bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A History of Violence: The Shooting in Jerusalem of British Assistant Police Superintendent Alan Sigrist, 12 June 1936
Authors: Hughes Matthew
Published: November 2010

This article provides a narrative of the shooting in Jerusalem by two Palestinian gunmen — Bahjat Abu Gharbiyah and Sami al-Ansari — in June 1936 during the Arab revolt in Palestine of a British police officer, Alan Edward Sigrist. Abu Gharbiyah and al-Ansari specifically targeted Sigrist because of his violence towards Palestinians — an issue that has not been discussed fully in the literature. This study measures, against the contemporary record, Abu Gharbiyah’s account of why he shot Sigrist, using the shooting as a case study to open up debates on the British use of official and unofficial violence to maintain colonial rule, alongside one on the response of local people to such violence. While recognizing the partisan nature of Abu Gharbiyah’s memory of events in Palestine, the article gives voice to the Palestinians, explaining how and why rebels fighting British rule and Jewish immigration to Palestine used violence. Following the analysis of the shooting of Sigrist, the article details more general torture by British forces as recalled by Abu Gharbiyah, setting this against the extant evidence to test the traditional notion that Britain used ‘minimum force’ in countering colonial disturbances, tying Sigrist’s behaviour to that of British troops and police in Palestine more generally. Thus, while the article is narrow in its focus it has broader implications for contemporary imperial and military history.
‘Cultural proximity’ as a determinant of destination image
Authors: Kastenholz Elisabeth
Published: November 2010

This article studies the effect of ‘cultural proximity’ on the way tourists perceive North Portugal as a rural holiday destination. Based on results of a one-year-long survey ( N= 2280), the author questions if there is a relationship ‘the culturally closer the tourist, the better destination image’, as expected when following assumptions from product[destination]-self-congruity theory. Eventual moderating effects of Plog’s ‘psycho-graphic traveler type’ are also studied. Results confirm an impact of ‘cultural proximity’ on destination image, however not exactly in the direction indicated by product-self-congruity theory. Indeed, those visitors that are neither closest nor most distant in terms of ‘cultural proximity’ reveal the most positive destination image. The need most tourists feel for a balance between novelty and familiarity, as suggested by some researchers, appears as a reasonable explanation of these findings.
Vice Principalship and Moral Literacy: Developing a Moral Compass
Authors: Rintoul Heather M. , Goulais Linda
Published: November 2010

Competency in moral Literacy, like any other literacy develops through careful and continual practice (Herman, 2007). In this qualitative study we explore the vice principalship and the development of administrative moral literacy. Using a northern Ontario Canada case study, we recount how three secondary school vice principals further their own moral literacy through the execution of their professional role—specifically, how such practices as professional decision making, self-reflection and the use of personal self messaging can ameliorate moral literacy competency. We used both interviews and job-shadowing to investigate how participants navigated the challenges of the vice principalship, and how participants defined and measured success. We analysed stories and metaphors (Clandinin and Connelly, 2000; Seidman, 2006) to identify specific skills and strategies in the formation of moral literacy, such as a sense of moral purpose, self-knowledge and self-regulation, flexibility, vision and a high tolerance for ambiguity.
Synthesis and Metal-like Luster of Novel Polyaniline Analogs Containing Azobenzene Unit
Authors: Kukino Minoru , Kuwabara Junpei , Matsuishi Kiyoto , Fukuda Takashi , Kanbara Takaki
Published: November 2010

Pd-catalyzed polycondensations of aniline derivatives and 4,4′-dibromoazobenzene afford polyaniline analogs containing an azobenzene unit in good yields. The obtained polymers are red in solution and in thin-film states, whereas they exhibit green metal-like luster in thick-film states.
Lignin Gasification over Charcoal-supported Palladium and Nickel Bimetal Catalysts in Supercritical Water
Authors: Yamaguchi Aritomo , Hiyoshi Norihito , Sato Osamu , Osada Mitsumasa , Shirai Masayuki
Published: November 2010

Charcoal-supported palladium and nickel binary salt catalysts showed higher lignin gasification activity than the linear combination activities of the individual monometal catalysts, indicating a bimetallic synergetic effect. XRD and EXAFS analyses revealed that Pd–Ni alloy structures were formed during the lignin gasification over the catalysts, which provided higher activities for the gasification than the individual monometal catalysts.
Prolonged work- and computer-related seated immobility and risk of venous thromboembolism
Authors: Healy Bridget , Levin Erik , Perrin Kyle , Weatherall Mark , Beasley Richard
Published: October 2010

Summary

Objective

To determine the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) associated with prolonged work- and computer-related seated immobility.

Design

Case-control study in which cases were patients aged 18–65 years attending outpatient VTE clinics, and controls were patients aged 18–65 years admitted to CCU with a condition other than VTE. Interviewer-administered questionnaires obtained detailed information on VTE risk factors and clinical details.

Setting

VTE Clinics and Coronary Care Unit (CCU), Wellington and Kenepuru Hospitals, Wellington between February 2007 and February 2009.

Main outcome measure

The relative risk of VTE associated with prolonged work- and computer-related seated immobility, defined as being seated at work and on the computer at home, at least 10 hours in a 24-hour period and at least 2 hours at a time without getting up, during the four weeks prior to the onset of symptoms that led to VTE diagnosis or CCU admission.

Results

There were 197 cases and 197 controls. Prolonged work- and computer-related seated immobility was present in 33/197 (16.8%) and 19/197 (9.6%) cases and controls, respectively. In multivariate analyses, prolonged work- and computer-related seated immobility was associated with an increased risk of VTE, odds ratio 2.8 (95% CI 1.2–6.1, P=0.013). The maximum and average number of hours seated in a 24-hour period were associated with an increased risk of VTE, with odds ratios of 1.1 (95% CI 1.0–1.2, P=0.008) and 1.1 (95% CI 1.0–1.2, P=0.014) per additional hour seated.

Conclusion

Prolonged work- and computer-related seated immobility increases the risk of VTE. We suggest that there needs to be both a greater awareness of the role of prolonged work-related seated immobility in the pathogenesis of VTE, and the development of occupational strategies to decrease the risk.
Free vascularised fibular graft for reconstruction of defects of the lower limb after resection of tumour
Authors: Hariri A. , Mascard E. , Atlan F. , Germain M. A. , Heming N. , Dubousset J. F. , Wicart P.
Published: November 2010

We describe a retrospective review of 38 cases of reconstruction following resection of the metaphysiodiaphysis of the lower limb for malignant bone tumours using free vascularised fibular grafts. The mean follow-up was for 7.6 years (0.4 to 18.4). The mean Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score was 27.2 (20 to 30). The score was significantly higher when the graft was carried out in a one-stage procedure after resection of the tumour rather than in two stages. Bony union was achieved in 89% of the cases. The overall mean time to union was 1.7 years (0.2 to 10.3).

Free vascularised fibular transfer is a major operation with frequent, but preventable, complications which allows salvage of the limb with satisfactory functional results.
Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures with an intravertebral cleft treated by percutaneous balloon kyphoplasty
Authors: Wang G. , Yang H. , Chen K.
Published: November 2010

We investigated the safety and efficacy of treating osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures with an intravertebral cleft by balloon kyphoplasty. Our study included 27 patients who were treated in this way. The mean follow-up was 38.2 months (24 to 54). The anterior and middle heights of the vertebral body and the kyphotic angle were measured on standing lateral radiographs before surgery, one day after surgery, and at final follow-up. Leakage of cement was determined by CT scans. A visual analogue scale and the Oswestry disability index were chosen to evaluate pain and functional activity. Statistically significant improvements were found between the pre- and post-operative assessments (p < 0.05) but not between the post-operative and final follow-up assessments (p > 0.05). Asymptomatic leakage of cement into the paravertebral vein occurred in one patient, as did leakage into the intervertebral disc in another patient.

We suggest that balloon kyphoplasty is a safe and effective minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures with an intravertebral cleft.
Pediatric Cochlear Implantation: A Qualitative Study of Parental Decision-Making Processes in Flanders, Belgium
Authors: Hardonk Stefan , Bosteels Sigrid , Desnerck Greetje , Loots Gerrit , Van Hove Geert , Van Kerschaver Erwin , Vanroelen Christophe , Louckx Fred
Published: October 2010

Factors contributing to parents' decision when they choose between cochlear implantation (CI) and traditional hearing aids for their child were examined. The subjects were children with severe/profound hearing loss, born 1999-2001, registered in the universal neonatal hearing screening program in the Flanders region of Belgium. Qualitative data collected retrospectively from parents were subjected to thematic content analysis. In their responses to professional advice, parents were segmented into 3 groups: (a) those whose primary considerations were the importance of oral language development and the relative potential of CI and traditional hearing aids; (b) those for whom alternative factors (e.g., medical risks, ethical issues) were paramount, even in the face of professional advocacy of CI; (c) those who followed professional advice against CI. The researchers conclude that care professionals should be sensitive to the impact of their advice and other factors in parental decision making.
Enrollment Trends in Deaf Education Teacher Preparation Programs, 1973-2009
Authors: Dolman David
Published: October 2010

The number of deaf education teacher preparation programs and the number of program graduates were tabulated from reference issues of the American Annals of the Deaf beginning in 1973 and progressing every third year through 2009. Programs and graduates reached their highest levels from the mid-1970s through mid-1980s. In 2006 and 2009, only about one fourth as many students were majoring in deaf education in relation to the general U.S. college population as in 1973, 1976, and 1979. Yet because the population of children identified as deaf and hard of hearing has also declined, the ratio of program graduates to deaf children has stayed relatively balanced for the past 20 years. Current challenges faced by teacher preparation programs include increases in interpreter preparation programs and programs for teaching American Sign Language, as well as the changing nature of the role of teacher of the deaf.
Deaf Children's Engagement in an Educational Video in American Sign Language
Authors: Golos Debbie B.
Published: October 2010

Over time, children's educational television has successfully modified programming to incorporate research-based strategies to facilitate learning and engagement during viewing. However, research has been limited on whether these same strategies would work with preschool deaf children viewing videos in American Sign Language. In a descriptive study, engagement behaviors of 25 preschool deaf children during multiple viewings of an educational video in ASL were examined. The video incorporated research-based interactive strategies to facilitate engagement while targeting vocabulary through ASL, fingerspelling, and English print. Each of 3 viewing sessions was recorded; videos were transcribed and coded for frequency of children's movements, pointing, fingerspelling, and signing. Behaviors were analyzed for frequency within and across multiple viewings and by level of signing skills. It was found that each of these engagement behaviors occurred frequently throughout viewings and increased across multiple viewings regardless of a child's age or signing skills.
The Integration Experience of Hearing Impaired Elementary School Students in Separated and Integrated School Settings
Authors: Vetter Alexandra , Löhle Erwin , Bengel Jürgen , Burger Thorsten
Published: October 2010

Integration Experiences of hearing impaired German elementary school students in separate educational settings ( n = 31) were compared with those of counterparts at the same level in integrated settings ( n = 26), and evaluated in regard to psychosocial behavior, semantic-lexical abilities, and communicative skills. Analysis of questionnaire responses and intelligence subtests showed that the only difference between the samples concerned perceived well-being in school, and favored the integrated students. Other percentages of variance are explainable by school type (10%), parents' hearing status (12%), and use of bimodal communication (11%). The integrated students demonstrated a higher level of integration experience, associated with fewer psychosocial abnormalities and better communicative skills. The results indicate that educational setting is not the only factor influencing students' perceived well-being. Other contextual factors, e.g., hearing status of parents and communicative skills, have a similar positive impact on integration experiences.
Implementation of the Guided Reading Approach With Elementary School Deaf Students
Authors: Schirmer Barbara R. , Schaffer Laura
Published: October 2010

The researchers investigated the effects of the Guided Reading approach (Fountas & Pinnell, 1996) on the reading development of elementary school deaf students over a period of 2 school years. A single-subject experimental research designed was used. Qualitative analyses of observations of instruction and interviews with the teachers were conducted to determine fidelity to the Guided Reading protocol. Visual display of graphed Running Records scores during the 2-year implementation showed that all students improved during intervention, all participants except the oldest group experienced a drop in scores from the end of one school year to the beginning of the next, and that it took months for most students to regain their previous year's scores; some had not done so even by the end of fall term.
The Horror of Being Deaf and in Prison
Authors: Vernon McCay
Published: October 2010

Being Deaf and in prison is a horror. The main fear of prison inmates, whether Deaf or hearing, is that they will be raped, killed, or subjected to other forms of violence. Such fears are based in reality. The recent overcrowding of jails and prisons has increased these problems significantly. A major reason for this situation is the blatant violation of the Americans With Disabilities Act by most jails and prisons in the United States. This includes the failure to provide interpreting services for necessary activities and facilities such as religious services, educational programs, vocational training, faith-based prisons, and mental health treatment for addiction. The author discusses other problems faced by inmates who are Deaf and offers suggestions for correcting injustices faced by those who are Deaf in American jails and prisons.
Disability in Higher Education: A Position Paper
Authors: King Laura H. , Aguinaga Nancy , O'Brien Christopher , Young Willette , Zgonc Kimberly
Published: October 2010

Leadership in education, particularly special education, implies both knowledge and application of professional behaviors, decisions, and ethics within the field. University students look for best practices in education to be modeled by faculty; this, in turn, underscores a fundamental belief in inclusionary principles. Such modeling is important on every level in teacher education programs, particularly special education programs. The higher a student's level (i.e., undergraduate vs. doctoral), the more notice that student will take of disparities between rhetoric and actions. While reflective practices are explicitly taught in teacher preparation programs to enable professionals to reflect on their own personal and professional practices, teacher education faculty need to employ the same strategy to ensure that they are indeed modeling the practices they teach. This position paper documents the impressions of a doctoral cohort in special education in terms of inclusionary practices demonstrated in a real-life context.
A Comparison of the Anticipated Benefits and Received Outcomes of Pediatric Cochlear Implantation: Parental Perspectives
Authors: Hyde Merv , Punch Renée , Komesaroff Linda
Published: October 2010

Findings of a study that investigated parents' expectations and experiences of their children's outcomes with cochlear implants are presented. A survey completed by 247 parents whose children had received implants in eastern Australia compared parents' reports of their preimplant expectations with their experiences of postimplant outcomes on several items related to communication, academic, and psychosocial domains. Quantitative findings derived from the survey data were extended and elaborated on by qualitative findings from interviews with 27 of the parents. The findings indicated that parents' relatively high expectations of their children's outcomes largely had been met, although a tenth of survey respondents reported that their expectations had not been met. It appeared that professionals generally provided parents with realistic expectations. The qualitative findings revealed a complex interaction among parents' expectations, hopes, and determination that their children would do well with the implant. Implications for professionals are discussed.
Tam Hang Rockshelter: Preliminary Study of a Prehistoric Site in Northern Laos
Authors: Demeter Fabrice , Sayavongkhamdy Thongsa , Patole-Edoumba Elise , Coupey Anne-Sophie , Bacon Anne-Marie , De Vos John , Tougard Christelle , Bouasisengpaseuth Bounheuang , Sichanthongtip Phonephanh , Duringer Philippe
Published: October 2010

In February 1934, Jacques Fromaget, from the Geological Service of Indochina, discovered the Tam Hang site in northern Laos. The site is a rockshelter, located on the southeastern slope of the Annamitic Chain on the edge of the P'a Hang cliff. The geologist's excavation revealed considerable faunal remains from the middle Pleistocene as well as human biological and cultural remains from the pre-Holocene period. One of the human skeletons discovered by Fromaget buried beneath the shelter has recently been radiocarbon-dated to 15,740 ± 80 B.P. After being relocated by Thongsa Sayavongkhamdy, an international team carried out new excavations in April 2003. Undisturbed cultural layers from the late Pleistocene and the early Holocene have been identified. The presence of pottery and a lithic industry suggests the use of the site from at least the late Pleistocene into the Holocene. This particularity confers on the site a character rarely found in mainland Southeast Asia. This preliminary study describes the 2003 excavation, the cultural elements found, and presents the historical and archaeological significance of the site in the international context of the quest for human origins that prevailed in the 1930s.
A.D. 1680 and Rapa Nui Prehistory
Authors: Lipo Carl P. , Hunt Terry L.
Published: October 2010

A.D. 1680 remains a central date in the prehistory of Rapa Nui (Easter Island). The date was first proposed as the year of an epic battle calculated from the number of generations recounted in the oral traditions. Later this estimate was linked to a radiocarbon date from the Poike Ditch. While the emphasis of the date has shifted in the literature from being the timing of a war between prehistoric groups, it is now taken to represent a prehistoric turning point of environmental collapse and social upheaval. Here, we examine the origins of the A.D. 1680 date and evaluate the reasoning behind its initial determination as well as its empirical basis. We conclude that a date of A.D. 1680 cannot be considered a reliable date or event of transformative cultural change. Additional chronological investigations are necessary to distinguish changes in the archaeological record as either prehistoric or occurring in the aftermath and as a consequence of European contact.
Changing Marine Exploitation During Late Pleistocene in Northern Wallacea: Shell Remains from Leang Sarru Rockshelter in Talaud Islands
Authors: Ono Rintaro , Soegondho Santoso , Yoneda Minoru
Published: October 2010

The previous excavation by Tanudirjo and our recent excavation at Leang Sarru in the Talaud Islands, located between northern Sulawesi and southern Mindanao, reveal intermittent human colonization and marine exploitation in these remote islands as early as 35,000 to 32,000 B.P. The evidence indicates that humans migrated and colonized the northern part of Wallacea by ocean crossings of over 100 km, equivalent to the human migrations from southern Wallacea to Sahul, and Sahul to the Bismarck Archipelago during the late Pleistocene. The 14 C dates obtained from the marine shell samples collected during our excavation and the earlier excavation by Tanudirjo, along with other archaeological evidence enable us to conclude that the site was occupied during at least four main periods: (1) the earliest phase during 35,000 to 30,000 B.P. ; (2) the intensive occupation phase during 21,000 to 17,000 B.P. , partly corresponding with Last Glacial Maximum (LGM); (3) the early Holocene during 10,000 to 8000 B.P. ; and (4) during the "Metal Age" with some ceramic evidence not identified by 14 C dates. Such intermittent use of the site tentatively shows that humans in Wallacea might not have had the strategies and skills to sustain continuous colonization or habitation of remote islands like Talaud, having limited terrestrial resources during the late Pleistocene and even in the Holocene before the maturity of an agricultural system and knowledge as part of their subsistence strategies. We also discuss the past maritime exploitation and adaptation from the late Pleistocene to the early Holocene in the Talaud Islands.
Morphological Variability and Temporal Patterning in Marquesan Domestic Architecture: Anaho Valley in Regional Context
Authors: Allen Melinda S.
Published: October 2010

Marquesan domestic architecture, including stone pavements, platforms, and terraces, potentially provides a useful case study into how varied social and natural processes might influence structure morphology. However, despite the prominent role that domestic architecture has played in the archipelago's traditional cultural historical sequence, only a few isolated examples have been directly dated. This analysis provides the first absolute chronology of Marquesan house foundations, along with an alternative classification scheme of formal morphology, and a protocol for dating these relatively simple architectural features. A suite of 33 radiometric and AMS determinations from Anaho Valley, Nuku Hiva Island, place the appearance of raised house foundations in the post-1640 A.D. period, considerably later than expected on conventional archaeological wisdom. The newly established absolute chronology allows linkages with other social and natural processes to be explored. The appearance of raised domestic foundations correlates with regional evidence for the onset of wetter conditions, while further elaboration (e.g., increases in size, height, façade stones, and use of exotic materials) of a smaller subset of structures is suggested to be a secondary development related to changing sociopolitical conditions. Western contact may have had further influences, with introduced diseases limiting manpower for megalithic constructions, and other processes affecting elite residences.
Environment, Ecology, and Interaction in Japan, Korea, and the Russian Far East: the Millennial History of a Japan Sea Oikumene
Authors: Aikens C. Melvin , Zhushchikhovskaya Irina S. , Rhee Song Nai
Published: October 2010

Encircling the Sea of Japan, or East Sea in Korean terms, is a north-temperate landscape that includes thousands of miles of deeply indented seacoast, mountains, and plains, all covered by variously mixed woodlands. The Japanese archipelago comprises its eastern edge, fronting the Pacific Ocean, while the great Amur-Ussuri-Sungari riverine plain forms its far west. We perceive the region comprised by modern Korea, Japan, and the Russian Far East as a "Japan Sea Oikumene," and review culture-historical and environmental evidence to show that—contrary to earlier historical and archaeological impressions—the region has a long-lived ecological and technological unity as a distinctive "cultural world" that can be traced continuously from late Pleistocene into recent times. To contextualize this "world" in comparative terms, we note that it is analogous in prominent ways to the Atlantic sides of both Europe and North America, feeling the cold of northern winters but also warmed by the currents of a southern ocean and having both coastal and deeply continental terrains. Like them also, it is a region of great biotic diversity and productivity where the species of northern and southern ranges overlap and hunting-fishing-gathering peoples developed prosperous, stable, and long-lived cultural traditions. All three of these north-temperate "cultural worlds" also saw their peoples relate increasingly over time to precocious southern lands "beyond," where husbandry, human numbers, and socioeconomic complexity grew on a steeper trajectory than they did farther north.
Smelting Iron from Laterite: Technical Possibility or Ethnographic Aberration?
Authors: Pryce T. O. , Natapintu S.
Published: October 2010

The existing Southeast Asian archaeological literature commonly presupposes that the region's extensive laterite deposits are rich in iron and have been used as ore sources for the smelting of iron. We summarize what is known about laterite in light of the universal physico-chemical requirements for the bloomery smelting of iron, and suggest that in each instance the interpretation of laterite as an iron ore should be proven and not assumed. We present a case study from the fourteenth-to fifteenth-century A.D. site of Ban Kao Din Tai, recently excavated by Thai and Cambodian archaeologists in Buriram Province in northeast Thailand. The proximity of this site to known laterite deposits, along with the recovery of laterite fragments near what are thought to be smelting furnaces, could imply that past metalworkers were exploiting a local source of iron oxides for metal production. Here we discuss the likelihood of this association. If laterite is not a ubiquitous iron source for Southeast Asian iron production, then there is strong research potential to examine iron's possible role in regional exchange networks. Iron production and consumption evidence may provide an exciting new angle for investigating Southeast Asian social interactions, and we outline some of the analytical techniques that could elucidate them.
Intensive Dryland Agriculture in Kaupō, Maui, Hawaiian Islands
Authors: Kirch Patrick V. , Holson John , Baer Alexander
Published: October 2010

The late pre-contact political economies of Hawai'i and Maui Islands were supported in large part by intensified dryland field systems, focused on the cultivation of sweet potatoes. Three such systems have been well documented for Hawai'i Island, and one for Moloka'i Island, but none previously for Maui. We report here the results of remote sensing and GIS analysis, combined with ground survey, of such an intensive field system in Kaupō District, Maui. The field system is archaeologically manifested by a closely spaced grid of east-west trending embankments, delineating small field plots, bisected at right angles by longer north-south trending walls, which primarily appear to be territorial divisions. A range of smaller features such as enclosures, shelters, and platforms are found within the field system area indicating the presence of a complex social community integrated within the system. In aggregate the field system covered between 12.5 and 15 km2, and could readily have supported a population of 8000-10,000 persons. Hawaiian oral traditions indicate that Maui king Kekaulike made Kaupō his seat in the early eighteenth century. Two large temples, Lo'alo'a and Kou, are situated at the east and west extremes of the field system, and further indicate the significance of this highly productive landscape.
"Living versus Dead": The Pasteurian Paradigm and Imperial Vaccine Research
Authors: Chakrabarti Pratik
Published: October 2010

The Semple antirabies vaccine was developed by David Semple in India in 1911. Semple introduced a peculiarly British approach within the Pasteurian tradition by using carbolized dead virus. This article studies this unique phase of vaccine research between 1910 and 1935 to show that in the debates and laboratory experiments around the potency and safety of vaccines, categories like "living" and "dead" were often used as ideological and moral denominations. These abstract and ideological debates were crucial in defining the final configuration of the Semple vaccine, the most popular antirabies vaccine used globally, and also in shaping international vaccination policies.
Beyond a Shadow of a Doubt? Experts, Lay Knowledge, and the Role of Radiography in the Diagnosis of Silicosis in Britain, c. 1919–1945
Authors: Melling Joseph
Published: October 2010

The history of silicosis provides an important chapter in the history of occupational and environmental health. Recent historical scholarship has drawn attention to the importance of patient attitudes, popular protests, and compensation claims in the formation of a "lay epidemiology" of such a disease, frequently challenging the scientific orthodoxies devised by large corporations and medical specialists. Surprisingly little research has been undertaken on the United Kingdom, which provided much of the early expertise and medical research in respiratory diseases among industrial workers. This article examines the introduction of a particular technique, x-radiography, and its use by radiologists and others in debates on the causes and consequences of silica inhalation by the laboring population in Britain during the early decades of the twentieth century. In contrast to some recent interpretations, and also to the narrative of progress that practitioner historians have developed since the 1940s, this article suggests that the use of this technology was contested for much of this period and the interpretation of X-rays remained disputed and uncertain into the 1950s. The article also questions recent accounts of lay epidemiology as an adequate model for understanding the progress of such innovations in medical history.
Presidential Address: The Origins and Evolution of the Mayo Clinic from 1864 to 1939: A Minnesota Family Practice Becomes an International "Medical Mecca"
Authors: Fye W. Bruce
Published: October 2010

This paper describes the origins and international impact of the Mayo Clinic through 1939. Multispecialty group practice was invented at the clinic a century ago. A visiting Canadian physician wrote in 1906, "Specialization and cooperation, with the best that can be had in each department, is here the motto. Cannot these principles be tried elsewhere?" Mayo Clinic's major (and underappreciated) role in the development of rigorous postgraduate (specialty) training is addressed. Unlike traditional academic medical centers that emphasize research, Mayo's main mission has always been patient care. This activity has been undertaken in an environment enriched by extensive programs devoted to specialty training and clinical research.
Stomach and Psyche: Eating, Digestion, and Mental Illness in the Medicine of Philippe Pinel
Authors: Williams Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2010

In premodern medicine eating and digestion were often linked to psychic disturbance, yet modern "mental medicine" is generally thought to have abandoned this ancient assumption. The work of Philippe Pinel, founder of French psychiatry and advocate of the "moral treatment," has been regarded as indicative of this process, but in fact eating and digestion remained important to Pinel's understanding of the néuroses , the variety of disease within which he classified both mild and severe forms of mental illness. Pinel's theoretical and clinical innovations in regard to maladies that blended mental and gastric distress left an important legacy both to asylum-based psychiatry and to medical generalists working in private settings in the nineteenth century. Today his work remains valuable for its insistence on the inextricability of the "physical and the moral" in psycho-gastric illness.
"I was never at War With My Tongue": The Third Language and the Performance of Bilingualism in Richard Rodriguez
Authors: Lim Jeehyun
Published: October 2010

In this essay, I revisit the Chicano writer Richard Rodriguez's much-debated opposition to bilingual education. I focus on Rodriguez's trope of the third language to limn his politics and aesthetic of intimacy. Despite his denial of a public presence for linguistic hybridity, I suggest that a performance of bilingualism permeates Rodriguez's writing.
Political Intuition and African Autobiographies of Childhood
Authors: Sow Alioune
Published: October 2010

This essay analyzes and provides an alternative reading of Camara Laye's L'enfant noir and Wole Soyinka's Aké: The Years of Childhood . It examines how the two texts defy codifications and ideological expectations of childhood autobiographical narratives, and explores their intricate autobiographical determinations and motives. It demonstrates that, when it comes to narratives situated in the colonial period, Camara Laye and Wole Soyinka have provided alternative engagements with colonialism, adding nuance to the literary representations and accounts of childhood in African letters.
A glimpse into the process of a hard decision: Selecting the Andersen author finalists
Authors: Schär Helene
Published: October 2010

Schär offers a succinct introduction to each of the Andersen Author Finalists and their works, while also raising interesting questions to consider about awards, criteria, and the role of IBBY in children’s publishing.
Four impressive nominees: Analyzing the Andersen illustrator finalists
Authors: Leysen Annemie
Published: October 2010

Leysen guides us through an insightful analysis into the nature and character of the work of each of the four illustrator finalists for the Andersen award in 2010.
“Not letting the words lose themselves;”: The Hans Christian Andersen Jury experience
Authors: Ghaeni Zohreh
Published: October 2010

Jury President Ghaeni shares the behind-the-scenes story of the 2010 Andersen Jury’s process, including identifying criteria, using an interactive blog, considering cultural variables, and weighing the notion of a lasting contribution.
Recent Portuguese Children’s Literature: From Dictatorship to Freedom
Authors: Ramos Ana Margarida
Published: October 2010

Ramos discusses recently published Portuguese books for children and young adults that all portray a major event in the history of Portugal, the founding of a democratic government in 1974, considering both the aesthetic and didactic dimensions of these works.
Atlantic vocation, myths and legends in Portuguese literature for children and young adults: The case of Manuel António Pina’s Os Piratas
Authors: Silva Sara Reis da
Published: October 2010

Da Silva offers an analysis of Manuel António Pina’s Os Piratas [The Pirates] (1986/2003) as an example of the search for a national identity drawn from literature and legend.
Navigating borderlands of fiction, magic and childhood; Finding David Almond
Authors: Dairymple Nolan
Published: October 2010

Dalrymple gives us a glimpse into the roots of David Almond’s writing and delves into the themes, forms, characters, and relationships that characterize Almond’s award-winning fiction for young people.
Focus IBBY
Authors: Page Elizabeth
Published: October 2010

IBBY’s Executive Director Liz Page updates us on the Children in Crisis Fund including special projects in Chile, Gaza, and Haiti, and describes a major school library project in Pakistan. She also shares another installment about the history of IBBY and a memorial to Hungarian author and former IBBY Hungary President Pál Békés.
“I don’t want to hide behind my books:” Recognizing Jutta Bauer
Authors: Oetken Mareile
Published: October 2010

Oetken discusses Andersen award-winning illustrator Jutta Bauer’s weaving of her personal experiences and observations about life into her work for adults and for children and analyzes distinctive features of her artistic style and development. This paper is published in association with JuLit, the magazine of the Arbeitskreis für Jugendliteratur (IBBY Germany) in Munich.
A New “Cinema of Attractions”?: The Barcelona School’s Exhibitionist Loops
Authors: Cox Anna
Published: October 2010

In this essay, I read Jacinto Esteva Grewe’s Lejos de los árboles (1972) as the exemplar of the Barcelona School’s struggles under the late-Francoist film industry to develop its own brand of exhibitionism to expose and denounce the dictatorship’s methods of producing and reproducing the nation through cinema. In the first part of my essay, I attend to the nationalist cinema; in the second, I turn back to the early cinematic activity of the nineteenth century; and in the third and final part, I demonstrate the Barcelona School’s attempts to demythify Spanish nationalist cinema through the use of certain techniques such as repetition and interpellation that have been staples of the medium since its advent. Thus I filter the Barcelona School’s mimicry of nationalist cinema through Tom Gunning’s lens of the early “cinema of attractions.” I propose the disruptive exhibitionist cinematic loop as the aesthetic form the Barcelona School’s political position takes. My reading of the way the loop functions in Esteva’s film works toward an understanding of this configuration as constitutive of the School’s entire body of work.
The Legacies of Pere Portabella: Between Heritage and Inheritance
Authors: Marsh Steven
Published: October 2010

In its analysis of the work of independent Catalan filmmaker Pere Portabella from 1970 to the present day, this article seeks to engage with the politics of signification and virtuality. Its broad surveying sweep interrogates questions of origin or identity, particularly with regard to national identity, and does so by focusing on the split, the caesura, that emerges in Portabella’s cinema between cultural heritage and genealogy, which permits a poetics of the political image. Its discussion first addresses questions of representation before moving on to issues of fragmented national and supranational space in a context of cultural memory.
Portabella, Brossa, Santos: un triangle irregular
Authors: Fanés Fèlix
Published: October 2010

RESUM:
Aquest assaig examina el rerefons cultural en què Pere Portabella va descobrir el seu camí com a cineasta. Després dels inicis neorealistes a Madrid, el seu gir cap a un llenguatge avantguardista s’estudia en relació amb els corrents avançats de Barcelona, tan poètics com artístics i musicals. Les figures del poeta Joan Brossa, el músic Carles Santos i el moviment conceptual català (sobretot el Grup de Treball), així com el context polític, s’analitzen en detall. L’obra de Portabella durant els 60 i els 70 només es pot entendre com la cruïlla on conflueixen tots aquests elements.
Impossible Narratives: The Barcelona School and the European Avant-Gardes
Authors: Galt Rosalind
Published: October 2010

This article investigates the Barcelona School related to European leftist cultures of the 1960s, and in particular the intersection of critical theory with the political avant-gardes. Although the School’s films seldom left Spain, the movement offers a crucial exemplar of the European avant-gardes’ aesthetic and political impurity. The Barcelona School certainly lacks stylistic cohesion, but it has also been criticized as apolitical. This article argues that the School demonstrates an essential aspect of the European avant-gardes: by promiscuously combining forms, it speaks to (and from) the contested territories of European film culture. Theoretical debates on Marxism and culture linked the project of engaged cinema to the contested direction of the European left. And avant-gardist forms mixed uneasily with art cinema, exploitation genres and the global claims of Third Cinema. It is this rich mulch that accounts for the incoherence but also the complexity of the European avant-gardes. With its many international and multicultural links, the Barcelona School demonstrates the importance of the transnational to any understanding of European avant-garde film cultures.
Barcelona come piedras: la impolítica mirada de Jacinto Esteva y Joaquim Jordà en Dante no es únicamente severo
Authors: Vilarós Teresa M.
Published: October 2010

A contracorriente del juicio que ha considerado la producción cinematográfica experimental de la Escuela de Barcelona (EdB) como apolítica e incluso irresponsable en el contexto de la España franquista, este ensayo propone que la obra de vanguardia de la EdB, y particularmente su película–manifiesto Dante no es únicamente severo (1967) de Jacinto Esteva y Joaquim Jordà, se emplazan en el registro de lo impolítico, en el sentido que le da a este concepto el filósofo Massimo Cacciari. El ensayo analiza el radical modo “impolítico” con que Dante , filmada en un momento álgido de engarce de la izquierda antifranquista con el marxismo, especula sobre el salvaje desarrollo urbanístico de la Barcelona de los sesenta, sobre el fin del capitalismo industrial y sobre la propia clase social de sus realizadores. Con Dante , los cineastas de la EdB nos ofrecieron la posibilidad de una mirada nueva, radical e impolítica, que evoca en su tarea de deconstrucción la mirada de los ojos del anfibio del cuento de Julio Cortázar “Axolotl”.
The Reluctant Pirate: Godwin, Justice, and Property
Authors: Pierson Chris
Published: October 2010

In its brief, yet dramatic, moment in time (in Britain in the 1790s), William Godwin's Enquiry Concerning Political Justice enjoyed considerable fame and, indeed, notoriety. While probably best remembered now for its utopian and anarchistic moments, as well as its anticipations of utilitarianism, for a "radical" text Political Justice draws some at first sight puzzlingly conservative political conclusions. In this paper, I explore this apparent conservatism through Godwin's paradoxical views on property, arguing that in the end, and perhaps under the duress of an increasingly polarized political climate, he was unable to reconcile his politics with his philosophy.
Strauss's Life of Jesus : Publication and the Politics of the German Public Sphere
Authors: Linstrum Erik
Published: October 2010

The furor which greeted David Friedrich Strauss's The Life of Jesus upon its publication in 1835 has always been something of a mystery. This essay argues that the ferocity of the reaction can be traced to the contravention of a widely shared expectation in nineteenth-century Germany that theological scholarship would and should be read exclusively by theologians. The reception of the book in the 1830s and subsequent decades shows that this expectation increasingly conflicted with the liberal vision of a public sphere governed by universal reason. By the end of the century, the formerly controversial Strauss had become a venerated figure in Germany, which suggests the extent to which the liberal vision of the public sphere ultimately triumphed.
Faith and Value: Heinrich Rickert's Theory of Religion
Authors: Crowe Benjamin
Published: October 2010

Scholars have recently begun to revisit the important contributions of Heinrich Rickert (1863-1936), a leader of the "Baden" school of Neo-Kantianism. The aim of this essay is to contribute to this trend by examining Rickert's largely overlooked theory of religion. The systematic motives and development of Rickert's account are treated in detail. These motives are then shown to ultimately force a step beyond science and reason into the sphere of symbolism and metaphysics.
A "Third way" Catholic Intellectual: Charles Du Bos, Tragedy, and Ethics in Interwar Paris
Authors: Davies Katherine Jane
Published: October 2010

This article explores how the intellectual and spiritual sensibilities of the French Catholic literary critic, Charles Du Bos (1882-1939), provide an insight into the construction of a particular "third-way" Catholic intellectual form of engagement during the interwar period. It is argued that the intellectual disposition underpinning Du Bos's third way rests fundamentally upon an accommodation of the "tragic." The evolving concept of tragedy in Du Bos's life and thought, before his conversion to Catholicism and beyond, facilitates his embrace of an "ethic of responsibility," which is deployed in his third-way politico-ethical position on the Munich crisis of 1938.
Johann Gottfried Herder Revisited: The Revolution in Scholarship in the Last Quarter Century
Authors: Zammito John H. , Menges Karl , Menze Ernest A.
Published: October 2010

A veritable tidal shift in Herder scholarship has taken place over the last quarter century, primarily but not exclusively in German. This review essay seeks to evoke the richness and vitality of this revival with the hope of persuading American academics that some ill-founded opinions still circulating concerning Herder's "irrationalism" and chauvinistic, even racist nationalism, and his philosophical naivety and literary effrontery, might at last be put to rest. The recent revival has brough sharply to the fore two crucial aspects of Herder. First, there is the contribution of Herder's thought to the emergent cultural and social sciences. Second, for Herder the "science of man" was also a natural science: the division between the humanities and the natural sciences that has been such a hallmark of the age from Kant until very recently did not exist for Herder.
Erasmus, "Apes of Cicero," and Conceptual Blending
Authors: Gouwens Kenneth
Published: October 2010

In The Ciceronian , Erasmus ridiculed as "apes" humanists who imitated Cicero superficially. Methods developed in cognitive literary theory provide a framework for understanding that these simian metaphors are not just ornamental: they are integral to the dialogue's meaning, helping to configure the connections that it draws between literary style and paganism. Metaphorical blending in the Ciceronianus takes on added significance when read alongside the Adages , in which Erasmus glossed classical sayings about monkeys to comment on simian and human nature. The blending of conceptual metaphors both within and between these texts is itself the process by which new meanings emerge.
The Message of Bayle's Last Title: Providence and Toleration in the Entretiens de Maxime et de Thémiste
Authors: Hickson Michael W.
Published: October 2010

In this paper I uncover the identities of the interlocutors of Pierre Bayle's Entretiens de Maxime et de Themiste , and I show the significance of these identities for a proper understanding of the Entretiens and of Bayle's thought more generally. Maxime and Themiste represent the philosophers of late antiquity, Maximus of Tyre and Themistius. Bayle brought these philosophers into dialogue in order to suggest that the problem of evil, though insoluble by means of speculative reason, could be dissolved and thus avoided through mutual toleration. I conclude by comparing Bayle's "theodicy of toleration" with Kant's notion of authentic theodicy.