bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inorganic Nanoparticle-Modified Poly(Phenylene Sulphide)/ Carbon Fiber Laminates: Thermomechanical Behaviour
Authors: Díez-Pascual Ana , Naffakh Mohammed
Published: July 2013

Carbon fiber (CF)-reinforced high-temperature thermoplastics such as poly(phenylene sulphide) (PPS) are widely used in structural composites for aerospace and automotive applications. The porosity of CF-reinforced polymers is a very important topic for practical applications since there is a direct correlation between void content and mechanical properties. In this study, inorganic fullerene-like tungsten disulphide (IF-WS2) lubricant nanoparticles were used to manufacture PPS/IF-WS2/CF laminates via melt-blending and hot-press processing, and the effect of IF-WS2 loading on the quality, thermal and mechanical behaviour of the hybrid composites was investigated. The addition of IF-WS2 improved fiber impregnation, resulting in lower degree of porosity and increased delamination resistance, compression and flexural properties; their reinforcement effect was greater at temperatures above the glass transition (Tg). IF-WS2 contents higher than 0.5 wt % increased Tg and the heat deflection temperature while reduced the coefficient of thermal expansion. The multiscale laminates exhibited higher ignition point and notably reduced peak heat release rate compared to PPS/CF. The coexistence of micro- and nano-scale fillers resulted in synergistic effects that enhanced the stiffness, strength, thermal conductivity and flame retardancy of the matrix. The results presented herein demonstrate that the IF-WS2 are very promising nanofillers to improve the thermomechanical properties of conventional thermoplastic/CF composites.
Well-Defined Diimine Copper(I) Complexes as Catalysts in Click Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition Reactions
Authors: Barta Jordi , Díez-González Silvia
Published: July 2013

A series of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles have been prepared in high yields while respecting the stringent Click criteria. In these reactions, highly stable pre-formed complexes bearing diimine ligands were used.
Sialic Acid Binding Properties of Soluble Coronavirus Spike (S1) Proteins: Differences between Infectious Bronchitis Virus and Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus
Authors: Shahwan Katarina , Hesse Martina , Mork Ann-Kathrin , Herrler Georg , Winter Christine
Published: July 2013

The spike proteins of a number of coronaviruses are able to bind to sialic acids present on the cell surface. The importance of this sialic acid binding ability during infection is, however, quite different. We compared the spike protein of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) and the spike protein of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Whereas sialic acid is the only receptor determinant known so far for IBV, TGEV requires interaction with its receptor aminopeptidase N to initiate infection of cells. Binding tests with soluble spike proteins carrying an IgG Fc-tag revealed pronounced differences between these two viral proteins. Binding of the IBV spike protein to host cells was in all experiments sialic acid dependent, whereas the soluble TGEV spike showed binding to APN but had no detectable sialic acid binding activity. Our results underline the different ways in which binding to sialoglycoconjugates is mediated by coronavirus spike proteins.
Choc des âges ou friction générationnelle ?
Authors: Jehannin Guillaume
Published: July 2013

L’objet de cet article est de poser la question intergénérationnelle à travers des dimensions économiques et sociales, non par souci d’exhaustivité mais par volonté de dépassement d’une vision binaire à laquelle renvoie la seule logique économique libérale. En effet, trop souvent renvoyée à une logique d’affrontement (la question des retraites par exemple) ou d’indifférence (l’isolement des personnes âgées...), la question intergénérationnelle mérite d’être abordée à la fois comme un lieu de logiques contradictoires, paradoxales entre solidarité et différenciation, provoquant parfois des frictions mais bien peu de conflits.
Enjeux financiers et économiques de la dépendance
Authors: Joël Marie-Ève
Published: July 2013

Le débat public sur le cinquième risque s’est focalisé sur la dimension financière du problème et la crise financière actuelle semble renforcer cette option. Cet article souhaite montrer que si la dépendance est généralement abordée sous un angle financier une telle approche est très restrictive et ne doit pas masquer les enjeux économiques sous-jacents autant en termes de gouvernance ou de régulation du secteur que de comportements économiques des différents acteurs, familles et professionnels sanitaires et sociaux.
Le corps vieillissant et les soignants : vers une co-dépendance ?
Authors: Andrieu Bernard , Gérardin Pascale
Published: July 2013

La dépendance du corps vieillissant est souvent reconnue et désignée par les soignants selon le degré, la gravité et l’intensité du soin à prodiguer. Nous montrons dans cet article comment les soignants s’appuient sur plusieurs types de gestes pour agir selon une éthique précise du soin. Mais si l’action est efficace, le feedback psychologique pour le soignant est important car il ne reste pas indifférent à la dépendance : c’est ce que nous appelons un effet de co-dépendance entre les soignants et les soignés ; chacun a besoin de l’autre, chacun est bien dans une dépendance de l’un envers l’autre qui dépasse vraisemblablement et/ou va au-delà de la relation de réciprocité.
Dépendance : enjeux individuels et collectifs de la fin de vie
Authors: Caleca Catherine
Published: July 2013

Fin de vie et dépendance de la population âgée font partie des sujets de préoccupation majeurs des Français, tout comme des démographes, des sociologues et des responsables de santé. Cependant l’examen attentif de ces problématiques nous permet de mettre l’accent sur la nécessaire réflexion individuelle et collective qui doit nous aider à prendre en compte les fragilités de tout un chacun. Fin de vie et dépendance ne sont pas l’apanage des âgés mais de chacun d’entre nous que ce soit à titre collectif et individuel.
La fin de la dépendance ?
Authors: Macia Enguerran , Duboz Priscilla , Chevé Dominique
Published: July 2013

L’objectif de cet article est d’analyser les changements en germe dans les représentations des personnes âgées dépendantes, en France, au travers du prisme du corps vieillissant. Pour aborder cette problématique, 29 entretiens compréhensifs ont été réalisés avec des femmes âgées de 65 à 75 ans, à Marseille en 2011. Après une brève analyse de la notion de dépendance dans les sociétés individualistes, puis des liens qui l’unissent à la vieillesse et aux personnes âgées en France, nous détaillerons les progrès biomédicaux et techniques qui ont permis la transformation des corps vieillissants dans leur infrastructure matérielle. Nous comprendrons alors pourquoi la dépendance, telle qu’elle est utilisée en gérontologie, est, si l’on peut dire, une notion en « fin de vie ».
Libres propos. Autonomie et barrière d'âge : vers un droit universel ?
Authors: Imbert Geneviève
Published: July 2013

L’entretien réalisé avec François Jeger, socio-économiste, directeur de l’Unité de recherche sur le vieillissement à la Cnav vise à retracer la genèse de la question de la barrière d’âge s’agissant des personnes âgées dépendantes et des personnes en situation de handicap et à envisager son actualité. Après la création récente de deux prestations distinctes, l’Allocation personnalisée d’autonomie (Apa) et la Prestation de compensation du handicap (PCH), la suppression de la barrière d’âge évoquée dans la loi de 2005 sur le handicap s’est heurtée à des difficultés de mise en œuvre et surtout à un risque de créer une prestation difficilement finançable dans le contexte actuel.
Prise de position de la société française de gériatrie et gérontologie sur le concept d'intégration (texte intégral)
Authors: Somme Dominique , Trouvé Hélène , Passadori Yves , Corvez Alain , Jeandel Claude , Bloch Marie-Aline , Ruault Geneviève , Dupont Olivier , de Stampa Matthieu
Published: July 2013

Le concept d’intégration des soins et des services, bien que datant des années 90, n’est que récemment apparu dans les politiques publiques en France. Ce concept doit s’articuler avec celui de « coordination » qui a prévalu dans la conduite de la majorité des politiques publiques touchant le champ gérontologique depuis les années 60 en France. Afin de clarifier le concept et son adaptation à la réalité du système de soins et de services français, la Société française de gériatrie et de gérontologie a mandaté un groupe de travail interdisciplinaire. Les travaux de ce groupe sont synthétisés dans cet article.
La résidence comme appartenance
Authors: Barbot Michela
Published: July 2013

S’appuyant sur des sources concernant Milan et Plaisance et sur la littérature relative à d’autres cas d’étude, l’article se propose d’explorer les logiques de l’inclusion sociale dans l’Italie urbaine d’Ancien Régime à travers un regard centré sur la catégorie de résidence et ses contenus à la fois matériels et juridiques. L’objectif est celui d’essayer de comprendre comment ces multiples contenus ont pu charpenter les différents degrés d’appartenance aux communautés urbaines, du niveau d’inclusion le plus bas lié à la sous-location des demeures temporaires, jusqu’au sommet de la pleine citoyenneté politique, associée le plus souvent à la « quasi » et/ou la pleine propriété du logement.
Les vieux quartiers de Marseille au XIX e siècle
Authors: Montel Laurence
Published: July 2013

Entre les années 1860 et les années 1890, les vieux quartiers de Marseille, îlots du centre médiéval épargnés par les grands travaux de réaménagement urbain, deviennent les bas-fonds de la ville, décrits d’abord comme une cour des miracles pittoresque, puis comme l’abri d’une armée du crime redoutée. C’est cet imaginaire que l’on se propose d’examiner ici, d’une part pour revenir aux racines historiques d’un imaginaire criminel marseillais encore bien vaillant aujourd’hui, d’autre part pour expliquer les logiques de ces représentations saisies dans des dynamiques locales et nationales. Le motif de la cour des miracles reflète les sentiments contradictoires provoqués par les grands travaux urbains, chez une élite locale imprégnée de romantisme. L’armée du crime s’inscrit en revanche dans un imaginaire criminel plus démocratique, qui révèle la cohésion renforcée de l’espace public marseillais et de l’espace public national, autour du projet républicain, au service duquel la lutte contre le crime est un outil d’intégration sociale et d’action politique.
Les passages ouverts
Authors: Lenoir Joëlle , Gribaudi Maurizio
Published: July 2013

Une lecture esthétisante des travaux de Walter Benjamin et de l’imposante masse de littérature dédiée à la « culture des boulevards », a fait des « galeries » et des « passages couverts », développés au cours de la première moitié du XIX e siècle dans les quartiers bourgeois, les icônes identitaires d’une nouvelle modernité parisienne. En intégrant directement les représentations d’une partie très minoritaire des élites contemporaines, de telles lectures ont contribué à effacer les autres réalités de la ville. Les plus nombreux « passages ouverts » multipliés au cours de la même période dans les quartiers populaires, sont les témoins d’une modernité tout aussi vivante et active mais, depuis, totalement oubliée. L’analyse approfondie des dynamiques démographiques, économiques et sociales qui précèdent et accompagnent l’ouverture d’un de ces passages, permet d’exhumer les traits caractéristiques de cette « autre modernité » : une transformation importante de l’espace local par la densification et la transformation de l’ancien bâti, le renouvellement des formes de production et de commercialisation, le développement de visions et de pratiques de la ville jusqu’alors inédites.
MOVING TOWARDS A MORE SUSTAINABLE BELGIAN DWELLING STOCK: THE PASSIVE STANDARD AS THE NEXT STEP?
Authors: Allacker Karen , De Troyer Frank
Published: July 2013

To efficiently move towards a more sustainable dwelling stock in Belgium, priorities need to be defined. Accordingly, it should be questioned if the new policy measure requiring the passive standard for newly built residential buildings from 2020 onwards is justified. This paper emphasises on the energy related aspects of the results of a PhD research. In the research residential buildings in the Belgian context were optimised from a life cycle environmental impact and cost perspective. The results proved that not for all dwelling types and layouts the passive standard is the optimal variant. A well-considered design, orientation and choice of dwelling type will be necessary to make the future requirement of the passive standard technically feasible and efficient.
THREE COOLING SEASONS MONITORING OF ENERGETIC PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF AN EAHE (EARTH TO AIR HEAT EXCHANGER) ASSISTED SOLAR GREENHOUSE BUILDING
Authors: Ozgener Onder , Ozgener Leyla
Published: July 2013

In the summer of 2009, the project entitled Utilization of Earth to Air Heat Exchangers for Solar Greenhouses pre Heating and Performance Analysis (UEAHESGHPA) in the Ege University Project No: 09GEE003 was launched. The solar greenhouse building is expected to have an annual cooling load of 12MWh. For decreasing the energy consumption rate of the system the authors suggest a hybrid system, incorporating a solar photovoltaic cell system (PV) assisted Earth-to-Air Heat Exchanger, which was developed in 2010. The principal idea is to use the PVs to meet the electricity expenses of the fan during summer cooling seasons when the required summer peak load cooling can be generated very efficiently and cheaply. The first three cooling seasons were monitored; the results of which were then presented. (See Appendix 1 for nomenclature.)
OPTIMIZATION OF ELECTRIC HOT WATER RECIRCULATION SYSTEMS FOR COMFORT, ENERGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH
Authors: Brazeau Randi H. , Edwards Marc A.
Published: July 2013

Hot water recirculation systems (RECIRC) are labeled green and are sometimes mandated in local plumbing codes. Previous work conducted under non-optimized operation schemes demonstrated that these systems actually waste energy and water versus standard (STAND) water heater counterparts. Optimization of RECIRC system operation by minimizing pump operation did improve energy efficiency 6–60%, saving consumers 5–140% annually in associated utility costs. However, STAND systems were still more energy efficient than any of the RECIRC systems. With respect to factors that might influence pathogen growth, reducing RECIRC pump operations increased disinfectant residual by as much as 560% as compared to the baseline RECIRC system; however, STAND systems still had 25–250% more total chlorine residual than any of the RECIRC systems. At 60°C operating temperature, STAND systems have 30–230% more volume at risk for pathogen growth (e.g., volume with temp 37–46°C) than any of the RECIRC systems. Thus, in the context of “green” design, RECIRC systems provide a convenience to consumers in the form of nearly instant hot water, at a cost of higher capital, operating and overall energy costs. RECIRC systems have distinct advantages in controlling pathogens via thermal disinfection but disadvantages in control via secondary disinfection residual.
A Restricted Role for TYK2 Catalytic Activity in Human Cytokine Responses Revealed by Novel TYK2-Selective Inhibitors
Authors: Sohn Sue J. , Barrett Kathy , Van Abbema Anne , Chang Christine , Kohli Pawan Bir , Kanda Hidenobu , Smith Janice , Lai Yingjie , Zhou Aihe , Zhang Birong , Yang Wenqian , Williams Karen , Macleod Calum , Hurley Christopher A. , Kulagowski Janusz J. , Lewin-Koh Nicholas , Dengler Hart S. , Johnson Adam R. , Ghilardi Nico , Zak Mark , Liang Jun , Blair Wade S. , Magnuson Steven , Wu Lawren C.
Published: July 2013

TYK2 is a JAK family protein tyrosine kinase activated in response to multiple cytokines, including type I IFNs, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-23. Extensive studies of mice that lack TYK2 expression indicate that the IFN-α, IL-12, and IL-23 pathways, but not the IL-6 or IL-10 pathways, are compromised. In contrast, there have been few studies of the role of TYK2 in primary human cells. A genetic mutation at the tyk2 locus that results in a lack of TYK2 protein in a single human patient has been linked to defects in the IFN-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-23 pathways, suggesting a broad role for TYK2 protein in human cytokine responses. In this article, we have used a panel of novel potent TYK2 small-molecule inhibitors with varying degrees of selectivity against other JAK kinases to address the requirement for TYK2 catalytic activity in cytokine pathways in primary human cells. Our results indicate that the biological processes that require TYK2 catalytic function in humans are restricted to the IL-12 and IL-23 pathways, and suggest that inhibition of TYK2 catalytic activity may be an efficacious approach for the treatment of select autoimmune diseases without broad immunosuppression.
IL-33 Signaling Regulates Innate and Adaptive Immunity to Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Flaczyk Adam , Duerr Claudia U. , Shourian Mitra , Lafferty Erin I. , Fritz Jörg H. , Qureshi Salman T.
Published: July 2013

Susceptibility to progressive infection with the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is associated with an allergic pattern of lung inflammation, yet the factors that govern this host response are not clearly understood. Using a clinically relevant mouse model of inhalational infection with virulent C. neoformans H99, we demonstrate a role for IL-33–dependent signaling in host immune defense. Infection of BALB/c mice with 104 CFU of C. neoformans H99 caused a time-dependent induction of IL-33 with accumulation of type 2 pulmonary innate lymphoid cells and alternatively activated macrophages in the lungs as well as Th2-polarized CD4+ T cells in draining lymph nodes. IL-33R subunit T1/ST2-deficient (T1/ST2−/−) mice infected with C. neoformans H99 had improved survival with a decreased fungal burden in the lungs, spleen, and brain, compared with wild-type mice. Signaling through T1/ST2 was required for the accumulation and early production of IL-5 and IL-13 by lung type 2 pulmonary innate lymphoid cells. Further analysis of T1/ST2−/− mice revealed increased fungicidal exudate macrophages in the lungs and decreased C. neoformans–specific Th2 cells in the mediastinal lymph nodes. T1/ST2 deficiency also diminished goblet cell hyperplasia, mucus hypersecretion, bronchoalveolar lavage eosinophilia, alternative activation of macrophages, and serum IgE. These observations demonstrate that IL-33–dependent signaling contributes to the expansion of innate type 2 immunity and subsequent Th2-biased lung immunopathology that facilitates C. neoformans growth and dissemination.
Social Learning in Beauty‐Contest Games
Authors: Kocher Martin , Sutter Matthias , Wakolbinger Florian
Published: July 2013

We study the impact of social learning on the depth of reasoning in an experimental beauty‐contest game. Naive advice and observation of others' decisions as two forms of social learning trigger faster convergence to the equilibrium. We find that subjects who receive advice outperform uninformed subjects permanently, whereas subjects who observe others' past behavior before making their decision only have a temporary advantage over uninformed subjects. A series of control‐treatments and simulations indicate that the latter result is due to subjects failing to make the most out of observing others.
Stress measures in tail biters and bitten pigs in a matched case-control study
Authors: Munsterhjelm C , Brunberg E , Heinonen M , Keeling L , Valros A
Published: July 2013

This study aimed to identify differences in stress measures in pigs(Sus scrofa)with different roles during a tail-biting outbreak. Quartets (n = 16) of age- and gender-matched fattening pigs including a tail biter (TB; n = 16), a victim (V; n = 16), a control in the same pen (Ctb; n = 10), and one in a pen without tail biting (Cno; n = 14) were chosen by direct behavioural observation. Stress measures used were behaviour (dog-sitting, sniffing of pen-mates and aggression), thyroid hormone concentration, morphology of adrenal and thyroid glands and salivary cortisol concentration sampled at 0700, 1000, 1600 and 1900h. Category (TB, V, Ctb, Cno) effects were investigated using a mixed model with replicate as subject and category as repeated effect. Category had a significant effect on adrenal total (cortex + medulla) and cortical area, salivary cortisol at 1900h, serum triiodothyronine (T3) and the behaviours performing and receiving sniffing. Victims suffered from a triad of chronic stress, pathology and suppressed T3 secretion. Evidence for stress in tail biters, a possible cause of the behaviour, consisted of a slightly flattened day-time cortisol pattern and more performed sniffing than all other categories. Differences in evening cortisol concentration and T3 levels between the categories in the pen with ongoing tail biting emphasise the qualities of the control animal. It supports the view that neutral pigs represent a phenotype that adopts a coping strategy leading to lower stress levels than in tail biters and victims, despite being housed in the same pen.
Shrink and mortality of beef cattle during long distance transportation
Authors: Teke B
Published: July 2013

The aims of this study were to determine the effects of long distance transport on shrink and mortality rate in cattle, and to understand the relationships between environmental temperature, bodyweight, shrink and dressing percentage. This survey was conducted on 121 transfers of bulls (Bos taurus) from commercial finishing units in Bugyi, Hungary to a public slaughterhouse in Ankara, Turkey between July and December 2010. A total of 3,874 bulls were transported and the journeys took approximately 30 h, including a 2-h rest period with water and feed available. In order to investigate the effect of thermal stress, the deviation of the average monthly ambient temperature from average six-monthly temperature was determined (d-value). Weight loss during transport and dressing percentage were determined monthly. The effect of month on shrink during transport was significant and average transport shrink was 5.57% during the six months. In general, the highest shrink rate was observed in the summer (August: 8.39%) and winter months (December: 7.27%), both of which are outside the thermoneutral zone for beef cattle. The lowest shrink rate was observed in the autumn months (October: 2.99%, November: 1.77%), which is within the thermoneutral zone. The mortality rate was 0.464% during transportations. Mortality rate was high but the effect of month on mortality rate was not significant. There was a moderate positive correlation between transport shrink and d-value. In conclusion, transportations within thermal comfort zone range and good quality animal handling are recommended in order to prevent the adverse effects of long distance transportation, such as shrink and mortality.
Using multiple joystick systems in computerised enrichment for captive orangutans
Authors: Mallavarapu S , Bloomsmith MA , Kuhar CW , Maple TL
Published: July 2013

It has been suggested that providing multiple computers with automatic reward dispensers as enrichment to captive orangutans (Pongospp) (as opposed to a single computer, with a care-staff person delivering reinforcers) might help improve behavioural outcomes. The purpose of the current study was to test this hypothesis by providing two computers with automatic reward dispensers to eight orangutans housed in four male-female pairs at Zoo Atlanta, USA. Subjects were observed for ten days during each of three phases: a baseline phase (during which, no computer was provided); immediately followed by Phase 1 (during which, one computer system was provided to each pair of subjects); immediately followed by Phase 2 (during which, two computer systems were provided to each pair). Data were collected in 1-h sessions using instantaneous scan sampling. There was no habituation to the computer system, nor were there any significant increases in aggression, rough scratching, and abnormal behaviours in either computer phase, which indicates that computer-joystick systems are effective as enrichment for captive orangutans. However, a high level of interest in the computer was shown by only a few individuals, which highlights a need to take into consideration individual differences when providing computerised enrichment to captive non-human primates. It would also be advisable to provide other forms of enrichment to increase activity levels for individuals which are not interested in interacting with a computer, as well as to help increase the diversity of behaviours being stimulated by the enrichment.
A Semi‐Tensor Product Approach to Pseudo‐Boolean Functions with Application to Boolean Control Networks
Authors: Li Haitao , Wang Yuzhen , Liu Zhenbin
Published: July 2013

Using the semi‐tensor product method, this paper investigates several fundamental problems of general pseudo‐Boolean functions with application to the optimal control of Boolean control networks, and establishes a new framework to deal with pseudo‐Boolean inequalities, the optimization problem and the best linear approximation of pseudo‐Boolean functions. First, the pseudo‐Boolean function is expressed in the algebraic form via constructing its unique structural matrix. Second, based on the matrix expression, solving pseudo‐Boolean inequalities is converted into finding solutions to algebraic inequalities, and a set of new formulas are presented. Third, the optimization problem and the linear approximation of the pseudo‐Boolean function are considered and several new results are established. Finally, as an application, we investigate the optimal control of Boolean control networks, and present a new optimal control design procedure. It is shown through the study of illustrative examples that the new results proposed in this paper work very well.
Context dependence of protein misfolding and structural strains in neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Mehta Anil K. , Rosen Rebecca F. , Childers W. Seth , Gehman John D. , Walker Lary C. , Lynn David G.
Published: July 2013

Vast arrays of structural forms are accessible to simple amyloid peptides and environmental conditions can direct assembly into single phases. These insights are now being applied to the aggregation of the Aβ peptide of Alzheimer's disease and the identification of causative phases. We extend use of the imaging agent Pittsburgh compound B to discriminate among Aβ phases and begin to define conditions of relevance to the disease state. Also, we specifically highlight the development of methods for defining the structures of these more complex phases. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 100: 722–730, 2013.
Structural characterization of short hybrid urea/carbamate (U/C) foldamers: A case of partial helix unwinding
Authors: Nelli Yella Reddy , Fischer Lucile , Collie Gavin W. , Kauffmann Brice , Guichard Gilles
Published: July 2013

Aliphatic oligoureas (NHCH(R)CH2NHCO)n and oligocarbamates (NHCH(R)CH2OCO)n are two classes of synthetic peptidomimetic oligomers whose backbone is isosteric to that of γ‐peptides. We have shown recently that the constituent units of these backbones (i.e., amide (A), carbamate (C) and urea (U) units) can be combined in various ways to generate new heterogeneous oligomers with well‐defined secondary structures. For example, oligomers consisting of urea (U) and carbamate (C) linkages arranged in a 1:1 pattern adopt a helical conformation akin to that of urea homoligomers and γ‐peptide foldamers. In this case, helix formation is mainly driven by U units whose propensity for folding surpasses that of C units. Here, we have investigated further the influence of the U/C ratio on the folding preference of such heterogeneous oligomers. We report the synthesis and the structural analysis of a short oligomer with a 2:3 U/C ratio and two consecutive carbamate linkages. X‐ray diffraction analysis reveals a helical structure that unwinds at one end. In contrast, a cognate oligomer prepared for comparison and containing four contiguous urea units adopts a fully helical conformation in the crystalline state. These results which are supported by data in solution indicate that the balance between U and C units should be carefully adjusted and that consecutive C linkages should be avoided for optimal helix formation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 100: 687–697, 2013.
Impact of Green Innovation on Labor Productivity and its Determinants: an Analysis of the Korean Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Woo Chungwon , Chung Yanghon , Chun Dongphil , Han Seunghun , Lee Dukhee
Published: July 2013

Due to worsening environmental conditions around the globe, firms have been investing a great deal of money in green technologies as a way of coping with the environmental crisis. This paper uses a unique data set based on the Korea Innovation Survey to examine the impact of green innovation on labor productivity, and the determinants of environmental activities in 2010. The empirical results show that green innovation intended for both firm and customer benefits has a positive effect on labor productivity. This finding means that firms need to implement firm‐oriented green innovation as well as customer‐oriented green innovation in order to increase their performance. Our findings also show that there are significant differences in aggregate green innovations depending on different firm sizes and industries. Specifically, large firms implement environmental activities more than small ones, and pollution‐intensive industries tend to invest more in activities related to environmental technology. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Color–concept associations: A cross‐occupational and ‐cultural study and comparison
Authors: Or Calvin K. L. , Wang Heller H. L.
Published: July 2013

This study used a questionnaire survey to examine color–concept associations in two occupational groups from Hebei Province in China: steel workers (n = 139) and managerial staff (n = 74). The color stereotypes held by these two groups were also compared to those held by three other cultural groups studied elsewhere (Hong Kong Chinese, Yunnan Chinese, and Americans). The participants were presented with 16 concepts and asked to choose one of 10 colors to represent each concept. The chi‐square test results showed that each concept was significantly associated with at least one color. Both the steel workers and the managerial staff primarily associated green with “go” and “safe” and red with “stop” and “danger.” The cross‐group comparisons indicated that the steel workers and the managerial staff produced stronger color associations than those produced by the Yunnan Chinese and the Hong Kong Chinese subjects, but weaker than those produced by the US subjects. Our findings build on existing knowledge of population stereotypes for color–concept associations and provide guidelines for the design of color displays and products for global users. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 39, 630–635, 2014
One‐step Synthesis of Vertically Aligned Anatase Thornbush‐like TiO2 Nanowire Arrays on Transparent Conducting Oxides for Solid‐State Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Roh Dong Kyu , Chi Won Seok , Ahn Sung Hoon , Jeon Harim , Kim Jong Hak
Published: July 2013

Herein, we report a facile synthesis of high‐density anatase‐phase vertically aligned thornbush‐like TiO2 nanowires (TBWs) on transparent conducting oxide glasses. Morphologically controllable TBW arrays of 9 μm in length are generated through a one‐step hydrothermal reaction at 200 °C over 11 h using potassium titanium oxide oxalate dehydrate, diethylene glycol (DEG), and water. The TBWs consist of a large number of nanoplates or nanorods, as confirmed by SEM and TEM imaging. The morphologies of TBWs are controllable by adjusting DEG/water ratios. TBW diameters gradually decrease from 600 (TBW600) to 400 (TBW400) to 200 nm (TBW200) and morphologies change from nanoplates to nanorods with an increase in DEG content. TBWs are utilized as photoanodes for quasi‐solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cells (qssDSSCs) and solid‐state DSSCs (ssDSSCs). The energy‐conversion efficiency of qssDSSCs is in the order: TBW200 (5.2 %)>TBW400 (4.5 %)>TBW600 (3.4 %). These results can be attributed to the different surface areas, light‐scattering effects, and charge transport rates, as confirmed by dye‐loading measurements, reflectance spectroscopy, and incident photon‐to‐electron conversion efficiency and intensity‐modulated photovoltage spectroscopy/intensity‐modulated photocurrent spectroscopy analyses. TBW200 is further treated with a graft‐copolymer‐directed organized mesoporous TiO2 to increase the surface area and interconnectivity of TBWs. As a result, the energy‐conversion efficiency of the ssDSSC increases to 6.7 % at 100 mW cm−2, which is among the highest values for N719‐dye‐based ssDSSCs.
The role of metabonomics as a tool for augmenting nutritional information in epidemiological studies
Authors: Ismail Nurhafzan A. , Posma Joram M. , Frost Gary , Holmes Elaine , Garcia‐Perez Isabel
Published: July 2013

Most chronic diseases have been demonstrated to have a link to nutrition. Within food and nutritional research there is a major driver to understand the relationship between diet and disease in order to improve health of individuals. However, the lack of accurate dietary intake assessment in free‐living populations, makes accurate estimation of how diet is associated with disease risk difficulty. Thus, there is a pressing need to find solutions to the inaccuracy of dietary reporting. Metabolic profiling of urine or plasma can provide an unbiased approach to characterizing dietary intake and various high‐throughput analytical platforms have been used in order to implement targeted and nontargeted assays in nutritional clinical trials and nutritional epidemiology studies. This review describes first the challenges presented in interpreting the relationship between diet and health within individual and epidemiological frameworks. Second, we aim to explore how metabonomics can benefit different types of nutritional studies and discuss the critical importance of selecting appropriate analytical techniques in these studies. Third, we propose a strategy capable of providing accurate assessment of food intake within an epidemiological framework in order establish accurate associations between diet and health.
Pumps for microfluidic cell culture
Authors: Byun Chang Kyu , Abi‐Samra Kameel , Cho Yoon‐Kyoung , Takayama Shuichi
Published: July 2013

In comparison to traditional in vitro cell culture in Petri dishes or well plates, cell culture in microfluidic‐based devices enables better control over chemical and physical environments, higher levels of experimental automation, and a reduction in experimental materials. Over the past decade, the advantages associated with cell culturing in microfluidic‐based platforms have garnered significant interest and have led to a plethora of studies for high throughput cell assays, organs‐on‐a‐chip applications, temporal signaling studies, and cell sorting. A clear concern for performing cell culture in microfluidic‐based devices is deciding on a technique to deliver and pump media to cells that are encased in a microfluidic device. In this review, we summarize recent advances in pumping techniques for microfluidic cell culture and discuss their advantages and possible drawbacks. The ultimate goal of our review is to distill the large body of information available related to pumps for microfluidic cell culture in an effort to assist current and potential users of microfluidic‐based devices for advanced in vitro cellular studies.
Accumulation of pesticides in pacific chorus frogs (Pseudacris regilla) from California's Sierra Nevada Mountains, USA
Authors: Smalling Kelly L. , Fellers Gary M. , Kleeman Patrick M. , Kuivila Kathryn M.
Published: July 2013

Pesticides are receiving increasing attention as potential causes of amphibian declines, acting singly or in combination with other stressors, but limited information is available on the accumulation of current-use pesticides in tissue. The authors examined potential exposure and accumulation of currently used pesticides in pond-breeding frogs (Pseudacris regilla) collected from 7 high elevations sites in northern California. All sites sampled are located downwind of California's highly agricultural Central Valley and receive inputs of pesticides through precipitation and/or dry deposition. Whole frog tissue, water, and sediment were analyzed for more than 90 current-use pesticides and pesticide degradates using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Two fungicides, pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole, and one herbicide, simazine, were the most frequently detected pesticides in tissue samples. Median pesticide concentration ranged from 13 µg/kg to 235 µg/kg wet weight. Tebuconazole and pyraclostrobin were the only 2 compounds observed frequently in frog tissue and sediment. Significant spatial differences in tissue concentration were observed, which corresponded to pesticide use in the upwind counties. Data generated indicated that amphibians residing in remote locations are exposed to and capable of accumulating current-use pesticides. A comparison of P. regilla tissue concentrations with water and sediment data indicated that the frogs are accumulating pesticides and are potentially a more reliable indicator of exposure to this group of pesticides than either water or sediment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2026–2034. © 2013 SETAC
Trophic dynamics of hexabromocyclododecane diastereomers and enantiomers in fish in a laboratory feeding study
Authors: Luo Xiao-Jun , Ruan Wei , Zeng Yan-Hong , Liu Hong-Ying , Chen She-Jun , Wu Jiang-Ping , Mai Bi-Xian
Published: July 2013

The laboratory trophic transfer of hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) was studied using predatory (oscar) fish and a prey species (tiger barb) exposed to a technical HBCD. Gut absorption, dynamic changes of diastereomer pattern and enantiomer fractions, and potential metabolism of HBCDs were examined. Compared with β- or γ-HBCD, α-HBCD showed lower absorption efficiency in the gut of oscar fish. A predominance of γ-HBCD was observed in the tiger barb after 5 d HBCD-exposed and oscar feeding on the tiger barb for 16 d. After 20 d of depuration, 41.1% γ-HBCD and 42.7% β-HBCD disappeared, and α-HBCD exceeded the initial amount. The transformation from γ-HBCD predominance in the food to α-HBCD predominance in the oscar was attributed mainly to the isomerization of γ-HBCD (at least 3% and up to 22.7%) to α-HBCD. Selective enrichment of the (+) α- and (−) β-enantiomers and no enantioselective enrichment of γ-HBCD were observed in the tiger barbs. No enantioselective uptake of the 3 diasteromers was found in the oscar gut. The enantiomer fractions of α- and γ-diastereomers were significantly higher, but that of β-diastereomer were significantly lower in the oscars than in the tiger barbs, indicating enantioselective metabolism of the 3 diastereomers. Two HBCD monohydroxylated metabolites were detected in the 2 fish species, but their composition patterns differed, indicating a species-specific metabolism of HBCD in the studied fish species. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:2565–2570. © 2013 SETAC
Interseismic coupling, stress evolution, and earthquake slip on the Sunda megathrust
Authors: Nalbant Suleyman , McCloskey John , Steacy Sandy , NicBhloscaidh Mairead , Murphy Shane
Published: July 2013

The extent to which interseismic coupling controls the slip distribution of large megathrust earthquakes is unclear, with some authors proposing that it is the primary control and others suggesting that stress changes from previous earthquakes are of first‐order importance. Here, we develop a detailed stress history of the Sunda megathrust, modified by coupling, and compare the correlation between slip and stress with that of slip versus coupling. We find that the slip distributions of recent earthquakes are more consistent with the stress field than with the coupling distributions but observe that in places, the stress pattern is strongly dependent on poorly constrained values of slip in historical earthquakes. We also find that of the 13 earthquakes in our study for which we have hypocentral locations, only two appear to have nucleated in areas of negative stress, and these locations correspond to large uncertainties in the slip distribution of pre‐instrumental events.
Regional sinks of bromoform in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Mattsson Erik , Karlsson Anders , Abrahamsson Katarina
Published: July 2013

Bromoform in surface water and air was measured in the Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean during the austral summer 2007/2008 onboard research vessel icebreaker Oden. Highest concentrations and oversaturation in water were found over the continental shelves and close to the sea‐ice edge in the Bellingshausen Sea. In open ocean areas, concentrations were comparably low, and the water was undersaturated. Air mixing ratios in these regions were influenced by surrounding areas as revealed by wind back trajectories. For wind that had travelled over coastal regions, thawing sea‐ice, or areas with elevated chlorophyll concentrations, increased bromoform levels in air were found in the downwind direction. The results show the importance of high spatial and temporal resolution in measurements for assessments of air‐sea exchange of short‐lived compounds with strong local sources. As surrounding waters can act as a sink, the atmospheric load of such sources may be overestimated.
A Social Network Perspective on Relationship Management in the Human Resource Outsourcing Network: Examining the Moderating Impact of HR Task Interdependence
Authors: Yan Ming , Marie Francesco Anne , Zhang Haina , Chen Yang
Published: July 2013

Recognizing that managing the outsourcing relationship is critical to the success of a human resource outsourcing (HRO) strategy, we draw on two theoretical perspectives in social network research, integrating open‐ and closed‐triad network structures, to develop a balanced HRO network framework through the moderating impact of HR interdependence. We use this framework to identify the relationships among the HR department that outsources certain HR functions, the groups of internal employees served by the HRO programs, and HR service vendors providing these outsourced HR services. We also consider strategies on how to manage HRO relationship structure to achieve competitive advantage in HR practice. The present study is an attempt to advance the HRO literature from a focus on a “make or buy” decision to a broader model of HRO relationship management.
Biocompatible evaluation of barium titanate foamed ceramic structures for orthopedic applications
Authors: Ball Jordan P. , Mound Brittnee A. , Nino Juan C. , Allen Josephine B.
Published: July 2013

The potential of barium titanate (BT) to be electrically active makes it a material of interest in regenerative medicine. To enhance the understanding of this material for orthopedic applications, the in vitro biocompatibility of porous BT fabricated using a direct foaming technique was investigated. Characterization of the resultant foams yielded an overall porosity between 50 and 70% with average pore size in excess of 30 µm in diameter. A mouse osteoblast (7F2) cell line was cultured with the BT to determine the extent of the foams' toxicity using a LDH assay. After 72 h, BT foams showed a comparable cytotoxicity of 6.4 ± 0.8% to the 8.4 ± 1.5% of porous 45S5 Bioglass®. The in vitro inflammatory response elicited from porous BT was measured as a function of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) secreted from a human monocytic leukemia cell line (THP‐1). Results indicate that the BT foams do not cause a significant inflammatory response, eliciting a 9.4 ± 1.3 pg of TNF‐α per mL of media compared with 20.2 ± 2.3 pg/mL from untreated cells. These results indicate that porous BT does not exhibit short term cytotoxicity and has potential for orthopedic tissue engineering applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 2089–2095, 2014.
Elasticity and lattice dynamics of enstatite at high pressure
Authors: Zhang Dongzhou , Jackson Jennifer M. , Chen Bin , Sturhahn Wolfgang , Zhao Jiyong , Yan Jinyuan , Caracas Razvan
Published: July 2013

The behavior of synthetic‐powdered 57Fe‐enriched enstatite (Mg0.980Fe0.020(5))(Mg0.760Fe0.240)Si2O6 has been explored by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and nuclear resonant inelastic X‐ray scattering (NRIXS). The Pbca‐structured enstatite sample was compressed in fine pressure increments for our independent XRD measurements. One structural transition between 10.1 and 12.2 GPa has been identified from the XRD data. The XRD reflections observed for the high‐pressure phase are best matched with space group P21/c. We combine density functional theory with Mössbauer spectroscopy and NRIXS to understand the local site symmetry of the Fe atoms in our sample. A third‐order Birch‐Murnaghan (BM3) equation of state fitting gives KT0=103±5 GPa and KT0′=13±2 for the Pbca phase. At 12 GPa, a BM3 fitting gives KT12=220±10 GPa with KT12′=8±4 for the P21/c phase. NRIXS measurements were performed with in situ XRD up to 17 GPa. The partial phonon density of states (DOS) was derived from the raw NRIXS data, and from the low‐energy region of the DOS, the Debye sound velocity was determined. We use the equation of state determined from XRD and Debye sound velocity to compute the isotropic compressional (VP) and shear (VS) wave velocities of enstatite at different pressures. Our results help constrain the high‐pressure properties of Pbca‐structured enstatite in the Earth's upper mantle. We find that candidate upper mantle phase assemblages containing Pbca‐structured enstatite are associated with shear velocity gradients that are higher than the average Earth model PREM but lower than regional studies down to about 250 km depth.
A coarsening model for self‐organization of tropical convection
Authors: Craig G. C. , Mack J. M.
Published: July 2013

If the influence of humidity on cumulus convection causes moist regions of the tropical troposphere to become moister and dry regions to become drier, and if horizontal mixing of moisture is not rapid enough to overcome this tendency, then the atmosphere will tend to separate into increasingly large moist and dry regions through a process of coarsening. We present a simple model for the moisture budget of the free troposphere, including subsidence drying, convective moistening, and horizontal mixing, and a constraint on total precipitation representing radiative‐convective equilibrium. When initialized with a spatially uncorrelated moisture distribution, the model shows self‐organization of precipitation with two main stages: A coarsening stage where the correlation length grows proportional to time to the power 1/2 and a droplet stage where precipitation is confined to a decreasing number of circular moist regions. A potential function is introduced to characterize the tendency for self‐organization, which could be a useful diagnostic for analyzing cloud‐resolving model simulations.