bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Harvesting Time on Phenolic and Mineral Profiles and Their Association with the Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Effects of Atractylodes japonica Koidz
Authors: Ghimire Bimal Kumar , Seo Ji-Won , Kim Seung-Hyun , Ghimire Balkrishna , Lee Jae-Geun , Yu Chang-Yeon , Chung Ill-Min
Published: June 2021

Plant phytochemical accumulation is influenced by various external factors that change with the seasons (e.g., harvesting time). Atractylodes japonica, an important medicinal plant rich in bioactive compounds, is used to treat several human diseases. We analyzed the influence of harvesting time on phenolic compound concentration and antioxidant activity of A. japonica roots. We investigated the correlation between phenolic compound and minerals contents and antioxidant activity in different harvests. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents varied significantly with the harvesting time. Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) analysis revealed significant changes in the concentration of various phenolics between harvests. The content of different types of phenolics were significantly higher in the samples collected in October. Among them, chlorogenic acids (133,833.30 µg/g dry weight of root extract) were the most dominant phytochemical compounds detected. Samples harvested in October had higher concentrations of flavonoids, including rutin, orientin, vitexin, and apigenin. Roots harvested in October had a significantly higher (p < 0.05) antioxidant activity than that of those harvested later. Root mineral concentrations also varied with the harvest time. The analysis revealed that macro elements such as Ca ad Mg contents were significantly increased with delaying harvesting time, whereas a different trend was observed for the microelements including Fe, Cu, Al, and As contents in the October harvest. We also found a significant relationship between antioxidant activity and phenolic compound content. The most abundant minerals (Ca, Mg, Mn, Fe, and Al) correlated positively with the antioxidant activity indicating that these elements and compounds may be associated with the A. japonica antioxidant potential. Furthermore, A. japonica root extracts inhibited NIH/3T3 cellular proliferation in a season- and dose-dependent manner. Hence, harvesting time influenced the antioxidant properties and phenolic compound accumulation of A. japonica roots. These results indicate that the harvesting time is essential for obtaining the specific phytochemicals.
A Heterozygous Missense Variant in MAP2K2 in a Stillborn Romagnola Calf with Skeletal-Cardio-Enteric Dysplasia
Authors: Jacinto Joana G. P. , Häfliger Irene M. , Gentile Arcangelo , Drögemüller Cord
Published: June 2021

RASopathies are a group of developmental disorders caused by dominant mutations in genes that encode components of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cell signaling pathway. The goal of this study was to characterize the pathological phenotype of a Romagnola stillborn calf with skeletal-cardio-enteric dysplasia and to identify a genetic cause by whole-genome sequencing (WGS). The calf showed reduced fetal growth, a short-spine, a long and narrow face, cardiac defects and heterotopy of the spiral colon. Genetic analysis revealed a private heterozygous missense variant in MAP2K2:p.Arg179Trp, located in the protein kinase domain in the calf, and not found in more than 4500 control genomes including its sire. The identified variant affecting a conserved residue was predicted to be deleterious and most likely occurred de novo. This represents the first example of a dominant acting, and most likely pathogenic, variant in MAP2K2 in domestic animals, thereby providing the first MAP2K2-related large animal model, especially in respect to the enteric malformation. In addition, this study demonstrates the utility of WGS-based precise diagnostics for understanding sporadic congenital syndromic anomalies in cattle and the general utility of continuous surveillance for rare hereditary defects in cattle.
Nanotechnology and Reproductive Management of Farm Animals: Challenges and Advances
Authors: Hashem Nesrein M. , Gonzalez-Bulnes Antonio
Published: June 2021

Reproductive efficiency of farm animals has central consequences on productivity and profitability of livestock farming systems. Optimal reproductive management is based on applying different strategies, including biological, hormonal, nutritional strategies, as well as reproductive disease control. These strategies should not only guarantee sufficient reproductive outcomes but should also comply with practical and ethical aspects. For example, the efficiency of the biological- and hormonal-based reproductive strategies is mainly related to several biological factors and physiological status of animals, and of nutritional strategies, additional factors, such as digestion and absorption, can contribute. In addition, the management of reproductive-related diseases is challenged by the concerns regarding the intensive use of antibiotics and the development of antimicrobial resistant strains. The emergence of nanotechnology applications in livestock farming systems may present innovative and new solutions for overcoming reproductive management challenges. Many drugs (hormones and antibiotics), biological molecules, and nutrients can acquire novel physicochemical properties using nanotechnology; the main ones are improved bioavailability, higher cellular uptake, controlled sustained release, and lower toxicity compared with ordinary forms. In this review, we illustrate advances in the most common reproductive management strategies by applying nanotechnology, considering the current challenges of each strategy.
Proteomic Analysis of Liver from Finishing Beef Cattle Supplemented with a Rumen-Protected B-Vitamin Blend and Hydroxy Trace Minerals
Authors: Lopes Mariana Mescouto , Brito Thaís Ribeiro , Lage Josiane Fonseca , Costa Thaís Correia , Fontes Marta Maria dos Santos , Serão Nick Vergara Lopes , Mendes Tiago Antônio de Oliveira , Reis Ricardo Andrade , Veroneze Renata , e Silva Fabyano Fonseca , Duarte Marcio de Souza
Published: June 2021

Vitamin B and trace minerals are crucial molecular signals involved in many biological pathways; however, their bioavailability is compromised in high-producing ruminant animals. So far, studies have mainly focused on the effects of these micronutrients on animal performance, but their use in a rumen-protected form and their impact on liver metabolism in finishing beef cattle is poorly known. We used a shotgun proteomic approach combined with biological network analyses to assess the effects of a rumen-protected B-vitamin blend, as well as those of hydroxy trace minerals, on the hepatic proteome. A total of 20 non-castrated Nellore males with 353 ± 43 kg of initial body weight were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: CTRL—inorganic trace minerals without supplementation of a protected vitamin B blend, or SUP—supplementation of hydroxy trace minerals and a protected vitamin B blend. All animals were fed the same amount of the experimental diet for 106 days, and liver biopsies were performed at the end of the experimental period. Supplemented animals showed 37 up-regulated proteins (p < 0.10), and the enrichment analysis revealed that these proteins were involved in protein folding (p = 0.04), mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I (p = 0.01) and IV (p = 0.01), chaperonin-containing T-complex 2 (p = 0.01), glutathione metabolism (p < 0.01), and other aspects linked to oxidative-stress responses. These results indicate that rumen-protected vitamin B and hydroxy trace mineral supplementation during the finishing phase alters the abundance of proteins associated with the electron transport chain and other oxidation–reduction pathways, boosting the production of reactive oxygen species, which appear to modulate proteins linked to oxidative-damage responses to maintain cellular homeostasis.
A Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Characterization of Bovine Oocytes Reveals That Cysteamine Partially Rescues the Embryo Development in a Model of Low Ovarian Reserve
Authors: Lodde Valentina , Luciano Alberto Maria , Musmeci Giulia , Miclea Ileana , Tessaro Irene , Aru Mariella , Albertini David F. , Franciosi Federica
Published: June 2021

Decreased oocyte quality is a major determinant of age-associated fertility decline. Similarly, individuals affected by early ovarian aging carry low-quality oocytes. Using an established bovine model of early ovarian aging, we investigated key features of ‘quality’ oocyte maturation, associated with the onset of egg aneuploidy and reproductive aging, such as histone modifications, mitochondria distribution and activity, reduced glutathione (GSH) content, and gap junction functionality. Bovine ovaries were classified according to the antral follicle count (AFC), and the retrieved oocytes were processed immediately or matured in vitro. We observed alterations in several cellular processes, suggesting a multifactorial etiology of the reduced oocyte quality. Furthermore, we performed a rescue experiment for one of the parameters considered. By adding cysteamine to the maturation medium, we experimentally increased the free radical scavenger ability of the ‘low competence’ oocytes and obtained a higher embryo development. Our findings show that adopting culture conditions that counteract the free radicals has a positive impact on the quality of ‘compromised’ oocytes. Specifically, cysteamine treatment seems to be a promising option for treating aging-related deficiencies in embryo development.
Comparative Analysis of Fecal Microbiota of Grazing Mongolian Cattle from Different Regions in Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: Aricha Han , Simujide Huasai , Wang Chunjie , Zhang Jian , Lv Wenting , Jimisi Xirnud , Liu Bo , Chen Hao , Zhang Chen , He Lina , Cui Yinxue , Gao Ruijuan , Aorigele Chen
Published: June 2021

Mongolian cattle from China have strong adaptability and disease resistance. We aimed to compare the gut microbiota community structure and diversity in grazing Mongolian cattle from different regions in Inner Mongolia and to elucidate the influence of geographical factors on the intestinal microbial community structure. We used high throughput 16S rRNA sequencing to analyze the fecal microbial community and diversity in samples from 60 grazing Mongolian cattle from Hulunbuir Grassland, Xilingol Grassland, and Alxa Desert. A total of 2,720,545 high-quality reads and sequences that were 1,117,505,301 bp long were obtained. Alpha diversity among the three groups showed that the gut microbial diversity in Mongolian cattle in the grasslands was significantly higher than that in the desert. The dominant phyla were Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, whereas Verrucomicrobia presented the highest abundance in the gut of cattle in the Alxa Desert. The gut bacterial communities in cattle from the grasslands versus the Alxa Desert were distinctive, and those from the grasslands were closely clustered. Community composition analysis revealed significant differences in species diversity and richness. Overall, the composition of the gut microbiota in Mongolian cattle is affected by geographical factors. Gut microbiota may play important roles in the geographical adaptations of Mongolian cattle.
Short-Term Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) Supplementation and Laying Hen Strain Effects on Eggs’ Lipid Profile and Stability
Authors: Rey Ana I. , de-Cara Almudena , Rebolé Almudena , Arija Ignacio
Published: June 2021

The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of short-term dietary spirulina supplementation (1% and 3%) and the strain of laying hens (White Leghorn: WL and Rhode Island Red: RIR) on color, nutritional value, and stability of yolk. Egg weight was not affected by any of the studied effects. Yolks from 3%-spirulina supplemented hens had higher retinol and lower α-tocopherol content (p = 0.0001) when compared to control. The supplementation with 1%-spirulina markedly decreased luminosity and increased redness (p = 0.0001) and yellowness (p = 0.0103). Short-term spirulina supplementation slightly modified the fatty acid composition of yolk. The C16-desaturase index increased with the algae, whereas other egg quality indices (hypocholesterolemic, thrombombogenic, n-6/n-3) were not modified. Hen strain mainly affected to the lipid profile. The RIR hens accumulated greater yolk retinol with supplementation doses of 3% (p < 0.05), while the WL hardly suffered changes in the accumulation. Also, yolks from RIR hens had lower C16:0 (p = 0.0001), C18:0 (p = 0.0001), saturated (SAT) (p = 0.0001), and thrombogenic index (p = 0.0001), C20:3n-6 (p = 0.0001), n-6/n-3 ratio (p = 0.003), Δ-6+5-desaturase (p = 0.0005), total elongase indices (p = 0.0001) when compared to WL. Moreover, RIR had higher monounsaturated (MUFA), Δ-9-desaturase and hypocholesterolemic indices (p < 0.05) than WL. A different response to spirulina supplementation was observed for C18:1n-9, MUFA, Δ-9-desaturase and thiesterase indices (p < 0.05) according to hen strain. Yolks from RIR had higher MUFA and Δ-9-desaturase indices than WL at 1%-spirulina supplementation, whereas these parameters were less affected in RIR supplemented with 3%. SAT and Δ-9-desaturase were significantly correlated (r = −0.38 and 0.47, respectively) with retinol content according to a linear adjustment (p < 0.05). Lipid oxidation of yolk was slightly modified by the dietary treatment or hen strain. It was detected a relationship between TBARS and α-tocopherol, C22:5n-3 or C22:6n-3 (p < 0.05). L* and a* were also inversely or positively related with yolk retinol content according to a linear response (p < 0.05). The administration of 1% of spirulina in diets of red hens would be an interesting alternative to get healthier eggs from the nutritional point of view, obtaining an adequate color and without modifications in other yolk quality traits.
A Comparison of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in the Serum of Healthy Polish Dairy Goats with Those Naturally Infected with Small Ruminant Lentivirus in the Course of Lactation
Authors: Kurhaluk Natalia , Tkachenko Halyna , Czopowicz Michał , Sikora Jacek , Urbańska Daria M. , Kawęcka Aldona , Kaba Jarosław , Bagnicka Emilia
Published: June 2021

The present study examines the effects of natural infection by small ruminant lentivirus (SRLV) in the two most common goat breeds in Poland, i.e., Polish white improved and polish fawn improved. It focuses on biomarkers of oxidative stress, oxidatively modified proteins and antioxidant defenses, ceruloplasmin level as an acute phase protein, and the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the goat serum. It was conducted on 24 goats divided into two equal groups: one SRLV-seropositive (SRLV-SP) and another SRLV-seronegative (SRLV-SN). Both groups were identical in terms of breed and parity. Despite infection, the SRLV-SP goats demonstrated no symptoms of caprine arthritis-encephalitis. In addition, the SRLV-SP goats did not reveal pronounced dysfunctions in oxidative stress biomarkers in the serum compared to the SRLV-SN animals. However, both groups demonstrated elevated levels of the aldehydic and ketonic derivatives of oxidatively modified proteins during the lactation period. In addition, both groups retained a high total antioxidant capacity in serum despite the decrease of enzyme antioxidant defenses throughout the 200-day lactation period.
Genotypic and Dietary Effects on Egg Quality of Local Chicken Breeds and Their Crosses Fed with Faba Beans
Authors: Nolte Tanja , Jansen Simon , Weigend Steffen , Moerlein Daniel , Halle Ingrid , Simianer Henner , Sharifi Ahmad Reza
Published: June 2021

The quality of chicken eggs is an important criterion for food safety and the consumers’ choice at the point of sale. Several studies have shown that egg quality can be influenced by the chickens’ genotype and by the composition of the diet. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of faba beans as a substitute for soybeans in the diet of chickens originating from traditional low-performance breeds in comparison with high-performing laying type hens and their crosses on egg quality parameters. Chickens of six different genotypes were fed either with a feed mix containing 20% faba beans with high or low vicin contents or, as a control, a feed mix containing soybeans. The genotypes studied were the local breeds Vorwerkhuhn and Bresse Gauloise, as well as commercial White Rock parent hens and their crosses. Yolk weight, Haugh units, yolk and shell color, the frequency of blood and meat spots and the composition of the eggs were significantly influenced by the genotype. The feeding of faba beans had an effect on yolk and shell color, Haugh units and shell portion, while there was no significant influence on the frequency of blood and meat spots.
Prognostic Role of Serum Procalcitonin Measurement in Adult Patients Admitted to the Emergency Department with Fever
Authors: Covino Marcello , Manno Alberto , De Matteis Giuseppe , Taddei Eleonora , Carbone Luigi , Piccioni Andrea , Simeoni Benedetta , Fantoni Massimo , Franceschi Francesco , Murri Rita
Published: June 2021

Background and Objectives. Fever is one of the most common presenting complaints in the Emergency Department (ED). This study aimed at evaluating the prognostic role of serum Procalcitonin (PCT) measurement among adult patients admitted to the ED with fever. Materials and Methods. This is a retrospective cross-sectional study including all consecutive patients admitted to ED with fever and subsequently hospitalized in a period of six-year (January 2014 to December 2019). Inclusion criteria were age > 18 years, fever (T ≥ 38 °C) or chills within 24 h from presentation to the ED as the main symptom, and availability of a PCT determination obtained <24 h since ED access. The primary endpoint was overall in-hospital mortality. Results. Overall, 6595 patients were included in the study cohort (3734 males, 55.6%), with a median age of 71 [58–81] years. Among these, based on clinical findings and quick sequential organ failure assessment (qSOFA), 422 were considered septic (36.2% deceased), and 6173 patients non-septic (16.2% deceased). After correction for baseline covariates, a PCT > 0.5 ng/mL was an independent risk factor for all-cause in-hospital death in both groups (HR 1.77 [1.27–2.48], and 1.80 [1.59–2.59], respectively). Conclusions. Among adult patients admitted with fever, the PCT assessment in ED could have reduced prognostic power for patients with a high suspicion of sepsis. On the other hand, it could be useful for sepsis rule-out for patients at low risk. In these latter patients, the prognostic role of PCT is higher for those with a final diagnosis of bloodstream infection.
Influence of Nutrient Media Compared to Human Synovial Fluid on the Antibiotic Susceptibility and Biofilm Gene Expression of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci In Vitro
Authors: Steixner Stephan Josef Maria , Spiegel Christopher , Dammerer Dietmar , Wurm Alexander , Nogler Michael , Coraça-Huber Débora Cristina
Published: June 2021

Bacterial antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation are mechanisms usually involved in the pathogeny of implant-related infections. Worldwide, antibiotic susceptibility tests are usually carried out using nutrient-rich media. Clinical routine laboratories and even research centers use for example EUCAST or CLSI for guidelines. In this study, we investigated the effect of different nutrient media on the antibiotic susceptibility and icaADBC gene expression of bacteria in biofilm. As media, Müller-Hinton Bouillon (MHB), Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) and human synovial fluid (SF) diluted 1:4 in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), each also supplemented with 1% glucose, were used. The influence of different nutrient media on the antibiotic susceptibility of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) was evaluated by counting of colony-forming units (CFU) and by checking the metabolic activity of the bacteria. We used reverse transcriptase and real-time qPCR to investigate the influence of nutrient media on the biofilm gene expression. We used two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). p < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Significant differences in growth and antibiotic susceptibility were detected in all strains tested among the different media used. The nutrient media showed influence on the cell viability of all bacteria after antibiotic treatment. IcaADBC gene expression was significantly influenced by glucose and all nutrient media. The results highlight the influence of glucose on the antibiotic susceptibility, growth and gene expression of all strains tested. For all strains, a significant difference in bacterial recovery, viability and gene expression were found when compared to biofilm grown in SF.
Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activity of the Probiotic Strain Streptococcus salivarius K12 against Oral Potential Pathogens
Authors: Stašková Andrea , Sondorová Miriam , Nemcová Radomíra , Kačírová Jana , Maďar Marián
Published: June 2021

Oral probiotics are increasingly used in the harmonization of the oral microbiota in the prevention or therapy of various oral diseases. Investigation of the antimicrobial activity of the bacteriocinogenic strain Streptococcus salivarius K12 against oral pathogens shows promising results, not only in suppressing growth, but also in eliminating biofilm formation. Based on these findings, we decided to investigate the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity of the neutralized cell-free supernatant (nCFS) of S. salivarius K12 at various concentrations against selected potential oral pathogens under in vitro conditions on polystyrene microtiter plates. The nCFS of S. salivarius K12 significantly reduced growth (p < 0.01) in Streptococcus mutans Clarke with increasing concentration from 15 to 60 mg/mL and also in Staphylococcus hominis 41/6 at a concentration of 60 mg/mL (p < 0.001). Biofilm formation significantly decreased (p < 0.001) in Schaalia odontolytica P10 at nCFS concentrations of 60 and 30 mg/mL. Biofilm inhibition (p < 0.001) was also observed in Enterobacter cloacae 4/2 at a concentration of 60 mg/mL. In Schaalia odontolytica P10 and Enterobacter cloacae 4/2, the nCFS had no effect on their growth.
Anti-Biofilm Molecules Targeting Functional Amyloids
Authors: Matilla-Cuenca Leticia , Toledo-Arana Alejandro , Valle Jaione
Published: June 2021

The choice of an effective therapeutic strategy in the treatment of biofilm-related infections is a significant issue. Amyloids, which have been historically related to human diseases, are now considered to be prevailing structural components of the biofilm matrix in a wide range of bacteria. This assumption creates the potential for an exciting research area, in which functional amyloids are considered to be attractive targets for drug development to dissemble biofilm structures. The present review describes the best-characterized bacterial functional amyloids and focuses on anti-biofilm agents that target intrinsic and facultative amyloids. This study provides a better understanding of the different modes of actions of the anti-amyloid molecules to inhibit biofilm formation. This information can be further exploited to improve the therapeutic strategies to combat biofilm-related infections.
Antioxidant and Neuroprotective Properties of Non-Centrifugal Cane Sugar and Other Sugarcane Derivatives in an In Vitro Induced Parkinson’s Model
Authors: Cifuentes Javier , Salazar Vivian A. , Cuellar Mónica , Castellanos María Claudia , Rodríguez Jader , Cruz Juan C. , Muñoz-Camargo Carolina
Published: June 2021

Non-centrifugal cane sugar (NCS) is a traditional sweetener in most sugarcane regions of the world. In Colombia, this product has a socio-economic importance due to the extensive cultivation area and the high consumption rate per capita. NCS traditional processing involves consecutive stages of thermal processing that begin with juice extraction, clarification, evaporation, and finish with syrup crystallization into a solid commercial product, identified as NCS. Sugarcane is known to have a natural content of polyphenols, amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and complex sugars, some of which are reported as antioxidant and antiproliferative agents thought to be responsible for the product’s bioactive profile. There is evidence to suggest that traditional thermal processing to obtain NCS leads to a considerable decrease in the contents of these bioactive compounds, mainly due to uncontrolled process variables such as temperature. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to assess and compare the bioactivity of sugarcane (SC) derivatives produced under controlled thermal conditions versus the traditional method. To achieve this goal, we evaluated the cytotoxic, antioxidant, and neuroprotective effects of varying concentrations of SC derivatives in an in vitro induced Parkinson’s model. Results demonstrate non-cytotoxic activity on the cellular model by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and LDH assays, even at the highest tested concentration of 8 mg/mL, for all SC derivatives. The effect of SC derivatives on the induced oxidative stress model showed a biological reversion and recovering effect of the mitochondrial membrane potential and a halting of the progress into the early apoptosis phase. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the bioactive compounds present in SC derivatives obtained by a process under controlled temperature conditions are largely preserved, and even their biological activities are enhanced compared with SC derivatives obtained by the traditional thermal evaporation of SC-juice.
The Pivotal Role of Oxidative Stress in the Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular-Renal Remodeling in Kidney Disease
Authors: Ravarotto Verdiana , Bertoldi Giovanni , Innico Georgie , Gobbi Laura , Calò Lorenzo A.
Published: June 2021

The excessive activation of the renin-angiotensin system in kidney disease leads to alteration of intracellular pathways which concur altogether to the induction of cardiovascular and renal remodeling, exposing these patients since the very beginning of the renal injury to chronic kidney disease and progression to end stage renal disease, a very harmful and life threatening clinical condition. Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of renal injury and cardiovascular-renal remodeling, the long-term consequence of its effect. This review will examine the role of oxidative stress in the most significant pathways involved in cardiovascular and renal remodeling with a focus on the detrimental effects of oxidative stress-mediated renal abnormalities on the progression of the disease and of its complications. Food for thoughts on possible therapeutic target are proposed on the basis of experimental evidences.
Gypenosides Alleviate Cone Cell Death in a Zebrafish Model of Retinitis Pigmentosa
Authors: Li Xing , Alhasani Reem Hasaballah , Cao Yanqun , Zhou Xinzhi , He Zhiming , Zeng Zhihong , Strang Niall , Shu Xinhua
Published: June 2021

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of visual disorders caused by mutations in over 70 genes. RP is characterized by initial degeneration of rod cells and late cone cell death, regardless of genetic abnormality. Rod cells are the main consumers of oxygen in the retina, and after the death of rod cells, the cone cells have to endure high levels of oxygen, which in turn leads to oxidative damage and cone degeneration. Gypenosides (Gyp) are major dammarane-type saponins of Gynostemma pentaphyllum that are known to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. In this project we assessed the protective effect of Gyp against cone cell death in the rpgrip1 mutant zebrafish, which recapitulate the classical pathological features found in RP patients. Rpgrip1 mutant zebrafish were treated with Gyp (50 µg/g body weight) from two-months post fertilization (mpf) until 6 mpf. Gyp treatment resulted in a significant decrease in cone cell death compared to that of untreated mutant zebrafish. A markedly low level of reactive oxygen species and increased expression of antioxidant genes were detected in Gyp-incubated mutant zebrafish eyes compared to that of untreated mutant zebrafish. Similarly, the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase and the level of glutathione were significantly increased in Gyp-treated mutant zebrafish eyes compared to that of untreated mutant zebrafish. Gyp treatment also decreased endoplasmic reticulum stress in rpgrip1 mutant eyes. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines was also significantly decreased in Gyp-treated mutant zebrafish eyes compared to that of untreated mutant zebrafish. Network pharmacology analysis demonstrated that the promotion of cone cell survival by Gyp is possibly mediated by multiple hub genes and associated signalling pathways. These data suggest treatment with Gyp will benefit RP patients.
Identification of Tyrosyl Oleate as a Novel Olive Oil Lipophenol with Proliferative and Antioxidant Properties in Human Keratinocytes
Authors: Benincasa Cinzia , La Torre Chiara , Fazio Alessia , Perri Enzo , Caroleo Maria Cristina , Plastina Pierluigi , Cione Erika
Published: June 2021

Lipophenols are an emerging subclass of phenolic compounds characterized by the presence of a lipid moiety. Recently, hydroxytyrosyl oleate (HtyOle), a derivative of hydroxytyrosol, has been identified in olive oil and by-products. Furthermore, HtyOle possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and tissue regenerating properties. In this work, the potential occurrence of tyrosyl oleate (TyOle) in olive oil was investigated based on the hypothesis that its precursors tyrosol and oleic acid, both present in relatively high amount can be coupled together. Moreover, TyOle effects have been investigated in human keratinocytes to verify its proliferative and antioxidant properties. The quantitative determination of TyOle was carried out by the external standard method in liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC/MS), in negative mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). The proliferative properties of TyOle on immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCat) were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiasol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Morphological changes were observed by fluorescent staining with phalloidin (for F-actin) or 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI, for chromatin) dye. The antioxidant activity was assessed at the level of production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced with UV exposure. TyOle was identified in all the oil samples investigated. Interestingly, TyOle concentration was higher in defective or low-quality oils than in extra virgin oils. The formation of TyOle likely occurs during the crushing and kneading processes and its concentration is related to the increase of rancidity and of the concentration of free precursors. Herein we show that TyOle induced an increase in the viability of HaCat cells and cytoskeletal remodeling.
Aronia melanocarpa Products and By-Products for Health and Nutrition: A Review
Authors: Jurendić Tomislav , Ščetar Mario
Published: June 2021

Due to factors such as cultivar, fertilization, maturation or climate conditions, as well as the date of their harvest, chokeberries (Aronia melanocarpa) differ in their content of minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, fats, aroma compounds and especially polyphenols, substances exerting a beneficial impact on health. The total content of the most important ingredients, polyphenolic compounds, influence many proven chokeberry activities like antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, hypotensive, antiviral, anticancer, antiplatelet, antidiabetic and antiatherosclerotic, respectively. Polyphenolic compounds such as anthocyanins, flavonoids, procyanidins and phenolic acids in different rates and amounts are responsible for all mentioned activities. In the human body, they undergo different biotransformative processes strengthening their bioactivity inside and outside cells. The popularity of chokeberry has been significant lately because of its effects on human health and not just because of its nutritional value. The main interest in this review has been refocused on the chokeberry benefits to human health, nutritional contribution of its components, particularly polyphenolic compounds, and its physiological effects.
Microwave Pretreatment for the Extraction of Anthocyanins from Saffron Flowers: Assessment of Product Quality
Authors: Álvarez Ana , Terreros Sara , Cocero María J. , Mato Rafael B.
Published: June 2021

The potential of saffron flowers as a source of polyphenols, and in particular anthocyanins, for the extraction of bioactive compounds and the production of a cyanic colorant was analyzed. A microwave pretreatment, prior to the conventional solid–liquid extraction process, was proposed as a feasible intensification step. The effectiveness of microwave pretreatment was assessed in terms of increased yield and improved quality of the final product. The operational variables studied were the pretreatment temperature (60–120 °C) and the solid–liquid ratio (0.30–0.50 g/mL). It was found that the addition of the microwave pretreatment to the conventional process allowed one to reduce extraction time by up to 12 times and to greatly improve the characteristics of the final product, using microwave energy densities as low as 0.16–0.54 kJ/mL. The extract quality was evaluated in terms of polyphenol richness (25% increase), product composition (80% of the anthocyanins was delphinidin), antioxidant capacity (boosted by the pretreatment) and color (variations in red and blue hue depending on conditions). To conclude, a microwave pretreatment in which the material is heated to a temperature of 65 °C with a solvent ratio of 0.30 g/mL was selected as the optimum to maximize process efficiency and product quality.
A Set of Single YOLO Modalities to Detect Occluded Entities via Viewpoint Conversion
Authors: Kim Jinsoo , Cho Jeongho
Published: June 2021

For autonomous vehicles, it is critical to be aware of the driving environment to avoid collisions and drive safely. The recent evolution of convolutional neural networks has contributed significantly to accelerating the development of object detection techniques that enable autonomous vehicles to handle rapid changes in various driving environments. However, collisions in an autonomous driving environment can still occur due to undetected obstacles and various perception problems, particularly occlusion. Thus, we propose a robust object detection algorithm for environments in which objects are truncated or occluded by employing RGB image and light detection and ranging (LiDAR) bird’s eye view (BEV) representations. This structure combines independent detection results obtained in parallel through “you only look once” networks using an RGB image and a height map converted from the BEV representations of LiDAR’s point cloud data (PCD). The region proposal of an object is determined via non-maximum suppression, which suppresses the bounding boxes of adjacent regions. A performance evaluation of the proposed scheme was performed using the KITTI vision benchmark suite dataset. The results demonstrate the detection accuracy in the case of integration of PCD BEV representations is superior to when only an RGB camera is used. In addition, robustness is improved by significantly enhancing detection accuracy even when the target objects are partially occluded when viewed from the front, which demonstrates that the proposed algorithm outperforms the conventional RGB-based model.
Effect of Design Parameters on Compressive and Split Tensile Strength of Self-Compacting Concrete with Recycled Aggregate: An Overview
Authors: Jagadesh P. , Juan-Valdés Andrés , Guerra-Romero M. Ignacio , Morán-del Pozo Julia M. , García-González Julia , Martínez-García Rebeca
Published: June 2021

One of the prime objectives of this review is to understand the role of design parameters on the mechanical properties (Compressive and split tensile strength) of Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC) with recycled aggregates (Recycled Coarse Aggregates (RCA) and Recycled Fine Aggregates (RFA)). The design parameters considered for review are Water to Cement (W/C) ratio, Water to Binder (W/B) ratio, Total Aggregates to Cement (TA/C) ratio, Fine Aggregate to Coarse Aggregate (FA/CA) ratio, Water to Solid (W/S) ratio in percentage, superplasticizer (SP) content (kg/cu.m), replacement percentage of RCA, and replacement percentage of RFA. It is observed that with respect to different grades of SCC, designed parameters affect the mechanical properties of SCC with recycled aggregates.
Application of Machine Learning to Include Honking Effect in Vehicular Traffic Noise Prediction
Authors: Singh Daljeet , Francavilla Antonella B. , Mancini Simona , Guarnaccia Claudio
Published: June 2021

A vehicular road traffic noise prediction methodology based on machine learning techniques has been presented. The road traffic parameters that have been considered are traffic volume, percentage of heavy vehicles, honking occurrences and the equivalent continuous sound pressure level. Leq A method to include the honking effect in the traffic noise prediction has been illustrated. The techniques that have been used for the prediction of traffic noise are decision trees, random forests, generalized linear models and artificial neural networks. The results obtained by using these methods have been compared on the basis of mean square error, correlation coefficient, coefficient of determination and accuracy. It has been observed that honking is an important parameter and contributes to the overall traffic noise, especially in congested Indian road traffic conditions. The effects of honking noise on the human health cannot be ignored and it should be included as a parameter in the future traffic noise prediction models.
Minimum Representative Human Body Model Size Determination for Link Budget Calculation in Implanted Medical Devices
Authors: Ortego-Isasa Iñaki , Rezola Ainhoa , Gao Yue , Chen Xiaodong , Valderas Daniel
Published: June 2021

In this work, the optimum homogeneous phantom size for an equivalent whole-body electromagnetic (EM) modeling is calculated. This will enable the simple characterization of plane wave EM attenuation and far-field link budgets in Active Medical Implant (AMI) applications in the core region of the body for Industrial, Scientific, Medical and MedRadio frequency bands. A computational analysis is done to determine the optimum size in which a minimum phantom size reliably represents a whole-body situation for the corresponding frequency of operation, saving computer and laboratory resources. After the definition of a converge criterion, the computed minimum phantom size for subcutaneous applications, 0–10 mm insertion depth, is 355 × 160 × 255 mm3 for 402 MHz and 868 MHz and a cube with a side of 100 mm and 50 mm for 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz, respectively. For deep AMI applications, 10–50 mm insertion depth, the dimensions are 355 × 260 × 255 mm3 for 402 MHz and 868 MHz, and a cube with a side of 200 mm and 150 mm for 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz, respectively. A significant reduction in both computational and manufacturing resources for phantom development is thereby achieved. The verification of the model is performed by field measurements in phantoms made by aqueous solutions with sugar.
Digital (R)Evolution: Open-Source Softwares for Orthodontics
Authors: Federici Canova Fabio , Oliva Giorgio , Beretta Matteo , Dalessandri Domenico
Published: June 2021

Among the innovations that have changed modern orthodontics, the introduction of new digital technologies in daily clinical practice has had a major impact, in particular the use of 3D models of dental arches. The possibility for direct 3D capture of arches using intraoral scanners has brought many clinicians closer to the digital world. The digital revolution of orthodontic practice requires both hardware components and dedicated software for the analysis of STL models and all other files generated by the digital workflow. However, there are some negative aspects, including the need for the clinician and technicians to learn how to use new software. In this context, we can distinguish two main software types: dedicated software (i.e., developed by orthodontic companies) and open-source software. Dedicated software tend to have a much more user-friendly interface, and be easier to use and more intuitive, due to being designed and developed for a non-expert user, but very high rental or purchase costs are an issue. Therefore, younger clinicians with more extensive digital skills have begun to look with increasing interest at open-source software. The aim of the present study was to present and discuss some of the best-known open-source software for analysis of 3D models and the creation of orthodontic devices: Blue Sky Plan, MeshMixer, ViewBox, and Blender.
HMT Exerts an Anticancer Effect by Targeting PAK-1
Authors: Xu Yinzhu , Cha Jin-Sol , Lee Seon-Ok , Ryu Soo-In , Lee You-Kyung , Han Hengmin , Kim Jung-Eun , Lee Min-Ho , Lee Eun-Ok , Lee Hyo-Jeong
Published: June 2021

Heamatang (HMT) is a classic medicinal formula used in traditional Chinese and Korean medicine; it contains seven distinct components, mainly of herbal origin. HMT is used as an antiaging remedy, treating urinary disorders and increasing energy and vitality. However, the therapeutic applications of this formula have not been evaluated with evidence-based science. Therefore, we assessed HMT through various in vitro methods, including cell viability assay, fluorescence-activated cell sorting assay (FACS), Western blotting, migration assay, three-dimensional (3D) cell culture, siRNA-mediated PAK-1 knockdown, and crystal violet assays. HMT decreased PAK-1 expression in PC-3 cells and inhibited cell viability, growth, and motility. The inhibition of cell motility by HMT was correlated with PAK-1-mediated inhibition of Lim domain kinase (LIMK) and cofilin. HMT induced G1 arrest and apoptosis through the transcriptional regulation of cell cycle regulatory proteins and apoptosis-related proteins (increase in c-cas3 and inhibition of PARP and BCL-2). Moreover, HMT suppressed PAK-1 expression, leading to the inhibition of AKT activities. Finally, we showed that decursin was the active ingredient involved in the inhibitory effect of HMT on PAK-1. Our findings demonstrated that HMT exerts its anticancer influence through the inhibition of PAK-1. The HMT formula could be applied in various fields, including functional health food and pharmaceutical development.
Effect of Cylinder-by-Cylinder Variation on Performance and Gaseous Emissions of a PFI Spark Ignition Engine: Experimental and 1D Numerical Study
Authors: Teodosio Luigi , Marchitto Luca , Tornatore Cinzia , Bozza Fabio , Valentino Gerardo
Published: June 2021

Combustion stability, engine efficiency and emissions in a multi-cylinder spark-ignition internal combustion engines can be improved through the advanced control and optimization of individual cylinder operation. In this work, experimental and numerical analyses were carried out on a twin-cylinder turbocharged port fuel injection (PFI) spark-ignition engine to evaluate the influence of cylinder-by-cylinder variation on performance and pollutant emissions. In a first stage, experimental tests are performed on the engine at different speed/load points and exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates, covering operating conditions typical of Worldwide harmonized Light-duty vehicles Test Cycle (WLTC). Measurements highlighted relevant differences in combustion evolution between cylinders, mainly due to non-uniform effective in-cylinder air/fuel ratio. Experimental data are utilized to validate a one-dimensional (1D) engine model, enhanced with user-defined sub-models of turbulence, combustion, heat transfer and noxious emissions. The model shows a satisfactory accuracy in reproducing the combustion evolution in each cylinder and the temperature of exhaust gases at turbine inlet. The pollutant species (HC, CO and NOx) predicted by the model show a good agreement with the ones measured at engine exhaust. Furthermore, the impact of cylinder-by-cylinder variation on gaseous emissions is also satisfactorily reproduced. The novel contribution of present work mainly consists in the extended numerical/experimental analysis on the effects of cylinder-by-cylinder variation on performance and emissions of spark-ignition engines. The proposed numerical methodology represents a valuable tool to support the engine design and calibration, with the aim to improve both performance and emissions.
A Wireless Hand Grip Device for Motion and Force Analysis
Authors: Becerra Victor , Perales Francisco J. , Roca Miquel , Buades José M. , Miró-Julià Margaret
Published: June 2021

A prototype portable device that allows for simultaneous hand and fingers motion and precise force measurements has been. Wireless microelectromechanical systems based on inertial and force sensors are suitable for tracking bodily measurements. In particular, they can be used for hand interaction with computer applications. Our interest is to design a multimodal wireless hand grip device that measures and evaluates this activity for ludic or medical rehabilitation purposes. The accuracy and reliability of the proposed device has been evaluated against two different commercial dynamometers (Takei model 5101 TKK, Constant 14192-709E). We introduce a testing application to provide visual feedback of all device signals. The combination of interaction forces and movements makes it possible to simulate the dynamic characteristics of the handling of a virtual object by fingers and palm in rehabilitation applications or some serious games. The combination of these above mentioned technologies and open and portable software are very useful in the design of applications for assistance and rehabilitation purposes that is the main objective of the device.
Effects of Pacifiers on Peripheral Capillary Oxygen Saturation during Wake Time
Authors: Levrini Luca , Riccaboni Francesca , Maurino Vittorio , Azzi Lorenzo , Nosetti Luana
Published: June 2021

We studied the variations in peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2) during wake time in relation to pacifier use and to the following different positions: supine at 0°, supine at 30° (in babies under one year) vs. sitting (in babies between 1 and 3 years of age). We observed 54 patients under the age of three years, weighing over 1.800 g. Peripheral oxygen saturation was recorded for at least 40 min per patient in the following positions: 20 min lying supine at 0° (10 min with a pacifier and 10 min without); 20 min lying supine at 30° inclination or in a sitting position if the baby was older than one year (10 min with a pacifier and 10 min without). Pacifier use improved the peripheral oxygen saturation both in the 0° supine position, and at 30° in a sitting position. No significant differences were observed in the SpO2 levels comparing the different positions. In conclusion a pacifier thus seems to have a positive effect on respiration.