bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Screening for depression and anxiety: correlates of non‐response and cohort attrition in the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA)
Authors: Van Der Veen Willem Jan , Van Der Meer Klaas , Penninx Brenda W.
Published: December 2009

A major problem in the analysis of attrition of cohorts in studies on mental health problems is that data on those who do not participate at the outset of a study are largely unavailable. It is not known how underlying psychopathology affects the first stages of screening where non‐response and selectivity are usually highest. This article presents results of one of the centres of the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA), a longitudinal study aimed at describing the long‐term course and consequences of depression and anxiety disorders. The aim is to describe the different ways of attrition during the first NESDA‐wave in a cohort of patients aged 18–65 years of the Registration Network Groningen and to analyse whether attrition is related to gender, age and psychopathology as recorded in general practice. The attrition of the study cohort (n = 8475) was highest during the first stages, eventually leading to a population of 169 patients only who participated in the full NESDA‐programme. Probabilities of transition from one stage of the screening process to the next were regressed on selected background variables using binary logistic regression. Correlates of participation were being female and being older (>40). Psychopathology was an important variable in the formation of the initial sample cohort, but only had a weak influence on patient response to the screening questionnaire. Study design factors had a stronger impact on the changing composition of the cohort at each screening stage compared to patient factors. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical analyses of nonaqueous phase liquid dissolution‐induced instability in two‐dimensional fluid‐saturated porous media
Authors: Zhao Chongbin , Hobbs B. E. , Ord A.
Published: December 2009

This paper deals with the theoretical aspects of nonaqueous phase liquid (NAPL)‐dissolution‐induced instability in two‐dimensional fluid‐saturated porous media including solute dispersion effects.After some weaknesses associated with the previous work are analyzed and overcome, a comprehensive dimensionless number, known as the Zhao number, is proposed to represent the main driving force and three controlling mechanisms of an NAPL‐dissolution system that has a finite domain. The linear stability analysis is carried out to derive the critical value of the comprehensive dimensionless number of the NAPL‐dissolution system in a limit case as the ratio of the equilibrium concentration to the density of the NAPL approaches zero. As a result, a theoretical criterion that can be used to assess the instability of planar NAPL‐dissolution fronts in two‐dimensional fluid‐saturated porous media of finite domains has been established. Not only can the present theoretical results be used for the theoretical understanding of the effect of solute dispersion on the instability of an NAPL‐dissolution front in the fluid‐saturated porous medium of either a finite domain or an infinite domain, but also they can be used as benchmark solutions for verifying numerical methods employed to simulate detailed morphological evolution processes of NAPL‐dissolution fronts in two‐dimensional fluid‐saturated porous media. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fatigue damage monitoring in carbon fiber reinforced polymers using the acousto‐ultrasonics technique
Authors: Loutas T.H. , Vavouliotis A. , Karapappas P. , Kostopoulos V.
Published: December 2009

This study focuses on the nondestructive monitoring of damage developed in carbon fiber reinforced polymers during fatigue loading via in situ acousto‐ultrasonics (AU) measurements. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were used as modifiers of the epoxy matrix of quasi‐isotropic carbon fiber reinforced laminates and consequently two composite material systems (one with matrix doped with CNTs and one with nondoped matrix) were manufactured and tested. The AU technique is utilized toward the monitoring of damage development, evolution, and accumulation during the fatigue tests. The AU waveforms acquired are processed using conventional (both in time and in frequency domain) as well as innovative wavelet‐based signal processing techniques to extract parameters‐indicators capable of monitoring and quantifying the damage accumulation into the test coupons. Based on the analysis of AU monitored signals, critical descriptors (parameters) were identified that show significant variation and monotonic behavior throughoutthe tests and thus can be proposed as potential candidate parameters for monitoring the damage development in composite materials. POLYM. COMPOS., 31:1409–1417, 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Structure and thermostability of PMMA in PMMA/silica nanocomposites: Effect of high‐energy ball milling and the amount of the nanofiller
Authors: Pantaleón Ruben , González‐Benito Javier
Published: December 2009

In this work, the effect of the presence of silica nanoparticles in the structure, dynamics, and thermodegradation of poly(methyl methacrylate), PMMA, has been considered. A new method for preparing nanocomposites has been considered in which high‐energy ball milling, HEBM, was used to uniformly disperse nanoparticles within a polymeric matrix (PMMA). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FTIR, was used to analyze the structure and dynamics of the PMMA to study the influence of the presence of silica nanoparticles and finally to discuss the thermal stability of these nanocomposites. Dynamic thermogravimetric analyses were performed to carry out the kinetics analysis about the thermostability of the modified PMMA, being the milling process and the amount of nanoparticles the variables taken into account. The milling process creates chain ends on the PMMA favoring its first step of thermal degradation. There is only an improvement in terms of thermal stability if the amount of silica nanoparticles within the PMMA exceeds a threshold higher than 2% by weight when the unfavorable effect of the milling process is compensated. POLYM. COMPOS., 31:1585–1592, 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Comparison of the effectiveness and efficiency of oral and written retellings and passage review as strategies for comprehending text
Authors: Schisler Rebecca , Joseph Laurice M. , Konrad Moira , Alber‐Morgan Sheila
Published: December 2009

The purpose of this study was to compare the instructional effectiveness and efficiency of oral retelling, written retelling, and passage review comprehension strategies on third‐grade students' accuracy and rate of answering reading comprehension questions. A modified alternating treatment design was used to compare the effects of oral retelling, written retelling, and passage review strategies. Each strategy occurred within the context of repeated readings with phrase drill error correction. This study extended previous research findings by examining the effects of oral and written retelling as strategies for improving both literal and inferential comprehension and by investigating the efficiency of retelling procedures. Findings revealed that students' accuracy in answering reading comprehension performance was better under both retelling conditions than the passage review condition. The oral retelling coupled with repeated readings and phrase drill error correction was the most efficient instructional method for answering comprehension questions correctly. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Applied comparative effectiveness researchers must measure learning rates: A commentary on efficiency articles
Authors: Skinner Christopher H.
Published: December 2009

Almost all academic skills deficits can be conceptualized as learning rate problems as students are not failing to learn, but not learning rapidly enough. Thus, when selecting among various possible remedial procedures, educators need an evidence base that indicates which procedure results in the greatest increases in learning rates. Previous research is reviewed that shows how failure to measure learning rates can lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the relative effectiveness of interventions. Different procedures for measuring learning rates are described and cautions regarding the interpretation of these learning rate data are provided. The article concludes with a plea for all researchers to include measures of learning rates in their applied studies. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of a truancy court intervention in four middle schools
Authors: Hendricks Michelle A. , Sale Elizabeth W. , Evans Carol J. , McKinley Lori , DeLozier Carter Sherri
Published: December 2009

The effectiveness of a school‐based truancy court intervention in four middle schools in a mid‐sized school district was evaluated. Cumulative data from 185 youth attending a truancy court from 2004 through 2008 were included in the analyses. Results indicated a differential impact of the truancy court intervention depending on truancy severity at baseline. The intervention was most successful in increasing attendance for students with severe truancy, but had limited impact on students with moderate truancy, and no impact on mild truancy. The intervention did not result in improved school attachment or grade point averages, nor did it significantly reduce discipline offenses. Furthermore, the aftercare intervention, consisting of regular meetings with an authority figure (e.g., a juvenile officer), was only effective at maintaining truancy court attendance gains for students with severe truancy at baseline, although it was associated with a substantial decrease in discipline offenses for all groups. These results suggest that truancy courts similar to the one described here may have an impact on truancy for severely truant students, but may have a limited effect on students with mild or moderate truancy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Farbbilder aus gefrorenem Licht. Interferentielle Fotografie
Authors: Kellerbauer Alban
Published: December 2009

Vor über hundert Jahren entwickelte Gabriel Lippmann die Heliochromie. Dieses fotografische Verfahren kann das kontinuierliche Spektrum des sichtbaren Lichts abbilden. Dabei speichert die Fotoemulsion in ihrem Volumen die Farbinformation als Fourier‐Transformierte des ursprünglichen Spektrums. Moderne holografische Techniken funktionieren ähnlich, halten aber statt der Wellenlänge des reflektierten Lichts seine Phase und damit die dreidimensionale Gestalt des Objekts fest. Aus technischen und wirtschaftlichen Gründen konnte sich die Heliochromie nicht durchsetzen. Neue spektrometrische Verfahren zum Beispiel nutzen jedoch wieder das Prinzip der Lippmannschen Fotografie.
Flüsse, Seen und Dünen auf dem Titan
Authors: Langhans Mirjam
Published: December 2009

Neue Radardaten der Cassini‐Sonde enthüllen erdähnliche Landschaften auf dem Titan, dem größten Mond des Saturn. Die Bilddaten zeigen Täler und Flussläufe, wie sie auch für die Oberfläche der Erde typisch sind. Allerdings werden oder wurden sie auf dem Titan von flüssigem Methan geformt.
Röntgenstrahlung mit einem Laserplasma‐Beschleuniger
Authors: Fuchs Matthias , Grüner Florian
Published: December 2009

Unserem Team des Labors für Attosekundenphysik der Ludwig‐Maximilians‐Universität München und des Max‐Planck‐Instituts für Quantenoptik in Garching ist es erstmals gelungen, Röntgenquellen, die normalerweise mehrere Kilometer groß sind, auf die Größe eines Tisches zu verkleinern. Hierfür nutzen wir eine neue Methode, basierend auf Laserpulsen mit ultrahohen Intensitäten, einem Wasserstoffplasma und einem Undulator.
Perfekte Abbildung in neuem Licht
Authors: Leonhardt Ulf
Published: December 2009

Selbst mit dem stärksten optischen Mikroskop kann man keine Nanostrukturen, Moleküle oder gar Atome sehen. Für Nanostrukturen benötigt man ein Elektronenmikroskop, oder man tastet sie per Nahfeldmikroskopie mühsam ab. Neue theoretische Berechnungen legen aber nahe, dass man durch integrierte Optik ein unbegrenztes Auflösungsvermögen erzielen kann.
Tricks aus der Schatzkammer der Physik
Authors: Rolfs Claus
Published: December 2009

Weit mehr als drei Millionen verschiedene Arten an Pflanzen und Tieren bevölkern die Erde. Diese enorme Vielfalt ist das Ergebnis der Evolution. Sie kam immer dann einen Schritt voran, wenn eine neue Erfindung stattfand, wenn die Lebewesen also einen neuen Trick aus der Schatzkammer der Physik entdeckten. Dazu zählen die Konvektion im Transport von Energie und Nahrung, Nervenbahnen für Signale zum Gehirn, Isolierung des Körpers, Sehen und Erkennen mit Augen oder Empfang und Aussenden von Schallwellen. In dieser neuen Serie zeigen wir, wie physikalische Gesetze Verhalten und Entwicklung der Lebewesen bestimmen und Grenzen in der Biosphäre ziehen.
Nanokristalline Metalle. Neue Werkstoffe aus plastischer Hochverformung
Authors: Pippan Reinhard , Hohenwarter Anton , Scheriau Stephan , Bachmaier Andrea
Published: December 2009

Nanokristalline metallische Materialien zeichnen sich durch hohe mechanische Festigkeit aus. Über die Größe der Körner (Kristallite) sind auch ihre magnetischen Eigenschaften sehr variabel einstellbar. Eine Möglichkeit, sie herzustellen, ist die Hochverformung. Ausgangspunkt ist ein herkömmliches Material mit Korngrößen im Mikro‐ bis Millimeterbereich. Unter hohem Druck wird es bei relativ niedrigen Temperaturen plastisch verformt, bis es nanokristallin wird. Diese Umwandlung geschieht durch den Einbau von Kristallbaufehlern und die Bildung von zellartigen Strukturen aus diesen Fehlern. Die Zellwände bilden dann die Grenzen zwischen den neuen Kristalliten. Mit zunehmender Verformung sinkt die Größe der Kristallite bis zu einem Sättigungszustand. Diese minimale Kristallitgröße hängt unter anderem von der Verformungstemperatur und dem Legierungsgehalt ab.
Bereavement care: some clinical observations
Authors: Greer Steven
Published: December 2009

The needs of cancer patients' bereaved carers require attention. Although the majority of bereaved individuals manage to cope with their loss, a minority remain distressed and suffer serious prolonged disruption of their lives. The Yale Bereavement Study has revealed a specific syndrome, prolonged grief disorder. The diagnostic criteria of this disorder are outlined and several clinical illustrations are presented. Preliminary evidence suggests that cognitive‐behaviour therapy (CBT) can be effective in the management of prolonged grief disorder. An example of the use of CBT is provided together with some useful clinical guidelines. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel defensin‐like peptide from salivary glands of the hard tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis
Authors: Lu Xiangyun , Che Qiaolin , Lv Yi , Wang Meijuan , Lu Zekuan , Feng Feifei , Liu Jingze , Yu Haining
Published: December 2009

A novel defensin‐like antimicrobial peptide named longicornsin was isolated from the salivary glands of the hard tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis, using a 10‐kDa cut‐off Centriprep filter and reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC). Its amino acid sequence was determined as DFGCGQGMIFMCQRRCMRLYPGSTGFCRGFRCMCDTHIPLRPPFMVG by Edman degradation. The cDNA encoding longicornsin was cloned by cDNA library screening. The predicted protein from the cDNA sequence was composed of 78 amino acids including a mature longicornsin. It showed similarity with defensin‐like peptides from other ticks by BLAST search. Different from most other tick defensin‐like peptides, longicornsin had a C‐terminal extension. Purified longicornsin exerted potent antimicrobial activities against bacteria and fungi. Interestingly, it even showed strong antimicrobial ability against drug‐resistant microorganisms and Helicobacter pylori. The results of this study indicated that longicornsin is a potential candidate for novel antimicrobial drug design.
Association of CASP8 D302H polymorphism with reduced risk of aggressive prostate carcinoma
Authors: Lubahn Jessica , Berndt Sonja I. , Jin Carol H. , Klim Aleksandra , Luly Jason , Wu William S. , Isaacs Sarah , Wiley Kathleen , Isaacs William B. , Suarez Brian K. , Hayes Richard B. , Kibel Adam S.
Published: December 2009

BACKGROUND

Because of the dramatically different clinical course of aggressive and indolent prostate carcinoma (PCa), markers that distinguish between these phenotypes are of critical importance. Apoptosis is an important protective mechanism for unrestrained cellular growth and metastasis. Therefore, dysfunction in this pathway is a key step in cancer progression. As such, genetic variants in apoptosis genes are potential markers of aggressive PCa. Recent work in breast carcinoma has implicated the histidine variant of CASP8 D302H (rs1045485) as a protective risk allele.

METHODS

We tested the hypothesis that the H variant was protective for aggressive PCa in a pooled analysis of 796 aggressive cases and 2,060 controls.

RESULTS

The H allele was associated with a reduced risk of aggressive PCa (ORper allele = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.54–0.83, Ptrend = 0.0003). The results were similar for European‐Americans (ORper allele = 0.68; 95% CI: 0.54–0.86) and African‐Americans (ORper allele = 0.61; 95% CI: 0.34–1.10). We further determined from the full series of 1,160 cases and 1,166 controls in the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, Ovarian (PLCO) population that the protective effect of the H allele tended to be limited to high‐grade and advanced PCa (all cases ORper allele = 0.94; 95% CI: 0.79–1.11; localized, low‐grade disease ORper allele = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.79–1.23; and aggressive disease ORper allele = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.50–1.07).

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that histidine variant of CASP8 D302H is a protective allele for aggressive PCa with potential utility for identification of patients at differential risk for this clinically significant phenotype. Prostate 70: 646–653, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Feature space resampling for protein conformational search
Authors: Blum Ben , Jordan Michael I. , Baker David
Published: December 2009

De novoprotein structure prediction requires location of the lowest energy state of the polypeptide chain among a vast set of possible conformations. Powerful approaches include conformational space annealing, in which search progressively focuses on the most promising regions of conformational space, and genetic algorithms, in which features of the best conformations thus far identified are recombined. We describe a new approach that combines the strengths of these two approaches. Protein conformations are projected onto a discrete feature space which includes backbone torsion angles, secondary structure, and beta pairings. For each of these there is one “native” value: the one found in the native structure. We begin with a large number of conformations generated in independent Monte Carlo structure prediction trajectories from Rosetta. Native values for each feature are predicted from the frequencies of feature value occurrences and the energy distribution in conformations containing them. A second round of structure prediction trajectories are then guided by the predicted native feature distributions. We show that native features can be predicted at much higher than background rates, and that using the predicted feature distributions improves structure prediction in a benchmark of 28 proteins. The advantages of our approach are that features from many different input structures can be combined simultaneously without producing atomic clashes or otherwise physically inviable models, and that the features being recombined have a relatively high chance of being correct. Proteins 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Crystal structure and oligomeric state of the RetS signaling kinase sensory domain
Authors: Jing Xing , Jaw Jessica , Robinson Howard H. , Schubot Florian David
Published: December 2009

The opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa may cause both acute and chronic‐persistent infections in predisposed individuals. Acute infections require the presence of a functional type III secretion system (T3SS), whereas chronic P. aeruginosa infections are characterized by the formation of drug‐resistant biofilms. The T3SS and biofilm formation are reciprocally regulated by the signaling kinases LadS, RetS, and GacS. RetS downregulates biofilm formation and upregulates expression of the T3SS through a unique mechanism. RetS forms a heterodimeric complex with GacS and thus prevents GacS autophosphorylation and downstream signaling. The signals that regulate RetS are not known but RetS possesses a distinctive periplasmic sensor domain that is believed to serve as receptor for the regulatory ligand. We have determined the crystal structure of the RetS sensory domain at 2.0 Å resolution. The structure closely resembles those of carbohydrate binding modules of other proteins, suggesting that the elusive ligands are likely carbohydrate moieties. In addition to the conserved beta‐sandwich structure, the sensory domain features two alpha helices which create a unique surface topology. Protein–protein crosslinking and fluorescence energy transfer experiments also revealed that the sensory domain dimerizes with a dissociation constant of Kd = 580 ± 50 nM, a result with interesting implications for our understanding of the underlying signaling mechanism. Proteins 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermodynamics of the Trp‐cage miniprotein unfolding in urea
Authors: Wafer Lucas N. R. , Streicher Werner W. , Makhatadze George I.
Published: December 2009

The thermodynamic properties of unfolding of the Trp‐cage mini protein in the presence of various concentrations of urea have been characterized using temperature‐induced unfolding monitored by far‐UV circular dichroism spectroscopy. Analysis of the data using a two‐state model allowed the calculation of the Gibbs energy of unfolding at 25°C as a function of urea concentration. This in turn was analyzed by the linear extrapolation model that yielded the dependence of Gibbs energy on urea concentration, i.e. the m‐value for Trp‐cage unfolding. The m‐value obtained from the experimental data, as well as the experimental heat capacity change upon unfolding, were correlated with the structural parameters derived from the three dimensional structure of Trp‐cage. It is shown that the m‐value can be predicted well using a transfer model, while the heat capacity changes are in very good agreement with the empirical models based on model compounds studies. These results provide direct evidence that Trp‐cage, despite its small size, is an excellent model for studies of protein unfolding and provide thermodynamic data that can be used to compare with atomistic computer simulations. Proteins 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
p‐Coumaric acid decarboxylase from Lactobacillus plantarum: Structural insights into the active site and decarboxylation catalytic mechanism
Authors: Rodríguez Héctor , Angulo Iván , de las Rivas Blanca , Campillo Nuria , Páez Juan A. , Muñoz Rosario , Mancheño José M.
Published: December 2009

p‐Coumaric acid decarboxylases (PDCs) catalyze the nonoxidative decarboxylation of hydroxycinnamic acids to generate the corresponding vinyl derivatives. Despite the biotechnological relevance of PDCs in food industry, their catalytic mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we report insights into the structural basis of catalysis for the homodimeric PDC from Lactobacillus plantarum (LpPDC). The global fold of LpPDC is based on a flattened β‐barrel surrounding an internal cavity. Crystallographic and functional analyses of single‐point mutants of residues located within this cavity have permitted identifying a potential substrate‐binding pocket and also to provide structural evidences for rearrangements of surface loops so that they can modulate the accessibility to the active site. Finally, combination of the structural and functional data with in silico results enables us to propose a two‐step catalytic mechanism for decarboxylation of p‐coumaric acid by PDCs where Glu71 is involved in proton transfer, and Tyr18 and Tyr20 are involved in the proper substrate orientation and in the release of the CO2 product. Proteins 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The dynamics of vented gas explosions
Authors: Proust Ch. , Leprette E.
Published: December 2009

The results of a large test series on vented gas explosions are herein reported (with vessel sizes ranging from 1 to 100 m3 mixture of methane, propane, and hydrogen with air). The pressure was not only measured internally but also externally. The flame propagation was also recorded with a speed camera. It is shown that a very significant explosion could result from the formation and ignition of the combustible cloud outside the vent and that, in a number of circumstances, this “external” explosion would overcome the internal one. Surprising results were also obtained showing, for instance, that near the vent the maximum overpressure may be lower than further downstream. This is not because the external explosion is developing far downstream but because of the local influence of the chamber pumping the outside atmosphere after the flame went out (thus creating a lower than atmosphere pressure) produced at the vent. The mode of combustion of the external cloud is still outstanding and cannot be described by the traditional outward expanding flame kernel. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2010
Explosion characteristics of hydrogen‐air mixtures in a spherical vessel
Authors: Jo Young‐Do , Crowl Daniel A.
Published: December 2009

Hydrogen has been proposed as a potential fuel to replace fossil fuels and to reduce carbon emissions. This paper presents experimental data on the explosion characteristics of hydrogen‐air mixtures in a 20‐L sphere. This includes the maximum explosion pressure, deflagration index, the exponent parameter of the burning velocity, and the burning parameter. Methods and equations are provided to estimate these parameters.

The experimental maximum explosion pressure agrees with the theoretical value estimated using a chemical equilibrium program if the concentration of hydrogen is from 10 to 75% in air, but not close to the flammable limits. Therefore, the maximum pressure can be estimated conservatively by the equilibrium program regardless of the size of the explosion vessel.

The deflagration index for hydrogen‐air mixtures, even if normalized by the cube root of the volume of explosion vessel, is found to be sensitive to the vessel volume. The maximum deflagration index in our 20‐L explosion vessel is measured as 970 bar‐m/sec at 36 vol. % of hydrogen in air. Other investigators have shown that it increases with the volume of the explosion vessel.

We propose a theoretical model to estimate the deflagration index. This model shows that the experimentally determined value depends highly on the fraction of burnt gas just before the flame contacts the vessel wall. This model can be used to estimate a maximum deflagration index assuming the flame propagates to and arrives at the vessel wall at the same time without any previous quenching. The deflagration index estimated using this approach has a value as high as 1,700 bar‐m/sec.

The apparent burning velocity increases as the pressure increases during the explosion. The exponent parameter is a constant to correlate the variation of the apparent burning velocity with the change in pressure during the explosion, which we determined to be about 0.45 for hydrogen‐air mixtures.

A burning parameter was also calculated from our experimental data. The burning parameter is directly related to the laminar burning velocity of the gas mixture and the wrinkling of the flame front. It is a single kinetic parameter that can be used with a flame growth model to calculate the pressure‐time history from initial ignition up to the maximum explosion pressure. An empirical equation for the burning parameter for hydrogen‐air mixtures is developed from this work. The maximum value of the burning parameter occurs at about 40 vol. % of hydrogen in air, which is above the stoichiometric concentration of 29.6 vol. %.

The proposed equations and methods for estimating the maximum explosion pressure, burning parameter, and deflagration index will be useful for safely using hydrogen to prevent catastrophic accidents in the application of hydrogen gas. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2010
Averaged shifted histogram
Authors: Scott David W.
Published: December 2009

The averaged shifted histogram or ASH is a nonparametric probability density estimator derived from a collection of histograms. The ASH enjoys several advantages compared with a single histogram: better visual interpretation, better approximation, and nearly the same computational efficiency. The ASH provides a bridge between the histogram and advanced kernel methods; moreover, the ASH provides a method of choice for kernel implementation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Density Estimation
Kinematic Analysis of Six Different Insertion Sites for FDS Opponensplasty
Authors: Skie Martin C. , Parent Thomas , Mudge Kenneth , Dai Qiang
Published: December 2009

Six variations of opponensplasty were biomechanically studied to determine if there is a significant difference in the amount of opposition produced by altering the insertion site of the tendon transfer while keeping the tendon source and pulley location constant. Five cadaveric arms were used to simulate six described insertion sites for opponensplasty tendon transfers. The arms were mounted through the ulna onto a specially designed stand. The stand was equipped with a calibrated stylus which could be turned 90° in order to accurately measure points in X, Y, and Z planes. Metacarpal—phalangeal flexion and thumb abduction were measured before and after application of a 550-g load. Axial rotation (pronation) was mathematically calculated using reference points on the thumb which were measured with the stylus before and after application of the load. The Bunnell transfer insertion site provided the greatest amount of palmar abduction, the Brand transfer insertion site the greatest metacarpophalangeal flexion, and the Royle transfer insertion site the greatest rotation. Although each of these transfers produced the greatest motion in one plane, they performed relatively poorly in the other two. The Riordan transfer insertion site into the extensor pollicis longus in line with the abductor pollicis brevis was, in our study, the overall best transfer, providing the second greatest change in motion in each of the three planes measured.
Erratum to: Quantitative Adjustment of the Influence of Depression on the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) Questionnaire
Authors: Lozano-Calderón Santiago A. , Zurakowski David , Davis James S. , Ring David
Published: December 2009

Please note these corrections.

The institution where the investigation was performed should be “Hand and Upper Extremity Service, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Yawkey Center Suite 2100, 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA” and not “Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York Medical College, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NY, USA”.

The last name of the first author is “Lozano-Calderón” not “Calderón”.
Transcriptional Profiling of Rice Leaves Undergoing a Hypersensitive Response Like Reaction Induced by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae Cellulase
Authors: Jha Gopaljee , Patel Hitendra Kumar , Dasgupta Madhumita , Palaparthi Ramesh , Sonti Ramesh V.
Published: December 2009

A secreted cellulase of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae induces innate immune responses in rice including a hypersensitive response (HR) like reaction. Microarray analysis was conducted using RNA isolated 12 h following ClsA treatment of leaves. BLAST searches were performed for the 267 (152 up- and 115 downregulated) differentially expressed (≥2-fold) genes. A number of defense and stress-response functions are upregulated while a number of functions involved in metabolism and transport are downregulated following induction of HR. A significant proportion of the differentially expressed genes (41/267) are predicted to encode transcription factors. Co-infiltration of X. oryzae pv. oryzae suppresses ClsA-induced expression of two transcription factors, OsAP2/ethylene response factor (ERF) and OsRERJ1, that are predicted to be involved in the jasmonic-acid-mediated defense pathway. Transient transfer of OsAP2/ERF via Agrobacterium results in the induction of callose deposition, programmed cell death, and resistance against subsequent X. oryzae pv. oryzae infection.
The Young Karl Marx
Authors: Leopold David
Published: December 2009

The Young Karl Marx is an innovative and important study of Marx's early writings. These writings provide the fascinating spectacle of a powerful and imaginative intellect wrestling with complex and significant issues, but they also present formidable interpretative obstacles to modern readers. David Leopold shows how an understanding of their intellectual and cultural context can illuminate the political dimension of these works. An erudite yet accessible discussion of Marx's influences and targets frames the author's critical engagement with Marx's account of the emergence, character, and (future) replacement of the modern state. This combination of historical and analytical approaches results in a sympathetic, but not uncritical, exploration of such fundamental themes as alienation, citizenship, community, anti-semitism, and utopianism. The Young Karl Marx is a scholarly and original work which provides a radical and persuasive reinterpretation of Marx's complex and often misunderstood views of German philosophy, modern politics, and human flourishing.
Zoogeomorphology
Authors: Butler David R.
Published: December 2009

Animals as geomorphic agents have primarily been considered curiosities in the literature of geomorphology, whose spatial and quantitative influences have been seen as both limited and minor. Zoogeomorphology: Animals as Geomorphic Agents, which is wholly devoted to this topic, examines the distinct geomorphic influences of invertebrates, ectothermic vertebrates, birds and mammals, and demonstrates the importance of animals as landscape sculptors. Specific processes associated with the diversity of animal influences in geomorphology are examined, including burrowing and denning, nesting, lithophagy and geophagy, wallowing and trampling, food caching, excavating for food, and dam building by beavers. Particular emphasis is placed on terrestrial animals, although aquatic animals are also discussed where appropriate.
Abortion, Doctors and the Law
Authors: Keown John
Published: December 2009

Ranging from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the 1980s, this book focuses on the evolution of the law and medical practice of abortion in England. Little academic attention has hitherto been given to the development and scope of abortion law in England, the formative influence of the medical profession, and the impact of the law on medical practice. Consequently, Dr Keown considers the performance of abortion by doctors, and the influence the medical profession had on the restriction of the law in the nineteenth century and on its relaxation in the twentieth. The book does not deal directly with the legal status of the unborn child, the rights and duties of its parents and of the doctors involved in the provision of abortion or the question of the desirability of reform. Rather, adopting a socio-legal perspective, it considers what the scope of the prohibition of abortion has been and focuses on aspects of professional influence on the evolution of that prohibition, and of professional practice thereunder.
The effect of a multispecies probiotic on the composition of the faecal microbiota and bowel habits in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients treated with antibiotics
Authors: Koning Catherina J. M. , Jonkers Daisy , Smidt Hauke , Rombouts Frans , Pennings Herman-Jan , Wouters Emiel , Stobberingh Ellen , Stockbrügger Reinhold
Published: December 2009

Short-term antibiotic treatment profoundly affects the intestinal microbiota, which may lead to sustained changes in microbiota composition. Probiotics may restore such a disturbance. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of a multispecies probiotic on the faecal microbiota during and after antibiotic intake in patients with a history of frequent antibiotic use. In this randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, thirty chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients treated with antibiotics for a respiratory tract infection received 5 g of a multispecies probiotic or placebo twice daily for 2 weeks. Faecal samples were collected at 0, 7, 14 and 63 d. Changes in the composition of the dominant faecal microbiota were determined by PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Changes in bacterial subgroups were determined by quantitative PCR and culture. Bowel movements were scored daily according to the Bristol stool form scale. During and after antibiotic treatment, DGGE-based similarity indices (SI) were high ( ≥ 84 %) and band richness was relatively low, both remaining stable over time. No difference in SI was observed between patients with and without diarrhoea-like bowel movements. The multispecies probiotic had a modest effect on the bacterial subgroups. Nevertheless, it affected neither the composition of the dominant faecal microbiota nor the occurrence of diarrhoea-like bowel movements. The dominant faecal microbiota was not affected by antibiotics in this COPD population, suggesting an existing imbalance of the microbiota, which may also have contributed to the lack of effect by probiotic intake.
Starch-entrapped microspheres show a beneficial fermentation profile and decrease in potentially harmful bacteria duringin vitrofermentation in faecal microbiota obtained from patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Rose Devin J. , Venema Koen , Keshavarzian Ali , Hamaker Bruce R.
Published: December 2009

The purpose of this research was to test the hypothesis that starch-entrapped microspheres would produce favourable fermentation profiles and microbial shifts duringin vitrofermentation with the faecal microbiota from patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).In vitrofermentation was carried out using a validated, dynamic, computer-controlled model of the human colon (Toegepast Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek gastro-intestinal model-2) after inoculation with pooled faeces from healthy individuals, patients with inactive IBD (Crohn's disease (CD)) or patients with active IBD (ulcerative colitis (UC)). Starch-entrapped microspheres fermented more slowly and produced more butyrate than fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) when fermented with the faecal microbiota from patients with active UC. When fermented with the microbiota from patients with inactive CD, starch-entrapped microspheres also fermented more slowly but produced similar amounts of butyrate compared with FOS. Starch-entrapped microspheres showed a greater ability to maintain a low pH during simulated-distal colon conditions compared with FOS. After fermentation with the microbiota from inactive CD patients, starch-entrapped microspheres resulted in lower concentrations of some potentially harmful gut bacteria, included inBacteroides,Enterococcus,FusobacteriumandVeillonella, compared with FOS. These findings suggest that slow fermenting starch-entrapped microspheres may induce a favourable colonic environment in patients with IBD through high butyrate production, maintenance of low pH in the distal colon and inhibition of the growth of potentially harmful bacteria.
The question of ‘China’ in Burmese chronicles
Authors: Yian Goh Geok
Published: December 2009

Historical studies of Burma–China relations have emphasised warfare, seen from the perspective of Chinese sources. One commonly studied event is the thirteenth-century Mongol invasion of Bagan. Burmese sources describe the flight of King Narathihapate (1257–87) from the Mongols, thus earning the Burmese epithet ‘Taruppye’. ‘Tarup’ now refers to the Chinese, but the identities of the people and region to which the term applies have not been constant. This paper discusses the question of the identity of ‘Tarup’ in the Burmese chronicles.
The Indian Version of First among Equals – Executive Power during the First Decade of Independence
Authors: KUMARASINGHAM H.
Published: December 2009

When India gained independence in August 1947 the world watched with excitement as well as trepidation as to what would happen following this unique and major event. The political destiny of the world's largest democracy would lie in the hands of an infinitesimal portion of the population – the political executive. India's new institutions had new operators to act in new conditions. There were few precedents. Within this Westminster system, refounded in India with its emphasis on executive flexibility and ambiguity, the leading political figures often had conflicting opinions and interpretations as to their powers. The relationship between Nehru as Prime Minister and other leading political figures, such as Patel as deputy Prime Minister, Prasad as President, and their definitions of their roles, would forge a new India. This paper revisits those debates and ideas in the first decade following independence, which allow greater understanding of the workings and conventions of today's Indian executive.
III Leicester House Politics, 1750–60, from the Papers of John, Second Earl of Egmont
Authors: Newman Aubrey N.
Published: December 2009

‘Leicester house’, those politicians associated with the Prince of Wales' court in Leicester Square Fields, played an important part in the development of the concept of ‘Opposition’ during the eighteenth century, and particularly between 1717 and 1760. There were several periods when this faction was particularly active, and these activities have acquired peculiar importance for many historians in view of the supposed intentions of George III of putting into effect precepts urged either at his own court as Prince of Wales or at that of his father, Frederick. As a result, considerable attention has been paid to the activities of Leicester House, and particularly to Frederick and his colleagues. Although Frederick was active, politically, between 1737 and 1751, it was after 1746 that he was virtually head of the Opposition, and it is in this period that he becomes most interesting, perhaps because it is for these years that there exists a body of documents illustrating his activities in such detail that it is possible to ascertain the nature of his plans. None of Frederick's own papers survive, and the documents in the Royal Archives at Windsor are derived from the records of his earlier associates. His principal associate after 1749 was John Perceval, second Earl of Egmont, whose father's diaries were published by the Historical Manuscripts Commission some forty years ago. Egmont was a Lord of the Bedchamber to the Prince and was the last in a series of favourites intended as future Prime Ministers, so that the papers drawn up in consultation between the two undoubtedly represent the intentions and plans of the Prince in these years and especially in the spring of 1750, to which period many can be dated from internal evidence.
I The Account of the Great Household of Humphrey, First Duke of Buckingham, for the Year 1452–3
Authors: Harris Mary , Thurgood J.M.
Published: December 2009

Introduction

Editorial notes and acknowledgements

Text

Glossary
IV The Count of Feria's Dispatch to Philip II of 14 November 1558
Authors: Rodríguez-Salgado M. J. , Adams Simon
Published: December 2009

Introduction 303

I The document 303

II The mission of the count of Feria 306

III The dispatch 309

IV Editorial notes and acknowledgements 317

Text 319

Translation 328

Notes to the text 338
A Charge delivered to the Grand Jury of Norfolk, at the General Quarter Sessions held on Wednesday, Jan. 16, 1793, at the Shire-House on the Castle-Hill, Norwich
Authors: Jodrell Henry
Published: December 2009

Gentlemen, As the Grand Jury of this County you are now assembled for the purpose of discharging a weighty and considerable trust; it has therefore been usual for the Court to point out to you the general outlines of your duty.

Gentlemen, the inquest now established in your persons is one of those institutions which we owe to the wisdom of our ancestors, particularly calculated to the free spirit of the English Law, and the peculiar policy of this country. You are invested with an absolute, and also a discretionary superintending, power; the former in respect to the finding or reject-[4] ing of such bills of indictment as may be brought before you, the latter in presenting to the Court such crimes, misdemeanors, and other offences, as may have been committed, and should be the subject of public notice and observation.
A Charge to the Grand Jury of the County of Glocester, Delivered at Epiphany Sessions, January 10, 1797
Authors: Foley John
Published: December 2009

It gives me pleasure to acquaint you, that, on inspecting the Calendar of the Prisoners who are to take their trials at the present Sessions, I see nothing in the nature of their crimes, that requires any particular observation. The same remark may be applied to their numbers, which, [2] considering the extent and population of the county, are comparatively small. From the wise regulations and admirable system of police adopted in your places of confinement, there is reason to hope, that these unhappy persons will return home, improved in their morals; that they will, by their future behaviour, make amends for their past misconduct; that they will gradually recover the stand of virtue, and become useful members of society. These pleasing hopes are in some measure justified by experience. Few examples are to be met with in your Gaol Register of second commitments: and it is with the utmost satisfaction I announce to you, that one instance has occured of a Prisoner who, though completely abandoned on his first admission, was yet so thoroughlky reformed by your Prison discipline, as to be hired on the expiration of his confinement into a respectable family, where his behaviour during the ensuing twelvemonth was so truly meritorious, as to entitle him to that reward, which the Penitenciary Act, with no less wisdom than [B2-3] humanity, holds forth as an encouragement to returning virtue.
II Indentures of Retinue with John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, Enrolled in Chancery, 1367–1399
Authors: Lewis N. B.
Published: December 2009

The documents here collected are exemplifications, enrolled in chancery, of indentures of service between John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, and a number of his retainers who secured confirmation of them from the reigning king: all but two of these exemplifications were issued by Richard II, when, after the duke's death, his lands were in the king's hand; and, in a large proportion of cases, the opportunity was taken to transfer the duke's former retainers to the king's sole service. The indentures themselves are examples of the type of contract, familiar in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, by which magnates formed the retinues of knights and squires who maintained their position in the country in time of peace and fought under their command in time of war. Of such retinues John of Gaunt's must have been one of the largest; and we have a more detailed knowledge of it than of any other, thanks to the large number of indentures and other evidences recorded in the two volumes of his register.