bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Número mínimo de medições para a avaliação acurada de características agronômicas de pinhão-manso
Authors: Teodoro Paulo Eduardo , Costa Rhayanne Dias , Rocha Rodrigo Barros , Laviola Bruno Galvêas
Published: March 2016

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar o método mais eficaz para estimar coeficientes de repetibilidade em progênies de meios-irmãos de pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas) e predizer o número mínimo de medições necessárias para algumas características agronômicas da oleaginosa. Avaliaram-se 18 famílias de meios-irmãos, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, de 2009 a 2013. Nesse período, as seguintes características foram avaliadas: altura de plantas, diâmetro do caule, número de ramos por planta, projeção da copa na linha, projeção da copa na entrelinha e produtividade de grãos. O coeficiente de repetibilidade (r) foi estimado a partir de diferentes estratégias: análise de variância; análise dos componentes principais (ACP), com base na matriz de correlações (CPCOR); ACP, com base na matriz de variâncias e covariâncias fenotípicas (CPCOV); e análise estrutural, com base na matriz de correlações. A estratégia CPCOV proporciona estimativas mais acuradas do coeficiente de repetibilidade e do número de medições necessárias (no mínimo quatro) para avaliação acurada (mínimo 80%) das características, devido ao comportamento cíclico das progênies.
Duração das alterações em propriedades físico-hídricas de Latossolo argiloso decorrentes da escarificação mecânica
Authors: Drescher Marta Sandra , Reinert Dalvan José , Denardin José Eloir , Gubiani Paulo Ivonir , Faganello Antônio , Drescher Gerson Laerson
Published: March 2016

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar o tempo de duração do efeito da descompactação do solo, por escarificação mecânica, por meio de indicadores físico-hídricos de Latossolo argiloso, manejado em sistema plantio direto (SPD). Os tratamentos consistiram em meses (0, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 e 36) transcorridos após escarificação mecânica em SPD e em testemunha sem escarificação em SPD há 27 anos. Foram avaliadas as variáveis: resistência mecânica à penetração, taxa de infiltração de água no solo, densidade e densidade relativa do solo, distribuição do tamanho de poros e condutividade hidráulica do solo saturado. A duração dos efeitos da escarificação mecânica variou com a propriedade do solo, tendo se mantido por 6 meses na densidade e na densidade relativa, na porosidade total e na macroporosidade; 18 meses na resistência à penetração; e 24 meses na condutividade hidráulica e na taxa de infiltração de água no solo. Propriedades do solo relacionadas ao transporte de água, como condutividade hidráulica e taxa de infiltração estável de água no solo, mantêm o efeito da escarificação por mais tempo e, portanto, são mais adequadas para avaliar a duração da descompactação mecânica.
Method to obtain platelet-rich plasma from rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus )
Authors: Pazzini Josiane M. , Nardi Andrigo B. De , Huppes Rafael R. , Gering Ana P. , Ferreira Marília G.P.A. , Silveira Camila P.B. , Luzzi Mayara C. , Santos Romeu
Published: March 2016

Abstract: Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a product easy and inxpesnsive, and stands out to for its growth factors in tissue repair. To obtain PRP, centrifugation of whole blood is made with specific time and gravitational forces. Thus, the present work aimed to study a method of double centrifugation to obtain PRP in order to evaluate the effective increase of platelet concentration in the final product, the preparation of PRP gel, and to optimize preparation time of the final sample. Fifteen female White New Zealand rabbits underwent blood sampling for the preparation of PRP. Samples were separated in two sterile tubes containing sodium citrate. Tubes were submitted to the double centrifugation protocol, with lid closed and 1600 revolutions per minute (rpm) for 10 minutes, resulting in the separation of red blood cells, plasma with platelets and leucocytes. After were opened and plasma was pipetted and transferred into another sterile tube. Plasma was centrifuged again at 2000rpm for 10 minutes; as a result it was split into two parts: on the top, consisting of platelet-poor plasma (PPP) and at the bottom of the platelet button. Part of the PPP was discarded so that only 1ml remained in the tube along with the platelet button. This material was gently agitated to promote platelets resuspension and activated when added 0.3ml of calcium gluconate, resulting in PRP gel. Double centrifugation protocol was able to make platelet concentration 3 times higher in relation to the initial blood sample. The volume of calcium gluconate used for platelet activation was 0.3ml, and was sufficient to coagulate the sample. Coagulation time ranged from 8 to 20 minutes, with an average of 17.6 minutes. Therefore, time of blood centrifugation until to obtain PRP gel took only 40 minutes. It was concluded that PRP was successfully obtained by double centrifugation protocol, which is able to increase the platelet concentration in the sample compared with whole blood, allowing its use in surgical procedures. Furthermore, the preparation time is appropriate to obtain PRP in just 40 minutes, and calcium gluconate is able to promote the activation of platelets.
Resistence of Radish Biotypes to Iodosulfuron and Alternative Control
Authors: CECHIN J. , VARGAS L. , AGOSTINETTO D. , ZIMMER V. , PERTILE M. , GARCIA J.R.
Published: March 2016

The repetitive use of iodosulfuron for the control of weeds in winter cereals in the south of Brazil has favored the emergence of resistant Raphanus sativus biotypes. The objective of this study was to evaluate: the response of Raphanus sativus biotypes susceptible and resistant to different dosages of iodosulfuron; the control of biotypes with alternative registered herbicides for the control of the species in crops of wheat, corn and soybean; and the existence of cross-resistance of the biotypes. Thus, four experiments were done in a greenhouse, with a completely randomized design and four replicates. The experimental units were composed of vases with a volumetric capacity of 0.75 L filled with substrate, containing a plant each. For the dose-response curve, three biotypes (factor A) and nine doses of the iodosulfuron herbicide (factor B) were used. For the alternative control, the recommendation was herbicides in pre or postemergence of the crops, and the crossed-resistance was evaluated by using herbicides that inhibit the ALS enzyme of different chemical groups. The analyzed variables were control and shoot dry matter. GR50 of the susceptible biotype (B1) was 0.11 g a.i. ha-1, whereas GR50 of resistant biotypes (B4 and B13) was 102.9 and 86.8 g a.i. ha-1 of the iodosulfuron herbicide, respectively. The resistant biotypes presented crossed resistance to herbicides that inhibit the ALS enzyme, where the control can be efficient with the use of herbicides with different action mechanisms.
Physiological and Genetic Bases of the Circadian Clock in Plants and Their Relationship with Herbicides Efficacy
Authors: DALAZEN G. , MEROTTO JR. A.
Published: March 2016

In order to adapt to daily environmental changes, especially in relation to light availability, many organisms, such as plants, developed a vital mechanism that controls time-dependent biological events: the circadian clock. The circadian clock is responsible for predicting the changes that occur in the period of approximately 24 hours, preparing the plants for the following phases of the cycle. Some of these adaptations can influence the response of weeds to the herbicide application. Thus, the objectives of this review are to describe the physiological and genetic mechanisms of the circadian clock in plants, as well as to demonstrate the relationship of this phenomenon with the effectiveness of herbicides for weed control. Relationships are described between the circadian clock and the time of application of herbicides, leaf angle and herbicide interception, as well as photosynthetic activity in response to the circadian clock and herbicide efficiency. Further, it is discussed the role of phytochrome B (phyB) in the sensitivity of plants to glyphosate herbicide. The greater understanding of the circadian clock in plants is essential to achieve greater efficiency of herbicides and hence greater control of weeds and higher crop yields.
Síntese e caracterização de arcabouços de quitosana com agente antineoplásicos
Authors: Cruz Jackson Borba da , Catão Carmem Dolores de Sá , Barbosa Rossemberg Cardoso , Fook Marcus Vinicius Lia
Published: March 2016

O sistema de liberação controlada de fármacos através da utilização de biomateriais poliméricos associados a compostos com ação antineoplásica pode ser empregado como alternativa de tratamento de neoplasias. Desta forma, este trabalho teve como objetivo a síntese e caracterização de sistemas de arcabouços de quitosana com o agente antineoplásico (1,4-naftoquinona), cuja taxa de liberação pode ser controlada pela utilização de um agente reticulante como o tripolifosfato de sódio (TPP). O método de preparação consistiu da solubilização da quitosana em ácido acético, adição do fármaco, congelamento, liofilização e reticulação com TPP. Todas as amostras foram caracterizadas por Difração de Raios X (DRX), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva de Raios X(EDS), grau de intumescimento e biodegradação enzimática. Na MEV foi evidenciada a formação de poros interconectados com tamanhos e formas variadas em todas as estruturas estudadas caracterizando a formação de arcabouços. Já no EDS foi observada a presença de elementos químicos característico da composição química de cada material. No entanto foi observada a presença do sódio que pode estar relacionado ao agente neutralizante utilizado. A reticulação de parte dos arcabouços foi comprovada pelo DRX, EDS e aumentou a taxa de degradação enzimática in vitro dos mesmos. A incorporação do fármaco foi confirmada por DRX, grau de intumescimento e EDS. Desta forma, pode-se concluir que ocorreu à formação de arcabouços reticulados e não reticulados porosos, com propriedades morfológicas e físico-químicas que podem contribuir para carrear fármacos antineoplásicos, sendo possível controlar a taxa de degradação dos mesmos e provável liberação do fármaco.
Ideologia e educação
Authors: Chaui Marilena de Souza
Published: March 2016

Resumo A noção de ideologia pode ser compreendida como um corpus de representações e de normas que fixam e prescrevem de antemão o que se deve e como se deve pensar, agir e sentir. Com o objetivo de impor os interesses particulares da classe dominante, esse corpus produz uma universalidade imaginária. A eficácia da ideologia depende, justamente, da sua capacidade de produzir um imaginário coletivo em cujo interior os indivíduos possam localizar-se, identificar-se e, pelo autorreconhecimento assim obtido, legitimar involuntariamente a divisão social. Sua coerência está atrelada a uma lógica da lacuna e do silêncio sobre sua própria gênese, isto é, sobre a divisão social das classes. A anterioridade do corpus, a universalização do particular, a interiorização do imaginário como algo coletivo e comum e a coerência da lógica lacunar fazem com que a ideologia seja uma lógica da dissimulação (da existência de classes sociais contraditórias) e uma lógica da ocultação (da gênese da divisão social). A partir da análise de alguns temas correntes nas discussões pedagógicas, este ensaio pretende avaliar até que ponto o discurso educacional, marcado em grande medida pela regra da competência, encobre ou não alguma ideologia.
Efeito do teor e da dispersão de fino calcário na aderência substrato-matriz cimentícia
Authors: Costa Eliane Betânia Carvalho , Cardoso Fábio Alonso , John Vanderley Moacyr
Published: March 2016

Resumo Este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito do teor e da dispersão de partículas de fino calcário em substituição ao ligante para a aderência substrato-matriz cimentícia. Para tal, foram produzidas argamassas com 0%, 30% e 60% de substituição do teor de cimento por fino calcário, de granulometria inferior à do cimento; também foi avaliada a dispersão das partículas pela adição de 0,02% de dispersante à base de policarboxilato às argamassas aplicadas sobre blocos cerâmicos hidrofugados. O comportamento reológico das argamassas, medido por reometria rotacional, variou conforme o teor de fino calcário e o uso de dispersante. Apesar da redução das propriedades mecânicas, a substituição de 60% de ligante por finos calcários combinado ao uso de dispersante pode aumentar a aderência em 76%. O acréscimo de aderência pode ser explicado pelo aumento da área de contato entre a argamassa e o substrato. Essa conclusão é de interesse prático, pois mostra que é possível reduzir a quantidade de ligante da matriz sem afetar sua resistência de aderência.
Clinical Trials of Antiangiogenesis Therapy in Recurrent/Persistent and Metastatic Cervical Cancer
Authors: Alldredge Jill K. , Tewari Krishnansu S.
Published: March 2016

Background.

Treatment options for women with metastatic, persistent, or recurrent cervical cancer are limited and thus the disease portends a poor prognosis. It is critical to understand the pathophysiology of cervical cancer to better delineate therapeutic targets. The development of antiangiogenic therapies and their subsequent analysis in rigorous therapeutic trials have redefined current management strategies and is an exciting area of current exploration.

Results.

Translational trials have furthered the understanding of molecular determinants of angiogenesis. Phase II trials have shown promising trends with developing antiangiogenic therapies. A practice-changing phase III trial has recently been published. Given the potential benefits and different toxicity spectrum compared with standard cytotoxic chemotherapy, antiangiogenic options are under active investigation for this vulnerable patient population. Emerging data are promising for other antiangiogenic-directed therapeutics, as well as cervical cancer molecular biomarkers to guide diagnosis and treatment.

Conclusion.

Antiangiogenic therapies have evolved during the past 20 years and remain an exciting area of current exploration.
Risk of Congestive Heart Failure in Early Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Adjuvant Treatment With Trastuzumab: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Long Hui-Dong , Lin Yun-En , Zhang Juan-Juan , Zhong Wen-Zhao , Zheng Rui-Nian
Published: March 2016

Background.

The use of trastuzumab has proven to be a successful strategy in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer; however, it is associated with an increased risk of cardiac dysfunction. We performed an up-to-date, comprehensive meta-analysis to clarify the risk of congestive heart failure (CHF) in patients with early breast cancer receiving different durations of adjuvant trastuzumab with the longest-term follow-up.

Methods.

Eligible studies included randomized control trials of HER2-positive early breast cancer patients with or without trastuzumab in adjuvant chemotherapy. Adequate reporting of CHF data were required for inclusion. Statistical analyses were conducted to calculate the overall incidence, relative risk (RR), and 95% confidence interval (CI) by use of a fixed-effects model.

Results.

Six randomized control trials including 18,111 patients were identified. The overall incidence of high-grade CHF in patients treated with trastuzumab versus placebo was 1.44% (95% CI, 0.79%–2.64%) and the RR was 3.19 (95% CI, 2.03–5.02; p < .00001). In subgroup analysis, the difference in CHF incidence failed to achieve significance. The RR for 8 mg/kg trastuzumab (high dose) was greater than that for 4 mg/kg (low dose) (RR, 6.79, 95% CI, 2.03–22.72, p = .0001; versus RR, 2.64; 95% CI, 1.61–4.32; p = .002). Additionally, higher RRs were observed for patients receiving trastuzumab for 1 year (RR, 3.29; 95% CI, 2.07–5.25) and 2 years (RR, 9.54; 95%CI, 2.19–41.43), but not 9 weeks (RR, 0.50; 95% CI, 0.05–5.49) compared with control groups. No evidence of publication bias was observed.

Conclusion.

Adjuvant trastuzumab therapy was strongly associated with an increased risk of significant CHF in patients with early breast cancer, particularly in 2-year use.
Kaolinite carbonate mixture fabric evolution after electrokinetic tests
Authors: Ben Hassine A. , Souli H. , Dubujet P. H. , Ayari F. , Trabelsi-Ayadi M.
Published: March 2016

The aim of this study is to characterise the behaviour and fabric of four clayey samples before and after electrokinetic tests. The samples are formed by either kaolinite or a mixture of 70% kaolinite and 30% of carbonate. The samples are mixed with water and a lead solution and then consolidated. The electrokinetic tests show that for the samples prepared with water, a little increase in current intensity and conductivity is observed, which is due to the H+ ions diffusion into the samples. For the lead solution prepared samples, the current intensity and the conductivity decrease. The tests show that the current intensity decrease is due to cation migration. However, the carbonate presence, leading to high pH values, improves the lead precipitation with carbonate. The electroosmotic flow happens towards the cathode for all the samples, but some observed differences can be attributed to the heterogeneity of the net surface charges during the tests. X-ray diffraction analyses and specific surface area measurements show that, after the electrokinetic tests, the fabric of the samples changes as function of the presence of carbonate and lead.
Kt/Vurea and Nonurea Small Solute Levels in the Hemodialysis Study
Authors: Meyer Timothy W. , Sirich Tammy L. , Fong Kara D. , Plummer Natalie S. , Shafi Tariq , Hwang Seungyoung , Banerjee Tanushree , Zhu Yunnuo , Powe Neil R. , Hai Xin , Hostetter Thomas H.
Published: March 2016

The Hemodialysis (HEMO) Study showed that high-dose hemodialysis providing a single-pool Kt/Vurea of 1.71 provided no benefit over a standard treatment providing a single-pool Kt/Vurea of 1.32. Here, we assessed whether the high-dose treatment used lowered plasma levels of small uremic solutes other than urea. Measurements made ≥3 months after randomization in 1281 patients in the HEMO Study showed a range in the effect of high-dose treatment compared with that of standard treatment: from no reduction in the level of p-cresol sulfate or asymmetric dimethylarginine to significant reductions in the levels of trimethylamine oxide (−9%; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], −2% to −15%), indoxyl sulfate (−11%; 95% CI, −6% to −15%), and methylguanidine (−22%; 95% CI, −18% to −27%). Levels of three other small solutes also decreased slightly; the level of urea decreased 9%. All-cause mortality did not significantly relate to the level of any of the solutes measured. Modeling indicated that the intermittency of treatment along with the presence of nondialytic clearance and/or increased solute production accounted for the limited reduction in solute levels with the higher Kt/Vurea. In conclusion, failure to achieve greater reductions in solute levels may explain the failure of high Kt/Vurea treatment to improve outcomes in the HEMO Study. Furthermore, levels of the nonurea solutes varied widely among patients in the HEMO Study, and achieved Kt/Vurea accounted for very little of this variation. These results further suggest that an index only on the basis of urea does not provide a sufficient measure of dialysis adequacy.
Enhancing Nephrology Career Interest through the ASN Kidney TREKS Program
Authors: Maursetter Laura J. , Stern Lauren D. , Sozio Stephen M. , Patel Ankit B. , Rao Reena , Shah Hitesh H. , Leight Katlyn , Okusa Mark D. , Zeidel Mark L. , Parker Mark G.
Published: March 2016

The Kidney Tutored Research and Education for Kidney Students (TREKS) Program is a product of the American Society of Nephrology (ASN) Workforce Committee that seeks to connect medical and graduate students to nephrology. This program starts with a weeklong camp–like course introducing participants to renal physiology through classic and modern experiments. Next, each student is matched with a nephrology mentor at his or her home institution to foster a better understanding of a nephrology career. Lastly, the students are encouraged to participate in scholarly activities and attend the ASN Kidney Week. Now in its third year, with a total of 84 participants, survey data suggest early success of the program, with a self–reported 40% increased interest in nephrology fellowship and/or research careers. In addition, students give high ratings to the course components and mentorship pairings. Continued student tracking will be necessary to determine the long–term program effect.
Tuberculous meningitis in infants and children: Insights from nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics
Authors: Mason Shayne , Reinecke Carolus J. , Solomons Regan , Van Furth A. Marceline
Published: March 2016

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is a prevalent form of central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS-TB) and the most severe common form of bacterial meningitis in infants and children below the age of 13 years, especially in the Western Cape Province of South Africa. Research to identify markers for timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment outcomes remains high on the agenda for TBM, in respect of which the field of metabolomics is as yet largely unexploited. However, the national Department of Science and Technology (DST) recently established several biotechnology platforms at South African institutions, including one for metabolomics hosted at North-West University. We introduce this national platform for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics by providing an overview of work on TBM. We focus on selected collaborative multidisciplinary approaches to this disease and conclude with the outcomes of an untargeted NMR metabolomics study of cerebrospinal fluid from TBM patients. This study enabled the formulation of a conceptual shuttle representing the unique metabolic plasticity of CNS metabolism towards the energy requirements for the microglia-driven neuroinflammatory responses, of which TBM is one example. From insights generated by this explorative NMR metabolomics investigation, we propose directions for future in-depth research strategies to address this devastating disease. In our view, the timely initiative of the DST, the operational expertise in metabolomics now available and the potential for involving national and international networks in this field of research offers remarkable opportunities for the future of metabolomics in South Africa and for an ever greater understanding of disease mechanisms.
Changing boundaries: Overcoming modifiable areal unit problems related to unemployment data in South Africa
Authors: Weir-Smith Gina
Published: March 2016

The longitudinal comparison of census data in spatial format is often problematic because of changes in administrative boundaries. Such shifting boundaries are referred to as the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP). This article utilises unemployment data between 1991 and 2007 in South Africa to illustrate the challenge and proposes ways to overcome it. Various censuses in South Africa use different reporting geographies. Unemployment data for magisterial districts of census 1991 and 1996 were re-modelled to the 2005 municipal boundaries. This article showed that areal interpolation to a common administrative boundary could overcome these reporting obstacles. The results confirmed more accurate interpolations in rural areas with standard errors below 3300. Conversely, the largest errors were recorded in the metropolitan areas. Huge increases in unemployment between 1996 and 2001 statistics were also evident, especially in the metropolitan areas. Although such areas are more complex in nature, making it more difficult to accurately calculate census data, the increase in unemployment could also be the result of census taking methods. The article concludes that socio-economic data should be available at the smallest possible geographic area to ensure more accurate results in interpolation. It also recommends that new output areas be conceptualised to create a seamless database of census data from 1991 to 2011 in South Africa.
EDITORIAL
Authors: Oro Ieda Margarete
Published: March 2016

Editorial
DIRETRIZES PARA AUTORES
Authors: Diersmann Admin Débora
Published: March 2016

Diretrizes para autores
Age-related alterations in arginase-NO-synthase system in patients with coronary heart disease associated with hypertension
Authors: Besedina Anna
Published: March 2016

Wstęp

Choroba wieńcowa jest najpowszechniejszą z chorób serca występujących na terenie Europy. Celem pracy było zbadanie intensywności metabolizmu L-argininy dwoma alternatywnymi sposobami (utleniającym przez NOS i nieutleniającym poprzez arginazę) w osoczu krwi pacjentów cierpiących na chorobę wieńcową (ChW) serca, współistniejącą z nadciśnieniem tętniczym (NT), w grupie pacjentów w różnym wieku.

Materiał i metody

Do badania włączono 50 pacjentów z izolowaną postacią ChW i 42 z ChW współistniejącą z NT. Aktywność NOS została wyznaczona przez anion azotynowy utworzony w reakcji. Aktywność arginazy sprawdzono przez formowanie mocznika.

Wyniki

Pacjenci w średnim wieku, z izolowaną postacią ChW wykazywali 2,2 razy wyższą całkowitą aktywność NOS w porównaniu ze zdrowymi badanymi w tej samej grupie wiekowej. W przypadku pacjentów z ChW współistniejącą z NT całkowita aktywność NOS była znacząco (2,3 razy) zwiększona w obu grupach wiekowych (w średnim oraz starszym wieku) w porównaniu z osobami zdrowymi w tym samym wieku. U pacjentów z izolowaną postacią ChW aktywność arginazy była 1,5 razy podwyższona u osób w średnim wieku oraz 1,7 razy u starszych niż u osób zdrowych. W wieku średnim i starszym pacjenci ze współistniejącą postacią ChW wraz z NT wykazywali statystycznie znacznie podwyższoną aktywność arginazy – odpowiednio 1,7 oraz 1,8 razy większą niż u zdrowych w tym samym wieku.

Wnioski

Wykazano, że w grupie pacjentów z izolowaną postacią ChW oraz w przypadku współistnienia ChW i NT aktywność NO-syntazy i arginazy jest wyższa niż u osób zdrowych. Zwiększona aktywność NO-syntazy i arginazy jest bardziej znacząca u pacjentów starszych.
Conflict, Dialogue and Justice: Exploring Global Citizenship Education as a Generative Social Justice Project
Authors: Shultz Lynette
Published: March 2016

If we are to live in this extensively interconnected world we need to find ways to understand the edges of democracy – those places where people and lives are moved to the margins and silenced – and to provide new ways to enact citizenship in its multiple locations with and beyond nation states. Drawing on theoretical understandings of deliberative democracy as a challenge to conventional models of liberal democracy, and the praxis of conflict transformation, this article frames processes of social justice as a platform for citizenship education. It examines the way that addressing conflict involves understanding the complexity of social change within a globalized and globalizing world. The conclusions provide conceptualizations for co-creating educational processes of engagement that work to provide expansive inclusion.
Changing Salaries, Changing Minds: Examining the Merits of Merit Pay
Authors: Barnett Joshua , Opneshaw Roger
Published: March 2016

Policymakers across the globe are actively seeking reforms that lead to improved student performance. One reform gaining momentum is the usage of merit pay for educators who are able to increase performance on standardized measures. However, educators’ voices are often missing from the discussion, as policies are put onto them rather than determined with them. The present paper examines the historical landscape in one country, infuses the growing international literature on merit pay into the conversation, and makes recommendations for those considering the inclusion or creation of such pay for performance models and how educators can help shape the policies.
Global Educational policies and its effects on the academic profession in Brazil
Authors: Machado José Ronaipe
Published: March 2016

This paper discusses the relationships between the current situation of professors of higher education institutions in Brazil and the changes that have come about in the Brazilian educational system as it has been affected and guided by neoliberal ideology principles through influence of International Organizations such as the World Bank and the IMF. Concepts like globalization, global governance and neocolonialism in the field of educational policy making achieve strong relevance as one intends to understand and explain the roots that are in the origins of the situation which academic professorate faces in countries like Brazil as well as in many others across the world. As part of this broader world and global context, Brazilian professors have to face similar, and sometimes even tougher challenges, as educational policies regulated by a new educational act have been implemented in the country throughout the last fifteen years. Under the influence of neoliberal ideas, massification and diversification in the higher education system have led to what many scholars call a state of fragmentation of the academic profession, which is characterized by increasing bureaucratization, heavy accountability requirements, inadequate remuneration and insufficient intellectual preparation to meet academic demands. Accountability and university bureaucratization have reduced teachers’ autonomy. The development with the greatest impact on the academic profession is the growing amount of professors with unstable and part-time appointments. As an apparent symptom of the decline of the status of the professoriate, they are paid a low salary to teach a few courses. In such a context, the value of academics is declining and new generations have been unwilling to embrace the academic career. Having well-trained, fairly paid and academically engaged faculty members is as crucial as ever, since countries count on good professors to prepare and form young people to be actively involved in the knowledge-based economy and in the information society.
Katrina, Cronulla Beach and France on Fire: An Anti-Colonial Critique of Empire in 2006
Authors: Dei George , Kempf Arlo
Published: March 2016

With a focus on both the theoretical and practical implications of anti-colonial theory, this article discusses a number of conflicts that have brought the oppression of marginalized bodies to the forefront of mainstream media attention. The authors formulate an anti-colonial response to the human-made disasters in the Southern United States, France and Australia. While race is finally being taken up in the mainstream media with regard to these events, such coverage has largely involved strategic denials, powerful silences and re-invocations of dominant colonial and racial paradigms. The anti-colonial discursive framework looks to the voices of the oppressed and to the various forms of, and potentialities for, agency and resistance to guide its response to the social and discursive disasters discussed herein. Given the prominence of ‘post’ discourses in the academy, a resuscitation of the anti-colonial discourse is necessary in order to provoke action-oriented resistance-based responses to modern colonial practices.
Safety and solidarity: Governance of higher risk study abroad programs and activities
Authors: Tannis Derek
Published: March 2016

In this paper, the role of risk governance is examined in relation to higher risk study abroad programs and activities involving post-secondary students. In the face of increased global uncertainties, post-secondary institutional legal and financial risk thresholds can conflict with an ethic of global solidarity, mutuality and academic freedom. A relational standard of care augments prescriptive diagnostics of informed consent and exemption/appeal structures, safeguarding faculty and student liberty and security through deliberative, informed choice. This approach provides a viable means to pursue ethical internationalization in post-secondary education, as it places value on global human wellbeing through sharing of knowledge, skills and resources, aligning safety with values of solidarity and mutuality.
Losing my Western Baggage: An autobiographical case for relocating human rights within cultural studies discourse
Authors: Hunt Pearl
Published: March 2016

What is it about music that allows people to transcend difference? Can what we learn about music’s abilities inform an enhanced conversation of difference and be applied to the theory of education and critical pedagogy? These questions form the basis of my inquiry into music and social change, an investigation that I have largely focused in North America during the twentieth century. I had the opportunity to further this inquiry and explore the structural roots of music while participating in an adult education conference at the source of Nile in Uganda in the year 2004.

The following personal narrative articulates my experiences in Africa and is an attempt to counter the dominant paternalistic hegemony often ascribed towards Africa and its people. In the course of actually losing my luggage, I became aware of Africa and the Africans I met as a place and people of generosity and discovery. In particular, I have been inspired by Africans’ writing both within the continent and in the Diaspora, continue to offer to both cultural studies theory and cultural practices. It is within the framework of cultural studies and human rights theory that I begin to identify a space in which music operates as a collective entity.

By building north-south and east-west dialogues, working within and outside the academy, African intellectuals, activists, and artists continue to enrich our cultural landscape. My writing then, is an initial attempt to demonstrate the need to develop a more inclusive critical pedagogy that will benefit from the work of African scholarship and practice.
Presentación de la Revista Médica Herediana.
Authors: Torres Zamudio Cesar
Published: March 2016

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Editorial
Authors: Guerra-Garcia Roger
Published: March 2016

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Prevalencia de insuficiencia renal crónica en la población de influencia del Hospital de Apoyo Cayetano Heredia: 1982- 1984.
Authors: Figlio Gino , Cieza Javier
Published: March 2016

In order to find out the prevalence of chronic renal failure (CRF) in our country, we made this retrospective study. We evaluated all patients with CRF controlled at the “Hospital de Apoyo Cayetano Heredia” coming from its influencing area, between 1982 and 1984. The prevalence rate was definitely lower than other countries. We found 37.7 cases /million. The prevalence rate was higher in females. It also had age correlation.
Artritis piógena en niños.
Authors: Castañeda Oswaldo , Berrocal Alfredo , Catacora José , Zegarra Oswaldo
Published: March 2016

Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de los casos de Artritis Piógena en la población pediátrica del Hospital Cayetano Heredia, encontrandose 99 casos en un período de 14 años; la tercera parte de ellos fueron lactantes. El cuadro fue monoarticular en 94% de los casos, siendo la rodilla la articulación más comúnmente afectada. El germen que se aisló con mayor frecuencia fue Stafilococo aureus. El tratamiento consistió fundamentalmente en antibióticos apropiados y artrocentesis evacuatorias; 16 casos requirieron artrotomia. El tiempo de enfermedad antes del tratamiento médico o drenaje articular, así como el compromiso por Stafilococo aureus y Pseudomona aeruginosa fueron factores que influyeron en la evolución del paciente.
Infección urinaria en pacientes con cateterismo vesical con sistema de drenaje cerrado, utilizando un frasco colector recambiable.
Authors: Valdez Rosario , Miyahira Arakaki Juan
Published: March 2016

Con el objetivo de determinar la incidencia de ITU asociado a cateterismo vesical con sistema de drenaje cerrado utilizando un frasco recambiable, fueron evaluados 20 pacientes no críticos, cateterizados por 5 días. Se encontró una incidencia de bacteriuria asociada a cateterismo vesical de 5%, mientras que la contaminación del frasco de drenaje se documento en el 10% de los pacientes. Tanto la bacteriuría, como la contaminación del frasco colector ocurrieron a las 96 horas de cateterismo vesical. Se concluye que el sistema de drenaje cerrado utilizando un frasco recambiable es adecuado para pacientes que requieran catéter vesical por corto tiempo, debido a su baja incidencia de bacteriuria y su bajo costo.
Larva migrans cutánea en Lima. Reporte de 3 casos.
Authors: Legua Pedro , Guerra Jorge , Bussalleu Alejandro
Published: March 2016

Larva migrans cutánea o “erupción reptante” es una erupción cutánea causada por la migración de la larva de un nemátodo en forma errática en la piel. Ocurre usualmente como resultado de la exposición de la piel a las larvas filariformes infectantes de uncinarias propias de felinos y cánidos, que están presentes en suelos húmedos y arenosos en los que estos animales defecan (playas, jardines, parques, etc.).La larvainfectante no puede completar su ciclo vital en el hospedero humano y entonces persiste en la piel causando este cuadro
Histoplasmosis diseminada en SIDA. Presentación de un caso y revisión de la literatura.
Authors: Bustamante Beatriz , Seas Carlos , Sanchez Jorge , Gottuzo Eduardo
Published: March 2016

Histoplasmosis diseminada es una condición poco frecuente, presentándose en menos del 10% de los casos sintomáticos por esta enfermedad. Se reconoce a niños, ancianos inmunosuprimidos por depresión de la inmunidad celular, recipientes de transplante renal o de médula ósea y a pacientes en tratamiento esteroideo prolongado,como individuos en riesgo.
Septicemia por Aeromona hidrophila
Authors: Yi A. , Sack B. , Maurtua D , Guerrero C
Published: March 2016

Las aeromonas son bacilos gram negativos móviles que fermentan los carbohidratos;son oxidasa positivo y crecen bien en los medios de cultivo para aislar enterobacteriaceaes. Actualmente las aeromonas son señaladas como agente etiológico de una variedad de procesos infecciosos que amenazan la vida de los pacientes.
El docente de la Facultad de Medicina Alberto Hurtado de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia.
Authors: Sime B Francisco
Published: March 2016

Los docentes universitarios en general y el docente de medicina en particular no han sido objeto de un estudio integral que revele su realidad para poder comprender su actividad docente, sus necesidades, su modus vivendi, sus anhelos y aspiraciones, asícomo sus frustraciones; por está razón, el docente de medicina no es conocido a cabalidad; sin embargo, su labor de formador de profesionales médicos es de trascendental importancia, por la que debe recibir atención preferencial y prioritaria.
Estudio de la situación socioeconómica y académica del docente de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia.
Authors: PAMO REYNA Oscar , RUIZ DIAZ Jorge E
Published: March 2016

One hundred and twenty one teachers, 51.3% of the total of the faculty of medicine Alberto Hurtado of UPCH were surveyed in order to determine some social, economic and academia characteristics. We found: age average, 49.4 yr;89.3%male; 87.6% were married; 85.8% lived in middle and high social level areas; average of children 2.8; 8.3% were full-time teachers; average of years in teaching 19.5 yr; 95.9% were attracted for teaching; 85.1% would not abandon teaching; 42.4% were satisfied; 52.9% had training in teaching methods; 54.5% were doing research; 55.9% had published; 90.0% belong to the Ministry of Health-Hospitals; 79.2% do private practice; 75.0% own a house; 52.5% had other member of their family working and 72.5% had private practice as the main income. We concluded that our teaching staff belongs in average, to the middle class, doteaching as an extra activity, have interest and experience in teaching but do not have enough pedagogical education and that research and publications could increase.
Colecistectomía laparoscópica en el Perú. Reporte preliminar de los primeros casos.
Authors: DEL CASTILLO YRIGOYEN Mario , RODRIGUEZ CASTRO Manuel
Published: March 2016

La colecistectomía es una de las operaciones más frecuentes en la práctica quirúrgica y sin duda la técnica operatoria que todo cirujano general debe perfeccionar (1,2).El tratamiento clásico de la enfermedad litiásica vesicular ha tenido grandes cambios en los últimos años, sobre todo con el advenimiento de nuevas alternativas menos invasivas con el fin de mejorar su tratamiento y optimizar la calidad del pre y postoperatorio del paciente (3). Es así como la colecistectomía laparoscópica nace como técnica quirúrgica en la resección y extracción de la vesícula biliar con un mínimo de morbimortalidad (4,5).En el presente estudio reportamos 3 pacientes intervenidos bajo esta nueva técnica cursando todos con postoperatorio satisfactorio.
Granulomatosis linfomatoidea (GL)
Authors: PAZ Eliana , ACOSTA Raúl , CALVO Armando , SILICANI Armando
Published: March 2016

Paciente varón de 44años de raza negra, natural de Ica, procedente de Lima, hospitalizado en enero de 1990 con un tiempo de enfermedad de 7 meses. En julio de 1989 presenta odinofagia, sensación de ardor faríngeo y tupidez nasal, recibe varios esquemas antibióticos sin mejoría. Dos meses después desarrolla disfagia a sólidos.malestar general, pérdida de peso(6 kilos en los últimos meses). En noviembre presenta lesiones nodulares en troncos y extremidades, sin dolor ni eritema, que se ulceran y luego se cubren de costras; durante esta época nota hinchazón de la pierna derecha hasta la rodilla.
Cirugía en hipertensión portal
Authors: Del Castillo Mario
Published: March 2016

Terblanche J. Ann Surg 1989; 209: 381.Los pacientes portadores de hipertensión portal que son referidos al cirujano se pueden clasificar en cuatro categorías: aquellos con sangrado agudo, recurrente que no responde al tratamiento médico; los que tienen sangrado recurrente y que paran espontáneamente; aquellos pacientes con várices que nunca sangraron y finalmente los pacientes con formas inusuales de hipertensión portal.
Expansión endovenosa rápida con cloruro de sodio al 0.9%, en pacientes adultos moderada y severamente deshidratados por cólera.
Authors: CIEZA Javier , GAMARRA Giuliana , TORRES César , Miyahira Juan
Published: March 2016

Analizamos el efecto de la expansión endovenosa rápida con ClNa al 0.9% en 142 pacientes oligoanúricos con cuadro clínico compatible con cólera, atendidos en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia en mayo de 1991 durante la epidemia de cólera.Los pacientes fueron adultos de 14 a 60 años, con deshidratación moderada o severa, pérdida de peso corporal promedio 11.5% rango 7 a 15%. Todos fueron expandidos únicamente con ClNa al 0.9% (infusión promedio 2.36l/hora). El tiempo promedio hasta recuperar una diuresis mayor de 50 cc/h fue de 1.79+0.73 horas. Los valores bioquímicos séricos, tomados al ingreso fueron: Cl-100 + 8.4 mEq/L. K+4.46+0.7 mEq/L., Na+136+4.7mEq/L., reserva alcalina 23.7+9.2mEq/L y creatinina 1.6+0.69 mg/dl, al momento de la micción los valores fueron: Cl-103+7.4 mEq/L., K+4.3+0.7mEq/L, Na+139+3.5 mEq/L, reserva alcalina 28.7+7 mEq/L. Se muestra el efecto de la expansión rápida con ClNa 0.9% sobre los diferentes transtornos del estado ácido-base en estos pacientes.
Letalidad y riesgo de insuficiencia renal por cólera en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia de Lima, Perú.
Authors: CIEZA Javier , GAMARA Guiliana , TORRES César
Published: March 2016

Se evaluó la letalidad y el riesgo de insuficiencia renal en pacientes con enfermedad diarreica coleriforme en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, tratados con un esquema de rehidratación utilizando cloruro de sodio al 0.9% endovenoso y sales de rehidratación oral. El estudio se realizó durante la epidemia de cólera entre los meses de febrero y mayo de 1991, en que se atendieron a 8675 pacientes, de los cuales 4500 fueron hospitalizados por deshidratación moderada o severa. Las tasas de letalidad y de insuficiencia renal aguda (IRA) en el mes de febrero, antes de aplicar el esquema de rehidratación, fueron 1.77 y 30.14x1000 respectivamente. Durante la aplicación del esquema en los meses de marzo, abril y mayo las tasas de letalidad y de IRA fueron 0.64, 0.58 Y 0.0x1000 y de 577 y 3.00x100 respectivamente.
El Instituto Nacional de Salud y la Epidemia de Cólera
Authors: CARRILLO Carlos
Published: March 2016

La epidemia de cólera en el Perú aparece casi simultáneamente en varias ciudades de la costa a fines de enero de 1991. Aunque la fuente de origen permanece oscura, la rápida diseminación a varias ciudades costeras lejanas entre si, sugiere un vehículo de transmisión a través de la distribución y expendio de alimentos sin las condiciones de higiene recomendadas por las autoridades de Salud (1). Desde entonces, una intensa y sostenida diseminación ha ocurrido en varias ciudades afectando sobre todo a la población económicamente deprimida. La enfermedad se expande a fines de febrero a la sierra andina, y a fines de marzo a la selva así como a países limítrofes tales como Ecuador, Colombia, Brasil y Chile.
Métodos de Control del Cólera
Authors: HUAYANAY Leandro , CABEZAS César
Published: March 2016

Conociendo que la transmisión del cólera es por la vía fecal-oral, para su control, es necesaria la interrupción de este ciclo, mediante la eliminación adecuada de las heces, evitando de este modo contaminar el agua y los alimentos que ingerimos. Además actualmente se estudia el uso de vacunas.
Bocio nodular tóxico en pacientes de zonas yodo deficiente y de la costa.
Authors: VILLENA Jaime , PRETELL Eduardo
Published: March 2016

Se han estudiado retrospectivamente, las características clínicas de 140 pacientes con bocio nodular toxico (BNT), 110 de una población inmigrante de zonas yodo deficientes (ZDY) y 30 de la costa. Se encontró una mayor prevalencia de BNT en el primer grupo, 16.7% vs 3.7% (p<0-005), tanto en bocio uninodular (BUT) 10.2% VS 2.8%, cuanto en multinodular 6.5% vs 0.9%, representando el 51.2% de los casos de hipertiroidismo vs el 6.7% en la costa. No se encontró diferencia en el sexo ni edad promedio, aunque el 42.7% de los de ZDY fueron menores de 50 años. En el caso de BUT, la duración del bocio fue de 19.7+ 3.1 año en el grupo de ZDY vs 6.2+ 2.1 en l a costa (p<0.01), y el área nodular mayor 18.6+ 1.2 vs 14.5+ 1.3 cm2 (p<0.05). No hubo diferencia en los valores de T4131 T3 ni Captación de I131 . Se encontró una correlación positiva entre el área nodular y la Capacitación de I131 en el grupo de la costa. El 59% de los pacientes de ZYD, desarrolló los síntomas antes de migrar a la costa, 28% durante los primeros 5 años y 12.2% después de 10 años de residencia. Del total, 23.6% tuvo compromiso cardiovascular severo con una mortalidad de 2.1%. Se concluye que la deficiencia de yodo predispone a la aparición de VNT. La migración a regiones no deficiente, desencadenará los síntomas, en un grupo, al aumentar la ingesta de yodo en la dieta.
Broncofibroscopía ambulatoria.
Authors: REY DE CASTRO Jorge , MIYASATO Carlos
Published: March 2016

Evaluamos retrospectivamente 144 broncofibroscopías practicadas de manera ambulatoria entre los años 1988-1990. Describimos las indicaciones del procedimiento diagnóstico, evaluamos el rendimiento de acuerdo a la indicación y señalamos las complicaciones observadas. La edad promedio fue 58 años, 94 (66%) fueron hombres. La relación procedimiento/consultas fue 1/73. Las indicaciones más frecuentes fueron: Lesión radiológica localizada (33%), atelectasis (27%), hemoptisis (10%), búsqueda de BAAR (7%) y enfermedad intersticial (5%). Los diagnósticos más frecuentes en lesión radiológica localizada y atelectasia fueron carcinoma epidermoide y bronquiectasias. No localizamos el área de sangrado en los pacientes con hemoptisis y los hallazgos broncofibroscópicos fueron sugestivos de bronquiectasias en 11. Tuberculosis y fibrosis pulmonar idiomática fueron los diagnósticos más frecuentes en enfermedad intersticial. Las complicaciones másfrecuentes fueron fiebres y escalofríos. Registramos dos complicaciones graves: Hemoptisis masiva provocada por una biopsia transbronquial y laringoespamo severo. Los resultados del procedimiento han sido satisfactorios y particularmente útiles en Atelectasia. Las complicaciones se encuentran dentro de lo esperado.