bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasticisation and thermal characterisation of acrylic fibres
Authors: Achi S S , Gandu J B , Greenhalgh M.
Published: July 2010

The effect of a range of dyebath additives on the thermal behaviour, swellability and second‐order glass transition temperature of an acrylic fibre (Leacril) has been studied in an attempt to correlate fibre properties with dyebath conditions. Glass‐transition temperature was determined using filament length extension, differential scanning calorimetry and dye uptake techniques.
CIE94‐a new colour‐difference formula*
Authors: McDonald R. , Smith K J
Published: July 2010

The Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage (CIE) has recently published a new colour‐difference formula, called CIE94, for use in industrial pass/fail colour‐difference work. It is based in CIELAB colour space but on the CMC(l:c) colour‐difference formula. In this paper the history behind the development of the new formula is outlined, before the formula itself is described and compared with the CMC(l:c) formula. The role of future work in this area is briefly reviewed and the attitude of the Society's Colour Measurement Committee to CIE94 is outlined.
Level fast dyeing of wool with nucleophilic amino‐alkyl dyes and crosslinking agents‐Part 2: using bifunctional crosslinking agents
Authors: Lei X P , Lewis D M , Wang Y N
Published: July 2010

Covalently binding dyes through reactions between commercially available bi‐functional crosslinking agents, wool and aminoethylaminotriazinyl dyes is discussed. In particular, dye fixation, levelness and fastness properties have been assessed and shown to be very promising. The proposed system offers the dyer the opportunity to achieve covalent bonding of the dye to the fibre in a controlled manner, thus ensuring good levelness.
Professional colour communicator‐the definitive colour selector
Authors: Park James , Park Kevin
Published: July 2010

There are several systems available for the communication and selection of colours. A new system, allying precise colour differences to dye recipes, is the Professional Colour Communicator. James and Kevin Park tell us more.
Fluorination‐a novel pretreatment for wool to impart shrink resistance
Authors: Dodd K J , Carr C M , Kidd B. , Byrne K.
Published: July 2010

The use of gaseous fluorination as a pretreatment for wool has been assessed and compared with corona discharge. Mechanical and shrinkage properties have been examined both before and after the application of two commercial shrinkproofing polymers. Fluorination reduces fabric shrinkage during washing, and the subsequent application of low levels of Basolan MW imparts machine washability with no impairment of fabric handle.
The release of reactive dyes from wool fibres by alkaline hydrolysis and their analysis by thin layer chromatography
Authors: Crabtree S R , Rendle D F , Wiggins K G , Salter M T
Published: July 2010

A method is described for releasing reactive dye adducts from wool fibres. The resulting solutions are amenable to analysis by thin layer chromatography.
Protection against phototendering of wool by metal salts and mordanted dyes
Authors: Miller Ian J , Smith Gerald J
Published: July 2010

Samples of treated and dyed wool have been irradiated with an artificial UV radiation source with a spectral distribution that matched the summer solar UV spectrum. The extent of phototendering was determined by measuring the loss of tensile strength of strips of wool fabric. Many of the dyes studied accelerated phototendering, although some metal‐complex dyes prolonged the lifetime. Significant protection of wool against phototendering could be obtained by treatment with aluminium salts, or related salts, followed by dyeing with classical mordant dyes.
The efficiency of various carriers on the dyeing of an acrylic fibre
Authors: Kim J P , Burkinshaw S M
Published: July 2010

The effects of various carriers on the reduction of the glass transition temperature (Tg) and the dyeing transition temperature (Td) of an acrylic fibre in a cationic dyeing system have been investigated. Linear relationships were found between the concentration of carriers in the fibre and the reduction of the Tg and the Td of the fibre. The efficiency of various carriers in reducing the Tg and the Td, when compared in terms of the molar concentrations of the carriers in the fibre, was found to be similar, regardless of the carriers used.
Dynamic response to colour specifications
Authors: Lau K C
Published: July 2010

The demand for just‐in‐time inventory is a driving force for change in the colour industry. The entire cycle time to develop new colours and replenish fast‐selling stock has to be reduced in order to remain competitive in today's market. K C Lau of Datacolor International suggests the use of instrumental colour measurements, self‐approval, and specification of colours by reflectance data to achieve this.
The coloration of polypropylene fibres with acid dyes
Authors: Akrman Jiri , Kaplanova Marie
Published: July 2010

Modified polypropylene fibre has been prepared by incorporating a polymeric additive into the polypropylene, followed by melt spinning. Fibres with various additive concentrations were dyed with acid dyes, and the amount of dye adsorbed by the fibre was compared with the concentration of dye sites supplied to the fibre by the additive. A diffusion mechanism of dye molecules through interconnected additive particles to the fibre matrix is proposed. Colour yield was assessed by reflectance spectroscopy and photoacoustic spectroscopy. The latter was shown to be particularly suitable for measuring very dark colours. Photoacoustics can also used to detect ring dyeing of fibres at lower additive concentration.
Sulphur dyes and the environment
Authors: Robinson James
Published: July 2010

As environmental legislation continues to impose ever increasing constraints on the use of dyes, James Robinson Ltd explain why these regulations are necessary, and discuss waste water treatments, using sulphur dye effluent from traditional dyeing systems as an example.
Simultaneous multiwavelength spectrophotometric determination of 1:2 metal‐complex dyes for leather
Authors: Blanco M. , Canals T. , Coello J. , Gené J. , Iturriaga H. , Maspoch S.
Published: July 2010

A spectrophotometric method for simultaneous determination of dyes has been developed. It is based on the resolution of a mixed spectrum over an appropriate wavelength range, by applying a least‐squares fitting program to standard spectra for each component. The proposed method was applied to mixtures of 1:2 metal‐complex dyes typically used by the leather industry. Four dyes were quantified simultaneously in less than a minute, with overall errors less than 2.5%
Colour range management
Authors: Sargeant Chris
Published: July 2010

Marks & Spencer has been a major force in the development of colour technology for over a quarter of a century, and has played a leading role in its commercial exploitation. Chris Sargeant discusses the M&S approach, and examines the role of state‐of‐the‐art techniques in colour range management, highlighting the areas that need future improvement.
The influence of moisture content on the colour appearance of dyed textile materials. Part 1‐dyeing methods and reflectance measurements on wool
Authors: Dalton P M , Nobbs J H , Rennell R W
Published: July 2010

The colour appearance of dyed textile materials changes upon wetting. This paper provides a graphical representation of reflectance changes with varying moisture content, and supplies a method of representing all reflectance changes for reactive dyes on wool on a single graph.
Applying proteases to confer improved shrink resistance to wool
Authors: Levene R. , Cohen Y. , Barkai D.
Published: July 2010

The activity of an alkaline bacterial protease in conferring shrink‐resistance to wool tops and woven cloth has been enhanced by pretreatment of the wool with sodium sulphite at pH 8.5–9.0. Among 16 proteases whose activities were compared, Esperase was found to be the most active, while causing the least damage when applied after sulphite treatment. None was found to confer adequate shrink‐resistance to tops under these conditions without causing excessive damage. For some examples of woven cloth, sodium sulphite applied alone caused a significant reduction in shrinkage, and subsequent application of Esperase then afforded good washability. Excellent washability was obtained if the cloth was first oxidised with peroxymonosulphuric or monoperoxyphthalic acid before treating with Esperase.
The effect of disperse dyes on the glass transition temperature of polymers
Authors: Mitsuishi Masaru , Naruoka Yasuhiro , Shimizu Masahumi , Hamada Kunihiro , Ishiwatai Tsutomu
Published: July 2010

The lowering of the glass transition temperature (Tg) of a polymer produced by the incorporating various concentrations of azo disperse dyes has been investigated, and the effects of the structure and concentrations of the dyes were examined. The Tg values were lowered with increasing dye concentrations in the polymer, and the lowering of Tg produced by the dyes was influenced not only by the molecular structure of the dyes but also the dye‐polymer interactions.
Synthesis of soluble metal phthalocyanine derivatives and their electron transfer properties
Authors: Sakamoto Keiichi , Ohno Eiko
Published: July 2010

Metal phthalocyanine derivatives exhibit high electron transfer abilities, although they are insoluble in most common organic solvents, which has inhibited them from being employed in functional colorants that can take advantage of their useful electron transfer properties, Soluble metal phthalocyanine derivatives, metal octakis(hexoxymethyl)phthalocyanines, and a new type of phthalocyanine derivative, metal anthraquinocyanines, have been synthesised in this study. The electron transfer behaviour of the phthalocyanines and anthraquinocyanines, were examined with cyclic voltammetry. This showed one irreversible oxidation and one pair of reduction potentials. Cyclic voltammograms of metal anthraquinocyanines exhibited the irreversible redox behaviour. The electron transfer properties of metal phthalocyanine derivatives were influenced by the ring current of π electrons about the conjugated system. Ring currents of metal phthalocyanine derivatives consisted of five loops, whereas those for metal anthraquinocyanines were made up of a simple loop.
A system for polymerising acrylonitrile onto loomstate cotton fabric using potassium permanganate/citric acid
Authors: Abdel‐Hafiz S A , El‐Sisi F F , Helmy M. , Hebeish A.
Published: July 2010

A novel chemical formulation for concurrent grafting and dyeing using a potassium permanganate/citric acid system to induce polymerisation of acrylonitrile onto loomstate cotton fabric is described. The critical properties of the fabric, such as graft yield, colour strength before and after soaping and percentage loss in colour strength due to soaping were found to depend upon the concentrations of potassium permanganate, citric acid and acrylonitrile, as well as pH of the treatment bath and the duration of the treatment.
Redevelopment of Perkin House
Authors: Burge Sarah
Published: July 2010

The first phase of the redevelopment of the Society's Perkin House headquarters, was completed at the end of 1995. Sarah Burge, curator of the Society's Colour Museum, outlines what will happen next.
Use of indirect multiple linear regression for multicomponent dye analysis in a leather tanning bath
Authors: Blanco M , Coello J , Gené J , Iturriaga H , Maspoch S , Canals T , Jumilla J
Published: July 2010

A spectrophotometric method for the simultaneous determination of dyes with spectral interaction in three‐colour baths by use of multiple linear regression with indirect calibration has been developed. This method discretely allows the components of the dyeing bath to be quantified with errors of less than 3% and within 1–2 min of sampling. The method has been applied to monitor the dyeing of chromium‐tanned bovine leather splits subjected to various retanning procedures.
Non–destructive near–infra–red analysis for the identification of dyes on textiles
Authors: Chen Chi–Shi , Brown Chris W , Bide Martin J
Published: July 2010

A pattern–recognition algorithm combined with near–infra–red reflectance spectroscopy has been modified to function as a non–destructive analysis technique for identifying dyes present on textiles. Samples of 261 dyes and textiles were measured in the 1100–2500 nm region to form a near–infrared (reflectance) spectral library. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to generate an orthonormal reference library from the library of original spectra. The PCA algorithm treats the spectra in the library as an n component quantitative analysis problem in which each spectrum represents a standard mixture having a concentration of 1. 0 for that component. Spectra of dyed textiles were used as an unknown set in a library search. This new method saves time and materials in comparison with traditional methods of analysing dyes present on textile fibres. The library of dye spectra can be developed from measurements made directly on dye powder without interference from inorganic diluents. The method was successfully used to identify the dyes present on five textiles. The technique is particularly well suited for studying forensic, historic and archaeological textiles because of its non–destructive nature and ability to analyse small amounts of sample.
Dependence of disperse dye diffusion on the structure and morphology of oriented heat–set polyester fibres
Authors: Radhakrishnan J , Kanitkar U P , Gupta V B
Published: July 2010

The structural parameters that predominantly influence dye diffusion behaviour in heat–set polyester fibres have been identified. Dye diffusion has been shown to depend on two factors: the volume of the accessible region (amorphous region) and the tortuosity of the dye diffusion path. The accessible region can be represented in terms of the amorphous volume per crystal, and the tortuosity can be expressed quantitatively by combining the orientation of the amorphous phase and the nature of coupling between the amorphous and the crystalline regions. An integrated model has been proposed by combining these parameters, and has been shown to correlate well with dye uptake in polyester fibres heat–set under slack and taut conditions.
A universal dye for all fibres — are disperse dyes capable of fulfilling this vision?
Authors: Lewis D M , Broadbent P J
Published: July 2010

A theoretical study of dye‐fibre interactions leads the colour chemist to the conclusion that disperse dyes offer potential as the universal dye for all fibres; the requirement is to incorporate the necessary dye sites covalently within these fibres either as a pretreatment or ideally during the dye application process. The types of disperse dye sites required and their effect on dye colour yield and wet fastness are reviewed. It has been found that a minimum number of disperse dye sites must be incorporated into cellulosic and protein fibres in order to achieve the appropriate quality of coloration. This paper thus studies a water‐based method to benzoylate cotton cellulose in order to improve its disperse dyeability. Clearly commercial interest in these basic studies will be in the fields of single‐dye blend dyeing and printing (e. g. wool/polyester, cotton/polyester, wool/cotton, cotton/silk, etc.) and some initial results in these areas are reported.
In situ colour measurement on works of fine art using a non–destructive methodology
Authors: Vallari M. , Chryssoulakis Y. , Chassery J M
Published: July 2010

Colours in paintings are one of the means by which artists express their feelings. The determination and the interpretation of these colours are very important for art historians because they lead us to a deeper understanding of the artist's cultural background. Even if the pictorial colours are subjectively selected by the artist, they can be objectively determined through physics by a total of interrelated factors which are calculated by the help of appropriate mathematical methods. In the present research study a non–destructive methodology for in situ colour measurement on fine art paintings is suggested using a 3CCD colour detector. From the results obtained, it is suggested that the approach employed is sufficiently accurate for it to be applied in the investigation of works of fine art.
Influence of ionic surfactants on the hydrogen peroxide bleaching of wool fabric
Authors: Oh Kyungwha , Park Myungja , Hong Kyunghwa
Published: July 2010

We have studied the influence of ionic surfactants on the bleaching of wool with hydrogen peroxide under acidic and alkaline conditions, comparing anionic sodium alkyl sulphates with eight, 12 and 16 carbon atoms and the cationic surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB). Addition of ionic surfactants to both acidic and alkaline bleaching baths improved the whiteness of wool, especially at above 0.01 mol/l. Anionic surfactants prevented fibre damage during bleaching of wool, whereas DTAB accelerated it. The fibre damage decreased with increasing concentration of alkyl sulphates and with increasing length of hydrocarbon chain.
Bioscouring of cotton with pectinase enzyme
Authors: Sawada K , Tokino S , Ueda M , Wang X Y
Published: July 2010

We have studied bioscouring of cotton using pectinase enzyme, together with multiple mixed surfactants and D‐limonene as scouring assistants. The effectiveness of the bioscouring was evaluated by means of wetness testing, weight‐loss measurement of cotton substrate and analyses of the amounts of pectic substance and cotton wax remaining in the substrate after scouring. The cotton fabrics bioscoured with pectinase showed improved wetness but much less wax was removed than by the conventional alkaline process. The improved wetness of the bioscoured cotton reverted to that of the original following a thermal process, indicating that the thermal process caused wax that had remained inside the bioscoured cotton to migrate to the surface. We found that addition of small amounts of nonionic surfactants in the bioscouring solution greatly enhanced the effectiveness of the removal of cotton wax without inhibiting the activity of pectinase enzyme. The characteristics of cotton bioscoured by the pectinase‐surfactant system were equivalent to or better than those of cotton produced by the conventional alkaline process.
Synthesis and dyeing properties of novel disperse dyes. Part 2: Pyrazole disperse dye derivatives
Authors: El‐Kholy Y M , Abdel‐Hafiz S A , Ahmed S H
Published: July 2010

Several new disperse dyes derived from thiosemicarbazides and acetoacetanilide have been synthesised. The dye structures were ascertained by chemical analysis and infrared measurements. Prepared dyes were used for dyeing nylon fabric by the exhaustion method. The colour strengths and dye fixation on the fabric were also determined. The results suggest a practical significance.
Absorption spectra and tautomerism of aminonaphthazarins
Authors: Shirai Kazuko , Oshida Atsushi , Matsuoka Masaru
Published: July 2010

2‐n‐Butylaminonaphthazarin (2) absorbs at 499 and 532 nm in ethanol but at 539 and 577 nm in alkali solution, while 2, 6‐bis(n‐butylamino)naphthazarin (3) absorbs at 461, 500 and 540 nm in ethanol but at 511 and 545 nm in alkali solution, with only a small bathochromic shift of 5 nm. The absorption curve of 3 was changed by addition of alkali and the λDmax at around 461 nm completely disappeared. In the case of 2‐bromo‐3, 6‐bis(n‐butylamino)naphthazarin (4), tautomerism between the 1, 4‐quinone and 1, 5‐quinone forms was observed and the isosbestic point was observed at 480 nm. Dye 2 easily deprotonated to give the 1, 4‐dianion, but dyes 3 and 4 existed as tautomeric mixtures in solution and shifted to 1, 5‐quinone forms in alkali solution.
Application of the channel flow cell to the investigation of dyeing kinetics and mechanism: new perspectives on dyeing processes
Authors: Gooding J J , Compton R G , Brennan C M , Atherton J H
Published: July 2010

The ability of the channel flow cell to probe reactions at a solution/non‐conducting solid interface makes it a powerful method for investigating dyeing reactions. The technique gives direct information about the surface concentrations of dye at the fibre surface and thus allows the elucidation of dyeing mechanisms and the determination of kinetic parameters. The experimental realisation of the channel flow cell in this context and its basic theory are outlined and the strength of the methodology illustrated with investigations of various reactive dyes and model acid dyes. These studies ailow a generalised model of dyeing phenomena to be proposed.
Aftertreatment to reduce the washdown of leuco sulphur dyes on cotton during repeated washing
Authors: Burkinshaw S M , Collins G W
Published: July 2010

Woven cotton fabric was dyed using CI Leuco Sulphur Black 1 and CI Leuco Sulphur Blue 5 and the extent of washdown that occurred during repeated wash fastness testing determined. Three cationic fixing agents were then applied to the dyeings and the testing repeated. All three products reduced washdown, but varied in their ability to do so.
Treatment of cotton fabrics with purified Trichoderma reesei cellulases
Authors: Heikinheimo Lea , Cavaco‐Paulo Artur , Nousiainen Pertti , Siika‐aho Matti , Buchert Johanna
Published: July 2010

Two different types of cotton fabrics, i. e. cotton twill and cotton poplin, were treated with purified Trichoderma reesei cellulases. Methods used to evaluate the enzyme effects included weight loss, tear strength, bending hysteresis, wrinkle recovery and pilling tendencies. When the different fabric properties at the same weight loss level were compared, it was apparent that cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I) and endoglucanases had different effects on cotton fabrics. Endoglucanases caused more strength loss than CBH I but had also positive effects on the bending behaviour and pilling properties. The two endoglucanases tested differed in their action. At low hydrolysis levels practically no strength loss was obtained with these endoglucanases whereas at higher dosages EG II caused significantly higher strength losses as compared to EG I. A positive result in the pilling was, however, also obtained with these low enzyme levels, indicating practically no strength loss.
Bullous Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Pure Henna in a 3‐Year‐Old Girl
Authors: BELHADJALI HICHEM , AKKARI HAYET , YOUSSEF MONIA , MOHAMED MARIEM , ZILI JAMELEDDINE
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Natural henna is known to have a very low allergic potential. We describe here an exceptional case of bullous contact dermatitis caused by pure henna.
Ulceroglandular Tularemia
Authors: Treat James R. , Hess Stephen D. , McGowan Karin L. , Yan Albert C. , Kovarik Carrie L.
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  A 14‐year‐old boy presented with fevers and nonspecific flulike symptoms, as well as an enlarging ulcerated plaque involving the upper back, lymphadenopathy, and bilateral pulmonary nodules. Bacterial cultures of ulcer tissue grew Francisella tularensis on enriched chocolate agar plates. Making the diagnosis requires a high index of suspicion, and communication with the laboratory to successfully and safely culture these highly pathogenic bacteria is imperative.
Buschke–Ollendorff Syndrome with Striking Phenotypic Variation Resulting from a Novel c.2203C>T Nonsense Mutation in LEMD3
Authors: Yuste‐Chaves Manuela , Cañueto Javier , Santos‐Briz Ángel , Ciria Sara , González‐Sarmiento Rogelio , Unamuno Pablo
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  The Buschke–Ollendorff syndrome (BOS) (MIM 166700) is a rare autosomal dominant disorder with highly variable expression that consists of multiple cutaneous elastic nevi and osteopoikilosis. It may exhibit clinical variations, and in some patients either skin or bone lesions may be absent. Recently it has been demonstrated that the heterozygous loss of function in LEMD3 can result in osteopoikilosis, BOS, and melorheostosis. We have studied three generations in a family with BOS with a variable phenotype. The genetic analyses revealed a heterozygous c.2203C>T nonsense mutation at the LEMD3 locus. The mutation induces a change in the 735 arginine codon to a stop codon. This study shows the wide phenotypic variation in BOS and increases the repertory of mutations described to date in LEMD3.
Glia as a source of cytokines: Implications for neuronal excitability and survival
Authors: Vezzani Annamaria , Ravizza Teresa , Balosso Silvia , Aronica Eleonora
Published: July 2010

Summary

In the last decade, preclinical studies have provided a better characterization of the homeostatic and maladaptive mechanisms occurring either during the process of epileptogenesis or after the permanent epileptic state has emerged. Experimental evidence supported by clinical observations highlighted the possibility that brain inflammation is a common factor contributing, or predisposing, to the occurrence of seizures and cell death, in various forms of epilepsy of different etiologies. Expression of proinflammatory cytokines, as a hallmark of brain inflammation, has been demonstrated in glia in various experimental models of seizures and in human epilepsies. Experimental studies in rodents with perturbed cytokine systems indicate that these inflammatory mediators can alter neuronal excitability and affect cell survival by activating transcriptional and posttranslational intracellular pathways. This paper will provide an overview on the current knowledge in this field to discuss mechanistic hypotheses into the study of pathogenesis of epilepsy and recognize new potential therapeutic options.
WILLEELLA ORDINATA BOERGESEN, 1930 (CHLOROPHYCEAE, CLADOPHORALES): FIRST RECORD FOR AMERICA1
Authors: van den Hoek C. , de Rios N.
Published: July 2010

The tropical chlorophycea Willeella ordinata, known so far from 2 localities on the coasts of northwest and southern India, and, 2 localities on the coast of South Africa, is recorded for the first time from the Caribbean coast, of Venezuela. The material from Venezuela is described and pictured, and it is compared, with the holotype.
PHYSIOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL OF GERMINATION INSCRIPPSIELLA TROCHOIDEA(DINOPHYCEAE) RESTING CYSTS1
Authors: Binder Brian J. , Anderson Donald M.
Published: July 2010

The effects of aging, temperature, and growth medium on germination in culture‐produced resting cysts of the marine dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea (Stein) Loeblich are examined. Cysts undergo a mandatory period of dormancy lasting approximately 25 days, during which germination does not occur. The duration of this period is not affected by temperature. Once the dormancy period is completed, germination is regulated by external factors. Cysts germinate optimally in nutrient replete medium at temperatures greater than approximately 14°C. At lower temperatures or in nutrient‐depleted media germination rate is dramatically slowed, although the final germination frequency appears unchanged. The large Q10of this temperature effect (ca. 11) suggests that the reduction in germination rate at lower temperatures is not merely the reflection of generally reduced metabolic rates, but rather the result of a temperature response specific to germination. At the highest temperatures tested (22‐25°C), germination rate remains maximal although vegetative growth is greatly reduced. A shift in temperature or nutrient conditions, per se, is not necessary for germination. The relatively short dormancy period combined with the absence of a requirement for a dramatic shift in environmental conditions could facilitate rapid cycling between resting and vegetative stages in natural S. trochoidea populations. At the same time, the dramatic reduction in germination rate at low temperatures would permit cysts of this species to serve as overwintering cells as well.
PHOSPHATE ACCUMULATION AND METABOLISM BY HETEROSIGMA AKASHIWO (RAPHIDOPHYCEAE) DURING DIEL VERTICAL MIGRATION IN A STRATIFIED MICROCOSM1
Authors: Watanabe Masataka , Kohata Kunio , Kunugi Masayuki
Published: July 2010

Diel vertical migration by Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) Hada (Raphidophyceae) was monitored in a 1.5 in tall microcosm. Vertical stratification, with low salinity and low orthophosphate (Pi) concentration in the upper layer and high salinity and high Pi concentration in the lower layer, was simulated in the tank, analogous to summer stratification in the Seto Inland Sea. The phosphate metabolism of H. akashiwo during this vertical migration was studied using 31P‐NMR spectroscopy. At night this species migrated to the lower phosphate‐rich layer and took up inorganic phosphate (Pi) which then was accumulated as polyphosphate (PPi) by an increase in the chain length of PPi During the daytime this species migrated to the phosphate‐depleted surface water and utilized the accumulated PPi for photophosphorylation by decreasing the chain length of PPi During the first night after the phosphorus was introduced to the previously impoverished waters, the cells took up inorganic phosphate, accumulating the new phosphorus nutrient internally as Pi But the cells did not convert Pi to PPi presumably due to their lack of ATP. After the second day of the experiment, conversion of Pi to PPi at night was much more rapid than on the first day, presumably due to increased ATP availability. Then the cycle continued, with uptake of Pi and conversion to PPi at night at the bottom and its utilization during the day at the surface. These data suggest that the role of PPi in the metabolism of this species appears to be as a phosphate pool which regulates the level of Pi and ATP in the cell. Diel vertical migration allows this red tide species to shuttle between the phosphate‐rich lower layer and the photic upper layer in stratified waters. 31P‐NMR is shown to be a valuable tool in studying the phosphorus metabolism in migrating organisms.
Difficulty of Assessing Response to Resynchronization Therapy by Echocardiographic Dyssynchrony Indices: An Everyday Case
Authors: Margulescu Andrei D. , Siliste Calin , Cinteza Mircea , Vinereanu Dragos
Published: July 2010

(Echocardiography 2010;27:888‐893)
Emergency Department Throughput, Crowding, and Financial Outcomes for Hospitals
Authors: Handel Daniel A. , Hilton Joshua A. , Ward Michael J. , Rabin Elaine , Zwemer, Jr Frank L. , Pines Jesse M.
Published: July 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:840–847 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Emergency department (ED) crowding has been identified as a major public health problem in the United States by the Institute of Medicine. ED crowding not only is associated with poorer patient outcomes, but it also contributes to lost demand for ED services when patients leave without being seen and hospitals must go on ambulance diversion. However, somewhat paradoxically, ED crowding may financially benefit hospitals. This is because ED crowding allows hospitals to maximize occupancy with well‐insured, elective patients while patients wait in the ED. In this article, the authors propose a more holistic model of hospital flow and revenue that contradicts this notion and offer suggestions for improvements in ED and hospital management that may not only reduce crowding and improve quality, but also increase hospital revenues. Also proposed is that increased efficiency and quality in U.S. hospitals will require changes in systematic microeconomic and macroeconomic incentives that drive the delivery of health services in the United States. Finally, the authors address several questions to propose mutually beneficial solutions to ED crowding that include the realignment of hospital incentives, changing culture to promote flow, and several ED‐based strategies to improve ED efficiency.
Failure of Intimate Partner Violence Screening Among Patients With Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Choo Esther K. , Nicolaidis Christina , Jenkinson Robert H. , Cox Jessi M. , John McConnell K.
Published: July 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:886–889 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  This study examined the relationship between substance use disorder (SUD) and intimate partner violence (IPV) screening and management practices in the emergency department (ED).

Methods:  This was a retrospective cohort study of adult ED patients presenting to an urban, tertiary care teaching hospital over a 4‐month period. An automated electronic data abstraction process identified consecutive patients and retrieved visit characteristics, including results of three violence screening questions, demographic data, triage acuity, time of visit, and International Classifications of Disease, 9th revision (ICD‐9), diagnosis codes. Data on management were collected using a standardized abstraction tool by two reviewers masked to the study question. Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine predictors of screening and management.

Results:  In 10,071 visits, 6,563 violence screens were completed. IPV screening was documented in 33.5% of patients with alcohol‐related diagnoses (95% confidence interval [CI] = 27.7% to 39.3%, χ2 = 116.78, p < 0.001) and 53.3% of patients with drug‐related diagnoses (95% CI = 44.3% to 62.3%, χ2 = 7.69, p = 0.006), compared to 66.1% of patients without these diagnoses (95% CI = 65.2% to 67.1%). In the multivariate analysis, alcohol (odds ratio [OR] = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.22 to 0.40) and drug use (OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.38 to 0.83) were associated with decreased odds of screening. Of completed screens, 429 (6.5%) were positive, but violence was addressed further in only 55.7% of patients. Substance abuse did not appear to affect the odds of having positive screens addressed further by providers (OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 0.39 to 10.14).

Conclusions:  This study found an association between SUD and decreased odds of IPV screening. Failure to screen for IPV in the setting of substance use may represent a missed opportunity to address a critical health issue and be a barrier to successful intervention.
Effect of Race and Insurance on Outcome of Pediatric Trauma
Authors: Hakmeh Wael , Barker Jarrod , Szpunar Susan M. , Fox James M. , Irvin Charlene B.
Published: July 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:809–812 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  This study sought to determine if insurance or race status affect trauma outcomes in pediatric trauma patients.

Methods:  Using the National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB; v6.2), the following variables were extracted: age (0–17 years), payment type (insured, Medicaid/Medicare, or self‐pay), race (white, Black/African American, or Hispanic), Injury Severity Score (ISS > 8), type of trauma (blunt or penetrating), and discharge status (alive or dead). Data were analyzed using logistic regression.

Results:  Of the 70,781 patient visits analyzed, 67% were insured, 23% were Medicaid/Medicare, and 10% were self‐pay. Self‐pay patients had higher mortality (11%, compared to Medicaid/Medicare at 5% and insured at 4%; p < 0.001). African Americans and Hispanics also had higher mortality (7 and 6%) compared to whites (4%; p < 0.001). Self‐pay patients more likely suffered penetrating trauma than insured patients (12% vs. 4%; p < 0.001), and mortality for penetrating trauma self‐pay patients was 29%, compared to only 11% for penetrating trauma insured patients (p < 0.001). The mortality rate varied from a low of 3% for insured whites, to 18% for self‐pay African Americans. Logistic regression (including race, insurance status, injury type, and ISS) revealed that African Americans and Hispanics both had an increased risk of death compared to whites (African American odds ratio [OR] = 1.37, Hispanic OR = 1.20). Medicaid/Medicare patients had a slightly increased risk of death with OR = 1.14, but self‐pay patients were almost three times more likely to die (adjusted OR = 2.92).

Conclusions:  After controlling for ISS and type of injury, mortality disparity exists for uninsured, African American, and Hispanic pediatric trauma patients. Although the reasons for this are unclear, efforts to decrease these disparities are needed.
Vertical augmentation with interpositional blocks of anorganic bovine bone vs. 7‐mm‐long implants in posterior mandibles: 1‐year results of a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Felice Pietro , Pellegrino Gerardo , Checchi Luigi , Pistilli Roberto , Esposito Marco
Published: July 2010

Objectives: To evaluate whether 7‐mm‐long implants could be an alternative to longer implants placed in vertically augmented posterior mandibles.

Materials and methods: Sixty patients with posterior mandibular edentulism with 7–8 mm bone height above the mandibular canal were randomized to either vertical augmentation with anorganic bovine bone blocks and delayed 5‐month placement of ≥10 mm implants or to receive 7‐mm‐long implants. Four months after implant placement, provisional prostheses were delivered, replaced after 4 months, by definitive prostheses. The outcome measures were prosthesis and implant failures, any complications and peri‐implant marginal bone levels. All patients were followed to 1 year after loading.

Results: One patient dropped out from the short implant group. In two augmented mandibles, there was not sufficient bone to place 10‐mm‐long implants possibly because the blocks had broken apart during insertion. One prosthesis could not be placed when planned in the 7 mm group vs. three prostheses in the augmented group, because of early failure of one implant in each patient. Four complications (wound dehiscence) occurred during graft healing in the augmented group vs. none in the 7 mm group. No complications occurred after implant placement. These differences were not statistically significant. One year after loading, patients of both groups lost an average of 1 mm of peri‐implant bone. There no statistically significant differences in bone loss between groups.

Conclusions: When residual bone height over the mandibular canal is between 7 and 8 mm, 7 mm short implants might be a preferable choice than vertical augmentation, reducing the chair time, expenses and morbidity. These 1‐year preliminary results need to be confirmed by follow‐up of at least 5 years.

To cite this article:
 Felice P, Pellegrino G, Checchi L, Pistilli R, Esposito M. Vertical augmentation with interpositional blocks of anorganic bovine bone vs. 7‐mm‐long implants in posterior mandibles: 1‐year results of a randomized clinical trial. Clin. Oral Impl. Res21, 2010; 1394–1403. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2010.01966.x
Effects of increased exposure times of simplified etch‐and‐rinse adhesives on the degradation of resin–dentin bonds and quality of the polymer network
Authors: Reis Alessandra , Ferreira Sabrina Q. , Costa Thays R. F. , Klein‐Júnior Celso A. , Meier Márcia M. , Loguercio Alessandro D.
Published: July 2010

Reis A, Ferreira SQ, Costa TRF, Klein‐Júnior CA, Meier MM, Loguercio AD. Effects of increased exposure times of simplified etch‐and‐rinse adhesives on the degradation of resin–dentin bonds and quality of the polymer network.  Eur J Oral Sci 2010; 118: 502–509. © 2010 Eur J Oral Sci

One of the reasons for resin–dentin degradation is poor polymerization of the adhesive layer. This study evaluated the effect of prolonged polymerization times on the immediate and 6‐month resin–dentin bond strengths, silver nitrate uptake, and polymer quality of etch‐and‐rinse adhesives. Thirty extracted teeth were obtained, and a flat dentin surface was exposed on each tooth. Adhesives (Adper Single Bond 2 and One Step Plus) were applied to the dentin surface of these teeth and light‐cured for 10, 20, or 40 s at 600 mW cm−2. Bonded sticks (0.6 mm2) were tested in tension (0.5 mm min−1) and analyzed, after immersion in 50% silver nitrate, using scanning electron microscopy. The polymer quality of adhesive films was evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis. Statistically higher bond strengths were observed for both adhesives when light‐cured for 40 s. Degradation of dentin bonds occurred under all experimental conditions but it was less pronounced for adhesives light‐cured for 40 s. Longer exposure times reduced silver nitrate uptake for Adper Single Bond 2. Solvent retention and the amount of residual monomer were statistically lower when both adhesives were light‐cured for 40 s. Although longer exposure times than those recommended cannot prevent degradation of the dentin bonds, they can increase bond strength, probably because of the removal of an increased amount of solvent and the presence of a lower amount of residual monomer.
Unequal Anaesthetic Potency Despite Equal Brain Concentration of Hexobarbital Antipodes
Authors: Wahlström Göran , Büch Horst , Buzello Walter
Published: July 2010

Confirming earlier results, approximately 100 mg/kg more (—)‐ than (+)‐hexobarbital (infused intravenously) was needed to obtain a “silent second” (= burst suppression of 1 sec. or more in the EEG) in male rats. After infusion of (+)‐, (—)‐ and racemic hexobarbital at exactly the same infusion rates and in doses which with the racemate gave a silent second, no difference was found in the brain concentrations. The amount of hexobarbital infused was, however, in the case of the (+)‐antipode approximately 20 mg/kg higher and in the case of the (—)‐antipode, approximately 80 mg/kg lower than the dose which gave a silent second with the corresponding antipodes. It is thus highly unlikely that different rates of accumulation in the central nervous system during the infusion would explain the differences in potency between the two antipodes. The 28% lower concentration of (+)‐hexobarbital compared to (—)‐hexobarbital found in the liver could be explained by earlier findings i.e. that the (+)‐antipode is more rapidly metabolized than the (—)‐antipode.
Hydrolysis of Salicylsalicylic Acid in Human Blood and Plasma: A Comparison with Acetylsalicylic Acid
Authors: Harthon Lennart , Hedströom Margit
Published: July 2010

The hydrolysisin vitroof salicylsalicylic acid and acetylsalicylic acid was investigated in human plasma and whole blood. The rate of hydrolysis in plasma as well as in whole blood was considerably greater for acetylsalicylic acid than for salicylsalicylic acid. Acetylsalicylic acid was hydrolyzed much more rapidly in whole blood than in plasma while salicylsalicylic acid tended to hydrolyze more slowly in whole blood than in plasma. These differences may in part explain the differences in biological half‐life between the two drugs.
Determination of Dextropropoxyphene in Organs from Fatal Poisoning
Authors: Worm Karen
Published: July 2010

Nine cases of fatal poisoning, where dextropropoxyphene was the sole or contributory cause of death, have been subjected to forensic‐chemical examination. The patients consisted of four youth addicts, two debilitated women who died after taking a combination of drugs, and three cases of suicide. The extraction method, thin‐layer chromatography, and gas chromatography for the determination of dextropropoxyphene have been described. The concentrations of dextropropoxyphene in the gastric contents, blood, liver, brain, bile, small intestine contents, kidneys, urine, and where it was appropriate also in the muscle and injection zone, have been recorded.
The Relation Between Vasopressin Stimulation of Renal Adenyl Cyclase and Lithium–Induced Polyuria in Rats
Authors: Wraae Olaf , Geisler Arne , Olesen Ole Vendelin
Published: July 2010

Renal adenyl cyclase activity was estimated in 3 groups of 14 rats. In each group 7 rats were given lithium‐containing food and 7 served as controls. The first group was treated up to one week before the adenyl cyclase was measured. Group 2 was analyzed after 3 weeks of lithium‐treatment when a polyuria had developed. In group 3 lithium‐treatment was stopped after 5 weeks and adenyl cyclase measured one week later when the polyuria had disappeared. The serum and kidney lithium levels were the same in groups 1 and 2, but in the polyuric rats vasopressin stimulation was lower. After an ATP regeneration system had been added to the incubate, the same phenomenon was seen. In group 3 the effect of vasopressin stimulation on adenyl cyclase was the same as in controls. Our results show that the lithium‐induced inhibition of vasopressin‐stimulated adenyl cyclase activity develops gradually, is reversible and is independent of the lithium ion itself.
Postnatal Development of Central Effects of Atropine and Oxotremorine in Dogs in Relation to Brain Development
Authors: Winbladh B.
Published: July 2010

Abstract:The central effects of atropine, methylatropine and oxotremonne have been investigated in dogs at five different ages, i. e. newborn, 3 weeks, 6 weeks, 3 months and adult. The evaluation of the central effects has been made by behavioural and neurological tests, especially designed for the different age groups. In adult dogs 0.5 mg/kg of atropine and 20 mg/kg of methylatropine cause typical behavioural disturbances, i. e. ataxia, non‐responsiveness, non‐retreating behaviour and increased motor activity, while oxotremorine 0.025 mg/kg produces a pronounced tremor. In the newborn dogs no central effects can be detected with atropine, 0.5‐5.0 mg/kg, or methylatropine, 20 mg/kg. Furthermore, tremor can not be elicited with 0.01‐1.0 mg/kg of oxotremorine in this age group. Among the 3 weeks old puppies, the neurologically and behaviourally most mature animals show central effects similar to those in the adult following 0.5 mg/kg of atropine, while more immature dogs show no symptoms even after 5.0 mg/kg. The sensitivity to the tremorogenic affect of oxotremorine is the same in this age group as in the adult dogs. At six weeks and three months of age the effects of the two drugs are the same as in the adult animals. In order to evaluate the development of the central cholinergic system, the activities of choline acetyltransferase and cholinesterases have been determined in whole brain, cerebellum, caudate nucleus and cerebral cortex in the different age groups. An increase is found in relative enzyme activity from birth up to adulthood.

The changes in the effects of atropine and oxotremorine are discussed in relation to the development of the two enzymes, and to other biochemical, pharmacological, electrophysiological and behavioural data known for the dog. It is suggested that the change in sensitivity to the two drugs reflects the development of the central cholinergic system, which parallels the general development of the brain.
Interactions Between Salicylic Acid and Pyridy;‐3‐methanol: Anti‐inflammatory and Teratogenic Effects
Authors: Cekanova E. , Larsson K. S. , Mörck E. , Åberg G.
Published: July 2010

Anti‐inflammatory and teratogenic effects of nicotinic acid, pyridyl‐3‐methanol and salicylic acid were studied. Tests were also performed on mixtures of salicylic acid and pyridyl‐3‐methanol and on an ester of pyridyl‐3‐methanol and salicylic acid (S‐2063). Anti‐inflammatory effects were studied on carrageenin‐in‐duced rat paw oedema and stabilizing effects were studied on rat liver lysosomes. Teratological studies were carried out on NMRI mice. Nicotinic acid was found to be very potent in the anti‐inflammatory test and in stabilizing rat liver lysosomes. Pyridyl‐3‐methanol had less marked anti‐inflammatory effects and had no significant stabilizing effect on the lysosomes. No foetal damage was caused. Salicylic acid had anti‐inflammatory effects that were even less marked than those of pyridyl‐3‐metha‐nol, but had slight stabilizing effects on the lysosomal membranes. Salicylate‐induced skeletal malformations were obtained after treatment in early organogenesis. Given during late pregnancy a high incidence of foetal death and premature birth was observed. S‐2063 had anti‐inflammatory effects that were approximately the same as that of an equimolar mixture of salicylic acid and pyridyl‐3‐methanol. S‐2063 caused a decreased membrane permeability of the lysosomal membranes for β‐glu‐curonidase but not for acid phosphatases. The teratogenic effect was not much increased as could be expected from the pronounced anti‐inflammatory effect of S‐2063.