bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Title	Identity of Name(s) As a Crucial Problem in Name Studies, or: Towards the Recognition of Onymic Identity As a Principal Onomastic Concept
Authors: Brendler Silvio
Published: September 2020

In general, identity plays an increasingly important role in name studies. People consider their personal name(s) to be part of their identity, after all. And no less importantly from the onomastic perspective, cultural, social, ethnic or national identity is at least to some extent related to names. So name students utilize names as markers of cultural, social, ethnic or national identity. On the other hand, name studies have in particular neglected to deal explicitly with identity of name(s). As a problem it has, however, been implicitly present from the very beginning of modern name studies. So this paper introduces identity of name(s) as a crucial problem of name studies that is worth, and indeed in need of, being explicitly recognized as a principal onomastic concept. Nomematics, an identity-theoretical framework based upon a dynamic model of language, is applied to achieve this purpose. It is shown that only the various manifestations of one and the same name are identical, with the nomeme serving as an identification schema. Onymic entities (the various manifestations of names) are identical if and only if they match the identification schema (criterion of identity).
Naming Me, Naming You. Personal Names, Online Signatures and Cultural Meaning
Authors: Hagström Charlotte
Published: September 2020

Every day we talk and speak and chat to people. We write and listen to each other, refer to each other, describe to each other what we and others have done and said. Doing this, we sometimes use our given names, sometimes we go by our nicknames, which often indicate or clarify who we are or are made up by ourselves to draw other people's attention. Nicknames can be official or informal, known by many or only by a few, real monikers or made up pseudonyms or signatures. Where ever there are people there are names, since names are and have always been part of human life. Sociologist Richard D. Alford states that ethnographic research has not found a single society whose members do not have names (Alford, 1988, 1). Names are cultural universals, something all humans have in common, no matter where or when they live.
This article focuses on personal names and naming from a cultural ethnographic perspective. It begins with reflections on the link between name and self, continues with a discussion of how names are used to culturally structure our surroundings and interpret the world, and con- cludes with an analysis of names used in virtual settings. The virtual field has hitherto not received much interest among name researchers. In online games, chat rooms and web communities, names are not only useful and applicable, as they are in the so called real world; they are even more essential and important as it is mainly through their names participants recognise and identify each other.
Names and Collective Identity
Authors: Krogseth Otto
Published: September 2020

The preceding two decades have displayed a remarkable awareness for a connection between the concepts "identity" and "cultural memory". David Lowenthal speaks of a "current craze for heritage"! Cultural heritage has become extremely popular, especially in combination with tourism, and has accordingly been converted into a modern system of meaning a type of "secular religion". With reference to collective identity and cultural memory, it is important to ask the cul- tural analytical questions: "Why identity now? Why heritage now?" My reply is that we experience a critical identity crisis. Three central aspects signify individual and collective identity: Continuity, coherence and individuality. The three aspects, constituting the concept of identity, are exposed to serious threats in the post-modern era: The danger of changeability, fragmentation and standardisation. This ten- dency has, however, met various compensating counter reactions like for instance "re-traditionalisation". In my presentation, I will examine the phenomenon cultural memory through examples from the German tradition -- principally from the works of Aleida and Jan Assmann.
The Ethiopic Script: Linguistic Features and Socio-cultural Connotations
Authors: Meyer Ronny
Published: September 2020

During the last two millennia, a large corpus of texts were produced in the Ethiopic script. This ancient African writing system is peculiar to the Ethio-Eritrean region at the Horn of Africa, particularly to the Ethiosemitic language Gǝʿǝz. The present paper is concerned with the origin, linguistic modification and spread of the Ethiopic script, as well as its socio-cultural connotation vis-à-vis other scripts in the region. For this purpose, previous studies related to these topics have been assessed and summarised in a comprehensive description.
The Pragmatics of "Unruly" Dative Absolutes in Early Slavic
Authors: Collins Daniel E.
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines some uses of the dative absolute in Old Church Slavonic and in early recensional Slavonic texts that depart from notions of how Indo-European absolute constructions should behave, either because they have subjects coreferential with the (putative) main-clause subjects or because they function as if they were main clauses in their own right. Such "noncanonical" absolutes have generally been written off as mechanistic translations or as mistakes by scribes who did not understand the proper uses of the construction. In reality, the problem is not with literalistic translators or incompetent scribes but with the definition of the construction itself; it is quite possible to redefine the Early Slavic dative absolute in a way that accounts for the supposedly deviant cases. While the absolute is generally dependent semantically on an adjacent unit of discourse, it should not always be regarded as subordinated syntactically. There are good grounds for viewing some absolutes not as dependent clauses but as independent sentences whose collateral character is an issue not of syntax but of the pragmatics of discourse.
Безличные предложения в русском и норвежском языках
Authors: Клонова Ольга
Published: September 2020

The article deals with impersonal constructions in the Russian and Norwegian languages, with the special focus on translatability. Examples, taken from the Russian-Norwegian corpus RuN, demonstrate that given little analogy between Russian and Norwegian impersonal constructions, there is some correspondence (if not equivalence) between the two classes.
Aspect in English and Russian flashback discourses
Authors: Altshuler Daniel
Published: September 2020

An important issue that often comes up in research on Russian aspect concerns the puzzling choice of the imperfective versus the perfective aspect in cases where both seem to be possible and seem to have similar meanings. This paper investigates flashback discourses, which often exemplify such cases and reveal criteria for how the choice is made. I provide an analysis of the two aspects in Russian based on these criteria, as well as a comparison of these two aspects to the English perfect and progressive.
Additive conjunction across languages: ‘dessuten’ and its correspondences in English and French
Authors: Hasselgård Hilde
Published: September 2020

The present study investigates the Norwegian additive connective ‘dessuten’ and its correspondences in English and French. The investigation is based on material from parallel corpora with the language pairs Norwegian-English and Norwegian-French. Since neither English nor French has any clearly favoured counterpart to ‘dessuten’, the wide range of correspondences lends itself to a study of the semantic field of additive conjunction. The individual correspondences of ‘dessuten’ differ as regards the degree of emphasis given to the conjunction and as to the relative weighting of the conjoined segments. The position of ‘dessuten’ is found to have an impact on the choice of overt vs. zero correspondence and also on the choice of lexical correspondence. By means of the semantic mirror method a semantic map of additive conjunction, as seen from the perspective of ‘dessuten’, is outlined.
Participles in contrast
Authors: Helland Hans Petter , Pitz Anneliese
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we propose a structural analysis of present and past participles in two constructions: open and closed adjuncts. The crucial difference between the two types of adjuncts to be accounted for concerns the availability of an explicit (for the closed type) or an implicit (for the open type) DP subject. Our analysis is based on data from French and German in the OMC corpus. These data allow us on the one hand to identify the idiosyncratic properties of the constructions in the two languages, and on the other to test our hypotheses concerning the structural properties of the various participial constructions in a cross-linugistic perspective.
Postverbal subjects in Old English and Old French
Authors: Salvesen Christine , Bech Kristin
Published: September 2020

Both Old English and Old French are commonly described as V2 languages. We investigate the position of the postverbal subject based on a corpus of medieval texts with respect to syntax and information structure. Our main findings are that information structure plays a more important role in Old English than in Old French.
The Function of Mitigation in Spoken Language.Analysis of tak skazat’ (Russian) and diciamo (Italian).
Authors: Khachaturyan Elizaveta
Published: September 2020

The present article is dedicated to the analysis of one Italian and one Russian discourse marker (DM), both of which are formed with the verbum dicendi skazat'/dire («to say»): tak skazat' («so to say») and diciamo («let’s say»).
Den mindre viktige døden. Etterreformatioriske gravminners status
Authors: Jantsch Ann Kathrin , Ødegården Mona
Published: September 2020

Our knowledge about death and the practices surrounding it during the recent past, is dependent on the material that survives. Current heritage legislation in Norway does not automatically protect archaeological cultural heritage, including grave material, which post-dates the Reformation in 1537. The documentation, collection and research of this material is often neglected. This constitutes a loss of important scientific source material and compromises ethical considerations.The Church of Our Lady in Trondheim is home to a spectacular collection of grave material associated with the city’s wealthier citizens of the 17th and 18th centuries. This material has provided new and complementary knowledge of the burial customs of the period. The material is an important source of knowledge. Its source value is further enhanced due to its potential for comparison with other sources.The lack of legal protection of archaeological remains which post-date 1537, is an increasingly debated issue, which calls to improve the protection of the material culture of the recent past. By demonstrating the value of this particularly material, this article hopes to contribute towards highlighting the problems and inconsistencies associated with this aspect of Norwegian heritage management.
Behandlungsabbruch und Lebensschutz
Authors: Merkel Grischa
Published: September 2020

Um die rechtsdogmatische Einordnung eines Behandlungsabbruchs und seine Abgrenzung zur strafbaren Tötung wird gestritten, seit Beatmungsmaschinen in der Intensivmedizin zum Einsatz kommen. Patientenverfügungen werfen zusätzliche Fragen auf, denen im ersten Teil des Buches nachgegangen wird. Die Autorin präsentiert differenzierte Antworten, indem sie u.a. Fallgruppen nach rechtlichen Kriterien bildet. An diesen orientieren sich auch die jeweiligen Grenzen eines erlaubten Behandlungsabbruchs, und nicht immer ist es geboten, den Patientenwillen unmittelbar umzusetzen. Körperschutz und mutmaßlicher Wille von Patienten mit wahrscheinlich unwiederbringlichem Bewusstseinsverlust stehen im zweiten Teil des Buches im Zentrum der Erörterungen. Dort wird herausgearbeitet, warum dieser Wille der Interpretation von nahestehenden Personen überlassen werden darf, ohne dem Patienten dadurch zu schaden. Das Buch richtet sich primär an Juristen, aber auch an interessierte Philosophen und Mediziner.
The Use of Silver Diamine Fluoride in Pediatric Dentistry
Authors: Cláudia Rodrigues Chibinski Ana
Published: September 2020

This book chapter aims to discuss the main aspects related to the use of silver diamine fluoride (SDF) in Pediatric Dentistry. The composition and mechanism of action of the SDF are presented, as well as the application technique and indications. The effectiveness of SDF is reported based on contemporary scientific evidence from laboratory and clinical studies, focusing on its effect in enamel and dentin remineralization and caries arrestment. Parental and professional acceptance of tooth staining is presented, as well as the use of potassium iodide as a possible alternative to manage this side-effect. Taking all the discussed information together, it is possible to conclude that the SDF is a simple and effective treatment to halt the dental caries progress in children.
Clinical Insights into the Importance of Scars and Scar Release in Paediatric Chronic Myofascial Pain
Authors: Lauder Gillian , West Nicholas
Published: September 2020

Humans exhibit biotensegrity, whereby the whole body is a three-dimensional visco-elastic vehicle whatever position it adopts: bones form non-contact compression struts embedded in a networked and tensioned myofascial matrix; each part of the organism combines with the mechanical system to create an integrated functional movement unit and contributes to the stability of the whole system. When tissue at/below the dermis is breached by surgery/injury, healing leads to scar tissue formation. Scars can cause local and distant effects that are not purely cutaneous. Restriction of normal movement of underlying tissues from defective fascial sliding generates anomalous tension that affects the fascial continuum leading to distorted biomechanics, altered biotensegrity and chronic pain. Scars are common in children and significant contributors to chronic pain presentations. Scars can be released (soft tissue mobilization and/or needling) to sustainably improve pain, flexibility and range of motion. This chapter outlines the importance of skin and fascia in the biotensegrity model. Emphasis is placed on the fundamental need to assess scar history and scar characteristics to determine if scars should be treated as a component of multidisciplinary chronic pain management. Case studies outline some key clinical observations. Appropriately controlled research studies are required to fully demonstrate the highlighted benefits.
Eu/Outro (des)mascarado: transgressões autorais em publicação de fanfiction
Authors: Marques Juliene da Silva
Published: September 2020

Com base na Análise de Discurso de linha francesa, esta pesquisa investiga a autoria na produção de fanfiction, tendo como base a narrativa “Cellbit, a vida com MITW”, de Titia_Little, que coloca em cena, como protagonistas, influenciadores digitais. O objetivo é investigar a transgressão autoral que subjetiva as minorias perante o eu/outro, dando destaque à relação estabelecida entre autora, leitoras e influenciador digital. Para tanto, recortes de interação serão investigados a fim de verificar as transgressões ocorridas a partir da produção desse gênero textual que se baseia em sentidos outros para visibilizar, também, sujeitos e contextos outros, não-normativos e marginalizados em narrativas oficiais.
Rebecca West e a escrita feminina da Primeira Guerra em The Return Of The Soldier
Authors: Borille Denise
Published: September 2020

Este artigo tem como objetivos analisar a escrita feminina do trauma de guerra no romance The Return of The Soldier (1918), da autora inglesa Rebecca West, e verificar, mais especificamente, como homens e mulheres foram igualmente afetados pelo trauma da Primeira Guerra. O soldado Chris Baldry retorna do front afetado por uma amnésia traumática que o impede de recordar como era sua vida antes da guerra. De volta ao lar, ele reencontra três mulheres vivendo em sua casa: sua esposa, Kitty, a quem ele não reconhece; a sua ex-amante, Margaret, que ainda o ama; e, por último, sua prima, Jenny. Em termos simbólicos, é possível pensar que a casa onde as três mulheres vivem com Chris representa uma espécie de “laboratório”; um locus de onde elas observam a guerra e formulam seus pontos de vista a respeito desse conflito.
Srčno popuščanje in onkološko zdravljenje
Authors: Boltežar Lučka , Poglajen Gregor
Published: September 2020

Srčno popuščanje po onkološkem zdravljenju je vse bolj aktualna tema, ki zahteva hitro obravnavo ter čimprejšnje zdravljenje. K nastanku močno prispevajo bolnikovi predobstoječi dejavniki. Vedno najpogosteje uporabljamo delitev poškodb miokarda na tip I (predstavniki so antraciklini) in tip II (glavni predstavnik je trastuzumab), svojstvena entiteta pa je tudi obsevalno zdravljenje. Evropsko združenje za kardiologijo je objavilo priporočila za presejanje in sledenje onkoloških bolnikov. Glavna priporočena presejalna metoda pa je ehokardiografija. Uporaba ostalih slikovnih in laboratorijskih metod je odvisna od dostopnosti osnovne preiskave. Letošnja priporočila Evropskega združenja za internistično onkologijo prvič svetujejo uvajanje kardioprotektivnega zdravljenja pri ogroženi populaciji. Za doseganje optimalnih rezultatov zdravljenja pa je potrebna individualna obravnava vsakega bolnika.
Adoptivna celična terapija in limfociti T z izraženimi himernimi antigenskimi receptorji
Authors: Rajčević Uroš
Published: September 2020

Pri zdravljenju raka se trenutno uporabljajo pristopi kirurškega zdravljenja, radio- in kemoterapije ter različne kombinacije teh pristopov. Kot 'četrti steber' onkološkega zdravljenja se razvija imunoterapija. Revija Science je imunoterapijo raka že leta 2013 razglasila za 'preboj leta'. Terapije s protitelesi in citokini se uporabljajo že dlje, celična imunoterapija pa pridobiva na pomenu šele v zadnjih letih, še posebej po zaslugi adoptivne T-celične terapije (ATC). Terapije z adoptivnimi limfociti T, kar obravnava prispevek, delimo predvsem na terapije s tumor infiltrirajočimi limfociti (TIL) in terapije z limfociti T, ki so gensko spremenjeni bodisi s transgenimi T-limfocitnimi receptorji (angl. T-cell receptor, TCR) ali pa s himernimi antigenskimi receptorji (CAR). Vse te terapije so izrazito personalizirane in trenutno temeljijo na presaditvi avtolognih, t.j. bolnikovih lastnih celic. Terapevtiki se pripravijo za vsakega bolnika posebej, kar zelo vpliva na procese razvoja in izdelave ter tako na logistiko in stroške, ki so povezani s tem. Nov način terapij s CAR-T, ki je za določene bolezni trenutno tudi edini registrirani način ATC, povzroča revolucionarne premike pri razvoju takih naprednih terapevtikov, s tem pa tudi v klinični onkologiji. Terapija s CAR-T dosega izredne uspehe v klinični praksi zlasti v boju proti hematološkim oblikam raka, medtem ko pri zdravljenju bolnikov s solidnimi tumorji še ne. Hkrati pa zaradi velike kompleksnosti terapije težavo pri zdravljenju s CAR-T povzročajo pogosti, težki stranski učinki, ki lahko vodijo tudi v bolnikovo smrt. Z ustreznimi ukrepi lahko stranske učinke nadzorujemo in delno ublažimo. Terapija s CAR-T vstopa v Slovenijo s komercialno dostopnimi terapevtiki te vrste, na možnost ostalih adoptivnih celičnih terapij pa bo potrebno še počakati. V Sloveniji pa na tem področju razvijamo tudi lastno znanje in tehnologijo, zato upamo, da bodo novi učinkoviti načini zdravljenja čim prej dostopni čim širšemu krogu bolnikov.
Extensive and diverse patterns of cell death sculpt neural networks in insects
Authors: Pop Sinziana , Chen Chin-Lin , Sproston Connor J , Kondo Shu , Ramdya Pavan , Williams Darren W
Published: September 2020

Changes to the structure and function of neural networks are thought to underlie the evolutionary adaptation of animal behaviours. Among the many developmental phenomena that generate change programmed cell death (PCD) appears to play a key role. We show that cell death occurs continuously throughout insect neurogenesis and happens soon after neurons are born. Mimicking an evolutionary role for increasing cell numbers, we artificially block PCD in the medial neuroblast lineage inDrosophila melanogaster, which results in the production of ‘undead’ neurons with complex arborisations and distinct neurotransmitter identities. Activation of these ‘undead’ neurons and recordings of neural activity in behaving animals demonstrate that they are functional. Focusing on two dipterans which have lost flight during evolution we reveal that reductions in populations of flight interneurons are likely caused by increased cell death during development. Our findings suggest that the evolutionary modulation of death-based patterning could generate novel network configurations.
Removing unwanted variation with CytofRUV to integrate multiple CyTOF datasets
Authors: Trussart Marie , Teh Charis E , Tan Tania , Leong Lawrence , Gray Daniel HD , Speed Terence P
Published: September 2020

Mass cytometry (CyTOF) is a technology that has revolutionised single-cell biology. By detecting over 40 proteins on millions of single cells, CyTOF allows the characterisation of cell subpopulations in unprecedented detail. However, most CyTOF studies require the integration of data from multiple CyTOF batches usually acquired on different days and possibly at different sites. To date, the integration of CyTOF datasets remains a challenge due to technical differences arising in multiple batches. To overcome this limitation, we developed an approach called CytofRUV for analysing multiple CyTOF batches, which includes an R-Shiny application with diagnostic plots. CytofRUV can correct for batch effects and integrate data from large numbers of patients and conditions across batches, to confidently compare cellular changes and correlate these with clinically relevant outcomes.
Quantifying antibody kinetics and RNA detection during early-phase SARS-CoV-2 infection by time since symptom onset
Authors: Borremans Benny , Gamble Amandine , Prager KC , Helman Sarah K , McClain Abby M , Cox Caitlin , Savage Van , Lloyd-Smith James O
Published: September 2020

Understanding and mitigating SARS-CoV-2 transmission hinges on antibody and viral RNA data that inform exposure and shedding, but extensive variation in assays, study group demographics and laboratory protocols across published studies confounds inference of true biological patterns. Our meta-analysis leverages 3214 datapoints from 516 individuals in 21 studies to reveal that seroconversion of both IgG and IgM occurs around 12 days post-symptom onset (range 1–40), with extensive individual variation that is not significantly associated with disease severity. IgG and IgM detection probabilities increase from roughly 10% at symptom onset to 98–100% by day 22, after which IgM wanes while IgG remains reliably detectable. RNA detection probability decreases from roughly 90% to zero by day 30, and is highest in feces and lower respiratory tract samples. Our findings provide a coherent evidence base for interpreting clinical diagnostics, and for the mathematical models and serological surveys that underpin public health policies.
Effects of Depth and Seasons on the Physicochemical and Bacteriological Quality of Selected Well Water Samples in Awka Urban, Anambra State, Nigeria
Authors: Orji M. U. , Onuorah S. C. , Ifemeje M. O. , Umeh O. R.
Published: September 2020

Background: The people of Awka urban show an increasing trend of using well water resulting to unreliable and quality-compromised water supply.

Aim: Effects of depth and seasons on the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of selected well water samples in Awka urban, Anambra State was conducted to determine their quality and suitability for domestic uses. A total of thirty shallow and deep well water samples were collected during the rainy and dry seasons.

Methods: Physicochemical analysis was carried out using standard analytical methods. The total bacterial count was determined by dilution method.

Results: Some of the physicochemical parameters (PH, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, cadmium, lead and arsenic) exceeded the World Health Organization maximum containment levels indicating that the samples were unfit for domestic uses. The bacterial counts ranged from 2.66 to 3.26 logcfu/ml during the rainy season and 2.54 to 3.20 logcfu/ml during the dry season. The total coliform counts also exceeded the W.H.O levels. Citrobacter freundii, Shigella flexneri, Serratia marcescens, Proteus vulgaris, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis were isolated during both seasons and identified using standard analytical procedures. The bacterium that had the highest frequency of occurrence during the rainy season was Citrobacter freundii (16.55%) while Salmonella typhi had the highest frequency of occurrence during the dry season (17.69%) respectively. Proteus vulgaris had the least frequency of occurrence 5.41% and 4.62% during the rainy and dry seasons respectively. The results were analyzed statistically using two-way analysis of variance. Higher bacterial counts were recorded in rainy season and shallow wells than dry season and deeper wells.

Conclusion: The presence of these bacteria above admissible limits showed that the water lacked proper water management services and may be harmful to humans. There is therefore a need to monitor the well water quality by employing better sanitary practices and subjecting the waters through various forms of water treatments before use to help prevent disease outbreak.
Transforming Agriculture and Tea Garden: The Impact on Farm Women Engagement
Authors: Haque Monirul , Acharya S. K. , Mondal Kabita
Published: September 2020

Aims: To study the relationship between the women farmers' engagement in the transformed tea gardens from conventional farming practices with various socio-economic exogenous variables, their socio-economic condition, economic vulnerability, and empowerment.

Study Design:  The locale was selected by the purposive sampling technique and the respondents following such transformation in their farming practices are selected by the random sampling method.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out during the year of 2018-19. The place, three blocks namely Falakata Block, Madarihat Block, and Alipurduar-1 of Alipurduar District of West Bengal of India were selected for the study.

Methodology: In this present study sixty respondents following such transformation in their farming practices have been selected by both purposive and random sampling techniques to study the farm women's engagement in transformed tea gardens as the consequent character in terms of various exogenous variables. Then the numerical data is collected, passed through the data normalization process, and then put them into multivariate analysis. The gathered data had been put into multivariate analysis (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences V20.0 (SPSS) of IBM and OPSTAT were used for analyzing the Coefficient of Correlation, Stepwise Regression, and Path Analysis).

Results: The study reveals that the mean change in land under cultivation (x6), mean change in average garden size (x7), mean change in total income (x8) and ratio of pesticides use (x10) variables have been found to exert strong and determining the contribution to this transformational process.

Conclusion: The study had revealed the emergence of small tea gardens help in the empowerment of the women as well as increasing the demand of women labours in the transformed farming sector, which improve the overall status of the tea garden workers.
Fungal and Aflatoxin Contamination of Smoke Dried Catfish and African Bush Mango Seeds (Ogbono) Sold in Markets in Selected Processing Zones in Benue State, Nigeria
Authors: Evelyn Mnguchivir Tersoo-Abiem, , Blessing Onyejeche Idoko, , Patience Msendoo Gwadza,
Published: September 2020

The aim of this research was to evaluate the fungal and aflatoxin content of smoke dried catfish and African bush mango seeds obtained from selected processing zones in Benue State, Nigeria. Thirty two smoke dried catfish samples and forty eight African bush mango seed samples were collected from different markets in Makurdi, Katsina-Ala, Ogbadibo, Kwande and Vandeikya. These were analyzed for fungal load, fungi species and aflatoxin contamination using standard microbiological methods and ELISA technique for aflatoxin determination. The results revealed the presence of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Clasdosporium spp, Penicillium spp, Mucorspp and Fusarium spp isolated from both smoke dried catfish and African bush mango seeds; also Rhizopus spp and Saccharomyces spp from bush mango seeds. Fungal count of smoke dried catfish from Makurdi ranged from 3.28 to 4.61 logCFU/ml while that of Katsina-Ala ranged from 4.26 to 4.98 log CFU/ml. The fungal count of African bush mango seeds ranged from 3.62 to 3.94 log CFU/ml (Kwande), 3.61 to 4.93 log CFU/ml (Makurdi), 3.61 to 4.85 log CFU/ml (Ogbadibo) and 4.08 to 4.89 logCFU/ml (Vandeikya). The aflatoxin concentration in the smoke dried catfish samples ranged from 4.10 to 15.00 ppb for samples from Makurdi and 2.05 to 7.45 ppb for samples from Katsina-Ala, while that of African bush mango seeds ranged from 1.75 to 3.25 ppb (Kwande), 0.00 to 1.50 ppb (Makurdi), 1.08 to 8.10 ppb (Ogbadibo) and 0.00 to 1.65 ppb (Vandeikya). Both the smoke dried catfish and African bush mango seeds had aflatoxin levels below the maximum acceptable limit of 20ppb by National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control which can be considered safe, but hygienic measures must be maintained in handling such foods and better drying and preservation techniques applied in order to lower the incidence of fungi growth and aflatoxin contamination.
Prevalence and Causes of Undernutrition among Under-five Sudanese Children: A Mini-review
Authors: Kanan Shaza O. H. , Elkhalifa Abd Elmoneim O.
Published: September 2020

Background: Malnutrition among under-ﬁve children have significant interest for the health authorities in Sudan. This is considered by the fact that the prevalence of underweight children in Sudan is among the highest in the world and it is essential to determine its prevalence and causes, as this problem affects the future of the under-five children and the community as general. This review aimed to assess the prevalence and causes of undernutrition among under-ﬁve children in Sudan.

Methods: Published data such as peer-reviewed articles, published dissertations and official reports on malnutrition and its causes among under-five Sudanese children during the last twenty years, were collected from Science Direct, Google Scholar, PubMed, and others. The information restored was reviewed and analyzed for inconsistency.

Results: Data shows that the prevalence of under-nutrition among under-ﬁve children was high and diverse widely, and the majority of the studies were carried out in Khartoum state, which showed the prevalence of wasting (3.3 to 21.1%) stunting (20.3 to 51.0%), severe stunting (12.9 to 25.2%) and underweight and severe underweight represent 24.4 to 35.0% and 6.6 to 48.0%, respectively. The prevalence rate of malnutrition was reported to be 14.1, 23.6, and 10.7% in South Darfur IDP camps, while in North Darfur it was 14.7, 48.9, and 35.6%, for wasting, stunting, and underweight, respectively. In El Fau, Gadarif state the prevalence of moderate and severe malnutrition of the under-five children were 6% and 3.3%. Many causes were reported for malnutrition among the under-five children including bad feeding practices, childhood diseases, hygiene and sanitation, and low socioeconomic status.

Conclusion: The prevalence rate of undernutrition among the under-five Sudanese children was very high, and stunting is the main shape of malnutrition. Many causes were contributed to under-five malnutrition and improvement in infant feeding and better maternal education are significant to get a high nutritional status of the children.
Reheating-induced axion dark matter after low scale inflation
Authors: Kobayashi Takeshi , Ubaldi Lorenzo
Published: September 2020

Abstract

A kinetic mixing between the axion and the inflaton allows for a production of axion dark matter even if the inflationary Hubble scale is smaller than the zero-temperature axion mass. We analyze the axion dynamics in this recently discovered “inflaxion” frame- work, and present a new cosmological scenario where the axion drifts away from its vacuum during the reheating epoch, giving rise to the observed dark matter abundance. We discuss the implications for both the QCD axion and axion-like particles.
Jäger tot. Rehbock tot
Authors: Schwarz Marcus , Ondruschka Benjamin , Babian Carsten , Ebert Uwe , Dreßler Jan
Published: September 2020

Ein erfahrener Jäger kehrte nach einem Abendansitz auf Rehwild nicht nach Hause zurück. Er wurde am folgenden Morgen von seinem Sohn auf einem Feld, in einer Blutlache liegend, tot aufgefunden. Neben ihm lag ein toter Rehbock. Der Jäger wies eine stark blutende Bauchverletzung auf, welche die Polizei zur Spekulation veranlasste, der Rehbock hätte diese Verletzung mit seinem Geweih verursacht. Zudem lag zwischen dem Jäger und dem Kadaver ein Gewehr mit zerbrochenem Schaft. Im vorgestellten Fall wurden mehrere sicherheitsrelevante Aspekte im Umgang mit Schusswaffen und Grundregeln der Jagd ignoriert, was zu einem tödlichen Jagdunfall führte.
Extrinsic immune cell-derived, but not intrinsic oligodendroglial factors contribute to oligodendroglial differentiation block in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Starost Laura , Lindner Maren , Herold Martin , Xu Yu Kang T. , Drexler Hannes C. A. , Heß Katharina , Ehrlich Marc , Ottoboni Linda , Ruffini Francesca , Stehling Martin , Röpke Albrecht , Thomas Christian , Schöler Hans R. , Antel Jack , Winkler Jürgen , Martino Gianvito , Klotz Luisa , Kuhlmann Tanja
Published: September 2020

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most frequent demyelinating disease in young adults and despite significant advances in immunotherapy, disease progression still cannot be prevented. Promotion of remyelination, an endogenous repair mechanism resulting in the formation of new myelin sheaths around demyelinated axons, represents a promising new treatment approach. However, remyelination frequently fails in MS lesions, which can in part be attributed to impaired differentiation of oligodendroglial progenitor cells into mature, myelinating oligodendrocytes. The reasons for impaired oligodendroglial differentiation and defective remyelination in MS are currently unknown. To determine whether intrinsic oligodendroglial factors contribute to impaired remyelination in relapsing–remitting MS (RRMS), we compared induced pluripotent stem cell-derived oligodendrocytes (hiOL) from RRMS patients and controls, among them two monozygous twin pairs discordant for MS. We found that hiOL from RRMS patients and controls were virtually indistinguishable with respect to remyelination-associated functions and proteomic composition. However, while analyzing the effect of extrinsic factors we discovered that supernatants of activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) significantly inhibit oligodendroglial differentiation. In particular, we identified CD4+T cells as mediators of impaired oligodendroglial differentiation; at least partly due to interferon-gamma secretion. Additionally, we observed that blocked oligodendroglial differentiation induced by PBMC supernatants could not be restored by application of oligodendroglial differentiation promoting drugs, whereas treatment of PBMCs with the immunomodulatory drug teriflunomide prior to supernatant collection partly rescued oligodendroglial differentiation. In summary, these data indicate that the oligodendroglial differentiation block is not due to intrinsic oligodendroglial factors but rather caused by the inflammatory environment in RRMS lesions which underlines the need for drug screening approaches taking the inflammatory environment into account. Combined, these findings may contribute to the development of new remyelination promoting strategies.
Systematic review and meta-analysis of contemporary pancreas surgery with arterial resection
Authors: Rebelo Artur , Büdeyri Ibrahim , Heckler Max , Partsakhashvili Jumber , Ukkat Jörg , Ronellenfitsch Ulrich , Michalski Christoph W. , Kleeff Jörg
Published: September 2020

Objective

Advances in multimodality treatment paralleled increasing numbers of complex pancreatic procedures with major vascular resections. The aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the current outcomes of arterial resection (AR) in pancreatic surgery.

Methods

A systematic literature search was carried out from January 2011 until January 2020. MOOSE guidelines were followed. Predefined outcomes were morbidity, pancreatic fistula, postoperative bleeding and delayed gastric emptying, reoperation rate, mortality, hospital stay, R0 resection rate, and lymph node positivity. Duration of surgery, blood loss, and survival were also analyzed.

Results

Eight hundred and forty-one AR patients were identified in a cohort of 7111 patients. Morbidity and mortality rates in these patients were 66.8% and 5.3%, respectively. Seven studies (579 AR patients) were included in the meta-analysis. Overall morbidity (48% vs 39%, p = 0.1) and mortality (3.2% vs 1.5%, p = 0.27) were not significantly different in the groups with or without AR. R0 was less frequent in the AR group, both in patients without (69% vs 89%, p < 0.001) and with neoadjuvant treatment (50% vs 86%, p < 0.001). Weighted median survival was shorter in the AR group (18.6 vs 32 months, range 14.8–43.1 months, p = 0.037).

Conclusions

Arterial resections increase the complexity of pancreatic surgery, as demonstrated by relevant morbidity and mortality rates. Careful patient selection and multidisciplinary planning remain important.
Remote binding counts: measuring distractor-response binding effects online
Authors: Moeller Birte , Frings Christian
Published: September 2020

Bindings between stimulus- and response features have received increasing attention in recent research and theorizing regarding human action control. Apparently, very simple mechanisms that lead to feature binding and retrieval of recently integrated features have an important influence on planning and execution of actions. Regarding the importance of these mechanisms, it seems to be reasonable to test whether they can be measured outside of a formal laboratory situation. Here we ran an online version of the distractor-response binding task reaching participants via crowdsourcing. Distractor-response binding effects were significant in this setup showing that basic mechanisms of feature binding and retrieval indeed influence human action in less formal situations. Besides arguing for the generality and robustness of the effect practical implications are discussed.
Biological and technical complications in root cap–retained overdentures after 3–15 years in situ: a retrospective clinical study
Authors: Stalder Anja , Berger Camille Henriette , Buser Ramona , Wittneben Julia , Schimmel Martin , Abou-Ayash Samir
Published: September 2020

Objectives

This retrospective clinical study investigates the frequency of biological and technical complications in patients rehabilitated by natural root-retained overdentures (RODs) with cast post-and-cores (root caps) wearing precision attachments and analyses factors influencing complication rates (e.g. oral hygiene routines).

Materials and methods

Patients formerly treated with RODs were invited for a cost-free clinical visit to evaluate their intraoral status. Furthermore, they were interviewed and patient records were screened for complications occurring since denture delivery. Statistical models include descriptive analyses, Fisher’s exact test, odds ratios, and a multivariate regression model.

Results

A total of 114 patients wearing 128 RODs with a total of 280 abutment teeth were evaluated (mean service time: 7.9 years). Technical complications occurred in 68.8% of the RODs, with matrix loosening being the most frequent complication (50.1%). Biological complications occurred in 53.9% of all RODs, with the presence of denture stomatitis being the most common biological complication (38.3%). The presence of denture stomatitis was significantly higher in the maxilla relative to the mandible (p = 0.0029), in subjects cleaning their dentures less than twice a day (p < 0.001), in subjects regularly using CHX-containing products (p = 0.036) and in subjects with a plaque index > 40% (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Root cap-retained overdentures with precision attachments are a viable treatment option in partially dentate subjects, even over long-term periods. However, high complication rates should be expected.

Clinical relevance

Establishing good oral hygiene is a decisive factor in preventing complications in RODs. Furthermore, CHX-containing products may not be recommended for routine domestic use.
Modelling the cost-effectiveness of person-centred care for patients with acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Pirhonen Laura , Gyllensten Hanna , Fors Andreas , Bolin Kristian
Published: September 2020

Background

Person-centred care has been shown to be cost-effective compared to usual care for several diseases, including acute coronary syndrome, in a short-term time perspective (< 2 years). The cost-effectiveness of person-centred care in a longer time perspective is largely unknown.

Objectives

To estimate the mid-term cost-effectiveness of person-centred care compared to usual care for patients (< 65) with acute coronary syndrome, using a 2-year and a 5-year time perspective.

Methods

The mid-term cost-effectiveness of person-centred care compared to usual care was estimated by projecting the outcomes observed in a randomized-controlled trial together with data from health registers and data from the scientific literature, 3 years beyond the 2-year follow-up, using the developed simulation model. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed using Monte Carlo simulation.

Results

Person-centred care entails lower costs and improved effectiveness as compared to usual care, for a 2-year time and a 5-year perspective. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that the likelihoods of the person-centred care being cost-effective compared to usual care were between 80 and 99% and between 75 and 90% for a 2-year and a 5-year time perspective (using a 500,000 SEK/QALY willingness-to-pay threshold).

Conclusions

Person-centred care was less costly and more effective compared to usual care in a 2-year and a 5-year time perspective for patients with acute coronary syndrome under the age of 65.
Applying multiple approaches to deepen understanding of mixing and mass transfer in large-scale aerobic fermentations
Authors: Hanspal Navraj , Chai Ning , Allen Billy , Brown Dale
Published: September 2020

Different methods are used at Corteva® Agriscience to improve our understanding of mixing in large-scale mechanically agitated fermentors. These include (a) use of classical empirical correlations, (b) use of small-scale models, and (c) computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Each of these approaches has its own inherent strengths and limitations. Classic empirical or semi-empirical correlations can provide insights into mass transfer, blending, shear, and other important factors but are dependent on the geometry and condition used to develop the correlations. Laboratory-scale modelling can be very useful to study mixing and model the effect of heterogeneity on the culture, but success is highly dependent on the methodology applied. CFD provides an effective means to accelerate the exploration of alternative design strategies through physics-based computer simulations that may not be adequately described by existing knowledge or correlations. However, considerable time and effort is needed to build and validate these models. In this paper, we review the various approaches used at Corteva Agriscience to deepen our understanding of mixing in large-scale fermentation processes.
Remote thermal detection of exfoliation sheet deformation
Authors: Guerin Antoine , Jaboyedoff Michel , Collins Brian D. , Stock Greg M. , Derron Marc-Henri , Abellán Antonio , Matasci Battista
Published: September 2020

A growing body of research indicates that rock slope failures, particularly from exfoliating cliffs, are promoted by rock deformations induced by daily temperature cycles. Although previous research has described how these deformations occur, full three-dimensional monitoring of both the deformations and the associated temperature changes has not yet been performed. Here we use integrated terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) and infrared thermography (IRT) techniques to monitor daily deformations of two granitic exfoliating cliffs in Yosemite National Park (CA, USA). At one cliff, we employed TLS and IRT in conjunction with in situ instrumentation to confirm previously documented behavior of an exfoliated rock sheet, which experiences daily closing and opening of the exfoliation fracture during rock cooling and heating, respectively, with a few hours delay from the minimum and maximum temperatures. The most deformed portion of the sheet coincides with the area where both the fracture aperture and the temperature variations are greatest. With the general deformation and temperature relations established, we then employed IRT at a second cliff, where we remotely detected and identified 11 exfoliation sheets that displayed those general thermal relations. TLS measurements then subsequently confirmed the deformation patterns of these sheets showing that sheets with larger apertures are more likely to display larger thermal-related deformations. Our high-frequency monitoring shows how coupled TLS and IRT allows for remote detection of thermally induced deformations and, importantly, how IRT could potentially be used on its own to identify partially detached exfoliation sheets capable of large-scale deformation. These results offer a new and efficient approach for investigating potential rockfall sources on exfoliating cliffs.
Structural characterization of the DRF1 gene of Aegilops speltoides and comparison of its sequence with those of B and other Triticeae genomes
Authors: Thiyagarajan Karthikeyan , Latini Arianna , Cantale Cristina , Galeffi Patrizia
Published: September 2020

The genus Aegilops L. has been intensively investigated due to its close relationship with wheat (Triticum L.) as contributor of B and D subgenomes. Because of their vast genetic diversity, Aegilops species represent a rich source of alleles of agronomic interest, which could be used to widen the wheat gene pool and improve tolerance to diseases, pests, drought, cold and other environmental stresses. We report the isolation and characterization of the Dehydration Responsive Factor 1 (DRF1) gene in three accessions of Ae. speltoides coming from different regions of the Fertile Crescent. The DRF1 gene belongs to the DREB gene family and encodes transcription factors which play a key role in plant response to water stress. As in other cereals, the DRF1 gene in Aegilops speltoides consists of four exons and three introns and undergoes alternative splicing. A processed pseudogene was also identified and compared with the sequence of an actual mRNA transcript, breaking new ground in the understanding of the complex regulation mechanism of this gene. The genetic diversity was evaluated by comparison of inter- and intra-species variation among some Aegilops and Triticeae, by considering both the whole gene and exon 4 sequences. The phylogenetic analyses were able to cluster the sequences in well-supported clades attributable to the genomes analysed. The overall results suggest that there is a high similarity between the B and S genome copies of the DRF1 gene but also features indicating that the two genomes have evolved independently.