bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Skala Samopoczucia Nauczycieli (SSN). Założenia teoretyczne, właściwości psychometryczne i zastosowanie
Authors: Buczak Agnieszka
Published: July 2024

The aim of the study was to check the psychometric properties of the original Teachers' Well-Being Scale (SSN). The tool was constructed based on the concept of the Scandinavian sociologist Erik Allardt, who perceives well-being in the context of a broader sense of well-being. Well-being indicators are divided into four dimensions: 1) school conditions, 2) interpersonal relationships, 3) means of self-fulfillment, 4) health status.
The research was conducted from October to December 2022 on a group of 382 teachers from the Lublin Voivodeship. The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), the Mini-COPE Inventory and the Generalized Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) were used to assess the construct validity of the tool. Factor analysis using the principal components method and reliability analysis were performed. Four subscales of the tool were identified: school relationships, health/vigor, school conditions and self-actualization. The Teacher's Well-Being Scale, consisting of a total of 16 items, has satisfactory psychometric properties (internal structure, reliability, validity), which is justified by its measurement capabilities. Unlike similar tools, it takes into account not only the psychological well-being related to the teacher's work, but also the self-assessment of physical and social health, living conditions and the possibility of self-fulfillment.
The Teacher's Well-Being Scale can be used in pedeutological research, as well as research related to health promotion at school, and can also be used for teachers' self-reflection. Combined with other tools measuring similar constructs, it could be used for comprehensive research on teachers' well-being and its determinants. This type of research seems very necessary in the context of current social discussions on the education system, the status of the teaching profession, its health problems and the increasing phenomenon of leaving the profession in Poland.
Glosa do wyroku Naczelnego Sądu Administracyjnego z dnia 22 sierpnia 2023 r., III FSK 354/23
Authors: Bednarczyk Oskar , Szkudlarek Patrycja
Published: July 2024

Charakter glosy: częściowo aprobujący.Glosa dotyczy wyroku NSA obejmującego zagadnienie przepisów intertemporalnych klauzuli GAAR. W ocenie sądu, przepisy mają zastosowanie do korzyści podatkowych uzyskanych po dniu 15 lipca 2016 r., bez względu na datę czynności. Sąd stanął na stanowisku, że przepis art. 7 ustawy wprowadzającej dział IIIa Ordynacji podatkowej jest jasny i nie wskazane jest odstępowanie od literalnej jego wykładni. NSA wyrokiem zakończył spór, co do wykładni przepisów wprowadzających oraz stosowania klauzuli przeciwko unikaniu opodatkowania. Mimo niekwestionowanego waloru merytorycznego, wyrok nie porusza kwestii wprowadzania zmian w prawie podatkowym w środku roku podatkowego, uznawanego za niezgodne z praktyką orzeczniczą i zaleceniami TK. Orzeczenie stanowi także punkt wyjścia analizy dotyczącej rozproszonej kontroli konstytucyjności przez sądy, która to od lat jest przedmiotem sporu w doktrynie i orzecznictwie.
Słowa kluczowe: klauzula GAAR, rozproszona kontrola konstytucyjności, vacatio legis, pytanie prejudycjalne.
Revolutionizing Cardiovascular Treatments with the Use of AI: Current Status and Future Prospects
Authors: Szymańska Katarzyna , Szmyt Katarzyna , Krasnoborska Julia , Samojedny Sylwia , Superson Maciej , Walczak Kamil , Wilk-Trytko Klaudia , Zarębska Julia , Duplaga Tomasz Andrzej
Published: July 2024

Introduction: Artificial Intelligence (AI) has emerged as a seminal force in healthcare, fundamentally transforming various aspects of medical practice and patient care. This review explores the transformative impact of AI on the treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).
State of Knowledge: AI has revolutionized diagnostic accuracy, treatment precision, and patient management in the realm of cardiovascular care. It enhances diagnostic processes, enabling the early detection of CVDs through advanced imaging analysis and interpretation. Additionally, AI facilitates precision in risk stratification, identifying high-risk patient cohorts with heightened accuracy and informing personalized treatment strategies. Furthermore, AI optimizes drug selection and dosage regimens through pharmacogenomics, maximizing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing adverse drug reactions. Moreover, AI improves precision and safety during interventional procedures, guiding clinicians in real-time decision-making and enhancing procedural outcomes.
Conclusions: AI is poised to revolutionize cardiovascular care, fostering innovation and improving patient outcomes.
An Augmented Lagrangian Approach to Conically Constrained Nonmonotone Variational Inequality Problems
Authors: Zhao Lei , Zhu Daoli , Zhang Shuzhong
Published: July 2024

In this paper we consider a nonmonotone (mixed) variational inequality (VI) model with (nonlinear) convex conic constraints. Through developing an equivalent Lagrangian function-like primal-dual saddle point system for the VI model in question, we introduce an augmented Lagrangian primal-dual method, called ALAVI (Augmented Lagrangian Approach to Variational Inequality) in the paper, for solving a general constrained VI model. Under an assumption, called the primal-dual variational coherence condition in the paper, we prove the convergence of ALAVI. Next, we show that many existing generalized monotonicity properties are sufficient—though by no means necessary—to imply the abovementioned coherence condition and thus are sufficient to ensure convergence of ALAVI. Under that assumption, we further show that ALAVI has in fact an [Formula: see text] global rate of convergence where k is the iteration count. By introducing a new gap function, this rate further improves to be [Formula: see text] if the mapping is monotone. Finally, we show that under a metric subregularity condition, even if the VI model may be nonmonotone, the local convergence rate of ALAVI improves to be linear. Numerical experiments on some randomly generated highly nonlinear and nonmonotone VI problems show the practical efficacy of the newly proposed method.

Funding: L. Zhao and D. Zhu were partially supported by the Major Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant 72293582], the National Key R&D Program of China [Grant 2023YFA0915202], and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (the Interdisciplinary Program of Shanghai Jiao Tong University) [Grant YG2024QNA36]. L. Zhao was partially supported by the Startup Fund for Young Faculty at SJTU (SFYF at SJTU) [Grant 22X010503839].
The Dialogic Relations between Text and Image: The Grimms’ Snow White in Tarsem Singh’s Creative Film Adaptation
Authors: Oki Sayaka
Published: July 2024

The folktale of Snow White, penned by the Brothers Grimm in 1810, has been adapted to various media since its original handwritten manuscript. In examining the intermedial transition of fairy tales, this paper focuses on the process by which the literary genre of fairy tales is, in principle, based on adaptation: oral traditions, texts, illustrations, and films. Therefore, this paper focuses on the definition of the term adaptation. Intersemiotic transpositions from words to images have a specific sense of transcoding. This paper explores the manner in which the iconography of Snow White is interpreted in relation to gender discourse in Tarsem Singh’s contemporary film Mirror Mirror (2012) and how the film transposes and expands aspects such as characters’ passive and active roles, their expression of emotions, and morals. The analysis is based on Linda Hutcheon’s adaptation theory (2006). Considering this film thematizes female empowerment as a significant aspect, it also cites Laura Mulvey’s gaze theory (1975). This study concludes that a visual narrative is created through dialogic relations between text and images, aiming to create an immersive effect.
O LUGAR DOS CAMPONESES E DA REFORMA AGRÁRIA NO PROCESSO HISTÓRICO-GEOGRÁFICO DA REALIDADE AGRÁRIA BRASILEIRA
Authors: Peralta Marina Cristina Campos
Published: July 2024

A realidade agrária brasileira continua se apresentando com a mesma lógica desde a colonização. O Brasil continua possuindo alta concentração de terras, que estão nas mãos de uma elite constituída há gerações. Enquanto isso, a reforma agrária e outras pautas sociais têm sido historicamente deixadas de lado e adiadas. Assim, a partir do entendimento de que o latifúndio e o campesinato são criados e recriados internamente ao desenvolvimento do sistema capitalista de produção no Brasil, buscamos fazer uma síntese do processo histórico-geográfico da realidade agrária brasileira, com o objetivo de evidenciar essa reatualização contínua de características centrais do passado ao longo do tempo. Isto para comprovar o descaso e a violência sofrida historicamente por camponeses e camponesas. Além disso, também buscamos -a partir da compreensão do passado e do presente-, defender a urgência da necessidade de transformações do modelo agrário brasileiro.
CARLOS WALTER E A COMISSÃO PASTORAL DA TERRA: CIÊNCIA, MILITÂNCIA E AFEIÇÃO.
Authors: Siqueira Ruben , Lazzarin Flavio
Published: July 2024

Este artigo, feito a muitas mãos, visa resgatar e caracterizar a memória da relação de trabalho, parceria e amizade que, por quase 20 nos, mantiveram o professor Carlos Walter Porto-Gonçalves e a Comissão Pastoral da Terra – CPT. Ele, geógrafo agrário militante, no seu labor acadêmico e ação política mutuamente requerentes e complementares, teve na CPT, um organismo pastoral de solidariedade aos movimentos, organizações e lutas camponesas, uma fonte privilegiada de dados, e ela encontrou nele um porto seguro de reflexão e apoio. Em especial, esta relação tinha ponto de partida e alento no CEDOC – Centro de Documentação Dom Tomás Balduino, com seus dados de conflitos no campo brasileiro, coletados, sistematizados e publicados desde 1985. O artigo é memória e análise, homenagem e gratidão. Consta de duas sessões: a primeira, baseada em depoimentos de membros do CEDOC, traz os principais elementos do percurso daquela parceria; a segunda versa sobre a assessoria à atuação da CPT, a partir de opiniões de seus agentes, de lideranças camponesas e em eventos da CPT, que ilustram as principais contribuições do professor, comentadas nas considerações finais, revelando a identidade e a cumplicidade da relação Carlos Walter / CPT e o quanto ela foi amorosamente significativa e produtiva para ambos e além.
How did student district nurses feel during the COVID-19 pandemic? A qualitative study
Authors: Marshall Helen , Sprung Sally
Published: July 2024

Background:

The COVID-19 pandemic placed a huge strain on healthcare services around the world, including community services. Students also faced substantial disturbance to educational programmes. Student district nurses are usually employed members of staff and can be recalled to the workforce, whereas pre-registration students cannot.

Aims:

This paper explores the feelings and experiences of student district nurses during the first UK national lockdown of the COVID-19 pandemic. An interpretative phenomenological approach was taken.

Method:

A semi structured 1:1 interview and focus group was held via zoom in July 2020. A total of eight student district nurses, who were all registered adult nurses, took part. Data was analysed using the Braun and Clarke model to identify themes.

Results:

The findings related to their experience of being a community adult registered nurse on the frontline, while also being a student district nurse. Three themes were identified from the analysis: anxiety and uncertainty, management of risk and teamwork.

Conclusion:

This study highlights the contribution that community nurses made in the clinical response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It adds to a paucity of literature available from this clinical setting and specifically from the viewpoint of a student district nurse. There is much written on the strains on hospital care, but it should be remembered that district nursing is the service that never shuts its doors because it has reached capacity. This study found that a lack of communication and uncertainty about their future as students contributed to heightened stress and anxiety. Teamwork and camaraderie are a vital aspect of any team and one that can support resilience in times of heightened stress. A lack of face-to-face interaction can lead to team members feeling isolated. Digital technology can be used to reduce this feeling when possible.
A brilliant addition
Authors: Elliott Natalie
Published: July 2024

Natalie Elliott discusses her experience of using a digital note-taking platform and the difference it has made.
A growing issue
Authors: Garlo Nina
Published: July 2024

Nina Garlo outlines the rising demand for general anaesthesia in paediatric dentistry.
A different approach
Authors: Alcraft Tom
Published: July 2024

Tom Alcraft discusses a more holistic approach to periodontal therapy.
Building back confidence
Authors: Symons Anne
Published: July 2024

Anne Symons looks at the impact of bad breath on a patient's self-confidence.
Interferon-gamma release assays as a tool for differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal tuberculosis
Authors: Velikova Tsvetelina , Aleksandrova Anita
Published: July 2024

In this editorial, we comment on an article published in a recent issue of the World Journal of Clinical Cases . There is a pressing need for reliable tools for diagnosing tuberculosis (TB) of the gastrointestinal tract. Despite advancements in the diagnosis and treatment, TB remains a global health challenge. Ali et al demonstrated that TB may mimic gastrointestinal conditions, such as gastric outlet obstruction, causing a delay in the diagnosis. Furthermore, the latter complication is frequently observed during infections, including Helicobacter pylori , and rarely is related to TB, as in the presented case. In line with this, we think that laboratory tests based on interferon-gamma release assays can be a helpful tool for diagnosing latent TB paced in the gastrointestinal tract. Innovative strategies and approaches for diagnosing latent/active extra pulmonary TB are crucial for establishing the diagnosis early and enhancing treatment strategies to mitigate the global burden of TB.
Oral candidiasis and potential risk factors among disabled and non-disabled in Al-Baha region, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alzahrani Abdullah Ali H , Bhat Nagesh , Kukreja Pankaj , Alhassan Eltayeb Mohammed , Mudawi Abdallah Ibrahim A , Alzahrani Faisal A , Albanghali Mohammad A
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND

Oral candidiasis (OC) is an oral health disease that could influence patients’ oral health quality of life.

AIM

To estimate prevalence of OC among disabled and non-disabled individuals and its potential risk factors in the Al-Baha region, Saudi Arabia.

METHODS

An observational cross-sectional study was carried out among 148 disabled and non-disabled participants. The technique of concentrated oral rinse employing the Sabouraud Dextrose Agar medium accompanied with 0.05% chloramphenicol was conducted to assess and isolate candida . Oral examination using the World Health Organization guidelines was conducted to examine participants’ oral health status. A pre-designed questionnaire was also used to evaluate sociodemographic, medical history, and oral hygiene habits of the studied population.

RESULTS

Out of 148 participants (n = 57, 38%) had colonized candida . None of the studied population had visible Candida lesions. However, Candida was found in the oral rinses without the subject presenting any lesions or issues caused by Candida (asymptomatic colonization). The most common prevalent OC among participants were Candida albicans , Candida glabrata , Candida dubliniensis , Candida krusei , Candida tropicalis , and Candida parapsilosis (n = 35, 61%; n = 8, 14%; n = 6, 10%; n = 5, 9%; n = 2, 4%; and n = 1, 2%) respectively. Diabetes, smoking, poor plaque, and gingival status were key potential risk factors that significantly associated with candida ’s density and presence (P = 0.001, P = 0.001, P = 0.01, and P = 0.01) respectively. Disability status had no statistically significant effect on presence and density of Candida .

CONCLUSION

The prevalence of OC is almost third of the studied population; thus, may provoke a need to develop preventive strategies to reduce the OC rate and establish solid treatment plans.
HDR syndrome presented with nephrotic syndrome in a Chinese boy: A case report
Authors: Ma Li-Juan , Yang Wu , Zhang Hong-Wen
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND

HDR syndrome is a rare genetic disease caused by variants in the GATA3 gene and is phenotypically defined by the triad of hypoparathyroidism (H), deafness (D), and renal disease (R). Renal disorders of HDR are mainly developmental abnormalities, although renal functional abnormalities can also be observed. Nephrotic syndrome or nephrotic-level proteinuria is rare in HDR syndrome. Here, we report a Chinese infant with HDR syndrome who presented with early-onset nephrotic syndrome. We suggest that variants in the GATA3 gene might be associated with nephrotic syndrome.

CASE SUMMARY

A 9-month-old boy was hospitalized with a complaint of diarrhea. Proteinuria was detected in the patient by routine testing for 3 days. No edema, oliguria, fever or abnormal urine color were observed. Routine urinary tests at a local hospital revealed proteinuria (protein 3 +) and microscopic hematuria (red blood cells 5-10/HP). The patient was born by cesarean delivery due to placental abruption at 35 weeks + 4 days of gestation. Intrauterine growth retardation was detected beginning at 6 months of gestation. His birth weight was 1.47 kg (< P3th), length was 39 cm (< P3th), and head circumference was 28 cm (< P3th). His motor developmental milestones were obviously delayed. Clinical data were analyzed, and genetic analysis for hereditary nephrotic syndrome was performed by next-generation sequencing. The clinical data showed that the boy exhibited growth retardation, early-onset nephrotic syndrome, microscopic hematuria, sensorineural deafness, T-cell immunodeficiency and congenital heart disease. Genetic tests revealed that the boy carried a de novo hemizygous variant, c.704C>T (p.Pro235 Leu), in exon 3 of the GATA3 gene.

CONCLUSION

We report an infant with HDR syndrome who presented with early-onset nephrotic syndrome in China. We suggest that variants in the GATA3 gene might be associated with infant-onset nephrotic syndrome.
CONHECIMENTO POPULACIONAL SOBRE SUPORTE BÁSICO DE VIDA E O SERVIÇO DE ATENDIMENTO MÓVEL DE URGÊNCIA DE UM MUNICÍPIO DO NORDESTE BRASILEIRO
Authors: Araújo Souza Lucas , Stofeles Cecon Roberta , Takenami Iukary , Vasconcelos Palácio Maria Augusta
Published: July 2024

INTRODUÇÃO: O processo de transição epidemiológica associado à transição nutricional aumentou de forma significativa a prevalência de Doenças Crônicas Não Transmissíveis. Dentre essas condições crônicas, o infarto agudo do miocárdio destaca-se devido à sua alta taxa de mortalidade. Para reduzir estas taxas torna-se importante minimizar o tempo total de isquemia, evitando, assim, as principais complicações do infarto agudo do miocárdio. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a atenção pré-hospitalar no infarto agudo do miocárdio quanto à estrutura e perfil de atendimento pelo Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência e conhecimento da população sobre o Suporte Básico de Vida, em município do nordeste brasileiro. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Estudo de abordagem quantitativa com delineamento transversal desenvolvido com 106 participantes, no ano de 2021, utilizando questionários para avaliar o conhecimento da população, bem como a coleta de dados secundários na central   de regulação do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência. RESULTADOS: Observou-se que a baixa capacitação em Suporte Básico de Vida está relacionada com piores desfechos relacionados ao reconhecimento de uma Parada Cardiorrespiratória (χ² = 5,095, p = 0,024) e a realização de Reanimação Cardiopulmonar (χ² = 5,251, p = 0,022). Identificou-se, também, que o tempo resposta do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência é de 10 a 15min. CONCLUSÃO: A falta de conhecimento e treinamento da população sobre Suporte Básico de Vida estão associados a medidas ineficazes frente a situações de emergência.
Automatizovaná detekce a vektorizace vodorovného dopravního značení
Authors: Kohout Tomáš
Published: July 2024

Článek představuje inovativní metodu pro automatickou detekci specifických prvků silniční infrastruktury a jejich prostorovou lokalizaci. Algoritmus využívá analýzu barevného spektra daných objektů na ortofotomapách. Zdrojové snímky mohou pocházet z letecké fotogrammetrie nebo pozemního laserového skenování, přičemž do zpracování lze také zahrnout digitální výškové modely. Metoda je založena na identifikaci barevného složení silničních prvků, jejich shlukování a matematické transformaci do vektorové podoby. Následně je prováděna vektorizace na vybraných částech obrazu, což je hlavní odlišností oproti tradičním metodám, které pracují s celým rastrovým obrazem. Tento přístup umožňuje efektivní a automatizovanou identifikaci a analýzu prvků, jako jsou okraje vozovky, dopravní značení nebo jiné silniční prvky infrastruktury. Výsledné výstupy lze snadno integrovat do složitějších prostorových modelů silnic a jejich okolí. Automatizace tohoto procesu přináší významné časové a nákladové úspory při vytváření digitálních modelů prostředí.
GENTRIFICACIÓN, ESTADO Y AGENTES URBANOS EN LA CIUDAD DE MÉXICO
Authors: Merchand Rojas Marco Antonio
Published: July 2024

Acorde con el título del trabajo, el objetivo y aporte original consistirá en explicar ¿Por qué la dinámica de bienes raíces (sector inmobiliario) está orientado por un mercado económico político que crea, modela y remodela la magnitud e intensidad del territorio urbano?. Se parte de la idea expresada por Karl Polanyi (2004 [1944]), quien sostiene que no es posible ninguna economía de mercado separada de la esfera política; es decir, se visualiza el mercado como un orden institucional, esto es: un conjunto de reglas y normas (tanto formales como informales) que establecen la forma cómo se construyen derechos de propiedad y relaciones de intercambio de bienes y servicios urbanos. En este sentido, el Estado (en tanto establece dichas normativas) desempeña una función constitutiva del mercado. El justificante epistémico que sustenta la narrativa de este trabajo es que se sigue la perspectiva institucionalista desarrollada por Karl Polanyi y en el que se colija que el mercado inmobiliario es una construcción política: es decir, se está sujeto a modificaciones y diferentes tipos de regulaciones (es decir, no existe “una economía de mercado”, sino muchas). La inexistencia del mercado autorregulado se complementa con una estrategia adicional que potencializa las ganancias inmobiliarias: la estrategia implementada, es la llamada, acumulación por despojo y/o desposesión (Harvey, David. 2007). Este concepto de acumulación por despojo hace eficiente la expansión del capital inmobiliario, pues se crea un maridaje con la política de gentrificación urbana que permite consolidar capitales inmobiliarios en razón de socializar pérdidas y privatizar ganancias.
Using femtosecond laser pulses to investigate the thickness-dependent nonlinear optical properties of nickel oxide thin films and their potential use as optical limiters
Authors: Mustafa Mona , Ali Mona , Abdel-Wahab Mohamed Sh. , Tawfik Wael Z. , Eissa M. F. , Elfayoumi M. A. K. , Hamdy Hany , Mohamed Tarek
Published: July 2024

In this study, the Z-scan technique was used to investigate the nonlinear optical properties of nickel oxide (NiO) thin films of various thicknesses. Direct current (DC) sputtering was used to deposit single-phase NiO thin films with thicknesses of 280, 350, and 470 nm onto a soda-lime glass substrate. The film structure was measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the linear optical properties were measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. NiO thin films were irradiated with 100 fs laser pulses at various excitation wavelengths and excitation powers to determine the nonlinear absorption coefficient and nonlinear refractive index. The NiO films were found to have reverse saturable absorption and self-focusing behavior. As the thickness of the NiO film increases, both the nonlinear absorption coefficient and nonlinear refractive index decrease. Additionally, the investigation of the optical limitations of NiO thin films revealed a definite association with the thickness of the NiO thin film.
Highly responsive nonlinear sensor by tracking a Hamiltonian hopping point
Authors: Liu Zhu , Deng Yikuan , Tian Xi , Li Zhipeng
Published: July 2024

Responsivity is a critical parameter for sensors utilized in industrial miniaturized sensors and biomedical implants, which is typically constrained by the size and the coupling with external reader, hindering their widespread applications in our daily life. Here, we propose a highly-responsive sensing method based on Hamiltonian hopping, achieving the responsivity enhancement by 40 folds in microscale sensor detection compared to the standard method. We implement this sensing method in a nonlinear system with a pair of coupled resonators, one of which has a nonlinear gain. Surprisingly, our method surpasses the sensing performance at an exceptional point (EP)—simultaneous coalescence of both eigenvalues and eigenvectors. The responsivity of our method is notably enhanced thanks to the large frequency response at a Hamiltonian hopping point (HHP) in the strong coupling, far from the EP. Our study also reveals a linear HHP shift under different perturbations and demonstrates the detection capabilities down to sub-picofarad (<1  pF) of the microscale pressure sensors, highlighting their potential applications in biomedical implants.
Availability of essential medicines during the COVID-19 pandemic: A qualitative study examining experiences and level of preparedness in Kenya
Authors: Onyango Joseph Odhiambo , Ogira Dosila , Kokwaro Gilbert
Published: July 2024

This study examines the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the availability of essential medicines in Kenya and suggests actionable measures to enhance the country’s preparedness for future pandemics. Utilising a cross-sectional qualitative design, the research combines a systematic review of the literature and 20 key informant interviews to provide a comprehensive analysis. The initial response to the pandemic involved resource reallocation, disrupting the procurement of essential medicines at national and county levels. Inefficiencies in these systems resulted in shortages and wastages of crucial medicines, exposing vulnerabilities in the health system. Furthermore, the study reveals regulatory policy weaknesses in Kenya, such as an inadequate legal framework for domestic pharmaceutical manufacturing and conflicting policies hindering medicine availability. The study recommends a multifaceted policy approach to ensure essential medicine availability during crises. Key recommendations include strengthening financial systems through increased government investments and innovative funding mechanisms, implementing price regulation policies, and enhancing the resilience of supply chain and procurement systems. Collaboration among various supply systems is essential to prevent stock-outs. Strengthening legislation and regulatory policies, increasing domestic pharmaceutical manufacturing capacity, and investing in health information systems are vital for sustained self-sufficiency and efficient service delivery. These comprehensive measures are essential to promote essential medicine availability, safeguard public health, and enhance resilience during crises.
The psychological impact of torture and state repression in Türkiye between 2015 and 2018: Reports from Turkish refugees seeking asylum in Germany
Authors: Tambini Stollwerck Estella Alejandra , Sarikaya Ilkem , Yen Kathrin , Friederich Hans-Christoph , Nikendei Christoph
Published: July 2024

Torture seeks to undermine not only the physical and emotional well-being of an individual, but to damage the coherence of entire communities. Thus, torture and state repression are used to weaken entire subpopulations. After the failed coup d’état in Türkiye in 2016 and during the subsequently following state of emergency that lasted until 2018, allegations of torture and other degrading treatment in Türkiye spread widely. Since then, the number of asylum-seekers in Germany has risen considerably. This paper analyses the reports of twenty Turkish citizens that fled to Germany to seek asylum in the aftermath of the events. In semi-structured interviews held in Turkish, we assessed the experiences of torture and state repression, psychological consequences, and the current well-being and living situation. All interviewees described illicit violence of state authorities and government supporters, especially while under arrest. Though the methods varied, there was a constant pattern of imbalance of power. The psychological impact of these methods were present after relocation to Germany and included signs of PTSD, anxiety disorders, and major depression. The reports of torture, state repression, and their psychological impact emphasise the importance for policy makers to address the prevention of human rights violations and support the needs of survivors.
The lethal effect of soap on Schistosoma mansoni cercariae in water
Authors: Zhang Jiaodi , Pitol Ana K. , Kinung’hi Safari , Angelo Teckla , Emery Aidan M. , Cieplinski Adam , Templeton Michael R. , Braun Laura
Published: July 2024

Background

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease which is spread through skin contact with water containing Schistosoma cercariae. Drug treatment has been the main control method, but it does not prevent reinfection. The use of soap can be a complementary measure to reduce transmission. Therefore, this study investigates the quantitative effect of different soaps on the mortality of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae.

Methodology

Four soaps including two powder soaps (Kleesoft and Omo) and two bar soaps (B29 and Rungu) which are used in a schistosomiasis-endemic Tanzanian village were studied. S. mansoni cercariae were exposed to powder soaps of 0 (control), 10, 50, 75, 100 and 1000 mg/L and to bar soaps of 0 (control), 100, 500 and 1000 mg/L. The highest concentration of 1000 mg/L was selected based on the laboratory-estimated average soap concentration during handwashing. Cercariae were observed under a microscope after 0, 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes of exposure to determine their survival.

Conclusions

All four soaps can kill S. mansoni cercariae and this lethal effect was related to soap concentration and exposure time. At the highest concentration of 1000 mg/L, all cercariae were dead at 5 minutes post-exposure with two powder soaps and Rungu, while 100% cercarial death was achieved between 5 minutes to 15 minutes for B29. Almost all cercariae survived after being exposed to 10 mg/L powder soaps and 100 mg/L bar soaps for 60 minutes. Powder soaps were more lethal than bar soaps. Considering the widely varying concentrations of soap during real-world hygiene activities and the necessity for a very high soap concentration to eliminate all cercariae in a short 5-minute exposure, providing the efficacy of soap in preventing schistosomiasis becomes challenging. Future studies should investigate whether soap can influence alternative mechanisms such as making cercariae unable to penetrate the skin, thereby providing protection.
Improving malaria case management with artemisinin-based combination therapies and malaria rapid diagnostic tests in private medicine retail outlets in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review
Authors: Goodman Catherine , Tougher Sarah , Shang Terrissa Jing , Visser Theodoor
Published: July 2024

Private medicine retailers (PMRs) such as pharmacies and drug stores account for a substantial share of treatment-seeking for fever and malaria, but there are widespread concerns about quality of care, including inadequate access to malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs). This review synthesizes evidence on the effectiveness of interventions to improve malaria case management in PMRs in sub-Saharan Africa (PROSPERO #2021:CRD42021253564). We included quantitative studies evaluating interventions supporting RDT and/or ACT sales by PMR staff, with a historical or contemporaneous control group, and outcomes related to care received. We searched Medline Ovid, Embase Ovid, Global Health Ovid, Econlit Ovid and the Cochrane Library; unpublished studies were identified by contacting key informants. We conducted a narrative synthesis by intervention category. We included 41 papers, relating to 34 studies. There was strong evidence that small and large-scale ACT subsidy programmes (without RDTs) increased the market share of quality-assured ACT in PMRs, including among rural and poorer groups, with increases of over 30 percentage points in most settings. Interventions to introduce or enhance RDT use in PMRs led to RDT uptake among febrile clients of over two-thirds and dispensing according to RDT result of over three quarters, though some studies had much poorer results. Introducing Integrated Community Case Management (iCCM) was also effective in improving malaria case management. However, there were no eligible studies on RDT or iCCM implementation at large scale. There was limited evidence that PMR accreditation (without RDTs) increased ACT uptake. Key evidence gaps include evaluations of RDTs and iCCM at large scale, evaluations of interventions including use of digital technologies, and robust studies of accreditation and other broader PMR interventions.
The association between prolonged SARS-CoV-2 symptoms and work outcomes
Authors: Venkatesh Arjun K. , Yu Huihui , Malicki Caitlin , Gottlieb Michael , Elmore Joann G. , Hill Mandy J. , Idris Ahamed H. , Montoy Juan Carlos C. , O’Laughlin Kelli N. , Rising Kristin L. , Stephens Kari A. , Spatz Erica S. , Weinstein Robert A. ,   for the INSPIRE Group
Published: July 2024

While the early effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the United States labor market are well-established, less is known about the long-term impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection and Long COVID on employment. To address this gap, we analyzed self-reported data from a prospective, national cohort study to estimate the effects of SARS-CoV-2 symptoms at three months post-infection on missed workdays and return to work. The analysis included 2,939 adults in the Innovative Support for Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Infections Registry (INSPIRE) study who tested positive for their initial SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of enrollment, were employed before the pandemic, and completed a baseline and three-month electronic survey. At three months post-infection, 40.8% of participants reported at least one SARS-CoV-2 symptom and 9.6% of participants reported five or more SARS-CoV-2 symptoms. When asked about missed work due to their SARS-CoV-2 infection at three months, 7.2% of participants reported missing ≥10 workdays and 13.9% of participants reported not returning to work since their infection. At three months, participants with ≥5 symptoms had a higher adjusted odds ratio of missing ≥10 workdays (2.96, 95% CI 1.81–4.83) and not returning to work (2.44, 95% CI 1.58–3.76) compared to those with no symptoms. Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 symptoms were common, affecting 4-in-10 participants at three-months post-infection, and were associated with increased odds of work loss, most pronounced among adults with ≥5 symptoms at three months. Despite the end of the federal Public Health Emergency for COVID-19 and efforts to “return to normal”, policymakers must consider the clinical and economic implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on people’s employment status and work absenteeism, particularly as data characterizing the numerous health and well-being impacts of Long COVID continue to emerge. Improved understanding of risk factors for lost work time may guide efforts to support people in returning to work.
Prevalence and pattern of rheumatic valvular heart disease in Africa: Systematic review and meta-analysis, 2015–2023, population based studies
Authors: Abdu Seid Mohammed , Kassaw Altaseb Beyene , Tareke Amare Abera , Mankelkl Gosa , Belete Mekonnen , Bihonegn Mohammed Derso , Temam Ahmed Juhar , Abebe Gashaw , Assefa Ebrahim Msaye
Published: July 2024

Background

Rheumatic heart disease is a global health concern with a persistently high incidence in developing countries, including Africa. It has a significant economic, morbidity, and mortality burden, particularly for children and young adults during their most productive years. However, in the last ten years, the extent of its impact in Africa has remained unclear. Limited studies conducted on the continent have reported diverse prevalence rates of rheumatic heart disease. As a result of these, the study aimed to aggregate and synthesize findings from population-based studies to offer a comprehensive and updated overview of rheumatic heart disease prevalence and pattern at the African level.

Methods

The studies were identified through a comprehensive literature search of the electronic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Web searches, and manual searches. The descriptive information for the study is presented in the table, and the quantitative results are presented in forest plots. The Cochrane Q test and I2 test statistic were used to test heterogeneity across studies. The pooled estimate of the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease was computed by a random effects model.

Results

Out of 22 population-based studies analyzed using random-effects, the pooled magnitude of rheumatic heart disease was found to be 18.41/1000 (95% CI: 14.08–22.73/1000). This comprised definite cases of rheumatic heart disease at a prevalence rate of 8.91/1000 (95% CI: 6.50–11.33/1000) and borderline cases at a prevalence rate of 10.69/1000 (95% CI: 7.74–13.65/1000). The combined prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in males was almost equivalent to that in females. Mitral valve regurgitation was the predominant valve affected by rheumatic heart disease, accounting for approximately 73%.

Conclusion

This study analysis found the prevalence of rheumatic heart disease in Africa is high. Because of this, policies and interventions should give attention to prioritize continuous population based active surveillance for early detection of cases to the reduction of rheumatic heart disease sequel, especially in the children and adolescent population.
Persistent and robust antibody responses to ChAdOx1-S Oxford-AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1-S, Covishield) SARS-CoV-2 vaccine observed in Ugandans across varied baseline immune profiles
Authors: Serwanga Jennifer , Oluka Gerald Kevin , Baine Claire , Ankunda Violet , Sembera Jackson , Kato Laban , Katende Joseph Ssebwana , Odoch Geoffrey , Auma Betty Oliver , Gombe Ben ,   The COVID-19 Immunoprofiling Team, Musenero Monica , Kaleebu Pontiano
Published: July 2024

Understanding SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced antibody responses in varied antigenic and serological prior exposures can guide optimal vaccination strategies for enhanced immunogenicity. We evaluated spike (S)-directed IgG, IgM, and IgA antibody optical densities (ODs) and concentrations to the two-dose ChAdOx1-S Oxford-AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1-S, Covishield) SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in 67 Ugandans, categorised by prior infection and baseline S-IgG histories: uninfected and S-IgG-negative (n = 12); previously infected yet S-IgG-negative (n = 17); and previously infected with S-IgG-positive status (n = 38). Antibody dynamics were compared across eight timepoints from baseline till nine months. S-IgG antibodies remained consistently potent across all groups. Individuals with prior infections maintained robust S-IgG levels, underscoring the endurance of hybrid immunity. In contrast, those without prior exposure experienced an initial surge in S-IgG after the primary dose but no subsequent significant increase post-boost. However, they reached levels parallel to the previously exposed groups. S-IgM levels remained moderate, while S-IgA persisted in individuals with prior antigen exposure. ChAdOx1-S, Covishield vaccine elicited robust and sustained antibody responses in recipients, irrespective of their initial immune profiles. Hybrid immunity showed higher responses, aligning with global observations. Early post-vaccination antibody levels could predict long-term immunity, particularly in individuals without virus exposure. These findings can inform vaccine strategies and pandemic management.
Living with low muscle mass and its impact throughout curative treatment for lung cancer: A qualitative study
Authors: Kiss Nicole , Ugalde Anna , Prado Carla M. , Denehy Linda , Daly Robin M. , Siva Shankar , Ball David , Fraser Steve F. , Edbrooke Lara
Published: July 2024

Objectives

To 1) explore the experience of patients with lung cancer with low muscle mass or muscle loss during treatment and the ability to cope with treatment, complete self-care, and 2) their receptiveness and preferences for nutrition and exercise interventions to halt or treat low muscle mass/muscle loss.

Methods

This was a qualitative study using individual semi-structured interviews conducted using purposive sampling in adults with a diagnosis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) or small-cell lung cancer (SCLC), treated with curative intent chemo-radiotherapy or radiotherapy. Patients who presented with computed tomography-assessed low muscle mass at treatment commencement or experienced loss of muscle mass throughout treatment were included. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results

Eighteen adults (mean age 73 ± SD years, 61% male) with NSCLC (76%) treated with chemo-radiotherapy (76%) were included. Three themes were identified: 1) the effect of cancer and its treatment; 2) engaging in self-management; and 3) impact and influence of extrinsic factors. Although experiences varied, substantial impact on day-to-day functioning, eating, and ability to be physically active was reported. Patients were aware of the overall importance of nutrition and exercise and engaged in self-initiated or health professional supported self-management strategies. Early provision of nutrition and exercise advice, guidance from health professionals, and support from family and friends were valued, albeit with a need for consideration of individual circumstances.

Conclusion

Adults with NSCLC with or experiencing muscle loss described a diverse range of experiences regarding treatment. The types of support required were highly individual, highlighting the crucial role of personalised assessment of needs and subsequent intervention.
Kalman filtering to reduce measurement noise of sample entropy: An electroencephalographic study
Authors: Zhang Nan , Zhai Yawen , Li Yan , Zhou Jiayu , Zhai Mingming , Tang Chi , Xie Kangning
Published: July 2024

In the analysis of electroencephalography (EEG), entropy can be used to quantify the rate of generation of new information. Entropy has long been known to suffer from variance that arises from its calculation. From a sensor’s perspective, calculation of entropy from a period of EEG recording can be treated as physical measurement, which suffers from measurement noise. We showed the feasibility of using Kalman filtering to reduce the variance of entropy for simulated signals as well as real-world EEG recordings. In addition, we also manifested that Kalman filtering was less time-consuming than moving average, and had better performance than moving average and exponentially weighted moving average. In conclusion, we have treated entropy as a physical measure and successfully applied the conventional Kalman filtering with fixed hyperparameters. Kalman filtering is expected to be used to reduce measurement noise when continuous entropy estimation (for example anaesthesia monitoring) is essential with high accuracy and low time-consumption.
Is misokinesia sensitivity explained by visual attentional orienting? ERP evidence from an emotional oddball task suggests no
Authors: Jaswal Sumeet M. , Handy Todd C.
Published: July 2024

Misokinesia is a prevalent condition characterized by strong, negative emotional reactions to the sight of repetitive fidgeting movements in others. Here we present the results of a study designed to explore the relationship between misokinesia sensitivity (MKS) and attentional sensitivity to affectively-valenced visual stimuli. In particular, we asked participants with either high or low levels of MKS to perform an emotional oddball task that included responding to faces that had either angry or happy expressions, while we recorded event-related potentials. We found that there were no significant differences between the two MKS groups in attentional sensitivity to these faces, as indexed by the amplitude of the P300 ERP component they elicited. Importantly, we could not ascribe this null ERP finding to either low statistical power or the idiosyncrasies of our ERP analysis parameters. As such, our findings add to growing evidence that MKS may not be the simple result of heightened attentional orienting responses to visual events, but rather, it may be associated with other aspects of cognitive-affective processing.
SPOP expression is associated with tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Yang Xiao Juan , Xu Yong Feng , Zhu Qing
Published: July 2024

Background

Speckle Type POZ Protein (SPOP), despite its tumor type-dependent role in tumorigenesis, primarily as a tumor suppressor gene is associated with a variety of different cancers. However, its function in pancreatic cancer remains uncertain.

Methods

SPOP expression and the association between its expression and patient prognosis and immune function were evaluated using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx), The Tumor Immune Estimation Resource 2.0 (TIMER2.0) database, cBioportal, and various bioinformatic databases. Enrichment analysis of SPOP and the association between SPOP expression with clinical stage and grade were analyzed using the R software package. Then immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to estimate the correlation between SPOP and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in patients with pancreatic cancer.

Results

As part of our study, we assessed that SPOP was anomalously expressed in kinds of cancers, associated with clinical stage and outcomes. Meanwhile, SPOP also played a crucial role in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The expression level of SPOP was significantly correlated to tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs) in pancreatic cancer.

Conclusions

Our study uncovered the potential corrections in SPOP with TICs, suggesting that SPOP may act as a biomarker for immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer.