bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antecedents to Prostitution
Authors: NADON SUSAN M. , KOVEROLA CATHERINE , SCHLUDERMANN EDUARD H.
Published: March 2007

Many adolescents who run from intolerable home situations depend on prostitution for survival. The accumulated body of research on the topic suggests particular family experiences and adolescent behaviors are characteristic of prostitutes. Although a link between childhood sexual victimization and prostitution has been suggested in the literature, some previous findings are contradictory. Forty-five adolescent prostitutes and 37 adolescents who were not prostitutes were interviewed regarding their experiences related to childhood physical and sexual abuse, leaving home, family functioning, parental alcohol use, marital violence, adolescent alcohol and drug use, and level of self-esteem. Although the results of this study replicated previous findings about background experiences of prostitutes, when an appropriate comparison group was considered, these same factors failed to discriminate between prostitute and nonprostitute youth. This suggests that these factors may not be critical for entry into prostitution.
Marital Power and Aggression in a Community Sample of Hong Kong Chinese Families
Authors: TANG CATHERINE SO-KUM
Published: March 2007

This study aimed to explore the pattern of marital power distribution and its association with marital aggression and satisfaction in contemporary Chinese families. A randomized community sample of 1,270 (518 males and 752 females) married Chinese who were 18 years or older and who resided in Hong Kong were telephone interviewed. Approximately half of the respondents reported having egalitarian relationships with their partners regarding decision making. Women's demographic characteristics, but not men's, were related to how decision making was distributed in marital relationships. Egalitarian decision making was directly associated with marital satisfaction but inversely related to marital aggression. In particular, verbal and physical aggression was less prevalent in egalitarian marriages, and there was a trend that severe violence was more prevalent in relationships that were husband-dominant. Men tended to have higher levels of marital satisfaction than did women, and marital satisfaction was higher in egalitarian or divided power relationships.
Avoiding the “Bermuda Triangle”:Navigating the ADA,FMLA and Workers’ Comp Void
Authors: Chapman Russell D. , Garay Joyce-Marie
Published: March 2007

When an employee has taken leave for an on- thejob injury, both the employee and the employer usually can see a definite end to the leave period. However, there are those times when there is no foreseeable end to the leave, either because the employee has not been released for work by a doctor or because the employee will not convey necessary information to his employer. Faced with this situation, many employers feel hamstrung. The work is not getting done, but any number of laws seem to prohibit the employer from taking any action against the employee, for example, firing the employee. “Avoiding the Bermuda Triangle” demystifies these situations by clearly delineating the rules and regulations of the three applicable laws—Americans with Disabilities Act, Family and Medical Leave Act and state workers’ compensation laws—and stressing that the laws and their specific terms are not interchangeable.
Team Performance Measurement: A Process for Creating Team Performance Standards
Authors: Zigon Jack
Published: March 2007

Effective team measurement hinges on a clear identification of team priorities, expected team results, and the proper measurements to use to address individual and team performance. This article shows how companies may take specific steps to devise effective team performance measurements. The steps involve reviewing organizational measures, defining team measurement points, identifying individual accomplishments that support the team, weighting the accomplishments, developing performance measures and standards, and deciding on a performance tracking method. These steps lead to a feedback loop, which provides clear direction to team members, then maintains their focus and enables them to accomplish their goals, which should motivate them to continue to perform at high levels.
Rethinking the Nature of Work: A Look at the Research Evidence
Authors: Cappelli Peter
Published: March 2007

In our traditional concept of work, both employer and employee enjoyed a degree of stability, the worker offering skills and loyalty in exchange for job security and potentially higher income. Human resources systems, including compensation systems, supported this view of work by making sure the company had an adequate stream of qualified workers with firm-specific skills. But times have changed-and human resources professionals now face the challenge of supporting the new work systems that appear to be emerging. The first step, says the author, is to gain a more accurate picture of the nature and extent of the changes. A mass of research data related to workplace trends has emerged from various sectors, private as well as public. A closer look at this data reveals a sharper-albeit still piecemeal-picture of what is happening in work systems, organizational structures, career ladders, job security, commitment, use of contract workers, and the like. The data also sharpen our focus on the challenges and paradoxes the HR professional must face. For example, how can a company justify the training investment needed to create high-performance teams if job security and company loyalty are archaic concepts? Or how can a company retain employees with high-value skills as the economy recovers and it is easier for them to find different jobs? Although there are no easy answers, we can at least begin to foresee and define the problems.
Case Study: Rejuvenating an Organization with Team Pay
Authors: Seaman Richard
Published: March 2007

Team pay can be a progressive and effective compensation component-if it is planned and implemented well. The fact is, companies must jump many hurdles before they can achieve all the benefits that team-based pay promises. Among those hurdles are employee obstacles, including suspicion, confusion, and cynicism; communication glitches; supervisor and manager obstacles, including fear of a loss of power; and executive obstacles, including fear of change and insecurity.

Company X found that the best approach for dealing with these obstacles is to explain to employees how market conditions necessitate the new pay system; make sure everyone in the organization knows and recognizes the importance of its purpose; provide training in finance and accounting to eliminate confusion; and constantly check that all systems and structures are in alignment with market conditions and the business strategy.
The Washington State Juvenile Justice System Reform: A Review of Findings
Authors: Schneider Anne Larason , Schram Donna D.
Published: March 2007

Although many states have altered their juvenile justice systems during the past decade, none has undertaken a reform as far-reaching or complex as that implemented by the state of Washington in 1978. The intent of the Washington system is to hold juveniles accountable for their crimes and, simultaneously, to hold the system accountable for what it does to juveniles. Rehabilitation has been replaced as the fundamental philosophy of the court by a "justice" or "just deserts" model which emphasizes fairness, uniformity and proportionality in the court's response to juvenile offenses.

This article summarizes the results of a federally-funded assessment of the reform.

The legislation, which included intake and sentencing guidelines based on seriousness of offense, prior offenses and age of the youth, produced many changes in decision-making. The practice of informally adjusting cases at intake, for example, was completely eliminated, and sentences were considerably more uniform and more proportionate in the post-reform era. The overall level of sentence severity, however, was actually reduced at least during the first two years after the law went into effect. Status offenses were removed from court jurisdiction without any noticeable net-widening effect but with considerable relabeling. The effect of these changes on recidivism of offenders or status offenders was almost impossible to determine because of the confounding between changes in system processing and changes in actual behavior of the youths.
Fighting Back: A Test Of The Subculture Of Violence Thesis
Authors: Marshall Ineke Haen , Webb Vincent J.
Published: March 2007

National Crime Survey (NCS) data on criminal incidents over a ten-year period (1973-1982) were used to examine the correlates of type of self-protective action taken by crime victims. The primary focus of the study is the usefulness of the subculture of violence thesis for the interpretation of victim responses to personal crime. The study also explores the importance of contextual ("neighborhood") characteristics vis-a-vis individual characteristics in explaining victim behavior.
A Case Of Unrealistic Expectations: The Impact Of Rape Reform Legislation In Illinois
Authors: Spohn Cassie , Homey Julie
Published: March 2007

Concerns about the treatment of rape victims and attrition in rape cases prompted states to reform their rape laws. Reformers expected the statutory changes to produce an increase in the number of reports of rape and to enhance the likelihood of arrest, prosecution, and conviction in rape cases. In this study we evaluate the impact of rape law reform in Illinois. We use time-series analysis to examine the reforms' effects on reports of rape and on the outcomes of nearly 6,000 rape cases filed in Cook County Circuit Court from 1970 to 1985. We find that the reforms did not produce the types of instrumental effects anticipated by reformers.
Culture Conflict And Crime In The Korean-American Community
Authors: Pogrebin Mark R. , Poole Eric D.
Published: March 2007

Like other immigrant groups, Korean-American offenders victimize their own people. These criminals have operated with near impunity since their victims have been afraid to report crimes to the police. Due to the lack of knowledge of American criminal law and the operations of the justice system in general, Korean immigrants attempt to avoid those institutions in their new homeland that they feared in Korea. The purpose of the present paper is to examine various cultural aspects of serious interpersonal violence among Korean immigrants that lead to official police response. Interpersonal violence seems to be a method of conflict resolution relied upon by Koreans in disputes involving honor. A propensity to punish someone physically who has dishonored another in the form of an insult, cheating, disrespect, or failure to keep one's word—seems to b an acceptable method for redeeming or restoring the honor of the wronged parties. Such manifestations of violence are expressions of power, with physical force often taken to an extreme. The purpose is not just to right a wrong or administer just deserts; it must also serve to demonstrate control.
Reforming Plea Bargaining To Facilitate Ethical Discourse
Authors: Chilton Bradley S.
Published: March 2007

Plea bargaining processes have been subjected in recent decades to a heightened level of scrutiny and attacked as constituting an unethical practice. Yet plea bargaining continues to be the primary means of resolving criminal cases. Can plea bargaining be institutionally reformed to facilitate ethically acceptable practices?
A Curious Legal Anomaly: Female Inmates Could Have The Right To Vote—But Not Male Inmates
Authors: Alexander Rudolph
Published: March 2007

The United States Supreme Court has ruled that a section of the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution supports the practice of disenfranchising ex-felons. However, a literal interpretation of this section exposes a curious anomaly about the legality of disenfranchising female felons. This paper argues that female inmates could legally vote while they are in prison. The paper concludes that this right should be extended to male inmates.
Presidential Agenda Setting In Crime Control
Authors: Marion Nancy
Published: March 2007

Research in presidential agenda setting in domestic policy arenas is lacking, and this study seeks to address this inadequacy in the research. Presidential agendas in crime control from 1963-1990 are examined to trace patterns over time and to examine individual presidential behavior. Five hypotheses concerning patterns of agenda setting are tested, none of which are supported to any great extent in the analysis. The analysis demonstrates that domestic agenda setting follows different patterns from those of international agenda setting, at least in this one particular domestic arena.
How Parents can Affect the Processing of Delinquents in the Juvenile Court
Authors: Sanborn Joseph B.
Published: March 2007

Parents play a critical role in juvenile court proceedings. Nevertheless, precisely what parents should do in this forum has been ignored in the literature. In this study 100 personnel (judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys and probation officers) from three juvenile courts (urban, suburban and rural) were interviewed to determine how parents impact the proceedings and to identify problems created by their participation. The data suggest that solutions to these problems will be difficult, and perhaps impossible, to implement.
Judicial Policy Making and Habeas Corpus Reform
Authors: Smith Christopher E.
Published: March 2007

After Chief Justice William Rehnquist failed in his efforts to persuade Congress to reform habeas corpus procedures, a majority of justices on the Rehnquist Court used judicial decisions to reshape habeas procedures in a manner that made it more difficult for convicted offenders to have their cases successfully reviewed by federal judges. A purported justification for habeas corpus reform is to reduce the workload burden imposed by these cases on the federal district courts. A survey of U.S. magistrate judges, who bear primary responsibility for habeas cases in many district courts, reveals that judicially-initiated habeas reforms have not reduced workloads and, in fact, have increased the work required to process prisoners' petitions in many courts. Like judicial policy makers in other contexts, the Rehnquist Court justices failed to anticipate accurately the consequences of their habeas reform decisions, even though they were affecting policies within their own branch of government.
The Federal Habeas Corpus Process: Unraveling the Issues
Authors: Pursley Robert D.
Published: March 2007

The writ of habeas corpus, especially the so-called federal application of the writ in death-penalty cases, has created a great deal of controversy. Yet, for all of its publicity and its wide-ranging criticism, habeas corpus largely remains a little understood area of the law. This article explores the historical origins of the writ, its evolved and evolving characteristics, and discusses the four major issues it presents today. The article points out the complexities and subtleties of the legal, political, ideological and policy-making issues that have come to define both its character and its use. It also examines recent Congressional and Supreme Court attempts at reformulating the authority of the federal courts in its application.
Gender and Sentencing: An Analysis of Indicators
Authors: Williams Marian R.
Published: March 2007

Research examining the role of gender in criminal sentencing has focused on gender bias, in that females are sentenced to lesser punish ments than males for the same offense. What many studies have not addressed is the extent to which sentencing guidelines have affected gen der bias. In other words, does gender bias exist, even in the presence of sentencing guidelines?
The "Deterrence Trap" In The Federal Fining of Organizations: A Research Note
Authors: Green Gary S. , Bodapati Madhava
Published: March 2007

In 1981, John Coffee, Jr. hypothesized a "deterrence trap" associated with the fining of organizations, whereby the maximum meaningful fine that can be levied against any organization is necessarily bounded by its wealth. Thus, it would be of no concern to a potential offender whether a threatened fine is $25,000 or $25 million if both sums are beyond the potential offender's ability to pay. Section 8C3.3 of the U.S. Sentencing Guidelines for organizations allows for a reduction or elimination of the Guideline-prescribed fine if the organization is unable to pay it. Using more than 400 organizational sentencing events during 1994-1996 as units of analysis, logistic regression indicated that an organization falling under §8C3.3 had 123 times greater odds of not receiving a fine. Moreover, an organization falling under §8C3.3 is likely to receive a fine reduction from that minimally prescribed by statute which is, on the aver age, about 17 times greater than an organization that does not fall under §8C3.3. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of general ly deterring organizational agents and owners, specifically in light of Coffee's "trap."
Farewell to the Left
Authors: Tamás G. M.
Published: March 2007

Un ignorant que les destins

Font un juge des plus notables

Croit que les loix des douze Tables

Sont faites pour les grands festins

Furetière, Le Roman bourgeois
A New Scale for In-Home Test-Weighing for Mothers of Preterm and High Risk Infants
Authors: Meier Paula P. , Engstrom Janet L. , Crichton Carol L. , Clark Darcy R. , Williams Mary M. , Mangurten Henry H.
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this research were to describe the accuracy of test-weighing with the BabyWeigh'TM, a new infant scale suitable for use in the home, and to determine whether mothers and investigators could estimate intake accurately during breastfeeding sessions, using clinical cues that are recommended for this purpose. Within five days of projected NICU discharge, 30 preterm and/or high risk infants and their mothers were studied during a single breastfeeding session. A member of the research team performed test-weights with the Smart Model 20 infant scale, and mothers performed test-weights with the BabyWeigh scale. The mothers and investigators each estimated volume of intake for the breastfeeding session using clinical cues. Mothers and investigators were blind to each others' test-weights and clinical estimates. Results revealed that the BabyWeigh scale provided an accurate estimate of intake during breastfeeding across a large range of infant weights and intake volumes. In contrast, investigator and maternal estimates of intake were not sufficiently accurate.
Breast Cancer and Breastfeeding: Five Cases
Authors: Petok Ellen S.
Published: March 2007

Delay in diagnosing breast cancer in lactating women has been considered the reason for poor outcomes. Five women whose breast cancer occurred during lactation are discussed here. All five women were seen by a lactation consultant. Three women presented with lumps in their breasts, one with recurrent mastitis, and one with mastitis like symptoms. Despite previous reports, their infants willingly suckled on the cancerous breast. The lactation consultant should refer a client to a physician for evaluation if a breast lump is not substantially reduced in size after 72 hours of treatment; if mastitis like symptoms without fever are not resolved after a 10-day course of antibiotics; if mastitis appears chronically at the same location; and/or if peau d' orange sign appears. Lactation consultants can also be instrumental in encouraging monthly breast self-examinations for lactating women.
Social Status, Mother-infant Time Together, and Breastfeeding Duration
Authors: Kiehl Ermalynn M. , Anderson Gene Cranston , Wilson Margaret E. , Fosson Lydia
Published: March 2007

Chart review and direct observation were used to study the relationship between social status, mother-infant time together, and breastfeeding duration among 138 mothers who were breastfeeding at hospital discharge. Overall breastfeeding rate was 73 percent for patients with private insurance and 37 percent for patients without private insurance. Breastfeeding duration to six months was not related to social status. Mother-infant time together from birth through 48 hours was 3 hours greater for private insurance mothers. These three hours, which were statistically significantly different, did not correlate with breastfeeding duration in any way. Ancillary findings were that married mothers were more likely than unmarried mothers to be breastfeeding at six months, and that mothers who received epidurals were less likely to be breastfeeding at six months than mothers who did not receive epidurals.
Long-Term Nipple Shield Use — A Positive Perspective
Authors: Bodley Vicki , Powers Diane
Published: March 2007

This report describes ten cases in which silicone nipple shields were used for two weeks or longer. In nine of the cases, shields were used to help babies attach to the breast. These babies had struggled to attach to the areola because of suck problems or the mother's lack of protractility of breast tissue. In the tenth case, the shield was used because of extreme nipple soreness. All babies were off the shield by 3.5 months of age; nine were feeding directly from the breast. All weights were appropriate or above for the age of the infant at three weeks, two months and four months.
Observations Based Upon Multiple Telephone Contacts with New Breastfeeding Mothers
Authors: Lee Nikki
Published: March 2007

Common themes and phenomena were identified by a lactation consultant providing an average number of nine follow-up phone contacts per mother during an average of 121/2 weeks postpartum. Over 600 mother-infant couples received lactation support services in the past 6 years. Eighty-six percent of the mothers receiving this telephone support breastfed for at least I month, 46% breastfed at least 3 months, and 23% breastfed for at least 5 nonths. Co-sleeping was encouraged in the first week postpartum, as was nursing one breast per feed. Normal breastfeeding was identified when the mothers nursed comfortably (save for first-minute latch-on pain), when they reported having fun with their babies, when their babies woke spontaneously to feed and to look around, when their babies urinated sufficiently and either had bowel movements or passed flatus, and when their babies were observed to smile. Anticipatory guidance about areolar engorgement, growth spurts, and continuing to nurse despite maternal illness reduced bottle use in the first few weeks. The majority of women had no problems establishing breastfeeding with daily telephone contact for the first 5-7 days postpartum, one to three calls per week for the next few weeks, and gradually diminishing calls thereafter. Telephone calls were initiated by the LC, as only 12-16% of mothers called for help, even though they all received the LC's home telephone number. J Hum Lact 1997; 13:147-150.
Managing Milk Leakage in Breastfeeding Women: A Clinical Trial Evaluating a Polyvinyl Chloride Device Versus Disposable Nursing Pads
Authors: Wallace Barbara C. , Zelen Marvin , Pacheco Christy L. Zani
Published: March 2007

The object of this clinical trial was to evaluate the effectiveness and to investigate possible problems associated with the use of a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) device ("blis") compared to a disposable nursing pad, for controlling milk leakage among nursing mothers. Seventy one women completed the single blind, paired comparison, randomized trial. Among the 28 women having a strong early preference, 21 opted for the PVC device (p=0.01). Of the 37 women experiencing excessive milk leakage who preferred one of the devices, 24 preferred the PVC device (p=0.05). There was no evidence that one device caused more problems or feeding complications than the other. This study is important in alleviating anxiety about device safety while promoting breastfeeding in mothers fearful of leaking at inopportune times.
EASY TALK, WHITE TALK, BACK TALK
Authors: SIMPSON JENNIFER S.
Published: March 2007

Scholars are increasingly using autoethnography to combine social analysis and researcher implication. Such a combination can be especially useful when the ethnographer is critiquing unjust cultural practices from which he or she benefits. This article is based on a situation that involved racism, and in which the author participated. Following a Saturday night in an apartment during which the author was socializing with four White friends, the author questions the conditions that allowed one person to make a racist comment, and the lack of response. The article continues by addressing the construction and perpetuation of racial stereotypes, the process and act of interrupting such discourse, and the connection of that Saturday night to broader social realities concerning race/ism and White people.
Reservation Wages: Your Community may be Competitive after all
Authors: White Sammis B.
Published: March 2007

Wage rates, while not necessarily a critical factor in terms of overall production costs, are perceived as critical. Firms judge the relative appropriateness of specific locations on the basis of what they know about the wage rates. The usual source is published rates currently earned by employed workers. But these rates may not be a very useful tool. They do not reveal anything about other costs such as turnover, absenteeism, work stoppages, fringe benefits, and the like that influence labor cost per unit of output. Nor do they indicate how much a worker produces to justify that wage rate. Despite these failings, published wage rates are used, and they tend to put many communities at a disadvantage. Yet when unemployed workers are asked, particularly in a surplus labor market, it appears that skilled, experienced workers will work for considerably less than the published wages. What this implies is that communities with surplus labor, such as many northern industrial areas, are likely to be much more competitive with regard to wage rates than is commonly believed. Economic development can occur because of this, and it can be targeted to take advantage of the skills and experience that are available at very competitive wage rates.
The Implications of Uncertainty in Economic Development: The Case of Diamond Star Motors
Authors: Elder Ann H. , Lind Nancy S.
Published: March 2007

We examine the pursuit and subsequent capture of the Chrysler/Mitsubishi Diamond Star auto plant by Bloomington-Normal, Illinois, as a case study to illustrate a number of interesting aspects of economic development. First, we examine the degrees of uncertainty in economic development decisions faced by various levels of government. Second, we spell out the expected costs and benefits associated with the capture of Diamond Star Motors. We also show how the expected costs and benefits are tempered by each government's perceived need for economic development and how these perceived needs affect each government's willingness to discount uncertainty. Finally, we examine the numerous interactions between the public and private sectors and within the public sector that affect the negotiations process.
The Demographic Long Wave: Population Trends and Economic Growth
Authors: Sternlieb George , Hughes James W.
Published: March 2007

The phenomena of slowing growth, maturation, and shrinkage have already defined the future shape of the nation's population, households, and labor force for the balance of the twentieth century. America's population will be maturing. Fewer additions to the household and labor force ranks will be evident between now and the turn of the century. The long wave of demography will affect, in a measurable way, every aspect of American life and business. The wave will subsequently require a reorientation of both private and public economic strategy.
Economic Development and Regional Heterogeneity: A Reconsideration of Regional Policy for the United States
Authors: Hansen Niles
Published: March 2007

National policies and programs that implicitly treat the United States as a homogeneous area or that are oriented toward some "average "situation thereby fail to take into account the fact that the nation is a collection of heterogeneous regions with differing problems and opportunities. Issues concerning the competitiveness and adaptability of the U.S. economy have often been addressed in sectoral terms, even though the more fundamental matter is one of regional development in the broadest sense. Some suggestions are made concerning factors that could be considered in the formulation of a comprehensive federal regional policy. These deal with the appropriate geographic framework, the role of the federal system, and relevant program issues.
Technological Change in the Graphic Communications Industry: Implications for Economic Development Planning
Authors: Wiewel Wim , Ranney David , Putnam George W.
Published: March 2007

Technological changes in the graphic communications industry have created new needs and new opportunities for economic development planners to help the industry grow. In contrast to the situation in other industries, technological innovations in different parts of the printing production process have contributed to employment growth, mostly resulting from the expansion of markets. At the same time, locational requirements, economies of scale, and occupational skill requirements have changed. Thus, the industry needs assistance with site location, occupational training, and financing. In addition, environmental issues and competition from abroad, as well as from in-house printing and desktop publishing, pose serious problems for the industry, requiring industry-specific responses.
Becoming Competitive: How Policymakers View Incentive-Based Development Policy
Authors: Burnier DeLysa
Published: March 2007

Harold Wolman (1988) examined the question of why local politicians and officials decide to offer development incentives to firms when the literature challenges the economic rationality of such decisions. He concluded that "very little systematic information exists on how public officials think about local economic development and how they make policy decisions in that realm" (p. 27). This article's purpose is to supply the kind of "systematic information" about economic development that Wolman feels is missing from the development literature. Toward that end, this article will use interview data to examine how one group of officials explain their decisions to offer firms tax abatements through Ohio '5 enterprise zone program.
Understanding Local Economic Development in a Comparative Context
Authors: Wolman Harold , Stoker Gerry
Published: March 2007

This article provides a contextual framework for understanding local economic development policy-making and policy in Britain and the United States. The article is aimed at readers familiar with local economic development policy in one country (particularly the United States) who wish to gain an understanding of local economic development policy-making, policy, and politics in the other. The authors examine a series of differences between the two countries as they relate to local economic development. They then describe and discuss differences in national governmental structure and intergovernmental relations, local government structure and politics, local finance, the national policy framework; and the role of local interests (particularly local business) in local economic development. In each case, the authors analyze the consequences of those differences for local economic development policy.
Mexican-American Community Development Corporations and the Limits of Directed Capitalism
Authors: Marquez Benjamin
Published: March 2007

This article is an analysis of the history and redevelopment activities of the three largest Community Development Corporations serving Mexican-American neighborhoods. Its focus is the relationship between grassroots political activism, urban economic development strategies, and free-market processes in inner-city neighborhoods. It is argued that the low levels of political and economic support CDCs have received over the years have eroded their ability to reverse the economic decline of their respective target areas.
Small Manufacturing Firms and Regional Business Networks
Authors: Young Ruth C. , Francis Joe D. , Young Christopher H.
Published: March 2007

Current interest in small manufacturing firms is great because they are an important source of job growth. Consequently, many planners and policy makers have tried to strengthen the small manufacturing sector, hoping that this will bolster their regional economy as a whole. This piecemeal approach is risky, because small firms are embedded in an intricate business network Small firms sell to, buy from, and subcontract with other manufacturing firms, both large and small, in the region. Founders of these small firms learned their business while working at other regional firms, and many of their contacts evolved there from. For over half of the small firms in our studies their most important customer is some large firm in the region. Thus, though small manufacturing firms may indeed be important for job growth, because of interdependence, large and small firms share a common fate: if employment declines, it likely declines for all.
Economic and Environmental Repair in the Shadow of Superfund: Local Government Leadership in Building Strategic Partnerships
Authors: Glaser Mark
Published: March 2007

Increasingly rigorous U.S. environmental policy is forcing the convergence of economic and environmental concerns with the intent of internalizing the costs of environmental protection and repair Unfortunately, the costs associated with the generic application of national environmental policy often exceed benefits reaped in environmental repair This article examines the intent and dysfunction of Superfund—Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) and Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA)—as implemented by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and details a local government model to correct this dysfunction. City government in Wichita, Kansas, accepted a leadership role in the development of a partnership model that enhances the cost effectiveness of Superfund, expedites environmental cleanup, and protects the local economy.
Microenterprise Programs in U.S. Inner Cities: Economic Development or Social Welfare?
Authors: Servon Lisa J.
Published: March 2007

The microenterprise strategy marries elements of economic development and social welfare strategies and agendas. This article uses case studies of three inner-city microenterprise programs to demonstrate that the results of this blending are over-whelmingly positive. At the same time, working in the interstices of the economic development and social welfare fields is complex, and the results that programs produce do not fit easily into traditional outcome categories. The programs studied do more to help those who exist at the margins of the mainstream economy than those who are completely cut off from the economic mainstream. They help change the mind-set of people by giving them the hope they need to take charge of their own lives. By helping people begin to think strategically about creating better futures for themselves and providing them with the tools necessary to make that happen, these programs shift the focus of policy from maintenance to investment.
Legal Gambling as a Strategy for Economic Development
Authors: Gross Meir
Published: March 2007

Lotteries, casinos, and other forms of gambling are being promoted by state and local governments as painless ways to raise revenues. Supporters often rely on economic studies sponsored by the industry. Critics contend that gambling is problematic and not a substitute for sustainable economic development, and the public remains ambivalent. Bills currently pending in Congress would establish a national commission to study the impact of gambling. Long-term health of communities requires the promotion of well-researched and well-reasoned policies on legal gambling and economic development.
CHALLENGING TRADITIONAL MARRIAGE
Authors: FERGUSON SUSAN J.
Published: March 2007

Little is known about the lives of the never married. Demographic data show that rates of nonmarriage have increased significantly across racial and ethnic groups. Among women, African Americans have the highest rates of nonmarriage, followed by Asian Americans and European Americans. This research used in-depth interviews with native- and foreign-born Chinese American and Japanese American never married women to explore why these women are delaying or rejecting heterosexual marriage. Respondents were asked a series of open- and closed-ended questions about their attitudes, experiences, and decisions concerning marriage and family life. Questions also focused on how their family backgrounds and occupational plans affected their decisions to marry. Preliminary findings reveal that Chinese American and Japanese American women express a number of reasons for being never married. The four most consistent factors were their parents' marriages, their status as the eldest or only daughter, their educational goals, and the perceived lack of suitors.
“WHY MARCIA YOU'VE CHANGED!”
Authors: HENSON KEVIN D. , ROGERS JACKIE KRASAS
Published: March 2007

This research provides a look at men doing gender in the highly feminized context of temporary clerical employment. Male clerical temporaries, as with other men who cross over into “women's work,” face institutionalized challenges to their sense of masculinity. In particular, male clerical temporary workers face gender assessment—highlighting their failure to live up to the ideals of hegemonic masculinity. The resulting gender strategies these men adopt reveal how male clerical temporary workers “do masculinity”—often in a collaborative performance shaped by the gendered expectations of their agencies, their clients, and even themselves—to reassert the feminine identification of the job while at the same time rejecting its application to them. Paradoxically, rather than disrupting the gender order, the gender strategies used by these male clerical temporaries help to reproduce and naturalize the gendered organization of work and reinvigorate hegemonic masculinity and its domination over women and subaltern men.
THE POLITICAL CONTEXT OF FEMINIST ATTITUDES IN ISRAEL
Authors: IZRAELI DAFNA N. , TABORY EPHRAIM
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present study was to identify the sources of social support for feminist issues in Israel. Attitudes toward these issues as social problems and toward feminism as a social movement were examined through a questionnaire administered to 2,097 university students studying in the Tel Aviv area in 1985-1986. The study found that Israeli students who considered gender discrimination in promotion and prohibitions against abortion severe social problems were more likely to be on the political left, nonreligious or secular, and generally tolerant of difference and open to change. Support for the perception of violence against women as a social problem was stronger than for the other two issues and cut across the dominant cleavages in Israeli society. Students do not connect violence against women with gender inequality. These findings and their significance for the development of feminism in Israel are discussed within the framework of Gamson and Modigliani's (1987) analysis of the culture of policy issues.
MEN AND WOMEN LAWYERS IN IN-HOUSE LEGAL DEPARTMENTS:
Authors: ROACH SHARYN L.
Published: March 2007

Despite increasing numbers of women lawyers, gender segregation within the legal profession in the United States continues. The present article examines interorganizational differences in the employment of 34 men and 34 women lawyers in 12 in-house legal departments that varied by size and industry in corporations located in the northeast United States. There were differences among the firms with respect to the number, position, and salary of men and women lawyers. The findings suggest that women in-house counsel do not enter the same type of practice or organizations, obtain the same positions, or earn the same salaries as men. The differential employment patterns, the article concludes, stem largely from organizational contingencies, such as a firm's market position, perceived needs, the kinds of rewards and training offered, and recruitment strategies. It also suggests that men's and women's differential location in the labor pool results not from their own career choices but from employer's hiring and work-allocation decisions that provide them with different experiences and expertise, which in turn constrain future employment options.
MARXISM, FEMINISM, AND THE STRUGGLE FOR DEMOCRACY IN LATIN AMERICA
Authors: CHINCHILLA NORMA STOLTZ
Published: March 2007

While discussions of dissolving the hyphen between Marxism and feminism were put on the back burner in the United States and England in the 1980s, the author argues that changes in Latin America during the same decade favor a possible convergence of contemporary Marxist and feminist theory and practice. These conditions include the emergence of a second-wave feminist movement in many Latin America countries, the central role of women in contemporary social movements, and an internal critique within Latin American Marxism. Key issues pointing toward a convergence of thinking include a reevaluation and redefinition of democracy, the concept of “a plurality of social subjects” or potential revolutionary actors, the importance of autonomy for popular movements in relation to political parties and the state, and a new understanding of the importance of daily life in the struggle for socialism.
THE MICROPOLITICS OF GENDER IN NONINDUSTRIAL SOCIETIES
Authors: COLTRANE SCOTT
Published: March 2007

Regression analysis using coded ethnographic data from a sample of 93 nonindustrial societies showed that patterns of child rearing and property control are significantly associated with outward displays of men's dominance. In societies in which women exercise significant control over property and men have close relationships with children, men infrequently affirm their manliness through boastful demonstrations of strength, aggressiveness, and sexual potency. Under these conditions, women show less deference to men, and husbands are less likely to dominate wives. Displays of manliness are also prevalent in less complex societies with frequent warfare. An ideology of women's inferiority was found to be most common in complex societies with distant father-child relationships. Illustrative cases are presented, and theoretical explanations for observed correlations are discussed.
GENDER, INTIMACY, AND LETHAL VIOLENCE:
Authors: BROWNE ANGELA , WILLIAMS KIRK R.
Published: March 2007

Only a few studies have disaggregated homicide rates by relationship type or gender, with little investigation of homicide trends in adult marital and other intimate relationships. The current study documents patterns of homicide between opposite gender relational partners for the twelve years of 1976 through 1987 based on Supplementary Homicide Report Data, comparing rates between couples in marital and nonmarital relationships. Analyses reveal that the homicide rate for married couples declined somewhat during this period, although the drop in the rate of wives killing husbands was greater than the drop in the rate of husbands killing wives. However, homicides involving unmarried couples followed a very different pattern. Whereas the lethal victimization rate for men in unmarried relationships varied unsystematically over time from 1976 through 1987, the rate of unmarried women being killed by their male partners increased significantly. Findings demonstrate the importance of disaggregating homicide data by gender and relationship type so that crucial differences can be detected.
FINDING TIME FOR THE “SECOND SHIFT”:
Authors: WHARTON CAROL S.
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes how women in residential real estate sales interweave their work and family activities. It is presented as a case study of the effects of flexible scheduling on the tasks of managing paid and domestic work. Women are attracted to real estate sales because they perceive that it will enable them to combine their paid and unpaid labor in a relatively comfortable way as a result of the flexibility of setting their own work schedules. They find that the work requires long hours and significant adaptations in the division of household labor. The findings demonstrate that flexibility itself is not adequate for accomodating the demands of families and wage work. Additional changes in the organization of both types of work, as well as ideological changes in the ownership of family-related tasks are required to alleviate the difficulties women face in integrating family and work responsibilities.
GENDERING WELFARE STATE THEORY
Authors: HILL DANA CAROL DAVIS , TIGGES LEANN M.
Published: March 2007

Feminist scholarship on the relative importance of working-class institutional strength in the economy and in the state has led to two divergent conclusions. Radical feminists argue that working-class institutions dominated by men produce male-biased outcomes; socialist feminists hold that working-class institutions promote classwide interests that benefit women as well as men. This article addresses this debate by applying generic and gendered working-class strength models of the welfare state in an examination of women's public pension quality. Quality is measured as women's average pension (1) compared with that of men, (2) relative to women's average earnings, and (3) compared with the average wage in the society. The authors find support for the socialist feminist view. Working-class institutions, having historically organized and represented the interests of working men, benefit women by improving the security and adequacy of their retirement incomes, but it is women's access to working-class economic and political institutions that brings greater economic equality with men in old age.
DEPENDENCE AND INDEPENDENCE
Authors: BAXTER JANEEN , KANE EMILY W.
Published: March 2007

The authors argue that women's dependence on men plays a key role in muting challenges to gender inequality, and they explore that argument through an analysis of gender-related attitudes in five countries. Women's dependence at both the societal and the individual levels is associated with less egalitarian gender attitudes; such dependence especially affects women's attitudes, drawing them toward men's less egalitarian views. Societal-level dependence also strengthens the impact of individual-level dependence on egalitarianism. The authors conclude that women's dependence discourages egalitarian gender attitudes, thus suppressing challenges to the gendered status quo and legitimating gender inequality.
GENDER AND EMOTION IN THE ADVOCACY FOR BREAST CANCER INFORMED CONSENT LEGISLATION
Authors: MONTINI THERESA
Published: March 2007

This is a qualitative study of the role of gender and emotion in a political setting. The data are from interviews of activists and legislators, as well as from archival accounts of the debates in state legislatures about breast cancer informed consent legislation. I found that proponents for and against the legislation shared the belief that women are more emotional than men. This social belief shaped the political strategies the activists adopted and initially contributed to their effectiveness; however, their opponents claimed that the women activists should be dismissed because their emotionalism made them irrational. I close by discussing Western cultural beliefs about emotions, social stereotypes regarding women, and their consequences for women activists in political arenas.