bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moving Into New Literacies?
Authors: Pedro Neuza , Jil Clara
Published: April 2022

The level of researchers and educators knowledge about young people's current reading practices, interests, and literacy trends is impressively low. Many international reports point out the fact that today's young generation's reading habits are diminishing to critical levels and digital technologies are pointed out as the main cause. Rather than locating digital practices as a prejudice or a benefit for promoting students' literacy, this chapter aims to explore today's young people's conceptualizations and practices around reading. It presents a qualitative study that seeks to describe and in-depth understand the vision of a group of Portuguese young people from 15 to 23 years old. Results are organized in order to describe what is reading from today's young people's point of view, what they read, if they enjoy reading the curriculum-conveyed literature, which formats young people prefer to read, and how they select what to read. The discussion of these results is made through the lenses of multiliteracies approach.
Enhancing Children's Learning and Motivation Through Animal-Assisted Education
Authors: Lopes Cristina , Canelo Elsa
Published: April 2022

Animal-assisted education (AAE) presents itself as an alternative solution, a complement to teacher's work, in order to help children achieve an educational goal. The Reading Education Assistance Dogs® (R.E.A.D.®) program presents itself as a good alternative to conventional support offered by schools, since it is documented that the implementation of such innovative and holistic biophilia-based interventions promotes a good integration and more positive school outcomes. The benefits of AAE described in the literature can be understood through the origin of the theoretical framework provided by Bronfenbrenner's theory of bioecological development and the biophilia hypothesis. Taken together, they present an ecological perspective of development which influences all the systems, as well as the proximal interactions, such as with the persons that are reference to the child (parents, teachers) or with the animals with which the child interacts. The dog contributes to the child's emotional ease empowering communication motivation to read.
From Reading Promotion to Digital Literacy
Authors: Tse Hou Lam Tobie , Chiu Dickson K. W. , Lam Apple Hiu Ching
Published: April 2022

Traditional services have had to adapt to keep up with changing dynamics in the digital age, including the digitalization of library services and moving them online, especially for overcoming COVID-19 limitations. Small special libraries aimed at reading promotion, in particular, remain at risk, especially those addressing the needs of young people and children. Furthermore, the growing generation now learns differently, with digital media dominating the education and library sectors. This study investigates Rolling Books, a non-profit reading promotion and educational performance-based small organization in Hong Kong, as a case study on moving reading promotion services for schools. The authors analyze the pros and cons of replacing its featured onsite reading promotion program “Clown Story Theater” with an online version using the 5E instructional model. Besides overcoming the limitation of COVID lockdown, the online program can leverage digital media and eBooks to foster digital and media literacy skills while promoting reading, storytelling, and story creation.
Cost Management of Logistics and Supply Chain Costs
Authors: Nakajima Hiroyuki
Published: April 2022

In order for a supply chain to thrive, it must be evaluated from a financial perspective. In particular, supply chain profits and profitability are important performance measures. However, since it is very difficult to evaluate the profit side of the supply chain, this chapter focuses on the cost management of logistics and supply chain costs. The premise of supply chain cost management is that each company participating in the supply chain is able to manage logistics costs appropriately. Therefore, the authors discuss the management of logistics costs by utilizing management accounting methods such as activity-based costing, total cost of ownership, and life cycle cost. Then, after clarifying what exactly is meant by supply chain costs, supply chain cost management is discussed. The management of costs incurred across multiple companies is much more difficult than the cost management of a single company, and the issues that must be overcome are clarified. Finally, directions for future research are presented.
Controlling Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chain by BANDAI Co
Authors: Higuchi Toru
Published: April 2022

This chapter illustrates how the bullwhip effect is exacerbated in the supply chain through the Tamagotchi™ case. BANDAI first introduced Tamagotchi™ to the market on November 23, 1996. It became tremendously popular throughout the world in 1997, touching the hearts of children and young adults globally. While BANDAI sold 40 million of the first Tamagotchi™ worldwide by March 1999, this effort ended in tragedy. BANDAI suffered from the tragic boom and bust. The causes can be summarized as follows: a demand forecast failure and an immature SCM including a wrong response which created an excessive boom and sudden bust. BANDAI learned from this severe lesson in launching new series and managing the company and supply chain. Instant and substantial ways to cope with the bullwhip effect exaggerated in a supply chain will be proposed.
Supply Chain Management of Seven-Eleven Japan
Authors: Ishikawa Nobuaki
Published: April 2022

In this chapter, the supply chain management of Seven-Eleven Japan, the most successful convenience store in Japan, will be taken as a case study. First, the establishment and development of the convenience store industry in Japan (which has always been led by Seven-Eleven) will be described. Next, the characteristics of Seven-Eleven Japan and how it has been accepted by customers will be discussed. Finally, the future prospects of the convenience store industry and Seven-Eleven will be discussed.
Product and Process Innovation in Coffee Supply Chain
Authors: Nguyen Linh Dieu , Huang Yukun , Yang Zhengguang , Mason Gary
Published: April 2022

In this chapter, the framework of the evolutional supply chain and supply chain strategy is illustrated through the case of the coffee supply chain. Billions of people drink coffee daily throughout the world. The coffee supply chain has a long history that has frequently experienced dramatic changes. The method and instruments for making coffee have changed, and the plantation system has long been used. Today, the world is full of various coffee products and coffee supply chains. It is imperative to refine not only SCM but also to formulate a successful supply chain strategy.
Agri-Food Logistics as a Dynamic Actor in Managing Food Loss and Waste
Authors: Quendler Erika , Lamb Matthew James , Driouech Noureddin
Published: April 2022

Perhaps no phenomenon has so quickly and radically challenged agri-food logistics as the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. This chapter postulates on the short- to longer-term implications of this public health crisis on food loss and waste (FLW) throughout the whole supply chain and the role of agri-food logistics. This chapter outlines examples of several logistic solutions deployed for dealing with FLW as the pandemic has unfolded. Furthermore, since COVID‐19 has opened a window of opportunity, this chapter indicates the potential of agri-food logistics to help manage FLW from farm to bin and beyond. In fact, the pandemic and its aftermath may improve agri-food logistics skills, practices, and innovation in a manner that mitigates day-to-day FLW. Moreover, this chapter advocates a rethinking of the opportunities arising from COVID-19 for the transformation of agri-food logistics in alignment with the UN's SDGs. This forms a practical framework for future research and application.
Twin-Roll Casting of Al-4.8%Mg Alloy with Added Fe
Authors: Haga Toshio , Kozai Asuto , Watari Hisaki , Nishida Shinichi
Published: April 2022

Fe (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8 %) was added to roll-cast Al-4.8%Mg alloy to create a model of recycled Al-4.8%Mg and its effect was investigated. An unequal-diameter twin-roll caster was used. The roll speed was 20 m/min. An as-cast strip was cold-rolled down to 1 mm and annealed. Its mechanical properties were then evaluated. The surface condition of the as-cast strip was not influenced by the Fe content. The thickness of the as-cast strip decreased with increasing Fe content. The tensile strength and 0.2% proof stress increased with Fe content up to 0.4%Fe and then decreased. When 0.8% Fe was added to Al-4.8%Mg, the tensile strength and 0.2% proof stress became higher than those for Al-Mg. Elongation and the limiting drawing ratio gradually decreased with increasing Fe content. When 0.8% Fe was added, elongation in the lateral direction was 19.6% and the limiting drawing ratio was 1.7.
Dual Frequency Ultrasound-Assisted Esterification of Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Oil with Zeolite Heterogeneous Acid Catalyst
Authors: Pholsawang T. , Seithtanabutara V. , Keawkannetra P. , Wongwuttanasatian Tanakorn
Published: April 2022

Biodiesel production from waste-or by-product oils having high free fatty acid (FFA) contents is required oil pretreatment. Esterification has been used to reduce FFA contents of crude oils prior to transesterification. In this present work, palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) oil which is a by-product from the palm oil industry was used as feedstock for biodiesel production. The EFB oil has very high FFA contents. Thus, esterification of the oil was carried out. The esterification was enhanced by dual frequency ultrasound waves (28 kHz + 40 kHz). Zeolite was used as a heterogenous acid catalyst. Methanol to oil (M:O) molar ratio, catalyst loading, and reaction were main factors affecting on the process and were investigated using central composite design (CCD) of experiment. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimise these parameters. The results showed that at the optimised condition of 12:1 M:O molar ratio, 11.36 %wt catalyst loading and 60 min of reaction time, the FFA conversion was highest at 91.69% compared with the predicted value of 93.56% which was only 1.99% difference between tested and predicted values.
Repurpose Offshore Pipeline as Energy Storage ROPES: Opening a New Market Segment Offshore
Authors: Hazim Azril Syazwan , Buhagiar Daniel , Gray Alasdair
Published: April 2022

There is a significant drive to decarbonise the energy system resulting in a need to integrate large quantities of intermittent renewable power into both onshore consumer grids and offshore isolated grids. This brings significant technical challenges that can be addressed using the right energy storage technology for future times of intermittency and peak power demands. The innovative Repurposed Offshore Pipelines as Energy Storage (ROPES) solution repurposes existing, aged offshore installations into energy storage systems based on proven hydro-pneumatic principles, towards a cost-competitive, highly reliable system. Findings from a recent Concept Assess study prove the cost competitiveness of the solution, thanks to alow Levelised Cost of Storage (LCOS), paired with the value of deferring full decommissioning of existing assets. The study scope covers aspects of market recognition, technical feasibility, risk and opportunity assessment, cost estimates and value delivery to potential clients. Four case studies covering potential prospects offshore Australia and in the North Sea illustrate the diverse architectural application of the solution. The resultant cost estimates form the NPV analysis, and eventually derive the solution LCOS, which shows cost superiority over marinised Li-ion batteries and is comparable to onshore battery systems. The solution shows clear benefits over a typical battery storage system, including reduced safety risks, less topside constraints along with a longer and predictable operating lifetime. The ROPES solution enables the storage of renewable power whilst allowing to optimise time and expenditure for decommissioning of existing infrastructure, therefore represents a unique opportunity to unlock a new market segment within the offshore energy sector.
Ice Risk Analysis for Floating Wind Turbines, Offshore Newfoundland and Labrador
Authors: King Tony , Ralph Freeman , Fuglem Mark , Stuckey Paul , Thijssen Jan , Turnbull Ian , Huang Yujian , Talimi Vandad , Liu Lei , Yulmetov Renat , Shayanfar Hamid , Howell Mark , Paulin Mike
Published: April 2022

The move to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the offshore hydrocarbons production industry has resulted in a growing interest in the possibility of using offshore wind to reduce on-platform power generation. While some offshore areas are progressing towards or planning for the use of offshore wind to electrify hydrocarbon producing platforms, they do not have the challenges associated with Newfoundland & Labrador's offshore environment.This region is prone to incursions by icebergs and pack ice, which would present a risk to offshore wind turbines. Analysis approachesto assess these risks, along with preliminary results, are presented herefor floating offshore wind turbines (FOWT).

An area of interest (AOI), covering 45°N to 51°N and 45°W to 51°W, was defined covering all development licenses on the Grand Banks, Flemish Pass and Orphan Basin. Iceberg and pack ice contact rates and loads were calculated using data from the Nalcor NESS Metocean database, Canadian Ice Service (CIS) ice charts and satellite imagery. Ice loads corresponding to 50-year return periods levels were assessed, with and without ice management, giving a basis for determining whether ice management and/or disconnection capabilities are required. The frequency and severity of atmospheric icing of turbines was also modelled using available data and models.
Increasing Oil Recovery by Means of Subsea Boosting Technology Enhancement for Startup of Nonproducing Brownfields
Authors: Kanstad Stig Kaare , Borgund Anna Elisabet , Reimers Øyvind , Katoozi Kia , McKay Kevin David John
Published: April 2022

TAQA`s Otter field in the U.K. sector of the North Sea has been operating since 2002 with in-well electrical submersible pumps (ESPs) to boost production. It is predicted that the field will need some means of artificial lift to kick off oil production as the reservoir pressure decreases. A subsea multiphase boosting system was integrated into the existing facilities to provide a new, reliable, and highly energy-efficient pressure boosting solution for the Otter field. With gas cap from the wells, the main challenge for the multiphase pump (MPP) system was to generate sufficient differential pressure with only gas entering the pump station inlet. A second challenge was to avoid overheating the system with only gas flowing from wells.

A novel liquid extractor was developed, built, and tested in Bergen, Norway. Internal chambers in the liquid extractor separate gas and liquid fractions of the fluid. The liquid extractor is included in the pump station, together with a flow mixer, MPP, recirculation choke, and valves. The design of the liquid extractor ensures that liquid can be recirculated by the choke back to the pump inlet. The mixture of gas from wells and recirculated liquid allows the pump to generate sufficient differential pressure.

Testing of the entire pump station prior to subsea installation confirmed that the liquid was maintained in the station and the overall heat loss from the station was sufficient to prevent overheating during fluid recirculation. Hence, the new liquid extractor ensures sufficient time to allow for startup of a nonproducing field, which has also been supported by field experience. The pump station, including the new liquid extractor, was installed subsea in the Otter field in October 2018. The Otter field, with the MPP and the liquid extractor, has been in operation for 1,057 days at the time of writing with 100 % reliability and will significantly increase the total recovery of the Otter field compared to natural production.
Subsea Systems Life Extension of Bijupirá and Salema Fields
Authors: Duncan Marotta Rodrigues Felipe , Araújo Pereira Leury
Published: April 2022

This paper explains the efforts to assess the integrity status and to extend the life of the subsea system connected to a Floating Production Storage and Offloading vessel (FPSO) moored offshore in Brazil, at 700m water depth, set up in 2003 as the first IOC operated assets in Brazil.

The work performed covered the assessment of flexible risers, flowlines, umbilicals and rigid gas export line, comprising studies on operational history, simulations, in-loco special inspections (AUT, EMAT and Direct and Indirect flexible riser tensile armour inspections) and actual FPSO and risers' movement monitoring. Subsea equipment as Christmas trees, manifolds and PLETs were not included, as design life was sufficient.

The results found that some equipment was in remarkable good shape, whilst others had compromised integrity. Assessments demonstrated that some METOCEAN and motion data for the FPSO, utilized during the design phase, were non-conservative when compared to the real case, which led to under design of risers' fatigue life. In-loco verification of some equipment integrity revealed damages, probably related to fatigue associated with corrosion.

Improvements on the existing system and new monitoring techniques applied to the field, to assure safe operations past its original design life, are also depicted.

The work performed was pioneering on life extension of a subsea system for a field operated by an IOC in Brazil and can contribute to other operators facing ageing assets in the country.
Subsea Solutions to Anticipate the First Oil Production
Authors: Freitas Gustavo Adolfo Cavalcanti , Lins Felipe Mendes , Solano Rafael Familiar , Azevedo Fabio Braga , Smolka Rodrigo Bustamante , Gasparetto Vinicius
Published: April 2022

Brazilian pre-salt production development brought up a series of technological challenges to Petrobras over the last two decades. Despite all the innovations that have made feasible to produce oil in ultra-deep water, the deployment schedule of these projects still showed opportunities for improvement, according to other companies’ benchmark. Given the economical attractiveness of reducing the production schedule of greenfield development and the current increase of Petrobras production output subject to the term restrictions of the Production Sharing Contract, a strategic program has been implemented with focus on reducing the elapsed time since oil discovery until the start of its commercial production, also called PROD1000. This program considers all activities of a production development project, searching for optimizing governance, design, construction stages and deployment of production system so that first oil is anticipated. In subsea system, the term reduction strategy was based on four main pillars: interfaces pretreatment (ex. subsea & FPSO), agile bidding process, subsea components standardization and prequalification of suppliers.
Mooring System Supply and Anchor Design for WindFloat Atlantic Project
Authors: Ozmutlu Senol
Published: April 2022

This paper presents the mooring system supply and management model and the design of anchors for a semi-commercial Floating Offshore Wind Farm (FOWF): WindFloat Atlantic. A Project Management and Engineering (PME) model has been developed and employed for effective delivery of various components involved in the mooring package. The goal of the development is to prepare the mooring system supply chain and be ready for commercial scale FOWF developments. The anchors for the WindFloat Atlantic FOWF have been designed and installed with limited and sparse data. The anchor design and qualification methodology developed for the project is proven by the successful installation of anchors in record time.

The overall mooring system supply process is explained and the critical elements on engineering, testing, certification, trial fits, documentation, and logistics are highlighted. The PME model for WindFloat Atlantic mooring project is introduced. The anchor design for the project is explained. The anchor design is based on a model developed for limited and sparse geo data. The engineering geological and geotechnical characterization with limited soil data, the definition of soil design bounds and identification of geotechnical risks are explained.

The results show that the PME model is successful in the management of the numerous components, stakeholders, and interfaces. As a post project extension, the PME model is supplemented by an electronic equipment marking and identification system suitable for permanent mooring application. This extension is expected to improve HSEQ, traceability and identification therefore avoiding risks and increasing efficiency in farm scale mooring system deployments, inspections, and maintenances. The regulatory approval and the successful installation of anchors proves the effectiveness of the applied anchor design methodology. The results show that the anchor type selection and anchor sizing are highly dependent on the mooring design conditions, applicable class rules, and the geotechnical risks within the windfarm development area. The value of laboratory scale model testing under the simulated mooring tensions and in comparable soil conditions has been demonstrated as a further risk reduction measure before the actual offshore installation.

The mooring system delivery and the offshore installation of the project anchors are completed successfully in a noticeably short time proving the effectiveness of the applied models and design methodologies. The PME model and the anchor design methodology developed for WindFloat Atlantic project are expected to improve the delivery time of the mooring system and anchors, and to reduce the cost of overall package for the farm scale FOW developments. It is expected that the experiences gained in this project and the methods developed will help accelerating the launch of the FOWF projects.
Harnessing Wave Energy to Provide Autonomous Offshore Power for Subsea Well Monitoring
Authors: Aston Trevor , Marchetti David , Walker Colin , Wiener Jeff , Stratmann Philipp , Silverman Keith
Published: April 2022

Due to rig availability and costs, operators can face significant delays in well decommissioning before plug and abandonment (P&A), during which temperature and pressure monitoring is required. If an umbilical connected to these wells fails, then it must be replaced, adding additional costs to a field with nonproducing wells. This study addresses a solution to replacing a faulty umbilical in a small field where hydraulics are already supplied to the wells, but power and communications are failing.

Ocean Power Technologies, Inc. (OPT) has developed the PB3 PowerBuoy® that converts wave energy into local electric power. The PB3 can provide power and communications for many applications, including subsea well monitoring. OPT partnered with a prominent North Sea-based subsea controls original equipment manufacturer (OEM) and engineering company to perform a preliminary front-end engineering and design study to evaluate the use of a PB3 PowerBuoy to provide power and communications for two subsea trees (XTs) located in the North Sea.

The Subsea Control Modules (SCMs) for these two XTs are powered by an umbilical from a production platform, providing power, communications, and hydraulics. Given the government regulations for well monitoring until P&A, having a plan for an independent backup power source is critical.

In this study, the PB3, umbilical cable, and OPT's subsea battery module (SSB) are added to the existing subsea infrastructure to provide power to the subsea XTs and relay data back to the production platform via a Tampnet 4G node on the PB3. These requirements have been compared with the PB3's expected power generation capabilities in this location to develop a preliminary system configuration.

As a part of this study, OPT has also completed a preliminary mooring and umbilical cable analysis. In addition, OPT worked with our partners to develop a preliminary communications plan to integrate their legacy frequency shift keying (FSK) communications into the PB3 network by use of a modified downhole interface unit (DIU) containing a terminal server to network the master control station (MCS) on the production platform to the SCMs.

This study shows that OPT's PB3 can provide power and communications to subsea wells requiring monitoring through renewable wave-powered energy. Such a development will provide proof-of-concept for using the PB3 as a remote power and well control solution on future all-electric developments.
Conversion of a Redundant Drillship to a Floating OTEC Platform
Authors: Brown Martin G. , Brown Giles H.
Published: April 2022

Commercial OTEC development has been constrained by high capital cost, lack of operational experience and perceived technical risk. Reduction in the price of oil plus environmental concerns led to a decline in offshore drilling and the premature scrapping of a number of high specification drillships. This work looks at the potential to covert a redundant drillship into a 64 MW net grazing OTEC production facility. Redundant vessels can be purchased at scrap value, which minimizes capital cost and thereby helps to improve economic feasibility while also reducing technical uncertainty.

A review was undertaken to identify a promising drillship for conversion. The selected unit is a full Dynamically Positioned fifth generation unit. Based on the hull dimensions it was possible to fit within the hull 6 × 10.7 MW net closed cycle power modules using plate heat exchangers giving a power output of 64MW.

A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis demonstrated the potential to use the discharged warm and cold water to propel the unit in search of highest possible surface temperatures based on satellite data and also to avoid extreme weather conditions. The energy produced is planned to be exported as anhydrous liquid ammonia to dynamically positioned ammonia dedicated shuttle tankers using hoses, similar to tandem offloads from a FPSO.

A new design of composite Cold Water Pipe (CWP) has been proposed, which would be hung off the drillship's central moonpool using a novel motion decoupling three point support. A dynamic simulation of the response of the drillship and CWP in severe quartering seas did not result in exceedance of allowable values.

The capital cost of the converted unit was estimated and an investment appraisal carried out. It was found that for areas such as the Hawaiian Islands, where energy costs are high, a converted drillship represents a commercially attractive option and also reduced technical risk.
Benefits of AI-Based Cybersecurity Tools for De-Manning Existing Offshore Platforms
Authors: Atkinson Julia , Miorelli Sam , Ljungmark Cassandra
Published: April 2022

While de-manning in initial design is a core element of new build offshore platforms today, de-manning existing platforms is often a much more complicated and capital-intensive exercise. One element of this cost is the cybersecurity implications of the high-connectivity requirements of de-manned platforms vs. old and at-risk control systems integrated into a platform before such connectivity was imaginable. This paper evaluates how AI cybersecurity tools can lower these barriers.
Decarbonization Impact and System Optimization of Wind Integrated Solutions for Offshore Systems Local Powering
Authors: Delaplace Thomas , Maugé Rudy
Published: April 2022

The objective of decarbonizing the Oil and Gas (O&G) industry has led to investigations regarding offshore power generation, one of the major sources of emissions in offshore activities. Some investigations have been carried out on the integration of wind turbines into local power generation grids, supported by the developments in floating wind technologies and the increasing size of turbines, unlocking far offshore applications.

The specificity of offshore O&G applications is that power should be continuously supplied to maintain production. The intermittent nature of wind energy requires back-up power solutions. Industry has been working on such local wind-based power systems with solutions, integrating the back-up power systems onto the turbine floater. Energy storage is an interesting option to further increase the decarbonization potential associated with wind-based local microgrids, but it comes with several challenges in terms of technology, and sizing and rationalization of the overall scheme.

Statistical approaches allow quick analysis of the wind resource potential for a specific location, relevancy of wind-based solutions, and the need for back-up solutions. When looking at energy storage feasibility and associated sizing to cope with wind downtime, the dynamic charge and discharge phases are very important. A dedicated methodology and associated tool based on wind time series has been built to analyze the wind energy resource and the local power generation with a dynamic approach to the energy storage system. This tool allows computation of the wind power available, the need for back-up at each timestep of the time series and integrates the charge/discharge cycles of energy storage. This is specifically useful to properly size the energy storage system and to assess the overall green share of the energy mix, as well as the actual CO2 emissions savings. Storage sizing is not only based on raw average downtime duration but also on the ability of the storage solution to be recharged by excess wind power, considering also the storage process efficiencies.

It has been demonstrated that the power system cannot be sized by only considering the worst or average low wind durations. The dynamic behavior of the local microgrid has to be taken into consideration for proper design. The presented paper is based on a representative case study to illustrate the major challenges, specificities and balance of such local-microgrids, as well as explain the need for optimization and rationalization of the solution design. There is a need for rational wind-based power system sizing, as CO2 emission reduction targets can be reached through various configurations. Some opportunities to further valorize the green energy from the local power microgrids are also discussed.
Combining the Process and Maintenance Digital Twin to Create an Autonomous Production Platform
Authors: Okhuijsen Bob
Published: April 2022

In the next 5-10 years, it is to be expected that normally unmanned production platforms (and eventually autonomous platforms) with a single yearly maintenance intervention will become the norm. This paper describes the basis for achieving this objective by integrating digital twins for the Process and Asset Performance/Maintenance domains.

The Process Twin described has been deployed in real-world field applications and provides the necessary level of reliability and accuracy to allow for closed-loop production optimization in real-time (i.e., optimized setpoints are pushed directly to the DCS or SCADA without manual verification or validation). The process model covers the entire production value chain, including reservoir, wells, risers, process facilities, sale of product, etc. Multiple constraints can be entered into the optimization engine, giving operators the ability to define a bespoke landscape for their optimization based on several key performance indicators (KPIs) related to production, process, economic, and environmental requirements.

The Asset Performance Twin complements the Process Twin by continuously generating the remaining Useful Life (RUL) of equipment. In the event that RUL does not match the timing of the next planned maintenance campaign, an alternative operational scenario can be calculated to extend the RUL. The Process Twin then optimizes production around this new constraint, with the ultimate objective being to minimize unplanned downtime and associated manual interventions.
Characterization of Sand Production for Clayey-Silt Sediments Conditioned to Hydraulic Slotting and Packing: Experimental Observations, Theoretical Formulations, and Modeling
Authors: Jin Yurong , Wu Nengyou , Li Yanlong , Yang Daoyong
Published: April 2022

In our previous work (Jin et al. 2021), an experimental effort has been made to microscopically observe the sand failure, migration within a matrix, invasion to gravel packing, and production for openhole gravel packing, while three sanding patterns (i.e., fractures, wormholes, and fluidized channels) have been identified. The first pattern is associated with an uneven strain-stress effect, while the last two patterns result from liquid seepage. To theoretically reproduce our previous experimental measurements, in this study, the experimental techniques have been further modified and improved to eliminate the associated uneven strain-stress effect by uniformly injecting water to a radial flow vessel. Experimentally, by generating slots near the gravel packing, sand failure dynamics, sand flow paths, and sand production for the clayey-silt sediments can be microscopically observed, geometrically depicted, and volumetrically quantified conditioned to different operational conditions, i.e., no hydraulic slotting, single hydraulic slotting without proppant packing, single hydraulic slotting with different lengths, and double hydraulic slottings with different intersection angles. Theoretically, a wormhole growth model has been proposed to reproduce the sand production for both hydrate-free and hydrate-bearing sandpacks by considering the sand failure criteria as well as the porosity and permeability alteration models. Good agreements between the measured and simulated data (i.e., pressure and temperature profiles, gas and water production, and produced sand volumes) have been achieved. The experimental measurements show that hydraulic slotting is an effective stimulation manner to mitigate the skin effect near a wellbore and that a predesigned hydraulic slotting after well completion would decrease the hydraulic gradient near the wellbore and thus decrease the possibility of sand failure. It is revealed that the operational conditions dictate the sand failure patterns as well as the sand production volume together with the produced grain size. Similar to the hydrate production, the sand production is also divided into three stages, i.e., before dissociation (transport of free particles or weakly consolidated particles), during hydrate dissociation (sand detachment due to the loss of hydrate cohesion and massive water production), and after hydrate dissociation (transport of fully unlocked particles). It is shown from sensitivity analysis that cumulative sand production and permeability increment are affected with the following order from strong to weak: intrinsic failure resistance, tortuosity, Kozeny coefficient, and absolute permeability, while the breakdown pressure is dominated by the absolute permeability and the pressure of the stable stage is mainly dictated by the intrinsic failure resistance, tortuosity, and Kozeny coefficient.
Navigating the Path to Energy Transition: Understanding the U.S. Regulations for Offshore Wind Vessels
Authors: Rawson Charles , Huang Wei
Published: April 2022

Offshore wind is a burgeoning industry in the U.S. and a key contributor to the energy transition, but what are the safety implications and how do owners and operators plan for compliance? This paper is intended to use the authors’ acquired experiences to facilitate the maritime industry's understanding of U.S. safety regulations and Class requirements applicable to offshore wind vessels, and to promote dialogue between owners, operators, developers, designers, builders, class and U.S. authorities.

This paper provides an overview of the U.S. Regulatory framework, then describes the USCG safety regulations and class Rules applicable to wind farm vessels. It contrasts the gaps between U.S. and international regulations, identifying both existing differences and potential overlap of standards. This paper also addresses how the USCG and a class society collaborate to develop and align the safety standards that apply to offshore wind industry, specifically using Jones Act compliant wind turbine installation vessels, feeder vessels, service operation vessels, and crew transfer vessels as examples.
Virtual Remote Factory Acceptance Test
Authors: Thimmaiah Swetha , Kumar Narayanan
Published: April 2022

The strategic objective of this paper is to discuss how virtual Factory Acceptance Tests (FATs) will contribute towards achieving capital project excellence. The pandemic has transformed virtual FATs into an accepted method of testing which is likely to become a standard in the post-pandemic project execution. Virtual FATs are sustainable and smart alternative that reduces associated costs, time, resources and CO2 impact.

This paper will highlight the advantages of assembling a global team and conducting a virtual FAT using an internet cloud service based on a combination of inhouse project experience and literature review. Virtual FAT supplements and produces equally dependable results as a traditional witnessed FAT. Virtual FAT opens up the experience to a wider global audience. This paper will provide cost comparisons between the two different types of FATs based on CAPEX and OPEX to establish economic advantages due to this switch. Despite travel restrictions due to pandemic, with virtual FAT project schedule can be met while reducing project risks, cost and CO2 impact. This paper will review the Modbus interface testing between different systems using IPSec VPN tunnel based on combination of inhouse project experience and literature review.

With virtual FAT has created new ways of working by providing previously unseen benefits through the extended use of digital tools. Traditionally FATs involved several days of costly travel. With virtual FAT solution, project team can fully participate in FATs by receiving all the necessary information in real time and define improvements based on fully assembled test system without leaving their location. This paper will also emphasize virtual FAT benefits from operators’ perspective. The IPSec tunnel creates robust security layers to fully protect the data that is transmitted over the Internet. This paper will highlight how remote collaboration using augmented reality can be performed using Microsoft HoloLens and Microsoft Teams meeting.

Limiting greenhouse gas emission is very critical to protect our environment. All energy producers endeavor to reduce the carbon footprint. This paper will highlight how emissions can be reduced by virtual FAT. In conclusion this paper will summarize how virtual FAT definitely has future potential beyond pandemic. This paper will present a case study on how virtual FAT can reduce the CAPEX, decrease FAT execution time with maintaining reliability and also minimize the carbon impact.

Although remote monitoring is well proven, this paper will highlight how this concept can be extended to virtual remote testing of complex system and packages. This paper will emphasize how a well-planned virtual FAT can benefit all involved parties. From time and cost savings to accessibility and better documentation and reduced CO2 impact, a virtual FAT has many advantages and is now here to stay.
Flexible Pipes Integrity Assessment in Field Campaign with Novel Mobile Annulus Testing System
Authors: Polo Marco Angel Gabriel , Bertoni Fabiano , Clevelario Judimar , Pinheiro dos Santos Fabrício , Ribeiro Mario Luis
Published: April 2022

Flexible pipes annulus condition is a key concern regarding the pipe's integrity. The presence of water in the annulus may lead to a corrosive environment which reduces the fatigue life of the tensile armours. Annulus flooding is the most frequent failure case [1] and may occur due to a failure on the external sheath, failure of the end fitting sealings or failure of the vent valves installed in the end fittings. Water may also reach the annulus not from the outside but as condensation of the permeated gases from the bore.

One of the current approaches to assess the annulus condition consists in the detection of annulus flooding through free volume measurment by means of a positive pressure test or a vacuum test. This intervention may be complemented by gas sampling from the annulus and measurement of bore-to-annulus gas flow permeation rates. Conventional venting systems on the top end fitting typically do not allow for these operations but for approximations of permeation flow rate by monitoring of annulus pressure build-up because of pressure sensors installed in the venting system.

To address flexible pipes integrity, the Mobile Annulus Testing System (MATS) was developed. MATS allows for the determination of free annulus measurement, by means of conventional positive pressure or vacuum testing. Moreover, MATS allows for permeation gas flow rate measurement and gas sampling. Also, MATS is easily deployable and can be transported as cargo on flight helicopters.

MATS was tested on a field campaign in 09 flexible risers in the Tupi Field in Santos Basin, brazilian pré-salt, and this paper presents the results obtained.
Design and Analysis of Electrically Heat-Traced Flowline EHTF Pipeline End Manifold PLEM Using Seven Vega
Authors: Gautam Arun , Du David , Hurault De Ligny Florent
Published: April 2022

This paper presents the successful design and installation of the EHTF (Electrically Heat Traced Flowline) PLEM (Pipeline End Manifold) using the newly built, highly capable pipelay vessel, Seven Vega. This was achieved by taking advantage of Seven Vega's reel lay firing line capabilities.

The EHTF PLEM is an essential component of the EHTF system which combines the Thermal performance of PiP (Pipe in Pipe) flowline with Electrical heating capability. The EHTF PLEM is a complex structure which is designed to flow production fluid from well jumpers and from an extension flowline through a flowline jumper, as well as extends electrical heating functionality to the extension flowline. It has 3 hubs, 6 gate valves, and 8 electric flying leads, the piping header, and the termination of the electrical system all in one structure. The final design resulted in major reduction of overall length and weight.

The creative design went through multiple iterations to achieve the desired results while the vessel was still being built. Seven Vega is designed to install rigid flowlines including pipe in pipe systems and electrical trace heating, in water depths up to 3000m. Most reel-lay vessels have small PMA (PLET Manipulator Assembly) systems in the firing line. However, Seven Vega's bigger envelope and weight accommodates both 1st and 2nd end. Avoiding the need for cross-haul reduces cost and adds flexibility in the schedule. The result was the overall reduction in weight of the PLEM, flexibility of schedule, and successful design of the recoverable EHTF PLEM within PMA capacity of Seven Vega.

This paper showcases the advanced capabilities of the newly built Seven Vega and focuses on optimization and installation of the essential PLEM structure of EHTF technology.
How Subsea Produced Water Management Can Reduce Overall Carbon Footprint of Subsea-to-Shore Oil Developments
Authors: Anres Stephane , Shaiek Sadia , Bacati Fabrice , Giolo Riccardo , Zid Walid , La Sorda Enrico , Rondon Marianna , Pedenaud Pierre , Skivington Graeme , Lynch Kevin , Larbey Richard
Published: April 2022

A new subsea-to-shore oil field architecture is presented where produced water is separated, treated and re-injected locally. This solution reduces the overall power consumption and the global CO2e footprint of the development compared to an architecture where the whole production is sent to shore.

The paper will present the results of a study for the development of a 200 000 bpd oil field requiring 300 000 bpd water injection located 150 km from shore in 1500 m water depth and with a field life of 15 years.

Preliminary design work performed covers flow assurance, subsea process, subsea equipment, subsea layout as well as CO2e footprint comparison with a scenario where all the production is sent to shore.

The system incorporates a gravity-based liquid-liquid separator for bulk oil-water separation, produced water is then treated, mixed with desulfated seawater and re-injected. Oil, gas and residual produced water are sent to shore via a single wet insulated line with continuous injection of low-dosage hydrate inhibitors.

This scenario has two main advantages compared to a subsea-to-shore without subsea processing. The first is that the power required to boost production is significantly reduced. The second is that the volume of produced water to be treated onshore is also significantly reduced, which is advantageous, not only in terms of cost, but also in terms of reducing the shore operations’ footprint.

Particular focus will be made on the produced water treatment design which is a two-stage design using two different technologies for increased robustness in order to reach a specification of 30 ppm oil-in-water for injection water.
Mooring Integrity Issues and Lessons Learned Database - DeepStar® Project 20401
Authors: Spong Robert , Garrity Robert , Thompson Clay , Yan Xiaoyan , Gabrielsen Øystein , L’Hostis Didier , Heyl Caspar , Minnebo Joerik , Naciri Mamoun , Roberts Craig , Byatt David
Published: April 2022

Mooring failures have been a recurring issue in the offshore industry, and failures continue to occur across the offshore Floating Production System (FPS) fleet. Many of these recurring failures appear to be from similar degradation mechanisms as past events. To better understand these trends and learn from these events, DeepStar® Project 20401 - Database of Mooring Integrity Issues and Lessons Learned was initiated.

The project primarily consisted of the collection and assessment of mooring integrity data on failures, pre-emptive replacements and repairs observed on FPS permanent mooring systems. Additionally, chain corrosion/wear data was collected and summarized as part of the project. When available the data was collected from published sources. However, most of the integrity data came from the eight operator and mooring consultancies companies participating in the project.

This paper describes the project data collection, the deliverables and key observations from the mooring integrity database developed as part of the project. The observations presented within the paper provide unique insight into predominate degradation mechanisms, observed consequences and estimated failure rates of mooring lines.