bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical studies on dusts. VII. The effect of acids on the solution properties of silicious dusts
Authors: Gibb J. G. , Ritchie P. D.
Published: July 2010

The rate of solution of a pure rock‐crystal dust (e.g. Madagascar quartz) in a borate buffer (pH 7–5) is reduced by prior extraction with acid, whereas similar treatment of impure silicious dusts (e.g. Lochaline sand, a sandstone, or orthoclase felspar) increases their solubility rates. The enhanced rate is not due to regeneration of a disturbed amorphous surface‐layer, of the type produced by crushing and grinding silica, and it can be reduced, sometimes back to its original value, by heat treatment within the temperature range of about 60–1150°. Silica gel, on the other hand, does not show a reduction in solubility rate below about 700°; hence, the observed enhanced rates cannot be attributed to hydration of the silica surfaces during acid extraction. Infra‐red spectrometry leads to the same conclusion.

During reduction of the enhanced solubility rates by heat treatment and by other methods, the silica surfaces become inactivated, and further extraction with acid does not raise the solubility rate again. Possible reasons are advanced.

Alumina is removed from two impure silicious dusts during acid extraction. Pretreatment of such dusts with sulphuric acid of various pH values causes a slight increase in all the initial pH values, indicating partial removal of hydrogen ions from the extracting medium. It is considered that these ions are adsorbed on the surface irregularities produced by the prior removal of impurities by acid extraction, and the various solubility effects observed are explained on the basis of this layer of adsorbed hydrogen ions.

Reduction of solubility by heat treatment shows the characteristics of a second‐order reaction, with a rate constant independent of temperature. It is suggested that the reaction consists of desorption of hydrogen ions; a tentative mechanism is discussed.
Textile properties of the synthetic fibres
Authors: Morton T. H.
Published: July 2010

The number of possible fibre‐forming high polymers is very great, but the screening of these materials by various tests reduces them to a quite small group of substances suitable for general textile use.

The range of available synthetic fibres is discussed and some indication is given of the criteria useful in examining a new fibre‐forming polymer in order to decide its textile utility.
Glucose and fructose contents of sugar‐cane molasses
Authors: Kelly F. H. C.
Published: July 2010

The glucose and fructose contents of samples of sugar‐cane molasses from Queensland (Australia) have been determined by oxidizing aldose groups with iodine and sodium hydroxide and estimating the residual fructose by using Luff's modified method of reductiometric analysis. Glucose is determined by subtracting the value for fructose from the total reducing sugar content, also estimated by using Luff's modified method. The Luff modified method of analysis is preferred because of the equal reducing power for glucose and fructose. The glucose/fructose ratio of the molasses samples was found to vary over a wide range from 0–84/1 to 1/3.5, according to the district in which the cane had been grown.
The influence of hydrophilic colloids on the miscibility of phenol and water
Authors: Purnell J. H. , Bowden S. T.
Published: July 2010

The influence of certain hydrophilic materials on the miscibility of phenol and water is examined. The critical solution temperature (C.S.T.) is lowered by sodium stearate and tannin, and raised by colophony, starch, agar and gelatin. For stearate and tannin systems it is found that a linear relation obtains between the logarithm of the depression and the logarithm of the concentration. Small quantities of these solutes can be estimated by measuring the change in C.S.T. Precipitation occurs in systems containing starch, agar and gelatin, and dissolution temperatures corresponding to the production of a standard turbidity are determined. For colloidal materials of this kind, the observation of the miscibility and dissolution temperatures furnishes a method of identification.
The preparation of 1: 1: 3‐trialkoxyalkanes and related compounds
Authors: Bellringer F. J. , Bewley T. , Hall R. H. , Jacobs D. I. H. , Stern E. S.
Published: July 2010

A novel method of preparing 1: 1: 3‐triethoxybutane, involving entrainment of water from a refluxing mixture of crotonaldehyde, ethanol and an acid catalyst, has been investigated, and conditions have been found for obtaining yields of over 90%. Extension of the method to αβ‐unsaturated aldehydes and aliphatic alcohols in general has shown that it is of wide applicability, very high yields (better than 85%) of the corresponding 1: 1: 3‐trialkoxyalkanes being obtained in certain cases. In addition, several trialkoxy‐compounds which were not readily accessible by other methods have now been prepared in satisfactory yields.

The use of ethylene and trimethylene glycols in place of the monohydric alcohols has led to the formation and isolation of the corresponding 2‐(ω‐hydroxyalkoxy)alkyl‐1: 3‐dioxolans and ‐dioxans respectively.
Interaction of alcohols with hydrogen halides
Authors: Gerrard W. , Madden R. W. , Tolcher P.
Published: July 2010

Previous and submitted evidence on the mechanism of interaction between an alcohol and a hydrogen halide points to the conclusion that the formation of an alkyl halide entails two steps: the rapid formation of an oxonium halide, ROH2+ X−, and the rate‐determining dehydration of it. Results from the studies of kinetics and optical rotatory power are as yet inconclusive on the mechanism of the second step, but they point to the concurrence of several modes.

The maximum amount of hydrogen halide absorbed by an alcohol depends on the nature of the alcohol and on the temperature. This amount is of great significance because it determines the maximum concentration of the oxonium halide, and also can control the extent to which the water produced reduces the rate of formation of alkyl halide. Because of these points, and because the concentration of halide ion can be increased, certain added substances, such as pyridine, dioxan and even water, can increase the rate of formation and final yield of alkyl halide.

Results of experiments on the solubility of hydrogen chloride in different alcohols, and on the extraction of the halide by water, are discussed.
Evidence for a hydrochlorination retarder within natural rubber latex particles
Authors: Gordon Manfred , Taylor James S.
Published: July 2010

Kinetic evidence is presented for the occurrence in Hevea latex particles of a trace substance that retards the hydrochlorination reaction. No retardation effect is observed with synthetic polyisoprene latex. The chemical nature of the retarder in Hevea particles is not known, but it is likely to be a basic substance. Its retardation action reflects its power to deactivate the reactive precursor of the hydrochlorination reaction, which is interpreted as a form of ion pair (H+, Cl−). A constant amount of the precursor is deactivated by the retarder irrespective of the temperature or pressure of the hydrochlorination reaction.
Phase equilibria in sugar solutions. VI. The quaternary system sucrose‐fructose‐potassium chloride‐water
Authors: Kelly F. H. C.
Published: July 2010

Equilibrium‐phase relationships of the quaternary system sucrose‐fructose‐KCl‐water have been determined at 30°. No double compounds or hydrates were identified. The total concentration of solute increased as conditions approached the quaternary point (Q.P.), but reached a maximum before actually reaching this point. This experience was independent of the direction of approach to the Q.P., although the actual point of highest solute concentration was for a solution in equilibrium with both fructose and KCl as solid phases. Results have been plotted by using a Jänecke type of projection on a triangular diagram with isohydrores defined quantitatively as solvent per 100 units of total dissolved solids.
Properties of sodium carbonate‐sodium bicarbonate solutions
Authors: Bedekar S. G.
Published: July 2010

While investigating the absorption of carbon dioxide in sodium carbonate–bicarbonate solutions, apparently erratic variations of absorption coefficients were observed in earlier work. In an attempt to find an explanation for these variations, density, relative viscosity, pH and relative surface tension were determined for such solutions. The variations in surface tension have been found to be chiefly responsible for the variations in absorption coefficients. The absorption coefficient varied inversely with surface tension.
Thermodynamic functions of elements and compounds. II. Correlation of standard entropies of solid and gaseous inorganic compounds
Authors: Turkdogan E. T.
Published: July 2010

The standard entropies of solid and gaseous inorganic compounds have been correlated. The following types of systems have been studied: chlorides‐bromides, chlorides‐iodides, chlorides‐fluorides, oxides‐sulphides. For systems where anions belong to different Periodic Groups, the equivalent‐entropy concept has been introduced and the following types of systems have been considered: chlorides‐oxides, oxides‐hydroxides and oxides‐silicates.
Phase equilibria in sugar solutions. IX. The quaternary system glucose‐fructose‐potassium chloride‐water
Authors: Kelly F. H. C.
Published: July 2010

The equilibrium‐phase relationships for the quaternary system glucose‐fructose‐potassium chloride‐water have been determined at 30°, and are illustrated with a Jänecke type of projection. In this system the solution with the highest concentration of total solids (84%) was obtained at the quaternary point for the solution saturated with glucose, fructose and potassium chloride. Variations in the amount of glucose from zero to 35% were associated with very little change in total solids concentration for the saturated solution, and potassium chloride could vary from 3 to 20% with similarly small effect. Three zones were identified for solution compositions saturated with glucose. The largest zone was associated with glucose monohydrate as the solid phase in equilibrium with the saturated solution. A smaller zone was associated with anhydrous glucose as a stable solid phase in equilibrium with the saturated solution, and also a small zone separating these in which anhydrous glucose was observed in a state of metastable equilibrium with the saturated solution. No doublecompound formation was observed.
Gasometric determination of dissolved oxygen in pure and saline water as a check of titrimetric methods
Authors: Wheatland A. B. , Smith L. J.
Published: July 2010

A new gasometric method for the determination of dissolved oxygen is described. The sample of water is introduced into an evacuated apparatus and the dissolved gases are pumped out under vacuum and collected in a constant‐volume gas‐analysis unit, where the volume and composition of the extracted gas are measured.

Determination of dissolved oxygen by this method and by the Winkler titration method for distilled water, and by the azide modification of the Winkler method for sea‐water, gave values which agreed within the limits of experimental error.
The effect of traces of pyrogallol as an inhibitor of peroxide formation in solvent ether B.P.
Authors: Roy A.
Published: July 2010

Storage tests have been carried out on the effect of pyrogallol in very small concentration as an inhibitor of peroxide formation in solvent ether B.P.

The inhibiting effect was adequate over a period of two years even in concentrations so small (0.0001 g./100 ml.) as to permit the normal use of ether as a solvent.
The poisoning of palladium catalyst for the reaction between hydrogen and oxygen
Authors: Sergeant G. A. , Bartlett A. F. F.
Published: July 2010

Palladium catalyst for the hydrogen‐oxygen reaction has been exposed under various conditions of temperature and concentration to a number of known or possible catalyst poisons (carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide, arsine, stibine, dilute sulphuric acid spray and kerosene) with a view to assessing their practical importance.
Adhesion of silicate‐settled phosphor screens
Authors: Smith Mervyn L.
Published: July 2010

When a phosphor screen is laid by sedimentation in a solution of weak potassium silicate mixed with a salt additive, gelatinous silica is deposited at the powder‐glass interface and the adhesion depends on this rather than on the electrostatic forces. In order to measure this adhesive force and its increase with time before decanting off the supernatant liquid an underwater jet test has been devised. The method for calibration of the jet in absolute units is described and the influences of various mechanical factors are reviewed. With this test the course of setting in typical phosphor screens has been quantitatively followed, and it has been shown that the important solution factors are the ratio of the concentration of cation to the SiO2 content of the solution, and the cationic charge. More powerful jets have been used to study the kinetics with screens of greater adhesion.

In an attempt to explain the anomalous adhesion experienced with phosphors of different particle size, a study has been made of the variation of the adhesion index with particle size by using specially prepared homodisperse fractions.

A brief study has been made of the factors concerned with adhesion after drying in order to throw further light on the gelation reaction.

Finally a critical discussion and review of the literature is given to compare the interfacial gelation reaction with the much studied bulk reaction. It is concluded that owing to the very high silica concentration in the interface the reaction is probably limited by a diffusion mechanism.
The constitution and structure of coal‐tar pitch
Authors: Wood L. J. , Phillips G.
Published: July 2010

Five commercial coal‐tar pitches, an air‐blown pitch and a straight‐run bitumen have been fractionated by solvent extraction and precipitation, and the molecular weights and elementary composition of the products have been determined. All five normal pitches are similar as regards the lower end of their molecular‐weight‐distribution curves, 50% by weight ranging from 150 to 350. The distributions of the upper 50% are also continuous, but the top molecular weight varies from 1400 in the low‐temperature carbonization pitch to about double that figure in the horizontal‐retort pitch. The molecular weights of bitumen and air‐blown pitch extend to above 5000.

The coke‐oven pitch fractions all consist predominantly of condensed aromatic molecules, mainly hydrocarbon in nature, exhibiting only a limited degree of methyl substitution. The horizontal‐retort pitch is slightly less aromatic. The vertical‐retort pitch, though containing low‐molecular‐weight paraffins, increases in aromaticity with increasing molecular weight. The low‐temperature carbonization pitch fractions all have lower carbon/hydrogen ratios than those of the other pitches.

Ultracentrifuging of tars and their solutions has failed to reveal any significant amount of disperse phase. Pitch is considered to be a supercooled liquid whose physical properties can be adequately explained without recourse to a colloid theory.
Equilibria in the reduction of barium sulphate by hydrogen
Authors: Culver R. V. , Hamdorf C. J.
Published: July 2010

A flow apparatus for the determination of equilibrium constants in the BaSO4/BaS/H2/H2O system has been described. Equilibrium constants in the temperature range 800°to 1100°are satisfactorily correlated by the equation log10KP = 5.447 + 697.5/T with a maximum uncertainty of ±5% in KP at 800°.
The bomb method for the determination of sulphur and chlorine in coal
Authors: Moszynski Z. K. A.
Published: July 2010

The bomb‐combustion method for determining sulphur in coal, recently modified by Strambi,3 has been further improved in respect of both accuracy and time of determination. The technique evolved has been applied to the determination of chlorine and shown to provide a method which, in time and accuracy, compares favourably with the B.C.R.A. Rapid Eschka Method.
Analytical applications of sodium lauryl sulphate II.—The volumetric determination of sulphates
Authors: Davey W. , Gwilt J. R.
Published: July 2010

The literature on the ethylenediaminetetra‐acetate method for determination of sulphate is reviewed and the limitations of the method are discussed. In the procedure now described, after precipitation of sulphate as barium sulphate, excess barium is precipitated with sodium lauryl sulphate and excess of the latter titrated with a suitable quaternary ammonium salt as described in Part I of this series.
The preparation of tantalum‐free niobium pentoxide
Authors: Cabell M. J. , Milner I.
Published: July 2010

A method is described whereby the tantalum content of ‘Specpure’ niobium pentoxide can be reduced to a few parts per million without simultaneous contamination of the sample.
The suppression of methane–air ignitions by fine powders
Authors: Dolan J. E. , Dempster P. B.
Published: July 2010

The effect of the particle size of some inorganic materials on their efficiency as ignition suppressors has been studied. It has been found that there is a direct relationship between this efficiency and the surface area of the powder exposed to the advancing flame. Flame inhibitors have been placed in an order of efficiency on this basis. The alkali halides have been shown to have an efficiency which cannot be fully accounted for by the thermal characteristics of the powders, and an explanation is suggested.
Specific gravity‐temperature relationships of coal tar and its distillate fractions
Authors: Mapstone Geo. E.
Published: July 2010

The specific gravity‐temperature coefficients of a wide range of coal tars were correlated with the specific gravity (S.G.) by the formula

A similar relationship for coal tar distillates could not be derived, but it was found possible to correlate their coefficients with their mean (or 50%) boiling points as

The data for pure hydrocarbons are in agreement with this empirical relationship.
The combustion of fuel in the bomb calorimeter as indicated by changes in the pressure system. I
Authors: Patterson W. S. , Parr‐Burman H. B. A.
Published: July 2010

The pressure changes in a bomb calorimeter during the combustion of various fuels have been followed by means of a capacitance diaphragm gauge and an electronic recording system. Continuous records of the change in pressure have been obtained.

The influence of heat release and the effect of the crucible wall upon the pressure system have been noted. Typical pressure curves for a range of coals and cokes have been obtained.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. IX. the preparation of some dialkyltin compounds with long‐chain alkyl groups
Authors: van der Kerk G. J. M. , Luijten J. G. A.
Published: July 2010

The preparation and properties are described of some di‐n‐hexyl‐, di‐n‐octyl‐, bis‐(2‐ethyl‐n‐hexyl)‐and bis‐(3 : 5 : 5‐trimethyl‐n‐hexyl)tin compounds, potentially interesting as non‐toxic stabilizers for vinyl plastics.

An improved procedure is given for the determination of halogen in long‐chain alkyltin halides.
The water‐holding capacity of ctab‐naphthol foams
Authors: Nash T.
Published: July 2010

The foaming ability of dilute aqueous cetyltrimethylammonium salts is retained in the presence of equimolar amounts of naphthol, while the rate of drainage of the foam under gravity is greatly reduced. A quantitative description is given of the phenomenon, which is explained by the gel‐like nature of the solutions. The foam density is greater in tap water than in distilled water attributable to the sulphate content of the former. Increase in NaCl concentration in the water up to 200 p.p.m. increases the foam density.
The combustion of gas mixtures containing hydrogen cyanide
Authors: Cohen L. , Simpson P.
Published: July 2010

The combustion of mixtures of hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulphide, carbon dioxide and air has been investigated under various conditions of temperature, mixture composition and residence time, using both packed and unpacked furnaces. Under the appropriate conditions, unreacted hydrogen cyanide, ammonia, nitrogen oxides and thiocyanate were present, either singly or together. In no case was the combustion found to be complete. Some possible reaction schemes are suggested.
The determination of naphthalene in town gas by the picrate method. I. The dissociation of naphthalene picrate
Authors: Mott R. A. , Moulson I.
Published: July 2010

The reaction constant, and its temperature‐dependence, of the reaction naphthalene + picric acid ⇌ naphthalene picrate has been determined and shown to account for the losses of naphthalene in tests in which air containing naphthalene in known concentrations was bubbled through picric acid. This enables a correction to be applied when carrying out the determination a t 10–18°, the wash‐bottles being immersed in a thermostatically controlled bath. Dissociation of the recovered picrates, when washing after filtering, can be minimized by the use of 0·02N picric acid solution as the washing medium.
The determination of naphthalene in town gas by the picrate method. III. Miscellaneous observations
Authors: Mott R. A. , Moulson I.
Published: July 2010

The performance of a naphthalene washer is dependent on the ambient temperature and thus can vary considerably between day and night and between successive days. It follows that the duration of a naphthalene test should be 24 h. No difficulty arises in collecting ‘sufficient naphthalene’ in this period, even for gas of the lowest naphthalene concentration at present specified, if the rate of gas flow is increased to 12 cu. ft./h. and an efficient absorption system is employed. In the recommended method, the wash‐bottles are immersed in a thermostatically controlled bath and a correction applied for the loss of naphthalene due to dissociation of naphthalene picrate. For the filtration of the recovered picrates, a No. 3 porosity sintered‐glass disc is recommended. The error in the recommended method due to saturated hydrocarbons which do not cause blockage of fine gas services (such as 1‐methylnaphthalene) is likely to be small, as the test is carried out at a temperature above the conventional 0°.
The effect of contaminants on the rate of aeration of water
Authors: Downing A. L. , Melbourne K. V. , Bruce A. M.
Published: July 2010

Experiments have been made to determine the effects of several contaminants and mixtures of contaminants on the exchange coefficient for oxygen in water agitated in various ways in laboratory absorption vessels and in a wave tank. Mixed household detergents reduced the exchange coefficient in clean water by amounts which depended on their concentration, on the initial exchange coefficient in the water, and on the way the water was agitated. The effects of sewage effluents and settled sewage containing anionic surface‐active agents were similar to those of mixed household detergents. When anionic surface‐active agents were absent, the effects of sewage effluent were much lower, and the effect of settled sewage generally somewhat lower, than when these materials were present. These effects are in qualitative agreement with results of similar experiments in flowing water.
The influence of solvents on the bacteriostatic and bactericidal action of organic acids
Authors: Cooper E. A. , Goddard A. E.
Published: July 2010

The influence of acetone and other ketonic solvents on the bacteriostatic and bactericidal action of certain organic acids, using B. aerogenes, has been studied. The order of the bacteriostatic powers of the dibasic acids in nutrient broth was: maleic = malonic > malic > succinic; in the presence of acetone (7%) their action was greatly increased and became equal at an inhibitory dilution of 1 in 2500. Somewhat stronger solutions of the acids were required for disinfection in nutrient broth than for inhibition, and disinfection occurred at a lower pH. The germicidal power of the acids (15‐min. test at 20° in absence of organic matter) was considerably increased by acetone (20%) or by ethyl methyl ketone (7%), but triacetone‐dialcohol and ethylene glycol (30%) had less action.

The dissociation of the acids at bacteriostatic and germicidal dilutions in aq. acetone (5–20%) was not affected by the acetone present, but adsorption of the acids by activated carbon was diminished.
The surveillance of cinematograph record film during storage
Authors: Hutchison G. L. , Ellis L. , Ashmore S. A.
Published: July 2010

A number of cellulose nitrate‐base cinematograph films have been examined, many of which are twenty or thirty years old. Reactions between decomposition products of the base and gelatin had in some cases caused the emulsion layer to become sticky with loss of the contained silver image. Since films in this condition cannot be duplicated, it represents a total loss of record. This can now be avoided by subjecting the film to certain tests, the results of which give adequate warning of the onset of the critical stage, thereby enabling the film to be duplicated while still in good physical and optical condition. The application of these tests has been incorporated in a scheme of surveillance devised for use with stored film.
The irradiation of polycaprolactam with γ‐rays and electrons
Authors: Majury T. G. , Pinner S. H.
Published: July 2010

Samples of unwashed polycaprolactam have been irradiated with γ‐rays and with high‐energy electrons, to ascertain whether the proportion of cyclic compounds to linear polymer changes and whether the polymer is cross‐linked or degraded by radiation. All these effects were observed to greater or lesser extents. The corresponding G‐values have been estimated. The rMw value for crosslinking has been estimated and shown to be of the same order as the values for other polymers which can be derived from published data.
Thermistor detectors in gas chromatography
Authors: Davis A. D. , Howard G. A.
Published: July 2010

Details are given of a simple and easily constructed instrument, employing a thermistor detector, for work on gas chromatography. Some necessary precautions and conditions for use of a thermistor detector are outlined, changes in signal strength and direction with variation of detector position are discussed and the over‐all sensitivity and response to differing materials is described.
The preparation of aluminium soaps by a continuous process. I. Aluminium laurate
Authors: Woods D. E. , Taylor A. J.
Published: July 2010

An account is given of the laboratory preparation of aluminium dilaurate using a continuous process. The effect, on the quality of the soap produced, of changing variables such as concentration and proportions of the reacting solutions, degree of agitation and time and temperature of reaction, has been found. It is shown that the product of the best quality, when judged by the consistency and storage stability of gels in hydrocarbons, is obtained when the reaction pH is kept within the range 3.5–4.0.

The process was later successfully transferred to a pilot plant.
Errors in infra‐red absorption analysis due to solute‐solvent interactions
Authors: Ward W. R. , Philpotts A. R.
Published: July 2010

The height and width of the infra‐red absorption bands of a solute have been shown to alter as the composition of the mixed solvent is changed. This effect must be taken into account in infra‐red absorption analysis or serious error may result.
Hydrogen evolution from duralumin exposed to acid salt solution
Authors: Marshall T. , Schafer G. J.
Published: July 2010

The evolution of gas from duralumin corroding in an aqueous solution containing 10 g. of HCl + 30 g. of NaCl per litre of solution was studied. To obtain reproducible gas‐evolutions it was found necessary to control specimen surface pre‐treatment and the temperature and composition of the corrosion solution. Duralumin which corroded by pitting evolved gas at an approximately constant rate after an induction period of several hours. The same duralumin, heat‐treated so that it was susceptible to intergranular attack, evolved gas at a rate increasing linearly with time of immersion, after a short induction period.
A direct titration method for determining chlorine in organic compounds after carius combustion
Authors: Makineni S. , McCorkindale Wm. , Syme A. C.
Published: July 2010

A direct titration method for the determination of chlorine in organic compounds containing nitrogen and sulphur is described. The method is applied after wet combustion, the ultimate product, silver chloride, being treated with an ion‐exchange resin, and the liberated hydrochloric acid titrated with standard mercuric nitrate using diphenylcarbazone. A conductimetric finish is also described.
A new rheological classification for pigment suspensions in polymer solutions
Authors: Dintenfass L.
Published: July 2010

A new rheological classification is proposed for suspensions of pigment in Newtonian and non‐Newtonian vehicles.
Transformations of semi‐drying oils
Authors: Boelhouwer C. , Garcia Domingo Martin , de Ruiter J. J. , Waterman H. I.
Published: July 2010

Several processes are described for the separation of semi‐drying oils into a solid fraction with a low degree of unsaturation and a liquid fraction with increased drying properties.

The results of directed inter‐esterification (Eckey's process) and elaidinization of soya‐bean oil, herring oil and menhaden oil are described and the properties of the solid and liquid fractions, obtained by subsequent low‐temperature crystallization of the reaction products, compared.

It is demonstrated that the combination of the two processes, elaidinization and directed interesterification, results in production of an oil with improved drying properties.
The formation of benzene in the pyrolysis of acetylene
Authors: Robertson W. W. , Magee E. M. , Matsen F. A.
Published: July 2010

The facts related to the formation of benzene in the pyrolysis of acetylene are re‐examined. The preponderance of evidence from many sources makes the presence of benzene in the products of decomposition almost certain. It is pointed out how the benzene spectrum may be overlooked in the ultra‐violet region unless care is taken to remove strongly absorbing materials that mask its presence.
Adsorption at inorganic surfaces. III. The mechanism of adsorption of organic solutes, including dyes, by graphite
Authors: Galbraith J. W. , Giles C. H. , Halliday A. G. , Hassan A. S. A. , McAllister D. C. , Macaulay N. , Macmillan N. W.
Published: July 2010

The adsorption by graphite of a variety of organic solutes, mainly acid and basic dyes, from water, has been studied.

Adsorption occurs rapidly and only at the outer surface of the graphite particles. The adsorptive forces are coulombic (ion exchange) and non‐polar van der Waals' attraction. Basic dyes are adsorbed by ion exchange, the process being independent of temperature, but dependent on the surface charge on the graphite. Sulphonated dyes are adsorbed by van der Waals' (dispersion) forces; their affinity increases linearly with the area of the adsorbed molecule in contact with the substrate, but it falls with increase in the number of sulphonate groups, because of increase of water attraction.

From solutions of low concentration most solutes are adsorbed as monolayers. In the early stages of adsorption they are probably oriented flat on the surface, but in the completed monolayer they are oriented with ionic groups as far away as possible from the graphite surface.

From solutions of high concentration, multilayers of single molecules or monolayers of micelles appear to be adsorbed. Glucose and sucrose are adsorbed to a much greater extent than is accounted for by monolayer adsorption, but the reason for this is obscure.

The shapes of the isotherms are shown to be related to the affinity of the solutes for the graphite surface. The rate‐controlling factor in adsorption of dyes is believed to be the proportion of bombarding ions which have a favourable orientation relative to the graphite surface at the moment of impact.
Gas‐liquid chromatography. II. Analysis of the alkali extract of a low‐temperature coal tar
Authors: Irvine L. , Mitchell T. J.
Published: July 2010

An analysis has been made by gas‐liquid chromatography of the distillate of b.p. 230–250separated from the tar acid extract prepared from low‐temperature coal tar. Six fractions were separated and a total of 28 phenolic compounds identified by retention‐time data and infra‐red spectroscopy. Some overlapping of the fractions occurred.
Chemistry of coal tars. III. Preliminary examination of the neutral, pentane‐soluble fraction from down‐jet tar
Authors: Vahrman M.
Published: July 2010

The neutral, pentane‐soluble portion of down‐jet tar has been examined mainly by solvent extraction, adsorption chromatography, fractional distillation, and ultra‐violet and infra‐red spectroscopy.

The wax obtained by butanone treatment and chromatography was found to contain nonacosane among the paraffins, and also cycloparaffins.

Chromatographic separation of the whole fraction, with and without prior removal of wax, gave fractions mainly consisting of saturated hydrocarbons containing both paraffins and cycloparaffins; a hydroaromatic fraction, largely alkylated hydronaphthalenes; aromatic hydrocarbons, mainly alkylated naphthalenes; and two dark brown, viscous fractions of high oxygen content and of characteristic odour, containing esters.

The alkylated naphthalene fraction, the largest of these, was fractionally distilled. From the physical characteristics of the 15 fractions obtained, a wide range of alkylated naphthalenes appeared to be present; this seemed to be the outstanding characteristic of this sort of primary tar. In addition, hydronaphthalenes were present at the lower‐boiling end.
The dealkylation of alkyl aromatic hydrocarbons. IV. The dealkylation of alkylpyridines
Authors: Betts W. D. , Popper F.
Published: July 2010

The thermal dealkylation of the picolines, 2: 6‐lutidine and two coal‐tar‐base fractions has been studied. The reaction appears to conform to the mechanism discussed for toluene,4 but here the position of the methyl group seems to affect the reaction rate. At high temperatures, ring‐fission to methane and ammonia becomes a competing reaction; this is especially so for 2: 6‐lutidine, where the two methyl groups in ortho‐positions to nitrogen weaken the ring. At low ratios of hydrogen to base, polymerization becomes important.
Studies on the protein from groundnut protein spinning solutions
Authors: Naismith W. E. F.
Published: July 2010

Solubility, viscosity and sedimentation velocity techniques have been used to study the protein recovered from sodium hydroxide spinning solutions of groundnut protein. The protein from, an ‘Ardil’ spinning solution matured for 4 hours, when dialysed against pH 11 or 12 buffer is all slowly sedimenting and of fairly high viscosity, but association and decrease in viscosity are observed on dialysis to lower pH values. Protein denaturation in sodium hydroxide spinning solutions appears to be continuous, the protein being changed with time from, a form initially insoluble in buffer of I 0.2, pH 8 to completely soluble material. This change is probably caused by degradation of the protein, though not to very small peptides. The addition of sodium chloride to the spinning solution inhibits denaturation.
Star packing: A new low pressure‐drop packing for use in distillation columns
Authors: Thornton J. D.
Published: July 2010

A new type of random (‘star’) packing is described for which H.E.T.P., pressure‐drop and hold‐up data were determined in a 2‐in. dia. column using a mixture of n‐heptane and methylcyclo‐hexane. For the purpose of comparison, data were also obtained for 1/2‐in. brass Lessing rings, 1/4‐in. and 1/2‐in. ceramic Raschig rings and 1/2‐in. ceramic Berl saddles. Whilst the H.E.T.P. values for the Star packing were comparable with those of other packings of the same size, the pressure drop was considerably lower (0.28 in. water/ft. packing at a boil‐up rate of 1300 Ib./h. ft.2), whilst the flood‐point was higher.

Further work showed that the performance of ring‐type packings could be improved by ruling fine capillary grooves on the surface, thereby promoting self‐wetting properties. This resulted in reduced H.E.T.P. and pressure‐drop values by comparison with those for the plain unruled rings at corresponding boil‐up rates.
The Acid denaturation of the proteins of the groundnut (arachis hypogaea)
Authors: Naismith W. E. F. , Kelly Kirsteen O.
Published: July 2010

The denaturation of the arachin and conarachin II fractions of the groundnut globulins in the pH range 2–4 and ionic strength range 0.05 to 0.2 has been investigated by means of viscosity, sedimentation velocity and optical rotation measurements. Only at pH 4 do reversible changes appear to take place. At lower pH values, and particularly at low ionic strengths (0.1 and 0.05), the changes are irreversible since most of the protein is no longer soluble at pH 8. At I 0.05, pH 2, both proteins appear to be broken down to asymmetric sub‐units, further breakdown occurring with time as indicated by decreasing viscosity. Optical rotation measurements would indicate that drastic changes are involved. In some cases, particularly at I 0.2, aggregation of the protein, resulting in precipitation, occurs. Conarachin II appears to be more susceptible to acid denaturation than arachin.
Microscopical studies of the system RDX‐TNT
Authors: Williamson W. O.
Published: July 2010

A polymorph of RDX was obtained by crystallization from the fused compound. The same or a second polymorph crystallized from TNT. It was unstable and thus unlikely to occur in melts containing an undissolved excess of RDX.

RDX/TNT castings contained no eutectic‐like intergrowths unless the RDX grains had settled. Such intergrowths then appeared near the boundaries between the TNT laths that had crystallized from the supernatant melt. They contained RDX in great excess over the eutectic ratio.

Various phenomena on the microscopical hot‐stage demonstrated the slow diffusion of RDX dissolved in TNT. Recrystallization of RDX in TNT melts was thus not marked unless optimum conditions prevailed, e.g., vigorous stirring or fine grain‐sizes. Recrystallization was isothermal or associated with temperature‐cycling. It was usually accompanied by a permanent increase in the consistency of the melt, but if the RDX grains were initially small and very‐angular, a decrease in viscosity could occur.
The microstructures of some fusion‐cast mixtures of pentaerythritol tetranitrate and 2:4:6‐trinitrotoluene
Authors: Williamson W. O.
Published: July 2010

Molecular compounds or solid solutions of PETN and TNT were not observed. The reported eutectic contained approx. 13% by weight of PETN but, in fusion‐cast 50/50 mixtures containing much undissolved PETN, eutectic‐like intergrowths were either absent or anomalously rich in PETN. The eutectic mixture itself solidified as crystals of TNT with interstitial intergrowths of TNT and excess PETN. A 50/50 mixture, completely fused and then chilled, crystallized as a eutectic‐like intergrowth.

In solidified 50/50 mixtures, fusion‐cast at 90–94°, the PETN crystals retained their original shape‐characteristics because little PETN had been dissolved at such temperatures. These crystals were enclosed by crystals of TNT.

Added wax caused no obvious changes in the microstructures of the castings and at least some of it persisted as segregations.

TNT crystals, elongated on [c], tended to point inwards from the walls of the mould unless their crystallization had been disturbed.

The microstructures resembled those of fusion‐cast RDX‐TNT; further, PETN resembled RDX in recrystallizing during prolonged contact with melted TNT.
Reactivity of lime and related oxides. IV. carbonatation of lime
Authors: Glasson D. R.
Published: July 2010

Samples of calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide have been carbonatated under ‘dry’ conditions using carbon dioxide gas, and under ‘wet’ conditions using carbon dioxide dissolved in water or in alkaline media, viz., ammonium or sodium carbonates and bicarbonates. The progress of these carbonatations has been followed by determining changes in surface area and lattice structure, and the surface properties of the final products have been compared with those of calcium carbonate precipitated from solution at similar pH levels.

In either ‘dry’ or ‘wet’ conditions, the carbonatation proceeds inwards from the outside of each particle by an advancing interface mechanism, being inhibited by the low porosity of the calcium carbonate layer normally developed around each particle. In ‘wet’ conditions, the growth and porosity of the calcium carbonate layer depends largely on the pH of the surrounding solution, since this determines the rate of formation and the solubility of the calcium carbonate. The tendency of the layer to age is related to the growth and ageing of calcium carbonate particles precipitated from solution by double decomposition.
Further advances in dissolved oxygen microanalysis. III. Interference during water‐sampling
Authors: Potter E. C. , Everitt G. E.
Published: July 2010

Dissolved oxygen will pass through most of the common types of plastic tubing. Materials unsuitable for use in sampling water for dissolved oxygen microanalysis are red and black natural rubber and silicone rubber. Polythene tubing has been found permeable above about 50° and some batches of neoprene are also permeable. Only when the internal hydrostatic pressure permanently exceeds 5 Ib./sq. in. does polyvinyl chloride tubing remain impermeable; otherwise it is unsuitable. Nylon appears impermeable up to at least 90°. The observations are explained in terms of a dual mechanism of oxygen diffusion in which two new concepts, namely, assisted and resisted permeability, are introduced. It is suggested that these concepts may have diagnostic use in elucidating the structural mechanism of diffusion in polymers.
Solubility of hydrogen halides in organic compounds containing oxygen. IV. Solubility of hydrogen chloride in glycols and ethers
Authors: Gerrard W. , Macklen E. D.
Published: July 2010

At temperatures from 50 to about 0° the solubility of hydrogen chloride in glycols appears to relate to the basic function of only one atom of oxygen, the other being involved in intervening intramolecular hydrogen bonding. At lower temperatures the second atom of oxygen participates in the association with the solute.

Opposing inductive and steric factors influence the solubility of hydrogen chloride in ethers. Relevant correlations are discussed.
Vapour pressure and gas solubility measurements for terphenyls at high temperatures
Authors: Grove N. H. , Whitby F. J. , Woolmer R. N.
Published: July 2010

An apparatus is described for the measurement of vapour pressures at temperatures up to 400° and pressures up to 8 atmospheres. The same apparatus can also be used to measure gas solubilities in liquids of appreciable vapour pressure over a similar working range. Vapour pressure measurements are reported for Santowax R (a commercial terphenyl) and for its mixture with diphenyl in the temperature range 200°–400°: Raoult's law is shown to apply to these results. The solubilities of hydrogen, helium, nitrogen and methane in Santowax R were determined for gas pressures between 100 and 400 cm. and at temperatures between 220° and 400°. The surface tension of Santowax R was measured in the range 150°–250°. These data have made possible a test of the Burrows & Preece treatment of gas solubilities over a much wider temperature and pressure range than has previously been reported. Earlier predictions about the effect of temperature on the solute‐solvent interaction term (‐ΔEA) are confirmed.
Corrosion of zinc. II. Corrosion in impure ammonium chloride solutions after amalgamation
Authors: Stickland F. G.
Published: July 2010

The corrosion of zinc in the presence of mercury in circumstances closely simulating those existing in a dry primary cell during storage has been examined. The work followed closely the lines of that carried out on zinc without mercury (see Part I). The effect was determined of those ions which were shown previously to accelerate the corrosion of zinc in absence of mercury; ions with little effect were used as controls.

Mercury greatly reduces the catalytically corrosive action of certain Group VIII metals, particularly cobalt and nickel, but has little effect on the Group V metals. For reasonable protection the entire zinc surface must be amalgamated, either before or at the introduction of the zinc to the electrolyte. It is suggested that the course of corrosion and the subsequent reactions are unaffected by the presence of mercury.
Rapid identification of elastomers and their additives
Authors: Cleverley B. , Herrmann Romana
Published: July 2010

Elastomers can be identified readily from the infra‐red spectra of their pyrolysates if they are pyrolysed under controlled conditions and interfering additives removed by fractional distillation. Identification of additives separated by fractional sublimation or distillation is possible in many cases.
Equilibria in the system lithium/bismuth with magnesium chloride in lithium chloride/potassium chloride eutectic
Authors: Darlington M. E.
Published: July 2010

The three concentration mass‐action constants in the system lithium, potassium and magnesium dissolved in bismuth, and magnesium chloride in the lithium chloride–potassium chloride eutectic (59 mol.‐ % LiCl) have been determined at 500°; from the results the activity coefficients of potassium in bismuth and of magnesium chloride in the salt have been calculated for dilute solutions.
Development of a large‐scale distillation process for purifying crude sulphur dichloride. II. Construction and operation of a large‐scale distillation unit
Authors: Hands C. H. G. , Whitt F. R.
Published: July 2010

The application of the experimental data, obtained from laboratory work described in Part I of this series, to the design, construction and operation of an industrial size unit of plant is described.

Plant construction and performance details for 1 ton and 10 tons/week units are described.
The infra‐red spectra of 2,5‐dihydroxy‐3,6‐diphenyl‐1,4‐benzoquinones
Authors: Edwards R. L. , Keighley J. , Lewis D. G.
Published: July 2010

The infra‐red spectra of 20 1,4‐benzoquinones have been recorded. Variations in the position of certain absorption bands are related with changes in chemical structure.
Solvent extraction of mineral acids. IV. Solute‐solvent interaction in the system perchloric acid‐water‐tri‐N‐butyl phosphate
Authors: Kertes A. S. , Kertes V.
Published: July 2010

The distribution of perchloric acid between water and pure tributyl phosphate (TBP) was examined as a function of increasing acid concentration in the initial aqueous solution. The solvent extracts were investigated by determinations of increase in volume and measurements of viscosity, density and conductivity. The water content of the tributyl phosphate layers has also been determined. The data conform with the assumption of several consecutive interactions between mineral acids and the highly basic tributyl phosphate extractant. A discussion of the nature of the species existing in, or extracted into, the tributyl phosphate phase is given and it is suggested that there are four main species involved: [(TBP)4,HClO4,(H2O)8]; [(TBP)2,HClO4,(H2O)5]; [(TBP)4,(HClO4)3,(H2O)10] and [TBP,HClO4,(H2O)2·5]. The mechanism of multistage extraction is suggested.
Essential oils of new zealand PODOCARPACEAE. IIPODOCARPUS SPICATUS
Authors: McGimpsey J. R. , Murray J.
Published: July 2010

Samples of matai (Podocarpus spicatus) essential oil from different parts of New Zealand are compared and shown to differ only in the terpene alcohol and diterpene constituents. The compounds identified in the oil are α‐pinene, myrcene, α‐terpinene, β‐phellandrene, dipentene, γ‐terpinene, p‐cymene, α‐terpineol, aromadendrene, a selinene, cadinene and kaurene or phyllocladene. The substance known as ‘γ‐podocarprene’ is a diterpene alcohol.