bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overview and sample applications of SMILES and Odin-SMR retrievals of upper tropospheric humidity and cloud ice mass
Authors: Eriksson P. , Rydberg B. , Sagawa H. , Johnston M. S. , Kasai Y.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Retrievals of cloud ice mass and humidity from the Superconducting Submillimeter-Wave Limb-Emission Sounder (SMILES) and the Odin-SMR (Sub-Millimetre Radiometer) limb sounder are presented and example applications of the data are given. SMILES data give an unprecedented view of the diurnal variation of cloud ice mass. Mean regional diurnal cycles are reported and compared to some global climate models. Some improvements in the models regarding diurnal timing and relative amplitude were noted, but the models' mean ice mass around 250 hPa is still low compared to the observations. The influence of the ENSO (El Niño–Southern Oscillation) state on the upper troposphere is demonstrated using 12 years of Odin-SMR data. The same retrieval scheme is applied for both sensors, and gives low systematic differences between the two data sets. A special feature of this Bayesian retrieval scheme, of Monte Carlo integration type, is that values are produced for all measurements but for some atmospheric states retrieved values only reflect a priori assumptions. However, this "all-weather" capability allows a direct statistical comparison to model data, in contrast to many other satellite data sets. Another strength of the retrievals is the detailed treatment of "beam filling" that otherwise would cause large systematic biases for these passive cloud ice mass retrievals. The main retrieval inputs are spectra around 635/525 GHz from tangent altitudes below 8/9 km for SMILES/Odin-SMR, respectively. For both sensors, the data cover the upper troposphere between 30° S and 30° N. Humidity is reported as both relative humidity and volume mixing ratio. The vertical coverage of SMILES is restricted to a single layer, while Odin-SMR gives some profiling capability between 300 and 150 hPa. Ice mass is given as the partial ice water path above 260 hPa, but for Odin-SMR ice water content, estimates are also provided. Besides a smaller contrast between most dry and wet cases, the agreement with Aura MLS (Microwave Limb Sounder) humidity data is good. In terms of tropical mean humidity, all three data sets agree within 3.5 %RHi. Mean ice mass is about a factor of 2 lower compared to CloudSat. This deviation is caused by the fact that different particle size distributions are assumed, combined with saturation and a priori influences in the SMILES and Odin-SMR data.
CO2 and CH4 in sea ice from a subarctic fjord under influence of riverine input
Authors: Crabeck O. , Delille B. , Thomas D. , Geilfus N.-X. , Rysgaard S. , Tison J.-L.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. We present the CH4 concentration [CH4], the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) and the total gas content in bulk sea ice from subarctic, land-fast sea ice in the Kapisillit fjord, Greenland. Fjord systems are characterized by freshwater runoff and riverine input and based on δ18O data, we show that > 30% of the surface water originated from periodic river input during ice growth. This resulted in fresher sea-ice layers with higher gas content than is typical from marine sea ice. The bulk ice [CH4] ranged from 1.8 to 12.1 nmol L−1, which corresponds to a partial pressure ranging from 3 to 28 ppmv. This is markedly higher than the average atmospheric methane content of 1.9 ppmv. Evidently most of the trapped methane within the ice was contained inside bubbles, and only a minor portion was dissolved in the brines. The bulk ice pCO2 ranged from 60 to 330 ppmv indicating that sea ice at temperatures above −4 °C is undersaturated compared to the atmosphere (390 ppmv). This study adds to the few existing studies of CH4 and CO2 in sea ice, and we conclude that subarctic seawater can be a sink for atmospheric CO2, while being a net source of CH4.
Detecting groundwater discharge dynamics from point to catchment scale in a lowland stream: combining hydraulic and tracer methods
Authors: Poulsen J. B. , Sebok E. , Duque C. , Tetzlaff D. , Engesgaard P. K.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Detecting, quantifying, and understanding groundwater discharge to streams are crucial for the assessment of water, nutrient and contaminant exchange at the surface water–groundwater interface. In lowland agricultural catchments with significant groundwater discharge this is of particular importance because of the risk of excess leaching of nutrients to streams. Here we aim to combine hydraulic and tracer methods from point to catchment scale to assess the temporal and spatial variability of groundwater discharge in a lowland, groundwater gaining stream in Denmark. At the point scale groundwater fluxes to the stream were quantified based on Vertical streambed Temperature Profiles (VTP). At the reach scale (0.15–2 km) the spatial distribution of zones of focused groundwater discharge was investigated by the use of Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS). Groundwater discharge to the stream was quantified using differential gauging with an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). At the catchment scale (26–114 km2) runoff sources during main rain events were investigated by hydrograph separations based on Electrical Conductivity (EC) and stable isotopes 2H / 1H. Clear differences in runoff sources between catchments were detected, ranging from approximately 65% event water for the most responsive sub-catchment and less than 10% event water for the least responsive sub-catchment. This shows a large variability in groundwater discharge to the stream, despite the similar lowland characteristics of sub-catchments, indicating the usefulness of environmental tracers for obtaining information about integrated catchment functioning during events. There were also clear spatial patterns of focused groundwater discharge detected by the DTS and ADCP measurements at the reach scale suggesting high spatial variability, where a significant part of groundwater discharge was concentrated in few zones indicating the possibility of concentrated nutrient or pollutant transport-zones from nearby agricultural fields. VTP measurements confirmed high groundwater fluxes in the discharge areas found by DTS and ADCP, and this coupling of ADCP, DTS and VTP proposes a novel field methodology to detect areas of focused groundwater discharge with higher resolution.
Debris flows in the Eastern Italian Alps: seasonality and atmospheric circulation patterns
Authors: Nikolopoulos E. I. , Borga M. , Marra F. , Crema S. , Marchi L.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. The work examines the seasonality and large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns of debris flows in the Trentino-Alto Adige region (Eastern Italian Alps). Analysis is based on classification algorithms applied on a uniquely dense archive of debris flows and hourly rain gauge precipitation series covering the period 2000–2009. Results highlight the seasonal and synoptic forcing patterns linked to debris flows in the study area. Summer and fall season account for 92% of the debris flows in the record, while atmospheric circulation characterized by Zonal West, Mixed and Meridional South, Southeast patterns account for 80%. Both seasonal and circulation patterns exhibit geographical preference. In the case of seasonality, there is a strong north–south separation of summer–fall dominance while spatial distribution of dominant circulation patterns exhibits clustering, with both Zonal West and Mixed prevailing in the northwest and central east part of the region, while the southern part relates to Meridional South, Southeast pattern. Seasonal and synoptic pattern dependence is pronounced also on the debris flow triggering rainfall properties. Examination of rainfall intensity–duration thresholds derived for different data classes (according to season and synoptic pattern) revealed a distinct variability in estimated thresholds. These findings imply a certain control on debris-flow events and can therefore be used to improve existing alert systems.
The DIM Antithesis
Authors: Hardin Dennis C.
Published: December 2014

Leonard Peikoff's “DIM Hypothesis” demonstrates that man's cognitive need for integration is important historically. It reflects the motive power of philosophy, of man's need to understand the world. But Peikoff's theory lacks predictive power for America's future. Today's knowledge-based economy enables the average person to enjoy enhanced cognitive control over his or her life. Technology has transformed the American work experience in ways that teach one crucial connection: between the productive use of the mind (i.e., thinking, judgment) and human survival. This emerging cognitive self-confidence mitigates the philosophical void left by cultural nihilism and creates an intellectual barrier to authoritarianism.
What's in Your File Folder?
Authors: Bissell Roger E.
Published: December 2014

The author contends that the Objectivist epistemology has lacked a viable model of propositional knowledge for nearly fifty years, due to neglect of Rand's unit-perspective view of concepts. This pioneering insight, he says, not only is an essential building block of her concept theory, but also welds together the three levels of logical theory and provides the clearest X-ray picture of our multilayered conceptual knowledge. Using the unit-perspective to expand Rand's theory of concepts, the author then devises a theory of the proposition, giving considerable attention to axioms and statements about nonexistent subjects.
Entre utopie et père du socialisme : réceptions de Robert Owen en Grande-Bretagne
Authors: Siméon Ophélie
Published: December 2014

Le présent article examine la postérité de Robert Owen (1771-1858) au sein de la gauche britannique, entre mythification et conflits d’interprétation non résolus. Le principal point d’achoppement concerne la critique marxiste de l’owénisme, qui a rattaché de façon canonique la pensée d’Owen au champ du « socialisme utopique ». Nous posons que, depuis la fin du XIXesiècle, les socialistes modérés ont utilisé Owen contre Marx afin de fonder une tradition politique nationale, sans pour autant parvenir à dépasser un horizon utopique toujours sous-jacent.
L’entrepreneuriat social en France : un renouvellement des discours et des pratiques au sein du secteur associatif ?
Authors: Gérome Clément
Published: December 2014

L’article entend questionner l’émergence et le développement de la thématique de l’entrepreneuriat social en France en analysant plus particulièrement les activités menées par les membres du Mouvement des entrepreneurs sociaux (Mouves). Quelles sont les propriétés sociales des « entrepreneurs sociaux » regroupés au sein du Mouves, quelles sont leurs visions du monde ? Quelles tensions leurs discours et leurs pratiques suscitent-ils auprès des représentants du secteur de l’économie sociale et solidaire (ESS) ? Dit autrement, cette communication analyse comment la mobilisation de la thématique de l’entrepreneuriat social par les membres du Mouves contribue à renouveler les discours et les pratiques au sein du champ de l’ESS – et plus particulièrement du secteur associatif – dans un contexte de reconfiguration de l’action de l’État social.
Utopiques alliances ? La construction de la cohérence discursive des mobilisations autour des circuits courts en Pays basque
Authors: Gomez Armelle , Itçaina Xabier
Published: December 2014

Parmi les utopies économiques contemporaines, les circuits courts alimentaires se situent au confluent de deux phénomènes de politisation concernant respectivement les sphères de la consommation et les sphères productives. L’article revient sur les dynamiques de construction d’un discours commun autour de ces initiatives sur le plan local (ici le Pays basque français) articulé à celui des organisations présentes sur la scène internationale. L’expérience des circuits courts, en s’ouvrant au consommateur, actualise une politisation ancienne du développement agricole et territorial en Pays basque. La rencontre entre producteurs et consommateurs, présentée par les acteurs comme allant de soi, résulte d’un travail de construction d’un univers de sens commun à partir de répertoires de justification distincts.
Linéaments d’une phénoménologie des passions chez Ricoeur
Authors: Hardy Jean-Sébastien
Published: December 2014

Cet article se donne pour tâche de reconstruire le projet d’une phénoménologie des passions formulé par Ricoeur au début des années 50, projet pourtant délaissé ensuite. Après avoir explicité les motifs de cet abandon en les rapportant à la position du jeune Ricoeur face à la phénoménologie husserlienne, nous chercherons à montrer que ce dernier fournit néanmoins une définition proprement phénoménologique de l’affectivité passionnelle, qui ressaisit les passions selon leur intentionnalité spécifique et leur renvoi systématique à des passions originaires. Sur cette base, il s’agira enfin de mettre en lumière la relecture ricoeurienne de l’anthropologie kantienne des passions, qui culmine dans la thèse d’une fonction constituante des passions fondamentales (avoir, pouvoir et valoir) dans le rapport au monde vécu.
Diversity of Indigenous Fruit Tree Species in Selected Local Communities of Echague, Isabela, Philippines
Authors: RAMOS HELEN C. , TEMANEL FLORENDA B.
Published: December 2014

Indigenous fruit trees play a vital role in crop diversification and agroforestrysystem. It is also considered as a source of food and nutrition, and contributesto the income of rural people. However, indigenous fruit trees face deforestationand genetic erosion. Hence, this study determined the diversity of indigenousfruit tree species in selected local communities in Echague, Isabela. Selection ofstudy areas were based on the presence of target fruit tree species, peace and ordersituation, and accessibility. Sampling areas were determined using Point-CenterQuarter Method (PCQM).Identification of fruit tree species present in thedifferent areas was done to its species name. Collected representative plants were brought to the laboratory for identification and preservation. There were 21 fruit tree species identified belonging to the family Annonaceae, Rutaceae, Myrtaceae,Sapindaceae, Sapotaceae, Lauraceae, Moraceae, Anacardiaceae, Ebenaceae,Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae, and Oxalidaceae. The species common to all thestudy areas are Annonamuricata L., Psidiumguajava L., Artocarpus heterophyllusLam., Citrus maxima (Merr.), Diospyros blancoi A. DC., and Sandoricum koetjape(Burm.f.) Merr. All the species identified occur sparingly in the different studyareas. These areas have distinct dominant and important fruit tree species. Speciesdiversity is high as shown by the different diversity parameters.Keywords: Ecology, indigenous fruit trees, dominant species, important species, speciesrichness, species diversity, abundance, density, frequency, Isabela, Philippines
Overview of Different Mechanisms of Arrestin‐Mediated Signaling
Authors: Gurevich Vsevolod V. , Gurevich Eugenia V.
Published: December 2014

Arrestins are characterized by their ability to selectively bind active, phosphorylated GPCRs and suppress (arrest) receptor coupling to G proteins. Nonvisual arrestins are also signaling proteins in their own right, activating a variety of cellular pathways. Arrestins are highly flexible proteins that can assume many distinct conformations. In their receptor‐bound conformation, arrestins have higher affinity for a subset of partners. This explains how receptor activation regulates certain branches of arrestin‐dependent signaling via arrestin recruitment to GPCRs. However, free arrestins are also active molecular entities that act in other pathways and localize signaling proteins to particular subcellular compartments, such as cytoskeleton. These functions are regulated by the enhancement or reduction of arrestin affinity for target proteins by other binding partners and by proteolytic cleavage. Recent findings suggest that the two visual arrestins, arrestin‐1 and arrestin‐4, which are expressed in photoreceptor cells, do not regulate signaling solely via binding to photopigments but also interact with a variety of nonreceptor partners, critically affecting the health and survival of photoreceptor cells. Detailed in this overview are GPCR‐dependent and independent modes of arrestin‐mediated regulation of cellular signaling pathways. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Modeling Human Liver Cancer Heterogeneity: Virally Induced Transgenic Models and Mouse Genetic Models of Chronic Liver Inflammation
Authors: Ringelhan Marc , Reisinger Florian , Yuan Detian , Weber Achim , Heikenwalder Mathias
Published: December 2014

In addition to being the most common primary liver cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second most common cause of cancer‐related death in humans. Treatment options are limited for this chemoresistant cancer, with liver transplantation and surgical intervention in early stages being the most successful treatments. Drug development over the past 15 years has focused on generating mouse models that mimic the human pathology for HCC. This has enabled the laboratory testing of potentially new human therapeutics. Described in this unit are the classification of HCC and an overview of hepatitis virus‐related transgenic and genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) that are employed for elucidating the mechanism(s) responsible for the development of HCC, with particular emphasis on genetic, dietary, and environmental factors. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A High‐Content Assay for Biosensor Validation and for Examining Stimuli that Affect Biosensor Activity
Authors: Slattery Scott D. , Hahn Klaus M.
Published: December 2014

Biosensors are valuable tools used to monitor many different protein behaviors in vivo. Demand for new biosensors is high, but their development and characterization can be difficult. During biosensor design, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of different biosensor structures on specificity, brightness, and fluorescence responses. By co‐expressing the biosensor with upstream proteins that either stimulate or inhibit the activity reported by the biosensor, one can determine the difference between the biosensor's maximally activated and inactivated state, and examine response to specific proteins. We describe here a method for biosensor validation in a 96‐well plate format using an automated microscope. This protocol produces dose‐response curves, enables efficient examination of many parameters, and unlike cell suspension assays, allows visual inspection (e.g., for cell health and biosensor or regulator localization). Optimization of single‐chain and dual‐chain Rho GTPase biosensors is addressed, but the assay is applicable to any biosensor that can be expressed or otherwise loaded in adherent cells. The assay can also be used for purposes other than biosensor validation, using a well‐characterized biosensor as a readout for effects of upstream molecules. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Density cavity formation through nonlinear interaction of 3‐D inertial Alfvén wave and ion acoustic wave
Authors: Sharma R. P. , Yadav N. , Pathak N.
Published: December 2014

Density cavities having transverse‐scale size of the order of electron inertial length have been observed in auroral ionosphere by Freja spacecraft. In the present study, density cavity formation in auroral regions has been investigated using numerical simulation techniques. Nonlinear interaction of inertial Alfvén waves and ion acoustic waves has been suggested as a possible mechanism to apprehend density cavity formation in auroral regions. In the proposed mechanism, strong modification in the density profile takes place due to the ponderomotive force of inertial Alfvén waves and accounts for these density depleted regions. In literature also, it has been demonstrated that these cavities are associated with the ponderomotive forces of inertial Alfvén wave. Our presented model also attempts to understand the salient features of auroral density cavities which are reported in literature from the analysis of data available from FAST spacecraft. Relevance of obtained results with observations in auroral ionosphere has also been discussed.
Probing Small‐Molecule Microarrays with Tagged Proteins in Cell Lysates
Authors: Pop Marius S. , Wassaf Dina , Koehler Angela N.
Published: December 2014

The technique of small‐molecule microarray (SMM) screening is based on the ability of small molecules to bind to various soluble proteins. This type of interaction is easily detected by the presence of a fluorescence signal produced by labeled antibodies that specifically recognize a unique sequence (tag) present on the target protein. The fluorescent signal intensity values are determined based on signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNRs). SMM screening is a high‐throughput, unbiased method that can rapidly identify novel direct ligands for various protein targets. This binding‐based assay format is generally applicable to most proteins, but it is especially useful for protein targets that do not possess an enzymatic activity. SMMs enable screening a protein in a purified form or in the context of a cellular lysate, likely providing a more physiologically relevant screening environment. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Approximating the Aggregate Claims Distribution
Authors: Hardy Mary R.
Published: December 2014

In this article, we discuss approximation methods for aggregate claims distributions. The methods discussed are the normal approximation; the translated gamma approximation; Bowers' gamma approximation; the normal power approximation; Haldane's method; the Wilson–Hilferty approximation and the Esscher approximation. Worked examples are included, using a compound Poisson distribution with Pareto secondary distribution.
Beekman's Convolution Formula
Authors: Kaas Rob
Published: December 2014

Beekman's convolution formula provides a means to compute the classical ruin probability by relating it to a compound geometric distribution.
Fluctuation Reserves
Authors: Pentikäinen Teivo
Published: December 2014

Fluctuation reserve is a provision aimed to be a buffer against claims fluctuation and to offer means for transferring profits from advantageous years to periods of losses.
Remington, Richard D
Authors: Woolson R. F.
Published: December 2014

Richard Remington (1931–1992) was a leading public health statistician who played a major role in linking biostatistics and epidemiology to public health research and policy. He held senior appointments at the Universities of Michigan, Texas, and Iowa. At Iowa, he served as Interim President of the University in 1987–1988 and founded the Institute for Health, Behavior, and Environmental Policy in 1992. He had a major research interest in the public health impact of hypertension and served on many NIH committees. He coauthored, with M.A. Schork, a popular textbook.
Schneiderman, Marvin Arthur
Authors: Levin David L.
Published: December 2014

M.A. Schneiderman (1918–1997) was a statistician and scientific administrator at the US National Cancer Institute from 1948 to 1980. His research covered topics in dose–response curve analysis, clinical trials in cancer, multistage biological screening programs, and sequential methods. After 1980, he was actively engaged in the monitoring and development of legislation for environmental and toxicologic issues.
S
oper,
H
erbert
E
dward
Authors: Armitage Peter
Published: December 2014

Soper published early papers on the distribution of the correlation coefficient, but is best known for his book describing the use of probability generating functions and his later work on the epidemiology of measles.
Spiegelman, Mortinmer
Authors: Pollack Earl
Published: December 2014

Mortimer Spiegelman was an important contributor to biostatistics, particularly in the areas of
demography
and public health. His major contribution to the field of public health and epidemiology came toward the end of his career when he conceived of, coordinated, edited, and carried to a successful conclusion the publication of a series of monographs sponsored by the
American Public Health Association
(APHA) and published by the Harvard University Press. Each monograph pertained to a specific set of diseases in which the 1960
Census
was used in a standard way as the denominator for
rates
of disease. In his role as editor of this series, he used his considerable powers of persuasion with the authors of the monographs to ensure comparability among them and to make certain that the work on each was completed. Sixteen monographs resulted from this effort, covering a wide range of topics.
F
leiss,
J
oseph
L
Authors: Shrout Patrick E. , Begg Melissa D.
Published: December 2014

Joseph L. Fleiss was a biostatistician who made important contributions to the analysis of diagnostic reliability, clinical trials, and categorical data. He was born on November 13, 1937, in Brooklyn, New York, and he died on June 12, 2003, in Ridgewood, New Jersey. This encyclopedia entry describes his impact on research in psychiatry, dentistry, and cardiology and traces his career as a researcher, professor, and department chair at Columbia University in New York City. It highlights Fleiss's impact on clinical trials and as an author of more than 200 scientific papers and of accessible biostatistics texts on rates and proportions, and on clinical trials.
Controlling the Dominant Length Scale of Liquid–Liquid Phase Separation in Spin‐coated Organic Semiconductor Films
Authors: van Franeker Jacobus J. , Westhoff Daniel , Turbiez Mathieu , Wienk Martijn M. , Schmidt Volker , Janssen René A. J.
Published: December 2014

Organic electronic devices are often made by solution processing a multi‐component ink. During solution processing, for example, via spin coating, the solvent evaporates and the solid components deposit on the substrate. The morphology of this layer can range from well‐mixed to extensively phase separated. To optimize device performance, it is essential to control the degree and dominant length scale of phase separation. Currently, the mechanism of phase separation induced by solvent evaporation is poorly understood. It has been shown that length scales are influenced by spin speed, drying time, final layer thickness and the ratio between the solid components, but a complete experimental dataset and consistent theoretical understanding are lacking. In this contribution, in situ measurements during spin coating and a simple numerical model are used to understand the drying process. In addition, an advanced image analysis of transmission electron micrographs of films processed under a wide range of processing conditions is carried out. A normalized drying rate is proposed as the key parameter that controls the dominant length scale of phase separation.
Ultrathin Iron Oxide Nanowhiskers as Positive Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Macher Thomas , Totenhagen John , Sherwood Jennifer , Qin Ying , Gurler Demet , Bolding Mark S. , Bao Yuping
Published: December 2014

In this paper, a highly innovative concept of using ultrathin iron oxide nanowhiskers as a positive (T1) contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is demonstrated. Iron oxide nanowhiskers with dimensions of approximately 2 nm × 20 nm are synthesized by heating an iron oleate/oleylamine complex under 150 °C. These nanostructures have very high surface‐to‐volume ratios, leading to strong paramagnetic signal, a property suitable for T1 contrast in MRI. The positive contrast enhancement of these nanowhiskers is demonstrated in vitro and in vivo in a rat model. Successful development of this technology has substantial commercial value in biomedical imaging, potentially leading to the advancement of human healthcare technologies.
Improvement of the mechanical properties of chitosan‐alginate wound dressings containing silver through the addition of a biocompatible silicone rubber
Authors: Pires Ana Luiza Resende , Moraes Ângela Maria
Published: December 2014

The benefits of associating chitosan with alginate for the production of wound dressings are well documented. However, the mechanical resistance of these devices is limited. This work aimed to improve the mechanical properties of chitosan‐alginate membranes both with and without the microbicide agent AlphaSan® RC2000 (silver sodium hydrogen zirconium phosphate) by incorporating the liquid silicone rubber Silpuran® 2130 A/B. Membranes containing AlphaSan® RC2000 but without Silpuran® 2130 A/B have increased opacity, thickness, and water absorption, but low stability in water and tensile strength. The silicone gel remained in the structure of the formulations even after successive washing steps and its inclusion in the membranes reduced their thickness and swelling in aqueous media, improving their homogeneity, adhesiveness, stability, tensile strength, and flexibility. Thus, the addition of Silpuran® 2130 A/B proved to contribute positively to many relevant, particularly mechanical, properties of chitosan‐alginate wound dressings whether or not they contained AlphaSan® RC2000. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41686.
Feather‐like morphology of poly(methyl methacrylate)/poly(ethylene oxide) blends: The effect of cooling rate and poly(methyl methacrylate) content
Authors: Luo Chunyan , Chen Weixing , Gao Ying
Published: December 2014

The effect of cooling rate on the crystallization morphology and growth rate of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and PEO/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blends has been observed by Hot Stage Polarized Microscopy (HS‐POM). The isothermal crystallization kinetics study was carried out by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The spherulite morphology has been observed for the neat PEO with molecular weight of 6000 g/mol. By adding of PMMA with molecular weight of 39,300 g/mol, the growth fronts become irregular. With the increasing of PMMA content, the irregularity of growth front becomes more obvious, and the feather‐like morphology can be observed. When PMMA content is 60%, the spherulite is seriously destroyed. This phenomenon is more obvious for the slow cooling process. Based on the measurement of spherulite, the growth rate curves were obtained. According to the curves, it can be seen that the growth rate decreases with the increasing of PMMA content, and the growth rate during the slow cooling process is higher than that of the fast cooling process. The isothermal crystallization experiment indicates that the crystallization rate decreases dramatically with the increasing of PMMA content. And the Avrami parameter n was obtained, which is non‐integral and less than 3. Finally, it can be concluded that the higher value of n can be obtained for the condition with low crystallization rate. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41705.
An Interacting Multiple Model Approach for State Estimation with Non‐Gaussian Noise Using a Variational Bayesian Method
Authors: Shen Chen , Xu Dingjie , Huang Wei , Shen Feng
Published: December 2014

The conventional interacting multiple models (IMM) approach for a hybrid system under the Gaussian assumption is limited for most real applications due to the noisy measurements often being in the presence of outliers. This paper aims at accommodating the IMM approach to the non‐Gaussian cases where outliers exist. In the proposed IMM algorithm, the Student‐t distribution is used to model the non‐Gaussian measurement noise. At the interaction step, the mixed statistics of the noise parameter under a Bayesian framework are obtained via a Gamma approximation and a recently reported moments matching method. To address the state noise‐coupled intractability in Bayesian filtering, a variational Bayesian method is utilized to approximate the posterior distributions of the noise and state recursively. The proposed algorithm is tested with a maneuvering target tracking example and is shown to be robust to the outliers.
Evapotranspiration comparisons between eddy covariance measurements and meteorological and remote‐sensing‐based models in disturbed ponderosa pine forests
Authors: Ha Wonsook , Kolb Thomas E. , Springer Abraham E. , Dore Sabina , O'Donnell Frances C. , Martinez Morales Rodolfo , Masek Lopez Sharon , Koch George W.
Published: December 2014

Evapotranspiration (ET) comprises a major portion of the water budget in forests, yet few studies have measured or estimated ET in semi‐arid, high‐elevation ponderosa pine forests of the south‐western USA or have investigated the capacity of models to predict ET in disturbed forests. We measured actual ET with the eddy covariance (eddy) method over 4 years in three ponderosa pine forests near Flagstaff, Arizona, that differ in disturbance history (undisturbed control, wildfire burned, and restoration thinning) and compared these measurements (415–510 mm year−1on average) with actual ET estimated from five meteorological models [Penman–Monteith (P‐M), P‐M with dynamic control of stomatal resistance (P‐M‐d), Priestley–Taylor (P‐T), McNaughton–Black (M‐B), and Shuttleworth–Wallace (S‐W)] and from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) ET product. The meteorological models with constant stomatal resistance (P‐M, M‐B, and S‐W) provided the most accurate estimates of annual eddy ET (average percent differences ranged between 11 and −14%), but their accuracy varied across sites. The P‐M‐d consistently underpredicted ET at all sites. The more simplistic P‐T model performed well at the control site (18% overprediction) but strongly overpredicted annual eddy ET at the restoration sites (92%) and underpredicted at the fire site (−26%). The MODIS ET underpredicted annual eddy ET at all sites by at least 51% primarily because of underestimation of leaf area index. Overall, we conclude that with accurate parameterization, micrometeorological models can predict ET within 30% in forests of the south‐western USA and that remote sensing‐based ET estimates need to be improved through use of higher resolution products. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acyclic triene metathesis (ATMET) miniemulsion polymerization of linseed oil produces polymer nanoparticles with comparable molecular weight to that of bulk reactions
Authors: de O. Romera Cristian , Cardoso Priscilla B. , Meier Michael A. R. , Sayer Claudia , Araújo Pedro H. H.
Published: December 2014

Acyclic triene metathesis (ATMET) polymerizations of linseed oil were performed in bulk and miniemulsion to evaluate the activity of different types of ruthenium‐based catalysts (Grubbs 1st and 2nd generations, Hoveyda–Grubbs 2nd generation and Umicore M2) in both systems. Miniemulsion polymerizations with a nonionic surfactant resulted in polymer nanoparticles with an average size around 200 nm. The number‐average molecular weight (Mn) of the polymers, approximately 6 kDa, obtained by linseed oil metathesis miniemulsion polymerizations was found to be comparable to linseed oil metathesis bulk reactions if Umicore M2 and Hoveyda–Grubbs 2nd generation catalysts and nonionic surfactants were used. The presence of oleic acid moieties and saturated fatty acids in linseed oil limited the molecular weight increase and cross‐linking, since they act as chain‐stoppers. On the other hand, ATMET homopolymerization of glyceryl triundec‐10‐enoate (UDTG) with terminal double bonds led to a massive gel formation due to the three highly reactive terminal double bonds per molecule. Increasing the amount of linseed oil in ATMET copolymerization between linseed oil and UDTG resulted in lower gel content.

Practical applications: Naturally occurring renewable plant oils as raw materials, without prior chemical modifications, are a very attractive alternative to fossil reserves. Linseed oil contains about 90% unsaturated fatty acids. This property makes it suitable for ATMET polymerization, including the miniemulsion technique, allowing the synthesis of branched macromolecular nanoparticles. The ratio of linseed oil and glyceryl triundec‐10‐enoate (UDTG) in ATMET copolymerization can tune the gel content, as the presence of oleic acid moieties and saturated fatty acids in linseed oil limits the cross‐linking.

Branched macromolecule nanoparticles were obtained by ATMET miniemulsion polymerization of linseed oil.
Aftershock seismic assessment taking into account postmainshock residual drifts
Authors: Ruiz‐García Jorge , Aguilar Julio D.
Published: December 2014

This paper introduces and evaluates a methodology for the aftershock seismic assessment of buildings taking explicitly into account residual drift demands after the mainshock (i.e., postmainshock residual interstory drifts,RIDRo). The methodology is applied to a testbed four‐story steel moment‐resisting building designed with modern seismic design provisions when subjected to a set of near‐fault mainshock–aftershock seismic sequences that induce five levels ofRIDRo. Once the postmainshock residual drift is induced to the building model, a postmainshock incremental dynamic analysis is performed under each aftershock to obtain its collapse capacity and its capacity associated to demolition (i.e., the capacity to reach or exceed a 2% residual drift). The effect of additional sources of stiffness and strength (i.e., interior gravity frames and slab contribution) and the polarity of the aftershocks are examined in this study. Results of this investigation show that the collapse potential under aftershocks strongly depends on the modeling approach (i.e., the aftershock collapse potential is modified when additional sources of lateral stiffness and strength are included in the analytical model). Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the aftershock capacity associated to demolition (i.e., the aftershock collapse capacity associated to a residual interstory drift that leads to an imminent demolition) is lower than that of the aftershock collapse capacity, which mean that this parameter should be a better measure of the building residual capacity against aftershocks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human‐induced sedimentation patterns of a channelized lowland river
Authors: Ciszewski Dariusz , Czajka Agnieszka
Published: December 2014

Channelization of the severely polluted Odra and Vistula Rivers in Poland induced intensive accumulation of fine‐grained deposits rich in organic matter and heavy metals. These sediments have been identified in vertical profiles in a narrow zone along river banks both in groyne‐created basins and on the floodplain. Grain size, organic matter, zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), copper (Cu) content and cesium‐137 (137Cs) was used for sediment dating and, stratigraphy and chemistry have been diagnostic features for these deposits, named industrial alluvium. In the most polluted river reaches stabilized by bank reinforcements and groynes, 2‐m‐thick slack water groyne deposits are composed of uniform strata of polluted silts with organic matter content over 10%, Zn content over 1000 mg/kg and average Cu and Pb over 100 mg/kg. The average rate of sediment accretion in groynes is higher than on the floodplain and reaches 5 cm/yr. Stratification which appears at higher levels in the groyne fields and on the levees reflects a change from in‐channel to overbank deposition and is typified by dark layers separated by bright, sandy, and less polluted strata. Stratified, 4‐m‐thick, sediment sequences have been found in groyne fields of incised river reaches. The average rate of sediment accretion in these reaches is of the order of 5 cm/yr. In stable and relatively less polluted river reaches, vertical‐accretion organic deposits are finely laminated and the average rate of deposition amounts to a few millimeters per year. Investigations indicate that groyne construction favors conditions for long‐term storage of sediments at channel banks. For this reason, groynes should be considered as structures that efficiently limit sudden release of sediment‐associated heavy metals stored in channels and in floodplains of the historically polluted rivers. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Southeast Collector Project – Procurement of TBMs by the client / Southeast Collector Project – Beistellung der TBMs durch den Bauherrn
Authors: Urschitz Gerhard J.
Published: December 2014

The “Southeast Collector” project, a 15 km long sewer tunnel in the York Region east of Toronto, Canada, has a special feature in that the four TBMs for boring the tunnel are being provided by the client. This holds many unusual situations and challenges concerning on the one hand the risk distribution and on the other hand the construction dynamics. The article intends to discuss the motivations as well as the advantages and disadvantages of this concept through the example of this project, diverse research and available references. It finally attempts to find answers to the questions where and when the procurement of tunnel boring machines by the client may be appropriate.

Das Projekt “Southeast Collector”, ein 15 km langer Abwasserstollen in der York Region östlich von Toronto, Kanada, zeichnet sich durch eine Besonderheit aus, nämlich, dass die vier TBMs für den Vortrieb durch den Bauherrn bereitgestellt werden. Diese Situation birgt viele Ungewöhnlichkeiten und Herausforderungen in sich, was sich einerseits in der Risikoverteilung, aber andererseits in der Ausführungsdynamik widerspiegelt. Es wird versucht anhand dieses Projekts, diverser Nachforschungen und bestehender Literatur die Motivation, die Vor‐ und Nachteile und Herausforderungen dieses Konzepts zu erarbeiten, um schlussendlich Antworten zu finden, wo und wann die Beistellung von Vortriebsmaschinen durch den Bauherrn sinnvoll erscheinen mag.
The Fréjus rescue tunnel / Rettungsstollen Fréjus
Authors: Götz David
Published: December 2014

In order to upgrade to the latest safety regulations, a rescue tunnel is being constructed parallel to the existing 12.9 km long, single bore Fréjus Tunnel. A particular challenge to the mechanised tunnel drive is the alignment through squeezing rock mass in places. In order to overcome the squeezing sections, various technical and organisational measures have been implemented during the course of the project.

Zur Anpassung an die aktuellen Sicherheitsvorschriften wird parallel zum 12,9 km langen, einröhrigen Fréjus Tunnel ein Rettungsstollen gebaut. Eine besondere Herausforderung ist der Verlauf des maschinellen Vortriebs durch stellenweise drückendes Gebirge. Zur Bewältigung der druckhaften Abschnitte wurden im Laufe des Projekts verschiedene technische und organisatorische Maßnahmen umgesetzt.
Application examples for tendering models to promote partnership at the TIWAG / Praxisbeispiele für partnerschaftsfördernde Vergabemodelle bei der TIWAG
Authors: Mitteregger Klaus , Deisl Franz
Published: December 2014

The TIWAG – Tiroler Wasserkraft AG has started to implement new ideas to find the best bidder for the construction project “New construction of penstock and surge tank at the Kaunertal power station” and the design project “Tender and construction design of the extension of the Kirchbichl power station”. The article describes the constraints and course of action of the procedure and also refers to the Austrian partnership model VIP. For the future tendering of drill and blast and mechanised underground construction works, the TIWAG is interested in a clear delineation of spheres in the payment of geologically induced costs; the first ideas for this purpose are described.

Die TIWAG‐Tiroler Wasserkraft AG hat mit dem Projekt “Neubau Druckschacht und Wasserschloss Kraftwerk Kaunertal” bei Bauleistungen sowie für Planungsleistungen mit dem Projekt “Ausschreibungs‐ und Ausführungsplanung Erweiterung Kraftwerk Kirchbichl” begonnen, neue Ideen in der Bestbieterfindung umzusetzen. Ziel war es, für die Projektrealisierung einen gleichberechtigten Partner zu finden. Im Beitrag werden die Randbedingungen, der Ablauf es Verfahrens sowie ein Bezug zum VIP dargestellt. Für zukünftige Ausschreibungen von zyklischen und kontinuierlichen Untertagebaumaßnahmen befasst sich die TIWAG mit einer klaren Sphärentrennung bei der Vergütung von geologisch induzierten Kosten; erste Ideen dazu werden vorgestellt.
Dealing With Missing Behavioral Endpoints in Health Promotion Research by Modeling Cognitive Parameters in Cost‐Effectiveness Analyses of Behavioral Interventions: A Validation Study
Authors: Prenger Rilana , Pieterse Marcel E. , Braakman‐Jansen Louise M. A. , Feenstra Talitha L. , Smit Eline S. , Hoving Ciska , de Vries Hein , van Ommeren Jan‐Kees , Evers Silvia M. A. A. , van der Palen Job
Published: December 2014

Cost‐effectiveness analyses (CEAs) of behavioral interventions typically use physical outcome criteria. However, any progress in cognitive antecedents of behavior change may be seen as a beneficial outcome of an intervention. The aim of this study is to explore the feasibility and validity of incorporating cognitive parameters of behavior change in CEAs.

The CEA from a randomized controlled trial on smoking cessation was reanalyzed. First, relevant cognitive antecedents of behavior change in this dataset were identified. Then, transition probabilities between combined states of smoking and cognitions at 6 weeks and corresponding 6 months smoking status were obtained from the dataset. These rates were extrapolated to the period from 6 to 12 months in a decision analytic model. Simulated results were compared with the 12 months' observed cost‐effectiveness results.

Self‐efficacy was the strongest time‐varying predictor of smoking cessation. Twelve months' observed CEA results for the multiple tailoring intervention versus usual care showed €3188 had to be paid for each additional quitter versus €10,600 in the simulated model.

The simulated CEA showed largely similar but somewhat more conservative results. Using self‐efficacy to enhance the estimation of the true behavioral outcome seems a feasible and valid way to estimate future cost‐effectiveness. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling Volatility Spillover Effects Between Developed Stock Markets and Asian Emerging Stock Markets
Authors: Li Yanan , Giles David E.
Published: December 2014

This paper examines the linkages of stock markets across the USA, Japan and six Asian developing countries: China, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand over the period 1 January 1993 to 31 December 2012. The volatility spillover is modelled through an asymmetric multivariate generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic model. We find significant unidirectional shock and volatility spillovers from the US market to both the Japanese and the Asian emerging markets. It is also found that the volatility spillovers between the US market and the Asian markets are stronger and bidirectional during the Asian financial crisis. Further, during the last 5 years, the linkages between the Japanese market and the Asian emerging markets became more apparent. Our paper contributes to the literature by examining both the long‐run and the short‐run periods and focusing on shock and volatility spillovers rather than return spillovers, which have been the primary focus of most other studies. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence‐Based Teaching in Higher Education: Application to Counselor Education
Authors: Malott Krista M. , Hall K. Hridaya , Sheely‐Moore Angela , Krell Megan M. , Cardaciotto LeeAnn
Published: December 2014

The authors examined best practices in university‐level teaching, as premised on the evidence‐based teaching (EBT) literature found in fields external to counselor education. Findings were reported in relation to 3 areas: developing an effective learning environment, structuring intentional learning experiences, and assessing teaching effectiveness. Implications regarding the training of doctoral‐level counselor educators using EBT practices are discussed.