bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SWASHES: a compilation of shallow water analytic solutions for hydraulic and environmental studies
Authors: Delestre Olivier , Lucas Carine , Ksinant Pierre‐Antoine , Darboux Frédéric , Laguerre Christian , Vo T.‐N.‐Tuoi , James François , Cordier Stéphane
Published: October 2012

Numerous codes are being developed to solve shallow water equations. Because these are used in hydraulic and environmental studies, their capability to simulate flow dynamics properly is critical to guarantee infrastructure and human safety. Although validating these codes is an important issue, code validations are currently restricted because analytic solutions to the shallow water equations are rare and have been published on an individual basis over a period of more than five decades. This article aims at making analytic solutions to the shallow water equations easily available to code developers and users. It compiles a significant number of analytic solutions to the shallow water equations that are currently scattered through the literature of various scientific disciplines. The analytic solutions are described in a unified formalism to make a consistent set of test cases. These analytic solutions encompass a wide variety of flow conditions (supercritical, subcritical, shock, etc.), in one or two space dimensions, with or without rain and soil friction, for transitory flow or steady state. The corresponding source codes are made available to the community (http://www.univ‐orleans.fr/mapmo/soft/SWASHES), so that users of shallow water‐based models can easily find an adaptable benchmark library to validate their numerical methods. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neuron navigator 3 alterations in nervous system tumors associate with tumor malignancy grade and prognosis
Authors: Carlsson Emilia , Krohn Kai , Ovaska Kristian , Lindberg Pia , Häyry Valtteri , Maliniemi Pilvi , Lintulahti Anu , Korja Miikka , Kivisaari Riku , Hussein Samer , Sarna Seppo , Niiranen Kirsi , Hautaniemi Sampsa , Haapasalo Hannu , Ranki Annamari
Published: October 2012

Copy number changes or reduced expression of the Neuron navigator 3 (NAV3) gene occurs in neuroblastomas and malignancies of epithelial or lymphoid origin. To elucidate whether NAV3 has a role in the tumorigenesis of nervous system tumors in general, we studied central and peripheral nervous system tumors for NAV3 copy number changes. In search for common tumorigenic denominators, we analyzed 113 central and peripheral nervous system tumors, including glial tumors (grades I–IV gliomas), medulloblastomas, and neuroblastomas. NAV3 copy number changes were studied by fluorescence in situ hybridization and correlated to survival analyses. To identify target genes of NAV3 deletion, NAV3 was silenced by siRNA in glioblastoma cell lines and gene expression profiles were analyzed by Agilent 4×44k dual‐color microarrays. Selected upregulations were confirmed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We found NAV3 amplifications to dominate in neuronally differentiated tumors, whereas glial tumors showed almost equal proportions of NAV3 deletion and amplification. However, Grade IV gliomas had more frequent NAV3 deletions than grades I–III gliomas. Silencing of NAV3 in glioma cell lines led to the upregulation of receptor genes associated with gonadotropin‐releasing hormone and Jak‐Stat signaling pathways. Kaplan–Meier analysis of the entire clinical tumor material showed association between NAV3 amplifications and favorable prognosis, as well as NAV3 deletions and unfavorable prognosis. With Cox regression model, a hazard ratio of 0.51 was observed for NAV3 amplifications and 1.36 for NAV3 deletions. We conclude that NAV3 may be a potential new prognostic biomarker and a potential therapeutic target. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Affective scenes influence fear perception of individual body expressions
Authors: den Stock Jan Van , Vandenbulcke Mathieu , Sinke Charlotte B.A. , de Gelder Beatrice
Published: October 2012

In natural viewing conditions, different stimulus categories such as people, objects, and natural scenes carry relevant affective information that is usually processed simultaneously. But these different signals may not always have the same affective meaning. Using body‐scene compound stimuli, we investigated how the brain processes fearful signals conveyed by either a body in the foreground or scenes in the background and the interaction between foreground body and background scene. The results showed that left and right extrastriate body areas (EBA) responded more to fearful than to neutral bodies. More interestingly, a threatening background scene compared to a neutral one showed increased activity in bilateral EBA and right‐posterior parahippocampal place area (PPA) and decreased activity in right retrosplenial cortex (RSC) and left‐anterior PPA. The emotional scene effect in EBA was only present when the foreground body was neutral and not when the body posture expressed fear (significant emotion‐by‐category interaction effect), consistent with behavioral ratings. The results provide evidence for emotional influence of the background scene on the processing of body expressions. Hum Brain Mapp 35:492–502, 2014. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The human amygdala and pain: Evidence from neuroimaging
Authors: Simons Laura E. , Moulton Eric A. , Linnman Clas , Carpino Elizabeth , Becerra Lino , Borsook David
Published: October 2012

The amygdala, a small deep brain structure involved in behavioral processing through interactions with other brain regions, has garnered increased attention in recent years in relation to pain processing. As pain is a multidimensional experience that encompasses physical sensation, affect, and cognition, the amygdala is well suited to play a part in this process. Multiple neuroimaging studies of pain in humans have reported activation in the amygdala. Here, we summarize these studies by performing a coordinate‐based meta‐analysis within experimentally induced and clinical pain studies using an activation likelihood estimate analysis. The results are presented in relation to locations of peak activation within and outside of amygdala subregions. The majority of studies identified coordinates consistent with human amygdala cytoarchitecture indicating reproducibility in neuroanatomical labeling across labs, analysis methods, and imaging modalities. Differences were noted between healthy and clinical pain studies: in clinical pain studies, peak activation was located in the laterobasal region, suggestive of the cognitive‐affective overlay present among individuals suffering from chronic pain; while the less understood superficial region of the amygdala was prominent among experimental pain studies. Taken together, these findings suggest several important directions for further research exploring the amygdala's role in pain processing. Hum Brain Mapp 35:527–538, 2014. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Managing defined‐benefit pension plans: Still critical and complex
Authors: Schwartz William C.
Published: October 2012

How has managing defined pension plans changed in the past year? Unfortunately, it is still a critical and complex task, reveals the author of this update article. The author examines the implications of recent developments and the pros and cons of changing strategies, and offers a checklist of critical trends you should watch closely. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Corporate liquidity disclosures: A review
Authors: Cole Cathy J.
Published: October 2012

Corporate treasurers and controllers know that liquidity and credit risk grabbed the attention of investors and creditors during the 2008 financial crisis. Suddenly everyone saw the risks to companies from questionable financial instruments. And critics asked, “Where were the risk managers? Why did the CFOs and treasurers not highlight these risks?” Because corporate treasurers and controllers are involved in managing and reporting on corporate liquidity, they may want to review the SEC's liquidity disclosure requirements detailed in this article. That review will help ensure that their companies' disclosures fully reflect such requirements—and highlight the important risks for investors. Now that the world economy seems to be weakening again, that review is even more important. And it also seems wise to take a look at certain proposed FASB disclosures on liquidity risks that are covered in this article—and to consider how these may affect future financial reports. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Strategic business transformation: Going beyond the financial attributes in transforming markets
Authors: Nair Mohan
Published: October 2012

This article is about understanding and acting upon strategic market transformations before they occur by understanding, anticipating, and designing your business. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of N1‐tritylethane‐1,1,2,2‐d4‐1,2‐diamine: a novel mono‐protected C‐deuterated ethylenediamine synthon
Authors: Yang Jun , Hong Kunlun , Bonnesen Peter V.
Published: October 2012

A convenient and high‐yield synthesis for N1‐tritylethane‐1,1,2,2‐d4‐1,2‐diamine, a novel mono‐protected ethylenediamine‐C‐d4, is reported. N1‐tritylethane‐1,1,2,2‐d4‐1,2‐diamine was prepared in three steps from ethylene oxide‐d4 in a combined yield in the range 68–76%. Also reported is a synthesis of ethylenediamine‐C‐d4 in two steps from 1,2‐dibromoethane‐d4 in a combined yield in the range 61–65%.
Cognitive speed as an objective measure of tinnitus
Authors: Das Sunil K. , Wineland Andre , Kallogjeri Dorina , Piccirillo Jay F.
Published: October 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Subjective, chronic tinnitus is a common but poorly understood condition. The heterogeneity within tinnitus has hindered the development of functional severity measures and effective treatment. Tinnitus at least partially results from maladaptive cortical processes that are associated with cognitive deficits. This study examined whether cognitive processing speed might serve as a novel objective measure of tinnitus severity, and whether the psychiatric comorbidities of depression and somatization are predictive of self‐reported tinnitus severity.

Study Design:

Cross‐sectional study of 92 chronic tinnitus participants.

Methods:

The Tinnitus Handicap Inventory (THI) captured the self‐reported severity of tinnitus. Cognitive processing speed was objectively measured by the Brain Speed Test (BST), a short computerized test from Posit Science. Somatization and depression were captured by the Whiteley‐7 and Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 scales. The results of these tests were combined into a Composite Psychiatric State (CPS) variable. The ability of BST z score and CPS level to predict THI was assessed.

Results:

There was a significant correlation (r = 0.54, P < .001) between BST z scores and THI in those with bothersome tinnitus (THI ≥ 30). Additionally, BST z score was correlated with the validated neurocognitive tests. Multivariate analysis identified BST z score and CPS level as independent predictors of THI.

Conclusions:

In severe tinnitus, BST provides an objective measure of the functional impact of tinnitus. Cognitive processing speed and psychiatric state are independent predictors of self‐reported tinnitus severity. These measures help define clinical subgroups within tinnitus: one subgroup whose functional impact is primarily cognitive and another whose functional impact is primarily psychiatric. Laryngoscope, 2012
Laser Structuring for Tribological Performance Enhancement
Authors: Janssen Andreas , Mescheder Holger , Conte Marcello , Sexton Leo
Published: October 2012

As surface micro structuring turned out to be capable of improving various tribological systems laser technology got into focus as the prime manufacturing technique for many applications. Besides the design and development of micro structure geometries manufacturing strategies and production systems are required for industry. A comprehensive solution for the hydraulic system market is obtained within a research project called “Stokes”, funded by the EU in the program “Research for SMEs”.
A Green Way to Clean — Laser Cleaning
Authors: Büchter Edwin
Published: October 2012

Laser cleaning is a surface treatment process that removes residues, coatings and contaminants using only the power of focused light. This advanced technology harnesses the unique properties of laser energy with precision control to safely prepare high value surfaces in many applications. Laser light replaces harmful cleaning solvents, chemicals, as well as abrasive media that pose hazards to people and the planet.
Extension of Biot theory to the problem of saturated microporous elastic media with isolated cracks or/and vugs
Authors: Lewandowska J. , Auriault J.‐L.
Published: October 2012

The purpose of this paper is to develop the macroscopic model of hydro‐mechanical coupling for the case of a porous medium containing isolated cracks or/and vugs. In the development, we apply the asymptotic expansion homogenization method. It is shown that the general structure of Biot's model is the same as in the case of homogeneous medium, but the poro‐elastic parameters are modified. Two numerical examples are presented. They concern the computations of Biot's parameters in isotropic and anisotropic cases. It can also be seen how the presence of near‐zero‐volume cracks influences Biot's parameters of the porous matrix. It can significantly affect the coupled hydro‐mechanical behaviour of damaged porous medium. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effects of Foreclosure Counseling for Distressed Homeowners
Authors: Collins J. Michael , Schmeiser Maximilian D.
Published: October 2012

In the face of the housing market downturn of the late 2000s, policymakers promoted third‐party mortgage default counseling as a way to help people at risk of losing their homes to avoid foreclosure. Using a unique data set of monthly loan payments remitted to investors combined with administrative data from a national counseling agency, this study estimates the effects of default counseling on the probability that troubled mortgage borrowers will lose their homes to foreclosure. Borrowers are actually more likely to miss loan payments after receiving counseling, but the probability of losing a home to foreclosure drops after counseling, suggesting that counseling policies may be beneficial during housing crises.
The future of hemostasis management
Authors: Lillicrap David
Published: October 2012

We are in the midst of an unprecedented period for the development of new therapeutic products to treat patients with bleeding diseases. While current hemostatic treatments are already very effective and safe, new agents to enhance convenience and further improve both short‐ and long‐term efficacy of treatment are under development. Some of these products have already reached the clinic for early phase trials, and others will be available shortly. The strategies being evaluated for hemostatic enhancement range from gene and nucleic acid‐based approaches, to the development of complex, naturally occurring molecules such as the non‐anticoagulant polysaccharide, fucoidan. There is every likelihood that combinations of these treatment approaches will further improve the quality of bleeding disease management over the next 5 years and beyond. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 60: S44–S47. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inhibitors in childhood hemophilia A: Genetic and treatment‐related risk factors for development and eradication
Authors: DiMichele Donna M.
Published: October 2012

The development of neutralizing antibodies remains a serious complication of hemophilia replacement therapy. Factor VIII inhibiting antibodies (inhibitors) occur commonly following replacement therapy in hemophilia A, creating a significant burden of clinical disease. This article will review our current understanding of risk factors and their known impact on inhibitor development in previously untreated or minimally treated children with severe and mild hemophilia A. It will also explore how the most recently elucidated immunology of inhibitor development might hold important clues to more effective inhibitor eradication and prevention in this heavily impacted patient population. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 60: S30–S33. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Importance of pharmacokinetics in the management of hemophilia
Authors: Barnes Chris
Published: October 2012

Hemophilia A and hemophilia B are caused by congenital deficiency of factor VIII and factor IX, respectively, and may lead to recurrent, spontaneous bleeding into the muscles and joints resulting in disabling arthropathy. Effective management is available in the form of prophylactic infusions of clotting factor concentrates which have been demonstrated to prevent bleeding episodes and greatly improve the quality of life of these patients. Prophylaxis is, however, expensive. Usual dosing regimens rely on weight based calculations but dosing with an understanding of an individual's pharmacokinetic response has been demonstrated to be more effective in predicting clotting factor levels that protect against bleeding episodes. Standard pharmacokinetic studies require a prohibitive number of time sampling points but recent population or Bayesian pharmacokinetics can be used to provide an accurate estimation of an individual's pharmacokinetic response using a limited number of sampling time points. The use of population pharmacokinetics has the potential to greatly increase the use of pharmacokinetic dosing regimens and optimize the use of clotting factor concentrates in patients with hemophilia. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 60: S27–S29. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Update on the intercontinental cooperative ITP study group (ICIS) and on the pediatric and adult registry on chronic ITP (PARC ITP)
Authors: Kühne Thomas
Published: October 2012

The Intercontinental Cooperative ITP Study Group (ICIS) was founded in 1997, when the American practice guidelines demonstrated that there is a substantial lack of clinical data. The aim of the group was to promote basic science and clinical research in the field of ITP. Clinical data and more recently DNA is collected to investigate children and adults with ITP. ICIS organizes regular meetings and opened several registries, the most recent being the Pediatric and Adult Registry on Chronic ITP (PARC‐ITP), all of which will be briefly discussed. There are many unanswered questions in basic science and clinical research in ITP which need large collaborative studies. The international network of ICIS may be of value in better understanding ITP. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 60: S15–S18. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bleeding severity as an important outcome in childhood immune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Flores Adolfo , Buchanan George R.
Published: October 2012

Over the years pediatric hematologists have continued to debate whether pharmacotherapy or clinical observation should be employed as initial management in childhood immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Delineating the fundamental elements of heterogeneity in bleeding manifestations in childhood ITP has proven to be a complicated task. Efforts to classify the impact of hemorrhage in ITP based on platelet count have been problematic. Factors beyond relying on a laboratory measurement as a surrogate marker of disease severity need to be considered. What is needed to better guide therapeutic decision‐making is a clinically relevant and evidence‐based measure of bleeding severity. In this special supplement, the history of therapeutic management in ITP and prior attempts to grade or quantify hemorrhage will be reviewed. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2012; 60: S8–S11. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH): Guidelines for diagnosis, clinical work‐up, and treatment for patients till the age of 18 years
Authors: Haupt Riccardo , Minkov Milen , Astigarraga Itziar , Schäfer Eva , Nanduri Vasanta , Jubran Rima , Egeler R. Maarten , Janka Gritta , Micic Dragan , Rodriguez‐Galindo Carlos , Van Gool Stefaan , Visser Johannes , Weitzman Sheila , Donadieu Jean ,   for the Euro Histio Network
Published: October 2012

These guidelines for the management of patients up to 18 years with Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) have been set up by a group of experts involved in the Euro Histio Net project who participated in national or international studies and in peer reviewed publications. Existing guidelines were reviewed and changed where new evidence was available in the literature up to 2012. Data and publications have been ranked according to evidence based medicine and when there was a lack of published data, consensus between experts was sought. Guidelines for diagnosis, initial clinical work‐up, and treatment and long‐term follow‐up of LCH patients are presented. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013;60:175–184. © 2012 The Authors. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nutritional status of children during treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Guatemala
Authors: Antillon Federico , Rossi Emanuela , Molina Ana Lucia , Sala Alessandra , Pencharz Paul , Valsecchi Maria Grazia , Barr Ronald
Published: October 2012

Background

Most children with cancer live in developing countries where the prevalence of malnutrition may reach 50% and influence the course of the disease. This study examined the prevalence and severity of malnutrition at diagnosis, as well as after 3 and 6 months of chemotherapy, in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in Guatemala.

Methods

Triceps skin fold thickness (TSFT) and mid upper arm circumference (MUAC) provided measures of nutritional status (NS) in three categories: adequately nourished (A): TSFT and MUAC > 10th percentile; severely depleted (SD): TSFT or MUAC < 5th percentile; and moderately depleted (MD): all the remaining patients.

Results

Of 331 new patients, 241 had NS assessed at diagnosis. A = 113 (46.9%); MD = 28 (11.6%); SD = 100 (41.5%). At 3 months A = 106 (52.2%); MD = 25 (12.3%); SD = 72 (35.5%). At 6 months A = 146 (76.0%); MD = 12 (6.3%); SD = 34 (17.7%). In multivariate analysis, SD children at 6 months of treatment had a hazard of death that was 2.4‐fold the hazard of those A or MD (95% CI: 1.3–4.7)

Conclusions

Malnutrition is prevalent in newly diagnosed children with ALL in Guatemala and severe nutritional depletion is apparently predictive of abandonment of therapy and relapse of disease, but if children survive and improve their NS in the first 6 months after diagnosis, their chances of survival may improve significantly to approximate those in children not presenting with nutritional depletion. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 911–915. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Are fetuses with isolated echogenic bowel at higher risk for an adverse pregnancy outcome? Experiences from a tertiary referral center
Authors: Mailath‐Pokorny Mariella , Klein Katharina , Klebermass‐Schrehof Katrin , Hachemian Nilouparak , Bettelheim Dieter
Published: October 2012

Objective

The purpose of this study was to determine the risk of poor perinatal outcome in normal karyotype second‐trimester fetuses with the sonographic finding of isolated echogenic bowel.

Method

Medical records, ultrasonographic findings and outcome details were reviewed for 97 cases of isolated fetal echogenic bowel, after excluding cases of aneuploidy and major congenital anomalies, and compared with a cohort of 400 fetuses without pathologic intra‐abdominal findings.

Results

The incidence of echogenic bowel during the 14‐year study period was 0.8%. Eighty (82.5%) pregnancies resulted in healthy, live‐born infants. Congenital infection and cystic fibrosis was reported in 6.2% and 4.4%, respectively. The incidence of intrauterine growth restriction and intrauterine fetal demise was significantly higher in the group of isolated echogenic bowels compared with the control group (9.9% versus 1.3%, p ≤0.001; 8.9% versus 0.5% p ≤0.001).

Conclusion

Echogenic bowel is a risk factor for an adverse pregnancy outcome, even in normal karyotype fetuses without congenital anomalies. This information should be considered when counseling patients after midtrimester echogenic bowel is diagnosed. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An investigation of solar cell interconnection schemes within CPV modules using a validated temperature‐dependent SPICE network model
Authors: Steiner Marc , Siefer Gerald , Bett Andreas W.
Published: October 2012

In this paper, we present a temperature‐dependent network model of a concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) module. The ability of this network model to calculate different interconnection schemes within CPV modules is validated, and there is good agreement between the measured and calculated data. The model is used to quantify the influence of an inhomogeneous current and of a temperature distribution between the solar cells on the power output of a module. The different interconnection schemes that combine parallel and series connections are compared. The optimal interconnection scheme strongly depends on the variations in the short current densities and temperature differences between the solar cells as well as on the risk of ‘sudden death’ of individual solar cells. Optimal interconnection schemes for several scenarios are developed. A combination of parallel and series interconnections is found to be the most robust interconnection. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of the Explosion Thermodynamics of TNT and Black Powder Using Le Chatelier Diagrams
Authors: Salzano Ernesto , Basco Anna
Published: October 2012

Le Chatelier diagrams may be adopted for the definition of thermodynamic loci of explosion in terms of internal energy with respect to the temperature for either the primary explosion or for the deflagrative, post‐combustion of the products of the first reaction with air, the afterburning reaction. In this paper, Le Chatelier diagrams are produced for TNT and black powder by using the CEA code. Pressure plots with respect to density or air/fuel ratio are also shown. These results are useful for the simulation of explosion (hydrodynamic codes), and more generally for the definition of safety of storage, transportation, and production of explosives and pyrotechnics. Furthermore, the method can be easily extended to any deflagrative pyrotechnic substances, for which information on explosion and afterburning effects are needed.
Optimization of Potassium Dinitramide Preparation
Authors: Gołofit Tomasz , Maksimowski Paweł , Biernacki Ariel
Published: October 2012

The synthesis of potassium dinitramide (KDN), an intermediate in the ammonium dinitramide (ADN) synthesis, was optimized to reduce the costs of the ADN synthesis in order to facilitate competitiveness of this oxidizer with ammonium perchlorate (AP). The optimal conditions for the synthesis of KDN like feedstock molar ratio, nitration time, and temperature were determined. KDN was obtained in ca. 48 % yield. The modifications introduced allowed to reduce feedstock consumption and energy intensity of the process.
Calculation of Depth and Crater Diameter for the Supersonic Penetration of Shaped Charge Jet into Concrete
Authors: Xiao Qiang‐Qiang , Huang Zheng‐Xiang , Zhu Chuan‐Sheng , Zu Xu‐Dong
Published: October 2012

Considering that the sound velocity of concrete is lower than that of metal, this study discusses the effect of stationary shocks and compression during the process of shaped charge jet penetration into concrete when the penetration velocity is greater than sound velocity. The linear relationship between shock velocity and particle velocity is used to describe concrete materials. The state parameters of concrete under shock loading are calculated using Rankine‐Hugoniot jump conditions. Moreover, a combination of these relations with the Bernoulli equation yields a supersonic penetration equation across the shock. A cavity growth equation based on the Szendrei‐Held equation is presented when supersonic penetration occurs. Predictions from the supersonic penetration model are in good agreement with the depth and cavity diameter of experimental results for shaped charge jet penetration into concrete for charge diameters of 60, 142, 200, and 400 mm.
Thermal Decomposition of Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate under Static High Pressure
Authors: Yamawaki Hiroshi , Fujihisa Hiroshi , Wakabayashi Kunihiko , Honda Kazumasa , Gotoh Yoshito
Published: October 2012

The decomposition reaction of pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), C(CH2ONO2)4, under static high pressure was examined by conducting observations and infrared measurements up to 5 GPa at around 500 K. The thermal decomposition of PETN proceeded rapidly at around 500 K and formed a fluid consisting of N2O, CO2, and H2O. The rate of the decomposition reaction at 423 K increased as the pressure increased, indicating a negative activation volume. The initial step of the decomposition reaction of PETN under static pressure was presumed to be the elimination of HNO3.
Different Areas, Different People? Migration to Popular and Less‐Popular Rural Areas in the Netherlands
Authors: Bijker Rixt Anke , Haartsen Tialda , Strijker Dirk
Published: October 2012

Counterurbanisation is often conceptualised as urban, middle‐class movers attracted by an idyllic rural setting. However, knowing that rural areas differ in their popularity for living, we argue that more attention is required to the diversity of rural in‐migration within countries. We do so by comparing the characteristics, motivations, and values of movers to popular and less‐popular areas in the northern Netherlands using multivariate analysis on survey data (N = 1,717). In contrast to earlier studies, we focus on the motivations for choosing the destination area instead of mixing those with motives for leaving. We also included residential history and values in our analysis. The differences between movers to the two types of areas appear to be less distinct than indicated by previous studies. Although popular areas more often attract middle‐class movers, both areas attract urban movers. Movers to less‐popular areas are more often motivated by low house prices and moving in with a partner, but movers to popular areas also mention instrumental considerations related to work and location. While the physical aspects of the environment are important to moving to popular areas, social aspects are more important to moving to less‐popular areas. We find that values add to our understanding of counterurbanisation. It is not possible to relate two distinct groups of movers directly to different types of rural areas within countries. Future research into rural migration should be careful not to use too simplified understandings of counterurbanisation, both in general and with regard to different types of rural areas. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of TMGa preflow on the properties of high temperature AlN layers grown on sapphire
Authors: Kirste Ronny , Wagner Markus R. , Nenstiel Christian , Brunner Frank , Weyers Markus , Hoffmann Axel
Published: October 2012

The effect of a trimethylgallium (TMGa) preflow on the structural and optical properties of MOCVD grown AlN layers on sapphire substrates is investigated. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy measurements were performed to investigate the incorporation of Ga in the layers. It is shown that for AlN layers grown with a TMGa preflow Ga atoms incorporate mainly near the substrate/epilayer interface. Photoluminescence spectra exhibit a free exciton and a donor bound exciton. By analyzing the full width at half maximum of the free exciton and the defect luminescence an increased optical quality for the sample grown with TMGa preflow is demonstrated. Additionally, Raman spectroscopy reveals a higher crystal quality for this sample. Comparing the results from Raman spectroscopy and luminescence measurements a shift rate of 60 meV GPa−1 is determined for the free A‐exciton. Finally, cross‐sectional Raman spectroscopy is used to compare the strain at the AlN/sapphire interface for a sample grown with and without TMGa preflow.
Covalent functionalization of carbon nanotubes with tetramanganese complexes
Authors: Meyer Carola , Besson Claire , Frielinghaus Robert , Saelhoff Anna‐Katharina , Flötotto Henrik , Houben Lothar , Kögerler Paul , Schneider Claus M.
Published: October 2012

We present first results on the covalent chemical functionalization of single‐walled carbon nanotubes with polynuclear {Mn4} coordination complexes. Raman spectra prove that the reaction can only be achieved for tubes which have been oxidized to create carboxylic groups. HRTEM is used to show that the reaction can be carried out directly on a substrate as well. Analysis of the D/G intensity ratio for different oxidation times shows that it is possible to reduce the amount of defects created. This is important for the future application of this material in transport devices.
Effect of gap modes on graphene and multilayer graphene in tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Poliani Emanuele , Nippert Felix , Maultzsch Janina
Published: October 2012

The experimental system formed by an electrochemically etched Au tip and an Au substrate is studied in a tip‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) setup with side illumination. A resonant optical cavity is created allowing the interaction between localized surface plasmons (LSPs) from the tip and surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) from the substrate, the so called ‘gap modes’. We investigate the interaction between multilayer graphene and gap modes as well as localized emission of defects and inner unknown molecules enhanced by this coupling. The effect of this intense localized electromagnetic field is also studied on monolayer graphene deposited on SiO2.

magnified image

Graphical representation of TERS on graphene.
Orbital and spin magnetic moments of ferrocene encapsulated in metallicity sorted single‐walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Briones‐Leon Antonio , Liu Xianjie , Ayala Paola , Kataura Hiromichi , Yanagi Kazuhiro , Weschke Eugen , Pichler Thomas , Shiozawa Hidetsugu
Published: October 2012

The nature of the electronic and local magnetic properties of ferrocene (FeCp2) filled single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) has been investigated by X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD). Metallic, semiconducting, and unsorted ferrocene‐filled tubes have been studied in different conditions of temperature and magnetic field. XMCD signal becomes evident with the application of a magnetic field at low temperature. We find that the molecular states of ferrocene interact with SWCNT of different metallicities. A paramagnetic behavior of encapsulated ferrocene is observed from the magnetic field dependent XMCD measurements which is consistent with theoretical predictions.
Shelf Life of Fresh Beef Stored in Master Packages with Carbon Monoxide and High Levels of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Venturini Anna C. , Faria José A. F. , Olinda Ricardo A'. , Contreras‐Castillo Carmen J.
Published: October 2012

Beef steaks from Gluteus medius, Longissimus dorsi, Psoas major and ground beef from Triceps brachii were packed in master packages containing expanded polystyrene trays overwrapped with polyvinyl chloride film under an anoxic atmosphere containing 0.2% CO, 60.0% CO2 and 39.8% N2 (T1) or 0.2% CO/99.8% CO2 plus oxygen scavengers. After 28 days of storage at 1 and 4°C, the meat quality was evaluated. The visual and instrumental colour of the beef steaks and ground beef were similar to that of fresh meat. Pathogenic bacteria were not detected, and psychrotrophic bacterial counts were lower than 7.5 log CFU/g. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On estimation of the domain of attraction for sliding mode control of underactuated nonlinear systems
Authors: Nersesov Sergey G. , Ashrafiuon Hashem , Ghorbanian Parham
Published: October 2012

A system is considered underactuated if the number of the actuator inputs is less than the number of degrees of freedom for the system. Sliding mode control for underactuated systems has been shown to be an effective way to achieve system stabilization. It involves exponentially stable sliding surfaces so that when the closed‐loop system trajectory reaches the surface, it moves along the surface while converging to the origin. In this paper, a general framework that provides sufficient conditions for asymptotic stabilization of underactuated nonlinear systems using sliding mode control in the presence of system uncertainties is presented. Specifically, it is shown that the closed‐loop system trajectories reach the sliding surface in finite time, and a constructive methodology to determine exponential stability of the closed‐loop system on the sliding surface is developed, which ensures asymptotic stability of the overall closed‐loop system. Furthermore, the aforementioned framework provides the basis to determine an estimate of the domain of attraction for the closed‐loop system with uncertainties. Finally, the results developed in the paper are experimentally validated using a linear inverted pendulum testbed to show a good match between the actual domain of attraction of the upward equilibrium state of the pendulum and its analytical estimate.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Slow movement of a random walk on the range of a random walk in the presence of an external field
Authors: Croydon David A.
Published: October 2012

In this article, a localisation result is proved for the biased random walk on the range of a simple random walk in high dimensions ($$d\ge 5$$). This demonstrates that, unlike in the supercritical percolation setting, a slowdown effect occurs as soon as a non-trivial bias is introduced. The proof applies a decomposition of the underlying simple random walk path at its cut-times to relate the associated biased random walk to a one-dimensional random walk in a random environment in Sinai’s regime. Via this approach, a corresponding aging result is also proved.
Posttraumatic Distal Ulnar Physeal Arrest: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Chimenti Peter , Hammert Warren
Published: October 2012

We report the case of a 12-year-old male who sustained a Salter–Harris (SH) type IV physeal fracture of the distal ulna and a SH type II fracture of the distal radius. At 34 months later, he presented with activity-related wrist pain and ulnar variance of −17 mm. He successfully underwent ulnar distraction osteogenesis with radial closing wedge osteotomy. At 16-month follow-up, the patient denied wrist pain with activity, and imaging demonstrated ulnar variance of −3 mm. Epiphyseal fracture separations of the distal radius and ulna have the potential to cause early growth arrest and may become symptomatic as a result. High-energy mechanism, open fracture, number of reduction attempts, and age at injury can all increase the risk of premature closure. Therefore, we recommend longitudinal follow-up of patients with these injuries as earlier intervention may improve outcomes. When premature physeal closure is discovered early, treatment may include resection of the physeal bar, osteotomy with or without epiphysiodesis, and distraction osteogenesis.
Titanium elastic nail in femur fractures as an alternative to spica cast in preschoolers
Authors: Assaghir Yasser M.
Published: October 2012

Purpose

Titanium elastic nail (TEN) as an alternative to traction and spica cast in preschool children has not been widely studied for its safety and effectiveness.

Methods

A cohort of 59 children with 59 fractures (non-pathological; not involving condyles or cervicotrochanteric area) were retrospectively examined. Their mean age was 4.5 ± 0.9 years and their mean weight was 14.5 ± 3.7 kg. All but five were closed (21 transverse, 19 oblique and 19 spiral). Thirty-five were caused by motor vehicle accidents and 24 by falls. There were six upper third, 27 upper-middle junction, 14 middle third, seven lower-middle junction, and five lower third fractures.

Results

The mean follow-up was 41.8 ± 4.3 months, the mean hospital stay was 1.3 ± 0.87 days, and the mean time to nail removal was 20.3 ± 10.2 weeks. The mean time to union was 7.6 ± 1.5 weeks. Union was significantly correlated to age ( p = 0.000) and fracture shape ( p = 0.005), but not to the fracture level, nature, or mechanism. Shortening of ≥1.0 cm occurred in two cases (3.4 %), with an overall mean of 0.06 ± 0.21 cm. Shortening was significantly correlated to the fracture shape ( p = 0.020), but not to the level. Overgrowth of ≥1 cm occurred in seven cases (11.9 %), with an overall mean of 0.22 ± 0.41 cm. Overgrowth was insignificantly correlated to the fracture level and shape. Frontal angulation of 5–9° occurred in six cases (10.2 %) and sagittal angulation of 3–7° occurred in seven cases (11.9 %). A rotational deformity of 10° occurred in two cases (3.4 %). Five cases had a painful nail end (8.5 %) and exteriorization with superficial infection occurred in two cases (3.4 %).

Conclusion

TEN is a dependable, safe, and cost-effective alternative to traction and cast in preschool children.
Exploring a Functional Approach to Attitudinal Brand Loyalty
Authors: Russell-Bennett Rebekah , Härtel Charmine E.J. , Worthington Steve
Published: October 2012

What psychological function does brand loyalty serve? Drawing on Katz's (1960) Functional Theory of Attitudes, we propose that there are four functions (or motivational antecedents) of loyalty: utilitarian, knowledge, value-expressive and ego-defensive. We discuss how each function relates to the three dimensions of loyalty (i.e. emotional, cognitive, and behavioural loyalty). Then this conceptualisation of brand loyalty is explored using four consumer focus groups. These exploratory results demonstrate that the application of a functional approach to brand loyalty yields insights which have not been apparent in previous research. More specifically, this paper notes insights in relation to brand loyalty from a consumer's perspective, including the notion that the ego-defensive function is an orientation around what others think and feel. This creates the possibilities for future research into brand loyalty via social network analysis, in order to better understand how the thoughts of others affect consumers’ loyalty attributes.
Clinical and neuropsychological aspects of non-fatal self-harm in schizophrenia
Authors: Pluck G. , Lekka N.P. , Sarkar S. , Lee K.H. , Bath P.A. , Sharif O. , Woodruff PWR
Published: October 2012

Purpose:

To investigate demographic, clinical and neuropsychological aspects of self-harm in schizophrenia and identify which are independently predictive of and therefore the most relevant to clinical intervention.

Subjects and methods:

Eighty-seven patients with schizophrenia were interviewed regarding substance misuse, depression, hopelessness, negative/positive symptoms and illness insight. Neuropsychological assessment included premorbid IQ, continuous performance test, cognitive-motor and trait impulsivity. A prospective three-month review of medical records was also undertaken.

Results:

Fifty-nine patients (68%) reported past self-harm (including attempted suicide). Those with past self-harm, compared to those without, were significantly more likely to report depression, hopelessness, impulsivity, a family history of self-harm, polysubstance abuse and had higher premorbid IQ. Logistic regression revealed that depression, higher premorbid IQ and polysubstance abuse were independently linked to self-harm. Five participants attempted self-harm during the 3-month prospective follow-up period. These all had a history of past self-harm and were significantly more likely to have been depressed at the initial interview than those who did not go on to self-harm.

Discussion and conclusions:

Independent predictors of self-harm in schizophrenia are premorbid IQ and polysubstance abuse. In addition, depression was both independently associated with past self-harm and predictive of self-harm in the follow-up period.
Outcomes of the patients in the respiratory care center are not associated with the seniority of the caring resident
Authors: Tsai Ming‐Ju , Huang Ju‐Yin , Wei Po‐Ju , Wang Cheng‐Yuan , Yang Chih‐Jen , Wang Tung‐Heng , Hwang Jhi‐Jhu
Published: October 2012

Although many studies show that the experience level of physicians is significantly associated with the outcomes of their patients, little evidence exists to show whether junior residents provide worse care than senior residents. This study was conducted to analyze whether the experience level of residents may affect the outcomes of patients cared for in a well‐organized setting. We conducted a 7‐year retrospective study utilizing statistical data from a respiratory care center (RCC) in a medical center between October 2004 and September 2011. In addition to the two medical residents who had been trained in the intensive care unit (ICU), the RCC team also included attending physicians in charge, a nurse practitioner, a case manager, a dietitian, a pharmacist, a social worker, registered respiratory therapists, and nursing staff. Weaning from mechanical ventilation was done according to an established weaning protocol. The 84 months analyzed were classified into five groups according to the levels of the two residents working in the RCC: R2 + R1, R2 + R2, R3 + R1, R3 + R2, and R3 + R3. The monthly weaning rate and mortality rate were the major outcomes, while the mean ventilator days, rate of return to the ICU, and nosocomial infection incidence rate were the minor outcomes. The groups did not differ significantly in the monthly weaning rate, mortality rate, mean ventilator days, rate of return to the ICU, or nosocomial infection incidence rate (p > 0.1). Further analysis showed no significant difference in the monthly weaning rate and mortality rate between months with a first‐year resident (R1) and those with two senior residents (p > 0.2). Although the weaning rate in the RCC gradually improved over time (p < 0.001), there was no significant difference in the monthly weaning rate between the groups after adjusting for time and disease severity (p > 0.7). Thus, we concluded that in a well‐organized setting, the levels (experiences) of residents did not significantly affect patient outcomes. This result may be attributed to the well‐developed weaning protocol and teamwork processes in place, which avoid a large effect from any single factor and provide stable and high‐quality care to the patients.
Cash Flow and Discount Rate Risk in Up and Down Markets: What Is Actually Priced?
Authors: Botshekan Mahmoud , Kraeussl Roman , Lucas Andre
Published: October 2012

We test whether asymmetric preferences for losses versus gains affect the prices of cash flow versus discount rate risk. We construct a return decomposition distinguishing cash flow and discount rate betas in up and down markets. Using U.S. data, we find that downside cash flow and discount rate betas carry the largest premia. Downside cash flow risk is priced consistently across different samples, periods, and return decomposition methods. It is the only component of beta with significant out-of-sample predictive ability. Downside cash flow premia mainly occur for small stocks, while large stocks are compensated for symmetric cash-flow-related risk.