bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Realistic cosmological measurement of distances in the Friedmann universe
Authors: Nikolaev Aleksei , Chervon Sergey
Published: January 2016

We consider application of our development of Zeldovich’s ideas, presented in Ref. 1, for measurement of the cosmological angular diameter distance (ADD) in the Friedmann Universe. To make a comparison with [Formula: see text]CDM we analyze ADD measurement in [Formula: see text]CDM model responsible for the later inflation (present accelerated expansion of the Universe). We also analyze a small deviation from equality in the distance duality relation induced by the fullness (by matter) of the cone of light rays (CLR) which is used for the ADD measurement method.
Impact of anisotropy on the interaction of an atom with a one-dimensional nano-grating
Authors: Buhmann Stefan Yoshi , Marachevsky Valery N. , Scheel Stefan
Published: January 2016

We study the interaction of an atom with a one-dimensional nano-grating within the framework of macroscopic QED, with special emphasis on possible anisotropic contributions. To this end, we first derive the scattering Green’s tensor of the grating by means of a Rayleigh expansion and discuss its symmetry properties and asymptotes. We then determine the Casimir–Polder potential of an atom with the grating. In particular, we find that strong anisotropy can lead to a repulsive Casimir–Polder potential in the normal direction.
Inverse problem of radiofrequency sounding of ionosphere
Authors: Velichko E. N. , Yu. Grishentsev A. , Korobeynikov A. G.
Published: January 2016

An algorithm for the solution of the inverse problem of vertical ionosphere sounding and a mathematical model of noise filtering are presented. An automated system for processing and analysis of spectrograms of vertical ionosphere sounding based on our algorithm is described. It is shown that the algorithm we suggest has a rather high efficiency. This is supported by the data obtained at the ionospheric stations of the so-called “AIS-M” type.
Video-Based Classification of Driving Behavior Using a Hierarchical Classification System with Multiple Features
Authors: Yan Chao , Coenen Frans , Yue Yong , Yang Xiaosong , Zhang Bailing
Published: January 2016

Driver fatigue and inattention have long been recognized as one of the main contributing factors in traffic accidents. Therefore, the development of intelligent driver assistance systems, which provides automatic monitoring of driver's vigilance, is an urgent and challenging task. This paper presents a novel system for video-based driving behavior recognition. The fundamental idea is to monitor driver's hand movements and to use these as predictors for safe/unsafe driving behavior. In comparison to previous work, the proposed method utilizes hierarchical classification and treats driving behavior in terms of a spatio-temporal reference framework as opposed to a static image. The approach was verified using the Southeast University Driving-Posture Dataset, a dataset comprised of video clips covering aspects of driving such as: normal driving, responding to a cell phone call, eating and smoking. After pre-processing for illumination variations and motion sequence segmentation, eight classes of behavior were identified. The overall prediction accuracy obtained using the proposed approach was [Formula: see text] when using a hierarchical classification approach. The proposed approach was able to clearly identify two dangerous driving behaviors, Responding to a cellphone call and Eating, with recognition rates of 92.39% and 92.29% respectively.
Day-Ahead Prediction of Wind Speed with Deep Feature Learning
Authors: Wan Jie , Liu Jinfu , Ren Guorui , Guo Yufeng , Yu Daren , Hu Qinghua
Published: January 2016

Day-ahead prediction of wind speed is a basic and key problem of large-scale wind power penetration. Many current techniques fail to satisfy practical engineering requirements because of wind speed's strong nonlinear features, influenced by many complex factors, and the general model's inability to automatically learn features. It is well recognized that wind speed varies in different patterns. In this paper, we propose a deep feature learning (DFL) approach to wind speed forecasting because of its advantages at both multi-layer feature extraction and unsupervised learning. A deep belief network (DBN) model for regression with an architecture of 144 input and 144 output nodes was constructed using a restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM). Day-ahead prediction experiments were then carried out. By comparing the experimental results, it was found that the prediction errors with respect to both size and stability of a DBN model with only three hidden layers were less than those of the other three typical approaches including support vector regression (SVR), single hidden layer neural networks (SHL-NN), and neural networks with three hidden layers (THL-NN). In addition, the DBN model can learn and obtain complex features of wind speed through its strong nonlinear mapping ability, which effectively improves its prediction precision. In addition, prediction errors are minimized when the number of DBN model's hidden layers reaches a threshold value. Above this number, it is not possible to improve the prediction accuracy by further increasing the number of hidden layers. Thus, the DBN method has a high practical value for wind speed prediction.
A New Method of Sound Quality Analysis Based on Design of Experiment
Authors: Tan Gangping , Jie Gang , Cao Ming
Published: January 2016

An optimization strategy of sound quality was proposed to improve sound quality inside a vehicle. The frequency of vehicle interior noise was divided into sub-bands by equivalent rectangular bandwidth (ERB) in the frequency domain, and the intensity of sub-band noise located in the mid-low frequency can be modified by using the measure of active noise control (ANC) in order to analyze its influence on the sound quality of original noise. Orthogonal experiments of vehicle interior noise were conducted according to experimental design. A model of sound quality objective evaluation (SQOE) was proposed as an experimental index. The role of sub-band on the model of SQOE was analyzed at different speeds so as to achieve the optimum level, optimum combination of sound quality and main factors. The results, obtained by implementing the optimization strategy of sound quality, were verified by means of tests. By validation, it showed that optimum sound quality can be achieved by changing the intensity of sub-band noise.
Identification of Influential Online Social Network Users Based on Multi-Features
Authors: Sun Qindong , Wang Nan , Zhou Yadong , Luo Zuomin
Published: January 2016

The problem of discovering influential users is important to understand and analyze online social networks. The user profiles and interactions between users are significant features to evaluate the user influence. As these features are heterogeneous, it is challengeable to take all of them into a proper model for influence evaluation. In this paper, we propose a model based on personal user features and the adjacent factor to discover influential users in online social networks. Through taking the advantages of Bayesian network and chain principle of PageRank algorithm, the features of the user profiles and interactions are integratedly considered in our model. Based on real data from Sina Weibo data and multiple evaluation metrics of retweet count, tweet count, follower count, etc., the experimental results show that influential users identified by our model are more powerful than the ones identified by single indicator methods and PageRank-based methods.
Examples of nested essential free tangles
Authors: Saito Toshio
Published: January 2016

It is proved by Ozawa that every knot in the 3-sphere has a unique essential tangle decomposition if it admits an essential free 2-tangle sphere. In this paper, we show that for every integer [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text], there is a knot in the 3-sphere which admits an essential free [Formula: see text]-tangle decomposition and also admits at least [Formula: see text] distinct essential tangle spheres. To this end, we give examples of nested essential free [Formula: see text]-tangles for every integer [Formula: see text] with [Formula: see text].
Acceleration of universe by nonlinear electromagnetic fields
Authors: Kruglov S. I.
Published: January 2016

A new model of nonlinear electromagnetic fields possessing a dimensional parameter [Formula: see text] is proposed. Electromagnetic fields are considered as the source of the gravitation field and accelerated expansion of the universe is driven by nonlinear electromagnetic fields. We consider the magnetic universe and the stochastic magnetic field is a source of the universe acceleration. After the universe inflation and the accelerated expansion the universe decelerates. We show the causality of the model and a classical stability at the deceleration phase. The spectral index, the tensor-to-scalar ratio and the running of the spectral index were estimated that approximately fulfil the PLANCK, WMAP and BICEP2 data.
New solutions of exotic charged black holes and their stability
Authors: Farhangkhah N.
Published: January 2016

We find a class of charged black hole solutions in third-order Lovelock Gravity. To obtain this class of solutions, we are not confined to the usual assumption of maximal symmetry on the horizon and will consider the solution whose boundary is Einstein space with supplementary conditions on its Weyl tensor. The Weyl tensor of such exotic horizons exposes two chargelike parameter to the solution. These parameters in addition with the electric charge, cause different features in comparison with the charged solution with constant-curvature horizon. For this class of asymptotically (A)dS solutions, the electric charge dominates the behavior of the metric as [Formula: see text] goes to zero, and thus the central singularity is always timelike. We also compute the thermodynamic quantities for these solutions and will show that the first law of thermodynamics is satisfied. We also show that the extreme black holes with nonconstant-curvature horizons whose Ricci scalar are zero or a positive constant could exist depending on the value of the electric charge and chargelike parameters. Finally, we investigate the stability of the black holes by analyzing the behavior of free energy and heat capacity specially in the limits of small and large horizon radius. We will show that in contrast with charged solution with constant-curvature horizon, a phase transition occurs between very small and small black holes from a stable phase to an unstable one, while the large black holes show stability to both perturbative and nonperturbative fluctuations.
APPLICABILITY OF FRACTAL DIMENSION ANALYSIS IN DENTAL RADIOGRAPHS FOR THE EVALUATION OF RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY
Authors: FERNANDES MAURÍCIO ANDERSON , RIBEIRO ROSA EDVALDO ANTÔNIO , JOHANN ALINE CRISTINA BATISTA RODRIGUES , GRÉGIO ANA MARIA TRINDADE , TREVILATTO PAULA CRISTINA , AZEVEDO-ALANIS LUCIANA REIS
Published: January 2016

Objectives: To test the capacity of the digital tool, fractal dimension (FD) analysis, in identifying subtle differences in bone pattern in patients with renal osteodystrophy (RO), correlated with the time of hemodialysis, in different regions of interest, delineated on panoramic and periapical radiographs. Study design: A total of 34 patients with chronic renal disease undergoing hemodialysis were submitted to panoramic and periapical radiographs. Different regions of interest were delineated on the mandibular body and ramus. FD was analyzed by means of the software program ImageJ and correlated with the time of hemodialysis. Results: The sample consisted of 34 subjects. The time of hemodialysis varied from 1 to 286 months. There was significant correlation between the time of hemodialysis and the FD values in the region delineated in the mandibular angle ([Formula: see text]) and this was shown in the periapical radiographs as well ([Formula: see text]). Conclusions: FD analysis was a useful tool in detecting alterations caused by RO in bone pattern, in panoramic and periapical radiographs.
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF THE METALLIC SYSTEM Au(111)-(3×3)R30∘-Pd
Authors: CHADLI R. , KHEFFACHE S. , KHATER A.
Published: January 2016

This work constitutes an analysis of the thermodynamic properties in the ordered metallic surface alloy system Au(111)-([Formula: see text])[Formula: see text]-Pd. The equilibrium structural characteristics as well as the thermodynamic functions are examined by the matching method, associated with real space Green’s function formalism, evaluated in the harmonic approximation. Our numerical results, for this metallic system of surface alloy, show in particular a significant dependence between the thermodynamic properties and the coordination number and the values of the force constants.
Prediction of glass transition temperatures of polyacrylates from the structures of motion units
Authors: Yu Xinliang , Huang Xianwei
Published: January 2016

The glass transition temperature [Formula: see text] is the most important parameter of an amorphous polymer. A quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) was developed for [Formula: see text]s of 82 polyacrylates, by applying stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis. Molecular descriptors used to describe polymer structures were, for the first time, calculated from the motion units of polymer backbones, which are chain segments with 20 carbons in length (10 repeating units). After internal validation with leave-one-out (LOO) method, external validation was carried out to test the stability of the MLR model of [Formula: see text]s. Compared to the models already published in the literature, the MLR model in this paper was accurate and acceptable, although our model was based on bigger data sets. The feasibility of calculating molecular descriptors from the motion units of polymer backbones for developing [Formula: see text] models of polyacrylates has been demonstrated.
Truncated harmonic oscillator with reflection: Representation, uncertainty relation and thermodynamics
Authors: Chung Won Sang
Published: January 2016

In this paper, we consider a truncated harmonic oscillator without reflection symmetry and a truncated harmonic oscillator with reflection symmetry. For both algebra, we investigate the representation, correct Hamiltonian and uncertainty relation. Especially, for a truncated harmonic oscillator with reflection symmetry, we discuss thermodynamics of a particle obeying this algebra.
Splitting properties of the reduction of semi-abelian varieties
Authors: Hertgen Alan
Published: January 2016

Let [Formula: see text] be a complete discrete valuation field. Let [Formula: see text] be its ring of integers. Let [Formula: see text] be its residue field which we assume to be algebraically closed of characteristic exponent [Formula: see text]. Let [Formula: see text] be a semi-abelian variety. Let [Formula: see text] be its Néron model. The special fiber [Formula: see text] is an extension of the identity component [Formula: see text] by the group of components [Formula: see text]. We say that [Formula: see text] has split reduction if this extension is split. Whereas [Formula: see text] has always split reduction if [Formula: see text] we prove that it is no longer the case if [Formula: see text] even if [Formula: see text] is tamely ramified. If [Formula: see text] is the Jacobian variety of a smooth proper and geometrically connected curve [Formula: see text] of genus [Formula: see text], we prove that for any tamely ramified extension [Formula: see text] of degree greater than a constant, depending on [Formula: see text] only, [Formula: see text] has split reduction. This answers some questions of Liu and Lorenzini.
Autonilpotent groups and their properties
Authors: Davoudirad Samaneh , Moghaddam Mohammad Reza R. , Rostamyari Mohammad Amin
Published: January 2016

In 2010, the second author and coworker introduced and studied the concept of autonilpotent groups. In this paper, we investigate this concept from different point of view, and prove some new results. In fact, in this new notion some of our results do not hold in the nilpotent case.
On sums of squares of Fibonomial coefficients by q-calculus
Authors: Kılıç Emrah , Yalçıner Aynur
Published: January 2016

We present some new kinds of sums of squares of Fibonomial coefficients with finite products of generalized Fibonacci and Lucas numbers as coefficients. As proof method, we will follow the method given in [E. Kılıç and H. Prodinger, Closed form evaluation of sums containing squares of Fibonomial coefficients, accepted in Math. Slovaca]. For this, first we translate everything into [Formula: see text]-notation, and then to use generating functions and Rothe’s identity from classical [Formula: see text]-calculus.
Restricted connectivity of total digraph
Authors: Liu Zhenhua , Zhang Zhao
Published: January 2016

For a strongly connected digraph [Formula: see text], an arc-cut [Formula: see text] is a [Formula: see text]-restricted arc-cut of [Formula: see text] if [Formula: see text] has at least two strong components of order at least [Formula: see text]. The [Formula: see text]-restricted arc-connectivity [Formula: see text] is the minimum cardinality of all [Formula: see text]-restricted arc-cuts. The [Formula: see text]-restricted vertex-connectivity [Formula: see text] can be defined similarly. In this paper, we provide upper and lower bounds for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for the total digraph [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text].
A novel anti-inflammatory role of GPR120 in intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Anbazhagan Arivarasu N. , Priyamvada Shubha , Gujral Tarunmeet , Bhattacharyya Sumit , Alrefai Waddah A. , Dudeja Pradeep K. , Borthakur Alip
Published: January 2016

GPR120 (free fatty acid receptor-4) is a G protein-coupled receptor for medium- and long-chain unsaturated fatty acids, including ω-3 fatty acids. Recent studies have shown GPR120 to play cardinal roles in metabolic disorders via modulation of gut hormone secretion and insulin sensitivity and to exert anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages and adipose tissues. However, information on anti-inflammatory role of GPR120 at the level of intestinal epithelium is very limited. Current studies demonstrated differential levels of GPR120 mRNA and protein along the length of the human, mouse, and rat intestine and delineated distinct anti-inflammatory responses following GPR120 activation in model human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells, but not in model mouse intestinal epithelial endocrine cell line STC-1. In Caco-2 cells, GPR120 was internalized, bound to β-arrestin-2, and attenuated NF-κB activation in response to 30-min exposure to the agonists GW9508, TUG-891, or docosahexaenoic acid. These effects were abrogated in response to small interfering RNA silencing of β-arrestin-2. Treatment of STC-1 cells with these agonists did not induce receptor internalization and had no effects on NF-κB activation, although treatment with the agonists GW9508 or TUG-891 for 6 h augmented the synthesis and secretion of the gut hormone glucagon-like peptide-1 in this cell line. Our studies for the first time demonstrated a GPR120-mediated novel anti-inflammatory pathway in specific intestinal epithelial cell types that could be of therapeutic relevance to intestinal inflammatory disorders.
miR-148a-3p overexpression contributes to glomerular cell proliferation by targeting PTEN in lupus nephritis
Authors: Qingjuan Liu , Xiaojuan Feng , Wei Zhang , Chao Wu , Pengpeng Kang , Hongbo Li , Sanbing Zhang , Jun Hao , Min Yang , Shuxia Liu
Published: January 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate the role of miR-148a-3p in lupus nephritis (LN) based on data from previous studies and a microRNA assay. We evaluated the miR-148a-3p expression level in LN renal tissues and blood serum to determine its clinicopathological significance and effect on glomerular cell proliferation. Then, we collected renal glomeruli from LN mice and determined the miR-148a-3p, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and PCNA/Thy1 expression. We performed functional analyses of miR-148a-3p in vitro and in vivo. We also investigated the target gene of miR-148a-3p in LN. The results showed that miR-148a-3p expression levels were significantly higher not only in glomeruli but also in the blood serum during LN and increased in the glomeruli of LN mice and that at the same time there was positive correlation between miR-148a-3p and PCNA expression of glomruli. Overexpression of miR-148a-3p accelerated cell proliferation and PCNA expression, while a miR-148a-3p inhibitor inhibited cell proliferation via the Akt/cyclin D1 pathway. Furthermore, miR-148a-3p overexpression reduced the phosphatase and tensin homology deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN) expression level, while miR-148a-3p silencing increased its expression in high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1)-induced mouse mesangial cells (MMCs). Luciferase assays demonstrated that miR-148a-3p could directly bind to the PTEN 3′-UTR. PTEN overexpression inhibited MMC proliferation considerably, resembling the results observed during miR-148a-3p inhibition. Reducing miR-148a-3p expression upregulated PTEN in the glomeruli and improved renal function in LN mice. Thus miR-148a-3p may promote proliferation and contribute to LN progression by targeting PTEN.
Iodide excess regulates its own efflux: a possible involvement of pendrin
Authors: Calil-Silveira Jamile , Serrano-Nascimento Caroline , Kopp Peter Andreas , Nunes Maria Tereza
Published: January 2016

Adequate iodide supply and metabolism are essential for thyroid hormones synthesis. In thyrocytes, iodide uptake is mediated by the sodium-iodide symporter, but several proteins appear to be involved in iodide efflux. Previous studies demonstrated that pendrin is able to mediate apical efflux of iodide in thyrocytes. Acute iodide excess transiently impairs thyroid hormone synthesis, a phenomenon known as the Wolff-Chaikoff effect. Although the escape from this inhibitory effect is not completely understood, it has been related to the inhibition of sodium-iodide symporter-mediated iodide uptake. However, the effects of iodide excess on iodide efflux have not been characterized. Herein, we investigated the consequences of iodide excess on pendrin abundance, subcellular localization, and iodide efflux in rat thyroid PCCl3 cells. Our results indicate that iodide excess increases pendrin abundance and plasma membrane insertion after 24 h of treatment. Moreover, iodide excess increases pendrin half-life. Finally, iodide exposure also increases iodide efflux from PCCl3 cells. In conclusion, these data suggest that pendrin may have an important role in mediating iodide efflux in thyrocytes, especially under conditions of iodide excess.
Modulation of Ca2+ oscillation and melatonin secretion by BKCa channel activity in rat pinealocytes
Authors: Mizutani Hiroya , Yamamura Hisao , Muramatsu Makoto , Hagihara Yumiko , Suzuki Yoshiaki , Imaizumi Yuji
Published: January 2016

The pineal glands regulate circadian rhythm through the synthesis and secretion of melatonin. The stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor due to parasympathetic nerve activity causes an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and eventually downregulates melatonin production. Our previous report shows that rat pinealocytes have spontaneous and nicotine-induced Ca2+ oscillations that are evoked by membrane depolarization followed by Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels (VDCCs). These Ca2+ oscillations are supposed to contribute to the inhibitory mechanism of melatonin secretion. Here we examined the involvement of large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKCa) channel conductance on the regulation of Ca2+ oscillation and melatonin production in rat pinealocytes. Spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations were markedly enhanced by BKCa channel blockers (1 μM paxilline or 100 nM iberiotoxin). Nicotine (100 μM)-induced Ca2+ oscillations were also augmented by paxilline. In contrast, spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations were abolished by BKCa channel opener [3 μM 12,14-dichlorodehydroabietic acid (diCl-DHAA)]. Under whole cell voltage-clamp configurations, depolarization-elicited outward currents were significantly activated by diCl-DHAA and blocked by paxilline. Expression analyses revealed that the α and β3 subunits of BKCa channel were highly expressed in rat pinealocytes. Importantly, the activity of BKCa channels modulated melatonin secretion from whole pineal gland of the rat. Taken together, BKCa channel activation attenuates these Ca2+ oscillations due to depolarization-synchronized Ca2+ influx through VDCCs and results in a recovery of reduced melatonin secretion during parasympathetic nerve activity. BKCa channels may play a physiological role for melatonin production via a negative-feedback mechanism.
STIM and ORAI proteins: crucial roles in hallmarks of cancer
Authors: Fiorio Pla A. , Kondratska K. , Prevarskaya N.
Published: January 2016

Intracellular Ca2+ signals play a central role in several cellular processes; therefore it is not surprising that altered Ca2+ homeostasis regulatory mechanisms lead to a variety of severe pathologies, including cancer. Stromal interaction molecules (STIM) and ORAI proteins have been identified as critical components of Ca2+ entry in both store-dependent (SOCE mechanism) and independent by intracellular store depletion and have been implicated in several cellular functions. In recent years, both STIMs and ORAIs have emerged as possible molecular targets for cancer therapeutics. In this review we focus on the role of STIM and ORAI proteins in cancer progression. In particular we analyze their role in the different hallmarks of cancer, which represent the organizing principle that describes the complex multistep process of neoplastic diseases.
Intensive training and reduced volume increases muscle FXYD1 expression and phosphorylation at rest and during exercise in athletes
Authors: Thomassen Martin , Gunnarsson Thomas P. , Christensen Peter M. , Pavlovic Davor , Shattock Michael J. , Bangsbo Jens
Published: January 2016

The present study examined the effect of intensive training in combination with marked reduction in training volume on phospholemman (FXYD1) expression and phosphorylation at rest and during exercise. Eight well-trained cyclists replaced their regular training with speed-endurance training (10–12 × ∼30-s sprints) two or three times per week and aerobic high-intensity training (4–5 × 3–4 min at 90–95% of peak aerobic power output) 1–2 times per week for 7 wk and reduced the training volume by 70%. Muscle biopsies were obtained before and during a repeated high-intensity exercise protocol, and protein expression and phosphorylation were determined by Western blot analysis. Expression of FXYD1 (30%), actin (40%), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (12%), phospholamban (PLN) (16%), and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) γ/δ (25%) was higher ( P < 0.05) than before the training intervention. In addition, after the intervention, nonspecific FXYD1 phosphorylation was higher ( P < 0.05) at rest and during exercise, mainly achieved by an increased FXYD1 Ser-68 phosphorylation, compared with before the intervention. CaMKII, Thr-287, and eukaryotic elongation factor 2 Thr-56 phosphorylation at rest and during exercise, overall PKCα/β, Thr-638/641, and mTOR Ser-2448 phosphorylation during repeated intense exercise as well as resting PLN Thr-17 phosphorylation were also higher ( P < 0.05) compared with before the intervention period. Thus, a period of high-intensity training with reduced training volume increases expression and phosphorylation levels of FXYD1, which may affect Na+/K+ pump activity and muscle K+ homeostasis during intense exercise. Furthermore, higher expression of CaMKII and PLN, as well as increased phosphorylation of CaMKII Thr-287 may have improved intracellular Ca2+ handling.
LUTS in pelvic ischemia: a new concept in voiding dysfunction
Authors: Thurmond Portia , Yang Jing-Hua , Azadzoi Kazem M.
Published: January 2016

Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are a group of voiding symptoms affecting both genders as they age. Traditionally, LUTS in men were commonly attributed to bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) due to benign prostatic enlargement (BPE). It was later shown that, in approximately one-third to more than one-half of cases, LUTS in men are not associated with BOO. Urodynamic changes in the male bladder and symptom scores in aging men were found to be identical to their age-matched female counterparts. These observations suggested that LUTS in the elderly do not necessarily relate to BOO and may result from local changes in bladder muscle, nerves, and blood vessels. However, aging factors predisposing to bladder dysfunction and LUTS remain unknown. Growing evidence suggests that aging-associated pelvic ischemia may be a primary factor in the development of nonobstructed nonneurogenic overactive bladder and LUTS. First identified in experimental models and later in clinical studies, pelvic ischemia has been shown to compromise the lower urinary tract structure and lead to dysfunction. Structural and functional consequences of bladder and prostate ischemia have been documented in animal models. Clinical studies have shown that bladder and prostate blood flow decreases with aging. The severity of LUTS in elderly patients correlates with the degrees of bladder ischemia. LUTS improvement with α blockers has been associated with increased bladder blood flow. Pelvic ischemia may be an independent factor in nonobstructed nonneurogenic bladder instability and LUTS. Further research into the pathophysiology of LUTS in pelvic ischemia may lead to better management of this problem in the elderly population.
Human podocyte depletion in association with older age and hypertension
Authors: Puelles Victor G. , Cullen-McEwen Luise A. , Taylor Georgina E. , Li Jinhua , Hughson Michael D. , Kerr Peter G. , Hoy Wendy E. , Bertram John F.
Published: January 2016

Podocyte depletion plays a major role in the development and progression of glomerulosclerosis. Many kidney diseases are more common in older age and often coexist with hypertension. We hypothesized that podocyte depletion develops in association with older age and is exacerbated by hypertension. Kidneys from 19 adult Caucasian American males without overt renal disease were collected at autopsy in Mississippi. Demographic data were obtained from medical and autopsy records. Subjects were categorized by age and hypertension as potential independent and additive contributors to podocyte depletion. Design-based stereology was used to estimate individual glomerular volume and total podocyte number per glomerulus, which allowed the calculation of podocyte density (number per volume). Podocyte depletion was defined as a reduction in podocyte number (absolute depletion) or podocyte density (relative depletion). The cortical location of glomeruli (outer or inner cortex) and presence of parietal podocytes were also recorded. Older age was an independent contributor to both absolute and relative podocyte depletion, featuring glomerular hypertrophy, podocyte loss, and thus reduced podocyte density. Hypertension was an independent contributor to relative podocyte depletion by exacerbating glomerular hypertrophy, mostly in glomeruli from the inner cortex. However, hypertension was not associated with podocyte loss. Absolute and relative podocyte depletion were exacerbated by the combination of older age and hypertension. The proportion of glomeruli with parietal podocytes increased with age but not with hypertension alone. These findings demonstrate that older age and hypertension are independent and additive contributors to podocyte depletion in white American men without kidney disease.
New perspective of ClC-Kb/2 Cl−channel physiology in the distal renal tubule
Authors: Zaika Oleg , Tomilin Viktor , Mamenko Mykola , Bhalla Vivek , Pochynyuk Oleh
Published: January 2016

Since its identification as the underlying molecular cause of Bartter's syndrome type 3, ClC-Kb (ClC-K2 in rodents, henceforth it will be referred as ClC-Kb/2) is proposed to play an important role in systemic electrolyte balance and blood pressure regulation by controlling basolateral Cl−exit in the distal renal tubular segments from the cortical thick ascending limb to the outer medullary collecting duct. Considerable experimental and clinical effort has been devoted to the identification and characterization of disease-causing mutations as well as control of the channel by its cofactor, barttin. However, we have only begun to unravel the role of ClC-Kb/2 in different tubular segments and to reveal the regulators of its expression and function, e.g., insulin and IGF-1. In this review we discuss recent experimental evidence in this regard and highlight unexplored questions critical to understanding ClC-Kb/2 physiology in the kidney.
Fourteen days of bed rest induces a decline in satellite cell content and robust atrophy of skeletal muscle fibers in middle-aged adults
Authors: Arentson-Lantz Emily J. , English Kirk L. , Paddon-Jones Douglas , Fry Christopher S.
Published: January 2016

Bed rest, a ground-based spaceflight analog, induces robust atrophy of skeletal muscle, an effect that is exacerbated with increasing age. We examined the effect of 14 days of bed rest on skeletal muscle satellite cell content and fiber type atrophy in middle-aged adults, an understudied age demographic with few overt signs of muscle aging that is representative of astronauts who perform long-duration spaceflight. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis of healthy middle-aged adults [ n = 7 (4 male, 3 female); age: 51 ± 1 yr] before (Pre-BR) and after (Post-BR) 14 days of bed rest. Immunohistochemical analyses were used to quantify myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoform expression, cross-sectional area (CSA), satellite cell and myonuclear content, and capillary density. Peak oxygen consumption, knee extensor strength, and body composition were also measured Pre-BR and Post-BR. Post-BR MyHC type 2a fiber percentage was reduced, and mean CSA decreased in all fiber types (−24 ± 5%; P < 0.05). Satellite cell content was also reduced Post-BR (−39 ± 9%; P < 0.05), and the change in satellite cell content was significantly correlated with the change in mean fiber CSA ( r2 = 0.60; P < 0.05). A decline in capillary density was observed Post-BR (−23 ± 6%; P < 0.05), and Post-BR capillary content was significantly associated with Post-BR peak aerobic capacity ( r2 = 0.59; P < 0.05). A subtle decline in myonuclear content occurred during bed rest (−5 ± 1%; P < 0.05). The rapid maladaptation of skeletal muscle to 14 days of mechanical unloading in middle-aged adults emphasizes the need for robust countermeasures to preserve muscle function in astronauts.
Delayed feedback during sensorimotor learning selectively disrupts adaptation but not strategy use
Authors: Brudner Samuel N. , Kethidi Nikhit , Graeupner Damaris , Ivry Richard B. , Taylor Jordan A.
Published: January 2016

In sensorimotor adaptation tasks, feedback delays can cause significant reductions in the rate of learning. This constraint is puzzling given that many skilled behaviors have inherently long delays (e.g., hitting a golf ball). One difference in these task domains is that adaptation is primarily driven by error-based feedback, whereas skilled performance may also rely to a large extent on outcome-based feedback. This difference suggests that error- and outcome-based feedback may engage different learning processes, and these processes may be associated with different temporal constraints. We tested this hypothesis in a visuomotor adaptation task. Error feedback was indicated by the terminal position of a cursor, while outcome feedback was indicated by points. In separate groups of participants, the two feedback signals were presented immediately at the end of the movement, after a delay, or with just the error feedback delayed. Participants learned to counter the rotation in a similar manner regardless of feedback delay. However, the aftereffect, an indicator of implicit motor adaptation, was attenuated with delayed error feedback, consistent with the hypothesis that a different learning process supports performance under delay. We tested this by employing a task that dissociates the contribution of explicit strategies and implicit adaptation. We find that explicit aiming strategies contribute to the majority of the learning curve, regardless of delay; however, implicit learning, measured over the course of learning and by aftereffects, was significantly attenuated with delayed error-based feedback. These experiments offer new insight into the temporal constraints associated with different motor learning processes.
Socially induced serotonergic fluctuations in the male auditory midbrain correlate with female behavior during courtship
Authors: Keesom Sarah M. , Hurley Laura M.
Published: January 2016

Cues from social partners trigger the activation of socially responsive neuromodulatory systems, priming brain regions including sensory systems to process these cues appropriately. The fidelity with which neuromodulators reflect the qualities of ongoing social interactions in sensory regions is unclear. We addressed this issue by using voltammetry to monitor serotonergic fluctuations in an auditory midbrain nucleus, the inferior colliculus (IC), of male mice ( Mus musculus) paired with females, and by concurrently measuring behaviors of both social partners. Serotonergic activity strongly increased in male mice as they courted females, relative to serotonergic activity in the same males during trials with no social partners. Across individual males, average changes in serotonergic activity were negatively correlated with behaviors exhibited by female partners, including broadband squeaks, which relate to rejection of males. In contrast, serotonergic activity did not correlate with male behaviors, including ultrasonic vocalizations. These findings suggest that during courtship, the level of serotonergic activity in the IC of males reflects the valence of the social interaction from the perspective of the male (i.e., whether the female rejects the male or not). As a result, our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that neuromodulatory effects on neural responses in the IC may reflect the reception, rather than the production, of vocal signals.
Area- and band-specific representations of hand movements by local field potentials in caudal cingulate motor area and supplementary motor area of monkeys
Authors: Yokoyama Osamu , Nakayama Yoshihisa , Hoshi Eiji
Published: January 2016

The caudal cingulate motor area (CMAc) and the supplementary motor area (SMA) play important roles in movement execution. The present study examined the neural mechanisms underlying these roles by investigating local field potentials (LFPs) from these areas while monkeys pressed buttons with either their left or right hand. During hand movement, power increases in the high-gamma (80–120 Hz) and theta (3–8 Hz) bands and a power decrease in the beta (12–30 Hz) band were observed in both the CMAc and SMA. High-gamma and beta activity in the SMA predominantly represented contralateral hand movements, whereas activity in the CMAc preferentially represented movement of either hand. Theta activity in both brain regions most frequently reflected movement of either hand, but a contralateral hand bias was more evident in the SMA than in the CMAc. An analysis of the relationships of the laterality representations between the high-gamma and theta bands at each recording site revealed that, irrespective of the hand preference for the theta band, the high-gamma band in the SMA preferentially represented contralateral hand movement, whereas the high-gamma band in the CMAc represented movement of either hand. These findings suggest that the input-output relationships for ipsilateral and contralateral hand movements in the CMAc and SMA differ in terms of their functionality. The CMAc may transform the input signals representing general aspects of movement into commands to perform movements with either hand, whereas the SMA may transform the input signals into commands to perform movement with the contralateral hand.
A Rare Case of the Simultaneous, Multifocal, Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma to the Ipsilateral Left Testes, Bladder, and Stomach
Authors: Kongnyuy Michael , Lawindy Samuel , Martinez Daniel , Parker Justin , Hall Mary
Published: January 2016

We describe the rare case of a 68-year-old gentleman with the history of a hand-assisted laparoscopic left radical nephrectomy for a T2bN0M1 clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Seven years after surgery and with clean surveillance imaging for metastasis/recurrence the patient presented with three separate tumors suspicious for malignancy. A bladder lesion was found during workup for hematuria, a stomach lesion during diagnostic endoscopy, and a testicular lesion during self-exam. He underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor, left inguinal orchiectomy, and upper endoscopic ensnarement. All specimens surprisingly showed RCC by histology and immunostaining. These three sites are rare for RCC metastasis and simultaneous presentation is even rarer, further emphasizing the importance of continuous and careful follow-up in this patient population, despite what could appear as complete remission.
A Remark on the Stability of Approximative Compactness
Authors: Luo Zhenghua , Sun Longfa , Zhang Wen
Published: January 2016

We study the stability of approximativeτ-compactness, whereτis the norm or the weak topology. LetΛbe an index set and for everyλ∈Λ,letYλbe a subspace of a Banach spaceXλ. For1≤p<∞, letX=⊕lpXλandY=⊕lpYλ. We prove thatY(resp.,BY) is approximativelyτ-compact inXif and only if, for everyλ∈Λ,Yλ(resp.,BYλ) is approximativelyτ-compact inXλ.
A Comparison of Tactile Sensors for In-Hand Object Location
Authors: Fernandez Raul , Vazquez Andres S. , Payo Ismael , Adan Antonio
Published: January 2016

This work presents an extensive analysis of the usefulness of tactile sensors for in-hand object localization. Our analysis is based on a previous work where we proposed a method for the evaluation of tactile data using two algorithms: a Particle Filter algorithm and an Iterative Closest Point algorithm. In particular, we present a comparison of six different sensors, including two pairs of sensors based on similar technology, showing how the design and distribution of tactile sensors can affect the performance. Also, together with previous results where we demonstrated the importance of the synergy between tactile data and hand geometry, we corroborate that it is possible to obtain more similar performance with a simple fingertip sensor, than with more complex and expensive tactile sensors.
Antiproliferative Activity Evaluation of a Series ofN-1,3-Benzothiazol-2-ylbenzamides as Novel Apoptosis Inducers
Authors: Corbo Filomena , Carocci Alessia , Armenise Domenico , De Laurentis Nicolino , Laghezza Antonio , Loiodice Fulvio , Ancona Patrizia , Muraglia Marilena , Pagliarulo Vincenzo , Franchini Carlo , Catalano Alessia
Published: January 2016

A series ofN-1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylbenzamide derivatives were studied for their antiproliferative activity on human liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. Most of them were found to show a prominent inhibitory effect on cell growth. Among the most active compounds,1kemerged for its proapoptotic effect that is particularly evident towards MCF-7 cancer cell lines.
Time Dependent Assessment of Morphological Changes: Leukodepleted Packed Red Blood Cells Stored in SAGM
Authors: Mustafa Ibrahim , Al Marwani Asma , Mamdouh Nasr Khuloud , Abdulla Kano Noora , Hadwan Tameem
Published: January 2016

Usually packed red blood cells (pRBCs) require specific conditions in storage procedures to ensure the maximum shelf life of up to 42 days in 2–6°C. However, molecular and biochemical consequences can affect the stored blood cells; these changes are collectively labeled as storage lesions. In this study, the effect of prolonged storage was assessed through investigating morphological changes and evaluating oxidative stress. Samples from leukodepleted pRBC in SAGM stored at 4°C for 42 days were withdrawn aseptically on day 0, day 14, day 28, and day 42. Morphological changes were observed using scanning electron microscopy and correlated with osmotic fragility and hematocrit. Oxidative injury was studied through assessing MDA level as a marker for lipid peroxidation. Osmotic fragility test showed that extended storage time caused increase in the osmotic fragility. The hematocrit increased by 6.6% from day 0 to day 42. The last 2 weeks show alteration in the morphology with the appearance of echinocytes and spherocytes. Storage lesions and morphological alterations appeared to affect RBCs during the storage period. Further studies should be performed to develop strategies that will aid in the improvement of stored pRBC quality and efficacy.
Formation of Nanocrystallized Structure in Worn Surface Layer of T10 Steel against 20CrMnTi Steel during Dry Rubbing
Authors: Wang Xin , Wei Xicheng , Zhang Jing , Li Rongbin , Hua Meng , Wang Wurong
Published: January 2016

T10 steel slid against 20CrMnTi steel on a pin-on-disc wear test rig. Optical Microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HRTEM) methods were used to analyze the microstructures in the worn surface layers. The microstructures in the worn surface layers of pins and discs were all severely plastically deformed. Furthermore, the ultrafine and even nanoferrite structure (10 nm to 100 nm) was observed when the normal load reached 60 N. The mechanism of forming nanocrystalline structure in the sliding friction induced deformation layer (SFIDL) was elucidated as the result of the simultaneous and recursive actions of (i) severe shear deformation and (ii) friction heat on the contact surface.
A W-Band Radiometer with the Offset Parabolic Antenna for Radiometric Measurements
Authors: Wu Li , Peng Shu-sheng , Xu Jian-zhong , Xiao Ze-long
Published: January 2016

This paper deals with the development of a W-band noise-adding radiometer which combines the millimeter-wave (MMW) radiometric measurements with a high-resolution imager. The offset parabolic antenna is presented to achieve an accurate measurement and a high resolution. To reduce the cross-polarization level of the antenna, a multimode feed horn with a multistep structure is proposed to match the focal region fields of the reflector. It has advantages over the corrugated horns in lower mass and easier manufacturing. In addition, due to an unavoidable settling time for the noise-adding radiometer output signal passing through the low-pass filter, a theoretical criterion for the optimum duty cycle determination to reject extraneous contributions from the transient is proposed in this paper. The appropriate duty cycle threshold is 0.33 for the developed W-band radiometer. Also, a geometric correction method is presented to correct the obtained passive image suffering from a distortion for a better image interpretation. Preliminary experimental results are given to illustrate and verify the presented techniques.