bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anatomical location of leadless pacemaker and the risk of pacing‐induced cardiomyopathy
Authors: Shantha Ghanshyam , Brock Jonathan , Singleton Matthew , Kozak Patrick , Bodziock George , Bradford Natalie , Deshmukh Abhishek , Liang Jackson J. , Pothineni Naga Venkata K. , Hranitzky Patrick , Whalen Patrick , Bhave Prashant D.
Published: May 2023

Background

It is unclear if the location of implantation of the leadless pacemaker (LP) makes a difference in the incidence of pacing‐induced cardiomyopathy (PICM).

Aim

The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of PICM based on the location of implantation of LP.

Methods

A total of 358 consecutive patients [women: 171 (48%), mean age: 73 ± 15 years] with left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) > 50%, who received an LP (Micra) between January 2017 and June 2022, formed the study cohort. Micra‐AV and Micra‐VR were implanted in 122 (34%) and 236 (66%) patients, respectively. Fluoroscopically, the location of implantation of LP in the interventricular septum (IS) was divided into two equal halves (apex/apical septum [AS] and mid/high septum [HS]). During follow‐up, PICM was defined as an EF drop of ≥10%.

Results

LP was implanted in 109 (34%) and 249 (66%) patients at AS and HS locations, respectively. During a mean 18 ± 8 months follow‐up, 28 patients (7.8%) developed PICM. Among the 249 patients with HS placement of LP, 10 (4%) developed PICM, whereas among the 109 patients with AS placement of LP, 18 (16.5%) developed PICM (p = .002). AS location was associated with a higher risk of PICM compared to HS locations (adjusted hazard ratio: 4.42, p < .001).

Conclusion

AS location of LP was associated with a higher risk of PICM compared to HS placement. Larger randomized studies are needed to confirm our findings.
The associations between relationship self‐regulation, partner regulation, and relationship outcomes: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Ferguson Elizabeth K. , Karantzas Gery C. , Marshall Emma M. , Knox Laura
Published: May 2023

The aim of this meta‐analysis was to determine whether relationship self‐regulation (changing aspects of the self for the sake of the relationship) or partner regulation (changing the partner for the sake of the self/relationship) was more strongly associated with romantic relationship quality. Twenty studies (5 on relationship self‐regulation, 15 on partner regulation; N = 15,563) were included. A moderate positive association was found between relationship self‐regulation and relationship quality (r = .42). A weak positive association was found between positive partner regulation and relationship quality (r = .14). A negative association was found between negative partner regulation strategies and relationship quality (r = −.22). Partner regulation strategies were unlikely to be successful in prompting change in targeted partners. A weak positive association was found between positive strategies and regulation success (r = .10), and a weak negative association was found between negative strategies and regulation success (r = −.09). Thus, relationship self‐regulation is more strongly associated with relationship quality than partner regulation.
Peripheral and central neuroplasticity in a mouse model of endometriosis
Authors: Castro Joel , Maddern Jessica , Erickson Andelain , Harrington Andrea M. , Brierley Stuart M.
Published: May 2023

Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is the most debilitating symptom of gynaecological disorders such as endometriosis. However, it remains unclear how sensory neurons from pelvic organs affected by endometriosis, such as the female reproductive tract, detect and transmit nociceptive events and how these signals are processed within the central nervous system (CNS). Using a previously characterized mouse model of endometriosis, we investigated whether the increased pain sensitivity occurring in endometriosis could be attributed to (i) changes in mechanosensory properties of sensory afferents innervating the reproductive tract, (ii) alterations in sensory input from reproductive organs to the spinal cord or (iii) neuroinflammation and sensitization of spinal neural circuits. Mechanosensitivity of vagina‐innervating primary afferents was examined using an ex vivo single‐unit extracellular recording preparation. Nociceptive signalling from the vagina to the spinal cord was quantified by phosphorylated MAP kinase ERK1/2 immunoreactivity. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine glial and neuronal circuit alterations within the spinal cord. We found that sensory afferents innervating the rostral, but not caudal portions of the mouse vagina, developed mechanical hypersensitivity in endometriosis. Nociceptive signalling from the vagina to the spinal cord was significantly enhanced in mice with endometriosis. Moreover, mice with endometriosis developed microgliosis, astrogliosis and enhanced substance P neurokinin‐1 receptor immunoreactivity within the spinal cord, suggesting the development of neuroinflammation and sensitization of spinal circuitry in endometriosis. These results demonstrate endometriosis‐induced neuroplasticity occurring at both peripheral and central sites of sensory afferent pathways. These findings may help to explain the altered sensitivity to pain in endometriosis and provide a novel platform for targeted pain relief treatments for this debilitating disorder.

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Economic inequalities and temporomandibular disorders: A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Minervini Giuseppe , Franco Rocco , Marrapodi Maria Maddalena , Fiorillo Luca , Cervino Gabriele , Cicciù Marco
Published: May 2023

Introduction

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a common and debilitating condition that affects millions of people globally. Despite extensive research on TMDs, the exact causes of these conditions remain unclear. However, various factors, including genetics, injury and stress, have been implicated in their development. In addition to these traditional risk factors, the literature suggests that socioeconomic status (SES) may also play a role in the development and progression of TMDs. By synthesizing the available evidence, this review will provide a comprehensive understanding of the role of SES in TMDs and will inform the development of targeted interventions to reduce the burden of these disorders among individuals with lower SES.

Methods

We conducted this systematic review followed the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) 2020. PubMed, Scopus and Lilacs were searched using the terms: ((socio‐economic status OR economic status) AND (temporomandibular disorders OR temporomandibular joint) from the inception until February 10, 2023. We applied the following questions: (P) Participants consisted of human subjects. (E) The Exposure consisted of low economic stats. (C) The Comparison: subjects reporting low economic status were compared to subjects reporting medium–high economic status. (O) The Outcome consisted of TMDs diagnosis. Review Manager version 5.2.8 (Cochrane Collaboration; 2014) software was applied to perform the pooled analysis.

Results

The included subjects in this review were 14 607. Among them, 631 reported a low economic income, 1880 a medium–high economic income, 4617 were blue‐collar workers and 7478 were white‐collar workers or entrepreneurs. Among those reporting a low economic income or belonging to the blue‐collar workers 12.93% (679/5248) presented sign/symptoms of TMD or a diagnosis of TMD whereas 10.6% (997/9358) of those with a high economic income/white‐collar worker.

Conclusion

We observed a slightly higher prevalence of TMD among individuals with a low economic income Further research is needed to better understand this relationship and to develop effective interventions to reduce the burden of TMD among individuals with low income.
Dynamic real‐time optical microscopy of oral mucosal lesions using confocal laser endomicroscopy
Authors: Farah Camile S. , Janik Maya , Woo Sook‐bin , Grew Jenny , Slim Zena , Fox Simon A.
Published: May 2023

Objectives

Confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) is a novel non‐invasive point‐of‐care optical biopsy technology that enables real‐time in vivo microscopic visualisation of cellular and tissue architecture. In this study, we assessed the diagnostic accuracy of a hand‐held fluorescence single‐fibre distal‐scanning CLE (fsdCLE) platform for diagnosing oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

Materials and Methods

Forty‐seven patients presenting with 63 distinct oral mucosal lesions were subjected to optical biopsy using a miniaturised fsdCLE system (ViewnVivo®, Optiscan Imaging Ltd) and topical exogenous acriflavine hydrochloride contrast agent before undergoing tissue biopsy and histopathological consensus review by four pathologists. CLE images were captured in vivo in real‐time during clinical examination and assessed on‐the‐fly for the presence of cellular and architectural features of OED/OSCC offering an instantaneous diagnosis. Predicted optical diagnoses were compared to definitive consensus tissue histopathology. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy were calculated for the presence/absence of dysplasia/malignancy on optical biopsy. Percentage agreement, Fleiss' kappa, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated for each assessment stage during the consensus histopathology process.

Results

Diagnostic accuracy was extremely high at 88.9%. Other metrics were sensitivity 86.8%, specificity 92%, PPV 94.3% and NPV 82.1%. One hundred percent of carcinoma cases were detected accurately using CLE in the clinic.

Conclusion

fsdCLE is a highly accurate, easy‐to‐use, rapid and slide‐free point‐of‐care in vivo optical technology for diagnosing OED/OSCC and discriminating between dysplastic and non‐dysplastic pathology. It demonstrates near‐perfect agreement with traditional consensus histopathology without the need for physical tissue biopsy.
Maternal depression, parental attributions, and adolescent psychopathology: An evaluation using observational and video‐mediated recall methods
Authors: Mudiam Kavya R. , Sheeber Lisa B. , Leve Craig , Pfeifer Jennifer H. , Allen Nicholas B.
Published: May 2023

Parenting styles associated with maternal depression are a risk factor for adolescent psychopathology, and maternal attributional styles may be a key mechanism in this relationship. Mother‐adolescent dyads (N = 180; 96 male; ages 10–15) completed in‐person interactions and then the mothers participated in a video‐mediated recall procedure to assess maternal attributions. Maternal depression was associated with negative attributions. Negative attributions were associated with low parental acceptance, aggressive parenting, and low positive parenting. Positive maternal attributions were associated with less aggressive parenting, and more positive parenting during one interaction task. Adolescent externalizing behaviors were associated with negative attributions. Future research should evaluate whether maternal attributions mediate the association between maternal depression and both parenting behaviors and adolescent mental health.
Rural disparities impact response to a web‐based physical activity self‐management intervention in COPD: A secondary analysis
Authors: Robinson Stephanie A. , Bamonti Patricia , Richardson Caroline R. , Kadri Reema , Moy Marilyn L.
Published: May 2023

Purpose

This secondary exploratory analysis examined rural‐urban differences in response to a web‐based physical activity self‐management intervention for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

Methods

Participants with COPD (N = 239 US Veterans) were randomized to either a multicomponent web‐based intervention (goal setting, iterative feedback of daily step counts, motivational and educational information, and an online community forum) or waitlist‐control for 4 months with a 12‐month follow‐up. General linear modeling estimated the impact of rural/urban status (using Rural‐Urban Commuting Area [RUCA] codes) on (1) 4‐ and 12‐month daily step‐count change compared to waitlist‐control, and (2) intervention engagement (weekly logons and participant feedback).

Findings

Rural (n = 108) and urban (n = 131) participants’ mean age was 66.7±8.8 years. Rural/urban status significantly moderated 4‐month change in daily step counts between randomization groups (p = 0.041). Specifically, among urban participants, intervention participants improved by 1500 daily steps more than waitlist‐control participants (p = 0.001). There was no difference among rural participants. In the intervention group, rural participants engaged less with the step‐count graphs on the website than urban participants at 4 months (p = 0.019); this difference dissipated at 12 months. More frequent logons were associated with greater change in daily step counts (p = 0.004); this association was not moderated by rural/urban status.

Conclusions

The web‐based intervention was effective for urban, but not rural, participants at 4 months. Rural participants were also less engaged at 4 months, which may explain differences in effectiveness. Technology‐based interventions can help address urban‐rural disparities in patients with COPD, but may also contribute to them unless resources are available to support engagement with the technology.
Face-work in Chinese routine criminal trials
Authors: Li Sitao
Published: May 2023

This article examines the performative aspect of face-to-face interactions among various legal actors and defendants in routine criminal trials in China. Using 105 trial videos as empirical data, the author develops a face-work framework to understand how an individual judge's “face”—signifying judges' legal and political roles, and their professional status—is established, protected, and enhanced during courtroom interactions. The study shows that the legal face of judges can be established by some characterizations of the nature of criminal trials such as the demarcation of legal space, the speed of the trial, and the apprising of rights to the defendants. Nevertheless, the legal face can also be disrupted by trial interactions due to judges' lack of judicial authority. Hence, Chinese judges maintain their authority through the establishment of their political face. They also use both their political face and legal face to establish their situational professional status. These interactions often lead to punitive and coercive measures against defendants in trials. While the article focuses on routine criminal trials in China, the face-work framework has the potential to explain courtroom interactions in other types of social contexts and legal proceedings.
Studying Up from the Margins in a white‐supremacist‐cis‐hetero‐patriarchal‐capitalist culture1
Authors: Valdez Natali
Published: May 2023

This article examines the citational politics of teaching, learning, and doing ethnographic projects that study up in medical anthropology by examining the references that are often cited, the ones that exist but are not widely circulated, and the gaps in between. I take a reflexive approach to understanding how my positionality shaped my path toward studying up. In so doing, I reveal the complex tensions of implementing ethnographic methods in spaces that are (intentionally) challenging to access while simultaneously being embedded within academic and social environments that are plagued by hierarchical power relations. My approach critically examines the liberal, feminist, and Marxist legacies in anthropology that have shaped traditional forms of studying up and highlights the Black, Indigenous, postcolonial, and feminist methods that are vital for understanding how to study power from the margins.
Multisensory integration by polymodal sensory neurons dictates larval settlement in a brainless cnidarian larva
Authors: Birch Sydney , Plachetzki David
Published: May 2023

Multisensory integration (MSI) combines information from more than one sensory modality to elicit behaviours distinct from unisensory behaviours. MSI is best understood in animals with complex brains and specialized centres for parsing different modes of sensory information, but dispersive larvae of sessile marine invertebrates utilize multimodal environmental sensory stimuli to base irreversible settlement decisions on, and most lack complex brains. Here, we examined the sensory determinants of settlement in actinula larvae of the hydrozoan Ectopleura crocea (Cnidaria), which possess a diffuse nerve net. A factorial settlement study revealed that photo‐, chemo‐ and mechanosensory cues each influenced the settlement response in a complex and hierarchical manner that was dependent on specific combinations of cues, an indication of MSI. Additionally, sensory gene expression over development peaked with developmental competence to settle, which in actinulae, requires cnidocyte discharge. Transcriptome analyses also highlighted several deep homological links between cnidarian and bilaterian mechano‐, chemo‐, and photosensory pathways. Fluorescent in situ hybridization studies of candidate transcripts suggested cellular partitioning of sensory function among the few cell types that comprise the actinula nervous system, where ubiquitous polymodal sensory neurons expressing putative chemo‐ and photosensitivity interface with mechanoreceptive cnidocytes. We propose a simple multisensory processing circuit, involving polymodal chemo/photosensory neurons and mechanoreceptive cnidocytes, that is sufficient to explain MSI in actinulae settlement. Our study demonstrates that MSI is not exclusive to complex brains, but likely predated and contextualized their evolution.
Genetic basis of ecologically relevant body shape variation among four genera of cichlid fishes
Authors: DeLorenzo Leah , Mathews Destiny , Brandon A. Allyson , Joglekar Mansi , Carmona Baez Aldo , Moore Emily C. , Ciccotto Patrick J. , Roberts Natalie B. , Roberts Reade B. , Powder Kara E.
Published: May 2023

Divergence in body shape is one of the most widespread and repeated patterns of morphological variation in fishes and is associated with habitat specification and swimming mechanics. Such ecological diversification is the first stage of the explosive adaptive radiation of cichlid fishes in the East African Rift Lakes. We use two hybrid crosses of cichlids (Metriaclimasp.×Aulonocarasp. andLabidochromissp.×Labeotropheussp., >975 animals total) to determine the genetic basis of body shape diversification that is similar to benthic‐pelagic divergence across fishes. Using a series of both linear and geometric shape measurements, we identified 34 quantitative trait loci (QTL) that underlie various aspects of body shape variation. These QTL are spread throughout the genome, each explaining 3.2–8.6% of phenotypic variation, and are largely modular. Further, QTL are distinct both between these two crosses of Lake Malawi cichlids and compared to previously identified QTL for body shape in fishes such as sticklebacks. We find that body shape is controlled by many genes of small effect. In all, we find that convergent body shape phenotypes commonly observed across fish clades are most likely due to distinct genetic and molecular mechanisms.
The Iran‐Israel Conflict: An Ultra‐Ideological Explanation
Authors: Roomi Farshad
Published: May 2023

Iran's enmity with Israel is ideological in the first place and strategic in the second. Iran intends through anti‐Israel actions and messaging to internally mobilize its populace and, externally, to claim the leadership of the Muslim world and strike a balance against a regional nuclear power. This article uses a critique based on constructivism and realism to reveal how Iran's confrontation with Israel has evolved historically from “identity‐ideological” to “politico‐strategic.” I argue that Iran's adoption of this approach without taking its internal and external capacities into consideration has ironically bolstered the Israeli far right, increased global sympathies for Israel, escalated Iranophobia, aligned conservative Arab states with Israel, and marginalized the issue of Palestine. To preserve its national interests and regional security, Iran needs to overcome this politico‐historical stage and replace conflict with competition.
Evidential transformer for pavement distress segmentation
Authors: Tong Zheng , Ma Tao , Zhang Weiguang , Huyan Ju
Published: May 2023

Distress segmentation assigns each pixel of a pavement image to one distress class or background, which provides a simplified representation for distress detection and measurement. Even though remarkably benefiting from deep learning, distress segmentation still faces the problems of poor calibration and multimodel fusion. This study has proposed a deep neural network by combining the Dempster–Shafer theory (DST) and a transformer network for pavement distress segmentation. The network, called the evidential segmentation transformer, uses its transformer backbone to obtain pixel‐wise features from input images. The features are then converted into pixel‐wise mass functions by a DST‐based evidence layer. The pixel‐wise masses are utilized for performing distress segmentation based on the pignistic criterion. The proposed network is iteratively trained by a new learning strategy, which represents uncertain information of ambiguous pixels by mass functions. In addition, an evidential fusion strategy is proposed to fuse heterogeneous transformers with different distress classes. Experiments using three public data sets (Pavementscape, Crack500, and CrackDataset) show that the proposed networks achieve state‐of‐the‐art accuracy and calibration on distress segmentation, which allows for measuring the distress shapes more accurately and stably. The proposed fusion strategy combines heterogeneous transformers while remaining a performance not less than those of the individual networks on their respective data sets. Thus, the fusion strategy makes it possible to use the existing networks to build a more general and accurate one for distress segmentation.
V180I genetic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease: Severe degeneration of the inferior olivary nucleus in an autopsied patient with identification of the M2T prion strain
Authors: Watanabe Midori , Nakamura Kosei , Saito Rie , Takeuchi Atsuko , Takahashi Tetsuya , Kitamoto Tetsuyuki , Onodera Osamu , Kakita Akiyoshi
Published: May 2023

Genetic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease (gCJD) with a V180I mutation (V180I gCJD) is the most common type of gCJD in Japan, characterized by an older age at onset, slower progression, and moderate to severe cortical degeneration with spongiform changes and sparing of the brainstem and cerebellum. Degeneration of the inferior olivary nucleus (IO) is rarely observed in patients with CJD but is known to occur in fatal familial insomnia (FFI) and MM2‐thalamic‐type sporadic CJD (sCJD‐MM2T) involving type 2 prion protein (M2T prion). Here we report on an 81‐year‐old Japanese woman who initially developed depressive symptoms followed by progressive cognitive impairment, myoclonus, and hallucinations and died after a clinical course of 23 months. Insomnia was not evident. Genetic analysis of the prion protein (PrP) identified a V180I mutation with methionine/valine heterozygosity at codon 129. Pathologic analysis demonstrated extensive spongiform degeneration, neuronal loss in the cortices, and weak synaptic‐type PrP deposition. Except for IO degeneration, the clinicopathologic features and Western blotting PrP band pattern were compatible with those of previously reported V180I gCJD cases. Quantitative analysis revealed that the neuronal density of the IO, especially in the dorsal area, was considerably reduced to the same extent as that of a patient with sCJD‐MM2T but preserved in other patients with V180I gCJD and sCJD‐MM1 (this patient, 2.3 ± 0.53/mm2; a patient with sCJD‐MM2T, 4.2 ± 2; a patient with V180I gCJD, 60.5 ± 9.3; and a patient with sCJD‐MM1, 84.5 ± 17.9). Use of the protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) method confirmed the presence of the M2T prion strain, suggesting that the latter might be associated with IO degeneration in V180I gCJD. Autopsy studies are necessary to better understand the nature of CJD, since even if patients present with the common clinical picture, pathologic analysis might provide new insights, as was the case here.
The mycorrhizal root‐shoot axis elicits Coffea arabica growth under low phosphate conditions
Authors: Chialva Matteo , Patono Davide Lucien , de Souza Leonardo Perez , Novero Mara , Vercellino Sara , Maghrebi Moez , Morgante Michele , Lovisolo Claudio , Vigani Gianpiero , Fernie Alisdair , Fiorilli Valentina , Lanfranco Luisa , Bonfante Paola
Published: May 2023

Coffee is one of the most traded commodities world‐wide. As with 70% of land plants, coffee is associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, but the molecular bases of this interaction are unknown.

We studied the mycorrhizal phenotype of two commercially important Coffea arabica cultivars (‘Typica National’ and ‘Catimor Amarillo’), upon Funnelliformis mosseae colonisation grown under phosphorus limitation, using an integrated functional approach based on multi‐omics, physiology and biochemistry.

The two cultivars revealed a strong biomass increase upon mycorrhization, even at low level of fungal colonisation, improving photosynthetic efficiency and plant nutrition. The more important iconic markers of AM symbiosis were activated: We detected two gene copies of AM‐inducible phosphate (Pt4), ammonium (AM2) and nitrate (NPF4.5) transporters, which were identified as belonging to the C. arabica parental species (C. canephora and C. eugenioides) with both copies being upregulated. Transcriptomics data were confirmed by ions and metabolomics analyses, which highlighted an increased amount of glucose, fructose and flavonoid glycosides.

In conclusion, both coffee cultivars revealed a high responsiveness to the AM fungus along their root‐shoot axis, showing a clear‐cut re‐organisation of the major metabolic pathways, which involve nutrient acquisition, carbon fixation, and primary and secondary metabolism.
FC2 stabilizes POR and suppresses ALA formation in the tetrapyrrole biosynthesis pathway
Authors: Fan Tingting , Roling Lena , Hedtke Boris , Grimm Bernhard
Published: May 2023

During photoperiodic growth, the light‐dependent nature of chlorophyll synthesis in angiosperms necessitates robust control of the production of 5‐aminolevulinic acid (ALA), the rate‐limiting step in the initial stage of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis (TBS). We are interested in dissecting the post‐translational control of this process, which suppresses ALA synthesis for chlorophyll synthesis in dark‐grown plants.

Using biochemical approaches for analysis of Arabidopsis wild‐type (WT) and mutant lines as well as complementation lines, we show that the heme‐synthesizing ferrochelatase 2 (FC2) interacts with protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase and the regulator FLU which both promote the feedback‐controlled suppression of ALA synthesis by inactivation of glutamyl‐tRNA reductase, thus preventing excessive accumulation of potentially deleterious tetrapyrrole intermediates.

Thereby, FC2 stabilizes POR by physical interaction. When the interaction between FC2 and POR is perturbed, suppression of ALA synthesis is attenuated and photoreactive protochlorophyllide accumulates. FC2 is anchored in the thylakoid membrane via its membrane‐spanning CAB (chlorophyll‐a‐binding) domain.

FC2 is one of the two isoforms of ferrochelatase catalyzing the last step of heme synthesis. Although FC2 belongs to the heme‐synthesizing branch of TBS, its interaction with POR potentiates the effects of the GluTR‐inactivation complex on the chlorophyll‐synthesizing branch and ensures reciprocal control of chlorophyll and heme synthesis.
Growth, physiology, and stomatal parameters of plant polyploids grown under ice age, present‐day, and futureCO2concentrations
Authors: Šmarda Petr , Klem Karel , Knápek Ondřej , Veselá Barbora , Veselá Kristýna , Holub Petr , Kuchař Vít , Šilerová Alexandra , Horová Lucie , Bureš Petr
Published: May 2023

Polyploidy plays an important role in plant evolution, but knowledge of its eco‐physiological consequences, such as of the putatively enlarged stomata of polyploid plants, remains limited. Enlarged stomata should disadvantage polyploids at low CO2concentrations (namely during the Quaternary glacial periods) because larger stomata are viewed as less effective at CO2uptake.

We observed the growth, physiology, and epidermal cell features of 15 diploids and their polyploid relatives cultivated under glacial, present‐day, and potential future atmospheric CO2concentrations (200, 400, and 800 ppm respectively).

We demonstrated some well‐known polyploidy effects, such as faster growth and larger leaves, seeds, stomata, and other epidermal cells. The stomata of polyploids, however, tended to be more elongated than those of diploids, and contrary to common belief, they had no negative effect on the CO2uptake capacity of polyploids. Moreover, polyploids grew comparatively better than diploids even at low, glacial CO2concentrations. Higher polyploids with large genomes also showed increased operational stomatal conductance and consequently, a lower water‐use efficiency.

Our results point to a possible decrease in growth superiority of polyploids over diploids in a current and future high CO2climatic scenarios, as well as the possible water and/or nutrient dependency of higher polyploids.
Satellite Rod Fixation around Rod‐fracture Area in Revision Surgery after Three‐column Osteotomy for Severe Kyphoscoliosis
Authors: Liu Dun , Shi Benlong , Liu Zhen , Sun Xu , Zhu Zezhang , Qiu Yong
Published: May 2023

Objective

Three‐column osteotomy (3CO) is considered valuable and increasingly utilized in the surgical treatment of severe spine deformity while associated with high implant‐related complications and revision risks. This study aims to evaluate the feasibility and clinical outcomes of satellite rod fixation used around the rod‐fracture area in revision surgery due to rod fracture after 3CO.

Methods

Twenty‐five patients applying satellite rod fixation in revision surgery from August 2012 to May 2016 were retrospectively reviewed as the SR group. Patients undergoing revision surgery with traditional strategy after 3CO due to rod‐fracture were selected as the TR group. Cobb angle, distance between C7 plumb line and center sacral vertical line (C7PL‐CSVL), global kyphosis (GK) and sagittal vertical axis (SVA) were assessed. Patients were required to fulfill the Scoliosis Research Society‐22 questionnaire (SRS‐22) at pre‐revision and the last follow‐up. The paired t test was used to analyze the difference among pre‐revision, post‐revision and last follow‐up.

Results

There was no statistical difference in terms of age, gender, body mass index (BMI), fusion level at 1st surgery, and follow‐up period between SR and TR group (all P > 0.05). The operation time (1.5 ± 0.7 h vs 3.2 ± 0.9 h, P < 0.001) and intraoperative blood loss (178 ± 51 mL vs 324 ± 96 mL, P < 0.001) were significantly higher in the TR group. Patients in both groups obtained obvious deformity correction after revision surgery. For patients in SR group, the coronal Cobb angle significantly improved from 27.9 ± 21.5° at pre‐revision to 21.8 ± 16.6° at post‐revision (P = 0.034). The C7PL‐CSVL decreased from 22.6 ± 14.3 mm to 21.3 ± 10.9 mm (P = 0.719). Similarly, improvement was attained in post‐revision GK (25.8 ± 17.0° vs 20.2 ± 15.1°, P = 0.061). SVA was corrected from 35.6 ± 33.9 mm to 30.8 ± 24.3 mm after revision (P = 0.182). At the last follow‐up, no significant correction loss was observed in both coronal and sagittal parameters (all P > 0.05). All patients responded to the SRS‐22 questionnaire and all the domains showed improvements in different levels. As compared to the TR group, the SR group had significantly better pain and management satisfaction scores (all P < 0.05). Additionally, there was no reoccurrence of implant failure during follow‐up and all patients achieved solid bony fusion in SR group.

Conclusion

Satellite rod fixation around rod‐fracture area is indicated for patients in the requirement of revision surgeries due to rod fracture after 3CO. Compared with traditional revision strategies, revision surgery with satellite rods, if patients are selected adequately, is a simpler procedure with less intraoperative blood loss and shorter operating time.
Imaging fibrosis in pediatric kidney transplantation: A pilot study
Authors: Elsingergy Mohamed M. , Viteri Bernarda , Otero Hansel J. , Bhatti Tricia , Morales Tatiana , Roberts Timothy P. L. , Amaral Sandra , Hartung Erum , Serai Suraj D.
Published: May 2023

Background

Noninvasive alternatives to biopsy for assessment of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA), the major determinant of kidney transplant failure, remain profoundly limited. Elastography is a noninvasive technique that propagates shear waves across tissues to measure their stiffness. We aimed to test utility of elastography for early detection of IFTA in pediatric kidney allografts.

Methods

We compared ultrasound (USE) and MR elastography (MRE) stiffness measurements, performed on pediatric transplant recipients referred for clinically indicated biopsies, and healthy controls.

Results

Ten transplant recipients (median age 16 years) and eight controls (median age 16.5 years) were enrolled. Three transplant recipients had “stable” allografts and seven had Banff Grade 1 IFTA. Median time from transplantation to biopsy was 12 months. Mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was 61.5 mL/min/1.73m2 by creatinine‐cystatin‐C CKiD equation at time of biopsy. Mean stiffness, calculated through one‐way ANOVA, was higher for IFTA allografts (23.4 kPa USE/5.6 kPa MRE) than stable allografts (13.7 kPa USE/4.4 kPa MRE) and controls (9.1 kPa USE/3.6 kPa MRE). Pearson's coefficient between USE and MRE stiffness values was strong (r = .97). AUC for fibrosis prediction in transplanted kidneys was high for both modalities (0.91 USE and 0.89 MRE), although statistically nonsignificant (p > .05). Stiffness cut‐off values for USE and MRE were 13.8 kPa and 4.6 kPa, respectively. Both values yielded a sensitivity of 100% but USE specificity (72%) was slightly higher than MRE (67%).

Conclusion

Elastography shows potential for detection of low‐grade IFTA in allografts although a larger sample is imperative for clinical validation.
About time: Temporal control and illegality in Nashville, Tennessee
Authors: Flores Andrea
Published: May 2023

This article examines how time creates immigrant il/legality. It centers on a young, undocumented immigrant who was stopped by police following a traffic violation and held in custody pending potential deportation. However, he was ultimately released due to previously filed legal claims. Through the case, I demonstrate how he, his lawyer, the police, and his everyday contacts advance or attempt to thwart his claims to legality through advancing different, and often moralized, notions of time. Specifically, I show how these actors tie legality to specific points in time, or periods of time, including age. A temporal focus reveals the flexibility of il/legality and how non‐state actors—including undocumented immigrants themselves—wrest control over their lives and participate in defining the legal. The limits of temporal control, evidenced in the arbitrary nature of timing itself, also demonstrate the ultimate serendipity of legality.
Budding of ascospores in Colletotrichum lindemuthianum
Authors: Martins Ana Carolina Faria , Dias Mariana Andrade , Pereira Fernanda Aparecida Castro , Mendes‐Costa Maria Cristina , de Souza Elaine Aparecida
Published: May 2023

Common bean anthracnose is one of the main fungal diseases that affect the crop. The disease is caused by the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, anamorph, which has wide variability as well as its teleomorph. Sexual reproduction is the main mechanism of increasing genetic variability in fungi, therefore the study of morphological characteristics and their sexual structures are important. Homothallic strains of the pathogen have shown the production of new ascospores via mitosis after the sexual cycle. As a result of each mitotic division there are two ascospores with amygdaliform and/or allantoid morphology. In this work the characterization of this phenomenon is described as budding. This is the first report on the occurrence of ascospore budding in the genus Colletotrichum. The homothallic strain UFLA84‐1 was used. Analyses of light microscopy, fluorescence and high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy were used for the description of the budding process. Cytological analyses were carried out to estimate the dimension of ascospores, budding percentage and colony type. The budding cycle is described in six stages, and the complete process develops after the release of all ascospores from an ascus. The ascospores from this process can present both morphologies and bud growth can be apical or lateral. Sexual reproduction is a mechanism of genetic recombination and the budding process increases the number of ascospores generated by meiosis and may therefore represent an adaptive advantage of the pathogen.
Rules as policy data? Measuring and linking policy substance and legislative context
Authors: Hurka Steffen , Knill Christoph , Steinebach Yves
Published: May 2023

There is growing scholarly interest in analyzing changes in policies, laws, and regulations. Some concepts depart from the goal of identifying changes in policy substance. Other contributions have concentrated on the structural characteristics of laws and regulations containing these substantive changes. Extracting measures of policy substance from legislative texts is a challenging and time‐consuming endeavor as it requires the manual assessment and coding of legal acts. The assessment of the structural characteristics of laws and regulations, by contrast, can be done applying automated natural language processing. An important critical question is, thus, whether we can combine these approaches and simplify the information extraction by inferring changes in the policy substance from the legislative context in which these changes are embedded. Examining more than 100 legal acts in the area of EU environmental and climate policy, we find that the measures capturing policy substance and the structural characteristics of legal acts context are not systematically linked. In other words: changes in the structural features of legal acts cannot be used as an approximation for changes in policy substance. We conclude by sketching out a research agenda when (and when not) to use the different concepts and related measurements.
Association between flexibility activity and blood‐pressure change among older adults in Japan: A 5‐year longitudinal study
Authors: Abe Takafumi , Okuyama Kenta , Kamada Masamitsu , Kitayuguchi Jun , Hamano Tsuyoshi , Waki Hidefumi , Nabika Toru , Isomura Minoru , Sundquist Kristina
Published: May 2023

This longitudinal study examined the relationship between flexibility‐activity and blood‐pressure (BP) change among older adults in Japan. Our study included 452 older adults who took part in our survey in both 2012/2013 and 2017/2018. The seated systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP) were measured both at baseline and at the 5 years follow‐up. The frequencies of the different physical activities at baseline were assessed using a questionnaire. A generalized linear mixed model was used to estimate the non‐standardized coefficient (B) of BP change associated with flexibility activity, after adjustments for sex, age, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, antihypertensive medication use, history of heart disease, walking time, and muscle‐strengthening activity as a fixed‐effect, and area of residence as a random‐effect. Higher flexibility‐activity frequency was significantly associated with reduced SBP (B = ‐0.77 [95% confidence intervals = −1.36, −0.18],pfor linear trend = 0.01,pfor quadratic trend = 0.85) and DBP (−0.33 [−0.71, 0.05],pfor linear trend = 0.09,pfor quadratic trend = 0.04). Engaging in flexibility activity for 3 days per week was significantly associated with a reduction in DBP (B = −4.16, 95% CI [−7.53, −0.79],p = 0.02) compared with that in the reference group (0 days per week). Interaction tests were not significant between basic variables (sex, age, BMI, and antihypertensive medication) and flexibility. In conclusion, higher flexibility activity frequency was associated with a reduction in BP in older adults. Future longitudinal and interventional studies should examine the effects of flexibility activity on cardiovascular disease prevention.
The novel HLA‐A*02:07:23 allele, identified by Sanger dideoxy nucleotide sequencing in a Chinese individual
Authors: Guo Liu‐Jun , Zhang Zi‐Lu , Zheng Zhong‐Zheng , Du Ke‐Ming , Cai Xiao‐Hong
Published: May 2023

HLA‐A*02:07:23 differs from HLA‐A*02:07:01:01 by one nucleotide in exon 2.
Linguistic Relativity in Cross‐Cultural Context: Converging Evidence From Neuroanthropology
Authors: Downey Greg , Gillett Alexander J.
Published: May 2023

Kemmerer's discussion of links between semantic typology and embodied cognition is welcome, especially his survey of available evidence. Focusing on mechanisms of embodied enculturation, however, we must understand that language is just one part of developmental assemblies that shape cognition, alongside other cultural elements such as sensory learning, behavior patterns, social interactions, and emotional experience. We believe that a source of this problem is an obsolete definition of “culture” as shared mental information that is inconsistent with models of embodied cognition and yet pervasive in human and cognitive sciences. We point to microethnographies of cognitive ecologies as a tractable remedy.
Different photorespiratory mechanisms in conifer leaves, where peroxisomes have intrinsically low catalase activity
Authors: Miyazawa Shin‐Ichi , Ujino‐Ihara Tokuko , Miyama Takafumi , Tahara Ko , Tobita Hiroyuki , Suzuki Yuji , Nishiguchi Mitsuru
Published: May 2023

Photorespiration is an essential metabolic mechanism associated with photosynthesis; however, little is known about the photorespiratory pathway of conifer gymnosperms. Metabolite analyses of the leaves of 27 tree species showed that the mean glycerate content in conifer leaves was lower than that in angiosperm leaves. We performed experiments where [13C]‐serine was fed to detached shoots of a conifer (Cryptomeria japonica), via the transpiration stream, and compared the labeling patterns of photorespiratory metabolites with those of an angiosperm tree (Populus nigra), because glycerate is produced from serine via hydroxypyruvate in peroxisomes. In P. nigra, hydroxypyruvate, glycerate and glycine were labeled with 13C, whereas in C. japonica, glycolate and a non‐canonical photorespiratory metabolite, formate, were also labeled, suggesting that an H2O2‐mediated non‐enzymatic decarboxylation (NED) reaction occurs in C. japonica. We analyzed changes in the metabolite contents of leaves kept in the dark and leaves exposed to illuminated photorespiration‐promoting conditions: a positive relationship between formate and serine levels in C. japonica implied that the active C1‐metabolism pathway synthesizes serine from formate. Leaf gas exchange analyses revealed that CO2 produced through NED was recaptured by chloroplasts. Database analysis of the peroxisomal targeting signal motifs of an H2O2‐scavenging enzyme, catalase, derived from various species, including nine coniferous species, as well as analyses of peroxisomal fractions isolated from C. japonica and P. nigra leaves indicated that conifer peroxisomes had less catalase activity. These results suggest that NED and the subsequent C1 metabolism are involved in the photorespiratory pathway of conifer leaves, where peroxisomes have intrinsically low catalase activity.
A note on abelian cubulated groups
Authors: Munro Zachary
Published: May 2023

Any abelian group acting freely on a cube complex is free abelian.
Tau pathology epigenetically remodels the neuron-glial cross-talk in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Zhou Lan-Ting , Liu Dan , Kang Hui-Cong , Lu Lu , Huang He-Zhou , Ai Wen-Qing , Zhou Yang , Deng Man-Fei , Li Hao , Liu Zhi-Qiang , Zhang Wei-Feng , Hu Ya-Zhuo , Han Zhi-Tao , Zhang Hong-Hong , Jia Jian-Jun , Sarkar Avijite Kumer , Sharaydeh Saldin , Wang Jie , Man Heng-Ye , Schilling Marcel , Bertram Lars , Lu Youming , Guo Ziyuan , Zhu Ling-Qiang
Published: May 2023

The neuron-glia cross-talk is critical to brain homeostasis and is particularly affected by neurodegenerative diseases. How neurons manipulate the neuron-astrocyte interaction under pathological conditions, such as hyperphosphorylated tau, a pathological hallmark in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), remains elusive. In this study, we identified excessively elevated neuronal expression of adenosine receptor 1 (Adora1 or A1R) in 3×Tg mice, MAPT P301L (rTg4510) mice, patients with AD, and patient-derived neurons. The up-regulation of A1R was found to be tau pathology dependent and posttranscriptionally regulated by Mef2c via miR-133a-3p. Rebuilding the miR-133a-3p/A1R signal effectively rescued synaptic and memory impairments in AD mice. Furthermore, neuronal A1R promoted the release of lipocalin 2 (Lcn2) and resulted in astrocyte activation. Last, silencing neuronal Lcn2 in AD mice ameliorated astrocyte activation and restored synaptic plasticity and learning/memory. Our findings reveal that the tau pathology remodels neuron-glial cross-talk and promotes neurodegenerative progression. Approaches targeting A1R and modulating this signaling pathway might be a potential therapeutic strategy for AD.
Age-related loss of chromosome Y is associated with levels of sex hormone binding globulin and clonal hematopoiesis defined by
TET2
,
TP53
, and
CBL
mutations
Authors: Dawoud Ahmed A. Z. , Tapper William J. , Cross Nicholas C. P.
Published: May 2023

Mosaic loss of the Y-chromosome (LOY) in peripheral blood leukocytes is the most common somatic alteration in men and linked to wide range of malignant and nonmalignant conditions. LOY is associated with age, smoking, and constitutional genetics. Here, we aimed to assess the relationships between LOY, serum biomarkers, and clonal hematopoiesis (CH). LOY in U.K. Biobank was strongly associated with levels of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), a key regulator of testosterone bioavailability. Mendelian randomization suggested a causal effect of SHBG on LOY but there was no evidence for an effect of LOY on SHBG. In contrast, age-related CH defined by somatic driver mutations was not associated with SHBG but was associated with LOY at clonal fractions above 30%.
TET2
,
TP53
, and
CBL
mutations were enriched in LOY cases, but
JAK2
V617F was depleted. Our findings thus identify independent relationships between LOY, sex hormone levels, and CH.
Diversification of ranunculaceous petals in shape supports a generalized model for plant lateral organ morphogenesis and evolution
Authors: Cheng Jie , Yao Xu , Li Xukun , Yue Liang , Duan Xiaoshan , Li Boka , Fu Xuehao , Li Shuixian , Shan Hongyan , Yin Xiaofeng , Whitewoods Christopher , Coen Enrico , Kong Hongzhi
Published: May 2023

Peltate organs, such as the prey-capturing traps of carnivorous plants and nectary-bearing petals of ranunculaceous species, are widespread in nature and have intrigued and perplexed scientists for centuries. Shifts in the expression domains of adaxial/abaxial genes have been shown to control leaf peltation in some carnivorous plants, yet the mechanisms underlying the generation of other peltate organs remain unclear. Here, we show that formation of various peltate ranunculaceous petals was also caused by shifts in the expression domains of adaxial/abaxial genes, followed by differentiated regional growth sculpting the margins and/or other parts of the organs. By inducing parameters to specify the time, position, and degree of the shifts and growth, we further propose a generalized modeling system, through which various unifacial, bifacial, and peltate organs can be simulated. These results demonstrate the existence of a hierarchical morphospace system and pave the way to understand the mechanisms underlying plant organ diversification.