bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship between post veraison temperature and the dynamics of anthocyanin development and berry quality in red wine grape (Vitis vinifera) cultivars Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon
Authors: SHIVASHANKARA K S , LAXMAN R H , RAO N K SRINIVASA , GEETHA G A , PAVITHRA K C , PATIL V S
Published: March 2023

The present investigation was carried out to understand the temperature induced dynamics of berry anthocyanin development and berry quality in wine grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars Shiraz and Cabernet Sauvignon. Temperature variations during fruit maturation period were achieved by altering the pruning dates. Vines were pruned at weekly intervals starting from third or fourth week of October to the end of November. The changes in berry quality parameters such as total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity, total anthocyanins, total phenols and total flavonoids were recorded at weekly intervals starting from veraison to harvest. All the quality parameters were significantly higher in early pruned vines of both the cultivars indicating that the best time for pruning to get good quality wine grapes is during the third or fourth week of October. The major quality parameter affected by the temperature during the berry maturation stage was total anthocyanin content. Maximum and minimum temperature (weekly average) during different week from veraison to harvest were recorded. Early pruned vines exposed to a mean day/night temperatures of 30.7°C/14.9°C and 29.6°C/14.1°C in cv. Shiraz and late pruned vines exposed to a mean day/night temperatures of 32.0°C/16.2°C and 32.1°C/16.0°C in cv. Cabernet Sauvignon during 2010 and 2011 respectively. The pattern of anthocyanin development during the berry maturation period (veraison to harvest) indicated that the maximum anthocyanin accumulation was in the second and third week of March; the concentration decreased thereafter irrespective of dates of pruning in both the cultivars during the two years of the study. Correlation coefficients between the skin anthocyanin content and mean maximum and minimum temperatures showed a negative relationship in both the cultivars indicating that the increase in both maximum and minimum temperatures caused a reduction in anthocyanin content at harvest in late pruned vines.
Profile: Webb Yates Engineers
Authors: Whitelaw Jackie
Published: March 2023

£180 spent on a promotional postcard helped Steve Webb and Andy Yates create a business with a £5M turnover and offices in London, Birmingham, Bristol and Dubai.
La protección de los animales como integrantes del medio ambiente en el derecho de los conflictos armados
Authors: Fillol Mazo Adriana
Published: March 2023

Los conflictos armados, ya sean internacionales o no, provocan la degradación, o incluso la destrucción, de partes del entorno natural, incluidos los animales, la vegetación, el suelo, los sistemas hídricos y los ecosistemas. En algunas situaciones, el impacto puede extenderse a grandes zonas y continuar durante años o incluso décadas después de que finalicen las hostilidades. Aunque un cierto nivel de daño medioambiental es inherente a los conflictos armados, no puede ser ilimitado. Como parte del medio ambiente, los animales se benefician de la protección que deriva de los principios y disposiciones del derecho de los conflictos armados que proporcionan salvaguardias ambientales directas e indirectas. La noción de medio ambiente, a los efectos del derecho internacional humanitario, engloba a todos los animales (incluidos los de granja o de compañía) y, en particular, la fauna silvestre y sus hábitats, así como la relación que estos seres mantienen con el sistema ecológico en el que existen. Nuestro trabajo tiene como objetivo examinar y analizar las obligaciones de las normas contenidas en el derecho de los conflictos armados que protejan el medio ambiente natural para detectar las principales vías de protección que pueden ser aplicadas a los animales, como partes del entorno natural, a este respecto. El interés en abordar este tema de investigación radica en el amor que siento hacia los animales y en la escasa literatura doctrinal en español que se ha localizado al respecto.
PENANAMAN KONSEP BILANGAN MELALUI PERMAINAN MENGUKUR MENGGUNAKAN MODEL EXPLICIT INSTRUCTION
Authors: Sulaeman Devi , Novianti Yusuf Rini , Ismail Fahmi Ade , Dudin Abdul Latip Asep , Kania Gina
Published: March 2023

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi metode dan teknik pembelajaran yang digunakan oleh guru untuk kompetensi dasar masih bersifat konvensional. Anak didik melakukan pengukuran dengan menggunakan satu alat tertentu saja sehingga hasil pembelajaran tersebut belum mencapai hasil yang maksimal. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Penanaman Konsep Bilangan Melalui Permainan Mengukur Menggunakan Model Explicit Instruction Pada TK Qolbun Saliim 2 Desa Cibalongsari Kecamatan Klari Kabupaten Karawang. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas (PTK). Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata kecerdasan kognitif anak TK Qolbun Saliim 2 Desa Cibalongsari Kecamatan Klari Kabupaten Karawang, kondisi awal sebesar 38,46% kemudian meningkat menjadi 69,23% pada siklus I, dan akhirnya meningkat lagi menjadi 84,62% pada siklus II. Kondisi tersebut juga didukung oleh ketuntasan belajar secara klasikal. Berdasarkan hasil analisis tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa hipotesis penelitian yang berbunyi melalui alat permainan mengukur dapat meningkatkan pemahaman konsep bilangan anak.
Occupational Stress-Related Sleep Anomaly in Frontline COVID-19 Health Workers: The Possible Underlying Mechanisms
Authors: J. Adeniyi Mayowa , Awosika Ayoola , M. Millis Richard , F. Ige Serah
Published: March 2023

COVID-19 is a highly contagious viral illness that has claimed millions of lives worldwide. Since its emergence, it has exerted a negative impact on many sectors globally without the exception of frontline COVID-19 healthcare providers. Specifically, in frontline COVID-19 healthcare workers, occupational stress-related sleep disorders such as insomnia and daytime somnolence have been extensively reported and were characterized by neuro-immunological changes. However, the possible mechanisms that underlie the sleep disorders have not been elucidated. The review was designed to highlight possible sleep mechanisms responsible for insomnia and daytime somnolence reported in frontline COVID-19 health workers. Available evidence shows that emotional perturbation, hypertension, chronobiological disruption and prolonged exposure to artificial light are among the events orchestrating occupational-stress-related sleep disorders in frontline COVID-19 healthcare workers. Anxiety-associated sleep anomaly is attributable to stimulation of the reticular activating system which occurs as a result of activation of noradrenergic fiber and sympatho-adrenal axis. Another mechanism includes depletion of hippocampal and brain glycogen by anxiety-induced activation of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)-secreting brain neurons and hypothalamic-corticotropic-adrenal cortex axis. Spontaneous discharge of noradrenergic fiber during basal state and changes in normal secretory rhythm of hypnosis-related chemical messengers may be responsible for hypertension- and chronobiological disruption-induced sleep disorders, respectively. Lastly, prolonged light exposure-induced suppression of melatonin secretion may elicit disruption of normal circadian sleep.
Salmonellosis in Food and Companion Animals and Its Public Health Importance
Authors: K.N. Kuria Joseph
Published: March 2023

Salmonellosis in animals is caused by typhoidal and non-typhoidal Salmonella organisms. Non-typhoidal salmonellosis is a zoonosis of major public health concern occasioning over 155, 000 mortalities yearly worldwide. The majority of the human infections are mainly acquired directly through consumption of contaminated foods of animal origin, particularly poultry, eggs and dairy products or consumption of contaminated fruits. Rodents and will birds are the main reservoirs of non-typhoidal salmonellosis. Salmonellosis has a great economic and health impact occasioned by the cost of surveillance, investigation, treatment, and prevention in both animals and humans. Non-typhoidal salmonellosis is further complicated by the wide host range and the emergence of multidrug resistant Salmonella strains due to intensification of livestock production and uncontrolled antimicrobial drug use. There is a need for more innovative prevention and control measures to safeguard losses in animals and human health. This chapter will discuss salmonellosis in food and companion animals, the public health importance, and the challenges facing its control.
Creativity, Innovation and Shariah Compliance by the Malay Middle Class Women Entrepreneurs in Muslimah Fashion Industry in Selangor, Malaysia
Authors: Sulaiman Mashitah , Nazir Ahmad Mohd
Published: March 2023

The element of creativity is a vital and interrelated subject to innovation of a product especially in the context of entrepreneurship and business. It is also mentioned by many Muslim and Western scholars in the development of an excellent civilization. Thus, this chapter discusses the importance of creativity and innovation in the pursuit of Muslimah fashion among the Malay Muslim women entrepreneurs of the middle class in Selangor. This chapter also examines the factors that led to the involvement of women entrepreneurs in the Muslim fashion industry. In addition, this study also analyses the element of creativity and Shariah compliance in innovating Muslimah fashion among Malay women entrepreneurs in Selangor, an urban state of Malaysia. This study employs a qualitative approach by using interview techniques or oral history through purposive sampling. The sample was selected based on the criterion sampling and a total of ten (10) informants were involved in the study. Data were analysed descriptively using content and thematic analysis. In addition, observation methods are also utilised to strengthen data collection of the study. The findings indicated the importance of creativity and innovation in the production of Muslim fashion and design products.
Imaging in Dengue Fever
Authors: Reyna Rolando
Published: March 2023

Dengue is a viral disease caused by a flavivirus transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in tropical regions but has spread to regions of Europe, subtropical regions, and South America. The clinic is varied, so imaging methods are important before having a positive confirmatory test. Clinically, dengue is a disease that increases vascular permeability with loss of plasma and albumin, causing polyserotis. The most accessible imaging methods in the emergency room are chest radiography and abdominal ultrasound. Chest radiography shows that the most frequent finding is pleural effusion. Abdominal ultrasound has several findings, including thickened gallbladder wall, ascites, and hepatic and splenomegaly. The thickened gallbladder wall is an indicator of disease severity since the more severe the thickening, the more severe the clinical picture. The patient’s platelet count is also related to the ultrasound findings, since the lower the platelet count, the more severe is the thickened gallbladder wall. The differential diagnosis of dengue should include other febrile states such as influenza, Zika, Chikungunya, and COVID-19.
Collaborative Creativity in International Social Pedagogy Educational Settings
Authors: Dychawy Rosner Irena
Published: March 2023

My contribution to understanding the various creativity logics stemmed from the research outcomes of a three-year educational developmental project. Based on previous experience and collaborative work, five universities started a project aiming to develop their teaching practice. The project was carried out with help from participating students, teachers, managers, and professionals working with youth issues. This study explored the elements of co-influencing collaborative creativity in the context of bachelor of social work programs. The repertoire of development strategies includes such techniques as research overviews regarding actual issues in the young people’s living conditions, studying formal documentation, joint work in developing a course curriculum, and piloting pedagogical practice. I investigated the practices retrospectively, since the subject may be of interest to professionals and students in social sciences disciplines, who make use of qualitative research methods where the investigator may interact with research subjects and produces data from narratives, written texts, and discourses.
Perspective Chapter: Toxic Leadership in Higher Education – What We Know, How It Is Handled
Authors: Klahn Blanca
Published: March 2023

The concept of toxic leadership has been widely addressed in management, with demonstrated effects over the performance and climate of an organization. Although in recent years work has been done to identify the main aspects of this type of harmful leadership in various areas, such as financial, military, and health environments, not much has been concluded in relation to its influence and impact in the educational area, especially in higher education. However, there are several authors who have worked to identify the main aspects that compromise those who are affected by it, concluding that toxic leadership does indeed exist in tertiary education, and due to its often hierarchical structure, it sometimes becomes difficult to make it visible enough to be able to implement enough measures to contain it. The main objective of this chapter was to review the main features literature offers about toxic leadership, focusing it on the higher education scenario. Likewise, it was also developed its impact on those who suffer from it and its incidence on motivation of teachers and students within the learning environment. Finally, it was delved into how university structure works in relation to management of human resources, investigating its impact on leadership.
Interplay between Viruses and Endogenous Retroviruses in Immune Response and Diseases Affecting the Nervous System
Authors: Römer Christine
Published: March 2023

Endogenous retroviruses are integral part of the human genome. Endogenous retroviruses are integral parts of human genome that originate from waves of retroviral infections of human ancestors, insertion of the retroviral sequences into germ cell DNA and vertical transmission from parent to progeny. Over time the host has transformed these sequences to restrict the capacity of these to reinsert anywhere in the genome (jumping genes), to produce viral-like particles with limited effect or even proteins with distinct functions to the host. Moreover, the host controls the activity of endogenous retroviruses via epigenetic modulation, a mechanism that declines with age. Upon acute viral infection the equilibrium of human host and endogenous retroviruses can be disturbed. The interplay of viruses and endogenous retroviruses may lead to sustained dysregulation long after the infection (chronic inflammation). Recent findings have demonstrated many implications of a role of viruses and endogenous retroviruses in neurological diseases (in this chapter multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer disease, HIV associated neurological disorder, SARS-CoV2 neurological symptoms, cancer and schizophrenia will be discussed).
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis: A Worldwide Threat to Wheat
Authors: Elizabeth Román Ramos Andrea , Randy Kutcher Hadley , José Dallagnol Leandro
Published: March 2023

The necrotrophic fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis is the causal agent of tan spot of wheat, also known as yellow spot. Tan spot is one of the main foliar diseases of wheat, responsible for significant yield loss worldwide. To improve tan spot management, genetic control has been investigated and resistance in some cultivars improved; however, the complexity of the pathosystem wheat - P. tritici-repentis makes integrated disease management strategies very important. In this chapter, we provide an overview of the current state of knowledge of tan spot, including a basic understanding of characterization, pathogenicity, population biology, the global distribution of races, and the genetics of the wheat - P. tritici-repentis interaction. Furthermore, we describe several strategies that can be employed to control tan spot including, seed sanitation, cultural practices, fungicide and biological controls, as well as complementary alternative measures such as fertilization for efficient disease management in wheat production systems.
Ru Complex Ion Induces Anomalous Enhancement of Electrochemical Charge Transfer
Authors: Han Huanwen , Nobusawa Kazuyuki , Takei Fumie , Chu Ting-Chieh , Hashida Noriyasu , Yamashita Ichiro
Published: March 2023

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a highly sensitive observation technique to detect the state of electrode surfaces in solution. A small amount of [Ru(bpy)2DPPZ]2+, a well-known DNA intercalator and fluorescent light switch, has been found to abnormally increase the charge transfer of the mediator [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- at the surface of carbon electrodes. When a very small amount of the Ru complex is added to the EIS solution, a large impedance decrease occurs. This phenomenon is caused by the carbon electrode, the mediator [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- and [Ru(bpy)2DPPZ]2+. No other agents are necessary. By adding [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− and a very small amount of [Ru(bpy)2DPPZ]2+ to the PCR solution, EIS measurements using a PVA-coated carbon electrode could monitor PCR progress in real-time as an increase in impedance.
Padrón Peppers, Some Are Hot, and Some Are Not
Authors: Díaz José , Núñez-Fernández Raquel , Veloso Javier
Published: March 2023

Some peppers are pungent due to the presence of their secondary metabolite contents—capsaicinoids. The ability to synthesize capsaicinoids is a genetic trait, but the control of their accumulation in the fruit is more complex than just biosynthesis. Besides biosynthesis, other metabolic pathways, such as oxidation and conjugation, are also involved in capsaicinoid homeostasis. Moreover, all these pathways are modulated by different factors, namely plant hormones, transcription factors, ontogeny, and the environment, including both abiotic and biotic agents. In the present chapter, the present knowledge about the control of capsaicin metabolism in pepper is reviewed. Based on the literature and our own experience, there is a correlation between pungency and lignification. We have a clue about the reason: capsaicinoid and lignin metabolic pathways are related, and their biosynthesis predate from the same intermediate compounds. Finally, this chapter mainly focuses on the cultivar Padrón, a pungent variety used in our experiments because of its economic and cultural value.
Perspective Chapter: Microorganisms and Their Relationship with Tree Health
Authors: F. Ramos Rodrigo , Sobucki Lisiane , Pawlowski Estéfany , S. Sarzi Janaina , E. Rabuske Jessica , G. Savian Lucas , E. Kaspary Tiago , Bellé Cristiano
Published: March 2023

The health of plants depends on numerous environmental factors. All plants, including trees, live in close relationship with microorganisms. Plants harbor microbial communities in above- and below-ground tissues, where plant-associated microbial communities are influenced by environmental conditions and host genotype. The microbiome of trees is composed of mutualistic, commensal, and pathogenic microorganisms. Mutualistic microorganisms can help trees obtain nutrients (e.g., phosphorus and nitrogen) and defend against plant pathogens. Ecological interactions between different microbial groups directly influence host health, and endophytic microorganisms can inhibit pathogen growth or induce the expression of genes related to tree defense against these adverse organisms. Hence, understanding host-microbiome-environment interactions are crucial for modulating tree health.
Efficacy of Intramuscular Injection of Calcitonin on Pain Functional Status of Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis
Authors: Taheri Mehrdad , Behnaz Faranak , Ghasemi Mahshid
Published: March 2023

Background: Recently, increased attention has been paid to calcitonin for the management of osteoarthritis (OA) regarding its metabolic properties for bone turnover and cartilage. Objectives: This study was designed to assess the efficacy of intramuscular calcitonin injection in the functional status of individuals suffering from knee OA. Methods: A total of 40 eligible cases with OA were randomly assigned into intervention and control groups. At baseline, pain intensity and functional ability were evaluated based on the Numeric Rating scale (NRS) and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) questionnaires. Both groups were prescribed with AcetaGel (500 mg) and piroxicam (0.5% topical gel) every 8 hours as needed, and the patients were instructed about conservative treatments and lifestyle modifications. In the case group, the patients received calcitonin (50 IU/mL solution for injection; Aburaihan Pharmaceutical Co., Iran) intramuscularly (gluteal muscle) once a week for 4 consecutive weeks. One month after the last dose, the patients were evaluated based on NRS and WOMAC questionnaires. Results: Demographic data did not show any statistically significant difference. A total of 40 cases (male and female) with mean age values of 53.10 ± 5.28 and 54.55 ± 5.26 years were included in the case and control groups, respectively. The mean body mass index values of the case and control groups were 27.45 ± 1.57 and 27.15 ± 1.53 kg/m2, respectively. After 1 month of treatment with calcitonin, significant improvements were observed in NRS outcomes (P < 0.001). The total WOMAC score was also statistically improved (P < 0.001). Conclusions: The findings of the present study revealed that the weekly administration of 50 IU calcitonin for 28 days could significantly improve physical ability and pain intensity in OA patients.
The effect of gold price and NIKKEI on market return in Indonesia
Authors: Dengah Dea , Doda Isabela , Aslan Aslan
Published: March 2023

The great economic growth in 2021 has a positive impact on the capital market in Indonesia. The Japanese capital market and world gold prices are important indicators of the world economy. The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of movements in returns from gold and NIKKEI on market returns in Indonesia. The sample is taken during observation period from January 2021 to December 2021. This study finds that GOLD has insignificant effect on IHSG but NIKKEI has a significant positive effect. The findings indicate that investor neutral and positively to market conditions.
Pennsylvanian brachiopods and biostratigraphy in southern Sangre de Cristo Mountains, New Mexico
Authors: Sutherland P. K. , Harlow F. H.
Published: March 2023

Pennsylvanian marine strata are exposed extensively in the southern Sangre de Cristo Mountains of north-central New Mexico. The area studied extends from Santa Fe and Lamy in the south to Taos in the north. The Pennsylvanian strata show marked lateral changes in thickness and lithology from a thin, predominantly carbonate shelf facies in the south to a thick, predominantly terrigenous trough facies in the north. The combined thickness of the La Pasada and Alamitos Formation is 2,200 feet in the south; the Flechado and Alamitos Formations are greater than 6,500 feet in the north. The Morrow, Atoka, and Des Moines Series are particularly well represented.

Analysis of the regional Pennsylvanian stratigraphy of the area would have been impossible without a detailed study of the brachiopod faunas that form the most common element in the megafaunas of the Pennsylvanian System. Correlations in the middle and upper parts of the Pennsylvanian (upper Atokan to Virgilian) were aided by detailed information provided by the fusulinids, where they occur, and in the lower part of the section (Morrowan) by the conodonts.

This study provides a better understanding of the evolutionary relationships of the brachiopod faunas in the lower parts of the Pennsylvanian System. It documents for the first time the marked evolutionary changes that occur in many brachiopod groups between the Morrow and lower Des Moines Series, and to some extent between the Morrowan and Atokan. In contrast, rates of change are comparatively slow in most brachiopod groups higher in the Pennsylvanian, in the Des Moines, Missouri, and Virgil Series.

Ninety-four species belonging to 42 genera of brachiopods are described. Three new generic names are proposed, Sandia, Tesuquea and Zia. Twenty-nine new species and subspecies are described: "Orbiculoidea" youngi, Rhipidomella trapezoida, Derbyia bonita, Neochonetes henryi, Neochonetes whitei, Mesolobus profundus, Kozlowskia montgomeryi, Desmoinesia nambeensis, Sandia brevis, Sandia santafeensis, Pulchratia? pustulosa, Pulchratia? picuris, Buxtonia grandis, Tesuquea formosa, Horridonia? daltonensis, Linoproductus devargasi, Linoproductus pumilus, Zia novamexicana, Composita umbonata, Cleiothyridina milleri, Neospirifer tewaensis, Anthracospirifer curvilateralis tanoensis, Anthracospirifer curvilateralis chavezae, Anthracospirifer mcalesteri, Spiriferellina ceres, Punctospirifer morrowensis, Beecheria daltonensis, Beecheria stehlii, and Beecheria gerberi.
Geology and geochemistry of Precambrian rocks, central and south-central New Mexico
Authors: Condie Kent C. , Budding A. J.
Published: March 2023

The Precambrian terrane in central and south-central New Mexico is composed of granitic plutons (70 percent) intruded into metamorphic rocks (30 percent). The principal metamorphic rock types are phyllite and quartz-mica schist (40 percent), quartzite and arkosite (30 percent), mafic meta-igneous rocks (15 percent), siliceous meta-igneous rocks (10 percent), and gneisses (5 percent). The basement rocks upon which the section was deposited have not been found. The thickest preserved sections (10-13 km) occur in the northern Manzano and central San Andres Mountains. Granitic rocks range from granodiorite to syenite in composition, with quartz monzonite predominant. Individual plutons are syntectonic to post-tectonic and have been emplaced at depths less than 10 km. Foliation strikes north-northwest to north-northeast, and the only large fold exposed in the region is a syncline in the southern Manzano Mountains. In many areas evidence exists for at least two major periods of Precambrian deformation. Metamorphic rocks range in grade from the lower greenschist to the amphibolite facies. Geochemical model studies suggest that the Precambrian tholeiites were produced by partial melting of lherzolite in the upper mantle and that the granitic rocks were produced by partial melting of siliceous granulites in the lower crust. Magmatism and sedimentation began by 1.7 b.y. ago; major plutonism, deformation, and regional metamorphism occurred between 1.0 and 1.5 b.y. ago. The Precambrian rock association in central and south-central New Mexico bears a resemblance to associations found in young continental rift systems. A model of an evolving multiple-rift system that developed in response to an ascending mantle plume or plumes is proposed for this region between 1.0 and 1.9 b.y. ago. Basaltic magmas are derived directly from the plume; extensive heating of the lower crust produces granitic magmas. Quartzite-arkosite-shale successions are deposited in subsiding rift basins by the erosion of nearby uplifted blocks.
Geology and mineral technology of the Grants uranium region 1979
Authors: Rautman Christopher A.
Published: March 2023

The continued expansion of national energy programs has resulted in new growth and exploration in the Grants uranium region. This volume includes 45 papers and expanded papers plus four abstracts, all given at the 1979 Grants Uranium Symposium, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

The first "Symposium on the Geology of the Grants Uranium Region" was held as a field conference sponsored by the Society of Economic Geologists in 1961. One of the Lasting results of this conference was the 1963 publication of New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources Memoir 15. Through the years since 1963, this volume has remained an authoritative reference to the geology of this prolific mineral belt in northwestern New Mexico. Despite the continuing usefulness of Memoir 15, the tremendous development of the Grants mineral belt since 1963 has resulted in an expansion both of ore reserves and of our knowledge of the deposits. By the mid-1970s, many people working in the area felt that a revision of Memoir 15 was needed. Late in 1977, a decision was made to convene a new conference and to solicit papers from geologists working in the area.

The response to the call for papers was extremely gratifying. Geologists from across the country rose to the occasion, and, despite full-time duties elsewhere, submitted literally dozens of papers. Contributing authors represented all facets of geologic endeavor: industry, government, academic institutions, and private individuals. The symposium attracted over 800 geologists and other scientists, including representatives from six foreign countries. Forty-six papers were presented at the 1979 symposium. The present volume comprises these papers plus an additional three. The papers cover the broad spectrum of Grants region geology, including discussions of exploration history and methods, individual deposits and regional phenomena, and petrographic investigations and field studies. More peripheral but vitally related topics such as severance taxes, ground-water hydrology, and experimental studies also are included. Although no attempt has been made to compile a total synthesis of knowledge in the Grants uranium region, the hope is that this memoir may serve as a reference work to the region for many years to come.
Geology of the Caballo Mountains, New Mexico
Authors: Seager William R. , Mack Greg H.
Published: March 2023

The Caballo Mountains, just south of Truth or Consequences, rise to an elevation of 7,065 feet. Today they are flanked on the west side by Caballo Reservoir and on the east side by the Jornada del Muerto. An extraordinary geologic section is preserved here. Precambrian igneous and metamorphic rocks (granites and schists) provide a view of the Precambrian history of this part of the country, and an extraordinary thickness of sedimentary rocks (whose collective thickness is more than 3.5 miles) gives us an unparalleled picture of the evolution of southern New Mexico. Development of these mountains began with compression and uplift associated with the Laramide orogeny, at the end of the Mesozoic. Since then the complex geologic history of this part of New Mexico has included uplift, erosion, faulting, volcanic activity, continental deposition, and, finally, the development of the Rio Grande rift. That complex geologic history is well documented in this volume. This memoir is the result of many years of study and field work on the part of the authors, who have drawn together in one place this comprehensive description of the region. The volume is heavily illustrated with photographs, maps, stratigraphic sections, and other graphics. It contains both an index and a glossary.
Effect of Tocilizumab in Terms of Hospital Stay and Mortality Pattern Among Patients with Severe Versus Critically-ill COVID-19 Patients: A Comparative Analytic Study
Authors: Anjum Hameed  , Asif mehmood  , Muhammad Younus  , Shahid Mahmood  , Qamar Rafique  , Maqsood Cheema  , Rao Hashim Idress  , Amber Riaz
Published: March 2023

Background and Objectives: Most patients with mild and moderate COVID-19 infection recover with standard care therapy. Mortality in patients with severe illness and those critically ill is high. Tocilizumab acts by blocking interleukin-6 receptors and shows promising results in severe disease. Aim of this study was to assess the effect of Tocilizumab in severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients in terms hospital stay and reducing the risk of death.
Methods: In this comparative analytical, single-center study undertaken in DHQ university teaching hospital Gujranwala, forty-four patients were enrolled after an informed consent through non-probability consecutive sampling. The patients were categorized based on oxygen requirement as severe (oxygen requirement 10 L/min) and critically ill patients (oxygen requirement 15 L/min). All patients were treated with injection Tocilizumab (8mg per kg body weight) using criteria based on oxygen requirement (10L/min or more) and increased levels of any two of the laboratory investigations including CRP, D-Dimers, serum ferritin and LDH. Sociodemographic and clinical profile were collected using a semi-structured proforma. Outcome of interest was hospital stay and mortality. Comparison of effect of Tocilizumab was analyzed in regards to age, sex, laboratory investigations and stated outcome using Pearson's Chi-squared test. P-value of ≤0.05 was considered statistically significant. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24.0.
Results: Of 44 COVID-19 patients, 26 (59.1%) had severe disease and 18 (40.9%) were critically ill. We did not observe any statistical difference between these two categories as regards age, sex, hospital stay or presence of co-morbid conditions. However, there were 17 (94%) deaths observed among critically ill patients, while one patient died with severe disease. This mortality difference was found statistically significant (p<0.001).
Conclusion: Tocillizumab has shown significant effect to reduce mortality and minimizing hospital stay amongst COVID-19 patients with severe disease only with minimal effect in critically ill patients. Tocilizumab may be introduced early in treatment plan for severe COVID-19 patients.
A Retrospective Study of Antibiogram in One of the Largest Burn Center in Pakistan
Authors: Junaid Ahmad  , Farrukh Aslam Khalid  , Imran Shahzad  , Ghazala Tabassum  , Qurat ul ain khan  , Shamila Ashraf  , Moazzam Nazeer Tarar
Published: March 2023

Background and Objective: Jinnah Burn and Reconstructive Surgery Center, Lahore, Pakistan is one of largest burn patients management center in country. We evaluated our latest antibiogram of burn wounds to help patients and improve the healthcare.
Methods: Retrospective observational study of burn patients. Our study included all kinds of burns and all admitted patients with all ages, total burn surface area 01-80%. Wound cultures and sensitivity done on wounds swabs by culture and disc diffusion methods.
Results: There were 175 cases. Total six bacteria were found in all 175 cases. The Acinetobacter species were 9 (5.1%), Klebsiella species were 110 (62.8%) and these were most common ones, Proteus species were 12 (6.8%), Pseudomonas species were 30 (17.1%), Staphylococcus aureus were 12 (6.8%) and Staphylococcus coagulase negative were 2 (1.1%). Klebsiella was most sensitive to Colistin. All 105 out of 105 were sensitive (100.0%), followed by Tigercyclin; 39 out of 65 were sensitive (60.0%) and then Meropenum 47 out of 88 were sensitive (53.4%).
Conclusion: Klebsiella is the most common organism found in cultures of burn wounds and Colistin shows best sensitivity results against all bacteria found in our reports including Klebsiella.
Frequency of Pregnant Females with Adequate Knowledge Regarding Gestational Diabetes Visiting Public and Private Sector Hospital of Lahore
Authors: Sariya Tul Tahira  , Iram Inam  , Faisal Ashraf  , Nimra Abid  , Memuna Kanwal  , Mizrah Mehreen
Published: March 2023

Background & Objective: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a perfect window of opportunity for the prevention of DM in two generations, and its incidence is increasing in the world. Awareness of the condition among antenatal women may translate into prevention and early diagnosis of the disease. This study aims to assess the frequency of female with good knowledge regarding GDM during pregnancy, as only few females are aware of it. There is no local evidence available in this regard which could help us in determining the level of awareness in females belonging to local population regarding GDM.
Methods: Overall, 230 females fulfilling the selection criteria were enrolled in the study from OPD of Departments of Obstetrics & Gynecology of both hospitals. Informed consent was obtained. Demographic information (name, age, gestational age, parity, education level and socioeconomic status) was also noted. Then females were interviewed with researcher herself regarding their knowledge about GDM during pregnancy and adequate knowledge was noted (as per operational definition). All this information was recorded through pre-designed proforma.
Results: In our study, out of 230 cases, mean age was calculated as 28.38+3.71 years; mean gestational age was 28.84+3.38 weeks, frequency of adequate knowledge regarding gestational diabetes in pregnant females was recorded in 15.65%(n=36).
Conclusion: We concluded that the frequency of pregnant females with adequate knowledge regarding gestational diabetes is not high and needs some emergent steps to improve it for prevention of associated morbidities.
SEROPREVALENCE OF SARS-CoV-2 SERUM IgG ANTIBODY IN ADULT POPULATION OF SIALKOT CITY, PAKISTAN: A CROSS- SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Shahid Mahmood  , Izza Jahangir  , Sidra Ghazanfar  , Ayesha Khalid  , Ghazia Qasmi  , Imrana Aslam
Published: March 2023

Background and Objectives: Seroprevalence studies provide necessary data on extent of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a community. Identifying immune response of individuals exposed to this virus is one way of assessing community disease transmission and herd immunity. The aim of this study was to measure SARS- CoV-2 IgG antibody among adult individuals of Sialkot city overall and stratified by age and sex. Additionally, to describe COVID-19 presenting symptoms and its duration in these participants.
Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was undertaken in Sialkot city, where 453 participants completed in-person interview on COVID-19 symptoms, socio-demographic profile and provided 5ml blood sample for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody testing using electro-chemiluminescent immunoassay (ECLIA) technique. SPSS version 22 was utilized for data management and analysis. Sero-prevalence was calculated as percent of reactive for IgG among all tested. Chi-squared test was used for determining statistical significance with p <0.05 was considered significant.
Results: Overall, sero-prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody among adults in Sialkot was 64%. Almost, 134(29.5%) of these positive for COVID-19 IgG antibody had antibody titres level 15 units/dl or above. Three out of every four individuals reported one or more symptoms of COVID-19 dry cough (17%), fever (30%) loss of taste (6%), sore throat (5%) and anosmia (4.6%).
Conclusion: Almost two-third of adult population in Sialkot city had SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody during 2021 survey that implies that herd immunity level for COVID-19 is achieved and negligible number of COVID-19 cases reported in Sialkot city supports this evidence.
REASONS OF REFUSING POLIO VACCINATION AMONG PARENTS OF UNDER-5 YEARS CHILDREN IN DISTRICT MULTAN, PAKISTAN
Authors: Nabeel Saleem  , Saima Zafar  , Muhammad Anwar  , Aftab Iqbal  , Hafiz.M.Dawood  , Hummira Rashid  , M. Bilal Anwar
Published: March 2023

Background and Objective: Polio is still endemic in Pakistan and Afghanistan. In Pakistan, transmission of polio virus is high due to poor political environment and internal security threats especially in war against terrorism in Swat and FATA. Meanwhile, some groups tried to create misconception about polio vaccine. The objective of the study was to describe the reasons underpinning the refusals to polio vaccine in District Multan.

Methods:- This descriptive, cross sectional study was conducted in a District Multan. A closed ended pre- tested questionnaire in Urdu language was used to collect data from 34 parents of under five year children, who refused polio vaccaniation during polio compaign.

Results:- Out of 34 polio vaccine refusal parents, 15 did not respond or either locked the doors as researcher tried to interview them. About 29% refusing parents mentioned religious reasons, about 42% have apprehensions on polio vaccine contents. One third reported that it was a western world conspricy against mullims. 45% states that government vaccine supply is of poor quality, as the main factor for refusal.

Conclusion: Majority of refusing parents were uncomfortable in responding to the survey or either they were never counseled for Polio and now they are habitual refusals or may be perception about polio vaccine is negative. In District Multan, religious reasons and misconception that vaccine causes sterility in male children were main reasons of polio vaccine refusal. Efforts will be required in changing the perception of parents.
PREDICTIVE VALUE OF NEUTROPHIL TO LYMPHOCYTE RATIO (NLR) IN EARLY DETECTION OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS (GDM) AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN FIRST TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Neha Tanveer  , Rehana Kanwal  , Jawairiah Liaqat  , Faisal Ashraf  , Muhammad Abdullah Rashid  , Qurratulain Mushtaq
Published: March 2023

Background & Objective: A substantial number of pregnant women develop gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Various biomarkers are being used to diagnose gestational diabetes mellitus. Early detection of GDM can done by using inflammatory markers like neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the platelet- to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) that are rapid, inexpensive and easy to use in different clinical setting. The objective of this study was to evaluate diagnostic accuracy of raised neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio for detection of gestational diabetes mellitus taking OGTT as gold standard.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study held in Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology CMH Lahore from November, 2018 –May, 2020. After approval from hospital ethical review committee and taking an informed consent, 473 pregnant women enrolled in first trimester between age 18-35 years, fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included whereas known diabetics, patients with cardiovascular disorders, previous history of GDM were excluded. Blood samples in sterilized manner were drawn and sent to hospital laboratory for analysis of NLR. Then they were screened during 24-28 weeks of gestation for diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus on OGGT. The females were labelled for positive NLR and GDM as per operational definition. Diagnostic accuracy of NLR was calculated for development of gestational diabetes mellitus.

Results: Mean age of females was 26.72 ± 4.90 years and mean gestational age was 15.50 ± 1.67 weeks. 94(19.9%) females who had raised neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio while 397(80.1%) females had normal neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and there were 90(19%) females who had gestational diabetes mellitus while rests of 383(81%) did not have gestational diabetes mellitus. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and overall diagnostic accuracy of NRL was 95.56%, 97.91%, 91.49%, 98.94% and 97.46%, respectively.

Conclusion: The study concluded that raised neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio is significantly high among gestational diabetes mellitus and NLR has a high diagnostic accuracy for predicting gestational diabetes mellitus.
FREQUENCY OF NON-ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER DISEASE (NAFLD) AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DIABETES MELLITUS, HYPERTENSION AND CHOLELITHIASIS AMONG PATIENTS UNDERGOING ROUTINE ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Authors: Zaeem Sohail Jafar  , Aniq Ahmed  , Muhammad Nauman Akram  , Muhammad Junaid Mirza  , Khalida Ahtesham
Published: March 2023

Objective: To find the frequency of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its association with diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cholelithiasis.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in department of radiology, Sughra Shafi Medical Complex, Narowal. About 545 subjects who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included through nonprobability/ convenient sampling technique. Abdominal ultrasound of every participant was conducted to determine frequency of NAFLD among sample size. A structured questionnaire consisting of demographic details and comorbidities was designed. Diabetic, and hypertensive status was determined on patient’s history and choleli-thiasis was assessed on ultrasonography. Data were entered in SPSS 21 software and presented as frequency and percentages.

Results: Among 545 patients there were 282 (51.7%) male and 263 (48.3%) female participants with mean age of 48.56 ± 3.67 years SD. The overall frequency of NAFLD in the sample size was 39.8%. Diabetes was found in 115 (21.1%) participants, NAFLD was present in 44(64.7%) diabetic males and 29 (25.2%) diabetic females. Hypertension was found in 92 (16.9%) participants, NAFLD was present in 30(32.6%) hypertensive males and 24 (61.5%) hypertensive females. Cholelithiasis was found in 18 (8.0%) patients NAFLD was present in 30(32.6%) hypertensive males and 24 (61.5%) hypertensive females. There was no statistical significant difference among gender and presence of NAFLD. (P>0.05)

Conclusion: It is concluded that on ultrasound NAFLD is a common finding and it is associated with diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cholelithiasis.
EVALUATION OF DIAGNOSTIC VALIDITY OF PIVKA-II FOR DIAGNOSIS OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA IN PATIENTS OF CIRRHOSIS WITH LIVER NODULES PRESENTED IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF LAHORE
Authors: Attique Abou Bakr  , Tayyab Shahzad  , Naeem Aslam
Published: March 2023

Objectives: To evaluate the diagnostic validity of PIVKA-II for Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhotic patients with uncertain liver nodules on Ultrasound.

Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in 01-11-2020 and 31-12-2021 at Hepatitis clinic at Jinnah Hospital Lahore. Patients who fulfilled the selection criteria(n=100) were enlisted for this study. Blood samples were obtained to test for PVKA-11 and AFP in cirrhotic patients who had liver nodules that had been previously verified by ultrasound imaging. Data were entered and analyzed in SPSS ver: 21.0. Sensitivity, specificity and predictive values were calculated using CT imaging and biopsy as gold standard. ROC curve evaluating AFP, PIVKA-II, and a combination as indicators for Hepatocellular carcinoma at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated with a p < .05 value was taken as statistical significant.

Results: HCC was confirmed in 45 of the 100 instances, and it was invariably at an early or very early stage. At a threshold of 62.5 mAU/mL, PIVKA-II and HCC were significantly correlated (P =.015 and P =.036, respectively) in univariate and multivariate analyses. For AFP, 7.5 ng/mL was the ideal cut-off. For PIVKA- II, sensitivity was 62% and specificity was 91% , while for AFP, they are 66% and 69% respectively. The positive and negative predictive values for PIVKA-II were 81% and 74%, respectively, while for AFP sensitivity was 63% and specificity was 72%. The combination of both biomarkers improved the precision of diagnosing HCC (sensitivity = 74%, specificity = 95.5%, NPV = 81%, PPV = 92%, and AUC = 0.781).

Conclusion: PIVKA-II is a valid indicator for defining the characteristics of liver nodules in cirrhosis and when combined with AFP, it signifies superior accuracy for HCC diagnosis.