bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rehydration of Polymeric, Aqueous, Biphasic System Facilitates High Throughput Cell Exclusion Patterning for Cell Migration Studies
Authors: Tavana Hossein , Kaylan Kerim , Bersano‐Begey Tommaso , Luker Kathryn E. , Luker Gary D. , Takayama Shuichi
Published: May 2011

This paper describes a cell‐exclusion patterning method facilitated by a polymeric aqueous two‐phase system. The immersion aqueous phase (polyethylene glycol) containing cells rehydrates a dried disk of the denser phase (dextran) on the substrate to form a dextran droplet. With the right properties of the phase‐forming polymers, the rehydrating droplet remains immiscible with the immersion phase. Proper formulation of the two‐phase system ensures that the interfacial tension between the rehydrating droplet and the surrounding aqueous phase prevents cells from crossing the interface so that cells only adhere to the regions of the substrate around the dextran phase droplet. Washing out the patterning two‐phase reagents reveals a cell monolayer containing a well‐defined circular gap that serves as the migration niche for cells of the monolayer. Migration of cells into the cell‐excluded area is readily visualized and quantified over time. A 96‐well plate format of this “gap healing” migration assay demonstrates the ability to detect inhibition of cell migration by known cytoskeleton targeting agents. This straightforward method, which only requires a conventional liquid handler and readily prepared polymer solutions, opens new opportunities for high throughput cell migration assays.
Labeling and Tracking P2 Purinergic Receptors in Living Cells Using ATP‐Conjugated Quantum Dots
Authors: Jiang Shan , Liu Aiping , Duan Hongwei , Soo Jianchow , Chen Peng
Published: May 2011

It has been increasingly recognized that adenosine‐5′‐triphosphate (ATP) signaling through P2 purinergic receptors has a diverse influence on cell functions and human health. In this contribution, a simple and non‐invasive method to specifically label P2 receptors using ATP‐conjugated quantum dots (QDs) is demonstrated. In addition, the endocytosis, vesicular trafficking, and recycling of QD‐labeled P2 receptors are studied under different physiological conditions using confocal and total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy.
Capture region of a 3D PPN guidance law for intercepting high‐speed targets
Authors: Tyan Feng
Published: May 2011

The implementation of a classic three‐dimensional PPN guidance against a high‐speed nonmaneuvering target is analyzed. All the analysis is performed in a line‐of‐sight fixed coordinate. By utilizing an auxiliary function inspired from the tangential relative velocity at interception, a necessary and sufficient condition for the airfoil shape capture region for intercepting the target is obtained. In addition, to have a maximum range of the angle between a target velocity and line of sight, the optimal aiming of an interceptor is derived. Finally, a sufficient condition for the capture region with the finite line‐of‐sight turn rate constraint is also presented.

Copyright © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Towards cracking the epigenetic code using a combination of high‐throughput epigenomics and quantitative mass spectrometry‐based proteomics
Authors: Stunnenberg Hendrik G. , Vermeulen Michiel
Published: May 2011

High‐throughput genomic sequencing and quantitative mass spectrometry (MS)‐based proteomics technology have recently emerged as powerful tools, increasing our understanding of chromatin structure and function. Both of these approaches require substantial investments and expertise in terms of instrumentation, experimental methodology, bioinformatics, and data interpretation and are, therefore, usually applied independently from each other by dedicated research groups. However, when applied reiteratively in the context of epigenetics research these approaches are strongly synergistic in nature.
Determination of chlorfenapyr in leek grown under greenhouse conditions with GC‐μECD and confirmation by mass spectrometry
Authors: Rahman Md. Musfiqur , Choi Jeong‐Heui , Abd El‐Aty A. M. , Park Jong Hyouk , Park Ji‐Yeon , Im Geon‐Jae , Shim Jae‐Han
Published: May 2011

A simple analytical method was developed for the determination of chlorfenapyr residues in leeks grown under greenhouse conditions. Residues were extracted by salting out, analyzed by gas chromatography with microelectron‐capture detection, and confirmed via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The calibration curves were found to be linear with correlation coefficients (r2) in excess of 0.998. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.0015 and 0.005 mg kg−1, respectively. For validation purposes, recovery studies were carried out at low and high levels. Yield recovery rates were 87.27–89.64% with a relative standard deviation <6%. A maximum of 0.32 mg kg−1 of chlorfenapyr residue was detected in leek sample sprayed three times at 7 day intervals until 7 days prior to harvest. The results of this study suggest that chlorfenapyr is acceptable for application in/on leeks under the recommended dosage regimen. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Techno‐economic evaluation of an inclusion body solubilization and recombinant protein refolding process
Authors: Freydell Esteban J. , van der Wielen Luuk A. M. , Eppink Michel H.M. , Ottens Marcel
Published: May 2011

Expression of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli is normally accompanied by the formation of inclusion bodies (IBs). To obtain the protein product in an active (native) soluble form, the IBs must be first solubilized, and thereafter, the soluble, often denatured and reduced protein must be refolded. Several technically feasible alternatives to conduct IBs solubilization and on‐column refolding have been proposed in recent years. However, rarely these on‐column refolding alternatives have been evaluated from an economical point of view, questioning the feasibility of their implementation at a preparative scale. The presented study assesses the economic performance of four distinct process alternatives that include pH induced IBs solubilization and protein refolding (pH_IndSR); IBs solubilization using urea, dithiothreitol (DTT), and alkaline pH followed by batch size‐exclusion protein refolding; inclusion bodies (IBs) solubilization using urea, DTT, and alkaline pH followed by simulated moving bed (SMB) size‐exclusion protein refolding, and IBs solubilization using urea, DTT and alkaline pH followed by batch dilution protein refolding. The economic performance was judged on the basis of the direct fixed capital, and the production cost per unit of product (PC). This work shows that (1) pH_IndSR system is a relatively economical process, because of the low IBs solubilization cost; (2) substituting β‐mercaptoethanol for dithiothreithol is an attractive alternative, as it significantly decreases the product cost contribution from the IBs solubilization; and (3) protein refolding by size‐exclusion chromatography becomes economically attractive by changing the mode of operation of the chromatographic reactor from batch to continuous using SMB technology. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Extracellular purine and pyrimidine catabolism in cell culture
Authors: Carvalhal Ana V. , Santos Sónia Sá , Carrondo Manuel J. T.
Published: May 2011

The presence of purines and pyrimidines bases, nucleosides, and nucleotides in the culture medium has shown to differently affect the growth of a Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line producing the secreted form of the human placental alkaline phosphatase enzyme (SEAP; Carvalhal et al., Biotech Prog. 2003;19:69‐83). CHO, BHK, as well as Sf9 cell growth was clearly reduced in the presence of purines but was not affected by pyrimidines at the concentrations tested. The knowledge about the mechanisms by which nucleotides exert their effect when present outside the cells remains very incomplete. The catabolism of both extracellular purines and pyrimidines was followed during the culture of CHO cells. Purines/pyrimidines nucleotides added at a concentration of 1 mM to the culture medium decreased to negligible concentrations in the first 2 days. Purine and pyrimidine catabolism originated only purinic and pyrimidic end‐products, respectively. The comparison between AMP catabolism in serum‐free cultures (CHO cells expressing Factor VII and Sf9 cells) and in cultures containing serum (CHO cells expressing SEAP and BHK cells expressing Factor VII) showed that AMP extracellular catabolism is mediated by both cells and enzymes present in the serum. This work shows that the quantification of purines and pyrimidines in the culture medium is essential in animal cell culture optimization. When using AMP addition as a chemical cell growth strategy for recombinant protein production improvement, AMP extracellular concentration monitoring allows the optimization of the multiple AMP addition strategy for a prolonged cell culture duration with high specific productivity. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2011
Synthesis, Characterization, and Photoactivity of Ta2O5‐Grafted SiO2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Ndiege Nicholas , Chandrasekharan Ramesh , Radadia Adarsh D. , Harris William , Mintz Eric , Masel Richard I. , Shannon Mark A.
Published: May 2011

Herein, we discuss the synthesis as well as material and photochemical characterization of nanometer‐sized Ta2O5 decorated, in a controlled fashion, on top of 20 nm diameter SiO2 particles to yield a composite oxide with a tunable band‐gap width. Particular emphasis is paid to control of particle size, and control of the distribution of the overlying oxide. The nanoscale dimension imparts a high surface area and introduces quantum confinement effects that displace the conduction band more negatively and the valence band more positively on the electrochemical scale of potentials. This band shift results in an increase of the number of possible participants in photocatalytic reactions. The band shift is shown to result in an increase in driving force for thermodynamically feasible reactions. By decorating SiO2 with smaller‐sized Ta2O5, the interplay of the Lewis acidity of SiO2 and the contact area between Ta2O5 and SiO2 is utilized to develop a photocatalyst with higher photoactivity than pure Ta2O5.
Catalytic Asymmetric Aziridination of α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes
Authors: Deiana Luca , Dziedzic Pawel , Zhao Gui‐Ling , Vesely Jan , Ibrahem Ismail , Rios Ramon , Sun Junliang , Córdova Armando
Published: May 2011

The development, scope, and application of the highly enantioselective organocatalytic aziridination of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes is presented. The aminocatalytic azirdination of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes enables the asymmetric formation of β‐formyl aziridines with up to >19:1 d.r. and 99 % ee. The aminocatalytic aziridination of α‐monosubstituted enals gives access to terminal α‐substituted‐α‐formyl aziridines in high yields and up to 99 % ee. In the case of the organocatalytic aziridination of disubstituted α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes, the transformations were highly diastereo‐ and enantioselective and give nearly enantiomerically pure β‐formyl‐functionalized aziridine products (99 % ee). A highly enantioselective one‐pot cascade sequence based on the combination of asymmetric amine and N‐heterocyclic carbene catalysis (AHCC) is also disclosed. This one‐pot three‐component co‐catalytic transformation between α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes, hydroxylamine derivatives, and alcohols gives the correspondingN‐tert‐butoxycarbonyl andN‐carbobenzyloxy‐protected β‐amino acid esters witheevalues ranging from 92–99 %. The mechanisms and stereochemistry of all these catalytic transformations are also discussed.
Chemical Modulation of Peptoids: Synthesis and Conformational Studies on Partially Constrained Derivatives
Authors: Moure Alejandra , Sanclimens Glòria , Bujons Jordi , Masip Isabel , Alvarez‐Larena Angel , Pérez‐Payá Enrique , Alfonso Ignacio , Messeguer Angel
Published: May 2011

The high conformational flexibility of peptoids can generate problems in biomolecular selectivity as a result of undesired off‐target interactions. This drawback can be counterbalanced by restricting the original flexibility to a certain extent, thus leading to new peptidomimetics. By starting from the structure of an active peptoid as an apoptosis inhibitor, we designed two families of peptidomimetics that bear either 7‐substituted perhydro‐1,4‐diazepine‐2,5‐dione 2 or 3‐substituted 1,4‐piperazine‐2,5‐dione 3 moieties. We report an efficient, solid‐phase‐based synthesis for both peptidomimetic families 2 and 3 from a common intermediate. An NMR spectroscopic study of 2 a,b and 3 a,b showed two species in solution in different solvents that interconvert slowly on the NMR timescale. The cis/trans isomerization around the exocyclic tertiary amide bond is responsible for this conformational behavior. The cis isomers are more favored in nonpolar environments, and this preference is higher for the six‐membered‐ring derivative 3 a,b. We propose that the hydrogen‐bonding pattern could play an important role in the cis/trans equilibrium process. These hydrogen bonds were characterized in solution, in the solid state (i.e., by using X‐ray studies), and by molecular modeling of simplified systems. A comparative study of a model peptoid 10 containing the isolated tertiary amide bond under study outlined the importance of the heterocyclic moiety for the prevalence of the cis configuration in 2 a and 3 a. The kinetics of the cis/trans interconversion in 2 a, 3 a, and 10 was also studied by variable‐temperature NMR spectroscopic analysis. The full line‐shape analysis of the NMR spectra of 10 revealed negligible entropic contribution to the energetic barrier in this conformational process. A theoretical analysis of 10 supported the results observed by NMR spectroscopic analysis. Overall, these results are relevant for the study of the peptidomimetic/biological‐target interactions.
Self‐Assembled Arene–Ruthenium‐Based Rectangles for the Selective Sensing of Multi‐Carboxylate Anions
Authors: Vajpayee Vaishali , Song Young Ho , Lee Min Hyung , Kim Hyunuk , Wang Ming , Stang Peter J. , Chi Ki‐Whan
Published: May 2011

Novel arene–ruthenium [2+2] metalla‐rectangles 4 and 5 have been synthesized by self‐assembly using dipyridyl amide ligand 3 and arene–ruthenium acceptors (arene: benzoquinone (1), naphthacenedione (2)) and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and ESI‐MS. The solid‐state structure of 5 was determined by X‐ray diffraction and shows encapsulated diethyl ether molecule in the rectangular cavity of 5. The luminescent 5 was further used for anion sensing with the amidic linkage serving as a hydrogen‐bond donor site for anions and the ruthenium moiety serving as a signaling unit. A UV/Vis titration study demonstrated that although 5 interacts very weakly with common monoanions as well as with flexible dicarboxylate anions such as malonate and succinate, it displays significant binding affinity (K>103 in MeOH) for rigid multi‐carboxylate anions such as oxalate, citrate, and tartrate, exhibiting a 1:1 stoichiometry. It has been suggested that 1:1 bidentate hydrogen bonding assisted by appropriate geometrical complementarity is mainly responsible for the increased affinity of 5 towards such anions. A fluorescence titration study revealed a large fluorescence enhancement of 5 upon binding to multi‐carboxylate anions, which can be attributed to the blocking of the photoinduced electron‐transfer process from the arene–Ru moiety to the amidic donor in 5 as a result of hydrogen bonding between the donor and the anion.
Source Based Characterization and Pollution Profile of a Baker's Yeast Industry
Authors: Ersahin Mustafa Evren , Dereli Recep Kaan , Ozgun Hale , Donmez Berivan Gunes , Koyuncu Ismail , Altinbas Mahmut , Ozturk Izzet
Published: May 2011

Baker's yeast industry has significant effects on environment due to significant water consumption and high strength wastewater production. Effluents from baker's yeast industry are characterized by high concentrations of biological oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), total dissolved solids (TDS), sulfate, and dark brown color. The aim of this study is to provide a detailed quantitative and qualitative identification and characterization of the wastewater sources from different processes of a baker's yeast industry. It is identified that the most polluted wastewater components of the facility are coming from rotary drum filter and evaporation process. However, the highest pollution loads is identified as tank and equipment cleaning effluent due to very high flow rate from this source. The efforts should be on the way to minimize the water usage for the tank and equipment cleaning process, and to recycle less polluted waste streams back to the process.
Non‐Halogen Liquid Precursor Route to Parylene
Authors: Senkevich Jay J.
Published: May 2011

A novel set of liquid‐phase non‐halogenated precursors is presented that yield the chemical vapor deposited parylene polymers. The syntheses of these precursors are simple, scalable, inexpensive and they are easily purified. The parylene polymers deposited from these precursors are compared to the parylene deposited from [2.2] paracylophane, also known as the Gorham process, with little difference.
Coordination Behavior and Coligand‐Dependent cis/trans Isomerism of Calcium Bis(diphenylphosphanides)
Authors: Langer Jens , Al‐Shboul Tareq M. A. , Younis Fadi M. , Görls Helmar , Westerhausen Matthias
Published: May 2011

The salt metathesis reaction of KPPh2 with CaI2 and SrI2 in THF yields the corresponding complexes [(THF)4Ae(PPh2)2] [Ae = Ca (1), Sr]. Depending on the crystallization conditions, cis‐ or trans‐[(THF)4Ca(PPh2)2] can be isolated. In solution, a fast equilibrium converts these isomers into each other leading to a single set of resonances in the NMR spectra. The THF ligands can be replaced by stronger Lewis bases, such as N‐methylimidazole (MeIm), which leads to the formation of [(MeIm)4Ae(PPh2)2] [Ae = Ca (2a), Sr (2b)]. The use of tetradentate hexamethyltriethylenetetramine (hmteta) fixes a cis configuration yielding [(hmteta)Ca(PPh2)2] (3). All compounds are very air and moisture sensitive, therefore a few crystals of the partially oxidized product [(hmteta)Ca(PPh2)(OPPh2)] (4) were also obtained.
Oxidative Bond Formation in Dithienyl Polyphenylenes: Optical and Electrochemical Consequences
Authors: Martin Colin J. , Gil Belen , Perera Sarath D. , Draper Sylvia M.
Published: May 2011

A new set of dithienyl polyphenylenes was prepared with a view of developing sulfur‐containing polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by oxidative cyclodehydrogenation. The first of these, 1,2‐bis(5‐methyl‐2‐thienyl)‐3,4,5,6‐tetra‐(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)benzene (1) was sterically hindered at the 5‐positions of the thienyl rings and under Lewis acid catalyzed cyclodehydrogenation gave monomeric intramolecularly fused dithienyl 3, which was spectroscopically and structurally characterized. Under the same conditions, three unhindered dithienyl polyphenylenes, 1,2‐(thienyl)‐3,4,5,6‐tetra(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)s 2, 5, and 6, underwent both thiophene‐directed intra‐ and intermolecular C–C bond fusions. The resulting dimers 4, 7, and 8 were identified through a series of 1H, 13C, and 2D NMR experiments. The electrochemical and photophysical properties of the dimers were examined. Their optical properties reflect the coplanarity or otherwise of their cojoined parts. The electrochemical oxidation of the dithienyl polyphenylene precursors showed a relationship between the ease of oxidation and the availability of the 2‐ and 5‐positions on the thienyl rings. Using spectroelectrochemical methods the electrochemically oxidized and chemically oxidized products were compared.
Nickel‐Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Diynes and Cyanamides
Authors: Stolley Ryan M. , Maczka Michael T. , Louie Janis
Published: May 2011

A variety of bicyclic N,N‐disubstituted 2‐aminopyridines have been prepared from diynes and cyanamides by nickel‐catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition reactions. The reactions proceeded at room temperature with low catalyst loading to afford 2‐aminopyridines in good to excellent yields. The method is amenable to both internal and terminal diynes and proceeds in a regioselective manner. A number of cyanamides with diverse functional group tolerance were used. The intermolecular version employing 3‐hexyne and N‐cyanopyrrolidine also afforded the desired N,N‐disubstituted 2‐aminopyridine in good yield.
Opposite Enantiomers from Minor Enantiomer Recycling and Dynamic Kinetic Resolution Using a Single Biocatalyst
Authors: Laurell Anna , Moberg Christina
Published: May 2011

A one‐pot recycling procedure comprising Lewis acid catalyzed enantioselective addition of acetyl cyanide to (E)‐2‐butenal to give the O‐acetylated cyanohydrin and enzyme‐catalyzed conversion of the minor product enantiomer back to (E)‐2‐butenal provided essentially enantiopure (2R,3E)‐2‐acetoxy‐3‐pentenenitrile in close to quantitative yield. The opposite enantiomer was obtained, albeit in lower yield and with lower enantiomeric purity than that observed from the minor enantiomer recycling, by dynamic kinetic resolution consisting of reversible addition of HCN to the aldehyde coupled to enzyme‐catalyzed acetylation of the cyanohydrin.
Concern for self‐image and social image in the management of moral failure: Rethinking shame
Authors: Gausel Nicolay , Leach Colin Wayne
Published: May 2011

Moral failure is thought to damage self‐image when people appraise it as indicating a global self‐defect. This appraisal is thought to be associated with the feeling of shame and thus self‐defensive motivation. However, a damaged social image better explains self‐defensive motivation to hide from and avoid others. Based on an integrative review of theory and research, we offer a conceptual model of how concern for self‐image and social image guides the experience of moral failure. The model distinguishes the appraisals (of self‐defect and other‐condemnation) and feelings (of rejection, inferiority, and shame) embedded in the shame concept. Concern for a damaged social image is represented in another‐condemnation→rejectioncombination, whereas concern for a damaged self‐image is represented in a(global) self‐defect→inferioritycombination. As these appraisal–feeling combinations are concerned with damage done to one's image, they should be linked to self‐defensive motivation. As the(specific) self‐defect→shamecombination is concerned with a repairable defect in self‐image, it should be linked with self‐improvement motivation. Thus, our model explains why “shame” is sometimes tied to self‐defensive motivation and sometimes tied to self‐improvement motivation after moral failure. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐ and Other‐presentational styles in the Southern and Northern United States: An analysis of personal ads
Authors: Lun Janetta , Mesquita Batja , Smith Benjamin
Published: May 2011

Two studies examined regional differences in self‐ and other‐presentational styles in the Southern and Northern regions of the USA. A content analysis of 400 personal ads from Northern and Southern newspapers revealed that Northern ads contained more descriptions of the self and desired partner that are context‐free and under personal control, whereas Southern ads depicted more contextualized and less controllable aspects of self and partner (study 1). Moreover, self‐identified Northern and Southern Americans were shown to prefer ads in the style of their region over other ads (study 2). We conclude that not only do regional differences in self‐ and other‐presentations exist in the USA but that these differences are also reinforced by others who share the regional culture. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biotin‐modified glutathione as a functionalized coating for bioconjugation of CdTe‐based quantum dots
Authors: Ryvolova Marketa , Chomoucka Jana , Janu Libor , Drbohlavova Jana , Adam Vojtech , Hubalek Jaromir , Kizek Rene
Published: May 2011

In this study, biotin‐conjugated glutathione was synthesized using peptide bonding of the biotin carboxy group and amino group of the γ‐glutamic acid to prepare an alternative coating for CdTe quantum dots (QDs). This type of coating combines the functionality of the biotin with the fluorescent properties of the QDs to create a specific, high‐affinity fluorescent probe able to react with avidin, streptavidin and/or neutravidin. Biotin‐functionalized glutathione‐coated CdTe QDs were prepared by a simple one‐step method using Na2TeO3 and CdCl2. Obtained QDs were separated from the excess of the biotin‐conjugated glutathione by CE employing 300 mM borate buffer with pH 7.8 as a background electrolyte. The detection of sample components was performed by the photometric detection at 214 nm and LIF employing Ar+ ion laser (488 nm).
Horizontal floor response spectra of base‐isolated buildings due to vertical excitation
Authors: Politopoulos Ioannis , Moussallam Nadim
Published: May 2011

A mechanism of horizontal floor response spectra amplification in the vicinity of higher modes' frequencies is investigated. It is demonstrated, by means of a simple two‐degrees‐of‐freedom model, that in the case of unsymmetrical superstructure, such amplification may occur because of the coupling between vertical excitation and horizontal response of the non‐isolated modes. This phenomenon is further illustrated by the results of analyses of a model of a nuclear plant. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Application of an S‐shaped curve model to the temporal development of tafoni of salt‐weathering origin
Authors: Sunamura Tsuguo , Aoki Hisashi
Published: May 2011

To describe temporal change in tafone development, an S‐shaped curve equation is proposed: Z = Zc [1 − (n + 1) exp (− β t ) + n exp (− (1 + 1/n) β t )] , where Z is observed tafone depth, Zc is ultimate tafone depth, t is time, and n and β are constants. The applicability of this model is examined using tafone data selected from seven sites, which are categorized into three different salt‐weathering environments: a spray/splash‐dominant (occasionally wave‐affected) supra‐tidal zone, aerosol‐affected coastal regions, and inland desert areas. The results indicate that the equation can well describe tafone development in each of these environments. An investigation based on the values of n and β, determined through a best fit of the equation to the data, suggests that n characterizes site‐specific environmental conditions and β reflects the magnitude of factors controlling the recession mechanism of tafone surfaces. It is found that (1) the maximum rate of tafone growth dramatically decreases from supra‐tidal, through coastal, to desert environments, and (2) the growing mode of tafoni is different depending on the environmental settings. The erosional force to facilitate the development of tafoni at supra‐tidal sites is estimated to be about 400 times greater than that in the general coastal area. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial scale effects on sediment concentration in runoff during flood events for hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, China
Authors: Zheng Mingguo , Qin Fen , Sun Liying , Qi Deli , Cai Qiangguo
Published: May 2011

The spatial scale effect on sediment concentration in runoff has received little attention despite numerous studies on sediment yield or sediment delivery ratio in the context of multiple spatial scales. We have addressed this issue for hilly areas of the Loess Plateau, north China where fluvial processes are mainly dominated by hyperconcentrated flows. The data on 717 flow events observed at 17 gauging stations and two runoff experimental plots, all located in the 3906 km2 Dalihe watershed, are presented. The combination of the downstream scour of hyperconcentrated flows and the downstream dilution, which is mainly caused by the base flow and is strengthened as a result of the strong patchy storms, determines the spatial change of sediment concentration in runoff during flood events. At the watershed scale, the scouring effect takes predominance first but is subordinate to the downstream dilution with a further increase in spatial scale. As a result, the event mean sediment concentration first increases following a power function with drainage basin area and then declines at the drainage basin area of about 700 km2. The power function in combination with the proportional model of the runoff‐sediment yield relationship we proposed before was used to establish the sediment‐yield model, which is neither the physical‐based model nor the regression model. This model, with only two variables (runoff depth and drainage basin area) and two parameters, can provide fairly accurate prediction of event sediment yield with model efficiency over 0·95 if small events with runoff depth lower than 1 mm are excluded. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A numerical study of gypsum plasterboard behaviour under standard and natural fire conditions
Authors: Hopkin D. J. , Lennon T. , El‐Rimawi J. , Silberschmidt V. V.
Published: May 2011

Gypsum plasterboards are the most widely used passive fire protection for timber structures, especially in the case of light timber frame construction. Understanding the complex thermo‐physical behaviour of plasterboard at elevated temperature is vital in the performance‐based design of any structure adopting gypsum as passive fire protection (PFP). Numerous heat transfer studies have been conducted over the years where attempts have been made to simulate the fire performance of gypsum‐protected assemblies, subject to standard fire exposure. However, contradictory thermal properties for gypsum plasterboard are apparent throughout. As a result, it is unclear from a practitioner's perspective as to which studies represent reasonable properties for design purposes. In recognition of this the authors present a numerical study highlighting the consequences of adopting many of the differing property sets available in the literature, the sensitivity of temperature development resulting from deviations from the assumptions that underpin such properties, and the consequences of adopting plasterboard properties derived from standard fire tests, in natural fire situations. The study presents heat transfer simulations conducted using the finite element software TNO DIANA coupled with both laboratory and natural fire tests conducted on Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs) and Engineered Floor Joists (EFJs).

It is found from this study that plasterboard properties are highly sensitive to the assumed free and chemically bound moisture contents. Minor percentage changes are shown to have a significant influence on the temperature development of SIPs exposed to standard furnace fires, while some of the most accepted plasterboard properties available in the literature are found, in some cases, to be non‐conservative when adopted in simulations of SIPs. More interestingly, it is also found that the properties of plasterboard available in the literature, largely derived from standard fire tests, are not independent of the heating rate. As a result, when such properties are applied to natural fire problems significant inaccuracies can occur. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Commercial naphthenic acids and the organic fraction of oil sands process water induce different effects on pro‐inflammatory gene expression and macrophage phagocytosis in mice
Authors: Garcia‐Garcia Erick , Pun Jonathan , Hodgkinson Jordan , Perez‐Estrada Leonidas A. , El‐Din Mohamed Gamal , Smith Daniel W. , Martin Jonathan W. , Belosevic Miodrag
Published: May 2011

Naphthenic acids (NAs) are believed to be the major toxic component of oil sands process water (OSPW). Different OSPW preparations have distinct NA compositions, and additional organics, that differ from the commercial NAs (C‐NAs) often used for toxicology studies. To evaluate whether C‐NAs are an adequate model to study OSPW toxicity in complex organisms, we compared the effects of C‐NAs and the extractable organic fraction of OSPW (OSPW‐OF) on mice immune mechanisms. Mice were orally exposed to different C‐NA doses, or OSPW‐OF at the same NA dose, for up to 8 weeks, and the expression of pro‐inflammatory genes in different organs was determined using quantitative PCR. C‐NAs and OSPW‐OF altered the expression of pro‐inflammatory genes, inducing either expression down‐regulation or up‐regulation, depending on the organ examined and time after exposure. The time at which gene expression alterations occurred, and the specific sets of genes whose expression was altered, were very different between animals exposed to C‐NAs or to OSPW‐OF. We evaluated the ability of mouse peritoneal macrophages to phagocytose yeast cell wall, as a measure of the ability of mice to mount a central function of the innate immune response. Phagocytosis was significantly reduced in animals exposed to C‐NAs, but enhanced in mice exposed to OSPW‐OF. Our results indicate that studies using C‐NAs may not necessarily reflect the possible effects induced in animals by process water from tailing ponds. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aluminum phosphide poisoning: an unsolved riddle
Authors: Anand R. , Binukumar B. K. , Gill Kiran Dip
Published: May 2011

Aluminum phosphide (ALP), a widely used insecticide and rodenticide, is also infamous for the mortality and morbidity it causes in ALP‐poisoned individuals. The toxicity of metal phosphides is due to phosphine liberated when ingested phosphides come into contact with gut fluids. ALP poisoning is lethal, having a mortality rate in excess of 70%. Circulatory failure and severe hypotension are common features of ALP poisoning and frequent cause of death. Severe poisoning also has the potential to induce multi‐organ failure. The exact site or mechanism of its action has not been proved in humans. Rather than targeting a single organ to cause gross damage, ALP seems to work at the cellular level, resulting in widespread damage leading to multiorgan dysfunction (MOD) and death. There has been proof in vitro that phosphine inhibits cytochrome c oxidase. However, it is unlikely that this interaction is the primary cause of its toxicity. Mitochondria could be the possible site of maximum damage in ALP poisoning, resulting in low ATP production followed by metabolic shutdown and MOD; also, owing to impairment in electron flow, there could be free radical generation and damage, again producing MOD. Evidence of reactive oxygen species‐induced toxicity owing to ALP has been observed in insects and rats. A similar mechanism could also play a role in humans and contribute to the missing link in the pathogenesis of ALP toxicity. There is no specific antidote for ALP poisoning and supportive measures are all that are currently available. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Changing distribution of cadherins during gestation in the uterine epithelium of lizards
Authors: Wu Qiong , Thompson Michael B. , Murphy Christopher R.
Published: May 2011

The uterine epithelium provides the interface between an embryo and its mother during pregnancy. Calcium‐dependent cadherins are adherens junction proteins that undergo major shifts in the uterine epithelium to facilitate the communication between maternal cells and the embryonic milieu during implantation in mammals. They are, therefore, important in trophoblast invasion and the maintenance of pregnancy. We investigated spatiotemporal changes of cadherins throughout pregnancy in the uterine epithelium of two viviparous skinks and one oviparous population, which all exhibit a noninvasive (epitheliochorial) placenta. Cadherins were identified for the first time in squamate reptiles. In all species, cadherins are reduced in the uterine epithelium as gestation progresses, which would lessen the attachment between uterine epithelial cells and allow them to stretch to accommodate embryonic growth. Interestingly, cadherins were reduced sooner after ovulation in the oviparous species than in the viviparous species. In viviparous species, the different expression of cadherins between barren and pregnant uteri from the same mother indicates that expression of cadherins may not be driven solely by maternal hormones, but also by the presence of an embryo. The redistribution of cadherins in squamates is comparable to that of mammals, reflecting establishment of feto‐maternal communication during the peri‐implantation period. As there is no breaching of maternal tissue in lizards, the change in adherens junctional properties are thus not exclusive to mammals with invasive placentae, which suggests that similar molecular mechanisms regulate changes to uterine epithelia during pregnancy across placental types. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 316:440–450, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate/neuronal nitric oxide synthase‐positive neurons in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis involved in tooth pulp nociception
Authors: Canzobre Mariela C. , Ríos Hugo
Published: May 2011

Sensory information on facial structures, including teeth pulp, periodontium, and gingiva, is relayed in the trigeminal complex. Tooth pulp inflammation constitutes a common clinical problem, and this peripheral injury can induce neuroplastic changes in trigeminal nociceptive neurons. There is considerable evidence that the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) is the principal relay for trigeminal nociceptive information as well as modulation of the painful stimuli. Glutamatergic primary afferents innervating the tooth pulp project to the most superficial laminae of the Vc. N‐metthyl‐D‐aspartate receptor stimulation leads to the activation of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS), which synthesizes the free radical nitric oxide (NO). This enzyme is expressed mainly in lamina II interneurons, and in a small number of cells in lamina I as well as in deep laminae projection neurons of Vc. In the present study, we analyzed the temporal changes in neuronal NOS (nNOS) in Vc local circuitries after unilateral intermediate molar pulp injury. Our results demonstrate that a peripheral dental pulp injury leads to neuroplastic changes in the relative amount and activity of nNOS enzyme. Moreover, after a period of time, the nitrergic system shifts to the initial values, independently of the persistence of inflammation in the pulp tissues. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Applications of monolithic columns in liquid chromatography‐based clinical chemistry assays
Authors: Bunch Dustin R. , Wang Sihe
Published: May 2011

Monolithic columns have slowly been applied to HPLC methods for clinical chemistry testing in the last 10 years. The application areas include therapeutic drug monitoring, drugs of abuse, vitamins, porphyrins, and steroids. In comparison with conventional particulate columns, the monolithic columns may offer shorter chromatography time, more robustness, and better resolution for certain analytes. The potential drawback of large mobile phase consumption may be improved with smaller id columns, which are currently on the market. Methods covered in this review are those searchable in PubMed up to December 2010. This review highlights the emergence of monolithic column technology in HPLC methods used for clinical chemistry testing. The goals of this review are threefold: (i) To identify the areas of clinical chemistry that analytical monolithic columns have been used in HPLC methods. (ii) To demonstrate the application of analytical monolithic columns in HPLC methods using different detection systems. (iii) To discuss the advantages and limitations of the monolithic columns compared with particulate columns in the clinical chemistry applications.
The Role of Regional Food Festivals for Destination Branding
Authors: Lee Insun , Arcodia Charles
Published: May 2011

This paper investigates the role of regional food festivals for destination branding and explores the characteristics of regional food festivals that contribute to building a destination brand. It was found that regional food festivals can play a decisive role for destination branding. Activities using local food and activities promoting the regions' attractions were suggested to be offered by food festivals for enhancing the impact of festivals for destination branding and improving the positive image of the destination and local food. The findings of the study offer insights to regional food festival organizers and destination marketers for success in destination marketing. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic assessment of the red squirrel in Illinois: Immigrants or Exotics?
Authors: Beatty William S. , Liu Zhiwei , Latch Emily K. , Nelson Thomas A.
Published: May 2011

Novel populations pose unusual challenges for wildlife managers because knowledge regarding the source of these populations is essential to develop sound management approaches. One example that illustrates the complexity of this issue is the small population of red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) identified in northeastern Illinois in the 1970s. To elucidate the source of the red squirrel population in Illinois, we examined both contemporary and less recent patterns of genetic structure using nuclear microsatellite loci and mitochondrial DNA. Analyses revealed the Illinois subpopulation was primarily comprised of descendents of immigrants from Indiana, but there was also evidence of a translocation of squirrels from Minnesota. We recommend continued protection for the red squirrel in Illinois due to its restricted geographic range, small population size, and status as a native population. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.
ASSESSING THE PERFORMANCE OF A SPATIALLY DISTRIBUTED SOIL EROSION AND SEDIMENT DELIVERY MODEL (WATEM/SEDEM) IN NORTHERN ETHIOPIA
Authors: Haregeweyn N. , Poesen J. , Verstraeten G. , Govers G. , de Vente J. , Nyssen J. , Deckers J. , Moeyersons J.
Published: May 2011

Most regional‐scale soil erosion models are spatially lumped and hence have limited application to practical problems such as the evaluation of the spatial variability of soil erosion and sediment delivery within a catchment. Therefore, the objectives of this study were as follows: (i) to calibrate and assess the performance of a spatially distributed WATEM/SEDEM model in predicting absolute sediment yield and specific sediment yield from 12 catchments in Tigray (Ethiopia) by using two different sediment transport capacity equations (original and modified) and (ii) to assess the performance of WATEM/SEDEM for the identification of critical sediment source areas needed for targeting catchment management.

The performance of the two model versions for sediment yield was found promising for the 12 catchments. For both versions, model performance for the nine catchments with limited gully erosion was clearly better than the performance obtained when including the three catchments with significant gully erosion. Moreover, there is no significant difference (alpha 5 per cent) between the performances of the two model versions.

Cultivated lands were found to be on average five times more prone to erosion than bush–shrub lands. The predicted soil loss values in most parts of Gindae catchment are generally high as compared with the soil formation rates. This emphasises the importance of implementing appropriate soil and water conservation measures in critical sediment source areas prioritising the steepest part of the catchment (i.e. areas with slope >50 per cent).

The applicability of the WATEM/SEDEM model to environments where gully erosion is important requires the incorporation of permanent gully and bank gully erosion in the model structure. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GigaManP2P: an overlay network for distributed QoS management and resilient routing
Authors: Duarte Elias P. , Granville Lisandro Z. , Pirmez Luci , de Souza José Neuman , Andrade Rossana C. , Tarouco Liane , Correia Reinaldo B. , Lages Alexandre
Published: May 2011

Management of long‐distance, high‐speed optical backbones spanning multiple administrative domains requires new solutions for challenging tasks. In particular, it is not trivial to negotiate, monitor and continuously enforce the required quality of service (QoS) for applications that span multiple domains. This paper proposes GigaManP2P: a novel peer‐to‐peer (P2P) management architecture for high‐speed QoS‐aware backbones. GigaManP2P peers provide management services in a ubiquitous fashion through modules that interface with both the communication infrastructure and network users. In particular, we describe management services for on inter‐domain QoS monitoring and resilient routing. After detecting a QoS constraint violation trend, a proactive rerouting strategy is triggered based on redundant virtual circuits, allowing both full and partial rerouting. The P2P overlay implementation is the basis for allowing transparent communication across autonomous systems. Experimental results showing the overhead of the P2P infrastructure in comparison to raw Simple Network Management Protocol, and the performance of the rerouting strategy, are presented. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of molar pregnancy on the male partner
Authors: Quinlivan Julie A. , Ung Kim A. , Petersen Rodney W.
Published: May 2011

Background

Molar pregnancy is a complication of 1 in 200–2000 pregnancies whereby abnormal placental tissue proliferates in the absence of a fetus and may lead to metastases. The disease origin lies in dispermy or dual fertilisation of the egg. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of molar pregnancy upon the male partner.

Methods

Institutional ethics committee approval and individual consent were obtained. All women listed on the state molar pregnancy database who were receiving active follow‐up (n = 102) and a random sample of women who had been registered in the previous 30 years (n = 56) were sent a postal survey outlining the purpose of the study and an invitation for their partner to participate. Sixty‐six women gave permission for their partner to participate in the study. Questionnaires included the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale and Sexual History Form 12. Responding partners were also invited to make comments about any aspect of particular concern. A reminder mail out was issued after 6 weeks.

Results

The response rate was 62% (N = 41). The key findings were that 32.5% and 12.5% of men met the case criteria for anxiety and depressive disorder, respectively. These figures represent a doubling of usual community rates for anxiety disorder. However, overall quality of life and sexual functioning outcomes were consistent with community samples. The presence of children played a protective role and was associated with significantly better psychological function and quality of life in univariate and multivariate analysis. Qualitative results complemented the quantitative data, with anxiety as the dominant emotional theme.

Conclusion

There are high persisting levels of anxiety in male partners of women with molar pregnancy. Partners may benefit from therapy where anxiety disorders are detected. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.