bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychopharmacological Treatment of Schizophrenia: What Social Workers Need to Know
Authors: Bentley Kia J.
Published: March 2007

Antipsychotic drugs are considered a critical component in the treatment of schizophrenia, one of the most debilitating mental illnesses. Social workers need sophisticated, up-to-date knowl edge about these medications to more fully embrace their roles as collaborators and consultants with clients, families, physicians, and other providers in the clinical arena. This article provides an overview of the efficacy of antipsychotic medications and a brief review of their common side effects and then details the current research and treatment practices with the so-called conven tional and atypical antipsychotics on the market or in development, as well as commonly used adjunctive and side-effect medications. The article concludes by discussing trends in psycho pharmacological research in schizophrenia of special relevance to social work
Treatment of Sexual Dysfunctions: What Social Workers Need to Know
Authors: Dziegielewski Sophia F. , Resnick Cheryl , Nelson-Gardell Debra , Harrison Dianne F.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the role of social work professionals in the assessment, treatment, and research of sexual dysfunction, specifically dysfunctions of desire and arousal. Diagnostic categories of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) are reviewed briefly. Relationship and intimacy issues are descnbed as amenable to psychosocial interven tion, and research pertinent to assessment and treatment is examined. The special topic of sexual dysfunction of gay men is explored. The importance of supporting social workers in their continued involvement in the treatment of sexual dysfunctions is highlighted.
An Experiential Model of Learning Diabetes Self-Management
Authors: Price Martha J.
Published: March 2007

The literature on self-management in diabetes consists predominantly of investigations on compliance, behavioral modification techniques, assessment of health beliefs, and cognitive theories. Little systematic research has explored the actual experience of applying and adapting to a diabetes regimen. This qualitative study reports a diabetes self-management model (DSMM) based on interview data from 18 adults with Type I diabetes. As described and confirmed by the study participants, the DSMM is composed of sequential phases and stages that evolve over time and is influenced by four major factors: personal considerations, monitoring activities, specific cognitive skills for diabetes problem solving, and definition of control. This study provides a model that affirms the experience and effort of learning self-management and recognizes the importance of individualized regimes developed from personal experiences and perceptions of what "works for me."
The Experiences of Gay Couples Affected by HIV Infection
Authors: Powell-Cope Gail M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of gay couples when at least one was diagnosed with symptomatic HIV infection or AIDS. Grounded theory provided the methodological basis for the study. In-depth interviews were conducted with nine couples yielding approximately 50 hours of interview data. Being a couple affected by HIV Infection was perceived as a major life transition as both partners were confronted by multiple losses including possible death of the person with AIDS, dissolution of the relationship, health, independence, intimacy, and privacy. Processes of this transition included hitting home, mutual protection, and moving on.
Transitions in Nurse-Patient Interactions: A Qualitative Ethology
Authors: Bottorff Joan L. , Varcoe Colleen
Published: March 2007

The combination of videotapes and qualitative ethological methods offers researchers investigating the interactions between health care providers and patients the opportunity to gain rich, complex understandings of the interaction dynamics that lead to enhanced health care outcomes. Verbal and nonverbal behaviors of patients and nurses were analyzed using videotapes of caregiving. Using techniques of qualitative ethology, the purpose of this study was to examine and describe patterns of transition from one type of nurse attending to another. Furthermore, this analysis provided the opportunity to identify the importance of the transitions within nurse-patient interactions. Three patterns of transition were identified: weaving proficiency with presence, sensitive responses, and creating openings. Behaviors that did not result in the expected pattern were described as missed opportunities. The findings support complex, dynamic, and relational conceptualizations of nurse-patient interaction and offer an alternative to using linear, unidirectional problem-solving and communication models.
The Use of Focus Groups with the Disabled Elderly
Authors: Quine Susan , Cameron Ian
Published: March 2007

The study objective was to examine the feasibility of using focus groups as a research method with physically disabled elderly (75+ years) people. Participants were cognitively intact, female patients in the geriatric rehabilitation ward of a general hospital in Sydney, Australia. The researchers acted as moderator and scribe. Sessions were tape-recorded, transcribed, and content analyzed. Five focus groups were conducted. Group size and length of session were reduced because of participants' age and disabilities. Insightful interactions occurred and critical issues emerged. Using the guidelines outlined, focus groups could be used more widely with disabled elderly people.
Sense Malking in Multiple Sclerosis: The Information Needs of People during an Acute Exacerbation
Authors: Baker Lynda M.
Published: March 2007

Chronic illness has been described as a major disruption in one's everyday life. Studies have shown that people seek and use information to help them cope with their disease. Using the micro-moment time-line interview technique, this study focused on the information needs of people with multiple sclerosis (MS) who had recently experienced an exacerbation of their disease. The results revealed gaps in people's knowledge about physical symptoms they were experiencing, emotions they felt, and drugs. Various sources of and barriers to obtaining information were identified. The results suggest that health professionals need to be aware of the continuing need for relevant, current, and specific information to help people with MS retain their independence and to empower them to make informed decisions.
How Women Experience the Presence of their Partners at the Births of their Babies
Authors: Bondas-Salonen Terese
Published: March 2007

This article is a phenomenological study of 40 Finnish women's experiences of their partners' presence at the births of their children. It is part of a longitudinal research program in maternal health, suffering, and care. Observations of lived events and 80 dialogic interviews were analyzed according to Colaizzi. The partners' presence could alleviate the suffering of loneliness, pain, and uncertainty during delivery and give the women strength to endure the suffering as well as share their joy. Even when women were insulted by their partners, they still preferred their partners' presence. The presence meant communion to the women and, in its deepest sense, the creating of families. The communion emanates from the partners' caring for each other and for their babies. For the women, the partners are not only support persons but also, above all, the fathers-to-be, a double and sometimes paradoxical assignment in the health care culture.
Technology, Community, and Technical Communication on the Internet
Authors: GURAK LAURA J.
Published: March 2007

Computer-mediated communication on the Internet offers new challenges and opportunities for technical communication. The cases of Lotus MarketPlace and the Clipper chip illustrate the specialized nature of technical communities on the Internet and suggest that when technical messages are not overly complex, the process of reposting may widen community appeal but also promote inaccurate information. Yet, when technical messages are highly complex, audiences may not repost such messages; this preserves accuracy of information but at the same time limits how many people will read the information. Finally, these cases strengthen recent arguments that rhetorical delivery is an increasingly important component of technical communication.
Students as Clients in a Professional/Client Relationship
Authors: Bailey Jeffrey J.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author suggests the use of a professional/client metaphor for conceptualizing the relationship of professors and students. The framework suggested by the use of this metaphor provides a useful and explicit alternative to the problematic student-as-customer metaphor. The advantages of invoking this metaphor are illustrated by discussing the professional/client relationship in general and by discussing four specific cases of professional/client relationships. Suggestions are provided for inculcating a professional/client atmosphere in the classroom.
Bridging the Gap: Challenges and Prescriptions for Interactive Distance Education
Authors: Brindle Margaret , Levesque Laurie
Published: March 2007

As interactive distance education gains prominence in management education, fanfare about the technology has overshadowed how the distance mode affects the learning context. This article addresses the gap between the technology focus and the learning environment. The authors categorize three specific challenges posed by interactive distance education: (a) the challenge of the technology delivery, (b) the challenge of the work-site context, and (c) the challenge to the student/professor relationship. Because others have written about the technology delivery, the authors focus on the work-site dynamic and the context of learning and offer prescriptions for managing these critical dynamics more effectively. The work is based on one of the author’s MBA organizational behavior classes offered via interactive video technology to seven off-campus sites simultaneously and is supplemented with field observation, student surveys, and interviews.
How to Incorporate Cooperative Learning Principles in the Classroom: It’s More Than Just Putting Students in Teams
Authors: Siciliano Julie I.
Published: March 2007

This article describes how to structure team assignments using a cooperative learning framework. With examples from a classroom situation, it provides techniques for creating an environment where teams achieve mutual goals and group rewards and where members are responsible for doing their share of the work and for mastery of the material to be learned.
Cogenerating a Competency based HRM Degree: A Model and Some Lessons from Experience
Authors: Wooten Kevin C. , Elden Max
Published: March 2007

This article presents a case example of using a cogenerative process to revise a graduate human resource management (HRM) program around a competency-based model. The general status of HRM competencies is discussed in relation to the relevance of university curriculum. A process is presented illustrating how a synthesis of existing competency models was customized by six stakeholder groups using computer-mediated techniques. A competency model involving five broad areas emerged, with 84 specific exit competencies depicted. A four-phase curriculum development process based on cogenerative learning is discussed as well as new curriculum and ongoing evaluation.
Not Just a Mickey Mouse Exercise: Using Disney’s The Lion King to Teach Leadership
Authors: Comer Debra R.
Published: March 2007

Disney’s animated feature The Lion King is presented as a vehicle for fostering undergraduate management and organizational behavior students’ experiential learning and application of fundamental leadership concepts (bases of power and leader skills, traits, and behaviors) and more complex leadership themes (a leader’s need to overcome self-doubt, a group’s overdependence on its leader, a leader’s spirituality, the consequences of abdicating responsibility, and the impact of allies and enemies on a leader). Questions based on the movie are provided to prompt group discussion and individual reflection about leadership.
You’ve Just Been hired—Now What? A Team-Based Business Simulation for an Introduction to Management Course
Authors: Swenson David X.
Published: March 2007

In this article, an undergraduate introductory management course that combines an innovative and effective process that blends an Internet real-world workplace simulation with a team-based seminar approach is presented and discussed. The objectives included learning introductory management principles by setting clear and attainable goals, formulating work plans, giving and receiving useful feedback, using technology for research and communication, sharing the burden and rewards of collaborative effort, and evaluating the field of management as a career. Comparison to traditional teaching approaches revealed equivalent grade distributions, with student interest much higher in the new approach.
Understanding and Applying an Integrative Taxonomy of Motivation Sources to Professional and Personal Settings
Authors: Barbuto John E.
Published: March 2007

This exercise incorporates an innovative teaching approach to demonstrate how motivation sources are evident in behavior and decisions. The exercise is based on the integrative typology proposed by Leonard, Beauvais, and Scholl and validated by Barbuto and Scholl. The taxonomy includes five sources of motivation: intrinsic process, instrumental, self-concept external, self-concept internal, and goal internalization. This article provides a brief summary and review of the five sources of motivation, complete instructions for conducting and processing the class exercise for both instructors and students, and a photocopy-ready handout for students.
Accelerating Team Interdependence with a Cooperative Learning Paradigm
Authors: Lyons Paul R.
Published: March 2007

A common problem confronting organizations is integrating the activities of functional departments. This article describes an approach for covering course content and, at the same time, providing students with a meaningful, hands-on experience in understanding and dealing with such problems.
Frond Lake: An Environmental Policy Role-Play
Authors: Moore Larry F. , Shetzer Larry , Stackman Richard W.
Published: March 2007

Traditionally, the North American economic paradigm has been predicted on self-interest and growth. The newly emerging environmental paradigm, based on assumptions of finite limits to growth, is additionally concerned with issues of conservation, preservation, and replenishment of resources. Differences between these paradigms raise many serious policy issues requiring the development of new guideposts or managers. The role-play detailed in this study enables students to experience how environmental and ethical issues often cut across management process types and increase the levels of uncertainty and complexity. The role-play can also be used effectively in focusing on specific managerial process issues as well.
Pre-Instructional Minitests: An Efficient Solution to the Problem of Covering Content
Authors: Michaelsen Larry K. , Fink L. Dee , Watson Warren E.
Published: March 2007

This article is aimed at achieving two purposes: (a) challenging the common and often unrecognized assumption that the only way to ensure that students are exposed to course concepts is by personally going over the material in class and (b) describing how minitests (i.e., individual test -+ group test -+ appeals -- instructor input) can be used to ensure that students master basic content in a fraction of the class time that would normally be devoted to lectures. Other benefits of minitests are also described. These include increased focus on higher-level thinking and problem-solving skills, development of students' interpersonal and group interaction skills, and providing students with experience as a member of an effective team.
Male and Female Behaviors in Sex-Typed Tasks: Two Experiential Exercises
Authors: Goltz Sonia M. , Giannantonio Cristina M.
Published: March 2007

One obstacle to teaching gender issues in management is the attitude held by many students that women and men in organizations have the same experiences. An effective way for students to experience some of the differences that exist for women and men is to videotape them performing sex-typed tasks, have them observe the tapes, and note the different behaviors exhibited by women and men. Two experiential exercises are described that typically elicit sex role stereotypical behaviors of students when they perform them in mixed-sex groups. These exercises are used to allow students to observe and discuss differences in individual behaviors, the dynamics that occur within mixed-sex groups performing sex-typed tasks, and the effects of these behaviors and dynamics on group effectiveness.
An Integrated Model for Teaching Management Skills
Authors: Whetten David A. , Clark Sue Campbell
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the need for a comprehensive method of teaching management, with an emphasis on skill development. Using an inductive/deductive learning framework to critique several popular teaching methods, a model is proposed that integrates the best of several methods. This model places equal emphasis on thinking and doing, learning and applying. Five learning activities constitute the model: experience, understand, practice, reflect, and apply. Specific classroom activities, discussion questions, and learning objectives are provided as illustrations for each of the five learning activities.
Introduction of Total Quality Management (TQM) into the Process of Teaching Management: A Discussion of Initial Applications
Authors: Haug Peter , Keleman Ken S.
Published: March 2007

In management education, Total Quality Management (TQM) has primarily been presented as a course topic or framework for organizational change, and TQM applications at the course level are limited. This article discusses the design, development, and operation of a course-based TQM model built upon students as internal customers plus continuous course improvement through: (a) student advisory committees, (b) regular evaluation surveys, and (c) course evaluation surveys. The article integrates TQM principles with details on course application and instructor experiences. Observations and recommendations are presented that highlight difficulties and opportunities for implementing a continuous improvement process for instructional excellence.
Spirituality in Management Education: A Guide to Resources
Authors: Neal Judith A.
Published: March 2007

After presenting what the concept of spirituality in the workplace entails, this article presents a review of a list of books, articles, and other resource materials that offer more in-depth knowledge about spirituality in the workplace. The article concludes with five spiritual principles that may be useful in management education.
A Brief Experiment in a Barren Environment: An MBA Self-Development Module in Hong Kong
Authors: Snell Robin S. , Lau Agnes
Published: March 2007

Drawing on both a ministudy of 29 students shortly before completing a self-development module on master of business administration program in Hong Kong and the critical studies of the module by 3 outside students, this article reveals six lessons (make the module an elective course, provide explicit precourse briefing, keep group size less than 30 students, provide more active facilitation, confine the length of the course to 1 year or 1 semester, present a clear course structure) regarding how self-development can be run more effectively in an MBA program. A new elective was designed accordingly and ran successfully in the calendar year 1995.
Letter To A Friend: A Personal Reflection Exercise
Authors: Waddock Sandra A.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a personal reflection exercise used in a social issues in management course and in a course called Management Practice. The letter to a friend challenges students to reflect on the course, their career and life goals, and to identify the contributions that they will make to the world and in their lives.
Pedagogical Practice and Postmodernist Ideas
Authors: Hardy Cynthia , Palmer Ian
Published: March 2007

Postmodern approaches to management and organizational theory raise a number of particular challenges for management educators. This article explores howinstructors can present postmodern ideas in the context of management education and explore their implications for management practice. The authors identify four postmodern themes: the notion of complicated identities, the “death” of the individual as expert, “disciplinary” powers that constrain individual actions, and the postmodern organization as a combination of dream and nightmare. To demonstrate the ambiguities and paradoxes associated with each theme, the authors outline in-class exercises to surface postmodern ideas.
A Comparison of Childbirth Expectations in High-Risk and Low-Risk Pregnant Women
Authors: Heaman Maureen , Beaton Janet , Gupton Annette , Sloan Jeff
Published: March 2007

This study described and compared the childbirth expectations of high-risk and low-risk pregnant women and then examined the influence of anxiety, risk status, and childbirth preparation on these expectations. This descriptive correlational study employed a convenience sample of 75 high-risk nulliparas and 77 low-risk nulliparas. Results indicated that high-risk pregnant women had significantly less positive expectations for their childbirth experience than did low-risk pregnant women. In particular, high-risk pregnant women expected more medical intervention and more difficulty coping with pain during their labor and birth. For both groups of women, anxiety was negatively correlated with childbirth expectations, whereas childbirth preparation waspositively correlated with childbirth expectations.
Community Elders
Authors: McCurren Cynthia D. , Hall Lynne A. , Rowles Graham D.
Published: March 2007

This pilot study examined the prevalence and correlates of depressive symptoms among community-dwelling elders 75 years of age and older. Forty subjects were recruited from a research volunteer pool. Cross-sectional data were collected during structured in-home interviews. High depressive symptoms were reported by 10 (25%) of the elders; of these, 8 were males. Depressive symptoms were positively related to the need for instrumental support. Higher depressive symptoms were associated with poorer functional health status and self-rated health and with lower morale, life satisfaction, and quality of life. Nurses working with community-dwelling elders 75 years of age or older should be alert for depressive symptoms among those with indications of poor physical and functional health, and instrumental support needs should be assessed. Further investigation into the age/gender issue as it relates to the development of depressive symptoms is warranted.
The Human/Animal Bond as a Correlate of Family Functioning
Authors: Cox Ruth P.
Published: March 2007

This study investigated whether selected family characteristics are predictive of family functioning. The intent was to examine whether family cohesion and adaptability could be predicted from the characteristics of family education. income, marital status, and level of pet attachment. A survey research design was used to distribute questionnaires to families in therapy in six southeastern states. Findings indicated that 15% of the variance in family adaptability could be significantly (p <.05) accounted for by the combination of family education, income, marital status, and pet attachment. However, variance in family cohesion could not be significantly accounted for by this combination of variables. Family pet attachment was significantly (p < .05) correlated with both family adaptability and family cohesion. Clinical practice implications of these findings for nurses and other health care professionals are discussed, and recommendations for future studies are identified.
Effects of Guided Imagery in Patients with Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema
Authors: Moody Linda E. , Fraser Maureen , Yarandi Hossein
Published: March 2007

Together, chronic bronchitis and emphysema (CBE) ranks as one of the top five leading health problems in the United States. Few nursing interventions have been tested that improve symptom management functional status, and quality of life. This study tested the effects of guided imagery and maximal inspiratory muscle training (MITT) in a group of 10 males and 9 females, 56-75 years old, with moderate CBE. The research tested whether the independent variables, guided imagery and MITT have significant independent and/or interaction effects on the dependent variables functional status, fatigue, dyspnea, depression, mastery, quality of life, perceived health status, and inspiratory muscle strength. Results showed that the psycholoic intervention of guided imagery significantly improved subjects' perceived quality of life. The physiologic intervention of MITT could not be tolerated by subjects, which precluded testing the effects on the dependent variables. Application of study findings to clinical practice and the need for further research are discussed.
Psychosomatic
Authors: Courts Nancy Fleming , Bartol Genevieve M.
Published: March 2007

Words with ambiguous meanings allow or promote uncaring relationships that are destructive to nurses and patients. The term "psychosomatic" is frequently associated with the connotation that the mind affects the body, but disregards the continuous and joint interaction of mind and body. he purpose of this study was to examine the connotative meanings of the term psychosomatic among people who were neither nurses nor physicians. An open-ended questionnaire designed to solicit information about the connotative meanings attached to the word psychosomatic was used to solicit persons. Findings revealed that the majority of subjects held a unidirectional definition of the term; that is, they believed that the mind influences the body but not vice versa. Negative thoughts and feelings were attached to the term. Nurses need to be aware of the meanings that words evoke when communicating with patients.
A Comparison of Three Oral Care Products Commonly Used in Practice
Authors: Foss-Durant Anne M. , McAfee Anne
Published: March 2007

This project compared the efficacy, patient satisfaction, and cost of three commonly used oral care products: lemon glycerin swabs, Mot-Stir swabs, and toothettes (pink sponge applicators) and water. Hospitalized adults who were either required to receive nothing by mouth or who required oxygen were asked to participate in the project Once enrolled, the patients were randomly assigned to one of the three oral care groups. Oral assessments were performed daily, and perceptions of oral comfort were solicited from alert patients. Although the sample size was not large enough to reach statistical significance, a few trends were noted. First, the patients' oral condition generally worsened during the first 3 days but then unproved between Days 4 and 5. Moi-Stirper formed better than either lemon glycerin or toothettes and water, as evidenced by lower Day 4-5 scores. Patients generally liked the swab to which they were assigned.
A Descriptive Study of the Handwashing Environment in a Long-Term Care Facility
Authors: Hattula Joy L. , Stevens Patricia E.
Published: March 2007

The authors present a clinical research project accomplished by a nurse during her first year of practice after graduating from a B. S. N. program. In her caregiving at a long-term care facility subacute unit, she was unable to do proper handwashing. The poorly placed pump-style paper towel dispensers were inadequate for the task She knew that handwashing before and after resident contact is the single most effective infection control measure to prevent nosocomial infections. In consultation with her university professor, she designed and implemented a descriptive study of the facility's handwashing environment She mapped and measured handwashing areas, explained constrictions the environment placed on hand washing technique, collected random cultures from the sinks and dispenser levers, and illustrated for administrative and auxiliary personnel the basic principles of microbiology. Implications for infection prevention and control in long-term care facilities are discussed in light of increased "high-end skilled nursing" being offered in subacute units.
Global Companies, Global Society
Authors: Adler Nancy J.
Published: March 2007

One of the clearest challenges of the 21st century is to create multinational organizations that support an economically vibrant and culturally diverse global society. This article addresses issues raised in September 2001 from the perspective of a Norwegian-based multinational company that is combining its global business strategy with unique, artistically based organizational strategies to create both fiscal and cross-cultural success.
Reconceptualizing Alienation in Management Inquiry
Authors: Prasad Anshuman , Prasad Pushkala
Published: March 2007

This article examines the discourse on alienation with a view to reconceptualizing it in management inquiry. First, the authors offer a detailed analysis of the organizational and managerial discourse on alienation and point out certain limitations, especially those of narrow conceptualization and loss of meaning. Next, the article examines the Western sociophilosophic discourse on alienation and draws out some central ideas that cast alienation in a very different light. Finally, implications for reconceptualizing alienation within management inquiry are drawn.
The Case of the Purloined Journal Article, or on Being at the Receiving End of Academic Dishonesty
Authors: Field Richard H. G.
Published: March 2007

This article deals with my personal experience with a case of academic dishonesty. The first sections focus on what happened when a paper I coauthored was published in another journal under another person's name and with my feelings and actions over the course of subsequent events. The last sections address issues raised by this process and what I would do if it were to happen again.
Management as Usual... Not!
Authors: Shostak Arthur B.
Published: March 2007

The late Kenneth Boulding advised those who would prepare for the future to prepare to be surprised. Five emerging trends promise to do that for corporate leaders and to blindside those least well prepared. Over the next decade or two, America and every other advanced industrial nation will reconsider how much time adults are willing to cede to paid work versus subsidized leisure. They will struggle to accommodate an absolute loss in available jobs as "smart" steel-collar equipment boosts productivity and displaces human workers as never before. They will come to terms with new workplace partners, a species of smarter-than-human "thoughtware" programs. They will confront an unprecedented widening of the gap between two overriding social classes, the Information Haves and the Information Have Nots. And they will find it necessary to recast a bright new national vision superior to the Orwellian vision that otherwise beckons. Although formidable, these five trends are not "laws" and can be revised, altered, and even reversed, provided national will and resources are so focused. To help promote a constructive approach, three specific reforms are linked to each trend, and a strong case is made thereby for farsighted leadership from corporate "'futurists."
Castrating the Female Advantage
Authors: Fletcher Joyce K.
Published: March 2007

This essay is a critique of the `female advantage" as it is currently represented in the management science literature. It draws on recent work in women's psychology to detail the essence of feminine, relational strengths, contrasts this with the instrumental representation of these strengths in the management literature, and names what is missing. It is a critique that suggests that management's diminished portrayal of feminine strengths is in danger of silencing rather than legitimizing women's voice. Finally, it suggests that a fully empowered representation of feminine strengths has the potential to transform organizational theory and practice by giving voice to the powerfulness of relational activity and challenging the preeminence of instrumentality in organizational discourse.
Chaos and Complexity
Authors: Begun James W.
Published: March 2007

Chaos and complexity theory, as developed in mathematics and the natural sciences, has led to major new advances in the understanding of natural phenomena that previously were considered too complex or unpatterned to comprehend. These advances have been slow to filter into organization science. A concerted effort to overcome the built-in inertia and insulation of organization science is needed. Such efforts include investment in new learning-by gatekeepers and a strengthening of ties to the natural sciences. If these efforts are not pursued, organization science will remain scientifically backward and largely irrelevant to the real organizational world.
A Frame for Deframing in Strategic Analysis
Authors: Dunbar Roger L. M. , Garud Raghu , Raghuram Sumita
Published: March 2007

Deframing processes are needed to deal with pervasive change. We describe what is meant by a frame and how strategy analysts develop and rely on frames to help their understanding. We also discuss the limitations of frames and the need in a changing world for people to be able to both frame and deframe to facilitate their understanding. We then present a frame for understanding the deframing process.
The Intervening Hand
Authors: Smith Anne D. , Zeithaml Carl
Published: March 2007

A case study method was used to investigate the regional Bell operating companies (RBOCs) and to develop an inductive model based on their international expansion processes. The model consists of three phases, with two abrupt turning points during the companies' first 8 years of international expansion. The turning points are the result of deliberate top management interventions that provided forward thrust from one phase to the next. Those interventions highlight the role of strategic choice, which had been lacking in previous international expansion models. Given the prominent role of strategic choice, the authors link the international expansion model to the strategy-making process literature and address the larger issue of how new strategic directions are formed within organizations facing industry deregulation.
Management Students as Consultants
Authors: Kenworthy-U'Ren Amy L.
Published: March 2007

Service-learning is an emerging pedagogical tool in management education. Service-learning educators, however, have varying reasons for incorporating these projects into their courses. This article provides an alternative argument to Godfrey's "moral authority" perspective on service-learning integration. The argument put forth in this article describes the underlying rationale for, the constituents involved in, and the potential benefits of students serving as professional consultants to community service organizations. The student-as-consultant framework is founded on the notion that students gain insight into the potential for long-term business/community partnerships through "exposure to and understanding of" community issues. Implications for students, faculty members, university administrators, and community members are discussed.
Development of Continuum Damage Mechanics for Elastic Solids Sustaining Anisotropic and Unilateral Damage
Authors: Chaboche J.-L.
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the phenomenological approach of Continuum Damage Mechanics and the consistent modeling of damaging processes incorporating two specificities:
A Differential CDM Model for Fatigue of Unidirectional Metal Matrix Composites
Authors: Arnold S.M. , Kruch S.
Published: March 2007

A multiaxial, isothermal, continuum damage mechanics model for fatigue of a unidirectional metal matrix composite volume element is presented The model is phenomenological, stress based, and assumes a single scalar internal damage variable, the evolution of which is anisotropic. The development of the fatigue damage model (i.e., evo lutionary law) is based on the definition of an initially transversely isotropic fatigue limit surface, a static fracture surface, and a normalized stress amplitude function. The anisot ropy of these surfaces and function, and therefore the model, is defined through physically meaningful invariants reflecting the local stress and material orientation. This transversely isotropic model is shown, when taken to its isotropic limit, to directly simplify to a previ ously developed and validated isotropic fatigue continuum damage model.
Delinquency among a Sample of Russian Youth: A Test of Power-Control Theory
Authors: Finckenauer James O. , Weidner Robert R. , Terrill William C.
Published: March 2007

Power-control theory purports to explain juvenile delinquency in terms of socioeconomic class, gender, and family structure. To date, it has been developed and investigated only with Canadian and American samples. This paper extends the application of this explanation by using data collected from Russian youths. As part of a 1992 study of legal socialization, a questionnaire was administered to 268 Moscow students. Based upon their responses to items that reflect elements of power-control, we examine the thesis that gender differences in risk orientation and delinquency will vary on the basis of family structure, as that is determined by parental roles in the workplace.
Sex Differences in Job Attribute Preferences among Managers and Business Students
Authors: Konrad Alison M. , Corrigall Elizabeth , Lieb Pamela , Ritchie J. Edgar
Published: March 2007

Meta-analysis of 31 studies examined whether women and men in management and business schools differ in their job attribute preferences. Findings indicated no significant sex differences for 9 of the 21 job attribute preferences studied. The 12 significant sex differences indicated that men considered earnings and responsibility to be more important than women did, whereas women considered prestige, challenge, task significance, variety, growth, job security, good coworkers, a good supervisor, and the physical work environment to be more important than men did. The significant sex differences were small, nine of them having a magnitude of .10 standard deviation units or less. Students showed larger sex differences than managers did, and changes over time showed that women increased their ratings of the importance of four job attributes relative to men. The findings imply that sex differences in job attribute preferences are not an important determinant of women’s lower status in management.
Developing One's Potential: From West to East
Authors: Cooper Cary L. , Levine Ned , Kobayashi Koichiro
Published: March 2007

This study examines the impact of sensitivity training on participants' self- actualization in the United Kingdom, Turkey, and Japan. Although the Japanese and Turkish participants showed less change than the English on the Personal Orientation Inventory, there is some evidence that sensitivity training can be applied to non-Western countries. The results suggest that as the economic and social conditions change and create a cultural environment more favorable to self-actualizing tendencies, individuals will respond more positively to educa tional innovations such as experiential learning groups.
Assessing Communication Competency for Intercultural Adaptation
Authors: Ruben Brent D.
Published: March 2007

One of the recurrent problems associated with interpersonal, group, organizational, and intercultural training in communication is the as sessment of outcomes. An approach is suggested for the evaluation of training and selection of programs utilizing behavioral assessment of participants' communication competence. The method involves the sys tematic collection and analysis of behavioral observation data along one or several predetermined dimensions by one or more observers. Prelimi nary use of pilot instruments indicates that the methodology provides a relatively efficient technique for generating reliable assessments of interactive competence in a variety of social settings. A range of uses of behavioral assessment techniques in communication training are dis cussed, and an application in intercultural adaptation training and selection is explored in some detail.
Planning for Organizational Intervention: The Importance of Existing Socio-Psychological Situations in Organizational Diagnosis
Authors: Armenakis Achilles A. , Bedeian Arthur G. , Niebuhr Robert E.
Published: March 2007

The appropriateness of organizational-change-and-development inter ventions is a function of (a) change-agent orientation, (b) existing organi zational conditions, and (c) employees' perceived ideal organizational conditions. Research evidence on organizational change and develop ment is used to support points "a" and "b." It is argued that perceived ideal organizational conditions are important to change agents because this information provides an indication of organizational members' pref erences. Because the success of organization development depends on employee participation and acceptance, ascertaining the ideal should be of benefit in organizational diagnosis. Data obtained from two different samples indicate that perceptions of the ideal are related to perceptions of existing conditions. Arguments for using the ideal in conjunction with existing organizational conditions are made. In some instances this in formation may suggest coordinating different interventions within an overall OD program in order to achieve the desired objectives.
Group Outcome: The Mediating Influence of Member Goals and Expectations
Authors: Stockton Rex , Stockton Nancy , Dowis Jerome , Douglas John
Published: March 2007

The relationship between the establishment of pregroup goals and post- group assessment of progress toward goals was investigated in ten-week counseling groups in a natural agency setting. For purposes of analysis, 198 group participants were categorized by their selection of three top goals, with interpersonal-relationship and self-confidence goals deter mining the category. The progress-toward-goal post-test revealed more progress on top-ranking goals than on other goals. Less obtrusive seman tic differential scales revealed no differences on post-tests mediated by pretreatment goal selection, but there was across-category gain on the semantic differential post-tests.
Team Training: A Behavior Modification Approach
Authors: Rasmussen Ray V.
Published: March 2007

Increasingly over the last fifteen years the principles of behavior modification have been applied to the management process and to the training area, This article describes an approach to team training based on behavior modification learning principles and describes how it differsfrom other learning approaches and from common practice. While the implications are strongest for off-site and classroom training, there are implications for process comultation with intact teams.
The "High-High" Leader Rides Again!
Authors: Powell Gary N. , Butterfield D. Anthony
Published: March 2007

This study extends earlier attribution research on leadership regard ing the "high-high" effective leader stereotype. Stories depicting man agers using either high-high or low-low leadership styles were rated by 859 business students. For both styles, when group performance was high, managers were seen as engaging in more initiating structure and consideration behavior than when performance was low. The high-high style was also evaluated more favorably than the low-low style, independent of the effect of performance. Combined with results from previous research, these results demonstrate that a view of the effective leader as high-high in behavior is a strongly-held implicit theory of leadership and not a myth as far as observers are concerned. Such a view can be used by leaders to their advantage.
Test of the Path-Goal Theory of Leadership in the Multinational Domain
Authors: Al-Gattan Abduhl-Rahim A.
Published: March 2007

Relationships between leader behaviors and subordinate satisfac tion and performance, moderated by task scope, growth need strength, and locus of control, were tested in Saudi Arabia and the United States. The results appear to support path-goal theory's hy potheses in terms of satisfaction but fail to support them in terms of performance.
The Evolution of an Employee-Training Program
Authors: Mai-Dalton Renate R. , Barnes F. Barry
Published: March 2007

The approach to organization development (OD) that is described in this article is offered as an alternative to a more traditional scientific methodology that has been viewed critically by Beer and Walton and by Burke. According to these researchers, OD projects should place emphasis on long-term involvements with organizations and include contextual variables and system dynamics in the research design. Intuitive skills should be used to sense and observe ongoing changes in the organization that influences the OD work. Flexibility of planned interventions must be a vital part of this process. The article describes the ongoing work of an OD consultant in a rapidly growing service organization ( N ~ 130) during the past 3 years. Bullock and Batten's theoretical framework was used to conduct OD interventions. The article follows the client-consultant relationship from entry to the first diagnosis, first interventions, evaluations of these interventions, and the continuation of this cycle to the current status of the work. Issues addressed in the article include (a) client and consultant goal compatibility, (b) power issues in top management, (c) the need to recognize constraints on the client from its constituents, (d) the readiness of these constituents to accept a new work philosophy, and (e) the need to sense the organization's culture carefully in order to synchronize intraorganizational events, external events, and specific OD interventions.
The Development of Measures of Faculty Scholarship
Authors: Kirkpatrick Shelley A. , Locke Edwin A.
Published: March 2007

Comprehensive and valid measures for evaluating faculty scholarship are needed for two main purposes: appraising the performance of individual faculty and rating business schools and departments. This study reports a methodology for assessing faculty scholarship that, it is argued, represents an improvement over previous approaches. Three sources of scholarship information (articles, citations, and peer ratings) were obtained on each of 2,229 faculty in 32 business schools. The three measures of scholarship were significantly but not perfectly correlated, indicating that combining the three measures would yield a more comprehensive index of scholarship than any one measure alone. Scholarship measures were obtained for faculty in five areas or departments (accounting, finance, management science and statistics, management, and marketing). The effect of weighting for department size was substantial, but the effect of differentially weighting the three components of scholarship was not. The implications for faculty performance appraisal as well as department and business school appraisals are discussed.
The Influence of Gender on the Use and Effectiveness of Managerial Accounts
Authors: Tata Jasmine
Published: March 2007

This study empirically examined a model of the relationships between managerial accounts (explanations), gender of manager, gender of employee, and evaluation of the manager. Results indicated that female managers seemed to use mitigating accounts (that minimize rats to employees' self-esteem) more than male managers, but there were no gender differences in the use of aggravating accounts (that increase heats to employees' self-esteem). Gender of employee also influenced the type of account; female employees reported more mitigating accounts and male employees more aggravating accounts. In addition, male who provided aggravating accounts were evaluated more favorably than female managers using such accounts; there was no difference, however, in evaluations of male and female managers providing mitigating accounts.