bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphological and Morphometric Study of Spleen in Cadavers of Doaba Region of Punjab, India
Authors: Kaur Jasveen , Sharma Mamta , Wadhwa Ambica
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Spleen is a clinically important haemolymphoid organ. It can show a wide range of morphological variation. Size of spleen varies with age and in certain disorders. Splenomegaly is an important diagnostic tool in understanding the aetiology of various diseases. Aim: To study the morphology, and analyse the morphometric dimensions of cadaveric spleens of Doaba region of Punjab. Materials and Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy at Punjab Institute of Medical Sciences, Jalandhar, Punjab, India. A total of 30 formalin fixed cadaveric spleens of both sexes were studied. The spleen specimens were observed for their morphological features and various morphometric parameters were measured on them. Results: In the present study, the length of spleen ranged from 6.27 cm to 15.01 cm, and the mean length was 10.45±1.94 cm. The range of breadth was between 4.78 cm and 10.00 cm, and with the mean of 7.12±1.50 cm. The width of spleen varied from 2.96 cm to 6.50 cm, with the mean of 4.20±1.11 cm. Weight of spleen ranged between 34.35 g to 269.25 g, and the mean weight was 139.08±63.07 g. On the superior border, the number of notches varied from 0-4, whereas on inferior border upto 3 notches were seen. The shape of spleen was wedge in majority (53.33%) of the specimens. Conclusion: In the present study, the morphological and morphometric analysis of spleen in Doaba region of Punjab was found to be comparable to the other regions of India. However, it was observed that the mean length was comparatively higher. Also, the number of spleens with notches on both the superior and inferior borders were higher compared to other Indian studies.
Morphological Variations in Renal Artery in Cadavers in Solapur, Maharashtra: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Nahar Sonal Pradeep
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Each kidney has a single renal artery. The kidney receives about 20% of the cardiac output. Renal artery variations are a common entity that becomes an important consideration while performing renal surgeries. Aim: To study the variability of the renal arteries concerning emergence, diameter, and length. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy of VMGMC, Solapur, Maharashtra, India for three years, from August 2012 to September 2015. The pattern of the renal artery in humans were studied for emergence, length, and it’s branching by dissection method in 75 human cadavers. A thorough dissection of these specimens were done by routine dissection instruments. Statistical analysis of specimens of both sides were carried out by Epi info 7.2.5.0. Unpaired t-test was applied and p-value was derived for the length and diameter of the artery. Results: Right renal artery 37 (49.4%) had proximal origin in relation to the left renal artery in a greater number of specimens. Average distance between the superior mesenteric and the left renal artery was 11.03±4.8 mm. The average diameter of right renal artery was 6.65±1.6 mm. The average length of the Right Renal Artery (RRA) 39.5±11.8 mm was significantly greater than Left Renal Artery (LRA) 30.7±12.6 mm, p-value <0.01. In 10 (13.3%) specimens length of LRA without ramification was 45.1- 60 mm. Conclusion: Morphology and morphometric knowledge about renal artery help the surgeons to reduce mortality and lead to the successful outcomes of laparoscopic, retroperitoneal, renal transplantation surgeries and various interventional procedures.
Role of Axillary Arch Muscle in Neurovascular Compression: A Cadaveric Study in the Western Region of Maharashtra, India
Authors: Moolya Prashant Mohan , Chopapade Rahul Rajaram , Patil Shailendra
Published: August 2022

Introduction: The Axillary Arch Muscle (AAM), is a rare anomalous finding in the axilla also known as langer’s muscle. In the literature, it is explained as a narrow muscular slip that extends from the latissimus dorsi to the pectoralis major. Variations of this muscular anomaly have been observed. The abduction and external rotation like simulation of the arm in the cadaver suggest the possibility of neurovascular compression by the AAM. The AAM causing compression is considered an etiology of thoracic outlet syndrome by some authors. The symptoms generated by neural or vascular compression can be differentiated clinically. The purpose of this article was to compare the potential role of AAM in causing neural or vascular compression and discussion with the clinical studies which showed varied results. Aim: To find out the possible anatomy of axillary arch muscle and its relation with neurovascular structures. Materials and Methods: The descriptive cadaveric study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy at Seth G.S.M.C. and KEM hospital, Mumbai, India from November 2012 to November 2014. Study included 120 axillae of 60 embalmed cadavers (60 right and 60 left axilla). Axillary arch muscles were identified and their relations with neurovascular structure in an abducted position of the arm were noted and photographed. The simple statistical method of calculating percentages (%) of the collected data was applied to the study. Results: The dissection of the axillary region was carried out in 120 axillae which included 53 male and 7 female cadavers. The axillary arch muscles were identified in the three male axillae unilaterally. Its extent and relations with the neurovascular structure were different in all three cases. Its medial attachment was on the lateral border of latissimus dorsi, fascia over the latissimus dorsi, or the subscapularis muscle, while the lateral attachment was on fascia over coracobrachialis or biceps brachii. All the cases showed close relations with neural as well as vascular structures with the potential of causing compression in varied numbers. Conclusion: Though the existence of this muscle is rare, the findings of the present study will help clinicians, surgeons, and physiotherapists to be vigilant in diagnosing the cases with AAM amongst the individuals frequently adopting hyperabduction maneuvers in their occupations or sports thereby causing neurovascular compression.
Estimating Lengths of Renal Arteries and Infrarenal Aorta on Contrast CT Scans- A Retrospective Study
Authors: Sachin KS , Kumar Joish Upendra , Shenoy Praveen , Gund Shardul , Guptha Meghavardhan
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Anatomy of renal arteries and length of infrarenal aorta play a vital role in various renal and aortic vascular interventions and surgical procedures including renal transplantation. Aim: To estimate mean lengths of renal arteries, the vertical distance between origins of both renal arteries, infrarenal aortic lengths, and presence of accessory renal arteries on contrast Computed Tomography (CT) scans. Materials and Methods: A retrospective hospital-based study was conducted at KVG Medical College and Hospital, Sullia, Karnataka, India in which contrast enhanced CT scans of the abdomen was performed between October and December 2021. The CT image datasets of 61 individuals were evaluated in the study, of which 45 were males and 16 were females. The arterial phase images were anonymised and loaded in the curved Multiplanar Reformatted (MPR) algorithm. The lengths of both Renal Arteries (RA), vertical distance between origins of both Renal Arteries (RAD), infrarenal Aortic Lengths (AL), and presence of accessory renal arteries were noted. For statistical analysis Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 22.0 was used and Pearson’s Chi-square test and independent t-test were used for calculation. Results: The mean age of the participants was 50.7±7.5 years. Mean right RA was 3.75±1.25 cm and left RA was 2.89±0.98 cm. Right RA was significantly longer than left RA (p=0.019). Mean RAD was 0.61 cm. In 35 cases of (57%) right RA originated at a higher level than the left RA. The mean AL was 9.68±1.18 cm. Accessory renal arteries were seen in nine of cases (14.8%). Conclusion: The mean measurements obtained can provide vital guidance during renal and aortic surgeries and vascular interventions.
Effect of Tamsulosin and URSL on Renal Function and Stone Free Rate in Unilateral Solitary Ureteric Stone: A Prospective Interventional Study
Authors: Mondal Soumya , Khare Eeshansh , Mandal MurariMohan , Pal Dilip Kumar
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Stones are common cause of obstructive uropathy which may lead to decrease in renal function. Though endourological procedure like Ureteroscopic Lithotripsy (URSL) is commonly done yet Medical Expulsive Therapy (MET) is often offered as a first line therapy for mid and distal ureteric stones of size less than one cm. Aim: To compare the effect of Tamsulosin and URSL on renal function and stone free rate for solitary mid and distal ureteric stone. Materials and Methods: This prospective interventional study was done in IPGME&R and SSKM Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, from May 2020 to October 2020, on the total study population of 50 patients with 26 patients in MET and 24 patients in URSL group. Parameters measured and compared were changes in Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) and stone free rate after six weeks of intervention. Numerical variables and categorical variables were compared between two groups using independent t-test and chi square test respectively. Results: The mean age of patients in MET (n=26) and URSL group (n=24) was 37.12 years and 33.63 years respectively. GFR was significantly increased after completion of treatment in individual groups (p-value=0.01) and in final study population but change in GFR was not significant when compared between the groups (p-value=0.372). Difference in stone clearance rate between two groups was also insignificant (p-value=0.902) whereas within the groups was significant (p-value<0.05). Conclusion: Tamsulosin for six weeks does not result in significant functional loss in the affected kidney and proved as effective as URSL for mid and distal solitary ureteric stone upto one cm in size with similar stone free rate.
Evaluation of Antifungal Effectiveness of a Novel Probiotic Toothpaste: An In-vitro Study
Authors: Kataria Pavita , Singh Harpreet
Published: August 2022

Introduction: There is increasing public interest in probiotic healthcare products since their discovery by I lye Metchnikoff in the early 20th century. This trend is not only visible in supermarkets and dental practices, but also in the scientific world. An increasing number of clinical trials and laboratory investigations are being conducted to validate the claims made about these products with regards to their antifungal properties. Aim: To evaluate the antifungal properties of commercially available Probiotic, anticaries toothpaste, Purexa, against Candida albicans in-vitro. Materials and Methods: An in-vitro study was carried out for a period of three months from December 2021 to February 2022 in the Department of Microbiology Baba Jaswant Singh Dental College and Research Institute, Patiala, Punjab, India. Two wells were prepared in each blood agar plate containing lawn cultures of Candida albicans. The plates were incubated at 37˚C for 24 hours. Purexa toothpaste was poured into one well as test material. The second well was filled with distilled water to act as control. A total of 10 sample plates were made. Antifungal activity was assessed by measuring the Zone of Inhibition (ZOI) in millimeters (mm) using a digital vernier caliper after 24, 48 and 72 hours, and then after one week. Increasing width of zones of inhibition indicated definite antifungal activity of Purexa toothpaste. A p-value <0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: All the sample plates showed definite zones of inhibition at 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours and one week intervals around the wells containing the test material, which indicated antifungal efficacy of Purexa probiotic toothpaste. No inhibition zones were seen around the wells containing distilled water. The mean width if ZOI was the highest at day 7 (28.71 mm), followed by day 2 (26.66 mm), day 3 (26.36 mm) and least on day 1 (25.25 mm). Conclusion: The preliminary data obtained from the present study indicates the prospective use of Purexa probiotic toothpaste in cases where antifungal activity of toothpaste is desirable.
Effectiveness of Yoga on Quality of Life among Patients with Depression: A Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Kumari Nitu , Yadav Anuradha , Garg Namit , Yadav Kavita , Sankhla Manisha , Goothy Sai Sailesh Kumar , Choudhary Anita
Published: August 2022

Introduction: Depression is the overriding reason for disability and its global prevalence has been increasing in recent decades. Depression is a substantial contributor to the global disease burden and a crucial determinant of quality of life and survival. Aim: To determine the quality of life of patients with depression who received yoga intervention and compare it to patients who received conventional antidepressant medication (without yoga intervention) in terms of various domains. Materials and Methods: This randomised controlled trial was conducted in Department of Physiology with the collaboration of the Department of Psychiatry at Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India, from November 2018 to February 2020. The study involved clinically diagnosed 60 patients with mild to moderate depression between the age groups of 18 to 45 years. The participants were split into two groups. The participants were split into two groups: interventional and control. The interventional group received a set of yoga exercises for three months in addition to conventional antidepressant treatment, while the control group received only conventional antidepressant treatment for the same duration. The World Health Organisation Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) scale was used to assess the quality of life in both study groups at baseline, and after one month and three months. The unpaired Student’s t-test and repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were applied for two and more groups respectively. A p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: The present study included 60 patients with depression; out of them 39 were male and 21 were females. A statistically significant difference was observed in WHOQOL-BREF scores between the interventional and control group in the physical (p-value<0.001) and psychological health (p-value<0.001) domain after three months of follow-up, but it was more improved among the interventional group. A significant difference was observed after one month in the interventional group in overall quality of life (p-value=0.004), physical (p-value<0.001), and psychological health domain (p-value=0.009) of quality of life. While in the control group, physical (p-value<0.001) and psychological health domain (p-value<0.001), as well as social relationships domain (p-value=0.015) significantly improved after three months of antidepressant treatment. Conclusion: Three month of yoga practice improved the overall quality of life and all domains of quality of life. Whereas, three months of conventional antidepressant treatment improved only physical, psychological health and social relationship.
Effect of Seed Rate on Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) under Front Line Demonstrations in Poonch
Authors: Gupta Ajay
Published: August 2022

Among several crop management factors sowing method, seeding rate and selection of appropriate genotype have prime roles in affecting wheat productivity. Most of the times, farmers are in practice of using excess seed rate to the tune of 160kg/ha against recommended 120 kg/ha. This affects crop production due to competition among plants resulting from higher plant density for available resources. Demonstration on farmer’s field is a proven way to demonstrate the technology to increase the adoption rate among farmers. Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Poonch therefore conducted On-farm demonstrations to popularize the importance of optimum seed rate in wheat. The investigation was carried out in the Poonch Block in five village panchayats. Eighty front line demonstrations on wheat variety WH 1080 were laid using 120 kg seed per hectare. Seed rate of 120 kg/ha produced more numbers of grains per ear (52) and 1000 grain weight (38.48 g) and grain yield (33.8 quintals/ha);  while for seed rate of 160 kg/ha less numbers of grains per ear (44) and 1000 grain weight (38.04 g) and grain yield (27.2 quintals/ha) were obtained.  Optimum seed rate @ 120 kg/ha also gave highest net returns per hectare (Rs. 41,592) with benefit cost ratio (3.02); whereas, farmer’s practice of broadcasting higher seed rate @ 160kg/ha recorded  lower net returns (Rs. 28,448) and benefit cost ratio (2.32). It is, therefore, recommended that wheat should be sown with seed rate of 120 kg/ha for higher yield and net returns.
Soybean Based Cropping Systems in Central India: Production Growth and Instability Analysis
Authors: Mishra Shruti , Nahatkar S. B. , Laxkar Harshita
Published: August 2022

Aim: Soybean is one of the most substantial contributors to the Indian edible oil pool and Madhya Pradesh is its dominant contributor necessities the study on growth and instability of soybean based cropping systems including wheat and chickpea as Rabi crop in the system in Madhya Pradesh.

Study and Design: The estimates of compound growth rate and instability were worked out for the period of 32 years (1988-89 to 2019-20).

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in nine major soybean growing districts having more than 75 percent Kharif cropped area under soybean crop including Bhopal (84%), Sehore (82%), Rajgarh (82%), Indore (91%), Ujjain (98%), Mandsaur (78%), Ratlam (79%), Shajapur including Aagar Malwa (95%) and Harda (75%) were purposively selected for the present study of Madhya Pradesh state by taking wheat and gram as Rabi crop in the system.

Methodology: The exponential trend equation was used to estimate the compound growth rate. Using the Cuddy Della Valle Instability Index (CDVI) the risk was estimated for the soybean crop's area, production, and productivity.

Results: The results of the study reveal that in the state of Madhya Pradesh positive and significant growth rate in the area, production, and productivity of soybean based cropping systems i.e. soybean, wheat after soybean, and chickpea after soybean were observed.  On the contrary growth in productivity of soybean was positive but it is insignificant. Most of the selected districts also lie in low instability zone for production components of soybean based cropping systems.

Conclusion: Approximately 30 per cent of the soybean production in the state was in the range of low range of production growth with low to medium instability. The lower production growth was mainly due to insignificant growth in productivity in mentioned districts. Thus, major emphasis should be given to increasing the productivity of soybean by an improved package of practices along with recommended variety according to an agro-climatic situation.
In-vitro Estimation of Phytochemicals & Flavonoids in Citrus sinensis & Study their Antimicrobial & Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Kumar A. , Mahajan A. , Begum Z.
Published: August 2022

Orange (C. sinensis) peel flavonoids have antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral effects. However, there is a scarcity of information in the literature about orange peels flavonoids. So, we estimated phytochemicals in hydro-methanolic extract of C. sinensis peel and flavonoids were separated by Column chromatography and confirmed with TLC and HPLC. After that we evaluated the antimicrobial, antioxidant and nitric oxide scavenging activity. The MIC value of flavonoids against E. coli, B. subtilis, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa is 19.40, 20.48, 12.45 and 21.44µg respectively. The IC50 value of flavonoids for antioxidant and Nitric oxide scavenging activity is 121.4 and 0.88µg respectively. In the current study, Citrus peel flavonoids were found to have antibacterial, antioxidant, and nitric oxide scavenging action in methanolic extracts. This study suggests that C. sinensis flavonoids could be exploited as an antibacterial and antioxidant source in the future.
Determinants and Consequences of Teenage Pregnancy among Public Basic School Learners
Authors: Saani Abdul-Jaleel
Published: August 2022

The study examined the determinants and consequences of teenage pregnancy among public basic school learners at Sekyere Afram Plains, Ejura Sekyedumasi and Ahafo Ano North districts of Ashanti Region, Ghana. The design used was descriptive survey. The study population comprised of public basic school learners with pregnancy and their parents and teachers in the three districts. There were about 421 registered public basic school learners with pregnancy in the three districts. The sample was 127, made up of 103 learners, 49 teachers and 15 parents. Both respondents and participants were selected purposively. Questionnaires for learners and teachers and an interview guide for parents were the instruments used. Frequency count and percentage were used to analyse the quantitative data while the qualitative data were analysed manually using open and thematic coding systems. The study revealed that learners, teachers and parents have significant idea as to what causes teenage pregnancy and its related negative consequences. Within the districts, poverty, lack of parental care, disvaluing of Ghanaian cultural practices, ignorance about the use of contraceptives and peer influence were the major causes of teenage pregnancy among the learners. This menace could lead to dysfunctions such as health problems, termination of educational career and child neglect. However, the menace can be narrowed by respecting our Ghanaian cultural values which ensures that members of the community abstain from premarital sex. Also, the menace can be reduced through effective education in order to spread the knowledge about sexual and reproductive health. The study recommends that the Ministry of Education through the director of Ghana Education Service should ensure that there is proper sex education based on Ghanaian cultural values and norms in our basic schools. However, these rich cultural values and norms should not infringe on the basic human rights of the girl-child.
Teachers' Experiences in the Implementation of Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education in Indigenous People Learner Dominated School in Southern Palawan, Philippines
Authors: S. Cansino Jerone Avel , U. Maulad Raimah , M. Magbata Shekinah , E. Alvarez Darlene Joy , O. Excija Zairah , A. Kuwih Jessa
Published: August 2022

This study sought to examine the implementation of MTB-MLE in schools where the majority of the students are indigenous learners. It specifically aimed to describe the (1) teachers' experiences with MTB-MLE implementation and the (2) the teachers' concerns in implementation. Purposive sampling was used; 6 Primary Teachers were interviewed using a semi-structured interview technique. Results show that the teachers believe in the program's purpose of the program, but in practice, it has some issues that call for reflection among policymakers and program implementers. The teachers see MTB-MLE as something irrelevant because it is a duplication of the Filipino subject which is not the Mother Tongue of the learners in the first place. Another issue that was revealed is the implication of having a multilingual classroom. The diversity of the linguistic backgrounds of the learners poses a problem. Teacher says that they receive training on MTB-MLE, but such training has no practical relevance to their day-to-day instruction. The teachers also mention the dearth of teaching and learning materials. It could be safely said that the implementation of MTB-MLE failed to achieve its purpose, and it needs more re-thinking. The researchers believe in the goal of Deped in implementing the program but that more research is needed. Collaborating with teachers, anthropologists, linguists, and artists is necessary.
Readiness of Apayao State College-conner Campus to Flexible Learning Modalities
Authors: B. Omaweng Jay Bee
Published: August 2022

This study was conducted to determine students’ level of readiness for flexible learning modalities and to identify difficulties encountered in the implementation of flexible learning at Apayao State College. A questionnaire was used to gather data supported by Focus Group Discussions on the validation and reliability of gathered data. Results of the study showed that 90.41% of the respondents are aware of the new learning modalities. 75.38% prefer Offline Learning or the use of Worktexts and 97.33% used Smartphones in their e-Learning. Problems encountered include poor and/or fluctuating signals; lack of training for the new learning modalities; insufficient technological and financial resources; family and work responsibilities. Furthermore, the respondents were Quite Ready to Much Ready for the implementation of the flexible learning modalities although 69.92% said that e-learning does not provide sustainable, adequate, satisfactory, and quality education.
Investigating the Effectiveness of Peer Assisted Learning Strategy in Solving Mathematical Word Problems: An Action Research with Grade Six Students
Authors: Dorji Langa , Darjay Tshering
Published: August 2022

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of peer assisted learning strategy in solving mathematical word problems of grade six in a general classroom. A pre-test and post-test experimental research design was employed involving 8 students in the control group and 8 students in the experimental group respectively.  Subject achievement test was administered for both the groups to determine the differences in their learning achievements before the intervention. Peer Assisted Learning strategy (PALS) was used as an instructional strategy. Mathematical word problems solving was taught using PALS in the treatment group while the control group was taught using a conventional method. A t-test for the pre-test revealed that there was no significant mean difference between the two groups, indicating a homogenous learning ability at the beginning (p=0.802). However, the post-test analysis revealed a statistical significant difference between the mean scores of experimental group (M=19.2) than the control group (M=10.9) at p=.00, indicating the improvement of students’ mathematical word problem solving skills due to the treatment of PALS.  Thus, it is commendable that PALS can be used to help develop academic and social skills.
Comparative Analysis of Some Trace Metals in Municipal and Spring Water from Makerere University and Selected Springs in Bunga, Uganda
Authors: Ntuwa Ronald , Onen Patrick , Baguma Gabson , Niringiyimana Eric , Byaruhanga Ivan , Otema Thomas , Ampaire Wycliffe , Ogenrwot Denish Adolfo , Ocira Daniel
Published: August 2022

Aims: Access to clean and safe water is a challenge globally. This study assessed the levels of three trace metals (iron, copper and chromium) and chlorine in water samples from municipal water supply points in Makerere University and springs from Bunga, Uganda.

Study Design: This research employed a quantitative analytical method.

Place and Duration of Study: Samples were collected from five different sites of Makerere University halls and Bunga springs, Kampala. This study was undertaken between May 2021 and October 2021.

Methodology: Trace metal content and free chlorine of the water samples were determined and calibrated using multiparameter Palintest 7100 photometer.

Results: Analytical results indicated that the average iron, copper and chromium and chlorine content of the tap water samples from the municipal supply system were 0.0125 ± 0.00433 mg/L, 0.155 ± 0.0384 mg/L, 0.0325 ± 0.01479 mg/L and 3.045 ± 0.180623 mg/L, respectively. The corresponding mean values for water samples from Bunga springs were 0.0080 ± 0.0109 mg/L, 0.0124 ± 0.2019 mg/L, 0.056 ± 0.02073 mg/L and 0.00 ± 0.00 mg/L, respectively. These average values were within the maximum permissible limits of 0.3 mg/L, 0.5 mg/L and 0.05 mg/L for iron, copper and chromium in drinking water as recommended by the World Health Organization. However, springs A and B had chromium concentrations above the recommended value of 0.05 mg/L.

Conclusion: Trace metal and chlorine content of the sampled water were within compliance limits except for chromium which exceeded at springs A and B in Bunga, Kampala.
Phenotypic Colour Variants in Batches of Fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus from Some Commercial Fish Hatcheries
Authors: Ataguba Gabriel Arome , Garba Aminu Abubakar , Abah Christiana Onyeche
Published: August 2022

Aims: This research seeks to determine the ratio of dark skin and pale skin coloured fingerlings in batches of fingerlings produced in commercial African catfish hatcheries in Makurdi, Nigeria.

Study Design: The study was designed based on a structured questionnaire that was administered to farmers that were selected using random sampling from a list of African catfish farmers.

Place and Duration of Study: The research was carried out in Makurdi town, Makurdi Local Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria. Data collection was done between October 2021 and January 2022.

Methodology: The current study used a blend of questionnaire and physical counting to determine the proportion of dark and pale offspring from five selected fish hatcheries in Makurdi, Local Government Area of Benue State. A sample of 140 to 300 offspring was made upon each visit to the farm (i.e. batch of production) with each farm being visited at least twice depending on the production timetable.

Results: Results show that the farms normally incubated a similar weight of egg (p>0.05) with the range between 258g to 550g in each batch of production. The number of fry produced was scaled to 90% and it ranged from 165075 to 351450. Percentage of dark hued offspring ranged from 80% to 86% while that of pale offspring was between 14% and 20%. There was no correlation between turbidity and the colour classification. There was no significant difference between the farms in terms of incidence of dark or pale hued fingerlings suggesting that the colour proportion is constant within batches of fingerlings.

Conclusion: Dark skin colour is dominant over pale skin colour in the African catfish Clarias gariepinus and water quality does not predict skin colour in this species under culture.
The Choice of Neighbourhood Environments among the Local Community Setting in Ondo State, Nigeria
Authors: Kayode Oloruntoba , Isaac Familola , Feyisara Oni Olusola
Published: August 2022

Human social and community satisfaction has become vital among the local residents. This study examines the factor of neighbourhood choice and preference in a local community in the Ondo State, Nigeria. The study implored local residents’ perception via 150 structured questionnaires. The findings showed that local residents’ choice of environment hinged on the factor of safety, socio-economic and resident’s culture. Thus, the choice of the local community might not be the same with the urban residents.
Determining the Prevailing Effects among Public Space Utilization Factors in Science City: A Study in Cyberjaya, Malaysia
Authors: Kayode Oloruntoba
Published: August 2022

The aim of this study was to develop an understanding on the contributing influences that occurs between qualities of public space, public space aesthetics, the comforts derive in public space and public space accessibility in science cities. This study seeks to investigate the extent at which public space attributes impact on another. Emphasis accruing to open greenery including public spaces in the physical development of science cities necessitates the selection of Cyberjaya (Science City) Malaysia as the study area. Survey questionnaires were used to investigate potential respondent’s perceptions on public space utilization and the feedback was validated with structural equation modelling (SEM). The findings indicated that the accessibility attributes significantly influenced other public space utilization attributes while good quality of public space influenced the comfort derived from it. Attractiveness of public space was found not capable to predict the comfort and good quality of public space. However, public space attractiveness exhibited weak relationship with quality of public space while other attributes shown strong relationship with each other.
Role of Community Pharmacist in Public Health Services, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Z. Al Dali Hammad , Bawazir Amen
Published: August 2022

Background and Aims: Currently, the scope of practice has allowed pharmacists to engage in the clinical aspects of direct patient care and public health services to the patient. This study's main objective is to investigate community pharmacists' involvement in public health services and the barriers in the health system that hinder the integration of community pharmacy professionals into the public health task in the local context of Saudi Arabia.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted in community pharmacies in a different region of Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (June and July 2019). A sample was calculated to include 431 pharmacists working in different community pharmacies proportionally randomly selected from the five areas in Riyadh city. A multistage, stratified, random sample method was used. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. A P value < 0.05 considered as statistically significant.

Results: The 431 participants showed the dominance of male pharmacists (97.2%), non-Saudi (84.9%), and Bachelor’s pharmacy degrees (81.2%). Most of the participants were involved in smoking cessation (83.1%) as public health services, weight management (62.4%), but less involvement in activities related to physical activities or dietary intake (33.0%, 31.8%, respectively). More likely the involvement of the Saudi pharmacist in lifestyle activities in comparison to non-Saudi (AOR:1.932; 95% CI: 1.125 - 3.320). Moreover, the perceived barrier in the involvement level was more associated with years of experience.

Conclusion: This study showed that community pharmacists should play an important role in health promotion and prevention; they recognize a wide gap between ideal and actual levels of participation. The researcher presents the main barriers to the role of the pharmacist to improve the level of the individual and society because many obstacles limit the role of the pharmacist in public health.
Status of Ageratina adenophora Invasion in Radhi Locality of Trashigang District, Bhutan
Authors: Sherub Karma , Dawa Kelzang
Published: August 2022

Ageratina adenophora (Sprengel) King and Robison, commonly known as Mexican devil, is considered as one of the aggressive species, which invades almost all parts of an ecosystem. Particularly, people who rear livestock and depend on naturally available fodders have a great concern over the invasion of this species. Therefore, this study was conducted to generate knowledge on current status of A. adenophora invasion and its potential impact on livestock and fodder species of Radhi Gewog (Village block) under Trashigang district of Bhutan. The study recorded the total of 14 fodder species distributed in both open and undisturbed forest, and Artemisia sp. was the most abundant fodder in the sampled site. We learnt that the livestock mainly used the open areas for grazing and browsing, but 87.5% of sampled plots in this area was invaded by the A. adenophora, affecting the growth of fodder species. Due to this reason, a strategic management plan needs to consider the eradicating or controlling the invasion of A. adenophora across the country, particularly at grazing sites and places where people depend on livestock for their livelihood.
Promoting WOM through Destination Image in the Era of Live-Streaming in Health and Wellness Tourism Context
Authors: Yen Tsai-Fa(TF) , Sun Ningning , Yang Chengfeng
Published: August 2022

While many studies have argued the importance of destination image, few have examined the impact of tourists' perceptions of wellness tourism destination images, destination relationships and word of mouth. This study provides new insights by examining: i. The impact of health and wellness tourism destination images on destination relationships and word of mouth. ii. The impact of destination relationships on word of mouth. And iii. The mediating effect of destination relationships. A survey of 284 questionnaires was conducted in famous health and wellness tourism destinations in Sichuan, China. The study found that perceptions of destinations images positively influenced word-of-mouth through destination relationships with destination relationships playing a significant mediating effect in a health and wellness tourism context. Finally, this study also provides some management implications of health and wellness tourism such as destination managers and tourism enterprises which should create the impression of a helpful, honest, safe and secure destination image.
A Study on Training Effectiveness and Academic Staffs Performance in Higher Learning Institutions in Zanzibar
Authors: Salim Adilu Mussa
Published: August 2022

Training has become an essential part of today’s successful businesses of any nature and not only for acquiring capabilities but for focusing on the effectiveness with linking to employee performance and retention. This paper examines the training effectiveness and performance of academic staff in higher learning institutions with case observation at the Institute of Public Administration Zanzibar. The study specifically determines the contribution of training outcomes to the level of academic performance of staff in the Institute of Public Administration and examines the trends of training schemes for the academic staff and their influence within the institute. A descriptive survey approach was employed to tackle the target and a survey questionnaire was used as a tool to gather data together with interviews and documentary review to elicit the information from the sample. Fairly representative samples of 115 respondents who make up 10% of the total population were chosen from academic staff trainees, non-academic staff, and students. The qualitative data were subjected to analysis through Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and quantitative data were summarized in tables and charts. The findings revealed that existing staff training has a positive contribution to the academic performance in the institute with 83%. In addition, there is an existence of training opportunities for employees of the Institute but the institute has no specific schedule for staff training. The findings also show that getting on Design Quarterly Staff Training on Specific Institution Needs, Conduct Needs Assessment for Long Term and Short Term Training, Prepare Sufficient Budget for Staff Training, Benchmarking the Performance Outcomes Prior and Post Staff Training, Developing the Measurable Performance Indicators and Conduct Continually Performance Assessment is very important to the Institution academic staffs. These results show that the management of the Institute should set up a training policy that will include a well-designed training schedule for the academic staff. Also, the institute should conduct training Needs Assessments for long-term and short-term training in order to identify the effective training for its staff and design quarterly staff training on specific institutional needs.
Density Current Simulations In Cold Fresh Water And Its Cabbeling phenomenon: A Comparative Analysis With Given Experimental Results
Authors: George Alabodite Meipre , Osaisai Evans Fiebibiseighe
Published: August 2022

The behaviour of warm water discharge at a temperature \(T_{m}\) horizontally into a homogeneous body of cold fresh water at a temperature \(T=0\) was investigated by means of a numerical model through lock-exchange. Water density here was taken to be a quadratic function of temperature. This work as presented here is practical and relevant to many fields of study and also enhances policy making towards the protection of the aquatic ecosystems. Such scenarios are evident in lakes, especially in holomictic lakes and warm discharge from thermoelectric power generating plants. Because the sudden increase in the water temperature after discharge will leads to "thermal shock" killing aquatic life that has become acclimatised to living in a stable temperate environment. The aim of this investigation is to better fathom and as well, gain more insight into such studies. Cabbeling process was key as whenever fluid of different temperature come in contact and as well as the development of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in the interaction surface. The general behaviours here are dependent of lock volume, density difference and Reynolds number. We noticed that the collapsing velocity of the denser fluid within the first time frame was high, higher than every fluid movement elsewhere. Relations that describes the various regimes of flow were also drawn, and as well as those for the spreading distance \(L_{d c}\) of the density current. However, there are little variations in the scaling laws as compared to the earlier studied cases where density difference was by the means of salt water. But for those where density difference is as a result of temperature, we believe that these results are a good starting point to better fathom and as well, gain more insight into such studies. Lastly, the consideration of barrier position is key, being that the lock volume is also believed to be a factor. Researchers can also gain more knowledge in terms of the dynamics of such flows.
Characterization of Physiological and Biochemical Response during Drought Stress in Finger Millet Collected from Hills of Uttarakhand
Authors: Chauhan Ankita , Lohani Pushpa
Published: August 2022

Aims: The goal of the current study was to examine the genetic variety of finger millet genotypes based on physiological and biochemical parameters related to drought.

Study Design: Using various biochemical and physiological parameters, 20 finger millet germplasm lines were tested in the investigation for resistance to drought.

Place and Duration of Study: The current study was carried out from May to August 2019 at the G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology's College of Basic Science and Humanity.

Methodology: The purpose of the study was to document several biochemical and physiological characteristics associated with drought resistance and susceptibility. Additionally, based on these criteria, selecting drought-tolerant and susceptible plants

Results: Different genotypes of finger millet exhibit varying degrees of tolerance to drought stress, which is mostly attributed to differences in the concentration and modifications of pigments as well as the accumulation of proline. Among the others, the genotypes PCPGR8120, PCPGR8128, PCPGR8124, and PCPGR8130 are the most drought-tolerant while the genotypes PCPGR 8068 and PCPGR 8138 were regarded as drought sensitive..

Conclusion: Four genotypes of finger millet were discovered to be distantly segregated from the other genotypes based on physiological and biochemical data. These genotypes had demonstrated their ability to withstand drought, however the remaining genotypes had been discovered to be susceptible to it.
Varietal Evaluation of Black Cumin (Nigella sativa L.) in Prayagraj Agro-Climatic Conditions
Authors: Akash Krishnan P. T. , Singh Devi , Singh Vikram , Bahadur Vijay
Published: August 2022

An Experiment on black cumin was conducted during November to April 2021-2022, in Horticulture Research Field, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology & Sciences Prayagraj (U.P.) India. The results of the investigation, regarding the performance of the 7 variety of black cumin i.e. Ajmer Nigella-1, Ajmer Nigella-20, Rajendra Shyama, Nigella Sativa ,Local variety -1, Azad Kolonji, Local variety- 2 obtained from different sources to find out the best performance in terms of growth and yield in prayagraj agro climatic conditions. The experiment was conducted in Randomized Block Design, were each variety replicated thrice the results from the present investigation concluded that black cumin genotype Azad Kolonji was recorded with maximum number of flowers / plant (77.87), number of umbels / plant (57.27), Seed / umbel (95.73), Seed yield t/ha (2.48) and with maximum gross return, net return and Cost Benefit Ratio of (4.12) which was found to be more productive and economically viable.
Effect of Precision Water and Nitrogen Management on Yield Attributes and Yield of Aerobic Rice under Drip System
Authors: Bhavana B. , Laxminarayana P. , Kumar R. Mahender , Surekha K. , Reddy S. Narender
Published: August 2022

A Field experiment was conducted at Indian Institute of Rice Research (IIRR) during Rabi season of 2020 and 2021, with an objective to study the effect of precision water and nitrogen management on yield attributes and yield of aerobic rice under drip system. Treatments included three precision irrigation management methods- {I1 (DRIP irrigation 1.5 Epan in Flat bed system); I2 (DRIP irrigation 1.5 Epan in Raised bed system) and I3 {Surface irrigation (up to saturation)}} and four precision nitrogen management practices- N1 {Recommended practice (RDF)-(120:60:40 N P K kg ha-1)}; N2 {Green seeker (Optical sensor) based N application}; {N3 (LCC based N application) and N4­­ (No Nitrogen)} replicated thrice. Results of experiment shows that, the performance of aerobic rice was better when it was managed with precision ‘N’ management tools like LCC based ‘N’ application with surface method of irrigation in terms of recording higher yield attributes and yield. Among irrigation methods, higher values of yield attributes such as no of panicles m-2 (144), length of panicle (21.7 cm), panicle weight (3.4 g), filled grains panicle-1 (109.3), total grains panicle-1 (128.7), test weight (21.6 g), grain yield (4171 kg ha-1) and lowest sterility percentage (15.6%) were observed under surface irrigation followed by drip irrigation with raised beds during both years (mean). Significantly higher values for above parameters were recorded under LCC based N application (148, 21.7 cm, 3.5 g, 114.5, 132.4, 21.5 g, 4230 kg ha-1 and 13.7%) followed by recommended practice among nitrogen management practices. The experimental data revealed that, cultivating rice under aerobic ecosystem with drip irrigation along with precision nitrogen management tools like LCC and greenseeker aids in recording high yield and yield attributes besides saving water and nutrients.