bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deep limits
Authors: Barrow John P
Published: November 2023

Any talk of limits to science will alarm many people and comfort others. There are some who would equate the very idea of limits to scientific knowledge with a violation of our freedom of thought and action. Limits of cost are one thing, but absolute limits are surely something completely different. Show me one of those and I’ll jump over it, tunnel under it, or simply skirt round it. Yet, the more we try to grasp what science is, and how it relates to the activity of human minds, the more we are drawn towards the possibility that limits might be deeply rooted in the nature of things. They might even define the nature of things. Maybe this should not surprise us: science exists only because some things are impossible.

Limits are slippery things. If we were to arrive at a definition of ‘science’ or of ‘knowledge’, then at once we would have circumscribed what we are going to consider as scientifically knowable. We have established a limit. We might worry that this dilemma afflicts any system of rules and regulations that we care to follow. In some sense it does. If you set up a system of rules of reasoning, then you are by definition placing limitations on what you will count as being true. It should come as no surprise that there are limits to what can be deduced or excluded by any system of rules. Keep only rabbits in your garden and you should not be surprised if rabbits, and only rabbits, result.
Impossibility and us
Authors: Barrow John P
Published: November 2023

Godel’s monumental demonstration that systems of mathematics have limits gradually infiltrated the way in which philosophers and scientists viewed the world and our quest to understand it. Superficially, it appears that all human investigations of the Universe must be limited. Science is based on mathematics; mathematics cannot discover all truths; therefore science cannot discover all truths. This was how the argument went. Commentators with some religious apologetic in mind seized upon the limit to the power of human reason that Godel implied. One of Godel’s contemporaries, and a student of Hilbert’s, Hermann Weyl, described Godel’s discovery as exercising a ‘constant drain on the enthusiasm’ with which he pursued his scientific research. He believed that this underlying pessimism, so different from the rallying cry with which Hilbert had issued to mathematicians in 1900, was shared ‘by other mathematicians who are not indifferent to what their scientific endeavours mean in the context of man’s whole caring and knowing, suffering and creative existence in the world’. In more recent times, a frequent writer on theology and science, Stanley Jaki, believes that Godel prevents us from gaining an understanding of the cosmos as a necessary truth,
Impossibility: taking stock
Authors: Barrow John P
Published: November 2023

The idea that some things may be unachievable or unimaginable tends to produce an explosion of knee-jerk reactions amongst scientific (and not so scientific) commentators. Some see it as an affront to the spirit of human inquiry: raising the white flag to the forces of ignorance. Others fear that talk of the impossible plays into the hands of the anti-scientists, airing doubts that should be left unsaid lest they undermine the public perception of science as a never-ending success story. Finally, there are those who seize upon any talk of impossibility as an endorsement of their scepticism about unbridled technological progress, tramping roughshod over the environment and human dignity: the unstoppable in pursuit of the unsustainable.
Apophaticism, Liturgy, And Theology
Authors: Beeck Frans Jozef van
Published: November 2023

In a profound and perceptive article, later incorporated into a fine little book, Louis Dupre gave us much to think about. He raised an issue that any liturgical theologian must face sooner or later: the correlation of silence and speech in the language of worship, and hence, in the language of theology. He writes: Those who enjoy the closest familiarity with God are most reluctant to be looselipped about him. But sooner or later the question arises: How can we continue to use words at that point? Is silence the end? Is a purely negative theology itself not a “creaturely” approach to God? Should it not, at some point, abandon also its own creaturely reservations and in the absence of words of its own listen to the Word that God himself has spoken? ... should we not say that in God’s silence I hear the Word, in his darkness I see the Light, in his rest I enjoy his active Love? In an article written by such a quintessentially Catholic philosopher of religion as Dupre, this is an unexpected thing to find.
Lex Credendi, Lex Canendi:Noting The Faith Of The Church
Authors: Westerfield Tucker Karen B
Published: November 2023

Christians have always offered God sung praise and thanksgiving in imitation of the angelic choir (Luke 2:13-14) and of Jesus’ own practice (Mark 14:26; Matt. 26:30 ). New Testament and noncanonical hymns testify to the growing repertoire of Christian song by human composition even in the apostolic period. Though the principal venue for Christian singing initially may have been the communal agape rather than the eucharist or the daily office, by the fourth century the singing of “psalms, hymns, and spiritual songs” (Eph. 5:18-20; Col. 3:16- r 7) had been thoroughly woven into the fabric of liturgy and devotion, both public and private, as a means of “stirring the soul with piety” and “inflaming the affection of divine love.”
Praising God As Interpreter And Critic Of History
Authors: Ritschl Dietrich
Published: November 2023

Over the years, I have followed, with great sympathy and in basic agreement, Geoffrey Wainwright’s writings on the preeminence of doxology-beginning with his splendid systematic theology, Doxology. On a smaller scale, I have entertained similar thoughts on the distinction between descriptive and ascriptive language, on the lex credendi, lex orandi principle, and on the nature and task of theology from the perspective of worship.
Sacrament, Sign, And Unity:An Australian Reflection
Authors: Young Norman
Published: November 2023

This personal reflection is a tribute to Geoffrey Wainwright-scholar, ecumenist, and minister of the Gospel. I write as a long-standing friend and colleague, and also as a representative of the Australian churches, in gratitude for his valued contribution made to us on two occasions: as F. J. Cato Lecturer at the Uniting Church Assembly in 1985, and as visiting professor at the United Faculty of Theology in Melbourne in 1991.

I begin with a reference to our mutual mentor and friend, Raymond George, who preceded us both as a member of the World Methodist/Roman Catholic international dialogue. At one of the dialogue sessions he presented a paper entitled Sign and Sacrament (which, so far as I know, remains unpublished), on which my own thinking about sacrament has depended ever since. I also remember his saying on one occasion that when reflecting on matters profound, “Go back to the beginning, and don’t be afraid of using plain language.” I hope to follow that wise counsel in what follows.
KOl VffiVta, Ot KOUµEVll, And Eucharist In Ecumenical Conversations
Authors: Power David N
Published: November 2023

As the foundation of ecclesial communion, the declaration points to the “real relationships existing within the Godhead, Father, Son and Holy Spirit,” which “are reflected within the ordered life of creation and, still more clearly revealed to the life of faith, in the pattern they establish and make possible for the community life of God’s people” (49). This is not yet a statement that the life of Christians in itself shares in the trinitarian relations, but this possibility is mentioned in the next paragraph, where it is said of John 1:1-13 that it “dares to suggest that the life of the Christian community is a reflection of the life of the Godhead.” Hence the fellowship or communal life that Christians share together has not only its horizontal dimension, but also a vertical dimension: “their sharing in the life of the Father and his Son Jesus Christ” (50). While considerable agreement is established on matters of doctrine, and on the nature of the Church and the components of its worship, this Methodist/Roman Catholic document makes it clear that whatever communion exists, it is not yet the “full communion” toward which Christian Churches are obliged to work together, in the very name of the mission given by God through the Son and the
Contextuality And Catholicity:Taward a Theology of Mediated Otherness
Authors: Clutterbuck Richard
Published: November 2023

Sunday morning worship in the Free Wesleyan Church of Tonga, a Church in the Methodist tradition, is a complex mixture of local and imported custom and culture. True, there are many features that locate the event firmly in Polynesia. There will be a drum (or empty gas cylinder) struck to call worshipers to church. Most will wear around the waist a ta’ovala, a woven mat, to signal respect. All will remove their footwear before entering. Mats and ta1)a cloth in the sanctuary area are traditional symbols of sacred and protected space. Singing will be enthusiastic and competent, and the sermon will harness traditional Tongan rhetoric; the Tongan language has, perhaps, survived so well through its use in such services. Nevertheless, most elements of the service itself will have originated far away from Polynesia. When the service takes the form of Morning Prayer, congregations of Pacific Islanders find themselves sharing in, and continuing to reshape, a liturgy that transmits a whole strand of Christian tradition. The order of service, printed with the liturgical material at the back of the Tongan Methodist Hymn Book, is a translation into Tongan based on John Wesley’s abridgement of the Book of Com• mon Prayer. Worshipers are thus immediately in relation to a Christian tradition developed in England and to the particular cultural, political, and theological factors that shaped it.
Infallibility And The Question Of Assurance
Authors: Tavard George H
Published: November 2023

Some of the recent bilateral ecumenical dialogues have examined the funda- mental doctrines of the Reformation (often called its “formal and material principles”)-namely, “Scripture alone” and “justification by faith alone.” The conclusion has generally been reached that these are no longer essential points of divergence between Catholics and Protestants. In regard to the differences that have emerged since the Reformation-the Marian dogmas and the definition of papal infallibility-the difficulties, though they are far from removed, have been significantly narrowed. It seems, however, that a doctrine that was shared by a number of the Reformers (though not necessarily the most influential ones) has not been a topic of discussion. This is “the assurance of faith,” which the Council of Trent referred to as “the heretics’ vain trust.”
Christ and culture revisited:niebuhr’s typology in wainwright’s “orthodoxology”
Authors: Cathey Robert A
Published: November 2023

Geoffrey Wainwright uses H. Richard Niebuhr’s influential typology from Christ and Culture in at least two of his works: Doxology and The Study of Spirituality. At the time these works were published in the 1980s, this use probably raised only a few eyebrows among Wainwright’s readers. In 1983, when I first read Doxology and when I was doing some background editorial work for SPCK on The Study of Spirituality, the use seemed to me a creative appropriation of a typology about culture to talk about religion and the religions. At least Wainwright had found one more Reformed theologian he could agree with; as a Presbyterian, I felt I should be thankful for that!

In Doxology, Wainwright makes two uses of the Christ and Culture typology: one to show the varieties of Christianity’s relationships to the world’s religions, and the other to show the relations of Christian liturgy to culture. In the first case, his use of the typology follows Niebuhr so closely that Wainwright may be open to the neo-Anabaptist charge of appropriating a flawed typological approach and a flawed typology.
Die Ewigkeit Des Ewigen Lebens
Authors: Jungel Eberhard
Published: November 2023

Ind em Gott als Yater in besonderer Weise sich selber Herkunft, als Sohn in besonderer Weise sich selber Gegenwart und als Geist in besonderer Weise sich selber Zukunft ist und sich in dieser trinitarischen Unterschiedenheit intensive aufeinander bezieht, ist Ewigkeit die Konzentration von Herkunft, Gegenwart und Zukunft und so simul tota possessio temporumFur dieses Yerstandnis der Ewigkeit als simul tota possessio temporum ist entscheidend, daB die Differenz von Herkunft, Gegenwart und Zukunft nicht verloren geht. Sie ermoglicht allererst das Auseinandertreten der Ewigkeit in das for die Schopfung kennzeichnende N acheinander von Yergangenheit, Gegenwart und Zukunft.
Anglican-Methodist Relations:Signs of Hope
Authors: Tanner Mary
Published: November 2023

After the failures in Anglican-Methodist relations in the 1970s and early 1980s, the decade since the 1988 Lambeth Conference has seen significant achievements in relations between these two Churches. The work of the first Inter, national Commission published its report, Sharing in the Apostolic Communion, in r 996. Anglicans and Methodists have come closer together in southern Africa as a result of the work of the Church Unity Commission. In the United States, both Churches are involved in the Consultation on Church Union (COCU) and in Scotland they are partners in the Scottish Churches’ Initiative for Church Unity (SCIFU). In England and Ireland there are bilateral conversations, and in Wales both Churches are involved in proposals for the establishment of an ecumenical bishop in Wales. Geoffrey Wainwright has contributed much to the new stage reached in Anglican-Methodist relations and to the promise that lies ahead for the early years of the next millennium. He has done so through his scholarly writings, his contribution as one of the major drafters of Baptism, Eucharist and Min, istry, his membership of the Roman Catholic--Mcthodist dialogue, and, certainly not least of all, his membership in the Anglican-Methodist International Com, mission. This essay is written in recognition of Geoffrey Wainwright’s outstand, ing contribution to ecumenical theology in general, to Anglican-Methodist relations in particular, and in gratitude for our friendship and shared work over many years.
Words, Deeds, and Words about Deeds
Authors: Moline Jon N
Published: November 2023

As I was quietly thinking about this paper one evening, my wife, as she often does, read aloud a sentence from the book she was reading. It was attributed to George Eliot: “Blessed is the man who, having nothing to say, abstains from giving in words evidence of the fact.” Fortunately, she did not know that I was thinking about this paper and did not sense the momentary alarm I felt. The Eliot quotation expresses the writer’s beatitude that each of us naturally fears substantiating. The alarm was only momentary, however, because it quickly occurred to me that in moral philosophy Eliot’s saying is no beatitude. If it is possible to violate it, I hope to do so most egregiously in this paper.
Murder Among Friends
Authors: Belfiore Elizabeth S
Published: November 2023

Modern scholars have followed Aristotle in noting the importance of philia (kinship or friendship) in Greek tragedy, especially the large number of plots in which kin harm or murder one another. More than half of the thirty-two extant tragedies focus on an act in which harm occurs or is about to occur among philoi who are blood kin. In contrast, Homeric epic tends to avoid the portrayal of harm to kin. It appears, then, that kin killing does not merely occur in what Aristotle calls the "best" Greek tragedies; rather, it is a characteristic of the genre as a whole. In Murder Among Friends, Elizabeth Belfiore supports this thesis with an in-depth examination of the crucial role of philia in Greek tragedy. Drawing on a wealth of evidence, she compares tragedy and epic, discusses the role of philia relationships within Greek literature and society, and analyses in detail the pattern of violation of philia in five plays: Aeschylus' Suppliants, Sophocles' Philoctetes and Ajax, and Euripides' Iphigenia in Tauris and Andromache. Appendixes further document instances of violation of philia in all the extant tragedies as well as in the lost plays of the fifth and fourth centuries BC.
The Discovery of Dynamics
Authors: Barbour Julian B
Published: November 2023

This is the first in a two volume series discussing the theories of Einstein, Newton and other ideas of late 19th and early 20th century physics as in-depth research and basis for Barbour's theory that time is an illusion. This first volume explains the history and philosophy that led to the development of classical dynamics by Newton, and then places Newtonian dynamics in the perspective of as yet unresolved questions relating to the basic concepts of space, time and motion. Most of the book is concerned with the preparatory work in astronomy and the mathematical study of terrestrial motions that made Newton's work possible, with the final sections analyzing Newton's own discoveries, his synthesis of a viable scheme of dynamics, and his introduction of the concept of universal gravitation.
Identity from Aristotle to Plotinus
Authors: Cary Phillip
Published: November 2023

Aristotle is the first to give a wholly literal answer to the question of how the soul is related to the Forms, without recourse to myth or metaphor. The answer is daring and ingenious, yet breathtakingly simple: the soul is the Forms it knows. To add the appropriate qualifications: Aristotle says the soul in its fully actualized state of intellectual knowledge is identical to whatever intelligible Form it is presently contemplating. For the intellect, the rational part of the human soul, is potentially identical to all Forms and actually identical to any Form that it is actually thinking about.1 This identity theory of intellectual knowledge is adopted centuries later by Plotinus, the founder ofNeoplatonism, as a central element in his own explanation of the nature of intelligibility and the soul’s place in the universe. Thus an Aristotelian theory becomes an integral part of Plotinus’s inward turn, which is the earliest version of the inward turn and the progenitor of Augustine’s.
Problems of Christian Platonism
Authors: Cary Phillip
Published: November 2023

The concept of inner self emerges in the course of Platonist inquiries into the nature of intelligibility that are complicated by the fact that they take place mostly within the Christian tradition. The complications are particularly intense in Augustine but hardly unique to him, for Augustine wrote at a time when Christianity and Platonism had been interacting for centuries. The Catholic Church of Augustine’s day had already put the results of some of those interactions firmly behind it, such as the Gnostic doctrine of the divinity of the soul. Other forms of Christian Platonism, such as the doctrine that embodiment is due to the Fall of the soul, were not decisively rejected until the middle of Augustine’s lifetime.1 Thus Augustine’s career is shaped not only by the Church’s rejection of some radical interpretations of the Platonic kinship between souls and eternity, but also by the fact that other interpretations were still open possibilities.
Change of Mind
Authors: Cary Phillip
Published: November 2023

A striking feature of the prehistory of the inward turn, as we have been following it so far in Augustine’s earliest writings, is that there is so little that distinguishes turning to the soul from turning to God. In the mature version of Augustine’s inward turn, there are two distinct movements, first “in” then “up.” In the second movement, the soul looks not at itself but above its mutable self to the immutable Truth. But this second movement is unnecessary if the highest part of the soul is immutable or if the immutable Truth is inseparably present in the soul. Hence at Cassiciacum, as in Plotinus, there is no sharp distinction between the soul turning into itself and the soul looking at God—for that, after all, is where God is. At Cassiciacum wisdom consists in “collecting oneself in oneself,” and directing one’s attention “to oneself and to God,” and one can speak of the wise man being “with himself” and “with God” as if these were equivalent or (more precisely) co-extensive terms-that is, as if whenever the mind is turned to itself it is necessarily turned to God, and vice versa.
King David
Authors: McKenzie Steven L
Published: November 2023

One of the most important and complex characters in the Bible, King David has been the subject of innumerable portraits, both artistic and literary. Michaelangelo’s magnificent sculpture of him is perhaps the single best known work of art in the world, and the story of the humble shepherd who slew Goliath and became king has assumed a powerful mythological status. But was David a real person—and if so what kind of person was he? Through a close and critical reading of biblical texts, ancient history, and recent archeological discoveries, Steven L. McKenzie concludes that David was indeed a real person. This David, however, was no hero but a usurper, adulterer, and murderer—a Middle Eastern despot of a familiar type. McKenzie shows that the story of humble beginnings is utterly misleading: “shepherd” is a metaphor for “king,” and David came from a wealthy, upper-class background. Similarly, McKenzie reveals how David’s ascent to power, traditionally attributed to popularity and divine blessing, in fact resulted from a campaign of terror and assassination. While instituting a full-blown Middle Eastern monarchy, David was an aggressive leader, a devious politician, and a ruthless war chief. Throughout his scandalous reign, important figures who stood in his way died at convenient times, under questionable circumstances. Even his own sons were not spared. David’s story, writes McKenzie, “reads like a modern soap opera, with plenty of sex, violence, and struggles for power.” Carefully researched and vividly written, King David: An Unauthorized Biography offers a provocative reappraisal of the life of one of the Bible’s most compelling figures.
Managed Care Services
Authors: Veeder Nancy W , Peebles-Wilkins Wilma
Published: November 2023

This book provides a broad analysis of the policy, programmatic, and research issues surrounding managed care services delivery systems that provide the majority of health and behavioral health care services in the United States. By including an interdisciplinary group of authors and addressing multiple fields of practice including health care, gerontology, child welfare, substance abuse, and mental health, the editors provide a broad overview of “macro” managed care issues.
The Macroeconomic Impact of Managed Care
Authors: Shindul-Rothschild Judith
Published: November 2023

The financing of health care services has historically been complicated by a patchwork of providers and insurers whose interests often conflict with those of the public. Over the past decade, payers and consumers did reach accord that aggressive measures were needed to bring the spiraling costs of health care under control. For years, policy makers and insurers recognized that the “blank check” form of financing had rewarded providers for charging and doing more. Regulations promulgated at the state and federal level had slowed health care costs in some states and for some services, but overall, reports of unnecessary or inappropriate surgical procedures, tests, and specialist referrals continued virtually unchecked.

Managed care offered several innovations in financing that theoretically would force providers and patients to become more cost conscious through competition, not regulation. Capitation and other risk-sharing arrangements were among the novel reimbursement schemes proposed by managed care insurers. Under the old cost-based form of reimbursement, providers billed insurers for services rendered and received a payment based on their charges. The incentive was to drive up volume, which in tum drove up costs. In capitation, providers are paid a lump sum for each patient enrolled in the provider ‘s organization. Under capitation, financial risk is shared jointly by the provider and the insurer. These risk-sharing arrangements give providers an incentive to control utilization through health promotion and careful case management.
The Intersection of Fee-for-Service, Managed Health Care, and Cultural Competence
Authors: Davis King
Published: November 2023

Throughout the twentieth century, a large number of studies and authors have confirmed that access, quality of care, and years of healthy living showed a significant relationship to race, ethnicity, income, and social class under the traditional fee-for-service system prevalent in the United States (Abe-Kim & Takeuchi, 1996; Ayanian, 1994; Center for Health Economics Research, 1993; Clinton, 1998; Cole & Pilisuk, 1976; Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs, 1989; Garretson, 1993; Gaston, Barrett et al., 1998; Hadley, Steinberg et al., 1991; Hawkins & Rosenbaum, 1993; Jang, Lee et al., 1998; Jones & Gray, 1986; Livingston, 1994; Moy & Bartman, 1995; Mutchler & Burr, 1991; McWhorter & Moyer, 1987; Rice & Winn, 1990; Peterson, Wright et al., 1994; Weiss, 1997). These articles and studies show that under the American fee-for-service system the health and mental health problems of low-income people of color were misdiagnosed frequently, diagnosed more severely than the symptoms warranted, but treated less frequently with current medical procedures than were whites, even when there were no differences in ability to pay for services (Mutchler & Burr, 1991; Peterson, Wright et al., 1994).
Managed Care and the Severely Mentally III
Authors: Shera Wes
Published: November 2023

Managed mental health care is a relatively recent phenomenon and it has unfolded in a variety of forms since the early 1980s (MacLeod, 1993). This chapter describes the evolution of managed mental health care and focuses on the challenges faced by social work in responding to these developments. Major areas of action needed to enhance social work ‘s role in managed care are discussed and include the need to understand current knowledge and practice in managed care, both domestically and internationally; the importance of using efficacy and best-practices information to design systems of care; the need to promote cultural competence in the delivery of services; and the critical role of supporting consumer involvement in the design and monitoring of managed mental health care.

Gorski (1995) describes the evolution of managed care as moving through five distinct phases: utilization review and restricting access; managing benefit utilization; managing care with a primary emphasis on cost control; man aging outcomes; and horizontal and vertical integration of managed care systems.
Why Modern Culture Fails to Understand Religiously Motivated Violence
Authors: Gopin Marc
Published: November 2023

The complex nature of the interactions among world religions, peacemaking, and conflict generation in recent decades, in addition to the role of religion throughout history, warrants a special area of investigation. The need for this is urgent. As religion becomes more important in the lives of hundreds of millions of people, the political power generated by this commitment will either lead to a more peaceful world or to a more violent world, depending on how that power is utilized. Only through understanding the nature of this growing enthusiasm for religion can we hope to steer the religious world in the direction of peacemaking and coexistence. Furthermore, only if peace is, and is perceived to be, a part of a principled and meaningful fulfillment of religious experience, rather than a shady compromise with an unredeemed world, will this commitment take hold in the broadest spectrum of those who are now zealously religious. Methods of peacemaking that continue to focus only on political and intellectual elites or that fail to address the broadest possible range of religious believers are leading to systematic and potentially catastrophic diplomatic failures in key areas of the world, such as the Middle East.
Ojibwes, Missionaries, And Hymn Singing, 1828-1867
Authors: Mcnally Michael D
Published: November 2023

One of the earlier important narratives written at the hand of an Ojibwe figure is shot through with references to hymn texts and their significance. Published first in 1847 and reissued in 1850 as The Life, Letters, and Speeches of Kah-Ge-Ga-Gah-Bowh, or G. Copway Chief Ojibway Nation, this text offers a glimpse of how complex was the world from which Ojibwe hymns emerged. Born far to the east of Minnesota near Rice Lake, Ontario, George Kahgegagahbowh Copway was an Ojibwe Methodist preacher who became well known on the lecture circuit and in print in the 1840s and 1850s for his vivid descriptions of the customs of his Ojibwe people and of their prospects for conversion and “civilization.” He was a prolific interpreter of his people’s culture to a nonnative audience and a vocal ad, vocate of native interests, at least as he saw those interests. Copway believed the survival and prosperity of Ojibwe people would best be served in the context of religious conversion to evangelical Christianity and cultural assimilation. But Copway was a pragmatist, not an ideologue. His verbal performances of civilization in lecture halls from Boston to Philadelphia also involved sharp criticisms of the savagery that resulted from the oppressive circumstances that faced his people under American rule. In some regards, Copway became what missionaries wanted him to become-a model of that one-directional “progress” characterized by both conversion and as, similation to Anglo-American evangelical religion and culture. But a closer look reveals a far more complicated story that led, among other things, to a falling out with the Methodists, short careers as a Union Army recruiter and a healer in Detroit, and (re,)baptism into the Roman Catholic church.
The Hijab and Religious Liberty: Anti-Discrimination Law and Muslim Women in the United States
Authors: Moore Kathleen
Published: November 2023

Scholars have argued that developments since the 1960s in the judicial interpretations of the religion clauses1 of the First Amendment to the Constitution have produced a “more generous and accepting spirit” toward the religious practices of minority religions in the United States.2 It has further been said that certain statutes enacted by the federal government have gone beyond simply allowing free exercise (up to a point) to intervening in social and economic life to ensure that Americans are not deprived of certain rights because of the religious prejudices of their fellow citizens.3 Civil-rights and hate-crimes legislation have specifically targeted discrimination based on racial, ethnic, and national origins, and sexual, as well as religious, differences. The prescribed solution to discrimination of all types, according to these laws, is the creation of a uniform civil code of protection for all persons regardless of their ascribed characteristics (e.g., skin color) or religious beliefs. The liberal guarantee of non discrimination and equal protection of the law, so fundamental to the U.S. Constitution and the Enlightenment ideal of an Archimedean point—in other words, a point of view from nowhere4—are present in the formulation of such uniform codes. For instance, rules and regulations promulgated in compliance with the federal Civil Rights Act of 1964, prohibiting discrimination in the workplace, reflect the normative claim for equal or “color blind” treatment.5
The Pursuit Attention
Authors: Derber Charles
Published: November 2023

Enough about me, goes the old joke, "what about you? What do you think about me?" Hence the pursuit of attention is alive and well. Even the Oxford English Dictionary reveals a modern coinage to reflect the chase in our technological age: 'ego-surfing' - searching the Internet for occurrences of your own name. What is the cause of this obsessive need for others' recognition? This useful and popular volume, now in a second edition that features major new introductory and concluding essays, entertainingly ponders this question. Derber argues that there is a general lack of social support in today's America, one which causes people to vie hungrily for attention, and he shows how individuals will often employ numerous techniques to turn the course of a conversation towards themselves. Illustrating this 'conversational narcissism' with sample dialogues that will seem disturbingly familiar to all readers, this book analyses the pursuit of attention in conversation - as well as in politics and celebrity culture - and demonstrates the ultimate importance of gender, class, and racial differences in competing for attention. Derber shows how changes in the economy and culture, such as the advent of the Internet, have intensified the rampant individualism and egotism of today. And finally, in a new afterword, he focuses on solutions: how to restructure the economy and culture to humanize ourselves and increase the capacity for community, empathy, and attention-giving.
Every Man for Himself; Every Woman for Herself: Individualism Face-to-Face
Authors: Derber Charles
Published: November 2023

Psychologists have treated attention as a fundamental human need. John Bowlby and Rene Spitz, for example, while studying the emotional development of infants, concluded that the baby’s need for attention is similar to that for food.’ Infants who receive less than a required minimum of attention may die or develop grotesque physical and emotional aberrations. R. D. Laing, in early studies of adult psychiatric patients, found a common preoccupation with being seen or simply being noticed.2 He showed that emotional deterioration frequently results from a form of attention-starvation and that psychotic symptoms can in many cases be pinpointed as obsessive attention fantasies. The paranoid person who feels that everyone is looking at or talking about him may simply be creating in his imagination the attention lacking in his everyday life. The “Napoleonic Complex” and other delusions of grandeur are extreme ways to overcome the feeling of never being noticed.
The Gift of Attention-Giving: On Women Imposed,
Authors: Derber Charles
Published: November 2023

Men and women learn to pursue attention differently and expect and accept it in different amounts.’ In all patriarchal societies, women are typically assigned the attention-giving roles and men the attention-getting ones.2 Accordingly, attention-giving be­ comes defined as a “feminine” skill and responsibility, with men gaining attention as a privilege of their gender.
“I Am The Guardian Of Letter” Contested Readings, Authoritative Texts, and Early Christian Scribes
Authors: Haines-Eitzen Kim
Published: November 2023

Ancient texts were remarkably fluid. The “misinterpretation” and “misuse” of written texts could not be prevented: the interpretation of literary texts was and is unavoidably flexible and dependent upon the varied contexts of readers. Ancient authors knew well the potential for “miscarriage”; Horace captures the risks of “publishing” succinctly, and his words- “the word once sent, never returns” (nescit vox missa reverti) - resonated with other ancient writers (Ars 389-90). Clement of Alexandria feared that his text might fall into the wrong hands (who would “misunderstand” his intentions), and therefore he was reluctant to put words into written form (Stromata, preface). But if ancient and modem texts share the multiple contests that ensue over their interpretation and meaning, ancient texts have an additional fluidity and flexibility: in the ancient context where texts were copied - reproduced - by the hands of individual scribes, there was the unavoidable accident of human error as well as the potential for deliberate modification - (re)production- of texts.
Z
Authors: Andrews Tamra
Published: November 2023

Zeus was the Supreme Deity of the Greeks, their sky god, their weather god, and their upholder of law and order. At first, Zeus was simply a sky god, having usurped the power of the previous sky god, Kronos, who had usurped the power of Ouranos, the sky god before that. But Zeus achieved a stature that far surpassed his predecessors. Not only did he control all forms of atmospheric phenomena, but he also became the all-powerful god of Heaven and earth. In the minds of the people, he advanced to high king, and as king, he used his functions as sky and weather god to deliver discipline in the form of thunder and lightning and blessing in the form of rain.
Chan and "Emptinesl": Chan and the Classical Buddhist Path
Authors: Sheng-yen Master , Stevenson Dan
Published: November 2023

The word chan (Wade-Giles romanization: ch’an), from which Chan Buddhism, or Zen Buddhism, takes its name, is a Chinese transliteration of the Indian Buddhist term dhyana, meaning “meditative concentration” or “meditative practice:’ Applied specifically to the Chan or Zen school, it carries the particular sense of the cultivation and experience of enlightenment itsel£ and not just any sort of meditative experience.
Islam in the World
Authors: Ruthven Malise
Published: November 2023

This valuable introductory guide provides a complete and lively summary of Islam, one of the most worldly of the great religions, in which the quest for spiritual fulfillment is inevitably bound up with political aspirations. Malise Ruthven presents a full overview of the religion in its historical, geographic, and social settings. For this revised and long-awaited second edition, Ruthven divides his original chapters into more accessible sub-sections and provides new headings. Also included is a new concluding chapter that focuses on women in Islam, the challenges Islam faces in today's climate of globalization, and the key developments in Islamic political history since 1984--an especially fertile period that has seen, among other things, the Taliban movement in Afghanistan and the controversial publication of Rushdie's Satanic Verses. Islam and the World, Second Edition likewise features a new preface, redrawn maps, updated data on population and dispersal, and a new chronology of events with genealogical charts.
Law and Disorder
Authors: Ruthven Malise
Published: November 2023

Between Cairo’s Citadel and the leafy suburb of Ma’adi, much patron ized by Egypt’s foreign community, there is a fine thirteenth-century mosque and tomb belonging to the Imam al-Shafi’i, the most influential of the early lawyers of Islam and founder of one of the four madhhabs or legal schools. The mosque and its tomb stand out from the labyrinthine streets of the Southern Cemetery, known as the City of the Dead, an area which is in fact a good deal livelier than its name suggests. The fine stone tombs in which the Cairenes traditionally bury their dead are really houses built from the same Muqattam limestone as the pyramids, according to the standard Arab pattern consisting of a simple courtyard flanked by rooms and an open loggia. The deceased are buried either in vaults beneath the courtyard, the steps of which are usually covered, except when needed to admit a new occupant, or beneath stone cenotaphs with pillars standing fore and aft, like masts of a ship. In the past the rooms were occupied by the bawwabs or doorkeepers employed by the wealthier families to protect the tombs and such valuables as the silver and plate brought out on special occasions―the night after Ramadan, the Prophet’s Birthday or the anniversary of someone’s death. Despite Islam’s discouragement of mortuary cults, many ancient pharaonic practices have survived in Egypt, a fact which is hardly to be marvelled at considering that the pharaonic religion lasted at least three times as long as Islam’s fourteen centuries.
The First Texans
Authors: Campbell Randolph
Published: November 2023

The first people who, figuratively at least, wrote “GTT” on their homes and migrated to Texas probably began the trip eighteen to twenty thousand years ago in Siberia. At that time—known to geologists as the Pleistocene Epoch— vast ice sheets covered the northern parts of the Eurasian and North American continents. More than two miles deep at points, the ice held so much of the earth’s water that sea levels were anywhere from 300 to 320 feet below present levels. The result was the exposure of a wide land bridge from Siberia to Alaska at the Bering Strait. Across Beringia, as it is generally called, came the first humans to occupy the Americas.
Exploration and Adventure, 1519–1689
Authors: Campbell Randolph
Published: November 2023

The first Europeans to reach Texas came from Spain, a development that was anything but accidental. Having spent nearly eight hundred years reconquering their own country, the Spanish were uniquely qualified to conquer new frontiers. Muslims from North Africa called Moors occupied virtually all of Spain in 711–718, and the fight to drive the invaders out continued intermittently until the fall of Granada in 1492. This war of recon quest brought unity to Spain and inextricably linked the Roman Catholic Church with the government. When Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, who married in 1469, took over the thrones of their respective kingdoms ten years later, Spain had the unity necessary not only to defeat the Moors but to expand into other lands as well. Centuries of fighting Muslim invaders intensified Spanish Catholicism, providing a spiritual motivation for further conquests. Once Ferdinand and Isabella neared their goal—”one nation, one monarchy, one faith”—at home, they were well prepared to look outward for new worlds to conquer.
Spanish Texas, 1690–1779
Authors: Campbell Randolph
Published: November 2023

On April 2, 1690, an expedition of 110 Spanish soldiers and four Franciscan priests crossed the Río Grande and headed toward the site of La Salle’s tragic attempt at colonization on Garcitas Creek. The leaders, Governor Alonso de León of Coahuila and Father Damián Massanet, had no difficulty finding the settlement, having located its ruins the previous year. But their purpose in 1690 was far more ambitious than simply plucking what historian Robert S. Weddle called the “French Thorn” from the northern Gulf coast of New Spain. This time the Spanish came to establish a settlement of their own in East Texas; one that would bring Christianity to the Indians and prevent any future incursions by the French.
Spanish Texas in the Age of Revolutions 1779–1821
Authors: Campbell Randolph
Published: November 2023

The Treaty of Paris in 1763, which officially ended the Great War for Empire, required dramatic revisions in maps showing the possessions of European nations in North America. (See map: North America before and after the Treaty of Paris, 1763.) France lost virtually all its colonies, ceding Louisiana to Spain and giving Canada and all French claims east of the Mississippi to England. Spain gave Florida to England but at least acquired Louisiana. As befitted the victor, England took control of a vast area stretching from the Gulf of Mexico to Hudson Bay and the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi. The thirteen English colonies along the seaboard from Georgia to New England, so insecure before the war, now appeared to have a great future as part of the world’s most powerful empire.
The Texas Revolution, 1835–1836
Authors: Campbell Randolph
Published: November 2023

The seeds of revolution in Texas, planted by the arrival of Anglo-Americans during the 1820s, germinated in 1835 when President Santa Anna centralized the government of Mexico. Perhaps the concentration of so many Texians, as immigrants from the United States called themselves, in a single province situated in close proximity to their homeland made revolution inevitable—some day. However, the train of events that led to war in 1835 and independence in 1836 might easily have taken other directions at that time.
The Republic of Texas, 1836 – 1846
Authors: Campbell Randolph
Published: November 2023

The Republic of Texas had a difficult birth and rarely enjoyed a calm moment during its ten years of life. Plagued by factional politics and chaotic finances, unable to win annexation to the United States or recognition of its independence by Mexico, the Republic never developed a national identity and struggled constantly just to survive. Yet Texas attracted more immigrants than ever before. No amount of political turmoil or diplomatic uncertainty could dis- courage those who saw opportunity in the cheap lands of the new republic. Indeed, these were the years in which “G.T.T.” became legendary in the southern United States and even began to appear, figuratively at least, on doors in Germany.
Empire State of the South, 1846–1861
Authors: Campbell Randolph
Published: November 2023

The earliest Anglo migrants in the 1820s began making Texas southern, and those who arrived during the years of the Republic accelerated the process. Coming primarily from the southern United States and bringing with them the institution of slavery, they created a predominantly agricultural, slave- holding economy and society. By 1845–1846, when it joined the Union, Texas was essentially a part of the Old South, and during the next fifteen years, bolstered by a continuing flow of southern-born immigrants, it marched toward secession only a few steps behind the most extreme slave states such as South Carolina and Mississippi. Given its size and importance to the region’s future, Texas could properly be called, in the words of one observer in 1858, the “Empire State of the South.”
An Era of Reform, 1891–1920
Authors: Campbell Randolph
Published: November 2023

James Stephen Hogg took over the governorship of Texas just as farmers across the southern and midwestern United States rose in revolt against the nation’s two major political parties. Suffering from low prices, high costs, and rising tenancy rates, and tired of waiting in vain for help from the government, farmers organized the People’s Party (more commonly called the Populist Party) in 1891 and challenged Democrats and Republicans in state and national elections the following year. The Populists thoroughly frightened politicians in the two major parties by calling for radical changes, such as public ownership of the railroads, and appealing for support from black as well as white voters. Like all third-party movements, Populism soon disappeared— much of its energy drained off when the national Democratic Party adopted parts of its platform in 1896—but it enlivened politics in Texas for a few years and provided impetus for reform that outlived the movement.
Conclusion
Authors: Campbell Randolph
Published: November 2023

Thanks to diversification during the 1990s, Texas entered the twenty-first century with an economy more like that of the United States as a whole than ever in its history. “For a long time Texas was different,” said a noted economic analyst. “Well it ain’t another country anymore.” The recession of 2001–2002, which began following the bursting of the bubble in Internet company stock prices, affected Texas almost as soon as it hit other parts of the nation. The state also had its share of the latest scandals in corporate America—the reporting of false profits through a variety of manipulations involving subsidiaries and “creative accounting” in order to inflate the value of stock that insiders sold for fortunes and left other investors, especially those holding the stock in retirement accounts, with nothing when the nature of the corporation’s activities came to light. Indeed, one of the earliest and best known of these collapses involved Enron, a Houston energy trading corporation widely regarded as a prototypical business venture of the new century. In 2001, the Houston Astros played their home games at Enron Field; a year later, the name disappeared from the ball park.