bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why Dance?
Authors: Paskevska Anna
Published: November 2023

For J-Ju An Beings, dancing is as natural as breathing. We have forgotten how our ancestors danced or why they danced, but children remember. My granddaughter at six months would stop crawling and begin rocking as soon as she heard music. A conversation with prospective students’ parents frequently begins: “Jenny is always dancing, around the kitchen, in the living room “How old is Jenny? Typically she is about two or three.
Dance Training
Authors: Paskevska Anna
Published: November 2023

When We Er.Gage in any physical activity in a consistent manner over a period of time, we encourage the development of synaptic connections in the brain. These connections allow “new moves” to become part of our vocabulary of motion, just as crawling, walking, and running become part of our automatic response. These learned systems share a common feature: a broadening of the base of habitual actions that we can use consciously and with intent. When we talk of technique, we refer to training methods that employ a patterning process, that is, the repetition of specific motions until these motions become part of our physical vocabulary.
How to Select a Teacher and School
Authors: Paskevska Anna
Published: November 2023

I! the Process of choosing a school or a teacher, you should bear in mind two ideas: (1) This is not a life decision; (2) This may be a life decision. The first will help you avoid the sense of competition and urgency that often leads to unwise decisions, such as pressuring the child to excel beyond the capacity of her or his age, or choosing a school or teacher for the wrong reasons (it has the biggest enrollment in the area, or it puts on the most lavish recital at the end of the year). The second will guide you to choose wisely a teacher who can instill a sound foundation that will serve your dancer throughout her or his career.
What to Wear
Authors: Paskevska Anna
Published: November 2023

For dancers, it is hard to imagine the world prior to Lycra. Today’s basic classroom dancewear generally consists of a leotard and tights made of nonrestrictive stretch fabric, from Lycra to cotton, that conforms to the body and allows comfort and ease of movement. But such congenial dress did not always exist. In the nineteenth century, a costumier at the Paris Opera, Mons. Maillot, invented tights and gave his name to his invention. However, maillots were expensive, as well as bulky (if made of cotton) or fragile (if made of silk). Until the latter part of the nineteenth century, female dancers wore tutus in class, and male dancers wore pants and shirts. Teachers taught in street clothes. Cachet, the Italian teacher, derided female teachers because they could not demonstrate the movements, encumbered as they were by their long skirts and petticoats. Most female teachers of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries taught sitting in a chair. As late as the 1940s, Mme. Rosannt, a very popular teacher at the studio Xacker in Paris, conducted class from an armchair. As dancing became more athletic, the need for special practice clothes became obvious; but before the explosion in the manufacturing of exercise clothes, dancers dressed in homemade tunics and knitted tights. On stage, they wore silk stockings. These were extra long, designed to reach above the top of the leg and be hidden under the tutu.
Skepticism About The External World
Authors: Butchvarov Panayot
Published: November 2023

One of the most important and perennially debated philosophical questions is whether we can have knowledge of the external world. Butchvarov here considers whether and how scepticism with regard to such knowledge can be refuted or at least answered. He argues that only a direct realist view of perception has any hope of providing a compelling response to the sceptic and introduces the radical innovation that the direct object of perceptual, and even dreaming and hallucinatory, experience is always a material object, but not necessarily one that actually exists. This leads him to a metaphysics in which reality is ultimately constructed by human decisions out of objects that are ontologically more basic but which cannot be said in themselves to be either real or unreal.
The Clinical Trials for Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

The first gene therapy trials for cystic fibrosis began in the spring of 1993, just over three years after the CFTR gene was cloned and sequenced, and two and a half years after the first ADA-SCIO trial. The approach to treating CF by gene therapy is necessarily different from the approach us d for ADA-SCIO, or any of the other genetic blood-cells diseases ultimately derived from bone marrow. In these latter cases, the cells that are crippled by the genetic defect can be removed from the body, exposed to the gene-bearing vector, and then reimplanted. This form of treatment is referred to as ex vivo (or in vitro) gene delivery, with the introduction of the new gene into the target cells occurring outside the body.
Gene Therapy for Monogenic Disorders What Have We Learned, and Where Are Going?
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

When we take into account all of the diseases caused by external agents such as infectious microorganisms, we are still left with a rather large array of human disorders arising from internal dysfunctions. It is now clear that a significant proportion of these idiopathic diseases are caused by defective genes, nearly all of which are inherited. Some of these diseases, such as SCID and CF, are monogenic, while others (diabetes, for example) are polygenic, involving several genes at once. The possibility of treating monogenic disorders by introducing into crippled cells a functional copy of the underlying gene was one of the first benefits perceived for the application of molecular biology to human medicine. Applications for treating diseases such as cancer and AIDS followed soon thereafter. The possibility that gene therapy could be of use in treating polygenic diseases is at present remote; the likelihood of getting multiple genes into affected cells and having them expressed in a coordinated and well-regulated fashion is beyond present technology.
Naked DNA The Vaccine of the Future
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

Vaccination as it is currently practiced was introduced at the end of the eighteenth century by the English physician Edward Jenner. It involves the administration of minute amounts of a pathogen -a bacterium, virus, fungus, or occasionally a parasite-in one or more doses. The pathogen is either dead or attenuated (alive, but rendered unable to cause disease) but is still recognized by the immune system as foreign. Sometimes a fragment of the pathogen, or even a single molecule from the pathogen, will suffice for immunization because these, too, are recognized as foreign. The immune system then mounts a response against the pathogen or its components that is as effective as if the person thus immunized had been exposed to a fully active pathogen. Depending on the pathogen and how it is administered, protection may be long lasting or require periodic reexposure (“booster shots”).
Juan Antonio Rodriguez, military commander of San Rafael.—Threshing time.—Rodr(guez is challenged. —He jlees.Planch6n Pass.— Customs guards in the Andes.— Chilecitos.A!dao.— The adventures if Rodriguez, continued.— His death.—Rodn’guez’s itinerary and his papers.— The eastern slope ofthe southern Andes. —A note by Rodriguez.
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez
Published: November 2023

The twenty-sixth day of October of the year 1842 found me on the small but very fruitful farm Boldomivida, which I had just rented and which lies next to the one called Los Culenes in what used to be the province of Cokhagua. There, to my surprise and that of others, I was resting from my travels between Mendoza and Buenos Aires, my expeditions to Salta, my comings and goings among La Rioja, San Luis, San Juan, and Mendoza, and my constant crossings of the Andean passes, which I had come to know so well that I had earned the enviable title of baqueano or scout.
Our voyage to Sacramento. — The Dicey My Nana and her Captain Robinson. —The sheltered bays if San Francisco, San Pablo, and Suisun. — The confluence if the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers. —Embryonic cities. —The town of Sacramento. —Brannan. —The first traces if gold. — In California, he who hesitates is lost. — Our voyage to the placers. —A dangerous encounter with the Indians. — Their method of panningfar gold. —Our commercial transaction with them. — We arrive at the famous Mill.
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez
Published: November 2023

Our commissioner of transportation for the continuation of our voyage inland to Sacramento had completed his work, but in California individual effort and willpower were not always enough for carrying out even the best-laid plans; what we lacked was the smews of war: money.
Sutler’s Mill. — How gold was discovered there. — Our situation and how we began washing/or gold. — Mining explorations. — The California gold country. — Every known metal can be found in California. — Our mining activities. —An ingenious and very usefulpan or cradle used in California far washing dirt. —An attempted native uprising and its bloody failure. —How Idrowned in the American River and resuscitated
Authors: Rosales Vicente Pérez
Published: November 2023

As soon as we stopped at that wild but very pleasant spot we quickly and noisily set up our camp, which caused universal amazement, as it had in Sacramento and even in San Francisco, by the spaciousness and comforts of our tent, since no one could bring himself to believe there were men so thoroughly foolish as to haul such paraphernalia as far as the Mill.
Identification of Basic Features
Authors: Karpinski Gary S
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines basic features of music that listeners can learn to identify at the earliest stages of study. The essential difference between the listening skills discussed in this chapter and those discussed in the next is that those in this chapter are not absolutely necessary for immediate progress whereas those in the next chapter lay an essential groundwork for the progressive curriculum discussed from there on. One might therefore consider the skills in this chapter to be “optional,” and—in some senses—they are. However, as part of any well-rounded musician’s training, the ability to articulately discriminate among various differences in the following features is fundamental. These topics may be addressed in advance of the materials in the subsequent chapters or may be covered concurrently with them.
Preliminary Listening Skills
Authors: Karpinski Gary S
Published: November 2023

Many courses of study in aural skills begin with “basic” musical components such as scales, intervals, and chord identification.1 This chapter proposes a model for the beginning of a curriculum in aural skills that starts with more fundamental concepts and skills and builds—like a mathematics text—on few assumptions and develops each new idea from previously assimilated ones. The curriculum makes no assumptions about prior training in music notation but, rather, relies on certain musical abilities and aptitudes in order to build listeners’ skills and knowledge.
Influence And Originality In Blues Tradition
Authors: Meisel Perry
Published: November 2023

The sound of urban or electric blues is, as we all know, uncanny, in Freud’s sense of the word-something at once strange and familiar. Hence its defining paradox-a witting confusion of the terms of the struggles it presumably represents, the struggles between country and city, youth and age, soul and machine, freedom and bondage, nature and culture. While the route of jazz from Armstrong to swing documents a successful transit of country blues to classic or city blues, electric blues is almost a step backward even though, like rhythm and blues, it follows classic blues chronologically: electric blues is a ferocious meditation on the difference between country and city itself and a willful undoing of the very urbanity that jazz by definition achieves. It focuses on the construction of the relation between country and city rather than on the relation itself. No mere expressive mode, electric blues is a highly critical or reflexive mode that doesn’t just register a crossing from country to city but performs a crossing back, a movement in reverse. The elegance of the Southern city bluesmen may contrast with the blasted agedness of their Chicago counterparts-the finish of T-Bone Walker of Houston, say, as distinct from the cragginess of Howlin’ Wolf-but in both cases the decidedly mannered result is testimony to a discovery of form rather than a discovery of directness. These are not moral terms but categorical ones. Instead of a line of progress from country to city, electric blues is a loop or crossing over that is always in both places at once.
Miles Apart?
Authors: Meisel Perry
Published: November 2023

Miles Davis remains the consummate portrait of black urbanity that we have. His fiercely agonistic relation to Louis Armstrong structures his career and explains the relation of jazz modernism, whether bop or rock, to early jazz itself.
Branchial Arch and Oral-Acral Disorders
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

Oculo-auriculo-vertebral spectrum (hemifacial microsomia, Goldenhar syndrome) In the 1960s, hemifacial microsomia was defined as a condition affecting primarily aural, oral, and mandibular development. The disorder varies from mild to severe, and involvement is limited to one side in many cases, but bilateral involvement is also known to occur, with more severe expression on one side. Goldenhar syndrome is considered a variant of this complex, characterized additionally by vertebral anomalies and epibulbar dermoids (55). The condition is now known to be extremely complex and heterogeneous. Thus, in the present edition we have employed the term oculo-auriculo-vertebral (OAV) spectrum.
Syndromes of the Eye
Authors: Gorlin Robert J , Cohen M Michael , Hennekam Raoul C M
Published: November 2023

Rieger syndrome (hypodontia and primary mesodermal dysgenesis of the iris) Hypodontia in combination with malformation of part of the anterior chamber of the eye was described as early as 1883 by Vossius (43). However, the condition was not recognized as a heritable syndrome until the report of Rieger (34), in 1935. The syndrome has been expanded to include absent maxillary incisor teeth, malformations of the anterior chamber of the eye (Rieger anomaly), and umbilical anomalies (11,22,38). Its frequency has been estimated as 1/200,000 population (2).
Realism and Scientific Practice
Authors: Kukla Andre
Published: November 2023

In the debate about scientific realism, both sides have made the claim that their position provides a better (or the only) account of some (or all) features of actual scientific practice. On the realist side, the most famous of this class of claims is undoubtedly Putnam’s (1975b) conjunction argument, which runs as follows. Suppose that scientists accept theories T1 and T2, and that the empirical hypothesis E is a consequence of the conjunction T1 & T2, but not of either T1 or T2 in isolation. In this situation, it is claimed, scientists are willing to believe that E is true. This inference is quite understandable under the realist hypothesis that acceptance ofT1 and T2 is a matter of believing that these theories are true-for if we believe both T1 and T2, then it’s rational also to believe any consequence of their conjunction. But the same inferential step would be a simple fallacy if scientists were in fact instrumentalists or van Fraassian constructive empiricists, in which case their acceptance of T1 and T2 would merely involve a belief in the empirical adequacy ofT1 and T2-for there’s no guarantee that the conjunction of two empirically adequate theories is itself empirically adequate. Thus, we must either accuse science of irrationality or admit that realism is true.
Realism and Theoretical Unification
Authors: Kukla Andre
Published: November 2023

Michael Friedman (1983) has presented an ingenious analysis that at once provides a new argument for scientific realism and explains why theoretical unification is a valued scientific accomplishment. His argument for realism, in broad outline, runs as follows: (F1) Theoretical unification results in better confirmed accounts of the world than we would otherwise be able to obtain (this is why unification is valued). (F2) Only scientific realists have rational grounds for unifying theories. (F3) Therefore, we should be realists. In section 4-1, I claim that this argument is defective on two counts: the argument is circular, and F2, the second premise, is false. However, subsequent sections show that F1 is true and that its truth has an interest and significance that is independent of the role it plays in the argument for realism. Friedman’s argument for F1 makes reference to a mode of theoretical reasoning that has been largely neglected by philosophers of science. Friedman maintains that this mode of reasoning accounts for the epistemic benefit reaped by a successful theoretical unification. I agree that Friedman has succeeded in capturing one reason why some instances of unification constitute scientific progress (section 4.2). However, in section 4.3 I claim that there are epistemic benefits to some types of unification that require a different account. I then show that Friedman’s account and mine are two instances of a broader category of theoretical strategies, none of which has yet received its philosophical due (section 4.4). Finally, I close with a comparison between my account of the varieties of theoretical strategies and Laudan’s (1977) seminal analysis of”conceptual problems” (section 4.5). Some aspects of this protracted meditation on F1 figure in the analyses of following chapters. In particular, the mode of reasoning used by Friedman to establish F1 reappears in a refutation by Laudan and Leplin of a famous argument for antirealism (see section 6.2). However, a lot of the material in this chapter has no immediate bearing on the realism issue. It’s here because it emerges directly from the contemplation of F1.
Realism and Underdetermination I Does Every Theory Have Empirically Equivalent Rivals?
Authors: Kukla Andre
Published: November 2023

The main argument for antirealism is undoubtedly the argument from the underdetermination of theory by all possible data. Here is one way to represent it: (1) all theories have indefinitely many empirically equivalent rivals; (2) empirically equivalent hypotheses are equally believable; (3) therefore, belief in any theory must be arbitrary and unfounded. It’s obviously unprofitable to question the deductive validity of the argument from underdetermination. This leaves the realist with two broad lines of defense: to claim that one of the argument’s premises is incoherent, or that one of them is false. Among recent incoherence claims have been attacks on the distinction between empirical and theoretical consequences (e.g., Churchland 1985) and on the distinction between believing a theory to be true and the supposedly weaker epistemic attitudes recommended by antirealists (e.g., Horwich 1991). These important issues are dealt with in later chapters. In chapters 5-7, it is a presupposition of the discussion that the premises of the argument are coherent. Let’s call the first premise of the argument EE (for “empirical equivalence”) and the conclusion UD (for “underdetermination”). Chapter 5 is devoted to an exploration of the status of EE. The second premise-the thesis that EE entails UD-is taken up in chapters 6 and 7.
The Vulnerability Criterion of Belief
Authors: Kukla Andre
Published: November 2023

The attentive reader will have noticed that none of the arguments against the second premise, that empirical equivalence entails underdetermination, has managed to survive the critical scrutiny of chapter 6. To my knowledge, there are no persuasive refutations of this thesis. Of course, the failure to show that a thesis is false doesn’t imply that it’s true. This chapter begins with an examination of antirealist attempts to convince us to adopt the second premise.. Actually, to speak of”attempts” in the plural is already to be overly sanguine about the prospects for success. Combing the literature of antirealism turns up only two passages, both by van Fraassen, that might be construed as arguments for the second premise, and the second of these passages merely supplies a part of the analysis that’s missing from the first. So there’s really only one argument for the second premise on the table. Moreover, this one and only argument has several strikes against it before the analysis even begins. For one thing, both passages have the character of passing remarks; to find a coherent argument in them requires a fair amount of speculative reconstruction. For another, there are portions of the reconstructed argument that are inconsistent with some of van Fraassen’s other published opinions. Finally, there are still other portions of van Fraassen’s body of work which suggest that the second of the two cited passages shouldn’t even be construed as an attempt at rational persuasion. To refer as I do to “van Fraassen’s argument” is to take considerable liberties.
The Theory-Observation Distinction I Fodor’s Distinction
Authors: Kukla Andre
Published: November 2023

What do Jerry Fordor and Bas van Fraassen, the archetypical scientific realist and his antirealist shadow, have in common? They’re both defenders of the theoryobservation distinction (van Fraassen 1980; Fodor 1984). It isn’t surprising that a realist and an antirealist should agree about something, but it is curious that van Fraassen’s and Fodor’s defenses of the theory-observation distinction play diametrically opposite roles in their philosophical agendas. Van Fraassen needs it to support his antirealism; Fodor wants it in support of his realism. Van Fraassen needs the distinction to protect antirealism from the charge of incoherence. Antirealists wish to ascribe a more exalted epistemic status to the observational import of a theory than to its nonobservational claims. This position would be utterly untenable if the observational import couldn’t be distinguished from the rest. And, in fact, denying the coherence of the theory-observation distinction has been a popular realist gambit in the debate about scientific realism (Maxwell 1962; Friedman 1982; Foss 1984; Creath 1985; Musgrave 1985).
Anthropology Art or Science? A Controversy about the Evidence for Cannibalism
Authors: Salmon Merrilee H
Published: November 2023

Since anthropology’s inception as an academic discipline, participant-observation has stood as the method for obtaining knowledge of cultural, social, linguistic, and physical features of other peoples. Franz Boas and Bronislaw Malinowski, who are primarily responsible for this state of affairs, were both trained as physical scientists before they turned to anthropology. Not surprisingly, they and their followers regard fieldwork as the anthropological equivalent of a scientific laboratory. Needless to say, the analogy is imperfect. Fieldwork involves talking with subjects, often with the aid of an interpreter, and trying to make sense of what they say as well as classifying their nonverbal behavior in terms of its meaning. Thus, field observations have a greater interpretive component than judgments made about instrument readings in scientific laboratories. In addition, most—though not quite all—anthropological fieldwork is confined to what John Stuart Mill called “natural experiments.” Replication is problematic because so many anthropological experiments are natural rather than artificial.
Sharing
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

STUDENT: I didn’t used to respect writers. I thought they were just people who wrote things down easily. I didn’t realize that writing took courage, took so much out of you. I don’t like to give. The essential human act at the heart of writing is the act of giving. There’s something implacable and irreducible about it: handing something to someone because you want her to have it; not asking for anything in return; and if it is a gift of yourself-as writing always is-risking that she won’t like it or even accept it. Yet though giving can sound rare and special if you rhapsodize about it, it is of course just a natural and spontaneous human impulse.
A Catalogue Of Reader-Based Questions
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

Sometimes a reader can tell us without difficulty or hesitation exactly what was going on in him as he read our words-either because he was surprised by his reactions or because he was in a particularly meditative, self-reflective mood. But often it is difficult for readers to tell in any detail what was happening to them as they read. Nor is this necessarily a fault. One of the marks of good reading is wholehearted investment in the words and meanings and no attention to the self. If a reader can remember nothing at all about what was happening as he read your words that may be a sign of total success.
Breathing Experience into Words
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: November 2023

Writing is hard, mysterious work. Of course. That’s what this book is all about. But if we stop shaking our finger at the writer for a moment and stress instead what a hard and mysterious job the reader has, we will end up learning something important about writing.
Creep of Silicon Nitride
Authors: Wiederhorn S M , Luecke W E
Published: November 2023

Because of its high strength and resistance to tensile creep, silicon nitride has become a leading candidate for use in high-temperature structural applications such as blades and nozzles for stationary gas turbines. Current commercial grades of silicon nitride are capable of operating at temperatures of approximately 300 °C higher than the best A fracture mechanism map for silicon nitride, SN-88, comparing the creep rupture behavior, expressed as 1000 h lifetime, of this material with CMSX-4 [l], a commercial single-crystal superalloy. The creep rupture lifetime curve of the silicon nitride is about 300 °C higher than the curve for the superalloy. This figure is taken from data published in reference [16].
Insights on Deformation Mechanisms From Atomistic Modeling of Structural Instability In Solids
Authors: Jayanthi C S , Tang M , Wu S Y , Cocks J A , Yip S
Published: November 2023

Atomistic simulations such as molecular dynamics (MD) can provide a wealth of structural and dynamical details at the microscopic level pertaining to the formation of crystalline defects and their subsequent rearrangements during the onset of a structural instability. It is relatively simple to appreciate the kind of information one can obtain from seeing the atoms directly, whether as instantaneous snapshots or in some kind of time sequence. What is less obvious is how to gain other insights through various analyses of the raw data, namely, the atomic coordinates of the system under deformation.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Sintering Process of β-Sic Nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Shi-He , Clapp Philip C , Rifkin Jon A
Published: November 2023

The sintering process of nanosized β-SiC particles was simulated using the Molecular Dynamics method and a Tersoff potential function. Particle rotation was seen in the sintering process and the possible contribution of this mechanism to the densification is discussed. The simulation of the sintering of several groups of cylinders and spheres were carried out. The results confirm that surface energy plays an important role as a driving force for sintering, and it has been determined that “atomic force driven surface diffusion” (which is much more rapid than conventional surface diffusion) is the dominant mechanism for the pressureless sintering of pure nanosized, single phase β-SiC.
First-Principles Silica Pseudopotential Data Base of Silica
Authors: Yang L H , Mailhiot C
Published: November 2023

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) is one of most complex materials which occupies a very important niche in mineralogical and materials science research. SiO2 constitutes about 45% by weight of the earth’s mantle, and close to 60% of the crust. In its various mineral fonns it plays an important role in the glass and ceramics industry. Moreover, silica is one of the technologically most useful wide-gap materials. Thus, the properties of various phases of silica are of great interest to earth and materials scientists. However, the nature of bonding in SiO2 remains poorly understood.
Development of a Variational Augmented Plane Wave Method and Its Application to the Electronic Structure of Ionic Compounds
Authors: Iyetomi Hiroshi , Kikuchi Hideaki , Hasegawa Akira
Published: November 2023

The augmented plane wave (APW) method, originally developed by Slater [l], is now a standard tool to calculate electronic properties of solids in the framework of the density-functional theory with the local-density approximation [2-4]. The muffintin (MT) approximation [5] is usually employed to solve the Kohn-Sham equation self-consistently. Such a conventional computational scheme however faces difficulties in studying materials where anisotropic effects due to the lattice symmetry play an important role in determining the electronic structures and/or where multi-species of atoms are involved. The Kohn-Sham potential in the MT approximation is assumed to be spherically symmetric inside the MT sphere and to be constant outside. And there is no definite prescription to choose the MT radii.
Multilevel Algorithms For Computational HighTemperature Materials Research
Authors: Nakano Aiichiro , Campbell Timothy , Kalia Railv K , Vashishta Priya
Published: November 2023

A new concept is emerging in materials development. The “multiscale structure control” attains seemingly contradictory properties (such as superior porosity and mechanical stability for catalytic applications) by controlling structures extending over multiple length scales [1,2].
Thermoelastic Properties of Layered Perovskites: A Non-Empirical Density Functional Theory Approach
Authors: Chizmeshya Andrew.V G , Petuskey W T , Wolf G H
Published: November 2023

This paper describes an effort to develop an efficient simulation-based counterpart to the study of the properties of layered soft-ceramics, surfaces and interfaces. Our work is motivated by a perceived need for interpretation and elucidation of observed materials properties, and buoyed by our success in applying newly developed nonempirical modeling schemes to materials problems in our high-pressure synthesis laboratory. Typically they employ rigid ion/atom pair potentials whose parameters are obtained from a fit of the simulated system properties (equation of state, vibrational spectra, etc.) to their real-world counterparts. Classical molecular dynamics simulations are relatively cheap to perform and can be applied to large computational cells containing thousands of atoms.
Introduction Of the Coming of the New Red Negro
Authors: Smethurst James Edward
Published: November 2023

The 1930s and 1940s saw the publication of significant works by such African-American poets as Gwendolyn Brooks, Sterling Brown, Countee Cullen, Waring Cuney, Frank Marshall Davis, Owen Dodson, Robert Hayden, Langston Hughes, Melvin Tolson, Margaret Walker, and Richard Wright. While some of these writers retain a relatively “minor”status within current assessments of African-American poetry, others, especially Brooks, Brown, Cullen, Hayden, and Hughes (and Wright for his fiction), figure prominently in virtually any survey of twentieth-century AfricanAmerican literature. With the exception of Cullen, and to a certain extent Hughes, the poets listed above developed their mature style during the 1930s and 1940s. Even Hughes, who was certainly an accomplished artist before the 1930s, developed more fully the poetic stance rooted in popular urban African-American culture with which he is most frequently associated by both “popular”and “literary”audiences.
I Am Black and I Have Seen Black Hands The Narratorial Consciousness and Constructions of the Folk in 1930s African-American Poetry
Authors: Smethurst James Edward
Published: November 2023

Any argument for the coherence of poetry produced by African Americans during the 1930s has to contend with the formal and thematic variety of that poetry. In his Negro Poetry and Drama (1937), Sterling Brown claimed that “contemporary Negro poets are too diverse to be grouped into schools.”Nonetheless, Brown went on to divide poets between those influenced by the modernist “new poetry revival”(to which Brown applied the pejorative “so called poets writing after the manner of Victorian and Pre-Raphaelite poets, and those who “have taken folk-types and folk-life for their province.”Brown clearly did not conceive of these as mutually exclusive categories.
The Popular Front, World War II, and the Rise of Neomodernism in African-American Poetry of the 1940s
Authors: Smethurst James Edward
Published: November 2023

Despite the obvious differences between the “popular”neomodernism exemplified by the work of Hughes in the 1940s and the “high”neomodernism of which Brooks was the leading exponent, both neomodernist tendencies had in common an urban and largely northern landscape in which the ghetto, rather than the plantation or tenant farm, increasingly became the locus of authentic African-American culture. African-American communities in the North, notably Harlem and the South Side of Chicago, were seen not as either a “refuge”or as a place of alienation where the urculture of the rural immigrant is distorted or destroyed, but instead as “home”(as Amiri Baraka was to later title a collection of essays describing his intellectual journey to cultural nationalism mirroring his physical journey from the Lower East Side to Harlem). If life in the ghettos of the North and West was depicted as alienating, it was an alienation that was seen increasingly as typical of African-American life in the United States.There were, of course, certain empirical pressures for such a redefinition of “home,”the most important being that by the 1940s African Americans in the cities outnumbered those in the country for the first time in U.S. history. By the end of the decade, 62 percent of the African-American population was urbanized.2 In the 1940s, changes in agricultural technology greatly reduced sharecropping. At the same time, the new demand for labor by the war industries and the relatively egalitarian policies of the CIO unions, particularly those led by the Communist Left, vastly increased the number and status of African-American industrial workers.
Denitrification
Authors: Groffman Peter M , Holland Elisabeth A , Myrold David D , Robertson G Philip , Zou Xiaoming
Published: November 2023

Denitrification is the reduction of the nitrogen oxides, nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-), to the gases nitric oxide (NO), nitrous oxide (NzO), and dinitrogen (N2). The process is carried out mainly by facultative anaerobes, i.e., organisms that normally use oxygen (02) to accept electrons during respiration but in its absence can use nitrogen oxides as electron acceptors. Most denitrifying bacteria are heterotrophs, using organic carbon compounds as a source of energy. Denitrification is important in ecosystems for several reasons. First, removal of inorganic nitrogen by denitrification can influence the productivity of plants because their growth is frequently limited by nitrogen (Vitousek and Howarth 1991). Second, denitrification is important to water quality. Nitrate is a federally listed drinking water pollutant (Keeney 1987) and is an agent of eutrophication in marine ecosystems (Ryther and Dunstan 1971). Denitrification in soils, wetlands, streams, and groundwater can prevent movement of NO-3 from intensive upland land uses into aquatic ecosystems.
Modal Questions
Authors: Chafe Eric
Published: November 2023

IN A WELL-KNOWN PASSAGE FROM THE second part of his treatise Die Kunstdes reinen Satzes in der Musik, Johann Philipp Kirnberger, addressing the question of setting the Lutheran chorales in major-minor versus modal style, cites his former teacher, J. S. Bach, as having deemed “the method of composing according to the old church modes as necessarY:’ Presumably, Kirnberger’s calling Bach “the most sensitive of the newer composers” in this passage refers particularly to this ability.1
Bach’s Reflection on the Past
Authors: Chafe Eric
Published: November 2023

ONE OF THE QUALITIES WE ASSOCIATE most with Bach’s work in general is that which Theodor W. Adorno called his “genius of meditation”—that is, his ability to take something given, whether a chorale melody, a traditional form or style, or an instrumental idiom, texture, or device, and to think it through in a manner that is both mindful of tradition and transforming of its expressive capacity.1 Nowhere is this ability to link (Bukofzer might have said to “fuse”) past and present more evident than in Bach’s response to the Lutheran chorale tradition.2 Not content merely to cultivate the various chorale prelude types he inherited from his German forebears, Bach, as we know, reinterpreted those types, from the simplest chorale harmonizations to the most elaborately conceived chorale fantasias, in seemingly endless ways. With the aid of a unique harmonic sensibility—the quality Kirnberger seems to have meant in his calling Bach the “most sensitive of the newer composers”—Bach created settings of the utmost harmonic daring (such as the chorale “Es ist genung” that ends Cantata 60) as well as others in which subtlety is the key issue, especially with regard to the modal qualities of the melodies themselves.3 And an achievement that is insufficiently recognized in this regard is the extent to which Bach was capable not just of deriving highly individual harmonic qualities from the traditional chorale melodies but also of extending the tonal qualities of the melodies to the movement sequences of entire cantatas. The latter quality almost always involves his perceiving a link between the tonal characteristics of a given melody and the theological intent of its text and then elaborating that link in terms of the musico-allegorical design of the work as a whole. Although there are many chorales in which the matchup of text and melody offers little of interest, especially in the area of modal-tonal qualities, there are also many in which it offers a great deal to anyone with Bach’s sensitivity to detail.
“Du Sollt Gott, deinen Herren, lieben”
Authors: Chafe Eric
Published: November 2023

OWING TO ITS PROMINENT NUMEROLOGICAL and canonic features, most of which involve the melody of the chorale “Dies sind die heil’gen zehn Gebot;” the opening chorus of Cantata 77 has been the object of musicological attention for many years, whereas the remaining movements have not.1 Bach, as is well known, set forth the melody associated with Luther’s chorale as a canon in augmentation between the uppermost and lowermost instruments of the orchestra, the tromba da tirarsi and the basso continua, the former in D Mixolydian (beginning from the pitch d”) and moving basically in quarter notes and the latter in G Mixolydian (beginning from G) and featuring half-note motion. As described in the preceding chapter, Bach divides the melody into five rather than four or six phrases, beginning the fifth phrase at the point where the third degree of the Mixolydian scale is flattened, from f# to fl” in the trumpet and B to m in the basso continua. This aspect of the movement not only separates the melodic ascent from d” to g” (G to c) from the remainder of the final phrase, so that its identity as a unit common to phrases 1, 2, and 4 is all the clearer but also provides the numerological basis for the augmentation canon between trumpet and continua, whose ten phrases undoubtedly symbolize the Ten Commandments.
Common Morality and Kant’s Enlightenment Project
Authors: Donagan Alan
Published: November 2023

Is there any prospect that all societies and cultures in the world will one day accept he same morality? No. Is there any prospect that their mores or ways of living will become much more alike? Yes, provided that the socialist and ‘‘third world’’ societies adopt market systems of economics, as it now appears that they will. How can societies have much the same mores and yet not the same morality? The thinkers of the eighteenth-century Enlightenment, who laid the foundations of twentieth-century social and political science, were in a position also to lay the foundations for an adequate twentieth-century moral philosophy because they saw that the answer to this question must throw light not only on what morality is, but also on how its content is determined. Whether they did what they could have done, however, is disputed. Adam Smith’s admirers do not contend that his Theory of the  Moral Sentiments has the authority of his Wealth of Nations. And although not a few philosophers maintain that the greatest of the Enlightenment philosophers, Immanuel Kant, not only correctly identified the foundation of morality in his pioneering Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten but also demonstrated in his late and uneven Metaphysik der Sitten the structure of the specific moral systems that can be built on that foundation, others deny it.
Explanation in Science and in History
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H
Published: November 2023

Among the diverse factors that have encouraged and sustained scientific inquiry through its long history are two pervasive human concerns which provide, I think, the basic motivation for all scientific research. One of these if man’s persistent desire to improve his strateigc position in the world by means of dependable methods for predicting and, whenever possible, controlling the events that occur in it. The extent to which science has been able to satisfy this urge is reflected impressively in the vast and steadily widening range of its technological applications. But besides this practical concern, there is a second basic motivation for the scientific quest, namely, man’s insatiable intellectual curiosity, his deep concern to know the world he lives in, and to explain, and thus to understand, the unending flow of phenomena it presents to him.
Valuation and Objectivity in Science
Authors: Hempel Carl G , Fetzer James H
Published: November 2023

The role of valuation in scientific research has been widely discussed in the methodological and philosophical literature. The interest in the problem stems to a large extent from the concern that value-dependence would jeopardize the objectivity of science. This concern is clearly reflected, for example, in Max Weber’s influential writings on the subject. In my essay, I propose to consider principally some aspects of the problem which have come into prominence more recently. A discussion of these issues can contribute, I think, to clarifying the cognitive status of the methodology of science and, more generally, of epistemology. The question of value-independence can be and has been raised concerning two quite different aspects of science, namely (1) the actual research behavior of scientists, and (2) the methodological standards for the critical appraisal and possibly the justification of scientific assertions and procedures.
Hempel and the Vienna Circle
Authors: Friedman Michael
Published: November 2023

I first met Hempel when I was an undergraduate at Queens College. Hempel had taught there in the years 1940–48, as his first regular position at an American University, and he had now returned (I believe it was in the academic year 1967–68) for a period of two weeks as a Distinguished Visitor. I had just become seriously interested in the philosophy of science, and I vividly remember the sense of profound excitement I felt while attending the variety of talks, seminars, and discussions Hempel held during this visit. His clarity and acuity of mind, wideranging knowledge and interests, and singular kindness and enthusiasm were exhilarating, and I resolved then and there to apply for graduate study at Princeton, where Hempel taught from 1955 until 1975. I attended Princeton in the years 1969-72 and took several inspiring seminars from Hempel. I remember one, in particular, when Hempel was working out his ideas on the problem of “provisoes,” where we in attendance were simply enthralled by the experience of witnessing a major philosopher fundamentally change his mind, and in the most open and relaxed way imaginable, about a central question of philosophical methodology that had essentially shaped much of his previous work. This experience left an indelible stamp on my own attitudes toward the subject.
Hempel and the Problem of Provisos
Authors: Suppe Frederick
Published: November 2023

Carl G. Hempel retired from Princeton in 1973. In 1977 he became University Professor of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh.1 Around that time he widely read papers in which he argued that deductive-nomological explanations were not logically valid deductions because they involved unstated ceteris paribus conditions, or as he called them, “provisos.” Many of us who heard these presentations marveled how in his later years Hempel was systematically calling into question his earlier work on explanation, theories, and the like. We took it as a mark of an intellectual integrity Hempel shared with Carnap where getting things right was paramount.
Explanation in History
Authors: Oray William H
Published: November 2023

When Hempel’s now celebrated essay “The Function of General Laws in History” appeared in 1942, English-speaking philosophy of history was in a somnolent state. There was not much to point to beyond the early volumes of Toynbee’s Study of History, a chapter in Oakeshott’s Experience and its Modes. an early work on relativism by Mandelbaum entitled The Problem of Historical Knowledqe. and Collingwood’s Autobiography.1 Nor did a critical examination of historical knowledge and inquiry have much place in English-speaking philosophy on a longer time-scale. One had to go back through Mill’s observations on the social studies generally to Hume’s Essays to find any English philosopher treating history as a subject of much philosophical interest. What theory of history there was came mainly from historians—Carl Becker and Charles Beard, for example—and its level of philosophical sophistication was not very high. Soon after the end of the Second World War, however, the situation was very different. There was a proliferation of articles and then books on the subject, most of them in the analytic idiom; and by 1960, a new journal, History and Theory, was needed to accommodate and monitor the burgeoning discussion. Nothing does more to explain this enormous change than Hempel’s article and its reception, especially after its inclusion in a popular anthology by Feigl and Sellars in 1949, and another by Patrick Gardiner ten years later. This single, short piece of writing, on a single problem, by a philosopher who, although already a formidable presence in the philosophy of the physical sciences, gave little indication, either then or later, of being much interested in history for its own sake, nevertheless seized and held the attention of a sizeable group of philosophers and their students for more than a generation. It was a remarkable achievement.
VII
Authors: Azevedo Aluísio , Rosenthal David H
Published: November 2023

He was a first-class bully and braggart, arrogant, quicktempered, and fast as a whip in his capoeira movements. Though he must have been in his thirties, he looked barely twenty years old. His arms and legs were graceful; his neck was lithe but strong. He was n’ t muscular so much as sinewy. His thin mustache, curly and insolent, shone with his barber’ s perfumed brilliantine, while his mass of curly hair, jet black and parted in the middle so that it covered part of his face, stuck out beneath the straw hat he had cocked at a rakish angle over his left ear.