bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Senior high school students’ understanding of mathematical inequality
Authors: Palupi Evangelista Lus Windyana , Sumarto Sylvana Novilia , Purbaningrum Mayang
Published: January 2022

Mathematics inequality is an essential concept that students should fully understand since it is required in mathematical modeling and linear programming. However, students tend to perceive the solution of the inequalities problem without considering what the solution of inequality means. This study aims to describe students’ mistakes variations in solving mathematical inequality. It is necessary since solving inequality is a necessity for students to solve everyday problems modeled in mathematics. Thirty-eight female and male students of 12th-grade who have studied inequalities are involved in this study. They are given three inequality problems which are designed to find out students’ mistakes related to the change of inequality sign, determine the solution, and involve absolute value. All student work documents were analyzed for errors and misconceptions that emerged and then categorized based on the type of error, namely errors in applying inequality rules, errors in algebraic operations, or errors in determining the solution set, then described. The result shows that there were some errors and misconceptions that students made caused by still bringing the concept of equality when solving the inequalities problem. It made them did not aware of the inequality sign. Students are still less thorough in operating algebra and do not understand the number line concept in solving inequalities. The other factor was giving “fast strategy” to the students without considering the students’ understanding.
Pengembagan Bahan Ajar Fisika Berbentuk E-Modul Berbasis Kontekstual Menggunakan Aplikasi eXe-Learning Pada Materi Usaha dan Energi
Authors:   Prodi Tadris Fisika, IAIN Palangka Raya, Andila Kiki , Yuliani Hadma ,   Prodi Tadris Fisika, IAIN Palangka Raya, Syar Nur Inayah ,   Prodi Tadris Fisika, IAIN Palangka Raya
Published: January 2022

This research aims to determine: 1) the procedure for teaching materials in the form of e-modules 2) the feasibility of teaching materials in the form of e-modules 3) the responses of students to the e-modules developed. This study uses the ADDIE Model Research and Development (R&D) method. The stages are needs analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation. The results of this study are: 1) the procedure for making teaching materials in the form of e-modules, namely analysis, design of teaching materials by determining the format of teaching materials, development, namely the validation of teaching material products through validation of media experts, materials and learning, implementation to students through small group tests. 2) the feasibility of teaching materials in the form of e-module, the results of the media expert's assessment obtained a percentage of 75% with good and feasible criteria. The results of the material expert's assessment obtained a percentage of 76.2% with good and feasible criteria. The results of the learning expert's assessment obtained a percentage of 82% with good criteria and suitable for use. 3) The results of the students' responses obtained a percentage of 85% in the very good category.
"In saeculo et ex saeculo". Characteristics of the secular institutes
Authors: Michl Andrea 
Published: January 2022

Secular institutes are a form of consecrated life that only came into being in the last century and therefore do not have a long history. For this reason, there are also only a few canonical and ecclesiastical documents. Since the characteristics of secular institutes, in contrast to traditional monastic communities, are rather unknown, this article aims to contribute to making them somewhat better known and to present the regulations on various elements, such as spirituality, community life, governance and asset management. However, the codified norms only form a legal framework here, which leaves concretisation to the institutes' own regulations, so that there is a wide range. What all institutes have in common, however, is the connection between action and contemplation, which is also their main characteristic.
A Preliminary Exploration of the Functional Value Assessment of Ecosystem Services in Aral City
Authors: Luo Guona , Li Xiancan , Liu Shuang , Li Muhang , Zhang Shuya
Published: January 2022

Using the principles and methods of eco-economics as the research object, Aral City comprehensively expounds the ecological service functions such as ecosystem regulation of climate, carbon sequestration, soil conservation, water conservation and purification environment, and evaluates its economic value.The total value of the estimated 2021 is 1303.65 million yuan. At the same time, the importance of ecological service functions of urban ecosystems, from large to small, is to sequester carbon and release oxygen, purify the environment, maintain soil, conserd water sources, regulate the climate. The ecosystem service function which needs to be paid attention to in the concept of ecological construction and restoration of the next stage of ecological construction in Aral City.
Combination pelvic rocking exercises with belly dance to reduce labor pain
Authors: Ayu Berlita Cylia Dzikra , Wijayanti Krisdiana , Sudirman Sudirman
Published: January 2022

Background: Labor pain will get more substantial along with the increase in cervical dilatation and can affect the mother's psychological condition and the welfare of the fetus. Pelvic rocking exercises help reduce pain during labor, but the combined pelvic rocking exercises with belly dance for birth have not been studied. In this study, combining pelvic rocking exercises with belly dance for birth as physical preparation and exercise, especially in the pelvic area, can reduce pain effectively and efficiently so that mothers can give birth vaginally.Purpose: Analyze the effect of intervention combination of pelvic rocking exercises with belly dance for birth to pain intensity of first stage the active phase in mother birth.Methods: This is Quasy experimental research with pretest and posttest with control group design. Respondents were primigravida mothers during the first stage of the active phase. Determination of respondents by accidental sampling obtained the treatment group (n=17) and control group (n=17). The intervention was given for 20 minutes every 1 hour during the first stage of the active phase.Result: The combined intervention of pelvic rocking exercises with belly dance for birth was effective in reducing pain intensity as seen from the average decrease in pain intensity every hour, at the 1st hour of 4.0, the 2nd hour of 3.0, the 3rd hour of 2.7, and the 4th hour of 2.6 (p<0.001)Conclusion: The combination of pelvic rocking exercises with belly dance for birth is effective to pain intensity of the first stage, the active phase in women giving birth.
Interações químicas entre monômero e molécula molde em polímeros com impressão molecular, o EGDMA: 2-VP (4: 1) - estudo de caso MIP lumefantrina
Authors: Freitas-Marques Maria Betânia de , da Nova Mussel1 Wagner , Irene Yoshida Maria , Fernandes Christian , Assunção Pedros Tércio , Henrique Reis da Silva Pedro
Published: January 2022

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIP) are synthetic materials used as a tool to enhance the selectivity in different analytical approaches, such as solid-phase extraction, chromatography, and sensing devices. Knowing the mechanism involved in the interaction between the template and monomer is essential for a further successful application. However, studies on this topic are scarce. This work evaluates the involved mechanisms in the template-monomer interaction for a lumefantrine MIP system, an antimalarial drug. Field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy, thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, and density functional theory were applied to determine the mechanism involved in two MIPs obtained in different conditions. A new parameter, named Molecularly Imprinting Factor (MIF), was proposed to evaluate the contribution of specific interactions in the sorption of the analyte by the MIP structure. MIF allows direct insights into specific binding, non-specific contributions, interaction nature, behavior predictability, system acid-base behavior, pre-screening pairs capability, and binding site affinities evaluation. Two interaction types were observed, covalent and non-covalent, when methacrylic acid and 2-vinyl pyridine were used as monomers, respectively. Therefore, the use of methacrylic acid formed a sorbent inappropriate for solid-phase extraction since the binding is not reversible. On the other hand, 2-vinyl pyridine-lumefantrine binding was reversible, and MIF = 0.59 (59.02% of specific site sorption) indicates that the predominant mechanism in the sorption is specific.
Perhitungan Beban Statik pada Rangka Mesin Pengering Padi Menggunakan Baja AISI 1020
Authors: Gusniar Iwan Nugraha , Putra Aqsal Sheva
Published: January 2022

In 2007 the government has targeted rice production to reach 61 million tons of dry milled grain (GKG) through the National Rice Production Improvement Program (P2BN). To support this program, it is not only about inputs in the form of area and types of plants cultivated, but also about the need for agricultural tools and machines as supporting factors for farming. The role of mechanization engineering and technology is one of the efforts to create a better and more efficient agricultural system, which includes the provision of machinery and equipment, encouraging farmers to increase land productivity, overcoming transport problems and improving the quality of land and agricultural products. The development of mechanization technology based on physical and socio-economic conditions will have a positive impact on change and encourage the development of agricultural businesses.
Analisis Kebutuhan Debit Air Di Gedung C RSUD Kota Bukittinggi
Authors: Rizki Mela Melarizki , Nalahuddin Muchlisi , Muharni Riza
Published: January 2022

In the Bukittinggi City Hospital building which has 6 floors, there is a water pump and a reservoir used to supply clean water for daily needs. Based on the reality in the field where there is no secondary data to determine the type of pump and reservoir. The purpose of this analysis is to obtain clean water discharge requirements, obtain the type of pump and ensure that the reservoir used for building C RSUD Kota Bukittinggi is in accordance with the type of pipe and reservoir installed in building C, floor 6. By using field studies and interviews and applying the formulas related to pump calculations. In determining the type of pump to be used in the building, it includes the required water discharge, determining the capacity of the components to be used such as pipe diameter, water tank capacity on the ground floor and roof of the building and the total head on the pipe. Based on the calculation results, the required water discharge is 0.08333 m 3 /min, the upper reservoir has a capacity of 150,000 liters, the bottom reservoir is 5,000 liters and the Hot that occurs is 18.429 m. Then the required pump specifications are 40 x 32B2 -51.5 Grundfos CM 10-3. The pump specifications are not much different from those that have been applied in the field.
Selection Criteria for Heart Transplantation in Patients with End-Stage Heart Failure
Authors: Rudenko K. V. , Dudnyk O. Yu. , Rzhanyi M. I.
Published: January 2022

Today, heart transplantation remains the gold standard of treatment for patients with end-stage heart failure (HF). As the number of donors is limited and the risk of intervention is quite high, the key to achieving optimal outcomes and reducing the incidence of complications is the proper selection of patients who meet clearly defined criteria for inclusion in the waiting list for heart transplantation. This review presents the latest knowledge on indications and contraindications for inclusion recipients in the waiting list for heart transplantation, including the latest clinical guidelines of The International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation (ISHLT) published in 2016.

Thus, the absolute indications are dependence on intravenous inotropic and mechanical circulatory support; inoperable heart diseases or a history of volume reducing operations; refractory angina or life-threatening refractory arrhythmias despite maximal drug therapy and/or surgical correction; reduction of maximum oxygen consumption up to <12-14 ml/kg/min when performing the maximum cardiopulmonary exercise test. While including patients in the waiting list for heart transplantation, it should be noted that the low left ventricular ejection fraction <30%, a history of documented NYHA class III-IV HF, low maximum oxygen consumption as the only criterion of terminal HF and poor prognosis for annual survival in HF calculated on prognostic scales are not sufficient indications. Absolute contraindications include a systemic disease with a life expectancy of less than 2 years and irreversible pulmonary hypertension.

The current procedure for the distribution of recipients by urgency status for heart transplantation is presented according to the updated recommendations of the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) published in 2018 which consists of 6 degrees, compared with the 1999 edition which contained 3 degrees.
Regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis in representatives of the tribe Phaseoleae DC.
Authors: Krylova E. A. , Mikhailova A. S.
Published: January 2022

Flavonoids play a crucial role in plant metabolism. Many of them have antioxidant activity, and they are also pigments that render a variety of colors to plant tissues. Foods rich in flavonoid compounds are considered as functional components of a healthy diet. Currently, there is an increased interest in studying genetic mechanisms underlying the coloration of plants. Flavonoid biosynthesis pathways are controlled by two groups of genes. Structural genes encode enzymes, while regulatory genes are responsible for transcription factors that activate the expression of structural genes. Transcription factors that belong to R2R3-Myb, bHLH-Myc and WDR families form the ternary MBW complex, which is involved in regulating the expression of structural genes of flavonoid biosynthesis. The mechanisms of regulation of the anthocyanins and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis by the MBW complex are described in detail for the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana L. This review summarizes data on the regulation of phenolic pigment biosynthesis and the features of phenolic pigment accumulation in plant tissues in the main representatives of the Phaseoleae tribe: soybean Glycine max (L.) Merr., common bean Phaseolus vulgaris L., adzuki bean Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi & Ohashi, and cowpea V. unguiculata (L.) Walp. The species discussed in this review are the most important food legumes in many countries of the world and they comprise the staple food in diets of millions of people. Identification and characterization of the genes controlling the flavonoid biosynthesis pathways are necessary for successful breeding of modern varieties with an increased dietary value. Identification of the flavonoid accumulation patterns is essential for solving the problem of broadening the diversity of plant products.
Pengembangan Perangkat Pembelajaran Mata Kuliah Aljabar Linear Elementer Berbasis Pendekatan Saintifik yang Terintegrasi dengan Karakter Islami
Authors: Prasasti Abrar Andi Ika , Salam Ayu Nurvianti , Suharti Suharti
Published: January 2022

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengembangkan perangkat pembelajaran mata kuliah aljabar linear elementer berbasis pendekatan saintifik yang terintegrasi dengan karakter islami pada materi sistem persamaan linear dan matriks, determinan, dan vektor pada ruang berdimensi 2 dan ruang berdimensi 3 yang valid, praktis, dan efektif untuk mengetahui kemampuan bepikir tingkat tinggi dan karakter islami mahasiswa. Perangkat pembelajaran yang dikembangkan meliputi RPS, SAP, buku ajar, dan LKM. Subjek penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa kelas A jurusan Pendidikan Matematika angkatan 2020 Fakultas Tarbiyah dan Keguruan UIN Alauddin Makassar dengan jumlah mahasiswa sebanyak 35 orang. Model pengembangan yang dikemukakan oleh Thiagarajan dan Semmel yakni model 4-D menjadi prosedur pengembangan yang digunakan oleh peneliti yang terdiri atas 4 tahapan, yaitu tahap pendefinisian, perancangan, pengembangan, dan penyebaran. Validasi dan revisi secara berulang kali telah dilakukan terhadap perangkat pembelajaran yang dikembangkan hingga akhirnya dinyatakan layak digunakan. Hasil uji coba perangkat pembelajaran bersifat praktis dan efektif, diantaranya (1) perangkat pembelajaran dinilai positif berdasarkan respon mahasiswa dan dosen, (2) karakter islami mahasiswa dapat teramati dengan baik dan dievaluasi, dan (3) tes hasil belajar yang diperoleh mahasiswa berada pada kategori tuntas sebesar 82,86% dengan kemampuan bepikir tingkat tinggi yang berbeda-beda. Sehingga perangkat pembelajaran berbasis pendekatan saintifik yang terintegrasi dengan karakter islami valid, praktis, dan efektif.
Analisis Tingkat Kognitif Kompetensi Dasar Kurikulum 2013 Mata Pelajaran Matematika Wajib Kelas X SMA/MA Berdasarkan Taksonomi Bloom Revisi Anderson
Authors: Wahyuningtyas Daniar , Widodo Suryo , Katminingsih Yuni
Published: January 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kognitif yang harus dicapai oleh peserta didik berdasarkan Taksonomi Bloom revisi Anderson. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian kuantitatif dengan jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian deskriptif analisis. Objek yang diteliti adalah Kompetensi Dasar mata pelajaran Matematika Wajib kelas X. Penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Agustus sampai dengan September 2021. Objek penelitian dianalisis tingkat kognitifnya melalui kata kerja operasional yang digunakan pada setiap kompetensi dasar berdasarkan Taksonomi Bloom revisi Anderson yang kemudian disimpulkan dalam bentuk persentase pada tiap kategori pada ranah kognitif. Sumber data pada penelitian ini adalah Permendikbud Nomor 37 Tahun 2018 tentang Perubahan Kompetensi Inti dan Kompetensi Dasar, Permendikbud Nomor 21 Tahun 2016 tentang Standar Isi Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah, dan Taksonomi Bloom Revisi Anderson. Tiap kompetensi dasar pada KI-3 dan KI-4 dianalisis tingkat kognitifnya berdasarkan dari rumusan kompetensi dasar dan kata kerja yang digunakan dalam rumusannya. Hasil penelitian ini adalah persentase tiap tingkat kognitif dari kompetensi dasar pada KI-3 dan KI-4, yaitu C1 (0%), C2 (11,1%), C3 (77,8%), C4 (0%), C5 (0%), dan C6 (11,1%). Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa penyebaran tingkat kognitif kompetensi dasar pada KI-3 dan KI-4 mata pelajaran matematika wajib kelas X belum merata.
Proceedings of Federal Scientific Centre VIEV
Authors:   Federal Scientific Centre VIEV, Gulyukin Mikhail
Published: January 2022

Proceedings of Federal Scientific Centre VIEV. Vol. 82.
The DIC carbon isotope evolutions during CO2 bubbling: implications for ocean acidification laboratory culture
Authors: Zhang Hongrui , Torres-Romero Ismael , Anjewierden Pien , Jaggi Madalina , Stoll Heather
Published: January 2022

Ocean acidification increases pCO2 and decreases pH of seawater and its impact on marine organisms has emerged as a key research focus. In addition to directly measured variables such as growth or calcification rate, stable isotopic tracers such as carbon isotopes have also been used to more completely understand the physiological processes contributing to the response of organisms to ocean acidification. To simulate ocean acidification in laboratory cultures, direct bubbling of seawater with CO2 has been a preferred method because it adjusts pCO2 and pH without altering total alkalinity. Unfortunately, the carbon isotope equilibrium between seawater and CO2 gas has been largely ignored so far. Frequently, the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the initial seawater culture has a distinct 13C/12C ratio which is far from the equilibrium expected with the isotopic composition of the bubbled CO2. To evaluate the consequences of this type of experiment for isotopic work, we measured the carbon isotope evolutions in two chemostats during CO2 bubbling and composed a numerical model to simulate this process. The isotopic model can predict well the carbon isotope ratio of dissolved inorganic carbon evolutions during bubbling. With help of this model, the carbon isotope evolution during a batch and continuous culture can be traced dynamically improving the accuracy of fractionation results from laboratory culture. Our simulations show that if not properly accounted for in experimental or sampling design, many typical culture configurations involving CO2 bubbling can lead to large errors in estimated carbon isotope fractionation between seawater and biomass or biominerals, consequently affecting interpretations and hampering comparisons among different experiments. Therefore, we describe the best practices on future studies working with isotope fingerprinting in the ocean acidification background.
Meltwater generation in ice stream shear margins: case study in Antarctic ice streams
Authors: Ranganathan Meghana , Barotta Jack-William , Meyer Colin , Minchew Brent
Published: January 2022

Liquid water within glacier ice and at the glacier beds exerts a significant control on ice flow and glacier stability through a number of processes, including altering the rheology of the ice and lubricating the bed. Some of this water is generated as melt in regions of rapid deformation, including shear margins, due to heating by viscous dissipation. However, how much meltwater is generated and drained from shear margins remains unclear. Here, we apply a model that describes the evolution of ice temperature, melting, and water transport within deforming ice to estimate the flux of meltwater from shear margins in glaciers. We derive analytical expressions for ice temperature, effective pressure, and porosity in zones of temperate ice, and we apply this model to estimate the flux from three Antarctic glaciers: Bindschadler and MacAyeal Ice Streams, Pine Island Glacier, and Byrd Glacier. We show that the flux of meltwater from shear margins in these regions may be as significant as the meltwater produced by frictional heating at the bed, with average fluxes of ~1000-2000 m^3 yr^ -1. This contribution of shear heating to meltwater flux at the bed may thus affect both the rheology of the ice as well as sliding at the bed, both key controls on fast ice flow.
Alpine subduction zone metamorphism in the Paleozoic successions of the Monti Romani (Northern Apennines, Italy)
Authors: Papeschi Samuele , Pontesilli Alessio , Romano Claudia , Rossetti Federico , Theye Thomas
Published: January 2022

The hinterland of the Cenozoic Northern Apennines fold-and-thrust belt exposes the metamorphic roots of the chain, vestiges of the subduction-related tectono-metamorphic evolution that led to the buildup of the Alpine orogeny in the Mediterranean region. Like in other peri-Mediterranean belts, the tectono-metamorphic evolution of the Paleozoic continental basement in the Apennines is still poorly constrained, hampering the full understanding of their Alpine orogenic evolution. We report the first comprehensive tectono-metamorphic study of the low-grade metasedimentary (metapsammite/metapelite) succession of the Monti Romani Complex (MRC) that formed after Paleozoic protoliths and constitutes the southernmost exposure of the metamorphic domain of the Northern Apennines. By integrating fieldwork with microstructural studies, Raman spectroscopy on carbonaceous material and thermodynamic modelling, we show that the MRC preserves a D1/M1 Alpine tectono-metamorphic evolution developed under HP-LT conditions (~ 1.0-1.1 GPa at T ~400 °C) during a non-coaxial, top-to-the-NE, crustal shortening regime. Evidence for HP-LT metamorphism is generally cryptic within the MRC, dominated by graphite-bearing assemblages with the infrequent blastesis of muscovite ± chlorite ± chloritoid ± paragonite parageneses, equilibrated under cold paleo-geothermal conditions (~ 10 °C/km). Results of this study allow extending to the MRC the signature of subduction zone metamorphism already documented in the hinterland of the Apennine orogen, providing further evidence of the syn-orogenic ductile exhumation of the HP units in the Apennine belt. Finally, we discuss the possible role of fluid-mediated changes in the reactive bulk rock composition on mineral blastesis during progress of regional deformation and metamorphism at low-grade conditions.
Logical Fallacies and Misinterpretations that Hinder Progress in Translational Addiction Neuroscience
Authors: Strickland Justin Charles , Stoops William , Banks Matthew > , Gipson-Reichardt Cassandra D.
Published: January 2022

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are heterogenous and complex, making the development of translationally predictive rodent and non-human primate models to uncover their neurobehavioral underpinnings difficult. Neuroscience-focused outcomes have become highly prevalent, and with this, the notion that SUDs are disorders of the brain embraced as a dominant theoretical orientation to understand SUD etiology and treatment. These efforts, however, have led to few efficacious pharmacotherapies, and in some cases (as with cocaine or methamphetamine), no pharmacotherapies have translated from preclinical models for clinical use. In this review and theoretical commentary, we first describe the development of animal models of SUDs from a historical perspective. We then define and discuss three logical fallacies including 1) circular explanation, 2) affirming the consequent, and 3) reification that can apply to developed models. We then provide three case examples in which conceptual or logical issues exist in common methods (i.e., behavioral economic demand, escalation, and reinstatement). Alternative strategies to refocus behavioral models are suggested for the field in an attempt to better bridge the translational divide between animal models and the clinical condition of SUDs.
Mobile Sensing Around the Globe: Considerations for Cross-Cultural Research
Authors: Phan Le Vy , Modersitzki Nick , Gloystein Kim Karen , Müller Sandrine
Published: January 2022

The ubiquity of mobile devices allows researchers to assess people’s real-life behaviors objectively, unobtrusively, and with high temporal resolution. As a result, psychological mobile sensing research has grown rapidly. However, only very few cross-cultural mobile sensing studies have been conducted to date. In addition, existing multi-country studies often fail to acknowledge or examine possible cross-cultural differences. In this chapter, we illustrate biases that can occur when conducting cross-cultural mobile sensing studies. Such biases can relate to measurement, construct, sample, device type, user practices, and environmental factors. We also propose mitigation strategies to minimize these biases, such as the use of informants with expertise in local culture, the development of cross-culturally comparable instruments, the use of culture-specific recruiting strategies and incentives, and rigorous reporting standards regarding the generalizability of research findings. We hope to inspire rigorous comparative research to establish and refine mobile sensing methodologies for cross-cultural psychology.
Internet Use, Users, and Cognition: On the Cognitive Relationships Between Internet-Based Technology and Internet Users
Authors: Nagam Vishruth
Published: January 2022

Background: This study aims to investigate growing Internet use in relation to memory and cognition. Though literature reveals human capability to utilize the Internet as a transactive memory source, the formational mechanisms of such transactive memory systems are not extensively explored. The Internet’s comparative effects on transactive memory and semantic memory are also relatively unknown. Methods: This study comprises two experimental memory task survey phases utilizing null hypothesis and standard error tests to assess significance of results. Results: When information is expected to be saved and accessible, recall rates are lower, regardless of explicit instructions to remember (Phase 1, N=20). Phase 2 suggests the importance of order of attempted recall: depending on whether users first attempt to recall 1) desired information or 2) the information’s location, subsequent successful cognitive retrieval is more likely to occur for 1) only desired information or both desired information and location thereof or 2) only desired information’s location, respectively (N=22). Conclusions: This study yields several theoretical advances in memory research. The notion of information being saved online and accessible in the future negatively affects semantic memory. Phase 2 reveals an adaptive dynamic—1) as Internet users often have a vague idea of desired information before searching for it on the Internet, first accessing semantic memory serves as an aid for subsequent transactive memory use and 2) if transactive memory access is successful, the need to retrieve desired information from semantic memory is inherently eliminated. By repeatedly defaulting to first accessing semantic memory and then transactive memory or to accessing transactive memory only, Internet users may form and reinforce transactive memory systems with the Internet, or may refrain from enhancing and decrease reliance on transactive memory systems by repeatedly defaulting to access only semantic memory; the formation and permanence of transactive memory systems are subject to users’ will. Future research spans the domains of psychology and philosophy.
Evaluation of Effects of Credit-Risk on Return on Assets of Commercial Banks in Nepal
Authors: Dr. Kapil Khanal
Published: January 2022

Introduction: The major cause of bank distress in Nepal is associated with poor credit management which results to decline in credit standing of the banks. The study adopts judgmental sampling techniques.

Objective: To analyze and evaluate the impact of credit-risk ratio on return on assets of commercial banks in Nepal.

Research design: Descriptive and exploratory research designs were used.

Methods and materials: Review of various articles and collection of secondary data through the websites of Nepal Rastra Bank.

Results and conclusion: It is found that there is inverse relationship between credit risk ratio and return on assets ratio. The findings provide sufficient evidence that credit risk management indicators impact significantly on commercial bank performance in Nepal.

Article type: Research Paper
Cash Flow Ratios for Evaluating Performance in Nepalese Commercial Banks
Authors: Naba Raj Adhikari
Published: January 2022

The purpose of this paper is to examine and analyze the performance of Nepalese commercial banks through cash flow ratios. Descriptive as well as analytical research design has been used. All the government owned commercial banks has been taken as the sample of the study using judgmental technique. Sufficiency and efficiency ratios has been used for evaluating the performance of the concerned commercial banks. Data have been collected through the annual reports of respective banks covering for the financial year 2017/2018 to 2019/2020. All the banks are efficient to generate operating cash flow from sales and continued activities. However the cash generation from continued activities and asset utilization revealed sound in NBL and RBB than ADB in 2019/2020. Cash flow sufficiency revealed similar trends in all banks.
Students’ Attitude towards Virtual Learning during Covid-19 in Chitwan
Authors: Sharada Khanal
Published: January 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic is rapidly accelerating the learning process. As a result, there has been a shift from face- to- face to virtual learning. The major purpose of this research was to identify the interest and attitude of students towards virtual learning during covid-19 pandemic. The study was to determine whether students are interested in virtual learning or not. This survey is based on primary data collected from students who are currently pursuing their degrees. Google form structured questionnaire was distributed via Messenger app to the students of Chitwan district colleges where virtual learning is going on using random sampling method. The result revealed that students are interested in virtual learning. The majority of students found it as an important means of making knowledge widerand bringing social changes despite hindrances (p= 0.001). Virtual learning is a powerful tool for teaching replacing face to face learning in any level as a quick solution to the crisis. However, successful implementation of virtual learning into curriculum requires a well thought-out strategy and equal access of all.
Factors of the Use of E-learning during COVID-19 Lockdown among the College Students of Nepal: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Poonam Pokhrel Sapkota  , Dr. Shyam Prasad Sedai  , Megha Raj Sapkota
Published: January 2022

Background: COVID-19 Pandemic had affected all sectors of human life around the globe. Education is one of them where traditional method of teaching had to be shift to virtual learning all of sudden in both developed and developing countries. Therefore, the article reflects the associated factors of E-learning among college students of Nepal during emergency shift of teaching paradigm due to COVID -19.

Methodology: Convenient sampling method through social media and Google form was used to collect 385 data from college students of Nepal during COVID-19 lockdown.

Results: The result showed that only 30% of the Nepalese students had all the required resources all the time for the use of E-learning however, 85% of the student had engaged in in E-learning during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown. The study found that gender, marital status, training on the use of E-learning, experience of E-learning prior to pandemic were statistically significant with the future use of E-learning.

Conclusions: Educational institutions need be responsive towards the challenges faced by students during E learning, so that learning needs of the students will be fulfilled even in pandemic situation.
Stump Appendicitis with Diagnostic Dilemma: A Case Report
Authors: Sah Anil Kumar , Pandit Rajeev Kumar , Shrestha Muza , Maharjan Sundar , Sah Suman Prasad
Published: January 2022

Stump appendicitis is a rare delayed complication of incomplete appendectomy. The clinical symptoms and signs are like acute appendicitis. The possibility of stump appendicitis is not clear to all clinicians. It represents a diagnostic dilemma with incidence of one in 50,000 cases. We report how we encountered diagnostic dilemma during the management of a 30 years old male patient of acute abdomen with history of appendectomy done for acute appendicitis even years back.
Knowledge, Attitude and Practice among endodontists of Nepal in patient management during COVID-19 arena
Authors: Kunwar Deepa , Subham Snigdha , Nepal Manisha , Khadka Jwolan
Published: January 2022

Background: Coronavirus disease, 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratorysyndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).COVID-19 is a global pandemic affecting all aspects of life in all countries. Endodontist are at inherent risk because of aerosol generating procedures. The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) among Endodontists of Nepal to combat the COVID 19 pandemic.

Method:A web-based cross-sectional study was conducted among Endodontist of Nepal from March to June 2021.Convenient sampling method was adopted. The data were analysed using SPSS version 20.Descriptive statistics was performed, percentage and frequency distribution were assessed. Chi-square tests wereused to see the association between the categorical variables. A p-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:  Out of the total 81 Endodontists who responded to our study, 55.6% of them were females and 44.4% males. Around 65%were from Bagmati province.Majority (87.7%) of responders reported that they categorize the cases on the basis risk assessment, 56.8% do not perform routine procedures during the pandemic. Maximum (97.5%) of the responders discuss about COVID-19 with the patients.About 55% of the responders use rubber dam during the endodontic procedures, while 17.3% of the responders do not use them at all.

Conclusion:Endodontists of Nepal werefound to have good knowledge, attitude and practice score, which is important to overcome the present pandemic scenario of COVID19.Certain pitfalls in attitude and practice level can be decreased by efficient training programs, precise guidelines, and treatment protocols.
Functional outcome among patients treated by percutaneous cannulated screw with tension band for transverse patella fracture
Authors: Dhakal Rabi Mohan , Shrestha Rabindra Prasad , Shrestha Bhola , Kandel Ishwor Sharma , Acharya Karuna , Bista Krishna Bahadhur , Parajuli Pravakar
Published: January 2022

Introduction:  Tension band wiring is the most commonly used treatment method for transverse patella fracture. Tension band construct can be achieved by various modifications. Percutaneous cannulated screw with tension band is a minimally invasive technique with stiffer fixation that follows tension band principle. This study aims to assess the clinical and radiological outcome using percutaneous cannulated screw with tension band for the management of transverse patella fracture.
Methods: This was a prospective study among 30 adult patients who had closed displaced transverse patella fracture. Patients with polytrauma, comminuted fracture, neurovascular injury and prior injury to the limb were excluded from the study. Each patient was followed up at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, 3 months and 6 months postoperatively.
Results: Among all surgically treated patients using this technique, Pain gradually decreased over time and was less than VAS score of 1 in all patients at 6 months follow-up with an average score of 0.3. The final range of motion at 6 months was: flexion ranging from 122 to 145 degrees and extension lag from  of 0 to 8 degrees. There was significant improvement in range of motion of knee in each follow up. The mean duration for fracture union was 11.4±2.3 weeks. There were no cases of nonunion and hardware failure. The mean Lyshom score was 82.5 at final follow up.
Conclusions: The percutaneous fixation of transverse patella fracture with cannulated screw and SS wire is safe and effective method which gives good functional outcome.
Role of Nasal parameters in gender determination among medical students
Authors: Neupane Bhima , Iyer Kanaklata , Sigdel Brihaspati
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Anthropometric measurement of the nose has a great importance to differentiate gender, race, and ethnicity. Nasal index is an important parameter in forensic sciences and rhinoplasty surgery. Our aim is to compare the nasal index of both males and females and its role to identify gender differences among medical students.
Methods: First and second year medical students were chosen and height, breadth and nasal index were calculated. The height and width of the nose was measured using a vernier caliper. The nasal index of both males and females were calculated and compared and based on this, the nasal shape was also determined.
Results: Among 184 total participants, 114 (61.9%) were Nepalese and 70 (38.1%) were Indian. In the Nepalese cohort, mean nasal height for male students was 4.58 ± 0.37 cm which was higher than females (4.39 ± 0.34 cm). The mean nasal index was higher among males in students of both the countries. The mesorrhine was most common type of morphology found among all students.
Conclusions: Nasal index of male medical students was significantly higher than females. Mesorrhine nose was the commonest type of nose in our study. This information may be used to estimate gender differences.
ELECTRICAL PARAMETERS ESTIMATION OF SINGLE DIODE PV MODULE MODEL USING HYBRID METAHEURISTIC ALGORIHM
Authors: M. Abbas Mawj , H. Muhsen Dhiaa
Published: January 2022

In this paper, an improved hybrid algorithm called differential evolution with integrated mutation per iteration (DEIM) is proposed to extract five parameters of single-diode PV module model obtained by combining differential evolution (DE) algorithm and electromagnetic-like (EML) algorithm. The EML algorithm's attraction-repulsion idea is employed in DEIM in order to enhance the mutation process of DE. The proposed algorithm is validated with other methods using experimental I-V data. The results of presented method reveal that simulated I-V characteristics have a high degree of agreement with experimental ones. The proposed model has an average root mean square error of 0.062A, an absolute error of 0.0452A, a mean bias error of 0.006A, a coefficient of determination of 0.992, a standard test deviation around 0.04540, and 15.33sec as execution time. The results demonstrate that the proposed method is better in terms of the accuracy and execution time (convergence) when compared with other methods where provide less errors.
FINDING PERCENTAGE OF BREAKDOWN STIMULATION OF ALUMINUM WIRES THAT OPERATES IN A CORROSIVE MEDIUM
Authors: Abdulateef Ahmed Mohammed
Published: January 2022

The study of the duration of mechanical resistance to static tensile stress (withstand time) for an aluminum wire that being suffers from the corrosion effect stimulated by stray currents at different temperatures. Test device was designed and produced locally "in advance" in accordance with the specification (ASTM G103 - 97) to create static tensile stress of (1 N) on an aluminum wire of type ASTM (B231/B231M) with particular dimensions and utilized in the transmission of electrical energy, and when the wire is surrounded by a corrosive environment (NaCl solution) (3.5 % NaCl) at three different temperatures (25, 50, and 75 ° C) without any external electrical current causing corrosion; this symbolizes stray currents. Then compare the findings of that example to the results of the same wire's withstand time in the presence of an external electrical current generated by corrosion of type (D.C) by (5V & 3A).Following that, the resulting diagrams were analyzed, and it was discovered that the wire resistivity time (without the existence of stray currents and at a temperature of 25 ° C) completed (17 days), which is the longest duration of endure, and the lowest time of resistivity or resistance period (in the existence of an external electric current) is (18 hr.).Impact of (stray currents) at (75 ° C), and this is an indicator of the stray currents with corrosive environment temperatures on the resistance period (withstand duration) in the existence of static stress. The total stimulation increase is 1.9% between corrosion at 75°C and 25°C.
SELF-EFFICACY AND SOCIAL SUPPORT OF PARENTS AS PREDICTORS OF CAREER DECISION MAKING IN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Authors: Arjanggi Ruseno
Published: January 2022

This research aimed to test the role of self-efficacy and parent social support to career decision making in senior high school. This research used a quantitative method. The samples analysis were 416 students of senior high school in Semarang. Sampling methods using cluster random sampling Instruments used in this research consist of three scales. Career decision scale (CDS) consisted 19 items statement with corrected item-total correlation coefficient range 0,325-0,597; internal consistency Alpha 0,887. Self efficacy scale consisted 28 items statement, with corrected item-total correlation coefficient range 0,335-0,428; internal consistency Alpha 0,851, and  social support scale consisted of 40 items, with corrected item-total correlation coefficient range 0,335-0,428 and internal consistency Alpha 0,941. Data analysis using multiple regression analysis. The result showed a significant relationship between self-efficacy and social support of parents with career decision making in senior high school students with R = 0,664 and F = 163,172 with significant = 0,000 (p<0,01). The correlation between self-efficacy and career decision making obtained rx1y0,555, p = 0,000 (p<0,01), which means there is a significant correlation between self-efficacy with career decision making in senior high school students. Result of correlation between social support of parents with career decision making obtained rx2y = 0,572 p = 0,000 (p<0,01). The results showed a significant correlation between social support of parents and career decision making. Effective contribution of self-efficacy and social support of parents in this research was 44,1%. Keywords: career decision, self-efficacy and social support
Człowiek podziemny w prozie konfesyjnej oraz wspomnieniowej Fiodora Dostojewskiego i Marii Komornickiej. Przypadek Notatek z podziemia i Biesów
Authors: Kargol Aleksandra Anna
Published: January 2022

This paper considers the idea of an underground man. It attempts to answer why writers reach for such a type of heroes and their position in the face of contemporary novel solutions. Maria Komornicka and Fyodor Dostoyevsky see in fallen individuals a source of creative inspiration. The confessional prose of these writers is an attempt to talk about the nihilist heroes who have chosen to live in a place of the metaphorical underground. The underground space becomes a construct of these works, and it is also a symbolic place where individuals desire chaos and darkness. The heroes of Demons and Notes from the Underground escape from where “everyone” lives and go underground, devoting themselves to underground mysticism because only such space protects them against the total collapse of the universe. Underground imagery governs the research process and shows how it determines the structure of a work and influences the methodology and ways of reading these works
Estimation of Serum CD200 and CD200R1 Levels in a Sample of Iraqi Women with Breast Cancer: Their Role as Diagnostic and Prognostic Markers
Authors: Ismail Adnan M. , Saleh Eman S
Published: January 2022

Breast cancer is a disease in which cells in the breast grow out of control. CD200 is a cell surface glycoprotein expressed on many cells, it belongs to the immunoglobulin family (Ig) and have a great role in the regulation of inflammation in autoimmunity. CD200 is the ligand for CD200R1 receptor. To determine if serum level of CD200 and its receptor CD200R1 can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic marker in patients with breast cancer.This case control study was carried out at Oncology Teaching Hospital – Medical city in Baghdad. Six groups were enrolled, four groups were confirmed with breast cancer stage (I, II, III and IV), fifth group (benign) and sixth group was control (healthy individual). Serum is divided to measure CD200 and CD200R1 by utilizing quantitative sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Kits.

Serum level of CD200 was significantly different (P=0.000088) between breast cancer patients and control only, serum level of CD200 increases with disease stage and there is a significant positive correlation. Serum level of CD200R1 was different with stage, although the differences were not significant but the level of CD200R1 is lower in stage 4 patients than other stages.

Serum CD200 level can be used as a diagnostic marker for breast cancer. Serum level of CD200R1 can be used as a prognostic marker