bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Public expenditure rate and economic growth
Authors: Senjur Marjan
Published: July 2002

All post‐socialist countries began the transition process towards a market economy with very high shares of public expenditures in their gross domestic product. The policy question these countries face is whether to decrease the public expenditure rate (PER), and if so, to what level. Another question is whether the change in the PER will affect their economic growth perspectives. Seeks to answer these questions. Discusses the theoretical relation between PER and the rate of economic growth, defines growth neutral public expenditure rate and estimates it empirically. Assesses the empirical relationship between PER and economic growth rate in a cross‐country analysis, and presents findings that economic growth in the cross‐country analysis cannot be explained by the public expenditure rate, nor by the deviations from growth neutral PER.
Musings on vertical integration
Authors: Baumol William J.
Published: July 2002

Studies the theory of vertical integration, and examines the benefits both to the firm and to society. Looks at the reasons which might precipitate an increase in integration: technical economies of scope; economics of internal production resulting from market failure; and pursuit of aggrandizement or monopoly power. Presents a parity pricing formula which proves that parity pricing is necessary for economic efficiency. Concludes that no firm can be described as totally unintegrated; rather it is a matter of optimal degree.
Democracy and environment
Authors: Doeleman Jacobus A.
Published: July 2002

Focuses on recent environmental decline and market failure to account adequately for environmental values. Looks beyond economics and market failure, and highlights the role of politics and government failure. To remedy poor political performance in respect of the environment, advances the primacy of constitutional reform, entailing the prescription of minimum environmental safeguards. Recommends greater use of referenda as well as the electoral system of proportional representation. In respect of the international and global dimensions of environmental problems, stresses the need for a supranational constitution or charter to restrain single sovereign nations from blocking the united welfare of countries.
The effect of minimum wage on employment and wages in Israeli industry
Authors: Luski I. , Weinblatt J.
Published: July 2002

Estimates the effect of a minimum wage on the level of employment and on wages in Israeli industry. The findings surprisingly suggest that both labour demand and supply decrease after the institution of a minimum wage. Thus, employment is reduced while wages remain practically unchanged.
Michael Polanyi’s interpretation of history: three revolutions that changed the world
Authors: Hill Lewis E. , von Ende Eleanor T.
Published: July 2002

Explains that Michael Polanyi was an internationally reputed philosopher who may be remembered as the greatest epistemologist of the twentieth century. The one aspect of his philosophy which has been neglected is his philosophy of history. Sets out to explicate Polanyi’s interpretation of the history of the late modern period. He emphasized the historical importance of three revolutions: the French Revolution; the Bolshevik Revolution; and the Hungarian Revolution. Polanyi called for a return to traditional moral values, such as truth, justice, and love. Presents a clarification of Polanyi’s interpretation of late modern history which it is hoped will contribute to the resolution of the crisis which threatens contemporary civilization.
Clarence Edwin Ayres and John Kenneth Galbraith: from instrumental institutionalism to the new industrial state
Authors: Hill Lewis E.
Published: July 2002

Aims to describe and to explicate the economic thought of two creative and profound scholars who are in the tradition of institutionalism: Clarence Edwin Ayres and John Kenneth Galbraith. Analyses the major scholarly works of each of these insightful interpreters of the contemporary social and political economy and compares and contrasts them in such a manner as to reveal the similarities and differences between their respective systems of economic thought. Divides into five parts: the introduction, a section on the theories of Ayres and one on the theories of Galbraith, a comparison of the respective works of Ayres and Galbraith in which the similarities and differences are specified, and the conclusion.
Explaining the success of community and informal economies
Authors: Nienhaus Volker , Brauksiepe Ralf
Published: July 2002

Posits that the disappointing results of external and formal development aid in recent decades have drawn increasing attention to co‐operatives and other community or informal economies which are often attributed a more promising developmental potential due to the shared values of the group members and their identification with collectable goals. Gives the example of the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh which often serves as the prime example of this assumption. Examines how far these factors ‐ which are beyond the scope of traditional economic theory ‐ influence the success of organizations. Concludes that rather mutual social control conditions of a geographically immobile and homogeneous population in a small rural community must be regarded as the basis of the success of community and informal economies.
Economic development and institutional factors affecting income distribution: the case of Iran, 1967‐1993
Authors: Doessel D.P. , Valadkhani Abbas
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between economic development and income distribution for Iran. Using time series data for the period 1967‐1993, it is found that there is no significant relationship between the Gini coefficient for household expenditure and per capita income. This result means there is no evidence in Iran, for the period analysed here, of there being a U‐relationship between these two variables as suggested by Kuznets. However, the empirical econometric results lend support for the view that institutional or structural variables affect income distribution. This paper has four policy messages for Iranian decision makers. First, income inequality can be reduced by stimulating the goods‐producing sectors of the economy such as agriculture, manufacturing etc. Second, expansion of most of the service sectors, such as trade, real estate etc., in Iran, because of the association in such sectors with rent seeking behaviour, is found to be positively related to inequality. Third, government subsidies and transfers have not decreased income inequality in Iran. On the contrary, the empirical evidence indicates that government transfers have exacerbated inequality. Fourth, government per capita expenditures (current and capital) have played an important role in alleviating relative poverty.
Values, co‐operation and lifetime employment
Authors: Arai Kazuhiro
Published: July 2002

Many types of work in an organization can be characterized by high degrees of discretion on the part of interdependent workers. Thus their productivity increases if effective co‐operation can be achieved in this game situation. This paper will analyze the relationships among the values individuals possess, their co‐operative behavior, and cultural and institutional factors that affect the outcomes of games played within an organization. Under lifetime employment some values (and beliefs) generate more co‐operation and increase productivity. Moreover, lifetime employment per se, as well as its effects through communication, persuasion, etc., change workers’ values in favor of co‐operation. In particular, it will be shown by an experiment that co‐operative workers will not be victims if communication and/or persuasion is undertaken suitably. It will also be argued that culture is an important determinant of the prevalence of lifetime employment in a society.
Tracking the poor: the making of wealth and poverty in Thailand (1982‐1994)
Authors: Rigg Jonathan
Published: July 2002

The paper tracks 77 households in two villages in Northeastern Thailand over a period of 12 years between 1982 and 1994. The survey data show that the “original” poor of 1982 have improved their position both absolutely and relatively, and the so‐styled “emergent” poor of 1994 comprise, in large part, a different set of households. The paper highlights the extent to which poor households are not condemned to poverty. This is explained largely in terms of the declining importance of agriculture in determining patterns of well‐being and the concomitant increase in the role of non‐farm activities.
Macroeconomic insights on the liberalised trading regime of Thailand
Authors: Dias Karunaratne Neil
Published: July 2002

This study reviews the emergence of Thailand in the 1990s as the Fifth Tiger economy of Asia following the regime switch from an import substitution to export oriented industrialisation policy. A Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model was formulated to analyse the macroeconomic and sectoral implications of implementing trade liberalisation policies in Thailand. The theoretical structure, database underpinning the model and the solution technique used to generate empirical results are explained. The simulation of trade liberalisation policy has been proxied by an across‐the‐board tariff cut on the sectoral imports. The comparative statics of both the macroeconomic and sectoral effects of trade liberalisation policy simulation over the decade ending in the year 2000 are analysed in detail. The study concludes with some observations on the controversy surrounding the distributional effects of trade liberalisation in Thailand.
Quality‐adjusted life years (qalys) versus willingness to pay in matters of life and death
Authors: Ng Yew‐Kwang
Published: July 2002

Qalys (quality‐adjusted life years) are used to make judgements about resource allocation in medical care and other matters. Since this may involve the qalys of prospective individuals (who are not yet born but may be born under some relevant alternative and not in another), the use of qalys involves a fundamental philosophical problem related to optimal population, believed to be “insoluble”. This paper provides a solution to this problem that is based on the classical utilitarian position modified to account for the partiality of existing people towards their own welfare. However, a different difficulty with qalys is raised since the use of qalys may be Pareto inefficient in comparison to using willingness to pay. The objection to willingness to pay based on inequality is responded to.
Toward an ethics of corporate restructuring
Authors: Champlin Dell
Published: July 2002

Corporate restructuring has had a profound impact on the US economy. While the problems of restructuring have been discussed in great detail, the solutions are elusive. What can or should be done to mitigate the impacts of restructuring on workers, communities, and society at large? The stumbling‐block to finding an answer to this question is the lack of a satisfactory ethical framework for evaluating restructuring decisions. The purpose of this essay is to develop such a framework. The first part of the paper reviews the ethical guidance provided by the standard theory of the firm. The second part explores an alternative framework based on the work of Elizabeth Anderson. Her “expressive theory of rational action” offers a more promising framework for evaluating management decisions with significant costs to society.
The idea of natural law and the moral content of economics
Authors: Riha Tomas J. F.
Published: July 2002

Attempts to trace the evolution of the major ideas of the natural law and in this way shed some light on the ethical contents of economics. Asks the reader to ponder some of the perennial questions such as: What is primary, ego or social association? Is man a social animal by nature? Is man a political animal? Is the justification for human existence to be found in the individual alone or in the social whole? Is society a synthesis of individuals, or does it contain something more than the simple totality of individuals?
LEISURE ‐ Leisure in the economic thought of John Paul II
Authors: Stockhausen Gerard
Published: July 2002

In the thought of John Paul II, an accurate understanding of the human person includes the relationship of economic life to full human life. Just as human work is essential to human life lived in imitation of God, so is rest and leisure. Lacking a clear sense of leisure, human beings try to reach their fulfillment by increasing their possessions. As a result they give complete priority to the economic order, making it an end in itself rather than a means to the common good. They get caught up in consumerism, thinking that material possessions will bring them happiness, and thereby become willing to accept the destruction of God’s gift of creation, if only they can have more material things. This essay explores the connections between work, leisure, consumerism, and the environment primarily inCentesimus Annus(1991),Laborem Exercens(1981) andSollicitudo Rei Socialis(1987).
DEVELOPMENT ‐ Principles for integral human development in Sollicitudo Rei Socialis
Authors: Kraemer Barbara
Published: July 2002

John Paul II’s encyclical, Sollicitudo Rei Socialis, written 20 years after Paul VI’s encyclical Populorum Progressio on development, reiterates principles of that letter and addresses the need to go beyond a purely economic concept of development to promote authentic human development for persons and society. Continuing problems on the world scene have led to questions about the adequacy of traditional economic development theories/strategies and policies of international organizations, if the goal is to improve the condition of humanity and not only achieve certain macroeconomic standards of growth. The peoples of developing countries experience obstacles to human progress because of the structures and policies of their governments, and because of their dependence on decisions made by industrialized nations. John Paul II’s systemic approach to social concerns is effective in questioning the values underlying current policies and operations, and in presenting an alternative, more complete concept of development for the world to consider.
Globalization, new production concepts and income distribution
Authors: Manders A.J.C. , Brenner Y.S.
Published: July 2002

The paper gives a brief description of the transformation on a global scale of the old international production concept of mass production towards the new global concept of lean production as an explanation for the increasing inequality in income distribution since the 1980s. The information is based on research of the electronics industry. The salient point is that mass production heavily depends on conveyor‐belt work, while lean production (batch size one) is increasingly relying on sub‐contracting (co‐makership, just‐in‐time delivery) which is part of the strategy of large suppliers to concentrate production on their core activities, on global sourcing and on coalition‐forming. The former left room for low qualified employment and “on the job training”, while the concentration on core activities etc. tends to redirect work to highly remunerated but decreasing employment in large enterprises, and to poorly rewarded work in an increasing number of smaller subcontractor and co‐maker firms. The risks involved for income distribution are self‐evident.
The dynamics of corporate culture: conception and theory
Authors: Brinkman Richard L.
Published: July 2002

This paper analyzes and explains the dynamics of corporate evolution in the context of anthropologist conception of culture. The multinational corporate characterizing the Galbraithian world, as The New Industrial State, dominates the current economic landscape. The conception of corporate culture and its dynamics lays bare the locus of corporate power which resides in the control of corporate technology. Granting this dynamic, the question then arises concerning the agency which controls the application and use of this cumulated corporate power. Corporate power and policy in the USA are currently directed by a social institution in the form of profits without social responsibility. This policy is manifest in a “low road” of cost reduction. Such a policy direction exacerbates rather than ameliorates the current economic malaise now characterizing the US economy.
Tradition and modernity in the performing arts of the Tibetans
Authors: Mackerras Colin
Published: July 2002

This paper discusses some aspects of the performing arts of the Tibetans and attempts to analyze how they have fared within the context of an extremely large and modernizing state, where since the late 1970s modernization has been accompanied by a contrary revival of traditions. It argues that performing arts traditions remain powerful among the Tibetans and takes issue with the frequently heard notion that Tibetan culture is being destroyed. It contends, however, that the acceleration of modernization in the coming decades could weaken the tradition in Tibetan culture by affecting its link with the society which feeds it. But what is likely to develop is a changed Tibetan culture, with more place given to those features we know as modernity. On the other hand, the traditions are most unlikely to die out in the foreseeable future. The topical focus of the article is on the performing arts, especially the related forms of drama, balladry and dance. The period of focus is that since the early 1980s, and especially the 1990s.
Social policy in Kazakstan during the economic transition
Authors: Griffin Keith
Published: July 2002

The economic, social and demographic consequences of the transition from central planning to a more market‐oriented system in Kazakstan have been severe. The causes of the calamity are analyzed in this paper and the effects on human development of a poorly formulated transition strategy are documented. A revised strategy is then suggested which focuses on: macroeconomic stabilization; policies to increase the rate of investment; the creation of an appropriate incentive structure; the promotion of small and medium enterprises; a guaranteed jobs scheme on a public investment programme; and the provision of social protection services to cope with residual poverty.
Women, common property resources and livestock husbandry in Thai villages
Authors: Kehren Tatjana
Published: July 2002

In many Asian countries, women play a significant but varying role in the management of livestock and the use of common resources plays an important role in animal husbandry, and can affect the health of some types of livestock. This paper concentrates on village livestock in Thailand and makes use of survey data as well as national statistics. It first of all outlines the nature and development of livestock industries in Thailand. It then considers the role which women play in the village livestock economy in relation to cattle and buffalo, particularly dairying, and in the keeping of poultry and pigs. The extent to which women are involved in maintaining the health of livestock is considered. Both village bovines and poultry utilise common property resources to a considerable extent in Thailand. This has implications for the economics and productivity of keeping village livestock, the healthiness of such livestock and the spread of livestock diseases.
Water pricing issues in a developing country
Authors: Joshua Madida Nyoni Myengwa
Published: July 2002

Zimbabwe is a small developing country that has been independent for 17 years. In its short post‐colonial history it has been attempting to grapple with lessening the imbalances on resource distribution, like land, water and other natural resources, from its colonial path. The path towards achieving “growth and equity” in the economy has not been easy. It has moved from a centrist approach to one that is governed by market forces ushered in by economic reforms that encourage deregulation of state controls. Water pricing policy and distribution are reviewed, in the light of this background. Some key issues relating to institutions, legislation, and economic theory considerations in the management of scarce water resources are discussed in the light of Zimbabwe’s experience.
Institutional change in UK health and local authorities
Authors: McMaster Robert
Published: July 2002

The programme of market‐oriented reforms to the UK’s welfare state commenced during the 1980s with the implementation of the competitive tendering of certain defined activities in health and local authorities. This paper argues that mainstream economic analysis offers only a very partial analysis of this policy; merely reducing investigation to a comparison of costs across alternative governance arrangements. It is contended that the old institutionalist account of institutional change provides a richer anaytical vein. The paper concisely applies this in a survey of 21 authorities. Results indicate that the policy engendered change in the values correlating behaviour by partially supressing established welfarist values. There was also some deterioration in trust between parties with the formalisation of relationships, although this varied between health and local authorities. The new contracting environment and decline in staff morale may have contributed to increased rigidities.
Reconciling “weak” and “strong” sustainability
Authors: Hediger Werner
Published: July 2002

A conceptual and analytical approach is presented to reconcile weak and strong sustainability. It involves a reconsideration of the conception of total capital from an ecological‐economic system perspective. In particular, natural capital is classified into non‐renewable resources, renewable resources that are harvested, and those that are not used in production. Strong sustainability is defined in terms of constant environmental quality. Weak sustainability is characterised by non‐decreasing value of aggregate income and environmental quality, and formalised in terms of a “preference‐based social value function”. Ecosystem resilience and basic human needs are introduced as minimum sustainability requirements, and a “sustainability‐based social value function” is proposed, which is sensitive to potentially irreversible changes at the boundaries of the restricted opportunity space. It implies higher values associated to the trade‐offs between income and the environment than the preference‐based function, and the fact that sustainable development is only feasible if both minimum criteria are fulfilled.
Unemployment trends in Russia of the 1990s
Authors: Raiklin Ernest
Published: July 2002

The year of 1992 witnessed liberalization of the price system in Russia (Tseny v Rossiiskoi Federatsii, 1994, p. 5). As a result, all that was hidden and suppressed became open and free to move. This was especially true for unemployment in the country. Since 1992, Russia has experienced growing unemployment accompanied by a decline in the labor force and employment. Accordingly, the paper examines unemployment trends in Russia during the period of 1992‐1996 based on available official Russian statistics. The paper relies exclusively on Russian sources as the primary information on the transitional macroeconomic developments in the country.
Equilibrium and opportunism: information strategies and the new environment
Authors: Michalko James
Published: July 2002

The substance of this article was prepared for and delivered as the keynote address at the Joint Information Systems Committee’s Electronic Libraries Conference, “Information Ecologies: The Impact of New Information Species,” 2‐4 December 1998, York, UK. With a prefatory warning about the useful limits of metaphor, the ecological principles of equilibrium, opportunism, symbiosis and ecological succession are applied to the information economy. The potential implications for publishers, libraries, and new information types are explored.
Instructive travel: comparing Polish and Western European systems of teaching library and information science
Authors: Kisilowska Malgorzata
Published: July 2002

Describes basic assumptions of the Polish curricula and methods of teaching library and information science in the light of experiences gained during a visit to a British university department of library and information science. Traditional and mostly theoretical ways of teaching shall now be changed and adapted to economic and market transformation in Poland. We are now preparing to divide the current five year MA courses into: three‐year BA and two‐year MA courses in both full‐time and part‐time modes. We will also offer different paths (specialisations), according to market needs and job requirements for our graduates. This impacts on course content with less theory and more practice skills. It is hoped that this will change the public stereotype of librarians into well‐prepared information professionals.
Carmel Mountain Ranch Community Library
Authors: Steele Mark W.
Published: July 2002

The Carmel Mountain Ranch Library was completed in San Diego, California, to high expectations and enthusiastic response from the design and library community. The building ventures into unusual territory, experimenting with natural light, natural ventilation and outdoor spaces integrated into the operation of the building. The sum total of these design concepts result in an unusual building form that has become a community landmark. The library is at the centre of Carmel Mountain Ranch, a newly‐planned community in the desert foothills north of San Diego. The architect was commissioned by the master community developer to design a building for the City of San Diego Library system. As a response to the hot climate of the area, the San Diego Gas and Electric Co’s energy conservation program, “Savings by Design” was used to design the air‐conditioning system combining mechanical and natural cooling. The library and its architect have been the recipients of local, state and national design awards from the American Institute of Architects and American Library Association.
Providing digital opportunities through public libraries: the Canadian example
Authors: Erickson Carol A.
Published: July 2002

This article describes the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s work in providing grants to public libraries in low‐income communities above the 60th parallel in Canada. Through its Canadian Partnership program, the foundation granted $18.2 million to 1,466 libraries throughout the country, funding the purchase of over 4,000 computers, 27 training labs, and 16 laptop training labs. The area described in the article includes some of Canada’s most remote regions and required unique efforts to bring Internet access and information technology to low‐income communities in the territories of the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. The computers helped many residents with literacy skills, increased job opportunities, and provided a host of other advantages. The foundation’s experience proved that the long‐range benefits to communities are only truly seen when such initiatives are community‐driven.
San Francisco’s new Main Library
Authors: Page Kathryn
Published: July 2002

San Francisco’s new Main Library opened in 1996 to great acclaim and increased use by the public. Several controversies related to the library system’s management and budget dogged the new building’s first year of operation. This article summarizes the design requirements and organization of the building, the reasons for the controversies and the relationship of the building to the controversies. The successes and failures of the building are enumerated along with mitigation measures under way and planned.
Future information infrastructure as a base for the knowledge society ‐ a comparison of librarianship in East and West
Authors: Simon Elisabeth , Stroetmann Karl A.
Published: July 2002

The cultural determination of information behaviour is deeply influencing the way information is looked for, used and handled. Therefore, libraries in Central and Eastern Europe show, to a certain extent, the same characteristics due to the centralist information environment of the previous socialist rule. However, the deeply rooted belief in education and knowledge which was the pursued idea, regardless of frequent misuse by the Communist government may, in comparison to Western countries, ease the way into a knowledge society. The newly created information infrastructure in all European countries due to the technological development which will change libraries, for example in Germany, could be useless, or maybe even dangerous, without being embedded in a solid base of learning and knowledge.
User‐oriented evaluation of library and information centre Web sites
Authors: Clausen Helge
Published: July 2002

A great deal of effort has been invested in promoting high quality Web pages in general. Long lists of criteria of “good” Web pages have been proposed. So far, not many studies have been dealing with the specific problems of library and information centre Web sites. Among these studies the majority have rather been using quantitative methods. What is needed, however, are user‐oriented evaluation studies using qualitative methods dealing specifically with Web sites of libraries and information centres. An ongoing Danish study aims at developing new methods of user‐oriented evaluation of library and information centre Web pages. Main areas investigated are: Design and structure; information quality; links and navigation; visual quality; and updating. The findings from some theoretical considerations and a pilot study are presented. A preliminary evaluation method is discussed.
The UNIverse Project: a review of progress up to the demonstration phase
Authors: Murray Robin , Smith Neil , Pettman Ian
Published: July 2002

Reviews the progress of the UNIverse Project, a large‐scale open distributed libraries demonstration project supported by the European Commission’s Telematics for Libraries Programme. Concentrates on the technical achievements of the first two phases of the contract and indicates some technical problems encountered. Describes the development of the special interest groups and the plans for the final stage (the demonstration and evaluation phase) including progress to January 1999. Outlines the work remaining in the demonstration phase including the evaluation and proposed exploitation plans as well as a new task focussing on business and economic issues.
Library supply: an extended view of competition
Authors: Muir Lindsey
Published: July 2002

In September 1995 the UK Publishers Association decided to abandon the Net Book Agreement (NBA). This has had major repercussions on all sectors of the book trade but the library sector is the segment most affected by its change. This article looks at how the collapse of the NBA has led to major changes in the competitive environment of library supply. It achieves this through the application of a well established model of competition in business strategy. The article concludes that there have been major changes in the competitive environment of library supply and these have had a knock‐on effect on industry profitability. The industry is still highly unstable with the new rules of the game yet to be established. Firms need to identify how their own position in the industry has changed and develop a strategy to make any new rules work in their favour.
Networking scenario in India
Authors: Subba Rao Siriginidi
Published: July 2002

Highlights the networking scenario in India by listing the general communication networks, viz. INDONET, NICNET, GPSS, RABMN, I‐NET, and specialized information networks, viz. ERNET, INFLIBNET, BTISNET, DELNET, SIRNET, CALIBNET, MALIBNET, MYLIBNET, etc. Concludes that India has drawn up ambitious plans and remains to see the benefits that could derive in employing these facilities in improving the socio‐economic status of its citizens.
The effectiveness of direct response radio commercials
Authors: Verhoef Peter C. , Hoekstra Janny C. , van Aalst Marcel
Published: July 2002

Radio is becoming increasingly popular as an advertising medium. At the same time, more and more companies are integrating direct marketing in their communication strategies. Considers the influence of the day of the week, the time of the day, the position of an ad in the commercial break, the length of the commercial break and the type of the preceding program on two effectiveness measures: responses per rating point and responses per cost using a field experiment. A total of 111 commercial spots, covering two campaigns, were broadcast on two radio stations in The Netherlands. Tobit analysis is used to test the influence of the different variables. The most effective direct response radio commercials are those broadcast on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday and those broadcast between 2.00 p.m. and 4.00 p.m.
Global corporate visual identity systems: using an extended marketing mix
Authors: Melewar T.C. , Saunders John
Published: July 2002

Designers have used Corporate Visual Identity Systems (CVIS) to widen the communications mix. Using name, symbol and/or logo, typography, colour and slogan, a CVIS helps transmit a company’s visual identity through fixed assets, such as buildings, vehicles and other business collateral. This wider view of business communications adds an eighth P, publications, to the seven Ps of service marketing: product, price, place, promotion, participants, physical evidence and process. Managerial literature suggests that firms who standardise their CVIS anticipate communications benefits beyond the usual marketing mix. A comparison of multinational companies with and without standardised CVIS supports this view.
Why divide consumer and organizational buyer behaviour?
Authors: Wilson Dominic F.
Published: July 2002

The implicit distinction in the buyer behaviour literature between the contexts of consumer markets and organizational markets has lead to a bifurcated approach to the development of buyer behaviour theory. While useful, even necessary, for teaching and planning purposes, this distinction is inhibiting the development of a generic theory of buyer behaviour and should be questioned. Once the weaknesses of distinguishing so fundamentally between organizations and individuals in terms of their buying behaviour are clarified, a number of key concepts in organizational buyer behaviour clearly require rethinking. More comprehensive empirical research is needed to develop a rigorous theory of buyer behaviour capable of generic application, with appropriate contextual adjustment. The paper explores these issues and suggests some possible conceptual starting points for an integrated classification of buyer behaviour.
Family decision making and coalition patterns
Authors: Kwai‐Choi Lee Christina , Collins Brett A.
Published: July 2002

Although conflict resolution in family decision‐making processes has been a key topic in consumer behaviour research, very few studies have considered the impact of children on decision outcomes. Observation is used in this study to determine the relative influence of family members and the dominant decision‐making strategies that are used. Observational data are derived from videotaped recordings of family interactions during a simulated decision‐making situation. The paper begins with an overview of the decision‐making strategies used during the conflict resolution stage, discusses how the formation of coalitions influences the decision, and considers the role of gender and gender composition of children in family decision making. This is followed by the results, which indicate how these factors influence the family decision‐making process for nuclear families with two adolescent children.
Research in marketing: teasing with trivia or risking relevance?
Authors: Piercy Nigel F.
Published: July 2002

There are many suggestions that marketing is a discipline in decline and distress, or experiencing a “mid‐life crisis” (though one from which it may not recover). At the heart of these problems lies the fact that much research in marketing appears trivial and irrelevant to practitioners of marketing. Researching trivial and obsolete topics, even with the most sophisticated research methodology conceivable, does not merely exacerbate the divide between academics and practitioners in marketing, it threatens the place of marketing in the business‐school curriculum. The alternative is the adoption of research and publishing strategies for impact with diverse audiences, taking research priorities from practice, and demanding the right to conduct research‐led teaching in marketing.
Trading Companies and Small and Medium‐sized Firms:
Functional Roles in International Commercial Relations
Authors: Mattsson Jan
Published: July 2002

Trading companies face global competitive pressures to adapt their
roles and strategies. Even Swedish trading companies, although
specialised in terms of products and on overseas markets, have
experienced more difficult competition. However, little or no research
has been done on the commercial interaction of Swedish trading companies
in relation to small and medium‐sized firms as potential strategic
partners for the future. In this study, therefore, 14 in‐depth case
studies were carried out, from a dual perspective, primarily to
investigate the functional roles of these partners in their commercial
relations. The selection of cases was made from the results of an
initial national survey of existing relations. Different role patterns
were found, some dominated by firms and others dominated by trading
companies. Notably, chi‐square statistical dependencies were found in
favour of firms taking responsibility for product generation and trading
companies carrying responsibility for sales and contract execution. It
is therefore suggested that trading companies take more responsibility
for product generation as a future strategy to cope with problems of
product complexity and in‐house technical competence.
Measuring Inherent Product Values
Authors: Mattsson Jan
Published: July 2002

Values have become a subject of growing interest, and are now
generally accepted as an important factor in marketing research.
However, value research that relies solely on a simple first‐order value
paradigm, faces certain conceptual difficulties. By using a radically
different formal value theory in a new approach to values, a method for
measuring inherent product values directly as perceived by buyer groups
is developed. The discriminatory power of this method has been tested on
seven small samples of two product classes and two different models of
the same brands. Clear discriminatory results were generated between
product classes and brands but slight differences only were found
between models of the same brand.
Normative and Positive Aspects of Socialist Marketing
Policy in Transition – Some Hungarian Reform‐Based Lessons
Authors: Naor Jacob
Published: July 2002

Marketing policy concerns have been receiving increasing attention
from Socialist policy makers within the last two decades, often as
central components of overall reform efforts. Normative frameworks
underlying Socialist marketing policy, as well as its equity and
efficiency components are presented, and positive applications drawn
from Hungarian Socialist experience are provided. Particular attention
is given to the strategy of focusing on areas of “interest
overlap”, which underlies such efforts. The Hungarian experience
deserves close attention since it may well be seen as a precursor of
future bloc‐wide developments.
Consumers′ Attitudes towards Marketing Practices,
Consumerism and Government Regulations: Cross‐national Perspectives
Authors: Rajan Varadarajan P. , Thirunarayana P.N.
Published: July 2002

A survey of consumer attitudes towards marketing practices,
consumerism and government regulations in India, an industrialising
country, revealed a high level of consumer discontent and support for
the consumerism movement. A comparison of the results of the survey of
consumers in India with the results of a prior study of consumers in six
industrialised countries revealed certain similarities as well as
differences, thus providing additional empirical insights into the
validity of the consumerism life cycle concept.
The Relationship between Exporters from a Developing
Country and Importers based in a Developed Country: Conflict
Considerations
Authors: Katsikeas Constantine S. , Piercy Nigel F.
Published: July 2002

Understanding buyer‐seller relationships in marketing channels
relies on modelling conflict, yet little research concerning this
question has been conducted in the context of exporter marketing
channels. This article focuses on certain conflict‐related aspects of
the exporter‐importer trading relationship. The research involves Greek
exporters and importers in the UK, and reveals relatively low degrees of
conflict. This leads to the identification of both managerial
implications and future research directions.
Marketing in the Age of Intelligence: The Case for Control
Authors: Anderson Wilton Thomas , Hoyer Wayne D.
Published: July 2002

Revolutionising advances in computer and communication technology
have pushed intelligence about the environment to the top of an
organisation′s resource priorities, and organisations into the
“Age of Intelligence”. Marketing is increasingly defined and
driven by a managerial philosophy that explicitly acknowledges the
intelligence dependence of the organisation in controlling relationships
with key people who control critical demands and constraints in an
environment of ceaseless change. The core concept of the emerging new
managerial philosophy is the control concept.
Organizational Buying Outcomes and Their Effects on
Subsequent Decisions
Authors: Barclay Donald W.
Published: July 2002

In organizational buying, the outcomes of one purchase decision,
and activities in the post‐decision period, affect how the next related
decision is approached. Here a taxonomy is developed to organize buying
decision outcomes. Using an established conceptualization of the buying
centre and buying decision process, a propositional inventory of how
selected outcomes may impact aspects of subsequent organizational buying
decisions is also suggested. This leads to implications for marketing
managers and to directions for further research.
A Comparative Study of Operational Marketing Practices
among British Department Stores and Supermarkets
Authors: Greenley Gordon E. , Shipley David
Published: July 2002

There is a dearth of empirical analysis of how and to what extent
British retailers fit marketing activities to sectoral conditions.
Reviews relevant literature and tests propositions concerning the
relative importance of marketing activities in two retail sectors. Finds
many cross‐sectoral similarities and many consistent differences, which
appear to be related to situational conditions in the respective
sectors.
Perceived Risk: Further Considerations for the Marketing
Discipline
Authors: Stone Robert N. , Grønhaug Kjell
Published: July 2002

Examines the construct of perceived risk, as used in consumer and
marketing research. In the light of the shortcomings of past research,
develops and tests three hypotheses. Findings show that the risk
dimensions proposed in the literature (i.e. financial, psychological,
social, performance, physical and time‐related risk) capture a very high
fraction of perceived overall risk, and that a parsimonious structure of
the risk concept exists as the other risk dimensions are mediated
through individual psychological risk. Implications are highlighted.
Industrial Product Elimination Decisions: Some Complex
Issues
Authors: Vyas Niren M.
Published: July 2002

Industrial product management benefits from efforts to distinguish
more clearly between product elimination and product replacement
problems. Two basic approaches to the product elimination problem are
contained in literature: the theoretical/normative approach to modelling
the decision process, and the empirical approach based in observation,
description and analysis, of how firms actually detect and eliminate or
replace weak products. Several authors have commented about the
difficulty of reconciling apparent differences in the two approaches.
Reports an intensive involvement in an in‐depth case history of a major
firm′s behaviour when confronted by a significant product elimination
decision. This study attempts to bridge the gap between theory and
practice and suggests several propositions that await verification.
Cross‐national Evaluation of Made‐in Concept Using Multiple
Cues
Authors: Ahmed Sadrudin A. , d′Astous Alain
Published: July 2002

Investigates the effects of three countries of origin, three brand
names and three levels of price and service on consumers′ perceptions of
the purchase value of an automobile. Based on data collected from a
random sample of 179 Canadians and 197 Belgians, the results indicate
that the effects of price are not very important. Brand name is a more
important cue than made‐in for Belgian consumers, but not for Canadian
consumers. Concludes that modifications to marketing strategies for
global products may be needed from one consuming country to another.
Advertising Agency/Client Relationships in an Advanced Developing
Country
Authors: Kaynak Erdener , Kucukemiroglu Orsay , Odabasi Yavuz
Published: July 2002

Suggests that, parallel with the rapid developments taking place in the
manufacturing sector, the advertising industry is also experiencing a
stage of rapid development in most of the advanced developing countries,
as evidenced by the increasing number of advertising agencies and total
billings. Examines present structured characteristics of Turkish
advertising agencies and critically compares the role and functions of
the advertising agency and client relationships in that country.
The Importance of Labelling Examined in Food Marketing
Authors: Davies Mark A.P. , Wright Len T.
Published: July 2002

Examines the importance of labelling in relation to the content and
presentation of food claims and chemical additives in branded processed
food products. Seeks to establish how food manufacturers might improve
their labelling strategies in order to gain a competitive edge in the
market. Suggests two strategies: giving prominence to executions (such
as source effects) or, alternatively, to the appeal or quality of
information provided. Their relative importance is contingent on how
information is received and processed by the consumer. Looks at factors
influencing this, and suggests that manufacturers should ensure
labelling is clear to enable consumers to make better‐informed decisions
on product quality.
Marketing – in Chaos or Transition?
Authors: Thomas Michael J.
Published: July 2002

East Europeans are asking for know‐how, particularly marketing know‐how.
At this moment in time, do we have confidence in our understanding of
the role of marketing in both its micro and macro dimensions? Has what
we have defined as the marketing concept relevance to economies in
transition, indeed is the marketing concept, rooted as it is in the
model of Anglo‐Saxon capitalism, relevant either to the German and
Japanese models of capitalism or to those economies which are struggling
to replace Marxist dominated systems with so‐called market driven
systems?
The Importance of Product Country of Origin:
Authors: Okechuku Chike
Published: July 2002

Uses conjoint analysis to investigate the relative importance of the
country of origin of a product to consumers in the United States,
Canada, Germany and The Netherlands. It was found that the country of
origin of a product was one of the two or three most important
attributes in preference evaluation. Across the four countries and the
two product categories studied, the importance weight assigned to the
country‐of‐origin factor ranged from 18 to 29 per cent, a level of
importance that was often equal to or greater than that assigned to the
brand name, price and other intrinsic and extrinsic attributes.
Respondents in each country preferred domestically‐made products
foremost, followed by products made in other developed countries and,
lastly, products made in developing countries.