bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen fixation in coarse woody debris of Thuja plicata and Tsuga heterophylla forests on northern Vancouver Island
Authors: Brunner Andreas , Kimmins J P
Published: September 2003

Asymbiotic nitrogenase activity in coarse woody debris was measured using the acetylene reduction assay under ambient conditions in three different stand ages (5, 53, and 88 years old) of an unmanaged second-growth Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.  Abies amabilis (Dougl. ex Loud.) Dougl. ex J. Forbes forest type and a Thuja plicata Donn. ex D. Don  Tsuga heterophylla old-growth forest on northern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada. Four different decay classes of coarse woody debris, different species in the early decay stages, and sapwood and heart wood were sampled separately. Mean nitrogenase activity ranged between 1.3 and 19.5 nmol

C2H4·d1·(g dry mass)1, with an overall mean of 5.7. High variability of the activity rates between logs and within logs was observed in all four stands. Mean activity rates were, in most cases, significantly different between decay classes, with generally increasing nitrogenase activity with the progress of decay. Moisture content of the samples was a good predictor of nitrogenase activity and could explain differences between decay classes. Only minor differences in nitrogenase activity were found between the different stands. Estimates of nitrogen fixation ranged from 1.0 to 2.1 kg N·ha1·year1, the magnitude of these values depending more on the mass of coarse woody debris substrate available for asymbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria (103158 t·ha1 in this study) than on differences in nitrogenase activity rates. The measured nitrogenase activity and the resultant estimates of nitrogen fixation are among the highest values reported in the literature.
A study of self-thinning using coupled allometric equations: implications for coastal Douglas-fir stand dynamics
Authors: Pittman S D , Turnblom E C
Published: September 2003

The 3/2 self-thinning rule was proposed with the hypothesis that in closed canopy stands, plant mass is proportional to the cube of a linear size dimension, and that density is proportional to the square of this dimension, thus defining the isometric model. To account for the morphological differences among species, the allometric model was proposed as a refinement of the isometric model, therefore linking the self-thinning exponent's dependence to species-specific allometric parameters. In this study, it is proposed that each stand has its own self-thinning trajectory boundary, determined by its own unique stand allometry. An S-system is used to facilitate coupled allometric relationships under the influence of self-thinning. Upon calibrating this model to Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) permanent sample plots, located throughout western Washington, western Oregon, and southwest British Columbia, the implications of coupled allometric equations are discussed and compared with the algebraic, isometric, and allometric models. The results support the use of simultaneous, coupled rate equations versus uncoupled static ones.
Understory vegetation in northern Ontario jack pine and black spruce plantations: 20-year successional changes
Authors: Hunt Shelley L , Gordon Andrew M , Morris Dave M , Marek George T
Published: September 2003

The 20-year successional development of understory vegetation was investigated in jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) plantations in northern Ontario, in relation to stand species composition, species diversity, and the rate of change in stands of different post-disturbance ages. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) ordination of plantation stands using species composition data from 1978 and 1998 indicated variation among stands in directions and rates of change in species composition over time. Rank correlations of environmental variables with the DCA axes suggested a lightmoisture gradient along the first axis, driven by soil texture and overstory species, and a gradient representing time since disturbance and stand development along the second axis. Although overall beta diversity among stands remained constant over time, some convergence was found among a smaller group of stands, and divergence was noted between spruce and pine stands. Species composition also became more highly correlated with environmental variables through time. From 1978 to 1998, species richness increased in young, dry pine stands; decreased in older, dry pine stands; and decreased in young spruce stands. The understory vegetation in stands on mesic sites was more diverse than that on dry, sandy sites at both times. The rate of change in understory species composition slowed with time after disturbance, indicating an increasing stability in micro en vi ron men tal conditions as the influence of harvesting disturbance became weaker with time.
Soil respiration responses to temperature are controlled more by roots than by decomposition in balsam fir ecosystems
Authors: Lavigne M B , Boutin R , Foster R J , Goodine G , Bernier P Y , Robitaille G
Published: September 2003

Concern exists that soil respiration (Rs) will increase with global warming, thereby reducing the sink strength of forest ecosystems for carbon (C) or making them sources. We measured Rs at three balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.) sites on a climatic gradient from 1997 to 2000 to assess potential responses to global warming. Mean annual Rs varied from 0.67 kg C·m-2·year-1 at the cool site, to 1.19 kg C·m-2·year-1 at the midtransect site, to 1.52 kg C·m-2·year-1 at the warm site. Trenched plots were installed in 1999 to partition Rs into root respiration (Rr) and heterotrophic respiration (Rh). Differences in trenched-plot respiration (Rt) among sites were much less than differences in Rs, because trenching reduced Rs at the warm site more than at the cool site. Annual Rt was 22% less than annual Rs at the cool site, 36% less at the midtransect site, and 50% less at the warm site. After making adjustments for extraordinary decomposition of killed roots in trenched plots, it was estimated that annual Rh varied little among sites (0.40 kg C·m-2·year-1 at the cool site to 0.54 kg C·m-2·year-1 at the warm site), but annual Rr varied substantially among sites (0.24 kg C·m-2·year-1 at the cool site to 0.98 kg C·m-2·year-1 at the warm site). We conclude that Rs varied among sites, because climatically driven differences in primary productivity caused greater Rr and greater detrital production for Rh.
Soluble organic nitrogen in forests and adjacent clearcuts in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Hannam K D , Prescott C E
Published: September 2003

Soluble organic N (SON) is recognized to be a source of N for plants, but the few studies of the effects of clear-cut harvesting on SON levels have reported inconsistent results. SON and soluble inorganic N (SIN) contents were measured in 1 mol/L KCl extracts of soil from forests and clearcuts in coastal cedarhemlock forests near Port McNeill, B.C., and in high-elevation sprucefir forests near Sicamous, B.C. To characterize the seedling root environment, sampling was confined to the top 20 cm of soil (consisting of forest floor at Port McNeill and forest floor plus mineral soil at Sicamous). Amino acid N and microbial N were determined on subsets of the samples. At both sites, SON content tended to be lower in clearcuts than in forests. Lower SON contents in clearcuts were caused by the removal of F-layer forest floor at Port McNeill and by reduced SON concentrations in the forest floor at Sicamous. Correlation analyses indicated close relationships between moisture content, SIN, SON, and microbial N. Changes in SON, SIN, and microbial N concentrations during buried bag incubations could not be explained simply by exchange among these three N pools. Free amino acid N accounted for 11.5% of the total SON content.
Rapid prediction of natural durability of larch heartwood using Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Gierlinger Notburga , Jacques Dominique , Schwanninger Manfred , Wimmer Rupert , Hinterstoisser Barbara , Pâques Luc E
Published: September 2003

The feasibility of Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectroscopy for rapidly determining the natural durability of the heartwood of larch trees (Larix decidua Mill. and Larix kaempferi (Lamb.) Carrière) was investigated. FT-NIR spectra were collected from solid wood with a fibre-optical probe. Basidiomycetes tests using Coniophora puteana and Poria placenta were carried out on larch heartwood (European standard EN 113), with pine sapwood (Pinus sylvestris L.) used as a reference. The relative resistance to decay (x value) was calculated, and durability classes were estimated according to European standard EN 350-1. Partial least squares regressions between the data sets of wood decay tests (x values) and the FT-NIR spectra were calculated. It was found that multiplicative scatter correction considerably improved the model predictability. High coefficients of correlation (r) and low root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) were obtained for cross validation based on wood decay tests with P. placenta (r = 0.92, RMSEP = 0.077, range 0.27-1.13) and C. puteana (r = 0.97, RMSEP = 0.078, range 0.07-1.58). Overall, NIR spectroscopy has proven to be an accurate and fast method for the nondestructive determination of natural durability, which might be highly relevant for intensive tree breeding programs and for efforts to optimize wood utilization.
The distribution and severity of beech bark disease in the Catskill Mountains, N.Y.
Authors: Griffin Jacob M , Lovett Gary M , Arthur Mary A , Weathers Kathleen C
Published: September 2003

The distribution and severity of beech bark disease (BBD) in the Catskill Mountains of southeastern New York state, U.S.A., were measured between 1997 and 2000. Forest composition was measured using wedge prism surveys and fixed-area plot counts of canopy species. BBD severity on individual trees was ranked from 1 (no disease) to 5 (dead) based on bark health and canopy loss. These data were analyzed at multiple spatial scales to determine possible controls of disease distribution and severity. BBD was present on almost all Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. (American beech) individuals encountered >10 cm diameter at breast height, but was most severe in larger diameter classes. Mortality due to BBD also increased with diameter class. A strong positive relationship was found between BBD severity and relative beech basal area at the tract (hundreds of hectares) and 100-m elevation band spatial scales, but not found at smaller scales. Successful long-range dispersal of the disease may therefore be dependent upon host density, while local conditions may control BBD severity within individual stands. The current status of BBD in the Catskills suggests these forests are entering the aftermath phase of the disease's progression and that BBD has become an endemic component of these forests.
Analysis of sex-linked, sequence-characterized amplified region markers in Salix eriocephala
Authors: Gunter L E , Kopp R F , McCord R P , Tuskan G A
Published: September 2003

Two DNA markers, sequence-characterized amplified region (SCAR) AE08780 and SCAR 354520, known to be linked to and flanking a putative sex determination locus in Salix viminalis L., were tested in another shrubform willow, Salix eriocephala Michx. Marker analysis of seven female and eight male S. eriocephala clones used to produce 34 fullsib families reveals that five pairs of parents are alternatively polymorphic relative to reciprocal male and female combinations for the two marker loci. A goodness-of-fit test of marker presence or absence and relationship to gender suggests that the occurrence of SCAR 354520 is not significantly different (χ2 = 3.18, df = 1, P > 0.05) from the expected ratio of marker presence:absence in the male and female progenies across all five families, indicating no relationship to gender. However, the occurrence of SCAR AE08780 differs significantly from expected (χ2 = 21.05, df = 1, P < 0.001) in the five families and seems to be linked to femaleness in S. eriocephala. Within a single family, 984 (n = 54), both markers show a significant deviation from expected at P < 0.01 (SCAR AE08780: χ2 = 11.37, df = 1; SCAR 354520: χ2 = 9.49, df = 1). These data support the hypothesis that there is an association between the markers and a locus associated with gender in two divergent species and that there may be a common sex determination mechanism in willow.
Intertree competition in uneven-aged ponderosa pine stands
Authors: Woodall C W , Fiedler C E , Milner K S
Published: September 2003

Intertree competition indices and effects were examined in 14 uneven-aged ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa var. scopulorum Engelm.) stands in eastern Montana. Location, height, diameter at breast height (DBH), basal area increment, crown ratio, and sapwood area were determined for each tree (DBH >3.8 cm) on one stem-mapped plot (0.2-0.4 ha) in each sample stand. Based on tree locations, various competition indices were derived for each sample tree and correlated with its growth efficiency by diameter class. In addition, trends in individual tree attributes by diameter class and level of surrounding competition were determined. For trees with a DBH <10 cm, growth efficiency was most strongly correlated with the sum of surrounding tree heights within 10.6 m. The index most highly correlated for larger trees was the sum of surrounding basal area within 6.1 m. Regardless of tree size, individual tree growth efficiency, basal area increment, and crown ratio all decreased under increasing levels of competition, with the effect more pronounced in smaller trees. These results suggest that individual trees in uneven-aged stands experience competition from differing sources at varying scales based on their size, with response to competition diminishing as tree size increases.
Prism sweeps for coarse woody debris
Authors: Bebber Daniel P , Thomas Sean C
Published: September 2003

A new method for sampling coarse woody debris (CWD) is presented, based on relascope sampling of CWD midpoint diameter. In this method, CWD is included in a sample if the angle subtended by the midpoint diameter viewed from plot center is greater than the critical relascope angle. The method is therefore referred to as diameter relascope sampling (DRS). Other methods for sampling CWD are reviewed and compared with DRS using sampling simulations and statistical power calculations. These are fixed area sampling, line intercept sampling, and point rela scope sampling. DRS is shown to be have greater statistical power per unit sampling effort than other methods when CWD diameter and length are linearly or allometrically related, but results can vary with the diameter-length relationship employed. The relative benefits of different methods for sampling CWD are discussed.
Effects of Sitka alder on the growth and foliar nutrition of young lodgepole pine in the central interior of British Columbia
Authors: Brockley R P , Sanborn P
Published: September 2003

The 6-year effects of differing levels of Sitka alder (Alnus viridus spp. sinuata (Regel) Á. Löve & D. Löve) retention (0, 500, 1000, and 2000 clumps/ha) on the development of retained alder and on the growth and foliar nutrition of 7-year-old naturally regenerated lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) were evaluated in a sub-boreal ecosystem in the central interior of British Columbia. Alder development was inversely related to alder retention density, with the largest height and crown width increments occurring at the lowest alder densities. Low to moderate levels of alder cover did not significantly inhibit the diameter or height growth of lodgepole pine. Even under high alder cover, growth was not reduced until alder cover exceeded 45%. Over the 6-year response period, lodgepole pine diameter and height increments under high alder cover were reduced by 10% and 12%, respectively, relative to the no-alder treatment. The effect of alder density on lodgepole pine foliar N was strongly linear, with the highest N levels measured in the high alder retention treatment. However, the positive impact of alder retention on foliar N resulted in probable imbalance of N relative to S and possibly P and K. Unless alleviated, nutritional imbalances may preclude reliable assessment of the competitive effects (i.e., light and soil resources) of alder density, if any, on lodgepole pine growth.
Quantification of additive response and stationarity of frost hardiness by photoperiod and temperature in Scots pine
Authors: Zhang Gang , Ryyppö Aija , Vapaavuori Elina , Repo Tapani
Published: September 2003

To present quantitative knowledge of photoperiod and temperature on frost hardiness for mathematical modelling, we carried out a growth chamber experiment for second-year Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings. There were three treatments involved in the trial: a short photoperiod (7 h light : 17 h dark cycle) with a high temperature (15 °C) (SDHT), a short photoperiod (7 h light : 17 h dark cycle) with a low temperature (2 °C), and a long photo period (16 h light : 8 h dark cycle) with a low temperature (2 °C). The following variables were measured: (i) the frost hardiness of stems, needles, buds, and roots by controlled freezing tests, (ii) the electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) parameters of the stems, (iii) the chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) of the needles, (iv) the dry mass/fresh mass ratio, and (v) the total soluble sugar and starch concentration of the stems, needles, and roots in the non-frost-exposed organs. There was a clear difference in hardiness among the organs by the end of the experiment. Stems by some EIS parameters, needles by Fv/Fm, and stems, needles, and roots by sugar concentration differed among treatments. A stationary level of frost hardiness was reached or asymptotically approached in all organs and treatments except in the SDHT treatment of buds. Very little support was found for the concept of additive effects by photoperiod and temperature. The results show that the additive model needs revision, since the hardening response is dependent on organ, and there is an interaction in the responses to photoperiod and temperature.
Solving the area-restricted harvest-scheduling model using the branch and bound algorithm
Authors: Crowe Kevin , Nelson John , Boyland Mark
Published: September 2003

There are two broad approaches to the discrete optimization problem of harvest scheduling with adjacency constraints: the unit-restricted model and the area-restricted model. In this paper two formulations of the area-restricted model are solved using the branch and bound algorithm. These formulations are tested on a set of approximately 30 tactical planning problems that range in size from 346 to 6093 polygons scheduled over three time periods. Our results show that these formulations can be used to solve small- and medium-sized harvest-scheduling problems optimally, or near-optimally, within reasonable periods of computing time. Solution quality and computing time were found to be sensitive to the initial age-class distribution of the forest and the mean polygon size relative to the maximum opening size. In addition, computation of the opening size constraints was found to be very sensitive to the maximum number of polygons in an opening constraint.
Fungi associated with the North American spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis
Authors: Six Diana L , Bentz Barbara J
Published: September 2003

Fungi were isolated from individual Dendroctonus rufipennis (Kirby) collected from six populations in Alaska, Colorado, Utah, and Minnesota, U.S.A. In all populations, Leptographium abietinum (Peck) Wingfield was the most commonly isolated mycelial fungus (91100% of beetles). All beetles in all populations were associated with yeasts and some with only yeasts (05%). In one population, Ophiostoma ips (Rumbold) Nannf. was also present on 5% of the beetles but always in combination with L. abietinum and yeasts. Ophiostoma piceae (Munch) H. & P. Sydow was found on 2% of beetles in another population. Ceratocystis rufipenni Wingfield, Harrington & Solheim, previously reported as an associate of D. rufipennis, was not isolated from beetles in this study. Ceratocystis rufipenni is a virulent pathogen of host Picea, which has led to speculation that C. rufipenni aids the beetle in overcoming tree defenses and therefore contributes positively to the overall success of the beetle during colonization. However, our results, considered along with those of others, indicate that C. rufipenni may be absent from many populations of D. rufipennis and may be relatively rare in those populations in which it is found. If this is true, C. rufipenni may be only a minor or incidental associate of D. rufipennis and, as such, not likely to have significant impacts on beetle success or population dynamics. Alternatively, the rarity of C. rufipenni in our and others isolations may be due to difficulties in isolating this fungus in the presence of other faster growing fungi such as L. abietinum.
Locus of High-Temperature Superconductivity
Authors: Dow John D. , Harshman Dale R.
Published: September 2003

Cuprate-planes are not necessary and essential for high-temperature superconductivity: doped Sr 2 YRuO 6 superconducts fully at 23 K in its SrO layers once the Ru stops librating (the material begins superconducting at ≈ 49K). GdSr 2 Cu 2 RuO 8 superconducts near 45 K in its SrO layers, not in its cuprate-planes. By examining the charge transfer, we find that Tc increases with the number of layers n and with pressure p in the HgBa 2 Ca n-1 Cu n O 2n+2 compounds, as does the charge in the BaO layers (and not the charge in the cuprate-planes), indicating that the superconductivity is in the BaO layers. Four superconductors, including PrBa 2 Cu 3 O 7, were successfully predicted to superconduct not in their cuprate-planes, but in their BaO or SrO layers. The original claims that the superconductivity resides primarily in the cuprate-planes are invalid.
The Arpes Experiment and the Gap Symmetry: How Far Can We Determine the Gap Symmetry Really?
Authors: Quesada D.
Published: September 2003

In this contribution, the peak position of the spectral function in the ARPES spectrum has been calculated for several gap symmetries and electronic band structures. As a result, the d–wave, s + id and s* + id symmetries appear to be consistent with ARPES results. An additional comparison with previous calculations of the specific heat in normal and superconducting states as well as the single particle tunnelling current, reveals the existence of two characteristic temperatures, intrinsically associated with the Van Hove Singularity.
Effect of Pb Volatilization on Dielectric Properties of 0.77PbMg1/3(Nb0.9Ta0.1)2/3O3-0.23PbTiO3
Authors: Zhang C. , Wang J. T. , Qian M. Q. , Chen T. P. , Akujobi I. , Ferrell R. E.
Published: September 2003

Lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) is an intriguing candidate for applications in many electronic devices such as multi-layer capacitors, electro-mechanical transducers etc. because of its high dielectric constant, low dielectric loss and high strain near the Curie temperature. As an extension of our previous work on Ta-doped PMNT-PT aimed at optimizing the performance and reducing the cost, this paper focuses on the effect of Pb volatilization on the dielectric properties of 0.77 Pb ( Mg 1/3( Nb 0.9 Ta 0.1)2/3) O 3-0.23 PbTiO 3. The dielectric constant and loss of the samples are measured at different frequencies and different temperatures. The phase purity of this compound is determined by X-ray diffraction pattern. It is found that the volatilization during sintering does influence the phase formation and dielectric properties. The best condition is sintering with 0.5 g extra PbO around a 4 g PMNT-PT sample.
Prognostic Importance of Exercise-Induced Changes in Mitral Regurgitation in Patients With Chronic Ischemic Left Ventricular Dysfunction
Authors: Lancellotti Patrizio , Troisfontaines Pierre , Toussaint Anne-Christine , Pierard Luc A.
Published: September 2003

Background—

In the post–myocardial infarction phase, mortality risk is related to the severity of mitral regurgitation (MR). Ischemic MR is a dynamic condition that can be studied during exercise. Whether the assessment of exercise-induced changes in the degree of MR provides prognostic information is unknown.

Methods and Results—

Ninety-eight consecutive patients with chronic ischemic left ventricular dysfunction and at least mild MR who prospectively underwent quantitative measurement of the regurgitant volume and the effective regurgitant orifice (ERO) of MR at rest and during semisupine exercise test were followed up for 19±8 months. The 16 patients who underwent surgery were censored at the time of operation. Of the 82 patients who were medically treated, 9 (11%) died. No clinical data demonstrated a distinction between survivors and nonsurvivors. By multivariate Cox regression analysis, independent predictors of cardiac death were an increase in ERO by ≥13 mm
2
(
P
=0.0045) during exercise, an ERO >20 mm
2
at rest (
P
=0.01), and a shorter mitral deceleration time (
P
=0.044). Half of the patients with exercise-induced significant increases in MR who died had moderate MR at rest. In contrast, none of the 14 patients with a decrease in MR at exercise displayed cardiac death.

Conclusions—

In patients with ischemic MR and left ventricular dysfunction, quantitative assessment of exercise-induced changes in the degree of MR provides independent prognostic information. Significant exercise-induced increases in MR unmask patients at high risk of poor outcome.
Organ-Specific Overexpression of Renal LAT2 and Enhanced Tubular
l
-DOPA Uptake Precede the Onset of Hypertension
Authors: Pinho Maria João , Gomes Pedro , Serrão Maria Paula , Bonifácio Maria João , Soares-da-Silva Patrício
Published: September 2003

Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) might have increased renal production of dopamine.
l
-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine (
l
-DOPA) uptake in renal epithelial cells is promoted through the type 2 L-type amino acid transporter (LAT2), and this might rate-limit the synthesis of renal dopamine. The present study evaluated
l
-DOPA uptake in isolated renal proximal tubules of SHR and normotensive controls (Wistar-Kyoto rats [WKY]). Expression of LAT1 and LAT2 in the renal cortex and intestinal mucosa was also evaluated. Tubular uptake of
l
-DOPA in WKY and SHR was a saturable process, being greater in the latter than the former at both 4 and 12 weeks of age. cDNA fragments (LAT1, 688 bp; LAT2, 729 bp) labeled with
32
P were used as probes for Northern blot analysis. Expression of LAT2 in SHR kidneys was higher than in WKY kidneys. This increase was more marked at 4 than at 12 weeks of age. Intestinal LAT2 expression, however, was identical in SHR and WKY at both 4 and 12 week of age. By Northern blot analysis, the LAT1 transcript was not identified in either the kidney or intestine. Kidney total RNA was then reverse-transcribed and amplified by polymerase chain reaction with specific primers for LAT1. The presence of a fragment of the expected size for LAT1 led to the conclusion that LAT1 mRNA is a rare message in kidney. We conclude that overexpression of LAT2 in the SHR kidney might contribute to the enhanced
l
-DOPA uptake, which is organ specific and precedes the onset of hypertension.
Self-Awareness, Deindividuation, and Social Identity: Unraveling Theoretical Paradoxes by Filling Empirical Lacunae
Authors: Mullen Brian , Migdal Michael J. , Rozell Drew
Published: September 2003

In an effort to examine paradoxes involving self-awareness, deindividuation, and social identity, this article reports the results of a study that examines the effects of a range of manipulation operationalizations of self and social identity on a complement of measurement operationalizations of self and social identity. Specifically, participants completed measures of self-awareness and ethnic social identity while confronted with their mirror image, while wearing a mask, or while exposed to a family tree delineating their ethnicity. Patterns of mean levels of self-awareness and ethnic social identity are used to examine the paradox of depersonalization and deindividuation, the paradox of (a)symmetrical activation of components of identity, and the paradox of deindividuation and the search for identity. Discussion considers the limitations of this approach and considers the implications of these results for the long-standing study of the interplay between self and social identity.
Complementarity of Interpersonal Behaviors in Dyadic Interactions
Authors: Markey Patrick M. , Funder David C. , Ozer Daniel J.
Published: September 2003

An important assumption of interpersonal theory is that during social interactions the behavior of one person tends to invite com-plementary behavior from the other person. Past research examining complementarity has usually used either confederates or fictitious interaction partners in their designs and has produced inconsistent results. The current study used observational ratings of behaviors of 158 participants as they interacted with partners across three different dyadic social situations. Randomization tests of hypothesized order relations found that the behaviors exhibited during these interactions tended to occur in a circular pattern predicted by the interpersonal circumplex. These tests also indicated support for Leary's (1957) orientation of the control and affiliation dimensions of the interpersonal circumplex and Carson's (1969) notion that dominant behavior induces submissive responses and friendly behavior encourages friendly responses.
How “Fun/Importance” Fit Affects Performance: Relating Implicit Theories to Instructions
Authors: Bianco Amy Taylor , Higgins E. Tory , Klem Adena
Published: September 2003

People experience a regulatory fit when they employ means of goal pursuit that fit their regulatory orientation, and this fit increases motivation that can enhance performance. The present studies extend previous research on regulatory fit to the classic motivational variables of fun and importance. They also examine for the first time the effect on performance of the fit between individuals' implicit theories about a task's fun or importance and their strategic engagement of the task as fun or important as induced by task instructions. In all three studies, task performance was better when the external task instructions “fit” rather than did not fit participants' implicit theory for the task. The implications of these findings for understanding the motivational effects of fun and importance are discussed.
Wisdom-Related Knowledge: Affective, Motivational, and Interpersonal Correlates
Authors: Paul Ute Kunzmann , Baltes B.
Published: September 2003

This study investigated the connection between wisdom as a body of expert knowledge about the meaning and conduct of life and indicators of affective, motivational, and interpersonal functioning. Structural equation analyses showed that individuals higher on wisdom-related knowledge reported (a) higher affective involvement combined with lower negative and pleas-ant feelings, (b) a value orientation that focused conjointly on other-enhancing values and personal growth combined with a lesser tendency toward values revolving around a pleasurable life, and (c) a preference for cooperative conflict management strategies combined with a lower tendency to adopt submissive, avoidant, or dominant strategies. These findings corroborate the theoretical notion that wisdom involves affective modulation and complexity rather than the predominant seeking of pleasure and also a joint motivational commitment to developing the potential of oneself and that of others.
Spontaneous Skepticism: The Interplay of Motivation and Expectation in Responses to Favorable and Unfavorable Medical Diagnoses
Authors: Ditto Peter H. , Munro Geoffrey D. , Apanovitch Anne Marie , Scepansky James A. , Lockhart Lisa K.
Published: September 2003

The quantity of processing view of motivated reasoning predicts that individuals are more likely to spontaneously question the validity of unfavorable than favorable feedback even when the objective likelihood of the feedback is equivalent. Participants were videotaped self-administering a bogus medical test revealing either a favorable or an unfavorable result. In Studies 1 and 2, unfavorable result participants required more time to accept the validity of the test result and were more likely to spontaneously recheck its validity than were favorable result participants. However, unfavorable results also were perceived as less expected than were favorable results, even though the information sup-plied about their objective likelihood was identical. Study 3 showed that participants evaluating another student's results perceived favorable and unfavorable outcomes as equally likely, suggesting that the subjective likelihood of positive and negative feedback is also subject to motivational influence.
The Relational Context of Social Support: Relationship Satisfaction Moderates the Relations between Enacted Support and Distress
Authors: Frazier Patricia A. , Tix Andrew P. , Barnett Cecil L.
Published: September 2003

In two studies of kidney transplant patients and their significant others, the authors examined whether the relations between enacted social support and patient distress were moderated by patients' satisfaction with their relationship with the support provider (i.e., their significant other). In Study 1 (n = 121 couples), unsupportive spousal behaviors were associated with more distress only among patients who were less satisfied with their marital relationship. In Study 2 (n = 112 couples), the relations between unsupportive behaviors and distress again varied as a function of the patient's relationship satisfaction, although the particular pattern of the interaction depended on the specific unsupportive behaviors offered to the patient. In both studies, relationship dissatisfaction was associated with higher levels of patient distress. Supportive behaviors were not related to distress and did not interact with relationship satisfaction. Implications for future research on social support in marriage are discussed.
Convergent, Discriminant, and Incremental Validity of Competing Measures of Emotional Intelligence
Authors: Brackett Marc A. , Mayer John D.
Published: September 2003

This study investigated the convergent, discriminant, and incremental validity of one ability test of emotional intelligence (EI)—the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso-Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT)—and two self-report measures of EI—the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) and the self-report EI test (SREIT). The MSCEIT showed minimal relations to the EQ-i and SREIT, whereas the latter two measures were moderately interrelated. Among EI measures, the MSCEIT was discriminable from well-studied personality and well-being measures, whereas the EQ-i and SREIT shared considerable variance with these measures. After personality and verbal intelligence were held constant, the MSCEIT was predictive of social deviance, the EQ-i was predictive of alcohol use, and the SREIT was inversely related to academic achievement. In general, results showed that ability EI and self-report EI are weakly related and yield different measurements of the same person.
Social Projection of Transient Drive States
Authors: Van Boven Leaf , Loewenstein George
Published: September 2003

The authors hypothesized that people's predictions of how other people feel in emotionally arousing situations are often based on people's predictions of how they themselves would feel in those situations. Indeed, most participants in Study 1 reported predicting hungry hikers' feelings by mentally trading places with them, imagining what their own feelings would be in the hikers' situation. Because people's predictions of their own feelings tend to be biased in the direction of their current drive states, we hypothesized that mentally trading places would lead to social projection of transient drive states. In Study 2, participants' predictions of whether thirst or hunger would be more bothersome to hikers lost without food or water were biased in the direction of participants' own exercise-induced thirst. Furthermore, participants' predictions of how they would feel in the hikers' situation statistically mediated the effect of exercise on their predictions of the hikers' feelings.
Are Comparative Risk Judgments Consistent Across Time and Events?
Authors: Shepperd James A. , Helweg-Larsen Marie , Ortega Ligia
Published: September 2003

Research reveals pervasive optimism in people's comparative risk judgments such that people believe they are less likely than others to experience negative events. Two studies explored the extent to which people are consistent in their comparative risk judgments across time and events. Both studies found strong evidence for consistency across time and some evidence for consistency across events. The consistency across time and events was moderated by experience. Specifically, when viewed together, the studies suggest that experience produces an initial decrease in the consistency of comparative judgments (Study 2), followed by greater consistency in subsequent judgments (Study 1). The discussion focuses on reconciling evidence demonstrating consistency with evidence demonstrating variability.
Connecting Terror Management and Dissonance Theory: Evidence that Mortality Salience Increases the Preference for Supporting Information after Decisions
Authors: Jonas Eva , Greenberg Jeff , Frey Dieter
Published: September 2003

From the perspective of terror management theory, reminders of mortality should intensify the desire to pursue cognitive consistency. The authors investigated this notion with regard to dissonance theory starting from the finding of research on “selective exposure to information” that after having made a decision, people prefer consonant over dissonant information. The authors found that following mortality salience, people indeed showed an increased preference for information that supported their decision compared to information conflicting with it. However, this only occurred with regard to a worldview-relevant decision case. For a fictitious decision scenario, mortality salience did not affect information seeking. Practical and theoretical implications are discussed.
“... As you Would have Them Do Unto You”: Does Imagining Yourself in the Other's Place Stimulate Moral Action?
Authors: Batson C. Daniel , Lishner David A. , Carpenter Amy , Dulin Luis , Harjusola-Webb Sanna , Stocks E. L. , Gale Shawna , Hassan Omar , Sampat Brenda
Published: September 2003

Philosophers, psychologists, and religious teachers have suggested that imagining yourself in another's place will stimulate moral action. The authors tested this idea in two different situations. In Experiment 1, participants had the opportunity to assign themselves and another research participant to tasks, with one task clearly more desirable than the other. Imagining oneself in the other's place did little to increase the morality (fair-ness) of the decision. A different form of perspective taking, imagining the other's feelings, increased direct assignment of the other to the desirable task, apparently due to increased empathy. In Experiment 2, participants confronted a different decision: either accept an initial task assignment that would give them highly positive consequences and the other participant nothing or change the assignment so they and the other would each receive moderately positive consequences. In this situation, imagining oneself in the other's place did significantly increase moral action.
Issues in Caregivers' Stress and Providers' Support
Authors: Musil Carol M. , Morris Diana L. , Warner Camille B. , Saeid Hala
Published: September 2003

This study examined whether support from care recipients' primary care providers affects the stress and health of caregivers. This two-year longitudinal study addressed changes in caregivers' mental and physical health, both self-assessed and evaluated by professional nurse practitioners in physical examinations, and the effects of provider support on caregivers' health. Randomly selected participants from three previous studies plus a group of volunteer Alzheimer's caregivers constituted the sample. Of 254 eligible individuals, 150 agreed to participate, but by time 2, care recipient deaths and other reasons had reduced the number of caregivers to 99. Participants showed significant increases in stress and service use but declines in all areas of health and in provider support. Provider support did not materially affect caregivers' health but had an indirect effect on caregivers' self-assessed health through rewards. Despite the need for bolstering caregivers' health, perceived support from care recipients' providers is limited.
Parent Care, Intergenerational Relationship Quality, and Mental Health of Adult Daughters
Authors: Li Lydia Wailing , Seltzer Marsha Mailick
Published: September 2003

This study examined the effects of parent care on the quality of adult daughter-aging parent relationships and the effects of these relationships on the mental health of daughters. One hundred ninety-six daughters who participated in the first two waves (18 months apart) of a longitudinal study of women in Wisconsin were included in this analysis. Structural equation modeling results show that providing care to a parent with both cognitive and physical impairments, but not to a parent with physical impairments only, takes a toll on the quality of the daughter-parent relationship. The quality of the daughter-parent relationship was found to be negatively associated with depressive symptoms in the daughter, and this association is largely accounted for by the daughter's self-esteem.
Black-White Differences in Mortality Compression and Deceleration and the Mortality Crossover Reconsidered
Authors: Lynch Scott M. , Brown J. Scott , Harmsen Katherine G.
Published: September 2003

Most studies investigating Black-White differences in mortality patterns have focused exclusively on the well-known crossover but have ignored other aspects of the mortality curves, such as deceleration and compression. Yet compression and deceleration are also important features of mortality curves that may vary by race. In this research, the authors developed models for data from 1972 to 1990 and estimated them using naive and more stringent assumptions about Black data quality. They found that mortality deceleration begins at older ages for Blacks than for Whites but that the ages of deceleration onset are converging. The authors also found that mortality compression is occurring for Blacks but not for Whites and that compression is more apparent for Blacks when data quality is considered. Finally, the authors found that a crossover exists, that the age at crossover is increasing across time, and that the age at crossover is later in adjusted data than in unadjusted data.
Is there an American Way of Aging?
Authors: Hungerford Thomas L.
Published: September 2003

This study examines the income dynamics of retired individuals over the first 12 years of retirement. Two questions are asked: (1) Are the economic experiences of U.S. elderly unique, or are they similar to the experiences of the elderly in Germany? and (2) What is the role of social security in these economic experiences? The results show that there are major differences between the two countries in the experiences of retired individuals as they age. Retired Germans generally maintain their living standards as they age, whereas retired Americans experience falling living standards.
Observation of type IV cracking in welded joints of high chromium ferritic heat resistant steels
Authors: Shinozaki K. , Li Dejun , Kuroki H. , Harada H. , Ohishi K. , Sato T.
Published: September 2003

Type IV cracking in welded joints of high Cr ferritic heat resistant steels at 923 K is investigated in the present study. First, internal pressure creep tests were performed to investigate the features of cracking at 923 K and at stresses of 108–167 MPa. Results showed that at low stresses cracks occurred in the fine grained heat affected zone (FGHAZ), showing low deformation, a vast amount of creep voids and short creep life: these were identified to be type IV cracks. However, as the stress was increased the crack locations moved further away from the fusion line, the creep void area density decreased, and the slope of the main crack ratio curve increased. At high stress, cracks occurred in the base metal and were identified to be normal cracks. Second, creep tests were carried out on one pass welded specimens to clarify the relationship between the creep property deterioration in the FGHAZ and the weld thermal cycle. Type IV cracking was repeated successfully and results showed good correspondence with the position of cracks among the softened region, the highest creep void area density and the fracture location. Both internally pressurised and one pass welded specimens showed that at low stress the FGHAZ was the weak zone and creep voids played an important role in type IV cracking.
Analysis of factors affecting type IV cracking in welded joints of high chromium ferritic heat resistant steels
Authors: Li Dejun , Shinozaki K. , Kuroki H. , Harada H. , Ohishi K.
Published: September 2003

In the present work, creep tests on single pass welded joints were carried out to investigate the factors affecting the deterioration of the creep strength of weldments of high Cr heat resistant steels. In creep tests at a temperature of 923 K and stresses of 90 and 120 MPa, creep fracture occurred in the fine grained heat affected zone (FGHAZ) and was identified as type IV cracking. It was found that a peak temperature between Ac1 and Ac3 in the FGHAZ caused the observed creep property deterioration. The factors identified as leading to the deterioration are a fine grain structure, low hardness, and large precipitates. Further investigations confirmed the influence of the fine grain structure as a critical factor decreasing the creep rupture time. The hardness difference between the FGHAZ and the base metal is insignificant, especially at 923 K. However, SEM investigations revealed that many large precipitates are distributed on the boundaries of the martensite laths and prior austenite grain boundaries. It is considered that the large precipitates also have a significant influence on the creep strength deterioration.
Grain refinement due to grain detachment in electromagnetically stirred AA7020 welds
Authors: Mousavi M. G. , Hermans M. J. M. , Richardson I. M. , den Ouden G.
Published: September 2003

For the first time evidence is presented that supports the role of the grain detachment mechanism during grain refinement of aluminium welds as a result of stirring. These grains are localised in the centre of the weld pool and have not been fully melted. The results of energy dispersive spectroscopy analysis of these grains indicate the similarity of their chemical composition to that of the grains in the base metal. This suggests that these grains are the partially melted grains, present at the fusion line, that are brought into the weld pool by the action of stirring.