bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mice lacking PC1/3 expression in POMC-expressing cells do not develop obesity
Authors: Shakya Manita , Gahlot Surbhi , White Anne , Verchere C Bruce , Low Malcolm J , Lindberg Iris
Published: March 2021

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons form an integral part of the central melanocortin system regulating food intake and energy expenditure. Genetic and pharmacological studies have revealed that defects in POMC synthesis, processing, and receptor signaling lead to obesity. It is well established that POMC is extensively processed by a series of enzymes, including prohormone convertases PC1/3 and PC2, and that genetic insufficiency of both PC1/3 and POMC is strongly associated with obesity risk. However, whether PC1/3-mediated POMC processing is absolutely tied to body weight regulation is not known. To investigate this question, we generated a Pomc-CreER  T2; Pcsk1  lox/lox mouse model in which Pcsk1 is specifically and temporally knocked out in POMC-expressing cells of adult mice by injecting tamoxifen at eight weeks of age. We then measured the impact of Pcsk1 deletion on POMC cleavage to ACTH and α-MSH, and on body weight. In whole pituitary, POMC cleavage was significantly impacted by the loss of Pcsk1, while hypothalamic POMC-derived peptide levels remained similar in all genotypes. However, intact POMC levels were greatly elevated in Pomc-CreER  T2; Pcsk1  lox/lox mice. Males expressed two-fold greater levels of pituitary PC1/3 protein than females, consistent with their increased POMC cleavage. Past studies show that mice with germline removal of PC1/3 do not develop obesity, while mice expressing mutant PC1/3 forms do develop obesity. We conclude that obesity pathways are not disrupted by PC1/3 loss solely in POMC-expressing cells, further disfavoring the idea that alterations in POMC processing underlie obesity in PCSK1 deficiency.
Senolytics: Potential for Alleviating Diabetes and Its Complications
Authors: Palmer Allyson K , Tchkonia Tamar , Kirkland James L
Published: March 2021

Therapeutics that target cellular senescence, including novel “senolytic” compounds, hold significant promise for treating or preventing obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction, type 2 diabetes, and the multiple complications of diabetes and obesity. Senolytics selectively clear senescent cells, which accumulate with aging and obesity and represent a fundamental mechanism of aging that contributes to metabolic dysfunction and diabetes pathogenesis. In addition to improving metabolic function, targeting senescent cells holds promise as a preventive strategy to reduce the incidence and severity of diabetes complications. The intermittent administration schedule used for senolytic therapy may confer benefits in terms of improving adherence and limiting adverse effects. It is necessary to design effective clinical trials that will safely translate discoveries from preclinical models into human studies that may pave the way for a novel therapeutic class for treating obesity, diabetes, and their complications. In this review, we outline what is known regarding the role of cellular senescence in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and its complications, present evidence from preclinical models that targeting cellular senescence is beneficial, review senolytic drugs, and outline the features of clinical trials investigating the role of targeting senescent cells for diabetes.
Are mitochondria the main contributor of reactive oxygen species in cells?
Authors: Zhang Yufeng , Wong Hoi Shan
Published: March 2021

Physiologists often assume that mitochondria are the main producers of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells. Consequently, in biomedicine, mitochondria are considered as important targets for therapeutic treatments, and in evolutionary biology, they are considered as mediators of life-history tradeoffs. Surprisingly, data supporting such an assumption are lacking, at least partially due to the technical difficulties in accurately measuring the level of ROS produced by different subcellular compartments in intact cells. In this Commentary, we first review three potential reasons underlying the misassumption of mitochondrial dominance in the production of cellular ROS. We then introduce some other major sites/enzymes responsible for cellular ROS production. With the use of a recently developed cell-based assay, we further discuss the contribution of mitochondria to the total rate of ROS release in cell lines and primary cells of different species. In these cells, the contribution of mitochondria varies between cell types but mitochondria are never the main source of cellular ROS. This indicates that although mitochondria are one of the significant sources of cellular ROS, they are not necessarily the main contributor under normal conditions. Intriguingly, similar findings were also observed in cells under a variety of stressors, life-history strategies and pathological stages, in which the rates of cellular ROS production were significantly enhanced. Finally, we make recommendations for designing future studies. We hope this paper will encourage investigators to carefully consider non-mitochondrial sources of cellular ROS in their study systems or models.
Fractal analysis of the trabecular bone pattern in the presence/absence of metal artifact–producing objects: Comparison of cone-beam computed tomography with panoramic and periapical radiography
Authors: Vadiati Saberi Bardia , Khosravifard Negar , Nooshmand Kowsar , Dalili Kajan Zahra , Ghaffari Mohammad Ebrahim
Published: March 2021

Objectives:

The effect of metallic objects on the fractal dimension (FD), bone area fraction (BAF) and gray scale values (GSVs) of cone-beam CT (CBCT) images was assessed. Also, FD, BAF and GSV were compared among CBCT, digital periapical and panoramic radiographies.

Methods:

Digital periapical and panoramic radiographs were acquired from six blocks of bovine rib. Additionally, different arrangements of titanium implants and intracanal metallic posts were created in the bone blocks and CBCT scans were taken from the different implant-root arrangements. The three radiographical modalities were compared by analysis of variance. Pairwise comparisons between the modalities were performed by the Tukey test (significance level set at 0.05).

Results:

Different root-implant arrangements in the CBCT images revealed no significant differences in the FD (p = 0.920), BAF and GSV values (p = 0.623). FD differed significantly among the three modalities (p < 0.001). Significant differences were found between CBCT and each of the periapical and panoramic techniques (p < 0.001), while no remarkable differences were observed in the FD of the periapical and panoramic images (p = 0.294). BAF and GSV showed significantly different results among the three radiographical techniques (p < 0.001). The difference was remarkable between CBCT and periapical (p < 0.001), CBCT and panoramic (p < 0.001) and periapical and panoramic (p = 0.008).

Conclusion:

Presence of titanium implants and intracanal posts does not produce different results in the fractal analysis (FA) of the CBCT images. The trabecular bone pattern is best assessed by FA of the periapical radiographs followed by the panoramic and CBCT techniques, respectively.
Level of development, foreign direct investment and domestic investment in food manufacturing
Authors: Djokoto Justice Gameli
Published: March 2021

Background: Whilst the literature on the complementarity and substitutability of foreign direct investment (FDI) on domestic investment (DI) is not uncommon, the facet of food manufacturing is non-existent. This paper fills this void by investigating the effect of FDI on DI in the food manufacturing sector for developing, economies in transition and developed countries.

Methods: Using an unbalanced panel data of 49 countries from 1993 to 2016, from FAOSTAT, estimated by the system generalised method of moments (GMM), the Wald statistics for the short and long-run effects of FDI on DI were computed for the development groups.

Results: Developed economies experienced a crowd-out effect of FDI on DI in the short run, whilst the others experienced no significant effect. In the case of the long run, food manufacturing sectors of all three development groups exhibited a crowd-out effect. The effect in the long run for all development groups together is a crowd-in. Analysing all country groups together could mask the results of the various country groups.

Conclusions: A review of investment policies to priorities FDI entry mode that favour domestic investment is needed. Improvement of the investment regulatory and administrative efficiency among others are recommended.
Organizacja rzemiosła i handlu w gminie ormiańskiej w Stanisławowie w XVII i XVIII wieku
Authors: Gliński Andrzej
Published: March 2021

Organization of crafts and trade in the Armenian commune inStanisławów in the 17th and 18th centuries “Orientalization” of artistic taste, which could be observed in 17thcenturyPoland, contributed to the development of crafts and trade in Stanisławów.The owners of the city, the Potocki family, were aware of the benefits that the Armeniansettlement carried. In the second half of the 17th and throughout the 18thcentury, a dozen or so Armenian merchant families from Stanisławów occupiedthemselves with trade in Wallachian and Moldavian farms. Both of these countriesplayed a significant role in the transit of goods from the East. In the last decadesof the 17th century, Stanisławów to some extent replaced in oriental trade KamieniecPodolski, which was then under the Turkish rule. In the 18th century, themain subject of trade for Stanisławów Armenians became oxen and horses, importedfrom Moldova via Pokucie, and then driven to markets in Lublin, Warsawand Gdańsk, or to Silesia. Several Armenian families from Stanisławów also tradedin dried fish from the Danube, morocco leather, silk and wine imported fromHungary. In the second half of the 18th century, trade in textiles and products of Armenian furriery in Stanisławów regressed due to being cut off from the marketsafter the first partition of Poland.
Stosunki czesko-ormiańskie
Authors: Košťálová Petra
Published: March 2021

Czech-Armenians relations: a brief historical survey Armenian studies in Czech Republic became more widely known toCzech public in recent years. Following up the long tradition of Oriental studies ingeneral, a newly re-established research centre was opened at the Department ofEast-European Studies at Charles University, aiming to cooperate with other colleagues.After long and heated discussions, Czech Republic decided on (albeit nonofficial) recognition of Armenian Genocide and supports initiatives to prevent suchviolence in future. Several monographs dealing with this subject were published recently.And finally, despite the fact that the Czech Republic has no historical experience with the presence of Armenian diaspora before the year 1990, well establishedand coherent Armenian community exists here now and – especially in Prague –shows a high degree of integration into Czech majority. Already two generations ofCzech Armenians are following their identity strategies while preserving their owncultural identity.
Wspomnienie o Wartanie Grigorianie
Authors: Pisowicz Andrzej
Published: March 2021

Memories of Vartan Grigoryan

The author describes his contacts with Vartan Grigoryan, an outstandingArmenian specialist in the history of the diaspora in Poland, dating from 1962-2012.He discusses the researcher’s creative output and patriotic attitude.
Development of reliable evaluation tools in legal interpreting: a test case
Authors: Salaets Heidi , Balogh Katalin
Published: March 2021

In recent decades, test design, assessment and evaluation procedures have received much attention and have focused on concepts such as quality, validity and reliability. Obviously this is also true for the highly complex testing of interpreters’ skills, including legal interpreting. In this paper, we will first discuss the significant changes that have been made in the final examination procedure at the end of the LIT (Legal Interpreting and Translation) course at KULeuven, Antwerp campus, which have been complemented by an introductory workshop for the graders. It is important to mention that graders can be language experts as well as external legal experts (judges, prosecutors, police officers, lawyers, etc.) The comparison of the scores of candidates between 2008 and 2013 (a period in which different evaluation grids were used) shows a tendency towards more overall failures. In addition to this, an analysis of the graders’ comments demonstrates that results are more consistent and that graders’ comments mirror the results better. The new evaluation method clearly leaves less room for grader subjectivity, which presumably points to the fact that candidates are tested in a more transparent and reliable way. Follow-up research (in grader focus groups) and observations of the actual evaluation process will enable us to ensure that graders are comfortable with the new method and to check if they use it in a consistent way. Verifying whether the overall procedure actually produces better and more competent legal interpreters is a further important step needed to complete this research project.
The Effect of Peer Gender on Major Choice in Business School
Authors: Zölitz Ulf , Feld Jan
Published: March 2021

Business degrees are popular and lead to high earnings. Female business graduates, however, earn less than their male counterparts. These gender differences can be traced back to university, where women shy away from majors like finance that lead to high earnings. In this paper, we investigate how the gender composition of peers in business school affects women’s and men’s major choices and labor market outcomes. We find that women who are randomly assigned to teaching sections with more female peers become less likely to choose male-dominated majors like finance and more likely to choose female-dominated majors like marketing. After graduation, these women end up in jobs where their earnings grow more slowly. Men, on the other hand, become more likely to choose male-dominated majors and less likely to choose female-dominated majors when they had more female peers in business school. However, men’s labor market outcomes are not significantly affected. Taken together, our results show that studying with more female peers in business school increases gender segregation in educational choice and affects labor market outcomes.

This paper was accepted by Axel Ockenfels, decision analysis.
Drivers, Riders, and Service Providers: The Impact of the Sharing Economy on Mobility
Authors: Benjaafar Saif , Bernhard Harald , Courcoubetis Costas , Kanakakis Michail , Papafragkos Spyridon
Published: March 2021

It is widely believed that ride sharing, the practice of sharing a car such that more than one person travels in the car during a journey, has the potential to significantly reduce traffic by filling up cars more efficiently. We introduce a model in which individuals may share rides for a certain fee, paid by the rider(s) to the driver through a ride-sharing platform. Collective decision making is modeled as an anonymous nonatomic game with a finite set of strategies and payoff functions among individuals who are heterogeneous in their income. We examine how ride sharing is organized and how traffic and ownership are affected if a platform, which chooses the seat rental price to maximize either revenue or welfare, is introduced to a population. We find that the ratio of ownership to usage costs determines how ride sharing is organized. If this ratio is low, ride sharing is offered as a peer-to-peer (P2P) service, and if this ratio is high, ride sharing is offered as a business-to-customer (B2C) service. In the P2P case, rides are initiated by drivers only when the drivers need to fulfill their own transportation requirements. In the B2C case, cars are driven all the time by full-time drivers taking rides even if these are not motivated by their private needs. We show that, although the introduction of ride sharing may reduce car ownership, it can lead to an increase in traffic. We also show that traffic and ownership may increase as the ownership cost increases and that a revenue-maximizing platform might prefer a situation in which cars are driven with only a few seats occupied, causing high traffic. We contrast these results with those obtained for a social welfare-maximizing platform.

This paper was accepted by Charles Corbett, operations management.
Unanimous and Strategy-Proof Probabilistic Rules for Single-Peaked Preference Profiles on Graphs
Authors: Peters Hans , Roy Souvik , Sadhukhan Soumyarup
Published: March 2021

Finitely many agents have preferences on a finite set of alternatives, single-peaked with respect to a connected graph with these alternatives as vertices. A probabilistic rule assigns to each preference profile a probability distribution over the alternatives. First, all unanimous and strategy-proof probabilistic rules are characterized when the graph is a tree. These rules are uniquely determined by their outcomes at those preference profiles at which all peaks are on leaves of the tree and, thus, extend the known case of a line graph. Second, it is shown that every unanimous and strategy-proof probabilistic rule is random dictatorial if and only if the graph has no leaves. Finally, the two results are combined to obtain a general characterization for every connected graph by using its block tree representation.
Bioactivity Changes of Non-Germinated Pungsannamul-kong According to Roasting Conditions
Authors: Lee Bo-Young , Lee Young-Eun
Published: March 2021

This study was conducted to explore the potential of Pungsannamul-kong, which did not germinate from soybean to bean sprouts and was discarded, and to find out the changes in composition and bioactivity during roasting treatment. The functional effectiveness of isoflavone contents, as well as their antioxidant and antiinflammatory activities, were analyzed with Pungsannamul-kong roasted at various temperatures: 100°C (RoJP100), 120°C (RoJP120), 140°C (RoJP140), 160°C (RoJP160), and 180°C (RoJP180). The aglycone content of isoflavones was the highest (87.58 μg/g) in RoJP180 and was correlated with the increase of genistein. As the roasting temperature rose, total polyphenol content increased to 410.32 μg GAE/mg, flavonoid content to 56.04 μg QE/mg, DPPH radical scavenging activity to 76.59%, ABTS radical scavenging activity to 51.97%, and SOD-like activity to 52.63%. NO production was significantly suppressed in 500 μg/mL of all the roasted Pungsannamul-kong groups (p<0.05). TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 expressions were suppressed in a concentrationdependent manner as the roasting temperature increased. Western blotting also showed that iNOS and COX-2 expression were suppressed after roasting at 180°C, confirming an anti-inflammatory effect. This study concluded that non-germinated soybeans were still valuable in terms of nutritional and functional properties. Moreover, roasting treatment increased the isoflavone content and improved physiological bioactivities such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities.
Prototypentheorie und Flexionsmorphologie
Authors: Poitou Jacques
Published: March 2021

This article presents an application of the theory of prototypes to the field of inflectional morphology and especially to the treatment of exceptions. From the assumption that the handling of irregular facts is basically ruled by the same principles of categorization as the handling of regular facts, the article shows on concrete examples of German nouns - weak masculine nouns, feminine nouns with inflected e-plural and er-plural - that the principle of the motivation of inflection by other properties of lexical items (phonological, semantic, syntactic properties) also works in inflectional classes with few elements. This type of analysis leads to the hypothesis of much more complex categorial structures, which includes subcategories with very few elements, instead of the traditional dichotomy between regular and irregular or a simple continuum prototypical - non prototypical.
Zur semantischen Basis der Numerusdistinktion im gesprochenen Portugiesisch Brasiliens
Authors: Unternbäumen Enrique Huelva
Published: March 2021

This paper examines the semantics of the singular/plural distinction in spoken Brazilian Portuguese. Analysis of real data from this variety of Portuguese shows that: 1) both plural marked NPs and plural unmarked NPs may have a plural reference; 2) the difference in plural marking is determined by semantic differences pertaining to the properties of (types of) plural objects denoted, respectively, by one or other construction.
KEYWORDS: Semantics; Number; Brazilian Portuguese.
Zur morphembezogenen Überformung der deutschen Orthographie
Authors: Ruge Nikolaus
Published: March 2021

Morphematic reorientation of German orthography takes place in conformity with a general law in the history of writing. Alphabetic writing systems, being necessarily phonographic, tend to develop towards the encoding of non-phonetic units. The emergence of morphematic elements in German is preceeded by the evolution of word-separation by regular spaces which had been adopted throughout Europe by the end of the 13th century. Based on a corpus containing 157 High German texts (late 15th to late 18th centuries), this paper will demonstrate that morphematic reorientation of German orthography can be explained neither as an invisible-hand-process nor as the outcome of prescriptive grammar, but as the result of interaction between orthograpic norm and usage.
Three cases will be considered in detail:
(1) Graphic assimilation of allomorphic plosive variation emerges as early as the 12th century, reflecting regional final devoicing. By the early 17th century, the rule governing orthographic reprensentation of final devoicing in present-day German is fully adopted in usage. Its morphematic reinterpretation does not follow before the end of the 17th century.
(2) Morphematic graphic representation of [a]-Umlaut emerges during the 14th century in Upper Germany as a phonetic reflex of open [e]. It is recommended by Middle German grammarians since the 1560s, with explicit mention of morphological factors. Around 1700 the writing rule imposes itself in usage.
(3) The use of double consonant letters occuring in final positions of 'graphic' syllables ( according to ) rests inhibited until the 18th century, in particular to prevent tri- or tessaragraphs (, ). It is the influence of Adelung's grammar which leads to the final adaption of the present-day rule.
Non-academic L2 Users: A Neglected Research Pool in ELT in Iran
Authors: Talebinezhad Mohammad Reza , Sadeghi Beniss Aram Reza
Published: March 2021

English Language Teaching (ELT) articles are published and their results are relied on without delving into their methodological credibility. A research study cannot be considered valid unless its population is precisely determined and defined. This article shows the considerable size of non-academic English learners in Iran and argues that the population in ELT research should not be limited only to university and school students who are easily accessible but it should also include the sizeable non-academic sector. To do this, 170 PhD dissertations and MA theses in TEFL were randomly selected. The result showed that only less than 9% of the participants belonged to non-academic sector. The article also argues that there is wrong overgeneralization of even the existing ELT academic researches to non-academic situation. Finally it compares academic and non-academic English learners to show how the latter are highly motivated to learn.
Vowel Raising in Nkpor Dialect: A Pattern of Sound Change
Authors: Mbah Evelyn Ezinwanne , Okeke Chukwuma Onyebuchi
Published: March 2021

This paper explores a pattern of phonological change known as vowel raising in the Nkpor dialect of the Igbo language. Using a corpus of conversational Nkpor speech collected from the respondents through tape-recording, we presented data from an authority analysis of the vowels and auditory data of vowel raising. The data support three main claims. First, the voiced palatal nasal /ɲ/ is elided. It claims that in a word consisting of two root verbs, the initial verb root contains any consonant and any vowel, and the second verb root contains the voiced palatal nasal /ɲ/ and a mid front vowel /e/, then, the voiced palatal nasal is elided. Second, after the elision, the mid vowel /e/ of the second verb is raised to a high front vowel /i/ or /ɪ/, agreeing with the vowel harmony rule. Third, Nkpor dialect goes beyond the raising of only vowels of the second verb. It further raises vowels of the first verb which are not high. The much more rapid loss of the voiced palatal nasal /ɲ/ and the consequent raising of the vowels are plausibly attributed to rapid speech, especially in construction and some sociolinguistic factors.
Quirky Quotes and Needles in the Haystack: Tracing Grammatical Change in Untagged Corpora
Authors: Norde Muriel
Published: March 2021

This paper discusses pivotal theoretical and methodological problems of historical corpus linguistics. In two case studies from Swedish language history, the development of the epistemic adverb kanske and the group genitive respectively, it illustrates how the use of qualitative method in addition to corpus investigation can contribute to understanding grammatical change.
La construction quand on X, Y… : études syntaxiques et pragmatiques
Authors: Teston-Bonnard Sandra , Baldauf-Quilliatre Heike , Traverso Véronique
Published: March 2021

One of our aims in this paper is thus to relate a syntactic analysis of spoken French to the analysis of French spoken in interaction. Therefore we study
syntactic features in their sequential context and in relation to their interactional functions. Insofar and by the description of this single construction
we propose a way to combine the analysis of grammar and interaction.
Measuring language attitudes. The case of Trasianka in Belarus
Authors: Sender Natallia
Published: March 2021

stems from agriculture describing a 'mixed fodder of poor quality'. Language attitudes towards this variety have hardly been examined thus far. In a recent study based on the matched-guise technique, 227 Belarusian adolescents listened to and evaluated a female speaker reading the same text in Russian, Belarusian and Trasianka. When the speaker used Trasianka, she was given low ratings by test participants in matters of socio-structural issues such as profession and education. Regarding competence, the test participants assumed that the Trasianka speaker was less qualified, as shown by answers to a question on competencies in foreign languages. Finally, the test participants were more reluctant to accept the Trasianka speaker as a neighbor. With this responsiveness, they performed a bigger social distance. By these findings, there is ample reason to conclude that there are negative attitudes existing amongst today's population in Belarus regarding speakers of Trasianka.
The Simple Past Puzzle. A Study of Some Aspects of the Syntax and Semantics of Tense
Authors: Gulli Nino
Published: March 2021

In this paper, I claim that the so-called present perfect puzzle is, in reality, a puzzle about the simple past. It is the latter, I argue, that shows a puzzling behavior, given that it can be used not only in definite contexts but also in seemingly indefinite ones. I employ the notions of time frame and specifiability to show how the obvious distinction between the two tenses in terms of temporal logic can be accounted for. I also propose that the past morpheme -ed be considered a kind of verb determiner which selects a temporal XP as a complement. Such complement can be (and usually is) expressed either in the sentence or in the larger discourse; however, it can also remain implicit, or covert.
"I remember it like it was interesting." – Zur Theorie von Salienz und Pertinenz
Authors: Purschke Christoph
Published: March 2021

This text is devoted to theoretical aspects of the perception and evaluation of linguistic phenomena as part of listener judgments about language in social interaction. First, salience (perceptual conspicuity) and pertinence (subjective situational relevance) are considered as fundamental categories and subprocesses of listener judgments, in line with Purschke's (2011) perceptual judgment theory. This is followed by a detailed discussion of salience-relevant parameters that concentrates on the two constitutive elements of salience evaluations, salience potential (phenomenon-based usage) and salience perception (listener-based interpretation). In a second step, the internal structure of pertinence judgments based on relevance is remodeled and located within a theory of judgment deductive scheme through reference to two well-known relevance theories (Schütz/Luckmann 1979; Sperber/Wilson 1995). The paper concludes by proposing and exploring an integrative term to define the main subject of salience- and pertinence-based listener judgments about language – socio-pragmatic indexicality.
"in dem moment wo ich es dann erkenne dann ist es auch gleich wieder weg" – Salienzeffekte in der Sprachperzeption
Authors: Anders Christina Ada , Palliwoda Nicole , Schröder Saskia
Published: March 2021

In context of the first study on folk linguistic concepts in the German language area carried out by the Kiel DFG research project "perceptual dialectology", this article looks at how salient features could be surveyed and categorized by a stimulus-response-test. After a definition of salience, the study design including the stimulus-response-test is presented. The test was created and modified during the project as a guessing game by the Institute for German Language (IDS Mannheim). The central question in this article is which linguistic features stimulate the informants to locate a speech sample on a map with predetermined cities and hence which salient features trigger the regional identification. In a second step, the speech samples are analyzed by the variables 'pleasantness' and 'correctness' defined by Dennis R. Preston. The central question here is: Are speech samples with a high pleasure value also automatically considered correct? Finally, an interpretation of metalinguistic comments in the speech examples will give more insight into folk linguistic concepts and the role of salient features in this regard.
Salience Effects in the North-West of England
Authors: Jansen Sandra
Published: March 2021

The question of how we can define salience, what properties it includes and how we can quantify it have been discussed widely over the past thirty years but we still have more questions than answers about this phenomenon, e. g. not only how salience arises, but also how we can define it. However, despite the lack of a clear definition, salience is often taken into account as an explanatory factor in language change. The scientific discourse on salience has in most cases revolved around phonetic features, while hardly any variables on other linguistic levels have been investigated in terms of their salience. Hence, one goal of this paper is to argue for an expanded view of salience in the sociolinguistic context. This article investigates the variation and change of two groups of variables in Carlisle, an urban speech community in the north west of England. I analyse the variable (th) and in particular the replacement of /θ/ with [f] which is widely known as th-fronting. The use of three discourse markers is also examined. Both groups of features will then be discussed in the light of sociolinguistic salience.
Neoclassical compounds and final combining forms in English
Authors: Díaz-Negrillo Ana
Published: March 2021

English neoclassical compounds rely on a distinct vocabulary stock and present morphological features which raise a number of theoretical questions. Generalisations about neoclassical compounds are also problematic because the output is by no means homogeneous, that is, defining features of neoclassical compounds sometimes co-exist with features that are not prototypical of these formations. The paper looks at neoclassical compounds with a view to exploring patterns of morphological behaviour and development in this class of compounds. The approach is both synchronic and diachronic: it researches whether the morphological behaviour of recently formed compounds is different from that of earlier compounds and, if so, in which respects. This is assessed on data from the BNC with respect to some of the features that are cited in the literature as defining properties of neoclassical compounds, specifically, their internal configuration, the occurrence or not of a linking vowel, and their productivity.
Wrong Forms of some Yorùbá Personal Names: Some Phonological and Sociolinguistic Implications
Authors: Ìkọ̀tún Reuben Olúwáfẹ́mi
Published: March 2021

In this study, we examine the wrong forms of some Yorùbá sentences that have become personal names through compounding. The data were extracted from the Joint Admissions and Matriculation Board (JAMB) lists of candidates that were considered for admission into three Nigerian Universities between the 2005 and 2010 academic sessions. The names extracted from that source were compared with names written in the staff lists of the three Universities in Nigeria. The wrongly written names were recorded on tapes and some native speakers were asked to listen to them to determine their correctness. We argue that wrong forms of some Yorùbá sentential/personal names are common occurrences and establish that they are traceable to the freedom granted by Yorùbá orthography developers. We also argue that, the confusion that results from the different spelling forms of some Yorùbá personal names is seriously observable in social interactions, labour market, schools or Colleges of Education/Universities, Embassies and Nigerian civil service both Federal and State and that court affidavits become imperative to authenticate or reconcile both the wrong and the correct forms for the purposes of admissions, appointments and overseas travelling documents. Similarly, we show that the position of the Yorùbá orthography developers has resulted in a loss of the actual pronunciation of some Yorùbá personal names which has severe implications for the semantic contents of the names as well as implications for the rich religious, cultural and philosophical heritage of the Yorùbá people.
Die sprachlichen Realisierungen der "Verstärker" in den Argumentationsprozessen. Kontrastive Analyse der modificateurs surréalisants im Deutschen und im Tschechischen
Authors: Krappmann Marie
Published: March 2021

This article deals with, from a contrasting point of view, the linguistic means that amplify the applicability of the lexical predicate in argumentation processes. The theoretical basis consists of the works of Anscombre and Ducrot, which have treated the specific role of linguistic modifiers in argumentation processes since the 1970s, as well as a comprehensive study by Atayan (2006). Special attention is devoted to the modificateurs surréalisants (M.S.) defined by Negroni (1995). In everyday communicative situations, these modifiers obviously behave differently from modificateurs réalisants (M.R.) and modificateurs déréalisants (M.D.) – the two groups described by Ducrot.
First, the composition as a possibility to realise M.S. in German is analysed in connection with the analysis of the Czech prefix pře- in the role of M.S. and further the suffixes -ánsk(ý), -anánsk(ý), -it(ý), -ostn(ý) in the role of M.S., and their equivalents in German are discussed. Lastly, diminuation as a potential means to express M.S. in both languages is presented in more detail.
In the comparative analysis of the selected linguistic realisations of this specific group of argumentative modifiers, the samples proposed by Negroni are critically discussed on the one hand, and on the other, the potential of argumentation-oriented analyses for translation science is presented.
Gender stereotyping in EFL grammar textbooks. A diachronic approach
Authors: Lewandowski Marcin
Published: March 2021

Gender stereotyping in educational materials (especially in EFL textbooks) has been a common theme in linguistic research (cf., e. g., Hellinger 1980; Porreca 1984; Freebody/Baker 1987; Sunderland 1994; Lee/Collins 2010). However, very little attention has been paid to the representation of men and women in EFL/ESL grammar textbooks; i. e. the way both genders are portrayed in constructed examples of usage and practice sentences. The present contribution is intended to fill this gap. The paper investigates the scope of gender stereotyping from a diachronic perspective: it seeks to demonstrate whether and how the images of men and women have changed following the dissemination of guidelines for non-sexist language and equal treatment of the two genders in English language educational materials. To this aim, two corpora have been compiled. The first one includes sentences derived from three EFL textbooks published in the 1970s and 1980s, while the other one contains analogous data from three 21st century titles. The contrastive analysis of the sentences in the two corpora across 11 semantic domains has found that the recently published grammar textbooks portray the two genders in a much less stereotyped way than the 20th century course books.
Humour With A Purpose: Creativity With Language In Facebook Status Updates
Authors: Lewin-Jones Jenny
Published: March 2021

This paper examines everyday linguistic creativity and humour in Facebook status updates.
Analysis of the updates, collected in 2011 from 60 UK users, shows how people achieve particular
humorous tones through creative combinations of lexis and syntax, adding reinforcements
such as innovative punctuation to tighten the construction of the update. The linguistic
features they use are not in themselves novel, but the creativity lies in the individuals' effective
selection and use of them. The language is often playful, but the whole performance has a
serious purpose: people invite a sympathetic perspective on themselves. Humour, particularly
self-deprecation, is used to construct a personal narrative and thus perform their identity. In
short, the paper celebrates the capacity of ordinary people to seize opportunities for using
language skilfully and creatively to represent themselves and their lives.
Non-Final Focus Accents in The Speech of Advanced Italian
Learners of German
Authors: Paschke Peter , Vogt Barbara
Published: March 2021

This study investigates the prosodic marking of focus in non-native German. Ten proficient
learners of German with Italian L1 were recorded reading aloud 40 sentences containing
mostly non-final focused constituents embedded in an adequate question context. Non-final
focus accents in L2 German are difficult for Italian learners to produce, especially in broad
focus contexts with de-accentuation of final verb forms (cf. Paschke/Vogt, in press), because
their native language has a strong positional requirement of rightmostness. Given that both
German and Italian use pitch accents for information structuring, i. e. to highlight important
information, a correct placement of focus accents might, however, be favoured by narrow
focus contexts in which prosodic prominence has to be assigned to one specific constituent. In
addition to this main hypothesis, the study investigated whether additional clues (such as prosodic
highlighting of the relevant constituent in the L2 question, a corresponding syntactic
and prosodic structure between L1 and L2) might increase the success rate. The data shows
that advanced Italian speakers of German L2 correctly realize non-final focus accents in more
than half of the narrow focus contexts, but that their success rate is not significantly higher
than in the broad focus condition and is not affected by the additional clues provided.
Zum Ausnahmezustand als Experimentierfeld für die Legitimierung von sonder- und außerrechtlichen Maßnahmen
Authors: Dießelmann Anna-Lena
Published: March 2021

This study focuses on the protests against the G8 summit in Heilgendamm, Germany, 2007. In the weeks preceding the event, Germany was preparing for a state of emergency. This discourse was created by legal authorities, politicians, security experts, the international media and the protestors alike. The study reconstructs the struggle for legitimacy and hegemonic supremacy. During this process the definition what was considered a "normal" protest and what a transgression shifted – highlighted by the demeanor of the special police task force BAO Kavala, but also by the gradual establishment of emergency laws for the normal case. The BAO expressed their intention to influence the public opinion explicitly.
Zur Entwicklung und zum Gegenstandbereich der deutschen und der polnischen Phraseologie
Authors: Ignatowicz-Skowrońska Jolanta , Sulikowska Anna
Published: March 2021

The aim of the article, which is addressed to a German reader with phraseological interests, is the depiction of research development within phraseology and terminological agreements in the tradition of phraseology in Polish and German. In the centre of our interest remains the definition of the term phraseme, specification and description of the phraseme features in the context of the contemporary research and also attempts concerning phraseme classifications.
Phraseologismen in deutschen und polnischen Pressetexten, dargestellt aus pragmalinguistischer Perspektive
Authors: Pociask Janusz
Published: March 2021

The aim of this article is to present selected aspects of using some various idioms in texts of Polish and German press. Within the theoretical framework the following aspects are discussed: the constitutive features of idioms, their potential to build some texts, as well as appearing in particular texts. The analysis of press texts in both languages showed that idioms are a common link of expression and their adaptation and implementation are varied. Besides using canonical forms there are numerous idiom innovations involving the reduction, substitution and expansion in idiom components and breaking the phraseological structure, which results that they become a constitutive element of the text. What is important, all manipulations including actualization of form and meaning of the phraseological units are used for the purpose of text. They are not seen as a special use of lexical units but as typical treatments used in press, both in Polish and German. The article also discusses the features of idioms in press text.
Äquivalenzbeziehungen und Divergenz am Beispiel von deutschen Phraseologismen mit Tierbezeichnungen im Komponentenbestand und ihren polnischen Entsprechungen
Authors: Stypa Hanna
Published: March 2021

This paper discusses the results of the research into German animal idioms and their Polish translations. It centres on equivalence, but also addresses the issue of multiple counterparts in translation which we deal with when an idiom in SL is matched by several counterparts in TL. The article starts with the presentation of the methodology behind this contrastive, German-Polish study and the terms used (with 'equivalence' being the key term). The following part offers an empirical analysis of selected multiple counterparts.
Zwischen der wörtlichen und der phraseologischen Bedeutung. Zur Semantik der metaphorisch motivierten Idiome aus der Perspektive der Kognitiven Grammatik
Authors: Sulikowska Anna
Published: March 2021

The aim of the article is to describe the metaphoric motivated German idiom jmdn. in die Zange nehmen in the scope of Ronald Langacker's Cognitive Grammar. The author begins her analysis with a description of the conceptual content of the lexical unit ZANGE in its literal meaning to establish the amount and art of domains, which are activated within the unit and their influence on the unit's conceptualization in the metaphoric and phraseological meaning.
Das Signalisieren von Kohärenzstrukturen in deutschsprachigen wissenschaftlichen Texten
Authors: Gruber Helmut
Published: March 2021

This paper discusses the relation between newer approaches of intercultural rhetoric research (and specifically its distinction between “big” and “small” cultures) and the academic literacies approach which assumes that local institutional and individual biographic factors influence decisively the development of an individual academic writing competence. Based on this discussion it claims that the “research article” does not constitute a single genre but rather a genre colony consisting of members (genres) which differ according to linguistic, disciplinary, institutional and individual affiliations and status of writers and which are connected through a system of family resemblances. This claim is exemplified through a qualitative case study of two German academic texts, a “professional” published paper and a students’ seminar paper. By applying a multi-level text analysis combining genre analysis and rhetorical structure analysis, it is shown that although the two texts exhibit several similarities in terms of their genre structure, their rhetorical macro- and micro-structures differ significantly. These results are interpreted as a corollary of the different institutional and hierarchical positions of the authors and as a single-case support for the initial claim of the paper.
Analyse der formalen Eigenschaften der Argumentation in deutschen und chinesischen wissenschaftlichen Texten
Authors: Liu Hung-Cheng
Published: March 2021

In scientific texts argumentation is a common tool. One has to prove ones position and perspective through arguments. The implementation of one’s argumentation is the cultural and language specific conditions. In research literature, a comparison of the formal characteristics of scientific argumentation between the German and Chinese scientific texts is to my knowledge so far not yet available. Therefore, it is very interesting to compare the two languages with one another and to study the effect on language-specific particularities of an argumentation, as the formal properties of the argumentation are implemented differently.
The structure of an argumentation in German and Chinese is the focus of this work, since the argumentation in this regard isn’t yet fully understood. In the present work some discourse markers indicating argumentative relations and consequences, are contrastively contrasted and compared with the frequency of their occurrence in texts. The following analysis has been based on five texts in German and Chinese. Its aim will be to how often the two conceptual categories – argumentative relation and argumentative consistency – occur in scientific texts. Through this comparison, some peculiarities of the formal properties of the argumentation will be presented.
Zitationspraxen in deutschsprachigen Fachaufsatzeinleitungen
Authors: Wetschanow Karin
Published: March 2021

Since Swales’ groundbreaking article (1990) on the rhetorical structure of research article introductions, a growing number of studies have explored the move structure of introductions. There is an enormous body of work analyzing citation practices in academic writing. Nevertheless, relatively little attention has been paid to the analysis of citation practices within different moves. This exploratory study of five German research articles investigates the relation of amount and types of citations within the different moves of research article introductions. The description and discussion of the five sample papers results in the following hypotheses: German research article introductions (1) can be divided in a territory-, a niche-, and a project-driven type, (2) prefer non-integral citations, (3) use indirect citations to establish a territory and (4) link the announced research to disciplinary fields using the instrument of direct terminology quotations.