bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Industry as Pusher
Authors: Bowes Reginald
Published: November 2015

This paper presents a firsthand description of the problems within the pharmaceutical industry concerning advertising and promotional practices from the perspective of a former advertising agency representative. Several of the questions and answers during this presentation deal with specific advertising and promotional practices and suggested remedies to improve the direction of these campaigns.
Treating the Drug Abuser the Next Step in the Process
Authors: Gilbert Lawrence
Published: November 2015

The need for drug treatment programs to discard the single modality treatment approach has recently received considerable attention. Yet, while we recognize the need for multi-modality programs, there has been only minor consideration given the issue of how these programs should be structured. Unless the multi-modality concept includes something more than simply bringing together under a single administrative structure a sampling of existing treatment approaches, it is questionable whether this approach will significantly enhance existing treatment efforts. The program described in this paper has attempted to incorporate the multi-modality approach within the framework of compulsory treatment. Also, it has tried to organize the diverse services provided in such a manner as to create a unified service delivery system.
Righteousness before Revenue: The Forgotten Moral Crusade against the Indo-Chinese Opium Trade
Authors: Johnson Bruce D.
Published: November 2015

The earliest moral crusade against opiates occurred in Britain. The Society for the Suppression of the Opium Trade (SSOT) was led by Quakers and Protestant missionaries to China who attempted to end the Indo-Chinese opium trade by mobilizing public opinion and agitating in Parliament. In 1893, the anti-opiumists had gained so much political power that they almost ended the trade. However, the British government, by appointing a Royal Commission on Opium (1893–95), managed to delay ending the trade for a dozen years. In 1906, the anti-opiumists and growing international pressure convinced the British to forgo the opium revenue. The moral claims of these anti-opiumists and their agitation against opium provided the basis for modern opium policy.
Advertising of Prescription Medicines
Authors: Stetler C. Joseph
Published: November 2015

Speaking on behalf of the pharmaceutical industry, Mr. Stetler does not believe that advertising unduly influences a physician's prescribing practices. Rather it provides him with new information to be further explored, usually in consultation with colleagues, and permits him to easily compare the claims of one product with others in the same therapeutic categories. The paper also outlines legislative proposals for controlling specific promotional practices which the industry deems unacceptable.
A Regulator's Perception of Drug Advertising
Authors: Reinstein Peter
Published: November 2015

This article provides a summary of FDA's responsibilities in regulating drug advertising and outlines perceptions held by the author as a medical student and practicing physician concerning the role of drug promotion in light of his experience as director of FDA's Division of Drug Advertising.
Television Advertising of Nonprescription Medicines: The Case for the Defendant
Authors: Cope James D.
Published: November 2015

When critics raised suggestions that a link existed between drug abuse and the advertising of over-the-counter (OTC) medicines, the Proprietary Association commissioned independent studies to determine if there were truth to the allegations. “The weight of the evidence refutes the alleged relationship between advertising and drug abuse,” concludes the author of this paper. He also outlines the ongoing work of the OTC Review Panels, commissioned by the Food and Drug Administration, to evaluate ingredients in all over-the-counter medicines available to American consumers.
Caution! Keep This Commercial Out of Reach of Children!
Authors: Choate Robert , Debevoise Nancy
Published: November 2015

Children see approximately 1,000 television commercials for over-the-counter drugs each year. In 1973, HEW's Poison Control Center reported 1,098 cases of children under 5 ingesting adult aspirin overdoses while the figures for vitamins and children's aspirin were even higher. Mr. Choate and Ms. Debevoise believe there is a direct link between misuse of these drugs by children and television advertising of over-the-counter drugs.
The Free Clinic Movement in the United States: A Ten Year Perspective (1966–1976)
Authors: Smith David E.
Published: November 2015

The mid 1960s was a time of political, social and cultural change. People throughout the United States were coming together expressing their new found freedoms and experimenting with alternative lifestyles. Out of a need for more relevant and adequate health care and frustration from dealing with the existing medical system, the free clinic movement was born. The Haight-Ashbury Free Medical Clinic, the first free clinic in the country, opened in June 1967 and since that time has seen over 400,000 client visits for a wide variety of medical and drug problems. The free clinic movement has had to deal with various issues over the years ranging from operational problems with licensing and malpractice insurance to pressures from mainstream medicine and the communities they serve. This paper deals with some of the more powerful issues the free clinics have had to contend with, from my own personal perspective, and provides an insight into the movement and its basic founding principle that health care is a right, not a privilege.
Look-Alike and Sound-Alike Drugs
Authors: Teplitsky Benjamin
Published: November 2015

Look-alike and sound-alike drugs can be misinterpreted by a nurse reading doctors' orders and by a pharmacist compounding physicians' prescriptions. Such misunderstanding can result in the administration of a drug not intended by the prescriber. Awareness of such look-alike and sound-alike drugs can reduce potential errors.
Cocaine and the Criminal Sanction
Authors: Zentner Joseph L.
Published: November 2015

The criminal law is concerned with the pursuit of human objectives through the various structures and methods of social organization. Many commands that are embodied in the criminal law appear as prohibitions, which can be satisfied by inaction. “Do not use dangerous drugs” is an example. The thesis of this article is that criminal penalties are inappropriate as a means of achieving conformity to politically-inspired standards of “correct” behavior insofar as the recreational use of cocaine is concerned. As with all prohibitions, the one against cocaine has not worked. A prime argument of the drug prohibitionists, that whatever may be wrong with the present drug laws, they do help to curtail the use of “dangerous” drugs, has not been realized.
A Study of Social Regulatory Mechanisms in Controlled Illicit Drug Users
Authors: Zinberg Norman E. , Harding Wayne M. , Winkeller Miriam
Published: November 2015

An ongoing study of controlled marihuana, psychedelic, and opiate users shows that long-term, moderate illicit drug use is primarily supported by rituals and social sanctions. These guidelines for use, developed by segments of the drug subculture, militate against compulsive use. This work demonstrates the necessity of viewing quality of drug use as a function of sociocultural as well as pharmacological and psychological factors. Findings suggest that a system of social controls similar to that operating for alcohol use could be a more reasonable means of preventing compulsive use than the present prohibition of any and all illicit drug use.
Conflicts and Contradictions in a Halfway House for Alcoholics: Inside the “Black Box”
Authors: Wilmot Richard , Ogborne Alan C.
Published: November 2015

This study was undertaken in response to the government's need for evaluative criteria in funding halfway houses for alcoholics. Sociological literature on halfway houses for alcoholics has identified their development as a “grass roots” social movement reacting against the perceived ineffectiveness of traditional institutional approaches (courts, hospitals, hostels, missions) in dealing with homeless alcoholics. Sociological theory on social movements sees them as evolutionary in nature where by newly emergent radical social arrangements are conceived and propagated in such a way so as to attain stability and themselves become the “new order of things”. In this sense social movements carry with them the seeds of their own institutionalization. Our study involved 10 months of observation in halfway houses for alcoholics designated for funding by the government. In addition an in-depth study of one haflway house (Fresh Start House) involved six months of continuous participant observation. Twenty-one consecutive admissions were monitored over their length of stay at Fresh Start House. During the duration of the study, in depth interviews (formal and informal) were conducted with both staff and residents. As a result of the study we were able to identify five key issues which seem applicable in analyzing the institutionalization of the halfway house movement in general. These issues revolve around: 1) staff ideology, 2) selection procedures, 3) structural organization, 4) role assignment and 5) communication network and content. Sociological theory has come to see the institutionalization of social movements as part of the inevitable dialetical process. The speed with which institutionalization progresses, however, may be accelerated or slowed depending on how specific issues are handled and what choices are made. In this study the halfway house in question failed to identify and resolve certain issues and with others made choices which hastened the process of institutionalization. Of the twenty-one consecutive admissions monitored through their stay at Fresh Start House, only one remained sober three months after discharge. This study attempts to document what happened while these residents were inside the “black box.”
The Pharmacist as an Information Source for Nonprescription Drugs
Authors: Boatman Daniel W. , Gagnon Jean Paul
Published: November 2015

Consumer sources of OTC drug information were investigated by querying 250 residents in a large midwestern city with a mail questionnaire. Results from an analysis of 163 respondents (69.4 percent) indicated that the majority of these people use the physician and pharmacist equally for OTC drug information. Moreover, they perceive them equally reliable for information on these drugs. Other significant findings were: 1) television commercials rank third in use and seventh in reliability, 2) elder respondents and respondents without children use the physician and pharmacist less for OTC drug information than younger respondents and respondents with children in their households, and 3) approximately half the respondents purchase their OTC drugs in pharmacies. This study concludes because many pharmacists are being trained as drug advisors with federal funds, and because consumers use and perceive him reliable as an OTC drug advisor, that the FDA should inform consumers on OTC drug labels that the pharmacist is a reliable source of OTC drug information.
Scientific Models and Symbolic Meanings in Altered States of Consciousness
Authors: Winquist Charles , Winzenz David
Published: November 2015

This essay examines the complementary functions of biopsychology and phenomenology in the interpretation of the religious significance of altered states of consciousness. Two physiological models of consciousness are examined and correlated with phenomenological theories of interpretation. The first model charts consciousness along a continuum of central nervous system arousal. The second model is discontinuous and uses catastrophe theory from topology to describe the behavior surface of hypohyperaroused physiological states. Both models are correlated with descriptions of symbolic functions in the determination of religious meaning.
A Review of the Research and Theological Implications of the Use of Psychedelic Drugs with Terminal Cancer Patients
Authors: Phifer Betty
Published: November 2015

This article reviews the major research studies on the use of psychedelic drugs with terminal cancer patients. Present-day research is concentrated at the Maryland Psychiatric Center, where many of the early pilot studies were conducted. The conclusions of researchers such as Eric Kast, Sidney Cohen, Walter Pahnke, William Richards, and Albert Kurland indicate that controlled experimentation with such drugs as LSD should be continued and expanded, subjected to careful scientific, ethical, and theological scrutiny. The significant theological implications of this research, especially those suggested by Gordon D. Kaufman, are briefly examined.
Trends in Drug Use and Crime among Arrestees
Authors: Poole W. Kenneth , Eckerman William C. , Rachal J. Valley , Bates J. Donald
Published: November 2015

The results in this paper relate to drug usage among males arrested in 1971 in six metropolitan areas of the country. Multivariate analysis of variance techniques are used to analyze the crime rate patterns within cohorts of drug users (i.e., those beginning drug use during the same time period) and also to analyze the differences in crime patterns across cohorts of drug users. The analysis compares drug users versus nonusers with regard to their overall arrest rates and also compares them with respect to “Serious Crimes Against The Person.”
Gestalt Polarities: Understanding and Counseling the Resistant, Non-Motivated Drug-Dependent Person
Authors: Coven Arnold B. , Blackhawk Evan
Published: November 2015

The concept of polarities in gestalt theory sheds light on the resistance and non-motivation of drug-dependent clients. Gestalt principles and methods enable counselors to work with non-motivation in a more behavioral manner. The gestalt approach can be extended to the treatment structure of a clinic, agency or therapeutic community. The agency can anticipate resistance and initiate procedures that begin with the first client contact, and continue throughout the critical stages of the rehabilitation process. A powerful change approach like gestalt therapy can encourage drug counselors to deal directly with resistance, and thus unblock the present impasse to encounter the perplexing “non-motivation” problem presented by many drug dependent persons.
Considerations in Drug Therapy of the Elderly
Authors: Lamy Peter P.
Published: November 2015

In the elderly, particularly the frail-old or old-old, sociogenic factors combine with the effects of primary (biologic) and secondary (pathologic) aging to produce, at times, a complex clinical picture. The elderly also face a high level of psychosocial and physical stress. In addition, the clinical presentation may be complex and difficult to diagnose, as many of the classical signs and symptoms may be absent or exacerbated. Many of the diagnostic norms may not apply to the elderly, as the concept of being well differs when comparing young with older people. Drug effects in the elderly fluctuate and are much more unpredictable. The elderly patient may present in a confusional state caused by unexplained drug effects. For varying reasons, elders suffer from unwanted drug effects more frequently than do younger adult patients.

Assessment of the health status of the elderly must be based on the understanding that problems of living, general health factors, diseases of adaptation, and a decrease in the efficiency of several organ systems combine to determine that status.
Alcohol Abuse and the Elderly: Social Control and Conformity
Authors: Peck David G.
Published: November 2015

Alcohol use and abuse by aging, or aged, persons has been frequently overlooked in both gerontological literature and alcohol literature. The purpose of this paper is to briefly review some of the demographics of aging in the United States, some of the demographics of alcohol abuse in the United States, and, primarily, to offer a specific theoretical approach from the sociology of deviance literature toward understanding aging and alcohol abuse.
Limiting Supplies of Drugs to Illicit Markets
Authors: Moore Mark H.
Published: November 2015

The basic purpose of supply reduction efforts is to influence the relative cost and availability of abuse-able drugs. In designing supply reduction efforts, one must decide which drugs produce the greatest social problems, and how the supply of each drug can be most effectively reduced. A review of the current situation suggests that supply reduction efforts should be shifted to concentrate more on heroin, barbiturates, and amphetamines. Unfortunately, analysis reveals that effective control of these different drugs requires remarkably diverse organizational capabilities. The control of heroin depends on a capacity to make conspiracy cases against international dealers. The control of barbiturates depends on an increased capacity to prevent diversion from legitimate domestic distribution. And the control of amphetamines requires effective action against small scale illegal importation from Mexico, diversion from domestic distribution, and illegal domestic production. To handle these diverse problems, DEA must be given time to develop and deploy a variety of professional capabilities besides undercover agents.
Junkie Work, “Hustles” and Social Status among Heroin Addicts
Authors: Biernacki Patrick
Published: November 2015

Although the general relationship between heroin addiction and criminal behavior is widely acknowledged, little is known about how addicts come to engage in particular types of crime. This paper presents a detailed description and analysis of the criminal activities reported by 1,248 narcotic addicts who had been committed to the California Rehabilitation Center for drug addiction. The study findings confirm the general relationship between addiction and crime. However, the data also shows that addicts often come to concentrate their hustling efforts in particular types of crime—that is, most addicts develop a main hustle. The findings also suggest that the process of selecting a particular hustle might be a more considered one than priorly believed. In addition, the study shows the main hustles of addicts to be closely related to their feelings of self-esteem. The relative sense of worth that addicts have about themselves appears to be a reflection of how social status is differentially attributed in the heroin world.
Food for Thought: Beer in a Social and Ritual Context in a West African Society
Authors: Hagaman Barbara L.
Published: November 2015

The West African LoBir produce and consume beer in great quantities. This is because beer (called Dan) plays such a central role in the whole of LoBir life. After an overview of that life, more detailed description is given to show how beer is produced by women brewers; what role it plays in the LoBir diet; and particularly how beer is used as an important ingredient in social and ritual life.

For all the beer drinking, not many people get evidently drunk; “getting drunk” is a familiar concept among the LoBir, and certain individuals excuse behavior that only they can exhibit anyway because of their social position. What is finally shown by this is that the prodigious use of beer in social context increases the status of both consumers and producers, but that its overuse can decrease status.
Opium Use among the Hill Tribes of Thailand
Authors: Suwanwela Charas , Poshyachinda Vichai , Tasanapradit Prida , Dharmkrong-At Ayut
Published: November 2015

In certain hill tribal villages the authors conducted a study of opium use in correlation with health, economic, and sociocultural status. The reasons for and the circumstances surrounding opium use and addiction vary in different tribes. The use of opium as a drug for treatment of illnesses and as a psychotropic drug is commonly found in many hill tribes. Recreational and social uses of opium are not found to be as extensive as previously believed. Nevertheless, there are a number of contexts in which opium is socially used.
Beating the Gong and Chasing the Dragon in the Lion City
Authors: Leong J. H. K.
Published: November 2015

The use or abuse of opium, in its three main forms, chandu (prepared opium), morphine, and heroin, covers a span of 160 years, from the founding of “modern” Singapore in 1819—when opium was exchanged as a gift between the Temenggong (Malay Sultan) and Raffles (the founder of Singapore) to 1978—when the first person to be convicted of drug-trafficking was hanged for the offense.

For the three distinct products of the opium poppy—smokeable extract of opium (prepared opium or chandu), morphine, and heroin—with their three distinctive modes of administration—smoking, injection, and inhalation—there seem to be three distinct periods when each drug emerged as the main drug of addiction. Opium smoking was known in the earliest days, morphine injection appeared during the first half of the twentieth century, and heroin smoking became popular during the 1970s.

The history of opium smoking can be traced among the early settlers of Singapore. These people were multiracial, but the Chinese predominated. Morphine injection became popular among adult Chinese and Indian/Pakistanis after its introduction around the turn of the century. Heroin abuse has become widespread among multiracial groups of young adults during the 1970s.

For each product of the opium poppy antecedent factors are examined: the drug, the host, and the environment, especially the presence or absence of favorable or deterrent official, commerical, cultural, or political responses. For opium smoking, there was no preceding drug of abuse, its use having been introduced by a prevailing older tradition. In the case of morphine, its introduction found fertile ground among the abundance of opium smokers and new inductees did not have to cross cultural barriers. In the case of heroin abuse, its introduction was facilitated by a milieu that had been initiated to drugs in a milder form—“pot and pills.”

The author examines the nature of drug use from the point of view of an outsider, but retains a vested interest in treating and rehabilitating his patients “for their own good.” Having seen the essential tragedy of their lives, such as elderly men becoming “vagrants” remanded to a “House of Detention,” or the first morphine death from overdose in the first drug dependence clinic for young “pot and pill” users in 1971, he speculates on what might perpetuate opiate drug use among the people of Singapore. The paper concludes with identification of serious questions and profound issues that as yet have not been thoroughly addressed and may continue to remain inadequately treated.
“I Haven't Stopped Drinking, I Just Changed My Brand”
Authors: Womack Sheila
Published: November 2015

Pentecostalism is examined as an alternate “drug” that provides psychophysiological arousal, excitement, and euphoria through a trance state known as “having the Holy Ghost.” The amount of time, energy, and money devoted to Pentecostal activities provides another point of comparison to substance abuse “subcultures.” The multiplicity of activities results in the creation of a sense of community identification. This is enhanced by a belief system that dichotomizes people, objects, and events, and places counterposed values at opposite poles. Pentecostals who were substance abusers are interviewed in order to draw value comparisons between the Pentecostal “drug” and chemical substances. The comparison between these two focuses upon the rewards and fulfillments both life-styles offer to their adherents. It is felt that Pentecostalism is an effective substitute for substance abuse because it offers similar, if not superior, attractions to drugs and alcohol.
Differential Treatment of Young Abusers: A Quasi-Experimental Study of a “Therapeutic Community” in a Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Vaglum Per , Fossheim Inge
Published: November 2015

A total of 160 young drug abusers who voluntarily applied for admittance at ward Lien, Dikemark Hospital is Oslo, were personally followed during treatment and 2–9 years (M 5–6) afterwards. The study population was divided into four groups: three (N 29, 27, 44) were treated in different programs at Lien, while the fourth (N 60) consists of a sample of the applicants who were not admitted. The psychedelic using group made the greatest progess during a program consisting of supportive and limit-setting milieu therapy combined with systematic individual and family therapy. The opiate and central nervous system stimulant using group had the best results during and after participation in an intensive, confrontative, therapeutic community using special intake procedures, spontaneous marathonlike groups, and systematic individual and family therapy.
Union Responses to Alcoholism
Authors: Johnson LeRoy
Published: November 2015

Union people are more often doers than writers. Consequently, the actions of labor unions in combating alcoholism have been underdocumented. Unions have developed, and have experience in, a number of occupational alcoholism formats; but the labor movement is still frequently overlooked by Occupational Program Consultants and left out of company programs by unionized employers. A joint labor-management effort is preferred by most labor alcoholism specialists, and conceptually a joint program offers many strengths, but distrust by both unions and management has kept this form of program from developing as rapidly as has the occupational alcoholism field as a whole.

This paper describes some of the different approaches to occupational alcoholism programming taken by labor organizations, and addresses some of the issues raised by these experiences.
Reluctant Referrals: The Effectiveness of Legal Coercion in Outpatient Treatment for Problem Drinkers
Authors: Dunham Roger G. , Mauss Armand L.
Published: November 2015

An annoying paradox which has been facing policy-makers and practitioners alike in their efforts to deal with public problem drinkers is that of recognizing the condition of alcohol-related offenders as both a misdemeanor and a disease. This paradox is discussed in terms of a legal model and a therapeutic model for responding to alcohol-related problems. A multivariate covariance model is used to compare the effectiveness of treatment for problem drinkers coerced into treatment by the courts and problem drinkers voluntarily initiating treatment, while statistically controlling for pre-treatment group differences. With regards to effectiveness, and the role played by an element of coercion in effectiveness, type of referral did have an important independent impact upon treatment outcome. An element of coercion involved in that referral did not subvert the goals of the therapeutic model; indeed, it rendered successful treatment outcome considerably more likely than with strictly voluntary self-referral. Finally, coercion proved somewhat more effective where the penalties for non-compliance were the more certain, not necessarily the more severe.
Jurisdictional Differences in Deterring Marijuana Use
Authors: Meier Robert F.
Published: November 2015

There are two common contingencies that affect the extent to which the law coerces conduct: the jurisdiction and the offense. The jurisdiction in which crime is committed or contemplated reflects the nature of the legal threat (e.g., its certainty and severity), while the offense reflects behavior-specific barriers to effective legal threats. This paper reports a comparison of deterrent effects in two jurisdictions with widely differing penalties for marijuana use. The results indicate that both jurisdictional and offense characteristics are important, and that legal mechanisms were more important in that jurisdiction that had the least severe penalty for marijuana use, thereby suggesting that enforcement patterns were more important than the severity of the penalty. Moreover, extralegal controls were important mechanisms of social control in each jurisdiction.
Impact of the Criminal Justice System on the Substance Abusers Seeking Professional Help
Authors: Pringle G. Hale
Published: November 2015

The traditional model describing how a substance abuser enters treatment is presented. After discussing this model, built primarily from alcohol literature, its application to both alcohol and drug abusers is revisited. An alternative model is presented and discussed which challenges some of the basic assumptions of the traditional model. For instance, the requirement of motivation to seek help prior to treatment is no longer operative, as treatment is often a requirement of the criminal justice system after conviction. In addition, it is often no longer the problem which brought the person to our attention which needs to be treated. Thus, the role of the criminal justice system is to be part of the outside pressures which involve more and more people in treatment each year.
Substance Use/Abuse Conceptualization, Etiology and Treatment
Authors: Henderson Joel H.
Published: November 2015

Using the literature as a data source, this paper attempts to: a. examine the wide range of etiological and treatment alternatives with a primary focus on heroin addiction; b. briefly examine the concordance between the etiological and treatment modalities and various conceptualizations and explanatory models of substance use/abuse and social problems; c. outline an examination of both treatment modalities and theoretical approaches to substance use/abuse and their relationship to the question of political-economic influences and gatekeeping factors; d. through critical evaluation of the preceeding issues, suggest what the important areas of concern could or should be in the near future. This work is able to only briefly discuss the very complex issues enumerated above; the findings and recommendations attempt to provide systematic research alternatives.
Norm Qualities and Adolescent Drinking and Drug Behavior: The Effects of Norm Quality and Reference Group on Using and Abusing Alcohol and Marijuana
Authors: Krohn Marvin D. , Akers Ronald L. , Radosevich Marcia J. , Lanza-Kaduce Lonn
Published: November 2015

The effect of normative climate on a person's alcohol and marijuana attitudes and use patterns is investigated. Specifically the norm qualities of significant reference group sources for 7th and 12th grade adolescents (N=3065) are examined to determine their relative impact on both frequency of use and level of abuse of alcohol and marijuana. We found that the norm qualities of all the reference groups are related to use patterns and attitudes in the predicted direction and that norm qualities of friends (compared to parents and religion) is clearly the most predictive variable. However, hypotheses of increased substance abuse under the impact of ascriptive and proscriptive norm qualities are not supported.
Barriers to the Use of Constructive Confrontation with Employed Alcoholics
Authors: Roman Paul M.
Published: November 2015

Constructive confrontation was originally the central strategy in work-based programs to deal with problem drinking employees. The broadening of these programs to employee assistance programs, coupled with their rapid growth and diffusion, has been accompanied by the medicalization of employee performance problems and the professionalization of means for handling such problems. These trends, together with ideologies based in organizational management and the value orientations of American society, are barriers to supervisory use of constructive confrontation. Data from a 1981 national survey of external program consultants reveals continuing attitudinal support for constructive confrontation. Other attitudes of these consultants point however to the strong need for deliberately designed support systems for the encouragement of supervisory use of constructive confrontation.
Systemic Barriers to Addict Aftercare Program Implementation
Authors: Goldbart Stephen
Published: November 2015

An examination of how the interaction of a variety of systemic forces within the drug treatment services delivery system resulted in systemic barriers to the implementation of a free standing, aftercare demonstration project for former heroin users. There is a discussion of how the lack of a coherent, systems-wide clinical master plan, combined with erratic and competitive program funding policies, resulted in a general misunderstanding of, and resistance to aftercare program implementation. Specific strategies employed by the project to either adapt or to overcome these barriers are also discussed. Systems-level policy recommendations are suggested, highlighted by the need for a unifying organizational model for drug treatment services that establishes working relationships between all drug treatment and related social services, emphasizing cooperation and collaboration.
The Alcohol Treatment System and Social Control: A Study in Institutional Change
Authors: Weisner Constance M.
Published: November 2015

This paper presents the findings of studies of the alcohol treatment system in two California counties. It identifies the functions carried out by treatment providers, many of which differ from and occasionally contradict official program goals. Reasons for these discrepancies stem from political as well as economic factors. Demands have been made on the treatment system to deliver services which traditionally were provided by the criminal justice and welfare systems. The shift is also explained by the unique historical development and ideological character of the alcohol treatment system. The study identifies several changes in the service delivery system, which include client demographics and problem definitions. Implications of these changes involve a de facto compromise of the more traditional treatment ethics and class bias in the process of client selection.
The Lesson of Ayatollah Khalkhali
Authors: Trebach Arnold S.
Published: November 2015

The world is in the midst of a drug epidemic. Literally millions of people now use heroin, opium, morphine, cocaine, and marijuana regularly in flagrant defiance of national and international law. Hundred of thousands, perhaps millions, are engaged in supplying their illicit needs and desires. The response of most national and international leaders has been rigid support of the existing system of abstinence and prohibition often through harsh criminal sanctions involving long prison terms and, in at least 13 countries, even the death penalty. As a result of all this, drug-related crime and official corruption are rising wherever the epidemic spreads. International drug control organizations, such as the UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs, blindly support the existing system and the increasingly harsh domestic laws that prop it up. However, compromises and adjustments must be made to meet new realities. These are not radical thoughts but essentially conservative ones. Unless rational and humane changes are made soon, the entire structure of international drug control may collapse completely.
When Did the Use of Psychotropic Drugs Start to Escalate?
Authors: Hemminki Elina , Davidkin Irja
Published: November 2015

The introduction of new drugs is often characterized as an important cause of increased use of psychotropic drugs. Major new drugs were introduced in the 1950s. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the introduction of these new drugs affected consumption levels in several European countries in the 1950s. New data were collected and analysed from two pharmacies in Finland and previously published data from Denmark, England, Wales, and Sweden were reanalysed. The trends as well as the level of the psychotropic drug consumption varied greatly between these countries. In Finland and Sweden consumption increased greatly. No trend information was available in Denmark; the consumption level, however, was apparently much higher than in Finland or Sweden. In England and WAles consumption was steady. The data from Finland showed that increased consumption was due to the use of traditional sedatives rather than to the new drugs. Our results suggest that the increase in the consumption of psychotropic drugs in the 1950s was not due to the introduction of new drugs as such.
Contrasting Effects of Two Kinds of Boredom on Alcohol Use
Authors: Orcutt James D.
Published: November 2015

Despite its prominence among common sense explanations of alcohol use and drinking problems, the phenomenon of boredom has received remarkably little attention among alcohol researchers. This study focuses on two distinctive kinds of boredom identified in an earlier survey and relates them to drinking behavior in a student sample. A scale of Existential Boredom (e.g., frequency of boredom, a lack of purpose in life) was found in multiple regression analyses to have a strong, positive relationship to frequency of alcohol use among males. A scale measuring Interpersonal Boredom (e.g., boredom with “small talk” versus feelings of “happiness with people”) was inversely related to quantity of alcohol consumed by both males and females. These and other findings suggest that the mundane situational experience of boredom has important consequences that are worthy of further sociological investigation.
Adolescent Drug Use and the Family Environment: A Review
Authors: Glynn Thomas J.
Published: November 2015

A broad based review was done which is not restricted to any particular drug or class of drugs, nor to any particular aspect of family interaction. The review attempts to identify the general family interactional and drug variables which potentially underly adolescent drug use. Of particular importance theoretically has been the development of homeostatic models, which depart from previous linear “cause and effect” models. Suggested variables for further assessment in regard to their relationship to adolescent drug use include birth order, family size, and family makeup (intactness) especially in regard to when parents divorced. Less research has been done on couple variables as opposed to family origin variables. Family dynamics hold much promise for study. Variables such as parental roles and parent-child relationships especially in terms of distance regulation and overinvolvement call for further study. Although these variables have been studied, numerous methodological problems often exist when they have been incorporated into studies.
Substance Abuse and Mexican American Youth: An Overview
Authors: Morales Armando
Published: November 2015

The reasons for substance abuse by Mexican American youth can be viewed from six viewpoints including: biological, cultural, psychological, family dynamics, socioeconomic status, and structural-environmental determinism. Cultural/historical use of alcohol in Mexican culture is best conceptualized as starting with ritualization of alcohol use in Aztec religious rites. The article then evaluates the existent literature from the six viewpoints. It is concluded from an in-depth review of the literature that little data-based cross-cultural work has been done documenting adolescent drug use patterns in Mexican American versus Anglo groups. In the data that exists Mexican American youth, by-and-large, do not have greater rates of use, except for those from the lowest socioeconomic status levels. The overall conclusion is that Mexican American youth drug use patterns may be less related to cultural factors and more related to poverty factors. Hence, intervention into the cycle of poverty and deprivation resulting directly from it is seen to be a critical necessity in reduction of youthful drug abuse in the Mexican American community.
Behavioral Family Therapy for Delinquent and Substance-Abusing Adolescents
Authors: Rueger Drue Barrett , Liberman Robert P.
Published: November 2015

Contingency contracting is an intervention modality (or tool) to enable families to change their reward patterns from maladaptive to more adaptive behavior patterns in relation to drug abusing and otherwise delinquent or socially non-compliant adolescent offspring. The five basic elements of the contract include: 1) Responsibilities, 2) Privileges, 3) Bonuses, 4) Penalties, and 5) Record Keeping. These elements are employed in an exchange model of social interaction with goals of increasing positive reinforcement and creating improved interpersonal relations. This is likely to involve interpersonal skills training, which can help clarify confusing communication and enable negotiation to occur free from explicit or subtle coercion. The actual Family Contracting Exercise has six basic phases. In Phase I, each party identifies the things they think would be rewarding to the other. In Phase II, each party identifies rewards for themselves. In Phase III, each party places priorities on rewards previously described. In Phase IV, family empathy is built. In Phase V, each party identifies how hard they think it will be to provide or do the things which the other has identified as rewarding or reinforcing. In Phase VI, actual negotiating or bargaining for a contract takes place. Details of the actual verbal and nonverbal behaviors involved in communication skills which lead to successful contracting are described. A review of the results of studies is done which have utilized this technique with delinquent or drug-abusing adolescents.
Targeting of Magazine Alcohol Beverage Advertisements
Authors: Strickland Donald E. , Finn T. Andrew
Published: November 2015

This paper presents an analysis of targeting in a sample of 3, 131 alcohol beverage advertisements appearing in forty-two national circulation magazines. An analytic framework is provided which distinguishes structural targeting from content targeting of alcohol ads. Analysis of structural targeting, or the disproportionate concentration of alcohol beverage ads in magazines geared to different population subgroups, shows higher than expected concentrations in black-oriented, men's, and arts/science magazines and relatively low concentrations of alcohol beverage ads in magazines oriented to women and youth. Content targeting through the use of human models is evident in black-oriented magazines and certain types of women's magazines yet far less prevalent in youth-oriented publications. The article concludes with a discussion of the interpretive assumptions imbedded in research on targeting.
Alcohol and Social Policy: An Historical Perspective on Evolving Intervention Strategies
Authors: Damkot David K. , Meyer Elizabeth
Published: November 2015

This paper provides an historical analysis of social policy development on problems of alcohol abuse in the United States. The discussion focuses upon the application of intervention strategies within the context of time and concepts of abuse. Informational, valuational, regulational, and technical strategies are identified and traced from the early 1600's to the present. The uses of these intervention strategies occurred in an ordered sequence, and developed to the current admixture of all four strategies. Intervention responsibilities also have expanded from individual and family to organized groups and government agencies.
The Cannabis-Cocaine Connection: A Comparative Study of Use and Users
Authors: Murray Glenn F.
Published: November 2015

This paper reviews the literature on trends in the use of cannabis and cocaine; describes their context of use; and, makes a comparative analysis of data on cannabis and cocaine users. There are many differences between cannabis and cocaine which can be seen in their pharmacology, appearance, method of use and price. However, this study shows that: (1) there is a “connection” between these two substances; (2) cocaine now appears to be occupying a position akin to that of cannabis in the late 1960s; and (3) there are many similarities between the two drug-using groups. Also, it suggests that we should draw upon our more extensive experience with cannabis in any effort to deal with the emergence of increasing cocaine use.
Male and Female Applicants for Alcoholism Treatment: A Study of Differential Staff Attitudes
Authors: Rice Cheryl Gillen , Shaw Jeffrey S.
Published: November 2015

Seventy-one staff members in four alcoholism treatment facilities were administered questionnaires regarding the appropriateness for treatment of two prospective patients described by case summaries, a thirty-eight year old teacher and a fifty-nine year old indigent homeless person. To assess whether female applicants would be less desirably received than males, for half of the respondents the teacher summary was male and the indigent female, while for the other half, the sex assignments were reversed. Female teachers were considered less appropriate for individual therapy/counseling, evening outpatient clinics were considered less appropriate for female teachers, while inpatient rehabilitation units and daytime outpatient clinics were deemed less appropriate for the female indigents.

Contrary to formulated hypotheses, female indigents were considered more appropriate for admission than male indigents and were preferred for the modalities of group therapy, individual therapy, and marital and family therapy. Furthermore, female staff were less likely than male staff to consider female teachers appropriate for treatment and female staff were more likely to refer male teachers for vocational counseling. Implications of the study's findings are discussed.
The Pleasure Principle in Addiction
Authors: Peele Stanton
Published: November 2015

Both lay people and addiction theorists often explain drug abuse and addiction in terms of the pleasure the addict derives from a drug. This “pleasure principle” model does not succeed in explaining either the initiation or continuation of drug abuse or other compulsive, self-destructive behavior. Examinations of the rewards addicts report from addiction to drugs and to other involvements point instead toward a desire to modify experience by making it less burdensome or painful. Implications for how addicts become able eventually to dismiss addictive rewards are discussed.
The Drug Career
Authors: Frykholm Bo
Published: November 2015

Earlier researchers have described the process of addiction as a development in three stages: the experimental, the adaptational and the compulsive. The author describes the process of de-addiction in three stages: the ambivalent, the treatment and the emancipatory. The concept of the drug career as a process is considered valuable in the treatment context, in the study of the natural course of drug dependence and in the comparison of outcome results. In this paper the six stages of the addictive and the de-addictive processes as are defined and described from a clinically oriented point of view. Two patient materials, the first collected at an in-patient clinic for drug addicts, the second at a staff-free self-help community for drug addicts are presented and compared. The self-help community seems to represent a selection of a larger proportion of addicts in the treatment stage. Finally a clinical scale to predict severity of addiction is outlined.
The Sociocultural View of Heroin Use: Toward a Role-Theoretic Model
Authors: Stephens Richard C.
Published: November 2015

There is a growing body of ethnographic literature which documents the existence of a heroin street addict lifestyle. Drawing on both this literature and symbolic interactionist and role theory, this paper develops a hypothesis oriented theory of heroin use. Empirical support for the theory is presented.
The Drugs/Violence Nexus: A Tripartite Conceptual Framework
Authors: Goldstein Paul J.
Published: November 2015

Drug use and drug trafficking are examined as etiological factors in the creation of violence. A conceptual framework is presented for examining the drugs/violence nexus. Drugs and violence are seen as being related in three possible ways: the psychopharmacological, the economically compulsive, and the systemic. Each of these models is examined in depth. The quality of data available in existing national crime data bases to explicate these relationships is assessed.