bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Culture and the Sense of Justice
Authors: Jasso Guillermina
Published: November 2004

This article examines the intersection of culture and the sense of justice, summarizing a cumulative framework for analyzing human justice judgments that has emerged from several decades of social science research. It outlines a comprehensive guide to the terms and factors where culture may manifest itself and proposes a protocol for discerning the operation of culture. Methodological issues related to the conceptualization and operationalization of justice processes are addressed throughout. The first section develops a framework for justice analysis, distinguishing between ingredients thought to be universal and ingredients in which culture may operate. The second section discusses deductive theories in justice analysis and provides an illustration, in which one of the theories yields implications for individualism and collectivism, thus showing how justice processes can generate phenomena that come to be viewed as culturally based. The concluding section briefly discusses agendas and research designs for empirical analysis of justice and culture.
Justice Judgments as Complex Psychocultural Constructions
Authors: Powell Lawrence Alfred
Published: November 2004

A technique is developed for visually portraying the multidimensional-complex structure of perceptions of distributive justice within any society, based on theoretical assumptions of equity theory. This article outlines a spatial heuristic designed to facilitate cross-cultural exploration and comparison of the fairness maps people use in making contextual judgments about the relative contributions, rewards, and needs of perceived groups within their society. The technique is illustrated using plots of perceptual judgment data from a sample of 5,393 undergraduates, across 19 different cultural contexts. Variations in perceptions of fairness regarding different occupational groups, age categories, social classes, genders, and ethnic groups are explored. Judgments of fair and unfair and equitable and inequitable relationships are operationally defined, consistent with propositions of equity theory, and illustrative comparisons are made between the distributive equity patterns observed in several of the Cross-Cultural Variations in Distributive Justice Perception (CVDJP) cultural samples: Jamaica, Turkey, Estonia, and Taiwan
Community Outreach Program for Child Victims of Traumatic Events
Authors: De Arellano Michael A. , Waldrop Angela E. , Deblinger Esther , Cohen Judith A. , Danielson Carla Kmett , Mannarino Anthony R.
Published: November 2004

Behavioral and cognitive behavioral treatment interventions have been shown to be effective for the treatment of trauma-related problems in children. However, many children and families in need of treatment do not have adequate access to services and do not have access to effective, evidence-based treatment services. The present article describes a community-based program that provides in-home and in-school treatment services, based on behavioral and cognitive behavioral approaches to addressing trauma-related emotional and behavioral problems in children.
Behavioral Interventions for Recent Trauma
Authors: Gray Matt J. , Litz Brett T.
Published: November 2004

Despite the successes in the treatment of chronic trauma-related distress, little attention has been devoted to developing behavioral interventions to be delivered soon after traumatic exposure in an effort to promote positive posttraumatic adjustment and to minimize the likelihood of enduring psychopathology. As a result, other forms of early intervention have filled this void and have been widely disseminated and applied, despite the lack of compelling evidence attesting to their efficacy. This article reviews the literature bearing on early interventions for trauma, including the encouraging outcomes of recently developed behavioral treatments. Empirically informed practice guidelines for intervening with recently traumatized individuals are presented. Future treatment development efforts will need to address an issue that has been largely neglected in traditional treatment models for traumatized populations—that of traumatic bereavement. Behavioral interventions may be particularly well-equipped to address this source of distress.
Marital Disruption and Accidents/Injuries Among Children
Authors: Hango Darcy W. , Houseknecht Sharon K.
Published: November 2004

A vast literature has examined the effects of marital disruption on child well-being, however medically attended childhood accidents/injuries have not been considered as an outcome. This article investigates this association as well as possible intervening pathways using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth-linked mother-child file. Findings reveal that marital disruption decreases girls’ accidents/injuries. Boys are not directly affected. Parenting practices, childhood aggression, and precipitous drops in household income appear to do little to the relationship between marital disruption and childhood accidents/injuries for boys. For girls, however, the potential benefits of a marital disruption are suppressed until considering mother’s use of discipline and household income decline. Results are discussed in terms of stress theory and the effect of mother-daughter versus mother-son dynamics following marital disruption.
Filial Responsibility Among Mexican American College Students: A Pilot Investigation and Comparison
Authors: Rudolph Bonnie , Cornelius-White Cecily , Quintana Fernando
Published: November 2004

As the number of Mexican American elders increases, their care becomes pressing. We sampled filial responsibility expectations of Mexican American college students to expand culture specific knowledge and found physical proximity to elders an important expectation. However, although some respondents adhere closely to the traditional Mexican value of familism, others may be adopting more individualistic attitudes. Filial responsibility norms may be changing as the México and United States cultures interact at the Texas border.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of a Novel Sodium Vanadium Bronze with Single-crystalline Nanobelt-like Morphology
Authors: Zhou Gen-Tao , Wang Xin-Chen , Yu Jimmy C
Published: November 2004

A novel sodium vanadium bronze was successfully synthesized at 180 °C by a facile hydrothermal method. XRD, SEM, TEM, and XPS techniques were used to characterize the synthesized bronze. SEM and TEM analyses reveal that the bronze exhibits nanoblet-like morphology with an average width of ca. 55 nm and lengths from several to tens μm.
Long-Term Sampling Method for PCDD/Fs in Atmosphere by Adsorption onto Economical Materials
Authors: Katsumata Hideyuki , Kaneco Satoshi , Suzuki Tohru , Ohta Kiyohisa
Published: November 2004

A sampling method of dioxins in atmosphere by using economical materials as monitoring indicators was proposed. The materials used were polyurethane foam, newspaper, and activated carbon paper filter. Among the adsorbents, polyurethane adsorbed the most amounts of dioxins. The TEQ values in spring and autumn seasons were 0.13 and 0.027 pg cm−2, respectively. The composition of dioxin congeners was compared with that obtained by the air-sampler one. As a result, the distribution pattern of dioxins approximately coincided with that of the air-sampler.
Formation of Niobates from Aqueous Peroxide Solution
Authors: Cheng Zhenxiang , Ozawa Kiyoshi , Miyazaki Akimitsu , Kimura Hideo
Published: November 2004

KNbO3 and LiNbO3 powders and thin films were fabricated through heat-treatment of their peroxide precursors prepared by the reaction of aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution with metal alkoxide. In comparison with the conventional alkoxide solution method, which is not successful for KNbO3, aqueous peroxide solution method is successful for KNbO3 with the advantages such as low weight loss and easy handling in preparing the niobates.
Synthesis of an Electron Pooling Ligand Based on Triruthenium Clusters and Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 by Its Zinc(II) Complex
Authors: Breedlove Brian K , Takayama Daisuke , Ito Tasuku
Published: November 2004

An electron pooling complexed ligand (PL) was prepared by linking μ3-oxo Ru3 clusters with 1,4,7-tris(4-pyridylmethyl)-1,4,7-triazacyclononane (pic3tacn). The cyclic voltammogram of the pooling ligand appeared similar to the Ru3 cluster monomers. Each wave corresponded to three simultaneous 1e− processes. In the presence of Zn(II) ions, CO2 was reduced, indicating cooperation between the Ru3 cluster centers. IR spectroelectrochemistry (IRSEC) indicated that the products of reduction were carbonate and formate and CO.
Effect of Methyl Groups onto Imidazolium Cation Ring on Liquid Crystallinity and Ionic Conductivity of Amphiphilic Ionic Liquids
Authors: Mukai Tomohiro , Yoshio Masafumi , Kato Takashi , Ohno Hiroyuki
Published: November 2004

Phase transition behavior of imidazolium dodecylsulfonate was considerably affected by the introduction of methyl groups onto the imidazolium cation ring. Methyl group on the 2-position eliminated the liquid crystallinity. That on the 4-position was effective to suppress the crystallization.
Perception of Musical Similarity Among Contemporary Thematic Materials in Two Instrumentations
Authors: McAdams Stephen , Vieillard Sandrine , Houix Olivier , Reynolds Roger
Published: November 2004

Free classification was used to explore similarity relations in contemporary musical materials. Thirty-four subsections from the five themes of The Angel of Death by Roger Reynolds were composed identically for piano (Expt. 1) and chamber orchestra (Expt. 2) in terms of pitch, rhythm, and dynamics. Listeners were asked to group together those judged to be musically similar and to describe the similarities between the subsections in each group. Listeners based their classifications on surface similarities related to tempo, rhythmic and melodic texture, pitch register, melodic contour, and articulation. They were to some extent also based on similarity of the mood evoked by the excerpts. This latter factor was more prominent in the verbalizations for the orchestral version. Instrumentation, timbre, and type of timbral change (smooth, disjunctive) also affected classifications in the orchestral version. Perceptual relations among thematic materials within the piece and the interaction of form-bearing dimensions in musical similarity perception are discussed.
The Experience of the Family Caregivers’ Role: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Lane Paula , McKenna Hugh , Ryan Assumpta , Fleming Paul
Published: November 2004

In Ireland, there is a dearth of research exploring the perceived health and social care needs and experiences of family caregivers of older people. In response, this research study was conducted to explore the profile, role and needs of family caregivers as a means of understanding their experience of caring. The study also set out to identify coping strategies employed by caregivers and explore positive aspects of the caring relationship in relation to quality of life, information needs, day care and respite care, transport and emotional support. A multimethod approach used interviews, focus groups and postal questionnaires. In the main study a pretested questionnaire, comprising closed and open questions was used with a stratified, systematically randomized sample of caregivers in urban and rural home care settings, of which 52% of respondents to the questionnaire volunteered to partake in in-depth interviews. This article per deals predominantly with the findings arising from 10 in-depth qualitative interviews. The data yielded a rich and meaningful picture of the caregiving experience, profiling the complex nature of this diverse and multifaceted role. Findings showed that three main categories emanated from the data: the caring role-context and attitudes, the impact of caring and the need to support the carers’ role. The need to develop continually an understanding of the effectiveness of specific health and social care interventions was also of paramount importance. The anticipated continuing demand for family care means that caregivers’ needs and perspectives need to be integrated into future service planning and decision-making processes, in partnership with statutory and voluntary bodies. While this was the first study of its type in Ireland, the issues raised reflect the findings of other published studies and have important lessons for family carers and health care practitioners generally.
The Experience of Waiting and Life During Breast Cancer Follow-Up
Authors: Gaudine Alice , Sturge-Jacobs Marilyn , Kennedy Mary
Published: November 2004

Much research exists on quality of life issues with breast cancer survivors. However, there has been little done on the waiting experience itself, and on the experience of follow-up from the women’s perspective. Women who have been diagnosed and treated for breast cancer live with the condition for a minimum of 5 years, waiting for the next medical intervention; waiting for the next battery of tests; waiting for the next physician check-up. Throughout most of these years they may feel healthy, but they experience visits to cancer clinics, medical testing, and physician interactions. Women’s accounts of their experiences of waiting and life during follow-up for breast cancer has not been the focus of research on the quality of life of breast cancer survivors. In particular research that uses a qualitative approach, in which women recount their experiences in their own language, has been missing. This study used a phenomenological approach, telling the stories of waiting and life throughout follow-up of nine women. The women’s experiences are captured in four themes: life-changing; a sense of belonging; uncertainty; needing to know.
The Measurement of Delirium: Review of Scales
Authors: Schuurmans Marieke J. , Deschamps Patricia I. , Markham Susan W. , Shortridge-Baggett Lillie M. , Duursma Sijmen A.
Published: November 2004

This review describes the characteristics and evaluates the psychometric qualities (process of testing and the results) of thirteen delirium instruments. Delirium instruments differ in goal (diagnosis, screening symptoms severity), type of data on which the rating is based (observation, interview or test of patients), the rater qualities required, the number of items and the rating time needed. Most instruments are based on the Diagnostic Statistical Manual criteria and measure signs and symptoms as described by these criteria. Reliability of delirium instruments shows good to excellent results. Validity of the delirium instruments is overall fair to good. Differences exist, however, in the degree to which reliability and validity were tested and the quality of the testing procedures. Most instruments are not further developed and tested after the initial study. Conclusion of this review is that most delirium instruments show promising results but need further testing. Testing is needed in different samples and on a broader range of aspects with regard to reliability and validity. Much emphasis should be given to the procedures used in future studies. Ease of use is an aspect of testing that is so far not taken into account, however, is important for use of instruments in clinical practice.

A minority of instruments can be seen as “ready to use” instruments meaning well tested in more than one sample with good results. For screening high-risk, elderly hospitalized patients, the NEECHAM Confusion Scale and the Delirium Observation Screening Scale are recommended. The Confusion Assessment Method is the best diagnostic tool and the Delirium Rating Scale shows best results in screening symptom severity. For ICU patients the CAM-ICU is recommended. The MDAS is well tested in cancer patients. Nurses, however, have not yet tested the DRS and MDAS in practice.
Comparison of U.S., Canadian, and Australian Participants’ Performance on the Algase Wandering Scale-Version 2 (AWS-V2)
Authors: Song Jun-Ah , Algase Donna L. , Beattie Elizabeth R. A. , Milke Doris L. , Duffield Christine , Cowan Bronwyn
Published: November 2004

Although wandering in dementia is seen in various cultures, cross-cultural comparisons have not been reported. We examined wandering in residents of long-term care settings (LTCs) in three English-speaking countries (n= 96, America;n= 42, Canada;n= 13, Australia) using the Algase Wandering Scale—Version 2 (AWS-V2). Participants differed by country on age and medical diagnosis. The Americans were significantly older; the Canadians had a greater rate of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In one-way ANOVAs, AWS-V2 ratings from nurse aides revealed significant differences in the AWS-V2 and three subscales (spatial disorientation, attention shifting, eloping behavior), but not for two others (persistent walking, shadowing). Where significant, Canadians had consistently lower ratings than others. Post-hoc analyses by age of participants failed to reveal significant differences. However, participants with AD had significantly lower AWS-V2 scores than those with mixed-type dementia. Lower MMSE score predicted higher AWS-V2, spatial disorientation, and eloping behavior. Post-hoc analyses of respondent characteristics revealed no significant differences on AWS-V2 or subscales by frequency of attending dementia classes and level of experience with dementia. Thus the nature of wandering in these three countries is not substantially different. However, variations in care environments may contribute to differences in attention shifting. Further, limited sample size, particularly among Australians and Canadians, make findings tentative.
Gender and Ethnic Differences in a Case-Control Study of Dyslipidemia: Using the Apolipoprotein A-V Gene as an Exemplar in Cardiovascular Genetics
Authors: Wung Shu-Fen , Aouizerat Bradley E.
Published: November 2004

Common, complex genetic disorders such as coronary heart disease (CHD) frequently show large population differences, contributing to health disparities. It is also well known that CHD risk factor profiles and the frequency of coronary events differ by gender. Study of premature CHD has revealed that apolipoproteins are important discriminating factors for distinguishing individuals with CHD. Recent findings indicated that apolipoprotein A-V (APOA-V) gene promoter polymorphisms are an important determinant of plasma triglycerides (TG) and lipoprotein cholesterol, and a risk factor for CHD. Variations in APOA-V may have varying impacts in different ethnic groups. The purpose of this interdisciplinary genetic research project was to determine (1) the association of the APOA-V polymorphisms with lipoprotein profiles, and (2) the gender and ethnic differences in the T-1131C promoter polymorphism of the APOA-V gene in individuals with dyslipidemia versus controls. Results indicate that the minor -1131C allele (CC homozygotes + CT heterozygotes) was associated with elevated plasma TG (p= 0.007), very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)–TG (p= 0.019), LDL-TG (p= 0.004), high-density-lipoprotein (HDL)-TG (p< 0.001), and VLDL-cholesterol (p= 0.008). We found a striking elevation in the frequency of the minor C allele in Asians (p< 0.001) compared to Europeans. We also found a significant difference in genotype frequency between men and women in Asians (p= 0.031) and Europeans (p< 0.01). Remarkably, Asian women with the C allele have a 36% increase in TG compared to Asian women homozygous for the T allele. In summary, we found significant ethnic-specific and gender-based differences in the frequency of the minor allele of the -1131 APOA-V gene promoter polymorphism. Identification of genetic variations among ethnic groups and between genders may have significant potential for a better understanding of the development of cardiovascular disease.
The Effect of a Genetic Variant for Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes on the Therapeutic Potential of Exercise and Calorie Restrictive Diets in Zucker Rats
Authors: Metzger Bonnie L.
Published: November 2004

Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes are modern pandemics caused by unique genetic-environmental interactions and distinguished by almost universal treatment failures. Relative influences of genome and lifestyle changes on an adult onset Obesity-Type 2 diabetes phenotype were explored. Zucker rats, a recessive model of genetic obesity-Type 2 Diabetes (117 fa/fa and 98 Fa/fa) were used. Dietary induced obesity (DIO) was imposed via a high fat diet on one-half; and one-half were forced to swim daily (EX). After 6 weeks, 78 animals were placed on a calorie (Kcal) restrictive diet for 6 more weeks.

Genotype accounted for > 20% additional insulin resistance and obesity and modulated the effects of DIO and EX in adult animals exhibiting obesity-Type 2 diabetes. Only DIO gains were responsive to Kcal restriction. EX effects on insulin resistance were mediated by both Kcal restriction and genotype. Kcal restriction directly reduced hyperglycemia.

Genetic variation was the major determinant of obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in Zucker rats. Genetically induced obesity and insulin sensitivity were resistant to EX and Kcal restriction; DIO and hyperglycemia were responsive to both. Successful treatment of Type 2 Diabetes requires understanding of how genotype may continue to modify adult responses to lifestyle change.
Discovering and Addressing the Client’s Lay Construct of Genetic Disease: An Important Aspect of Genetic Healthcare?
Authors: Skirton Heather , Eiser Christine
Published: November 2004

Genetic health care includes provision of information about (a) the cause of the condition, (b) recurrence risks, and (c) options for avoiding or treating the disease. This specialized aspect of health care may be offered by appropriately trained nurses, doctors or genetic counselors, but for brevity in this article the term “genetic counselor” will be used to describe any health professional providing such care. The accepted definitions of genetic counseling emphasize the transfer of information from the counselor to the client, to facilitate the client in making informed decisions (Ad Hoc Committee on Genetic Counseling, American Society of Human Genetics, 1975; Harper, 1998). However, it is important to recognize that both clients and counselors bring to the process of genetic counseling their own knowledge, values, and beliefs (Hallowell & Richards, 1997). The information provided during the genetic counseling process may not be novel to the client, and will be received against a background of the client’s previous knowledge about the condition.
A new Q‐function structure for model‐free adaptive optimal tracking control with asymmetric constrained inputs
Authors: Zhao Mingming , Wang Ding , Li Menghua , Gao Ning , Qiao Junfei
Published: February 2024

This article aims to design a model‐free adaptive tracking controller for discrete‐time nonlinear systems with unknown dynamics and asymmetric control constraints. First, a new Q‐function structure is designed by introducing the control input into the tracking error of the next moment, in order to eliminate the final tracking error, avoid the steady control, and ignore the discount factor. Second, via system transformation, a general performance index is developed to overcome the challenge caused by asymmetric constraints of implicit control inputs. By this operation, the constrained tracking problem is converted to an unconstrained optimal tracking problem without the traditional nonquadratic performance function that is only applicable to explicit control inputs. Then, a value‐iteration‐based Q‐learning (VIQL) algorithm is derived to seek the optimal Q‐function and the optimal control policy by using offline data rather than the mathematical model. Next, the convergence, monotonicity, and stability properties of VIQL are investigated to demonstrate that the iterative Q‐function sequence can converge to the optimal Q‐function under ideal conditions. To realize the VIQL algorithm, the critic neural network is employed to approximate the Q‐function. Finally, simulation results and comparative experiments are conducted to demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the present VIQL scheme.
Industrial design of 3D printing technology combined with assisted medical service robots
Authors: Zhang Jing
Published: February 2024

With the continuous development and maturation of the era of intelligent manufacturing, there is a perpetual emergence of new information technology, control technology, and material technology, which are constantly accelerating 3D printing technology to advance to an unprecedented level. To achieve the safety perception interaction ability of auxiliary medical service robots, this study develops a direct write hybrid 3D printing auxiliary medical service robot system, enabling it to achieve temperature sensing function. Moreover, combined with linear interpolation algorithms, 3D printing technology has been improved to achieve improvement of system control accuracy. The results indicate that the apparent viscosity of the printing material Ag‐TPU is still greater than 2000 Pa s at a rate of 87 s−1. The change in resistance during 20% stretching is within 1.2 Ω, and the change is around 3 Ω during 30% stretching. When the preset temperature is 39.2°C, the absolute deviation is the smallest, about 0.03. When the preset temperature is 41.7°C, the maximum value is approximately 0.17. The absolute error of real‐time temperature collection for auxiliary medical service robots is less than 0.2°C at temperatures ranging from 38 to 42°C. Over the past 30 days of overall operation, the system has had 970 users, 3270 interactions, and 99.4% availability. This system improves the perception and interaction ability of auxiliary medical service robots, which has certain practical potential in the field of medical services.
Flexural Properties of Additively Manufactured Structures Reinforced with Cellular and Fractal Patterns
Authors: Martínez‐Magallanes Mario , Perez‐Santiago Rogelio , Roman‐Flores Armando , Cuan‐Urquizo Enrique
Published: February 2024

The interest in exploring new microarchitected materials that take advantage of precise geometrical construction to achieve unique properties has recently arisen due to the accelerated development of additive manufacturing. Exploring and understanding the mechanical behavior of additively manufactured structures remains crucial to expand the capabilities of this technology. Herein, a methodology to design, fabricate, and characterize the flexural behavior of additively manufactured structures reinforced with cellular and fractal patterns is presented. A total of 16 different arrangements are designed, tested, and numerically simulated, including 4 cellular arrangements, 10 fractal, and 2 nonreinforced structures. Samples are fabricated out of polylactic acid via material extrusion, subjected to three‐point bending loading and simulated via finite element models. Further, the fracture modes and deformation mechanisms from the experimental tests to obtain a broad overview of their flexural capabilities are examined. An increase in stiffness of up to 36% is observed for the cellular‐reinforced structures, while the fractal‐reinforced structures present great recovery, flexibility, and unconventional bending behaviors.
Benzoyl Sulfonyl Molecules for Bilateral Passivation and Crystalline Regulation at Buried Interfaces toward High‐Performance Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Xiao Qian , Zhao Yingjie , Huang Zhuo , Liu Yihao , Chen Peiya , Wang Shiheng , Zhang Shasha , Zhang Yiqiang , Song Yanlin
Published: February 2024

Well‐engineered buried interfaces play a pivotal role in achieving high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs). A superior buried interface involves controlled perovskite crystallization, efficient charge transfer across interfaces, and robust interfacial bonding. Here, a class of innovative additives, benzoyl sulfonyl molecules including 4‐sulfobenzoic acid monopotassium salt (K‐SBA), and 4‐sulfamoylbenzoic acid (SBA) is introduced to tailer the SnO2/perovskite buried interface, aiming to meet these essential criteria. Among them, K‐SBA performed better. The findings reveal that the functional groups of K‐SBA establish interactions with both SnO2 and perovskite, leading to effective bilateral passivation and mitigation of interface stress. This results in the formation of a pore‐free buried interface and high‐quality perovskite films with substantial crystal sizes. Consequently, PSCs incorporating K‐SBA exhibited a notable increase in efficiency, achieving 24.56% efficiency compared to the control device's 22.27%. Furthermore, these K‐SBA‐enhanced PSCs maintain 90% of their original efficiency even after 500 h of maximum power point tracking. This work provides valuable insights for further refinement and advancement of buried interfaces in PSCs.
Multicolor Afterglow Carbon Dots: Luminescence Regulation, Preparation, and Application
Authors: Zhang Yuqi , Chen Lin , Liu Bin , Yu Shiping , Yang Yongzhen , Liu Xuguang
Published: February 2024

Afterglow materials have attracted much attention owing to their long luminescence lifetimes, large Stokes shifts, and emission without real‐time excitation. Compared with traditional organic afterglow materials, carbon dots (CDs), as a new afterglow material, have superior properties such as easy preparation, low toxicity, and low cost. The emission color of afterglow CDs can be regulated by external factors such as excitation wavelength, temperature, and time, which is highly significant for expanding the diversified applications to make them available for biotechnology and information applications. This review summarizes the research progress of multicolor afterglow CDs in recent years, including luminescence regulation strategies, preparation methods, and applications. First, the multicolor afterglow CDs are classified into three strategies: multicolor room temperature phosphorescence (RTP), thermally activated delayed fluorescence converted to RTP, and delayed fluorescence based on Förster resonance energy transfer, and the strategies for regulating their luminescence properties are analyzed. Second, the preparation methods of achieving multicolor afterglow CDs are summarized in both matrix‐free and matrix‐confined aspects. Then, applications in anticounterfeiting and information encryption, sensing and bioimaging are introduced in detail. Finally, the future challenges and opportunities of multicolor afterglow CDs are prospected to provide ideas for their controlled design and wide application.
Gelatin‐Derived Hard Carbon Achieves Effective Control of Microstructure toward Fast and Durable Sodium Storage
Authors: Wei Yunhong , Ji Xiaohao , Lu Zhiyu , Jin Hongchang , Kong Xianghua , Jin Song , Ji Hengxing
Published: February 2024

Hard carbon (HC) is the most promising anode material for commercial sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). However, the complex composition of biomass‐derived HC precursors often requires great efforts to impart controlled structures and desired performance. Effective control of the microstructure is still highly desirable for HC anodes. Herein, gelatin is employed as a precursor to regulating the HC structure, including defect concentration, average interlayer spacing, and the pore structure. This provides insights into systematic improvement strategies of sodium‐ion transfer kinetics toward fast and durable sodium storage. Gelatin, as a bio‐precursor, contains abundant ─COOH and ─NH2 groups that promote metal cross‐linking and facilitate the control of the structural evolution of HC. By reasonably controlling the defect content and pore structure, the electrochemical performance can be tailored with enhanced kinetics of sodium‐ion storage. The optimized HC shows a high reversible capacity of 400 mAh g−1, outstanding rate performance, and structural stability over 10 000 cycles with a capacity retention of 77.8%. This work leads to the development of high‐performance HC materials from biomass, which is essential for advancements in battery technology.
PD‐L1 Immune Checkpoint Targeted Photoactivable Liposomes (iTPALs) Prime the Stroma of Pancreatic Tumors and Promote Self‐Delivery
Authors: Bhandari Chanda , Moffat Azophi , Shah Nimit , Khan Adil , Quaye Maxwell , Fakhry John , Soma Siddharth , Nguyen Austin , Eroy Menitte , Malkoochi Ashritha , Brekken Rolf , Hasan Tayyaba , Ferruzzi Jacopo , Obaid Girgis
Published: February 2024

Desmoplasia in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) limits the penetration and efficacy of therapies. It has been previously shown that photodynamic priming (PDP) using EGFR targeted photoactivable multi‐inhibitor liposomes remediates desmoplasia in PDAC and doubles overall survival. Here, bifunctional PD‐L1 immune checkpoint targeted photoactivable liposomes (iTPALs) that mediate both PDP and PD‐L1 blockade are presented. iTPALs also improve phototoxicity in PDAC cells and induce immunogenic cell death. PDP using iTPALs reduces collagen density, thereby promoting self‐delivery by 5.4‐fold in collagen hydrogels, and by 2.4‐fold in syngeneic CT1BA5 murine PDAC tumors. PDP also reduces tumor fibroblast content by 39.4%. Importantly, iTPALs also block the PD‐1/PD‐L1 immune checkpoint more efficiently than free α‐PD‐L1 antibodies. Only a single sub‐curative priming dose using iTPALs provides 54.1% tumor growth inhibition and prolongs overall survival in mice by 42.9%. Overall survival directly correlates with the extent of tumor iTPAL self‐delivery following PDP (Pearson's r = 0.670, p = 0.034), while no relationship is found for sham non‐specific IgG constructs activated with light. When applied over multiple cycles, as is typical for immune checkpoint therapy, PDP using iTPALs promises to offer durable tumor growth delay and significant survival benefit in PDAC patients, especially when used to promote self‐delivery of integrated chemo‐immunotherapy regimens.
Atomic Engineering of Single‐Atom Nanozymes for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Shen Ji , Chen Jian , Qian Yuping , Wang Xinqiang , Wang Dingsheng , Pan Hongge , Wang Yuguang
Published: February 2024

Single‐atom nanozymes (SAzymes) showcase not only uniformly dispersed active sites but also meticulously engineered coordination structures. These intricate architectures bestow upon them an exceptional catalytic prowess, thereby captivating numerous minds and heralding a new era of possibilities in the biomedical landscape. Tuning the microstructure of SAzymes on the atomic scale is a key factor in designing targeted SAzymes with desirable functions. This review first discusses and summarizes three strategies for designing SAzymes and their impact on reactivity in biocatalysis. The effects of choices of carrier, different synthesis methods, coordination modulation of first/second shell, and the type and number of metal active centers on the enzyme‐like catalytic activity are unraveled. Next, a first attempt is made to summarize the biological applications of SAzymes in tumor therapy, biosensing, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, and other biological applications from different mechanisms. Finally, how SAzymes are designed and regulated for further realization of diverse biological applications is reviewed and prospected. It is envisaged that the comprehensive review presented within this exegesis will furnish novel perspectives and profound revelations regarding the biomedical applications of SAzymes.
A High‐Energy Tellurium Redox‐Amphoteric Conversion Cathode Chemistry for Aqueous Zinc Batteries
Authors: Du Jingwei , Zhao Yirong , Chu Xingyuan , Wang Gang , Neumann Christof , Xu Hao , Li Xiaodong , Löffler Markus , Lu Qiongqiong , Zhang Jiaxu , Li Dongqi , Zou Jianxin , Mikhailova Daria , Turchanin Andrey , Feng Xinliang , Yu Minghao
Published: February 2024

Rechargeable aqueous zinc batteries are potential candidates for sustainable energy storage systems at a grid scale, owing to their high safety and low cost. However, the existing cathode chemistries exhibit restricted energy density, which hinders their extensive applications. Here, a tellurium redox‐amphoteric conversion cathode chemistry is presented for aqueous zinc batteries, which delivers a specific capacity of 1223.9 mAh gTe−1 and a high energy density of 1028.0 Wh kgTe−1. A highly concentrated electrolyte (30 mol kg−1 ZnCl2) is revealed crucial for initiating the Te redox‐amphoteric conversion as it suppresses the H2O reactivity and inhibits undesirable hydrolysis of the Te4+ product. By carrying out multiple operando/ex situ characterizations, the reversible six‐electron Te2−/Te0/Te4+ conversion with TeCl4 is identified as the fully charged product and ZnTe as the fully discharged product. This finding not only enriches the conversion‐type battery chemistries but also establishes a critical step in exploring redox‐amphoteric materials for aqueous zinc batteries and beyond.
Machine Learning‐Enhanced Triboelectric Sensing Application
Authors: Shang Ruzhi , Chen Huamin , Cai Xu , Shi Xin , Yang Yanhui , Wei Xuan , Wang Jun , Xu Yun
Published: February 2024

Triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has become a promising candidate for wearable energy harvesting and self‐powered sensing systems. However, processing large amounts of data imposes a computing power barrier for practical application. Machine learning‐assisted self‐powered sensors based on TENG have been widely used in data‐driven applications due to their excellent characteristics such as no additional power supply, high sensing accuracy, low cost, and good biocompatibility. This work comprehensively reviews the latest progress in machine learning (ML)‐assisted TENG‐based sensors. The future challenges and opportunities are discussed. First, the fundamental principles including the working mode of ML‐assisted TENG‐based sensor and common algorithms are systematically and comprehensively illustrated, which emphasizes the algorithm definition and principle. Subsequently, the progress of ML methods in the field of TENG‐based sensors is further reviewed, summarizing the advantages and disadvantages of various algorithms in practical examples, and providing guidance and suggestions on how to choose the appropriate methods. Finally, the prospects and challenges of ML‐assisted TENG‐based sensors is summarized. Directions and important insights for the future development of TENG and AI integration is provided.
Electrically Reconfigurable Metasurfaces for Frequency Selective Transmission via IPMC Kirigami
Authors: Zhu Zicai , Cheng Suijun , Han Jiachuan , Yan Sen , Fan Peng , Hu Qiao , Tang Zhen‐Hua
Published: February 2024

Metasurface with programmable configurations has attracted tremendous attention due to their exotic abilities to manipulate electromagnetic waves. Herein, an electrically reconfigurable metasurface for frequency selective transmission is developed based on ionic polymer–metal composite (IPMC) kirigami. First, low‐voltage driven IPMC actuators with stable actuation performance are realized, and then a thermomechanical equivalent model and a numerical electromagnetic analysis model are proposed for evaluating the deformation of the IPMC actuators and predicting the electromagnetic tunable properties of the IPMC kirigami metasurfaces, respectively. Subsequently, large‐area IPMC kirigami metasurfaces are proposed and produced by using programmable nanosecond laser micro‐processing technique that endows the uniformity of the kirigami units. Finally, the electromagnetic functionalities of these IPMC kirigami metasurfaces are researched and validated by experiments and numerical simulations. Both theoretical and experimental results demonstrate that the electromagnetic transmission frequency of the fabricated IPMC kirigami metasurface with 10 × 10 units can be tuned from 19.3 to 20.8 GHz by the application of a low voltage of 3 V. Compared with the existing reconfigurable metasurfaces, the proposed IPMC kirigami metasurface demonstrates clear advantages in its compact structure, lower driving‐voltage, low‐acoustic noise, and wide working frequency range.
Polarization‐Sensitive and Self‐Driven Pyro‐Phototronic Photodetectors Based on MoS2‐Water Heterojunctions
Authors: Abnavi Amin , Ahmadi Ribwar , Ghanbari Hamidreza , Fawzy Mirette , Mohammadzadeh Mohammad Reza , Kabir Fahmid , Adachi Michael M.
Published: February 2024

Polarization‐sensitive and self‐driven pyroelectric‐based photodetectors have recently gained interest due to their potential application in artificial electronic eyes, biomedical imaging, and optical switches. Here, a photodetector based on light modulation‐induced polarization and depolarization of water molecules on the surface of a 2D MoS2 crystal is reported. The MoS2‐water heterostructure photodetector serves as a self‐driven pyro‐phototronic device that converts light‐induced thermal energy to electrical signals, leading to a transient photoresponsivity as high as 24.6 mA W−1 and a specific detectivity of 2.85 × 108 Jones under 470 nm wavelength at zero bias. Due to the formation of a built‐in electric field at the MoS2‐water interface, this structure also has a high steady–state responsivity of 3.62 A W−1 and detectivity of 9.18 × 108 Jones at 3 V bias, along with a fast response time of ≈0.74 ms. Moreover, due to the rearrangement of the hydrogen bond network in the liquid water upon visible light illumination, the MoS2‐water photodetector is light polarization‐sensitive. The simple fabrication process, low cost, polarization sensitivity, and high performance of the MoS2‐water structure make it an excellent candidate for liquid‐compatible photodetectors.
Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering in BIC‐Driven Semiconductor Metasurfaces
Authors: Hu Haiyang , Pal Anil Kumar , Berestennikov Alexander , Weber Thomas , Stefancu Andrei , Cortés Emiliano , Maier Stefan A. , Tittl Andreas
Published: February 2024

Semiconductor‐based surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) substrates, as a new frontier in the field of SERS, are hindered by their poor electromagnetic field confinement and weak light‐matter interaction. Metasurfaces, a class of 2D artificial materials based on the electromagnetic design of nanophotonic resonators, enable strong electromagnetic field enhancement and optical absorption engineering for a wide range of semiconductors. However, the engineering of semiconductor substrates into metasurfaces for improving SERS activity remains underexplored. Here, an improved SERS metasurface platform is developed that leverages the combination of titanium oxide (TiO2) and the emerging physical concept of optical bound states in the continuum (BICs) to boost the Raman emission. Moreover, fine‐tuning of BIC‐assisted resonant absorption offers a pathway for maximizing the photoinduced charge transfer effect (PICT) in SERS. High values of BIC‐assisted electric field enhancement (|E/E0|2 ≈103) are achieved, challenging the preconception of weak electromagnetic (EM) field enhancement on semiconductor SERS substrates. The BIC‐assisted TiO2 metasurface platform offers a new dimension in spectrally‐tunable SERS with earth‐abundant and bio‐compatible semiconductor materials, beyond the traditional plasmonic ones.
Dramatically Enhanced Light‐Emitting/Detecting Bifunction of CH3NH3PbBr3 Single‐Crystal Thin‐Film via Electrical Doping‐Induced Defects Passivation
Authors: Xing Jun , Sun Yue , Huang Xiaorui , He Shengrong , Huang Ziyuan , Li Ying , Li Wei , Yu Weili
Published: February 2024

High‐performance light‐emitting/detecting bifunctional optoelectronic devices based on halide perovskites are hindered by the less efficient carrier transport and radiative recombination processes. The density of defects (i.e., surface and bulk defects) is the main factor affecting carrier transport, radiation recombination, and determining performance in perovskites. Therefore, techniques to effectively regulate defects are highly needed. Here, a convenient and effective strategy, electrical doping, is proposed to flexibly regulate defect density, resulting in dramatically enhanced light‐emitting (i.e., fluorescence and carrier lifetime) and light‐detecting performance (i.e., hole mobility, photo‐responsivity, and photo‐detectivity) simultaneously. An improved carrier transport model in CH3NH3PbBr3 (MPB) single‐crystal thin‐film (SCTF) is proposed to elucidate the regulation mechanism of defects and carrier transport under electrical doping. These results show that the surface defect density can be effectively reduced by 47.49% under optimal electrical poling intensity (0.168 V µm−1), and photoluminescence intensity and carrier lifetime can be increased by 259% and 89.98%, respectively. Furthermore, planar MPB SCTF photodetector exhibits hole mobility increased by 14.97%, photo‐responsivity increased by 82.78%, and photo‐detectivity increased by 868% at 0.168 V µm−1. Particularly, a record photo‐detectivity of 3.53 × 1013 Jones is achieved under electrical doping. This study provides guidance for flexibly adjusting defect density and optimizing perovskite SCTFs light‐emitting/detecting bifunctional devices.
I2‐Promoted [3+2] Cyclization of Thiocarbamates with Enaminones: a Protocol for the Synthesis of Polysubstituted Thiazol‐2(3H)‐ones
Authors: Xu Xiao‐Hu , Weng Jia‐Hao , Chen Yi , Dong Zhi‐Bing
Published: February 2024

An I2‐promoted [3+2] cyclization reaction between thiocarbamates with enaminones has been developed for the synthesis of thiazol‐2(3H)‐one derivatives. This protocol involves C−S and C−N bond formation and exhibits good functional group tolerance. The reaction proceeded well at room temperature and provided up to 98% yield of the desired products.
Exploring the Potential of Perennial Nectar‐Producing Wild Plants for Pellet Combustion
Authors: von Cossel Moritz , Heinzel Kathleen , Patiño Lordello Gabriela , Aron Winkler Andreas , Lauria Maria Virginia , Gandamalla Gawasker , Jablonowski Nicolai David
Published: February 2024

Perennial nectar‐producing wild plant species (WPS) cultivation for biogas production helps improve ecosystem services such as habitat functioning, erosion mitigation, groundwater protection, and carbon sequestration. These ecosystem services could be improved when WPS are harvested in late winter to produce pellets and briquettes as solid energy carriers for heat production. This study aims for gaining first insights into the use of WPS biomass as resource for pellet and briquette combustion with focus on two perennial WPS common tansy (Tanacetum vulgare L.) and mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.), and two biennial WPS yellow melilot (Melilotus officinalis L.) and wild teasel (Dipsacus fullonum L.). All WPS are found economically viable for pellet combustion. The main drivers are i) low cultivation costs, ii) subsidies, and iii) low pellet production costs due to low moisture contents. However, high ash contents in WPS biomass justify the need of i) blending with woody‐biomass or ii) supplementing with additives to attain international standards for household stoves. This approach appears technically feasible providing a research field with significant potential impacts. As 70% of the pellet market is demanded as household level, public concern about the legal framework of alternative plant biomass pellets must be overcome to develop this market.