bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Manipulating O3/P2 phase ratio in bi-phasic sodium layered oxides via ionic radius control
Authors: Maughan P. A. , Naden A. B. , Irvine J. T. S. , Armstrong A. R.
Published: February 2023

Bi-phasic O3/P2 sodium layered oxides have emerged as leading candidates for the commercialisation of next-generation sodium-ion batteries. However, beyond simply altering the sodium content, rational control of the O3/P2 ratio in these materials has proven particularly challenging despite being crucial for the realization of high-performance electrode materials. Here, using abundant elements, we manipulate the O3/P2 ratio using the average ionic radius of the transition metal layer and different synthesis conditions. These methods allow deterministic control over the O3/P2 ratio, even for constant Na contents. In addition, tuning the O3/P2 ratio yields high-performing materials with different performance characteristics, with a P2-rich material achieving high rate capabilities and excellent cycling stability (92% retention, 50 cycles), while an O3-rich material displayed an energy density up to 430 Wh kg−1, (85%, 50 cycles). These insights will help guide the rational design of future high-performance materials for sodium-ion batteries.
Urbanization and cardiovascular health among Indigenous groups in Brazil
Authors: Armstrong Anderson da Costa , de Souza Carlos Dornels Freire , Santos Juracy Marques dos , Carmo Rodrigo Feliciano do , Armstrong Dinani Matoso Fialho de Oliveira , Pereira Vanessa Cardoso , Ladeia Ana Marice , Correia Luis Claudio Lemos , Barral-Netto Manoel , Lima Joao Augusto Costa
Published: February 2023

Background

We described the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in groups of Brazilian Indigenous people at different degrees of urbanization.

Methods

The Project of Atherosclerosis among Indigenous populations (Projeto de Aterosclerose em Indígenas; PAI) is a cross-sectional study conducted in Northeast Brazil between August 2016–June 2017. It included three populations: Fulni-ô Indigenous people (lowest degree of urbanization), Truká Indigenous people (greater urbanization), and a highly urbanized non-Indigenous local cohort (control group). Participants were assessed to register sociodemographic, anthropometric, as well as clinical and laboratory-derived cardiovascular (CV) risk parameters. Age-adjusted prevalence of hypertension was also computed. Nonparametric tests were used for group comparisons.

Results

Here we included 999 participants, with a predominance of females in all three groups (68.3% Control group, 65.0% Fulni-ô indigenous group, and 60.1% Truká indigenous group). Obesity was present in 45.6% of the urban non-Indigenous population, 37.7% Truká and in 27.6% Fulni-ô participants. The prevalence of hypertension was 29.1% (n = 297) with lower prevalence in the less urbanized Fulni-ô people (Fulni-ô – 18.2%; Truká – 33.9%; and Control – 33.8%; p < 0.001). In the elderly male population, the prevalence of hypertension was 18.7% in the Fulni-ô, 45.8% in the Truká, and 54.5% in the control group. Of the 342 participants that self-reported hypertension, 37.5% (n = 68) showed uncontrolled blood pressure (BP). Uncontrolled BP was more prevalent among Truká people when compared to Fulni-ô people and non-Indigenous participants (45.4%, 22.9%, and 40.7%, respectively; p < 0.001).

Conclusions

We found a higher cardiovascular risk in communities with a higher degree of urbanization, suggesting that living in towns and cities may have a negative impact on these aspects of cardiovascular health.
Chocolate as Medicine: A Quest over the Centuries
Authors: Wilson Philip K , Hurst W Jeffrey
Published: February 2023

The Mesoamerican population who lived near the indigenous cultivation sites of the "Chocolate Tree" (Theobromo cacao) had a multitude of documented applications of chocolate as medicine, ranging from alleviating fatigue to preventing heart ailments to treating snakebite. Until recently, these applications have received little sound scientific scrutiny. Rather, it has been the reputed health claims stemming from Europe and the United States which have attracted considerable biomedical attention. This book, for the first time, describes the centuries-long quest to uncover chocolate's potential health benefits. The authors explore variations in the types of evidence used to support chocolate's use as medicine as well as note the ongoing tension over categorizing chocolate as food or medicine, and more recently, as functional food or nutraceutical. The authors, Wilson an historian of science and medicine, and Hurst an analytical chemist in the chocolate industry, bring their collective insights to bear upon the development of ideas and practices surrounding the use of chocolate as medicine. Chocolate's use in this manner is explored first among the Mesoamerican peoples, then as it is transported to Europe, and back into Colonial North America. The authors then focus upon more recent bioscience experimental undertakings which have been aimed to ascertain both long-standing and novel suggestions as to chocolate's efficacy as a medicinal and a nutritional substance. Chocolate/s reputation as the most craved food boosts this book's appeal to food and biomedical scientists, cacao researchers, ethnobotanists, historians, folklorists, and healers of all types as well as to the general reading audience.
Compound-specific Stable Isotope Analysis
Authors: Jochmann Maik A , Schmidt Torsten C
Published: February 2023

The use of Compound-specific Stable Isotope Analysis (CSIA) is increasing in many areas of science and technology for source allocation, authentication, and characterization of transformation reactions. Until now, there have been no textbooks available for students with an analytical chemical background or basic introductory books emphasising the instrumentation and theory. This book is the first to focus solely on stable isotope analysis of individual compounds in sometimes complex mixtures. It acts as both a lecture companion for students and a consultant for advanced scientists in fields including forensic and environmental science. The book starts with a brief history of the field before going on to explain stable isotopes from scratch. The different ways to express isotope abundances are introduced together with isotope effects and isotopic fractionation. A detailed account of the required technical equipment and general procedures for CSIA is provided. This includes sections on derivatization and the use of microextraction techniques in GC-IRMS. The very important topic of referencing and calibration in CSIA is clearly described. This differs from approaches used in quantitative analysis and is often difficult for the newcomer to comprehend. Examples of successful applications of CSIA in food authenticity, forensics, archaeology, doping control, environmental science, and extraterrestrial materials are included. Applications in isotope data treatment and presentation are also discussed and emphasis is placed on the general conclusions that can be drawn from the uses of CSIA. Further instrumental developments in the field are highlighted and selected experiments are introduced that may act as a basis for a short practical course at graduate level.
First-principles-driven catalyst design protocol of 2D/2D heterostructures for electro- and photocatalytic nitrogen reduction reaction
Authors: Saelee Tinnakorn , Chotsawat Maneerat , Rittiruam Meena , Suthirakun Suwit , Praserthdam Supareak , Ruankaew Nirun , Khajondetchairit Patcharaporn , Junkaew Anchalee
Published: February 2023

The first-principles approach is a useful tool for developing 2D/2D heterojunction catalysts for electro- and photo-catalytic nitrogen reduction reactions.
A configuration interaction correction on top of pair coupled cluster doubles
Authors: Nowak Artur , Boguslawski Katharina
Published: February 2023

The pair coupled cluster doubles (pCCD) method is extended by configuration interaction (CI) theory, including a Davidson correction.
Temperature effects induced by NIR photo-stimulation within Ist and IInd optical biological windows of seed-mediated multi-shell nanoferrites
Authors: Kulpa-Greszta Magdalena , Tomaszewska Anna , Dziedzic Andrzej , Pązik Robert
Published: February 2023

Different types of ferrite core–shell structures, namely CoFe2O4@CoFe2O4, CoFe2O4@Fe3O4, CoFe2O4@MnFe2O4, and CoFe2O4@MnFe2O4@ZnFe2O4, were prepared by the seed-mediated approach.
Size distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in space: an old new light on the 11.2/3.3 μm intensity ratio
Authors: Lemmens Alexander K. , Mackie Cameron J. , Candian Alessandra , Lee Timothy M. J. , Tielens Alexander G. G. M. , Rijs Anouk M. , Buma Wybren Jan
Published: February 2023

Calculated infrared absorption intensities of PAHs that underlie the interpretation of infrared emission from the ISM are validated with experiments. An adjusted emission model implies that typical PAH sizes are smaller than previously estimated.
Combining protein and metabolic engineering to achieve green biosynthesis of 12β-O-Glc-PPD inSaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Zhou Chen , Chen Tianjiao , Gu Andi , Hu Zongfeng , Li Yan , Gong Ting , Chen Jingjing , Yang Jinling , Zhu Ping
Published: February 2023

Construction of engineered yeast forde novosynthesis of unnatural ginsenoside 12β-O-Glc-PPD.
Green synthesis of δ-lactam from biomass-derived 4-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-2(1H)-one
Authors: Wang Yaqin , Chen Bingfeng , Wu Haihong , Mei Xuelei , Zhang Kaili , Zheng Bingxiao , Han Wanying , Xu Jiao , He Mingyuan , Han Buxing
Published: February 2023

The sustainable route for δ-lactam (6-methylpiperidin-2-one: MPO) production has been demonstrated through transfer hydrogenation/hydrogenolysis of aminolysis product of biomass-derived triacetic acid lactone (TAL) with bimetallic Ni-Ru catalyst.
A facile cost-effective electrolyte-assisted approach and comparative study towards the Greener synthesis of silica nanoparticles
Authors: Saha Arighna , Narula Kritika , Mishra Prashant , Biswas Goutam , Bhakta Snehasis
Published: February 2023

Synthesis of size-tunable homogeneous amorphous silica nanoparticles comprising lower organic solvent composition via addition of electrolytes at a lower cost.
Evaluating electrophile and nucleophile understanding: a large-scale study of learners’ explanations of reaction mechanisms
Authors: Frost Stephanie J. H. , Yik Brandon J. , Dood Amber J. , de Arellano Daniel Cruz-Ramírez , Fields Kimberly B. , Raker Jeffrey R.
Published: February 2023

A deep understanding of organic chemistry requires a learner to understand many concepts and have fluency with multiple skills. This understanding is particularly necessary for constructing and using mechanisms to explain chemical reactions. Electrophilicity and nucleophilicity are two fundamental concepts to learning and understanding reaction mechanisms. Prior research suggests that learners focus heavily on explicit structural features (e.g., formal charge) rather than implicit features (e.g., an open p-orbital) when identifying and describing the role of electrophiles and nucleophiles in reaction mechanisms; however, these findings come from small-scale, interview-based investigations with a limited number of reaction mechanisms. The work reported herein seeks to further explore the meaning learners ascribe to electrophiles and nucleophiles by evaluating 19 936 written explanations from constructed-response items asking what is happening in reaction mechanisms and why it happens for 85 unique reaction mechanisms across a yearlong postsecondary organic chemistry course. To analyze these data, we developed an electrophile rubric to capture learners’ level of explanation sophistication (Absent, Descriptive, Foundational, and Complex); this electrophile rubric is complementary to a nucleophile rubric previously reported in the literature. Our data show proportional levels of explanation sophistication for electrophiles and nucleophiles (τb = 0.402) across these written explanations of reaction mechanisms. We note that learners’ explanations of nucleophiles tend to be at a higher level than their explanations of electrophiles. While this finding does support prior literature reports, we also found that explanations of mechanisms involving reductions of pi-bonds (e.g., carbonyls) tended to be more sophisticated for electrophiles than for nucleophiles. Overall, our results support the claim that learners are able to discuss both electrophilicity and nucleophilicity; however, learners discuss electrophilicity and nucleophilicity at different levels of sophistication where nucleophilicity predominates for most reaction types.
Correction: Insight at the atomic scale of corrosion inhibition: DFT study of 8-hydroxyquinoline on oxidized aluminum surfaces
Authors: Chiter Fatah , Costa Dominique , Pébère Nadine , Marcus Philippe , Lacaze-Dufaure Corinne
Published: February 2023

Correction for ‘Insight at the atomic scale of corrosion inhibition: DFT study of 8-hydroxyquinoline on oxidized aluminum surfaces’ by Fatah Chiter et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2023, https://doi.org/10.1039/d2cp04626a.
Noise Modulates Crosslinguistic Effects on Second-Language Auditory Word Recognition
Authors: Guediche Sara , Navarra-Barindelli Eugenia , Martin Clara D.
Published: February 2023

Purpose:

This study investigates whether crosslinguistic effects on auditory word recognition are modulated by the quality of the auditory signal (clear and noisy).

Method:

In an online experiment, a group of Spanish–English bilingual listeners performed an auditory lexical decision task, in their second language, English. Words and pseudowords were either presented in the clear or were embedded in white auditory noise. Target words were varied in the degree to which they overlapped in their phonological form with their translation equivalents and were categorized according to their overlap as cognates (form and meaning) or noncognates (meaning only). In order to test for effects of crosslinguistic competition, the phonological neighborhood density of the targets' translations was also manipulated.

Results:

The results show that crosslinguistic effects are impacted by noise; when the translation had a high neighborhood density, performance was worse for cognates than for noncognates, especially in noise.

Conclusions:

The findings suggest that noise increases lexical competition across languages, as it does within a language, and that the crosslinguistic phonological overlap for cognates compared with noncognates can further increase the pool of competitors by co-activating crosslinguistic lexical candidates. The results are discussed within the context of the bilingual word recognition literature and models of language and bilingual lexical processing.
Reconnecting Indigenous Language for a Child Using Augmentative and Alternative Communication
Authors: Callahan Janet , Hanson Elizabeth K.
Published: February 2023

Purpose:

The purpose of this article is to describe a grassroots project to develop an augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) system for a child who is learning to speak the Native American Lakota language. The project began as a part of a homeschool curriculum to address the foreign language requirement during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusions:

Initially, the mother of the child, who is enrolled in the Oglala Sioux Tribe of South Dakota, located a list of the 1,000 most frequently used words in Lakota and a Level 1 textbook and began programming vocabulary by word class in her child's electronic speech-generating AAC system (i.e., the CoughDrop app on an iPad). The programming has grown to include more than 1,600 vocabulary items, and the work continues. A need for symbols that are culturally and linguistically appropriate soon surfaced. Following that, the lack of a synthesized voice that accurately captures the prosody of spoken Lakota became apparent. The development of both has been added to project goals. Eventually, the goal is to have an AAC system that may be used for other speakers of Lakota and, potentially, programming protocols that will lead to the development of similar systems for other Indigenous languages.
scRNA‐seq data analysis method to improve analysis performance
Authors: Lu Junru , Sheng Yuqi , Qian Weiheng , Pan Min , Zhao Xiangwei , Ge Qinyu
Published: February 2023

With the development of single‐cell RNA sequencing technology (scRNA‐seq), we have the ability to study biological questions at the level of the individual cell transcriptome. Nowadays, many analysis tools, specifically suitable for single‐cell RNA sequencing data, have been developed. In this review, the currently commonly used scRNA‐seq protocols are discussed. The upstream processing flow pipeline of scRNA‐seq data, including goals and popular tools for reads mapping and expression quantification, quality control, normalization, imputation, and batch effect removal is also introduced. Finally, methods to evaluate these tools in both cellular and genetic dimensions, clustering and differential expression analysis are presented.
Reconstruction of weak lensing mass maps for non-Gaussian studies in the celestial sphere
Authors: Kansal Vanshika
Published: February 2023

We present a novel method for reconstructing weak lensing mass or convergence maps as a probe to study non-Gaussianities in the cosmic density field. While previous surveys have relied on a flat-sky approximation, forthcoming Stage IV surveys will cover such large areas with a large field of view (FOV) to motivate mass reconstruction on the sphere. Here, we present an improved Kaiser-Squires (KS+) mass inversion method using a HEALPix pixelisation of the sphere while controlling systematic effects. As in the KS+ methodology, the convergence maps were reconstructed without noise regularisation to preserve the information content and allow for non-Gaussian studies. The results of this new method were compared with those of the Kaiser-Squires (KS) estimator implemented on the curved sky using high-resolution realistic N-body simulations. The quality of the method was evaluated by estimating the two-point correlation functions, third- and fourth-order moments, and peak counts of the reconstructed convergence maps. The effects of masking, sampling, and noise were tested. We also examined the systematic errors introduced by the flat-sky approximation. We show that the improved Kaiser-Squires on the sphere (SKS+) method systematically improves inferred correlation errors by ∼10 times and provides on average a 20–30 % better maximum signal-to-noise peak estimation compared to Kaiser-Squires on the sphere (SKS). We also show that the SKS+ method is nearly unbiased and reduces errors by a factor of about 2 and 4 in the third- and fourth-order moments, respectively. Finally, we show how the reconstruction of the convergence field directly on the celestial sphere eliminates the projection effects and allows the exclusion or consideration of a specific region of the sphere in the processing.
Mentale Simulation von Bewegungen
Authors: Preiß Sandra , Taube Wolfgang
Published: February 2023

Egal ob beim alpinen Skifahren, beim Springreiten oder beim Hochsprung: Im Leistungssport kann man immer wieder beobachten, wie sich Sportlerinnen und Sportler in Gedanken auf ihren Einsatz vorbereiten. Doch funktioniert das, was im Wettkampf hilft, auch in Training und Therapie? Der Artikel beantwortet diese Frage.
Warum man auch als Pneumologe und Schlafmediziner den „Nasenzyklus“ kennen sollte
Authors: Koehler Ulrich , Viniol Christian , Hildebrandt Olaf , Kesper Karl , Degerli Mikail Aykut , Conradt Regina , Sohrabi Keywan
Published: February 2023

Unter „Nasenzyklus“ versteht man die am Tage und im Schlaf wechselweise auftretenden spontanen Schwellungszustände der beiden Nasengänge bei gleichbleibendem nasalen Gesamtfluss. Der Nasenzyklus wurde erstmals 1895 von R. Kayser beschrieben. Ein Nasenzyklus besteht aus einer Ruhe- und einer Arbeitsphase. In der Ruhephase kommt es zur Schleimhautschwellung mit Regeneration und Rehydrierung. Etwa 70–90% der Menschen weisen einen nasalen Zyklus auf. Die im Schlaf ablaufenden Nasenzyklen sind hinsichtlich der Phasendauer länger als die am Tage. Unterschiedliche Faktoren wie Alter, Schlaf, Körperposition, körperliche Aktivität und mukoziliäre Clearance nehmen Einfluss auf den nasalen Zyklus. Die Langzeit-Rhinoflowmetrie ermöglicht eine Beurteilung des zirkadianen Verlaufs der wechselweise auftretenden zyklischen Veränderungen der Nasenschleimhaut.
Fetal Diaphragmatic Excursion Is Decreased in Hospitalized Pregnant Women Infected with COVID-19 during the Second and Third Trimesters
Authors: Sahin Mefkure Eraslan , Sahin Erdem , Kirlangic Mehmet M. , Ak Mehmet , Daglıtuncezdi Cam Seyma , Cundubey Cevat R. , Col Madendag Ilknur , Madendag Yusuf
Published: February 2023

Objective In the present study, we aimed to evaluate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection effects on fetal diaphragm thickness and diaphragmatic excursion, which together show the quality of diaphragmatic contractions.

Study Design One hundred and ninety-two pregnant women were included in this prospective case–control study. Patients were divided into four groups according to their COVID-19 infection history in their second or third trimester: hospitalized COVID-19-infected pregnant women group (n = 48), outpatient COVID-19-infected pregnant women group (n = 48), common cold (COVID-19 polymerase chain reaction negative) pregnant women group (n = 48), and noninfected healthy controls (n = 48). The number of patients was determined by power analysis following the pilot study. All participants underwent an ultrasound examination to determine fetal diaphragm parameters at 32 to 37 weeks of gestation.

Results Demographic characteristics were similar among the four groups. The gestational age at ultrasound examination and gestational age at delivery were similar among the groups. Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission rate was significantly higher in the hospitalized COVID-19-infected pregnant women group than the other groups. The fetal diaphragm thickness during inspiration and expiration, and fetal costophrenic angles at inspiration and expiration were similar among the groups. Fetal diaphragmatic excursion was significantly decreased in the hospitalized COVID-19-infected pregnant women group compared with the other groups.

Conclusion Our results indicated that moderate maternal COVID-19 infection decreased fetal diaphragmatic excursion, and ultrasonographic evaluation of fetal diaphragmatic excursion before delivery can provide critical information to predict whether infants will require NICU admission.

Key Points
[3,3]-Rearrangements of N-Oxyindoles
Authors: Cho Eun Jin , Ali Kashif , Bera Milan
Published: February 2023

The concerted Ag-catalyzed rearrangement of N-indolyl carbonates and esters to afford 3-oxyindole derivatives with broad functional-group compatibility is presented. In addition, this concerted [3,3]-rearrangement approach was expanded to the synthesis of phosphonate and sulfonamide derivatives without the use of an Ag catalyst. Control experiments suggested that no radical pathway is involved at any stage of the rearrangement process.
Evolution of Hemostasis Testing: A Personal Reflection Covering over 40 Years of History*
Authors: Favaloro Emmanuel J.
Published: February 2023

There is no certainty in change, other than change is certain. As Seminars in Thrombosis and Hemostasis celebrates 50 years of publication, I felt it appropriate to reflect on my own 40-year plus scientific career. My career in the thrombosis and hemostasis field did not start until 1987, but the subsequent 35 years reflected a period of significant change in associated disease diagnostics. I started in the Westmead Hospital “coagulation laboratory” when staff were still performing manual clotting tests, using stopwatches, pipettes, test tubes, and a water bath, which we transported to the hospital outpatient department to run our weekly warfarin clinic. Several hemostasis instruments have come and gone, including the Coag-A-Mate X2, the ACL-300R, the MDA-180, the BCS XP, and several StaR Evolution analyzers. Some instruments remain, including the PFA-100, PFA-200, the AggRAM, the CS-5100, an AcuStar, a Hydrasys gel system, and two ACL-TOP 750s. We still have a water bath, but this is primarily used to defrost frozen samples, and manual clotting tests are only used to teach visiting medical students. We have migrated across several methodologies in the 45-year history of the local laboratory. Laurel gel rockets, used for several assays in the 1980s, were replaced with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay assays and most assays were eventually placed on automated instruments. Radio-isotopic assays, used in the 1980s, were replaced by an alternate safer method or else abandoned. Test numbers have increased markedly over time. The approximately 31,000 hemostasis assays performed at the Westmead-based laboratory in 1983 had become approximately 200,000 in 2022, a sixfold increase. Some 90,000 prothrombin times and activated partial thromboplastic times are now performed at this laboratory per year. Thrombophilia assays were added to the test repertoires over time, as were the tests to measure several anticoagulant drugs, most recently the direct oral anticoagulants. I hope my personal history, reflecting on the changes in hemostasis testing over my career to date in the field, is found to be of interest to the readership, and I hope they forgive any inaccuracies I have introduced in this reflection of the past.
Local correlation functions of the two-periodic weighted Aztec diamond in mesoscopic limit
Authors: Bain Emily
Published: February 2023

Here, we study the two-periodic weighted dimer model on the Aztec diamond graph. In the thermodynamic limit when the size of the graph goes to infinity while weights are fixed, the model develops a limit shape with frozen regions near corners, a flat “diamond” in the center with a noncritical (ordered) phase, and a disordered phase separating this diamond and the frozen phase. We show that in the mesoscopic scaling limit, when weights scale in the thermodynamic limit such that the size of the “flat diamond” is of the same order as the correlation length inside the diamond, fluctuations of the height function are described by a new process. We compute asymptotics of the inverse Kasteleyn matrix for vertices in a local neighborhood in this mesoscopic limit.
Linear interference of nonlinear waves—Multispeed vector solitons
Authors: Gadzhimuradov Telman A.
Published: February 2023

The dynamics of envelope solitons in a system of coupled anharmonic chains are addressed. Mathematically, the system is equivalent to the vector soliton propagation model in a single-mode fiber with low birefringence in the presence of coherent and incoherent interactions. It is numerically and analytically shown that multi-component soliton entries can behave as free scalar solitons with arbitrary velocities and amplitudes. The appropriate exact multi-soliton solutions are provided. They can be presented as a linear interference of degenerate vector solitons known before. Furthermore, the interference idea is transferred to other vector integrable systems, including the Manakov model.
On cavitation in the radial flow of a thin lubricating film between two overlying disks
Authors: Gluzman Igal , Pelster Anthony , Waldrop Michael , Thomas Flint O.
Published: February 2023

This study is focused on the characterization and modeling of aviation fuel cavitation physics in radial flow in a thin layer between two disks—a geometry highly relevant to aviation fuel pump systems. This involves a lower circular disk with a centrally located fuel injection port and a matching disk resting on top of the lower disk. In the described experiments, we have quantified and compared cavitating disk behavior for distilled water and JP-5 fuel at various inlet supply pressures via high-speed imaging and radial pressure measurements. High-speed imaging data were used to quantify the radial collapse location of cavitation voids. An enhanced gradient shadowgraphy method was employed to obtain the spatial–temporal evolution of propagating bubbly shock waves. This technique revealed unsteady shock waves propagating in a spiral motion in JP-5 fuel, while a standing bubbly shock was observed in water. In our modeling efforts, the Rayleigh–Plesset equation was adapted to a spatial form in order to predict the radial location of cavitation bubble collapse. Further work incorporated the spatial Rayleigh–Plesset equation into the barotropic model that has been used previously for cavitating nozzle flows and generalized it to radial flow geometry in order to reproduce radial pressure profiles obtained from the experiment. The model predictions of the radial location of bubble collapse and the radial pressure profiles are shown to be in excellent agreement with the experiments. This approach will be valuable for predicting aviation fuel cavitation in complex fuel system geometries.
Deciphering strontium sulfate precipitation via Ostwald’s rule of stages: From prenucleation clusters to solution-mediated phase tranformation
Authors: Lauer A. R. , Hellmann R. , Montes-Hernandez G. , Findling N. , Ling W. L. , Epicier T. , Fernandez-Martinez A. , Van Driessche A. E. S.
Published: February 2023

Multiple-step nucleation pathways have been observed during mineral formation in both inorganic and biomineral systems. These pathways can involve precursor aqueous species, amorphous intermediates, or metastable phases. Despite the widespread occurrence of these processes, elucidating the precise nucleation steps and the transformation mechanisms between each step remains a challenging task. Using a suite of potentiometric, microscopic, and spectroscopic tools, we studied the nucleation pathway of SrSO4 as a function of the physico-chemical solution parameters. Our observations reveal that below a threshold supersaturation, nucleation is driven by bound species, akin to the prenucleation cluster model, which directly leads to the formation of the stable phase celestine, SrSO4. At higher supersaturations, this situation is altered, with nucleation dominated by the consumption of free ions. Importantly, this change in nucleation mechanism is coupled to the formation of a hemihydrate metastable phase, SrSO4 · 1/2H2O, which eventually transforms into celestine, adhering to Ostwald’s rule of stages. This transformation is a solution-mediated process, also occurring in the presence of a fluid film and is controlled by the physico-chemical parameters of the surrounding environment. It proceeds through the dissolution of the metastable phase and the de novo crystallization of the final phase. Overall, our results reveal that ion association taking place during the prenucleation stage dictates whether the nucleation pathway goes through an intermediate phase or not. This also underlines that although Ostwald’s rule of stages is a common process, it is not a prerequisite for mineral formation—even in systems where it can occur.
Effects of inlet flow non-uniformities on thermochemical structures and quasi-one-dimensional simulation of sooting counterflow diffusion flames
Authors: Zhang Jizhou , Zhou Mengxiang , Yan Fuwu , Yu Chao , Wang Yu
Published: February 2023

Counterflow flames are routinely used for investigating fundamental flame and fuel properties such as laminar flame speeds, autoignition temperature, extinction strain rate, and chemistries of soot formation. The primary merit of counterflow flame is that the essentially two-dimensional configuration can be mathematically treated as a one-dimensional problem with certain assumptions made; this dimensional reduction is much beneficial for computational costs, which are critical for the investigation of complex chemistries such as those of soot formation. In this work, we performed a comprehensive investigation on the performance of the 1D modeling by comparing the results with experimental measurements and the more rigorous 2D models. We focused on the effects of inlet flow uniformities, which are frequencies assumed in the 1D model but challenging to realize in experiments. Parametric studies on the effects of nozzle flow rates, nozzle separation distances, and curtain flow rates on inlet flow uniformities and the 1D modeling were performed. The results demonstrated the importance to specify actual velocity boundary conditions, either obtained from experiments or from two-dimensional modeling to the 1D model. An additional novel contribution of this work is a quantitative presentation of the fact that the presence of the curtain flow would exert a notable influence on the core counterflow by modifying the radial distribution of the nozzle exit velocity although the effects can be accounted for by using the correct velocity boundaries in the quasi-1D model. This work provides recommendation for various geometry and operational parameters of the counterflow flame to facilitate researchers to select proper burner configuration and flow conditions that are amiable for accurate 1D modeling.
Transcriptomic congruence analysis for evaluating model organisms
Authors: Zong Wei , Rahman Tanbin , Zhu Li , Zeng Xiangrui , Zhang Yingjin , Zou Jian , Liu Song , Ren Zhao , Li Jingyi Jessica , Sibille Etienne , Lee Adrian V. , Oesterreich Steffi , Ma Tianzhou , Tseng George C.
Published: February 2023

Model organisms are instrumental substitutes for human studies to expedite basic, translational, and clinical research. Despite their indispensable role in mechanistic investigation and drug development, molecular congruence of animal models to humans has long been questioned and debated. Little effort has been made for an objective quantification and mechanistic exploration of a model organism’s resemblance to humans in terms of molecular response under disease or drug treatment. We hereby propose a framework, namely Congruence Analysis for Model Organisms (CAMO), for transcriptomic response analysis by developing threshold-free differential expression analysis, quantitative concordance/discordance scores incorporating data variabilities, pathway-centric downstream investigation, knowledge retrieval by text mining, and topological gene module detection for hypothesis generation. Instead of a genome-wide vague and dichotomous answer of “poorly” or “greatly” mimicking humans, CAMO assists researchers to numerically quantify congruence, to dissect true cross-species differences from unwanted biological or cohort variabilities, and to visually identify molecular mechanisms and pathway subnetworks that are best or least mimicked by model organisms, which altogether provides foundations for hypothesis generation and subsequent translational decisions.
Clathrin mediates both internalization and vesicular release of triggered T cell receptor at the immunological synapse
Authors: Kvalvaag Audun , Valvo Salvatore , Céspedes Pablo F , Saliba David G , Kurz Elke , Korobchevskaya Kseniya , Dustin Michael L
Published: February 2023

Ligation of T cell receptor (TCR) to peptide–MHC (pMHC) complexes initiates signaling leading to T cell activation and TCR ubiquitination. Ubiquitinated TCR is then either internalized by the T cell or released toward the antigen-presenting cell (APC) in extracellular vesicles. How these distinct fates are orchestrated is unknown. Here, we show that clathrin is first recruited to TCR microclusters by HRS and STAM2 to initiate release of TCR in extracellular vesicles through clathrin- and ESCRT-mediated ectocytosis directly from the plasma membrane. Subsequently, EPN1 recruits clathrin to remaining TCR microclusters to enable trans-endocytosis of pMHC–TCR conjugates from the APC. With these results, we demonstrate how clathrin governs bidirectional membrane exchange at the immunological synapse through two topologically opposite processes coordinated by the sequential recruitment of ecto- and endocytic adaptors. This provides a scaffold for direct two-way communication between T cells and APCs.
Distinctive transcriptomic and epigenomic signatures of bone marrow-derived myeloid cells and microglia in CNS autoimmunity
Authors: Manouchehri Navid , Salinas Victor H. , Hussain Rehana Z. , Stüve Olaf
Published: February 2023

In the context of autoimmunity, myeloid cells of the central nervous system (CNS) constitute an ontogenically heterogeneous population that includes yolk sac-derived microglia and infiltrating bone marrow-derived cells (BMC). We previously identified a myeloid cell subset in the brain and spinal cord that expresses the surface markers CD88 and CD317 and is associated with the onset and persistence of clinical disease in the murine model of the human CNS autoimmune disorder, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We employed an experimental platform utilizing single-cell transcriptomic and epigenomic profiling of bone marrow-chimeric mice to categorically distinguish BMC from microglia during CNS autoimmunity. Analysis of gene expression and chromosomal accessibility identified CD88
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CD317
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myeloid cells in the CNS of EAE mice as originating from BMC and microglia. Interestingly, each cell lineage exhibited overlapping and unique gene expression patterns and transcription factor motifs that allowed their segregation. Our observations will facilitate determining pathogenic contributions of BMC and microglia in CNS autoimmune disease. Ultimately, this agnostic characterization of myeloid cells will be required for devising disease stage-specific and tissue-specific interventions for CNS inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders.
Evaluating the impact of short educational videos on the cortical networks for mathematics
Authors: Amalric Marie , Roveyaz Pauline , Dehaene Stanislas
Published: February 2023

Many teaching websites, such as the Khan Academy, propose vivid videos illustrating a mathematical concept. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we asked whether watching such a video suffices to rapidly change the brain networks for mathematical knowledge. We capitalized on the finding that, when judging the truth of short spoken statements, distinct semantic regions activate depending on whether the statements bear on mathematical knowledge or on other domains of semantic knowledge. Here, participants answered such questions before and after watching a lively 5-min video, which taught them the rudiments of a new domain. During the video, a distinct math-responsive network, comprising anterior intraparietal and inferior temporal nodes, showed intersubject synchrony when viewing mathematics course rather than control courses in biology or law. However, this experience led to minimal subsequent changes in the activity of those domain-specific areas when answering questions on the same topics a few minutes later. All taught facts, whether mathematical or not, led to domain-general repetition enhancement, particularly prominent in the cuneus, posterior cingulate, and posterior parietal cortices. We conclude that short videos do not suffice to induce a meaningful lasting change in the brain’s math-responsive network, but merely engage domain-general regions possibly involved in episodic short-term memory.
Sensitivity analysis of individual treatment effects: A robust conformal inference approach
Authors: Jin Ying , Ren Zhimei , Candès Emmanuel J.
Published: February 2023

We propose a model-free framework for sensitivity analysis of individual treatment effects (ITEs), building upon ideas from conformal inference. For any unit, our procedure reports the Γ-value, a number which quantifies the minimum strength of confounding needed to explain away the evidence for ITE. Our approach rests on the reliable predictive inference of counterfactuals and ITEs in situations where the training data are confounded. Under the marginal sensitivity model of [Z. Tan, J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 101, 1619-1637 (2006)], we characterize the shift between the distribution of the observations and that of the counterfactuals. We first develop a general method for predictive inference of test samples from a shifted distribution; we then leverage this to construct covariate-dependent prediction sets for counterfactuals. No matter the value of the shift, these prediction sets (resp. approximately) achieve marginal coverage if the propensity score is known exactly (resp. estimated). We describe a distinct procedure also attaining coverage, however, conditional on the training data. In the latter case, we prove a sharpness result showing that for certain classes of prediction problems, the prediction intervals cannot possibly be tightened. We verify the validity and performance of the methods via simulation studies and apply them to analyze real datasets.
Dynamin2 functions as an accessory protein to reduce the rate of caveola internalization
Authors: Larsson Elin , Morén Björn , McMahon Kerrie-Ann , Parton Robert G. , Lundmark Richard
Published: February 2023

Caveolae are small membrane invaginations that generally are stably attached to the plasma membrane. Their release is believed to depend on the GTPase dynamin 2 (Dyn2), in analogy with its role in fission of clathrin-coated vesicles. The mechanistic understanding of caveola fission is, however, sparse. Here, we used microscopy-based tracking of individual caveolae in living cells to determine the role of Dyn2 in caveola dynamics. We report that Dyn2 stably associated with the bulb of a subset of caveolae, but was not required for formation or fission of caveolae. Dyn2-positive caveolae displayed longer plasma membrane duration times, whereas depletion of Dyn2 resulted in shorter duration times and increased caveola fission. The stabilizing role of Dyn2 was independent of its GTPase activity and the caveola stabilizing protein EHD2. Thus, we propose that, in contrast to the current view, Dyn2 is not a core component of the caveolae machinery, but rather functions as an accessory protein that restrains caveola internalization.
Extreme gravitational interactions in the problem of three black holes in general relativity
Authors: Imbrogno M , Meringolo C , Servidio S
Published: February 2023

We study the three-body problem going from Newtonian mechanics to general relativity. In the classical case, we model the interactions in a typical chaotic configuration, identifying extreme gravitational interactions (EGIs), namely transients in which the system manifests complex, highly-energetic dynamics. We then concentrate on the main part of the work, by selecting these EGIs as initial data for the general relativistic case, and performing a campaign of numerical relativity simulations. To provide a comprehensive menu of cases, we investigate different global configurations. By comparing with the more ‘quiet’ two-body inspiral, we observe strong nonlinear emission of gravitational waves. The multi-body signals have been inspected by employing both Fourier and wavelet analyses, showing net differences among the global configurations. The wavelet analysis reveals the reminiscence of the EGIs in the three black holes problem. Such a survey of simulations might be a guide for future observations.
RF MEMS capacitive shunt switch for low loss applications
Authors: Joy Kanaka , Swarnkar Anurag , Giridhar M S , DasGupta Amitava , Nair Deleep R
Published: February 2023

Radio frequency (RF) microelectromechanical system capacitive shunt switch with metal-to-metal contact is designed, fabricated and tested with the aim of having very low insertion loss (<0.2 dB) for high frequencies. The switch is designed with two identical parallel side beams with no overlapping with the signal line. This design has an added advantage of removing the self-actuation issues at high RF power. The measured isolation offered by the switch is greater than 40 dB at the resonant frequency, and the resonant frequency can be easily tuned by changing the length of a thin floating metal layer beneath the signal line.
The 2022 applied physics by pioneering women: a roadmap
Authors: Abad Begoña , Alberi Kirstin , Ayers Katherine E , Badhulika Sushmee , Ban Chunmei , Béa Hélène , Béron Fanny , Cairney Julie , Chang Jane P , Charles Christine , Creatore Mariadriana , Dong Hui , Du Jia , Egan Renate , Everschor-Sitte Karin , Foley Cathy , Fontcuberta i Morral Anna , Jung Myung-Hwa , Kim Hyunjung , Kurtz Sarah , Lee Jieun , Leitao Diana C , Lemmer Kristina , Marschilok Amy C , Mitu Bogdana , Newman Bonna K , Owens Roisin , Pappa Anna-Maria , Park Youngah , Peckham Michelle , Rossi Liane M , Shim Sang-Hee , Siddiqui Saima Afroz , Son Ji-Won , Spiga Sabina , Tsikata Sedina , Vianello Elisa , Wilson Karen , Yuasa Hiromi , Zardo Ilaria , Zenyuk Iryna , Zhang Yanfeng , Zhao Yudi
Published: February 2023

Women have made significant contributions to applied physics research and development, and their participation is vital to continued progress. Recognizing these contributions is important for encouraging increased involvement and creating an equitable environment in which women can thrive. This Roadmap on Women in Applied Physics, written by women scientists and engineers, is intended to celebrate women’s accomplishments, highlight established and early career researchers enlarging the boundaries in their respective fields, and promote increased visibility for the impact women have on applied physics research. Perspectives cover the topics of plasma materials processing and propulsion, super-resolution microscopy, bioelectronics, spintronics, superconducting quantum interference device technology, quantum materials, 2D materials, catalysis and surface science, fuel cells, batteries, photovoltaics, neuromorphic computing and devices, nanophotonics and nanophononics, and nanomagnetism. Our intent is to inspire more women to enter these fields and encourage an atmosphere of inclusion within the scientific community.
Nonabelian Ginzburg–Landau theory for ferroelectrics
Authors: Li You-Quan , Wang Pei , Zhang Hua , Zhang Hong , Fu Li-Bin
Published: February 2023

The Ginzburg–Landau theory, which was introduced to phenomenologically describe the destruction of superconductivity by a magnetic field at the beginning, has brought up much more knowledge beyond the original one as a mean-field theory of thermodynamics states. There the complex order parameter plays an important role. Here we propose a macroscopic theory to describe the features of ferroelectrics by a two-component complex order parameter coupled to nonabelian gauge potentials that provide more freedom to reflect interplays between different measurables. Within this theoretical framework, some recently discovered empirical static and time-independent phenomena, such as vortex, anti-vortex, spiral orders can be obtained as solutions for different gauge potentials. It is expected to bring in a new angle of view with more elucidation than the traditional one that takes the polarization as order parameter.
Synthesis and mechanical properties of highly structure-controlled Zr-based metallic glasses by thermal rejuvenation technique
Authors: Guo Wei , Niiyama Tomoaki , Yamada Rui , Wakeda Masato , Saida Junji
Published: February 2023

A novel thermal rejuvenation treatment facility for Zr-based bulk metallic glass (BMG) was developed, consisting of a rapid heating and indirect liquid nitrogen quenching process. The re-introduction of free volume into thermally rejuvenated BMG results in more disordered state. The rejuvenation improves ductility, implying that the re-introduced free volume aids in the recovery of the shear transformation zone (STZ) site and volume. Actually, it is confirmed that relaxation significantly reduces STZ volume; however, it is recovered by thermal rejuvenation. Molecular dynamics simulations also indicate that rejuvenation enhances homogeneous deformation. The current findings indicate that the thermal rejuvenation method is extremely effective for recovering or improving the ductility of metallic glass that has been lost due to relaxation.