bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrative Analysis of Transcriptomics and Proteomics for Screening Genes and Regulatory Networks Associated with Lambda-Cyhalothrin Resistance in the Plant Bug Lygus pratensis Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Chen Jing , Huo Zhi-Jia , Sun Fei-Long , Zhang Li-Qi , Han Hai-Bin , Zhu Jiang , Tan Yao
Published: February 2025

The prolonged use of pyrethroid insecticides for controlling the plant bug Lygus pratensis has led to upward resistance. This study aims to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and potential regulatory pathways associated with lambda-cyhalothrin resistance in L. pratensis. In this study, we constructed a regulatory network by integrating transcriptome RNA-Seq and proteome iTRAQ sequencing analyses of one lambda-cyhalothrin-susceptible strain and two resistant strains, annotating key gene families associated with detoxification, identifying differentially expressed genes and proteins, screening for transcription factors involved in the regulation of detoxification metabolism, and examining the metabolic pathways involved in resistance. A total of 82,919 unigenes were generated following the assembly of transcriptome data. Of these, 24,859 unigenes received functional annotations, while 1064 differential proteins were functionally annotated, and 1499 transcription factors belonging to 64 distinct transcription factor families were identified. Notably, 66 transcription factors associated with the regulation of detoxification metabolism were classified within the zf-C2H2, Homeobox, THAP, MYB, bHLH, HTH, HMG, and bZIP families. Co-analysis revealed that the CYP6A13 gene was significantly up-regulated at both transcriptional and translational levels. The GO and KEGG enrichment analyses revealed that the co-up-regulated DEGs and DEPs were significantly enriched in pathways related to sphingolipid metabolism, Terpenoid backbone biosynthesis, ABC transporters, RNA transport, and peroxisome function, as well as other signaling pathways involved in detoxification metabolism. Conversely, the co-down-regulated DEGs and DEPs were primarily enriched in pathways associated with Oxidative phosphorylation, Fatty acid biosynthesis, Neuroactive ligand–receptor interactions, and other pathways pertinent to growth and development. The results revealed a series of physiological and biochemical adaptations exhibited by L. pratensis during the detoxification metabolism related to lambda-cyhalothrin resistance. This work provided a theoretical basis for further analysis of the molecular regulation mechanism underlying this resistance.
Potential MRI Biomarkers for Predicting Kidney Function and Histological Damage in Transplanted Deceased Donor Kidney Recipients
Authors: Bura Andrejus , Stonciute-Balniene Gintare , Banisauskaite Audra , Velickiene Laura , Bumblyte Inga Arune , Jankauskas Antanas , Vaiciuniene Ruta
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Kidney transplantation (kTx) is the preferred treatment for end-stage kidney disease. Limited evaluation of structural changes in transplanted kidneys hinders the timely prediction of disease progression and the implementation of treatment modifications. Protocol biopsies provide valuable insights but are invasive and carry risks of biopsy-related complications. This study investigates whether multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), including T1 and T2 mapping and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), can predict kidney function and the progression of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IF/TA) in the early post-transplant period. Methods: A prospective study was conducted at The Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kauno Klinikos from May 2022 to March 2024. Thirty-four patients receiving kidney transplants from deceased donors underwent baseline biopsies and post-transplant MRI scans. Follow-up assessments included kidney function evaluation, biopsies, and MRI scans at three months post-transplant. Results: Significant correlations were observed between MRI parameters and kidney function: T1 and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) corticomedullary differentiation (CMD) correlated with eGFR at discharge (r = −0.338, p = 0.05; r = 0.392, p = 0.022, respectively). Linear and logistic regression models demonstrated that post-transplant T1 and ADC CMD values significantly predicted kidney function at discharge. Furthermore, T1 CMD values measured 10–15 days post-transplant predicted IF/TA progression at three months post-kTx, with an area under the curve of 0.802 (95% CI: 0.616–0.987, p = 0.001) and an optimal cut-off value of −149.71 ms. The sensitivity and specificity were 0.818 and 0.273, respectively (Youden’s index = 0.545). T2 mapping was not predictive. Conclusions: This study highlights the potential immediate clinical utility of MRI-derived biomarkers, particularly ADC and T1 CMD, in centers equipped with advanced imaging capabilities as tools for assessing kidney function in the early post-transplant period. With an AUROC of 0.802, T1 CMD demonstrates strong discriminatory power for predicting IF/TA progression early in the post-transplant period.
Preventing Oral Dual Biofilm Development with Innovative Bioactive Varnishes
Authors: Costa Tainá de Lima , Puppin-Rontani Regina Maria , de Castilho Aline Rogéria Freire
Published: February 2025

This study introduces innovative varnishes incorporating natural bioactive compounds to inhibit the formation of oral dual biofilms, a critical contributor to dental caries and other oral diseases. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of bioactive varnishes containing tt-farnesol, quercetin, and theobromine in inhibiting the formation of mixed Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans biofilms. Mixed biofilms of Streptococcus mutans UA159 and Candida albicans SC5314 were grown in 96-well plates containing a specialized culture medium. Approximately 0.2 mL of experimental varnishes with A—1.5% or B—4.5% concentrations of tt-farnesol, quercetin, and theobromine were separately added to the wells using a disposable applicator, with a vehicle varnish (lacking bioactives) serving as the control. Biofilms were incubated at 37 °C with 5% CO2 for 24 h. Microbial viability was determined in terms of colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL), and biofilm morphology was evaluated qualitatively via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA/Tukey tests at a 5% significance level. Varnishes A and B achieved significant reductions in microbial populations within the biofilms (p < 0.05) compared to the vehicle control (C). SEM imaging revealed marked structural disruptions in the biofilms, validating the quantitative results. Higher bioactive concentrations demonstrated enhanced inhibitory effects. Bioactive varnishes enriched with theobromine, quercetin, and tt-farnesol represent a novel and effective strategy for inhibiting oral dual biofilm development, offering a promising advancement in preventive dentistry.
Experimental Study of the Wave Effects on a Ducted Twin Vertical Axis Tidal Turbine Wake Development
Authors: Linant Robin , Saouli Yanis , Germain Grégory , Maurice Guillaume
Published: February 2025

Horizontal-axis turbines have been well-studied; however, there is a serious lack of information on the behaviour of vertical-axis turbines under unsteady operating conditions. Among unsteady flows, waves can cause significant mechanical fatigue and modify the flow downstream of the tidal turbines. Consequently, this paper aims to characterize the effects of waves on the hydrodynamic performance and wake development of a 1/20 scale model of a ducted twin vertical axis 1 MW-rated demonstrator. Power measurements were taken from the turbine and the velocity measurements downstream of the machine using a three-component Laser Doppler Velocimeter. The results show that, in the presence of waves, the mean wake characteristics present greater average height and width compared to the current-only condition. Moreover, the wake recovery happens faster downstream due to the sheared wake region homogenization, induced by the presence of higher intensity vortices. Through the Turbulence Kinetic Energy estimation, we also observe some increased fluctuations around the turbine and close to the free surface due to the presence of waves.
ChatGPT Research: A Bibliometric Analysis Based on the Web of Science from 2023 to June 2024
Authors: Koo Malcolm
Published: February 2025

ChatGPT, or Chat Generative Pre-trained Transformer, developed by OpenAI, is a versatile chatbot known for generating human-like text responses. Since its launch in November 2022, it has sparked interest and debate. This bibliometric study aimed to explore ChatGPT-related publications using the Web of Science database from 2023 to June 2024. Original articles in English were retrieved on 24 June 2024, using the topic field “ChatGPT”. Citation records were analyzed using bibliometrix 4.1 and VOSviewer 1.6.20. Between January 2023 and 24 June 2024, 3231 original articles on ChatGPT were published in 1404 journals, with an average citation rate of 5.6 per article. The United States led with 877 articles, followed by China and India. The University of California System, Harvard University, and the State University System of Florida were the most prolific institutions. Keyword co-occurrence network analysis revealed the interdisciplinary nature of ChatGPT research, particularly contributions in healthcare, education, and technology. In conclusion, this bibliometric analysis identified critical areas of ChatGPT research focus, such as applications in educational settings and its ethical implications. These findings are crucial for fostering further advancements that leverage ChatGPT’s capabilities while mitigating its risks.
Land-Use Transformation and Its Eco-Environmental Effects of Production–Living–Ecological Space Based on the County Level in the Yellow River Basin
Authors: Jia Jia , Jiang Enhui , Tian Shimin , Qu Bo , Li Jieyu , Hao Lingang , Liu Chang , Jing Yongcai
Published: February 2025

The Yellow River Basin (YRB) serves as a critical ecological functional and economic zone in China. However, due to the rapid economic and social development, the YRB has encountered dual pressure from the anthropogenic disturbances and climate change, leading to intensified conflicts among production, living, and ecological spaces (PLES). In this study, we examined the spatiotemporal evolution pattern and transition mode of the PLES from 1980 to 2020 at the county level, evaluated the eco-environmental effects, and identified the key driving factors. The results indicate that land-use changes in the YRB are marked by a continuous increase in living space, while ecological spaces initially decreased before increasing, and production spaces initially increased before decreasing, with the year 2000 serving as a pivotal point in these transitions. At the county level, land-use transformations in the YRB have significant spatial differentiation. The north region of the Hu Line is predominantly characterized by a reduction in ecological space, whereas the south primarily exhibits declines in production space and increases in living space in the downstream region. Consequently, the environmental quality index (EQI) also exhibits a trend of an initial decline followed by an increase. Frequent mutual conversions between production and ecological spaces influenced by major national ecological conservation policies after 2000, as well as pressure from living spaces on production spaces influenced by population and GDP growth, have been the primary manifestations of spatial transformation in the region. These findings suggest that with the implementation of appropriate governance measures, exploring the transformation of PLES at a finer county level can provide a clearer pattern of spatiotemporal changes, supporting detailed basin management for sustainable development.
Spent Mushroom Substrate-Derived Biochar and Its Applications in Modern Agricultural Systems: An Extensive Overview
Authors: Aiduang Worawoot , Jatuwong Kritsana , Kiatsiriroat Tanongkiat , Kamopas Wassana , Tiyayon Pimsiri , Jawana Rotsukon , Xayyavong Orlavanh , Lumyong Saisamorn
Published: February 2025

Spent mushroom substrate (SMS), a nutrient-dense byproduct of mushroom cultivation, has emerged as a promising feedstock for biochar production, offering a sustainable solution to modern agricultural and environmental challenges. This review explores SMS properties, its conversion into biochar, and its various applications. Due to its lignocellulosic structure, high organic matter (OM), and essential nutrients, SMS is ideal for pyrolysis, a process that enhances biochar’s porosity, nutrient retention, and carbon stability. These properties improve soil fertility, water retention, microbial activity, and plant growth while also contributing to climate change mitigation through carbon sequestration. SMS-derived biochar stands out for its superior benefits, including a balanced pH, a rich nutrient profile, and the ability to adsorb heavy metals, which mitigates soil and water contamination and minimizes toxic risks in the food chain. By enhancing soil structure, nutrient cycling, and moisture retention, SMS-derived biochar supports sustainable farming practices that reduce chemical fertilizer use and boost climate resilience. Beyond soil applications, SMS-derived biochar is effective in wastewater treatment, mitigating plant diseases, and improving mushroom cultivation substrates, thereby enhancing mycelial growth and productivity. Economically, it is a cost-effective alternative due to the abundant availability and inexpensive nature of SMS. Nevertheless, challenges still exist, particularly in optimizing production methods and ensuring consistency in biochar properties, influenced by variations in pyrolysis conditions and SMS types. Advances in production technology and sustainable practices are vital for scaling up SMS-derived biochar production. This paper emphasizes the transformative potential of SMS-derived biochar, advocating for its integration into circular economy frameworks and sustainable agricultural systems. Recommendations for future research and policy support are provided to maximize the ecological and economic benefits of SMS-derived biochar, fostering its widespread adoption in global agricultural and environmental strategies.
Parametric Structure Optimization Design of High-Pressure Abrasive Water Jet Nozzle Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics-Discrete Element Method (CFD-DEM)
Authors: Wu Lin , Zou Xiang , Guo Yuan , Fu Liandong
Published: February 2025

High-pressure abrasive water jet (HP-AWJ) cutting is a prominent technology for processing a wide variety of materials. The structural parameters of the nozzle are important for the cutting performance of the HP-AWJ. This paper combines an abrasive particle kinetic energy model and a wall wear model of the nozzle to determine the multi-phase flow of a HP-AWJ nozzle. The flow field structure of the nozzle was optimized using a parametric multi-objective structure optimization design method. A Multi-Objective Heat Transfer Search (MOHTS) was utilized to generate the corresponding mathematical regression model for multiple response results, and the optimal solution sets of Pareto values were further obtained. The optimal HP-AWJ structural parameters could be selected according to the weight influence of multiple response indicators.
Tribological Assessment of Synthetic Grease (PDPLG-2) Derived from Partially Degraded Low-Density Polyethylene Waste
Authors: Dave Divyeshkumar , Vaidya Yati , Chauhan Kamlesh , Rawal Sushant , Khimani Ankurkumar , Chaki Sunil
Published: February 2025

This study focuses on addressing the pressing challenge of reusing plastic in an eco-friendly manner. This research aimed to produce synthetic grease through an environmentally friendly pyrolysis technique, utilizing 69% predegraded low-density polyethylene (LDPE) combined with visible-light-working TiO2 thin film, protein-coated TiO2 NPs, and Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria in a batch reactor. The optimized conditions of temperature (500 °C) and heating time (2 h) resulted in the creation of 166 gm of partially degraded polyethylene grease 2 (PDPLG2) with National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI 2) grade consistency. PDPLG2 grease exhibits a wide-range dropping point of 280 °C and effectively maintains lubrication under high friction and stress loads, thereby preventing wear. Thermal analysis using TG and DSC validated the grease’s stability up to 280 °C, with minimal degradation beyond this point. Taguchi analysis using substance, sliding speed, and load as factors identified the ideal process parameters as aluminum, 1500 rpm, and 150 N, respectively. The present study revealed that sliding speed has the greatest impact, contributing 31.74% to the coefficient of friction (COF) and 11.28% to wear, followed by material and load. Comparative tribological analysis with commercially available grease (NLGI2) demonstrated that PDPLG2 grease outperforms NLGI2 grease. Overall, this innovative eco-friendly approach presents PDPLG2 as a promising alternative lubricant with improved anti-wear and friction properties, while also contributing significantly to plastic waste reduction.
Investigation of Fracture Characteristics and Energy Evolution Laws of Model Tunnels with Different Shapes Subjected to Impact Load
Authors: Nie Fukuan , Zhang Xuepeng , Zhou Lei , Wang Haohan , Hua Jian , Liu Bang , Feng Bo
Published: February 2025

To investigate dynamic fracture characteristics and failure behavior of different sections of tunnel surrounding rock mass, six kinds of model tunnels were fabricated using green sandstone, and impact tests were performed using a split Hopkinson pressure bar system. The dynamic compressive strength and energy change behaviors of samples comprising different-shaped tunnels were assessed, and crack propagation paths were analyzed employing a digital image correlation method. Numerical calculations were carried out using the software LS-DYNA (v. 2021R1), and the dynamic stress concentration factors of different model tunnel samples were determined. The results of the research indicated that the shape of the tunnel affected the dynamic compressive strength. The elliptical tunnel had the smallest percentage of dissipated energy, and the three-centered circular tunnel had the largest percentage of dissipated energy. The maximum tensile stress concentration factor in the model tunnels consistently occurred at the top or bottom; so, the locations of initiation were most commonly at the bottoms and tops of the tunnels. Sample failure resulted from a combination of tensile and shear cracks, with the failure mode being primarily tensile-dominated. Finally, the inverted arch had an obvious alleviating action on the stress concentration phenomenon at the bottom of the three-centered circle.
Effect of Grain Size on Thermophysical Properties in Twinning-Induced Plasticity Steel
Authors: Hwang Joong-Ki
Published: February 2025

This study investigated the thermophysical properties of TWIP steel with respect to grain size. The coefficient of thermal expansion (β) of TWIP steel was approximately 22.4 × 10−6 °C−1, and this value was hardly affected by the grain size. Therefore the density of TWIP steel was also unaffected by grain size within the tested range. The β in TWIP steel was higher than that of plain carbon steels (13–15 × 10−6 °C−1) such as interstitial free (IF) steel and low-carbon steel, and stainless steels (18–21 × 10−6 °C−1) such as X10NiCrMoTiB1515 steel and 18Cr-9Ni-2.95Cu-0.58Nb-0.1C steel. The specific heat capacity (cp) increased with temperature because the major factor affecting cp is the lattice vibrations. As the temperature increases, atomic vibrations become more active, allowing the material to store more thermal energy. Meanwhile, cp slightly increased with increasing grain size since grain boundaries can suppress lattice vibrations and reduce the material’s ability to store thermal energy. The thermal conductivity (k) in TWIP steel gradually increased with temperature, consistent with the behavior observed in other high-alloy metals. k slightly increased with grain size, especially at lower temperatures, due to the increased grain boundary scattering of free electrons and phonons. This trend aligns with the Kapitza resistance model. While TWIP steel with refined grains exhibited higher yield and tensile strengths, this came with a decrease in total elongation and k. Thus, optimizing grain size to enhance both mechanical and thermal properties presents a challenge. The k in TWIP steel was substantially lower compared with that of plain carbon steels such as AISI 4340 steel, especially at low temperatures, due to its higher alloy content. At room temperature, the k of TWIP steels and plain carbon steels were approximately 13 W/m°C and 45 W/m°C, respectively. However, in higher temperature ranges where face centered cubic structures are predominant, the difference in k of the two steels became less pronounced. At 800 °C, for example, TWIP and plain carbon steels exhibited k values of approximately 24 W/m°C and 29 W/m°C, respectively.
Innovative Hemp Shive-Based Bio-Composites, Part II: The Effect of the Phase Change Material (PCM) Additive on Characteristics of Modified Potato Starch Binders
Authors: Vitola Laura , Pundiene Ina , Pranckevičienė Jolanta , Bajare Diana
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the effect of phase change materials (PCM) on the properties of modified potato starch binders and hemp shive-based bio-composites, emphasizing their potential for sustainable construction applications. PCM-modified binders have shown reduced viscosity during gelatinization, enhancing their workability and uniformity during processing. A microstructural analysis reveals that PCM addition results in a denser and more cohesive binder network, leading to improved adhesion and reduced porosity. A thermal analysis demonstrates a shift to higher decomposition temperatures and a linear increase in specific heat capacity within the PCM phase-change range (20–30 °C), significantly enhancing the thermal storage capacity of the bio-composites. PCM addition improves compressive strength by up to twice, with optimal performance achieved at 8% PCM additive content. The prolonged cooling time, up to three times longer in bio-composites with PCM additive, highlights their effectiveness in thermal regulation. Additionally, bio-composites with a PCM additive exhibits increased bulk density and reduced water swelling, improving dimensional stability. These findings underline the dual benefits of enhanced thermal and mechanical performance in bio-composites with a PCM additive, making them a viable alternative to conventional building materials.
Reshaping Load-Dependent Mesh Excitation Waveforms of Spur Gears—An Analytical Framework on Tip Relief Modeling and Design
Authors: Zheng Xingyuan , Zhu Weidong , Li Gang , Hu Yumei
Published: February 2025

Tip relief is a critical design feature of modern spur gears, aimed at improving dynamic performance through a typical design strategy involving peak-to-peak minimization of mesh excitations. However, due to the hyperstatic nature of simultaneous tooth engagements, the applied torque not only affects mesh deformation amplitudes as normally considered but also alters mesh excitation waveforms, leaving great challenges for the typical design to meet various operating conditions. This paper develops an analytical framework to reshape mesh excitation waveforms, aimed at flexibly reducing vibration intensities across different operating loads and speeds. The load-dependency of excitation harmonics with tip relief is efficiently characterized by an improved analytical mesh excitation model. A tip relief design method is proposed, which automatically recombines harmonic contents of mesh excitations to adapt target operating speeds. Comparisons with finite element models and experiments confirmed the accuracies of quasi-static and dynamic analyses. Parametric studies and application examples further demonstrate the acceptable feasibility and effectiveness of the present method.
Selective Reviews of Bandit Problems in AI via a Statistical View
Authors: Zhou Pengjie , Wei Haoyu , Zhang Huiming
Published: February 2025

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a widely researched area in artificial intelligence that focuses on teaching agents decision-making through interactions with their environment. A key subset includes multi-armed bandit (MAB) and stochastic continuum-armed bandit (SCAB) problems, which model sequential decision-making under uncertainty. This review outlines the foundational models and assumptions of bandit problems, explores non-asymptotic theoretical tools like concentration inequalities and minimax regret bounds, and compares frequentist and Bayesian algorithms for managing exploration–exploitation trade-offs. Additionally, we explore K-armed contextual bandits and SCAB, focusing on their methodologies and regret analyses. We also examine the connections between SCAB problems and functional data analysis. Finally, we highlight recent advances and ongoing challenges in the field.
Improved Hadamard Decomposition and Its Application in Data Compression in New-Type Power Systems
Authors: Ding Zhi , Ji Tianyao , Li Mengshi
Published: February 2025

The proliferation of renewable energy sources, flexible loads, and advanced measurement devices in new-type power systems has led to an unprecedented surge in power signal data, posing significant challenges for data management and analysis. This paper presents an improved Hadamard decomposition framework for efficient power signal compression, specifically targeting voltage and current signals which constitute foundational measurements in power systems. First, we establish theoretical guarantees for decomposition uniqueness through orthogonality and non-negativity constraints, thereby ensuring consistent and reproducible signal reconstruction, which is critical for power system applications. Second, we develop an enhanced gradient descent algorithm incorporating adaptive regularization and early stopping mechanisms, achieving superior convergence performance in optimizing the Hadamard approximation. The experimental results with simulated and field data demonstrate that the proposed scheme significantly reduces data volume while maintaining critical features in the restored data. In addition, compared with other existing compression methods, this scheme exhibits remarkable advantages in compression efficiency and reconstruction accuracy, particularly in capturing transient characteristics critical for power quality analysis.
Discovery of MK8383s with Antifungal Activity from Mangrove Endophytic Fungi Medicopsis sp. SCSIO 40440 Against Fusarium Wilt of Banana
Authors: Zhou Tianyu , Qiao Yulei , Wang Lu , Li Zifeng , Zhang Haibo , Zhang Liping , Liao Shengrong , Li Minhui , Zhang Changsheng , Zhang Wenjun
Published: February 2025

Fusarium wilt of banana (FWB), caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) tropical race 4 (TR4), poses a severe threat to the global banana industry. The screening of endophytic fungi from the mangrove plant led to the identification of Medicopsis sp. SCSIO 40440, which exhibited potent antifungal activity against Fusarium. The further fraction of the extract yielded ten compounds, including MK8383 (1) and nine new analogues, MK8383s B-J (2–10). The structures of 1–10 were elucidated using extensive spectroscopic data and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. In vitro antifungal assays revealed that 1 showed strongly antifungal activities against Foc TR4, with an EC50 of 0.28 μg/mL, surpassing nystatin and hygromycin B (32 and 16 μg/mL, respectively). Pot experiments showed that 1 or spores of SCSIO 40440 could significantly reduce the virulence of Foc TR4 on Cavendish banana.
Incidence of and Risk Factors for Anti-PD-1/PD-L1- Associated Diarrhea and Colitis: A Retrospective Cohort Study of the Chinese Population
Authors: Chen Wei , Wang Yan , Zhao Mengyu , Zhang Hong , Zong Ye , Zhao Xinyan
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: The prevalence of and risk factors for immune checkpoint inhibitor-associated diarrhea and colitis (IMDC) in the Chinese population are unclear. This study aimed to estimate IMDC incidence and identify potential risk factors. Materials and Methods: We reviewed the electronic medical records from Beijing Friendship Hospital (2015–2022) to identify the patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. The primary outcome was IMDC occurrence. The demographics, cancer type, baseline labs, and concurrent medications were analyzed. The univariable and multivariable analyses validated the associated factors. Results: Among 1186 patients (median follow-up: 217 days), the IMDC incidence was 4.6%, with colitis at 0.67%. Digestive system tumors increased the IMDC risk (OR 2.79, 95% CI 1.42–5.75, p = 0.004), while platinum agents decreased it (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.21–0.78, p = 0.008). PPIs, antibiotics, NSAIDs, and glucocorticoids showed no significant association. Colitis was the third most common irAE, leading to ICI discontinuation (15.6%). Conclusions: IMDC prevalence is 4.6% in the Chinese population, the third most frequent irAE causing ICI discontinuation. Digestive tumors and platinum agents are risk and protective factors, respectively, while other medications show no significant impact.
Kinetics of Oxidation of Binary Ti-Cu Alloys in the 600–800 °C Temperature Range
Authors: Alqattan Fatemah , Yang Fei , Bolzoni Leandro
Published: February 2025

The oxidation behaviour of Ti alloys is a crucial aspect for structural components operating at high service temperature. The aim of this study is to identify the oxidation kinetics and mechanism of binary Ti-Cu alloys with a progressively higher amount of Cu with the alloys having a α + β lamellar structure. It is found that all the alloys followed a non-ideal (i.e., n ≠ 2) parabolic relationship, as controlled by anionic oxygen diffusion, with a distinct effect from both oxidation temperature and alloy chemistry. Specifically, faster oxidation kinetics are found both at higher temperatures and for higher Cu contents, resulting in the formation of thicker oxide scale layers. The oxidation mechanism primarily entails the formation of the stable TiO2 rutile polymorph. However, transitions through metastable phases (e.g., anatase) and texturing of rutile are also revealed as dictated by the composition of the alloy at specific oxidation temperature/time pairs.
Synthesis of Thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazoles in an Eco-Friendly L-Proline–Ethylene Glycol Mixture
Authors: Nguyễn Thiên Thuý Trang , Longevial Jean-François , Hesse Stéphanie
Published: February 2025

The hazardousness of solvents used in synthetic organic chemistry is well established. In this context, it is relevant to search for safer and greener alternatives. Within the last decades, deep eutectic solvents have been considered as possible and promising alternatives. Consequently, this study aims at using deep eutectic solvents to synthesize an emerging class of heteroaromatic compounds named thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazoles, for which interest is growing in the field of organics, electronics, and biology. To address this challenge, we developed a straightforward synthetic protocol consisting of condensing dithiooxamide and aromatic aldehyde in deep eutectic solvents to yield the desired thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole without further purification. The first hit was obtained with the well-known L-proline:glycerol (1:2) mixture at 130 °C. However, dithiooxamide is degraded under these conditions, leading to the formation of impurities that may arise from the consequent amount of reactive L-proline. Reaction conditions were optimized by modifying the deep eutectic solvent nature and proportions, applying various temperatures, changing the activation and heating source, or adding auxiliary oxidants. As a consequence, eight thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazoles were synthesized in equal or better yields (20 to 75%) than the reported procedure under safe and eco-friendly conditions in a mixture of L-proline and ethylene glycol (1:50) with sodium metabisulfite at 130 °C for one hour.
The Production and Characterization of an Aminolyzed Polyhydroxyalkanoate Membrane and Its Cytocompatibility with Osteoblasts
Authors: Luo Qiulan , Zou Fuming , Yang Dongjuan , Huang Yongping , Xian Dajie , Nie Ying , Zhang Zhenxia , Zheng Yuzhong , Liu Yaqun , Zhou Fei , Yang Peikui , Jiang Yuting , Huang Xianjing , Zou Xianghui
Published: February 2025

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), recognized as a medical biomaterial, have been proven to promote cell proliferation and tissue repair. PHA has a variety of forms: PHB, PHV, PHHx, and PHBHHx, etc. In this study, PHBHHx was selected as the precursor to fabricate biopolyester films. Specifically, a novel type of biopolyester film was generated through an ammonolysis cross-linking reaction in conjunction with polyamidoamine dendrimer G2.0 (PAMAM). The properties of the resultant biopolyester films were comprehensively evaluated, encompassing surface characteristics, amino group content, and water contact angle. The drug-loading properties and compatibility with osteoblasts of the biopolyester films were also determined. The findings revealed that following aminolysis, the biopolyester film surface exhibited enhanced roughness and an enlarged surface area. Moreover, as the aminolysis duration extended, the hydrophilicity and drug-loading efficiency were significantly augmented. Post-aminolysis, the PHBHHx membrane exhibited a more favorable environment for the adhesion and proliferation of osteoblasts. Overall, the biopolyester film developed in this study provides novel insights and materials for tissue engineering, especially bone tissue repair.
Profiling and Bioactivity of Polyphenols from the Omani Medicinal Plant Terminalia dhofarica (syn. Anogeissus dhofarica)
Authors: Kappen Jonas , Rashan Luay , Franke Katrin , Wessjohann Ludger A.
Published: February 2025

Several polyphenol-rich Terminalia species (Combretaceae) are known to accelerate wound healing. Recently, the Omani medicinal plant Anogeissus dhofarica (now Terminalia dhofarica) was attributed to the genus Terminalia based on phylogenetic studies. Leaves, bark, and extracts of T. dhofarica are traditionally used for various medicinal purposes, including wound treatment and personal hygiene. In the present study, the phytochemical profile of leaves from T. dhofarica was evaluated by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-HRMS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Simple phenolics, polyphenolics (e.g., flavonoids and tannins) and their glucosides were characterized as major metabolite classes. In addition, 20 phenolics were isolated and structurally identified. Nine of these compounds were never described before for T. dhofarica. For the first time, we provide complete NMR data for 1-O-galloyl-6-O-p-coumaroyl-d-glucose (1). Biological screening demonstrated moderate efficacy against the Gram-negative bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri, the phytopathogenic fungus Septoria tritici, and the oomycete Phytophthora infestans. In summary, the data expand the knowledge of the phytochemistry of the underexplored species T. dhofarica and underscore its potential for therapeutic applications, particularly in the context of traditional medicine.
Diesel Particulate Matter (DPM)-Induced Metabolic Disruption in Mice Is Mitigated by Sodium Copper Chlorophyllin (SCC)
Authors: Radford Jack H. , Evans Ethan P. , Edwards Isaac T. , Arroyo Juan A. , Bikman Benjamin T. , Reynolds Paul R.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: The increasing prevalence of metabolic disorders underscores the need for effective interventions to mitigate environmental stressors such as diesel particulate matter (DPM), a major urban air pollutant. DPM is composed of fine carbonaceous particles that can induce systemic inflammation. This phenomenon results in metabolic dysfunction such as adipocyte hypertrophy, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial impairment in body tissues. Methods: This study investigated the impact of DPM exposure on murine lung, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissues and evaluated the protective effects of supplementation with sodium copper chlorophyllin (SCC). Results: Compared to controls, DPM-exposed mice exhibited significantly elevated oxidative stress markers (* p ≤ 0.05), systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6, and IL-1β (* p ≤ 0.05), and adipocyte hypertrophy of both subcutaneous and visceral fat depots, supporting prior findings of DPM-induced metabolic dysfunction. SCC supplementation restored pulmonary ATP levels (* p ≤ 0.05), significantly reduced ROS production in lung and muscle tissue (* p ≤ 0.05), and significantly attenuated DPM-induced inflammatory cytokine secretion (* p ≤ 0.05), while lessening DPM-induced adipocyte hypertrophy. Conclusions: These effects highlight the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of SCC, which likely mitigates systemic metabolic compromise by modulating mitochondrial function and inflammatory pathways. This study further demonstrated that SCC supplementation may be an effective intervention for alleviating the adverse effects of DPM exposure on metabolic and inflammatory compromise. Additional research may clarify a role for SCC in reducing systemic health risks associated with air pollution and offer a foundation for future translational research in human populations exposed to environmental pollutants.
Chemical Composition, Biological Activity, and Potential Uses of Oregano (Origanum vulgare L.) and Oregano Essential Oil
Authors: Nurzyńska-Wierdak Renata , Walasek-Janusz Magdalena
Published: February 2025

Medicinal aromatic plants (MAPs) are a rich and diverse source of traditional and modern medicines. Aromatic plants contain valuable essential oils that exhibit numerous biological activities. Essential oils are used in pharmaceutical production, cosmetics, and food preservation to ensure the microbiological stability of products. Plants from the Lamiaceae family, including Origanum vulgare L., are a source of raw materials with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, and they can be utilized in the production of new drugs and other bioproducts. Oregano is an example of a plant with great potential, known for its traditional health-related and culinary applications and its growing significance in the production of medicines, cosmetics, antiseptics, and preservatives. This work aims to consolidate the current research results on the occurrence, acquisition, use, and medicinal and dietary value of common oregano and oregano essential oil. The obtained results indicate that oregano is a valuable medicinal and culinary plant, serving as a source of natural antiseptics and protective agents. Oregano essential oil, rich in thymol and carvacrol, has a number of health-promoting properties. These compounds (also present in extracts) exhibit significant antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiangiogenic, anticancer, and antimicrobial activities. The research findings highlight the promising role of these compounds as potential structures in the search for new antimicrobial and antibiofilm agents.
Development of an Innovative Dual Construct for Targeted Drug Delivery in the Oral Cavity
Authors: Mazzinelli Elena , Favuzzi Ilaria , Messina Marianna , Fratocchi Giorgia , Vincenzoni Federica , Santo Stefano Eleonora , Cecconi Francesco , Lajolo Carlo , Basco Alessia , Castagnola Raffaella , Cordaro Massimo , Scilla Francesco , Papa Valerio , Arcovito Alessandro , Cacciotti Ilaria , Nocca Giuseppina
Published: February 2025

Background: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the oral mucosa, classified among potentially malignant oral disorders (OPMDs). It is characterized by keratinocyte apoptosis and persistent inflammation. Standard treatments involve topical corticosteroids administered via mouthwashes, gels, or ointments, but these require frequent application, have limited retention, and may cause side effects. To address these limitations, this study aimed to develop an innovative dexamethasone delivery system targeting the oral cavity, based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) fibers coated with chitosan (CS) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles. Methods: CS-coated PLA fibers were characterized for their mucoadhesive and cytocompatibility properties, while PLGA nanoparticles were analyzed for size, shape, encapsulation efficiency, cellular uptake, drug release efficiency, and cytocompatibility. Results: Both polymers demonstrated cytocompatibility, and chitosan-coated PLA fibers exhibited mucoadhesive properties. PLGA nanoparticles were effectively internalized by the cells and successfully released the drug into the cytoplasm. The combination of CS-coated PLA fibers and PLGA nanoparticles provided dual benefits: mucoadhesion and efficient cellular uptake, even under conditions simulating salivation. Conclusions: These findings highlight the potential of the proposed system to improve mucoadhesive drug delivery. Further optimization is needed to enhance patient compliance and therapeutic efficacy.
Propagation Properties of Laguerre–Gaussian Beams with Three Variable Coefficient Modulations in the Fractional Schrödinger Equation
Authors: Hao Xinru , Liang Yong , Zou Min , Zhong Bin , Tan Chao
Published: February 2025

This article investigates the transmission characteristics of Laguerre–Gaussian (LG) beams under cosine modulation, power function modulation and linear modulation based on the variable coefficient fractional Schrödinger equation (FSE), respectively. In the absence of modulation, the LG beam undergoes diffraction-induced expansion as the transmission distance increases, with the degree of spreading increasing with a rising Lévy index. Under the cosine modulation, the evolution of the beam exhibits a periodic inversion, where the higher modulation frequency leads to a shorter oscillation period. The oscillation amplitude enlarges with a higher Lévy index and lower modulation frequency. When taking a power function modulation into account, the beam gradually evolves into a stable structure over propagation, with its width broadening with a growing Lévy index and modulation coefficient. In a linear modulation, the propagation of the LG beam forms a “trumpet-like” structure due to an accelerated diffraction effect. Notably, the transmission of the beam is not affected by the radial and azimuthal indices, but its ring number and phase singularity are changed correspondingly. The beam behaves in a similar evolutionary law under different modulations when the Lévy index is below 1. These findings offer valuable insights for applications in optical manipulation and communication.
An Improved Method for Agrobacterium-Mediated Genetic Transformation of Three Types of Lettuce
Authors: Roche Meghan C. , Liu Wusheng , Hernández Ricardo
Published: February 2025

Lettuce genetic transformation is genotype-dependent. In the present study, we have successfully developed an optimized Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol for elite lettuce cultivars, which belong to the romaine, leaf, and butterhead cultivar types. We optimized the type and concentration of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and selection antibiotics and found that the use of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA; 0.10 mg/L) and 6-benzyladenine (BA; 0.25 mg/L) as plant growth regulators, the use of hygromycin (15 mg/L) for transgenic plant selection, and the use of cotyledons and the first true leaf as explants efficiently yielded transformed plants for seven out of the eleven tested cultivars, achieving a 24.3–100% transformation efficiency. These seven cultivars include two romaine-type cultivars, three leaf-type cultivars, and two butterhead-type cultivars, and mark the first successful genetic transformation of the romaine cultivars ‘Kahu’ and ‘Rosalita’, the leaf cultivars ‘Red Sails’ and ‘Royal Oak Leaf’, and the butterhead cultivar ‘Lollo Biondo’. We also observed that substituting hygromycin selection with kanamycin selection (40 mg/L) resulted in a 64.3% transformation efficiency in the butterhead-type ‘Mariska’, one of the remaining four cultivars. Our newly optimized protocols are applicable in elite lettuce cultivars for Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation and regeneration, enabling hygromycin or kanamycin selection.
A Review of Key Technologies for Green and Low-Carbon Future Buildings in China
Authors: Xu Lei , Yu Dong , Zhou Jinyu , Jin Chaowu
Published: February 2025

Green and low-carbon transformation has become a global development theme. This paper provides a systematic survey of the literature related to key technologies for green and low-carbon future buildings, including the green design method system of low-carbon future buildings; the low-carbon future buildings construction system and green building materials; the low-carbon future buildings energy system; the low-carbon intelligent operation of buildings and carbon emission control in the operation stage; and the low-carbon future buildings assessment system. This paper analyzes and summarizes the whole chain of “carbon monitoring-carbon accounting-carbon assessment-carbon control” of the whole life cycle of buildings. We systematically surveyed the development overview and the latest development trend of scientific and technological innovation; the existing starting level of science and technology; and the existing intellectual property, competition, and industrialization prospects in each stage of the whole life cycle. We conducted an overall analysis of the characteristics, thematic context, and knowledge evolution of low-carbon future building-related research, both domestically and internationally; referring to the relevant standards and specifications for new types of buildings, such as green buildings, a preliminary theoretical framework for low-carbon future buildings is constructed from the perspective of the entire life cycle.
Optimizing Light Management in Bifacial Perovskite Solar Cells Using Silica-Based Anti-Dust and Anti-Reflection Coatings for Harsh Environments
Authors: Thomas Kevin , Rahman Ahasanur , Khandakar Amith , Chelvanathan Puvaneswaran , Aissa Brahim , Hossain Mohammad Istiaque
Published: February 2025

In this work, we demonstrate an advanced light management strategy for bifacial perovskite solar cells incorporating a silica-based anti-dust and anti-reflection (AR) coating. The silica layer provides dual functionality, enhancing optical efficiency through effective reflection suppression and protecting the solar cell surface from environmental contaminants, especially dust. The hydrophobic nature of the silica coating further prevents accumulation of dust and particulate matter, supporting a self-cleaning mechanism that maintains cell transparency and performance over extended periods. The simulation results indicated that transitioning from a monofacial to a bifacial design with a silica layer on top had a considerable impact on the PSC performance. The optimized bifacial structure demonstrated high-performance metrics, achieving a voltage of 1.35 V, a fill factor of 84.24%, a current density (JSC) of 29.10 mA/cm2, and a power conversion efficiency of 31.00% when illuminated from the electron transport layer side. When illuminated from the hole transport layer side, the structure attained an efficiency of 22.00% with a calculated bifaciality factor (BF) of 72.12%, highlighting the potential of bifacial PSC design. Our findings reveal that the addition of the silica layer led to a notable improvement in light harvesting efficiency.