bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New chromosome number and cyto-molecular characterization of the African Baobab (Adansonia digitata L.) - “The Tree of Life”
Authors: Islam-Faridi Nurul , Sakhanokho Hamidou F. , Dana Nelson C.
Published: August 2020

The African baobab (Adansonia digitata L.), also referred to as the “Tree of Life”, is a majestic, long-lived and multipurpose tree of sub-Saharan Africa. Internationally, a growing demand for baobab products in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries has been observed. Considering this, there is a need for scientific information on the genetics and breeding of A. digitata, including cytogenetics, genetic diversity and reproductive biology. The objectives of our cytogenetic research were to determine the genome size, chromosome number, and organization of ribosomal DNA (45S and 5SrDNA) of A. digitata. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a 2C-DNA value of 3.8 ± 0.6 pg (1Cx monoploid genome size 919.1 ± 62.9 Mbp). Using our improved chromosome preparation technique, we were able to unequivocally count the chromosomes resulting in 2n = 4x = 168, a revised chromosome number for A. digitata. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis revealed two massively large variants of 45S rDNA and their corresponding nucleolus organizer regions (NOR). The NOR variants were about two to four times larger than the main body of their respective chromosomes. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this phenomenon in a plant species. Furthermore, we found that FISH analysis using the Arabidopsis-type telomere repeat sequence probe clarified and confirmed the new chromosome number and characterized the 45S rDNA structural organization.
Molecular prospecting for cryptic species of the Hypholoma fasciculare complex: toward the effective and practical delimitation of cryptic macrofungal species
Authors: Sato Hirotoshi , Ohta Ryoma , Murakami Noriaki
Published: August 2020

Many macrofungal cryptic species remain unidentified. A possible solution is to increase the number of loci analyzed and use rigorous statistics for macrofungal species delimitation. To validate this assumption, cryptic species of the Hypholoma fasciculare complex, a group of common wood-decomposing fungi, were attempted to be delineated. Massively parallel sequencing of mitochondrial ribosomal RNA (mt_rRNA), nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and 24 single-copy genes were performed for 96 specimens collected in Japan. Then, the species boundaries were inferred using comparative gene genealogies (mt_rRNA vs. ITS), Bayesian Poisson tree process (bPTP) model for the phylogeny of concatenated nuclear sequences, and analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) for single nucleotide polymorphisms. In both the mt_rRNA and ITS phylogenies, the H. fasciculare complex was not divided into well-supported clades. Nevertheless, based on the bPTP, two mitochondrial haplotypes were inferred to represent distinct species (H. fasciculare and H. subviride). The results of AMOVA also indicated that the differentiation of nuclear loci can be explained mostly by differences between haplotype. These results suggest that it is necessary to increase the number of target loci to 20 or more and use both phylogeny-based and population genetics-based statistics for the accurate delimitation of macrofungal species.
A quantitative explanation of the type-B QPOs in GX 339–4
Authors: Kylafis Nikolaos D. , Reig Pablo , Papadakis Iossif
Published: August 2020

Context. Type-B quasi periodic oscillations (QPOs) in black-hole X-ray binaries are a class of low-frequency QPOs that are observed in the soft intermediate state in the rising and the declining phases of an outburst. They are suspected to result from the precession of the jet that is ejected from the source.

Aims. The objective of the present work is to investigate in detail the emissivity of the jet in hard X-rays and to see whether the type-B QPOs from GX 339−4, which is the best studied black-hole transient, can be explained quantitatively with a precessing jet.

Methods. We used our simple jet model, which invokes Comptonization in the jet, and examined the angular dependence of the upscattered photons that emerge from the jet and their energy distribution, which is a power law.

Results. Due to the elongation of the jet, assisted by the bulk motion of the electrons, the angular distribution of the emerging hard X-ray photons from the jet is not isotropic. More importantly, the photon-number spectral index, Γ, is an increasing function of the polar angle, θ, with respect to the axis of the jet. If the jet is fixed, then an observer at infinity sees the photon index, Γ, which corresponds to this specific observational direction. However, if the jet is precessing, then the observer sees a periodic variation of Γ with the precession period. Such a periodic variation of Γ has been observed in GX 339−4 and in this work, we reproduce it quantitatively, using our model.

Conclusions. Our jet model nicely explains through quantitative means the type-B QPOs seen in GX 339−4 as originating from a precessing jet. The given model has previously explained several observed correlations thus far.
Influence of Flow Field's Radial Dimension on Ventilated Supercavitating Flow
Authors: Xu Haiyu , Luo Kai , Huang Chuang , Zuo Zhenhao
Published: August 2020

To investigate the influence of flow field's radial dimension on the flow of the portion gas-leakage supercavity, based on the two-fluid multiphase flow model and SST turbulence model, considering the compressibility of ventilated gas, a 3D simulation model of ventilated supercavity was established to simulate the flow of the supercavitation, which was consistent with water tunnel experiment. The effect of flow field's radial dimension on ventilated supercavity's dimension and pressure distribution was studied. The results show that flow field's radial dimension has a significant effect on the ventilated supercavity's dimension and pressure distribution. When flow field's radial dimension ratio is 6.5 times lower than the maximum diameter of supercavity, the supercavity cannot be formed to completely enclose the underwater vehicle. With the increase of flow field's radial dimension, the pressure inside and outside the supercavity decreases, and there is a pronounced increase in supercavity dimension. When flow field's radial dimension ratio is 54.0 times greater than the maximum diameter of supercavity, the dimension and pressure distribution of ventilated supercavity remain unchanged, which coincides with the theoretical results. In addition, the calculation results provide a criterion for simulating the shape of ventilated supercavity in the open environment, which can be used to guide engineering practice.
A Sliding Window Optimal Tracking Differentiator Filtering Method for Satellite Telemetry Data
Authors: Zhang Ke , Jiang Haixu , Wang Jingyu
Published: August 2020

The initial satellite telemetry data acquired by ground stations usually contain noise and outlier interference. In order to ensure the accurate analysis of satellite status, the telemetry data need to be filtered. In this paper, a sliding window optimal tracking differentiator filtering (SWOTDF) method for satellite telemetry data is proposed. Aiming at the problem of parameter selection during the filtering of the optimal tracking differentiator, the amplitude-frequency characteristics of the maximum tracking differentiator are analyzed by sine sweep frequency method, and the mapping relationship between tracking factors and filtering effects is established. On this basis, the telemetry data are divided by sliding windows, and the relationship between local stability of data in each window and tracking factors is further analyzed. The calculation method of local data tracking factor is given to realize dynamic optimal tracking differentiator filtering of telemetry data in each window. Experimental results show that the SWOTDF method can effectively avoid the limitations of traditional digital filters in processing nonlinear telemetry data, and can effectively filter out noise and outliers in satellite telemetry data.
Algorithm of Reentry Guidance for Hypersonic Vehicle Based on Lateral Maneuverability Prediction
Authors: Shi Guoxiang , Zhang Ke , Wang Pei , Han Zhiguo
Published: August 2020

Aiming at the problem that the traditional error corridor guidance method has poor adaptability in lateral guidance of predictor-corrector guidance, an algorithm of reentry guidance based on the vehicle lateral maneuverability prediction is proposed without increasing the calculation too much. The lateral component mean value of lift at reentry is calculated by using the bank angle magnitude function obtained from longitudinal guidance. According to the above-mentioned, a crossrange corridor with dynamic boundary constraint is designed to control bank angle reversal timing. Online parameters estimation is introduced to suppress the influence of the atmospheric density and aerodynamic parameters disturbance on the predictor model. The CAV-L, a kind of hypersonic vehicle, is used as an object to carry out reentry guidance simulation. The results show that the guidance algorithm can effectively guide vehicle to target for reentry missions of different range, the landing point error are small and the guidance effect is stable. The simulated results via Monte Carlo method verify that the guidance algorithm has a good adaptability and robustness to initial state deviations and process disturbances.
Effects of Different Heat Treatments on Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Resistance of Al-7.95Zn-1.84Mg-0.65Cu Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Kuang Xiuqin , Li Ruilei , Ji Qingqing , Jiang Junjie , Jin Man
Published: August 2020

The effects of retrogression and re-aging(RRA) heat treatment on the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of Al-7.95Zn-1.84Mg-0.65Cu aluminum alloy were investigated by hardness and tensile tests, as well as intergranular corrosion and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the Al-7.95Zn-1.84Mg-0.65Cu alloy can obtain better hardness than the single-stage peak aging (T6) process after RRA process (120℃/24 h+200℃/10 min+120℃/24 h). At the same time, the tensile strength is 528.37 MPa, with 13.73% elongation and 29.4% increase in strong plastic product. The electrical conductivity is 40.47% IACS, the intergranular corrosion depth is only 59.43 μm, and the exfoliation corrosion grade is EA. The test results of transmission electron microscopy showed that the η' phase with larger size, greater strengthening effect and more obvious contrast is found in the alloy crystal after RRA treatment, and grain boundary precipitates (GBPs) become more discrete and coarser and precipitation-free precipitated zone (PFZ) becomes wider.
Estimation of Full Strap-down Rotating Bomb Guidance Information Based on Unscented Kalman Filter
Authors: Gao Wei , Gao Benbing , Fang Hongsong , Lu Xin
Published: August 2020

In this paper, the full strap-down seeker of rotating bomb is taken as the research object, and the method of extracting the LOS (line-of-sight) angle and angular rate of the full strap-down seeker of the rotating bomb is studied. The structure of the full strap-down seeker is quite different from that of the conventional rate gyro seeker. The measurement system of full strap-down seeker is fixed to the missile, the seeker can only obtain the measurement information in the projectile coordinate system, and the measurement information is coupled with the body posture information, so it cannot be directly used for the control guidance of the rotating projectile. First, based on the conversion relationship between coordinate systems, the mathematical model of the inertial LOS angle of the rotating bomb is established, and the mathematical model of the extraction of the inertial LOS angle and angular rate of the rotating bomb is further established. Then, the Kalman filter is designed by using the unscented Kalman filter method (UKF), and the extracted LOS angle containing noise information is filtered. Finally, the mathematical simulation is carried out to verify the validity of the mathematical model of LOS angle and angular rate extraction. Compared with the Extended Kalman filter method (EKF), the UKF has a higher accuracy for estimating the navigation information of the full strap-down rotating projectile.
Study on Flow Characteristic of Sub-/Super-Sonic Mixing Layer
Authors: Wei Jieli , He Xiaomin , Huang Yakun , Zhou Yi , Gong Guanji
Published: August 2020

In order to obtain the flow characteristics of sub-super-sonic mixing layer including velocity distribution, pressure distribution and development of mixing layer, experimental and numerical investigations were conducted. PIV technique was employed to measure the two-dimensional velocity distribution in the experiment while the standard k-ω turbulent considering the effect of compressibility was adopted to simulate the flow characteristic of mixing layer. The Mach number of subsonic stream and supersonic one was 0.11 and 1.32, respectively. The results show the flow of mixing layer is temporally transient. The interface between two streams lies initially as an approximately line segment; afterward, it becomes wrinkled and distorted; finally, it breaks up. The mixing layer develops linearly along streamwise direction in the time averaged velocity field with a growth rate of 0.135. The velocity and total pressure distributions in the mixing layer are self-similar.
Accuracy and spatiotemporal distribution of fire in the Brazilian biomes from the MODIS burned-area products
Authors: Santana Nickolas Castro , de Carvalho Júnior Osmar Abílio , Gomes Roberto Arnaldo Trancoso , Guimarães Renato Fontes
Published: August 2020

The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products are the most used in burned-area monitoring, on regional and global scales. This research aims to evaluate the accuracy of the MODIS burned-area and active-fire products to describe fire patterns in Brazil in the period 2001–2015. The accuracy analysis, in the year 2015, compared the MODIS products (MCD45/MCD64) and the burned areas extracted by the visual interpretation of the LANDSAT/Operational Land Imager (OLI) images from the confusion matrix. The accuracy analysis of the active-fire products (MOD14/MYD14) in the year 2015 used linear regression. We used the most accurate burned-area product (MCD64), in conjunction with environmental variables of land use and climate. The MCD45 product presented a high error of commission (>36.69%) and omission (>77.04%) for the whole country. The MCD64 product had fewer errors of omission (64.05%) compared with the MCD45 product, but increased errors of commission (45.85%). MCD64 data in 2001–2015 showed three fire domains in Brazil determined by the climatic pattern. Savanna and grassy areas in semi-humid zones are the most prone areas to fire, burning an average of 25% of their total area annually, with a fire return interval of 5–6 years.
Incoherence in L2 writing
Authors: Liao Jianling
Published: August 2020

Current knowledge of the functional dimensions (e.g., coherence) of L2 written performance is mainly based on expert readers’ views. Non-expert native readers’ perspectives of L2 written productions are not often examined, which prevents a comprehensive and objective understanding of how an L2 writer’s performance may be perceived and evaluated by the target discourse community. Studies to date also lack clear findings of both the types of incoherence phenomena that may exist in L2 texts and the factors that may contribute to such incoherencies. The current study investigates how expert and non-expert native readers evaluate incoherence in L2 Chinese argumentative essays, as well as how their evaluations may differ quantitatively or qualitatively. The findings reveal that although expert readers marked incoherence in L2 writing significantly more frequently than non-expert readers did, expert and non-expert readers displayed similar patterns and tendencies in their judgments pertaining to the frequency with which incoherence instances appeared in the essays and in the severity of the incoherence.
The Liar Paradox in the predictive mind
Authors: Michel Christian
Published: August 2020

Most discussions frame the Liar Paradox as a formal logical-linguistic puzzle. Attempts to resolve the paradox have focused very little so far on aspects of cognitive psychology and processing, because semantic and cognitive-psychological issues are generally assumed to be disjunct. I provide a motivation and carry out a cognitive-computational treatment of the liar paradox based on a model of language and conceptual knowledge within thePredictive Processing(PP) framework. I suggest that the paradox arises as a failure of synchronization between two ways of generating the liar situation in two different (idealized) PP sub-models, one corresponding to language processing and the other to the processing of meaning and world-knowledge. In this way, I put forward the claim that the liar sentence is meaningless but has an air of meaningfulness. I address the possible objection that the proposal violates thePrinciple of Unrestricted Compositionality, which purportedly regulates the conceptual competence of thinkers.
The intercorporeality of closing a curtain
Authors: Katila Julia , Philipsen Johanne S.
Published: August 2020

Jointly coordinated affective activities are fundamental for social relationships. This study investigates a naturally occurring interaction between two women who produced reciprocal emotional stances towards similar past experiences. Adopting a microanalytic approach, we describe how the participants re-enact their past experiences through different but aligning synchronized gestures. This embodied dialogue evolves into affective flooding, in which participants co-produce their body memories of pulling down window blinds to block out sunshine. We show how the participants live this moment intercorporeally and how multiple timescales are tied together in gesture, which is both an incarnation of body history and a novel expression of it. Thus, collaborative gesturing is a resource for experiencing together emotions re-enacted from body memories. Contributing to our understanding of the intercorporeality of human action, we provide an empirical investigation into how emotions and multiple timescales are nested in cooperative gestures. Data are in Finnish with English translations.
The Allure of Jihad: the de-territorialization of the war in the North Caucasus
Authors: Klimentov Vassily A. , Jasutis Grazvydas
Published: August 2020

Insurgents in the North Caucasus switched from the al-Qaedaaffiliated Imarat Kavkaz to the Islamic State after 2014. Although this transition was partially the result of Imarat Kavkaz’s military defeat, it has also settled two decades of tension over ideology. It signalled the victory of Salafi-jihadism over a nationally rooted (radical) Islamism and led to a break between the insurgents and the Caucasian context. This de-territorialization of grievances for the war has in turn increased the threat of radical Islamist violence for Russia.
The Relationship between Emotion Regulation, School Belonging, and Psychosocial Difficulties among Adolescents with Specific Learning Disorder
Authors: Kopelman-Rubin Daphne , Siegel Alana , Weiss Noa , Kats-Gold Inna
Published: August 2020

This study explores the relationship between emotion regulation and psychosocial difficulties among adolescents with a specific learning disorder (SLD) and examines the role of the sense of school belonging in this connection. Participants were 249 seventh- and eighth-grade students diagnosed with SLD (146 boys, 103 girls) from 11 urban public schools. The analysis indicated that the total effect of students’ emotion regulation on the degree of psychosocial difficulties was significant: the better the students’ ability to regulate emotions, the lower their degree of psychosocial difficulties. This association was significantly mediated by a student’s sense of school belonging. Furthermore, the better the student’s ability to regulate emotions, the higher their sense of school belonging, which was in turn linked with fewer psychosocial difficulties. The article concludes with a discussion of theoretical and applied implications of the findings.
International Judicial Cooperation in Game Theory
Authors: Tang Zheng
Published: August 2020

This article utilizes the game theory to assess the feasibility and weaknesses of different methods to promote international judicial cooperation. It starts by justifying the game theory as a proper model to understand the pattern of interaction between states. It then applies typical games to analyse states’ decision-making process. It suggests that states should not update their domestic laws to unilaterally offer judicial cooperation to other countries even if reciprocity is adopted to urge other states to cooperate. The only effective means is through an international judicial cooperation treaty, which encounters relatively small compliance and enforcement problems. The first-mover disadvantage at the ratification stage is not a fundamental barrier and may disappear over time. The battle-of-the-sexes game at the negotiation stage can be mitigated through the facilitation of a reputable institute, increasing cooperation interests and needs and reducing cooperation standards.
Celiac disease with intra-abdominal adhesions in a 32-year-old female patient: a case report and literature review
Authors: Elseidy Sheref A , Awad Ahmed K
Published: August 2020

Celiac disease is an immune-mediated inflammatory disease. Symptoms are divided into typical gastrointestinal manifestations and atypical non-gastrointestinal manifestations. However, the atypical manifestations, which account for the majority of the presenting manifestations among celiac disease patients, include abdominal pain, bloating, vitamin and mineral deficiency, chronic fatigue and osteoporosis, intra-abdominal adhesions as a complication of celiac disease has never been reported. In this case, we report a female patient presented with chronic abdominal pain and steatorrhea. Celiac disease was diagnosed by serological tests and a duodenal biopsy. After the exclusion of gynecological and other gastrointestinal etiologies of intra-abdominal adhesions, the relation was assumed by the resolution of the intra-abdominal adhesions symptoms and improvement of follow-up computed tomography scans after a gluten-free diet. Intra-abdominal adhesion is an end-stage result of multiple gastrointestinal (GIT) and non-GIT disorders as inflammatory bowel disease and endometriosis. Although an indirect relationship between endometriosis and celiac disease has been previously discussed in the literature, celiac disease alone has never been reported to be the direct cause of intra-abdominal adhesions. So, we recommend if the patient is suspected to have celiac disease and reported with diarrhea or any other intra-abdominal adhesion symptoms, both a colonoscopy and a laparoscopy should be mandated to approach such case.
Life on Mars?: Hélène Smith, Clairvoyance, and Occult Media
Authors: Keep Christopher
Published: August 2020

Turning away from the recent critical interest in spiritualism and its connections with the telegraph and wireless radio communications, this essay examines the mediumistic practices of Élise-Catherine Müller (or ‘Hélène Smith’) and the psychical faculty of clairvoyance. Smith’s capacity to project her mind to the shores of an alien world allows media scholars to consider the ways in which occult media afford alternative ways of imagining the relationships between self and other, actual and virtual, and presence and absence. In Smith’s accounts, detailed in transcripts of her séances produced by the noted Swiss psychologist Théodore Flournoy, and in a series of startling watercolour paintings produced by the medium herself, clairvoyance appears not as the uncanny other of the electric telegraph, a means of conveying coded signals from one place to another in real time, or even as a kind of psychic television, affording the viewer an opportunity to see and hear distant scenes. It models, instead, a kind of tele-presence, a mode of being in which the self and other, no less than the ‘here’ and ‘there’ of tele-communications, are shown to be deeply imbricated in one another. In the world of occult media, the essay concludes, communication is never as simple as sending and receiving – it is a problem of being.
The British Overseas Territories of Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Montserrat, and Turks and Caicos Islands
Authors: Dickson Susan
Published: August 2020

This chapter starts with a summary of the historical background to these five British overseas territories in the Caribbean. It goes on to describe their constitutional status and their constitutional relationship with the United Kingdom, examining the powers and position of the United Kingdom Parliament, the Crown and the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council. It describes in detail the powers of the Governor in these territories, as well as their governance in accordance with their respective constitutions, looking at executive, legislative and judicial powers. The chapter examines the protection of human rights in the territories and the exercise of their external relations. It concludes with a look ahead to the future for these territories. The chapter includes copious references to the relevant constitutional provisions, relevant legislation and case law.
The Constitutions of the Dutch Caribbean
Authors: Broekhuijse Irene , Hirsch Ballin Ernst , Ranchordás Sofia
Published: August 2020

This chapter provides an overview of the key constitutional provisions and the political structure of the Dutch Caribbean as well as of some of the most important constitutional issues regarding these islands. While the Caribbean countries and public entities have a different constitutional status, they are all part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. With respect to its European part, the Kingdom of the Netherlands has always been a Member State of the European Communities and nowadays the European Union, which affects the Caribbean parts of the Kingdom. Therefore, the chapter also addresses the narrowly shaped and specific relationship between these islands and the European Union.
Social and Economic Rights in the Caribbean
Authors: James Westmin R. A.
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines socio-economic rights within the Commonwealth Caribbean by addressing a number of substantive issues- covering the range of doctrinal and socio-legal areas of inquiry. Firstly, the chapter addresses what is the substance of constitutional protection of socio-economic rights within the Commonwealth Caribbean by addressing the individual rights which receive constitutional protection throughout the region and the judicial interpretation afforded to these rights within Commonwealth Caribbean jurisprudence. This chapter will also look at the relationship between international law and domestic law in the enforceability and enforcement of socio-economic rights. The inter-relationship between international law and the protection or lack thereof of socio-economic rights within Commonwealth Caribbean legal and political thought is critically important in the absence of justiciable rights within the core of the Constitution. The chapter will then address the relationship between civil and political rights and socio-economic rights within the Caribbean constitutional milieu. The chapter will examine the approaches to civil and political, and the creative judicial approaches which have emerged regarding the indivisibility of socio-economic and civil and political rights and notions of implied enforceability will be examined. Finally, it will consider what are the judicial approaches which have emerged in Commonwealth Caribbean Constitutional interpretation; and what are the possibilities for the future. The chapter also examines the judicial approaches which have been gleaned from Caribbean Jurisprudence and the limitations such approaches may beget within the context of economic austerity and slow growth which has marked the Caribbean’s economic landscape.
The Effect of the Original Jurisdiction of the Caribbean Court of Justice on Regional Integration and National Law
Authors: Berry David S.
Published: August 2020

The Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) serves as both a final appellate court and, under its original jurisdiction, as a treaty-interpreting court. Under this latter jurisdiction the CCJ has developed and enhanced the effectiveness of Caribbean Community law. It has introduced a number of legal doctrines, several of which parallel doctrines of European Union law. In doing so the Court has challenged fundamental national legal norms and traditions, including the dualist view of the relationship between international law and municipal law, the principles of constitutional supremacy and separation of powers, the role of legitimate expectations, and potential for indirect effect. This chapter introduces the CCJ’s original jurisdiction jurisprudence and places it in its legal and historical context. It identifies the different bases under which the CCJ can take jurisdiction, and critically discusses some of its foundational decisions in two areas, namely, free movement of persons and the rules related to the Common External Tariff. The chapter compares the jurisprudence of the CCJ to that of the European Court of Justice in order to assess the former’s potential effect upon Caribbean constitutional norms. The chapter concludes by suggesting that the CCJ has laid the foundations for significant legal developments which may reshape our understandings of the relationship between the regional and national spheres and the scope of authority within each sphere.
Black Power in the Caribbean
Authors: Lewis Rupert
Published: August 2020

The rise of comparative constitutional studies has made our world much smaller and more accessible than ever before. We are in an era of unprecedented interest in understanding and learning from others as individuals and institutions invest enormous amounts of time and resources into facilitating cross-national exchange and education in constitutional law. Yet some parts of the globe are still waiting to be discovered. With few exceptions, the Caribbean has remained understudied and underappreciated outside of the region itself. Not only on its own terms as a part of the larger world, but for how the lived experiences of the countries in the region can help illuminate new and productive approaches to challenges facing constitutional democracies across the globe. This book begins to fill the enormous void in our comparative knowledge of the constitutional systems of the world. The Caribbean is home not only many different constitutional systems, but also to different traditions of constitutionalism, making it more appropriate to speak of the various Caribbean constitutionalisms. The book seeks to both inform readers about these traditions of constitutionalism and to illuminate their implications for constitutional adjudication, evolution, interpretation, and reform. What results is a rich diversity of historical and modern constitutional experience that puts an end, once and for all, to the conventional misunderstanding of Caribbean constitutions as being one and the same.
Supply Chain Distribution Strategy
Authors: Li Yanzhi
Published: August 2020

Distribution strategy deals with the journey of products, from the completion of production all the way to the hands of customers. It aims to get the products to the right place at the right time, in the right quantity, and at the right price. An effective distribution strategy requires a distribution network that balances the distribution cost with service level. The connectivity empowered by the Internet and particularly mobile broadband accelerates the information exchange in the supply chain, enables new business models, and demands a more connected, customer-driven, and responsive distribution network. Empowered by data technologies, the distribution network is becoming increasingly proactive and integrated. More research is called on to study the new challenges and research issues resulting from technological advancements and new business models.
Strategic Cost Management in the Supply Chain
Authors: Ellram Lisa M. , Tate Wendy L.
Published: August 2020

Companies increasingly face challenging economic times, where it is not uncommon to see revenues decline or remain stagnant. This can strain business viability and reduce the return on investment for shareholders. To increase the return on investment and favorably impact profitability, organizations focus on cost reduction efforts. Cost management should be both holistic and purposeful, while taking a supply chain perspective. This is often not the case because the cost reduction efforts tend to be internal and short-term focused and do not consider the supply chain implications of decisions. Strategic cost management takes a supply chain perspective and includes several tools that can help facilitate cost management. This chapter provides a definition of strategic cost management with supporting examples. It also discusses some tools, including total cost of ownership, target costing, and supply chain finance, that can be used to holistically and strategically manage supply chain costs. The chapter closes with a discussion around the growing role of supply chain finance in cost management.
Libraries and Archives
Authors: Lundberg Mattias
Published: August 2020

Collecting, cataloguing, and archival practices became much more systematic in the nineteenth century, which was representative of significant scholarly networks. Focusing on the holdings of some important nineteenth-century institutions, along with some well-known collectors of the period (François-Joseph Fétis in Brussels, Giuseppe Baini in Rome, and Karl Proske in Regensburg), as well as unfamiliar figures such as William Horsley in London and Pehr Frigel in Stockholm, this chapter highlights a range of concepts that underpinned collectors’ strategies. Drawing on Raphael Kiesewetter’s 1834 categorization of collecting practices, notions of the “ancient,” the “obsolete,” and the “curious” are discussed, and tensions are highlighted between the ideas of completism and of canonicity. Additionally, Aleida Assmann’s work on “cultural memory” allows us to reconsider the “latency” of archival materials, along with the accessibility of such items within nineteenth-century culture.
Ethics
Authors: McAuley Tomás
Published: August 2020

Recent histories of nineteenth-century philosophies of music have been dominated by two narratives. The first narrative, that of musical formalism, holds that philosophies of music in this period were concerned primarily with identifying a distinct sphere of musical autonomy. The second narrative, that of musical idealism, holds that philosophies of music in this period were concerned primarily with music’s perceived ability to offer insight into higher truths. This chapter contends that these narratives need to be augmented—and in some cases challenged—by an awareness of the vital role that ethics played in philosophical thinking about music across the long nineteenth century. It thus provides an alternative narrative focused on the musical-ethical thought of three key thinkers of this period: Immanuel Kant, Arthur Schopenhauer, and Friedrich Nietzsche.
Ephemera
Authors: Massip Catherine
Published: August 2020

Among the documents which give access to musical life and its various events, ephemera occupy a special field. The word (ephemeron singular; ephemera plural) covers several kinds of written or printed documents largely scattered but being produced for a short life and not subject to be handled and stored in a permanent way. “Those papers of the day” as defined in eighteenth century were produced on a large scale in the nineteenth century when newspapers became the major medium for publicity. The main purpose of these documents was primarily information and publicity. This chapter argues how ephemera may be read not as mere sidelines to culture but as central documents pertaining to the wide and complex intellectual issues in music.
Parenting the Child With Down Syndrome: Understanding—but Going Beyond—the “Down Syndrome Advantage”
Authors: Hodapp Robert M. , Casale Ellen G.
Published: August 2020

Compared to parents of children with other types of intellectual disabilities, parents of children with Down syndrome experience less stress and more rewards, although this “Down syndrome advantage” mostly occurs compared to parents of children with autism and before groups are equated. Behaviorally, children with Down syndrome display more sociable interactional styles and baby-faced facial features, along with fewer instances of severe behavior problems. Demographically, parents of children with (versus without) Down syndrome average 5 years older when giving birth; parents are more often well educated, married, of higher socioeconomic status, and they likely provide these children greater financial and cultural resources. In most industrialized societies, rates of Down syndrome seem steady, with easily available, noninvasive prenatal testing counteracted by increasing numbers of women giving birth at older ages. Parenting children with Down syndrome relates to characteristics of children, their parents, and society, all of which intersect in important, underexplored ways.
Non-Synoptic Winds Data Basis
Authors: Ulbrich Uwe , Meredith Edmund P.
Published: August 2020

A high-quality data basis is essential for reliable assessment of non-synoptic wind hazards and determination of any mitigation measures needed. Common data sources, however, often come with many shortcomings, which, if not taken into account, may lead to unsound estimation of risks from non-synoptic wind hazards. In this chapter, the range of potential data sources for assessing non-synoptic winds is discussed, including observational and model-based products. Observational products include station-based observational networks and remote sensing techniques, while model products range from global analyses to high-resolution large-eddy simulations. Both traditional and latest generation products are presented, including an explanation of how the respective data are produced and any limitations that end users should be aware of when working with such data. Sources of data deficiencies are additionally discussed, as well as factors to consider when assessing the suitability of a chosen data source as a basis for decision-making (e.g., its representativeness).
Potential Effects of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Non-Synoptic Wind Storm Hazards
Authors: Trapp Robert J.
Published: August 2020

One of the primary contributors to non-synoptic wind storms (NSWSs) is thunderstorm-induced phenomena such as tornadoes and downbursts. The intensity of these phenomena is intimately linked to the characteristics of their parent thunderstorms. In turn, these depend to varying degrees on the larger scale temperature, humidity, and winds, which comprise the meteorological environment of the NSWSs. Thus, any modification of the meteorological (and also physical–geographical) environment, be it natural or anthropogenic, has the potential to affect the intensity of NSWSs. This chapter begins with the background theory of how tornadoes and downbursts, specifically, relate to their larger scale environment. Simple arguments are then made on how changes to the environment might result in changes in the intensity and other characteristics of tornadoes and downbursts. Next, analyses of historical data are examined to determine the existence of any long-term trends in such intensity/characteristics consistent with an ongoing anthropogenic climate change impact. To determine if future impacts are to be expected, global and regional climate model simulations are consulted; a discussion of the means in which these simulations are “downscaled” to thunderstorm (and smaller) scales is provided here. The chapter concludes with some insight into implications of the historical and projected trends on exposure and risk to NSWSs.
Migration, Development and Latin American Sociology
Authors: Canales Alejandro I.
Published: August 2020

The migration–development relationship is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon. Most debates around this topic have been shaped by the hegemonic discourses of the receiving countries and international organizations. As a Latin American scholar, the author believes that these approaches suffer from at least four limitations that affect an understanding of international migration’s causes and consequences in the contemporary global society: overvaluing the impact of remittances, neglecting the contributions of immigrants in receiving societies, failing to adequately discuss the root causes of migration, and distorting the question of rights. This chapter contributes to a global and comprehensive approach to the migration-development relationship.
Guatemala
Authors: Carey David
Published: August 2020

Presiding over some of the most unequal land distribution in Latin America, Hispanic elites and authorities regularly exploited and abused indígenas (indigenous people) to maximize their labor and minimize their political and economic power. As much as race, class, and gender compounded the marginalization of many lives, some indígenas, Afro-Guatemalans, poor and working-class people, and women deployed those identities to their advantage. In so doing, they influenced the larger political, social, and economic histories in ways that are not always reflected in Guatemala’s national history. From midwives, migrants, and nuns to activists and intellectuals, women shaped postcolonial Guatemala. Set against a long history of subjugation and violence, indígenas similarly responded to oppression in ways that ranged from resistance to collaboration and capitulation. Throughout the nineteenth and into the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, indigenous entrepreneurs and intellectuals enjoyed some success and autonomy though oftentimes at the expense of their poor and working-class counterparts.
Workplace “Digital Culture” and the Uptake of Digital Solutions
Authors: Yates Simeon J. , Lockley Eleanor
Published: August 2020

This chapter reviews prior work on technology acceptance and then reports on a nationally representative survey of UK employees exploring both employee’s personal experiences of digital technologies at home and work and their evaluations of the effectiveness of the technologies and the “digital culture” in their organization. Presenting the results of 3040 UK workers, it seeks to explore the factors that influence digital roll-outs by focusing on the experiences and perceptions of the UK workforce as a whole, with the expectation that introducing new technology alone isn’t enough. This research explores how “digitally ready” organizations are in the UK in terms of people, processes, and company culture. It concludes that a large proportion of the UK workforce are not seeing the benefits of digital technologies. Importantly, there is a need for organizations to understand that making digital solutions a success is a process of cultural change in their organization.
ESRC Review
Authors: Yates Simeon J. , Robson Liz , Rice Ronald E. , Carmi Elinor
Published: August 2020

This chapter describes the analyses and results for the ESRC Domain of Data and Representation, guided by the question: “How do we live with and trust the algorithms and data analysis used to shape key features of our lives?” It provides an initial overview of major insights from the literature review and analysis, the Delphi surveys, and workshop discussions about the relevant concepts of data and representation in a digital age. It then focuses on technology, development, and organizations but later emphasizes data issues and, less frequently, policy, information, communication, technology, and research. Fourteen main topics emerged: global and urban culture, governance, Twitter and politics, cybercrime, Google, law and hate speech, big data, science and methods, health, gender, consumer services, ethics and impact, mobile, and social media. The chapter provides brief summaries of publications dealing with three key issues emerging from these topics: data methods, data sources, ethics and impact, and data representation and other domains. The analyses also highlight theory, methods, and approaches in the literature, showing predominantly inductive work, emphasizing reviews, commentary, or secondary data. The main theoretical sources were by far sociology, then psychology and communications and media. The plurality of articles involving research used case studies and various data collection methods. Finally, the chapter discusses future research and scoping questions (e.g., with social impacts; privacy and surveillance; citizens/everyday life; and open data/algorithm transparency/accountability) and research challenges (methods; social theory and social questions; access to data; data literacy; education;, ethics; inequality/exclusion/inclusion/divides; and interdisciplinarity).
Digital Citizenship in the Age of Datafication
Authors: Hintz Arne
Published: August 2020

“Digital citizenship” has become a prominent concept to understand the ways in which we interact with our social, political, and economic environment through digital infrastructures and how our lives—and, more broadly, society—are transformed in the process. Many accounts of digital citizenship have emphasized its empowering nature and suggested a shift towards enhanced agency by citizens and a democratizing trend in state-citizen relations. However, as contemporary governance becomes increasingly centered on the collection and analysis of personal data, the age of “datafication” requires us to rethink the concept and its implications. This chapter provides a thorough review of established understandings of digital citizenship and explores what it means when citizens are increasingly subject to data processing and data-based categorization. It offers a perspective on digital citizenship that combines the self-enacted and the institutional positioning of citizens in society in the context of data infrastructures.
Motivations for Online Knowledge Sharing
Authors: Hocevar Kristin Page , Abeyta Audrey N. , Rice Ronald E.
Published: August 2020

Online knowledge sharing systems (KSS) allow individuals to share and retrieve information across geographic and temporal boundaries. Generally, individuals’ use of these information repositories is voluntary, so scholars have examined the motivating factors underlying the use of KSS. Integrating research from diverse disciplines, this chapter provides a comprehensive review of extant research in this area. To begin, the chapter describes the review’s framework and defines key concepts. It then broadly categorizes motivations for knowledge sharing as self- or other-oriented and summarizes research on the primary motivations within each category. Subsequently, the chapter reviews several contextual factors that modify the relationships between motivations and online knowledge sharing. To close, the chapter reflects on the review material, generating several areas for future research.