bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of Different Freezing Methods on Water Distribution, Retrogradation, and Digestion Properties of Liangpi (Starch Gel Food)
Authors: Zheng Shuaishuai , Yang Yong , Li Zhen , Pan Zhili , Huang Zhongmin , Ai Zhilu
Published: January 2022

In this work, the effects of refrigerator freezing method (RF), spiral tunnel freezing method (SF), and liquid nitrogen spray freezing method (LF) on water distribution, microstructure, retrogradation, and digestion properties of Liangpi are investigated. Results from SEM and water distribution show the starch gel structure of Liangpi after LF treatment is more continuous, and its A21 content is higher, which are closer to fresh Liangpi, followed by SF and RF. XRD and FT‐IR data indicate that as the freezing rate increases, the relative crystallinity and R1047/1022 value of the samples decrease. This is consistent with the data obtained from texture properties. Texture properties of samples treat by LF and SF are closer to fresh Liangpi, especially the hardness index. The in vitro digestibility of Liangpi also shows the same trend. Therefore, the freezing method with a faster rate could inhibit the starch gel retrogradation, improve the texture properties of Liangpi, and guarantee the quality of Liangpi. However, considering the economics of enterprise production, the spiral tunnel freezing method is more suitable for the actual production of frozen Liangpi. The data obtained provide a theoretical guidance for the actual production of frozen Liangpi.
Power in resilience and resilience's power in climate change scholarship
Authors: Garcia Alicea , Gonda Noémi , Atkins Ed , Godden Naomi Joy , Henrique Karen Paiva , Parsons Meg , Tschakert Petra , Ziervogel Gina
Published: January 2022

Resilience thinking has undergone profound theoretical developments in recent decades, moving to characterize resilience as a socio‐natural process that requires constant negotiation between a range of actors and institutions. Fundamental to this understanding has been a growing acknowledgment of the role of power in shaping resilience capacities and politics across cultural and geographic contexts. This review article draws on a critical content analysis, applied to a systematic review of recent resilience literature to examine how scholarship has embraced nuanced conceptualizations of how power operates in resilience efforts, to move away from framings that risk reinforcing patterns of marginalization. Advancing a framework inspired by feminist theory and feminist political ecology, we analyze how recent work has presented, documented, and conceptualized how resilience intersects with patterns of inequity. In doing so, we illuminate the importance of knowledge, scale, and subject making in understanding the complex ways in which power and resilience become interlinked. We illustrate how overlooking such complexity may have serious consequences for how socio‐natural challenges and solutions are framed in resilience scholarship and, in turn, how resilience is planned and enacted in practice. Finally, we highlight how recent scholarship is advancing the understandings necessary to make sense of the shifting, contested, and power‐laden nature of resilience. Paying attention to, and building on, such complexity will allow scholarly work to illuminate the ways in which resilience is negotiated within inequitable processes and to address the marginalization of those continuing to bear the brunt of the climate crisis.

This article is categorized under:

Climate and Development > Social Justice and the Politics of Development
The Context of Public Policy on the Sharing Economy
Authors: Koczetkow Błażej , Klimczuk Andrzej
Published: January 2022

The purpose of this chapter is to analyse approaches to the sharing economy from the perspective of public policy science. In the first part of the text, attention is paid to perceiving the development of the emerging sharing economy not only as phenomenon with positive economic effects but also as a set of public problems (e.g., on the labour market and for existing economic structures) that require intervention at the level of national governments as well as at international level. Subsequent sections identify possible actions for regulating the development of the sharing economy. The role of soft law, stakeholders’ networks, self-regulation and standardisation are discussed in the chapter. The summary includes potential directions for further research.
From Uberisation to Commoning: Experiences, Challenges, and Potential Pathways of the Sharing Economy in Food Supply Chains in Europe
Authors: Simonovits Bori , Balázs Bálint
Published: January 2022

The chapter explores a broad dimensionality of experiences, learnings, challenges, and potential pathways of the sharing economy in food supply chains. Through technology-enabled business applications, the mobilisation of underutilised assets has been successfully facilitated in the foodservice industry. Community-based models have been relying on the mutual risk-sharing of producers and consumers. Service models and the uberisation of food, when contract workers use their personal vehicles to deliver food to customers, has gained more acknowledgement during the COVID-19 times. Based on our qualitative study, various peer-to-peer production and collaborative consumption initiatives are presented in this chapter to assess how the idea of sharing economy entered the food sector. Our arguments are substantiated with varied case examples at multiple value chain points (e.g., production, processing, transport, and consumption).
Unpacking the Financial Services and Crowdfunding Evolution in the Sharing Economy
Authors: Lukasiewicz Agnieszka , Santa Mijalche
Published: January 2022

Sharing economy is a phenomenon emerging in all aspects of social and business practices. While its impact is most prominent in the mobility and accommodation domain, some of the earliest demonstrations of the benefits of the sharing economy have occurred in financial services. Financial services in the sharing economy range from peer-to-peer lending to crowdfunding with participation from new start-ups and incumbent financial service providers with for-profit or non-profit goals. Given the variety of elements represented in financial services, there is a great need to collect and connect what has been done and to identify some common themes, which will serve as a basis for future discussions on the evolution of financial services in the sharing economy.
Smart Contract Vulnerability Detection Based on Symbolic Execution Technology
Authors: Liu Yiping , Xu Jie , Cui Baojiang
Published: January 2022

With the rapid development of the blockchain, smart contract technology has been widely applied. The number of smart contracts has grown at a high rate and nearly at an average of thousands per day. However, the correctness and security of the smart contract itself are facing huge problems. The well-known DAO vulnerability, and Parity multi-signature wallet’ vulnerabilities have leaded to a hundreds of millions dollars loss, and they are both caused by the security problems of smart contracts. Once the smart contract vulnerability is exploited, it is very likely to bring the loss of cryptocurrencies, the disorder of the financial order and other catastrophic consequences. Therefore the security of smart contracts is imminent. This project has designed and implemented a vulnerability detection system of Ethereum smart contract. The system uses the assembly instruction sequences of the smart contract to generate the control flow graph, then performs symbolic execution and vulnerability constraint solving over the control flow. The system can detect some common types of vulnerabilities, such as the integer overflow and underflow vulnerability, reentry vulnerability and unchecked call return value vulnerability. It has a high accuracy of detection result, and gives support for export vulnerability report.
Research on the Relationship Between Chinese Nicknames and Accounts in Social Networks
Authors: Han Yi , Liu Xiangyu , Du Yanhui , Lu Tianliang
Published: January 2022

With the increasing integration of mobile Internet into people’s daily life, generally a user will register several different network applications at the same time. Therefore, there are many virtual identities belonging to one person on the Internet, and the similarity analysis of cross-platform network identities is of great significance in the field of network security. This paper studied the Chinese user nicknames and virtual identity recognition in domestic social networking. Considering that account nicknames, to some extent, can reflect the characteristics of the account owners’ naming habits and preferences, and that the information of nickname is easier to obtain than other registration information, we collected the nickname information of users who registered on three application platforms: WeChat, Weibo and Alipay. At the same time, according to the characteristics of account nicknames and their probability distribution, we determined the characteristic indicators that can be used to calculate the similarity of nicknames. Finally, this paper optimized the Jaro distance and Jaro-Winkler distance algorithms, and proposed an identity algorithm suitable for domestic social networks, especially calculating the similarity of Chinese nicknames, and verified the effectiveness of the algorithm on the basis of large-scale real data.
Celestial OPEs and w1+∞ algebra from worldsheet in string theory
Authors: Jiang Hongliang
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Celestial operator product expansions (OPEs) arise from the collinear limit of scattering amplitudes and play a vital role in celestial holography. In this paper, we derive the celestial OPEs of massless fields in string theory from the worldsheet. By studying the worldsheet OPEs of vertex operators in worldsheet CFT and further examining their behaviors in the collinear limit, we find that new vertex operators for the massless fields in string theory are generated and become dominant in the collinear limit. Mellin transforming to the conformal basis yields exactly the celestial OPEs in celestial CFT. We also derive the celestial OPEs from the collinear factorization of string amplitudes and the results derived in these two different methods are in perfect agreement with each other. Our final formulae of celestial OPEs are applicable to general dimensions, corresponding to Einstein-Yang-Mills theory supplemented by some possible higher derivative interactions. Specializing to 4D, we reproduce all the celestial OPEs for gluon and graviton in the literature. We consider various string theories, including the open and closed bosonic string, as well as the closed superstring theory with $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 and $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 worldsheet supersymmetry. In the case of $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 string, we also derive all the $$ \overline{\mathrm{SL}\left(2,\mathbb{R}\right)} $$

SL

2
ℝ

¯

descendant contributions in the celestial OPE; the soft sector of such OPE just yields the w1+∞ algebra after rewriting in terms of chiral modes. Our stringy derivation of celestial OPEs thus initiates the first step towards the microscopic realization of celestial CFT dual to string theory in flat spacetime.
Supersymmetric spindles
Authors: Ferrero Pietro , Gauntlett Jerome P. , Sparks James
Published: January 2022

Abstract

In the context of holography, we analyse aspects of supersymmetric geometries based on two-dimensional orbifolds known as spindles. By analysing spinc spinors on a spindle with an azimuthal rotation symmetry we show that under rather general conditions there are just two possibilities, called the ‘twist’ and the ‘anti-twist’, which are determined by the quantized magnetic flux through the spindle. A special case of the twist is the standard topological twist which is associated with constant and chiral spinors. We construct solutions of D = 5 and D = 4 STU gauged supergravity theories that are dual to D3-branes and M2-branes wrapping spindles, respectively, which realize both the anti-twist, as seen before, but also the twist. For the wrapped D3-brane solutions we reproduce the central charge of the gravity solution from the dual field theory by analysing the anomaly polynomial of $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM theory. We also discuss M5-branes wrapped on spindles both from a gravity and a field theory point of view.
Axion string signatures: a cosmological plasma collider
Authors: Agrawal Prateek , Hook Anson , Huang Junwu , Marques-Tavares Gustavo
Published: January 2022

Abstract

We study early and late time signatures of both QCD axion strings and hyperlight axion strings (axiverse strings). We focus on charge deposition onto axion strings from electromagnetic fields and subsequent novel neutralizing mechanisms due to bound state formation. While early universe signatures appear unlikely, there are a plethora of late time signatures. Axion strings passing through galaxies obtain a huge charge density, which is neutralized by a dense plasma of bound state Standard Model particles forming a one dimensional “atom”. The charged wave packets on the string, as well as the dense plasma outside, travel at nearly the speed of light along the string. These packets of high energy plasma collide with a center of mass energy of up to 109GeV. These collisions can have luminosities up to seven orders of magnitude larger than the solar luminosity, and last for thousands of years, making them visible at radio telescopes even when they occur cosmologically far away. The new observables are complementary to the CMB observables for hyperlight axion strings that have been recently proposed, and are sensitive to a similar motivated parameter range.
Wirksamkeit der Hörgeräteversorgung bei hochgradigem Hörverlust
Authors: Engler Max , Digeser Frank , Hoppe Ulrich
Published: January 2022

Hintergrund

In der Praxis liegt das unilaterale Einsilberverstehen mit Hörgerät bei 65 dB SPL (EV65(HG)) häufig unter dem maximalen Einsilberverstehen aus dem Sprachaudiogramm (mEV), insbesondere bei Hörgeräteträgern mit hochgradigem Hörverlust. Diese Arbeit zielte darauf ab, den Wirkungsgrad Q der Hörgeräteversorgung, den Quotienten aus EV65(HG) und mEV, bei Hörgeräteträgern mit hochgradigem bis an Taubheit grenzendem Hörverlust zu untersuchen.

Material und Methoden

Es wurden Daten aus In-situ-Messungen, dem Reinton- und Sprachaudiogramm und dem Sprachverstehen mit und ohne Hörgerät von 93 Ohren von 64 Patienten ausgewertet. Die Patienten stellten sich im Jahr 2019 für eine Hörgerätekontrolle in unserem Hörzentrum vor. Es wurden die Abweichung der in-situ gemessenen frequenzabhängigen Ausgangspegelwerte von den Zielvorgaben der präskriptiven Anpassformeln NAL-NL2 und DSL v5.0 analysiert. Für die Parameter EV65(HG) und Q wurden jeweils die Spearman-Korrelationskoeffizienten für den Sprachverständlichkeitsindex (SII) berechnet.

Ergebnisse

Bei mehr als 67 % der Hörgeräteeinstellungen stimmten die Ausgangspegelwerte mit den Zielkurven für NAL-NL2 oder DSL v5.0 im Bereich von ±5 dB für Frequenzen von 0,5 bis 4 kHz für 65 dB SPL überein. Trotzdem wurde das mEV mit Hörgerät bei 65 dB SPL nicht erreicht (mittlere Abweichungen: 34,4 %). EV65(HG) und Q waren jedoch am besten, wenn Zielwerte für DSL v5.0 bei 65 dB SPL erreicht wurden, was mit einem höheren SII einhergeht.

Schlussfolgerung

Für Hörgeräteträger mit hochgradigem bis an Taubheit grenzendem Hörverlust führen die Anpassformeln NAL-NL2 und DSL v5.0 nicht zu einer solchen Verstärkung, dass bei Alltagssprache von 65 dB SPL das mEV erreicht wird. Es bleibt zu untersuchen, ob alternative Präskriptionen mit besserer Hörbarkeit für Eingangspegel von 50 und 65 dB SPL den Wirkungsgrad der Hörgeräteversorgung verbessern könnten.
Assessment of defoliation and subsequent growth losses caused by Lymantria dispar using terrestrial laser scanning (TLS)
Authors: Jacobs Martin , Hilmers Torben , Leroy Benjamin M. L. , Lemme Hannes , Kienlein Sebastian , Müller Jörg , Weisser Wolfgang W. , Pretzsch Hans
Published: January 2022

Key message

TLS scans of three surveys before, during and after gypsy moth gradation, allowed high-resolution tracking of defoliation and subsequent inter-annual growth losses on an individual tree level.

Foliation strongly determines all tree growth processes but can be reduced by various stress factors. Insect defoliation starts at variable times and is one stress factor that may affect photosynthetic processes and cause immediate reactions like refoliation, which are difficult to detect by surveys repeated at 1-year intervals. This study used a large-scale field experiment in German oak/mixed forests affected by gypsy moths (Lymantria dispar) to test the use of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) for detecting inter-annual foliation and growth losses at the individual tree level caused by the gypsy moth. The experiment comprised two levels of gypsy moth defoliation risk, high (H) and low (L), as well as two pest control treatment levels: spraying with the insecticide Mimic (M) or unsprayed control (C). The factorial design consisted of four treatment combinations (HC, HM, LC, and LM), applied to 11 spatial blocks with a total of 44 plots. The TLS approach detected the defoliation caused by the gypsy moth, estimated as leaf area and crown perforation parameters. For the first time, TLS-derived tree foliation was evaluated based on inter-annual stem growth. Leaf area and crown perforation showed a correlation of + 0.6 and – 0.35, respectively, with basal area increments. Furthermore, this study revealed subsequent growth losses in the same year due to defoliation. Our results show that TLS can offer new opportunities to develop new indicators that monitor foliation at the individual tree level. The crown perforation can describe defoliation or the tree’s vitality based on one scanning campaign, whereas the leaf area needed at least two.
Would they do it again? Final treatment decisions in malignant brain tumour patients—a caregiver’s perspective
Authors: Rapp Marion , von Sass Christiane , Backhaus Clara , Hänggi Daniel , Kamp Marcel Alexander , Sabel Michael
Published: January 2022

Purpose

Overall survival of malignant brain tumour patients has significantly been increased over the last years. However, therapy remains palliative, and side effects should be balanced. Once terminal phase is entered, both patients and caregivers may find it hard to accept, and further therapies are demanded. But little is known about this highly sensitive period. Therefore, we analysed the last therapy decisions from the family caregiver’s perspective. Would they support their beloved ones in the same way or would they now recommend a different therapy decision?

Methods

Caregivers of deceased malignant brain tumour patients, treated at our neurooncological centre between 2011 and 2017, were included. We designed a questionnaire to analyse the impact of the last therapy decision (resection, chemotherapy, radiotherapy), focusing on probable repeat of the choice taken and general therapy satisfaction. Independent variables, for example “satisfaction with therapy”, were analysed using linear regression analysis, the coefficient of determination R2 and the standardized regression coefficient β. The binary logistic regression analyses were taken to illustrate relationships with the dichotomously scaled outcome parameter “re-choice of therapy”. Odds ratio analyses were used to determine the strength of a relationship between two characteristics.

Results

Data from 102 caregivers (life partners (70.6%)) were analysed retrospectively. Each 40% of patients died in a hospice or at home (20% in a hospital). In 67.6% the last therapy was chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy (16.7%) and surgery (15.7%). A positive evaluation of the last therapy was significantly correlated to re-choosing of respective therapy (chemo-/radiotherapy: p = 0.000) and satisfaction with informed consent (p = 0.000). Satisfaction regarding interpersonal contact was significantly correlated to satisfaction with resection (p = 0.000) and chemotherapy (p = 0.000 27 caregivers (28.7%) felt overburdened with this situation).

Conclusion

This analysis demonstrates a significant correlation between a positive relation of patient/caregiver/physician and the subjective perception of the latest therapy. It underlines the central role of caregivers, who should be involved in therapy discussions. Neurooncologists should be specially trained in communication and psycho-oncology.
Burden of severe maternal peripartum mental disorders in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review
Authors: Kalra Harish , Tran Thach , Romero Lorena , Chandra Prabha , Fisher Jane
Published: January 2022

Peripartum severe mental disorders (PSMDs) encompass schizophrenia, affective psychosis, and psychotic and non-psychotic forms of bipolar disorders. PSMDs are well documented in high-income countries. However, much less is known about the prevalence of PSMDs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The aim was to review the available literature systematically and estimate the prevalence of PSMDs among women in LMICs. We searched the Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Maternity and Infant Care databases systematically from the date of inception to Dec 31, 2020, for English-language publications with data on the prevalence of PSMDs among women in World Bank–defined LMICs. Selection of studies, extraction of data and assessment of study quality were each undertaken independently by at least two of the investigators. A total of five studies (completed in three countries spanning two continents) met the inclusion criteria. Five studies reported cumulative incidence of postpartum psychosis (ranging from 1.1 to 16.7 per 1000 births). We found no studies on the prevalence of severe mental disorder during pregnancy in these settings. Marked heterogeneity in methodology precluded meta-analysis. These findings indicate that PSMDs occur at a similar prevalence in low- and middle-income to high-income countries. However overall, there is a paucity of high-quality evidence from these settings. There is a need for rigorous studies with standardized methods to increase knowledge of the nature, prevalence, and determinants of PSMDs among women in resource-constrained LMICs to inform policies, service development, program planning and health professional training.
A design space for RDF data representations
Authors: Sagi Tomer , Lissandrini Matteo , Pedersen Torben Bach , Hose Katja
Published: January 2022

RDF triplestores’ ability to store and query knowledge bases augmented with semantic annotations has attracted the attention of both research and industry. A multitude of systems offer varying data representation and indexing schemes. However, as recently shown for designing data structures, many design choices are biased by outdated considerations and may not result in the most efficient data representation for a given query workload. To overcome this limitation, we identify a novel three-dimensional design space. Within this design space, we map the trade-offs between different RDF data representations employed as part of an RDF triplestore and identify unexplored solutions. We complement the review with an empirical evaluation of ten standard SPARQL benchmarks to examine the prevalence of these access patterns in synthetic and real query workloads. We find some access patterns, to be both prevalent in the workloads and under-supported by existing triplestores. This shows the capabilities of our model to be used by RDF store designers to reason about different design choices and allow a (possibly artificially intelligent) designer to evaluate the fit between a given system design and a query workload.
Joanne Knight Breast Health Cohort at Siteman Cancer Center
Authors: Colditz Graham A. , Bennett Debbie L. , Tappenden Jennifer , Beers Courtney , Ackermann Nicole , Wu Ningying , Luo Jingqin , Humble Sarah , Linnenbringer Erin , Davis Kia , Jiang Shu , Toriola Adetunji T.
Published: January 2022

Purpose

The Joanne Knight Breast Health Cohort was established to link breast cancer risk factors, mammographic breast density, benign breast biopsies and associated tissue markers, and blood markers in a diverse population of women undergoing routine mammographic screening to study risk factors and validate models for breast cancer risk prediction.

Methods

Women were recruited from November 2008 to April 2012 through the mammography service at the Joanne Knight Breast Health Center at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. Baseline questionnaire risk factors, blood, and screening mammograms were collected from 12,153 women. Of these, 1,672 were excluded for prior history of any cancer (except non-melanoma skin) or diagnosis of breast cancer within 6 months of blood draw/registration for the study, for a total of 10,481 women. Follow-up is through linking to electronic health records, tumor registry, and death register. Routine screening mammograms are collected every 1–2 years and incident benign breast biopsies and cancers are identified through record linkage to pathology and tumor registries. Formal fixed tissue samples are retrieved and stored for analysis. County-level measures of structural inequality were derived from publicly available resources.

Results

Cohort Composition: median age at entry was 54.8 years and 26.7% are African American. Through 2020, 74% of participants have had a medical center visit within the past year and 80% within the past 2 years representing an average of 9.7 person-years of follow-up from date of blood draw per participant. 9,997 women are continuing in follow-up. Data collected at baseline include breast cancer risk factors, plasma and white blood cells, and mammograms prior to baseline, at baseline, and during follow-up.

Conclusion

This cohort assembled and followed in a routine mammography screening and care setting that serves a diverse population of women in the St. Louis region now provides opportunities to integrate study of questionnaire measures, plasma and DNA markers, benign and malignant tissue markers, and repeated breast image features into prospective evaluation for breast cancer etiology and outcomes.
Influence of sulfurization time and Cu-ZnS-Sn stack order on the properties of thermally evaporated CZTS thin films
Authors: Choudhari Nagabhushan Jnaneshwar , George Sajan D. , Raviprakash Y.
Published: January 2022

Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films were synthesized in a two-step procedure. Sulfurization of stacked thin films SLG/ZnS/Sn/Cu (S1) and SLG/Cu/Sn/ZnS (S2) after sequential deposition of Cu, ZnS, and Sn precursors was carried out. At 550 °C, two sulfurization periods were applied to both stack orders. Sample S1 sulfurized for 30 min (S1-T30) had a better crystallite size of roughly 50 nm, lower lattice strain, and lower dislocation density than other samples. The Cu/Zn cation ordering in the CZTS crystal system was significantly affected by stack sequence and sulfurization time, according to Q-factor calculation. The stack order of the S1 series allowed for homogenous and distinct particle development. From the elemental analysis, it is observed that the stack sequence and sulfurization used for sample S1-T30 permitted a near stoichiometric composition. The sample S1-T30 exhibited an optimal band gap value of 1.47 eV. To propose feasible alterations in the structural ordering, band gap calculations were used. In comparison to the stack order of the S2 series, the stack order SLG/ZnS/Sn/Cu with a sulfurization time of 30 min created a single-phase CZTS, implying less synthesis time to obtain an absorber quality CZTS layer for solar photovoltaic application.
“And all Hell Broke Loose”: How Child Maintenance Regulations Contribute to Re-actualizing Intimate Partner Violence between Separated Parents in Sweden
Authors: Tegler Helena , Fernqvist Stina , Flinkfeldt Marie
Published: January 2022

This study examines recent changes in Swedish regulations for child maintenance in relation to post-separation families with experiences of either intimate partner violence (IPV) or conflict. The reform limited the possibility to rely on the state for maintenance in cases of cooperation difficulties. For IPV cases, the Swedish Social Insurance Agency (SSIA) can function as an intermediary between parents, but such exceptions are made upon assessment and require disclosure of IPV. This study investigates consequences of the maintenance reform and the ways in which it may re-actualize conflict and IPV between separated parents. Data consist of 649 recorded phone calls (~ 55 h) to the SSIA concerning maintenance. Disclosures of post-separation conflict or IPV were found in 132 of these calls; these calls were analyzed using thematic analysis. The maintenance reform’s requirement to reinstate contact with a former partner can re-actualize experiences of parental conflict as well as IPV by (a) re-surfacing physical or psychological abuse; (b) continued or accelerated cooperative difficulties; (c) renewed financial control; and (d) ‘paper abuse’ and new possibilities to display diligence or exert camouflaged control. This can take the form of explicit acts of abuse, anxiety or concern caused by the renewed contact, or being forced to deal with difficult memories. We argue that the Swedish maintenance reform ignores the reality of parental conflicts and IPV by re-actualizing such experiences in a range of ways.
Spotting When Algorithms Are Wrong
Authors: Buijsman Stefan , Veluwenkamp Herman
Published: January 2022

Users of sociotechnical systems often have no way to independently verify whether the system output which they use to make decisions is correct; they are epistemically dependent on the system. We argue that this leads to problems when the system is wrong, namely to bad decisions and violations of the norm of practical reasoning. To prevent this from occurring we suggest the implementation of defeaters: information that a system is unreliable in a specific case (undercutting defeat) or independent information that the output is wrong (rebutting defeat). Practically, we suggest to design defeaters based on the different ways in which a system might produce erroneous outputs, and analyse this suggestion with a case study of the risk classification algorithm used by the Dutch tax agency.
Child Temperament as a Moderator of Promoting First Relationships Intervention Effects Among Families in Early Head Start
Authors: Hustedt Jason T. , Hooper Alison , Hallam Rena A. , Vu Jennifer A. , Han Myae , Ziegler Melissa
Published: January 2022

As availability of parent–child interaction curricula increases, Early Head Start (EHS) provides a relevant context to test research-based parenting models as part of everyday practice. We trained EHS staff to incorporate the Promoting First Relationships (PFR) intervention into ongoing weekly home visits with mothers and their young children (n = 102) enrolled in EHS. Children had a mean age of 19.75 months and were 56% Hispanic, 23% Black, and 14% White. Families were randomly assigned to an intervention group where they participated in PFR as an EHS enhancement, or to a waitlist-control group where they received only typical EHS services. To explore the possibility that effectiveness of parent–child curricula may differ based on child characteristics, we used linear regression to examine children’s temperament as a potential moderator of PFR efficacy on outcomes related to parenting stress, family functioning, and parent–child interaction. While we did not find a significant main effect of PFR for the full sample, there were several significant moderated effects. For families where children showed higher levels of surgency, mothers’ parenting stress was significantly reduced after PFR participation. Also, when children showed higher levels of negative affect, mothers demonstrated higher sensitivity in parent–child interactions after participating in PFR. Given findings from our exploratory study, agencies should consider the characteristics of families served and the match with intervention priorities, when selecting intervention programs. When delivered as a home visitation enhancement, PFR may be a valuable support for certain enrolled families, based on child characteristics including high levels of surgency or negative affect.
A decision support tool for integrated fisheries bycatch management
Authors: Gilman Eric , Hall Martin , Booth Hollie , Gupta Trisha , Chaloupka Milani , Fennell Hannah , Kaiser Michel J. , Karnad Divya , Milner-Gulland E. J.
Published: January 2022

Participatory decision tools enable stakeholders to reconcile conflicting natural resources management objectives. Fisheries targeting highly productive species can have profound impacts on co-occurring bycatch species with low fecundity and other life history traits that make them vulnerable to anthropogenic sources of mortality. This study developed a decision tool for integrated bycatch management for data-limited to data-rich fisheries, improving upon current piecemeal approaches. First, through a systematic literature review, participants compile a comprehensive database of methods to mitigate the catch and fishing mortality of threatened bycatch species. These mitigation methods are then categorized into tiers of a sequential mitigation hierarchy, where interventions that avoid capture are considered before those that minimize catchability, followed by methods that minimize fishing mortality, before approaches that offset residual impacts. The methods are also assembled within an evidence hierarchy, where findings from meta-analytic modelling studies are more robust and generalizable than from individual studies. The decision tool enables stakeholders to evaluate alternative bycatch management strategies’ efficacy at meeting specific and measurable objectives for mitigating the catch and mortality of bycatch and for costs from multispecies conflicts, economic viability, practicality and safety, while accounting for the fishery-specific feasibility of compliance monitoring of alternative bycatch management measures. Ongoing adaptation of the bycatch management framework addresses findings from performance assessments, updated evidence, new mitigation methods and changes to governance systems. The proposed decision tool therefore enables stakeholders to develop bycatch management frameworks that provide precautionary protection for the most vulnerable populations with acceptable tradeoffs.
Life-history traits of batoids (Superorder Batoidea) in the Northeast Atlantic and the Mediterranean
Authors: Villagra Damian , Van Bogaert Noemi , Ampe Bart , Walker Paddy , Uhlmann Sven Sebastian
Published: January 2022

Life-history traits provide a way to estimate the vulnerability of both individuals and populations of a species to disturbance (e.g., overexploitation, climate change). Life-history traits compilations for species of batoids in the Northeast Atlantic (NEA) and the Mediterranean Sea (MED) are scarce, outdated, and generally limited to a local or a regional scale. A literature review compiling values of 10 life-history traits describing the growth, reproductive and feeding strategies of 14 batoids in the NEA and the MED was performed. Via a principal components analysis (PCA) the main drivers of variance and (groups of) similar species were identified. Significant data gaps were revealed for natural mortality and lifespan, for most of the life-history traits of small-eyed (Raja microocellata), shagreen (Leucoraja fullonica), and sandy (Leucoraja circularis) ray, and specifically for the English Channel and Bay of Biscay. The common skate complex (Dipturus batis complex) and white (Rostroraja alba) skate were found to be different from the rest of the species due to their larger sizes, relatively slow growth, and late maturity, which may make them more vulnerable to overexploitation, while theRajaspp. andLeucorajaspp. rays tend to be smaller species growing at faster rates. Growth and reproductive life-history should be considered as vulnerability to disturbance proxies, be used to update/establish management measures (i.e. minimum size) and enhance the stock assessment predictive ability (i.e. length based-indicators). Future research should be directed towards filling important regional data gaps and providing robust estimation for unreported parameters, such as natural mortality.
Preventing inbreeding depression in Anacamptis coriophora (Orchidaceae) as a model of food-rewarding orchid
Authors: Capó Miquel , Perelló-Suau Sebastià , Rita Juan
Published: January 2022

Pollination of deceptive orchids has enabled scientists to understand how these species avoid inbreeding depression by reducing the number of pollinator visits per inflorescence. In rewarding species, which receive a higher rate of visits per plant, geitonogamy is usually higher and therefore the risk of inbreeding increases. In this study, we assess the breeding system of the rewarding orchid A. coriophora, and the spatio-temporal changes in its fitness as well as variation in nectar content after pollination. We found that the species partially selects allogamous pollen if pollinia from the same stalk and other plants arrive to the stigma. Furthermore, when self-pollination occurs, despite successful fructification, seed viability is significantly lower than that of cross-pollinated plants. A. coriophora exhibits spatio-temporal variation in fitness that does not correlate with any plant feature. Moreover, nectar volume is reduced after pollination, but the sugar concentration is maintained. This study emphasizes how essential the pre-zygotic and post-zygotic reproductive barriers are for rewarding orchids to avoid inbreeding depression.
Weakly Correlated Knowledge Integration for Few-shot Image Classification
Authors: Yang Chun , Liu Chang , Yin Xu-Cheng
Published: January 2022

Various few-shot image classification methods indicate that transferring knowledge from other sources can improve the accuracy of the classification. However, most of these methods work with one single source or use only closely correlated knowledge sources. In this paper, we propose a novel weakly correlated knowledge integration (WCKI) framework to address these issues. More specifically, we propose a unified knowledge graph (UKG) to integrate knowledge transferred from different sources (i.e., visual domain and textual domain). Moreover, a graph attention module is proposed to sample the subgraph from the UKG with low complexity. To avoid explicitly aligning the visual features to the potentially biased and weakly correlated knowledge space, we sample a task-specific subgraph from UKG and append it as latent variables. Our framework demonstrates significant improvements on multiple few-shot image classification datasets.
Cathinonen in webshops
Authors: Olijhoek Michiel , Koert Willem , van den Worm Edwin
Published: January 2022

Samenvatting

Webwinkels die zich richten op Nederlandse consumenten van recreatieve drugs, verkopen een snelgroeiend assortiment van synthetische drugs die door hun experimentele karakter op dit moment legaal kunnen worden verkocht. In een verkennend onderzoek, dat zich beperkte tot de onder de stimulantia vallende cathinonen, werden in deze winkels 26 cathinonen aangetroffen. Van geen van deze middelen is de toxiciteit goed onderzocht. Een trendanalyse van de cathinonen die onlangs in dit circuit zijn gelanceerd doet vrezen dat de bedenkers van deze middelen, in hun streven om nieuwe drugs te produceren die de regelgeving ontwijken, waarschijnlijk onbedoeld steeds verslavender drugs op de markt brengen.
Fragile states, decentralisation and the nature of barriers to citizen participation in local government: a view from Pakistan
Authors: Ali Aijaz
Published: January 2022

The purpose of decentralisation reforms is to narrow the gap between the public and government and increase public participation in decision-making. However, empirical evidence from developing countries suggests otherwise. A case in point is Pakistan, even though it has a well-structured local government system consisting of three levels of government, district, tehsil and union councils. Nevertheless, Pakistan’s nascent but fragile democracy and the non-democratic nature of decision-making at the state level prevent public participation and as a result do not remove but rather create obstacles to citizens’ involvement in service delivery. This paper therefore argues that citizen participation in Pakistan’s local government system faces more barriers which are imposed by the centralised state rather than removing hurdles to community participation. I demonstrate that having well-structured local governments is not enough for community engagement instead of a nation-state’s strong commitment to pro-community participation. The aim of this study is to identify and examine the barriers to public participation and how they prevent participation in the local government service delivery process, especially when non-democratic countries such as Pakistan introduce local government reforms. A qualitative study was carried out with a questionnaire containing seven open-ended qualitative questions. The thematically analysed results show that the military establishment introduced local government systems which have used local governments to suppress community autonomy and prevent community participation. As there is a patron/client relationship between the central government of Pakistan and the feudal lords and local elites, local elites have indulged in corruption and favouritism which hinder public participation at the grassroots level in the local governments in the province of Sindh, in Pakistan.
Membrane damage as mechanism of photodynamic inactivation using Methylene blue and TMPyP in Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Muehler Denise , Brandl Elena , Hiller Karl-Anton , Cieplik Fabian , Maisch Tim
Published: January 2022

The worldwide threat of antibiotic resistance requires alternative strategies to fight bacterial infections. A promising approach to support conventional antibiotic therapy is the antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI). The aim of this work was to show further insights into the antimicrobial photodynamic principle using two photosensitizers (PS) of different chemical classes, Methylene Blue (MB) and TMPyP, and the organisms Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus as Gram-negative and Gram-positive representatives. Planktonic cultures of both species were cultured under aerobic conditions for 24 h followed by treatment with MB or TMPyP at various concentrations for an incubation period of 10 min and subsequent irradiation for 10 min. Ability to replicate was evaluated by CFU assay. Accumulation of PS was measured using a spectrophotometer. The cytoplasmic membrane integrity was investigated by flow cytometry using SYBR Green and propidium iodide. In experiments on the replication ability of bacteria after photodynamic treatment with TMPyP or MB, a killing rate of 5 log10 steps of the bacteria was achieved. Concentration-dependent accumulation of both PS was shown by spectrophotometric measurements whereby a higher accumulation of TMPyP and less accumulation of MB was found for S. aureus as compared to E. coli. For the first time, a membrane-damaging effect of TMPyP and MB in both bacterial strains could be shown using flow cytometry analyses. Furthermore, we found that reduction of the replication ability occurs with lower concentrations than needed for membrane damage upon MB suggesting that membrane damage is not the only mechanism of aPDI using MB.
Bayesianism and Scientific Reasoning
Authors: Schupbach Jonah N.
Published: January 2022

This Element explores the Bayesian approach to the logic and epistemology of scientific reasoning. Section 1 introduces the probability calculus as an appealing generalization of classical logic for uncertain reasoning. Section 2 explores some of the vast terrain of Bayesian epistemology. Three epistemological postulates suggested by Thomas Bayes in his seminal work guide the exploration. This section discusses modern developments and defenses of these postulates as well as some important criticisms and complications that lie in wait for the Bayesian epistemologist. Section 3 applies the formal tools and principles of the first two sections to a handful of topics in the epistemology of scientific reasoning: confirmation, explanatory reasoning, evidential diversity and robustness analysis, hypothesis competition, and Ockham's Razor.
Chinua Achebe’s postcolony: a literary anthropology of postcolonial decadence
Authors: Orock Rogers
Published: January 2022

Can the African novel work as interlocutor for anthropologists studying Africa’s postcolonial politics today? Conversely, is there a role for the African literary imagination in our renewed efforts to decolonize anthropology? This article draws on Chinua Achebe’s fictional representations of the postcolony in two novels,No Longer at EaseandA Man of the People, to discuss the value of the African literary archive for an anthropological interest in elites, corruption and postcolonial decadence in theearlypostcolony. This African literary archive has contributed enormously to Achille Mbembe’s critique of power in the postcolony. Here, I argue that, in contrast to anthropologists of the late colonial and early postcolonial moment, African writers such as Achebe mobilized fiction as a powerful form of critique to address early signs of postcolonial despair and disillusionment in Africa.
On the theologico-theatrical: popular culture and the economic imperative in Nigerian Pentecostalism
Authors: Obadare Ebenezer
Published: January 2022

Nigerian Pentecostalism continues to assume many of the externalities of popular culture in the country, creating a unique composite of spirituality and secular entertainment. In an emergent trend, church leaders invite popular entertainers into church services and other church-related events with the declared aim of energizing their congregations. Where does the imperative in Nigerian Pentecostalism to outsource the work of inspiration to performers and jesters come from? What light does the embrace of Nigerian Pentecostalism and popular culture – the theological and the theatrical – throw on both these worlds? Triggered primarily by these questions, and mobilizing insights and analogies from the economics of religion, this article analyses strategies of evangelization enacted by Pentecostal leaders in a context of religious saturation. It is argued that, given the strictures of a changing religious marketplace, the unique convergence of spirituality and entertainment, as encapsulated by this trend, is a function of spiritual entrepreneurs’ need not just to retain the patronage of existing religious consumers but also to attract new ones. Licensed by the foundational liberalism of the Nigerian Yorùbá world, a Pentecostalism that is accepting of popular culture generates new spiritual and artistic forms.
Abstract structures and meaning in Japanese dative structural priming
Authors: Chang Franklin , Tsumura Saki , Minemi Itsuki , Hirose Yuki
Published: January 2022

Syntactic structures and meaning appear to independently contribute to structural priming within English structural alternations. Japanese uses scrambling of case-marked phrases to create syntactic alternations, and it is not clear how meaning impacts scrambling-based structural choices. To examine this issue, meaning overlap with dative targets was manipulated in two structural priming experiments. In Experiment 1, datives primed dative targets, but structurally similar primes with idiomatic meanings did not prime. In Experiment 2, transitive primes that differed from datives in thematic roles showed as much priming as dative primes. The transitive results demonstrate that scrambling-based alternations in Japanese can be primed from structures that differ in role meaning, but the lack of idiom priming means that these structures may be less independent of meaning than those in other languages.