bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic Topology Optimization Framework for Geometrically Nonlinear Structures Considering Load Position Uncertainty and Imperfections
Authors: Habashneh Muayad , Ghodousian Oveys , Fathnejat Hamed , Movahedi Rad Majid
Published: November 2024

In this manuscript, a novel approach to topology optimization is proposed which integrates considerations of uncertain load positions, thereby enhancing the reliability-based design within the context of structural engineering. Extending the conventional framework to encompass imperfect geometrically nonlinear analyses, this research discovers the intricate interplay between nonlinearity and uncertainty, shedding light on their combined effects on probabilistic analysis. A key innovation lies in treating load position as a stochastic variable, augmenting the existing parameters, such as volume fraction, material properties, and geometric imperfections, to capture the full spectrum of variability inherent in real-world conditions. To address these uncertainties, normal distributions are adopted for all relevant parameters, leveraging their computational efficacy, simplicity, and ease of implementation, which are particularly crucial in the context of complex optimization algorithms and extensive analyses. The proposed methodology undergoes rigorous validation against benchmark problems, ensuring its efficacy and reliability. Through a series of structural examples, including U-shaped plates, 3D L-shaped beams, and steel I-beams, the implications of considering imperfect geometrically nonlinear analyses within the framework of reliability-based topology optimization are explored, with a specific focus on the probabilistic aspect of load position uncertainty. The findings highlight the significant influence of probabilistic design methodologies on topology optimization, with the defined constraints serving as crucial conditions that govern the optimal topologies and their corresponding stress distributions.
New Abundant Analytical Solitons to the Fractional Mathematical Physics Model via Three Distinct Schemes
Authors: Alomair Abdulrahman , Al Naim Abdulaziz S. , Bekir Ahmet
Published: November 2024

New types of truncated M-fractional wave solitons to the simplified Modified Camassa–Holm model, a mathematical physics model, are obtained. This model is used to explain the unidirectional propagation of shallow water waves. The required solutions are obtained by utilizing the simplest equation, the Sardar subequation, and the generalized Kudryashov schemes. The obtained results consist of the dark, singular, periodic, dark-bright, and many other analytical solitons. Dynamical behaviors of some obtained solutions are represented by two-dimensional (2D), three-dimensional (3D), and Contour graphs. An effect of fractional derivative is shown graphically. The results are newer than the existing results of the governing equation. Obtained solutions have much importance in the various areas of applied science as well as engineering. We concluded that the utilized methods are helpful and applicable for other partial fractional equations in applied science and engineering.
Efficient Tuning of an Isotope Separation Online System Through Safe Bayesian Optimization with Simulation-Informed Gaussian Process for the Constraints
Authors: Garces Santiago Ramos , De Boi Ivan , Ramos João Pedro , Dierckx Marc , Popescu Lucia , Derammelaere Stijn
Published: November 2024

Optimizing process outcomes by tuning parameters through an automated system is common in industry. Ideally, this optimization is performed as efficiently as possible, using the minimum number of steps to achieve an optimal configuration. However, care must often be taken to ensure that, in pursuing the optimal solution, the process does not enter an “unsafe” state (for the process itself or its surroundings). Safe Bayesian optimization is a viable method in such contexts, as it guarantees constraint fulfillment during the optimization process, ensuring the system remains safe. This method assumes the constraints are real-valued and continuous functions. However, in some cases, the constraints are binary (true/false) or classification-based (safe/unsafe), limiting the direct application of safe Bayesian optimization. Therefore, a slight modification of safe Bayesian optimization allows for applying the method using a probabilistic classifier for learning classification constraints. However, violation of constraints may occur during the optimization process, as the theoretical guarantees of safe Bayesian optimization do not apply to discontinuous functions. This paper addresses this limitation by introducing an enhanced version of safe Bayesian optimization incorporating a simulation-informed Gaussian process (GP) for handling classification constraints. The simulation-informed GP transforms the classification constraint into a piece-wise function, enabling the application of safe Bayesian optimization. We applied this approach to optimize the parameters of a computational model for the isotope separator online (ISOL) at the MYRRHA facility (Multipurpose Hybrid Research Reactor for High-Tech Applications). The results revealed a significant reduction in constraint violations—approximately 80%—compared to safe Bayesian optimization methods that directly learn the classification constraints using Laplace approximation and expectation propagation. The sensitivity to the accuracy of the simulation model was analyzed to determine the extent to which it is advantageous to use the proposed method. These findings suggest that incorporating available information into the optimization process is valuable for reducing the number of unsafe outcomes in constrained optimization scenarios.
Clinical Observations of the Effectiveness of the Masquelet Induced Membrane Technique in the Treatment of Critical Long-Bone Defects of the Lower and Upper Extremities
Authors: Kołodziejczyk Kamil , Ropielewski Aleksander , Garlewicz Rafał , Złotorowicz Marcin , Czubak Jarosław
Published: November 2024

Background and Objectives: Successful treatment of severe trauma and fractures of the long bones with successful healing and bone union is still a significant challenge for surgeons. Unfortunately, up to 10% of long-bone fractures develop bone healing disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of treating bone defects with different etiologies in the upper and lower extremities using the induced membrane technique. Materials and Methods: We prospectively evaluated the radiological and clinical outcomes of 45 patients with severe bone defects treated with the induced membrane technique during the period from May 2021 to October 2023. The time to bone defect regeneration, size of the bone defect, and the cost of treatment were evaluated. Functional outcomes were assessed using the Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand (DASH) scale, SF-36, and the Lower Limb Functional Index (LLFI). Results: The mean follow-up time was 31 months (12–35). There were 20 patients with upper extremity bone defects and 25 with lower extremity bone defects. The mean defect length was 7.9 cm for the upper extremity (3.5–18) and 5.3 cm for the lower extremity (3–11). The mean times to achieve bone union and remodeling were 6.0 months (3–12) and 9 months (3–13) for the upper and lower limbs, respectively. Clinical evaluation at the end of treatment (achieving bone union) showed statistically significant improvements in the DASH, SF-36, and LLFI scales for pre- and postoperative outcomes. There was no statistical significance in the SF-36 clinical scale scores after surgical treatment compared to reconstructive treatment of upper and lower extremity bone defects. Results: The presented reconstructive approach to the treatment of bone defects and healing disorders and extensive analysis demonstrate the effectiveness of the induced membrane technique in a short follow-up period, with a relatively high level of patient comfort and good clinical results in the treatment of severe bone defects with particularly infectious etiologies.
Deformation Behaviors and Microstructure Evolution of Mg-Zn-Y-Zr Alloys During Hot Compression Process
Authors: Jiang Hong , Yang Bin , Wu Yujuan , Peng Biyou , He Meifeng
Published: November 2024

This study investigated the thermal compression deformability of the low-alloyed Mg-Zn-Y-Zr magnesium alloy temperatures ranging from 300 to 450 °C, and strain rates between 0.01 s−1 and 1 s−1. A hot processing map was established using a novel constitutive model. The results demonstrate that the flow stress of the low-alloyed Mg-Zn-Y-Zr alloy is markedly affected by the deformation temperature and strain rate, predominantly manifesting characteristics of work hardening (WH) and dynamic recrystallization-induced softening. The high-temperature rheological behavior of the alloy is accurately portrayed with a constitutive model, with an activation energy measured at 287 kJ/mol. The mechanism of dynamic recrystallization (DRX) gradually shifts from twinning dynamic recrystallization (TDRX) to continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) and discontinuous dynamic recrystallization (DDRX). At 400 °C, as the strain rate decreases, the I-phase in the microstructure gradually transforms into the W-phase, weakening the inhibitory effect on DRX grain growth.
Investigating the Tribocorrosion Behaviour of NiTiNOL60 Alloy in Engineering and Biomedical Applications—An Overview
Authors: Okoani Anthony O. , Nand Ashveen , Jiang Cho-Pei , Ramezani Maziar
Published: November 2024

This review covers the literature that is currently accessible, as well as emerging research into the performance of NiTi-based alloys exposed to corrosive environments in both engineering and medical applications. It provides an overview of the state-of-the-art research in the study of tribocorrosion of Ni-rich NiTi alloy by highlighting significant discoveries, research approaches, and future research directions following the limited reviews on tribocorrosion in the past decade. The practical impacts, as well as the economic implications of tribological applications on daily life, coupled with the increasing failures of metals and biomaterials, make it imperative to investigate tribocorrosion and update the subject area on the recent focus. Tribocorrosion is commonly observed on the surface of different metals, including NiTi alloys, such as NiTiNOL60 (60 wt.% Ni and 40 wt.% Ti), which possess unique properties applicable across various engineering and biomedical fields. In its application, the material experiences wear due to the depassivation of tribofilms caused by relative motion (sliding, fretting, or impact) in aggressive environments, including corrosive mediums, high temperatures, and pressures. This study elucidates the synergistic interactions between mechanical wear, corrosion, and their associated tribocorrosion mechanisms in corrosive media.
Impact of the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic on the Epidemiology of Streptococcus pyogenes: A Five-Year Retrospective Study
Authors: Brañas Patricia , Fontenla Fabiola , Castaño-Amores María Victoria , Recio Raúl , Muñoz-Gallego Irene , Villa Jennifer , Viedma Esther , Folgueira Lola
Published: November 2024

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic significantly affected the epidemiology of Streptococcus pyogenes, a pathogen associated with various clinical presentations such as pharyngitis, scarlet fever, and invasive diseases. This study analyzed the incidence and characteristics of S. pyogenes infections between 2018 and 2023, examining 915 cases categorized as either respiratory or non-respiratory. Respiratory infections predominantly affected children, accounting for 76% of cases, with a median age of 5 [3, 8] years, while non-respiratory infections were more common in adults, with a median age of 46.5 [34, 64] years. Invasive respiratory infections, such as pneumonia and empyema, were more frequent in children (54.8%), whereas invasive non-respiratory infections, such as primarily cellulitis, were predominantly seen in adults (90.5%). A sharp decline in S. pyogenes infections was observed during the pandemic, with respiratory cases decreasing tenfold in 2020 compared to the previous year, and non-respiratory cases experiencing a twofold reduction. However, infection rates returned to pre-pandemic levels by 2022 and 2023, with a notable resurgence of invasive respiratory infections in children following a public health alert in the United Kingdom in late 2022. These findings highlight distinct infection patterns between pediatric and adult populations and emphasize the significant impact of the pandemic on respiratory infections, particularly in children.
Development and Characterization of Ammonia Removal Moving Bed Biofilms for Landfill Leachate Treatment
Authors: Petrilli Rossana , Fabbretti Attilio , Pucci Kathleen , Pagliaretta Graziella , Napolioni Valerio , Falconi Maurizio
Published: November 2024

Urbanization growth has intensified the challenge of managing and treating increasing amounts of municipal solid waste (MSW). Landfills are commonly utilized for MSW disposal because of their low construction and operation costs. However, this practice produces huge volumes of landfill leachate, a highly polluting liquid rich in ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), organic compounds, and various heavy metals, making it difficult to treat in conventional municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). In recent years, research has shown that microbial biofilms, developed on carriers of different materials and called “moving bed biofilm reactors” (MBBRs), may offer promising solutions for bioremediation. This study explored the biofilm development and the nitrification process of moving bed biofilms (MBBs) obtained from high ammonia-selected microbial communities. Using crystal violet staining and confocal laser-scanning microscopy, we followed the biofilm formation stages correlating nitrogen removal to metagenomic analyses. Our results indicate that MBBs unveiled a 10-fold more enhanced nitrification rate than the dispersed microbial community present in the native sludge of the Porto Sant’Elpidio (Italy) WWTP. Four bacterial families, Chitinophagaceae, Comamonadaceae, Sphingomonadaceae, and Nitrosomonadaceae, accumulate in structured biofilms and significantly contribute to the high ammonium removal rate of 80% in 24 h as estimated in leachate-containing wastewaters.
Impact of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv Infection on Extracellular Vesicle Cargo in Macrophages: Implications for Host–Pathogen Interaction
Authors: Salgado-Cantú Manuel G. , Gutiérrez-González Luis Horacio , Guzmán-Beltrán Silvia , Herrera María Teresa , Sarabia Carmen , González Yolanda
Published: November 2024

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common respiratory infections worldwide, and it is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Mtb employs immune evasion mechanisms that allow the disease to become chronic. Despite extensive research, the host–pathogen interaction remains incompletely understood. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane particles that play a regulatory role in infectious diseases. Host-derived EVs have been identified as carriers of proteins, messenger RNA, and lipids from both the host cells and the pathogens. In this study, we assessed the cargo of EVs in human macrophages infected with the virulent strain H37Rv of Mtb at 1 and 24 h post-infection (hpi). The results showed that 1 hpi, infected macrophages secreted EVs containing Mtb proteins (15 to 37 kDa) and Ag85 kDa, as well as RNA transcripts (ESAT-6, 5KST, Ag85, IS6110, 30 kDa, 19 kDa, and MPT64). However, these decreased at 24 hpi. The infection of macrophages with Mtb was observed to result in the release of EVs containing Ag85 protein and RNA transcripts of Mtb; this process appeared to diminish after 24 hpi, suggesting the existence of an evasion mechanism. Both Ag85 and the RNA transcripts could be potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of TB patients.
Unveiling the Bioleaching Versatility of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans
Authors: Tonietti Luca , Esposito Mattia , Cascone Martina , Barosa Bernardo , Fiscale Stefano , Muscari Tomajoli Maria Teresa , Sbaffi Tomasa , Santomartino Rosa , Covone Giovanni , Cordone Angelina , Rotundi Alessandra , Giovannelli Donato
Published: November 2024

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is a Gram-negative bacterium that thrives in extreme acidic conditions. It has emerged as a key player in biomining and bioleaching technologies thanks to its unique ability to mobilize a wide spectrum of elements, such as Li, P, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Mo, W, Pb, U, and its role in ferrous iron oxidation and reduction. A. ferrooxidans catalyzes the extraction of elements by generating iron (III) ions in oxic conditions, which are able to react with metal sulfides. This review explores the bacterium’s versatility in metal and elemental mobilization, with a focus on the mechanisms involved, encompassing its role in the recovery of industrially relevant elements from ores. The application of biomining technologies leveraging the bacterium’s natural capabilities not only enhances element recovery efficiency, but also reduces reliance on conventional energy-intensive methods, aligning with the global trend towards more sustainable mining practices. However, its use in biometallurgical applications poses environmental issues through its effect on the pH levels in bioleaching systems, which produce acid mine drainage in rivers and lakes adjacent to mines. This dual effect underscores its potential to shape the future of responsible mining practices, including potentially in space, and highlights the importance of monitoring acidic releases in the environment.
Gut Microbiota Comparison in Rectal Swabs Versus Stool Samples in Cats with Kidney Stones
Authors: Joubran Patrick , Roux Françoise A. , Serino Matteo , Deschamps Jack-Yves
Published: November 2024

To investigate the role of the intestinal bacterial microbiota in the pathogenesis of calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis in cats, a condition characterized by the formation of kidney stones, it is desirable to identify a sample collection method that accurately reflects the microbiota’s composition. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of fecal sample collection methods on the intestinal microbiota composition in two cat populations: healthy cats and kidney stone-diseased cats. The study included eighteen cats from the same colony, comprising nine healthy cats and nine cats with spontaneously occurring presumed calcium oxalate kidney stones. Three fecal collection methods were compared: rectal swabs, the collection of fresh stool, and the collection of stool exposed to ambient air for 24 h. The bacterial microbiota was analyzed through the high-resolution sequencing of the V3–V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. For all cats, within the same individual, a one-way PERMANOVA analysis showed a significant difference between the rectal swabs and fresh stool (p = 0.0003), as well as between the rectal swabs and stool exposed to ambient air for 24 h (p = 0.0003), but no significant difference was identified between the fresh stool and non-fresh stool (p = 0.0651). When comparing the two populations of cats, this study provides seemingly conflicting results. (1) A principal component analysis (PCA) comparison revealed a significant difference in the bacterial composition between the healthy cats and the cats with kidney stones only when the sample was a fresh fecal sample (p = 0.0037). This finding suggests that the intestinal bacteria involved in the pathogenesis of kidney stones in cats are luminal and strictly anaerobic bacteria. Consequently, exposure to ambient air results in a loss of information, preventing the identification of dysbiosis. For clinical studies, non-fresh stool samples provided by owners does not appear suitable for studying the gut microbiota of cats with kidney stones; fresh stool should be favored. (2) Interestingly, the rectal swabs alone highlighted significant differences in the proportion of major phyla between the two populations. These findings highlight the critical importance of carefully selecting fecal collection methods when studying feline gut microbiota. Combining rectal swabs and fresh stool sampling provides complementary insights, offering the most accurate understanding of the gut microbiota composition in the context of feline kidney stone pathogenesis.
Rhizosphere Shifts: Reduced Fungal Diversity and Microbial Community Functionality Enhance Plant Adaptation in Continuous Cropping Systems
Authors: Li Jichao , Zuo Yingmei , Zhang Jinyu
Published: November 2024

Continuous cropping problems constitute threats to perennial plant health and survival. Soil conditioners have the potential to enhance plant disease resistance in continuous cropping systems. However, how microbes and metabolites of the rhizosphere respond to soil conditioner addition remains largely unknown, but this knowledge is paramount to providing innovative strategies to enhance plant adaptation in continuous cropping systems. Here, we found that a biochar conditioner significantly improved plant survival rates in a continuous cropping system. The biochar-induced rhizosphere significantly alters the fungal community, causing a decline in fungal diversity and the downregulation of soil microbial community functionality. Specifically, the biochar-induced rhizosphere causes a reduction in the relative abundance of pathogenic Fusarium sp. and phenolic acid concentration, whose variations are the primary causes of continuous cropping problems. Conversely, we observed an unexpected bacterial diversity increase in rhizospheric and non-rhizospheric soils. Our research further identified key microbial taxa in the biochar-induced rhizosphere, namely, Monographella, Acremonium, Geosmithia, and Funneliformis, which enhance soil nutrient availability, suppress Fusarium sp., mitigate soil acidification, and reduce phenolic acid concentrations. Collectively, we highlight the critical role of regular microbial communities and metabolites in determining plant health during continuous cropping and propose a synthetic microbial community framework for further optimizing the ecological functions of the rhizosphere.
Microbiological Ecological Surveillance of Zoonotic Pathogens from Hamadryas Baboons in Southwestern Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alqumber Mohammed Abdullah
Published: November 2024

This study investigates parasitic and bacterial pathogens present in Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) and humans in southwestern Saudi Arabia. Fecal samples were collected from Hamadryas baboons (n = 999) from three city peripheries and humans from city centers (n = 1998) and peripheries (n = 1998) of southwestern and eastern Saudi cities. Parasitic examinations and bacterial cultures were conducted on these samples. Key findings include the identification of various parasitic and bacterial pathogens, with notable prevalences of Staphylococcus aureus (71.37% in baboons, 71.51% in humans), Blastocystis hominis (42.24% in baboons, 17.85% in humans), Cryptosporidium spp. (40.14% in baboons, 12.6% in humans), hookworms (37.44% in baboons, 18.57% in humans), Strongyloides spp. (37.34% in baboons, 17.39% in humans), Enterobius vermicularis (36.34% in baboons, 11.18% in humans), and Campylobacter spp. (29.73% in baboons, 1.86% in humans). Additionally, the prevalences of these microorganisms in human populations coexisting with baboons in southwestern city peripheries were 75.47%, 25.22%, 23.62%, 26.33%, 22.22%, 15.11%, and 3.8%, respectively. To further characterize bacterial isolates, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used, suggesting potential zoonotic and anthroponotic cycles. The results highlight significant pathogen prevalence among both baboons and human populations in proximity to baboon habitats, indicating a potential public health risk. However, shared environmental sources, such as contaminated water, were not thoroughly assessed and could play a role in pathogen transmission. The study’s focus on 18 different parasitic and bacterial pathogens allowed for the targeting of prevalent and indicative markers of zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission. In conclusion, these baseline data are crucial for the design of advanced studies to further investigate the zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission dynamics and the environmental factors influencing pathogen prevalence.
The Petrogenesis of Devonian Volcanism and Its Tectonic Significance in the Kalatag Area, Eastern Tianshan, Xinjiang, China
Authors: Ma Zhijie , Chai Fengmei , Cao Mingjian , Song Xiaodong , Wang Haipei , Qi Dongmei , Mao Qigui
Published: November 2024

The Kalatag mineralization belt is an important metallogenic belt of polymetallic mineral deposits in the northern part of eastern Tianshan, and its age and tectonic setting are still controversial. We identified a set of Devonian volcanic rocks hosted in the Early Palaeozoic package of dominantly marine sediments with a small amount of terrestrial rocks. This study presents petrological, U–Pb geochronology, and geochemical data for the volcanic rocks. The ages of the rhyolite (407.2 ± 1.9 Ma) and basaltic andesite (380.4 ± 2.8 Ma) suggests that the Kalatag belt is a Devonian volcanic succession. These rocks consist mainly of marine calc–alkaline lava, tuff, pyroclastic rocks, and minor terrestrial basaltic andesite. The lavas are characterized by the enrichment of light rare earth elements and strongly depleted in Nb and Ta, typical of island arc magmatic rocks. The volcanic rocks probably originated from the partial melting of the mafic lower crust which was modified by subducted slab-related fluids. During their ascent through the crust, these volcanic rocks underwent variable extents of fractional crystallization (rhyolites) and crustal contamination (basaltic andesites). Combined with the results of previous studies, we suggest that the Devonian rocks formed in an island arc related to the northward subduction of the Northern Tianshan Ocean with a crustal thickness of ~35–40 km.
A Facile and Promising Delivery Platform for siRNA to Solid Tumors
Authors: Leng Qixin , Anand Aishwarya , Mixson A. James
Published: November 2024

Over 20 years have passed since siRNA was brought to the public’s attention. Silencing genes with siRNA has been used for various purposes, from creating pest-resistant plants to treating human diseases. In the last six years, several siRNA therapies have been approved by the FDA, which solely target disease-inducing proteins in the liver. The extrahepatic utility of systemically delivered siRNA has been primarily limited to preclinical studies. While siRNA targeting the liver comprises relatively simple ligand-siRNA conjugates, siRNA treating extrahepatic diseases such as cancer often requires complex carriers. The complexity of these extrahepatic carriers of siRNA reduces the likelihood of their widespread clinical use. In the current report, we initially demonstrated that a linear histidine–lysine (HK) carrier of siRNA, injected intravenously, effectively silenced luciferase expressed by MDA-MB-435 tumors in a mouse model. This non-pegylated linear peptide carrier was easily synthesized compared to the complex cRGD-conjugated pegylated branched peptides our group used previously. Notably, the tumor-targeting component, KHHK, was embedded within the peptide, eliminating the need to conjugate the ligand to the carrier. Moreover, brief bath sonication significantly improved the in vitro and in vivo silencing of these HK siRNA polyplexes. Several other linear peptides containing the -KHHK- sequence were then screened with some carriers of siRNA, silencing 80% of the tumor luciferase marker. Additionally, silencing by these HK siRNA polyplexes was confirmed in a second tumor model. Not only was luciferase activity reduced, but these siRNA polyplexes also reduced the Raf-1 oncogene in the MDA-MB-231 xenografts. These simple-to-synthesize, effective, linear HK peptides are promising siRNA carriers for clinical use.
Preparation and Evaluation of a Novel Branched Polymer as Thickener for Calcium Chloride-Based Drilling and Completion Fluids
Authors: Zhang Xianbin , Yang Zhongfeng , Wang Qian , Chen Weijie , Liu Tengjiao , Zhou Tao , Li Shulin , Xin Tongle , Cao Jie , Xin Xia
Published: November 2024

Calcium halide-based fluids are often used in drilling and completion operations due to their high density, clay inhibition and low solid content. However, there is a lack of thickeners to promote gel strength, which improves the fluid’s capacity to carry and suspend cuttings. To solve this problem, the branched polymer (hereafter abbreviated as PAD-B) was prepared by the copolymerization of N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAM) and 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS), using polyethylenimine as a branching agent and cerium ammonium nitrate as the initiator. Compared with linear polymer (PAD-L), PAD-B has better shear strength at the same low viscosity. The experimental results indicated that the increase in shear strength of PAD-B is due to the interactions between branched PAD-B molecules, which lead to the formation of a network structure. The effect of calcium chloride (CaCl2) on the rheological performance of PAD-B was investigated at 25 °C and 50 °C. Compared with PAD-L, PAD-B shows better thermal stability and calcium resistance. Its high gel strength provides technical support for addressing issues such as low yield point, gel strength and difficulty in controlling the rheological parameters of calcium halide-based fluids during the drilling and completion of complex wells.
Preparation and Antibacterial Performance Study of CeO2/g-C3N4 Nanocomposite Materials
Authors: Zhang Jingtao , Nan Ruichun , Liang Tianzhu , Zhao Yuheng , Zhang Xinxin , Zhu Mengzhen , Li Ruoyu , Sun Xiaodong , Chen Yisong , Liu Bingkun
Published: November 2024

In response to the challenges of food spoilage and water pollution caused by pathogenic microorganisms, CeO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposites were synthesized via one-step calcination using thiourea and urea as precursors. Steady-state photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that 8 wt% CeO2/g-C3N4 exhibited superior electron–hole separation efficiency. Quantitative antimicrobial assays demonstrated that the nanocomposites displayed enhanced bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli, Ralstonia solanacearum, and Staphylococcus aureus. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy analysis verified the generation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) and superoxide radicals (·O2−) during the photo-Fenton process utilizing CeO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposites. Additionally, 8 wt% CeO2/g-C3N4 nanocomposites demonstrated enhanced photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) and tetracycline hydrochloride (TC) under photo-Fenton conditions.
Toward Standardization of a Lung New Approach Model for Toxicity Testing of Nanomaterials
Authors: Elje Elisabeth , Camassa Laura M. A. , Shaposhnikov Sergey , Anmarkrud Kristine Haugen , Skare Øivind , Nilsen Asbjørn M. , Zienolddiny-Narui Shan , Rundén-Pran Elise
Published: November 2024

This study represents an attempt toward the standardization of pulmonary NAMs and the development of a novel approach for toxicity testing of nanomaterials. Laboratory comparisons are challenging yet essential for identifying existing limitations and proposing potential solutions. Lung cells cultivated and exposed at the air-liquid interface (ALI) more accurately represent the physiology of human lungs and pulmonary exposure scenarios than submerged cell and exposure models. A triculture cell model system was used, consisting of human A549 lung epithelial cells and differentiated THP-1 macrophages on the apical side, with EA.hy926 endothelial cells on the basolateral side. The cells were exposed to silver nanoparticles NM-300K for 24 h. The model used here showed to be applicable for assessing the hazards of nanomaterials and chemicals, albeit with some limitations. Cellular viability was measured using the alamarBlue assay, DNA damage was assessed with the enzyme-modified comet assay, and the expression of 40 genes related to cell viability, inflammation, and DNA damage response was evaluated through RT2 gene expression profiling. Despite harmonized protocols used in the two independent laboratories, however, some methodological challenges could affect the results, including sensitivity and reproducibility of the model.
Qualitative Analysis of a Home-Delivered Produce Prescription Intervention to Improve Food and Nutrition Security
Authors: Caraballo Graciela , Muleta Hemen , Parmar Anar , Kim Noah , Ali Qadira , Fischer Laura , Essel Kofi
Published: November 2024

Background/Objective: In total, 17.9% of households with children experienced food insecurity (FI) in 2023. Produce prescription interventions (PRx) are a viable intervention to address FI and improve diet quality. Few studies have explored home-delivered PRxs in children. The objective of this qualitative study is to explore the experience of a novel PRx among families with young children in households at risk of experiencing FI and diet-related chronic disease. Methods: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with caretakers after the completion of a 12-month PRx. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed using thematic analysis to identify emergent themes. Univariate descriptive statistics were used to describe baseline demographics. Results: Twenty-five families were enrolled, from which eighteen completed the program and fifteen agreed to participate in an interview. All participants were African American women. The mean age was 30.2 (±6.4) years old, and the median household size was three. Qualitative data analysis revealed three major themes. (1) The produce delivery partially alleviated financial stress, contributing to increased produce consumption patterns; (2) the intervention positively shifted the nutrition- and cooking-related knowledge and behavior of families; and (3) familial and programmatic barriers affected participation and engagement. Conclusions: PRxs are a viable option to support families to lessen the burden of FI from financial hardship and build healthy dietary habits. These insights can inform future PRx program development, delivery, evaluation, and policy or funding decisions. Future research should examine the sustained impact of PRx on healthy eating, health outcomes among caregivers and their children, and the healthcare cost and utilization rates among PRx participants.
Zinc Ameliorates High Pi and Ca-Mediated Osteogenic Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Balogh Enikő , Tóth Andrea , Csiki Dávid Máté , Jeney Viktória
Published: November 2024

Zinc is the second most abundant trace element in the human body, stored mainly in the bones. Zinc is required for bone growth and homeostasis and is also a crucial cofactor for numerous proteins that play key roles in maintaining microstructural integrity and bone remodeling. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are multipotent progenitors found in the bone marrow stroma and can differentiate along multiple lineage pathways. In this study, we investigated the effect of zinc on the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. We stimulated the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs with high phosphate and Ca-containing osteogenic medium (PiCa) in the presence or absence of zinc. We followed calcification by measuring ECM mineralization, the Ca content of the ECM, mRNA, and the protein expression of the osteo-chondrogenic transcription factor RUNX2 and SOX9 and its targets OCN and ALP. Zinc dose-dependently abolished PiCa-induced ECM mineralization and decreased the expression of RUNX2, SOX9, OCN, and ALP. Serum albumin did not alter the inhibitory effect of zinc on BMSC mineralization. Our further analysis with the zinc-chelator TPEN and ZnCl2 confirmed the specific inhibitory effect of free zinc ions on BMSC mineralization. Zinc inhibited phosphate uptake and PiCa-induced upregulation of the sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporters (PiT-1 and PiT-2). Zinc attenuated the PiCa-induced increase in ROS production. Taken together, these data suggest that zinc inhibits PiCa-induced BMSC calcification by regulating phosphate uptake and ROS production.
Interplay Between Helminth Infections, Malnutrition, and Gut Microbiota in Children and Mothers from Pemba, Tanzania: Potential of Microbiota-Directed Interventions
Authors: Toussaint Nguélé Aristide , Mozzicafreddo Matteo , Carrara Chiara , Piersanti Angela , Salum Salum Seif , Ali Said M. , Miceli Cristina
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Despite efforts within the framework of the Sustainable Development Goal to end malnutrition by 2030, malnutrition and soil-transmitted helminth infections persist in sub-Saharan Africa. A significant barrier to success is the inadequate understanding of effective intervention methods. Most research on the gut microbiota’s role in health has been conducted in developed countries, leaving a critical gap in knowledge regarding low-income populations. This study addresses this gap by expanding research on the gut microbiota of underprivileged populations to help tackle these public health challenges. Methods: We employed 16S rDNA sequencing to assess the bacterial gut microbiota composition of 60 children (mean age: 26.63 ± 6.36 months) and their 58 mothers (mean age: 30.03 ± 6.31 years) in Pemba, with a focus on helminth infection and nutritional status. Results: Our differential abundance analysis identified bacterial taxa that were significantly negatively associated with both helminth infections and malnutrition, highlighting the potential for microbiota-directed interventions to address these health issues simultaneously. Notably, we identified Akkermansia, Blautia, Dorea, and Odoribacter as promising probiotic candidates for such interventions. In stunted children, positive co-occurrences were observed between Lactobacillus, Prevotella, and Bacteroides, while Escherichia/Shigella displayed negative co-abundance relationships with short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producers in the gut microbiota. These findings suggest that administering Lactobacillus and SCFA-producing probiotics to children may foster the growth of beneficial bacteria like Prevotella and Bacteroides while reducing the relative abundance of Escherichia/Shigella, potentially enhancing overall health. Conclusions: This study underscores the importance of microbiota-directed interventions in children and women of reproductive age as promising strategies, alongside established approaches, for combating helminth infections and malnutrition in vulnerable populations.
It Takes a Village: How Community-Based Peer Support for Breastfeeding Bolsters Lactation Prevalence Among Black Mississippians on the Gulf Coast
Authors: Bartkowski John P. , Klee Katherine , Xu Xiaohe , Roach Jacinda B. , Jones Shakeizia (Kezi)
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Breastfeeding rates are considerably lower among African American women and across the U.S. South. Our study introduces the concept of community-based peer support for breastfeeding, as measured through beliefs about women’s comfort breastfeeding in various social situations (i.e., in the presence of women and men as well as close friends and strangers). Methods: We examine if community-based peer support for breastfeeding is associated with reported lactation prevalence in primary social networks among survey respondents living on the Mississippi Gulf Coast. Special attention is paid to racial differences in the breastfeeding support–prevalence relationship. We use data drawn from a survey that combines a random sample of adults who are representative of the Mississippi Gulf Coast population and a non-random oversample of African Americans in this predominantly rural tri-county area. Results: Analyses of data from wave 1 of the CDC-funded 2019 Mississippi REACH Social Climate Survey reveal low overall levels of African American breastfeeding network prevalence (knowing friends and family who have breastfed). However, community-based peer support for breastfeeding significantly amplifies breastfeeding network prevalence for black Mississippians when compared with their white counterparts. Discussion: Previous research has indicated that breastfeeding promotional messages have a limited impact on African American breastfeeding propensity along the Mississippi Gulf Coast. However, the current study indicates that enhanced community-based peer support for breastfeeding can be a key facilitator for improved lactation outcomes among African Americans as compared with whites. Conclusion: We establish that breastfeeding is best conceived as both an interpersonal encounter (an activity often conducted in the presence of others) and a collective achievement (a practice influenced by community norms). We discuss study implications and directions for future research.
Ocular and Plasma Pharmacokinetics of Sitagliptin Eye Drops: Preclinical Data
Authors: Hernández Cristina , Ramos Hugo , Létondor Anne , Simó Rafael
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Early stages of diabetic retinopathy are currently considered an unmet medical need due to the lack of effective treatments beyond proper monitoring and control of glycemia and blood pressure. Sitagliptin eye drops have emerged as a new therapeutic approach against early stages of the disease, as they can prevent its main hallmarks, including both neurodegeneration and microvascular impairment. Interestingly, all of these effects occur without any glycemic systemic improvement. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics and distribution of the drug within the eye and plasma. Methods: A total of 48 male New Zealand rabbits were treated with topical administration (eye drops) of sitagliptin at two concentrations: 5 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL. Blood, iris/ciliary body, retina/choroid, aqueous humor, and vitreous humor samples were collected at specific intervals post-administration (10 and 30 min and 1, 3, 6, 15, and 24 h), processed, and analyzed using an LC-MS/MS method. The pharmacokinetics of sitagliptin were then calculated, and statistical comparisons were performed. Results: Our findings indicate that sitagliptin reaches the retina prior to the aqueous and vitreous humors, suggesting that its absorption follows the transscleral route. Additionally, systemic absorption was minimal and below pharmacologically active concentrations. Conclusions: These results support the use of an eye drop formulation for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy and other retinal diseases.
Adjuvant Effect of Lactobacillus paracasei in Sublingual Immunotherapy of Asthmatic Mice
Authors: Alwayli Dhafer , Jiang Xiaoli , Liang Jiaxu , Shah Syed Rafiq Hussain , Ullah Atta , Abusidu Mohammed F. Z. , Shu Wen
Published: November 2024

Background: Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) has shown promise in mitigating allergic asthma symptoms; nevertheless, its high dose and prolonged duration of treatment raise safety concerns. This study explored the potential of Lactobacillus paracasei (L. paracasei) to enhance the effectiveness of SLIT in a mouse model of allergic asthma. Methods: Allergic asthma was induced in Balb/c mice following sensitization and challenge with a house dust mite (HDM) allergen. Subsequently, the mice were subjected to SLIT (66 and 132 µg) either alone or in combination with L. paracasei supplementation. Asthma-associated parameters, including rubbing frequency, IgE level, cytokine profiles, and histological changes, were evaluated to assess treatment efficacy. Results: mice that received SLIT 132 µg combined with the probiotic (combined 132) demonstrated a significant reduction in allergic symptoms (rubbing). This treatment strategy led to a marked IgE and eosinophil level decrease in serum; an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines like IFN-γ and IL-10; and a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-17 and TNF-α. The combination therapy also mitigated lung inflammation and supported the restoration of the structural integrity of the colon, promoting the recovery of goblet cells and mucus secretion. Probiotic treatment alone also effectively reduced IgE levels, increased IFN-γ, and decreased levels of IL-17 and TNF-α. Conclusions: The adjuvant effect of L. paracasei in enhancing SLIT represents a promising approach for improving asthma treatment efficacy.
PCSK9 Inhibitors: Focus on Evolocumab and Its Impact on Atherosclerosis Progression
Authors: Abduljabbar Maram H.
Published: November 2024

This paper investigates the therapeutic use of PCSK9 inhibitors, particularly Evolocumab, as monoclonal antibodies for the treatment of atherosclerosis based on recent literature reviews. PCSK9 is an outstanding example of a breakthrough in medical science, with advancements in understanding its biological function driving substantial progress in atherosclerosis treatment. Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is a leading global cause of mortality, imposing substantial financial burdens on healthcare systems. Elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), a modifiable risk factor, plays a pivotal role in the development of ASCVD. Emerging treatments such as PCSK9 inhibitors are now being introduced to combat this issue, with the goal of reducing ASCVD risk by directly targeting LDL-C levels. This discovery highlighted the potential of monoclonal antibodies to inhibit PCSK9, thereby enhancing LDL-C receptor activity. This breakthrough led to the development of Alirocumab and Evolocumab inhibitors, which typically reduce LDL-C levels by approximately 50%. This research underscores the importance of PCSK9 inhibitors in treating ASCVD, drawing on evidence from various randomized controlled trials such as FOURIER, ODYSSEY OUTCOMES, and VESALIUS-CV. These trials have also shown that PCSK9 inhibitors are effective and safe for the treatment of several cardiovascular disorders. PCSK9 inhibitors are therefore useful in patients who do not reach their target LDL-C levels when on the highest doses of statins or patients with very high cardiovascular risk who cannot tolerate statins at all.