bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Muscular coordination during landing with a medially or laterally loaded tibiofemoral joint
Authors: Cleather Daniel , Czasche Maike
Published: February 2023

Non-contact injury to the anterior cruciate ligament often occurs during jump landings and it is thought that a valgus knee position is particularly risky. We have shown that landings can be categorised according to the loading of the tibiofemoral joint using musculoskeletal modelling and have suggested that a laterally-loaded tibiofemoral joint is analogous to a valgus position. In this study, the landings of 23 men and 27 women were categorised as either laterally (LL) or medially (ML) loaded using a publicly available musculoskeletal model and the time histories of the joint contact and muscle forces were compared. Although the ground reaction force and knee joint kinematics were very similar between the two groups, there were marked differences in the joint contact and muscle forces. The LL group exhibited a greater ankle contact force. The tibiofemoral joint contact force was greater for the LL group early in the landing but greater for the ML group later in the movement. The peak hip contact forces were greater for the ML group and the patellofemoral contact force was greater for the ML group towards the end of the landing. The ML group showed a greater recruitment of the hip musculature early in the movement whereas the LL group relied more on the hamstrings. The ML group showed a greater recruitment of the glutes throughout the movement and of the quadriceps late in the landing. These results support the contention that differences in loading during landing are more associated with landing strategy than gender.
Sas viya 4.0 deployment in Docker and Kubernetes in amazon web service
Authors: Mazher Noman , Chunduri Ravi Shankar
Published: February 2023

Sas viya 4.0 deployment in Docker and Kubernetes in amazon web service
Manajemen Terapi Generalis (SP 1 – 4) dalam Pemberian Asuhan Keperawatan Jiwa Pada Tn. R Dengan Masalah Halusinasi: Studi Kasus
Authors: Simanjuntak Alfrida
Published: February 2023

Hallucinations are a symptom that often appears in people with mental disorders and are closely related to early psychosis due to trauma in childhood. Hallucinations usually appear in patients with mental disorders due to a change in the orientation of reality, the patient feels a stimulus that is not actually there, one of which is the auditory sensory. Patients with auditory hallucinations usually hear clear or unclear voices where these voices usually invite clients to talk or do something but are not related to real things that other people don't hear. One of the actions that can be carried out in patients with hallucinations is by administering Generalist Therapy Sp 1- Sp 4 The risk of violent behavior. Objective: to determine generalist nursing care standards for schizophrenic patients in reducing hallucination symptoms. This research method uses a case study approach with data collection techniques carried out by direct observation and interviews with patients. The subject of this case study research was 1 person with auditory hallucination nursing problems in the inpatient room of the Bukit Barisan Mental Hospital. The results of the case study after nursing care was carried out by applying the implementation strategy for 12 meetings showed a decrease in signs and symptoms of hallucinations with the ability to control hallucinations by applying implementation strategies 1-4, namely (1) identifying, content, frequency, time of occurrence, triggering situations, feelings and hallucinatory responses. Rebuke hallucinations (2) take medication regularly, (3) converse with other people, (4) carry out scheduled activities.
Beyond the musician vs. non-musician dichotomy: A focus on amateur musicians suggests that music learning induces a sequential reconfiguration of perceptual auditory organization
Authors: Susini Patrick , Wenzel Nicolas , Houix Olivier , Ponsot Emmanuel
Published: February 2023

Previous work investigating how non-musicians and expert musicians process local (musical intervals) and global information (melodic contour) in a local-global task (LGT) shed light on a processing style developed by expert musicians that prioritizes local compared to global temporal information (https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72423-7). The goal of the present work was to further address the mechanisms underlying this perceptual reorganization, in particular how it relates to auditory streaming capacities. To this end, we here considered listeners spanning a wider range of musical expertise: in addition to non-musicians (N=10) and expert musicians (N=8), a group of amateur musicians was recruited (N=8), represented by individuals with occasional solo instrumental practice but no prior theoretical training. All participants performed the LGT, as well as an interleaved melody recognition task (IMRT) taken from previous works on auditory streaming that requires the parsing of information along the frequency dimension. In the LGT, results supported previous evidence of a global advantage for non-musicians and a local advantage for expert musicians, and revealed a trend towards a local advantage for amateur musicians. In the IMRT, expert musicians outperformed both non-musicians and amateur musicians, who both had comparable poorer performance. A working memory test and a questionnaire surveying the level of musical expertise of the participants were also conducted. Taken together, our results suggest that, on the one hand, amateur musicians develop a trend to favor local compared to global information, similar to expert musicians, which is associated with their development of working memory; on the other hand, their performance for segregating a target melodic stream from another stream along the frequency dimension remains as poor as that of non-musicians. Overall, our data suggest that the perceptual reorganization of auditory information associated with musical learning takes place as a sequential reconfiguration: compared to the early change of processing style observed on the temporal dimension, the development of processing skills specific to the frequency dimension would require a higher degree of auditory expertise, that we suggest could be associated with collective musical practice.
No evidence for discontinuity between infants and adults
Authors: Liu Shari , Raz Gal , Kamps Frederik , Grossmann Tobias , Saxe Rebecca
Published: February 2023

Response to: Blumberg, M. S., & Adolph, K. E. (2023). Protracted development of motor cortex constrains rich interpretations of infant cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2022.12.014
Similarity and the coordination of ownership
Authors: Grüning David Joachim , Krueger Joachim Israel
Published: February 2023

We discuss and expand Boyer’s idea of ownership coordination. Interpersonal similarity, we suggest, can moderate the attainment of coordination: Perceived similarity predicts coordination costs, whereas actual similarity dictates coordination success and the severity of illusory assumptions regarding a shared understanding of ownership. The example of similarity highlights the complexity of the social projection process uncritically assumed behind ownership coordination.
The cerebellum is sensitive to the lexical properties of words during spoken language comprehension
Authors: Mechtenberg Hannah , Heffner Christopher Cullen , Myers Emily B. , Guediche Sara
Published: February 2023

Over the past few decades, research into the function of the cerebellum has expanded far beyond the motor domain. A growing number of studies are probing the role of specific cerebellar subregions, such as Crus I and Crus II, in higher-order cognitive functions including receptive language processing. In the current fMRI study, we show evidence for the cerebellum’s sensitivity to variation in two well-studied psycholinguistic properties of words—lexical frequency and phonological neighborhood density—during passive, continuous listening of a podcast. To determine whether, and how, activity in the cerebellum correlates with these lexical properties, we modeled each word separately using an amplitude-modulated regressor, time-locked to the onset of each word. At the group level, significant effects of both lexical properties landed in expected cerebellar subregions: Crus I and Crus II. The BOLD signal correlated with variation in each lexical property; patterns consistent with both language-specific and domain-general mechanisms. Activation patterns at the individual level also showed that effects of phonological neighborhood and lexical frequency landed in Crus I and Crus II as the most probable sites, though there was activation seen in other lobules (especially for frequency). Although the exact cerebellar mechanisms used during speech and language processing are not yet evident, these findings highlight the cerebellum’s role in word-level processing during continuous listening.
Fluctuations in Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism Linking Stress and Internalizing Psychopathology among Adolescents: An Intensive Longitudinal Study
Authors: Ohashi Yuri-Grace Bridges , Rodman Alexandra M , McLaughlin Katie A
Published: February 2023

Stressful life events (SLEs) are tightly coupled with the emergence of anxiety and depression symptoms among adolescents, but the mechanisms underlying this relationship remain poorly understood. We investigated within-person fluctuations in emotion regulation as a mechanism linking SLEs and internalizing psychopathology in an intensive longitudinal study. We examined how monthly fluctuations in SLEs were related to engagement in three emotion regulation strategies—acceptance, reappraisal, and rumination—and whether these strategies were associated with changes in internalizing symptoms in adolescents followed for one year (N=30; n=355 monthly observations). Bayesian hierarchical models revealed that on months when adolescents experienced more SLEs than was typical for them, they also engaged in more rumination, which, in turn, was associated with higher anxiety and depression symptoms and mediated the prospective relationship between SLEs and internalizing symptoms. In contrast, greater use of acceptance and reappraisal moderated the association between stressors and internalizing symptoms, resulting in stronger links between SLEs and symptoms. These results suggest that emotion regulation strategies play different roles in the stress-psychopathology relationship. Understanding how changes in emotion regulation contribute to increases in psychopathology following experiences of stress may provide novel targets for interventions aimed at reducing stress-related psychopathology.
Riding the crest of Metric Tide: the pitfalls of using shortcuts in assessing research in Social Sciences and Humanities
Authors: Giri Rabishankar
Published: February 2023

Knowledge production and dissemination of social sciences and humanities (SSH) disciplines diverge significantly from that of natural sciences (NS) disciplines. However, it is observed that nomothetic research evaluation practice by extending the application of evaluative bibliometrics prevalent in NS research evaluation is very much prevalent in SSH research assessment exercises. This paper tries to underline the differences in epistemic culture as well the structural orientation of knowledge activities between these two broad disciplines. Also, inadequacies and difficulties in the coverage of SSH research in citation databases are highlighted. Further, the utilities of alternative attempts to measure SSH research impact objectively have been discussed. Finally, it concluded that though evaluative bibliometrics may help to a certain extent to understand the impact of SSH research, the idiographic approach is much preferable.
Advertising: Tobacco
Authors: Wang Yunwen , Wu Jiaxi , Hong Traci
Published: February 2023

Tobacco advertising involves a variety of media formats (i.e., print, radio, television, billboards, point-of-sale, movie placement, Internet or social media, direct mail) and applies multiple persuasive tactics (e.g., visual appeal, sex appeal, masculinity and feminism cues, celebrity endorsement, motivational appeal) to encourage tobacco purchase and use. Scientific evidence points to the association between exposure to tobacco advertisements and subsequent increases in tobacco use. Due to the health risks of tobacco use, especially for youth, tobacco advertising is among the most regulated types of advertising. Globally, empirical research found that comprehensive tobacco advertising bans can reduce tobacco consumption, whereas partial tobacco advertising bans will have little or no effect as manufacturers may turn to non-banned media formats of advertisements. Other factors such as transnational tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship, as well as electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) enabled by the Internet, social media, and mobile communication, also pose additional challenges to health communication programs in tobacco control and prevention. This entry consists of five sections: (1) tobacco products and health risks, (2) tobacco advertising and persuasive tactics, (3) regulatory activities, (4) anti-tobacco health communication, and (5) implications for health communication.
Implicit terror: A natural experiment on how terror attacks affect implicit bias
Authors: Olsson Filip
Published: February 2023

Sociology has recently seen a surge of interest in implicit culture, with several studies attempting to detail its nature and reproduction. In this paper, we argue that certain expressions of implicit culture might be more contextual and malleable than previously thought. We illustrate this argument by showing how terror attacks in France affect implicit bias toward Arab Muslims. By analyzing the longevity and specificity of this effect, we also detail when and why implicit bias might change. The paper consists of two studies. Study 1 shows that the attacks significantly increased implicit bias in France (n = 449), and Study 2 shows that the attacks had a similar effect globally (n = 25795). There was no corresponding effect on explicit bias in either study. We discuss the implications of our findings for research on terror attacks, implicit bias, and implicit culture.
Optical properties of Rhodamine B Dye mixed with Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP ) as a matrix
Authors: Ali Abdullah Basil
Published: February 2023

In the present work, the spin casting method has been utilized for preparing different concentrations of Rhodamine B (Rh B) (5%,10% and 15%) mixed with a transparent polymer Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a matrix. The spectral characteristics of the prepared samples are studied by absorption, transmission, reflection (the wavelength region from 300 nm to 900 nm) and fluorescence spectroscopy (the wavelength region from 550 nm to 800 nm). The calculated Stokes shift between the absorption and emission of Rh.B reflects the displacement in potential surface between the ground and the excited states. The analysis of the spectral behavior of the absorption coefficient in the  absorption region reveals an direct allowed transition with a band gap of 2.07 eV . The values of some important parameters (refractive index n and extinction coefficient K ) of polymer thin film are determined from these spectra.
A Review: Shadow Treatments and Uses Researches in Satellite Images
Authors: Ali Al-Helaly Emad , J. Muhsin Israa
Published: February 2023

In this historical survey, we have reviewed researches of shadow phenomenon in satellite images since the beginning of the need for treatment and interpretation in remote sensing.  Because remote sensing enters into many applications and is shared with many sciences, studies on the phenomenon of shadows have been conducted with in different ways. In this review, we attempted to link the evolution of remote sensing techniques with growing resolution of space images as research progresses in the treatment of shadows, because the evolution of space sensor abilities sure increases the options for the interpreter and processor of the satellite image in remote sensing and other purposes. There were also problems that appeared only with the emergence of high-resolution satellite images (0.6 meters) such as the problem of the semi-shadow region. Some researches included some weaknesses and limitations that could not be comprehensive for all satellite images, for all regions of the earth, or for all target shadows.
Structural and optical characterization of cobalt-doped zinc oxide thin films deposited by chemical spray pyrolysis
Authors: Ali Shakir Anfal
Published: February 2023

In our experimental pure and cobalt (Co) doped Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film were prepared  onto glass substrate  chemical spray pyrolysis technique at 400 oC, X-ray diffraction, Atomic force microscope and optical properties were all  investigated  for each prepared films. Nanocrystalline films with hexagonal structure and strong (100) and  (002) preferred orientation were obtained. The maximum value of average grain size is (15.7) nm with 6% Co-doping concentration. The optical transmission spectra have shown that both pure and doped ZnO films were transparent  in UV-Vis wavelength region. The energy band gap of 0%  Co is about 3.28 eV and decrease to 3.2 eV after  4% doping. The excellent-estimated structure, the optical results are accomplished in doped ZnO film with (4 and 6) %  Co.
Synthesis of missing openhole well log data through artificial neural networks
Authors: M. Handhal Amna
Published: February 2023

A methodology is presented for deducing missing intervals of well logs data through applying artificial neural networks (ANNs) models. Three ANNs were performed for synthesizing sonic, neutron, and density logs. An example from Mishrif Formation of Nasyria oil field in southern Iraq was used to reveal the capability of ANNs model to synthesis missing intervals for these logs. Basically, ANNs models developed in this study were based on commonly multilayer perceptron and trained with backpropagation algorithm. Two statistical errors, namely, root mean squared error and correlation of determination were employed to assess the accuracy of the ANN models. Results indicated the capability of ANNs model to recreation of missing well interval with high accuracy.
Shell Model Calculations on Positive and Negative Parity States for 90Sr,90Y,92Nb and 92Zr Nuclei
Authors: Hmed Fatema
Published: February 2023

The excitation energies for both the positive and negative parities of 90Sr,90Y,92Nb and 92Zr isotopes have been  calculated by applying nuclear  shell model with in the 2d5/2,1g7/2, 2d3/2, 3s1/2 and 1h11/2 model space for neutrons in 90Sr and 92Zr  nuclei, also the 2p1/2, 1g9/2  for proton and 2d5/2,3s1/2 for neutron specified as model space  in 90Y nucleus. While, model space for 92Nb nucleus  was comprised of 1g9/2 for proton and 2d5/2 for neutron. Modified surface delta interaction with Matlab program  have  been used to calculate the present  theoretical results. The agreement between theoretical prediction and experiment values were good. we determine and confirm  the angular momentum  and parity of energy levels that are not determined and unconfirmed experimentally. In addition to that,  new energy levels have been predicted for all the isotopes in this present work. This  will add more information which  increases the theoretical Knowledge for all isotopes with respect to energy levels.
Calculation of the energy levels for nucleusby applying the nuclear shell model using modified surface delta interaction
Authors: N.Hamedd D. , B.M.Rashed Q.
Published: February 2023

In this work, we applied the nuclear shell model to study the energy levels for nucleus which contain two holes outside core and occupy the  shell .In these calculations used computer program MatLab 2016 to calculate Modified Surface Delta Interaction (MSDI) is employed as a residual interaction. Comparison with experimental values and found to be rather good agreement.
Characterization , Classification and Prediction of Soil Map Units Boundaries by Using Remote Sensing and GIS in Bahar Al-Najaf / Iraq
Authors: Dawood Abdulameer , Nedewi Dakel , Hussain Hussain
Published: February 2023

The study area is located in the west of the Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf city center, It is bounded by 32o 8’ 8” - 31o 39’ 16” N and 44o 3’ 15” – 43o 4’ 11” E, It covers an area of (1970 ) Km2 lying within the land of Al-Najaf sea. The study relied on Satellite Image for Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor (TIRS) which captured on 07/13/2014 from the USGS site, The study area was truncated by using ERDAS package, and followed by choose the mix of False color Composite RGB (753) to be the best being a specialist to study the soil and minerals. Some improvements have been made (radiation and spectral and spatial) and Unsupervised classification as well as the use of Earth indicators such as the heterogeneity of the characteristics of field perspective on the ground such as soil Color, texture and natural plants in addition to topographical in determining the movement paths to select 16 Pedon sites . The results showed a variation in spectral reflectivity values both between studied pidons within the same spectral range or between the spectral bands used in this study, reflecting the state of the contrast between the characteristics of soils for studied pidons as well as the variation in susceptibility sensor spectral bands among them. The reflectance of B2 , B3 bands were low comparing with others in all pedons sites, this mean that ability of soil materials to absorb them were more than the rest, for this their sensitivity appear low. On other hand, B5 , B6 bands show higher reflectivity than others of OLI sensor in all pedons sites. As the NDVI index values were 0.1 or less, this mean that most of study areas were bare soils or covered with low vegetation. Thermal Infrared bands B10 , B11 show the highest values of DN comparing with others, this identifying that soil surface salts were thermal incentive. Spectral bands appear positive correlation with sand and clay grains but negative with Silt grains and bulk density. Electrical conductivity and gypsum appear negative correlation with all bands and studied spectral indices except B2,B3 bands were positive. Calcite shows positive correlation with all spectral bands and indices, but negative with B2 and NDWI index.
Preparation and Study of Cadmium Oxide Doped Gallium Oxide Thin Films and application of Gas Sensor
Authors: Hamd Salah , Ramizy Asmiet , Ibrahim Isam
Published: February 2023

In this paper, the structure and optical properties of pure cadmium oxide films, and doped with gallium oxide have been achieved, the films were deposited on glass and silicon substrates, with different ratios (1,3,5,7)% via spry pyrolysis method, at the substrate temperature of ̊ C300. XRD results showed that all prepared films had a cubic polycrystalline structure, with preferred orientation of (111) for cadmium oxide. Surface morphology was studied using atomic force microscope (AFM), the grain size of the thin films was about 105.42-69.07 nm, with surface roughness is about (3.32-0.901) nm and root mean square (RMS) (3.97-1.05) nm for cadmium oxide films. The optical properties were studied using UV-VIS spectroscopy at wavelength (300-1100 nm), It was observed that the value of transmittance increases when the gallium doping are increasing and the films have a direct energy gap about (2.3-4) eV that increases with the increase in gallium concentration. Sensitivity properties of pure cadmium oxide films, and doped with gallium oxide was deposed on silicon substrates of NO2 gas at different operation temperatures was found that the films of CdO doped with Gallium oxide on silicon substrate has greater sensitivity than the films than the undoped and that the doping has improved the sensitivity of the membranes CdO.
Cultural Phenomenon is the measure problem of Ethnic Students in learning mathematics
Authors: Pokharel Jagat Krishna
Published: February 2023

The aim of the study was to identify the measure language difficulties in mathematics of the students in basic level class room and relation between language and learning mathematics. The finding of the study indicates that the student’s language difficulties in two categories the first one are sematic difficulties. These difficulties include that the student suffering mathematics due to specific terms. The terms having different meaning in other Description in the theorem properties and the use of notation. Another difficulty are synthetic difficulties; this difficulty is use of language; mathematics need to be explained with the help of language. Every language has its specific formal structure and pattern which is called the synthetic language. The study has a hypothesis that the ethnic students have great discontinuity between their everyday life and school activities as the get practical Knowledge in home and theoretical knowledge at school. This study tries to find out the problem faced by the ethnic student in learning mathematics to be making co-operative class environment and to be serious thought while making decision about curriculum and teaching learning process.
Public Policy Implementation in Health Service Delivery in Nepal: A Heuristic Study
Authors: Paudel Narendra Raj
Published: February 2023

Heuristically, implementation puts a stronghold in its research areas. The three generations of implementation provide a glimpse of how the hardcore of heuristic policy implementation is elaborated; how auxiliary hypotheses were set and how these were tested. Still, there is room for further research. On this purview, the reproductive health policy implementation research in Nepal is still limited heuristically. Therefore, the causal relationship of health policy implementations was analysed based on the negative and positive heuristic methods of Lakatos. The finding revealed that there is a strong causal relationship among these factors like the developed countries. In the case of Nepal, the hardcore hypothesis is not changed even if the output health policy implementation is found weak. At the same time, auxiliary policies were intervened to concretize the hardcore policy.
विनिर्माणवादी दर्शन र भाषा शिक्षणको सम्बन्ध {The relation of constructivist philosophy and language teaching}
Authors: थापा Thapa ढाल बहादुर Dhal Bahadur
Published: February 2023

प्रस्तुत लेखमा ज्याक डेरिडाको विनिर्माणवाद र भाषा शिक्षणमा विनिर्माणवादको सम्बन्धका बारेमा अध्ययन गरिएको छ । डेरिडाको विनिर्माणवादलाई उत्तर संरचनावादको विशिष्ट सिद्धान्त मानिन्छ । यो दार्शनिक क्षेत्रबाट साहित्यिक क्षेत्रमा प्रवेश गरेको अवधारणा हो । यो लेख तयार पार्नका निम्ति पुस्तकालय स्रोतको प्रयोग गरिएको छ । यसको अध्ययन विधि विश्लेषणात्मक तथा व्याख्यात्मक रहेको छ । कुनै विषय क्षेत्रलाई फेरि अर्को शिराबाट हेर्नु, सोच्नु तथा अध्ययन गर्नु नै विनिर्माणवाद हो । डेरिडाको विनिर्माणवाद र फरकपना भाषा तथा साहित्यका क्षेत्रमा बहूपयोगी सिद्ध हुनसक्ने देखिएको छ । नेपालको नीति निर्माण, कार्यान्वयन तथा भाषा शिक्षणमा विनिर्माणवादको आवश्यकता खड्कदो रहेको छ । ज्याक डेरिडाको विनिर्माणवाद त्यसको फरकपना र भाषा शिक्षणमा सम्बन्धका बारेमा जानकारी राख्न चाहनेलागि यो लेख महत्वपूर्ण सावित हुनेछ छ ।
बालसाहित्यको सैद्धान्तिक पर्यावलोकन {A Theoretical Overview of Children's Literature}
Authors: भुसाल Bhusal केशव Keshav
Published: February 2023

प्रस्तुत लेख बालसाहित्यको अध्ययनमा आधारित रहेको छ । यस लेखमा बालसाहित्यको सैद्धान्तिक पर्यावलोकन गरिएको छ । बालसाहित्यको परिचय दिनु, बालसाहित्यको परम्परा पहिल्याउनु, बालसाहित्यका प्रकार प्रस्तुत गर्नु र बालसाहित्यका तत्वबारे चर्चा गर्नु प्रस्तुत अध्ययनका मूलभूत उद्देश्य रहेका छन् । यो अध्ययन मूलत: गुणात्मक अनुसन्धानमा आधारित रहेको छ । यस अध्ययनमा वर्णनात्मक तथा विश्लेषणात्मक पद्धतिको अनुप्रयोग गरिएको छ । यसमा आवश्यक सामग्रीहरुको सङ्कलन पुस्तकालयीय अध्ययनकाका माध्यमबाट गरिएको छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययनमा द्वितीयक स्रोतका सामग्रीहरुको प्रयोग गरिएको छ । यस क्रममा मुख्यत: नेपाली र अङ्ग्रेजी सैद्धान्तिक सामग्रीहरूको उपयोग गरिएको छ । यस अध्ययनबाट बालसाहित्य बालबालिकाका लागि लेखिएको साहित्यका रूपमा रहेको, यो प्रौढ साहित्यभन्दा भिन्न  एबम पृथक रहेको, यसको परम्परा पूर्वीय र पाश्चात्य रूपमा भिन्न भिन्न रहेको भए पनि सुदीर्घ रहेको, यस अन्तर्गत बाल कविता, बाल कथा, बाल जीवनी, बाल एकाङ्की, बाल उपन्यास, अनूदित बालसाहित्य जस्ता अनेकन भेद रहेका, यसमा विषयवस्तु, परिवेश, भाषाशैली, उद्देश्य साझा तत्वा अवयवका रूपमा रहेका लगायतका निष्कर्ष निकालिएको छ । प्रस्तुत अध्ययन बालसाहित्यका बारेमा सैद्धान्तिक जानकारी लिन चाहने जोकोहीका लागि पनि उपयोगी हुने विश्वास लिइएको छ ।
रससामग्रीका सन्दर्भमा अनुभावको सैद्धान्तिक सन्दर्भ {A theoretical context of experience in the context of rasamagrai}
Authors: निरौला Niraula टंक प्रसाद Tanka Prasad
Published: February 2023

प्रस्तुत लेख रस सामग्री अन्तर्गत अनुभावको परिचय, प्रकार र स्थायीअनुसार अनुभावका प्रकारको विभाजनमा केन्द्रित छ । यस लेखलाई विषय परिचय, लेखसार, उद्देश्य, पारिभाषिक शब्दावली, अनुभाव परिचय, प्रकार र स्थायी अनुसार अनुभावका प्रकार, निष्कर्ष र सन्दर्भग्रन्थसूची जस्ता शीर्षक उपशीर्षकमा विभाजन गरेर अध्ययन गरिएको छ । यो लेख व्याख्या विश्लेषणत्मक विधि अपनाएर लेखिएको छ । यसका साथै यस लेखका लागि आचार्य भरतको कृति नाट्यशस्त्र अनि विश्वनाथप्रणीत कृति साहित्य दर्पणलाई प्राथमिक स्रोत र अन्य ग्रन्थलाई द्वितीय स्रोतका रुपमा ग्रहण गरिएको छ l
Teaching Learning Activities in Gurukul
Authors: Adhikari Toya Nath
Published: February 2023

The school understands that the teaching and learning of the students cannot be covered in the classroom and only by the curriculum. That is why the school has linked teaching and learning with the community and society. Every year, the school has been imparting various community-centered teaching and learning to the children in a way that integrates them with society. The methodology used for this study is related to interview, focus group discussions and observations to collect the information. The aim of this paper is to find out teaching learning activities which are used in Gurukul. The finding of this research article is that although teachers try to use the student centered methods, they use the teacher centered approaches mostly while teaching learning process.
The Maoist Insurgency and Peace Process in Nepal
Authors: Kandel Ishwori Prasad
Published: February 2023

The Nepalese civil war, or People’s War, was the result of stalled peace negotiations between the democratic government and the paramilitary wing of the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). Nepal's first decade of democracy is considered turbulent due to frequent government changes, internal party battles and corruption. Politics continued to be dominated by the Brahmin and Chhetri castes with an underrepresentation of ethnic minorities and women. Nepal Communist Party Maoist said that the insurgency began to fight against the 250 years long monarchy, deeply rooted economic & social discrimination & prejudices, Feudal system and against all kinds of injustices & inequalities prevalent in the society.
Population growth and Rural Development in the interface of Climate Change in Nepal: A review
Authors: Acharya Umesh
Published: February 2023

The objective of this paper is to analyze the relationship between population change and rural development in connection with climate change in Nepal. Climate change has two directional relationship with climate change. Firstly, population growth and rural development act as anthropogenic factors for climate change. On the other hand, climate change and extremities impact population pyramid and damages the rural infrastructures. It is based on secondary data and published and unpublished literatures. The study reveals that there is a strong relationship between climate change, population change and rural development. Many rural people are migrated into the urban areas and young people are trying to shift in abroad for employment where climatic factors are increasingly push factors. Lack of skill oriented education entrepreneurship programs, agricultural extension program people are suffering from different problems. Self help program is needed into the rural areas. So government should rethink to implement the rural development program in Nepal. Poverty become the main sensitive issue of rural areas. Though the government has given emphasis on the rural development of Nepal, so the policy makers should do the research about the successful rural development program in Nepal.
Parental Guidance and Sharing of Information with Adolescents about Sexuality and Sexual Health: A review
Authors: Koirala Manisa
Published: February 2023

Sexual health is a fundamental to the overall health and well-being of individuals and families. Puberty is the process of physical changes as well as emotional maturation and being capable of sexual reproduction. Positive or respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships as well as free from coercion; discrimination and violence optimize the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences. Appropriate pubertal guidance, sharing of information and education to youth about experiencing changes not only fostering positive attitudes but also healthy practices related to pubertal changes. It also influence on social and economic development of individual, communities as well as countries. This article intended to explore about the guidance and sharing of information practices of adolescence’s parents about pubertal changes and sexual health through literature search.
History of Victimization, Behavioral and Emotional Problems among Juvenile Delinquents in Child Correction Homes
Authors: Kafle Ashish , Dhakal Sandesh
Published: February 2023

The juvenile justice system identifies youth in conflict with the law as different from the adult criminal population. The Correctional and re-integrative approach forms the basis of a good juvenile justice system. The rationale for such interventions remains to identify risk factors and protective factors for delinquency. History of victimization has been recognized as one of the risk factors for juvenile delinquency. In this context, a cross-sectional study was conducted with 160 adolescents (with a history of juvenile delinquency) residing in Child Correction Homes of Bhaktapur and Kaski districts to study the history of victimization its effect on behavioral and emotional problems. Nepalese versions of the Reduced Item Juvenile Victimization Questionnaire (JVQ) and Strength and Difficulty Questionnaire (SDQ) were used for the study. Of the participants (N=149), 93.96 % reported at least 1 victimization and 79.19% reported lifetime exposure to 3 or more different types of victimization. Total score in JVQ was a significant predictor for Hyperactivity, Emotional Problems, Peer Problems, and Total Difficulty Score of SDQ. These findings point toward the need to further study these aspects of delinquency in the Nepalese context.
साठी वर्षमा हृदयाघात तथा कथादृष्टिकोणमा पाठकीय प्रतिक्रिया {Sixty Years on Heart Attack and Literary Response to Narrative Approaches}
Authors: ढकाल Dhakal दीपकप्रसाद Dipakprasad
Published: February 2023

प्रस्तुत लेख साठी वर्षमा हृदयाघात तथा कथादृष्टिकोणमा पाठकीय प्रतिक्रिया शीर्षकमा केन्द्रित छ । कथासङ्ग्रहमा पाठकका प्रतिक्रियालाई अंश स्वरूप दिइएकाले पाठकीय प्रतिक्रियालाई नै विश्लेषणको कोण बनाइएको हो । लेखका निम्ति प्राथमिक र द्वितीयक सामग्रीको स्रोत पुस्तकालय हो । सामग्रीलाई निगमनात्मक तथा आगमनात्मक विधि क्रमिक रूपले प्रयोग गरी विश्लेषण गरिएको छ । ध्रुवचन्द्र गौतमका कथामा विसङ्गत जीवनलाई चित्रण गर्ने अभीष्ट राखिएको हुन्छ । यस्तो विसङ्गति प्रस्तुतिमा श्यामव्यङ्ग्यलाई प्रभावोत्पादक तन्तुका रूपमा प्रयोग गरिएको छ । मानिसका दैनन्दिन भोगाइ, अनुभूति र परिवेशबाट आख्यान तत्त्व टिपेर सकारात्मक दिशाउन्मुख गराउन सम्बद्ध निकायलाई शिष्ट घोचपेच गर्नु गौतमको मुख्य प्रवृत्ति हो । यस प्रवृत्तिलाई प्रस्तुत कथासङ्ग्रहमा सामाविष्ट बाह्जना पाठकले केन्द्रीय आर्थी एकाइ पहिचान गरेका छन्। आर्थी पुननिर्माणका क्रममा पाठकहरू निर्माणात्मक र विनिर्माणात्मक कोणबाट प्रवेश गरेका छन्। दुवै कोणको प्रयोगबाट गौतम जीवनका यथार्थ परिवेशलाई स्वैरकल्पनाको आंशिक प्रयोग गरी श्यामव्यङ्ग्य चोटिलो रूपमा प्रस्तुत गर्ने कथाकार ठहर भएको छ ।
Body Aesthetic Myths in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye
Authors: Singh Raj Kishor
Published: February 2023

This paper aims to explore the body aesthetic myth in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye. Body is a rich object of inquiry in the discussion of aesthetics in art and literature. In the case of this fictional work, the problem is seen in Pecola, the protagonist of the novel, who feels herself ugly and desires for blue eyes. The paper has adopted the concepts of Immanuel Kant as an approach to the novel. Kant differentiates the pleasure in the beautiful from other pleasures, by claiming that it is not based on any interest, but it is a disinterested and free satisfaction. The other theory is related to the cognitive aspect of the brain. Body aesthetics, a part of study in neuroaesthetics and neuroculture, takes some new paradigms of philosophy of perception on body aesthetics.
Theatre as Social Critique in Select Nineteenth-Century Indian Plays
Authors: Ara Arzuman , Majumder Sib Sankar
Published: February 2023

As an imitation of actions, theatre is representational. Different aspects of performative arts like theatre are a reflection of the contemporary age in which they are written and performed. Theatre in Calcutta, India, in the nineteenth century started being influenced by the colonial and European models. The changes brought in by colonial modernity are major tropes in many of the plays of that time. Colonial modernity brought English education, western liberal ideas and new lifestyle, which attracted the youth and made them criticize the old and traditional ways. Krishnamohan Bandyopadhyay’s (also spelt as Krishna Mohana Banerjea) The Persecuted and Michael Madhusudan Dutt’s Ekei Ki Bole Sabbhyata? [Is This Called Civilization?] are two plays that represent the so-called colonial modernity and show how changes were taking place in the society in the colonial period in Bengal. The characters from two generations, the older following the traditional ways and the younger ones following Englishness, depict a confrontation of two civilizations. Ideologies, worldviews and new habits are formed among the youths, which are despised by the elders. The plays, thus, question the modern ways, that, if they really mean a civilization. This article attempts to show how the plays can be read as social critique at par with comedy of humours and comedy of manners.
Geo-political Rivalry of Global Powers in Nepal: An Impact Analysis
Authors: Bista Prakash
Published: February 2023

In a public statement on 12 June, 2021, five former Prime Ministers of Nepal expressed their concerns over foreign intervention in Nepal’s internal affairs. Based on recent literature in the area of international relations arguing that small states are being coerced to choose the geopolitical interest of the superpowers; similarly, in the conviction that Nepal has been facing a trilateral push, this paper argues that the push and pull factors regarding the same have remain unexplored. In this context, this paper primarily deals with the question of how the power contestation between big players has impacted Nepal’s national security. The objective of this research is threefold: first, to probe how the strategic engagement of big powers in Nepal augmented by the new cold war has become explicit; second, to identify how the geopolitical position of Nepal has played an imperative role in such interference; third, to investigate the domestic factors other than geography responsible for making such engagements possible. In light of the new cold war, the research adds knowledge to the existing scholarship on the newer geopolitical developments in the Himalayan nation by focusing on how multiple variables are inviting such interventions to weaken Nepal’s national security. The article will also posit how these interferences would problematize Nepal's ‘survival strategy’ and the steps that need to be taken to minimize the risks.
Navigating China’s Military Modernization
Authors: Karki Hindu Sanskriti
Published: February 2023

Nepal has repeatedly experienced the lurching effects of the increased tension between China and India. Consequently, both countries have engaged in rigorous military modernization and securitization techniques. The emerging context has posed a question of how Nepal can adopt a military strategy. The capacity of a small power to curtail the reeling effect of the tension between the great power depends on its security preparedness policy. Historical military strategists require any country (powerful or weak) to conduct meticulous research about the opponent or the potential opponents’ military strength before devising any military defense or offense. Acknowledging India’s dominant position in the region and its overwhelming military engagement with the small powers in South Asia, the scholarly discourse on India’s military capacity is voluminous. However, only a few studies have examined China’s military modernization in the new era under President Xi Jinping and what it connotes to the small powers in the south. In this regard, the paper conducted a detailed analysis of China's military transformation under President Xi Jinping. The findings show that China's military organization has adopted a centralized reform mechanism, and its armed forces have been equipped with advanced technological ammunition to build a “World Class Army.” Such a powerful buildup in the northern front makes it imperative for Nepal to rethink its security preparedness policy to deter the spillover effect of the conflict between the great powers in the region or beyond.
Leveraging Military Diplomacy in Nepal’s Foreign Policy
Authors: Maharjan Ratna Keshari
Published: February 2023

Military diplomacy, which notably developed following the end of World War II, is the peaceful utilization of military resources for cooperative relations with foreign countries to enhance national interests and attain objectives of foreign policy. Before and after the codification of the Foreign Policy, 2020, Nepal employed a variety of diplomatic strategies. However, since military diplomacy is not explicitly incorporated into the foreign policy, this paper focuses on prevailing legislations regulating military diplomacy and the challenges they impose on relevant authorities to facilitate military diplomacy. This paper also makes recommendations to the concerned authorities to expand military diplomacy by mitigating misconceptions, taking initiatives to lead in the UN Peacekeeping Missions, establishing proper coordination, and developing common consensus about national interests in global forums. The paper uses both primary and secondary sources for data collection and desk reviews and Key Informants Interview form the foundation of the study. This paper is divided into four parts explaining the meaning and forms of military diplomacy and foreign policy, the historical aspect of military diplomacy, its use as a tool, and hindrances in promoting military diplomacy to attain objectives of foreign policy.
Nepal’s Significance amidst the Tripartite Competition between China, India and the US
Authors: Regmi Karisma
Published: February 2023

Geopolitics is never static. After the Cold War, relations among the US, China and India have changed significantly. With the rise of India and China as new economic powers invites an increasing interest of the US. While each has competitive and rival ambitions, Nepal is still trying to get the benefit from the tripartite competition. The US fearing China’s rising power wants to increase its influence in Indo-Pacific region through ‘Indo-Pacific Strategy’. China, also wanting to be next power, wants to exert its influence in the region through ‘Belt and Road Initiative’. First, this paper examines an increasing interest of each of the state and their overlapping interests. In all this, Nepal is brewing in the hot pot of the tripartite competition. Nepal is in a delicate situation where there will be pressure to choose one side, without annoying another and thus testing Nepal to strike a balance. Secondly, the paper examines the weaknesses of Nepal’s foreign policy and the lessons to learn from it. In all this, Nepal should objectively study the major and rising power diplomacy, their implications and safeguard own national interests. This paper is developed by adopting qualitative method using descriptive and analytical approaches. Although Nepal’s role might seem minor at regional and global level, the country is significant to its neighbors and the US to strengthen their geo-political strategies.
The Russia–Ukraine Conflict: Nepal’s Foreign Policy in New Dimension of World Power
Authors: Lamsal Hiranya Lal
Published: February 2023

How can Nepal engage with big powers? To do so, what kind of foreign policy should Nepal adopt? These questions are the main concerns of the study. In the present world scenario, foreign policy requires building a rapport with other countries Any country would need distinctive foreign policies to ensure national security, territorial integrity, and the protection of people’sovereignty. This study aims at exploring Nepal’s foreign policy in light of the ongoing Russia–Ukraine conflict. It follows an interpretative research design. It uses an inductive, qualitative method of study, collecting secondary data in the form of expert interviews, content-specific thematic analysis to construct a specific set of themes about the Russia-Ukraine conflict. The paper unfolds how foreign policy safeguards the territorial integrity of a country and protects the interest of its citizens, both within and outside the country. It has exemplified Ukraine’s situation as a reminder to small powers so that they tread a fine line in balancing between the preservation of sovereignty and signifying strategic empathy towards the interests of major powers.
Application of Smart Surveillance System in National Security
Authors: Suman Sristi
Published: February 2023

Surveillance has been considered essential in maintaining order and discipline since the dawn of time. This paper explores various domains revolving around the Smart surveillance system ranging from the primitive definition, and how it deviates from traditional surveillance to how we can implement the system on a fundamental level which can be scaled up to work on national-level systems. With the rising criminal activity in today’s world, there is a need for a proposed solution in surveillance applications that can examine human behavior and recognize people with criminal pasts and detect abnormal activities. This article focuses on proposing advancements in Surveillance Systems in Nepal such that Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems will be able to recognize people with criminal pasts and also keep track of a person's behaviour to predict if any acts of violence are about to take place or not. The research aims to explore the potential for such a system in Nepal and other places around the world, including questions such as: what specific types of AI Surveillance are the governments deploying and “The feasibility and challenges of adopting a Smart Surveillance System in Nepal”. The research methodology consists of secondary sources of data to collect the information. A comparative document study, a quick survey with ICT experts, journal articles, and research on current technologies, found that Nepal is not far behind in technological advancements though it lacks policy-level intervention on AI which shows Nepal can enhance its national security by adopting an AI-powered Surveillance System.