bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the endogenous governance model for alleviating food insecurity: Comparative analysis of food bank systems in Korea and the USA
Authors: Kim Sunhee
Published: November 2014

Food security is one of the dimensions in reducing poverty. Food bank governance is a key system for increasing food security. Even if thousands of food banks operate around the world by importing the standard US model, a universal standard of governance cannot always be applied to all countries, because actors, networks, and institutions embedded in unique social, economic, cultural, and political contexts retain endogenous properties. Hence, the governance model must reflect the endogeneity each society has. This article aims to theoretically suggest the endogenous governance model and to empirically demonstrate the validity of this model by comparing the governance of food banks in the USA and Korea. Although Korea introduced the US food bank model, the Korean model has been adapted and changed, evolving its own system. To find the difference in endogenous food bank governance between the two countries, we compared the variety of governance models, the institutional context, mode of network, actors' attributes, and time perspective.
Effectiveness of a preventive program based on caries risk assessment and recall intervals on the incidence and regression of initial caries lesions in children
Authors: Abanto Jenny , Celiberti Paula , Braga Mariana Minatel , Vidigal Evelyn Alvarez , Cordeschi Thais , Haddad Ana Estela , Bönecker Marcelo
Published: November 2014

Background

Evidence on caries risk assessment (CRA) and recall intervals are limited in terms of caries prevention.

Aim

To assess the effectiveness of a program on the incidence and regression of initial caries lesions.

Design

A total of 296 children aged 1–12 years old were assessed by calibrated examiners for Gingival Bleeding Index, Dental Plaque Index, dmf‐t/DMF‐T Index, initial caries lesions, and caries lesion activity. Children were classified as low, moderate, and high caries risk with different recall interval visits. Statistical analysis included Cox regression and Kaplan–Meier curves.

Results

The mean (SD) time of total follow‐up for the sample was 11.5(5.5). Higher dmft index at baseline showed a higher risk of new initial lesions (HR = 1.93; P < 0.0001). Higher number of active initial lesions, at baseline and during follow‐up visits, is a higher risk predictor for new initial lesions (HR = 9.49; P < 0.0001), as well as for no arrestment of active lesions during follow‐up (HR = 1.32; P < 0.0001). Each follow‐up visit attended presented a 77% lower risk of initial lesions. The majority (94.8%) of patients did not show new initial lesions.

Conclusions

The Program is effective on reducing the incidence and promoting regression of initial caries lesions in children.
The relationship between nurse staffing and inpatient complications
Authors: Schreuders Louise Winton , Bremner Alexandra P. , Geelhoed Elizabeth , Finn Judith
Published: November 2014

Aim

To compare characteristics of hospitalizations with and without complications and examine the impact of nurse staffing on inpatient complications across different unit types.

Background

Studies investigating the relationship between nurse staffing and inpatient complications have not shown consistent results. Methodological limitations have been cited as the basis for this lack of uniformity. Our study was designed to address some of these limitations.

Design

Retrospective longitudinal hospitalization‐level study.

Method

Adult hospitalizations to high intensity, general medical and general surgical units at three metropolitan tertiary hospitals were included. Data were sourced from Western Australian Department of Health administrative data collections from 2004–2008.

We estimated the impact of nurse staffing on inpatient complications adjusted for patient and hospital characteristics and accounted for patients with multiple hospitalizations.

Results

The study included 256,984 hospitalizations across 58 inpatient units. Hospitalizations with complications had significantly different demographic characteristics compared with those without. The direction of the association between nurse staffing and inpatient complications was not consistent for different inpatient complications, nurse skill mix groups or for hospitalizations with different unit movement patterns.

Conclusion

Our study design addressed limitations noted in the field, but our results did not support the widely held assumption that improved nurse staffing levels are associated with decreased patient complication rates. Despite a strong international focus on improving nurse staffing to reduce inpatient complications, our results suggest that adding more nurses is not a panacea for reducing inpatient complications to zero.
Death and consciousness––an overview of the mental and cognitive experience of death
Authors: Parnia Sam
Published: November 2014

Advances in resuscitation science have indicated that, contrary to perception, death by cardiorespiratory criteria can no longer be considered a specific moment but rather a potentially reversible process that occurs after any severe illness or accident causes the heart, lungs, and brain to stop functioning. The resultant loss of vital signs of life (and life processes) is used to declare a specific time of death by physicians globally. When medical attempts are made to reverse this process, it is commonly referred to as cardiac arrest; however, when these attempts do not succeed or when attempts are not made, it is called death by cardiorespiratory criteria. Thus, biologically speaking, cardiac arrest and death by cardiorespiratory criteria are synonymous. While resuscitation science has provided novel opportunities to reverse death by cardiorespiratory criteria and treat the potentially devastating consequences of the resultant postresuscitation syndrome, it has also inadvertently provided intriguing insights into the likely mental and cognitive experience of death. Recollections reported by millions of people in relation to death, so‐called out‐of‐body experiences (OBEs) or near‐death experiences (NDEs), are often‐discussed phenomena that are frequently considered hallucinatory or illusory in nature; however, objective studies on these experiences are limited. To date, many consistent themes corresponding to the likely experience of death have emerged, and studies have indicated that the scientifically imprecise terms of NDE and OBE may not be sufficient to describe the actual experience of death. While much remains to be discovered, the recalled experience surrounding death merits a genuine scientific investigation without prejudice.
When Farm Couples Break Up: Gendered Moralities, Gossip and the Fear of Stigmatisation in Rural Communities
Authors: Haugen Marit S. , Brandth Berit
Published: November 2014

This article draws on interviews with farm women and men who have experienced a family break up to analyse their experiences of gender expectations in family farming, their fear of stigmatisation and their receipt of help from the rural community. The interviews illustrate their compliance with dominant constructions of rural gendered moralities. Men struggled to live up to the ideals of rural masculinity, which centre on hard work, self‐sufficiency and mental strength. Women, who were strongly influenced by the moral norms of rural womanhood, managed to retain their feminine dignity as being caring and considerate of the family. Rural communities are often characterised as nurturing close relationships, but also as being pervaded by social control and gossip. Both women and men interpreted their break up as a private matter and deliberately avoided disclosing their relationship problems in order to protect themselves and their families from gossip, which made it difficult for them to seek and receive help from the rural community. While some of the hardships are recognisable for any divorced couple, the article is concerned with the rural farm particularities of the divorce situation.
Nonfrequent but well‐documented, rare and very rare HLA alleles observed in the Croatian population
Authors: Grubic Z. , Burek Kamenaric M. , Maskalan M. , Stingl Jankovic K. , Zunec R.
Published: November 2014

The aim of the study was to evaluate the presence of nonfrequent, rare and very rare alleles among Croats and to estimate whether they are associated with specific alleles at other human leukocyte antigen (HLA) loci. This retrospective study included the typing results from the last 10 years; total number of individuals included was approximately 45,000. Among 17 alleles so far observed only once in our population, 6 (A*24:41, B*07:02:28, B*35:03:03, B*39:40N, DRB1*13:23 and DRB1*14:111) belong to very rare alleles, 2 (B*44:16 and DRB1*01:31) belong to rare alleles according to the ‘Rare Alleles Detector’ tool (
www.allelefrequencies.net), while for the B*35:101:01 allele published data exist only in the IMGT/HLA database. The remaining eight HLA alleles observed only once among Croats are considered as frequent according to the ‘Rare Alleles Detector’. Those 17 HLA alleles are not declared as common well defined (CWD) alleles in the CWD allele catalogue 2.0.0. Haplotype analysis of nonfrequent alleles detected in our sample supports the idea that different populations, although similar in some aspects regarding HLA allele and haplotype distribution, still have some unique characteristics. This is the case for A*01:02, B*39:10 and DRB1*13:32 which form haplotypes unreported to date among our subjects.
Optimal Failure-Finding Intervals for Heat Shields in a Gas Turbine Combustion Chamber Using a Multicriteria Approach
Authors: Martínez Alejandro , Lara Gloria , Pascual Rodrigo , López Droguett Enrique
Published: November 2014

When a component, as heat shields, degrade, two stages can be distinguished. First, a potential failure appears, which could evolve to the second stage and become a functional failure. The time between these two stages is called delay-time, which has been widely studied in literature to determine when to inspect to avoid breakdown. These studies have shown only single analysis criteria to find failure finding interval (FFI). In order to overcome this limitation, we developed a novel strategy to apply multicriteria methodology to optimize FFI. Our approach considers availability, system breakdown risk and reliability analysis from a systemic perspective, studying heat shields as groups, according to their location in the combustion chamber, regardless of age defect. Hence, it is not necessary to check every one of the shields. Our results show an optimal FFI policy subject to a determined breakdown risk level. This analysis may be adaptable to other components that can be grouped together.
Experimental Identification of Dynamic Force Coefficients for a 110 MM Compliantly Damped Hybrid Gas Bearing
Authors: Delgado Adolfo
Published: November 2014

Compliant hybrid gas bearings (HGBs) combine key enabling features from both fixed geometry externally pressurized gas bearings and compliant foil bearings. The compliant hybrid bearing relies on both hydrostatic and hydrodynamic film pressures to generate load capacity and stiffness to the rotor system, while providing damping through integrally mounted metal mesh bearing support dampers. This paper presents experimentally identified force coefficients for a 110 mm compliantly damped gas bearing using a controlled-motion test rig. Test parameters include hydrostatic inlet pressure, excitation frequency, and rotor speed. The experiments were structured to evaluate the feasibility of implementing these bearings in large size turbomachinery. Dynamic test results indicate weak dependency of equivalent direct stiffness coefficients to most test parameters except for frequency and speed, where higher speeds and excitation frequency decreased equivalent bearing stiffness values. The bearing system equivalent direct damping was negatively impacted by increased inlet pressure and excitation frequency, while the cross-coupled force coefficients showed values an order of magnitude lower than the direct coefficients. The experiments also include orbital excitations to simulate unbalance response representative of a target machine while synchronously traversing a critical speed. The results indicate the gas bearing can accommodate vibration levels larger than the set bore clearance while maintaining satisfactory damping levels.
A Well-Known But Still Surprising Generator
Authors: Haugland Ole Anton
Published: November 2014

The bicycle generator is often mentioned as an example of a method to produce electric energy. It is cheap and easily accessible, so it is a natural example to use in teaching. There are different types, but I prefer the old side-wall dynamo. The most common explanation of its working principle seems to be something like the illustration in Fig. 1. The illustration is taken from a popular textbook in the Norwegian junior high school.1 Typically it is explained as a system of a moving magnet or coils that directly results in a varying magnetic field through the coils. According to Faraday's law a voltage is induced in the coils. Simple and easy! A few times I have had a chance to glimpse into a bicycle generator, and I was somewhat surprised to sense that the magnet rotated parallel to the turns of the coil. How could the flux through the coil change and induce a voltage when the magnet rotated parallel to the turns of the coil? When teaching electromagnetic induction I have showed the students a dismantled generator and asked them how this could work. They naturally found that this was more difficult to understand than the principle illustrated in Fig. 1. Other authors in this journal have discussed even more challenging questions concerning electric generators.2,3
Very Low Levels of Physical Activity in Older Patients During Hospitalization at an Acute Geriatric Ward: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Villumsen Morten , Jorgensen Martin Gronbech , Andreasen Jane , Rathleff Michael Skovdal , Mølgaard Carsten Møller
Published: November 2014

Lack of activity during hospitalization may contribute to functional decline. The purpose of this study was to investigate (1) the time spent walking during hospitalization by geriatric patients referred to physical and/or occupational therapy and (2) the development in time spent walking during hospitalization. In this observational study, 24-hr accelerometer data (ActivPal) were collected from inclusion to discharge in 124 patients at an acute geriatric ward. The median time spent walking was 7 min per day. During the first quartile of hospitalization, the patients spent 4 (IQR:1;11) min per day walking, increasing to 10 (IQR:1;29) min during the last quartile. Improvement in time spent walking was primarily observed in the group able to perform the Timed Up & Go task at admission. When walking only 7 min per day, patients could be classified as inactive and at risk for functional decline; nonetheless, the physical activity level increased significantly during hospitalization.
Integrating Online Pedagogy into Kinesiology: Service Learning for Kinesiology Majors
Authors: Luke Jaye K. , Morrissey Joanna L.
Published: November 2014

Many universities have limited resources yet aim to provide worthy learning opportunities to their students. This goal can be met through the offering of alternative delivery methods and service learning. Alternative delivery methods have evolved as technology has advanced. This paper addresses the benefits of blended learning for students, faculty, and universities. Through an institutional grant emphasizing innovative teaching strategies, the authors explain how a kinesiology course that includes service learning was transformed from a face-to-face class to a blended learning environment. Two flagship assignments are explained and comments from students are shared.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Nitrincola
sp. Strain A-D6, an Arsenic-Resistant Gammaproteobacterium Isolated from a Salt Flat
Authors: Valdés Natalia , Rivera-Araya Javier , Bijman Jonathan , Escudero Lorena , Demergasso Cecilia , Fernández Sebastián , Ferrer Alonso , Chávez Renato , Levicán Gloria
Published: November 2014

We report
Nitrincola
sp. strain A-D6, which was characterized as an arsenic-resistant bacterium isolated from the Ascotán Salt Flat in northern Chile. The size of the genome is 3,795,776 bp, with a G+C content of 49.96%. Genes for the arsenic-resistant Ars system and arsenic oxidation have been encoded.
Genome Sequence of Gammaproteobacterial Pseudohaliea rubra Type Strain DSM 19751, Isolated from Coastal Seawater of the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Spring Stefan , Fiebig Anne , Riedel Thomas , Göker Markus , Klenk Hans-Peter
Published: November 2014

Pseudohaliea rubra
strain DSM 19751
T
is an aerobic marine gammaproteobacterium that was isolated from surface coastal seawater of the Mediterranean Sea. Here, we present its genome sequence and annotation. Genome analysis revealed the presence of genes involved in the synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll-
a
and the reserve compound glycogen.
Complete Genome Sequence of Corynebacterium ureicelerivorans DSM 45051, a Lipophilic and Urea-Splitting Isolate from the Blood Culture of a Septicemia Patient
Authors: Tippelt Anna , Albersmeier Andreas , Brinkrolf Karina , Rückert Christian , Fernández-Natal Isabel , Soriano Francisco , Tauch Andreas
Published: November 2014

Corynebacterium ureicelerivorans
is an opportunistic pathogen with a lipophilic lifestyle and an exceptionally high urease activity. The genome sequence of the type strain revealed that lipophilism is caused by the lack of a fatty acid synthase gene. The
ureABCEFGD
genes are similar to the urease gene region of
Corynebacterium glucuronolyticum
.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Hoeflea
sp. Strain BAL378, a Potential Producer of Bioactive Compounds
Authors: Bentzon-Tilia Mikkel , Riemann Lasse , Gram Lone
Published: November 2014

Some phytoplankton-associated marine bacteria produce bioactive compounds. Members of the genus
Hoeflea
may be examples of such bacteria; however, data describing their metabolisms are scarce. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of
Hoeflea
sp. strain BAL378, a putative producer of bacteriocins, polyketides, and auxins, as demonstrated by genome mining.
Characteristics of platelet indices, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and erythrocyte sedimentation rate compared with C reactive protein in patients with cerebral infarction: a retrospective analysis of comparing haematological parameters and C reactive protein
Authors: Lee Jong-Han , Kwon Kyum-Yil , Yoon Soo-Young , Kim Hyon-Suk , Lim Chae Seung
Published: November 2014

Objective

Elevation of C reactive protein (CRP) is one of the major acute-phase responses following ischaemic or haemorrhagic stroke. This study aims to investigate the associations between platelet indices, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) compared with CRP in patients with cerebral infarction.

Setting

The clinical data of patients with cerebral infarction were analysed retrospectively.

Participants

We analysed, unduplicated, 516 patients with cerebral infarction (mean age 66.2±12.7, male/female=291/225).

Outcome measures

Mean platelet volume (MPV), MPV to platelet count, NLR and ESR were compared with CRP in patients with cerebral infarction in a single institute through Spearman correlation test.

Results

There were significant correlations between CRP and MPV (ρ=0.088, p=0.045), NLR (ρ=0.4, p<0.001) and ESR (ρ=0.468, p<0.001) in patients with cerebral infarction. In the male group, NLR (ρ=0.398, p<0.001) and ESR (ρ=0.502, p<0.001) showed significant correlations with CRP. In the female group, CRP showed significant correlations with MPV (ρ=0.17, p=0.011), NLR (ρ=0.392, p<0.001) and ESR (ρ=0.475, p<0.001).

Conclusions

MPV, NLR and ESR showed significant correlation with CRP in patients with cerebral infarction. MPV and NLR are cost-effective and simple parameters that can be attainable by using an automatic haematology analyser. Further well-designed and large-scale prospective studies are warranted to evaluate platelet indices or NLR for monitoring patients with cerebral infarction.
Cooking enhances beneficial effects of pea seed coat consumption on glucose tolerance, incretin, and pancreatic hormones in high-fat-diet–fed rats
Authors: Hashemi Zohre , Yang Kaiyuan , Yang Han , Jin Alena , Ozga Jocelyn , Chan Catherine B.
Published: November 2014

Pulses, including dried peas, are nutrient- and fibre-rich foods that improve glucose control in diabetic subjects compared with other fibre sources. We hypothesized feeding cooked pea seed coats to insulin-resistant rats would improve glucose tolerance by modifying gut responses to glucose and reducing stress on pancreatic islets. Glucose intolerance induced in male Sprague–Dawley rats with high-fat diet (HFD; 10% cellulose as fibre) was followed by 3 weeks of HFD with fibre (10%) provided by cellulose, raw-pea seed coat (RP), or cooked-pea seed coat (CP). A fourth group consumed low-fat diet with 10% cellulose. Oral and intraperitoneal glucose tolerance tests (oGTT, ipGTT) were done. CP rats had 30% and 50% lower glucose and insulin responses in oGTT, respectively, compared with the HFD group (P < 0.05) but ipGTT was not different. Plasma islet and incretin hormone concentrations were measured. α- and β-cell areas in the pancreas and density of K- and L-cells in jejunum and ileum were quantified. Jejunal expression of hexose transporters was measured. CP feeding increased fasting glucagon-like peptide 1 and glucose-stimulated gastric inhibitory polypeptide responses (P < 0.05), but K- and L-cells densities were comparable to HFD, as was abundance of SGLT1 and GLUT2 mRNA. No significant difference in β-cell area between diet groups was observed. α-cell area was significantly smaller in CP compared with RP rats (P < 0.05). Overall, our results demonstrate that CP feeding can reverse adverse effects of HFD on glucose homeostasis and is associated with enhanced incretin secretion and reduced α-cell abundance.
Theoretical study of the gas-phase decomposition of Pb[(C6H5)2PSSe]2 single-source precursor for the chemical vapour deposition of binary and ternary lead chalcogenides
Authors: Opoku Francis , Asare-Donkor Noah K. , Adimado Anthony A.
Published: November 2014

A theoretical study of Pb(II) square planar thioselenophosphinate, Pb[(C6H5)2PSSe]2 precursor for the chemical vapour deposition process of preparing lead chalcogenides, has been carried out. The geometries of the species were optimized by employing the density functional theory. The transition states as well as the linked intermediates linking them were confirmed with frequency analyses. The density functional theory calculation (M06/LACVP*, gas) reveals that kinetically, the steps that lead to PbSe formation are more favourable than those that lead to PbS and ternary PbSexS1−x formation on both the singlet and the doublet potential energy surface. However, thermodynamically, the steps that lead to ternary PbSexS1−x formation are more favourable than those that lead to PbSe and PbS formation on the doublet potential energy surface. On the singlet potential energy surface, an alternative route leading to the formation of ternary PbSexS1−x is more favoured on both thermodynamic and kinetic grounds than those that lead to PbSe and PbS formation. The computational studies indicate that the decomposition of the complex in chemical vapour deposition may involve more than one step, and thus the formation of ternary PbSexS1−x is a result of thermodynamic and kinetic factors in controlling the material formed during the deposition process.
First-principles study on electronic structure and optical properties ofIn-dopedGaN
Authors: Ruan Xingxiang , Zhang Fuchun , Zhang Weihu
Published: November 2014

The In -doped GaN is investigated by first-principles calculations of plane wave ultra-soft pseudo-potential method based on the density functional theory (DFT). The band structure, electronic structure, density of states and optical properties are investigated. The results indicate that the band-gap becomes narrower and the absorption edge of optical properties is red-shifted with the increase in In -doped concentration. Meanwhile, the visible region has strong absorption properties, and the significant absorption peaks are observed near 3.0 eV and 6.1 eV. The other peaks correspond to the wavelength of absorption spectra from the ultraviolet portion extending to the infrared portion, which almost covers the entire solar spectrum. The studied results show that In -doped GaN can be applied as solar cell and transparent conductivity material.
A synergistic effect of simultaneous TRPA1 and TRPV1 activations on vagal pulmonary C-fiber afferents
Authors: Lin Yu-Jung , Lin Ruei-Lung , Ruan Ting , Khosravi Mehdi , Lee Lu-Yuan
Published: November 2014

Transient receptor potential ankyrin type 1 (TRPA1) and vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) receptors are coexpressed in vagal pulmonary C-fiber sensory nerves. Because both these receptors are sensitive to a number of endogenous inflammatory mediators, it is conceivable that they can be activated simultaneously during airway inflammation. This study aimed to determine whether there is an interaction between these two polymodal transducers upon simultaneous activation, and how it modulates the activity of vagal pulmonary C-fiber sensory nerves. In anesthetized, spontaneously breathing rats, the reflex-mediated apneic response to intravenous injection of a combined dose of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC, a TRPA1 activator) and capsaicin (Cap, a TRPV1 activator) was ∼202% greater than the mathematical sum of the responses to AITC and Cap when they were administered individually. Similar results were also observed in anesthetized mice. In addition, the synergistic effect was clearly demonstrated when the afferent activity of single vagal pulmonary C-fiber afferents were recorded in anesthetized, artificially ventilated rats; C-fiber responses to AITC, Cap and AITC + Cap (in combination) were 0.6 ± 0.1, 0.8 ± 0.1, and 4.8 ± 0.6 impulses/s ( n = 24), respectively. This synergism was absent when either AITC or Cap was replaced by other chemical activators of pulmonary C-fiber afferents. The pronounced potentiating effect was further demonstrated in isolated vagal pulmonary sensory neurons using the Ca2+ imaging technique. In summary, this study showed a distinct positive interaction between TRPA1 and TRPV1 when they were activated simultaneously in pulmonary C-fiber sensory nerves.
Regulation of Blood Coagulation Factors XI and XII in Patients with Acute and Chronic Cerebrovascular Disease: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Kraft Peter , Drechsler Christiane , Gunreben Ignaz , Heuschmann Peter Ulrich , Kleinschnitz Christoph
Published: November 2014

Background: Animal models have implicated an integral role for coagulation factors XI (FXI) and XII (FXII) in thrombus formation and propagation of ischemic stroke (IS). However, it is unknown if these molecules contribute to IS pathophysiology in humans, and might be of use as biomarkers for IS risk and severity. This study aimed to identify predictors of altered FXI and FXII levels and to determine whether there are differences in the levels of these coagulation factors between acute cerebrovascular events and chronic cerebrovascular disease (CCD). Methods: In this case-control study, 116 patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) or transitory ischemic attack (TIA), 117 patients with CCD, and 104 healthy volunteers (HVs) were enrolled between 2010 and 2013 at our University hospital. Blood sampling was undertaken once in the CCD and HV groups and on days 0, 1, and 3 after stroke onset in patients with AIS or TIA. Correlations between serum FXI and FXII levels and demographic and clinical parameters were tested by linear regression and analysis of variance. Results: The mean age of AIS/TIA patients was 70 ± 12. Baseline clinical severity measured with NIHSS and Barthel Index was 4.8 ± 6.0 and 74 ± 30, respectively. More than half of the patients had an AIS (58%). FXI levels were significantly correlated with different leukocyte subsets (p < 0.05). In contrast, FXII serum levels showed no significant correlation (p > 0.1). Neither FXI nor FXII levels correlated with CRP (p > 0.2). FXII levels were significantly higher in patients with CCD compared with those with AIS/TIA (mean ± SD 106 ± 26% vs. 97 ± 24%; univariate analysis: p < 0.05); these differences did not reach significance in multivariate analysis adjusted for sex and age. FXI levels did not differ significantly between study groups. Sex and age were significantly associated with FXI and/or FXII levels in patients with AIS/TIA (p < 0.05). In contrast, no statistical significant influence was found for treatment modality (thrombolysis or not), pre-treatment with platelet inhibitors, and severity of stroke. Conclusions: In this study, there was no differential regulation of FXI and FXII levels between disease subtypes but biomarker levels were associated with patient and clinical characteristics. FXI and FXII levels might be no valid biomarker for predicting stroke risk.
Pakistan's Forgotten Genocide—A Review Essay
Authors: Ganguly Sumit
Published: November 2014

In The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide, Gary Bass convincingly argues that the Nixon administration did little to rein in its ally Pakistan from perpetuating genocide against its own population largely because of Islamabad's vital role in facilitating U.S. diplomatic contact with the People's Republic of China. He also shows how the low strategic significance of South Asia for much of the global community, combined with an inordinate regard for the norm of sovereignty, led to a lack of support for the principle of humanitarian intervention. The Blood Telegram partially affirms the proposition that acts of genocide can stem from the choices of a handful of individuals who are determined to achieve a political goal using all available means.
Chemosynthetic ectosymbiosis reported in the predatory anchialine cave endemic, Xibalbanus tulumensis (Yager, 1987) (Remipedia)
Authors: Pakes M. Joey , Mejía-Ortíz Luis M.
Published: November 2014

Mutualisms between chemosynthetic microbes and invertebrates form the basis of foodwebs in dark, extreme habitats (hydrothermal vents, cold seeps) and have likely facilitated the invasion of extreme underwater caves, as well. Anchialine caves often include distinct water layers of varying concentrations of dissolved oxygen and sulfide and provide an ideal system for the discovery of chemosynthetically based systems and novel symbioses. These caves can be harsh environments for eukaryotes, but they contain gradients favorable for chemosynthetic symbiotic microbes. Here, we provide evidence of chemosynthetic ectosymbiosis in a member of the Remipedia, Xibalbanus tulumensis (Yager, 1987), through electron microscopy and stable isotope analysis. Remipedes are considered to be top predators due to anecdotal observations of feeding in the lab and field, and description of venomous apparati; but they may supplement their diet with microbes. This finding sheds light on opportunistic feeding behaviors that may have evolved to combat resource-limited environments, such as dark, underwater caves.
Capital or income breeding crabs: who are the better invaders?
Authors: Zeng Yiwen , McLay Colin , Yeo Darren C. J.
Published: November 2014

A recent study by Griffen et al. (2012) drew a link between invasiveness and breeding strategy (income or capital breeding), a hitherto unconsidered life-history trait, in crabs. The methods used by the authors identified Carcinus maenas (Linnaeus, 1758) as a capital breeder and Hemigrapsus sanguineus (De Haan, 1853) as an income breeder. We extend this association of breeding strategies and invasiveness to other crab species and note that crabs in general are capital breeders based on the concurrent opposing trends of gonadosomatic index and hepatosomatic index during secondary vitellogenesis (indicating an endogenous source of nutrients for reproduction). We identify possible reasons why H. sanguineus may be regarded as an exception to this brachyuran life history pattern. Given that some species could be capable of a mixed breeding strategy, we propose experimental methods for determining such strategies.
Reconstructing Reformed Identity
Authors: Paas Stefan , Schaeffer Hans
Published: November 2014

Recently some Reformed denominations have embarked on church planting in the major cities in the Netherlands. This was done mainly for evangelistic reasons. From a quantitative perspective this project has been rather successful. However, many of the new churches deviate in some respects from official doctrines and practices of their denominations, as a consequence of contextualization. This has provoked some protest, leading to the failure in at least one case of instituting a new church plant as a full member of one of these Reformed denominations. In this article we add research data to this experience, demonstrating that this is not an isolated discussion. Moreover, we use this experience as a point of departure for an ecclesiological discussion about the continuous reformation of the church. The conclusion is that church planting is an occasion for ecclesial reconstruction with a view to mission, and we make some suggestions how this should happen.
Smart Flexibility Clauses in International Investment Treaties and Sustainable Development
Authors: van Aaken Anne
Published: November 2014

A major challenge for investment treaty designers and adjudicators is to separate opportunistic behavior by host states that should be sanctioned under international law from bona fide public policy measures that should not. This article suggests that international investment agreements (iias) need to be both ‘smarter’ and more ‘flexible’ to better make that distinction. It draws on economic contract theory as a basic framework, and political economy theory for fine-tuning.
Using Stem Suppletion for Semantic Reconstruction: The Case of Indo-European Modals and East Baltic Future Tense Formations
Authors: Hill Eugen
Published: November 2014

As is well known, PIE possessed several distinct sigmatic formations with modal or future-like semantics. The paper deals with two sigmatic formations which must be reconstructed for PIE and obviously possessed a similar semantic value. First: a full grade -si̯e/o-formation which is attested in Indo-Iranian, Continental Celtic and Balto-Slavonic; and second, an athematic -s-formation which is attested in Italic and in the Eastern branch of Baltic. The diverging morphology of these formations implies that they originally also differed in their semantics. The problem is that both formations are reflected as simple future tense in all daughterlanguages which preserved them. However, it seems possible to detect the original semantic difference between these formations by using the evidence of the only IE branch which preserved both formations side by side, i.e. Baltic. The paper investigates the morphology of the sigmatic future tense in dialects of Lithuanian and Latvian and shows that for the common prehistory of East Baltic dialects a secondary conflation of originally independent PIE formations—-si̯e/o-formation and -s-formation—in one single paradigm must be assumed. The particular distribution of both formations within the unified paradigm of Proto-East-Baltic makes it possible to obtain information on the lost semantic difference between them. Possible traces of the -si̯e/o-formation in the only recorded West Baltic language, Old Prussian, seem to confirm the conclusions drawn on the basis of the East Baltic evidence.
Some Hittite and Armenian Reduplications and Their (P)IE Ramifications
Authors: Cohen Paul S.
Published: November 2014

In this paper I summarize the literature on, and generate and defend formally and semantically, explicit derivations for, the Hittite reduplicated pairings {“
GIŠ
ḫaḫ(ḫa)r(a)- ‘rake’”, “ḫaḫḫarie- ‘to rake’”} and {“
GIŠ
sesarul- ‘sieve’”, “sesarie- ‘to sift’”} and the reduplicated Armenian nouns mamul ‘press; vice’, mamuṙ, ‘moss’, and mamur ‘sawdust’, all adduced by Joseph (1992). In addition, I give an explicit derivation for the Hittite reduplicated noun mēmal ‘grits, meal’. The first Hittite pairing, the three Armenian nouns, and hitt. Mēmal are shown to represent regular instantiations of the noun-reduplication process formulated in Cohen (forthc. a); the second Hittite pairing, perhaps surprisingly, turns out to be based on a (P)IE verb-reduplication process. In the course of the exposition, a previously-unreported Armenian sound-change affecting inherited word-final syllabic liquids emerges, and a well-known, but controversial, Armenian sound-change of *e to a is buttressed via a phonological explanation, which has a strong parallel in Old English, eliminating the only putative counterexample. Ultimately, the derivations lead to an elucidation of the semantic functions (thematic roles) of (P)IE reduplicated nouns, with the support of an analogous morphological process in Swahili.
The Legal Mandates of the cabei and of the caf as Agents of Economic Growth in Latin America
Authors: Seatzu Francesco
Published: November 2014

Sub-regional multilateral organizations are playing a rapidly increasing role in the suppliance of development finance to the countries of the Latin American (lac) region. However, though surprising, the wide and fast-growing role of sub-regional multilateral institutions in the international financial system has as yet received very little attention from an international legal perspective. The overall goal of this article is to fill this gap, and therefore to critically review the experience of lac countries with international sub-regional development and financial cooperation. In doing so, the article will stress in particular that the two most successful sub-regional financial institutions, namely the Andean Development Corporation (caf) and the Central American Bank for Economic Integration (cabei) have shown the capacity to supply services to member countries in a timely way, with counter-cyclical effects and on a wider scale relative to other types of multilateral financing.
Le Liban, entre révoltes arabes et conflit syrien: un exercice de flexibilité
Authors: Trombetta Lorenzo
Published: November 2014

Since the beginning of the Syrian uprising in Spring 2011, the social, economic and political Lebanese landscape – described as one of the most unstable and fragile of the Middle East – has unexpectedly showed a great ability in absorbing the effects of the crisis. The massive influx of Syrian refugees and the prolonged status of war in Syria have indeed exacerbated the pre-existent domestic political and sectarian tensions in various Lebanese regions. But the country appears far from being on the brink of a new nationwide ‘civil war’. This paper intends to discuss the exceptional flexibility of the Lebanese system in the light of its modern and contemporary history and to examine the crucial role played by local actors in the current transition.
Goodyera malipoensis (Cranichideae, Orchidaceae), a new species from China: Evidence from morphological and molecular analyses
Authors: Chen Qiu-Xiang , Chen Gui-Zhen , Li Ming-He , Chen Shi-Pin
Published: November 2014

In this study, we describe a new orchid species, Goodyera malipoensis, from Yunnan, China. We have performed morphological and molecular analyses on this new species. A detailed comparison between the newly discovered orchid and other members of Goodyera was conducted. The new plant is characterized by having a dense brownish green pubescence on the peduncle. Its ovate-lanceolate petal is unique in Goodyera genus. The hypochile is deeply concave-saccate, and inside there are two papillose rows on each side. These features distinguish the new orchid from all other known species of Goodyera. The molecular study based on nuclear ribosomal ITS sequence data and morphological differences support G. malipoensis as a distinct species.
Spelaeogammarus titan, a new troglobitic amphipod from Brazil (Amphipoda: Bogidielloidea: Artesiidae)
Authors: SENNA ANDRÉ R. , ANDRADE LUIZ F. , CASTELO-BRANCO LUCAS P. , FERREIRA RODRIGO L.
Published: November 2014

A new troglobitic species of the amphipod family Artesiidae Holsinger, 1980 is described from a cave in the municipality of Santa Maria da Vitória, in the Brazilian state of Bahia, northeastern Brazil. Spelaeogammarus titan sp. nov. differs from the others in the genus by its body length, rising up to 18.3 mm, the antenna 1 with accessory flagellum 6-articulate, propodus of the first gnathopod 1.8 X longer than basis, the largest in the genus, coxa 5 with posterior lobe slightly concave, inner ramus of pleopods with 10 to 13 setae, outer ramus of uropod 3 with 22 simple setae, and telson with 1 apical plus 3 subapical stout setae in each lobe. With this study, the knowledge of Spelaeogammarus is improved to 5 species, all of them exclusive to caves in the northeastern Brazilian state of Bahia. A comparative table with the diagnostic characters of the species of Spelaeogammarus is provided.
A Method for Extracting Postevent Storm Tracks
Authors: Lakshmanan Valliappa , Herzog Benjamin , Kingfield Darrel
Published: November 2014

Although existing algorithms for storm tracking have been designed to operate in real time, they are also commonly used to do postevent data analysis and research. Real-time algorithms cannot use information on the subsequent positions of a storm because it is not available at the time that associations between frames are made, but postevent analysis is not similarly constrained. Therefore, it should be possible to obtain better tracks for postevent analysis than those that a real-time algorithm is capable of producing. In this paper, a statistical procedure for determining storm tracks from a set of identified storm cells over time is described. It is found that this procedure results in fewer, longer-lived tracks at the potential cost of a small increase in positional error.
The Marketing of Dual Language Education Policy in Utah Print Media
Authors: Valdez Verónica E. , Delavan Garrett , Freire Juan A.
Published: November 2014

We argue the emergence of a shift in U.S. language education policy discourses from an equity/heritage (EH) framework focused on equity for English learners and non-English heritage languages, toward a global human capital (GHC) framework linked to neoliberal considerations of the language skills of individuals and nations. This discursive shift represents a change in the audience to which language education programs are primarily marketed. Drawing on a critical approach to content analysis to test for evidence of this discursive shift in Utah, we analyzed 164 articles from 5 Utah newspapers from 2005 to 2011 that assigned value statements to dual language and bilingual education. EH values declined or changed little over time whereas GHC values increased. Policy implications are discussed.
Sleep continuity: a new metric to quantify disrupted hypnograms in non-sedated intensive care unit patients
Authors: Drouot Xavier , Bridoux Agathe , Thille Arnaud Wilfrid , Roche-Campo Ferran , Cordoba-Izquierdo Ana , Katsahian Sandrine , Brochard Laurent , d’Ortho Marie-Pia
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Sleep in intensive care unit (ICU) patients is severely altered. In a large proportion of critically ill patients, conventional sleep electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns are replaced by atypical sleep. On the other hand, some non-sedated patients can display usual sleep EEG patterns. In the latter, sleep is highly fragmented and disrupted and conventional rules may not be optimal. We sought to determine whether sleep continuity could be a useful metric to quantify the amount of sleep with recuperative function in critically ill patients with usual sleep EEG features.

Methods

We retrospectively reanalyzed polysomnographies recorded in non-sedated critically ill patients requiring non-invasive ventilation (NIV) for acute hypercapnic respiratory failure. Using conventional rules, we built two-state hypnograms (sleep and wake) and identified all sleep episodes. The percentage of time spent in sleep bouts (<10 minutes), short naps (>10 and <30 minutes) and long naps (>30 minutes) was used to describe sleep continuity. In a first study, we compared these measures regarding good (NIV success) or poor outcome (NIV failure). In a second study performed on a different patient group, we compared these measurements during NIV and during spontaneous breathing.

Results

While fragmentation indices were similar in the two groups, the percentage of total sleep time spent in short naps was higher and the percentage of sleep time spent in sleep bouts was lower in patients with successful NIV. The percentage of total sleep time spent in long naps was higher and the percentage of sleep time spent in sleep bouts was lower during NIV than during spontaneous breathing; the level of reproducibility of sleep continuity measures between scorers was high.

Conclusions

Sleep continuity measurements could constitute a clinically relevant and reproducible assessment of sleep disruption in non-sedated ICU patients with usual sleep EEG.
TEG®- or ROTEM®-based individualized goal-directed coagulation algorithms: don’t wait - act now!
Authors: Spahn Donat R
Published: November 2014

In trauma patients, TEG® and ROTEM® allow prediction of massive transfusion requirement and mortality, and creation of goal-directed, individualized coagulation algorithms that may improve patient outcome. This outcome benefit has been shown for cardiac surgery in prospective randomized trials. For trauma, only non-randomized studies have been performed. Nevertheless, TEG® and ROTEM® are highly promising monitoring techniques to guide coagulation management in all types of major bleeding, including trauma.