bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantum field theory and the Bieberbach conjecture
Authors: Haldar Parthiv , Sinha Aninda , Zahed Ahmadullah
Published: July 2021

An intriguing correspondence between ingredients in geometric
function theory related to the famous Bieberbach conjecture (de Branges’
theorem) and the non-perturbative crossing symmetric representation of
2-2 scattering amplitudes of identical scalars is pointed out. Using the
dispersion relation and unitarity, we are able to derive several
inequalities, analogous to those which arise in the discussions of the
Bieberbach conjecture. We derive new and strong bounds on the ratio of
certain Wilson coefficients and demonstrate that these are obeyed in
one-loop \phi^4ϕ4
theory, tree level string theory as well as in the S-matrix bootstrap.
Further, we find two sided bounds on the magnitude of the scattering
amplitude, which are shown to be respected in all the contexts mentioned
above. Translated to the usual Mandelstam variables, for large
|s||s|,
fixed tt,
the upper bound reads |\mathcal{M}(s,t)|\lesssim |s^2||ℳ(s,t)|≲|s2|.
We discuss how Szeg"{o}’s theorem corresponds to a check of
univalence in an EFT expansion, while how the Grunsky inequalities
translate into nontrivial, nonlinear inequalities on the Wilson
coefficients.
OXIGÊNIO NO CONTEXTO DA COVID-19: O QUE SABEMOS SOBRE A MOLÉCULA QUE RESPIRAMOS E O PAPEL CENTRAL DA QUÍMICA
Authors: Cerqueira Bruna , Silva Bruna , Campos Rafael , Santana Lourenço , Lopes Wilson , Silva Luciana , Paula Rodrigo , Cunha Silvio
Published: July 2021

OXYGEN IN THE COVID-19 CONTEXT: WHAT WE KNOW ABOUT THE MOLECULE WE BREATHE AND THE CENTRAL ROLE OF CHEMISTRY. In this work, the role of chemistry in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is highlighted through the medical oxygen supply crises in Brazil, as an example of oxygen utility in health. Starting from oxygen chemical characterization, the oxygen cycle in nature is discussed to show how oxygen is formed through photosynthesis, followed by the description of the industrial oxygen production from atmospheric air, including physical-chemical aspects. The use of medical oxygen concentrator is presented and how this device works from the chemical point of view. Besides, the noninvasive and painless oximetry is described in terms of how oxygen saturation level in blood is measured using LED - light emitting diode.
Thermal Stability and Photostability of Satureja montana and Lavandula angustifolia Essential Oils
Authors: Odak Ilijana , Škorić Irena , Talić Stanislava , Škobić Dragan
Published: July 2021

The influence of light and temperature stress conditions and oxygen availability on the chemical composition of Satureja montana and Lavandula angustifolia essential oils is reported. Photostability and thermal stability were evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC‑MS) analysis, comparing composition before and after the applied regimes. In Satureja montana essential oil, the amount of thymol (13.0-11.9%) and carvacrol (10.3-9.4%) decreased at elevated temperature and in the presence of air, with a simultaneous increase of p-cymene (24.2‑26.2%) while in an inert atmosphere the composition remained the same as in fresh oil. Light caused a dehydrogenation of α-terpinene (2.1-0.9%) and γ-terpinene (5.6‑4.7%) to p-cymene (24.2-25.9%) and decrease of trans-caryophyllene (5.1-4.3%). In Lavandula angustifolia essential oil, compounds sensitive to elevated temperature and the presence of oxygen were cis‑ocimene (2.8-2.2%) and trans‑ocimene (2.6-2.0%), alloocimene (3.0-2.3%), trans‑caryophyllene (4.3-3.6%) and β-farnesene (1.7-1.2%). Irradiated samples showed a decrease in the content of cis-ocimene (2.8-1.9%), alloocimene (3.0‑2.0%), crypton (0.6-0.1%), cuminal (0.3-0.0%), trans‑caryophyllene (4.3-3.5%), β-farnesene (1.7-1.1%) and germacrene-D (0.5-0.1%) and an increase of trans-ocimene (2.6-3.5%), β-bourbonene (0.0-0.2%) and several unidentified peaks. Both oils showed an individual response to light and temperature stress. The absence of oxygen and light is the only storage regime under which the initial composition can be preserved.
To the Issue of Bringing Legal Definitions in the Normative Legal Regulation of National Security and Its Individual Types into a Single System: Legal and Theoretical Dimension
Authors:   Ural State University of Economics, Kolotkina O.A.
Published: July 2021

The article deals with the issues related to the definition of the essence, role and meaning of legal definitions in the regulatory legal regulation of national security. The author emphasizes the uniqueness of the phenomenon of national security, which acts as a guarantor of ensuring the national interests of the state, society, and the individual and as a basis for the unhindered implementation of the strategic national priorities of the state. It is possible to ensure these interests and implement strategic priorities by creating an effective legal regulation that includes various legal means, as well as regulatory requirements. An important role in the regulatory legal regulation is played by legal definitions, which contain definitions of concepts that act as integral elements of the legal basis for ensuring national security. It is indicated that legal definitions of concepts are generally binding and contribute to the formation of a single legal space. It is stated that the current Federal Law «On Security» does not contain a legislative definition of key concepts in the field of national security. The article raises the problem of unification of the conceptual and categorical apparatus in the field of ensuring national security, through the adoption of fundamental documents of strategic planning. The author attempts to evaluate the legal definitions in the field under consideration in terms of their universality and industry affiliation, the problems of the completeness of their textual expression, as well as the state policy implemented in the field of national security. The author proposes the formulation of the concept «national security», which could become the basis for adjusting the legal definitions of certain types of national security, enshrined in legislative acts and strategic planning documents. The functions of legal definitions in the regulatory legal regulation of national security are identified and disclosed.
Powers of the Prosecutor in Preparing for Trial in the Legislation of Judicial Reform in the XIX and XX Centuries in Russia [
Authors:   Irkutsk Law Institute (Branch), University of the Prosecutor’s office of the Russian Federation, Varpakhovskaya E.M. , Derevskova V.M. ,   Irkutsk Law Institute (Branch), University of the Prosecutor’s office of the Russian Federation
Published: July 2021

The subject of the study is the powers of the prosecutor at the stage of preparation for trials, which occupies an intermediate position between the stage of a preliminary investigation and a trial. The authors analyze the legal norms contained in the Statute of Criminal Proceedings of 1864 and related to the powers of the prosecutor at the stage of a trial. It is concluded that the prosecutor had broad powers during the period under review, which was the result of the transition from the investigative to the adversarial form of the process, and the complex procedure of bringing the accused to a trial was aimed at preventing unjustified bringing of the person to a trial. It is indicated that such a decision of the legislator of the XIX century and the powers of the prosecutor at this stage were differently evaluated by contemporaries of the judicial reform of 1864, and are ambiguously evaluated at the present time. The analysis of the Soviet legislation (the Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR of 1922, the Code of Criminal Procedure of the RSFSR of 1923 and Criminal Procedure Code of the RSFSR of 1960), the comparison of the approaches of the previous stage to understanding the role and powers of the prosecutor in the trial stage are carried out. The authors pay attention to the fact that the Soviet legislator retained both the stage itself and its name, but changed the powers in the direction of their reduction, and in comparison with the subsequent stage, the reduction in the powers of the prosecutor was not so significant. It is indicated that initially the Russian legislator, when formulating the provisions of the concept of judicial reform in 1991, sought to abandon the Soviet experience and return to the experience of the Russian Empire, but this did not happen. It is noted that the adopted Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation of 2001 and the subsequent changes in the criminal procedure legislation were aimed at changing not only the name and content of the stage under consideration, but also reducing the powers of the prosecutor, which are currently mainly implemented during the preliminary hearing.
Amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation: Dictated Necessity and Consequences in the Conditions of the Modern World
Authors:   Baikal State University, Chuksina V.V. , Mirvoda K.A. ,   Baikal State University
Published: July 2021

The subject of this article is Law of the Russian Federation on Amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation (14.03.2020 No. 1-Federal Constitutional Law) «On improving the regulation of certain issues of the public power organization and functioning», namely, aspects of «coordination of health care» and «protection of the family, motherhood and childhood». The authors analyzed the issues of the medical care provision centralization, the impact of these amendments on the legal capacity of citizens. For a more in-depth analysis, the experience of foreign countries (Canada and Germany) was used. Despite the fact that the health care systems of the countries cited as an example differ in their essence and organization, nevertheless, they influence the formation of the availability of medicine for the population. As a result of the study of this experience, it was concluded that the delegation of freedom in the provision of medical care to lower levels of government allows to provide to the population affordable and high-quality medical care. It is noted that at present it is necessary to review the degree of participation of local governments in ensuring the availability of medical care in accordance with the federal law.
CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF MARTIAL ART OF THE OLD TURKIS DURING THE FORMATION PERIOD OF THE FIRST TURKIC KHAGANATE
Authors: Khudyakov Yuliy S. , Borisenko Alisa Yu.
Published: July 2021

This article studies and characterizes the principal features of martial arts of the Old Turks during the period, when in the Central Asian historical and cultural region, the Old Turkic state entities were formed, including the most powerful Turkic nomads’ state — the First Turkic Khaganate. The authors analyze the data, contained in the medieval written sources, which mentioned available different types of weapon of the Old Turkic equestrian lightly armed and armored warriors. The historical data show that the Old Turkic archers were accurate bows’ shooters. The Old Turkic warriors used arrows with iron tree-blade and faceted armour-piercing tips; the three-blade arrows were equipped with hollow bone balls and roundish holes. The Old Turkic warriors employed spears, swords, glaives, sabers, and battle-axes for defeating the enemies in close combat. For defence, they used iron armor plates, helmets, and wooden shields. The military science of the Old Turks had a significant impact on development of armament and martial art in Eurasian Steppe nomadic society during the era of the Early Middle Ages. Foreign affairs of the Old Turkic rulers during the existence period of the First Turkic Khaganate was characterized by the commitment to rallying of many nomadic tribes within the unified state.
This article aims to identify the characteristic features of the ancient Turks during the formation of the First Turkic Khaganate, which contributed to the unification of most of the nomadic tribes inhabiting the steppe spaces of Inner Asia within a single state formation.
Achieving this goal has required using the historical references and the methods of scientific reconstruction of the characteristic features of the martial arts of the Old Turks during the formation period of the first Turkic Khaganate.
Assessment of Regional Development Institutions and Executive Authorities of the Constituent Entities of the Russian Federation
Authors: Sukharev О. S.
Published: July 2021

Regional development management involves the use of development institutions, which are designed to enhance the functionality in solving the problems of the regions. For Russian regions, it is quite often proposed to borrow such institutions, for example, in the form of agencies and corporations for regional development, which looks very unreasonable. The task of distributing resources between regions, which cannot be considered solved in Russia, involves assessing the effectiveness of regional management, executive authorities, for which a system of indicators (of 20 parameters) and corresponding methods have been developed and approved, which are currently being improved and processed. The unresolved nature of these problems makes us once again turn to the validity of the decisions made and the argumentation of the position on the use of development agencies as institutions. This study provides a critical analysis of the borrowing of development institutions for the regions, demonstrating the importance of the project management method, which involves a comprehensive assessment of the feasibility of new functions, which is difficult to implement without a reliable assessment of the reasons for the negative work of existing functions and institutions at the regional level. Using a comparative survey method of analysis, measurement principles suitable for assessing the effectiveness of management, an alternative methodology for measuring the effectiveness of regional authorities in Russia is proposed. It allows you to assess the economic, social, administrative, budgetary and environmental aspects of the development of the region and the solution to breakdown in these areas by the executive bodies of the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. The advantage of the proposed alternative methodology is the smaller number of indicators, as well as the use of an already established accounting and measurement system, with minimal costs for the creation of new methods and their testing. Like any approach of this type, the assessment is conditional, but the convenience of the methodology, flexibility and simplicity, allow us to give a generalized assessment of both the development of the region and the management of its development. At the same time, the use of private indicators characterizing individual spheres of the region’s functioning can occur within the framework of each of the areas of work of a government body. Thus, the analysis performed casts doubt on the need for regional agencies and corporations as an institutional panacea for development. In addition, it allows us to propose a different institution for assessing the effectiveness of management, on which the procedures for allocating resources between regions will depend, which is especially important in connection with the goals of restructuring regional debts and the implementation of infrastructure loans declared by the Federal government.
Les élections législatives du 10 mars 19 74 : Analyse des résultats
Authors: Fraeys William
Published: July 2021

The parliamentary election of 10 March 1974 was marked by a great steadiness of the electorate. The vote movements, which could  nevertheless be observed, consisted, on the one part, in an advance of the Christian Democrats in Flanders and in Wallonia and, on the other part, in a generalized receding of the community parties. The backward move wasrather obvious for the FDF in Brussels, less evident for the RassemblementWallon and the slightest for the Volksunie. The Socialists gained ground in Wallonia but receded in Flanders, whereas an inverse situation characterized the Liberal lists.It appears rather clearly that the personality of the candidates played a large part in this election. Same well-known candidates scored a great number of votes.Although the Belgian electorate very largely confirmed its choice of 1971, it seems that the community problems failed to catch the voter's attention as they had in the past ; moreover a certain return to the traditional political families could be observed under the influence of the economical, social and ethical problems.
Quelques jugements portés par les belges sur le présent et l'avenir de leur société
Authors: Bernard Stéphanie
Published: July 2021

T he article studies the answers collected for seven questions : four of these deal with the present functioning of the socio-political system ; the three last questions concern the future of the system. One has studied respectively : the attitudes towards the basic values of the consumers' society ; the level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with life in Belgium ; the developments in satisfaction or dissatisfaction during the last four years ; how the various main social categories judge their living conditions ; the attitudes towards an eventual redistribution of national income; the opinions about the probable development of the political system ; those opinions which reveal how one wants the political system to develop. The study of these two last items has allowed to tackle some problems of theoretical interpretation : revolutionary vs. authoritarian risk, dissatisfaction «within the regime» vs. «against the regime», ambivalence of political attitudes, social function of the political power, revolutionary attitudes and rational calculus.
Le Rassemblement Wallon au gouvernement : défi au gouvernement ou défi au parti ?
Authors: Lefev Pierre
Published: July 2021

The participation of the Rassemblement Wallon (Walloon Gathering) in the Belgian government, from June 1974 to March 1977, pointed to great incoherence. Bebind the many incidents characterizing this experience, a ma;or change seems to have taken place within this party as well as in Belgian politics. Isolated in the government coalition, the RW was sub;ect to growing internal tensions, which resulted in the outline of contradictory strategies. The failure of its openings towards the right caused a rift in the party, thus necessitating alternate alliances with «the left», through a rapprochement towards the PSB (Belgian Socialist Party) and the FDF (Front of the French-speaking) .This evolution highly contributed to the signing of an agreement between the three regions and to the onset of Belgium towards federalism.
Dagboek van een kabinetsformatie
Authors: Ceuleers Jan
Published: July 2021

In a day by day analysis, the cabinet-formation leading to the fifth Tindemans cabinet in Belgium in traced, using information gathered from talks with the main participants, and also making use of their personal notes.This «diary» consists of three parts : the first part concerns the partner-choice : the coming into the cabinet of the so-called «regional parties» (Volksunie and PDF) and the socialists, and the disappearance of the liberals ; the second part concerns the negotiations about thegovernment-program proper, which resulted in an agreement about statereform ; the third part relates the distribution of ministerial portfolios.
Le Sénat de Belgique : future Chambre de réflexion ?
Authors: Daubie Christian
Published: July 2021

In the future Belgian State, in which «communities» and «regions» are constitutionally authorized, the composition, the mission and the competences of the second Chamber, the Senate, are called in question.The «community-agreements» of Egmont and Stuyvenberg provided that the members of the regional councils should be also members of the councils of the communities and members of a Senate (of communities and regions).His legislative roll should be limited to pass the revision of the Constitution, the bills with a special majority and to propose amendments at the bills to the Chamber of deputies.The second Chamber, in the European states, envisaged by this study : the French Senate, the Italian Senate, the German Bundesrat and the Swiss Council of States, is always more powerfull that a simple Chamber of reflection, at least on the legislative ground, in the federal states, this assembly has not immediate political control on the national Government.The future Belgian Senate, as these second Chambers, must preserve an active roll in the elaboration of the most important laws and be an assembly of beneficial confrontation between the communities and their deputies; so, the Senate will assure their effective participation to the legislàtîve function .
Besluitvorming en de metamorfosen van de ideologie
Authors: Dierickx Guido
Published: July 2021

The communication process between the political elites and the general public, crucial as it is in a democratie system, is suffering increasingly from an information overlaad. The best way to tackle this problem seems to be the improvement of the communication medium, i.e. ofthe political language. Ideology is the most «rational» political language available : it can carry more information about elite decision-making to a relatively modest cost.This problem-definition suggest a sequence of three critical questions.  Do the decisionmakers have a political ideology ? If so, is it instrumental in the actual decision-making process ? If so, why does this ideological factor rarely reach the general public ?  The article deals with the two last questions from a format point of view. It can be shown, after the necessary conceptual clarifications and contrary to current opinion, that ideology can hold its own in the private forum of political decision-making and fades away when the elites address the public (not the loyalists) in the public forum.The private forum is dominated by the need for policy output and by the necessity of coalition-formation. The adaptation of ideology to this situation depends on its degree of articulation and on the type of coalition-formation. In general the «salience» aspect of ideology is likelyto suffer less than its «position» aspect.The public forum is dominated by the needs of recruiting support and legitimizing proposals. Generally ideology is too costly a device to be used for these purposes.
De Europese programma's van Fianna Fail, FDF-RW en Volksunie : Een gemene noemer voor Ierse nationalisten en Belgische federalisten ?
Authors: Hart Joan , De Witte Bruno
Published: July 2021

The article compares the attitude of the Irish Fianna Fait, the Flemish Volksunie, and the coalition of the Rassemblement Wallon and the Francophone Brussels' PDF, towards Europe and their programmes for the European elections.These parties do not define themselves on a socio-economic or religious basis, as most of the other European political parties do, but give ideological priority to the ethnic or national factor. Does this imply a common and distinctive attitude to European integration ?The answer must be no; they disagree not only on sectoral policies, but their fundamental outlook is different.  FDF-RW and VU, on the one hand, though bitter opponents on the national level, both favour a federal Europe, in order to promote autonomy for their respective regions.Fianna Fait on the other hand, white recognizing the political and economic importance of Europe, is sceptical on the institutional level.  Fianna Faits approach is essentially pragmatic, being a government party identifying its interests with the national interest, whereas the Belgian federalists cannot identify themselves with the existing Belgian state.  Therefore it is unlikely at present that Fianna Fait wilt leave its European allies - the Gaullists - to join a hypothetic regionalist grouping in European Parliament.
L'année économique en Wallonie : 1978, des perspectives inquiétantes pour l'avenir de l'économie wallonne ?
Authors: Quévit Michel
Published: July 2021

The present article endeavours to place the economic results of 1978 in the framework of the crisis that has characterized the Walloon region since two decades. The increasing vulnerability of the W alloon industrial texture does not only proceed from the intrinsic aspects of the present international crisis, but also from the fact that the Wallon regional economy is strongly dependent of the semi-manufacturing industrial sectors that made the prosperity of industrial capitalism of the end of the 19th century, but that are in decline since about two decades.  Thus, the reorganization of the european steel sector, decided in 1978, has a direct effect upon economie performance in this region.In this respect, the article examines the evolution of industrial production, employment, closing-down of enterprises, as well as the investment policies of both public authorities and foreign companies duringthe year 1978.
Resultaten van onderzoek naar effecten van overheidsbeleid
Authors: Hoogerwerf Andries
Published: July 2021

This article gives a survey of results of research concerning effects of public policy in the Netherlands. This survey is preceded by a summary of some important American projects (Equality of Educational Opportunity, Head Start, the Negative income tax).The Dutch research reported concerns effects of educational and housing policy on income distribution, effects of sururbanization policy, participation policy, and still other policies.In both countries the dominant conclusion is that the goals of public policy are at least partially realized by the means chosen. However, the conclusion that the welf are state is totally f ailing would go to f ar.Research concerning effects of public policy is still rare. Moreover, it is clear that some goals are realized at least in part by the chosen means.When public policy appears not to be effective, this can be explained from several factors : the contents of policy and the underlying theory, the policy process, the society, the research, and a view which is toonarrow because it takes only short term effects of one particular policy program into account.
La formation des families politiques en Belgique (1830-1914)
Authors: Delfosse Pascale
Published: July 2021

The aim of this article is to provide some historical insights about the origins of the three traditional Belgian politica[ families (the catholic, the liberal and the socialist) from the independance of the country to 1914.  It shows the dynamic of a growing institutional stratification, due to the competition between the different families, trying to take the popular masses in charge, or by manipulation or by self representation. By that way, this research does put the historical basis of the problem of the movement for the fusion of the «progressists» and the trade unions fronts.
Twintig jaar polls, of de teloorgang van een vorm van interne partijdemocratie
Authors: De Winter Lieven
Published: July 2021

The lists of candidates, proposed by the parties for the Belgian general elections, is quite determinative. Due to electoral code arrangements, and, notwithstanding the growing proportion of preference votes, only thosecandidates who are placed within the «necessary sequence» of the lists (i.e. the number of seats a party gains in a defi.nite arrondissement) get actually elected. Consequently, the Belgian voter does not appointthe mandataries, hut only the number of mandates due to the several parties.The statutes of the three major Belgian parties (christian democrats, socialists and liberals) , provide large participative opportunities for their members, through the so-called general member polls. In this kind ofprimary system, all party members are franchised to elect the candidates for their party-lists.The elections of the past twenty years show a growing tendency to deviate from these statutary guaranteed participation. In 1958, 89 % of all representatives were placed on their party-lists by general member polls; in 1978, only 10 % . Thus, the conclusive phase of the composition of the partylists has become, since 1958, increasingly a matter where only the national or federal party executives and councils decide upon.
De samenvoeging van de gemeenten : Het kader van een onvoltooid gebleven hervormingsproces
Authors: Maes Rudolf
Published: July 2021

In Belgium, the number of municipalities was reduced from 2,663 to 596 by means of amalgamation.In the sketching of the framework of this reform, attention is first of all given to the manner in which the consensus required for it could be obtained. At the same time, the criteria employed and the pragmaticapplication thereof are investigated.Then, the new municipal division is tested for the motives and objectives that lay at the foundation of this reform. The expectations involved were in large measure, related to the effects that were seen as the inherent consequence of the expansion of the territoria! scale of the municipalities.Finally, this reform is tested with respect to other than territorial components of the municipal administrative power. The reform remains incomplete on several points. This appears, for example, from the continuing absence of functional reforms with regard to decentralisation and from the lack of attention for the adjustment of the municipal working rules both in the area of effective administration as wellt as in the area of open and democratie administration.
Kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve toezichtsproblemen ten aanzien van de gefusioneerde gemeenten
Authors: Troosters J.
Published: July 2021

With regard to the supervision of the municipalities by the provincial authorities, the sealing up has decreased the number of municipalities but not the volume of dossiers. Due to an increase of rather «difficult» municipalities because of the amalgamation, administrative control has become more difficult. The restriction on the number of local politicians has improved the quality of decision-making. Based on statistics, it seems that the negative character of the control has to be demystified. The evolution points toa diminishing of that phenomenon. Too little attention has been paid to the quality and quantity of the officials who have to manage the municipalities. The amalgamation has made further specialisation possible so there can be better job assignment of the municipal officials. Administrative and technical preparation of the dossiers has improved. The quality of the personnel dossiers is precarious which accounts for the fairly high number of suspension orders and negative decisions. The suspensions concerning personnel matters are a little higher in the municipalities of the Brussels agglomeration compared to Brabant as a whole.More flexible application of administrative control is not only possible and desirable but also justified in order that the constructive character of that administrative control may receive full attention.
Eén jaar zelfstandige Vlaamse executieve
Authors: Ceuleers Jan
Published: July 2021

Since December 23rd, 1981 the Flemish Community has an autonomous organ : the Flemish Executive.Its first year of activity was characterized by difficulties on four levels.1. The lack of an own administration seriously hindered its functioning. I t had to appeal to «national» civil servants, who were not subject to its higher authority. The setting up of an own Flemish administration occurred laboriously because of delay (it wilt only be operational on June 1st, 1983) and the fact that approximatively one fifth of the jobs is not filled .2. There were also numerous disagreements with the central authority, due to the not always perfect delimitation between the respective competences and as a result of the urge of that central authority to keep it on tutelage.3. The central authority granted rather limited pecuniary means to the communities and regions.  They seriously impede the conduct of an autonomous Flemish policy.4. The proportional political composition of the Flemish Executive led to internal tensions ; nevertheless it has not caused the apprehended paralyzing effect.
Le Parlement européen de 1979 à 1984 : La perte en potentiel de pouvoir d'une institution faible
Authors: Verminck Mieke
Published: July 2021

Research concerning the Belgian delegates to the European Parliament from 1979 tot 1984, confirms the «law of weak parliaments» earlier put foward in a study by W . Dewachter and L. De Winter concerning the European Parliament from 1952 to 1979. Besides the importance as an institutional platform for the European integration, this parliament attracts weak candidates. The elections of 1984 have apparently not stimulated the efforts towards the European integration.
Les partis politiques
Authors: Gerard Emmanuel
Published: July 2021

The Belgian scientific literature dealing with political parties has four main characteristics. First it pays great attention to party doctrines and to parliamentary struggle. Indeed, in the nineteenth century political parties do not strike by their organization, which is still undeveloped, nor by their functions, which are still limited, but by the public debate they are stimulating in Parliament and in the press. Only from the end of the century, when the suffrage is extended, the organization of the parties wilt get more articulated and their functions more complicated. Secondly the literature pays great attention to the legitimation of the political parties, which are still controversial particularly because they should threaten the national union. The authors exert oneselves to prove that parliamentary government is by definition a party government. They distinguish parties from factions in order to make the first acceptable. Thirdly the literature deals with the party system.The Belgian authors take the two party system which exists in Great Britain as example and try to prove that the alternation of two parties, the party of conservation and the party of progress, is necessary for the good working of the institutions. Fourthly, the literature, particularly the historica!, is rather descriptive and is characterized by a lack of comparisons, generalizations and hypothesis.Two periods can be distinguished in the literature. In the first period, 1830-1894, the suffrage is limited and the political scene is dominated by two parties (the liberal and the conservative or catholic parties) .This period is marked by the publications of Emile de Laveleye (1822-1892), one of the most prolific writers of the second half of the nineteenth century. In the second period, 1894-1914, the advent of the socialist party disturbs the working of the classical party government.  Maurice Vauthier (1860-1931) is the main author of this period. He tries to establish the characteristics of the party government and its chances in the future.
Les débuts de la science politique dans les milieux chrétiens
Authors: Rezsohazy Rudolf
Published: July 2021

The social problem incites the Belgian catholics to study scientifically the human collectivity. As early as the nineteen-eighties learned societies are ouded, seminars, congresses, lectures are organized, a review is launched. At the Catholic University of Louvain the School of Political and Social Sciences is inaugurated in 1892. The sociological approach of the problems becomes wide-spread.All this movement is prepared by the work of a pioneer : Edouard Ducpétiaux (1804-1868) . He opens the way by his numerous publications and realizations in as various fields as the social inquiries, statistics, sociography, social economics, political science, criminology... The article analyses his methodology and shows place of E. Ducpétiaux among the main intellectual currents of the past century.
De samenstelling van de kandidatenlijsten in de Vlaamse partijen
Authors: Ceuleers Jan , De Winter Lieven
Published: July 2021

This paper describes the common techniques used in the constitution of candidates-lists for parliamentary elections. A common feature of these techniques is the consultation of party members. But the way in which this is done differs among the parties. AGALEV, the ecologist party, offers every member the possibility to have his say about every candidate.  The socialist party (SP) uses this system in two constituencies ; in the other constituencies a special congress decides. The christiandemocrats (CVP), the liberals (PVV) and the Flemish nationalists(VOLKSUNIE) constitute their lists by indirect vote : the leadership performs a first selection and the members then either approve or disapprove of this choice.Our research indicates that there are no essential differences between these two techniques from the point of view of membership participation.In both the ecologist and the socialist party the majority of members does not participate in the candidates-elections. Therefore, as with the indirect vote, candidates-lists are constituted by an active, militant and elitist group of members.  Whatever the technique used the infl,uence of the rank-and-file-member is small.
Consensus en oppositie in het Belgisch parlement tijdens een verkiezingsjaar : Onderzoek op basis van het stemgedrag in de Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers in 1985
Authors: Verminck Mieke
Published: July 2021

This article describes the consensus and opposition in the Belgian Parliament (the Chamber) during 1985, a year of general elections. These phenomena are examined through the nature of voting patterns and the cohesion degree in the Chamber itself, between the ruling parties and between the parties in the opposition, as well as in the political parties itselves.The government vs. opposition gap is the dominant voting pattern. Unanimity counts for only 6 %, especially then in the final voting. VU and RAD/UDRT often join the majority vote.The dominant voting pattern is affirmed by the total Chamber cohesion degree: majority vs. opposition. The cohesion between the parties in opposition reaches lower than the majority cohesion degree. Cohesion in the fractions quotes higher in the smaller fractions, as well as in the fractions of the ruling parties.
Het krachtenveld van de regeringsvorming in België
Authors: Dewachter Wilfried
Published: July 2021

The existing models for the formation of governmental coalitions as far as Belgium is concerned do not score high in predictability. A more complex model, covering three fields, seven vectors and one strong actor among a limited number of decision-makers, fits much better. A prerequisite for a coalition is a majority within the elitist parties in parliament. Favoring coalition formation are the decision-making capabilities of the cabinet, the elitarian consensus on the basic values prominent in and for the Belgian society, the programmatic similarities and affinities of the political parties and their capacity to manipulate issues. Hampering coalition formation are the development of partisan options, the polarization of issues, and the internal dissensions within the political parties. This model stresses the combined action of strong structures and actors, paramount in Belgian society.
Besluitvorming inzake buitenlandse politiek
Authors: Baehr Peter R.
Published: July 2021

In foreign policy-making there exists a tension between what the executive is prepared to do and what parliament or public interest groups would want it to do. A recent study of domestic pressure on foreignpolicy-making in the Netherlands has shown that there exists a close connection between the success of public interest groups in changing foreign policy behavior and their ability to mobilize parliamentary support for their efforts. That study, entitled Controversies at Home, was based on the results of 16 case-studies of recent controversial foreign policy decisions.Foreign ministries aften use the need for secrecy, coherence and consistency as arguments to resist change. The role of the national parliament in foreign policy-making deserves to be strengthened. In this respect some of the experiences of the United States Congress could be applied to parliaments in other countries. The possibilities are discussed with specific reference to the situation in the Netherlands.
Openbare financiën en politiek in 1986
Authors: Van Rompuy Vic
Published: July 2021

A drastic change in economie and monetary policy, which started in 1982, has up to now resulted in a normalisation of the rate of inflation and the balance of payments. However, the growth rate of GNP is still low and unemployment high. Budget deficits, public debt and related interest payments are in proportion to GNP between the highest in the industrialised world. Economic events and political constraints hampered the efforts of the government to restore the situation. In 1986 a new plan was introduced and approved by Parliament, confirming an important cut in public expenditures. The existing burden of taxation already leads to a series of negative effects and a small open economycannot stay indifferent against the international movements towards lower taxes. So a tax reform in Belgium can only mean a restructering, leading to a decrease in personal income tax, largely compensated by an increase in indirect taxes. Further cuts in primary public expenditures will be unavoidable, but have to take into account, more than in the past, the repercussions on economie evolution in the long run.
Het zicht uit de Kamers : Verslag van een enquête bij de parlementsleden
Authors: Deschouwer Kris
Published: July 2021

Democracy is intimately linked with the institution of parliament. If there are problems with the functioning of the parliament, democracy is considered as being in danger. Three kinds of problems are aften raised in this respect : technical problems, politica! problems and personnel problems. The technical problems refer to the technicity and complexity of the subjects to be dealt with in parliament. The political problems refer mainly to the loss of political power of the parliament, to the benefit of political parties and pressure groups. The personnel problems refer to the job of MP itself, which has become a full-time job, but which is still a very unstable position.Two hundred and fifty Belgian MP's were asked for their opinion about all this. The results show that they are primarily concerned with the technical problems, and that they suggest technical remedies for a better functioning of the parliament. The Belgian MP's do recognize the importance of the political  problems, especially the domination of the political scene by the political parties, but they are not very eager to propose measures with a direct impact on this.
Belgian politics in 1988
Authors: Couttenier Ivan
Published: July 2021

During the first Jour months of 1988, Belgium witnessed the painstaking formation of the Martens VIII center-left Cabinet. In October 1987, the Christian Democratic-Liberal Martens VI Cabinet had been forced to resign over the perennial Fourons affairs. After the parliamentary elections of December 1987 which had resulted in a Socialist victory, the center-left Martens VIII Cabinet wassworn in on May 9, 1989, marking the end of a political crisis which had lasted 147 days; i.e., the longest crisis in Belgian history. During the remaining months of 1988, the new Government sought parliamentary approval for its ambitious constitutional reform program, having very little time left for continuing the economie recovery policy started under the Martens VI Cabinet.During the second half of 1988, relations between Belgium and Zaire deteriorated.
Informatiegaring en meningsuiting in de pers : enkele bedenkingen over de actualiteit van het Belgisch persrecht
Authors: Ceuleers Jan
Published: July 2021

Belgian Constitution needs a face-lifting. The right of information, both active and passive, must be recognized, along with a prohibition ofcensorship; this right implies the right of free communication and freedom of the media. It also implies the abolition of the notion press-delict and of special administration of criminal law.Legislation too has to be actualized: expansion of the right of answer to all means of communication.Furthermore, introduction of the duty of speech for anyone who holds information that may concern the community.Finally, the need for a law protecting the privacy of the citizen, including protection from aggressive use and misuse of data banks, spying pratices and suchlike.
De formele aanstelling van de partijvoorzitters in België, 1944-1990
Authors: Maes Marc
Published: July 2021

Most party by-laws are too inexhaustive and vague to be adequate guidelines for describing party chairmanship or predicting the actual proceedings of chairman elections. Although nearly all party by-laws prescribe competitive elections, one candidate elections occur in 68 % of the cases and in nearly 25% of all cases the unique candidate is elected by acclamation only. Also, when more candidates are presented, the preferences of the party oligarchy are mostly made very clear.The small number of elections that involve real choice even diminishes when reelections or the appointment of interim chairman are taken into account: the percentage of "more than one candidate"-presentation drops from 32 % to respectively 19% and 16% . In Flemish parties there is less opportunity for choice then in Francophone parties: 22 % versus 38% "more than one candidate"-presentation (elections and re-elections). Moreover, the chairman elections of the Francophone parties involve larger electoral bodies : e.g. in some parties and already in 41 % of the cases (elections and re-elections) all partymembers have a right to cast their vote. A possibility that exists in none of the Flemish parties. As far as the evolution over time is concerned: there is a general and salient tendency towards more opportunities for real choice and larger electoral bodies.But taken together opportunities for real choice remain scarce : in general party chairmen are not actually chosen by the formally empowered party organs; before formal elections are held choices are mostly made already !
Belgique-Zaïre : la crise de la maturité
Authors: Roossens Claude
Published: July 2021

From the independence (1960), the relations between Zaïre and Belgium have known many difficulties. The most serious crisis took place from november 1988 to july 1989 (march 1990). A lot of questions were brought up: cooperation, debt, human rights. .. The agreement of Rabat provides for the future.Behind these events, it is possible to find some explanations of the crises : the past (relations colony-colonizing nation), the nature of power (differences between democracy and personal power) and the international surroundings.
De politieke aliënatie van de leidinggevende ambtenaren
Authors: Dierickx Guido
Published: July 2021

The level of political alienation is high among higher civil servants in Belgium, at least when we compare them to their colleagues in Germany. Explanatory factors should, then, have a noticeable impact on both the intra- and the inter-country variance. Early academie and political socialization seems to matter little except for the socialisation in ideological and general culture : Belgian higher civil servants are less egalitarian and more "materialistic" and therefore, it seems, more politically alienated. Another promising factor appears to be the opportunity to participate in actual policy making : in this respect too the Belgian officials are not well served. However, the most striking factor is the degree of technocratism which breeds an attitude of disrespect for politicians. But how to explain that the Belgian higher civil servants grew up to be such technocrats ?