with 16 different autoimmune diseases, particularly of gastrointestinal and endocrine origin, and connective tissue disorders. The highest ORs were for coeliac disease (OR = 10.15; 95% CI, 8.20‐12.6), Crohn’s disease (OR = 2.47; 95% CI, 2.10‐2.91) and ulcerative colitis (OR = 6.73; 95% CI, 6.20‐7.30). In stratified analyses younger age at diagnosis and collagenous colitis were associated with higher odds.

Conclusion

Using nationwide registry data, microscopic colitis was associated with a wide range of autoimmune diseases, especially of gastrointestinal origin. The results suggest an autoimmune predisposition to microscopic colitis.
Trends in statin utilisation in US adults with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Henson Jacqueline B. , Patel Yuval A. , Muir Andrew J.
Published: October 2021

Background

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has high morbidity and mortality related to cardiovascular disease (CVD), but statins have been historically underutilised in these patients due to concern for hepatotoxicity.

Aims

To characterise trends in statin use among individuals with NAFLD and to determine predictors of statin utilisation in this population.

Methods

Individuals with NAFLD were identified from 2005 to 2018 continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Trends in statin use over time were assessed, and predictors of statin under‐utilisation for primary prevention were identified. The roles of a known diagnosis of liver disease and disease severity were examined.

Results

We included 14 113 individuals; 34.6% had NAFLD, of whom 5.4% reported a liver disease diagnosis. There was a significant increase in statin use for primary prevention between 2005 and 2018 (18.1%‐25.0%; P = 0.03), but guideline‐indicated use for this purpose was low (54.5% between 2005 and 2012; 48.6% between 2013 and 2018). A known NAFLD diagnosis was a negative predictor of statin use during the earlier time period but not more recently. Utilisation did not decrease with increasing liver disease severity.

Conclusions

In a nationally representative population with NAFLD, statin use for primary prevention has increased over time, but guideline‐concordant use remains low. A known liver disease diagnosis was associated with lack of statin use in the earlier time period but not more recently, suggesting a changing perspective of underlying liver disease impacting statin utilisation. Further work to improve guideline‐indicated statin use in this high‐risk population is needed.
Parental perception of mental health needs in young children
Authors: McGinnis Ellen W. , Copeland William , Shanahan Lilly , Egger Helen L.
Published: October 2021

Background

There is evidence of unmet psychiatric needs in children under 6. These young children are dependent on their parents to identify their mental health needs. This study tested child and parent associations with parent perception of young child mental health need.

Method

Parents of 917 children (aged 2–6 years) completed a diagnostic interview about their child assessing depression, anxiety, ODD/CD, ADHD, and impairment. Parents were surveyed about their own depression, anxiety, and asked about their psychiatric impairment. Parents were also asked whether they perceived their child as having a mental health need.

Results

Only 38.8% of children who met criteria for a diagnosis were perceived by their parents as having a need, similar to previously studied rates in school‐aged children. Perception of need was associated with higher levels of symptoms and impairment. Thresholds for at least half of parents perceiving their child as having a need were relatively high: 19 or more symptoms, or 4 or more impairments. There was evidence of specificity: children with depressive disorders were more likely to be perceived as in need compared with other disorders. In terms of parent factors, more parental depressive symptoms were associated with higher perception of child need when the child had a diagnosis. Parental psychological impairment was associated with higher perception of need when the child had no diagnosis.

Conclusions

Most preschool children that meet criteria for a psychiatric disorder are not perceived as needing help by their parents, which is dependent on both child and parent factors.
Characterization of mouse embryonic fibroblasts derived from Rassf6 knockout mice shows the implication of Rassf6 in the regulation of NF‐κB signaling
Authors: Morishita Mayu , Arimoto‐Matsuzaki Kyoko , Kitamura Masami , Niimura Kyohei , Iwasa Hiroaki , Maruyama Junichi , Hiraoka Yuichi , Yamamoto Kohei , Kitagawa Masanobu , Miyamura Norio , Nishina Hiroshi , Hata Yutaka
Published: October 2021

RASSF6 is a member of the tumor suppressor Ras association domain family (RASSF) proteins. We have reported using human cancer cell lines that RASSF6 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via p53 and plays tumor suppressive roles. In this study, we generated Rassf6 knockout mice by CRISPR/Cas technology. Contrary to our expectation, Rassf6 knockout mice were apparently healthy. However, Rassf6‐null mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) were resistant against ultraviolet (UV)‐induced apoptosis/cell cycle arrest and senescence. UV‐induced p53‐target gene expression was compromised, and DNA repair was delayed in Rassf6‐null MEF. More importantly, KRAS active mutant promoted the colony formation of Rassf6‐null MEF but not the wild‐type MEF. RNA sequencing analysis showed that NF‐κB signaling was enhanced in Rassf6‐null MEF. Consistently, 7,12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) induced skin inflammation in Rassf6 knockout mice more remarkably than in the wild‐type mice. Hence, Rassf6 deficiency not only compromises p53 function but also enhances NF‐κB signaling to lead to oncogenesis.
Matrix metalloproteinase‐9 inhibition or deletion attenuates portal hypertension in rodents
Authors: Huang Hui‐Chun , Ho Hsin‐Ling , Chang Ching‐Chih , Chuang Chiao‐Lin , Pun Chon Kit , Lee Fa‐Yauh , Huang Yi‐Hsiang , Hou Ming‐Chih , Hsu Shao‐Jung
Published: October 2021

Liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension are accompanied by hyperdynamic circulation, angiogenesis and portosystemic collaterals. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) participate in fibrogenesis and angiogenesis, however, whether they can be targeted in cirrhosis treatment is unclear. Therefore, we performed three series of experiments to investigate this issue. Liver cirrhosis was induced by common bile duct ligation (BDL) in Sprague‐Dawley rats. Sham‐operated rats served as controls. Rats were randomly allocated to receive vehicle, minocycline (a nonselective MMP inhibitor) or SB‐3CT (MMP‐2 and −9 inhibitor) for 28 days in the first and second series, respectively. MMP‐9 knockout mice were used in the third series. The results showed that minocycline ameliorated portal hypertension, hemodynamic abnormalities, reduced collateral shunting, mesenteric vascular density, plasma VEGF level and alleviated liver fibrosis. SB‐3CT attenuated portal hypertension, hemodynamic derangements, reduced shunting, mesenteric vascular density, mesenteric VEGF protein expression, and liver fibrosis. Knockout BDL mice had significantly alleviated portal hypertension, liver fibrosis, liver α‐SMA and mesenteric eNOS protein expressions compared to wild‐type BDL mice. Liver SMAD2 phosphorylation was down‐regulated in all series with MMP inhibition or knock‐out. In conclusion, MMP‐9 inhibition or deletion ameliorated the severity of cirrhosis, portal hypertension, and associated derangements. MMP‐9 may be targeted in the treatment of liver cirrhosis.
Cardiac rhabdomyoma as a possible new prenatal sonographic feature of Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: Traisrisilp Kuntharee , Sirikunalai Panarat , Sirilert Sirinart , Chareonsirisuthigul Takol , Tongsong Theera
Published: October 2021

We describe a unique case of a pregnancy with fetal Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS). A 40‐year‐old pregnant woman prenatally presented with polyhydramnios, decreased fetal movements, fetal growth restriction with normal Doppler study, and fetal cardiac rhabdomyoma, a possible new sonographic markers for PWS, at 31 weeks of gestation. The newborn had hypotonia and feeding difficulty. Molecular genetic study showed a normal copy number of the 15q11.2–q13.1 chromosomal region but hypermethylation pattern of this region, indicating PWS. Other than the combination of polyhydramnios, fetal growth restriction, and decreased fetal movements, cardiac rhabdomyoma was detected and possibly associated with PWS. In conclusion, PWS should be listed in differential diagnoses if fetuses having the following perinatal factors: polyhydramnios, decreased fetal movements, and growth restriction. Finally, cardiac rhabdomyoma, observed in this case, might possibly be associated with PWS, although further studies to confirm are needed.
Fisheries management and tipping points: Seeking optimal management of Eastern Baltic cod under conditions of uncertainty about the future productivity regime
Authors: Voss Rudi , Quaas Martin
Published: October 2021

Historical patterns of the Eastern Baltic cod stock recruitment show a shift from a regime with high reproductive potential before the early 1980s to a regime with low reproductive potential since then. This shift can be attributed to increasingly unfavorable environmental conditions for cod reproduction at that time: critical salinity and oxygen levels, needed for successful egg and larval development, deteriorated. Yet, significant inflows of salt‐ and oxygen‐rich water from the North Sea or improved eutrophication management might trigger a shift back to a more productive regime. Coupling a statistical recruitment model to a state‐of‐the‐art, age‐structured bio‐economic model of the Eastern Baltic cod fishery, we study how optimal management depends on the uncertainty about the future productivity regime. We extend the predominantly theoretical literature on optimal management of a natural resource with a potential regime shift by analyzing an empirical model of age‐structured population dynamics and by allowing for the possibility of a back‐shift from a “bad” into a “good” regime. We find that with a higher probability of a shift back to the more productive regime the optimal management of the fishery becomes more conservative in the short run. We conclude that these benefits for the fishery warrant strong action reducing eutrophication to increase the probability of a regime shift back to high reproductive potential of the Eastern Baltic cod fishery.
Change of the Most Probable Escape Path in a Fast-Slow Insect Outbreak System Under Different Noise Amplitude Ratios
Authors: Yu Qing , Liu Xianbin
Published: October 2021

Noise-induced escape from the domain of attraction of a stable state in a fast-slow insect outbreak system is investigated. According to Dannenberg's theory (et al., 2014, “Steering Most Probable Escape Paths by Varying Relative Noise Intensities,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 113(2), p. 020601), only noise amplitude ratio μ will lead to the change of the most probable escape path (MPEP). Therefore, the research emphasis of this paper is to extend their study and discuss the variation of the MPEP in more detail. First, for the case of μ = 1, the MPEP almost moves along the critical manifold. Via projecting the full system onto the critical manifold, a reduced system is obtained, and the action of the MPEP in the full system can be partly evaluated by that in the reduced system. In order to test the accuracy of the computed MPEP, based on the iterative action minimizing method (IAMM), a new relaxation method, which can reduce the central processing unit time, is then presented. Then, as μ converges to zero, an improved analytical method is given, through which a better approximation for the MPEP at the turning point is obtained. And then, when the value of μ is moderate, the MPEP will peel off the critical manifold. To determine the changing point on the critical manifold, an effective numerical algorithm is presented. In brief, a complete investigation on the structural change of the MPEP in a fast-slow insect outbreak system under different noise ratios is given, and the results of the numerical simulation match well with the analytical ones.
Experimental Study of the Endwall Heat Transfer of a Transonic Nozzle Guide Vane With Upstream Jet Purge Cooling Part 2—Effect of Combustor-Nozzle Guide Vane Misalignment
Authors: Mao Shuo , Sibold Ridge , Ng Wing F. , Li Zhigang , Bai Bo , Xu Hongzhou , Fox Michael
Published: October 2021

A misalignment between the combustor exit and the nozzle guide vane (NGV) platform commonly exists due to manufacturing tolerances and thermal transience. This study investigated, experimentally and computationally, the effect of the combustor-turbine misalignment on the heat transfer for an axisymmetric converging endwall with a jet purge cooling scheme at transonic conditions. The studies were conducted at engine-representative Maexit = 0.85, inlet turbulence intensity of 16%, and Reexit,Cax = 1.5 × 106. A film cooling blowing ratio of 2.5 (design condition) and 3.5 and an engine-representative density ratio of 1.95 were used in the study. Three various step misalignments, combustor exit being 4.9% span higher than turbine inlet (backward-facing), no step (baseline), and combustor exit being 4.9% span lower than turbine inlet (forward-facing), were tested to demonstrate the misalignment effect on endwall heat transfer. Results indicated that the step misalignment affects the cooling performance by altering the interaction between the coolant and the cavity vortex, horseshoe vortex, and passage vortex. At the design blowing ratio of 2.5, the backward-facing step leads to increased coolant dissipation, causing the coolant to be later dominated by the passage vortex and leading to poor cooling performance. Meanwhile, a forward-facing step induced more coolant lift-off. At the blowing ratio of 3.5, the additional momentum ensures that enough coolant enters the passage to form a stable boundary layer. Therefore, the step misalignment no longer has a first-order effect.
Thermal Protection by Integration of Vacuum Insulation Panel in Liquid-Cooled Active Thermal Management for Electronics Package Exposed to Thermal Radiation
Authors: V. C. Midhun , Suresh S.
Published: October 2021

Thermal management systems (TMSs) working for electronics packages under harsh environments like intense thermal radiation are challenging due to external thermal interactions. Thermal insulation protection for TMS is very critical in these harsh conditions. An experimental setup was developed to analyze the effect of insulation protection against thermal irradiation over a pumped liquid-cooling active thermal management system (ATMS) with varying heat dissipation rate (0–4.2 kW/m2), thermal irradiation (0.85–3.80 kW/m2), and coolant temperature (15–25 °C). Three configurations of ATMS are considered in the experimental study: ATMS without thermal insulation protection, ATMSs integrated with Cellulose Fibre Insulation (CFI), and Vacuum Insulation Panel (VIP). The effect of insulation on each parameter in all three ATMS configurations over the temperature of the electronics component, cooling load, and nature of heat flow in ATMS was analyzed. VIP outperformed CFI on achieving a significant reduction in the temperature of electronics systems (35.67%) and cooling load (45.64%) experienced by the ATMS. VIP effectively reduced the impact of temperature and cooling load change in ATMS against change in thermal irradiation. The study concluded that thermal insulation protection was most effective at high thermal irradiation and low heat dissipation rate. Heat Flow Direction Index (HFDI) concept was developed to find the nature of heat transfer direction in ATMS without temperature distribution trend. Heat generation rate and irradiation possess significant influence over the nature of heat flow direction.
Experimental Investigation of the Subchannel Axial Pressure Drop and Hydraulic Characteristics of a 61-Pin Wire Wrapped Rod Bundle
Authors: Menezes Craig , Vaghetto Rodolfo , Hassan Yassin A.
Published: October 2021

Wire-wrapped hexagonal fuel bundles have been extensively investigated due to their enhanced heat transfer and flow characteristics. Experimental measurements are important to study the thermal-hydraulic behavior of such assemblies and to validate and improve the predictive capabilities of specialized correlations and computational tools. Presently, very limited experimental data is available on the local subchannel pressure drop. Experimental measurements of subchannel pressure drop were conducted in a 61-pin wire-wrapped rod bundle replica, for Reynolds numbers between 190 and 22,000. Specialized instrumented rods were utilized to measure the local pressure drop and estimate the subchannels' friction factor. Three interior subchannels, one edge subchannel, and one corner subchannel were selected to study the effects of location and flow regimes on the friction factor and hydraulic behavior. The transition boundaries from laminar to transitions regimes, and from transition to turbulent regimes were estimated for the subchannels analyzed. The results were found to be in agreement with the predictions of the upgraded Cheng and Todreas detailed correlation (UCTD). The results of the experimental campaign provided a better understanding of the hydraulic behavior of the subchannels of wire-wrapped bundles, in relation to its geometrical features.
A Finite Element Model for Compressive Ice Loads Based on a Mohr-Coulomb Material and the Node Splitting Technique
Authors: Herrnring Hauke , Ehlers Sören
Published: October 2021

This paper presents a finite element model for the simulation of ice–structure interaction problems, which are dominated by crushing. The failure mode of ice depends significantly on the strain rate. At low strain rates, the ice behaves ductile, whereas at high strain rates it reacts in brittle mode. This paper focuses on the brittle mode, which is the dominating mode for ship–ice interactions. A multitude of numerical approaches for the simulation of ice can be found in the literature. Nevertheless, the literature approaches do not seem suitable for the simulation of continuous ice–structure interaction processes at low and high confinement ratios in brittle mode. Therefore, this paper seeks to simulate the ice–structure interaction with the finite element method (FEM). The objective of the here introduced Mohr-Coulomb Nodal Split (MCNS) model is to represent the essential material behavior of ice in an efficient formulation. To preserve mass and energy as much as possible, the node splitting technique is applied, instead of the frequently used element erosion technique. The intention of the presented model is not to reproduce individual cracks with high accuracy, because this is not possible with a reasonable element size, due to the large number of crack fronts forming during the ice–structure interaction process. To validate the findings of the model, the simulated maximum ice forces and contact pressures are compared with ice extrusion and double pendulum tests. During validation, the MCNS model shows a very good agreement with these experimental values.
Semi-Supervised Learning for Anomaly Classification Using Partially Labeled Subsets
Authors: Cohen Joseph , Ni Jun
Published: October 2021

Machine learning and other data-driven methods have developed at a prolific rate for industrial applications due to the advent of industrial big data. However, industrial datasets may not be especially well-suited to supervised learning approaches that require extensive domain knowledge in the complete and accurate labeling of datasets. To address these challenges, a semi-supervised learning approach is proposed that makes use of partially labeled subsets. The proposed methodology is applied to high-dimensional in-process measurement data, utilizing a convolutional autoencoder (CAE) for unsupervised feature extraction. A multiclass extension for semi-supervised anomaly diagnosis is proposed that utilizes principal component analysis (PCA) as the basis for anomaly scoring, and the proposed approach intersects the results of targeted one-against-all phases on partially labeled sets to classify faults. Experiments in a case study on semiconductor manufacturing measurement data are performed to explore the relationship between latent features extracted and anomaly detection performance. The application of the proposed algorithm achieves a true positive detection rate of over 90% with false positive rate under 9% for both local and global anomaly types, with these results accomplished while reducing over 99% of the original input data dimensions. In addition, the approach also allows for positive samples to be identified that were previously undetected by human experts. These results are promising for the application of the proposed semi-supervised methodology in real industrial settings.
Multi Time-Scale Engine and Powertrain Control for Autonomous Vehicles Via Lagrange Multipliers
Authors: Boyle Stephen , Stockar Stephanie
Published: October 2021

Connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) have the ability to use information obtained via vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, and sensors to improve their fuel economy through predictive strategies, including velocity trajectory optimization and optimal traffic light arrival and departure. These powertrain control strategies operate on a slow timescale relative to the engine dynamics; hence, assume that the engine torque production is instantaneous. This assumption results in a torque command profile that may lead to engine dynamics constraint violation, actuator saturation, poor tracking performance, decreased efficiency, poor drivability, and increased emissions. To address this issue, a supplemental controller based on an iterative hierarchical model predictive control (MPC) is proposed in this paper. The constraint satisfaction is achieved through a novel two-way communication of the Lagrange multipliers. The proposed methodology is demonstrated on an autonomous diesel semitruck on two maneuvers. Compared to a traditional centralized approach, the proposed method achieves systematic constraints' satisfaction with negligible effect on fuel economy, less than 1%, and significantly improved computation time, more than ten times.
Erratum: “A Simple Method for the Prediction of Wall Temperatures in Gas Turbines” [ASME 1978 International Gas Turbine Conference and Products Show, Volume 1A: General, London, England, April 9–13, 1978, Conference Sponsors: International Gas Turbine Institute, ISBN: 978-0-7918-7971-9, Copyright © 1978 by ASME. Paper No. 78-GT-90, V01AT01A090; 13 pages; doi: 10.1115/78-GT-90]
Authors: Kretschmer D. , Odgers J.
Published: October 2021

This erratum corrects errors that appeared in the paper “A Simple Method for the Prediction of Wall Temperatures in Gas Turbines”, which was published in Proceedings of the ASME 1978 International Gas Turbine Conference and Products Show, Volume 1A: General, V01AT01A090, April 1978, 78-GT-90, doi: 10.1115/78-GT-90.

This paper was originally published in 1978. There were numerous equation errors due to the typesetting limitations which have been corrected. The references have also been updated to contain additional information. Reference 12 is a duplicate of reference 10 and has also been removed.
Ion beam assisted chemical vapor deposition of hybrid coatings—Process diagnostics and mechanisms
Authors: Shelemin Artem , Zabeida Oleg , Klemberg-Sapieha Jolanta-Ewa , Martinu Ludvik
Published: October 2021

In the present work, we investigate the fundamental gas-phase processes during the application of the ion beam assisted chemical vapor deposition method for the synthesis of hybrid (organic-inorganic) optical coatings. The liquid monomer Hexamethyldisiloxane was used as a model precursor for the fabrication of low index optical films. Comprehensive diagnostic analysis has been performed by employing a combination of mass spectrometry, optical emission spectroscopy, and Langmuir probe measurements. Assessment of the correlation between the process parameters and the film growth indicated a crucial role of the ratio between the ion beam power density and the precursor flow rate in controlling the monomer fragmentation rate. Controlling these two principal process variables is proposed as an effective tool for tuning the deposition rate and the density and optical properties of the growing films.
The effect of fo fall, downstep, and secondary cues in perceiving Japanese lexical accent
Authors: Sugiyama Yukiko , Hui C. T. Justine , Arai Takayuki
Published: October 2021

Lexical pitch accent in Japanese is primarily realized as a steep fall in fo from an accented syllable into the following one. In addition, when a phrase that contains an accented syllable is followed by another phrase, the following phrase undergoes downstep, a compression of the fo range. Furthermore, while their acoustic identity is not yet clear, secondary cues to Japanese pitch accent are known to exist. The present study examined how speakers of Tokyo Japanese used acoustic information from these three sources in perceiving lexical pitch accent in Tokyo Japanese. Listeners heard stimuli in which the acoustic cues related to accent were independently manipulated and were asked to identify if a word presented sentence-medially was a final-accented word or its unaccented counterpart. Results found that listeners' judgments of words were most consistent with the presence or absence of downstep. That is, listeners identified that the preceding phrase contained an accented word when the following phrase was downstepped. Listeners also used the fo fall to determine if the word in question was a final-accented word or an unaccented word. Secondary cues to pitch accent were most weakly related to listeners' identification of accent.
Constrained optimal filter design for multi-channel active noise control via convex optimization
Authors: Zhuang Yongjie , Liu Yangfan
Published: October 2021

In many practical multi-channel active noise control (ANC) applications, various constraints need to be satisfied, such as stability, enhancement, etc. One way to enforce these constraints is to add a regularization term to the Wiener filter formulation, which, by tuning only a single parameter, can over satisfy many constraints and degrade the ANC performance. Another approach for non-adaptive ANC filter design that can produce better ANC performance is to directly solve the constrained optimization problem formulated based on the H2/H∞ control framework. However, such a formulation does not result in a convex optimization problem and its practicality can be limited by the significant computation time required in the solving process. In the presented work, the H2/H∞ formulation is convexified and a global minimum is guaranteed. It is then further reformulated into a cone programming problem which can be solved using specialized algorithms. Results show that the proposed method can produce better noise control performance than the regularization method. Compared with the traditional H2/H∞ formulation, the proposed method is more reliable and the computation time can be reduced by several orders, which, practically, provides a potential to extend its application to adaptive control.
Physical Activity and Stool Metabolite Relationships Among Adults at High Risk for Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Beale Melanie N. , Leach Heather J. , Baxter Bridget A. , Smith Hillary V. , Lyden Kate , Ryan Elizabeth P.
Published: October 2021

Background: Adenomatous polyps are associated with an increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. Physical activity (PA) and spending less time sedentary may reduce risk of polyp recurrence and cancer incidence. This study examined associations between PA, sedentary time, and stool metabolites in adults at high risk for developing colorectal cancer. Methods: Participants were ≥18 years old with ≥1 adenomatous polyps removed in the previous 3 years. PA and sedentary time were assessed using an activPAL™ accelerometer. Stool samples were analyzed for short-chain fatty acids, and primary/secondary bile acid metabolites by mass spectrometry. Linear regression models examined associations between PA, sedentary time, and stool parameters, with dietary fiber as a covariate. Results: Participants (N = 21) were 59 (9) years old and had a body mass index of 28.1 (3.35 kg/m2). Light-intensity PA was associated with butyrate (β = 1.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.477 to 3.291) and propionate (β = 1.79; 95% CI, 0.862 to 2.724). Moderate to vigorous PA was associated with deoxycholic acid (β = −6.13; 95% CI, −12.14 to −0.11) and ursodeoxycholic acid (β = −0.45; 95% CI, −0.80 to −0.12) abundance. Conclusions: Both light and moderate to vigorous PA were associated with gut microbial metabolite production. These findings suggest the importance of examining PA intensity alongside stool metabolites for colorectal cancer prevention.
Critically Ill Patient with Multidrug-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Respiratory Infection Successfully Treated with Intravenous and Nebulized Bacteriophage Therapy
Authors: Rao Sohail , Betancourt-Garcia Monica , Kare-Opaneye Yetunde O. , Swierczewski Brett E. , Bennett Jason W. , Horne Bri’Anna , Fackler Joseph , Suazo Hernandez Lia Patricia , Brownstein Michael J.
Published: October 2021

Hospitalized patients are at risk of developing serious multidrug resistant bacterial infections. This risk is heightened in patients who are on mechanical ventilation, are immunocompromised, and/or have chronic comorbidities. We report the case of a 52-year-old critically ill patient with a multidrug resistant
Acinetobacter baumannii
(MDR-A) respiratory infection who was successfully treated with antibiotics and intravenous and nebulized bacteriophage therapy.
Population Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Total and Free Ceftriaxone in Critically Ill Children and Young Adults and Monte Carlo Simulations Support Twice Daily Dosing for Target Attainment
Authors: Tang Girdwood Sonya , Dong Min , Tang Peter , Stoneman Erin , Jones Rhonda , Yunger Toni , Ostermeier Austin , Curry Calise , Forton Melissa , Hail Traci , Mullaney Randi , Lahni Patrick , Punt Nieko , Kaplan Jennifer , Vinks Alexander A.
Published: October 2021

Critical illness, including sepsis, causes significant pathophysiologic changes that alter the pharmacokinetics (PK) of antibiotics. Ceftriaxone is one of the most prescribed antibiotics in patients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU).
Applying Cefepime Population Pharmacokinetics to Critically Ill Patients Receiving Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy
Authors: Al-Shaer Mohammad H. , Maguigan Kelly , Ashton Jennifer , Venugopalan Veena , Droege Molly E. , Philpott Carolyn D. , Droege Christopher A. , Healy Daniel P. , Mueller Eric W. , Peloquin Charles A.
Published: October 2021

Patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) may need continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) due to acute kidney injury or worsening of underlying chronic kidney disease. This will affect their antimicrobial exposure and may have a significant impact on the treatment.
Antifungal Therapy with Azoles Induced the Syndrome of Acquired Apparent Mineralocorticoid Excess: a Literature and Database Analysis
Authors: Ji Huan-huan , Tang Xue-wen , Zhang Ni , Huo Ben-nian , Liu Ying , Song Lin , Jia Yun-tao
Published: October 2021

We aimed to estimate the risk of varied antifungal therapy with azoles causing the syndrome of acquired apparent mineralocorticoid excess (AME) in real-world practice. First, we conducted a disproportionality analysis based on data from the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) database to characterize the signal differences of triazoles-related AME.
NrnA Is a Linear Dinucleotide Phosphodiesterase with Limited Function in Cyclic Dinucleotide Metabolism in Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Gall Aaron R. , Hsueh Brian Y. , Siletti Cheta , Waters Christopher M. , Huynh TuAnh N.
Published: October 2021

Listeria monocytogenes
produces both c-di-AMP and c-di-GMP and encodes specific phosphodiesterases that degrade them into pApA and pGpG, respectively, but the metabolism of these products has not been characterized in this bacterium. We found that
L. monocytogenes
NrnA degrades a broad range of nucleotides.
Cellular Effects of 2′,3′-Cyclic Nucleotide Monophosphates in Gram-Negative Bacteria
Authors: Duggal Yashasvika , Kurasz Jennifer E. , Fontaine Benjamin M. , Marotta Nick J. , Chauhan Shikha S. , Karls Anna C. , Weinert Emily E.
Published: October 2021

Bacteria adapt to environmental challenges by producing intracellular signaling molecules that control downstream pathways and alter cellular processes for survival. Nucleotide second messengers serve to transduce extracellular signals and regulate a wide array of intracellular pathways.
Identification of Indole-3-Acetic Acid-Regulated Genes in
Pseudomonas syringae
pv. tomato Strain DC3000
Authors: Djami-Tchatchou Arnaud-Thierry , Li Zipeng Alex , Stodghill Paul , Filiatrault Melanie J. , Kunkel Barbara N.
Published: October 2021

Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), a form of the plant hormone auxin, is used by many plant-associated bacteria as a cue to sense the plant environment. Previously, we showed that IAA can promote disease in interactions between the plant pathogen
Pseudomonas syringae
strain
Pto
DC000 and one of its hosts,
Arabidopsis thaliana
.
Pyridoxal and α-Ketoglutarate Independently Improve Function of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Thi5 in the Metabolic Network of Salmonella enterica
Authors: Paxhia Michael D. , Downs Diana M.
Published: October 2021

Thiamine biosynthesis is a model metabolic node that has been used to extend our understanding of metabolic network structure and individual enzyme function. The requirements for
in vivo
function of the Thi5-dependent pathway found in
Legionella
and yeast are poorly characterized.
Too young to break? A rare case of premenopausal osteoporosis
Authors: Patoli Iqra , Munir Mian Zeeshan , Rehmani Sameerah
Published: October 2021

We present a case of a 29-year-old female with fragility fracture of the ninth thoracic vertebrae with a z-score of −3.3 of the lumbosacral spine. She was worked up for secondary causes of osteoporosis, all of which was unrevealing except for a low vitamin D level which was repleted. She had genetic profile done, which revealed low-density lipoprotein receptor-related 5 mutation which was thought to the cause of premature osteoporosis. This report highlights a rare case of osteoporosis in a premenopausal female and challenges associated with premenopausal osteoporosis.