bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A prática docente na perspectiva freireana: reflexões preliminares
Authors: Guedes Diego Hellere Ferreira , Silva Lucas Vieira De Lima , Abreu Márcia Kelma De Alencar
Published: September 2016

O presente artigo tem como objetivos principais: refletir sobre a prática educativo-progressista defendida por Paulo Freire; compreender a importância de uma formação docente calcada em teorias que favoreçam a autonomia dos educandos; e discutir possibilidades de docentes e discentes assumirem-se como sujeitos transformadores da realidade. Ressaltamos que este trabalho é resultado de estudos iniciais, logo a metodologia adotada foi baseada apenas por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica fundamentada em algumas obras do autor, dentre as quais destacamos: Pedagogia do Oprimido e Pedagogia da Autonomia. De natureza qualitativa – descritiva. Para ele, o principal objetivo da educação é formar cidadãos conscientes da situação opressora e injusta em que os menos favorecidos se encontram e levá-los a assumirem posturas de engajamento na luta contra a ordem social capitalista. Diante disso, aponta alternativas para a transformação da realidade educacional, enfatizando a necessidade de uma prática educativa e de uma ação crítico-reflexiva entre educadores e educandos, no que concerne ao ensino dos conteúdos escolares e a apropriação de conhecimentos necessários à essa prática. Segundo Paulo Freire, é imprescindível que esses sujeitos adotem atitudes de comparação, intervenção, escolhas, decisões e rompimentos. Portanto, que sejam seres éticos e conscientes da necessidade da transformação da realidade. A prática educativa proposta por Freire é vasta. Por esse motivo, compreendemos o esforço por mais estudos e apropriação desta prática por parte dos educadores e educandos brasileiros.
Docking studies of 3,5-disubstituted thiazolidinedione chalcones as PPAR-γ agonist
Authors: Fathima Fajeelath , Haridas Abitha , Lakshmanan Baskar
Published: September 2016

PPARs play crucial role in the regulation of cellular differentiation, development and metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in human, of which PPAR- ? has pivotal role in glucose homeostasis. In modern drug designing, molecular docking is routinely used for understanding drug receptor interaction. In the present study molecular docking were performed on a diverse set of 3,5-disubstituted thiazolidinedione chalcone derivatives that demonstrate antidiabetic activity by stimulating PPAR- ?. Among the designed analogues,Â e3,Â a3, b3Â andÂ c3Â showed significant binding free energy of -12.29, -12.04, -11.53 and -11.45 kcal/mol with predicted inhibitory constant values of 987.38 pM, 1.5, 3.53 and 4.04 nM respectively and all the selected compounds were compared with standard drug Rosiglitazone.
Accuracy of Interpretation Methods for Deriving p–y Curves From Model Pile Tests in Layered Soils
Authors: Yuan B. , Chen R. , Deng G. , Peng T. , Luo Q. , Yang X.
Published: September 2016

Because of its simplicity and reasonable accuracy, the p–y-curve method is widely used for analyzing laterally loaded piles. The effectiveness of existing approaches for deriving p–y curves is case dependent; thus, a systematic assessment of these interpretation methods is necessary. This study compared p–y curves derived using four data interpretation methods. Instead of experiments, the numerical simulation program LPILE was used to produce hypothetical moment data for positions along a short pile in layered soil. The deduced p–y curves were compared with the “true” p–y curves used for numerical simulations to evaluate the accuracy of the interpretation methods. The comparison demonstrated that the cubic spline method and difference method were the best among the four considered methods for deriving p–y curves. However, the difference method generated a large resistance at the soil surface. Because of this error, the cubic spline method is the preferred method for deriving the response of a laterally loaded pile in layered soil. The results of this study will be useful for obtaining more accurate p–y curves from experimental data and for more effective planning of future experiments.
Experimental Study on the Shear Strength Between the Steel Bridge Deck and the Asphalt Overlay
Authors: Yao B. , Li F. , Chen J.
Published: September 2016

A new steel–concrete interface shear (SCIS) test was used for measuring the interface shear strength between the steel bridge deck and the asphalt concrete overlay. This paper describes the test apparatus, specimen preparation, and testing procedure, and illustrates the interface shear strengths determined with the proposed test method. Three factors were investigated: interface type (a layer of epoxy resin tack coat with aggregate chips, a thin layer of epoxy asphalt tack coat, and a thick layer of epoxy asphalt tack coat with aggregate chips), temperature (25°C and 60°C), and normal stress level (0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.7 MPa). Interface failure criteria and failure patterns are also reported and analyzed. The experimental results show that the SCIS test exhibits good repeatability. The steel–asphalt interface shows strain-softening behavior until it reaches the sliding state. The interface with epoxy resin tack coat provides the highest shear strengths compared to other types of interface. Substrate temperature has a dominant effect on interface shear strength. On average, shear strengths determined at 60°C are about 25 % to 33 % of those determined at 25°C for all interface types. Increased normal stress levels result in increased interface shear strengths. The normal stress effect is more evident at elevated temperature. Three types of interface show different failure patterns: cohesive failures of the epoxy zinc-rich primer, the adhesive failures at the primer–tack coat interface, and the cohesive failure of the tack coat.
Properties of CrC+(Ni-W) Duplex Layers Produced in Vacuum Chromizing Process Combined With Galvanic Treatment
Authors: Kasprzycka E. , Bogdanski B.
Published: September 2016

Diffusion chromizing was applied to increase the durability of tools, which operate under wear conditions. Vacuum chromizing, as opposed to other known methods, i.e., powder pack, gas, and molten salt baths, is ecological on account of non-toxic substrates, as well as absence of harmful wastes. Vacuum chromizing of tool steel results in hard and wear resistant chromium carbide coatings. However, the obtained carbide layers exhibited rather poor corrosion resistance in chloride media. To improve their corrosion resistance, Ni-W alloy was deposited electrolytically on the steel surface before the chromizing process. This resulted in the formation of CrC+(Ni-W) type duplex layers with modified characteristics. The objective of this paper was to determine the structure of these duplex layers on tool steel surface, their tribological properties and corrosion resistance in chloride solutions. Investigations of layers’ thickness, their morphology, phase composition, hardness, and depth profiles of elements in the layer diffusion zone have been carried out. The chemical composition and distribution of the phases formed in the surface region of the samples were examined by a SEM microscope, equipped with a BSE detector and an EDS spectrometer. Wear resistance tests were carried out by the three-cylinder-cone method. Electrochemical corrosion measurements of obtained layers were performed in a 0.5 M NaCl solution. The tests proved that the wear resistance of duplex layers of the CrC+(Ni-W) type, produced by vacuum chromizing of electrolytically coated steel, is as good as that of carbide layers of the CrC type, produced on bare steel surface, but their corrosion resistance is higher.
Interpretation and Classification of Non-Metallic Inclusions
Authors: Kazakov A. , Zhitenev A. , Ryaboshuk S.
Published: September 2016

The non-metallic inclusions in steel are one of the most important parameters of metallurgical quality. Despite the extensive progress in thermodynamic description of non-metallic inclusions formation in the liquid and solidifying steel, a complete simulation of their evolution during secondary metallurgy, casting and solidification is impossible. The processes for non-metallic inclusion formation, growth and elimination, taking into account macro- and micro-segregation evolution, are too complicated. Therefore, a statistically reliable estimation of the amount, morphology, size distribution and chemical composition of non-metallic inclusions obtained by modern experimental approaches could be an important basis for understanding steelmaking technology. Automated feature SEM/EDS analysis of the chemical composition, size, and volume fraction of more than 600 non-metallic inclusions in rail steel was conducted. Analysis of these non-metallic inclusions' database by developed software found the following clusters of inclusions: (1) oxides, Al-Ca-Si-Mn-S-O; (2) predominantly sulfides, Mn-S-Al-Ti-O; (3) oxides and sulfides, Mn-S-O; and (4) complex non-metallic inclusions, Ti-Mn-O(N). All found compositions of non-metallic inclusions were placed on the ternary diagram Mn-Al-S and they lined up from the Al corner to the MnS point on the Mn-S axis. The chemical compositions of the non-metallic inclusions evolved from Al-Ca-Si-Mn-S-O to Mn-S-Al-Ti-O and, finally, to the Mn-S-O+Ti-Mn-O(N) system. Interpretation of the chemical composition of non-metallic inclusions by thermodynamic modeling revealed the nature of each cluster with correspondence to the secondary metallurgy stage where they were formed. This information could be useful for improvement of steelmaking technology. Accumulation of cluster analysis results for non-metallic inclusions in different steels could be a basis for the development of a universal classification of non-metallic inclusions produced by modern secondary metallurgy technologies.
Mild pituitary phenotype in 3- and 12-month-old Aip-deficient male mice
Authors: Lecoq Anne-Lise , Zizzari Philippe , Hage Mirella , Decourtye Lyvianne , Adam Clovis , Viengchareun Say , Veldhuis Johannes D , Geoffroy Valérie , Lombès Marc , Tolle Virginie , Guillou Anne , Karhu Auli , Kappeler Laurent , Chanson Philippe , Kamenický Peter
Published: September 2016

Germline mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP) gene predispose humans to pituitary adenomas, particularly of the somatotroph lineage. Mice with global heterozygous inactivation of Aip (Aip+/−) also develop pituitary adenomas but differ from AIP-mutated patients by the high penetrance of pituitary disease. The endocrine phenotype of these mice is unknown. The aim of this study was to determine the endocrine phenotype of Aip+/− mice by assessing the somatic growth, ultradian pattern of GH secretion and IGF1 concentrations of longitudinally followed male mice at 3 and 12 months of age. As the early stages of pituitary tumorigenesis are controversial, we also studied the pituitary histology and somatotroph cell proliferation in these mice. Aip+/− mice did not develop gigantism but exhibited a leaner phenotype than wild-type mice. Analysis of GH pulsatility by deconvolution in 12-month-old Aip+/− mice showed a mild increase in total GH secretion, a conserved GH pulsatility pattern, but a normal IGF1 concentration. No pituitary adenomas were detected up to 12 months of age. An increased ex vivo response to GHRH of pituitary explants from 3-month-old Aip+/− mice, together with areas of enlarged acini identified on reticulin staining in the pituitary of some Aip+/− mice, was suggestive of somatotroph hyperplasia. Global heterozygous Aip deficiency in mice is accompanied by subtle increase in GH secretion, which does not result in gigantism. The absence of pituitary adenomas in 12-month-old Aip+/− mice in our experimental conditions demonstrates the important phenotypic variability of this congenic mouse model.
ESFUERZOS LATINOAMERICANOS EN TORNO A LOS DERECHOS DEL CONSUMIDOR: CAN Y MERCOSUR
Authors: Reyes Sánchez Angélica María , García Salazar Luisa Fernanda
Published: September 2016

Es un espacio sin fronteras, la cooperación y la construcción de identidades pueded lograrse a partir de la construcción de esfuerzos comunes que permitan la protección de las relaciones juridicas derivadas del comercio electrónico y, especificamente, de la parte débil en dicha relación: el consumidor. En este marco, las presentes líneas contienen algunos avances de un proyecto de investigación que busca analizar los esfuerzoz juridicos que han adelantado los países miembros y asociados de la Comunidad Andina de las Naciones -CAN Y EL Mercado Común del Sur-MERCOSUR, en torno a la protección de los derechos del consumidor.
Geographical distribution and habitat of Trochillidae (Aves) in the state of Guerrero, Mexico
Authors: Sierra Morales Pablo , Almazán-Núñez R. Carlos , Beltrán-Sánchez Elizabeth , Ríos-Muñoz César A. , Del Coro Arizmendi María
Published: September 2016

The distribution and abundance of species of Trochillidae family is usually influenced by the flowering and phenology of plants used as a feeding source, mainly in primary forest, so that changes in vegetation cover could impact their populations. We analyzed and characterized the geographical distribution and habitat for 22 species of resident hummingbirds in the state of Guerrero using the vegetation and the land use map of INEGI Series IV (2007-2010). Distribution models were generated with the Genetic Algorithm for Rule Set Production (GARP), using historical records of scientific collections and fieldwork (2001-2009), in combination with climatic and topographic variables. Of the 22 modeled species, six are endemic to Mexico, the same number of species found in a risk category. The highest concentration with regards to richness (14-20 species), endemism (5-6 species) and number of threatened species of hummingbirds (5-6 species) occurred in the biotic province of Sierra Madre del Sur. However, the potential distribution of most of the hummingbirds occurred in disturbed sites or agroecosystems, as a result of changes in land-use. For Campylopterus hemileucurus, Lamprolaima rhami and Heliomaster longisrostris, their potential distribution was highest in areas of primary vegetation. Areas of high hummingbirds presence do not coincide with the Important Bird Areas proposed for bird conservation in Guerrero, considering that, despite its diversity and its extreme popularity, from the conservation perspective hummingbirds have received relatively little attention.
Population structure and reproductive biology of Astyanax gymnodontus (Characiformes: Characidae), a poorly known endemic fish of the Iguaçu River basin, Brazil
Authors: Baumgartner Matheus Tenorio , Leandro da Silva Pedro Rogério , Baumgartner Gilmar
Published: September 2016

Success in fish breeding depends on reproduction intensity, periodicity and the place where it occurs. Information about fish species reproduction is important to assist managers, and to determine conservation and management strategies. The fish assemblage of the Iguaçu River basin is already known for its high endemism, and despite this privilege, the large number of dams built along it, threat this particular biodiversity. Astyanax gymnodontus is an endemic fish species and studies on its population structure and reproductive biology are important, since they represent the first step for further community studies. Our objective was to evaluate some aspects of the population structure and reproductive biology of A. gymnodontus in the influence area of Salto Santiago dam, Iguaçu River, Paraná State, Brazil. Sampling was made monthly from July 2003 to June 2005, and bimonthly from July 2005 to March 2013, at five sites in the influence area of Salto Santiago dam. Fishes were collected using 10 m length gillnets with meshes ranging from 2.5 to 6.0 cm between non-adjacent knots and trammel nets with inner meshes of 6.0 cm between non-adjacent knots. Nets were arranged on surface, bottom and margins of each site, exposed for 24 h. Additional drags on littoral areas were performed from January to March and October to December from 2009 to 2011, with 50.0 m nets, 0.5 cm mesh size, for juveniles capture. We captured and analyzed 21 932 individuals, being 9 249 females and 12 683 males, representing 42.2 % and 57.8 %, respectively. The average body length was 8.8 cm for females and 8.3 cm for males. The average weight was 18.8 g for females and 16.0 g for males. Sex ratio calculated for the entire period was 1.8 males/female. Males were more abundant than females in 73.2 % of samples and significant differences were observed in 35.3 % of samples. The estimated length at first maturity (SL50) was 6.4 cm for females and 6.2 cm for males. We suggest that sexual differences in body length and weight, and sex ratio occurred as a result of sexual differences in energy allocation. Females spend more energy on body growth, which means more eggs production and higher fecundity. As an integrated response, males spend more energy on sperm production, in competition with other males, leading to a smaller body size. Differences in estimated SL50 might be an indicator of this sexual difference in energy allocation. The reproduction period was from September to February, with greater intensity at the beginning of this period, and the sites of highest reproductive intensity were those immediate downstream from dams, and therefore with more riverine characteristics.
Role of mammals on seed dispersal and predation processes of Mauritia flexuosa (Arecaceae) in the Colombian Amazon
Authors: Acevedo Quintero Juan Fernando , Zamora-Abrego Joan Gastón
Published: September 2016

Mammals and palms are important elements of fauna and flora in the Neotropics, and their interactions, such as fruit consumption and seed dispersal, are one of the most important ecological relationships in these ecosystems. The main objective of this study was to identify the relative importance of mammals in the dispersal and predation of Mauritia flexuosa palm fruits. We installed camera-traps in front of palm fallen seeds and clusters with fruits. A catalog of species was prepared with the recorded videos and the foraging behaviors exhibited were classified and identified. In addition, two exclusion treatments with three repetitions each were used. In the semi-open treatment, a plot was fenced with metal mesh leaving four openings in order to allow access only to small and medium sized mammals, while in the open treatment, the small, medium and large sized mammals had free access. In both cases, seed removal was evaluated. We recorded a total of 19 species of mammals, nine of which fed on palm fruits and the other five were seed dispersers. We reported for the first time the consumption of Mauritia flexuosa fruits by Atelocynus microtis. The species with the highest relative importance was Dasyprocta fuliginosa, which showed the highest percentage of seed dispersal (63.5%) compared to the other species. Tayassu peccary was identified as an in situ consumer, eating 45.3% of seeds without dispersing them. The number of seeds consumed in situ in the open treatment showed significant differences regarding the semi-open treatment, suggesting greater involvement of large mammals in this process. In conclusion, the fruits of M. flexuosa are an important food source for the local mammal community. Additionally, the consumption of seeds under the canopy of the mother palm is proportionally greater than their dispersion. Generally, the pressure of frugivorous species over seeds may determine the reproductive strategies of plants. However, research on effective dispersion, dispersal distances and demographic impact should be conducted to determine the specific role of medium and large sized mammals in the ecology of this palm.
Aspergillus and Penicillium (Eurotiales: Trichocomaceae) in soils of the Brazilian tropical dry forest: diversity in an area of environmental preservation
Authors: Do Nascimento Barbosa Renan , Pereira Bezerra Jadson Diogo , Oller Costa Phelipe Manoel , Correia de Lima-Júnior Nelson , Gomes Alves de Souza Galvão Ivana Roberta , Dos Santos-Júnior Anthony Alves , Fernandes Maria José , Souza-Motta Cristina Maria , Oliveira Neiva Tinti
Published: September 2016

Soil is a complex biological system that plays a key role for plants and animals, especially in dry forests such as the Caatinga. Fungi from soils, such as Aspergillus and Penicillium, can be used as bioindicators for biodiversity conservation. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify species of Aspergillus and Penicillium in soil, from the municipalities of Tupanatinga and Ibimirim, with dry forests, in the Catimbau National Park. Five collections were performed in each area during the drought season of 2012, totaling 25 soil samples per area. Fungi were isolated by suspending soil samples in sterile distilled water and plating on Sabouraud Agar media plus Chloramphenicol and Rose Bengal, and Glycerol Dicloran Agar. Isolates were identified by morphological taxonomy in the Culture Collection Laboratory and confirmed by sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer of rDNA. A total of 42 species were identified, of which 22 belong to the genus Aspergillus and 20 to Penicillium. Penicillium isolates showed uniform distribution from the collecting area in Tupanatinga, and the evenness indices found were 0.92 and 0.88 in Tupanatinga and Ibimirim, respectively. Among isolates of Aspergillus evenness, the value found in Tupanatinga (0.85) was very close to that found in Ibimirim (0.86). High diversity and low dominance of fungi in soil samples was observed. These results contributed to the estimation of fungal diversity in dry environments of the Caatinga, where diversity is decreasing in soils that have undergone disturbance.
Coral communities condition in varying wave exposure: the gulf of Cazones, Cuba
Authors: Caballero Aragon Hansel , Alcolado Pedro M , Rey-Villiers Néstor , Perera Valderrama Susana , González Méndez Juliett
Published: September 2016

Wave exposure can influence community structure and distribution of shallow coral reefs, by affecting organisms both directly and indirectly. To assess the current stony coral community condition under different degrees of wave exposure at a marine protected area of the Gulf of Cazones (SW Cuba), two expeditions were carried out in May 2010 and June 2012. Four sampling sites were sampled at reef crests (1.5 m deep), and twelve at fore-reefs, at 10, 15 and 20 m deep in four geographic locations. Live coral cover, species richness and composition, colony density, and maximum diameter were assessed using the AGRRA 2001 methodology. Multivariate and non-parametric statistics were applied to compare sites. The coral community structure within reef crests was not homogenous. The observed variability of indicators apparently was determined by great coral mortality events resulting from natural disturbances that occurred in the past (hurricanes, bleaching and diseases). Fore-reef coral communities displayed better condition and lower coral mortality than reef crests. Species richness and coral composition varied, while multivariate and statistical methods did not reveal site grouping with regard to wave exposure. The remaining biological condition indicators were similar among sites, except in the most exposed one, where coral cover and coral size were slightly lower. Wave exposure in the gulf of Cazones seemed not to have a significant influence on differences in condition and structure of the assessed coral communities.
Morphological distinction between estuarine polychaetes: Laeonereis culveri and L. nota (Phyllodocida: Nereididae)
Authors: De Jesus-Flores Citlalli , Salazar-González S. Alejandro , Salazar-Vallejo Sergio I.
Published: September 2016

The family Nereididae includes more than 500 polychaete species described worldwide, and includes species common in many benthic environments, but some other species may tolerate freshwater or can even thrive in humid substrates in tropical forests. In estuarine environments, nereidid polychaetes can be abundant and relevant as a food source for resident or migratory birds. Laeonereis culveri (Webster, 1879) is a common estuarine species found in tropical and subtropical Atlantic American shores and was described from New Jersey; its median and posterior parapodia have upper notopodial ligules usually longer than the lower ones, and the latter are parallel to the notaciculae throughout the body. L. culveri distribution is from Connecticut to central Argentina; however, this wide distribution might be due to the inclusion of several other species as junior synonyms, despite that some morphological differences were found between them. One of such species is L. nota (Treadwell, 1941), that was described from Texas; its parapodia have notopodial ligules of about the same size, and the lower ones are oblique to the notaciculae. In order to clarify the differences between these two species, and to define which inhabits the Northwestern Caribbean region, topotype materials from these two species and specimens from Chetumal Bay were collected, and their morphological features were compared. Our results indicated that L. culveri and L. nota are different species and that the latter is found in Chetumal Bay. On the basis of mature specimens, L. culveri is hereby restricted to the Northern Gulf of Mexico and Northwestern Atlantic Ocean, and L. nota are reinstated and its distribution extends from Texas, in the Gulf of Mexico to Chetumal Bay, in the Northwestern Caribbean Sea. A key to identify all species in Laeonereis Hartman (1945) is also included.
Changes in body size spectra of benthic caridean shrimps (Decapoda: Caridea) and snails (Gastropoda) as response to seasonal variability
Authors: Badano Ernesto Iván , Labra Fabio A. , Martínez-Pérez Cecilia G. , Vergara Carlos H.
Published: September 2016

Ecologists have been largely interested in the description and understanding of the power scaling relationships between body size and abundance of organisms. Many studies have focused on estimating the exponents of these functions across taxonomic groups and spatial scales, to draw inferences about the processes underlying this pattern. The exponents of these functions usually approximate -3/4 at geographical scales, but they deviate from this value when smaller spatial extensions are considered. This has led to propose that body size-abundance relationships at small spatial scales may reflect the impact of environmental changes. This study tests this hypothesis by examining body size spectra of benthic shrimps (Decapoda: Caridea) and snails (Gastropoda) in the Tamiahua lagoon, a brackish body water located in the Eastern coast of Mexico. We measured water quality parameters (dissolved oxygen, salinity, pH, water temperature, sediment organic matter and chemical oxygen demand) and sampled benthic macrofauna during three different climatic conditions of the year (cold, dry and rainy season). Given the small size of most individuals in the benthic macrofaunal samples, we used body volume, instead of weight, to estimate their body size. Body size-abundance relationships of both taxonomic groups were described by tabulating data from each season into base-2 logarithmic body size bins. In both taxonomic groups, observed frequencies per body size class in each season were standardized to yield densities (i.e., individuals/m3). Nonlinear regression analyses were separately performed for each taxonomic group at each season to assess whether body size spectra followed power scaling functions. Additionally, for each taxonomic group, multiple regression analyses were used to determine whether these relationships varied among seasons. Our results indicated that, while body size-abundance relationships in both taxonomic groups followed power functions, the parameters defining the shape of these relationships varied among seasons. These variations in the parameters of the body size-abundance relationships seems to be related to changes in the abundance of individuals within the different body size classes, which seems to follow the seasonal changes that occur in the environmental conditions of the lagoon. Thus, we propose that these body size-abundance relationships are influenced by the frequency and intensity of environmental changes affecting this ecosystem.
Sistema reproductivo, comportamiento de apareamiento y ecología básica de un caracol tropical extremadamente raro: Drymaeus tripictus (Stylommatophora: Bulimulidae)
Authors: Barrientos Zaidett
Published: September 2016

Very little is known about the ecology and biology of Drymaeus tripictus, an extremely rare and endemic land snail species from Costa Rican highlands. I studied the ecology and reproductive biology of D. tripictus from April 2009 through June 2010 in an old forest, a young forest and a Cupressus lusitanica plantation in central Costa Rica. Every three months I visited each habitat and collected specimens in 20 random sampling plots (3x3 m2 each). I observed the snail’s activity and microhabitat preference in the field, and in the laboratory I recorded high definition videos of its mating behavior and analyzed reproductive morphology with light microscopy. The snail is more abundant in the old forest (0.017 ind./m2) and prefers leaves with little epiphyllous cover (0-25 % cover, chi-square test, p <0.0001). During the dry season the snails become active between 20:00 pm and 8:00 am (chi-square = 22.65, df=3, p < 0.0001); they are inactive mainly during the afternoon (11:00 am to 16:59 pm). I found active individuals mostly on the upper side of leaves, where they feed (Chi-square =6.76, df=1, p = 0.0093). Mating is unilateral, by shell mounting, with cryptic phallus intromission and without role switching or multiple mating. Its reproductive system is morphologically similar to that of Drymaeus costaricensis. Mating behavior is as expected for snails with high-spired shells, except for the lack of role switching. The density of D. tripictus is low even when compared with other endangered bulimulids.
Lentinula edodes based GIS mapping, biometabolites and antiinflamatory activity of wild edible mushrooms from tropical ‘sacred grove’ forests of Meghalaya, India
Authors: Khaund Polashree , Joshi S. R.
Published: September 2016

The biodiversity rich state of Meghalaya, India located in the realms of mega-biodiversity hotspots, is home to numerous species of wild edible macrofungi that are used extensively by the mycophillic ethnic population, as a part of their traditional cuisine and medicine systems. However, habitat loss, due to deforestation and climate change, is destroying the natural population of these mushrooms, depleting their availability to the local communities. In the present investigation, a GIS guided habitat search, using Lentinula edodes as a representative species, was used in mapping the habitats of wild edible macrofungi of the study region. Sampling of around 4 000 specimens per distinct morphological type available in the traditional markets and “sacred grove” forests indicated presence of ten common genera, belonging to nine different families of wild edible mushrooms. Nutritional profiling of the representative species Lentinula edodes was carried out by evaluation of its moisture, total fat, crude protein and carbohydrates contents by standard methods. Similarly, bioactive components determination was performed by estimation of total phenols, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, β-carotene and lycopenes. Bioactivity of the mushrooms extracts was studied using the DPPH radical scavenging and Human Red Blood Cell (HRBC) membrane stabilization assays. The present investigation successfully attempted to explore remote sensing technologies and GIS (Geographic Information System) based system to predict the natural habitats of wild edible mushrooms of Meghalaya, India which we believe will lead to the generation of a mushroom specific non-wood forest resource mapping system in the near future. Results of nutritional profiling and biological activity studies on the representative species of wild edible mushrooms from the studied region revealed that it is a rich source of essential nutrients and antioxidants.
LISTA DE REVISORES
Authors: TROPICAL REVISTA BIOLOGIA
Published: September 2016

LISTA DE REVISORES
Taking a Second Bite at the Appeal Cherry: Molaudzi v S
Authors: Jordaan Donrich
Published: September 2016

The principle of res judicata is well-established in our law: essentially it means that parties to a dispute have only one metaphorical "bite at the cherry". The "bite" can entail appealing through the hierarchy of courts, but once the parties have exhausted their appeals, they cannot re-litigate the same dispute. However, in the recent case of Molaudzi v S 2015 2 SACR 341 (CC) the appellant attempted to appeal to the Constitutional Court twice: the first time the application for leave to appeal was dismissed; the second time the application was granted and the appeal upheld. The appellant got a second "bite at the cherry". In Molaudzi v S the Constitutional Court developed the common law by creating an interest-of-justice exception to the principle of res judicata and – for the first time in the Constitutional Court's history – overturned one of its own judgements. In this case note I present the background of the case of Molaudzi v S, analyse the judgement, and differentiate it from another Constitutional Court case that dealt with res judicata, namely Mpofu v Minister for Justice and Constitutional Development 2013 2 SACR 407 (CC).
Copyright for Undergraduates: Lessons Learned While Teaching a Semester-Length Online Course
Authors: Ravas Tammy
Published: September 2016

Semester-length copyright classes for undergraduates that cover topics of general interest are few and far between.  However, considering the exponential growth of digital technologies as well as the amount of available information from year to year, such a class becomes increasingly relevant for this demographic.  Over the past several years, this author has taught “one-shot” library instruction classes and workshops in copyright for undergraduate and graduate students across different disciplines such as visual art, media arts, music, theatre, education, and business.  One hour, or one and a half hours, for a “one-shot session” was never enough time to cover all of the topics relevant to the particular audience.  In order to cover all of the necessary topics to help undergraduate students get a better understanding of how copyright law affects them, this author decided to offer a semester-length class on copyright with a multidisciplinary approach.
Collaborative Academic Library Digital Collections Post-Cambridge University Press, HathiTrust and Google Decisions on Fair Use
Authors: Wu Michelle M.
Published: September 2016

Academic libraries face numerous stressors as they seek to meet the needs of their users through technological advances while adhering to copyright laws. This paper seeks to explore one specific proposal to balance these interests, the impact of recent decisions on its viability, and the copyright challenges that remain after these decisions
FREQUÊNCIA DE POSTURAS ESCOLIÓTICAS EM CRIANÇAS E ADOLESCENTES: RASTREIO ESCOLAR
Authors: Pereira Jéssica Semíramis Lisboa , Figueirôa Giovana Rossi
Published: September 2016

Objetivo: Estimar a frequência de posturas escolióticas em crianças e adolescentes, e identificar possíveis fatores associados. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal com crianças e adolescentes de 9 a 14 anos matriculados em uma Escola Municipal do Distrito Sanitário Cabula-Beirú na cidade de Salvador, Ba. Os estudantes foram submetidos a uma avaliação postural, teste de Adams e aplicação de questionário semi-estruturado, nos meses de agosto e setembro de 2015. As análises foram conduzidas no programa Epi Info versão 3.5.3, e realizado o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson para verificar associações entre as variáveis, utilizando-se significância estatística para valor de p<0,05. Resultados: Dos 108 escolares que participaram da pesquisa 38 (35,2%) apresentaram postura escoliótica detectada pelo teste de Adams. A alteração foi mais frequente no sexo feminino, com valor estatisticamente significativo para esta variável (p= 0,035). A presença de assimetria do triangulo de tales também se associou significativamente com o desvio lateral da coluna (p=0,001). Conclusão: A elevada frequênciade postura escoliótica deste estudo reforça a necessidade de implantação de programas de prevenção primária nas escolas. Além de promover a detecção precoce da escoliose, estes programas podem contribuir para reduzir a incidência de outros agravos posturais.
REALIDADE VIRTUAL E FACILITAÇÃO NEUROMUSCULAR PROPRIOCEPTIVA COMO ABORDAGEM PARA FUNCIONALIZAÇÃO DO TEMPO DE REAÇÃO VISUAL, EQUILÍBRIO DINÂMICO E FORÇA MUSCULAR
Authors: Carvalho dos Santos Jayne , Lopes Barros Francisco , Vinicius de Oliveira Junior Paulo , Machado Cardoso Beatriz Christine , Gomes Martins Ana Carolina , Silva de Souza Nélio , Silva Teixeira Silmar , Orsini Marco , Bastos Victor Hugo
Published: September 2016

Introdução: A Realidade Virtual (RV) é uma interface que expõe o usuário a diversos canais sensoriais, relacionando atividades correlatas a função motora, equilíbrio, marcha e coordenação. A Facilitação Neuromuscular Proprioceptiva (FNP), por meio de decisões voluntárias, desenvolve potenciais e promove a reação de mecanismos neuromusculares como a irradiação. Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da realização de tarefas em RV associadas aos padrões de FNP em MMII de indivíduos sedentários adultos e hígidos, com análise da força muscular, tempo de reação e equilíbrio dinâmico. Materiais e métodos: A amostra contou com 18 participantes divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos (n=6): G1 com associação de FNP e RV, G2 com FNP e G3 com RV. A experimentação se deu por cinco semanas, duas vezes por semana, utilizando-se antes e depois de cada intervenção o Make test, para avaliar a força muscular (FM), o teste de reação pedal de Nelson, para o tempo de reação visual (TRV), e o Star Excursion Balance Test, para o equilíbrio dinâmico (ED). Resultados: Ao comparar o momento posterior com o momento anterior, observou-se uma diminuição significativa no TRV para os três grupos, principalmente para G2; decréscimos significativos nos grupos G1 e G2 para a FM; no entanto, não foram encontradas alterações estatisticamente significantes para o ED em nenhum grupo. Conclusão: Os três grupos, principalmente em G2, apresentaram eficácia para redução do TRV, no entanto, não se mostraram eficazes para ganho significativo do ED e FM em adultos sedentários e hígidos.
Pediatric Dentistry Specialty as Part of a Longer Continuum of Care: A Commentary
Authors: Waldman H Barry , Rader Rick , Sulkes Stephen , Perlman Steven P
Published: September 2016

The transition of teenagers with special needs to young adulthood is a complex period for the children and their families. This transition is especially difficult when it comes to securing needed oral health care. The teenager is forced to transfer from the services of an age defined pediatric dental specialist with training to provide care for individuals with special needs, to 1) general practitioners with limited formal training and often unwillingness to provide care and 2) at a period when most states provide limited or lack of adult dental Medicaid programs. These issues and the need to expand pediatric dental specialist involvement in the general transitional period are reviewed.“Pediatric dentistry is an age-defined specialty that provides both primary and comprehensive preventive and therapeutic oral health care for infants and children through adolescence, including those with special health care needs.”1“Our system of preparing and maintaining our abilities to provide oral health services for an increasing diverse population must be brought up to date to meet the challenges posed by the treatment of young adults with disabilities.”2“Most responding dentists (to a national study of pediatric dentists) helped adolescents with and without SHCNs (Special Health Care Needs) make the transition into adult care, but the major barrier was the availability of general dentists and specialists.”3
Pink Spot – Literature Review and Case Report
Authors: Petel Roy , Fuks Anna
Published: September 2016

Background: Pink spots in teeth were first described by Mummery in 1920, and were related to resorption. Resorption is a pathologic process that often eludes the clinician with its varied etiologic factors and diverse clinical presentations. Resorption can be generally classified as internal and external resorption. Internal resorption has been described as a rare occurrence as compared to external resorption. Case report: This article describes a pink spot that was diagnosed as a progressing resorption process. Early diagnosis enabled a successful management of the lesion. Conclusion: Early diagnosis and treatment of an internal resorption, clinically seen as a pink spot, in a primary central incisor may prevent its fast progress and subsequent loss.
Comparison of CPP-ACP, Tri-Calcium Phosphate and Hydroxyapatite on Remineralization of Artificial Caries Like Lesions on Primary Enamel -An in vitro Study
Authors: Bajaj Meghna , Poornima P , Praveen S , Nagaveni NB , Roopa KB , Neena IE , Bharath KP
Published: September 2016

Objectives: To compare CPP-ACP, Tri-calcium phosphate and Hydroxyapatite on remineralization of artificial caries like lesions on primary enamel. Study design: Ten extracted Primary molars coated with nail varnish, leaving a window of 2×4 mm on buccal and lingual surface were immersed in demineralizing solution for 96 hours and sectioned longitudinally to obtain 40 sections (4 sections per tooth) and were randomly divided into 4 groups (A to D) n=10; Group A: negative control, Group B: CPP-ACP, Group C: Tri-calcium phosphate, Group D: Hydroxyapatite. Sections were subjected to pH cycling for 10 days and were evaluated by polarized light microscope before and after treatment. Results: Intra group comparison of demineralization and remineralization was done by paired t-test. One way ANOVA was used for multiple group comparisons followed by post HOC TUKEY'S Test for group wise comparisons. Remineralization was found more with Group D followed by Group B, C and A. Conclusion: Hydroxyapatite showed better remineralization when compared to CPP-ACP and Tri-calcium phosphate.
Oral Health Education in Children before Dental Treatment under General Anesthesia
Authors: Valéra Marie-Cécile , Aragon Isabelle , Monsarrat Paul , Vaysse Fréderic , Noirrit-Esclassan Emmanuelle
Published: September 2016

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the attitude of parents towards the oral health of their children before oral rehabilitation under general anesthesia (GA).Study design: Children receiving dental treatment under GA between November 2013 and July 2014 in the Pediatric Dentistry Department (University Hospital Center, Toulouse, France) were enrolled in an oral health preventive program. An anonymous questionnaire was self-administered by the parents during the pre-operative session. Results: The sample comprised 67 children with a mean age of 4.8 years. 48 % of the parents had difficulties in maintaining the oral hygiene of their child. Two thirds of them reported a lack of cooperation. An adult cleaned the child's teeth in 43% of the cases. 14% of the study population brushed their teeth twice a day or more. In addition, half of the parents reported that they modified food consumption or teeth cleaning habits of their children since the initial consultation. Conclusions: This study suggests a low compliance of parents and children with the recommendations on oral hygiene and food consumption given at the initial visit and demonstrates the feasibility of a preventive program in this population.
Estilos de enseñanza-entrenamiento y relación con ansiedad de jugadores de iniciación al futbol
Authors: Zurita Ortega Felix , Pérez Cortés Antonio José , González Campos Gloria , Castro Sánchez Manuel , Chacón Cuberos Ramón , Ambris Sandoval Julio
Published: September 2016

Los estilos de enseñanza y entrenamiento han sido promovidos por docentes/entrenadores en el contexto del deporte y en ocasiones también ha sido objeto de estudio los estados de ansiedad, estudiándose desde diferentes perspectivas. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los estilos de enseñanza aplicados durante el entrenamiento, los niveles de ansiedad estado-rasgo y la relación entre ambas variables, en entrenadores y jugadores de futbol base. Participaron 26 entrenadores y 277 jugadores que además de responder al cuestionario de Teorías Implícitas lo hicieron también sobre el STAI-RASGO. Los resultados depararon que los estilos de enseñanza más empleados son el de tipo interpretativo y tradicional; mostrando los futbolistas analizados ansiedad estado-rasgo de tipo normal y alta; observándose que los estilos de enseñanza se distribuyen de forma heterogénea según  categoría y el clima de ansiedad (estado-rasgo) generado en los jugadores, no mostró relación alguna, apareciendo en las categorías una ansiedad similar al igual que sucede con los estilos de enseñanza.
Análisis espacio-temporal de los eventos de nevadas en el Pirineo español y su relación con la circulación atmosférica
Authors: Navarro-Serrano F.M. , López-Moreno J.I.
Published: September 2016

Este estudio analiza la variabilidad interanual y estacional de los eventos de acumulación de nieve en los Pirineos Españoles, así como la relación entre diferentes tipos de tiempo y los episodios de nevadas normales (P30 < x < P80) e intensas (x > P80). Los datos fueron tomados para los años hidrológicos 2008 a 2013 a partir 10 telenivómetros de la red gestionada por el Programa ERHIN (Evaluación de los Recursos Hídricos Procedentes de la Innivación). Estos se analizaron mediante un Análisis de Componentes Principales (PCA) y una clasificación por K-medias.Los resultados indican que existe una variabilidad importante en los acumulados de espesor de nieve anual entre telenivómetros y años de estudio, mostrándose los telenivómetros orientales como más variables. Los telenivómetros occidentales tienen la mayor parte de su acumulado anual en los meses de invierno (DEF), mientras que los orientales tienden a homogeneizar más sus acumulados entre el invierno, la primavera y el otoño. El análisis de la frecuencia e intensidad de las nevadas no mostró un patrón espacial claro, aunque los telenivómetros de Quimboa (N001) e Izas (N002) mostraron buena capacidad de registrar nevadas de gran intensidad. No se encontró relación entre variables geográficas (altitud, longitud y latitud) y la frecuencia de episodios de nevadas superiores a 5 cm, pero sí entre longitud y nevadas superiores a 25 cm, mostrando que las estaciones occidentales son más proclives a nevadas de gran intensidad. Las nevadas normales (entre P30 y P80) son provocadas, principalmente, por los tipos de tiempo noroeste (NW), norte (N) y oeste (W); mientras que para las nevadas intensas (>P80) la componente dominante es la noroeste (NW), seguida por norte (N) y, en menor medida, oeste (W). En los telenivómetros occidentales son las componentes de procedencia atlántica las generadoras de las nevadas, mientras que en los telenivómetros orientales las componentes mediterráneas ganan importancia.Este estudio sugiere que el comportamiento de los distintos valles pirenaicos no es idéntico, sino que existen factores, como los tipos de tiempo, que generan grandes diferencia entre ellos, que pueden verse si diferenciamos las nevadas normales de las extraordinarias. Sin embargo, no debemos desdeñar el efecto que puede causar la altitud de los telenivómetros, con lo que son necesarias nuevas investigaciones que nos permitan cuantificar los efectos de los gradientes pluviométricos en las montañas pirenaicas.