bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and peroxyacetic acid (PAA) measurements by iodide chemical ionisation mass spectrometry: first analysis of results in the boreal forest and implications for the measurement of PAN fluxes
Authors: Phillips G. J. , Pouvesle N. , Thieser J. , Schuster G. , Axinte R. , Fischer H. , Williams J. , Lelieveld J. , Crowley J. N.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. We describe measurements of peroxyacetyl nitrate (CH3C(O)O2NO2, PAN) and peroxyacetic acid (CH3C(O)OOH, PAA) in the Boreal forest using iodide chemical ionization mass spectrometry (ICIMS). The measurements were made during the Hyytiälä United Measurement of Photochemistry and Particles – Comprehensive Organic Particle and Environmental Chemistry (HUMPPA-COPEC-2010) measurement intensive. Mixing ratios of PAN and PAA were determined by measuring the acetate ion signal (CH3C(O)O2−, m/z 59) resulting from reaction of CH3C(O)O2 (from the thermal dissociation of PAN) or CH3C(O)OOH with iodide ions using alternatively heated and ambient temperature inlet lines. During conditions of high temperature and low NOx, PAA mixing ratios were similar to, or exceeded those of PAN and thus contributed a significant fraction of the total acetate signal. PAA is thus a potential interference for ICIMS measurements of PAN, and especially eddy covariance flux measurements in environments where the PAA flux is likely to be a significant proportion of the short timescale acetate ion variability. Within the range of mixing ratios of NOx measured during HUMPPA-COPEC, the ratio of PAA-to-PAN was found to be sensitive to temperature (through the thermal decomposition rate of PAN) and the HO2 mixing ratio, thus providing some constraint to estimates of photochemical activity and oxidation rates in the Boreal environment.
Aerosol profiling with the Jenoptik ceilometer CHM15kx
Authors: Wiegner M. , Geiß A.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Since a few years, the number of active remote sensing systems has been rapidly increasing as national weather services started to build up networks of ceilometers. As ceilometers can be considered as "simple" backscatter lidars, it is obvious to investigate to which extent they can provide quantitative aerosol information. In this context, the calibration of the ceilometer is the most crucial point: whereas previous studies primarily have relied on the comparisons with co-incident sun photometer measurements and the Rayleigh calibration, we provide an absolute calibration of the ceilometer. The advantage of this approach is that backscatter profiles can be derived during daytime and nighttime, and even in cases when the signal-to-noise ratio of signals from the free troposphere is very low. Moreover, the retrieval can easily be automated. In this paper, we consider the Jenoptik CHM15kx-ceilometer. We discuss the methodology and the achievable accuracy and present a set of examples to highlight the wide range of applications, and the limitations. The achievable temporal resolution is of the order of a few minutes; the relative error of the particle backscatter coefficient is less than 10%. It is emphasized that the accuracy of extinction coefficients and – as a consequence – of the aerosol optical depth is limited due to the unknown lidar ratio. This is, however, an inherent problem of any backscatter lidar and not a special feature of the ceilometer.
How will organic carbon stocks in mineral soils evolve under future climate? Global projections using RothC for a range of climate change scenarios
Authors: Gottschalk P. , Smith J.U. , Wattenbach M. , Bellarby J. , Stehfest E. , Arnell N. , Osborn T. J. , Jones C. , Smith P.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. We use a soil carbon (C) model (RothC), driven by a range of climate models for a range of climate scenarios to examine the impacts of future climate on global soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks. The results suggest an overall global increase in SOC stocks by 2100 under all scenarios, but with a different extent of increase among the climate model and emissions scenarios. The impacts of projected land use changes are also simulated, but have relatively minor impacts at the global scale. Whether soils gain or lose SOC depends upon the balance between C inputs and decomposition. Changes in net primary production (NPP) change C inputs to the soil, whilst decomposition usually increases under warmer temperatures, but can also be slowed by decreased soil moisture. Underlying the global trend of increasing SOC under future climate is a complex pattern of regional SOC change. SOC losses are projected to occur in northern latitudes where higher SOC decomposition rates due to higher temperatures are not balanced by increased NPP, whereas in tropical regions, NPP increases override losses due to higher SOC decomposition. The spatial heterogeneity in the response of SOC to changing climate shows how delicately balanced the competing gain and loss processes are, with subtle changes in temperature, moisture, soil type and land use, interacting to determine whether SOC increases or decreases in the future. Our results suggest that we should stop looking for a single answer regarding whether SOC stocks will increase or decrease under future climate, since there is no single answer. Instead, we should focus on improving our prediction of the factors that determine the size and direction of change, and the land management practices that can be implemented to protect and enhance SOC stocks.
Oxygen and indicators of stress for marine life in multi-model global warming projections
Authors: Cocco V. , Joos F. , Steinacher M. , Frölicher T. L. , Bopp L. , Dunne J. , Gehlen M. , Heinze C. , Orr J. , Oschlies A. , Schneider B. , Segschneider J. , Tjiputra J.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. Decadal-to-century scale trends for a range of marine environmental variables are investigated using results from seven Earth System Models forced by a high greenhouse gas emission scenario. The models as a class represent the observation-based distribution of the fugacity of oxygen (fO2) and carbon dioxide (fCO2), and the logarithm of their ratio, i.e. the Respiration Index (RI), albeit major mismatches between observation-based and simulated values remain for individual models. All models project an increase in SST between 2 °C and 3 °C by year 2100, a decrease in upper ocean pH and in the saturation state of water with respect to calcium carbonate minerals, and a decrease in the total ocean inventory of dissolved oxygen by 2% to 4%. Projected fO2 changes in the thermocline show a complex pattern with both increasing and decreasing trends reflecting the subtle balance of different competing factors such as circulation, production, remineralisation, and temperature changes. Projected changes in the total volume of hypoxic and suboxic waters remain relatively small in all models. A widespread increase of fCO2 in the thermocline is projected. The median of the thermocline fCO2 distribution shifts from 350 μatm in year 1990 to 700–800 μatm in year 2100, primarily as a result of the invasion of anthropogenic carbon from the atmosphere and is responsible for the widespread decrease in the RI outside low oxygen regions. The co-occurrence of changes in a range of environmental variables indicates the need to further investigate their synergistic impacts on marine ecosystems and Earth System feedbacks.
Modelling the effects of climate and land cover change on groundwater recharge in south-west Western Australia
Authors: Dawes W. , Ali R. , Varma S. , Emelyanova I. , Hodgson G. , McFarlane D.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The groundwater resource contained within the sandy aquifers of the Swan Coastal Plain, south-west Western Australia, provides approximately 60 percent of the drinking water for the metropolitan population of Perth. Rainfall decline over the past three decades coupled with increasing water demand from a growing population has resulted in falling dam storage and groundwater levels. Projected future changes in climate across south-west Western Australia consistently show a decline in annual rainfall of between 5 and 15 percent. There is expected to be a reduction of diffuse recharge across the Swan Coastal Plain. This study aims to quantify the change in groundwater recharge in response to a range of future climate and land cover patterns across south-west Western Australia. Modelling the impact on the groundwater resource of potential climate change was achieved with a dynamically linked unsaturated/saturated groundwater model. A vertical flux manager was used in the unsaturated zone to estimate groundwater recharge using a variety of simple and complex models based on climate, land cover type (e.g. native trees, plantation, cropping, urban, wetland), soil type, and taking into account the groundwater depth. In the area centred on the city of Perth, Western Australia, the patterns of recharge change and groundwater level change are not consistent spatially, or consistently downward. In areas with land-use change, recharge rates have increased. Where rainfall has declined sufficiently, recharge rates are decreasing, and where compensating factors combine, there is little change to recharge. In the southwestern part of the study area, the patterns of groundwater recharge are dictated primarily by soil, geology and land cover. In the sand-dominated areas, there is little response to future climate change, because groundwater levels are shallow and much rainfall is rejected recharge. Where the combination of native vegetation and clayey surface soils restricts possible infiltration, recharge rates are very sensitive to reductions in rainfall. In the northern part of the study area, both climate and land cover strongly influence recharge rates. Recharge under native vegetation is minimal and is relatively higher where grazing and pasture systems have been introduced after clearing of native vegetation. In some areas, the recharge values can be reduced to almost zero, even under dryland agriculture, if the future climate becomes very dry.
Evolutionary modeling-based approach for model errors correction
Authors: Wan S. Q. , He W. P. , Wang L. , Jiang W. , Zhang W.
Published: August 2012

Abstract. The inverse problem of using the information of historical data to estimate model errors is one of the science frontier research topics. In this study, we investigate such a problem using the classic Lorenz (1963) equation as a prediction model and the Lorenz equation with a periodic evolutionary function as an accurate representation of reality to generate "observational data." On the basis of the intelligent features of evolutionary modeling (EM), including self-organization, self-adaptive and self-learning, the dynamic information contained in the historical data can be identified and extracted by computer automatically. Thereby, a new approach is proposed to estimate model errors based on EM in the present paper. Numerical tests demonstrate the ability of the new approach to correct model structural errors. In fact, it can actualize the combination of the statistics and dynamics to certain extent.
Importancia de los mapas conceptuales para la organización y representación de los contenidos en las Ciencias de la Información
Authors: Contreras Rodriguez Suleidy
Published: August 2012

Se realiza una descripción  de  los mapas conceptuales a partir de sus definiciones, componentes, características, tipología, principios y usos para sus aplicaciones. Se  caracteriza el proceso de organización y representación de los contenidos, como un proceso macro que incluye varios subprocesos de gran importancia para el desempeño de los profesionales  de la información. Se valora la influencia de la aplicación de  mapas conceptuales para la organización y representación de los contenidos en las Ciencias de la Información, destacando su impacto con las nuevas tecnologías de información y las comunicaciones.
A satisfação dos editores das revistas do Portal de Periódicos da FURG em relação ao Sistema Eletrônico de Editoração de Revistas (SEER)
Authors: Corrêa Tatiane Priscila Pinto , Miranda Angélica Conceição Dias
Published: August 2012

O presente artigo tem por objetivo divulgar os resultados obtidos através de uma pesquisa realizada com os editores das revistas do Portal de Periódicos Científicos, da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande (FURG), a respeito da satisfação em relação ao Sistema Eletrônico de Editoração de Revistas (SEER). A pesquisa tem por natureza quanti-qualitativa e o universo de pesquisa foi os editores das dez revistas que compõem o Portal. O instrumento de coleta de dados escolhido foi um questionário composto por dez perguntas fechadas e uma pergunta aberta. Para realização da investigação, o questionário foi enviado para o e-mail de cada editor. Os resultados demonstraram que os pesquisados encontram-se satisfeitos com o processo de editoração eletrônica. Além dos resultados quantitativos, alguns editores fizeram comentários e sugestões importantes que visam incentivar a ampliação da qualidade e visibilidade das revistas eletrônicas da instituição.
Le double excès: De Dionysos à l’épiphanie du visage
Authors: Michel Johann
Published: August 2012

La présente contribution met en confrontation une double figure contradictoire de la démesure. Celle de la figure nietzschéenne de l'excès de vie contre tout ce qui risque de soustraire sa puissance. Celle de la figure lévinassienne de la démesure du visage comme injonction éthique. Il y a bien chez Nietzsche et chez Levinas une "grammaire commune" et une réhabilitation iconoclaste de l'excès (à l'encontre de sa longue condamnation et damnation dans l'histoire de la philosophie occidentale). Mais à travers cette réhabilitation, l'ontologie nietzschéenne de la vie et l'éthique lévinassienne demeurent incompossibles et se regardent comme des soeurs ennemies.
Between Stephen Lloyd and Esteban Yo-eed: Locating Jamaica Through Cuba
Authors: Smith Faith
Published: August 2012

In their oft-cited manifesto, the Martinican Creolists exhort Caribbean people to forego their continuing allegiances to the “mythical shores” of various old worlds, and to affirm instead the “alluvial Creoleness” that binds (or that ought to bind) them to each other, and to other communities across the globe with a similar plantation history: “Neither Europeans, nor Africans, nor Asians, we proclaim ourselves Creoles; “[the Creole language] is the initial means of communication of our deep self, or our collective unconscious, of our common genius, and it remains the river of our alluvial Creoleness.” Despite their qualifications – “Creoleness is an open specificity,” for example – they have been chided for simplifying the complicated socio-political histories of the region. Maryse Condé, for example, has noted that the opposition of colonizing French language and resisting Creole language ignores the extent to which plantation heterogeneity and negotiation rendered Creole a language of both “unity and compromise.” On what terms can alluvial relationships that can undercut imperial and diasporic ties be uncovered? What does the idea of a Creole unconscious solidify, restore, revivify, and for whom? In this essay, I am interested in a Jamaican-born novelist’s use of Cuba’s second war of independence in the 1890s to critique Jamaican complacency about British colonialism after the Second World War. Cuba, and a “Creole Latin” world more generally, allows him, on my reading, to proffer hispanophone and francophone plantation histories as a model for anglophone sensibilities in the region. The “Creole Latin” affirmation of nationalism, revolutionary struggle, and strong affective ties to the land and to personal relationships, are uncontaminated by the domineering spirit, legalistic prejudices, bureaucracy and commerce, and negotiated concessions that typify anglophone Protestant modes of life. Since the scene of these ideas in this case is the nineteenth century plantation, then we might ask if the social and political inequities are not reinforced, or whether the pleasures afforded by the romance make such considerations moot.
At the Core of Creolization: The Work of the African or the Africanization of Insular America
Authors: Vété-Congolo Hanétha
Published: August 2012

The Caribbean, as it is known today, is arguably the very last world born in the history of humanity with practices and physiological and spiritual characteristics that singularize its peoples and presents novel and original ways of being. The latter has always intrigued, bewildered and raised an ontological issue within and without its geographical boundaries. Is it a pale replica of Europe or a worthless extension of Africa? The question arises due to the particular history that started with conflicts engaging the notion of race, with one self erected as pure and supreme to the detriment of the other, conflicts founded on the severe depreciation of humanity, but which has nonetheless involved mankind. This may be the most recent case in the history of mankind showing how groups of people originally recognizable through determined referents become others, in a new place and under specific circumstances, with different ontological referents while remaining, through some of the referents, very close to their ascendants. One certainty is that the result of this particularly complex history is equally complex, and the ways and mindset of the individuals springing from it show such a high level of intricacies that they can be said to be ‘implexe-complexes’. The literary term ‘implexe’ refers to a very complex intrigue and enigma. Adjoining to the word ‘implexe’ the very term ‘complexe’ reinforces the idea of complexity I would like to stress concerning Caribbean identity.
Russell Daylight, What if Derrida Was Wrong About Saussure?
Authors: Altamirano Marco
Published: August 2012

Review of Russell Daylight, What If Derrida Was Wrong About Saussure?
Albert Memmi and Audre Lorde: Gender, Race, and the Rhetorical Uses of Anger
Authors: Davidson Maria del Guadalupe
Published: August 2012

Feminists, like members of other oppressed groups, are likely to embrace many aspects of Albert Memmi’s profound analysis of domination and oppression. Even though feminists can find common cause with Memmi in many respects, nevertheless they are likely to find themselves at odds with what Memmi says and does not say about women.
Table of Contents
Authors: Editors The
Published: August 2012

Table of Contents for Journal of French and Francophone Philosophy XX, no 1 (2012)
Yield and Growth Response to Transplanted Aman Rice under Raised Bed over Conventional Cultivation Method
Authors: Bhuyan M. H. M. , Ferdousi Mst. R. , Iqbal M. T.
Published: August 2012

Bed planting method for rice production systems is very new and research on it is still at an introductory phase. A field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of different agronomic aspects of bed planting on the growth and yield of transplanted aman rice (both irrigated and rain fed). This study also evaluates the water and fertilizer application efficiency of rice cropping system under bed planting method. Results showed that the bed planting method increased grain yield of rice up to 16% than the conventional method. Bed planting also increased the number of panicle m−2, number of grains panicle−1, and 1000-grain weight of rice than conventional method. Sterility percentage and weed infestation were lower in bed planting than conventional method. About 42% of the irrigation water and time for application could be saved through bed planting in transplanted aman rice cropping system. Water use efficiency and crop productivity for grain production were higher in bed planting over conventional method. This study concluded that bed planting method is a new approach for optimum fertilizer and water use efficiency as well as higher yield compared to conventional flat method.
Octadecyl-Bonded Silica Membrane Disk Modified with Cyanex302 for Pre-Concentration and Determination of Iron in Food Products
Authors: Karve Manjusha , Pandey Durgesh
Published: August 2012

A simple and rapid method using an octadecyl-bonded silica membrane disk impregnated with Cyanex302 is described for the pre-concentration and determination of iron. The influence of various parameters on sorption and elution of Fe(III) were systematically investigated. The sorption of Fe(III) at pH 3.2 was quantitative (99.3 ± 1.1%). It was completely recovered using 20 mL 5.0 M HCl and determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Breakthrough volume of the modified disk for Fe(III) was >2000 mL, pre-concentration factor was >100, and reusability up to 28 cycles. The LOD and LOQ for Fe(III) were 0.45 μg/L and 1.51 μg/L, respectively, while precision for its determination in terms of RSD was ≤ 2.1%. This method was applied for Fe(III) determination in milk, fortified flour, cocoa powder, tea, and black pepper. To validate the procedure, EPA Method Standard (QC standard 21) was analyzed for Fe(III).
Lipid Profile of In Vitro Oil Produced Through Cell Culture of Jatropha curcas
Authors: Correa Sandra M , Atehortúa Lucía
Published: August 2012

Recent increases in energy demands as a consequence of population growth and industrialization, and pollution caused during the extraction and combustion of fossil fuel sources have driven the development of new energy sources that do not cause pollution and are inexpensive and renewable. Consequently, it is necessary to develop alternative ways of generating biofuels that put less pressure on agricultural lands and water supplies, and ensure ecosystems conservation. In order to achieve the proposed goals related to energetic coverage and independence, several approaches have been developed, including biodiesel production using vegetal oils as feedstock. The aim of the current research project was to apply a nonconventional bioprocess for in vitro biomass and oil production of Jatropha curcas, for assessing different J. curcas varieties, where seed tissue was isolated and used for callus induction. Once friable callus was obtained, cell suspension cultures were established. The cell viability, fatty acid content, and characteristics were used to select the most promising cell line according to its fatty acid profile and ability to grow and develop under in vitro conditions. Oil produced by cell suspension culture of the Jatropha varieties studied was extracted and characterized by GC/MS. Differences encountered among Jatropha varieties were related to their fatty acid profiles, oil content (% on dry basis), and cell viability measurements (%).
Determination of Traces of Iron and Lead in Food and Water Samples After Preconcentration on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Soylak Mustafa , Unsal Yunus Emre
Published: August 2012

A new method using multiwalled carbon nanotubes as an SPE adsorbent was developed for the sensitive determination of trace iron and lead prior to flame atomic absorption spectrometry analysis. Iron and lead as 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline chelates were adsorbed quantitatively on multiwalled carbon nanotubes at a pH of 6.0 and easily eluted with 10 mL 1 M HNO3. The influences of matrix ions were also examined. The LOD values for iron and lead were calculated as 1.3 and 2.9 μg/L, respectively. Validation of the presented procedure was performed by the analysis of TMDA 54.4 fortified lake water and HR-1 Humber River sediment certified reference materials. The method was successfully applied to the determination of trace iron and lead in real environmental samples, and excellent results were achieved.
Determination of Brevetoxins in Shellfish by LC/MS/MS: Single-Laboratory Validation
Authors: McNabb Paul S , Selwood Andrew I , van Ginkel Roel , Boundy Michael , Holland Patrick T
Published: August 2012

A single-laboratory validation is reported for an LC/MS/MS quantification of six brevetoxins in four matrixes (GreenshellTM mussel, eastern oyster, hard clam, and Pacific oyster). Recovery and precision data were collected from seven analytical batches using shellfish flesh at 0.05 mg/kg. Method recoveries and within-laboratory reproducibility ranged from 73 to 112%, with an RSD between 14 and 18% for brevetoxin-3, brevetoxin B5, brevetoxin B2, and S-desoxy brevetoxin B2. The recovery and within-laboratory reproducibility for brevetoxin-2 was 61%, with an RSD of 27%. Brevetoxin B1 gave an RSD of 12%, but no reference material was available and this toxin was only recorded in a hard clam sample naturally contaminated with brevetoxins. One naturally contaminated sample of each shellfish matrix, with brevetoxin levels ranging from 0.012 to 9.9 mg/kg, was tested in multiple batches, and the RSDs were similar to those for fortified samples at 0.05 mg/kg. Comparisons with limited data for the neurotoxic shellfish poisoning mouse bioassay for four naturally contaminated shellfish samples showed that the regulatory action limit of 0.8 mg/kg is conservative with respect to the bioassay regulatory limit of 20 mouse units/100 g.
Determination of Ractopamine in Swine, Bovine, and Turkey Tissues by HPLC with Fluorescence Detection: First Action 2011.22
Authors: Burnett Thomas J , Rodewald John M , Moran John , Turberg Michael P , Brunelle Sharon L , Coleman Mark R
Published: August 2012

A candidate LC method proposed by the Expert Review Panel (ERP) for ractopamine was evaluated in a single-laboratory validation (SLV) study. The matrixes examined included bovine liver, kidney, muscle, and fat; swine liver, kidney, muscle, and fat; and turkey liver and muscle. Solution standards were shown to provide a linear response with an unweighted regression. The method demonstrated acceptable precision (HorRatr values 0.25 to 1.38) and recovery (75.4 to 88.8%) in all fortified matrixes. Method precision was verified with incurred residue tissues (bovine liver, kidney, and muscle; swine liver, kidney, and muscle; and turkey liver and muscle), which yielded RSDr values below 16% for all tissues and below 7% for most tissues. Estimated LOQ values ranged from 1.8 to 20.7 ng/g and support the utility of the method in the range of the maximum residue limits or tolerances for the various tissues. The data satisfy the requirements of the AOAC Stakeholder Panel on Veterinary Drug Residue for SLV studies, and the method was adopted Official Methods of AnalysisSM First Action 2011.22 by the AOAC ERP on Veterinary Drug Residues.
Determination of Narasin and Monensin in Bovine, Swine, and Chicken Tissues by Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry: First Action 2011.24
Authors: Burnett Thomas J , Lombardi Kim , Rodewald John M , Brunelle Sharon L , MacDougall Johnnie , Coleman Mark R
Published: August 2012

The single-laboratory validation (SLV) of an LC-MS/MS method for determination and confirmation of two ionophores, narasin and monensin, in animal tissues is described. The data demonstrated linearity of matrix-matched calibration curves using a weighted (1/x) regression and selectivity of the method for narasin and monensin in the presence of lasalocid, salinomycin, maduramycin, nicarbazin, and sulfadiazine. Recoveries varied from 86.2 to 103.5% for narasin and 89.1 to 105.1% for monensin. Intertrial repeatability precision [relative standard deviation of repeatability (RSDr)] varied from 3.9 to 13.8% for narasin and 3.3 to 16.3% for monensin in fortified tissue. Precision of the method was verified in incurred tissues. The LOQ of the method was validated and ranged from 0.45 ng/g in milk, to 4.0 ng/g in chicken fat, but was 0.75 ng/g for most tissues. Two confirmatory ions for each analyte were examined across all matrixes, resulting in estimated false-negative rates of 0.00% (95% confidence interval of 0.00–0.68%) for monensin ions (540 samples) compared to the U.S. and European Union (EU) acceptance criteria. The confirmatory ions for narasin demonstrated 0.00% false-negative rates (95% confidence interval of 0.00–0.58%) when compared to either the U.S. or EU criteria in 630 samples. The method was robust when small changes in method parameters were made and stability of fortified tissues, extracts, and calibration solutions were estimated. The data satisfy the requirements of the AOAC Stakeholder Panel on Veterinary Drug Residue for SLV studies, and the method was adopted Official Methods of AnalysisSM First Action 2011.24 by the AOAC Expert Review Panel on Veterinary Drug Residues.
Managing and resisting stigma: a qualitative study among people living with HIV in South Africa
Authors: Abrahams Naeemah , Jewkes Rachel
Published: August 2012

Background

Living with HIV is of daily concern for many South Africans and poses challenges including adapting to a chronic illness and continuing to achieve and meet social expectations. This study explored experiences of being HIV‐positive and how people manage stigma in their daily social interactions.

Methods

Using qualitative methods we did repeat interviewed with 42 HIV‐positive men and women in Cape Town and Mthatha resulting in 71 interviews.

Results

HIV was ubiquitous in our informants’ lives, and almost all participants reported fear of stigma (perceived stigma), but this fear did not disrupt them completely. The most common stigma experiences were gossips and insults where HIV status was used as a tool, but these were often resisted. Many feared the possibility of stigma, but very few had experiences that resulted in discrimination or loss of social status. Stigma experiences were intertwined with other daily conflicts and together created tensions, particularly in gender relations, which interfered with attempts to regain normality. Evidence of support and resistance to stigma was common, and most encouraging was the evidence of how structural interventions such as de‐stigmatizing policies impacted on experiences and transference into active resistance.

Conclusions

The study showed the complex and shifting nature of stigma experiences. These differences must be considered when we intensify stigma reduction with context‐ and gender‐specific strategies focussing on those not yet on ARV programmes.
Photochromic Transduction Layers in Organic Memory Elements
Authors: Shallcross R. Clayton , Zacharias Philipp , Köhnen Anne , Körner Peter O. , Maibach Eduard , Meerholz Klaus
Published: August 2012

Photochromic molecules provide an intriguing and relatively untapped alternative to traditional materials utilized in organic memory devices. Here, we review recent progress in the implementation of photochromic molecules in electrically‐addressed organic memory devices. Recent results for a light‐emitting photochromic organic diode are highlighted in the context of multifunctional devices with the ability to simultaneously operate as multilevel memory, signage and display elements. Furthermore, a set of design rules for successful implementation of photochromic compounds in organic memory devices are suggested.
Fullerene containing polyurethane nanocomposites for microwave applications
Authors: Chopra Swati , Alam Sarfaraz
Published: August 2012

Novel flexible polyurethane (PU) composite films containing nano‐barium hexaferrite (BaF) and nano‐barium titanate (BT) have been synthesized and characterized. The PU nanocomposites were synthesized from fullerenol and prepolymer of hexamethylene diisocyante and polytetramethylene glycol by adding 1–3% each of BaF (high permeability) and BT (high permittivity). The incorporation of the nanopowders was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X‐ray diffraction (EDX). Study of thermal properties by thermogravimetric analysis and dynamic mechanical analysis revealed enhanced thermal stability of the nanocomposites. Study of mechanical properties showed that the tensile strength had increased remarkably in the nanocomposites. The electromagnetic‐absorbing properties were studied by measuring the complex permeability and permittivity in the frequency range of 8.2 to 12.4 GHz. The good reflection loss of the nanocomposites at such low filler content suggests its potential applicability as a radar absorber. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
A Linear 3d–4f Tetranuclear CoIII2DyIII2 Single‐Molecule Magnet: Synthesis, Structure, and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Zhao Lang , Wu Jianfeng , Xue Shufang , Tang Jinkui
Published: August 2012

A linear tetranuclear 3d–4f Co2Dy2 cluster assembled from a polydentate Schiff base exhibits single‐molecule magnet (SMM) behavior with an anisotropic barrier of 33.8 K. Due to the presence of diamagnetic cobalt(III) ions, the tetranuclear cluster of 1 behaves magnetically like a dinuclear Dy2 system. However, the diamagnetic segment might efficiently minimize undesirable intermolecular magnetic interactions, thereby improving the performance of the SMM behavior of 1. This discrete complex presents us with a unique opportunity to study the magnetic properties and to probe the dynamics of magnetization in a magnetically isolated Dy2 system.
Predicting bank loan recovery rates with a mixed continuous‐discrete model
Authors: Calabrese Raffaella
Published: August 2012

To represent the high concentration of recovery rates at the boundaries, we propose to consider the recovery rate as a mixed random variable, obtained as the mixture of a Bernoulli random variable and a beta random variable. We suggest to estimate the mixture weights and the Bernoulli parameter by two logistic regression models. For the recovery rates belonging to the interval (0,1), we model, jointly, the mean and the dispersion by using two link functions, so we propose the joint beta regression model that accommodates skewness and heteroscedastic errors. This methodological proposal is applied to a comprehensive survey on loan recovery process of Italian banks. In the regression model, we include some macroeconomic variables because they are relevant to explain the recovery rate and allow to estimate it in downturn conditions, as Basel II requires. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics for on‐line control of glucose fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Ávila Thiago C. , Poppi Ronei J. , Lunardi Inês , Tizei Pedro A. G. , Pereira Gonçalo A. G.
Published: August 2012

This work presents the use of Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics for on‐line control of the fermentation process of glucose by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In a first approach, an on‐line determination of glucose, ethanol, glycerol, and cells was accomplished using multivariate calibration based on partial least squares (PLS). The PLS models presented values of root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.53, 0.25, and 0.02% for glucose, ethanol and glycerol, respectively, and RMSEP of 1.02 g L−1 for cells. In a second approach, multivariate control charts based on multiway principal component analysis (MPCA) were developed for detection of fermentation fault‐batch. Two multivariate control charts were developed, based on the squared prediction error (Q) and Hotelling's T2. The use of the Q control chart in on‐line monitoring was efficient for detection of the faults caused by temperature, type of substrate and contamination, but the T2 control chart was not able to monitor these faults. On‐line monitoring by Raman spectroscopy in conjunction with chemometric procedures allows control of the fermentative process with advantages in relation to reference methods, which require pretreatment, manipulation of samples and are time consuming. Also, the use of multivariate control charts made possible the detection of faults in a simple way, based only on the spectra of the system. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
The protection by heme oxygenase‐1 induction against thioacetamide‐induced liver toxicity is associated with changes in arginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine
Authors: Develi‐Is Seval , Bekpinar Seldag , Kalaz Esra Betul , Evran Betul , Unlucerci Yesim , Gulluoglu Mine , Uysal Mujdat
Published: August 2012

This study was designed to investigate the role of HO‐1 induction in prevention of thioacetamide (TAA)‐induced oxidative stress, inflammation and liver damage. The changes in hepatic dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase (DDAH) activity as well as plasma arginine and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels were also measured to evaluate nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. Rats were divided into four groups as control, hemin, TAA and hemin + TAA groups. Hemin (50 mg kg−1, i.p.) was injected to rats 18 h before TAA treatment to induce HO‐1 enzyme expression. Rats were given TAA (300 mg kg−1, i.p.) and killed 24 h after treatment. Although TAA treatment produced severe hepatic injury, upregulation of HO‐1 ameliorated TAA‐induced liver damage up to some extent as evidence by decreased serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase and arginase activities and histopathological findings. Induction of HO‐1 stimulated antioxidant system and decreased lipid peroxidation in TAA‐treated rats. Myeloperoxidase activity and inducible NO synthase protein expression were decreased, whereas DDAH activity was increased by hemin injection in TAA‐treated rats. Induction of HO‐1 was associated with increased arginine levels and decreased ADMA levels, being the main determinants of NO production, in plasma of TAA‐treated rats. In conclusion, our results indicate that HO‐1 induction alleviated increased oxidative stress and inflammatory reactions together with deterioration in NO production in TAA‐induced liver damage in rats. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copper(II) Triflate Catalyzed Amination of 1,3‐Dicarbonyl Compounds
Authors: Ton Thi My Uyen , Himawan Fanny , Chang Joyce Wei Wei , Chan Philip Wai Hong
Published: August 2012

A method to prepare α,α‐acyl amino acid derivatives efficiently by Cu(OTf)2+1,10‐phenanthroline (1,10‐phen)‐catalyzed amination of 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds with PhINSO2Ar is described. The mechanism is thought to initially involve aziridination of the enolic form of the substrate, formed in situ through coordination to the Lewis acidic metal catalyst, by the putative copper–nitrene/imido species generated from the reaction of the metal catalyst with the iminoiodane source. Subsequent ring opening of the resultant aziridinol adduct under the Lewis acidic conditions then provided the α‐aminated product. The utility of this method was exemplified by the enantioselective synthesis of a precursor of 3‐styryl‐2‐benzoyl‐L‐alanine.
An interactive method for generating harmonious color schemes
Authors: Hu Guosheng , Pan Zhigeng , Zhang Mingmin , Chen De , Yang Wenzhen , Chen Jian
Published: August 2012

We present an interactive visualization tool for generating color schemes that can be used by both professional artists and novice designers to improve their design efficiency. The method is developed on two color harmony principles of familial factors and rhythmic spans from conventional color theories. The interactive tool makes use of these principles for users to interactively generate colors palettes containing harmonious combinations in the hue, saturation, and lightness color space in as few steps as possible. A pilot study with 20 participants has shown that this tool provides efficient workflow, color‐scheme harmony, and intuitive interaction, demonstrating the usefulness of the method. This work contributes to an artistic‐theory driven harmonious color‐scheme generation and to interactive user interfaces visualizing color relationships. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 70–78, 2014
Growth imperfections in oriented grown KDP crystals by X‐ray topographic analysis
Authors: De‐Gao Zhong , Bing Teng , Zheng‐He Yu , Lin‐Xiang He , Shu‐Hua Wang , Xue‐Jun Jiang , Jiang‐Tao Ma , Shu‐Jie Zhuang , Wan‐Xia Huang
Published: August 2012

Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals were restrained to grow in two dimensions only, using a specially designed platform. This enables us to grow the blanks of frequency conversion elements that satisfy type‐II phase matching direction out of a type‐II phase‐matched seed crystal. Synchrotron radiation topography was used to study the growth mechanism of these profiling grown KDP crystals. It is found that both dislocation growth mechanism and layer growth mechanism were involved in the growing process. Inclusions, growth striations and dislocations were the main defects that influenced the crystalline quality of these crystals. High‐resolution X‐ray diffraction was employed to study the lattice integrality of the crystal.
Significance of Single Variables in Defining Adequate Animal Models to Assess the Efficacy of New Radionuclide Decorporation Agents: Using the Contamination Dose as an Example
Authors: Jarvis Erin E. , An Dahlia D. , Kullgren Birgitta , Abergel Rebecca J.
Published: August 2012

Strategy, Management and Health Policy

Enabling Technology, Genomics, Proteomics
Preclinical Research
Preclinical Development Toxicology, Formulation Drug Delivery, Pharmacokinetics
Clinical Development Phases I‐III Regulatory, Quality, Manufacturing
Postmarketing Phase IV

Internal radioactive contamination can arise in different ways, from accidents affecting nuclear sites and industrial or medical sources, to the possible terrorist use of radiological dispersal devices. In all cases, internalized radionuclides may pose significant health risks and must be removed from the body. The need for safe, practical, and efficacious actinide chelation therapy options has motivated the current preclinical development of new hydroxypyridinone‐based actinide decorporation agents. In order to seek regulatory approval for such new decorporation agents, a number of efficacy studies must be performed and, in principle, must respond to selective criteria of the Animal Efficacy Rule from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). While many in vivo decorporation efficacy studies have been conducted over the past few decades using different animal species and contamination procedures, there is no designated standard animal model for the evaluation of new actinide chelation drugs. This study aims at probing the influence of a single variable such as the contamination dose on the efficacy of the chelators 3,4,3‐LI(1,2‐HOPO) and 5‐LIO(Me‐3,2‐HOPO) at removing plutonium‐238 administered as a soluble citrate complex. The dependence of body burden on contamination dose observed in untreated animals was reduced with the hydroxypyridinonate chelators, more so than with the commercially available diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid chelator. This study demonstrates how a slight change in the design of decorporation experiments can remarkably impact the efficacy profile of the tested drug, and thus the path a sponsor might take to gain FDA approval.
Nine 2‐(2‐Phenylethyl)chromone Derivatives from the Resinous Wood of Aquilaria sinensis and Their Inhibition of LPS‐Induced NO Production in RAW 264.7 Cells
Authors: Chen Dong , Xu Zhengren , Chai Xingyun , Zeng Kewu , Jia Yanxing , Bi Dan , Ma Zhizhong , Tu Pengfei
Published: August 2012

A phytochemical investigation of aquilariae lignum resinatum, the resinous wood of Aquilaria sinensis (Lour.) Gilg, led to the isolation of nine new 2‐(2‐phenylethyl)chromone derivatives, aquilarones A–I (1–9), together with two known analogues (10 and 11). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses, including UV, IR, NMR, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) data, as well as by chemical methods. The absolute configuration of aquilarone A (1) was confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis of its acetonide derivative 1a. All the compounds exhibited significant inhibition of the nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells, with IC50 values in the range of 5.12–22.26 μM. In addition, an HPLC–UV comparison analysis of the resinous wood and resin‐free wood is also included.
A frequency response function change method for damage localization and quantification in a shear building under ground excitation
Authors: Hsu Ting‐Yu , Loh Chin‐Hsiung
Published: August 2012

A frequency response function change (FRFC) method to detect damage location and extent based on the change in the frequency response functions of a shear building under the effects of ground excitation was proposed in this paper. The damage identification equation was derived from the motion equations of the system before and after the occurrence of the damage. Efforts to make the FRFC method less model‐dependent were made. Intact system matrices, which could be estimated using the measured data without the need for an analytical model, and the frequency response functions were required for the FRFC method. The effects of measurement noise and model parameter error in the FRFC method were studied numerically. The proposed FRFC method was validated by experimental studies of a six‐story steel building structure with single and multiple damage cases. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heroic Leaders as White‐Collar Criminals: An Empirical Study
Authors: Arnulf Jan Ketil , Gottschalk Petter
Published: August 2012

In an empirical study of 179 white‐collar criminals, we identify a subset of 28 who may be called having a ‘heroic’ status, having received official recognition for contributions to society and fame prior to their being exposed and convicted as white‐collar criminals. We argue that these people are close to the classical picture of the white‐collar criminal, which implies that they are more likely not to be suspected of crimes. They are older, richer, and more powerful than the regular criminals. They also commit crimes assuming the roles of leaders in the crime. Most importantly, it seems as if the combination of heroic status and executive positions induces people to commit large‐scale opportunistic crimes late in their lives. The apparent onset of criminal behaviour late in life may be triggered by latent narcissistic traits. Our study contributes to a differentiated view on the profile of white‐collar criminals and derailed leadership. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spotlight surveys for white‐tailed deer: Monitoring panacea or exercise in futility?
Authors: Collier Bret A. , Ditchkoff Stephen S. , Ruth Charles R. , Raglin Joshua B.
Published: August 2012

Many monitoring programs for white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) on both private and public lands across the United States have long relied on the use of road‐based spotlight surveys for monitoring population size and trends. Research has suggested spotlight surveys are ineffective and that road‐based surveys for deer are biased because of highly variable detection rates. To evaluate variability in detection rates relative to the assumption that repeated surveys along roads will provide reliable trend data for use in calculating deer density estimates, we collected 5 years of thermal‐imager and spotlight survey data using a multiple‐observer, closed‐capture approach. Using a Huggin's closed capture model, data bootstrapping, and variance components analyses, our results suggest that density estimates for white‐tailed deer generated from data collected during road‐based spotlight surveys are likely not reflective of the standing deer population. Detection probabilities during individual spotlight surveys ranged from 0.00 to 0.80 (median = 0.45) across all surveys, and differed by observer, survey, management unit, and survey transect replicate. Mean spotlight detection probability (0.41) and process standard deviation (0.12) estimates indicated considerable variability across surveys, observers, transects, and years, which precludes the generation of a correction factor or use of spotlight data to evaluate long‐term trends at any scale. Although recommended by many state, federal, and non‐governmental agencies, our results suggest that the benefit of spotlight survey data for monitoring deer populations is limited and likely represents a waste of resources with no appreciable management information gained. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Lebesgue space estimates for a class of Fourier integral operators associated with wave propagation
Authors: Lee Sanghyuk , Seeger Andreas
Published: August 2012

We prove Lq estimates related to Sogge's conjecture for a class of Fourier integral operators associated with wave equations.