bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using eye movements to model the sequence of text–picture processing for multimedia comprehension
Authors: Mason L. , Scheiter K. , Tornatora M.C.
Published: June 2017

This study used eye movement modeling examples (EMME) to support students' integrative processing of verbal and graphical information during the reading of an illustrated text. EMME consists of a replay of eye movements of a model superimposed onto the materials that are processed for accomplishing the task. Specifically, the study investigated the effects of modeling the temporal sequence of text and picture processing as shown in various replays of a model's gazes. Eighty‐four 7th graders were randomly assigned to one of the four experimental conditions: text‐first processing sequence (text‐first EMME), picture‐first processing sequence (picture‐first EMME), picture‐last processing sequence (picture‐last EMME) and no‐EMME (control). Online and offline measures were used.

Eye movement indices indicate that only readers in the picture‐first EMME condition spent significantly longer processing the picture and showed stronger integrative processing of verbal and graphical information than students in the no‐EMME condition. Moreover, readers in all EMME conditions outperformed those in the control condition for recall. However, for learning and transfer, only readers in the picture‐first EMME condition were significantly superior to readers of the control condition. Furthermore, both the frequency and duration of integrative processing of verbal and graphical information mediated the effect of condition on learning outcomes.
Impact of ixekizumab treatment on skin‐related personal relationship difficulties in moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis patients: 12‐week results from two Phase 3 trials
Authors: Guenther L. , Warren R.B. , Cather J.C. , Sofen H. , Poulin Y. , Lebwohl M. , Terui T. , Potts Bleakman A. , Zhu B. , Burge R. , Reich K. , van de Kerkhof P.
Published: June 2017

Background

Psoriasis symptoms may decrease quality of life for patients. Skin‐related personal relationship difficulties in psoriasis patients are common, under‐reported and poorly understood.

Objective

To assess the effect of ixekizumab (IXE) treatment on skin‐related personal relationship difficulties in patients with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis.

Methods

Pooled data (N = 2570) on skin‐related relationship problems were obtained from two large phase 3 trials (UNCOVER‐2 and UNCOVER‐3) in patients with moderate‐to‐severe plaque psoriasis randomized to subcutaneous placebo (PBO, N = 361), etanercept (ETN; 50 mg twice weekly, N = 740), or 80 mg IXE as one injection every 4 (IXEQ4W, N = 733) or 2 weeks (IXEQ2W, N = 736) for 12 weeks, following a 160‐mg initial dose. The Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) Personal Relationships Domain (PRD) (Items 8 and 9) was used to assess how much the skin caused any personal relationship difficulties at weeks 0, 2, 4 and 12. Improvement was compared for IXE vs PBO and ETN using logistic models. Factors associated with improvement were assessed using multiple linear regressions. DLQI Item 9, assessing sexual difficulties, was also analysed separately.

Results

PRD scores (mean ± standard deviation) at baseline were similar across all treatment groups (PBO: 1.8 ± 1.9; ETN: 1.7 ± 1.8; IXEQ4W: 1.6 ± 1.8; IXEQ2W: 1.7 ± 1.8). Treatment with IXE rapidly and significantly improved the mean PRD score compared to PBO and ETN (P < 0.001 at all time points). Baseline PRD score was the strongest negative predictor of improvement. IXE enabled significantly more patients with moderate‐to‐severe plaque psoriasis to reduce their skin‐related sexual difficulties at Week 12 compared to PBO (P < 0.001) or ETN (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Ixekizumab improves patient‐reported skin‐related PRD difficulties in patients with moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis.
Influence of Hospital Type on Outcomes of Individuals Aged 80 and Older with Stroke Treated Using Intravenous Thrombolysis
Authors: Purroy Francisco , Vena Ana , Cánovas David , Cardona Pere , Cocho Dolores , Cuadrado‐Godia Elisa , Chamorro Angel , Dávalos Antonio , Garcés Moisés , Gomis Meritxell , Krupinski Jerzy , Palomeras Ernest , Ribó Marc , Roquer Jaume , Rubiera Marta , Sanahuja Jordi , Saura Júlia , Serena Joaquín , Ustrell Xavier , Vargas Martha , Benabdelhak Ikram , Abilleira Sonia , Gallofré Miquel ,   for the Catalan Stroke Code and Reperfusion Consortium
Published: June 2017

Objectives

The aim of the study was to confirm the safety and effectiveness of using intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) with individuals aged 80 and older in routine practice in different hospital settings.

Design

Observasional registry.

Setting

Prospective multicenter population‐based registry of acute stroke patients treated with reperfusion therapies in Catalonia, Spain (Sistema Online d'Informació de l'Ictus Agut).

Participants

Individuals treated only with IVT (N = 3,231; 1,189 (36.8%) aged ≥80).

Measurements

Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, mortality, and favorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score = 0–2) at 3 months were evaluated according to hospital characteristics. Treating hospitals were classified in three categories: comprehensive stroke centers (CSCs), primary stroke centers (PSCs), and community hospitals operating a telestroke system (TS). First individuals aged 80 and older were compared with those younger than 80, and then participants aged 80 and older were focused on.

Results

Participants aged 80 and older had significantly higher baseline National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) scores, longer onset to treatment times, and worse outcomes than younger participants. For participants aged 80 and older, 90‐day mortality was 23.2%, with 38.7% having favorable outcomes at 3 months. Symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (SICH; Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke‐MOnitoring STudy definition) was observed in 4.7% of subjects. None of the risk factors differed significantly between participants treated in different types of hospitals. Basal stroke severity measured according to NIHSS score was not significantly different either. The three different types of hospitals achieved similar outcomes, although the TS and PSC hospitals had significantly higher proportions of SICH (6.3% and 6.3%, respectively) than the CSC (3.2%).

Conclusion

Older adults with acute stroke treated with IVT had similar outcomes regardless of hospital characteristics.
Mucosal bacterial dissemination in a rhesus macaque model of experimental brucellosis
Authors: Russell‐Lodrigue Kasi E. , Killeen Stephanie Z. , Ficht Thomas A. , Roy Chad J.
Published: June 2017

Animals were experimentally infected with Brucella melitensis via aerosol. B. melitensis was cultured from the saliva and vaginal vault of infected animals, corresponding to bacterial dissemination in other target tissues. This is the first report of bacterial dissemination to these mucosal surfaces in a non‐human primate model of brucellosis.
Efficacy and safety of a new microneedle patch for skin brightening: A Randomized, split‐face, single‐blind study
Authors: Park Kui Young , Kwon Hyun Jung , Lee Changjin , Kim Daegun , Yoon Jun Jin , Kim Myeong Nam , Kim Beom Joon
Published: June 2017

Background

Although microneedles are one of the best transdermal drug delivery systems for active compounds, few clinical trials have examined the safety and efficacy of brightening microneedle patches.

Aims

To determine the efficacy and safety of a newly developed whitening microneedle patch.

Patients/Methods

A split‐face study was designed for efficacy assessment with 34 Korean women applying the tested product (a whitening microneedle patch) on one cheek and a control whitening essence on the other. We objectively measured changes in melanin index values and skin brightness by mexameter and chromameter. Each participant also used global assessment to determine skin whitening. In addition, 55 participants were selected for primary skin irritation tests and repeated insult patch tests for safety assessments.

Results

Mean skin brightness and melanin indexes improved (P<.05) 4 weeks and 8 weeks after product use in both the whitening patch and whitening essence groups. Significant differences (P<.05) were observed between the whitening patch and whitening essence groups 8 weeks after use. Global assessment by participants showed moderate cosmetic outcomes for both the whitening patch and whitening essence groups. No adverse effects were reported, and primary irritation and human repeated insult patch tests revealed no irritation from the test product.

Conclusions

A newly developed microneedle patch was effective and safe for skin brightening and would be a promising functional cosmetic product.
Cross‐sectional study of the microbiological safety profile of reusing hyaluronic acid fillers
Authors: Pontello Rubens , Kondo Rogério Nabor , Pavezzi Priscila Daiane , Nicolacopulos Theo , Kippert Julia Pagung , Lena Clarissa
Published: June 2017

Introduction

Facial filling with hyaluronic acid (HA) is a dermatological procedure that has been emerging today. There are not many references regarding safety of reusing the remaining product for later touch‐up in the same patient.

Objective

To determine the microbiological safety of reusing hyaluronic acid that is remnant from syringes used for facial filling, stored at room temperature or cooled in a refrigerator at 4°C.

Materials and methods

In culture medium, small aliquots of leftovers from 31 hyaluronic acid fillers, previously used for facial filling, were inoculated. The fillers were stored in their original syringes at room temperature or cooled in a standard refrigerator at 4°C for a period ranging from 1 week to 12 months after initial use.

Limitations

The small number of samples limits extrapolation of the results obtained.

Results

After 42 days of inoculation in culture medium, none of the samples showed any aerobic or anaerobic bacterial or fungal growth.

Conclusion

Hyaluronic acid fillers did not show any fungal or bacterial contamination after being opened and stored at room temperature in nonaseptic conditions. The possibility of reusing the remaining portion of the material in the syringe can be safe and economically viable.
Complete versus incomplete revascularization with drug‐eluting stents for multi‐vessel disease in stable, unstable angina or non‐ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Ando Tomo , Takagi Hisato , Grines Cindy L.
Published: June 2017

Objectives

To determine whether drug‐eluting stent (DES) coronary complete revascularization (CR) confers clinical benefit over incomplete revascularization (IR) in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (MVD).

Background

Clinical benefit of CR over IR in patients with MVD with angina (both stable and unstable) and non‐ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) in DES has not been well studied.

Methods

We conducted a systematic online literature search of PUBMED and EMBASE. Literatures that compared the clinical outcomes between CR and IR with exclusively or majority (>80%) using DES in patients without or included only small portion (<20%) of ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction or single‐vessel coronary artery disease were included. Hazards ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated with random‐effects model.

Results

No randomized clinical trials were identified. A total of 14 observational studies with total of 41 687 patients (CR 39.6% and IR 60.4%) were included in this meta‐analysis. CR was associated with lower incident of all‐cause mortality (HR 0.71, P = 0.001), major adverse events (HR 0.75, P < 0.001), cardiovascular mortality (HR 0.39, P < 0.001). Meta‐regression analysis showed that CR significantly reduced the risk of all‐cause mortality in advanced age, triple vessel disease and male sub‐groups.

Conclusions

CR with DES conferred favorable outcomes compared to IR in MVD patients with stable, unstable angina or NTEMI. Further research to achieve higher CR in MVD patients may lead to improvement in prognosis in these cohorts.
Illiquid life annuities
Authors: d'Albis Hippolyte , Etner Johanna
Published: June 2017

In this paper, we consider illiquid life annuity contracts and show that they may be preferred to those illustrated by Yaari. In an overlapping generations economy, liquid life annuities are demanded only if the equilibrium is dynamically inefficient. However, an equilibrium displaying a positive demand for illiquid life annuities is indeed efficient. In this latter case, the welfare at steady state is larger if illiquid life annuity contracts are available.
Plant growth promotion and suppression of charcoal‐rot fungus (Macrophomina phaseolina) in velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens L.) by root nodule bacteria
Authors: Aeron Abhinav , Maheshwari Dinesh Kumar , Dheeman Shrivardhan , Agarwal Mohit , Dubey Ramesh Chand , Bajpai Vivek K.
Published: June 2017

Root‐nodulating bacteria are intimate associates of legumes. From a pool of rhizobia isolated from root nodules of Mucuna pruriens (Velvet bean/Kaunch), RMP66 and BMP17 were found to be capable of promoting siderophore and IAA production and phosphate solubilization (insoluble tri‐calcium). Both symbionts were studied further to determine their abilities to promote plant growth and to control root‐rot in Mucuna pruriens caused by the pathogenic plant fungus Macrophomina phaseolina. RMP66 and BMP17 were selected based on their excellent inhibitory activities against M. phaseolina (by 78% and 71%, respectively) in dual culture and in agar‐well assays using cell‐free culture filtrate (CFCF) (by 76% and 62%, respectively). Both strains inhibited fungal growth to a greater extent in iron‐deficient medium (51% and 69%) than in iron‐supplemented medium (37% and 0%), respectively. CFCFs of RMP66 and BMP17 obtained from Pikovskaya's broth and tryptophan‐amended YEM broth inhibited fungal growth by 80%‐55% and 70%‐43%, respectively, and were identified as Sinorhizobium meliloti RMP66 and Bradyrhizobium diazoefficiens BMP17 by 16S rDNA sequencing. Centrifuged and pelleted cells harvested from exponentially grown cultures of S. meliloti RMP66 and B. diazoefficiens BMP17 were used to bacterize seeds of M. pruriens, which then showed enhanced seed germination (by up to 17% and 12%, respectively), and subsequent increases in other plant growth parameters in field trials. Considerable increases in seedling vigour indices (62%: 53% and 110%: 130%) and biomass (8%: 13% and 25%: 28%) were also observed for bacterial treatments. Tn5‐mediated antibiotic‐resistant marker strains showed enhanced nodule occupancy by up to 72% and 68%, respectively. This study describes a multifunctional legume nodule rhizobia that could be utilized in multicropping systems under different agroclimatic conditions as a bioinoculant and alternative to fertilizers.
Mutations of the β‐tubulin gene fragments from carbendazim‐resistant isolates of Pestalotiopsis sp. causing strawberry leaf blight in Chiang Mai, Thailand
Authors: Kummanid Jitparpat , Akimitsu Kazuya , Nalumpang Sarunya
Published: June 2017

Screening of field isolates of Pestalotiopsis sp. from strawberry leaf blight in Thailand identified 56 carbendazim‐resistant isolates. Of 56 isolates, 39 highly resistant (HR) phenotypes grew well on PDA amended with carbendazim even at ≥500 mg/L. Isolates with carbendazim‐resistant phenotype had a conspicuous mutation at particular sites in the beta‐tubulin (β‐tubulin) gene sequence. A β‐tubulin encoding gene from this pathogen was cloned and sequenced. Analysis of the β‐tubulin gene in highly resistant (HR) isolates showed a substitution at codon 79 and 102 from serine (AGT) to lysine (AAA) and valine (GTA) to alanine (GCA), respectively. The detection of such point mutations in the β‐tubulin gene allows the rapid screening to detect carbendazim‐resistant isolates in the field.
Tea polyphenol is a potential antifungal agent for the control of obligate biotrophic fungus in plants
Authors: Yang Yuheng , Chen Yingjuan , Chen Fajing , Yu Yang , Bi Chaowei
Published: June 2017

Tea polyphenol (TP) exhibits broad‐spectrum antimicrobial properties. In this study, the in vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of TP on Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici (Pst), which is an obligate biotrophic fungus that causes severe wheat stripe rust disease, were evaluated to investigate the control efficacy of TP. In vitro experiments showed that, at a concentration of 1.0 mg/ml, TP significantly suppressed urediniospore germination and caused the aberrant growth of germ tubes. The inhibition ratio reached 100% by increasing the TP concentration. In vivo experiments showed that TP reduced incidence rate and the uredia coverage rate in a dose‐ and application time‐dependent manner. TP treatment also induced the aberrant differentiation of Pst on wheat leaves. Results suggest that the ideal TP concentration range is 20–40 mg/ml, and TP may be a potential antifungal agent for the control of obligate biotrophic fungus in plants.
An approach to understanding sleep and depressed mood in adolescents: person‐centred sleep classification
Authors: Shochat Tamar , Barker David H. , Sharkey Katherine M. , Van Reen Eliza , Roane Brandy M. , Carskadon Mary A.
Published: June 2017

Depressive mood in youth has been associated with distinct sleep dimensions, such as timing, duration and quality. To identify discrete sleep phenotypes, we applied person‐centred analysis (latent class mixture models) based on self‐reported sleep patterns and quality, and examined associations between phenotypes and mood in high‐school seniors. Students (n = 1451; mean age = 18.4 ± 0.3 years; 648 M) completed a survey near the end of high‐school. Indicators used for classification included school night bed‐ and rise‐times, differences between non‐school night and school night bed‐ and rise‐times, sleep‐onset latency, number of awakenings, naps, and sleep quality and disturbance. Mood was measured using the total score on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies‐Depression Scale. One‐way anova tested differences between phenotype for mood. Fit indexes were split between 3‐, 4‐ and 5‐phenotype solutions. For all solutions, between phenotype differences were shown for all indicators: bedtime showed the largest difference; thus, classes were labelled from earliest to latest bedtime as ‘A’ (n = 751), ‘B’ (n = 428) and ‘C’ (n = 272) in the 3‐class solution. Class B showed the lowest sleep disturbances and remained stable, whereas classes C and A each split in the 4‐ and 5‐class solutions, respectively. Associations with mood were consistent, albeit small, with class B showing the lowest scores. Person‐centred analysis identified sleep phenotypes that differed in mood, such that those with the fewest depressive symptoms had moderate sleep timing, shorter sleep‐onset latencies and fewer arousals. Sleep characteristics in these groups may add to our understanding of how sleep and depressed mood associate in teens.
Modification of REE distribution of ordinary chondrites from Atacama (Chile) and Lut (Iran) hot deserts: Insights into the chemical weathering of meteorites
Authors: Pourkhorsandi Hamed , D'Orazio Massimo , Rochette Pierre , Valenzuela Millarca , Gattacceca Jérôme , Mirnejad Hassan , Sutter Brad , Hutzler Aurore , Aboulahris Maria
Published: June 2017

The behavior of rare earth elements (REEs) during hot desert weathering of meteorites is investigated. Ordinary chondrites (OCs) from Atacama (Chile) and Lut (Iran) deserts show different variations in REE composition during this process. Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) data reveal that hot desert OCs tend to show elevated light REE concentrations, relative to OC falls. Chondrites from Atacama are by far the most enriched in REEs and this enrichment is not necessarily related to their degree of weathering. Positive Ce anomaly of fresh chondrites from Atacama and the successive formation of a negative Ce anomaly with the addition of trivalent REEs are similar to the process reported from Antarctic eucrites. In addition to REEs, Sr and Ba also show different concentrations when comparing OCs from different hot deserts. The stability of Atacama surfaces and the associated old terrestrial ages of meteorites from this region give the samples the necessary time to interact with the terrestrial environment and to be chemically modified. Higher REE contents and LREE‐enriched composition are evidence of contamination by terrestrial soil. Despite their low degrees of weathering, special care must be taken into account while working on the REE composition of Atacama meteorites for cosmochemistry applications. In contrast, chondrites from the Lut desert show lower degrees of REE modification, despite significant weathering signed by Sr content. This is explained by the relatively rapid weathering rate of the meteorites occurring in the Lut desert, which hampers the penetration of terrestrial material by forming voluminous Fe oxide/oxyhydroxides shortly after the meteorite fall.
Sfp1 and Rtg3 reciprocally modulate carbon source‐conditional stress adaptation in the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans
Authors: Kastora Stavroula L. , Herrero‐de‐Dios Carmen , Avelar Gabriela M. , Munro Carol A. , Brown Alistair J. P.
Published: June 2017

The pathogenicity of the clinically important yeast, Candida albicans, is dependent on robust responses to host‐imposed stresses. These stress responses have generally been dissected in vitro at 30°C on artificial growth media that do not mimic host niches. Yet host inputs, such as changes in carbon source or temperature, are known to affect C. albicans stress adaptation. Therefore, we performed screens to identify novel regulators that promote stress resistance during growth on a physiologically relevant carboxylic acid and at elevated temperatures. These screens revealed that, under these ‘non‐standard’ growth conditions, numerous uncharacterised regulators are required for stress resistance in addition to the classical Hog1, Cap1 and Cta4 stress pathways. In particular, two transcription factors (Sfp1 and Rtg3) promote stress resistance in a reciprocal, carbon source‐conditional manner. SFP1 is induced in stressed glucose‐grown cells, whereas RTG3 is upregulated in stressed lactate‐grown cells. Rtg3 and Sfp1 regulate the expression of key stress genes such as CTA4, CAP1 and HOG1 in a carbon source‐dependent manner. These mechanisms underlie the stress sensitivity of C. albicans sfp1 cells during growth on glucose, and rtg3 cells on lactate. The data suggest that C. albicans exploits environmentally contingent regulatory mechanisms to retain stress resistance during host colonisation.
Prognostic value of O‐6‐methylguanine–DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) protein expression in glioblastoma excluding nontumour cells from the analysis
Authors: Dahlrot R. H. , Dowsett J. , Fosmark S. , Malmström A. , Henriksson R. , Boldt H. , de Stricker K. , Sørensen M. D. , Poulsen H. S. , Lysiak M. , Söderkvist P. , Rosell J. , Hansen S. , Kristensen B. W.
Published: June 2017

Aims

It is important to predict response to treatment with temozolomide (TMZ) in glioblastoma (GBM) patients. Both MGMT protein expression and MGMT promoter methylation status have been reported to predict the response to TMZ. We investigated the prognostic value of quantified MGMT protein levels in tumour cells and the prognostic importance of combining information of MGMT protein level and MGMT promoter methylation status.

Methods

MGMT protein expression was quantified in tumour cells in 171 GBMs from the population‐based Region of Southern Denmark (RSD)‐cohort using a double immunofluorescence approach. Pyrosequencing was performed in 157 patients. For validation we used GBM‐patients from a Nordic Study (NS) investigating the effect of radiotherapy and different TMZ schedules.

Results

When divided at the median, patients with low expression of MGMT protein (AF‐low) had the best prognosis (HR = 1.5, P = 0.01). Similar results were observed in the subgroup of patients receiving the Stupp regimen (HR = 2.0, P = 0.001). In the NS‐cohort a trend towards superior survival (HR = 1.6, P = 0.08) was seen in patients with AF‐low. Including MGMT promoter methylation status, we found for both cohorts that patients with methylated MGMT promoter and AF‐low had the best outcome; median OS 23.1 and 20.0 months, respectively.

Conclusion

Our data indicate that MGMT protein expression in tumour cells has an independent prognostic significance. Exclusion of nontumour cells contributed to a more exact analysis of tumour‐specific MGMT protein expression. This should be incorporated in future studies evaluating MGMT status before potential integration into clinical practice.
Heavy metal ATPase 3 (HMA3) confers cadmium hypertolerance on the cadmium/zinc hyperaccumulator Sedum plumbizincicola
Authors: Liu Huan , Zhao Haixia , Wu Longhua , Liu Anna , Zhao Fang‐Jie , Xu Wenzhong
Published: June 2017

Cadmium (Cd) is highly toxic to most organisms, but some rare plant species can hyperaccumulate Cd in aboveground tissues without suffering from toxicity. The mechanism underlying Cd detoxification by hyperaccumulators is interesting but unclear.

Here, the heavy metal ATPase 3 (SpHMA3) gene responsible for Cd detoxification was isolated from the Cd/zinc (Zn) hyperaccumulator Sedum plumbizincicola. RNA interference (RNAi)‐mediated silencing and overexpression of SpHMA3 were induced to investigate its physiological functions in S. plumbizincicola and a nonhyperaccumulating ecotype of Sedum alfredii.

Heterologous expression of SpHMA3 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed Cd‐specific transport activity. SpHMA3 was highly expressed in the shoots and the protein was localized to the tonoplast. The SpHMA3‐RNAi lines were hypersensitive to Cd but not to Zn, with the growth of shoots and young leaves being severely inhibited by Cd. Overexpressing SpHMA3 in the nonhyperaccumulating ecotype of S. alfredii greatly increased its tolerance to and accumulation of Cd, but not Zn.

These results indicate that elevated expression of the tonoplast‐localized SpHMA3 in the shoots plays an essential role in Cd detoxification, which contributes to the maintenance of the normal growth of young leaves of S. plumbizincicola in Cd‐contaminated soils.
How do leaf and ecosystem measures of water‐use efficiency compare?
Authors: Medlyn Belinda E. , De Kauwe Martin G. , Lin Yan‐Shih , Knauer Jürgen , Duursma Remko A. , Williams Christopher A. , Arneth Almut , Clement Rob , Isaac Peter , Limousin Jean‐Marc , Linderson Maj‐Lena , Meir Patrick , Martin‐StPaul Nicolas , Wingate Lisa
Published: June 2017

The terrestrial carbon and water cycles are intimately linked: the carbon cycle is driven by photosynthesis, while the water balance is dominated by transpiration, and both fluxes are controlled by plant stomatal conductance. The ratio between these fluxes, the plant water‐use efficiency (WUE), is a useful indicator of vegetation function.

WUE can be estimated using several techniques, including leaf gas exchange, stable isotope discrimination, and eddy covariance. Here we compare global compilations of data for each of these three techniques.

We show that patterns of variation in WUE across plant functional types (PFTs) are not consistent among the three datasets. Key discrepancies include the following: leaf‐scale data indicate differences between needleleaf and broadleaf forests, but ecosystem‐scale data do not; leaf‐scale data indicate differences between C3 and C4 species, whereas at ecosystem scale there is a difference between C3 and C4 crops but not grasslands; and isotope‐based estimates of WUE are higher than estimates based on gas exchange for most PFTs.

Our study quantifies the uncertainty associated with different methods of measuring WUE, indicates potential for bias when using WUE measures to parameterize or validate models, and indicates key research directions needed to reconcile alternative measures of WUE.
Limited and digestive proteolysis: crosstalk between evolutionary conserved pathways
Authors: Minina Elena A. , Moschou Panagiotis N. , Bozhkov Peter V.
Published: June 2017

Contents

Summary
958

I.
Introduction
958

II.
Proteolysis in the early stages of the autophagy pathway
959

III.
Sharing tasks: the UPS–autophagy interface
960

IV.
Protein degradation as a final step of autophagy: bulk or selective?
962

V.
Concluding remarks
962

Acknowledgements
962

References
963

Proteases can either digest target proteins or perform the so‐called ‘limited proteolysis’ by cleaving polypeptide chains at specific site(s). Autophagy and the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) are two main mechanisms carrying out digestive proteolysis. While the net outcome of digestive proteolysis is the loss of function of protein substrates, limited proteolysis can additionally lead to gain or switch of function. Recent evidence of crosstalk between autophagy, UPS and limited proteolysis indicates that these pathways are parts of the same proteolytic nexus. Here, we focus on three emerging themes within this area: limited proteolysis as a mechanism modulating autophagy; interplay between autophagy and UPS, including autophagic degradation of proteasomes (proteophagy); and specificity of protein degradation during bulk autophagy.
Protective influence of healthful nutrition on mechanisms of environmental pollutant toxicity and disease risks
Authors: Hoffman Jessie B. , Hennig Bernhard
Published: June 2017

Human exposures to environmental contaminants around the world contribute to the global burden of disease and thus require urgent attention. Exploring preventive measures against environmental exposure and disease risk is essential. While a sedentary lifestyle and/or poor dietary habits can exacerbate the deleterious effects resulting from exposure to toxic chemicals, much emerging evidence suggests that positive lifestyle changes (e.g., healthful nutrition) can modulate and/or reduce the toxicity of environmental pollutants. Our work has shown that diets high in anti‐inflammatory bioactive food components (e.g., phytochemicals or polyphenols) are possible strategies for modulating and reducing the disease risks associated with exposure to toxic pollutants in the environment. Thus, consuming healthy diets rich in plant‐derived bioactive nutrients may reduce the vulnerability to diseases linked to environmental toxic insults. This nutritional paradigm in environmental toxicology requires further study in order to improve our understanding of the relationships between nutrition and other lifestyle modifications and toxicant‐induced diseases.
Autoantibodies against voltage‐gated potassium channel and glutamic acid decarboxylase in psychosis: A systematic review, meta‐analysis, and case series
Authors: Grain Rosemary , Lally John , Stubbs Brendon , Malik Steffi , LeMince Anne , Nicholson Timothy R. , Murray Robin M. , Gaughran Fiona
Published: June 2017

Antibodies to the voltage‐gated potassium channel (VGKC) complex and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) have been reported in some cases of psychosis. We conducted the first systematic review and meta‐analysis to investigate their prevalence in people with psychosis and report a case series of VGKC‐complex antibodies in refractory psychosis. Only five studies presenting prevalence rates of VGKC seropositivity in psychosis were identified, in addition to our case series, with an overall prevalence of 1.5% (25/1720) compared to 0.7% in healthy controls (12/1753). Meta‐analysis established that the pooled prevalence of GAD65 autoantibodies was 5.8% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.0–15.6%; I2 = 91%; nine studies) in psychotic disorders, with a prevalence of 4.6% (95%CI: 1.2–15.9%; nine studies; I2 = 89%) and 6.2% (95%CI: 1.2–27.0%; two studies; I2 = 69%) in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, respectively. People with psychosis were more likely to have GAD65 antibodies than controls (odds ratio [OR], 2.24; 95%CI: 1.28–3.92%; P = 0.005; eight studies; I2 = 0%). Among 21 participants with treatment‐resistant psychosis, none had VGKC antibodies. The prevalence of VGKC antibodies is low in psychosis. Our preliminary meta‐analysis suggests that GAD autoantibodies are more common in people with psychosis than in controls, although few studies accounted for the possibility of co‐existing type 1 diabetes mellitus and the clinical significance of reported GAD titers remains unclear. The paucity of studies reporting thresholds for defining GAD abnormality and rates of comorbid type 1 diabetes mellitus precludes interpretations regarding the influence of GAD antibodies on the development of psychotic disorders and may have led to an overestimate of the prevalence of GAD. Our case series fails to support the hypothesis that VGKC antibodies are linked to treatment resistance in psychosis, but the literature to date is remarkably sparse.
Psychophysiological effects of oxytocin on parent–child interactions: A literature review on oxytocin and parent–child interactions
Authors: Szymanska Monika , Schneider Marie , Chateau‐Smith Carmela , Nezelof Sylvie , Vulliez‐Coady Lauriane
Published: June 2017

Oxytocin (OT), often called the ‘hormone of love’ or ‘hormone of attachment,’ plays a fundamental role in the establishment and quality of parent–infant bonding. However, emerging evidence indicates that OT can also produce antisocial behavior. To clarify these effects, we review studies examining the role of endogenous and exogenous OT on several determinants of attachment: parental sensitivity, and bonding or synchrony in parent–child dyads. Contextual and individual factors moderating the effect of intranasal OT and its peripheral levels are also reviewed. Finally, potential therapeutic applications for OT and current limitations in human OT research are examined. This systematic literature review was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, with two electronic databases and other bibliographic sources. We identified a total of 47 relevant studies for inclusion in our review. Most of the findings are in accordance with recent ideas that OT administration may increase parent–child prosocial interaction, showing that OT exerts beneficial effects on processes thought to promote bonding, sensitivity, and synchrony. However, we found that OT can induce antisocial behavior (e.g., anxiety) or adverse effects (modulation of maternal care recollections) that are moderated by different contextual (e.g., maltreatment level, presence of unfamiliar people) and individual (attachment style) factors. This review reinforces the importance of context‐ and individual‐dependent factors, which must be taken into account when analyzing the psychophysiological effects of OT.
Pharmacoepidemiology of tacrolimus in pediatric liver transplantation
Authors: Riva Natalia , Schaiquevich Paula , Cáceres Guido Paulo , Halac Esteban , Dip Marcelo , Imventarza Oscar
Published: June 2017

AEs during immunosuppressive treatment with tacrolimus are very common. We retrospectively evaluated FK safety and efficacy in a large pediatric liver transplant cohort in Latin America. During 2‐year follow‐up, we analyzed data from patients who underwent liver transplantation over the period 2010‐2012 and recorded FK exposure, AEs, and AR episodes. AEs were classified according causality and severity. Tacrolimus exposure before and during AE was compared using Wilcoxon matched‐pairs test. Kaplan‐Meier curves were used for survival analysis. In total, 46 patients (out of 72 patients) experienced 69 AEs, such as hypomagnesemia (49%), PTLD (6%), hypertension (6%), and/or nephrotoxicity (22%). 43% of AEs were classified as moderate or serious, and 89% were assigned as probable or definitive. Patients who had one or more AR episodes accounted for 65%. The 12‐month acute rejection‐free survival was 41% (95% CI, 30.1%‐53.1%). A significant difference was observed in FK trough concentrations before and during hypomagnesemia and nephrotoxicity (P<.05). This study is the first report of FK safety in a large group of pediatric liver transplant patients in Latin America. Children experience AEs, even in protocols with low FK doses. Therapeutic monitoring is an important tool to manage immunosuppressive schemes containing tacrolimus in vulnerable populations.
Diffuse myocardial fibrosis among healthy pediatric heart transplant recipients: Correlation of histology, cardiovascular magnetic resonance, and clinical phenotype
Authors: Feingold Brian , Salgado Cláudia M. , Reyes‐Múgica Miguel , Drant Stacey E. , Miller Susan A. , Kennedy Mark , Kellman Peter , Schelbert Erik B. , Wong Timothy C.
Published: June 2017

Fibrosis is commonly described in heart allografts lost late after transplantation. CMR‐derived ECV is a validated measure of DMF in native adult hearts that may predict heart failure and mortality. We explored associations of ECV with histologic myocardial fibrosis and clinical features after pediatric heart transplantation. Twenty‐five recipients (7.0±6.3 years at transplant and 10.7±6.5 years post‐transplant) were prospectively recruited for CMR and BNP measurement at the time of surveillance biopsy. All had normal ejection fractions and lacked heart failure symptoms. Fibrosis was quantified on biopsy after picrosirius red staining as CVF. ECV was quantified using contemporaneous hematocrit on basal and mid‐short‐axis slices. ECV was moderately correlated with CVF (r=.47; P=.019). We found no associations of ECV with hemodynamics, ischemic time, time since transplantation, or number of prior biopsies or acute rejections. Compared to healthy non‐transplant controls, there was no significant difference in ECV (25.1±3.0 vs 23.7±2.0%, P=.09). Log‐transformed BNP was correlated with ECV (recipients: r=.46, P=.02; recipients and controls: r=.45, P=.006). These findings suggest ECV quantifies DMF and relates to biological indicators of cardiac function after pediatric heart transplantation.
The Origins of Post‐Stalin Individuality: Aleksandr Tvardovskii and the Evolution of 1930s Soviet Romanticism
Authors: PINSKY ANATOLY
Published: June 2017

This article explores the origins of a post‐Stalin ideal of individuality, the rise of which amounted to a crucial change in Soviet intellectual history. By ideal of individuality, I mean an internalization of the source of truth in Soviet epistemology, or a privileging of the ordinary individual rather than the Communist party leadership in answering key policy questions. The article places the emergence of this ideal on the background of the longer history of the self in modern Russia. In examining the rise of a post‐Stalin ideal of individuality, the article takes on historiographies on the Soviet Union that locate the origins of a general turn to the individual in the relationship between state and society during the Second World War and late Stalin years, or in an ostensible post‐Stalin rebirth of the spirit of the nineteenth‐century Russian intelligentsia. In brief, these literatures uncover the origins of individuality in non‐Soviet spaces or ideas, whereas this article highlights the influence of published discourse and thus the creative potential of Soviet ideas themselves. In this connection, I focus on the role of the Stalinist 1930s and more specifically a discourse of Soviet romanticism. In invoking romanticism, the article gestures to the shared intellectual traditions of Russia and the West. For the purpose of close reading, the article focuses on the Stalin‐era past of a key figure of the 1950s and 1960s, Aleksandr Tvardovskii, the famous poet and editor of Novyi mir, the leading reformist journal of the period. Ultimately, the article calls for further research that situates the intellectual history of the post‐Stalin Soviet Union in the context both of the entirety of the Stalinist past and of Western intellectual history.
Power Lost and Freedom Relinquished: Russian Journalists Assessing the First Post‐Soviet Decade
Authors: SCHIMPFÖSSL ELISABETH , YABLOKOV ILYA
Published: June 2017

This article seeks a nuanced understanding of the troubled state that Russian journalism finds itself in today. As much as the Kremlin may be blamed as the source of these woes, it cannot be responsible for low ethical standards and lack of solidarity among journalists. This article explores what has hindered the journalistic community from developing stronger ethical standards over the past twenty‐five years. Three significant events in the first post‐Soviet decade serve as case studies: first, an early ethical code of conduct, the Moscow Charter of Journalists, produced in 1994; second, the 1996 presidential election campaign, which led to president Yeltsin's victory over the Communist Gennadii Zuiganov; and third, the so called “information wars” between oligarchs, culminating in the 2001 demise of the television channel NTV. In unique interviews, conducted by the authors, thirty‐five Russian elite journalists and media managers assessed the role they played in major political events and how these events impacted the freedom of media in Russia today.
The impact of student loans on college access, completion, and returns
Authors: Baker Amanda R. , Andrews Benjamin D. , McDaniel Anne
Published: June 2017

Nearly half of all first‐time undergraduates take a loan to pay for college, and many students will borrow tens of thousands of dollars by the time they leave. Low‐income students and students of color borrow student loans more often and in larger amounts, yet attend less selective institutions, are more likely to drop out with debt. Among students who complete college, those with larger amounts of debt may struggle to pay back their loans or to invest in a house, family, or future education. Researchers are just beginning to untangle how the availability and use of student loans affects college access, educational attainment, and life after college, yet this topic has important implications for economic inequality and social stratification. In this article, we summarize what is known and what remains to be investigated, about the impact of student loan availability and use on college enrollment, degree completion, and postcollege outcomes.
Dretske on Non‐Epistemic Seeing
Authors: Demircioglu Erhan
Published: June 2017

In this article, I make a distinction between two versions of non‐epistemicism about seeing, and bring explicitly into view and argue against a particular version defended by Dretske. More specifically, I distinguish non‐epistemic seeing as non‐conceptual seeing, where concept possession is assumed to be cognitively demanding, from non‐epistemic seeing as seeing without noticing, where noticing is assumed to be relatively cognitively undemanding. After showing that Dretske argues for the possibility of non‐epistemic seeing in both senses of the term, I target his thesis that a given subject (non‐epistemically) sees all the objects that are visually differentiated in her visual field, where visual differentiation does not require that she notice those objects. I argue that the notion of a visual field deployed in the formulation of the thesis cannot be phenomenal and therefore that seeing without noticing amounts to mere visual confrontation (in a sense to be specified). I further argue that since the epistemicist does not (and need not) deny the existence of seeing without noticing in the sense of mere visual confrontation, there is a clear sense in which Dretske's non‐epistemicism turns out to be trivial.
Knowledge and Competitiveness in the Motor Insurance Sector
Authors: Przybytniowski Jarosław Wenancjusz
Published: June 2017

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the level of individuated customer knowledge and the quality of customer service in the motor insurance sector using the Servqual method. Based on the above objective, the author has accepted the thesis that knowledge is an important factor influencing the increase of quality of services provided in the motor insurance sector. In the article the author used the knowledge in the literature and conducted the analysis of statistical data on a selected group of respondents in the area of Podkarpackie and Lubelskie Province in the years 2015-2016.
Complete Genome Sequence of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O Strain YNTBa from Yunnan Province of China
Authors: Yan Huan , Wang Jihua , Zhu Mingwang , Miao Haisheng , Peng Zhenqi , Li Huachun , Xin Aiguo
Published: June 2017

YNTBa is a rabbit-passaged attenuated strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype O. Here, we announce the complete genome sequence of YNTBa, which provides data for further studies on replication, virulence, its determinants, and cell and host tropism of YNTBa.
Deeper Insight in Beehives: Metagenomes of Royal Jelly, Pollen, and Honey from Lavender, Chestnut, and Fir Honeydew and Epiphytic and Endophytic Microbiota of Lavender and Rose Flowers
Authors: Crovadore Julien , Gérard François , Chablais Romain , Cochard Bastien , Bergman Jensen Karl Kristian , Lefort François
Published: June 2017

Microbiota of beehive products are very little known. We report here for the first time six metagenomes of royal jelly, pollen, and different types of honey from wild and cultivated lavender, chestnut, and fir honeydew. Four metagenomes of epiphytic and endophytic microbiota of lavender and rose flowers are also reported.
Draft Genome Sequence of Rice Orange Leaf Phytoplasma from Guangdong, China
Authors: Zhu Yingzhi , He Yuange , Zheng Zheng , Chen Jianchi , Wang Zhiyi , Zhou Guohui
Published: June 2017

The genome of rice orange leaf phytoplasma strain LD1 from Luoding City, Guangdong, China, was sequenced. The draft LD1 genome is 599,264 bp, with a G+C content of 28.2%, 647 predicted open reading frames, and 33 RNA genes.
Complete Genome Sequence of Staphylococcus epidermidis 1457
Authors: Galac Madeline R. , Stam Jason , Maybank Rosslyn , Hinkle Mary , Mack Dietrich , Rohde Holger , Roth Amanda L. , Fey Paul D.
Published: June 2017

Staphylococcus epidermidis
1457 is a frequently utilized strain that is amenable to genetic manipulation and has been widely used for biofilm-related research. We report here the whole-genome sequence of this strain, which encodes 2,277 protein-coding genes and 81 RNAs within its 2.4-Mb genome and plasmid.