bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A broadband‐sensitive upconverter: Garnet‐type Ca3Ga2Ge3O12 codoped with Er3+, Y3+, Li+, Ni2+, and Nb5+
Authors: Takeda Yasuhiko , Mizuno Shintaro , Luitel Hom N. , Tani Toshihiko
Published: November 2018

We have developed a new broadband‐sensitive photon upconversion (UC) material that can be used for transparent ceramic plates mounted on the rear faces of crystalline silicon solar cells. We selected the host material of a cubic crystal structure codoped with Er3+ and Ni2+ so that the Ni2+ dopants were fully activated to sensitize the Er3+ emitters. In garnet‐type Ca3Ga2Ge3O12 with additional codopants of Nb5+ and Li+ for charge compensation, all the Ni2+ dopants occupied the six‐coordinated Ga3+ sites, leading to highly efficient energy transfer from the Ni2+ to the Er3+. Formation of four‐coordinated Ni2+ that quenches the UC emission of the Er3+ was prevented, because Ni2+ cannot substitute the four‐coordinated Ge4+ much smaller than Ni2+. Consequently, energy dissipation from the Er3+ to the Ni2+ was well reduced compared with the previously developed Gd3Ga5O12:Er,Ni,Nb in which the Ni2+ dopants partially occupied the four‐coordinated Ga3+ sites. Additional introduction of Y3+ and Li+ enhanced optical transitions and improved the UC performance, owing to more enhanced lattice distortion, along with eliminating different phases. The optimal composition (Ca0.6Er0.1Y0.1Li0.2)3(Ga0.98Ni0.01Nb0.01)2Ge3O12 exhibited a broadband sensitivity ranging from 1.1 μm (the absorption edge of silicon) to 1.6 μm for the UC emission at 0.98 μm.
Response to Qian et al. (2017): Daily and seasonal climate variations are both critical in the evolution of species’ elevational range size
Authors: Chan Wei‐Ping , Chen I‐Ching , Colwell Robert K. , Liu Wei‐Chung , Huang Cho‐ying , Shen Sheng‐Feng
Published: November 2018

In their recent critique, Qian et al. stated that the results of structural equation modeling analysis (SEM) in Chan et al. were flawed. Here, we show that the source of the difference, in their reanalysis, is that Qian et al. did not follow the standard, iterative strategy of SEM, which allows researchers to evaluate which model offers the best account of the data in both absolute and relative terms. Here, we provide step‐by‐step instructions to reproduce our published results. We address—and aim to resolve—Qian et al.'s concerns regarding SEM. Moreover, in our original paper, we used three distinct statistical methods—hierarchical partitioning, SEM and stationary bootstrap—to show that different temporal scales of environmental variability differentially impact the elevational range size (ERS) of species. We believe it is time to move on to probing the pressing issue of how and why climatic variability impacts ERS.
Incomplete species lists derived from global and regional specimen‐record databases affect macroecological analyses: A case study on the vascular plants of China
Authors: Qian Hong , Deng Tao , Beck Jan , Sun Hang , Xiao Cui , Jin Yi , Ma Keping
Published: November 2018

Aim

Online species distribution data, global or regional, are increasingly used in biodiversity studies although data limitations have been reported. We explore, for the two major databanks in our research region, how incomplete data are at a large taxonomic and geographic scale, how it is affected by spatial grain, and to what degree it affects inference from analyses of richness or turnover and the environment.

Location

China.

Major taxa studied

Vascular plants.

Methods

We assembled species lists of all vascular plants from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) and the National Specimen Information Infrastructure (NSII) at three spatial scales (national, provincial, county). We determined the completeness of each compilation by comparing the number of species with that from inventory‐based species list (for 28 provinces, 14 counties, and 146 nature reserves within counties). We related richness from each of the data sources (GBIF, NSII, inventory) to environmental variables (temperature, precipitation, elevational range) and compared regression models among the three data sources. We quantified floristic similarity between regions based on the three data sources and related species turnover to geographic and environmental distances.

Results

Data incompleteness was prevalent at all spatial grains, but it increased with decreasing grain and it was higher for GBIF than for NSII. At the national scale, GBIF included 64.1% and NSII included 89.4% of true species richness in China. At the county scale these figures dropped to an average of 12.7% for GBIF and 60.0% for NSII. This changed the order and significance of environmental determinants of richness in regression models. The relationship between floristic similarity and geographic or environmental distance was shallower for GBIF and NSII, compared to inventory data. When the GBIF data were supplemented with the NSII data, the data completeness of GBIF increased from 64.1% to 90.8% at the national scale, from 37.2% to 89.0% at the province scale, and from 12.7% to 63.0% at the county scale.

Main conclusions

Main specimen‐record databases are incomplete, which has the potential to heavily affect ecological patterns and mechanisms inferred from these data. Biodiversity analyses based on raw species lists from such sources should be viewed with utmost caution.
Cardiometabolic risk factors in Thai individuals with prediabetes treated in a high‐risk, prevention clinic: Unexpected relationship between high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and glycemia in men
Authors: Srivanichakorn Weerachai , Godsland Ian F , Washirasaksiri Chaiwat , Phisalprapa Pochamana , Charatcharoenwitthaya Phunchai , Pramyothin Pornpoj , Sitasuwan Tullaya , Preechasuk Lukana , Elkeles Robert , Alberti K George MM , Johnston Desmond G , Oliver Nick S
Published: November 2018

Aims/Introduction

Relationships between cardiometabolic risk and glycemia have rarely been studied in people under clinical evaluation and treatment for cardiometabolic risk and with prediabetes. We investigated relationships between glycemia and cardiometabolic risk factors in clinic participants with prediabetes.

Materials and Methods

This was a cross‐sectional analysis of data collected at a center in Thailand. Clinic attendees were at high risk of diabetes or cardiovascular disease, with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 39–<48 mmol/mol or fasting plasma glucose (FPG) 5.6–<7.0 mmol/L. The relationships between glycemia and cardiometabolic risk factors were explored.

Results

Of 357 participants, two or more insulin resistance‐related metabolic disturbances were present in 84%; 61% took a statin and 75% an antihypertensive agent. Independently of age, sex, adiposity, medication use, possible non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and sex–glycemia interaction, neither FPG nor HbA1c were associated with variation in any other cardiometabolic risk factors. High‐density lipoprotein cholesterol decreased with HbA1c in women (female–HbA1c interaction, P = 0.03) but, unexpectedly, increased with FPG in men (male–FPG interaction, P = 0.02).

Conclusions

Overall, in Thai people treated for high cardiometabolic risk and with prediabetes defined by FPG and/or HbA1c, neither FPG nor HbA1c were associated with other cardiometabolic risk factors. However, according to sex, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol showed the expected relationship with glycemia in women, but the reverse in men.
Effectiveness of Different Cleaning Solutions in Removing Residual Caries‐Detector Dyes
Authors: Tunc Emine Sen , Sahin Zeynep , Guler Eda , Bayrak Sule , Tuloglu Nuray
Published: November 2018

Objective

Caries‐detector dyes (CDDs) have proven useful in the identification and removal of carious dentin. However, residues of these cleaning agents may remain in the oral cavity. This study conducted spectrophotomectric analyses to evaluate the effectiveness of different cleaning agents in removing residual CDDs from the oral cavity.

Material and Method

Ninety freshly extracted human third‐molar teeth were used in the study. Tooth occlusal surfaces were ground to expose dentin. Specimens were randomly distributed into 3 groups according to CDD [Seek Caries Indicator (SCI), Caries Detector (CD), Caries Marker (CM)], and each group was further divided into 3 sub‐groups according to cleaning solution [distilled water (DW), 3% NaOCl, and 3% H2O2)]. CDDs were applied to dentin surfaces according to the manufacturer's instructions and then rinsed with a cleansing solution. The effectiveness of cleaning solutions in removing CDD residues was determined according to color change by comparing spectrophotometric measurements of tooth color before CDD application and after cleaning. Data were analyzed using two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey's HSD test (α = 0.05).

Result

For all CDDs groups, the smallest color differences were observed in the 3% NaOCl sub‐groups (P < .05), and the largest in the distilled water sub‐groups (P > .05). When compared to the other CDD groups, the SCI group yielded the greatest color differences for all cleaning‐agent sub‐groups.

Conclusion

Cleaning solutions such as 3% NaOCl or 3% H2O2 can be used to remove residual CDD from dentin surfaces.

Clinical Significance

This study compared the effectiveness of three different cleaning agents in caries removal process.
Trends in flood events and their relationship to extreme rainfall in an urban area of Sahelian West Africa: The case study of Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Authors: Tazen Fowe , Diarra Abdoulaye , Kabore Rodrigue F.W. , Ibrahim Boubacar , Bologo/Traoré Maïmouna , Traoré Karim , Karambiri Harouna
Published: November 2018

Urban areas in Sahelian West Africa are highly vulnerable to extreme hydro‐meteorological events. In recent years, Burkina Faso has experienced several natural disasters with floods being the most frequent. This study investigates flood trends in Ouagadougou and their relationship to extreme rainfall events. Fourteen rainfall indices were analysed to characterise the frequency and intensity of extreme rainfall. A frequency analysis of annual maximum daily rainfall series was performed using three statistical distributions. The results showed that few of the rainfall indices have significant trends at 5% level over the period 1961–2015. The generalised extreme value distribution satisfactorily fit the time‐series of annual maximum daily rainfall. An analysis of media flood reports revealed that Burkina Faso experienced approximately three flood events per year throughout the period 1986–2016. In the 2000s, the number of flood events increased to five per year. Most flood events are caused by rainfall events with return periods of less than or equal to 5 years. The results indicated that the significant increase in flood risk in Ouagadougou is not only related to heavy rainfall but also due to human and environmental factors.
Evaluation of marginal and internal fit of acrylic bridges using optical coherence tomography
Authors: Al‐Imam Hiba , Michou Stavroula , Benetti Ana R. , Gotfredsen Klaus
Published: November 2018

Background

The potential of non‐invasive optical coherence tomography (OCT) as a tool for assessment of fit of indirect reconstructions is not fully explored.

Objectives

The objectives were to investigate the feasibility and validity of OCT, and to measure the internal and marginal fit of acrylic bridges fabricated using direct and indirect digitalisation.

Methods

The accuracy of the employed swept source OCT (wavelength: 1310 nm) was assessed by comparing with an object with known dimensions. Validity was assessed by measuring an OCT measurements on replica, mimicking the cement film thickness, with stereomicroscopic measurements. The reconstructions were placed on the abutments without cementation. The internal and marginal fit of acrylic bridges from direct and indirect digitalisation techniques were then assessed by obtaining 5 OCT B‐scans per abutment tooth at pre‐defined positions located 250 μm apart. The marginal and internal cement gaps were measured using image‐processing software (ImageJ). Mean and standard deviation were calculated for both groups and t test assuming unequal variances was carried out. The level of significance was defined at 0.05.

Results

A strong linear correlation (r = 0.865) between OCT and stereomicroscopy was found. T test showed significantly (P < 0.01) better internal fit of bridges made from indirect digitalisation, but no difference in marginal fit.

Conclusion

OCT is a feasible and valid tool for investigating internal and marginal fit of acrylic dental reconstructions. Better internal fit was observed in bridges fabricated using the direct digitalisation technique. No difference in marginal fit was found between the two fabrication methods.
Spontaneous neonatal pneumomediastinum and spinnaker‐sail sign
Authors: Popik Ekaterina , Barroso Fábio , Domingues Sara , Araújo Luísa N , Carvalho Carmen , Fonte Miguel
Published: November 2018

See Answer
Do you recognise this S‐shaped cutaneous lesion?
Authors: M de Figueiredo Catarina , C Guerra Isabel , Machado Susana
Published: November 2018

See Answer
Pseudovasculitic lesions in a boy with lupus
Authors: Pilania Rakesh K , Jindal Ankur K , Guleria Sandesh , Gupta Aman , Ahluwalia Jasmina
Published: November 2018

See Answer
Benthic boundary layer macrofauna from the upper slope of the Chatham Rise (SW Pacific)
Authors: Kaiser Stefanie , Lörz Anne‐Nina , Bird Graham , Malyutina Marina , Bowden David
Published: November 2018

Benthic boundary layer (BBL) communities are a taxonomically and functionally diverse but poorly known component of deep‐sea environments. We investigated macrofaunal assemblages across the upper slope of the Chatham Rise (CR) in the south‐western Pacific in relation to location, depth and sediment variables. Using data from the TAN1116 voyage to the CR in austral spring 2011, we assessed variation in abundance, faunal composition and diversity of three BBL compartments: fully suprabenthic taxa, taxa with suprabenthic affinities and fully epibenthic taxa across taxonomic levels (phylum, class, order, family, genus and species). In total, eight samples were taken using an epibenthic sledge across three areas on the CR (Mernoo Gap, CR North and CR South) and at two depth ranges (400–600 and 900–1,000 m) distributed along a north to south as well as east to west axis, crossing different productivity gradients. In contrast to previous studies from the CR, there was no significant correlation between macrofaunal densities and sediment variables or depth. Species diversity of isopods and tanaidaceans was average to high, compared to other geographic regions, but did not show any significant pattern with location or depth. Most species in these two groups (~82%) were new to science, probably reflecting the paucity of sampling and taxonomic study of these faunal components in New Zealand waters. Our results suggest employing finer‐scale investigations across a range of temporal and spatial scales and at finer taxonomic resolution would greatly further our knowledge and understanding of patterns and processes shaping deep‐sea BBL community structure.
Major QTL controls adaptation to serpentine soils in Mimulus guttatus
Authors: Selby Jessica P. , Willis John H.
Published: November 2018

Spatially varying selection is a critical driver of adaptive differentiation. Yet, there are few examples where the fitness effects of naturally segregating variants that contribute to local adaptation have been measured in the field. Plant adaptation to harsh soil habitats provides an ideal study system for investigating the genetic basis of local adaptation. The work presented here identifies a major locus underlying adaptation to serpentine soils in Mimulus guttatus and estimates the strength of selection on this locus in native field sites. Reciprocal transplant and common‐garden studies show that serpentine and nonserpentine populations of M. guttatus differ in their ability to survive on serpentine soils. We directly mapped these field survival differences by performing a bulk segregant analysis with F2 survivors from a field transplant study and identify a single QTL where individuals that are homozygous for the nonserpentine allele do not survive on serpentine soils. Genotyping the survivors from an independent mapping population reveals that this same QTL controls serpentine tolerance in a second, geographically distant population. Finally, we show that this QTL controls tolerance to soil properties, as opposed to some other aspect of the field sites that may differ, by performing a laboratory‐based common‐garden experiment in native serpentine soils that replicates the survival differences observed in the field. These results indicate that despite the myriad chemical and physical challenges plants face in serpentine habitats, adaptation to these soils in M. guttatus has a simple genetic basis.
Catch‐to‐stock dependence: The case of small pelagic fishery with bounded harvesting effort
Authors: Cruz‐Rivera Erica , Ramírez C. Héctor , Vasilieva Olga
Published: November 2018

Biologic characteristics of schooling fish species explain why the rates of harvesting in pelagic fisheries are not proportional to the existent stock size and may exhibit no variation between the periods of fish abundance and scarcity. Therefore, the stock‐dependent nonlinearities in catchability must be reflected in the design of flexible fishing policies, which target the sustainable exploitation of this important natural resource. In this study, such nonlinearities are expressed through eventual variability of the “catch‐to‐stock” parameter that measures the sensitivity of an additional catch yield to marginal changes in the fish‐stock level. Using the optimal control modeling framework, we establish that each value of the “catch‐to‐stock” parameter generates a unique steady‐state size of the fish stock and the latter engenders an optimal fishing policy that can be sustained as long as the “catch‐to‐stock” parameter remains unchanged. We also prove the continuous dependence of the steady‐state stock and underlying fishing policy upon the mentioned “catch‐to‐stock” parameter and then focus on the analysis of the equilibrium responses to changes in this parameter induced by external perturbations.

Recommendations for Resource Managers

Marginal catches of pelagic fish stocks do not react in a linear way to changes in existing stock level, and the latter is captured in our model by the “catch‐to‐stock” parameter. Each observable value ofengenders a unique steady‐state stock size that defines an optimal fishing policy, which can be sustained as long asremains unchanged.

The ability of fishery managers to detect variations in the levels of hyperstability expressed by the “catch‐to‐stock” parametermay help them to anticipate new equilibrium responses in stock evolution and to make timely adjustments in the fishing policy.

Plausible estimations of the “catch‐to‐stock” parameter, as well as detection of its possible alterations, can be carried out within the framework of Management Strategy Evaluation (MSE) approach where different data collected inside and outside the fishery are contrasted via the validation of a relatively simple decision‐making model (presented in this paper) coupled with other “operation models” of higher complexity.

If the “catch‐to‐stock” parameter cannot be reasonably assessed (), the fishery managers may rely upon the lower bound of stationary stock size, which depends on economic and biological factors (such as the present and future economic values of the exploited fish stock, its marginal productivity, and underlying dynamics of biological growth).
Impacts of altered disturbance regimes on community structure and biodiversity mediated by fecundity–tolerance interactions
Authors: Miller Adam D. , Hsing Pen‐Yuan , Roxburgh Stephen H. , Fisher Charles R. , Shea Katriona
Published: November 2018

We present an investigation of the effects of disturbance and fecundity–tolerance strategies on community composition. We develop a theoretical model and apply it to macrofaunal communities at deep‐sea hydrothermal vents. We characterize community outcomes and find that dominance, coexistence, and alternative stable equilibria can all result from the interplay of disturbance regimes and fecundity–tolerance interactions. We show that fecundity–tolerance trade‐offs can permit coexistence under disturbance, but a strict fecundity–tolerance trade‐off is not required for coexistence to arise. We further describe how coexistence depends on habitat availability and disturbance regimes. Generally, our model elaborates on fecundity–tolerance strategies as a new axis of trait variation in coexistence theory. Natural disturbance regimes vary considerably across regions, and anthropogenic disturbance to vent communities will escalate with the advent of deep‐sea mineral extraction. We demonstrate how anthropogenic changes to disturbance regimes may impact species diversity, pushing communities over thresholds leading to local species extinction.

Recommendations for Resource Managers

Conventional wisdom suggests that disturbance‐adapted communities will not be strongly affected by novel perturbations associated with resource extraction or other human activities.

We show that differing fecundity–tolerance strategies can mediate coexistence in disturbance‐prone deep‐sea environments, but that small changes to the disturbance regime can alter community composition and result in species extirpation.

Natural disturbance should not be used as a rationale for expected low impacts of anthropogenic disturbance, for example, mining activities in management of deep‐sea mineral extraction. Appropriate impact studies should be performed for all communities where disturbances, such as mining, are planned.
Stile und Praktiken des Autopoietischen in literarischen Weblogs
Authors: Fassio Marcella
Published: November 2018

Selbstkreation und Selbstdokumentation scheinen der Anspruch schlechthin an das Subjekt des digitalisierten einundzwanzigsten Jahrhunderts zu sein. Praktiken dieser Selbstkreation und ‐dokumentation sind auch in der gegenwärtigen Literatur sichtbar. Das gedruckte Tagebuch wird hierbei zunehmend von digitalen Formen, wie Weblogs, abgelöst. Das digitale „Sich‐Selbst‐Schreiben“ im literarischen Weblog scheint bestimmten Stilen unterworfen zu sein und gleichzeitig neue Stile hervorzubringen. Ziel des Beitrags ist es, diese Schreibstile literarischer Weblogformate, anhand von Alban Nikolai Herbsts Dschungel. Anderswelt, Joachim Lottmanns Auf der Borderline nachts um halb eins und Claus Hecks Blog Aleatorik, herauszuarbeiten. Die zentrale Forschungsfrage ist hierbei, in welchem Verhältnis Stil und Autopoiesis im digitalen Raum zueinanderstehen. Es ist danach zu fragen, welche Schreibpraktiken literarische Weblogs aufweisen und inwieweit somit ein spezifischer Schreibstil des Digitalen vorhanden ist. In meinem Beitrag diskutiere ich mögliche gattungstypologische Zugänge in Verknüpfung mit einer praxistheoretischen Methode und entwickle aus dieser Auseinandersetzung einen heuristischen Überblick von Schreibstilen in literarischen Weblogformaten. Das Paper leistet einen Beitrag zur Erschließung von literarischen Weblogformaten und digitalen Stilen des beginnenden einundzwanzigsten Jahrhunderts. Hierbei schließt es an die literaturwissenschaftlichen Auseinandersetzungen zu aktuellen Entwicklungen von Gattungen und Schreibstilen, im Speziellen an gegenwärtige Debatten zu autobiografischen und autofiktionalen Schreibweisen sowie zur Veränderung literarischen Schreibens im Web 2.0 an.
Lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli stimulates osteogenic differentiation of human periodontal ligament stem cells through Wnt/β‐catenin–induced TAZ elevation
Authors: Xing Yixiao , Zhang Yunpeng , Jia Linglu , Xu Xin
Published: November 2018

Human periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), a type of dental tissue–derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), can be clinically applied in periodontal tissue regeneration to treat periodontitis, which is initiated and sustained by bacteria. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the major component of the outer membrane of gram‐negative bacteria, is a pertinent deleterious factor in the oral microenvironment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of LPS on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs, as well as the mechanisms involved. Proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs were detected under the stimulation of Escherichia coli–derived LPS. The data showed that E. coli–derived LPS did not affect the proliferation, viability, and cell cycle of PDLSCs. Furthermore, it promoted osteogenic differentiation with the activation of TAZ. Lentivirus‐mediated depletion of TAZ (transcriptional activator with a PDZ motif) was used to determine the role of TAZ on LPS‐induced enhancement of osteogenesis. PDLSCs cultured in osteogenic media with or without LPS and DKK1 (Wnt/β‐catenin pathway inhibitor) were used to determine the regulatory effect of Wnt signaling. We found that TAZ depletion offset LPS‐induced enhancement of osteogenesis. Moreover, treatment with DKK1 offset LPS‐induced TAZ elevation and osteogenic promotion. In conclusion, E. coli–derived LPS promoted osteogenic differentiation of PDLSCs by fortifying TAZ activity. The elevation and activation of TAZ were mostly mediated by the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway. PDLSC‐governed alveolar bone tissue regeneration was not necessarily reduced under bacterial conditions and could be modulated by Wnt and TAZ.
Neonatal anesthesia in low birth weight babies at Hospital Nacional Guido Valadares, Dili, Timor‐Leste
Authors: Grace Robert F.
Published: November 2018

Over a 6‐month period, eight neonates weighing less than 3 kg were operated on at Hospital Nacional Guido Valadares, Dili, Timor‐Leste. Each was operated on for an abdominal condition. There is no postoperative neonatal ventilation, neonatal inotropes, fluid warmers, or parenteral nutrition available at Hospital Nacional Guido Valadares. Medical air and nitrous oxide are unavailable. Oxygen from cylinders is the only gas available in theaters and on the wards. Generally equipment is problematic and not designed for neonates. Five of these infants perished in hospital perioperatively, representing an in‐hospital mortality of 62%, another is presumed to have died following discharge, and two recovered well. This represents an estimated overall mortality rate of 75%. This is not surprising given the difficult circumstances in theater and the limited postoperative support services available. The resources and time deployed in operating on these small neonates is significant. As difficult as it may be surgical enthusiasm and the uncertainties surrounding prognostication should not displace practical and realistic assessment of the likely outcome of operating on very small babies in low resource facilities where perioperative support is limited. Future development in the Timor‐Leste healthcare sector will hopefully provide an environment where improvements in outcome can be achieved.
Hyponatremia and MAP‐kinase inhibitors in malignant melanoma: Frequency, pathophysiological aspects and clinical consequences
Authors: Assan Florence , Vilaine Eve , Wagner Sandra , Longvert Christine , Saiag Philippe , Seidowsky Alexandre , Bourgault‐Villada Isabelle , Massy Ziad A.
Published: November 2018

The incidence of malignant melanoma has increased over the past two decades. A combined BRAF/MEK inhibitor regimen has been shown to lead to prolonged survival and progression‐free survival in patients with metastatic BRAF V600‐mutant melanoma. Different nephrotoxic effects have been described, among them hyponatremia. The goal of the present narrative review was to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms driving hyponatremia when using selective BRAF inhibitors and/or MEK inhibitors in order to propose potential strategies to prevent or to treat this side effect. Several mechanisms of kidney injury have been suggested including changes in glomerular and tubular function. However, the precise mechanisms of hyponatremia remain unknown. Our hypothesis is that BRAF/MEK inhibitors lead to hyponatremia and water retention (so‐called dilution hyponatremia) by activating aquaporin 2 (AQP2) trafficking from its intracellular compartment to the luminal cell membrane, and by activating ENaC channel. Therefore, we recommend treating the hyponatremia related to BRAF/MEK inhibitors with restriction of fluid intake.
Variability in space and time: contrasting fruit distribution patterns in the deceptive orchid Orchis militaris
Authors: Henneresse T. , Kaiser A. , Wesselingh R. A. , Tyteca D.
Published: November 2018

In angiosperms, a decrease in fruit production towards the apex of individual inflorescences is usually observed. Orchids are thought to be primarily pollination‐limited species, and non‐uniform pollination could cause this decrease pattern in several species. Fruit production was investigated in relation to flower position and floral display size in Orchis militaris (Orchidaceae), a deceptive species.

Over 2 years, eight populations of O. militaris were studied and fruit position along the inflorescence was recorded. Generalised linear models were performed to examine the effect of population, year, flower position and floral display size on fruit production.

The dominant pattern was characterised by a higher fruit set in the middle part of the inflorescence (parabolic pattern). A non‐directional pattern of fruit production was also detected in some populations. Within a given population, patterns were generally consistent among years. In one of the two study years and in one of the eight populations specifically, the proximal‐to‐distal decrease in fruit production was dramatic in plants with a large floral display but weak or absent in small displays.

Our study demonstrates the intraspecific diversity of fruit distribution patterns in O. militaris. Non‐uniform pollination along the inflorescence is likely to be responsible for the parabolic pattern, while irregular visitation could explain the non‐directional pattern of fruit production. Pattern variation among years and between populations could arise from spatiotemporal variation in pollinator assemblages. Resource competition effects could explain the interaction effect between display size and flower position.
Antimicrobial peptides of fish: innocuous alternatives to antibiotics
Authors: Chaturvedi Preeti , Bhat Raja Aadil Hussain , Pande Amit
Published: November 2018

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are the key components of the innate immune system and perform the various biological function which offers immunocompetence and homeostasis to the living organisms. Owing to their multidimensional properties, they can find an important role in therapeutics for the treatment of emerging diseases in fishes. Several AMPs are reported in fishes, including defensins, cathelicidins, hepcidins, histone‐derived peptides and piscidins having board antimicrobial spectrum. Various factors are necessary for the induction of AMPs expression like pathogen‐associated molecular patterns and damage‐associated molecular pattern. Moreover, with beneficial effects, AMPs are coupled with rare concerns which should be considered before bringing them under the label of ‘harmless alternative to antibiotics’.
Insight into aquaculture's potential of marine annelid worms and ecological concerns: a review
Authors: Pombo Ana , Baptista Teresa , Granada Luana , Ferreira Susana M. F. , Gonçalves Sílvia C. , Anjos Catarina , Sá Erica , Chainho Paula , Cancela da Fonseca Luís , Fidalgo e Costa Pedro , Costa José L.
Published: November 2018

Polychaetes are marine annelid worms that can contribute to aquaculture diversification. Its culture has been viable, and commercially attempted, but intensive production has progressed only in few countries around the world. In the countries with no production, marine polychaetes are imported or harvested. A strong and sustained research investment provided to a better understanding of the nutritional requirements and reproduction of some species. Recent studies showed new technical improvements, which can lead to an important progress in productivity and give a new impetus to the polychaete production. Some marine worm species were identified as good candidates for integrated multitrophic aquaculture. The development of cost‐effective aquaculture techniques for marine annelid worms is essential to ensure a balance between commercial interests and the preservation of ecosystems. The influence of polychaete aquaculture on the environment and vice versa raise important concerns related to ecological security and sustainability of this activity. This review focus on the main technical improvements and advances that have been made in areas as diverse as: aquaculture potential of polychaetes, reared species, main species used worldwide, and highlights biological and ecological concerns, important challenges and recommendations.
Influence of growth differentiation factor 9 and bone morphogenetic protein 15 on in vitro maturation of canine oocytes
Authors: Garcia Pablo , Aspee Karla , Ramirez Georges , Dettleff Phillip , Palomino Jaime , Peralta Oscar A. , Parraguez Víctor H. , De los Reyes Monica
Published: November 2018

Contents

Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF‐9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP‐15) have pivotal roles in oocyte development in many species, therefore the aim was to investigate these factors during in vitro maturation (IVM) of canine oocytes. Canine cumulus oocytes complexes (COCs) were cultured in six groups for 72 hr in a supplemented TCM199‐Hepes medium as (a) Control group; (b) GDF‐9 antibody (Ab); (c) BMP‐15 Ab; (d) recombinant human (rh) GDF‐9; (e) rh BMP‐15 or (f) rh BMP‐15 and GDF‐9. Data were evaluated by ANOVA. The Abs against GDF‐9 or BMP‐15 had a negative impact on meiotic development. Higher (p < 0.05) number of oocytes was arrested at GVBD stage when they were incubated with either GDF‐9 Ab (64.4 ± 2.1%) or BMP‐15 Ab (67.2%± 4.9%) in comparison to those in control group (32.4 ± 7.8%). In contrast, more (p < 0.05) oocytes in control group reached MI (37.4 ± 1.3%) and MII stages (10.2 ± 2.1%) comparing to those groups with GDF‐9 Ab (23.1 ± 4.7% MI; 0.0% MII) or BMP‐15 Ab (16.4 ± 2.4%MI; 5.9% ± 2.1 MII). Higher rates (p < 0.05) of oocytes in control group stayed still arrested at GV (19.9 ± 8.6%) in comparison to those cultured with either rhGDF‐9 (3.7 ± 0.4%) or rhBMP‐15 (10.9 ± 0.7%). However, there were no differences in MII rates between oocytes cultured with GDF‐9 (14.7 ± 3.1) and BMP‐15 (7.8 ± 2.5) separately. But, more oocytes (p < 0.05) reached the MII stage (20.5 ± 3.8%) compared to those exposed to each protein separately and to the control group. These results suggest that these proteins likely contribute to the meiotic development in dogs.
Neural adaptations after 4 years vs 12 weeks of resistance training vs untrained
Authors: Balshaw Thomas G. , Massey Garry J. , Maden‐Wilkinson Thomas M. , Lanza Marcel B. , Folland Jonathan P.
Published: November 2018

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of resistance training (RT) duration, including years of exposure, on agonist and antagonist neuromuscular activation throughout the knee extension voluntary torque range. Fifty‐seven healthy men (untrained [UNT] n = 29, short‐term RT [12WK] n = 14, and long‐term RT [4YR] n = 14) performed maximum and sub‐maximum (20%‐80% maximum voluntary torque [MVT]) unilateral isometric knee extension contractions with torque, agonist and antagonist surface EMG recorded. Agonist EMG, including at MVT, was corrected for the confounding effects of adiposity (ie, muscle‐electrode distance; measured with ultrasonography). Quadriceps maximum anatomical cross‐sectional area (QACSAMAX; via MRI) was also assessed. MVT was distinct for all three groups (4YR +60/+39% vs UNT/12WK; 12WK +15% vs UNT; 0.001 < P ≤ 0.021), and QACSAMAX was greater for 4YR (+50/+42% vs UNT/12WK; [both] P < 0.001). Agonist EMG at MVT was +44/+33% greater for 4YR /12WK ([both] P < 0.001) vs. UNT, but did not differ between RT groups. The torque‐agonist EMG relationship of 4YR displayed a right/down shift with lower agonist EMG at the highest common torque (196 Nm) compared to 12WK and UNT (0.005 ≤ P ≤ 0.013; Effect size [ES] 0.90 ≤ ES ≤ 1.28). The torque‐antagonist EMG relationship displayed a lower slope with increasing RT duration (4YR < 12WK < UNT; 0.001 < P ≤ 0.094; 0.56 ≤ ES ≤ 1.31), and antagonist EMG at the highest common torque was also lower for 4YR than UNT (−69%; P < 0.001; ES = 1.18). In conclusion, 4YR and 12WK had similar agonist activation at MVT and this adaptation may be maximized during early months of RT. In contrast, inter‐muscular coordination, specifically antagonist coactivation was progressively lower, and likely continues to adapt, with prolonged RT.
Retrograde and oscillatory shear rate in young anabolic androgenic steroid users
Authors: de Souza Francis Ribeiro , Sales Allan Robson Kluser , Dos Santos Marcelo Rodrigues , Porello Rafael Armani , Fonseca Guilherme Wesley Peixoto da , Sayegh Ana Luiza Carrari , Filho Antonio Carlos Battaglia , Pereira Rosa Maria Rodrigues , Takayama Liliam , Oliveira Tiago Franco de , Yonamine Mauricio , Negrão Carlos Eduardo , Alves Maria Janieire de Nazaré Nunes
Published: November 2018

Disturbed shear rate (SR), characterized by increased retrograde and oscillatory SR in the brachial artery, is associated with inflammation, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and sympathetic hyperactivity. Young subjects do not have disturbed SR; however, elderly subjects do, which seems to be associated with sympathetic hyperactivity. Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) abuse in young is associated with increased muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). We hypothesized that AAS users might have disturbed SR. We tested the association between retrograde and oscillatory SR with MSNA. In addition, we measured the high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP). We evaluated 10 male AAS users, age 27 ± 4 years, and 10 age‐matched AAS nonusers, age 29 ± 5 years. At rest, retrograde and oscillatory SR were evaluated by Doppler ultrasound, MSNA was measured with microneurography, and hs‐CRP was measured in blood sample. Flow‐mediated dilation (FMD) was also assessed. AAS users had higher retrograde SR (24.42 ± 17.25 vs 9.15 ± 6.62 s−1, P = 0.01), oscillatory SR (0.22 ± 0.13 vs 0.09 ± 0.07 au P = 0.01), and MSNA (42 ± 9 vs 32 ± 4 bursts/100 heart beats, P = 0.018) than nonusers. MSNA (bursts/100 heart beats) was correlated with retrograde SR (r = 0.50, P = 0.050) and oscillatory SR (r = 0.51, P = 0.042). AAS users had higher hs‐CRP [1.17 (0.44‐3.63) vs 0.29 (0.17‐0.70) mg/L, P = 0.015] and decreased FMD (6.42 ± 2.07 vs 8.28% ± 1.53%, P = 0.035) than nonusers. In conclusion, AAS abuse is associated with retrograde and oscillatory SR which were associated with augmented sympathetic outflow. In addition, AAS seems to lead to inflammation characterized by increased hs‐CRP. These alterations may have the potential of increasing the early risk of atherosclerotic disease in young AAS users.
The globalisation–welfare state nexus: Evidence from Asia
Authors: Potrafke Niklas
Published: November 2018

How globalisation influences social expenditure has been examined for industrialised countries. Globalisation has often been shown to be positively associated with social expenditure in established industrialised countries, a finding that corroborates the compensation hypothesis. Scholars have focused on industrialised countries, because social expenditure is difficult to measure in developing countries. I use new data on social expenditure for Asian non‐OECD countries. Globalisation is measured by the new KOF Globalisation Index. My results do not suggest that globalisation influenced social expenditures in Asia. Neither do the results suggest that the nexus between globalisation and social expenditures varied across high‐income countries, such as Hong Kong and Singapore, and lower‐income Asian countries or across Asian regions. It is conceivable that Asian citizens did not demand increasing social support when globalisation proceeded rapidly because they enjoyed family and other private assistance. Asian countries also have weaker tax and labour market institutions than OECD countries and have therefore more difficulties in increasing social expenditure.
Preventing Tumbling With a Twisting Trunk for the Quadruped Robot: Origaker I
Authors: Zhang Chunsong , Chai Xuheng , Dai Jian S.
Published: November 2018

The tumble stability indicates the capability to resist the tumble caused by disturbances. For a quadruped robot, the tumble is mainly about the line segment connecting two supporting feet. The tumble stability of quadruped robots is evaluated by various stability criteria based on forces, moments or energies. Work has been done to improve the tumble stability of quadruped robots. Nevertheless, the previous work to achieve this goal relied on motion of legs. No trunk motions were considered. As a matter of fact, trunk motion is widely utilized by natural quadrupeds. By utilizing trunk motion, the quadrupeds are able to regulate the center of gravity to improve the tumble stability level. This paper for the first time investigates the effect of the twisting trunk on the tumble stability of quadruped robots from the viewpoint of energy. Thus it can be seen that the twisting trunk help improve the tumble stability level of quadruped robots. The relationship between the tumble stability and trunk twisting is to be analyzed mathematically, and help find the maximum disturbing energy that the quadruped robot can bear with a twisting trunk and further direct motion of the trunk twisting during tumbles to prevent any overturning.
A Method of Motion-Based Immersive Design System for Vehicle Occupant Package
Authors: Wan Jian , Wang Nanxin
Published: November 2018

Assessing user experience on a new vehicle design objectively is critical for an automotive company to improve customer satisfactory of its products. The technology of motion capture and digital human modeling has been utilized in many recent studies to assist in the design process of a new product. Motions of human interacting with a new product are captured or simulated. The human body trajectory and swept volumes of the motion are overlaid with the product geometry in CAD, providing a guidance for the direction of new design changes. However, a CAD system generally requires some training to be efficiently used to review a design. A more intuitive and easier approach is preferred.

In recent years, Virtual and Augmented Reality (VR/AR) are taking root in engineering area. The technology provide great advantages to the applications of design review, process simulation, maintenance, and training, etc., by expanding the physical world with virtual components or helpful information.

This paper presents a new method of motion-based immersive design system for vehicle occupant package that integrates the technologies of VR/AR and digital human modeling. The method incorporates human motions captured or simulated along with the new geometry of a vehicle compartment inside a VR/AR environment. Through this, the designer is able to not only immersively experience the new design, but also observe the behavior of different users interacting with the design in the 3D environment. It provides a systematic and intuitive approach for a designer to quickly iterate through the test-review-revise design cycle and achieve a more accommodating and occupant friendly vehicle compartment design.
A Novel Method for Constructing Multi-Mode Deployable Polyhedron Mechanisms Using Symmetric Spatial RRR Compositional Units
Authors: Wang Jieyu , Kong Xianwen
Published: November 2018

A novel construction method is proposed to construct multimode deployable polyhedron mechanisms (DPMs) using symmetric spatial RRR compositional units, a serial kinematic chain in which the axes of the first and the third revolute (R) joints are perpendicular to the axis of the second R joint. Single-loop deployable linkages are first constructed using RRR units and are further assembled into polyhedron mechanisms by connecting single-loop kinematic chains using RRR units. The proposed mechanisms are over-constrained and can be deployed through two approaches. The prism mechanism constructed using two Bricard linkages and six RRR limbs has one degree-of-freedom (DOF). When removing three of the RRR limbs, the mechanism obtains one additional 1-DOF motion mode. The DPMs based on 8R and 10R linkages also have multiple modes, and several mechanisms are variable-DOF mechanisms. The DPMs can switch among different motion modes through transition positions. Prototypes are 3D-printed to verify the feasibility of the mechanisms.
Compositional Engineering Frameworks for Development of Smart Cyber-Physical Systems: A Critical Survey of the Current State of Progression
Authors: Horváth Imre , Tepjit Sirasak , Rusák Zoltán
Published: November 2018

Various system-engineering frameworks (SEFs) have been developed for composable systems, whose overall operation is the sum of the operations of their components. However, smart cyber-physical systems (S-CPSs) are compositional in nature. Their reasoning capability and system knowledge assume an ‘ampliative’ (inter)operation of all hardware, software, or cyberware components. The need for SEFs that support synthesis, modeling, analysis, simulation, verification, and validation of S-CPSs is recognized in the literature. The objective of this paper is a critically review the state of development of compositionality enabling frameworks. Both quantitative and qualitative literature studies were conducted in combination with critical system thinking. The reasoning model used in the qualitative analysis was derived based on the findings of the quantitative analysis. The major observations are: (i) the notion of compositionality is not studied extensively in the context of S-CPSs that do not obey the principle of reductionism, (ii) methodological support of implementation of compositional CPSs seems to be in its infancy, (iii) SEFs may play a crucial role in synthesis, modeling and implementation of S-CPSs, and (iv) SEFs for compositional system design may be realized using the principles of semantic knowledge fusion or meta-synthesis. Our follow up research targets a formal definition and computational implementation of a testable prototype of a specific SEF tool supporting compositional design of reasoning mechanisms.
Dynamic Trajectory Planning and Geometric Design of a Two-DOF Translational Cable-Suspended Planar Parallel Robot Using a Parallelogram Cable Loop
Authors: Longval Jordan M. , Gosselin Clément
Published: November 2018

This paper presents a trajectory planning approach and an analysis of the geometric design parameters for a planar cable-suspended translational parallel robot based on a parallelogram cable loop. The cable robot produces purely translational movements in a planar workspace. Furthermore, this special architecture only requires two actuators which makes it fully actuated. From the dynamic model of the robot, general algebraic inequalities are obtained that ensure that the cables remain taut. A general elliptic trajectory is then defined and substituted into the algebraic inequalities to obtain conditions on the geometrical design parameters that ensure that the cables are always in tension. In addition, a special trajectory-specific oscillation frequency emerges and enables the end-effector to dynamically move beyond the boundaries of the static workspace, thus expanding the workspace of the mechanism. Finally, a kinematic sensitivity index is studied in order to assess the influence of the parallelogram structure on the rotational stability of the mechanism.