bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors Associated With the Development of Acquired Airway Disease After Congenital Heart Surgery: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Matisoff Andrew J. , Ari Pranathi , Zurakowski David , Espinel Alexandra G. , Deutsch Nina , Reilly Brian K.
Published: May 2018

Objective. In this single-center, retrospective review, we sought to determine the risk factors associated with the development of severe acquired airway disease (AAD; vocal cord paralysis [VCP] or subglottic stenosis [SGS]) in pediatric patients who had undergone surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) with cardiopulmonary bypass. All patients who required surgical treatment for CHD using cardiopulmonary bypass at our institution between 2010 and 2015 were reviewed. We defined severe AAD as either clinically significant VCP, SGS, or both, requiring consultation with the otolaryngology (ENT) service for evaluation. The disease was classified as severe because it led to difficulty with intubation or failure to wean mechanical ventilation. This airway disease was not present or was clinically insignificant prior to congenital heart surgery. Results. Over a 5-year period (August 2010 to December 2015), 1395 patients were evaluated. Of these, 25 (1.8%) had significant AAD. Age was the only statistically significant independent predictor of AAD ( P < .001). Those with AAD were younger—3 versus 8 months—and had longer intubation time: 5 (2-18) versus 2 days (1-5). Of those who developed AAD, most (22/25) required some form of additional surgical procedure for its evaluation or management. Only 3 of the 25 patients with severe AAD required tracheostomy. Conclusions. Children who undergo congenital heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass are at risk for developing AAD, most often because of SGS or VCP. AAD can lead to failed extubation in the postoperative setting as well as difficult intubation during subsequent anesthetics. Although it often requires surgical treatment, it responds well to therapy and rarely requires tracheostomy.
Social Security and Saving: An Update
Authors: Slavov Sita , Gorry Devon , Gorry Aspen , Caliendo Frank N.
Published: May 2018

Typical neoclassical life-cycle models predict that Social Security has a large and negative effect on private savings. We review this theoretical literature by constructing a model where individuals face uninsurable longevity risk and differ by wage earnings, while Social Security provides benefits as a life annuity with higher replacement rates for the poor. We use the model to generate numerical examples that confirm the standard result. Using several benefit and tax changes from the 1970s and 1980s as natural experiments, we investigate the empirical relationship between Social Security and private savings and find little evidence to support the predictions from the theoretical model. We explore possible reasons for the lack of strong empirical findings.
Police and Masculinities in Transition in Turkey: From Macho to Reformed to Militarized Policing
Authors: Ekşi Betül
Published: May 2018

Policing is a gendered and gendering institution. However, the centrality of masculinities to the reproduction of public policing has received little scholarly attention. Drawing from fieldwork, including thirty-five in-depth interviews with police officials between 2013 and 2015, this study explores how public policing and police masculinities have shaped and influenced one another during Turkey’s move away from the established principles of electoral democracy as part of what I refer to as its “authoritarian relapse.” The study finds that macho and militarized masculinities constitute two distinctive modes of police masculinity against which the reformed masculinity of the “new police” stands in stark contrast. It contributes to debates on political masculinities by demonstrating the intertwining of state and masculine power. The analysis suggests that police masculinities and public policing take shape in line with the degree of commitment to democratization.
Protect, Track, Emancipate: The Role of Political Masculinities in India’s Fight against Sex Selection
Authors: Rahm Laura
Published: May 2018

One of the side effects of India’s rapid socioeconomic transition has been a growing demographic masculinization with millions of “missing” women. Modern technologies have enabled couples to determine and select the fetal sex. Since the 1990s, political efforts to control sex selection have met with little success. This article assesses policy effectiveness and the role of political masculinities in India’s fight against sex selection. This qualitative analysis draws from policy files and forty-seven in-depth semistructured expert interviews conducted in Delhi, Punjab, and Haryana in 2014–2015. Interview participants included national policy makers, state and district implementers, and representatives from nongovernmental and international organizations. This article finds that state action against sex selection frequently follows the logic of “protecting,” “tracking,” and “emancipating” females—analogue to roles of a family patriarch toward his kin and thus reproducing gender biases and undermining policy efforts against sex selection.
Power, Mechanisms, and Denunciations: Understanding Compliance with Human Rights in International Relations
Authors: Rousseau Elise
Published: May 2018

The four volumes on human rights norms reviewed here investigate a puzzle introduced by quantitative studies, which shows that the expansion of commitments with human rights does not guarantee compliance with these rights in practice. Going beyond the classical opposition between constructivism and rationalism, the volumes explore the conditions and mechanisms that are likely to close this ‘compliance gap’. This essay starts by reviewing the arguments of the books before focusing on two major themes: compliance mechanisms and international denunciations. It argues that the introduction of ‘reintegrative shaming’ and ‘stigma’ to compliance research may help refine current knowledge on normative change and resistance to change.

Betts A and Orchard P (eds) (2014) Implementation and World Politics: How International Norms Change Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Friman HR (2015) The Politics of Leverage in International Relations: Name, Shame, and Sanctions. Basingstoke; New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Hafner-Burton E (2013) Making Human Rights a Reality. Princeton, NJ; Oxford: Princeton University Press.

Risse T, Ropp SC, and Sikkink K (eds) (2013) The Persistent Power of Human Rights: From Commitment to Compliance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Motivating Influenza Vaccination Among Young Adults
Authors: Lee Yen-I , Jin Yan , Nowak Glen
Published: May 2018

A common challenge facing public health practitioners and social marketers is how best to frame and present benefit–risk information in campaigns that aim to change perceptions and increase acceptance of health recommendations, such as vaccinations. Given that public service advertisements and brand promises are often core components of social marketing and health communication efforts, this study examined whether, and how, framing and the use of text or image support to convey influenza vaccination brand promises affected college-attending young adults’ beliefs and intentions regarding influenza vaccination. PSAs that varied with respect to gain or loss frame and type of support provided (i.e., image vs. text-supported) were used as the stimulus material. The findings indicated two pairings performed equally well with respect to the outcome measures used. A gain-framed image-supported PSA and a loss-framed text-supported PSA were both associated with the highest levels of positive affect toward the PSA, positive attitude toward flu vaccination, flu vaccination confidence, and flu vaccination intention. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of assessing both the framing used in social marketing or health communication materials and the approach used to support the framing. It is likely that the effectiveness of framing is affected by the visuals and text used to reinforce the brand promise conveyed by the framing, irrespective of whether it is positive or negative.
Development of a flame retardant chemical for finishing of cotton, polyester, and CO/PET blends
Authors: Atakan Raziye , Bical Azize , Celebi Ebru , Ozcan Gulay , Soydan Neda , Sarac A Sezai
Published: May 2018

A novel polymeric flame retardant with phosphorous–nitrogen synergism (PVP (PR)-P-DCDA) was synthesized by polyvinyl alcohol, hydrophilic polyester resin, phosphoric acid, and dicyandiamide. 100% polyester, 100% cotton, and 50/50% cotton–polyester blended fabrics were treated with PVP (PR)-P-DCDA by impregnation method. Flammability characteristics, thermal decomposition, surface morphology, and chemical structure of treated and untreated fabrics were investigated by vertical flammability test, limiting oxygen index, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared, respectively. Results showed that PVP (PR)-P-DCDA is an eco-friendly flame retardant system, a good char-forming flame retardant agent with superior ease of application for cotton, polyester, and cotton/polyester blends. At the industrial scale, the flame retardant agent PVP (PR)-PDCDA has been commercialized under the name Fire-off EBR.
Reduced Pain Reports With Increasing Cognitive Impairment in Older Persons in New Zealand
Authors: Jordan Jennifer , Crowe Marie , Gillon Deborah , McCall Cate , Frampton Christopher , Jamieson Hamish
Published: May 2018

Background:

Conflicting findings prevail about pain in older persons with cognitive impairment. There is evidence of changed pain perception; however, pain is also underrecognized. Pain and cognitive impairment were examined in a national cohort of older persons assessed using the Home Care International Residential Assessment Instrument (interRAI-HC).

Methods:

Participants were 41 459 aged 65+ years receiving a mandated needs assessment to access publicly funded services. InterRAI-HC pain severity and Cognitive Performance Scale analyses covaried for age, gender, and ethnicity.

Results:

Milder pain prevalence increased with age, whereas daily severe-excruciating pain prevalence decreased with age. Daily severe-excruciating pain was reported by 18% of cognitively intact individuals decreasing to 8% in the severe cognitive impairment group. This relationship remained after covarying for age, sex, and ethnicity. Differences among dementia subtypes were found.

Conclusion:

Although severe pain reports decrease with increasing age and cognitive impairment, more nuanced research covarying for dementia severity and subtype is required.
Iatrogenic Iliofemoral Vein Dissection: A Rare Complication of Femoral Artery Puncture
Authors: Le Trong Binh , Kim Jun Ho , Park Keun-Myoung , Jeon Yong Sun , Hong Kee Chun , Cho Soon Gu
Published: May 2018

Iatrogenic iliac vein dissection secondary to femoral artery puncture is a rare complication that has not yet been documented. A 55-year-old woman presented to our institution with acute right iliofemoral thrombosis 2 weeks after transfemoral cerebral angiography. She was previously healthy and was not taking any medication. Right iliofemoral vein dissection was diagnosed by computed tomography angiography and confirmed by conventional venography. The patient was treated endovascularly with stent insertion, and the venous outflow was patent on the 6-month follow-up computed tomography angiogram.
Spontaneous Isolated Inferior Mesenteric Artery Dissection With Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia: Case Report and Endovascular Management
Authors: Giragani Suresh , Balani Ankit , Reddy Viswanath , Bommakanti Keerthi Talari , Alwala Surendar , Kumar Anjani
Published: May 2018

We report the clinical details, imaging findings, and management for a 39-year-old female presenting with recurrent episodes of pain in abdomen due to systemic lupus erythematous vasculitis associated with spontaneous isolated inferior mesenteric dissection. Spontaneous mesenteric artery dissection is an uncommon cause of mesenteric ischemia. Symptomatic spontaneous isolated inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) dissection is a rare condition, and its association with systemic lupus erythematosus is not previously described in the English literature. The optimal treatment options are debatable and include medical management, surgical reconstruction, and endovascular therapy. We wish to highlight spontaneous isolated IMA dissection as a rare etiology for chronic mesenteric ischemia and its management by endovascular methods.
Contemporary Management and Outcome After Lower Extremity Fasciotomy in Non-Trauma-Related Vascular Surgery
Authors: Wesslén Charlotte , Wahlgren Carl-Magnus
Published: May 2018

Introduction:

Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) is a challenging and recognized complication to vascular surgery revascularization. The aim of this study was to investigate the current epidemiology, management, and early outcomes of fasciotomy in vascular surgery.

Methods:

Retrospective cohort study of all patients undergoing lower extremity fasciotomy at a single university center between January 2008 and December 2014. Patient demographics, operative techniques, and outcomes were analyzed.

Results:

The cohort (n = 113 limbs; 107 patients; 48% women; mean age was 74 (12) years [range, 50-97 years]) included 81 (72%) limbs undergoing revascularization for acute limb ischemia, 7 (6.2%) limbs related to acute aortic disease, and 23 (20%) limbs undergoing elective vascular surgery. Five patients underwent bilateral lower extremity fasciotomy. In all, 64 (57%) limbs had signs of ACS and underwent a therapeutic fasciotomy, while 49 (43%) fasciotomies were prophylactic. There were 20 (18%) fasciotomies performed after endovascular interventions. A 4-compartment fasciotomy was performed in 82% (n = 93) of limbs with a double incision technique. Split thickness skin graft was required in 11% (12/112) and vacuum-assisted closure treatment in 11% (12/111). The mean length of stay in hospital was 11 (9) days. Most common complication was lower extremity nerve deficit 32% (33/104) followed by wound infection 30% (32/108). At 30-day follow-up, amputation rate was 13% (14/107 limbs) and mortality 23% (25/107 patients). In the multivariate logistic regression analysis, prophylactic fasciotomy was associated with amputation (odds ratio: 28.9; 95% confidence interval: 1.96-425; P = .014).

Conclusion:

Acute compartment syndrome is primarily related to acute ischemic conditions but occurs after both aortic or elective vascular procedures and endovascular treatments. There are significant complications related to lower extremity fasciotomy in vascular surgery.
Chronic Juvenile Offenders: Exploring Risk Factor Models of Recidivism
Authors: Kennedy Tom D. , Edmonds W. Alex , Millen Danielle H. , Detullio David
Published: May 2018

This study examined the relationship between known risk factors for youthful offenders and rates of recidivism using Poisson regression models. The sample consisted of 564 male and female juvenile offenders referred to the Juvenile Court Assessment Center (JCAC) by the Juvenile Justice Division of the Eleventh Judicial Circuit of Miami-Dade County. First, data from a clinical interview and the administration of the Wide Range Achievement Test were factor analyzed. Six factors were found to be statistically significant based on a parallel analyses. Neighborhood factors explained the largest amount of variance followed by peer influence, family functioning, gang involvement, substance use, and academic achievement. These six domains were analyzed in separate Poisson regression models. Family-wise error rate was controlled with Bonferroni adjustments. Each model predicting number of arrests from academic performance, substance use, peer influence, gang involvement, and neighborhood factors were statistically significant. The final model including all variables across the six domains indicated good fit, χ2(14) = 201.260, p < .001. Implications stemming from these findings are discussed.
Evaluation of Surgical Instruments With Radiofrequency Identification Tags in the Operating Room
Authors: Yamashita Kazuhiko , Kusuda Kaori , Ito Yoshitomo , Komino Masaru , Tanaka Kiyohito , Kurokawa Satoru , Ameya Michitaka , Eba Daiji , Masamune Ken , Muragaki Yoshihiro , Ohta Yuji , Rinoie Chugo , Yamada Kenji , Sawa Yoshiki
Published: May 2018

Background. Surgical instrument retention and instrument breakage compromise surgery quality and lead to medical malpractice. We developed an instrument tracking system that could alert surgeons to instrument retention during surgery and monitor instrument use to reduce the risk of breakage. Methods. This prospective, experimental clinical trial included 15 patients undergoing inguinal hernia surgery or lumpectomy under general anesthesia at Saiseikai Kurihashi Hospital. Radiofrequency identification (RFID)-tagged surgical instruments were used, and a detection antenna was placed on a mayo stand during the operation. We analyzed the 1-loop detection ratio (OLDR)—that is, the capability of the antenna to detect devices in a single reading—and the total detection rate (TDR)—that is, the data accumulated for the duration of the operation—of the RFID-tagged instruments. Results. Data analysis revealed that the OLDR was 95% accurate, whereas the TDR was 100% accurate. The antenna could not detect the RFID tag when there was interference from electrocautery noise radiation, and 6% of instrument movement was undetected by the antenna; however, the TDR and instrument use were detected at all times. Conclusions. Surgical instruments can be tracked during surgery, and this tracking can clarify the usage rate of each instrument and serve as a backup method of instrument counting. However, this study was conducted on a small scale, and RFID tags cannot be attached to small surgical instruments used in complex operations such as neurosurgery. Further efforts to develop a tracking system for these instruments are warranted.
USPSTF Testicular Examination Nomination–Self-Examinations and Examinations in a Clinical Setting
Authors: Fadich Ana , Giorgianni Salvatore J. , Rovito Michael J. , Pecchia Gregory A. , Bonhomme Jean J. , Adams Wesley B. , Stephenson Colin L. , Mesa-Morales Felipe E. , Sparkes Justin Scott
Published: May 2018

In 2004, the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) published a Grade D recommendation for both testicular self-examination (TSE) and clinical evaluation to screen for testicular cancer in asymptomatic males. This review committee reaffirmed these recommendations in 2009 and again in 2011 (Testicular Cancer: Screening Release Date: April 2011. Final Update Summary: Testicular Cancer: Screening. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. September 2016). The 2011 USPSTF review found no significant evidence that would warrant a change from the last full review in 2004. We believe that the USPSTF erred in its assessments. As acknowledged in the task force report, testicular cancer is not believed to be preventable, and treatment of early detected testicular cancer is generally associated with very favorable outcomes; it is our belief therefore that every encouragement should be given to early detection. We are therefore requesting that the USPSTF review the D rating for testicular examination, both in a clinical setting and as self-examination. We are requesting this, as recent studies and public health warrant a change in grade. The new studies build on earlier studies that support the benefits of regular screening by individuals and their physicians. Further, and equally important, we believe that the current grade and attendant information confuses men and boys about the importance of self-care and wellness and continues to inadvertently reinforce negative cultural attitudes. We believe that adjusting the rating to a Grade B is both warranted and necessary.
Ethnic Drinking Culture, Acculturation, and Enculturation in Relation to Alcohol Drinking Behavior Among Marriage-Based Male Immigrants in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Hung-Hui , Chien Li-Yin
Published: May 2018

Drinking behavior among immigrants could be influenced by drinking-related cultural norms in their country of origin and host country. This study examined the association of ethnic drinking culture, acculturation, and enculturation with alcohol drinking among male immigrants in Taiwan. This cross-sectional survey recruited 188 male immigrants. Ethnic drinking culture was divided into dry and wet according to per capita alcohol consumption and abstinent rate in the countries of origin in reference to that in Taiwan. A scale, Bidimensional Acculturation Scale for Marriage-Based Immigrants, was developed to measure acculturation (adaptation to the host culture) and enculturation (maintenance of the original culture). Drinking patterns (abstinent, low-risk drinking, and hazardous drinking) were determined by scores on the Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test. There was a significant interaction between ethnic drinking culture and enculturation/acculturation on drinking patterns. Multinomial logistic regression models identified that for those from dry ethnic drinking cultures, a high level of acculturation was associated with increased low-risk drinking, while a high level of enculturation was associated with decreased low-risk drinking. For those from wet ethnic drinking cultures, a low level of acculturation and high level of enculturation were associated with increased hazardous drinking. High family socioeconomic status was associated with increased drinking, while perceived insufficient family income was positively associated with hazardous use. To prevent hazardous use of alcohol, health education should be targeted at immigrant men who drink, especially among those who have economic problems, are from wet ethnic drinking cultures, and demonstrate low adaptation to the host culture.
Nonlinear dynamics of unsymmetrical rotor-bearing system with fault of parallel misalignment
Authors: Li Zigang , Li Jing , Li Ming
Published: May 2018

Coupling misalignment in rotating machinery is an important problem; however, its dynamic characteristics have not been fully understood. In this work, the nonlinear dynamic behaviors of an unsymmetrical generator rotor system supported on the journal bearings are investigated. The motion equations of the rotor system are derived based on Lagrange method after taking into account a holonomic constraint characterized by the parallel misalignment between two rotors. Then, the dynamic responses and the vibration features of the rotor system are discussed based on the numerical technique, such as the rotor orbits and its frequency spectra, Poincaré maps, and largest Lyapunov exponent. The results show that the super-synchronous component in the frequency spectra 2X is significant for the identification and diagnosis of the rotor misalignment. Furthermore, the misalignment may induce the break of quasi-periodic torus and period-doubling bifurcation cascaded to chaos with the jump phenomena in response amplitudes.
Load-bearing capacity of flexural reinforced concrete members strengthened with fiber-reinforced polymer in fracture stage
Authors: Slaitas Justas , Valivonis Juozas , Juknevičius Linas , Šalna Remigijus
Published: May 2018

The article examines the behavior of flexural reinforced concrete members, strengthened with fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP), under the ultimate loading conditions (in fracture stage). One of the main problems of such elements is sudden and brittle failure mode caused by FRP debonding. The method for the calculation of load-bearing capacity of the normal section of flexural reinforced concrete members, strengthened with various types of FRP, is proposed in this article. This method is based on the theory of fracture mechanics of solids. The reduction of overall member stiffness due to the slip between concrete and FRP is estimated by reducing the FRP stress according to the built-up bars theory. Such reduction allows the prediction of load-bearing capacity of strengthened members sufficiently precisely even for sudden and brittle FRP debonding failure mode. The numerical results are compared with experimental ones. In total, 55 reinforced concrete beams, strengthened with externally bonded or near surface mounted carbon fiber-reinforced polymer and glass fiber-reinforced polymer sheets, plates, strips, and rods, are analyzed in this comparison. Experimental results were collected from various scientific publications. A focus is made on the depth of the crack in critical normal section and FRP strain–stress relationship.
Five Popular Study Strategies: Their Pitfalls and Optimal Implementations
Authors: Miyatsu Toshiya , Nguyen Khuyen , McDaniel Mark A.
Published: May 2018

Researchers’ and educators’ enthusiasm in applying cognitive principles to enhance educational practices has become more evident. Several published reviews have suggested that some potent strategies can help students learn more efficaciously. Unfortunately, for whatever reason, students do not report frequent reliance on these empirically supported techniques. In the present review, we take a novel approach, identifying study strategies for which students have strong preferences and assessing whether these preferred strategies have any merit given existing empirical evidence from the cognitive and educational literatures. Furthermore, we provide concrete recommendations for students, instructors, and psychologists. For students, we identify common pitfalls and tips for optimal implementation for each study strategy. For instructors, we provide recommendations for how they can assist students to more optimally implement these study strategies. For psychologists, we highlight promising avenues of research to help augment these study strategies.
Rethinking the Reliability of Eyewitness Memory
Authors: Wixted John T. , Mickes Laura , Fisher Ronald P.
Published: May 2018

Although certain pockets within the broad field of academic psychology have come to appreciate that eyewitness memory is more reliable than was once believed, the prevailing view, by far, is that eyewitness memory is unreliable—a blanket assessment that increasingly pervades the legal system. On the surface, this verdict seems unavoidable: Research convincingly shows that memory is malleable, and eyewitness misidentifications are known to have played a role in most of the DNA exonerations of the innocent. However, we argue here that, like DNA evidence and other kinds of scientifically validated forensic evidence, eyewitness memory is reliable if it is not contaminated and if proper testing procedures are used. This conclusion applies to eyewitness memory broadly conceived, whether the test involves recognition (from a police lineup) or recall (during a police interview). From this perspective, eyewitness memory has been wrongfully convicted of mistakes that are better construed as having been committed by other actors in the legal system, not by the eyewitnesses themselves. Eyewitnesses typically provide reliable evidence on an initial, uncontaminated memory test, and this is true even for most of the wrongful convictions that were later reversed by DNA evidence.
Rethinking the Confident Eyewitness: A Reply to Wixted, Mickes, and Fisher
Authors: Berkowitz Shari R. , Frenda Steven J.
Published: May 2018

In the current issue, Wixted, Mickes, and Fisher make the claim that eyewitness memory is not inherently unreliable. They also describe specific conditions under which an eyewitness’s confidence can be a reliable indicator of accuracy in the context of both recall and recognition. We argue, however, that calculating the probative value of eyewitness evidence is more complicated than the authors acknowledge. In this commentary, we raise several concerns about the collection and assessment of eyewitness confidence in the real world. We also discuss how frequently the conditions specified by Wixted et al. are met in real cases. The potential for memory contamination is commonplace and can likely be outside the control of investigators. Moreover, there is reason to doubt that legal decision makers are sensitive to the myriad ways that eyewitness memory can be influenced. Because of this, we think eyewitness-memory scientists would do well to further research the intricacies of eyewitness confidence in the real world.
Spoken-word production in Korean: A non-word masked priming and phonological Stroop task investigation
Authors: Han Jeong-Im , Verdonschot Rinus G
Published: May 2018

Speech production studies have shown that phonological unit initially used to fill the metrical frame during phonological encoding is language specific, that is, a phoneme for English and Dutch, an atonal syllable for Mandarin Chinese, and a mora for Japanese. However, only a few studies chronometrically investigated speech production in Korean, and they obtained mixed results. Korean is particularly interesting as there might be both phonemic and syllabic influences during phonological encoding. The purpose of this study is to further examine the initial phonological preparation unit in Korean, employing a masked priming task (Experiment 1) and a phonological Stroop task (Experiment 2). The results showed that significant onset (and onset-plus, that is, consonant–vowel [CV]) effects were found in both experiments, but there was no compelling evidence for a prominent role for the syllable. When the prime words were presented in three different forms related to the targets, namely, without any change, with re-syllabified codas, and with nasalised codas, there were no significant differences in facilitation among the three forms. Alternatively, it is also possible that participants may not have had sufficient time to process the primes up to the point that re-syllabification or nasalisation could have been carried out. In addition, the results of a Stroop task demonstrated that the onset phoneme effect was not driven by any orthographic influence. These findings suggest that the onset segment and not the syllable is the initial (or proximate) phonological unit used in the segment-to-frame encoding process during speech planning in Korean.
Fault diagnostic strategy of multivalued attribute system based on growing algorithm
Authors: Tian Heng , Duan Fuhai , Fan Liang , Sang Yong
Published: May 2018

Traditionally, fault diagnostic strategy is used to obtain the optimal test sequence for binary systems. Actually, a lot of systems are not binary systems, such as multivalued attribute systems. Traditional algorithms generating the test sequence for binary systems and multivalued attribute systems select tests, and then identify and isolate the failure states based on the outcomes of tests. In this study, a novel diagnostic strategy for multivalued attribute system is introduced. This strategy chooses failure states and then finds a suitable test set for the selected failure states. This can avoid the backtracking approach of traditional algorithms. In order to implement this strategy, three main procedures are presented: (1) test sequencing problem is simplified to a combination of the basic test sets with unnecessary tests, and the sets for fault detection and isolation are defined, (2) the optimal test sequence generating algorithm for an individual failure state is proposed, and (3) the priority levels of failure state are determined based on the probability, and a new algorithm, which is used to generate the test sequence for all failure states, is presented. As the implementation process for the new algorithm resembles the growth of branches on a tree, it is defined as growing algorithm. Finally, two cases are used to show how the growing algorithm works, and stochastic simulation experiments are employed to validate universality and stability of the algorithm. The case studies and stochastic simulation experiments demonstrate that the results obtained by the growing algorithm are as accurate as those obtained by the rollout algorithm, and the growing algorithm needs a short running time. Therefore, the growing algorithm is suitable for multivalued attribute system, and it obtains good calculation results with a short running time and high efficiency.
JNK2 regulates vascular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Das Mita , Zawada W. Michael , West James , Stenmark Kurt R.
Published: May 2018

Pulmonary arterial (PA) wall modifications are key pathological features of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Although such abnormalities correlate with heightened phosphorylation of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinases 1/2 (JNK1/2) in a rat model of PH, the contribution of specific JNK isoforms to the pathophysiology of PH is unknown. Hence, we hypothesized that activation of either one, or both JNK isoforms regulates PA remodeling in PH. We detected increased JNK1/2 phosphorylation in the thickened vessels of PH patients’ lungs compared to that in lungs of healthy individuals. JNK1/2 phosphorylation paralleled a marked reduction in MAP kinase phosphatase 1 (JNK dephosphorylator) expression in patients’ lungs. Association of JNK1/2 activation with vascular modification was confirmed in the calf model of severe hypoxia‐induced PH. To ascertain the role of each JNK isoform in pathophysiology of PH, wild‐type (WT), JNK1 null (JNK1‐/‐), and JNK2 null (JNK2‐/‐) mice were exposed to chronic hypoxia (10% O2 for six weeks) to develop PH. In hypoxic WT lungs, an increase in JNK1/2 phosphorylation was associated with PH‐like pathology. Hallmarks of PH pathophysiology, i.e. excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix and vessel muscularization with medial wall thickening, was also detected in hypoxic JNK1‐/‐ lungs, but not in hypoxia‐exposed JNK2‐/‐ lungs. However, hypoxia‐induced increases in right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP) and in right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) were similar in all three genotypes. Our findings suggest that JNK2 participates in PA remodeling (but likely not in vasoconstriction) in murine hypoxic PH and that modulating JNK2 actions might quell vascular abnormalities and limit the course of PH.
(Re)framing Big Data: Activating Situated Knowledges and a Feminist Ethics of Care in Social Media Research
Authors: Luka Mary Elizabeth , Millette Mélanie
Published: May 2018

In this article, we seek to problematize assumptions and trends in “big data” digital methods and research through an intersectional feminist lens. This is articulated through a commitment to understand how a feminist ethics of care and Donna Haraway’s ideas about “situated knowledge” could work methodologically for social media research. Taking up current debates within feminist materialism and digital data, including big, small, thick, and “lively” data, the argument addresses how a set of coherent feminist methods and a corollary epistemology is being rethought in the field today. We consider how the “queering” of Hannah Arendt’s concept of “action” could contribute to a critically optimistic and inclusive reflection on the role of ethical political commitments to the subjects/objects of study imbricated in big data. Finally, we use our recent research to pose a number of practical questions about practices of care in social media research, pointing toward future research directions.
Future Anthropology Ethics and Datafication: Temporality and Responsibility in Research
Authors: Pink Sarah , Lanzeni Debora
Published: May 2018

In this article, we argue for an ethics of big data that is embedded in the emergent processes through which data are made, interpreted, and mobilized in mundane everyday contexts and examine how this could potentially be played out in research practice. We situate this as a response to a current crisis in accountability that has arisen in the context of the use of digital data to inform societal interventions, which we propose calls for a future-oriented anthropological ethics situated in the ongoingness of life. Such a standpoint offers a revised approach to temporality and attends to the ethics of intervening and engaging with the uncertainty of what is as yet unknown rather than simply with an ethics of the past. It offers us an opportunity to think differently about big data and ethics and to create an alternative ethics for big data and their analysis.
Addressing Conceptual Gaps in Big Data Research Ethics: An Application of Contextual Integrity
Authors: Zimmer Michael
Published: May 2018

The rise of big data has provided new avenues for researchers to explore, observe, and measure human opinions, activities, and interactions. While scholars, professional societies, and ethical review boards have long-established research ethics frameworks to ensure the rights and welfare of the research subjects are protected, the rapid rise of big data-based research generates new challenges to long-held ethical assumptions and guidelines. This article discloses emerging conceptual gaps in relation to how researchers and ethical review boards think about privacy, anonymity, consent, and harm in the context of big data research. It closes by invoking Nissenbaum’s theory of “privacy as contextual integrity” as a useful heuristic to guide ethical decision-making in big data research projects.
Do Algorithms Shape Character? Considering Algorithmic Ethical Subjectivation
Authors: Magalhães João Carlos
Published: May 2018

Moral critiques of computational algorithms seem divided between two paradigms. One seeks to demonstrate how an opaque and unruly algorithmic power violates moral values and harms users’ autonomy; the other underlines the systematicity of such power, deflating concerns about opacity and unruliness. While the second paradigm makes it possible to think of end users of algorithmic systems as moral agents, the consequences of this possibility remain unexplored. This article proposes one way of tackling this problem. Employing Michel Foucault’s version of virtue ethics, I examine how perceptions of Facebook’s normative regulation of visibility have transformed non-expert end users’ ethical selves (i.e., their character) in the current political crisis in Brazil. The article builds on this analysis to advance algorithmic ethical subjectivation as a concept to make sense of these processes of ethical becoming. I define them as plural (encompassing various types of actions and values, and resulting in no determinate subject), contextual (demanding not only sociomaterial but also epistemological and ethical conditions), and potentially harmful (eventually structuring harms that are not externally inflicted by algorithms, but by users, upon themselves and others, in response to how they perceive the normativity of algorithmic decisions). By researching which model(s) of ethical subjectivation specific algorithmic social platforms instantiate, critical scholars might be able to better understand the normative consequences of these platforms’ power.
Comprehensive Review of Nutritional Components for Occupational Health Nurses—Part 1
Authors: Toothaker Rebecca , Chikotas Noreen
Published: May 2018

This article, the first in a two-part series, reviews and examines the components of clinical nutrition. In Part 1, the authors introduce the concept of nutrition and the role it plays in supporting healthy employees, current guidelines, and recommendations for determining healthy eating and the nutritional component of carbohydrates. In Part 2, the components of fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water, and a resource guide are provided for the occupational health nurse to assist in the implementation of employee education in the area of healthy nutrition. The intent of the articles is to acquaint and inform occupational health nurses on the current guidelines for healthy eating so they can better appraise their employee population, thus creating a healthier workforce. The information provided is not all-inclusive on the topics discussed, but provides a foundation to understand the requirements for a healthier workforce.
Determinant in Intensity of Farmers’ Participation in Contract Farming
Authors: Swain Braja Bandhu
Published: May 2018

This article examines the intensity of farmers’ participation in contract farming by estimating the allocation of land and family labour for the contract and non-contract crops. In addition, factors that influence farmers’ decision to allocate land for the contract crop was identified. The analysis of this article is based on 159 households of Telangana state. The empirical results indicated that farmer is likely to employ proportionately more family labour for contract crop compared to non-contract ones. Small farmers proportionately allocate more land and family labour for the contract crop compared to large ones. Landholding size, education and income have influenced farmers’ decision to allocate land for growing gherkin, while it is landholding size, family size and income in case of hybrid paddy seed. To increase participation of small farmers, focus should be given to improve the education level and increase the landholding size through implementation of proper land policy.
Granulomatous Invasive Aspergillus flavus Infection Involving the Nasal Sinuses and Brain
Authors: Jariwal Roopam , Heidari Arash , Sandhu Ahana , Patel Janushe , Shoaepour Kamelia , Natarajan Piruthiviraj , Cobos Everardo
Published: May 2018

Invasive fungal infections are commonly associated with some form of immunosuppression. On the nasal epithelial surface, Aspergillus flavus, under favorable conditions, can aggressively breach multiple cell lines invading the local tissues. We present the case of a 35-year-old woman with granulomatous invasive Aspergillus flavus infection involving the nasal sinuses and the brain. Antifungal agents administered in the previous episodes contained the infection; however, the infected site evolved over time surrounded with calcified tissues in the left maxillary sinus. The current infection involved the other side of the maxillary sinus and extended to the orbital cavity eroding the parts of the skull and retro-orbital structures and was treated with a long course of isavuconazole therapy.
The Relationship Between Spectral Modulation Detection and Speech Recognition: Adult Versus Pediatric Cochlear Implant Recipients
Authors: Gifford René H. , Noble Jack H. , Camarata Stephen M. , Sunderhaus Linsey W. , Dwyer Robert T. , Dawant Benoit M. , Dietrich Mary S. , Labadie Robert F.
Published: May 2018

Adult cochlear implant (CI) recipients demonstrate a reliable relationship between spectral modulation detection and speech understanding. Prior studies documenting this relationship have focused on postlingually deafened adult CI recipients—leaving an open question regarding the relationship between spectral resolution and speech understanding for adults and children with prelingual onset of deafness. Here, we report CI performance on the measures of speech recognition and spectral modulation detection for 578 CI recipients including 477 postlingual adults, 65 prelingual adults, and 36 prelingual pediatric CI users. The results demonstrated a significant correlation between spectral modulation detection and various measures of speech understanding for 542 adult CI recipients. For 36 pediatric CI recipients, however, there was no significant correlation between spectral modulation detection and speech understanding in quiet or in noise nor was spectral modulation detection significantly correlated with listener age or age at implantation. These findings suggest that pediatric CI recipients might not depend upon spectral resolution for speech understanding in the same manner as adult CI recipients. It is possible that pediatric CI users are making use of different cues, such as those contained within the temporal envelope, to achieve high levels of speech understanding. Further investigation is warranted to investigate the relationship between spectral and temporal resolution and speech recognition to describe the underlying mechanisms driving peripheral auditory processing in pediatric CI users.
Toxicology in the Borgias period: The mystery of Cantarella poison
Authors: Karamanou Marianna , Androutsos George , Hayes A Wallace , Tsatsakis Aristides
Published: May 2018

Since antiquity, poisoning has been a traditional political weapon. In Renaissance Italy, murder in political circles became so frequent that nobody believed in the natural death of popes, cardinals, and royalty. This period in history was marked by poisoning attempts of the Borgia family. It was said that they were using several kinds of poison among which cantarella a variation of arsenic, the composition of which remains unknown. In our article, we try to trace cantarella’s composition and etymology.
Expediting toxicity testing with increased precision, predictive power, and clinical utility
Authors: Pressman Peter , Hayes A Wallace , Clemens Roger
Published: May 2018

Federal Government management of health risks associated with the use of therapeutics and unintended environmental chemical exposures must be expedited to meet public health needs. Although US agencies initiated the Tox21 strategy over a decade ago to expedite toxicity testing and improve the reliability of risk assessments, recent status reports indicate that achieving its goals is still decades away. Emerging technologies create an opportunity to both expedite toxicity testing and improve its predictive power. The way forward may be an augmentation of the strategy aimed at enhancing the resolution and scope of Tox21 and exploring the adaptability of real-time chemical sensor, digital imaging, and other technologies to toxicity testing. Among the anticipated returns on the associated investment would likely be enhanced accuracy in prediction, reductions in the time needed to conduct hazard identifications and toxicity assessments, and an overall increase in the precision and reliability of the risk assessment process. This in turn expedites risk management decisions and reduces scientific uncertainty and the need to incorporate margins of safety that can add cost without necessarily returning improved health protection.
Muscle stiffness in tension-type headache patients with pericranial tenderness
Authors: Kolding Lærke Tørring , Do Thien Phu , Ewertsen Caroline , Schytz Henrik Winther
Published: May 2018

Background:

Tension-type headache patients have previously been shown to have increased muscle tone, stiffness and tenderness in the trapezius muscle compared to healthy volunteers. Shear wave elastography is a non-invasive method to measure muscle stiffness. The aim of the study was to use shear wave elastography to investigate if tension-type headache patients had increased pericranial muscle stiffness and whether pericranial muscle stiffness correlated to muscle tenderness.

Methods:

Seventeen patients with very frequent or chronic tension-type headache associated with pericranial tenderness and 29 healthy volunteers were included. Muscle stiffness was measured using shear wave elastography and muscle tenderness was measured using local tenderness score and total tenderness score.

Results:

There was no statistically significant difference in muscle stiffness between tension-type headache patients and healthy volunteers. The local tenderness and total tenderness scores were higher in tension-type headache patients compared with healthy volunteers. There was no correlation between muscle stiffness and tenderness.

Conclusion:

We found no sign of increased pericranial muscle stiffness in tension-type headache patients compared with healthy volunteers using shear wave elastography. Our findings do not suggest a generalized pericranial increase in muscle tone in very frequent and chronic tension-type headache patients.