bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Das Olympia-Attentat 1972
Authors: Oberloskamp Eva
Published: July 2012

Vorspann

Der Schock des Olympia-Attentats von 1972 saß tief. Aber hatte er auch politische Konsequenzen? Eva Oberloskamp, Historikerin am Institut für Zeitgeschichte München-Berlin, geht dieser in der Forschung umstrittenen Frage äußerst umsichtig auf den Grund. Das Ergebnis ihrer aspektreichen Analyse ist klar: Das Innenministerium, das Justizministerium und das Auswärtige Amt blieben nicht untätig. Ihre Maßnahmen waren wegweisend für die internationale Kooperation auf dem Gebiet der Inneren Sicherheit.
“Use Me But as Your Spaniel”: Feminism, Queer Theory, and Early Modern Sexualities
Authors: Sanchez Melissa E.
Published: July 2012

In this essay, I takeA Midsummer Night's DreamandThe Faerie Queeneas case studies that show how critical commonplaces may become so entrenched that they limit the horizons of what we can see in a given text, genre, or period. The essay has two purposes. The first is theoretical. I aim to make explicit the often unspoken (perhaps even unconscious) theoretical subtexts that have shaped readings of female sexuality, and I propose some historical reasons for the dominance of certain strains of feminism—those best known as “subordination feminism” and “cultural feminism”—in criticism of early modern literature. The second purpose is hermeneutic. I explore the alternative readings that become available if we approach Shakespeare's and Spenser's work through the lens of one competing strand of feminist thought, described by its practitioners as “prosex” or “sex-radical” feminism. In this essay, my reading ofA Midsummer Night's DreamandThe Faerie Queenelimits its interpretive frameworks to those offered by sex-radical feminism and the strands of queer theory that emerged from it. Drawing on these often overlooked frameworks, I explore the tensions and hierarchies among women in the play and the poem to challenge the assumption that women's relationships are always egalitarian and nurturing; I propose that homo- and heteroerotic desires are not mutually exclusive but may coexist in these works; and I argue that female masochism is not always a pathology that enables patriarchy but can be a legitimate form of desire that challenges traditional ideas of normal and proper female behavior.
The Formation of a Field: Ecocriticism in America—An Interview with Cheryll Glotfelty
Authors: Glotfelty Cheryll , Balaev Michelle
Published: July 2012

The classic anthology the ecocriticism reader: landmarks in literary ecology (1996), edited by cheryll glotfelty and Harold Fromm, was the first of its kind to bring together an array of scholarship that focused on a relatively unrecognized field of study: ecocriticism. This singular publication was the brainchild of Glotfelty, who worked with Fromm to produce a collection that stands at the gates of our contemporary era as a harbinger of the significant criticism and curricula that would shape literary studies in English departments across the country. The Ecocriticism Reader accompanied a new wave of interest in the field as seen in contemporaneous publications such as Karl Kroeber's Ecological Literary Criticism (1994) and Lawrence Buell's The Environmental Imagination (1995).
On the definition of damage in time-dependent healing models for salt rock
Authors: Arson C. , Xu H. , Chester F. M.
Published: July 2012

This research is motivated by the increasing need for geostorage facilities such as nuclear waste disposals, high-pressure gas reservoirs and carbon dioxide sequestration systems. Salt rock has favourable creep properties, enabling crack healing in relatively low-pressure and low-temperature conditions. Contrary to models proposed in continuum damage mechanics, creep models can predict damage increase and decrease. However, the formulation does not allow the modelling of time-independent crack opening and the resulting anisotropy of stiffness and deformation. Moreover, a distinction needs to be made between reversible and irreversible crack-induced deformation. A compression test including a healing phase has been simulated using a model in which healing of deformation and stiffness recovery are not clearly distinguished. The results show an inconsistency between deformation and healing evolutions. To overcome this problem, an alternative modelling framework is proposed to predict anisotropic healing deformation and stiffness recovery.
The use of small specimens for measuring autoclave expansion of cements
Authors: Rehsi S. S. , Majumdar A. J.
Published: July 2012

Summary

The present ASTM specifications for testing autoclave expansion of cements require 500 g of cement for each specimen. In laboratory studies with experimental cements, preparation of clinkers in large quantities is inconvenient and tedious and may be quite difficult in certain circumstances. The possibility of substituting half-inch cubes for the standard specimen size recommended by the ASTM has been explored. Expansion measurements have been made with a precision micrometer. The accuracy and reproducibility of these measurements on a Portland cement have been considered with reference to similar results obtained on the same cement by the standard ASTM procedure. The agreement between the two sets of results is fair. The effect of MgO upon the autoclave expansion of cements has been assessed by using small specimens of experimental cements. In agreement with the results of previous workers, the volume expansion of cements rises very sharply beyond 5% MgO.
The bearing strength of concrete loaded through rigid plates
Authors: Hawkins N. M.
Published: July 2012

Summary

Approximate expressions are developed for the bearing strength of concrete members loaded through rigid plates. These expressions predict the strengths for some 230 tests in which the loading geometry, the size of specimen, and the type and strength of the concrete were varied.
Short-term loading and deformation of concrete in uniaxial tension and pure torsion
Authors: Hughes B. P. , Ash J. E.
Published: July 2012

Summary

Complete stress-strain and torque-twist curves for concrete and micro-concrete under short-term loading have been obtained for single sizes and wide gap-gradings of aggregate of two different types. The importance of eliminating effects due to both aggregate absorption and the testing technique is emphasized. When the volume fractions of cement and water were kept constant, the uniaxial tensile strength, ‘modulus of elasticity/plasticity’, tensile stress at the onset of microcracking, ‘modulus of rigidity/plasticity’, and ultimate torsional strength of concrete all decreased with increasing aggregate size and with increasing proportions of coarse aggregate. The tension results confirm that there is a critical minimum ratio of fine aggregate to cement below which there is a considerable decrease in strength whereas the torsion results provide little evidence for this critical ratio.
Stress analysis of cracked reinforced and prestressed concrete thin-walled beams and shells
Authors: Zbirohowski-Koscia K. F.
Published: July 2012

Summary

This paper proposes a method for the stress analysis of thin-walled reinforced and prestressed concrete beams under the combined effect of axial force bending moments and ‘bimoments’. The assumption that plane surfaces remain plane is not applicable to beams of this type. The distribution of strains and stresses in an uncracked thin-walled beam follows closely the theory developed by Vlasov. This theory is extended here to the problem of the stress distribution in a cracked section of a reinforced concrete beam. The analysis is limited to beams of an ‘open cross-section’ working in the elastic range of internal stresses. Results of model tests at Southampton have substantiated the validity of this theory.
Testing concrete in tension and in compression
Authors: Johnston C. D.
Published: July 2012

Summary

The paper describes a new uniaxial tension test for concrete, in which the specimen is gripped by friction. The specimens are plain concrete prisms of 4 or 6 in. (10 or 15 cm) square cross-section, and the minimum length requirement permits the use of the standard flexure specimens of B.S. 1881. The test is evaluated in terms of the stress distribution, fracture distribution and eccentricity in the specimen. The standard compression tests are criticized, and an uncapped specimen of height/width ratio 2·5 is advocated. The influence of mix parameters upon the ratio of uniaxial tensile strength to compressive strength is illustrated, and it is concluded that the estimation of tensile strength from compression tests is unreliable. The indirect tensile or splitting strength and the uniaxial tensile strength are shown to differ considerably, the magnitude of the difference being very dependent upon mix parameters. Several factors are discussed which explain the variable difference between the two strengths, and it is concluded that the indirect tension test is not a simple accurate method of ascertaining the tensile strength of concrete.
Determining bond strength in fibre-reinforced composites
Authors: deVekey R. C. , Majumdar A. J.
Published: July 2012

Summary

A pull-out technique suitable for determining the interfacial bond strength for various combinations of fibres and matrix is described. In this method, a thick fibre, 0·5 to 1·0 mm in diameter, is embedded perpendicularly through a matrix material contained in a special mould and is stressed on a tensile testing machine. The value of the maximum bond load corresponds to a sharp break in the load-extension curve.

Results show that the bond strength between E-glass-fibre and cement is of the same order as that between steel and cement but higher than the values reported for asbestos and cement. The work has also shown that the strength of the bond between E-glass-fibre and gypsum plaster is of similar magnitude, but that it is affected significantly by variations in water/plaster ratio.
The composition of the tricalcium aluminate and ferrite phases in Portland cement determined by the use of an electron-probe microanalyser
Authors: Fletcher K. E.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

Each of the four main phases of Portland cement contains various elements in solid solution, the extent and nature of which may affect the hydraulic properties. A direct determination of the composition of these phases has only become possible by the use of the electron-probe microanalyser.

The paper describes the analysis of the tricalcium aluminate and calcium alumino-ferrite phases. It was difficult to obtain reliable and accurate analyses of these in Portland cement clinkers and results were confirmed by the investigation of laboratory preparations where the tricalcium aluminate and calcium alumino-ferrite phases were predominant. The tricalcium aluminate phase was found to be approximately: (Ca2·78Na0·16K0·02) (Al1·75Fe0·16Mg0·07Si0·l0)O6 The calcium alumino-ferrite phase in a normal Portland cement clinker was found to be: Ca5·97Al3·23Fe2·13Si0·14Mg0·15Ti0·23Mn0·09O15 and that in a sulphate-resisting cement clinker to be: Ca6·16Al2·24Fe3·22Si0·14Mg0·07Ti0·12Mn0·03O15

The properties of a Portland cement are largely governed by the relative amounts of the four major phases present. The normal ‘Bogue’ method of compound calculation from the chemical analysis assumes that no solid solution occurs in these phases and that the cement clinker is at equilibrium. This method of compound calculation is compared, for a series of cement clinkers, with a calculation where solid solution is taken into account, with a calculation where the ferrite composition as given by X-ray diffraction is used, and also with the direct determination of the phases by X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy. It seems likely that the normal method of compound calculation underestimates the C3A content of sulphate-resisting cement clinkers.
Some tests on reinforced concrete beam-slab panels
Authors: Hayes B. , Taylor R.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

Results of tests on ten reinforced concrete beam-slab panels are reported. The panels, which were subjected to a uniformly distributed load, were square and consisted of two-way-spanning slabs supported on, and integral with, edge beams. Variables in the investigation included the relative strengths of the beams and slabs, the layout of the slab reinforcement, and the detailing of the corner connexions. The behaviour of the slabs is discussed and, in particular, the ultimate loads are compared with those predicted by simple yield-line theory. The limitations of this theory are discussed and suggestions are made for a more accurate method of calculation to be used in design which would effect some economy in reinforcement.
High-magnesia Portland cements: studies on cements prepared with reagent-grade chemicals
Authors: Rehsi S. S. , Majumdar A. J.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

Several Portland cement clinkers containing up to 15% MgO have been prepared with reagent-grade chemicals, and the properties of cements made from them have been investigated. In particular, the effect of variations in composition, burning temperature and cooling conditions of the clinkers upon the autoclave expansion and strength of the corresponding cements has been examined in detail. It is not possible by controlling these factors alone to produce ‘sound’ (i.e. volume-stable) Portland cements having MgO percentages much above the present limits recommended by the Standards in different countries. The addition of a suitable reactive silicate material in finely divided form, e.g. pulverized-fuel ash, effectively stabilizes high-magnesia cements and these mixtures pass the ASTM test for soundness of Portland cements. Data on the autoclave expansion and mechanical strength of these mixtures of high-magnesia cement and pfa are presented.
The creep of sealed concrete under multiaxial compressive stresses
Authors: Jordaan I. J. , Illston J. M.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

The results of two series of creep tests on sealed concrete are presented. Uni-, bi- and triaxial states of compressive stress were applied to cubical specimens; in the first series, all loaded faces were subjected to the same level of applied stress; in the second series, different levels of stress were applied orthogonally to each specimen. Analysis of the results in terms of the volumetric and deviatoric components of creep shows that the two components can be considered as independent of each other and that both are directly proportional to stress. Their ratio is approximately constant and equal to the elastic value while the concrete is under load; this is equivalent to saying that the effective Poisson's ratio remains constant. After unloading, the ratio changes, the volumetric delayed recovery being initially faster and ceasing sooner than the concurrent deviatoric component.
Shear reinforcement of reinforced concrete beams subject to distributed loading
Authors: Smith R. B. L.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

The shear reinforcement of beams su~iected to uniformly distributed loading, constituting a most important design case, is specified in Codes of Practice and has been treated theoretically on the basis of evidence derived from point load tests. In order to provide some direct evidence on the amount of web reinforcement required for the attainment of flexural capacity, eleven beams with varying spans and web reinforcement were tested. The results are compared with theoretical predictions and with British and American Codes of Practice.
A new tensile strength test for concrete—or a new control test?
Authors: Mayfield B.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

This note draws attention to a new concrete tensile test proposed by the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources, Ottawa, Canada. Some preliminary trials using this method have been carried out at the University of Nottingham which concern their conclusions, and it is suggested that their apparatus may dispose of many of the objections to existing tests.
Shrinkage and creep of concrete as affected by the fineness of Portland cement
Authors: Bennett E. W. , Loat D. R.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

Tests are reported on the shrinkage and creep of concrete made with Portland cement of three different grades of fineness, but of similar composition except for gypsum content. The programme comprised tests of unrestrained shrinkage, restrained shrinkage and cracking by a ring test, and creep over periods up to four-and-a-half years. The results indicate that there is an increase of unrestrained shrinkage and creep with finer cement but that, owing to the higher strength, there is no tendency for undesirably rapid shrinkage cracking to occur.
Comments on the long-term tensile strength of plain concrete
Authors: Komloš K.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

The variation of the tensile strength of concrete with age, and the relationship between the compressive and the tensile strength during the period of hardening, are investigated. Some factors influencing the variation of strength and the relationship between the various strength parameters are studied.
The diagonal cracking strength of continuous prestressed concrete beams
Authors: Jena B. , Pannell F. N.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

Results of tests on 20 two-span un bonded prestressed concrete I beams failing infiexure and shear under symmetrical point loads are presented. Under shear failure, the mechanism offailure being that of diagonal tension cracking only, a fracture criterion suitable for concrete is adopted to predict this cracking strength. Various existing methods of predicting the cracking strength of pre-tensioned and post-tensioned I beams are compared with the present proposal.
Yield-line theory and plasticity
Authors: Clyde D. H.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

In order to test a field solution for moment in a slab for uniqueness, it is necessary to use a compatibility condition. It is shown that this may be written by coupling the curvatures. The requirements for a field solution in which all elements are at the failure state are so restrictive that it is likely that discontinuous solutions such as are used in yield-line theory will be required in the majority of cases.
Non-linear analysis of reinforced concrete slabs
Authors: Bell J. C. , Elms D. G.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

The paper describes the formation of a theoretical model which aims to describe the behaviour of a reinforced concrete slab throughout the whole of its loading range from initial loading to ultimate collapse. The model is based on the use of anisotropic finite elements, and a successive approximation technique. It synthesizes the section properties ofa slab from fundamental properties of the concrete and reinforcing steel. Moments, deflections and crack patterns are produced. The use of the model is illustrated by the analysis of a slab: the results of this analysis are compared with experimental results.
The stress-strain relationship for hardened cement pastes in compression
Authors: Spooner D. C.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

Measurements of the stress-strain relationship of cement pastes of different water/cement ratios and various ages have been made at two strain rates. At the faster rate the maximum stress was attained after 1 to 2 h, whereas at the slower rate it was attained after 15 to 30 h. It is shown that the curvature of the stress-strain relationship can be partially explained by the time-dependent properties of the paste, and some evidence is presented which indicates that structural damage occurs in the paste before the ultimate stress is reached.
Measuring the fracture toughness of cement paste and mortar
Authors: Brown J. H.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

This paper describes two methods that have been used to measure the effective fracture toughness of cement pastes and mortars. The first is a notched-beam technique, combined with compliance measurements to measure the slow crack growth prior to instability. The change of toughness is measured for separate increments of crack growth as the crack propagates. The second method, using a double-cantilever beam, avoids the slow crack growth problem by making a specimen of variable web width such that the length of crack front increases with and exactly compensates for the effect of crack growth. Tests of both pastes and mortars show that the fracture toughness of cement paste is independent of crack growth but that the toughness of mortar increases as the crack propagates. For both materials, the stress intensity required to initiate crack growth was less than that to maintain crack growth at the loading rates used.
Load-deflection characteristics of rectangular reinforced concrete slabs
Authors: Moy S. S. J. , Mayfield B.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

This paper presents a method for predicting the deflections of reinforced concrete slabs from zero load to failure, taking account of the effect of the membrane forces produced by the slab flexure. A comparison is made between typical theoretical predictions and the results of a series of slab tests. In the light of this, the applicability of the method is then assessed.
Moment-curvature characteristics of prestressed concrete sections
Authors: Gupta B. K. , Edwards A. D.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

Moment-curvature relationships, obtained from eight geometrically similar critical sections of four two-span post-tensioned beams and sixteen geometrically similar critical sections of four post-tensioned portal frames with fixed feet, are examined. Element and sectional behaviour is suggested that reasonably predicts the moment-curvature relationship of similar sections which occur at different points in the same structure.
Development of apparatus to investigate the influence of pore pressure upon the tensile behaviour of concrete
Authors: Elvery R. H. , Cox A. T. , Butler J. E.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

This paper describes a method of testing concrete under water pore pressures which result in tensile failures. Details of the principles, construction of the apparatus and methods of operation are described. Typical experimental results of ultimate tensile failure are presented to indicate the reliability of the method.
Torsional stiffness of reinforced concrete members subjected to pure torsion
Authors: Karlsson Inge , Elfgren Lennart
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

A method is described for determining the torsional stiffness at the cracked stage of reinforced concrete members subjected to a pure torsional moment. The method is based upon a truss analogy for torsion. Theoretical expressions are deduced for the Torsional stiffness of beams of arbitrary and rectangular cross-sections. The theoretical values are compared with experimental results for rectangular beams. The applicability of the theory used is briefly discussed and a procedure is given to correct for its imperfections.
The effect of rate of loading upon the static and fatigue strengths of plain concrete in compression
Authors: Sparks P. R. , Menzies J. B.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

The paper describes an experimental investigation into the effect of the rate of application of steadily increasing loads upon the static strength and of fluctuating loads upon the fatigue strength of plain concretes in compression. Concretes made with gravel, limestone or Lytag aggregate were tested. Increasing the rate of application of load was found, in general, to enhance the static strength andfatigue strength of all three types of concrete. The increase in static strength was found to be greatest in concrete with a relatively weak and soft aggregate such as Lytag and least in a concrete with relatively strong and stiff aggregate such as limestone. In the fatigue tests, a strong correlation was found between the rate of strain increase per cycle during most of the life of a specimen and the endurance of the specimen, irrespective of the rate of application of the load.
The effect of temperature change upon the creep of mortar under torsional loading
Authors: Illston J. M. , Sanders P. D.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

Details are given of a novel test rig developed to investigate the creep of concrete under varying temperature. Tubes of saturated mortar were subjected to sustained torsional load, and the creep in shear was measured. The results showed that, when the temperature was raisedfor the first time, the creep rate increased greatly in comparison with that of a similar specimen heated before loading. No such change of rate was observed when the temperature was lowered or when it was raised to a level previously attained. It is shown that creep under variable temperature may be considered as the sum of three components: under constant temperature, flow (irrecoverable) and delayed elastic strain (recoverable); and as a result of the first temperature rise, transitional thermal creep (irrecoverable).
The assessment of bounds on stresses and strains in prestressed concrete reactor pressure vessels
Authors: Irving J. , Carmichael G. D. T.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

The significance of the mechanical behaviour and condition of concrete for the stresses and deformations in prestressed concrete reactor pressure vessels is discussed with reference to the loading history. Approximate solution techniques for stress and strain analysis currently in use are described briefly and their relative merits discussed. Earlier work has shown that it is important, when evaluating vessel stresses and deformations occurring over a long period of time, to take into account the effect of previous loadings upon the capacity for creep under subsequent loadings. To determine this effect by simple means, an approximate uniaxial strain response function is used to derive curves from which the transient stress behaviour due to creep in unreinforced and reinforced prestressed concrete structures can be determined. It is deduced that, although bounds on stress can be derived for reactor start-up conditions (an initial elastic solution), andfor long-term reactor operation (a steady-state solution), the creep capacity may not be sufficient for the long-term bound to be approached very closely. If this is not appreciated, an unduly pessimistic view of long-term vessel stresses could be obtained.
Bond strength in steel-fIbre-reinforced concrete
Authors: Tattersall G. H. , Urbanowicz C. R.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

The effects of various chemical and physical treatments of the wire surface upon the bond between a wire and a cement or mortar matrix have been measured by means of a simple pull-out test. Galvanizing produces some improvement in bond, but the best results were obtained from a wire with a looped end and an indented wire. In these two cases, failure occurred outside the specimen at loads approximating to the ultimate tensile strength of the wire. Limited results on the effects of age, method of curing, and the application of pressure during casting are also given.
A theory for the movement of cracks in concrete members with plain bar reinforcement or plain wire tendons
Authors: Bennett E. W.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

An exposition is given of the theory of stress and strain distribution and slip of a bar embedded in concrete with a varying force applied to the free end. The resulting equations are used to develop a method of calculating the average strain and crack width in a reinforced concrete member under increasing and decreasing load. Examples of members in axial tension and flexure are worked and compared with experimental measurements. The application of the method to prestressed concrete is outlined and some suggestions are made for further research.
A general yield criterion for reinforced concrete slab elements
Authors: Rajendran S. , Morley C. T.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

The methods of plasticity theory are used to develop, from simple assumptions about the properties of the constituents, a numerical method of finding points on the yield criterion for elements of a reinforced concrete slab under general combinations of moments and membrane forces. The general method is modified to predict the results of tests on bent ‘push-off’ specimens, designed to simulate conditions in the loaded flange of a T beam. The experimental results agree reasonably well with the theoretical predictions, and also with a simpler lower-bound theory developed to deal with the test situation directly.
Impact testing of fibre-reinforced concrete stair treads
Authors: Bailey J. H. , Bentley S. , Mayfield B. , Pell P. S.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

The note reports a laboratory investigation into the effects of the inclusion of fibrillated polypropylene and two types of steel fibre in reinforced concrete stair treads upon transient strains and cracking behaviour during impact loading. Tests were carried out on 24 specimens of which 12 were made with normal-weight and 12 with lightweight concrete. Within each group of 12 specimens, 3 replicas were made for each of the fibre types and 3 which did not include any fibre reinforcement. The results showed that cracking due to the impact loading was initiated in all specimens by a small drop (100 mm) of the small test mass (4 kg). The fibre inclusion did not delay first cracking, but it did affect the subsequent cracking behaviour, and the steel fibres were more effective in this respect.
Characterization of the stress-strain curves for reinforced concrete under uniaxial tension
Authors: Madu R. M.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

The stress-strain relationships in uniaxial tension for reinforced concrete under short-term static loads are studied by considering results of tests on 110 x 110 x 2000 mm specimens. The variables were the area of main reinforcement, the binder spacing and the concrete core-area. The experimental curves show that the stress-strain relationship is comparatively linear up to about 65 % of the cylinder tensile strength. Empirical expressions are obtained for calculating the elastic modulus of the concrete at the origin. The general stress-strain equation is derived by considering a polynomial modified to take account of the relevant boundary conditions. The derived theoretical curves are compared with experimental curves. It is concluded that the maximum tensile stress attained in the concrete is a function of the variables tested, the tensile strength varying linearly with the area of the main reinforcement.
The Application of a Generativity Model for Older Adults
Authors: Ehlman Katie , Ligon Mary
Published: July 2012

Generativity is a concept first introduced by Erik Erikson as a part of his psychosocial theory which outlines eight stages of development in the human life. Generativity versus stagnation is the main developmental concern of middle adulthood; however, generativity is also recognized as an important theme in the lives of older adults. Building on the work of Erikson, McAdams and de St. Aubin (1992) developed a model explaining the generative process. The aims of this article are: (a) to explore the relationship between generativity and older adults as it appears in research literature; and (b) to examine McAdam's model and use it to explain the role of generativity in older adults who share life stories with gerontology students through an oral history project.
Milk yield and chemical composition of sheep milk in Srednostaroplaninska and Tetevenska breeds
Authors: Gerchev G. , Mihaylova G.
Published: July 2012

The study was conducted from April to July on pastures located at different
altitudes and of different sward composition during the milking period of
Srednostaroplaninska and Tetevenska sheep. Morning bulk milk was sampled for
analysis monthly between April and end of July. The purpose of the study was
to establish the milk yield and to investigate the chemical composition of
sheep milk obtained from Srednostaroplaninska and Tetevenska breeds reared on
pastures at a different altitude and with different sward composition. The
Tetevenska breed had a higher daily milk yield and exhibited a high
percentage of casein in milk, while the milk from Srednostaroplaninska sheep
had a higher content of macro elements - calcium, potassium, magnesium and
some trace elements (iron and manganese). The milk fat content, including the
percentages of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in milk obtained from
studied breeds, was similar. There was a tendency towards higher percentage
of polyunsaturated and long-chain fatty acids in the milk of
Srednostaroplaninska sheep, reared on mat grass pastures. Milk casein content
was higher in the milk of Tetevenska sheep, as well as the content of
non-essential amino acids as compared to Srednostaroplaninska sheep.
Association between the social rank, body mass, testicular circumference and linear body measures of rams
Authors: Maksimovic N. , Zujovic M. , Hristov S. , Petrovic M.P. , Stankovic B. , Tomic Z. , Stanisic N.
Published: July 2012

The social rank refers to the relative position of an individual animal
within the dominant hierarchy developed in a group. In rams, social rank is
mostly associated with body mass, body size and body condition. However,
although the body mass is generally considered as one of the main
determinants of social rank, only few studies have been carried out for the
purpose of associating of the social behavior and body development of these
animals. Objective of this research was to determine how the ram body
development measures relate to establishment of social hierarchy. Social rank
was established using food competition test at the age of animals between 4
and 17 months. Testing was done on total of 20 male animals of which number
12 animals were selected for further testing (6 dominant and 6 submissive
animals). Body mass and testicular circumferences were measured at the age of
4, 7, 12 and 18 months, and linear body measures were taken at the age of 12
and 18 months. Dominant males had higher body mass and greater testicular
circumference. The social rank had no significant effect on linear body
measures of rams, except for chest girth (P<0.05) in both control periods.
Body mass was moderately to highly positively associated with studied body
parameters. Significant positive correlations were established between body
mass and body length (r=0.58; P<0.01), chest width (r=0.44; P<0.05), chest
girth (r=0.65; P<0.01) and testicular circumference (r=0.62; P<0.01). Results
obtained in this study indicate that it is justified to observe the body mass
as one of the main determinants of social rank, as well as the possibility of
earlier maturation of dominant animals.
Relationship of slaughter carcass traits of Balkan goat kids
Authors: Zujovic M. , Memisi N. , Tomic Z. , Stanisic N. , Bijelic Z. , Maksimovic N. , Marinkov G.
Published: July 2012

Objective of this study is to determine the correlation between slaughter
traits of kids of Balkan goat breed. Research was carried out in
underdeveloped region of Serbia, on altitude of approximately 850 m.
Semiintensive breeding system, of housing and care of goats was applied.
Results of the study of slaughter properties are presented in this paper,
also correlation between certain measures on carcass and carcass sides
established in 96 kids of Domestic Balkan breed (gender ratio 50:50),
slaughtered at the age of 90 days. Average dressing percentage of warm
carcass with head and offal of investigated kid population was 58.19%,
whereas the value of the dressing percentage of cold carcass with head and
offal was 45.19%. Male kids had statistically significantly (at the level of
P<0.05 and P<0.01) higher values of carcass mass and linear carcass and
carcass side measures compared to female kids. Data on established
correlation coefficients between slaughter traits of Domestic Balkan kids
reflect presence of highly positive and statistically significant (P<0.001)
correlative dependence. Linear regression coefficients of pre-slaughter body
mass of kids, as well as coefficients of determination of linear regression
(from 0.41 to 0.99) indicate that this trait has very significant effect on
all dressing percentages and carcass and carcass side measures. Considering
the expression of slaughter traits and correlation between them in kids of
Balkan breed, obtained results should be used for formulating of future
programs designed to improve the production of meat from autochthonous goat
breeds.
How to restore endodontically treated posterior teeth: A conservative approach
Authors: Kantardzic Ivana , Blazic Larisa , Vasiljevic Darko , Petrovic Djordje
Published: July 2012

Reconstruction of endodontically treated teeth is common procedure in
everyday clinical practice. It has great impact on prognosis of
endodontically treated teeth, however, there is no consensus regarding the
most predictable restorative procedure. Widely accepted procedure has
included the use of post and core and crown. Nowadays, sound tooth structure
preservation has become one of the most influencing factors in terms of
survival rate of treated teeth. Therefore, direct restorations have become
more advantageous as compared to crowns. This article is a review about
conservative reconstruction of endodontically treated posterior teeth. The
purpose was to give the guidelines for clinicians how to choose the most
successful therapeutic procedure for each individual case.
Multinational Taxation and R&D Investments
Authors: De Waegenaere Anja , Sansing Richard C. , Wielhouwer Jacco L.
Published: July 2012

This study examines the effects of taxation on the incentives of multinational firms to develop and use intellectual property. We model optimal investment and production decisions by firms that engage in a patent race by making R&D investments. We investigate how taxes affect the level and efficiency of R&D investments, and how these effects depend on whether the winner of the patent race uses it by either producing in the country in which the patent was developed (the domestic country) or in a foreign country. A higher domestic tax rate decreases investment in R&D if production occurs in the domestic country, but increases investment in R&D if production occurs in the foreign country. The present value of domestic tax revenues is strictly positive if production occurs in the domestic country, but is weakly negative if production occurs in the foreign country.
Shoe Zoo, Inc.: A Practice in Electronic Work Papers, Tick Mark Preparation, and Client Communication through the Audit of Property, Plant, and Equipment
Authors: Bagley Penelope L. , Harp Nancy L.
Published: July 2012

In this case, students are required to audit a company's gross property, plant, and equipment and depreciation expense accounts. Students are provided with electronic working papers that include the audit program, as well as documents prepared by the client and select prior year working papers. In order to successfully complete the audit, students will have to obtain explanations and other assistance from the client. The case furthers audit education by illuminating to students how concepts learned in the classroom translate into practice. The case has several specific learning objectives. First, the case familiarizes students with electronic working papers which allows them to practice their Excel skills. Second, the case provides students with an opportunity to audit property, plant, and equipment additions using substantive details testing and to test depreciation expense using substantive analytical procedures. Third, students must consider internal controls and the implications errors have on internal control effectiveness. Fourth, the case helps students improve documentation skills by writing tick mark explanations. Finally, the case provides students practice with professional verbal communications through client interviews. The case is appropriate for an undergraduate audit or a beginning graduate-level audit and assurance class.
The Updated COSO Internal Control—Integrated Framework: Recommendations and Opportunities for Future Research
Authors: Janvrin Diane J. , Payne Elizabeth A. , Byrnes Paul , Schneider Gary P. , Curtis Mary B.
Published: July 2012

To address the changing business environment and increased shareholder interest, the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) recently issued an exposure draft updating its 1992 Internal Control—Integrated Framework. We review the updated Framework and discuss the comments we (as the Environmental Scanning Committee of the American Accounting Association's Information Systems Section) offered COSO regarding how to improve the Framework. In addition, we identify research opportunities for accounting information system scholars related to the new Framework.
Enteropathogens identified in dogs entering a Florida animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea
Authors: Tupler Tiffany , Levy Julie K. , Sabshin Stephanie J. , Tucker Sylvia J. , Greiner Ellis C. , Leutenegger Christian M.
Published: July 2012

Objective—To determine the frequency of enteropathogens in dogs entering an animal shelter with normal feces or diarrhea.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Animals—100 dogs evaluated at an open-admission municipal animal shelter in Florida.

Procedures—Fecal samples were collected within 24 hours after admission from 50 dogs with normal feces and 50 dogs with diarrhea. Feces were tested by fecal flotation, antigen testing, PCR assay, and electron microscopy for selected enteropathogens.

Results—13 enteropathogens were identified. Dogs with diarrhea were significantly more likely to be infected with ≥ 1 enteropathogens (96%) than were dogs with normal feces (78%). Only Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin A gene was significantly more common in dogs with diarrhea (64%) than in dogs with normal feces (40%). Other enteropathogens identified in dogs with and without diarrhea included hookworms (58% and 48%, respectively), Giardia spp (22% and 16%, respectively), canine enteric coronavirus (2% and 18%, respectively), whipworms (12% and 8%, respectively), Cryptosporidium spp (12% and 2%, respectively), ascarids (8% and 8%, respectively), Salmonella spp (2% and 6%, respectively), Cystoisospora spp (2% and 4%, respectively), canine distemper virus (8% and 0%, respectively), Dipylidium caninum (2% and 2%, respectively), canine parvovirus (2% and 2%, respectively), and rotavirus (2% and 0%, respectively).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Dogs entered the shelter with a variety of enteropathogens, many of which are pathogenic or zoonotic. Most infections were not associated with diarrhea or any specific dog characteristics, making it difficult to predict the risk of nfection for individual animals. Guidelines for preventive measures and empirical treatments that are logistically and financially feasible for use in shelters should be developed for control of the most common and important enteropathogens.
Changes in area and geodetic mass balance of small glaciers, Polar Urals, Russia, 1950-2008
Authors: Shahgedanova Maria , Nosenko Gennady , Bushueva Irina , Ivanov Mikhail
Published: July 2012

Changes in area of 30 small glaciers (mostly <1 km2) in the northern Polar Urals (67.568.25° N) between 1953 and 2000 were assessed using historic aerial photography from 1953 and 1960, ASTER and panchromatic Landsat ETM+ imagery from 2000, and data from 1981 and 2008 terrestrial surveys. Changes in volume and geodetic mass balance of IGAN and Obruchev glaciers were calculated using data from terrestrial surveys in 1963 and 2008. In total, glacier area declined by 22.3 ± 3.9% in the 1953/60-2000 period. The areas of individual glaciers decreased by 4-46%. Surfaces of Obruchev and IGAN glaciers lowered by 22.5 ± 1.7 m and 14.9 ± 2.1 m. Over 45 years, geodetic mass balances of Obruchev and IGAN glaciers were -20.66 ± 2.91 and -13.54 ± 2.57 mw.e. respectively. Glacier shrinkage in the Polar Urals is related to a summer warming of 1°C between 1953-81 and 1981-2008 and its rates are consistent with other regions of northern Asia but are higher than in Scandinavia. While glacier shrinkage intensified in the 1981-2000 period relative to 1953-81, increasing winter precipitation and shading effects slowed glacier wastage in 2000-08.
New shortwave infrared albedo measurements for snow specific surface area retrieval
Authors: Montpetit B. , Royer A. , Langlois A. , Cliche P. , Roy A. , Champollion N. , Picard G. , Domine F. , Obbard R.
Published: July 2012

Snow grain-size characterization, its vertical and temporal evolution is a key parameter for the improvement and validation of snow and radiative transfer models (optical and microwave) as well as for remote-sensing retrieval methods. We describe two optical methods, one active and one passive shortwave infrared, for field determination of the specific surface area (SSA) of snow grains. We present a new shortwave infrared (SWIR) camera approach. This new method is compared with a SWIR laser- based system measuring snow albedo with an integrating sphere (InfraRed Integrating Sphere (IRIS)). Good accuracy (10%) and reproducibility in SSA measurements are obtained using the IRIS system on snow samples having densities greater than 200 kg m-3, validated against X-ray microtomography measurements. The SWIRcam approach shows improved sensitivity to snow SSA when compared to a near-infrared camera, giving a better contrast of the snow stratigraphy in a snow pit.
Electronic patient‐reported outcome systems in oncology clinical practice
Authors: Bennett Antonia V. , Jensen Roxanne E. , Basch Ethan
Published: July 2012

Answer questions and earn CME/CNE

Patient‐reported outcome (PRO) questionnaires assess topics a patient can report about his or her own health. This includes symptoms (eg, nausea, fatigue, diarrhea, pain, or frequent urination), physical functioning (eg, difficulty climbing stairs or difficulty fastening buttons), and mental health (eg, anxiety, fear, or worry). Electronic PRO (ePRO) systems are used in oncology clinical care because of 1) their ability to enhance clinical care by flagging important symptoms and saving clinicians time; 2) the availability of standardized methods for creating and implementing PROs in clinics; and 3) the existence of user‐friendly platforms for patient self‐reporting like tablet computers and automated telephone surveys. Many ePRO systems can provide actionable links to clinical care such as summary reports in a patient's electronic medical record and real‐time e‐mail alerts to providers when patients report acute needs. This review presents 5 examples of ePRO systems currently in use in oncology practice. These systems support multiple clinical activities, including assessment of symptoms and toxicities related to chemotherapy and radiation, postoperative surveillance, and symptom management during palliative care and hospice. Patient self‐reporting is possible both at clinical visits and between visits over the Internet or by telephone. The implementation of an ePRO system requires significant resources and expertise, as well as user training. ePRO systems enable regular monitoring of patient symptoms, function, and needs, and can enhance the efficiency and quality of care as well as communication with patients. CA Cancer J Clin 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Cancer Immunotherapy by Retargeting of Immune Effector Cells via Recombinant Bispecific Antibody Constructs
Authors: Stamova Slava , Koristka Stefanie , Keil Juliane , Arndt Claudia , Feldmann Anja , Michalk Irene , Bartsch Holger , Bippes Claudia C. , Schmitz Marc , Cartellieri Marc , Bachmann Michael
Published: July 2012

Immunotherapy has emerged as an alternative strategy to treat malignancies in addition to conventional radio- and chemotherapy. There has been a plethora of evidence that the immune system is able to control tumor outgrowth and a number of strategies have been put forward to utilize this ability for immunotherapy. However, some of these strategies have not been very efficient and their success has been limited by tumor evasion mechanisms. A promising approach to engage effector cells of the immune system overcoming some of the escape mechanisms has been introduced more than two decades ago. This approach is based on bispecific antibodies. Here we summarize the evolution of bispecific antibodies, their improvement, remaining obstacles and some controversial reports.