bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution of theories of resolution of armed conflicts in the second half of the XX century
Authors: Baginskyi Andrii
Published: December 2021

We can distinguish two approaches to the periodization of peace and conflict theories. Both are related to the separation of “generations of theories” with their characteristic accents, conceptual apparatus, paradigms. Generations of theories differ both in their understanding of the external factors of peace formation and in their varying degrees of consideration of internal societal factors in conflict resolution. The first generation of theories uses the basic features of political realism in maintaining peace – the main actors in peacekeeping processes are states that contribute to the end of the conflict at the international level, interacting with other states through diplomacy. The second generation of theories of peace and conflict seeks to move away from the imperatives of the Westphalian international system and focuses on basic human needs and the structural causes of conflict. Thus, the second generation of theories has expanded both methodological approaches and levels of conflict resolution analysis, postulating positive peace as the desired goal of conflict management. In the 1980s, influential theories emerged that not only referred to the deep social determinants of conflict, explored negotiations and mediation, but also drew attention to the temporal dimension of conflict. The concepts of “intractable conflict” and “ripeness of conflict” refer to the next stage in the development of theories of conflict and peace, when, on the one hand, the presence of long-term multilevel conflicts reduces scientists’ optimism about their rapid transformation, and on the other hand can change the dynamics of the conflict towards peaceful processes. The emergence of these theories was the result of paradigm shifts in practical peacekeeping - improving methods of conflict resolution, the transition from a policy of negative peace to a policy of conflict transformation provided a broader interpretation and reinterpretation of social relations within conflict societies. State-centric models of peace, which could be imposed in a rather unilateral way by a third party, were difficult for the international side to extend to the local traditional specifics of social systems and did not ensure the onset of lasting peace.
The topic of the Belarusian language in local pro-Russian Internet media (the case of Teleskop-by.org)
Authors: Polovyi T.
Published: December 2021

The article covers the problem of the Belarusian language in the pro-Russian Internet media in Belarus. Noted that the Teleskop-by.org resource belongs to the network of pro-Russian propaganda media, which broadcasts identical narratives. Established that this resource is characterized by sharp and sometimes aggressive rhetoric about independent Belarus as a state in general and the Belarusian language in particular. Considerable attention is paid to the coexistence of Belarusian and Russian languages in the Republic of Belarus. Found that the authors question the existence of a separate from the Russian Belarusian language, emphasizing its provinciality and secondary nature. Thus, emphasizing the kinship of the two ethnic groups and languages, Russian identity is imposed on Belarusian society, which, according to a significant number of authors of this media resource, is positioned as dominant in comparison with the Belarusian one. Analyzed the main theses promoted by the authors of Teleskop-by. org. In particular, the publications point to the threats that arise for the Russian language amid activities of the “belarusizating nationalists” who are aggressively opposed to everything connected with Russia. Established, that the authors of this media see in the phenomenon of belarusianization a potential danger and threat to the “Russian world” in Belarus, in general, and the Russian language, in particular. For example, the lack of toponymy or advertising in Russian is positioned by the authors of the publications as steps aimed at the destruction of the Russian language in Belarus. Promoting the statement that the principled Belarusian-speaking, in the vast majority of cases, indicates the anti-Russian political views of the speaker. Despite the fact that the overwhelming majority of authors support the equality of both state languages, but at the same time point to the importance of the Russian language and its role in the formation of the Belarusian identity and consciousness and in some publications the authors actually promote the idea of dividing Belarusians into Russian and Belarusian-speaking.
Legal regulation in the field of international railway transportation of goods
Authors: Aslanov V.
Published: December 2021

Goal: investigate legal issues on membership of the Republic of Azerbaijan in the International Criminal Court. Methods of research: analysis and study of regulatory documents containing provisions on the international railway carriage of goods. Railway transport in developed countries takes a leading place in comparison with other modes of transport. This is due to its versatility – the ability to serve various sectors of the economy and meet the needs of the population in transportation, regardless of the conditions in which the transportation is carried out. Therefore, for almost two hundred years, rail transport remains the main means of moving goods.

There are several types of international transportation known to international rail freight traffic, each of which has its own legal characteristics. Consider the following types of transportation: 1. Transportation of direct and indirect messages. 2. Rail or mixed international transport. 3. Non-reloading and reloading international transportation. 4. Neighboring and transit international transportation. 5. International traffic with reconsignment and border transportation. 6. Special types of cargo transportation. Among the listed types of transportation, in our opinion, currently the most effective are mixed container transportation or intermodal, multimodal, combined, i.e. involving two or more modes of transport, and the delivery process itself was called “intermodal” or “multimodal” transportation. Discussion: offering a comprehensive and detailed study and use of this practice in academia.
Normative and individual acts as tools of public administration activity in the field of television and radio broadcasting
Authors: Kalimbet A. , Sidor M.
Published: December 2021

Normative and individual acts as tools of public administration activity in the field of television and radio broadcasting

The article highlights the essence of normative and individual acts of subject of public administration used in the field of television and radio broadcasting. Emphasis is placed on the need to take into account current trends in national legislation and the views of European scholars on the transformation of the institution of forms of government in the institution of tools of public administration.

It is noted that the administrative actions of subject of public administration aimed at ensuring the public interest can take a variety of external forms, and thus take the form of tools of public administration. The general features of public administration tools are singled out, among which: competence of subject of public administration, standardized form, possibility of appeal; as well as a comparative characterization between normative and administrative acts as tools of public administration, the main difference of which is determined by the range of persons covered by the act and the possibility of its repeated application.

It is necessary to issue regulations by subjects of public administration in the field of television, which is a by-law that aims to decipher the abstract provisions of laws and give them a specific and holistic content. It was found that the issuance of regulations is an effective operational way to regulate the dynamic legal relations in this area.

It is determined that the result of consideration and resolution of administrative cases in a certain order, which arise during the implementation of the relevant subjects, public administration in the field of television and radio broadcasting is the adoption of individual acts, which in turn are the basis for the emergence, change and termination of administrative legal relations in the field of television and radio broadcasting.

Attention is paid to the fact that administrative law enforcement as a form of activity of subject of public administration in the field of television and radio broadcasting is aimed at individualization of legal norms in relation to specific subjects and specific life circumstances. Such activity is characterized by the issuance of individual acts, which is the result of consideration and resolution of administrative cases opened in a certain order.
Advantages and disadvantages of smart-contracts as the basis for the emergence of ownership
Authors: Nekit K.
Published: December 2021

The article examines the concepts, legal nature of smart contracts, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of smart contracts as a basis for ownership. The technical and legal aspect of the concept of smart contract is considered. Models of using smart contracts are described. Approaches to determining the legal nature of smart contracts are presented. It is concluded that two models must be considered when using smart contracts. The first model is external, when the program code does not replace the agreement, but only automates its execution. The second model is internal, when the code completely or partially replaces the terms of the agreement. Among the advantages of smart contracts as grounds for the emergence of property rights can be identified, first of all, the inability to change the terms of the contract and interference in its work. However, at the same time, this feature is a disadvantage of the smart contract, as it does not allow to take into account the objective circumstances that may affect the implementation of the agreement. The problem of oracles when using smart contracts is also considered. It is noted that the use of oracles actually means the involvement of a third party in the transaction with all the risks that arise from it. The problem of involving notaries and state registrars in transactions on acquisition of property rights on the basis of a smart contract is analyzed. The problems of lack of legal regulation of smart contracts, in particular, related to its transnational nature, is investigated. The problem of protection of the rights of the parties to the smart contract is analyzed, in particular, related to technical errors and outside interference. Temporary solutions regarding the use of smart contracts and general recommendations on the legislative definition of smart contracts are proposed.
Defining the status “person with a disability” in Ukraine
Authors: Polumysna O.
Published: December 2021

Polumysna O. Defining the status “person with a disability” in UkraineThe article finds that the term “person with a disability” has constantly evolved, the attitude of society towards a person with a disability has been constantly changing. The nicknames that society assigned to this category of people, calling them lame, idiots, beggars, lunatics, social outsiders, the mentally retarded, the retarded, scarecrows for the healthy, samovars, etc. are considered. It was found that these names indicated only a person's disability or position in society and did not identify him as an ordinary person with his own needs and problems to be solved. In the twentieth century, only how able / incapable a person is came to the fore. At the end of the XX – beginning of the XXI century in many countries society began to pay attention not only to the medical indications of people with disabilities, but began to talk about the equality of these people in society, i.e. the implementation of the social model of disability. It is noted that the use of the words in-valid, dis-ability, mal-formation already fosters in society a negative attitude towards people with disabilities. It has been studied that the vast majority of researchers called people with disabilities “people with disabilities”, “people with special needs”, “people with disabilities”. In addition, there are sharper statements such as “abnormal student with disabilities”, “child with defects”, “special child”. After the law was passed in 2017, most scholars began using the term “person with a disability”.

It was found that people with disabilities living in Ukraine ask not to be called autistic, cerebral palsy, downs, people with special needs, disabilities, and put a person first, and then his disability. There has been and in fact there is no consensus between society, scientists and people with disabilities themselves, as they are called, which indicates a certain imbalance and lack or one-sided communication in society.
Prevalence of certain categories of legal problems at the local level
Authors: Shpiker Maryna
Published: December 2021

The article presents a spatial analysis of the prevalence of certain categories of legal problems in Ukraine. The analysis was performed using the database of client appeals of the free legal aid system of Ukraine for 2019 in five categories of problems related to the areas of housing, pension, inheritance, labor, and land law. For each settlement where at least one free legal aid office is located, the share of appeals related to the 5 selected categories from the total number of appeals was calculated. The obtained indicators were used for mapping, correlation analysis and statistical tests.

Certain territorial regularities were discovered, as well as correlations of the share of appeals on certain categories of problems with separate social and demographic characteristics of the population at the oblast level were identified. In particular, the share of appeals on housing law at the oblast level is positively correlated with the percentage of households living in apartments, and increases in bigger settlements and their proximity to the oblast center. The share of appeals on land issues is growing from east to west, is highest in rural areas and is positively correlated with the percentage of rural population in the region, as well as the percentage of people employed in agriculture, forestry and fisheries. The share of appeals on hereditary issues is the largest in the western macro-region and small settlements, and also correlates positively with the average household size in the region. Regularities on the prevalence of appeals on labor and pension law could not be found. For all categories of problems, a geographical variation in the prevalence of various legal problems is observed at the oblast level, when the indicators may differ significantly in neighboring districts.
State support for civil society development in Ukraine in 2007–2020: strategic tasks and implementation mechanisms
Authors: Andriichuk Т.
Published: December 2021

In 2007, Ukraine joined the pool of the countries in which supporting for civil society development is officially recognized as a state priority. Since then, three relevant strategic documents have been implemented – the Concept for facilitating civil society development by executive bodies (2007), that was approved by the government, and the Strategy of state policy for facilitating civil society development (2012) and the National strategy for facilitating civil society development for 2016–2020 (2016), that were approved by the President of Ukraine.The results of the researching of different approaches to determining the strategic objectives of state support for civil society development and the mechanisms for their implementation, that took place during 2007–2020, are presented in the article. Also the analysis of the above-mentioned state documents and the practice of their implementation is carried out. The strengths and weaknesses of the respective approaches are highlighted based on the results of the analysis.Each strategic document played a positive role in the formation of state policy for facilitating civil society development. However, none of them had enough quality in terms of planning and implementation mechanism. The author singled out a number of shortcomings: unclear formulation of strategic objectives and fuzzy connection of action plans with them; changing bodies authorized to set priorities and plan activities in the relevant area; weak coordination mechanisms; lack of indicators for monitoring and evaluation of effectiveness, etc.Recommendations for improving approaches to defining strategic objectives and mechanismsfor their implementation in the new National strategy for facilitating civil society development were alsoformulated.
Causes and prerequisites of the occupation of Luhansk and Donetsk regions: empirical analysis of territories (on the basis of indicators of the democratization index “Freedom in the World 2020”)
Authors: Vehesh M. , Kopolovets R.
Published: December 2021

Summary. The article examines the main reasons and preconditions for the occupation of certain regions in eastern Ukraine. The influence and role of Russia in this military conflict are analyzed, and for the first time an empirical (applied) analysis of the democratization index in the temporarily occupied territories is carried out. Russia’s aggressive policy in eastern Ukraine is part of a “hybrid” war against Ukraine that began in early 2014 with the occupation of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. With the support of Russia, the so-called “Donetsk and Luhansk” people’s republics were created in eastern Ukraine. In essence, these are occupation military administrations that number more than 30,000 people, including regular troops and instructors of the armed forces of the Russian Federation. These are well-armed military formations, the number and combat capabilities of which are not inferior to the armies of individual European countries. In the temporarily occupied territories there is a total political and ideological “Russification”, the purpose of which is the alienation and further isolation of these territories from official Kyiv. It should be noted that the hostilities, which have been going on for the sixth year, pose serious economic, political, legal, and geopolitical problems on Ukraine’s path to consolidating the democratic regime and integrating with the European community. The change of political regime in 2013 in Ukraine opened up prospects for the consolidation of national identity and the restoration of the course of Euro-Atlantic integration, which was usually not accepted by official Moscow and personally by President Putin. It should be clearly understood that the war in Donbass, provoked by Russia, is the result of a systematic and long-term policy of Russia towards Ukraine as a country with a favorable geopolitical location and a kind of bridge between Europe and Russia. The article pays special attention to the theoretical and applied analysis of democratic development in Donbass. It should be noted that from 2020 “Freedom House” will start monitoring the territory and accordingly provide quantitative data on the democratization index with the appropriate analytical base and forecasts.
Financial and legal basis of the activities of the united territorial communities
Authors: Ananieva Ye.
Published: December 2021

Problems of legal regulation of local finances are considered in the works of lawyers, economists, sociologists, public administration specialists, from different positions of their formation, distribution and use in public relations, but in modern conditions of budgetary relations, namely – formation of budgets of united territorial communities, introduction of decentralization in regional governance, administrative reform, orientation of Ukraine to European standards and values of life, the concept of legal regulation of local finances, in particular, budget relations needs to be updated. Scientific publications investigate the problems of defining local finances as a basic basis for local government, which ensures the reproduction of the budget process and the development of regions, their constituent elements and purpose. However, at present the scientific discussion on the legal significance of local finances, their constituent elements, sources of formation and use continues, because in the modern economy a significant part of financial resources is formed and redistributed through budgets, which include budgets of united territorial communities. which, finally, as a legal institution is not defined. The development of local self-government from the standpoint of the government’s proposed decentralization of power provides for the purpose of creating high-quality living conditions for citizens, providing them with the necessary public services, development of material and social base of the region.

These tasks are implemented in the presence of appropriate economic development of the territory, its financial support, which depends on the sources of budget and extrabudgetary funds and areas of their use.
Mediation in civil proceedings during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Zukh Yu. , Shveda K.
Published: December 2021

The article deals with the problems of implementation of the mediation procedure in civil proceedings and the technical possibilities of distance mediation, prospects for implementation, as well as the legal and social consequences of using this method of dispute resolution during the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors emphasize the importance and necessity of using distance mediation, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, as it allows resolving civil cases without a health risk. Emphasis is placed on what difficulties may arise in choosing this particular way for resolving the dispute and possible ways to overcome them. It is noted that many problems arise, primarily due to the fact that mediation has not yet found its place in a separate law. The article gives a detailed analysis of how a mediator can ensure the confidentiality of the procedure and which his actions are possible if it is impossible to conduct it remotely. In contrast to mediation, which due to the flexibility of the procedure can take place remotely, a parallel is drawn with the traditional dispute resolution, in courts, as well as the reasons for the ineffectiveness of distance format in choosing this method and the advantages of mediation in this case. It is spoken in detail about the issue of conducting mediation in other countries and shown the conclusions, which summarize the solutions for overcoming problems, their effectiveness and experience for Ukrainian mediators, which can be borrowed from foreign professionals. Examples of solving the problems, caused by the pandemic, in distance mediation considered by the examples of France, the United Kingdom, and some states of the United States. The article draws attention to the fact that civil cases are best resolved through the mediation procedure, and under quarantine - remotely. It is emphasized that civil cases often meet all the criteria of the eligibility for mediation in contrast to criminal, economic, administrative cases and cases of administrative torts.
Guarantees of the rights of heirs in the imposition of non-material obligations on them by will
Authors: Kiryk A.
Published: December 2021

The article examines the issue of assigning non-property obligations to testamentary heirs. Inheritance relations, for the most part, are property relations carried out by heirs through the performance of rights and obligations in respect of material assets left by the testator (apartments, land, cars, etc.). However, the civil legislation of Ukraine provides for a rule on the imposition of non-material obligations on the heirs. Since, according to the Civil Code of Ukraine, the inheritance consists only of property obligations, the testator, being deprived of the opportunity to transfer personal non-property rights and obligations to the heirs, has the right to oblige the heirs to perform non-property actions. It was found that the Laws of the XII Tables contained provisions that in the event of his death, the testator may dispose of non-property rights. n this context, it should be recognized that the views of those authors who believe that a will is not only a disposition of property, but also a disposition of other tangible or intangible benefits in the event of death, are successful. It has been established that the imposition of non-material duties to perform certain actions aimed at achieving a socially useful goal are separate testamentary dispositions. The classification of liabilities aimed at achieving a socially useful goal on property and non-property is substantiated. The definition of the concept of “socially useful activity” is offered. It is determined that posthumous orders of a non-property nature are of a mixed, property-nonproperty nature. It is established that the guarantee of the rights of heirs who are obliged to perform certain actions of a non-material nature is that the cost of these obligations should not exceed the value of the inherited property, and therefore the will will not have legal force if it does not have at least one property order.
System of punishments for the minors: the ways of improving
Authors: Kryklyvets D.
Published: December 2021

The research deals with the standing system of punishments for minors and its analysis in the context of cases when it is impossible to appoint any of the punishments, foreseen by sanction. The author arrives at the conclusion that the stated problem is related to the legal regulation of the General Part of the CC of Ukraine provisions, as far as it is the General Part of the CC of Ukraine that regulates the kinds, terms and amounts of the punishments for the minors, so that the legislator shall not go beyond these limits while constructing the sanctions of the Special Part of the CC of Ukraine articles. The author deals with the different ways of solving this problem. The first way is to broaden the application of imprisonment for the certain term to the minors in the similar cases, particularly combining it with the exemption from serving the punishment on probation under Articles 75–78, 104 of the CC of Ukraine. At the same time, the author underlines that imprisonment for the certain term is one of the severest punishments, consequently it shall be appointed not in every criminal proceedings, as far as in such case the appointed punishment shall not correspond the severity of criminal lawbreaking, as well as it shall not take into account the person of guilty. The second way is the legal regulation of substituting the appointed punishment. In fact, it goes about supplementing the sanction with the other alternative kinds of punishments. At the same time, this variant does not solve the problem completely, as far as it can`t be applied in case of committing the criminal offence. The author substantiates the conclusion that solving this problem requires the more versatile approach, so that the problem should be solved in the context of improving the system of punishments that shall be applied to the minors. As a result, the author suggests certain improvements, in particular it goes about broadening the sphere of applying the punishments of public works and restriction of liberty, as well as about involving the minor convicts in the other educational measures.
The relationship between fiduciary ownership as a means of ensuring the fulfilment of the obligation and pledge
Authors: Riabchinska A.
Published: December 2021

The relationship between fiduciary transfer of ownership for security purposes and pledge as the ways to ensure the fulfilment of the obligation is examined in the article. The usefulness of the distinction of mentioned ways of ensuring the fulfilment of the obligations as two essentially different rights in nature is substantiated. The article endorses the feasibility to qualify a pledge as a proprietary right to another’s property. The article reveals that according to national civil law the pledge is a quasi – ownership right unlike the fiduciary transfer of ownership for security purposes which expressly designated by law as a kind of ownership for the property. It is suggested that the pledge and the fiduciary ownership for security purposes should be related as special and model right accordingly. It is proved that the difference between mentioned proprietary ways of ensuring the fulfilment of the obligation are: functional relationship of primary obligation (pledge is accessory means of ensuring the fulfilment of the obligation which shall be terminated after termination of primary obligation whereas fiduciary ownership is non – accessory thus it is not terminated immediately after termination of primary obligation); degree of autonomy of security estate including bankruptcy proceedings (to a fiduciary ownership object, separated from personal fiduciary’s property, does not apply the moratorium on satisfaction of creditors’ claims, the property secured by fiduciary ownership is not part of the debtor’s liquidation mass, by contrast the pledged object is part of the liquidation mass and falls within the scope of such moratorium); foreclosure procedure (recovery of pledge object as a rule is done on execution by a court decision, as opposed to fiduciary ownership for security purposes which allow fiduciary to recovery the security property without reference to judicial procedure through the sale it to any third party and makes it possible to take ownership of it without restrictions on use and disposal).
Local peacemaking in conflict resolution
Authors: Bahinskyi A.
Published: December 2021

The article examines local peacemaking as a way to resolve the conflict. Criticism of the concept and practice of "liberal peace" has led to the search for alternative ways of peacemaking, including those that would take into account local peace processes. In addition, the liberal peace scheme often views the peace process statically, where all actors have to act in supposedly pre-written roles. The search for the optimal interaction of international structures, the state and local actors continues to this day – depending on the context of the conflict, it has differences in each case. Such a variety of forms of local peacemaking is due to the need to resolve the conflict at the level of the whole society for a long time, and broad sections of the population would understand and have confidence in peace processes. Territorial and geographical constraints can create obstacles in local peacemaking, especially when it comes to its interaction with national peacebuilding. In addition, the liberal peace scheme often views the peace process statically, where all actors have to act in supposedly pre-written roles. The conceptual role of "liberal peace" found its expression in modern theories of peace and conflict, where peacebuilding was originally associated with the creation or reconstruction of political institutions on the Western model. Among the common forms of local peacemaking, researchers consider local peace committees. The effectiveness of local peacemaking depends on local leaders, the geographical spread of the armed conflict, the intensity and drivers of the conflict. main directions of local peacemaking influence on peacebuilding: ability to strengthen trust and dialogue in society; ensuring the settlement of conflicts at the local level; concluding peace agreements between conflicting parties; ensuring the operation of peace infrastructure.
Influence of external and internal factors the reconstruction of the party landscape of European countries
Authors: Svietlakova M.
Published: December 2021

At the beginning of the ХХІ century, the European Union, particularly its states parties faced a number of complex and unresolved issues. One of the important manifestations of political change that took place in some EU countries was the evolution of party systems. Due to the active globalization processes and the urgent problems facing Europe, it can be asserted that the European party system is currently degrading. Recently, during the years of crisis (economic, migration, political, etc.) there took place a rundown of political parties and a loss of parties’ influence on various local organizations, and most importantly on the electorate. A characteristic feature of the changes that took place in the established political configurations was a clear-cut disruption of party coordinates. The classic division into the right, the left and the centrists proves this. However, in reality it remained, basically, only in the ideological software of the parties. At the same time, the real political course of the party space’s main subjects became less and less conveyed. In truth, this character separates the leading political forces of modern Europe into two directions. Firstly, these parties proclaim to find a way out of the crisis by any means in their activities and at the same time improve the system of integration and globalization relations. In particular, in the scientific community (conservatives, liberals, etc.) they are called traditional parties. Secondly, there is another party side in which ideological and political criteria are expressed more explicitly. There are radical socialists who are dissatisfied with the current social structure of the (modern) state; radical nationalists who oppose the immigration component in modern European life; and separatists who excoriate EU regional strategy. All these points are actively supported by parties that have been defined as anti-systemic by the scientific community.
Court building or palace of justice? (View from the standpoint of judicial symbolism)
Authors: Kravchuk O. , Ostashchuk I.
Published: December 2021

Analysis of symbolic dimension of a court building in the general sense of its social vocation is carried out in the article. From the standpoint of judicial symbolism, the authors describe some well-known court buildings in various European countries, in particular, in Ukraine. The authors point out that since its inception, the court as one of the most important social institutions has been marked by a special attitude to the place or building where its sessions took place. In ancient Rome, in accordance with the notion of the need to sanctify space, where important actions and processes took place, the trial was held at a forum or in sacred premises, which often coincided with temples. In medieval Europe, trials were also held in the most privileged premises – palaces of rulers, temples, in the main squares. In the city magistrates, the courtrooms were one of the most solemn, and their interiors were decorated with works of art relating to justice. To this day, where possible, court buildings are erected with the intention of emphasizing the high social significance of justice. This is expressed in architectural forms (in particular, the imitation of classical examples of architecture, which were often common to public, temple and palace buildings as the most important in the local community or country). It is also expressed in modern conceptual solutions of architects, which successfully emphasize the dominant principles of justice – transparency, equality. The court buildings expressed in their appearance and interior design that the justice exercised here is one of the constituent foundations of society. The buildings of the courts, in addition to a purely utilitarian purpose and practicality, had a clear symbolic dimension, conveying the value of the category of justice. Some modern Ukrainian courts also fit into the general European tradition of emphasizing the importance of this institution with majestic buildings. At the same time, these buildings appear as architectural pearls of cities. A special role in the symbolism of the court building as a judicial symbol is played by stairs, which symbolically express the elevation of a person to the halls where justice is realized and the most important legal decisions are made.
Theoretical basis of forensic expert investigation of accidental events on air transport
Authors: Krupka A. , Duz L. , Kraliuk M. , Krupka Ya. , Yakovleva E.
Published: December 2021

The purpose of the article is to study and develop theoretical and methodological principles of forensic aviation technical expertise, recommendations for the application of special knowledge in criminal, civil, commercial and administrative proceedings to prevent, detect, investigate and consider by investigators / courts crimes related to violations of regulations legal acts on traffic safety or operation of air transport, as well as improving its methodology, justification and formulation of recommendations for legal evaluation of results and increase the effectiveness of the use of forensic conclusions in the process of proof. The methodological basis of the study are the laws and categories of the theory of knowledge, in particular the provisions of materialist dialectics, which contributed to the understanding of the purpose and objectives, subject, object, research issues in the context of interdependence of achievements and needs of practice. At the same time, the methods of formal logic (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, analogy, abstraction) made it possible to understand in more detail the content of the studied questions, the essence of the studied categories and phenomena was clarified by the system-structural method. The Ministry of Justice of Ukraine has created a new type (subtype) of forensic examination: “Aviation Technical” and forensic specialty 10.25 “Investigation of aviation events and incidents”, so the article formulates the basic concepts of forensic aviation technical examination, namely: identifies the main issues, which are decided by forensic aviation technical examination; tasks, subject, object which give the chance to understand essence and the maintenance of expert activity of these researches; the tasks of a specific examination are distinguished from the tasks of other related types of examinations in this area. The process of researching air transport objects is quite complex, diverse and specific. The problems facing the investigation (court) determine the feasibility of creating and developing a theoretical basis for a new type (subtype) of forensic examination: “Aviation Technical” and forensic specialty 10.25 “Investigation of aviation events and incidents”. To solve the tasks and create a coherent system of expert research in air transport, it is necessary to conduct a set of research works to develop a methodological basis for this type (subspecies) of forensic examination.
The Black Sea Basin regionalism: guidelines of the legal (maritime) doctrine of Ukraine (international legal dimension)
Authors: Kuznietsov S.
Published: December 2021

The article analyzes and evaluates advantages, disadvantages and possibilities for implementation of the Black Sea Basin Regionalism in the Black Sea basin as a guiding position of the legal (maritime) doctrine of Ukraine. The subject of the study is the analysis and evaluation of advantages, disadvantages and possibilities of implementation of the Black Sea Basin Regionalism in the Black Sea basin as a guiding position of the legal (maritime) doctrine of Ukraine. The Black Sea Basin Regionalism is defined as the interaction of states aimed at settling relations arising in the field of maritime activities in the Black Sea basin, in order to solve common problems of rational use of its natural resources. It is suggested to understand the Black Sea Basin Regionalism as a guiding principle of the legal (maritime) doctrine of Ukraine, which (given its international legal dimension) can be implemented for building Ukrainian maritime policy in the Black Sea basin and support its effective implementation. The international legal basis of Black Sea Basin Regionalism is defined as bilateral and multilateral international agreements, where both Circum-Pontic states and not Circum-Pontic states are or can be parties and are concluded on the basis of and within the framework of universal international conventions of a global nature, in order to implement the latter, taking into account the conditions of the Black Sea basin as a “special area” of the sea. Activation of maritime activities of states in the Black Sea basin necessitates further improvement of legal regulation of relations that arise and the effectiveness (rationality) of its implementation on the global (international legal dimension), regional (European integration dimension) and national (regional and interregional dimension within Ukraine) levels.
Productive employment and labor productivity as a condition for implementation of the concept of decent work
Authors: Mykytiuk S. , Mykytiuk V.
Published: December 2021

The article considers the basic conditions for the implementation for the provisions of decent work as productive employment and labor productivity. Man is the main value of social and labor relations. Global transformations, changes in the social and labor sphere require a rethinking the rules of labor law in accordance with the provisions of decent work, which provide for labor productivity in conditions of freedom, equality, security and respect for human dignity, safety at workplace, social protection of workers, fair earnings, equal attitudes and equal opportunities for everyone. The study concludes that, firstly, productive employment is an external form of implementation of the provisions of decent work, which depends on the state and government agencies that implement social policy. The state creates the starting conditions which allow individuals to be realized, benefiting both the society and the state. Secondly, labor productivity reflects the internal content of the concept of decent work, individual (own) needs of the employee and is realized through the main factors which include: material and technical (promoting the technical progress of the organization and employees); organizational and economic (streamlining of labor organization, optimization of the number of managers and employees); socio-psychological (creating the necessary motivation for the employee). An important motivational factor for the employee is establishing a normal psychological climate in the team, which affects labor productivity and means: non-discrimination; fair, loyal attitude to the employee taking into account professional abilities and benefits in the overall process; proportionality in realism of the set goals and the ability to achieve them; creation of disciplinary guidelines or general rules of functioning of the organization with provisions on stimulation of positive behavior by encouraging methods.
Information management in government policy: the challenges of time and responses to them
Authors: Bulbeniuk S. , Maneliuk Yu.
Published: December 2021

The article examines the peculiarities of the formation of government policy in the field of information management under the influence of systemic challenges of recent years. Particular attention is paid to the role and place of civil society, in particular its network segment, in the relationship between the state and the media in the media market. The authors propose a rationale for information management and social capital of society as interrelated political and social phenomena. After all, the effective promotion of certain models of information management is possible under the conditions of attracting social capital to the mechanisms of political communication. At the same time, social capital as an exclusively group resource is both an object and a subject of information flows involved in the processes of political communication. The problem of mass media involvement is covered in two aspects. First, through the consideration of communication techniques. Secondly, it was found that in recent years the practice of forming qualitatively different models of mass media financing has become established. The article analyzes the prospects of diversification of mass media funding sources through public activist campaigns of donors and crowdfunding, in particular in Ukraine. In the domestic socio-political realities, according to the authors, it is worth talking more about attempts to introduce such a systemic practice. And this is not surprising, because the spread of donor and crowdfunding practices of the mass media is one of the indicators of the maturity of civil society. However, traditional and modern channels of interaction between the government and civil society in the field of information management can have unpredictable consequences, such as the threat of manipulative influences of different directions.
Crisis оf distribution in the modern world: trends and consequences
Authors: Lyashenko Т.
Published: December 2021

Main causes of crisis of distribution in the modern world are considered in the article. While the COVID- 19 pandemic is spreading, the problem of distribution and related crises have become main issues that attract attention of both governments and the world community. Rising unemployment, gender disparities, income inequality and wealth are some of the side effects of the coronavirus pandemic. The crisis has exacerbated inequality on the all main dividing lines of society and pushed back achievements in reducing poverty all around the world. The pandemic and its aftermath have reminded us of the need to move to a society, which would be fairer and more sustainable one. The distribution crisis can lead to the collapse of many social subsystems. The systems, structures and organizations, which are able to change in a permanent way and effectively overcome conflicts, become the most successful. Distribution policy does not necessarily mean welfare programs for low-income groups or a broad distribution of public goods and finances. Redistributing manager’s power is also subject to redistribution policy. The idea of welfare state, its development and further all-encompassing crisis draw attention to the most important moments of human existence, such as distribution of goods and the right to access to resources both within a state and in the world as a whole. The states with a high welfare level enjoy widely available educational programs, largely funded by taxes. Thus, in order to ensure equal opportunities and achieve equal results, a coordination of professional training and an existing labor market is needed. A clear legal system is needed to address distribution challenges and distribution risks, especially in economic legislation and, first of all, in tax, financial and antitrust regulations, which solve distribution problems in practice. Thus, distribution crises must be effectively controlled and resolved by strengthening economic regulation.