bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DE USUNDE: Sundhedsantropologens møde med multisyge ældre på Lolland
Authors: Jønsson Alexandra Ryborg
Published: September 2021

Alexandra Ryborg Jønsson: The Unhealthy. Anthropological Encounters

with Priorities and Health Perceptions of Older People Living with

Multimorbidity

Based on ethnographic research among the chronically ill elderly in Lolland, the

article demonstrates how “health” as a morally weighted concept is reproduced by

the fieldworker. Recognition of such positionality emerges gradually throughout

the author’s fieldwork, and the article shows how increasing critical awareness is

reflected in the fieldwork itself. It is argued that medical anthropological studies

require constant reflection on how the fieldworker produces empirical objects.

Owing to this, the perspective termed “empathic research” is introduced; “empathic”

refers to the anthropologist’s responsibility to make practices, experiences

and narratives understood within the specific local context. The analysis

stresses the need for anthropologists to remain critical towards positioning and

normative groundings within the research project and seek for knowledge on

how individuals are embedded within a society sat in a contextual frame of time

and politics. Following this, a focus towards social inequality in health must

become a commitment to engage in the world as anthropologists. The discussion

establishes grounds for an empathetic way of collecting knowledge that entails

an epistemological focus on situational existence.

Keywords: research ethics, empathic knowledge production, fieldwork, multimorbidity,

Denmark

 

Alexandra Ryborg Jønsson: De usunde. Sundhedsantropologens møde med

multisyge ældre på Lolland

Med udgangspunkt i feltarbejde blandt ældre på Lolland med flere samtidige

kroniske sygdomme vises, hvordan forestillingen om sundhed som noget moralsk

befæstet ubevidst reproduceres af antropologen. Erkendelsen af denne positionering

kommer gradvist, og artiklen viser, hvordan en stigende kritisk bevidsthed

afspejles i feltarbejdet. Der argumenteres for, at medicinsk-antropologiske studier

kræver en konstant refleksion over skabelsen af det empiriske objekt. Derfor

introduceres empatisk vidensproduktion som forskningsposition. Med empatisk

refereres til antropologiens ansvar for at gøre lokale praksisser, erfaringer og udsagn

forståelige i deres kontekst. Artiklen fremhæver antropologens forpligtelse til

at forholde sig kritisk over for normative indlejringer i sit projekt og i stedet søge

at skabe viden om det enkelte menneskes indlejring i og bidrag til fællesskabet

set i en kontekstuel og subjektiv optik. Der argumenteres for, at et fokus på social

ulighed, her i sundhed, er en forpligtelse, vi som antropologer bør tage på os og

dermed bruge vores fag til at engagere os i verden. Det foreslås, at empatisk vidensproduktion

som forskningsstrategi med fokus på de situationelle eksistenser

kan modvirke berøringsangst over for politisk og moralsk ladede felter.

Søgeord: forskningsetik, empatisk vidensproduktion, feltarbejde, multisygdom,

Lolland
ETIK 3.0: Blindheder og visioner i tænkningen
Authors: Hirslund Dan V.
Published: September 2021

Dan V. Hirslund: Ethics 3.0. Blindness and Visions of Anthropological

Knowledge

This article formulates a notion of ethics based on the interests that our concepts

represent. It identifies a distinction between two dominant understandings of ethics

in (Danish) anthropology. Ethics 1.0 creates the fundament for the construction

of anthropological knowledge in the dialectical and inductive meeting between

fieldworker and informant. Ethics 2.0 seeks to protect “the field” against the anthropological

intervention, and it teaches us to “take care” of our fields. Adding to these, the article presents the idea of Ethic 3.0. The aim of this ethic is to explore

how the theoretical and methodological construction of research fields is embedded

in political and economic interests outside of academic institutions. Based

on an ethic deconstruction of my own PhD project and its indirect alliance with a

political fear of radicalization, the article seeks to craft a critical but constructive

opening for the continued relevance of anthropological knowledge.

Keywords: ethics, anthropology, radicalisation, concepts, fields of interest,

visionary theory

 

Dan V. Hirslund: Etik 3.0. Blindheder og visioner i tænkningen

Denne artikel formulerer et etikbegreb baseret på de interesser, vores begrebsapparat

repræsenterer. Artiklen identificerer en adskillelse mellem to dominerende

etikforståelser i antropologien. Etik 1.0 rammesætter grundlaget for konstruktionen

af antropologisk viden i det dialektiske og induktive møde mellem feltarbejder

og informant. Etik 2.0 søger at beskytte „felten“ mod antropologens intervention

og lærer os at „passe på“ vores felter. I tillæ hertil formulerer artiklen ideen

om Etik 3.0. Denne etik har til formå at undersøe, hvordan den teoretiske og

metodiske konstruktion af forskningsfelter er indlejret i politiske og øonomiske

interesser, der ræker langt ud over universiteternes mure. Med afsæ i en etisk

dekonstruktion af mit eget ph.d.-projekt og dets indirekte alliance med en politisk

bekymring for radikalisering søer artiklen at bane en kritisk, men konstruktiv

åning for den fortsatte relevans af antropologisk viden.

Søgeord: etik, antropologi, radikalisering, begrebsøkonomi, interessefelter, viden

som utopi
„Bare rolig – det er kun til en opgave“
Authors: Musaeus Clara Elizabeth Folkmann von Stöcken
Published: September 2021

,,Bare rolig - det er kun til en opgave“
Una aproximación a las limitaciones participativas del civic crowdfunding
Authors: González Cacheda Bruno
Published: September 2021

En la presente investigación analizamos la dimensión participativa del civic crowdfunding. El objetivo principal es determinar las características y el perfil participativo de la ciudadanía que, a través de aportaciones, contribuye a la financiación de iniciativas de motivación social y cívica. Para ello realizamos un análisis descriptivo a partir de ocho variables que recogen información sobre las particularidades sociodemográficas, las fuentes de información clave para la participación, la experiencia participativa y el grado de conocimiento previo de la entidad promotora. Las variables de estudio se aplican en una muestra de 46 individuos que participaron en alguno de los 27 proyectos de civic crowdfunding y matchfunding de colaboración público-privada alojados en la plataforma Goteo, e incluidos en los programas Crowdfunding ZGZ 2017 y Conjuntament. Desarrollo Económico de Proximidad 2018, promovidos por los Ayuntamientos de Zaragoza y Barcelona. Los resultados muestran un participante tipo conformado de forma hegemónica por personas de género femenino, altamente formadas, con un nivel de renta superior a la media, próximas al colectivo promotor de la causa financiable y con experiencia participativa previa a nivel social, cívico y político. Como conclusión debemos señalar las limitaciones del civic crowdfunding como instrumento participativo para la integración de individuos y grupos sociales ajenos a los procesos sociales y cívicos.
The dual role of amyloid-β-sheet sequences in the cell surface properties of FLO11-encoded flocculins in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Bouyx Clara , Schiavone Marion , Teste Marie-Ange , Dague Etienne , Sieczkowski Nathalie , Julien Anne , François Jean Marie
Published: September 2021

Fungal adhesins (Als) or flocculins are family of cell surface proteins that mediate adhesion to diverse biotic and abiotic surfaces. A striking characteristic of Als proteins originally identified in the pathogenic Candida albicans is to form functional amyloids that mediate cis-interaction leading to the formation of adhesin nanodomains and trans-interaction between amyloid sequences of opposing cells. In this report, we show that flocculins encoded by FLO11 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae behave like adhesins in C. albicans. To do so, we show that the formation of nanodomains under an external physical force requires a threshold number of amyloid-forming sequences in the Flo11 protein. Then, using a genome editing approach, we constructed strains expressing variants of the Flo11 protein under the endogenous FLO11 promoter, leading to the demonstration that the loss of amyloid-forming sequences strongly reduces cell-cell interaction but has no effect on either plastic adherence or invasive growth in agar, both phenotypes being dependent on the N- and C-terminal ends of Flo11p. Finally, we show that the location of Flo11 is not altered either by the absence of amyloid-forming sequences or by the removal of the N- or C-terminus of the protein.
Quandaries of Autonomy and Empowerment in Evidence-Based Nursing Care
Authors: Nordhaug Marita
Published: September 2021

Empowerment and evidence-based practice represent two influential principles in nursing care: that decision-making should be based upon the patient’s autonomous choice, and the most up-to-date research findings, respectively. In this article, patient empowerment is taken to imply a transfer of control and power from the nurse to the patient through communication and care and acknowledging the patient’s perspectives and values. Empowerment-based nursing may thus be central to enhancing a patient’s autonomy. Evidence-based nursing combines up-to-date research findings, the nurse’s clinical expertise and the patient’s preferences. This article concerns some of the potential conflicts these principles may give rise to in everyday deliberations in nursing care. It is argued that patient empowerment and autonomy potentially both have paternalistic connotations. It is also questioned whether an increased emphasis on patient empowerment and autonomy may lead to a risk of diminished professional autonomy.
Towards a Closer Look at the Pipes and Joints of Educational Data Infrastructures
Authors: Richter Christoph , Raffel Lars , Allert Heidrun
Published: September 2021

More recently, scholars in the field Critical Data Studies have turned attention to the infrastructures by means of which educational data is produced, processed, circulated, and consumed. While respective studies have rightly emphasized the social, cultural, political, and economic factors that are shaping these infrastructures, the technical dimension of these developments has remained largely unexplored. As a consequence, analyses are easily deemed irrelevant by technologists and designers engaged in educational datamining and learning analytics. This paper therefore aims to broaden the analytic scope of Critical Data Studies in education and to engage more closely with the technical dimension of the emerging educational data infrastructures. Towards this end, the paper outlines a technogenetic account of (digital) infrastructures and standards, and provides a case-study to illustrate how this account can be leveraged to unravel assumptions and perspectives implied in an educational technology standard such as the Experience API. The results of the case study indicate that while the Experience API is highly abstract and generic nature, it lends itself to a rather restricted idea of learning and education.
Critical is not political
Authors: Jansen Fieke
Published: September 2021

Data literacy is slowly becoming a more prominent feature of contemporary society. Some argue that people need to obtain new competencies to mitigate and engage with the multiplicity of ways in which they are affected by data. Literacy as such is positioned as a pathway towards empowerment, enable people to make informed choices about their data environment and increasing their ability to actively participate in the discussion that determines the socio-technical systems that will impact their lives. In this article, I will argue that we need to account for the externalities that emerge from the mere act of centring data in a literacy approach and unpack the assumptions that underpin the concept. To advance the argument that data literacy needs to be (re)politicize, both in terms of the perceived competencies need in a data society and the 'neutrality of the practice in itself. To ensure that the audience will have more thoughtful and actionable pathways forward data literacy should learn from other disciplines that have a more thorough analysis of dismantling power structures, engaging with inequality and encouraging political participation.
A feminist Critique to digital consent
Authors: Carmi Elinor
Published: September 2021

This paper presents a feminist critique to digital consent and argues that the current system is flawed. The online surveillance adtech industry that funds the web had to use a mechanism that commodifies people, rendering their behaviors into data - products that can be sold and traded for the highest bidder. This was made possible by objectifying, dehumanizing and decontextualizing human engagement and identity into measurable and quantifiable data units. In this way, digital consent serves as an authorizing and legalizing instrument to the business model of spying, selling and trading people in the online ecosystem. Using four key feminist approaches - process, embodiment, network and context - this article shows the way digital consent is a mechanism that transfers responsibility to people and enables an exploitative-extractivist market to exist. The design of digital consent creates a specific interface that teaches people to behave in ways that preserve the asymmetric power relations. Consequently, the article shows the broader educational effects of digital consent which conceives people as products with narrow agency and understanding of what they can do, think and imagine. The article concludes with a refusal to provide an easy solution to a flawed system.
Technology giants, educational policy and a preliminary mapping of networks and channels of influence in a Norwegian context
Authors: Haugsbakk Geir
Published: September 2021

The article looks at the debate regarding the influence of the technology giants on educational policy. What strategies have existed on the part of the technology giants? Who have been the major actors within education? What kind of relations and networks have been established? The first part of the article focuses on relevant research internationally showing that the technology giants have taken the lead and that their objectives are to develop new long-term policy agendas. The development has been significantly intensified and to some extent changed during the pandemic. This has resulted in the emergence of new multisector coalitions and more complex networks which have potentially profound pedagogical implications. The second part accounts for a preliminary mapping of networks and channels of influence in a Norwegian context. Despite the differences between countries, political and educational systems, traditions and values, there are a number of the similarities in the field of educational technology. These include on a general level how the use of new technology is valued as a way of improving teaching and learning, but also how networks and relations are developed and function. The project that precedes the article is based on literature studies and inspired by network ethnographic approaches.
Digital Capitalism, Datafication, and Media Education
Authors: Dander Valentin , Hug Theo , Sander Ina , Shanks Rachel
Published: September 2021

As digitization and datafication continue to extend into all areas of society, digital capitalism becomes equally ubiquitous and universal. Digital capitalism, and related phenomena such as data, surveillance or platform capitalism, operate on the basis of a comprehensive expropriation and exploitation of personal data profiles. It functionalizes life worlds and places of education to an unprecedented extent.
This special issue is responding to the following questions: What position/s can media education in research and application take to respond to these developments? Which theories, concepts and methods help to formulate adequate analytical, critical and transformative answers?
Mutual (Dis-)trust in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice?
Authors: Hamenstädt Kathrin
Published: September 2021

Mutual trust constitutes the foundation of the principle of mutual recognition, which in turn embodies a cornerstone of the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice (AFSJ). This contribution explores the development of the relationship between trust and distrust in two mutual recognition
regimes of the AFSJ. It bases on the premise that trust and distrust are inextricably linked, and that their relationship should not be perceived as one of mutual exclusivity or contradiction. The analysis addresses exceptions to mutual recognition, which are often perceived as manifestations
of distrust, and examines their potential impact on mutual trust. It is submitted that exceptions to mutual recognition are necessary requirements for building and maintaining trust in the AFSJ and that they constitute an adaptation of the principle of mutual recognition to the particularities
of the AFSJ. Next to the horizontal dimension of trust (i.e., trust among Member States) the analysis adds a new perspective by highlighting the importance of the vertical dimension of trust.
Judicial Annulment of National Preparatory Acts and the Effects on Final Union Administrative Decisions: Comments on the Judgment of 29 January 2020, Case C-785/18 Jeanningros, EU:C:2020:46
Authors: Bastos Filipe Brito
Published: September 2021

The European Court of Justice's classic Borelli doctrine concerned administrative procedures where national authorities adopt preparatory acts which are binding upon the Union administration. In such cases, preparatory acts cannot be reviewed by Union courts as part of the review of
the final Union decision and must instead be reviewed by national courts. Jeanningros provided the Court of Justice with an opportunity to clarify one of Borelli's remaining loose ends – the question of whether national courts should review the national preparatory acts even if the Union
administration has already adopted the final decision. The Court answered in the affirmative, but nevertheless left new open questions for legal practice and scholarship to confront.
Proximate Composition, Mineral and Sensory Properties of Orange-Flesh Sweet Potato Starch, Soybean and Groundnut Flour Complementary Food
Authors: Obinna-Echem P. C. , Eke-Ejiofor J. , Vito M. B. , Wordu G. O.
Published: September 2021

Aims: This study was aimed at formulating and evaluating the proximate, mineral and sensory properties of complementary food from blends of orange flesh sweet potato (Ipomea batata) starch, soybean (Glycine max) and groundnut (Arachis hypogea) flour.

Methodology: Orange flesh sweet potato starch (OFSP), soybean flour (SB) and groundnut flour (GN) were blended in the ratio of (OFSP:SB:GN): 90:5:5, 85:10:5, 80:15:5, 75:20:5, 70:25:5, 65:30:5, 60:35:5, 55:40:5, 50:45:5 and designated as PSG1 – PSG9, while 100% OFSP served as control. Evaluations were carried out following standard analytical methods.

Results: Moisture, fat, ash, crude fibre and carbohydrate contents varied significantly (P<0.05) from 7.53 – 10.74, 1.33 -17.22, 1.20 – 1.94, 4.34 – 19.58 and 53.10 – 70.53% respectively. Protein content (7.62 – 21.91%) of the blends will meet >75% of safe level of protein intake for infants and children.  Energy ranged from 339.45 – 373.07 Kcal/100g and will meet >55% of energy requirement for infants at 6 months. Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg and Zn varied respectively, from 0.68 - 6.07, 0.28 - 0.62, 4.40 - 11.94, 1.87 - 2.04, and 1.26 – 2.10 mg/100g. PSG complementary food in comparison to the recommended intake of minerals was found to be excellent in Cu, adequate in Fe and Zn but low in Mg and inadequate in Ca. Degrees of likeness for the sensory attributes: aroma, appearance, colour, taste, texture and overall acceptability varied from 5.00 - 7.00, 3.80 - 7.56, 5.04 - 7.20, 3.84 - 7.33, 3.88 - 7.56 and 4.29 - 6.96 respectively. These degrees of likeness from 3.84 - 7.56 indicated dislike moderately to like moderately. PSG7and PSG8 had significantly (P<0.05) the highest degrees of likeness for all attributes except for texture in PSG7 with neither liked nor disliked.

Conclusion: This work showed that enriching orange flesh sweet potato starch by substituting with soya bean and groundnut, increased nutritional composition of the complementary food and addition of soybean flour up to 35 and 40% was acceptable to the assessors. This implies that this complementary food can be recommended as diet for newly weaned and older children.
Affective Response of Students on the Integration of Think-pair-share and Reciprocal Teaching Methods on Upper Basic Education Social Studies Students in Imo State, Nigeria
Authors: I. Ejiogu, Cynthia , C. Akakuru, Ojiugo , U. Obinna-Akakuru, Annabel , N. Ordua, Victor
Published: September 2021

The affective response of students on the integration of think-pair-share and Reciprocal Teaching methods on upper basic education social studies students in Imo State, Nigeria has been rigorously asses to ascertain the attitude of students towards the use of these learning methods. Two research objectives were proposed to guide the study; two research questions where posed; while two hypotheses were equally raised and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The study adopted the descriptive survey design. The population for the comprised the entire 98,054 public Upper basic 11 Education students in Imo State from 285 government owned secondary schools in Imo State, a total sample of 400 students were sampled. The instrument for data collection was a researcher-made Questionnaire on the Attitude of Students towards Think-Pair-Share and Reciprocal Teaching methods (QASTPS&RT). The research instrument was appropriately validated by software design experts, educational technology professionals, behavioral psychologists, and Social Studies teachers. The reliability of the instrument was determined through a pilot study that was conducted using JSS2 Social Studies students from one co-educational school within the study area but outside the schools sampled for the main study. The data obtained were analyzed using Cronbach alpha’s formula, and an internal consistency coefficient value of 0.70 was obtained. The study reveals that the attitude of students is highly related to the acquisition of knowledge using the Think-Pair-Share approach. There is a high positive relationship existed between the Think-Pair-Share and Reciprocal Teaching methods; and students attitude in students Social Studies learning in Imo State. Based on these findings, there is need for the incorporation of modern instructional methods into the teaching and learning of Social Studies in junior secondary schools. This will ensure that students are abreast with global best practices which enhance achievement.
Effect of Google Meet E-learning Technology on Building Students Knowledge
Authors: U. Obinna-Akakuru, Annabel , N. Ordua, Victor , C. Akakuru, Ojiugo , Ezinne Nelson-Okata,
Published: September 2021

This study investigated the effect of Google meet e-learning technology on  building students’ knowledge in Economics in the face of COVID-19 pandemic in Imo State. Two purposes, two research questions and two hypotheses guided the study. The study adopted a quasi-experiment pre-test, post-test, control group design, involving two groups with analysis of covariance as post-hoc control. The population of the study consisted the entire year two students in Alvan Ikoku Federal College of Education, Owerri in Imo State, which are 2,063. The sample consisted of 80 Economics students, drawn from the population. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the 40 students in each class and assigned the classes to experimental and control groups. Google Meet E-learning technology Instructional Package (GMET-IP) and the Economics Achievement Test (EAT) were used as the instrument for data collection, while mean rating, standard deviation and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were used to answer the research questions and test the hypotheses. The content and face validities of the instruments were established by two (2) experts in Educational Measurement and Evaluation, two (2) lecturers teaching Economics, who after due corrections, fine-tuned them and certified them fit for administration. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients method was used to determine the reliability of the results obtained with the instrument; and to establish its construct validity that is inter correlations among items which yielded a reliability coefficient value of 0.78. Findings from the study indicated that Video Modules E-learning approach method had effect on the academic achievement of students in Basic Sciences. The treatments have more positive impact on the female students than male students, showing an interaction occurred between the gender. Conclusions were drawn and recommendations made from the findings of the study which includes that there is need for the incorporation of this e-learning approach into the teaching and learning of Economics in tertiary institutions in Imo State.
Age, Growth, Condition Factor and Reproduction of Planiliza abu (Mugiliformes: Mugilidae) in the Al-Diwaniya River, Middle of Iraq
Authors: Mohamed Abdul-Razak M. , Al-Jubouri Mohanad O.
Published: September 2021

The age, growth, relative condition factor, and reproduction of Planiliza abu (Heckel, 1843) from the Al-Diwaniya River, Iraq was described in samples obtained from October 2016 to September 2017, using different fishing gears. Total length and weight were measured, scales were used for age determination, and gonads were excised from the body cavity sexed and weighed. The lengths of the species ranged from 7.0 to 20.0 cm, and the most dominant length group was 13.0 cm. The length-weight relationship was W=0.0199*L2.821 revealing a negative allometric growth (b= 2.821). The mean relative condition factor (Kn) was calculated as 1.13 for females and 0.93 for males. Four ages were recognized for the species with mean total lengths of 10.2, 14.5, 39.0, 17.2 and 19.3 cm, respectively. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters based on back-calculated lengths were L∞= 23.4 cm, K=0.38 and to= -0.27. The growth performance index (Ø) of the species is computed as 2.32. The overall sex ratio (male: female) was 1:1.70. The gonad-somatic index (GSI) values of both sexes were highest in April, 8.5 for males and 11.6 for females and the lowest values in August, 0.22 for males and 0.75 for females, indicated that the spawning period was from April to May. Some biological properties such as lengths of individuals, negative allometric growth, ages from 1 to 4 years, values of ultimate growth (L∞) and growth performance index (Ø) and overall sex ratio were among those described for the species in other waters. These results can contribute to providing information for species management in the study river.
Pulpectomy in a Primary Tooth with Gemination: A Case Report
Authors: Tafti Farheen , Jawdekar Ashwin
Published: September 2021

Developmental anomalies may affect the number and morphodifferentiation of teeth. Development of two teeth from one tooth bud gives rise to gemination. Geminated teeth with caries may lead to pulpal pathologies for which extraction may be a preferred treatment. We report a case of geminated maxillary carious primary incisor treated with pulpectomy in a five year-old child.
Population Structure, Growth Dynamics, Leaf Production and Soil Conditions of Megaphrynium macrostachyum, a Key Non-Wood Forest Product in Central Africa
Authors: Moupela Christian , Beyeme Antoine Mitte Mbeang , Ognalaga Maurice , Rendembwot Mackson Theenneez Makaya , Tagg Nikki , Lepengue Alexis Nicaise
Published: September 2021

Aims: Megaphrynium macrostachyum is a key non-wood forest product (NWFP) in Central Africa. This study aims to describe the soil characteristics and behaviour of the species Megaphrynium macrostachyum in a fallow land in southeastern Gabon.

Methodology: Leaf growth was monitored weekly on a sample of 60 leaves for 10 weeks, after the unrolling of horns. Population structure and leaf production were quantified on 64 m² plots and then extrapolated to the hectare. Soil samples were collected at 30 cm depth.

Results: Leaf growth and stem enlargement were observed to take place during the horn stage, while stem elongation became active after this stage. The stem reached its maximum height about 60 days after the leaf had fully unrolled. Within the same population, leaf length and leaf width were less heterogeneous (on average 55.6 ± 5.9 cm and 35.5 ± 4.5 cm, respectively); whereas leaf area, stem diameter and stem height were quite heterogeneous (on average 1475 ± 328.3 cm², 9 ± 2.2 mm and 154 ± 33.3 cm, respectively). Megaphrynium macrostachyum was observed to colonise its environment quite well (148,646 ± 66,623 stems per hectare), thus explaining its high leaf production (104,167 ± 45,271 usable leaves per hectare). The soil sample analysed revealed Megaphrynium macrostachyum to grow in sandy-silty or sandy-silty-clay soils (58.21% sand, 25.69% silt and 16.1% clay), and in soils that are wet (35% relative humidity), acidic (pH 4.01), low in phosphorus (9.38 ppm assimilable phosphorus) and total nitrogen (0.01% total nitrogen), and high in organic matter (19.3% organic matter).

Conclusion: The leaf area exploited by local populations is variable. Megaphrynium macrostachyum is less demanding on soil characteristics, with high leaf production. From a cultivation perspective, the horn stage would be decisive.
Development and Validation of Stability Indicating Reverse Phase High Performace Liquid Chromatography Method for the Determination of Umeclidinium and Vilanterol in Pharmaceutical Dosage Form
Authors: Hamsa Ahsaana , Praseetha K. , Raj K. P. Dijin , Ashira T. V. , Athira O. V. , Rafeeque T. Mohamed , Rishad Muhamed , Kathirvel S.
Published: September 2021

A Sensitive, fast, linear and accurate liquid chromatography technique was developed for the simultaneous determination of Umeclidinium and Vilanterol in Powder dosage form. The estimation was carried out using Phenomenex C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5μ) with ammonium acetate: acetonitrile taken in the ratio 60:40 as mobile phase and pumped at a flow rate of 0.9 ml/min at 300C. Detection wavelength selected was 245 nm. Retention times of Umeclidinium and Vilanterol were found to be 2.219 min and 2.794 min. The method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection, limit of quantification as per International council for harmonization guidelines. Degradation studies performed indicated the stability of the drug. All of these analytical validation parameters were evaluated, and the percent relative standard deviations were calculated, indicating the method's suitability for determination of Umeclidinium and Vilanterol in pharmaceutical dosage form.
Epidemiology and Management of Pediatric Tracheomalacia
Authors: Albalawi Haya Jamal M. , Alzahrani Rawan Defallah G. , Alshwamin Rana Suliman D. , Asiri Raghad Turki , Alenzi Sarah Awad Muhammad , Qaysi Amal Abutaleb , Althobaiti ALanoud Abdullah H. , Albalawi Nashwa Zead A. , Albalawi Raghad Fraih A. , Alharbi Rahaf Saad , Albalawi Amal Mohammad H
Published: September 2021

Tracheomalacia is excessive trachea collapse, usually upon expiration. Severe symptoms accompany congenital types. Often milder versions occur following the neonatal period. Adult malacia is mostly linked to pulmonary chronic obstruction. There's still no standardized functional bronchoscopy. Dynamic CT airway is an excellent diagnostic tool. Bronchoscopy and stent insertion led to a major improvement, although with a high incidence of complication. Surgical lateropexia, excision of trachea and external surgical stabilization are possibilities. Aortopexy is the most common operation in children.
Course of Alcoholic Pancreatitis and Management with Minimal Necessary Investigation without Antibiotics
Authors: Priyadarshini Candy
Published: September 2021

A total of 50 patients who presented during the period of 24 months (October 2013 to October 2015) were studied. In this study, age of the patients ranged from 20 - 60 years and most of patients are between the age group 30- 40 years, as alcohol consumption was more in this age group. The present study has shown that alcoholic pancreatitis is more common in males. There are no females in this study. Because intake of alcohol is more common in males. Serum amylase and lipase are markers that are elevated in episodes of pancreatitis. Prophylactic usage of antibiotics in alcohol induced pancreatitis has no role. Over 97% of alcohol- induced pancreatitis responded well to the management without antibiotics.
Exploration of Culturable Marine Streptomyces from Southern Coastal Region of India with Antibacterial Properties
Authors: Thandayuthapani Deepika , Chinnappa Nivetha , Annavi Arjunan , Manickam Muthusevam
Published: September 2021

The Southern coastal region is a geographically positioned area with rich source of microbial diversity, of which producing broad spectrum of bioactive compounds. The marine sediments are collected from the various sites of south east coastal region of Tamil nadu and are processed. Out of 78 isolates, the 4 strains of actinomycetes are showing broad spectrum activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC 1687), Proteus vulgaris (MTCC 3160), Salmonella typhi (MTCC 3231), Shigella dysenteriae (MTCC 3642) and Vibrio cholerae (MTCC 3906). The bioactive isolates are proceeded for further morphological features like growth pattern and mycelial coloration, biochemical and polyphasic taxonomical characterisation were documented.  Isolates are investigated for abiotic stress condition to study the growth rate of isolates. Finally, the 16S rRNA molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of the isolates were explored. Further, bioactive isolates may be potential source for discovery of molecules with industrial applications.
The Risk Factors for Complications After Crohn's Disease Surgery
Authors: Ozgur Ilker , Karip Bora , Kulle Cemil Burak , Cavus Bilger , Sonmez Recep Ercin , Aykuz Filiz , Poyanli Arzu , Balik Emre , Bulut Mehmet Turker , Keskin Metin
Published: September 2021

Background

Crohn's disease needs a multidisciplinary approach, and surgery will ultimately be necessary for most patients. Complications usually occur after surgery.

Objective

This study aims to present complication rates in surgically treated Crohn's disease patients at a single institution and to determine possible risk factors.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 112 consecutive surgery performed on Crohn's disease patients between 2003 and 2015. The demographic data, patient and disease characteristics, surgery type, and complications were analyzed.

Results

Of 112 patients, 64 (57.1%) were male and 48 (42.9%) were female. The mean age was 34 (range, 18–78) years. The mean follow-up was 114 ± 32.4 (range, 61–197) months. The most common early complications were intra-abdominal abscess formation (n = 10, 8.9%) and wound infection (n = 7, 6.26%). The incisional hernia was the most common late complication (n = 4, 3.6%). Nonmodifiable disease features associated with complications were colonic involvement of the disease (P = 0.001), penetrating disease character (P = 0.037), stoma formation (P = 0.000), fistula (P = 0.008), and concomitant fistula and intra-abdominal abscess existence (P = 0.043). Stoma formation was found to be an independent risk factor for complications (P = 0.001).

Conclusions

Colonic involvement, penetrating disease, fistula, concomitant abscess and fistula, and stoma formation were identified as nonmodifiable risk factors for complications after surgery for Crohn's disease.
Language MOOCs
Authors: Jitpaisarnwattana Napat , Reinders Hayo
Published: September 2021

Language MOOCs have gained a lot of interests over the last decade, mainly because of their potential to democratize, even revolutionize language education and to offer best practices in online pedagogy through access to world‐class faculty and resources at low cost. However, in practice LMOOCs have not yet lived up to their full potential. Challenges surfaced from their practical implantation; these challenges relate to MOOCs' suitability for skill‐based learning, their lack of socialization, and their low completion rates. This entry revisits the benefits and challenges that research studies indicated and outlines features that need to be taken into account when implementing LMOOCs. In particular, it focuses on the pedagogical applications of LMOOCs both from the teachers' and from the learners' perspectives. Numerous changes in these two roles are required for LMOOC delivery to be effective, and pedagogical preparation and support are paramount in the success of this model.
ESP Methods and Materials
Authors: Basturkmen Helen
Published: September 2021

This entry examines the teaching methods and materials typically used in ESP, English for work or study purposes. It discusses the needs‐related nature of ESP teaching and the reasons why ESP methods and materials are often distinct from those used in general English language teaching. Empirical research into ESP methods and materials is limited and at present evidence about methods and materials is largely drawn from case reports of teaching innovations in local settings. The entry identifies the various ways teaching and materials are often linked to the language practices, methodologies, and learning styles of the targeted discipline or workplace and describes the significant role that the development of in‐house materials often plays in the work of ESP teachers.
Essential Features of Language Learning Software
Authors: Rogers James M.
Published: September 2021

The use of technology in the language classroom is becoming increasingly ubiquitous throughout the world. However, ideal use of technology does not mean merely creating digital versions of existing materials. Digital materials creators should include features that take advantage of computing power in ways that paper‐based materials cannot, improve upon the efficacy of learning. There are a number of ways this can be achieved, but not all software currently takes full advantage of what is possible. Recent developments in software and attempts at practical implementation in language courses have led to a number of discoveries that should be considered by language software developers or teachers who are trying to decide which software they should use. Thus, it is pertinent that English as a second language (ESL) materials creators and practitioners be aware of essential features of language learning software to ensure that efficient learning occurs.
Salad Days: Urban Food Futures
Authors: Lloyd Scott , Kalagas Alexis
Published: September 2021

Food production has never been entirely absent from our cities. While the coronavirus pandemic has imposed and inspired new forms of localism in urban environments, a confluence of technological, societal and ecological forces was already driving a shift towards more distributed and circular food systems. Scott Lloyd, architect and director of the design research group TEN, and Alexis Kalagas, strategic designer and leader of an advanced architecture research unit at Monash University in Melbourne, navigate and speculate on these intersecting dynamics in relation to nascent models of urban food production.
Architecture for Plateaus and Valleys: The Marketability of Industrial Mixing
Authors: Kuma Kengo
Published: September 2021

Tokyo‐based international practice Kengo Kuma & Associates has in recent years been commissioned for two projects that mix the uses of café/roastery/shop on the one hand and printworks/museum on the other. Kengo Kuma tells the story of how these innovative projects have evolved – a mixture of cultural and social drift, planning zoning in the city of Tokyo and the architectural joy of combining functionally disparate building typologies.
Urban Production in Seoul's Historic Centre: Choonwondang Hospital of Korean Medicine
Authors: Hwang Doojin
Published: September 2021

The mixing of uses in a single building or collection of buildings can function as an urban catalyst, activating regenerations to the city fabric around it. Doojin Hwang Architects’ Choonwondang Hospital of Korean Medicine, Seoul, is a good example. The hospital accommodates a medical centre, museum of traditional Korean medicine and pharmaceutical herbal laboratory with back‐of‐house functions clearly visible to visitors. Doojin Hwang takes us through it.
Bioinspired Functionally Graded Composite Assembled Using Cellulose Nanocrystals and Genetically Engineered Proteins with Controlled Biomineralization
Authors: Mohammadi Pezhman , Gandier Julie‐Anne , Nonappa  , Wagermaier Wolfgang , Miserez Ali , Penttilä Merja
Published: September 2021

Nature provides unique insights into design strategies evolved by living organisms to construct robust materials with a combination of mechanical properties that are challenging to replicate synthetically. Hereby, inspired by the impact‐resistant dactyl club of the stomatopod, a mineralized biocomposite is rationally designed and produced in the complex shapes of dental implant crowns exhibiting high strength, stiffness, and fracture toughness. This material consists of an expanded helicoidal organization of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) mixed with genetically engineered proteins that regulate both binding to CNCs and in situ growth of reinforcing apatite crystals. Critically, the structural properties emerge from controlled self‐assembly across multiple length scales regulated by rational engineering and phase separation of the protein components. This work replicates multiscale biomanufacturing of a model biological material and also offers an innovative platform to synthesize multifunctional biocomposites whose properties can be finely regulated by colloidal self‐assembly and engineering of its constitutive protein building blocks.
Fabrication of Diamond Nanoneedle Arrays Containing High‐Brightness Silicon‐Vacancy Centers
Authors: Lu Jiaqi , Yang Bing , Yu Biao , Li Haining , Huang Nan , Liu Lusheng , Jiang Xin
Published: September 2021

The optically active silicon‐vacancy (SiV) center in diamonds is an excellent candidate for quantum photonics and sensing applications. To date, optimizing the photoluminescence (PL) collection efficiency of SiV centers has proven difficult. To address this issue, the current study presents a simple two‐step method for preparing single‐crystalline diamond nanoneedle arrays. In the first step, silicon‐doped (001) textured diamond films are deposited with a mixture of microcrystalline and nanocrystalline grains in a microwave plasma CVD (MPCVD) system, using tetramethylsilane (TMS) gas as the dopant source. Subsequently, air annealing is used to selectively etch nanocrystalline diamond and sp2 amorphous carbon phases, while retaining the [001]‐oriented diamond nanoneedles with a curved top surface. In comparison to the as‐deposited films, the PL emission of SiV centers in these diamond nanoneedles is enhanced by a factor of up to 12.1. The finite‐difference time‐domain simulations further demonstrate that removing the nanocrystalline diamond and sp2 carbon from the sidewall of the diamond nanoneedles results in a remarkable increase in photoluminescence collection. Therefore, the findings have established for the first time the constraint effect of sp2 carbon on the optical collection of color centers at the sidewall rather than the top surface.
Solid‐state emissive biphenylene bridged bisaroyl‐S,N‐ketene acetals as distinct aggregation‐induced enhanced emitters and fluorometric probes
Authors: Biesen Lukas , Müller Thomas J. J.
Published: September 2021

Biphenylene bridged bisaroyl‐S,N‐ketene acetals can be readily synthesized by a one‐pot Masuda borylation‐Suzuki arylation sequence, thus, yielding a library of 20 bisaroyl‐S,N‐ketene acetals with tunable solid‐state emission and aggregation‐induced enhanced emission characteristics depending on the para substituents in the starting material. Potential applications as fluorometric probe of alcoholic beverages are outlined.
Polymeric materials reinforced by noncovalent aggregates of polymer chains
Authors: Liu Xiaokong , Sun Junqi
Published: September 2021

Mechanical performances are among the most fundamental properties that dictate the applicability and durability of polymeric materials. Reinforcement of polymeric materials is eternally pursued to broaden the applications of polymers with light‐weight, low‐cost and easy‐processing advantages. Noncovalent aggregates of biomacromolecules have been found to play a significant role in the mechanical properties of many natural materials, such as the spider silk. Increasing numbers of reports have demonstrated that the in situ formed noncovalent aggregates of polymer chains in polymeric systems are highly effective for enhancing the mechanical properties of artificial polymeric materials, in terms of strength, stiffness, toughness, and/or elasticity. The in situ formed noncovalent aggregates act as additional crosslinking domains and well‐dispersed “hard” nanofillers in the polymer networks, significantly strengthening, stiffening and/or toughening the polymeric materials. Moreover, the noncovalent crosslinking of polymer chains favors the development of healable and recyclable polymeric materials, thanks to the reversible and dynamic properties of noncovalent bonds. This review provides an overview of the recent advances on the enhancement of the mechanical properties of different polymeric materials by the in situ formed noncovalent aggregates of polymer chains. It is expected to arouse inspirations for the development of novel polymeric materials with extraordinary mechanical performances and functionalities.
Asynchronous and Self‐Adaptive Flight Assembly via Electrostatic Actuation of Flapping Wings
Authors: Mingjing Qi , Kehan Zhou , Zhiwei Liu , Hengyu Zhang , Yichuan Wu , Yangsheng Zhu , Wencheng Zhan , Yi Yang , Hongtao Wu , Jianmei Huang , Xiaojun Yan , Liwei Lin
Published: September 2021

About three quarters of flying insects on Earth use the asynchronous driving mechanism in muscles to power their flights. Herein, an asynchronous flight assembly via electrostatic actuation of flapping wings in analogy to the asynchronous mechanism in natural flying insects is demonstrated. The wing motions are driven by the self‐sustained oscillation of metal beams in a steady electric field and regulated by the input voltage between two stationary electrodes, whereas the discharging process occurs repetitively as the oscillating beams hit and exchange charges with the electrodes. Several advancements in the oscillation and flight demonstrations have been achieved: 1) self‐sustainable and asynchronous oscillations for biomimetic flapping‐wing motions with high efficiency, 2) the first takeoff of an asynchronous flight assembly along the fixed electrodes, and 3) the first self‐adaptive hovering assembly via the passive modulation of the flapping frequency and amplitude when a disturbance is introduced.
Bioinspired Inchworm‐ and Earthworm‐like Soft Robots with Intrinsic Strain Sensing
Authors: Karipoth Prakash , Christou Adamos , Pullanchiyodan Abhilash , Dahiya Ravinder
Published: September 2021

Stimulus‐responsive soft structures, with biological organs like intrinsic sensing, are needed to enable controlled movements and hence bring the transformative advances in soft robotics. Herein, bioinspired inchworm‐ and earthworm‐like soft structures with intrinsic strain sensing achieved by seamless embedding of a graphite‐paste‐based sensor material are presented. The developed strain sensor exhibits a record stretchability (900%) and sensitivity (of 103 up to ≈200 and of the order of 105 at around 700% linear strain). With tiny permanent magnets incorporated at the ends of these soft structures, the sensory‐feedback‐based controlled movements of magnetically driven inchworm‐ and earthworm‐like soft robots are also demonstrated. The presented results potentially boost the prospects of self‐sensing in soft robots and advance the field toward cognitive soft robotics.