bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Vitamin D and Its Analogues in Type-B Lymphomas
Authors: Basile Valerio , Allegra Alessandro , Marini Herbert Ryan , Berretta Massimiliano , Granata Barbara , Freni José , Puzzolo Domenico , Stagno Fabio , Midiri Paola , Urzì Brancati Valentina , Minutoli Letteria
Published: February 2025

Lymphomas represent a heterogeneous group of blood tumors, generally divided into non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (90% of all lymphomas) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL). High-grade NHL can rapidly progress so that new strategies and potentially therapeutical options are needed. Recently, it was shown that Vitamin D (VitD) inhibits the growth of cancer cells, controls their invasion and metastasis, and strengthens the antitumor activity of various types of chemotherapeutic anticancer agents. Therefore, we reviewed the recent literature about the influence of VitD and its analogues (VDAs) on the treatment and the prognosis of B-cell lymphomas. As to the in vitro studies in different cell lines, VitD3 and VDAs enhanced the anti-proliferative efficacy of various chemotherapeutics and increased the expression of VitD receptor. In in vivo studies, blood levels of VitD were considered: higher values of plasma bioavailable VitD were correlated with better progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), while an unfavorable PFS and OS were observed in VitD deficient groups. No clinical trial was made on the analogs, thus confirming the absence of in vivo positive role of these synthetic drugs. In conclusion, higher levels of circulating VitD are related to improved OS, reduced cancer-specific mortality, and better disease-free survival. VitD and analogs showed also positive effects in in vitro studies, while only VitD was able to improve clinical parameters. Furthermore, a complex approach with plant-based diet, adequate levels for motor exercise, and/or eventual VitD supplementation could be a valuable strategy to challenge lymphomas.
Modeling the Potential Distribution of Aulonemia queko: Historical, Current, and Future Scenarios in Ecuador and Other Andean Countries
Authors: Cedillo Hugo , García-Montero Luis G. , Cabrera Omar , Rocano Mélida , Arciniegas Andrés , Jadán Oswaldo
Published: February 2025

Aulonemia queko Goudot (Poaceae, Bambusoideae) is a species of great cultural importance that has been used as a non-timber forest product in Andean forests for centuries. Despite inhabiting montane forests vulnerable to deforestation, its distribution has not been thoroughly assessed for conservation. This study analyzes its potential distribution at the regional scale (the four countries where it is distributed) and locally (in greater detail within Ecuador), using presence records and climatic and land-use data. Maxent was identified as the best algorithm, achieving high values of AUC, TSS, sensitivity, and specificity. At a regional level, A. queko is estimated to occupy approximately 264,540 km2, mostly in Peru, with small areas in Bolivia. In Ecuador, the historical scenario showed the widest distribution, while the current–near-future scenario (20–40–SSP126) presented a more stable model. Temperature and rainfall represented critical factors in defining suitable habitats, as A. queko is highly sensitive to seasonal moisture availability. Land-use changes have reduced potential habitats by more than 35%, underscoring an intensified threat of habitat loss in these biodiversity-rich regions. However, projected climate changes pose an even greater impact, significantly reducing potential distribution. Our findings highlight the compelling effects of both climate-change-driven and human-driven land-use change on the future persistence of A. queko and emphasize the urgent need for targeted conservation strategies to protect its core habitats.
Establishing a Structured Hypospadias Biobank Cohort for Integrated Research: Methodology, Comprehensive Database Integration, and Phenotyping
Authors: Abbas Tariq O. , Al-Shafai Kholoud , Jamil Asma , Mancha Maraeh , Azzah Amina , Arar Seem , Kumar Sushine , Al Massih Alia , Mackeh Rafah , Tomei Sara , Saraiva Luis R.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Hypospadias, a common congenital anomaly in males, presents significant challenges in diagnosis, management, and long-term care. Despite its prevalence, research into the condition has been hampered by the lack of integrated biobank cohorts linking clinical, phenotypic, and surgical data with biological samples. This study aimed to establish the Hypospadias Biobank Cohort (HBC), a comprehensive resource designed to advance the understanding of hypospadias etiology and improve patient outcomes. Methods: The HBC was developed using a multi-phase approach, enrolling participants from specialized clinics between April 2022 and September 2024. Biological samples (blood and tissue) were collected under standardized protocols following informed consent. Detailed clinical data, including hypospadias severity, associated anomalies, and surgical outcomes, were systematically recorded and integrated into a robust database to support translational research. Results: The cohort included a diverse group of patients with varying severity of hypospadias, many of whom also presented with associated anomalies. Surgical outcomes were tracked, revealing important correlations between severity and postoperative complications. Preliminary biological analyses identified potential biomarkers associated with hypospadias severity and recovery. The full details of these results will be presented in a separate publication. The comprehensive database is continuously updated with longitudinal follow-up data, supporting future translational research. Conclusions: The Hypospadias Biobank Cohort represents a groundbreaking resource for translational research, offering unprecedented insights into the clinical and phenotypic spectrum of hypospadias. By enabling the refinement of classification systems and the development of evidence-based surgical techniques, the HBC has the potential to transform the management of this congenital condition. Ongoing research leveraging the HBC will further unravel the complex interplay among clinical presentation, surgical interventions, and patient outcomes, paving the way for personalized care strategies and improved long-term results.
Herpes Zoster: Risk Factors for Occurrence, Complications, and Recurrence with a Focus on Immunocompromised Patients
Authors: Oleszko Michał , Zapolnik Paweł , Kmiecik Wojciech , Czajka Hanna
Published: February 2025

Background: The varicella-zoster virus is a highly contagious human herpesvirus that primarily causes varicella (chickenpox) as an initial infection, targeting T cells, neurons, as well as skin cells, and can later reactivate to cause herpes zoster (shingles). Following reactivation, the varicella-zoster virus infection can lead to severe complications, the most common of which is postherpetic neuralgia. Risk factors include aging, immunosuppression, chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disorders, respiratory conditions, and others. Objective: In this article, we present an analysis of factors increasing the risk of herpes zoster occurrence, complications, and recurrences (in particular in immunocompromised patients).
Enhancing Root Canal Disinfection with Er:YAG Laser: A Systematic Review
Authors: Fiegler-Rudol Jakub , Grzech-Leśniak Zuzanna , Tkaczyk Marcin , Grzech-Leśniak Kinga , Zawilska Anna , Wiench Rafał
Published: February 2025

Background: The quest for minimally invasive disinfection in endodontics has led to using Erbium:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet (Er:YAG) lasers. Conventional approaches may leave bacterial reservoirs in complex canal anatomies. Er:YAG’s strong water absorption generates photoacoustic streaming, improving smear layer removal with lower thermal risk than other laser systems. Methods: This systematic review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Database searches (PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Library) identified studies (2015–2025) on Er:YAG laser-assisted root canal disinfection. Fifteen articles met the inclusion criteria: antibacterial efficacy, biofilm disruption, or smear layer removal. Data on laser settings, irrigants, and outcomes were extracted. The risk of bias was assessed using a ten-item checklist, based on guidelines from the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Results: All studies found Er:YAG laser activation significantly improved root canal disinfection over conventional or ultrasonic methods. Photon-induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) and shock wave–enhanced emission photoacoustic streaming (SWEEPS) yielded superior bacterial reduction, especially apically, and enabled lower sodium hypochlorite concentrations without sacrificing efficacy. Some research indicated reduced post-operative discomfort. However, protocols, laser parameters, and outcome measures varied, limiting direct comparisons and emphasizing the need for more standardized, long-term clinical trials. Conclusions: Er:YAG laser-assisted irrigation appears highly effective in biofilm disruption and smear layer removal, supporting deeper irrigant penetration. While findings are promising, further standardized research is needed to solidify guidelines and confirm Er:YAG lasers’ long-term clinical benefits.
Third-Order Sliding Mode Control for Trajectory Tracking of Quadcopters Using Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Chughtai Muhammad Rizwan , Ahmad Iftikhar , Mughees Abdullah , Iqbal Muddesar , Almakhles Dhafer , Abdelrahim Mahmoud
Published: February 2025

This study focuses on designing a controller for trajectory tracking of quadcopters using advanced sliding-mode techniques. Specifically, an integral terminal sliding-mode control based on an adaptive barrier function with a super-twisting reaching law is employed to achieve precise trajectory tracking. The performance of the controller is enhanced by applying Particle Swarm Optimization to fine-tune the gain values. The nonlinear dynamics of the quadcopter are modeled using the Euler–Lagrange approach, followed by a Lyapunov stability analysis to verify the stability of the controller. The adaptive barrier function is used to prevent control signal saturation, while the third-order sliding-mode controller effectively reduces the chattering. Additionally, a saturation function is introduced to further mitigate the chattering effect. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated through numerical simulations, and its performance is further validated through controller-in-the-loop implementation. The results show that the proposed method significantly improves trajectory-tracking accuracy.
An Innovative Image Encryption Algorithm Based on the DNAS_box and Hyperchaos
Authors: Qiu Da , Zhang Tingting , Liu Jingyi , Liu Song , He Peiyu
Published: February 2025

This study proposes an innovative image encryption algorithm based on the DNAS_box and hyperchaos. The algorithm dynamically constructs a DNAS_box using 2-bit deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) coding and 4-bit DNA-like coding, enabling seamless conversion between these two coding schemes. The implementation process comprises four key phases. First, a hyperchaotic system generates chaotic sequences while dynamically encoding the plaintext image according to DNA coding rules. Next, the 2-bit DNA keys undergo encoding before performing XOR operations with the encoded plaintext image. Subsequently, under chaotic sequence control, the DNAS_box transforms 2-bit DNA symbols into 4-bit DNA-like symbols. Finally, XOR operations are executed between the 4-bit DNA-like symbols and corresponding DNA-like keys, producing a 4-bit DNA-like symbol sequence. This sequence is dynamically decoded under chaotic sequence guidance to generate the ciphertext image. The algorithm’s effectiveness is validated through MATLAB-based numerical simulations, with experimental results confirming its robust security performance. Notably, the algorithm demonstrates a key space of approximately 10145, an NPCR exceeding 99.5%, and ciphertext entropy surpassing 7.997.
How Do Elementary Students Apply Debugging Strategies in a Block-Based Programming Environment?
Authors: Yan Wei , Luo Feiya , Israel Maya , Liu Ruohan , Chandler Latoya T.
Published: February 2025

Debugging is a growing topic in K-12 computer science (CS) education research. Although some previous studies have examined debugging behaviors, only a few have focused on an in-depth analysis of elementary students’ debugging behaviors in block-based programming environments. This qualitative study explored the debugging behaviors of four students, including their strategies and challenges. The study employed thematic video analysis of students’ computer screens as they engaged in block-based programming activities. The findings reveal five types of debugging strategies and three primary challenges during the debugging process. This study aims to help researchers and educators understand elementary students’ debugging strategies and the challenges they face. Suggestions for teaching debugging strategies to elementary students and the implications for future research are discussed.
Study on Reactor Power Control Strategies Based on Mode-C Operation and Control Mode
Authors: Zhang Ying , Chen Zhi , Chu Qing , Zhou Jixiang
Published: February 2025

At present, the operation control modes of pressurized water reactor (PWR) nuclear power plants in service mainly include Mode-A, Mode-G, and MSHIM. Mode-A is mainly applicable to base load operation and cannot realize load tracking. In the process of Mode-G load tracking, it is necessary to adjust boron, and it cannot realize load tracking without boron regulation. Although MSHIM implements unregulated boron load tracking, a large number of control rods are inserted into the core during base load operation, which reduces the safety margin and causes certain economic losses. In recent years, China National Nuclear Corporation Limited proposed the Mode-C operation control mode, which attempts to concentrate the advantages of the above operation mode and avoid its disadvantages. When Mode-C is adopted, only one set of control rods is inserted into the reactor core to complete the nuclear power plant control task for the base load and other operations that do not require frequent reactor power regulation. For load tracking and other operations requiring frequent reactor power regulation, control rods are used instead of adjusting soluble boron to control core reactivity. Reactivity compensation and power distribution control in the load-tracking process are completed through control rods. When Mode-C mode is adopted, the reactivity control method under base load and load tracking conditions is different from other mature operating modes. It is impossible to directly adopt the ready-made reactor power control system scheme, which brings challenges to the practical engineering application of Mode-C. To solve the above problems, based on the idea of single-variable automatic control and bivariable automatic control in Mode-C under different load demand conditions, this paper carries out research on the strategy of the reactor power control system and puts forward two specific control schemes. Through the control simulation program based on the one-dimensional core model, the simulation model of the control object and control system is established, and the closed-loop simulation verification of the control strategy is completed. The simulation results show that the designed reactor power control system can realize automatic control of the full power operating range and non-adjustable boron load tracking, reduce the operator’s burden, and meet the expected operation effect of the Mode-C operating mode.
Development of a Numerical Characterization Method for a Ducted Savonius Turbine with Power Augmenters
Authors: Brusca Sebastian , Cucinotta Filippo , Galvagno Antonio , Sfravara Felice , Chillemi Massimiliano
Published: February 2025

Savonius turbines are widely used in energy recovery applications, including urban-integrated wind energy systems and Oscillating Water Column (OWC) setups for wave energy conversion. This study explores the use of a ducted Savonius turbine. Experimental tests were conducted on a scaled turbine to evaluate its performance. A Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFDs) model, incorporating Sliding Mesh and Dynamic Fluid Body Interaction (DFBI) techniques, was developed to replicate the experimental conditions. The accuracy of the model was confirmed through validation against experimental data. In total, four conditions were studied: one without a Power Augmenter, one with the Bell-Metha Power Augmenter, and two custom ones obtained by increasing the slope at the end of the Power Augmenters. To facilitate rapid turbine characterization, a fast computational method was developed, allowing the derivation of characteristic curves using only three CFD simulations per configuration. The reliability of this approach was assessed by comparing predictions with experimental results. Developing such a model is crucial, as it enables seamless integration with Reduced-Order Models (ROMs), significantly improving efficiency in evaluating multiple operating points. Compared to traditional experimental testing, this approach provides a faster and more efficient way to obtain performance insights, paving the way for enhanced turbine optimization and real-world deployment.
Soil Respiration Characteristics and Karst Carbon Sink Potential in Woodlands and Grasslands
Authors: Zhang Ning , Xiao Qiong , Guo Yongli , Chen Fajia , Sun Pingan , Miao Ying , Zhang Cheng
Published: February 2025

The weathering of carbonate rocks consumes significant amounts of soil CO2, contributing to both direct source reduction and to the enhancement of carbon sinks. This process holds substantial potential as a carbon sink, making it a critical strategy for achieving carbon neutrality and mitigating climate change. However, the control mechanisms for the reverse assessment of karst carbon sinks, with soil CO2 as the core at the input end of karstification, are unclear. By comparing soil respiration and its δ13C values between karst and non-karst regions, we analyzed the impact of karstification on soil respiration. In this study, we examined the karst grassland (KG), woodland (KW), and non-karst woodland (NKW) in the karst region with identical climate conditions as the research subject, analyzing the differences in soil respiration rate (RS), flux (SRF), and isotope δ13C under different land-use types, and comparing them with the non-karst region to reveal the carbon sink potential of karstification in reducing carbon emissions. The results showed that after the land-use change from KG to KW in the karst region, the annual mean values of the RS and SRF increased by 55.50% and 20.94%, respectively. Additionally, the annual mean values of the soil respiration contribution to carbonate weathering in KG were approximately 8.2% higher than those in KW. In contrast, the annual mean values of RS and SRF in KW were 25.14% and 41.80% lower than those in NKW, respectively. Furthermore, the soil respiration participation in carbonate weathering in KW was about 8.9% of that in NKW. Land use change can significantly influence karst carbon sinks, with the KG exhibiting the highest carbon sink capacity. Karst soils play a crucial role in reducing atmospheric CO2 levels and facilitating regional carbon neutralization. Therefore, the karst systems play a pivotal role in mitigating the “land use change term” (source term, ELUC) in the global carbon balance.
Regulation of Smad2/3 Nuclear Exclusion by Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) in Chicken Follicular Granulosa Cells and Its Effect on FOXO3/4
Authors: Sun Yuhan , Liswaniso Simushi , Wu Hengsong , Sun Xue , Yan Chunchi , Qin Ning , Xu Rifu
Published: February 2025

Background: This study aims to investigate the regulation of small mothers against decapentaplegic 2 and 3 (Smad2/3) protein phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion in follicular granulosa cells (GCs) by chicken follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) through the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway, as well as the effect of Smad2/3 proteins on forkhead box O 3 and 4 (FoxO3/4). This lays the foundation for exploring the regulatory functions of signaling pathways closely related to follicular growth and development, as well as the molecular mechanisms of subcellular localization and nuclear exclusion of various effector factors (including transcription factors). Methods: In this study, we used granulosa cells from 6–8 mm prehierachical follicles of chickens and performed immunofluorescence, quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR), and Western blotting analysis to detect the phosphorylation and nuclear exclusion of Smad2/3 induced by FSH, as well as the regulatory effect of Smad2/3 on FOXO3/4 proteins. Results: The results showed that 10 ng/mL FSH and 50 μg/mL PI3K activator significantly reduced the phosphorylation level of Smad2/3 (p < 0.05), while no nuclear exclusion was observed. On the other hand, 16 nM/mL PI3K inhibitor and 50 μg/mL alkaline phosphatase significantly increased the phosphorylation level of Smad2/3 (p < 0.05). Overexpression of Smad2/3 increased the phosphorylation level of FOXO3/4 (p < 0.05); Smad2/3 interference resulted in a decrease in FOXO3/4 phosphorylation levels (p < 0.05). Conclusions: FSH can inhibit Smad2/3 phosphorylation and retain it in the nucleus through the PI3K signaling pathway. Smad2/3 and FOXO3/4 act as downstream effectors of the PI3K signaling pathway, and Smad2/3 can promote the phosphorylation of FOXO3/4.
A SEIPS-Based Analysis to Understand Safety Culture During Postpartum Hemorrhage
Authors: Hale-Lopez Kaitlyn L. , Saenz Madelyn M. , Verma Neelam , Chakravarthy Shruti , Ebert-Allen Rebecca , Bond William F. , Wooldridge Abigail R.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Maternal mortality occurs at alarming rates in the United States. In 2018, there were 17 maternal deaths for every 100,000 births—double that of other high-income countries, including France and Canada. Postpartum hemorrhage (i.e., excessive blood loss during delivery or within the 24 h following) is a leading cause of maternal mortality and is a treatable condition if identified and managed in a timely manner. One aspect of work that impacts patient care during postpartum hemorrhage is the safety culture. The safety culture is the beliefs, values, and norms shared by members of the organization that influence their actions and behaviors. In this study, we use the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety (SEIPS) model to understand and describe how the sociotechnical system shapes safety culture during postpartum hemorrhage. Methods: We conducted interviews and focus groups with 29 clinicians to describe the work system and the barriers and facilitators during postpartum hemorrhage. Then, we inductively categorized the barriers and facilitators into emergent properties of sociotechnical systems related to safety culture. Results: We identified 45 barriers and 158 facilitators into five emergent properties related to the safety culture (i.e., staffing, communication, organizational management and leadership, organizational processes, and teamwork). The participants identified more positive aspects than negative, suggesting that the safety culture positively influences their actions and behaviors. Conclusions: Our results indicate that safety culture could be improved by redesigning the work system to mitigate barriers related to staffing, communication, organizational management, and teamwork that hinder the safety culture.
Translating Evidence for a Mediterranean-Style Dietary Pattern into Routine Care for Coronary Heart Disease and Type 2 Diabetes: Implementation and Evaluation in a Targeted Public Health Service in Australia
Authors: Mayr Hannah L. , Hayes Lisa , Wang William Y. S. , Murray Eryn , Kelly Jaimon T. , Palmer Michelle , Hickman Ingrid J.
Published: February 2025

Background: A Mediterranean-style dietary pattern (MDP) is embedded across coronary heart disease (CHD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) clinical guidelines. However, MDP evidence has not consistently been translated into practice. This study aimed to develop, integrate and evaluate implementation strategies to support clinicians in translating MDP evidence into routine care for CHD and T2D in the local context of a public health service. Methods: This study documents the implementation and evaluation phases of a broader knowledge translation project guided by the Knowledge-to-Action cycle. Multi-disciplinary clinicians in the cardiology and diabetes services of two large metropolitan hospitals and a post-acute community service were targeted. Strategies were prioritised utilising theory and stakeholder engagement and included facilitation, building a coalition, the engagement of clinical champions and local opinion leaders, educational meetings, consensus discussions, sharing local knowledge, consumer consultation, and the development and distribution of education materials. Surveys were conducted with clinicians and patients of targeted services to evaluate the reach, acceptability, feasibility, adoption and perceived sustainability of MDP in practice. Results: In total, 57 clinicians (7 dietitians, 29 nurses/diabetes educators, 15 doctors and 6 other allied health professionals) and 55 patients completed post-implementation evaluation surveys. The majority of clinicians agreed an MDP is appropriate to recommend in their clinical setting (95%), and most of the time/always their advice (85%) aligns. Education sessions were attended by 65% of clinicians, of which the majority indicated improved knowledge (100%) and change in practice (86%). Factors deemed most important to maintaining an MDP approach in practice were hard-copy education materials (85%) and access to a dietitian (62%). Of the patients who had received care from a dietitian of targeted services (n = 32, 58%), 100% recalled having discussed ≥1 MDP topic and 89% received education material. Of the patients who had received dietary advice from non-dietetic clinicians (n = 33, 60%), 67% recalled having discussed ≥1 MDP topic and 70% received education material. Conclusions: Targeted and theory-informed implementation reached the majority of surveyed clinicians and patients, and positively influenced the adoption, acceptability and feasibility of an MDP approach in routine care. Ongoing sustainability strategies are crucial with rotating clinician roles.
Neutralizing Antibody Response to SARS-CoV-2 Variants After Two mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine Doses in a Cohort of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease from a Southern Italy Tertiary Hospital
Authors: Genovese Dario , Brinch Daniele , Muscarella Stefano , Saladino Marica , Carrozza Lucio , Cunsolo Chiara , Sanfilippo Giuseppa Luisa , Amodio Emanuele , Cappello Maria , Ferraro Donatella
Published: February 2025

Introduction: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) require immunosuppressive drugs like biologics. All IBD patients, including those on biological therapy, should be vaccinated against COVID-19, according to the ECCO recommendations. IBD patients on anti-TNF treatment exhibited lower COVID-19 vaccine responses; however, SARS-CoV-2 variant neutralizing antibody titers have been seldom studied. Methods: IBD patients and healthcare professionals (control group) were tested for COVID-19 vaccine immunogenicity by neutralizing antibody titers against Wild-Type SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. IBD patients were assigned to no treatment/mesalamine, anti-TNF biologic therapy, or non-anti-TNF biologic therapy. The study was performed in a tertiary hospital in Palermo, Sicily, from May to July 2021. Results: In total, 107 IBD patients and 41 healthcare workers were enrolled. A total of 46 patients received mesalamine or no medication, 28 received anti-TNF biologics, and 33 received non-anti-TNF biologics. No significant differences were found in age, gender, or timing of blood sampling post vaccination. Omicron neutralizing activity was markedly reduced in all groups (p < 0.001). The group of patients on anti-TNF biologics showed lower neutralizing antibody titers against Alpha, Delta, and Gamma strains than every other group analyzed. Conclusions: IBD patients on anti-TNF drugs have a reduced serological response to the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, with the Omicron variant not being neutralized. This highlights the necessity for tailored vaccine strategies for these patients.
Effect of Omega-3 in Patients Undergoing Bone Marrow Transplantation: A Narrative Review
Authors: Mancin Stefano , Sguanci Marco , Ferrara Gaetano , Caccialanza Riccardo , Cereda Emanuele , Lo Cascio Alessio , Parozzi Mauro , Petrelli Fabio , Cangelosi Giovanni , Morales Palomares Sara
Published: February 2025

Background/Aim: Omega-3 fatty acids, a key component of immunonutrition, have been used to modulate immune responses and improve clinical outcomes in various settings, including hematological patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). This study aimed to summarize the effects of omega-3 supplementation on inflammation, long-term survival, and post-transplant complications, such as graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and mucositis. Additionally, its impact on nutritional status and immune function was considered. Methods: A narrative review was conducted. The PubMed, Embase, and CINAHL databases were searched, along with sources of gray literature. From 2607 records, five studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed Results: The available literature suggests that omega-3 supplementation provides significant benefits, including reduced inflammation, lower C-reactive protein levels, and improved long-term survival. Furthermore, a reduction in GVHD and mucositis incidence was observed. The safety profile of omega-3 was favorable, with no serious adverse events reported. However, the evidence remains limited and heterogeneous, emphasizing the need for further well-designed trials to validate and expand upon these findings. Conclusions: Omega-3 fatty acids appear to be a promising intervention for improving clinical outcomes in HSCT patients. Additional research is essential to optimize treatment protocols and confirm its immunomodulatory role.
Lung Cancer—Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Treatment and Molecular Aspect (Review of Literature)
Authors: Smolarz Beata , Łukasiewicz Honorata , Samulak Dariusz , Piekarska Ewa , Kołaciński Radosław , Romanowicz Hanna
Published: February 2025

Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant cancers in most countries and is the leading cause of death among cancer diseases worldwide. Despite constant progress in diagnosis and therapy, survival rates of patients diagnosed with lung cancer remain unsatisfactory. Numerous epidemiological and experimental studies conducted as early as the 1970s confirm that the most important risk factor for the development of lung cancer is long-term smoking, which remains valid to this day. In the paper, the authors present the latest data on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and molecular aspects of this cancer. In the last decade, many molecular alterations that are effective in the development of lung cancer have been discovered. In adenocarcinoma, tyrosine kinase inhibitors were developed for EGFR mutations and ALK and ROS1 translocations and were approved for use in the treatment of advanced stage adenocarcinomas. In the case of squamous cell carcinoma, the evaluation of these mutations is not yet being used in clinical practice. In addition, there are ongoing studies concerning many potential therapeutic molecular targets, such as ROS, MET, FGFR, DDR-2 and RET. Constant progress in diagnostic and therapeutic methods gives rise to hopes for an improved prognosis in patients with lung cancer.
Thromboinflammatory Biomarkers in Lymphomas: Linking Inflammation to Thrombosis Risk
Authors: Živković Emilija , Mitrović-Ajtić Olivera , Subotički Tijana , Ivanović Jelena , Otašević Vladimir , Đikić Dragoslava , Diklić Miloš , Vukotić Milica , Dragojević Teodora , Stanisavljević Dejana , Antić Darko , Čokić Vladan P.
Published: February 2025

Thrombosis is a critical complication in lymphomas, driven by chronic inflammation. To observe this systemic mechanism, we evaluated inflammatory cytokines, neutrophil and monocyte activation, and platelet function in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), follicular lymphoma (FL), and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), with and without thrombosis using ELISA and flow cytometry according to laboratory and clinical data. Interleukin-1β was elevated across lymphomas and inversely correlated with the Khorana score for venous thromboembolism, while increased tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was inversely associated with the International Prognostic Index (IPI) in thrombosis-associated lymphomas. Neutrophil activation was increased in DLBCL, while elevated neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) biomarkers were inversely consistent with thrombosis and the ThroLy score. NETs were elevated in HL. Classical monocytes were increased in all lymphoma subtypes, with intermediate and tissue factor (TF)-carrying monocytes elevated in DLBCL and HL. Platelet activation was pronounced, with platelet–monocyte aggregates and platelet-associated TF elevated in DLBCL and FL but not HL. P-selectin was increased in lymphomas with thrombosis, aligned with Khorana and ThroLy scores, and reflected clinical stage while inversely correlating with IPI in non-thrombotic lymphomas. These findings highlight distinct thromboinflammatory mechanisms across lymphoma subtypes, providing insights into biomarkers for thrombosis risk and therapeutic targets in lymphoma management.
Screening for Resistant Germplasms and Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping of Resistance to Tomato Chlorosis Virus
Authors: Gao Wenzheng , Wang Zhirong , Dong Chenchen , Wei Kai , Chen Yifan , Qiu Zhuoyao , Liu Ziteng , Li Xin , Liu Lei , Du Yongchen , Huang Zejun , Li Junming , Wang Xiaoxuan
Published: February 2025

Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) is an emerging plant virus that poses a substantial threat to the cultivation of economically vital vegetable crops, particularly tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Despite its substantial impact on crop yield, resistant or tolerant tomato germplasms have not been well documented, and the genetic basis of resistance to ToCV remains poorly understood. In this study, two wild accessions that were immune to ToCV and five accessions that were highly resistant to ToCV were identified from 58 tomato accessions. Additionally, a novel method was developed for evaluating resistance to ToCV in tomatoes, and it was observed that tomatoes exhibited typical pathological features on days 15 and 30 after ToCV inoculation, referred to as Stage 1 and Stage 2, respectively. Using quantitative trait locus (QTL) sequencing in conjunction with classical QTL approaches, ToCV resistance loci were identified in two F2 populations derived from the crosses between SG11 (susceptible) and LA1028 (resistant) and between SP15 (susceptible) and LA0444 (resistant). Genetic analysis indicated that resistance to ToCV in the wild-type ToCV-resistant tomato accessions LA1028 and LA0444 was quantitative and mainly governed by four loci (Qtc1.1 and Qtc11.1 from LA1028 and Qtc7.1 and Qtc9.1 from LA0444). Subsequently, transcriptome analysis of three resistant accessions (LA2157, LA0444, and LA1028) and two susceptible accessions (SG11 and SP15) revealed unique differentially expressed genes and specific biological processes in the two stages of ToCV infection. This study provides new resistant germplasms and potential genetic resources for ToCV resistance, which can be valuable in tomato molecular breeding programs in obtaining resistant varieties.
Emerging Piezoelectric Sonosensitizer for ROS-Driven Sonodynamic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Wang Guiyun , Qi Yanxia , Liu Zhuang , Wang Ruowei
Published: February 2025

As a non-invasive modality, sonodynamic therapy (SDT) offers several advantages in cancer treatment, including deep tissue penetration and precise spatiotemporal control, resulting from the interplay between low-intensity ultrasound and sonosensitizers. Piezoelectric materials, known for their remarkable capacity of interconversion of mechanical and electrical energy, have garnered considerable attention in biomedical applications, which can serve as pivotal sonosensitizers in SDT. These materials can generate internal electric fields via ultrasound-induced mechanical deformation, which modulates the alteration of charge carriers, thereby initiating surface redox reactions to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and realizing the therapeutic efficacy of SDT. This review provides an in-depth exploration of piezoelectric materials utilized in SDT, with a particular emphasis on recent innovations, elucidation of underlying mechanisms, and optimization strategies for advanced biomedical piezoelectric materials. Furthermore, the incorporation of piezoelectric sonosensitizers with immunotherapy, photodynamic, chemodynamic, and chemotherapy is explored, emphasizing their potential to enhance cancer therapy outcomes. By examining the basic principles of the piezoelectric effect and its contributions to SDT, this review sheds light on the promising applications of piezoelectric materials in oncology. It also highlights future directions for improving these materials and expanding their clinical utility in tumor sonodynamic therapy.
Multifaceted Pathophysiology and Secondary Complications of Chronic Spinal Cord Injury: Focus on Pressure Injury
Authors: Martínez-Torija Mario , Esteban Pedro F. , Santos-De-La-Mata Angela , Castillo-Hermoso Matilde , Molina-Holgado Eduardo , Moreno-Luna Rafael
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a complex medical condition with widespread effects that extend beyond motor and sensory impairments. In addition to nervous system damage, SCI patients experience various secondary complications, including vascular dysfunction, altered body composition, and metabolic disturbances. Among the most common secondary pathologies is the development of pressure injuries (PIs), chronic wounds that significantly affect quality of life and can be challenging to treat. Understanding the physiological and cellular mechanisms behind these complications is crucial for improving care and therapeutic outcomes. Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature search in PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar using keywords related to spinal cord injury, pressure ulcer/pressure injuries, metabolic and vascular dysfunction, biomechanics, and regenerative therapies. Studies were selected based on their relevance to the pathophysiology, risk factors, and novel therapeutic approaches for PIs in SCI patients. Results: Vascular dysfunction, characterized by impaired blood flow and microcirculatory issues, predisposes SCI patients to ischemia and tissue necrosis, particularly in areas subjected to prolonged pressure. Additionally, changes in body composition, such as increased adiposity and muscle atrophy, further compromise tissue integrity and healing capacity. The inflammatory response, mediated by cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α, exacerbates these effects by sustaining a pro-inflammatory environment that delays the transition of macrophages to the M2 phenotype, critical for wound healing. External factors, such as poor nutrition, infections, and immobility, also play a significant role in worsening the wound healing process. Conclusions: Chronic SCI induces a cascade of physiological changes that predispose patients to the development of PIs and complicate their recovery. The intricate interplay of vascular, metabolic, and inflammatory responses creates a hostile environment for wound healing. A deeper understanding of these systemic effects is essential not only for developing targeted therapeutic strategies to improve chronic wound healing but also for refining preventive approaches that minimize their occurrence. Advancing this knowledge will ultimately help enhance the quality of life for individuals with SCI.
Risk Factors for Postoperative Pulmonary Complications in Patients Undergoing Thoracotomy for Indications Other than Primary Lung Cancer Resection: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study from the German Thorax Registry
Authors: Baar Wolfgang , Semmelmann Axel , Anselm Florian , Loop Torsten , Heinrich Sebastian ,   for the Working Group of the German Thorax Registry
Published: February 2025

Background: Postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) are the most common complications following lung surgery and can lead to increased postoperative mortality. In this study, we examined the incidence of PPCs, the in-hospital mortality rate, and the risk factors associated with PPCs in patients undergoing open thoracotomy lung resection (OTLR) for reasons other than primary lung cancer. Methods: Data from this multicenter, retrospective study involving 1.368 patients were extracted from the German Thorax Registry and analyzed using univariate and multivariable statistical methods. Results: In total, 278 patients showed at least one PPC. The presence of PPCs was associated with a significantly higher in-hospital mortality rate (7.2% vs. 1.5%; p = 0.000). Multivariable stepwise logistic regression analysis showed absolute age (OR 1.02) and BMI ≤ 19 (OR 2.6) as independent patient-specific risk factors. Significant preoperative risk factors included re-thoracotomy (OR 4.0) and FEV1 < 60% (OR 2.5). Procedure-related independent risk factors for PPCs included a surgical duration surpassing 195 min (OR 2.7), the continuation of invasive ventilation post-surgery (OR 3.8), and an intraoperative infusion of crystalloids greater than 6 mL/kg/h (OR 1.8). Conclusions: Optimizing intraoperative fluid therapy and on-table extubation when possible may reduce the incidence of PPCs and associated mortality.
Comparison of the Diagnostic Accuracy of an AI-Based System for Dental Caries Detection and Clinical Evaluation Conducted by Dentists
Authors: Kwiatek Jakub , Leśna Marta , Piskórz Wiktor , Kaczewiak Justyna
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Artificial intelligence (AI)-based software is increasingly used for radiographic analysis in dentistry. This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of an AI-powered radiographic analysis system, using Diagnocat (DGNCT LLC, Miami, FL, USA) as an example, compared with clinical evaluations performed by three experienced dentists. The assessment focused on primary caries detection and the total number of primary and secondary caries based on panoramic radiographs (OPGs). Methods: Three dentists with similar expertise independently classified teeth for treatment using only panoramic radiographs and their clinical knowledge. The study was conducted under single-blind conditions, where clinicians were unaware that their diagnoses would be compared to the AI system’s analysis. Results: The AI system’s agreement with human evaluations varied depending on tooth location, patient age, and gender. The lowest agreement was observed for premolars, likely due to limitations of 2D imaging, while higher accuracy was found for molars and incisors, particularly in younger patients. The system showed limitations in detecting occlusal, labial, and lingual caries. Conclusions: AI-assisted radiographic analysis has the potential to enhance diagnostic efficiency and automation in dentistry. However, its accuracy is influenced by tooth location and imaging modality. Further research is needed to explore the benefits of integrating AI with 3D imaging techniques to improve diagnostic reliability.
Pain Management in Burned Patients Treated with Bromelain-Based Enzymatic Debridement
Authors: Laurens Acevedo Michelle , Usua Gemma M. , Barret Juan P.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Enzymatic debridement with bromelain is a treatment option for deep partial thickness and full thickness burns. This procedure is associated with significant pain, necessitating the use of anesthesia techniques. However, there is limited evidence on the optimal strategy to achieve effective pain control. To detail the anesthetic approach in patients undergoing bromelain-based enzymatic debridement for burn injuries. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted by analysing the medical records of burn patients treated with enzymatic debridement using bromelain. The study included patients admitted to the Burn Unit of Vall d’Hebron University Hospital between January 2015 and December 2019. Results: A total of 112 patients met the inclusion criteria. The average burned total body surface area (TBSA) was 10.7% ± 11.4, and the median Abbreviated Burn Severity Index (ABSI) was 5 (range: 2–12). The most commonly burned and treated regions were the upper limbs (73%), followed by the lower limbs (30%) and the abdomen (8%). Regional anesthesia was the predominant technique, utilised in 96% of cases. Among these, axillary nerve block was performed in 47% of patients, with continuous catheter placement in 31%. Pain control was achieved in 61% of patients during the first 48 h following enzymatic debridement. Opioids were required for post-procedure pain relief in 12.5% of cases, and repeat anesthesia was necessary in 2.7%. There was no significant difference in pain management outcomes between single nerve blocks and catheter-based approaches (p = 0.809). Complications were reported in nine patients and included hypotension, nausea, and urinary retention. Conclusions: Bromelain-based enzymatic debridement is a painful intervention requiring specialised anesthetic management. Regional anesthesia techniques offer a safe and effective strategy for pain control, though achieving optimal analgesia during the initial 48 h remains a clinical challenge.
Longitudinal Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) Trajectories in Children with Cerebral Palsy Identified in High-Risk Follow-Up
Authors: Burton Vera Joanna , Kannan Sujatha , Jayakumar Srishti , Gerner Gwendolyn , West Salome , Yenokyan Gayane , Duncan Andrea F.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: The Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination (HINE) is a standardized neurologic exam for infants between 2 and 24 months. Scores can be compared to optimality cutoffs as one component to support an early diagnosis of cerebral palsy (CP). Some prognosis is also possible for infants diagnosed with CP. We aimed to understand the longitudinal trajectories of HINE scores in infants who were ultimately diagnosed with CP. Methods: Clinical records were reviewed for children who were diagnosed with CP in two high-risk infant follow-up clinics with HINE scores from at least two visits between the corrected ages of 3 months and 2 years. Trajectories were calculated individually and by group for infants in four categories—term neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), term perinatal arterial ischemic stroke (PAIS), premature infants with brain injury, and “Other” (term infants with congenital malformations and/or congenital hydrocephalus). The changes in HINE scores between clinic visits were compared using linear mixed-effect models with a random intercept, pulling data by diagnostic group across visits and accounting for within-child correlations of scores over the follow-up time. Results: The changes in HINE scores for sixty children (twenty-five with prematurity, eighteen with HIE, seven with PAIS, and ten in the other category) were assessed. The linear mixed-effect models indicated that the infants with PAIS had an estimated 10.8-point increase in total HINE scores after 9 months of age compared to earlier assessments (95% CI [2.5, 19.2]. There was no statistically significant improvement in the scores among the infants in the other brain injury groups. The infants with PAIS had an estimated 2.9-point increase in HINE asymmetry scores after 9 months of age compared to prior visits (95% CI [0.7, 5.1]). None of the other diagnostic categories had statistically significant increases in asymmetry scores over time. Conclusions: The children with PAIS with resultant hemiplegia showed increasing HINE scores throughout the first two years of life. In contrast, the HINE scores remained stable for those children with term HIE, prematurity-associated brain injury, and congenital malformations and/or congenital hydrocephalus diagnosed with CP. Tracking individual changes (or stability) in HINE scores can aid diagnosis, inform prognosis, and guide the design of clinical trials targeting neurologic injury.