bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Na vida dez, na escola dez: breve discussão crítica acerca de pressupostos psicológicos e seus desdobramentos sobre a avaliação em Matemática escolar
Authors: Falcão Jorge Tarcísio da Rocha
Published: August 2013

O presente artigo busca oferecer subsídios, oriundos da Psicologia, à discussão acerca da avaliação de competências cognitivas em Matemática. Os modelos atuais de avaliação escolar em geral, e avaliação matemática em particular, repousam, necessariamente, sobre concepções acerca de um sujeito humano fazendo Matemática. Tais concepções apóiam-se sobre modelos para o funcionamento cognitivo humano, em articulação com aspectos referentes à própria organização da Matemática, enquanto domínio de saber sócio-historicamente organizado e epistemologicamente circunscrito. Os modelos recentes fornecidos pela Psicologia da inteligência são aqui revistos, procurando-se evidenciar suas contribuições e limitações. Conclui-se, contudo, defendendo-se que nenhuma avaliação pode prescindir de tais modelos, mesmo que nenhum deles possa almejar a condição de definitivos, apresentando-se aqui pontos considerados cruciais para o delineamento de perfil de referência desejável de aprendiz de matemática, como referência para a avaliação da competência Matemática.
Estado brasileiro e desigualdades raciais: reflexões sobre as políticas de Ações Afirmativas
Authors: Teixeira Cristiane Lourenço
Published: August 2013

As desigualdades sociais no Brasil, bem como a naturalização deste fenômeno, fazem com que, exista no Brasil uma grande parcela da população impossibilitada de exercer plenamente sua cidadania. Como estratégias para minimizar as desigualdades, surgem ações que visam promover a inserção dos grupos socialmente excluídos ao “exercício da cidadania”. Pretendemos, neste estudo observar o comportamento do Estado brasileiro diante das desigualdades sociais que permeiam o país, analisando as Políticas de Ação Afirmativa, e, mais precisamente o sistema de reserva de vagas nas Universidades para alunos negros.
Catadores da sobrevivência: a “matéria viva” no cenário do lixo
Authors: Moraes Carlos Antonio de Souza
Published: August 2013

Este artigo objetiva identificar quem é o catador de lixo na atualidade, além de analisar o que o levou a desempenhar esta atividade. Para tanto, realizamos pesquisa bibliográfica e de campo que possibilitaram compreender a trajetória de vida dos catadores relacionada ao trabalho com o lixo. Os resultados indicam que eles são, sobretudo, homens, com baixo nível de escolaridade, mais de 40 anos, possuindo um histórico em que suas ocupações são desvalorizadas e subalternizadas. Neste caso, nossas análises consideraram os fatores inerentes à atividade do lixo: baixos rendimentos, precárias condições de trabalho... E os gerados a partir dela: concorrência, solidariedade, estigmas.
Análise crítica dos estudos sobre metano desenvolvidos no Brasil
Authors: Chagas Gustavo Gomes
Published: August 2013

Este artigo avalia a produção bibliográfica gerado por pesquisadores e centros de pesquisa nacionais acerca da contribuição aos ambientes aquáticos brasileiros para a emissão de gases de efeito estufa, relevância das publicações e se há concentração dos trabalhos em determinadas regiões do Brasil. A análise dos artigos científicos demonstrou que a participação de pesquisadores brasileiros ainda é pequena. Os trabalhos estão concentrados na região amazônica, não sendo observada nenhuma iniciativa nas regiões sul e nordeste. Desta forma, espera-se que os estudos futuros possam abranger uma maior variedade de ecossistemas, cobrindo lacunas importantes nas demais regiões do País.
Machiavelli, o Pensador Atual
Authors: Souza Talita Tavares Batista Amaral de
Published: August 2013

Este artigo busca apresentar a obra de Nicollo Machiavelli, contextualizando-a, e analisar as ideias centrais de “O Príncipe”, obra prima de Literatura, Humanismo e Ciência Política. Discute os conceitos de principado, como se classificam, como se dá sua conquista, analisando as Razões de Estado e orientando os governantes na permanência do poder. Situa-se no final do século XV e início do século XVI, quando se instalou na Itália a desordem e a instabilidade, dissensões internas e invasões da França e Espanha, poderosas nações vizinhas. O pensamento deste teórico torna-se clássico, pois sua temática revela-se necessariamente inserida no pensamento político contemporâneo.
Platão, o último pré-socrático
Authors: Huguenin Rafael
Published: August 2013

O objetivo deste artigo é reunir subsídios para a elucidação da ontologia platônica, em especial a ontologia apresentada nos diálogos de última fase. Nos interessa, sobretudo, elucidar inicialmente o tipo de relação que as Formas mantêm com os particulares sensíveis e, com isso, mostrar que a teoria das Formas é capaz de dar conta, de um modo satisfatório em relação às outras teorias da época, da multiplicidade sensível. Para isto, tentaremos destacar as semelhanças entre a ontologia platônica e a pré-socrática.
Desenho amostral em meiofauna marinha
Authors: Lage Luciana Monteiro , Coutinho Ricardo
Published: August 2013

As atividades humanas litorâneas sobre a biota marinha têm levado a discussões sobre protocolos de amostragem adequados, de forma que os vários estudos possam ser comparados. A maior parte dos métodos de amostragem produzidos para a meiofauna, contempla o ambiente sedimentar. Porém, é conhecido que a meiofauna pode habitar qualquer substrato no meio marinho, sendo reconhecida como boa ferramenta para estudos de qualidade ambiental e processos ecológicos marinhos. A utilização de estudos experimentais pode elevar a compreensão dos mecanismos de dispersão e colonização da meiofauna, bem como seus processos ecológicos.
O rei do pop e as nuances da pós-modernidade trágica
Authors: Moraes Nayana M.
Published: August 2013

Este artigo mostra a relação das celebridades com os aspectos trágicos de suas vidas e o envolvimento dos fãs a partir da catarse. Todos estes termos imbricados dialogarão com um dos gêneros literários mais antigos: a tragédia grega. Esta permeará um entendimento acerca da forma com que nós, espectadores, analisamos alguns famosos, bem como sua influência na indústria do entretenimento. Neste contexto, alguns deles não conseguem adquirir um equilíbrio entre a fama e sua vida pessoal, que cai diante de sua hybris (desequilíbrio interno). E um destes artistas, considerado o mito da música e do entretenimento, compreenderá esta discussão: Michael Jackson. O filósofo grego Aristóteles discutiu e revigorou a importância e verossimilhança desta literatura no ser humano. Veremos, entretanto, que mesmo com estes conflitos, o mito permanece.
Potencial de mitigação da emissão de gases de efeito estufa e enquadramento em Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) de empreendimento de uso do biogás como fonte energética em cadeia produtiva de frango de corte
Authors: Ferrarez Adriano Henrique , Oliveira Filho Delly , Lacerda Filho Adílio Flauzino de , Costa José Márcio , Aparisi Fabrício Rodrigues Segui
Published: August 2013

As ações humanas têm alterado a biosfera. O aumento de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) na atmosfera está fazendo a temperatura no planeta subir. O aquecimento global implicará mudanças climáticas, ecológicas, econômicas e sociais. Os Mecanismos de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL) permitem que os países industrializados financiem projetos de redução de emissões de GEE em países em desenvolvimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi demonstrar que o biogás usado como fonte energética na Cadeia Produtiva de Frango de Corte é um projeto elegível no âmbito do MDL. A receita obtida da comercialização dos Certificados de Emissões Reduzidas pode ser usada no financiamento da planta de geração de energia.
Sistema de cotas: uma perspectiva de análise a partir do caso da Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro
Authors: Matta Ludmila Gonçalves da
Published: August 2013

Este trabalho tem por objetivo oferecer uma introdução à discussão sobre políticas de ação afirmativa e condição socioeconômica a partir da abordagem do caso específico da implementação da política de cotas para estudantes negros ou pardos na Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF). Neste trabalho, além da discussão teórica, realizamos um trabalho de pesquisa em que traçamos o perfil socioeconômico dos alunos beneficiados pelas cotas para negros e pardos, o qual foi analisado em termos comparativos com um estudo realizado na Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF).
O ciberespaço em uma reflexão geográfica
Authors: Azevedo Hudson Lobato , Monteiro Henrique Pontes Ferreira
Published: August 2013

Este artigo trata dos avanços tecnológicos a partir da revolução técnico-científico-informacional, com enfoque na área da telemática, que vem alterando as formas de experimentação do tempo e espaço. Trata, principalmente, da apresentação de um novo espaço, artificial, paralelo ao real: o ciberespaço. Busca-se uma percepção baseada nos conceitos da Geografia para efetuar um estudo sobre o referido objeto, em uma relação que resulta da soma da técnica e do espaço.
Presença de pesticidas anticolinérgicos (organofosforados e carbamatos) em frutas e hortaliças no município de Cabo Frio, RJ
Authors: Oliveira Claudia Cristina Machado de F. de , Oliveira Kayte Chaves , Silva Filho Moacelio Verânio , Oliveira Manildo Marcião de
Published: August 2013

No estudo em questão, utilizou-se a inibição da enzima acetilcolinesterase para detectar pesticidas organofosforados e carbamatos em frutas e hortaliças consumidas na cidade de Cabo Frio. Hortaliças e frutas ali coletadas, em anos distintos (1996 e 2007) apresentaram pesticidas em todas as amostras. As amostras de alface (1996) e agrião (2007) foram as que apresentaram maiores teores de equivalentes de metil-paration, 0,7 e 1,4 ppm, respectivamente. Os níveis mais baixos foram detectados nas uvas: 0,2 ppm. A solubilização dos compostos envolvidos no estudo em Triton X-100 foi eficiente sem inibir a atividade da enzima acetilcolinesterase. Entre os alimentos estudados, a alface, o agrião e a maçã são merecedores de atenção para monitoramento de resíduos de pesticidas organofosforados e carbamatos.
Solutions: Firefighters to the rescue
Authors: Wright Marie
Published: August 2013

This department showcases students' in-depth thinking and work on previously published problems. The September 2012 problem scenario helps students build number sense and measurement sense. This problem would make a nice addition to observances Fire Prevention Week (October 6–12).
Changing the Rules to Increase Discourse
Authors: Brooks Lisa A. , Dixon Juli K.
Published: August 2013

A second-grade teacher challenges the raise-your-hand-to-speak tradition and enables a classroom community of student-driven conversations that share both mathematical understandings and misunderstandings.
A Balancing Act
Authors: Borenson Henry
Published: August 2013

An operational understanding of the equal sign can hinder learning its relational meaning.
Mastering Fact Fluency: Are They Game?
Authors: Godfrey Connie J. , Stone Jamalee
Published: August 2013

Take-home binders and daily math talks help a second-grade class ease through Baroody's (2006) stages.
From Classroom to Coach: One Teacher's Journey
Authors: Cataldo Penny
Published: August 2013

In addition to differentiating and developing curriculum, this teacher's transition to coaching in an early childhood setting involves a complex blend of mentoring teachers, teaching students, and discovering resources.
Setting up symmetrical structures
Authors: Kurz Terri L.
Published: August 2013

iSTEM: Integrating Science Technology Engineering in the Mathematics authors share ideas and activities that stimulate student interest in the integrated fields of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) in K'grade 6 classrooms. In this month's lesson, elementary school children in the primary grades learn to create symmetrical structures using wooden blocks. Student interviews and an observational rubric are used to assess the children. Extensions for intermediate elementary grades are provided.
Everybody, SCATteR
Authors: Tyminski Andrew M.
Published: August 2013

Skip counting around the room (SCATR) is a strategy that promotes numerical fluency and attention to number relationships. Variations of SCATR for students in K'grade 6 are shared.
Os Cegos Conseguem ‘Enxergar’ Destinos Turísticos na Internet? Uma Análise da Acessibilidade dos Websites Oficiais dos Estados Brasileiros
Authors: Melo Francisco Vicente Sales , Silveira Denis Silva da
Published: August 2013

Este artigo analisa a acessibilidade dos websites oficiais dos Estados brasileiros no que se refere à busca de informações sobre os seus destinos turísticos por parte de pessoas cegas. Foram avaliados todos os portais de turismo de cada Estado por meio de dois softwares avaliadores de acessibilidade. Em seguida, duas pessoas cegas que são usuárias da internet e tem o hábito de viajar a lazer acessaram os portais. Após as análises, verificou-se que apenas o website de turismo do Estado do Paraná apresentou-se como acessível tanto na análise de um dos softwares quanto na avaliação dos participantes, indicando que quase todos os portais brasileiros não são acessíveis para estas pessoas. O estudo não apresenta soluções práticas para melhorar a acessibilidade dos portais de turismo brasileiros, apenas, a partir de uma análise descritiva, mas, sobretudo relevante, levantar a problemática e provocar discussões sobre a temática em questão.
Turismo rural em Blumenau (SC): Perspectivas e desafios a partir da avaliação de famílias que acolhem visitantes em suas casas
Authors: Reis Clóvis , Vavassori Marco Aurélio
Published: August 2013

As mudanças ocorridas nos últimos anos impuseram uma série de desafios ao desenvolvimento rural, levando à adoção de diferentes abordagens na promoção de tais espaços. A implementação de estratégias diversificadas impulsionou a criação de novas possibilidades de geração de renda derivadas do incentivo às atividades não-agrícolas, entre as quais se inclui o turismo. A realização da Caminhada Cultural e Ecológica da Vila Itoupava configura-se como uma primeira experiência do gênero promovida em Blumenau (SC). A iniciativa constitui o objeto de estudo da presente pesquisa, que analisa como os moradores que acolhem visitantes em suas casas avaliam a sua participação no evento. As entrevistas realizadas com as famílias apontam um elevado índice de satisfação com a atividade, especialmente pela oportunidade que proporciona para a promoção de novas experiências de vida, o fortalecimento de vínculos sociais e a valorização da diversidade cultural e natural.
Turismo cultural no contexto urbano: rotas museológicas – Os casos de Aveiro e Ílhavo (Portugal)
Authors: Maia Sara Vidal , Martins Uiara Maria Oliveira , Baptista Maria Manuel Teixeira
Published: August 2013

Este estudo procura mostrar como é crucial a relação entre recursos culturais e atrações turísticas, passando por uma jornada de transmutação que envolve dois requisitos fundamentais: a necessidade de se contar uma história e de se proporcionar uma experiência única aos consumidores culturais. Um dos produtos mais comummente conhecidos, na relação entre o turismo e a cultura, são as rotas museológicas. Este estudo ex-post facto cria uma dinâmica turístico-cultural através das rotas museológicas e o seu planejamento em áreas urbanas. Tenta-se igualmente englobar as atividades dos museus de Aveiro e Ílhavo de forma a proteger e promover recursos socioculturais e patrimoniais. O principal objetivo consiste na integração de áreas culturalmente próximas, como a tradição, o património, a arte, os costumes, o artesanato, a etnografia e a história, criando um produto turístico-cultural regional mais forte, que designámos por “Rota dos Museus, Memórias e Estórias no Contexto Urbano de Aveiro e Ílhavo”.
Automated Diagnosis of Mammogram Images of Breast Cancer Using Discrete Wavelet Transform and Spherical Wavelet Transform Features: A Comparative Study
Authors: Ganesan Karthikeyan , Acharya U. Rajendra , Chua Chua Kuang , Min Lim Choo , Abraham Thomas K.
Published: August 2013

Mammograms are one of the most widely used techniques for preliminary screening of breast cancers. There is great demand for early detection and diagnosis of breast cancer using mammograms. Texture based feature extraction techniques are widely used for mammographic image analysis. In specific, wavelets are a popular choice for texture analysis of these images. Though discrete wavelets have been used extensively for this purpose, spherical wavelets have rarely been used for Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) of breast cancer using mammograms. In this work, a comparison of the performance between the features of Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) and Spherical Wavelet Transform (SWT) based on the classification results of normal, benign and malignant stage was studied. Classification was performed using Linear Discriminant Classifier (LDC), Quadratic Discriminant Classifier (QDC), Nearest Mean Classifier (NMC), Support Vector Machines (SVM) and Parzen Classifier (ParzenC). We have obtained a maximum classification accuracy of 81.73% for DWT and 88.80% for SWT features using SVM classifier.
Stable Lasing in Azobenzene Polyelectrolyte with Polarization Gratings as Distributed Feedback
Authors: Goldenberg Leonid M. , Lisinetskii Victor , Schrader Sigurd
Published: August 2013

An easy and reliable method to fabricate stable distributed feedback (DFB) miniature lasers is demonstrated. Durable polymer lasers are fabricated via a simple and fast patterning procedure, resulting in polarization gratings in azobenzene‐fluorophore films. The azobenzene‐containing polyelectrolyte matrix provides not only DFB via the inscribed polarization grating, but also hinders fluorophore deterioration, leading to laser devices which can withstand tens of thousand pulses without encapsulation. The application of different dyes and changes in the spatial grating frequency allows tuning of the laser wavelength over a spectral range of at least 640–870 nm. By simple rewriting of the grating with another spatial period it is possible to tune the emission wavelength. Lasing in the 1st diffraction order is achieved for at least two laser dyes with an efficiency of up to 0.7%. The arrays of lasers spatially emitting at different wavelengths could be constructed by doping the matrix with different fluorophores. An application of polarization gratings (a common feature of azobenzene‐containing materials) as DFB structures for lasing paves the way for further improvement of laser performance.
Synthesis of Cyclobutanones via Gold‐Catalyzed Oxidative Rearrangement of Homopropargylic Ethers
Authors: Xu Mei , Ren Tian‐Tian , Wang Kai‐Bing , Li Chuan‐Ying
Published: August 2013

In the presence of a gold catalyst and 8‐ethylquinoline N‐oxide, a homopropargylic ether bearing an electron‐rich aromatic ring or an alkenyl group can be converted into a cis‐cyclobutanone smoothly. An α‐oxo gold carbenoid is proved to be the key intermediate, and it can evolve into an oxonium ylide.

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Design and evaluation of a lyophilized liposomal gel of an antiviral drug for intravaginal delivery
Authors: Manne Navya , Yadav Hemant K. S. , Kumar S. Hemanth , Khom Tashi Chojjom , Kumar N. Sankeerth
Published: August 2013

Liposomes of antiviral drug(acyclovir) prepared by rotary evaporation method were incorporated into two bioadhesive polymers, carbopol and HPMC and freeze dried to obtain a unit dosage form. The liposomes, liposomal gels and freeze dried rods were evaluated for various parameters. TEM analysis showed the formation of unilamellar liposomes with a mean diameter ranging from 0.9 μm to 1.2 μm. As the cholesterol content increases from 0.5% to 2%w/w, the entrapment efficiency and vesicle size increased. Carbopol gels exhibited higher viscosity, spreadability, mucoadhesiveness than HPMC gels. The redipsersion of freeze dried forms in SVF was found to be slow and its ex‐vivo retention time was found to be 12 hrs while acyclovir gel retained only for 8.25 hrs. The tablet and gel released 96.93±0.15% acyclovir within 6 hrs and 92.31±0.31% by 8 hrs respectively while freeze dried forms could sustain the release upto 12 hrs. From the stability studies the optimum storage condition was found to be 4‐8°C. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39804.
New Epoxy/Jeffamine networks modified with ionic liquids
Authors: Soares Bluma G. , Silva Adriana A. , Livi Sebastien , Duchet‐Rumeau Jannick , Gerard Jean‐François
Published: August 2013

Diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A/Jeffamine D400 system was modified with 2.5 and 5.0 phr of ionic liquids based on imidazolium and phosphonium cations denoted N,N ′‐dioctadecyl‐imidazolium iodide, or octadecyl‐triphenylphosphonium iodide, [OdTPP][I], aiming to develop new networked materials with enhanced performance particularly in terms of mechanical properties and conductivity. The curing behavior was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, suggesting that the presence of ionic liquids (ILs) accelerates the curing process of the epoxy system. Then, the networked materials were analyzed by dynamic mechanical analysis, and mechanical testing. The presence of the ILs did not affect the glass transition temperature but resulted in a decrease on the storage modulus. By transmission electron microscopy, we have highlighted that the ILs are not miscible inside the epoxy matrix. In fact, a phase separation in nanometric scale has been observed. Measurements of conductivity revealed that the system modified with [OdTPP][I] presented higher dielectric constant and higher electrical conductivity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39834.
Preceramic polymer‐derived SiOC fibers by electrospinning
Authors: Guo Anran , Roso Martina , Modesti Michele , Liu Jiachen , Colombo Paolo
Published: August 2013

Silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) fibers with different chemical compositions were successfully fabricated by electrospinning a mixture of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and commercially available polymethylsilsesquioxane (MK) or polymethylphenylsilsesquioxane (H44) preceramic polymers, followed by cross‐linking and pyrolysis at 1000°C in Argon. The influence of the processing procedure (solvent selection, cross‐linking catalyst and additives) on the morphology of the produced fibers was investigated. For the MK/isopropanol system, the introduction of 20 vol% N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) enabled to decrease the diameter of the as‐spun fibers from 2.72 ± 0.12 μm to 1.65 ± 0.09 μm. For the H44/DMF systems, beads‐free fibers were obtained by adding 50 vol% choloroform. After pyrolysis, the resultant SiOC fibers derived from MK and H44 resins possessed uniform morphology, with an average diameter of 0.97 ± 0.07 μm and 1.07 ± 0.08 μm, respectively. Due to their different chemical compositions, the MK‐derived and H44‐derived SiOC ceramic fibers could find different potential applications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39836.
Study on preparation and properties of PVA‐SA‐PHB‐AC composite carrier for microorganism immobilization
Authors: Li Ting , Ren Yuan , Wei Chaohai
Published: August 2013

Polyvinyl alcohol(PVA) bead crosslinked with boric acid has been widely utilized as a microorganism immobilization carrier. However, it has some disadvantages such as drastic cell viability loss, small adsorption capacity and mass transfer limitation. To improve upon these drawbacks, a new method to prepare PVA composite pieces with the addition of activated carbon (AC) and poly‐3‐hydroxybutyrate(PHB) was explored through a combination of freezing/thawing and the boric acid method and by using Tween‐80 to improve the mass transfer performance of hydrophobic organics. m‐Cresol and pyrene were used as representative compounds with benzene ring structures to model hydrophilic and hydrophobic organics in order to test the performance of PVA pieces. The results showed that, compared with the boric acid method alone, a combination of freezing/thawing and the boric acid method led to a decrease in total organic carbon(TOC) loss from 0.315 g g−1 to 0.033 g g−1 and increased the oxygen uptake rate(OUR) of microorganisms from 0.03 mg L−1·min−1 to 0.22 mg L−1 min−1. The m‐cresol equilibrium adsorption amount of the PVA‐SA(sodium alginate)‐PHB‐AC piece was 2.80 times that of the PVA‐SA piece. The diffusion coefficient of pyrene in the PVA‐SA‐PHB‐AC piece increased from 0.53×10−9 m2 min−1 to 2.30×10−9 m2 min−1 with increasing concentrations of Tween‐80 from 1000 mg L−1 to 5000 mg L−1. The PVA‐SA‐PHB‐AC composite carrier demonstrated great scope for immobilizing microorganisms for practical wastewater bio‐treatment. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 39837.
Fishery benefits from behavioural modification of fishes in periodically harvested fisheries closures
Authors: Januchowski‐Hartley Fraser A. , Cinner Joshua E. , Graham Nicholas A. J.
Published: August 2013

Periodically harvested fisheries closures are widely implemented across the South Pacific as a conservation and fisheries management tool. There is a lack of information on the mechanisms and effectiveness of this management system in meeting fisheries and ecosystem sustainability goals.

A before‐after‐control‐impact (BACI) pair design, was used to quantify flight initiation distance (FID), and biomass of two fishery‐target (Acanthuridae and Scaridae) and one non‐target (Chaetodontidae) families in two periodically harvested closures, two no‐take marine reserves, and two open fished areas, prior to and after harvest of the periodically harvested closures. Creel surveys were used to quantify catch per unit effort (CPUE) in open fishing grounds, and during the periodic harvests.

Before harvest, FID of targeted families was higher in fished areas than periodically harvested areas. After harvest, Acanthuridae FID in periodically harvested closures increased significantly to beyond the maximum effective range of spearguns. Total biomass of fishes was lower in fished areas than areas under either type of management. Acanthuridae biomass in the periodically harvested closures was similar to fished areas, and lower than in the no‐take reserves. There was no difference post‐harvest for either total or Acanthuridae biomass.

CPUE was higher for fishing trips inside the periodically harvested closures than regular fishing activities. Fishes were generally larger in catches from periodically harvested closures, but this was not sufficient to account for the increase in CPUE, particularly of the Acanthuridae, which were significantly more abundant in the harvest catch.

When fishes are protected temporarily from fishing, their wariness decreases, which makes them more easily catchable when fishing is reinstated. This study shows that fish behavioural change is an important and overlooked benefit of periodically harvested closures. However, differences in the magnitude of behavioural changes between fishery‐target families may result in contrasting outcomes of periodically harvested management regimes.

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microstructural Effects of Mn2+ ions in ZnO Nanoparticles
Authors: Rajeswari P. , Dhanuskodi S.
Published: August 2013

Semiconducting ZnO nanoparticles with manganese content 0 at. %, 5 at. % and 10 at. % were prepared by co‐precipitation technique and XRD reveals that the average crystallite size D is 10.2 nm, 7.62 nm and 7.06 nm respectively. The individual contributions of the size and strain to the XRD peak broadening were investigated by Williamson‐Hall (W‐H) analysis. The strain, stress and energy density were calculated more precisely by uniform deformation model (UDM), uniform stress deformation model (USDM), uniform deformation energy density model (UDEDM) and size‐strain plot (SSP) method. The average particle size from HRTEM analysis is 13 ± 2 nm. The evaluated average crystallite size from the W‐H analysis and SSP method is commensurate with the particle size from HRTEM. Diamagnetic to ferromagnetic phase transition observed is interpreted interms of the anisotropic strain due to the dopant.
Joining the fingers: A HOXD13 story
Authors: Brison Nathalie , Debeer Philippe , Tylzanowski Przemko
Published: August 2013

Synpolydactyly (SPD, OMIM 186000) is a rare congenital limb disorder characterized by syndactyly between the third and fourth fingers and between the fourth and fifth toes, with partial or complete digit duplication in the syndactylous web. The majority of these anomalies co‐segregate with mutations in the HOXD13 gene, a homeobox transcription factor crucial for distal limb development. Different classes of HOXD13 mutations are involved in the pathogenesis of synpolydactyly, but an unequivocal genotype–phenotype correlation cannot always be achieved due to the clinical heterogeneity and reduced penetrance of SPD. All mutations identified so far mapped to the N‐terminal polyalanine tract or to the C‐terminal homeodomain of HOXD13, causing typical or atypical features of SPD, respectively. However, mutations outside of these domains cause a broad variety of clinical features that complicate the differential diagnosis. The existing animal models that are currently used to study HOXD13 (mal)function are therefore instrumental in unraveling potential genotype‐phenotype correlations. Both mouse‐ and chick‐based approaches allow the in vivo study of the pathogenic mechanism by which HOXD13 mutations cause SPD phenotypes as well as help in identifying the transcriptional targets. Developmental Dynamics 243:37–48, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phylogeny and expression of canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) genes in developing zebrafish
Authors: Von Niederhäusern Valentin , Kastenhuber Edda , Stäuble Andreas , Gesemann Matthias , Neuhauss Stephan C.F.
Published: August 2013

Background: Canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) channels are nonselective, calcium‐permeable cation channels that are expressed in a great variety of organisms, tissues, and cell types. TRPC channels are known to be involved in the transduction of polymodal sensory input. Additionally, they are implicated in a variety of developmental processes. Distinct gating mechanisms have been elucidated so far, but their exact functional role in vertebrate organisms still needs to be resolved. Results: We now used the teleost Danio rerio to perform a comprehensive expression analysis of the trpc gene subfamily. Based on the sequence homology to the seven described mammalian TRPC channels, we identified 12 trpc genes in the zebrafish genome. All but trpc1 and trpc3 are represented by two paralogs. We further describe the specific expression patterns of trpc transcripts in whole‐mounts during the first 5 days of development. Conclusions: Consistent with their proposed role in sensory transduction zebrafish trpcs are predominantly expressed in neural structures such as the olfactory, visual, mechanosensitive, and motor systems. Intriguingly, zebrafish paralogs show mainly nonoverlapping expression patterns, suggesting that duplicated genes have either split their functions or have adapted new ones. Developmental Dynamics 242:1427–1441, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adsorption studies of methylene blue onto activated saw dust: kinetics, equilibrium, and thermodynamic studies
Authors: Banerjee Sushmita , Chattopadhyaya Mahesh C. , Srivastava Varsha , Sharma Yogesh Chandra
Published: August 2013

This study is devoted to the application of activated saw dust (ACSD) as adsorbent for the removal of “methylene blue (MB)” from the aqueous solutions. Raw saw dust was activated by a simple and low cost chemical method. After activation, adsorbent was characterized by scanning electron microscopy for its surface characteristics. Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller surface area and average particle size were determined and found to be 74.23 m2/g and 700 µm, respectively. Removal efficiency of adsorbent for MB was demonstrated by batch adsorption experiments. pH study indicates that 9.5 pH is optimum for higher removal of MB. Temperature studies revealed exothermic nature of adsorption process. On studying kinetic models, it was observed that removal process is governed by pseudo‐first‐order kinetics. Intraparticle diffusion study revealed that it is not rate limiting step in removal process. Mass transfer coefficient was also determined. Value of ΔG° was found to be negative at all studied temperature which confirms the feasibility of process. Langmuir's adsorption isotherm was found to be suitable for this system. This study revealed that ACSD can be used as alternates of costly adsorbents for the removal of MB from effluents. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 33: 790–799, 2014
Analyses of new short‐lived replacements for HFCs with large GWPs
Authors: Wuebbles Donald J. , Wang Dong , Patten Kenneth O. , Olsen Seth C.
Published: August 2013

In this study, we examine the atmospheric lifetimes and Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) for six short‐lived potential ozone‐depleting substances and high‐GWP hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) replacement compounds and evaluate the potential reduced effects on climate forcing from adopting such compounds. We also examine the potential effects on climate from widespread use of these chemicals. The atmospheric lifetimes of these compounds are each less than 1 month and their 100 year GWPs range from 0.9 to 4.6. The derived GWPs are substantially lower than those in prior published studies, which used simplified estimation techniques that overestimate the GWPs for these short‐lived compounds by 61% to 237%. If long‐lived HFCs are completely replaced with these substitute compounds, radiative forcing of these short‐lived compounds in 2050 will be 0.26 to 0.80 mW m−2, a factor of as much as 1000 smaller than would be the case with the potential growth in the use of the HFCs.
Westerly wind bursts and the diversity of ENSO in CCSM3 and CCSM4
Authors: Lopez Hosmay , Kirtman Ben P.
Published: August 2013

This study investigates the effect of parameterized westerly wind bursts (WWBs) on the diversity of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) warm events, namely, eastern Pacific (EP) and central Pacific (CP) ENSO in Community Climate System Model version 3 (CCSM3) and version 4 (CCSM4). The parameterization includes the possibility of state‐independent (SI) and state‐dependent (SD) WWBs. The inclusion of WWBs enhances the overall tropical Pacific variability. This is accompanied by an increased in the so‐called thermocline and advective feedback mechanisms. The SI WWB results present some model discrepancies, with CCSM3 (CCSM4) having enhanced CP (EP) ENSO variability. For the SD WWB case, both models show enhanced EP variability relative to CP variability.
Multi‐institutional investigation of the prognostic value of lymph nodel yield in advanced‐stage oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Jaber James J. , Zender Chad A. , Mehta Vikas , Davis Kara , Ferris Robert L. , Lavertu Pierre , Rezaee Rod , Feustel Paul J. , Johnson Jonas T.
Published: August 2013

Background

Although existing literature provides surgical recommendations for treating occult disease (cN0) in early‐stage oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), a focus on late‐stage oral cavity SCC is less pervasive.

Methods

The medical records of 162 patients with late‐stage oral cavity SCC pN0 who underwent primary neck dissections were reviewed. Lymph node yield as a prognosticator was examined.

Results

Despite being staged pN0, patients that had a higher lymph node yield had an improved regional/distant control rates, disease‐free survival (DFS), disease‐specific survival (DSS), and overall survival (OS). Lymph node yield consistently outperformed all other standard variables as being the single best prognostic factor with a tight risk ratio range (RR = 0.95–0.98) even when correcting for the number of lymph nodes examined.

Conclusion

The results of this study showed that lower regional recurrence rates and improved survival outcomes were seen as lymph node yield increased for advanced T classification oral cavity SCC pN0. This suggests that increasing lymph node yield with an extended cervical lymphadenectomy may result in lower recurrence rates and improved survival outcomes for this advanced stage group. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 36: 1446–1452, 2014
Financing healthcare in Gulf Cooperation Council countries: a focus on Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alkhamis Abdulwahab , Hassan Amir , Cosgrove Peter
Published: August 2013

Background

This paper presents an analysis of the main characteristics of the Gulf Cooperation Council's (GCC) health financing systems and draws similarities and differences between GCC countries and other high‐income and low‐income countries, in order to provide recommendations for healthcare policy makers. The paper also illustrates some financial implications of the recent implementation of the Compulsory Employment‐based Health Insurance (CEBHI) system in Saudi Arabia.

Methods

Employing a descriptive framework for the country‐level analysis of healthcare financing arrangements, we compared expenditure data on healthcare from GCC and other developing and developed countries, mostly using secondary data from the World Health Organization health expenditure database. The analysis was supported by a review of related literature.

Results

There are three significant characteristics affecting healthcare financing in GCC countries: (i) large expatriate populations relative to the national population, which leads GCC countries to use different strategies to control expatriate healthcare expenditure; (ii) substantial government revenue, with correspondingly high government expenditure on healthcare services in GCC countries; and (iii) underdeveloped healthcare systems, with some GCC countries' healthcare indicators falling below those of upper‐middle‐income countries.

Conclusion

Reforming the mode of health financing is vital to achieving equitable and efficient healthcare services. Such reform could assist GCC countries in improving their healthcare indicators and bring about a reduction in out‐of‐pocket payments for healthcare. © 2013 The Authors.International Journal of Health Planning and Managementpublished by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrical Properties of Sm‐doped Ceria (SDC) and SDC Carbonate Composite
Authors: Wen L. C. , Hsieh C. Y. , Tsai Y. I. , Lin H. K. , Chang S. C. , Kao H.‐C. I. , Sheu H. S. , Lee M. C. , Lee Y. S.
Published: August 2013

This study prepared a dense Sm‐doped ceria (SDC) and an SDC carbonate composite (abbreviated as SDC‐C). The latter was prepared by immersing porous SDC with a formula of (Ce0.8Sm0.2)O1.9 and a relative density of approximately 65‐70% into a molten mixture of carbonates containing 1:1 molar ratio of Li2CO3 and Na2CO3 at 500 °C. The relative density of the SDC‐C was close to 100%. In addition, SDC oxide without carbonates, which also has a relative density of close to 100%, was heat treated at 1600 °C. At 500 °C, the electrical conductivity and ionic transference number (ti) of the SDC oxide were 1.79(5) × 10−3 S·cm−1 and 0.99(2), respectively, such that electronic conduction could be disregarded. Increasing the temperature caused a gradual decrease in the ti of SDC. Following the addition of carbonates to SDC, the electrical conductivity reached 1.23(9) × 10−1 S·cm−1 at 500 °C. After 14 days (340 h), the electrical conductivity of the SDC‐C at 490 °C, leveled off at about 6 × 10−2 S·cm−1. SDC‐C could be used as a potential electrolyte in solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) at temperatures below 500 °C.
Electrochemical Oxidation and Determination of Glucose Using Cyclic Voltammetry and a One‐step Prepared Nanoporous Gold Wire Electrode
Authors: Su Sing‐Hua , Cheng Hao , Chen Po‐Yu
Published: August 2013

A nanoporous gold wire electrode (NPGWE) was prepared using a published one‐step method from a 0.3 M oxalic acid at room temperature. It was found in this study that the surface morphology, including the pore size and the width of the ligaments, and thus the surface roughness of the NPGWE could be easily manipulated by controlling the solution stirring rate. The NPGWE was used for the study of electrochemical oxidation and determination of glucose in 0.1 M NaOH using cyclic voltammetry. The effect of two potential interferences chloride ion and ascorbic acid was assessed. The electrode showed a linear range of glucose concentration from 0.5 mM to 10 mM with a detection limit of 8 μM.
Modeling impact of FORMOSAT‐7/COSMIC‐2 mission on ionospheric space weather monitoring
Authors: Lee I. T. , Tsai H. F. , Liu J. Y. , Lin C. H. , Matsuo T. , Chang L. C.
Published: August 2013

For the past decade, the paucity of ionospheric observations has made it almost impossible to reconstruct the three‐dimensional structures of global ionospheric electron density. The Formosa Satellite‐3/Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC, F3/C) constellation has provided ionospheric electron density profiles with high vertical resolution through radio occultation measurements. Slated for deployment starting in 2016, the FORMOSAT‐7/COSMIC‐2 (F7/C2) constellation will further provide more than 4 times the number of the F3/C occultation soundings. An observing system simulation experiment is conducted to determine the impact of F7/C2 on ionospheric weather monitoring. The results first show that the F7/C2 observations can reconstruct 3‐D ionospheric structure with a data accumulation period of 1 h, which can advance studies of small spatial/temporal scale variation/signatures in the ionosphere. Comparing to assimilation results of F3/C, the assimilation system significantly reduces the error arising in the models and observations after assimilating synthetic observations of F7/C2. During this observing system simulation experiment period, the averaged root‐mean‐square error percentage for the results of F7/C2 is about 4.4%, lower than that of F3/C 7.3%. Furthermore, even with an assimilation window of less than 60 min, the F7/C2 RMS errors still yield reliable values compared to the F3/C results. This paper represents a major advance in ionospheric weather monitoring for the future mission.
Pressure anisotropy in global magnetospheric simulations: Coupling with ring current models
Authors: Meng X. , Tóth G. , Glocer A. , Fok M.‐C. , Gombosi T. I.
Published: August 2013

We have recently extended the global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) model BATS‐R‐US to account for pressure anisotropy. Since the inner magnetosphere dynamics cannot be fully described even by anisotropic MHD, we coupled our anisotropic MHD model with two inner magnetospheric models: the Rice Convection Model (RCM) and the Comprehensive Ring Current Model (CRCM). The coupled models provide better representations of the near‐Earth plasma, especially during geomagnetic storms. In this paper, we present the two‐way coupling algorithms with both ring current models. The major difference between these two couplings is that the RCM assumes isotropic and constant pressures along closed field lines, while the CRCM resolves pitch angle anisotropy. For model validation, we report global magnetosphere simulations performed by the coupled models. The simulation results are compared to the results given by the coupled isotropic MHD and ring current models. We find that in the global MHD simulations coupled with ring current models, pressure anisotropy results in a thinner magnetosheath, a shorter tail, a much smaller Earthward plasma jet from the tail reconnection site, and is also important in controlling the magnetic field configuration. The comparisons with satellite data for the magnetospheric event simulations show improvements on reproducing the measured tail magnetic field and inner magnetospheric flow velocity when including pressure anisotropy in the ring current model coupled global MHD model.
Heterogeneous formation of nitryl chloride and its role as a nocturnal NOx reservoir species during CalNex‐LA 2010
Authors: Mielke L. H. , Stutz J. , Tsai C. , Hurlock S. C. , Roberts J. M. , Veres P. R. , Froyd K. D. , Hayes P. L. , Cubison M. J. , Jimenez J. L. , Washenfelder R. A. , Young C. J. , Gilman J. B. , de Gouw J. A. , Flynn J. H. , Grossberg N. , Lefer B. L. , Liu J. , Weber R. J. , Osthoff H. D.
Published: August 2013

The nocturnal conversion of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) to nitryl chloride (ClNO2) on chloride‐containing aerosol can be a regionally important NOx (= NO + NO2) recycling and halogen activation pathway that affects oxidant photochemistry the following day. Here we present a comprehensive measurement data set acquired at Pasadena, California, during the CalNex‐LA campaign 2010 that included measurements of odd nitrogen and its major components (NOy = NOx + NO3 + 2N2O5 + ClNO2 + HNO3 + HONO + peroxyacyl, alkyl, and aerosol nitrates) and aerosol size distribution and composition. Nitryl chloride was present during every night of the study (median mixing ratio at sunrise 800 pptv) and was usually a more significant nocturnal NOx and odd oxygen (Ox = O3 + NO2 + 3N2O5 + ClNO2) reservoir species than N2O5 (whose concentrations were calculated from its equilibrium with NO2 and NO3). At sunrise, ClNO2 accounted for 21% of NOz (=NOy − NOx), 4% of NOy, and 2.5% of Ox, respectively (median values). Kinetic parameters for the N2O5 to ClNO2 conversion were estimated by relating ClNO2 concentrations to their time‐integrated heterogeneous production from N2O5 and were highly variable between nights. Production of ClNO2 required conversion of N2O5 on submicron aerosol with average yield (φ) and N2O5 reactive uptake probability (γ) of γφ = 0.008 (maximum 0.04), scaled with submicron aerosol chloride content, and was suppressed by aerosol organic matter and liquid water content. Not all of the observed variability of ClNO2 production efficiency could be rationalized using current literature parameterizations.
Short cationic antimicrobial peptides bind to human alpha‐1 acid glycoprotein with no implications for the in vitro bioactivity
Authors: Sivertsen Annfrid , Brandsdal Bjørn Olav , Svendsen John Sigurd , Andersen Jeanette Hammer , Svenson Johan
Published: August 2013

Several drugs interact with the major plasma proteins serum albumin and alpha‐1 acid glycoprotein. Such binding may be either beneficial or disadvantageous from a pharmacokinetic perspective. In the present paper, we investigate the thermodynamics involved in the binding of a series of promising cationic antimicrobial peptides to the alpha‐1 acid glycoprotein using isothermal titration calorimetry. The drug‐like peptides are able to effectively destroy multiresistant bacterial strains, and members of this peptide class are currently in clinical phase II trials. Similar peptides, in a previous study, have been shown to bind to serum albumin resulting in a 10‐fold reduction in the peptides ability to kill bacteria in vitro. Here, it is shown that the peptides also are ligands for alpha‐1 glycoprotein with moderate binding affinities. The binding mode is investigated in detail using molecular docking, which maps the interaction to sub‐pockets I, II and III of the binding site. Despite this interaction, protein binding is shown to have little or no effect on the ability of the peptides to kill bacteria in vitro, either at normal physiological or acute phase concentrations. The results show that although the peptides interact with the binding pocket of alpha‐1 acid glycoprotein, the low stoichiometric binding ratio ensures that the interaction is not an obstacle for further development of these promising peptides as antimicrobial therapies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.