bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oligodendroglial heterogeneity in health, disease, and recovery: deeper insights into myelin dynamics
Authors: Serneels Pieter-Jan , Schutter Julie D. De , Groef Lies De , Moons Lieve , Bergmans Steven
Published: December 2024

Decades of research asserted that the oligodendroglial lineage comprises two cell types: oligodendrocyte precursor cells and oligodendrocytes. However, recent studies employing single-cell RNA sequencing techniques have uncovered novel cell states, prompting a revision of the existing terminology. Going forward, the oligodendroglial lineage should be delineated into five distinct cell states: oligodendrocyte precursor cells, committed oligodendrocyte precursor cells, newly formed oligodendrocytes, myelin-forming oligodendrocytes, and mature oligodendrocytes. This new classification system enables a deeper understanding of the oligodendroglia in both physiological and pathological contexts. Adopting this uniform terminology will facilitate comparison and integration of data across studies. This, including the consolidation of findings from various demyelinating models, is essential to better understand the pathogenesis of demyelinating diseases. Additionally, comparing injury models across species with varying regenerative capacities can provide insights that may lead to new therapeutic strategies to overcome remyelination failure. Thus, by standardizing terminology and synthesizing data from diverse studies across different animal models, we can enhance our understanding of myelin pathology in central nervous system disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, all of which involve oligodendroglial and myelin dysfunction.
Dual effects of GABAAR agonist anesthetics in neurodevelopment and vulnerable brains: from neurotoxic to therapeutic effects
Authors: Lu Dihan , Zhang Wen , Chen Keyu , Feng Xia
Published: December 2024

Debates regarding the specific effects of general anesthesia on developing brains have persisted for over 30 years. A consensus has been reached that prolonged, repeated, high-dose exposure to anesthetics is associated with a higher incidence of deficits in behavior and executive function, while single exposure has a relatively minor effect on long-term neurological function. In this review, we summarize the dose-dependent neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor agonists, a representative group of sedatives, on developing brains or central nervous system diseases. Most preclinical research indicates that anesthetics have neurotoxic effects on the developing brain through various signal pathways. However, recent studies on low-dose anesthetics suggest that they may promote neurodevelopment during this critical period. These findings are incomprehensible for the general “dose-effect” principles of pharmacological research, which has attracted researchers' interest and led to the following questions: What is the threshold for the dual effects exerted by anesthetics such as propofol and sevoflurane on the developing brain? To what extent can their protective effects be maximized? What are the underlying mechanisms involved in these effects? Consequently, this issue has essentially become a “mathematical problem.” After summarizing the dose-dependent effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor agonist sedatives in both the developing brain and the brains of patients with central nervous system diseases, we believe that all such anesthetics exhibit specific threshold effects unique to each drug. These effects range from neuroprotection to neurotoxicity, depending on different brain functional states. However, the exact values of the specific thresholds for different drugs in various brain states, as well as the underlying mechanisms explaining why these thresholds exist, remain unclear. Further in-depth exploration of these issues could significantly enhance the therapeutic translational value of these anesthetics.
Generation, interrogation, and future applications of microglia-containing brain organoids
Authors: Di Stefano Julia , Di Marco Federica , Cicalini Ilaria , FitzGerald Una , Pieragostino Damiana , Verhoye Marleen , Ponsaerts Peter , Van Breedam Elise
Published: December 2024

Brain organoids encompass a large collection of in vitro stem cell–derived 3D culture systems that aim to recapitulate multiple aspects of in vivo brain development and function. First, this review provides a brief introduction to the current state-of-the-art for neuro-ectoderm brain organoid development, emphasizing their biggest advantages in comparison with classical two-dimensional cell cultures and animal models. However, despite their usefulness for developmental studies, a major limitation for most brain organoid models is the absence of contributing cell types from endodermal and mesodermal origin. As such, current research is highly investing towards the incorporation of a functional vasculature and the microglial immune component. In this review, we will specifically focus on the development of immune-competent brain organoids. By summarizing the different approaches applied to incorporate microglia, it is highlighted that immune-competent brain organoids are not only important for studying neuronal network formation, but also offer a clear future as a new tool to study inflammatory responses in vitro in 3D in a brain-like environment. Therefore, our main focus here is to provide a comprehensive overview of assays to measure microglial phenotype and function within brain organoids, with an outlook on how these findings could better understand neuronal network development or restoration, as well as the influence of physical stress on microglia-containing brain organoids. Finally, we would like to stress that even though the development of immune-competent brain organoids has largely evolved over the past decade, their full potential as a pre-clinical tool to study novel therapeutic approaches to halt or reduce inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration still needs to be explored and validated.
Optimizing non-invasive vagus nerve stimulation for treatment in stroke
Authors: Baig Sheharyar S. , Dorney Samantha , Aziz Mudasar , Bell Simon M. , Ali Ali N. , Su Li , Redgrave Jessica N. , Majid Arshad
Published: December 2024

Stroke remains a leading cause of long-term disability worldwide. There is an unmet need for neuromodulatory therapies that can mitigate against neurovascular injury and potentially promote neurological recovery. Transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation has been demonstrated to show potential therapeutic effects in both acute and chronic stroke. However, previously published research has only investigated a narrow range of stimulation settings and indications. In this review, we detail the ongoing studies of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in stroke through systematic searches of registered clinical trials. We summarize the upcoming clinical trials of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in stroke, highlighting their indications, parameter settings, scope, and limitations. We further explore the challenges and barriers associated with the implementation of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation in acute stroke and stroke rehabilitation, focusing on critical aspects such as stimulation settings, target groups, biomarkers, and integration with rehabilitation interventions.
Evaluation of antioxidant and anti-lipase activities of Centrosema pubescens Benth aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts
Authors: Anigboro Akpovwehwee Akporhuarho , Otabor Chioma Miracle
Published: December 2024

There is a correlation between obesity and oxidative stress, which is characterized by an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the free radical scavengers in the body. This imbalance arises as a result of fat accumulation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the bioactive components, free radical scavenging activity in vitro, and anti-lipase activity of aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Centrosema pubescens Benth. Both the aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts produced a yield of 15.79% and 8.03% respectively, after being air-dried, blended to powder, extracted with solvent and dried to paste using a water bath. Both extracts contained bioactive substances such as proteins, flavonoids, tannins, phenols, and alkaloids. The ethanol extract had higher amounts of these compounds than the water extract did. The extract samples displayed modest in-vitro scavenging capabilities for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and nitric oxide (NO) radicals, as well as ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and total antioxidant capacity compared to the standard compound, ascorbic acid. Furthermore, the ethanol extract displayed a more pronounced inhibitory influence on pancreatic lipase, a key enzyme in lipid digestion, suggesting its potential in obesity control through the lowering of fat absorption. The research underlines the importance of solvent selection in maximizing the extraction of bioactive components and boosting the therapeutic effectiveness of herbal remedies.
Farmer-Herder Conflicts as a Clash of Ontologies in North-Central Nigeria
Authors: Idachaba Philip Adah
Published: December 2024

Farmer-herder conflicts have become endemic in Nigeria, particularly its north-central region, since 2017. While various disciplines in the humanities, social sciences and even the sciences have given this problem attention, this paper is an attempt to philosophicallyunderstand the issues involved in the crisis. Given the role of the cattle and the farmland to the material survival of the herder and the farmer respectively, discourses on these clashes have been dominated by the perception that they are struggles for material survival couched in religious terms. That is, these clashes have been largely interpreted in materialist terms. However, the distinct philosophical argument thipaper makes is that, the clashes are not just motivated by the inevitability of material survival. Using the socialontological method of conceptual analysis based on the appeal to what can be coherently conceived, the article shows that: (i) the ontology of the Muslim Fulani herder is fundamentally different from that of the rural farmers in North-Central Nigeria (ii) a major area where this clash of ontology operates is in the centrality of land among the communities of North-Central Nigeria; and(iii) the clash is further exacerbated by the fact that both ontologies are seemingly incommensurable. In line with these points, the key finding of the study is that, the farmer-herder conflicts in North-Central Nigeria can also be fundamentally described as a clash ofontologies (worldviews)
Impacts of Green Technology on the Promotion of Renewable Energy in Nigeria: The Imperatives of Regulatory Mechanism
Authors: Douglas Tayo , Adepoju Adebiyi Anthony , Oluwajobi Yewande Fadeke
Published: December 2024

In an attempt to address the environmental challenges associated with the extraction and burning of fossil fuels in Nigeria and other nations, special attention must be paid to the issue of renewable energy, which has been neglected in the last few decades. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the the impact of green technologies on the promotion of renewable energy in Nigeria and the need to have a legal framework for green energy in Nigeria. The paper examined the nexus between renewable energy and green technology; it also reviewed the mechanisms for promotion of green technologies as well as the role of law in the deployment of green technologies for sustainability purposes in Nigeria. This paper adopted the doctrinal approach in analysing the impacts of green energy on Nigeria's push for renewable energy that is sustainable and environmentally friendly. This paper found that green technologies evolved from the need to address environmental concerns over greenhouse gas emissions from 'dirty energy,' in addition to efficiency in the production and use of energy. The study recommended that laws and policies should be implemented to support green energy.
Unveiling the Powers of the ICC Prosecutor: Promoting Access to Justice and Accountability through Sustainable Development Goal 16
Authors: Oyewole Oriola O.
Published: December 2024

Criminal prosecution, as one of the transitional justice mechanisms, aims to address the legacies of serious human rights violations and international humanitarian law. The mandate of the International Criminal Court (ICC) is to bring perpetrators of atrocity crimes to justice by initiating investigations, issuing arrest warrants and conducting criminal trials. At the heart of ICC's mandate is the Prosecutor, whose powers are indispensable for achieving peace, access to justice and accountability in the international community. Sustainable Development Goal16 (SDG 16) is characterised by its focus on nurturing peaceful and inclusive societies, ensuring access to justice, and strengthening effective institutions. This paper explores the intersection of SDG16 with the discretionary powers vested in the ICC Prosecutor in investigating and prosecuting atrocity crimes. Employing a doctrinal approach, it critically examines legal frameworks, principles, and case precedents to unravel the intricacies and implications of prosecutorial discretion. The paper reveals the diverse array of influences that guide the ICC Prosecutor's selection of situations and cases, encompassing legal and extra-legal considerations. Notably, the paper emphasises the substantial impact of the ICC Prosecutor's discretionary powers on the advancement of SDG16, particularly in investigations, case prioritisation, and collaboration with national jurisdictions. Furthermore, the paper recommends proactive cooperation and positive complementarity among states to effectively realise the objectives of SDG 16.
Appraisal of Legal and Institutional Mechanisms for Promoting Energy Security for Sustainable Development, Energy Equity and Economic Prosperity in Nigeria
Authors: Uche Onyinyechi Lilian , Ogwuda Ebele , Asuku Kenechukwu C.
Published: December 2024

The Nigeria energy security issues cuts across availability, affordability, reliability, and environmental sustainability. The paper explores the intricate relationship between legal frameworks and institutional structures designed to ensure energy security for sustainable development, equity, and economic prosperity and illuminates how nations can adeptly navigate energy transition while balancing competing interests and priorities. It also outlines the responsibility of national governments to ensure fair and equitable access to energy for people, without causing harm to nature and the climate. The paper adopts a mix research methodology by conducting an in-depth examination of existing legal and institutional mechanisms at the national, regional, and international levels to highlight best practices, emerging trends, and innovative approaches that can help bolster energy security, foster equity in energy access, and safeguard the right to affordable energy supply in Nigeria. It also conducts a comparative case study analysis of successful legal and institutional mechanisms for energy security in Norway and extracts valuable lessons for Nigeria such as identifying and considering all different interests in developing a robust energy framework. The paper finds that currency convertibility, financing structures, insecurity, the availability and affordability of technology supply and technical know-how in the renewable energy sector are some of the challenges of energy security in Nigeria and therefore it, offers insights to guide decision-making processes and influence the future trajectory of energy governance. It concludes that the implementation of robust legal frameworks and institutional structures will significantly enhance energy access, energy efficiency and renewable energy development in Nigeria and drive sustainable development and economic prosperity.
Africa’s Energy Poverty in An Artificial Intelligence (AI) World: Struggle for Sustainable Development Goal 7
Authors: Effoduh Jake Okechukwu
Published: December 2024

Energy poverty remains a significant challenge in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where approximately 600 million people lack proper access to electricity. This paper examines the region’s current state of energy poverty, highlighting its socio-economic impacts and the barriers to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7), which aims for affordable, reliable, sustainable, and modern energy for all by 2030. Despite the region’s rich renewable energy potential, inadequate infrastructure, economic constraints, and governance issues continue to impede progress. This work employs a doctrinal research methodology, focusing on the critical analysis of existing legal and policy frameworks relevant to energy poverty and the integration of AI in energy management. This paper presents an overview of energy poverty in SSA, underpinned by current statistics and trends. It then examines the dual role of artificial intelligence (AI) and how it impacts this area: while AI technologies, through its data centre s, for example, significantly increase energy consumption, AI also offers innovative solutions for energy management, efficiency, and the integration of renewable energy sources. This paper critically analyzes these dynamics using Marxist and Third World Approaches to International Law (TWAIL) frameworks to understand the broader socio-economic inequalities and global power dynamics at play. Major findings indicate that current policy frameworks are inadequate in addressing the unique challenges of energy poverty and the growing role of AI in the energy sector. The paper reviews existing policy and regulatory frameworks, identifying gaps and proposing actionable recommendations for integrating AI into policies to address energy poverty. It concludes with actionable policy recommendations to achieve a just and inclusive energy transition, contributing to the broader discourse on sustainable development and technological equity.
Assessing The Impact of Climate Finance on South Africa’s Economy: A Quantile Regression Analysis
Authors: Akinbowale Oluwatoyin Esther , Zerihun Mulatu Fekadu , Mashigo Polly
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the efficacy of climate finance in mitigating the adverse effects of climate change on various sectors of the South Africa’s economy. Leveraging secondary quantitative data from the South African Climate Finance Landscape Report, this research employs quantile regression modeling in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 2022 to examine the heterogeneous impacts of climate funding across different sectors. The findings reveal that the effects of climate finance vary significantly across quantile levels, underscoring the need for deliberate policy interventions. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on climate finance and offers evidence-based recommendations to support South Africa and other countries in Africa in achieving an inclusive, climate-resilient, and sustainable economy
Recalibrating the Correlation between Climate Change Mitigation Policy and Environmental Performance in Sub-Saharan Africa: Implications for Biosphere Resilience and Renewable Energy Transition
Authors: Hassan Hayatullah Boladale , Raimi Idris Olawale
Published: December 2024

As the world transits from primitive sources of energy generation to renewable and sustainable energy, the impact of climate change and biosphere resilience to this innovative transition cannot be over-emphasized. The study analysed the correlation between Climate Change Mitigation Policy (CCMP) and Environmental Performance (EP) in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) using a linear regression statistical tool. The study leveraged integrative review and relied on secondary data. It found a positive correlation between CCMP and EP, indicating that focusing on climate change mitigation policies can enhance the SSA region's environmental performance (EP). The findings of this study posited that effective governance and strong institutional policies are crucial for implementing climate change mitigation policies, while, promoting sustainable development. The study concluded that implementing climate change mitigation policies effectively can positively affect the biosphere resilience, and drive the renewable energy transition in SubSaharan Africa. Furthermore, the findings offer noteworthy lessons for policymakers and practitioners working to address the challenges of climate change, environmental degradation, and energy poverty in SSA.
Immuno-haematological indices in Multi-Drug resistant tuberculosis: Implications for prognosis
Authors: Adamu Ibrahim A. , Samson Elujoba , Kwoegbu Igbe M. , Emmanuel-Funsho Adepoju A. , Amarachi Babajimi-Joseph , Musa Muhibi A.
Published: December 2024

Multi-Drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a serious form of tuberculosis (TB) that is resistant to at least two of the most effective TB drugs, isoniazid (INH) and rifampicin (RMP/RIF). MDR-TB presents a significant challenge in global healthcare. Early identification of patients with poor prognosis is crucial for optimizing treatment strategies. This review explores the potential of immunohaematological indices as prognostic markers in MDR-TB. This review delves into the alterations in various blood parameters, including cell counts, inflammatory markers, and immune cell subsets, associated with MDR-TB.
Evaluation of hepatitis B virus infection serological markers and viral load profile of potential blood donors attending Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital, Zaria-Nigeria
Authors: Anka A.U. , Musa B.O.P. , Ella E.E. , Hassan A. , Manko M. , Umar K. , Abdullahi I.N. , Mohammed M. , Ahmad A.E. , Faruku N. , Chiroma F.A. , Suleiman H.A. , Salisu S.
Published: December 2024

With a global prevalence of 3.9% and a staggering 292 million individuals affected globally, hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection stands out as a prominent global public health problem. In locations with elevated prevalence rates, blood transfusions and related products emerge as significant vectors of HBV transmission stressing its importance as a potential complication in such environments. This is a hospital-based cross-sectional study that engaged 71 HBV positive potential blood donor samples attending the blood donor bay of ABUTH-Zaria. The aim of this study is to determine the HBV viral load using RT-PCR among HBV-infected individuals and the corresponding serological markers (HBsAg, HBeAg, HBsAb, HBeAb, HBcAb) profile of potential blood donors using lateral flow chromatographic immunoassay technique. Data generated were analyzed using GraphPad prism version 6.01. Statistical significance was determined at P ≤ 0.05. HBsAg was identified in all 71 cases (100%), HBeAg in 5 samples (7.04%), anti-HBs in 1 sample (1.41%), anti-HBe in 62 samples (87.32%), and anti-HBc in all 71 samples (100%). Participants within the 28-37 age group demonstrated the highest prevalence of both HBsAg and anti-HBc markers, comprising 27 (38%) each of the total. Participants aged 28-37 years also demonstrated the highest prevalence of anti-HBe. There was also an observed majority of male participants among HBV-infected individuals in our study. Predominantly, the participants in this study showed HBsAg-positive status in 71 cases (100%) (X2=127.305; p<0.0001); HBeAg-negative status in 66 cases (92.96%) (X2=113.932; p<0.0001); HBeAb-positive status in 62 cases (87.3%) (X2=104.736; p<0.0001); and HBV DNA levels <2000 IU/mL. These parameters collectively depict an inactive carrier phase (immune-control stage) of the disease among the study participants. This study reveals an inactive carrier phase of the disease in 7.04% of the participants, emphasizing chronic hepatitis B's prevalence that require antiviral treatment to prevent disease progression. Additionally, HBV serological indicators (excluding HBsAb) are more common in younger adults, highlighting the need for enhanced injection safety, vaccination protocols, and viral load testing in healthcare centers to prevent unnecessary antiretroviral therapies and ensure effective healthcare delivery to eliminate HBV infection.
Evaluation of Lipid Profile and Troponin-I as Predictors of Cardiovascular Disorders among Young Adults in Ado-Ekiti
Authors: Adeoye Victor Segun , Olaniyan Mathew Folaranmi
Published: December 2024

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, presenting a significant public health challenge. It encompasses a spectrum of conditions affecting the heart or blood vessels. This study aimed to evaluate the Lipid Profile and Troponin-I as Predictors of Cardiovascular Disorders among Young Adults in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. The objectives included investigating dyslipidemia and elevated Troponin-I prevalence, examining contributing factors, exploring Lipid profile-CVD risk associations, assessing Troponin-I-CVD risk factor correlations, and comparing predictive powers. Ethical approval and informed consent were obtained. Clinical assessments and blood samples were collected for Lipid Profile and Troponin-I analysis. A cross-sectional design was used with 384 participants aged 18–45 years. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. The age distribution showed that 19.50% were aged 18–28, 45.60% were aged 28–38, and 34.90% fell within the 38–48 age range. The mean age and standard deviation for each age group were provided, with statistical tests indicating significant differences between the groups (p < 0.05, F = 1217.461). Participants with “AT RISK” of CVD exhibited higher mean Cardiovascular Risk Ratio (CRR) scores (7.0341 ± 2.52) compared to those with “NO RISK” (3.1531 ± 0.34). Logistic regression analysis identified Total cholesterol as a significant predictor of CVD risk (B = 0.902, p < 0.05, Exponentiated Coefficient (B) = 2.464), while Troponin-I did not significantly predict risk (B = -0.203, p = 0.366, Exponentiated Coefficient (B) = 0.816). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the predictor variables collectively provided a good fit to the data (Wald = 62.048, df = 6, p < 0.05). Total cholesterol emerged as a significant CVD risk predictor. Troponin-I's role warrants further investigation. Findings emphasize the multifactorial nature of CVD risk and the importance of comprehensive assessments for accurate prediction and management.
Assessment of C-reactive protein, some trace metals and liver enzymes among preeclamptic women in Ibadan.
Authors: Oyeyinka E.K. , Olaniyan M. F.
Published: December 2024

Preeclampsia is a hypertensive disorder that affects pregnant women and is characterized by the development of high blood pressure and proteinuria after the 20th week of gestation. It is a leading cause of maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality worldwide. The etiology of preeclampsia remains unclear, but it is believed to involve various physiological and biochemical changes, such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and endothelial dysfunction. This research assessed the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), trace elements (copper, zinc, and selenium), and liver enzymes (ALT and AST) in preeclamptic and normotensive pregnant women attending antenatal clinics at two state hospitals in Ibadan, Nigeria. A case-control study design was utilized with 45 preeclamptic women as cases and 45 normotensive pregnant women as controls. Blood samples were analyzed using immunoturbidimetric assays for CRP, atomic absorption spectroscopy for trace elements, and photometric methods for liver enzymes. Statistical analyses, including t-tests and Pearson's correlation coefficients, were employed to interpret the data. The results showed significantly higher levels of CRP (34±9 vs 2.7±0.9 mg/l), ALT (76±5 vs 22±6 IU/L) and AST (53±14 vs 23±5.0 IU/L) in the preeclamptic group compared to controls (p<0.00001). Copper levels were significantly lower (725±99 vs 739±91 μg/L, p=0.006) while selenium levels were also lower (74±8.0 vs 78±8.0 μg/L, p=0.01) in preeclamptic women. However, zinc levels did not differ significantly between the two groups. The study found positive correlations between CRP and the liver enzymes ALT (r=0.97) and AST (r=0.87), as well as between the trace elements. Higher CRP, ALT and AST levels with lower copper and selenium were associated with preeclampsia, indicating potential roles of inflammation, oxidative stress and liver dysfunction in the pathogenesis of this disease. Overall, the findings suggest that CRP, trace metals and liver enzymes could serve as biomarkers for monitoring preeclampsia.
Garcinia kola: A scoping review of its benefits in cardiometabolic health
Authors: Ibrahim Kasimu Ghandi , Adeshina Kehinde Ahmad , Jega Amina Yusuf
Published: December 2024

Cardiometabolic disorders encompass a cluster of prevalent yet preventable conditions, such as obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, hypertension, and stroke. There is a worldwide surge in the prevalence of individuals who encounter one or more of these illnesses in their lives. Immediate public health actions are required to improve lifestyle behaviours and reduce the risk of cardiometabolic disease among young and old adults. Numerous plants are conventionally used to treat cardiometabolic conditions. The seeds, stem bark, and roots of Garcinia kola are components of these plants that are extensively utilized in traditional pharmacopoeia for the management of metabolic and cardiovascular conditions. A growing number of studies have demonstrated the potential of Garcinia kola in the management of cardiometabolic disorders. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the traditional uses of Garcinia kola, its phytochemical composition, as well as its potential for treating cardiometabolic diseases. Thus, Garcinia kola and its phytochemical constituents offer beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health and could be an ideal candidate for the effective management of these health conditions.
A review of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory roles of cytokines in tuberculosis disease management.
Authors: Adeboye Olubunmi O.M. , Omosigho P.O. , Olaniyan M.F.
Published: December 2024

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health challenge, with cytokines playing pivotal roles in the immune response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB. This systematic review has elucidated the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory functions of cytokines in TB immunity, emphasizing their intricate interplay and potential implications for TB pathogenesis and therapy. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1, and IFN-γ, serve as alarm signals, initiating the immune response and orchestrating the activation of immune cells. They are instrumental in granuloma formation, macrophage activation, and adaptive immunity. The balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is crucial for effectively combating Mtb while avoiding excessive tissue damage. On the other hand, anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10 and TGF-β, act as regulators to prevent immunopathology and maintain immune balance. They modulate T cell responses, suppress overactive immune reactions, and protect lung tissues from damage, all while avoiding immune exhaustion. Key research gaps include the complex interplay of cytokines, host genetic influences, the impact of different Mtb strains, the development of immunotherapies, and the role of cytokines in drug-resistant TB. Advancing our understanding of these aspects will contribute to more effective TB management strategies. In conclusion, cytokines are central to TB immunity, and their roles are multifaceted. A deeper understanding of the intricate cytokine networks is vital for the development of innovative approaches, including vaccines and immunotherapies, to combat TB and ultimately reduce its global impact. Continuing research in this field is of paramount importance in the ongoing efforts to control and eradicate TB.
Evaluation of CD4+T cells, neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils in chemotherapeutic colorectal cancer patients, attending oncology unit, Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital Sokoto
Authors: Mohammed Alhassan Hussaini , Aliyu Usman Malami , Mohammed Shumsudeen , Yunisa Raji Halima , Abdullahi Hamisu
Published: December 2024

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common types of gastrointestinal cancers in Nigeria. It was once described as rare among Nigerians in the 1960s, but at present, the incidence of colorectal cancer is rapidly growing. The occurrence of colorectal cancer in Nigeria has been linked to both environmental and hereditary factors, with environmental factors playing a more significant role, due to economic impact, changes in dietary and lifestyles. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the level of CD4 cells, neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils in chemotherapeutic colorectal cancer patient attending Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital. A total of 57 subjects consisting of 30 chemotherapeutic colorectal cases and 27 healthy controls were recruited in the research. Five (5) mls of venous blood was collected from each patient. The total leukocytes and differential counts were performed as well as the level of CD4+T-cells. The results indicated a statistically significant (P <0.005), increases in the levels of CD4+ T-cells, neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils in chemotherapeutic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. In the CRC patients on FOLFOX regimens, the CD4+, neutrophils and basophils were statistically significant at p-value 0.0001, while eosinophils have p-value of 0.0003, but in CRC on FOLFIRI regimen, CD4+, neutrophils were statistically significant at p-value 0.0001, while basophils have P-value 0.0006, and eosinophils have P-value 0.0023. In patients on CapeOX regimens, there was no statistically significancy in all the groups. In conclusion, statistical significance was observed in patients taking FOLFOX and FOLFIRI chemotherapeutic regimens on CD4+, neutrophils, and basophils in comparison with the CapeOX. The eosinophil was not statistically significant.
Effects of aqueous extract of Chromolaena odorata leaves on arsenic acid-induced kidney damage in adult Wistar rats
Authors: Ehimigbai A.R.O. , Olime O.J.
Published: December 2024

In African folk medicine, Chromolaena odorata have been used for treating various ailments such as dysentery, malaria, toothache, skin diseases and diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate effects of the aqueous extract of Chromolaena odorata on the kidneys of rats damaged with arsenic acid. Thirty (30) Wistar rats were randomly assigned into a Control group (A) and five treatment groups (B, C, D, E, F) containing 5 rats each. Group B was administered with 4mg/kg of Arsenic only. Rats in Group C were given 400mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of Chromolaena odorata only. Group D was administered 1000mg/kg body weight of aqueous extract of Chromolaena odorata only. Group E was given 400mg/kg body weight of Chromolaena odorata aqueous extract and 4mg/kg of Arsenic acid and Group F was given 1000mg/kg body weight of Chromolaena odorata aqueous extract and 4mg/kg of Arsenic acid. The result showed that arsenic acid caused an increase in the urea level, decrease in SOD level and tubular necrosis of the kidney. While aqueous extract of Chromolaena odorata caused decrease in the level of urea, increase in SOD level across the groups plus the combination group with arsenic acid. Histological examination of the kidneys treated with arsenic acid and low and high doses of the extract showed amelioration with the lower dose having a more potent effect. It can be concluded that aqueous leaf extract of C. odorata was able to ameliorate arsenic acid induced kidney damage in adult Wistar rats.
Persistent anaemia and unresolved systemic dysfunction among persons living with HIV infection in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Akwiwu Euphoria C. , Abunimye Dennis A. , Akpotuzor Josephine O.
Published: December 2024

Anaemia in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has remained a significant morbidity indicator affecting both disease progression and outcome. Its persistence despite antiretroviral therapy continues to generate interest. Reports of systemic dysfunction in association with HIV has necessitated exploring possible systemic indices for assessment and monitoring of the infection. In resource-poor settings such as the study locality, identifying affordable biomarkers for disease management is important. This study was a case-control analytical single-site research among people living with HIV in Southern Nigeria. Purposive sampling technique was used to enrol equal numbers of newly diagnosed HIV-infected persons, patients on antiretroviral therapy and control subjects. Clinical considerations were duly obtained. Red cell parameters and CD4 count were assessed by automation. Aminotransferase enzyme activities were assayed by standard colorimetric methods. De Ritis ratio was calculated. The RBC, Hb and HCT were significantly reduced in HIV subjects on HAART compared to those newly diagnosed and control subjects. Both MCV, RDW-SD and De Ritis ratio were high in newly diagnosed subjects compared to HIV subjects on HAART and control subjects, while the CD4 count varied significantly across all three groups. There were significant moderate negative correlations between De Ritis ratio and both mean cell volume and mean cell haemoglobin. Overall systemic state rather than the index of immune response correlated with indices of anaemia among persons living with HIV infection and receiving antiretroviral therapy.
The epidemiology of measles virus amongst children attending Specialist Hospital Sokoto, Nigeria.
Authors: Iduh M.U. , Enitan S.S. , Umar A.I. , Bunza N.M. , Usman S.S. , Nasiru M.
Published: December 2024

Measles remains the leading cause of vaccine-preventable childhood mortality in developing countries, with its greatest incidence in children younger than 5 years of age. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence, gender and age most affected by measles, demographic and risk factors of measles virus amongst patients attending Specialist Hospital, Sokoto. A total of 90 blood samples comprising of children of different age groups from 0-7 years were collected and analyzed for measles virus IgM antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. An overall prevalence of 34.4% was obtained, with a prevalence of 17.8% in children aged 0-1 year and 12.2% in children aged 2-3 years. The prevalence of measles virus increased with age in children 0-1 years and decreased with age in older children (>5 years). A higher prevalence was found in females (18.9%) than in males (15.6%). There was a statistically significant association between the location and vaccination status among participants that shows positive for measles with p-value of 0.010 and 0.001 respectively. There was no significant difference in the tribe and vitamin A status among participants that show positive for measles with p-value of 0.631 and 0.359 respectively. The findings of this study confirm the presence of measles virus infection in children <1 year, mostly from rural areas who do not comply with the vaccination schedule. An improvement on enhanced measles surveillance and routine immunization especially in the northern regions of Nigeria is recommended. There is a need to work out alternate strategies for the control of measles such as introducing a two-dose schedule to halt the endemic transmission.
Protective effect of Garcinia kola Seed and Honey mixture against Cadmium-induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats
Authors: Anyia Francis Agwanyeokhai , Tamuno-Emine Davies G. , Elechi-Amadi Kemzi Nosike , Briggs Ojoye Ngoye
Published: December 2024

In this study, Garcinia kola Seed (GKS), Honey and a mixture of both were investigated for protective action against Cadmium acetate-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistar rats. The GKS mixed with honey preparation was done by weighing 20g of powered GKS and 80g of honey, this mixture was diluted with distilled water at a weight/volume ratio of 1:4. Different groups of animals were fed GKS, Honey or a mixture of both (50mg/100g body weight and 100mg/100g body weight of GKS) in solution with normal saline or Cadmium acetate in solution with normal saline (induced group), Normal saline only (Control) was given for 14 days and then co-administered only in this order: Garcinia kola seed and Cadmium acetate for 7 days (in different dose regimen of GKS 50mg/100g body weight and 100mg/100g body weight), Garcinia kola seed mixed with honey and co-treated with Cadmium acetate for 7 days and finally Honey and cadmium acetate for 7 days. In total, there were six (6) groups. Five rats were used for each group giving a total 30 Wistar rats (25 animals for the study groups and 5 animals for the control). The renal function parameters were assessed by the following battery of tests including; Plasma total protein, Albumin, Sodium, Potassium, Bicarbonate, Urea and Creatinine. The histology of the kidney was done for one animal per group using the Haematoxylin and Eosin (H & E) stain, and their micro pictograph reported (×400 magnification) was reported. The results obtained were analyzed using the SPSS Sheff and Duncan and presented as Mean ±SEM, at a (P ≤ 0.05). The results from the study showed that the total protein, albumin, Urea, and Bicarbonate levels were significantly lowered and the potassium level was significantly high in the renal function indices. These show that Cadmium is a very toxic heavy metal causing serious renal cell damage evident in renal acidosis. The histological findings in the kidney also show a clear distortion and cellular damage. The GKS, Honey or a mixture of both were found to exhibit a partial protective characteristic against Cadmium acetate-induced kidney function damage as evidenced by the ability of each test material to mitigate the decrease in plasma total protein and albumin, and an increase in sodium and potassium, urea and creatinine. These findings were consistent with the results of the histological studies of the kidney from the GKS, Honey and a mixture of both using in the rats in the various groups.
Influence of successive manual pipetting of multiple samples on precision and reliability of glucose test results
Authors: Udo Etido Fidelis , Idowu Olufemi Joseph , Bada Atinuke Tope
Published: December 2024

Air-displacement micropipettes are precision equipment; however, they are affected by temperature change. The study investigated whether hand warmth generated during successive manually pipetting 10 µL in multiple samples using air-displacement micropipette can influence accuracy of glucose estimations. Venous blood sample (5 ml) was collected from an informed and a consented apparently healthy normoglycaemic adult (male) following ethical approval. One hundred replicates from aliquot plasma were divided into five ranges (R1-R5) of twenty replicates each for fasting plasma glucose (FPG) estimation. Gilson P20 air-displacement micropipette (Gilson, UK) was adjusted to pipette 10 µL manually under routine and repeatability conditions by an experienced analyst. Relative humidity, room temperature and analyst’s palm temperature were recorded before and after successive manual pipetting. FPG level was determined using Glucose-oxidase (GOx) method, and intra-analyst coefficient of variation (CV) calculated. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and one-way analysis of variance; association among variables was determined by Pearson’s correlation analysis, and significant level was set at p < 0.05. Duration of successive holding micropipette while manually pipetting 100 replicates in five ranges correlated positively with analyst’s palm temperature (r = 0.881, p = 0.048). Replicates in range 5 (81-100) had a significantly decreased FPG level (p = 0.000) with intra-analyst CV of 8.8% compared to ranges. Results suggest that under routine laboratory and repeatability conditions, successive manual pipetting of 10 µL more than 640 seconds or 60 samples using air-displacement micropipette may result in significant volume errors with imprecise glucose estimates.
Phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of Carica papaya leaf extract on some clinical isolates
Authors: Achukwu N.O. , Aniobi C.C. , Isiofia P.O. , Ajare C.C. , Agu A.N.
Published: December 2024

Herbal medicine has gained increasing usage globally quite recently, as a result of increasing drug resistance to conventional drugs. This has led to an increase in the search for new and effective sources of antimicrobials. This study assessed the antimicrobial efficacy of Carica papaya extract on some clinical bacteria and fungi isolates and the phytochemical composition of the leaves. The clinical isolates used for this study were 5 bacterial isolates (Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and 3 fungal isolates (Aspergillus niger, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus flavus). The leaf of Carica papaya was extracted using ethanol, and water. The antimicrobial activity was determined using the agar well diffusion technique. The extracts were prepared at a concentration of 200mg/ml and were used on both the bacteria and fungi isolates. The MIC was assessed using broth serial doubling dilution at different concentrations. Both extracts are active to the isolates at varying degrees. The MIC and MMC range between 50-200mg/ml. The phytochemical screening showed that Carica papaya leaves contain essential secondary metabolites that aid in the antimicrobial activity. This study reasonably supports the use of Carica papaya leaves in the treatment of infections as used by traditional herbal practitioners.
Transmissibility of human T-lymphotropic viruses through blood transfusion in Africa: A public health challenge
Authors: Abidemi Muhibi Musa , Foloranmi Olaniyan Mathew , Adesina Tijani Busira , Opeyemi Muhibi Mutmainah
Published: December 2024

Human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) types 1 and 2 are retroviruses primarily transmitted through close contact with infected bodily fluids. While blood transfusion is a significant route of HTLV transmission, improved screening measures can drastically reduce this risk. This review examines the historical context of HTLV transmission through blood transfusion, the current state of screening and risk mitigation strategies, and ongoing research efforts.
Von Willebrand factor among pregnant women attending Maryam Abacha Women and Children Hospital Sokoto
Authors: Murtala Safiyya Adam , Onuigwe Festus Uchechukwu , Abdulrahman Yakubu , Erhabor Osaro , Kwaifa Ibrahim Kalle , Ali Hauwa Buhari , Bagudo Aliyu Ibrahim
Published: December 2024

Von Willebrand factor is an important protein that plays a crucial role in haemostasis and thrombosis. Changes in von Willebrand factor levels during pregnancy may increase the risk of bleeding or thrombotic complications for both the mother and the foetus. The aim of this study was to assess von Willebrand factor (vWF) levels among pregnant women in Maryam Abacha Women and Children Hospital Sokoto, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study that involved 60 pregnant and 30 non-pregnant women in Sokoto. Blood samples were collected and centrifuged to get plasma and then analysed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) from Nanjing PARS Biochem (China). Data were analysed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 25. Independent sample test was used to compare vWF levels in pregnant women and non-pregnant women. The results obtained showed that vWF meanSD (184.4 ± 109.8) of subjects were significantly higher (p=0.018) than that of control (141.8 ± 57.6). The study showed no significant difference (p>0.05) in the vWF levels of pregnant women based on trimester, gravida and parity. Also, Age and years of marriage of pregnant women have no association with vWF. Therefore, vWF levels are affected by pregnancy and pregnant women should be screened for their vWF status to prevent bleeding disorder.