bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatial Cases
Authors: Creissels Denis
Published: February 2013

A spatial case is an inflected form of nouns or noun phrases distinct from the absolute form available for the extra-syntactic function of pure designation, and apt to fulfil one of the following functions without the addition of an adposition: non-verbal predicate, or predicative complement of a copula, specifying the location of an entity; verb satellite specifying the location of an event. This article focuses on problems in separating spatial cases from spatial adpositions; spatial cases in languages devoid of case contrast between core syntactic terms; case languages devoid of spatial cases; spatial cases and semantic classes of nouns; adverbs and adpositions inflected for spatial cases; semantic distinctions expressed by spatial cases; spatial case forms of locational nouns, spatial adpositions, and spatial adverbs; syncretisms between core syntactic cases and spatial cases; and non-spatial cases derived from spatial cases.
The Vocative – An Outlier Case
Authors: Daniel Michael , Spencer Andrew
Published: February 2013

The vocative is a form used for calling out and attracting or maintaining the addressee's attention. Forms of address widely attested in the languages of the world are vocative constructions using vocative particles, vocative prosody, and vocative forms of nominals. Sometimes, the form of address is integrated into the case paradigm of the language, and then we can say there is a vocative case. The strongest notion of ‘case’ is that in which case is cumulated with other categories and/or is marked differently in different inflectional classes (declensions). In Czech, the vocative maintains a complex morphology with a variety of allomorphs and various irregular forms, while in the mutually intelligible Slovak it has disappeared. This article discusses the vocative case and types of marking, including prosody, case forms proper, and vocative particles. It also examines the connection between the vocative case and the nominative case, the functional diversity of vocatives, the core lexical domain exhibiting vocatives, morphosyntax, and peripheral vocative functions.
Typology of Case Systems
Authors: Malchukov Andrej L. , Spencer Andrew
Published: February 2013

The sizes of case systems vary dramatically, from the minimal (two case) systems, to the large inventories exemplified by Daghestanian. An interesting question is whether there are any constraints on the types of possible case systems in the sense that availability of one case implies availability of another. The most concrete proposal of this kind so far is Blake's case hierarchy. Another general aspect of case systems which is subject to cross-linguistic variation is the relation between morphological versus syntactic case. ‘Morphological case’ (m-case) refers to an (inflectional) case form of a nominal, what might be called a formal characterisation. On the other hand, ‘syntactic case’ refers to the case function borne by a noun phrase in a phrase, and this is defined distributionally, in terms of grammatical relations, subcategorisation, agreement, and so on. It is important to bear in mind that we are thinking of ‘syntactic case’ in a descriptive or pre-theoretic sense. This article discusses typological variation in case systems and case marking.
From Synthetic to Analytic Case
Authors: Sobolev Andrej N.
Published: February 2013

There are two different classifications of South Slavic languages (Slovenian, Croatian, Bosnian, Montenegrin, Serbian, Macedonian, and Bulgarian) available which consider them within a single dialect continuum stretching from the Slovenian Alps to the Black Sea: genetic and typological. The change from synthetic case to analytic case in certain South Slavic dialects is the result of many centuries of contact with the neighbouring Balkan languages (particularly East Romanian, Albanian, and Greek). This development began in the sixth–seventh centuries ad and is known as the ‘Balkanisation’ of these languages. A detailed analysis of variations in case marking in dialects with analytic case systems reveals innovative caseless systems on the one hand and, on the other hand, extremely rare archaic systems that preserve certain elements of morphological case in certain nouns and noun groups. For dialects which are intermediate between synthetic and analytic (as, for example, Serbian Kosovo-Resava), it is syntactic variation and the hierarchy of syntactic contexts affecting the preservation of semantic role marking in nominal inflection that provides the best heuristic clues as to how the systems are organised.
Case in an Australian Language
Authors: Dench Alan
Published: February 2013

Nyamal is an Australian language of the Pama-Nyungan family, originally spoken in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. In Nyamal, as in many Australian languages, nominal suffixes serve a wide range of dependency-marking functions, which include but are not restricted to traditional ‘case’. Nyamal has a very complex system of case marking. This complexity is due to its very strong tendency towards multiple case marking combined with variation in the case marking selected by arguments of different predicates, in different clause types, and by different patterns of case syncretism in different classes of nominals. Morphological coding conventions determine the distribution of case suffixes to constituents within a phrase or clause marked for case. Patterns of suffix distribution predicted by the use of case suffixes at different functional levels and by the rules of concord are modified by certain morphological sequence constraints. This article describes and exemplifies that complexity. It sets out the variables affecting the choice of case marking for arguments in clauses and describes the patterns of multiple case marking.
The Worlds of Europeans, Africans, and Americans, c. 1490
Authors: Rubiés Juan Pau
Published: February 2013

The Atlantic system of the early modern centuries was primarily the creation of European navigation, trade, and colonisation. Although the peoples of Africa and America were by no means passive spectators and played crucial roles in shaping the Atlantic system, it is the primacy of European agency that first needs to be addressed. Christopher Columbus' crossing of 1492 was the culmination of a period of Atlantic explorations rather than an isolated initiative, and those explorations were, in turn, the product of a number of structural conditions in late medieval Europe, conditions that made possible the careers of men like Henry the Navigator and Columbus himself. This article analyses the late medieval sources of the European dynamic involvement with the Atlantic. It also compares European conditions with those in Africa and America.
The Atlantic World, the Senses, and the Arts
Authors: Shields David S.
Published: February 2013

In 1825, the father of gastronomy, Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin, proposed that the perfection of the senses in Western history coincided with the European encounter with America. How exactly did novel sensations of pleasure and pain change people on both sides of the Atlantic? Smelling, tasting, hearing, seeing, and touching changed profoundly for those who experienced the opening of the Atlantic world. This article uses the classical ‘five senses’ organisation of Western physiology as an organising principle, doing so for convenience's sake rather than to suggest that it operated as a universal structure of sensing in every culture of Europe, Africa, and the Americas. For smelling, it concentrates on the East Indies and West Indies, for hearing on Africa and Ibero-America, for tasting Central America and the West Indies (with a side glance at Africa), and for seeing north Europe and North America.
The Portuguese Atlantic World, C. 1650–C. 1760
Authors: Russell-Wood A.J.R.
Published: February 2013

After sixty years of Spanish rule, Restoration in 1640 saw the accession to the Portuguese throne of the duke of Braganza as Dom João IV. This did not erase Portuguese guilt by association. Spain's enemies still harassed Portugal. The Dutch suspended trade with Portugal and sought spices, sugar, and slaves in their places of origin. In the Atlantic, the Dutch occupied the north-east of Brazil (1630–1654), major ports of Angola (1640–1648), and the archipelago of São Tomé and Príncipe. Portugal regained these. The only irrevocable Portuguese loss in the Atlantic was São Jorge da Mina on the Gold Coast. When considering maritime policies and practices, Portuguese kings weighed commercial benefits against political interests and diplomatic relations with European and other rulers. The Portuguese emigrated throughout the Atlantic. The period 1650–1760 saw a shift from emigrants who came principally from agricultural or artisanal backgrounds to emigrants with professional experience and more diverse skill sets. This article also looks at settlements, economies, and societies, as well as Angola and Brazil, exchanges between Brazil and Africa, and Portugal and its Atlantic colonies.
The Ecological Atlantic
Authors: McNeill J. R.
Published: February 2013

In the Atlantic world in the centuries from 1450 to 1850, tumultuous changes in ecology had outsized impacts on human affairs. Historians have already laid useful foundations for an environmental history of the Atlantic world. Atlantic West Africa from Senegambia to the Gulf of Guinea participated in the ecological Atlantic by providing a few cultigens to the Americas, its share of pathogens (notably malaria and yellow fever), and above all by supplying the majority of the workforce — several million slaves and their descendants — who would remake the ecology of the Atlantic. This article examines pan-Atlantic processes such as climate change. It also summarises the important themes which are the most central to the whole subject: the Columbian Exchange, including its often-neglected African components, and the ecology of plantations, slavery, and slave trades. This provides some sampling of the ecological regions of the Atlantic, as well as of the commodities and cultural processes involved.
Movements of People in the Atlantic World, 1450–1850
Authors: O'Reilly William
Published: February 2013

The movement of people in the Atlantic world in the period 1450–1850 is a story of categorisation, organisation, and exploitation of labour in a time of global transformation. More than 25 million people were transported from east to west, to be planted in South, Central and North America, the Caribbean, the Atlantic islands, and the West African littoral. The fruits of this seed labour came irrevocably to transform the demographic composition of the Americas and Africa, and to a lesser extent Europe. Some migrants were slaves, or unfree white colonists, notably convicts and prisoners, or indentured servants whose liberties were severely limited. Religion and language, as well as flora and fauna, travelled with the first colonists; one accident of Spanish and general European colonialism was the environmental and ecological transformation of the Americas. This article also looks at migration in the Atlantic world in relation to Africans, Spain, Portugal, Britain, Ireland, the Netherlands, and France.
Polity Formation and Atlantic Political Narratives
Authors: Mancke Elizabeth
Published: February 2013

From a global perspective, the Atlantic basin was an extremely dynamic arena of political change in the early modern era. Polity formation, re-formation, and collapse occurred as collateral consequences of European expansion, whether the spread of infectious diseases, the establishment of settler colonies, or commercial opportunities. Thus new polities arose in West Africa to engage in maritime trade with Europeans, Comanches came to the fore on the southern Plains of North America by dominating the market for horses, and the St Lawrence Iroquoians collapsed in the face of overwhelming pressures. Yet these diverse examples of political change tend to be pushed to the margins of the historical narrative of governance in the Atlantic world which is still stalwartly Eurocentric, bracketed, as it were, with the European settlement of colonies, their maturation, and their bids for independence in the Age of Revolution.
Atlantic Law
Authors: Benton Lauren
Published: February 2013

In Atlantic history, law functioned as an element of regional formation. Legal practices and discourses circulated widely, and similar patterns of legal politics produced parallel regulatory shifts around the region. This article describes processes contributing to each trend in Atlantic law. It considers some similarities in strategies for extending sovereignty and notes the prominence of often indirect references to Roman law by European sojourners and settlers. It then turns to repeating patterns of legal pluralism, discussing in particular the regional effects of maritime conflicts and of decentralised legal authority, including control over slaves. This point leads to the observation that, particularly in the late eighteenth century and into the early nineteenth century, legal conflicts in the Atlantic world stood at the centre of new discourses of imperial, constitutional, and international law. While noting the most salient differences between legal systems within the Atlantic world, the article emphasises shared features contributing to the formation and transformation of an inter-imperial Atlantic legal regime.
Atlantic Warfare, 1440–1763
Authors: Gruber Ira D.
Published: February 2013

This article explores how changes in methods and intentions affected conflicts in the Atlantic world from the fifteenth to the eighteenth centuries. First, it defines war in this era — specifically, to distinguish between acts of war and other types of violence that occurred in the Atlantic world between 1440 and 1763. Although the peoples of the Atlantic world made war idiosyncratically in this era — shaping their uses of force to suit their particular social, technological, political, and cultural circumstances — all were to be touched by what historians term the Military Revolution. In comparison with Portugal, Spain had a much more substantial impact on the Atlantic warfare of the sixteenth century. In the second half of the seventeenth century, England took the lead in creating a fleet of specialised warships to defend its home waters and to protect its overseas trade and colonies. While England was leading at sea, France was building the largest and most powerful standing army in Europe. Fighting in America was sometimes linked to wars in Europe but was rarely limited by European military conventions.
Religion in the Atlantic World
Authors: Mills Kenneth
Published: February 2013

Writing on the diffusion of artistic forms in a transoceanic context, the art historian George Kubler likened an important work of art to a lighthouse emitting ‘signals’, which might be transferred officially, but might also be carried by ‘unexpected bearers’ to be ‘relayed’ to diverse people, including unintended recipients. This article adapts Kubler's model of diffusion and transformation to the transatlantic afterlives of a broader set of European forms and ideas, particularly those relating to religion. It contends that episodes suggesting religious transformation across the Atlantic world can be fruitfully studied in similar terms. Because sculpted and painted religious images were sometimes at the centre of such encounters, the connection is especially apt. Charting the interpenetration of religious systems in Brazil, Roger Bastide has argued that even when Catholicism took root as a living religious reality among Afro-Brazilians, a separation from ‘Portuguese Catholicism’ was distinguishable.
The American Revolution in Atlantic Perspective
Authors: Armitage David
Published: February 2013

Two assumptions can be made about the American Revolution: it shaped the Atlantic world and was shaped by the Atlantic world. These Atlantic perspectives challenged accounts of it as a specifically American sequence of events, of defining relevance only to the history of United States. Conjuring states out of colonies was the single most radical act of the American Revolution: indeed, it was precisely what turned that sequence of events from a civil war into a revolution as it began the transformation of the Atlantic world into an arena hospitable, first, to independent states on its western shores, then to republicanism (in the sense of non-monarchical government), and finally to the creation of federal republics — the United States, Venezuela, and Mexico, for instance — on a scale undreamed of by classical and early modern thinkers. This article retraces the course of the Revolution from its beginnings in the aftermath of the Seven Years War and places its events into the context of Britain's Atlantic empire and the shifting fortunes of the other European empires of the Atlantic world.
The Haitian Revolution in Atlantic Perspective
Authors: Geggus David
Published: February 2013

Of all the Atlantic revolutions, the fifteen-year struggle that transformed French Saint-Domingue into independent Haiti produced the greatest degree of social and economic change, and most fully embodied the contemporary pursuit of freedom, equality, and independence. Between 1789 and 1804, the Haitian Revolution unfolded as a succession of major precedents: the winning of colonial representation in a metropolitan assembly, the ending of racial discrimination, the first abolition of slavery in an important slave society, and the creation of Latin America's first independent state. Beginning as a home-rule movement among wealthy white colonists, it rapidly drew in militant free people of colour who demanded political rights and then set off the largest slave uprising in the history of the Americas. Sandwiched between the colonial revolutions of North and South America, and complexly intertwined with the coterminous revolution in France, Haiti's revolution has rarely been grouped with these major conflicts despite its claims to global significance.
Revolution in the Hispanic World, 1808–1816
Authors: Rodríguez O. Jaime E.
Published: February 2013

The collapse of the Spanish monarchy in 1808 precipitated a political revolution that shattered that worldwide polity into new nation-states, among them Spain itself. In the wake of France's invasion of the Iberian Peninsula, three broad movements emerged in the Spanish world: the struggle against the invaders, the great political revolution that sought to transform the Spanish monarchy into a modern nation-state with one of the most radical constitutions of the nineteenth century, and a fragmented insurgency in America that relied on force to secure home rule. Elections to form a representative government for the Spanish world were held in the midst of a crisis of confidence. As their first act, the deputies to the Cortes of Cádiz declared themselves representatives of the nation and assumed sovereignty. The insurgencies and civil wars that engulfed some regions of Spanish America were a response to the same events that generated the constitutional political revolution. Both movements sought to maintain the Spanish monarchy as an independent political entity and to expand local political authority and representation.
The Ending(s) OF Roman Britain
Authors: Cleary Simon Esmonde
Published: February 2013

This article reviews the changes in the archaeological record produced by the ‘ending(s)’ of Roman political, military, and economic systems in Britain along with the related collapse in the cultural systems which materialized in the archaeology. It theorizes the archaeological record for the mid to later fifth century using the modern category of ‘failed/collapsed state’ model. The implications of this for the incoming Germanic peoples and the ways in which they and the Britons constructed their identities are presented. The recent re-examination of the material culture of ‘final-phase’ Roman Britain suggests that settlements, structures, burials, and artefacts of the Romano-British sequence continued in use through the first third of the fifth century. In the longer term, such models were able to establish dominance over the competing war-bands of the core areas of the old Britannia, probably absorbing many of them as these replaced their ‘British’ identity with an ‘Anglo-Saxon’ one.
Migration and Endogenous Change
Authors: Brugmann Birte
Published: February 2013

This article concentrates on interpretations of material culture changes from ‘late Roman Britain’ to ‘Anglo-Saxon England’ and reviews how approaches to the archaeological material have changed over time. It then provides a few suggestions for further research. The enormous increase of archaeological finds, especially over the past thirty years, has confirmed patterns in the record that are now unlikely to change, such as the overall distribution of Anglo-Saxon cemeteries, but has also demonstrated that generalizations based on a single cemetery or settlement site can be misleading and that landscape studies and metal-detector finds do not always correspond with what excavations suggest about a particular region. Once Pandora's Box is opened, aspects of migration and assimilation appear that make Thomas et al.'s calculations of ‘intermarriage rates’ between Anglo-Saxons and Britons in the ‘apartheid-like social structure’ look tame.
Anglo‐Saxon Migration and the Molecular Evidence
Authors: Hedges Robert
Published: February 2013

This article discusses that there are many pitfalls in evaluating the significance and reliability of molecular data that are mainly due to the uncontrolled context in which past biological events took place. Three methods addressed include: the analysis of archaeological human bone chemistry as evidence of dietary geography; the molecular analysis of archaeological human bone for genetic information as evidence of population relatedness; and the molecular statistics of living human genomes as evidence of past geographic dispersal. Ancient DNA (aDNA) studies, especially on humans, have a very chequered record, yielding results which are comparatively meagre for the effort involved, and furthermore are extremely difficult to corroborate. In contrast to aDNA studies, however, which are wholly dependent on the survival of original DNA, modern DNA studies can expect to increase in scope and power, benefiting from the extraordinary increase in molecular genetic knowledge driven by biomedical research.
Dress and Identity
Authors: Owen‐Crocker Gale R.
Published: February 2013

The aspects of twenty-first century clothing and identity that are taken for granted include: choice of natural and man-made fibres; commercial distribution and customer choice; economically-driven fashion changes accompanied by acceptance of obsolescence and a decrease in repairing; ownership of a wardrobe of clothes which are regularly changed, laundered, and selected; global fashion; a blurring of gender and social distinctions in dress-style; and selective use of traditional costumes for religious, ceremonial, and festive purposes. This article addresses the evidence for Anglo-Saxon dress in relation to these criteria. From the evidence of grave-goods, it is possible to sketch reconstructions of clothing. Women's costume changed several times during the Anglo-Saxon period, apparently in response to foreign and religious stimuli, men's hardly at all. Anglo-Saxon clothing styles were subject to influence by an influx of foreign styles and the people that brought them. Dress was also clearly indicative of identity.
Settlement Hierarchy
Authors: Ulmschneider Katharina
Published: February 2013

This article concentrates on determining some of the areas of debate in the Anglo-Saxon settlement hierarchy, reviews current approaches, and suggests which areas may warrant exploration in the future. The picture of social hierarchy being closely reflected in the archaeological record holds. One of the most important changes that have been recognized in the mid Saxon period is the great expansion in different settlement and site types. Social ranking may not have been the only factor influencing and shaping the mid Saxon settlement hierarchy. The current picture gained from archaeological and literary sources would suggest that, towards the late Saxon period, social hierarchy was once more clearly reflected in the settlement record, with kings visibly wielding a much tighter control over the landscape, economy, and people. At the other end of the hierarchy, this would also appear to hold true for the peasant class.
Overview: Mortuary Ritual
Authors: Dickinson Tania M.
Published: February 2013

The mortuary rituals practised in Anglo-Saxon England have bequeathed a source of information that permeates almost every part of understanding of the period. Whilst the mid Victorian period was formative in establishing a concentration on early Anglo-Saxon grave-goods and an interpretative framework in terms of ethnicity and religion, these were mostly prosecuted in a sketchy manner. Mortuary rituals should be understood as technologies of remembrance, which transformed the deceased bodily and metaphysically, drawing symbolically on their identity in life and at death, and thereby constituted a new identity in the minds of witnesses and potentially of those who come after. The contexts of burial extend to the regional, national, and beyond, offering means to explore and test hypotheses. The variability and complexity of the evidence and the range of competing interpretative approaches make Anglo-Saxon mortuary rituals a rich field for research, but a challenge to summarize.
Late Saxon Burial Practice
Authors: Hadley Dawn M.
Published: February 2013

Written records has nothing to say about those seventh- and early eighth-century cemeteries that were apparently not located near to churches but which include artefacts incorporating Christian symbolism. The variety inherent in the form of graves within individual cemeteries is, perhaps, an indication of the involvement of the family and community in funerary preparations. There is considerable evidence from a wide array of sites to suggest that behaviour and status in life and anticipated fate in the afterlife informed burial provision in later Anglo-Saxon England. Archaeologists of the early Anglo-Saxon centuries have long since demonstrated the potential of incorporating burial evidence into the histories of early medieval society, and have elucidated the ways in which social, ethnic, and gendered identities were both reflected in, and constructed through, mortuary ritual. However, only recently have the cemeteries of the later Anglo-Saxon period been afforded the same level of scrutiny.
Style: Influences, Chronology, and Meaning
Authors: Webster Leslie
Published: February 2013

This article investigates the Anglo-Saxon style from several angles: as part of a complex artistic tradition, and — despite limitations — as a tool in securing the chronological framework for material culture. Style study provides an unexpectedly revealing window onto the Anglo-Saxon world. The Saxon Relief Style overlapped with the relatively short lifespan of the Quoit-Brooch Style. Style 1 played a part in expressing local cultural identity. Carolingian influences increased under Alfred. By the end of the ninth century, the influence of Carolingian models becomes ever more visible. Winchester was a great focus of patronage and production in the arts of tenth and eleventh centuries. Throughout the tenth century, Scandinavian styles had been influential on metalwork and sculpture in areas of Viking settlement in the north; they entered the repertoire of southern England. The Bayeux Tapestry is Anglo-Saxon in style and workmanship.
The Fate of Late Roman Towns
Authors: Henig Martin
Published: February 2013

This article addresses the similarities of function that Roman and medieval towns might have as centres of trade, administration, religion, and political power, one or a combination of which could cause ‘continuity’. It also highlights the variety of religious purpose that some Roman towns retained — ranging from their survival as centres of British Christianity to shrines that attracted pilgrimage. Winchester certainly has a ‘Dark Age’ history. Lincoln became a regional urban centre and the seat of a bishop by the early fourth century. York was a site of considerable importance, though excavation down to Roman levels has only been sporadic on both banks of the Ouse. The Dorchester, Caerwent, Caistor, and Bath serve to put a more positive gloss on what happened. Each of these towns is briefly discussed. The towns of Roman Britain survived as symbols of power and so most of them proudly retained their names.
Gender and Gender Roles
Authors: Lucy Sam
Published: February 2013

This article addresses how the current understandings of gender and gender roles have arisen, before investigating the possibilities for how it might be interpreted and understood through the archaeological evidence available today. The apparent gender division within early Anglo-Saxon burial archaeology arises from the inclusion of distinct grave-good assemblages. The studies outlined have helped to delineate the major patterning present in early Anglo-Saxon gendered grave furnishing: use of restricted sets of grave-goods, mainly limited to certain adult males and females, but with some adaptations for those aged twelve and over, and sometimes a concomitant decline in gender signaling in older age groups. Artefacts associated with particular types of craft production can give some indications as to the location of gendered activity. Historical and legal sources for the Anglo-Saxon period can also contribute to the picture derived from archaeological evidence.
The Material Culture of the Anglo‐Saxon Church
Authors: Coatsworth Elizabeth
Published: February 2013

Relatively few textiles or metalwork objects which specifically relate to church function survive. Donations to churches could include textiles originally made for secular use. It might appear to be difficult to distinguish secular from ecclesiastical textiles; in practice, however, the most substantial textile remains from Anglo-Saxon England have all been preserved within ecclesiastical contexts, either tombs or church treasuries. The most famous textile associated with Anglo-Saxon England is the embroidery known as the Bayeux Tapestry. Tiles are rare finds from the pre-Conquest period, all associated with major minsters and cathedrals, from Bury St Edmunds, St Albans, Winchester, and York. Stone sculpture forms the largest category of objects expressing religious observance to have survived, and the greatest majority has survived preserved in and around the fabric of later churches. Sculpture is found in all areas of Anglo-Saxon England, with some famous examples coming from what is now Scotland.
Overview: Signals of Power
Authors: Carver Martin
Published: February 2013

The archaeological agenda is intended to illuminate the way that power was exercised and how it changed. Changes in the degree of investment in burial may not indicate changes in social structure so much as the need to signal it. In other words, the social structure of life may have always been hierarchical but the need to mention such ranking in death changes with ideology. Ethnicity and demographic movement were not unknown to the Anglo-Saxons and must have been highly significant at some periods. The neutral scientific role that archaeologists have adopted with respect to the past has been moderated by the realization that everything made by humans — artefacts, buildings, and graves, as well as texts — is potentially skewed by optimism, fear, and aspiration.
Image and Power in the Early Saxon Period
Authors: Gaimster Märit
Published: February 2013

This article reports that artefacts, their ornament and imagery are powerful markers of ideology and politics. It also demonstrates how the metalwork can be deconstructed and read in terms of displayed belief. Style I decorated objects and gold bracteates are known from many regions in northern and Western Europe, with the largest concentration of finds outside Scandinavia from Anglo-Saxon England. Gold bracteates show the adoption of new ways of expressing social and political power through symbolic objects. The spectacular finds from Gudme and Cologne reveal something of the symbolic meaning of necklaces and the social position of the women who wore them. The necklaces were not a simple display of wealth, but embodied a complex sphere of religious, political, and ideological messages. The imagery of seventh-century decorated metalwork has played a marginal role in discussions of power and regional organization.
Anthropology and Archaeology
Authors: Gosden Chris
Published: February 2013

Cultural anthropology and archaeology are allied through common interests in materials, landscapes, and bodies. Both also link into broader forms of cultural theory which are described in this article. The article concentrates on four areas key to contemporary anthropology which might prove to be useful if pursued further by Anglo-Saxonists. These include two broad orientations — relational thought and practice theory — and the two topic areas of materiality and identity. Relational thought stresses change, mutability, and instability. Furthermore, ideas around the material culture of the Anglo-Saxons form a fertile and fast-developing area of debate and these are briefly summarized. Ideas of materiality have an ultimate root in work such as that of Bourdieu, but focusing more fully than he did on the material requirements objects have of the human body. The Roman world offered a set of cultural resources people could draw on to reformulate their identities both before and after incorporation into the Empire.
The Material‐Cultural Turn
Authors: Hicks Dan
Published: February 2013

The terms ‘material culture’ and ‘material culture studies’ emerged, one after another, during the twentieth century in the disciplines of archaeology and socio-cultural anthropology, and especially in the place of intersection between the two: anthropological archaeology. The purpose of this article, however, is to excavate the idea of ‘material culture studies’, rather than to bury it. Excavation examines the remains of the past in the present and for the present. It proceeds down from the surface, but the archaeological convention is to reverse this sequence in writing: from the past to the present. In the discussion of the history of ideas and theories, a major risk of such a chronological framework is that new ideas are narrated progressively, as paradigm shifts. The main argument of the article relates to the distinctive form taken by the ‘cultural turn’ in British archaeology and anthropology during the 1980s and 1990s.
Urban materialities: meaning, magnitude, friction, and outcomes
Authors: Fletcher Roland
Published: February 2013

The materiality of urbanism encompasses the words and actions by which we relate ourselves to it, the economics of its creation and maintenance, the impact of the material on the viability of community life, and also the long-term trajectories of urban growth and decline. Archaeological approaches to urban materiality tend to focus on how people seek to use the material and also emphasize what the material meant, in verbal terms, to its users. This article focuses on urban materialities, its meaning, magnitude, friction, and outcomes. This article further discusses words, metaphors, and urban materials. In discussing metaphor the material scholars have recognized ‘an inherent problem in the precise relationship between a world of words and world of things’. This article discusses the process of analyzing transformation through time. A detailed analysis on the growth and changing trends in urban industrialization concludes this article.
Magical Things: on Fetishes, Commodities, and Computers
Authors: Pels Peter J.
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on the concepts of magical things followed by fetishes, commodities, and then the modern world of computers. When do things become magical is a vital question which this article tries to answer. This article discusses the magical elements associated with various objects that we come across in our daily lives. It also focuses on the problematic aspect associated with magic and fetish. The understanding reached by the impossibility of the fetish can be extended to our own everyday lives by zooming in on the magic of the commodity — to show that a certain fear of the object that behaves as a subject is both affirmed as well as denied in consumer society. The last part of this article shows through a reflection on the early popularization of the computer how the modern problematic of magical things plays out even in contexts where people embrace rather than fear the autonomously acting object.
Brazil
Authors: Slenes Robert W.
Published: February 2013

This article reviews scholarship on the history and historiography of slavery in Brazil. Brazil possessed a more varied slave economy with a much larger sector producing for the internal market than scholars had previously thought. The already large slave population of Minas Gerais increased dramatically from 168,543 in 1819 to 381,893 in 1872. Minas Gerais consisted of an intricate mercantile system based on slave labour that not only supplied foreign markets with hides, tobacco, and the products of a revived mining and incipient coffee sector, but also satisfied the domestic demand of Minas and of the rapidly growing Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo plantation complex for cheese, hogs, cattle, and homespun cotton cloth. An elite group of merchants in the ports — often descendants of representatives of Portuguese mercantile houses who had married into large landowning and slaveholding families — came to dominate Brazil's trade with Africa as well as its coastal commerce.
British West Indies and Bermuda
Authors: Burnard Trevor
Published: February 2013

This article reviews scholarship on the history and historiography of slavery in the British West Indies and Bermuda. The British West Indies differed from other places colonized by the British in the Americas in the rapidity by which slavery became central to the workings of society. In this process, Barbadosstands stood out both for the qualitative leap taken by entrepreneurial Barbadian sugar planters in integrating the factors of production — Barbadian land, African slaves, and London Capital — into an impressively efficient operation under a single owner and for the influence of Barbados's slave society on English and non-English colonies. In Bermuda, the charter generation of Africans, possibly from West-Central Africa, arrived early (by 1620, the island had around 100 African slaves) and lasted for several generations. Bermuda tried — and for a time succeeded — in establishing an economy based on tobacco, but this tiny archipelago, one-eighth the size of Barbados, never made the transition to a mature plantation society. Without a plantation generation to overwhelm them, however, Bermudian slaves were quintessential Atlantic creoles, often attaining a measure of independence denied to slaves elsewhere in a fluid society where slavery closely resembled indentured servitude.
Dutch Caribbean
Authors: den Heijer Henk
Published: February 2013

This article reviews scholarship on the history and historiography of slavery in the Dutch Caribbean. The history of the Dutch slave trade and slavery started a new phase with the Dutch West India Company's (WIC) seizure of Curaçao from the Spanish in 1634. Strategically located north of Venezuela and possessed of a superb deep-water port at Willemstad, the island would develop in little more than a decade into an important transit port for slaves destined for sale in the Spanish colonies. During the last quarter of the seventeenth century, Dutch interlopers from West Africa supplied most of the slaves offered for sale in the island of St Eustatius. Between 1719 and 1727 the WIC organized the island into an open slave market. The recent historiography of Dutch slavery has also dissolved crusted stereotypes of slave docility by detailing a range of ways, from passive resistance to open rebellion, that slaves countered dehumanization and altered the terms of their bondage.
Colonial and Revolutionary United States
Authors: Littlefield Daniel C.
Published: February 2013

This article reviews scholarship on the history and historiography of slavery in colonial and revolutionary United States. Slavery was a southern American institution associated primarily with cotton and a divinely ordained labour force of blacks. Southerners in the Chesapeake might realize that slaves once produced tobacco, and in low-country South Carolina and Georgia that they once grew rice, and in southern Louisiana that they once raised sugar cane, but most people, when they thought about slavery at all, thought about the growing of cotton and reckoned that an African workforce required no explanation. Few knew that at one time slavery lived in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, that it had been vibrant in New York and Pennsylvania, and that slaves still worked in New Jersey in 1860. Even in the South, where the presence of a significant African-American population made the heritage of slavery undeniable and people generally recognized the meaning of that fact, most understood neither slavery's age nor its origins.
The Transatlantic Slave Trade
Authors: Behrendt Stephen D.
Published: February 2013

This article reviews scholarship on the transatlantic slave trade. The foundations of a slave trade historiography date to the late eighteenth-century abolition movements in North America, Britain, and France. Before then, occasional voices sounded in protest. The Dominican friar Tomás de Mercado, for example, published in 1569 an anti-slave trade tract based on his observations of slave sales in Seville and of the institution of slavery in Mexico. From 1698 to 1714, 198 pamphlets concerning the Royal African Company's monopoly were published in England. With the founding of the world's first antislavery crusade, antislavery advocates came to predominate among the researchers who were seeking information on the slave trade. Abolitionist energies coalesced in 1787–9 in London with the formation of anti-slave trade committees and the subsequent British parliamentary inquiries. In this three-year period at least twenty-five British, American, and French authors wrote about the slave trade, a total that would not be reached again until the 1970s, when academics organized the first major conferences on Atlantic slaving.
The Origins of Slavery in the Americas
Authors: McCusker John J. , Menard Russell R.
Published: February 2013

This article offers an overview of the rise of African slavery in English America. Several propositions are useful in ordering the historical record. The most important is that transitions to African slavery in the several colonies of England's emerging empire can be better understood if Britain's Atlantic world is approached as a single if imperfect and fragile labour market, and if variations in the composition of the workforce among colonies and within particular colonial regions over time are approached through a focus on the supply and demand for labour.
Class and Slavery
Authors: Wells Jonathan Daniel
Published: February 2013

This article reviews scholarship on class and slavery. The evolution of the historiography on class and slavery is complex, and historians have only recently begun to revisit some of their basic assumptions about class formation, class ideology, and the social structure of the Old South more broadly. New studies raise questions about the ways in which human bondage and class intertwined in slave societies, particularly the American South, and have initiated a discernible shift in the field. While scholars profitably continue to study the plantation and the lives of masters and slaves, many historians now call for a wider view of southern society to take account of life in the region outside the plantation, and the various ways in which different classes of whites interacted with, and were shaped by, the institution of slavery. It is with these new calls that the subject of class is enjoying resurgence.
Proslavery Ideology
Authors: Young Jeffrey Robert
Published: February 2013

This article shows how the same fundamental questions raised by proslavery thought have consistently confronted not only modern scholars but also the very historical actors who battled over slavery's fate in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It discusses early proslavery thought in the Americas, proslavery thought in the age of revolution, the role of proslavery thought in sectional conflict and postbellum sectional reconciliation, and the problem of proslavery thought in the modern world and in twentieth-century historiography.
Abolition and Antislavery
Authors: Stauffer John
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on the historiography of abolition and antislavery. Abolitionism is an idea, articulated through language that emerged in the eighteenth century and propelled people to act. It ultimately changed the world. People came to believe that God had endowed all humans with the inalienable right to be free and that slavery was an intolerable evil that must be abolished. Most scholars agree with this basic definition of abolitionism. But they have long disagreed about its significance and the process by which the idea led to action and political change. The discussion covers the age of gradual abolitionism (1770s–1820s), gradual abolition in the British Caribbean and French Caribbean, the age of immediate abolitionism (1820s–1860s), the French abolition movement, and the road to civil war and emancipation in the United States.
Demography and Slavery
Authors: Steckel Richard H.
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the demographic history of slavery. It covers the origins of African slavery, dimensions of the African slave trade, distribution of the slave population in 1825, health and mortality of slave populations, plantation conditions in the United States and in the sugar colonies, and fertility.
Finding Slave Voices
Authors: Hilliard Kathleen
Published: February 2013

The aims of this article are twofold. First, it traces the broad contours of the historiography, examining the myriad ways in which scholars have come to incorporate the slave perspective in studies of slavery. Having established the general trajectory of this search through the 1970s, it examines the ways in which slaves' voices have led scholars to important insights in one particular area of study — the political, social, and economic implications of the slaves' internal economy.
Archaeology and Slavery
Authors: Singleton Theresa
Published: February 2013

Archaeology provides an interdisciplinary approach to the study of slavery that combines analyses of archaeological findings with careful readings of traditional primary sources of historiography. Excavations of sites where enslaved people once lived and worked yield residue of things produced, consumed, and discarded by the former occupants of these sites. This article discusses plantation spatial organization and the built environment of slavery; slave consumption, production, and exchange; religious expressions; slave resistance; and future directions in the archaeology of slavery.
Not What it was
Authors: Orchard Andy
Published: February 2013

This article emphasizes the linkage of the theme of exile with elegy, and observes what ‘elegiac instinct’ was pervasive in Anglo-Saxon literature, ‘as befits a culture torn between worlds’. This is also haunted by the spectre of an entire earlier elegiac tradition now lost to silence. This pervasive attitude has made the particular identification of individual poems as ‘elegies’ something of a tendentious business. Beowulf is particularly rich in an elegiac ethos, which is perhaps only appropriate for a poem that begins and ends with a funeral, and offers a sometimes surprisingly sympathetic Christian view of the heroic pagan past. If the mechanism of transmission has necessarily emphasised the central importance of literate and Latinate and Christian influence on what has survived in written form, there remain deep traces of an earlier elegiac tradition based on spoken words now lost to silence, distant echoes of which seem to have lived on.