bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De chongos y mayates: masculinidades y sexo heterosexual entre hombres en Argentina y México (1950-1990)
Authors: Insausti Santiago Joaquín , Fernández Máximo Javier
Published: July 2020

Objective/Context: In this research we analyze the change in heterosexual masculinities in Argentina and Mexico during the second half of the twentieth century with a special focus on working class men who, while playing the insertive role in sex with maricas, jotas and gays, still considered themselves and were perceived by their peers to be straight. The evidence shows that, although sex between maricas and young heterosexual men occurred frequently, it was not stigmatized by straight peers, nor did it erode the perceived heterosexuality of these young men in any way. Methodology: In order to explore the representation of sexual activities from the point of view of those involved we conducted in-depth interviews and used a wide range of historical evidence, such as autobiographical literature, ethnographies, and judicial records, materials that have not previously been analyzed together. In addition to discussing self-representations, this paper also analyzes the ways in which scholars and activists from the time period perceived sex between men and the associated identitites. Originality: This paper rests on a comparative approach that helps to reconstruct regional historic and social processes in the midterm. This is the first paper that studies the problem from these straight young men’s point of view, based on a novel and diverse corpus. Conclusions: In opposition to the prevailing analysis, this paper develops a counter-intuitive hypothesis: given that sex between men did not deprive heterosexual men of their identity and, instead, it constituted a way of reaffirming their masculinity, these sexual activities between men cannot be categorized as homosexual. On the contrary, the very performance of same-sex sexuality served to shape heterosexuality.
Pengelolaan Predialisis Pasien Penyakit Ginjal Kronik
Authors: Hustrini Ni Made
Published: July 2020

Hingga saat ini, fenomena memulai dialisis kronik dalam situasi emergensi untuk pasien penyakit ginjal kronik (PGK) stadium akhir/gagal ginjal masih banyak ditemukan. Hal ini dikonfirmasi dengan temuan Lydia, dkk. bahwa di Rumah Sakit dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) – Jakarta, sebagai rumah pusat rujukan nasional, persentase pasien PGK stadium 5 yang memulai dialisis tidak terencana sangat tinggi, yakni sebesar 90%.
Bringing deep learning to the surface
Authors: Winje Øystein , Løndal Knut
Published: July 2020

Deep learning is a key term in current educational discourses worldwide and used by researchers, policymakers, stakeholders, politicians, organisations and the media with different definitions and, consequently, much confusion about its meaning and usage. This systematic mapping review attempts to reduce this ambiguity by investigating the definitions of deep learning in 71 research publications on primary and secondary education from 1970 to 2018. The results show two conceptualisations of the term deep learning—1) meaningful learning and 2) transfer of learning—both based on cognitive learning perspectives. The term deep learning is used by researchers worldwide and is mainly investigated in the school subjects of science, languages and mathematics with samples of students between 13 and 16 years of age. Deep learning is also a prevalent term in current international education policy and national curriculum reform, thus deeply affecting the practice of teaching and learning in general education. Our review identifies a lack of studies investigating deep learning through perspectives other than cognitive learning theories and suggests that future research should emphasise applying embodied, affective, and social perspectives on learning in the wide array of school subjects, in lower primary education and in a variety of sociocultural contexts, to support the adaptation of deep learning to a general educational practice.
Health Risk Assessment of Groundwater Iron and Manganese in Chandrapur District, Central India
Authors: Kamble Rahul
Published: July 2020

Groundwater sampling was carried out from 36 sampling locations by grab sampling method in winter, summer, and post-monsoon to ascertain health risk assessment of groundwater iron and manganese. These heavy metals were analyzed by ICP-OES. Results revealed maximum average groundwater iron concentration was at Ballarpur (HP, 18.213 mg/L) and minimum at Gunjewahi (DW, 0.081 mg/L) whereas; maximum average manganese concentration from Naleshwar (HP, 0.779 mg/L) and minimum average from Antargaon (HP), Gowari (HP), Morwa (HP) and Mowada (HP, 0.003 mg/L). Iron distribution on WHO, JECFA and IOM recommendations revealed seasonal influence on it. Distribution of iron and manganese with Indian Standard Drinking Water-Specification (2012), summer have maximum samples (n=23, 63.88%) iron concentration above the permissible limit (0.3 mg/L), on the other hand, manganese in winter (n=7, 19.44%) (Permissible limit 0.3 mg/L). At a number of samples, groundwater manganese concentration was above the WHO (2011) discontinued manganese standard of 0.4 mg/L. Chronic daily intake, hazard quotient and hazard index were very low for these heavy metals which indicate inhabitants of the study area were no immediate or remote health threat from ingestion of this groundwater.Keywords: Central India, Chandrapur, Chronic daily intake, Hazard quotient, Health risk assessment, Heavy metal, Iron, Manganese
Factors determining the food insecurity status of rural household of rural household Manna Woreda of Jimma zone, Ethiopia
Authors: Abdo Meskerem Million , Amera Mequanent Muche
Published: July 2020

This study was conducted in Manna woreda which is found in Jimma zone at a distance of 368 km south west of Addis Ababa and 24 km west of Jimma town. The objective of the study was  to identify the determinants of household food insecurity in rural households. Even though majority of the sample households were found to be food secured, the number of food insecure households was not small. To know the food security status of the households, the data collected from sampled respondents regarding food preparation for seven day recall and daily consumption record were converted to kilocalorie using the Food Composition table manual. After that the major demographic, socioeconomic and institutional variables were assessed to look into their relative importance in determining the state of food security at household level. Accordingly Large family size and  Asset possession, sex of the household head , number of oxen owned, Access to improved seed and chemical fertilizer are  found to be the determinants of food insecurity in the area, Existence of major animals diseases and pest that affect crop production were found to significantly determine individuals food insecurity status. In addition, Some of the coping strategies that are used by food insecure household were assessed. Their local coping strategies at initial and severe stage includes: sale of livestock and productive assets as well as marketing of wood/charcoal which can in turn aggravate the problem of food insecurity.
Effects of different inclusion levels of shrimp meal with fish meal in Oreochromis niloticus diet.
Authors: Jamabo Nene Amabere , Dasimeokuma Charity
Published: July 2020

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of inclusion of different levels of shrimp meal with fish meal on growth, feed utilization, water quality and cost implication of the diet O. niloticus fingerlings. A total of two hundred and four (204) fish with an initial weight of 2.93+ 0.55g were stocked in twelve (12) tanks of dimension 1.8 x 1.3 x 0.36m3 for 12 weeks. Four diets (D1, D2, D3 and D4) contained 100% SM, 70% SM and 30% FM, 50% SM and 50% FM, 30% SM and 70% FM respectively, were fed twice daily to satiation. Final weight gain was 4.65±1.72g, 3.89±0.96g, 3.58±0.65g, 3.73±0.80g for the treatments respectively. The highest mean weight gain (4.98±0.31g) and specific (4.57±0.69%) growth rates were in fish fed with 100% SM (D1) and lowest (3.59±0.15g, 17.7±0.17% respectively) in fish fed 50% SM and 50% FM (D3). Protein efficiency ratio was highest in D1 and lowest in D4. Feed conversion ratio was lowest in diet D1 and highest in D4. Survival rate was good in all the treatments having the highest in D2 and lowest in D1. Diet 1 had the best growth followed by D2, D4 and D3 respectively. Cost implication and water quality parameters showed no significant differences (p>0.05) among the diets. Results showed that SM could replace FM by 100% without having any negative effect on the growth and tend to be uneconomically efficient at such inclusion level.
PERCEPCIÓN SOBRE EL DESARROLLO SOSTENIBLE DE LOS JÓVENES UNIVERSITÁRIOS
Authors: Milanés Olga Alicia Gallardo , Mezzomo Maristela Denise Moresco , Corneli Vanessa Medeiros
Published: July 2020

El desarrollo sustentable es una aspiración que precisa de la contribución de todos, sin embargo, son insuficientes las acciones que se concretan para materializarlo. El artículo aborda las percepciones de estudiantes de Ingeniería Ambiental y Civil de la Universidad Tecnológica Federal de Paraná, campus Campo Mourão. La investigación se realizó con el objetivo de comprender las percepciones, analizarlas a partir de la diversidad de criterios y juicios para valorar la contribución de los mismos a la sustentabilidad. Se aplicó un cuestionario y el método de Indagación Apreciativa. Los resultados muestran que los estudiantes poseen conocimientos sobre el desarrollo sustentable pero no lo respaldaron en colectivo, pues varias concepciones sobre sustentabilidad expresados individualmente no fueron planteadas en equipo.
DIGA-ME COMO ENSINAS QUE TE DIREI QUEM TU ÉS
Authors: Tenório Jederson Garbin
Published: July 2020

Na Educação Física (EF) escolar, surgiram várias abordagens teóricas a partir da década de 1980, contrapondo-se ao modelo tecnicista, dando a compreender que existem dois modelos de aulas que se fazem presentes no contexto brasileiro, muitas vezes desconsiderando outro(s) modu(s) operandi presente(s) no chão da escola. Este trabalho visa analisar os tipos de práticas pedagógicas desenvolvidas na EF na contemporaneidade. Como procedimento metodológico foi realizada revisão de literatura, caracterizando uma discussão eminentemente qualitativa. Como resultado, consideramos que, embora a EF escolar tenha diversos referenciais teóricos, ainda é recorrente práticas pedagógicas eminentemente esportivistas, além da existência de aulas sem intervenção, co-existindo no Ensino Básico esses modelos pedagógicos.
A Study of Cyclists, Participation Motivation, Serious Leisure and Recreational Specialization
Authors: Yueh Chou, Hsiu-
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this study is to analyze the structural relationship among cyclists’ participation motivation; serious leisure and recreational specialization. In this study, cyclists were used as the research object, non-random sampling method was used, and a total of 237 effective questionnaires were collected. After descriptive statistics and partial least squares (PLS) statistics analysis, the results show that: the cyclists’ participation motivation is higher, their characteristics of serious leisure are more obvious, and the recreational specialization also higher; and cyclists have characteristics of serious leisure their recreational specialization is also higher. In addition, the study also confirms that serious leisure has a mediate effect on recreational specialization.
Food Quality: A Comparison of the Proximate Content & Sensory Properties of Some Composite Flour Meals
Authors: Onyenweaku Eridiong O. , Ebai Patricia A. , Fila Winifred A.
Published: July 2020

Aims: To compare the proximate composition and sensory properties of some composite flour mix meals. This is to show which combination has higher nutritional value and is more palatable for consumption.

Study Design: Experimental and observational.

Place and Duration of Study: University of Calabar, Calabar - Nigeria. July to September, 2019.

Methodology: The samples were purchased from the market, washed, dried, and milled under proper sanitary conditions. The flours were then formulated by weight (1:1) and thoroughly milled together giving 3 composite flour mixes of guinea corn-millet, unripe plantain-cabbage and corn-cassava flour. These were made into meals (pastes) by boiling in hot water using standard procedures. Proximate analysis was carried using standard AOAC methods while the sensory evaluation was done by 20 semi-trained panelists using a 9-point hedonic scale. Statistical analyses of results were carried out using Statistical Package for Social Sciences and significance was accepted at p< 0.05.

Results: Unripe plantain-cabbage flour mix had significantly higher content of protein, fat, ash, carbohydrate and consequently calories, while maize-cassava flour mix had the lowest content of fat and calories. The carbohydrate content of the 3 composite flours ranged from 24.23 to 27.45 KCal/100 g with guinea corn-millet flour mix having the least value. All 3 composite flour mixes were observed to be of good nutritional value.

Conclusion: Unripe plantain-cabbage flour mix and guinea corn-millet flour mix is recommended as a healthier alternative to excessively starchy swallows of low nutrient quality. Also, maize-cassava flour mix may be useful in the management of diabetes and obesity as it had lower caloric value and fat with good protein content and moderate carbohydrate. Generally, the 3 mixes had good acceptability, hence composite flour formulations made of indigenous foods should be encouraged since the combinations are not only palatable but of better nutrient quality than single flours.
Constraints Faced by Agripreneurs of U. S. Nagar District of Uttarakhand
Authors: Kaur Sandeep , Kameswari V. L. V.
Published: July 2020

Agriculture is the backbone of Indian economy. In this changing World scenario, agriculture is taking a new shape and expanding its scope beyond the limits of mere crop cultivation and animal husbandry for livelihood of rural population. Activities like diversification, value addition, precision farming, high tech agriculture, agripreneurship, global marketing, organic farming, etc. are gradually getting due attention of people involved in redefining agriculture. Agripreneurship is a strategy that can lead to economic self-sufficiency of rural people. Agripreneurship can generate employment opportunities in the primary sector, reduce migration to urban areas and can help in making villages self sufficient. Despite of several efforts to promote entrepreneurship in rural areas, rural agripreneurs are very few in number because even though agripreneurs start entrepreneurial venture assuming high risk, they soon give up due to various constraints. So, a study was conducted on agripreneurs of Udham Singh Nagar district of Uttarakhand using case study method to identify various constraints faced by rural agripreneurs. It was found that majority of agripreneurs faced technical constraints while establishing or running the enterprise followed by marketing constraints. Other than these constraints, there were psychological constraints, socio- cultural constraints, information related constraints, financial constraints, administrative constraints and managerial constraints which were faced by the agripreneurs in running the enterprise smoothly. The agripreneurs should be provided with the trainings to overcome these constraints being faced by them.
Genetic Variability of Maize Hybrids and Populations and Interrelationships among Grain Yield and Its Related Traits under Drought and Low N Using Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Naggar A. M. M. Al- , Shafik M. M. , Musa Rabeh Y. M. , Younis A. S. M. , Anany A. H.
Published: July 2020

One of the best biometrical methods for estimating genetic diversity among germplasm collections is multivariate analysis; it is used to study their variability and genetic relatedness in order to increase their value in plant breeding programs. The objectives of the present study were to: (i) evaluate the magnitude of genetic diversity, based on phenotypic data, among 19 maize genotypes, under drought and/or low N stressed conditions in the field, using principle component analysis (PCA) and (ii) assess the interrelationships between maize grain yield and its related traits under such stressed conditions using genotype × trait (GT) biplot analysis. An experiment was conducted in two seasons using a split-split plot design with 3 replications, where 2 irrigation regimes (well-watered and water stressed at flowering) occupied the main plots, three N rates (high N, medium N and low N) occupied the sub plots and 19 maize genotypes occupied the sub-sub plots. The genotypes were evaluated for 19 agronomic traits. Analysis of variance was performed under each of the six environments. Significant differences (p≤0.01) were recorded among the maize genotypes for all studied traits under each environment. The best genotypes for each trait were identified. Results of the GT biplot indicated that high means of 100-kernel weight (100-KW), ears/plant (EPP), ear height, days to silking, days to anthesis, plant height, and chlorophyll concentration index (CCI) under water stress (WS), kernels/row (KPR), EPP, 100-KW and CCI under low N and KPR, EPP and 100-KW under WS combined with low N environment and low values of anthesis-silking interval (ASI) under the three stressed environments could be considered selection criteria for high grain yield under respective stressed environments and for drought and/or low N tolerance. It is recommended to select for high values of KPR, EPP and 100-KW and low value of ASI in order to increase grain yield under such stressed conditions.
Global Desert Areas Vs Local Mining Areas from Maramure? County (Romania)
Authors: Cioruța Bogdan-Vasile , Coman Mirela
Published: July 2020

Almost a third of the Earth's surface is occupied by vast stretches of stone and sand, having a torrid climate or, on the contrary, extremely frigid. As such, the regions considered to fall into the category of deserts, which can be hot and arid, semi-arid, coastal, or cold, are of interest for the present study. In the same context, at the level of the Maramure? County surface, a major place is occupied by the areas that have served mining activities, and which, at first glance, have similarities with the specific landscapes of deserts. Starting from the aforementioned, through the present work, we intend to underline, in the form of a comparative study, the main common elements that exist between the naturally formed (globally) and anthropic (locally) deserts, for those the latter considering the areas of Maramures County, affected by the specific mining pollution.
Integrated Rainwater Resource Management (iRaM) Model for Coastal South Gujarat
Authors: Shrivastava P. K. , Nayak Dileswar , Patel D. P. , Viyol S. V. , Thakare H. S.
Published: July 2020

The South Gujarat region has ample water availability, but, water shortage is being experienced during summer and water logging during monsoon. Also, due to large scale industrialization of south Gujarat, problems of air and water pollution have arisen which have become more complex because of over exploitation of natural resources ‘ground water’. In many areas, due to continuous pumping of sweet water, sea water ingress has taken place and bores have become defunct as the water quality deteriorated drastically, due to which many cultivable farm lands have become uncultivable and are lying as wasteland. The water quality had deteriorated to such an extent that neither it could be used for drinking purposes nor for irrigation of crops. High intensity rains occur during the monsoon allowing very little opportune time for the water to infiltrate into the aquifers. All the rainwater during monsoon directly goes as runoff ultimately reaching the sea. Also, where ponds exist, catchment areas are disappearing due to construction work and ponds no longer receive rain water. So, an attempt was made to conserve the “rain water” natural resource while evaluating the potential of raising fish in small pond through harvested rain water. The water balance study was carried out in which meteorological and hydrological parameters like rainfall, evaporation, infiltration and runoff were measured and then using the water balance equation, the recharge amount was calculated and it was compared with the estimated recharge. It was concluded from the study that the rain water harvesting in small or big ponds not only replenishes aquifers but also checks deteriorating water quality in addition to providing sweet water fish harvest for economic gain
Management Strategies of Forest Plant Diseases: A Review
Authors: Ogunsiji A. O. , Ibrahim T. O. , Odusanya F. A.
Published: July 2020

Forest serves as source of timber, fodder, fuel and forest produce to human along with conservation of soil and water, provision of food and shelter to wildlife and also adding to the aesthetic value and recreational need of human. A major injury to nursery seedlings is caused by pests (insects, mites, diseases and weeds) which has detrimental effect on the seedlings during nursery production by reducing plant growth and quality. Plant diseases are caused by insects, fungi, bacteria, nematodes, viruses and phytoplasmas. However, it is important to know the kind of diseases present in the nursery and the detrimental impact they cause on tree production. Basically, to reduce the risk of pest infestation (insects, mites, weeds, diseases) in the nursery it is important to first of all know the source of diseases in or around the nursery. Seedling production plays an important role in keeping the forest productive, it is therefore important that these disease causing organisms are carefully eradicated from the nursery through proper management strategies. In forest nurseries, different types of diseases such as damping off, root rot, powdery mildew, leaf curl, wilt, canker and rust among others could be found. Therefore, this review emphasizes on the causes and effective ways of managing and eradicating diseases in forest nursery.
Portugueses em África e África em Portugal: o outro lado da história
Authors: Reginaldo Lucilene
Published: July 2020

.
As cores da nação: Cuba e Brasil no debate intelectual
Authors: Cabrera David Domínguez
Published: July 2020

.
Subjetividade jurídica e direito dos animais: um caso para a extemporaneidade
Authors: Monteiro Crespo De Almeida Leonardo
Published: July 2020

O presente artigo pretende realizar uma sucinta investigação acerca da subjetividade jurídica no contexto dos direitos dos animais. Detêm-se em expor alguns obstáculos para a formulação de uma noção de subjetividade jurídica animal a partir de certos pressupostos teóricos da teoria do direito contemporânea. Por isso propõe uma noção extemporânea, deslocada, de subjetividade: uma que, não necessariamente reconhecida pelos ordenamentos jurídicos ou teorias do direito vigentes, serve como fator problematizador de suas práticas, revelando-lhe os pontos cegos e questionando as suas operações: o que essa forma de subjetividade enfatiza e traz é a abertura ao outro, alteridade. A questão dos animais surge, neste horizonte, como vereda que leva ao questionamento de noções fundamentais da teoria do direito tradicional: concebe a subjetividade jurídica como agência humana e o exercício do direito como representação como resquícios de um humanismo que dificulta pensar o não-humano no direito.
A PREVALÊNCIA DA DIGNIDADE DO ANIMAL NÃO-HUMANO FRENTE AOS ATOS DE CRUELDADE COMETIDOS EM PRÁTICAS SUPOSTAMENTE CULTURAIS À LUZ DE JULGADOS PARADIGMÁTICOS DO SUPREMO TRIBUNAL FEDERAL
Authors: Da Silva Antunes de Souza Maria Cláudia , Martins Milaré Alessandra
Published: July 2020

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar alguns precedentes jurisprudenciais emblemáticos do Supremo Tribunal Federal, que ao enfrentar o tema da crueldade contra os animais praticada em supostas manifestações culturais brasileiras, há décadas, firmou entendimento no sentido da sua proibição. Utiliza-se como referencial teórico os seguintes precedentes jurisprudenciais: RE nº 154.531/SC relativo a “farra do boi”, ADIN 2514/SC e ADIN 1856/RJ relativas a “briga de galo”, bem como ADIN 4983/CE relativa a “vaquejada”. Quanto a metodologia, trabalha-se com estudo de revisão, onde o referencial teórico é abordado a partir da análise de artigos científicos publicados em revistas especializadas, livros, material legislativo e jurisprudencial, adotando-se o método indutivo. O artigo aborda o valor intrínseco da vida animal e a adoção do princípio da igualdade como norte interpretativo frente ao discurso especista, concluindo que a dignidade dos animais não-humanos deve prevalecer em relação à certas práticas culturais que envolvam atos de crueldade contra os animais.
Editorial
Authors: Gordilho Heron
Published: July 2020

.
O DIREITO FUNDAMENTAL AO ENSINO NA CONSTITUIÇÃO FEDERAL: OS LIMITES APRESENTADOS PELO ARTIGO 208 DA CONSTITUIÇÃO FEDERAL DE 1988 AO ENSINO SUPERIOR PÚBLICO
Authors: Pereira Gurgel Yara Maria , Dantas Jr João Fabrício
Published: July 2020

O ensino superior público no Brasil, segundo a Constituição Federal de 1988, apresentou-se como algo não alcançável por todos, devido as limitações intelectuais impostas pela literalidade do Artigo 208 do referido documento. Assim, se num primeiro momento não alcança um status de direito fundamental, ao contrário de níveis inferiores de ensino, alcançados pelo caput do Artigo 6°, esse mesmo ensino superior público passa a receber, também por permissão constitucional, efeitos de tratados internacionais pertinentes ao tema – ensino superior como um direito social -, que, mesmo ainda refratário – direito que abrangeria apenas alguns grupos -, levanta a possibilidade da análise acerca do status constitucional do ensino superior público. Quais seriam as características do fornecimento do ensino superior público que o fariam se portar como um direito, o status desse direito, sua adequação ao serviço público, e ainda como tratados internacionais influenciariam em sua natureza jurídica, que poderia vir a alcançar um direito verdadeiramente social, de todos? A Convenção Internacional sobre os Direitos das Pessoas com Deficiência e seu Protocolo Facultativo tornam-se um marco nacional para os alcances do direito em tela alonguem-se. Contudo, a saber qual a abrangência dessa evolução dará, sim, também a qualidade de seu status.
A PROTEÇÃO MULTINÍVEL DO DIREITO À SAÚDE SOB A ÓTICA DO SUPREMO TRIBUNAL FEDERAL E DA CORTE INTERAMERICANA DE DIREITOS HUMANOS: ANÁLISE COMPARATIVA
Authors: Valentina de Moraes Maria , Thais Stein Flávia
Published: July 2020

O fenômeno da judicialização da saúde vem apresentando-se como uma constante no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro por meio de diversas demandas buscando a concretização desse direito fundamental social em nível nacional. A proteção internacional destinada aos direitos sociais, por outro lado, ainda é objeto de construção doutrinária e jurisprudencial, especialmente na América Latina. Utilizando-se do método dedutivo e do método de procedimento comparativo, questionam-se quais são as diferenças na tutela do direito à saúde na jurisdição nacional (Supremo Tribunal Federal) e internacional (Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos). Assim, após análise do fenômeno da judicialização e dos aspectos que cercam a construção do direito à saúde como um direito público subjetivo, são trazidos aspectos acerca do Sistema Interamericano de Proteção e do controle de convencionalidade, bem como a discussão sobre como a ordem internacional - em especial a Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos - vem se posicionando sobre o tema. É possível analisar, desse modo, que a alargada tutela do direito fundamental social à saúde no Brasil não apresenta-se como uma tendência internacional, sendo inexistentes julgamentos por parte da Corte de San José sobre a questão, ainda que a mesma detenha competência para analisar pactos onde direitos classificados como sociais são garantidos.
A “GUERRA CIVIL”À LUZ DO DIREITO INTERNACIONAL DOS CONFLITOS ARMADOS
Authors: Martins Amaral Ana Paula , Rosado Costa Luiz
Published: July 2020

Atualmente, os conflitos armados internos (guerras civis) são mais recorrentes que o conflito direto entre Estados, assim, o presente trabalho tem como objeto analisar a aplicabilidade das normas e princípios de Direito Internacional dos Conflitos Armados para limitação aos meios e métodos de combate e proteção às vítimas, aos conflitos armados não internacionais. Este estudo, descritivo e exploratório, por meio dos métodos bibliográfico e documental, analisa de que maneira as normas e princípios de Direito Internacional dos Conflitos Armados são (ou deveriam ser) aplicadas a esse tipo de conflito e apontar alternativas jurídicas tendentes a preencher eventuais lacunas normativas sobre este tipo de conflito armado.
Crystal structure of TEX101, a glycoprotein essential for male fertility, reveals the presence of tandemly arranged Ly6/uPAR domains
Authors: Masutani Mamiko , Sakurai Shunya , Shimizu Toshiyuki , Ohto Umeharu
Published: July 2020

Testis‐expressed gene 101 (TEX101) is a glycosyl‐phosphatidylinositol‐anchored glycoprotein essential for sperm fertility and spermatogenesis. TEX101 interacts with lymphocyte antigen 6 complex, locus K (Ly6k) as well as a disintegrin and metallopeptidase domain 3 (ADAM3). Although these proteins are considered essential for fertility, the associated mechanisms remain uncharacterized. Herein, we determined the crystal structure of human and mouse TEX101, revealing that TEX101 contains two tandem Ly6/uPAR (LU) domains. Detailed structural analyses revealed characteristic surfaces of TEX101 that may be involved in the interactions with other proteins or membranes. These results provide the structural basis for the role of TEX101 in fertilization and could contribute to developing diagnostic methods and treatments for infertility or developing male contraceptives.
Artifact‐Free 2D Mapping of Neural Activity In Vivo through Transparent Gold Nanonetwork Array
Authors: Seo Ji‐Won , Kim Kiup , Seo Ki‐Won , Kim Mi Kyung , Jeong Sohyeon , Kim Hyojung , Ghim Jeong‐Wook , Lee Jeong Ho , Choi Nakwon , Lee Jung‐Yong , Lee Hyunjoo J.
Published: July 2020

With the rapid increase in the use of optogenetics to investigate the nervous system, there is a high demand for a neural interface that enables 2D mapping of electrophysiological neural signals with high precision during simultaneous light stimulation. Here, a gold nanonetwork (Au NN)‐based transparent neural electrocorticogram (ECoG) monitoring system is proposed as implantable neural electronics. The neural interface enables accurate 2D mapping of ECoG neural signals without any photoelectric artifact during light stimulation. By using the Au NN, not only the transmittance of the microelectrodes is increased by 81% but also a low electrochemical impedance of 33.9 kΩ at 1 kHz with improved mechanical stability is achieved. It is demonstrated that the transparent microelectrode array records multichannel in vivo neural activities with no photoelectric artifact and a high signal‐to‐noise ratio. Propagation of neural dynamics of optically driven neural activities is also clearly visualized using the 2D Au NN microelectrode array. This transparent, flexible ECoG microelectrode array is a promising candidate for next‐generation in vitro and in vivo neural interface for 2D mapping of neural dynamics.
Photosynthetic light‐use efficiency of rice leaves under fluctuating incident light
Authors: Tatsumi Kenichi , Kuwabara Yoshiki , Motobayashi Takashi
Published: July 2020

The responsiveness of photosynthesis to continuously fluctuating light intensities can provide an estimate of the net assimilation rate (A) and photosynthetic light‐use efficiency (PLUE), which cannot be measured under steady‐state conditions. This study was conducted to investigate whether the leaves of rice (Oryza sativa L.) ‘Koshihikari’ and ‘Akitakomachi’ can efficiently utilize light under constantly fluctuating incident photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and also to determine the effect of leaf N concentration on the acclimation of photosynthesis to changing PPFD. To this end, the instantaneous A and continually fluctuating incident PPFD were measured for 16 youngest fully expanded leaves of individual plants from dawn to dusk at the vegetative and reproductive phases under open‐air field conditions using two portable photosynthesis systems. The results revealed that (a) daily PLUE and calculated as the slope of the linear regression of A for values of PPFD between the light compensation point and 200 μmol m−2 s−1 can be improved with leaf N; (b) rice leaves do not utilize light efficiently under constantly fluctuating light conditions; and (c) the stomatal conductance per unit PPFD decreases under higher daily incident PPFD and diurnal fluctuation. Overall, our findings will help in refining crop photosynthesis models and would assist with the selection of high‐PLUE lines in breeding programs.
Integrated weed management strategies with cereal rye mulch in processing vegetable legumes
Authors: Korres Nicholas E. , Hausman Nicholas , Moody James L. , Kitis Yasin E. , Williams Martin M.
Published: July 2020

Little is known about the potential benefits of cereal rye (Secale cereale L.) in combination with various weed management tactics in processing vegetable legume crops such as edamame, lima bean, and snap bean. Field experiments were conducted over 3 yr to determine the extent to which early‐terminated rye (ETR) and integrated weed management (IWM) tactics, including pre‐ and post‐emergence herbicides with (augmented) or without (standard) hand weeding, suppress weed density and biomass. Possible drawbacks on crop establishment and yield were also investigated. Early‐terminated rye (cereal rye terminated 4 wk before vegetable crops planting; i.e., Feekes growth stage 8.00 to 9.00) reduced total weed biomass 53 and 73% compared with stale seedbed (SSB) in edamame and snap bean, respectively. In contrast, total weed density and biomass were increased by 67 and 39%, respectively, in lima bean under ETR compared with SSB treatment. Early‐terminated rye did not influence edamame establishment or yield; however, snap and lima beans had reduced yield. Soil nitrate‐nitrogen 4 wk after planting was negatively correlated with soil moisture in all vegetable legume crops tested. The application of pre‐ and post‐emergence herbicides, particularly when followed by hand weeding, reduced weed density and biomass and improved yield in all crops, except snap bean, compared with weedy plots. Results show that ETR can serve as an important component of IWM in edamame.
Ecological correlates of space use patterns in wild western lowland gorillas
Authors: Seiler Nicole , Robbins Martha M.
Published: July 2020

The distribution of resources is a crucial determinant of animals' space use (e.g., daily travel distance, monthly home range size, and revisitation patterns). We examined how variation in ecological parameters affected variability in space use patterns of western lowland gorillas, Gorilla gorilla gorilla. They are an interesting species for investigating this topic because key components of their diet are nonfruit items (herbaceous vegetation and tree leaves) that occur at low density and are sparsely distributed, and fruits, which show high spatiotemporal variation in availability. We estimated how availability of nonfruit foods and fruit, frugivory (proportion of feeding time consuming fruit), and swamps in areas used by the gorillas influenced daily travel distance, monthly home range size, and revisit frequency to grid cells in the home range of one habituated gorilla group in Loango National Park, Gabon. Using location data from 2015 to 2018, we found that the gorillas decreased their daily travel distance as both the density of nonfruit foods and the proportion of swamps in areas used increased. Daily travel distances were shorter when both frugivory and availability of fruit were higher, yet, daily travel distances were longer when availability of fruit was low but frugivory was still high. Furthermore, monthly home range size increased as frugivory increased and monthly revisit frequencies to an area increased as fruit availability of an area increased. In conclusion, the availability of both nonfruit and fruit influenced the gorillas' space use patterns. Gorillas decreased foraging effort when food availability was high but were willing to incur increasing foraging costs to feed on fruit when availability was low. This study highlights how animals have to adjust their space use with changing resource availability and it emphasizes the value of examining multiple parameters of space use.
Elektrokatalyse als Nexus für nachhaltige erneuerbare Energien – der gordische Knoten aus Aktivität, Stabilität und Selektivität
Authors: Masa Justus , Andronescu Corina , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: July 2020

Die Nutzung erneuerbarer Energie mittels elektrochemischer Techniken durch Konversion von H2O, CO2 und N2 in chemische Energieträger und Rohstoffe, ist die Basis zur Sicherung einer zukünftigen nachhaltigen “grünen” Energieversorgung. Es werden einige Schwächen und Inkohärenzen in der Praxis der Bestimmung der elektrokatalytischen Leistung diskutiert, die ein rationales Bottom‐up‐Katalysatordesign verhindert. Große Diskrepanzen in den Materialeigenschaften sowie hinsichtlich der elektrokatalytischen Aktivität und Stabilität werden offensichtlich, wenn Materialien unter den Bedingungen ihres geplanten Einsatzes im Gegensatz zu den üblichen Laborbedingungen getestet werden. Es wird für einheitliche Aktivitäts‐Stabilitäts‐Korrelationen bei anwendungsrelevanten Bedingungen plädiert, und es wird die Notwendigkeit zur eindeutigen Darstellung der elektrokatalytischen Leistung durch Kontextualisierung in Bezug auf die funktionelle Untersuchung oder den Fortschritt in Richtung Anwendung betont.
NNNO‐Heteroscorpionate nickel (II) and cobalt (II) complexes for ethylene oligomerization: the unprecedented formation of odd carbon number olefins
Authors: Zubkevich Sergey V. , Tuskaev Vladislav A. , Gagieva Svetlana Ch. , Kayda Anatoliy S. , Khrustalev Victor N. , Pavlov Alexander A. , Zarubin Dmitry N. , Bulychev Boris M.
Published: July 2020

The unprecedented observation of odd carbon number olefins is reported during nickel‐ catalyzed ethylene oligomerization. Two complexes based on Co (II) and Ni (II) with novel tetradentate heteroscorpionate ligand have been synthesized and fully characterized. These complexes showed the ability to oligomerize ethylene upon activation with various organoaluminum compounds (Et2AlCl, Et3Al2Cl3, EtAlCl2, MMAO). Ni (II) based catalytic systems were sufficiently more active (up to 1900 kg·mol (Ni)−1·h−1·atm−1) than Co (II) analogs and have been found to be strongly dependent on the activator composition. The use of PPh3 as an additive to catalytic systems resulted in the increase of activity up to 4,150 kg·mol (Ni)−1·h−1·atm−1 and in the alteration of selectivity. All Ni (II) based systems activated with EtAlCl2 produce up to 5 mol. % of odd carbon number olefins; two probable mechanisms for their formation are suggested – metathesis and β‐alkyl elimination.
Modeling the mechanical response of polymers and nano‐filled polymers: Effects of porosity and fillers content
Authors: Alasfar Reema , Ahzi Saïd , Wang Kui , Barth Nicolas
Published: July 2020

In this study, models are developed to predict the mechanical behavior of porous polymer‐based membranes, since they are exposed to temperature and pressure load under service conditions. To the best of our knowledge, existing studies related to numerical simulations of mechanical behavior of polymer nanocomposites do not explicitly report porosity in the modeling. Hence, the proposed models attempt to explicitly examine the effect of porosity. The first model predicts the elastic modulus of porous polymer nanocomposites which is based on Weibull statistical analysis. The results show the combined effects of fillers content and porosity on the modulus. The second model predicts the yield stress for porous polymer nanocomposites. The coupled effects of fillers content and porosity on the yield stress is examined via our proposed extension of the cooperative model. A parametric study is conducted to show the influence of a single parameter used to model the influence of porosity.
Electrochemical inspection of polypyrrole/chitosan/zinc oxide hybrid composites
Authors: Antony Neethu , Mohanty Smita , Nayak Sanjay K.
Published: July 2020

Polymer nanocomposite composed of polypyrrole, chitosan, and zinc oxide nanoparticles has been synthesized and it has been evaluated for various electrochemical aspects of the current electrochemical industry. The polypyrrole (PPy) was synthesized by the chemical oxidative polymerization reaction by employing ammonium persulfate as oxidizing agent. Composites of polypyrrole/chitosan (PPy/Chy) and polypyrrole/chitosan/ZnO (PCZ) composites were synthesized by the solution blending method. Detailed structural, morphological, thermal characterization of PPy, PPy/Chy, and PCZ were performed to characterize the specific features of the systems. The composites exhibit better thermal stability and high surface area and the addition of ZnO nanoparticle increase the crystallinity of the composite. Electrochemical characterization of the ITO electrodes modified with PPy, PPy/Chy, and PCZ were performed using cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and amperometry techniques. The present study highlights the role of a bio‐compatible material with high surface area and conductive constituent for designing of various high performing electronic noninvasive sensors, biosensors, and so forth.
Downregulation of gap junctional intercellular communication and connexin 43 expression by bisphenol A in human granulosa cells
Authors: Lin Ta‐Chin , Wang Kai‐Hung , Chuang Kuo‐Hsiang , Kao An‐Pei , Kuo Tsung‐Cheng
Published: July 2020

Gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) is the transfer of ions, metabolites, and second messengers between neighboring cells through intercellular junctions. Connexin 43 (Cx43) was found to be the type of gap junction protein responsible for human granulosa cells (GCs) and oocyte communication, which is required for folliculogenesis and oocyte maturation. Bisphenol A (BPA), an estrogenic‐like endocrine‐disrupting chemical, is one of the most widely produced chemicals around the world. There are reports that the chemical might cause endometrial tumorigenesis and several female reproductive disorders. This study demonstrated that cell culture medium, containing antioxidants (N‐acetyl‐l‐cysteine andl‐ascorbic acid‐2‐phosphate), was able to enhance the survival and self‐renewal of GCs. In addition, we found that BPA at environmentally relevant concentration (10−7 M) reduced Cx43 expression and GJIC in GCs through estrogen receptor and mitogen‐activated protein kinase pathways. The results of this study not only reveal the reproductive toxicity of BPA but also provide possible mechanisms by which BPA inhibited GJIC in GCs.
Binding of levobupivacaine‐loaded gold nanoparticles to human serum albumin: a simulated physiological study
Authors: Cui Yanhong
Published: July 2020

Techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectra, fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) and spectroscopy were applied to elucidate the formation, structure and physicochemical properties of levobupivacaine–gold nanoparticle (LGN) binding to human serum albumin (HSA). Thermodynamic parameters (ΔG = −2.58 × 104 J·mol−1, ΔS = −7.80 J·mol−1·K−1, and ΔS = −2.82 × 104 J·mol−1 at 305 K) suggested one weak binding site on HSA, which was governed by van der Waals forces as well as hydrogen bonds. Moreover, the outcomes of UV–vis, CD, FTIR, synchronous and three‐dimensional fluorescence suggested that the microenvironment of HSA had been changed with addition of LGN. Based on the results of fluorescence resonance energy transfer, a distance of 2.8 nm between the LGN and HSA was observed. This approach has potential value for illustrating the pharmacodynamics of LGN when in combination with transmembrane transport, biomolecular function effect, and other experiments.
Synthesis and luminescence characterization of Eu3+‐doped Ca7Mg2(PO4)6 phosphor for eco‐friendly white light‐emitting diodes and thermoluminescence dosimetric applications
Authors: Parauha Yatish R. , Dhoble S.J.
Published: July 2020

A Eu3+‐activated Ca7Mg2(PO4)6 phosphor was prepared at high temperature (800°C) using a solid‐state reaction method. The crystal structure, phase formation of the prepared phosphor was characterized using X‐ray diffraction patterns and Fourier transformed infrared analysis. The luminescence properties of the synthesized phosphor were characterized using photoluminescence and thermoluminescence techniques. The prepared phosphor showed two emission peaks at 594 nm with an orange colour due to the 5D0→7F1 transition and at 612 nm a red colour due to the 5D0→7F2 transition under 396 nm near‐UV excitation. The prepared phosphors were irradiated with different doses of γ‐rays from a 60Co gamma irradiation source. Thermoluminescence glow curves for this sample phosphor were obtained using a Nucleonix 1009I TL reader. Synthesized phosphor samples were exposed to a 3.6 kGy dose of γ‐rays. The thermoluminescence glow curve of the Ca7Mg2(PO4)6:0.05 mol%Eu3+ phosphor showed maximum intensity at all concentrations of Eu3+ ions. The Ca7Mg2(PO4)6:0.05 mol%Eu3+ phosphor was irradiated with different doses of 60Co γ‐irradiation and a linear response was observed between 0.6 kGy and 3.6 kGy. Trapping parameters such as activation energy, frequency factor and order of kinetics were calculated. The CIE chromaticity diagram showed the colour coordinates of the synthesized phosphor in the orange and red regions of the visible spectrum; this spectral feature revealed high colour purity and excellent chromaticity coordinate characteristics. Photoluminescence and thermoluminescence properties revealed that the prepared phosphor could be a potential red‐emitting phosphor for eco‐friendly white light generation and an excellent thermoluminescent dosimeter material for thermoluminescence dosimetric applications.
The Molecular Basis for Purine Binding Selectivity in the Bacterial ATP Synthase ϵ Subunit
Authors: Krah Alexander , Huber Roland G. , McMillan Duncan G. G. , Bond Peter J.
Published: July 2020

The ϵ subunit of ATP synthases has been proposed to regulate ATP hydrolysis in bacteria. Prevailing evidence supports the notion that when the ATP concentration falls below a certain threshold, the ϵ subunit changes its conformation from a non‐inhibitory down‐state to an extended up‐state that then inhibits enzymatic ATP hydrolysis by binding to the catalytic domain. It has been demonstrated that the ϵ subunit from Bacillus PS3 is selective for ATP over other nucleotides, including GTP. In this study, the purine triphosphate selectivity is rationalized by using results from MD simulations and free energy calculations for the R103A/R115A mutant of the ϵ subunit from Bacillus PS3, which binds ATP more strongly than the wild‐type protein. Our results are in good agreement with experimental data, and the elucidated molecular basis for selectivity could help to guide the design of novel GTP sensors.