bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Volatile Pyrolytic Products of Tobacco Constituents: Stearic Acid Pyrolysis
Authors: Haeberer A. F. , Chortyk O. T.
Published: July 2016

A procedure has been developed to collect, transfer, and analyse volatile organic pyrolysis products of tobacco leaf compounds. The volatiles were collected in a series of three traps on adsorbents that also served as substrates for transfer and for introduction of the volatiles into a gas chromatograph. Analytical procedures are described for three gas chromatographic columns packed, respectively, with the three different adsorbents used in the traps. With this system, volatile pyrolyzates were collected and analysed without the use of cryogenic traps, vacuum manifolds, or gas-sampling valves. The applicability of the procedures is demonstrated for the pyrolysis volatiles of stearic acid, a tobacco constituent
Selective Removal of Semivolatile Components of Cigarette Smoke by Various Filters
Authors: Baggett Madelyn S. , Morie Gerald P.
Published: July 2016

The semivolatile portion of cigarette smoke contains acidic, basic, and neutral compounds that are important to the flavour and in some cases the physiological effects of smoke. A rapid method that could be used routinely for the gas chromatographic analysis of this portion of smoke was developed. A 160 mm glass capillary column was used to resolve approximately 150 semivolatile smoke components. Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry was used to identify about 35 of these components. Twenty known semivolatile compounds with different functional groups and boiling points were used to determine the effects of various filters on their removal from smoke. Standard cellulose acetate filters, cellulose acetate filters with glycerin, cellulose acetate filters with PEG 600, and cellulose acetate filters with activated carbon were evaluated. The cellulose acetate filters with glycerin and PEG 600 were more selective for the removal of aromatic hydrocarbons than were the standard cellulose acetate filters. The cellulose acetate filters with activated carbon were more selective for the removaI of the low-boiling semivolatile compounds than were the other filters tested.
One-Dimensional Gas Concentration Profiles Within a Burning Cigarette During a Puff
Authors: Lanzillotti H.V. , Wayte A.R.
Published: July 2016

A technique for axial concentration measurements of several gas phase components of cigarette smoke during a two-second puff has been described. Gas concentration profiles constructed from these measurements were used to determine the axial order of the reactions which determine these concentrations. A one-dimensional model combustion reaction profile and a one-dimensional model coal temperature profile were presented. The diffusivities of several combustion gases through cigarette paper were calculated from the concentration data using the Owens-Reynolds model for the isothermal diffusion of gases through cigarette paper.
A Chromatographic Analysis for Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Small Quantities of Cigarette Smoke Condensate
Authors: Severson R. F. , Snook M. E. , Chortyk O. T. , Arrendale R. F.
Published: July 2016

A four-step method has been described for the quantitative analysis of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in smoke condensate from 90 or more cigarettes. It involves the extraction of condensate solution with water, silicic acid and gel filtration chromatography, then separation and quantitation by gas chromatography. Individual PAH or totaI PAH profiles of condensates from different cigarettes can now be compared. The method was applied to reference, commercial nonfilter, and commercial filter cigarettes. The details and advantages of the method are elaborated.
Wool Cigarette Filters Part Ill: Selective Removal of Volatile Components with Polyethylenlmlne-Quaternary Ammonium Mixtures
Authors: Mayfield R. J. , Evans D.J.
Published: July 2016

Chemical and biological assays showed that wool filters containing mixtures of commercially available polyethylenimines (PEI) and quaternary ammonium compounds (QUAT) selectively removed proportions of the biologically active volatile constituents of cigarette smoke. The action of the QUAT was synergistic in that it enhanced the performance of PEI filters but, alone, was ineffective in retaining volatile components. Only water-soluble QUATs with one long hydrocarbon chain (> 10 C-atoms) attached to nitrogen were effective. The best removal efficiencies were obtained with a PEI/QUAT ratio in the range 0.8-1.0 and 5-10 % by weight of each additive on the filter material. Analyses of puffs at stages along the tobacco column indicated that the treated filters retained their effectiveness from the first to the last puffs. The treated filters significantly increased the pH of the mainstream smoke.
A Method for Measuring the Burn Characteristics of Cigars
Authors: Rice R. L. , Scherbak M.
Published: July 2016

For cigarettes, the weight of tobacco consumed in a puff can be determined by measuring the weight of tobacco consumed in a puff cycle (both the puff and free burn period) and correcting this weight for that consumed in free burn. The latter is determined independently. This methodology cannot be readily applied to cigars as in general, cigars do not burn for any extended period under free burn conditions. In this communication, a method has been described whereby the weights of tobacco consumed in the puff and in the free burn period between puffs can be determined. This information is obtained by examining the weights of tobacco burned at different puff frequencies or different puff volumes. Under both conditions of test, the weight of tobacco consumed during free burn is obtained by extrapolation of the data to zero puff frequency or volume. For data at different puff frequencies, the weight of tobacco burned in a puff is obtained directly from the slope of the curve. The method provides a means of describing the burning characteristics of a cigar.
Determination of Chlorpyrifos (Diethyl-3,5,6-trichloropyridyl phosphorothioate) in Cured Tobacco
Authors: Toet Mary J. , Toet L.
Published: July 2016

A method for determining chlorpyrifos in cured tobacco by gas-Iiquid chromatography, using electron capture and thermionic detection, is described. Ground, cured tobacco, mixed with Florisil, is Soxhlet extracted with acetone for eight hours. The extract is evaporated to dryness, redissolved in a small amount of petroleum ether, and eluted through a silica gel column using first petroleum ether and then 5 % ether in petroleum ether. The volumes of the eluates are adjusted and their chlorpyrifos content determined by gas-liquid chromatography, using an electron capture detector and, for confirmation, a thermionic detector. Recoveries from spiked samples are good, and results are reproducible
Determination of Nicotine in Low-Nicotine Tobacco
Authors: Lyerly L. A. , Greene G. H.
Published: July 2016

A gas chromatographic method for the determination of nicotine in low-nicotine tobacco is described. Tobacco samples are extracted with sodium hydroxide solution and chloroform. Nicotine in the chloroform is determined by gas chromatography. The method is applied to different tobacco types of varying nicotine levels and compared with other methods. The method is simple, rapid, and yields reproducible results.
Tobacco Chemistry/Chemische Zusammensetzung des Tabaks
Authors: Aasen Arne J. , Almquist Sven-Olof , Enzell Curt R.
Published: July 2016

35: two isomeric 5,6-Epoxy-3-hydroxy-7-megastigmen-9-ones from Nicotiana tabacum L.
The Influence of Adsorbents on the Composition of the Smoke from Sheet Tobacco/Der Einfluss von Adsorbentien auf die Zusammensetzung des Rauches von Folientabak
Authors: Béringer Monique , Koch R.
Published: July 2016

The use of adsorbents in cigarette filters guarantees a substantial reduction of volatile and semi-volatile smoke components. We added adsorbents to the sheet tobacco and then analysed the effect on the composition of the smoke. The results show a substantiaI reduction of many smoke components when 10 % to 18 % of a special meerschaum quality as fine powder is stirred into the slurry before drying. Addition of 10 % meerschaum results in a reduction of about 30 % for nicotine and dry condensate as well as for semi-volatile substances (phenols, cresols, scatol, etc.). With an 18 % addition the reduction is about 45 % compared to sheet tobacco without meerschaum. This significant diminution of some of the undesirable smoke components is achieved without any impairment of the aroma of the smoke.
The Measurement of Thiol Reactivity in Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Gaisch H. , Nyffeler U.
Published: July 2016

An analytical method of establishing a quality index for fresh smoke is described. It is based on the reaction between cysteine and a number of smoke constituents such as oxides of nitrogen, aldehydes and unsaturated carbonyls. The method can be used for product screening, the measurement of filter performance, or for assessing tobacco quality.
Analysis of Trends Concerning the Problem of Consumption of Nicotine and Smoke Condensate in the Federal Republic of Germany for the Period 1961 to 1975/Trendanalysen zum Problem des Verbrauches an Nikotin und Rauchkondensat in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland für die Jahre 1961 bis 1975
Authors: Timm J.
Published: July 2016

Numerous investigations and data on the development of smoke condensate and nicotine in German cigarettes, the changes in the market shares, the length of cigarettes smoked in laboratories and by the average consumer, and the per capita consumption of cigarettes in the Federal Republic of Germany were utilised in calculating the average delivery of smoke condensate and nicotine and for estimating the per capita consumption of moist and dry cigarette smoke condensate and the nicotine contained in it. In the period from 1961 to 1975 (for dry condensate figures are available only for 1966 to 1975) all these figures display a downward trend. Expressed in terms of the totaI population the reduction in moist condensate is about 31 %, nicotine about 40 % and dry condensate (for the shorter period 1966 to 1975) about 22 %. The percentages of smokers in the German population and among foreign workers, the development and age structure of the resident population and of the percentage of foreign workers were utilised to also ascertain from the above results the development of the condensate and nicotine consumption of the potentiaI and actual smokers. The result is again a reduction of consumption of approx. 36 % for moist condensate, of approx. 45 % for nicotine and 26 % for dry condensate (in the shorter period 1966 to 1975) a smoker. If these figures are converted to the equivalent of cigarettes of the type smoked in 1961 the consumption of 21 cigarettes a smoker established for 1975 corresponds to a mere 10 cigarettes of the type smoked in 1961. The actuaI daily consumption at that time, however, was about 15 cigarettes a smoker.
Methods for the Determination of Phytopharmaceuticals in Tobacco and Tobacco Products1st Report: On the Simultaneous Determination of Water-soluble Organophosphoric Pesticides/Methoden zur Bestimmung von Phytopharmaka in Tabak und Tabakerzeugnissen: I. Mitteilung: Zur Simultanbestimmung von wasserlöslichen Organophosphor-Pflanzenschutzmitteln
Authors: Sagredos A.N. , Eckert W.R.
Published: July 2016

Sissons and Telling's (18) method for the simultaneous determination of water-soluble organophosphoric pesticides in vegetables has been successfully applied to tobacco. With this method monocrotophos, dicrotophos, dimethoate, formothion, methyl demeton-S-methyl, mevinphos, paraoxonmethyl, phosphamidon and trichlorphon can be quantitatively analysed speedily and with good recoveries.
On Units of Measurement for the Indication of Carbon Monoxide in Cigarette Smoke / Über Masseinheiten für die Angabe von Kohlenmonoxid in Cigarettenrauch
Authors: Hedden K.
Published: July 2016

It is proposed to express carbon monoxide in cigarette smoke in ml CO/cigarette with 20°C as temperature of reference and 1.013 bar as pressure of reference.
Correlation of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Formation Between Pyrolysis and Smoking
Authors: Severson R. F. , Schlotzhauer W. S. , Arrendale R. F. , Snook M. E. , Higman H. C.
Published: July 2016

Tobacco, its petroleum ether (PE) extract, and the residual extracted tobacco (marc) were pyrolyzed at 650-750°C, 650-850°C, and 700°C, respectively. Analyses of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) produced showed that the pyrolysis of the tobacco and the PE extract at 700°C produced PAH profiles comparable to those found in cigarette smoke condensate (CSC). The data indicated that most of the alkyl PAH and the major PAH in cigarette smoke are derived from the PE extractables of tobacco. The constituents of the marc were the major precursors for phenols, oxygenated PAH, and Iow molecular weight acids; and those of PE extract were the major producers of high molecular weight acids.
Determination of Carbon Monoxide in Cigarette Smoke Using an Electrochemical Transducer
Authors: Browner R. F. , Copeland G. K. E. , Stockwell P. B. , Bergman I.
Published: July 2016

A system for the in-line measurement of puff-by-puff levels of carbon monoxide on a Filtrona 300 smoking machine during routine smoking of cigarette for tar and nicotine yields has been developed. The technique involves the introduction of a transducer into the suction line behind the Cambridge filter. This transducer comprises an electrochemical cell bridged by a pair of solenoid valves which are under the control of the cotton gate smoking terminator. These valves are actuated, other than at the butt mark, by an additional inductive timing switch on the crankshaft. Results using this technique compare well with results from existing off-Iine techniques such as gas-solid chromatography
Thermal Decomposition of Tobaccos: VII: Influence of Atmosphere on the Formation of Gas Phase Constituents
Authors: Burton H. R. , Childs G.
Published: July 2016

Formation profiles have been obtained for methane, ethane, ethene, propane, propene, butanes, butenes, isoprene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone, 2-butanone, benzene, and toluene from the thermal decomposition of tobacco in the presence of helium and air. These data show that in helium the temperatures for optimum formation of gas phase constituents were: hydrocarbons, 450°C; aldehydes, 300°C; ketones, 450°C; isoprene, 380° and 475°C; and aromatic hydrocarbons, 450°C. Air enhances the formation of these gas phase constituents at 280°C and in most cases at 420°C, the latter temperature is an area of major weight loss of tobacco. Each formation maximum corresponds to a rate of weight loss maximum exhibited by derivative thermogravimetry. The results also show that it is possible to use effluent gas analysis to define the thermal behaviour of tobacco in terms of the formation of the gas phase constituents which provide a means to elicit the processes that occur during the thermal decomposition of tobacco.
Cigarette Smoke Formation Studies: V. The Effects of the Cigarette Periphery on Mainstream Smoke Formation
Authors: Jenkins R.W. , Bass R.T. , Newman R.H. , Chavis M.K.
Published: July 2016

The effects of the cigarette periphery on smoke formation have been experimentally studied. A series of cigarettes was prepared with carbon-14 labelled materials placed in different radial positions within the rods. These cigarettes were smoked and the distribution of the radioactivities into total smoke was measured. These data lead to the following conclusions: [1 ] The periphery plays a large contributing role (though not the sole role) in the formation of a) the mainstream particulate phase, b) sidestream particulate phase (derived from non-distillable/non-sublimable materials), and c) mainstream gas phase (derived from non-distillable/non-sublimable materials) ; [2] The central portion of the cigarette rod plays a large contributing role in a) sidestream gas phase and b) sidestream particulate phase (derived from distillable/sublimable compounds); and [ 3 ] The mainstream gas phase yields from the distillable/sublimable compounds are due in large part to the pyrolysis/combustion products formed during the static burn period. These products are carried into mainstream smoke by the incoming air at the beginning of the puff and by diffusion due to the pressure gradient existing in the cigarette during static burn. These experiments have demonstrated the significant effects that the central portion of the cigarette rod has on sidestream smoke formation and, conversely, the effects of the periphery on mainstream smoke.
Relationships between the Mean Leaf Area of Threshed Leaf and the Mean Fibre Length of Cut Tobacco Made from it/Beziehungen zwischen der mittleren Blattfläche von Partien entrippten Blattgutes und der mittleren Faserlänge daraus hergestellten Schnittabaks
Authors: Flesselles J. , Gayet M.
Published: July 2016

An important characteristic of the cut smoking tobacco is the length of the fibres. The manufacturer strives for a large mean fibre length in order to prevent the content of short tobacco from becoming too great in the course of further processing. It is important that the quality of the leaf be checked, and mainly the mean area of the strips, because this parameter is closely related to fibre length. The suitability of the leaf for the production of a cut tobacco with long fibres is designated by the so-called QV (quality relationship); the fibre distribution is characterized by the SI (sieve index). Investigations were carried out with tobacco of various provenances. The investigation and calculation methods used are described, the results given and discussed. The result shows a very good correlation between the QV and the SI. Also evident is a dependence of the content of unacceptable stem particles in the cut tobacco (URt) on the content of the stem particles "R'' (diameter more than 2.5 mm) in the threshed leaf.
Further Investigations into the Metabolism of Endosulfan l, Endosulfan ll and Endosulfan Sulfate in Tobacco Leaf
Authors: Chopra N.M. , Mahfouz A.M.
Published: July 2016

Tobacco plants were separately treated with 0.75 lb./acre and 1.50 lbs./acre of endosulfan I, endosulfan II and endosulfan sulfate. Leaves from the tobacco plants were analysed for endosulfan and its metabolites at the harvesting stage, and later, when flue-cured. From the residue data obtained we conclude that [1] In green tobacco leaf endosulfan I, found in very small amounts, is the only metabolite of endosulfan sulfate, and that endosulfan II is the main endosulfan sulfate metabolite in flue-cured tobacco leaf; [2] The loss of residues during the curing process depends largely on the residue level of this pesticide in the green tobacco leaf: [3] The loss of pesticide during the curing process is mainly due to volatilization; and [4] Smallest amounts of residues are left in tobacco Ieaf with endosulfan I treatments.
Sensor for Detection of Tobacco Smoke Particulates in Inhalation Exposure Systems
Authors: Higgins C. E. , Gayle T. M. , Stokely J. R.
Published: July 2016

A commercially available light emitting diode/phototransistor array was investigated for detection and analysis of tobacco smoke in the Walton Horizontal Smoking Machine (WHSM) animal inhalation exposure system. The diode element of the device emits light into the smoke aerosol, and light back-scattered by the smoke particles is detected by the phototransistor element. The sensor provides a continuous, nearly instantaneous graphicaI visualization of smoke particulates in the immediate vicinity of the array. Experimental studies showed that sensor readout is Iinearly related to smoke particulate concentration of the smoke and is independent of the composition of the smoke. Smoke particle agglomeration associated with aging of smoke causes observable but minor changes in sensor response.
Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Cigarette Smoke by Trimethylsilylation Method
Authors: Ishiguro S. , Sugawara S.
Published: July 2016

A gas chromatographic method was developed to quantitatively determine the major components in the total particulate matter (TPM) of cigarette smoke. Tobacco smoke condensate was collected on a glass fiber filter and the components were converted to their trimethylsilyl derivatives and then subjected to glass capillary column gas chromatography. By this method, volatile and non-volatile tobacco smoke components, including unstable phenolic substances and water-soluble polyhydroxy compounds, were determined simultaneously
Multi-alkylated Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons of Tobacco Smoke: Separation and Identification
Authors: Snook M. E. , Severson R. F. , Arrendale R. F. , Higman H. C. , Chortyk O. T.
Published: July 2016

The methyl, multi-methyl, and ethyl derivatives of the polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) of cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) were isolated from the neutrals by silicic acid chromatography, solvent partitioning and gel chromatography. The procedure yielded a relatively pure PAH isolate amenable to further identifications. The multi-alkylated PAH were concentrated in the early gel fractions with parent and higher ring PAH found in subsequent gel fractions. It was shown that CSC is very rich in alkylated PAH, and their successful identification required extensive use of gas and liquid chromatography and ultra-violet and GC - mass spectrometric techniques. High-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) separated individual isomers of the alkylated PAH in complex GC peaks. PAH from indene to pentamethylchrysene were found. This report concludes our identification studies on the PAH of CSC and complements our two previous reports in this journal. Collectively, our studies have identified approximately 1000 PAH of cigarette smoke condensate and have led to the development of methods for the routine quantitation of PAH in smalI quantities of cigarette smoke condensate.
Suggestion for the Definition of Pressure Drop – Vorschlag für die Definition des Zugwiderstandes
Authors: Gehring M
Published: July 2016

Abstract A new suggestion for the definition of pressure drop is submitted which was accepted by the ISO/TC126-SC1 committee and Coresta Technology Study Group. The various standard conditions under which the pressure drop is to be measured are substantiated individually. The suggestion is based on a thorough study of the literature (state 1976), which is cited, with sources. This report was published in English and French in: Coresta Information Bulletin 1977-1, 17-33.
An Improved Instrument for Measuring Filter Rod Pressure Drop
Authors: Dixon R.L.
Published: July 2016

A compact, portable pressure-drop instrument that incorporates modern electronic pressure-drop measuring techniques has been designed and built. It includes a built-in laminar-flow calibration standard. The new design offers virtual independence from external capillary standards (and the associated problems of maintaining capillary cleanliness), fast digital readout, potential for automatic data processing, and a simple method of flow-rate adjustment at different filter rod pressure drops. Pressure drop measured with the new instrument meets the CORESTA-recommended definition of pressure drop for filter rods. Data collected on the new instrument show that the average and percent coefficient of variation of pressure drops measured on the new instrument compare favourably with data collected by the previously used standard instrument having mainly a vacuum pump, needle valve and water column manometer.
Transformation of Tobacco Alkaloids
Authors: Kisaki T. , Maeda S. , Koiwai A. , Mikami Y. , Sasaki T. , Matsushita H.
Published: July 2016

Chemical transformation: In air oxidation of nicotine at room temperature, N´-methylmyosmine, which is supposed to be an active intermediate of degradation, cotinine, nicotine-N´-oxide, nicotyrine, myosmine, 3-pyridylpropyI ketone, 3-pyridylmethyI ketone, nicotinic acid, methylamine and ammonia were isolated. N´-Methylmyosmine was first characterized by 1H-NMR. When N´-methylmyosmine was heated, N-methylnicotinamide and nicotyrine were obtained in addition to a large amount of polymerized resinous substances. 2´(S)-nicotine-1´-N-oxide was rearranged to acetyl pseudooxynicotine by reaction with acetyl chloride or acetyl anhydride. This rearrangement could be generally useful for the preparation of Δ1-pyrrolines or Δ1-piperideines. When appropriate acetyl groups were used, the products were effective in improving tobacco taste.

Phytochemical transformation: Transformation of alkaloids in the tobacco plant was investigated by measuring their optical rotatory power, from which it was presumed that nicotine is biosynthesized in the S-form. The nornicotine formed in the leaves is synthesized from S-nicotine, but the one formed in the root is synthesized in the racemic form, indicating a route different from that found in the leaves. Secondary amine alkaloids such as anabasine and anatabine are in the racemic form. From Cherry Red tobacco, a transformation product of nornicotine. 1-(1´-2´(S)-nornicotino)1-β-D-fructofuranoside (m.p. 66-68°C), was isolated for the first time. The structure was confirmed physico-chemically and finally by synthesis. This compound increased markedly during curing, especially at the drying stage, suggesting formation through a non-enzymatic process.

Microbial transformation: 2´(S)-nicotine-1´-N-oxide, which is the most common natural oxidation product of nicotine, was degraded by bacteria abundant on the tobacco leaf surface and in the tobacco field soil. The isolated micro-organisms belong to genus Arthrobacter. Degradation pathway was: nicotine-N´-oxide → N´-methylmyosmine (60 % - 70 % yield) → 4-oxo-4- (3´-pyridyl)butyric acid, whereas nicotine degraded slowly by a different route: S-nicotine → 6-hydroxy-nicotine → 6-hydroxy-N´-methylmyosmine. No analogous and homologous oxides tested were degraded by the bacteria. 1´(R)-2´(S)nicotine-1´-N-oxide was preferentially degraded, compared to 1 ´(S)2´(S)-nicotine-1´-N- oxide.
Design Criteria for Ventilated Filters
Authors: Parker James A. , Montgomery Robert T.
Published: July 2016

A number of filters were studied to determine the effect of air dilution on smoke filtration, both in well characterized acetate tow items and also in commercial filters that incorporated air dilution. A direct reduction of condensate and nicotine was observed in proportion to the degree of air dilution. Particulate filtration efficiency increased with air dilution. Gas phase delivery of aldehydes and CO decreased in greater proportion than the amount of air dilution. The commercial brands tested closely fitted the model developed in the filter tow study, except where mouthpieces or other flow channeling devices altered the filtration characteristics of the cigarette in varying degrees. Significantly, the results of the studies showed that the amount of air dilution, and not the physical means of air mixing, was the defining parameter to predict filter performance. Ventilation gives a useful design capacity that extends control of smoke filtration behaviour. By appropriate selection of tow denier per filament, total denier and cross-section shape, filter length and diameter, and the level of air dilution, filter properties can be adjusted to control gas and particulate phase deliveries, and the proportionality between the two.
The Use of Pressure Drop Measurements for Estimating Ventilation and Paper Porosity
Authors: Keith C. H.
Published: July 2016

Equations for calculating dilutions in vented cigarette filters and tobacco columns from pressure drop measurements are derived. These calculated dilutions are found to agree closely with those directly measured for a variety of commercial and experimental cigarettes wrapped with perforated and porous tipping and with different cigarette papers. The effect of hole placement on dilution and cigarette pressure is estimated. The effects of filter dilution on particulate matter, condensate and carbon monoxide delivery are discussed. A method for measuring filter dilution during smoking by means of pressure drop measurements is outlined and results for a typical vented filter cigarette are shown and discussed. The use of pressure drop measurements for estimating paper porosity and amount of dilution in the tobacco column on finished cigarettes is out-lined. The dilution obtained by this method was generally higher compared to the results found by a model based on a capillary flow regime, which suggests that flow through ordinary cigarette paper is a combination of capillary and orifice flow. The non-destructive nature and simplicity of pressure drop measurements make this method of measuring dilution useful in quality control of cigarette production.
Studies on the Natural Smouldering of Cigarettes: III. Determination of the Thermal Properties of Tobacco Shreds Packed in Columns
Authors: Muramatsu Motohiko , Umemura Setsuko , Okada Takashi
Published: July 2016

The values of effective thermal conductivity, specific heat and thermal diffusivity of various kinds of tobacco shreds, which are necessary for the solution of heat transfer problems of a smouldering cigarette, were determined. Effective thermal conductivity of tobacco shred packed into simulated cigarette columns was measured by a transient hot-wire method as a function of packing fraction at conditions of 20°C and 60 % relative humidity. Specific heat was measured with the aid of a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The thermal diffusivity was obtained from the values of effective thermal conductivity, specific heat and packing density. Effective thermal conductivity increased with increasing packing fraction (1 - e) and was uniformly expressed as a function of the total void fraction (et) inside the column regardless of tobacco types and stalk positions, whereas thermal diffusivity decreased with the packing fraction. At the same packing fraction, bright shreds produced higher values of effective thermal conductivity as well as higher specific heats (although specific heat was independent of the packing fraction) but had lower thermal diffusivity values than Burley and Matsukawa shreds.
Dihydro-γ-pyrones in Tobacco SmokeIdentification of 2,3-Dihydro-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-4H-one in the Smoke of Cigarettes from Burley, Virginia and Oriental Tobacco/Dihydro-γ-pyrone im Tabakrauch: Nachweis von 2,3-Dihydro-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-on in Rauch von Cigaretten aus Burley-, Virginia- und Orienttabaken
Authors: Elmenhorst H. , Nicolaus G.
Published: July 2016

2,3-Dihydro-5-hydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-one [I] has been identified as a new cigarette smoke constituent. The concentration of substance I and of the homologous compound 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one [II] - determined in the smoke of Oriental, Virginia and Burley leaf - varies according to the type of tobacco. The amounts of substance I are 26, 20 and 6 µg a cigarette in the smoke of Oriental, Virginia and Burley tobaccos, respectively. For compound II the corresponding figures are 11, 13 and 4 µg a cigarette. Substance I is a new flavour compound which has a caramel odour with fruity overtones. This is undoubtedly important for the aroma of tobacco smoke. However, the presence of dihydro-γ-pyrone I in tobacco smoke is of theoretical interest as well. It is a cyclic enolone and has a structure similar to that of maltol and the cyclopentenolones, which we identified in tobacco smoke some time ago. Based on the similarity of structures we want to put forward the working hypothesis that a majority of the aroma substances in tobacco smoke have the constitution of an alicyclic or O-heterocyclic enolone containing a carbonyl and a C-alkyl (methyl or ethyl) group.
Polyphenol Accumulation in Chlorophyll Mutants of Tobacco under Two Cultural Practices
Authors: Sheen S.J. , DeJong D. W. , Chaplin J. F.
Published: July 2016

Quantitative variation in plastid pigments and polyphenols during leaf growth and after curing have been studied with several chlorophyll-deficient genotypes of tobacco. Under culture for flue-cured tobacco, the chlorophyll-deficient pale-yellow (NC95-Py) and yellow-green (SC58-yg) lines did not differ in polyphenol accumulation from the corresponding normal green recurrent parents NC95 and SC58. A negative correlation was evident between concentrations of polyphenol and chlorophyll. Decrease of the latter during leaf growth was accompanied with a decline of PPO and PRO activities. When the chlorophyll-deficient genotypes were grown under conditions for Burley tobacco, concentrations of chlorophyll and polyphenol maintained a steady level and were positively correlated, while the oxidases tended to increase. Burley 21 contained the lowest amount of polyphenols among the chlorophyll mutants, although the low chlorophyll content of its mature leaves was comparable to that of SC58-yg. Use of cultural practices for flue-cured tobacco caused an accumulation of polyphenols in green leaves. There was a greater loss of soluble polyphenols during air-curing than during flue-curing. Results indicate that the interaction of cultural practices with chlorophyll-deficient genes affects the metabolism of chlorophylls and polyphenols during leaf growth and maturation. Introduction of these genes into tobacco cultivars may provide a means of enhancing uniformity of leaf maturity and modifying certain leaf chemical constituents.
Gas Chromatographic Determination of Pesticide Residues in Plant Material after Clean-up by Gel Chromatography and Mini-silica Gel Column Chromatography. 1st Report: Organochlorine Pesticides in Tobacco and Tobacco Products/Gaschromatographische Bestimmung von Rückständen an Pflanzenbehandlungsmitteln nach Clean-up über Gelchromatographie und Mini-Kieselgel-Säulenchromatographie. 1. Mitteilung: Organochlor-Pflanzenbehandlungsmittel in Tabak und Tabakerzeugnissen
Authors: Specht W. , Tillkes M.
Published: July 2016

This report contains the first description of a method for pesticide residue determination using automated gel permeation chromatographic clean-up. The example of organochlorine pesticides in tobacco and tobacco products has been taken here to illustrate this method. Water is added to the sample which is then extracted with acetone such that the ratio of the volume of acetone used to the total volume of water is 2 :1. The key step in the method is the efficient removal of co-extracted plant constituents, by gel permeation chromatography on a polystyrene gel (Bio-Beads S-X3). The pesticides are recovered, without loss, in 65 ml of eluate. This eluate is further purified by very simple chromatography on a 1 g column of deactivated silica gel, two 10 ml fractions being collected. No interfering substances are present m these fractions and the pesticides may be identified and quantified without ambiguity. The limit of detection was, for example, for α-BHC 0.002 mg/kg and for p,p'-DDT 0.02 mg/kg. The recoveries of pesticides from spiked samples lay between 90 and 100 %. The method is also suitable for the extraction and purification of polar pesticides so that with a single sample processing a large number of different pesticides may be determined by GLC. This will be described in a forthcoming paper.
The Effect of Filter Ventilation on the Yield and Composition of Mainstream and Sidestream Smokes
Authors: Browne C. L. , Keith C. H. , Allen R. E.
Published: July 2016

Apparatus and procedures were developed to measure condensate, nicotine, water, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in mainstream and sidestream smoke. These were used to determine the effect of air dilution through filter ventilation on mainstream and sidestream smoke composition. It was found that there is a gradual transition from 'puffing combustion to smoldering combustion as the amount of diluting air entering the system increases. This is directly related to the decreased puff volume at the cone and decreased amount of tobacco consumed per puff. On a per· gram of tobacco consumed basis, sidestream combustion product formation is not changed but the amounts of carbon monoxide and water in the mainstream are decreased, as ventilation increases.
Residues of Ethoprop and Disulfoton in Soils and Flue-cured Tobacco
Authors: Leidy R. B. , Sheets T.J.
Published: July 2016

Soil samples collected approximately 21 days after pretransplant applications of ethoprop to flue-cured tobacco land contained residues averaging 0.54 and 1.13 ppm, respectively, for the 6.7 and 13.4 kg/ha rates. In contrast total residues of disulfoton (disulfoton plus three metabolites) averaged 0.28 and 0.54 ppm at 3.4 and 6.7 kg/ha rates. Concentrations of both compounds decreased with time at each of two locations. Residue levels of ethoprop in the first harvest of flue-cured tobacco from the Central Crops Research Station (Clayton, North Carolina) were 0.04, 0.02, and 0.08 ppm; from the Upper Piedmont Research Station (Reidsville, North Carolina), residues were 0.20, 0.16, and 0.27 ppm, respectively, for rates of 6.7, 6.7 combination (with disulfoton), and 13.4 kg/ha. Residues declined in succeeding harvests. Total residues of disulfoton plus three metabolites in the first sample of tobacco harvested from Central Crops averaged 2.52 and 1.89 ppm; and from Upper Piedmont residues averaged 10.24 and 6.50 ppm, respectively, for rates of 3.4 and 6.7 kg/ha. The residues declined in succeeding harvest and were 0.14 ppm or less by the fourth harvest at Central Crops and 0.08 ppm or less by the fifth harvest at Upper Piedmont.
Automatic Microwave Moisture Meter
Authors: Thomas C. F. , Bourlas M. C. , Laszlo T. S. , Magin D. F.
Published: July 2016

A method for determining the moisture content of tobacco based upon microwave heating has been conceived and developed. At the conditions and with the sample size selected, the method satisfies the requirements of the tobacco industry for rapid accurate moisture determinations during the processing of tobacco. It has thus been shown to be a viable alternative to moisture analysis by Karl Fischer titration and the conventional oven drying procedure. It has also been shown that the calculated percent weight loss in the microwave instrument coincides with the actual water content with negligible loss of volatiles other than water. This is in sharp contrast to the results obtained in oven drying the tobacco. The concepts employed in the moisture meter are not limited to tobacco as a sample. It may be useful for moisture determinations on a variety of previously difficult or time-consuming to analyse materials such as grain, paper or meat. It is envisioned in the future as a generally acceptable method for the measurement of the moisture content of tobacco
Description of a Continuous-Smoking Inhalation Machine for Exposing Small Animals to Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Baumgartner H. , Coggins C. R. E.
Published: July 2016

The fuller understanding of the biological responses of rodents inhaling cigarette smoke has been hindered, in part, by the inability to dose simultaneously a large number of animals with satisfactory reproducibility. This paper describes an inhalation machine which allows the simultaneous exposure of up to 72 animals to a continuous flow of freshly diluted cigarette smoke
The Chemical Evaluation of a Continuous-Smoking Inhalation Machine
Authors: Briggs C. D. , McCready J. , Schweizer A.
Published: July 2016

The paper describes experiments which have been used to evaluate an inhalation smoking machine for small animals. Deliveries of undiluted and diluted smoke from this machine have been compared to reference data obtained from an analytical smoking machine. Deliveries of smoke immediately behind the smoke pump were lower than those from the analytical machine, largely due to differences in puff number (created largely by differences in paper regression between puffs) and deposition. When these factors were accounted for, deliveries from the two machines compared favourably. However, deliveries of diluted smoke, although apparently independent of dilution level, were somewhat lower than analytical deliveries. Thus the inhalation machine delivered about 65 % of the particulate matter, 80 % of the nicotine and 85 % of the carbon monoxide delivered by the analytical machine on a per puff basis (for 100 % tobacco or 50 % tobacco : 50 % Cytrel). A 100 % Cytrel cigarette delivered 80 % of the particulate matter and 90 % of the carbon monoxide (no nicotine). After accounting for deposition, consistent deliveries of about 85 % were achieved for all three constituents in all-tobacco cigarettes, while corrected deliveries for 100 % Cytrel cigarettes were about 90 % for both particulate matter and carbon monoxide. Deliveries of hydrogen cyanide and total volatile aldehydes in both samples were about 85 % of those achieved on an analytical machine
Behaviour of Seedleaf Tobaccos in a Laboratory Fermentation Chamber
Authors: Perini F. , Bell J. H. , Smart D.
Published: July 2016

A laboratory system which simulates factory fermentation of tobaccos has been designed and made operational. This system is of broader scope and versatility than the known laboratory tobacco fermenters. The device consists of a Lexan
The use of pressure drop measurements for estimating ventilation and paper porosity/Verwendung von Zugwiderstandsmesswerten zur Abschätzung von Ventilation und Papierporosität
Authors: Keith C. H.
Published: July 2016

In our recent article on the above-mentioned topic, the derivation of the pressure drop equations was based on the first approximation that diluting air flow is constant over the length of a filter or tobacco column. While this is a reasonable approximation for filters and tobacco columns with low levels of dilution, it appears to give inaccurate results for tobacco columns with high levels of dilution, as was pointed out by Cummings.
Variation of the Gas Formation Regions within a Cigarette Combustion Coal during the Smoking Cycle
Authors: Baker Richard R
Published: July 2016

Internal contour distributions for gas temperatures and for the concentrations of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, propane and oxygen have been determined at successive times before, during and after a puff of a burning cigarette. The cigarette was smoked in an atmosphere of 21 % (v/v) oxygen in argon. The gases were withdrawn from the cigarette through a small sampling probe and filtration unit, and analysed using a quadrupole mass spectrometer. The contour distributions show that the gas formation and transmission processes occurring in the coal, and their variation during the smoking regime, are complex. The interior of the coal is almost entirely devoid of oxygen. The consumption of oxygen is so rapid that the position of its major influx into the coal, near the paper burn line, cannot be seen on the contour diagrams during a puff. However, the oxygen influx during the puff leaves burnt-out channels in the coal which become evident at later stages in the smoking cycle. When the puff ends, the product formation/transfer balance is interrupted, resulting in a local build-up of the product in its formation region. This local build-up reaches a maximum at 0.5-1.0 seconds after the end of the puff, after which time diffusion processes deplete the level. During the static smoulder period, distinct high and low temperature regions for the formation of carbon monoxide and dioxide are not evident inside the coal. However, towards the latter half of the puff, a distinct carbon dioxide formation region starts to appear behind the completely oxygen-deficient region. Application of the pyrolysis computer model, developed previously, confirms that this second region is a thermal decomposition region, and shows that such a region for carbon monoxide is not resolved from the combustion region.
Isolation and Identification of Phenolic Acids from Tobacco Leaf
Authors: Snook M. E. , Fortson P. J. , Chortyk O. T.
Published: July 2016

A new chromatographic method utilizing the hydrogen bonding properties of Sephadex LH-20 gel in methanol / chloroform, was developed for the isolation of phenolic acids. This method was applied to the characterization of phenolic acids in flue-cured tobacco. Gel chromatography successfully isolated and concentrated the phenolic acids from other acidic substances and allowed identification and quantitation of these compounds by GC and GC-MS, as their trimethylsilyl derivatives. Compounds identified included: cis- and trans-isomers of p-coumaric, ferulic, caffeic, and sinapic acids; o-, m-, and p-hydroxybenzoic acids; o-hydroxyphenylacetic acid; 2,5- and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acids; and 2,3-, 2,5- and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehydes. Caffeic acid was the major compound, probably arising from the degradation of the chlorogenic acid of leaf. Aliphatic acids having two or more carboxyl groups were also isolated and included the following: malonic, succinic, fumaric, malic, and citric acids. A dihydroxycinnamaldehyde and a dihydroxynaphthoic acid are reported in tobacco leaf for the first time.
Mass Spectra of Tobacco Alkaloid - Derived Nitrosamines, their Metabolites, and Related Compounds
Authors: Hecht Stephen S. , Chen Chi-Hong B. , Young Ruth , Hoffmann Dietrich
Published: July 2016

The mass spectra of the tobacco alkaloid - derived nitrosamines NNN, NNK, NNA, NAB and NAtB and of known mammalian metabolites of NNN and NNK are presented. Mass spectra of synthetic derivatives related to these nitrosamines and their metabolites are also included. These spectra will be useful in studies on the occurrence and metabolism of the tobacco alkaloid - derived nitrosamines and in investigations of other compounds related to the tobacco alkaloids.
Pressure Drop - Flow Relationships in Cigarette Filter Rods and Tobacco Columns
Authors: Keith C. H.
Published: July 2016

With a liquid displacement flow system, pressure drop and flow measurements were performed on filter rods, tobacco columns and multicapillary pressure drop standards. The purpose of these measurements was to determine the relative contributions of laminar or viscous flow, inertial flow, and entry and exit effects to pressure drop. Pressure drops were obtained both by forcing and drawing air through the article. No difference in pressure drop was obtained by either method provided that the flow was the same at a common point in the rod. This specification was necessary because of the change in flow rate due to gas expansion inside the rod. Pressure drop contributions from gas expansion, thermal effects and rod collapse were negligible. From regression equations, the major pressure drop component in all three types of article was viscous flow, ranging from 98 % of the total pressure drop in filter rods to 79 % in tobacco columns. Entry and exit effects were small in both filter rods and tobacco columns but were appreciable and the only other pressure drop contributor in multicapillaries. These measured entry and exit effects in multicapillaries agreed well with those estimated by flow theory. Inertial flow was found to contribute 1.5 % and 19 % of the total pressure drop in filter and tobacco rods, respectively. These contributions are reasonable from flow theory for packed columns.
Detection and Quantitative Determination of Alkylnaphthalenes in Latakia Tobacco/ Nachweis und quantitative Bestimmung von Alkylnaphthalinen in Latakia-Tabak
Authors: Nicolaus G. , Elmenhorst H.
Published: July 2016

Naphthalene and alkylnaphthalene were detected qualitatively and quantitatively for the first time in Latakia tobacco. 62 different alkylnaphthalenes were determined by means of GC-MS analysis, 22 of which were exactly allocated structurally by comparing the Kovats retention indices. Besides naphthalene, the following substances were also identified: 1-methylnaphthalene, 2-methylnaphthalene, 1-ethylnaphthalene, 2-ethylnaphthalene, 1-propylnaphthalene, 2-propylnaphthalene, all ten theoretically possible isomers of dimethylnaphthalene, four trimethylnaphthalenes, isobutylnaphthalene and five ethylmethylnaphthalenes. The concentration of the naphthalenes detected in Latakia tobacco is in the region of 1 ppm to 10 ppm, with the focus on 1 ppm to 3 ppm. Alkylnaphthalenes make an important contribution to the aroma of the Latakia tobacco. They clearly modify the burnt aroma of the Latakia phenols to mild, dusty, with earthy undertone.