bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MR IMAGING FINDINGS IN A DOG WITH INTRAVASCULAR LYMPHOMA IN THE BRAIN
Authors: Kent Marc , Delahunta Alexander , Tidwell Amy S.
Published: May 2005

Intravascular lymphoma (malignant angioendotheliomatosis, angiotrophic lymphoma) is a rare neo‐plastic disorder in dogs. The literature contains few reports in dogs and a single report in a cat. Intravascular lymphoma is characterized by an intravascular proliferation of malignant lymphocytes. This unique angiocentric distribution of neoplastic cells leads to the characteristic clinicopathologic feature of thromboses and infarctions. In people, intravascular lymphoma has a predilection for vessels in the central nervous system (CNS) and skin. Typically, affected patients have episodic symptoms that coincide with the timing of infarctions. This report details the clinicopathologic description and magnetic resonance (MR) images of a dog with intravascular lymphoma that resulted in multiple CNS infarctions. Abnormalities identified with MR imaging consisted of multifocal hyperintensities observed in pre‐contrast Tl‐weighted, T2‐weighted, intermediate‐weighted, and FLAIR pulse sequences. Lesions were most conspicuous on the FLAIR images. In addition, there was mild enhancement of the lesions seen in post‐contrast T1 weighted images.
GASTROINTESTINAL STUDIES IN THE GREEN IGUANA: TECHNIQUE AND REFERENCE VALUES
Authors: Smith D. , Dobson H. , Spence E.
Published: May 2005

Five healthy green iguana (Iguana iguana) were used to determine appropriate technique and normal transit times for gastrointestinal contrast studies and to describe normal radiographic anatomy. The animals were maintained at 27–29°C. There was rapid transit through a U shaped stomach, with a median gastric emptying time of 8 h, and median small intestinal transit and small intestine emptying times of 4 h and 16 h respectively. Median large colon transit and emptying times were 15 h and 66 h. Maintaining the iguana at a reduced ambient temperature increased all of these times. The vaso‐vagal response or mechanical methods were adequate for restraint. A 25mykg dose of a 25% w/v suspension of barium administered by stomach tube gave the best results. Lateral and ventrodorsal projections of the abdomen should he made immediately following the administration of the barium and at 1‐hour intervals for the first 6 h and at 12‐hour intervals thereafter until barium can be identified in the distal descending small colon.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE PODOTROCHLEAR APPARATUS IN THE HORSE USING A TRANSCUNEAL APPROACH: TECHNIQUE AND REFERENCE IMAGES
Authors: Busoni Valeria , Denoix Jean‐Marie
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this paper is to describe the technique for ultrasonographic examination of the podo‐trochlear apparatus in the horse using a transcuneal approach. In this study, ultrasound scans were performed in 3 normal cadaver limbs and 5 sound horses and images were compared to anatomic sections to establish the normal ultrasonographic anatomy of the podotrochlear apparatus. Detailed description of transverse and sagittal reference ultrasonographic images of this region is provided. This new imaging technique allows the assessment of the distal sesamoid bone flexor surface, the distal portion of the deep digital flexor tendon, the impar distal sesamoidean ligament, and the entheses of the distal phalanx.
TRANSCUTANEOUS ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE COELOMIC VISCERA OF THE OSTRICH (Struthio camelus)
Authors: Wagner Wencke M. , Kirberger Robert M.
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonographic examinations were performed on clinically healthy growing and adult nonbreeding female ostriches. Multiple acoustic windows and the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the coelomic viscera were described. Good images of the heart and its major vessels, proventriculus, ventriculus, intestines, liver, and kidneys could be obtained. Additionally, an anechoic structure, believed to function as an urinary bladder, could be imaged in the cloacal region. The pancreas, spleen, thyroid glands, ovary, and adrenals could not be seen in this study. General limitations were the size of the ostriches, massive leg and dorsal muscles, large sternum, the extensive air sac system, compact convoluted intestines, and varying amounts of gastrointestinal gas. Ostriches do not posses a gall bladder, and thus it could not be used as a landmark or acoustic window. The extensive air sac system and feathers did not limit the use of ultrasonography as much as anticipated. Imaging of air sacs should, however, be considered to detect pathology such as air sacculitis, which may result in consolidation.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE SCINTIGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT OF RENAL FUNCTION IN DOGS EXPOSED TO TOXIC DOSES OF GENTAMICIN
Authors: Lora‐Michiels Michaël , Anzola Kelly , Amaya Germän , Solano Mauricio
Published: May 2005

Five, 3‐month‐old mongrel dogs weighing between 4.5 to 5.5 kg were studied to evaluate and compare the efficiency of99mTc‐DTPA,99mTc‐MAG, and99mTc‐DMSA in detecting gentamicin‐induced renal tubular injury. After baseline renograms using all three methods, all dogs received daily intramuscular injections of gentamicin at a dose of 30–45 mg/kg. Additional studies were obtained after a cumulative dose of 450, 1,575, and 2,250 mg of gentamicin was reached. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), effective renal plasma flow (ERPF), and percentage of total renal uptake measurements were calculated. Baseline and post‐gentamicin injection blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine values were determined. A Duncan test revealed significant renal function impairment at 450 mgs of cumulated gentamicin with99mTc‐DMSA and at 1,575 mgs of cumulated gentamicin for99mTc‐DTPA and99mTc‐MAG., There was no correlation between BUN and serum creatinine values when compared to gentamicin (p > 0.05). The images obtained with99mTc‐MAG, were of better quality than those obtained with99mTc‐DTPA even under severe renal dysfunction. Percentage of99mTc‐DMSA uptake indicated renal damage, before than GFR and ERPF. BUN and serum creatinine measurements were poor indicators of gentamicin‐induced renal failure.
REGIONAL BRAIN PERFUSION IN 10 NORMAL DOGS MEASURED USING TECHNETIUM‐99m ETHYL CYSTEINATE DIMER SPECT
Authors: Peremans K. , De Bondt P. , Audenaert K. , Van Laere K. , Gielen I. , Koole M. , Versijpt J. , Van Bree H. , Verschooten F. , Dierckx R.
Published: May 2005

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) of the brain using perfusion tracers allows estimation of regional brain perfusion. This allows in vivo examination of brain function in the setting of neuropsychologic and pathophysiologic changes. However functional imaging data on brain perfusion in dogs are limited. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine the scintigraphic regional perfusion pattern of the normal canine brain. Ten healthy shepherd type dogs were injected with 925 MBq Technetium‐9Ym ethyl cysteinate (ECD) 20 minutes before the examination. Acquisition was performed using a triple head gamma camera equipped with fanbeam collimators. Uniform attenuation Correction and triple energy window correction were applied. Computed tomographic images were obtained from the same dogs, reoriented along the orbito‐meatal axis and SPECT perfusion data were coregistered to the CT‐volume data. Based on morphological and suggested brain divisions, regionsof‐ interest (ROIs) were defined for the bilateral frontocerebral, temporocerebral, parietocerehral, occipitocerebral, cerebellar, thalamic, and striatal area. Regional count density was normalized on total counts. All dogs had the highest uptake in the thalamic/striatal area compared to a rather homogeneous cerebral uptake. No significant left/right count differences were found, hut a rostro‐caudal gradient (13%) was present. In this group, age and gender did not influence the perfusion pattern.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN 35 DOGS WITH NASAL ASPERGILLOSIS
Authors: Saunders Jimmy H. , Zonderland Jean‐Luc , Clercx Cécils , Gielen Ingrid , Snaps Frédéric R. , Sullivan Martin , Vanbree Henri , Dondelinger Robert F.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to describe the computed tomographic (CT) features of nasal aspergillosis in dogs. Initial (n = 35) and follow‐up (n = 12) CT images were available from 35 dogs. The most commonly encountered CT findings were (1) moderate to severe cavitary destruction of the turbinates with presence of a variable amount of abnormal soft tissue in the nasal passages, (2) non‐specific thickening of the mucosa adjacent to the inner surface of bones of the frontal sinus, maxillary recess and nasal cavity and, (3) thickened reactive bone. The findings were consistent with a disease initially affecting one nasal cavity then progressing into the ipsilateral frontal sinus, the contralateral nasal cavity and the contralateral frontal sinus. Two dogs with associated nasal foreign body had a more localized invasion of the nasal cavity. Attenuation values and contrast enhancement were not specific. With follow‐up examinations, a reduction in the amount of abnormal soft tissue was observed in all dogs except one, but this reduction could not be quantified.
CT FINDINGS OF INTRACRANIAL BLASTOMYCOSIS IN A DOG
Authors: Saito Miyoko , Sharp Nicholas J.H. , Munana Karen , Troan Brigid V. , Tokuriki Mikihiko , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

Computed tomography (CT) findings in a dog with intracranial blastomycosis were marked periventricular contrast enhancement of the lateral ventricles, the 3rd ventricle, and the mesencephalic aqueduct. The CT appearance correlated with the histopathologic findings, where severe ependymitis was present throughout the ventricular system and there was stenosis of the mesencephalic aqueduct due to an inflammatory infiltrate. CT is therefore recommended as a screening test for intracranial blastomycosis in dogs and also as an imaging modality for follow‐up evaluation after treatment. This is particularly true in dogs with systemic or ocular blastomycosis, which appear to be at higher risk of developing CNS involvement.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE CANINE INNER AND MIDDLE EAR
Authors: Russo Marco , Covelli Eucenio M. , Meomartino Leonardo , Lamb Christopher R. , Arturo Brunetti Vetmb
Published: May 2005

A series of high‐resolution computed x‐ray tomography (CT) images of the normal canine middle and inner ear are presented to serve as a reference for optimal interpretation of clinical CT images of animals with diseases affecting this region.
CRETINISM IN A NORTH AMERICAN BLACK BEAR(URSUS AMERICANUS)
Authors: Duncan Robert B. , Jones Jeryl C. , David Moll H. , Moon Martha M. , Blodgett Dennis J. , Vaughan Michael R.
Published: May 2005

Congenital hyperplastic goiter and cretinism were documented in a 16 month‐old male North American black bear (Ursus americanus). The cub was captured at approximately 8 months of age and maintained for an additional 8 months in captivity. Clinical signs included growth retardation, clumsiness, and facial dysmorphism. Hypothyroidism was documented by determining serum triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) levels. Lysosomal storage disease was ruled out by measuring various lysosomal enzyme activities. Serologic, radiographic, computed tomographic, necropsy, and histopathologic findings were consistent with congenital hypothyroidism and cretinism.
SUPERPARAMAGNETIC IRON OXIDE‐ENHANCED MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE LIVER IN BEAGLE DOGS
Authors: Chang Dongwoo , Kim Bongkyeong , Yun Youngmin , Hur Yongmin , Lee Youngwon , Choi Mincheol , Yoon Junghee , Seong Jekyung
Published: May 2005

The role of superparamagnetic iron oxide as a tissue‐specific contrast medium has been established in humans, especially for hepatic imaging. Superparamagnetic iron oxide particles exhibit a tissue‐specific biodistribution to the reticuloendothelial system, where they predominantly shorten transverse T2 relaxation time. Most hepatic tumors lack Kupffer cells; therefore, the T2 of tumors remains virtually unchanged after administration of superparamagnetic iron oxide. The resulting loss of signal intensity from the liver, with unchanged tumor signal intensity, increases lesion‐to‐liver contrast. In this study, MR images were acquired with fast gradient echo recalled at steady state (FGRE) in five Beagle dogs before and after injection of superparamagnetic iron oxide. The effect of superparamagnetic iron oxide on signal intensity of the liver with time was assessed. A signal intensity decrease of 65.7 ± 10.0% was detected at 20 minutes, and it continued to decrease until the last time point of MR scanning (200 minutes). The liver intensity of all dogs dropped to half its value after 20 minutes. The effect of motion was minimized by breath holding. Superparamagnetic iron oxide did not have any adverse effects on the dogs.
CONGENITAL FACIAL INFILTRATIVE LIPOMA IN A CALF
Authors: Di Giancamillo Mauro , Lombardo Rocco , Beretta Silvia , Pravettoni Davide , Cipone Mario , Scanziani Eugenic , Belloli Angelo
Published: May 2005

The clinical and pathologic findings related to an infiltrative facial lipoma in a 5‐month‐old female Holstein Friesian calf are reported. The tumor was congenital, increased in size with time, and deformed the left side of the face and cranial bones. The clinical condition of the calf was good; the only detectable abnormalities were poor weight gain and decreased motility of the left upper lip. Clinical and radiologic data indicated the mass was not removable. Muscle and lymph node invasion by tumor tissue were detected histologically. Infiltrative lipoma is a rare variety of lipoma that has been reported in dogs, cats, horses, and humans. Although its cytologic characteristics are those of a benign tumor, in this patient the invasiveness of the neoplasm was associated with poor prognosis.
NEEDLE‐TRACT IMPLANTATION FOLLOWING US‐GUIDED FINE‐NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY OF TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA OF THE BLADDER, URETHRA, AND PROSTATE
Authors: Nyland Thomas G. , Wallack Seth T. , Wisner Erik R.
Published: May 2005

Localized tumor implantation of the ventral abdominal wall was found at 2, 5, and 8 months following percutaneous ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of transitional carcinoma of the bladder, urethra, or prostate in 3 dogs. To our knowledge this complication has not been reported in dogs following FNAB. Despite the rarity of needle‐tract implantation, the potential for this complication with transitional cell carcinomas is apparently not negligible and warrants consideration. We recommend traumatic urethral catheterization to obtain a cytologic diagnosis of potential transitional cell carcinomas of the lower urinary tract or prostate whenever possible until more information becomes available. However, needle‐track implantation is so rare that it should not influence the decision to perform a percutaneous FNAB if the urethra cannot be catheterized.
ACCURACY OF SURVEY RADIOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF INTERVERTEBRAL DISC PROTRUSION IN DOGS
Authors: Lamb C.R. , Nicholls A. , Targett M. , Mannion P.
Published: May 2005

To assess the diagnostic accuracy of survey radiography for canine thoracolumbar intervertebral disc protrusion, survey radiographs (lateral and ventrodorsal) of 64 dogs with surgically‐confirmed thoracolumbar intervertebral disc protrusion, 51 dogs with negative myelograms and 29 dogs with various spinal conditions other than disc protrusion were reviewed by three independent observers who were unaware of any clinical information. There were marked differences in observer performance for diagnosis of intervertebral disc protrusion, although there were no significant differences in intra‐observer diagnostic accuracy for small vs. large dogs. Accuracy of observers for determining sites of intervertebral disc protrusion using survey radiography was in the range 51–61%. AH observers had low accuracy for identification of second sites of intervertebral disc protrusion. The most useful radiographic sign, narrowed intervertebral space, had only moderate sensitivity (range 64–69%) and moderate predictive value (range 63–71%) for intervertebral disc protrusion. Vacuum phenomenon was an infrequent but accurate sign of intervertebral disc protrusion. Recognition of multiple radio‐graphic signs of intervertebral disc protrusion at one site was associated with increased accuracy of diagnosis. No observer was accurate enough to justify attempting targeted surgical treatment of intervertebral disc protrusion without myelography.
CHANGES IN THE CANINE FEMOROPATELLAR JOINT SPACE IN THE POSTSURGICAL, CRUCIATE‐DEFICIENT STIFLE JOINT
Authors: Innes J.F. , Shepstone L. , Holder J. , Barr A.R.S. , Dieppe P.A.
Published: May 2005

In this study, we investigate the factors that influence changes in articular cartilage thickness in naturally occurring osteoarthritis of the canine stifle joint. Fifty‐eight dogs with QA secondary to cranial cruciate ligament deficiency were examined radiographically at 0, 7, and 13 months using 90° flexed mediolateral radiographs of both stifle joints. The femoropatellar joint space widths were measured using a computer‐assisted video image analysis system. The femoropatellar joint space widths were found to be significantly increased in index joints as compared to contralateral joints. In addition, there was a significant increase in femoropatellar joint space (FPJS) width over the course of the study, particularly between entry and 7 months. Factors that might influence the degree of femoropatellar joint space increase (bodyweight, age, sex, disease duration, radiographic score) were investigated using regression analysis. Body weight at baseline showed a moderate to strong relationship with change in FPJS between 0 and 7 months (Pearson's partial correlation r = 0.417,p= .006). This relationship was less strong for change in femoropatellar joint space between 7 and 13 months (r = 0.324,p= .036).
AN INTRATHORACIC MALIGNANT PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATH TUMOR IN A DOG
Authors: Essman Stephanie C. , Hoover John P. , Bahr Robert J. , Ritchey Jerry W. , Watson Christine
Published: May 2005

A 7‐year‐old, neutered male Labrador Retriever presented for a persistent, productive cough and regurgitation. Radiography, ultrasonography, and computed tomography confirmed a large, smoothly marginated intrathoracic mass causing trachea! compression. The mass was removed via a thoracotomy, and a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor, most likely originating from the ventral spinal nerve roots, was confirmed using immunohistochemistry.
RADIOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE OF BRONCHOALVEOLAR CARCINOMA IN NINE CATS
Authors: Ballegeer Elizabeth A. , Forrest Lisa J. , Stepien Rebecca L.
Published: May 2005

Thoracic radiographs of nine cats with confirmed bronchoalveolar carcinoma (BAG) were reviewed retrospectively. Radiographic appearance of BAC was divided into three categories: mixed broncho‐alveolar pattern, ill‐defined alveolar mass, or mass with cavitation. In addition to these radiographic signs, all nine cats had evidence of some form of bronchial disease. Cavitary lesions were the most common finding (n = 5). In addition, three cats in this category had diffuse bronchointerstitial opacity and one cat had focal peribronchial cuffing. Five cats had either a mixed bronchoalveolar pattern with bronchiectasis (n = 3) or an ill‐defined alveolar mass with peribronchial cuffing (n = 2). One cat had both a mixed bronchoalveolar pattern and a cavitary mass. Each of these nine cats had some form of bronchial disease (bronchointerstitial pattern, peribronchial cuffing, or bronchiectasis), which aids in the radiographic diagnosis of bronchoalveolar carcinoma and may represent airway metastasis.
DIAGNOSIS OF URINARY BLADDER RUPTURE USING ULTRASOUND CONTRAST CYSTOGRAPHY: IN VITRO MODEL AND TWO CASE‐HISTORY REPORTS
Authors: Cǒté Etienne , Carroll Maureen C. , Beck Kathy A. , Good Lillian , Gannon Kristi
Published: May 2005

Because urinary bladder rupture can be life threatening, a simple, safe technique for evaluating patients is desirable. Current diagnostic protocols involve radiographic imaging, but ultrasound‐based contrast techniques have not been methodically evaluated in veterinary patients with urologic trauma. Ultrasound contrast cystography (contrast cystosonography) involves infusion of microbubbled saline solution through a urinary catheter. It was performed in an in vitro model and in 2 dogs with naturally occurring urinary bladder rupture. A positive result consisted of visualizing microbubbles sonographically in fluid surrounding the bladder immediately after infusion of contrast into the urinary catheter. A positive result was obtained both in the in vitro model and in the 2 dogs, with radiographic and surgical confirmation of naturally occurring intraperitoneal urinary bladder rupture in the dogs. Based on the results of this study, ultrasound contrast cystography appears to be more sensitive than twodimensional (2D) abdominal sonography for detecting naturally occurring urinary bladder rupture in dogs.
PREVALENCE OF CANINE HIP DYSPLASIA IN A VETERINARY TEACHING HOSPITAL POPULATION
Authors: Rettenmaier J.L. , Keller G.G. , Lattimer J.C. , Corley E.A. , Ellersieck M.R.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of canine HD in a population in which there was minimal or no prior screening of radiographs for the disorder. Patient information was obtained from the radiographic database at the University of Missouri‐Columbia Veterinary Teaching Hospital during the five‐year period of 1991–1995. The coxofemoral joints on ventrodorsal radiographs of the pelvis were independently evaluated by three veterinary radiologists. A consensus evaluation of normal, borderline, or dysplastic was compiled. There were 2885 dogs identified representing 116 breeds and the mixbreds. There were 2236 purebred dogs (1071 males and 1165 females) and the prevalence of HD was 19.7%. There were 649 mixbred dogs (340 males and 309 females) and the prevalence of HD was 17.7%. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of HD between sexes or between purebred and mixbred dogs (P= 0.16;P= 0.29). Degenerative joint disease (DJD) was the most common radiographic manifestation of HD and there appeared to be a threshold at 12 months of age after which the presence of DJD was the primary diagnostic criteria.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF EXTRADURAL HEMATOMAS ASSOCIATED WITH INTER VERTEBRAL DISC HERNIATION IN A DOG
Authors: Tidwell Amy S. , Specht Andrew , Blaeser Lauren , Kent Marc
Published: May 2005

Myelography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were performed on a 4‐year‐old neutered female Rottweiler with bilateral pelvic limb paresis. On the myelogram, there was extradural spinal cord compression at the level of the Tll‐12 intervertebral disc. Inadvertent placement of epidural contrast medium also allowed identification of a 1‐cm circular filling defect in the epidural space dorsal to the compressed spinal cord. MRI showed partial loss of the nucleus pulposus signal of the T11–12 disc, a focal signal void within the vertebral canal at T11 compatible with a free disc fragment, and extradural masses compressing the spinal cord at T10–11 and T11–12. Hemorrhage within the masses was confirmed on T2*‐weighted images. A mixture of hematoma and mineralized disc material was found at surgery, and there was no histopathologic evidence of neoplasia. In this article, the appearance on MRI of hemorrhage associated with intervertebral disc herniation is discussed.
RESULTS OF MYELOGRAPHY IN SEVEN DOGS WITH MYELOMALACIA
Authors: Lu D. , Lamb C.R. , Targett M.P.
Published: May 2005

Myelomalacia is a hemorrhagic infarction of the spinal cord that can occur as a sequel to acute spinal cord injury. Myelomalacia may be focal or diffuse; the diffuse form is typically associated with cranial migration of neurologic signs (“ascending syndrome”) and is often fatal. In a retrospective study of seven affected dogs, diffuse myelomalacia was associated with intervertebral disc extrusion in five dogs, focal myelomalacia was associated with fibrocartilagenous embolus in one dog, and had no apparent cause in one dog. The myelographic signs included a variable degree of contrast medium infiltration into the spinal cord in six dogs (86%) and/or spinal cord swelling in six dogs (86%). In one dog with focal myelomalacia, the only myelographic sign was spinal cord swelling.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF LISSENCEPHALY IN 2 LHASA APSOS
Authors: Saito Miyoko , Sharp Nicholas J.H. , Kortz Gregg D. , De Lahunta Alexander , Leventer Richard J. , Tokuriki Mikihiko , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

Two Lhasa Apsos were diagnosed with lissencephaly based on MR imaging and clinical findings. Histologic confirmation of the diagnosis was obtained in one dog. The MR imaging appearance of the brain in 2 Lhasa Apsos with lissencephaly was of a smooth cerebral surface and a thick neocortex with an absence of the corona radiata. This correlated very well with the histopathologic findings in the dog. Our findings, together with the histopathologic features reported previously, are most consistent with Lhasa Apsos having the canine equivalent of human classical lissencephaly. MR is the imaging modality of choice for antemortem diagnosis of canine lissencephaly.
ECHOLARYNGOGRAPHY IN CATS
Authors: Rudorf Heike , Barr Frances
Published: May 2005

Twenty‐five cats with clinical signs of upper respiratory tract disease and five cats without upper respiratory signs underwent echolaryngography. Direct inspection of the larynx under general anesthesia was undertaken in all cats and used as the ‘gold standard’ for the diagnosis of laryngeal diseases. The aims were to: (a) establish which anatomic structures of the larynx are visible ultrasonographically in cats without upper respiratory tract disease, (b) establish which laryngeal abnormalities can be detected and accurately localised using ultrasonography and (c) evaluate in which conditions the technique may provide complementary information or an alternative method of investigation.

The ultrasound investigation accurately indicated the presence and location of cysts and masses. Abnormal laryngeal movements were also detected, although it was difficult to confirm whether these were unilateral or bilateral. Vocal cord thickening was seen but the underlying cause could not be established with this technique.
QUANTITATIVE THYROID SCINTIGRAPHY AS A PREDICTOR OF SERUM THYROXIN CONCENTRATION IN NORMAL AND HYPERTHYROID CATS
Authors: Daniel Gregory B. , Sharp Dorothy S. , Nieckarz Janet A. , Adams William
Published: May 2005

Quantitative thyroid scintigraphy using pertechnetate was performed in 43 cats with various T4 concentrations and compared to eight normal control cats. Quantitative parameters included percentage dose uptake of the radioisotope by the thyroid, thyroid: salivary ratio and rate of thyroid uptake. All cats were anesthetized for the scan, and images were obtained using both low‐energy all purpose (LEAP) and pinhole collimators. All quantitative parameters were significantly correlated to the serum T4 concentration, but the best correlation was obtained using the 20‐minute thyroid: salivary ratio using only the most intense of the two thyroid lobes. The thyroid: salivary ratio was a good predictor of the metabolic status of the thyroid.
EFFECT OF REGION OF INTEREST SELECTION AND UPTAKE MEASUREMENT ON GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE MEASURED BY99mTc‐DTPA SCINTIGRAPHY IN DOGS
Authors: Kampa Naruepon , Wennstrom Ursula , Lord Peter , Twardock Robert , Maripuu Enn , Eksell Per , Fredriksson Sten‐Olof
Published: May 2005

Determinations of different methods of measurement of uptake of99mTc‐DTPA using scintigraphy of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) were made from 29 studies on 10 healthy beagle dogs. GFR was measured by calculating the percentage dose uptake (integral method) and rate of uptake (slope method) of99mTc‐DTPA using manual kidney regions of interest (ROI) and automatic kidney and background ROIs at different time periods of the uptake phase. These results were compared using linear regression analysis to the GFR obtained from99mTc‐DTPA plasma clearance using multiple blood samples. The best correlation coefficient between percentage DTPA uptake and GFR by DTPA clearance (r = 0.84,P< 0.001) was derived from time intervals between 30s–120s with a perirenal background ROI at 1 or 2 pixels out from the kidney ROI using automatic kidney ROI at 20% threshold. With the slope method, the best correlation coefficient (r = 0.85,P< 0.001) was obtained from time intervals between 30s‐peak with the background ROI at 2 pixels out from the kidney ROI using automatic ROI at 35% threshold. The offset was higher, and the correlation varied more with different ROIs and the method was unreliable at time intervals extending beyond the peak radioactivity. Manual kidney ROIs with automatic background ROIs had slightly lower correlations. With DTPA renography both integral and slope uptake method with automatic kidney and background ROIs are accurate methods to estimate the GFR, but that the integral method is much more stable to variations in ROI size and the duration of the uptake phase of the renogram.
RESULTS OF RADIATION THERAPY IN 19 DOGS WITH CUTANEOUS MAST CELL TUMOR AND REGIONAL LYMPH NODE METASTASIS
Authors: Chaffin Kelly , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

The records of 19 dogs with cutaneous mast cell tumor and regional lymph node metastasis (WHO Stage 2) were reviewed to determine the efficacy of radiation therapy in this population. Dogs with grade I (n= 1), grade II (n= 16), and grade III (n= 2) cutaneous mast cell tumor were included in this study. All dogs were treated with a combination of pre‐irradiation surgical cytoreduction of the primary tumor, irradiation of the primary tumor and regional lymph node, and oral prednisone. Total radiation dose to the primary tumor and regional lymph node ranged from 48 to 57 Gray (Gy). The medial iliac and hypogastric lymph nodes were irradiated prophylactically in 11 dogs with primary tumor of the pelvic limb and positive ipsilateral popliteal lymph node. Total radiation dose to these lymph nodes ranged from 48 to 57 Gy. For all radiation fields, dose per fraction was 3 Gy, and therapy was administered on a Monday through Friday schedule. Acute and late radiation side effects observed in this study were considered acceptable. The median disease‐free survival was 1,240 days (95% confidence interval 256 to 2,391 days). The disease‐free survival in dogs with stage 2 mast cell tumor suggests that the combination of surgery, irradiation, and prednisone for the primary tumor along with irradiation of the positive lymph node is effective.
AORTIC AND CARDIAC MINERALIZATION IN THE DOG
Authors: Schwarz Tobias , Sullivan Martin , Störk Christoph K. , Willis Ruth , Harley Ross , Mellor Dominic J.
Published: May 2005

Aortic and cardiac mineralization was found in 21 of 3443 (0.61%) canine thoracic radiographs. In none of 786 feline thoracic radiographs reviewed were such lesions present. Mineralizations were superimposed on the ascending aorta (19 dogs) or on the caudal cardiac silhouette (2 dogs). In 2 of 4 dogs mineralization was identified echocardiographically dorsal to the aortic valve in close proximity to coronary arteries. Computed tomography confirmed mineralization of the aortic arch and root in 2 of 2 dogs. Necropsy and histopathologic examination in 1 dog revealed multiple nodular aortic tunica media calcifications with adjacent areas of degeneration. Lesions were significantly overrepresented in older dogs and in Rottweilers, and regarded as dystrophic calcification, caused either by age‐related degenerative changes or chronic disease‐related processes. There was no evidence of clinical significance attributed to the mineralization in any dog. Aortic and cardiac mineralization should be recognized as an incidental, non‐significant finding in dogs of advanced age and differentiated from pleural and pulmonary structures.
INTRACRANIAL INTRA‐ARACHNOID CYST WITH INTRACYSTIC HEMORRHAGE IN TWO DOGS
Authors: Vernau Karen M. , Lecouteur Richard A. , Sturges Beverly K. , Samii Valerie , Higgins Robert J. , Koblik Philip D. , Vernau William
Published: May 2005

Clinical signs, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features, treatment, and outcome of two adult dogs with neurologic dysfunction resulting from hemorrhage into a quadrigeminal intracranial intra‐arachnoid cyst are described. In dog 1, the cyst was hyperintense to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) on T1‐weighted MRI and hypointense to CSF on T2‐weighted images. In dog 2, the cyst was isointense to CSF on T1‐ and T2‐weighted images. Both dogs were treated with craniotomy and cyst fenestration. A large blood clot was removed from the lumen of the cyst in each dog. Dog 1 is clinically normal 3.5 years post‐surgery and has a persistent cyst. Dog 2 had a good initial response to therapy but was euthanized 2.5 years post‐operatively due to generalized seizures. The late onset of clinical signs in these dogs most likely resulted from hemorrhage into the cyst. Surgical fenestration and hematoma removal appear to provide a satisfactory treatment for adult dogs with an intracranial intra‐arachnoid cyst and intracystic hemorrhage. Persistence of the cyst may occur in some dogs.
COMPARISON OF COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY AND CONVENTIONAL FILM‐SCREEN RADIOGRAPHY OF THE EQUINE STIFLE
Authors: Bindeus Tanja , Vrba Susanne , Gabler Christine , Rand Thomas , Stanek Christian
Published: May 2005

Major advantages of computed radiography are the potential reduction of dose and the possibility of postprocessing. In our study, we compared conventional radiographs to digital radiographs of the equine stifle by subjective evaluation of diagnostic quality when using a decreasing photon flux (mAs). Twelve equine stifle joints from horses of different weight and size were examined. Conventional and digital radiographs were performed identically in a caudocranial projection with the tube angled 15 degrees. A series of four radiographs was performed in each technique with an increasing photon flux starting with 2.5 mAs and going up to 5, 10, and 20 mAs. All radiographs were evaluated subjectively in a blinded fashion by seven readers in terms of contrast, bone structure, and diagnostic value and were graded using a 1–5 scale. Results from conventional and digitized radiographs were compared, and differences between the individual observers were analyzed statistically. Contrast, bone structure, and diagnostic value from digital images were rated significantly better than from conventional images (p < .001). For both techniques, a decrease in ranking was found with a decrease of photon flux. There was only slight interobserver variability. A dose reduction up to a factor of 4 compared to a 100 speed film‐screen system seems to be possible without loss of information. Weight and size of the horse are not major influences.
COLLATERAL CARTILAGE OSSIFICATION OF THE DISTAL PHALANX IN THE BRAZILIAN JUMPER HORSE
Authors: Melo E Silva Sérgio Ricardo A. , Vulcano Luiz Carlos
Published: May 2005

Collateral cartilage ossification of the distal phalanx in the Brazilian Jumper horse is a common finding. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence and the degree of ossification of the collateral cartilages of the distal phalanx in Brazilian Jumper horses. In an analysis of 652 collateral cartilages from the front feet of 163 horses, 93% of these cartilages had collateral cartilage ossification (P < 0.005), and 7% of these cartilages did not have any type of ossification. In ossified cartilages, 86.4% had ossification beginning from the base, and 6.6% had a separate center of ossification.
LAPAROSCOPIC SONOGRAPHY IN THE URINARY SYSTEM
Authors: Soria‐Gálvez Federico , Sánchez‐Margallo Francisco Miguel , Martín‐Portuguŕs Idoia Díaz‐Güemes , Hernández‐Hernández Francisco Javier , Ezquerra‐Calvo Luis Javier , Usón‐Gargallo Jesus
Published: May 2005

This work reports the use of laparoscopic‐transducer sonography for the examination of the urinary system in a swine model. Animals underwent a two‐phase study. In the first phase, the urinary system was examined using laparoscopic sonography. In the second a partial ureteral obstruction was induced, and sonographic changes were recorded and evaluated. Sonography was used to evaluate kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Anatomic structures were evaluated and the following pathological findings were identified: renal cysts, one poly cystic kidney, dilation of the renal pelvis, hydronephrosis, and one perirenal pseudocyst. Where necessary, contrast digital fluoroscopy (excretory urography and retrograde ureteropyelography) was also performed. Laparoscopic sonography mainly is used for evaluation prior to laparoscopic surgery to guide decisions relating to surgery. The quality of the images obtained laparoscopically is superior to that of percutaneous or transabdominal images, because artifacts are reduced and the contact surface of the transducer is placed directly over the study area. Laparoscopic sonography proved highly effective for studying renal and ureteral disorders prior to minimally invasive surgery.
PREOPERATIVE RADIOTHERAPY FOR VACCINE ASSOCIATED SARCOMA IN 92 CATS
Authors: Kobayashi Tetsuya , Hauck Marlene L. , Dodge Richard , Page Rodney L. , Price G. Sylvester , Williams Laurel E. , Hardie Elizabeth M. , Mathews Kyle G. , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

Medical records for 92 cats with a vaccine associated sarcoma receiving preoperative irradiation, with or without chemotherapy, between December 1985 and September 1998 were reviewed. The purposes were to quantify response to treatment and to attempt identify‐cation of factors associated with favorable response. Variables evaluated for a relationship to outcome included signalment, tumor location, presence of gross vs. microscopic tumor, radiation field size, irradiation technique, type of surgical procedure, completeness of excision, and chemotherapy (none, carboplatin alone, and others). Time to first event was calculated for the first day of treatment until local tumor recurrence or metastasis, or the date of euthanasia or death. Median time to first event for all 92 cats was 584 days. Only completeness of surgical excision was related to the time to first event. Median time to first event in cats having complete surgical excision was 986 days compared to 292 days for cats with incomplete excision (P = 0.004). Cats requiring bone removal to effect tumor removal had earlier failure than cats having other types of surgery. There was not a significant relationship between administration of chemotherapy or chemotherapy type and time to first event although outcome in cats receiving carboplatin was better than all other treatment groups. Carboplatin addition to preoperative irradiation appears worthy of further study. Pre‐operative irradiation is an effective treat‐ment for cats with vaccine associated sarcoma, especially if complete excision can be accomplished following irradiation.
HARMONIC ULTRASOUND: A REVIEW
Authors: Ziegler Laura , O'Brien Robert T.
Published: May 2005

Harmonic ultrasound is a technique based on the principle of transmitting at frequency f and receiving at frequency 2f (or l/2f). This technology has become available through the development of wide‐bandwidth transducers. Microbubble contrast media produce a large amount of harmonic signal. Contrast harmonic ultrasound provides the opportunity to image patterns of high flow vasculature and overall perfusion. Regions of poor perfusion, including necrosis or infarction, can be identified with contrast harmonic ultrasound. While proportionately lower, tissues also produce harmonic signals. Tissue harmonic ultrasound sequences often improve subjective image quality compared to fundamental ultrasound in echocardiographic and abdominal examinations. This review will discuss the physical principles of harmonic ultrasound signal generation, medical and animal research applications, and an overview of current veterinary experiences.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE FOR EVALUATION OF NEUROLOGIC DISEASE IN 12 HORSES
Authors: Ferrell Eric A. , Gavin Patrick R. , Tucker Russell L. , Sellon Debra C. , Hikes MelissaT.
Published: May 2005

Magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was used as a neurodiagnostic modality in the assessment of 12 horses with neurologic disease localized cranial to the foramen magnum. This retrospective study included a mixed population of horse breeds and consisted of three foals and nine adult horses. MR sequences of the head and central nervous system of each horse were acquired. Routine MR sequences included transverse T1 weighted (T1wt), T2 weighted (T2wt), and proton density images. Additional imaging sequences were obtained on a patient‐dependent basis. Eight neurologic related diseases were diagnosed. MRI imaging of the horse head is a feasible and valuable neurodiagnostic modality in the assessment of equine neurologic diseases.
TECHNICAL PARAMETERS AFFECTING IMAGE CHARACTERISTICS IN IN VIVO MR MICROSCOPY OF THE MOUSE
Authors: Yamada Kazutaka , Wisner Erik R. , de Ropp Jeff S. , LeCouteur Richard A. , Tripp Linda D.
Published: May 2005

The aim of the study was to assess the effects of changing acquisition parameters used for high‐resolution in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) microscopy on image quality and scan time. The head or abdomen of 11 normal and 1 glioblastoma‐bearing anesthetized BALB/c mice were imaged using a high‐resolution 7.0‐Tesla magnet. Scan parameters such as matrix size (MTX), slice thickness (ST), number of excitations (NEX), pulse sequence type including repetition time (TR) and echo time (TE), respiratory gating, and intraperitoneal contrast medium administration were altered to assess their actual effect on signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), contrast‐to‐noise ratio (CNR) as compared to calculated effects. As expected, SNR increased with increasing ST or NEX and with decreasing MTX. However, although the empirical increase in SNR was similar to that expected for increased ST, it was less than that anticipated for increasing NEX or decreasing MTX. Increasing NEX and applying respiratory gating both increased SNR and reduced the image degradation associated with respiratory motion in images of the abdomen. Intraperitoneal contrast medium administration produced a marked increase in CNR in the subject with the implanted glioblastoma, suggesting that this route is satisfactory for the enhancement of lesions disrupting the blood‐brain barrier. The consequence of improving image quality in terms of spatial and contrast resolution is increased scan time. However, the actual increase in SNR when altering acquisition parameters may not be as much as predicted by theory.
COMPARISON OF VISUAL ANALOG AND NUMERIC SCORING SCALES FOR ASSESSING INTRAOPERATIVE MESENTERIC PORTOVENOGRAPHY
Authors: Macdonald Nicholas J. , Burton Carolyn A. , White Robert N.
Published: May 2005

A visual analog scale and a numeric scoring scale were designed for the assessment of dynamic intra‐operative mesenteric portovenography in the dog and cat. Two independent observers evaluated both scoring scales for reproducibility (differences between observers) and repeatability (within‐observer differences) in the assessment of 60 trial portovenograms. Agreement (interchangeability) of both scales was evaluated by comparing the scores obtained in the assessment of 200 portovenograms obtained from 100 dogs and cats. There was no statistical difference between the two observers when scoring the same portovenogram for either the visual analog scale (p= .730, reproducibility coefficient = 17.85 units) or the numeric scoring scale (scores identical, reproducibility coefficient = 0). There was no statistical difference, for either of the observers, when the same portovenogram was assessed on two separate occasions using the visual analog scale (observer 1,p= .35, repeatability coefficient = 17.93 units; observer 2,p= .42, repeatability coefficient = 8.27 units) or the numeric scoring scale (scores given by both observers were identical, repeatability coefficient = 0 for both observers). The results of comparison between the visual analog scale and numeric scoring scale confirmed that the two scoring systems were not directly interchangeable. Although both scoring systems demonstrated good reproducibility and repeatability, the numeric scoring scale possessed a number of inherent deficiencies that suggested it was not the method of choice for the assessment of the subjective data obtained from dynamic intraoperative mesenteric portovenography.
CONGENITAL MEGAESOPHAGUS WITH HYPERTROPHIC OSTEOPATHY IN A 6‐YEAR‐OLD DOG
Authors: Watrous Barbara J. , Blumenfeld Bert
Published: May 2005

Congenital megaesophagus is often sufficiently debilitating to a young puppy to result in an owner's request for euthanasia. If medically managed, some puppies may develop a functional esophagus and mature normally; in others, the dilation may persist, but nutritional support may be sufficient to allow skeletal maturation. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy or hypertrophic osteopathy is well recognized in many animal species. Pulmonary neoplasia is most commonly associated with development of the secondary bone changes, but numerous other causes exist. The chronic changes of hypertrophic osteopathy were identified in a 6‐year‐old German Shepherd that was debilitated by persistent congenital megaesophagus. To the investigators' knowledge, a relationship between long‐term esophageal dilatation and hypertrophic osteopathy has only been reported once in a human patient.
DOPPLER MEASUREMENT OF SPLANCHNIC BLOOD FLOW DURING DIGESTION IN UNSEDATED NORMAL DOGS
Authors: Riesen Sabine , Schmid Valerie , Gaschen Lorrie , Busato Andre , Lang Johann
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to measure splanchnic blood flow during digestion in unsedated dogs by using duplex Doppler sonography. The study population consisted of 12 healthy dogs. Blood flow in the cranial mesenteric artery, the celiac artery, and the aorta was measured before a test meal and at 20, 60, and 90 minutes after eating. The following measurements were made or calculated: vessel diameter, peak systolic velocity, end diastolic velocity, mean velocity, resistive index, pulsatility index, and flow volume. There was a significant postprandial decrease in the resistive and pulsatility indices in both the cranial mesenteric (preprandial RI = 0.867, postprandial RI = 0.796, preprandial PI = 3.033, postprandial PI = 2.173) and the celiac (preprandial RI = 0.854, postprandial RI = 0.769, preprandial PI = 2.639, postprandial PI = 1.930) arteries. In both vessels the end diastolic velocity, the mean velocity, and the flow volume increased significantly postprandially. These changes occurred significantly earlier in the celiac artery than in the cranial mesenteric artery. The findings most likely correspond to postprandial splanchnic vasodilation. Doppler ultrasound provide a good methode of detecting changes in postprandial splanchnic blood flow in the dog.