bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Making Ethiopian Heritage World Heritage. UNESCO’s Role in Ethiopian Cultural and Natural Heritage / Faire du patrimoine éthiopien un patrimoine mondial: le rôle de l’Unesco dans la reconnaissance du patrimoine culturel et naturel éthiopien
Authors: Huber Marie
Published: March 2019

Faire du patrimoine éthiopien un patrimoine mondial : le rôle de l’Unesco dans la reconnaissance du patrimoine culturel et naturel éthiopien.

L’expertise étrangère a été dès le début très influente dans la production du patrimoine éthiopien. Lorsque l’Éthiopie a ratifié la Convention du patrimoine mondial de l’Unesco en 1972, cela a ouvert la voie à la reconnaissance du patrimoine éthiopien au niveau international, en soutenant l’institutionnalisation du patrimoine au sein de l’administration de l’État éthiopien lui -même. Cependant, la présence d’organisations internationales concernées par la conservation et le développement du patrimoine dans le pays, parmis lesquelles l’Unesco, est antérieure à l’arrivée du patrimoine mondial. C’est une période pour laquelle peu d’études ont été réalisées à ce jour. Cet article retrace les premières activités de l’Unesco en ce qui concerne la fabrication du patrimoine éthiopien de 1960 aux années 1980, dans le cadre du développement institutionnel du patrimoine en Éthiopie. Cette histoire des politiques de conservation sur le terrain éthiopien devrait contribuer à une recherche plus large qui vise à comprendre les liens entre les dynamiques globales et locales de la fabrique du patrimoine, ainsi que la place des institutions, tant nationales qu’internationales, dans ces dynamiques.
Creating Space. The Construction of Ethiopian Heritage and Memory in Israel / Créer l’espace: la construction d’une mémoire et d’un patrimoine éthiopiens en Israël
Authors: Jaffe-Schagen Judy
Published: March 2019

Thirty years after the rst mass immigration of Ethiopian Jews to Israel, the status of the Ethiopian community today numbering over 138,000 still does not approach that of the general Jewish population. Many in the government, in non -governmental organizations, and in the community, have at long last come to view acknowledgment of the Ethiopian Jewish heritage as a miracle solution to the integration problem. By looking at what has been done regarding the heritage of Ethiopian Jewish immigrants to Israel, this article sets out to determine the role that heritage and memory (can) play in the community’s integration. I will review memorials, exhibitions, and “back to your roots’ trips,” and look at the expectations government authorities, private actors, and community leaders hold for them. I will argue that emphasizing the heritage of Ethiopian Jews thirty years after their arrival in Israelwill not have the anticipated effect on their integration.
Urban Renewal and the Predicaments of Heritage Conservation in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia / Renouvellement urbain et situations délicates de la conservation du patrimoine à Addis-Abeba, Éthiopie
Authors: Teferra Zelalem
Published: March 2019

This paper explores the challenges of rehabilitating and conserving early urban neighborhoods and historic monuments of Addis Ababa in light of rapid urban redevelopment activities taking place in the city since 2004. It examines the way the need for urban physical transformation to suit the current standards of living and the mod -ernist zeal of urban planners to improve the urban outlook through slum clearance puzzles the quest for maintaining urban heritages, reminiscent of original social fabric, urban character, and vernacular architectural features. The paper concludes with a discussion on the need for multi-dimensional approach to conserve urban cultural heritages, mainly historic buildings and monuments. It also suggests the preservation and revitalization of important early urban neighborhoods of Addis Ababa with the objective of maintaining typical urban tissue, essential qualities of the historic areas and social life of the communities residing therein, but by adapting their physical structures and activities to present-day requirements where possible. The paper further recommends the use of innovative conservation techniques that employ the advances in modern digital technology. Towards this end, textual and digital documentation of early neighborhoods of Addis Ababa were proposed to preserve popular memory on the one hand, and to allow the redevelopment process to keep-going uninterrupted where physical preservation of old urban fabric is deemed dif cult or practically rendered impossible.
Les demeures anciennes d’Addis-Abeba. Discours et pratiques autour du patrimoine dans une métropole en reconstruction / The old residences of Addis Ababa. Discourses and practices around heritage in a city under reconstruction
Authors: Duroyaume Perrine
Published: March 2019

The old residences of Addis Ababa. Discourses and practices around heritage in a city under reconstruction.

Built during the founding of Addis Ababa by the high dignitaries of the empire, the old residences have been recognised as heritage by the public authorities since the beginning of the 1980s. Their architectural style, a blend of foreign in uences stampedwith an Ethiopian air, makes it a remarkable heritage in an urban landscape. Nevertheless, the successive inventories carried out by theMunicipality of AddisAbaba very seldomlead to the restoration of the homes whose often unsuitable uses have accelerated their deterioration. The progressive disappearance of this heritage, ampli ed by urban modernisation projects, preoccupies researchers and association that regularly sound the alarm. How can we explain this gap between public recognition of the old residences, and the absence of a voluntarist policy to preserve them ? As a response, this article interrogates the diverging representations regarding the place of this heritage within a capital, a symbol of a state under construction. Through the literature on Addis Ababa produced by European and Ethiopian researchers, the old residences are viewed as a witness to the founding of the Empire and of a unique social mix. Public authorities display strong contradictions and discontinuities regarding the preservation of this heritage. Beyond the tensions over the value of this heritage, this article explores the practices of owners (individuals, religious, public, and community) that maintain the buildings accord -ing to their own logics, demonstrating the diversity, but also the lack of a framework, in restoration initiatives. It concludes with a re ection on the news in the wake of themunicipal decision to restore several old residences within a framework of tourism development.
State-sponsored migrations in Ethiopia. Peasant perceptions of political control and land policies in Ethiopia’s western lowlands / Les migrations sponsorisées par l’État en Éthiopie: Les perceptions paysannes du contrôle politique et des politiques foncières dans les basses-terres de l’Ouest éthiopien
Authors: Labzaé Mehdi
Published: March 2019

This paper aims at analysing the most well -known Ethiopian resettlement schemes, i.e. the 1977-1978 and 1985-86 Därg resettlements, in the light of what they have become today. Based on an ethnographic research among resettled peasants in Benishangul-Gumuz and Gambella, the article provides an overview of peasants’ perceptions of state action in these villages under two regimes. It shows how institutional changes since the Därg were seen by peasants, and how political control remained tight in resettlement villages. It then investigates land issues, by showing how current land registration programmes take part in settling the definition of the settlers’ political rights, most notably access to land.
From the mountains of Africa to Italy. The experience of Ethiopian deportees confined in Longobucco (Calabria) in the period 1937-1943 / Des montagnes d'Afrique à l'Italie: L'expérience des déportés éthiopiens confinés à Longobucco (Calabre) au cours de la période 1937-1943
Authors: Ferraro Giuseppe
Published: March 2019

Cet article présente les premiers résultats d’une vaste recherche sur la déportation d’Éthiopiens en Italie après la conquête de l’Éthiopie. L’analyse est notamment axée sur les personnes emprisonnées à Longobucco, une petite commune du sud de l’Italie. Dans cet essai, l’auteur présente les aspects sociaux et culturels de la vie des déportés éthiopiens mais aussi les relations qu’ils entretenaient avec les autorités et la population locale. Ils devaient survivre dans un contexte très différent de celui dans lequel ils vivaient en Éthiopie. La façon dont ils étaient traités est également analysée, en particulier après les lois raciales, la Seconde Guerre mondiale et l’ordre institutionnel différent de l’Italie après 1943.
Karstification de type fantômes de roche en Entre-deux-Mers (Gironde, France) : Implications en karstogenèse et morphologie karstique
Authors: Dubois Caroline , Lans Benjamin , Kaufmann Olivier , Maire Richard , Quinif Yves
Published: March 2019

Les calcaires à Astéries oligocènes de l'Entre-deux-Mers présentent une karstification marquée notamment par des systèmes de type perte-résurgence avec des grottes à développement horizontal. Des observations en carrière ont mis en évidence la présence d'altérations de type fantômes de roche. Cet article décrit ceux de la carrière de Piquepoche exploitant la pierre de Frontenac. Nous y avons étudié des fantômes de roche possédant toujours leur altérite résiduelle et se développant essentiellement horizontalement avec des extensions verticales. L'altérite résiduelle offre des faciès de type calcarénite peu indurée jusqu'à un matériau mou qui a fait l'objet de prélèvements. La spéléogenèse des grottes est revue dans le cadre de l'érosion mécanique de l'altérite résiduelle d'un fantôme de roche horizontal suivie du surcreusement en écoulement libre aboutissant à une galerie présentant des banquettes latérales et des marmites de géant. Enfin, on montre que les anastomoses de voûte peuvent se former par fantômisation.
Karsts et Geoparks : un mariage heureux
Authors: Hobléa Fabien
Published: March 2019

Le karst est déjà bien représenté au sein de la liste du Patrimoine Mondial de l'UNESCO (Chine du sud, Parc de Gunun Mulu en Malaisie, Tsingy de Behamara à Madagascar, Parc de Phang Nah au Viet Nam, Parc de Durmitor au Monténégro, de la Nahanni au Canada...). Mais il se retrouve également dans de nombreux Geoparks, autre label territorial supporté par l'UNESCO, plus récent et moins connu (du moins en France), que nous nous proposons de présenter ici au regard de ses développements dans les régions karstiques.
La reconfiguration des communautés d'action dans le secteur du nettoyage industriel
Authors: Denis Jean-Michel
Published: March 2019

Dans le domaine du travail, l'évolution des mobilisations est liée à la recomposition de la structure de la main-d'œuvre et à l'impact que peuvent avoir sur elle les reconfigurations productives ainsi que le développement de «nouvelles professionnalités»2. Celles-ci modifient la nature des «communautés pertinentes de l'action collective»3 (Segrestin, 1980), qui ne sont plus forcément organisées autour de la seule identité professionnelle mais également autour du territoire ou du groupe. C'est le cas dans le secteur du nettoyage industriel au sein duquel le lieu d'intégration privilégié des salariés n'est pas l'entreprise mais le chantier, ce dernier pouvant par ailleurs être l'objet de regroupements spécifiques, de type ethnique et national.
Les enfants de Don Quichotte et le plan d'urgence hivernale : les effets d'une mobilisation collective sur l'action publique
Authors: Schvartz Agathe
Published: March 2019

Si le Plan d'Urgence Hivernale est une tentative de rationalisation technique du pilotage de la prise en charge hivernale des personnes sans abri, au moyen d'un mécanisme de «gouvernement automatique», la mobilisation des Enfants de Don Quichotte se donne précisément à voir comme une opération de résistance, considérant au contraire la «question SDF» comme un problème appelant une solution d'ordre politique. Le mouvement de protestation se traduit par la remise en cause de l'action humanitaire urgentiste, au profit de dispositifs juridiques comme le Droit au logement opposable et, sur le plan cognitif, par la requalification d'une conception humanitaire de l'action publique en une question de Droit.
Science et exigence de la raison
Authors: Blay Michel
Published: March 2019

The aim of this paper is to show the importance of making precise the meaning of certain concepts and notions, in order to avoid being led astray by ideological confusions that often crop up today. I shall examine more closely the terms science and knowledge in their relation to that of technology.
Trois propositions dans un bêtisier de la médiation culturelle
Authors: Aboudrar Bruno-Nassim
Published: March 2019

Culture must be democratic, it's pieces are all equal among one another and are used to either create or restore social bonds : among many other possible examples, the (chosen*) article chooses three clichés and proposes a critical analysis.
La position du médiateur, paradoxe contemporain de la démocratisation culturelle
Authors: Planson Cyrille
Published: March 2019

Growth mediators positions within cultural institutions has been significant during the 1990s. But the prominence given to the mediator and mediation reflects realities in the field of performing arts, museums or heritage. New experiences mediation emerge, suggesting that the transformation of practices are the major project for the future of cultural policies.
Les médiateurs devant/avant la censure
Authors: Caillet Elisabeth
Published: March 2019

The free approach of the art and culture works is a part of the human wrights. In front of censorship, which grows up against the world of art, professionals of art and culture joined the Ligue des Droits de l'Homme (Human rights league) as to create in 2003 an Observatory for the freedom in the art creation. How its comments concern the mediators who are in charge of the cultural democracy ?
A Review of the Aroid Tribe Caladieae with the Description of Three New Species of Caladium and Seven New Species of Syngonium (Araceae)
Authors: Croat Thomas B. , Delannay Xavier , Ortiz Orlando O. , Diaz Jiménez Pedro
Published: March 2019

A review of the aroid tribe Caladieae is presented, and three new species of Caladium Vent. and seven new species of Syngonium Schott are described and illustrated. Two species, C. picturatum K. Koch & C. D. Bouché and C. steudnerifolium Engl., previously considered to be synonymous with C. bicolor (Aiton) Vent., are fully redescribed. New species of Caladium are C. cortesae Croat & E. G. Gonç., C. palaciosii Croat & L. P. Hannon, and C. stevensonii Croat & Delannay. New species of Syngonium are S. adsettiorum Croat, O. Ortiz & J. S. Harrison, S. bastimentoense O. Ortiz & Croat, S. brewsterense Croat & Delannay, S. churchillii Croat & O. Ortiz, S. litense Croat, S. purpureospathum Croat & Raz, and S. tacotalpense Díaz-Jiménez & Croat. Syngonium yurimaguense Engl. is also reported for the first time outside the Amazon Basin.
New sesquiterpenoids from the South China Sea soft corals Clavularia viridis and Lemnalia flava
Authors: Wu Qihao , Gao Yuan , Zhang Meng-Meng , Sheng Li , Li Jia , Li Xu-Wen , Wang Hong , Guo Yue-Wei
Published: March 2019

A detailed chemical investigation of the South China Sea soft corals Clavularia viridis and Lemnalia flava yielded four new halogenated laurane-type sesquiterpenoids, namely, isobromolaurenisol (1), clalaurenol A (2), ent-laurenisol (3), clalaurenol B (4), and the new aromadendrane-type sesquiterpenoid claaromadendrene (6), together with three known sesquiterpenoids (5, 7, and 8). Their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic analysis and by comparison with the previously reported analogues. In a bioassay, compounds 1, 2 and 4 exhibited interesting inhibitory activities in vitro against PTP1B and NF-κB.
Encoding reflexivity: The syntax and semantics of natural reflexives
Authors: Jo Jinwoo
Published: March 2019

This paper suggests that reflexivity of natural reflexives is encoded through a universal reflexive element, Refl(exive). The function of Refl is to (i) take two open predicates of type , (ii) associate the unsaturated variables of the predicates with each other, and (iii) return another predicate of type  (cf. Labelle 2008). Crosslinguistic differences regarding the reflexive (Reinhart & Siloni 2005) are attributed to the different selectional properties of Refl in different languages. The proposed analysis offers an account of the typology of the reflexive in purely syntactic terms, extending Pylkkanen’s (2008) analysis of causatives to the reflexive.
Nominal mismatches in Swahili locatives
Authors: Lee Soo-Hwan , Lee Doo-Won
Published: March 2019

According to Carstens (2008), Bantu locatives in general project double DPs. However, recent works have presented convincing evidence for a reduction in nominal size for Bantu locatives (Fuchs & van der Wal 2017, 2018). We argue that the actual size of nominals in Swahili, a language of the Bantu family, depends on the type of locative expression. In this regard, a mismatch in terms of nominal size is observed for Swahili. By means of analyzing such mismatches, we adopt the PP analysis as well as the stacked-n analysis suggested by Kramer (2015). In doing so, we demonstrate that there are two distinct ways of forming Swahili locatives. The first is to utilize a prepositional head, P (e.g., kwa), projected above a full nominal whereas the other is to make use of the head, n (e.g., -ni), projected within a reduced nominal. Such dissimilarity in constructing locatives, in turn, gives rise to mismatches in Swahili nominals.
NP internal syntax: High tone and quantifier conditions
Authors: Schaefer Ronald P. , Egbokhare Francis O.
Published: March 2019

This paper applies a model of tonosyntax designed for the Dogon languages to Emai, another language of West Africa that belongs to the Edoid group. The Dogon model aligns with and diverges from the tonosyntax of Emai. In Dogon noun phrases, an adnominal controller prompts a {L} (low) tone overlay onto the lexical tone of a left-adjacent target. Numerals, quantifiers and discourse markers fail as controllers. In Emai, most adnominals except cardinal numerals and discourse markers trigger a {H} overlay on a left-adjacent head or other adnominal. Emai varies from Dogon on two additional counts. Emai quantifiers prompt tonal overlay. In addition, right edge lexical /H/ constrains {H} overlay. We conclude by positing a potential relation between low {L} vs high {H} overlay and Clements and Railland’s (2008) lax vs tense prosody types.
Agreement and unlocking at the edge
Authors: Davis Colin , Branan Kenyon
Published: March 2019

A growing body of work argues that Agree has the effect of “unlocking” certain domains, phases, such that otherwise illicit extraction from them becomes permitted (Rackowski & Richards 2005, van Urk and Richards 2015, Halpert 2016, 2018, Branan 2018). First, we address when such unlocking is required. While some works argue that unlocking is only needed for extraction from deep within a phase, others argue that all extraction requires it. We argue in support of the former view, based on Chichewa facts reported in Mchombo (2004, 2006). Second, we consider the relationship between unlocking effects and phase theory more generally. We argue that the possibility of unlocking indicates that material deep within a phase must not be rendered inaccessible by spellout, or else unlocking effects should be impossible. We explore how unlocking might be handled in the cyclic linearization theory of phases (Fox & Pesetsky 2005, a.o.) which leaves syntactic elements accessible post-spellout.
Grammatical convergence or microvariation? Subject doubling in English in a French dominant town
Authors: Tagliamonte Sali A. , Jankowski Bridget L.
Published: March 2019

In French, subject doubling is “quite common” (e.g. Nadasdi 1995, Auger 1998, Thibault 1983, Zahler 2014) but in English it is rare (Southard & Muller 1998). Yet when anglophones speak French, they use subject doubling with French patterns (Nagy et al. 2003). In this paper, we analyze subject doubling in English in a bilingual French-English town. Usinga large corpus and statistical modelling, we show that thereis no difference between language groups, and neither sex, education nor job type are significant. The nature of the subject is the major predictor of doubling and there is a significant decrease among middle-aged speakers, suggesting mid-life social pressures on vernacular norms. Although subject doubling is low frequency, it is not stable across generations in the different language origin groups. While subject doubling may be a feature of vernacular dialects more generally, involving marking focus or topic marking as reported in other languages, in Kapuskasing when anglophones use it, they are accommodating to French patterns.
Revisiting the restrictive/appositive distinction in Mandarin relative clauses: The confound of demonstratives
Authors: Sun Yenan , Lai Jackie Yan-ki
Published: March 2019

This paper revisits the often-claimed correlation between the restrictive/appositive distinction in Mandarin relative clauses (RC) and their pre-/post-demonstrative position (Chao 1968; Huang 1998; Lin 2003 a.o.). We show that different uses of the demonstrative should be controlled for in establishing the correlation, a novel perspective which reconciles the conflicting claims noted in the literature. In particular, we argue that (i) only when the demonstrative is used deictically, the pre-/post-demonstrative position makes a difference such that pre-demonstrative RCs can only be appositive while post-demonstrative RCs can be either appositive or restrictive; and (ii) when the demonstrative is used anaphorically, the position of RCs does not determine its appositive/restrictive status. The new patterns can be accounted for by extending some analyses of strong definites (Elbourne 2005; Schwarz 2009; Jenks 2018) to Mandarin demonstratives, recognizing a structural distinction between the deictic use and the anaphoric use. The current proposal has implications for studies on demonstratives.
Scalarity and alternatives of Japanese mora (letter)-based minimizers
Authors: Sawada Osamu
Published: March 2019

This paper investigates interpretations of the Japanese mora- (letter-) based minimizer “X.Y.Z”-no “X”-no ji-mo ‘even the letter “X” of “X.Y.Z”.’ I argue that this mora/letter-based minimizer has two types, a literal type and a non-literal type, and each type has different semantic characteristics regarding scale structure and computation of alternatives. In the literal type, X corresponds to the first mora of a target “X.Y.Z” and is construed as a minimum on the number scale of moras (among higher scalar alternatives). On the other hand, in the non-literal type it refers to the degree of a main predicate about the target “X.Y.Z” where X is construed as a minimum on the scale of the main predicate. That is, in the non-literal type, scale does not have to do with the number of moras, but with the degree of a predicate. I propose on the basis of the findings that in addition to a local minimizer whose alternatives are lexically activated (Chierchia 2013), there is a global minimizer in natural language, whose alternatives are activated by information contained in the main predicate.
Resolving conflicts between locality and anti-locality: Evidence from Luganda and Haya
Authors: Branan Kenyon
Published: March 2019

It has been proposed that grammars generally prefer to make the shortest possible move [Shortest], given the choice between two or more movers. It has also been proposed that there are general bans on movement which is in some sense too short [anti-locality]. What happens when the shortest move is too short? In this paper, I argue that elements which cannot move as a result of anti-locality are rendered irrele- vant for Shortest, and show that this provides a novel account of patterns of symmetry and asymmetry in Luganda and Haya passives. There we will see a curious pattern: internal arguments may move across no more than one other postverbal argument. The theory developed leads to a simple explanation of these effects. Movement of one ele- ment across another indicates that the crossed element is too close to the landing site to undergo movement; but given a particular definition of anti-locality, only one element may be anti-local to a given landing site.
Binding German (In)direct Objects: Spell-Out Strategies for Disambiguation
Authors: Twiner Nicholas , Lee-Schoenfeld Vera
Published: March 2019

Despite Grewendorf’s (1988) well-known German binding data with the double-object verb zeigen ‘show’, which suggests that the direct object (DO) is generated higher than the indirect object (IO), this paper argues for the canonical surface order of IO>DO as base order. Highlighting the exceptional status of Grewendorf's examples, building on Featherston & Sternefeld’s (2003) quantitative acceptability rating study, and exploiting the fact that zeigen can also be used as inherently reflexive with idiomatic meaning, and we appeal to Bruening's (2010) theory of idiom formation as well as the Encyclopedia within Distributed Morphology (Marantz 1997, Embick & Noyer 2007) and propose a flexible Spell-Out mechanism within a derivational approach to binding (e.g. Hornstein 2001 and Zwart 2002) that can override narrow syntactic case licensing by realizing nominals with different morphological case.
Placing social types through prosodic variation: An investigation of spatial meanings in Mainland China
Authors: Xu Robert
Published: March 2019

This study examines how prosodic features evoke the spacial aspects of interactional meanings of well-known social types in Mainland China. Prosodic features (duration, pitch, voice quality) of the scripted performances of 18 prominent social types in China were measured acoustically and grouped by cluster analysis. Commonalities among types within each group were identified through a detailed analysis of meta-linguistic commentary collected from the internet. This paper focuses on three meaningful clusters: powerful bureaucratic types, disembodied voices, and “in-your-face” types. Members of each cluster share prosodic combinations and social profiles. More importantly, character types within each cluster index a specific interactional locale. Appropriation of their associated features could reproduce the social dynamics that is typical in that locale. The results highlight the situated use of sociolinguistic variables, and show that the prosodic features pattern structurally in the performances while indexing the historical-spatial settings of social interactions. This paper also considers place as an interactional and relational product of meaning making by these prosodic features.
Transparent free relatives with "who": Support for a unified analysis
Authors: Schütze Carson T. , Stockwell Richard
Published: March 2019

This paper provides novel data, including from acceptability ratings, supporting a unified analysis of Transparent Free Relatives (TFRs) as variants of Standard Free Relatives (SFRs), rather than entirely different beasts. Two arguments are presented. First, who-TFRs exist, contrary to the view in the literature that TFRs can only be formed with what. Second, who-TFRs degrade following the same illunderstood pattern as who-SFRs. These outcomes cohere better with accounts of TFRs that treat them as similar to SFRs, versus accounts that treat them as virtually unrelated.
Objectless locative prepositions in British English
Authors: Stockwell Richard , Schütze Carson T.
Published: March 2019

In British English, sentences like This film has monsters in are possible without the pronoun it. Descriptively, we refine landscape of the phenomenon, identifying restrictions on the distribution and interpretation of OLPs, including dialectal variation within British English, and observing an A-bar movement restriction on monsters. Analytically, we argue against an A-movement analysis (Griffiths & Sailor), and ponder alternatives from a cross-linguistic perspective.
Explicating wh-fronting in Mandarin: A scrambling approach
Authors: Liu Yaobin
Published: March 2019

This paper proposes an alternative approach to wh-fronting in Mandarin by analyzing it as a type of regional scrambling. Three main arguments are presented, including the semantic vacuousness of Mandarin wh-fronting, its mixed syntactic properties, and the theoretical plausibility of scrambling in a non-scrambling language. This approach departs from previous treatments in dispensing with stipulation of an explicit uniform driving force for the movement and permits structural alternation without significant meaning changes.
Negative concord in Washo as negative agreement
Authors: Hanink Emily A.
Published: March 2019

Washo, a Native American isolate, displays negative concord morphology in the context of negation. Negative concord in Washo comes in the form of the morpheme -Na, which may be suffixed onto optionally many sentential elements in a single clause. Given the apparent lack of semantic contribution by this morpheme, I argue - building on accounts along the lines of Zeijlstra (2004) - that negative concord in Washo is best treated as the result of multiple agreement between an interpretable Neg feature high in the clause and optionally many uninterpretable Neg features present on the items it c-commands. Importantly, the Washo data shed light on an unexplored system of negative concord and the possible range of agreement phenomena that are sensitive to negation.
Word order patterns in generic ‘zero person’ constructions in Finnish: Insights from speech-act participants
Authors: Kaiser Elsi
Published: March 2019

I suggest that seemingly puzzling word-order properties of the Finnish generic zero person construction can be explained if we acknowledge the relevance of speech-act participants (speaker/addressee) for the Finnish version of the EPP. Building on work by Moltmann (2006, 2010) on generic one as well as Malamud’s work (2012) on the features of one and you, I identify two different kinds of zero person constructions in Finnish, suggest evidence that the two kinds of zeros differ in their featural properties, and propose a refinement to the topicality-based EPP in Finnish that can be used to explain unexpected word order patterns of the zero person construction. This work draws new connections between reference to speech-act participants (in particular speaker-related meaning) and word order constraints.
EXPERIMENTAL DETERMINING OF TIME AND TEMPERATURE STRENGTH PARAMETERS ON WHICH CALCULATIONS OF FIRE RESISTANCE CAN BE BASED/LAIKO IR TEMPERATŪROS PARAMETRŲ, TAIKOMŲ SKAIČIUOTI ATSPARUMĄ UGNIAI, EKSPERIMENTINIS NUSTATYMAS
Authors: Bednarek Z.
Published: March 2019

The author presents results of his own experiments for determining strength parameters of steel in thermal conditions of fire on which calculations of fire resistance can be based. The author suggests the calculation of the thermal strength parameters on the basis of noncoventional tensile test in thermal conditions described by the “time-temperatures” curve. Test bars were loaded with the constant force, presented as a steady stress level. The author also investigated the influence of various thermal conditions, described by some “time-temperature” curves, on strength parameters.
ACCURACY ESTIMATES IN FREE VIBRATION ANALYSIS/PAKLAIDŲ NUSTATYMAS LAISVŲJŲ SVYRAVIMŲ UŽDAVINIUOSE
Authors: Baušys R.
Published: March 2019

Straipsnyje pateikiama skaičiavimo paklaidų nustatymo procedūra, skirta laisvųjų svyravimų analizės uždaviniams. Skaičiavimo paklaidos atsiranda dėl dviejų faktorių: a) baigtinių elementų diskretizacijos paklaidos; b) nuosavų reikšmių uždavinio sprendimo algoritmų paklaidos. Literatūroje plačiausiai yra tyrinėtas nuosavųjų reikšmių uždavinio sprendimo algoritmų tikslumas, tuo tarpu baigtinių elementų diskretizacijos įtaka gautų rezultatų tikslumui nėra plačiai nagrinėta.

Baigtinių elementų diskretizacijos paklaidos gali būti įvertintos išankstiniais paklaidų nustatymo būdais. Šie būdai, besiremiantys bendromis sprendinių bei diskretizacijos metodų aproksimacinėmis savybėmis, pateikia tiktai sprendinio kokybinį įvertinimą ir asimptotinį konvergavimo greitį, kai diskretinio modelio laisvės laipsnių skaičius artėja į begalybę. Tačiau išankstiniai paklaidų nustatymo būdai nepateikia jokios informacijos apie diskretinės aproksimacijos tikrąją paklaidą. Tikroji diskretinio modelio paklaida gali būti įvertinta tiktai poprocesorinėmis procedūromis, kuriose yra tyrinėjamas gautasis baigtinių elementų sprendinys.

Nagrinėjama skaičiavimo paklaidų nustatymo procedūra paremia tuo faktu, jog pasinaudojant pradinio baigtinių elementų sprendinio superkonvergencinėmis savybėmis, galima gauti aukštesnės tikslumo klasės poprocesorinį sprendinį. Šio poprocesorinio sprendinio pagalba gali būti įvertinta tikroji baigtinių elementų sprendinio paklaida bei jos pasiskirstymas tyrinėjamoje konstrukcijoje.

Atlikti skaitiniai eksperimentai patvirtina, jog gautasis poprocesorinis sprendinys yra aukštesnės tikslumo klasės ir pateiktoji paklaidų nustatymo procedūra yra patikima ir efektyvi visai tyrinėtai dvimačių baigtinių elementų klasei.
AN ANALYSIS OF FACTORS FOR THE SELECTION OF A TECHNICAL SOLUTION VERSION IN THERMAL RENOVATION OF BUILDINGS/ŠILUMINĖS RENOVACIJOS TECHNINIO SPRENDIMO VARIANTO PASIRINKIMO VEIKSNIŲ ANALIZĖ
Authors: Parasonis J. , Ambrasas G.
Published: March 2019

Susistemintai nagrinėjamas šiluminės renovacijos techninio sprendimo varianto parinkimas. Renovacijos procesas analizuojamas keturiose stadijose: tikslų-projektavimo-statybos-eksploatacijos. Šiluminės renovacijos varianto pasirinkimą įtakoja daugelis veiksnių. Straipsnyje nagrinėjama veiksnių įtaka tiek atskirai stadijai, tiek visam renovacijos procesui. Atkreipiamas dėmesys į priešprojektinės diagnostikos svarbą teisingai įvertinant pastato būklę, galimus sprendimų apribojimus ir formuojant renovacijos techninio sprendimo alternatyvius variantus. Kalbama apie skirtingų konstruktyvinių sprendimų privalumus ir trūkumus, įtakojančius pasirinkimą. Atkreipiamas dėmesys į tai, kad, atlikus šiluminę renovaciją, gali tekti tvarkyti inžinerinę pastato įrangą. Pažymima kokybinių rodiklių, pvz., estetiškumo ir komfortabilumo, siekimo įtaka parenkant variantą. Aptariamas susistemintas požiūris į techninio sprendimo varianto pasirinkimą pateikiamas algoritmine forma. Pasirinkta metodika, kuomet investicinis procesas nagrinėjamas nuosekliai pagal tikslų-projektavimo-statybos-eksploatacijos stadijas, leidžia daryti prielaidą, jog tokiu būdu pavyksta įvertinti daugelį sprendimo priėmimą. įtakojančių veiksnių.
BUILDING ENTERPRISES INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE'S OPTIMISATION/STATYBOS ĮMONIŲ GAMYBINĖS STRUKTŪROS OPTIMIZAVIMAS
Authors: Ginevičius R. , Čirba S.
Published: March 2019

Building enterprises industrial programme which is muolded by the way of competition, could hesitate in rather wide limits: in its quantity and expenditure of labour structure. It is possible to expect high results of activity only then, if building enterprises would be able to adjust properly near changeable environment. You could do this only if you reorganisate its industrial structure. Two sides could be responsible for this formation-constant and changeable. The first side must ensure enterprises potential, the high works quantity and paces. The second one must compensate industrial programme scale and structures hesitation. If you want to find awarded parts quantity you must solve optimisation problem it means to define what volume of works during the analysing period must do its “nucleus” units that the recieved profit would be the greatest one.
NUMERICAL MODELLING OF REINFORCED CONCRETE CREEP IN THE TENSION ZONE/VALKŠNUMO SKAITMENINIS MODELIAVIMAS GELŽBETONINIO ELEMENTO TEMPIMO ZONOJE
Authors: Cypinas Igoris
Published: March 2019

Aprašant tempiamo betono valkšnumą, būtina atminti, kad jau ankstyvose darbo stadijose betone atsiranda plyšiai. Yra žinomi du analitiniai modeliai, aprašantys tempiamos armatūros ir pleišėjančio betono sąveiką. Pirmasis, labiau tradicinis modelis postuluoja staigiai atsirandančius ištisinius plyšius, tarp kurių lieka nesupleišeję betono blokai, dalyvaujantys tempiamos zonos darbe dėka armatūros ir betono sukibimo. Augant deformacijoms toliau, palaipsniui nyksta armatūros sukibimas su betonu ir tempiamas betonas palaipsniui išsijungia iš darbo. Kitame modelyje pleišėjantis betonas traktuojamas kaip ištisinis kūnas, o tarp betono ir armatūros yra išlaikomas deformacijų vientisumas. Betonui pasiekus pleišejimo ribą, jo įtempimai pradeda kristi pagal tam tikrą kreivinę pareinamybę ir palaipsniui mažeja iki nulio. Tikrumoje tempiamos zonos darbą nusako reiškiniai, būdingi ir vienam, ir kitam modeliui. Literatūroje nurodoma, kad antrasis modelis yra ne mažiau realistiškas už pirmąjį, tradicinį modelį.

Darbe pasirenkamas antrasis modelis, kuris yra algoritmiškai patogesnis. Deformacijos čia atvaizduojamos susidedančios iš tiesinės, šiuo atveju, valkšnumo dedamosios, ir netiesiněs, pleišejimo deformacijų dedamosios. Pastaroji čia, kaip ir trumpalaikes apkrovos atveju yra laikoma nepriklausanti nuo laiko. Betonas traktuojamas kaip senėjanti medžiaga, jo valkšnumas yra aprašomas integraline pareinamybe su analitiškai išreikšta valkšnumo funkcija. Skaičiuojamasis laikotarpis yra sudalinamas į eilę laiko žingsnių, integralas pakeičiamas baigtine suma, ir tokiu būdu gaunamos algebrinės pareinamybės tarp įtempimų ir deformacijų pricaugių atitinkamuose laiko intervaluose. Šios pareinamybės priklauso ne tik nuo prieaugių paskutiniame laiko žingsnyje, bet ir nuo visos apkrovimo istorijos. Tai yra neišvengiama senejančios medžiagos savybė. Kadangi ryšys tarp pleišejimo deformacijų ir įtempimų yra netiesinis, tai minėtosios prieaugių lygtys sprendžiamos iteraciniu būdu.

Yra sudaryta kompiuterio programa ir sumodeliuotas gelžbetoninio elemento tempiamos zonos valkšnumas, esant įvairiems priverstinės deformacijos didėjimo režimams. Iteracinis procesas parodė gerą, konvergenciją. Pasirodė, kad valkšnumas turi palyginus nedidelę įtaką šio modelio pleišėjimo deformacijai. Sudarytosios skaitmeninės procedūros yra skirtos įvesti į baigtinių elementų metodo programą sijų ir rėmų valkšnumui skaičiuoti.
CONCRETE IN CONTACT WITH CRUDE OIL PRODUCTS/BETONO KONTAKTAS SU NAFTOS GAMINIAIS
Authors: Błaszczyński Tomasz Z.
Published: March 2019

Straipsnyje pateikiami gelžbetonio patvarumo analizės duomenys, gauti iš daugiamečių stebėjimų. Visi statiniai yra tam tikroje aplinkoje, kuri gali būti fizinė, cheminė ar fizinė-cheminė. Pastarosios aplinkos poveikis gelžbetoniui mažai tyrinėtas. Tačiau nustatyta, jog naftos gaminiai su mažu rūgšties kiekiu yra fiziněs-cheminės medžiagos, veikiančios betoną. Aprašomi bandymų duomenys, kurie rodo tų medžagų poveikį betono gniuždymo stiprumui. Lyginant įvairių naftos gaminių įtaką betono gniuždymo stiprumui, galima sakyti, kad toji įtaka labai įvairi: nuo parafininės naftos, kuri beveik neturi jokios įtakos betonui, iki kai kurių naftos gaminių, veikiančių taip, kad betono stiprumas sumažėja 30–50%. Betono tarša angliavandeniliais gali sukurti beveik naują, medžiagą, turinčią visai kitokių savybių.
TEST OF ACCELERATED RELAXATION IN PRESTRESSED REINFORCEMENT UNDER THERMAL CONDITIONS OF FIRE/RELAKSACIJOS DIDĖJIMO NUO TEMPERATŪROS IŠ ANKSTO ĮTEMPTOSE GELŽBETONINĖSE KONSTRUKCIJOSE TYRIMAS
Authors: Bednarek Zoja
Published: March 2019

Nagrinėjamos lenkiamų gelžbetoninių elementų su iš anksto įtempta armatūra ugniai atsparumo įvertinimo problemos. Svarbiausias faktorius, nulemiantis tokių konstrukcijų elgseną gaisro metu, yra vadinamasis įtempimo jėgos šuolis, kurį sukelia pagreitinta plieno armatūros įtempimių relaksacija aukštos temperatūros poveikio sąlygomis. Eksperimentais nustatyti įtempimo jėgos šuolio parametral dviem serijoms vielinės armatūros vijų esant įvairiems apsauginių sluoksnių storiams standartinio gaisro režimo sąlygomis. Pasiūlyta įtempimų nuostolių dėl pagreitintos plieno temperatūrinės relaksacijos skaičiavimo formulė.
THE NEAR AND FAR ACOUSTIC FIELD AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE HALL ACOUSTICS/ARTIMASIS IR TOLIMASIS GARSO LAUKAS IR JO RYŠYS SU SALĖS AKUSTIKA
Authors: Stauskis Vytautas
Published: March 2019

Teoriškai ir eksperimentiškai nagrinėjamas tiesioginio ir atsispindėjusio garso energijos santykis ir jo priklausomybė nuo salės geometrinių ir akustinių parametrų. Teoriškai nagrinėjama tiesioginio ir difūzinio garso lauko energijų priklausomybė nuo patalpos akustinių ir geometrinių, parametrų. V. Reichardt ir N. Zarkov pateiktose formulėse siūlo aidumo radiusą įvertinti tik panaudojant patalpos garso absorbcijos plotą, arba tik garso absorbcijos koeficientą. Apskaičiavę pagal šias formules, gauname, kad aidumo radiusas yra 3,1 m nuo garso šaltinio. Tačiau eksperimentas to nepatvirtina. Šio darbo autorius siūlo formulę, kuri nustatant energijos santykį įvertintų ankstyvuosius garso atspindžius.

Eksperimentas atliktas trijose salėse, kurių garso absorbcijos koeficientai yra labai maži, o reverberacijos laikai labai dideli. Saltų tūris buvo 27000, 22500 ir 1018 m3. Mažoje salėje tyrimai atlikti esant skirtingai garso absorbcijai. Tai leido įvertinti, kaip kinta aidumo radiusas keičiantis salių tūriui ir mažos salės garso absorbcijai.

Tyrimais nustatyta, kad salėje, kurios tūris yra 27000 m3, tiesioginio ir atsispindėjusio garso energijų santykis lygus nuliui tik esant mikrofonui 1 m nuo garso šaltinio ir tik dažnių diapazone 160–2000 Hz. Kai atstumas iki garso šaltinio yra 2,5 m ir daugiau, esant žemoms dažnių energijoms santykis siekia—10–15 dB. Kai salės tūris yra mažas ir siekia 1018 m3, netgi esant mikrofonui 1 m atstumu nuo šaltinio energijos santykis visame dažnių diapazone lygus −10 dB. Padidėjus salės garso absorbcijai, energijų santykis turi mažesnes reikšmes. Tyrimai rodo, kad energijos santykis priklauso nuo dažnio, nuo salės tūrio ir garso absorbcijos. Tačiau tai nėra lemiantys veiksniai. Tyrimais nustatyta, kad šį santykį apsprendžia ne tik atstumas iki garso šaltinio, bet ir ankstyvųjų garso atspindžių struktūra ir plokštumos, esančios arti garso šaltinio. Didelėse salėse arti garso šaltinio tiesioginio garso energija aukštų dažnių diapazone yra didesnė negu atspindžių energija. Tirtoje mažoje salėje šis dėsningumas jau negalioja. Čia energijos santykį lemia tik garso atspindžiai, o ypač ankstyvi, ir jų intensyvumas įvairiais laiko intervalais. Klausytojas, esantis skirtingame atstume nuo šaltinio, skirtingai suvoks ir muzikos skambėjimą.
FACTORS OF THERMODYNAMICAL APPROACH TO BUILDINGS LIFE CYCLE/PASTATO GYVAVIMO CIKLO TERMODINAMINIO VERTINIMO VEIKSNIAI
Authors: Martinaitis Vytautas
Published: March 2019

The article suggests that non-industrial buildings in Lithuania consume half the final energy including appr.70% heat produced in electric power plants and boiler-houses. In order to ensure standard heating and ventilation conditions for these buildings in terms of climate parameters of a normal year it would require heat consumption of some 22 TWh. However, the energy is required not only for operation and maintenance of the building (for active microclimatic conditioning systems—AMCS), but also for setting up the building (for passive microclimatic conditioning systems—PMCS). The above input is therefore determined by technological level in the building and building materials industries. Rather exact evaluations show that in the course of several next years already, primary energy consumption used for a building maintenance shall be equal to that used while construction thereof. In terms of a building life cycle, this is a fairly short term. Therefore these buildings in terms of energetic approach make an intensive energy-consumption system. It is hereby suggested to apply an exergic analysis for a life cycle of a building under certain climatic conditions and PMCS and AMCS combinations defined by the local produce technology level. Using solely economical (both direct or derived) criteria for this intention is therefore insufficient, because the reliability of economic forecasts for longer prospect falls below any other forecasts of physical quantities. As an example for this, a globally-ecological evaluation of energetic systems based on thermodynamics is therefore presented, and is characterised by thermo-economic and exergo-economic criteria.

Further, the article provides formulas and indices for thermodynamic evaluation of climatic conditions which indicate minimum requirements of exergy for operation of AMCS. Furthermore, MCS operating points and zones characteristic of different climatic regions are provided. Tasks for MCS thermodynamic analysis have been formulated to include the processes of production of building and insulation materials, and construction erection process. These should be considered the first three stages of the above task:

indices of present exergic input in production of materials;

forecast of potential exergic input in production of materials;

thermodynamic optimisation of technological processes and equipment of building materials.

It is therefore considered, that the integration of separate exergic loss components of building life cycle into a general optimisation task shall enable establishment of thermodynamically-optimum combination of exergic use in the buildings under concrete climatic conditions. This would launch, apart from economic, social and ecological aspects, an approach for handling strategic issues of construction and energetic interaction.
GEOMETRICALLY NON-LINEAR ANALYSIS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES WITH THE ACCOUNT OF CREEP AND CRACKING IN THE TENSION ZONE/GEOMETRIŠKAI NETIESINIS GELŽBETONINIŲ RĖMŲ SKAIČIAVIMAS, ATSIŽVELGIANT Į VALKŠNUMĄ IR PLYŠIUS TEMPIAMOJOJE ZONOJE
Authors: Cypinas Igoris
Published: March 2019

Sukurtas netiesinis skaičiavimo metodas ir sudaryta kompiuterio programa, kuri įgalina atlikti realių statybinių konstrukcijų valkšnumo skaičiavimą, veikšant ilgalaikėms apkrovoms ir esant plyšiams tempiamoje betono zonoje. Programa sprendžia netiesinę rėmo deformacijos lygčių sistemą Niutono-Rafsono metodu. Naudojamas geometriškai ir fiziškai netiesinis baigtiniň elementų metodo algoritmas. Betonui priimamas integralinis valkšnumo désnis, gniuždymo zonai apsiribojama tiesiniu valkšnumu, tempiamam betonui taikomas analitinis modelis, kurį sudaro pleišėjantis betono elementas su krentančia (tempimų-deformacijų kreivės šaka, nuosekliai sujungtas su tiešiskai deformuojamu valkšniu nesupleišėjusio betono elementu. Sluoksninis skerspjūvio modelis igalina taip pat ir gniuždymo zonai pritaikyti netiesinį deformavimo dėsnį. Uždavinys yra sprendžiamas skaičiuojant deformacijų ir poslinkių prieaugius mažais laiko žingsniais.
STRENGTH AND SAFETY OF SLAB-WALL JOINTS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS UNDER GRAVITY AND LATERAL LOADS/GELŽBETONINŲ PASTATŲ, KURIUOS VEIKIA VERTIKALIOSIOS IR HORIZONTALIOSIOS APKROVOS, STIPRUMAS IR PATIKIMUMAS
Authors: Kudzys Algimantas
Published: March 2019

Straipsnyje nagrinėjamas vertikaliomis ir atsitiktinėmis ar epizodinėmis horizontaliomis apkrovomis veikiamų gelžbetoninių sienų ir perdangos plokščių sandūrų įtempimų būvis ir tikimybinis saugis. Analizuojamas monolitinio ir suren-kamojo-monolitinio mazgo darbas įvertinant gniuždomos betoninės prizmės būklę susiformavus įstrižiems plyšiams. Išskiriamos sienų ir plokščių sandūros mazge veikiančios gniuždomosios jėgos, sukeltos atskirai vertikalių ir horizontalių poveikių. Pateikiami mazgo ir jame susiformavusios įstrižos betoninės prizmės įrąžų statistiniai parametrai, įvertinant medžiagų fizinių-mechaninių savybių ir apkrovų variacijas. Nagrinėjamas ryšys tarp betoninės prizmės pločio ir mazge veikiančių vidaus jėgų peties kitimo.

Betoninio mazgo saugio indekso reikšmės skaičiavimui siūlomas ribinių atsitiktinių įrąžų metodas. Šis metodas leidžia įvertinti daugiaaukščio pastato sandūros mazgo stiprumo sumažėjimą dėl atsitiktinių nuolatinių perkrovimų, įrąžų krypties kitimo bei betono supleišėjimo. Struktūrinio saugio indeksas pateikiamas kaip vienas iš pagrindinių parametrų, apibūdinančių gelžbetoninių pastatų, veikiamų didelėmis horizontaliomis apkrovomis, patikimumą ir kainą.