bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Classical Quotation in Titus Andronicus
Authors: Chaudhuri Pramit
Published: September 2014

This paper relates the four Latin quotations in Shakespeare and Peele’s Titus Andronicus to the play’s broader themes of communication and comprehension. In all four cases the characters’ superficial understanding of the meaning of the quotation contrasts with the striking implications of the original Latin context. The resulting irony is augmented by Peele’s changes to Seneca’s Latin, which add layers of meaning by rearranging and conflating multiple source texts. This technical conceit represents in miniature the allusive character of the entire work, in which various literary models are cited, inverted, and spliced together to create a play that is both recognizably classical and unrecognizably disfigured.
Conjectures on Beachy Head: Charlotte Smith’s Geological Poetics and the Ground of the Present
Authors: Goodman Kevis
Published: September 2014

How does one understand present experience as part of a larger historical totality? As she represents the contested ground of the Channel coast during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars, that question underlies Charlotte Smith’s complex engagement with contemporary geology, then an emerging science for discerning the system of the globe’s operations – their absent but “actual causes,” as James Hutton put it, in their “perceived effects.” In the ground’s mixture of natural and human history, local with global matter, and past processes in their present traces, Smith also finds inspiration for a poetics that can hold together, without resolving, the particular phenomena of individual experience, the forces that structure and shape them from a distance, and the gap in between. The resulting heterogeneous verse practice differs pointedly from the better-known, contemporary ideal of organic form.
The Child’s Two Bodies: Shakespeare, Sovereignty, and the End of Succession
Authors: Campana Joseph
Published: September 2014

This essay argues that in spite of a recent boom in scholarship on sovereignty, a particular political unit has gone unnoticed: the child and the sovereign. Although Shakespeare’s frequent recourse to child figures in his poems and plays has often been recognized, sovereignty seems to be an element missing from an expanding scholarly literature on the early modern child. Shakespeare critics often attend to the vulnerable personal bodies of children. But it is to the political bodies of children we must attend. Here I discuss what it might be to conceive of the child’s two bodies and how the body political of Shakespeare’s child figures focuses attention on succession and perpetuity. Macbeth , I argue, refracts the succession controversies that afflicted the transfer of rule from Elizabeth to James. Elizabeth, the barren queen, and James, the cradle king, made obvious how the child’s body threatens to displace the king’s. Shakespeare’s plays contribute to an attempt to imagine and comprehend political succession as a subset of sovereignty’s dominion over time.What troubles that dominion is the figure of the child who fails to ensure the “self-evidence” of sovereignty by generation.
Decadent Form
Authors: Arata Stephen
Published: September 2014

A heightened attention to questions of narrative form is characteristic both of decadent writing and of writing about decadence over the last quarter of the nineteenth century. This essay examines some key aesthetic issues that are routed through the issue of form in the period, with particular attention to the writings of Henry James, an astute theorist of narrative form and ambivalent fellow-traveller with fin-de-siècle decadent writers. In his own fiction, as well as in his critical essays on writers such as Flaubert, James at once dramatizes and theorizes the phantasmatic pull of formal “perfection” in the novel.
Hamlet’s Poem to Ophelia and the Theater of the Letter
Authors: Lerer Seth
Published: September 2014

The scene of Hamlet’s letter to Ophelia (act 2, scene 2) reveals a unique moment in the theatrical presentation of epistolary feeling. In its different versions in the early texts of the play (the first two quartos and the First Folio), the typography, layout, and wording of the scene expose deep ambiguities of performance and interpretation. More than simply analyzing the vicissitudes of memory or the print shop, I argue that the textual mobility of this episode comes from its dramatic content itself: the letter raises questions about the performance of someone else’s interior condition, and each text answers those questions differently and for potentially different audiences. In the end, this scene illustrates how lyric performances signal generational distance and speak directly to the central questions of reading and behavior motivating the play.
Anti-Colonial Metrics: Homeric Time in an Indian Prison, ca. 1909
Authors: Chin Tamara
Published: September 2014

Recent scholarship on Victorian poetry has drawn attention to the social meanings of meter, especially as a symbol of English national culture. This essay looks at the significance of AurobindoGhose (1872-1950) [Sri Aurobindo] within English metrical history. Ghose was a revolutionary for Indian self-rule and modern guru who began a Homeric epic in hexameters whilst in prison. By situating his creative and critical writings within nineteenth and early twentieth century debates on meter, I elaborate an aesthetic dimension of his assertively cosmopolitan and nonsecular politics. His generally overlooked case points towards a history that takes into greater account the contrapuntal metrics of colony and metropole.
Milton and the Microscope
Authors: Thorley David
Published: September 2014

In 1935, Marjorie Hope Nicolson developed a line of argument that began from Milton’s supposed meeting with Galileo in 1638, reasoning that, having, perhaps, had first-hand experience of the astronomer’s telescope, Milton was then able to make Paradise Lost ‘the first modern cosmic poem in which a drama is played out against a background of inter-stellar space.’ This article reads Paradise Regained ’s single reference to an ‘Aerie Microscope’ in similar (if converse) terms, suggesting that Milton’s being blind by the time of the microscope’s popularization in the mid-seventeenth century gave him a fundamentally different understanding of the microscope to that which Nicolson claims he had of the telescope. Where Nicolson believed that, to Milton, the telescope was an instrument that made the heavens appreciable to man, I argue for his entertaining a (theoretical) understanding of the microscope as enlarging base creatures into grotesque distortions. I therefore contrast the ‘Aerie Microscope’ with Paradise Lost ’s treatment of telescopy and astronomy, reading the phrase in the contexts of early modern microscopy and Paradise Regained ’s wider thematic concerns.
“Contagious Emotions” and the Ghost Dance Religion: Mooney’s Science, Black Elk’s Fever
Authors: Taylor Matthew A.
Published: September 2014

This essay explores the nature and consequences of James Mooney’s literal pathologization of Native American religious belief in The Ghost Dance Religion and the Sioux Outbreak of 1890 . I first situate Mooney’s fusion of Dance and disease within late nineteenth-century discourses of positivist science and closed subjectivity. I then briefly consider Nicholas Black Elk’s famous narrative of his own Great Vision, which offers an alternative, non-pathological perspective on Native religion and the idea that openness, connectedness, and vulnerability are constitutive of life. However, unlike many popular representations of American Indian spirituality, this vision authorizes neither a self-serving mysticism nor an easy holism; as in much recent philosophical and scientific work on extended networks of being, it instead pictures an uncertain, often fearful process in which susceptibility to the “outside” is both the condition of our existence and the becoming of our end.
“Not Unless Necessary”: Student Responses to War Work at the University of Toronto, 1914-1918
Authors: Chaktsiris Mary G.
Published: September 2014

Au cours de la Première Guerre mondiale, la participation étudiante à l’effort de guerre à l’Université de Toronto était définie en fonction du sexe. L’université encourageait les hommes à s’enrôler et les femmes à travailler dans les usines de munitions ou en agriculture. Si la réaction publique à la guerre a été très manifestement positive, les publications étudiantes telles que The Varsity , les dossiers étudiants du bureau du registraire et certains écrits d’étudiants permettent de nuancer cette impression. Ces sources révèlent en effet un malaise et une certaine lassitude à l’égard du soutien de l’université à la guerre et complexifient l’histoire des attentes à la fois des étudiants et des étudiantes par rapport à la participation à la Grande Guerre.
Territorial Spoils, Transnational Black Resistance, and Canada’s Evolving Autonomy during the First World War
Authors: Hastings Paula
Published: September 2014

Le présent article expose la montée et la chute des campagnes canadiennes visant à annexer les colonies britanniques des Indes occidentales au cours de la Première Guerre mondiale afin de souligner l’importance des Antilles britanniques et la montée de la résistance transnationale des Noirs en ce qui a trait à l’évolution de l’autonomie du Canada au sein de l’Empire britannique. L’auteure suggère que la lutte pour l’autonomie canadienne pendant la guerre était un projet à motivation raciale dont l’issue dépendait des relations de plus en plus tendues entre les Blancs canadiens et les Antillais noirs. En évoquant les Antilles britanniques et les luttes en faveur de la justice raciale de ces îles dans le discours de guerre sur l’autonomie canadienne, l’article replace un élément important de la formation sociale du temps de la guerre en dialogue avec un sujet qui se limite normalement à l’histoire diplomatique et constitutionnelle.
“Be British or be d–d”: Primary Education in Berlin-Kitchener, Ontario, during the First World War
Authors: Coschi Mario Nathan
Published: September 2014

Avant la Première Guerre mondiale, les Canadiens-anglais et même certains gouverneurs généraux faisaient l’éloge des nombreux résidents allemands de Berlin (Ontario), dont ils appréciaient les qualités positives et qu’ils dépeignaient comme des citoyens du meilleur calibre. Au cours de la guerre, cependant, on leur a reproché, en raison de leur origine ethnique, de manquer à leur devoir de citoyenneté, devoir qui se mesurait maintenant à l’aune de la participation humaine, financière et morale à l’effort de guerre. Les écoles publiques de la ville ont alors cherché à pallier les lacunes supposées des résidents. Bien qu’ayant auparavant défendu une définition de la citoyenneté canadienne inclusive pour les Allemands, elles se sont mises à dénigrer la culture allemande et à préconiser une version de la citoyenneté canadienne insistant sur la conformité anglo-idéale et rejetant toute trace d’ethnicité allemande.
“Black Horror on the Rhine”: Idealism, Pacifism, and Racism in Feminism and the Left in the Aftermath of the First World War
Authors: Campbell Peter
Published: September 2014

Dans la foulée de la Première Guerre mondiale, une tempête de protestations s’est élevée contre le stationnement de troupes coloniales africaines dans les territoires allemands occupés. La campagne, dirigée par Edmund Dene Morel, légendaire réformateur du Congo, a influencé un large éventail de gauchistes, de féministes, d’anti-impérialistes et de pacifistes en Grande-Bretagne, aux États-Unis et au Canada. Aux États-Unis et au Canada, les courants principaux du mouvement syndical – la fédération américaine du travail et son affilié canadien le Congrès des métiers et du travail – n’ont de façon générale pas répondu à l’appel de Morel. En revanche, les gauchistes, féministes, anti-impérialistes et pacifistes – autant d’hommes et de femmes idéalistes, engagés dans la création d’un monde sans guerre, sans préjugés raciaux et sans inégalités entre sexes – ont adopté1 la campagne anti-impérialiste et ouvertement raciste de Morel. Le présent article cherche à expliquer cette contradiction apparente.
For Kin and County: Scale, Identity, and English-Canadian Voluntary Societies, 1914-1918
Authors: Marti Steve
Published: September 2014

L’impact de la Première Guerre mondiale sur l’identité canadienne a généralement été mesuré à l’aune des victoires remportées par les soldats sur les champs de bataille, comme Ypres et la crête de Vimy, ou des acquis obtenus par les hommes d’État au Cabinet de guerre impérial ou à la Conférence de paix de Paris. Le présent article examine le rapport entre la guerre et l’identité sous la loupe du travail patriotique qui s’est réalisé au front intérieur, au Canada. La situation géographique tout autant que l’intensité des efforts ont influencé la façon dont la population canadienne-anglaise a choisi de coordonner ces mêmes efforts bénévoles à l’appui de la guerre outre-mer et, ainsi, la façon dont elle a tracé les limites spatiales de ses communautés imaginées.
« The Anxious Waiting Ones at Home » : Deux familles canadiennes plongées dans le tourment de la Grande Guerre
Authors: Morin-Pelletier Mélanie
Published: September 2014

This article examines the impact of the First World War on the daily lives of two Canadian families through the correspondence left by civilians and soldiers. The letters exchanged by Ruth Antliff and her son William, serving overseas, reflect the daily concerns of mothers and soldiers and shine light on life in wartime Montreal. And the letters exchanged by spouses Isabelle and Sidney Brook, of Craigmyle, Alberta, demonstrate the courage of the wives left behind and how the war affected a farm family in the West.
Wilfully and With Intent: Self-Inflicted Wounds and the Negotiation of Power in the Trenches
Authors: Humphries Mark
Published: September 2014

À leur départ à la guerre en 1914, les soldats canadiens n’auraient pas pu imaginer les horreurs auxquelles ils allaient être confrontés sur les champs de bataille de France et de Belgique. Nombre d’entre eux ont tenu le coup en buvant, en chantant, en nouant des liens d’amitié; d’autres n’ont pas pu supporter la tension constante. Dans le feu de l’action, certains hommes se sont enfuis, abandonnant leur unité au front. Certains ne sont jamais revenus de l’hôpital ou de congé. Plusieurs ont essayé de tenir le coup, mais ont succombé à la névrose des tranchées ou à la neurasthénie. Un autre groupe, peu fréquemment étudié tant au Canada que dans l’historiographie internationale, est celui des soldats qui ont choisi de se blesser intentionnellement afin d’échapper au front. Le présent article s’appuie sur des archives militaires officielles, des dossiers médicaux, des dossiers d’hôpitaux, diverses lettres personnelles et des journaux intimes provenant de fonds canadiens et britanniques en vue d’étudier la question des blessures volontaires dans le Corps expéditionnaire canadien. Il fait valoir que l’automutilation s’avère un aspect de la lutte de pouvoir dans les tranchées entre officiers et soldats, et un acte de bravade qui constituait un défi direct à l’autorité militaire. Si le nombre de soldats canadiens qui se sont blessés eux-mêmes est peu élevé, leur existence représente tout de même un problème de taille aux yeux des hommes qui prétendent détenir le monopole du pouvoir au front.
Sabotage, Security, and Border-Crossing Culture: The Detroit River during the First World War, 1914-1918
Authors: Dimmel Brandon
Published: September 2014

Le présent article porte sur le sabotage, la sécurité et la culture du passage de la frontière dans la région de la rivière Détroit au cours de la Première Guerre mondiale. Il fait ressortir qu’à la lumière des profondes relations socioéconomiques transnationales existant au cours des années d’avant-guerre, peu de résidents de Windsor auraient pensé s’inquiéter d’être la cible potentielle d’Américains d’origine allemande - sujets d’un pays ennemi - établis à Detroit. Tirés subitement de leur naïveté en juin 1915 lors de l’explosion d’une fabrique d’uniformes, les habitants de Windsor se sont remis sans tarder de leurs craintes liées à la frontière et à la population allemande de Detroit. La confrontation les opposera plutôt au gouvernement fédéral qui, dans les années suivant l’attaque, cherche à imposer de strictes conditions de traversée dans une section jusqu’alors perméable de la frontière internationale.
A War Within a War: Canadian Reactions to D. W. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation
Authors: Marquis Greg
Published: September 2014

L’extraordinairement populaire film épique de D.W. Griffith est sorti au Canada en 1915, pendant la guerre. Basé sur le roman et la pièce de théâtre The Clansman de Thomas Dixon, le film adoptait un point de vue pro-sudiste sur la Guerre civile et la période de la reconstruction qui diabolisait les Afro-Américains et les abolitionnistes et encensait le Ku Klux Klan. Le présent article se penche sur les réactions à ce film au Canada en 1915 et en 1916, notamment sur les manifestations organisées par les Afro-Canadiens, généralement sous l’égide de congrégations religieuses. The Birth of a Nation s’est avéré un casse-tête pour les bureaux provinciaux de censure dans un pays supposément réfractaire à la culture de la violence américaine et favorable au « fair-play » britannique. Au cours de la guerre, les Afro-Canadiens ont fait appel aux sens de la citoyenneté, du patriotisme et de l’esprit britannique pour organiser une lutte rapide, quoique vaine, en faveur des droits civiques et à l’encontre d’un produit culturel américain envahissant.
AfroReggae: Antropofagia , Sublimation, and Intimate Revolt in the Favela
Authors: Maddox John T.
Published: September 2014

The documentary Favela Rising (2005) and its companion narrative, Culture is Our Weapon (2010), depict the AfroReggae cultural movement as a break with the past, a means of creating citizenship for Brazilian favelas . A leitmotif of the film is struggling to end the communities’ “paralysis” caused by the domination of drug lords and corrupt, brutal police. Many residents and viewers feel that the favela lies outside the Brazilian nation. However, this essay shows that AfroReggae is part of a Brazilian artistic tradition that begins with Oswald de Andrade’s “Manifesto antropófago” (1928). Andrade focuses on sublimation, translating emotions into art. But Andrade’s ideas, while sometimes inspired by the favelas , did not reach most of their residents until later movements, such as Freire’s pedagogy of the oppressed, Boal’s theater of the oppressed, and Quilombhoje’s Cadernos Negros . This history explains why AfroReggae stands out among today’s literatura marginal , most of which is a continuation of the determinist Naturalist tradition. Andrade’s essay and AfroReggae’s performances predate and confirm Kelly Oliver’s argument that the oppressed need a sublimation space to combat oppression. AfroReggae and the Brazilian tradition they represent have much to teach about how art can transform communities around world.
El espejo del estadista traicionero: Reexaminación de Vida de Marco Bruto de Quevedo
Authors: Beck Emily S.
Published: September 2014

Este artículo hace una nueva lectura sobre las glosas de Francisco de Quevedo contenidas en la Vida de Marco Bruto del escritor Plutarco. Este estudio sostiene que la Vida de Marco Bruto de Quevedo (1644) presenta unas revisiones muy significativas del género del speculum principis (espejo de príncipes), las cuales permiten que el autor esconda críticas potencialmente controvertidas dentro de una obra que pretende meramente glosar la historia antigua. La lectura manipulada que Quevedo hace de la obra de Plutarco ilumina reprobaciones veladas sobre cuestiones de autoridad y subjetividad en el proceso de la exégesis textual. Además, estos pasajes son un ejemplo de intertextualidad que puede ser considerada con alumnos formados en una época del “sampling” (muestreo) de la música y del arte. Asimismo, permite plantear problemas sobre la teoría de género que se presentan con más frecuencia en discusiones sobre las obras de ficción de Cervantes. En definitiva, esta obra presenta una oportunidad única para abrir conversaciones sobre la teoría de género y la flexibilidad genérica como rasgos fundamentales del Siglo de Oro español.
La construcción de lo siniestro en los crímenes de la novela histórica La sangre de los crucificados de Félix González Modroño
Authors: de la Vega Vanessa Rodríguez
Published: September 2014

A través de su novela La sangre de los crucificados (2007) Félix González Modroño sumerge al lector en la España del siglo XVII, con el propósito de desmadejar un siniestro crimen que desencadenará en una búsqueda frenética por detener al asesino, empecinado este último, en acabar su obra maestra escultórica. En apariencia, esta novela posee grandes dosis del propio trasfondo histórico de la tan en boga novela histórica; sin embargo, no es más que un pretexto para realmente enfocarse en la resolución del crimen. Este estudio pretende centrarse en la exploración de la construcción del terror y los mecanismos que producen una sensación extraña en el lector al adentrarse en la novela. Para tal misión, se utilizará como soporte teórico el ensayo de Sigmund Freud de 1919 que esboza la idea de lo ominoso para establecer el punto central en cuanto a la elaboración del horror o terror en la actividad criminal de la novela. Del mismo modo, otro de los puntos focales que producen esa sensación terrorífica será el conjunto de tallas escultóricas que aparecen en la novela, y que pueden analizarse teniendo en cuenta las teorías de lo sublime y lo bello desarrolladas por Edmund Burke y Enmanuel Kant.
La muerte en la ficción unamuniana: Una encrucijada entre el conocimiento y la identidad individual
Authors: Terreros Gorka Bilbao
Published: September 2014

En los escritos de Miguel de Unamuno, la muerte—en forma de suicidio—es un elemento que aparece con una frecuencia notable. Mientras que, en ocasiones, algunos de sus personajes son víctimas de un Spleen romántico que les lleva a considerar el suicido como una salida de un mundo en el que se encuentran alienados, otros ven en la auto-inmolación un camino a través del cual llegar a unos niveles de conocimiento de otro modo inalcanzables. Estos personajes llegan a tales extremos debido a una necesidad que, de acuerdo a Unamuno, se halla en cierta medida en todos los seres humanos y que actúa como fuerza motriz de sus vidas: la necesidad de conocimiento total. A través de un análisis de varios textos unamunianos y desde una perspectiva que aúna la lectura crítica con el acercamiento metafísico y antropocéntrico, el presente artículo expondrá el modo en el que la presunción de la existencia de una conciencia infinita se presenta como un arma de doble filo en la narrativa del escritor español: una encrucijada entre el conocimiento absoluto y la identidad individual.
Literary Discussions and Advanced-Superior Speaking Functions in the Undergraduate Language Program
Authors: Darhower Mark
Published: September 2014

During the last decade, researchers of foreign language pedagogy have become increasingly interested in the “language-literature divide” (Donato and Brooks 2004). The purpose of the current study is to contribute to this growing body of research by investigating the extent to which whole class discussions in three third-year undergraduate Spanish literature/culture courses provided opportunities for learners to engage in the communicative functions corresponding to the advanced and superior levels of the “ACTFL Proficiency Guidelines—Speaking.” The analysis included teacher questions, quantity of learner versus teacher speech, and distribution of teacher and learner verb forms. The results showed that, although there were some opportunities for learners to converse at the advanced and superior levels, the majority of learner discourse occurred below the advanced level. Recommendations for further research and pedagogy are provided.
Peer Response with Process-oriented, Standards-based Writing for Beginning-level, Second Language Learners of Spanish
Authors: O’Donnell Mary E.
Published: September 2014

In an attempt to increase second language (L2) learners’ understanding of the benefits associated with the process approach to writing and, more specifically, to gain their appreciation of how their peers might contribute to the quality of their writing, in this study peer revision was modified between two groups of lower-level proficiency L2 students. The modification to peer revision was predicated on an attempt to more closely align L2 writing instructional practice with the spirit of the National Standards for Foreign Language Education (2006). Identical surveys were administered to separate groups of learners before and after the alteration. They revealed a positive shift in learners’ attitude in regard to the writing process in general and, more specifically, in how they viewed assistance offered by their peers.
Views and Voices of the Working Class: Aída and Rosario
Authors: Pao Maria T.
Published: September 2014

In 2005, Spanish television audiences saw the debut of the nation’s first spinoff, the sitcom Aída . The show featured the tribulations of its title character and her working-class family in their struggle to “llegar a fin de mes.” It seemed to promise a sensibility enacted in the US series Roseanne , where another eponymous heroine faced similar conditions with wit and verve. Aída became a tremendous hit for its network, Telecinco, but unlike Roseanne , its approach to the working class did not break new ground. Such a distinction belongs to another cultural product also appearing in 2005, Elvira Lindo’s novel, Una palabra tuya . Consisting of a first-person narration by Rosario, a municipal street sweeper, the novel delivers working-class credentials through an insider’s view and focuses on the physical conditions and labor of work, nonaestheticization and nonidealization of working-class life, and the consciousness of a multiple we voiced through the narrator’s I .
The Tuteo of Rocha, Uruguay: A Study of Pride and Language Maintenance
Authors: Weyers Joseph R.
Published: September 2014

This paper examines the tuteo in Rocha, Uruguay, a unique situation in a country that is mostly voseante . The study draws on speakers’ attitudes toward tú and vos in Rocha, taken from informal interviews and from a linguistic attitude survey. The survey was conducted with 58 informants, most of whom were teenagers. The results point to a strong sense of pride in the local dialect, a more positive attitude toward tú over vos , and a rejection of the Montevidean standard as a national norm. Given the role of young speakers in initiating linguistic change, positive attitudes among them in Rocha contribute to maintaining the stable tuteo of that region.
Teaching Sociolinguistic Variation in the Intermediate Language Classroom: Voseo in Latin America
Authors: Shenk Elaine M.
Published: September 2014

The acquisition of sociolinguistic variation by second language learners has gained increased attention. Some research highlights the value of naturalistic exposure through study abroad while other studies point out that classroom input can facilitate the acquisition of particular features of variation. Nevertheless, said attention to the intersection of sociolinguistic variation and second language acquisition is not always reflected in curricular content and pedagogy. As one example, Spanish language classrooms often do not cover voseo , which is defined as the use of the pronoun vos or the corresponding verbal morphology, even though learners are typically presented with other types of variation in personal forms of address. This article discusses reasons why voseo is typically excluded in the language classroom, offers a rationale for its inclusion at the intermediate level that connects with the objectives of the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL) in Communication, Cultures, Comparisons, and Communities, and articulates a series of activities designed to help language learners recognize and respond appropriately to conversational voseo usage. The suggested learning units are framed within the interpretive, interpersonal, and presentational modes of communication and thus promote general language learning while specifically enhancing intermediate learners’ sociolinguistic awareness of this particular dialectal feature.
Illusory Liberalism in Atlas de geografía humana
Authors: Ryan Lorraine
Published: September 2014

Atlas de Geografía Humana constitutes a critique of the much vaunted notion of a progressive Spain that has rectified the gender inequalities of the Francoist era, as one of the highly educated and successful protagonists, Fran, unwittingly adopts her mother’s alignment with patriarchal norms. This novel elucidates the incompatibility of the private and public sphere in Spain, for it is only with the protagonist’s renewal of her commitment to the private sphere that she will save her marriage, despite its negative consequences for her career. Fran’s ambiguous decision to have a child sustains the view that a traditional mentality governs the Spanish private sphere, and that the demands of the public and private spheres are frequently irreconcilable. In this article, I explore the current situation of women in Spain, and I then proceed to examine the motifs of the mother-daughter relationship and childfreedom in this novel.
Civilizando el carnaval: La retórica del progreso en las obras de Lola Rodríguez de Tió
Authors: Gabiola Irune del Rio
Published: September 2014

La escritora puertorriqueña Lola Rodríguez de Tió (1843–1924) contribuyó a la cultura puertorriqueña mediante sus escritos a favor de la independencia de la isla, su inserción en terreno político y su participación en los diagnósticos nacionales. Desgraciadamente, la crítica apenas se ha acercado a la obra de esta prolífica escritora decimonónica que además reivindicó la presencia femenina en las artes, lo social y cultural. Tomando como punto de partida la representación narrativa del carnaval de Caracas y de Puerto Rico, mi acercamiento a su obra se encuadra en un análisis de la modernidad y en cómo esta tendencia eurocéntrica anula y silencia presencias minoritarias y marginales en la composición racial de Puerto Rico y por ende del Caribe y América Latina. Empleando la retórica del progreso, Rodríguez de Tió se centra principalmente en la estética de unos carnavales proyectados a través de una excesiva organización, confinamiento y delimitación de las actividades pertenecientes a estas celebraciones creando así un evento que suprime las dinámicas complejas del carnaval caribeño y latinoamericano. En este sentido, Rodríguez de Tió se suma a las ideologías deterministas de intelectuales como Manuel Zeno Gandía y se adelanta a la obra de Antonio Pedreira, cuestionando el carácter puertorriqueño y enfatizando la necesidad de un modelo de progreso y civilización reminiscente del imperialismo europeo.
Introduction to the Forum
Authors: Stanziani Alessandro
Published: September 2014

SUMMARY: In his introduction to the forum “Freedom, Labor, and Empires: Reciprocal Comparisons and Entanglements” Alessandro Stanziani briefly outlines the scope of each contribution to the forum and formulates their understanding of the method of reciprocal comparisons. At the core of this approach is the idea of relativizing any normative yardstick as an ideal model, against which empirical realities of individual case studies are measured, as those normative models are usually implicitly built upon particular historical experiences of certain western countries. Reciprocal comparison implies that it is done directly, finding some common denominator between the parties selected. Stanziani suggests that by relying simultaneously on reciprocal comparison and connected history, scholars can escape Eurocentrism and any other “centrisms” (Sino-, Russo-, Indian, African, American). The goal is to produce a multipolar, integrated history based upon contingency, rather than determinism, envisioning mobile frontiers rather than ahistorical fixed boundaries of nations, empires, and civilizations. Во введении к форуму “Свобода, труд и империи: обоюдные срав-нения и переплетения” Алессандро Станциани коротко знакомит читателей с вошедшими в форум статьями и представляет метод “обо-юдного сравнения”, который разделяют все авторы форума. Ключевой для этого подхода является идея релятивизации любых нормативных шкал сравнения как неких идеальных моделей, по контрасту с кото-рыми оцениваются эмпирические данные конкретных исторических сюжетов. Фактически в основе нормативных “идеальных моделей” лежат специфические исторические реалии конкретных западных стран, что заведомо лишает сравнение нейтральности. Обоюдное же сравнение предполагает, что оно проводится напрямую, реконструируя “общий знаменатель” между выбранными объектами без посредниче-ства неких нормативных критериев. Станциани полагает, что, опираясь одновременно на обоюдное сравнение и связанную (переплетающую-ся) историю выбранных стран, исследователи смогут избежать евро-поцентризма и любых прочих “центризмов” (китае-, русско-, индо-, афро- или американоцентризма). Главной целью является написание многополярной интегрированной истории, основанной на стечении обстоятельств, а не на детерминизме, воспринимающей объекты в подвижных границах, а не в антиисторичных жестких границах наций, империй или цивилизаций.
Roads of Hope and Dislocation: Infrastructure and the Remaking of Territory at a Central Asian Border
Authors: Reeves Madeleine
Published: September 2014

SUMMARY: In contemporary Kyrgyzstan, where until the late 2000s the only asphalt road in the southwest of the country ran across the borders of neighboring Tajikistan and Uzbekistan, the construction of “bypass roads” that create loops around the territory of the neighboring state have become crucial to the imagination and material articulation of territorial integrity. In a region where large tracts of the border await conclusive delimitation, the construction of bypass roads has also proved to be politically contentious. Drawing on ethnographic research in a region of recent and prospective road construction, this article considers the ambiguous affects elicited by new road infrastructures in a region characterized, since the 1930s, by land exchanges and repeated attempts at territorial re-delimitation. Drawing together debates about infrastructural “enchantment” with recent work on the affective potentials of place, the article explores how past projects of spatial transformation haunt new initiatives to transform landscapes. It considers how the multiplicity of political projects layered on the landscape generates the affective qualities of the prospective road as a space, at once, of hope and of dislocation. До конца 2000-х гг. единственная асфальтированная дорога на юго-востоке Киргизстана проходила через границы соседних государств Таджикистана и Узбекистана. Начавшееся в 2000-х строительство объездных дорог, которые бы огибали территорию соседних госу-дарств, стало критическим моментом формирования воображения и материальным выражением территориальной целостности. Более того, в регионе, где значительные участки границы все еще нуждаются в окончательной делимитации, строительство объездных дорог оказа-лось политически взрывоопасным предприятием. Статья Мадлен Ривз представляет результаты этнографического исследования в регионе начавшегося и планирующегося дорожного строительства. Автора ин-тересует неоднозначное воздействие дорожного проекта в крае, который с 1930-х гг. характеризовался земельными обменами и постоянными попытками территориального передела. В свете дискуссий об “очаро-вании” инфраструктуры и новых работ об аффективном потенциале места Ривз рассматривает, как прошлые проекты пространственной трансформации сдерживают нынешние инициативы переопределения пространства и как наслоение политических проектов на ландшафт формирует аффективные свойства планирующейся трассы как одно-временно пространства надежды и дислокации.
Reciprocal Comparisons and the Domains beyond Imperial Control
Authors: Bosma Ulbe
Published: September 2014

SUMMARY: This article observes that so far the emphasis has been on the influence of colonialism rather than on the large social and economic domains that remained beyond imperial control. It has been widely acknowledged that this has paradoxically resulted in a privileging of colonial discourse and an overstatement of Europe’s historical role rather than a decentering of Europe in global history. The article explores how current attempts to challenge narratives of European exceptionalism and to contextualize colonialism as an aspect rather than a phase of globalization could be applied more effectively. It suggests that by coupling the approaches of New Imperial History and New Institutional Economic History a more realistic insight into the relative weight of these domains beyond imperial control might be obtained and, hence, a more precise assessment of the historical roles of colonial empires. In this venture, different epistemological positions and different systems of knowledge production are involved. The article briefly presents a few examples to underline the argument that extensive domains remained beyond imperial control. These include local money lending and business circuits, colonial bourgeoisies, transnational relations, and the world market. В статье предпринята попытка сместить акцент в изучении эпохи империализма: отказаться от преобладающей фиксации на влиянии колониализма, взглянув на более обширные социальные и экономи-ческие сферы, остававшиеся вне контроля империй. Традиционный подход приводит к преувеличению значения колониального дискурса и исторической роли Европы и не преодолевает европоцентричность всемирной истории. Автор показывает, что современные попытки поколебать нарративы европейской исключительности и контексту-ализировать колониализм как аспект , а не самостоятельную фазу глобализации могли бы быть более эффективными. Он предлагает объединить подходы Новой имперской истории и Новой институцио-нальной экономической истории для получения более реалистичного представления об относительной значимости этих сфер вне имперского контроля, а значит, и более точной оценки исторической роли колони-альных империй. Несколько конкретных примеров дают представление о тех обширных сферах, что оставались вне имперского контроля: в частности, местные кредитные и коммерческие круги, колониальная буржуазия, транснациональные связи и мировой рынок.
Russian Serfdom: A Reappraisal
Authors: Stanziani Alessandro
Published: September 2014

SUMMARY: The article argues that the status and conditions of Russian peasants before the abolition of serfdom were more fluid than is usually held. The author maintains that serfdom-based agriculture sustained a considerable rate of economic growth before 1861. A more nuanced look into the institution of serfdom reveals the complex economic and legal relationships in the preemancipation Russian Empire and the need to escape classical simplified definitions of serfdom. The author also asserts that the abolition of serfdom in 1861 did not have an immediate effect. Important constraints on peasant labor persisted well after that date, albeit less severe than before. These vestiges of serfdom did not hamper escalated economic growth. The author thus concludes that economic growth can occur without democracy and full rights, even under a system of coerced labor. Автор статьи доказывает, что правовой статус и условия жизни российских крестьян до отмены крепостного права были гораздо более разнообразными, чем принято считать. Автор также утверждает, что крепостное сельское хозяйство поддерживало значительный уровень экономического роста до 1861 г. Более нюансированный подход к институту крепостного права открывает сложное переплетение эконо-мических и правовых отношений в дореформенной Российской импе-рии, заставляя отказаться от классических упрощенных определений крепостничества. Автор также утверждает, что отмена крепостного права в 1861 г. не имела немедленного эффекта. Важные ограничения крестьянского труда сохранялись и после этой даты, хотя и не такие суровые как прежде. Эти пережитки крепостничества не препятство-вали все ускоряющемуся экономическому росту. На этом основании автор делает вывод о том, что экономический рост может происходить вне демократической системы и полноправия, даже в условиях при-нудительного труда.
Ukraïns’kyi, Rosiis’komovnyi, Rosiis’kyi: Self-Identification in Post-Soviet Ukrainian Literature in Russian
Authors: Puleri Marco
Published: September 2014

SUMMARY: The article focuses on contemporary Ukrainian literature in the Russian language. This literary phenomenon resides in the interstitial passage between Ukrainian fixed binary cultural identifications. In order to define the literary milieu accommodating the phenomenon of Russian Ukrainian literature, it is important to analyze the Ukrainian cultural process as a whole, understanding the complex interplay between literature, cultural markets, and identity. The author’s research carried out in 2013 and his interviews with prominent cultural figures conducted in Kyiv, Donetsk, and Kharkiv allowed him to elaborate a comprehensive explanatory model of this cultural phenomenon. Предметом рассмотрения Марко Пулери является современная украинская литература на русском языке. Этот литературный феномен существует в промежуточной зоне между фиксированными бинарными культурными идентичностями в нынешней Украине. Автор исходит из того, что для осмысления пространства русскоязычной украинской литературы необходимо проанализировать украинские культурные процессы в целом, в сложном взаимодействии литературы, культурных рынков и идентичности. В статье “Украинский, русскоязычный, российский: самоидентификация в постсоветской украинской литературе на русском” автор предлагает комплексную модель культурного феномена украинской русскоязычной литературы. В основу модели положены проведенное в 2013 г. исследование и интервью с известными культурными персонами в Киеве, Донецке и Харькове.
Теория “естественных границ” и завоевание Кульджи (1870−1871 гг.): Автопортрет российских военно-дипломатических элит Санкт-Петербурга и Туркестана
Authors: Горшенина Светлана
Published: September 2014

This is a microhistory of the decision making leading to the conquest of Kuldja (Ghulja) by the Russian troops in 1871–1881. Svetlana Gorshenina deconstructs different understandings of the theory of a “natural border” that influenced the changing opinions of the Petersburg military and diplomatic elites, colonial administrators of Turkestan and Central Asia, and military commanders on the ground. The article presents a nuanced and multilayered picture of the discursive reality behind the conquest of Kuldja, thus explicating a complex mechanism of interaction of the metropole and peripheral actors, the role of local versus universal knowledge, and the influence of diplomatic considerations vis-à-vis Europe and China. The study is based on archival documents assembled in the course of 1901–1905 by the military engineer, lieutenant colonel Andrian Serebrennikov, for the Collection of Materials for a History of the Conquest of the Turkestan Region . The Kuldja-related documents of the collection remained unpublished and are now preserved in the Central State Archive of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
Russia, Khoqand, and the Search for a “Natural” Frontier, 1863–1865
Authors: Morrison Alexander
Published: September 2014

SUMMARY: Russian expansion into Central Asia in the nineteenth century is usually seen either as the product of lobbying by big capitalist interests in Moscow or as a wholly unplanned process driven by “men on the spot” who slipped beyond St. Petersburg’s control. This article is a microstudy of one of the campaigns that immediately preceded the fall of Tashkent in 1865, during which Russian forces under General M. G. Cherniaev united the Orenburg and Siberian “lines” of fortification to create what was meant to be a permanent new frontier on the steppe. It demonstrates that neither of these explanations is satisfactory – economic calculations played a minor role in Russian decision making, while there was an authorized plan for expansion in the region. However this plan rested on the premise that the Russians could identify a “natural” frontier in the region, marked by a river, watershed, or mountain range. The instructions given to Cherniaev and other “men on the spot” reflected this, but a lack of detailed geographical knowledge meant that these orders were often contradictory or impossible to fulfill. It was this that allowed Cherniaev to determine the timetable (though not the direction) of Russian expansion, and that would see the fall of Tashkent in June 1865. Обычно российская экспансия XIX в. в Среднюю Азию рассматривается как результат лоббирования крупных московских капиталистических кругов либо как совершенно стихийный процесс, двигателями которого были местные деятели, ускользавшие из-под контроля Петербурга. Настоящая статья представляет собой микроисследование одной из военных кампаний, непосредственно предшествовавших падению Ташкента в 1865 г. В ходе этой кампании российские силы под командованием генерала М.Г. Черняева соединили Оренбургскую и Сибирскую оборонительные линии с целью создания постоянной степной границы. Исследование выявило неадекватность принятых объяснительных моделей: экономические соображения играли минимальную роль в решениях, принимавшихся российской стороной. В то же время не существовало и никакого официально одобренного плана продвижения в регионе. Решения участников кампании основывались на представлении о наличии там “естественной границы”, которая бы обозначалась рекой, неким водоразделом или горной цепью. Эти представления обнаруживаются в инструкциях сверху Черняеву и прочим “деятелям на местах”. Однако недостаток географических знаний о регионе предопределил противоречивость инструкций и даже невоз-можность их реализовать. Именно нечеткость поступавших сверху указаний стимулировала Черняева к самостоятельному планированию графика наступления (но не его направления), в соответствии с которым в июне 1865 г. пал Ташкент.