bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nicotine Modulates Alcohol‐Seeking and Relapse by Alcohol‐Preferring (P) Rats in a Time‐Dependent Manner
Authors: Hauser Sheketha R. , Getachew Bruk , Oster Scott M. , Dhaher Ronnie , Ding Zheng‐Ming , Bell Richard L. , McBride William J. , Rodd Zachary A.
Published: June 2011

Background:  Alcohol is frequently co‐abused with smoking. In humans, nicotine use can increase alcohol craving and consumption. The objectives of the current study were to assess the acute effects of nicotine on alcohol seeking and relapse at 2 different time points.

Methods:  Adult female alcohol‐preferring (P) rats were trained in 2‐lever operant chambers to self‐administer 15% ethanol (EtOH) (v/v) and water on a concurrent fixed‐ratio 5–fixed‐ratio 1 (FR5‐FR1) schedule of reinforcement in daily 1‐hour sessions. Following 10 weeks of daily 1‐hour sessions, rats underwent 7 extinction sessions, followed by 2 weeks in their home cages. Rats were then returned to the operant chambers without EtOH or water being present for 4 sessions (Pavlovian Spontaneous Recovery [PSR]). Rats were then given a week in their home cage before being returned to the operant chambers with access to EtOH and water (relapse). Nicotine (0, 0.1, 0.3, or 1.0 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously immediately or 4 hours prior to PSR or relapse testing.

Results:  Injections of nicotine immediately prior to testing reduced (5 to 10 responses PSR; 50 to 60 responses relapse), whereas injections of nicotine 4 hours prior to testing increased (up to 150 responses for PSR; up to 400 responses for relapse with 1.0 mg/kg dose) responses on the EtOH lever during PSR and relapse tests.

Conclusions:  The results of this study demonstrate that acute effects of nicotine on EtOH‐seeking and relapse behaviors may be time dependent, with the immediate effects being a result of nicotine possibly acting as a substitute for EtOH, whereas with a delay of 4 hours, priming effects of nicotine alterations in nicotinic receptors, and/or the effects of nicotine’s metabolites (i.e., cotinine and nornicotine) may enhance the expression of EtOH‐seeking and relapse behaviors.
Examining Communication about Marriage Amendments: Same‐Sex Couples and Their Extended Social Networks
Authors: Lannutti Pamela J.
Published: June 2011

To better understand the social consequences of State constitutional amendments limiting legally recognized marriage to that between one man and one woman, this study examines interactions between members of same‐sex couples and their extended social network members (e.g., work colleagues or friends of friends who are not considered to be close friends or family). Fifty‐seven same‐sex couples in seven U.S. states participated in interviews about their interactions with extended social network members regarding marriage amendments. Four themes describe these interactions: coming out, social support, solidarity, and disconfirmation. The results suggest that interactions with extended social network members can create or mitigate negative social consequences in same‐sex couples’ experience of marriage amendments.
The Longest “Legal” U.S. Same‐Sex Couples Reflect on Their Relationships
Authors: Rothblum Esther D. , Balsam Kimberly F. , Solomon Sondra E.
Published: June 2011

Vermont was the first U.S. state to create a legal status for same‐sex couples (civil unions). Same‐sex couples who entered into civil unions during the first year of availability were asked to reflect on their relationship 3 years later. Written essays from 452 members of civil union couples were analyzed via thematic analysis. Most couple members considered the civil union to be highly significant, providing increased benefits and legitimacy. Some couple members did not consider the civil union to be as significant; they mentioned that civil unions were not the same as marriage, did not reflect the longevity of their relationship, or that their family of origin was still unsupportive. Some couple members got involved in political action to legalize their relationship and some had since gotten married in Canada, Massachusetts, or elsewhere. The implications of these findings for understanding minority stress, relationship investment, and future directions are discussed.
Electrocardiographic Changes in Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy
Authors: THAKAR SAURABH , CHANDRA PREETI , HOLLANDER GERALD , LICHSTEIN EDGAR
Published: June 2011

Introduction:
 Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TC) is a unique transient nonischemic cardiomyopathy that mimics acute myocardial infarction (MI). The aim of our study was to evaluate electrocardiographic changes in patients with TC, including the frequency of ST elevation and other abnormalities.

Methods
: Eleven patients were retrospectively identified from echocardiography database. All patients underwent coronary angiography and fulfilled the Mayo criteria for diagnosis of TC during the period November 2005 to September 2010. Standard 12‐lead electrocardiograms recorded daily during the first week of hospitalization, after onset of symptoms were analyzed.

Results:
 Eight of 11 patients were found to have ST elevation, of which two patients had ST depression in reciprocal leads. No patient had ST elevation in lead V1, most likely reason being that wall‐motion abnormalities in TC rarely extend to the region faced by lead V1. Pathological Q waves were found in five patients, of which two patients had transient Q waves, suggesting less myocardial damage. All 11 patients had T‐wave inversion; eight of these patients had diffuse symmetric T‐wave inversion, extending beyond the perfusion territory of any single coronary artery. QTc interval prolongation was found in 10 patients. All patients had left ventricular ejection fraction between 25% and 35% on presentation, which could not be predicted by the extent of electrocardiogram (ECG) changes.

Conclusion:
 ECG changes in TC are distinctive and differ from those typically seen in acute anterior MI. The ECG abnormalities described may be important clues for the clinician to suspect diagnosis of TC in the right clinical setting. (PACE 2011; 34:1278–1282)
Profound Sinus Node Dysfunction in Anti‐N‐Methyl‐D‐Aspartate Receptor Limbic Encephalitis
Authors: CHIA POW‐LI , TAN KEVIN , FOO DAVID
Published: June 2011

A form of limbic encephalitis associated with antibodies against the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) was discovered in 2007. It is often a multistage illness that progresses from psychosis, memory deficits, seizures into a state of unresponsiveness with catatonic features, abnormal movements, autonomic, and respiratory instability. We present two cases of anti‐NMDAR encephalitis to highlight the cardiac complications and their management.
Robust Estimation of Mean and Dispersion Functions in Extended Generalized Additive Models
Authors: Croux Christophe , Gijbels Irène , Prosdocimi Ilaria
Published: June 2011

Summary Generalized linear models are a widely used method to obtain parametric estimates for the mean function. They have been further extended to allow the relationship between the mean function and the covariates to be more flexible via generalized additive models. However, the fixed variance structure can in many cases be too restrictive. The extended quasilikelihood (EQL) framework allows for estimation of both the mean and the dispersion/variance as functions of covariates. As for other maximum likelihood methods though, EQL estimates are not resistant to outliers: we need methods to obtain robust estimates for both the mean and the dispersion function. In this article, we obtain functional estimates for the mean and the dispersion that are both robust and smooth. The performance of the proposed method is illustrated via a simulation study and some real data examples.
Augmented Cross‐Sectional Studies with Abbreviated Follow‐up for Estimating HIV Incidence
Authors: Claggett B. , Lagakos S. W. , Wang R.
Published: June 2011

Summary Cross‐sectional HIV incidence estimation based on a sensitive and less‐sensitive test offers great advantages over the traditional cohort study. However, its use has been limited due to concerns about the false negative rate of the less‐sensitive test, reflecting the phenomenon that some subjects may remain negative permanently on the less‐sensitive test. Wang and Lagakos (2010, Biometrics 66, 864–874) propose an augmented cross‐sectional design that provides one way to estimate the size of the infected population who remain negative permanently and subsequently incorporate this information in the cross‐sectional incidence estimator. In an augmented cross‐sectional study, subjects who test negative on the less‐sensitive test in the cross‐sectional survey are followed forward for transition into the nonrecent state, at which time they would test positive on the less‐sensitive test. However, considerable uncertainty exists regarding the appropriate length of follow‐up and the size of the infected population who remain nonreactive permanently to the less‐sensitive test. In this article, we assess the impact of varying follow‐up time on the resulting incidence estimators from an augmented cross‐sectional study, evaluate the robustness of cross‐sectional estimators to assumptions about the existence and the size of the subpopulation who will remain negative permanently, and propose a new estimator based on abbreviated follow‐up time (AF). Compared to the original estimator from an augmented cross‐sectional study, the AF estimator allows shorter follow‐up time and does not require estimation of the mean window period, defined as the average time between detectability of HIV infection with the sensitive and less‐sensitive tests. It is shown to perform well in a wide range of settings. We discuss when the AF estimator would be expected to perform well and offer design considerations for an augmented cross‐sectional study with abbreviated follow‐up.
FIB Tomographic Analysis of Subsurface Indentation Crack Interactions with Pores in Alumina
Authors: Arsecularatne J. A. , Hoffman M. , O'Kelly K. , Payraudeau N.
Published: June 2011

This article describes a study involving three‐dimensional FIB tomographic characterization of Vickers microindentation sites in an alumina material containing pores. The study was carried out using a dual beam FIB instrument for loads in the range 50–200 g. The results obtained show that this technique can be used to obtain 3‐D distributions of indentation‐generated cracks. Although, compared to a dense material, presence of pores in alumina reduced the ability to generate and/or propagate radial cracks, the significant probability of crack‐pore interactions indicates that pores assist in the generation/propagation lateral cracks. The subsurface images show that pores act as sites for crack initiation and/or assist in crack propagation. In addition, a clearly reduced ability to generate and/or propagate radial cracks has been noted. However, considering that FIB tomography is destructive and invasive, microstructural changes seem to have occurred during the process and consequently it is not possible to identify all the generated cracks. Moreover, propagation of some of the cracks also occurred due to material removal in FIB milling.
4 Remembering One and All: Early Postclassic Residential Burial in Coastal Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: King Stacie M.
Published: June 2011

Residential burial at Río Viejo marked deceased adults as members of particular houses and as witnesses and actors within the world of the living after their physical deaths. The standardization in burial locations, positions, and offerings emphasized the group identity of Río Viejo adults and their shared house histories. The simultaneous commitment to keeping individual bodies separate and intact, however, indicates that this group identity was not achieved through the subjugation of individual identities. Instead, at Río Viejo, the deceased were celebrated as a cohort of ancestors made up of unique individuals, rather than as a single‐minded collective group.
5 Residential Burial and the Metal Age of Thailand
Authors: White Joyce C. , Eyre Chureekamol Onsuwan
Published: June 2011

Mortuary programs have great potential to provide insights into ritually‐integrated social systems of house societies. Metal age house societies of prehistoric Thailand, such as the Ban Chiang Cultural Tradition, are argued to have practiced residential burial, with interment of corpses in close physical proximity to spaces occupied by the living in daily life. It is suggested that this mortuary practice contributed to sustaining long‐lived socio‐settlement systems that were characterized by low levels of inter‐community conflict. The mortuary ceramics interred in metal age burials reveal sub‐regional stylistic and technological groupings that appear to imply territorial subdivisions in these apparently acephalous and decentralized societies.
Ov‐16 [4‐(3,4‐dihydroxybenzoyloxymethyl)phenyl‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside] inhibits melanin synthesis by regulating expressions of melanogenesis‐regulated gene and protein
Authors: Liang Chia‐Hua
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  Ov‐16 (4‐(3,4‐dihydroxybenzoyloxymethyl)phenyl‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside), a polyphenolic glycoside that is isolated from oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), can scavenge 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals. This investigation is the first to study in detail the hypopigmentary properties of Ov‐16. It demonstrates that 0–1000 μg/ml Ov‐16 inhibits the activity of mushroom tyrosinase (Tyr) in a concentration‐dependent manner. The inhibitionary Tyr kinetics of Ov‐16 towards the oxidation of L‐DOPA was found to be uncompetitive. Following the treatment of human skin premalignant kerationcyte HaCaT cells, human skin fibroblast Hs68 cells and mice melanoma B16 cells with Ov‐16 (0–100 μg/ml), cell viability was >98%, suggesting that Ov‐16 is non‐toxic. Ov‐16 can reduce cellular Tyr activity, DOPA oxidase activity and melanin synthesis in B16 cells that are stimulated by the α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone (α‐MSH). Moreover, Ov‐16 inhibited the production of melanin in Streptomyces bikiniensis without affecting the growth of the microorganism. The treatment of B16 cells with Ov‐16 considerably reduced the gene expressions of melanocortin‐1 receptor (Mc1r), microphthalmia‐associated transcription factor (Mitf), Tyr, tyrosinase‐related proteins‐2 (Trp‐2) and Trp‐1, as determined by RT‐PCR. The expressions of Mc1r, Mift, Tyr, Trp‐2 and TrpP‐1 protein in Ov‐16‐treated B16 cells were also significantly reduced, as determined by western blotting and fluorescent staining analysis. These results suggest that Ov‐16 exhibits hypopigmentary performance.
No evidence of viral genomes in whole‐transcriptome sequencing of three melanoma metastases
Authors: Feldhahn Magdalena , Menzel Moritz , Weide Benjamin , Bauer Peter , Meckbach Diana , Garbe Claus , Kohlbacher Oliver , Bauer Jürgen
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  Several viruses are known to cause cancer, such as human herpes virus 8 in Kaposi sarcoma and human papilloma viruses in cervical cancer. Recently, Merkel cell polyoma virus (MCPyV) has been described in 80% of Merkel cell carcinomas (MCC). Similarly to MCC and Kaposi sarcoma, melanoma incidence is increased in immunosuppressed patients. We asked whether infection by known or yet unknown viruses may play a role in melanoma development as well. To detect viral sequences expressed in melanoma cells, we analysed three melanoma metastases by whole‐transcriptome sequencing and digital transcriptome subtraction. None of the samples investigated harboured viral sequences. In contrast, artificial viral sequences and MCPyV transcripts used as a positive control for the bioinformatics analysis were detected. This renders it less likely that viruses are frequently involved in melanoma induction. A larger number of melanoma transcriptome sequencings are required to rule out viruses as a relevant pathogen.
Efficacy of excimer light therapy (308 nm) for palmoplantar pustulosis with the induction of circulating regulatory T cells
Authors: Furuhashi Takuya , Torii Kan , Kato Hiroshi , Nishida Emi , Saito Chiyo , Morita Akimichi
Published: June 2011

Abstract:  In this open‐label study, we investigated the efficacy of excimer light (308 nm) with a filter to cut off wavelengths below 297 nm for the treatment of palmoplantar pustulosis (PPP). Twenty patients with PPP were recruited and treated once a week for a total of 30 sessions. Patient response was assessed every 10 sessions based on the Palmoplantar Pustulosis Area and Severity Index (PPPASI) score. Levels of Th17 cells and regulatory T cells (Treg) in the peripheral blood in patients with PPP were also evaluated. Mean PPPASI score was 19.5 at baseline, 13.2 at 10 treatments, 10.9 at 20 treatments and 9.5 at 30 treatments. Th17 levels after excimer therapy were not significantly different from those at baseline. In contrast, Treg levels after excimer therapy were significantly higher than those at baseline.
Immune modulation for treatment of allergic disease
Authors: Nguyen Tran‐Hoai T. , Casale Thomas B.
Published: June 2011

Immune modulation for treatment of allergic diseases aims to decrease the pathologic immune response rather than to cause a return to an immunologically naive or unresponsive state. Our expanding knowledge of innate and adaptive immune responses at the molecular level has led to development of immunomodulators for several allergic diseases, particularly asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eosinophilic esophagitis. Although successful immune modulation in mouse models of allergic disease have often failed to translate into significant results in human clinical trials, much has been learned about the pleotropic nature of cytokines and their effector mechanisms and of the varied phenotypes of allergic disease. We examine strategies of immune modulation in allergic diseases that have undergone human clinical trials, all with the common goal of decreasing the T‐helper 2 (Th2) response, but through different mechanisms: blocking critical Th2 cytokines, inhibiting Th2 cytokine synthesis, blocking critical Th2 effector molecules, inhibiting important cells in the Th2 response, and stimulating Th1 responses. Therapies directed against specific effector molecules, such as immunoglobulin E and prostaglandin D2, hold promise in immune modulation of allergic disease, as do targeting the IL‐4/IL‐13 receptor and augmenting Th1/Th2 balance with Toll‐like receptor agonists.
Salivary fluoride and calcium concentrations, and their relationship to the secretion of saliva and caries experience
Authors: TURTOLA L. O.
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT— Samples were collected from the stimulated saliva of 113 students enrolled in institutions of higher education. The students were divided into three “carries‐diagnostic groups” on the basis of indications given by the Dentocult® saliva test, which shows the frequency of lactobacilli and other aciduric microorganisms in saliva. The frequency of such microorganisms in 1 ml saliva in Group A was ≤ 103, in Group B > 103, < 104 and in Group C ≥104. The rate of secretion of saliva in Group A was significantly higher than in Group C (P < 0.05). On the average, a rise was noted in the fluoride and calcium concentrations with increasing “caries activity”. In the material as a whole, there was a negative and highly significant correlation between the secretion rate of saliva and the concentrations of fluoride and calcium. In the examination by groups, significant correlations were observed between fluoride concentration and rate of saliva secretion only in Group A, and with respect to fluoride and calcium only in Group C. The results suggest that the extra salivary fluoride is likely to be derived from the enamel.
Selective fluorescence of rat elastic fibers stained with acid fuchsin or fast green FCF
Authors: HALS EINAR
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT— A selective fluorescence of rat elastic tissue is induced by blue light excitation of sections stained with acid fuchsin (Merck), previously only used occasionally as a fluorochrome, and fast green FCF (Chroma), never mentioned as a fluorochrome. In each dye the component causing the selective fluorescence was isolated.
Histologic and microradiographic observations on teeth during calcium deprivation in rats
Authors: RASMUSSEN PER
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT— Adult female rats were subjected to severe calcium deprivation by feeding them a calcium‐deficient diet containing oxalate (Group a). Furthermore, pregnant and lactating animals were subjected to the same diet (Group b). The mandibular teeth were examined by histologic, microradiographic and fluorescence microscopic techniques. The incisor enamel was found to be nearly unaffected by the experimental regimen; the dentin formed and mineralized during the experimental period was abnormal only in Group b. Characteristic features were reduced thickness, increased width of predentin and numerous globular defects. Both ameloblasts and odontoblasts were seemingly normal. No obvious differences could be observed between the molars from the controls and the test groups (a, b). “Cementolysis” seemed to be present to the same extent in all groups. In some of the animals of Group b some carious or erosional defects were observed in the molars. These may at least partially account for a small reduction in molar ash content observed in this group.
Hardness testing of some fissure‐sealing materials
Authors: ULVESTAD HARALD
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT— The mechanical properties of fissure‐sealing materials are of significant importance for their durability, i.e. their wear resistance. One of the methods of evaluating a material's resistance to attrition is to apply a hardness test. In the present investigation, the surface hardness of some fissure‐sealing materials was tested. Sealants made from diluted composite materials and with inclusion of inorganic filler particles appeared to have a considerable higher surface hardness than the other sealing materials tested.
Epithelial‐like cells in culture derived from human gingiva: response to nickel
Authors: JACOBSEN NILS
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT— To obtain gingival cell cultures, human gingival tissue was minced and/or subjected to trypsin treatment with or without prior separation into epithelial and connective tissue portions. The tissues were men incubated in Eagle/Earle's MEM with 10% fetal calf serum in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 in air. Fibroblast‐like cell cultures were regularly obtained, and one culture showed epithelial‐like cell islets that could be transferred and kept in continuous culture. These epithelial‐like cells exhibited bone resorption stimulating activity as seen in gingival tissue and retained their growth pattern after prolonged storage. They were able to grow at serum concentrations down to 2.5% and with equal doubling time (about 17 h) in rich or minimum essential media. Exposure to nickel gave toxic effects on the growth at concentrations down to 2.5 μg/ml of nickel. In spite of the affinity of nickel to certain serum components, the serum concentration did not appear to be of specific importance to protect or aggravate the toxicity. It is felt that these cells may be of value for research on cytotoxicity of dental materials.
Variations in structure within the trabecular bone of the mandible
Authors: VON WOWERN NINA
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT— A study of the intramandibular variations in bone mass, coarseness of the bone trabeculae and bone activity between incisor, premolar, and molar regions has been carried out, as well as estimation of possible differences in these variations between groups of mandibles with different dentition. The material consisted of 24 autopsy specimens of half mandibles from normal subjects. Microradiograms of ground sections from incisor, premolar, and molar regions were used. Quantitation of bone mass was done by an electronic point‐counting system. The analysis indicates that (1) the variations in bone mass within same region are marked, (2) trabecular bone is denser and more delicately woven in the incisor region than in either premolar or molar regions, where mass of bone is the same, although there is probably more delicately woven trabecular bone in molar region, (3) bone activity lies on the same level all over in trabecular bone within the mandibular body and (4) the variations of these factors seem to be independent of state of dentition in the single mandible.
In vitro corrosion of dental amalgams with different Cu content
Authors: ESPEVIK S.
Published: June 2011

ABSTRACT— Both Cu amalgam and Sn‐containing Ag amalgam alloys with Cu contents ranging from 2 to 30% were used in the investigation. The amalgams were placed in artificial saliva and the content of the dissolved Cu was determined after 1 month. The amalgam remained in the saliva for another 5 months. After the amalgams were removed from the solution, metallographic and microprobe examinations were made. The Cu amalgam released about 10 times more Cu to the artificial saliva than any of the other amalgams. The dispersion type amalgams showed a relatively large dissolution of Cu, while a smaller release was found from amalgam made of powder with one composition. The phases that appeared to be corroded first were γ2 and Cu‐Sn phases. In dispersion type amalgams the γ phase appeared to be attacked. Most of the corrosion products remained inside the amalgam and were identified to be tin oxide chlorides.
Influence of Mid‐Trimester Amniotic Fluid on Endogenous and Lipopolysaccharide‐Mediated Responses of Mononuclear Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Witkin Steven S. , Chervenak Joseph , Bongiovanni Ann Marie , Herway Catherine , Linhares Iara M. , Skupski Daniel
Published: June 2011

Citation Witkin SS, Chervenak J, Bongiovanni AM, Herway C, Linhares IM, Skupski D. Influence of mid‐trimester amniotic fluid on endogenous and lipopolysaccharide‐mediated responses of mononuclear lymphoid cells. Am J Reprod Immunol 2012; 67: 28–33

Problem  We evaluated the influence of amniotic fluid (AF) on immune mediator production by mononuclear leukocytes.

Method of study  Thirty mid‐gestation AFs were incubated with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the presence or absence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Supernatants were tested for interleukin (IL) – 6, 10, 12, 23, tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)‐1.

Results  Endogenous mediator production was minimal or non‐detectable. AF stimulated endogenous MCP‐1, IL‐6 and TNF‐α release. In the presence of LPS, production of MCP‐1 and IL‐10 by PBMCs was enhanced eight‐ to ninefold by AF. Release of IL‐6 and IL‐23 was enhanced less than twofold by the addition of AF while TNF‐α production was unchanged. AF‐stimulated mediator production was similar irrespective of pregnancy outcome.

Conclusion  Selective AF stimulation of LPS‐mediated MCP‐1 and IL‐10 release may be a mechanism to promote antibody production and the influx of phagocytic cells to engulf pathogens while downregulating the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines.
Restoring teeth following root canal re‐treatment
Authors: MANNOCCI FRANCESCO , BHUVA BHAVIN , STERN SHARON
Published: June 2011

There have been many recent advances in the methods available for restoring root‐filled teeth that can equally be applied to re‐treatment cases. Most of these advances are related to adhesive techniques, composite resin materials, non‐metallic posts, and indirect ceramic materials. These new techniques and materials have enhanced the options available when restoring root‐filled teeth. However, the preservation of sound tooth structure is clearly the most significant factor influencing the survival of teeth following root canal re‐treatment. Although contemporary adhesive techniques will facilitate the preservation of valuable dentin in the re‐treated tooth, the degree of remaining sound tooth structure will ultimately be dictated by the extent of the existing restoration, carious and non‐carious tooth tissue loss, and iatrogenic tooth tissue loss caused during the previous endodontic and restorative procedures. There is a paucity of evidence in relation to the influence of specific restorative procedures on the outcome of root canal re‐treatment. In view of this, the following clinical trials are needed: a comparison of the survival of teeth following primary root canal treatment and re‐treatment; a comparison of the survival of root canal re‐treated teeth restored with different techniques (for example, fiber vs. metal posts); and a comparison of the survival of root canal re‐treated teeth with varying degrees of tooth structure loss.
Shaping and filling root canals during root canal re‐treatment
Authors: HÜLSMANN MICHAEL , DREBENSTEDT STEFFI , HOLSCHER CHRISTIAN
Published: June 2011

Re‐treatment of primary root canal treatment associated with post‐treatment disease has become an important component of daily endodontic practice. Basically, the management of cases requiring re‐treatment should comply with the general rules of primary root canal treatment namely accurate diagnosis, antiseptic treatment consisting of cleaning and shaping the root canals, followed by effective disinfection, canal filling, and a coronal restoration that prevents re‐infection. Nevertheless, re‐treatment represents a distinct treatment modality of its own, which in several respects differs from primary treatment of teeth with vital or necrotic pulps. The aim of this review is to present current knowledge on root canal preparation and filling during root canal re‐treatment.
Inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion: long‐term successful urea treatment
Authors: Chehade Hassib , Rosato Luigi , Girardin Eric , Cachat Francois
Published: June 2011

Hyponatremia is the main complication of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH), sometimes fatal. Treatment strategy depends on the cause and the severity of the hyponatremia. Recent studies have shown the efficacy of urea in treating acute hyponatremia secondary to SIADH, by inducing an osmotic water drive. We describe an infant with chronic hyponatremia secondary to SIADH in which the long‐term oral treatment with urea was successful and well tolerated. The aim of this paper is to highlight the potential benefits of urea treatment in case of chronic hyponatremia secondary to SIADH.

Conclusion:  Chronic oral urea treatment in children with SIADH allows an easy and safe water and sodium control and may permit a decrease in fluid restriction in this situation.
CONTRAST‐ENHANCED ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE SMALL BOWEL IN HEALTHY CATS
Authors: DIANA ALESSIA , SPECCHI SWAN , BARON TOALDO MARCO , CHIOCCHETTI ROBERTO , LAGHI ANDREA , CIPONE MARIO
Published: June 2011

We characterized the pattern of ultrasonographic contrast enhancement of the small intestinal wall using a commercial contrast medium (Sonovue®) in 10 healthy awake cats. Subjectively, a rapid intense enhancement of the serosal and submucosal layers was followed by gradual enhancement of the entire wall section during the early phase. At peak enhancement, there was a subjective loss of demarcation between intestinal wall layers. In the late phase, there was a gradual wash out of signal from the intestinal wall. Submucosal wash out occurred last. Time‐intensity curves were generated for selected regions in the intestinal wall and multiple perfusion parameters were calculated for each cat. Perfusion parameters included arrival time (7.64 ± 2.23 s), baseline intensity (1.04 ± 0.04 a.u.), time to peak from injection (10.74 ± 2.08 s), time to peak from initial rise (3.1 ± 1.15), peak intensity (8.92 ± 3.72 a.u.), wash‐in rate (2.06 ± 0.70 a.u./s) and wash‐out rate (−1.07 ± 0.91 a.u./s). The perfusion pattern of normal feline small bowel may be useful for characterizing feline gastrointestinal disorders that involve the intestinal wall.
IMAGING FINDINGS IN DOGS WITH CAUDAL INTERVERTEBRAL DISC HERNIATION
Authors: LAWSON CAITLIN M. , REICHLE JEAN K. , McKLVEEN TORI , SMITH MARY O.
Published: June 2011

The radiographic and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings for four dogs with herniation of the Cd1–Cd2 intervertebral disc are described. All dogs were 7 years of age at the time of presentation, with one neutered male and three neutered females. Breeds included one Beagle, one Bassett hound, and two large, mixed breed dogs. All dogs had tail pain on manipulation, two had pain during defecation, and two maintained an abnormal tail position. Three dogs had radiographs in which mineralization within the disc space was apparent. Two of these dogs also had mineralization within the vertebral canal. Three dogs underwent MRI, which was characterized by varying degrees of disc herniation and nerve root compression at Cd1–Cd2. Mobility may be a factor predisposing to disc herniation in the cranial aspect of the caudal spine. We documented that caudal disc herniation does occur occasionally in dogs and that radiography and MRI may be used to identify this disease. Caudal intervertebral disc herniation should be considered as a differential for dogs with caudal vertebral pain, pain with tail manipulation, pain during defecation, or abnormal tail carriage.
Two-Speed Urbanisation
Authors: Wu Tong
Published: June 2011

Not all cities are expanding uncontrollably. Many are shrinking – equally uncontrollably it seems. They, too, need attention, says Tong Wu. What makes a city shrink?
Sheconomics: Why more Women on Boards Boosts Company Performance
Authors: Pine Karen
Published: June 2011

How many women does it take to make a company more profitable? Just three. Karen Pine finds a remarkable statistic that is being ignored in city boardrooms worldwide.
London Cholera and The Blind-spot of an Epidemiology Theory
Authors: Lai Aaron
Published: June 2011

It is an August day in the hot summer of 1854. Mrs Lewis of 400 Broad Street is washing her baby's nappy; she empties the water down the drain. Unknown to her, this action will lead to 700 deaths. Her baby has cholera; the drain empties into a cesspit in front of the house; the cesspit is just 3 feet from the public water pump at the corner of the street. Aaron Lai looks at a classic feat of statistical urban epidemiology.
Dungeness: Plane Strikes Nuclear Power Plant?
Authors: Pitfield David
Published: June 2011

Cities need power stations. They also need airports. But nuclear power next to an airport? How likely is it that a plane will crash into the reactor? David Pitfield finds disturbing underestimates in the statistics presented to a public inquiry.
Trying to Pull out of the Drive
Authors: Griffiths Martin
Published: June 2011

Cities and traffic jams go together; analysing traffic flow is a major statistical field. Martin Griffiths, inspired by a frustrating personal experience, considers a particularly simple example: how long it takes to pull out of a drive.
Bicycle Weight and Commuting Time: A Randomised Trial
Authors: Groves Jeremy
Published: June 2011

Cities imply commuting, and the best commute is by bicycle. Can you cut your commuting time with an expensive, low-weight bike, or will a heavy bone-shaker do just as well? Jeremy Groves tested the difference.
UNIONS AND THE ENVIRONMENT: PATHWAYS TO GLOBAL LABOR ENVIRONMENTALISM
Authors: Stevis Dimitris
Published: June 2011

During the last two decades labor unions at the national, regional, and global levels have developed environmental agendas that add to their long‐standing and well‐justified concerns with occupational safety and health. Yet, it is also fair to say that the internalization of environmental priorities by the broader labor movement remains tentative and contested. The goal of this article is to address three challenges encountered on the road to global union environmentalism, in each case highlighting some promising initiatives undertaken by unions in response. These are the challenges of forming a global labor agenda on the environment, of strengthening the links and deliberations among unions, particularly those in the reconfigured core of the world political economy, and of moving away from business environmentalism and in the direction of social environmentalism.
REIMAGINING LABOR: THE LESSONS OF WISCONSIN
Authors: Fabricant Michael
Published: June 2011

For the past fifty years, the labor movement has experienced a dramatic decline in both its power and membership base. Labor's increasingly dependent and dysfunctional relationship with the Democratic Party is perhaps the dramatic indicator of its declining power. Despite the at best neglectful and at worst hostile relationship of Democratic legislators to the needs of working people, national union leaders continue to behave as though legislative corridors of power are the primary if not the only fix for what ails labor. Clearly, labor leaders have been unwilling to take the risks necessary to build new forms of power commensurate with the present political and economic challenge.
A META‐ANALYTIC EXAMINATION OF THE INSTRUCTIONAL EFFECTIVENESS OF COMPUTER‐BASED SIMULATION GAMES
Authors: SITZMANN TRACI
Published: June 2011

Interactive cognitive complexity theory suggests that simulation games are more effective than other instructional methods because they simultaneously engage trainees’ affective and cognitive processes (Tennyson & Jorczak, 2008). Meta‐analytic techniques were used to examine the instructional effectiveness of computer‐based simulation games relative to a comparison group (k= 65,N= 6,476). Consistent with theory, posttraining self‐efficacy was 20% higher, declarative knowledge was 11% higher, procedural knowledge was 14% higher, and retention was 9% higher for trainees taught with simulation games, relative to a comparison group. However, the results provide strong evidence of publication bias in simulation games research. Characteristics of simulation games and the instructional context also moderated the effectiveness of simulation games. Trainees learned more, relative to a comparison group, when simulation games conveyed course material actively rather than passively, trainees could access the simulation game as many times as desired, and the simulation game was a supplement to other instructional methods rather than stand‐alone instruction. However, trainees learned less from simulation games than comparison instructional methods when the instruction the comparison group received as a substitute for the simulation game actively engaged them in the learning experience.
THE IMPACT OF MOTIVATION, EMPOWERMENT, AND SKILL‐ENHANCING PRACTICES ON AGGREGATE VOLUNTARY TURNOVER: THE MEDIATING EFFECT OF COLLECTIVE AFFECTIVE COMMITMENT
Authors: GARDNER TIMOTHY M. , WRIGHT PATRICK M. , MOYNIHAN LISA M.
Published: June 2011

This study advances research on macro human resource management by examining collective commitment as a mediator of motivation, empowerment, and skill‐enhancing practices and aggregate voluntary turnover. Findings from 20 top HR managers and 1,748 employees in 93 different job groups suggest collective affective commitment independently mediates the negative relationships between motivation and empowerment‐enhancing practices and aggregate voluntary turnover. Human resource practices functioning to enhance the knowledge, skills, and abilities of the workforce are positively associated with voluntary turnover but are not mediated by collective affective commitment. Functionally, this paper resolves the divergent thinking of 4 streams of research regarding HR practices, collective commitment and aggregate turnover. The implications for macro‐HRM theory and practice are discussed.
Evaluation of a New Method for Measuring Vascular Access Recirculation
Authors: Yoshida Izumi , Ookawara Susumu , Ando Katsunobu , Uchida Takayuki , Horiguchi Atsushi , Nakajima Itsuro , Komada Takanori , Mori Honami , Tabei Kaoru
Published: June 2011

Together with Nikkiso in Shizuoka, Japan, we developed a new method for measuring the rate of vascular access recirculation by the blood volume monitor. This measurement is performed via a method of dilution that employs a marker produced by rapid ultrafiltration using a dialysis machine. In this paper, we evaluate the reliability and safety of this machine, in vitro and in vivo. The safety of this method was evaluated by investigating hemolysis after rapid ultrafiltration. The measurement of free hemoglobin, potassium and haptoglobin in the circulating blood were performed before and after rapid ultrafiltration. No data was found to indicate hemolysis in vivo, detected by an increase in potassium or a decrease in haptoglobin. Evaluation of reliability in an experimental system was also performed on an in vitro recirculation system at a rate of 0, 10, 25, 50, and 70%. Almost all of the measured rates were within ± 10% of the theoretical rate. We performed 20 hemodialysis experiments with vascular access recirculation applying this monitor and simultaneous urea and creatinine dilution methods, which were the recommended standard measurements for vascular recirculation. In 53 measurements of standard vascular shunts with no postural change, differences of the results between the monitor and both dilution methods were only 4.0% and 3.2%, respectively. Regression analysis showed a significant and positive correlation between them (P < 0.0001). We conclude that this new method for measuring vascular access recirculation is applicable in terms of both accuracy and ease of operation.
Dialysis Patients After Kidney Graft Failure: Slovenian Experience
Authors: Gubenšek Jakob , Arnol Miha , Ponikvar Rafael , Kovač Janko , Premru Vladimir , Kandus Aljoša , Bren Andrej , Buturović‐Ponikvar Jadranka
Published: June 2011

Increased mortality has been reported in patients starting dialysis after kidney graft failure. In this study we analyzed this subgroup of dialysis patients based on the data from the Slovenian Renal Replacement Therapy Registry. Patients starting dialysis after graft failure in the period between 2004 and 2008 were identified from the registry. Demographic, clinical and treatment data, as well as survival were compared to incident dialysis patients, who were on the waiting list or preparing for enrollment. There were 49 patients starting dialysis after 7.9 ± 6.4 years spent with a functioning graft and a total of 13.7 ± 7.4 years on renal replacement therapy. Their mean age was 48.3 ± 11.0 years (vs. 48.2 ± 13.9 years in incident patients, P = 0.96), 53% were male, and all were on hemodialysis. By the end of 2008, 8 (16%) patients had been re‐transplanted (after a median of 27.5 months) and 11 (23%) had died (after a median of 1.4 months of dialysis). The cause of death was infection in five patients, a cardiovascular event in three, malignancy in two, and a cerebrovascular event in one patient. Deceased patients were significantly older, but similar to survivors in other parameters. Unadjusted one‐ and three‐year survival rates after graft failure were both 77%, which was significantly worse than in incident patients (P < 0.001). To conclude, patients after graft failure have increased mortality in the first year after starting dialysis, but patients surviving the first year have good survival thereafter. Studies focusing on the early period after graft failure are necessary to improve outcomes.
Dialysis Patients Refusing Kidney Transplantation: Data From the Slovenian Renal Replacement Therapy Registry
Authors: Buturović‐Ponikvar Jadranka , Gubenšek Jakob , Arnol Miha , Bren Andrej , Kandus Aljoša , Ponikvar Rafael
Published: June 2011

Kidney transplantation is considered the best renal replacement therapy (RRT) for patients with end‐stage renal disease; nevertheless, some dialysis patients refuse to be transplanted. The aim of our registry‐based, cross‐sectional study was to compare kidney transplant candidates to dialysis patients refusing transplantation. Data were collected from the Slovenian Renal Replacement Therapy Registry database, as of 31 December 2008. Demographic and some RRT data were compared between the groups. There were 1448 dialysis patients, of whom 1343 were treated by hemodialysis and 105 by peritoneal dialysis (PD); 132 (9%) were on the waiting list for transplantation, 208 (14%) were preparing for enrollment (altogether 340 [23%] dialysis patients were kidney transplant candidates); 200 (13.7%) patients were reported to refuse transplantation, all ≤65 years of age; 345 (24%) were not enrolled due to medical contraindications, 482 (33%) due to age, and 82 (6%) due to other or unknown reasons. No significant difference was found in age, gender, or presence of diabetes between kidney transplant candidates vs. patients refusing transplantation (mean age 50.5 ± 13.9 vs. 51.3 ± 9.6 years, males 61% vs. 63%, diabetics 18% vs. 17%). The proportion of patients ≤ 65 years old who were refusing transplantation was 28% (187/661) for hemodialysis and 17% (13/79) for PD patients (P = 0.03). There is a considerable group of dialysis patients in Slovenia refusing kidney transplantation. Compared to the kidney transplant candidates, they are similar in age, gender and prevalence of diabetes. Patients treated by peritoneal dialysis refuse kidney transplantation less often than hemodialysis patients.
Severe Peritonitis in Patients Treated With Peritoneal Dialysis: A Case Series Study
Authors: Pajek Jernej , Guček Andrej , Škoberne Andrej , Pintar Tadeja
Published: June 2011

Severe peritonitis causing death and/or technique termination (catheter explanted) is one of the most devastating complications of peritoneal dialysis (PD). The aim of this case series study was to reveal the predictors of risk and clinical characteristics of these cases. We included 38 patients with either peritonitis causing death (18 patients, 47%) or catheter removal (20 patients, 53%) in the period 1996–2006. Their last clinical, laboratory and peritoneal equilibration test data before the peritonitis episode and hospitalization data after the start of peritonitis were reviewed. Their median (range) age was 66 (25–85) years, 61% were male, and the median PD duration was 60 (1–144) months. Baseline C‐reactive protein (17.5 ± 19.1 mg/L) was substantially higher than in contemporary stable controls from our unit (3.5 ± 4.2 mg/L, P = 0.002). For 14 patients (37%), this was their first episode, with a significantly lower mortality of 14% as opposed to 47% across the whole group (P = 0.002). Almost half the patients (42%) had a causative abdominal condition identified, such as diverticulitis or cholecystitis. Clinical and laboratory data at presentation were variable and not different according to survival. Non‐surviving cases had a significantly larger proportion of fast transporters (83 vs. 45%, P = 0.03), a significantly lower estimate of daily protein intake (0.72 vs. 0.88 g/kg/day, P = 0.007), and a significantly higher proportion of non‐Gram‐positive causative microorganisms (72 vs. 40%, P = 0.019). The patients with severe peritonitis were characterized as older with a longer PD duration, and a higher baseline C‐reactive protein. Fast peritoneal transport, lower normalized protein catabolic rate, and non‐Gram‐positive causative bacteria were associated with mortality.