bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MAYA ARCHAEOLOGY FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY: THE PROGRESS, THE PERILS, AND THE PROMISE
Authors: Demarest Arthur A.
Published: April 2010

In the past 20 years, what were once considered specialized auxiliary subdisciplines or analytical approaches such as bioarchaeology, paleozoology, subterranean archaeology, and material culture studies have become central to all research due to refinements of their analytic tools. Meanwhile, building on earlier progress in epigraphy, work on the Classic period truly has become historical archaeology. These advances provide a much greater understanding of ancient Maya ecology, economy, and politics and insights into the details, not just trends, in culture history. Realization of this potential, however, is imperiled by problems in research design and interpretation. Project structures rarely allows for complete and independent application of these enhanced fields, while the traditional elements of ceramic classification and chronology have not kept pace. The erratic sample of both Maya lowland and highland regions needs to addressed, rather than glossed over by extrapolations or assumptions about interaction and expansionism. Institutional structures and financial limitations have led to many superficial studies masked by quasi-theoretical terminologies. Constructive solutions, most exemplified in some current projects, include the obligation to try to apply all available techniques and approaches. To make that feasible, larger projects should be fragmented into multi-institutional collaborations. Greater emphasis must be given to classifications and excavations that generate ceramic microchronologies. Above all, we must investigate the extensive unstudied or understudied regions. Finally, most challenging is the need to collectively confront academic structures that encourage rapid, incomplete studies and discourage more substantial publications and long term multi-institutional research.
The functions and fortunes of English small towns at the close of the middle ages: evidence from John Leland'sItinerary
Authors: LEE JOHN S.
Published: April 2010

The descriptions of small towns in John Leland'sItineraryprovide valuable evidence about their economic functions and fortunes in a period often categorized as one of urban decline. Leland described markets, ports, industries, buildings and transport links. He identified examples of small towns expanding, through new commercial and industrial opportunities, notably cloth manufacture, as well as others in decline, and suggested that investment by entrepreneurs and benefactors had enabled some small towns to prosper. These experiences reflected both the particular functions of individual towns and their role in wider regional economies.
One counter and your own account: redefining illicit labour in early modern Antwerp
Authors: DE MUNCK BERT
Published: April 2010

This article examines the problem of illicit labour from the perspective of transformations in the (local) distribution channels. Rather than large masters circumventing the guilds’ rules regarding labour market entry or large merchants shifting from aKaufto aVerlagsystem, early modern manufacturing guilds in Antwerp confronted mercers and wholesalers who entered into production without being masters. In response, the guilds extended their rules, so that their regulations actually matured in the course of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Rather than (labour market) deregulation and proto-industrialization, the issue was the disappearance of the straightforward link between production and retailing, tied together by mastership.
Police in civil society: police, Enlightenment and civic virtue in urban Scotland,c. 1780–1833
Authors: BARRIE DAVID
Published: April 2010

Based on how notions of civil society and civic virtue were defined in Enlightenment Scotland, this article assesses how far these ideals shaped police development in Scottish towns,c. 1780–1833. It argues that both concepts provided a framework for the development of ‘police’ as a broad mechanism of urban government. Collectively, civil society and civic virtue offered a wide-ranging, intellectual backdrop presupposing ideas on police, improvement and polite society, with the new police model bearing a striking resemblance to how these ideals were imagined and constructed at the time.
On the wrong side of the track: railways as urban boundaries in the towns of the First Transylvanian Railway
Authors: PURCAR CRISTINA
Published: April 2010

This article addresses the morphological and functional implications of the railway as an urban boundary, by studying seven towns in Romania, connected by the First Transylvanian Railway (1868–70). The research highlights similarities and differences as to the initial railway insertion, the subsequent growth patterns and the differentiation appearing between areas adjoining the railway tracks. The article argues that although a ‘wrong side of the track’ did not emerge everywhere, the segregation and lack of urban amenities affecting the areas which could be thus labelled is rooted in the failure to render the railway barrier permeable and to generate complementarity rather than subordination between the two sides of the track.
Governmentality on the Park Hill estate: the rationality of public housing
Authors: HOLLOW MATTHEW
Published: April 2010

This article evaluates the inherent ambiguity of the landmark Park Hill housing estate in Sheffield, England. Incorporating Foucault's theories on governmentality and biopolitics, this article explores how techniques of power and control radically affected the way this building was both used and viewed. It shows how conflicting discourses about human needs and desires influenced the way that subjects were housed, managed and regulated in Sheffield during the supposedly homogeneous welfare-state years.
Harbin in comparative perspective
Authors: GAMSA MARK
Published: April 2010

This article argues that historians have largely neglected the dimension of Chinese–Russian interaction, which was central to the development of Harbin from the emergence of this city in 1898 as an outpost of imperial Russia in Manchuria (north-east China). It goes on to propose a new approach to Harbin history, which, integrating its ‘Russian’ and ‘Chinese’ histories during the period prior to the Japanese occupation of Manchuria in 1932, would also place it in a wider comparative context. This comparative approach is illustrated in the article by a consideration of the issue of ethnically segregated living quarters.
Review of periodical articles
Authors: LIDDY CHRISTIAN , ELLIOTT PAUL , MISKELL LOUISE
Published: April 2010

This review begins with a subject that is familiar to all urban historians of the Middle Ages. Citizenship was one of the most ubiquitous forms of social and political organization in medieval towns. Yet, as Pierre Racine points out, in ‘La citoyenneté en Italie au Moyen Âge’, Le Moyen Âge, 115 (2009), 87–108, it is perhaps surprising that there have been so few studies devoted specifically to the right of citizenship in the Italian cities of the communal period. Racine's discussion is focused upon the period between the eleventh and fourteenth centuries, that is, from the formation of the communes to the emergence of princely states in northern and central Italy, when many of the city-states disappeared. If citizenship was in some ways a burden which entailed liability to taxation and the fulfilment of military service, it was fundamentally a privilege. Thus, the thirteenth-century communal governments of cities such as Piacenza appointed officials charged with investigating cases of ‘false citizens’. Citizenship was acquired largely on the basis of more or less permanent residence and the ownership of a house in the city and it allowed the citizen to participate in the popular assembly, where the important questions concerning the election of officials and the problems of daily life were debated and decided. In emphasizing the emotional attachment which citizens felt towards their urban patria, Racine addresses the cultural as well as juridical meaning of citizenship.
A challenge to triumphant optimists? A blue chips index for the Paris stock exchange, 1854–2007
Authors: Le Bris David , Hautcœur Pierre-Cyrille
Published: April 2010

We have reconstructed a new blue chips (large caps) stock index for France from 1854 to 1998, based on a modern methodology. Our index differs profoundly from earlier indices, and is more consistent with French financial and economic history. We suggest this result casts some doubt on many historical stock indices, such as those used in Dimson, Marsh and Staunton'sTriumph of the Optimists. Investment in French stocks provided a positive real return during the nineteenth century, but a negative one – because of inflation and wars – in the twentieth. Despite this secular negative real performance, stocks proved the best financial asset in the very long run, although with an equity premium lower than in the US.
Academic Freedom in a Changing Academic World
Authors: Aarrevaara Timo
Published: April 2010

This article considers the academic profession and academic freedom in light of the results of the Changing Academic Profession (CAP) survey in Finland and four other European countries. Academic freedom is examined as a phenomenon that provides a setting for goal determination by members of the academic profession. It has a bearing on both institutional autonomy and individual academic freedom, i.e. the freedom of research and teaching. Academic freedom can be examined on the basis of material from the CAP survey through the questions about the freedom of teaching, the definition of work, working as a member of a community, the power of influence, funding, and the evaluation of quality. The concept of academic freedom varies slightly between countries, in part because of the growth of higher education systems and because of the increasing demand for ‘relevance’ being imposed on universities.
The Academic Profession in China in the Context of Social Transition: An Institutional Perspective
Authors: Yan Fengqiao
Published: April 2010

The study deals with the academic profession in China. Its characteristics and relationship with changing social institutions are explored by a historical approach and from an institutional perspective, which includes two elements of government and organization. The major findings of this study are summarized below. First, in accordance with China’s legal framework, public and private higher education institutions are categorized as different legal entities, a difference that leads to favourable conditions for the academic profession in the public sector and to less favourable conditions in the private sector, and which also obstructs personnel flow and competition between the two sectors. Second, the personnel system has changed significantly since 1978, when it was reformed and the policies became more open. This change is largely led by the central government. As regards faculty hiring and promotion, qualification and performance are emphasized over seniority. As regards remuneration and benefits, the egalitarian approach has gradually been replaced by income gains based on performance. Finally, evidence shows that China’s higher education institutions has evolved from so-calleddanweigoverned under a planned system to organizations ruled by the market system, which has caused the academic profession to evolve from adanweiprofession into a more organizational one.
The Academic Profession and the Managerial University: An International Comparative Study from Japan
Authors: Arimoto Akira
Published: April 2010

Traditionally, academics like to think that they further society by furthering their academic disciplines. The managerial university focuses on rationalization and efficiency, and believes in market mechanisms. These different viewpoints lie at the root of many conflicts. Moreover, one cannot see these issues in isolation. The logic of the managerial university reflects a shift from knowledge communities to knowledge enterprises. This conflicts with the logic of the academic profession, valuing academic autonomy and academic freedom. In the 2007 Changing Academic Profession survey, Japanese academics regarded the threats of the looming bureaucracy as almost as dangerous as did the academics surveyed in 1992 in the context of the Carnegie international comparative study on the academic profession, which was carried out in Europe and the US. This report intends to analyse the results of the CAP survey in order to compare the similarities and differences of academic staff’s reactions to the managerial university from an international perspective. More specifically, the focus will be on the following topics: (1) the role of knowledge and academic vision; (2) decision making; (3) the role of institutional missions and profiles; (4) the impact of incentives and sanctions; (5) supervisory mechanisms; and (6) cooperation.
Diversification in the Academic Workforce: The Case of the US and Implications for Europe
Authors: Finkelstein Martin J.
Published: April 2010

This paper examines two broad dimensions of change in the American academic profession: (1) demographic and generational change, including increasing feminization, changing attitudes toward the career-family balance, migration of faculty positions to the professions (versus the liberal arts) and away from the research university sector; and (2) changes in types of appointments, work and career tracks, including the decline of tenure and the rise of fixed term appointments, which involve more ‘specialized’ and less ‘place-bound’ work roles and alternative career tracks. It considers these changes more broadly in the context of the changing nature of work in a globalized economy and the changing nature of the knowledge industry and in the context of similar developments in Europe and Asia. It concludes with an extrapolation of how these trends are likely to play out in the US context and in a new ‘globalized’ academic marketplace over the next 10–20 years.
The Diversifying Academic Profession?
Authors: Teichler Ulrich
Published: April 2010

Experts agree: higher education has to diversify continuously. Most prominently, Martin Trow had argued that ‘universal higher education’ and ‘mass higher education’ sectors had to serve the ‘new’ students while protecting ‘elite higher education’; Burton Clark pointed out that the university is functionally ‘overburdened’ if it does not become entrepreneurial in pursuing specific strategies. But the countervailing forces to diversification grow as well: ‘academic drift’ and initiative competition for being ranked among ‘world-class universities’ prevail, and intra-institutional diversity according to study programmes and departments has not gained popularity either. Do scholars themselves become key carriers of diversification? Substantial variety in research productivity is by no means new. Is inter-individual diversity within higher education a viable future of diversification? Do the data of the comparative studies on the academic profession suggest that strategic options of individual professors are salient?
The Future of the University
Authors: Mittelstrass Jürgen
Published: April 2010

I am not a prophet, nor can I look into the future – not even at the end of this productive conference on essential changes in the higher education system. When the work situation of the academic profession, its diversification and academic freedom are at issue, the university as a whole is called into question, at least the university as we have known and appreciated it for a long time. Will that university have a future? This is not clear at all, especially when we consider the managerial university and the ever increasing marketisation of all aspects of university life. In the following, I present a few remarks about the continuously fading theory of the university, centred on the keywords education, university, universality, and quality.
Coffee, tea and caffeine intake and the risk of severe depression in middle-aged Finnish men: the Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study
Authors: Ruusunen Anu , Lehto Soili M , Tolmunen Tommi , Mursu Jaakko , Kaplan George A , Voutilainen Sari
Published: April 2010

Objective

Only a few cross-sectional studies have assessed the association between coffee, tea and caffeine and the risk of depression. Our aim was to determine the association in a population-based cohort study.

Design

The population-based Kuopio Ischaemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study cohort was recruited between 1984 and 1989 and followed until the end of 2006. We investigated the association between the intake of coffee, tea and caffeine and depression.

Setting

Eastern Finland.

Subjects

Middle-aged men (n 2232).

Results

Altogether, forty-nine men received a discharge diagnosis of depression. We classified subjects into quartiles according to their mean daily coffee intake: non-drinkers (n 82), light drinkers (<375 ml/d, n 517), moderate drinkers (375–813 ml/d, n 1243) and heavy drinkers (>813 ml/d, n 390). Heavy drinkers had a decreased risk (RR = 0·28, 95 % CI 0·08, 0·98) for depression when compared with non-drinkers, after adjustment for age and examination years. Further adjustment for socio-economic status, alcohol consumption, smoking, maximal oxygen uptake, BMI and the energy-adjusted daily intakes of folate and PUFA did not attenuate this association (relative risk (RR) = 0·23, 95 % CI 0·06, 0·83). No associations were observed between depression and intake of tea (drinkers v. non-drinkers; RR = 1·19, 95 % CI 0·54, 2·23) or caffeine (highest quartile v. lowest quartile; RR = 0·99, 95 % CI 0·40, 2·45).

Conclusions

Coffee consumption may decrease the risk of depression, whereas no association was found for tea and caffeine intake.
Quality, but not cost, of diet is associated with 5-year incidence of CVD: the ATTICA study
Authors: Vlismas Konstantinos , Panagiotakos Demosthenes B , Pitsavos Christos , Chrysohoou Christina , Skoumas Yannis , Sitara Marietta , Yfantopoulos John , Stavrinos Vassilios , Stefanadis Christodoulos
Published: April 2010

Objective

The aim of the present work was to calculate the current cost of the Mediterranean diet in Greece and to evaluate the role of diet cost in the development of cardiovascular events after a 5-year follow-up.

Design

Cross-sectional. Cost of diet was measured in €/week based on common Greek dietary choices, while baseline dietary habits were assessed through a semi-quantitative FFQ (Greek-EPIC). The Mediterranean Diet Score (MedDietScore) was applied to assess overall adherence to this pattern using scores of eleven food variables and alcohol, according to the principles of the Mediterranean diet.

Setting

Five-year follow-up of the ATTICA study, a nutrition and health survey of a representative, free-living sample of the Greek population resident in the province of Attica, where Athens is a major metropolis.

Subjects

From 2001 to 2002, 1514 men and 1528 women (aged >18 years) without known CVD were enrolled. In 2006, the 5-year follow-up was performed.

Results

The weekly cost of participants’ diets varied from 5·35 to 83·57 €/week in men (mean 25·45 (sd 6·80) €/week) and from 10·89 to 55·49 €/week in women (mean 25·63 (sd 6·30) €/week). Diet cost was correlated marginally to MedDietScore (r = 0·060, P = 0·05) as well as being associated with history of hypercholesterolaemia (mean (sd), yes v. no: 24·90 (5·73) v. 25·82 (6·95) €/week, P = 0·027), physical activity (mean (sd), yes v. no: 26·42 (6·90) v. 24·82 (6·20) €/week, P < 0·001) and current smoking (mean (sd), yes v. no: 24·99 (6·40) v. 25·98 (6·70) €/week, P = 0·017). No significant association was found between diet cost and 5-year incidence of CVD (hazard ratio = 1·021, 95 % CI 0·965, 1·081). However, adherence to the traditional Mediterranean diet was inversely associated with the development of CVD (relative risk per 1-unit increase in MedDietScore = 0·92, 95 % CI 0·89, 0·94) after adjustment for various potential confounders including diet cost.

Conclusions

Quality but not cost of the diet is associated with the development of CVD.
L(n)-HYPONORMALITY: A MISSING BRIDGE BETWEEN SUBNORMALITY AND PARANORMALITY
Authors: JUNG IL BONG , PARK SUN HYUN , STOCHEL JAN
Published: April 2010

A new notion of L(n)-hyponormality is introduced in order to provide a bridge between subnormality and paranormality, two concepts which have received considerable attention from operator theorists since the 1950s. Criteria for L(n)-hyponormality are given. Relationships to other notions of hyponormality are discussed in the context of weighted shift and composition operators.
Depth of the Moho discontinuity beneath the Japanese islands estimated by traveltime analysis
Authors: Katsumata Akio
Published: April 2010

The crustal structure beneath the Japanese islands, including depth distributions of the Conrad and Moho discontinuities, was estimated using a tomographic inversion of regional body wave arrival times. Depth distributions of the bottom of the surface layer, the Conrad, and the Moho were modeled with two‐dimensional B spline functions, while velocity distributions in layers were expressed by three‐dimensional B spline functions. The depth of the discontinuities and the velocity in the layers were estimated simultaneously by the least squares method. The velocity structure was sequentially estimated from shallower parts to deeper parts to avoid correlation between them. This sequential analysis provided improved depth resolution. The deepest region of the Moho discontinuity was located in central Honshu, reaching about 40 km. The Moho discontinuity was generally deep in the central part of the islands, whereas it was relatively shallow in the Kanto, southwestern Chubu, and Chugoku districts in Honshu and in northern Kyushu. Some of the shallow Moho regions would be related to graben formation due to tensile tectonic stress since the Miocene. The results were compared with those of seismic refraction surveys and receiver function analyses, and it was found that the obtained model was consistent with many of these studies.
A simple method for estimating the influence of eroding soil profiles on atmospheric CO2
Authors: Billings S. A. , Buddemeier R. W. , deB. Richter D. , Van Oost K. , Bohling G.
Published: April 2010

Although soil erosion has often been considered a net source of atmospheric carbon (C), several recent studies suggest that erosion serves as a net C sink. We have developed a spreadsheet‐based model of soil organic C dynamics within an eroding profile (Soil Organic Carbon, Erosion, Replacement, and Oxidation (SOrCERO)) that calculates effects of soil organic carbon (SOC) erosion and altered SOC oxidation and production on the net exchange of C between the eroding profile and atmosphere. SOrCERO suggests that erosion can induce a net C sink or source, depending on management practices, the extent to which SOC oxidation and production characteristics change with erosion, and the fate of eroded SOC. Varying these parameters generated a wide range of C source and sink estimates (maximum net source and sink of 1.1/3.1 Pg C yr−1respectively, applying results globally), highlighting research needs to constrain model estimates. We invite others to download SOrCERO (http://www.kbs.ku.edu/people/staff_www/billings/index.html) to test conceptual models and eroding soil profiles of interest in a consistent, comparable fashion.
Fluid sources and pathways of the Costa Rica erosional convergent margin
Authors: Tryon Michael D. , Wheat C. Geoffrey , Hilton David R.
Published: April 2010

The margins community has only relatively recently begun to examine the tectonics and associated hydrologic systems of erosive convergent margins, which are substantially different as compared with accretionary margins. In this respect, the type example erosive margin is the Costa Rica system, which has been the subject of numerous recent large‐scale investigations. Here pore fluids expelled at the wedge toe and at midslope mounds and mud volcanoes have been interpreted to have a common deep source of dehydrating clays, analogous to that at accretionary margins. However, we report unusually high B/Li molar ratios in pore fluids from a recent mudflow on Mound 11, offshore Costa Rica, which, together with unusually low B/Li ratios previously reported at the wedge toe, reveal that alternative fluid sources and/or processes must be operating at the Costa Rica margin. As serpentine formation is the only subduction zone process that significantly fractionates B and Li, we propose that the difference in fluid chemical composition is the result of erosion of upper plate serpentinites, ongoing serpentinization, and serpentine mineral phase transitions in the subduction channel. These processes provide both a source of fluids and fluid pathways that lead to the unique geochemical signature observed at this erosional margin. This conclusion is compatible with, and supported by, the current view of the tectonics, geology, and hydrogeology of the Costa Rica margin and the similarity of the pore fluid to that of two other convergent margins, both with known fluid/serpentinite interactions.
First high‐resolution stratigraphic column of the Martian north polar layered deposits
Authors: Fishbaugh Kathryn E. , Hvidberg Christine S. , Byrne Shane , Russell Patrick S. , Herkenhoff Kenneth E. , Winstrup Mai , Kirk Randolph
Published: April 2010

This study achieves the first high‐spatial‐resolution, layer‐scale, measured stratigraphic column of the Martian north polar layered deposits using a 1m‐posting DEM. The marker beds found throughout the upper North Polar Layered Deposits range in thickness from 1.6 m–16.0 m +/− 1.4 m, and 6 of 13 marker beds are separated by ∼25–35 m. Thin‐layer sets have average layer separations of 1.6 m. These layer separations may account for the spectral‐power‐peaks found in previous brightness‐profile analyses. Marker‐bed layer thicknesses show a weak trend of decreasing thickness with depth that we interpret to potentially be the result of a decreased accumulation rate in the past, for those layers. However, the stratigraphic column reveals that a simple rhythmic or bundled layer sequence is not immediately apparent throughout the column, implying that the relationship between polar layer formation and cyclic climate forcing is quite complex.
Influence of winter and summer surface wind anomalies on summer Arctic sea ice extent
Authors: Ogi Masayo , Yamazaki Koji , Wallace John M.
Published: April 2010

Based on a statistical analysis incorporating 925‐hPa wind fields from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalyses, it is shown that the combined effect of winter and summer wind forcing accounts for 50% of the variance of the change in September Arctic sea ice extent from one year to the next (ΔSIE) and it also explains roughly 1/3 of the downward linear trend of SIE over the past 31 years. In both seasons meridional wind anomalies to the north and east of Greenland are correlated with September SIE, presumably because they modulate the export of ice through Fram Strait. Anticyclonic wind anomalies over the Beaufort Sea during summer favor low September SIE and have contributed to the record‐low values in recent summers, perhaps by enhancing the flux of ice toward Fram Strait in the trans‐polar drift.
Role of the plate margin curvature in the plateau buildup: Consequences for the central Andes
Authors: Boutelier D. A. , Oncken O.
Published: April 2010

The influence of convergent plate boundary curvature on the stress distribution in an overriding plate is explored using analytical and numerical modeling techniques. Trench‐parallel compression can be produced near the symmetry axis of a seaward‐concave plate boundary if the interplate friction is high and/or if the subducting lithosphere has a low flexural rigidity, which produces little nonhydrostatic normal stress on the plate boundary. This situation favors the formation of trench‐parallel thrusts with minor trench‐parallel component of slip. Trench‐parallel compression is reduced along the most oblique parts of the plate boundary, which favors the formation of strike slip faults with major trench‐parallel slip. Both the stress conditions on the interplate zone and the 3‐D geometry of this zone control whether the trench‐parallel stress in the center of a seaward‐concave curvature is a tension or compression. Low dip angle and high convergence obliquity angle favor trench‐parallel compression. In the central Andes, N‐S minor shortening in the center of the Arica bend and strike slip systems north and south of the symmetry axis suggest that the effect of shear traction dominated during Cenozoic time when the curvature of the plate boundary was forming. This result suggests that the processes responsible for the formation of the plate boundary curvature were assisted by enhanced interplate friction and/or reduced compressive nonhydrostatic normal stress. For a geometry resembling the present‐day South American plate margin, estimations of normal and shear stresses on the plate boundary suggest that the trench‐parallel stress in the center of the curvature is compressive.
Investigating mechanisms of edifice deflation, 1981–2007, at Mount Baker volcano, Washington, United States
Authors: Hodge Brendan E. , Crider Juliet G.
Published: April 2010

At Mount Baker, elevated gas and heat fluxes from fumaroles in Sherman Crater indicate the presence of a degassing magma reservoir. Campaign Global Positioning System (GPS) surveys in 2006 and 2007 provide slope distance measurements of 19 trilateration lines and provide baseline positions for future GPS study on Mount Baker. Comparison of slope distance measurements acquired in 1981 and 1983 with electronic distance meters (EDM) indicates that significant surface deformation has occurred on Mount Baker during the past quarter century. Slope distances have predominantly shortened around the edifice at rates <2 mm/yr. The greatest slope length change detected is −17 ± 4 ppm on the northern flank of the volcano. A uniform surface strain rate model fit to the weighted slope change data shows contractional strain, with an areal dilation rate of −420 ± 140 nanostrain/yr. The observed strain rate is an order of magnitude greater than that expected from tectonic sources. Elastic dislocation models are used to invert for the location and strength of a point source at depth. The optimal model predicts a volume change of −11 × 106 m3, located 1500 m east–northeast of the summit, at a depth of ∼5.8 km. The model can account for most of the deformation detected, suggesting that the magmatic and hydrothermal system at Mount Baker has depressurized since 1981, from the combined result of densification and devolatilization.
A modeling study of interannual variations of the Seychelles Dome
Authors: Tozuka Tomoki , Yokoi Takaaki , Yamagata Toshio
Published: April 2010

Interannual variations of the Seychelles Dome (SD) in the southwestern Indian Ocean are investigated using outputs from an ocean general circulation model. The high variability is locked seasonally to boreal winter. The SD becomes anomalously weak (strong) owing to anomalous local Ekman downwelling (upwelling) and arrival of downwelling (upwelling) Rossby waves excited in the southeastern Indian Ocean. In contrast to past studies, the anomalous local Ekman pumping cannot be neglected in discussing the interannual variability of the SD. In addition, the interannual variation of the SD is more closely linked with the Indian Ocean Dipole than El Niño–Southern Oscillation in the Pacific.
Impacts of Asian summer monsoon on seasonal and interannual variations of aerosols over eastern China
Authors: Zhang Li , Liao Hong , Li Jianping
Published: April 2010

China is located in a large monsoon domain; variations in meteorological fields associated with the Asian summer monsoon can influence transport, deposition, and chemical reactions of aerosols over eastern China. We apply a global three‐dimensional Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) chemical transport model (GEOS‐Chem) driven by NASA/GEOS‐4 assimilated meteorological data to quantify the impacts of the East Asian summer monsoon on seasonal and interannual variations of aerosols over eastern China. During the summer monsoon season, four channels of strong cross‐equatorial flows located within 40°E–135°E are found to bring clean air to China from the Southern Hemisphere. These channels have the effect of diluting aerosol concentrations in eastern China. In the meantime, rain belts associated with the summer monsoon move from southeastern to northern China during June–August, leading to a large wet deposition of aerosols. As a result, aerosol concentrations over eastern China are the lowest in summer. Sensitivity studies with no seasonal variations in emissions indicate that the Asian summer monsoon can reduce surface layer PM2.5 (particles with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less) aerosol concentration averaged over eastern China (110°E–120°E, 20°N–45°N) by about 50–70%, as the concentration in July is compared to that in January. We also compare simulated PM2.5 concentrations in the weak monsoon year of 1998 with those in the strong monsoon year of 2002, assuming same emissions in simulations for these 2 years. Accounting for sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, black carbon, organic carbon, as well as submicron mineral dust and sea salt, surface layer PM2.5 concentration averaged over June–August and over eastern China is 7.06 μg m−3 (or 44.3%) higher in the weak monsoon year 1998 than in the strong monsoon year 2002, and the column burden of PM2.5 is 25.1 mg m−2 (or 73.1%) higher in 1998 than in 2002. As a result, over eastern China, the difference in summer aerosol optical depth between 1998 and 2002 is estimated to be about 0.7. These results have important implications for understanding air quality and climatic effects of aerosols in eastern China.
Increasing trend of African dust, over 49 years, in the eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Ganor Eliezer , Osetinsky Isabella , Stupp Amnon , Alpert Pinhas
Published: April 2010

Dust observations in Israel were carried out since 1958. During 1958–2006, 966 dust days were observed. The dust days have been analyzed through their association with the regional eastern Mediterranean synoptic types, as classified by the Tel Aviv University method. Among the synoptic types, the most contributing were winter lows (with 368 days), Red Sea Troughs (214 days), and highs (211 dust days). Association of dust with highs is a new result, not found in the literature to date. Out of the total occurrences of Sharav lows, 36% are associated with dust, out of total winter lows 13%, with a winter low south to Cyprus having a 30% probability to produce a dust day, and of Red Sea Trough days 6% were associated with dust. Annual occurrence of dust days follows the changes in the occurrence of the regional synoptic systems: the number of dust days associated with Red Sea Troughs has increased by 2.3 d/10 yr, and with highs by 0.9 d/10 yr. The total incidence of dust days has increased with an average rate of 2.7 days per decade. This increasing trend in dust storm occurrence fits with previous results for the eastern Mediterranean and south Europe. Since dust storms are a regional phenomenon and reach south, central, and western Europe, this increase has implications for the entire Mediterranean and European regions. The results show potential for statistical forecasting of dust 1 day in advance. Such forecasts are important for public health warnings and for air transportation.
Observing system simulation experiments at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction
Authors: Masutani Michiko , Woollen John S. , Lord Stephen J. , Emmitt G. David , Kleespies Thomas J. , Wood Sidney A. , Greco Steven , Sun Haibing , Terry Joseph , Kapoor Vaishali , Treadon Russ , Campana Kenneth A.
Published: April 2010

Observing system impact assessments using atmospheric simulation experiments are conducted to provide an objective quantitative evaluation of future observing systems and instruments. Such simulation experiments using a proxy true atmosphere, Nature Run, are known as observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs). Through OSSEs, future observing systems that effectively use data assimilation systems in order to improve weather forecasts can be designed. Various types of simulation experiments have been performed in the past by many scientists, but the OSSE at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) presented in this paper is the most extensive and complete OSSE. The agreement between data impacts from simulated data and the corresponding real data is satisfactory. The NCEP OSSE is also the first OSSE where radiance data from satellites were simulated and assimilated. Since a Doppler wind lidar (DWL) is a very costly instrument, various simulation experiments have been funded and performed. OSSEs that evaluate the data impact of DWL are demonstrated. The results show a potentially powerful impact from DWL. In spite of the many controversies regarding simulation experiments, this paper demonstrates that carefully constructed OSSEs are able to provide useful information that influences the design of future observing systems. Various factors that affect the assessment of the impact are discussed.
N deposition and elevated CO2 on methane emissions: Differential responses of indirect effects compared to direct effects through litter chemistry feedbacks
Authors: Pancotto V. A. , van Bodegom P. M. , van Hal J. , van Logtestijn R. S. P. , Blokker P. , Toet S. , Aerts R.
Published: April 2010

Increases in atmospheric CO2 concentration and N deposition are expected to affect methane (CH4) production in soils and emission to the atmosphere, directly through increased plant litter production and indirectly through changes in substrate quality. We examined how CH4 emission responded to changes in litter quality under increased N and CO2, beyond differences in CH4 resulting from changes in litter production. We used senesced leaves from 13C‐labeled plants of Molinia caerulea grown at elevated and ambient CO2 and affected by N fertilization to carry out two experiments: a laboratory litter incubation and a pot experiment. N fertilization increased N and decreased C concentrations in litter whereas elevated CO2 decreased litter quality as reflected in litter C and N concentrations and in the composition of lignin and saturated fatty acids within the litter. In contrast to our expectations, CH4 production in the laboratory incubation decreased when using litter from N‐fertilized plants as substrate, whereas litter from elevated CO2 had no effect, compared to controls without N and at ambient CO2. Owing to high within‐treatment variability in CH4 emissions, none of the treatment effects were reflected in the pot experiment. C mineralization rates were not affected by any of the treatments. The decrease in CH4 emissions due to indirect effects of N availability through litter quality changes (described here for the first time) contrast direct effects of N fertilization on CH4 production. The complex interaction of direct effects with indirect effects of increased N on litter quality may potentially result in a net decrease in CH4 emissions from wetlands in the long term.
Effects of spatial non‐uniformity of streamer discharges on spectroscopic diagnostics of peak electric fields in transient luminous events
Authors: Celestin Sebastien , Pasko Victor P.
Published: April 2010

The electric fields associated with streamer discharges in transient luminous events (TLEs) have been recently measured by considering the ratios of spatially integrated radiation intensities of band systems with different energy excitation thresholds. Following recent work by Naidis (2009) we demonstrate that due to strong spatial variations of the electron density and electric field in streamer heads such measurements may lead to a significant underestimation of the peak values of electric fields. The modeling analysis of streamers as a function of altitude, applied reduced electric field, and streamer polarity indicate that the ratios based electric fields derived from spectrophotometric data need to be multiplied by a corrective factor >1.4 for positive streamers and >1.5 for negative streamers, to obtain the true peak values of electric fields.
Model for artificial ionospheric duct formation due to HF heating
Authors: Milikh G. M. , Demekhov A. G. , Papadopoulos K. , Vartanyan A. , Huba J. D. , Joyce G.
Published: April 2010

Strong electron heating by the injection of highly powerful HF waves can lead to the formation of ionospheric plasma density perturbations that stretch along the magnetic field lines. Those density perturbations can serve as ducts for guiding natural and artificial ELF/VLF waves. This paper presents a theoretical model of duct formation due to HF heating of the ionosphere. The model is based on the modified SAMI2 code, and is validated by comparison with two well documented experiments. One experiment, conducted at the SURA heating facility, used the low orbit satellite DEMETER as a diagnostic tool to measure the electron and ion temperature and density along the overflying satellite orbit close to the magnetic zenith of the HF‐heater. The second experiment, conducted at the EISCAT HF facility and diagnosed by the EISCAT Incoherent Scatter Radar, measured the vertical profiles of the electron and ion temperature between 150–600 km. The model agrees well with the observations, and provides a new understanding of the processes during ionospheric modification.
Aerosol‐cloud semi‐direct effect and land‐sea temperature contrast in a GCM
Authors: Allen R. J. , Sherwood S. C.
Published: April 2010

Simulations with the CAM3 climate model show that prescribed heating by anthropogenic aerosols significantly affects cloud cover. Globally the dominant effect is a decrease in mid‐level clouds, which contributes to a semi‐direct effect (SDE) that warms the surface by 0.5 W m−2. The SDE negates some of the impact of absorbing aerosol on surface fluxes, up to 50% over the Northern Hemisphere extratropical (NHE) land during JJA. The SDE‐not direct effects‐drives NHE JJA warming and a land‐sea contrast in surface temperature that may help explain recent trends. This behavior is mainly due to 1. the trapping of near‐surface moisture associated with aerosol induced enhanced lower tropospheric stability, which preferentially increases low cloud over the sea; and 2. a burn‐off of cloud, especially over land, due to reduced relative humidity in the low and middle troposphere. These effects are due to vertical redistribution of energy rather than to the horizontal heterogeneity of aerosol forcing.
Identification and transcriptional analysis of trans-DCE-producing reductive dehalogenases in Dehalococcoides species
Authors: Chow Wai Ling , Cheng Dan , Wang Shanquan , He Jianzhong
Published: April 2010

During microbial reductive dechlorination of tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichloroethene (TCE), trans-1, 2-dichloroethene (trans-DCE) has been observed to be produced predominantly by certain mixed and pure cultures. However, the reductive dehalogenase (RDase) genes involved in trans-DCE generation remain elusive. In this study, identification and transcriptional analysis of RDases were conducted on trans-DCE-producing Dehalococcoides sp. strain MB. Two pairs of degenerate primers targeting the conserved regions of RDases in known Dehalococcoides species were applied to amplify the putative RDase genes of strain MB. Cloning and restriction analysis revealed the presence of seven unique RDase gene fragments (dceA1 to dceA7) that possess sequence identity to known RDase genes. Gene expression analysis of the PCE-grown culture MB exhibited 10-fold regulation of the RDase gene dceA6 (designated mbrA gene), suggesting that it is involved in the production of trans-DCE. This is in agreement with the molecular size of the most abundant protein that is resolved on the denaturing protein gel. Complete sequence of the mbrA gene was obtained by chromosome walking, and the upstream of it is a regulator of transcription, indicating that the expression of this functional gene is tightly controlled in the microbe. The mbrA gene was subsequently found to be present in other trans-DCE-producing cultures containing Dehalococcoides sp. The new mbrA gene identified in this study may serve as an important biomarker for evaluating, predicting and elucidating the biological production of trans-DCE in the chloroethene-contaminated sites.
Mesoscale eddies: hotspots of prokaryotic activity and differential community structure in the ocean
Authors: Baltar Federico , Arístegui Javier , Gasol Josep M , Lekunberri Itziar , Herndl Gerhard J
Published: April 2010

To investigate the effects of mesoscale eddies on prokaryotic assemblage structure and activity, we sampled two cyclonic eddies (CEs) and two anticyclonic eddies (AEs) in the permanent eddy-field downstream the Canary Islands. The eddy stations were compared with two far-field (FF) stations located also in the Canary Current, but outside the influence of the eddy field. The distribution of prokaryotic abundance (PA), bulk prokaryotic heterotrophic activity (PHA), various indicators of single-cell activity (such as nucleic acid content, proportion of live cells, and fraction of cells actively incorporating leucine), as well as bacterial and archaeal community structure were determined from the surface to 2000 m depth. In the upper epipelagic layer (0–200 m), the effect of eddies on the prokaryotic community was more apparent, as indicated by the higher PA, PHA, fraction of living cells, and percentage of active cells incorporating leucine within eddies than at FF stations. Prokaryotic community composition differed also between eddy and FF stations in the epipelagic layer. In the mesopelagic layer (200–1000 m), there were also significant differences in PA and PHA between eddy and FF stations, although in general, there were no clear differences in community composition or single-cell activity. The effects on prokaryotic activity and community structure were stronger in AE than CE, decreasing with depth in both types of eddies. Overall, both types of eddies show distinct community compositions (as compared with FF in the epipelagic), and represent oceanic ‘hotspots’ of prokaryotic activity (in the epi- and mesopelagic realms).
Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status in Relation to 10‐Year Weight Gain in the Black Women's Health Study
Authors: Coogan Patricia F. , Cozier Yvette C. , Krishnan Supriya , Wise Lauren A. , Adams‐Campbell Lucile L. , Rosenberg Lynn , Palmer Julie R.
Published: April 2010

We prospectively assessed the association of neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) with 10‐year weight change and with incident obesity among 48,359 women in the Black Women's Health Study (BWHS). Lower neighborhood SES was significantly associated with 10‐year weight gain after adjustment for individual SES and behavioral variables, such as physical activity and caloric intake. Low neighborhood SES was also associated with increased incidence of obesity during 10 years of follow‐up among women of normal weight at baseline (BMI <25 kg/m2). The associations were most evident among BWHS participants who had graduated from college. These prospective data suggest that lower neighborhood SES contributes to overweight and obesity in African‐American women.