bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A cost‐benefit analysis of military aircraft replacement policies
Authors: Boness A. James , Schwartz Arnold N.
Published: October 2013

This paper describes a method of solving aircraft service life problems. The particular application concerns aircraft in the Naval Advanced Jet Training Command. The method of solution is comparative present value analysis of alternative replacement policies. The likely risks of estimation errors are reflected in the comparisons of present values. Differences are noted in the benefits associated with each policy, but external to Naval Aviation. Since the values of these benefits can be determined only at a higher level of decision‐making, the result of the study is not a conclusive selection among policies, but a schedule of present values on the basis of which, together with values of the external benefits, a decision can be reached.

This paper discusses replacement policies for aircraft used in the Naval Advanced Jet Pilot Training mission. Taking engineering technology and the training syllabus as given, four feasible plans for introducing replacement aircraft into service are evaluated in terms of the present values of differential costs associated with the plans and in terms of the likely errors in cost estimates used in calculation of the present values. The trade‐off between present value of costs and planning flexibility is emphasized in choosing a recommended time pattern of aircraft replacement. The specific aircraft mixes considered are the TF–9J/TAF–9J and the TA–4F/A–4B. The first is the currently employed mix; the second is the proposed replacement.

The problem is to select an optimal time‐pattern of replacement of F–9's by A–4's, given technological differences favoring the A–4 and increasing costs of maintaining squadrons of F–9's. Replacements by aircraft types other than the A–4 are considered impractical. Four feasible plans for introducing A–4's through a 5‐year period are evaluated in terms of current best estimates of the related costs of the plans and in terms of the flexibility of modifying each plan given future better information concerning the relevant costs. The method of analysis is comparative present value of expected costs.
A note on a modified primal‐dual algorithm to speed convergence in solving linear programs
Authors: Greenberg Harold
Published: October 2013

The primal‐dual algorithm is modified in a two part procedure. In the first part, the pivot row is selected so that an artificial variable is always dropped. The end of the first part usually produces some basic variables with negative values. The second part consists of selecting the most negative basic variable. The equation, represented by the selected basic variable, is multiplied through by minus one and then added to all equations with negative basic variables; it is then augmented by an artificial variable. This procedure produces feasibility for all basic variables and maintains canonical form. The standard primal‐dual method is then used to complete the solution. Computational results are presented.
Determining optimum reject allowances for deteriorating production systems
Authors: Vachani Mohan
Published: October 2013

Since most manufacturing processes inevitably produce some defective items, it is common practice to produce a quantity larger than the actual order size. This excess is called a reject allowance. In this paper we consider production processes which undergo stochastic deterioration and demonstrate that under appropriate conditions a smallest optimum reject allowance exists and can be easily computed. We also investigate the optimality of periodic process inspections and show that in some cases one can do better by following an (r, R) inspection‐processing policy.
On the output of parallel exponential service channels
Authors: Read Robert R.
Published: October 2013

The paper treats the output process of a service center that has a large number of independent exponential channels in parallel. Initially all channels are working and there is a fixed backlog of items awaiting service. The moments are derived and central limit theorems are developed. Problems of computation are discussed and suitable formulae are developed. The joint distribution of the output of the center with the center's total busy time and total idle time are derived. Normal approximations to these distributions are presented.
Post‐traumatic Growth in the Italian Experience of Long‐term Disease‐free Cancer Survivors
Authors: Cormio C. , Romito F. , Giotta F. , Mattioli V.
Published: October 2013

Cancer survivors often report post‐traumatic growth. Since culture influences the development of post‐traumatic growth, the aims of this study were to measure the prevalence of post‐traumatic growth in Italian long‐term disease‐free and treatment‐free cancer survivors (≥5 years) and explore the relationship between post‐traumatic growth and sociodemographic and clinical variables.

Three hundred sixty long‐term disease‐free and treatment‐free cancer survivors were assessed with Post‐traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), Brief COPE and Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS).

Mean age was 58.6 years, and mean survival was 11 years (range 5–32). The PTGI average total score was higher in younger survivors, in those without comorbidities, in survivors engaged in physical activity. Positive correlation between PTGI and Brief COPE and between PTGI and MSPSS were found. The variables more associated with post‐traumatic growth were age, comorbidity, physical activity and two coping subscales.

The prevalence of post‐traumatic growth in this sample of cancer survivors was lower than previous studies. We discussed some possible explanations, including the consideration that cultural differences may affect the development of post‐traumatic growth in cancer survivors.

Having less comorbidities, receiving social support from friends, having the ability to adaptively cope and engaging in physical activity were found to be strongly associated with post‐traumatic growth. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zebrafish Stem/Progenitor Factor msi2b Exhibits Two Phases of Activity Mediated by Different Splice Variants
Authors: Hochgreb-Hägele Tatiana , Koo Daniel E. S. , Das Neha M. , Bronner Marianne E.
Published: October 2013

The Musashi (Msi) family of RNA-binding proteins is important in stem and differentiating cells in many species. Here, we present a zebrafish gene/protein trap line gt(msi2b-citrine)ct57a that expresses a Citrine fusion protein with endogenous Msi2b. Our results reveal two phases of Msi2b expression: ubiquitous expression in progenitor cells in the early embryo and later, tissue-specific expression in differentiating cells in the olfactory organ, pineal gland, and subpopulations of neurons in the central nervous system (CNS). Interestingly, this division between early and late phases is paralleled by differential expression of msi2b alternative splicing products. Whereas the full-length and long variant v3 Msi2b predominate at early stages, the later expression of variants in differentiating tissues appears to be tissue specific. Using the gt(msi2b-citrine)ct57a, we characterized tissue-specific expression of Msi2b with cellular resolution in subsets of differentiating cells in the olfactory organ, pineal gland, CNS, and ventral neural tube. By performing transcription activator-like effectors nuclease-mediated biallelic genome editing or morpholino knockdown of Msi2b in zebrafish, our results show that early inactivation of Msi2b results in severe embryonic defects including hypertrophy of the ventricles and shortening of the body, consistent with an important role in cell proliferation and survival. Moreover, specific inactivation of Msi2b full-length indicates that this species is essential for the early role of Msi2b. This line provides a valuable tool both for live imaging of the endogenous Msi2b at subcellular resolution and manipulation of Msi2b-expressing cells. Stem Cells  2014;32:558–571
REPLY
Authors: Conover W. J.
Published: October 2013

This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Nonparametric Methods

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Transformations
Co-phenylcaine Forte spray: innovative ways of minimising cost
Authors: Gungadeen A , Ramakrishnan Y , Cocks H C
Published: October 2013

Objective:

To investigate whether multiple-use Co-phenylcaine Forte®spray was more cost-effective than single-use vials.

Methods:

A literature review was conducted to determine the risk of cross-contamination associated with multiple-use topical nasal anaesthetic spray. The costs of multiple-use Co-phenylcaine Forte and single-use co-phenylcaine were compared, and potential savings were calculated. The cost of procuring these drugs from other sources was also examined.

Results:

Switching to multiple-use Co-phenylcaine Forte spray would lead to at least 40 per cent savings if bought from our local retailer. Potential savings of more than 70 per cent could be made if the drugs were procured from sources other than our local distributor.

Conclusion:

Multiple-use Co-phenylcaine Forte spray is safe to use and more cost-effective than single-use vials. This paper illustrates how money can be saved within the National Health Service through changes in drug procurement. Similar cost savings to those calculated for our department could be made in other ENT departments nationally, depending on their annual consumption of co-phenylcaine.
Escaping the Curse of Economic Self-interest: An Individual-level Analysis of Public Support for the Welfare State in Japan
Authors: SUMINO TAKANORI
Published: October 2013

Despite the general consensus that individualistic utility-optimising behaviour reduces popular support for the welfare state, we still know little about how and to what extent such negative effects of self-interested calculus are mediated by other attitudinal factors, particularly solidaristic values and principles. Using individual-level data from the Japanese General Social Survey, this study seeks not only to qualify existing findings on welfare preference formation but also to explore the hypothesis that the negative impact of economic self-interest is offset or moderated by solidarity-oriented values and beliefs. The author finds that the oft-made claim that material interest and individualistic ideologies undermine welfare support can be replicated in the context of Japan. The results also provide evidence in support of the liberal nationalist contention that popular discourse on welfare is significantly directed by a sense of national unity. Data from Japan also elucidate the fact that a strong sense of social trust significantly weakens the salience of self-oriented cost–benefit calculations. These findings suggest that solidarity-related variables such as national identity and interpersonal trustworthiness should receive more attention in future research on welfare attitudes.
Linking brain imaging signals to visual perception
Authors: WELCHMAN ANDREW E. , KOURTZI ZOE
Published: October 2013

The rapid advances in brain imaging technology over the past 20 years are affording new insights into cortical processing hierarchies in the human brain. These new data provide a complementary front in seeking to understand the links between perceptual and physiological states. Here we review some of the challenges associated with incorporating brain imaging data into such “linking hypotheses,” highlighting some of the considerations needed in brain imaging data acquisition and analysis. We discuss work that has sought to link human brain imaging signals to existing electrophysiological data and opened up new opportunities in studying the neural basis of complex perceptual judgments. We consider a range of approaches when using human functional magnetic resonance imaging to identify brain circuits whose activity changes in a similar manner to perceptual judgments and illustrate these approaches by discussing work that has studied the neural basis of 3D perception and perceptual learning. Finally, we describe approaches that have sought to understand the information content of brain imaging data using machine learning and work that has integrated multimodal data to overcome the limitations associated with individual brain imaging approaches. Together these approaches provide an important route in seeking to understand the links between physiological and psychological states.
Presidential Address
Authors: Sturge W. Allen
Published: October 2013

Let me congratulate you on the formation of this Society. It is high time that here in England we should begin to draw together, in one district at any rate, those who are interesting themselves in the absorbing but difficult study of the early ages of the human race before the dawn of history.

There can be no question but that of late years our country has dropped behind some of its neighbours in the attention paid to the subject, and it is time that we began to wake up. Forty years ago we were in the forefront. Evans was producing his immortal work on the “Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain.” Christy, in collaboration with his great French confrere Lartet, was carrying out the investigations in the cave deposits of Dordogne which weie the principal foundation for the generalisations of Gabriel de Mortillet, that, with many additions due to French workers, hold their own to-day. Lartet and Christy's work was summed up in the important volume of “Reliquiae Aquitanicae,” published in 1875. Pengelley was carrying on his masterly investigation of the deposits in Kent's Cavern at Torquay; whilst Boyd Dawkins was, with others, digging in Hie caves of Derbyshire and Yorkshire, and proving the existence thus far North of the cave-men of Palaeolithic age, hitherto associated chiefly with the Dordogne district.
Animistic Forms in Certain Flints, Showing Human Work
Authors: Underwood W.
Published: October 2013

In the summer of 1904 I received some letters from the late Mr. Auberon Herbert, together with some small neolithic worked flints from Egypt and other places, which he considered to represent human faces and certain animals. There was no doubt that in some of these, even without a stretch of the imagination, likenesses could be traced to specified living forms, but owing to the peculiar shapes into which the sharp edge of a flint flake will get naturally broken, I wrote to Mr. Herbert that I was not convinced that these specimens were prehistoric Cameos as he maintained they were. During the same summer I came across a mass of Thames ballast which had been brought by lighters from near Gravesend and deposited at Southend to construct an Esplanade. On searching these I found, besides a very fine scraper and many flakes, a specimen which struck me as being so animistic in form that, though purely a natural object (as I then thought it was) I took it home, with the idea of sending it to the remarkable collection of flint nodules and ventriculites (without human work) which Mr. McKenny Hughes shows at the Geological Museum at Cambridge.
The Chipping of Flints by Natural Agencies
Authors: Haward F. N.
Published: October 2013

In 1884 I was initiated into the study ot flint and its fracture while accompanying Mr. John French, of Felstead, Essex, on his rambles alter “Chipped Flints,” some of which were for many years accepted as Palæolithic implements. From 1887-92 my apprenticeship continued under the late John Allen Brown, F.G.S., who did so much pioneer work among the Thames gravels. From those days to the present I have spent most of my spare time “Flint-hunting” in Essex, East Anglia, and the London District.

From 1896 to 1900 (in view of the geological positions in which they were found), I gradually became dissatisfied with the law laid down by authorities, that facetted flints and bulbous flakes were prıma facie evidence of Man; and I began to wonder whether man had really made them, or whether Nature in her diverse methods had chipped them during the more recent geological formations. These doubts were strengthened in 1906 by the discovery that my treasured Palæos from Felstead were probably derived from the base of the Westleton gravels, which out-cropped near the fields in which we found them. In a pit I found chipped and facetted flints of absolutely meaningless shape.
Some Saxon Remains found near Stoke Ferry
Authors: Warburton J. S.
Published: October 2013

In October last, I was visiting the gravel pits in this neighbourhood, and on reaching one in the parish of Wretton, about half a mile west of Stoke Ferry, one of the men mentioned some bones and an iron spearhead they had found some time previously. I asked to see them, and was taken to another part of the workings, where on a ledge near the surface of the ground was a small hole dug into the face of the pit. Projecting from the hole was a large bone, and stuck into the earth at the side, the spearhead. As they seemed to value their find very lightly, I gave the men a trifle and brought away the articles, asking them to keep any further finds for me.

Some six weeks after, I paid them another visit. Nothing further had been done at this particular spot; two of the men, however, volunteered to dig into the side and see if there was anything else. At the first blow of the pick another large bone was unearthed, a practically complete femur. Soon after this an iron knife blade came to light, then on the right side of the body an iron shield boss, and near the head a small iron knife. No other relics were found beyond a few pieces of bone, all with the exception of the two femurs in a very friable state. Three small pieces of the cranium were all that remained of that part. One arm appeared to have been extended above the head, as part of a humerus was lying upright on the remains of the skull. The spearhead must have been near the feet, as it was found first.
The Problem of the Eoliths
Authors: Haward F. N.
Published: October 2013

The fullest credit must be given to our members, Mr. Reid Moir, F.G.S., and Mr. S. Hazzledine Warren, F.G.S. (and others also) for their efforts to solve this problem by experiment. This is obviously the right line to adopt, but, after all, experiments (including my own, for I have been experimenting for years on similar lines) are only proof that (given suitable conditions) the sharp edges of split flints will chip under “Force,” whether this is applied by Nature or Man. Experiments can prove the difference between the results of the forces of “Percussion” and “Pressure”: but it is doubtful, in my opinion, if it can be proved by experiments whether Nature or Man has applied the force, as the same forces are used by both Nature and Man, the only difference being the intensity with which the force has been used and the way that force has been applied.
Some Aspects of Striation
Authors: Clarke W. G.
Published: October 2013

In former parts of these “Proceedings” Dr. W. Allen Sturge, M.V.O., has put forward views concerning the striæ on surface implements, views which are so opposed to the canons of geology and archæology, and involve so great an upheaval of accepted beliefs, that but for the skill with which the facts and conclusions were marshalled, they would not have received a moment's consideration. Few archæologists have the material on which to form a reliable judgment, and fewer still are prepared to accept the upheaval of current views rendered necessary by the adoption of the theory that minor glaciations occurred after the deposition of the chalky boulder clay. Even more revolutionary was the view as to the occurrence of a glacial period at all and this was strenuously fought for many years, and even now is by no means accepted by all geologists. The drift deposits were referred to by old writers as “Extraneous Rubbish,” and were sometimes divided into Diluvium and Alluvium. It was not until 1840, when Agassiz read his paper before the Geological Society on “Glaciers, and the Evidence of their having once existed in Scotland, Ireland, and England,” that this momentous explanation of a vast and difficult problem was given to geologists, and years elapsed before it was generally accepted.
An East to West Trackway across Norfolk
Authors: Rye Walter
Published: October 2013

A few years ago Mr. R. J. W. Purdy, of Foulsham, who is one of our most observant local antiquaries (and to whom is also due the investigation of the very interesting moated mound at Burgh-by-Aylsham), informed me that there was a road called by some a Roman road, and still traceable from East Gate corner at Cawston across the main Norwich and Holt road, about half-a-mile south of the tenth milestone from Norwich, which is about 440 yards from the Woodrow Inn, and then runs across the fields to a little south of the Botany Bay farmhouse, and at an angle across Marsham Heath and the Burnt Plantation practically to Allison Street, and so across the Cromer road through the grounds of the Old Rectory, now known as Marsham Hall. I must own to having been sceptical at first, but after several visits, and after the ground of the Burnt Plantation had been opened in several places, through the kindness of Mr. Wood, the owner, I can no longer doubt that a perfectly straight road or trackway could be traced for a trifle over a mile (shown by double lines on Fig. 19). It only consists of a slight layer of gravel and stones over the natural peaty soil, but it does exist and is very marked, and the portion of it over the field opposite Botany Bay, looking towards Booton, stood up till last year quite clearly from the soil of the field, and the colour of the corn, etc., grown over it was distinctly different from that of the main crop in the field. At sunset, too, one could see the little ridge quite clearly, though it is fast being ploughed away.
The Discovery of a Flint “Workshop-Floor” in Ivry Street, Ipswich
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

The discovery to which this paper refers was made by a series of very fortunate circumstances. A resident in Ivry Street, in the northern portion of Ipswich, was having an inspection pit sunk for his motor car, and during the excavation his gardener, who is familiar with humanly-worked flints, found a number of long flakes at a depth of about three feet from the surface of the ground. These he fortunately preserved and gave to my workman Baxter; who brought them to me.

I at once paid a visit to the site and, owing to the kindness of Mr. Makepeace, the occupant of the house in Ivry Street, was enabled to conduct a series of excavations and to find the various specimens which it is my purpose to describe.
A Series of Mineralised Bone Implements of a Primitive Type from Below the Base of the Red and Coralline Crags of Suffolk
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

The object of this paper is to describe and illustrate a series of heavily mineralised bone implements of a primitive type which (in the case of the Red Crag) have been found associated with numerous humanly-fashioned flints during diggings conducted in the detritusbed below the base of the Red and Coralline “Crags” of Suffolk.

The author is fully aware of his heterodoxy in claiming that bone was utilised in implement-making at such a remote period as that to which any pre-Crag remains must be referred, but having conducted a number of experiments in which mineralised and unmineralised bones were subjected to the effects of fortuitous blows and pressure, and after having fractured numerous modern shank bones of the bullock by striking and cutting them with flints and other stones held in the hand with a view of thus shaping them to the forms of the sub-Crag examples, he is compelled to regard these latter specimens as undoubted works of man.
“Coast Finds” by Major Moore at Felixstowe Ferry
Authors: Layard Nina F.
Published: October 2013

The series of implements which the writer is describing is the result of seven years' research by Major Moore, of Walton, at the mouth of the river Deben on the Felixstowe side of Bawdsey Ferry.

Major Moore was the first to discover that in the heaped-up shingles which are continually shifting at this spot, many rolled and abraded flints showing human workmanship are included. As in the case of the Larne coast finds in Ireland, most of the flints have a white or creamy-white lustrous surface, though in some examples they are ochreous or even black.

The large majority consist of flakes and spalls, and are the refuse of a prehistoric flint factory, but among them are undoubted tools. To what culture they belong is the riddle, which we can only hope to solve by a better acquaintance with them.
Further Note on Workshop Floor near Porthcurno
Authors: Marsden J. G.
Published: October 2013

At the meeting held last December there was read a short note on a “Workshop Floor near Porthcurno, Cornwall.” During the past summer I dug up some of the ground round this site and obtained about 1000 pieces of flint; generally they were sparsely scattered, but here and there considerable numbers were found close together. In character and condition they were similar to those previously obtained, though it was noticeable that more implements and well-shaped flakes prevailed.

In the previous note no mention was made of the finding of:— 1. Six unbroken flint nodules, of which five had the crust rolled and battered. These may have come from one of the beaches in the district, where such nodules are to be found, though elsewhere rare. 2. Several long flat pieces of fine grained grit with naturally-rounded sides and ends. Three of these had one end bevelled. Recently one having both ends bevelled has come to hand. Perhaps they are Rubbers. Most of the specimens now exhibited were obtained in the later diggings. Mr. Reginald Smith kindly examined some of them, and his remarks, in inverted commas, are included in the descriptions. Dimensions are given in inches.
The Gravel at No Man's Land Common, Hertfordshire
Authors: Peake A. E.
Published: October 2013

In the County of Herts., gravel is worked for road metal in many places, and in 1915, when staying at Harpenden, I was able to give some attention to a spot not far from that place, already known to me from descriptions in Evans' “Stone Implements,” and Worthington Smith's “Primeval Man,” viz., No Man's Common.

This common extends over the face of a shallow valley, now dry, which as Sir J. Evans (“Ancient Stone Implements,” p. 602) remarks, was formerly the course of a stream, either the Lea itself or one of its branches. Two sections have been opened at this spot, one superficial, the other deep and extensive. It is from the latter—from which an immense amount of gravel has been removed—that I obtained the implements described in this paper. The common lies about a mile south of Wheathampstead.
Are Grime's Graves Neolithic?
Authors: Clarke W. G.
Published: October 2013

The view that Grime's Graves and similar flint-mines belonged to a part of the Neolithic age, some archæologists considering them early and others late, was not seriously challenged until Mr. Reginald Smith in “Archæologia” (Vol. LXIIL), and in the “Report on the Excavations at Grime's Graves, 1914,” drew attention to the remarkable parallels between the flint industry of Grime's Graves, and that of the transitional period between Moustier and Aurignac of which the typical site is Abri Audi. To many that evidence has seemed conclusive, but while I recognise how excellent a case for a “Cave” date may be made from the implements alone, I yet feel that, viewing all the available facts, there is still much to be said for considering such flint-mines Neolithic. This is the view held by some at least of our continental confreres who are well acquainted with implements from Mousterian and Aurignacian deposits, and those from flint-mines similar to Grime's Graves, and they still place the latter in the Neolithic age.
Our Neighbours in the Neolithic Period Presidential Address
Authors: Smith Reginald A.
Published: October 2013

It may seem a paradox, but it is nevertheless true, that more is known of the remote Palæolithic period than of the later Stone Age that ended about 4000 years ago. This applies to the Continent as well as to Britain, but Scandinavia is exceptional, and for our present purpose the best subject of investigation. The accepted view is that the three Baltic kingdoms were uninhabited in Quaternary times, and could only be approached by man after the last, or Baltic, glaciation had come to an end. There are certain facts inexplicable on that hypothesis, but all will agree that the Neolithic period in that area can be divided into early and late divisions; and so rich are the prehistoric remains and so advanced is this study, that the Scandinavian system can be used as a touch-stone by which to test the facts and theories of our own later Stone Age. I propose, therefore, on the present occasion to deal in some detail with the latest results of Scandinavian research, and then to proceed in order with the districts that face us across the North Sea and the Channel—North-west Germany, Holland, Belgium, and Northern France. It is hoped that such a survey will enable a more rigid classification to be made of the large amount of British material referred to the Neolithic period. In this country one has to rely mainly on form, but in Scandinavia that element is combined with others, such as habitation-sites, shell-mounds, and megalithic remains that furnish proof of the succession of forms, and open up the question of relations with Britain at that early date. If the claims already made on that head be valid, then comparisons become possible, and certain stages at least of the period in question can be arranged on scientific lines.
Surface Implements of a Late Palæolithic Site
Authors: Hill Major J. D.
Published: October 2013

Early in 1917, when near Abbeville for a few days, I carried out certain expeditions with the idea of searching the river gravels around that district. As any form of trenching was out of the question owing to the time at my disposal, I had to content myself with surface finds.

In this I was very successful, finding no fewer than 144 implements and some 300 odd worked flakes in 3 days. The patination of the implements, from this site, ranges from pure white to a yellow-white shade. The patination in non-lustrous and in most cases the implements are heavily stained with iron.

No implement was found with any trace of polish and all were unrolled. The site, which lies S.E. of the village of Hallencourt (Dept. Somme), was very restricted, extending about 200 square yards, outside of which no trace of implements or worked flakes was to be found, although many flints existed. Captain Malcolm, R.A.M.C., and myself searched the lower surface and found nothing, all the finds being on the highest ground. The site is between the 100 metres and the 120 metres contour line, and at the actual spot is 109 metres (357.5 feet), as near as can be ascertained.
The Flaking and Flake Characteristics of a Pre-Red Crag Rostro-Carinate Flint Implement
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

It is now some considerable time since the attention of the archæological world was directed to the discovery of a series of flint implements of a peculiar and novel type to which Sir Ray Lankester gave the descriptive name rostro-carinate. These particular implements, as their name implies, bear, in their anterior region, a marked resemblance to the beak of an accipitrine bird, and also to the prow of a boat, the boat being turned keel upwards. Both Sir Ray Lankester and the author have, from time to time, published papers on these specimens (1), and the latter has lately put forward reasons for believing that the rostro-carinate was the ancestral form of, and gradually developed into, the well-known Chellian palæolithic implements of rhomboidal section (2). Since the first discovery of these beak-like flaked flints, and the spreading abroad of a knowledge of their characteristics, a number of similar specimens have been found in parts of England other than Suffolk and Norfolk, where they were first discovered, and it may be said that the fact of their occurrence over a very wide area is established. The author has seen and examined rostro-carinate flint implements from Warren Hill, Suffolk; the Thames and Lea Valleys (3); Lakenheath, Suffolk (4); Savernake, Wiltshire (5); Selsey Bill, Sussex; Kent's Cavern; the North of Ireland; France and Egypt (6). Dr. Peake has also described and figured rostro-carinate implements found by him in Oxfordshire (7). It must not be imagined, however, that all the specimens from the aforementioned places are of the same age, for it is clear that the “fashion” of making rostrocarinates, though very much in vogue in Pliocene and early Pleistocene times, was not confined solely to these periods, but occurs sporadically in later cultures. And this is in accord with what we know of the occurrence of other types of flint implements.
More about Windmill Hill, Avebury, and Grime's Graves
Authors: Kendall H. G. O.
Published: October 2013

In the Proceedings for 1915–16, Vol. II., p. 230, evidence was given which seems to show that the chipped flints of Windmill Hill, Avebury, belong to the Neolithic and Bronze Ages. Thirtynine implements were illustrated, bearing very close resemblance to specimens from Grime's Graves, illustrated in the Report; and showing that the same types were made, and that the same style of workmanship prevailed at both sites. The conclusion was drawn that Grime's Graves is not earlier than the Neolithic Age.

In the Proceedings for 1916–17, Vol. II., p. 339, in an important paper, Mr. W. G. Clarke gave other evidence supporting the view of a Neolithic date for Grime's Graves.

In the present paper, further evidence is brought forward pointing to Neolithic (and Bronze Age) dates for the Windmill Hill flints, and, therefore, also, for Grime's Graves; by reason, as aforesaid, of the close resemblance between the chipped flints from the two sites.
Cone Cultures at the Land's End
Authors: Marsden J. G.
Published: October 2013

Cones are distributed more or less over the surface of the Land's End district, and, in certain well-defined spots, varying in area from a few square yards to one or two acres, they occur abundantly. On the accompanying rough sketch map some of these spots are marked, letters being used for the “major” and figures for the “minor” sites, i.e., those which have hitherto yielded over or under 50 Cones respectively.

In the following list of sites, the figure after each name indicates the site's approximate height in feet above sea-level:—G, Greeb, 160; S, Stamps, 200; R, Roskestal, 200; P, Pednmên-an-mere, 180; 1, Pordenack, 180; 2, Skewjack, 250; 3, Brew, 270; 4, Trevean, 250; 5, Tolpednpenwith, 150; 6, Churchtown, 200; 7, Trewey, 290; 8, Treen, 200; 9, Boscean, 220; and 10, Trevedren, 300. Most of these sites are near to the sea and are invariably in the immediate vicinity of streams or springs.
The Origin of the “Rostro-Carinate Implements” and other Chipped Flints from the Basement Beds of East Anglia
Authors: Haward F. N.
Published: October 2013

It is not necessary to dispute the existence of a Rostro-Carinate type of undoubtedly human manufacture. It occurs occasionally in the Late Stone Age. I have several in my own Collection which are probably fabricators and triangular implements of Neolithic Age.

My criticism applies solely to certain so-called “Humanly-made Implements” from the Basement Beds of East Anglia, which I consider bear only a superficial resemblance to the undoubted specimens. While the latter stand every investigation as to the characteristics of the chipping itself, the former, though they may bear some resemblance, will not, to my mind and that of many other students, stand critical examination.

Sir E. Ray Lankester, F.R.S., in his monograph on “The Test Specimen of the Rostro-Carinate Industry found beneath the Norwich Crag” (see Plate XV, E), claimed the “Rostro-Carinate” as a new type of “Implement” made by Man of a much greater antiquity than the Palæolithic Period.
Windmill Hill, Avebury, and Grime's Graves: Cores and Choppers
Authors: Kendall H. G. O.
Published: October 2013

In a former paper (Proceedings, Vol. II., Pt. IV.), a description was given of some lumps and cores from Windmill Hill, Avebury, with a few comparisons from Grime's Graves, Norfolk. Among the cores, the tortoise variety, both ideal and in its modified forms, is abundantly in evidence. Fig. 27 comes under the former category, and was, perhaps, also held in the fingers for use as a chopper. The facet whence the desired flake was taken is evident enough.

Fig. 28 is a thick and coarser variety, and is commoner. It, has a useful flake removed (left-hand figure), and an obtuse edge, capable of use. Allied to the last-named is the cube type, represented by Fig. 29. Sometines, as in Fig. 30, the flake was taken off the more convex face. In this instance it was one of the small leaf-shaped and sub-triangular kind so common on Windmill Hill, also produced in larger size and numerously at Avebury Down and Grime's Graves.
A Series of Humanly-Fashioned Flints Found in the Cliffs and on the Shore at Mundesley, Norfolk
Authors: Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

When visiting Mundesley, in Norfolk, in September, 1916, the present author found upon the shore, in close proximity to an exposure of clay which he now considers to be referable to the Cromer Forest Bed Series, a very finely-made and large flint flake, of human manufacture. This discovery induced him to again visit Mundesley, and during this year (1919) close upon three weeks have been spent in an examination of the stretch of cliffs and shore lying between Trimingham, to the north-west of Mundesley, and Bacton, which lies to the south-east.

The author's researches have been greatly helped by the co-operation of three friends, Professor A. S. Barnes, Mr. Walter B. Nichols, and the Hon. Robert Gathorne-Hardy, who accompanied him to Mundesley, and to whom he offers his warmest thanks. He would, however, wish to make it clear that these gentlemen are in no way responsible for the statements made in this paper. For these the author is solely responsible.
A Flaked Flint from the Red Crag
Authors: Sollas W. J. , Moir J. Reid
Published: October 2013

The remarkable specimen which forms the subject of this communication was presented to me by Mr. Reid Moir, who had extracted it with his own hands from the base of the Red Crag exposed in Messrs. Bolton & Laughlin's brick field, near Ipswich.

It is a fragment of a nodule of chalk flint, irregularly rhombic in outline, with nearly flat base and a rounded upper surface which slopes away on each side from a medium line (the shorter diameter) joining the two obtuse angles of the rhomb.

The upper rounded side formed part of the original surface of the nodule and retains the whitish weathered crust, 8 mm. or more in thickness, which was formed while the nodule lay embedded in the chalk. The exterior of this crust has since been traversed by solutions which have deposited in its pores some silica and ferric hydrate, thus forming a brown superficial layer which is now too hard to be scratched with a knife.
Eoliths.—Their Origin And Age
Authors: Kendall H. G. O.
Published: October 2013

The discovery of these interesting stones by Mr. Benjamin Harrison on the high plateau of Kent, as long ago as 1885, their endorsement by Sir Joseph Prestwich, and the controversy about them which has since ensued, are, no doubt, known to all.

An eolith, in the strict sense of the word, is usually understood to be a flattish piece of flint, naturally fractured as to its plane surfaces, but chipped or hacked around its edges, in a direction more or less approaching a right angle to those surfaces. In some cases the piece of flint is not flat, and the chipping may then have been applied in a rather different manner. It should be noted that sarsens and other stones were used, as well as flint.

Not a few persons are dissatisfied with the word “eolith.” It bears an awkward resemblance to “neolith.” Moreover, it has begged the question, before exhaustive evidence has been forthcoming, of the position in prehistoric time of this particular series of chipped flints.

Even supposing that the eoliths ought to be placed (as has been taken for granted by some) before the Palaeolithic industry, our present knowledge would not be sufficient to enable us to assert, without fear of contradiction, that these are man's first efforts in chipping flints.
Finds of Flint Implements in The Red Line Trenches At Coigneux, 1918
Authors: Buckley Francis
Published: October 2013

I have been asked to explain the circumstances under which certain flint implements of the Le Moustier period were found near the trenches at Coigneux. And this with special reference to geological strata. Between the 1st April and the 14th August, 1918, Coigneux, a small village about 16 miles S.W. of Arras, lay some 6 miles behind the British front line. At the commencement of the German offensive in 1918 the ground on three sides of the village was hastily prepared for defence, and a triple line of trenches with many branches (known as the “Red Line”) was constructed. At first these trenches were only about 4 feet deep, but in June and July some of them were further excavated to a total depth of 6 feet. They were never manned by the infantry, and the parapets of the trenches were never disturbed. As officer in charge of the 42nd Division Observers, I lived in the neighbourhood of Coigneux from the middle of April till the middle of August, 1918. I had, therefore ample opportunity in the intervals of military duty to inspect the excavations, especially during the period of their extension. I had already searched for flint implements in different parts of France. And in June 1918, a kind suggestion from Reginald A. Smith, Esq., F.S.A., made me pay special attention to this excavated ground.
Some Aspects of the Hampshire Plateau Gravels
Authors: Bury Henry
Published: October 2013

Before proceeding to consider the special features of the Hampshire Basin, and their bearing on palæolithic problems, I should like to say a few words on more general subjects. It is very well known, but perhaps not always remembered, that scarcely one of our commonly accepted conclusions regarding the geological position of the early palæoliths rests on a secure foundation; in almost every case we have to content ourselves, not with a sound logical deduction, but with the most probable of several possible inferences from inadequate and conflicting data. And as an example of what I mean, let us glance at some points in the history of river terraces. First of all the word terrace usually connotes two distinct structures, a basal rock-shelf, and a series of deposits resting on it; and although it is generally assumed that the two are so intimately bound together as to be practically contemporaneous, yet that is not a sure inference, since it is equally possible that there may have been, in some cases at least, a long interval between them. The importance of this possibility to archæologists will be evident when I remind you of the contention of several eminent authorities that the different human cultures of the Pleistocene belong rather to such intervals than to the period of accumulation of the drift to which they are generally referred.
Discovery of a New Phase of Early Flint Mining at Grimes' Graves, Norfolk
Authors: Armstrong A. Leslie
Published: October 2013

The discovery of Floor 85, in 1920, with its definite three period stratification, for the first time demonstrated what some people had long suspected, viz., that the Grimes' Graves industry was not confined to any one period exclusively, but was the outcome of a practically continuous local development from an early stage in the pre-historic period down to the end of Neolithic times, and the exploration of this Floor established three important facts:—

(1) That an early industry had existed on the site characterised by the practice of naturalistic engraving on flint crust and the production of flint implements of certain distinctive types from mined flint of the variety known as Floor-stone.

(2) That that industry was the earliest so far recognised at Grimes' Graves and was clearly not contemporary with any of the 366 visible mine shafts on the site, but ante-dated them so considerably that the implements of the lowest level, F.85c, had become patinated and buried beneath accumulations of humus, etc., before mining operations commenced at that place.
A Flaking Site on Kelling Heath, Norfolk
Authors: Sainty J. E.
Published: October 2013

The site occupies the top and upper slope of the gravel plateau O.D. 200 feet, ¾ mile West by South of Weybourne Station. (See Ordnance Datum Map, Norfolk, Sheet X., S.W., 6-ins. to 1 mile). It consists of unploughed heathland, mainly undisturbed, though during the war some trenches were dug, whilst, at some past date, heather “turves” have been cut for the making of a turf bank, possibly an old boundary bank. As a result stony patches occur among the heather, and it was the discovery in August, 1923, by my daughter, Olive, of a worked point (Fig. 11) on one of these patches that led to the investigation of the site.

The parish boundary between Weybourne and Kelling lies at the foot of the eastern slope of the plateau at this spot. 1,100 yards East by South is a tumulus, adjoining which are the “Weybourne Pits,” whilst just over a mile west by north lie a series of tumuli on Salthouse Heath.
Late Palæolithic Finds in East Africa
Authors: Burkitt M. C.
Published: October 2013

Whilst engaged in arranging the Stone Age collections of the Cambridge University Museum of Archæology and Ethnology a series of implements from Naivasha “turned up.” This locality lies a little to the East of lake Victoria Nyanza. The tools shew certain Upper Palæolithic characters and it is therefore important to note their existence. Some folk consider the continent of Africa to be a museum of cultures, others a cradle. In either case it is necessary to collect any information as to the possible lines of cultural movement. The paintings of the Spanish group 2 in rock shelters in Eastern Spain are in all probability quaternary in age and date from some moment in Upper Palæolithic times; but the Bushman art of South Africa bears such a remarkable resemblance to this Eastern Spanish group, both generally and in detail, that some connection between the artists who made them seems probable—perhaps both were derived from the same late Palæolithic stock, the Bushman being a survival to our own day.
Geological Notes on the Acheulean Site at Whitlingham, Norfolk
Authors: Boswell P. G. H.
Published: October 2013

By the courtesy of Messrs. Sainty and Halls I was enabled to pay visits to the most interesting palæolithic site at Whitlingham, of which Mr. Sainty has given an account in the foregoing paper.

In the interval between my first and second visits, the cost of excavation had been assisted by a grant from the Sladen Fund. The wonderful series of implements obtained, certainly unique for Britain and possibly for Western Europe, and the interesting geological considerations which flow from the facts recorded, seem to me to be ample justification for the generous action of the Sladen Trustees.

In the preceding paper Mr. Sainty has given a clear and succinct account of the implementiferous beds and their accompanying deposits. Although his description of the geological features is, in my opinion, excellent, I have acceded to his request (unnecessary as it may seem) to add some geological notes on the deposits.