bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modification of Photoresist by UV for Post-Etch Wet Strip Applications
Authors: Le Quoc Toan , Kesters Els , Prager L. , Claes Martine , Lux Marcel , Vereecke Guy
Published: March 2009

In Back-End-of-Line processing, the remaining photoresist layer after plasma etch is traditionally removed using a plasma process. Plasma process was reported to induce damage to porous dielectric [1-3]. To minimize damage to low-k material, wet alternative methods of removal of photoresist layer on porous low-k dielectrics are gaining a renewed interest [4]. However, the presence of a “crust” generated by etch plasma at the photoresist surface makes it impossible to completely remove by a pure organic solvent. Indeed, the crust, most likely composed of crosslinked polymer, is not soluble in organic solvents [5]. For this reason, a UV pre-treatment is investigated to break cross-links in the crust or to modify the crust to enhance removal efficiency with solvent stripping in more advanced generations.
Cu Dendrite Formation in Post Trench Etch Cleaning
Authors: Heo Jung Shik , Oh Jun Hwan , Shin Hong Jae , Lee Nae In
Published: March 2009

Copper has been widely used as the interconnect material for integrated circuits because of the good electrical conductivity and electron migration resistance. Copper dual damascene structure has been adapted due to the impossibility of etching the copper. For via first dual damascene (VFDD) integration, via is opened after trench etch. Generally, diluted HF cleaning after trench etch is used to remove both etch residues and carbon depletion layer of low-k material. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of copper dendritic formation occurred in post trench etch cleaning with single wafer spin tool (SWST).
Electrochemical Behavior of Cobalt in Post-Via Etch Cleaning Solutions
Authors: Bilouk Sabrina , Pernel Carole , Broussous Lucile , Ivanova Valentina , Nogueira Ricardo
Published: March 2009

The integration of CoWP and CoWB self-aligned barriers (SAB) for 32 nm technology nodes allows improving copper interconnections reliability [1, 3]. However the introduction of such materials in copper interconnection levels drives new challenges for plasma dry etch and wet clean processes.
Indeed, during the post-via-etch cleaning step, cobalt and copper can be altered by corrosion. Moreover, a galvanic coupling between cobalt, the major component of SAB, and copper can thermodynamically occur. In this way, the cleaning solution acts as ionic medium providing a contact between the two metals. Thus, both metals polarize to a mixed potential comprised between the individual open circuit potentials (OCP) of cobalt and copper. As a result, the less noble metal can suffer from accelerated corrosion, and the more noble metal corrodes with slower rate. According to thermodynamic aspects, cobalt in contact with copper is the less noble metal. Consequently, Co is susceptible to undergo galvanic corrosion which may enhance the dissolution of the SAB.
Effect of Various Cleaning Solutions and Brush Scrubber Kinematics on the Frictional Attributes of Post Copper CMP Cleaning Process
Authors: Sampurno Yasa , Zhuang Yun , Gu Xun , Theng Sian , Nemoto Takenao , Sun Ting , Sudargho Fransisca , Teramoto Akinobu , Philipossian Ara , Ohmi Tadahiro
Published: March 2009

Brush scrubbing has been widely used in post chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) applications to remove contaminations, such as slurry residues and particles, from the wafer surface. During brush scrubbing, particle removal results from direct contact between a soft poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) brush and the wafer surface in which the brush asperities engulf the particles while the rotating motion of the brush, as well as the cleaning fluid at the surface, dislodge and carry the particles away from the wafer. The cleaning performance of brush scrubbing depends heavily on the choice of the cleaning solution and brush scrubber kinematics. In this work, the effect of various cleaning solutions and brush scrubber kinematics on the frictional attributes of post copper CMP cleaning process was investigated.
Cu Surface Characterization after Wet Cleaning Processes
Authors: Pipia Francesco , Votta Annamaria , Elbaz Alice C. , Grasso Salvo , Ravizza Enrica , Spadoni Simona , Alessandri Mauro
Published: March 2009

In damascene architecture, widely used both in flash memories and in DRAM as interconnect scheme since 90 nm node, copper surface is exposed after via etch. A deep understanding of the effect of different wet cleanings on Cu surface is therefore mandatory, not only to ensure an efficient post etch polymer removal, but also to provide a better surface termination, capable to minimize Cu oxidation kinetic and to reduce the growth of Cu-rich precipitates which may negatively effect contact resistance.
In this work we have analyzed the Cu surface after processing with several cleaning chemistries -often present in BEOL cleaning processes- using XPS (X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy) and ToF-SIMS (Time of Flight – Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy), fast and powerful techniques widely used in Cu surface characterization [1]. In addition, the evolution of the surface with storage time has been monitored using the same techniques, in order to better understand the effect of the different cleaning chemistries. XPS has been proven to be very sensitive to monitor Cu oxidation, while ToF-SIMS has been used to reveal organic species adsorbed on the surface.
Reduced Particle Removal Efficiency Upon Wafer Storage
Authors: Knotter D. Martin , Roucou Romuald , Peyrin Rémi
Published: March 2009

Removal of particles from substrate wafers is one of the challenges in semiconductor industry. For this end, processes and equipment are developed using particle contaminated wafers. Preparation of these wafers differs from institute to institute, which makes it difficult to compare their cleaning performance results. The difference in behavior of differently prepared particle contaminated wafers is caused by the application method it self and the subsequent storage of these wafers after the particle application.
Local Distribution of Particles Deposited on Patterned Surfaces
Authors: Wali Faisal , Knotter D. Martin , Bearda Twan , Mertens Paul W.
Published: March 2009

In many process steps of integrated circuits (IC’s) fabrication, silicon wafers are coming in contact with process liquids such as ultra pure water (UPW) and aqueous and non-aqueous chemical mixtures. During these process steps, liquid-borne particle contamination can deposit on the wafer surface. Particle contamination from UPW is an important factor influencing random yield loss of IC’s [ ]. A number of yield models are used to predict yields including Poisson, Murphy, Seeds, and negative binomial models [ , ]. However, these models are based on the assumption that particles are randomly deposited on the wafer surface [ ].
Relationship between Atmospheric Humidity and Watermark Formation in IPA Dry of Si Wafer after HF Clean
Authors: Kurumoto N. , Eitoku Atsuro , Miya Katsuhiko
Published: March 2009

As the critical dimension of LSI continues to decrease, the surface tension of water and its effect on the formation of watermarks is becoming a significant problem. It is known that watermarks are easily generated when a silicon hydrophobic surface is dried in a wet cleaning process. Many studies about watermarks have been reported [1, 2]. Additionally if the rinse and dry steps were performed under an inert (nitrogen) ambient and the rinse water had low oxygen concentration, watermarks could be effectively avoided [3, 4].
Energy Storage System
Authors: Siostrzonek Tomasz , Piróg Stanisław
Published: March 2009

In this article the storage systems: capacitors, batteries and flywheel energy storage are described. The flywheel energy storage will be described precisely and compared with other energy storage technologies.
GPS Based Navigation of an Autonomous Mobile Vehicle
Authors: Loose Harald , Zasepa Marcin , Pierzchala Przemyslaw , Ritter Robert
Published: March 2009

This paper presents an autonomous mobile robot built on a hardware platform of a remote controlled outdoor vehicle. The components are discussed, including platform, sensors, controller and GPS hardware. A new introduced middleware allowing other devices to control the robot on a more abstract level is presented. Using GPS receiver the vehicle is capable to navigate to given targets. The architecture of the platform and three different software approaches of achieving autonomy are described and evaluated.
Structural Stability and Phase Transitions in f-Electron Based Systems
Authors: Chandra Shekar N.V. , Sahu P.C. , Sanjay Kumar N.R. , Sekar M. , Subramanian N. , Kathirvel V. , Chandra Sharat , Rajagopalan M.
Published: March 2009

The study of high pressure structural stability and equation of state of f-electron based binary intermetallics of type AXBY, where A belongs to either rare earth of actinide atom and B any other d or p block metal, is interesting from both basic as well as applied research point of view. These studies have lead to some general systematic patterns emerging. Firstly, the AB type of compounds in general stabilizes in NaCl type cubic structure and transform to CsCl type under the action of pressure. The AB2 type of compounds is very interesting and under pressure undergoes a series of structural transitions. However, the AB3 type systems are highly stable and do not show structural transitions under pressure up to as high as 30 GPa. We found that it is interesting and enlightening to explore: (i) the reason for their stability by examining the electronic structure and (ii) look for general trends in the structural transformations. In this paper, we have presented some of our studies on f-electron based intermetallics (f-IMCs), elaborate on the trends seen in the structural transitions and correlate the results obtained with the electronic structure calculations.
Iterative Optimization of Spatial Solar Cell: Performance and Technology
Authors: Ulbikas Juras , Požela Karolis , Ulbikienė Daiva
Published: March 2009

Considering optimization of the technology and production of Solar Cells an overall goal is to lower the production costs per Watt through optimization of the parameters of Solar Cell. The dominant material up to now for the majority of commercially produced solar cells is crystalline silicon (c-Si). A lot of efforts has been undertaken to increase the electrical efficiency of Si based solar cells above 20% [3-5]. Unfortunately, efficiency improvements are often reached only with the help of costly process steps and as result without possibility to use such improvements in industrial products. One of the trends in achieving higher efficiency in monocristalline Si based Solar Cells is introduction of complicated spatial structure on absorbing surface of SC. Reports indicates expectations of efficiencies as high as 24% in laboratory samples but with significant raise in costs for Spatial SC production (Fig. 1). It is clear that optimization of technological steps and parameters must be considered thinking about introduction of Spatial SC. Optimization in the case of Spatial SC must be provided by two steps: first of all we need to evaluate impact of spatial structure to physical properties of the SSC and in the next step evaluate technological possibilities for production of the SSC with optimized physical characteristics.
Pattern Formation in Reaction Diffusion Systems: A Moving Boundary Model
Authors: Varghese George , George Jacob
Published: March 2009

Periodic precipitation pattern formation in reaction diffusion systems is interpreted as a moving boundary problem. All the existing laws are reexamined on the basis of the moving boundary assumption. Experimental observations were found to be in good agreement with the new equations suggested.
Diagnostics of Recombination Rate Homogeneity in Structures of Large-Area Solar Cells
Authors: Benda Vitezslav
Published: March 2009

The paper refers about a possibility to check recombination rate distribution over the area of power (large-area) solar cells from measured values of open circuit voltage VOC using local irradiation by monochromatic light of different wavelengths (LBIV . Light Beam Initiated Voltage). The method can give information both about recombination centres distribution in large-area solar cells and surface recombination rate at the antireflection coating. From VOC distribution, also position and extent of local defects can also be determined. The method can be used to investigate the influence of technology on characteristics of solar cells as an in-process checking with the aim of increasing efficiency and reliability of solar cells.
Formation and Characteristics of Thin Films of ZrO2-8 mol % Y2O3 Solid Electrolytes
Authors: Milčius Darius , Pranevičius L.L. , Širvinskaitė V. , Šalkus T. , Kežionis A. , Orliukas A.F.
Published: March 2009

Thin films of ZrO2-8mol%Y2O3 have been deposed by pulsed DC magnetron sputtering method. The substrates of Ni-cermet and alloy-600 for the films were used. The results of the investigation of the X-ray diffraction patterns and SEM showed that the films are nanocrystalline and belong to cubic symmetry. The relaxation process is related to the ion transport in thin films.
The results of the investigation of the temperature dependencies of thin films ionic conductivity (σ) showed that the dependence σ(T) is caused by the temperature dependence of oxygen vacancy mobility, while the number of charge carriers remains constant with temperature.
Self-Assembly of a Synthetic Opal Infiltrated with Liquid Crystal Like Photonic Crystal
Authors: Rasteniene Loreta , Pajeda Stasys , Vaisnoras Rimas
Published: March 2009

We have studied transmission and linear dichroism spectra of synthetic opal, refractive index n-= 1.342, infiltrated with nematic liquid crystal with averaged refractive index n = 1.596 or with water n = 1.30 and alcohol n = 1.28. We demonstrating that the position of the stop band in the visible spectra is shifted by changing infiltrated material, or temperature, or by variation angle of light incidence. Multiple diffraction are discussed.
Self-Formation Supported by Pattern Recognition
Authors: Telksnys Laimutis
Published: March 2009

Artificial planar systems self-formation process supported by pattern recognition theory and methods are discussed. Concept possibilities to apply pattern recognition power for improving and control self-formation processes are presented.
Synthesis of One-Dimensional Chalcogenides by a Novel Hydrothermal Process
Authors: Zhang Hui , Yang De Ren , Ji Yujie , Ma Xiang Yang , Xu Jin , Que Duan Ling
Published: March 2009

A TGA assisted hydrothermal process was employed to prepare chalcogenide nanorods. The different morphology of CdS nanomaterials prepared with and without the TGA assisted hydrothermal process indicates that TGA plays a critical role in controlling the nucleation and growth of CdS nanomaterials. The paper makes a preliminary presentation of the mechanisms of preparation of chalcogenide nanostructures with and without the use of the TGA assisted hydrothermal synthesis. FeS nanorods and nanoparticles have been prepared by the TGA assisted and without the TGA assisted hydrothermal process, respectively, which confirmed the proposed mechanism. X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows that the nanorods are of orthorhombic structure, and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) pattern showed that the FeS nanorods were single crystalse. Further investigation for the synthesis of other chalcogenides will be undertaken in order
to confirm the proposed mechanism.
Structural and Catalytic Properties of Thin Films of CuOx-CeO2-x Deposited by Laser Ablation
Authors: Chmielowska M. , Kopia Agnes , Leroux C. , Saitzek S. , Kusinski J. , Gavarri Jean R.
Published: March 2009

The structural analysis of thin cerium dioxide films doped with Cu, produced by laser
ablation for applications in catalytic and gas sensors, was the general aim of the study. The thin films deposited on a (100) silicon substrate were nanocrystalline structure with a well-developed texture. The morphology, as well as the preferred films orientation, is changed with the volume fraction of Cu. The observed changes affect the catalytic properties of the materials obtained which was confirmed by the catalytic tests undertaken with CH4.
Properties of TiO2 Films Prepared by the Spray Pyrolysis Method
Authors: Oja I. , Mere A. , Krunks M. , Solterbeck C.-H. , Es-Souni M.
Published: March 2009

TiO2 thin films were prepared by spray pyrolysis method. The solution containing titanium(IV)isopropoxide, acetylacetone and ethanol was deposited onto n-type Si(100) and HD Si(100) wafers at substrate temperatures of 315 to 500 0C by pulsed spray solution feed. The films were characterized by FTIR, XRD, AFM, ellipsometry, impedance and I-V measurements. Asdeposited films prepared below 500 0C were amorphous, whereas crystalline films could be achieved at 500 0C. Subsequent annealing at 700 °C in air led to crystalline anatase formation for films deposited below 400 °C. Rutile phase appears in annealed films prepared at a growth temperature above 400 °C. Anatase TiO2 films show refractive index in the range 2.20 to 2.40 and exhibit a relative dielectric constant value of 75 in the range 1 to 100 kHz. Electric breakdown occurs for 120 nm thick film at 250 kV/cm.
Two- and Three-Dimensional Photonic Crystals Produced by Pulsed Laser Irradiation in Silver-Doped Glass
Authors: Kaganovsky Yuri S. , Antonov I. , Rosenbluh M. , Ihlemann J. , Lipovskii A.A.
Published: March 2009

Two types of silver-doped glass were used for direct laser recording of 2D and 3D
photonic crystals. The first contained a diffusion layer (20 microns thick) with embedded silver nanoclusters of 20-nm average radius. 2D and 3D photonic crystals of submicron lattice parameters were fabricated by nanosecond pulsed laser irradiation (l, = 355 nm) using four or five coherent intersecting beams. Under irradiation the clusters absorbing light energy are heated to high temperatures and become mobile due to the formation of liquid shells around them. Adjacent clusters move towards each other and towards the irradiated surface under local temperature gradients, form agglomerates and merge in periodically located "spots" of high light intensity in the interference field. The second type of glass, photosensitive to UV irradiation, contained in the bulk Ag+ and Ce3+ ions. Under UV irradiation excited electrons passed from Ce3+ to Ag+. The Ag atoms
became neutral and under subsequent heat treatment of the glass at elevated temperatures have a tendency to form nanoclusters, thus “developing” the UV recorded patterns. Using nanosecond pulsed irradiation of 308 nm we have recorded 3D photonic crystals in the bulk of such glass.
Fabrication of 3D TE Structures
Authors: Toprak M.S. , Kim Do-Kyung , Mikhaylova Maria , Jo Yun Suk , Muhammed Mamoun
Published: March 2009

Templating methods provide an alternative approach for fabricating macroporous solids with three-dimensionally ordered arrays of pores with diameters from tens to hundreds of nanometers. The main goal of this work is the fabrication of thermoelectric-opal composite and inverse opals made of thermoelectric material in order to obtain enhanced performance by reducing the thermal conduction. Chemical bath deposition (CBD) has been employed and thermodynamic modelling was used to obtain optimum conditions for the desired phase of particle formation within the channels of the opal-like structures. The wetting behaviours of opals were considered in the choiceof the appropriate solvents. When loading is finished, the precursor is decomposed and reduced when appropriate. The opal template is then removed by pyrolysis to obtain the macroporous structures. The
structural properties of materials produced were investigated.
Carbon Nanotubes, Single‐Walled: Functionalization by Intercalation
Authors: Shiozawa Hidetsugu , Pichler Thomas , Pfeiffer Rudolf , Kuzmany Hans
Published: March 2009

The article reviews recent progresses in functionalization of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT). Detailed studies of electronic, chemical, and structural properties of intercalated and filled carbon nanotubes using state‐of‐the‐art spectroscopic and microscopic techniques are described. Intercalation with alkali metal allows one to fine tuned the electron‐doping level of SWCNT. A photoemission study of potassium intercalation compounds of SWCNT bundles unveils a transition of the metallic ground state of a SWCNT bundle from Tomonaga–Luttinger liquid state to Fermi liquid state. In turn, the filling of single‐walled carbon nanotubes with fullerenes and organic molecules facilitates a reality of nanochemistry using carbon nanotubes as a nanoreactor. A combined spectroscopic and microscopic investigation of the interconversion of encapsulated fullerenes and organic molecules unveils either a catalytic or a noncatalytic process for the inner‐tube growth from different filler precursors. Such encapsulated reactions vary the chemical status of filling material which eventually leads to a modulation of the doping level of the carbon nanotube host.
A General Approach to Semimetallic, Ultra‐High‐Resolution, Electron‐Beam Resists
Authors: Zong Bao‐Yu , Han Gu‐Chang , Zheng Yuan‐Kai , An Li‐Hua , Liu Tie , Li Ke‐Bin , Qiu Jin‐Jun , Guo Zai‐Bing , Luo Ping , Wang Hao‐Min , Liu Bo
Published: March 2009

Commercial electron‐beam resists are modified into semimetallic resists by doping with 1–3 nm metal nanoparticles, which improve the resolution, contrast, strength, dry‐etching resistance, and other properties of the resist. With the modified resists, fine resist nanopatterns from electron‐beam lithography are readily converted into 5–50 nm, high‐quality multilayers for metallic nanosensors or nanopatterns via ion‐beam etching. This method solves the problem of the fabrication of fine (<50 nm) metallic nanodevices via pattern transferring.
Ecofriendly synthesis, antimicrobial and antispermatogenic activity of triorganotin(IV) complexes with 4′‐nitrobenzanilide semicarbazone and 4′‐nitrobezanilide thiosemicarbazone
Authors: Chaudhary Pratibha , Swami Monika , Sharma D. K. , Singh R. V.
Published: March 2009

New series of triorganotin(IV) complexes with 4′‐nitrobenzanilide semicarbazone (L1H) and 4′‐nitrobenzanilide thiosemicarbazone (L2H) of the type [R3Sn(L)] (R = ‐CH3, ‐C6H5 and n‐C4H9) were synthesized under microwave irradiation. All the complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, conductance measurements, molecular weight determinations and spectral data, viz., IR, UV–vis, 1H, 13C and 119Sn NMR. The central tin atoms of these complexes are all five‐coordinated with trigonal bipyramidal geometry. In order to assess their growth inhibitory potency semicarbazone, thiosemicarbazone and their triorganotin(IV) complexes were tested in vitro against some pathogenic fungi and bacteria. Also the ligands and their organotin(IV) complexes were studied to assess the effects of long‐term ingestion of these compounds on fertility, body and reproductive organ weights. The biochemical analyses were also performed on blood samples and reproductive organs of male rats. The findings have been presented in this paper. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Response surface modeling and optimization for production of ammonia from urea in a batch reactor
Authors: Sahu J. N. , Patwardhan Anada V. , Meikap B. C.
Published: March 2009

Ammonia is applied to removal of NOx contaminates contained in a flue gas stream from energy producing boilers and increase of efficiency of an electrostatic precipitator for removal of fly ash from flue gas stream from a boiler using fossil fuel. In this study, urea hydrolysis for production of ammonia, in different application areas that requires safe use of ammonia, was investigated in a batch reactor. The single and combined effects of operating parameters such as initial feed concentrations, temperature, time and stirring speed on the production of ammonia from urea were analyzed using response surface methodology (RSM). A 24 full factorial central composite experimental design was employed. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed a high coefficient of determination value (R2 = 0.976) and satisfactory prediction second‐order regression model was derived. The optimum production conditions were determined as temperature, 180 °C; initial feed concentrations, 22.24 wt% of urea; time, 74.9 min and stirring speed, 1150 rpm. At optimum conversion conditions, the conversion of urea for production of ammonia was found to be 75.65%. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fabrication of multilayer ceramic membranes
Authors: Zyryanov V.V.
Published: March 2009

The development of multilayer mixed conducting oxide membranes on macroporous dead‐end tubular composite glass/ceramic substrates is presented. Sol modification of glass/ceramic substrate enhances the performance of catalytic membrane reactor (CMR) with reduced thickness of ceramic layers. The shrinkage misfit between support and ceramic layers can be regulated by different processing steps including sol modification of substrate and preliminary annealing of ceramic powders. Nanopowders of compatible complex perovskites as membrane materials were obtained by mechanochemical synthesis. Porous and dense ceramic layers were supported onto the internal wall of substrate by slip casting of slurries comprised of the narrow fractions of agglomerated powders dispersed in organic media with addition of surfactants. For SrFeO3‐based dense perovskite ceramics, both dynamics of oxygen loss at high temperatures and mechanical properties were found to be affected by the presence of SrSO4 surface inclusions formed due to sulfur admixture in starting reactants. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects induced by gamma irradiation on free‐volumes, mechanical, and thermal properties of flame‐ and non flame‐retardant polyvinylchloride
Authors: Salem E. F. , Mostafa N. , Hassan M. M. , Mohsen M.
Published: March 2009

Flame‐retardant polyvinylchloride (FRPVC),typically used in cable insulation and jacketing construction for multi‐purpose reactor (MPR) at Atomic Energy Authority of Egypt, as well as carbon‐black FRPVC (CB‐FRPVC) and nonflame‐retardant PVC and CB‐PVC materials produced by Egyptian Electrical Cable Company (EECC), have been irradiated up to 160 KGy, at room temperature with a 60Co gamma source. Free‐volumes and thermal stability of irradiated and nonirradiated PVC samples have been examined using positron annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In addition, the mechanical properties: tensile strength and elongation at break were examined. Considerable presence of flame‐retardant and carbon black additives in CB‐FRPVC sample led to both quenching and inhibition of Ps formation. The mechanical and thermal characterization showed that irradiation of PVC samples up to 80 KGy effectively induced cross‐linking to maxima. Higher doses then after results in degradation and thus a decrease in mechanical strength. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and structure control of hollow polymer particles: Influence of seeded emulsion polymerization and alkalization treatment process
Authors: Zhang Qinghua , Yang Zhongbing , Zhan Xiaoli , Chen Fengqiu
Published: March 2009

Hollow polymer latex particles containing a hydrophilic core were prepared by seeded emulsion polymerization with MAA/BA/MMA/St as comonomers, followed by stepwise alkalization treatment with ammonia. The size and morphology of composite latex particles was determined by TEM. The effects of the seeded emulsion polymerization conditions and alkalization treatment on the size and hollow structure of latex were investigated. The results showed that the optimum content of crosslinking agent in the shell polymers was about 0.5–1.0 wt %, emulsifier was about 0.8–1.1 wt %, and the core/shell weight ratio was 1/7. To obtain uniform hollow latex particles with large size, the starved feeding technique should be adopted in seeded emulsion polymerization, and the neutralization temperature should equal to the Tg of the shell polymer. Then, the obtained polymer particles under this condition had an excellent hollow structure. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Noncompartmental pharmacokinetics analysis of glucose‐stimulated insulin response in African–American and Caucasian youths
Authors: Xie Lanyi , Hoffman R. P. , Veng‐Pedersen Peter
Published: March 2009

The objective of this study was to examine the differences in glucose and insulin responses between African–American and Caucasian youths and to determine the associations of between‐group differences with sex, body mass index (BMI) and pubertal status using a noncompartmental pharmacokinetic approach. Sixteen African–American and 22 Caucasian healthy adolescents were tested using the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test. Longitudinal t‐tests across each observation revealed that (1) African–American youths have higher insulin concentrations between 4 to 19 min; (2) insulin levels remained similar as subjects were grouped according to sex and pubertal status; (3) for glucose, the only difference was found as it approached steady‐state basal level (>100 min) between groups with different BMIs. Linear regression showed that insulin concentrations between 4 to 19 min are associated with BMI in Caucasians. African–American youths were found to have higher insulin responses after glucose stimulation and the insulin concentrations were more related to BMI in Caucasians compared with African–Americans. BMI also has a significant effect on the glucose steady state basal level. The acute insulin response to glucose (AIRg) extended to 20 min resulted in a more significant racial difference (p<0.0006) compared with the calculation done over 10 min suggested in the past (p<0.001). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The ZMF: Is it a reliable intraoperative guide for the IOF?
Authors: Gupta Tulika , Gupta Sunil Kumar
Published: March 2009

Intraoperative localization of the inferior orbital fissure (IOF) is necessary when making an osteotomy across the zygomatic bone while performing an orbito‐zygomatic craniotomy. The zygomatico‐facial foramen (ZMF) may serve as good reference point for locating the IOF. In this study, the position of the ZMF was assessed and its location in relation to the IOF was measured in 78 skulls. The ZMF was present in 83.3% of the skulls and when present, was related to the lateral end of the IOF in all cases. The mean distance of the ZMF from the IOF was 15.6 mm, and the mean distance between the ZMF and the fronto‐zygomatic suture was 25.9 mm. In skulls where the ZMF was absent, the mean distance of the inferior orbital rim (at the level of IOF) from the fronto‐zygomatic suture (20.7 mm) could be used for determining the position of the IOF. The IOF could thus be located ∼15–16 mm medial to the ZMF in the same transverse plane. The location of the ZMF could also be used as a landmark for determining the inferior limit of the orbito‐zygomatic craniotomy. Clin. Anat. 22:451–455, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Facile Synthesis of Catalytically Active Platinum Nanosponges, Nanonetworks, and Nanodendrites
Authors: Lin Zong‐Hong , Lin Meng‐Han , Chang Huan‐Tsung
Published: March 2009

Facile synthesis: Pt nanosponges, nanonetworks, and nanodendrites (see figure) are synthesized through a unique galvanic replacement reaction between Te nanowires and PtCl62− ions in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The three Pt nanomaterials all have large active surface areas and highly electrocatalytic activities for the oxidation of methanol.

magnified image

In this paper, we report a simple approach for the preparation of various porous Pt nanomaterials (NMs) in aqueous solution. Employing different temperatures and concentrations of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), we obtained Pt nanosponges, Pt nanonetworks, and Pt nanodendrites from the reduction of PtCl62− ions via galvanic replacement reactions with Te nanowires (length: 879 nm; diameter: 19 nm). At ambient temperature, Pt nanosponges and Pt nanodendrites formed selectively in the presence of SDS at concentrations of <10 mM and>50 mM, respectively. At elevated reaction temperatures, we obtained Pt nanonetworks and Pt nanodendrites in the presence of SDS at concentrations of <10 mM and >50 mM, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed that these Pt NMs were all composed of one dimensional Pt nanostructures having widths of 3.0±1.0 nm and lengths of 17.0±4.8 nm. Cyclic voltammetry data indicated that the as‐prepared Pt nanonetworks, nanosponges, and nanodendrites possessed large electrochemically active surface areas (77.0, 70.4, and 41.4 m2 g−1, respectively). For the electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol, the ratio of the forward oxidation peak current (If) to the backward peak current (Ib) of the Pt nanodendrites, nanosponges, and nanonetworks were all high (If/Ib=2.88, 2.66, and 2.16, respectively). These three NMs exhibit greater electrocatalytic activities and excellent tolerance toward poisoning species for the oxidation of methanol when compared with the performance of standard Pt NMs.
Electronic Energy Transfer to the S2 Level of the Acceptor in Functionalised Boron Dipyrromethene Dyes
Authors: Harriman Anthony , Mallon Laura J. , Goeb Sébastien , Ulrich Gilles , Ziessel Raymond
Published: March 2009

Taking the high road: Highly efficient electronic energy transfer takes place from a set of appended aryl polycyclic hydrocarbons to an expanded boron dipyrromethene (Bodipy)‐based dye (see figure) despite negligible spectral overlap with the lowest‐energy excited state localised on the acceptor.

magnified image

A multi‐component array has been constructed around an expanded boron dipyrromethene (Bodipy) dye that absorbs and emits in the far‐red region. One of the appendages is a perylene‐based moiety that is connected to the boron atom of the terminal Bodipy by a 1,4‐diethynylphenylene connector. Despite the fact that there is almost negligible spectral overlap between fluorescence from the perylene unit and absorption by the Bodipy residue, electronic energy transfer is rapid and essentially quantitative. It is concluded that at least half of the photons absorbed by perylene are transferred to the upper‐lying singlet excited state (S2) associated with the Bodipy‐based acceptor. The second appendage is a pyrene unit that is covalently linked to fluorene, through an ethynylene spacer, and to the boron atom of the Bodipy terminus, through a 1,4‐diethynylphenylene connector. Pyrene absorbs and emits at higher energy than perylene and there is strong spectral overlap with the Bodipy‐based S2 state, and none with the corresponding S1 state. Electronic energy transfer is now very fast and exclusively to the S2 state of the acceptor. It is difficult to compute reasonable estimates for the rates of Coulombic energy transfer, because of uncertainties in the orientation factor, but the principle mechanism is believed to arise from electron exchange. Comparison with an earlier array built around a conventional Bodipy dye indicates that there are comparable electronic coupling matrix elements for the two systems. It is notable that pyrene is more strongly coupled to the Bodipy unit than perylene in both arrays. These new arrays function as highly effective solar concentrators.
ChemInform Abstract: Two for the Price of One — Resolvable Polymorphism in a “Single Crystal” of α‐ and β‐Sb3O4I.
Authors: Hugonin Zuzana , Johnsson Mats , Lidin Sven
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Three Sandglass‐Type Molybdophosphates Obtained via a New Route: Synthesis and Characterization of X7[PMo8O30] (X: Na+, K+, NH4+).
Authors: Bai Yan‐Chun , Liu Li‐Ping , Yan Xing‐Juan , Chu Wei , Zhu Ying‐Ying , Song Yu‐Ting , Huang Ru‐Dan
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies in N‐Amino‐3‐aza Cope Rearrangements.
Authors: Gloria Paulo M. C. , Prabhakar Sundaresan , Lobo Ana M.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium(II) Complexes Bearing a Pyridyl‐Supported Pyrazolyl—N‐Heterocyclic Carbene (NNC) Ligand and Their Catalytic Activity in the Transfer Hydrogenation of Ketones.
Authors: Zeng Fanlong , Yu Zhengkun
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Trifluoroethanol as a Metal‐Free, Homogeneous and Recyclable Medium for the Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of α‐Amino Nitriles and α‐Amino Phosphonates.
Authors: Heydari Akbar , Khaksar Samad , Tajbakhsh Mahmood
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Dinickel(II) Complexes of Bis(N‐heterocyclic Carbene) Ligands Containing [Ni2(μ‐OH)] Cores as Highly Efficient Catalysts for the Coupling of Aryl Chlorides.
Authors: Zhou Yongbo , Xi Zhenxing , Chen Wanzhi , Wang Daqi
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Selective Synthesis of Dimethyl 3‐Alkylamino Itaconates.
Authors: Arfaoui Aicha , Beji Feten , Ayed Taicir Ben , Amri Hassen
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of α‐Siloxy Esters Using a Silylated Masked Acyl Cyanide.
Authors: Nemoto Hisao , Ma Rujian , Kawamura Tomoyuki , Yatsuzuka Kenji , Kamiya Masaki , Shibuya Masayuki
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: PEG‐N2O4: An Efficient Nitrating Agent for the Selective Mono‐ and Dinitration of Phenols under Mild Conditions.
Authors: Zolfigol Mohammad Ali , Madrakian Elaheh , Ghaemi Ezat , Niknam Khodabakhsh
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Multifaceted Palladium Catalysts Towards the Tandem Diboration—Arylation Reactions of Alkenes.
Authors: Penno Dirk , Lillo Vanesa , Koshevoy Igor O. , Sanau Mercedes , Ubeda M. Angeles , Lahuerta Pascual , Fernandez Elena
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Preparation of Optically Pure Diamines and Their Applications in Asymmetric Aldol Reactions.
Authors: Liu Quan‐Zhong , Wang Xue‐Lian , Luo Shi‐Wei , Zheng Bao‐Lei , Qin Da‐Bin
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of β‐Hydroxy Ketones from Allylic Alcohols by Catalytic Formation of Ruthenium Enolates.
Authors: Bartoszewicz Agnieszka , Livendahl Madeleine , Martin‐Matute Belen
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Polymer‐ and Silica‐Supported Tridentate Schiff Base Vanadium Catalysts for the Asymmetric Oxidation of Ethyl Mandelate — Activity, Stability and Recyclability.
Authors: Shiels Rebecca A. , Venkatasubbaiah Krishnan , Jones Christopher W.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Aerial Oxidation of 2,2‐Dibromo‐1‐aryl and Heteroaryl Ethanones: A Facile Synthesis of Aryl and Heteroaryl α‐Keto Amides.
Authors: Shanmugapriya D. , Shankar R. , Satyanarayana G. , Dahanukar Vilas H. , Kumar U. K. Syam , Vembu N.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Native Silica Nanoparticle Catalyzed anti‐Markovnikov Addition of Thiols to Inactivated Alkenes and Alkynes: A New Route to Linear and Vinyl Thioethers.
Authors: Banerjee Subhash , Das Jayanta , Santra Swadeshmukul
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient and Catalyst‐Free Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Thioureas under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Halimehjani Azim Ziyaei , Pourshojaei Yaghoub , Saidi Mohammad R.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Dimerization of Disubstituted Ketenes Catalyzed by N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes.
Authors: Lv Hui , Zhang Yan‐Rong , Huang Xue‐Liang , Ye Song
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiiranation of 2′‐Adamantylidene‐9‐benzonorbornenylidene and cis‐ and trans‐Cyclooctenes with 4,4′‐Dithiodimorpholine in Acetic Anhydride.
Authors: Sugiihara Yoshiaki , Koyama Hiroki , Yasukawa Yuri , Nakayama Juzo
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction Between 1,n‐Diamines, Diketene, and Dibenzoylacetylene in the Presence of Triphenylphosphine: One‐Pot, Pseudo‐Five‐Component Synthesis of Bisfuramides.
Authors: Alizadeh Abdolali , Hosseinpour Reza , Rostamnia Sadegh
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Method for the Synthesis of 2‐Acylamino‐1‐benzothiophene‐3‐carboxamide Derivatives from the Corresponding Esters.
Authors: Banhegyi Peter , Waczek Frigyes , Szekelyhidi Zsolt , Hegymegi‐Barakonyi Balint , Keri Gyoergy , Orfi Laszlo
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Bacterial Translation Inhibitors, 1‐Acylindazol‐3‐ols as Anthranilic Acid Mimics.
Authors: Romero Donna L. , et al. et al.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Cyclic Amidinium Salts.
Authors: Aidouni Adila , Bendahou Soufiane , Demonceau Albert , Delaude Lionel
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Hydroxyphthalimide/Cobalt Acetate, a New Catalytic Oxidative System for the Synthesis of Benzimidazoles.
Authors: Coppola Gary M.
Published: March 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.