bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrocutaneous Coding of Information
Authors: Raple Lura I. , Lyman John
Published: December 2015

Responses to electrocutaneous stimulation were investigated using the two point discrimination threshold as a means of providing information about the range of sensitivity to electrical stimuli.

A complete factorial design was used to investigate the effects of frequency, pulse width, and phase shift on the threshold distance at which two electrocutaneous stimuli can be discriminated. Results were analyzed by an analysis of variance.

The two point discrimination threshold was found to be significant for frequency, pulse width, and the interaction between pulse width and phase shift. Electrocutaneous sensitivity was determined by the level at which the minimum two point discrimination threshold occurred.
The Case for Repeated Measures in Ergonomic Experiments: Another Look
Authors: Smillie Robert J. , Blake Tyler
Published: December 2015

Repeated measures designs have been suggested as being inappropriate in most ergonomic research because of the presence of unwanted order effects which bias the results. Poulton has discussed a number of studies in several areas in which such order effects have rendered the interpretation of the results unreliable. The present study investigated order effects by combining in a single experiment a between-subjects design and a within-subjects design. Eight subjects were exposed to four combinations of two stressors, noise and ice-pressor, in a character recognition task based on reaction time measures. The experimental layout included order as an independent variable and found a significant main effect for treatments (F = 10.89, p < .005). More importantly treatments were found to interact with order (F = 3.26, p < .05). Because of the economy of repeated measures designs in terms of subject number, it is suggested that rather than categorically abandoning their use, research should be undertaken to determine: (1) if order effects are always present; (2) with what variables and combinations of variables they occur; (3) the consistency of such effects in terms of magnitude and direction; and (4) the practical as well as the statistical significance of particular order effects. In addition, the issues of individual differences and intra-subject consistency are discussed in relation to repeated measures designs. Finally, it is suggested that the discrimination of those situations where repeated measures designs can be used effectively is a more practical and fruitful activity than the wholesale elimination of repeated measures from erogomics research.
A Posture-Productivity Index: A Proposed Methodology
Authors: Riley Michael W. , Cochran David J.
Published: December 2015

The working posture of an individual influences his working efficiency and working efficiency significantly affects productivity. An index of productivity as a function of posture-related variables is needed to assess the significance of posture's effect on productivity. A posture-productivity index expresses the capability to increase productivity by changing working posture. The index is based upon the following nine ergonomie guidelines or contributing factors for working posture described by Ayoub (1971): static work, overload of muscular system, mechanical advantage, joint positions, unnatural postures, proper sitting posture, allowable change of posture, accommodation of large operators, and operator training. The advantage of this procedure is not only to be able to determine the posture-productivity index, but more importantly, the capability to improve worker efficiency by modifying working posture is indicated. Such an indication will be an invaluable tool, especially since most changes to improve working posture would normally require minimal investment.
Prediction of Color Television Picture Quality
Authors: Greening Charles P.
Published: December 2015

The nature of the man/machine interface in the color television system as used for home entertainment is explored and described. The problem of predicting picture quality is examined from the point of view of the receiver designer/manufacturer. The relevance of existing performance data, perference data, and physical measurements of image characteristics to the picture quality question is examined.

Existing models and part-models are described, and the characteristics of a more complete, but hypothetical model are outlined. Fundamental limitations in the predictability of picture quality are described. These limitations arise in large part from the fact that many important factors in picture quality, such as quality of the broadcast signal, viewing conditions, and personal preferences are not controllable by the receiver manufacturer.
First May or May Not Be Best, or Cost and Training Effectiveness Analysis in Comparing Training Approaches
Authors: Neal Gilbert L. , Dannhaus Dale M. , Tierney Thomas J. , Cartner John A.
Published: December 2015

In the future the Human Factors specialist can expect to plan and conduct economic analysis-oriented training studies called cost and training effectiveness analyses (CTEA). This paper enumerates basic CTEA principles and describes a basic rifle marksmanship training study to illustrate their application.
Human Factors Goes to the Polls: The Voting Process as a Man-Machine System
Authors: Blake Tyler
Published: December 2015

With the advent of voting machines and computers, the voting process has evolved into a complex man-machine system. However, to date no comprehensive human factors analysis of the voting process has been conducted. A systems analysis of the voting process yielded four major functions which impact critically on voter behavior and performance:

(a) Design of voting instructions (b) Display of crucial voting information (c) Human engineering of voting equipment and procedures (d) Distribution of voting machines and personnel across and within voting districts.

Some critical aspects of each area are discussed, and some additional points of interest to human factors specialists interested in researching this area are mentioned.
The Relationship between Driver Vision and Accident Involvement
Authors: Shinar David
Published: December 2015

A battery of eight different driver-related vision tests was administered to a sample of 890 licensed drivers. The battery included tests for static acuity under both normal illumination, low-level illumination and glare conditions; dynamic visual acuity; movement detection sensitivity, both in the central and peripheral fields; visual field in the horizontal axis; and visual search effectiveness. Regression analyses performed to determine the relationship between accident rate and performance on the tests in the vision test battery, yielded significant multiple correlations ranging from R = .09 to R = .30, depending upon the driver age-group and specific measure used for accident rate (daytime accident rate vs. nighttime accident rate). Different vision tests were found to be differentially predictive of accident rate for different age groups. In general, static acuity under low levels of illumination and dynamic visual acuity were most consistently related to accident rate. The potential use of such a battery as a flexible screening device is discussed.
Immaterial Boys? A Large-Scale Exploration of Gender-Based Differences in Child Sexual Exploitation Service Users
Authors: Cockbain Ella , Ashby Matthew , Brayley Helen
Published: December 2015

Child sexual exploitation is increasingly recognized nationally and internationally as a pressing child protection, crime prevention, and public health issue. In the United Kingdom, for example, a recent series of high-profile cases has fueled pressure on policy makers and practitioners to improve responses. Yet, prevailing discourse, research, and interventions around child sexual exploitation have focused overwhelmingly on female victims. This study was designed to help redress fundamental knowledge gaps around boys affected by sexual exploitation. This was achieved through rigorous quantitative analysis of individual-level data for 9,042 users of child sexual exploitation services in the United Kingdom. One third of the sample were boys, and gender was associated with statistically significant differences on many variables. The results of this exploratory study highlight the need for further targeted research and more nuanced and inclusive counter-strategies.
How Can Psychological Contagion Effect be Attenuated? The Role of Boundary Effect on Menu Design
Authors: Hou Yuansi , Sun Yixia , Wan LIsa C. , Yang Wan
Published: December 2015

Psychological effects can be greatly influential for the foodservice industry, especially in menu design. Presenting dish pictures is a common practice on menus, but because of the psychological contagion effect, this practice could decrease consumers’ evaluations of dishes, sometimes without the awareness of consumers, let alone restaurant managers. This research aims to explore the potential threats of a psychological contagion by considering how dishes that make consumers feel uncomfortable can affect their evaluations of dishes located nearby. It further examines how a psychological contagion can be attenuated when a visual boundary is placed between a discomfiting dish and a target dish. The results demonstrate the occurrence of psychological contagion in menu design. The interaction between psychological contagions and visual boundaries suggest that the psychological contagion can be attenuated through visual boundaries.
Vibration analysis of functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite plate in thermal environment
Authors: Mehar Kulmani , Panda Subrata Kumar , Dehengia Ayushman , Kar Vishesh Ranjan
Published: December 2015

In this article, the free vibration behavior of functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite plate is investigated under elevated thermal environment. The carbon nanotube reinforced composite plate has been modeled mathematically using higher order shear deformation theory. The material properties of carbon nanotube reinforced composite plate are assumed to be temperature dependent and graded in the thickness direction using different grading rules. The effective material properties of the functionally graded plate are introduced in the present model through a micromechanical model under temperature load. The governing differential equation of the functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite plate is obtained using Hamilton’s principle. The domain is discretized using the suitable isoparametric finite element steps and solved numerically through a computer code developed in MATLAB environment. The validity and the convergence behavior of the present numerical results have been checked and a simulation model is also developed in commercial finite element package (ANSYS) using ANSYS parametric design language code. The effect of various geometrical parameters (aspect ratios, support conditions, and thickness ratios), the grading effect, and the temperature variation on the free vibration behavior of functionally graded carbon nanotube reinforced composite are examined and discussed in detail.
You’re either with us or against us! Moral conviction determines how the politicized distinguish friend from foe
Authors: Zaal Maarten P. , Saab Rim , O’Brien Kerry , Jeffries Carla , Barreto Manuela , van Laar Colette
Published: December 2015

Three studies investigated how politicized collective identification affects individuals’ reactions towards others. We hypothesized that a strong politicized identity tends to be accompanied by a moral conviction about the politicized cause, which in turn determines how the politicized respond to those less committed to their cause. Consistent with this, Study 1 showed that politicized (feminist) identification is associated with lower identification with women who place moderate (vs. high) moral value on gender equality. Study 2 showed that politicized identification was associated with negative emotions towards people who disagree with this cause and this was mediated by the extent to which participants saw supporting the activist goal as morally obligatory. Study 3 showed that politicized identification, to the extent to which it implied holding a moral conviction about the activist cause, is associated with a desire for more social distance to an attitudinally dissimilar other, but not from an attitudinally similar other.
Identifying an appropriate Content Management System to develop Clinical Practice Guidelines: A perspective
Authors: Reddy Sandeep , Herring Sally , Gray Allison
Published: December 2015

Clinical Practice Guidelines are widely used to inform and improve the quality and consistency of clinical practice. Developing and publishing Clinical Practice Guidelines is a complex task involving multiple components. Electronic Content Management Systems are increasingly employed to make this task more manageable. The Content Management System market offers a variety of options for publishing content on the Internet. However, there are limited products that comprehensively address the requirements of publishing Clinical Practice Guidelines. The authors are involved in publishing guidelines for remote clinical practitioners in Australia and present their perspective about identifying an appropriate Content Management System. Several elements essential to addressing their unique editing needs are defined in this article. Unfortunately, customisation is very expensive and laborious: few Content Management System providers can comprehensively meet the needs of Clinical Practice Guidelines publishing. Being pragmatic about the level of functionality a product can offer to support publication is essential.
“All teenagers have problems, whether they’re adopted or not”: Discourses on adolescence and adoption among parents of transnationally adopted teens
Authors: Bañez Tomasa
Published: December 2015

Adopted children’s arrival at adolescence is an object of interest and concern among researchers, professionals, and politicians. In this article, I offer an analysis of parental talk among 24 families about their concerns related to their transnationally adopted teens. The majority of the adoptive parents reported having concerns about their children, which they attributed to their children’s entry into adolescence and their children’s inherent personality traits. In this article, I focus on the first of these attributions, which places the “blame” on adolescence. I do this from a perspective integrating a theoretical view from social anthropology that analyzes social discourses and a more applied view from social work that explores how these discourses influence family practices. The results of this analysis can guide family and professional practices and public policies on adoption.
The ‘Yew Chung model’ of international education: The scope for investigation and research
Authors: Bunnell Tristan
Published: December 2015

The Yew Chung Education Foundation operates a network of five international schools in China, plus one in California, serving in total around 5500 children. This article investigates the aims and philosophy of a ‘model’ of international education which aims not only to educate children but also to bring about an inner transformation of their worldview whereby they are both ‘Eastern’ and ‘Western’. However, the Yew Chung ‘model’ to date stands untested. There is much scope for investigation and research.
Effects of Two Different Dosages of Sildenafil on Patients With Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Li Hongjun , Bai Gang , Zhang Xinyu , Shi Bingbing , Liu Defeng , Jiang Hui , Ji Zhigang , Davis Matthew R. , Zhu Ziwen , Fang Yujiang
Published: December 2015

To investigate the effects of two different dosages of sildenafil on patients with erectile dysfunction (ED), a total of 3,674 patients with ED were recruited to answer questionnaires designed specifically for this study. There were 977 patients in the 50 mg group and there were 2,697 patients in the 100 mg group. Both 50 mg and 100 mg of sildenafil therapy increased the ED patients’ average monthly frequency of sexual intercourse, improved erectile function state in self-assessment, and elevated sexual satisfaction and enjoyment. Despite a higher rate of concomitant diseases, patients in the higher dosage of sildenafil group had a better outcome in the average monthly frequency of sexual intercourse and sexual enjoyment compared with those in the lower dosage. Such a study might be helpful for health care providers to choose sildenafil dosage for patients with ED.
A Neurohospitalist Discharge Clinic Shortens the Transition From Inpatient to Outpatient Care
Authors: Shah Maulik , Douglas Vanja , Scott Brian , Josephson S. Andrew
Published: December 2015

Background and Purpose:

Medicine hospitalist programs have effectively incorporated hospitalist-run discharge clinics into clinical practice to help bridge the vulnerable transition periods after hospital discharge. A neurohospitalist discharge clinic would similarly allow continuity with the inpatient provider while addressing challenges in the coordination of neurologic care. We anticipated that this would afford a greater total number of patients to be seen and at a shorter interval.

Methods:

The number of posthospital discharge patients who were seen in general continuity per month in the 6 months prior to establishment of neurohospitalist discharge clinic and those seen over 1 full calendar year 6 months after clinic began was compared by reviewing medical records. Average length of time between discharge from hospital and first clinic visit was compared between patients seen in general neurology continuity clinic and those seen in discharge clinic.

Results:

There was a significant increase in the average number of postdischarge visits per month after initiation of neurohospitalist discharge clinic compared to prior (16.1 visits vs 10.5 visits, P = .001). Patients were seen significantly sooner after hospitalization in discharge clinic (35.9 ± 4.3 days) compared to those seen in general continuity clinic during the same time epoch (57.6 ± 4.1 days; p < 0.001).

Conclusions:

Creation of a neurohospitalist discharge clinic was effective in increasing posthospital discharge follow-up frequency and shortening duration of time to follow-up.
Can Income Inequality be Associated With Positive Outcomes? Hope Mediates the Positive Inequality–Happiness Link in Rural China
Authors: Cheung Felix
Published: December 2015

Prior studies on the inequality–happiness link have yielded mixed results and tend to focus on mechanisms that explain the negative effects of inequality. The current study investigated the inequality–happiness link in China and examined hope as a mechanism that explains positive effects of income inequality. Using data from a large sample of 30,255 Chinese respondents, greater inequality was associated with higher life satisfaction in rural China but not significantly associated with life satisfaction in urban China. The positive inequality–happiness link in rural areas was mediated by hope. By providing evidence for a mechanism through which income inequality can lead to greater well-being, the current study sheds light on the heterogeneity of prior findings on the inequality–happiness link. These results supported a dual-process model of income inequality in which inequality leads to higher or lower subjective well-being through hope and social comparison depending on stages of economic development.
Impaired Visual Cortical Processing of Affective Facial Information in Schizophrenia
Authors: Maher Stephen , Ekstrom Tor , Chen Yue
Published: December 2015

Facial-emotion-perception impairment in schizophrenia is currently viewed as abnormal affective processing. Facial-emotion perception also relies on visual processing. Yet visual cortical processing of facial emotion is not well understood in this disorder. We measured perceptual thresholds for detecting facial fear and happiness in patients ( n = 23) and control participants ( n = 23) and adjusted emotion intensity of facial stimuli (via morphing between images of neutral and emotive expressions) for each participant. We then evaluated activations of the visual cortex and amygdala during the performance of perceptually equated facial-emotion-detection tasks. Patients had significantly lower fear- and happiness-induced activations in the visual cortex and amygdala. Activations between the visual cortex and amygdala were largely correlated, but the correlations in patients occurred abnormally early in the response time course during fear perception. In schizophrenia, visual processing of facial emotion is deficient, and visual and affective processing of negative facial emotion may be prematurely associated.
BUMI Plc: Case of Contrasting Governance Cultures?
Authors: Bhasa Malla Praveen
Published: December 2015

For an inquisitive student of corporate governance, the BUMI Plc case offers an extraordinary insight into the nuances of contrasting corporate governance cultures and their associated problems. The marriage of the East–West governance models and its subsequent failure has brought to the fore the vulnerability of the Anglo-Saxonic corporate governance model in the face of entrenched relationships characterizing Eastern governance structures.

Western investor Nat Rothschild joins hands with the Bakries of Indonesia to build a mining behemoth. Despite the Bakries’ supposed lack of governance integrity, Nat allies with them with the confidence that the demands of Anglo-Saxonic corporate governance model would play a great leveller in ironing out any mis-governance-related issues. Whether he was too confident of the Western model of governance, or on his own competence as a successful investor, or whether he failed to grasp and appreciate other models of governance is a matter of debate. Suffice it to say that Nat sensed a huge business potential in Indonesia, and despite a contrasting governance model followed by Indonesian businessmen, he partnered with them in the hope that at the end the Anglo-Saxonic governance model would prevail and maximize shareholder value. Was he proven right or whether he misjudged his partner’s governance model forms the basis of this case. The case does not argue for or against any governance model. Instead it draws the student’s attention to the existence of different governance models and their interplay in a unified setting.
Crafting Organizational Culture: ‘Getting the Boss to Work for You’
Authors: Chen Basil K.C. , Manning Michael R.
Published: December 2015

This case study explores the organizational culture of a privately held company, Service Express, Inc. (SEI), headquartered in Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA, providing customers with onsite data maintenance service for mission-critical servers. As of January 2013, it had 250 employees located in 24 regional offices in the Midwest and Southeast, generating revenues of around $50 million. SEI’s vision is to help its employees achieve their personal, professional and financial goals. The company takes the position that culture drives performance; in particular, the case details how SEI crafts its culture for a superior organizational performance; it explores various aspects (e.g., service-centric focus, servant leadership) that drive this organization’s culture. It draws reader’s attention to the notion that organizational performance (including profit) is a lagging indicator, while organizational culture is the leading indicator of organizational success.
Apelin: an antithrombotic factor that inhibits platelet function
Authors: Adam Frédéric , Khatib Abdel-Majid , Lopez Jose Javier , Vatier Camille , Turpin Sabrina , Muscat Adeline , Soulet Fabienne , Aries Anne , Jardin Isaac , Bobe Régis , Stepanian Alain , de Prost Dominique , Dray Cédric , Rosado Juan Antonio , Valet Philippe , Feve Bruno , Siegfried Geraldine
Published: December 2015

Key Points

Apelin plays a key role in maintaining hemostasis through the regulation of platelet function. Treatment of platelets with apelin inhibits aggregation and thrombus formation.
Phylogenomic methods outperform traditional multi-locus approaches in resolving deep evolutionary history: a case study of formicine ants
Authors: Blaimer Bonnie B. , Brady Seán G. , Schultz Ted R. , Lloyd Michael W. , Fisher Brian L. , Ward Philip S.
Published: December 2015

Background

Ultraconserved elements (UCEs) have been successfully used in phylogenomics for a variety of taxa, but their power in phylogenetic inference has yet to be extensively compared with that of traditional Sanger sequencing data sets. Moreover, UCE data on invertebrates, including insects, are sparse. We compared the phylogenetic informativeness of 959 UCE loci with a multi-locus data set of ten nuclear markers obtained via Sanger sequencing, testing the ability of these two types of data to resolve and date the evolutionary history of the second most species-rich subfamily of ants in the world, the Formicinae.

Results

Phylogenetic analyses show that UCEs are superior in resolving ancient and shallow relationships in formicine ants, demonstrated by increased node support and a more resolved phylogeny. Phylogenetic informativeness metrics indicate a twofold improvement relative to the 10-gene data matrix generated from the identical set of taxa. We were able to significantly improve formicine classification based on our comprehensive UCE phylogeny. Our divergence age estimations, using both UCE and Sanger data, indicate that crown-group Formicinae are older (104–117 Ma) than previously suggested. Biogeographic analyses infer that the diversification of the subfamily has occurred on all continents with no particular hub of cladogenesis.

Conclusions

We found UCEs to be far superior to the multi-locus data set in estimating formicine relationships. The early history of the clade remains uncertain due to ancient rapid divergence events that are unresolvable even with our genomic-scale data, although this might be largely an effect of several problematic taxa subtended by long branches. Our comparison of divergence ages from both Sanger and UCE data demonstrates the effectiveness of UCEs for dating analyses. This comparative study highlights both the promise and limitations of UCEs for insect phylogenomics, and will prove useful to the growing number of evolutionary biologists considering the transition from Sanger to next-generation sequencing approaches.
Machine learning approaches for elastic localization linkages in high-contrast composite materials
Authors: Liu Ruoqian , Yabansu Yuksel C. , Agrawal Ankit , Kalidindi Surya R. , Choudhary Alok N.
Published: December 2015

There has been a growing recognition of the opportunities afforded by advanced data science and informatics approaches in addressing the computational demands of modeling and simulation of multiscale materials science phenomena. More specifically, the mining of microstructure–property relationships by various methods in machine learning and data mining opens exciting new opportunities that can potentially result in a fast and efficient material design. This work explores and presents multiple viable approaches for computationally efficient predictions of the microscale elastic strain fields in a three-dimensional (3-D) voxel-based microstructure volume element (MVE). Advanced concepts in machine learning and data mining, including feature extraction, feature ranking and selection, and regression modeling, are explored as data experiments. Improvements are demonstrated in a gradually escalated fashion achieved by (1) feature descriptors introduced to represent voxel neighborhood characteristics, (2) a reduced set of descriptors with top importance, and (3) an ensemble-based regression technique.
A Single Fluorophore-labeled Aptamer Sensor for the Detection of Interferon Gamma
Authors: Hashim Siti Norulhuda , Tsuchiya Akira , Kamiya Noriho , Sando Shinsuke
Published: December 2015

Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is a cytokine that is mainly secreted from immune cells. It plays an important role in regulating neighboring cellular activities through interactions with cell membrane proteins. Because of its biological importance, there has been increasing demand for a biosensor that can respond to IFN-γ. Here, we report a fluorescent aptamer sensor that targets IFN-γ. The 25-nt IFN-γ aptamer was converted into a turn-on fluorescent sensor by labeling the 3′-end with fluorescein. The designed sensor achieved fluorescence sensing of IFN-γ with nanomolar affinity.
Method activation end date in the past. direction:re
Authors: Поздняков Виктор , Pozdnyakov Viktor
Published: December 2015

The article discusses the problems of interaction between international and constitutional law. The author draws attention to their interdependence, due to the historical development of bilateral relations with the bourgeois revolutions of the first period to the present time.

The author emphasizes the influence of international legal problems in the constitutional development of modern Russia, emphasizing the need to define methodological positions in the research of formation and functioning of modern international political alliances.
To the question of the Russian’s tax culture
Authors: Демин Александр , Dyemin Alyeksandr
Published: December 2015

The author investigates a concept of tax culture within such school of sciences as “fiscal sociology”. The tax culture is a complex, multilevel structure; it acts as a component of the general culture both the certain person, and society in general. Justice of tax system and, first of all, justice of system of redistribution of the public benefits and a gross revenue by means of the taxation is a key aspect in understanding of tax culture of society.
Increasing burnout among nurses: How can nurse managers respond?
Authors: Ives Julia , Shaer David , Sherring Simon , Marks-Maran Diane
Published: December 2015

In 2007 an audit of stress and burnout was undertaken with mental health and learning disability nurses in one NHS trust using the Maslach Burnout Inventory, a validated tool that measures stress and burnout. In 2014, a re-audit was undertaken using the same tool. This article examines the implications of a findings from the re-audit of burnout. In the 2014 re-audit a survey was distributed to 400 nurses in one mental health and learning disability foundation trust. Findings show an increase in stress in two key areas of stress and burnout. This may be related to the changes and uncertainties in the NHS in the four countries of the UK. However, the re-audit did not intend to make a causal relationship between the NHS changes and burnout. Instead, it was to determine whether levels of stress and burnout were changing. The NHS' capacity to deliver compassionate high-quality patient care may be threatened by rising levels of burnout and there is a role in this for mental health nurse managers.
Reducing diabetes-related complications in pregnancy
Authors: Mills Lesley , Palmer Charlotte , Arya Rita
Published: December 2015

Women with pre-existing type 1 and 2 diabetes have an increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, including miscarriage, fetal congenital anomaly and perinatal death. There is a further group of women who develop diabetes during pregnancy, who are also at increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. Since the original publication of the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidance on diabetes in pregnancy in 2008, there have been several developments that prompted an update. Recently published guidance from NICE (2015) has reviewed studies on the diagnosis and treatment of gestational diabetes and those with pre-existing type 1 and 2 diabetes. This article outlines the background to diabetes, preconception care and the management and prevention of complications throughout pregnancy.
National survey of current practice standards for the newborn and infant physical examination
Authors: Rogers Cathy , Jay Annabel , Yearley Carole , Beeton Karen
Published: December 2015

Objectives:

To determine compliance with recommended standards for the newborn and infant physical examination (NIPE), identify which professionals were performing the NIPE and determine standards for screening and management of babies at risk of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) or congenital heart disease (CHD).

Design:

In autumn 2014, an online questionnaire was sent to all heads of midwifery in the UK.

Key findings:

Completed questionnaires were returned from 64.3% (n=99/154) of targeted NHS Trusts. The main professionals performing the NIPE were paediatricians, midwives and neonatal practitioners. 95% of responding Trusts employed midwives qualified to perform the NIPE, with 13.7% of midwives employed in the UK NIPE-qualified. Midwives performed over 50% of NIPEs in more than 20% of Trusts where babies were born in the consultant-led delivery suite, and 70% of Trusts where babies were born in a midwifery-led setting. All respondents believed the optimum time for the NIPE was before 72 hours, and all but one Trust usually achieved this. Overall, nearly 80% of respondents rated the value of NIPE as a screening tool as ‘good’ or ‘excellent’.

Conclusions:

Despite evidence for the safety and cost-effectiveness of midwives examining the newborn, plus previous recommendations for expanding NIPE training, the number of NIPE-qualified midwives remains low. Considerable variation was found between Trusts for screening for DDH and CHD.

Implications for practice:

The few midwives with NIPE training are examining far more babies than those in their caseload, which undermines the principles of continuity of care. There is scope for improvement in the quality and consistency of information to parents and follow-up processes. There is a need for the development of more robust guidelines for practice and improved screening for neonates.
An evaluation of the first year of an enquiry-based learning midwifery curriculum
Authors: Snow Sarah , Torney Laura
Published: December 2015

Enquiry-based learning (EBL) is an approach to education that generally involves students working in groups, forming their own questions and solving scenarios formulated from an initial ‘trigger’ presented by tutors. EBL entails specific demands but is believed to effectively apply theory to practice and enhance deep learning. In 2012, the midwifery programme at the University of Worcester was reapproved to run as an EBL curriculum. The research summarised here is an evaluation of students' perceptions and experiences of the first year of the new curriculum. A mixed-methods design was employed, using questionnaires and interviews. The students were most likely to perceive the benefits of EBL as increasing critical thinking (73%), problem-solving (68%), and leadership skills (66%). Concerns were voiced about the teaching of anatomy and physiology, and consistency of approach among tutors. All the students stated that their perceptions of EBL and its outcomes became increasingly positive over time. This evaluation suggests that EBL has potential to enhance the key skills of students who will be required to practise within increasingly complex maternity services. Further research is needed to explore the views of mentors as key stakeholders in midwifery education.
Welcome to practice: A guide for the first labour ward placement
Authors: Power Alison
Published: December 2015

Depending on the structure of their curriculum, some first-year midwifery students will already be preparing for their first clinical placements. Each clinical area has its particular demands; however, for many, it is the labour ward that causes the most trepidation as it is a dynamic and unpredictable environment. Theoretical training in the first year focuses on normal birth, but things do not always go to plan and sometimes student midwives are involved in obstetric emergencies that demand prompt, effective management. This guide provides basic information on two common obstetric emergencies: shoulder dystocia and postpartum haemorrhage.
A youth-led peer-to-peer approach to tackling obesity
Authors: Feuchtwang Anna
Published: December 2015

Anna Feuchtwang comments on the importance of wider measures and collaborative working to tackle obesity and looks at a youth-led peer-to-peer initiative.
Should strategies to tackle childhood obesity also focus on mental health?
Authors: Lewis Kiara , Mackenzie Abi
Published: December 2015

Childhood obesity continues to be a concern in the UK as in many other countries. Although there has been a ‘levelling off’ of BMI recorded through the National Childhood Measurement Programme in recent years, the upward trend continues in older and more deprived children. Childhood obesity has been linked to poor mental health; whether psychological and social problems are a consequence or a contributor to obesity is unknown. Childhood obesity programmes that recognise and address psychosocial problems are proving useful in addressing obesity problems, but their continued support is subject to funding. School nurses, by measuring children's height and weight, can identify children at risk of obesity, but this is ineffective on its own and more support and advice is needed for school nurses on how to tackle the complex conditions surrounding childhood obesity.
Supporting refugee children who arrive in your schools
Authors: Mitchell Joanna , Ashton Rebecca , Owen Zoe , Walmsley Joanna
Published: December 2015

Receiving the children of Syrian refugees as they begin to arrive in the UK is a realistic possibility for many schools. It is likely that these children will face many challenges as they integrate. Educational psychologist Dr Joanna Mitchell offers a checklist for successful inclusion.
Developing a sexual health app: Time for review
Authors: Menzies Alison
Published: December 2015

In her regular column, Alison Menzies shares her experiences as a research scholarship holder and on the development of an app aimed at young offenders.
Resection of a physeal bar with complete transverse osteotomy at the metaphysis and Ilizarov external fixation
Authors: Kim H T , Lim K P , Jang J H , Ahn T Y
Published: December 2015

The traditional techniques involving an oblique tunnel or triangular wedge resection to approach a central or mixed-type physeal bar are hindered by poor visualisation of the bar. This may be overcome by a complete transverse osteotomy at the metaphysis near the growth plate or a direct vertical approach to the bar. Ilizarov external fixation using small wires allows firm fixation of the short physis-bearing fragment, and can also correct an associated angular deformity and permit limb lengthening.

We accurately approached and successfully excised ten central- or mixed-type bars; six in the distal femur, two in the proximal tibia and two in the distal tibia, without damaging the uninvolved physis, and corrected the associated angular deformity and leg-length discrepancy. Callus formation was slightly delayed because of periosteal elevation and stretching during resection of the bar. The resultant resection of the bar was satisfactory in seven patients and fair in three as assessed using a by a modified Williamson–Staheli classification.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1726–31.
Similar levels of pain are reported in forefoot surgery after management as a day case and admission for 48 hours
Authors: Chaudier P. , Bourdin M. , Gauthier J. , Fessy M. H. , Besse J. L.
Published: December 2015

While many forefoot procedures may be performed as a day case, there are no specific guidelines as to which procedures are suitable. This study assessed the early post-operative pain after forefoot surgery performed a day case, compared with conventional inpatient management.

A total of 317 consecutive operations performed by a single surgeon were included in the study. Those eligible according to the criteria of the French Society of Anaesthesia (SFAR) were managed as day cases (127; 40%), while the remainder were managed as inpatients.

The groups were comparable in terms of gender, body mass index and smoking status, although the mean age of the inpatients was higher (p < 0.001) and they had higher mean American Society of Anaesthesiologists scores (p = 0.002). The most severe daily pain was on the first post-operative day, but the levels of pain were similar in the two groups; (4.2/10, sd 2.5 for day cases, 4.4/10, sd 2.4 for inpatients; p = 0.53). Overall, 28 (9%) of patients who had their surgery as a day case and 34 (11%) of inpatients reported extreme pain (≥ 8/10). There were more day case patients rather than inpatients that declared their pain disappeared seven days after the surgery (p = 0.02). One day-case patient with excessive bleeding was admitted post-operatively.

Apart from the most complicated cases, forefoot surgery can safely be performed as a day case without an increased risk of pain, or complications compared with management as an inpatient.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1645–50.
Comparison of four different techniques for performing an osteotomy
Authors: Elmadag M. , Uzer G. , Yildiz F. , Erden T. , Bilsel K. , Büyükpinarbasili N. , Üsümez A. , Bozdag E. , Sen C.
Published: December 2015

This animal study compares different methods of performing an osteotomy, including using an Erbium-doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet laser, histologically, radiologically and biomechanically. A total of 24 New Zealand rabbits were divided into four groups (Group I: multihole-drilling; Group II: Gigli saw; Group III: electrical saw blade and Group IV: laser). A proximal transverse diaphyseal osteotomy was performed on the right tibias of the rabbits after the application of a circular external fixator. The rabbits were killed six weeks after the procedure, the operated tibias were resected and radiographs taken.

The specimens were tested biomechanically using three-point bending forces, and four tibias from each group were examined histologically. Outcome parameters were the biomechanical stability of the tibias as assessed by the failure to load and radiographic and histological examination of the osteotomy site.

The osteotomies healed in all specimens both radiographically and histologically. The differences in the mean radiographic (p = 0.568) and histological (p = 0.71) scores, and in the mean failure loads (p = 0.180) were not statistically significant between the groups.

Different methods of performing an osteotomy give similar quality of union. The laser osteotomy, which is not widely used in orthopaedics is an alternative to the current methods.

Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1628–33.
Errata/Corrigenda
Authors: Haddad F. S.
Published: December 2015

Todd NV, Skinner D, Wilson-MacDonald J.Secondary neurological deterioration in traumatic spinal injury: data from medicolegal cases.Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:527–531.
Errata/Corrigenda
Authors: Haddad F. S.
Published: December 2015

Weston-Simons JS, Pandit H, Kendrick BJ, Jenkins C, Barker K, Dodd CA, Murray DW.The mid-term outcomes of the Oxford Domed Lateral unicompartmental knee replacement.Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:59–64.
Errata/Corrigenda
Authors: Haddad F. S.
Published: December 2015

Murray DW, Liddle AD, Dodd CAF, Pandit H.Unicompartmental knee arthroplasty: is the glass half full or half empty?Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:3–8.
Errata/Corrigenda
Authors: Haddad F. S.
Published: December 2015

Whitehouse MR, Endo M, Zachara S, Nielsen TO, Greidanus NV, Masri BA, Garbuz DS, Duncan CP.Adverse local tissue reactions in metal-on-polyethylene total hip arthroplasty due to trunnion corrosion: the risk of misdiagnosis.Bone Joint J 2015;97-B:1024–1030.
Expertise in the Name of Diplomacy: The Israeli Plan for Rebuilding the Qazvin Region, Iran
Authors: Feniger Neta , Kallus Rachel
Published: December 2015

After the September 1962 earthquake in the Qazvin region of Iran, Israel sent planning experts to assist Iranian relief efforts. A small project, the reconstruction of one village, led to a larger project initiated by the United Nations, in which a team of experts from Israel were sent to survey and plan the region devastated by the quake. This resulted in a comprehensive regional plan, and detailed plans for several villages. Israeli assistance to Iran was also intended to reinforce bilateral relations between the countries. The disaster offered an opportunity for demonstrating Israeli expertise in a range of fields including architecture, and to consolidate Israel’s international image as an agent for development. This article examines transnational exchange via professional expertise, using the participation of Israeli architects in the rebuilding of Qazvin as a case study, in order to demonstrate that architects were agents of Israel’s diplomatic goals. The architects had professional objectives, namely the creation of a modern plan for the region and its villages. At the same time, these objectives were intertwined with the Shah of Iran’s national modernization plan, and with Israel’s desire to become Iran’s ally in this drive for change and modernization, in the hope of promoting a different, more modern, Middle East.
Between Self and Citizenship: Doxiadis Associates in Postcolonial Pakistan, 1958–1968
Authors: Karim Farhan
Published: December 2015

In the two decades following the creation of Pakistan,1 its government embarked on a lofty project to establish Muslim nationalism as both a binding factor for the country’s culturally different east and west halves, and as a liberating force for the emerging Third World. A major focus of this project was to build democratic institutions including parliament buildings, universities, education training centres and polytechnic institutes. However, Pakistan’s shortage of architects and the government’s Cold War bent toward the United States eventually led to requests for technical assistance from the US Agency for International Development and the Ford Foundation. Through these partnerships Pakistan secured consultancy services from leading European and American architects. This article focuses on the work of Constantinos A. Doxiadis, whose projects included education reform, a university campus, a master plan of Pakistan’s new capital, Islamabad and a controversial refugee settlement project. This article asserts that the treatment of architecture as a flexible armature that could blend regional symbolism, Islamic iconography and technological modernism was the common theme underpinning Doxiadis Associates’s work in Pakistan. The result can be considered a strategy to transform Pakistan’s overarching Muslim nationalism into a hybrid of postcolonial selfhood and newly anointed citizenship that was infused with the United States’s post-war reformation spirit.
Restoration of the Thag Baba Shrine in Kashmir: A Forgotten Mughal Tomb for an Intoxicated Sufi Saint
Authors: Hamdani Hakim Sameer
Published: December 2015

The shrine of Thag Baba was constructed in the seventeenth century by the Mughals in their frontier province of Kashmir. Built for a Sufi saint whose history is lost in legends, this lone surviving Mughal tomb in Kashmir, divorced from local building traditions, represents the imperial decorative techniques of the Mughal court and served as a symbol of royal authority. Examining the history of the shrine and its possible patronage, this article traces its evolution and the reasons behind its decay following completion. It examines how issues of conservation and consolidation of the building were addressed with an aim to promote renewed community involvement and development. Highlighting the project as an exemplar, the article reflects on contemporary issues and challenges adversely affecting Kashmir’s built heritage and on how these might be addressed.