bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The industrial storage tank transformed into architecture and the landscape: A new look through Land Art
Authors:   Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Cabrera Vergara María
Published: May 2017

La aparición de los colosales depósitos industriales en los paisajes urbanos y rurales acarreó cuando menos, numerosas críticas y un importante sentimiento de rechazo; y, una vez que quedaron obsoletos y fueron abandonados, su presencia siguió suscitando igual o mayor escepticismo. El presente estudio pretende valorar de qué modo la intervención en estos objetos y su transformación en arquitectura ha modificado su relación con el entorno así como la percepción que hoy se tiene de los mismos, así como demostrar el potencial que encierran desde el punto de vista paisajístico. El análisis de algunos de estos proyectos evidencia, por un lado, que debido a la naturaleza singular de estos artefactos, los arquitectos que se enfrentaron a su transformación tuvieron que reinventar su modo de trabajar, adoptando metodologías, estrategias y herramientas propias de la disciplinas artística; y por otro, que el potencial conceptual de estos artefactos no puede ser entendido por completo sin tener en cuenta esta dimensión artístico-paisajística.
Conflicting memories: the case of Coventry
Authors:   Universidad CEU San Pablo. Madrid, Molina Iniesta Mariano
Published: May 2017

El artículo trata de explicar el proyecto de reconstrucción de la Catedral de Coventry tras la Segunda Guerra Mundial, a la luz de los procesos de formación de la memoria colectiva estudiados por la Sociología; pone de manifiesto el conflicto de intereses entre una comunidad local deseosa de superar un pasado doloroso y una Nación interesada en utilizar dicho pasado para elaborar una narrativa de victimización y resurrección de todo el país. Por otra parte, presenta el proyecto de Coventry como ejemplo de monumento admonitorio o mahnmal, popularizado en aquel momento ante la incapacidad de sostener un relato de la guerra en términos de valentía y honor.
From heritage as an architectural object to the heritagization of the landscape: A review of the International Charters and Textos of cultural heritage
Authors:   Universidad de Sevilla, Rey Pérez Julia
Published: May 2017

El objetivo de este texto es reflexionar acerca de la evolución del concepto de patrimonio en el que se ha superado, a lo largo de la historia, su condición monumental y nacional para incardinarlo en un contexto más amplio. La Carta de Venecia de 1964; la Convención del Patrimonio mundial, Cultural y Natural de 1972; la consideración del paisaje como patrimonio con la creación de la figura de Paisaje Cultural; y, la Recomendación sobre el Paisaje Urbano Histórico (PUH) como la herramienta más novedosa para gestionar el desarrollo urbano sostenible, son los horizontes que estructuran esta reflexión. Sin duda, esta revisión de Cartas y Textos internacionales verifican que este cambio conceptual va acompañado de una transformación de los valores patrimoniales, la cual responde a la velocidad de transformación y crecimiento acelerado del desarrollo urbano mundial.
Study of the churches of the city of Ibarra, Imbabura-Ecuador
Authors:   Carrera de Artes Plásticas. FECYT. Universidad Técnica del Norte - Ecuador, Coronado Martín Jesús , Cala Aiello Olga ,   Carrera de Artes Plásticas. FECYT. Universidad Técnica del Norte - Ecuador
Published: May 2017

Se realiza un análisis del estado actual de las iglesias de Ibarra reconstruidas a partir del año 1868 después del terremoto y las realizadas posterior a éste para poder determinar la evolución, en cuanto a parámetros como la configuración espacial y al uso de materiales constructivos, tanto en el espacio interior como en fachada. Se realizan fichas de cada iglesia que incluyen planos de planta, fotografías del estado actual y descripción de la configuración arquitectónica, materiales estructurales, fachada principal, acabados interiores y cubierta. La recopilación de datos se realiza a través de un análisis bibliográfico y una investigación de campo corroborando los datos obtenidos en la documentación revisada. Existe evolución cronológica en la tipología de iglesias: basílica, sala con bóveda y con techo plano y de espacio único así como fachadas con diferentes tratamientos según su época de construcción.
Iron architecture and eclecticism: the original project of the “San Bernardo” Station in Seville- Spain
Authors:   Universidad de Évora, Palomares Alarcón Sheila
Published: May 2017

El diseño de la Estación de viajeros de Sevilla “San Bernardo”-España no se ajusta a un único proyecto, pues entre 1886 y 1902 se redactaron varias propuestas firmados por diferentes ingenieros; sin embargo, no se redactó un proyecto final de obra que recogiera el resultado de la construcción tras todas las modificaciones ejecutadas. Después de estudiar los expedientes existentes en el Archivo Histórico Ferroviario español sobre el origen de la citada estación, este artículo pretende aclarar algunas cuestiones derivadas de la ejecución de la obra no dibujadas en ningún documento final; y, propone una hipótesis de cimentación porque fue la fase que sufrió más modificaciones y que no se contempló hasta la fecha en ningún documento.
Loewe Store at Serrano Street, Architect Javier Carvajal: Architectural Project analysis
Authors:   Isem Fashion Business School - Universidad de Navarra, Josa Martínez María , Villanueva Fernández María ,   Escuela Técnica Superior de Arquitectura - Universidad de Navarra
Published: May 2017

Entre 1959 y 1964 el arquitecto Javier Carvajal diseñó y construyó trece locales comerciales para la firma Loewe. Estos proyectos se enmarcan en un periodo de renovación de la Casa que necesitaba un cambio de imagen, impulsado por la corriente de modernización que estaba viviendo España. En aquel momento se buscaba la colaboración entre arquitectos, artistas y empresas que al igual que Carvajal y Loewe trabajarían en equipo para transformar tanto las tiendas y productos de la firma, como las estrategias comerciales y de imagen. El análisis crítico de la tienda que diseñó el arquitecto para la empresa permite conocer los procesos de diseño que Carvajal empleó en la Serrano de Loewe. Transformó el local comercial en una sala de exposiciones digna de albergar los nuevos productos de la firma, dándoles un trato de auténticas obras de arte. El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar la obra de Carvajal para Loewe como ejemplo de diseño comercial, de manera que nos permita producir una propuesta de metodología de análisis arquitectónico de tiendas.
Intake of Moringa oleifera Leaf Extract Decreases IL-1 and TNF-α Levels in Dyslipidemic Wistar Rat Model
Authors: Wahyuni Sri , Sutirta Yasa I Wayan Putu ,   Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.,   Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University, Denpasar, Bali, Indonesia.
Published: May 2017

Changes in consumption behavior to instant food cause various health problems, such as obesity, dislipidemia, and atherosclerosis. A study was conducted to investigate Moringa oleifera extract as an anti-inflammation product that decreases the levels of biochemical markers IL-1 and TNF-a. This experiment was done with randomized pre- and posttest control-group design, employing 40 Wistar rats separated into five groups: control group 0% M. oleifera leaf extract (P0), treatment group 1 with 10% M. oleifera leaf extract (P1), treatment group 2 with 15% M. oleifera leaf extract (P2), treatment group 3 with 20% M. oleifera leaf extract (P3), and treatment group 4 with 25% M. oleifera leaf extract (P4). This research observed that intake of 20% M. oleifera leaf extract results in the highest significant decrease of 15.42% of IL-1 level (134.64 ± 1.98 to 113.87 ± 4.30 pg/mL) and decrease of 45.63% of TNF-α level (28.62 ± 1.25 to 15.56 ± 7.20 pg/mL). Therefore, it can be concluded that intake of M. oleifera leaf extract by Wistar rat has anti-inflammatory effects on chronic dyslipidemia through decrease of IL-1 and TNF-α levels and histopathology profile. Further research is required to determine whether the application of M. oleifera leaf extract (daun kelor) in humans will have similar anti-inflammation effects.
Emergence de la rhinotrachéite bovine infectieuse dans l’est de l’Arabie Saoudite
Authors: Abu Elzein E. M.E. , Housawi F. M.T. , Al Afaleq A. I. , Al Musa J.
Published: May 2017

L’industrie laitière de l’Arabie Saoudite est l’une des plus importantes au monde. Malgré cela, la situation actuelle sur les infections par le virus de la rhinotrachéite bovine infectieuse (IBR) n’est pas connue. Il est essentiel de comprendre l’épidémiologie de cette maladie à cause de son impact sur l’industrie laitière dans le pays. Cette communication rapporte pour la première fois l’émergence d’IBR clinique dans la région est de l’Arabie Saoudite. Des projets d’étude concernant l’épidémiologie de la maladie dans le pays sont discutés.
Mensurations corporelles des ânes des races Poitevine et Catalane et de leurs croisés au Maroc
Authors: Boujenane I. , Machmoum M.
Published: May 2017

L’étude a porté sur l’analyse des mensurations corporelles de 125 ânes de race Poitevine (P), 107 de race Catalane (C) et 77 croisés réciproques (PxC et CxP) utilisés dans les haras nationaux au Maroc. Ces ânes étaient nés entre 1937 et 1973 au Maroc, en France et en Espagne. Le type génétique des ânes avait un effet significatif sur toutes les mensurations étudiées sauf sur la hauteur au garrot. Les ânes Poitevins avaient une hauteur au garrot, un tour de poitrine, un poids corporel, une longueur du corps, un vide sous-sternal et un tour du canon antérieur respectivement de 139,7 cm, 152,4 cm, 346,4 kg, 143,2 cm, 76,8 cm et 20,5 cm. Les différences par rapport aux ânes Catalans étaient respectivement de – 0,5 cm, 2,7 cm, 15,7 kg, 3,7 cm, – 1,4 cm et 1,5 cm, et par rapport aux ânes croisés de 1,4 cm, 2,3 cm, 14,2 kg, 5,1 cm, – 0,5 cm et 1,3 cm. L’effet hétérosis était significatif pour la longueur du corps (– 2,30 p. 100) et le tour du canon antérieur (– 2,78 p. 100) seulement. Il est conclu que les mensurations corporelles des ânes Poitevins et Catalans sont légèrement différentes.
Vers une clé de détermination en ligne pour l'identification morphologique des espèces de Culicoides paléarctiques
Authors: Mathieu B. , Balenghien Thomas , Schaffner Francis , Delécolle Jean Claude , Garros Claire , Candolfi Ermanno , Cetre-Sossah Catherine
Published: May 2017

To date, the task of identifying Culicoides accurately to the level of species lies largely in the hands of specialists. The develop­ment of an identification key based on morphological criteria would be useful for the standardisation of entomological surveil­lance systems and the training of surveillance agents. The aim was thus to provide a valid and useful morphological key to identify Palaearctic Culicoides species. This key, with numerous illustrations and online access, will be accessible by researchers with different languages and updated by adding new species, new characters, new photographs or new drawings. Two levels of identification will be available: for non-specialists, the key will be based only on microscopic observation of wing pat­terns to identify at least the group of species or some species; for specialists, it will be based on observations and measures of microscopic characters to identify individuals at the species level. For each species an identity card will be added including, when available, information on taxonomy (characters, measure­ments), biology and ecology (breeding site, host preference), distribution (maps), vector status (virus isolation and oral sus­ceptibility), etc. To date, a database with wing photographs of 74 Culicoides species has already been developed, as well as an Excel table with the list of characters. A meeting is planned in Strasbourg the third week of March 2009 between taxonomists to validate and complete characterisation, including morpho­logical variation.
Synthèse des études sur la compétence vectorielle en Europe : que savons-nous ? que reste-t-il à apprendre ?
Authors: Carpenter Simon
Published: May 2017

The correct identification of all potential vectors of bluetongue virus (BTV) is crucial for the implementation of integrated control measures, disease risk analysis and management of this disease. The collection of Culicoides midges and virus isolation from the captured midges will give an indication of what Culicoides species may be involved in the transmission of the virus. The number of midges collected with light traps will give an indica­tion of the risk of the virus spreading in the area.  Reliable detection of BTV from field-collected vectors is dif­ficult due to several constraints related to the vector itself and to laboratory procedures. A clear recommendation will be to maximise insect collections after viraemias are detected in mam­mals. Where possible, captured individuals should be identified to species level and populations’ age graded. Virus detection in the collected midges is conducted by using molecular tech­niques [e.g. polymerase chain reaction (PCR)], and virus isola­tion is performed using either embryonated chicken eggs or cell cultures. Positive results from either pools or individuals have different meanings in terms of vector competence and need to be evaluated with care. Individually analysed parous midges from which virus could be isolated indicate that the insect has fed on a viraemic host. It does, however, not show that the virus has replicated in the vector and that transmission could be related to that species.  Current laboratory techniques for measuring vector competence have several drawbacks, e.g. low blood feeding rates (especially so for European Culicoides species), the small size of Culicoides species involved, and the limited availability of laboratory colo­nies of European Culicoides species. Some techniques, as for example multiplex PCR, have increased the number of sam­ples which can be processed in one day (up to 800 insects). A recent trial, with field-collected Culicoides fed and incubated in the laboratory, showed transmissible infection levels in C. scoticus for BTV-9 and 8 similar to that reported from the field. Future needs in this field are the evaluation of cell types, e.g. Culicoides cell lines for virus isolation, detection of the virus in the saliva of Culicoides, the development of a reference colony (i.e. C. sonorensis), the sequencing of its genome, as well as the standardisation of experimental procedures run across wide geographic areas.
Etudes préliminaires sur les préférences de site d'oviposition de Culicoides imicola
Authors: Venter Gert J. , Boikanyo S.
Published: May 2017

Light trap collections have shown that Culicoides imicola, con­sidered a vector of both African horse sickness and bluetongue viruses is the most widespread and abundant livestock-associated Culicoides species in South Africa. Despite this, relatively little is known about the biology of this Culicoides species. A labora­tory study was undertaken to clarify the oviposition preference of C. imicola. Field collected midges were fed on defibrinated ovine blood. Blood engorged females were offered a choice of differently treated oviposition surfaces. The artificial oviposition device consisted of a plastic Petri dish (35 mm diameter) with a double layer of filter paper on top of tamped-down moist cotton-wool at the bottom of the holding container. This provided an even surface on which eggs could be laid. Salt (sodium chloride) concentrations varying from 0.003 to 3.0 g/10 mL and infusions of sheep, horse, zebra and bovine dung were compared. In an additional treatment, engorged females were given a choice between oviposition surfaces heated to 22°C and 25°C. All treat­ments were done in duplicate. Flies were kept at 23.5°C and the first eggs were usually deposited after three days. Results showed that C. imicola preferred oviposition sites with a salt concentra­tion below 0.06 g/10 mL. Extracts of horse dung were preferred and increased the notion that horses are the preferred host of C. imicola. It was also found that there was a preference for the 25°C surface, which supports the idea that C. imicola will rather oviposit in areas heated by direct sunlight than in shaded areas.
Mesures de lutte contre la fièvre catarrhale ovine au Portugal
Authors: Amador R. , Quintans A.
Published: May 2017

The purpose of this presentation was to discuss the evolution of bluetongue in Portugal in the last years and the measures taken to control the disease. Portugal was first exposed to bluetongue serotype 4 (BTV-4) in 2004 and later to BTV-1 (2008). As BTV-8 had also become a matter of concern in other European coun­tries, several measures were taken to prevent the introduction of this new serotype in the country. These measures to control and contain BTV-4 spread, and to control and monitor BTV-1 evolution, were based on the implementation of surveillance (clinical, entomological and virological) and vaccination pro­grammes. Vaccination is considered to be the most effective measure to control the disease and led Portugal to the status of pre-eradication for BTV-4.
Surveillance régionale de l'activité virale et de la vaccination
Authors: Giovannini A. , Sanchez-Vizcaino J. M. , Allepuz Palau Alberto
Published: May 2017

One of the objectives of the Medreonet project was to reinforce and harmonize surveillance of bluetongue (BT), epizootic haem­orrhagic disease (EHD), and African horse sickness (AHS) virus infections in Europe. Specifically, the project aimed at evaluat­ing possible ways to harmonize surveillance protocols, tools for surveys and viral strain identification, and vaccination strategies.  A questionnaire was used to collect baseline data on the fol­lowing: serological and virological tests used in the participat­ing countries (validation data, sensitivity and specificity), the adopted surveillance protocols, and vaccination strategies (types of vaccines, target populations). Further detailed data on the activities performed for BT surveillance and their results have been collected from two study areas (Italy and Catalonia). These data concerned sentinel and other animals tested and test results, subdivided into herds. A hierarchical Bayesian analysis of detailed data from Italy and Catalonia will be carried out to determine posterior probability distributions of sensitivity and specificity of the screening tests used, probability of infec­tion of each single sentinel herd tested, and within-herd (true) prevalence of infection in the infected sentinel herds. Data col­lected through the questionnaire will be used to estimate prior distributions of sensitivity and specificity of the screening tests to be used in the hierarchical Bayesian analysis. Results of the Bayesian analysis will provide the parameters to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of surveillance strategies.  The following information was gathered: case definitions used in each country for each disease (BT, AHS, EHD), data on the serological tests used (producer, commercial name, data on diagnostic sensitivity and specificity when available, serotypes detected), data on the virological tests used (producer of the reagents, type of procedure, data on diagnostic sensitivity and specificity when available, serotypes detected), quality control of the diagnosis, and details of the surveillance system for each disease (random survey vs. sentinel network, sample size, geo­graphical coverage, timing of testing). A software was generated, which uses the R programming language and is based on models developed by ‘Adaptive metropolis rejection sampling’. Some possible improvements of the original Hanson et al. model are under study. The data collected and the software produced, once validated on the Italian and Spanish field data, should allow the participating countries to evaluate their surveillance systems and to improve surveillance activities by comparing the expected results with different surveillance scenarios.
Culicoides.net : une base de données en ligne pour la reconnaissance taxonomique des insectes vecteurs
Authors: Wilson A. , Carpenter Simon , Lilian Tang H. , Marinos A. , Krause P. , Mellor P.
Published: May 2017

In addition to being of considerable nuisance value, biting midges (genus Culicoides) transmit economically important viruses affecting sheep, cattle and horses. One such virus - blue­tongue virus - recently expanded its range into Northern Europe, where it has caused hundreds of millions of euros of damage, and reached the United Kingdom for the first time in 2007. Other viruses transmitted by Culicoides include African horse sickness virus, which causes the most lethal infectious disease of equids. Expertise in Culicoides taxonomy and biology is a crucial ele­ment in responding appropriately and effectively to the threat presented by these diseases. Although a large body of research on Culicoides taxonomy and biology exists, much of it is not readily accessible by the international community at present. In this respect it is not alone: the House of Lords Science and Technology Committee recently identified taxonomy in general as a field which, although critically important to our under­standing of the natural world, is in decline, and suggested that Internet-based taxonomic resources are likely to play a crucial role in stabilising and revitalising the field.  We aim to develop a database of existing information on the taxonomy and biology of Culicoides. Based on consultation with taxonomists and biologists, we are identifying the key requirements for a useful and useable online service, and are developing a database to meet these requirements. The database will be populated with information obtained from taxonomic experts and via literature search, and integrated into the existing website www.culicoides.net, where it will support the national Culicoides reference laboratories established in many European countries as a result of recent European Commission’s legis­lation, as well as future international research on Culicoides. Future plans may include the addition of geographic informa­tion system (GIS) functionality to generate distribution maps, and improvements to the associated bibliographic database, as well as the application of this database approach to other vec­tor complexes.
Test de sensibilité de l'Organisation mondiale de la santé appliqué aux Culicoides : présentation d'un essai multicentrique
Authors: Venail Roger , Mathieu B. , Setier-Rio Marie-Laure , Balenghien Thomas
Published: May 2017

The aim of this work is to organize a multicentric assay to com­pare susceptibilities of Culicoides populations to insecticides (i.e. C. imicola and C. obsoletus sensu stricto). The base line of the World Health Organisation test kit (WHO/VBC81.805) is to expose mosquitoes to papers impregnated with insecticides to detect the resistance of Anopheles (paludism vector) in the field. In a novel approach, the WHO test can be used on Culicoides to assess midges’ susceptibility to insecticides. Information on the intrinsic susceptibilities to insecticides is required to assess correctly the existing (or new) formulations of insecticide. This multicentric assay will improve our capacity to experiment by networking and assess the population variability by comparing susceptibilities between different populations of Culicoides.  Field-collected midges are trapped alive using an ultraviolet light trap (OVI model, South Africa) and replacing the collection jar with a fine mesh cage. To prevent desiccation, cages are covered with wet papers, wrapped in aluminium foil and retrieved at dawn. It is important to choose the site and period with abun­dant target species to improve robustness with more individuals. Experiments should be carried out in an insecticide-free environ­ment with constant temperature and humidity, and started a few hours after collection. Insecticide-impregnated papers are rolled and fastened into the WHO kit test tube. About 30 Culicoides (approximately 20 nulliparous females) are collected and trans­ferred to the tube. Tubes are maintained horizontally for an hour (exposure to insecticide). Mortalities are recorded 1 h and 24 h after exposure. One control is performed without insecticide to validate the test. Mortalities are analysed by probit regression to obtain LC50 and LC90 for each population. The test has to be run at least with four concentrations of insecticide, one con­trol and four replicates with samples from the same population. Only nulliparous females are recorded. Insecticide concentra­tions are given in percentages (WHO standard). In this WHO test, the target species are C. imicola and C. obsoletus s.s., and the active ingredient used is deltamethrin at doses 0.005, 0.001, 0.0005 and 0.0001%. Data will be centralized and analysed by EID-Méditerranée (France), and results will be given back to the partners and published. Future studies could focus on comparing the four deltamethrin concentrations on other species and testing Culicoides susceptibility to other components.
Interactions entre les orbivirus et leurs vecteurs Culicoides
Authors: Veronesi E. , Mertens P. P.C. , Mellor P. , Darpel K. , Maan S. , Maan N. , Nomikou K. , Shaw A. , Carpenter Simon
Published: May 2017

Bluetongue, African horse sickness and epizootic haemor­rhagic disease are non-contagious, infectious diseases, caused by orbiviruses transmitted by Culicoides biting midges. Recent incursions of bluetongue virus (BTV) into both Southern and Northern European countries have highlighted our lack of knowledge in the mechanisms involved in the transmission of orbiviruses, which are of importance in understanding their spread. This presentation will discuss preliminary results of vector competence studies and provide an overview of future investigations. An understanding of the rates and temperature limits of virus replication and effects of temperature on vector metabolism can provide simple tools to predict the probability of virus establishment and onwards transmission subsequent to new incursions. Experiments showed that it was possible to use KC cell lines originating from C. sonorensis embryos as a surrogate system to screen rapidly replication rates in prefer­ence to the classical method of infecting and incubating adult insects via membrane feeding on a blood/virus meal. Some of the issues that arose in the development of detection assays are examined. The value of these techniques is then discussed in relation to understanding the effect of laboratory passage history upon orbivirus infectivity and detection, and this is related to an overview of current BTV strains’ distribution. Finally, future areas of interest that may develop from these studies are described.
Etudes interlaboratoires sur les espèces du complexe Obsoletus
Authors: Cetre-Sossah Catherine , Balenghien Thomas , Garros Claire , Rakotoarivony Ignace , Delécolle Jean-Claude , Meiswinkel Rudolf
Published: May 2017

Culicoides species are difficult to identify but, recently, molecu­lar identification tools based on cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (CO1), internal transcribed spacer 1 or 2 (ITS-1 or ITS-2) have been developed for Palaearctic species including vector spe­cies. In the framework of Medreonet network, the workpackage on “Regional surveillance of vectors” includes guidelines on Palaearctic and Mediterranean Culicoides species identification using molecular tools. Three ring trials were carried out to test whether the methods and tools used in the main laboratories of Europe were adequate and able to identify species correctly. Moreover, a questionnaire was sent to each laboratory to record the protocols and tools used for molecular identification. The four species of the Obsoletus complex, C. obsoletus, C. scoticus, C. chiopterus, and C. dewulfi were selected for the ring trial. All specimens were first morphologically identified by experts.  The first ring trial containing eight specimens (four males and four females) of the four species was sent on the 4th of August 2008 to 13 different participating laboratories from seven coun­tries. Two types of material were sent: extracted deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (four samples/species) and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-ground biting midges (34 samples/species). Eventually, two laboratories did not participate. Only two out of the 11 partici­pating laboratories correctly identified the species. The molecu­lar identification used was based on ITS-1 and ITS-2 markers. A second ring trial was sent in April 2009 with only extracted DNA samples to avoid the different extraction steps which could interfere with tool sensitivity. A total of 20 extracted DNA sam­ples were sent to 10 participating laboratories. Four out of the 10 correctly identified the species. Three laboratories used methods based on ITS-2 or ITS-1 markers, and one laboratory used CO1. Finally, a third ring trial with 20 PBS-ground samples was sent in September 2009 to 10 laboratories. Only one laboratory cor­rectly identified the species. Sensitivity and specificity of the molecular tools used are discussed.
Modélisation de la survenue des vecteurs de la fièvre catarrhale ovine à l'aide des systèmes d'information géographiques et de la télédétection
Authors: Martins H. , Nunes T. , Boinas Fernando
Published: May 2017

Bluetongue (BT) is an infectious non-contagious disease which mainly affects domestic ruminants. It is caused by an arbovirus (BTV) from the family Reoviridae and its transmission is com­monly associated with an intermediate arthropod host from the genus Culicoides. Culicoides imicola is the main vector of BTV in the Mediterranean Basin. Entomological surveillance programmes make it possible to collect continuously data of vital importance for the spatial and temporal investigation of BT vector distribution. In May 2005, Portugal has implemented this programme, which is providing a considerable amount of data concerning the abundance, and spatial and temporal dis­tribution of several Culicoides species. Remote sensing is the process of acquiring data about a geographical object through several aircrafts or satellites built-in sensors and thus allowing the collection of useful information to characterize biophysical, climatic and environmental variables. Some of these variables influence survival, development and dispersion of BT vectors. The combination of satellite imagery and entomological surveil­lance data using geographical information systems (GIS) helps to develop models for the prediction of spatial occurrence of disease vectors. These models might be useful to identify risk areas for disease transmission and are therefore important for the development of targeted sanitary control measures. Two mathematical approaches were selected to model the spatial occurrence of Culicoides imicola, i.e. discriminant analysis and logistic regression. Climatic, remotely sensed and national entomological data were used to build both models. Statistical packages and GIS were then used to implement these models. The discriminant analysis model was less accurate, presenting a sensitivity of 76.6% and a specificity of 75.3%. The logistic regression model was more robust and presented 80.9% sensitiv­ity and 83.6% specificity. Descriptive spatial statistics were then calculated to characterize the landscape features associated with the presence/absence of BT vectors.
Identification de virus de la fièvre catarrhale ovine réassortis dans la région Ouest méditerranéenne
Authors: Maan N. S. , Maan S. , Nomikou K. , Mertens P. P.C.
Published: May 2017

Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the species of the genus Orbivirus of the family Reoviridae. BTV can infect most ruminants, caus­ing a severe haemorrhagic disease called bluetongue in sheep. BTV is transmitted among ruminant hosts by certain species of Culicoides (biting midges). The BTV genome is composed of ten linear double-stranded (ds) RNA genome segments, encod­ing seven structural and three non-structural proteins. The seg­mented nature of the genome allows different BTV strains infect­ing the same cell to exchange (reassort) genome segments.  Nine BTV serotypes have been detected in Europe since 1998, including strains belonging to both eastern (BTV-1, 9, 16) and western lineages (BTV-1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 11). Live attenuated mono­valent vaccine strains of BTV-2, 4, 8, 9 (western group) and BTV- 16 (eastern group) have also been used in the Mediterranean region, in attempts to minimise virus circulation. The release of these vaccine strains, some of which have persisted in the field (including BTV-2 and 16), has added further genetic diversity, generating an unprecedented mix of field and vaccine strain viruses. These events have provided unique opportunities for genome segment exchange (reassortment) between different BTV strains and topotypes. Indeed, a strain of BTV-2, derived by reassortment between vaccine strains of BTV-2 and 16 has been previously detected in Italy during 2002.  Full genome sequence analysis of BTV-2 and BTV-4 isolates (1999-2004) from the Western Mediterranean region helped to identify multiple reassortant viruses, involving the exchange of several different genome segments. Reassortant viruses were identified as containing genes derived from different western field strains, from western field and vaccine strains, and from eastern field and western vaccine strains. The detection of these reassortant BTVs in Europe highlights concerns about the use of live BTV vaccines in the region.
Identification moléculaire de repas de sang de Culicoides paléarctiques de différents sites en France
Authors: Garros Claire , Gardes Laëtitia , Viennet Elvina , Allene Xavier , Rakotoarivony Ignace , Balenghien Thomas
Published: May 2017

Culicoides are small biting midges involved worldwide in blue­tongue and African horse sickness transmission. Feeding behav­iour as well as spatial and temporal dynamics of trophic behav­iour of Culicoides is unknown at the specific level for Palaearctic species. Multiplex allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays were used to identify the blood meal source of five main Palaearctic species. Species-specific primers of potential hosts (cow, goat, sheep, human, cat, dog, horse) were derived from vertebrate mitochondrial cytochrome b. Two different mul­tiplex assays served to identify blood meals from livestock or domestic fauna, and to determine whether multiple blood meals had been taken (gonotrophic concordance). Moreover, this method helped to identify specimens at the specific level. The first results highlight the interest of this valuable tool combined with species identification assays, and suggest that Culicoides species may have an opportunistic behaviour regarding host dis­tribution and density. Future studies will focus on the temporal dynamics of trophic behaviour.
Système EUBTNet et intégration Medreonet
Authors: Calistri P. , Savini L. , Cerella A. , Colangeli P.
Published: May 2017

During summer 2006, a bluetongue (BT) epidemic occurred for the first time in Northern Europe, caused by virus serotype 8 (BTV-8). The disease reached latitude 53°N, involving Belgium, France, Germany, Luxemburg and the Netherlands. In 2007 more than 40,000 outbreaks of BTV-8 have been recorded up to latitude 55°N, involving new countries such as Denmark, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and almost the whole terri­tory of France.  In this epidemiological context, the European Commission recognized the need to develop a web-based information system, EUBTNet, i.e. a bluetongue network application for the European Union (EU), to ensure BT real-time assessment at the European level. A first release of EUBTNet (http://eubtnet. izs.it/btnet/index.htm) was made available to all EU Member States (MS) on 31 May 2007. EUBTNet is a tool for the rapid collection, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of large quantities of data generated by national/regional bluetongue monitoring programmes, directly provided by EU MS. The BT occurrence data, extracted from the Animal Disease Notification System (European Commission) and from the World Animal Health Information System for non-EU European and Mediterranean countries, are also included. The access to the system is governed by different procedures depending on the user’s profile ensuring security and integrity of the data stored. A web-based geographic information system (Web GIS) is included in EUBTNet to provide a useful and immediate visual resource for decision-makers and competent authorities so as to help them in disease management and in the application of appropriate control measures. EUBTNet is highly flexible as it pursues the maximum level of interoperability with the existing national systems of MS and integrates continuous changes and refinements, after requests by the European Commission or MS. EUBTNet provides also several other tools to facilitate the exchange of information between MS and the European Commission. Taking into account the objectives of the Medreonet project EUBTNet represents a valuable source of validated data, allowing the project’s partners to retrieve epidemiological data while avoiding the duplication of efforts in collecting such information.
Prévalence de lésions de tuberculose chez des bovins abattus dans les états du nordest du Nigeria
Authors: Aliyu M. M. , Adamu J. Y. , Bilyaminu Y. A.
Published: May 2017

Une étude sur la prévalence de la tuberculose bovine dans six états producteurs de bovins du Nigeria a été menée dans des abattoirs de 2000 à 2004. Sur 302 700 bovins examinés post mortem, 4,05 p. 100 (IC : 3,12, 4,98) ont présenté des lésions de tuberculose. Les prévalences annuelles durant la période étudiée ont varié de façon significative (P < 0,05) de 3,19 à 5,16 p. 100, et les valeurs les plus élevées ont été relevées dans l’Etat de Gombe (12,27 p. 100). Les prévalences mensuelles ont montré des niveaux élevés intermittents au-dessus de la prévalence attendue. Il a été conclu que la tuberculose bovine était toujours répandue dans le nord-est du Nigeria, atteignant des proportions épidémiques dans l’Etat de Gombe. Les conséquences de la présence de cette pathologie zoonotique majeure sont discutées, en mettant en avant la nécessité de développer une surveillance épidémiologique, d’informer les populations, et de procéder à une inspection adéquate des viandes pour réduire le risque d’exposition des humains et des animaux à l’infection.
Etudes expérimentales sur l'efficacité des souches vaccinales T1 sr et T1/44 de Mycoplasma mycoides spp. mycoides (petite colonie) contre un isolat causant la péripneumonie contagieuse bovine au Kenya - Effet d'une infection de rappel
Authors: Wesonga H. O. , Thiaucourt François
Published: May 2017

La péripneumonie contagieuse bovine est une maladie provoquant de lourdes pertes dans les élevages bovins d'Afrique. Son contrôle passe habituellement par la vaccination. Des observations récentes ont cependant montré que les campagnes de vaccination sur le terrain actuelles ne sont pas suffisantes lors de l'apparition de nouveaux foyers, situation préoccupante pour les responsables vétérinaires des pays concernés. Un essai vaccinal a été réalisé sur le terrain afin de déterminer les causes de ces échecs vaccinaux. Les souches vaccinales T1 sr et T1/44 de Mycoplasma mycoides spp. mycoides (petite colonie) ont été utilisées pour vacciner des groupes de 40 bovins par souche. L'épreuve virulente a été réalisée respectivement chez la moitié des animaux trois mois après la vaccination et chez l'autre moitié 15 mois après celle-ci. La moitié des animaux utilisés lors de la deuxième épreuve ont reçu un rappel un an après la pri movaccination. Les vaccinations ainsi que les rappels ont été effectués à des doses de 107 mycoplasmes par millilitre. Au cours de la première épreuve virulente (à trois mois après la vaccination initiale), les protections mesurées ont été de 68,2 p. 100 pour la souche T1 sr et de 59 p. 100 pour la souche T1/44. Lors de la deuxième épreuve, les protections mesurées chez les animaux ayant reçu une dose de rappel ont été de 80,5 p. 100 pour T1 sr et de 95,5 p. 100 pour T1/44. Pour ceux n'ayant reçu qu'une seule dose vaccinale 15 mois auparavant, la protection mesurée a été de 28,7 p. 100 pour T1 sr et de 78,2 p. 100 pour T1/44. Ces résultats confirment ceux qui avaient été observés lors d'essais antérieurs mais ils apportent également des éléments d'information nouveaux et importants. Il est en particulier confirmé qu'une primovaccination avec une dose minimale ne confère pas de protection satisfaisante, quelle que soit la souche vaccinale utilisée. En revanche, une protection totale ne peut être atteinte qu'après un rappel. Les conséquences pour des essais de vaccination ultérieurs et les orientations à prendre dans la recherche sont discutées.
Infestations parasitaires gastro-intestinales précoces chez la chèvre naine de Guinée (Capra reversa) à Dschang dans l'ouest du Cameroun
Authors: Tedonkeng Pamo E. , Mpoame M. , Sonchieu J.
Published: May 2017

Une étude sur l'évolution des infestations parasitaires gastro-intestinales précoces chez la chèvre Naine de Guinée a été réalisée à Foto, un village de la périphérie de Dschang dans les Hauts Plateaux de l'ouest du Cameroun. Trente-deux chevreaux ont été suivis de 0 à 3,5 mois d'âge pendant la saison des pluies. Les fèces ont été collectées toutes les deux semaines tôt le matin. La numération des oeufs ou des oocystes a été réalisée au moyen d'une cellule de McMaster. Cinq familles de parasites gastro-intestinaux ont été identifiées: Eimeriidae (Eimeria sp.), Anoplocephalidae (Moniezia sp.), Strongyloididae (Strongyloides sp.), Trichostrongylidae (strongles) et Trichuridae (Trichuris sp.). Les parasites à courte période prépatente (Eimeria sp. et Strongyloides sp.) sont apparus les premiers. Moniezia sp. dont la période prépatente a été la plus longue a été observé le dernier. Les infestations des chevreaux ont commencé dès la fin de la deuxième semaine après la naissance. Le passage des chevreaux de l'allaitement au fourrage au début de la saison des pluies dans des zones à forte densité de population humaine a engendré parasitisme et malnutrition, affectant ainsi la production et la productivité des animaux. Des traitements dès l'âge de 3-4 semaines en anticipation des infestations avec des produits à large spectre d'action ont donc été conseillés pour assurer la survie et le bon développement des chevreaux.
Le marquage du bétail dans les systèmes pastoraux traditionnels
Authors: Landais Etienne
Published: May 2017

Dans toutes les sociétés pastorales, depuis toujours, les animaux sont marqués. A partir d'une série d'exemples représentatifs de l'ensemble des grandes civilisations pastorales du monde, l'auteur présente les techniques utilisées (le marquage au feu, l'incision des oreilles, l'association des deux). Il analyse ensuite successivement, à la lumière des caractéristiques communes des sociétés pastorales (lignagères et segmentaires): - la dialectique conservation/déformation qui est à l'oeuvre dans les processus de transmission verticale et horizontale des marques à l'intérieur de ces sociétés; - le contenu et le sens du message véhiculé par les marques; - les différentes fonctions des marques: signes d'identité (collective ou individuelle), revendication de droits, protection contre le vol. En conclusion, la marque du lignage est interprétée comme le signe du pacte constitutif du système pastoral, unissant une communauté humaine, une communauté animale et un territoire. Le marquage traditionnel du bétail n'est en général pas utilisé à des fins sanitaires. Par ailleurs, ses caractéristiques ne répondent pas, en l'état, aux exigences contemporaines de traçabilité. Peut-être pourraient-elles néanmoins s'y adapter, à l'instar du système légal et obligatoire en vigueur en Norvège pour le marquage des troupeaux de rennes des Lapons.
Comparaison des génomes d'isolats de virus de la peste porcine africaine provenant du Cameroun, d'autres pays africains et d'Europe
Authors: Ekue N. F. , Wilkinson P. J.
Published: May 2017

Une comparaison des cartes de restriction enzymatique des génomes d'isolats de virus de la peste porcine africaine (ppa) provenant du Cameroun, d'autres pays africains et d'Europe a montré que les souches du Cameroun et d'Europe étaient apparentées, à l'exception du virus Lisbon/57 dont la région terminale gauche du génome était plus longue. Par ailleurs, les génomes d'isolats d'Angola, de la République démocratique du Congo (Rdc) et du Sénégal étaient semblables à ceux du Cameroun et de l'Europe. Cependant, ceux d'Angola et du Katanga, en Rdc, avaient une longue région terminale gauche semblable à celle du Lisbon/57. Les souches d'Afrique de l'Est et du Sud-Est étaient génétiquement différentes de celles du Cameroun et d'Europe et différaient aussi entre elles. La comparaison des cartes de restriction obtenues par digestion de virus du Cameroun et d'Europe avec l'enzyme BamHl a montré des différences de la taille du fragment BamHl-L qui est localisé au milieu du génome, alors qu'en comparant les isolats provenant du Cameroun, d'Afrique de l'Ouest et du Sud-Ouest les différences observées étaient situées au centre et aux extrémités du génome. Malgré ces petites variantes entre les génomes d'isolats de virus de la ppa provenant du Cameroun, d'Europe, d'Afrique de l'Ouest et du Sud-Ouest, on peut considérer qu'ils appartiennent au même groupe étant donné la grande ressemblance entre les cartes de restriction enzymatique de leurs génomes. Les résultats de cette étude ont également montré que les foyers récurrents de la ppa chez les populations porcines domestiques du Cameroun pouvaient être dus à la réintroduction de souches apparentées du virus à partir des zones infectées situées hors du pays.
Prévalence de parasites gastro-intestinaux chez le chamelon au Bahrein
Authors: Abubakr M. I. , Nayel N. M. , Fadlalla Mohamed E. , Abdelrahman A. O. , Abuobeida S. A. , Elgabara Y. M.
Published: May 2017

La prévalence de parasites gastro-intestinaux chez le chamelon est reportée pour la première fois au Bahreïn. La présence de six genres de parasites a pu être établie. Parmi eux se trouvaient les nématodes Haemonchus contortus (36,47 p. 100), Nematodirus spathiger (30,59 p. 100) et Trichuris sp. (10,6 p. 100) et un seul cestode, Moniezia expansa (2,4 p. 100). Eimeria dromedarii a également été observée avec une prévalence de 20 p. 100. Chez 41,2, 33,5, 19,4 et 5,9 p. 100 des animaux infestés respectivement un, deux, trois et quatre genres de parasites ont été trouvés. Le protozoaire Balantidium coli a occasionnellement été observé chez les chamelons affectés de diarrhées au moment du prélèvement.