bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
6‐Hydroxychroman‐2‐carboxylic acids: Novel antioxidants
Authors: Scott John W. , Cort Winifred M. , Harley Hampton , Parrish David R. , Saucy Gabriel
Published: May 2007

6‐Hydroxychroman‐2‐carboxylic acids (I) have been found to be effective antioxidants in animal fats, vegetable oils, and emulsion systems. Two new

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syntheses of these compounds have been developed. Structure‐activity correlations for I with various substitutents at C2, C5, C7, and C8 in various test systems have been obtained. In addition, the homologous chroman acetic acids, which are also antioxidants, and a number of other derived compounds have been synthesized. The most effective antioxidant in this series is the tetramethyl compound I (R2=R5=R7=R8=CH3). This compound has activity which compares well with the better commercial antioxidants.
Detection of adulteration of cottonseed oil by gas chromatography
Authors: Imai C. , Watanabe H. , Haga N. , Ii T.
Published: May 2007

To detect adulterant vegetable oils in cottonseed oil, soybean, rapeseed, and ricebran oils were mixed into cottonseed oil extracted experimentally from seeds. These adulterated oils and the component oils were analyzed for sterols, fatty acids, and triglycerides by gas chromatography. In sterol analysis, stigmasterol was determined for adulteration with soybean and ricebran oils. Brassicasterol content seemed to be reliable as the indicator of adulteration for rapeseed oil. In fatty acid analysis, erucic acid for rapeseed oil and linolenic acid for soybean and ricebran oils were proof of adulteration. Triglyceride analysis was not so reliable as sterol analysis for detecting contamination, except that triglycerides with carbon‐58, 60, and 62 indicate adulteration with rapeseed oil. Rapeseed oil (5%) and soybean and ricebran oils (10%) were the limits of detection for adulteration in cottonseed oil. Analysis of cottonseed oil from six refineries did not show positive indications of adulteration.
Kinetic investigation into glucose‐, fructose‐, and sucrose‐activated autoxidation of methyl linoleate emulsion
Authors: Mabrouk Ahmed Fahmy , Dugan L. R.
Published: May 2007

Autoxidation of methyl linoleate emulsions in aqueous phosphate buffer solutions in the presence of glucose, fructose, and sucrose has been studied by the rate of oxygen uptake. Oxidation rates increased with increasing concentration of sugars in the system. At comparable molar ratios of sugar to methyl linoleate the rate of oxidation in the presence of fructose was greater than with glucose which, in turn, was greater than with sucrose. Oxidation rates increased with pH until a maximum rate was reached at pH 8.00. There was less conjugation and more CO2 with fructose than with glucose at a comparable level of oxygen uptake and pH value. This suggested concurrent oxidation of methyl linoleate and sugars; fructose is the most readily oxidized of those studied.

Sugars seemed to be effective only in combination with the resulting methyl linoleate hydroperoxide. The effect of sugars rests in an activation of the decomposition of the linoleate hydroperoxide, and on the acceleration of the autocatalysis.

The activation energy values for the autoxidation of methyl linoleate emulsions in the presence of sucrose, glucose, and fructose are 14.9, 10.6, and 10.6 K. Cal./mol. at pH 5.50; 16.0, 10.8, and 10.4 K. Cal./mol. at pH 7.00; and 14.4, 10.2, and 8.8 K. Cal. at pH 8.00, respectively.

Addition of ascorbic acid to the system at zero time or after 2 hrs. increased oxygen absorption. It appeared that oxidized methyl linoleate caused co‐oxidation of the ascorbic acid. Additions of nordihydroguaiaretic acid, propyl gallate, and hydroquinone to the system were ineffective in stopping oxidation when they were added after oxidation had commenced. They reduced effectively the rate of oxidation when added at zero time.
Sulfur content of rapessed oils
Authors: Daun J. K. , Hougen F. W.
Published: May 2007

Sulfur contents in rapeseed oils were determined by reduction with Raney nickel, acidification, and titration of released H2S with mercuric acetate. The sulfur contents decreased with successive steps of industrial processing, i.e., crude oil, 17–31 ppm S; degummed, 16 ppm; alkali refined, 4–9 ppm; bleached, 3–5 ppm; and deodorized, <1 ppm. Laboratory‐extracted oil from sound seed contained no detectable sulfur, regardless of the glucosinolate content of the seed. Heating of the seed or addition of water to the seed prior to extraction increased the sulfur in the oil‐less, however, for low‐glucosinolate seed than for high‐glucosinolate seed. Laboratory‐extracted oils from green, frost‐damaged, and bin‐heated seed contained appreciable amounts of sulfur.
Preparation and solubility of metal soaps of wool wax acids
Authors: Noble Wilfred R. , Scanlan John T. , Eisner Abner
Published: May 2007

The preparation and solubility determination of the cupric, magnesium, nickel, cobalt, cadmium, lead, barium, manganous, ferric, and chromic soaps of the wool wax acid fraction are described. Solubilities, at 25Ŷ, were determined in: ethanol, methanol, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, ethyl acetate, carbon tetrachloride, and petroleum ether. Barium and cadmium soaps of hydroxy and nonhydroxy acid fractions, obtained by partitioning the whole wool wax acid fraction, were also prepared and subjected to the same study.
Sodium alkyl ॅ‐sulfopelargonates, C7H15CH(SO3Na)CO2R. Wetting and related properties
Authors: Stirton A. J. , Bistline R. G. , Weil J. K. , Ault Waldo C.
Published: May 2007

A series of sodium alkyl ॅ‐sulfopelargonates prepared from sodium ॅ‐sulfopelargonic acid and alcohols of from 2 to 12 carbon atoms were examined for surface active properties. Esters with the hydrophilic portion in the middle of the molecule, as in sodium hexyl, heptyl octyl, capryl (or 2‐octyl) and 2‐ethylhexyl ॅ‐sulfopelargonate were very efficient wetting agents with good foaming properties and a c.m.c. of from 2 to 7 millimoles per liter. The presence of the ॅ‐sulfo group inhibits hydrolysis of the ester linkage, apparently by steric hindrance. Sodium capryl ॅ‐sulfopelargonate, an ester of a secondary alcohol, was particularly stable to acid and alkaline hydrolysis. The esters are easily soluble in water, organic solvents and mineral oil.
Solvent‐blown, rigid urethane foams from low cost castor oil‐polyol mixtures
Authors: Lyon C. K. , Garrett Vilma H. , Goldblatt L. A.
Published: May 2007

The preparation of solvent‐blown rigid urethane foams from low cost castor oil‐polyol mixtures was investigated. Solutions of triisopropanolamine, and of mixtures of triisopropanolamine and triethanolamine in castor oil, were used as the polyol component of these foams. Foams were prepared by reacting these polyol mixtures, in the presence of catalyst, surfactant, and trichlorofluoromethane, with prepolymers prepared from toluenediisocyanate and certain polyether polyols or mixtures of these polyether polyols with castor oil. The effect of polyol and prepolymer composition and blowing agent concentration on such foam properties as density and compressive strength was investigated. The properties of the castor oil‐based foams were comparable to those of foams obtained from more costly polyols.
Use of silicones in frying oils
Authors: Freeman I. P. , Padley F. B. , Sheppard W. L.
Published: May 2007

Silicones (polydimethyl siloxanes) greatly increase the oxidative stability of an edible oil at high temperature. The effect is demonstrated here, using a thin layer chromatography technique to follow the oxidation of the oil. The minimum fully effective concentration corresponds to a monolayer of silicone on the air‐to‐oil surface. Using an atomic absorption technique, estimates have been made of the amount of silicone picked up on food fried in a silicone‐containing oil. When potato chips are fried in an oil containing 2 ppm silicone or more, the silicone content of the used oil is reduced to below 1 ppm and the surplus is taken up by the potato chips. In view of this pickup effect, and because only a very small amount of silicone is required to protect the oil, it is not desirable to use the silicone at levels higher than 2 ppm. Silicones should therefore be added in a controlled manner by the frying oil manufacturer.
Binary freezing‐point diagrams for alpha‐ and beta‐eleostearic acids with each other and with acetamide
Authors: Mod Robert R. , Skau Evald L. , Planck Ralph W.
Published: May 2007

Complete binary freezing‐point data have been obtained for each of the polymorphic modifications of acetamide with alpha‐eleostearic acid and beta‐eleostearic acid and for alpha‐eleostearic acid with beta‐eleostearic acid. In the light of previously published data the fact that all of these systems are of the simple eutectic type suggests that the tendency of the long‐chain fatty acids to form 1∶1 molecular compounds with acetamide and with each other decreases as the degree of unsaturation increases.

The fact that the heat of fusion of beta‐eleostearic acid, 13.2 kcal. per mole, calculated from the freezing‐point data is greater than that for the alpha acid, 10.5 kcal. per mole, corroborates the conclusion that the beta acid is the trans‐trans‐trans modification. Calculations of heats of fusion have been made, based upon all the available freezing‐point data in the literature for binary systems between pairs of C18 fatty acids of different degrees of unsaturation, and certain trends have been dsicussed.
The infrared spectra and the structural relationships between alpha‐ and beta‐eleostearic acids and their maleic anhydride adducts
Authors: Bickford W. G. , DuPré E. F. , Mack C. H. , O'Connor R. T.
Published: May 2007

The cis, trans, and positional configuration of alpha‐and beta‐eleostearic acids have been investigated. The maleic anhydride adducts of alpha‐and beta‐eleostearic acids were prepared and subjected to hydrogenation, selective epoxidation, and esterification. Two epoxy derivatives of the maleinated beta‐eleostearic acid were isolated and characterized. Infrared spectra of these maleic anhydride adducts and their various derivatives have been measured in the rock salt region, 2–12 microns. These infrared data together with chemical evidence have been used to confirm the structure of alpha‐eleostearic acid as 9‐cis, 11‐trans, 13‐trans octadecatrienoic acid and beta‐eleostearic acid as 9‐trans, 11‐trans, 13‐trans octadecatrienoic acid.

Complete infrared spectra are presented for authentic samples of alpha‐and beta‐tung oil, China wood oil, oiticica oil, and alpha‐and beta‐eleostearic acids. Infrared absorption curves are presented, including the maleic anhydride adducts of alpha‐and beta‐eleostearic acids, various derivatives of these adducts and the following reference compouds: maleic anhydride, dimethyl maleate, dimethyl fumarate, the butadiene‐maleic anhydride adduct and its dimethyl ester.
Methyl punicate,Alpha andBeta eleostearate.Cis, trans isomerism and structure
Authors: Tolberg W. E. , Paschke R. F. , Wheeler D. H.
Published: May 2007

Methyl esters ofbeta eleostearic,alpha eleostearic, and punicic acids have been isomerized with iodine and light to the same equilibrium mixture of 64%beta, 33%alpha, and 2.6% punicate structures. The course of isomerization is in agreement with the following structures:trans, trans, trans forbeta; cis, trans, trans foralpha; andcis, trans, cis for punicate, in agreement with structures provenvia synthesis by Crombie and Jackson. There is some theoretical and experimental evidence that the center double bond of this type of conjugated triene isomerizes less readily than the outer double bonds.
Manufacture and properties of synthetic toilet soaps
Authors: Hollstein M. , Spitz L.
Published: May 2007

The manufacture of syndet bars requires special machinery and somewhat different processing steps than those used for normal toilet soap production. Fully synthetic bars are higher priced specialty products which offer special properties not available in normal soaps. Syndet bars: are free from alkali; they can be neutral or adjusted to pH levels below 7; are used for skin problems; lather and clean very well at various water hardnesses without forming a curd or precipitate; are compatible with a large variety of additives; and use less perfume than normal soaps.
Carbon dioxide flooding for enhanced oil recovery: Promise and problems
Authors: Orr F. M. , Heller J. P. , Taber J. J.
Published: May 2007

Of the enhanced oil recovery methods currently being considered for application to many of the nation’s older oil fields, carbon dioxide flooding may offer the largest potential for additional oil recovery. The physical mechanisms by which CO2 contacts and mobilizes crude oil are reviewed. Influence on the displacement process of factors such as the phase behavior of CO2‐crude oil mixtures, swelling of oil by dissolved CO2, and reduction of oil viscosity are considered. Adverse effects of the viscous instability which occurs when very low viscosity CO2 displaces the more viscous oil and water are dicussed. Advantages and disadvantages of three potential methods for controlling the mobility of CO2 are reviewed: thickening CO2 with polymeric additives, reduction of CO2 mobility by high water saturations, and use of surfactants to generate foam‐like emulsions of water and CO2. Field experience to date and the recent surge in field activity are discussed. Finally, a brief assessment of the future of CO2 flooding research and practice is offered.
Solid nonionic surface‐active agents
Authors: Barker G. E. , Ranauto H. J.
Published: May 2007

Methods have been described for converting liquid nonionic surface‐active agents of the polyoxyethylene type to solid compositions by complexing with urea. It is shown how these solid products may be made in the form of free‐flowing powders, flakes, bars, pellets, or tablets.

The surface‐active properties of two commercial detergents based on this discovery are reported. Besides showing the excellent detergency of these products in washing artificially soiled cotton, it has been shown that they enhance the detergency of alkalibuilt sodium alkylaryl sulfonates in hard water.
Hygroscopic equilibrium of peanuts
Authors: Karon Melvin L. , Hillery Barbara E.
Published: May 2007

Summary and Conclusions

The hygroscopic equilibria and rates of attainment of hygroscopic equilibrium of freshly dug, naturally cured, and artificially cured peanuts have been determined over the range of 11–93% relative humidity at 25°C. The hygroscopic equilibrium does not appear to be dependent on the method of curing. At a constant relative humidity, the moisture content is distributed so that the moisture content of the skins is twice that of the meats and in general the moisture content is lowest in the meats, and is increasingly greater in hearts, shells, and skins, respectively.

At 25° and 35°C, the relative humidity is of greater importance than the absolute humidity. Circulation of the air over the samples greatly increases the rate of attainment of hygroscopic equilibrium. At the higher temperature, the rate of attainment of hygroscopic equilibrium is further increased because of the increased rate of diffusion of moisture in the seed.

Inasmuch as the hygroscopic equilibrium is the same at both 25° and 35°C., it is more advantageous when speed of drying is important to use the higher temperature because equilibrium is attained more rapidly.
Sesame oil. III. Antioxidant properties of sesamol
Authors: Budowski Pierre
Published: May 2007

Summary and Conclusions

Sesamol possesses marked antioxidant activity in lard and also exhibits a pronounced protection for vegetable oils, especially for sesame oil.

The antioxidant activity of sesamol strengthens the assumption that free sesamol is responsible for the unusual stability of hydrogenated sesame oil, a subject which has been reported in another article in this series.

The use of sesamol as a commercial antioxidant would probably not be permitted until it has been shown to possess no undesirable physiological activity. However the presence of sesamol in concentrations up to 0.2% in sesame oil, one of the oldest edible oils known to man, would probably indicate that no serious adverse physiological problem exists in this respect. Although usually present in a bound form (sesamolin), this sesamol is known to be liberated by the action of mineral acids, even when quite dilute.

Sesamol is a very low molecular weight compound which is sufficiently volatile to be removed by deodorization, consequently it should be added to the fat after deodorization.
New concept for edible oil deodorizers
Authors: Gavin Arnold M. , Berger Ralph W.
Published: May 2007

For many years the double shell deodorizer has been the preferred design, and quality minded refiners have paid a premium price for this type of deodorizer. Double shell deodorizers generally are supplied for capacities of 150–600 metric tons/24 hr. Our objective was to design a deodorizer for capacities of 25–150 metric tons/24 hr with all the process advantages of the double shell deodorizer at a lower capital cost.
Effect of sterculic acid upon aflatoxicosis in rats fed diets containing saturated and unsaturated fat
Authors: Wells P. , Aftergood L. , Alfin‐Slater R. B. , Straus R.
Published: May 2007

Investigations on trout have shown that the cyclopropenoid fatty acids, which occur naturally in small amounts in unrefined cottonseed oil, may act as powerful cocarcinogens when fed in conjunction with aflatoxin. Attempts at confirming these findings in mammals, i.e. rats, have been inconclusive. In this study, the effects of sterculic acid and aflatoxin upon lipid metabolism and tumor formation in male rats have been examined using basal diets containing either saturated or unsaturated fat to which the following additions were made: (A) basal diet (no supplements); (B) aflatoxin B1 at 1.7 ppm; (C) sterculic acid at 210 ppm; and (D) aflatoxin B1 at 1.7 ppm, plus sterculic acid at 210 ppm. The rats consumed these diets for 3 months and, thereafter, were fed the unsupplemented basal diet until sacrifice 9 months later. Growth was depressed in rats in groups B, C, and D, but no synergistic inhibition was observed, regardless of the fat source. Liver wt doubled in response to aflatoxin; however, only when the diet contained unsaturated fat did sterculic acid, in combination with aflatoxin, exaggerate the increase in liver wt (a reflection of the more severe liver pathology observed in these rats). In the animals fed the saturated fat diet, aflatoxin administration to animals fed the control or sterculic acid supplemented diets resulted in marked increases in plasma cholesterol levels; the unsaturated fat diets, supplemented with aflatoxin, evoked a slight increase in plasma cholesterol content which was nullified by sterculic acid supplementation.
Juvenescent soap films. The evaporative stabilization of a film by a volatile surfactant
Authors: Jones Malcolm N. , Mysels Karol J.
Published: May 2007

In the absence of evaporation, soap films may be preserved indefinitely after a rapid evolution to an equilibrium thickness, the black film. This evolution can be slowed down enormously so that the appearance of a recently formed thick and colored film can be preserved for hours or weeks. Such juvenescent films form when the evaporation of water is prevented and that of a minor but highly surface‐active component is favored. For example, a solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate containing decyl or octyl alcohol gives juvenescent films in a thermostated enclosure, containing also a micellar solution which is initially free of the alcohol and is capable of absorbing it from the vapor phase. Juvenescence depends on a pseudo‐steady state in which the surface tension of a film element increase on account of evaporation of the alcohol, and this causes contraction and thickening, return to the bulk liquid, and replacement by a fresh film element rich in alcohol. The analogy to “tears of strong wine” is marked. Quantitative experiments, using octyl alcohol, are also described.

Any condition favoring this effect must be eliminated if accurate equilbrium film‐thickness measurements are to be obtained.
Continuous slurry hydrogenation of soybean oil with nickel catalysts
Authors: Koritala S. , Moulton K. J. , Frankel E. N.
Published: May 2007

Soybean oil was hydrogenated continuously in the presence of nickel catalysts. The iodine value of the products was varied by changing the oil flow rate and temperature of the reaction. Sulfur‐promoted nickel catalyst increased the selectivity for linolenate hydrogenation, but formed much higher proportions oftrans isomers. Linoleate selectivity improved with temperature with both nickel and sulfur‐promoted nickel catalysts, buttrans isomerization also increased. The feasibility of this continuous reactor system was demonstrated as a practical means to prepare hydrogenated stocks of desired composition and physical characteristics at high throughput.
Waste water disposal from a highly diversified fat and fatty acid plant
Authors: Hamilton H. D.
Published: May 2007

A case history of waste water disposal at the Drew Chemical, Boonton, New Jersey plant is presented together with details of various treatments that have been studied. These include biological, chemical and physical treatment methods. Treatment of concentrated wastes having a soluble biochemical oxygen demand of approximately 10,000 mg/liter is emphasized.
Theoretical investigations into the accuracy of sampling shelled peanuts for aflatoxin
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Wiser E. H.
Published: May 2007

Within a population of shelled peanuts, aflatoxin may be concentrated in less than 0.5% of the peanuts. Those peanuts containing aflatoxin might have concentrations up to 1,000,000 µg of aflatoxin per kilogram of peanuts. Because of the distribution pattern, sample means vary widely, and the true average level of aflatoxin in the population is difficult to estimate. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of sample size, N, on sampling accuracy. The negative binomial distribution of aflatoxin since it allowed for a high probability of zero counts along with small probabilities of large counts. Using both the Monte Carlo technique and a direct computation method, the effect of sample size on sampling accuracy was quantitatively described.
The unsolved problems of triglyceride analysis
Authors: Coleman M. H.
Published: May 2007

The modern techniques of countercurrent distribution between solvents, GLC and TLC (especially on silver nitrate impregnated silica gel), and enzymic hydrolysis have greatly simplified and speeded up the analysis of triglyceride mixtures, such as are found in natural fats. The application of these methods has provided data for the formulation of a number of new theoretical descriptions of the fatty acid distributions found in fats.

But it is clear that neither the experimental techniques, nor the theories of glyceride structure arrived at with their aid, are entirely satisfactory. On the one hand analytical methods are inadequate for such fats as the nut oils; and in no case can the accuracy of the analysis be regarded as complete. On the other hand present theories have yet to accommodate minor components, enantiomorphic forms, and recent evidence concerning the biosynthesis of natural triglycerides.

Attention is drawn to some of the outstanding problems still facing those concerned with the analysis of triglyceride mixtures; and an attempt it made to indicate the direction in which solutions to these problems may be sought.
Very long‐chain fatty acids in diagnosis, pathogenesis, and therapy of peroxisomal disorders
Authors: Moser Hugo W. , Moser Ann B.
Published: May 2007

Abnormally high levels of very long‐chain fatty acids (VLCFA) are a feature in nine of the fifteen peroxisomal disorders that have been identified so far. Saturated VLCFA accumulate in X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy, appear to disrupt membrane structure, and may play a role in the pathogenesis of a brain inflammatory response. Dietary therapy initiated when patients are still asymptomatic may be of clinical benefit.
Fatty acids and Schizophrenia
Authors: Laugharne J. D. E. , Mellor J. E. , Peet M.
Published: May 2007

In a controlled study of red cell membrane fatty acids in patients with schizophrenia, substantial depletions of fatty acids from both the n‐6 and n‐3 series were demonstrated. Arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were particularly depleted. In a separate study, dietary analysis revealed no deficiency of fatty acid intake in this patient group, but greater intake of n‐3 fatty acids was associated with less severe symptomatology. Dietary supplementation for six weeks with 10 g per day of concentrated fish oil (MaxEPA) led to significant improvement in schizophrenic symptoms. This clinical improvement was related to the increased level of n‐3 fatty acids in red cell membranes. These findings form part of a growing body of research data suggestive of an abnormality in cell membrane fatty acid composition in schizophrenia. The preliminary evidence for clinically effective dietary manipulation to correct such an abnormality opens up novel and exciting therapeutic possibilities.
Increased docosahexaenoic acid levels in human newborn infants by administration of sardines and fish oil during pregnancy
Authors: Connor William E. , Lowensohn Richard , Hatcher Lauren
Published: May 2007

In rhesus monkeys, maternal n‐3 fatty acid deficiency during pregnancy produces infant monkeys deficient in n‐3 fatty acids at birth. These results stimulated current experiments to find out if n‐3 fatty acids from fish in the diets of pregnant women would influence the concentration of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n‐3) in the newborn human infant.

Fifteen healthy pregnant women were enrolled to receive a 9‐wk dietary supplementation of n‐3 fatty acids from the 26th to the 35th wk of pregnancy. Sixteen pregnant women were not supplemented and served as controls. n‐3 Fatty acid supplementation consisted of sardines and additional fish oil, which provided a total of 2.6 g of n‐3 fatty acids per day (d) for the 9‐wk period of supplementation. This included 1.01 g DHA.

The end point of this study was the blood concentrations of DHA in the newborn infant. DHA in maternal red blood cells increased from 4.69% of total fatty acids to 7.15% at the end of the supplement period and at the time of delivery decreased (as expected) to 5.97% of total fatty acids. Maternal plasma showed a similar change from 2.12 to 3.51% of total fatty acids and then decreased to 2.35%. Levels of DHA in plasma and red blood cells of unsupplemented mothers did not change during the same time period.

Levels of DHA in blood of newborn infants differed greatly in infants born from n‐3‐supplemented mothers compared with control infants. In red blood cells, DHA was 7.92% of total fatty acids compared with 5.86% (control infants). Plasma values showed a similar difference: 5.05% vs. 3.47% (controls). In n‐3‐supplemented infants, DHA concentrations were 35.2% higher than in control infants in red blood cells and 45.5% higher in plasma.

These data indicate the importance of maternal dietary n‐3 fatty acids and, in particular, maternal dietary DHA in promoting higher concentrations of DHA in the blood of the newborn infant.
Membrane‐associated and cytoplasmic fatty acid‐binding proteins
Authors: Van Nieuwenhoven F. A. , Van der Vusse G. J. , Glatz J. F. C.
Published: May 2007

A number of cellular fatty acid‐binding proteins are being implicated in the uptake and intracellular transport of long‐chain fatty acids by parenchymal cells. Having been a topic of research for more than 20 years, cytoplasmic fatty acid‐binding proteins now are assigned various pivotal functions in intracellular fatty acid transport and metabolism. More recently several membrane‐associated fatty acid‐binding proteins have been identified and these proteins are thought to function in the transmembrane transport of fatty acids. In this review, a short summary is provided of the latest developments in this research area.
Effects of modulation of inflammatory and immune parameters in patients with rheumatic and inflammatory disease receiving dietary supplementation of n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acids
Authors: Kremer Joel M.
Published: May 2007

To describe the rationale and status of n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acid dietary supplementation in patients with inflammatory disease. The most recent literature is reviewed with a focus on rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as most investigations have described the use of n‐3 supplements in this disease entity. Investigations from Europe, the United States, and Australia have described consistent improvement in tender joint scores with many investigators also observing improvements in morning stiffness. A meta analysis has confirmed the predictable improvement in tender joints. Recent studies also suggest that some patients with RA are able to discontinue nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) while receiving n‐3 fatty acids. A large number of peer reviewed publications from around the world have established the utility of dietary supplementation with n‐3 fatty acids in reducing tender joint counts and morning stiffness in patients with RA. Some patients are also able to discontinue NSAIDs while on these supplements.
Fluorescence in pistachio nuts contaminated with aflatoxin
Authors: Dickens J. W. , Welty R. E.
Published: May 2007

Bright greenish‐yellow fluorescence under long wave ultraviolet light was observed on the shells of 7% of the nuts in samples from 46 aflatoxin contaminated commercial lots of Iranian pistachio nuts. Kernels from the fluorescent nuts contained 50% of the aflatoxin in the samples. No aflatoxin was found in any of the shells. When kernels and shells were cultured, toxicogenic fungi grew from only 4% of the shells and 21% of the kernels from fluorescent nuts and from 9% of the shells and 15% of the kernels from nonfluorescent nuts.
A Continuous process for the dehydration of castor oil
Authors: Radlove S. B. , DeJong WM. , Falkenburg L. B.
Published: May 2007

A process for dehydrating castor oil continuously has been presented. The method consists essentially of exposing the oil in a thin film under the vacuum to temperatures between 310° and 350°C. for short periods of time in the presence of a dilute sulfuric acid catalyst. The relationship between various operational conditions and the physical constants of the oil produced has been determined. In addition, the oils were compared with several representative commercial oils.
Adsorption analysis of lipids. II. The fractionation of soybean oil and derived ethyl esters
Authors: Reinbold Catherine L. , Dutton Herbert J.
Published: May 2007

A rapid method of fractionating soybean glycerides and their ethyl esters by adsorption analysis on an aluminum oxide column is described. It compared favorably with other methods of fractionation. In the adsorption analysis of crude soybean oil, the iodine values of fractions ranged from 104 to 173, a spread of 69 units. However, under other conditions of adsorption, iodine values as high as 200 were obtained. In the analysis of ethyl esters of soybean oil, iodine values ranged from 61 to 185, a spread of 124 units. The fat acid composition of each fraction was calculated from spectrophotometric and iodine value determinations. Recoveries from the columns were 82.4% in the case of the glycerides, and 90.0% in the case of the esters.
Resistance to crystallization of blends of palm olein with soybean oil stored at various temperatures
Authors: NorAini I. , Hanirah H. , Oh Flingoh C. H. , Sudin N.
Published: May 2007

The aim of the study was to determine the resistance to crystallization of palm olein (POo) with soybean oil (SBO) at different temperatures. POo of iodine value (IV) 65 gave better resistance to crystallization than POo of IV 60 or IV 63. For applications such as salad oil, the use of POo of IV 65 is limited to 30% when blended with SBO. If POo of either IV 60 or IV 63 is chosen, its use in salad oil is limited to 10% only. However, for applications other than salad oil, such as for cooking or frying, 100% POo of any IV could be used. For cold climates, the amount of POo (IV 60 or 63) recommended to get a clear oil is 10–30%. Alternatively, up to 40% POo of IV 65 can be blended with SBO. For temperate climates, the amount of POo (IV 60 or 63) recommended can be up to 60%. With POo of IV 65, the amount recommended is as high as 80–90% for application as a cooking or frying oil.
Separation of petroselinic (cis‐6 18:1) and oleic (cis‐9 18:1) acids by gas‐liquid chromatography of their isopropyl esters
Authors: Wolff Robert L. , Vandamme Frederic F.
Published: May 2007

Petroselinic (cis‐6 18:1) and oleic (cis‐9 18:1) acids that occur together in Umbelliferae seeds can be resolved by gasliquid chromatography (GLC) of their methyl or isopropyl esters on a 50 m × 0.25 mm fused‐silica capillary column coated with a 100% cyanopropyl polysiloxane stationary phase (CP Sil 88). The use of isopropyl esters instead of methyl esters increases the difference between equivalent chainlengths from 0.06 carbon unit up to 0.08. This is sufficient to obtain an almost base‐line resolution between the two components.cis‐Vaccenic acid is completely separated from oleic acid in both derivative forms. GLC of fatty acid isopropyl esters on an appropriate capillary column thus appears to be the simplest means to simultaneously and accurately quantitate petroselinic, oleic andcis‐vaccenic acids.
The effect of fruit storage on palm oil bleachability
Authors: Slew W. L. , Mohamad N.
Published: May 2007

Storage of oil palm fruits resulted in crude oil that was difficult to bleach, especially from bruised fruits. Fruits stored in the shade were less affected than those exposed to sun and rain. Surprisingly, oil from fruits stored at 5°C was highly hydrolyzed and difficult to bleach.
Clinical evaluation of negative symptoms in schizophrenia
Authors: Möller Hans-Jürgen
Published: May 2007

The florid positive symptoms of schizophrenia (hallucinations, delusions, grossly disordered thinking) are often obvious. By comparison, negative symptoms (flattened affect, impoverished speech, apathy, avolition, anhedonia) are subtler and more difficult to recognize and diagnose. However, there is increasing recognition of the importance of negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Secondary negative symptoms attributable to such factors as unrelieved positive symptoms, the adverse effects of antipsychotic pharmacotherapy, or social isolation may subside with resolution of such factors. In contrast, primary negative symptoms are an intrinsic aspect of schizophrenia; they are persistent and have been associated with poorer clinical outcomes. Although the lack of a reliably effective treatment for negative symptoms is a serious unmet need in this patient population, accurate diagnosis is still important. Assessment of suspected negative symptoms, using validated rating scales, can help to rule out comorbid affective or cognitive disorders that may mimic negative symptoms and to distinguish primary negative symptoms from potentially reversible secondary negative symptoms. This article reviews the definitions and classification of negative symptoms, compares the tools available for their assessment, and offers practical clinical algorithms for sorting through the differential diagnosis.
Human Sexuality
Authors: Nelson Suzanne
Published: May 2007

American Medical Association Committee on Human Sexuality, Human Sexuality, 1972, American Medical Association, 299
Interviewing and Patient Care
Authors: Palmer Shirley
Published: May 2007

Allen J Enelow MD, Scott N Swisher MD, Interviewing and Patient Care, 1972, Oxford University Press, New York, 229
Designing Hospital Training Programs
Authors: Brunke Susan
Published: May 2007

Reba Douglas Grubb, Carolyn Jane Mueller, Designing Hospital Training Programs, 1975, Charles C Thomas, 301–327 E Lawrence Ave, Springfield, III 62717, 199, $14.75.
The Problem‐Oriented System–A Multidisciplinary Approach
Authors: Stone Ruth M
Published: May 2007

The Problem‐Oriented System–A Multidisciplinary Approach. Council of Hospital and Related Institutional Nursing Services, National League for Nursing Pub No 20–1546, NLN, 10 Columbus Cir, New York, NY, 1974,91 pp.
Responsiblity for basing nursing practice on scientific knowledge stressed
Authors: Walker Marcus L
Published: May 2007

Lorriane O Walker, Kay C Avant, Strategies for Theory Construction in Nursing, 1983, Appleton‐Century‐Crofts, 25 Van Zant St, East Norwalk, Conn 06855, 195 pp, $14.95.
Responsiblity for basing nursing practice on scientific knowledge stressed
Authors: Hoffman Martha
Published: May 2007

Hesook Suzie Kim, The Nature of Theoretical Thinking in Nursing, 1983, Appleton‐Century‐Crofts, Van Zant St, East Norwalk, Conn 06855, 195 pp, $13.95 paperback.
Successful Management Strategies in Cardiovascular Services
Authors: Schrock Suzy
Published: May 2007

Philip L. Ronning, John W. Meyer, Charles W. Franc, Successful Management Strategies in Cardiovascular Services, 1992, nonmembers paperback, 302 pp $39.95 AHA members, $49.95
Nursing Diagnosis: Application to Clinical Practice
Authors: Davis Janice L.
Published: May 2007

Lynda Juall Carpenito, Nursing Diagnosis: Application to Clinical Practice, fourth, 1992, paperback, 1135 pp $29.95
Application of Nursing Process and Nursing Diagnosis: An Interactive Text
Authors: Parfitt Janice Marie
Published: May 2007

Marilynn E. Doengas, Mary Frances Moorhouse, Application of Nursing Process and Nursing Diagnosis: An Interactive Text, 1992, paperback, 229 pp $19.95
In‐use evaluation of surgical gowns
Authors: Abbott Cynthia A.
Published: May 2007

E.J. Quebbeman, In‐use evaluation of surgical gowns, 1992, Surgery, Gynecology & Obstetrics, Vol 174 (May 1992) 369–375
Ambulatory Care Management and Practice
Authors: Roth Rosemary Ann
Published: May 2007

Albert E Barnett, Gloria G Mayer, Ambulatory Care Management and Practice, 1992, 525 pp $69 hardcover
Quality Assurance in Hospitals: Strategies for Assessment and Implementation
Authors: Weber Joanne M.
Published: May 2007

Nancy O Graham, Quality Assurance in Hospitals: Strategies for Assessment and Implementation, second, 1990, 373 pp $51 hardcover
Bioethical Decisions Making for Nurses
Authors: Davis Janice
Published: May 2007

Joyce E., Henry O. Thompson, The Research Process, 1985, Appleton‐Century‐Crofts, 25 Van Zant St, East Norwalk, CT 06855, 272 pp, $29.95 paperback.
Making decisions based on bioethics, research: The Research Process: Essentials of Skill Development and Answer Guide for the Research Process: Essentials of Skill Development
Authors: Collins Marjorie A.
Published: May 2007

The Research Process: Essentials of Skill Development and Answer Guide for the Research Process: Essentials of Skill Development. Alberta R. Kovacs. F.A. Davis Co, 1915 Arch St, Philadelphia 19103; The Research Process, 363 pp, $16.95 paperback; Answer Guide, 106 pp, paperback (free to instructors).
How to Write Meaningful Nursing Standards
Authors: Kane Sister
Published: May 2007

Elizabeth J. Mason, How to Write Meaningful Nursing Standards, 1978, John Wiley & Sons, 605 Third Ave, New York, NY 10016, 355
POMR: Application to Nursing Records
Authors: Kane Sister
Published: May 2007

Gael Catabia. Ulisse, POMR: Application to Nursing Records, 1978, Addison‐Wesley Publishing Co, Menlo Park, Calif 94025, 113
How Nurses' Emotions Affect Patient Care: Self‐studies by Nurses
Authors: Kane Sister
Published: May 2007

Kathleen M Gow, How Nurses' Emotions Affect Patient Care: Self‐studies by Nurses, 1982, Springer Publishing Co, 200 Park Ave S, New York, NY 10013, 336 pp, $24.95.
Electrocardiography for Nurses: Physiological Correlates
Authors: Fitzwater Janet L
Published: May 2007

Jeanette G Kernicki, Kathi M Weiler, Electrocardiography for Nurses: Physiological Correlates, 1981, John Wiley & Sons, 605 third Ave, New York, NY 10016, 262, pp, $17.95.
Logic of Operating Room Nursing
Authors: Owen Charlotte
Published: May 2007

Jacqueline Willingham Cordner, Logic of Operating Room Nursing, 1984, Medical Economics Co, Inc, Oradell, NY 07649, 177, $13.95 paperback
Assessing Vital Functions Accurately
Authors: Shaneberger Kathy
Published: May 2007

Assessing Vital Functions Accurately, 2nd ed., 1983, Nursing 83 Books. Springhouse Corp, 1111 Bethlehem Pike, Springhouse, PA 19477, 192, $13.95 clothbound
Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology
Authors: Kane Sister
Published: May 2007

Catherine P. Anthony, Gary A. Thibodeau, Textbook of Anatomy and Physiology, 11th ed., 1983, C. V. Mosby Co, 11830 Westline Industrial Dr, St Louis 63146, 887, $28.95 clothbound
Also Available—The Little, Brown Manual of Medical‐Surgical Nursing
Authors: Stone Roger A.
Published: May 2007

Etta Anne Hincker, Lois Malasanos, The Little, Brown Manual of Medical‐Surgical Nursing, 1983, Little, Brown & Co, 34 Beacon St, Boston, MA 02106, 1,322, $29.95 clothbound
Guidelines for Nursing Care: Process and Outcome
Authors: Kane Sister
Published: May 2007

Guidelines for Nursing Care: Process and Outcome, 1983, Duke University Hospital Nursing Services. J.B. Lippincott Co, 10 E. 53rd St, New York, NY 10022, 484, $17.50 soft cover
A Nurse's Guide to the X‐Ray Department, 2nd Ed.
Authors: Minckley Barbara
Published: May 2007

M Goldman, A Nurse's Guide to the X‐Ray Department, 2nd Ed., 1972, Edinburgh and London, Churchill Livingston, 87, pp, $2.36 (1 English pound at current rate of exchange)
Orthopedic Surgery
Authors: Kane Sister
Published: May 2007

T Norton, J Tait, Orthopedic Surgery, 1971, Wm Heinemann Medical Books Ltd, London, 140, pp, $4.05 (paperback)
Standards of Nursing Care: A Guide for Evaluation
Authors: Kane Sister
Published: May 2007

J Carter, M Castles, L Stoll, A Cowan, Standards of Nursing Care: A Guide for Evaluation, 1972, springer, New York, 157, pp, $4.95 (paperback)
Dimensions of Professional Nursing
Authors: Hardesty Sister M Thomasine
Published: May 2007

Dimensions of Professional Nursing, 3rd ed. Kelly, Lucie Young. MacMillan Publishing Co, 866 Third Ave, New York, NY 10022, 1975, 573 pp.
Companion Guide to Surgical Diagnosis
Authors: Propst Janett
Published: May 2007

Companion Guide to Surgical Diagnosis. Lowenfels, Albert B. The Williams & Wilkins Co, 428 E Preston St, Baltimore, Md 21202, 1975, 276 pp, $7.95 paperback.
Operating Room Resource Utilization: Chicago Area Survey Findings and Recommendations
Authors: MacClelland Doris
Published: May 2007

Operating Room Resource Utilization: Chicago Area Survey Findings and Recommendations Rinde, Andrew, Blakely, Timothy. Chicago Hospital Council, Chicago, 1974, 100 pp, $15.
Fundamentals of Operating Room Nursing
Authors: Propst Janett
Published: May 2007

Fundamentals of Operating Room Nursing Brooks, Shirley M. C V Mosby Co, 3301 Washington Blvd, St Louis, Mo 63103, 1975, 184 pp.
Summary of Integrated Nursing Theory
Authors: MacClelland Doris
Published: May 2007

Summary of Integrated Nursing Theory Fielo, Sandra B. McGraw‐Hill Book Co, 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020, 1975, 186 pp, $5.95 paperback.
Women's Health and Human Wholeness
Authors: Kane Sister
Published: May 2007

Loretta Bermosk, Sarah Porter, Women's Health and Human Wholeness, 1979, Appleton‐Century‐Crofts, 292 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10017, 255, $12.50 paperback.
Power in Nursing
Authors: Kane Sister
Published: May 2007

Dalton McFarland, Nora Shiflett, Power in Nursing, 1979, Nursing Resources, 12 Lakeside Park, Wakefield, Mass 01880, 86, $5.95.
Distress Reduction Through Sensory Preparation
Authors: McConnell Edwina A
Published: May 2007

Distress Reduction Through Sensory Preparation. Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing Project (CURN) Michigan Nurses Association. Grune & Stratton, 111 5th Ave, 12th Floor, New York, NY 10003, 1981, 108 pp, $11.50 paperback.
Ethnicity and Health Care
Authors: Hoffman Martha
Published: May 2007

Ethnicity and Health Care. National League for Nursing. National League for Nursing, 10 Columbus Cir, New York, NY 10019, 1976, 55 pp, $3.95 paperback.
Transcultural Health Care Issues and Conditions
Authors: Hardesty Sister M Thomasine
Published: May 2007

Madeleine Leininger, Transcultural Health Care Issues and Conditions, 1976, F A Davis Co, 1915 Arch St, Philadelphia, Pa 19103, 218, $11.50.
Management of Patient Care Services
Authors: Muir Jacqueline L
Published: May 2007

Russell G Swansburg, Management of Patient Care Services, 1976, C V Mosby Co, 11830 Westline Industrial Dr, St Louis, Mo 63141, 414, $10.95.
Understanding Electrocardiography—Physiological and Interpretive Concepts
Authors: Hardesty Sister M Thomasine
Published: May 2007

Mary H Conover, Edwin G Zalis, Understanding Electrocardiography—Physiological and Interpretive Concepts, 2nd ed., 1974, C V Mosby Co, 11830 Westline Industrial Dr. St Louis, Mo 63141, 241, $7.50 paperback.
Using Research to Improve Nursing Practice: A Guide
Authors: Collins Marjorie A
Published: May 2007

Using Research to Improve Nursing Practice: A Guide. Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing (CURN) Project, Michigan Nurses Association. Grune & Stratton, 111 Fifth Ave, New York, NY 10003, 1983, 117 pp. $16.50 paperback.
Managing Under Medicare Prospective Pricing
Authors: Koch Fran
Published: May 2007

Managing Under Medicare Prospective Pricing. American Hospital Association. American Hospital Association, 840 N Lake Shore Dr, Chicago, IL 60611, 1983.
Manual of Operating Room Management
Authors: Koch Fran
Published: May 2007

Manual of Operating Room Management. Jacqueline Willingham Cordner. Medical Economics Company, Inc, Oradell, NJ 07649, 1982, 204 pp, $11.95 paperback.
The Art of Teaching Adults: How to Become an Exceptional Instructor and Facilitator
Authors: Hodges Sharon R.H.
Published: May 2007

The Art of Teaching Adults: How to Become an Exceptional Instructor and Facilitator, By Peter Renner, 1993, 151 pp, $ 26 paperback
LAW: Nurses in the Courtroom: Cases and Commentary for Concerned Professionals
Authors: TAYLOR KELLY M.
Published: May 2007

LAW: Nurses in the Courtroom: Cases and Commentary for Concerned Professionals, By Barbara E. Calfee 1993, 275 pp $24.95 paperback
CLINICAL PRACTICE: Essentials of Oxygenation: Implications for Clinical Practice
Authors: PARFITT JANICE M.
Published: May 2007

CLINICAL PRACTICE: Essentials of Oxygenation: Implications for Clinical Practice, By Thomas Ahrens, Kim Rutherford, 1993, 194 pp $49.95 hardcover
GENERAL INTEREST: The Healthy Heart Handbook for Women
Authors: LYON KAREN C.
Published: May 2007

GENERAL INTEREST: The Healthy Heart Handbook for Women, By MarianSandmaier, 1992, 94 pp $4.75 spiral bound
PATIENT CARE: Perioperative Patient Care
Authors: SCHROCK SUZY
Published: May 2007

PATIENT CARE: Perioperative Patient Care, second ed, By Julia A. Kneedler, Gwen H. Dodge, 1992, 570 pp, $49.95 hardcover
LEADERSHIP: Nursing Leadership: Preparing for the 21st Century
Authors: WEBER JOANNE M.
Published: May 2007

LEADERSHIP: Nursing Leadership: Preparing for the 21st Century, By Martha Bermingham et al, 1993, 150 pp, $35 American Hospital Association members, $45 nonmembers, paperback
The Mask of Sanity
Authors: MacClelland Doris
Published: May 2007

Cleckley Hervey, The Mask of Sanity, 5th ed., 1976, C V Mosby Co, 11830 Westline Industrial Dr, St Lousis, Mo 63141, 471, $14.95 hardback.
The Nurse as Executive
Authors: Persson June C
Published: May 2007

Barbara J. Stevens, The Nurse as Executive, 1975, Contempoary Publishing, Inc, Wakefield, Mass 01880, 260
Burnout in the Nursing Profession: Coping Strategies, Causes, and Costs
Authors: Gore Ellen
Published: May 2007

Burnout in the Nursing Profession: Coping Strategies, Causes, and Costs. Edwina A McConnell. C V Mosby Co, 11830 Westline Industrial Dr, St Louis, Mo 63141, 1982, 229 pp, $12.50 paperback.
Shock: Contemporary Issues in Critical Care Nursing
Authors: Kane Sister
Published: May 2007

Shock: Contemporary Issues in Critical Care Nursing. Mary Guthrie, ed. Churchhill Livingstone, 19 W 44th St, New York, NY 10036, 1982, 168 pp, $18.