bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Tensile Strain on Thermal Properties of Graphene
Authors: Alofi Ayman Salman , Srivastava Gyaneshwar P.
Published: February 2014

We have employed a semicontinuum model to investigate the effect of tensile strain on thermal properties of graphene. Analytical expressions derived by Nihira and Iwata for phonon dispersion relations and vibrational density of states are employed, based on the semicontinuum model proposed by Komatsu and Nagamiya. The thermal conductivity is computed within the framework of Callaway’s effective relaxation time theory. It is found that thermal properties of graphene are quite sensitive to tensile strain. In the presence of tensile strain, the specific heat increases but the thermal conductivity decreases.
The Materials Science of Field-Responsive Fluids
Authors: Phulé Pradeep P. , Ginder John M.
Published: February 2014

Scientists and engineers are most familiar with single-crystal or polycrystalline field-responsive or “smart” materials with responses typically occurring while the materials remain in the solid state. This issue of MRS Bulletin focuses on another class of field-responsive materials that exhibits a rapid, reversible, and tunable transition from a liquidlike, free-flowing state to a solidlike state upon the application of an external field. These materials demonstrate dramatic changes in their rheological behavior in response to an externally applied electric or magnetic field and are known as electrorheological (ER) fluids or magnetorheological (MR) fluids, respectively. They are often described as Bingham plastics, and exhibit a strong field-dependent shear modulus and a yield stress that must be overcome to initiate gross material deformation or flow. Prototypical ER fluids consist of linear dielectric particles (such as silica, titania, and zeolites) dispersed in nonconductive liquids such as silicone oils. Homogeneous liquid-crystalline (LC) polymerbased ER fluids have also been recently reported. MR fluids are based on ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic, magnetically nonlinear particles (e.g., iron, nickel, cobalt, and ceramic ferrites) dispersed in organic or “aqueous liquids. Unlike ER and MR fluids, ferrofluids (or magnetic fluids), which are stable dispersions of nanosized superparamagnetic particulates (~5–10 nm) of such materials as iron oxide, do not develop a yield stress on application of a magnetic field. Applications of ferrofluids are primarily in the area of sealing devices (see Rosensweig for more information). Since ferrofluids are well-known and have been extensively discussed elsewhere in the literature, they will not be treated in detail here.
Sarcoid-like paracoccidioidomycosis presenting with perineural granuloma
Authors: Müller Silvia Ferreira Rodrigues , Miranda Mario Fernando Ribeiro de
Published: February 2014

Paracoccidioidomycosis presenting as a sarcoid-like plaque may be misdiagnosed as leprosy, especially when shared endemic areas are concerned. We report the case of a Brazilian male patient presenting with an ulcerated plaque on his left ear and neighboring areas. The plaque simulated tuberculoid leprosy type 1 reaction, both clinically and histopathologically. A perineural granuloma with no organisms detected by routine and Fite-Faraco staining reinforced that diagnosis. Paracoccidioidomycosis was confirmed only after a second biopsy, taken from the ulcerated area.
A recombinant bovine herpesvirus 5 defective in thymidine kinase and glycoprotein E is attenuated and immunogenic for calves
Authors: Anziliero Deniz , Santos Cyndia M. B. dos , Bauermann Fernando V. , Cardozo Leila , Bernardes Lucas M. , Brum Mário C. S. , Weiblen Rudi , Flores Eduardo Furtado
Published: February 2014

Bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV-5) is an important pathogen of cattle in South America and efforts have been made to produce safer and more effective vaccines. In addition to afford protection, herpesvirus vaccines should allow serological differentiation of vaccinated from naturally, latently infected animals. We previously reported the construction and characterization in vitro of a double mutant BoHV-5 (BoHV-5gE/TK Δ) lacking the genes encoding thymidine kinase (tk) for attenuation, and glycoprotein E (gE) as the antigenic marker, as a vaccine candidate strain (Brum et al. 2010a). The present article reports an investigation on the attenuation and immunogenicity of this recombinant in calves. In a first experiment, 80 to 90-day-old seronegative calves (n=6) inoculated intranasally with the recombinant (titer of 10(7.5)TCID50) shed virus in low to moderate titers in nasal secretions for up to 6 days, yet did not develop any respiratory, systemic or neurological signs of infection. At day 30 post-infection (pi) all calves had BoHV-5 specific neutralizing (VN) antibodies in titers of 4 to 8 and were negative for anti-gE antibodies in a commercial ELISA test. Administration of dexamethasone (0.1mg/kg/day during 5 days) to four of these calves at day 42 pi did not result in virus shedding or increase in VN titers, indicating lack of viral reactivation. Secondly, a group of 8-month-old calves (n=9) vaccinated intramuscularly (IM) with the recombinant virus (10(7.5)TCID50/animal) did not shed virus in nasal secretions, remained healthy and developed VN titers from 2 to 8 at day 42 post-vaccination (pv), remaining negative for gE antibodies. Lastly, 21 calves (around 10 months old) maintained under field conditions were vaccinated IM with the recombinant virus (titer of 10(7.3)TCID50). All vaccinated animals developed VN titers from 2 to 16 at day 30 pv. A boost vaccination performed at day 240 pv resulted in a rapid and strong anamnestic antibody response, with VN titers reaching from 16 to 256 at day 14 post-booster. Again, serum samples remained negative for gE antibodies. Selected serum samples from vaccinated animals showed a broad VN activity against nine BoHV-5 and eight BoHV-1 field isolates. These results show that the recombinant virus is attenuated, immunogenic for calves and induces an antibody response differentiable from that induced by natural infection. Thus, the recombinant BoHV-5gE/TKΔ is an adequate candidate strain for a modified live vaccine.
Estimating unbiased phenological trends by adapting site‐occupancy models
Authors: Roth Tobias , Strebel Nicolas , Amrhein Valentin
Published: February 2014

As a response to climate warming, many animals and plants have been found to shift phenologies, such as appearance in spring or timing of reproduction. However, traditional measures for shifts in phenology that are based on observational data likely are biased due to a large influence of population size, observational effort, starting date of a survey, or other causes that may affect the probability of detecting a species. Understanding phenological responses of species to climate change, however, requires a robust measure that could be compared among studies and study years. Here, we developed a new method for estimating arrival and departure dates based on site‐occupancy models. Using simulated data, we show that our method provided virtually unbiased estimates of phenological events even if detection probability or the number of sites occupied by the species is changing over time. To illustrate the flexibility of our method, we analyzed spring arrival of two long‐distance migrant songbirds and the length of the flight period of two butterfly species, using data from a long‐term biodiversity monitoring program in Switzerland. In contrast to many birds that migrate short distances, the two long‐distance migrant songbirds tended to postpone average spring arrival by ∼0.5 days per year between 1995 and 2012. Furthermore, the flight period of the short‐distance‐flying butterfly species apparently became even shorter over the study period, while the flight period of the longer‐distance‐flying butterfly species remained relatively stable. Our method could be applied to temporally and spatially extensive data from a wide range of monitoring programs and citizen science projects, to help unravel how species and communities respond to global warming.
Water mass characteristics and solar illumination influence leatherback turtle dive patterns at high latitudes
Authors: Hamelin Kayla M. , Kelley Daniel E. , Taggart Christopher T. , James Michael C.
Published: February 2014

Eastern Canada hosts one of the largest seasonal aggregations of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) in the Atlantic Ocean, and is considered critical foraging habitat. Explaining distributional variation of leatherbacks in this three‐dimensional habitat is relevant to the recovery strategy for this endangered species as human activities are a leading cause of mortality. We identify high‐resolution spatial and temporal patterns in leatherback movements, and associated environmental variables shaping leatherback habitat use in Atlantic Canadian foraging waters. Data loggers were deployed on three female leatherbacks off Halifax, Nova Scotia, and were recovered during subsequent nesting in South and Central America. Time (0.5 Hz), depth (±1 m), water temperature (±0.1°C), and location data were recorded and analyzed for the period when the turtles were resident in their Canadian foraging domain. We demonstrate that leatherback dives are primarily restricted to the main thermocline, suggesting a food‐related water mass association. We also identified low‐ and high‐frequency periodicities in turtle depth‐at‐time, reflecting a diel pattern triggered by nautical twilight and dive periods of 8–10 minutes. We further demonstrate that dive frequency is a function of seasonal change in daylight. Our findings illustrate that solar illumination influences leatherback diving in north temperate waters, consistent with turtles using visual cues for foraging.
Effects of Photodynamic Therapy on Clinical and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Inflammatory Biomarkers in Chronic Periodontitis: A Split‐Mouth Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Pourabbas Reza , Kashefimehr Atabak , Rahmanpour Nasrin , Babaloo Zohreh , Kishen Anil , Tenenbaum Howard C. , Azarpazhooh Amir
Published: February 2014

Background: There are limited clinical experiments addressing the effects of photodynamic therapy (PDT) as an adjunct to conventional scaling and root planing (SRP) on clinical and biologic features of periodontitis. This trial compares the clinical parameters and cytokine profiles in gingival crevicular fluid of patients with moderate‐to‐severe chronic periodontitis (CP) who have been treated using SRP alone or SRP + PDT.

Methods: Twenty‐two patients with two contralateral teeth affected with moderate‐to‐severe CP were selected. After SRP, the participants’ teeth were randomized to receive either no further treatment or a single application of PDT using a 638‐nm laser and toluidine blue. Although the change in probing depth was the primary outcome, bleeding on probing, clinical attachment level, gingival recession, interleukin‐1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, and matrix metalloproteinase 8 and 9 were also evaluated at baseline and 3 months postintervention. An oral rinse assay was also performed to determine the total levels of oral polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) before and 3 months after the treatments.

Results: Within each group, significant improvements (P <0.001) were found for all variables in 3‐month follow‐up compared with baseline. Only TNF‐α was significantly improved in the PDT + SRP versus SRP group. Total levels of PMNs were reduced for all patients compared with baseline levels (P <0.001).

Conclusion: In patients with CP, a single application of PDT (using a 638‐nm laser and toluidine blue) did not provide any additional benefit to SRP in terms of clinical parameters or inflammatory markers 3 months following the intervention.
Mortality Differentials by Immigrant Groups in Sweden: The Contribution of Socioeconomic Position
Authors: Rostila Mikael , Fritzell Johan
Published: February 2014

Objectives. We studied mortality differentials between specific groups of foreign-born immigrants in Sweden and whether socioeconomic position (SEP) could account for such differences.

Methods. We conducted a follow-up study of 1 997 666 men and 1 964 965 women ages 30 to 65 years based on data from national Swedish total population registers. We examined mortality risks in the 12 largest immigrant groups in Sweden between 1998 and 2006 using Cox regression. We also investigated deaths from all causes, circulatory disease, neoplasms, and external causes.

Results. We found higher all-cause mortality among many immigrant categories, although some groups had lower mortality. When studying cause-specific mortality, we found the largest differentials in deaths from circulatory disease, whereas disparities in mortality from neoplasms were smaller. SEP, especially income and occupational class, accounted for most of the mortality differentials by country of birth.

Conclusions. Our findings stressed that different aspects of SEP were not interchangeable in relation to immigrant health. Although policies aimed at improving immigrants’ socioeconomic conditions might be beneficial for health and longevity, our findings indicated that such policies might have varying effects depending on the specific country of origin and cause of death.
Transitions in Smoking Behavior During Emerging Adulthood: A Longitudinal Analysis of the Effect of Home Smoking Bans
Authors: Mathur Charu , Stigler Melissa H. , Erickson Darin J. , Perry Cheryl L. , Forster Jean L.
Published: February 2014

Objectives. We studied the effect of home smoking bans on transitions in smoking behavior during emerging adulthood.

Methods. We used latent transition analysis to examine movement between stages of smoking from late adolescence (ages 16–18 years) to young adulthood (ages 18–20 years) and the effect of a home smoking ban on these transitions. We used data from the Minnesota Adolescent Community Cohort study collected in 2004 to 2006.

Results. Overall, we identified 4 stages of smoking: (1) never smokers, (2) experimental smokers, (3) light smokers, and (4) daily smokers. Transition probabilities varied by stage. Young adults with a home ban during late adolescence were less likely to be smokers and less likely to progress to higher use later. Furthermore, the protective effect of a home smoking ban on the prevalence of smoking behavior was evident even in the presence of parental smoking. However, this effect was less clear on transitions over time.

Conclusions. In addition to protecting family members from exposure to secondhand smoke, home smoking bans appear to have the additional benefit of reducing initiation and escalation of smoking behavior among young adults.
Association Between Alcohol Calorie Intake and Overweight and Obesity in English Adults
Authors: Shelton Nicola Jane , Knott Craig S.
Published: February 2014

We investigated the contribution of alcohol-derived calories to the alcohol–obesity relation. Adult alcohol calorie intake was derived from consumption volume and drink type in the Health Survey for England 2006 (n = 8864). We calculated the odds of obesity with survey-adjusted logistic regression. Mean alcohol calorie consumption was 27% of the recommended daily calorie intake in men and 19% in women on the heaviest drinking day in the last week, with a positive association between alcohol calories and obesity. Alcohol calories may be a significant contributor to the rise in obesity.
The Effect of Chairside Chronic Disease Screenings by Oral Health Professionals on Health Care Costs
Authors: Nasseh Kamyar , Greenberg Barbara , Vujicic Marko , Glick Michael
Published: February 2014

Objectives. We estimated short-term health care cost savings that would result from oral health professionals performing chronic disease screenings.

Methods. We used population data, estimates of chronic disease prevalence, and rates of medication adherence from the literature to estimate cost savings that would result from screening individuals aged 40 years and older who have seen a dentist but not a physician in the last 12 months. We estimated 1-year savings if patients identified during screening in a dental setting were referred to a physician, completed their referral, and started pharmacological treatment.

Results. We estimated that medical screenings for diabetes, hypertension, and hypercholesterolemia in dental offices could save the health care system from $42.4 million ($13.51 per person screened) to $102.6 million ($32.72 per person screened) over 1 year, dependent on the rate of referral completion from the dental clinic to the physician's office.

Conclusions. Oral health professionals can potentially play a bigger role in detecting chronic disease in the US population. Additional prevention and monitoring activities over the long term could achieve even greater savings and health benefits.
A Prospective Study of Clinical Outcomes Related to Third Molar Removal or Retention
Authors: Huang Greg J. , Cunha-Cruz Joana , Rothen Marilynn , Spiekerman Charles , Drangsholt Mark , Anderson Loren , Roset Gayle A.
Published: February 2014

Objectives. We investigated outcomes of third molar removal or retention in adolescents and young adults.

Methods. We recruited patients aged 16 to 22 years from a dental practice–based research network in the Pacific Northwest from May 2009 through September 2010 who had at least 1 third molar present and had never undergone third molar removal. Data were acquired via questionnaire and clinical examination at baseline, periodic online questionnaires, and clinical examination at 24 months.

Results. A total of 801 patients participated. Among patients undergoing third molar removal, rates of paresthesia and jaw joint symptoms lasting more than 1 month were 6.3 and 34.3 per 100 person-years, respectively. Among patients not undergoing removal, corresponding rates were 0.7 and 8.8. Periodontal attachment loss at distal sites of second molars did not significantly differ by third molar removal status. Incident caries at the distal surfaces of second molars occurred in fewer than 1% of all sites.

Conclusions. Rates of paresthesia and temporomandibular joint disorder were higher after third molar removal. Periodontal attachment loss and incident caries at the distal sites of second molars were not affected by extraction status.
Cumulative Risk of Guillain–Barré Syndrome Among Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Populations During the 2009 H1N1 Influenza Pandemic
Authors: Vellozzi Claudia , Iqbal Shahed , Stewart Brock , Tokars Jerome , DeStefano Frank
Published: February 2014

Objectives. We sought to assess risk of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) among influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent (pH1N1) vaccinated and unvaccinated populations at the end of the 2009 pandemic.

Methods. We applied GBS surveillance data from a US population catchment area of 45 million from October 15, 2009, through May 31, 2010. GBS cases meeting Brighton Collaboration criteria were included. We calculated the incidence density ratio (IDR) among pH1N1 vaccinated and unvaccinated populations. We also estimated cumulative GBS risk using life table analysis. Additionally, we used vaccine coverage data and census population estimates to calculate denominators.

Results. There were 392 GBS cases; 64 (16%) occurred after pH1N1vaccination. The vaccinated population had lower average risk (IDR = 0.83, 95% confidence interval = 0.63, 1.08) and lower cumulative risk (6.6 vs 9.2 cases per million persons, P = .012) of GBS.

Conclusions. Our findings suggest that at the end of the influenza season cumulative GBS risk was less among the pH1N1vaccinated than the unvaccinated population, suggesting the benefit of vaccination as it relates to GBS. The observed potential protective effect on GBS attributed to vaccination warrants further study.
A Longitudinal Analysis of Cigarette Prices in Military Retail Outlets
Authors: Haddock Christopher Keith , Hyder Melissa L. , Poston Walker S. C. , Jahnke Sara A. , Williams Larry N. , Lando Harry
Published: February 2014

Objectives. We conducted a longitudinal assessment of tobacco pricing in military retail outlets, including trends within each service branch.

Methods. We determined the price of a single pack of Marlboro Red cigarettes at military retail stores located in the continental United States, Alaska, and Hawaii and at their nearest Walmarts in spring 2011 and 2013 (n = 128 for pairs available at both assessments).

Results. The average difference between cigarettes sold in military retail outlets and Walmarts decreased from 24.5% in 2011 to 12.5% in 2013. The decrease was partially attributable to significant price decreases at Walmarts. The largest increases in cigarette prices occurred on naval installations. Potential savings at stores on several installations remained substantial in 2013; the largest approached $6 per pack. Stores on 17 military installations decreased cigarette prices during the study period.

Conclusions. Tobacco can be purchased in military retail stores at substantial savings over civilian stores. If tobacco pricing is to cease to be an incentive for use among personnel, a revised military tobacco pricing policy is needed.
A Rapid Needs Assessment of the Rockaway Peninsula in New York City After Hurricane Sandy and the Relationship of Socioeconomic Status to Recovery
Authors: Subaiya Saleena , Moussavi Cyrus , Velasquez Anthony , Stillman Joshua
Published: February 2014

Objectives. We conducted a rapid needs assessment in the Rockaway Peninsula—one of the areas of New York City most severely affected by Hurricane Sandy on October 29, 2012—to assess basic needs and evaluate for an association between socioeconomic status (SES) and storm recovery.

Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional survey within the Rockaways 3 weeks after the hurricane made landfall to elicit information regarding basic utilities, food access, health, relief-effort opinions, and SES. We used a modified cluster sampling method to select households with a goal of 7 to 10 surveys per cluster.

Results. Thirty to fifty percent of households were without basic utilities including electricity, heat, and telephone services. Lower-income households were more likely to worry about food than higher-income households (odds ratio = 4.5; 95% confidence interval = 1.43, 15.23; P = .01). A post-storm trend also existed among the lower-income group towards psychological disturbances.

Conclusions. Storm preparation should include disseminating information regarding carbon monoxide and proper generator use, considerations for prescription refills, neighborhood security, and location of food distribution centers. Lower-income individuals may have greater difficulty meeting their needs following a natural disaster, and recovery efforts may include prioritization of these households.
Importance of Relationship Context in HIV Transmission: Results From a Qualitative Case-Control Study in Rakai, Uganda
Authors: Higgins Jenny A. , Mathur Sanyukta , Eckel Elizabeth , Kelly Laura , Nakyanjo Neema , Sekamwa Richard , Namatovu Josephine , Ddaaki William , Nakubulwa Rosette , Namakula Sylvia , Nalugoda Fred , Santelli John S.
Published: February 2014

We present results from life history interviews with 60 young adults from southern Uganda. Using a novel qualitative case-control design, we compared newly HIV-positive cases with HIV-negative controls matched on age, gender, marital status, and place of residence. Relationship context was the most salient theme differentiating cases from controls. Compared with HIV-negative respondents, recent seroconverters described relationships marked by poorer communication, greater suspicion and mistrust, and larger and more transitory sexual networks. Results highlight the importance of dyadic approaches to HIV and possibly of couple-based interventions. Using HIV-matched pairs allowed additional understanding of the factors influencing transmission. This hybrid methodological approach holds promise for future studies of sexual health.
Assessing the Impact of a Pertussis Active Surveillance Program on Provider Testing Behavior, Minnesota 2005–2009
Authors: Kenyon Cynthia , Banerjee Emily , Sweet Kristin , Miller Claudia , Ehresmann Kristen
Published: February 2014

Objectives. The Minnesota Department of Health, in collaboration with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, implemented the Pertussis Active Surveillance Project to better understand pertussis epidemiology. We evaluated the program’s impact.

Methods. Clinics in 2 counties were offered free diagnostic testing and an educational presentation covering pertussis epidemiology. Clinics were identified as either active or intermittent, with active clinics testing 33% or more of the total number of months enrolled. We used generalized estimating equations to assess changes in provider testing behavior over the project period.

Results. Ninety-seven clinics enrolled, with 38% classified as active. Active clinics were more likely to use the state lab for diagnostic testing and had a larger staff. During the project period, a decline in days coughing at the time of visit occurred in both jurisdictions.

Conclusions. Providing clinics with free diagnostic testing influenced their participation levels. Among active clinics, results suggest changes in provider testing behavior over the course of the project. However, given the lack of robust participation, this resource-intensive strategy may not be a cost-effective approach to evaluating trends in pertussis epidemiology.
Work, Health, and Welfare: The Association between Working Conditions, Welfare States, and Self-Reported General Health in Europe
Authors: Bambra Clare , Lunau Thorsten , Van der Wel Kjetil A. , Eikemo Terje A. , Dragano Nico
Published: February 2014

This article is the first to examine the association between self-reported general health and a wide range of working conditions at the European level and by type of welfare state regime. Data for 21,705 men and women ages 16 to 60 from 27 European countries were obtained from the 2010 European Working Conditions Survey. The influence of individual-level sociodemographic, physical, and psychosocial working conditions and of the organization of work were assessed in multilevel logistic regression analyses, with additional stratification by welfare state regime type (Anglo-Saxon, Bismarckian, Eastern European, Scandinavian, and Southern). At the European level, we found that “not good” general health was more likely to be reported by workers more exposed to hazardous working conditions. Most notably, tiring working positions, job strain, and temporary job contracts were strongly associated with a higher likelihood of reporting “not good” health. Analysis by welfare state regime found that only tiring or painful working conditions were consistently associated with worse self-reported health in all regimes. There was no evidence that the Scandinavian welfare regime protected against the adverse health effects of poor working conditions. The article concludes by examining the implications for comparative occupational health research.
Limits to Neoliberal Reforms in the Health Sector: The Case of Pharmaceutical Management in New Zealand
Authors: Dew Kevin , Davis Amy
Published: February 2014

In New Zealand in 1993, a pharmaceutical management agency (PHARMAC) was established during the height of neoliberal reforms in the health sector. The agency's relationship with pharmaceutical companies, patient lobby groups, and health professionals has been hostile at times, but despite this hostility, PHARMAC has remained substantially independent from political interference. This article draws on critical theory and Durkheimian perspectives to explain how such a strong regulatory organization was established during a time when attempts were made to reshape the health sector to conform to a neoliberal agenda. An analysis of historical and contemporary issues demonstrates the contradictory position of the state in relation to the regulation and subsidization of pharmaceuticals, with conflicting demands to retain popular support, restrain state expenditure, and respond to expectations to provide pharmaceuticals to its citizens. This article demonstrates how the establishment of PHARMAC reconciles these contradictory demands, arguing that it removes decision making from political control and has been able to sustain its place by appealing to objective assessment criteria. This case signals limits of the neoliberal agenda.
Horizontal Inequality in Rationing by Waiting Lists
Authors: Tinghög Gustav , Andersson David , Tinghög Petter , Lyttkens Carl Hampus
Published: February 2014

The objective of this article was to investigate the existence of horizontal inequality in access to care for six categories of elective surgery in a publicly funded system, when care is rationed through waiting lists. Administrative waiting time data on all elective surgeries (n = 4,634) performed in östergötland, Sweden, in 2007 were linked to national registers containing variables on socioeconomic indicators. Using multiple regression, we tested five hypotheses reflecting that more resourceful groups receive priority when rationing by waiting lists. Low disposable household income predicted longer waiting times for orthopedic surgery (27%, p < 0.01) and general surgery (34%, p < 0.05). However, no significant differences on the basis of ethnicity and gender were detected. A particularly noteworthy finding was that disposable household income appeared to be an increasingly influential factor when the waiting times were longer. Our findings reveal horizontal inequalities in access to elective surgeries, but only to a limited extent. Whether this is good or bad depends on one's moral inclination. From a policymaker's perspective, it is nevertheless important to recognize that horizontal inequalities arise even though care is not rationed through ability to pay.
Making the Most of Open Windows: Establishing Health in All Policies in South Australia
Authors: Kickbusch Ilona , Williams Carmel , Lawless Angela
Published: February 2014

Significant improvements in population health are likely to arise when the social determinants of health are addressed. This creates a challenge for health systems, as the policy levers to influence the determinants largely lie outside of their direct control. Health agencies have been attempting to develop responses that affect these policy levers with mixed success. Success often requires particular conditions or “windows of opportunity” to be present before even small systemic change can be made. The government of South Australia has developed a practical, policy-oriented response to address the determinants of health—Health in All Policies—and has been successfully working across government for the past five years, using a policy learning process to implement this approach. This article will focus on how the South Australian Health in All Policies initiative started and the conditions that enabled South Australia to establish a centralized governance structure, harness a group of cross-sector policy entrepreneurs, and conduct health lens projects across a range of policy issues. The authors will comment on the nature of these conditions and their relevance for other governments struggling to reduce the burden of chronic disease and growing health budgets by addressing the social determinants of health.
Retracted: Magnesia-zircon brick: Evolution of microstructure, properties and performance with increasing sintering temperature
Authors: Urednistvo U
Published: February 2014

(retraction) This article has been retracted: please see Science of Sintering Policy on
Article Withdrawal (http://www.iiss.sanu.ac.rs/forauthors.htm, see
Withdrawal policy). This article has been retracted at the request of Mr.
Bernd Buchberger, Head of Corporate Research and Development of the RHI AG
Technology Center and Mr. Alfons Luftenegger, Head of Innovation and
Intellectual Property Menagement of the RHI AG Technology Center, due to
legal limitations, since the publication of this article was not authorized
by RHI AG or any company within the RHI Group.

 Link to the retracted article 10.2298/SOS1302181G
Nutrition Considerations for the Growing Population of Older Adults With Diabetes
Authors: Stanley Kathleen
Published: February 2014

In Brief

The growing older adult population and its higher incidence of diabetes are creating demands on health care providers to address the special needs of these patients. Because nutrition is essential to the proper treatment and self-management of diabetes, clinicians must develop and adopt various strategies to address some of the common nutritional, lifestyle, and self-management barriers that older adults face. Nutrition assessments of older adults with diabetes should be comprehensive, with attention to each patient's unique nutritional needs. Constructing a realistic nutrition care plan is essential for success. This article addresses some of the key nutrition-related aspects of diabetes self-care in older adults with diabetes.
Management of Type 1 Diabetes in Older Adults
Authors: Dhaliwal Ruban , Weinstock Ruth S.
Published: February 2014

In Brief

Older adults with type 1 diabetes are at high risk for severe hypoglycemia and may have serious comorbid conditions. Problems with cognition, mobility, dexterity, vision, hearing, depression, and chronic pain interfere with the ability to follow complex insulin regimens. With the development of geriatric syndromes, unpredictable eating, and frailty, treatment regimens must be modified with the goal of minimizing hypoglycemia and severe hyperglycemia and maximizing quality of life.
Assessment of the Possibility of Utilising Waste Materials from the Aluminium Production in the Copper Alloys Refining Processes
Authors: Bydałek A. W. , Bydałek A. , Biernat S. , Schlafka P.
Published: February 2014

The analysis of possibilities of utilising waste materials as equivalents of substances stimulating in copper alloys refining processes was presented. The results of thermogravimetric investigations determining the refining ability of the slag with the selected waste materials from the aluminium production were discussed. The possibility of optimisation of the refining slag composition on the basis of the Slag- Prop software was indicated.
Reclamation of Mixtures of Spent Sands of Inorganic and Organic Type
Authors: Skrzyński M. , Dańko R. , Kamińska J.
Published: February 2014

The results of investigations of the reclamation of spent moulding and core sands, originated from one of the Polish foundry plants, are presented in the paper. Four mixtures consisting of two types of spent sands (spent moulding sand and spent core sand) were subjected to the regeneration process. Each tested mixture consisted of an inorganic type spent moulding sand and of an organic type spent core sand. Proportions of mutual fractions of spent moulding and core sands in mixtures was 70%-30% and was representative for the waste sands from the foundry, from which these sands originated.
Determination of Heat Accumulation Coefficient for Oil Bonded Moulding Sands
Authors: Łągiewka M. , Konopka Z. , Zyska A. , Nadolski M.
Published: February 2014

The possibility of controlling the solidification and cooling time of castings creates prospects of improving their structure and by the same their properties. Thermal properties of the mould constitute therefore an important factor which is necessary to consider while seeking for the mentioned improvement. The presented work illustrates the method of determining some basic thermal coefficients of moulding material, i.e. the coefficient of temperature equalisation a2, known also as the temperature diffusivity, and the heat accumulation coefficient b2, which characterises the ability of moulding material to draw away the heat from a casting. The method consists in experimental determining the temperature field within the mould during the processes of pouring, solidification and cooling of the casting. The performed measurements allow for convenient and exact calculations of the sought-after coefficients. Examinations were performed for the oil bonded moulding sand of trade name OBB SAND ‘E’. The experiment showed that the obtained value of b2 coefficient differs from the value calculated on the basis of theoretical considerations available in publications. Therefore it can be stated that theoretical calculations of the heat accumulation coefficient are thus far not sufficient and not quite reliable, so that these calculations should be verified experimentally.
Forward-looking solutions for the Georgian and South Ossetian conflict: a path towards reconciliation
Authors: Jasutis Gražvydas
Published: February 2014

The article explores the dynamics of the Georgian and South Ossetian conflict which has been violent over the last twenty years. It reached a critical peak again in 2008 resulting in new security developments and post-conflict situation which drifts away from reconciliation between the communities. The research explains and identifies the timelines and stages of the Georgian-South Ossetian conflict as well as the potential of violence, specifically placing a heavy emphasis on the case of the Akhalgori district, which had been under Georgian control until August 2008. Furthermore, it employs community relations theory and offers forwardlooking solutions which should lead towards reconciliation. The article concludes that reconciliation itself is a very complicated concept to be successfully applied in practice; therefore community relations theory and its approach towards gradual reconciliation between the Georgian and South Ossetian communities seems to be the most reliable option for resolution of the conflict, which should incorporate the Orthodox Church, mutual cultural and anti-intimidation works along with transparent and controllable security actors.
Textual Origins of the Indefinite Article in Swedish
Authors: Skrzypek Dominika
Published: February 2014

The present paper studies the earliest stages of the grammaticalization of indefinite article in Old Swedish. The study is based on a corpus of Old Swedish texts and uses the model of grammaticalization as proposed by Heine 1997. The article en, etymologically related to the numeral ‘one’, is first used to mark new and salient discourse-referents and its primary function is cataphoric. However, en only fulfills this function when ocurring in a sentenceinitial subject NP. In the course of the grammaticalization, neither the sentence-initial position nor the subject function of the NP are required to present new and salient discourse referents.
IMAGINED REBELLION: WHAT DOESN'T HAPPEN IN THE WINTER'S TALE
Authors: Guéron Claire T.
Published: February 2014

Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale features a pattern of violent rebellion that only just fails to happen. Such moments of near-rebellion, best interpreted through the play’s master trope of the moving statue, constitute an exploration of the causes of political rebellion and how best to avert it. Thanks to the close integration of its romance aesthetics and political realism, The Winter’s Tale can be read as a “Mirror for Kings”.
TORTURE ON STAGE: PETER ZADEK’S STAGING OF MEASURE FOR MEASURE
Authors: Schwartz-Gastine Isabelle
Published: February 2014

In his 1991 French production of Shakespeare’s Measure for Measure, the fourth of his career, German director Peter Zadek amplified the low-life scenes, first in the streets of Vienna and also in the prison, where he presented Pompey, the tapster-pimp turned apprentice executioner, as being as fully involved in his new job as he had been previously in the streets of Vienna under Mistress Overdone’s orders: now he is chopping up and sawing up naked females on stage. This paper will present some of the aspects of this expressionist sado-masochist version of the play, and discuss its legitimacy.
BREAKING STEREOTYPES: MALE VIEW OF THE FEMALE PRINCIPLE IN RAJA RAO’S THE CAT AND SHAKESPEARE
Authors: Volná Ludmila
Published: February 2014

In Raja Rao’s novel The Cat and Shakespeare the existential quest of Pai, an Indian male, can be studied as mirroring that of Hamlet. However, Pai's progress consists in his resistance to the stereotyped power-imbued values of both ‘Shakespeare’s’ and his own culture, i. e. those related to colonization, radical authoritarian nationalism, caste, species and gender, the last-mentioned being the focus of this paper.
FEDERICO GARCÍA LORCA’S YERMA (1937) AND RUTH CARTER’S A YEARNING (1999): THE OPPRESSION OF WOMEN THROUGH SPACE AND TIME
Authors: Klein Hildegard
Published: February 2014

My paper examines Lorca’s Yerma and Carter’s A Yearning and the transposition of the work from a regressive agricultural Andalusia into a traditional urban British-Asian Punjabi community. Though written in different periods and cultures, the two plays illustrate that discrimination and domestic entrapment of women have prevailed. The heroines’ inability to fulfil their socially required roles, to procreate, condemns them to seclusion and desperation with a violent outcome
“UNDER THE MOON” – IMAGES AND FORMS OF ‘FEMALENESS’ IN ADRIENNE KENNEDY’S PLAYS
Authors: Tóth Gabriella
Published: February 2014

This paper sheds light on the challenging imagery of femaleness in Adrienne Kennedy’s plays. Reshaping dramatic forms, she deconstructs the traditional narratives of motherhood, child bearing and birth. Her plays link the images of reproduction and proliferation with that of death. Kennedy reconstructs the fragmented self through visions of the inner terrain of the psyche which is projected through the moon-like, ever changing female body.
ANTI-ANTIFEMINISM IN CHAUCER’S THE CANTERBURY TALES
Authors: Zelinka Elisabeta
Published: February 2014

A characteristic of the medieval fabliaux is the dogma of antifeminist traditions. The present article will investigate whether The Canterbury Tales, as a type of fabliaux, are antifeminist literature or if, on the contrary, they stand as a reply to this genre and indirectly militate for feminist literature. Are The Canterbury Tales antifeminist writings or something one might call ‘anti-antifeminist’ literature?
ANIMAL METAPHORS AND SEMANTIC DEROGATION – DO WOMEN THINK DIFFERENTLY FROM MEN?
Authors: Nadežda Silaški
Published: February 2014

From a Cognitive Linguistics standpoint the paper looks at how Serbian university students of both sexes apply 20 animal names to women and their physical or mental traits. The paper aims to show (1) what animal names are used as positive or negative metaphors for women; (2) whether the same animal imagery is used by both sexes in semantic derogation of women; and (3) whether male students exhibit a higher degree of semantic derogation of women compared to female students
The functional efficiency of mouthguards in martial sports
Authors: Rexhepi Agron M. , Brestovci Behlul
Published: February 2014

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of three different mouthguards on the airflow dynamics of oral breathing under increased ventilatory conditions at peak workload.

Methods

Twenty volunteer male martial art athletes were subjected to cardio-respiratory examination on a treadmill. Four trials were performed, without a mouthguard and with a maxillary boil-and-bite mouthguard, bi-maxillary boil-and-bite mouthguard, and PlaySafe custom-made maxillary mouthguard. For each of the four tests, subjects performed an identical incremental test to determine VO2max and other respiratory values.

Results

Collected data were analyzed using descriptive analyses and paired-samples t tests. The results indicated similarity in almost all measured variables when testing with the custom-made PlaySafe maxillary mouthguard to values recorded without a mouthguard, while tests performed with the maxillary and bi-maxillary boil-and-bite mouthguards showed greater differences.

Conclusions

The custom-made PlaySafe maxillary and maxillary boil-and-bite mouthguards do not significantly reduce airflow dynamics of oral breathing when compared with the bi-maxillary boil-and-bite, instead, these two types of mouthguards were found to positively affect aerobic capacity.
Should the Common Buzzard be hunted?
Authors: Csörgő Tibor , Zornánszky Richárd , Szép Tibor , Fehérvári Péter
Published: February 2014

The Common Buzzard is a widespread and abundant raptor in Europe. Recently, game keepers have argued that the buzzard population has increased in Hungary and is threatening valuable small game species. Hunting of the buzzard has been prohibited since 1933, and since 1954 it has also been protected by law, in Hungary. Here we review scientific literature on recent population changes of the species, prey composition, and anatomical constraints of foraging. We show that according to the Common Bird Monitoring Program the breeding population remained stable in 1992-2012. Because of its anatomy and its hunting techniques it is not able to hunt efficiently for valuable small game. According to studies made with different methods in different parts of Europe in the last century, most of its prey species are small mammals. Therefore, the Common Buzzard population may help sustain rodent populations, thus providing essential ecosystem services for agriculture. Game species can also occur in the diet, however the proportion is negligible and buzzards usually acquire such prey as carcasses or handicapped individuals. We found no justification in favour of lifting the hunting ban of Common Buzzards in Hungary.
Population trends of common breeding and wintering birds in Hungary, decline of longdistance migrant and farmland birds during 1999–2012
Authors: Szép Tibor , Nagy Károly , Nagy Zsolt , Halmo Gergő
Published: February 2014

Based on the Hungarian common bird monitoring scheme (MMM), which is the longest running country-wide monitoring using formal sampling design with representative data for the main habitats in Central-Eastern Europe, we investigated the population trends of common breeding and wintering species. Habitat preference and occupancy of the common breeders, migration strategies and relationships among these characteristics could act behind the population trends. We pointed out that long distance migrant bird species had strong decreasing trends in Hungary and very probably in the entire Pannonian biogeographical region, whereas the partial and short migrant species has increasing trends. Farmland birds had declining trend, which trend became more obvious since the joining of Hungary to the EU. The negative changes in the farmland habitat could influence bird species nesting/foraging mainly in this habitat independently from their migration strategies. Our investigations let us to develop indicators on the basis of migration strategy and habitat usage of common birds to provide regular information about condition of groups of species and their habitats in Hungary and the Pannonian region. The MMM database provide unique opportunity for further investigations of several species, habitats and area specific in a part of Europe where this kind of information is rare yet.