bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance evaluation of iterative parallel algorithms
Authors: Hanuliak Ivan , Hanuliak Peter
Published: March 2010

Purpose

With the availability of powerful personal computers (PCs), workstations and networking devices, the recent trend in parallel computing is to connect a number of individual workstations (PC and PC symmetric multiprocessor systems (SMP)) to solve computation‐intensive tasks in parallel way on such clusters (networks of workstations (NOW), SMP and Grid). In this sense, it is not more true to consider traditionally evolved parallel computing and distributed computing as two separate research disciplines. Current trends in high performance computing are to use NOW (and SMP) as a cheaper alternative to traditionally used massively parallel multiprocessors or supercomputers and to profit from unifying of both mentioned disciplines. The purpose of this paper is to consider the individual workstations could be so single PC as parallel computers based on modern SMP implemented within workstation.

Design/methodology/approach

Such parallel systems (NOW and SMP), are connected through widely used communication standard networks and co‐operate to solve one large problem. Each workstation is threatened similarly to a processing element as in a conventional multiprocessor system. But, personal processors or multiprocessors as workstations are far more powerful and flexible than the processing elements in conventional multiprocessors. To make the whole system appear to the applications as a single parallel computing engine (a virtual parallel system), run‐time environments such as OpenMP, Java (SMP), message passing interface, Java (NOW) are used to provide an extra layer of abstraction.

Findings

To exploit the parallel processing capability of such cluster, the application program must be paralleled. The effective way how to do it for (parallelisation strategy) belongs to a most important step in developing effective parallel algorithm (optimisation). To behaviour analysis, all overheads that have the influence to performance of parallel algorithms (architecture, computation, communication, etc.) have to be taken into account. In this paper, such complex performance evaluation of iterative parallel algorithms (IPA) and their practical implementations are discussed (Jacobi and Gauss‐Seidel iteration). On real application example, the various influences in process of modelling and performance evaluation and the consequences of their distributed parallel implementations are demonstrated.

Originality/value

The paper usefully shows that better load balancing can be achieved among used network nodes (performance optimisation of parallel algorithm). Generally, it claims that the parallel algorithms or their parts (processes) with more communication (similar to analyzed Gauss‐Seidel parallel algorithm) will have better speed‐up values using modern SMP parallel system as its parallel implementation in NOW. For the algorithms or processes with small communication overheads (similar to analysed Jacobi parallel algorithm) the other network nodes can be used based on single processors.
LC and LR networks of canals of yoyo flows
Authors: He Xiaoya , Lin Yi
Published: March 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how networks of canals with various parts, such as a battery, yoyo capacitor, inductor, and yoyo resistor, of yoyo flows could practically function.

Design/methodology/approach

The characteristics of spin of the general systemic yoyo model, combined with the traditional analytic tools, are employed as the method and thinking logic for this work of quantitative representations.

Findings

Formulae are developed for calculating the inductance, intensity of the magnetic field, the total magnetic yoyo flux, and induced magnetomotive force of a coil. For LC networks of canals of electric yoyos, by analyzing the relationship between the electric yoyo charge Q of the capacitor and the induced electric yoyo current I in the network, the following problem is addressed: when the switch of the network is turned on, what will be the reaction of the network? For LR networks of canals of electric yoyo flows, the problem considered is: when the switch is turned off, how would the electric yoyo current evolve? Analysis shows that at the moment of the time constant, the electric yoyo current drops to the level of about 37 percent of its initial strength.

Originality/value

It is expected that some properties of the general systemic yoyo model can be reasonably expressed by using numbers and quantities so that good amount of the traditional quantitative analysis will become useful in the study of this general and intuitive systemic model. This end will become useful when this model is applied to investigate problems and phenomena considered in social science and humanities.
The state of a civilization
Authors: Lin Yi , Forrest Bailey
Published: March 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to reveal the mechanism underlying many inexplicable phenomena observed in social organizations and human history by using the general systemic yoyo model.

Design/methodology/approach

Such traditional tools as laboratory experiments, calculus‐based methods, quantitative reasoning of microeconomics, and set‐theoretical logic are collectively employed to present a brand new method for the study of many unsettled problems in the research of civilizations.

Findings

Among a whole series of open problems, novel explanations are provided for important questions like: how do civilizations or cultures form? Why did Western democracy not originate in Eastern Asian or other parts of the world? Why does each blown‐up that it bridges a transition between organizational expansion and contraction represents a weakest link in the evolution of a social entity? Why are there nation states within a civilization? Why is the Western civilization having multiple centers or core states, while the Sinic civilization has one core state and the Islamic civilization does not seem to have any core states? How can policy makers separate civilizations from each other?

Originality/value

This work presents how systems science in general and the systemic yoyo model in particular can bring forward tangible results in social science with solid scientific merits. Owing to the novelty of reasoning and sound conclusions derived on solid scientific foundations, it is expected that this work will produce such results that can be truly useful for policy makers at national and international levels.
Principles of assessment for project and research based learning
Authors: Hunaiti Ziad , Grimaldi Silvia , Goven Dharmendra , Mootanah Rajshree , Martin Louise
Published: March 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide assessment guidelines which help to implement research‐based education in science and technology areas, which would benefit from the quality of this type of education within this subject area.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is a reflection on, and analysis of, different aspects of assessment. From one side, it looks at assessment in general, in society at large.

Findings

Assessment could be improved within this field in order to contribute to the learning process, rather than merely measure and categorise a student's performance after the fact. To do this the paper not only looks at different forms of assessment and different ways of conducting the assessment, but also argues that certain ways of teaching and of structuring a class and an assignment are more conducive to creating an atmosphere in which students will be wanting to receive feedback to improve their learning and performance rather than a mark as a prize or reward.

Originality/value

The paper shows that the outcomes from this study will be useful in establishing the link between research and education which has been a key success in many world‐class institutions, resulting in the graduation of emerging professionals who will conduct cutting‐edge research and run high‐technology enterprises across a host of disciplines.
Co‐creating leadership dispositional values and contexts survey
Authors: Wasonga Teresa A.
Published: March 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a survey for co‐creating leadership dispositional values and contexts by examining the self‐perceptions of school leaders, teachers, and staff on the practice of co‐creating leadership behaviors and conditions that facilitate the practice.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on qualitative data and a literature review, survey statements were developed to gather quantitative data for purposes of establishing an instrument for studying the practice of dispositional values and presence of contexts that facilitate co‐creating leadership in schools.

Findings

The instrument internal reliability scales covering the seven dispositions and three contexts were calculated using Cronbach's α scores. All scores were above the suggested level of 0.70. The coefficient α reliabilities for the subscales ranged between 0.73 and 0.86. The survey resulted in a two‐factor solution (dispositional values and contexts). Correlation coefficients amongst the subscales of dispositional values and contexts ranged between a moderate r=0.460 and a high r=0.815 (p<0.01).

Originality/value

This study led to the development and verification of a quantitative survey instrument that may be used to assess the practice of co‐creating leadership dispositional values and contexts in schools. Dispositional values consisted of seven factors (trust and trustworthiness, humility, active listening, resilience, patience, collaboration, and cultural anthropology). Contexts consisted of three factors (deep democracy, quality relations, and evolving power).
Designing Web 2.0 based constructivist‐oriented e‐learning units
Authors: Sing Chai Ching , Lit Woo Huay , Wang Qiyun
Published: March 2010

Purpose

The main purpose of this paper is to present how meaningful e‐learning units can be created by using an online tool called Meaningful E‐learning Units (MeLU). The paper also aims to describe how created e‐learning units can be shared by teachers and students.

Design/methodology/approach

This tool can help to produce e‐learning units that consist of six components: introduction context/scenario, activities, rules and roles, assessment, and concluding activities. A sample of an e‐learning unit called “Creating Tessellations” was created by using the tool and is presented in this paper.

Findings

It is easy to create e‐learning units by using the MeLU tool as it provides a large number of templates for teachers to choose. The tool also allows multimedia elements to be added to or deleted from the unit. Also, this tool enables teachers to share their e‐learning units with others and to customize existing units for their use.

Originality/value

The proposed form of e‐learning lessons could help to advance the integration of ICT‐enabled constructivist learning in schools. The potential to further enhance MeLU's capacity and to further develop it to incorporate Web 3.0 technologies are also discussed.
Adaptable, personalised e‐learning incorporating learning styles
Authors: Peter Sophie E. , Bacon Elizabeth , Dastbaz Mohammad
Published: March 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to discuss how learning styles and theories are currently used within personalised adaptable e‐learning adaptive systems. This paper then aims to describe the e‐learning platform iLearn and how this platform is designed to incorporate learning styles as part of the personalisation offered by the system.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper discusses how learning styles and theories are currently being used within the area of adaptive e‐learning and describes current research within this area. This paper then gives an overview of the iLearn project and describes how iLearn is using the VARK learning style to enhance the platform's personalisation and adaptability for the learner. This research also describes the system's design and how the learning style is incorporated into the system design and semantic framework within the learner's profile.

Findings

The findings describe how the final implemented iLearn platform intends to address the issues found with the limited personalisation within common learning management systems and intends to provide the learner with a personalised learning experience.

Originality/value

Adaptability and personalisation are large research areas, however, many limitations have been found during the current research. This research project, therefore adds value to this by proposing a system which will address the current personalisation limitations.
New perspectives on the causes of franchising conflict in Australia
Authors: Weaven Scott , Frazer Lorelle , Giddings Jeff
Published: March 2010

Purpose

Although Australian franchising sector regulation promotes system disclosure and provides for mandatory conflict mediation, there is some concern that inequities exist within the conflict management process. From 2006 to 2008 no less than four government inquiries into franchising took place in Australia in an attempt to resolve problems occurring in the sector. A major issue was that of the perceived imbalance of power in the franchisor‐franchisee relationship, which often results in conflict between the two parties. The purpose of this paper is to extend the conflict literature in dyadic exchange relationships through investigating the causes of conflict from the franchisor and franchisee perspectives.

Design/methodology/approach

Exploratory research is undertaken to identify the major causes of franchising conflict. Face‐to‐face interviews are conducted with 24 franchising experts, such as lawyers and mediators, to draw upon their considerable experience in the sector.

Findings

The key findings suggest that a lack of due diligence is associated with the formation of unrealistic expectations which increases the potential for future relational conflict. Although franchising experience impacts upon operational approaches and conflict, the role played by third parties and market conditions both appear to exacerbate dissatisfaction in franchise systems.

Research limitations/implications

This research is exploratory and therefore the findings are tentative. The preliminary conceptual models will be tested in a large quantitative survey of key franchising stakeholders in the near future.

Originality/value

With the Australian franchising sector presently under intense scrutiny by regulators this research is timely and important. It is expected that the findings will provide government and industry representatives with a more balanced understanding of the causes of franchising conflict so that preventative action may be taken.
Chinese food retailers' positioning strategies and the influence on their buying behaviour
Authors: Skallerud Kåre , Grønhaug Kjell
Published: March 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate Chinese food retailers' positioning strategies. Specifically, retail segments and critical factors related to the nature of the food supplier relationships that may be influenced by the positioning strategies are investigated.

Design/methodology/approach

The retail markets in Guangzou and Chengdu are investigated. Data are collected by means of observation and survey and then combined in the analyses. Observational research (i.e. expert assessments) is conducted in 152 retail outlets in order to assess their positioning strategies. The purchasing managers in the same retail outlets are personally interviewed by means of structured questionnaires.

Findings

A three‐cluster solution for the positioning strategies is revealed: down‐market stores, middle‐range stores, and up‐market stores. The annual sales and the number of self‐service counters are highest among up‐market retailers. They are also typically joint ventures, supermarkets and department stores, and members of a retail chain. A broad range of brands and products and also marketing support from the suppliers are most important for the up‐market stores.

Research limitations/implications

The study is limited to two regional retail markets and should therefore be cross‐validated with other retail sectors and markets. Thumbnail sketches of the retailer segments enable food suppliers to make better and more informed decisions about how to position their product offer and marketing mix.

Originality/value

Although positioning strategies are at the core of modern marketing, relatively little research has been conducted addressing how retailers in general and Chinese retailers specifically include their retail buying behaviour and structural characteristics in the positioning strategy. This study contributes to filling this gap in knowledge.
Another perspective on globalization
Authors: Das Dilip K.
Published: March 2010

Purpose

In the background of the global economic and financial crisis, one hears and reads nothing but excoriation and denunciation of globalization. The purpose of this paper is to provide an honest and objective analysis of the contemporary global economic scenario, which reveals numerous challenges that globalization engendered in different countries, country groups as well as in the global economy. This paper asserts that globalization has a positive side as well. The trauma of the continuing crisis is vitiating the enormous constructive contribution made by economic and financial globalization in the contemporary period.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper looks at: globalization as a welfare‐enhancing force; some front runners of globalization and particularly the ascent and economic integration of East Asia, China, India, the BRICS, etc. and latecomers to globalization.

Findings

The essential findings of this paper are that country groups like East Asia in the past and China and India at present have benefited immensely from economic and financial globalization. Rapid group in the sub‐group of economies referred to as the emerging‐market economies is made possible by economic and financial globalization. The ascent of these economic groups is changing the contours of the global economy. The newest achievement of economic and financial globalization is a favorable impact over the former non‐market economies and Africa. Both of these are regarded as challenging cases in the past.

Originality/value

Economic and financial globalization has remained a controversial issue. This paper takes a bold and original perspective in focusing on its favorable contributions at a time point when it is being deprecated for causing a great deal of upheaval in the global economy.
Identity regulation: towards employee control?
Authors: Nair Nisha
Published: March 2010

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the dynamics of employee identity regulation within organizations. It also aims to examine the notion of control and discusses the use of identity as a medium for its exercise.

Design/methodology/approach

Through a review of the literature and a description of the complexities and nuances of the identity regulation process, the paper demonstrates the manner in which individual identity gets fused with organizational identity to strengthen employee identification with the organization. The compounding of this process in terms of individual differences and employee resistance is also discussed. Some propositions in this regard are advanced.

Findings

Evident from the discussion is that regulation of employee identities can serve as a potent yet less obvious form of organizational control.

Originality/value

Weaving together research in this area, the paper demonstrates the link between control and identity work. It also highlights the implications of identity regulation for employees and for organizations, and raises some questions in this regard.
The impact of strategic orientation on corporate social responsibility
Authors: Galbreath Jeremy
Published: March 2010

Purpose

Using the strategic orientation concept of Miles and Snow, the purpose of this paper is to test if differences in levels of corporate social responsibility (CSR) exist between prospectors, defenders, analyzers, and reactors.

Design/methodology/approach

The method included a purpose‐designed survey sent to CEOs. To explore differences in CSR and strategy types, one‐way ANOVA with contrast effect analysis was used.

Findings

The results suggest that differences in levels of CSR do exist between strategy types. Prospectors and defenders demonstrated higher levels of CSR than analyzers. As expected, reactors demonstrated the lowest levels of CSR.

Research limitations/implications

This paper suggests that while institutions appear to be placing increasing demands on firms to demonstrate socially responsible behavior, not all firms demonstrate CSR equally. How firms approach competitive markets and the characteristics that shape how they adapt to the environment – or strategic orientation – appears to be a factor that explains differing levels of CSR.

Practical implications

Firms' strategic orientation might be important to the demonstration of CSR; therefore, understanding the internal dynamics and characteristics of different strategy types will afford managers a better understanding of strategies that are needed to more effectively engage in CSR.

Originality/value

The value of the paper rests in exploring, for the first time, if differences in CSR exist between the Miles and Snow strategy typology. The current study puts forth statistical evidence that differences do exist, thus building on a rich body of research aimed at understanding the impact of strategic orientation on organizational outcomes.
Support, trust, satisfaction, intent to leave and citizenship at organizational level
Authors: Paillé Pascal , Bourdeau Laurent , Galois Isabelle
Published: March 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to propose to test a research model to gain a better understanding of the connection between perceived support, trust, satisfaction, intention to quit and citizenship at the organizational level.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of 355 white‐collar employees were recruited among alumni of a business school in France. Structural equation modeling was used to test the predicted relationships.

Findings

Except for the relation between perceived organizational support (POS) and intention to leave, study results showed strong support in favour of the different hypothetical relations in the research model.

Research limitations/implications

The results are based on a single sample and a transversal research design. For these reasons, the data should be approached with caution.

Practical implications

The paper highlights the importance of considering trust over and above organizational efforts directed at supporting employees through a show of appreciation for their contribution and concern for their well‐being.

Originality/value

This paper provides data that lead to a better understanding of the relationship between POS, trust and satisfaction for the purpose of predicting outcomes such as intention to leave an organization and citizenship behaviour towards an organization.
Histopathological effects on epidural tissue of bolus or continuous infusions through an epidural catheter in ewes
Authors: Türe H. , Eti Z. , Göğüş F.Y. , Düzgün O. , Mutlu Z. , Karabağli P.
Published: March 2010

This study was performed to evaluate the histopathological effects of epidural drug injection given either by intermittent bolus or continuous infusion through a catheter on epidural tissue. Fourteen ewes received intermittent bolus injections of morphine with bupivacaine, or a bolus of the same drugs followed by continuous infusion for 5 days. After 5 days, histopathological examination of the epidural space revealed mild to moderate inflammatory changes, and focal fibrosis surrounding the catheter in all ewes. The similarity of the inflammatory reaction in the control and drug treated groups seems to indicate that neither intermittent bolus or continuous infusion after a bolus dose caused histopathological changes in the epidural space beyond that caused by the catheter itself.
Teaching of clinical pharmacology and therapeutics in UK medical schools: current status in 2009
Authors: O'Shaughnessy Lelia , Haq Inam , Maxwell Simon , Llewelyn Martin
Published: March 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT

• Junior doctors feel poorly prepared by their training in Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics and commonly make prescribing errors.

• Since 1993 the General Medical Council's guidance on undergraduate medical education ‘Tomorrow's Doctors’ has emphasized the integration of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics teaching within the medical curriculum.

• With the publication of a new version of Tomorrow's Doctors in 2009, medical schools will be further revising their Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics teaching.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS

• Although we know what the recommendations for undergraduate teaching of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics teaching are, there are no published data describing what is currently happening in UK medical schools.

• This paper describes the course structures, volume and range of teaching and assessment of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics in the UK in 2009.

• Our data provide a foundation for schools looking to revise the Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics Teaching in the light of Tomorrow's Doctors 2009.

AIM

To describe the current structure, delivery and assessment of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (CPT) teaching in UK medical schools.

METHODS

An online questionnaire was distributed to the person with overall responsibility for CPT teaching at all UK medical schools in June 2009.

RESULTS

Thirty of the 32 UK medical schools responded. 60% of schools have a CPT course although in 72% this was an integrated vertical theme. At 70% of schools pharmacologists have overall responsibility for CPT teaching (clinical 67%, non‐clinical 33%); at 20% teaching is run by a non‐specialist clinician and at 7% by a pharmacist. Teaching is commonly delivered by NHS clinicians (87%) and clinical pharmacists (80%) using lectures (90%) but additionally 50% of schools use e‐Learning and 63% have a student formulary. CPT is assessed throughout the curriculum at many schools through written, practical examinations and course work. 90% of schools have specific CPT content in their written examinations. 90% of respondents believed that their students were ‘fairly’ to ‘well’ prepared for the foundation year but only 37% of schools gather data on the competence of their graduates.

CONCLUSIONS

CPT teaching in UK medical schools is very diverse. Most schools do not assess the performance of their graduates as prescribers and there is a lack of evidence that many of the teaching approaches employed are suitable for the development of prescribing skills. It is vital that developments in CPT teaching are driven by validated, real‐world assessments of the prescribing skills of medical students and newly qualified doctors.
Effect of hydrochlorothiazide on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of febuxostat, a non‐purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase
Authors: Grabowski Brian , Khosravan Reza , Wu Jing‐Tao , Vernillet Laurent , Lademacher Christopher
Published: March 2010

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT

• Hyperuricaemia and gout frequently coexist with cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension and heart failure. The use of diuretics has been re‐established as a first‐line treatment for patients with hypertension and the effects of diuretics on serum uric acid may diminish the urate‐lowering effects of febuxostat, a novel, potent, non‐purine selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS

• Co‐administration of febuxostat 80 mg and hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg had no effect on the pharmacokinetics and did not have a clinically significant effect on the pharmacodynamics of febuxostat. Dose adjustment for febuxostat is not necessary when it is administered with hydrochlorothiazide.

AIM

This study examined the effect of co‐administration of febuxostat, an investigational urate lowering therapy, and hydrochlorothiazide on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of febuxostat.

METHODS

Healthy subjects (36 healthy men and women) received single doses of febuxostat 80 mg alone and febuxostat 80 mg + hydrochlorothiazide 50 mg, separated by 7 days in an open‐label, randomized, crossover fashion. Plasma concentrations of febuxostat and urinary and serum concentrations of uric acid were assessed.

RESULTS

Mean febuxostat Cmax, AUC(0–t), AUC(0–∞), t1/2,z, CL/F and Vss/F values for regimens co‐administration/febuxostat alone were 2.9/2.9 µg ml−1, 9.3/9.1 µg ml−1 h, 9.6/9.3 µg ml−1 h, 6.5/6.1 h, 8.8/9.3 l h−1 and 45/44 l, respectively. Geometric mean ratios (co‐administration : febuxostat alone) and their 90% confidence intervals for febuxostat plasma Cmax, AUC(0–t), and AUC(0–∞) were 1.00 (0.86, 1.17), 1.03 (0.98, 1.09), and 1.04 (0.98, 1.10), respectively; all of the 90% CIs were within the no effect range of 0.8 to 1.25. Serum uric acid Cmean,24h, Cmean,48h and CLR for both regimens co‐administration/febuxostat alone were 216/203 µmol l−1, 218/202 µmol l−1 and 9.1/10.1 ml min−1, respectively. Although serum uric acid Cmean,24h and Cmean,48h values were higher and CLR values lower after co‐administration compared with dosing of febuxostat alone, with the differences being statistically significant (P < 0.003), none of the differences (6.5%–9.5%) was considered clinically significant.

CONCLUSION

Dose adjustment for febuxostat is not necessary when it is administered with hydrochlorothiazide.
The impact of a regular erythrocytapheresis programme on the acute and chronic complications of sickle cell disease in adults
Authors: Kalff Anna , Dowsing Claire , Grigg Andrew
Published: March 2010

Thirteen adult patients aged 22–63 (median 30) years with sickle cell disease (SCD) were enrolled in a regular erythrocytapheresis (ECP) programme at a single institution between December 1998 and November 2008. The indications for enrolment were recurrent painful crises (PC), acute chest syndrome (ACS), silent cortical ischaemia, pulmonary hypertension, multi‐organ crises and pregnancy. Endpoints retrospectively evaluated included the incidence of SCD‐related acute events requiring hospitalization following and prior to regular ECP, the development of new and progression of pre‐existing related end‐organ damage, the effectiveness in reducing HbS levels acutely and prior to the next exchange and the transfusion‐related complications. Sixteen acute sickle‐related events occurred in five patients in 846 months of patient follow‐up. In all patients with reliable data available pre‐ECP, the frequency of such events was reduced following commencing regular ECP. No patient experienced stroke, multi‐organ crises or developed new and/or progression of end‐organ dysfunction. Regular ECP reduced HbS levels to the target of <30% immediately post‐exchange. Alloimmunization rates were comparable to the literature and ECP was effective in preventing progressive iron overload. Regular ECP was demonstrated to be an effective, well‐tolerated therapy for both acute and chronic complications of SCD in adults.
Advances in the understanding of MYC‐induced lymphomagenesis
Authors: Klapproth Kay , Wirth Thomas
Published: March 2010

Up to 70% of all human malignancies show elevated expression of MYC. MYC is a pleiotropic transcription factor involved in many aspects of cellular development and physiology. Besides direct regulation of target genes involved in proliferation and growth MYC is implicated in controlling the complex networks of microRNAs and apoptosis mediators. The mode of MYC deregulation varies between different tumor entities. In most types of cancer high MYC levels are secondary to alterations in cell signalling pathways, leading to enhanced proliferation of the transformed cells. In some haematological malignancies, like Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and subsets of diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas, elevated MYC levels are a direct consequence of genomic aberrations involving the MYC locus. BL is considered the prime example for MYC‐induced lymphomagenesis. In comparison to other haematological malignancies it has the highest MYC‐expression and is often connected to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection. Over the past five decades BL has provided an invaluable tool for the entire discipline of oncology, helping to decipher many aspects of tumor biology. This review summarizes recent advances in the research on MYC‐induced lymphomagenesis, focusing on the regulation of microRNAs and apoptosis, and possible contributions of EBV for lymphoma development.
Erythrocyte membrane protein destabilization versus clinical outcome in 160 Portuguese Hereditary Spherocytosis patients
Authors: Rocha Susana , Costa Elísio , Rocha‐Pereira Petronila , Ferreira Fátima , Cleto Esmeralda , Barbot José , Quintanilha Alexandre , Belo Luís , Santos‐Silva Alice
Published: March 2010

Hereditary Spherocytosis (HS) is a haemolytic anaemia caused by erythrocyte protein membrane defects – spectrin, ankyrin, band 3 or protein 4·2 – that lead to membrane destabilization. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of protein deficiencies and the role of membrane proteins or membrane‐linked proteins in membrane disturbance and in HS clinical outcome. A total of 215 Portuguese individuals were studied – 203 from 71 families plus 12 individual unrelated subjects; 160 of them were diagnosed with HS. They were classified as presenting mild, moderate or severe forms of HS according to the degree of haemolytic anaemia. Standardized electrophoretic erythrocyte membrane protein analysis was used to identify and quantify protein deficiencies. Band 3 and ankyrin were found to account for the majority of the erythrocyte protein defects underlying HS. Increasing isolated protein deficiency or increasing imbalance between combined protein deficiencies seemed to underlie HS severity, by increasing membrane destabilization. There was an increased membrane linkage of the cytosolic proteins, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase and peroxiredoxin 2, and of denatured haemoglobin, suggesting that this linkage could interfere with membrane structure. Our data suggest that the quantification and the analysis of RBC membrane proteins may be helpful in predicting the clinical outcome of HS.
A simulation study of the feedback of phytoplankton on thermal structure via light extinction
Authors: RINKE KARSTEN , YEATES PETER , ROTHHAUPT KARL‐OTTO
Published: March 2010

1. A simulation study of the feedback of phytoplankton biomass on temperature stratification in the large, monomictic Lake Constance was undertaken. Phytoplankton biomass affects the light extinction coefficient (LEC) of the water and, in turn, the vertical distribution of short‐wave radiation, which shapes the temperature stratification in the lake.

2. A sensitivity study of the variation in LEC using the hydrodynamic model DYRESM showed that a high LEC is associated with stronger stratification, shallower thermoclines, higher surface temperatures and reduced heat content during the heating phase of the lake. During the cooling phase, a shallower thermocline at high LEC leads to a faster decrease in water temperature so that during autumn, a high LEC is associated with lower surface temperatures. Thermal structure was particularly sensitive to changes in LEC when its value was below 0.5 m−1.

3. When LEC is simulated dynamically with the coupled hydrodynamic–ecological model DYRESM‐CAEDYM, its value is a function of phytoplankton dynamics that change vertically and temporally. Comparing simulations with and without dynamic LEC (i.e. with and without phytoplankton dynamics) produced a complex picture: during the vegetation period, we often found a warmer surface layer and colder water beneath in the simulations with dynamic LEC, as expected from the higher LEC when phytoplankton is abundant. However, since phytoplankton biomass (as LEC) fluctuates and because of occasional cooling phases, the patterns were comparatively weak and not consistent over the whole growing season.

4. The most obvious patterns emerged by comparing simulations of oligotrophic and eutrophic conditions. In the eutrophic state, with its higher LEC, stratification was stronger and characterized by higher surface water temperatures, a shallower thermocline and colder water temperatures between 5 and 10 m depth.

5. Statistical analysis of long‐term data of water temperatures in Lake Constance, corrected for external forcing by air temperature, revealed a significant tendency towards warmer temperatures at 7.5 and 10 m depths with decreasing LECs over the course of reoligotrophication. This finding is consistent with our model results.
Complete eruption of a malformed mandibular permanent molar following extraction of a complex odontome
Authors: HUNTER B. , HUNTER M. L. , PIZARRO K. A.
Published: March 2010

Summary. A case is described in which a complex odontome, associated with an unerupted and displaced mandibular permanent molar, presented as an acute infection of an edentulous area. Surgical removal of the odontome led to the spontaneous eruption of the tooth.

Résumé. Un odontome complexe, associé à une molaire permanente mandibulaire retenue et déplacée, a été révélé par l'infection aigüue d'une zone édentée. L'exérèse chirurgicale a amené l'éruption spontanée de cette dent retenue.

Zusammenfassung. Es wird Fall eines komplexen Odontom beschrieben. Dieses bildete ein Durch‐bruchshemmis für einen bleibenden mandibularen Molaren. Über lezteren manifestierte sich eine akute Entzündung. Die chirurgische Entfernung des Odontomes führte zum Spontandurchbruch dieses Zahnes.

Resumen. Se describe un caso en el cual un odontoma complejo, asociado con un molar permanente mandibular no erupcionado y desplazado, presentó una infección aguda en el area edentula. La remoción quirúrgica del tumor produjo la erupción espontánea del diente.
Pycnodysostosis associated with delayed and ectopic eruption of permanent teeth
Authors: FERGUSON J. W. , BROWN R. H. , CHEONG L. Y.
Published: March 2010

Summary. The oral and facial manifestations of pycnodysostosis (Maroteaux‐Lamy syndrome) are reviewed, and illustrated by a case in which the presenting feature was delayed and ectopic eruption of permanent teeth.

Résumé. Les manifestations dentaires, orales et faciales de la pycnodysostose (syndrome de Maro‐teaux‐Lamy) sont rappelées et illustrées par un cas dans lequel ces caractéristiques se sont manifestées avec retard ainsi que l'éruption ectopique de dents permanentes.

Zusammenfassung. Die dentalen oralen und fazialen Manifestationen der Pycondysostosis (Maro‐teaux‐Lamy‐Sydrom) werden anhand eines Falles beschrieben. Der verspätete und ektopische Durchbruch der bleibenden Zähne sind die Hauptmerkmale.

Resumen. Se hace una revisión de las manifestaciones dentales, orales y faciales de la picnodisos‐tosis (Síndrome de Maroteaux‐Lamy) y se ilustra el caso en el cual se presenta la característica de erupción ectópica y retardada de dientes permanentes.
A case of bilateral supplemental maxillary central incisors
Authors: ROCK W. P.
Published: March 2010

Summary: A case is described in which bilateral supplemental maxillary central incisors were found in a 9‐year‐old boy. The occurrence has been reported previously of bilateral supplemental maxillary lateral incisors but not of central incisors.

Résumé. Description d'un cas de remplacement bilateral des incisives centrales maxillaire chez un enfant de 9 ans. Un cas de remplacement d'incisives laterales a ete décrit, mais non celui d'incisives centrales.

Zusammefassung. Fallbeschreibung eines 9 jährigen Knabens mit beidseitigen suzätzlichen zentralen Scheindezähnen. Bis anhin wurden das Gleiche nur bei lateralen Schneidezähne beschrieben.

Resumen. Se describe en caso en el cual incisivos centrales maxilares supernumerarios fueron detectados en un niño de 9 años de edad. La ocurrencia ha sido previamente reportada, pero no en incisivos centrales.
Flight nursing expertise: towards a middle‐range theory
Authors: Reimer Andrew P. , Moore Shirley M.
Published: March 2010

reimer a.p. & moore s.m. (2010) Flight nursing expertise: towards a middle‐range theory.Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(5), 1183–1192.

Title. Flight nursing expertise: towards a middle‐range theory.

Aim. This paper presents a middle‐range Theory of Flight Nursing Expertise.

Background. Rotary‐wing (helicopter) medical transport has grown rapidly in the USA since its introduction, particularly during the past 5 years. Patients once considered too sick to transport are now being transported more frequently and over longer distances. Many limitations are imposed by the air medical transport environment and these require nurses to alter their practice.

Data sources. A literature search was conducted using Pubmed, Medline, CINAHL, secondary referencing and an Internet search from 1960 to 2008 for studies related to the focal concepts in flight nursing.

Discussion. The middle‐range Theory of Flight Nursing Expertise is composed of nine concepts (experience, training, transport environment of care, psychomotor skills, flight nursing knowledge, cue recognition, pattern recognition, decision‐making and action) and their relationships. Five propositions describe the relationships between those concepts and how they apply to flight nursing expertise.

Implications for nursing. After empirical testing, this theory may be a useful tool to assist novice flight nurses to attain the skills necessary to provide safe and competent care more efficiently, and may aid in designing curricula and programmes of research.

Conclusion. Research is needed to determine the usefulness of this theory in both rotary and fixed‐wing medical transport settings, and to examine the similarities and differences related to expertise needed for different flight nurse team compositions. Curriculum and training innovations can result from increased understanding of the concepts and relationships proposed in this theory.
Effectiveness of an educational intervention on levels of pain, anxiety and self‐efficacy for patients with musculoskeletal trauma
Authors: Wong Eliza Mi‐Ling , Chan Sally Wai‐Chi , Chair Sek‐Ying
Published: March 2010

wong e.m.‐l., chan s.w.‐c. & chair s.‐y. (2010) Effectiveness of an educational intervention on levels of pain, anxiety and self‐efficacy for patients with musculoskeletal trauma. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(5), 1120–1131.

Title.  Effectiveness of an educational intervention on levels of pain, anxiety and self‐efficacy for patients with musculoskeletal trauma.

Aim.  This paper is a report of a study of the effectiveness of a pain management educational intervention on level of pain, anxiety and self‐efficacy among patients with musculoskeletal trauma and consequent orthopaedic surgery.

Background.  Substantial evidence supports the use of preoperative education to improve patient outcomes. Educational interventions are common in preparing patients for orthopaedic surgery.

Methods.  A pre‐ and post‐test design (quasi‐experimental) was employed in 2006 with patients assigned either to a control (usual care) or an experimental group (usual care plus educational intervention). The 30‐minute educational intervention consisted of information about pain, coping strategies and breathing relaxation exercises. The outcome measures were scores for pain, anxiety, self‐efficacy, analgesic use and length of hospital stay and these were measured before surgery and on day 2, day 4, day 7, 1 month and 3 months after surgery.

Results.  A total of 125 patients completed the study (control, n = 63; experimental = 62). The experimental group reported statistically significantly lower levels of pain, less anxiety and better self‐efficacy during hospitalization (before surgery to day 7), as compared to the control group. The experimental group had more requests for analgesics at day 2 only. There were no statistically significant effects on length of stay. At the 3‐month evaluation, a statistically significant effect on anxiety level was found in favour of the experimental group.

Conclusion.  Patients may benefit from this educational intervention in terms of relieving pain, anxiety and improving self‐efficacy, and the educational intervention could be incorporated as part of routine care to prepare musculoskeletal trauma patients for surgery.
Lived experience of diabetes among older, rural people
Authors: George Sharon R. , Thomas Sandra P.
Published: March 2010

george s.r. & Thomas s.p. (2010) Lived experience of diabetes among older, rural people. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(5), 1092–1100.

Title.  Lived experience of diabetes among older, rural people.

Aim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to elucidate experiences and perceptions of self‐management of diabetes as narrated by older people diagnosed with insulin‐dependent diabetes living in a rural area.

Background.  Older people worldwide are disproportionately affected by diabetes and are more likely to have co‐morbidities and disabilities. Guidelines for management, developed by the American Diabetes Association, are not targeted for this population. A plethora of quantitative research has investigated self‐management issues, with little change to outcomes. This pleads for consideration of a new diabetes education model, which includes consideration of experiences within clients’ worldviews.

Method.  Unstructured interviews starting with an open question were conducted from a purposive sample in 2005. Interviews were transcribed and analysed according to the tenets of existential phenomenology, a process which began with bracketing the researcher’s biases.

Findings.  Living with poorly controlled diabetes led participants to introspection and existential questioning. Four connected themes were identified: ‘Your Body Will Let You Know’; ‘I Thought I Was Fine, But I Wasn’t’; ‘The Only Way Out is to Die’; and ‘You Just Go On’.

Conclusion.  Currently designed from a medical perspective, diabetes education should be based on a nursing model incorporating the client’s insights and experiences. When managing diabetes is viewed from a client’s perspective, the focus becomes solving problems that arise in self‐regulation of one’s own regimen rather than in complying with doctor’s orders. Nurses need to reframe the problem by excluding the compliance/noncompliance model and developing a conceptual perspective on self‐management that is grounded in world and body.
Child health and development record book: tool for relationship building between nurse and mother
Authors: Clendon Jill , Dignam Denise
Published: March 2010

clendon j. & dignam d. (2010) Child health and development record book: tool for relationship building between nurse and mother. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(5), 968–977.

Title.  Child health and development record book: tool for relationship building between nurse and mother.

Aim.  This paper is a report of a study of the role and impact of the child health and development record book in New Zealand society since its inception.

Background.  Nurses working in child health roles in New Zealand use child health and development record books to record advice and developmental characteristics of children as they grow. The book has been used since 1921, but there has been no exploration of how it has been used by nurses or mothers.

Method.  Using an oral history approach, 35 participants ranging from 30 to 84 years of age were interviewed. Data were collected from November 2004 to December 2005, with follow‐up interviews in 2006.

Findings.  The book plays an important role in the relationship between mother and nurse. It is used as a point of commonality that supports the efforts of both as they work toward establishing an effective relationship, as a tool of practice, and as a means of building strength within families.

Conclusion.  Mothers read, reflect upon and reminisce with child health and development record books for generations. Nurses must consider the ways in which they currently use these record books, remaining mindful of both the short‐term and potential long‐term impact their notes may have on mothers.