bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transperineal freehand multiparametric MRI fusion targeted biopsies under local anaesthesia for prostate cancer diagnosis: a multicentre prospective study of 1014 cases
Authors: Marra Giancarlo , Zhuang Junlong , Beltrami Mattia , Calleris Giorgio , Zhao Xiaozhi , Marquis Alessandro , Kan Yansheng , Oderda Marco , Huang Haifeng , Faletti Riccardo , Zhang Qing , Molinaro Luca , Wang Wei , Bergamasco Laura , Guo Hongqian , Gontero Paolo
Published: May 2020

Objective

To assess the outcomes of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) transperineal targeted fusion biopsy (TPFBx) under local anaesthesia.

Patients and Methods

We prospectively screened 1327 patients with a positive mpMRI undergoing TPFBx (targeted cores and systematic cores) under local anaesthesia, at two tertiary referral institutions, between September 2016 and May 2019, for inclusion in the present study. Primary outcomes were detection of clinically significant prostate cancer (csPCa) defined as (1) International Society of Urological Pathologists (ISUP) grade >1 or ISUP grade 1 with >50% involvement of prostate cancer (PCa) in a single core or in >2 cores (D1) and (2) ISUP grade >1 PCa (D2). Secondary outcomes were: assessment of peri‐procedural pain (numerical rating scale [NRS]) and procedure timings; erectile (International Index of Erectile Function) and urinary (International Prostate Symptom Score) function changes; and complications. We also investigated the value of systematic sampling and concordance with radical prostatectomy (RP).

Results

A total of 1014 patients were included, of whom csPCa was diagnosed in 39.4% (n = 400). The procedure was tolerable (NRS pain score 3.1 ± 2.3), with no impact on erectile (P = 0.45) or urinary (P = 0.58) function, and a low rate of complications (Clavien–Dindo grades 1 or 2, n = 8; grade >2, n = 0). No post‐biopsy sepsis was recorded. Twenty‐two men (95% confidence interval [CI] 17–29) needed to undergo additional systematic biopsy to diagnose one csPCa missed by targeted biopsies (D1). ISUP grade concordance of biopsies with RP was as follows: k = 0.40 (95% CI 0.31–0.49) for targeted cores alone and k = 0.65 (95% CI 0.57–0.72; P < 0.05) overall.

Conclusions

The use of TPFBx under local anaesthesia yielded good csPCa detection and was feasible, quick, well tolerated and safe. Infectious risk was negligible. Addition of systematic to targeted cores may not be needed in all men, although it improves csPCa detection and concordance with RP.
An approach using Caenorhabditis elegans screening novel targets to suppress tumour cell proliferation
Authors: Mao Yu‐Qin , Han San‐Feng , Zhang Shi‐Long , Zhang Zheng‐Yan , Kong Chao‐Yue , Chen Hui‐Ling , Li Zhan‐Ming , Cai Pei‐Ran , Han Bing , Wang Li‐Shun
Published: May 2020

Objectives

Tumour cell proliferation requires high metabolism to meet the bioenergetics and biosynthetic needs. Dauer in Caenorhabditis elegans is characterized by lower metabolism, and we established an approach with C elegans to find potential tumour therapy targets.

Materials and methods

RNAi screening was used to find dauer‐related genes, and these genes were further analysed in glp‐1(−) mutants for tumour‐suppressing testing. The identified tumour‐related genes were verified in clinical tumour tissues.

Results

The lifespan of glp‐1(−) mutants was found to be extended by classical dauer formation signalling. Then, 61 of 287 kinase‐coding genes in Caenorhabditis elegans were identified as dauer‐related genes, of which 27 were found to be homologous to human oncogenes. Furthermore, 12 dauer‐related genes were randomly selected for tumour‐suppressing test, and six genes significantly extended the lifespan of glp‐1(−) mutants. Of these six genes, F47D12.9, W02B12.12 and gcy‐21 were newly linked to dauer formation. These three new dauer‐related genes significantly suppressed tumour cell proliferation and thus extended the lifespan of glp‐1(−) mutants in a longevity‐ or dauer‐independent manner. The mRNA expression profiles indicated that these dauer‐related genes trigged similar low metabolism pattern in glp‐1(−) mutants. Notably, the expression of homolog gene DCAF4L2/F47D12.9, TSSK6/W02B12.12 and NPR1/gcy‐21 was found to be higher in glioma compared with adjacent normal tissue. In addition, the high expression of TSSK6/W02B12.12 and NPR1/gcy‐21 correlated with a worse survival in glioma patients.

Conclusions

Dauer gene screening in combination with tumour‐suppressing test in glp‐1(−) mutants provided a useful approach to find potential targets for tumour therapy via suppressing tumour cell proliferation and rewiring tumour cell metabolism.
Floral bagging differentially affects handling behaviours and single‐visit pollen deposition by honey bees and native bees
Authors: Cecala Jacob M. , Lau Pierre W. , Leong Joan M.
Published: May 2020

1. Measurements of pollinator performance are crucial to pollination studies, enabling researchers to quantify the relative value of different pollinator species to plant reproduction. One of the most widely employed measures of pollinator performance is single‐visit pollen deposition, the number of conspecific pollen grains deposited to a stigma after one pollinator visit. To ensure a pollen‐free stigma, experimenters must first bag flowers before exposing them to a pollinator.

2. Bagging flowers, however, may unintentionally manipulate floral characteristics to which pollinators respond. In this study, we quantified the effect of bagging on nectar volume in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) flowers, and how this affects pollinator performance and behaviour.

3. Experimental bagging resulted in roughly 30‐fold increases in nectar volume relative to unmanipulated, open‐pollinated field flowers after only a few hours. Honey bees, but not native bees, consistently displayed elevated handling times and single‐visit pollen deposition on unmanipulated bagged flowers relative to those from which we removed nectar to mimic volumes in open‐pollinated flowers.

4. Furthermore, we identify specific bee foraging behaviours during a floral visit that account for differences in pollen deposition, and how these differ between honey bees and native bees.

5. Our findings suggest that experimental bagging of flowers, without accounting for artificially accumulated nectar, can lead to biased estimates of pollinator performance in pollinator taxa that respond strongly to nectar volume. We advise that pollination studies be attentive to nectar secretion dynamics in their focal plant species to ensure unbiased estimates of pollinator performance across multiple pollinator species.
Sick plants in grassland communities: a growth‐defense trade‐off is the main driver of fungal pathogen abundance
Authors: Cappelli Seraina L. , Pichon Noémie A. , Kempel Anne , Allan Eric
Published: May 2020

Aboveground fungal pathogens can substantially reduce biomass production in grasslands. However, we lack a mechanistic understanding of the drivers of fungal pathogen infection and impact. Using a grassland global change and biodiversity experiment we show that the trade‐off between plant growth and defense is the main determinant of infection incidence. In contrast, nitrogen addition only indirectly increased incidence via shifting plant communities towards faster growing species. Plant diversity did not decrease incidence, likely because spillover of generalist pathogens or dominance of susceptible plants counteracted negative diversity effects. A fungicide treatment increased plant biomass production and high levels of infection incidence were associated with reduced biomass. However, pathogen impact was context dependent and infection incidence reduced biomass more strongly in diverse communities. Our results show that a growth‐defense trade‐off is the key driver of pathogen incidence, but pathogen impact is determined by several mechanisms and may depend on pathogen community composition.
Functional connectome contractions in temporal lobe epilepsy: Microstructural underpinnings and predictors of surgical outcome
Authors: Larivière Sara , Weng Yifei , Vos de Wael Reinder , Royer Jessica , Frauscher Birgit , Wang Zhengge , Bernasconi Andrea , Bernasconi Neda , Schrader Dewi V. , Zhang Zhiqiang , Bernhardt Boris C.
Published: May 2020

Objective

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is the most common drug‐resistant epilepsy in adults. Although it is commonly related to hippocampal pathology, increasing evidence suggests structural changes beyond the mesiotemporal lobe. Functional anomalies and their link to underlying structural alterations, however, remain incompletely understood.

Methods

We studied 30 drug‐resistant TLE patients and 57 healthy controls using multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) analyses. All patients had histologically verified hippocampal sclerosis and underwent postoperative imaging to outline the extent of their surgical resection. Our analysis leveraged a novel resting‐state functional MRI framework that parameterizes functional connectivity distance, consolidating topological and physical properties of macroscale brain networks. Functional findings were integrated with morphological and microstructural metrics, and utility for surgical outcome prediction was assessed using machine learning techniques.

Results

Compared to controls, TLE patients showed connectivity distance reductions in temporoinsular and prefrontal networks, indicating topological segregation of functional networks. Testing for morphological and microstructural associations, we observed that functional connectivity contractions occurred independently from TLE‐related cortical atrophy but were mediated by microstructural changes in the underlying white matter. Following our imaging study, all patients underwent an anterior temporal lobectomy as a treatment of their seizures, and postsurgical seizure outcome was determined at a follow‐up at least 1 year after surgery. Using a regularized supervised machine learning paradigm with fivefold cross‐validation, we demonstrated that patient‐specific functional anomalies predicted postsurgical seizure outcome with 76 ± 4% accuracy, outperforming classifiers operating on clinical and structural imaging features.

Significance

Our findings suggest connectivity distance contractions as a macroscale substrate of TLE. Functional topological isolation may represent a microstructurally mediated network mechanism that tilts the balance toward epileptogenesis in affected networks and that may assist in patient‐specific surgical prognostication.
Candidate gene expression and coding sequence variants in Warmblood horses with myofibrillar myopathy
Authors: Williams Zoë J. , Velez‐Irizarry Deborah , Petersen Jessica L. , Ochala Julien , Finno Carrie J. , Valberg Stephanie J.
Published: May 2020

Background

Myofibrillar myopathy (MFM) of unknown aetiology has recently been identified in Warmblood (WB) horses. In humans, 16 genes have been implicated in various MFM‐like disorders.

Objectives

To identify variants in 16 MFM candidate genes and compare allele frequencies of all variants between MFM WB and non‐MFM WB and coding variants with moderate or severe predicted effects in MFM WB with publicly available data of other breeds. To compare differential gene expression and muscle fibre contractile force between MFM and non‐MFM WB.

Study design

Case‐control.

Animals

8 MFM WB, 8 non‐MFM WB, 33 other WB, 32 Thoroughbreds, 80 Quarter Horses and 77 horses of other breeds in public databases.

Methods

Variants were called within transcripts of 16 candidate genes using gluteal muscle mRNA sequences aligned to EquCab3.0 and allele frequencies compared by Fisher's exact test among MFM WB, non‐MFM WB and public sequences across breeds. Candidate gene differential expression was determined between MFM and non‐MFM WB by fitting a negative binomial generalised log‐linear model per gene (false discovery rate <0.05). The maximal isometric force/cross‐sectional area generated by isolated membrane‐permeabilised muscle fibres was determined.

Results

None of the 426 variants identified in 16 candidate genes were associated with MFM including 26 missense variants. Breed‐specific differences existed in allele frequencies. Candidate gene differential expression and muscle fibre‐specific force did not differ between MFM WB (143.1 ± 34.7 kPa) and non‐MFM WB (140.2 ± 43.7 kPa) (P = .8).

Main limitations

RNA‐seq–only assays transcripts expressed in skeletal muscle. Other possible candidate genes were not evaluated.

Conclusions

Evidence for association of variants with a disease is essential because coding sequence variants are common in the equine genome. Variants identified in MFM candidate genes, including two coding variants offered as commercial MFM equine genetic tests, did not associate with the WB MFM phenotype.
Re‐assessment of the disk diffusion technique for routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing for Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Tang Xiaoqiong , Shen Yalin , Hu Renwei , Yang Tiankuo , Benghezal Mohammed , Li Hong , Tang Hong
Published: May 2020

Background

The aim of this study was to assess the disk diffusion technique against E‐test as a routine antibiotic susceptibility testing method for Helicobacter pylori.

Materials and methods

Susceptibilities of 301 H pylori clinical isolates were simultaneously profiled by E‐test and disk diffusion method for levofloxacin (5‐μg disk), clarithromycin (15‐μg disk), metronidazole (5‐μg disk), amoxicillin (10‐μg disk), and tetracycline (30‐μg disk). Furazolidone susceptibility was evaluated using a 100‐μg disk only. The correlation between MICs by E‐test and inhibition zone diameters by disk diffusion was assessed by linear regression analysis.

Results

Correlation between inhibition zone diameters and MICs was found for levofloxacin (r = −.932), clarithromycin (r = −.894), and to a minor extent metronidazole (r = −.820). Using the linear regression analysis, the inhibition zone diameter breakpoints were calculated to be 29 mm for levofloxacin, 41 mm for clarithromycin, and 15 mm for metronidazole corresponding to the EUCAST‐recommended MIC breakpoints. The susceptibility agreement between E‐test and disk diffusion for levofloxacin, clarithromycin, and metronidazole was 98.6%, 96.0%, and 96.7%, respectively. The inhibition zone diameters recorded for the amoxicillin, tetracycline, and furazolidone were large (approximately 60 mm in mean), and a poor correlation was found between inhibition zone diameters and MICs for amoxicillin (r = −.594) and tetracycline (r = −.490).

Conclusions

The disk diffusion can be used as a routine H pylori susceptibility testing method for levofloxacin, clarithromycin, and metronidazole in clinical practice under the described technical conditions. The use of disk diffusion for amoxicillin, tetracycline, and furazolidone susceptibility testing needs to be further studied.
Vacuum impregnation of apple slices with Yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius Poepp. & Endl) fructooligosaccharides to enhance the functional properties of the fruit snack
Authors: Mejía‐Águila Reina A. , Aguilar‐Galvez Ana , Chirinos Rosana , Pedreschi Romina , Campos David
Published: May 2020

This work aimed to incorporate prebiotic FOS from yacon in apple slices using vacuum impregnation (VI). Three FOS concentrations (10.3, 14.1 and 18.9 g per 100 g of dry matter (DM)), two temperatures (25 and 35 °C), reuse of extracts and stability of the impregnated slices were evaluated. The highest impregnation level (30.5 g per 100 g DM) was obtained at 35 °C with 14.1% FOS extract while levels of common sugars were reduced. Total phenolics and ABTS antioxidant capacity (AC) slightly decreased while ORAC AC was reduced by 55%. Reuse of the impregnation solution in successive cycles after restoring the FOS level maintained the FOS concentration and profile (GF2–GF7), sugars and phenolic antioxidants. FOS in apple slices remained stable during 4 week storage, while aw, colour and fracture point changed during storage. This work demonstrated the feasibility of yacon FOS to improve the functional properties of dehydrated apple slices.
The level of evidence, scientific impact and social impact of clinical studies in periodontology: A methodological study
Authors: Meng Ziyan , Xiang Qianfeng , Wu Xinyu , Hua Fang , Dong Weili , Tu Yu‐Kang
Published: May 2020

Aims

To analyse the level of evidence (LOE) of clinical studies in the field of periodontology, and to investigate whether LOE is a predictor of scientific impact and social impact.

Materials and Methods

Clinical studies published in five leading periodontal journals during 2015–2019 were identified. The LOE of included studies were assessed with a modified LOE classification system based on Oxford 2009 LOE, Oxford 2011 LOE and GRADE guidelines. Citation counts were harvested from Web of Science and Scopus. Altmetric Attention Scores (AAS) were obtained from Altmetric Explorer. Multivariable generalized estimation equation (GEE) analyses were used to investigate association between LOE and citation count, as well as between LOE and AAS.

Results

Among 768 studies included, the proportion of level‐1, level‐2, level‐3 and level‐4 was 10.4%, 44.8%, 13.7% and 31.1%, respectively. In the multivariable GEE analyses, high LOE was a significant predictor of higher average citation count (p = .010) and higher AAS (p < .001).

Conclusion

The LOE of clinical studies in the periodontal field is relatively high in general, although it varies significantly in different journals. Studies with high LOE tend to have greater scientific impact and social impact than low LOE studies.
Greater functional connectivity between sensory networks is related to symptom severity in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Chen Bosi , Linke Annika , Olson Lindsay , Ibarra Cynthia , Reynolds Sarah , Müller Ralph‐Axel , Kinnear Mikaela , Fishman Inna
Published: May 2020

Background

Symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) emerge in the first years of life. Yet, little is known about the organization and development of functional brain networks in ASD proximally to the symptom onset. Further, the relationship between brain network connectivity and emerging ASD symptoms and overall functioning in early childhood is not well understood.

Methods

Resting‐state fMRI data were acquired during natural sleep from 24 young children with ASD and 23 typically developing (TD) children, aged 17–45 months. Intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) within and between resting‐state functional networks was derived with independent component analysis (ICA).

Results

Increased iFC between visual and sensorimotor networks was found in young children with ASD compared to TD participants. Within the ASD group, the degree of overconnectivity between visual and sensorimotor networks was associated with greater autism symptoms. Age‐related weakening of the visual–auditory between‐network connectivity was observed in the ASD but not the TD group.

Conclusions

Taken together, these results provide evidence for disrupted functional network maturation and differentiation, particularly involving visual and sensorimotor networks, during the first years of life in ASD. The observed pattern of greater visual–sensorimotor between‐network connectivity associated with poorer clinical outcomes suggests that disruptions in multisensory brain circuitry may play a critical role for early development of behavioral skills and autism symptomatology in young children with ASD.
Evaluation of a balance and mobility program for older adults at risk of falling: a mixed methods study
Authors: Osho Oluwaseyi A. , Harbidge Cathy , Hogan David B. , Manns Patricia J. , Jones C. Allyson
Published: May 2020

Rational, aims, and objectives

The FallProof Balance and Mobility Program is a multifactorial fall prevention intervention that targets intrinsic risk factors such as muscle strength, balance, gait, and posture. Using mixed methods, we evaluated the implementation of the program for older adults at high risk of falling in the community.

Methods

A pre‐post program evaluation and semi‐structured interviews were used to evaluate FallProof Balance and Mobility Program offered to older adults who were recurrent fallers. Over a 1‐year period, the 12‐week program was offered five times. Feasibility, acceptability, and outcome evaluation along with semi‐structured interviews were done. Over the course of the evaluation, participants were evaluated three times (baseline, 12, and 16 weeks).

Results

Of the 19 participants, who enrolled in the program, 16 completed the program and 12 attended at least 80% of the classes. Fourteen participants had mildly impaired cognition (Montreal Cognitive Assessment <26). Large gains (effect size 0.90) were seen with self‐management (Partner‐in‐Health Scale). Participants were very satisfied with the program. Three themes emerged from the semi‐structured interviews: (a) fall‐related benefits, (b) variety of activities and motivating instructors, and (c) deterrents to participation.

Conclusion

Findings provided insights into pragmatic issues of implementing a balance and mobility program for older adults at risk of falling. The FallProof program was found to be feasible and acceptable in a small cohort of older adults from the community.
Varices on computed tomography as predictor of survival after hepatic resection in patients with single hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Lee Dong Ho , Chung Jin Wook , Joo Ijin , Suh Kyung‐Suk , Kim Seong Hoon , Koh Young Hwan , Lee Ju Hee , Cho Yun Ku , Park Joong‐Won
Published: May 2020

Background and Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate whether presence of varices on computed tomography (CT) could predict treatment outcome for hepatocellular carcinoma patients.

Methods

We enrolled 241 patients with single hepatocellular carcinoma ≤ 5 cm treated by surgery. With the use of preoperative CT/endoscopy, patients were classified into the following: presence of standard clinically significant portal hypertension (CSPH) surrogate, defined as varices on esophagogastroduodenoscopy and/or thrombocytopenia with splenomegaly (group 1, n = 47); varices on CT without standard CSPH surrogate (group 2, n = 45); and none of both (group 3, n = 149). Development of posthepatectomy liver failure and overall survival (OS) were evaluated for each patient group, and patients were re‐classified into two groups according to presence of CT‐enhanced CSPH surrogate, defined as standard surrogate and/or varices on CT. Predictive power of each survival model was compared using Harrell's C‐index.

Results

Posthepatectomy liver failure rate in group 2 was similar to that in group 1 (53.3% [24/45] vs. 55.3% [26/47]; P = 1.000) but significantly higher than that in group 3 (53.3% [24/45] vs. 28.2% [42/149], P = 0.002). Seven‐year OS rates in group 2 were similar to those in group 1 (55.6% vs. 60.8%, P = 0.988) but significantly lower than those in group 3 (55.6% vs. 83.3%, P = 0.001). Presence of standard CSPH surrogate (hazard ratio = 1.89 [1.08–3.30], P = 0.025) and CT‐enhanced CSPH surrogate (hazard ratio = 2.60 [1.56–4.39], P < 0.001) were significant predicting factor for OS. However, CT‐enhanced CSPH surrogate had significantly higher Harrell's C‐index than standard surrogate (0.619 vs. 0.553, P = 0.034).

Conclusion

The presence of CT‐enhanced CSPH surrogate including varices on CT was the significant predictive of poor OS, providing better predictive power than standard surrogate.
Development of character strengths across the deployment cycle among U.S. Army soldiers
Authors: Chopik William J. , Kelley Whitney L. , Vie Loryana L. , Oh Jeewon , Bonett Douglas G. , Lucas Richard E. , Seligman Martin E. P.
Published: May 2020

Objective

Despite a narrative of post‐traumatic growth and resilience, research reliably demonstrating positive character development following adversity has proved elusive. In the current study, we examined changes in character strengths in Army soldiers deploying for the first time.

Method

The sample was comprised of 212,386 Army soldiers (Mage = 26.5 years old, SD = 7.13; 70.8% White) who were deploying for the first time. Character strengths were assessed once before and up to three times following soldiers' return from deployment.

Results

We found evidence for two classes of change—a resilient class (“stable high”) and a declining class (“persistent low”). Most soldiers were resilient—they had high levels of character strengths prior to deployment and changed very little across the deployment cycle. Approximately 40% of soldiers started with lower character and experienced initial declines post‐deployment, from which they experienced no more than small gains over time.

Conclusions

Character strengths were highly stable across the deployment transition but some soldiers experienced initial declines from which they never fully rebounded. The findings are discussed in the context of the mechanisms that drive character development.
Retrospective study of the diagnostic utility of Spec fPLin the assessment of 274 sick cats
Authors: Lee Cherrie , Kathrani Aarti , Maddison Jill
Published: May 2020

Background

Serum feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (fPL) commonly is used in the assessment of sick cats suspected to have pancreatitis but its diagnostic utility is debated.

Objectives

To evaluate the diagnostic utility of the Spec fPL test and selected serum biochemistry tests in the diagnosis of pancreatitis in cats.

Animals

Two hundred seventy‐four client‐owned cats presented to a university teaching hospital in the United Kingdom, from April 2013 to May 2017, in which Spec fPL was measured.

Methods

Cats were classified into 1 of 4 groups based on clinical signs (all cats), ultrasonographic findings (all cats) and histopathological or cytological assessment of the pancreas where available (9 cats) regardless of Spec fPL concentration. The groups were (a) definite pancreatitis (n = 9), (b) probable pancreatitis (n = 49), (c) possible pancreatitis (n = 139), and (d) unlikely pancreatitis (n = 77). Spec fPL and selected serum biochemistry test results were compared among groups.

Results

Serum fPL concentrations >5.3 μg/L were classified as positive and concentrations <3.5 μg/L were classified as negative. There was a significantly (P = .03) lower proportion of false‐positive results (cats unlikely to have pancreatitis, n = 77, with a positive fPL, n = 8, 10%) than false‐negative results (cats with definite or probable pancreatitis, n = 58, with a negative fPL result, n = 14, 24%). None of the selected biochemical tests were helpful diagnostically.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

A positive Spec fPL result indicates that pancreatitis is a probable diagnosis, but the test cannot be used to rule the diagnosis out.
Codependency between plant and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities: what is the evidence?
Authors: Kokkoris Vasilis , Lekberg Ylva , Antunes Pedro M. , Fahey Catherine , Fordyce James A. , Kivlin Stephanie N. , Hart Miranda M.
Published: May 2020

That arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi covary with plant communities is clear, and many papers report nonrandom associations between symbiotic partners. However, these studies do not test the causal relationship, or ‘codependency’, whereby the composition of one guild affects the composition of the other. Here we outline underlying requirements for codependency, compare important drivers for both plant and AM fungal communities, and assess how host preference – a pre‐requisite for codependency – changes across spatiotemporal scales and taxonomic resolution for both plants and AM fungi. We find few examples in the literature designed to test for codependency and those that do have been conducted within plots or mesocosms. Also, while plants and AM fungi respond similarly to coarse environmental filters, most variation remains unexplained, with host identity explaining less than 30% of the variation in AM fungal communities. These results combined question the likelihood of predictable co‐occurrence, and therefore evolution of codependency, between plant and AM fungal taxa across locations. We argue that codependency is most likely to occur in homogeneous environments where specific plant – AM fungal pairings have functional consequences for the symbiosis. We end by outlining critical aspects to consider moving forward.
Sedimentological and palaeoenvironmental study from Waregi Hill in the Hiwegi Formation (early Miocene) on Rusinga Island, Lake Victoria, Kenya
Authors: Michel Lauren A. , Lehmann Thomas , Mcnulty Kieran P. , Driese Steven G. , Dunsworth Holly , Fox David L. , Harcourt‐Smith William E.H. , Jenkins Kirsten , Peppe Daniel J.
Published: May 2020

Palaeontological deposits on Rusinga Island, Lake Victoria, Kenya, provide a rich record of floral and faunal evolution in the early Neogene of East Africa. Yet, despite a wealth of available fossil material, previous palaeoenvironmental reconstructions from Rusinga have resulted in widely divergent results, ranging from closed forest to open woodland environments. Presented here is a detailed study of the sedimentology and fauna of the early Miocene Hiwegi Formation at Waregi Hill on Rusinga Island, Kenya. New sedimentological analyses demonstrate that the Hiwegi Formation records an environmental transition from the bottom to the top of the formation. Lower in the Hiwegi Formation, satin‐spar calcite after gypsum in siltstone deposits are interpreted as evidence for open hypersaline lakes. Moving up‐section, carbonate deposits – interpreted previously as evidence of aridity – are actually diagenetic calcite cements, which preserve root systems of trees, suggesting a more closed environment; further up‐section, the uppermost palaeosol layer contains abundant root traces and tree‐stump casts, previously reported as evidence of a closed‐canopy forest. These newly interpreted environmental differences are reflected by differences in faunal composition and abundance data from Hiwegi Formation fossil sites R1 and R3. Taken together, this work suggests that divergent palaeoenvironmental reconstructions in previous studies may have been informed by time‐averaging across multiple environments. Further, results demonstrate that during the early Miocene local or regional habitat heterogeneity already existed. Rusinga’s Hiwegi Formation varied both spatially and temporally, which challenges the interpretation that a broad forested environment stretched across the African continent during the early Neogene, transitioning later to predominately open landscapes that characterize the region today. This result has important implications for interpretations of the selective pressures faced by early Miocene fauna, including Rusinga Island’s well‐preserved fossil primates.
Carboplatin‐induced myelosuppression as related to body weight in dogs
Authors: Coffee Calli , Roush James K. , Higginbotham Mary Lynn
Published: May 2020

Smaller dogs are known to have an increased risk of chemotherapy‐induced myelosuppression for doxorubicin, mitoxantrone and melphalan. This retrospective study aimed to determine if dogs <15 kg and <10 kg experienced greater degrees of myelosuppression following treatment with carboplatin chemotherapy compared with dogs ≥15 kg. One hundred and one dogs treated with carboplatin for a variety of malignancies were retrospectively analysed. Eight dogs (61%) weighing <10 kg, three (38%) weighing 10 kg to <15 kg and 14 (17%) weighing ≥15 kg experienced a grade 3 or 4 neutropenia. Five dogs (38%) weighing <10 kg, two (25%) weighing 10 kg to <15 kg and 13 (16%) weighing ≥15 kg experienced a grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia. Dogs <10 kg were significantly more likely to develop a grade 3 or 4 neutropenia following carboplatin than dogs ≥10 kg (3.5 RR; 95% CI, 1.9‐6.3;P < .001). Dogs <15 kg were also significantly more likely to develop a grade 3 or 4 neutropenia than dogs ≥15 kg (3 RR; 95% CI, 1.6‐5.6;P= .004). Dogs <10 kg were significantly more likely to develop a grade 3 or 4 thrombocytopenia than those dogs ≥10 kg (2.5 RR; 95% CI, 1.1‐5.6;P= .006). Hospitalization was significantly more likely for dogs <10 kg vs ≥10 kg (P= .014) as well as for dogs <15 kg vs ≥15 kg (P= .039). This study demonstrates an increased risk of carboplatin‐induced myelosuppression in dogs <15 kg, and particularly those <10 kg. This information should be considered by clinicians when making decisions regarding the initial carboplatin dose for smaller canine patients, especially those <15 kg.
Adaptations in GLUT4 Expression in Response to Exercise Detraining Linked to Downregulation of Insulin-Dependent Pathways in Cardiac but not in Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Authors: Lehnen Alexandre M. , Pinto Graziela H. , Borges Júlia , Markoski Melissa M. , Schaan Beatriz D.
Published: May 2020

Insulin resistance is associated with cardiometabolic risk factors, and exercise training can improve insulin-mediated glucose uptake. However, few studies have demonstrated the reversibility of exercise-induced benefits. Thus, the authors examine the time–response effects of exercise training and detraining on glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) content, insulin-dependent and insulin-independent pathways in cardiac and gastrocnemius muscle tissues of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Thirty-two male spontaneously hypertensive rats, 4 months old, were assigned to (n = 8/group): T (exercise training: 10-week treadmill exercise, 50–70% maximum effort capacity, 1 hr/day, 5 days/week); D2 (exercise training + 2-day detraining), D4 (exercise training + 4-day detraining); and S (no exercise). The authors evaluated insulin resistance, maximum effort capacity, GLUT4 content, p-IRS-1Tyr1179, p-AS160Ser588, p-AMPKα1Thr172, and p-CaMKIIThr286 in cardiac and gastrocnemius muscle tissues (Western blot). In response to exercise training, there were improvements in insulin resistance (15.4%; p = .010), increased GLUT4 content (microsomal, 29.4%; p = .012; plasma membrane, 27.1%; p < .001), p-IRS-1 (42.2%; p < .001), p-AS160 (60.0%; p < .001) in cardiac tissue, and increased GLUT4 content (microsomal, 29.4%; p = .009; plasma membrane, 55.5%; p < .001), p-IRS-1 (28.1%; p = .018), p-AS160 (76.0%; p < .001), p-AMPK-α1 (37.5%; p = .026), and p-CaMKII (30.0%; p = .040) in the gastrocnemius tissue. In D4 group, the exercise-induced increase in GLUT4 was reversed (plasma membrane, −21.3%; p = .027), p-IRS1 (−37.1%; p = .008), and p-AS160 (−82.6%; p < .001) in the cardiac tissue; p-AS160 expression (−35.7%; p = .034) was reduced in the gastrocnemius. In conclusion, the cardiac tissue is more susceptible to exercise adaptations in the GLUT4 content and signaling pathways than the gastrocnemius muscle. This finding may be explained by particular characteristics of insulin-dependent and insulin-independent pathways in the muscle tissues studied.
Exploring the Utility of a Global Coaching Framework: Sociocultural Perspectives From Japanese Secondary School Rugby Coaches
Authors: Bennett Blake , Fyall Glenn
Published: May 2020

Having investigated the history of rugby over the last century in Japan, a study reported that, historically, rugby participation has been underpinned by the quest to develop young males’ character. The traditional Japanese view of rugby as a medium for education and dominant cultural values has also been considered to be a contrasting view to the Westernised professional perspectives of rugby as a form of entertainment. With a focus on the role of rugby in the school-based club experience, this article presents hermeneutic interpretations of conversations held with four Japanese secondary school rugby coaches and four players, and it explores the socioculturally relevant notion of kimochi (気持ち; feeling/attitude/vitality) in players’ corporeal experiences. Furthermore, the ways in which kimochi is described by the coaches as a means to cultivate kokoro (mind/heart/spirit) and prepare players for adult life are investigated. The extent to which this idea emerged from the participants’ comments is offered as an important consideration for the International Coach Development Framework and the International Sport Coaching Framework, and we posit that the exploration of inherent sociocultural discourses must be carefully contemplated if the future conceptualisation, interpretation and utility of such frameworks is to be enduring.
Seeing Double? A Practice-Based Investigation Into Twins Experiences of Sporting Talent Development
Authors: Taylor Robin D. , Carson Howie J. , Collins Dave
Published: May 2020

Although there is an established body of research on twins within the wider social science domain, scarce attention has been applied to this relationship within sport coaching practice. Specifically, this is apparent during talent development, despite a growing empirical interest toward the developmental impact of age-gapped siblings on sporting success. Accordingly, this study explored potential mechanisms through which the twin relationship may impact on talent development. Longitudinal observation of two twin sets (one monozygotic and one dizygotic) took place within a U.K. regional hockey performance center training environment. Observations were used to inform semistructured interviews with twins and their parents, which facilitated the interpretation of observations and exploration of the relationship, before a codebook thematic analysis was conducted. Findings revealed several themes (regularity of interaction, emotional interpersonal skills, rivalry, skill development, communication, and type of separation) consistent with previous studies, alongside two new themes; namely, conflict and identity. The study highlights the complex and individualized nature of the sibling subsystem, illuminating the possible impact of twin type on several themes, and highlights the potential for observations as a practice-based tool for coaches to consider when individualizing the talent development process.
Exercise and Academic Performance Among Children With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Disruptive Behavior Disorders: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Ramer Jared D. , Santiago-Rodríguez María E. , Davis Catherine L. , Marquez David X. , Frazier Stacy L. , Bustamante Eduardo E.
Published: May 2020

Purpose: To examine effects of a 10-week after-school physical activity (PA) program on academic performance of 6- to 12-year-old African American children with behavior problems. Methods: Participants were randomized to PA (n = 19) or sedentary attention control (n = 16) programs. Academic records, curriculum-based measures, and classroom observations were obtained at baseline, postintervention, and/or follow-up. Mixed models tested group × time interactions on academic records and curriculum-based measures. One-way analysis of variance or Kruskal–Wallis tested for differences in postintervention classroom observations. Results: Intent-to-treat analyses demonstrated a moderate effect within groups from baseline to postintervention on disciplinary referrals (PA: d = −0.47; attention control: d = −0.36) and a null moderate effect on academic assessments (PA: d = 0.11 to 0.36; attention control: d = 0.05 to 0.40). No significant group × time interactions emerged on direct academic assessments (all Ps ≥ .05, d = −0.23 to 0.26) or academic records (all Ps ≥ .05, d = −0.28 to 0.16). Classroom observations revealed that intervention participants were off-task due to moving at twice the rate of comparative classmates (F = 15.74, P < .001) and were off-task due to talking 33% more often (F = 1.39, P = .257). Conclusion: Academic outcome improvements were small within and between groups and did not sustain at follow-up. Academic benefits of after-school PA programs for children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and/or disruptive behavior disorders were smaller than neurobiological, behavioral, and cognitive outcomes as previously reported.
Device-Associated Menstrual Toxic Shock Syndrome
Authors: Schlievert Patrick M. , Davis Catherine C.
Published: May 2020

In the 1980s, menstrual toxic shock syndrome (mTSS) became a household topic, particularly among mothers and their daughters. The research performed at the time, and for the first time, exposed the American public as well as the biomedical community, in a major way, to understanding disease progression and investigation. Those studies led to the identification of the cause,Staphylococcus aureusand the pyrogenic toxin superantigen TSS toxin 1 (TSST-1), and many of the risk factors, for example, tampon use.
The Preservative Sorbic Acid Targets Respiration, Explaining the Resistance of Fermentative Spoilage Yeast Species
Authors: Stratford Malcolm , Vallières Cindy , Geoghegan Ivey A. , Archer David B. , Avery Simon V.
Published: May 2020

Spoilage by yeasts and molds is a major contributor to food and drink waste, which undermines food security. Weak acid preservatives like sorbic acid help to stop spoilage, but some yeasts, commonly associated with spoilage, are resistant to sorbic acid. Different yeasts generate energy for growth by the processes of respiration and/or fermentation. Here, we show that sorbic acid targets the process of respiration, so fermenting yeasts are more resistant. Fermentative yeasts are also those usually found in spoilage incidents. This insight helps to explain the spoilage of sorbic acid-preserved foods by yeasts and can inform new strategies for effective control. This is timely as the sugar content of products like soft drinks is being lowered, which may favor respiration over fermentation in key spoilage yeasts.
Customised three-dimensional printed revision acetabular implant for large defect after failed triflange revision cup
Authors: Zanasi Stefano , Zmerly Hassan
Published: May 2020

Aseptic loosening is the most common cause for total hip arthroplasty revision. Acetabular cup revision is a significant challenge in the presence of a large bone defect. One of the options for cup revision in the presence of a large bone defect is the recently introduced customised three-dimensional (3D)-printed reconstruction. We present the case of a 68-year-old woman successfully treated with a customised revision acetabular implant for the failure of triflange cup in the presence of large acetabular defect. The modern orthopaedic surgeon must have full knowledge of customised 3D-printed reconstruction to have as a reserve solution for difficult hip revision surgery.
Scope, quality, and inclusivity of clinical guidelines produced early in the covid-19 pandemic: rapid review
Authors: Dagens Andrew , Sigfrid Louise , Cai Erhui , Lipworth Sam , Cheng Vincent , Harris Eli , Bannister Peter , Rigby Ishmeala , Horby Peter
Published: May 2020

Objective

To appraise the availability, quality, and inclusivity of clinical guidelines produced in the early stage of the coronavirus disease 2019 (covid-19) pandemic.

Design

Rapid review.

Data sources

Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, Ovid Global Health, Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and WHO Global Index Medicus, searched from inception to 14 Mar 2020. Search strategies applied the CADTH database guidelines search filter, with no limits applied to search results. Further studies were identified through searches of grey literature using the ISARIC network.

Inclusion criteria

Clinical guidelines for the management of covid-19, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) produced by international and national scientific organisations and government and non-governmental organisations relating to global health were included, with no exclusions for language. Regional/hospital guidelines were excluded. Only the earliest version of any guideline was included.

Quality assessment

Quality was assessed using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II tool. The quality and contents of early covid-19 guidelines were also compared with recent clinical guidelines for MERS and SARS.

Results

2836 studies were identified, of which 2794 were excluded after screening. Forty two guidelines were considered eligible for inclusion, with 18 being specific to covid-19. Overall, the clinical guidelines lacked detail and covered a narrow range of topics. Recommendations varied in relation to, for example, the use of antiviral drugs. The overall quality was poor, particularly in the domains of stakeholder involvement, applicability, and editorial independence. Links between evidence and recommendations were limited. Minimal provision was made for vulnerable groups such as pregnant women, children, and older people.

Conclusions

Guidelines available early in the covid-19 pandemic had methodological weaknesses and neglected vulnerable groups such as older people. A framework for development of clinical guidelines during public health emergencies is needed to ensure rigorous methods and the inclusion of vulnerable populations.

Systematic review registration

PROSPERO CRD42020167361.
Rapid systematic review of neonatal COVID-19 including a case of presumed vertical transmission
Authors: Gordon Morris , Kagalwala Taher , Rezk Karim , Rawlingson Chris , Ahmed M Idris , Guleri Achyut
Published: May 2020

Objective

To carry out a systematic review of the available studies on COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) in neonates seen globally since the onset of the COVID-19 global pandemic in 2020. The paper also describes a premature baby with reverse transcription (RT)-PCR-positive COVID-19 seen at the Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, UK.

Design

We conducted a multifaceted search of the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Embase, Medline and PubMed from 1 December 2019 to 12 May 2020 to harvest articles from medical journals and publications reporting cases of COVID-19 in neonates from anywhere in the world. Additional searches were also done so as not to miss any important publications. Write-up was in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses, the protocol for the review was registered with International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO), and risk of bias was analysed with the Newcastle-Ottawa tool. Additionally, the preterm neonate with COVID-19 from our hospital is also reported.

Results

The systematic review has revealed eight studies where neonates have been described to have confirmed COVID-19, with low risk of bias. Of the 10 reported cases elsewhere, only three are likely to be vertically transmitted, while seven occurred in the postperinatal period and are likely to have been postnatally acquired. All neonates had a mild course, recovered fully and were negative on retesting. Our case of COVID-19 in a 32-week premature baby from the UK was delivered by emergency caesarean section, with the mother wearing a face mask and the family having no contact with the neonate, suggesting vertical transmission. On day 33, the neonate was asymptomatic but was still RT-PCR-positive on nasopharyngeal airway swab.

Conclusions

Neonatal infection is uncommon, with only two previously reported cases likely to be of vertical transmission. The case we report is still RT-PCR-positive on day 28 and is asymptomatic. Ongoing research is needed to ascertain the epidemiology of COVID-19 in neonates.