bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectrally-Resolved Raman Lidar to Measure Atmospheric Three-Phase Water Simultaneously
Authors: Liu Fuchao , Yi Fan
Published: July 2020

We report on a spectrally-resolved Raman lidar that can simultaneously profile backscattered Raman spectrum signals from water vapor, water droplets and ice crystals as well as aerosol fluorescence in the atmosphere. The lidar emits a 354.8-nm ultraviolet laser radiation and samples echo signals in the 393.0-424.0 nm wavelength range with a 1.0-nm spectral resolution. A spectra decomposition method is developed to retrieve fluorescence spectra, water vapor Raman spectra and condensed (liquid and/or ice) water Raman spectra successively. Based on 8 different clear-sky nighttime measurement results, the entire atmospheric water vapor Raman spectra are for the first time obtained by lidar. The measured normalized water vapor Raman spectra are nearly invariant and can serve as background reference for atmospheric water phase state identification under various weather conditions. For an ice virga event, it’s found the extracted condensed water Raman spectra are highly similar in shape to theoretical ice water Raman spectra reported by Slusher and Derr (1975). In conclusion, the lidar provides an effective way to measure three-phase water simultaneously in the atmosphere and to study of cloud microphysics as well as interaction between aerosols and clouds.
Atmosphere Activity Measurement by LED Raman Mini Lidar
Authors: Shiina Tatsuo
Published: July 2020

The LED mini lidar was improved to monitor Raman scattering echoes. The Raman scattering signal indicates a certain gas concentration and it can distinguish the target from the other materials. It is so weak, 1/1000 of Mie scattering echoes, but even enough to be stimulated from the target gas with LED pulsed beam. At first, we developed a compact Raman lidar with micro pulse DPSS laser to detect hydrogen gas quantitatively. We replaced it with the LED pulse module, which was calculated enough potential to stimulate Raman scattering and detect the target gas. The next task is the activity measurement of such a target gas. To validate the potential of the LED Raman lidar, we conducted the sea surface atmosphere measurement. As a result, the unique relationship between the surface atmosphere and sea water echoes was observed. In this report, we state the concrete specification of the LED mini Raman lidar and some results of the activity observations.
Characterization of a Novel Temperature Lidar Receiver by Means of Laboratory Rayleigh-Brillouin Scattering Measurements
Authors: Xu Jiaqi , Witschas Benjamin , Liang Kun , Wang Yuanqing , Ubachs Wim
Published: July 2020

A new receiver setup based on an imaging Fizeau interferometer measuring the Rayleigh Brillouin scattering (RBS) spectra to retrieve tropospheric temperature profiles is introduced. The optical layout of the proposed receiver design is discussed and its functionality is demonstrated by means of accurate and controlled laboratory RBS measurements. The proposed temperature receiver is based on a Fizeau interferometer and a 32 channel PMT array which can resolve the RBS spectrum without applying any scanning procedures. In order to avoid any incidence angle fluctuations on the Fizeau interferometer caused by for instance atmospheric turbulence, the application of a fiver coupled telescope was investigated. It is shown that a 50 µm fiber (NA=0.12) provides both, sufficient coupling efficiency and sufficiently low divergence in order to keep the Finesse of the interferometer. The performance of the novel lidar receiver is verified by means of accurate laboratory RBS measurements.
Continuos Monitoring of Liquid Water Clouds and Aerosols with Dual-FOV Lidar Polarization Technique
Authors: Jimenez Cristofer , Ansmann Albert , Engelmann Ronny , Seifert Patric , Wiesen Robert , Radenz Martin , Wandinger Ulla
Published: July 2020

In this work we evaluate the possibilities to assess aerosol-cloud interactions in short time scales (2 min.) on an observational base. Retrievals of the cloud effective radius and number concentration in a liquid-water cloud by using the multiple scattering technique Dual-FOV Polarization lidar, together with the aerosol extinction coefficient in the boundary layer has shown a correspondence between the aerosol and cloud properties in the 6 hours case presented, obtaining a value of ACIN = 0.76 ± 0.29, which corroborates the potential of lidar observations to study the relation between aerosols and clouds on small scales.
Development and Test of a Fringe-Imaging Direct-Detection Doppler Wind Lidar for Aeronautics
Authors: Vrancken Patrick , Herbst Jonas
Published: July 2020

DLR currently investigates the use of Doppler wind lidar as sensor within feedforward gust alleviation control loops on fast-flying fixed-wing aircraft. Such a scheme imposes strong requirements on the lidar system such as sub-m/s precision, high rate, high spatial resolution, close measurement ranges and sensitivity to mixed and pure molecular backscatter.

We report on the development of a novel direct-detection Doppler wind lidar (DD-DWL) within these requirements. This DD-DWL is based on fringe-imaging of the Doppler-shifted backscatter of UV laser pulses in a field-widened Michelson interferometer using a fast linear photodetector.

A prototype for airborne operation has been ground-tested in early 2018 against a commercial coherent DWL, demonstrating its ability of measuring close-range wind speeds with a precision of 0.5 m/s, independent of the actual wind speed.
Multichannel Polarization Lidar Measurements of Aerosols and Cirrus Clouds
Authors: Nee Jan Bai
Published: July 2020

In this paper we report using a 6-channel polarization detector to measure optical properties of aerosols and clouds. The polarization lidar system is designed to measure Stokes vectors and Mueller matrices from back-scatterings of air, aerosols and clouds by using several polarizers of setting at different angles, and a retarder to measure circular polarization. The 4 components Stokes vectors of the scattering media are constructed and a case of tropopause cirrus cloud and stratospheric aerosols are measured with the Mueller matrix derived.
Recent Advances in Aerosol and Trace Gas Monitoring by Employing the Scheimpflug Lidar Techniques
Authors: Mei Liang , Kong Zheng , Ma Teng , Liu Zhi , Gong Zhenfeng , Liu Kun
Published: July 2020

Lidar techniques, based on the time-of-flight principle, have been widely employed in atmospheric remote sensing since decades. The Scheimpflug lidar (SLidar) technique, which employing robust high-power laser diodes as light sources and highly integrated CCD/CMOS image sensor as detectors, has been recently developed for various atmospheric applications. Range-resolved atmospheric backscattering signal is obtained by capturing the backscattering imaging of transmitted continuous-wave laser beam based on the Scheimpflug principle. This paper reported recent advances in aerosol and trace gas monitoring by employing the SLidar techniques.
Field Performance of All-Fiber Pulsed Coherent Doppler Lidar
Authors: Liu Heng , Zhu Xiaopeng , Fan Chunhui , Bi Decang , Liu Jiqiao , Zhang Xin , Zhu Xiaolei , Chen Weibiao
Published: July 2020

Coherent Doppler lidar (CDL) has been a powerful instrument to measure atmospheric wind velocity. In this work, an 1.5 μm all-fiber pulsed CDL has been developed and deployed to measure wind profiles in campaign experiment in 2018. The CDL has 0.1-5 km detection range with range resolution of 30 m, temporal resolution of 16 s at Velocity-Azimuth-Display (VAD) mode. Field experiments were implemented and the wind vector profiles were retrieved. As compared with sounding balloon, the discrepancy of wind speed and direction are nearly 0.7 m/s and 5 degrees, respectively. It shows that the CDL is a powerful tool for wind speeds measurement in lower atmospheric troposphere.
Light Backscattering by Ice Crystals of Cirrus Clouds Within the Physical Optics Approximation
Authors: Konoshonkin Alexander , Borovoi Anatoli , Kustova Natalia , Wang Zhenzhu , Liu Dong , Xie Chenbo
Published: July 2020

Lidar technologies are widely used for retrieving microphysics of cirrus clouds, i.e. sizes, shapes and spatial orientation of ice crystals constituting the clouds. Interpretation of the lidar signals are based on the backscattered light. However, properties of the light backscattered by the ice crystals have not been well known and understood yet. The reason of this is that the problem of light scattering by the ice crystals much larger that incident wavelengths has not been solved satisfactorily yet because of great demands to computer resources. In this contribution we review the physical optics approximation as a prospective method to solve the light scattering problem on large nonspherical particles in lidar application.
On the Shapes and Sizes of Cirrus Particles Causing Specular Reflections in Lidar Signals
Authors: Reichardt Jens
Published: July 2020

A new method to determine the projection-area- equivalent radius of cirrus particles is presented. Together with direct lidar measurements of ice water content and a simple particle model, the technique facilitates the retrieval of ice particle shape and size. As a first application, cirrus clouds are studied that feature layers with lidar and depolarization ratios highly depressed by mirror reflections from horizontally aligned particles. It is found that in most cases not thin hexagonal plates dominate the ensemble of scatterers but rather compact particles.
Polarization of Radiation by the Aerosol-Gas Component of the Atmosphere for Lidar Wavelengths
Authors: Zimovaya Anna , Konoshonkin Alexander
Published: July 2020

The report presents an original algorithm for solving the radiation transfer equation based on the Monte Carlo method for problems of atmospheric laser sensing, taking into account the polarization of radiation. A number of test calculations were performed to analyze the data of the polarization scanning lidar of the V.E. Zuev Institute of Atmospheric Optics SB RAS. It is shown that the proposed algorithm, taking into account the polarization, makes it possible to reduce the discrepancy in interpreting lidar data in comparison with the algorithm without taking into account polarization.
Effect of cold rolling and subsequent aging on tensile properties and thermoelastic coefficient of Ni-Span-C 902 superalloy
Authors: Morakabati Maryam , Ahmadian Peyman , Goodarzi Mohammad Rasoul Moazami
Published: July 2020

The influence of cold rolling and subsequent aging on tensile properties and thermoelastic coefficient (TEC) of Ni-Span-C 902 superalloy was investigated. The solution treated specimens conventionally cold rolled to 30–50% thickness reduction and subsequently aged at different temperatures ranging from 550 to 850 °C for 5 h. The results of room temperature tensile tests indicated that higher strength and elastic modulus are achieved by increasing the amount of reduction area from 30 to 50%. Also, the maximum tensile strength and elastic modulus are obtained in the specimens which were 50% cold-rolled and subsequently aged at 650 °C for 5 h. Microstructural evaluation revealed that fine and spherical γ’ phase with size of 80 ± 20 nm is precipitated during aging at 650 °C. By increasing aging temperature from 650 to 750 °C, coarse γ’ phase is obtained and consequently UTS is declined. The evolution of ɛ phase is observed as a result of aging at 850 °C. According to tensile test it can be demonstrated that ɛ phase decreases the UTS and increases the ductility of the alloy. Tensile test results in the range of 30–100 °C showed that by increasing the aging temperature from 550 to 650 °C, TEC increases and with increasing the amount of cold rolling from 30 to 50 pct, TEC decreases. Meanwhile the lowest TEC value is obtained with aging of the 50 pct cold-rolled specimens at 550 °C.
Soft-computing approaches for rescheduling problems in a manufacturing industry
Authors: Acevedo-Chedid Jaime , Grice-Reyes Jennifer , Ospina-Mateus Holman , Salas-Navarro Katherinne , Santander-Mercado Alcides , Sana Shib Sankar
Published: July 2020

Flexible manufacturing systems as technological and automated structures have a high complexity for scheduling. The decision-making process is made difficult with interruptions that may occur in the system and these problems increase the complexity to define an optimal schedule. The research proposes a three-stage hybrid algorithm that allows the rescheduling of operations in an FMS. The novelty of the research is presented in two approaches: first is the integration of the techniques of Petri nets, discrete simulation, and memetic algorithms and second is the rescheduling environment with machine failures to optimize the makespan and Total Weighted Tardiness. The effectiveness of the proposed Soft computing approaches was validated with the bottleneck of heuristics and the dispatch rules. The results of the proposed algorithm show significant findings with the contrasting techniques. In the first stage (scheduling), improvements are obtained between 50 and 70% on performance indicators. In the second stage (failure), four scenarios are developed that improve the variability, flexibility, and robustness of the schedules. In the final stage (rescheduling), the results show that 78% of the instances have variations of less than 10% for the initial schedule. Furthermore, 88% of the instances support rescheduling with variations of less than 2% compared to the heuristics.
Medical innovations to maintain the function in patients with chronic PJI for whom explantation is not desirable: a pathophysiology-, multidisciplinary-, and experience-based approach
Authors: Ferry Tristan , Batailler Cécile , Brosset Sophie , Kolenda Camille , Goutelle Sylvain , Sappey-Marinier Elliot , Josse Jérôme , Laurent Frédéric , Lustig Sébastien ,   On Behalf of the Lyon BJI Study Group
Published: July 2020

Introduction: PJI is the most dramatic complication after joint arthroplasty. In patients with chronic infection, prosthesis exchange is in theory the rule. However, this surgical approach is sometimes not desirable especially in elderly patients with multiple comorbidities, as it could be associated with a dramatic loss of function, reduction of the bone stock, fracture, or peroperative death. We propose here to report different approaches that can help to maintain the function in such patients based on a pathophysiology-, multidisciplinary-, and an experience-based approach. Methods: We describe the different points that are needed to treat such patients: (i) the multidisciplinary care management; (ii) understanding the mechanism of bacterial persistence; (iii) optimization of the conservative surgical approach; (iv) use of suppressive antimicrobial therapy (SAT); (v) implementation of innovative agents that could be used locally to target the biofilm. Results: In France, a nation-wide network called CRIOAc has been created and funded by the French Health ministry to manage complex bone and joint infection. Based on the understanding of the complex pathophysiology of PJI, it seems to be feasible to propose conservative surgical treatment such as “debridement antibiotics and implant retention” (with or without soft-tissue coverage) followed by SAT to control the disease progression. Finally, there is a rational for the use of particular agents that have the ability to target the bacteria embedded in biofilm such as bacteriophages and phage lysins. Discussion: This multistep approach is probably a key determinant to propose innovative management in patients with complex PJI, to improve the outcome. Conclusion: Conservative treatment has a high potential in patients with chronic PJI for whom explantation is not desirable. The next step will be to evaluate such practices in nation-wide clinical trials.
Availability of Transcatheter Vessel Occlusion Performed by Interventional Radiologists to Treat Bleeding in Germany in the Years 2016 and 2017 – An Analysis of the DeGIR Registry Data
Authors: Nadjiri Jonathan , Schachtner Balthasar , Bücker Arno , Heuser Lothar , Morhard Dominik , Landwehr Peter , Mahnken Andreas , Hoffmann Ralf-Thorsten , Berlis Ansgar , Katoh Marcus , Reimer Peter , Ingrisch Michael , Paprottka Philipp M.
Published: July 2020

Purpose Acute bleeding is a life-threatening condition that can be effectively treated minimally invasively by interventional radiologists using transcatheter vessel occlusion (TCVO). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the availability of TCVO performed by interventional radiologists in Germany based on the DeGIR registry.

Materials and Methods TCVO interventions from the years 2016 and 2017 were included (DeGIR module B). The number of interventions was assessed by state and region.

Results TCVO interventions were reported by 242 clinics in Germany. 16 763 module B interventions were reported in 2016 and 16 399 in 2017. DeGIR requirements for certification as a training center were fulfilled by 160 facilities in 2016 and by 162 facilities in 2017. Normalized to one million citizens, an average of 211 TCVO interventions were performed in 2016 and 200 in 2017 (standard deviation was 101 and 109); the median was 202 and 222, respectively. In all regions TCVO interventions were reported. Only a minimal number of small regions showed a lower number of clinics offering TCVO interventions.

Conclusion The results from the DeGIR registry indicate comprehensive nationwide availability of TCVO performed by interventional radiologists with the necessary experience in Germany on the state level for the treatment of acute bleeding. Furthermore, the distribution of facilities fulfilling the requirements of training centers allows for good educational possibilities for young interventional radiologists in Germany. Only the distribution of clinics offering TCVO in a few small regions might lead to increased transfer times in the case of acute bleeding.

Key Points:

Citation Format
Entwicklung und Evaluation einer Akzeptanz- und Commitment-Therapie
(ACT)-basierten Gruppenintervention für psychisch belastete onkologische
Patienten
Authors: Sauer Christina , Maatouk Imad
Published: July 2020

Ziel der Studie Eine Krebserkrankung geht mit zahlreichen psychosozialen
Stressoren einher, die bei über 50% der Patienten zu einer hohen
psychischen Belastung führen. Etwa ein Drittel der Patienten nehmen
psychoonkologische Unterstützung in Anspruch. Die Akzeptanz- und
Commitment-Therapie (ACT), ein transdiagnostischer Ansatz der dritten Welle der
Verhaltenstherapie, stellt eine vielversprechende Therapieform für die
psychoonkologische Behandlung von Krebspatienten dar. Bislang fehlte jedoch im
deutschsprachigen Raum eine manualisierte ACT-basierte
Gruppentherapieintervention für onkologische Patienten, die hinsichtlich
Machbarkeit und Wirksamkeit untersucht wurde.

Methodik Um diese Lücke zu schließen, entwickelten wir
ein auf die ACT basierendes-Gruppentherapiekonzept und untersuchten es im Rahmen
einer einarmigen monozentrischen Pilotstudie. Es richtet sich an onkologische
Patienten in allen Krankheitsstadien, die psychisch belastet sind. Im Rahmen von
8 Sitzungen werden die ACT-Kernprozesse Achtsamkeit, Werte und Akzeptanz
mithilfe von Metaphern und erlebnisorientierten Übungen erarbeitet.

Ergebnisse Die Prä-Post-Daten unserer Pilotstudie mit
n=25 Patienten weisen auf eine Reduktion der Progredienzangst, der
Depressivität und der Psychischen Inflexibilität sowie eine
Steigerung der psychischen Lebensqualität und des Wohlbefindens hin.
Regressionsanalysen zeigten, dass Veränderungen der Psychologischen
Flexibilität Veränderungen in allen psychologischen
Outcomemaßen vorhersagten. Zudem unterstreicht die sehr hohe
Adhärenz die gute Machbarkeit der Intervention im integrierten
klinisch-ambulanten Setting.

Diskussion Unsere Pilotstudie liefert vielversprechende erste Hinweise
für die gute Machbarkeit und Wirksamkeit einer ACT-basierten
Gruppenintervention im deutschsprachigen Raum. Die Ergebnisse zur Wirksamkeit se
ersten Ergebnisse sind aufgrund des Fehlens einer Kontrollgruppe
zurückhaltend zu interpretieren.

Schlussfolgerung Zukünftige Untersuchungen sollten die
Effektivität des Gruppenkonzepts in randomisiert kontrollierten Studien
(RCTs) mit einem längeren Katamnesezeitraum untersuchten.
Schlüsselbergriffe: Psychoonkologie, Akzeptanz- und Commitment-Therapie,
ACT, Gruppentherapie, Progredienzangst
Gestärkt in die Zukunft blicken
Authors: Kaldewei Nicole
Published: July 2020

Die Veränderungen durch Corona beschäftigen uns tagtäglich beruflich wie privat.
Intensification of Free-Radical Racemization for a Non-activated Amine in a Continuous Flow Reactor
Authors: Toussaint Frédéric C. , Defrance Thierry , Decouvreur Serge , Carly Nicolas , Merschaert Alain
Published: July 2020

The free-radical racemization of non-activated amines is a powerful tool for process design in the pharmaceutical industry, allowing the recycling of undesired enantiomers after chiral separation. This paper describes the development of the free-radical racemization of a key API intermediate in a continuous flow reactor. Upon development, a significant reduction of the solvent usage and radical initiator was made possible thanks to the conversion into a continuous flow mode. This intensification positively impacted both the environmental footprint and the safety of the reaction as well as maintaining satisfactory productivity.
Surgical Results in Pathological N1 Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Yoshida Yukihiro , Yotsukura Masaya , Nakagawa Kazuo , Watanabe Hirokazu , Motoi Noriko , Watanabe Shun-ichi
Published: July 2020

Background This retrospective study investigated the prognosis of patients with pathological N1 (pN1) nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods We included patients with pN1 NSCLC who underwent lobectomy or pneumonectomy with mediastinal lymph node dissection and achieved complete resection (R0) between January 2000 and December 2012. Patients who received neoadjuvant therapy were excluded.

Results A total of 249 patients were included. The mean age was 63.2 years, and 172 patients were males. Of the 249 patients, 200, 20, and 29 underwent lobectomy, bilobectomy, and pneumonectomy, respectively. The median observation period was 5.5 years. The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was 64.6% (95% confidence interval: 58.3–70.4). Five-year OS rates were 79.8% for positive lymph nodes at station 13 or 14 (n = 57), 59.6% at station 12 (n = 72), 62.7% at station 11 (n = 69), and 56.9% at station 10 (n = 51) (log-rank test; p = 0.016); furthermore, the 5-year OS rate was 75.2% for patients with positive lymph nodes at a single station (n = 160) and 45.4% for patients with positive lymph nodes at multiple stations (n = 89) (log-rank test; p < 0.001). Five-year cumulative incidences of recurrence were equivalent between patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy and patients who did not (45.9 vs. 55.1%; Gray's test; p = 0.366). Distant recurrence was the most frequent mode of recurrence in both groups (70.8 and 67.3%).

Conclusion The locations and the number of stations of the positive lymph nodes were identified as prognostic factors in patients with pN1 NSCLC. The primary mode of recurrence was distant recurrence irrespective of postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy.
Microwave radiation from interactions of modulated electron beams with solid matter
Authors: Connelly Joseph , Harris John , Folkman Kevin , Berls Brian , O’Neill Chad , Stoner Jon
Published: July 2020

RF-modulated electron beams, such as those produced by an RF linear accelerator, propagating through vacuum, air, and solid matter are well known to drive signals in microwave cavities and waveguides via interactions with these structures. Past experiments with a microwave waveguide in a radiation-shielded vault indicated the presence of a multipath propagation phenomenon, hypothesized to be a result of reflections of RF-modulated x rays. In this work, we study the signals induced in a microwave coaxial cable from nearby beam interactions with materials commonly found in accelerator facilities in order to better understand RF production and propagation in these environments. Our results show that (1) when an RF-modulated electron beam is incident on a block of aluminum, lead, or concrete, the frequency content of the induced microwave signals is strongly dependent on the orientation of the block and the relative position of the detector, (2) at least some of the detected signals are consistent with reflections off of the blocks, and (3) beam interactions with the blocks can induce appreciable microwave signals in detectors located tens of cm from the block.
The effects of toroidal equilibrium flow on the stabilization of ballooning modes in tokamaks
Authors: Hu Yanqiang , Hu Yemin , Xiang Nong , Huang Yanqing , Zheng Zhen
Published: July 2020

Effects of toroidal flows on ballooning mode instabilities have been studied extensively in recent years. In the published works, toroidal flow effects are taken into account only in the perturbation equation while the tokamak equilibrium is assumed to be unchanged. In this work, the influence of a toroidal flow on ballooning mode instabilities is numerically investigated by using the BOUT++ code while the modification of the tokamak equilibrium due to the flow has been taken into account in fixing the profiles of the quasi-toroidal magnetic field, quasi-density, and quasi-pressure and only changing the toroidal Mach number. A toroidal flow can significantly modify the safety factor q profile and the pressure gradient ∇P, which then affects the ballooning instability. The simulation results show that in the presence of shear flows, the growth rate of the ballooning mode will be affected if the modified equilibrium is considered. For a shear flow, the growth rates of high-n modes are significantly reduced.
Frequency–temperature effect of hydrogen maser: Theoretical analysis and temperature control optimization
Authors: Liu Shanmin , Wu Xiaoguang , Hu Haitao , Chen Xin , Wang Fan , Wang Wei
Published: July 2020

The internal temperature environment of a hydrogen maser (H maser) is one of the main factors, which limit the frequency stability of hydrogen atomic clocks (HACs). In the present study, the thermodynamic interactions between the atomic transition frequency and the cavity-bulb assembly affecting the H maser were investigated, and the cavity-pulling effect and the bulb wall frequency shift effect induced by the change in temperature were quantitatively analyzed and calculated. Moreover, the effect of the temperature gradient on the temperature sensitivity of the frequency stability (i.e., the frequency–temperature effect) was qualitatively analyzed. The precision temperature control system was optimized based on the HAC temperature stability requirement through the simulation of the temperature field for different heating pattern methods. The optimization effect was verified experimentally, and the results show that after optimizing the design, the temperature stability is improved from ±0.005 K to ±0.001 K, and the frequency deviation is decreased from 3 × 10−15 to 1 × 10−15. The research results may provide theoretical and practical references for improving the frequency stability and accuracy of HACs.
A reduced model for edge localized mode control by supersonic molecular beam injection and pellet injection
Authors: Rhee T. , Kwon Jae-Min , Diamond P. H.
Published: July 2020

We develop a diffusive, bistable, tri-unstable cellular automata (CA) model to study the dynamics of H-mode pedestal with edge localized modes (ELMs) and their control by supersonic molecular beam injection (SMBI) and pellet injection (PI). It is shown that the new CA model can reproduce the key features of H-mode pedestals with various types of ELM, including Type-I ELM. SMBI and PI are modeled as additional grain injections into pedestal with varying degrees of injected materials and profiles. It is found that H-mode pedestal responds to SMBI differently depending on the baseline fueling. If the baseline fueling is large enough to allow Type-I ELM, SMBI enhances large transport avalanches caused by ballooning instabilities. These avalanches prevent the total pedestal current from reaching the boundary for peeling instability. On the other hand, if the baseline fueling is low to avoid Type-I ELM, SMBI enhances small scale avalanches, which prevent the pedestal from growing to profiles globally vulnerable to ballooning instabilities. These imply that SMBI can mitigate different types of ELM by converting them to more benign types. From CA modeling of pellet injection, it is shown that Type-I ELM can be triggered by pellet injection with sufficient strength and depth. Scanning the frequency of pellet injection, it is found that a maximum efficiency of pellet pacing is achieved when the injection frequency is approximately ten times the natural frequency of Type-I ELM.
Spreading of two interacting diseases in multiplex networks
Authors: Wu Qingchu , Chen Shufang
Published: July 2020

We consider the interacting processes between two diseases on multiplex networks, where each node can be infected by two interacting diseases with general interacting schemes. A discrete-time individual-based probability model is rigorously derived. By the bifurcation analysis of the equilibrium, we analyze the outbreak condition of one disease. The theoretical predictions are in good agreement with discrete-time stochastic simulations on scale-free networks. Furthermore, we discuss the influence of network overlap and dynamical parameters on the epidemic dynamical behaviors. The simulation results show that the network overlap has almost no effect on both epidemic threshold and prevalence. We also find that the epidemic threshold of one disease does not depend on all system parameters. Our method offers an analytical framework for the spreading dynamics of multiple processes in multiplex networks.
Control of electron and ion density profiles via virtual ground position control in an inductively coupled plasma
Authors: Kim Tae-Woo , Kim Ju-ho , Lee Moo-Young , Chung Chin-Wook
Published: July 2020

The effects of capacitive coupling on electron and ion density profiles are studied in an argon inductively coupled plasma. Electron energy probability functions and two-dimensional ion density profiles were measured by changing the termination capacitance from 200 to 1000 pF. Experimental results show that a termination capacitor creates a virtual ground on a coil, and the virtual ground suppresses the local capacitive coupling. At 2 mTorr (non-local electron kinetics), there is little change in the azimuthal electron density distribution for different termination capacitances. However, at 50 mTorr (local electron kinetics), the virtual ground causes each mode (E-mode and H-mode) to have the maximum and minimum points in the azimuthal electron density distribution. As the termination capacitance increases, the virtual ground moves along the coil and the maximum and minimum points of the electron density also move with the virtual ground. These effects are explained by electron dynamics and the power transfer mechanism in each mode (E-mode and H-mode).
Rational design of 2D organic magnets with giant magnetic anisotropy based on two-coordinate 5d transition metals
Authors: Xing Jianpei , Wang Peng , Jiang Zhou , Jiang Xue , Wang Yi , Zhao Jijun
Published: July 2020

As a new class of single-molecule magnets, two-coordinate complexes of open-shell transition metals are comparatively rare and have attracted interest due to their high degree of coordinative unsaturation. However, the dynamic distortion associated with the low coordination number of the metal center hinders the applications of high-density information storage, quantum computing, and spintronics. Here, we propose a series of stable 2D metal–organic frameworks constructed by ideal (1, 3, 5)-benzenetricarbonitrile (TCB) molecules and 5d transition metals (Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, and Ir) with a highly symmetrical ligand field and rigid π conjugated framework. Among them, TCB-Re exhibits intrinsic ferromagnetic ordering with a considerably large magnetic anisotropic energy (MAE) of 19 meV/atom and high Curie temperature (TC) of 613 K. Under biaxial strain, diverse magnetic states (such as ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, and antiferromagnetic states) can be achieved in TCB-Re by the complicated competition between the in-plane d–px/y–d and out-of-plane d–pz–d superexchange interactions. At a small compressive strain of 0.5%, the MAE for perpendicular magnetization increases substantially to 120 meV/atom; meanwhile, the magnetization and TC above room temperature are well retained. Our results not only extend two-coordinate transition metal complexes to continuous 2D organic magnets but also demonstrate an effective method of strain engineering for manipulating the spin state and MAE.
Deep learning surrogate model for kinetic Landau-fluid closure with collision
Authors: Wang Libo , Xu X. Q. , Zhu Ben , Ma Chenhao , Lei Yi-an
Published: July 2020

In this work, the kinetic Landau-fluid (LF) closure with collision and periodic boundary condition is used in the development of the deep learning (DL) surrogate model. A classical neural network, namely, feedforward neural network or sometimes termed multilayer perceptron, is constructed and trained to learn the kinetic LF closure in the static limit and arbitrary mean free path in configuration space. The preliminary relation between best hyperparameters and critical parameters for data generation is found. Compared with the numerical approach (non-Fourier method) of the LF closure, the deep learning surrogate model shows an order of magnitude of improvement in terms of accuracy. Perhaps most importantly, the surrogate model closure has been integrated for the first time with fluid simulations. Our DL-enabled fluid simulations, for the first time, give the correct Landau damping rate for a wide range of wave vectors, while the Hammett–Perkins closure cannot produce the correct damping rate. We correctly connect the collisionless Hammett–Perkins closure and collisional Braginskii closure to reproduce the intrinsic nonlocal feature of the heat flux with DL techniques. We address the most concerning error accumulation problem and find that simulations with the deep learning surrogate model are as good as, if not better than, simulations with the analytic closure in terms of long-term numerical stability in the linear Landau damping test.
A modeling method for equivalent source adopting volume structure technique in FDTD
Authors: Chen Zhenzhen , Chen Xing
Published: July 2020

The equivalent source is a widely used approach for simulating hybrid electromagnetic (EM) field-circuit problems. In this approach, three techniques, e.g., the wire, surface, and volume structure, can be employed for embedding lumped circuits into finite difference time-domain cells. However, the volume structure technique introduced in previous studies may result in incorrect answers when addressing problems consisting of electronic devices loaded onto conductor strip gaps. To fix this problem, an extra processing method is proposed. Based on the condition of consistent potential on the same tangent plane in the loading direction, this approach assigns the EM field on the grids occupied by the lumped circuit to obtain the equivalent source information. A numerical example is presented, the structure of which consists of a Schottky diode mounted across a microstrip gap. The results validate the feasibility of the proposed method.
Adversarial super-resolution of climatological wind and solar data
Authors: Stengel Karen , Glaws Andrew , Hettinger Dylan , King Ryan N.
Published: July 2020

Significance

Global climate simulations are typically unable to resolve wind and solar data at a resolution sufficient for renewable energy resource assessment in different climate scenarios. We introduce an adversarial deep learning approach to super resolve wind and solar outputs from global climate models by up to 50×. The inferred high-resolution fields are robust, physically consistent with the properties of atmospheric turbulence and solar irradiation, and can be adapted to domains from regional to global scales. This resolution enhancement enables critical localized assessments of the potential long-term economic viability of renewable energy resources.
The ecology of human–carnivore coexistence
Authors: Lamb Clayton T. , Ford Adam T. , McLellan Bruce N. , Proctor Michael F. , Mowat Garth , Ciarniello Lana , Nielsen Scott E. , Boutin Stan
Published: July 2020

Significance

The persistence of large carnivores in human-dominated landscapes will become increasingly challenging as the human footprint expands. Here, we bring together long-term demographic and behavioral data on one of the worlds’ most conflict-prone species, the brown bear, to quantify the mechanisms facilitating human–carnivore coexistence. We found that human-dominated landscapes are highly lethal, especially to young bears, until they learn to adapt to people. As bears age, they avoid times when people are most active but do not strongly avoid where people live. To sustain human–carnivore coexistence under high rates of mortality requires the influx of animals from areas with low human presence (i.e., demographic rescue). Paradoxically, our work demonstrates that connectivity leads to both coexistence and conflict.
Information design for bowel cancer detection
Authors: Lonsdale Maria dos Santos , Ni Li-Chin , Gu Chenyi , Twiddy Maureen
Published: July 2020

Colorectal cancer is one of the most commonly occurring cancers in the world, and colonoscopy is the most sensitive procedure to detect it. Colonoscopy success depends on the quality of bowel preparation, yet the way information is designed and communicated to patients does not meet their needs. By considering how information is conveyed through three different outputs (booklet, motion graphics and app), this study investigates the advantages of using visualised information when communicating bowel preparation instructions for colonoscopy screening. A user-centered multiple-methods approach was followed and results show how user performance benefits from the use of information visualisation. A set of guidelines is given to inform the development of bowel preparation instructions and other similar health related communications.
XXXIV International Conference on Interaction of Intense Energy Fluxes with Matter
Authors: Fortov V E , Khishchenko K V , Karamurzov B S , Sultanov V G , Kadatskiy M A
Published: July 2020

This paper is a preface to the proceedings of the XXXIV International Conference on Interaction of Intense Energy Fluxes with Matter, which was held at the Cheget pension in the village of Terskol, in the settlement of Elbrus, in the Kabardino-Balkar Republic of the Russian Federation, from March 1 to 6, 2019.
Electron–ion energy exchange in simple metals in Ziman approach
Authors: Petrov Yu V , Inogamov N A , Migdal K P , Mokshin A V , Galimzyanov B N
Published: July 2020

The coefficient of the electron–ion energy exchange in liquid aluminum is calculated within the framework of Ziman approach for electron kinetic coefficients. Calculations are made to study dependence of the electron–ion heat transfer coefficient on the electron and ion temperatures.
Properties of laser beam passed through cluster plasma studied with diffraction pattern method
Authors: Makarov S S , Pikuz T A , Buzmakov A V , Hayashi Y , Fukuda Y , Kando M , Daido I , Kotaki H , Lu X , Jie F , Alkhimova M A , Ryazantsev S N , Skobelev I Yu , Pikuz S A
Published: July 2020

The diffraction method is used to study the properties of laser radiation interacting with a gas-cluster plasma. Based on the simulation of propagation a laser beam with a wavelength 800 nm through a hexagon Cu-mesh and subsequently compared with the obtained experimental diffraction pattern, the contribution of the second harmonic to the laser radiation was considered. The capability of this method to reveal the spectral composition of laser radiation is discussed. Also, the dependence of the visibility of the diffraction pattern on the intensity of the laser beam is considered. Besides, the contribution of x-ray radiation generated from the laser-cluster interaction into the observed diffraction pattern signal was estimated.
High-intensity THz pulse generation by TW laser radiation in ionized gas and nonlinear crystals
Authors: Nazarov M M , Mitrofanov A V , Solyankin P M , Margushev Z Ch , Chashin M V , Shkurinov A P , Sidorov-Biryukov D A , Panchenko V Ya
Published: July 2020

Intense electromagnetic fields can be obtained now in THz frequency range. THz pulses with electric field intensity above 1 MV/cm are now requested for strong-field applications like particle acceleration, short electron bunches measurements, controlling the state of the matter. The advantage of a THz pulse in comparison with the visible frequency range is the almost non-oscillating field that interacts with charged particles more efficiently. The advantage over a direct field is the ability to remotely focus this radiation in space and in time. Except for the huge free-electron lasers facilities, the only way to get THz pulses of MV/cm intensity is the conversion of high-power femtosecond laser pulses. We compare two ways of generating intense THz pulses using the radiation of TW and GW laser systems operating at 800 nm. They are two-color filamentation in gas and optical rectification in nonlinear crystals. The prospects for scaling of THz generation methods for a petawatt laser are discussed.
Nonlinear conditions for instability of the free surface of a conducting liquid in an external electric field in a confined axisymmetric geometry
Authors: Zubareva O V , Zubarev N M , Bobrov K E
Published: July 2020

The behavior of the free surface of a perfectly conducting liquid in an external uniform electric field is considered in the framework of the Hamiltonian formalism for the case of bounded axisymmetric geometry of the system (the fluid is bounded by a cylindrical rigid wall). Taking into account the influence of quadratic nonlinearities, we derive an amplitude equation which describes the evolution of the boundary. Using this equation, we find the condition for the hard excitation of boundary instability that leads to an explosive growth of surface perturbations. The differences in the description of the dynamics of axisymmetric perturbations of the boundary from the cases of plane, square, and hexagonal symmetries of the problem are discussed.
Effect of temperature process at chicken litter torrefaction on properties of products obtained
Authors: Pudova Ya D , Larina O M , Zaichenko V M
Published: July 2020

In connection with the situation with the environment and energy in the world, it is necessary to study the possibility of using biological waste as an energy resource. The method of thermochemical treatment of organic waste is investigated in this paper. The chicken litter in the form of pellets is used as a raw material. The experimental studies of the torrefaction temperature influence on the thermotechnical characteristics of chicken litter and the yield of products were conducted in lab-scale system. The five temperature regimes of torrefaction (220, 240, 260, 280, and 300 °C) with holding time determined with thermogravimetric analysis are studied. The thermotechnical characteristics of the initial and torrefied material as elemental composition, the lower calorific value, hygroscopicity limit, and bulk density are determined. The properties of non-condensable gases (specific volume yield, chemical composition, and calorific value) are investigated. The material balance for each of the temperature regimes is calculated. The conclusion about the optimum temperature regime for torrefaction of chicken litter based on the results of experimental studies is made.
Elastoplastic deformation processes in materials with cubic symmetry of properties
Authors: Krivosheina M N
Published: July 2020

Some results of studies of the processes of elastoplastic deformation in a material with a cubic symmetry of elastic and plastic properties are presented. Cases of shock loading of a cylinder from a single crystal alloy on a rigid target (Taylor test) along three different directions ([111], [001] and [011]) are considered. These directions are characterized by the fact that along them propagation of longitudinal and transverse waves with different speeds is possible. Using the example of solving the Taylor test problem, it is shown that the differences in elastic properties along the [011] directions in cubic crystals determine elastoplastic deformations.
Scalability of increase in spall threshold in the presence of cylindrical protrusions on metals surface
Authors: Ebel A A , Mayer A E
Published: July 2020

The article analyzes the extent to which the previously detected effect of increase in spall threshold due to nanorelief on the surface can be scaled to large dimensions of the target, the impactor and the relief elements. Earlier, it was shown on the basis of molecular dynamics simulation that the presence of a relief can significantly increase the spall threshold due to plastic deformation in the surface layer of metal and energy dissipation of the reflected shock wave. To study the scalability of this effect on the case of macroscopic targets, and not only on nanoscale systems, an analytical estimation is constructed for decrease in the shock amplitude wave due to plastic dissipation during flattening of cylindrical protrusions on the surface. On the basis of this estimation, it is shown that an increase in the splitting threshold of the rear surface of metals with relief is scalable.
Electrodes erosion influence on the interior ballistics of the electrothermal accelerator of macrobodies
Authors: Vorobiev A A , Yanevsky V D , Chichaeva O V , Filimonova V A
Published: July 2020

The previously developed mathematical model for macrobody ballistics inside an electrothermal accelerator was modified. The model can be used to predict the projectile velocity for given values of the mass and size of the projectile, the electrodynamic parameters of the capacitive energy storage, and accelerator parameters. The problem of determining the projectile velocity was solved in a hydrodynamic formulation by numerical integration of the equations of motion, the energy conservation equation, and the caloric equation of state. In the case of neglecting the dynamically changing friction coefficient, the calculation results differ considerably from the experimental data, but the model qualitatively describes the physical processes of interior ballistics of the electrothermal accelerator. Electrodes erosion influence was shown.
Numerical simulation of hemispherical hydrogen–air flame propagation with heat losses
Authors: Mikushkin A Yu , Volodin V V , Golub V V , Gavrikov A I , Petukhov V A
Published: July 2020

The article presents numerical simulation of the propagation of hydrogen–air flame in adiabatic conditions and with the heat absorbtion on the wall. The results of experiments in a cylindrical shell of 4.5 m3 are compared with the results of numerical simulation. The quantitative agreement between the experimental and numerical results is achieved. It is shown that the numerical model of the combustion with the heat losses under the conditions of the experiment may account the heat losses as an integral effect of the heat absorbtion.
Detonation properties of tetranitromethane–methanol mixture
Authors: Mochalova V M , Utkin A V , Rykova V E , Koldunov S A
Published: July 2020

An experimental study of the reaction zone structure and stability of detonation waves was performed for tetranitromethane–methanol (TNM–M) mixture using a velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR). At the near stoichiometric concentration of methanol, it was observed that the amplitude of Von Neumann spike decreases significantly, whereas the detonation parameters increase. The instability of detonation waves in TNM–M mixture was shown, both with respect to one-dimensional longitudinal perturbations and to the curvature of the front leading to the formation of the cellular structure. The dependence of detonation velocity of TNM–M on the diluent concentration and limits of detonation propagation were found.