bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Size-resolved measurements of ice nucleating particles at six locations in North America and one in Europe
Authors: Mason R. H. , Si M. , Chou C. , Irish V. E. , Dickie R. , Elizondo P. , Wong R. , Brintnell M. , Elsasser M. , Lassar W. M. , Pierce K. M. , Leaitch W. R. , MacDonald A. M. , Platt A. , Toom-Sauntry D. , Sarda-Estève R. , Schiller C. L. , Suski K. J. , Hill T. C. J. , Abbatt J. P. D. , Huffman J. A. , DeMott P. J. , Bertram A. K.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Detailed information on the size of ice nucleating particles (INPs) may be useful in source identification, modeling their transport in the atmosphere to improve climate predictions, and determining how effectively or ineffectively instrumentation used for quantifying INPs in the atmosphere captures the full INP population. In this study we report immersion-mode INP number concentrations as a function of size at six ground sites in North America and one in Europe. The lowest INP number concentrations were observed at Arctic and alpine locations and the highest at suburban and agricultural locations, consistent with previous studies of INP concentrations in similar environments. We found that 91, 79, and 63 % of INPs had an aerodynamic diameter > 1 μm at ice activation temperatures of −15, −20, and −25 °C, respectively, when averaging over all sampling locations. In addition, 62, 55, and 42 % of INPs were in the coarse mode (> 2.5 μm) at ice activation temperatures of −15, −20, and −25 °C, respectively, when averaging over all sampling locations. These results are consistent with six out of the seven studies in the literature that have focused on the size distribution of INPs in the atmosphere. Taken together, these findings strongly suggest that supermicron and coarse mode aerosol particles are a significant component of the ice nuclei population in many different ground-level environments. Further size-resolved studies of INPs as a function of altitude are required.
Long-term variability of aerosol optical thickness in Eastern Europe over 2001–2014 according to the measurements at the Moscow MSU MO AERONET site with additional cloud and NO2 correction
Authors: Chubarova N. Y. , Poliukhov A. A. , Gorlova I. D.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The aerosol properties of the atmosphere were obtained within the framework of the AERONET program at the Moscow State University Meteorological Observatory (Moscow MSU MO) over 2001–2014 period. The quality data control has revealed the necessity of their additional cloud and NO2 correction. The application of cloud correction according to hourly visual cloud observations provides a decrease in average aerosol optical thickness (AOT) at 500 nm of up to 0.03 compared with the standard dataset. We also show that the additional NO2 correction of the AERONET data is needed in large megalopolis, like Moscow, with 12 million residents and the NOx emission rates of about 100 kt yr−1. According to the developed method we estimated monthly mean NO2 content, which provides an additional decrease of 0.01 for AOT at 340 nm, and of about 0.015 – for AOT at 380 and 440 nm. The ratios of NO2 optical thickness to AOT at 380 and 440 nm are about 5–6 % in summer and reach 15–20 % in winter when both factors have similar effects on UV irradiance. Seasonal cycle of AOT at 500 nm is characterized by a noticeable summer and spring maxima, and minimum in winter conditions, changing from 0.08 in December and January up to 0.3 in August. The application of the additional cloud correction removes a local AOT maximum in February, and lowered the December artificial high AOT values. The pronounced negative AOT trends of about −1–5 % yr−1 have been obtained for most months, which could be attributed to the negative trends in emissions (E) of different aerosol precursors of about 116 Gg yr−2 in ESOx, 78 Gg yr−2 in ENMVOC, and 272 Gg yr−2 in ECO over European territory of Russia. No influence of natural factors on temporal AOT variations has been revealed.
Perspective – synthetic DEMs: a vital underpinning for the quantitative future of landform analysis?
Authors: Hillier J. K. , Sofia G. , Conway S. J.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Physical processes, including anthropogenic feedbacks, sculpt planetary surfaces (e.g., Earth's). A fundamental tenet of Geomorphology is that the shapes created, when combined with other measurements, can be used to understand those processes. Artificial or synthetic Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) might be vital in progressing further with this endeavour. Morphological data, including metrics and mapping (manual and automated) are a key resource, but at present their quality is typically weakly constrained (e.g., by mapper inter-comparison). In addition to examining inaccuracies caused by noise, relatively rare examples illustrate how synthetic DEMs containing a priori known, idealised morphologies can be used perform "synthetic tests" to make strong "absolute" statements about landform detection and quantification; e.g., 84 % of valley heads in the real landscape are identified correctly. From our perspective, it is vital to verify such statistics as ultimately they link physics-driven models of processes to morphological observations, allowing quantitative hypotheses to be formulated and tested. Synthetic DEMs built by directly using governing equations that encapsulate processes are another key part of forming this link. Thus, this note introduces synthetic tests and DEMs, then it outlines a typology of synthetic DEMs along with their benefits, challenges and future potential to provide constraints and insights. The aim is to discuss how we best proceed with uncertainty-aware landscape analysis to examine physical processes.
American Telemedicine Association: 2015 Fall Forum
Authors: Bernard Jordana
Published: July 2015

needed
Florida TeleHealth Summit: “Telemedicine –It’s Here, It’s Now”
Authors: Haas Samantha Wainright
Published: July 2015

The Southeastern Telehealth Resource Center, Florida State University College of Medicine, and the Florida Partnership for TeleHealth invites participation in the 2nd Annual Florida TeleHealth Summit. The Summit will be held December 3-4, 2015 at the Alfond Inn, Winter Park, Florida. For further information about the Southeastern Telehealth Resource Center and the Summit, visit: http://www.setrc.us/
Evaluation of Inner and Outer Retinal Thickness in Patients Receiving Intravitreal Ranibizumab Injections for Diabetic Macular Edema
Authors: Dursun Ayhan , Ozec Ayşe Vural , Kirboga Kadir , Dursun Feyza Gulac , Toker Mustafa Ilker , Erdogan Haydar , Arici Mustafa Kemal
Published: July 2015

Purpose

To measure inner and outer retinal thickness with optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients in whom intravitreal ranibizumab was administered due to diabetic macular edema (DME) and to investigate its relation to the visual prognosis.

Methods

In this retrospective case series, there were 60 consecutive eyes with DME in which intravitreal ranibizumab injection was performed for 3 times in 1-month intervals. All patients underwent full ophthalmic examination and spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT). The total retinal thickness, the inner thickness, and the outer thickness in 4 parafoveal subfields were measured. The correlation between the retinal thickness and logMAR best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) was investigated.

Results

No significant correlation was found between the total retinal thickness in the central and other subfields and either the baseline or final visit logMAR BCVA values (p>0.05). There was a significant positive correlation between the final visit logMAR BCVA values and pretreatment inner retinal thickness in the nasal and inferior subfields (r = 0.270, p = 0.037, and r = 0.410, p = 0.001, respectively). There was significant negative correlation between the final visit logMAR BCVA values and pretreatment outer retinal thickness in nasal and temporal parafoveal subfields (r = −0.297, p = 0.021, and r = −0.268, p = 0.038, respectively).

Conclusions

It could be beneficial to use inner and outer retinal thickness instead of total retinal thickness in determination of short-term prognosis in patients who had intravitreal ranibizumab injection for DME.
Screening for Lynch Syndrome among Patients with Newly Diagnosed Endometrial Cancer: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Aguirre Elena , Grana Begoña , Boudet Miguel , Balmana Judith
Published: July 2015

Lynch syndrome (LS) is an autosomal dominant condition characterized by an increased risk of hereditary colorectal, endometrial, ovarian, pancreatic, urinary tract, and gastric cancer.

It is estimated that around 5% of all endometrial cancer (EC) cases are due to an inherited predisposition, of which LS might be the most frequent. The lifetime risk of developing EC in women with LS ranges between 40% and 71% depending on the type of mutation. In many cases, this risk may even exceed their risk of developing colon cancer. Moreover, in 60% of these women, EC will be the first primary malignancy diagnosed and the sentinel diagnosis of the syndrome. Therefore, it is essential to identify which women with EC have LS in order to allow implementation of individualized screening and preventive strategies.
Wireless capsule endoscopy in adolescents with familial adenomatous polyposis
Authors: Cavallo Debora , Ballardini Giovanni , Ferrari Andrea , Delconte Gabriele , Signoroni Stefano , Sala Paola , Chiaravalli Stefano , Massimino Maura , Bertario Lucio , Vitellaro Marco
Published: July 2015

Aims and background

Guidelines for surveillance in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) recommend mutation carriers to undergo periodic colorectal examination starting in the early teens. Performing colonoscopy in children may lead to complications. Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) has been introduced recently to evaluate both the upper and lower gastrointestinal tract, and seems suitable as a first screening examination for adolescents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pros and cons of WCE.

Methods

This was a retrospective review of a single institution database of adolescent patients with FAP identified through the Hereditary Colorectal Tumor Registry between 2007 and 2013. The main outcomes were identification of upper and lower gastrointestinal tract polyps, tolerance of the examination, and number and size of polyps.

Results

Of 46 adolescent patients with FAP, 14 (30.4%) patients carrying adenomatous polyposis coli gene ( APC) mutation, 6 male and 8 female, age (median, range) 12 (10-17) years, body mass index 19 (13-24), underwent WCE as first screening examination. The examination was completed in 13 patients (93.3%). Wireless capsule endoscopy identified the duodenal papilla in 4 patients and colonic and rectal polyps in all 13 patients. In 7 patients, fewer than 25 polyps were identified. No complications were recorded related to the use of the video capsule.

Conclusions

Wireless capsule endoscopy is feasible and well-tolerated as a first screening examination in adolescent patients. It cannot be used as alternative to the colonoscopy, but could improve compliance with colonoscopy, and increase early adherence to a surveillance program.
The Management of Small Renal Masses: What is Likely to Change?
Authors: Selli Cesare , Turri Filippo M. , Mariani Chiara , Manassero Francesca
Published: July 2015

The diffusion of imaging has determined an increased discovery of small renal masses (SRMs). Recent publications have been reviewed to present the state of the art in the management of SRMs and to try to foresee the next steps in this challenging condition.

The role of percutaneous biopsies is expanding, since management algorithms include also active surveillance and ablative therapies. However up to 30% of biopsies fail to provide histological diagnosis and there is the risk of under-evaluating high-grade tumors.

Active surveillance has been proposed in patients with reduced life expectancy and numerous comorbidities. The average growth of SRMs is slow, and metastatic progression has been observed in about 1%. Ablative therapies (cryotherapy and radiofrequency ablation) are used in patients with relevant comorbidities or advanced age and unfit for surgery, but who desire active treatment. Compared to conservative surgical treatment both techniques have increased local progression rates, while metastatic progression is relatively low.

Partial nephrectomy (PN) is the recommended curative treatment for SRMs and can be performed open, laparoscopically or robotically. Open PN represents the benchmark, with similar cancer specific survival and better preservation of renal function compared to nephrectomy. Laparoscopy is comparable to open surgery in terms of oncologic results, but a long learning curve is necessary.

Perioperative outcomes of robot-assisted PN appear superior to laparoscopy and the learning curve is shorter, but data for oncological results are still immature. With the increasing diffusion of robotic technology it is likely more SRMs will be managed with this approach.
Unconditioned Subjectivity: Immanent Synthesis in Kant's Third Antinomy
Authors: Basterra Gabriela
Published: July 2015

Kant's third antinomy introduces freedom as the unconditioned cause that allows reason to form a synthesis of causal linkage. What different thinking conditions, I ask, does this antinomy open up for reason even to entertain any possibility of success? Reason's ability to form a synthesis depends on acknowledging the role in Kant's argument of a subject that does not need to be envisioned as a standpoint—whether intelligible or empirical, as Kant's explicit solution has it—but, rather, as the site of a relationship between the series and its outside. We may call it “unconditioned subjectivity,” clarifying from the outset that subjectivity in this sense names a structural position that plays an exceptional role in the series: it is the element that exceptionally introduces a boundary, a fleeting moment of closure. Unconditioned subjectivity would name the relationship and boundary that anchor the phenomenal series time and again. I argue, moreover, that the synthesis of causality forming here coheres as a dynamic system that is not stable or self-contained but, rather, contingent and “in progress.” Perhaps unexpectedly, the potential of this antinomy to form this dynamic system hinges on the fact that its antithesis denies freedom.
Husserl's Phenomenology of Poiesis: Philosophy as Production
Authors: Miettinen Timo
Published: July 2015

This article deals with the topic of production in the framework of Husserlian phenomenology. It argues for the centrality of the often-neglected thematic of production for Husserl's late phenomenology of generativity and its broadened understanding of human subjectivity as “poietic being.” As the article shows, this understanding had significant consequences for Husserl's understanding of philosophy not so much as an individualistic attitude but as the creation of a new type of communal accomplishment, the ideas, and a new type of producing community.
Metaphorical Transcendence: Notes on Levinas's Unpublished Lecture on Metaphor
Authors: Davidson Scott
Published: July 2015

In his published work, Levinas only mentions metaphor for the sake of dismissing its relevance to his ethics of transcendence. Metaphor is aligned with the poetic imagery and the rhetorical devices that weave together an ontology of immanence, whereas transcendence is said to occur through an immediate encounter with the other. But Levinas's unpublished lecture “La Métaphore” is of interest precisely because it troubles this distinction through the notion of a “metaphorical transcendence.” Although Levinas abandons this terminology after his lecture, this article suggests that an implicit, but unavowed, operation of metaphor persists in the guise of his ethics of substitution.
An Event Worthy of the Name, a Name Worthy of the Event
Authors: Smith Daniel
Published: July 2015

In a number of his later works, Derrida makes reference to the concept of the “event.” However, unlike for many of the other concepts developed in this phase of his writing (the gift, hospitality, and so on), we do not find one “basic” or “primary” text in which he develops the logic of the concept. We find him alluding to it in different contexts and making use of it in certain ways, but, at least with this concept, he leaves much of the philosophical “work” to readers. The aim of this article is to elucidate Derrida's concept of the event, to lay out as clearly as possible the way in which the concept functions. In the first part, I go through the logic, working out step by step what makes an “event worthy of the name” (to use Derrida's preferred idiom). In the second part, I deal with the paradoxes that arise when we ask how it is possible to say anything about an event, how one might go about constructing a “name worthy of the event.”
On the Subject of Badiou: A Deleuzian Critique
Authors: Adkins Brent
Published: July 2015

In the Deleuze–Badiou debate most criticisms of Badiou focus on how Badiou gets Deleuze wrong. What this defensive posture does not exploit, though, is the way in which Deleuze and Guattari can be seen to have anticipated and criticized Badiou's work. I argue that in A Thousand Plateaus, particularly “On Several Regimes of Signs,” Badiou's theory of the subject can be read as an attempt to extract a passional, postsignifying regime out of its mixture with a despotic, signifying regime. It is here that we can locate all of Badiou's concerns about subject formation in fidelity to an event.
Influence des facteurs environnementaux et démographiques dans la cooccurrence de la diarrhée et de la fièvre chez les enfants dans cinq quartiers périphériques de Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)
Authors: Bouba Djourdebbé Franklin , dos Santos Stéphanie , Legrand Thomas K. , Bassiahi Soura Abdramane
Published: July 2015

La cooccurrence des symptômes est un problème de santé publique dans plusieurs pays en développement. Faute de données appropriées, on dispose de très peu de preuves entre cooccurrence des symptômes, environnement et facteurs démographiques. Dans cet article, on recourt aux données sur cinq quartiers de l’Observatoire de population de Ouagadougou pour examiner l’influence des facteurs environnementaux et démographiques dans la cooccurrence de la diarrhée et de la fièvre. Les analyses multivariées basées sur des modèles logit ordonnés montrent que les effets de l’environnement et des facteurs démographiques sont plus importants sur la diarrhée ou la fièvre simple que sur la diarrhée et la fièvre combinées. Les analyses révèlent également que l’insalubrité du ménage, la nature du sol extérieur et l’âge de l’enfant sont des facteurs importants de cooccurrence de la diarrhée et de la fièvre chez les enfants.
Drogue, sexualité et situation de rue chez les jeunes à Montréal
Authors: Côté Philippe-Benoit , Blais Martin , Bellot Céline , Manseau Hélène , Fournier Émilie
Published: July 2015

Plusieurs travaux ont analysé l’impact de la consommation de drogues sur la santé sexuelle des jeunes en situation de rue. Toutefois, peu d’études ont documenté, à partir du point de vue de ces jeunes, le rôle de la consommation de drogues dans la construction de leurs expériences affectives et sexuelles. Cet article vise à 1) comprendre le sens que les jeunes en situation de rue qui consomment de la drogue accordent à leurs expériences affectives et sexuelles, et à 2) décrire le rôle de la consommation de drogues sur les expériences affectives et sexuelles des jeunes en situation de rue. Quatorze jeunes en situation de rue (8 femmes, 6 hommes) âgés de 19 à 27 ans et qui rapportent une expérience marquée par la consommation de drogues ont été rencontrés en entrevues individuelles. L’analyse qualitative des témoignages montre que la consommation de drogues de ces jeunes représente une expérience envahissante et dévalorisante qui prend le dessus sur l’ensemble de leurs activités quotidiennes. Devant l’urgence de répondre à leur besoin de consommation de drogues, ces jeunes mentionnent se sentir contraints de marchander leur sexualité pour obtenir rapidement de l’argent. Si quelques participants indiquent que la consommation de substances constitue une expérience de rencontres affectives et sexuelles avec d’autres jeunes, la plupart mentionnent toutefois que l’envahissement par la drogue fait obstacle au développement d’une relation amoureuse. En se démarquant des travaux centrés sur les risques sexuels, cette étude met en exergue l’articulation complexe entre la consommation de drogues de ces jeunes et la marchandisation de leurs expériences affectives et sexuelles en situation de rue.
Regulation of the PI3K pathway through a p85α monomer–homodimer equilibrium
Authors: Cheung Lydia WT , Walkiewicz Katarzyna W , Besong Tabot MD , Guo Huifang , Hawke David H , Arold Stefan T , Mills Gordon B
Published: July 2015

The canonical action of the p85α regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) is to associate with the p110α catalytic subunit to allow stimuli-dependent activation of the PI3K pathway. We elucidate a p110α-independent role of homodimerized p85α in the positive regulation of PTEN stability and activity. p110α-free p85α homodimerizes via two intermolecular interactions (SH3:proline-rich region and BH:BH) to selectively bind unphosphorylated activated PTEN. As a consequence, homodimeric but not monomeric p85α suppresses the PI3K pathway by protecting PTEN from E3 ligase WWP2-mediated proteasomal degradation. Further, the p85α homodimer enhances the lipid phosphatase activity and membrane association of PTEN. Strikingly, we identified cancer patient-derived oncogenic p85α mutations that target the homodimerization or PTEN interaction surface. Collectively, our data suggest the equilibrium of p85α monomer–dimers regulates the PI3K pathway and disrupting this equilibrium could lead to disease development.
Virus-resistant pigs might help to stem next outbreak
Authors: Ramirez-Carvajal Lisbeth , Rodriguez Luis L
Published: July 2015

By genetically engineering pigs to degrade a crucial viral protein, livestock can be made less susceptible to foot and mouth disease virus.
Alteração do período anterior à interferência da soja na presença de plantas voluntárias de milho
Authors: Schneider Theodoro , Rockenbach Ana Paula , Bianchi Mario Antonio
Published: July 2015

Objetivou-se com este trabalho caracterizar o início da interferência de plantas daninhas em dois cultivares de soja, com ciclo de crescimento distinto, sob duas condições de infestação de plantas de milho. O delineamento experimental foi blocos casualizados, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, composto por dois fatores: períodos de convivência da soja com o milho (sem convivência, convivência por 14, 28 e 42 dias após a semeadura (DAS) e por todo o ciclo da cultura) e densidades de plantas de milho, 10 plantas m-2 e 30 plantas m-2. O cultivar Fundacep 63RR sofreu alterações no crescimento em períodos iguais ou superiores a 42 DAS, independente das populações de plantas de milho. A redução na produtividade de grãos de soja ocorreu aos 28 DAS para a população de 10 plantas m-2 e aos 14 DAS para a população de 30 plantas m-2. No cultivar Fundacep 59RR, as alterações nas características morfológicas nas plantas de soja ocorreram em períodos de convivência iguais ou superiores a 28 DAS e a população de plantas de milho de 30 plantas m-2 alterou a estatura e o número de ramos aos 60 DAS. Neste cultivar a redução de produtividade iniciou aos 42 DAS para a população de 10 plantas m-2 e aos 28 DAS para a população de 30 plantas m-2 de milho.
Influência da textura do solo na seletividade do herbicida fomesafen aplicado em pré-emergência do algodoeiro
Authors: Karpinski Ricardo André Kloster , Oliveira Neto Antonio Mendes de , Guerra Naiara , Constantin Jamil , Oliveira Jr Rubem Silvério de , Maciel Cleber Daniel de Goes , Silva André Augusto Pazinato da
Published: July 2015

A seletividade de herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência depende das características do solo cultivado. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a seletividade do herbicida fomesafen à cultura do algodoeiro em solos de classe textural contrastantes. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação no delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 5 x 2, com o primeiro nível correspondente a cinco doses de fomesafen (0, 175, 350, 525 e 700 g ha-1) e o segundo fator de dois solos de textura contrastante: textura franco arenosa (200 g kg-1 de argila, 40 g kg-1 de silte e 760g kg-1 de areia, pH de 4,47 e 1,59% de M.O.) e muito argilosa (760 g kg-1 de argila, 110 g kg-1 de silte e 130g kg-1 de areia, pH 5,7 e 2,30% de M.O.). As avaliações realizadas foram: a contagem de plantas emergidas aos 7 e 14 dias após a emergência (DAE), a fitointoxicação realizada aos sete, 14 e 21 DAE. Aos 35 DAE, foi realizada a coleta de parte aérea e das raízes para determinação da massa seca de raízes e de parte aérea. O fomesafen apresentou potencial de uso para o algodoeiro, cultivar FM 993, todavia, os sintomas de fitointoxicação foram muito intensos nas plantas tratadas com as maiores doses no solo de textura franco arenosa. Desta forma, deve-se ajustar a dose de fomesafen de acordo com a classe textural e o teor de matéria orgânica do solo.
Manejo de Merremia aegyptia com misturas de herbicidas utilizando diferentes lâminas de água e na presença ou ausência de palha de cana-de-açúcar
Authors: Monquero Patricia Andrea , Braga Erika Nascimento , Malardo Marcelo Rafael
Published: July 2015

A alta frequência de Merremia aegyptia nos canaviais colhidos de forma mecânica está relacionada à sua adaptação a esse sistema de colheita, o que resultou em um aumento do potencial de infestação dessa espécie em relação a outras plantas daninhas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o manejo de M. aegyptia pela aplicação de herbicidas em pré-emergência na presença e ausência de palha em solo argiloso submetido a diferentes lâminas de água. Dois experimentos foram realizados no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Em cada experimento foi avaliado uma mistura de herbicida: mesotrione + atrazine (0,25 + 3,0 L i.a. ha-1) e diuron + hexazinone + sulfometuron-methyl (1386 + 391 + 33,35 g i. ha-1). Os tratamentos foram arranjados em esquema fatorial 8 x 2 x 2, sendo oito profundidades avaliadas (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 e 35 cm), duas coberturas (com e sem palha) e duas lâminas de agua após a aplicação dos herbicidas (20 e 40 mm). Os herbicidas foram aplicados sobre colunas preenchidas com solo de textura argilosa com 0 e com 10 t ha-1 de palha sobre a superfície dos canos e que posteriormente foram colocadas em simulador de chuva. Após a irrigação, as colunas foram abertas longitudinalmente e mantidas em casa-de-vegetação por 72 horas. A semeadura da M. aegyptia (planta alvo) foi feita em espaços de 5 cm no centro de cada parte da coluna. A associação mesotrione + atrazine apresentou controle em maior profundidade de M. aegyptia com 40 mm de precipitação (23 cm) no tratamento com ausência de palha. O diuron + hexazinone + sulfometuron-methyl apresentou controle até próximo a 15 cm de profundidade em ambas simulações de chuva e a palha apresentou pouca interferência na ação da mistura.
Whistlers observed outside the plasmasphere: Correlation to plasmaspheric/plasmapause features
Authors: Adrian M. L. , Fung S. F. , Gallagher D. L. , Green J. L.
Published: July 2015

Whistlers observed outside the plasmasphere by Cluster have been correlated with the global plasmasphere using Imager for Magnetopause‐to‐Aurora Global Exploration‐Extreme Ultraviolet Imager (IMAGE‐EUV) observations. Of the 12 Cluster‐observed whistler events reported, EUV is able to provide global imaging of the plasmasphere for every event and demonstrates a direct correlation between the detection of lightning‐generated whistlers beyond the plasmapause and the presence of a global perturbation of the local plasmapause. Of these 12 correlated events, seven of the Cluster‐observed whistlers (or 58%) are associated with the Cluster spacecraft lying radially outward from a plasmaspheric notch. Two of the Cluster‐observed whistlers (17%) are associated with the low‐density region between the late afternoon plasmapause and the western wall of a plasmaspheric drainage plume. The final three Cluster‐observed whistler events (25%) are associated with a nonradial, nonazimuthal depletion in plasmaspheric He+ emission that are termed “notch‐like” crenulations. In one of these cases, the notch‐like crenulations appear to be manifestations entrained within the plasmasphere boundary layer of a standing wave on the surface of the plasmasphere. The correlated Cluster/IMAGE‐EUV observations suggest that the depleted flux tubes that connect the ionosphere to the low‐density regions of plasmaspheric trough and inner magnetosphere facilitate the escape of whistler waves from the plasmasphere.
Evaluation of the impact of AIRS profiles on prediction of Indian summer monsoon using WRF variational data assimilation system
Authors: Raju Attada , Parekh Anant , Kumar Prashant , Gnanaseelan C.
Published: July 2015

This study investigates the impact of temperature and moisture profiles from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) on the prediction of the Indian summer monsoon, using the variational data assimilation system annexed to the Weather Research and Forecasting model. In this study, three numerical experiments are carried out. The first is the control and includes no assimilation; in the second, named Conv, assimilation of conventional Global Telecommunication System data is performed. The third one, named ConvAIRS, is identical to the Conv except that it also includes assimilation of AIRS profiles. The initial fields of tropospheric temperature and water vapor mixing ratio showed significant improvement over the model domain. Assimilation of AIRS profiles has significant impact on predicting the seasonal mean monsoon characteristics such as tropospheric temperature, low‐level moisture distribution, easterly wind shear, and precipitation. The vertical structure of the root‐mean‐square error is substantially affected by the assimilation of AIRS profiles, with smaller errors in temperature, humidity, and wind magnitude. The consequent improved representation of moisture convergence in the boundary layer (deep convection as well) causes an increase in precipitation forecast skill. The fact that the monsoonal circulation is better captured, thanks to an improved representation of thermal gradients, which in turn leads to more realistic moisture transport, is particularly noteworthy. Several previous data impact studies with AIRS and other sensors have focused on the short or medium range of the forecast. The demonstrated improvement in all the predicted fields associated with the Indian summer monsoon, consequent to the month long assimilation of AIRS profiles, is an innovative finding with large implications to the operational seasonal forecasting capabilities over the Indian subcontinent.
A statistical study of fundamental toroidal mode standing Alfvén waves using THEMIS ion bulk velocity data
Authors: Takahashi Kazue , Hartinger Michael D. , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Glassmeier Karl‐Heinz
Published: July 2015

We have studied the statistical properties of toroidal mode standing Alfvén waves with a fundamental eigenmode structure along the field line, denoted T1 waves, in the L range 7–12, using THEMIS‐D data for 2008–2013. T1 wave events were identified in hourly data segments using an automated procedure that detects narrowband oscillations in the azimuthal component of the ion bulk velocity. For each event we determined the frequency, amplitude, ellipticity, and the orientation angle of the polarization ellipse, and we examined the L and magnetic local time dependence of the detection rate and physical properties of the T1 waves. Confirming previous observations in space and on the ground, we found a pronounced dawn‐dusk asymmetry in the wave detection rate and amplitude. The detection rate in the dawn sector is approximately twice as high as that in the dusk sector, and the amplitude in the dawn sector is larger by ∼50%. The same asymmetry is also evident in the velocity amplitude averaged in the fixed Pc5 band (1.7–6.7 mHz) and in the amplitude of the electric field and field line displacement that are derived from the velocity amplitude. The ellipticity and the orientation angle of the polarization ellipse are organized by local time, in accordance with the theoretical prediction of toroidal mode waves excited by field line resonance with tailward propagating waves in the magnetosphere, which are in turn driven by external sources. Although infrequently, T1 waves are also detected in the midnight sector, suggesting magnetotail sources for this subset of events.
FDTD simulation of LEMP propagation over lossy ground: Influence of distance, ground conductivity, and source parameters
Authors: Aoki Masanori , Baba Yoshihiro , Rakov Vladimir A.
Published: July 2015

We have computed lightning electromagnetic pulses (LEMPs), including the azimuthal magnetic field Hφ, vertical electric field Ez, and horizontal (radial) electric field Eh that propagated over 5 to 200 km of flat lossy ground, using the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method in the 2‐D cylindrical coordinate system. This is the first systematic full‐wave study of LEMP propagation effects based on a realistic return‐stroke model and including the complete return‐stroke frequency range. Influences of the return‐stroke wavefront speed (ranging from c/2 to c, where c is the speed of light), current risetime (ranging from 0.5 to 5 µs), and ground conductivity (ranging from 0.1 mS/m to ∞) on Hφ, Ez, and Eh have been investigated. Also, the FDTD‐computed waveforms of Eh have been compared with the corresponding ones computed using the Cooray‐Rubinstein formula. Peaks of Hφ, Ez, and Eh are nearly proportional to the return‐stroke wavefront speed. The peak of Eh decreases with increasing current risetime, while those of Hφ and Ez are only slightly influenced by it. The peaks of Hφ and Ez are essentially independent of the ground conductivity at a distance of 5 km. Beyond this distance, they appreciably decrease relative to the perfectly conducting ground case, and the decrease is stronger for lower ground conductivity values. The peak of Eh increases with decreasing ground conductivity. The computed Eh/Ez is consistent with measurements of Thomson et al. (1988). The observed decrease of Ez peak and increase of Ez risetime due to propagation over 200 km of Florida soil are reasonably well reproduced by the FDTD simulation with ground conductivity of 1 mS/m.
Spectral calculations of Rayleigh‐scattering optical depth at Arctic and Antarctic sites using a two‐term algorithm
Authors: Tomasi Claudio , Petkov Boyan H.
Published: July 2015

A two‐term algorithm is defined to evaluate the Rayleigh‐scattering optical depth (ROD) in the Arctic and Antarctic atmospheres at ultraviolet, visible, and near‐infrared wavelengths. The first term accounts for the tropospheric contribution up to 8 km altitude and the second for the upper troposphere and low stratosphere (UTLS) region and the upper atmosphere up to 120 km altitude. In these calculations, the vertical profiles of pressure p(z) and temperature T(z) are used, as derived from the multiyear sets of radiosounding measurements performed from 2000 to 2006 at four Arctic stations (Cambridge Bay, Resolute Bay, Danmarkshavn, and Alert) and four Antarctic stations (Neumayer, McMurdo, Dome C, and South Pole). By analyzing the radiosonde data sets collected at the eight sites, the daily average values of tropospheric ROD are calculated and their seasonal variations versus the mean tropospheric temperature and surface level temperature are determined in order to evaluate the temperature correction functions for tropospheric ROD. Similarly, the vertical profiles of p(z) and T(z) defined in the stratosphere and upper atmosphere are examined in order to (i) calculate the “stratospheric” ROD contribution, (ii) analyze its annual temporal variations, (iii) calculate the average temperature in the UTLS region, and (iv) determine the most suitable temperature anomaly corrections at the eight chosen polar sites. The spectral evaluations of the tropospheric and “stratospheric” ROD terms are given at 21 selected wavelengths from 0.30 to 4.00 µm for each polar site. The present two‐term algorithm incorporates the tropospheric and “stratospheric” ROD terms, along with the correction factors derived for the actual pressure and temperature conditions, and can be used to calculate accurate overall ROD values at the given Arctic and Antarctic sites for the average annual thermal conditions of the atmosphere and the average seasonal variations characterizing the temperature conditions of the UTLS region. The ROD estimates obtained using the present method constitutes a nontrivial improvement over estimates made with the traditional method.
Aeriscardovia
Authors: Mattarelli Paola , Biavati Bruno
Published: July 2015

Aer.i.scar.do'vi.a. L. masc. n.
aer
,
aeris
air; N.L. fem. n.
Scardovia
a bacterial generic name to honor Vittorio Scardovi, an Italian microbiologist; N.L. fem. n.
Aeriscardovia
cells similar to those of the genus
Scardovia
that can grow in air.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Bifidobacteriales / Bifidobacteriaceae / Aeriscardovia

Gram‐stain‐positive, catalase‐ and oxidase‐negative, nonmotile, non‐spore‐forming actinomycete that forms short and irregularly shaped rods. Optimal growth occurs under anaerobic conditions, with aerobic growth yielding elongated cells. Isolated from a porcine cecum. 16S rRNA and HSP60 gene sequence comparisons indicate that
Aeriscardovia
belongs to the family
Bifidobacteriaceae
. Only the type species,
Aeriscardovia aeriphila
, has been described.

DNA G
+
C content (mol%)
: 54.7 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Aeriscardovia aeriphila
Simpson, Ross, Fitzgerald and Stanton 2004, 405
VP
.
Alloscardovia
Authors: Mattarelli Paola , Biavati Bruno
Published: July 2015

Al.lo.scar.do'vi.a. Gr. adj.
allos
different; N.L. fem. n.
Scardovia
a bacterial generic name; N.L. fem. n.
Alloscardovia
an organism related to, but different from,
Scardovia
and related genera.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Bifidobacteriales / Bifidobacteriaceae / Alloscardovia

Gram‐stain‐positive, catalase‐ and oxidase‐negative, nonmotile, non‐spore‐forming actinomycete that forms short irregularly shaped rods. Optimal growth occurs under anaerobic conditions on modified Columbia agar (MCA) or modified de Man–Rogosa–Sharpe medium (mMRS) after 24 h at 37°C, but slow aerobic growth (72 h), producing pinpoint‐sized colonies, is also observed on MCA
. Isolated from various human clinical samples, but data are not currently available on potential pathogenic relevance or virulence factors. On the basis of 16S rRNA and HSP60 gene sequence analyses,
Alloscardovia
represents a new genus of the family
Bifidobacteriaceae
. Only one species has been described,
Alloscardovia omnicolens
.

DNA G
+
C content (mol%)
: 47.8 ± 0.5 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Alloscardovia omnicolens
Huys, Vancanneyt, D'Haene, Falsen, Wauters and Vandamme 2007, 1445
VP
.
Parascardovia
Authors: Mattarelli Paola , Biavati Bruno
Published: July 2015

Pa.ra.scar.do'vi.a. Gr. prep.
para
beside, alongside of, near, like; N.L. fem. n.
Scardovia
a bacterial generic name; N.L. fem. n.
Parascardovia
resembling
Scardovia
.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Bifidobacteriales / Bifidobacteriaceae / Parascardovia

Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid‐fast. Nonsporeforming. Nonmotile, small, slender rods of variable shape. Anaerobic. Saccharoclastic. Glucose is degraded exclusively and characteristically by the fructose 6‐phosphate
(F6PPK; EC 4.1.2.22)
shunt
(see treatment of the genus
Bifidobacterium
, above). Fermentation products from glucose are acetic acid and
L
‐(+)‐lactic acid in the molar ratio of 2:1.
Dextran is fermented by most strains.
Found in human dental caries and plaque. 16S rRNA and HSP60 gene sequence analyses have shown that the genus
Parascardovia
belongs to the family
Bifidobacteriaceae
. The type and only species is
Parascardovia denticolens
.

DNA G
+
C content (mol%)
: 55 ± 1 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Parascardovia denticolens
(Crociani, Biavati, Alessandrini, Chiarini and Scardovi 1996) Jian and Dong 2002, 811
VP
(
Bifidobacterium denticolens
Crociani, Biavati, Alessandrini, Chiarini and Scardovi 1996, 570).
Nocardia
Authors: Goodfellow Michael , Maldonado Luis A.
Published: July 2015

No.card'ia. N.L. fem. n.Nocardianamed after Edmond Nocard (1850–1903), a French veterinarian who first isolated members of this taxon.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Corynebacteriales / Nocardiaceae / Nocardia

Aerobic,Gram‐stain‐positive to Gram‐stain‐variable,nonmotile catalase‐positive actinomycetes which are typically acid–alcohol‐fast at some stages of the growth cycle.Rudimentary to extensively branched,substrate hyphae that often fragmentin situor on mechanical disruption into coccoid to rod‐shaped,nonmotile elements.Aerial hyphae,at times visible only microscopically,are almost always present. Colonial appearance is variable; colonies may be smooth to granular and irregular, wrinkled or heaped. Carotenoid‐like pigments confer various shades of orange, pink, red, or yellow to colonies growing on solid culture media. Soluble brown or yellowish diffusible pigments may be produced.Chemo‐organotrophic with an oxidative type of carbohydrate metabolism.Arylsulfatase‐negative. Most strains grow well from 20°C up to 45°C.

DNA G+C content(mol%): 63–72% (HPLC,Tm).

Type species:Nocardia asteroides(Eppinger 1891) Blanchard 1896, 856VP.
Acidothermus
Authors: Normand Philippe , Berry Alison , Benson David R.
Published: July 2015

A.ci.do.ther'mus. L. adj.
acidus
sour, acid; Gr. adj.
thermos
hot; N.L. masc. n.
Acidothermus
acid and hot (loving).

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Frankiales / Acidothermaceae / Acidothermus

Slender rods
and filaments, 0.4 × 5–20 µm, with rounded ends (Figure 107). No endospores are formed. No flagella have been reported (Figure 108) and no motility has been observed, although the genome of
Acidothermus cellulolyticus
contains coding sequences for a flagellar apparatus (Barabote et al., 2009).
Gram‐stain‐variable
, but generally Gram‐stain‐negative. Thin sections show no outer cell membranes. The main constituents of purified cell walls are DAP, glucosamine, muramic acid, serine, and alanine. On LPBM mineral salts agar (Mohagheghi et al., 1986), colonies are creamy white, smooth, circular, entire, and 1–3 mm in diameter. In liquid culture, moderate turbidity is observed and cells may tend to flocculate and sediment out after 3 d. Obligate aerobes, prototrophic; grow on several carbon sources including d‐glucose, cellobiose, and
cellulose
.
Thermophilic
with optimal temperature of 55°C (range 37–70°C) and acidophilic with
optimal pH of 5
.
5
(pH range 3–7). Isolated from 55–60°C acidic water and mud samples in Yellowstone National Park in the course of a screening program to obtain thermostable cellulases. Cells may be stored in 20% (v/v) glycerol in LPBM medium at −80°C, and thawed on ice.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 66.9 (determined by complete genome sequencing).

Type species:
Acidothermus cellulolyticus
Mohagheghi, Grohmann, Himmel, Leighton and Updegraff 1986, 442
VP
.
Blastococcus
Authors: Stackebrandt Erko , Schumann Peter
Published: July 2015

Blas.to.coc'cus. Gr. n.
blastos
bud, shoot; N.L. masc. n.
coccus
(from Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
grain, seed) coccus; N.L. masc. n.
Blastococcus
budding coccus.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Frankiales / Geodermatophilaceae / Blastococcus

Gram‐stain‐positive, coccoid, occurs singly or in pairs,
often reproducing by budding and multiple fission
,
giving rise to a variety of cell forms
.
Single cells may be motile rods and vibroid or non‐motile cocci that tend to form aggregates
.
Strains may form motile zoospores
. Formation of buds on rods is common, but not universal. Membranous bodies, 1–4 per cell, which are linked to the cytoplasmic membrane, may be present. Oxidase‐negative, catalase‐positive, and aerobic; some strains may be microaerophilic. Strains from surfaces of marble and limestone utilize a broader spectrum of organic compounds than the only known marine strain.
Predominant fatty acids are C

16
:
0

iso,
and
,
in some strains
,
C

16
:
1

iso,
C

18
:
1

ω

9
c

,
C

17
:
1

ω

8
c

,
C

15
:
0

iso,
and C

17
:
0

.

Peptidoglycan contains
meso
‐DAP

as diagnostic diamino acid.
Predominant menaquinone is MK‐9
(

H
4

); MK‐9 may also occur in high amounts. Polar lipids consist of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylethanolamine; phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and two unknown phospholipids may occur. Arabinose and galactose have been identified as whole‐cell sugars in one species. Phylogenetically, a member of the family
Geodermatophilaceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 72.3–74.

Type species
:
Blastococcus aggregatus
Ahrens and Moll 1970, 264
AL
emend. Urzì, Salamone, Schumann, Rohde and Stackebrandt 2004b, 257.
Nakamurella
Authors: Chen Wen‐Feng , Tao Tian‐Shen
Published: July 2015

Na.ka.mu.rel'la. N.L. fem. dim. n.
Nakamurella
to honor the Japanese microbiologist Kazunori Nakamura.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Frankiales / Nakamurellaceae / Nakamurella

Spherical cells
, 0.8–3.0 µm; occur singly or sometimes in clusters. A cell wall structure is observed in the middle of each cell in early exponential growth phase and a number of septa are found in late exponential phase. Nonmotile. No spores are formed. Gram‐stain‐positive. Chemoorganotrophic and strictly aerobic metabolism with oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor.
Growth rate is low
. Visible colonies appear on agar media after 10 d of incubation. Catalase‐positive. Oxidase‐negative. Contains
meso
‐DAP in cell wall peptidoglycan.
MK‐8
(

H
4

)
is the major quinone
. Major fatty acids are C
16:0
iso, C
15:0
iso, and C
18:1
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 67.5 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Nakamurella multipartita
Tao, Yue, Chen and Chen 2004, 999
VP
.
Sporichthya
Authors: Normand Philippe , Benson David R.
Published: July 2015

Spor.ich'thy.a. Gr. n.
spora
seed (and in biology, a spore); Gr. n.
ikhthus
fish; N.L. fem. n.
Sporichthya
an organism with fish‐like spores.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Frankiales / Sporichthyaceae / Sporichthya

Very short, aerial mycelium composed of hyphae, 0.5–1.0 µm in diameter, that grow on the surface of solid media (Figure 122). Aerial hyphae have a
unique upright posture maintained by holdfasts
, thickened cells that anchor the erect chains onto the solid surface (Figure 123 and Figure 124). The chains may be branched (rarely).
Cells in the chain look asymmetrical with constricted separations between cells
. No substrate mycelium is formed. The aerial mycelium forms rod‐shaped to coccoid spores that may develop
polar flagella
when grown in liquid media. Under nitrogen‐replete conditions, spores swell to yield various forms, some of which are vaguely fish‐like, hence the name initially given to the genus. Cells are Gram‐stain‐variable, with young cells being Gram‐stain‐negative and older cells gradually acquiring a Gram‐stain‐positive reaction. The cell wall contains a large amount of
LL
‐DAP. Facultatively anaerobic. Mesophilic; grows between 10 and 42°C. Chemoorganotrophic. Complex carbohydrates are utilized.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 71.0 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Sporichthya polymorpha
Lechevalier, Lechevalier and Holbert 1968, 279
AL
.