bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Re-imagining "Image" in the Poetry of Miltos Sachtouris
Authors: Emmerich Karen
Published: May 2012

Miltos Sachtouris (1919-2005) has traditionally been included in the "first postwar generation" of Greek poets, many of whom spent time in prison or internal exile for their activities on the left, and whose plainspoken verse is known for its straightforward discussions of war and politics. In order to incorporate Sachtouris's oblique, surrealistic poems into this larger group of writings, critics have often focused on those poems legible as historical allegories, presenting his poetry as steeped in essentially realistic images drawn from the everyday horrors of wartime Greece. Yet the grammatical indeterminacy of his language often renders those "images" ultimately unimaginable. Sachtouris's work can still be seen to resonate with that of the postwar generation, however, if we look at the quite literal images of his poems on the page. Through a close examination of Sachtouris's 1945 multi-part poem "The Forgotten Woman," this article demonstrates how Sachtouris's linguistic and visual syntax alike explore the political possibilities of the resistant and the opaque, offering a new model for political engagement in writing.
Poor Greek to "Scandalous" Hollywood Mogul: Alexander Pantages and the Anti-Immigrant Narratives of William Randolph Hearst's Los Angeles Examiner
Authors: Lagos Taso G.
Published: May 2012

"Second Wave" immigrants poured into the United States between 1880 and 1924 and stirred nativist hostility against the foreign-born, a sentiment already present in American culture in the nineteenth century. This hostility is captured in the newspaper coverage of the rape case of Alexander Pantages who in 1929 was accused of sexually molesting a 17-year-old female dancer. The reporting of the case by the Los Angeles Examiner highlights not only the use of the tropes of the "foreign-born," but also those of the "movie mogul" to tap into social anxieties over the wave of new immigrants and their supposed domination of the movie industry. The demonization of Pantages through visual and rhetorical constructions by the Examiner marks the boundaries and contestational territory of "white ethnicity" in a socially turbulent America. The biased news coverage exposes normative journalistic practices that favor the highly dramatic, while reifying the existing hierarchal social order and confining the nation's immigrants within narrow cultural norms.
The Rashayda: Ethnic Identity and Dhow Activity in Suakin on the Red Sea Coast
Authors: Agius Dionisius A.
Published: May 2012

Suakin (Ar. Sawākin) is the second important town of Sudan and a port for Muslim pilgrims bound for Jeddah. Its economy is primarily based on fishing. Long before the establishment of the present, new town, Suakin was an island town to which cargo ships from the Red Sea ports came and goods from India were transhipped via Jeddah. In its heyday, the island town was populated by merchants and traders who came to settle there from African and Arab countries, mainly Egypt and Sudan, and India and Europe. The majority of the inhabitants who lived around the island town belonged to the Beja (Ar. Buja or Bujā) groupings, whose ancestry goes back centuries; they were, as they are mainly today, pastoralists and cultivators. Around the late nineteenth century, members of a distinct Western Arabian ethnic group, the Rashayda (Ar. Rashāᵓida; s. Rashīdī), came to Sudan to look for work and live in the hinterland and on the coast. Though the majority were nomads and herders, several were involved in dhow trading, and a small number settled in Suakin. By the 1930s, however, many buildings in the island town started to crumble into rubble as its inhabitants abandoned the island for better economic prospects in other Red Sea port towns. Subsequently, a new town developed south of the island, including communities from the neighboring region, mainly Cushitic-speaking Beja groupings and other minorities such as the Rashayda, and in recent decades, they were joined by West African pilgrims who chose to settle there on their return from hajj (pilgrimage). Some members of the Beja groups follow occupations related to the sea; many come from the mountains to seek work as fishermen, or divers during the shell-collecting season, or laborers during the hajj season. Fishing activity is centered on the craftsmanship of the dhow builders: the dhows must not only be seaworthy but also specifically designed for fishing and shell collecting. This article will examine maritime activity on the Sudanese coast with particular reference to Suakin, past and present. It will discuss the level of involvement of the Beja and the importance of the role of the Rashayda in this multiethnic community from their arrival in the nineteenth century to the present time; further, it will show how they adapted their knowledge and skills and also show that the maritime terminology used is predominantly Western Arabian and not, as would be expected, Cushitic, as spoken by the Beja groups or linguistic registers of other ethnic groupings. The methodology applied in this research is based on ethnographic fieldwork conducted in 2004, together with consultation of primary and secondary sources.
The Viola in America: Two Centuries of Progress
Authors: Bynog David M.
Published: May 2012

Research on the viola in America has largely been confined to activities in the twentieth century. Recent efforts by the American Viola Society, notably the American Viola Project—which aims to preserve American viola compositions—have focused on the early history of the viola. This article provides a broad overview of the viola from the colonial period through 1920.

From the eighteenth century, contributions by members of Moravian settlements are highlighted. A viola concerto by Peter Albrecht von Hagen and solo viola performances by his son, Peter “Albertus” von Hagen, are also detailed.

In the nineteenth century, Theodore Thomas served as a great promoter of the viola, both through his programing of music and in his association with the viola soloists George Matzka and Charles Baetens. The viola also benefitted from increased interest by amateurs, composers, and publishers. The most well-known efforts are Charles Martin Loeffler’s chamber works, which have remained a staple of the viola repertoire.

A number of prominent viola soloists appeared in the twentieth century including Émile Férir, Louis Svečenski, Louis Bailly, and Rebecca Clarke. 1919 was a turning point for the viola with the Berkshire Festival Competition for Viola and Piano, resulting in a tie between Ernest Bloch’s Suite and Rebecca Clarke’s Viola Sonata.
Do No Harm: A Case in Point
Authors: Justman Stewart
Published: May 2012

The principle of avoiding harm, though still cited here and there in the literature, is regarded by many as a bit of antiquarianism with no relevance to actual medical practice and decision-making. But while treatment necessarily entails trading off risks against benefits, it is not so easy to defend harm caused in the name of prevention. Drugs intended for preventive use by the general population must meet high standards of safety—that is, they should not harm. This principle came to the fore in a recent meeting of an FDA Advisory Committee tasked with deciding whether or not to recommend two drugs for the prevention of prostate cancer. As the transcript of this charged meeting shows, the principle of avoiding harm is far from an inert doctrine without application to medicine.
Mommy, Kiss It and Make It Well: Saliva Reconsidered—Some Reflections on Alloantisepsis
Authors: Siegel Irwin M.
Published: May 2012

Human saliva is a two-edged sword. The mouth can infect, and it can also heal. Saliva is a component of the immune system. Many antibacterial factors as well as digestive enzymes are present in sputum, and oxidizing agents abet oral defense mechanisms. The biological equilibrium of the mouth enhances its antimicrobial environment. Saliva cleans the wound by lavage, promoting healing while protecting injured tissues. Awareness of both the adverse and salubrious effects of sputum should inform the treatment of wounds with oral contact.
The Malayan Emergency: General Templer and the Kinta Valley Home Guard, 1952-1954
Authors: Comber Leon
Published: May 2012

This is an account of the Kinta Valley Home Guard (KVHG), which played a vital role in protecting Chinese tin mines in the Kinta Valley in Perak from the attacks of the communist insurgents during the first Malayan Emergency. The Kinta Valley, covering some 1035 square kilometres, was one of the richest tin-mining areas in Malaya, and accounted for the major part of Malaya's tin exports to the USA, the revenue from which was one of the most important sources of US dollars in the British colonial empire. The KVHG, which was established by the Perak Chinese Tin Mining Association, was unique in that it had the personal backing and support of General Sir Gerald Templer, High Commissioner and Director of Operations, Malaya, who paid close attention to its development. General Templer's decision to support the KVHG was controversial at the time, and the KVHG was often described as a private 'Chinese Army', especially as many of its members were known to have Kuomintang connections. Colonel H. S. Lee (subsequently Tun Colonel Sir Henry Hau Sik Lee) was closely associated with the KVHG, and this paper makes use of, for the first time, his private papers that have been deposited with the ISEAS (Institute of SE Asian Studies) Library, Singapore.
New Lamps for Old: Modern Nautical Terms for Ancient Marine Practices and the Navigation of the Zheng He Voyages
Authors: Rivers P. J.
Published: May 2012

Much is made by some about the supposed superiority of the navigation of one country over another, but the skills of those early mariners, of both the East and the West, were remarkably similar. In the early fifteenth century Arab, Chinese and European methods were fairly basic, with only a primitive compass for directional orientation and other instrumental aids to navigation all in their infancy. Indeed, the age-old 4-Ls of seamanship—lookout, lead, log, and latitude—had not all yet evolved. Many arguments are based on faulty assumptions because of misunderstanding nautical usages and applying modern terms, resulting in an assumption of advanced navigational knowledge in the early fifteenth century. A Chinese sage said words must be used correctly. If not, people will become confused, so take warning about using modern nautical terms for ancient practices. Two of the leading English experts on Eastern navigation, J. V. Mills and G. R. Tibbetts, admit limitations in navigational terminology. It is with the utmost respect that the following suggestions are made.
Gendering the Evangelical Novel
Authors: Tucker Trisha
Published: May 2012

Scholars have long agreed that the Evangelical movement had a powerful effect on political, economic, gender, class, and racial ideologies in nineteenth-century Britain. And yet a protracted critical silence has implicitly labeled the novels of that movement as unworthy of study, despite the immense popularity of such novels with nineteenth-century readers. This essay traces the critical constructs and ideological commitments that have rendered Evangelical narratives so distasteful to twentieth- and twenty-first-century literary critics. It argues that a vital component of their critical neglect is scholars' coding of both the Evangelical movement and its fictions as simultaneously too "masculine"—paternalistic, imperialistic, liberal humanist—and too "feminine"—transparent, naïve, unself-aware. This gender coding, which has been used to justify the banishment of Evangelical novels to the margins of literary studies, betrays scholars' deep but unacknowledged mistrust of modern readers and writers who refuse to be "emancipated" from their "pre-modern" commitment to religion.
Changing Trends of Imaging in Angle Closure Evaluation
Authors: Dorairaj Syril , Tsai James C. , Grippo Tomas M.
Published: May 2012

Primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) is a significant cause of visual disability worldwide. It predominantly affects the Eastern and South Asian population of the world. Early detection of anatomically narrow angles is important, and the subsequent prevention of visual loss from PACG depends on an accurate assessment of the anterior chamber angle (ACA). Gonioscopy has given way to modern day imaging technologies such as ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and more recently, anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT). Ultrasound biomicroscopy provides objective, high-resolution images of anterior segment anatomy, including the cornea, iris, anterior chamber, anterior chamber angle, and ciliary body. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a noncontact optical signal acquisition and processing device that provides magnified, high-resolution cross-sectional images of ocular tissues. Recent technological advances towards three-dimensional visualization broadened the scope of AS-OCT in ophthalmologic evaluation. Optical coherence tomography systems use low-coherence, near-infrared light to provide detailed images of anterior segment structures at resolutions exceeding that of UBM. This paper summarizes the clinical application of UBM and OCT for assessment of anterior segment in glaucoma.
Electrogenerated Polymers as Efficient and Robust Heterogeneous Catalysts for the Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution of Terminal Epoxides
Authors: Hong Xiang , Mellah Mohamed , Bordier Franck , Guillot Régis , Schulz Emmanuelle
Published: May 2012

Thiophene‐ and pyrrole‐modified chiral cobalt–salen complexes were found to be efficient, enantioselective homogeneous catalysts for the dynamic hydrolytic kinetic resolution (HKR) of epibromohydrin. Their corresponding electrogenerated thiophene–salen–cobalt polymers were prepared by anodic oxidation and could be recovered as insoluble powders for heterogeneous catalysis. Their activity and selectivity were evaluated according to the polymerization conditions. A polymer that was formed from the direct oxidation of a CoII complex in a CH2Cl2/AcOH/nBu4NBF4 electrolytic mixture promoted the most‐efficient synthesis of the expected bromoacetal (up to >99 % yield and 87 % ee). This heterogeneous catalyst was easily recovered, could be reused without the need for a reactivation step, and was highly stable, even after 11 consecutive catalytic runs. Moreover, this catalyst was engaged in a multi‐substrate recovery procedure with various terminal epoxides, thereby demonstrating its usefulness for the transformation of diverse substrates.
Evidence of Higher Complexes Between Cucurbit[7]uril and Cationic Surfactants
Authors: Pessêgo M. , Moreira J. A. , Garcia‐Rio L.
Published: May 2012

The host–guest assembly of CB7 with a series of alkyl(trimethyl)ammonium (CnTA+) surfactants of different chain lengths (n=6–18) has been studied. The complexation behaviour was investigated by NMR spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry and kinetics measurements. The combined results of these techniques provided evidence for the formation of 1:1 inclusion and 2:1 external complexes in the cases of CnTA+ with n=12–18. The binding constants for the 1:1 complexes are independent of the alkyl chain length of the surfactant, whereas a relationship between K2:1 and the chain length of the surfactant was found for the 2:1 complexes.
Stability Property for the Predator‐Free Equilibrium Point of Predator‐Prey Systems with a Class of Functional Response and Prey Refuges
Authors: Chen Fengde , Wu Yumin , Ma Zhaozhi
Published: May 2012

We investigate the stability property for the predator‐free equilibrium point of predator‐prey systems with a class of functional response and prey refuges by using the analytical approach. Under some very weakly assumption, we show that conditions that ensure the locally asymptotically stable of the predator‐free equilibrium point are consistent with that of the globally asymptotically stable ones. Our result supplements the corresponding result of Ma et al., 2009.
Low Cost Design of a Hybrid Architecture of Integer Inverse DCT for H.264, VC‐1, AVS, and HEVC
Authors: Martuza Muhammad , Wahid Khan A.
Published: May 2012

The paper presents a unified hybrid architecture to compute the 8 × 8 integer inverse discrete cosine transform (IDCT) of multiple modern video codecs—AVS, H.264/AVC, VC‐1, and HEVC (under development). Based on the symmetric structure of the matrices and the similarity in matrix operation, we develop a generalized “decompose and share” algorithm to compute the 8 × 8 IDCT. The algorithm is later applied to four video standards. The hardware‐share approach ensures the maximum circuit reuse during the computation. The architecture is designed with only adders and shifters to reduce the hardware cost significantly. The design is implemented on FPGA and later synthesized in CMOS 0.18 um technology. The results meet the requirements of advanced video coding applications.
Hyperkalemic Recurrent Bilateral Lower Extremity Weakness in a Patient on Hemodialysis
Authors: Hassen Getaw Worku , Newstead Suzanne , Giordano Lorraine Maria
Published: May 2012

Hyperkalemia is a severe life-threatening electrolyte disorder that commonly affects the cardiac conductivity and contractility. Ascending paralysis affecting the extremities with focal neurological deficit as well as quadriparesis and a seizure associated with hyperkalemia has been reported in the literature. Here, we describe a case of isolated recurrent lower extremity paralysis and an episode of seizure in an 83-year-old patient with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis.
S-Glutathionylation of Protein Disulfide Isomerase Regulates Estrogen ReceptorαStability and Function
Authors: Xiong Ying , Manevich Yefim , Tew Kenneth D. , Townsend Danyelle M.
Published: May 2012

S-Glutathionylation of cysteine residues within target proteins is a posttranslational modification that alters structure and function. We have shown that S-glutathionylation of protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) disrupts protein folding and leads to the activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR). PDI is a molecular chaperone for estrogen receptor alpha(ERα). Our present data show in breast cancer cells that S-glutathionylation of PDI interferes with its chaperone activity and abolishes its capacity to form a complex withERα. Such drug treatment also reverses estradiol-induced upregulation of c-Myc, cyclinD1, andP21Cip, gene products involved in cell proliferation. Expression of an S-glutathionylation refractory PDI mutant diminishes the toxic effects of PABA/NO. Thus, redox regulation of PDI causes its S-glutathionylation, thereby mediating cell death through activation of the UPR and abrogation ofERαstability and signaling.
Characterizations of Multiparameter Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin Spaces Associated with Flag Singular Integrals
Authors: Wu Xinfeng , Liu Zongguang
Published: May 2012

We introduce the inhomogeneous multiparameter Besov and Triebel-Lizorkin spaces associated with flag singular integrals via the Littlewood-Paley-Stein theory. We establish difference characterizations and Peetre's maximal function characterizations of these spaces.
On Approximate Coincidence Point Properties and Their Applications to Fixed Point Theory
Authors: Du Wei-Shih
Published: May 2012

We first establish some existence results concerning approximate coincidence point properties and approximate fixed point properties for various types of nonlinear
contractive maps in the setting of cone metric spaces and general metric spaces. From these results,
we present some new coincidence point and fixed point theorems which generalize Berinde‐Berinde′s
fixed point theorem, Mizoguchi‐Takahashi′s fixed point theorem, and some well‐known results in the
literature.
Protectors or Traitors: The Roles of PON2 and PON3 in Atherosclerosis and Cancer
Authors: Witte Ines , Foerstermann Ulrich , Devarajan Asokan , Reddy Srinivasa T. , Horke Sven
Published: May 2012

Cancer and atherosclerosis are major causes of death in western societies. Deregulated cell death is common to both diseases, with significant contribution of inflammatory processes and oxidative stress. These two form a vicious cycle and regulate cell death pathways in either direction. This raises interest in antioxidative systems. The human enzymes paraoxonase-2 (PON2) and PON3 are intracellular enzymes with established antioxidative effects and protective functions against atherosclerosis. Underlying molecular mechanisms, however, remained elusive until recently. Novel findings revealed that both enzymes locate to mitochondrial membranes where they interact with coenzyme Q10 and diminish oxidative stress. As a result, ROS-triggered mitochondrial apoptosis and cell death are reduced. From a cardiovascular standpoint, this is beneficial given that enhanced loss of vascular cells and macrophage death forms the basis for atherosclerotic plaque development. However, the same function has now been shown to raise chemotherapeutic resistance in several cancer cells. Intriguingly, PON2 as well as PON3 are frequently found upregulated in tumor samples. Here we review studies reporting PON2/PON3 deregulations in cancer, summarize most recent findings on their anti-oxidative and antiapoptotic mechanisms, and discuss how this could be used in putative future therapies to target atherosclerosis and cancer.
Role of Mesotherapy in Musculoskeletal Pain: Opinions from the Italian Society of Mesotherapy
Authors: Mammucari Massimo , Gatti Antonio , Maggiori Sergio , Sabato Alessandro F.
Published: May 2012

Mesotherapy is the injection of active substances into the surface layer of the skin. This method allows a slower spread, higher levels, and longer lasting effects of drugs in the tissues underlying the site of injection (skin, muscle, and joint) compared with those following intramuscular injection. This technique is useful when a local pharmacological effect is required and relatively high doses of drug in the systemic circulation are not. Mesotherapy should only be undertaken following a complete clinical workup and subsequent diagnosis. Encouraging results have been reported in randomized, controlled clinical trials and in observational studies involving patients with various forms of musculoskeletal pain. Recommendations by experts from the Italian Society of Mesotherapy for appropriate use of mesotherapy in musculoskeletal pain and an algorithm for treating localized painful conditions are provided.
Sonographic and Clinical Features of Upper Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis in Critical Care Patients
Authors: Blaivas Michael , Stefanidis Konstantinos , Nanas Serafim , Poularas John , Wachtel Mitchell , Cohen Rubin , Karakitsos Dimitrios
Published: May 2012

Background-Aim. Upper extremity deep vein thrombosis (UEDVT) is an increasingly recognized problem in the critically ill. We sought to identify the prevalence of and risk factors for UEDVT, and to characterize sonographically detected thrombi in the critical care setting.Patients and Methods. Three hundred and twenty patients receiving a subclavian or internal jugular central venous catheter (CVC) were included. When an UEDVT was detected, therapeutic anticoagulation was started. Additionally, a standardized ultrasound scan was performed to detect the extent of the thrombus. Images were interpreted offline by two independent readers.Results. Thirty-six (11.25%) patients had UEDVT and a complete scan was performed. One (2.7%) of these patients died, and 2 had pulmonary embolism (5.5%). Risk factors associated with UEDVT were presence of CVC [(odds ratio (OR) 2.716,P=0.007)], malignancy (OR 1.483,P=0.036), total parenteral nutrition (OR 1.399,P=0.035), hypercoagulable state (OR 1.284,P=0.045), and obesity (OR 1.191,P=0.049). Eight thrombi were chronic, and 28 were acute. We describe a new sonographic sign which characterized acute thrombosis: a double hyperechoic line at the interface between the thrombus and the venous wall; but its clinical significance remains to be defined.Conclusion. Presence of CVC was a strong predictor for the development of UEDVT in a cohort of critical care patients; however, the rate of subsequent PE and related mortality was low.
Longitudinal Associations of Leisure-Time Physical Activity and Cancer Mortality in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1986–2006)
Authors: Parekh Niyati , Lin Yong , Craft Lynette L. , Vadiveloo Maya , Lu-Yao Grace L.
Published: May 2012

Longitudinal associations between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and overall cancer mortality were evaluated within the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III; 1988–2006;n=15,535). Mortality status was ascertained using the National Death Index. Self-reported LTPA was divided into inactive, regular low-to-moderate and vigorous activity. A frequency-weighted metabolic equivalents (METS/week) variable was also computed. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated for overall cancer mortality in the whole sample, by body mass index categories and insulin resistance (IR) status. Nonsignificant protective associations were observed for regular low-to-moderate and vigorous activity, and for the highest quartile of METS/week (HRs range: 0.66–0.95). Individuals without IR engaging in regular vigorous activity had a 48% decreased risk of cancer mortality (HR: 0.52; 95% CI: 0.28–0.98) in multivariate analyses. Conversely, nonsignificant positive associations were observed in people with IR. In conclusion, regular vigorous activity may reduce risk of cancer mortality among persons with normal insulin-glucose metabolism in this national sample.
Understanding the Social Networks That Form within the Context of an Obesity Prevention Intervention
Authors: Gesell Sabina B. , Bess Kimberly D. , Barkin Shari L.
Published: May 2012

Background. Antiobesity interventions have generally failed. Research now suggests that interventions must be informed by an understanding of the social environment.Objective. To examine if new social networks form between families participating in a group-level pediatric obesity prevention trial.Methods. Latino parent-preschool child dyads (N=79) completed the 3-month trial. The intervention met weekly in consistent groups to practice healthy lifestyles. The control met monthly in inconsistent groups to learn about school readiness. UCINET and SIENA were used to examine network dynamics.Results. Children’s mean age was 4.2 years (SD=0.9), and 44% were overweight/obese (BMI≥85th percentile). Parents were predominantly mothers (97%), with a mean age of 31.4 years (SD=5.4), and 81% were overweight/obese (BMI≥25). Over the study, a new social network evolved among participating families. Parents selectively formed friendship ties based on child BMI z-score, (t=2.08;P<.05). This reveals the tendency for mothers to form new friendships with mothers whose children have similar body types.Discussion. Participating in a group-level intervention resulted in new social network formation. New ties were greatest with mothers who had children of similar body types. This finding might contribute to the known inability of parents to recognize child overweight.
Inference of Tumor Phylogenies from Genomic Assays on Heterogeneous Samples
Authors: Subramanian Ayshwarya , Shackney Stanley , Schwartz Russell
Published: May 2012

Tumorigenesis can in principle result from many combinations of mutations, but only a few roughly equivalent sequences of mutations, or “progression pathways,” seem to account for most human tumors. Phylogenetics provides a promising way to identify common progression pathways and markers of those pathways. This approach, however, can be confounded by the high heterogeneity within and between tumors, which makes it difficult to identify conserved progression stages or organize them into robust progression pathways. To tackle this problem, we previously developed methods for inferring progression stages from heterogeneous tumor profiles through computational unmixing. In this paper, we develop a novel pipeline for building trees of tumor evolution from the unmixed tumor data. The pipeline implements a statistical approach for identifying robust progression markers from unmixed tumor data and calling those markers in inferred cell states. The result is a set of phylogenetic characters and their assignments in progression states to which we apply maximum parsimony phylogenetic inference to infer tumor progression pathways. We demonstrate the full pipeline on simulated and real comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) data, validating its effectiveness and making novel predictions of major progression pathways and ancestral cell states in breast cancers.
FluorescenceIn SituHybridization for MicroRNA Detection in Archived Oral Cancer Tissues
Authors: Shi Zonggao , Johnson Jeffrey J. , Stack M. Sharon
Published: May 2012

The noncoding RNA designated as microRNA (miRNA) is a large group of small single-stranded regulatory RNA and has generated wide-spread interest in human disease studies. To facilitate delineating the role of microRNAs in cancer pathology, we sought to explore the feasibility of detecting microRNA expression in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues. Using FFPE materials, we have compared fluorescentin situhybridization (FISH) procedures to detect miR-146a with (a) different synthetic probes: regular custom DNA oligonucleotides versus locked nucleic acid (LNA) incorporated DNA oligonucleotides; (b) different reporters for the probes: biotin versus digoxigenin (DIG); (c) different visualization: traditional versus tyramide signal amplification (TSA) system; (d) different blocking reagents for endogenous peroxidase. Finally, we performed miR-146a FISH on a commercially available oral cancer tissue microarray, which contains 40 cases of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and 10 cases of normal epithelia from the human oral cavity. A sample FISH protocol for detecting miR-146a is provided. In summary, we have established reliablein situhybridization procedures for detecting the expression of microRNA in FFPE oral cancer tissues. This method is an important tool for studies on the involvement of microRNA in oral cancer pathology and may have potential prognostic or diagnostic value.
Defining the Divine in Rome: In memoriam S. R. F. Price
Authors: Levene D. S.
Published: May 2012

Recent analysis of the imperial cult has argued that it can be best understood in terms of the lack of a fundamental division between gods and humans at Rome worshiping a human as a god was accordingly not a transgressive act. This paper challenges this interpretation, demonstrating that gods and humans were indeed usually conceived as separate species of being. The imperial cult was thus transgressive in theory; however, it primarily operated in contexts where that could be overlooked and the worship of humans as gods accordingly appeared unproblematic.
Pliny’s Epistolary Dreams and the Ghost of Domitian
Authors: Baraz Yelena
Published: May 2012

Letters that report dreams and visions showcase Pliny’s concern with controlling interpretation. I argue that in two letters on dreams Pliny advocates a confrontational response to negative dreams as a successful paradigm. I then read a letter that addresses the issue of the existence of ghosts with three tales. By comparing the first two tales with other versions by Tacitus and Lucian I analyze the implications of the letter’s structure and show how Pliny carefully crafts his narratives in an attempt to control the reader’s interpretation of the final story, crucial to his career under Domitian and his future reputation.
Who Is the Real Sovereign of the Ursulines of Pondicherry?
Authors: Keller-Lapp Heidi
Published: May 2012

En 1738, Mère Marguerite Ste. Gertrude Marquez et six Ursulines embarquèrent pour la côte Est de l’Inde, leur objectif étant de remplir la mission apostolique de leur ordre en ouvrant une école aux fins d’éduquer les filles des colons français de la ville de Pondichéry. Deux ans plus tard, cependant, elles ne disposaient toujours ni d’un cloitre, ni d’un confesseur, ni d’une école et pas davantage de la garantie que tout ceci allait être prochainement mis à leur disposition. Les conditions de vie étaient en fait si effroyables que Sœur Marie Chrysostome, l’une des six Ursulines, fit la requête d’être rapatriée en France en raison du fait qu’elle “ne peut pas, de par son tempérament, exister dans un tel endroit sans vivre dans un cloitre, un endroit qui lui est étranger et dont les habitations ne sont pas différentes de celles des laïcs.” Les nonnes de Marquez vivaient dans des quartiers temporaires du district européen d’une ville en prise à un climat politique tendu dont les 100 000 habitants étaient en majorité des Indiens de religion hindou. Sœur Marquez craignait que d’autres de ses Ursulines ne suivent l’exemple de Sœur Chrysostome. La subsistance de ces six nonnes ursulines, déterminées quoique vulnérables, souleva parmi les autorités locales la question clé suivante: “Qui est le véritable dirigeant des Ursulines de Pondichéry?” Cette simple question est révélatrice des luttes complexes de pouvoir entre les diverses autorités coloniales de l’Inde française et des colonies françaises en général. Ce cas d’un groupe de sœurs ursulines et de leur mission ratée en Inde, quoique peu connu, n’en est pas moins lourd de sens dans l’histoire des missionnaires ursulines; il éclaire de surcroît d’un nouveau jour les questions relatives à la femme, l’Église et l’État dans le projet colonial français en Inde.
Protestantism and the Politics of Religion in French Colonial Vietnam
Authors: Keith Charles
Published: May 2012

Pendant la période de domination coloniale française, les réactions disparates et souvent contradictoires des missionnaires catholiques et des autorités françaises face aux religions non-catholiques ont été source de conflit dans la poursuite de leurs visions respectives de la “mission civilisatrice.” Cet article explore l’effet de l’émergence du Protestantisme sur les relations Église-État dans le Vietnam colonial. Même si l’Église et l’État partageaient des doutes quant au Protestantisme, les limites des structures légales et de police de l’État et les partisans influents du Protestantisme au sein de la gauche politique, ont assuré au Protestantisme une présence sociale et une position protégée que les Catholiques interprétaient comme un produit de l’anticléricalisme républicain. La consolidation de la présence protestante fut donc un facteur important dans la détérioration des relations Église-État à la fin de l’époque coloniale. Cet article désigne les religions locales comme un élément crucial des relations Église-État dans l’empire français, sans parallèle dans la vie politique ou sociale métropolitaine, ce qui requiert de placer “les relations Église-État” plus directement dans le contexte colonial particulier.
The Micropolitics of Colonial Education in French West Africa, 1914–1919
Authors: Segalla Spencer D.
Published: May 2012

Cet article examine les controverses qui se sont déroulées au sein de l’administration coloniale française concernant la micro-politique des relations locales entre administrateurs français et Africains de l’Ouest étudiants ou diplômés des écoles françaises. Au cours de la Première Guerre mondiale, des événements ont alimenté les craintes françaises d’une révolution socio-culturelle dans les relations coloniales. En 1918, plusieurs allégations d’incidents d’insubordination impliquant des étudi-ants, diplômés, et enseignants africains ont exacerbé ces peurs, et ces incidents sont devenus le centre des débats sur le rôle futur des sujets coloniaux diplômés des écoles françaises de l’AOF. La thèse principale de cet article est que l’attaque menée contre l’assimilationnisme dans la politique éducative des années 1910 n’était pas seulement un sous-produit des événements politiques majeurs, mais qu’il concerne aussi les relations quotidiennes de pouvoir et d’autorité dans les colonies. Cet article soutient la thèse que l’éducation française et les tentatives de contestation mineure par des étudiants, diplômés, et enseignants africains, ont provoqué des inquiétudes sur le pouvoir colonial français, et que ces points de contestation ont été au centre de l’élaboration des politiques éducatives à la fin de la guerre.
Les prémices de Thiaroye: L’influence de la captivité allemande sur les soldats noirs français à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Authors: Scheck Raffael
Published: May 2012

After repressing the mutiny of West African ex-prisoners in Thiaroye near Dakar on 1 December 1944, the French military authorities concluded that the German treatment of these prisoners had made them prone to revolting. Allegedly, the Germans had planned to destabilize French colonialism by treating the prisoners well (despite the German army massacres of black French soldiers in June 1940) and by allowing black prisoners to enter into intimate relationships with white French women. The article critically analyzes the explanations of the French authorities for the revolt of Thiaroye, tracing the motivations of the ex-prisoners to the way they interpreted Free French policies after liberation in the context of their captivity experience. It argues that the relatively correct German treatment of the African POWs after the summer of 1940 and the contacts of prisoners with French civilians were circumstantial and not part of a deliberate German policy to incite revolts in the French colonies. Ultimately, the unruliness of African ex-prisoners resulted much less from German measures than from the disillusioning experience of the soldiers with the Vichy and Free French authorities during and after captivity, which formed a powerful contrast to the mostly friendly and respectful treatment of the Africans by the French civilian population.
Siblings and Sex: A New Approach to the Fiction of Lee Smith
Authors: Billips Martha
Published: May 2012

The article calls for a feminist reappraisal of the fiction of contemporary Appalachian writer Lee Smith, one that acknowledges the pattern of female disempowerment and sexual abuse that permeates so much of her work, alongside its more positive portrayals of female creativity, sexuality, and strength. In particular, the article focuses on a specific motif within the broader pattern of sexual exploitation in Smith's writing: that of the vulnerable young girl seduced (or raped) by a slightly older brother or brother figure. It draws from two little-known texts from early in Smith's career to establish the existence of the motif and then traces its reemergence as an undercurrent in her mature fiction of the 1980s and 1990s. In this body of work, Smith explores with increasing subtlety the consequences of sibling incest for adolescent girls and the adult women they become, and, while her later novels hold out more possibilities for survivorship and survivor discourse than do the earliest works, the fiction as a whole hardly charts a clear and straightforward path from silence to speech or exploitation to empowerment.
Paying the Price for Pacifism: The Press's Rhetorical Shift from "Saint Jane" to "The Most Dangerous Woman in America"
Authors: Shepler Sherry R. , Mattina Anne F.
Published: May 2012

The article investigates the backlash against Jane Addams's work for peace, particularly around the formation of the Woman's Peace Party in the United States and the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom in 1915. Using the notion of "containment" as a methodological tool for guiding analysis, the article explores the transformation of Addams's reputation from well-respected social advocate to "the most dangerous woman in America." Specifically, by examining the intersection of Addams's worldview, the rhetorical choices she made in advocating for pacifism, and the public response as characterized by the New York Times ' accounts of her work, the analysis demonstrates how gender played an important role in determining Addams's ability to effectively advocate for a nonmainstream (pacifist) view of the conflict in Europe.
"Abroad I was Greek and in Greece I am a Foreigner": Pontic Greeks from Former Soviet Union in Greece
Authors: Hionidou Violetta
Published: May 2012

Pontic Greeks have been migrating from the former Soviet Union to Greece at least since the 1960s and into the 1990s. The more recent migrants (mid-1980s onwards) differ from those who migrated earlier (in the 1960s and 1970s) in their cause of migration and in their socio-economic background while in the Soviet Union. These differences had a significant effect on the expectations and aspirations of the two groups (older and newer migrants) once they were in Greece. An equally significant effect was that of the difference in definition of national identity for these migrants between their place of origin and the place of their destination. For, while their Greek identity in the Soviet Union was defined in their official documentation and necessitated little obvious manifestation of cultural, linguistic, or religious signs and practices, this same identity was insufficient to qualify them as members of their host society, even though the Greek State had officially bestowed such a qualification upon them. Such continuing divergence of definitions of identity impedes their integration in the host society.
A Note on Magical Deception
Authors: Ryan Michael A.
Published: May 2012

Responding to the two preceding articles, the author suggests another way that neuroscience may provide the key to a richer and more complex understanding of premodern magic. His interest is not primarily in intellectual magic or witchcraft; rather he seeks a better understanding of magical fraud. The work of Susana Martinez-Conde and Stephen L. Macknik has proven a useful guide in the course of the author's research on Mellon MS 6, an early fifteenth-century paper codex written in Latin and a northern Italian vernacular, a compendium miscellaneous magical and alchemical procedures which the author dubs a "charlatan's tome."
Current Trends in the Application of Cognitive Science to Magic
Authors: Bever Edward
Published: May 2012

This overview of cognitive approaches to the history of religion covers key players in the history of theories of cognition as applied to the history of religion. Noting at the outset that there is a long history of psychologizing religious phenomena, the author nods at skeptical philosophers of antiquity before going on to touch base with the prehistory of modern approaches in the idea of participation fostered by Lucien Lévy-Bruhl and its culmination in the cognitive neuroscience of such thinkers as Ernst Gellhorn, Eugene d'Aquili and Charles Laughlin. It is argued that the neurocognitive approach illuminates how practitioners can exert real power over themselves and others, suggesting a new, "realist" approach which focuses on the ways in which magical beliefs and practices reference and influence reality.
The Sword of Moses ( Ḥarba de-Moshe ): A New Translation and Introduction
Authors: Harari Yuval
Published: May 2012

The author introduces a new translation of "The Sword of Moses," an important ancient magic text which presents an array of of magical practices for accomplishing various goals, all based on the use of a magical "sword" of words, which Moses brought down from heaven. The work is significant because it contains the broadest extant collection of Jewish magical recipes from the first millennium. This introduction discusses the structure, genre, contents, language, and practical context of the Sword.
Subjective Experience and the Practice of Medieval Ritual Magic
Authors: Klaassen Frank
Published: May 2012

Following the suggested lead of Robert Mathiesen, and relying conceptually on the ethnographic work by Tanya Luhrmann, this article looks at what we know about the practice of modern magic and various forms of psychological or cognitive conditioning, seeking to apply it to an analysis of medieval ritual magic and reports about its operation. Beginning with a classroom experiment on dream divination, the author proceeds to examine the primary known works of medieval ritual magic to illuminate what kind of effects they probably had on practitioners. The author argues that understanding the nature of these experiences provides a greater level of sympathy with medieval copyists and practitioners of magic and also provides more subtle insights into the organization and orientation of these texts.
Suakin: A Northeast African Port in the Ottoman Empire
Authors: Peacock A. C. S.
Published: May 2012

Capital of the Ottoman province of Habeş and a major entrepôt for trade between the African interior and the Hijaz, the Indian Ocean, and Egypt, Suakin’s apogee largely coincided with its direct rule by the Ottomans between the early to mid sixteenth century and the early nineteenth century. Although a number of short studies of the history of Suakin have been written, these have rarely referred to the pertinent Ottoman language sources. Older scholarship thus tended to assume the port was merely a remote Ottoman outpost, cut off from its African hinterland, while research that has given more prominence to the role of Suakin’s Ḥaḍāriba elite in the life of the city has paid less attention to the Ottoman context in which they operated. In this essay, I offer an overview of Suakin’s development under Ottoman rule drawing on the Ottoman materials. These of course have their own perils, for the Ottoman archival documents largely consist of reports to or orders from Istanbul, usually concerning the appointment of officials, the military situation, and requests for reinforcements. Trade is rarely prominent in the documents, as none of the Ottoman financial records of the port or province have come to light. Literary sources, in the form of reports of revolt in Suakin in 1655 and the traveler Evliya Çelebi’s account of his visit some two decades later, shed more light on social and economic history, at least for the seventeenth century. The Ottoman evidence, scant though it may be compared to that surviving for the Mediterranean world, is our prime source for the history of Suakin.
Muslim Partners, Catholic Foes: The Selective Isolation of Gondärine Ethiopia
Authors: Salvadore Matteo
Published: May 2012

This paper is dedicated to an appraisal of Ethiopia’s relations with the Catholic and Muslim worlds in the aftermath of the failed Jesuit mission in the country (1555–1632). It contrasts Ethiopia’s policy of isolation from Catholic Europe and the resulting failures of the Franciscan order to re-establish a missionary presence in the Horn with the Ethiopian monarchy’s proactive pursuit of diplomatic ties with various Muslim societies of the Red Sea and Indian Ocean basins.