bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenges in Implementing the Integrated Community-Based Outpatient Therapeutic Program for Severely Malnourished Children in Rural Southern Ethiopia
Authors: Tadesse Elazar , Ekström Eva-Charlotte , Berhane Yemane
Published: April 2016

Currently, treatment of uncomplicated severe acute malnutrition is managed in the integrated Community based Outpatient Therapeutic Program (C-OTP) using ready-to-use therapeutic foods (RUTFs). The aim of this study was to determine challenges in implementing the critical steps in C-OTP and caregivers’ perceptions of service provision in southern Ethiopia. A total of 1048 caregivers of children admitted to the OTP and 175 Health Extension Workers (HEWs) from 94 selected health posts were included in the study. Program admission, follow-up and exit information was collected from caregivers during home visits. HEWs were interviewed at their respective health posts. Only 46.6% (481/1032) were given the recommended amount of RUTF and 19.3% (196/1015) were given antibiotics on admission. During C-OTP participation 34.9% (316/905) had uninterrupted provision of the recommended amount of RUTF. Of the children who left the program, 220/554 (39.7%) exited the program in line with the national recommendation. Caregivers (42.9% (394/918) and HEWs (37.1%, 62/167) perceive that RUTFs were being sold as a commodity. Inadequate provision and unintended usage of RUTFs, lack of antibiotics and inappropriate exit from the program were major constraints. For successful saving of lives, adequate resources must be allocated, and providers must be trained regularly, and supervised properly.
Impact of Climate Change on Vegetation Growth in Arid Northwest of China from 1982 to 2011
Authors: Zhang Rong , Ouyang Zu-Tao , Xie Xiao , Guo Hai-Qiang , Tan Dun-Yan , Xiao Xiang-Ming , Qi Jia-Guo , Zhao Bin
Published: April 2016

Previous studies have concluded that the increase in vegetation in the arid northwest of China is related to precipitation rather than temperature. However, these studies neglected the effects of climate warming on water availability that arise through changes in the melting characteristics of this snowy and glaciated region. Here, we characterized vegetation changes using the newly improved third-generation Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (GIMMS-3g NDVI) from 1982 to 2011. We analyzed the temperature and precipitation trends based on data from 51 meteorological stations across Northwest China and investigated changes in the glaciers using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) data. Our results indicated an increasing trend in vegetation greenness in Northwest China, and this increasing trend was mostly associated with increasing winter precipitation and summer temperature. We found that the mean annual temperature increased at a rate of 0.04 °C per year over the past 30 years, which induced rapid glacial melting. The total water storage measured by GRACE decreased by up to 8 mm yr−1 and primarily corresponded to the disappearance of glaciers. Considering the absence of any observed increase in precipitation in the growing season, the vegetation growth may have benefited from the melting of glaciers in high-elevation mountains (i.e., the Tianshan Mountains). Multiple regression analysis showed that temperature was positively correlated with NDVI and that gravity was negatively correlated with NDVI; together, these variables explained 84% of the NDVI variation. Our findings suggest that both winter precipitation and warming-induced glacial melting increased water availability to the arid vegetation in this region, resulting in enhanced greenness.
ON MORE SENSITIVE PERIODOGRAM STATISTICS
Authors: Bélanger G.
Published: April 2016

Period searches in event data have traditionally used the Rayleigh statistic, R
2. For X-ray pulsars, the standard has been the Z
2 statistic, which sums over more than one harmonic. For γ-rays, the H-test, which optimizes the number of harmonics to sum, is often used. These periodograms all suffer from the same problem, namely artifacts caused by correlations in the Fourier components that arise from testing frequencies with a non-integer number of cycles. This article addresses this problem. The modified Rayleigh statistic is discussed, its generalization to any harmonic,

, is formulated, and from the latter, the modified Z
2 statistic,

, is constructed. Versions of these statistics for binned data and point measurements are derived, and it is shown that the variance in the uncertainties can have an important influence on the periodogram. It is shown how to combine the information about the signal frequency from the different harmonics to estimate its value with maximum accuracy. The methods are applied to an XMM-Newton observation of the Crab pulsar for which a decomposition of the pulse profile is presented, and shows that most of the power is in the second, third, and fifth harmonics. Statistical detection power of the

statistic is superior to the FFT and equivalent to the Lomb--Scargle (LS). Response to gaps in the data is assessed, and it is shown that the LS does not protect against the distortions they cause. The main conclusion of this work is that the classical R
2 and Z
2 should be replaced by

and

in all applications with event data, and the LS should be replaced by the

when the uncertainty varies from one point measurement to another.
SUBPROTON-SCALE CASCADES IN SOLAR WIND TURBULENCE: DRIVEN HYBRID-KINETIC SIMULATIONS
Authors: Cerri S. S. , Califano F. , Jenko F. , Told D. , Rincon F.
Published: April 2016

A long-lasting debate in space plasma physics concerns the nature of subproton-scale fluctuations in solar wind (SW) turbulence. Over the past decade, a series of theoretical and observational studies were presented in favor of either kinetic Alfvén wave (KAW) or whistler turbulence. Here, we investigate numerically the nature of the subproton-scale turbulent cascade for typical SW parameters by means of unprecedented high-resolution simulations of forced hybrid-kinetic turbulence in two real-space and three velocity-space dimensions. Our analysis suggests that small-scale turbulence in this model is dominated by KAWs at β ≳ 1 and by magnetosonic/whistler fluctuations at lower β. The spectral properties of the turbulence appear to be in good agreement with theoretical predictions. A tentative interpretation of this result in terms of relative changes in the damping rates of the different waves is also presented. Overall, the results raise interesting new questions about the properties and variability of subproton-scale turbulence in the SW, including its possible dependence on the plasma β, and call for detailed and extensive parametric explorations of driven kinetic turbulence in three dimensions.
EVIDENCE FOR TWO LOGNORMAL STATES IN MULTI-WAVELENGTH FLUX VARIATION OF FSRQ PKS 1510-089
Authors: Kushwaha Pankaj , Chandra Sunil , Misra Ranjeev , Sahayanathan S. , Singh K. P. , Baliyan K. S.
Published: April 2016

We present a systematic characterization of multi-wavelength emission from blazar PKS 1510-089 using well-sampled data at near-infrared (NIR), optical, X-ray, and γ-ray energies. The resulting flux distributions, except at X-rays, show two distinct lognormal profiles corresponding to a high and a low flux level. The dispersions exhibit energy-dependent behavior except in the LAT γ-ray and optical B-band. During the low level flux states, it is higher toward the peak of the spectral energy distribution, with γ-ray being intrinsically more variable followed by IR and then optical, consistent with mainly being a result of varying bulk Lorentz factor. On the other hand, the dispersions during the high state are similar in all bands except the optical B-band, where thermal emission still dominates. The centers of distributions are a factor of ∼4 apart, consistent with anticipation from studies of extragalactic γ-ray background with the high state showing a relatively harder mean spectral index compared to the low state.
ON THE AFTERGLOW AND PROGENITOR OF FRB 150418
Authors: Zhang Bing
Published: April 2016

Keane et al. recently detected a fading radio source following FRB 150418, leading to the identification of a putative host galaxy at z = 0.492 ± 0.008. Assuming that the fading source is the afterglow of FRB 150418, I model the afterglow and constrain the isotropic energy of the explosion to be a few 1050 erg, comparable to that of a short-duration gamma-ray burst (GRB). The outflow may have a jet opening angle of ∼0.22 rad, so that the beaming-corrected energy is below 1049 erg. The results rule out most fast radio burst (FRB) progenitor models for this FRB, but may be consistent with either of the following two scenarios. The first scenario invokes a merger of an NS–NS binary, which produced an undetected short GRB and a supra-massive neutron star, which subsequently collapsed into a black hole, probably hundreds of seconds after the short GRB. The second scenario invokes a merger of a compact star binary (BH–BH, NS–NS, or BH–NS) system whose pre-merger dynamical magnetospheric activities made the FRB, which is followed by an undetected short GRB-like transient. The gravitational-wave (GW) event GW 150914 would be a sister of FRB 150418 in this second scenario. In both cases, one expects an exciting prospect of GW/FRB/GRB associations.
Приближение полиномами по системе Хаара в весовых симметричных пространствах
Authors: Volosivets Sergei Sergeevich
Published: April 2016

Для весовых симметричных (или перестановочно-инвариантных)
пространств с нетривиальными индексами Бойда и весами из
подходящих классов Макенхаупта установлены базисность
системы Хаара в этих пространствах и два варианта прямой
теоремы приближения полиномами по системе Хаара.
Библиография: 11 названий.
$C^*$-простота $n$-периодических произведений
Authors: Adian Sergei Ivanovich , Atabekyan Varuzhan Sergeevich
Published: April 2016

В работе доказывается $C^*$-простота $n$-периодических произведений широкого класса групп. В частности, $n$-периодические произведения любых конечных или циклических групп (в том числе и свободные бернсайдовы группы) являются $C^*$-простыми группами. Построен континуум неизоморфных 3-порожденных, не простых, но в тоже время $C^*$-простых групп в каждой из которых выполняется тождество $x^n=1$, где $n\geqslant 1003$ - произвольное нечетное число. Отметим, что вопрос о существовании $C^*$-простых групп без свободных подгрупп ранга 2 был поставлен де ля Арпом в 2007 г.
Библиография: 19 названий.
Восстановление потенциала оператора Штурма-Лиувилля по конечному набору собственных значений и нормировочных чисел
Authors: Savchuk Artem Markovich
Published: April 2016

Хорошо известно, что потенциал $q$ оператора Штурма-Лиувилля
$$
Ly=-y"+q(x)y
$$
на конечном отрезке $[0,\pi]$
однозначно восстанавливается по спектру $\{\lambda_k\}_1^\infty$
и нормировочным числам $\{\alpha_k\}_1^\infty$ оператора $L_D$
с условиями Дирихле. Для произвольного вещественного потенциала $q$
из пространства Соболева $W^\theta_2[0,\pi]$, $\theta>-1$,
по конечному набору спектральных данных
$\{\lambda_k\}_1^N\cup\{\alpha_k\}_1^N$ мы строим функцию $q_N$ -
$2N$-аппроксимацию потенциала. Наш основной результат состоит
в том, что для произвольного $-1\leqslant\tau <\theta$
справедлива оценка
$$
\|q-q_N\|_\tau \leqslant CN^{\theta-\tau}
$$
в норме $\|\cdot\|_\tau$ пространства Соболева $W^\tau_2$.
При этом константа $C$ зависит только от $\|q\|_\theta$.
Библиография: 46 названий.
Observed correlations between aerosol and cloud properties in an Indian Ocean trade cumulus regime
Authors: Pistone Kristina , Praveen Puppala S. , Thomas Rick M. , Ramanathan Veerabhadran , Wilcox Eric M. , Bender Frida A.-M.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. There are many contributing factors which determine the micro- and macrophysical properties of clouds, including atmospheric vertical structure, dominant meteorological conditions, and aerosol concentration, all of which may be coupled to one another. In the quest to determine aerosol effects on clouds, these potential relationships must be understood. Here we describe several observed correlations between aerosol conditions and cloud and atmospheric properties in the Indian Ocean winter monsoon season.In the CARDEX (Cloud, Aerosol, Radiative forcing, Dynamics EXperiment) field campaign conducted in February and March 2012 in the northern Indian Ocean, continuous measurements were made of atmospheric precipitable water vapor (PWV) and the liquid water path (LWP) of trade cumulus clouds, concurrent with measurements of water vapor flux, cloud and aerosol vertical profiles, meteorological data, and surface and total-column aerosol from instrumentation at a ground observatory and on small unmanned aircraft. We present observations which indicate a positive correlation between aerosol and cloud LWP only when considering cases with low atmospheric water vapor (PWV  < 40 kg m−2), a criterion which acts to filter the data to control for the natural meteorological variability in the region.We then use the aircraft and ground-based measurements to explore possible mechanisms behind this observed aerosol–LWP correlation. The increase in cloud liquid water is found to coincide with a lowering of the cloud base, which is itself attributable to increased boundary layer humidity in polluted conditions. High pollution is found to correlate with both higher temperatures and higher humidity measured throughout the boundary layer. A large-scale analysis, using satellite observations and meteorological reanalysis, corroborates these covariations: high-pollution cases are shown to originate as a highly polluted boundary layer air mass approaching the observatory from a northwesterly direction. The source air mass exhibits both higher temperatures and higher humidity in the polluted cases. While the warmer temperatures may be attributable to aerosol absorption of solar radiation over the subcontinent, the factors responsible for the coincident high humidity are less evident: the high-aerosol conditions are observed to disperse with air mass evolution, along with a weakening of the high-temperature anomaly, while the high-humidity condition is observed to strengthen in magnitude as the polluted air mass moves over the ocean toward the site of the CARDEX observations. Potential causal mechanisms of the observed correlations, including meteorological or aerosol-induced factors, are explored, though future research will be needed for a more complete and quantitative understanding of the aerosol–humidity relationship.
Dicarboxylic acids, oxoacids, benzoic acid, α-dicarbonyls, WSOC, OC, and ions in spring aerosols from Okinawa Island in the western North Pacific Rim: size distributions and formation processes
Authors: Deshmukh Dhananjay K. , Kawamura Kimitaka , Lazaar Manuel , Kunwar Bhagawati , Boreddy Suresh K. R.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Size-segregated aerosols (nine stages from < 0.43 to > 11.3 µm in diameter) were collected at Cape Hedo, Okinawa, in spring 2008 and analyzed for water-soluble diacids (C2–C12), ω-oxoacids (ωC2–ωC9), pyruvic acid, benzoic acid, and α-dicarbonyls (C2–C3) as well as water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), organic carbon (OC), and major ions (Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Cl−, NO3−, SO42−, and MSA−). In all the size-segregated aerosols, oxalic acid (C2) was found to be the most abundant species, followed by malonic and succinic acids, whereas glyoxylic acid (ωC2) was the dominant oxoacid and glyoxal (Gly) was more abundant than methylglyoxal. Diacids (C2–C5), ωC2, and Gly as well as WSOC and OC peaked at fine mode (0.65–1.1 µm) whereas azelaic (C9) and 9-oxononanoic (ωC9) acids peaked at coarse mode (3.3–4.7 µm). Sulfate and ammonium were enriched in fine mode, whereas sodium and chloride were in coarse mode. Strong correlations of C2–C5 diacids, ωC2 and Gly with sulfate were observed in fine mode (r =  0.86–0.99), indicating a commonality in their secondary formation. Their significant correlations with liquid water content in fine mode (r =  0.82–0.95) further suggest an importance of the aqueous-phase production in Okinawa aerosols. They may also have been directly emitted from biomass burning in fine mode as supported by strong correlations with potassium (r =  0.85–0.96), which is a tracer of biomass burning. Bimodal size distributions of longer-chain diacid (C9) and oxoacid (ωC9) with a major peak in the coarse mode suggest that they were emitted from the sea surface microlayers and/or produced by heterogeneous oxidation of biogenic unsaturated fatty acids on sea salt particles.
Impact of NOx and OH on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from β-pinene photooxidation
Authors: Sarrafzadeh Mehrnaz , Wildt Jürgen , Pullinen Iida , Springer Monika , Kleist Einhard , Tillmann Ralf , Schmitt Sebastian H. , Wu Cheng , Mentel Thomas F. , Hastie Donald R. , Kiendler-Scharr Astrid
Published: April 2016

Abstract. In this study, the NOx dependence of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation from β-pinene photooxidation was comprehensively investigated in the Jülich Plant Atmosphere Chamber. Consistent with the results of previous NOx studies we found increases of SOA yields at low NOx conditions ([NOx]0 < 30 ppb, [BVOC]0/[NOx]0 > 10 ppbC ppb−1). Furthermore, increasing [NOx] at high NOx conditions ([NOx]0 > 30 ppb, [BVOC]0/[NOx]0 ~ 10 to ~ 2.6 ppbC ppb−1) suppressed the SOA yield. The increase of SOA yield at low NOx conditions was attributed to increase of OH concentration, most probably by OH recycling in NO + HO2 → NO2 + OH reaction. Separate measurements without NOx addition but with different OH primary production rates confirmed the OH dependence of SOA yields. After removing the effect of OH concentration on SOA mass growth by keeping the OH concentration constant, SOA yields only decreased with increasing [NOx]. Measuring the NOx dependence of SOA yields at lower [NO]/[NO2] ratio showed less pronounced increase in both; OH concentration and SOA yield. This result was consistent to our assumption of OH recycling by NO and to SOA yields being dependent on OH concentrations. It furthermore indicated that NOx dependencies vary for different NOx compositions. A substantial fraction of the NOx-induced decrease of SOA yields at high NOx conditions was caused by NOx-induced suppression of new particle formation (NPF). This was shown by probing the NOx dependence of SOA formation in the presence of seed particles. After eliminating the effect of NOx-induced suppression of NPF and NOx induced changes of OH concentrations, the overall effect of NOx on the SOA yield from β-pinene photooxidation was moderate. Comparing with β-pinene experiments, the SOA formation from α-pinene photooxidation was only suppressed by increasing NOx. However, basic mechanisms of the NOx impacts were the same as that of β-pinene.
Estimation of trace gas fluxes with objectively determined basis functions using reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo
Authors: Lunt Mark F. , Rigby Matt , Ganesan Anita L. , Manning Alistair J.
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Atmospheric trace gas inversions often attempt to attribute fluxes to a high dimensional grid using observations. To make this problem computationally feasible, and to reduce the degree of under-determination, some form of dimension reduction is usually performed. Here, we present an objective method for reducing the size of the parameter space in atmospheric trace gas inversions. In addition to solving for a set of unknowns that govern emissions of a trace gas, we set out a framework that considers the number of unknowns to itself be an unknown. We rely on the the well-established reversible jump Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm to use the data to determine the dimension of the parameter space. This framework provides a single-step process that solves for both the resolution of the inversion grid, as well as the magnitude of fluxes from this grid. Therefore, it allows the uncertainty in our choice of aggregation to be carried through to the solution. The posterior distribution of this transdimensional Markov chain provides a naturally smoothed solution, formed from an ensemble of coarser partitions of the spatial domain. We describe the form of the reversible-jump algorithm and how it may be applied to trace gas inversions. We build the system into a hierarchical Bayesian framework in which other unknown factors, such as the magnitude of the model uncertainty, can also be explored. A pseudo-data example is used to show the usefulness of this approach when compared to a subjectively chosen partitioning of a spatial domain. An inversion using real data is also shown to illustrate the scales at which the data allows methane emissions over north-west Europe to be resolved.
Defining Employee Benefits: A Managerial Perspective
Authors: Klonoski Robert
Published: April 2016

“Benefits” are offered to employees because they promote job satisfaction and increase organizational commitment. They are generally defined as forms of indirect or non-wage compensation, conceptualizations that are principally useful for accounting and tax purposes. A definition of “benefits” from a managerial perspective can help to clarify how they can be used to achieve employee satisfaction and commitment. This article includes a brief history of benefits, an international comparison of their usage, and a review of their most widely accepted definitions. A new definition of employee benefits is proposed.
Philippine Poverty as Moving Fractals
Authors: Ranario Roselle Jardin
Published: April 2016

A recent innovation in the field of statistics is using fractal analysis where data sets are analyzed for anomaly detection, pattern analysis, and root cause analysis. In application of the fractal statistics, this paper examines the incidence of Philippine poverty from 2003 to 2012 based on its fractal dimension in the hope of providing policy makers a different approach in addressing sustained growth among the poor. Poverty is like a moving fractal where patterns simply repeat in various scales and variations.  What are the key implications of fractal poverty for policy and research? How can the fractal poverty provide an analytical foundation to make a pathway out of poverty accessible to Filipinos presently suffering in extreme poverty? The fractal model shows that poverty incidence is dictated by provinces whose poverty incidence are high. This means that if the poverty incidence of the province will be primarily addressed, it will affect the poverty scenario of the Philippines. Policy makers if looking for key indicators why Filipinos have some difficulty escaping poverty may focus on the province with the highest incidence.
Do Catastrophes in Poor Countries Lead to Event-Related Policy Change?: The 2010 Earthquake in Haiti
Authors: Thompson Denise D.P.
Published: April 2016

Prompted by Birkland and Warnement’s (2014) findings that the earthquake was not a significant focusing event in Haiti, the author reassessed the issue. Using the 2010 earthquake as the starting point, a detailed content analysis of evaluation and strategy report and DRR and developmental plans to find the level of policy adopted and implemented after the earthquake. Using the criterion of event-related implementation as a proxy for event-related policy change the author judges whether and to what extent was the earthquake a focusing event. Among the findings are that not only were there event-related policy change inside and outside of Haiti. Many policy changes were significant in the way they shaped development policy, disaster risk reduction policy and practice as well as humanitarian policy and practices and the tools and methods used in planning for and responding to catastrophes. The more fundamental question is whether, once adopted and implemented, the policy changes can be sustained.  Findings show significant challenges in that regard.
Localización espacial del uso del suelo poblacional del municipio de San José Colinas, Santa Bárbara, (Honduras), utilizando como herramienta un sistema de información geográfico
Authors: Castellanos Yeny
Published: April 2016

Durante los últimos años, el Municipio de San José Colinas, Santa Bárbara presenta un aumento de solicitudes de ejecución de planes y proyectos para el municipio en todas sus áreas. Razón por la cual se necesita identificar que las características geográficas y demográficas del municipio (edad, sexo, contexto familiar)necesarias o faltantes en los datos geoespaciales que equilibren la implementación de los servicios básicos como parte de la satisfacción de las necesidades humanas y es en donde con la ayuda de los método y técnicas de los Sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG) será un aporte en los procesos de mejora para el desarrollo del municipio.Cuando se habla de las desigualdades de los servicios básicos son problemas de atención primaria, que se deberían minimizar por las autoridades locales.Razón por la cual es necesario el desarrollo de la metodología en diversas fases en donde se identificaron las zonas de las áreas de estudio del Municipio de San José Colinas, Santa Bárbara, con la colaboración de la Dirección de Vinculación Universidad Sociedad. Encontrándose con el 60% de los datos tabulados hasta la fecha.Revista Ciencias Espaciales, Vol.4(1) 2011, 75-85
Posición de la Estelas 10 y 12 respecto del Parque Arqueológico de Copán Ruinas
Authors: Schöngarth Roberto , Forrest Deborah , Milla Edward , Pastrano Ricardo
Published: April 2016

El equipo encabezado por el antropólogo y arqueólogo Vito Véliz hizo varias observaciones en Copán Ruinas desde el 11 hasta el 14 de agosto de 2010, aprovechando el paso del Sol por el cenit.Las visitas al Parque Arqueológico consistieron en observar tanto el paso del Sol por el cenit como además tratar de establecer una relación de la posición de las Estelas 10 y 12, fuera del parque, en las montañas cercanas. Las investigaciones en las últimas décadas muestran que hay un trasfondo astronómico en la colocación de la mayoría de las estelas mayas. En el caso de las estelas 10 y 12 se obtuvo las coordenadas geográficas de ambos lugares y se hizo una proyección de la esfera celeste, tal y como pudiesen haberla observado los mayas, tomando en cuenta la precesión y la variación de la inclinación de eje terrestre. La evidencia recopilada muestra que las estelas 10 y 12, fuera del Parque Arqueológico de Copán, no tienen una relación en su posición relativa respecto a algún evento astronómico más que para marcar cada una, independientemente, los límites norte en el caso de la estela 10 y sur en el caso de la estela 12, del Parque Arqueológico de Copán.Revista Ciencias Espaciales, Vol.4(1) 2011, 87-103
Arqueoastronomía en el arte rupestre de Valle y Choluteca
Authors: Pineda Marco Antonio , Rodriguez Carías César Israel
Published: April 2016

Esta investigación denominada Arqueoastronomía en el Arte Rupestre de Choluteca y Valle tenía por objetivo analizar sitios de Arte rupestre en los departamentos de Valle y Choluteca de la zona sur de Honduras, para determinar su posible contenido de información Arqueoastronómica.La profundidad del estudio implicó describir, registrar y analizar las muestras de Arte Rupestre encontradas en los diferentes sitios y determinar una posible relación astronómica en su diseño. La realización abarco desde el mes de agosto de 2013 a septiembre de 2014. Se trabajó con los sitios arqueológicos que presentaron muestras de Arte Rupestre en el sur de Honduras, específicamente en los departamentos de Choluteca y Valle. La presente investigación es de tipo descriptivo y transversal en la que se realizó una descripción y análisis del entorno general de los sitios, hasta llegar a la descripción y el análisis in situ y fotográfico del Arte Rupestre con características astronómicas, ya sean estos pictóricos o petrograbados. Como resultados del estudio pudimos comprobar la existencia de diseños de Arte Rupestre con posible contenido astronómico en diferentes sitios de los departamentos de Choluteca y Valle. Esta investigación permite llenar vacios de información científica sobre el Arte Rupestre en la zona sur de Honduras. Se aclara que estos son resultados preliminares a la puesta en marcha de un proyecto de investigación innovador en Honduras, donde se pone a prueba la metodología de investigación para el estudio arqueoastronómico en el Arte Rupestre.Revista Ciencias Espaciales, Vol.4(2) 2011, 89-120
Análisis temporal del contenido de humedad en pasto en un ecosistema de DEHESA mediante imágenes Landsat, y su relación con factores climáticos
Authors: Cáceres Coello José David , Martín Isabel Pilar , Salas Javier
Published: April 2016

Según la guía de buenas prácticas del Panel Intergubernamental de Expertos en Cambio Climático (IPCC), las técnicas de teledetección son adecuadas para la estimación de variables biofísicas en la vegetación. En este trabajo se ha utilizado una serie temporal de imágenes Landsat para estimar el contenido de humedad del pasto en una zona de dehesa al NE de la provincia de Cáceres en el período 1985- 2010. Se realizaron muestreos de campo de contenido de la humedad de la cubierta (CWC), así como de radiometría, en cuatro parcelas ubicadas dentro de la zona de estudio para la calibración del modelo. Se aplicó un modelo de regresión lineal entre los datos de campo e índices espectrales para la estimación de la variable. El índice NDII5 obtuvo los mejores ajustes para la estimación de CWC (R2=0,85). Los valores promedios de CWC mostraron sensibilidad a los cambios extremos de las series temporales de precipitación y temperatura.Revista Ciencias Espaciales, Vol.5(1) 2012, 66-84
Arqueoastronomía y Astronomía Cultural: sus campos de acción y aplicación en Honduras. Metodologías
Authors: Rodas Quito Eduardo Enrique
Published: April 2016

Siguiendo con el estudio de las diferencias y similitudes entre las disciplinas de la Arqueoastronomía y la Astronomía Cultural, se presenta en este artículo la evaluación de las diferentes metodologías utilizadas por estudios ya sean arqueoastronómicos propiamente dichos o de tipo arqueológico, pero relacionados con el tema de la astronomía reflejada en restos materiales de culturas antiguas. En este caso, se circunscribe el estudio a trabajos relacionados con la cultura maya, con el propósito de identificar las formas de trabajo que se utilizaron para poder desarrollar dichos estudios y que puedan servir de base para desarrollar técnicas y herramientas metodológicas aplicables al estudio de la Astronomía Cultural en Honduras. Los resultados se presentan en forma tabular y gráfica y prueban ser útiles para esta actividad. Como resultados adicionales, se identifican los cuerpos astronómicos de mayor interés en la cultura maya: Sol y Venus.Revista Ciencias Espaciales, Vol.5(1) 2012, 86-97
El tránsito de Venus de 2012 visible desde Honduras: Una oportunidad de entender nuestro lugar en el Universo
Authors: Pineda de Carías María Cristina
Published: April 2016

Los tránsitos de Venus son eventos de gran interés para la ciencia. Ocurren cuando el planeta Venus se alinea e interpone entre la Tierra y el Sol, produciendo para nosotros el efecto visual de que un muy pequeño objeto negro atraviesa la superficie solar. Su entendimiento, desde los primeros tiempos estuvo ligado al conocimiento de la estructura y dimensiones del Sistema Solar. La frecuencia con que ocurren puede estar separada hasta por más de 100 años, motivo por el cual su observación los convierte en raros eventos que cada vez que vuelven a ser visibles, encuentra a los científicos de diferentes siglos con nuevos instrumentos y más sofisticadas tecnologías. En este artículo, hacemos un repaso histórico desde cuando se predijo la primera posible ocurrencia de un tránsito de Venus, documentando además otras veces que se pudo observar por algunos astrónomos desde diferentes latitudes del planeta, describiendo las circunstancias, limitaciones, equipos y lugares que les permitió registrar y documentar tales observaciones. En la parte final se explica el gran reto que para Honduras ha representado, particularmente para la Facultad de Ciencias Espaciales por medio de su Departamento de Astronomía y Astrofísica, llegar a informar a la población del tipo de evento astronómico observado en junio de 2012, conseguir que el mayor número de personas se interesara por observarlo de manera segura, e igualmente importante, registrar imágenes de cómo los astrónomos nacionales lo observamos, dejando un legado de referencia para los astrónomos que en 2125 nuevamente lo podrán observar.Revista Ciencias Espaciales, Vol.5(2) 2012, 5-19
El tránsito de Venus en el Observatorio Astronómico Centroamericano de Suyapa (OACS)”
Authors: Quiróz Medina María De Jesús
Published: April 2016

Este documento tiene como objetivo describir la forma en que se vivió el evento TRÁNSITO DE VENUS en el Observatorio Astronómico Centroamericano de Suyapa de la Facultad de Ciencias Espaciales (OACS/FACES/UNAH), un evento astronómico que sucede cuando venus pasa directamente entre el sol y la Tierra y luce como un pequeño punto negro que atraviesa la cara visible del sol durante un tiempo de entre 5 y 8 horas. Este evento se observó el día martes 5 de Junio de 2012 entre las 16 y las 18 horas. Los medios de comunicación llegaron al OACS para obtener y dar a conocer al público información acerca del evento. Debido a que las condiciones climatológicas no parecían favorables para Tegucigalpa, un equipo de astrónomos viajó a la aldea de mbo Creek, Ciudad de la Ceiba y otro equipo se quedó en Tegucigalpa. Ambos equipos trabajaron en forma coordinada para lograr los objetivos propuestos.Revista Ciencias Espaciales, Vol.5(2) 2012, 44-47
ЛАТТИС БОЛЬЦМАНЫ АРГААР СҮВЭРХЭГ ОРЧИН ДОТУУРХ ЧӨЛӨӨТ ГАДАРГУУТАЙ ШИНГЭНИЙ УРСГАЛЫГ ЗАГВАРЧЛАХ
Authors: Аюурзана Б
Published: April 2016

Латтис (сүлжээ) Больцманы арга нь тооцон бодох шингэний динамикт чадамж сайтай нэн шинэ арга гэж дүгнэгдэж байна. Энэ өгүүлэлд тэнцвэрт орох нэг хугацаатай нэг төлөвт Латтис Больцманы аргаар шингэний динамикийн бодлогыг хэрхэн тооцон бодохыг харуулав. Квадрат саад тойрч урсах урсгалаар тооцон бодох кодны ажиллагаа болон нарийвчлалыг шалган батлав. Үүний дараа сүвэрхэг орчин дотруурх шингэний урсгалыг загварчлах болон шингэний чөлөөт гадаргууг ойролцоолох алгоритмуудыг хослуулж шингэнээр үл ханасан сүвэрхэг орчин дотуурх шингэний урсгалыг тооцон бодох боломжийг судлав. Латтис Больцманы аргаар шингэний чөлөөт гадаргуутай урсгал, сүвэрхэг орчин дотуурх шингэний урсгал болон турбулент шинж чанартай урсгал гэх мэт тооцон бодох шингэний динамикт хүндрэлтэй шийдэгддэг холимог бодлогыг хялбар техникт алгоритмоор шийдвэрлэх боломжтой гэдгийг энэ өгүүлэлд харуулахыг зорив.
Decolorization of reactive violet 5 dye in textile wastewater by electrocoagulation
Authors: Malinovic Borislav N. , Pavlovic Miomir G.
Published: April 2016

The textile dyeing industry consumes large quantities of water and produces large volumes of wastewater from different steps in the dyeing and finishing processes. Wastewater from printing and dyeing units is often rich in color, containing residues of reactive dyes and chemicals, such as complex components. This study investigates the decolorization of synthetic dye wastewater containing textile dye Reactive Violet 5 (RV5) by electrocoagulation. A laboratory batch reactor was used to investigate the effect of various operating parameters using aluminium (Al), iron (Fe) and stainless steel (SS) anode. The effect of dye concentration, current density, supporting electrolyte, sup­porting electrolyte concentration, electrolysis duration, and material of anode of the systems were evaluated. Color removal efficiency was 22, 91.5 and 99.8 % in 15 minutes using Al, Fe and SS anode, respectively (j = 10 mA/cm2, cNaCl = 0.171 M).
Impedance aspect of charge storage at graphite and glassy carbon electrodes in potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) redox active electrolyte
Authors: Magdić Katja , Horvat-Radošević Višnja , Kvastek Krešimir
Published: April 2016

Different types of charge storage mechanisms at unmodified graphite vs. glassy carbon electrodes in acid sulphate supporting solution containing potassium hexacyanoferrate (II) redox active electrolyte, have been revealed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and supported by cyclic voltammetry experiments. Reversible charge transfer of Fe(CN)63-/4- redox reaction detected by assessment of CVs of glassy carbon electrode, is in impedance spectra indicated by presence of bulk diffusion impedance and constant double-layer/pseudocapacitive electrode impedance compared to that measured in the pure supporting electrolyte. Some surface retention of redox species detected by assessment of CVs of graphite electrode is in impedance spectra indicated by diffusion impedance coupled in this case by diminishing of double-layer/pseudo­capacitive impedance compared to that measured in the pure supporting electrolyte. This phenomenon is ascribed to contribution of additional pseudocapacitive impedance generated by redox reaction of species confined at the electrode surface.
Editorial
Authors: Anderson Maria Inez Padula , Falk João Werner
Published: April 2016

“Pesquiso para constatar, constatando, intervenho, intervindo educo e me educo. Pesquiso para saber o que ainda não conheço e comunicar ou anunciar a novidade”.“... Afinal, minha presença no mundo não é a de quem a ele se adapta mas, a de quem a ele se insere. É a posição de quem luta para não ser apenas objeto, mas sujeito também da História.”Paulo Freire, 1996Nada melhor do que consultar Paulo Freire, esse mestre dos mestres, para buscar inspiração para escrever, com muita alegria, este editorial de relançamento da Revista Científica da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina de Família e Comunidade - SBMFC.Relançamento porque esta sociedade chegou a produzir uma edição em 1987.Muitas coisas, fatos e histórias transcorreram, desde então, com a SBMFC e com a Medicina de Família e Comunidade no Brasil. Mudamos de nome, mas não de propósitos. Quase fomos extintos, mas continuamos vivos. Quase perdemos a esperança, mas não desistimos. Aliás, desistir jamais, tem sido o nosso lema.Muitos, mesmo nos tempos mais difíceis, continuaram o trabalho, nas suas unidades assistenciais, nas academias, atendendo à população, formando pessoas, produzindo, se inserindo, não apenas aceitando a condição de objeto, como ensina o mestre.Muitos continuaram pesquisando, publicando, participando ativamente de eventos científicos, fazendo seus mestrados, doutorados, enfim mantendo viva nossa história.Isto permitiu que, decorridos 18 anos, pudéssemos, após a recente reativação plena da Sociedade, tenhamos realizado dois congressos brasileiros, muitos outros eventos estaduais e, agora, relançar esta revista na oportunidade do 6o Congresso Brasileiro de Medicina de Família e Comunidade, e, também, do 6o Congresso de Medicina Familiar – Região Mercosul - da Confederação Ibero Americana de Medicina Familiar – CIMF/WONCA.Que esta publicação, ao lado de todas as outras atividades da SBMFC, possa significar uma contribuição para a construção de uma prática médica mais humana, integradora e compreensiva acerca dos fenômenos que envolvem a complexidade do processo saúde – adoecimento.Que tenhamos consciência que a pesquisa não é um “elemento revestido de neutralidade e freqüentemente tem sido subserviente à ideologia dominante, a quem sustenta e solidifica, seja justificando sua existência, seja perpetuando um modo determinado de analisar e investigar um conjunto de práticas e procedimentos” (Ricardo Donato, 1983).E por último, mas não menos importante, que saibamos a força que podemos ter ao colaborar para construir um conhecimento socialmente e politicamente mais adequado à realidade das pessoas, principalmente num país ainda em desenvolvimento, pois “... os oprimidos, para se libertarem necessitam de uma teoria de sua ação”. (Paulo Freire, 1970)Parabéns e uma vida longa e útil para a revista e para todos nós! Desistir jamais! Maria Inez Padula Anderson                                                                    João Werner FalkPresidente do 6o Congresso Brasileiro de                                                          Presidente da SBMFCMedicina de Família e Comunidade
A Medicina de Família e Comunidade e sua entidade nacional: histórico e perspectivas
Authors: Falk João Werner
Published: April 2016

O presente trabalho busca relatar a história da Medicina de Família e Comunidade (ex-Medicina Geral Comunitária) no Brasil, bem como da sua entidade nacional representativa, sua interação com o Programa de Saúde da Família e o estabelecimento de propostas para o futuro
Aplicação de rede social no manejo da hipertensão
Authors: Wagner Angela Beatriz Papaleo , Wagner Hamilton Lima , Talbot Yves R. , Carmo Anousca E. do
Published: April 2016

Os autores revisam a literatura sobre redes sociais e aplicando a metodologia de terapia de grupos trabalham com uma coorte de hipertensos, sem grupo controle, na tentativa de melhorar o controle da patologia. Os resultados obtidos neste trabalho inicial parecem promissores, indicando a necessidade de um novo estudo multicentrico para permitir uma melhor avaliação do impacto desta técnica terapêutica no controle de doenças crônicas como a hipertensão arterial sistêmica.
Saúde e educação médica ? voltando ao caminho pela Medicina de Família
Authors: Dalla Marcelo Dala Bernardina
Published: April 2016

As concepções atuais da saúde e da educação em saúde, começaram a se conformar ainda no século XVI. No século XX considera – se como marcante a influência do relatório Flexner para definitiva incorporação do hospital como eixo do aprendizado e da prática médica. Entre o caminhos trilhados para romper o distanciamento na relação médico – paciente, bem como o resgate do ambiente natural de cura, destaca – se a medicina de família , que busca a atenção ao indivíduo e não somente às suas doenças.
A propósito da Medicina de Família
Authors: Sant?Ana Ana Maria
Published: April 2016

Este trabalho faz uma reflexão sobre aspectos práticos do trabalho do médico de família no Brasil, e ao apontar áreas de atrito se propõe a provocar uma discussão que contribua para o aperfeiçoamento da especialidade e desta maneira, dos serviços prestados às comunidades.
Aplicação do Pensamento Sistêmico no Trabalho em Saúde da Família
Authors: Wagner Hamilton Lima , Wagner Angela Beatriz Papaleo , Talbot Yves R.
Published: April 2016

Contexto: Trabalhar em saúde da família é abranger um contexto integral da atenção a saúde, em todos os seus aspectos, onde o referencial biológico se mostra um paradigma inadequado, deixando muitas exceções sem uma explicação adequada. Neste contexto os autores buscaram na teoria sistêmica uma explicação mais abrangente para o seu trabalho junto a comunidade. Material e Método: Foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema, e aplicado na prática de trabalho da Unidade de Saúde Vila Verde da Prefeitura Municipal de Curitiba um modelo de atendimento sistêmico. Conclusão: A prática da atenção integral, baseada no paradigma do pensamento sistêmico, parece mudar a relação da equipe de saúde com a comunidade, alterando o modelo de atendimento de demanda a doença para um modelo que além da necessidade sentida  promove atividades comunitárias e atende a necessidades correlatas à saúde.
Aplicação de Escala de Risco Familiar como instrumento de priorização das Visitas Domiciliares
Authors: Coelho Flávio Lúcio G , Savassi Leonardo Cançado Monteiro
Published: April 2016

A introdução do Programa Saúde da Família foi uma tentativa de reorganizar a atenção básica no país, que instituiu a Visita Domiciliar, como instrumento diferencial da atuação do Médico de Família. Para estabelecer prioridades na visita, elaborou-se escala de risco familiar baseada na ficha A do SIAB. Tal escala se baseia em sentinelas de risco que são avaliadas na primeira visita domiciliar pelo agente de saúde (ACS). A mesma foi aplicada em diferentes comunidades e microáreas, demonstrando diversas proporções de famílias classificadas como risco 1, 2 ou 3. Os resultados ressaltam a relação morador/cômodo como um importante indicador na avaliação do risco, bem como a aplicabilidade da escala como instrumento de priorização tanto das visitas domiciliares quanto do investimento da equipe. A escala demonstrou ser um instrumento simples e eficiente de análise do risco familiar, não necessitando a criação de nenhuma nova ficha ou escala burocrática. Os autores sugerem que somente o uso sistemático da Escala de Coelho como instrumento de reorganização da demanda, e posterior avaliação de seu impacto na comunidade, poderá confirmar sua aplicabilidade na atuação do médico de família.
Mostra Nacional de Saúde da Família Os Desafios após 10 anos
Authors: Castro Filho Eno Dias de
Published: April 2016

A II Mostra Nacional de Saúde da Família apresentou a face da Atenção Primária à Saúde no SUS. A SBMFC esteve na mesa de abertura, na apresentação e coordenação dos trabalhos. Educação permanente, avaliação, financiamento, resolutividade, eqüidade, suporte, equipe, controle social e protocolos dominaram o temário. Partindo de uma inorganicidade de rede, o pais decidiu tecê-la a partir da APS. Porém, o PSF concretizou apenas parcialmente a motivação inicial. Avançou paralelo ao restante do SUS, e precarizado. Os movimentos sociais pressionam por medidas que aproximem o SUS das promessas constitucionais. Assumindo no MS uma equipe oriunda da Reforma Sanitária, abriu-se caminho para a mudança. Várias iniciativas confluem para avançar. A mudança requer definir melhor os contornos do modelo tecno-assistencial: assumir o MFC como a opção para a porta de entrada do SUS, criar diretrizes para Plano de Carreira do SUS, financiar o apoio matricial à APS são medidas igualmente necessárias.
Tumor de Celulas da Granulosa Juvenil - Relato de Caso em Atenção Primária
Authors: Arruda Jocinei Santos de , Simon Eduardo , Grings Anelise Olmos , Mano Maria Claudia Morais , Silva Tatiana Laufer da
Published: April 2016

Os autores relatam o caso de urna criança de 2 anos e 4 meses com queixas ginecológicas (secreção vaginal branca), dor abdominal difusa e pseudopuberdade precoce (telarca). Iniciada investigação em Unidade de Saúde PSF de Porto Alegre, sendo referenciada ao nível secundário onde foi diagnosticada neoplasia ovariana (Tumor de Células da Granulosa Juvenil).
Trabalhos sobre Educação Apresentados no VI Congresso Brasileiro de Medicina de Família e Comunidade Hotel Glória Rio de Janeiro — Abril de 2004
Authors: Wagner Hamilton Lima
Published: April 2016

Resumos dos Trabalhos sobre Educação Apresentados no VI Congresso Brasileiro de Medicina de Família e Comunidade Hotel Glória Rio de Janeiro — Abril de 2004.