bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and predictors of ICD‐11 posttraumatic stress disorder and complex PTSD in young people
Authors: Redican Enya , Hyland Philip , Cloitre Marylene , McBride Orla , Karatzias Thanos , Murphy Jamie , Bunting Lisa , Shevlin Mark
Published: May 2022

Objective

The prevalence, construct validity, risk factors and psychopathological correlates associated with ICD‐11 posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) as measured by the International Trauma Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents (ITQ‐CA) were assessed in a sample of young people from Northern Ireland.

Method

Participants were trauma‐exposed 11–19‐year‐olds (N = 507) who participated in the Northern Ireland Youth Wellbeing Prevalence Survey (YWS‐NI, 2020). Factor mixture modelling (FMM) was used to test the latent structure of the ITQ‐CA. Risk‐factors and psychopathological correlates associated with latent class membership, and ICD‐11diagnostic status, were also investigated.

Results

More participants met the ITQ‐CA criteria for CPTSD (3.4%, n = 44) than PTSD (1.5%, n = 19). A second‐order FMM comprising a ‘partial‐PTSD class’, a ‘CPTSD class’, a ‘DSO class’ and a ‘low symptom endorsement class’ was the best‐fitting model. Younger age and cumulative trauma were risk factors for all trauma classes. Female gender and two or more violent traumas were significant predictors of the ‘PTSD’ and ‘CPTSD’ classes, while single sexual trauma was a significant predictor of the ‘DSO’ and ‘CPTSD’ classes. Two or more sexual traumas was a unique predictor of ‘CPTSD class’, while two or more vicarious traumas was a unique predictor of ‘DSO class’. The ‘CPTSD’ class displayed the most notable comorbidity.

Conclusions

Findings indicate that CPTSD may be more prevalent than PTSD in children and young people. Support for the ICD‐11 conceptualisation of CPTSD as representing a unique diagnostic construct was supported using FMM, with findings indicating trauma symptom class‐specific risk profiles.
Opioid receptor activation modulates the calcium current in the cochlear outer hair cells of the rat
Authors: Vega Rosario , García‐Garibay Otto , Soto Enrique
Published: May 2022

Previous works showed that opioid peptides are produced by olivocochlear efferent neurons, while cochlear hair cells express opioid receptors. It has been proposed that opioids protect the auditory system from damage by intense stimulation, although their use for therapeutic or illicit purposes links to hearing impairment. Therefore, it is relevant to study the effect of opioids in the auditory system to define their functional expression and mechanism of action. This study investigated the modulation of the Ca2+ currents by opioid peptides in the rat outer hair cells (OHC) using the whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique. The influence of agonists of the three opioid receptor subtypes (μ, δ, and κ) was studied. The κ opioid receptor agonist U‐50488 inhibits the Ca2+ currents in a partially reversible form. Coincidently, norbinaltorphimine (a κ receptor antagonist) blocked the U‐50488 inhibitory effect on the Ca2+ current. The δ and the μ opioid receptor agonists did not significantly affect the Ca2+ currents. These results indicate that the κ opioid receptor activation inhibits the Ca2+ current in OHC, modulating the intracellular Ca2+ concentration when OHCs depolarize. The modulation of the auditory function by opioids constitutes a relevant mechanism with a potential role in the physiopathology of auditory disturbances.
Abnormalities of retinal structure and microvasculature are associated with cerebral white matter hyperintensities
Authors: Zhou Xirui , Li Tao , Qu Wensheng , Pan Dengji , Qiu Qianwen , Wu Lingshan , Zhao Jing , Yu Zhiyuan , Hao Huang , Luo Xiang
Published: May 2022

Background and purpose

Whilst retinal microvasculature represents cerebral small vessels, the retinal nerve fiber layer is the extended white matter of the brain. The aim was to investigate the correlation between changes in retina and white matter hyperintensities (WMHs).

Methods

Sixty‐four candidates with WMHs received an optical coherence tomography angiography examination. WMHs were divided into mild or moderate/severe groups according to the Fazekas score. After imaging the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP), the microvascular density parameters (vascular perfusion density [VPD], vascular length density [VLD] and fovea avascular zone area) and morphological parameters (vessel diameter index [VDI], fractal dimension [FD] and vessel tortuosity) were identified. A software algorithm measured the thickness of the peripapillary retina nerve fiber layer (PRNFL).

Results

Thirty‐two were classified as having mild WMHs and 32 were moderate/severe. The median (interquartile range) ages of the two groups were 58 (54–64) and 61 (57–67) years, respectively. A decrease of FD, VPD and VLD in either SCP or DCP appeared with an increased risk of moderate/severe WMHs. Although changes of capillary plexus were not associated with paraventricular WMHs, decreased FD, VPD, VLD and fovea avascular zone area in either SCP or DCP were associated with an increased risk of moderate/severe deep WMHs (DWMHs). Participants with moderate/severe WMHs demonstrated reduced PRNFL thickness, particularly in the DWMHs, compared with mild WMHs.

Conclusions

Abnormalities of retinal microvascular density, morphological parameters and PRNFL thickness are correlated with the incidence of moderate/severe WMHs, particularly the DWMHs, suggesting that arteriosclerosis and hypoperfusion are the causes of DWMHs.
ILAE definition of the Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy Syndromes: Position statement by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions
Authors: Hirsch Edouard , French Jacqueline , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Bogacz Alicia , Alsaadi Taoufik , Sperling Michael R. , Abdulla Fatema , Zuberi Sameer M. , Trinka Eugen , Specchio Nicola , Somerville Ernest , Samia Pauline , Riney Kate , Nabbout Rima , Jain Satish , Wilmshurst Jo M. , Auvin Stephane , Wiebe Samuel , Perucca Emilio , Moshé Solomon L. , Tinuper Paolo , Wirrell Elaine C.
Published: May 2022

In 2017, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Classification of Epilepsies described the “genetic generalized epilepsies” (GGEs), which contained the “idiopathic generalized epilepsies” (IGEs). The goal of this paper is to delineate the four syndromes comprising the IGEs, namely childhood absence epilepsy, juvenile absence epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, and epilepsy with generalized tonic–clonic seizures alone. We provide updated diagnostic criteria for these IGE syndromes determined by the expert consensus opinion of the ILAE’s Task Force on Nosology and Definitions (2017–2021) and international external experts outside our Task Force. We incorporate current knowledge from recent advances in genetic, imaging, and electroencephalographic studies, together with current terminology and classification of seizures and epilepsies. Patients that do not fulfill criteria for one of these syndromes, but that have one, or a combination, of the following generalized seizure types: absence, myoclonic, tonic‐clonic and myoclonic‐tonic‐clonic seizures, with 2.5–5.5 Hz generalized spike‐wave should be classified as having GGE. Recognizing these four IGE syndromes as a special grouping among the GGEs is helpful, as they carry prognostic and therapeutic implications.
ILAE classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset in neonates and infants: Position statement by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions
Authors: Zuberi Sameer M. , Wirrell Elaine , Yozawitz Elissa , Wilmshurst Jo M. , Specchio Nicola , Riney Kate , Pressler Ronit , Auvin Stephane , Samia Pauline , Hirsch Edouard , Galicchio Santiago , Triki Chahnez , Snead O. Carter , Wiebe Samuel , Cross J. Helen , Tinuper Paolo , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Perucca Emilio , Moshé Solomon L. , Nabbout Rima
Published: May 2022

The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Task Force on Nosology and Definitions proposes a classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes in the neonate and infant with seizure onset up to 2 years of age. The incidence of epilepsy is high in this age group and epilepsy is frequently associated with significant comorbidities and mortality. The licensing of syndrome specific antiseizure medications following randomized controlled trials and the development of precision, gene‐related therapies are two of the drivers defining the electroclinical phenotypes of syndromes with onset in infancy. The principal aim of this proposal, consistent with the 2017 ILAE Classification of the Epilepsies, is to support epilepsy diagnosis and emphasize the importance of classifying epilepsy in an individual both by syndrome and etiology. For each syndrome, we report epidemiology, clinical course, seizure types, electroencephalography (EEG), neuroimaging, genetics, and differential diagnosis. Syndromes are separated into self‐limited syndromes, where there is likely to be spontaneous remission anddevelopmental and epileptic encephalopathies, diseases where there is developmental impairment related to both the underlying etiology independent of epileptiform activity and the epileptic encephalopathy. The emerging class of etiology‐specific epilepsy syndromes, where there is a specific etiology for the epilepsy that is associated with a clearly defined, relatively uniform, and distinct clinical phenotype in most affected individuals as well as consistent EEG, neuroimaging, and/or genetic correlates, is presented. The number of etiology‐defined syndromes will continue to increase, and these newly described syndromes will in time be incorporated into this classification. The tables summarize mandatory features, cautionary alerts, and exclusionary features for the common syndromes. Guidance is given on the criteria for syndrome diagnosis in resource‐limited regions where laboratory confirmation, including EEG, MRI, and genetic testing, might not be available.
International League Against Epilepsy classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset at a variable age: position statement by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions
Authors: Riney Kate , Bogacz Alicia , Somerville Ernest , Hirsch Edouard , Nabbout Rima , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Zuberi Sameer M. , Alsaadi Taoufik , Jain Satish , French Jacqueline , Specchio Nicola , Trinka Eugen , Wiebe Samuel , Auvin Stéphane , Cabral‐Lim Leonor , Naidoo Ansuya , Perucca Emilio , Moshé Solomon L. , Wirrell Elaine C. , Tinuper Paolo
Published: May 2022

The goal of this paper is to provide updated diagnostic criteria for the epilepsy syndromes that have a variable age of onset, based on expert consensus of the International League Against Epilepsy Nosology and Definitions Taskforce (2017–2021). We use language consistent with current accepted epilepsy and seizure classifications and incorporate knowledge from advances in genetics, electroencephalography, and imaging. Our aim in delineating the epilepsy syndromes that present at a variable age is to aid diagnosis and to guide investigations for etiology and treatments for these patients.
Fatigue properties and fracture behavior of Al/steel butt joints fabricated by laser‐MIG welding‐brazing
Authors: Liu Yunqi , Zhu Zongtao , Che Xiaoli , Li Yuanxing , Chen Hui
Published: May 2022

Robust 2‐mm 6061‐T6/SUS304 butt plates were obtained using laser‐MIG hybrid welding‐brazing technology. The fatigue properties and fracture behavior of Al/steel welding‐brazing joints were first discussed. Due to the change in the fracture mechanism, the weld reinforcement improved the fatigue strength, which was higher than that of the Al/steel joints using the solid‐state welding method. This strengthening effect was very different from traditional fusion welding joints with reinforcement. The fatigue test results showed that the fatigue strength of the Al/steel joints with reinforcement reached about 105 MPa at 106 cycles. After removing the weld reinforcement, the fatigue strength of the Al/steel joints reduced significantly to 55 MPa. The existence of reinforcement also led to different fatigue fracture behaviors. In the Al/steel joints with reinforcement, the fatigue fracture mode changed with increasing cyclic stress load, and the fatigue crack initiation zone was inclined to begin at the weld toe and then propagated along the weld at a lower stress load. Fatigue crack initiation sites moved to the aluminum weld near the interface and spread along with the IMC layer and the aluminum weld at higher stress loads. After removing the weld reinforcement, only the interface fracture mode was found.
Standardization of an ultrasonic fatigue testing method in Japan
Authors: Furuya Yoshiyuki , Shimamura Yoshinobu , Takanashi Masahiro , Ogawa Takeshi
Published: May 2022

The ultrasonic fatigue testing method was standardized in the Japan Welding Engineering Society. Scope of this standard is limited for metallic materials tested at room temperature. This standard applies not only to axial loading by longitudinal oscillation but also to torsional loading by torsional oscillation. The stipulated specimens are an hourglass‐shaped type, while other types of specimens are also acceptable. Explanation attached to this standard discloses data and theories behind each requirement. In particular, massive data are disclosed for a frequency effect with comparisons of the data between ultrasonic and conventional fatigue testings. The data are disclosed on low‐ and high‐strength steels, austenitic stainless steels, cast irons, titanium alloys, and aluminum alloys. These data suggest that the ultrasonic fatigue testing is well suited to high‐strength materials but not low‐strength materials. In addition to the introduction of the standard, studies using the ultrasonic fatigue testing are exampled in this paper.
What do you mean, ‘megafire’?
Authors: Linley Grant D. , Jolly Chris J. , Doherty Tim S. , Geary William L. , Armenteras Dolors , Belcher Claire M. , Bliege Bird Rebecca , Duane Andrea , Fletcher Michael‐Shawn , Giorgis Melisa A. , Haslem Angie , Jones Gavin M. , Kelly Luke T. , Lee Calvin K. F. , Nolan Rachael H. , Parr Catherine L. , Pausas Juli G. , Price Jodi N. , Regos Adrián , Ritchie Euan G. , Ruffault Julien , Williamson Grant J. , Wu Qianhan , Nimmo Dale G.
Published: May 2022

Background

‘Megafire’ is an emerging concept commonly used to describe fires that are extreme in terms of size, behaviour, and/or impacts, but the term’s meaning remains ambiguous.

Approach

We sought to resolve ambiguity surrounding the meaning of ‘megafire’ by conducting a structured review of the use and definition of the term in several languages in the peer‐reviewed scientific literature. We collated definitions and descriptions of megafire and identified criteria frequently invoked to define megafire. We recorded the size and location of megafires and mapped them to reveal global variation in the size of fires described as megafires.

Results

We identified 109 studies that define the term ‘megafire’ or identify a megafire, with the term first appearing in the peer‐reviewed literature in 2005. Seventy‐one (~65%) of these studies attempted to describe or define the term. There was considerable variability in the criteria used to define megafire, although definitions of megafire based on fire size were most common. Megafire size thresholds varied geographically from > 100–100,000 ha, with fires > 10,000 ha the most common size threshold (41%, 18/44 studies). Definitions of megafire were most common from studies led by authors from North America (52%, 37/71). We recorded 137 instances from 84 studies where fires were reported as megafires, the vast majority (94%, 129/137) of which exceed 10,000 ha in size. Megafires occurred in a range of biomes, but were most frequently described in forested biomes (112/137, 82%), and usually described single ignition fires (59% 81/137).

Conclusion

As Earth’s climate and ecosystems change, it is important that scientists can communicate trends in the occurrence of larger and more extreme fires with clarity. To overcome ambiguity, we suggest a definition of megafire as fires > 10,000 ha arising from single or multiple related ignition events. We introduce two additional terms – gigafire (> 100,000 ha) and terafire (> 1,000,000 ha) – for fires of an even larger scale than megafires.
Expression of PINK1 and Parkin in human apical periodontitis
Authors: Liu Bingqian , Zhang Jie , Liu Guojing , Zhu Lingxin , Peng Bin
Published: May 2022

Aim

PTEN‐induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) and Parkin E3 ubiquitin‐protein ligase (Parkin) are critical for immune and inflammatory regulation in health and disease. PINK1 and Parkin have been confirmed to be involved in the progression of apical periodontitis by affecting mitophagy‐related osteoblast apoptosis; however, the expression of PINK1 and Parkin in macrophages, one of the most important cells in apical periodontitis, remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the expression of PINK1 and Parkin in human apical periodontitis lesions, as well as their possible localization in macrophages.

Methodology

Thirty‐seven human periapical tissues, including periapical granulomas (PGs, n = 12), radicular cysts (RCs, n = 11) and healthy gingival tissues (n = 14) were examined. The inflammatory infiltrates of lesions were evaluated by haematoxylin staining, and the expression of PINK1 and Parkin was detected by immunohistochemistry. Double immunofluorescence was used to explore the colocalization of microtubule‐associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) and TOMM20, as well as the localization of PINK1 and Parkin, in macrophages of human apical periodontitis lesions. The ultrastructural morphology of mitochondria in human apical periodontitis lesions was visualized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Data were analysed by one‐way anova with Student–Newman‐Keul's test and the Mann–Whitney test. p < .05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Immunohistochemistry demonstrated a significantly higher expression of PINK1 and Parkin proteins in human apical periodontitis lesions than in healthy gingival tissues (p < .0001), but no significant difference was demonstrated between PGs and RCs (p > .05). The higher expression of LC3 and the presence of more LC3‐TOMM20 double‐positive cells were also observed in human apical periodontitis. Double‐labelling analysis of PINK1, Parkin and LC3 with CD68 indicated that macrophage mitophagy might be present in the progression of human apical periodontitis. Finally, the results of TEM morphological analysis revealed the appearance of double‐membraned mitophagosomes and vacuolated mitochondria in macrophage‐like cells of apical periodontitis lesions.

Conclusions

Our findings indicated that PINK1 and Parkin proteins were highly expressed in clinical apical periodontitis lesions.
Dignity and bargaining power: Insights from struggles in strawberries
Authors: Fischer‐Daly Matthew M.
Published: May 2022

While solidarity is widely understood as key to worker capacity to improve terms and conditions of employment, the creation of solidarity has received less attention. This article advances the theory that dignity is the creative process, based on a psycho‐social understanding of dignity not as an outcome but an interpersonal exchange. Mutual recognition of each other's capacities to participate in social rules creates solidarity, thereby catalysing collective action and making workplace improvements more likely. The argument is developed through comparison of three cases of worker struggles in the strawberry sector that produced varied outcomes, from steady improvements through union collective bargaining to persistence of poverty wages and gender‐based violence. The proposed model of dignity‐based worker power suggests both functional and psychological effects of democratic practice within worker organizations, coalitions and workplaces.
THE PERMANENT SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH FOR PROTESTANTS
Authors: Tillich Paul
Published: May 2022

The Catholic Church reminds Protestantism of the sacramental foundation of the church, of the importance of authority, of the need for symbol and mysticism, of the need to correlate theology and philosophy.
Submarine trademarks
Authors: Fink Carsten , Fosfuri Andrea , Helmers Christian , Myers Amanda F.
Published: May 2022

Companies use trademarks to protect their brands from outright imitation or competition by confusingly similar brands. However, publication of trademark applications by the trademark office discloses strategic information about a firm's future products and planned market entry. This creates a trade‐off between legal protection for new brands and inadvertent information disclosure. We analyze the trade‐off through the lens of “submarine trademarks” in the United States—submarine trademarks are trademarks whose publication and hence disclosure to the public are strategically delayed. We provide the first systematic evidence of submarine trademarks and explore their effectiveness in reducing the disclosure of information, their determinants, and their blocking effect on third‐party trademark filings. We also provide evidence on the effect of trademark disclosure on third‐party trademark filings.
Minimal risk of lymphoma and non‐melanoma skin cancer despite long‐term use of thiopurines in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A longitudinal cohort analysis from northern India
Authors: Ranjan Mukesh Kumar , Kante Bhaskar , Vuyyuru Sudheer Kumar , Kumar Peeyush , Mundhra Sandeep K , Golla Rithvik , Sharma Raju , Sahni Peush , Das Prasenjit , Makharia Govind , Kedia Saurabh , Ahuja Vineet
Published: May 2022

Background and Aim

Thiopurines are widely used to maintain remission in both ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Reported effectiveness and tolerability rates have been variable across studies. There are only sparse data in Asian population regarding the long‐term efficacy and safety of thiopurines.

Methods

Records of 5351 patients followed up at inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) clinic, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi from 2004 to 2020 were evaluated retrospectively. Safety was evaluated in terms of long‐term adverse events and development of malignancy.

Results

Of 5351 patients with IBD, 1093 who received thiopurine for > 3 months (UC = 788 [proctitis—1.9%, left‐sided colitis—44.9%, & pancolitis—53.1%] & CD = 305 [inflammatory—42.6%, stricturing—46.9%, & fistulizing—10.5%]) were included (60.8%—male patients). Follow up and treatment duration on thiopurine were 7 (4–12) years and 39.4 ± 40.3 months, respectively, with 254 (23.2%) patients receiving thiopurines for more than 5 and 68 (6.2%) receiving for more than 10 years. Three hundred and fifty‐nine (UC: 249 [31.6%]; CD: 110 [36.1%]; P = 0.1) patients developed adverse events; commonest was myelosuppression (23.4%) followed by gastrointestinal intolerance (3%), flu‐like illness (1.7%), and arthralgia/myalgia (1.4%). Myelosuppression was the commonest cause of thiopurine withdrawal. No patient (including 254 patients on thiopurine for ≥ 5 years) developed lymphoma or non‐melanoma skin cancer. The cumulative probability of staying free from adverse events in overall IBD cohort at 1, 2, and 5 years was 78.6%, 71.9%, and 68.4%, respectively, and this was comparable between UC and CD (P = 0.09).

Conclusion

Long‐term follow up of patients with IBD from northern India on thiopurine monotherapy demonstrated minimal risk of development of lymphoma as well as non‐melanoma skin cancer.
Osteoderms as calcium reservoirs: Insights from the lizard Ouroborus cataphractus
Authors: Broeckhoven Chris , du Plessis Anton
Published: May 2022

The functional significance of osteoderms—bony elements embedded in the dermis—remains a topic of much debate. Although many hypotheses have been put forward in the past, the idea that osteoderms can serve as calcium reservoirs has received little experimental attention thus far. In this study, we use micro‐computed tomography to investigate inter‐ and intrasexual variation in osteoderm density in the viviparous lizard Ouroborus cataphractus and conduct histochemical analyses to unravel the potential mechanism involved in mineral resorption from the osteoderms. Our results show that females have denser, more compact osteoderms than males of similar body sizes, regardless of the season during which they were collected and their reproductive state. Furthermore, a histochemical study demonstrates the presence of mononucleated TRAP‐positive cells in the vascular canals of the osteoderms. Based on the findings of this study, we suggest that the mineral storage hypothesis merits further attention as a candidate explanation for osteoderm evolution.
The two‐process model of sleep regulation: Beginnings and outlook†
Authors: Borbély Alexander
Published: May 2022

The two‐process model serves as a major conceptual framework in sleep science. Although dating back more than four decades, it has not lost its relevance for research today. Retracing its origins, I describe how animal experiments aimed at exploring the oscillators driving the circadian sleep–wake rhythm led to the recognition of gradients of sleep states within the daily sleep period. Advances in signal analysis revealed that the level of slow‐wave activity in non‐rapid eye movement sleep electroencephalogram is high at the beginning of the 12‐light period and then declines. After sleep deprivation, the level of slow‐wave activity is enhanced. By scheduling recovery sleep to the animal's activity period, the conflict between the sleep–wake‐dependent and the circadian influence resulted in a two‐stage recovery pattern. These experiments provided the basis for the first version of the two‐process model. Sleep deprivation experiments in humans showed that the decline of slow‐wave activity during sleep is exponential. The two‐process model posits that a sleep–wake‐dependent homeostatic process (Process S) interacts with a process controlled by the circadian pacemaker (Process C). At present, homeostatic and circadian facets of sleep regulation are being investigated at the synaptic level as well as in the transcriptome and proteome domains. The notion of sleep has been extended from a global phenomenon to local representations, while the master circadian pacemaker has been supplemented by multiple peripheral oscillators. The original interpretation that the emergence of sleep may be viewed as an escape from the rigid control imposed by the circadian pacemaker is still upheld.
Scale‐dependent influence of the sagebrush community on genetic connectivity of the sagebrush obligate Gunnison sage‐grouse
Authors: Zimmerman Shawna J. , Aldridge Cameron L. , Hooten Mevin B. , Oyler‐McCance Sara J.
Published: May 2022

Habitat fragmentation and degradation impacts an organism's ability to navigate the landscape, ultimately resulting in decreased gene flow and increased extinction risk. Understanding how landscape composition impacts gene flow (i.e., connectivity) and interacts with scale is essential to conservation decision‐making. We used a landscape genetics approach implementing a recently developed statistical model based on the generalized Wishart probability distribution to identify the primary landscape features affecting gene flow and estimate the degree to which each component influences connectivity for Gunnison sage‐grouse (Centrocercus minimus). We were interested in two spatial scales: among distinct populations rangewide and among leks (i.e., breeding grounds) within the largest population, Gunnison Basin. Populations and leks are nested within a landscape fragmented by rough terrain and anthropogenic features, although requisite sagebrush habitat is more contiguous within populations. Our best fit models for each scale confirm the importance of sagebrush habitat in connectivity, although the important sagebrush characteristics differ. For Gunnison Basin, taller shrubs and higher quality nesting habitat were the primary drivers of connectivity, while more sagebrush cover and less conifer cover facilitated connectivity rangewide. Our findings support previous assumptions that Gunnison sage‐grouse range contraction is largely the result of habitat loss and degradation. Importantly, we report direct estimates of resistance for landscape components that can be used to create resistance surfaces for prioritization of specific locations for conservation or management (i.e., habitat preservation, restoration, or development) or as we demonstrated, can be combined with simulation techniques to predict impacts to connectivity from potential management actions.
Prevalence of oral submucous fibrosis among areca nut chewers: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Yuwanati Monal , Ramadoss Ramya , Kudo Yasusei , Ramani Pratibha , Senthil Murugan Mullainathan
Published: May 2022

Background: Worldwide millions peoples consume AN who are at risk of OSMF. Prevalence of OSMF is reported between 0.03% and 30% irrespective of AN habit. Further, these estimates are based on sample population comprised of OSMF patients or general population rather AN chewers (ANC). Therefore, available evidence does not reflect the true prevalence of OSMF among ANC. Method: The studies providing the prevalence of OSMF in ANC were identified in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Pooled prevalence and quality assessment using New‐Ottawa Scale were performed. Results: Fifteen studies reported the prevalence of OSMF (929) in ANC (53,213). Most studies were from China (six studies) and India (four studies) correlating with regions having high ANC. The pooled prevalence of OSMF in ANC was 5% (0.05 [95% CI, 0.03, 0.08]). All studies' quality was satisfactory; however, the OSMF diagnosis method, age, gender, and habits need further scrutiny. Conclusion: Available evidence suggested a low prevalence of OSMF in ANC, although further large‐scale studies are recommended to validate this finding. Understanding the prevalence and distribution patterns of OSMF might aid intervention healthcare programs and contribute to the reduction of the oral cancer burden related to OSMF.
Capillary malformation‐arteriovenous malformation syndrome associated with basilar artery aneurysm
Authors: Guimaraes Maria Jose , Gomes Joana , Lopes Gabriela , Caldas Regina , Brito Celeste
Published: May 2022

A 23‐day‐old boy with prenatal diagnosis of basilar artery aneurysm presented with multiple congenital red patches consistent with capillary malformations. Genetic testing confirmed the presence of a heterozygous pathogenic variant of the RASA1 gene, confirming the diagnosis of capillary malformation‐arteriovenous malformation (CM‐AVM) syndrome. This case illustrates an atypical presentation of the RASA1 associated CM‐AVM syndrome, with the intracranial vascular malformation diagnosis preceding the identification of the skin lesions. Arterial aneurysms have been associated with CM‐AVM syndrome in rare instances but to our knowledge this is the first reported case of an aneurysm of the basilar artery.
Immigration‐related stressors and health outcomes among low‐wage immigrant hotel workers: A pilot study
Authors: Rosemberg Marie‐Anne S. , Li Yang , Polick Carri
Published: May 2022

Background

Immigrants comprise over 40% of the low‐wage workforce. They are more likely to be employed in service industries, paid less, and experience more illness and injuries than their native counterparts.

Design/Objective

The aim of this cross‐sectional pilot study was to explore the relationship between immigrant workers' stressors and health.

Sample

Twenty‐five female Mexican immigrant hotel workers.

Measurements

Surveys and blood samples were analyzed and compared to national data. Descriptive statistics and linear regression were used for analysis.

Results

Longer length of stay, older age at migration, and higher Demands of Immigration (DI) were significantly associated with more chronic conditions. Higher DI were significantly associated with more depressive symptoms. This is comparable to national data (n = 468) which shows a significant relationship between length of stay, Allostatic Load (AL), and chronic conditions (β = 0.14, p = .043; β = 0.13, p = .025).

Conclusions

Immigrant‐specific factors affect individuals’ health. More studies are needed to further explore the relationship between DI and health among foreign‐born workers.
Economic Recovery but Stagnating Mental Health During a Global Pandemic? Evidence from Ghana and South Africa
Authors: Durizzo Kathrin , Asiedu Edward , van der Merwe Antoinette , Günther Isabel
Published: May 2022

Ghana and South Africa proactively implemented lockdowns very early in the pandemic. We analyze a three‐wave panel of households in Accra and Greater Johannesburg to study the mental and economic well‐being of the urban poor between the COVID‐19 lockdown and the “new normal” one year later. We find that even if economic well‐being has mostly recovered, life satisfaction has only improved slightly and feelings of depression are again at lockdown levels one year into the pandemic. While economic factors are strongly correlated with mental health and explain the differences in mental health between South Africa and Ghana, increasing worries about the future and limited knowledge about the pandemic (both countries) as well as deteriorating physical health (South Africa) and trust in government (Ghana) explain why mental health has not recovered. Therefore, we need broad and country‐specific policies, beyond financial support, to accelerate the post‐pandemic recovery of the urban poor.
A Framework for Strengthening and Sustaining Cooperatives for Socio-Economic Transformation in Uganda
Authors: Kayongo Allan , Guloba Asumani , Muvawala Joseph , Ssali Andrew
Published: May 2022

The importance of cooperatives as an appropriate mechanism to address productivity challenges and drive Uganda’s economy for socio-economic transformation is commonly advanced. However, the discussion and efforts on how this should be achieved are weak. Efforts that have been undertaken by the Government, Private players, Civil Society and Development Partners have not yielded much to unlock the potential of the cooperatives in fostering development, enhancing production, productivity, and socio-economic transformation. This is attributed to weaknesses of the prerequisites necessary for the vibrancy of cooperatives namely the: culture of cooperation and trust among cooperators; legal, policy, and regulatory framework for cooperatives; cooperatives’ enabling institutions; prevailing socio-economic environment; and the political economy. This paper uses a multi-dimensional methodology that includes learning from literature; case study analysis; expert-focused interviews; field studies, and; survey questionnaire administration of various types of cooperatives. To this end, the paper defines a framework under which Uganda should strengthen and sustainably regulate its cooperative movement to unlock its potential to drive its socio-economic transformation. In particular, a novel cooperatives’ viability condition in a liberalized market is developed.
Towards A Universal Device for Point-of-Care Medicine: A Custom Transducer for Long-Term Monitoring of Local Vascular Flow Via Ultrasound Imaging
Authors: Abramson Haley , Curry Eli , Sampath Kaushik , Wissman James , Mess Griffin , Thombre Rasika , Mahapatra Smruti , Aghabaglou Fariba , Theodore Nicholas , Pustavoitau Aliaksei , Manbachi Amir
Published: May 2022

Universalized point-of-care medicine demands long-term, automated, and ubiquitous solutions to monitoring patients. Ultrasound imaging can be found in nearly all fields of healthcare. Therefore, developing a platform for continuous ultrasound acquisition could transform the point-of-care arena. However, long-term monitoring using ultrasound imaging requires both the simplification of large quantities of data and a hands-free, flexible device. Here, we reduce data-heavy spectral Doppler imaging by tracking local vascular flow in vitro and in vivo as a single, clinically interpretable value over time. Imaging is performed using a novel probe designed specifically for continuous monitoring with ultrasound. This semi-conformal specialty probe was fabricated by removing the plastic casing of a commercially available probe, bending the tip of the piezoelectric transducer head at a nearly ninety-degree angle, then casting the electronic components in silicone rubber, which allowed the probe to rest comfortably on any surface. No statistically significant difference existed when comparing the Doppler fluid velocity detected by the specialty probe with two commercial probes, where velocity directly leads to calculation of vascular flow. Additionally, continuously tracked velocity over the period of an hour and during periods of fluctuating flow rates demonstrated the potential for accurate, long-term monitoring using this ultrasound device. Thus, translating this technology from bench to bedside could provide a universal solution to point-of-care medicine.
Development of an Automated Transcutaneous Electrical Acustimulation Device Synchronized with Respiration for Treating Gastroesophageal Reflux Diseases
Authors: Cheng Jinsai , Song Gengqing , Guan Qiang , Shen Tao
Published: May 2022

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common digestive disorder that usually has symptoms including reflux, heartburn, pain when swallowing, etc. Evolving from traditional needle acupuncture and electroacupuncture (EA), transcutaneous electrical acustimulation (TEA) becomes a popular method for treating GERD with its non-invasive intervention feature. Recently, an even more effective method synchronized with respiration in TEA is emerging. However, the current procedure for conducting synchronized TEA (STEA) treatment is mostly based on patients’ manual synchronization, which can generate a big delay or error in the synchronization, significantly compromising the effectiveness of this method. To solve this issue, this research presents a novel STEA device that can automatically detect the user’s respiration wave and synchronize with the breath to conduct TEA. With this automated synchronization device, the patients can inhale and exhale with an uninterrupted and normal respiration pace while receiving the TEA treatment, largely simplifying the treatment procedures and enhancing the effectiveness of the method. The system of the STEA device consists of a chest strip respiration sensing element, a stimulation point identifier, and a stimulation current generator. Experiments were conducted to verify human respiration detection, electrical current generation and synchronization. The results demonstrated the feasibility, effectiveness and reliability of the automated device system.
Reported Device Failure and the Coronavirus Pandemic: Cardiovascular Interventions
Authors: Zhou Elsa S. , Bhatia Sujata K.
Published: May 2022

Regular cardiology practices were interrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic. To better understand the pandemic’s effects on cardiology practices, we investigated whether the pandemic affected reporting of cardiovascular medical device failure by examining whether adverse event reports per week attributed to different cardiovascular devices changed significantly during the pandemic. By using data from FDA’s MAUDE database, we compared weekly rates of adverse event reports over the course of three years attributed to each of four devices: ‘Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator (Non-CRT)’, ‘Coronary Drug-Eluting Stent’, ‘Aortic Valve, Prosthesis, Percutaneously Delivered’, and ‘Heart Valve, Non-Allograft Tissue’. Specifically, we looked at trends per week for the adverse events 'Malfunction’, ‘Injury’, and ‘Death’ for March 2018-March 2019, the pre-pandemic year of March 2019-March 2020, and the pandemic year March 2020-March 2021. We report a 46% decrease in reported deaths attributed to ICDs, a 27% decrease in reported injuries attributed to coronary DES, a 107% increase in reported deaths and a 45% increase in reported malfunctions attributed to percutaneous aortic valve prostheses, as well as a 27% decrease in reported injuries attributed to non-allograft tissue heart valves (all comparisons pandemic to pre-pandemic). That these four cardiovascular medical devices did not homogeneously increase or decrease suggests that changing care patterns that differently affected each device were the root of these trends, rather than a broader factor like underreporting which one would expect to affect the devices similarly.
Selection of Low Friction Material for Novel Single Incision, Free Motion Laparoscopic Surgical System
Authors: Galvin Samson , Yanalitis Rachael , Winder Joshua , Haluck Randy , von Lockette Paris , Moore Jason
Published: May 2022

Laparoscopic surgery is a common minimally invasive procedure typically used in intestinal surgery. Several small incisions are made to allow specialized instruments to be inserted and operated in an inflated abdomen. There is limited mobility in these procedures and additional training must be completed for surgeons to become proficient. To increase the freedom of motion and reduce the required skill for the surgeon, the novel single incision, free motion (SIFM) laparoscopic surgical system is introduced. This device will allow for free motion of the tools with a single incision inside the body, using electromagnets, hydraulic, and motor actuation. Using a low friction material, an electromagnet on the outside of the skin translates the tool inside the body. Hydraulic and motor actuation allows for further control of the tool under the skin by tilting, extending and retraction. Experimentation was performed to measure the frictional forces of different materials gliding over porcine skin tissue. The results show that of the tested materials, Teflon performed the best with high consistency and low coefficients of friction across a range of pressures. Future work will explore magnetic force and actuation to work with the low friction materials of SIFM.
Motion Based Feedback System for Endotracheal Intubation
Authors: Sturgeon Ashley , Sarraf Elie , Moore Jason
Published: May 2022

Endotracheal intubation is a common procedure that is performed for patients who are unable to adequately breathe. This procedure is often more successful when performed inside a hospital, but there are emergency situations that require out of hospital intubations. For both in-hospital and out of hospital, the statistics for flawed and failed intubation attempts are high. The primary risk associated with prolonged and failed intubation attempts are hypoxia leading to brain injury and death. To mitigate these risks, a motion-based feedback training system is proposed. Experimentation is performed to track the position of a laryngoscope during a manikin intubation. It was found that during intubation there was a significant range of motion in the x direction up to 120 and 114 mm. Also, it was found that for one trial the tortuosity value was significantly higher at 75. Overall results show that significant delicate movements are necessary, and that user movement varied between cases.
Designing a Murine Model of Human Glioblastoma Brain Tumor: Development of a Platform for Validation Using Ultrasound Elastography
Authors: Mess Griffin , Thombre Rasika , Kerensky Max , Curry Eli , Aghabaglou Fariba , Alomari Safwan , Brem Henry , Theodore Nicholas , Tyler Betty , Manbachi Amir
Published: May 2022

Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is a malignant brain cancer with low overall survival. Therefore, researchers are looking to augment its current therapeutic regimen, which includes surgical tumor resection, chemotherapy and radiation. A promising treatment modality, focused ultrasound, has been used as a non-invasive treatment for GBM through multiple approaches such as thermal ablation, immunomodulation, and blood brain barrier disruption. In order to develop these treatments for clinical trials, testing in animal models needs to be performed to investigate the efficacy of the treatment in complex biological environments, as well as to evaluate any side-effects. The more biologically relevant the animal model is to human anatomy, the more applicable the results will be for translation to clinical trials. Here, we report a human GBM rat model, which utilizes an IDH-wildtype, EGFRvIII mutant patient-derived xenograft in athymic rats. The in vivo tumor growth rate was assessed over a period of 20 days to evaluate reproducibility and to develop the model for future testing of FUS in the treatment of GBM.
Assessment of Task and Joint-Based Exoskeleton Designs for Elbow Joint Rehabilitation
Authors: Delgado Pablo , Jaradat Lieth , Yihun Yimesker
Published: May 2022

Exoskeletons and robots have been used as a common practice to assist and automate rehabilitation exercises. Exoskeleton fitting and alignments are important factors and challenges that need to be addressed for smooth and safe operations and better outcomes. Such challenges often dictate the exoskeleton design approaches. Some focus on simplifying and mimicking human joints (joint-based) while others have a focus on a specific task (task-based), which does not need to align with the corresponding limb joint/s to generate the desired anatomical motion. In this study, the two design approaches are assessed in an elbow flexion-extension task. The muscle responses have been collected and compared with and without the exoskeletons. Based on 6 with no disability participants, the normalized Electromyography (EMG) RMS values are plotted. The plot profiles and magnitudes are used as a base to assess the exoskeleton alignment. For this specific task, the task-based exoskeleton has shown a profile closer to the one without exoskeleton with a relatively identical support as the joint-based one; the latter is evidenced through most subjects’ muscle response magnitudes. This preliminary data has shown a good methodology and insight towards the assessment of exoskeletons, but more human subject data is needed with different task combinations to further strengthen the findings.
Optimization of Small-Scale Hydraulic Structures for Powered Exoskeletons
Authors: Bies Jeffrey J , Durfee William
Published: May 2022

Generative design is an optimization process that is well-suited for various applications in fluid power, including untethered assistive technology exoskeletons powered through hydraulics. While generative design is capable of improving factors such as efficiency, system weight, and surface temperatures, there are currently no solutions that can address these factors simultaneously. The long-range goal of this research is to develop a multiphysics generative design process that combines solid mechanics, fluid mechanics, and heat transfer into a single algorithm to produce designs for high-pressure hydraulic systems that also provide structural support against external loads and passive cooling all in a single integrated structure. To create a generative design algorithm, a Python pipeline was constructed to interface with existing software applications to iterate through geometry creation, meshing, finite volume method, and sensitivity analysis. The pipeline was validated using a simplified case study of pressurized fluid flow through a pipe with a 90-degree bend where the flow path was modified between a fixed inlet and outlet to reduce pressure drop by 37.2±0.4%, corresponding directly to a reduction in battery size and, therefore, system weight. Future work will use multiphysics sensitivity analysis and machine learning to inform the iterative geometry refinement.