bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Marijuana use in pregnancy rises in tandem with legalization moves
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: November 2024

Results of two newly published studies suggest that any warnings pregnant women might be receiving about the health risks of marijuana use are being drowned out by assurances that smoking marijuana can relieve early pregnancy symptoms such as morning sickness.
Robust π‐Conjugated Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Framework Nanowires Enable Stable and Fast Potassium Storage
Authors: Han Kang , Tan Chaoqiang , Feng Sicheng , Zhang Qi , Qiao Xinying , Zhong Zhenhang , Wang Xuanpeng , Meng Jiashen , Mai Liqiang
Published: November 2024

Organic cathodes are considered promising energy storage materials in potassium ion batteries (KIBs) due to their molecular flexibility, cost‐effectiveness, and sustainability. However, challenges such as high solubility and slow reaction kinetics hinder the development of organic molecules for KIBs. Herein, a novel in situ self‐assembly strategy is presented to construct a robust hydrogen‐bonded organic framework cathode (H‐NDA‐G) with extensive π‐conjugated systems and excellent chemical stability. By selecting 2,4‐diaminotriazine as the connecting ligand, which serves both as a hydrogen bond donor and acceptor, the H‐NDA‐G cathode is constructed utilizing its amide reaction with dianhydride and the strong π–π adsorption interactions with graphene oxide (GO). The weak electronic coupling between H‐NDA‐G not only provides charge transfer channels within the framework but also forms an interconnected conductive network through hydrogen bonding and π–π adsorption with the GO, facilitating the redox reactions of K+ within the H‐NDA‐G electrode. Consequently, the H‐NDA‐G cathode exhibits extraordinary performance with a high capacity (120 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1) and cycle life exceeding 1000 cycles at 1 A g−1, demonstrating significant potential for practical applications. This study underscores the potential to enhance the potassium storage capability of organic cathodes by modulating intermolecular forces toward efficient and sustainable KIBs.
Cation‐Alginate Complexes and Their Hydrogels: A Powerful Toolkit for the Development of Next‐Generation Sustainable Functional Materials
Authors: Tordi Pietro , Ridi Francesca , Samorì Paolo , Bonini Massimo
Published: November 2024

The use of materials from renewable sources instead of fossil fuels is a crucial step forward in the industrial transition toward sustainability. Among polysaccharides, alginate stands out as a versatile and eco‐friendly candidate due to its ability to form functional complexes with cations. This review provides an up‐to‐date and comprehensive description of alginate complexation with specific cations, focusing on how interaction forces can be harnessed to tailor the physicochemical properties of cation‐alginate‐based functional materials. Methodologies and approaches for the development and multiscale characterization of these materials are introduced and discussed. Alginate complexes with mono‐, di‐, tri‐, and tetravalent cations (namely Ag+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, Pb2+, UO22+, Cr3+, Fe3+, Al3+, Ga3+, Y3+, La3+, Ce3+, Nd3+, Eu3+, Tb3+, Gd3+, Zr4+, Th4+) are reviewed. Each cation is discussed individually, highlighting how it can uniquely influence the material properties thereby unlocking new potentials for the design of advanced functional materials. Key challenges and opportunities in applying these complexes across diverse fields, such as biomedicine, environmental remediation, food additives and supplements, flame retardants, sensors, supercapacitors, catalysis, and mechanical isolators are assessed, providing evidence of the transformative potential of cation‐alginate complexes for tackling global challenges and advancing cutting‐edge technologies.
A novel piglet model of esophageal stricture following variable segmental esophageal resection and re‐anastomosis
Authors: von Sochaczewski Christina Oetzmann , Riedesel Ann‐Kristin , Lindner Andreas , Heimann Axel , Schröder Arne , Muensterer Oliver J.
Published: November 2024

Background

Esophageal strictures following esophageal atresia repair are a source of significant morbidity. To test new therapeutic approaches, we designed a piglet model of esophageal stricture by resecting variable lengths of esophagus with subsequent re‐anastomosis. This study describes the model and validates its physiologic impact by blinded analysis of the weight gains of the piglets.

Methods

A total of 24 two‐week old Pietrain piglets had esophageal resections performed, ranging from 0 to 5 cm, with the goal of inducing postoperative esophageal strictures. Postoperative body‐weights were evaluated by repeated analysis of variance followed by pairwise group‐comparisons based on estimated marginal means. In addition, body weight was modeled by linear‐mixed model regression. Different resection lengths were compared. The esophagi were evaluated postmortem for stricture.

Results

Of 24 operated piglets, 23 reached the endpoint, and 90% developed an esophageal stricture that was radiologically visible in a contrast study, as well as appreciable macroscopically in the necropsy. We found differences in pre‐ and postoperative body weights for all piglets (F (1, 18) = 298.54, p < 0.001), but no differences between resection lengths (F (4, 18) = 0.36, p = 0.837).

Conclusion

Our model of postoperative esophageal stricture offers the opportunity to investigate potential treatments for strictures associated with esophageal atresia, since it reliably induces strictures and results in minimal loss of animals. The similar body weight gain in all groups indicates that stricture is mainly the result of esophageal resection and re‐anastomosis, regardless of the length of the resected segment.
Stable Mono‐Radical and Triplet Diradicals Based on Allylic Radical‐Embedded All‐Benzenoid Polycyclic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Wang Lei , Niu Weiwei , Tian Di , Jiao Tianyu , Zhang Lemin , Hou Xudong , Han Yi , Zou Ya , Wu Jishan , Li Guangwu
Published: November 2024

High‐spin organic radicals are notable for their unique optical, electronic, and magnetic properties, but synthesizing stable high‐spin systems is challenging due to their inherent reactivity. This study presents a novel strategy for designing stable high‐spin polycyclic hydrocarbons (PHs) by incorporating allylic radical into fused aromatic benzenoid rings. To enhance stability, large steric hindrance groups with a synergistic captodative effect were added to the allylic radical centers. This approach was applied to synthesize derivatives of two open‐shell all‐benzenoid PHs: benzo[fg]tetracene (1) and dibenzo[fg,lm]heptacene (2). Both compounds exhibited excellent stability, with diradical 2 showing a half‐life of up to 17.2 days under ambient conditions. Bond length analysis and theoretical calculations suggest that 1 and 2 predominantly feature Clar's aromatic sextet structures with embedded allylic radicals. Compound 2 was confirmed to have a triplet ground state through DFT calculations and experimental methods, including pulse EPR spectroscopy and SQUID measurements. This work introduces a new design strategy for stable high‐spin hydrocarbons, paving the way for future developments in high‐spin organic materials.
Metabolic Acidity/H2O2 Dual‐Cascade‐Activatable Molecular Imaging Platform Toward Metastatic Breast Tumor Malignancy
Authors: Dou Kun , Lu Jiao , Xing Yanlong , Wang Rui , Won Miae , Kim Jungryun , Yu Fabiao , Seung Kim Jong
Published: November 2024

Fluorescence imaging in the second near‐infrared window (NIR‐II) is crucial for accurate tumor diagnosis, offering superior resolution and penetration capabilities. Current NIR‐II probes are limited by either being “always on” or responding to one stimulus, leading to low signal‐to‐noise ratios and potential false positives. We introduced a dual‐lock‐controlled probe, HN‐PBA, activated by both H2O2 and tumor acidic environment. This dual response ensures bright fluorescence at tumor sites, leading to higher tumor‐to‐normal tissue ratios (T/NT) compared to conventional “always on” probes and probes activated only by H2O2. This strategy allows precise tumor identification and removal of primary and metastatic tumors, achieving superior T/NT ratios (24.3/6.4 for orthotopic and lung metastasis, respectively). Our probe also effectively detected lung metastatic foci as small as≤0.7 mm and showed the capability for accurate lesion localization in clinical breast cancer specimens. This dual‐stimuli‐responsive strategy could aid future diagnostic probe design.
Internal Electron‐Donation Allocation Design for Intrinsic Solubilization of Lithium Nitrate in Ester Electrolyte for Stable Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Gu Sheng , Zhang Yu , Li Meng , Lin Qianru , Xu Guoqi , Zhang Naiqing
Published: November 2024

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have become a hot topic in the research of next‐generation advanced battery technology due to their high specific energy. However, the high reaction activity between lithium metal and electrolyte is considered one of the key bottlenecks limiting large‐scale applications of LMBs. As a classic electrolyte additive, lithium nitrate (LiNO3) significantly improves the stability of lithium metal in ether‐based electrolytes. However, its solubility in carbonate‐based electrolytes widely used in lithium‐ion batteries is extremely low, causing limited protective capability on lithium metal, which has become a key obstacle to the commercial application of lithium metal batteries. Here, we enhanced the local negative charge density of carbonyl oxygen atoms in carbonate molecules by introducing electron donors, making it easier for them to coordinate with Li+, thereby weakening the interaction between Li+ and NO3−, and significantly increasing the solubility of LiNO3 in ester electrolytes. The modified ester solvent promotes the derivatization and decomposition of salt anions, leading to the formation of a dense SEI layer rich in LiF and LiNxOy. This significantly improves the stability of lithium metal in ester‐based electrolytes. The assembled Li||Li symmetric battery shows excellent cycling performance of over 4000 hours.
Enantioconvergent Negishi Cross‐Couplings of Racemic Secondary Organozinc Reagents to Access Privileged Scaffolds: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Preinfalk Alexander , Oost Rik , Menger Maximilian F. S. J. , Simaan Marwan , Lemouzy Sébastien , Senoner Samuel , Shaaban Saad , Maryasin Boris , González Leticia , Maulide Nuno
Published: November 2024

An enantioconvergent palladium‐catalyzed Negishi cross‐coupling with racemic secondary organozinc reagents has been developed, enabling access to enantioenriched 1,1‐diarylalkane motifs in high yields and enantioselectivities. Computational data indicates that the racemization of organozinc compounds most likely occurs through a bridged bimolecular mechanism.
Controllable Graphene/MoS2 Heterointerfaces by Perpendicular Surface Functionalization
Authors: Cao Qing , Dai Jiajun , Hao Zhuting , Paulus Beate , Eigler Siegfried , Chen Xin
Published: November 2024

Surface chemistry and interface interactions profoundly influence the properties of two‐dimensional (2D) materials and heterostructures. Therefore, developing methods to precisely control surfaces and interfaces is crucial for harnessing the properties and functions of 2D materials and heterostructures. Here, we developed a facile approach to tuning the interface distance and properties of graphene/MoS2 heterostructures (G/MoS2) by varying the functional groups attached to the surface of graphene bottom layer. We systematically investigated how different functionalized graphene bottom layers affect the interlayer distance, coupling between the interlayers, and optical properties of resulting G/MoS2 heterostructures. Our findings indicate that both the size and electron‐withdrawing/donating properties of functional groups are pivotal in regulating charge transport properties, with size playing a particularly decisive role. Our approach demonstrates an efficient and flexible pathway to regulate the interlayer spacing and charge transport, highlighting the potential of engineering interface chemistry in optimizing properties of van der Waals heterostructures.
Reducing Dead Species by Electrochemically‐Densified Cathode‐Interface‐Reaction Layer towards High‐Rate‐Endurable Zn||I‐Br Batteries
Authors: Feng Zhenfeng , Tang Yongchao , Wei Yue , He Jiangfeng , Liu Guigui , Yan Jianping , Qi Jintu , Shi Zhiheng , Yang Qi , Wen Zhipeng , Ye Minghui , Zhang Yufei , Liu Xiaoqing , Chao Li Cheng
Published: November 2024

Interhalogen‐involved aqueous Zn||halogen batteries (AZHBs) are latent high‐energy systems for grid‐level energy storage, yet usually suffer from poor high‐rate endurability caused by the formation of “dead species”. Herein, via an electrochemically‐densified cathode‐interface‐reaction layer (CIRL), Zn||I−Br batteries involving interhalogen reactions between the I2 cathode and Br− from the electrolytes are initially achieved with excellent high‐rate endurability. Different from that in diluted electrolytes, the CIRL formed in Br−‐concentrated electrolyte is denser and water‐lean, which enables halogen species conversion with a more rapid charge transfer and lower activation energy. More importantly, the CIRL robustly affords a decent I2 conservation by accelerated conversion kinetics and limited species diffusion, thereby endowing the Zn||I−Br batteries with an ultralong high‐rate lifespan. The electrochemical mechanism is sufficiently verified by multiple spectral characterizations. Consequently, Zn||I−Br batteries in Br−‐concentrated (20 m) electrolytes exhibit an overwhelming rate capability and lifespan to those in Br−‐diluted (2 m) electrolytes. Typically, when cycled at a large current density of 10 A g−1, an ultralong lifespan of over 25,000 cycles is achieved with a high retention of 98.3 %. This study provides new insight into the CIRL‐dictated active species conservation for high‐rate endurable AZHBs, which could apply to other high‐energy interhalogen batteries.
Total Synthesis and Configuration Assignment of (+)‐Myxoquaterine‐450
Authors: Löhr Johanna , Ortmann Sabrina , Popoff Alexander , Müller Rolf , Bach Thorsten
Published: November 2024

Myxoquaterines represent a recently discovered class of natural products with intriguing biological properties. They were isolated from Pendulasporacea albinea MSr 11954 and display a unique structure combining heterocyclic (pyrrole, oxazoline), hexaene, and 2‐amino‐1,3‐diol subunits. We have now synthesized the first example of a myxoquaterine natural product, myxoquaterine‐450, in a highly convergent fashion, in which the sensitive hexaene unit was established in the final stages of the synthesis (16 linear steps starting from l‐serine). Comparison of the synthetic material with an authentic sample allowed to establish and confirm the constitution and configuration of the natural product.
Photon‐Driven Dye Induction Pyroptosis: An Emerging Anti‐Tumor Immunotherapy Paradigm
Authors: Zeng Shuang , Wang Jingyun , Kang Heemin , Li Haidong , Peng Xiaojun , Yoon Juyoung
Published: November 2024

Photoimmunotherapy represents a novel and promising modality in anti‐tumor immunotherapy, offering new hope in the realm of cancer treatment due to its distinctive mechanism and substantial therapeutic efficacy. This innovative approach synergistically integrates photon technology with immunological principles, utilizing photon energy to activate the body's immune response. Photon‐driven pyroptosis, a pivotal element of photoimmunotherapy, has significantly revitalized the advancement of this discipline. To support this critical progress, this minireview offers an exhaustive examination of the organic dyes presently employed for photon‐driven pyroptosis, alongside an analysis of the prevailing challenges and opportunities in dye molecule design. It is our aspiration that this minireview will contribute to the acceleration of developments in photon‐driven pyroptosis dye and the broader field of photoimmunotherapy.
Shape‐Selective Zeolites for Tandem CO2 Hydrogenation‐Carbonylation Reactions
Authors: Van Dessel Hendrik , Van Minnebruggen Sam , Dedapper Jasper , Paciok Paul , Usoltsev Oleg , Krajnc Andraž , Bugaev Aram , De Vos Dirk E.
Published: November 2024

The valorization of carbon dioxide as a C1 building block in C−C bond forming reactions is a critical link on the road to carbon‐circular chemistry. Activation of this inert molecule through reduction with H2 to carbon monoxide in the reverse water‐gas shift (RWGS) reaction can be followed by a wide spectrum of consecutive carbonylation reactions, but the RWGS is severely equilibrium limited at the moderate temperatures of carbonylations. Here we successfully reconcile both reactions in one pot, while avoiding incompatibilities through a zeolite‐based compartmentalized approach. More specifically, Pt encapsulated in a small‐pore LTA zeolite selectively generates carbon monoxide in mild reaction conditions; an ensuing one‐pot carbonylation reaction allows to shift the equilibrium through continuous consumption of CO. Moreover, the zeolite encapsulation avoids undesired reactions like hydrogenation of the olefin reactant through a molecular sieving effect. This strategy was first studied in‐depth for Rh‐catalyzed olefin hydroformylation with CO2/H2, affording aldehydes in good yields with high regioselectivities. The methodology was then extended to a variety of carbonylations using CO2 for the synthesis of bulk and fine chemicals.
Real‐Time Adaptive Inline Acidification Enhances Continuous pH Control for Viral Inactivation
Authors: Lee Jia Sheng Zach , Nguyen Tan Dai , Zheng Zi Ying , Zhang Wei , Liu Dan
Published: November 2024

Existing low pH viral inactivation methods for continuous downstream processing of biologics typically rely on predictive models to estimate the necessary pH adjustments. However, these methods are of limited use during the process development stage due to the dynamic nature of capture chromatography, where batch variations can alter the eluted protein titer. This study introduces an inline viral inactivation system (IVIS) that utilizes real‐time adaptive control and inline sensor readings to precisely regulate the pH manipulation for inline acidification and continuous viral inactivation. The IVIS, which includes a coiled flow inversion reactor (CFIR), is integrated with a multicolumn capture chromatography system to demonstrate a fully continuous process from protein capture chromatography to inline pH manipulation. The system achieved precise inline pH manipulation within ±0.15 and a narrow residence time distribution of 13.5 min with a relative width of 0.7. The introduction of real‐time inline pH manipulation with the IVIS signifies a notable advancement in managing critical process parameters (CPPs) and ensuring consistent product quality across varied production environments for continuous downstream bioprocessing.
Exploring Online Teaching's Impact on Instructors in Core Engineering Courses: Insights, Challenges, and Future Directions
Authors: Alqudah Rajaa , Batarseh Majd , El‐Issa Fadia
Published: November 2024

This study examines the impact of online teaching on instructors of fundamental engineering courses, focusing on insights, challenges, and future pathways. By analyzing the instructors' perspectives, the research examines various aspects of online teaching, including mode of delivery, student engagement strategies, assessment preferences, and future directions. Insights are drawn from a comprehensive survey of instructors, shedding light on their experiences, challenges, and preferences in the online teaching landscape. The findings highlight a preference for synchronous sessions, the utilization of diverse engagement techniques, and the significance of maintaining academic integrity in assessments. Instructors' preference for face‐to‐face interaction for improved academic performance and openness to hybrid teaching modes are evident. This study not only provides valuable insights into the dynamics of online teaching but also paves the way for future advancements in pedagogical strategies and educational technology integration. The research identifies potential areas for future work, ranging from refining hybrid teaching models to exploring emerging technologies and fostering instructor training.
The Prognostic and Risk Factors for Children With High‐Risk Mature B‐Cell Non‐Hodgkin's Lymphoma: A Retrospective Multicenter Study
Authors: Wang Xiaoming , Ding Luping , Fang Yongjun , Yan Jie , Gao Ju , Yang Liangchun , Liu Aiguo , Lu Jun , Wang Jingfu , Zhang Aijun , Gao Yijin , Ju Xiuli
Published: November 2024

Backgrounds and Aims

Our previous study (CCCG‐BNHL‐2015) reported the treatment strategies and outcomes of pediatric B‐cell non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (B‐NHL) in China which showed that children in low‐risk groups already have a dramatically favorable prognosis. However, for high‐risk groups, the prognosis still needs to be improved. In this study, we aimed to identify the factors influencing prognosis in high‐risk groups (stage III and stage IV).

Results

Our results revealed that gender, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, stage at the time of diagnosis, and early complete remission (CR) achievement were significant factors influencing prognosis (p < 0.05). The 3‐year EFS rate for R4 group patients without rituximab treatment was only 25.0% ± 20.4%. Among all patients in stage IV, the 5‐year EFS rates for those with involvement of only bone marrow (BM) or central nervous system (CNS) were 83.0% ± 4.5%, 81.8% ± 8.2%, but the 5‐year EFS rates for those with both BM and CNS involved were only 37.5% ± 15.3% (p = 0.002). For stage III patients with LDH ≥ 4N, the 5‐year EFS rates for those achieving CR and those not achieving CR after 2 treatment cycle were 88.9% ± 5.2% and 67.9% ± 7.3%(p = 0.036).

Conclusions

Therefore, R4 group patients benefited from rituximab treatment. However, children at stage III, LDH ≥ 4N not achieving CR after the 2nd treatment cycle, and those with both BM and CNS involved are still at a very high risk of treatment failure. This study serves as a crucial reference for optimizing risk stratification, refining treatment categorizations, and optimizing treatment protocols.
Bridging Real and Virtual: An Ecological Approach to Prevent Cyberviolence Against Women
Authors: Agueli Barbara , Esposito Ciro , Carnevale Stefania , Arcidiacono Caterina , Di Napoli Immacolata
Published: November 2024

Women experience gender violence more than men, in the digital world as well as offline. To understand and prevent this phenomenon, we must consider the continuum between the virtual and the real world and highlight that cyberviolence and offline violence follow the same patterns. Therefore, to comprehend cyberviolence against women, the present study aimed to examine the feelings and emotions of those who have had direct and indirect experiences with it. The research involved 43 young Italians, aged 20–35 and used a narrative approach with a stimulus composed of six questions. The textual material was analysed using reflexive thematic analysis and four main themes emerged: Emotional experiences of cyberviolence; the amplification of cyberviolence in the offline world; the role of bystanders; and actions to prevent cyberviolence. The results highlighted the importance of approaching cyberviolence against women from a holistic and multidimensional perspective through an ecological approach that integrates different levels of action: collective, organisational, interpersonal and individual. Cyberviolence against women entails interventions that are complex and multi‐focused on all those who inhabit the virtual dimension, as well as the offline dimension, where the consequences of online violence become evident.
Therapeutic Potential of Rare Sesterterpenoids from Aspergillus Variecolor Strain SDG and Docking Studies
Authors: Kumar Koochana Pranay , Rao Annam S. CH. V. Appa , Sunkara Kavya , Fariha Umme Ummarah , Rajeswari Batchu Uma , Misra Sunil , Gowri Ponnapalli Mangala
Published: November 2024

Ethyl acetate extract of the cultures of the soil‐derived filamentous fungus, Aspergillus variecolor SDG strain from Nallamala forest resulted in the isolation of extremely rare sesterterpenoids, stellatic acid (1) and andilesin C (2). We report a thorough chemical characterization of these compounds using various spectroscopic techniques and evaluation of their in vitro preclinical therapeutic potential. Stellatic acid exhibits potent antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 38 μg/mL and significant anticancer activity against HeLa, HepG2, MCF7, and A549 cancer cell lines with an IC50 of 7–12 μM. On the other hand, andilesin C displayed moderate cytotoxicity against DU145 and B16F10 cancer cell lines but lacked antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the potential hypoglycemic property of stellatic acid was evaluated by measuring its inhibitory effect against α‐glucosidase. It exhibited tenfold potency against yeast α‐glucosidase (IC50 101.73 μg/mL) than mammalian α‐glucosidase (IC50 1000.00 μg/mL). Docking studies were also performed to suggest the interaction mode of stellatic acid in the α‐glucosidase enzyme active site. Notably, yeast α‐glucosidase shows a higher affinity towards stellatic acid than mammalian α‐glucosidase (3TOP). Thus, the in vitro preclinical study of stellatic acid suggests its potential efficacy in therapeutic drug development.
Chemometrics: A Vital Implement for Understanding the Water Structures by Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Haipeng , Han Li , Cai Wensheng , Shao Xueguang
Published: November 2024

Water structures take an important role in chemical and biological systems, because the structure and function of a molecule may depend on the structure of water with which the molecule interacts. Near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been proven to be powerful in analyzing the structure of water due to its sensitive response to OH. However, chemometrics is vitally important in the analysis of NIR spectrum of water due to the low resolution of the spectrum and the complexity of the water structures. In this review, chemometric methods for structural analysis of water in aqueous systems, particularly in chemical and biological processes, by NIR spectroscopy were summarized, from the improvement of spectral resolution to the effective extraction of the spectral information of different water structures. Through the changes of the spectral features of the water structures, the structural transformation of proteins, thermo‐responsive polymers, antifreeze agents, as well as the structural variation of water in the transformation were elucidated. Water was proved to be a good probe for analyzing the structure and interactions in aqueous solutions and chemical/biological processes by NIR spectroscopy.
A Comprehensive Review on the Biofilm‐Mediated Removal of Nitrogen and Chemical Oxygen Demand From Different Wastewater Sources
Authors: Misra Modhurima , Das Pranati , Mehra Anshita , Chattopadhyay Soham
Published: November 2024

Discharging effluents with high chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrogen content into the environment threatens human and aquatic life. An increase in nitrogen load results in depletion of dissolved oxygen (DO), eutrophication, ecological stress, and biodiversity loss. Intake of water containing excess nitrate can cause different diseases. Conventional physicochemical nitrogen removal techniques are expensive and also generate secondary pollutants. In contrast, biological methods offer effective and economical outcomes with global acceptance. Biofilm‐based techniques have the advantages of low space requirement, resistance toward toxic shocks, and absence of sludge backflow. The carriers used in biofilm reactors allow the growth of heterogeneous microbial consortia, which can simultaneously remove COD, nitrogenous compounds, and phosphates. This review aims to summarize the outcomes of the individual lab‐scale research in this area, critically analyze the scientific findings, and understand the research gap. Conventional nitrification–denitrification and anammox have often been replaced by more efficient approaches such as simultaneous nitrification–denitrification, partial nitrification–denitrification, partial nitritation and anammox, and simultaneous partial nitrification, anammox, and denitrification. Multistage moving bed biofilm reactors have been specially designed with step feeding for complete nitrogen removal. Through anammox in a sequencing batch reactor, a high rate of denitrification could be obtained, whereas simultaneous nitrification–denitrification using a membrane bioreactor resulted in almost complete removal of nitrogen. We expect that this review will provide the direction for designing experiments on enhanced removal of nitrogen and COD from different wastewater sources using microbial biofilms.
Enhanced Anti‐inflammatory Effects of Diclofenac Delivered Orally via Polyvinylpyrrolidone K30/Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles in a Murine Model of Carrageenan‐Induced Paw Edema
Authors: Di Khanh Nguyen , Ha Phuong T. M. , Nguyen Ngoc Phuc , Nguyen Ngoc Yen , Truong Tri Cuong , Nguyen Thi Tuong Van , Truong Quoc‐Ky , Nguyen Manh Quan , Pham Duy Toan
Published: November 2024

Diclofenac has a relatively low oral bioavailability (50–60 %) and is quickly metabolized with a half‐life of less than 1 h. Therefore, the oral therapeutic effect of diclofenac is not optimal. This research developed polyvinylpyrrolidone K30‐functionalized silk fibroin nanoparticles as an effective delivery system for diclofenac (FNPs‐PVP‐DC). The FNPs‐DC and FNPs‐PVP‐DC were formulated by two methods of adsorption and solvent exchange. Depending on the formulation factors, the obtained particles exhibited different properties of nano‐scale sizes (400–800 nm), narrow size distribution, negatively charged surfaces (−17 to −19 mV), high PVP K30 incorporation (23 %–50 %), pHpzc of ~6.6, and appropriate chemical interactions. Interestingly, particles formulated by the adsorption method showed low drug encapsulation efficiencies of <15 %, whereas the solvent exchange method yielded moderate results of ~40 %. The FNPs‐DC possessed aggregated patterns, while the FNPs‐PVP‐DC were more uniformly distributed. All formulations limited diclofenac release (<20 %) under gastric conditions and sustained its release in the intestinal environment. In in‐vivo carrageenan‐induced paw edema mice model, the FNPs‐PVP‐DC demonstrated a 20–30 % higher anti‐inflammatory effect and a faster onset of action (within 1 h) compared to pure diclofenac at the same dose (5 mg/kg). These findings suggest that FNPs‐PVP‐DC have promising potential as novel oral anti‐inflammatory products.
Isolated peripheral neuroleukemiosis mimicking Guillain‐Barré syndrome in an adolescent with relapsed B‐lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Edmondson Ethan , Pauli Paisley , Punia Jyotinder , Calame Daniel G.
Published: November 2024

Background

Neuroleukemiosis, leukemic infiltration of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), is rare. Very few cases of isolated neuroleukemiosis, PNS leukemic infiltration without leukemia blasts in the blood or bone marrow, have been reported in pediatrics. Most cases have occurred in adults with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) in remission who presented with peripheral neuropathy. We describe a pediatric patient presenting with isolated neuroleukemiosis mimicking Guillain‐Barré syndrome.

Patient description

A 15‐year‐old boy presented 1 month after IVIG treatment for Guillain‐Barre syndrome with worsening ataxia and weakness. He had a past medical history of B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B‐ALL) in remission for 8 years. Examination revealed distal greater than proximal weakness of the bilateral lower extremities, areflexia at the Achilles tendon, and 1+ patellar and upper extremity reflexes. Initial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spine were normal, and lumbar puncture revealed increased protein with uninterpretable white count due to excessive red blood cells. Repeat MRI brain and spinal cord showed extensive enlargement of all nerve roots and enhancement of the cauda equina and portions of cranial nerve VII bilaterally. Repeat lumbar puncture with cytology revealed leukemic blast cells. Blasts were not detected in peripheral blood smear or by flow cytometry. Bone marrow biopsy was also free of blast cells, confirming the diagnosis of relapsed B‐ALL restricted to the nervous system.

Conclusions

Neuroleukemiosis is a rare entity with typical clinical features of mono‐ or polyneuropathy. It most often occurs in adults in remission from AML. However, neuroleukemiosis should also be on the differential for pediatric patients in remission from ALL presenting with neuropathy.
A Pilot Investigation Into the Use of Teledentistry and Artificial Intelligence to Assess Dental Erosion in Competitive Swimmers
Authors: Lanzetti Jacopo , Ferrati Federica , Pavone Lorenzo , Mussano Federico
Published: November 2024

Objective

The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of dental erosion in competitive swimmers using teledentistry and artificial intelligence.

Materials and Methods

An opportunistic sample of 20 competitive swimmers was recruited. The participants reported that they carried out an average of 2.40 h of training per day, 4.45 days per week. Data gathering was carried out remotely. The subjects completed a digital questionnaire and uploaded three photos of their mouth. Intraoral photographs were analyzed using the “Intact‐Tooth” application to assess dental erosion. A statistical analysis was carried out to verify a possible correlation between the collected data.

Results

The average calculated Basic Erosive Wear Examination (BEWE) index was 13.95, and 11 subjects (55%) had a severe BEWE (≥ 14). More than 40% of the participants disagreed about having social issues related to tooth hypersensitivity. Considering only subjects with a severe total BEWE value, we have observed an indirect correlation between the degree of dental erosion and diet (Pearson coefficient r = −0.57), whereas a direct correlation was observed between dental erosion and age (r = 0.493) and between BEWE and weekly training hours (r = 0.217).

Conclusions

Because of their lifestyle, competitive swimmers can be considered at a higher risk of developing dental erosion. In this context, teledentistry and AI tools can be effectively used to intercept those at the highest risk and prevent the occurrence of conditions.

Dental erosion assessment in competitive swimmers using teledentistry and AI.
Prosthetic Soft Tissue Management in Esthetic Implant Restorations, Part I: Presurgical Planning, Implant Placement, and Restoration Timing. A Narrative Review
Authors: Atri Faezeh , Nokar Kimia
Published: November 2024

Objectives

This two‐part review article delineates various techniques to enhance esthetic outcomes in anterior implant treatments. Part I concentrates on presurgical measures, case selection, implant placement, and restoration timing. Part II discusses post‐surgical steps, the temporary restoration phase, the emergence profile contour, abutment types, and impression techniques.

Material and Methods

A comprehensive search was conducted using Medline/PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. The primary keywords included were “Dental Implants,” “Dental Prosthesis, Implant‐Supported,” “Esthetics, Dental,” “Dental Impression Techniques,” and “Tissue Management.”

Results

Initially, 1472 studies were identified, from which 187 were selected based on publication year and title relevance. After removing duplicates, 84 abstracts were reviewed in full text, culminating in 59 studies being thoroughly analyzed.

Conclusions

Optimal esthetics in implant restorations are attainable through meticulous treatment planning, precise surgical execution, and systematic restorative steps, ensuring predictable outcomes. Factors such as a thick gingival biotype, an intact facial bone wall, and atraumatic extraction significantly contribute to superior esthetic results. Immediate implant placement combined with immediate provisionalization provides the most predictable outcomes by supporting and maintaining soft tissue architecture. Conversely, delayed implant placement and provisionalization often require extensive manipulation of collapsed soft tissues to achieve desired esthetics.
Unravelling the environmental drivers determining the residual fraction of soybean seed
Authors: Lopez Emelí , Alvarez Prado Santiago , Rotundo José L. , Gerde José A.
Published: November 2024

There are three main components of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seeds: protein, oil, and residual. The residual fraction includes soluble and insoluble carbohydrates, lignin, and minerals. Among soluble carbohydrates, the presence of raffinose family of oligosaccharides (RFOs) has poor nutritional value (i.e., raffinose and stachyose), and the inability of monogastric animals to digest them limits the potential use of soybean meal for food and feed applications. Our objective was to understand how different environmental conditions impact soybean seed quality, particularly the concentration of the residual fraction and its components. Nine commercial genotypes from three maturity groups were sown on early and late dates. The concentration of insoluble carbohydrates + lignin was positively associated with seed weight (r = 0.67) and negatively associated with the mean temperature during the seed‐filling period (R5–R7; r = −0.61). Within soluble carbohydrates, RFOs were negatively influenced by the mean temperature at the beginning of the seed‐filling period (R5–R6; r = −0.37), while sucrose concentration showed the opposite effect (r = 0.43). In contrast, precipitation exhibited a positive correlation with RFOs, whereas sucrose displayed a negative correlation (r = 0.38 and r = −0.42). This study showed that the decrease in protein concentration was related to the increase in the residual fraction of the seeds, and higher temperatures during seed‐filling period impacted the residual composition of the seeds, specifically by reducing RFO concentration.
Bismuth and Fluorine Dual‐Doping of Lithium Argyrodite toward High‐Performance All‐Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Jiang Ziling , Xiao Yujie , Li Lin , Li Siwu , Luo Qiyue , Yu Chuang
Published: November 2024

Chlorine‐rich lithium argyrodite is considered as a promising superionic conductor electrolyte, but its practical application is limited due to poor air stability and instability toward lithium metal. In this work, BiF3 is proposed as a multi‐functional dopant for electrolyte modification, and the effects on the ionic conductivity, air stability, critical current density, and electrolyte/Li metal interfacial stability are studied. The results show that the doped electrolyte Li5.54P0.98Bi0.02S4.5Cl1.44F0.06 (LPBiSClF0.06) still maintains a relatively high ionic conductivity of 5.37 mS cm−1. Additionally, the formation of BiS45− unit and LiBiS2 phase provides high air/moisture resistibility. Meanwhile, the critical current density of the Li/LPBiSClF0.06/Li cell is increased two‐fold (2.1 mA cm−2). The in‐situ formation of LiF and Li−Bi alloy at the lithium metal/electrolyte interface plays a key role in achieving high performance. As a result, the assembled LCO@LNO/LPBiSClF0.06/Li battery retains 78.4 % of its capacity after 100 cycles at 0.2C.
Recycling Solid Electrolytes from All‐Solid‐State Lithium‐Ion Batteries by Using Deep Eutectic Solvents as Green Extractants
Authors: Chen Yu , Shi Zhuojia , Zhang Xueqing , Wang Chenyang , Wang Yanlong , Niu Zihang , Zhang Yuqing , Feng Minghui
Published: November 2024

All‐solid‐state lithium‐ion batteries (ASSLIBs) are attracting significant attention due to their high energy density, conductivity and safety. However, they are expected to generate substantial waste in the near future, leading to resource depletion and environmental pollution. Therefore, it is crucial to achieve green, mild and safe recovery of ASSLIBs. Here, we for the first time to use green deep eutectic solvents (DESs) to effectively recover solid‐state electrolytes (SSEs) from ASSLIBs at mild temperature. Results show that Li leaching efficiency can reach up to 87.5 % with a superhigh Li/La selectivity of 1902 at a low temperature of 80 °C. Furthermore, 70 anti‐solvents are screened to recycle the dissolved SSEs from leachate and 12 anti‐solvents could precipitate SSEs from leachate at room temperature. This research opens new possibilities for recovering SSEs from ASSLIBs using the sustainable, cost‐effective and safe solvents.
Fuzzy Logic Multicriteria Decision‐Making for Broadcast Storm Resolution in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
Authors: Heidari Arash , Jamali Mohammad Ali Jabraeil , Navimipour Nima Jafari
Published: November 2024

In vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), the challenge of broadcast storms during data transmission arises due to an exponential increase in message rebroadcasts. This problem is exacerbated by high‐speed node movements, frequent topology changes, and repetitive discontinuities within these networks, hindering the development of efficient broadcasting protocols. Addressing this gap, our study introduces a pioneering approach utilizing a novel fuzzy method based on multicriteria decision‐making (MCDM) to prioritize vehicles in selecting optimal neighbors for data broadcast. The aim of this work is to propose for VANETs a fuzzy MCDM‐based re‐broadcasting scheme (FMRBS). This method seeks to eliminate broadcast storms and raise data distribution efficiency. We choose the best vehicles for data transportation by using fuzzy logic. The FMRBS system excelled in many respects over UMB and 802.11‐Distance. It decreased end‐to‐end latency and overhead while increasing packet delivery ratio (PDR) and network performance. By efficiently optimizing data distribution inside VANETs, FMRBS lowers broadcasting traffic and network congestion.
Foraging strategy as a route for sexual size dimorphism evolution
Authors: Rocha Pedro N. , Gawryszewski Felipe M.
Published: November 2024

Female‐biased sexual size dimorphism stands as a widespread evolutionary pattern. Fecundity selection, favouring larger females with greater reproductive output, is a leading explanation. However, larger body sizes demand greater energy intake, potentially hindering the evolution of extreme female sizes. Thus, the evolution of more lucrative foraging tactics may allow for an increase in size. Hence, coupled with selection against larger males, fecundity selection should result in larger SSD in species with more lucrative foraging strategies. Crab spiders are sit‐and‐wait predators that hunt in several plant substrata. Species that forage on flowers or employ prey‐luring strategies likely have access to higher food intake than other species. We extracted body size measurements of 614 crab spider species from 43 genera and classified them based on their foraging strategy. Our findings show that foraging strategies that provide higher energy input (EFS) result in larger SSD. Statistical estimates indicate that females have a cephalothorax width 91% larger than males in EFS species, compared to 26% larger females than males in non‐EFS species. These differences possibly arise due to larger females and smaller males. The effects on male size reduction might result from scramble competition, whereas the increase in female size is likely due to fecundity selection. These results suggest that the shift towards more lucrative foraging strategies may have been a key event in body size and SSD evolution in crab spiders.
The Multi‐Functional Use of Large Tree Cavities by Arboreal Vertebrates in a Temperate Broadleaved Forest of Eastern Europe
Authors: Yatsiuk Yehor
Published: November 2024

Tree cavities offer protected shelters and resources for arboreal vertebrates worldwide. In general, cavities with larger openings are better accessible for predators and are avoided by smaller species for breeding, but can still be attractive for occasional use. The current study explores the diversity of functional use types and species interactions at the largest available tree cavities (entrance width ≥ 10 cm) in a temperate European forest with a low number of large cavity‐breeding species. Year‐round camera observations at 9 cavities (range 0.7–3.5 years) revealed 34 visiting species of birds and mammals, including non‐cavity‐breeding species. The top predator threatening other large‐cavity users was European pine marten (Martes martes), which regularly visited each cavity year‐round, on average every 0.7 months. Tawny owl (Strix aluco) was the only species successfully breeding in cavities, arguably because of its ability to defend the nests. However, other species visited cavities at an average rate of 1.5 visits per day, making predominantly short visits (less than 30 s) interpreted as exploration, searching for food, or inspecting for the presence of owls (mobbing). Making short visits and time segregation with predators was a behavioural strategy to exploit cavities for most species. These results confirm that, similarly to other keystone structures (large arboreal nests, ground burrows, etc.), large tree cavities attract a significant part of the arboreal vertebrate community and enrich their habitats. To sustain these functions in wooded ecosystems, management should provide a surplus of available cavities and diversity of their characteristics even when the apparent number of breeding species is low.
Macroclimatic Convergence and Habitat Specialisation Shape the Mediterranean Seed Germination Syndrome
Authors: Cruz‐Tejada Diana María , Mattana Efisio , Rosbakh Sergey , Fernández‐Pascual Eduardo , Carta Angelino
Published: November 2024

Ecological theory predicts that plant reproductive phenology in the Mediterranean regions is shaped by evolutionary processes driven by strong seasonality in precipitation–evaporation patterns. Thus, it can be expected that seed germination phenology has adapted to maximise recruitment during the season of highest water availability. Cold‐cued and slow germination (i.e., the ‘Mediterranean seed germination syndrome’) has been hypothesised to be an adaptation to ensure that seedling emergence occurs in autumn/early winter, extending the growing season before the subsequent unfavourable summer drought. However, this hypothesis has been tested on individual species or local studies, without a proper synthesis for the whole Mediterranean region. Here we tested, for the first time, the Mediterranean seed germination syndrome using experimental data for 459 species (11,363 records, 59 families) occurring in the Mediterranean Basin. We performed a phylogenetically informed Bayesian meta‐analysis to model the effect on germination proportions of seven key experimental cues: mean incubation temperature, alternating temperature regime, light and dormancy‐breaking treatments (scarification, warm stratification and cold stratification) and the modulating role of seed mass on seed germination. We show that species from lowland zonal habitats of the Mediterranean align with the Mediterranean germination syndrome hypothesis, with their seeds responding positively to cool, constant temperatures and negatively to light. Yet, habitat specialists (i.e., species restricted to mountains, coasts and wetlands) deviate from the syndrome, showing nearly opposite germination requirements. Seed mass further influences the germination niche and phylogenetically related species exhibit similar germination responses. Cumulatively, these results suggest that evolutionary pressures from local habitat‐related conditions override the macroclimatically imposed Mediterranean seed germination syndrome.