bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptive digital technique for discriminating between shadow and water bodies in the high resolution satellite imagery
Authors: Hadi Anaam Kadhim
Published: August 2020

This research presents a new algorithm for classification theshadow and water bodies for high-resolution satellite images (4-meter) of Baghdad city, have been modulated the equations of thecolor space components C1-C2-C3. Have been using the color spacecomponent C3 (blue) for discriminating the shadow, and has beenused C1 (red) to detect the water bodies (river). The new techniquewas successfully tested on many images of the Google earth andIkonos. Experimental results show that this algorithm effective todetect all the types of the shadows with color, and also detects thewater bodies in another color. The benefit of this new technique todiscriminate between the shadows and water in fast Matlab program.
Dielectric properties of Ep\TiO2;Ep\MgO nano composites
Authors: Mohan Khadijha S.
Published: August 2020

The Dielectric properties of EP/TiO2 and MgO nanocomposite ata frequency range of (102-106 Hz) were studied. The composite wereprepared with the state volume ratio (0, 0.05, 0.1) for EP/TiO2 andMgO respectively. The impedance, dielectric constant and dielectricloss were found decrease with frequency increase.
Spectroscopic study for plasma parameters in co-sputtering system
Authors: Aadim Kadhim A.
Published: August 2020

In this work the parameters of plasma (electron temperature Te,electron density ne, electron velocity and ion velocity) have beenstudied by using the spectrometer that collect the spectrum ofplasma. Two cathodes were used (Si:Si) P-type and deposited onglass. In this research argon gas has been used at various values ofpressures (0.5, 0.4, 0.3, and 0.2 torr) with constant deposition time4 hrs. The results of electron temperature were (31596.19, 31099.77,26020.14 and 25372.64) kelvin, and electron density (7.60*1016,8.16*1016, 6.82*1016 and 7.11*1016) m-3. Optical properties of Siwere determined through the optical transmission method usingultraviolet visible spectrophotometer with in the range(300 – 1100) nm.
Porous Silicon effect on the performance of CdS nanoparticles photodetector
Authors: Eesa Mymana W.
Published: August 2020

Cadmium sulfide photodetector was fabricated. The CdS nanopowder has been prepared by a chemical method and deposited as athin film on both silicon and porous p- type silicon substrates by spincoating technique. Structural, morphological, optical and electricalproperties of the prepared CdS nano powder are studied. The X-rayanalysis shows that the obtained powder is CdS with predominantlyhexagonal phase. The Hall measurements show that the nano powderis n-type with carrier concentration of about (-5.4×1010) cm-3. Theresponse time of fabricated detector was measured by illuminatingthe sample with visible radiation and its value was 5.25 msec. Thespecific detectivity of the fabricated detector is found to be (9×1011W-1 .Hz1/2.Cm- 1). The responsivity was (0.03A/W).
Proton momentum distributions and elastic electron scattering form factors for some Ge isotopes
Authors: A. Al- Rahmani A.
Published: August 2020

The proton momentum distributions (PMD) and the elasticelectron scattering form factors F(q) of the ground state for someeven mass nuclei in the 2p-1f shell for 70Ge, 72Ge, 74Ge and 76Ge arecalculated by using the Coherent Density Fluctuation Model (CDFM)and expressed in terms of the fluctuation function (weight function)|F(x)|2. The fluctuation function has been related to the chargedensity distribution (CDD) of the nuclei and determined from thetheory and experiment. The property of the long-tail behavior at highmomentum region of the proton momentum distribution has beenobtained by both the theoretical and experimental fluctuationfunctions. The calculated form factors F (q) of all nuclei under studyare in good agreement with those of experimental data throughout allvalues of momentum transfer q.
Study of starch, sugar blending effect on the biodegradability of (PVA) for packaging applications
Authors: H. Nahida J.
Published: August 2020

PVA, Starch/PVA, and Starch/PVA/sugar samples of differentconcentrations (10, 20, 30 and 40 % wt/wt) were prepared by castingmethod. DSC analysis was carried; the results showed only one glasstransition temperature (Tg) for the samples involved, which suggestthat starch/PVA and starch/PVA/sugar blends are miscible. Themiscibility is attributed to the hydrogen bonds between PVA andstarch. This is in a good agreement with (FTIR) results. Tg and Tmdecrease with starch and sugar content compared with that for(PVA). Systematic decrease in ultimate strength, due to starch andsugar ratio increase, is attributed to (PVA), which has more hydroxylgroups that made its ultimate strength higher than that forstarch/PVA, and starch/PVA/sugar blends. It is observed from wateruptake tests that the solubility time decreases with starch ratio; it isattributed to decrease in hydroxyl groups caused by PVA ratiodecrease. The inter- and inter-molecular bonds of the hydroxylgroups enhanced the solubility process of the starch/PVA blends inwater. The water immersion causes hydrogen bonds (inter andintermolecular bonds) to decompose, that increases the filmsolubility. Water absorption and capacity of degradability are mostimportant in biodegradable materials. The results suggest the samplesthat have undergone investigation, can be used for shopping, andfood packaging.The study of soil burial for the sample at (3cm) depth, and at (13cm)depth has exhibited weight loss increase with soil burial time. Thebiodegradability rapidly increases at the first (6-7) weeks; it is foundthat the weight loss at (3cm) depth is greater than that at (13cm) thatwas attributed to the differences in the availability of oxygen ratio. Itis found that PVA undergoes lowest weight loss, the weight losschanges with starch, and sugar content. In dry soil, the weight loss islower. The results proved that the biodegradation decreases with soilburial time after seven weeks of burial. It is concluded that thesamples involved are biodegradable material that can be used forpackaging applications and biologically friendly synthetic polymerblends to solve the solid waste accumulation problem.
Structural and optical properties for PVA- PEG-MnCl2 composites
Authors: Suhail Mahdi Hasan
Published: August 2020

Polymer films of PEG and PVA and their blend with differentconcentrations of MnCl2 (0, 2, 4, 6 and 10 %.wt) were study usingcasting technique. The X-ray spectra of pure PEG, PVA andPVA:PEG films and with addition of 2% concentrations from(MnCl2) show amorphous structures. The results for FTIR show theinteraction between the filler and polymer blend results indecreasing crystallinity with rich amorphous phase. Thisamorphous nature confirms the complexation between the filler andthe polymer blend. The optical properties of (PVA:PEG/MnCl2)contain the recording of absorbance (A) and explain that theabsorption coefficient (α), refractive index (n), extinction coefficient(ko) and the dielectric constants (real and imaginary part) increasewith increasing the concentration of Composite (PVA:PEG/MnCl2).The optical energy gap for electrons transitions both are direct andindirect allowed.
Assessment of natural radioactivity levels and annual equivalent doses in some milk powdered samples for adults used in Baghdad
Authors: Rejah Basim Khalaf
Published: August 2020

In this paper the specific activity of 238U, 232Th and 40Kradionuclides were determined by sodium iodide enhanced bythallium NaI(Tl) detector and assessment the annual effective dosein samples of powder milk from different companies such asAlmunaish, Seven Caw, Molty and Altunsa for adult available inBaghdad markets. The specific activity of 40K has the greater value inall the samples which is in the range of allowed levels globally thatsuggested by UNSCEAR. The mean value of annual effective doseswere 0.121, 0.314775 and 0.305 mSv/y for 238U, 232Th and 40Krespectively.
D.C electrical conductivity of prepared pure and doped polyaniline salt
Authors: Hassan Salma M.
Published: August 2020

Pure Polyaniline salt, and protonation PANI by H2SO4 were synthesized by electro-chemical oxidative polymerization of aniline with acidity of H2SO4. The solution was prepared in reaction temperature equal 291 K and the acidity of aqueous solution was 1 molarities. The prepared polyaniline was characterized by FT-IR, the result indicate that the intensity is increase with increasing of applied voltage. The dc conductivity has been measured for bulk polyaniline pure and doped in the form of compressed pellet with evaporated Ohmic Al electrodes in temperature range (303-423) K. The Eav energy of the thermal rate process of the electrical conductivity was determined. The results indicate that the dc conductivity of doped samples are two or three orders of magnitude higher by comparison with the pure sample and found that the increasing in conductivity of prepared samples with applied voltage is systematic.
Effect of concentrations ratios of NiO on the efficiency of solar cell for (CdO)1-x(NiO)x thin films
Authors: Aadim Kadhim A.
Published: August 2020

CdO:NiO/Si solar cell film was fabricated via deposition of CdO:NiO in different concentrations 1%, 3%, and 5% for NiO thin films in R.T and 723K, on n-type silicon substrate with approximately 200 nm thickness using pulse laser deposition. CdO:NiO/n-Si solar cell photovoltaic properties were examined under 60 mW/cm2 intensity illumination. The highest efficiency of the solar cell is 2.4% when the NiO concentration is 0.05 at 723K.
Polymer electrolytes based PAN for dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Jawad Mohammed Kadhim
Published: August 2020

Solar cells has been assembly with electrolytes including I−/I−3 redox duality employ polyacrylonitrile (PAN), ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate (PC), with double iodide salts of tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) and Lithium iodide (LiI) and iodine (I2) were thoughtful for enhancing the efficiency of the solar cells. The rendering of the solar cells has been examining by alteration the weight ratio of the salts in the electrolyte. The solar cell with electrolyte comprises (60% wt. TBAI/40% wt. LiI (+I2)) display elevated efficiency of 5.189% under 1000 W/m2 light intensity. While the solar cell with electrolyte comprises (60% wt. LiI/40% wt. TBAI (+I2)) display a lower efficiency of 3.189%. The conductivity raises with the raising TBAI salt weight ratio and attains the maximum value of 1.7×10−3 S. cm−1 at room temperature with 60% wt. TBAI, and the lower value of ionic conductivity of 5.27×10−4 S. cm−1 for electrolyte with 40% wt. TBAI. The results display that the conductivity rises with rising temperature. This may be attributed to the extending of the polymer and thereby output the free volume. The alteration in ionic conductivity with temperature obeys the Arrhenius type thermally activated process. The differences in activation energy mightily backup the alteration in the electrical conductivity.
Detection and interpretation of clouds types using visible and infrared satellite images
Authors: Ghazal Nawal K.
Published: August 2020

One of the most Interesting natural phenomena is clouds that have a very strong effect on the climate, weather and the earth's energy balance. Also clouds consider the key regulator for the average temperature of the plant. In this research monitoring and studying the cloud cover to know the clouds types and whether they are rainy or not rainy using visible and infrared satellite images. In order to interpret and know the types of the clouds visually without using any techniques, by comparing between the brightness and the shape of clouds in the same area for both the visible and infrared satellite images, where the differences in the contrasts of visible image are the albedo differences, while in the infrared images is the temperature differences. The data are taken by (MODIS), (GOES) and (METEOSAT) because these satellites are forecasting in a near lifetime data. The case studied in 24/12/2016 over the area of Iraq.
Optical properties for TiO2 / PMMA nanocomposite thin films prepared by plasma jet
Authors: Kadhem Saba J.
Published: August 2020

PMMA/TiO2 homogeneous thin films were deposited by using plasma jet system under normal atmospheric pressure and room temperature. PMMA/TiO2 nanocomposite thin film synthesized by plasma polymerization. Titanium oxide was mixed with Methyl Methacrylate Monomer (MMA) with specific weight ratios (1, 3 and 5 grams of TiO2 per 100 ml of MMA). Optical properties of PMMA/TiO2 nanocomposite thin films were characterized by UV-Visible absorption spectra using a double beam UV-Vis-NIR Spectrophotometer. The thin films surface morphological analysis is carried out by employing SEM. The structure analysis are achieved by X-ray diffraction. UV-Visible absorption spectra shows that the increasing the concentration of titanium oxide added to the polymer leads to shift the peak position (λmax) toward the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Also the peak width increases when the concentration of TiO2 increases. It can be controlled optical energy band gap of PMMA/TiO2 nanocomposite thin films by changing concentration of TiO2. SEM indicate a uniform distribution of titanium oxide particles in PMMA matrix. The x-ray diffraction pattern indicated that the thin films have amorphous structure.
The efficiency calibration for local manufacturing gamma scanning systems of radioactive waste drums
Authors: Dawood Saad Salih
Published: August 2020

The Local manufacturing scanning gamma system designed in Tuwaitha site for nondestructive assay method of radioactive waste drums, where it consist of two main parts with their belongings for controlling the of detector and drum movements up-down and rotation respectively. The volume of the used drum is 220 L with 85 cm height. The drum filled with Portland cement. Six cylindrical holes were made within cement drum and distributed in radial arrangement.The152Eu source inserted in these holes individually, to measure the average angular count rate of gamma radiation. The full energy efficiency value for geometry of drum and detector is computed for thirteen photo peaks. The average efficiency represented by the curve of these peaks indicated the decreasing of efficiency value with increasing the cement thickness and the distance between the detector and the location of radioactive source inside the drum.
Informative accuracy investigation and updating map using remote sensing technique and GIS
Authors: Ghazal Nawal K.
Published: August 2020

In this work, using GPS which has best accuracy that can be established set of GCPs, also two satellite images can be used, first with high resolution QuickBird, and second has low resolution Landsat image and topographic maps with 1:100,000 and 1:250,000 scales. The implementing of these factors (GPS, two satellite images, different scales for topographic maps, and set of GCPs) can be applying. In this study, must be divided this work into two parts geometric accuracy and informative accuracy investigation. The first part is showing geometric correction for two satellite images and maps.The second part of the results is to demonstrate the features (how the features appearance) of topographic map or pictorial map (image map), Where it is highlight the different features with different scales to know the accuracy of information. Where can be noticed through graphics that features appear very close to each other at a certain scale and become detached at another scale and this problem can be solved by generalization method. Geodatabase in GIS program also have been used as a modern style store all data related to the project in one folder divisions with that data. In addition to storage in a shape file. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) uses Remote Sensing (RS) data for a lot of applications. One of the application areas is the updating of the GIS database using high resolution imagery. Finally, high resolution satellite imagery data is very important to obtain updating map for Kut city by implementation two methods geodatabase and shapefile.
Effect of electrode separation in magnetron DC plasma sputtering on grain size of gold coated samples
Authors: Yahya K. A.
Published: August 2020

In this work, an experimental research on a low voltage DC magnetron plasma sputtering (0-650) volt is used for coating gold on a glass substrate at a constant pressure of argon gas 0.2 mbar and deposition time of 30 seconds. We focused on the effects of operating conditions for the system such as, electrode separation and sputtering current on coated samples under the influence of magnetic flux. Electron temperature and electrons and ions densities are determined by a cylindrical single Langmuir probe. The results show the sensitivity of electrode separation lead to change the plasma parameters. Furthermore, the surface morphology of gold coated samples at different electrode separation and sputtering current were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The AFM analysis showed that the variation of average grain diameter and average grain height is nonlinear with a minimum value of average grain diameter 90 nm at electrode separation of 4 cm and 30 mA sputtering current.
Using the plastic wastes in fabrication of composite materials for different applications
Authors: Hameed Awham M.
Published: August 2020

This study suggests using the recycled plastic waste to prepare the polymer matrix composite (PMCs) to use in different applications. Composite materials were prepared by mixing the polyester resin (UP) with plastic waste, two types of plastic waste were used in this work included polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) and Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with varies weight fractions (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 %) added as a filler in flakes form. Charpy impact test was performed on the prepared samples to calculate the values of impact strength (I.S). Flexural and hardness tests were carried out to calculate the values of flexural strength and hardness. Acoustic insulation and optical microscope tests were carried out. In general, it is found that UP/PVC composite exhibit the optimum values compared to UP/PET composite in all properties under test. From the experimental results, it can be concluded that the prepared composites from the waste could be utilized as precast or partitions inside the buildings with improved mechanical properties
Measurement of Percentage Depth Dose (PDD) for 6 MeV in water phantom and homogenous actual planning
Authors: Essa Samar I.
Published: August 2020

Radiotherapy is the branch of clinical medicine concerned with the application of ionizing radiation in the treatment of disease. And it is used to killing of cancer cells in a tissue using ionizing radiation while keeping the sparing of healthy cells at acceptable level. X-ray beams are used to deposit absorbed dose at depth within a patient at the site of the tumor. The aim of this work is studying the relationship between the depth dose and the field size in water phantom and homogenous actual planning. In our work, the dose distribution at different depths (zero-18 cm) deep at1cm interval treated with field size (10×10 and 20×20) cm2 were studied.Results show that high similarity between water phantom and actual planning for this reason water is taken as phantom for Quality Assurance (QA) and calculation the depth dose. When increasing the field size, the percentage of surface dose increases that this could be caused by an increase of the amount of scattering in the larger fields.Conclusion: There is almost no difference in depth dose between homogenous planning and water phantom.
Spectroscopic and structural studies of cadmium oxide thin films prepared by D.C magnetron sputtering
Authors: Mohamed Ghuson H.
Published: August 2020

Cadmium oxide thin films were prepared by D.C magnetron plasma sputtering using different voltages (700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 and 1200) Volt. The Cadmium oxide structural properties using XRD analysis for just a voltage of 1200 volt at room temperature after annealing in different temperatures (523 and 623) K were studied .The results show that the films prepared at room temperature have some peaks belong to cadmium element along the directions (002), (100), (102) and (103) while the other peaks along the directions of (111), (200) and (222) belong to cadmium oxide. Annealed samples display only cadmium oxide peaks. Also, the spectroscopic properties of plasma diagnostic for CdO thin films were determined and the results show that the electron temperature and electron density increase with increasing of sputtered voltage.
Estimation the annual dose for residents in the area around the berms of Al-Tuwaitha nuclear site using RESRAD software
Authors: Mugar Hussein Jabbar
Published: August 2020

RESRAD is a computer model designed to estimate risks and radiation doses from residual radioactive materials in soil. Thirty seven soil samples were collected from the area around the berms of Al-Tuwaitha site and two samples as background taken from an area about 3 km north of the site. The samples were measured by gamma-ray spectrometry system using high purity germanium (HPGe) detector. The results of samples measurements showed that three contaminated area with 238U and 235U found in the study area. Two scenarios were applied for each contaminated area to estimate the dose using RESRAD (onsite) version 7.0 code. The total dose of resident farmer scenario for area A, B and C are 0.854, 0.033 and 2.15×10-3 mSv.yr-1, respectively. While suburban resident scenario for area A, B and C are 0.807, 0.031 and 2.04×10-3 mSv.yr-1, respectively.
An experimental cross-section measurement of 10B(n,α)7Li reaction on counting alpha particles track density
Authors: Flyah Khalid R.
Published: August 2020

The present work determines the particle size based only on the number of tracks detected in a cluster created by a hot particle on the CR-39 solid state nuclear track detector and depending on the exposure time. The mathematical model of the cross section developed here gives the relationship between alpha particle emitting from the (n, α) reaction and the number of tracks created and distribution of tracks created on the surface of the track detector. In an experiment performed during this work, disc of boron compound (boric acid or sodium tetraborate) of different weights were prepared and exposed to thermal neutron from the source. Chemical etching is processes of path formation in the detector, during which a suitable etching solution attacks the detector at a sufficient speed and the damaged regions along the ion trails (latent track) are preferentially dissolved, removed and get transformed into a hollow channel. The most common etching for plastics is the aqueous solutions of NaOH and temperatures in between 50˚C - 80˚C.The program (CR-39) processing counting and calculations only take place depending on the number of tracks.
Manufacturing of porous refractories from Iraqi Kaolin by adding expanded polystyrene waste
Authors: Zaidan Shihab A.
Published: August 2020

Fabrication of porous clay refractory insulating specimens from Iraqi kaolin with different percentage of Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) waste crumbs additions were investigated. After mixing and forming by hand molding, the specimens was dried and fired at 1300 oC. The structural, physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the refractory insulating products were measured. Maximum addition of EPS (1.25 wt%) lead to reduce the linear shrinkage to less than 1.7% and increased apparent porosity up to 50 %. As well as, the density, Modulus of rupture and thermal conductivity were reduced to 1.39 g/cm3, 4.1 MPa and 0.21 W/m.K, respectively. The final outcome, addition of EPS showed good results in the formation of pores without distorting the dimensions of specimens and without any cracks. In addition, it is possible to use these thermal insulators at temperatures up to 1300 oC.
Contrast enhancement of infrared images using Adaptive Histogram Equalization (AHE) with Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE)
Authors: Abood Loay Kadom
Published: August 2020

The objective of this paper is to improve the general quality of infrared images by proposes an algorithm relying upon strategy for infrared images (IR) enhancement. This algorithm was based on two methods: adaptive histogram equalization (AHE) and Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization (CLAHE). The contribution of this paper is on how well contrast enhancement improvement procedures proposed for infrared images, and to propose a strategy that may be most appropriate for consolidation into commercial infrared imaging applications.The database for this paper consists of night vision infrared images were taken by Zenmuse camera (FLIR Systems, Inc) attached on MATRIC100 drone in Karbala city. The experimental tests showed significant improvements.
Synthesis and characterization of nanocrystalline copper sulfide powders
Authors: Sleman Ulla M.
Published: August 2020

Nanocrystalline copper sulphide (Cu2-xS) powders were synthesized by chemical precipitation from their aqueous solutions composed of different molar ratio of copper sulfate dehydrate (CuSO4.5H2O) and thiorea (NH2)2CS as source of Cu+2, S-2 ions respectively, and sodium ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid dehydrate (EDTA) as a complex agent. The compositions, morphological and structural properties of the nanopowders were characterized by energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. The compositional results showed that the copper content was high and the Sulfur content was low for both CuS and Cu2S nanopowders. SEM images shows that all products consist of aggregate of fine nanospheres with uniform distribution and the size of the particles formed are in nanometer range. XRD results revealed that the obtained powders contains a mixture of copper sulfide phases specially the intermediate phases and the rough estimate of the average crystallite size using the Scherrer formula gives a range of values (4.1-36.9) nm.
Synthesized copper nanoparticles by sonoelectrodeposition for gas filter applications
Authors: Abdullah Ahmed Q.
Published: August 2020

Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) were prepared with different diameters by sonoelectrodeposition technique using Electrodeposition process coupled with high-power ultrasound horn (Sonoelectrodeposition). The particle diameter of the CuNPs was adjusted by varying CuSO4 solution acidity (pH) and current density. The morphology and structure of the CuNPs were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It was found that the size of the produced copper nanoparticles ranged between 22 to 77 nm, where the diameter of CuNPs increases with reduction the solution acidity from 0.5 to 1.5 pH and increasing the current density of the deposition from 100 to 400 nm. Finally the produced CuNPs were pressed to fabricate disc filter and then the permeability, porosity, and filtration efficiency were determined which showed good efficiency.
Evaluation of radioactivity of cereals and legumes using a nuclear impact detector CN-85
Authors: Aziz Asmaa Ahmad
Published: August 2020

The research aims to evaluate the radioactivity in elected samples of cereals and legume which are wide human consumption in Iraq using Nuclear Track Detectors (NTDs) model CN-85.The samples were prepared scientifically according to references in this field. After 150 days of exposure, the detector were collected and chemically treated according to scientific sources (etching chemical), nuclear effects have been calculated using the optical microscope.Radon (222Rn) concentration and uranium (238U) were calculated in unit Bq/m3 and (ppm), the results indicate that the highest concentration of radon and uranium was in yellow corn where the concentration of radon was 137.17×102 Bq/m3 and uranium concentration 2.63 (ppm). The lowest concentration of radon and uranium was in Oats, where the concentration of radon was 24.27×102 Bq/m3, and uranium concentration 0.466 (ppm), concentrations of other cereals and legumes varied between these two values. These different in radon and uranium concentrations due to different in geological nature of the different agricultural soils, and the different absorption of plant roots for certain elements present in the soil solution. These values for the concentration of radon and uranium for cereals and legumes are within the permitted globally and as issued by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).
Spectroscopic study the plasma parameters for Pb doped CuO prepared by pulse Nd:YAG laser deposition
Authors: Aadim Kadhim A
Published: August 2020

In this work, plasma parameters such as, the electron temperature )Te(, electron density ne, plasma frequency )fp(, Debye length )λD(and Debye number )ND), have been studied using optical emission spectroscopy technique. The spectrum of plasma with different values of energy, Pb doped CuO at different percentage (X=0.6, 0.7, 0.8) were recorded. The spectroscopic study for these mixing under vacuum with pressure down to P=2.5×10-2 mbar. The results of electron temperature for X=0.6 range (1.072-1.166) eV, for X=0.7 the Te range (1.024-0.855) eV and X=0.8 the Te is (1.033-0.921) eV. Optical properties of CuO:Pb thin films were determined through the optical transmission method using ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer within the range (190 – 1100) nm.
Annealing effects on optical and structural properties of chromium oxide thin film deposited by PLD technique
Authors: Ibrahim Fuad T.
Published: August 2020

Optical properties of chromium oxide (Cr2O3) thin films which were prepared by pulse laser deposition method, onto glass substrates. Different laser energy (500-900) mJ were used to obtain Cr2O3 thin films with thickness ranging from 177.3 to 372.4 nm were measured using Tolansky method. Then films were annealed at temperature equal to 300 °C. Absorption spectra were used to determine the absorption coefficient of the films, and the effects of the annealing temperature on the absorption coefficient were investigated. The absorption edge shifted to red range of wavelength, and the optical constants of Cr2O3 films increases as the annealing temperature increased to 300 °C. X-ray diffraction (XRD) study reveals that Cr2O3 thin films are amorphous; while the crystal structure of annealed Cr2O3 films is rhombohedral after annealing at 300 °C for two hour. AFM studies of Cr2O3 thin films exhibit a smooth and well dispersed on the surface.
Design and constructions laser - induced breakdown spectroscopy system to determine the fertility of north Iraqi soil
Authors: Hussein Nuha Ahmed
Published: August 2020

Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) has been documented as an Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES) technique, utilising laser-induced plasma, in order to analyse elements in materials (gases, liquids and solid). The Nd:YAG laser passively Q-switched at 1064nm and 9ns pulse duration focused by convex lens with focal length 100 mm to generates power density 5.5×1012 Mw/mm2 with optical spectrum in the range 320-740 nm. Four soil samples were brought from different northern region of Iraq, northern region (Beiji, Sherkat, Serjnar and Zerkary).The soil of the Northern region of Beige, Sherkat, Serjnar and Zarkary has abundant ratios of the elements P [0.08, 0.09, 0.18, 0.18] and Ca [0.61, 0.15, 0.92, 0.92] while it lack of Si [0.008, 0.004, 0.04, 0.02] element. The data analysis for these soils showed that the cities of Serjnar and Zarkary have soils better than of Sherkat. It is noticed from the obtained P [0.18], and Ca [0.92] elements concentrations of the soil that the cities of Serjnar and Zarkary have the best soil for cultivation.
Antibacterial activity and mechanism of the silver nanoparticle in gram positive and negative bacteria
Authors: Oudah Husham K.
Published: August 2020

Biomedical alloy 316L stainless steel enhancing to replace biological tissue or to help stabilize a biological structure, such as bone tissue, enhancing were coated with deposition a thin layer of silver nanoparticles as anti-bacterial materials by using DC- magnetron sputtering device. The morphology surface of The growth nanostructure under the influence of different working pressure were studied by atomic force microscope. The average grain size decrease but roughness of the silver thin layer was increased with‖ ―increasing the working pressure. The thickness of silver thin layer was increased from 107 nm at 0.08 mbar to 126 nm at 1.1 mbar. Antimicrobial activity of silver thin layers at different working pressure were studied. The results showed that the increasing in working pressure, lead to increase in activity of silver thin coating layer against the bacteria as a result of increasing in thickness and‖ roughness of thin coating layer. This work has been extended to study the anti-bacterial activity were fount the diameters of inhibition zone of gram positive bacteria between 16.5±1.5 and 19±0.5 while the diameters of inhibition zone of gram positive bacteria between 17±1 and 26±1. Finally the measurements of the 316L alloy coated by silver nanocoating layer after immersing the in simulated body fluid (SBF) solution for one month is the XRD pattern for the sample showed obviously that the Hydroxyapatite layer was appeared at (2= 31.8).
Study of optical bistability in a fully optimized laser Fabry-Perot system
Authors: Khidhir Ali H.
Published: August 2020

The analytical study of optical bistability is concerned in a fullyoptimized laser Fabry-Perot system. The related phenomena ofswitching dynamics and optimization procedure are also included.From the steady state of optical bistability equation can plot theincident intensity versus the round trip phase shift (φ) for differentvalues of dark mistuning 12,6,3,1.50 , o    or finesse (F= 1, 5, 20,100). In order to obtain different optical bistable loops. The inputoutputcharacteristic for a nonlinear Fabry-Perot etalon of a differentvalues of finesse (F) and using different initial detuning (φ0) are usedin this research. When the cavity finesse values increase, the switch-ON intensity increases for the same value of (φ0), because thebistable loop width increases with increasing the cavity finessevalues.
Fabrication and characterization of porous silicon for humidity sensor application
Authors: Nayef Uday M.
Published: August 2020

Porous Silicon (PS) layer has been prepared from p-type silicon by electrochemical etching method. The morphology properties of PS samples that prepared with different current density has been study using atom force measurement (AFM) and it show that the Layer of pore has sponge like stricture and the average pore diameter of PS layer increase with etching current density increase .The x-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern indicated the nanocrystaline of the sample. Reflectivity of the sample surface is decrease when etching current density increases because of porosity increase on surface of sample. The photolumenses (PL) intensity increase with increase etching current density. The PL is affected by relative humidity (RH) level so we can use as humidity sensor. The electrical resistivity has been increased after PS layer formed due to the variation of the pore size and it was much higher after increase etching current.
Enhancement of NO2 gas sensing behavior for ZnS/PPy nanostructure by loading graphene
Authors: Ali Iftikhar M.
Published: August 2020

The pure ZnS and ZnS-Gr nanocomposite have been preparedsuccessfully by a novel method using chemical co-precipitation. Alsoconductive polymer PPy nanotubes and ZnS-PPy nanocompositehave been synthesized successfully by chemical route. The effect ofgraphene on the characterization of ZnS has been investigated. X-raydiffraction (XRD) study confirmed the formation of cubic andhexagonal structure of ZnS-Gr. Dc-conductivity proves that ZnS andZnS-Gr have semiconductor behavior. The SEM proved thatformation of PPy nanotubes and the Gr nanosheet. The sensingproperties of ZnS-PPy/ZnS-Gr for NO2 gas was investigated as afunction of operating temperature and time under optimal condition.The sensitivity, response time and recovery time were calculatedwith different operating temperatures.
Experimental observation of the far field diffraction patterns of functionalization single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes using nonlinear diffraction technique
Authors: Umran Fadhil A.
Published: August 2020

Nonlinear diffraction pattern can be induced by focusing CWlaser into a thin quartzes cuvette containing nanofluid. The numberof revealed pattern rings indicates to the nonlinear behavior of fluid.Here, the nonlinear refractive index of each of functionalized singlewall carbon nanotube (F-SWCNTs) suspention and multi wall carbonnanotube (F-MWCNTs) suspention have been investigatedexperimentally .Each of CNTs suspention was at volume fraction of13×10−5 and 6×10−5. Moreover the laser source at wavelength of473 nm was used. The results show that SWCNTs suspentionpossesses higher nonlinearty than other at the same volume fraction
Influence of working pressure and lasing energy of Al plasma in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
Authors: Abbas Qusay Adnan
Published: August 2020

Aluminum plasma was generated by the irradiation of the targetwith Nd: YAG laser operated at a wavelength of 1064 nm. Theeffect of laser power density and the working pressure on spectrallines generating by laser ablation, were detected by using opticalspectroscopy. The electron density was measured using the Starkbroadening of aluminum lines and the electron temperature byBoltzmann plot method it is one of the methods that are used. Theelectron temperature Te, electron density ne, plasma frequencyand Debye length increased with increasing the laser peakpower. The electron temperature decrease with increasing gaspressure.
The effect of rear earth doping CdS nanostructure on structural, optical and photoconductivity properties
Authors: Ibrahim Isam M.
Published: August 2020

Rare earth elements (Cerium, Lanthanum and Neodymium) doped CdS thin films are prepared using the chemical Spray Pyrolysis Method with temperature 200 oC. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis refers that pure CdS and CdS:Ce, CdS:La and CdS:Nd thin films showed the hexagonal crystalline phase. The crystallite size determined by the Debye-Scherrer equation and the range was (35.8– 23.76 nm), and it was confirmed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The pure and doped CdS shows a direct band gap (2.57 to 2.72 eV), which was obtained by transmittance. The room-temperature photoluminescence of pure and doped CdS shows large peak at 431 nm, and two small peaks at (530 and 610 nm). The Current – voltage measurement in dark and illumination (100 mW/cm2, 183 mW/cm2 and 288 mW/cm2) condition. The photocurrent increases and the resistivity decreases with the light intensity increases. So film reveals photoconductivity phenomena suggesting it's useful for optoelectronic applications.
Study the effect of Ag nanoparticles and ZnO nanoparticles at different concentrations on the viscosity and surface tension of Polyacrylamide solutions
Authors: Elgheryani Najla Ali
Published: August 2020

Polyacrylamide Solutions of different concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 %) of Ag nanoparticles and ZnO nanoparticles were prepared, the viscosities and surface tension were measured for all solutions, where measurements indicated an increase in these properties with increased concentration, where the relative viscosity of polyacrylamide/zinc nanoparticles increased from 1.275 to 2.243, and the relative viscosity of polyacrylamide/silver nanoparticles increased from 1.178 to 1.934. Viscosity is significant parameters during electrospinning process. While the surface tension of the polyacrylamide/zinc nanoparticles has changed from 0.0343 Nm-1 to .0.0.0 Nm-1 and changed from .0.000Nm-1 to.0.0.0 Nm-1. Also the constants KH and KK were calculated from the slopes of viscosity figures related to equations of Huggins and Kramer. These results can be used in medical, industrial applications and Scientific studies.
Effect of thickness on structural properties of BixSb2-xTe3 thin films
Authors: Selman Hussain. M.
Published: August 2020

BixSb2-xTe3 alloys with different ratios of Bi (x=0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 2) have been prepared, Thin films of these alloys were prepared using thermal evaporation method under vacuum of 10-5 Torr on glass substrates at room temperature with different deposition rate (0.16, 0.5, 0.83) nm/sec for thickness (100, 300, 500) respectively. The X–ray diffraction measurements for BixSb2-xTe3 bulk and thin films indicate the polycrystalline structure with a strong intensity of peak of plane (015) preferred orientation with additional peaks, (0015) and (1010 ) reflections planes, which is meaning that all films present a very good texture along the (015) plane axis at different intensities for each thin film for different thickness. AFM measurements for the thin films of BixSb2-xTe3, show that the grain size and the average surface roughness decreases with increasing of the percentage Bi for different thickness.
Improvement the efficiency of SnO2/n-Si detector by engraving method using a CNC machine
Authors: Mohammed Wlla M.
Published: August 2020

Tin oxide was deposited by using vacuum thermal method on silicon wafer engraved by Computer Numerical Controlled (CNC) Machine. The inscription was engraved by diamond-made brine. Deep 0.05 mm in the form of concentric squares. Electrical results in the dark were shown high value of forward current and the high value of the detection factor from 6.42 before engraving to 10.41 after engraving. (I-V) characters in illumination with powers (50, 100, 150, 200, 250) mW/cm2 show Improved properties of the detector, Especially at power (150, 200, 250) mW/cm2. Response improved in rise time from 2.4 μs to 0.72 μs and time of inactivity improved 515.2 μs to 44.2 μs. Sensitivity angle increased at zone from 40o to 65o.
The influence of various pH values on the aerogel physical properties by sol-gel technique
Authors: Shehab Baha Fakhry
Published: August 2020

Hydrophobic silica aerogels were successfully preparation by an ambient pressure drying method from sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) with different pH values (5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10). In this study, acidic HCl (1M), a basic NH4OH (1M) were selected as a catalyst to perform the surface modification in a TMCS (trimethylchlorosilane) solution. The surface chemical modification of the aerogels was assured by the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic studies. Other physical properties, such as pore volume and pore size and specific surface area were determined by Brunauer-Emmett- Teller (BET) method. The effect of pH values on the bulk density of aerogel. The sol–gel parameter pH value in the sol, have marked effects on the physical properties of the silica aerogels produced by this technique. The density and the hydrophobic tendency of the aerogels were significantly influenced.
Analysis the effect of economic conditions on the vegetative change in Baghdad using GIS and remote sensing techniques
Authors: Abbas Ban Abd. Al-Razak
Published: August 2020

The study of vegetative change of cities is one of the most important studies related to human life because of its direct correlation with the temporal conditions that occur. These include the economic problems that force people to move and look for job opportunities in the city, which leads to an increase in the population density of cities, especially for cities with an important economic and administrative location as in the capital city of Baghdad. In this study, the effect of the increasing in population density was analyzed on the urban planning of Baghdad city. The decreasing in vegetation was due to the increasing of urban areas on the outskirts of the city, which led to an increase in its area. Moreover, urban cities increased the amount of randomization; this problem has not good consequences on the environmental and health level and attached services.This study was carried out by finding the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of the study area through the using of two satellite image from the Landsat7 satellite for two different dates (2002 and 20017) after being uploaded from the US Geological Survey site. The third and fourth bands were used to calculate the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) by using Arc-GIS Techniques.
Nuclear Structure Investigation of Some Ni-Isotopes Using Skyrme-Hartree-Fock Method
Authors: Abdulhasan Ali Ahmed
Published: August 2020

The nuclear ground-state structure of some Nickel (58-66Ni) isotopes has been investigated within the framework of the mean field approach using the self-consist Hartree-Fock calculations (HF) including the effective interactions of Skyrme. The Skyrme parameterizations SKM, SKM*, SI, SIII, SKO, SKE, SLY4, SKxs15, SKxs20 and SKxs25 have been utilized with HF method to study the nuclear ground state charge, mass, neutron and proton densities with the corresponding root mean square radii, charge form factors, binding energies and neutron skin thickness. The deduced results led to specifying one set or more of Skyrme parameterizations that used to achieve the best agreement with the available experimental data.
Cu Nanoparticles preparation by Laser Ablation in Liquid Phase method (LALP)
Authors: Noori Zaydoon tariq
Published: August 2020

Nanoparticle has pulled in expanding consideration with the developing enthusiasm for nanotechnology which hold potential as essential segments for development applications. In the present work, a copper nanoparticle is manufactured as a suspension in distilled water by beating a bulk copper target with laser source (532 nm wavelength, 10 ns pulse duration and 10 Hz repletion rate) via method. UV- visible absorption spectra and AFM analysis has been done to observe the effect of repetition rate for the pulsation of laser. Copper nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) were successfully synthesized with green color. The Cu- NPs have very high purity because the preparation was managed in aqueous media to eliminate ambient contaminations.  Absorption spectrum shows peaks at 450 nm- 700 nm µm due to the generation of Cu-NPs.
The Effect of Laser And Thermal Treatment on the Hardness and Adhesion Force on the Cermet Coating By Thermal Spray Technique
Authors: Razzaq Ahmed Abd
Published: August 2020

Ceramic coating compose from a ceramic mixture (MgO, Al2O3) and metall (Al-Ni) were produced by Thermal Spray Technique. The mixed ratio of used materials Al:Ni (50%) and 40% of Al2O3 and 10% MgO. This mixture was spray on a stainless steel substrate of type (316 L) by using thermal spray with flame method and at spraying distances (8, 12, 16 and 20) cm, then the prepared films were treated by laser and thermal treatment. After that performing a hardness and adhesion tests were eximined. The present study shows that the best value of the thermal treatment is 1000 ℃ for 30 mint; the optimum spray distance is 12 cm and most suitable laser is 500 mJ where the microscopic and mechanical characterstic of coating layer get well.
Spectroscopic study the plasma parameters for SnO2 doped ZnO prepared by pulse Nd:YAG laser deposition
Authors: Aadim Kadhim Abdulwahid
Published: August 2020

In this work, plasma parameters such as (electron temperature (Te), electron density (ne), plasma frequency (fp) and Debye length (λD)) were studied using spectral analysis techniques. The spectrum of the plasma was recorded with different energy values, SnO2 and ZnO anesthetized at a different ratio (X = 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6) were recorded. Spectral study of this mixing in the air. The results showed electron density and electron temperature increase in zinc oxide: tin oxide alloy targets. It was located  that  The intensity of the lines increases in different laser peak powers when the laser peak power increases and then decreases when the force continues to increase.