bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the temperature dependent development of the spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L) (Col., Scolytidae)
Authors: Wermelinger B. , Seifert M.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Following individual development by means of the ‘sandwich method’ the duration of egg, larval, and pupal stages, as well as of adult maturation feeding of the spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) was measured at constant temperatures in the range between 12° and 33° C. At 20° C complete development from egg to adult emerging from pupa averaged 29 days. The proportion of the duration of larval development relative to total preimaginal development increased with temperature. Developmental rates, i.e. the speed of development increased linearly with temperature in a range between 15° and 25°C. Based on linear regressions, lower developmental thresholds were calculated to be 10.6°C (eggs), 8.2°C (larvae), 9.9°C (pupae), and 8.3°C (preimaginal development egg to pupa), respectively. Differing heat sums reported in the literature matched ours when recalculated with our developmental thresholds. A nonlinear model (Logan/Lactin) was fitted to the data which allowed to describe development in the entire temperature range. It further permits to identify lower and upper (≅ 40°C) developmental thresholds as well as optimum temperatures (30–33°C) of the instars.
Impacts of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) (Col., Scolytidae) infestation on future landscape susceptibility to the western spruce budworm (Choristoneura occidentalis) (Lep., Tortricidae) in north central Washington
Authors: Wilson J. S. , Isaac E. S. , Gara R. I.
Published: August 2009

Abstract:Current and future western spruce budworm [Choristoneura occidentalis(Freeman)] hazard was evaluated for a 400 ha (1000 acre) landscape in north central Washington state using computerized growth and hazard‐rating models. The landscape has recently suffered extensive overstory lodgepole pine [Pinus contorta(Dougl. ex Loud.)] mortality due to a mountain pine beetle [Dendroctonus ponderosae(Hopkins)] infestation. To evaluate the impact of this lodgepole pine mortality on future susceptibility to western spruce budworm outbreaks, computer simulations in which overstory lodgepole pine was retained or removed were compared. Susceptibility to western spruce budworm attack increases more rapidly and intensely with overstory lodgepole pine mortality. Additional scenarios included silvicultural treatments to reduce stand density and alter species composition. Results suggest that a variety of management options are available to reduce landscape‐level western spruce budworm risk.
Efficacy of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin isolates for control of stored‐grain pests
Authors: Moino A. , Alves S. B. , Pereira R. M.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Seventy two isolates of Beauveria bassiana or Metarhizium anisopliae were screened for control of Sitophilus oryzae, S. zeamais (Col., Curculionidae), and Rhyzopertha dominica (Col., Bostrychidae). Beauveria bassiana isolates produced highest mortalities against all three hosts. Ten isolates (all B. bassiana) were selected for further experimentation in the second phase of selection process. Bioassays were conducted by inoculating 50 adult insects of each species, maintained at 26 ± 0.5°C, 70 ± 10% RH, 12 h photophase, for 10 days. The cumulative mortalities after 10 days exposure and lethal time for 50% of the population (LT50) were calculated and compared. S. oryzae and S. zeamais were less susceptible to B. bassiana isolates than R. dominica, which was completely killed by several isolates. Isolate 476 was the most virulent to S. oryzae, and isolate 604 was the most virulent to S. zeamais. Isolate 604 was best overall, but isolates 476 and 643 should also be considered as control agents for stored‐grain pests. A combination of isolates may be advantageous if mixed pest infestations occur.
Primary attraction and host tree selection in deciduous and conifer living Coleoptera: Scolytidae, Curculionidae, Cerambycidae and Lymexylidae
Authors: Brattli J. G. , Andersen J. , Nilssen A. C.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Primary attraction and host tree selection among bark and wood living Coleoptera were investigated in this research. The experiments were carried out in Dividalen, Troms County, and lasted from May to August, in 1993 and 1994. Beetles living in deciduous trees were the main objects of the present study. Trap type used excluded pheromones in the host tree selection. The traps were placed in areas dominated by Scots pine (Pinus sylvestis) and birch (Betula pubescens), and areas that contained both tree species. The traps were baited with billets of Betula pubescens, Alnus incana and Pinus sylvestris. Empty traps were used as controls. Beetle species found to have both primary attraction and host tree selection prior to landing were the conifer living Tomicus piniperda, Hylastes brunneus, Pityogenes quadridens, Pissodes pini, Hylobius abietis, Magdalis phlegmatica, and the deciduous living Magdalis carbonaria, Hylecoetes dermestoides and Rhagium mordax. Also, Scolytus ratzeburgi and Trypodendron signatum were able to distinguish between suitable and unsuitable host tress prior to landing. Ips acuminatus was found to have neither primary attraction nor host tree selection prior to landing, probably because pheromones were excluded in the attraction. According to the literature, the mechanism used in the host selection is mainly olfactory sensing and vision.
Survey of populations of the planthopper Hyalesthes obsoletus Sign. (Auchenorrhyncha, Cixiidae) for infection with the phytoplasma causing grapevine yellows in Germany
Authors: Weber A. , Maixner M.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: H. obsoletus is the vector of grapevine yellows (Vergilbungskrankheit, VK) in Germany. Monitoring the abundance of the vector populations and their infestation with the phytoplasma associated with VK is necessary to assess the risk of disease outbreaks and field‐spread. We tested planthoppers collected in four different vineyards of the Mosel River valley in Germany for infection by VK using DAS‐ELISA and PCR. ELISA readings of female planthoppers were significantly higher than those of males. The proportion of positive testing H. obsoletus was higher in PCR tests compared to ELISA. The trapping method, either sweep‐net or sticky‐trap, had no significant influence on the proportion of planthoppers that reacted positively in PCR tests. The infestation of vineyard populations estimated by PCR varied between 7% and 34%. Batch samples, prepared from mixtures of crude planthopper extracts or from groups of 25 planthoppers, proved to be reliable for the detection of a single infected vector. For routine monitoring, we suggest PCR tests of batch samples from sticky traps.
Relationships between primary and secondary parasitoids of cereal aphids
Authors: Pankanin‐Franczyk M. , Sobota G.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The aim of the study was to compare relationships between primary and secondary parasitoids associated with cereal aphids on winter as well as on spring crops. The study was carried out between 1991–1994 in two regions in Poland, 400 km apart (vicinities of Warsaw and Wrocław). It has been found that in both regions, there occurred three cereal aphid species Sitobion avenae F., Rhopalosiphum padi L. and Metopolophium dirhodum Walk. The groups of parasitic Hymenoptera associated with cereal aphids, and mainly with S. avenae which showed a highest degree of parasitization, were similar in both regions. Although more species of parasitoids were found in the Wrocław region (nine species of primary and 11 species of secondary parasitoids) as compared to the Warsaw region (six and nine, respectively), the species composition was similar in both regions. There were big differences in proportion between primary and secondary parasitoids on spring and winter cereals at both localities. In the case of winter cereals, there were more hyperparasitoids among parasitic Hymenoptera reared from mummified aphids. The primary parasitoids constituted 30% on average while the hyperparasitoids constituted 70%. Aphidius uzbekistanicus Luzh. predominates over other primary parasitoids and Dendrocerus carpenteri Curtis is a dominant species among hyperparasitoids. In the case of spring cereals, the primary/secondary parasitoid ratio is different (primary parasitoids make up to 72% on average, with the secondary parasitoids 28%). Most often, A. uzbekistanicus is a dominating species but in certain years the dominance is not as clear as in winter cereals. The dominance hierarchy within hyperparasitoids is different in different years. The presented results demonstrate that in spite of a great distance between the study areas, the relationships between the cereal aphids' primary and secondary parasitoids show similar trends.
Morphologico‐anatomical structure of leaves and demographic parameters of the hawthorn spider mite, Tetranychus viennensis Zacher and the two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acarina, Tetranychidae) on selected scab‐resistant apple varieties
Authors: Skorupska A.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Among scab‐resistant apple cultivars, good hosts for the hawthorn spider mite, Tetranychus viennensis Zacher, and for the two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari, Tetranychidae), were Novamac and Freedom, on the leaves of which the net reproduction rate (Ro) ranged between 20 and 26, while the worst hosts were the cvs. Primula, Pionier, and Lodel, on the leaves of which the Ro index ranged from 8.91 to 15.92
Population dynamics of true bugs (Heteroptera) in physic nut (Jatropha curcas) plantations in Nicaragua
Authors: Grimm C. , Führer E.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Population densities of phytophagous bugs (Heteroptera) were monitored during three growing periods in physic nut (Jatropha curcas) stands of a Nicaraguan and a Cape Verdean provenance using a stratified random sampling programme. The two most frequent species found were Pachycoris klugii and Leptoglossus zonatus. The changes in insect densities were compared to climatic and phenological factors and the difference in population dynamics of specialists and generalists was analyzed. Possible coevolution between seed predators and the phenology of the host plant is discussed.
Patch level variation of bark beetle attack (Col., Scolytidae) on snapped and uprooted trees in Norway spruce primeval natural forest in endemic condition: proportions of colonized surface and variability of ecological conditions
Authors: Jakuš R.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: From two snapped and five uprooted trees, 452 samples were obtained. Ips typographs, Jps amitinus, Dryocoetes spp., Hylurgops palliaus, Hylurgops glabratus, Pityogenes chalcographus, Polygraphus polygraphus, P. subopacus, Pityophthorus pityographus, Xyloterus lineatus and Xilechinus pilosus were present. Single and multiple linear regression were used for assessing the influence of insolation and host factors on the proportion of bark attacked by individual species, on the proportion of bark attacked by all bark beetle groups taken together and on the number of bark beetle groups present on individual trunks. Results show that the proportion of bark colonized by I. typographus is related to the connection of the trunk to roots and to insolation. The proportion of bark attacked by all species together was a function of trunk dimensions. Shaded trunks are attacked only by shade and moisture preferring species, while trunks exposed to higher levels of solar insolation are attacked by higher temperature preferring species on the sunny parts and by shade and moisture preferring species on shady parts.
Notes on the biology of Larinus minutus Gyllenhal (Col., Curculionidae), an agent for biological control of diffuse and spotted knapweeds
Authors: Kashefi J. M. , Sobhian R.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The weevil, Larinus minutus oviposits in open flowers of diffuse and spotted knapweed [Centaurea diffusa and C. maculosa (Asteraceae)] and the larvae feed on developing achenes. The species is univoltine and overwinters as an adult in soft soil or among debris near the host plant. Overwintered adults appear on plants by mid‐May. Oviposition begins at the end of June and the new generation starts to emerge by the end of July. Up to 130 eggs per female were laid in C. diffusa flowers in cages. One larva destroys 100% of the seeds in an infested seedhead. During the warm hours of the day (over 30°C) the adults hide under flowers or other parts of the plants and remain inactive.
Combined rearing of Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabr.), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabr.) and Chrysomya albiceps (Wied.) (Dipt., Calliphoridae) under laboratory conditions
Authors: Aguiar‐Coelho V. M. , Milward‐de‐Azevedo E. M. V.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The objective of the present study was to determine some aspects of the interspecific relationships of Cochliomyia macellaria (Fabr.), Chrysomya megacephala (Fabr.) and Chrysomya alhiceps (Wied.) larvae in the laboratory. The larvae received a diet consisting of decomposing horse flesh, and a ratio of 1 larva g−1 diet was established. A predictable variation in duration of postembryonic development was observed between specimens reared on pure or combined cultures, almost always corresponding to a reduction of duration in the combined cultures. The association with Ch. albiceps also significantly reduced the weight of mature Co. macellaria and Ch. megacephala. This decrease in weight, taken together with predation on Co. macellaria and Ch. megacephala larvae by Ch. albiceps larvae, caused a decrease in survival in all stages. Thus, we conclude that the association of Ch. albiceps, Co. macellaria and Ch. megacephala larvae was differentially deleterious for the three species, with Ch. albiceps showing a high capacity for survival by virtue of its strong competitive ability.
The species composition and frequency of spiders (Araneae) in fields of winter wheat grown under different conditions in Germany
Authors: Basedow Th.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Studies were conducted in winter wheat fields of three farms at Bad Vilbel near Frankfurt/M. during 1993–1995: one organic farm (D) (biodynamic; no pesticides, large fields) and two conventional farms, one with large fields (M), the other with small fields and lots of marginal structures such as hedges (G). No synthetic pyrethroids (mostly harmful to spiders) were sprayed in any of the fields during or before the study period. Ten pitfall traps per farm and year were set into the centre of wheat fields and emptied weekly from early May up to the end of July (harvest). In addition, the spiders were sampled by square flooding (1 m2 per field per week during the trapping period). The frequency and density of spiders did not show general differences between the sites. The average numbers caught per 10 pitfall traps per 12 weeks were 5157 at M, 4943 at D and 8355 at G. On the other hand, large differences were proved to exist in species numbers: In all, 101 spider species out of 12 families were found in the fields of winter wheat, 55 (out of nine families only) at M, 72 at D and 73 at G. Thirty‐nine species were common to all farms, four species occurred exclusively at M, 20 at D and 17 exclusively at G. It was not possible to explain the difference in the composition of spider species between sites D and G by the differences in microclimate of the fields. Richness in spider species seems to be strongly dependent on the structure of the agricultural area, in addition to the effects of insecticides and of crop rotation. The results obtained are compared with the results of published spider studies conducted in other agricultural areas in Germany and in other European countries, to derive information on the average and maximal numbers of spider species in wheat fields.
Quarantine implications of exposing Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lep., Tortricidae) larvae to sub‐lethal high‐temperature controlled atmosphere treatments
Authors: Markwick N. P. , Whiting D. C. , Lilley C. M.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: The post‐treatment development and reproductive behaviour of Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) were investigated after first, third, and fifth instars were exposed for 0, 1.5 and 4 h to a controlled atmosphere (CA) treatment (1.2% O2, 5% CO2, 40°C). Fifth instars treated for 4 h in CA had a significantly reduced survival rate to pupation, a changed sex ratio, increased pupal deformity and lower female pupal weight. This CA treatment also significantly reduced oviposition in those females which emerged as adults. Similar trends were found in fifth instars treated for 1.5 h in CA and in third instars treated for 4 h in CA. However, 1.5 h CA treatment on third and first instars did not adversely affect any of the developmental parameters that were measured. No significant changes were identified in the reproductive behaviour of moths emerging from larvae that were treated in CA as first (1.5 h) or third instars (1.5 and 4 h) compared with the untreated controls. Further, the viability of eggs oviposited by females treated with CA during their larval stages, was not affected.
Diagnosis of vocal cord dysfunction in asthma with high resolution dynamic volume computerized tomography of the larynx
Authors: HOLMES Peter W. , LAU Kenneth K. , CROSSETT Marcus , LOW Cathy , BUCHANAN Douglas , HAMILTON Garun S. , BARDIN Philip G.
Published: August 2009

Background and objective:  Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) often masquerades as asthma and reports have suggested that up to 30% of patients with asthma may have coexistent VCD. Diagnosis of VCD is difficult, in part because it involves laryngoscopy which has practical constraints, and there is need for rapid non‐invasive diagnosis. High speed 320‐slice volume CT demonstrates laryngeal function during inspiration and expiration and may be useful in suspected VCD.

Methods:  Endoscopy and high resolution 320‐slice dynamic volume CT were used to examine and compare laryngeal anatomy and movement in a case of subglottic stenosis and in a patient with confirmed VCD. Nine asthmatics with ongoing symptoms and suspected VCD also underwent 320‐slice dynamic volume CT. Tracheal and laryngeal anatomy and movement were evaluated and luminal areas were measured. Reductions in vocal cord luminal area >40%, lasting for >70% duration of inspiration/expiration, were judged to be consistent with VCD.

Results:  Studies of subglottic tracheal stenosis validated anatomical similarities between endoscopy and CT images. Endoscopy and 320‐slice volume CT also provided comparable dynamic images in a patient with confirmed VCD. A further nine patients with a history of severe asthma and suspected VCD were studied using CT. Four patients had evidence of VCD and the median reduction of luminal area during expiration was 78.2% (range 48.2–92.5%) compared with 10.4% (range 4.7–30%) in the five patients without VCD. Patients with VCD had no distinguishing clinical characteristics.

Conclusions:  Dynamic volume CT provided explicit images of the larynx, distinguished function of the vocal cords during the respiratory cycle and could identify putative VCD. The technique will potentially provide a simple, non‐invasive investigation to identify laryngeal dysfunction, permitting improved management of asthma.
Effectiveness of double cervical cerclage in women with at least one previous pregnancy loss in the second trimester: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Tsai Yieh‐Loong , Lin Yu‐Hung , Chong Kian‐Mei , Huang Lee‐Wen , Hwang Jiann‐Loung , Seow Kok‐Min
Published: August 2009

Aim:  To evaluate the effect of double cervical cerclage on the prevention of preterm delivery, and perinatal and maternal outcomes in women with previous fetal loss in the second trimester.

Methods:  Between January 2001 and December 2006 we conducted a prospective study in which patients with a previous preterm delivery at the second trimester who met clinical criteria for the diagnosis of cervical incompetence were randomly allocated to receive double cervical cerclage or traditional single cervical cerclage at a ratio of 1:2.

Results:  The perinatal and maternal outcomes of the two groups were compared. A total of 17 women were allocated to the double cervical cerclage group, and 34 to the traditional single cervical cerclage group. The single cervical cerclage group had a higher incidence of preterm delivery at <28 weeks than the double cerclage group (29.4 vs 5.9%, respectively, P = 0.0528). The mean gestational age and birth weight in the double cervical cerclage group were significantly higher than in the traditional single cervical cerclage group (35.9 ± 5.4 vs 32.9 ± 7.5 weeks, respectively for gestational age, P = 0.045; 2696 ± 911 vs 2242 ± 1119 g, respectively for birth weight, P = 0.048). No significant differences in rates of neonatal survival (P = 0.241) and neonatal admission to the intensive care unit were found between the two groups.

Conclusion:  Our results demonstrated that double cervical cerclage may significantly improve perinatal outcome in women with at least one previous pregnancy loss in the second trimester.
Duration of the second stage of labor while wearing a dental support device: A pilot study
Authors: Matsuo Koji , Mudd Janna V. , Kopelman Jerome N. , Atlas Robert O.
Published: August 2009

Aim:  Developing a method of maximizing maternal expulsive effort should be of great value in reducing the number of cesarean sections or instrumental deliveries. Various investigations have shown that use of a dental support device (DSD) increases the isometric strength of different muscle groups. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of a DSD in second stage of pushing.

Methods:  Nulliparous women with an uncomplicated singleton pregnancy course were randomly assigned either to a DSD group or to a non‐device group. Duration of the second stage of labor was evaluated. Rates of cesarean section or instrumental delivery indicated for failure to descend in the second stage of labor were also evaluated. Satisfaction scores for the DSD group were evaluated (range 1–5).

Results:  Sixty‐four subjects were enrolled in the study. Cesarean section and instrumental delivery were performed for 12 (18.8%) and 5 (7.8%) patients, respectively. There was no difference in obstetrical and neonatal demographics between the two groups. Among 64 enrolled patients, 38 (59.3%) were evaluated for the second stage of labor (n = 19 for each group). Duration of the second stage of labor in the DSD group was significantly shorter than in the non‐device group: (median 19 min (interquartile interval, IQI, 9) vs 31 min (IQI, 23)), P < 0.001. One patient in the non‐device group required a vacuum extraction for failure to descend. The mode of satisfaction score for the DSD group was 5 (59.3%).

Conclusion:  Wearing a dental support device may shorten the second stage of labor, and may decrease the number of failures to descend requiring operative intervention.

Clinical Trial Registration:  NCT00629369.
Ethics and medical research in children
Authors: DAVIDSON ANDREW J. , O’BRIEN MIKE
Published: August 2009

The ethics of clinical research is based on several well‐known guidelines and documents. The guidelines vary between countries, but the principles of respect for persons, beneficence, and justice are constant. These principles are reflected in requirements to obtain free and informed consent, to minimize risk or harm, and to not overly burden or disadvantage particular populations. For research to be ethical, it must also be of such a standard, and be conducted in such a manner that it will generate knew and useful knowledge. Children have limited capacity for understanding and may be more open to coercion. Therefore, they are regarded as a particularly vulnerable population, and specific clauses regarding children are incorporated into many guidelines. A key concept in these clauses is the degree of risk acceptable for children involved in research. While it is generally agreed that children require particular attention because of their vulnerability, there is also increasing concern that children in general should not be disadvantaged by lack of knowledge due to reduced research activity. Finally, an increasingly active area of research in children involves genetics and biobanking. Research in these areas raises new and challenging ethical issues.
Context‐dependent reproductive habitat selection: the interactive roles of structural complexity and cannibalistic conspecifics
Authors: Sadeh Asaf , Mangel Marc , Blaustein Leon
Published: August 2009

Structural complexity generally reduces predation and cannibalism rates. Although the benefits from this effect vary among environmental contexts and through time, it has been the common explanation for high species abundance in complex habitats. We hypothesized that oviposition habitat selection for structural complexity depends on the expected trophic function of the progeny. InSalamandra infraimmaculatalarvae, expected trophic function is dictated by their sequence of deposition. First cohorts cannibalize later‐arriving cohorts, while all compete for shared prey resources. In a mesocosm experiment, we show that gravid salamanders facing conspecific‐free pools preferred structurally simple habitats (no rocks), while females facing only pools with older conspecific larvae preferred complex habitats (with rocks). Context‐dependent preference of habitat complexity for managing food/safety trade‐offs may be extended from classic foraging patch decisions to breeding habitat selection. These trade‐offs vary with dynamic larval processes such as priority effects and ontogenetic diet shifts, potentially leading to complex maternal parturition behaviours.
Do Capital Inflows Matter to Asset Prices? The Case of Korea*
Authors: Kim Soyoung , Yang Doo Yong
Published: August 2009

In the present paper, we investigate whether capital flows induce domestic asset price hikes in the case of Korea. This issue is relevant for crisis‐hit economies trying to prevent a boom–bust cycle as well as in the formulation of macroeconomic policy objectives in emerging market economies. Korea has recently experienced large capital inflows, in particular a surge in portfolio inflows. Furthermore, asset prices, including stock prices, land prices and nominal and real exchange rates, have also appreciated. The empirical results, obtained using a vector autoregression model, suggest that capital inflow shocks have caused stock prices but not land prices to increase. The effects on the nominal and real exchange rates have been limited, which relates to the accumulation of foreign exchange reserves.
Tutor response to implementing an ePortfolio to support learning and personal development in further and higher education institutions in Scotland
Authors: Peacock Susi , Gordon Lisi , Murray Sue , Morss Kate , Dunlop Gloria
Published: August 2009

Emergent research indicates that electronic portfolios (ePortfolios) can have a positive impact on the learning experience, but there are significant challenges—pedagogical and technological—which may limit their effectiveness. This paper contributes to research by providing further evidence about such challenges from the tutor perspective and offers suggestions about how institutions may address these issues. The paper draws upon 23 semi‐structured interviews conducted with tutors in a range of subject areas, from Scottish further and higher education. Tutors were positive about the role that ePortfolios could play in the learning environment to encourage personal development and a more reflective approach to studies, assist student transition and, in some cases, support assessment. Concerns were raised, however, relating to moving paper‐based assessed portfolios online, the legal issues of implementing an ePortfolio and the technical robustness and flexibility of systems. Barriers were identified regarding tutors' lack of understanding about personal development and reflection, and their role in the academic environment, initiative fatigue and lack of access to information technology. It was felt that these could be overcome, especially with long‐term institutional commitment, significant staff development and the creation of tutor support networks. These findings should assist academics, staff developers and managers to implement an effective institutional ePortfolio solution.
Is God Beyond Reason?
Authors: Davies Brian
Published: August 2009

Classical thinkers such as St Anselm of Canterbury and St Thomas Aquinas insist that God is beyond reason because he is incomprehensible. More recent authors, including Søren Kierkegaard, Karl Barth and Colin Gunton have argued that God is beyond reason since natural theology is an inherently suspect notion. In this article, I first note ways in which all the authors just mentioned may be thought of as agreeing with each other. I then proceed to argue against the critique of natural theology coming from Kierkegaard, Barth and Gunton. My conclusion is that, in one sense, it may be premature to conclude that God is beyond reason.
The Influence of Labour Taxes on the Migration of Skilled Workers
Authors: Egger Peter , Radulescu Doina Maria
Published: August 2009

This paper investigates empirically the role of taxes on labour for the stock of expatriates and the migration flows of skilled workers. Given the increasing mobility of labour, especially of high‐skilled people and expatriates, it is interesting to see to what extent labour income taxes and social security contributions determine migration flows. We collect data on personal income tax profiles for 49 economies and the year 2002. In particular, we determine the component of labour taxes which is borne by employers and that which is borne by employees, following the OECD's Taxing Wages Approach. For the latter, we calculate the progressivity of personal income tax rates between the average wage and five times the average wage. This may be interpreted as the tax progression which is relevant for well‐paid workers. Then, we use the personal income tax variables to estimate their effect on bilateral stocks of expatriates into OECD countries and the migration of skilled workers into these countries. Personal income tax rates turn out to have a robust negative effect on cross‐border flows of skilled workers in the OECD.
Proper Names in Early Word Learning: Rethinking a Theoretical Account of Lexical Development
Authors: HALL D. GEOFFREY
Published: August 2009

There is evidence that children learn both proper names and count nouns from the outset of lexical development. Furthermore, children's first proper names are typically words for people, whereas their first count nouns are commonly terms for other objects, including artifacts. I argue that these facts represent a challenge for two well‐known theoretical accounts of object word learning. I defend an alternative account, which credits young children with conceptual resources to acquire words for both individual objects and object categories, and conceptual biases to construe some objects (notably people) as individuals in their own right and most other objects as instances of their category.
Experimental Philosophy and the Theory of Reference
Authors: DEUTSCH MAX
Published: August 2009

It is argued on a variety of grounds that recent results in ‘experimental philosophy of language’, which appear to show that there are significant cross‐cultural differences in intuitions about the reference of proper names, do not pose a threat to a more traditional mode of philosophizing about reference. Some of these same grounds justify a complaint about experimental philosophy as a whole.
Colon segmentation and colonic polyp detection using cellular neural networks and three‐dimensional template matching
Authors: Kilic Niyazi , Ucan Osman N. , Osman Onur
Published: August 2009

Abstract: In this study, an automatic three‐dimensional computer‐aided detection system for colonic polyps was developed. Computer‐aided detection for computed tomography colonography aims at facilitating the detection of colonic polyps. First, the colon regions of whole computed tomography images were carefully segmented to reduce computational burden and prevent false positive detection. In this process, the colon regions were extracted by using a cellular neural network and then the regions of interest were determined. In order to improve the segmentation performance of the study, weights in the cellular neural network were calculated by three heuristic optimization techniques, namely genetic algorithm, differential evaluation and artificial immune system. Afterwards, a three‐dimensional polyp template model was constructed to detect polyps on the segmented regions of interest. At the end of the template matching process, the volumes geometrically similar to the template were emhanced.
Banking Reforms for the 21st Century: A Perfectly Stable Banking System Based on Financial Innovations*
Authors: CHEN NAI‐FU
Published: August 2009

Although bank loans themselves are somewhat illiquid because of private information, most of their cashflows are not. Recent financial innovations allow commercial loans to be liquefied via credit derivatives and actual and synthetic securitizations. The loan originating bank holds the remaining illiquid equity tranche containing the concentrated credit risk, private information rent and the ‘excess spread’ that incentivize the bank to continue to monitor and service the loans. Empirically, we find that the average size of the equity tranche is about 3% for the representative commercial loan portfolios in our sample. The liquefaction of bank loans makes possible a banking system that restricts the guaranteed accounts to be backed by 100% reserves and the non‐guaranteed deposits to be backed by liquid securitized loan tranches, while retaining the deposit‐lending synergy. Such a system is perfectly safe without deposit insurance and it renders banks bankruptcy‐remote without sacrificing a bank's traditional role as a financial intermediary.
Common Risk Factors Versus a Mispricing Factor of Tokyo Stock Exchange Firms: Inquiries into the Fundamental Value Derived from Analyst Earnings Forecasts*
Authors: KUBOTA KEIICHI , SUDA KAZUYUKI , TAKEHARA HITOSHI
Published: August 2009

We search for common factors and/or a mispricing factor for Tokyo Stock Exchange firms. We utilize the Edwards–Bell–Ohlson model to compute the firms' fundamental value and divide this value by the firms' market price to construct a new variable called a ‘value‐to‐price ratio’ (VPR). We find that this VPR variable can generate abnormal returns even after adjusting for the risk factors related to portfolio style differences. To find out whether it is indeed a risk factor or simply a characteristic, we construct return difference portfolios of the high VPR stocks minus the low value‐to‐price stocks and call this portfolio the upward‐forecast minus downward‐forecast (UMD) factor. Fama and MacBeth test indicate that the risk premium for this UMD factor is positive. The best model in terms of the adjusted R2 value is the four‐factor model in which the UMD factor is added to the Fama and French three factors. GMM Euler condition tests reveal that the UMD factor helps to price assets and that the four‐factor model is not rejected. We conclude the VPR variable contains new information content that is not contained in the conventional Fama and French's three factors.
Effect of Price Limits: Initial Public Offerings versus Seasoned Equities*
Authors: KIM YONG H. , YANG J. JIMMY
Published: August 2009

In this paper, we examine the effect of price limits on initial public offerings (IPOs) using Taiwanese data. On average, it takes 6.24 days for IPOs to reach their equilibrium prices in the presence of a 7% price limit. We compare IPOs with their industry‐ and size‐matched seasoned equities (MSEs) and observe higher volatility levels on subsequent days for IPOs than for MSEs. However, the higher volatility decays within 2 days. Lower price limits interfere with trading and lead to higher trading activity on subsequent days for IPOs than for MSEs. We also observe delayed price discovery for both IPOs and MSEs. Overall, our results provide evidence about the effect of price limits on IPOs and generate important regulatory implications for countries imposing price limits on IPOs.
Community Resistance to Mental Handicap Facilities in Hong Kong
Authors: Tse John W. L.
Published: August 2009

This paper describes the community resistance to mental handicap facilities in Hong Kong. There is a lack of knowledge for social service agencies to deal with such opposition systematically and in a comprehensive manner. The long‐term and immediate intervention strategies for agencies to tackle community resistance are discussed.
Parents' Perceptions of Portage: Towards a Standard Measure of Parent Satisfaction
Authors: Clare Linda , Pistrang Nancy
Published: August 2009

Evaluation of services, and in particular the views of service users, is gaining increasing prominence. The literature on Portage emphasises the need for more attention to evaluation and more information on parents' views. This study describes the development of a measure of client satisfaction with Portage services, the Huntingdon Portage Client Feedback Questionnaire, and presents data from a survey of past and present recipients of one local Portage service. It is suggested that this measure could be adopted by Portage services and used as an ongoing means of self‐evaluation.
Who Likes to be With Whom in an Integrated Nursery?
Authors: Farrell Peter , Scales Angela
Published: August 2009

This small scale study took place in an integrated nursery class in an SLD school containing eleven children with severe learning difficulties (SLD) and six children without disabilties — referred to as ‘playgroup’ children. In order to assess the potential for social interaction between all the children, they were asked to select whom they would like to ‘play with’ and ‘sit next to’. The results indicate that, overall, children with SLD choose equally between the two groups whereas the playgroup children tended to choose children from their own group.
An Exploration of the Application of the Alexander Technique for People with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Maitland Sheila , Home Roger , Burton Mark
Published: August 2009

The Alexander Technique is a means of re‐educating people in the way they use and organise their bodies. It is characterised by an integrative view of physical and psychological function. Its application was explored with eight people with varying degrees of learning disability, and associated physical problems. On the basis of clinical documentation it is concluded that the technique may be of benefit, and that a more rigorous evaluation would be desirable. The account includes discussion of the particular problems in applying the technique to people with limited communication and understanding of what was being done.
Reaching Chinese Children with Learning Disabilities in Greater Manchester
Authors: Sham (Yuen Mei) Sylvia
Published: August 2009

This article provides an overview of the culture, religion, attitudes and backgrounds of Chinese minority groups living in Britain. It demonstrates the need for greater awareness of Chinese families and an improved system in relation to services for people with learning disability. The paper suggests that more appropriate services should be made available to Greater Manchester's Chinese families which have a member with learning disabilities. Professionals should be more competent to understand Chinese families and to enable them to take advantage of developing services.
Finding Out About and Accessing Respite (Short‐term Breaks)
Authors: Hayes Lesley , Cotterill Lesley , Sloper Patricia , Flynn Margaret
Published: August 2009

The ability of users and their parents or carers to choose services hinges on what they know about them. In a survey of Social Service Departments in England about respite services, the issue of access was considered. Service personnel and publicity were the most commonly mentioned sources of information about respite services. Few of the information sources identified were aimed at the general public or those not already known to services. The average age at which people moved into adult services was between 17 and 19, and people accessed planned respite via assessment, referral and direct application. People waited variable lengths of time for access. The results suggested that information may not reach all those who could benefit from respite. Initial access takes time, and targeting of those traditionally under‐represented in services is limited. Some of the innovative respite services examined have faced similar challenges and successfully overcome them. The provision of individualised support means that these services are well placed to meet the wide ranging needs of people with learning disabilities.
The Effects of Behaviour Relaxation Training on Adults with Profound Multiple Disabilities: A Preliminary Study on Treatment Effectiveness
Authors: Lindsay William R. , Michie Amanda M. , Marshall Imelda , Pitcaithly Deborah , Broxholme Sarah , Hornsby Nicola
Published: August 2009

This paper investigates the use of behavioural relaxation with subjects who have profound learning disability and concomitant handicaps. Behavioural relaxation training is a simple psychological procedure where subjects are encouraged to adopt a relaxed posture. Ratings of relaxation were taken after each session and subjects were also assessed for the amount of time they spent on task in an occupational activity. Five people participated in the study. Two showed consistent improvements with the procedures, one showed improvement on rated relaxation but no improvement in engaging in the task, and two people showed no response to the treatment. One of the participants who was resistant to relaxation treatment responded readily to a reinforcement procedure and increased his time on task following the introduction of the reinforcement.
Case Report: Challenging Behaviour in a Young Adult with Down's Syndrome and Autism
Authors: Prasher V. P. , Clarke D. J.
Published: August 2009

An association between Down's syndrome and autism is reviewed. A case of severe challenging behaviour in a young adult with Down's syndrome and childhood autism is reported. Areas of further research including prevalence studies, psychopathology and investigation for underlying genetic aetiological factors are discussed.
How Do We Stop ‘Doing’ and Start Listening: Responding to the Emotional Needs of People with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Gardner Anne , Smyly Selma Rikberg
Published: August 2009

In the context of a growing recognition of the importance of looking at the emotional needs of people with learning disabilities this paper describes the Interact Project which aims to provide a safe framework within which to explore the quality of the client‐carer relationship. By asking clients to attend workshops with a chosen carer, and by guiding the content of the mutual time given in the workshops we tried to help develop and foster a positive and mutually valuing relationship for the client and carer. There was a deliberate shift away from any concept of a technique or therapy to a focus on the quality of the relationships offered. By offering follow‐up sessions we ensured that the workshops did not become ends in themselves but part of an on‐going process which needs to be available on a regular basis as situations/relationships and emotions evolve over time.
Towards Rational Psychotropic Prescribing for People with Learning Disability
Authors: Clarke David J.
Published: August 2009

The use of psychotropic medication to treat emotional and behavioural disorders among people with learning disability has been a cause of concern for some time. It has also been the subject of numerous surveys and reviews in a number of countries.

The types and uses of psychotropic drugs, and some of the research evidence regarding the prescribing of these compounds to people with learning disability, are reviewed. Good practice is based on maximising the benefits and minimising the risks of prescribing. Criticisms of ‘inappropriate’ prescribing have often been based on assumptions that may not apply in clinical practice, especially when other treatment options have been exhausted. However, few clinicians would dispute the need for better evidence about the efficacy of drugs in the management of behaviours that challenge services.

Advances in neurochemistry and psychopharmacology have opened up the possibility of more rational approaches to the treatment of maladaptive behaviours associated with learning disability, based on a knowledge of underlying biological abnormalities and the actions of drugs on specific receptors or neuroregulatory systems. Clinical trials with sound methodology are beginning to appear, but there are many unanswered questions.
Identification of Hearing Impairment in People with a Learning Disability: From Questioning to Testing
Authors: Lavis Diane , Cullen Paul , Roy Ashok
Published: August 2009

Nurses were questioned about the level of hearing impairment in the population (353) living in a hospital for people with learning disability. Systematic hearing assessments were then carried out on 324 individuals yielding a fourfold increase in identification. Methodological improvements over previous studies include specialised audiology facilities and equipment and staff experience in testing this special group. If hearing impairment is recognised and dealt with the potential for improvements in quality of life is considerable.
The Primary Care Workload and Prescribing Costs Associated with Patients with Learning Disability Discharged from Long‐stay Care to the Community
Authors: Chambers Ruth , Milsom Gina , Evans Neal , Lucking Ann , Campbell Ian
Published: August 2009

One‐hundred‐and‐thirty‐six patients with learning disability were discharged from a long‐stay hospital to the community, and were registered with a total of 21 practices. This study estimated the additional general practice workload and prescribing costs incurred by the transferred patients, compared with age/sex matched controls from the same practices. The workload was recorded prospectively. General practitioners agreed that six‐monthly health checks and medication reviews should be standard good practice primary healthcare for those with learning disability. Only three practices undertook proactive six‐monthly health and medication reviews of all study patients.
Developing Self Advocacy Skills in Adults with Learning Difficulties and Challenging Behaviour
Authors: Preston Andy
Published: August 2009

This article outlines the development of The Hanham Self Advocacy Group (SAG) within Phoenix NHS Trust, Bristol. It describes the advocacy model used with this group, and explains how the group developed during the past four years.
Sexual Fetishism Associated with Temporal Lobe Dysrhythmia and Learning Disability: Two Case Studies
Authors: El‐Badri Selim M. , Robertshaw Barbara A.
Published: August 2009

Sexual disorders in epileptic patients have attracted much attention. Several reports stress the occurrence of fetishism in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy or dysfunction. Fetishism in association with EEG evidence of temporal lobe(s) dysfunction in two males with learning disability who improved with carbamazepine treatment is described and its possible aetiology is discussed.
ECT Used in Depression Following Childbirth, in a Woman with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Cutajar Peter , Wilson David , Mukherjee Tapati
Published: August 2009

This article describes a young woman with mild learning disabilities, who developed a severe depression in the post‐partum period. Due to pre‐existing physical problems (renal problems) certain signs of her depressive illness, e.g. refusal to drink, were especially worrying. In this particular patient treatment with ECT was effective, leading to a relatively quick recovery. There is a lack of literature on the use of ECT in people with learning disabilities, and this report illustrates the value of ECT in certain circumstances. It also demonstrates the benefits of good liaison between the learning disabilities, general adult psychiatric and medical services.