bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
p-Compactness of Bloch maps
Authors: Jiménez-Vargas A. , Ruiz-Casternado D.
Published: February 2024

Influenced by the concept of a p-compact operator due to Sinha and Karn (Stud Math 150(1): 17–33, 2002), we introduce p-compact Bloch maps of the open unit disk $$\mathbb {D}\subseteq \mathbb {C}$$

D
⊆
C

to a complex Banach space X, and obtain its most outstanding properties: surjective Banach ideal property, Möbius invariance, linearisation on the Bloch-free Banach space over $$\mathbb {D}$$
D
, inclusion properties, factorisation of their derivatives, and transposition on the normalized Bloch space. We also present right p-nuclear Bloch maps of $$\mathbb {D}$$
D
to X and study its relation with p-compact Bloch maps.
Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of Insulin Resistance
Authors: Chandrasekaran Preethi , Weiskirchen Ralf
Published: February 2024

Purpose of Review

Although the molecular mechanism of insulin resistance involves multiple factors and several intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms have been identified, this comprehensive review provides key information on some of the core mechanisms and complex interactions of the molecules involved in the signaling pathways of insulin resistance.

Recent Findings

Diabetes Mellitus, the most common metabolic disorder, is one of the greatest global medical challenges at present. There has been a significant increase in complications associated with diabetes such as heart disorders, stroke, neuropathy, dyslipidemia, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease, and nephropathy. This calls for immediate strategic action to combat this complex metabolic disorder. Insulin resistance, a characteristic marker of type 2 diabetes is a condition in which the regulation of glucose metabolism in body tissues, such as the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle, becomes disrupted. It is generally associated with hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidemia, and impaired glucose homeostasis.

Understanding the pathophysiological molecular mechanisms involved in insulin resistance is critical for developing new therapeutic strategies to treat this polygenic multifactorial condition. Impairment of insulin action is caused by several factors such as lipotoxicity, increased adiposity, enhanced inflammatory signaling, endoplasmic reticulum stress, adipokines, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased free fatty acids, and dysfunctional insulin signaling.
Prediction for nonlinear time series by improved deep echo state network based on reservoir states reconstruction
Authors: Yu Qiufeng , Zhao Hui , Teng Li , Li Li , Yasar Ansar , Galland Stéphane
Published: February 2024

With the aim to enhance prediction accuracy for nonlinear time series, this paper put forward an improved deep Echo State Network based on reservoir states reconstruction driven by a Self-Normalizing Activation (SNA) function as the replacement for the traditional Hyperbolic tangent activation function to reduce the model’s sensitivity to hyper-parameters. The Strategy was implemented in a two-state reconstruction process by first inputting the time series data to the model separately. Once, the time data passes through the reservoirs and is activated by the SNA activation function, the new state for the reservoirs is created. The state is input to the next layer, and the concatenate states module saves. Pairs of states are selected from the activated multi-layer reservoirs and input into the state reconstruction module. Multiple input states are transformed through the state reconstruction module and finally saved to the concatenate state module. Two evaluation metrics were used to benchmark against three other ESNs with SNA activation functions to achieve better prediction accuracy.
‘We’re always handed the children’: women finding belonging in policing
Authors: Gasparini Janay M. , DeWitt Amy L.
Published: February 2024

The purpose of the research was to examine whether policewomen have carved out their place and developed a sense of belonging in the profession, or whether they are faced with disrespect, self-doubt, and pressure to adopt constructed gender roles. The study employed in-depth, qualitative interviews with sixteen women police officers in the U.S. Emergent themes suggested that overt discrimination and harassment is uncommon, but women do report the continued need to prove themselves. While all have carved out a place for themselves in the profession and most reported acceptance and belonging, several expressed concerns that they are relegated to roles based on their gender. With nationwide challenges to recruit more women into policing, this study provides insights into ways women have integrated and the barriers they may still face.
Set-Theoretic Multi-Method Research
Authors: Schneider Carsten Q.
Published: February 2024

A state-of-the-art comprehensive exposition of combining Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) and case studies, this book facilitates the efficient use and independent learning of this form of SMMR (set-theoretic multi-method research) with the best available software. It will reduce the time and effort required when performing both QCA and case studies within the same research project. This is achieved by spelling out the conceptual principles and practices in SMMR, and by introducing a tailor-made R software package. With an applied and practical focus, this is an intuitive resource for implementing the most complete protocol of SMMR. Features include Learning Goals, Core Points, and Empirical Examples, as well as boxed examples of R codes and the R output it produces. There is also a glossary for key SMMR terms. Additional online material is available, comprising machine-readable datasets and R scripts for replication and independent learning.
Black Soldiers in the Rhodesian Army
Authors: Howard M. T.
Published: February 2024

During Zimbabwe's war of liberation (1965–80), fought between Zimbabwean nationalists and the minority-white Rhodesian settler-colonial regime, thousands of black soldiers volunteered for and served in the Rhodesian Army. This seeming paradox has often been noted by scholars and military researchers, yet little has been heard from black Rhodesian veterans themselves. Drawing from original interviews with black Rhodesian veterans and extensive archival research, M. T. Howard tackles the question of why so many black soldiers fought steadfastly and effectively for the Rhodesian Army, demonstrating that they felt loyalty to their comrades and regiments and not the Smith regime. Howard also shows that units in which black soldiers served – particularly the Rhodesian African Riﬂes – were fundamental to the Rhodesian counter-insurgency campaign. Highlighting the pivotal role black Rhodesian veterans played during both the war and the tumultuous early years of independence, this is a crucial contribution to the study of Zimbabwean decolonisation.
Film History for the Anthropocene
Authors: Peabody Seth
Published: February 2024

By exploring German film history with the tools of the Environmental Humanities, this book offers a case study of the power of film within processes of environmental transformation.
Women Filmmakers and the Visual Politics of Transnational China in the #MeToo Era
Authors: Marchetti Gina
Published: February 2024

Manoeuvring around mainland China's censors and pushing back against threats of lawsuits, online harassment, and physical violence, #MeToo activists shed a particularly harsh light on the treatment of women in the cinema and entertainment industries. Focusing on films from the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the Chinese diaspora, this book considers how female directors shape Chinese visual politics through the depiction of the look, the stare, the leer, the glare, the glimpse, the glance, the queer and the oppositional gaze in fiction and documentary filmmaking. In the years leading up to and following in the wake of #MeToo, these cosmopolitan women filmmakers offer innovative angles on body image, reproduction, romance, family relations, gender identity, generational differences, female sexuality, sexual violence, sex work, labor migration, career options, minority experiences, media access, feminist activism and political rights within the rapidly changing Chinese cultural orbit.
Fixed-time anti-saturation control with concise system structure for the 6-DOF motion of spacecraft
Authors: Wei X. , Tian Y. , Wu S. , Zhang D. , Shao X. , Chen L.
Published: February 2024

This paper proposes a fixed-time anti-saturation (FT-AS) control scheme with a simple control loop for the 6-Degree-of-Freedom tracking (6-DOF) control problem of spacecraft with parameter uncertainties, external disturbances and input saturation. Considering the external disturbance and parameter uncertainties, the dynamical model of the tracking error is established. The traditional methods of handling input saturation usually add anti-saturation subsystems in the control system to suppress the impact of input overshoot. However, this paper directly inputs the input overshoot into the tracking error model, thus constructing a modified lumped disturbance term that includes the influence of input overshoot. Then, a novel fixed-time disturbance observer (FT-DO) is designed to estimate and compensate for this modified lumped disturbance. Therefore, there is no need to add the anti-saturation structures in the control loop, significantly reducing the complexity of the system. Finally, an observer-based fixed-time non-singular terminal sliding mode (FT-NTSM) controller is designed to guarantee the fixed-time stability of the whole system. In this way, the convergence time of the proposed scheme does not depend on the system’s initial conditions. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed method keeps the control input within the limit while achieving high-precision tracking control of attitude and position.
To Protest for Black Life during the Pandemic: Resistance and Freedom in a Settler State
Authors: Riley Case Sarah
Published: February 2024

This article reflects on the global uprisings in support of Black life during the early pandemic. The focus is on what the protests reveal about Black resistance to the nation-building project of Canada. Protests during this period are understood here to have included taking to the streets, practicing care, and calling for abolition. Drawing on critical race theory and Black Studies, especially Black feminism, the author claims these forms of protest condemned Black dispossession under Canadian laws, while they simultaneously exceeded Canada’s jurisdiction. In other words, the protests can be understood ambivalently, as occurring under and responding to, but not being of, domination. They refashioned the self and the collective, expressing transient freedom from domination and partial redress, even as settler colonial laws would continue to suppress Black and other subaltern peoples. The article navigates such insights through works by Dionne Brand, Saidiya Hartman, and Katherine McKittrick, among others.
Pandemics and Paradigms of Contestation
Authors: Cherry Keith
Published: February 2024

Paradigms of governance are defined in part by paradigms of contestation—stockpiles of culturally legible tactics for contesting power. This article analyzes the growing use of hard-block and mutual aid tactics in Metulia (sometimes called Victoria, B.C.) as exemplars that suggest liberal paradigms of contestation may be becoming less rigid. Drawing on Robert Cover and Charles Tilly, I argue that the present conjuncture is not, as many analyses suggest, merely a tipping point between one paradigm and the next. Rather, it is a creative moment of experimentation and indeterminacy defined by multiple crises, multiple emergences, and their unpredictable interactions.
Pandémies et paradigmes de gouvernance : quels futurs pour l’État de droit au XXIe siècle?
Authors: Swiffen Amy , Nichols Joshua
Published: February 2024

La pandémie de COVID-19 représente-t-elle véritablement un moment charnière pour la gouvernance contemporaine? Cette question suscite de multiples réponses de même qu’une grande variété de débats et de perspectives. D’un côté se trouvent ceux qui soutiennent ardemment que cette pandémie constitue un événement historique des plus rares, aux répercussions profondes, notamment dans le domaine du droit et de la gouvernance. En revanche, d’autres prétendent que la pandémie, plutôt que de marquer le début d’une ère nouvelle, a principalement amplifié et prolongé les paradigmes préexistants de la gouvernance. Par ailleurs, d’aucuns affirment que la pandémie a revigoré et revitalisé les mouvements sociaux axés sur la remise en question des structures étatiques établies.
Design team formation using self-assessment and observer-assessment techniques: mapping practices in a global network of universities
Authors: Ruiz Juan , Wever Renee
Published: February 2024

Design engineering education is increasingly challenge-based, which requires educators to form cohesive student teams capable of delivering desired outcomes while fostering learning and collaboration. An example is an international network in which students from different global universities collaborate. Student teams work on researching the problem space, re-framing their challenge and producing multiple prototypes. The challenge for the teaching teams is to be able to form multiple cohesive teams out of a pre-selected group of highly motivated students. Because of the exclusive nature of this educational program, it is a suitable case study for exploring student design team formation practices. The aim is to identify the methods, tools, theoretical underpinnings, challenges and limitations of student team formation. We interviewed teachers from seven universities about their practices. The interviewees had several years of experience in team building. The interviews were analyzed to contrast practices across universities as well as to the team formation literature. Our findings show that mixed methods that combine self-assessments and observer-assessment methods are the preferred means of forming teams. Our findings also show that current practices have evolved over time through trial and error, and are only partially grounded in different literatures and not necessarily in team formation literature.
Upper, down, two-sided Lorenz attractor, collisions, merging, and switching
Authors: BARROS DIEGO , BONATTI CHRISTIAN , PACIFICO MARIA JOSÉ
Published: February 2024

We present a modified version of the well-known geometric Lorenz attractor. It consists of a
$C^1$
open set
${\mathcal O}$
of vector fields in
${\mathbb R}^3$
having an attracting region
${\mathcal U}$
satisfying three properties. Namely, a unique singularity
$\sigma $
; a unique attractor
$\Lambda $
including the singular point and the maximal invariant in
${\mathcal U}$
has at most two chain recurrence classes, which are
$\Lambda $
and (at most) one hyperbolic horseshoe. The horseshoe and the singular attractor have a collision along with the union of
$2$
codimension
$1$
submanifolds which split
${\mathcal O}$
into three regions. By crossing this collision locus, the attractor and the horseshoe may merge into a two-sided Lorenz attractor, or they may exchange their nature: the Lorenz attractor expels the singular point
$\sigma $
and becomes a horseshoe, and the horseshoe absorbs
$\sigma $
becoming a Lorenz attractor.
A shear stress parametrization for arbitrary wind farms in conventionally neutral boundary layers
Authors: Stipa Sebastiano , Allaerts D. , Brinkerhoff J.
Published: February 2024

In the context of large off-shore wind farms, power production is influenced greatly by the turbine array's interaction with the atmospheric boundary layer. One of the most influencing manifestations of such complex interaction is the increased level of shear stress observed within the farm. This leads to higher momentum fluxes that affect the wind speed at the turbine locations and in the cluster wake. At the wind farm entrance, an internal boundary layer (IBL) grows due to the change in effective roughness imposed by the wind turbines, and for large enough clusters, this can reach the unperturbed boundary layer height in what is referred to as the fully developed regime. Downwind, a second IBL starts growing, while the shear stress profile decays exponentially to its unperturbed state. In the present study, we propose a simple analytical model for the vertical profile of the horizontal shear stress components in the three regions identified above. The model builds upon the top-down model of Meneveau (J. Turbul., vol. 13, 2012, N7), and assumes that the flow develops in a conventionally neutral boundary layer. The proposed parametrization is verified successfully against large-eddy simulations, demonstrating its ability to capture the vertical profile of horizontal shear stress, and its evolution both inside and downwind of the wind farm. Our findings suggest that the developed model can prove extremely useful to enhance the physical grounds on which new classes of coupled wind farm engineering models are based, leading to a better estimation of meso-scale phenomena affecting the power production of large turbine arrays.
Cross-flow instability on a swept-fin cone at Mach 6: characteristics and control
Authors: Middlebrooks John B. , Corke Thomas C. , Matlis Eric , Semper Michael
Published: February 2024

Experiments were performed to document the complex flow field around and over a

$70^{\circ }$

swept fin mounted on a

$7^{\circ }$

half-angle right-circular cone in a Mach 6 free-stream. Of particular interest is the turbulent transition of the boundary layer over the swept fin, which is expected to be dominated by a cross-flow instability. Stationary features in the surface temperature distribution over the fin are documented using infrared thermal imaging. These were processed further to determine average spatial Stanton number distributions over the fin. Wavelet analysis of the Stanton number distributions revealed stationary patterns with wavelengths near the fin leading edge that were consistent with linear theory predictions of stationary cross-flow modes. Further from the leading edge, the wavelength of the stationary patterns was observed to increase prior to turbulence onset. Based on these observations, specially designed arrays of discrete roughness elements (DREs) were investigated as a means of delaying turbulence transition with the objective of reducing surface heat flux on the swept fin. The DRE designs followed our previous approach used for cross-flow transition control (Corke et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 856, issue 10, 2018, pp. 822–849; Arndt et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 887, 2020, A30). These focused on either the shorter wavelengths near the leading edge, or the longer wavelengths that developed near turbulence onset. With regard to delaying transition and reducing the surface heat flux, the DREs that focused on the larger wavelengths of stationary modes were most effective. The fin included an array of pressure sensors that were used to document travelling disturbances that could include those associated with travelling cross-flow modes. Phase analysis of the pressure fluctuation time series was used to determine the wavelength, wave angle and phase speed that were consistent with the travelling cross-flow modes. Cross-bicoherence analysis between the stationary and travelling disturbances indicates a nonlinear phase locking that can account for the development of the longer-wavelength stationary features in the surface heat flux, presumed to be due to stationary cross-flow modes, prior to turbulence onset.
HARMONIOUS INTRUSION: MANKIND AND NATURE IN STATIUS’ SILVAE 1.3
Authors: Theng Brian
Published: February 2024

There are three conventionally held views about the relationship between mankind and nature in the Roman villa: man is master over the natural landscape; villas were positioned at vantage points so that the downward gaze of a dominus reinforced his domination; gardens offered opportunities to bring order upon nature. This article argues to the contrary that Manilius Vopiscus’ villa in Statius’ Siluae 1.3 presents a harmonious relationship between key natural features, the villa architecture and the villa proprietor himself. Nature sometimes takes precedence, while the villa complements and integrates with the environment. This allows us to appreciate the nuances in Statius’ overall presentation of the relationship between mankind and nature in Book 1 and in other poems in the Siluae.
Consumption Smoothing in the Working-Class Households of Interwar Japan
Authors: Ogasawara Kota
Published: February 2024

I analyze factory worker households in the early 1920s in Osaka to examine idiosyncratic income shocks and consumption. Using the household-level monthly panel dataset, I find that while households could not fully cope with idiosyncratic income shocks at that time, they mitigated fluctuations in indispensable consumption during economic hardship. In terms of risk-coping mechanisms, I find suggestive evidence that savings institutions helped mitigate vulnerabilities and that both using borrowing institutions and adjusting labor supply served as risk-coping strategies among households with less savings.
Emission of terahertz pulses from near-critical plasma slab under action of p-polarized laser radiation
Authors: Frolov A.A.
Published: February 2024

The theory of the terahertz (THz) waves emission from a near-critical plasma slab under the action of the focused p-polarized laser pulse is developed. The spectral, angular and energy characteristics of the THz signal are studied as functions of the focusing degree and the incidence angle of laser radiation, as well as the density and thickness of the plasma slab. It is shown that the extremely strong increase in the energy of the THz signal (up to millijoule level) and conversion rate (up to 10 %) occurs at the almost normal incidence of the ultra-short, tightly focused p-polarized laser pulse on the thin plasma slab with the near-critical density and rare electron collisions.
Reassessment of the conservation status of Crocidura fingui, a shrew endemic to Príncipe Island, Gulf of Guinea
Authors: Alves João C.T. , dos Santos Yodiney , Guedes Patrícia , Rocha Ricardo
Published: February 2024

The Fingui white-toothed shrew Crocidura fingui, categorized as Data Deficient on the IUCN Red List, is endemic to Príncipe Island, Central Africa. It is currently known from < 10 sites and its ecology and any threats are largely unknown. We review its distribution and ecology, and any potential threats, based on camera-trap data, field observations and previously published and unpublished sightings. Crocidura fingui appears to have an island-wide distribution and to use a range of ecosystems, from native forests to urban areas. It is largely nocturnal and exhibits considerable spatiotemporal overlap with introduced mammals such as the African civet Civettictis civetta, domestic cat Felis catus and rats Rattus spp. The species has an area of occupancy < 500 km2 and is known from fewer than five locations, and its population is inferred to be affected by several introduced mammals. We recommend that it is recategorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List.
ARCHAIC KNOSSOS, ARCHAEOLOGICAL NARRATIVES, AND CONSERVATISM IN CRETAN MATERIAL CULTURE
Authors: Erny Grace
Published: February 2024

This study addresses a longstanding historical and archaeological problem at the central Cretan urban centre of Knossos. This is the so-called ‘Archaic gap’, an apparent dearth of evidence for sixth-century BCE material culture across the extensively excavated city. The concept of a pronounced Knossian decline or recession at this time has been reaffirmed in recent years, with widespread repercussions for Cretan archaeology. By reconsidering ceramics from the Royal Road North and Unexplored Mansion excavations, as well as situating these deposits within their urban and regional contexts, I question the epistemological foundations of the Knossian gap and provide new directions for identifying sixth-century Knossian material culture. I propose that the apparent ‘gap’ is a product of several factors: (1) a relative disinterest in imports in sixth-century Knossos, (2) a dispersed, rather than densely nucleated, urban settlement pattern, and (3) a previously unrecognised conservatism in Knossian ceramics, where some of the ‘Orientalising’ styles traditionally dated to the seventh century were retained into the sixth. This phenomenon of conservatism differs in important ways from the ‘restraint’ or ‘austerity’ that has been previously proposed as characteristic of Archaic and Classical Crete.
Vision-based food handling system for high-resemblance random food items
Authors: Zeng Yadan , Teoh Yee Seng , Zhu Guoniu , Toh Elvin , Chen I-Ming
Published: February 2024

The rise in the number of automated robotic kitchens accelerated the need for advanced food handling system, emphasizing food analysis including ingredient classification pose recognition and assembling strategy. Selecting the optimal piece from a pile of similarly shaped food items is a challenge to automated meal assembling system. To address this, we present a constructive assembling algorithm, introducing a unique approach for food pose detection–Fast Image to Pose Detection (FI2PD), and a closed-loop packing strategy. Powered by a convolutional neural network (CNN) and a pose retrieval model, FI2PD is adept at constructing a 6D pose from only RGB images. The method employs a coarse-to-fine approach, leveraging the CNN to pinpoint object orientation and position, alongside a pose retrieval process for target selection and 6D pose derivation. Our closed-loop packing strategy, aided by the Item Arrangement Verifier, ensures precise arrangement and system robustness. Additionally, we introduce our FdIngred328 dataset of nine food categories ranging from fake foods to real foods, and the automatically generated data based on synthetic techniques. The performance of our method for object recognition and pose detection has been demonstrated to achieve a success rate of 97.9%. Impressively, the integration of a closed-loop strategy into our meal-assembly process resulted in a notable success rate of 90%, outperforming the results of systems lacking the closed-loop mechanism.
‘In constant fear of some dire epidemic breaking out’: Rural responses to infectious and epidemic disease, 1870–1920
Authors: Waddington Keir
Published: February 2024

Based on extensive archival research encompassing over eighty rural authorities in Wales, this essay pieces together fragmentary evidence to reveal the main contours of rural responses to infectious outbreaks from the 1870s to the 1918/10 influenza pandemic. At the centre of the essay are those practical, short-term measures that have hitherto been overlooked in the historiography. While infectious outbreaks did have the capacity to extend sanitary initiatives over the medium and long term, looking at how rural authorities reacted to infectious disease helps us better understand how public health practices translated into action at a local level. In doing so, the essay untangles both the nature of rural responses and the challenges confronted by rural sanitary officials when confronted with infectious outbreaks and how they had to adapt public health orthodoxy to different rural environments.
Giftedness and Talent
Authors: Preckel Franzis , Vock Miriam , Olszewski-Kubilius Paula
Published: February 2024

Understanding and supporting gifted and talented children and adolescents

Answers common questions of professionals and trainees
Presents the state-of-art of theory, research, and practice
Explores the characteristics of gifted students

More about the book
What is giftedness? How do talents develop? Are gifted people "different"? How can gifted children be recognized and supported in their development? Based on the authors’ many years of expertise in giftedness research and education practice, this book answers these and many other questions about giftedness and talent development in a scientifically sound and at the same time application-oriented way. This new volume offers an up-to-date overview of the theoretical foundations, pioneering studies, and research findings on gifted children and adolescents, and explores evidence-based options for diagnostics and support. The development of giftedness as well as the characteristics of gifted students, such as performance-related attributes and temperament traits, are also examined. This book is of interest to child psychologists and psychiatrists, educational and school psychologists, educators, and students, and is an ideal textbook for self-study or for those training to become a professional.
A Perspective on the Future of CMIP
Authors: Stevens Bjorn
Published: February 2024

The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP) has demonstrated the importance of climate modeling for climate research and its usefulness for climate services. The latter has increased CMIP's operational burden, so much so that serving IPCC has become its animating force. Attempting to satisfy an operational mandate through a coordinated research project diminishes both the service and the research. Regaining the initiative will require CMIP to transition the quasi‐operational system it has developed to an operational setting. Doing so would allow CMIP to focus on developing an international scientific agenda to encourage and exploit advances in climate modeling.
Coupled Geodynamical‐Geochemical Perspectives on the Generation and Composition of Mid‐Ocean Ridge Basalts
Authors: Duvernay Thomas , Jiang Shihao , Ball Patrick W. , Davies D. Rhodri
Published: February 2024

Owing to their abundance and relative availability on Earth's seafloor, mid‐ocean ridge basalts (MORBs) have a well‐defined chemical element budget, reflected by the low standard deviation associated with typical normal MORB (N‐MORB) composition. However, the exact mechanisms leading to magma differentiation and MORB generation remain debated, which hinders our ability to evaluate MORB parental magma composition. In this study, we leverage the predictive power of the BDD21 numerical framework to obtain a representative trace element budget of parental MORB magma and assess its ability to fractionate into the N‐MORB composition. Utilizing revised parameterizations for mineralogy, melting, and partitioning, we couple BDD21 with numerical simulations of a MOR system driven by seafloor spreading in which we track the evolution of partial melting, mineral modal abundances, and concentrations of incompatible elements. Parental magma compositions are determined once simulations reach a steady state, and magma chamber replenishment models are employed to predict the trace element budget of the erupted liquid. We explore a range of geophysical and geochemical parameters to evaluate their effect on computed trace element concentrations. Previous magma chamber replenishment models are extended to account for multiple crystallization events and melt‐crystal interaction. Modeling outcomes suggest that petrologically constrained fractionation of parental magma compositions obtained through BDD21 yields glass compositions compatible with the N‐MORB budget. Nevertheless, our results show a systematic underestimation of Sr concentration, indicating the presence of recycled oceanic crust in the MORB source region.
The Surface Water and Ocean Topography Mission: A Breakthrough in Radar Remote Sensing of the Ocean and Land Surface Water
Authors: Fu Lee‐Lueng , Pavelsky Tamlin , Cretaux Jean‐Francois , Morrow Rosemary , Farrar J. Thomas , Vaze Parag , Sengenes Pierre , Vinogradova‐Shiffer Nadya , Sylvestre‐Baron Annick , Picot Nicolas , Dibarboure Gerald
Published: February 2024

The elevations of water surfaces hold important information on the earth's oceans and land surface waters. Ocean sea surface height is related to the internal change of the ocean's density and mass associated with ocean circulation and its response to climate change. The flow rates of rivers and volume changes of lakes are crucial to freshwater supplies and the hazards of floods and drought resulting from extreme weather and climate events. The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) Mission is a new satellite using advanced radar technology to make headway in observing the variability of the elevation of water surfaces globally, providing fundamentally new information previously not available to the study of earth's waters. Here, we provide the first results of SWOT over oceans, rivers, and lakes. We demonstrate the potential of the mission to address science questions in oceanography and hydrology.
Mixed Convection in an Idealized Coastal Urban Environment With Momentum and Thermal Surface Heterogeneities
Authors: Cui Yuanfeng , Xiao Shuolin , Hu Leiqiu , Zhao Yongling , Li Qi
Published: February 2024

Coastal marine heatwaves (MHWs) modulate coastal climate through ocean‐land‐atmosphere interactions, but little is known about how coastal MHWs interact with coastal cities and modify urban thermal environment. In this study, a representative urban coastal environment under MHWs is simplified to a mixed convection problem. Fourteen large‐eddy simulations (LESs) are conducted to investigate how coastal cities interact with MHWs. We consider the simulations by simple urban roughness setup (Set A) as well as explicit urban roughness representation (Set B). Besides, different MHW intensities, synoptic wind speeds, surface fluxes of urban and sea patches are considered. Results suggest that increasing MHW intensity alters streamwise potential temperature gradient and vertical velocity direction. The magnitude of vertical velocity and urban heat island (UHI) intensity decrease with increasing synoptic wind speed. Changing urban or sea surface heat flux also leads to important differences in flow and temperature fields. Comparison between Set A and B reveals a significant increase of vertical velocity magnitude and UHI intensity. To further understand this phenomenon, a canopy layer UHI model is proposed to show the relationship between UHI intensity and urban canopy, thermal heterogeneity and mean advection. The effect of urban canopy is considered in terms of an additional vertical velocity scale that facilitates heat transport from the heated surface and therefore increases UHI intensity. The model can well explain the trend of the simulated results and implies that overlooking the effect of urban canopy underestimates canopy UHI in urban coastal environment.
Allochthonous Groundwater Microorganisms Affect Coastal Seawater Microbial Abundance, Activity and Diversity
Authors: Yanuka‐Golub Keren , Belkin Natalia , Weber Nurit , Mayyani Meor , Levy Yehuda , Reznik Itay J. , Rubin‐Blum Maxim , Rahav Eyal , Kiro Yael
Published: February 2024

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is a globally important process supplying nutrients and trace elements to the coastal environment, thus playing a pivotal role in sustaining marine primary productivity. Along with nutrients, groundwater also contains allochthonous microbes that are discharged from the terrestrial subsurface into the sea. Currently, little is known about the interactions between groundwater‐borne and coastal seawater microbial populations, and groundwater microbes' role upon introduction to coastal seawater populations. Here, we investigated seawater microbial abundance, activity and diversity in a site strongly influenced by SGD. In addition, through laboratory‐controlled bottle incubations, we mimicked different mixing scenarios between groundwater and seawater. Our results demonstrate that the addition of 0.1 μm filtered groundwater stimulated heterotrophic activity and increased microbial abundance compared to control coastal seawater, whereas 0.22 μm filtration treatments induced primary productivity and Synechococcus growth. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed a strong shift from a SAR11‐rich community in the control samples to Rhodobacteraceae dominance in the <0.1 μm treatment, in agreement with Rhodobacteraceae enrichment in the SGD field site. These results suggest that microbes delivered by SGD may affect the abundance, activity and diversity of intrinsic microbes in coastal seawater, highlighting the cryptic interplay between groundwater and seawater microbes in coastal environments, which has important implications for carbon cycling.
Improving the Applicability of Lumped Hydrological Models by Integrating the Generalized Complementary Relationship
Authors: Lei Xuxin , Cheng Lei , Zhang Lu , Cheng Shujie , Qin Shujing , Liu Pan
Published: February 2024

Lumped hydrological models (LHMs) are indispensable for water resource planning and environmental studies due to simple structures and robust performances. LHMs commonly focus on runoff processes with crude representations for other hydrological processes, such as evapotranspiration (E). Therefore, these models may yield unrealistic water balance partitioning. The challenge is to enhance the LHMs performance while retaining simplicity. The generalized complementary relationship (GCR) is a simple and robust method for estimating E. This study attempted to incorporate GCR into four widely used LHMs (Australian water balance model, GR2M, SIMHYD, and TANK) to test whether the integrated models (GCR‐LHMs) can improve runoff simulation at little cost to the model structure and data requirement. Original LHMs and integrated GCR‐LHMs were tested in 2112 catchments over various climatic conditions. Results show that the GCR‐LHMs outperform original LHMs in most catchments (77.7 ± 5.0%). In addition, the number of catchments that GCR‐LHMs have qualified performance (i.e., Kling‐Gupta coefficient [KGE] more than 0.5) increased by 10.7 ± 3.6% compared with LHMs. The performance of original and integrated models is dependent on the aridity index and normalized vegetation index. However, the improvement in model performance is less catchment characteristics dependent. These results indicate that incorporating GCR into the LHMs improves the model performance under different climatic and vegetation conditions and justifies the integration. GCR integration with LHMs can improve runoff estimation ability (with higher KGE and R‐Square) while retaining model simplicity and readily available input. These findings are valuable for improving the applicability and accuracy of LHMs.
Electronic Moment Tensor Potentials include both electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom
Authors: Srinivasan Prashanth , Demuriya David , Grabowski Blazej , Shapeev Alexander
Published: February 2024

We present the electronic moment tensor potentials (eMTPs), a class of machine-learning interatomic models and a generalization of the classical MTPs, reproducing both the electronic and vibrational degrees of freedom, up to the accuracy of ab initio calculations. Following the original polynomial interpolation idea of the MTPs, the eMTPs are defined as polynomials of vibrational and electronic degrees of freedom, corrected to have a finite interatomic cutoff. Practically, an eMTP is constructed from the classical MTPs fitted to a training set, whose energies and forces are calculated with electronic temperatures corresponding to the Chebyshev nodes on a given temperature interval. The eMTP energy is hence a Chebyshev interpolation of the classical MTPs. Using the eMTP, one can obtain the temperature-dependent vibrational free energy including anharmonicity coming from phonon interactions, the electronic free energy coming from electron interactions, and the coupling of atomic vibrations and electronic excitations. Each of the contributions can be accessed individually using the proposed formalism. The performance of eMTPs is demonstrated for two refractory systems which have a significant electronic, vibrational and coupling contribution up to the melting point—unary Nb, and a disordered TaVCrW high-entropy alloy. Highly accurate thermodynamic and kinetic quantities can now be obtained just by using eMTPs, without any further ab initio calculations. The proposed construction to include the electronic degree of freedom can also be applied to other machine-learning models.
Multilayer stretchable electronics with designs enabling a compact lateral form
Authors: Jung Dongwuk , Ju Hunpyo , Cho Sungbum , Lee Taeyeon , Hong Changeui , Lee Jongho
Published: February 2024

Stretchable electronics are of huge interest as they can be useful in various irregular non-planar or deformable surfaces including human bodies. High density multi-functional stretchable electronics are beneficial as they can be reliably used in more compact regions. However, simply stacking multiple layers may increase induced strain, reducing degree of stretchability. Here, we present the design approach for the stretchable multilayer electronics that provide a similar degree of stretchability compare to a single layer electronics although the multilayer electronics are in much more compact form. We provide experimental and computational analyses for the benefits of the approach along with demonstrations with compact form of the multi-functional stretchable implantable bio-electronics and of the stretchable multilayer passive matrix LEDs array. The results presented here should be useful for a wide range of applications that require stretchable high-density electronics.
Genomic insights into the comorbidity between type 2 diabetes and schizophrenia
Authors: Arruda Ana Luiza , Khandaker Golam M. , Morris Andrew P. , Smith George Davey , Huckins Laura M. , Zeggini Eleftheria
Published: February 2024

Multimorbidity represents an increasingly important public health challenge with far-reaching implications for health management and policy. Mental health and metabolic diseases have a well-established epidemiological association. In this study, we investigate the genetic intersection between type 2 diabetes and schizophrenia. We use Mendelian randomization to examine potential causal relationships between the two conditions and related endophenotypes. We report no compelling evidence that type 2 diabetes genetic liability potentially causally influences schizophrenia risk and vice versa. Our findings show that increased body mass index (BMI) has a protective effect against schizophrenia, in contrast to the well-known risk-increasing effect of BMI on type 2 diabetes risk. We identify evidence of colocalization of association signals for these two conditions at 11 genomic loci, six of which have opposing directions of effect for type 2 diabetes and schizophrenia. To elucidate these colocalizing signals, we integrate multi-omics data from bulk and single-cell gene expression studies, along with functional information. We identify putative effector genes and find that they are enriched for homeostasis and lipid-related pathways. We also highlight drug repurposing opportunities including N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists. Our findings provide insights into shared biological mechanisms for type 2 diabetes and schizophrenia, highlighting common factors that influence the risk of the two conditions in opposite directions and shedding light on the complex nature of this comorbidity.
Comparative genomics reveals the dynamics of chromosome evolution in Lepidoptera
Authors: Wright Charlotte J. , Stevens Lewis , Mackintosh Alexander , Lawniczak Mara , Blaxter Mark
Published: February 2024

Chromosomes are a central unit of genome organization. One-tenth of all described species on Earth are butterflies and moths, the Lepidoptera, which generally possess 31 chromosomes. However, some species display dramatic variation in chromosome number. Here we analyse 210 chromosomally complete lepidopteran genomes and show that the chromosomes of extant lepidopterans are derived from 32 ancestral linkage groups, which we term Merian elements. Merian elements have remained largely intact through 250 million years of evolution and diversification. Against this stable background, eight lineages have undergone extensive reorganization either through numerous fissions or a combination of fusion and fission events. Outside these lineages, fusions are rare and fissions are rarer still. Fusions often involve small, repeat-rich Merian elements and the sex-linked element. Our results reveal the constraints on genome architecture in Lepidoptera and provide a deeper understanding of chromosomal rearrangements in eukaryotic genome evolution.
Genomics of post-bottleneck recovery in the northern elephant seal
Authors: Hoelzel A. Rus , Gkafas Georgios A. , Kang Hui , Sarigol Fatih , Le Boeuf Burney , Costa Daniel P. , Beltran Roxanne S. , Reiter Joanne , Robinson Patrick W. , McInerney Nancy , Seim Inge , Sun Shuai , Fan Guangyi , Li Songhai
Published: February 2024

Populations and species are threatened by human pressure, but their fate is variable. Some depleted populations, such as that of the northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris), recover rapidly even when the surviving population was small. The northern elephant seal was hunted extensively and taken by collectors between the early 1800s and 1892, suffering an extreme population bottleneck as a consequence. Recovery was rapid and now there are over 200,000 individuals. We sequenced 260 modern and 8 historical northern elephant seal nuclear genomes to assess the impact of the population bottleneck on individual northern elephant seals and to better understand their recovery. Here we show that inbreeding, an increase in the frequency of alleles compromised by lost function, and allele frequency distortion, reduced the fitness of breeding males and females, as well as the performance of adult females on foraging migrations. We provide a detailed investigation of the impact of a severe bottleneck on fitness at the genomic level and report on the role of specific gene systems.
Prevalence of persistent SARS-CoV-2 in a large community surveillance study
Authors: Ghafari Mahan , Hall Matthew , Golubchik Tanya , Ayoubkhani Daniel , House Thomas , MacIntyre-Cockett George , Fryer Helen R. , Thomson Laura , Nurtay Anel , Kemp Steven A. , Ferretti Luca , Buck David , Green Angie , Trebes Amy , Piazza Paolo , Lonie Lorne J. , Studley Ruth , Rourke Emma , Smith Darren L. , Bashton Matthew , Nelson Andrew , Crown Matthew , McCann Clare , Young Gregory R. , Santos Rui Andre Nunes dos , Richards Zack , Tariq Mohammad Adnan , Cahuantzi Roberto ,   Wellcome Sanger Institute COVID-19 Surveillance Team,   COVID-19 Infection Survey Group,   The COVID-19 Genomics UK (COG-UK) Consortium, Barrett Jeff , Fraser Christophe , Bonsall David , Walker Ann Sarah , Lythgoe Katrina
Published: February 2024

Persistent SARS-CoV-2 infections may act as viral reservoirs that could seed future outbreaks1–5, give rise to highly divergent lineages6–8 and contribute to cases with post-acute COVID-19 sequelae (long COVID)9,10. However, the population prevalence of persistent infections, their viral load kinetics and evolutionary dynamics over the course of infections remain largely unknown. Here, using viral sequence data collected as part of a national infection survey, we identified 381 individuals with SARS-CoV-2 RNA at high titre persisting for at least 30 days, of which 54 had viral RNA persisting at least 60 days. We refer to these as ‘persistent infections’ as available evidence suggests that they represent ongoing viral replication, although the persistence of non-replicating RNA cannot be ruled out in all. Individuals with persistent infection had more than 50% higher odds of self-reporting long COVID than individuals with non-persistent infection. We estimate that 0.1–0.5% of infections may become persistent with typically rebounding high viral loads and last for at least 60 days. In some individuals, we identified many viral amino acid substitutions, indicating periods of strong positive selection, whereas others had no consensus change in the sequences for prolonged periods, consistent with weak selection. Substitutions included mutations that are lineage defining for SARS-CoV-2 variants, at target sites for monoclonal antibodies and/or are commonly found in immunocompromised people11–14. This work has profound implications for understanding and characterizing SARS-CoV-2 infection, epidemiology and evolution.