bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: van der Werff Ivo-Jan
Published: January 2023

The Introduction presents ideas on common physical principles that can be used to help students play the viola; it also adds suggestions for not overexerting and inducing excessive tension. It introduces the idea that musicians want to play the viola because, above all, they love the sound, and that should be their guide in all they do. It offers direction on the utilization of natural positions and a relaxed approach, not using force and tension. It provides ideas of how to work through the book, not necessarily in order but based on an individual’s needs.
Posture
Authors: van der Werff Ivo-Jan
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses using natural postures to hold the viola whether standing or sitting, and finding the optimum angle of the viola from the body and to the ground in as relaxed a manner as possible. It uses the idea of symmetry, attaching the symmetry of the viola to the symmetry of the body to create the most balanced and free position. It discusses utilizing the natural weight of the head to hold the viola up, keeping the back, shoulders, and face relaxed and keeping the chest open and free so breathing is easy and full.
Introduction
Authors: Zeiler Thomas W.
Published: January 2023

Historians have touched on the capitalist peace doctrine but they have not put sustained emphasis on this combination of trade, ideology, and diplomacy. In contemporary times, capitalist peace ideology has desperately clung to the past as a rationale for free trade. Progressives have raised alarms about the market itself, some even arguing that US history has been a battle to be liberated from, rather than by, free markets. Nationalists have also sought to raise barriers to trade. Indeed, scholars who have revised their thinking on internationalism have found they can weave into that topic the global capitalism influences of pacifism, socialism, culture, and justice movements. That fight intensified as progressives and populists questioned free trade, a core of capitalist peace thought. The history and theory behind that concept is explained in the Introduction along with the history of U.S. trade developments to 1930.
Depression, 1930–1935
Authors: Zeiler Thomas W.
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines how President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Secretary of State Cordell Hull dealt with the fallout over protectionism prompted by the infamous Hawley-SmootTariff of 1930 and asserted the capitalist peace through a new trade law in 1934, called the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act. The Great Depression necessitated the freeing of trade, but the United States had jacked up tariffs, and Great Britain, a key trade partner, had followed by creating a discriminatory network of imperial tariffs that privileged the British Empire and Commonwealth over outsiders like America. The decline in global trade undermined political willpower, particularly to halt the rise of fascism and militarism in Europe and Asia. The Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act was a cautious remedy to liberalizing, and expanding, world trade while not provoking the protectionists at home—though that effort had mixed results.
Dictators, 1936–1940
Authors: Zeiler Thomas W.
Published: January 2023

As the democracies failed their first tests against containing the aggressors (Italy, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union) through appeasement, Roosevelt acknowledged the threat from the dictators but neutrality legislation tied his hands. That is, except in trade policy; he trained the Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act on bolstering the enfeebled democracies, namely, France and Britain. As war threatened and erupted, the capitalist peace paradigm went from theory to being put practice, as the United States renewed the RTAA twice and prepared for war, despite continued resistance from protectionists. Even some of them, however, began to realize that tariff liberalization and more trade were essential to preventing war and then American entry into the conflict.
Containment, 1951–1954
Authors: Zeiler Thomas W.
Published: January 2023

The stillborn International Trade Organization ended an era in US trade policy and began another, as its failure terminated the attempt to forge a regulatory state at the international level. That loss embedded a second, solidifying period of policy, one fixed on implementing a capitalist peace paradigm to serve a NATO/GATT security alliance of Western nations. The Eisenhower administration undertook measures to strengthen trade liberalization and capitalist peace, though protectionists stood in its way, especially within the president’s own Republican Party. The Randall Commission investigated the whole range of foreign economic policy, and its report pushed for a liberal world order even as protectionists on the commission mitigated the drive toward trade. Eisenhower squarely placed trade in the battle against communism.
A Realistic Blacktopia
Authors: Darby Derrick
Published: January 2023

The United States is dogged by racism and racial disparities in income, wealth, health, education, and criminal justice. Philosophers disagree on what kind of politics is needed to address this problem. Do we pursue race-specific remedies to undo racial inequality, or do we assume the permanence of racism and opt for non-race-specific remedies in pursuit of a more egalitarian society? Paradoxically, the way to make racial progress in racist America is to downplay race. In A Realistic Blacktopia political philosopher Derrick Darby challenges the “small-tent” approach by examining US Supreme Court cases on education and voting rights, arguing that they hold general lessons about the limits of racial politics. He further argues that pursing non-race-specific remedies with maximal democratic inclusion is a necessary strategy for mitigating racial inequality and achieving racial justice. Securing racial justice in racist America—where the myth of postracialism prevails in law, politics, and society—calls for “big-tent” remedies. Antiracists must build coalitions among marginalized populations interested in issues that impact them collectively. A Realistic Blacktopia offers clarity on how racism persists contrary to claims that America is a postracial society, explains why the myth of postracialism cannot be ignored in crafting remedies for racial disparities, and supplies a principled pragmatic proposal for achieving racial justice. Drawing on the political thought of Martin Luther King Jr., W. E. B. Du Bois, and the black radical tradition, the book also explains why achieving racial justice requires inclusive democracy.
Introduction
Authors: Darby Derrick
Published: January 2023

The Introduction frames the book’s argument with a distinction between two ways to approach racial justice in America. The standard progressive approach recommends “small-tent” remedies that target problems faced by black Americans. The novel approach defended here recommends “big-tent” remedies that target a broader group of marginalized populations who experience disadvantages that impact them collectively. Blacks, Native Americans, Latinos, women, working-class whites, persons with disabilities, persons identifying as LBGTQ+, DREAMers, and other groups are concerned about jobs, housing, healthcare, education, discrimination, mental health, drugs, criminal justice, environmental pollution, the climate crisis, voting rights, and other pressing matters. The argument is that they must find ways to work together on solving these problems to make lasting progress, racial and otherwise. Even after America’s post–George Floyd racial reckoning, the irony is that downplaying race may be the best way to achieve racial progress.
Postracial Remedies
Authors: Darby Derrick
Published: January 2023

Although it is certainly premature to celebrate the passing of racism in America, the postracial narrative is both prominent in our political discourse and deeply entrenched in US Supreme Court doctrine. Taking this fact seriously, along with the reality of stark polarization about racial matters, to pursue politically feasible and constitutionally sound remedies for racial inequality this chapter defends “postracial remedies.” They represent big-tent remedies. America’s real-world circumstances require such remedies for issues faced by marginalized populations and around which they can build broad coalitions to address them. The specific coalitions are not set in stone and will vary depending upon the issues. However, forming them is the way forward because antiracists must unite to fight.
Introduction
Authors: Summerhayes Colin
Published: January 2023

Ice is the canary in the coalmine. As it is out of sight, most people fail to recognize its importance. Ice cores provide a 1-million-year record of climate change. Our emissions of CO2 have moved us out of that 1-million-year climate envelope into a new climate regime, that of the Anthropocene. Observations prove that we are warming the planet and losing the ice that forms Earth’s refrigerator. The Earth’s climate is out of balance. Because CO2 stays in the air for hundreds of years, that imbalance—between CO2, temperature, ice melt, and sea level rise—will persist until we get rid of our excess CO2. Our climate does not yet seem “hot” because 90 percent of the heat of global warming is hidden in the oceans. But what we have now is not our grandmothers’ Earth.
Multitasking across Cultures
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter
Published: January 2023

Reisner traveled to Istanbul to try to secure a firman (permit) for Harvard excavations at Samaria, but delays resulted in a start to the excavations only in 1908, when Reisner was committed elsewhere. Back at Giza in 1906, Albert Lythgoe became disaffected with both the arrangement of the expedition and the collection strategy of the MFA, or so he said. He left the MFA’s curatorship (and Reisner’s expedition) for the Metropolitan Museum in New York. After several seasons of work in the Giza Western Cemetery, Reisner shifted over to the Menkaure Pyramid Temple and discovered the colossal calcite seated statue of Menkaure (in several pieces). Facing financial challenges, the expedition was “rescued” when the Egyptian government approached him for an archaeological survey in northern Nubia prior to its flooding from the forthcoming Aswan Dam. He was joined by a new assistant from Harvard, Oric Bates. Two seasons in, Reisner sought freedom from his British taskmasters on the Archaeological Survey of Nubia, and surprised his mentor David Gordon Lyon, during the latter’s visit to Giza, by declaring himself ready to take over the Samaria excavations.
Giza Politics, Giza Discoveries
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter
Published: January 2023

This chapter begins with Reisner’s summons into Lord Kitchener’s office to explain how the Menkaure pair statue (dyad) could have been assigned to Boston instead of Cairo in 1910. It then covers more Giza excavations from the Western Cemetery, where Douglas Derry was called in to examine the human remains and formulate some racial conclusions. Discoveries included the tombs of Iasen, Penmeru, and the Senedjemib Complex of royal architects at the northwest corner of the Great Pyramid, which also revealed the intact tomb filled with copper vessels of the official named Impy. Reisner trained Louis Earle Rowe, then sent him to excavate at Mesheikh, where a number of unusual First Intermediate Period stelae adorned the graves. Reisner continued to assist Sir Henry Wellcome in his Sudanese Gebel Moya excavations.
Secrets of a Giza Queen
Authors: Der Manuelian Peter
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the deep burial shaft G 7000 X holding the deteriorated funeral equipment of Khufu’s mother, Queen Hetepheres. The accidental discovery led to worldwide press coverage that rivalled that of Tutankhamun just three years earlier. Said Ahmed saved the day by preventing Alan Rowe and T. R. D Greenlees from proceeding with the tomb’s clearance until Reisner could return from his teaching semester at Harvard and the MFA in Boston (where once more, issues of ancient races were debated). These men were eventually replaced by Noel F. Wheeler and the return of Dows Dunham. The clearance took most of 1926 and 1927, ending in a surprisingly empty sarcophagus, which prompted some fascinating if fanciful historical reconstructions by Reisner. In the middle of the work, Reis Said Ahmed was lost to pneumonia, a devastating blow to Reisner and his team. Joseph Lindon Smith returned once more to Giza, and the bust of Ankh-haf was found in the chapel of mastaba G 7510. Another key Eastern Cemetery discovery was the superbly painted subterranean chapel of Queen Meresankh III. The non-stop clearance of Hetepheres’s tomb exhausted Reisner with influenza and bronchitis. Back in Boston, a major changing of the guard at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, brought new administrators into Reisner’s orbit, while in Cairo, he was pleased to see American minister Morton Howell relinquish his post and return to the United States in 1927.
Do Women Leaders Spell the End of War?
Authors: Barnhart Joslyn N. , Trager Robert F.
Published: January 2023

Until very recently, women have been conspicuously absent from the upper echelons of the foreign policy apparatus around the world. In the domain of national security, women remain significantly underrepresented. This suggests a tantalizing prospect—the swelling ranks of women leaders bringing peace in the modern age. If democracies that include women voters, who very often are voting for men, are more peaceful, how much more peaceful would a world of women leaders be? Are women leaders more likely to pursue peace when afforded the opportunity? The historical record of women’s leadership might suggest otherwise. This chapter explores what is known about how women in power think about and execute the use of power and aggression.
The Future
Authors: Barnhart Joslyn N. , Trager Robert F.
Published: January 2023

The process by which the votes of women altered the international conduct of countries is not simply a matter of historical interest. Understanding how and why women’s votes have affected foreign policies around the world offers broad fundamental insights into the present and future workings of democracy and international politics. For one, the changes wrought by suffrage illustrate that who votes matters. The history of the past century also shows us that isolated states do not build peace; communities do. The promise of women in greater numbers not merely winning the political game through election but changing its rules as their numbers swell is the possibility, as yet uncertain, of an even more pacific future.
Echoes of the Past, Pressures of the Present
Authors: Henry Justin W.
Published: January 2023

This chapter introduces the rise of Ravana as a cultural hero among Sinhala Buddhists, foregrounding the theoretical framework of the book through a discussion of populist politics in the twenty-first century, religious nationalism in South Asia, and a survey of related scholarship in the realms of literary and cultural studies. I highlight the degree to which the proposition that the Sinhala people are descended from the “Yaksha tribe” of Ravana represents a significant rupture from the traditional understanding that the first Sinhalas emigrated from India in the sixth century BCE—an account of the peopling of the island enshrined in the Sri Lanka’s Pali Buddhist chronicles. The chapter concludes with an examination of references and allusions to the Ramayana in the Sri Lanka’s Pali chronicles, as well as an overview of Sinhala Buddhist views on Rakshasas and Yakshas.
Terraforming the Past
Authors: Henry Justin W.
Published: January 2023

This chapter follows the emergence of Ravana as a Sinhala Buddhist cultural hero in post-war Sri Lanka, including the use of his image by monastic activists, claims to his historicity made on the part of amateur and professional scholars, and the incubation of a “Hela-Yaksha” visual aesthetic and revisionist historical narrative on various online platforms. Sustaining the overall argument of the book that Ravana’s image in Sri Lanka has been forged through essentially populist circumstances, I highlight the public, participatory dimension to the quest to excavate Ravana’s kingdom in Sri Lanka today, along with the resurrection of pre-colonial mythic topography on the map of the Ramayana Trail.
A Bridge too Close
Authors: Henry Justin W.
Published: January 2023

This chapter summarizes evidence from previous chapters to illustrate the manner in which Ravana has historically functioned as an index of distance from the Indic world, as a symbol of Lankan political sovereignty, and as a metaphor for colonial loss. I outline recent Tamil responses to the Buddhist appropriation of Ravana, along with efforts on the part of select groups of Sri Lankan Tamils and Sinhala Buddhists to employ Ravana as a conciliatory figure and potential symbol of shared Sinhala and Tamil ancestry. The chapter concludes with reflections on the possible future of the Sinhala Ravana movement, as well as on the relationship of informal storytelling and folklore to “canonical” history.
How Understanding the Gastrointestinal System Can Benefit Mental Health Clinicians
Authors: Marilyn Weaver Lewis , Liyun Wu , Zachary Allan Hagen
Published: January 2023

STEM-H for Mental Health Clinicians, Chapter 10, introduces clinicians to the basic anatomy and physiology of the gastrointestinal (GI) system. The signature illnesses discussed are irritable bowel syndrome, colon cancer, and obesity. Cleft lip and palate are included as signature injuries. Technologies that provide enteral feedings using gastric or jejunal tubes are introduced. Other technologies include gastric surgeries that treat obesity. Engineering of medications prescribed for obesity are explained in terms of neurotransmission. Mathematical data show empirical evidence of the prevalence of obesity, social determinants of health, and Type 2 diabetes. Disease burden is introduced as a concept to explain impact of obesity on individuals and society. Mindfulness is presented as an intervention that clinicians can teach clients who suffer from GI disorders.
How Understanding the Urogenital System Can Benefit Mental Health Clinicians
Authors: Marilyn Weaver Lewis , Liyun Wu , Zachary Allan Hagen
Published: January 2023

STEM-H for Mental Health Clinicians, Chapter 11, is a compound chapter that discusses anatomical structure and function of both the urinary and reproductive systems. End-stage renal disease is introduced as the signature illness of the urinary system and dialysis as the signature technology. Sexually transmitted diseases are discussed as the signature illnesses of the reproductive system and male and female circumcision as signature injuries. The technology section of the reproductive system presents in vitro fertilization. Birth control medications are the focus in the engineering section as well as the mathematics section. Treatments for incontinence and enuresis are discussed in the clinical section of the urinary system. This chapter presents information about gender fluidity for clinicians who may work with persons who maintain a nonbinary identity.
Measuring Volatility
Authors: Mattiacci Eleonora
Published: January 2023

This chapter presents a new measure of volatility: the residuals of a Box-Jenkins procedure applied to the time series of states’ behaviors toward their counterpart. It explains why this measure can systematically capture volatility over time and space. Measurements of volatility (such as standard deviation and relative change) are inadequate to accurately distinguish volatile change in states’ behaviors from other forms of change. The chapter then compares volatility in the behaviors of countries such as India, Cuba, Pakistan, Iran, Japan, and South Korea toward both allies and rivals. The chapter demonstrates that volatility cannot be reduced to other forms of change in states’ behaviors; that it greatly varies across time and cases; and that, by abandoning useful but at times too-strict dichotomizations such as those suggested in the concepts of “alliances” and “rivalries,” the concept and measurement of volatility provide a richer, more satisfying understanding of the international arena.
Volatility and Allies
Authors: Mattiacci Eleonora
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores the occurrence of volatility in an unexpected context—between countries committed to defend one another in case of a military attack. This chapter leverages primary sources in both French and English to trace how, just a few years into the 1950s, France’s behavior toward the US started fluctuating, often inconsistently, between cooperative events (e.g., bilateral talks, military and economic aid, etc.) and conflictual ones (e.g., public accusations, refusals to cooperate on crucial issues, etc.). These shifts culminated with France’s decision to leave the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1966. The chapter finds that increases in France’s volatility toward the US can be explained by an interaction of domestic interests and relative power. Alternative explanations, including mixed signals, leaders’ traits and transitions, and the presence of contentious issues, fail instead to explain variation in volatility.
“You Shouldn’t Kill That Many”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the mass murder of South Vietnamese civilians by American soldiers, known as the My Lai massacre. Also highlighted are the efforts by high-ranking officials to cover up the event. Although the massacre occurred in 1968 during the Tet offensive, it did not come to light until vigorously pursued by journalist Seymour Hersh in 1969. Located in Quang Ngai province, in the northern part of South Vietnam, the area had long been a Viet Cong stronghold. Unfortunately, what happened there was not an isolated case. The chapter looks at other instances of mass killings in the Mekong Delta and describes the Phoenix program, which sought to undermine the Viet Cong “infrastructure” or VCI.
“The Great Mystery of Life”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods
Published: January 2023

This chapter describes Richard Nixon’s plan for rallying the country behind the invasion of Cambodia. The fundamental idea Nixon wanted to convey to the public was that with this attack on Cambodia he was saving lives, not squandering them, bringing the nation closer to ending the war rather than expanding it .His listeners had no way of knowing about the US bombing that had been going on for more than a year, or about the increase in American and South Vietnamese military activity in the wake of Norodom Sihanouk’s overthrow. This chapter focuses on the Cambodian town of Snoul, which was destroyed by the US and South Vietnamese invasion, and the eruption of a massive protest movement on college campuses. It casts fresh light on the protests at Kent State and the killing of students by the National Guard. As angry young people stream into Washington DC, President Nixon goes out to meet protesters at the Capitol. The chapter concludes with Governor Rockefeller’s visit to Elaine Miller, the mother of murdered Kent State student Jeff Miller.
“We Might Have Burned Your House”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods
Published: January 2023

This chapter focuses on the growing opposition to the war by Vietnam veterans and the demoralization among the troops still on the ground there. It begins with the Labor Day protest of Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW). Dressed in Army fatigues and carrying military backpacks, VVAW marches along the historic route once taken by George Washington and the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. Along the way, they attempt to replicate the activities they had conducted in “pacifying” South Vietnam. They called this march Operation RAW (Rapid American Withdrawal), which not incidentally was WAR spelled backwards. The chapter discusses the transformation of veteran Ron Kovic into a political activist, and the emergence of antiwar coffeehouses around military bases. The chapter culminates with a description of the Winter Soldier hearings and the revelation of massive war crimes committed by the US military.
“Take a Stinking Hill”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods
Published: January 2023

This chapter looks at Lam Son 719, the movement of South Vietnamese troops into Laos, supported by US air power. To avoid negative domestic response to this incursion, MACV slapped an embargo on journalists who were trying to cover the initial moves. The most tangible effect of this censorship was the short-circuiting of public debate over the wisdom of the plan. Especially outraged was New York Times columnist James Reston, who complained furiously to Kissinger. The interference with journalists, accompanied by the habitual reluctance of the military to give bad news to the president, left the White House blindsided as operations faltered. General Abrams proved an unreliable source, as was Admiral Moorer, chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, leaving Alexander Haig as the only observer Nixon and Kissinger trusted. No sooner did South Vietnamese troops reach the crossroads town of Tchepone, where they were expected to remain for two months, than they evacuated the area. General Haig tells the White House that this retreat cannot be stopped.
“Everyone Was Crying”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods
Published: January 2023

This chapter recounts the aftermath of Lam Son 719. For almost two years, President Richard Nixon had touted a strategy of “Vietnamization” as the route to an honorable American withdrawal from the war. With Lam Son 719, the first major test of Vietnamization, the South Vietnamese army had been visibly and publicly routed. The pictures told the story: South Vietnamese soldiers fleeing Laos in droves, terrified men clambering aboard helicopters, American pilots flying hundreds of missions to rescue them. During this time of terrible publicity, Lieutenant Calley was sentenced to prison for his role in the My Lai massacre, leading many Americans to view him as a scapegoat for higher authority. The chapter describes how Nixon gave a televised address designed to conceal the failure of Lam Son 719. Congressional Republicans, including Jacob Javits and Hugh Scott, were defecting from the Nixon administration strategy. The chapter describes how Kissinger convinces the president that General Abrams and others in the US military have misled them. At this difficult moment, an invitation arrives for the US ping-pong team to visit China, with the potential to distract the public from the war.
“Bring Our Brothers Home”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the morality of the Vietnam War and the new expressions of dissent. In the wake of the Cambodian invasion and the failed operation in Laos, for the first time a Lou Harris poll revealed that a majority of Americans considered the conflict to be morally wrong. People were asking what justified the continued killing of soldiers and civilians in a palpably unsuccessful venture. The most dramatic development was the appearance of Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW), who gathered in Washington for a week of protests that included a ceremony at Arlington National Cemetery, powerful congressional testimony by John Kerry, and an emotional demonstration by veterans who threw away their medals in front of the Capitol. Rocked by these protests, the Nixon administration hoped that disruptive activities of the Mayday Tribe following the appearance of the veterans would be politically helpful, and toward that end applauded mass arrests. The chapter also discusses the release of the Pentagon Papers by Daniel Ellsberg and the Supreme Court decision upholding the right of newspapers to publish.
“Knock the Shit Out of Them”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods
Published: January 2023

This chapter assesses Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger’s increasing reliance on their improved relations with the Soviet Union and China. Ambassador Dobrynin suggests that his government will now assist the US in pressuring the North Vietnamese, while in fact it was secretly increasing its aid to Hanoi. The chapter describes the outbreak of war between India and Pakistan, and the administration’s indifference to the slaughter in East Pakistan. Once again State Department concerns are ignored. In their hostility to Indira Gandhi and one-sided support for Yahya Khan, it argues that Nixon and Kissinger made the crisis worse. Underpinning their moves was a desire to preserve Nixon’s Beijing trip, which was coming soon. Kissinger is severely criticized for his handling of the situation and pro-Pakistan stance. In investigating press “leaks” to reporter Jack Anderson, it emerges that the Joint Chiefs of Staff have been spying on the National Security Council. Although Admiral Moorer seems culpable, Nixon decides to retain him.
“Seize the Hour! Seize the Day!”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses the role of Henry Kissinger and Alexander Haig in preparing the Chinese for Nixon’s February 1972 visit. They try to convince Zhou Enlai that the Soviet Union is embarked on a new aggressive approach, while offering US assistance in case China is threatened. General Haig attempts to enlist Zhou’s help in tricking the US Secretary of State when he arrives with the president. He also tries to produce a communiqué in advance that will enhance Nixon’s public standing. Mao Zedong finds the offer of American help with the Russians amusing. In Vietnam, General Abrams is anticipating a significant North Vietnamese offensive, which means a successful Beijing meeting is essential for Nixon. While ordering massive bombing in South Vietnam, the president arrives in China for his mission of peace. He and Kissinger are excited to meet Mao on their first day there. The visit is a TV extravaganza in the United States, burnishing the president’s image. Meanwhile, their obvious willingness to weaken support for Taiwan infuriates Marshall Green and the State Department.
“Let Us Think of Tanya”
Authors: Eisenberg Carolyn Woods
Published: January 2023

This chapter discusses US military policy after the fall of Quang Tri in early May 1972. It features the limitations of Vietnamization as the war continues, the weakness of ARVN, and the unwillingness of Nixon and Kissinger to accept a defeat in the South. The chapter focuses on the fighting in An Loc as exemplifying the failure of US policy. Kissinger’s negotiations with Le Duc Tho are unproductive. Within the administration there is ongoing debate about whether to cancel the Moscow summit. Secretary John Connally convinces Nixon to continue the plans. General Abrams and Admiral McCain want to stop bombing the North because the planes are urgently needed in the South, but they cannot persuade the president. Nixon publicly announces that the US will be bombing Hanoi and Haiphong (Operation Linebacker), and fresh protests emerge on Ivy League and other campuses. The chapter concludes with Nixon’s historic Moscow summit, where the peacefulness of this mission contrasts with the violence in South Vietnam, with An Loc as an example. A problematic arms control treaty is concluded by Kissinger.
The Topography of Terror and Resistance to the Virtual
Authors: Boswell Matthew , Rowland Antony
Published: January 2023

Our analysis of the Topography of Terror in the last chapter functions as a corrective to a reader’s potential sense that all museums and memorials across the globe are engaged in the same progressive development of digital and virtual applications. In contrast, we stress that museums and memorials’ responses to virtual Holocaust memory are dependent on national and institutional contexts. Confronting the vexed histories of German perpetration, collaboration, culpability, and Mitläufer (“fellow travelers”), virtual Holocaust memory finds its limit point. Our final chapter thus functions as a counterpoint to the variety of digital and virtual applications discussed in the previous sections: we emphasize that the sensitive issues surrounding perpetrator memory in Germany—and in Berlin in particular—mitigate against the proliferation of virtual Holocaust memory elsewhere in Europe and the United States.
Racial Climates
Authors: Tuana Nancy
Published: January 2023

In this chapter, racial climates are detailed as multidimensional phenomena that include a number of dimensions: 1. the impacts of the framing of governmental and institutional policies, programs, and initiatives relevant to climate change and to the impacts of climate change; 2. the historical legacies and inherited sensibilities informing the treatment of various racial/ethnic groups, with emphasis on those that entwine environmental exploitation and the exploitation of certain groups of people; 3. structural dimensions of diversity; 4. psychological dimensions of individual and group perceptions and attitudes and the related affective responses regarding which lives and lifeways are considered valuable and which are seen as less worthy of protection; and 5. differential impacts of unavoidable and unavoided climate change. Case studies of the infusing of these dimensions are offered, including mitigation targets, heatwaves and histories of structural racism, Brazil’s charcoal industry, and unfree labor.
Climate Apartheid
Authors: Tuana Nancy
Published: January 2023

This chapter engages three case studies of the infusions of systemic racisms and environmental exploitation: (1) climate adaptation practices in Lagos, Nigeria; (2) the enmeshment of race and coal mining in the post–Civil War United States; and (3) the infusing of poverty and urban ecosystems in Brazil. Each case study is approached through an ecointersectional analysis attuned to histories and legacies of systemic racism and environmental indifference. Through detailed genealogical tracings of the lineages of oppression and indifference, these case studies reveal the importance of ecointersectional analyses that trace the ways social inequalities shape ecosystems and ecosystems in turn inform the particularities of social inequalities.
Through the Eye of a Hurricane
Authors: Tuana Nancy
Published: January 2023

The chapter’s case study of the impact of Hurricane Katrina on the city of New Orleans illustrates how ecointersectional analyses must attend not only to local formations and practices but also to the complex exchanges of oceans, wetlands, river flows, and oil deposits as they intermesh with the actions and impacts of oil industries, the work of the Army Corps of Engineers, chemical industries, public housing developments, landfill practices, and the afterlives of slavery. This more detailed case study emphasizes that climate injustice, indeed, racial climates, arise out of multiple lineages, multifaceted histories, and complex material exchanges. While tracing the impacts of systems of oppressive practices, beliefs, and institutions is a key component of understanding climate injustice, we overlook the complexity of the exchanges if we do not see how environments are shaped by systems of oppression and are, in turn, crucial contributors to those systems.
Weathering the Climate
Authors: Tuana Nancy
Published: January 2023

This chapter examines how racial climates are experienced, their bodily and psychological impacts on individuals and communities. Racial climates are not singular; they are impacted by complexly different histories for different racialized groups. Racial climates also inform conceptualizations such as the distinction between the Global North and the Global South. This formation, central to climate change narratives, enacts and reinforces a set of dualisms that are linked to race as well as to gender. Racist lineages of this distinction permeate discussions of population—both overpopulation and population migration—as crucial factors in global climate change. Cloaking the racial climate with environmentalism or protectionism is just one of the many mechanisms of the ecology of racial climates.
Health Care
Authors: Hausman Daniel M.
Published: January 2023

This chapter reaches some concrete conclusions concerning how health care should be arranged, but it does not address detailed questions concerning what health insurance policies should cover. The chapter argues in defense of universal health care (UHC) on the grounds of efficiency, fairness, freedom, and solidarity and discusses how UHC should be structured. It then argues that for reasons of efficiency, freedom, and solidarity, cost-effectiveness should be an important consideration governing UHC. The chapter examines how the criticisms alleging that cost-effectiveness allocation can be unfair apply in practice to actual cost-effectiveness analyses. The chapter then draws more general conclusions concerning what can be said about fair health care allocations, and it offers a concluding assessment of the use and limits of cost-effectiveness as a guide to the allocation of health-related resources.
Introduction
Authors: Bank Leslie , Sharpley Nelly
Published: January 2023

The book starts by discussing social media posts and popular agitation in South Africa at the time of the 2021 elections about the rough transit of coffins on wagons and slays on rutted rural roads. Complaint at the poor state of the roads emerged as a metaphor for deeper concerns about spiritual insecurity, cultural crisis, and threatened social reproduction linked to the Covid-19 pandemic crisis. The book shows how South Africa readily joined the global "war on Covid" and bought into the Northern bio-medical approach to the pandemic, focused on regulating and disciplining individual bodies. In this process, customary practices and forms of sociality associated with African values such as ubuntu (human togetherness) were stigmatized as dangerous and potential super-spreaders of the virus. At the same time, the Introduction reveals how rituals and customary practices forged the social bonds that underpinned livelihood-making, resilience, and family social reproduction in rural areas. Banning custom and shutting down funerals thus had far-reaching implications beyond the infringement of individual or cultural rights. The book explains how and why this is so, and what consequences it might have for the future of rural life in South Africa.
Death and Naked Life
Authors: Bank Leslie , Sharpley Nelly
Published: January 2023

This chapter seeks to explore the impact of suspended rights and enforced social distancing associated with the Covid-19 lockdown on rural communities in South Africa. Using the Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben's ideas about "states of exception", the chapter shows how the bio-medical model and discourse returned to old liberal, colonial narratives that pathologized customary practice. On public occasions it was common for the President and senior politicians to warn against the culture of customary practices in rural areas, especially large rural funerals. This fear mongering was backed up by the police and army that swept through rural areas tipping over home-brewed beer and meat pots, while closing initiation school and effecting tens of thousands of arrests, including migrants going home. As communities and families could no longer gather, stripped-down death rituals and social events caused fear and panic rather than closure and certainty. In the context of death and indignity, the "bare life" of post-apartheid poverty and precarity had descended into a kind of "naked life," where the possibility of social reproduction appeared to ebb away in the cultural crisis of Covid.
Divided Homesteads
Authors: Bank Leslie , Sharpley Nelly
Published: January 2023

This chapter explores another aspect of "closing the gate" by investigating developments behind the garden or homestead gate following lockdown. In former homelands, households can be fluid and changing as these units are shaped by trans-locality and migration. Social cohesion tends to be periodic and is often fleeting as household members move around, especially the youth after apartheid. With lockdown and job losses in the cities, there was some reverse migration and many unexpected homecomings. The moral order of rural households came under pressure as the youth, women, and the old reunited with their different agendas, identities, and aspirations compressed and isolated in rural home space. The chapter explores these dynamics and highlights resultant gender-based violence and social upheaval in a context of crisis. The chapter shows how Covid death, state regulation, and lockdown rules unsettled the moral economy of rural households by disrupting established rhythms and patterns, opening spaces for rapid rural social change.
Conclusion
Authors: Bank Leslie , Sharpley Nelly
Published: January 2023

The Conclusion explores how the cultural crisis of Covid and the associated threat to rural social reproduction in South Africa ignited nostalgia and a return to cultural politics and ethno-nationalism. A comparison is drawn here between post-apartheid and post-Soviet experiences, especially as they relate to neoliberalism and the rise of ethno-national populism. The chapter then reflects on possible scenarios for post-Covid recovery and reconstruction. One key question is whether the culture of migration and persistent doubled rootedness (urban and rural belonging) will survive into the future, or whether the urban- and rural-based segments of post-apartheid households will increasingly disconnect over time as many post-apartheid theorists anticipated. Will the stubborn and intertwined trans-localism of the past persist or will something new emerge from these landscapes that will mark a return to agrarianism and family farming amidst the hunger, poverty, and precarity of post-Covid recovery.
On the Road to Riches and Democracy 1980–87
Authors: Pacheco Pardo Ramon
Published: January 2023

Chun Doo-hwan led a coup in 1979, eventually establishing a new period of dictatorial rule. However, South Koreans demanded democracy, with the Gwangju Uprising of 1980 symbolizing this demand. The Chun government's brutal crackdown in Gwangju set the tone for the dictator's rule. Over the following years, South Korea would once again achieve high rates of economic growth and the ranks of the middle class continued to grow. However, students, workers, women groups, and, eventually, white-collar professionals continued to demand democracy even as their economic conditions improved. The US also put pressure on South Korea to democratize. Eventually, the Chun government had to concede to domestic demands and announced that a democratic transition would take place. In 1987, South Korea would hold its first free elections in decades.
Freedom and Crisis 1988–97
Authors: Pacheco Pardo Ramon
Published: January 2023

The Seoul 1988 Olympic Games were South Korea's "coming out" party as a developed and democratic country, boosting minjok and South Koreans' pride in their own country. High rates of economic growth and a growing middle class continued throughout the early years of South Korea as a democratic country. In this context and coinciding with the final years of the Cold War, Roh Tae-woo, South Korea's first post-dictatorship president, launched Nordpolitik, a policy for the South to support the North, which was already much poorer. As a democratic country, South Korea pushed with economic liberalization to an extent unseen previously, following Washington Consensus policies. This helped to boost growth, and South Korea eventually joined the OECD in 1996—seen as a mark of its developed economy status. At the same time, democracy brought freedom to culture and the arts. By the early 1990s, South Korean artists were laying the groundwork for the emergence of K-Pop. In 1997, however, South Korea suffered its biggest economic crisis since the Korean War as a result of uncontrolled economic liberalization and domestic corruption.
Qatar’s Bein Sports and Football Broadcasting in the Middle East
Authors: LaMay Craig L
Published: January 2023

Of the many Arab Gulf state investments in international football, none have had the global reach or the regional impact of Qatar's BeIN Sports network. Since it became independent of Al Jazeera Sport in 2013, and through its acquisition of top-tier sports rights, BeIN has become a major plank in Qatar's efforts to brand itself as a global and regional power in the world of sports. The company broadcasts independently or with partners in Europe, North America, Australia, and Asia, but is far and away the dominant sports broadcaster in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), where it has more than 50 percent of the market and the rights to most top-tier sports events in the twenty-three countries it counts in its MENA portfolio. That market dominance was aggressively challenged in 2017, when BeIN suddenly found itself in a fight for its life with BeoutQ, an industrial-scale piracy operation based in Saudi Arabia that roiled international sports broadcasting. The story of that battle and what it means for football broadcasting in the Middle East is the focus of this chapter.
Punishment
Authors: Hussain Adeel
Published: January 2023

The fifth chapter assesses Zia-ul-Haq's reform of Pakistan’s legal system, pushing it closer to his shariatic ideal, and the role of blasphemy that he reserved therein. It sheds light on his motives and evaluates the evidence that the state presented in parliament to promote the sharpened blasphemy bill. It concludes that such legislation has severely impacted non-Muslim minority communities within Pakistan, which have suffered forced abductions, conversions, and charges of blasphemy.
Conclusion
Authors: Hussain Adeel
Published: January 2023

Taken together, these chapters have argued that Pakistan's legal blasphemy fixation started as a debate between two North Indian revivalist movements to pursue spiritual supremacy. They have shown that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad and Lekh Ram's defense of their respective religions, which often transgressed the boundaries of their own claimed faith, later provided the central reference points in legal debates around blasphemy in Pakistan. Rather than framing these early debates as separate theological discourses, this book has read Hindu and Muslim revivalism in tandem and traced how tensions between these movements produced a novel legal and political grammar with profound impacts for the subcontinent. In a short epilogue, the conclusion sketches how Arya Samaj ideas have remained salient in Hindu nationalist thought.
What Is Motivation?
Authors: Locke Edwin A.
Published: January 2023

As desire, motivation means to want to gain, keep, or protect something. As aversion, motivation means to want to avoid, remove, or destroy something. To lack motivation means to lack such desire or aversion. Because life is a conditional process, action guided by consciousness is critical to the organism’s survival. They must take action to satisfy their needs, and these actions require learning and locomotion. If they fail to act or take the wrong actions, they sicken or perish. The phenomenon of evolution means that surviving species have taken enough of the right actions. Categories of motivation include needs, values, goals, incentives, and self-efficacy. How these types of motivation actually translate into action and performance depends on the person’s unique knowledge and skill. Like motives, emotions also energize action.
Pleasure, Utility, and Goals
Authors: Kim Sung-il
Published: January 2023

To survive and flourish, people must predict and control uncertainty in their environment. A correct prediction brings about pleasure as a reward, reinforcing the action; an incorrect prediction leads to exploration and learning. As a result, the human brain has evolved into a prediction machine that creates meaning by pursuing certain patterns. Motivation is a value-based decision-making process which determines action selection and effort expenditure. This involves the calculation, comparison, evaluation, and updating of hedonic, utility, and goal value. As a result of this cost-benefit analysis, motivated individuals approach the option with the highest overall expected value. If existing motivation theories were to be integrated into this overall value-based decision-making process, then a parsimonious but highly explanatory grand theory would emerge.