bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
T2 Map, Moisture Distribution, and Texture of Boiled Japanese Noodles Prepared from Different Types of Flour
Authors: Kojima Tokiko I. , Horigane Akemi K. , Nakajima Hideo , Yoshida Mitsuru , Nagasawa Akira
Published: June 2007

Changes during boiling in the distribution of moisture in Japanese white salted noodles prepared from flour of different protein contents were investigated by magnetic resonance imaging. Changes in the moisture profiles of the noodles, which were obtained from spin‐spin relaxation time (T2) maps based on the correlation between moisture content (MC) and T2 for each standard flour gel, showed an increase in MC with boiling time in all parts of noodles. The penetration of boiling water was faster in the noodles prepared from flour with low protein content than in those prepared from flour with high protein content. Relationships between the local MC and the texture parameters from cutting tests were investigated. The slope of force‐displacement curve showed a high negative correlation with MC at 1 mm from surface of the noodles. There was also a negative correlation between MC and the force at each depth from the surface, except for the part closest to the surface, for samples taken after 16 and 24 min of boiling. This result proved that the MC is the primary factor determining the firmness of the noodles. The MC at the core, however, was not correlated with the peak force in this study.
Textural and Other Quality Properties of Instant Fried Noodles as Affected by Some Ingredients
Authors: Yu Li Juan , Ngadi Michael O.
Published: June 2007

The effects of varying the proportion of three noodle dough components (water, gum, and starch) on the texture (maximum load and strain at break), amount of fat absorbed, and percent rehydration of instant fried noodles were studied. The Instron Universal testing machine was used to measure noodle texture, whereas quality attributes were determined using fat absorption and rehydration parameters. The results showed that changes in maximum load, strain at break point, fat absorption, and rehydration% of instant noodles depended on interactions between the ingredients. Increasing the gum content, starch content (for amounts >4% kg/kg of flour) and moisture content (35–40% kg/kg of flour) enhanced the elasticity and extensibility of cooked instant fried noodles. Addition of starch decreased fat absorption but showed mixed effect on rehydration%. The effect of gum addition at 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% on fat absorption was significant but reduced considerably or showed a reverse effect at higher starch addition levels. Increasing moisture, and gum contents increased rehydration% of cooked instant noodles. Appropriate combinations of gum, starch and moisture contents could be used to optimize textural and quality characteristics of fried instant noodles.
Needs of the Older Patient in the Intensive Care Unit Following Heart Surgery
Authors: Cope Sharon , Hawley Rhonda
Published: June 2007

Cardiac surgery among older people is becoming commonplace in Australia. However, there is little evidence that critical care nursing management has addressed the unique needs of this patient population during the postoperative recovery stage. Their specific physiologic and psychological differences identify them as having particular needs in regard to nursing care. For many years, cardiac patients were carefully screened and only those who had reduced risk factors were considered for surgery. Now there are increasing referrals of older patients with a range of conditions and increased risk factors. These people present with more difficult surgical problems and tend to have a complicated postoperative period. As a result they are proving to be a clinical management challenge. In light of the evidence presented, clear examination of the unique needs of the very elderly during the immediate postoperative phase is suggested to provide the basis for a comprehensive overhaul of patient management with positive implications for standards of care.
Treating Obesity: A New Target for Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Aronne Louis J.
Published: June 2007

Recognition by the American Heart Association that obesity is a major modifiable risk factor for coronary heart disease has prompted health providers to take a more active role in obesity management. Obesity has long been known to accompany a host of chronic diseases, e.g., type II diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. We now recognize that obesity is itself a chronic disease with a complex etiology; like diabetes and hypertension, it is treatable with a similar chronic disease treatment model. Relatively modest weight loss confers disproportionate health benefits, improving a roster of risk factors. Diet, exercise, and behavior modification still compose the gold standard of treatment. If these measures fail, medication and surgery should be considered for appropriate patients. With current techniques, many patients can achieve realistic weight goals that can be maintained over the long term. Published management guidelines can now assist in integrating the practical applications of obesity‐related research findings into everyday clinical practice.
Interpreting the Arterial Pressure Waveform in the Intra‐Aortic Balloon‐Pumped Patient
Authors: Quaal Susan J.
Published: June 2007

This paper reviews arterial pressure waveforms and contrasts the differences in waveforms imposed by intra‐aortic balloon counterpulsation. It explores questions regarding blood pressure interpretation and offers guidelines for practice.
Role of Spirituality in Adjustment of Patients with Advanced Heart Failure
Authors: Westlake Cheryl , Dracup Kathleen
Published: June 2007

Heart failure is a chronic and progressive disease often characterized by severe symptoms, frequent hospitalization, and poor prognosis. It may threaten the individual's sense of self and lead to questions related to spirituality. The purpose of this qualitative, phenomenologic study was to describe the role of spirituality in the adjustment of patients to advanced heart failure. Purposive sampling of all patients who presented to two university‐affiliated, outpatient heart failure clinics was used. Eighty‐seven patients were interviewed using a semistructured questionnaire. Data were subjected to content analysis and thematic coding. Patients described a three‐step process where spirituality contributed to their adjustment to advanced heart failure: development of regret regarding past behaviors and lifestyles; the search for meaning within the present experience of heart failure; and the search for hope for the future and reclaiming of optimism. Assessment and interventions that include a spiritual dimension can facilitate the adjustment of patients to advanced heart failure.
The Effects of Resistance Exercise on Skeletal Muscle Abnormalities in Patients With Advanced Heart Failure
Authors: King L.
Published: June 2007

Resistance exercise increases muscular strength and endurance, which prevents injuries associated with musculoskeletal disorders, favorably alters muscle fiber type distribution, and up‐regulates the genetic expression of certain enzymes seen in dysfunctional skeletal muscles. Although the benefits of resistance exercise are well documented in the literature, this form of exercise is not routinely recommended for patients with heart failure for fear of symptom exacerbation, and because of poor understanding of how best to prescribe this type of exercise. Because muscle atrophy and deconditioning states are common findings in patients with heart failure, these patients stand to benefit substantially from resistance training because this type of physical activity results in functional adaptations in the neuromuscular system. This article addresses changes in skeletal muscle pathophysiology that occur in patients with heart failure and the potential role resistance training may play in reversing this sequela, and recommends a weight lifting exercise prescription for these patients.
Teaching Colleagues and the General Public about Automatic External Defibrillators
Authors: Beaumont Estelle
Published: June 2007

Every year 250,000 or more people with cardiovascular disease die within an hour of symptom onset and before they arrive at a hospital. With appropriate early defibrillation and follow‐up treatment many people who might have died can now live. Nurses are key health care professionals for using automatic external defibrillators in hospitals and for teaching other first responders—inside and outside hospitals—how to use automatic external defibrillators. Features of automatic and semiautomatic external defibrillators are reviewed as well as ethical considerations for the use of automatic external defibrillators.
Maintenance of tolerance to cow's milk in atopic individuals is characterized by high levels of specific immunoglobulin G4
Authors: Ruiter B. , Knol E. F. , Van Neerven R. J. J. , Garssen J. , Bruijnzeel‐Koomen C. A. F. M. , Knulst A. C. , Van Hoffen E.
Published: June 2007

Background
The central role of specific IgE in cow's milk allergy (CMA) is well documented. However, less is known about the function of other immunoglobulin isotypes in allergy and tolerance to cow's milk proteins (CMPs).

Objective
To determine differences in the antibody responses that are associated with allergy and tolerance to cow's milk in allergic, atopic and non‐atopic individuals of different age groups.

Methods
Nineteen infants (<1 year), 18 children (6–14 years) and 41 adults (21–68 years) were included. Each age group was comprised of subjects with CMA, atopic individuals without a history of CMA and non‐atopic subjects. Levels of specific IgE, IgG4, IgG1 and IgA to whole cow's milk and the six most abundant individual CMPs were determined in plasma by ELISA. For comparison, specific IgE and IgG4 were measured to ovomucoid and house dust mite (HDM) in individuals allergic for the respective allergens, and in atopic and non‐atopic subjects without allergy.

Results
In infants and children with CMA, αs1‐casein and β‐lactoglobulin induced the highest specific IgE response, whereas αs1‐casein was the most allergenic CMP in adult patients. Specific IgG4 and IgG1 responses were the highest to αs1‐casein and β‐lactoglobulin in all age groups, while κ‐casein and α‐lactalbumin induced the highest levels of IgA. CMP‐specific IgG4 was higher in atopic children and adults without CMA, as compared with non‐atopic individuals. A similar difference between tolerant atopic and non‐atopic subjects was observed for IgG4 specific to ovomucoid, whereas HDM‐specific IgG4 was not detectable in these subjects.

Conclusion
Maintenance of tolerance to cow's milk in atopic children and adults without CMA is associated with elevated levels of specific IgG4, in combination with low specific IgE. The up‐regulation of specific IgG4 in tolerant atopic individuals may be related to the type of allergen and its regular dose of exposure.
Cytology of pseudomyxoma peritonei
Authors: PFITZER P. , RICHARTZ G.
Published: June 2007

Cytology of pseudomyxoma peritonei

The cytology of five cases of pseudomyxoma peritonei is described. It is characterized by large masses of mucinous material, some of which is wrapped up in a network of elongated fibroblast‐like cells. Irregular clusters of flat branching vimentin‐positive fibroblast‐like cells may be found as the disease progresses. Goblet or tumour cells were not found in the cytology preparations, although they were seen in the histological sections of the one case which was biopsied. The appendiceal origin of pseudomyxoma peritonei could not be traced in three of four male patients, and the cause of the disease remained undetermined. Autopsy of the fourth case demonstrated a complete replacement of the appendix by mucus.
Dental occlusal wear and degenerative disease of the temporomandibular joint: a correlational study utilizing skeletal material from a contemporary population
Authors: EVERSOLE L. R. , PAPPAS J. R. , GRAHAM R.
Published: June 2007

Forty crania and mandibles with intact dentition exceeding twenty‐six teeth and bilaterally intact condyle‐fossa apparatus were evaluated for attrition and degenerative joint disease. The skeletal specimens all represent a twentieth‐century contemporary American population from the Atkinson Skull Collection at the University of the Pacific School of Dentistry. While 23.1% of this sample exhibited some degree of erosive osseous degenerative wear involving the condyle or articular fossa and 76.3% exhibited occlusal tooth wear, no significant correlation between the degree of attrition and the severity of degenerative joint disease could be documented.
Maternal alcohol and coffee drinking, parental smoking and childhood leukaemia: a French population‐based case–control study
Authors: Menegaux Florence , Ripert Mahaut , Hémon Denis , Clavel Jacqueline
Published: June 2007

We investigated the role of maternal alcohol and coffee drinking during pregnancy and that of parental smoking in the aetiology of childhood leukaemia. A French, population‐based, case–control study was conducted, comparing 472 [407 acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) and 62 acute myeloblastic leukaemia] cases of childhood acute leukaemia (AL) and 567 population controls, frequency‐matched with cases on age, gender and region of residence. Both case and control mothers filled in a comprehensive self‐administered standardised questionnaire, eliciting detailed data on maternal alcohol and coffee consumption during pregnancy and parental smoking before, during and after pregnancy.

Maternal alcohol consumption of more than 1 drink per day was related to ALL (OR = 2.8 [95% CI 1.8, 5.9]). While maternal coffee consumption was not significantly related to AL (OR = 1.4 [95% CI 0.9, 2.3]), highest intake of coffee (more than 3 cups per day) during pregnancy was associated with AL in children whose mothers were non‐smokers (OR = 1.9 [95% CI 1.0, 3.5]). No association with parental smoking, either maternal or paternal, was observed with AL.

The present results suggest a possible role of the highest consumption of alcohol by the mother during pregnancy in the aetiology of childhood AL.
Gastrointestinal malformations: impact of prenatal diagnosis on gestational age at birth
Authors: Garne Ester , Loane Maria , Dolk Helen ,   a EUROCAT Working Group
Published: June 2007

The aim of the study was to analyse the degree to which gestational age (GA) has been shortened due to prenatal diagnosis of gastrointestinal malformations (GIM). The data source for the study was 14 population‐based registries of congenital malformations (EUROCAT). All liveborn infants with GIMs and without chromosomal anomalies, born 1997–2002, were included. The 14 registries identified 1047 liveborn infants with one or more GIMs (oesophageal atresia, duodenal atresia, omphalocele, gastroschisis and diaphragmatic hernia). Median GA at birth was lower in prenatally diagnosed cases for all five malformations, although not statistically significant for gastroschisis. There was little difference in median birthweight by GA for the pre‐ and postnatally diagnosed infants.

The difference in GA at birth between prenatally and postnatally diagnosed infants with GIMs is enough to increase the risk of mortality for the prenatally diagnosed infants. Clinicians need to balance the risk of early delivery against the benefits of clinical convenience when making case management decisions after prenatal diagnosis. Very few studies have been able to show benefits of prenatal diagnosis of congenital malformations for liveborn infants. This may be because the benefits of prenatal diagnosis are outweighed by the problems arising from a lower GA at birth.
The combined effect of employment status and transcultural marriage on breast feeding: a population‐based survey in Taiwan
Authors: Chuang Chao‐Hua , Chang Pei‐Jen , Hsieh Wu‐Shiun , Guo Yueliang Leon , Lin Shu‐Hui , Lin Shio‐Jean , Chen Pau‐Chung
Published: June 2007

In recent decades there has been a marked rise in both the labour market participation of women with infants and transcultural marriage in Taiwan. The objectives of this study were to explore the combined effect of employment status and transcultural marriage on the prevalence and factors relating to initiation and continuation of breast feeding in Taiwan. We used multistage stratified systematic sampling to recruit 2048 postpartum women from the Taiwan National Birth Registration database for the period November to December 2003. They were interviewed at home within 6 months of delivery using a structured questionnaire; 87% of the sampled population completed the interview. We used logistic regression analysis to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of breast‐feeding initiation and Cox regression (survival) analysis to predict continued breast feeding.

The prevalences of initial breast feeding for employed Taiwanese mothers, unemployed Taiwanese mothers, employed foreign‐born mothers and unemployed foreign‐born mothers were 84.4%, 83.7%, 79.1% and 79.7%, respectively. Among the four groups of mothers who initiated breast feeding, 12.9%, 27.2%, 14.7% and 39.7% of their infants, respectively, were still breast feeding at the age of 6 months. Factors associated with initiation of breast feeding were high maternal education (OR 3.80; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.81, 7.98) and normal spontaneous delivery (OR 1.36; 95% CI 1.04, 1.78). The main reason for not breast feeding in 52% of the mothers was insufficient or no milk. There existed a combined effect of employment status and transcultural marriage on the continuation of breast feeding. Employed Taiwanese mothers were earlier than others at weaning. Unemployed foreign‐born mothers breast fed the longest [hazard ratio (HR) 0.54; 95% CI 0.42, 0.70]. Other factors related to late weaning were high maternal education (HR 0.67; 95% CI 0.47, 0.96), older maternal age (HR 0.76; 95% CI 0.61, 0.94), mother sleeping with baby at night (HR 0.68; 95% CI 0.59, 0.78), and no supplemental baby food before the age of 6 months (HR 0.78; 95% CI 0.68, 0.90).

The initiation of breast feeding was high but it decreased dramatically after the postpartum period in Taiwan. There was a significant combined effect of employment status and transcultural marriage on the continuation of breast feeding. Employment is a persistent barrier to continued breast feeding.
A role for the AtMTP11 gene of Arabidopsis in manganese transport and tolerance
Authors: Delhaize Emmanuel , Gruber Benjamin D. , Pittman Jon K. , White Rosemary G. , Leung Helen , Miao Yansong , Jiang Liwen , Ryan Peter R. , Richardson Alan E.
Published: June 2007

The Arabidopsis AtMTP family of genes encode proteins of the cation diffusion facilitator (CDF) family, with several members having roles in metal tolerances. Four of the 11 proteins in the family form a distinct cluster on a phylogenetic tree and are closely related to ShMTP8, a CDF identified in the tropical legume Stylosanthes hamata that is implicated in the transport of Mn2+ into the vacuole as a tolerance mechanism. Of these four genes, AtMTP11 was the most highly expressed member of the Arabidopsis subgroup. When AtMTP11 was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it conferred Mn2+ tolerance and transported Mn2+ by a proton‐antiport mechanism. A mutant of Arabidopsis with a disrupted AtMTP11 gene (mtp11) was found to have increased sensitivity to Mn2+ but not to Cu2+ or Zn2+. At a non‐toxic but sufficient Mn2+ supply (basal), the mutant accumulated more Mn2+ than the wild type, but did not show any obvious deleterious effects on growth. When grown with Mn2+ supplies that ranged from basal to toxic, the mutant accumulated Mn2+ concentrations in shoots similar to those in wild‐type plants, despite showing symptoms of Mn2+ toxicity. AtMTP11 fused to green fluorescent protein co‐localized with a reporter specific for pre‐vacuolar compartments. These findings provide evidence for Mn2+‐specific transport activity by AtMTP11, and implicate the pre‐vacuolar compartments in both Mn2+ tolerance and Mn2+ homeostasis mechanisms of Arabidopsis.
CyMATE: a new tool for methylation analysis of plant genomic DNA after bisulphite sequencing
Authors: Hetzl Jennifer , Foerster Andrea M. , Raidl Günther , Scheid Ortrun Mittelsten
Published: June 2007

Cytosine methylation is a hallmark of epigenetic information in the DNA of many fungi, vertebrates and plants. The technique of bisulphite genomic sequencing reveals the methylation state of every individual cytosine in a sequence, and thereby provides high‐resolution data on epigenetic diversity; however, the manual evaluation and documentation of large amounts of data is laborious and error‐prone. While some software is available for facilitating the analysis of mammalian DNA methylation, which is found nearly exclusively at CG sites, there is no software optimally suited for data from DNA with significant non‐CG methylation. We describe CyMATE (Cytosine Methylation Analysis Tool for Everyone) for in silico analysis of DNA sequences after bisulphite conversion of plant DNA, in which methylation is more divergent with respect to sequence context and biological relevance. From aligned sequences, CyMATE includes and distinguishes methylation at CG, CHG and CHH (where H = A, C or T), and can extract both quantitative and qualitative data regarding general and pattern‐specific methylation per sequence and per position, i.e. data for individual sites in a sequence and the epigenetic divergence within a sample. In addition, it can provide graphical output from alignments in either an overview or a ‘zoom‐in’ view as pdf files. Detailed information, including a quality control of the sequencing data, is provided in text format. We applied CyMATE to the analysis of DNA methylation at transcriptionally silenced promoters in diploid and polyploid Arabidopsis and found significant hypermethylation, high stability of the methylated state independent of chromosome number, and non‐redundant patterns of mC distribution. CyMATE is freely available for non‐commercial use at http://www.gmi.oeaw.ac.at/CyMATE.
TECHNICAL NOTES ON CPP: Place conditioning in a two‐ or three‐conditioning compartment apparatus: a comparative study with morphine and U‐50,488
Authors: Morales Lidia , Perez‐Garcia Carmen , Herradon Gonzalo , Alguacil Luis F.
Published: June 2007

We have comparatively studied the effects of two opioids in the rat place conditioning paradigm in identical experimental conditions (including double drug/saline conditioning daily sessions for 3 days), with the only exception of using either a two‐ or three‐conditioning compartment apparatus. Morphine‐induced place preference appeared to be similar with two‐ and three‐conditioning compartments, but U‐50,488‐induced place aversion was consistently more prominent when a two‐conditioning compartment apparatus was used. It is suggested that, when the results of conditioning are being tested, the presence of neutral environments decreases the sensitivity of the procedure to quantify place aversions.
Photosynthese, Transpiration und Spaltöffnungsverhalten verschiedener Holzarten nach Begasung mit SO2
Authors: Von Brenninger Christl , Tranquillini W.
Published: June 2007

Photosynthesis, transpiration and stomatal response of various species of woody plants exposed to sulfur dioxide. Photosynthesis of Fraxinus excelsior, Piceaabies, Abies alba and Pinus sylvestris declined after 6 and 12 h of fumigation at SO2 concentrations of 5 and 9mg m−3. Transpiration also declined, but the maximum depression was only 38%. Stomata began to close after fumigation with ∼ 1 mg SO2m−3 for 6 h. The diffusion resistance of needles of Pices and Abies increased after fumigation with 9 mg SO2 for 6h to a peak value of 35–40 scm−1 and decreased rapidly (Picea) or remained stable (Abies) during the following 30h.
Characterization and identification of mycorrhizas of Douglas fir in New Zealand
Authors: Chu‐Chou Myra , Grace LynetteJ.
Published: June 2007

Thirteen types of natural Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) mycorrhizas were characterized and nine of them were identified as P. menziesii + Rhizopogon sp., P. menziesii + R. vinicolor, P. menziesii + Hebeloma crustuliniforme, P. menziesii + Amanita muscaria, P. menziesii + Endogone flammicorona, P. menziesii + Boletus sp., P. menziesii + Laccaria laccata, P. menziesii + Thelephora terrestris and P. menziesii+Tuber sp.
Untersuchungen über die Zuwachsentwicklung bei erkrankten Tannen
Authors: Von Kiennen L. , Schuck H. J.
Published: June 2007

Investigation on the annual ring growth pattern of diseased Abies alba‐trees. Abies alba‐trees with symptoms of silver fir decline differ from healthy trees in the annual ring growth pattern.
Die natürliche Astreinigung und ihre biologischen Voraussetzungen
Authors: Von Butin H. , Kowalski T.
Published: June 2007

The natural pruning of branches and their biological preconditioning I. The fungal flora of beech (Fagus sylvatica). The paper deals with the species of fungi, on the basal part of dead branches of beech, associated with the natural pruning of these branches. Most of the species are Ascomycetes or Deuteromycetes.
Effect of a fluorescent brightener on the germinative power of basidiospores of Cronartium flaccidum
Authors: Ragazzi A. , Fedi IreneDellavelle
Published: June 2007

The effect of the fluorescent brightener Calcofluor (derivative of di‐amine stilbene sulfonic acid) on the germination of basidiospores of Cronartium flaccidum (Alb. et Schw.) Wint. was tested by sowing spores on pine needles and then brightening them, and by labelling directly basidiospores on Calcofluor solution and subsequently sowing them on water agar.

The first method enhanced germination most. It is recommended that 0.05% brightener in distilled water be used to maximise germination in pre‐infection studies for resistance at the needle level.
Rickettsia‐like organisms in Cryptococcus fagisuga on beech
Authors: Parameswaran N.
Published: June 2007

The occurrence and fine structural characteristics of rickettsia‐like organisms in the body of the beech scale insect, Cryptococcus fagisuga, are described; these are related to endosymbionts. A search for the presence of mycoplasma‐like organisms in this insect yielded negative results.
Ultrastructural study of the pathogenesis of Marssonina species to poplars
Authors: Spiers A. G. , Hopcroft D. H.
Published: June 2007

Studies on the pathogenesis of Marssonina brunnea, M. castagnei and M. populi to susceptible poplars showed that germtubes penetrated poplar leaves directly by enzymatic activity and indirectly through stomata. Six days following inoculation, hyphae had ramified throughout palisade and mesophyll tissues causing penetrated cells to become moribund. Acervuli were formed within seven days of inoculation and conidia were released by rupture of the cuticle and upper epidermal wall.
A tree‐ring study of Norway spruce infected with the wood‐destroying fungus Armillaria mellea
Authors: Hřib J. , Kyncl J. , ČErný A.
Published: June 2007

A stand otPicea abies (L.) Karst. was studied using the method of tree‐ring analysis. The stand involved non‐infected trees and trees at different stages of infection by the wood‐destroying fungus Armillaria mellea (Vahl. ex Fr.) Kummer [Armillariella mellea (Vahl.) Karst.].
An investigation of conditions occurring within pruning wounds
Authors: Mercer P. C.
Published: June 2007

The electrical resistance at various points within pruning wounds was measured, over periods of up to two years, using a pulsed electric current resistance meter (Shigometer). Wood with stain and decay generally had a lower electrical resistance than healthy wood. Mathematical and visual models were constructed from measurements of electrical resistance and examination of dissected wounds. These models were used to relate the extent of stain and/or decay with the diameter of the wound, length of the wound stub, time after pruning and with wound treatment.
Survival of the oak wilt fungus in air‐dried lumber
Authors: Tainter F. H. , MacDonald W. L. , Harner E. J.
Published: June 2007

The survival of the oak wilt fungus, Ceratocystis fagacearum (Bretz) Hunt, in air‐dried red, white, and scarlet oak lumber was studied in South Carolina and West Virginia. The position of boards in the piles did not have a significant effect on culture recovery of C. fagacearum. The fungus was not recovered after the initial sample at set‐up time in the summer harvested oaks in South Carolina nor beyond 28 days in West Virginia. In autumn harvested material recoverability was slightly longer, 28 days in South Carolina with one positive recovery at 70 days, and much longer in West Virginia with some recovery of C. fagacearum occurring at 140 days. Recovery of C. fagacearum from white oak at both locations was generally much lower than from red or scarlet oak during any given sample period.
Effects of SO2 on photosynthesis and peroxidase activity in Scots pine needles
Authors: Katainen H.‐S. , Karjalainen R. , Mäkinen E. , Jokinen J. , Kellomäki S.
Published: June 2007

Short‐term exposure to high concentrations of SO2 caused a temporary decrease in the photosynthetic rate, while both short‐term and long‐term exposure to low concentrations of SO2 increased photo‐synthesis after the exposure. Low SO2 concentrations did not cause any change in peroxidase activity. Thus peroxidase activity does not seem a suitable method in monitoring latent injury caused by low SO2 concentrations.
Bark phenolics of American beech (Fagus grandifolia) in relation to the beech bark disease1
Authors: Ostrofsky W. D. , Shortle W. C. , Blanchard R. O.
Published: June 2007

The amount of total extractable phenols was determined for bark sections obtained from behind cankers naturally induced by Nectria coccinea var. faginata and from behind mechanically inflicted wounds on stems of American beech. Healthy bark from susceptible trees was found to contain a similar level of phenolics as bark from trees determined to be resistant to the beech bark disease. Six months after wounding, wound‐altered bark from susceptible trees was found to be lower in phenols than woundaltered bark from resistant trees. Inoculation of wounds with N. coccinea var. faginata resulted in decreased phenolic levels in bark sections nearest the wound surface, and increased phenolic levels in sections nearest the vascular cambium, several mm distant. Phenolic levels in injured or infected bark appear to follow similar patterns as those resulting from injury or infection of xylem tissues.
Responses of endomycorrhizal and non‐mycorrhizal plants of Acer pseudoplatanus to different levels of soluble and non‐soluble phosphorus
Authors: Brechet C. , le Tacon F.
Published: June 2007

A greenhouse experiment compared growth and mineral nutrition of mycorrhizal and non‐mycorrhizal seedlings of Acer pseudoplatanus on a fumigated soil. The effects of mycorrhizal inoculation were examined at six rales of soluble phosphate and five rates of non‐soluble phosphate. Inoculation with Glomus mosseae markedly stimulated phosphorus uptake and growth only at the lowest level of soluble phosphorus. With 200 ppm of added monocalcium phosphate mycorrhizal infection depressed growth and considerably modified the relationships between yield and phosphorus concentration in plant tissues. The possible causes of growth depression at high level of added soluble phosphorus are discussed.
The mode of infection and early stages of colonization of pines by Gremmeniella abietina
Authors: Patton R. F. , Spear R. N. , Blenis P. V.
Published: June 2007

Gremmeniella abietinainfects shoots of red and Scots pines through stomata on bracts that subtend short shoots. The germ tube penetrates between guard cells and sparsely colonizes bract tissue by late summer or fall. Only after about late January or early February of the following year does the fungus extend from the bract and begin colonization of the short shoot and surrounding cortical tissue.
Les activites pectinasiques de Nectria ditissima Tul. agent du chancre du hêtre
Authors: Perrin R.
Published: June 2007

Pectinasc activities of Nectria ditissima Tul. cause of the Beech canker. In vitro, Nectria ditissima is capable of secreting pectinases necessary for degradation of pectic material of the cell wall. Some pectinascs, ENDOPG, EXOPG and EXOPMG, play a prominent part in degradation of the bark in vivo, their primary participation being affected by the conditions of the bark environment, especially pH. The virulence of four pathogenically different strains of N. ditissima is partly correlated with their ability to produce the pectinace essential for alteration of the bark in vitro.
Influence of leaf age, leaf surface and frequency of stomata on the susceptibility of poplar cultivars to Marssonina brunnea
Authors: Spiers G. , Hopcroit D. H.
Published: June 2007

Leaf age was a significant (P < 0.05) factor in the resistance of poplar cultivars to M. brunnea. Leaf surface (adaxial/abaxial) was not a significant factor for P. nigra, P. deltoides and P. ×euramericana but was for several miscellaneous cultivars. There was no significant correlation between stomatal frequency and M., brnnnca infection level. Ultrastructural studies showed hyphae penetrated cell walls ot soft expanding leaves more readily than cell walls of mature leaves. The higher resistance of mature leaves was thus attributed to differences in cell wall ultrastructure. Differential resistance of the two leaf surfaces of mature leaves of P. candicans was attributed to the strong cutinisation of the epidermal cell wall of the highly resistant adaxial surface.
Two new diseases of forest tree seedlings caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in India1
Authors: Sankaran K. V. , Florence E. J. Maria , Sharma J. K.
Published: June 2007

Collar rot of Swietenia macrophylla and leaf blight of Pterocarpus santalinus caused by Sclerotium rolfsii are reported for the first time from India. KFRI Scientific Paper No. 40
The influence of SO2 on CO2 uptake and peroxidase activity
Authors: Keller Th.
Published: June 2007

This study confirms that CO2 uptake of European conifers increases during needle maturation. Extensive investigations with grafts of several species show that this increase may even mask a deleterious effect of a weak SO2 stress. In plants which are not dependent on air‐borne SO2 for S nutrition CO2 uptake was not favored by SO2. Peroxidase activity of tree foliage may be a valuable stress indication, particularly in areas with light air pollution. It is, however, not specific for air pollution and seems to be most suitable for “active” monitoring.
Osmotic potential and gas exchange in healthy and diseased silver firs (Abies alba Mill.)1
Authors: Lautenschlager K.
Published: June 2007

The present study comprises comparative investigations of transpiration, photosynthesis and osmotic potential of various twigs of a healthy and a diseased fir. Possible causes for the registered differences are discussed.
La variabilité du pouvoir pathogène de Nectria ditissima agent du chancre du hêtre
Authors: Perrin Par R. , van Grewen C. P.
Published: June 2007

Variability in the pathogcnicity of Nectria ditissima Tul. cause of beech canker. Four mycelial strains of Nectria ditissima Tul. were inoculated into young beeches of two different provenances. The size of bark necrosis was assessed monthly from December to June. The strains can be separated into three groups of aggressiveness according to the size of the necrosis, its persistence and also the hormonal disturbances resulting from pathogenesis.

The results reported here suggest a differential interaction between N. ditissima and its host Fagus sylvatica.
Control of fusiform rust of southern pines in the USA
Authors: Powers H. R.
Published: June 2007

Control of fusiform rust in southern pines has improved significantly over the last 10 years. The new systemic fungicide Bayleton provides excellent control in forest tree nurseries with 3 to 5 sprays per season. The topical fungicides previously used had to be applied 35 or more times per season to obtain equivalent control. Disease resistant seedlings have also become available to forest land managers for use in the reforestation programs. The first such seedlings, loblolly pines from specific geographic areas, have reduced the incidence of fusiform rust in young plantations by one‐half. Both loblolly and slash pine seedlings from rust‐resistant seed orchards are also now becoming available, and they should reduce disease levels significantly. New approaches, such as the development of seedling seed orchards from survivors of artificial inoculation tests should further improve the levels of rust resistance. Current research on the reduction of inoculum on both die pine and oak hosts may provide new management techniques for disease control.
Phaeolus schweinitzii an Pinus peuce in Bulgarien
Authors: Rossnew B.
Published: June 2007

Phacolus schweinitzii in Pinus peuce in Bulgaria. Research on wood‐rotting fungi, causing damage to Pinus peuce in forest plantations and natural stands in Bulgaria established that most damage in natural stands is caused by Phacolus schweinitzii have been characterized and the basic factors favouring its development and the damage in causes are pointed out.
Shot‐hole disease of Terminalia paniculata caused by Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum ‐ a new record1
Authors: Momanan C. , Sharma J. K.
Published: June 2007

A shot‐hole leaf disease Terminalia paniculata caused by Cylindrocladion quinqueseplatium is reported from Kerala, India. Symptoms of the disease and pathogenicity of the isolate are described.
Level of sugars in Scots pine trees of different sensitivity to fluoride and sulphur dioxide
Authors: Mejnartowicz L. E. , Lukasiak H.
Published: June 2007

On the average there is in the needles of the studied pines 1.9 and 4.9% of reducing sugars in the fresh and dry weight of wintertime needles respectively. There is 1.4% glucose of needle fresh weight (3.0% of needle dry weight) while for fructose the corresponding values are 0.8 and 2.1%. The relative ratio of glucose to fructose was on the average 1.33. Trees more tolerant to fluorides and sulphur dioxide emitted from the phosphate fertilizers factory have a statistically significant lower level of directly reducing sugars in the dry weight of needles (37.1 mg/g) compared to sensitive trees (50.5 mg/g). The control (more tolerant trees) accumulate more glucose and fructose than sensitive ones.
Osmotic potential of spruce, fir and beech as a contribution to water budget in connection with forest decline (“Waldsterben”)
Authors: Koch W.
Published: June 2007

Osmotic cell sap potentials of diseased and healthy spruce, fir and beech leaves, fine roots and cortes were determined with the aid of capillary cryoscopy. With one exception (fir needles) the diseased trees showed no reduction in osmotic potential compared to healthy trees.
The occurrence of Phaeolus schweinitzii in the soils of Sitka spruce plantations with broadleaved on non‐woodland histories
Authors: Barrett D. K. , Greig B.J.W.
Published: June 2007

The soils of thirty‐five Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis) plantations in southern Britain were surveyed for the presence of the root‐ and butt‐rotting fungus P. Schweinitzii. As a soil inhabitant, the fungus was found to be present in plantations with both broadleaved woodland histories and non‐woodland histories, but it was normally isolated at a higher frequency from those ex‐broadleaved woodland sites which contained diseased Sitka spruce. The implications of the presence of the fungus in the soils of the formerly non‐woodland sites, where no disease has been observed, is discussed in relation to its infection biology, as currently understood.
Basidiospores of Phaeolus schweinitzii: a source of soil infestation
Authors: Barrett D. K.
Published: June 2007

Persistent soil infestations with Phaeolus schweinitzii were successfully established in the forest environment using basidiospores, but there was no evidence that the fungus spread freeely through the soil while existing as a competitive saprophyte.

Diseased stumps and roots of Sitka spruce remained a source of sporophore production for more than 17 years, but the principal flush of sporulation occurred within the first 7 years after felling.
Colonization of Phellinus weirii‐infested stumps by Trichoderma viride 1. Effect of isolate and inoculum base
Authors: Nelson E. E. , Thies W. G.
Published: June 2007

Douglas‐fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii(Mirb.) Franco] stumps infested with Phellinus weirii (Murr.) Gilb. were inoculated with the antagonist Trichoderma viride Pers.: Fr. Colonization of the stumps by Trichoderma spp. after one year was significantly higher in the upper 10‐cm than in the middle or lower 10‐cm section even though inoculum was present at all levels. A pellet inoculum made from fermented barley grains and spores proved to be superior inoculum to colonized dowels, but no difference was found among the three isolates of T. viride tested. Decayed wood was more readily colonized than stained wood and was much more readily colonized than sound wood.
Observations on some italian provenances of Melampsora populnea
Authors: Longo B. Naldini , Longo N. , Moriondo F. , Drovandi F.
Published: June 2007

Melmpsora pinitorqua on Populus tremula from Tuscany and M. larici‐tremulae on P. tremula from central Alps were artificially inoculated on the same pycnio‐aecial hosts in the genera Pinus and Larix, and were compared on the grounds of their pathogenicity and of some morphological aspects. The results indicate that the two rusts can be effectively considered as two separate species as they are different both in their pathogenicity, not withstanding the partially overlapping host range, and their morphology, at least in a few characters.
Resistenzprüfung an Pappeln aus Gewebekultur
Authors: Kechel H. G. , Böden E.
Published: June 2007

Resistence tests on poplars raised by tissue culture. The possibility of testing poplar clones for susceptibility to poplar canker at an early stage was tested by inoculating plants, produced by tissue culture, at 1.5, 2, 4 and 6 weeks and 7 months. Results were positive and compared well with standard tests.
Nekrotische Flecken an Nadeln von Picea abies‐ein Symptom des Fichtensterbens?
Authors: Lang K. J. , Holdenrieder O.
Published: June 2007

Necrotic spots on needles of Picea abies‐a symptom of Norway spruce decline? On needles of Picea abies and other conifers necrotic spots were observed. Preliminary experiments showed that similar symptoms could be caused by photooxidants.
Variability among African populations of Rigidoporus lignosus and Phellinus noxius
Authors: Nicole M. , Nandris D. , Geiger J. P. , Rio B.
Published: June 2007

Pathogenicity and physiological characteristics were studied for the two populations of isolates. Exidence of variations has been demonstratcd for each fungus but no correlations could be established between the in vivo and in vitro parameters.
Defense reactions of Hevea brasiliensis to root rot diseases
Authors: Nicole M. , Geiger J. P. , Nandris D.
Published: June 2007

Some reactions differentiated by rubber trees to root rot diseases are described at molecular, cellular and histological levels.
Lutte contre Rosellinia necatrix (Hartig) Berlese, agent du «pourridié laineux»: Sensibilité de quelques espèces végétales et lutte chimique
Authors: de Sousa A. J. Teixeira
Published: June 2007

Investigation into the control of Roselinia neeatrix (Hart.):Plant susceptibility and chemical treatment. When artificially inoculatyed with Rosellmia necatrix (Hartig) Berlese, igneous species showed important differences in suseeptibility to this fungus. Some of them appeared resistant.

Several herbaeous species were also infected and can be regarded as potential source of inoculum in nature.

Chemical control of Rosellinta was investigated. The main results indicate the best way to use benzimidazoles
Armillaria obscura dans l'écosystème forestire de Cerdagne
Authors: Durrieu G. , Beneteau A. , Niocel S.
Published: June 2007

Armillaria obscura in the forest exosystem of Cerdagne. The “Rings” of Armillaria obseuja are surveyed in the pinus mcinala forsest of Cerdagne (french eastern Pyrenes). The fungus can be considered as a natural rejuvenation agent of forest stands. The determinism of the beginning of attacks is not well elueidated. The plants successions in destroyed stands are described.
Control of root and butt rots: limits and prospects
Authors: Schüti P.
Published: June 2007

A general panorama is given, especially for Armillaria and Heterobasidion, on specific difficulties to find effective control methods. Lack of knowledge remains large and more reserch in needed to achieve a right base to better understand what is possible in the field of resistance breeding and biologice control.
Histological studies on the bundle sheath in needles of Picea abies (L.) Karst., diseased or fumigated with SO21
Authors: Mater‐Maercker Uta
Published: June 2007

In current year needles of diseased Picea abies the radial walls of the bundle sheath were found in a state of partial delignification, while the cells were filled with granular, heavily fluorescent substances which absorbed UV light at 280 nm. The same symptoms were observed after fumigation of healthy young plants with 0.3 ppm SO2 for 20 days. Findings may bear relevance to disturbances in water transport from the vascular system towards the evaporating surfaces of the needle.
The fatty acid composition and its alterations due to different incubation temperature in the lipids of aggressive and non‐aggressive strains of Ceratocystis ulmi
Authors: Khan M. U. , Williams J. P. , Jeng R. S.
Published: June 2007

Lipids and their fatty acids from the mycelia of aggressive and non‐aggressive strains of Ceratocystis ulmi were examined at different incubation temperature. The quantity and degree of fatty acid unsaturation were correlated with the pathogenicity of the fungus.
Die natürliche Astreinigung und ihre biologischen Voraussetzungen
Authors: Butin H. , Kowalski T.
Published: June 2007

The natural pruning of branches and their biological conditions. III. The fungal flora of common maple, grey alder, silver beam, hornbeam and common ash. A study was made on the mycoflora of dead twigs during natural pruning of branches from Acer pseudoplatanus, Alnus glutinosa, Betula pendula, Carpinus betulus and Fraxinus excelsior. Each species is characterized by an extreme hostspecific fungal flora. Most of the fungi belong to the ascomycetes and deuteromycetes.
Physiologie in vitro des basidiospores de Melampsora pinitorqua Conséquences pour la compréhension des infections
Authors: Desprez‐Loustau Marie‐Laure
Published: June 2007

Physiology of in vitro germination of Melampsora pinitorqua Rostr. basidiospores; consequences for the understanding of the infection process. The in vitro germination of Melampsora pinitorqua Rostr. basidiospores is affected by several environmental factors: temperature, moisture, and by host substances: shoot diffusates, epicuticular waxes, terpenes. The failure of basidiospore spraying inoculations and the possible resistance factors of pines are discussed in view of the results obtained.
Butt rot in conifers caused by Serpula himantioides (Fr.) Karst.
Authors: Seehann G.
Published: June 2007

Serpula himantioides was found to be a causal agent of butt rot in Douglas fir and Japanese larch in northern Germany. The decay started predominantly from tap roots and main side roots and extended few meters into the stem. In final stages of rot the basal heartwood was completely destroyed and the residual width of healthy sapwood was reduced. Laboratory tests revealed a tolerance by the fungus to extremely acid substrates.
Ľinoculation ectomycorhizienne des plants feuillus sur tourbe fertilisée: résultats sur chêne pédonculé (Quercus robur L.) avec quatres souches fongiques
Authors: Garbaye Par J. , Perrin R.
Published: June 2007

Ectomycorrhizal inoculation of hardwood planting stocks on fertilized peat: results with pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.) and four fungal strains. Pedunculate oak seedlings were inoculated in the nursery with three ectomycorrhizal fungi. Results are discussed in connexion with the type of inoculum and the interactions between microbial populations in the substrate.