bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Game of Life
Authors: Macdonald David W. , Newman Chris
Published: November 2022

Armed with demographic data on Wytham’s badger population, and the pervasive influence of the weather, we turn to pace of life theory and ask how the paradigmatic badger illustrates evolutionary principles. If the evolutionary actuary is so remorseless in meting out penalties, why has it not canalized all variation to the ‘perfect’ fit? Our analyses explore how the aptitudes, and life history choices, of individuals coalesce within the functioning of badger society. This leads to a consideration of how badgers store energy to cope with periods—predictable and stochastic—of food scarcity, and whether individuals differ in how they tackle the problem of fat storage. We use sophisticated tracking technology and biochemical markers of metabolic rate to deduce badgers’ dynamic vs overall daily energy expenditure, and how this varies between strategists and with prevailing conditions. The answers lead to a discussion of the sense in which individuals, in this case individual badgers, live their lives at different speeds. Was pace of life affected by the social milieu in which a badger existed? Environmental carrying capacity becomes tangible through how relatively fat, or slim, individuals are; answers that are different between sexes and age classes.
Genetic Mate Choice—Quality Matters
Authors: Macdonald David W. , Newman Chris
Published: November 2022

We have described badger sociology, and the ethology of their mating—in effect most badgers in a group mate with most other badgers in a group, and plenty beyond. But what of the genetics? Ten generations of genealogical detail allow us to answer the question of which individuals win and lose in the competition for progeny. There are many surprises, and the first is that many youngsters, about half, are sired by the next-door neighbour. We know so much detail about these badgers that we can ask probing questions. For example, do badgers select for quality traits in their mates? Is there a direct relationship between each badger’s genetic traits and its fitness? Could it be that opposing evolutionary forces balance out different strategies according to annual circumstances and the extent to which the population benefited from optimal conditions? How can evident heterozygosity advantages of the father be visited upon offspring if said cub does not itself inherit that same high extent of heterozygosity? This exploration of the badger’s mating system leads us deep into genetics: was an amorous badger sniffing gustily at potential mates really eyeing up whether that mating would be major histocompatibility complex (MHC) assortative or MHC disassortative? In short, we explore how badgers tackle the question of with whom to mate, and why; the balance between optimality and opportunity.
The Early Cult
Authors: Méndez Hugo
Published: November 2022

Near the turn of the fifth century, the church of Jerusalem integrated Stephen’s 26 December feast into its ritual life and developed a network of practices and spaces to complement the new celebration. This chapter explores these earliest expressions of Stephen’s cult in Jerusalem, highlighting how each supported Jerusalem’s claims for itself as a space. In its position on the Jerusalem calendar, the 26 December feast of Stephen formed part of a unified set of feasts celebrating the apostolic foundations of the Jerusalem church. The space selected to host the celebration, in turn, supported invented traditions of an unbroken continuity between the pre-70 ce Christian community to which Stephen ministered and the later see of Jerusalem.
The Bones
Authors: Méndez Hugo
Published: November 2022

This chapter examines the pivotal moment in the emergence of devotion to Stephen in Jerusalem—namely, the invention of the martyr’s bones in 415. It argues that this so-called discovery was carefully scripted by bishop John of Jerusalem and the priest Lucian with an eye to forging a tight association between the martyr and the city of his death. Lucian’s announcement of the find, the Revelatio Sancti Stephani, casts Jerusalem as the special conduit of Stephen’s miraculous power to the world and Stephen as the city’s special patron, who still serves its local community.
More Numerous Feasts
Authors: Méndez Hugo
Published: November 2022

The invention of Stephen’s relics was not the climax of the city’s quest to consolidate its local claim on the martyr but the catalyst for more visible gestures, particularly in the area of ritual. Spurred by the discovery of the relics, the church of Jerusalem made a series of dramatic changes to its festal calendar. Specifically, it reconfigured its Epiphany and Easter octaves to accommodate two new celebrations in honor of Stephen. In the hands of homilists, the multiplication of these “more numerous feasts” for Stephen supported local discourses affirming a unique relationship between the Protomartyr and his native church.
Epilogue
Authors: Méndez Hugo
Published: November 2022

Although the city of Jerusalem continued investing in the memory of Stephen for centuries, the martyr eventually lost his central place in the city’s imagination. The epilogue traces the causes for this turn, anchoring it in broader shifts in the late ancient cult of saints. In the mid-fifth century, Christians began affording Mary, the mother of God, a more central position among the saints. Christians also expanded their ritual calendars to include an ever-broadening number of non-martyrs, including biblical figures, ascetics, virgins, bishops, and theologians. These new competitors crowded out Stephen from his once central position in local ritual life.
Experimental Methods
Authors: Grönlund Kimmo , Herne Kaisa
Published: November 2022

This chapter provides the reader with the skills to assess and design experimental research on deliberation. First, it introduces the logic and methodology of experimentation and presents the different types of experiments that are used in social science research. Second, it provides an overview of experimentation on citizen deliberation, and discusses the problems related to experimentation, as well as considers the future of the method. Third, the chapter looks at the challenges of using experiments in the social sciences, and discusses the specific problems related to experiments with citizen deliberation. The chapter concludes by pondering on the future of experimentation on deliberation and reflecting on the main gaps in existing empirical research, and the kinds of methodological innovations required in the field.
Ethnography
Authors: Curato Nicole , Doerr Nicole
Published: November 2022

This chapter takes a close look at the role of ethnography in the study of deliberative practice. It describes ethnography as both a perspective and a toolbox. As a perspective, ethnography is a fitting methodology to fulfil critical theory’s task of rendering political power visible, particularly in its subtle and insidious forms. The ethnographic perspective is also responsive to developments in deliberative theory, such as the recognition of the role of passions, silences, and performativity in political communication. As a toolbox, ethnography offers a range of data-gathering and analytical techniques to make sense of public deliberation, while placing the positionality of the researcher at the centre of this approach. Finally, this chapter examines ethnography’s tensions with deliberative democracy’s normative commitments and draws on the authors’ extensive experience in ethnographic fieldwork to prompt reflections about the practical and ethical challenges of this approach.
Media Analysis
Authors: Maia Rousiley C. M. , Choucair Tariq
Published: November 2022

This chapter proposes a way to conduct media analysis in deliberative systems. It argues that systemic thinking has invited a re-conceptualization of argumentative exchange in social wholes, including a range of differentiated but interconnected spaces. A systemic approach cannot afford to ignore interfaces between deliberation in institutional forums and more mundane discussions, and, consequentially, the neighbouring field of mass media and digital communication. This chapter introduces a definition of content analysis that works towards integration with other methods—surveys, experiments, and frame analysis—to address these challenges. It examines ways of employing content analysis in (i) mass media material, by giving priority to collective processes of reason exchange; (ii) diversified online platforms; and (iii) integration of content analysis with other methods. A set of studies involving media practices is used to illustrate this proposal, and to elucidate new possibilities of empirical micro and macro analysis within the systemic approach to deliberation.
The Novel of Confinement
Authors: Davies Ben , Lupton Christina , Gormsen Schmidt Johanne
Published: November 2022

Chapter 3 offers an analysis of texts that speak about domestic work and parenting under confined conditions, a setting that many readers experienced during lockdown, and because of which they struggled to read. Focusing on the Danish novel, Olga Ravn’s Mit arbejde (My Work, 2020), this chapter analyses the way that fiction can reflect the situation of the carer who experiences time as circular and non-progressive. The first line of interest in this chapter is in what it means for texts to promote this confounding of progress, particularly in the name of care. That same sense of non-progressive or ‘stuck’ temporality resonates differently with the more documentary aspects of autofiction about parenting. Second, the chapter is interested in the related question of why readers have turned to novels of this kind during a period in which their own domestic duties were so heavy. The overall aim in this chapter is to show that these novels about the struggles of parenting do more than simply represent the domestic settings in which they were written and consumed. As fictions mirroring life during the pandemic, they suggest the sense in which writing and reading remain extraneous to the events represented in language. While they describe the repetitive temporality of being at home with small children, the reception of these fictions evidences the way narrative and sequence get made, even out of the materials of domestic time.
Reading the Romance
Authors: Davies Ben , Lupton Christina , Gormsen Schmidt Johanne
Published: November 2022

Lockdown and the pandemic often put love and intimacy to the test, with partners separated, large families stuck at home together 24/7, and dating much more difficult to arrange. This chapter explores these complexities—intimacy, romance, love—through a reading of Sally Rooney’s Normal People and a survey of romance reading more generally. As a young person deprived of institutional life or a member of a couple starved for new input, the lockdown reader became acutely open to this brand of intimacy. Scenes of entanglement between individuals with limited opportunities for social interaction and group belonging, both those represented in romance and those inherent in the solitary consumption of a book, reflect and potentially redeem these isolating conditions. In this constellation, reading about romance doubles down on what reading tends to be anyway: a thing done bande à part, yet productive of its own feeling of intimacy. This makes sense of what readers themselves told us about novels by Austen and Gabaldon, Tolstoy and Rooney, all of which were pleasurable hinges between the solitude of 2020 and the promise of finding true love; between the desire for meaningful connection, and the reality of a certain kind of solitude that comes baked into the experience of a well-savoured literary romance. Reading validates aloneness, opening up the solitary reader to expectations of romantic intimacy more easily than of friendship. For this reason, the reading of romance has chimed with the deprivations of lockdown in ways that other forms of narrative consumption haven’t.
Troubling Late Modernism
Authors: Battersby Doug
Published: November 2022

Troubling Late Modernism: Ethics, Feeling, and the Novel Form charts how modernist techniques for depicting characters’ thoughts, feelings, and desires have been perversely reinvented by some of the most influential and innovative writers of the postwar period. Chapters on Vladimir Nabokov, Samuel Beckett, Toni Morrison, John Banville, J. M. Coetzee, and Eimear McBride reveal how these writers at once extend and exploit modernist forms of narration to cultivate disquieting affective attachments between readers and protagonists compelled by violent or exploitative sexual desires. By interrogating the expressive power and ethical liabilities of modes of writing that give us intimate access to characters’ inner lives, late modernism poses fundamental philosophical questions about emotion and its inextricability from knowledge and ethical deliberation. Whilst other historians of the novel have characterized late modernism’s formal innovations as ethically and politically edifying, Troubling Late Modernism highlights their more disquieting potential for lending sympathy and profundity to sentiments deemed inadmissible in our everyday lives. Charting late modernism’s characteristic fusion of aesthetic difficulty and emotional and ethical provocation demands an approach attuned to the experience of reading these disturbingly erotic narratives. In dialogue with recent debates about critical method, Troubling Late Modernism presents a new way of closely reading prose fiction that brings together the lessons of formalism and affect theory.
Modernist Liabilities
Authors: Battersby Doug
Published: November 2022

The primary aim of the introduction is to elaborate on the implications of reading Vladimir Nabokov, Samuel Beckett, Toni Morrison, John Banville, J. M. Coetzee, and Eimear McBride as specifically late modernist writers and outline how the book modifies our understanding of the history of the novel in the postwar period. In contrast with approaches influenced by the new modernist studies that conceive modernism as encompassing all formally self-conscious cultural responses to modernity, the introduction argues that it is necessary to provisionally reanimate an earlier, formalist conception of modernist fiction as a revolution in narrative technique in order to chart the profound effect of this literary-historical narrative on late modernist writers. The secondary aim of the chapter is to introduce the practice of affective formalism the book argues for in relation to affect theory, the history of close reading, and recent proposals for new methods, such as the new formalism, surface reading, and postcritique. Central to this practice is the importance of explicitly attending to the interplay between descriptions of a character’s experience and the thoughts and feelings that experiential descriptions invite from readers. Such an approach is necessary to capture the reticulation of epistemic, affective, and ethical uncertainty that is the hallmark of late modernist aesthetics.
Samuel Beckett’s Conflicted Feelings
Authors: Battersby Doug
Published: November 2022

Chapter 2 recasts the late modernist character of Samuel Beckett’s fiction. Whilst it has become commonplace after postmodernism’s decline to describe Beckett as a ‘late modernist’, critics have justified the label by citing Beckett’s contrast between James Joyce’s stylistic mastery and his own aesthetic preference for ignorance, impotence, and doubt—a juxtaposition that suggests an anti rather than late modernism. By contrast, this chapter argues that Beckett’s continuity with modernism’s formal ambitions is most apparent in a late masterpiece, Ill Seen Ill Said (1982). It shows how the text’s syntactically distressed yet evocative prose style and fundamentally undecidable narrative together place readers’ elementary means for making sense of fiction under acute pressure, and in doing so, implicates us in the narrator’s often eroticizing scrutiny of a female character’s body. Only a reading that acknowledges the extent to which Beckett’s sentences elude understanding, and maps the feelings and meta-affects that that non-understanding entails, can do justice to this profoundly enigmatic work. The chapter ultimately presents Beckett as far less hostile to the mimetic ambitions of high modernist fiction than has been supposed, even as he radically dissents from its perceived epistemic excesses—its allowing readers to know characters’ inner lives better than we can know our own. It concludes that Beckett’s seminal influence in contemporary literature is not as the high priest of failure and exhaustion, but as a writer who movingly dramatizes the need to make sense of affective experience that impels late modernist aesthetics.
J. M. Coetzee’s Hidden Heart
Authors: Battersby Doug
Published: November 2022

Chapter 5 argues that J. M. Coetzee’s fiction is characterized by emotional deliberations that advance the modernist aspiration to develop new forms for articulating affective experience. The reading of Coetzee’s early masterpiece, Waiting for the Barbarians (1980), shows how its innovative use of first-person present-tense narration places readers closer to the immediate feelings and desires of its protagonist than prior narrative modes—a closeness made acutely troubling by our protagonist’s erotic fascination with a young woman’s torture-scarred body. Synthesizing the focalizing affordances of free indirect discourse and the unmediated proximity of stream-of-consciousness narration whilst paring back their epistemic pretensions, Coetzee’s prose exhibits an acutely ambivalent relation to the modernist forms it so artfully exploits. Against the critical consensus that the novel charts the narrator’s gradual recognition that his desire makes him complicit in the woman’s torture, the chapter demonstrates how Coetzee’s affective descriptions provocatively refuse ethically conclusive rearticulations of this kind. The most far-reaching implication of this insight is to challenge political interpretations that ally Coetzee’s fiction with an ethics of alterity. By contrast, the chapter argues that Coetzee’s novel, even as it insists on the potential unknowableness of certain feelings and desires, rebuffs the sanctification of ineffability to an intersubjective ethical ideal. In doing so, it recalibrates our understanding not merely of politically challenging uses of modernist narratorial techniques, but of the ethically fraught dynamics inherent to the techniques themselves, exemplifying a mode of writing which takes modernist forms into the most contested terrain.
The Traditional Vertical Family Plot
Authors: Berman Anna A.
Published: November 2022

Chapter 2 lays out the prevailing theories of the novel that draw a congruence between family line and story line, showing how these theories rely on the English family model presented in Chapter 1. The chapter then examines the two standard family plots identified by scholars—the generational and marriage plots—looking at which consanguineal relations they can accommodate. Both plots follow a linear model: from courtship to marriage, or from the generation of parents to children. Sisters, by marrying out of the family, offer no threat to this progression. Brothers, however, pose a “problem,” as they challenge the linearity of the family. Only one can have a marriage plot and offer his bride the family estate or business. The English most often solve this by excluding brother-brother relations from their novels (there are almost no significant brothers in England’s canonical novels).
Family Ideology
Authors: Berman Anna A.
Published: November 2022

Chapter 4 explores the underlying ideas about gender roles and the domestic sphere that were crucial to shaping family plots. While English women ceased to exist as their own legal entities upon marriage, married women in Russia could own their own property and many were involved in estate management. However, they still had no rights within the family and no protections against marital violence. By the mid-nineteenth century, many educated Russians saw the Russian family as a backward institution in desperate need of reform. The Victorians, by contrast clung to an idealized vision of the family as a space of peace and love, a retreat from the harsh outside world. This vision relied on looking back to an idealized past for the family (whether or not such a past existed), while for the Russians the traditional past was filled with wife-beatings and patriarchal tyranny. They instead looked forward to a progressive rethinking of the family.
Courtship and Its Promises
Authors: Berman Anna A.
Published: November 2022

In theory (and in England), courtship plots should lead to a marriage, yet in Russia they rarely do. The reason for this difference lies in the way the two nations positioned the family ideal in time. For the English, looking back to an idealized family past, the marriage plot serves a conservative function, reaffirming that stable order as a primary source of continuity. Its aims are vertical: the continuation of the family line through producing a legal heir. Since for many Russians the family’s past was a time of patriarchal tyranny and wife beatings, believing in “good family values” meant advocating progress and change. As a result, they turned courtship into a progressive plot, and progress meant not creating marriages that would continue the existing order. The goal was to liberate the woman, focusing on her spiritual well-being in the present. In practice, this meant that she often ended up unwed, but still morally superior.
Conclusion
Authors: Berman Anna A.
Published: November 2022

The conclusion returns to the issue of narrative form, focusing specifically on endings. The differing shapes of the family in Russia and England created different goals that motivated their family plots. These, in turn, dictated what would provide narrative closure. English endings—typified by marriage and childbirth—provided stability and continuity, “an ending that is also a beginning” in the words of Barry McCrea. Russian endings—full of unwed heroines and intentional kinship ties—often lack such English closure. The present is never finalized. These differences lay bare the limitations of our theories of “the novel” that are based on the linear English model and fail to account for the messier Russian alternative.
Social Europe, the Road not Taken
Authors: Andry Aurélie Dianara
Published: November 2022

This book examines the European Left’s attempt to think and give shape to an alternative type of European integration—a ‘social Europe’—during the long 1970s. Based on fresh archival research, it shows that the western European Left—in particular, social democratic parties, trade unions, and to a lesser extent ‘Eurocommunist’ parties—formulated a broad project to turn ‘capitalist Europe’ into a ‘workers’ Europe’. This alternative model of European unity favoured coordinated measures for wealth redistribution, market regulation, a democratization of the economy and of European institutions, upward harmonization of social and fiscal systems, more inclusive welfare regimes, guaranteed employment, economic and social planning with greater consideration for the environment, increased public spending to meet collective needs, greater control of capital flows and multinational corporations, a reduction in working time, and a fairer international economic order favouring the global South. During the pivotal years following 1968, deeply marked by labour militancy, new social movements, economic crisis, and the unmaking of the ‘postwar compromise’, a window of opportunity opened in which European integration could have taken different roads. The defeat of ‘social Europe’ was a result of a decade-long social conflict which ended with the affirmation of a neoliberal Europe. Investigating this forgotten power struggle and the reasons of its defeat can be useful not just to scholars and students eager to understand the historical evolution of European integration, the European Left, and European capitalism, but also to anyone interested in building alternative European and global futures.
There Were Alternatives
Authors: Andry Aurélie Dianara
Published: November 2022

This chapter examines the European Left’s attempt to formulate a coordinated response to the crisis between the two oil shocks (1973–9). It argues that the crisis, which accelerated the breakdown of the postwar compromise, pushed the European Left to formulate new proposals for an alternative macro-economic European strategy that went beyond Keynesian welfare capitalism and constituted a possible alternative to the rising neoliberal doctrine. At a time when the European Left dominated the European Community, this was no point of detail. The chapter first looks at the leftward turn that characterized European social democracy from the late 1960s, which climaxed a few years later with the adoption of alternative economic strategies by several parties; it then investigates how socialist economists tried to promote a coordinated alternative European strategy at the transnational level; and goes on to assess socialist parties’ and trade unions’ efforts to adopt common European programmes that went beyond ‘Euro-Keynesianism’.
Pragmatism and Idealism
Authors: Brandom Robert B.
Published: November 2022

During the last decade of his life, Rorty emphasized the anti-authoritarian credentials of his pragmatism. He came to see pragmatism as the fighting faith of a second phase of the Enlightenment. The first stage, as Rorty construed it, concerns our emancipation from nonhuman authority in practical matters: issues of what we ought to do and how things ought to be. The envisaged second stage addresses rather our emancipation from nonhuman authority in theoretical matters. Pragmatism moves beyond the traditional model of reality as authoritative over our cognitive representations of it in language and thought to a new conception of how discursive practices help us cope with the vicissitudes of life. Hegel anticipates the challenge to the very idea of objective reality as providing norms for thought that Rorty thought required us to enact a second phase of the Enlightenment. Unlike Rorty, Hegel presents a detailed, constructive, anti-authoritarian, nonfetishistic, social pragmatist account of the representational dimension of conceptual content. At its heart is an account of the social dimension of discursive normativity in terms of reciprocal recognition, and an account of the historical dimension of discursive normativity in terms of a distinctive new conception of reason: the recollective rationality that turns a past into a tradition. His idealism thereby offers a concrete pragmatist alternative to Rorty’s global semantic and epistemological anti-representationalism.
The Academic Life and After
Authors: Field Geoffrey
Published: November 2022

In 1958, over two decades after she had left Cambridge, Wiskemann was appointed as Montague Burton Professor of International Relations at Edinburgh University, the first female Chair in any discipline at the university. She taught for three years at Edinburgh followed by three years at the University of Sussex, where she was among the first faculty appointed. The slow emergence of International Relations and Contemporary History as distinctive fields of study in British universities opened opportunities in the 1960s for journalists, former diplomats, and others who had previous operated on the fringes of academia, including well-known women like Wiskemann. By the late 1950s Wiskemann wrote fewer topical articles as a foreign correspondent, but she was hugely prolific as a book reviewer for major journals, including the Times Literary Supplement, then at the height of its influence. She contributed to scholarly debates, including the furor over A.J.P. Taylor’s book The Origins of the Second World War (1961). Deterioration of her sight led to her retirement from teaching, but she maintained an exhausting schedule, finishing three books of contemporary history, a memoir, and numerous articles and reviews in her last six years. One book, Europe of the Dictators, 1919–1945, became a standard text for a generation of students, selling over 80,000 copies. The chapter’s final section discusses her growing fear of total blindness and suicide; it also assesses her career as paradigmatic of a cohort of women who matured after the First World War and achieved prominence for their expertise in history and international affairs.
Evolution of a Doctrine
Authors: Loumagne Ulishney Megan
Published: November 2022

This chapter provides an overview of the history of the doctrine of original sin in its ecclesial expressions and in its entanglements with philosophical and theological conceptions of sexual difference. It notes the surprising lack of development in the Church’s formal expression of the doctrine since the Council of Trent in the sixteenth century, despite numerous contributions on the part of theologians to updating the doctrine in light of evolutionary biology. The perception that women are ‘by nature’ more emotional, more sensuous, and more connected to the biological realm, while men are more rational and connected to the spiritual realm, continues to exert influence in both explicit Church teaching and popular perception in our time. The doctrine has, therefore, since its earliest conceptions, involved thinking through the details of lived materiality in sexed bodies. This overview in the first chapter of the history of ecclesial expressions of the doctrine and its entanglements with notions of sexual difference is followed by analyses of three recent contributions to reworking the doctrine to demonstrate the need for more theological reflection on sin in light of current information about human origins and the evolution of sexual difference.
The Extended Evolutionary Synthesis and the New Science of Sexual Difference
Authors: Loumagne Ulishney Megan
Published: November 2022

Chapter 4 examines developments in evolutionary theory. It argues that Darwin is still helpful for understanding evolution and sexual difference, although some of the details of his theories have been superseded by new information. While in many ways Darwin contributed to reifying simplistic stereotypes about the passivity and inferiority of women, and the deleterious effects of these aspects of his thought must not be minimized, his work also contains emphases that contradict and undermine the patriarchal structures he partially reinforced. From Darwin, the chapter turns to recent developments in evolutionary theory expressed in the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis. These developments trouble a strict nature-culture dichotomy, which is helpful for a reconstruction of the doctrine of original sin insofar as the doctrine assumes a unity of the human species and a sense in which sin is an ‘inherited’ aspect of human life. This more dynamic or symbiotic relationship between nature and culture also has relevance for sexual difference as it undermines both the ‘essentialist’ approach to sexual difference, as well as a postmodern tendency to view sexual difference as purely a social construction. This chapter also explores some of the latest contributions to thinking about the biology of sexual difference. These developments reveal the ways in which biology and culture work together to shape human desire, which has implications for both sin and sexual difference. This relational view of creaturely life supports Augustine’s insight that the human person is inherently social from birth, and that the human race is fundamentally united.
John Paul II, New Catholic Feminists, and the Vatican Response to ‘Gender Ideology’
Authors: Loumagne Ulishney Megan
Published: November 2022

Chapter 5 examines John Paul II’s Man and Woman He Created Them: A Theology of the Body (1979–1984) as a key theological text that investigates the nature of sexual difference in light of original sin. After providing an overview of the central insights from the text and its appropriation by a group of Catholic thinkers who describe themselves as ‘New Catholic Feminists,’ the chapter highlights insights from the Theology of the Body that will be critiqued, appreciated, or radicalized. It argues that while there are serious problems with John Paul II’s thinking about sexual difference and sin, there remain insights from his project that can helpfully contribute to rethinking sex and sin in a post-Darwinian context. The chapter also argues that John Paul II’s work provides important critiques to New Feminist Materialism, even as New Feminist Materialism challenges aspects of his thought. John Paul II and the New Feminist Materialists can be mutually corrective to one another. Chapter 5 concludes by arguing that John Paul II is helpful in his conception of the human person as called to love and communion, as infected—but not totally corrupted—by sin, and as dignified along with the rest of the material world by the event of the Incarnation.
Guarantees and Interventions
Authors: Milton Patrick
Published: November 2022

The Peace of Westphalia legally empowered its guarantors to intervene—militarily if need be—in the domestic affairs of the Holy Roman Empire. Westphalia therefore increased the legal scope for intervention in another state’s domestic affairs and moreover contributed to the ‘juridification’ of intervention in central Europe in general. This chapter will begin with the congress of Westphalia (1645–48), at which, among other things, the rights of intervention were negotiated by the main belligerents of the Thirty Years War. As the guarantee formed the basis of external intervention into the post-1648 Empire, the theoretical analysis of the Westphalian guarantee and guarantees in general, by contemporary writers of the law of nations will then be discussed. This is followed by a survey of actual and discussed interventions into the Reich by the Westphalian guarantors, and other European powers.
Mann's Magic Mountain
Authors: Watroba Karolina
Published: November 2022

This is the first study of Thomas Mann’s landmark German modernist novel Der Zauberberg (The Magic Mountain, 1924) that takes as its starting point the interest in Mann’s book shown by non-academic readers. It is also a case study in a cluster of issues central to the interrelated fields of transnational German studies, global modernism studies, comparative literature, and reception theory: it addresses the global circulation of German modernism, popular afterlives of a canonical work, access to cultural participation, relationship between so-called ‘high-brow’ and ‘low-brow’ culture, and the limitations of traditional academic reading practices. The book intervenes in these discussions by developing a critical practice termed ‘closer reading’ and positioning it within the framework of world literature studies. The book centres around nine comparative readings of five novels, three films, and one short story conceived as responses to The Magic Mountain. They provide access to distinct readings of Mann’s text on three levels: they function as records of their authors’ reading of Mann, provide insights into broader, culturally and historically specific interpretations of the novel, and feature portrayals of fictional readers of The Magic Mountain. These nine case studies are contextualized, complemented, enhanced, and expanded through references to other diverse sources that testify to a lively engagement with The Magic Mountain outside of academic scholarship, including journalistic reviews, discussions on internet fora and blogs, personal essays and memoirs, Mann’s fan mail and his replies to it, publishing advertisements, and marketing brochures from Davos, where the novel is set.
Introduction
Authors: Watroba Karolina
Published: November 2022

This chapter opens with a survey of recent discussions of the disconnect between academic and non-academic reading practices, drawing mainly on the work of Elif Batuman, Rita Felski, David Lodge, and Ika Willis. Two key terms—‘world literature’ and ‘closer reading’—are presented as a way of bridging this disconnect. While highly specialized academic readers of The Magic Mountain are a relatively small group within Mann’s readership, non-academic reading practices are a vast and understudied phenomenon which can reveal new meanings of the text and enrich academic scholarship, sometimes even correcting critical biases. Various sources for studying non-academic reading experiences are discussed, including reviews and famous readers’ accounts, ordinary readers’ accounts, accounts of readers who refuse to read a given book, material book history, translation studies, conceptions of ‘implied’ or ‘ideal’ readers, fictional depictions of reading, cognitive literary studies, reception in literature and art, and history of academic reception.
Michels and French Socialists and Syndicalists
Authors: Bonnell Andrew G.
Published: November 2022

Michels’ contacts with socialist and syndicalist currents in France are less well-known than his involvement with the German Social Democrat Party, but they have received some attention in Zeev Sternhell’s work on the supposed left-wing origins of fascist ideology in France and Italy. From 1904 to 1908, Michels was associated with the journal Le Mouvement Socialiste, and corresponded with the radical syndicalists Hubert Lagardelle and Victor Griffuelhes, as well as Georges Sorel. Michels also had contacts with Gustave Hervé, and sympathized with Hervé’s radical anti-militarism in this period. An examination of Michels’ contacts reveals his sympathy for the revolutionary spirit of the French revolutionary syndicalists, but it also shows that he did not fully identify with syndicalist theory. The examination of the group around Le Mouvement Socialiste also shows that it occupied an increasingly marginal position in the French labour history, lacking a mass working-class base.
Ethnicity and Race
Authors: Bonnell Andrew G.
Published: November 2022

Most treatments of Robert Michels’ thought have paid scant attention to the salience of concepts of race and innate ethnic characteristics throughout Michels’ works. However, ideas of racial and ethnic difference play a consistent and important part in Michels’ thought, even if they tended to be soft-pedalled in his writings for the German Social Democratic Party. This prevalence of Michels’ views on race has yet to be subjected to a systematic analysis. The fact that the biologistic influences on Michels’ thought came more from Italian sources than German is worth emphasizing in the light of recent historiography which has increasingly focused on the significance of the evolution of racial thought in Italy on the emergence of Italian fascist ideology, in contrast to older literature which depicted racism as imported into Italian fascism from German Nazism. Michels contributed to the German journal Politisch-Anthropologische Revue, which was a forum for racial theorists, but much of the racial-biological influence on his thinking seems to have come from Italian sources, from the criminologist Cesare Lombroso to Italian ‘social anthropologists’ such as Enrico Ferri. Michels’ willingness to make use of ethnic and racial categories assisted his drift to the right as he became disillusioned with socialist politics.
Substance, Causation, and the Mind-Body Problem in Johann Clauberg
Authors: Hamid Nabeel
Published: November 2022

This chapter proposes a new interpretation of Clauberg’s account of the mind-body problem, against both occasionalist and interactionist readings. It examines his treatment of the mind-body relation through the lens of his theories of substance and cause. It argues that, whereas Clauberg embraces Descartes’s substance dualism, he retains a broadly scholastic theory of causation as the action of essential powers. On this account, mind and body are distinct, power-bearing substances, and each is a genuine secondary cause of its own modifications. Between mental and bodily modes, however, there is no causation but only a special, divinely instituted correlation. Clauberg’s view has the consequence that the conjunction of mind and body cannot be understood causally but only as the covariation of sensations and brain states, which he treats as mutually referring signs.
Astell and Masham on Epistemic Authority and Women’s Individual Judgment in Religion
Authors: Pearce Kenneth L.
Published: November 2022

In 1705, Mary Astell and Damaris Masham both published works advocating for women’s use of individual judgment in matters of religion. Although both advocate for women’s education and intellectual autonomy, they differ dramatically in their attitudes to religious authority. These differences are rooted in a deeper disagreement about the nature of epistemic authority. Astell defends an interpersonal model on which we properly trust testimony when the testifier is answerable for its truth. Masham holds an evidence model on which testimony is treated as empirical evidence. Central to Masham’s argument is her contention that religious beliefs based on the authority recognized by Astell could never serve as a stable source of moral motivation. Because of their different theories of epistemic authority, Masham’s defense of women’s intellectual autonomy leads to a radical anti-clericalism, while Astell’s defense is consistent with her insistence on deference to the established church.
How Caregiving for Parents Reduces Women’s Employment
Authors: Fahle Sean , McGarry Kathleen
Published: November 2022

Abstract: This chapter examines the social patterns of elder caregiving among women ages 50 and older in the United States. We find that women who provide personal care for parents or parents-in-law, tend to be from more advantaged sociodemographic groups, with larger differences by socio-economic status than by race and ethnicity. Prior to initiating care, caregivers also have greater labor market attachment than non-caregivers. In contrast, although less likely to provide care, women from less advantaged groups tend to provide more time-intensive care when they do provide care, particularly in the extreme upper-end of the distribution of care hours. We find strong negative associations between caregiving and employment, hours, and earnings, both immediately and over a longer 10-year period. The relationship between care and work is similar across the sociodemographic groups that we examine.
Money and Medicine
Authors: Getzen Thomas E.
Published: November 2022

This book frames the evolutionary path of medical spending and provides a useful forecasting model. Tracing health spending from ancient times to the present with a single ratio, health expenditures as a share of income, reveals an S-shaped growth curve, rising rapidly after science made therapies more effective and more expensive, inflecting as the rate of expansion peaked with the coalescence of national health systems in the 1960s, and decelerating after 1975. Medicine became qualitatively different as it scaled up along therapeutic, organizational, financial, and moral dimensions. The development of health insurance and changes in the flow of funds made macro effects on total spending different from micro determinants of allocation. Institutional inertia and lags require a span of observation long enough to distinguish temporary fluctuations from shifts in trend with careful attention to measurement methods and the dynamics of change over time and space. Archival data for early centuries are provided along with detailed graphical analysis of country trends since 1950 (Chapter 4). A case of the United States suggests when and how it became an outlier among OECD nations (Chapter 7). The contribution of medical expenditures to health and economic development are seen to be both obvious and difficult to measure.
Measuring NHE: Accounting, Boundaries, and Budgets
Authors: Getzen Thomas E.
Published: November 2022

The international system of health accounts (SHA) depends on statistical constructs generated to meet the needs of government ministries. Economic analysis depends on matching the temporal and spatial boundaries of units of observation to the span of action. Here the appropriate scale for quantification and measurement is “national expenditures relative to income over decades” rather than “amounts spent by persons for an illness.” Historical and conceptual developments in accounting provide insight into use of terms such as “money,” “technology,” “growth,” “health expenditure,” and “trend,” leading toward what could be termed a “budgetary perspective.” Attempts to quantify rates of technological change demonstrate some of the limits to econometric measurement and hypothesis testing.
Why on Earth Does “Tongue(s)” Become Ecstatic Speech?
Authors: Tupamahu Ekaputra
Published: November 2022

This chapter deals with the history of interpretation. Why is the phenomenon of “tongue(s)” in the New Testament understood today as ecstatic speech? In the history of interpretation, there are two major modes of reading the phenomenon of speaking in tongue(s) in the New Testament: the “missionary-expansionist” and the “romantic-nationalist” modes of reading. The earliest readers of the New Testament up until those of the mid-nineteenth century commonly understood the phenomenon of tongue(s) as a miraculous ability to speak in foreign languages—often called xenolalia—for the purpose of expanding Christianity and preaching the gospel. The shift in understanding began to take place in the late eighteenth century through the nineteenth century. German biblical scholars began to introduce the idea of tongue(s) through the romantic and nationalist lenses. It results in the idea that tongue(s) is the ecstatic unintelligible phenomenon often called glossolalia.
Heteroglossia of Corinth in the Roman Period
Authors: Tupamahu Ekaputra
Published: November 2022

This chapter offers an alternative reading through the lens of a heteroglossic-immigrant mode of reading. It first discusses Mikhail Bakhtin’s theory of centripetal and centrifugal forces of language. Through a Bakhtinian framework, this chapter attempts to reimagine the sociolinguistic situation of the city of Corinth in the Roman period. It looks into the practice of slavery in the Greco-Roman world; the trade from and to Corinth; the Isthmian games; the existence of the Jewish, Samaritan, and Egyptian communities; and specific foreign names that appear in inscriptions from the Roman period. The existence of non-Greek- and Latin-speaking people in Roman Corinth should be taken seriously in reconstructing the sociolinguistic situation of this city. Such a social context would have had a direct consequence on the sociolinguistic make-up of early followers of Jesus in Corinth to whom Paul wrote his letter.
Tongue(s) as a Heteroglossic Phenomenon
Authors: Tupamahu Ekaputra
Published: November 2022

This chapter presents an exegetical argument for tongue(s) as a heteroglossic phenomenon. It draws attention to the middle of Paul’s discussion in 1 Cor. 14:21, where he coins the term heteroglossia—a hapax legomenon (in the New Testament only) to explain the situation of tongue(s) in the Corinthian church. A quotation from Isaiah is an important key with which to open the Pandora’s box of this phenomenon from a heteroglossic-immigrant point of view. It points to the reality that the phenomenon of tongue(s) in the Corinthian church was not glossolalia (i.e., unintelligible utterances) nor xenololia (i.e., miraculous ability to speak in foreign languages), but heteroglossia (multiple stratified languages). A good case can be made that Paul’s discussion on tongue(s) in 1 Cor. 14 relates to his struggle with heteroglossia and immigrant experience with languages.
The Politicization of Language
Authors: Tupamahu Ekaputra
Published: November 2022

This chapter highlights three political strategies that are behind the silencing of nondominant languages: the politics of race, the politics of gender, and the politics of imperialism. It suggests that Paul employs these strategies for the sole purpose of unifying the diversity of languages in the Corinthian congregation. The politics of race is apparent when Paul uses the term βάρβαρος in 1 Cor. 14:11. Paul employs the politics of gender when he discusses the silencing of women in 1 Cor. 14:32–36. And finally, the politics of imperialism is apparent in Paul’s theological insistence that God is a God of peace.