bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functional implications of impaired control of submaximal hip flexion following stroke
Authors: Hyngstrom Allison S. , Kuhnen Henry R. , Kirking Kiersten M. , Hunter Sandra K.
Published: April 2013

Introduction: We quantified submaximal torque regulation during low to moderate intensity isometric hip flexion contractions in individuals with stroke and the associations with leg function. Methods: Ten participants with chronic stroke and 10 controls performed isometric hip flexion contractions at 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 40% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in paretic, nonparetic, and control legs. Results: Participants with stroke had larger torque fluctuations (coefficient of variation, CV), for both the paretic and nonparetic legs, than controls (P < 0.05) with the largest CV at 5% MVC in the paretic leg (P < 0.05). The paretic CV correlated with walking speed (r2 = 0.54) and Berg Balance Score (r2 = 0.40). At 5% MVC, there were larger torque fluctuations in the contralateral leg during paretic contractions compared with the control leg. Conclusions: Impaired low‐force regulation of paretic leg hip flexion can be functionally relevant and related to control versus strength deficits poststroke. Muscle Nerve 49: 225–232, 2014
Finite element implementation of a macromolecular viscoplastic polymer model
Authors: Kweon S. , Benzerga A. A.
Published: April 2013

This paper presents a time‐integration method for a viscoplastic physics‐based polymer model at finite strains. The macromolecular character of the model resides in (i) the viscoplastic law based on a double‐kink molecular mechanism, and (ii) a full chain network model inspired by rubber elasticity to describe the large‐strain orientation hardening. A back stress enters the constitutive model formulation. Essential aspects of a three‐dimensional finite‐element implementation are outlined, the main novelty being in the back stress formulation. The computational efficiency and accuracy of the algorithm are examined in a series of parameter studies. In addition, because a co‐rotational formulation of the constitutive equations is employed using the Jaumann rate in the hypoelastic equation and the back stress evolution equation a detailed analysis of stress oscillations is carried out up to very large strains in simple shear. Subsequently, three‐dimensional FE analyses of compression with friction and instability propagation in tension are used as a means to demonstrate the robustness of the implementation and the potential occurrence of stress oscillations and shear bands in large‐strain analyses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibitory role of Smad7 in hepatocarcinogenesis in mice and in vitro
Authors: Wang Jia , Zhao Jingmin , Chu Eagle SH , Mok Myth TS , Go Minnie YY , Man Kwan , Heuchel Rainer , Lan Hui Yao , Chang Zhijie , Sung Joseph JY , Yu Jun
Published: April 2013

Smad7 is a principal inhibitor of the TGFβ–Smad signalling pathway. We have investigated the functional significance of Smad7 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Smad7 knockout (KO) and wild‐type (WT) mice were injected with diethylnitrosamine (DEN) to induce HCC. The effects of Smad7 on cellular features were examined in HCC cells, using a Smad7 over‐expression or deletion approach. Signalling pathway components modulated by Smad7 in HCC were evaluated using luciferase reporter assay and co‐immunoprecipitation. Smad7 was down‐regulated in human HCCs compared with the adjacent normal tissues (p < 0.001). Smad7 KO mice were more susceptible to DEN‐induced HCC than WT mice (78% versus 22%, p < 0.05). HCCs from KO mice displayed a greater proliferation activity (p < 0.05) and a reduced apoptotic index compared with WT littermates (p < 0.05). Deletion of Smad7 promoted cell proliferation in primary cultured HCC cells. In addition, over‐expression of Smad7 in HCC cell lines markedly suppressed cell growth (p < 0.0001) and colony formation (p < 0.01). Cell cycle analysis revealed an increase in the G1 phase and a reduction in the S‐phase populations, accompanied by up‐regulation of p27Kip1 and down‐regulation of cyclin D1. Smad7 increased cell apoptosis (p < 0.01) by mediating an intrinsic [caspase‐9, caspase‐3 and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase] apoptotic pathway. Moreover, Smad7 inhibited NF‐κB signalling by interacting with TAB2, an upstream activator of NF‐κB, and inhibited TGFβ signalling by suppressing phosphorylation of Smad3. In conclusion, loss of Smad7 enhances susceptibility to HCC. Smad7 suppresses HCC cell growth by inhibiting proliferation and G1–S phase transition and inducing apoptosis through attenuation of NF‐κB and TGFβ signalling. Smad7 acts as a potential tumour suppressor in liver. Copyright © 2013 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 7‐Year Case of Furosemide‐Induced Immune Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Ochoa Pamella S. , Fisher Tye
Published: April 2013

Immune thrombocytopenia has been attributed to many causes. Several drugs have been implicated as culprits in causing drug‐induced thrombocytopenia. Although the mechanism for this type of thrombocytopenia is not well understood, at least three types of antibodies appear to be involved: drug‐dependent antibodies, hapten‐dependent antibodies, and drug‐induced platelet‐reactive autoantibodies. In this report, we describe a case in which furosemide was identified as the probable cause of drug‐induced thrombocytopenia in an 84‐year‐old man with chronic symptomatic idiopathic thrombocytopenia for seven years before discovery. The patient's platelet count and daily furosemide dose, both intravenous and oral, were documented throughout his medical history. A dose‐dependent change in platelet count was observed in association with the furosemide dose. His platelet count increased on discontinuation of furosemide and beginning of torsemide. Several months after discontinuation of furosemide, his platelet count increased to a 9‐year high of 206 × 103/mm3 from a low of 36 × 103/mm3 while receiving furosemide therapy. Based on the observations of this case report, clinicians should more readily consider furosemide as a potential cause of thrombocytopenia.
Fabrication of ferrogels using different magnetic nanoparticles and their performance on protein adsorption
Authors: Gonzalez Jimena S. , Nicolás Paula , Ferreira María Luján , Avena Marcelo , Lassalle Verónica L. , Alvarez Vera A.
Published: April 2013

Magnetic biomaterials were prepared using magnetite and chitosan‐coated magnetite nanoparticles (CSNPs) dispersed in poly(vinyl alcohol) gels. Two different methods were developed to obtain ferrogels: in situ co‐precipitation of magnetite (Ferro‐IS) and by adding previously synthesized CSNPs to the neat matrix (Ferro‐CSNPs). In both cases, the crosslinking was carried out by freezing − thawing (F‐T). The as‐prepared materials as well as precursor CSNPs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, electronic microscopy (scanning and transmission), X‐ray diffraction, ζ potential, dynamic light scattering, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry and magnetic properties. The performance of these gels as protein adsorbents was evaluated. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model. Substantially different adsorption behaviour was found using Ferro‐IS and Ferro‐CSNPs. This was assigned to dissimilar bonding mechanisms of BSA to the ferrogel matrix. Hence, biomaterials potentially useful in drug delivery as well as in protein purification fields may be prepared by a relatively simple, non‐toxic and low cost method. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Migration and Demographic Change
Authors: Findlay Allan M. , Wahba Jackline
Published: April 2013

Academics have viewed migration from many different perspectives. This paper asks what is new about how migration impacts on population change and inversely how does population change produce new migration outcomes. Three features are singled out. First, the significance of structuring forces such as international recruitment agencies and social networks are identified as very important in shaping the impact of migration on host populations. Second, it is noted that population mobility challenges traditional patterns of care provision across the life course. Third, the changing significance of contextual factors (space, place, and household environments) has transformed the impact of migration on population change. The paper also explores how new datasets and new research methods can offer novel insights of the relation between population mobility and demographic change. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Germanium antimony lateral nanowire phase change memory by chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Gholipour Behrad , Huang Chung‐Che , Ou Jun‐Yu , Hewak Daniel W.
Published: April 2013

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The phase change technology behind the current rewritable optical disks and the latest generation of electronic memories has provided clear commercial and technological advances for the field of data storage; by virtue of the many key attributes chalcogenide materials offer. In this work, germanium antimony (Ge–Sb) lateral nanowire phase change memory devices have been fabricated from thin films deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). Deposition takes place at atmospheric pressure using metal chloride precursors at reaction temperatures between 750 and 875 °C. The fabricated devices have been characterized electrically demonstrating reversible phase change, while a lowering in power consumption in these memory cells is observed with scaling of the geometry of the nanowire cells. The results are investigated by electrothermal modeling to understand the temperature of the devices during operation. These prototype CVD‐grown Ge–Sb lateral nanowire devices show promise for applications such as phase‐change memory and optical, electronic, and plasmonic switching.

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Artistic impression of Ge–Sb nanowire memory device.
Comparison of Inhibition Capability of Scutellarein and Scutellarin Towards Important Liver UDP‐Glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) Isoforms
Authors: Ma Guang‐You , Cao Yun‐Feng , Hu Cui‐Min , Fang Zhong‐Ze , Sun Xiao‐Yu , Hong Mo , Zhu Zhi‐Tu
Published: April 2013

Scutellarin is an important bioactive flavonoid extracted from Erigeron breviscapus (Vant.) Hand‐Mazz, and scutellarein is the corresponding aglycone of scutellarin. The present study aims to compare the inhibition potential of scutellarin and scutellarein towards several important UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoforms, including UGT1A1, UGT1A6, UGT1A9 and UGT2B7. It was demonstrated that scutellarein exerted stronger inhibition towards the tested UGT isoforms than scutellarin. Furthermore, the inhibition kinetic type and parameters (Ki) were determined for the scutellarein's inhibition towards these UGT isoforms. Competitive inhibition of scutellarein towards all these UGT isoforms was demonstrated, and the Ki values were calculated to be 0.02, 5.0, 5.8 and 35.9 μM for UGT1A1, 1A6, 1A9 and 2B7, respectively. Using in vivo maximum plasma concentration of scutellarein in rat, the in vitro–in vivo extrapolation was performed to predict in vivo situation, indicating the most possible in vivo adverse effects due to the inhibition of scutellarein towards UGT1A1. All these results remind us to monitor the utilization of scutellarin and scutellarein, and the herbs containing these two components. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diameter and Density Control of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Forests by Modulating Ostwald Ripening through Decoupling the Catalyst Formation and Growth Processes
Authors: Sakurai Shunsuke , Inaguma Masayasu , Futaba Don N. , Yumura Motoo , Hata Kenji
Published: April 2013

A continuous and wide range control of the diameter (1.9−3.2 nm) and density (0.03−0.11 g cm−3) of single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) forests is demonstrated by decoupling the catalyst formation and SWNT growth processes. Specifically, by managing the catalyst formation temperature and H2 exposure, the redistribution of the Fe catalyst thin film into nanoparticles is controlled while a fixed growth condition preserved the growth yield. The diameter and density are inversely correlated, where low/high density forests would consist of large/small diameter SWNTs, which is proposed as a general rule for the structural control of SWNT forests. The catalyst formation process is modeled by considering the competing processes, Ostwald ripening, and subsurface diffusion, where the dominant mechanism is found to be Ostwald ripening. Specifically, H2 exposure increases catalyst surface energy and decreases diameter, while increased temperature leads to increased diffusion on the surface and an increase in diameter.
Transient Inclusion Evolution during RH Degassing
Authors: Yang Guangwei , Wang Xinhua , Huang Fuxiang , Wang Wanjun , Yin Yuqun
Published: April 2013

Inclusion morphology, composition and number at different times of RH vacuum treatment were investigated on API‐X70 pipeline steel with ASPEX. It is found that the inclusions are mainly globular CaO–Al2O3–MgO. The inclusion number decreases with time during RH treatment and the removal ratio can reach 72% after 28 min treatment. The initial number of inclusion plays a vital role in final inclusion number, so efforts must be made to eliminate the inclusion before RH treatment to get a highly clean steel. Non‐liquid inclusions including C3A (C is CaO and A is Al2O3) and Al2O3 · MgO decrease much more quickly and thoroughly than liquid ones, C12A7. This can be explained by the fact that non‐liquid inclusions have a much higher contact angle and interfacial energy but a much lower work of adhesion than liquid ones between inclusion and steel melt.
Oxygen permeability and the mechanical and thermal properties of (low‐density polyethylene)/poly (ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate)/organoclay blown film nanocomposites
Authors: Hosseinkhanli Homayoon , Sharif Alireza , Aalaie Jamal , Khalkhali Talat , Akhlaghi Shahin
Published: April 2013

Various (low‐density polyethylene)/poly(ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate) (LDPE/EVA) nanocomposites containing organoclay were prepared by one‐ and two‐step procedures through melt blending. The resultant nanocomposites were then processed via the film blowing method. From the morphological point of view, X‐ray diffraction and optical microscopy studies revealed that although a prevalent intercalated morphology was evident in the absence of EVA, a remarkable increase of organoclay interlayer spacing occurred in the EVA‐containing systems. The advantages of the addition of EVA to the LDPE/organoclay nanocomposites were confirmed in terms of oxygen barrier properties. In other words, the oxygen transmission rates of the LDPE/EVA/organoclay systems were significantly lower than that of the LDPE/organoclay sample. The LDPE/EVA/organoclay films had better mechanical properties than their counterparts lacking the EVA, a result which could be attributed to the improvement of the organoclay reinforcement efficiency in the presence of EVA. Differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis experiments were performed to follow the effects of the EVA and/or organoclay on the thermal properties of LDPE. Finally, the films produced from the two‐step‐procedure compound showed enhanced oxygen barrier properties and mechanical behavior as compared to the properties of the films produced via the one‐step procedure. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 19:132–139, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Morphology and physical properties of composite foams based on low‐density polyethylene and ground tire rubber
Authors: Tian Dong , Zhang Xinxing , Zhu Jian , Lu Canhui
Published: April 2013

Low‐density polyethylene (LDPE)/(ground tire rubber) (GTR) composite foams with an average cell size smaller than 100 µm were produced by compression molding. The effects of the mechanochemical pretreatment of the LDPE/GTR blends and their GTR content on the cell morphology and physical properties were investigated. The results indicated that the pretreatment of LDPE/GTR blends by using a pan‐mill type of mechanochemical reactor made in our laboratory improved the dispersion state and thereby enhanced the foamability of the blends. The average cell size of the composite foams decreased from 64.0 to 42.3 µm with an increase in GTR content from 0 to 50 phr (parts by weight per hundred parts of resin). Moreover, the addition of 20–40 phr of GTR into the LDPE foams increased their rebound resistance and decreased their compression set. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 19:105–112, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Poly(vinyl chloride)‐b‐poly(hydroxypropyl acrylate)‐b‐Poly(vinyl chloride): Understanding the synthesis of an amphiphilic PVC block copolymer on a pilot scale
Authors: Rocha Nuno , Coelho Jorge F.J. , Gois Joana R. , Gil Maria H. , Gonçalves Pedro M.O.F. , Guthrie James T.
Published: April 2013

The aim of this work was to develop an understanding of the major difficulties associated with the scale‐up of the technology for the synthesis of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) block copolymers that contain hydrophilic segments, thus providing important directions to be followed in order to produce such new materials on the industrial scale. The synthesis was carried out in a two‐step process. First, the macroinitiator α,ω‐di(iodo)poly(hydroxypropyl acrylate) was synthesized in an aqueous medium by (single electron transfer)/(degenerative chain transfer) living radical polymerization (SET‐DTRP) catalyzed by Na2S2O4. The block copolymer was then prepared by SET‐DTRP of vinyl chloride (VC) from the iodine‐terminal active chain ends of the macroinitiator, thereby leading to the formation of the block copolymer poly(vinyl chloride)‐b‐poly(hydroxypropyl acrylate)‐b‐poly(vinyl chloride). This report covers important aspects related to the characterization of the block copolymer produced and to the identification of the major limitations that must be overcome in order to produce this new material on the industrial scale. The results clearly show the differences between the theoretical predictions and the block copolymer compositions obtained by using a suspension polymerization method, which is the most‐used polymerization process in the PVC industry. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 19:94–104, 2013. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Experimental investigation of the root flow in a horizontal axis wind turbine
Authors: Akay B. , Ragni D. , Simão Ferreira C.J. , van Bussel G.J.W.
Published: April 2013

This research investigates the flow behavior and its features in the blade's root region of a horizontal axis wind turbine by using stereoscopic particle image velocimetry (PIV) technique. Wind tunnel tests are conducted to measure the velocity field, phase‐locked with the blade motion, at different azimuth angles and at different spanwise positions. The pressure distribution is obtained from PIV velocity field by solving the Navier–Stokes momentum equations. In this paper, we aim to answer two questions: (i) How is the flow behavior in the root region? (ii) How is the evolution of the root vortex? The analysis of the velocity fields shows an outboard radial flow motion in the root region and a vorticity driven inboard motion at the bladeŠs maximum chord position. As a result of this vorticity driven flow, an increase in the axial velocity close to nacelle is measured. Wake sheets are observed and further discussed in the measured velocity and vorticity distributions. The formation and evolution of the root vortices conveyed downstream by the axial velocity are analyzed through vorticity and pressure distributions. Although the azimuthal vorticity in 3D representation is showing the trailing vorticity, the tilting of the root vortex tube is observed in the axial vorticity distribution. Moreover, the radial vorticity and azimuthal velocity from chordwise measurements show separation on the suction surface of the blade. This research concluded that the flow in the blade wake is driven by the root vortex; hence, the local effects of the root vortex cannot be ignored. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linear relationship of damping ratios in resonance‐type fatigue testing of a wind turbine blade
Authors: Lee Hak Gu , Park Jisang
Published: April 2013

Damping ratios during resonance‐type fatigue testing of a 44 m wind turbine blade were found with respect to six different test setups. Based on a suggested parameter, six different lines of damping ratios at different test setups were linearized into a single line. Using the line, damping ratios at other plausible test setups can be predicted. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New Two‐Dimensional Manganese(II) Coordination Polymer Constructed from Trinuclear Molecular Building Block: Syntheses, Structure and Magnetic Property
Authors: He Chao‐Jun , Wang Wei‐Yang , Wang Yu‐Fang
Published: April 2013

A new manganese(II) coordination polymer, [Mn3(atpt)3(2, 2′‐bpy)2]n (1) (H2atpt = 2‐aminoterephthalic acid; 2, 2′‐bpy = 2, 2′‐bipyridine), was synthesized by hydrothermal reaction of Mn(OAc)2, H2atpt, and 2, 2′‐bpy. It was structurally characterized by element analysis, IR spectroscopy, powder XRD, and magnetic measurements. X‐ray single‐crystal analysis was carried out for 1, which crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, space group Pbca. The single X‐ray diffraction studies reveal that 1 consists of infinite layers of alternating trinuclear manganese subunits and H2atpt ligands. There are two types of different coordination modes of H2atpt in 1. Magnetic susceptibility data for 1 were measured in the range 3–300 K. There are antiferromagnetic interactions between manganese ions of 1.
Solvothermal Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Strong Luminescence of the First Organic‐Templated Europium Sulfate Chloride
Authors: Zhou Wanli , Chen Lei , Xu Yan
Published: April 2013

The first organic amine templated europium sulfate chloride [C6N4H22]0.5Cl[Eu(SO4)2·H2O] (1) was synthesized solvothermally and structurally characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, TGA, and ICP. Crystal analyses of compound 1 shows a novel inorganic layer constructed from [–Eu–O–S–O–]n chains. The adjacent chains are connected by sharing the bridging SO42– groups to generate eight‐membered rings. The very strong luminescence in the red light region indicates compound 1 is an excellent candidate for red fluorescent materials.
Dlg5 interacts with the TGF‐β receptor and promotes its degradation
Authors: Sezaki Takuhito , Tomiyama Lucia , Kimura Yasuhisa , Ueda Kazumitsu , Kioka Noriyuki
Published: April 2013

Discs large homolog 5 (Dlg5) is a member of the membrane‐associated guanylate kinase adaptor family of proteins and is involved in epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition via transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) signaling. However, the mechanism underlying the regulation of TGF‐β signaling is unclear. We show here that Dlg5 interacts and colocalizes with both TGF‐β type I (TβRI) and type II (TβRII) receptors at the plasma membrane. TβRI activation is not required for this interaction. Furthermore, the overexpression of Dlg5 enhances the degradation of TβRI. Proteasome inhibitors inhibited this enhanced degradation. These results suggest that Dlg5 interacts with TβRs and promotes their degradation.
MicroRNA‐9 enhances migration and invasion through KLF17 in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Sun Zhao , Han Qin , Zhou Na , Wang Shihua , Lu Shan , Bai Chunmei , Zhao Robert Chunhua
Published: April 2013

Metastasis is one of the hallmarks of cancer malignancy that usually causes more detrimental effects than a primary tumor. Many microRNAs were reported to be involved in the process of tumor metastasis. Hep11 and Hep12 cells were derived from primary and recurrence (intrahepatic metastatic) sites of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), respectively. Hep12 exhibited a higher invasive and migratory potential than Hep11. There was also a significantly higher expression of miR‐9 in Hep12 cells than in Hep11 cells. Further studies in HCC cell lines demonstrated that miR‐9 could promote tumor cell migration and invasion. In addition, miR‐9 downregulated KLF17 protein expression by targeting the 3′UTR region of the KLF17 gene directly. As a transcription factor, KLF17 directly acted on the promoters of EMT‐related genes (ZO‐1, Vimentin and Fibronectin (FN)) in HCC cell lines. Therefore, we conclude that miR‐9 may possibly promote HCC migration and invasion through regulation of KLF17.
Das Motivations-Volitions-Konzept
Authors: Fuchs Reinhard
Published: April 2013

Einleitung

Ziel des Motivations-Volitions (MoVo)-Konzepts ist es, Menschen dabei zu helfen, einen gesundheitsförderlichen Lebensstil (ausreichend Bewegung, ausgewogene Ernährung) aufzubauen und fest in den Alltag zu integrieren. Das MoVo-Konzept besteht aus zwei Komponenten: dem MoVo-Prozessmodell (liefert den theoretischer Rahmen) und der MoVo-Intervention (standardisierte Programme für spezifische Zielgruppen). In mehreren Studien wurde die kurz- und längerfristige Wirksamkeit (12 Monate Follow-up) der beiden wichtigsten MoVo-Interventionsprogramme (MoVo-LISA, M.O.B.I.L.I.S.) gut belegt.
The conditional relation between dispersion and return
Authors: Demirer Rıza , Jategaonkar Shrikant P.
Published: April 2013

The main goal of this paper is to examine the conditional pricing effect of return dispersion on the cross section of returns. We observe a systematic conditional relation between dispersion and return even after controlling for market, size and book‐to‐market factors. However, we find that return dispersion risk is asymmetrically priced with a significantly positive premium observed during periods of large market gains only. The findings are found to be robust to alternative conditional specifications of market returns, suggesting asymmetric pricing effect of the return dispersion factor. We provide alternative explanations for the systematic risk captured by the return dispersion factor and discuss implications for portfolio management and corporate decisions.
Zufallsbefunde – Grundsätzliche Abklärungsschritte, Erlös unter Swiss DRG und ethische Überlegungen am Beispiel des Nebennieren-Inzidentaloms
Authors: Hug Balthasar L.
Published: April 2013

Nebennieren-Inzidentalome (NNI) sind Zufallsbefunde in der Abdominalbildgebung, welche 1 cm Durchmesser oder mehr aufweisen. In der Literatur zeigen sie je nach Lebensalter des Patienten eine Prävalenz von 0.81 % bis 6 %. Unter Swiss DRG 1.0 entsprechen NNI gutartigen oder bösartigen Nebennierentumoren oder NN-Neubildungen unsicheren oder unbekannten Verhaltens; die Zufälligkeit des Befundes spielt bei der Kostenberechnung keine Rolle. Zur Berechnung des Erlöses unter der neuen Finanzierung mittels Fallpauschalen sind die Zuordnung mittels ICD-10-GM Code als Hauptdiagnose, die ergriffenen Maßnahmen aus dem CHOP-Katalog und damit die Zuordnung zu einer DRG, sowie die Verweildauer im Spital von Bedeutung. Wir zeigen anhand von Fallbeispielen des Universitätsspitals Basel die Codes und die Größenordnung der Erlöse auf. Die Zufälligkeit des Befundes benötigt eine vorzügliche Kommunikation mit dem betroffenen Patienten. Inzidentalome sind Gegenstand laufender ethischer Forschung, insbesondere der bildgebenden Hirnforschung.
Rundherd in der Nebenniere
Authors: Drescher Tilman , Christ-Crain Mirjam
Published: April 2013

Nebenniereninzidentalome finden sich vor allem bei älteren Menschen häufig. Meist sind sie benigne und hormonell inaktiv. Malignome fallen oft durch ein spezielles Signalverhalten in der Bildgebung auf. Eine Überproduktion von Aldosteron und Cortisol sollte bei klinischem Verdacht gesucht werden, ein Katecholaminexzess muss praktisch immer ausgeschlossen werden. Für alle genannten Hormone gibt es mehrere Laboruntersuchungen, die häufig kombiniert eingesetzt und durch viele Faktoren beeinflusst werden. Die Interpretation der Resultate kann deshalb anspruchsvoll sein. Verlaufskontrollen sind selten mehr als einmal nötig.
Lungenrundherd als Zufallsbefund im Thorax-Computertomogramm
Authors: Leuppi Jörg D. , Bremerich Jens
Published: April 2013

Die computertomographische Untersuchung des Thorax ist heutzutage eine wichtige und häufig eingesetzte Methode zur Abklärung sowohl akut wie auch chronisch auftretender Symptome wie Husten, Atemnot und Thoraxschmerzen. Die Differentialdiagnose ist breit von Herzerkrankungen, Lungenerkrankungen, Lungenembolie, Aortendissektion bis hin zu Symptomen neuro- bzw. vertebromuskulärer Genese. Nicht selten finden sich in den computertomographischen Untersuchungen unerwartete Befunde wie Lungenrundherde, Lungenatelektasen, mediastinale Lymphknotenvergrößerungen, mediastinale Zysten oder Aortendissektionen. In dieser Übersichtsarbeit werden Zufallsbefunde und auch ihre mögliche Abklärungsschritte diskutiert.
Der arrhythmische Puls – differentialdiagnostische Überlegungen
Authors: Bossard Matthias , Kühne Michael , Conen David
Published: April 2013

Der Zufallsbefund des asymptomatischen arrhythmischen Pulses in der klinischen oder technisch gestützten Untersuchung ist häufig. Die zugrunde liegenden Rhythmusstörungen werden vom Alter, der kardialen Vorgeschichte sowie sonstigen Begleiterkrankungen bestimmt. Vermeintliche benigne Befunde müssen von möglicherweise komplikationsreichen rhythmologischen Pathologien diskriminiert werden. Die primäre Diagnostik stützt sich auf die klinische Untersuchung und auf die elektrokardiographische Dokumentation. Je nach Befund ist eine weiterführende Abklärung mittels Laboranalytik, Langzeit-EKG und kardialer Bildgebung notwendig, um eine ursächliche Kardiopathie zu detektieren. Die Ursachen eines asymptomatischen arrhythmischen Pulses sind mannigfaltig. Gängige mögliche Ursachen sind die respiratorische Arrhythmie, supraventrikuläre oder ventrikuläre Extrasystolen sowie verschiedene supraventrikuläre und ventrikuläre Rhythmusstörungen. Hervorzuheben gilt das asymptomatische Vorhofflimmern, da es oft vorkommt und unentdeckt mit einer deutlichen erhöhten Morbidität und Mortalität assoziiert ist. So empfiehlt es sich bei den Betroffenen stets eine exakte Risikostratifikation vorzunehmen. Supra- wie auch ventrikuläre Extrasystolen sind häufig. Sie können mit zunehmender Anzahl Indikator einer vorliegenden subklinischen Herzkrankheit oder auch anderer internistischer Erkrankungen sein. Es gibt jedoch auch Extrasystolen bei Individuen ohne Herzerkrankungen. Insgesamt geht eine verstärkte Extrasystolie mit einer erhöhten Morbidität und Mortalität einher. Bradyarrhythmien, welche ohne Symptome bleiben, benötigen in vielen Fällen keine spezifische Therapie. Eine Schrittmacherimplantation ist nur bei entsprechender Symptomatik indiziert.
Hyponatriämie als Zufallsbefund
Authors: Winzeler Bettina , Nigro Nicole , Walti Carla , Bock Andreas , Christ-Crain Mirjam
Published: April 2013

Die Hyponatriämie ist die häufigste Elektrolytstörung und somit nicht selten ein „Zufallsbefund“ bei ambulanten und hospitalisierten Patienten. Während eine akute Hyponatriämie meist klare neurologische Symptome verursacht, ist eine chronische Hyponatriämie oft nur durch milde und unspezifische Symptome wie Müdigkeit, Schwindel oder leichte Verwirrtheit gekennzeichnet. Ein besonderes Augenmerk verdient die milde chronische Hyponatriämie, bei welcher neuere Studien eine Assoziation mit neurokognitiven Defiziten und erhöhter Frakturrate aufweisen. Die Ursachen der Hyponatriämie sind vielfältig und präzise differentialdiagnostische Überlegungen sind angebracht. Die meisten Abklärungs-Algorithmen basieren auf dem Volumenstatus, dieser ist jedoch oft unzuverlässig. Weitere Algorithmen werden zurzeit evaluiert. Von der Diagnose leitet sich die Wahl der geeigneten Behandlungsstrategie ab, welche entweder in isotoner oder hypertoner Flüssigkeitsgabe oder in Flüssigkeitsrestriktion besteht. Eine neue Alternative bei hyper- oder euvolämer Hyponatriämie sind die Vaptane, wobei deren genauer Stellenwert in der Behandlung einer Hyponatriämie noch zu definieren ist.
Proteinurie – Bedeutung und diagnostisches Vorgehen
Authors: Hirt-Minkowski Patricia , Burkhalter Felix , Dickenmann Michael
Published: April 2013

Der Nachweis einer Proteinurie ist ein häufiger Zufallsbefund im Urinteststreifen. Die klinische Bedeutung reicht von einer harmlosen Ursache bis zum Ausdruck einer schweren Nierenerkrankung. Deshalb ist bei Nachweis einer Proteinurie mittels Testreifenuntersuchung eine weiterführende Abklärung notwendig. Dabei empfiehlt sich ein systematisches Vorgehen mit Quantifizierung der Proteinurie mittels Albumin/Kreatinin-Quotienten im Spoturin. Zudem lassen sich mit einer systematischen Untersuchung verschiedene Formen der Proteinurie abgrenzen (glomerulär vs tubulär vs „Überlastung“). Im Kontext mit der Klinik sind eine Beurteilung des Urinsedimentes, die Bestimmung der Nierenfunktion und eine Sonographie der Nieren und ableitenden Harnwege sinnvoll. Patienten mit ungeklärter persistierender Proteinurie und Patienten mit einer ausgeprägten Proteinurie (≥ 1 g pro Tag) müssen einem Nephrologen zugewiesen werden.
Autophagy modulates miRNA‐mediated gene silencing and selectively degrades AIN‐1/GW182 in C. elegans
Authors: Zhang Peipei , Zhang Hong
Published: April 2013

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) post‐transcriptionally repress gene expression via the miRNA‐induced silencing complex (miRISC), which includes miRNA, Argonaute and a GW182 family member. Here we show that in Caenorhabditis elegans, miRNA‐mediated gene silencing is modulated by macroautophagy, a lysosome‐mediated degradation process. Loss of autophagy activity suppresses developmental defects caused by partially impaired silencing of miRNA targets including the let‐7 family and lsy‐6. The C. elegans GW182 homolog AIN‐1 is itself selectively degraded by autophagy and colocalizes with the p62 homolog SQST‐1 in autophagy mutants. Thus, autophagy activity modulates miRNA‐mediated gene silencing and degrades a core miRISC component.
Nonorthogonal orbital based N-body reduced density matrices and their applications to valence bond theory. II. An efficient algorithm for matrix elements and analytical energy gradients in VBSCF method
Authors: Chen Zhenhua , Chen Xun , Wu Wei
Published: April 2013

In this paper, by applying the reduced density matrix (RDM) approach for nonorthogonal orbitals developed in the first paper of this series, efficient algorithms for matrix elements between VB structures and energy gradients in valence bond self-consistent field (VBSCF) method were presented. Both algorithms scale only as nm4 for integral transformation and $d^2 n_\beta ^2$d2nβ2 for VB matrix elements and 3-RDM evaluation, while the computational costs of other procedures are negligible, where n, m, d, and nβ are the numbers of variable occupied active orbitals, basis functions, determinants, and active β electrons, respectively. Using tensor properties of the energy gradients with respect to the orbital coefficients presented in the first paper of this series, a partial orthogonal auxiliary orbital set was introduced to reduce the computational cost of VBSCF calculation in which orbitals are flexibly defined. Test calculations on the Diels-Alder reaction of butadiene and ethylene have shown that the novel algorithm is very efficient for VBSCF calculations.
DQ-DRENAR: A new NMR technique to measure site-resolved magnetic dipole-dipole interactions in multispin-1/2 systems: Theory and validation on crystalline phosphates
Authors: Ren Jinjun , Eckert Hellmut
Published: April 2013

A new solid state NMR technique is described for measuring homonuclear dipole-dipole interactions in multi-spin-1/2 systems under magic-angle spinning conditions. Re-coupling is accomplished in the form of an effective double quantum (DQ) Hamiltonian created by a symmetry-based POST-C7 sequence consisting of two excitation blocks, attenuating the signal (intensity S′). For comparison, a reference signal S0 with the dipolar re-coupling absent is generated by shifting the phase of the second block by 90° relative to the first block. As in rotational echo double resonance, the homonuclear dipole-dipole coupling constant can then be extracted from a plot of the normalized difference signal (S0 − S′)/S0 versus dipolar mixing time. The method is given the acronym DQ-DRENAR (“Double-Quantum-based Dipolar Re-coupling effects Nuclear Alignment Reduction”). The method is analyzed mathematically, and on the basis of detailed simulations, with respect to the order and the geometry of the spin system, the dipolar truncation phenomenon, and the influence of the chemical shift anisotropy on experimental curves. Within the range of (S0 − S′)/S0 ≤0.3–0.5 such DRENAR curves can be approximated by simple parabolae, yielding effective squared dipole-dipole coupling constants summed over all the pairwise interactions present. The method has been successfully validated for 31P–31P distance determinations of numerous crystalline model compounds representing a wide range of dipolar coupling strengths.
High-resolution wide-field Raman imaging through a fiber bundle
Authors: Doronina-Amitonova Lyubov V. , Fedotov Il'ya V. , Fedotov Andrey B. , Zheltikov Aleksei M.
Published: April 2013

Wide-field Raman imaging with a spatial resolution of a few micrometers is demonstrated using bundles of thousands of hexagonally packed optical fibers. Raman images are synthesized pixel by pixel, by sequentially coupling the laser pump into individual fibers of the bundle with a galvanometric scanner and collecting the Raman response from the laser-excited region of the sample within the entire aperture of the distal end of the same fiber bundle.
Onset of buoyancy-driven convection in Cartesian and cylindrical geometries
Authors: Myint Philip C. , Firoozabadi Abbas
Published: April 2013

We perform a linear stability analysis to examine the onset of buoyancy-driven convection relevant to subsurface carbon dioxide sequestration in confined, porous Cartesian and cylindrical domains. Our work amends the analysis in an earlier study on cylindrical geometries. We consider Cartesian geometries where the aspect ratio between the two horizontal dimensions is not necessarily equal to one. Two key elements of the stability analysis are: (1) the critical time and (2) the critical wavenumber. Lateral boundaries have a much greater influence on the critical wavenumber than on the critical time. The confinement due to these boundaries impedes the onset of convection to the extent that convection cannot even occur in domains that are smaller than a certain size. Large aspect ratios can significantly reduce boundary effects. Patterns of the earliest-growing perturbation mode in the horizontal plane reveal many interesting dynamics which have not been examined in previous stability analyses. We illustrate several differences between patterns in Cartesian geometries and patterns in cylindrical geometries. Based on observations from earlier papers, we hypothesize that the contrasts between the Cartesian and cylindrical patterns may lead to significantly different behavior in the two geometries after the onset of convection. Our results may guide future numerical studies that can investigate this hypothesis and may help with understanding the onset of buoyancy-driven convection in real systems where lateral boundary effects are significant.
Revision of laser-induced damage threshold evaluation from damage probability data
Authors: Batavičiutė Gintarė , Grigas Povilas , Smalakys Linas , Melninkaitis Andrius
Published: April 2013

In this study, the applicability of commonly used Damage Frequency Method (DFM) is addressed in the context of Laser-Induced Damage Threshold (LIDT) testing with pulsed lasers. A simplified computer model representing the statistical interaction between laser irradiation and randomly distributed damage precursors is applied for Monte Carlo experiments. The reproducibility of LIDT predicted from DFM is examined under both idealized and realistic laser irradiation conditions by performing numerical 1-on-1 tests. A widely accepted linear fitting resulted in systematic errors when estimating LIDT and its error bars. For the same purpose, a Bayesian approach was proposed. A novel concept of parametric regression based on varying kernel and maximum likelihood fitting technique is introduced and studied. Such approach exhibited clear advantages over conventional linear fitting and led to more reproducible LIDT evaluation. Furthermore, LIDT error bars are obtained as a natural outcome of parametric fitting which exhibit realistic values. The proposed technique has been validated on two conventionally polished fused silica samples (355 nm, 5.7 ns).
Two classes of Richtmyer-Meshkov instabilities: A detailed statistical look
Authors: Ristorcelli J. R. , Gowardhan A. A. , Grinstein F. F.
Published: April 2013

A single parameter numerical study of the evolution of the multimode planar Richtmyer-Meshkov instability (RMI) in a shocked/reshocked (air-SF6, Atwood number A = 0.67) configuration with a Mach number Ma = 1.5 shock is carried out. Our results demonstrate that the initial material interface morphology (for fixed Ma, A) controls the RMI evolution characteristics. Our discussion focuses on the light-to-heavy configuration with initial A > 0 and heavy-to-light reshock. Depending on the rms slope of the initial interface, ηo, there are two different instabilities: one with the classical RMI trends and another with trends suggesting a very different fluid physics which we study in detail. We use statistical metrics to demonstrate that the two different regimes are characterized by very different and self-consistent fluid physics. The response of the rate of mixing layer growth to increasing ηo is different and opposite in sign in each regime: in the high-ηo class of initial conditions, increasing ηo leads to a decrease in kinetic energy and mixing layer growth rate; and in the low-ηo class of flows, increasing ηo leads to an increase in kinetic energy and growth rate. The low ηo case corresponds to impulsive acceleration of an almost-flat thin interface, the classical small-perturbation RMI. The high-ηo regime corresponds to: (a) impulsive acceleration of a very rough initial interface, and (b) shock passage through a turbulent material interface. We additionally observe that this bipolar behavior of the turbulent field is not seen in the statistics of the material mixing field and this may invalidate closures that slave the mixing field to the turbulence. It appears that simple Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes moment closure models cannot currently predict both classes of RMI. We offer speculations on the similarity of instabilities and the possibility of using high-ηo first-shocked simulations to study reshock problems. Our article describes these two instabilities as a function of ηo for fixed A and Ma; we do not propose that ηo offers a complete parameterization of the general problem.
Fast Shepard interpolation on graphics processing units: Potential energy surfaces and dynamics for H + CH4 → H2 + CH3
Authors: Welsch Ralph , Manthe Uwe
Published: April 2013

A strategy for the fast evaluation of Shepard interpolated potential energy surfaces (PESs) utilizing graphics processing units (GPUs) is presented. Speed ups of several orders of magnitude are gained for the title reaction on the ZFWCZ PES [Y. Zhou, B. Fu, C. Wang, M. A. Collins, and D. H. Zhang, J. Chem. Phys. 134, 064323 (2011)10.1063/1.3552088]. Thermal rate constants are calculated employing the quantum transition state concept and the multi-layer multi-configurational time-dependent Hartree approach. Results for the ZFWCZ PES are compared to rate constants obtained for other ab initio PESs and problems are discussed. A revised PES is presented. Thermal rate constants obtained for the revised PES indicate that an accurate description of the anharmonicity around the transition state is crucial.
Assignment of photoelectron spectra of halide–water clusters: Contrasting patterns of delocalization in Dyson orbitals
Authors: Dolgounitcheva O. , Zakrzewski V. G. , Ortiz J. V.
Published: April 2013

Ab initio electron propagator calculations in various self-energy approximations provide accurate assignments of peaks observed in the photoelectron spectra of complexes that comprise a fluoride or chloride anion and two or three water molecules. More than one minimum structure is found in all four cases. When the halide anion is Cl−, the first three final states may be described as quasi-degenerate 2P chlorine atoms coordinated to water molecules. Higher final states consist of a chloride anion juxtaposed to a positive charge that is delocalized over the water molecules. For the clusters with fluoride anions, most of the final states correspond to Dyson orbitals that are delocalized over the F and O nuclei. A variety of F–O σ and π bonding and antibonding patterns are evident in the Dyson orbitals. The assignment of low-lying spectral peaks to halide p orbital vacancies or to delocalized solvent orbitals is more valid for the chloride clusters than for the fluoride clusters, where a delocalized picture arises from strong bonding interactions between F 2p and H2O 1b1 orbitals.
An improved technique of expanding metal ring experiment under high explosive loading
Authors: Tang Tiegang , Ren Guowu , Guo Zhaoliang , Li Qingzhong
Published: April 2013

An experimental technique for metal expanding ring subjected to high explosive loading is conducted to significantly improve the loading stability compared with the traditional setup of two-end detonator initiation. Aspects of the circuit design, experimental arrangement, and initiation principle are illustrated in great detail. In terms of this experimental platform, we examine the velocity response of an individual ring, which demonstrates the experimental reproducibility. Moreover, fragmentation of multiple rings stacked on a metal driver is discussed.
Phase-resolved optical emission spectroscopy for an electron cyclotron resonance etcher
Authors: Milosavljević Vladimir , MacGearailt Niall , Cullen P. J. , Daniels Stephen , Turner Miles M.
Published: April 2013

Phase-resolved optical emission spectroscopy (PROES) is used for the measurement of plasma products in a typical industrial electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma etcher. In this paper, the PROES of oxygen and argon atoms spectral lines are investigated over a wide range of process parameters. The PROES shows a discrimination between the plasma species from gas phase and those which come from the solid phase due to surface etching. The relationship between the micro-wave and radio-frequency generators for plasma creation in the ECR can be better understood by the use of PROES.
Direct observation of the band gap shrinkage in amorphous In2O3–ZnO thin films
Authors: Jia Junjun , Oka Nobuto , Shigesato Yuzo
Published: April 2013

We investigated the dependence of valence- and core-level photoemission spectra of amorphous In2O3–ZnO (a-IZO) films on carrier density by using hard x-ray photoemission spectroscopy (hν=8000 eV). The valence band edge distinctly shifts toward high binding energy with the increase in carrier density from 0.80 to 3.96 × 1020 cm−3, and an abrupt jump for the shift of the valence band edge from high to low binding energy occurs at a carrier density of 4.76×1020 cm−3. After considering the effect of nonparabolic bandstructure, the shifts are still less than the width of the occupied conduction band, providing direct evidence for the band gap shrinkage. Our calculation results indicate that the contribution of the band gap shrinkage increases as the carrier density increases, which accords with the observations in doped conducting crystal materials, such as Sn doped In2O3. Moreover, it is found that the conduction electrons of a-IZO films are strongly perturbed by the ionization of core levels, which leads to obvious plasmon satellites in core photoemission spectra lines.