bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk of Liver Fibrosis in Hepatitis B Virus and HIV Coinfected Youths Receiving Tenofovir-Containing Antiretroviral Regimen
Authors: Aurpibul Linda , Kanjanavanit Suparat , Leerapun Apinya , Puthanakit Thanyawee
Published: February 2019

Background:

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV coinfection is associated with risk of progression to chronic liver disease. We assessed liver stiffness in HBV-HIV coinfected youths.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study in HBV-HIV coinfected youths aged 18 to 25 years who received a tenofovir (TDF)-containing antiretroviral therapy regimen for >96 weeks. Measurements included HBV DNA level, HBV serology profiles, and transient elastography (TE). The cutoff for TE results included ≥5.9 kPa for F2-moderate fibrosis, ≥7.4 kPa for F3-severe fibrosis, and ≥9.6 kPa for F4-cirrhosis.

Results:

From March to December 2016, 15 HBV-HIV coinfected youths with a median duration on TDF-containing regimens of 3.3 years were enrolled. Five (33%) youths had significant liver fibrosis, 3 with F2-moderate, 1 with F3-advanced fibrosis, and 1 with F4-cirrhosis. Other 5 without liver fibrosis had hepatitis B surface e antigen (HBsAg) and hepatitis B surface e antigen (HBeAg) loss. Higher mean alanine transaminase (ALT) was observed among the group with F2-F4 when compared to those with F0.

Conclusion:

Liver fibrosis was evidenced in HBV-HIV coinfected youths in Thailand. Transient elastography might be considered for those who do not achieve HBsAg loss or have persistent ALT elevation while on treatment.
The Case for a National Legalization Program without Legislation or Executive Action: Results from Screening for Immigration Legal Options
Authors: Atkinson Jeanne M. , Wong Tom K.
Published: February 2019

This article presents the results of a study that finds that as many as two million unauthorized immigrants in the United States could have a path to permanent legal status. However, these immigrants may not know that they are eligible for legal status, much less be able to afford the costs or take the necessary steps to obtain it. The two million figure is drawn from an analysis of screening data from 4,070 unauthorized immigrants from 12 states. The study highlights the profound impact that a national project to screen for legal status would have on the entire US population, including eligible immigrants, their family members, and the country at large.

The need for legal screening has become particularly acute in light of the Trump administration’s focus on apprehension and deportation of unauthorized immigrants without regard to their length of residence in the United States, family relationships to US citizens and lawful permanent residents (LPRs), or other positive factors. The proposed termination of benefits for many Temporary Protected Status (TPS) holders and Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) 1 recipients would add more than one million individuals — approximately 325,000 ( Warren and Kerwin 2017 ), and 700,000 ( Krogstad 2017 ) people, respectively — to the pool of unauthorized immigrants.
Preventable poor outcome from rebleeding by emergency aneurysm occlusion in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage
Authors: Tack Reinier WP , Vergouwen Mervyn DI , van der Schaaf Irene , van der Zwan Albert , Rinkel Gabriel JE , Lindgren Antti E
Published: February 2019

Introduction

The risk of rebleeding is highest during the initial hours after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (aSAH), but the aneurysm is not occluded in all patients immediately after admission. Our aim was to determine the proportion of aSAH patients with poor outcome from early in-hospital rebleeding that can be prevented by three emergency aneurysm occlusion regimes.

Patients and methods

From our prospectively collected database, we retrieved from all aSAH patients admitted between July 2007 and July 2017 data on clinical condition on admission, time of rebleeding, and outcome at 3 months.

Results

Of 1391 consecutive aSAH patients, 923 were in good clinical condition and had an aneurysm on initial imaging that was amenable for treatment. Poor outcome from rebleeding could have been avoided by treatment <4 h during day time shifts in 4 (0.4% [95% CI: 0.2–1.1]) patients (number needed to treat [NNT]: 250), by treatment and <1 h during daytime shift in 9 (1.0% [95% CI: 0.5–1.8]; NNT: 111), and treatment <1 h at 24/7 basis in 16 (1.7% [95% CI: 1.1–2.8%]; NNT: 59).

Discussion

Emergency aneurysm occlusion can reduce poor outcome due to rebleeding, but only in small proportions of patients. Whether such strategies lead to improved outcome for all patients and are cost-effective is highly uncertain.

Conclusion

We do not recommend instalment of a treatment regimen where occlusion of ruptured aneurysm is performed within 1 h on a 24/7 basis.
European Respiratory Society International Congress 2018: Allied Respiratory Professionals’ report of highlighted sessions
Authors: Rutter Matthew , Camillo Carlos Augusto , Coss Peter , Sajnic Andreja , McGowan Aisling , Langer Daniel , De Brandt Jana , Osadnik Christian
Published: February 2019

This article provides an overview of outstanding sessions that were supported by Assembly 9 during the recent European Respiratory Society International Congress in Paris, France. Session content was mainly targeted at allied health professionals such as respiratory physiologists, respiratory physiotherapists and respiratory nurses. Recent developments and novel findings related to pulmonary function testing, respiratory muscle function assessments and treatment, and multidimensional and multidisciplinary approaches to the assessment and management of dyspnoea were the focus of these sessions and are summarised here.
Pengaruh Medium yang Tercemar Organoklorin (Endosulfan) terhadap Kandungan Agar dan Morfologi Thallus Gracilaria verrucosa
[Effect Of Organochlorines (Endosulfan) Contaminated Medium On Content Of Gelatin and Thallus Morphology Gracilaria verrucosa]
Authors: Alamsjah Moch. Amin , Riswanti Handini Fidya , Agustono Agustono
Published: February 2019

Abstract Gracilaria verrucosa seaweed is one of the high economic value because its potential as raw with the good content of more agarose than agaropektin so that it can produce gelatin to form strong and solid gelatin. The content range is from 12-48% depending on the class species Rhodophyceaea. Organochlorine residues (Endosulfan) come down to sea by the use of Organochlorine continuously, finally settles on the ground and carried by the flow of rain. Organochlorine residues (Endosulfan) excess in aquatic may influence biota so that can degrade and change the content that Thallus morphology on Gracilaria verrucosa. This research aims to determine the content of that reduction and morphological changes of Gracilaria verrucosa thallus on organochlorine contaminated medium (Endosulfan). This research method s experimental, while the design of the study is a Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) with 5 treatments and 4 replications. The main parameters in this research that content of gelatin and thallus morphology Gracilaria verrucosa, while supporting parameters in this study consisted of: water quality medium. The results showed that the organochlorine contaminated medium (Endosulfan) significantly influenced (p <0.05) of the gelatin content. Ingredients that are highest in treatment A (41.2%). Content that is second highest on treatments B (35.55%). Ingredients that are the third highest in treatment C (22.02%), followed by treatment D (16.72%) and treatment E (13%) showed the lowest gelatin. Each treatment showed significantly different between treatments. Thallus morphology Observations show differences in the thickness of the thallus epidermis such as the dose of pollutant. The greater the dose of organochlorines (Endosulfan) given the Thallus epidermis G. verrucosa diminution.
Rekayasa Teknologi Fermentasi Limbah Rumput Laut sebagai Probiotik pada Budidaya Intensif Ikan Sistem Akuaponik
[Engineering Technology Fermentation Waste Seaweed As Probiotics On The Cultivation Of Intensive Fish Aquaponic System]
Authors: Alamsjah Moch. Amin , Subangkit Harjad
Published: February 2019

Abstract This research is done by doing a test fermentation technology in order to manufacture enriched media probiotic (probiotic 's) and the identification of the type and number of probiotic bacteria, and nutrient elements absorption of N and P. Results obtained shows that the number of microbes Lactobacillus sp. as probiotic bacteria may increase on media waste Gracilaria sp., Kappaphycus sp., Sargassum sp. and the levels of nitrogen and phosphor is high from fermented waste with media indicating that the fermentation kelp Gracilaria sp. waste provides the best results compared to fermentation waste Kappaphycus sp. and Sargassum sp.
Rekayasa Chitosan Sebagai Pengawet dan Meningkatkan Kadar Protein Dalam Tahu
[Technologi Engineering Chitosan As A Preservative and Elevated Levels Of A Protein On Tofu ]
Authors: Andriyono Sapto , Vega Crhisnawati , Elkana Daniel , Putri Oktavia , Leonard Rikky
Published: February 2019

Abstract Chitosan is the potential to serve as a food preservative, because chitosan has polikation positively charged so that it can inhibit the growth of microbes and are able to bind to the compounds negatively charged such as protein, polysaccharides, nucleid acid, heavy methal and others. In addition, molecules of chitosan has an N capable of forming amino compound which is a component of protein and amine moieties on the H atoms which facilitates chitosan interact with water through hydrogen bonds. Know who manufactured this process at the time of processing is still done traditionality. So that power save know produced has a fairy low level of durability. This study used a randomized complete design methods, experimental design was used with tree treatment with five replicate. Treatment imposed in the research include ; treatment with the awarding of chitosan as much as 1%, granting of chitosan treatment B as much as 2%, granting of chitosan treatment C by as much as 3%. Form the results of our study, obtained a good treatment doses for food out of 3%. The doses may be extend save out to 5 days in the future at room temperature and increase the levels of protein know 0,5 – 1,5 %.
Ibm bagi Petambak Udang Tradisional di Desa Masaran, Kecamatan Banyuates, Kabupaten Sampang, yang Gulung Tikar Akibat Kasus Kematian Udang yang Terus Menerus [ Ibm For Traditional Shrimp Farmers In Masaran Village, Banyuates District, Sampang Region, That Capital Losted By Shrimp Dead Cases Continuoesly]
Authors: Sudarno Sudarno , Mahasri Gunanti , Kismiyati Kismiyati
Published: February 2019

Abstract Tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon Fab) is one of the economically important shrimp, until 1992 became the most important of non petroleum export commodity from fishery sector. Since the end of 1993 up to now, the Penaeus monodon Fab death level has been relatively high and due to this circumstance have been caused many ponds collapsed so that the shrimp production was dramatically declined for year by year. Banyuates District is one of the Sampang Region areas which have big fisheries potential, aspecially for the breakist water pond, that the topest as the other district. There are a lot of shrimp dead cases until now. But, so that 80% of breakist water pond were broken and not operational. The objective of this societies service activities is applicated a new shrimp culture technology with traditional plus Imuno-Biocirculation System. Imuno-Biocirculation System (SI-PBR) for increases the shrimp harvest at Candi District Region of Sidoarjo, at May until Desember 2013. The method using in the activity were socialitation/counseling, dempond and guiding to application of the SI-PBR model in one periode. Monitoring and evaluation about this result were done in one month after the activity ending. This result showed that a positive indication. There was the knowledges of the farmer in ceases by socialization, it also applicated a model in the right method for shrimp culture. There were also showed that the SI-PBR model can in ceased the shrimp harvest from 272,43 kg/ha to 854,66 kg/ha, it means was increased 313%. The conclution of this activity is the SI-PBR model can increased the shrimp harvest and can applicates in more larges area in Sidoarjo Region.
Predileksi dan Perubahan Patologi Anatomi pada Ikan Maskoki (Carassius auratus) akibat Infestasi Lernaea cyprinacea Di Kabupaten Tulungagung
[Predilection and Anatomical Pathology Changes in Goldfish (Carassius auratus) Due to Lernaea Cyprinacea Infestation in Tulungagung]
Authors: Kismiyati Kismiyati , Asshaufi Nadia Ayu Fadila , Suprapto Hari
Published: February 2019

Abstract Goldfish (Carassius auratus) is one of the most popular freshwater fish, therefore they has a very great potential market. Increased effort in Goldfish (Carassius auratus) aquaculture industry, fish farmer also faced greater problems. One of it is disease caused by ectoparacites Lernaea cyprinacea. The predilection of Lernaea cyprinacea can be be directly visible, by the presence of parasites attached to the body surface, fins, gills, eyes and mouth of fish. Lernaea cyprinacea attack on fish can cause pathological change such as lesions and nodules on the skin and fins. This research was conducted in March-November 2013. Location of sampling conducted in Tulungagung East Java while Goldfish (Carassius auratus) pathological examination in the Laboratory of Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Airlangga University. The purpose of this study was to determine the predilection of Lernaea cyprinacea that mostly infested on Goldfish (Carassius auratus) and knowing the change of anatomical pathology in Goldfish (Carassius auratus) infested by Lernaea cyprinacea. The method used was a survey method with random sampling technique and change in anatomic pathology described by the scoring method. The result showed that the predilection of Lernaea cyprinacea mostly infested on Goldfish (Carassius auratus) on dorsal and caudal fin, anatomic pathology changes on Goldfish (Carassius auratus) that infested by Lernaea cyprinacea are abscess, haemorhage, laceration, and fins damaged
Light and Temperature Govern Germination and Storage of Caladium Seed
Authors: Carpenter William J.
Published: February 2019

Caladium hortulanum Birdsey cv. Candidum seed failed to germinate without light; maximum germination required daily, incandescent light of ≤4 hours. Lengthening daily lighting periods progressively reduced the days to 50% relative germination (T50) from 20 to 8, and days between 10% and 90% relative germination (T90 – T10) from 16 to 5. T50 and T90 – T10 were shortest (≈ 8 days) at 25 and 30C, while total or absolute germination percentage (G) was highest at ≈ 90%. G was 94% for seeds harvested immediately, but 75% or 38% for seeds that remained in fruits for 3 or 12 weeks after fruit abscission from the spadix. Total absolute germination was reduced from 95% to 87% when seed moisture contents declined to <14%. Seed storage for 7 days at from 10 to – 80 C-caused no reduction in G. Seeds were stored 6 months at 15C and 22%, 33%, or 52% RH without change in G, but storage at 5 or 25C and 11%, 75%, or 95% RH significantly reduced germination.
Cytokinins Affect Respiration, Ethylene Production, and Chlorophyll Retention of Packaged Broccoli Florets
Authors: Rushing James W.
Published: February 2019

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. italica `Citation') florets were treated postharvest with either benzyladenine or trans-zeatin at either 10 or 50 ppm before packaging in perforated polyethylene bags and storage at 16C. The most pronounced effects were observed with benzyladenine at 50 ppm. Compared to controls, respiration rate was reduced 50% and ethylene production increased 40% throughout the first 4 days of storage. Total chlorophyll content had dropped 60% in controls, but was unchanged in cytokinin-treated florets, which had a 90% longer shelf life than controls. These effects depended on the amount of cytokinin applied and were of greater magnitude with benzyladenine than with zeatin.
Ripening and Solar Exposure Alter Polar Lipid Fatty Acid Composition of `Honey Dew' Muskmelons
Authors: Forney Charles F.
Published: February 2019

Polar lipids were extracted from immature through overripe `Honey Dew' muskmelons (Cucumis melo L.) that were exposed to high or low levels of solar radiation. Fatty acid composition of the polar lipids changed and the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids increased as fruit ripened. The percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids palmitoleic and oleic acid as a percent of total fatty acids increased from 8% in melons of minimum maturity to >50% in overripe melons. Also, the ratio of unsaturated to saturated fatty acids increased from 2.2 to 5.0. Total polar lipid fatty acid compostion from middle mesocarp tissue (flesh) did not change as much during ripening as the polar lipid composition from the epidermis (peel). Peel tissue from the top of melons relative to the ground had unsaturation ratios of C18 fatty acids and C16 fatty acids 33% and 62% greater, respectively, than peel from the bottom of the melon. Melons of minimum maturity exposed to solar radiation had significantly more unsaturated C18 fatty acids than shaded melons. Increase in the percentage of unsaturated polar lipid fatty acids in `Honey Dew' melons may relate to increases in chilling tolerance reported to occur with ripening and solar exposure.
SIMAZINE RESIDUES IN CITRUS ORCHARD SOILS UNDER LONG-TERM CHEMICAL WEED CONTROL
Authors: Albach Roger F. , Hickman Michael V. , Swietlik Darius
Published: February 2019

Simazine is a pre-emergent herbicide of low water solubility (5 ppm) that is long-lasting and has high crop selectivity. Simazine residues in a citrus orchard, portions of which have been under chemical weed control for an extended period, were quantified. The orchard is located in the semi-tropical region of South Texas on alluvial Hidalgo sandy clay soil of relatively uniform profile. The orchard investigated had been included in a long-term weed control study lasting 30 years. Three treatments were established based upon the history of the herbicide use. Treatment A had received herbicide applications for 30 years and simazine applications during the last 8 years (22.8 kg·ha-1 total simazine application). Treatment B was mechanically cultivated without herbicides for 28 years and received annual simazine applacations the last 2 years (7.6 kg·ha-1 total). Treatment C was maintained in grass sod and received no herbicide. Soil fractions were taken at 15-cm increments by soil probe to a total depth of 1.5 m. Three probes in each of three replicate plots for each treatment were analyzed. The highest concentration of simazine was found near the surface and decreased with depth. The rate of this decrease was less with treatment A than with B. In the depth range of 15 to 105 cm, treatment A had a greater simazine content than with treatment B. Simazine was detected in some samples below the 120 cm depth.
FERTILIZATION EFFECTS ON MYCORRHIZAL FORMATION AND GROWTH OF PINUS NIGRA, P. PONDEROSA, AND P. SYLVESTRIS.
Authors: Judd Kirsten M. , Rupp Larry A. , Fisher Richard F.
Published: February 2019

Fertilization effects on mycorrhizal formation by Tricholoma virgatum with three pine species were studied. Inoculum was mixed into a 1 peat: 1 vermiculite media (1:9, v/v), prior to seeding in 160-cm3 “Leach Containers”. Four nutritional regimens were used: Full-strength Ingestad solution with 10% P, 10% Ingestad solution, modified-exponential Ingestad, and a slow-release fertilizer (Sierra TM, 17N-6P-1OK). Seedlings were harvested at 3, 4, and 5 months after sowing. Tricholoma inoculation resulted in 11% of the short roots of all species forming ectomycorrhizae (ECM) and 40% of the seedlings being colonized. P. sylvestris and P. nigra had significantly more ECM than did P. ponderosa, The number of ECM increased from the 3rd to the 4th month, but no increase occurred after the 4th month. Treatment with full-strength Ingestad/10% P yielded the largest seedlings and the least ECM, while exponential and 10% Ingestad produced smaller seedlings with the most ECM. The slow-release fertilizer treatment resulted in trees with intermediate growth and ECM formation. No differences in growth were found between inoculated and uninoculated trees.
THE EFFECT OF AN ELECTRICAL FIELD ON GERMINATION AND GROWTH OF SEEDLINGS
Authors: Matheu Harry , Stevenson R. L.
Published: February 2019

A weak electrical field has a stimulatory effect on germination of seeds and the early growth of young plants. Waldo bean seeds were placed in a chamber with moistened filter paper. Oppositely charged aluminum plates were used to stimulate growth. The top plate was,suspended above the filter paper to eliminate the possibility of a direct current flow through the paper. Each set of samples was examined after 5 days. The average root length of the test groups was significantly greater than that of the control groups. Additional experiments suggested that the rate of growth of the plants in soil was enhanced by applying a weak electric field to the soil. Using electricity to stimulate better germination has many practical applications. A current agricultural practice is to germinate seeds in dissolving tubes for planting as individual plants. Results of these experiments suggest that applying an electric current to the germinating seeds would stimulate them to grow more vigorously for more successful growth in the field, The use of electricity may have important applications as art adjunct to organic farming practices. Experiments are under way to apply the use of electricity to hydroponic systems. Foster, K.R. and H.P. Schwann. 1986. In: C. Polk and E. Postrow (eds.). CRC handbook of biological effects of electromagnetic fields. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, Fla. Weaver, J.C. and R.D. Astumian. 1990. The response of living cells to very weak electric fields: The thermal noise limit. Science 247:459-462.
Maternal and Paternal Influences on Crumbly Fruit of `Centennial' Red Raspberry
Authors: Moore Patrick P. , Robbins Jo Ann
Published: February 2019

A crumbly fruited clone of `Centennial' red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) had fewer drupelets per fruit and smaller fruit than normal-fruited `Centennial'. Although there was more abortive pollen in the crumbly clone of `Centennial', there was no difference in drupelet set between the two `Centennial' clones when used as paternal parents. Thus, in `Centennial', the mechanism causing crumbly fruit was primarily a maternal effect. There was no evidence of disease as a cause of the crumbly fruited `Centennial' clone and observations were consistent with a somatic mutation.
In Vitro Propagation of Apios americana
Authors: Wickremesinhe E.R.M. , Blackmon W.J. , Reynolds B.D.
Published: February 2019

Shoot proliferation from axillary buds of Apios americana Medikus (apios, groundnut) was obtained on a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2.22 μm BAP, 0.5 μm IBA, and 3.0 μm GA3. Existed shoots rooted on MS basal medium. About 60% of the rooted plants were successfully established in soil. Chemical names used: 1 H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA). gibberellic acid (GA3), N6-benzylaminopurine (BAP).
Nitrogen and Potassium Fertility and Plant Populations Influence Field Production of Gerbera
Authors: Dufault Robert J. , Phillip Tyron L. , Kelly John W.
Published: February 2019

Gerbera seedlings (Gerbera jamesonii H. Bolus Ex. Hook F.) `Florist Strain Yellow' were planted on drip-irrigated, plastic-mulched beds at 24,000, 36,000 or 72,000 plants/ha. Nitrogen and potassium fertilizers at 55, 110, or 220 kg·ha-1 were factorially combined with populations. In the 1st year of a 2-year study, the number of marketable flowers increased as N and K increased to 110 kg·ha-1, but as N and K were increased to 220 kg·ha-1, cull production increased. In the 2nd year, marketable and cull yields increased with N rate to 220 kg·ha-1; K did not affect yield. As populations increased from 24,000 to 72,000 plants/ha, marketable and cull flower production increased in both years. Flower size and quality were unaffected by plant populations. Nitrogen and potassium fertility did not affect flower size, quality, or vase life in either year.
Pyruvate Kinase Activity and Protein Concentration in `d'Anjou' Pear Fruit with Cork Spot
Authors: Bevacqua Robert , Mielke Eugene , Facteau Timothy , Lavon Ruth , Chen Paul
Published: February 2019

An assay for pyruvate kinase (PK) was tested as a diagnostic tool for cork spot, a major physiological disorder in pear Pyrus communis L. cv. d'Anjou) fruit. PK activity and Ca and protein concentrations were measured in peel of normal and affected fruit during selected months in 2 years. Protein concentration was more closely associated with cork spot than PK activity or Ca concentration. These preliminary results suggested the PK assay was a poor diagnostic tool for cork spot.
Color Change in Fresh Red Raspberry Fruit Stored at 0, 4.5, or 20C
Authors: Robbins Jo Ann , Moore Patrick P.
Published: February 2019

During storage for 16 days at 0 or 4.5C or storage for 8 days at 20C, fresh raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. var. idaeus) fruit became darker, less red, and more blue as recorded in L* a* b* CIE coordinates. Cultivars maintained their relative at-harvest ratings throughout storage. Rates of change for cultivars during storage did not differ. Color changes depended on temperature, with rates of change fastest at 20C, especially during the first 4 days. Fruit stored 16 days at OC was more red and less blue than that stored at 4.5C. Maximum color change was reached after 8 days at 0 or 4.5C and after 4 days at 20C.
DNA Fingerprints in Sports of `Red Delicious' Apples
Authors: Nybom Hilde
Published: February 2019

Hybridization of minisatellite DNA with an M13 probe yields DNA fingerprints that usually are highly cultivar-specific. However, 15 different sports of `Red Delicious' apples (Malus × domestics Borkh.) exhibited almost identical fingerprints. The mutations determining the morphological differences between the sports could not be detected by the minisatellite probe. These hypervariable DNA sequences appear rather stable in apples, making them ideal for differentiating between cultivars derived through genetic recombination but probably not very useful for differentiating between vegetative sports.
In Vitro Flowering of Plantlets Regenerated from Zygotic Embryo-derived Somatic Embryos of Ginseng
Authors: Lee Haeng S. , Liu Jang R. , Yang Seung G. , Lee Young H. , Lee Kwang-W.
Published: February 2019

Mature zygotic embryos dissected from ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) seeds were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing various concentrations of 2,4-D and kinetin. Somatic embryos were induced directly from cotyledonary tissue and from intervening callus. The frequency of somatic embryo induction was up to 55% of zygotic embryo explants. Upon transfer onto half-strength MS medium supplemented with 1 mg BA/liter and 1 mg GA3/liter, most somatic embryos developed into plantlets. More than 50% of the plantlets flowered after 4 weeks of culture, and some developed immature fruits in vitro. These results indicate that adulthood of ginseng root explants is not a prerequisite for flowering of plantlets regenerated through somatic embryogenesis. Chemical names used: (2,4 -dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D); N-(2-furanylmethyl) -1H-purin-6-amine(kinetin); N-(phenylmethyl) -1H-purin-6-amine (BA); gibberellic acid (GA3).
Sustainable Commercial Vegetable Production with Minimal Use of Synthetic Fertilizers and Pesticides
Authors: Wegrzyn Victor A.
Published: February 2019

Sustainable production systems are characterized as systems that can be physically and biologically maintained in perpetuity, can avoid adverse environmental and health problems, and can be economically profitable. Organic vegetable production systems are one example of sustainable farming enterprises. In California, organic production and postharvest handling techniques are closely defined by legislation. Of the several grower groups representing organic farmers in the state, the California Certified Organic Farmers is the largest, representing 382 growers that farmed a total area of 10,375 ha in 1988. Of these, 200 growers are vegetable producers. Another organization active among organic growers in California, as well as Mexico, Central American countries, and the Caribbean, is the Organic Crop Improvement Association. Marketing organizations such as the Nutri-Clean Program, which tests produce for pesticide residues and certifies specific residue standards, and the Organic Market News and Information Service facilitate the sale of organic produce in California. Cultural practice information for organic vegetable production is difficult to find, particularly techniques that would allow a grower to switch from conventional to organic production. University researchers and extension workers have so far been of little help, although the Univ. of California Sustainability Program at Davis is beginning research and education activities. Funding for these activities is inadequate, and the program is understaffed. There is need for long-term, interdisciplinary, on-farm studies to study organic production techniques in a realistic setting. At present, the reward system in place in land-grant institutions offers little encouragement to researchers to engage in this kind of work. There are formidable obstacles to increasing the use of organic materials for crop fertilization. The nutrient content of the state's manure and organic waste supplies is probably insufficient to meet the fertility needs of California's crops. In addition, since the majority of land currently producing vegetable crops in California is leased, long-term soil fertility investments are a risky undertaking.
Holding Tomato Transplants in Plug Trays
Authors: Marr Charles W. , Jirak Mark
Published: February 2019

Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Jet Star) seedlings grown in small cells (plugs) in trays holding 200, 406, or 648 plants per flat (28 × 55 cm) were larger after 6 weeks as cell size increased, but all were acceptable. Other seedlings, transplanted at weekly intervals from plug trays to plastic cell packs (48 cells per 28 × 55-cm flat), were of similar size during weeks 1-3; seedlings from 648-plug trays were smaller than the others by week 5-6. Seedlings from 200-plug trays planted at weekly intervals into containers where plant-plant competition was absent were larger through 6 weeks than those from 406- and 648-plug trays. Early marketable and total yields were similar for plants held in 406-plug trays 1 to 4 weeks before their transfer to 48-cell flats, but yield decreased for those held 5 to 7 weeks.
Rooting Softwood Cuttings of Acer griseum: Promotion by Stockplant Etiolation, Inhibition by Catechol
Authors: Maynard Brian K. , Bassuk Nina L.
Published: February 2019

Effects of stockplant etiolation, stem banding, exogenous auxin, and catechol on the rooting response of softwood cuttings of paperbark maple (Acer griseum Pax.) were studied. Etiolated cuttings rooted better than light-grown cuttings, while stem banding did not affect rooting percentage (light-grown, 10%; light-grown + banding, 18%; etiolated, 41%; etiolated + banding, 37%). IBA did not promote, but catechol inhibited rooting (control, 31%; IBA, 37%; catechol, 17%; IBA + catechol, 21%). Root number was increased by IBA and unaffected by catechol. The distance from the cutting base to the first emerged root was measured as an indication of auxin toxicity. IBA interacted with etiolation and stem banding to increase this distance, which was greater in catechol-treated cuttings. Chemical names used: 1,2-benzenedio1 (catechol); 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA).
Growth of Four Tropical Foliage Species Treated with Paclobutrazol or Uniconazole
Authors: Wang Yin-Tung , Blessington Thomas M.
Published: February 2019

Uniconazole and paclobutrazol were tested for their effects on greenhouse production of four foliage species. Soil drenches of uniconazole retarded shoot and petiole elongation of Brassaia actinophylla Endl. Paclobutrazol reduced shoot elongation, but required higher doses than uniconazole and did not reduce petiole growth. Foliar sprays with either retardant at 12.5 mg·liter-1 resulted in short stems on lateral shoots of Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume `Karen' after pinching, but soil drenches at low rates were less effective. Soil drenches of uniconazole or paclobutrazol were equally effective in reducing stem growth of Syngonium podophyllum Schott `White Butterfly' and increasing leaf width, but had no effect on the rate of leaf production or blade length. Both retardants induced short petioles in this species. Severe growth reduction occured on Plectranthus australis R. Br. even at the lowest rates of uniconazole and paclobutrazol (0.025 and 0.20 mg/pot, respectively) as soil drenches. Production of lateral shoots was inhibited for P. australis by both retardants. Chemical names used: (E)-1-(p-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethy1-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)-1-penten-3-ol (uniconazole); (2RS,3RS)-1-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-(H-1,2,4-triazol-l-Yl-)Dentan-3-ol (paclobutrazol).
Use of Crop Water Stress Index to Schedule Irrigation of Freeway Landscape Plants
Authors: Niemiera Alexander X. , Goy Monika
Published: February 2019

A study was conducted to determinethe feasibility of using crop water stress index (CWSI) to schedule irrigation of eight species of freeway landscape plants, Acacia redolens B.R. Maslin, Acacia salicina Lindl., Caesalpinia pulcherrima Sw., Cassia nemophila A. Cunn. ex Vogel, Cercidium floridum Benth., Eucalyptus microtheca F.J. Muell., Nerium oleander L., and Prosopis chilensis Mol. Nerium oleander and C. pulcherrima were suited to the use of the CWSI, tolerated repeated exposures to CWSI values of 0.6, and remained aesthetically acceptable. Irrigation of N. oleander via the CWSI resulted in a 19% reduction in water use, compared to the conventional method. CWSI data of other species were too variable, and, thus, irrigation could not be scheduled by CWSI values. Variability was attributed, in part, to lack of a dense canopy, which is necessary to fill the view of the infrared thermometer.
Translocation and Metabolism of BAS111 in Apple Seedlings
Authors: Reed A. Nathan , Buchanan David A.
Published: February 2019

The synthetic triazole derivative 14C-labeled BAS111 (14C-BAS111) was readily translocated throughout 8-week-old apple seedlings (Malus domestica Borkh.) within 3 days of application to roots in hydroponic nutrient solution. The majority of labeled BAS111 and total 14C activity was recovered from middle leaves and root tissues. Two metabolites of labeled BAS111 were found. Both 14C-BAS111 and metabolite 1 were recovered predominantly from leaf and root tissue and from nutrient solution. Metabolite 2, however, was found almost exclusively in root tissue. The rapid degradation of 14C-BAS111 accounts for its low efficacy in comparison with other triazole growth retardants. Chemical name used: [1-phenoxy-5,5-dimethyl-3-(1,2,4-triazol-1yl)-hexan-4-ol] (BAS111).
Net Photosynthesis, Specific Leaf Weight, and Flowering of Peach as Influenced by Shade
Authors: Marini Richard P. , Sowers Donald L.
Published: February 2019

`Redhaven' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] trees were shaded to five light levels [100%, 45%, 23%, 17%, and 9% photosynthetic photon flux (PPF)] for four different periods. Net photosynthesis (Pn), measured under the various shade levels, increased nonlinearly with increasing percent PPF. After 18 days of shading, specific leaf weight (SLW) was positively and linearly related to percent PPF. After shade removal, Pn and SLW returned to control levels in 26 and 4 days, respectively. Flower density was positively related to percent PPF when trees were shaded from 16 June to 4 July or 4-31 July, but not from 31 July to 30 Sept. of the previous year.
A Chlorophyll Fluorescence Screening Test to Evaluate Chilling Tolerance in Tomato
Authors: Walker Mark A. , Smith Dale M. , Pauls K. Peter , McKersie Bryan D.
Published: February 2019

The chilling tolerance of commercial Lycopersicon esculentum cultivars (H2653, H722), Solanum lycopersicoides, an F1 hybrid of S. lycopersicoides × Sub-Arctic Maxi, and 25 BC2F2 lines of L. hirsutum × H722 (backcrossed twice to H722) was evaluated using a chlorophyll fluorescence assay. The ratio of the initial to the peak fluorescence (Fo: Fp) measured from fully expanded leaves was chosen as an indicator of plant health. Chilling induced an increase in Fo: Fp that was correlated with the sensitivity of the plant to low-temperature stress. Values of Fo: Fp remained low for cold-treated S. lycopersicoides and the F1 hybrid, which showed few symptoms of chilling-related damage, whereas the commercial cultivars, which were essentially intolerant to low temperatures, had large increases in Fo: Fp. A full range of Fo: Fp values was measured in the 25 BC2F2 lines, indicating that some chilling tolerance from the L. hirsutum parent was expressed by plants in these populations.
Separation of 2n Potato Pollen from a Heterogeneous Pollen Mixture by Velocity Sedimentation
Authors: Simon Charles J. , Sanford John C.
Published: February 2019

A method is described for separating large and small pollen effectively from a heterogeneous mixture. This method potentially is applicable to separation of pollen grains of different ploidy levels, since “unreduced” 2n pollen is larger than normal pollen (n); it might then be used to increase the efficiency of a breeding program employing sexual polyploidization and to diminish crossing inefficiencies in interploid crosses.
PLANT SPACING AND NITROGEN INFLUENCE ON STRAWBERRY GROWTH AND FRUITING
Authors: Stang Elden J. , Weis Gavin G.
Published: February 2019

`Raritan' and `Guardian' strawberry were grown in the matted row system with controlled plant densities of 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 plants/0.09m2 for comparison to a non-thinned matted row averaging 9 plants/0.09m2. Nitrogen treatments were superimposed on plant spacings at 3 week intervals in preharvest and postharvest applications. Total seasonal available N was 0, 36, 54 and 76 kg/ha. Fruit yield per plant decreased as plant population increased. Berry size declined with increased plant population but number of fruit per plant was not influenced. For both cultivars, plant populations of 4 to 5 plants/0.09m2 resulted in maximum fruit yield. Number of branch crowns for all treatments was 2.5-3.5/plant in the second growing season. Branch crown numbers were reduced with higher plant populations. N effects were independent of plant population effects and did not compensate for lower yields at low plant populations in more or larger berries. Optimum water management may be more important than N fertilizer in determing strawberry plant growth and yield.
A SEED SELECTION SYSTEM FOR VIGOROUS TRUE POTATO SEEDS
Authors: Concibido Vergel C.
Published: February 2019

In developing countries, the use of True Potato Seed (TPS) technology offers some potential economic and biological advantages compared to using seed tubers. One problem with using TPS technology is the lack of seedling vigor, poor germination and non-uniformity of seedlings derived from TPS. Open-pollinated true seeds were divided into three classes based on differences in embryo morphology. Highly significant differences were observed among these seed classes for 100-seed weights, percent germination, rate of germination, 10-seedling weights and percent seedlings with leaves unfurled, ten days after sowing. Seed classes were quantified in terms of 100-seed weight with Seed class 1 having the lowest weight and Seed class 3 the highest; A significantly high r value (0.99) was obtained between seed classes and 10-seedling weight. High r values (0.93) and (0.94) were also obtained between seed classes and percent germination and percent seedlings with unfurled leaves, respectively. Results indicate that it may be possible to use these differences on embryo morphology as a basis for selecting vigorous true potato seeds.
RESISTANCE TO THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE AND GREEN PEACH APHID IN INTERSPECIFIC SOLANUM HYBRIDS.
Authors: Mooney Jim , Jansky Shelley H.
Published: February 2019

Resistance to the Colorado potato beetle (CPB) and green peach aphid (GPA) would be valuable if it could be effectively transferred from wild potato species to the cultivated potato. Eighteen diploid interspecific hybrids have been developed using Solanum tuberosum Gp. Tuberosum haploids (2n = 2x = 24) and the diploid wild species S. berthaultii (ber), S. chacoense (CHC), S. jamesii (jam), and S. tarijense (tar). Twenty-five genotypes per family were screened for resistance to CPB and GPA. Feeding trials were carried out on intact leaves. The degree of resistance to CPB was determined by the stage of instar development and weight of larvae after a four day feeding period; resistance to GPA was evaluated by aphid reproduction and survival after a fifteen day feeding period. Highly CPB or GPA resistant clones, compared to `Norgold Russet',, have been identified thus far. Some clones express high levels of resistance to both CPB and GPA. Crosses between resistant clones and S. tuberosum will be carried out at the diploid level in an attempt to combine resistance with good tuberization qualities.
Use of Vesicular–Arbuscular Mycorrhizae in Boston Fern Production: II. Evaluation of Four Inocula
Authors: Ponton F. , Piché Y. , Parent S. , Caron M.
Published: February 2019

Rooted plantlets of in vitro micropropagated Boston fern [Nephrolepis exaltata (L.) Schott var. Whitmanii] were transferred to pots containing a brown peat-based mix and simultaneously inoculated with one of four species of Glomus. Glomus intraradices and G. clarum formed rapid and extensive infection in Nephrolepis exaltata roots, while Glomus vesiculiferum and G. versiforme showed a significantly slower rate of infection. The high P fertilized control performed better than the other treatments, except in the number of fronds, which was similar. From the four mycorrhizal treatments, plants inoculated with Glomus vesiculiferum showed the most significant increase in growth when compared with the low P fertilization control. These results led us to re-examine vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation as an alternative to higher P fertilization in horticultural Boston fern production.
Alteration of Poinsettia Stem Anatomy by Growth-retarding Chemicals
Authors: McDaniel Gary L. , Graham Effin T. , Maleug Kathleen R.
Published: February 2019

The effects of growth-retarding chemicals on stem anatomy were compared on poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Wind. `Annette Hegg Dark Red'). Micrographic examinations revealed that secondary walls of nonsclerotic phloem fiber cells were either completely or greatly reduced by retardant treatment. Wall thickening of phloem fiber cells was eliminated by paclobutrazol foliar sprays at 25 mg·liter-1. Fiber cell development was reduced, but not eliminated, by sprays of chlormequat and ancymidol at standard rates, while the triazole uniconazole at 10 mg·liter-1 permitted only limited fiber wall thickening. Chemical names used: (2-chloroethyl)-trimethyl ammonium chloride (chlormequat); α -cyclopropylα- (4-methoxyphenyl) -5-pyrimidine methanol (ancymidol); (E)-(p -chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl-1-penten-3-ol (uniconazole): and (R*,R*)- β -[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]- α -(1,1-dimethylethyl)- 1 H-1,2,4,triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Regeneration and Flowering in Vitro of `Burpless Hybrid' Cucumber Cultured from Excised Seed
Authors: Msikita W. , Skirvin R.M. , Juvik J.A. , Splittstoesser W.E. , Ali N.
Published: February 2019

Seeds of `Burpless Hybrid' cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) were separated from their seedcoats and excised into pieces comprising an embryonic axis and two cotyledons. The seed pieces were disinfested and explanted on modified Murashige and Skoog medium with 16 combinations of BAP (2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mg·liter-1) and NAA (0.0,0.1,0.2,0.3 mg·liter-1). On all media, embryonic axes germinated and grew into whole plants within 4 weeks, but did not flower. Cotyledons developed adventitious shoots and male flowers on most media. A few female flowers developed. The best shoot regeneration and the most female flowers were observed on medium with 2.0 mg BAP and 0.3 mg NAA/liter. One of the female flowers was pollinated in vitro and it developed a small fruit with viable seed.
Effects of Morphactin and DCPTA on Stem Growth and Bioinduction of Rubber in Guayule
Authors: Dierig D.A. , Backhaus R.A.
Published: February 2019

Morphactin applied to stems of guayule (Parthenium argentatum Gray) at rates of 1000 and 5000 ppm caused significant increases in stem diameter over non-treated controls after 120 days. However, rubber content remained unchanged. Additional treatment with DCPTA did not stimulate rubber accumulation in the morphactin-treated plants. Morphactin treatments also caused a decrease in plant dry weight. Morphactin and DCPTA in combination appeared to have a negative, synergistic effect on plant growth. Lack of rubber accumulation in morphactin-treated plants was attributed to disorganized, convoluted, vascular cells within the cortical tissue, which is the primary site of rubber accumulation. Chemical names used: methyl-2-chloro-9-hydroxy-fluorene-9-carboxylate (morphactin); 2-(3,4-dichlorophenoxy)-triethylamine (DCPTA).
Postharvest Handling of Physostegia purpurea Cut Flowers
Authors: Kelly John W. , Starman Terri W.
Published: February 2019

Physostegia purpurea Blake is a native, herbaceous perennial that has potential as a field-grown cut flower. Physostegia stems were harvested with one third of the florets open and were recut underwater in the laboratory. Fresh cut flowers treated with silver thiosulfate (STS) and held in a 2% preservative solution lasted 14 days, while control stems in deionized water (DI) lasted 6 days. Cut stems placed in darkness at 0C for 1 week had 8 days of vase life after removal from storage and treatment with STS and preservative, while stems held in DI after storage lasted only 4 days. Stems held dry at 22.5C and 43% RH for 8 hours before being placed in preservative had similar vase life as flowers placed in preservative immediately after harvest.
Fire Blight Susceptibility in Pyrus Germplasm from Eastern Europe
Authors: van der Zwet T. , Bell R.L.
Published: February 2019

During 1976-1980, three plant exploration trips were made throughout eastern Europe in search of native Pyrus germplasm. A total of 384 accessions (231 from Yugoslavia, 86 from Romania, 43 from Poland, and 12 each from Hungary and Czechoslovakia) were collected as budwood and propagated at the National Plant Germplasm Quarantine Center in Glenn Dale, Md. Following 8 years of exposure to the fire blight bacterium [Erwinia amylovora (Burr.) Winsl. et al.], 17.49” of the accessions remained uninfected, 11.2% rated resistant, 6.8% moderately resistant, and 64.6% blighted severely (26% to 100% of tree blighted). Some of the superior accessions have been released for use in the pear breeding program.
GERMINATION RESPONSES OF OSMOTICALLY PRIMED ASPARAGUS AND TOMATO SEEDS
Authors: Owen Paul L. , Pill Wallace G.
Published: February 2019

Seeds of `Ace 55VF' tomato were soaked in solutions of -1.0 MPa Instant Ocean™ (inorganic salt mixture) or -0.6 MPa polyethylene glycol 8000 (P.E.G.) at 25 C for 1 week. `Mary Washington' asparagus seeds were soaked in the same solutions for 2 weeks. In solutions of decreasing matric or osmotic potentials, primed seeds germinated faster than untreated seeds. Germination percentages of primed seeds generally were greater than those of untreated seeds when water stress exceeded -0.5 MPa. All primed seeds, whether dried to a low moisture content or not, germinated faster than untreated seeds after storage for up to 3 months at 4 C or 20 C. Primed asparagus seeds germinated most rapidly and synchronously after storage at 4 C and high moisture content. Storage temperature and seed moisture content had no effect on subsequent germination of primed tomato seeds.