bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advancing PCMO (Passenger Car Motor Oil) with Sustainable High Oleic Soybean Base
Oil
Authors:   Biosynthetic
            Technologies, Miller Mark , Kriech Matthew ,   Innoleo LLC
Published: November 2022

Vegetable oils have long been used as lubricants, For strenuous and highly
regulated applications such as Passenger Car Motor Oil (PCMO), these vegetable oil often
did not deliver the performance needed to pass the ILSCA specifications. Until now!
Recently, a synthetic motor oil passed the most rigorous ILSAC GF-6 specification for
PCMO! The key ingredient for this high performance motor oil is high oleic soybean oil,
In this session, we will explain the new API SP-RC / ILSAC GF-6 (0W-20, 5W-20 and 5W-30)
specifications, as well as the testing protocol for the development of this bio-based
motor oil. In addition, the speaker will discuss the composition of these motor oils and
highlight their superior performance when comparted to traditional motor oils.
Biobased composites from renewable monomers and cellulosic reinforcements by
photoinduced processes
Authors:   Politecnico di
            Torino, Dalle Vacche Sara
Published: November 2022

Polymeric materials are under tremendous pressure for improving their greenness:
despite their important role in several essential aspects of human life, in public
opinion they are mostly associated with single-use plastics pollution and use of fossil
resources. Sustainable polymer-based materials may be prepared from biobased monomers
and polymers, through photoinduced processes. Owing to low energy requirements, high
reaction rates at room temperature, and low VOC emissions, photoinduced polymerization
is recognized as a green technology. Among the biobased monomers explored in this field,
those derived from cardanol (a natural phenolic lipid obtained from cashew nutshell
liquid) and from unsaturated vegetable oils, such as soybean oil, are interesting for
industrial applications, beingÂ commercially available.However, polymers obtained by
photoinduced polymerization of biobased monomers often have low thermomechanical
properties; biobased monomers are thus typically used as co-monomers to increase the
biobased content of fossil-based polymers, in non-structural applications, such as
coating or adhesives, or are added with reinforcements to obtain composite materials.
The latter option is particularly interesting when natural fillers, such as cellulosic
fibers, are used, thus obtaining fully biobased composites.
In our group we
exploited photoinduced reactions to produce compositesÂ from biobased monomers, using
wood-based microfibrillated cellulose and nanocellulose from hemp waste fibers as
reinforcements. Two routes were explored: (i) epoxidized and (meth)acrylated monomers
derived from cardanol and from soybean oil, were polymerized by photoinduced radical or
cationic chain growth reactions; (ii) copolymer latexes obtained from derivatives of
eugenol and coumarin were crosslinked through a photocycloaddition reaction. In the
latter case, the potential reversibility of the crosslinking was explored in view of
recyclability.
The photoinduced polymerization and crosslinking reactions were
studied by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and UV-visible spectroscopies; high degrees
of conversion were obtained. The thermal, mechanical, and functional properties of these
composites make them interesting for e.g packaging applications.
Easy and green method for the peroxide value determination in olive oil
Authors:   University of Bari A.
            Moro, Longobardi Francesco , Paradiso Vito Michele ,   Universiti  del
            Salento
Published: November 2022

The official method for the determination of the peroxide content in olive oil
(PV) is based on iodometric titration, i.e. on the redox reaction between the oil
hydroperoxides with potassium iodide; the latter, in an acidic environment, releases
molecular iodine. The iodine released is complexed by starch which acts as an indicator.
By quantifying the iodine liberated with sodium thiosulphate, the hydroperoxide
concentration can be calculated. One of the well-known problems of this method is the
co-presence of the interfering reaction due to the oxidation of iodide by oxygen present
in solution, causing an overestimation of the PV. In addition, the accuracy of the
method is influenced by a variety of experimental factors such as skill of operator,
light, temperature, sodium thiosulfate decomposition. Furthermore, the iodine released
in the organic phase can also react with unsaturated lipids and cause an underestimation
of the concentration of peroxides. Finally, this method requires relatively long
analysis times, large amounts of sample and organic solvents with a high environmental
impact. Considering these disadvantages, a novel approach based on the
spectrophotometric detection of triiodide was developed. Olive oil sample was added with
0.5 % HCl in ethanol, saturated KI solution and incubated. Then, the resulting solution
was filtered and the I3- generated following the oxidation-reduction reaction between
iodide and lipidic hydroperoxides was measured at 353 nm. A good linearity (with
correlation coefficient (r) of 0.9997) of the calibration curve was obtained with
purified olive oil spiked with tert-butylhydroperoxide at levels ranging from 1.0 to
10.0 meqO2/kg, with variation coefficients less than 5% (n = 3) and limit of detection
and quantification of 0.3 and 0.9 meqO2/kg, respectively. Results obtained with the
spectrophotometric method showed good correlation with those obtained with the official
method with a r of 0.9819 confirming the reliability of the developed method.
Producing trans-free consumer products
Authors:   Pepsico, Shah Naina
Published: November 2022

TBD
Polysaccharide microgel particles-dominated Pickering emulsion gels for oil
structuring: Formation, interfacial layer construction, and physical properties
Authors:   Jiangnan
            University, Meng Zong , Jiang Qinbo ,   Jiangnan
            University
Published: November 2022

Plant-derived polysaccharides have been gaining much attention for structuring
liquid vegetable oils. In this work, the natural Îº-carrageenan was mechanically treated
to fabricate the nano-sized microgel particle (MP) as Pickering particles for preparing
the Pickering emulsion gel (PEG). MPs, acting as building blocks, adsorbed at the
surface of emulsion droplets and physically interacted with each other to gel the
Pickering emulsion. Macroscopic and microscopic characterizations of MPs and PEGs were
carried out. The moderate K+ (0-125 mM) could increase the flocculation and hardness of
MPs to improve the viscoelasticity of PEGs. However, due to the K+-inducing shrinkage of
Îº-carrageenan hydrogels, the excessive K+ (250 mM) would make MPs unable to stabilize
PEGs. Prepared MPs were more favorable for forming PEGs when pH was 8 and 9. The oil
fraction (10, 20, 30, 40, and 50%) impacted physical properties of PEGs slightly. Three
steps for the adsorption of Îº-carrageenan MPs to the interface were proposed by
tracking the formation of the interfacial layer using the interfacial rheological
technique: (1) MPs moved to the interface from the continuous phase, forming the
unsaturated adsorption layer; (2) MPs gradually covered the entire interface and began
to interact with each other; (3) the adsorption was saturated, and MPs squeezed and
interacted to form a compact viscoelastic interfacial layer. This green edible PEG based
on sustainable plant-derived Îº-carrageenan would provide great potentials in food
applications, such as animal-derived solid fats replacement. Compared with the
traditional PEG, Îº-carrageenan microgel-based Pickering emulsion could gel itself with
the low oil phase, which greatly reduced the calorie intake and helped to reduce the
total content of saturated fat in high-calorie products (ice cream, chocolate, etc.).
These findings can promote applications of structured vegetable oils as vital soft
materials in replacing trans and saturated fats in foods.
Fast chromatography with dual parallel mass spectrometry for lipidomic analysis and regioisomer quantification of pulse lipids
Authors:   USDA ARS BHNRC MAFCL, Byrdwell William , Kotapati Hari Kiran
Published: November 2022

Pulses are seeds produced from legumes. More specifically, the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) defines pulses as â€œLeguminosae crops harvested exclusively for their grain, including dry beans, peas and lentilsâ€. This excludes oilseeds, such as soybeans and peanuts. Pulses are well known for their high content of protein and fiber. Most pulses do not contain a lot of oil, and there is not abundant information in the literature on pulse oil triglycerides, or triacylglycerols (TAGs). But pulses are consumed in large quantities in diets around the globe, so even lower amounts of oil in highly consumed pulses means that the composition of the pulse oil is important to the normal diet. We developed a 10-minute method for analysis of pulse oils using fast UHPLC for separation followed by dual parallel mass spectrometry (MS) for detection and quantification of the separated TAGs. Atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) MS was used for fat-soluble vitamin (FSV) quantification and for TAG regioisomer quantification and electrospray ionization (ESI) coupled to high-resolution accurate-mass (HRAM) MS was used for lipidomic identification and quantification of TAG molecular species and regioisomers. Calibration standards contained low levels of FSVs, but high levels of TAGs for better quantification of the bulk oil extracted by the Folch method. The TAG calibration standards were comprised of two different regioisomers, representing alternating concentration levels, thereby allowing fragment ratio calibration curves of regioisomers to be constructed along with the normal quantification calibration curves (regioisomer calibration curve within each quantification calibration curve). We found that FSV calibration curves were linear with high correlation coefficients (r2), while TAG calibration curves were best modeled as power functions and gave lower correlation coefficients. The pulse TAGs were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, which further adds to the already well-known nutritional benefits of pulses.
Plant oil based radically polymerizable monomers for sustainable polymers
Authors:   ICGM, Caillol Sylvain
Published: November 2022

We have focuses our studies on the synthesis of novel biobased monomers designed
for free radical polymerization which could increase the biomass carbon content pursuing
to equal or improve the performance of existing polymers from non-renewable sources.
Cardanol, which is a natural phenolic oil, is issued from Cashew Nutshell Liquid (CNSL),
a non-edible renewable resource, co-produced from cashew industry in large commercial
volumes (1Mt p.a.). Cardanol is non-toxic and particularly suitable for the addition of
aromatic renewable resources in polymers and materials. We recently reported various
routes for the synthesis of di- and poly-functional building blocks derived from
cardanol thereafter used in polymer syntheses. We especially synthesized a new radically
polymerizable cardanol-derived monomer. Hence, we synthesized cardanol-based aromatic
latex by radical aqueous emulsion (and miniemulsion) polymerization. We also synthesized
UV-reactive cardanol-derived latex for styrene-free coating applications.

Vegetable oils and their fatty acids (FAs) derivatives have become the most
promising alternative solution to design performant bio-based polymers. However,
considering the poor reactivity of the internal unsaturation of FAs through radical
process, most currently available synthesis of monomers reported in literature are
limited to polycondensation. Therefore, the objective of our work was to synthesize
monomers from fatty acids bearing reactive function through radical process and evaluate
their resulting methacrylate polymers as viscosity modifiers in various oils such as
mineral or vegetable oils.
Selective monoallylation of anilines to form fine chemicals using allyl alcohol
derived from glycerol
Authors:   AIST, Kon Yoshihiro
Published: November 2022

Glycerol is an important starting material for the production of value-added
chemicals such as electronic materials and pharmaceuticals. We herein present a
selective allylation reaction using allyl alcohol which is given fromÂ glycerol. First,
we show the rhenium catalyzed high-yielding synthesis of allyl alcohol from glycerol
through deoxydehydration reaction. Next, the selective N-allyl aniline synthesis from
allyl alcohol with aniline is performed. The well-dispersed tungsten oxide supported on
zirconium oxide can catalyze the reaction to produce the corresponding mono-allyl
compound over 97% selectivity using a flow reactor. The developed catalyst is applicable
to the production of various N-monoallyl anilines without the formation of N,N-diallyl
anilines.
Structure elucidation and biological evaluations of sulfido-conjugated specialized pro-resolving mediators
Authors:   Queen Mary University of London, Dalli Jesmond , Rodriguez Ana ,   Rowan University, Spur Bernd ,   Rowan University, Serhan Charles ,   Brigham and Women's Hospital
Published: November 2022

Inflammatory diseases are characterized by unabated inflammation that leads tissue destruction resulting in malaise. Whilst much is known on the mechanism that perpetuate inflammation, less is known about the molecules and pathways that coordinate the termination of inflammation and facilitate the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues. To evaluate the potential contribution of essential fatty acid-derived mediators in coordinating this life saving response we interrogated inflammatory exudates obtained following self-limited inflammatory challenge. Using radio-isotope tracking we found that the omega-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid is utilized to produce novel bioactive molecules in these exudates. The structures of these molecules were elucidated using a range of physical techniques, demonstrating that these molecules were peptide lipid conjugated mediators and the stereochemistry of the functional groups was established using total organic synthesis. Investigations into their biosynthetic pathways demonstrated that the formation of their formation was initiated via the 14-lipoxygenation of DHA, that was then converted into an intermediate allylic epoxide and then conjugated to glutathione to yield the first mediator in the family which was coined as maresin conjugated in tissue regeneration (MCTR)1. This was then further converted to to 13-cysteinylglycinyl,14-hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acid (MCTR2) and 13-glycinyl,14-hydroxy-docosahexaenoic acid (MCTR3). Evaluation of the biological activities of these molecules demonstrated that they limited the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the sites of both sterile and infectious challenge. They reprogrammed biology towards a tissue protective phenotype and promoted the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues. Evaluation of the levels of these mediators in human peripheral blood demonstrated that the production of MCTR3 is significantly reduced in patients with rheumatoid arthritis that display signs of erosive joint disease. Together, these findings identify previously undescribed chemical signals that enhance host responses to limit inflammation, stimulate resolution of inflammation, and promote the restoration of function.
The wonders of isoprostanoids in biological systems
Authors:   The University of Hong Kong, Glanao Jean-Marie ,   Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM, Durand Thierry ,   Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, UMR 5247, CNRS, Université de Montpellier, ENSCM
Published: November 2022

Isoprostanoids are low abundance lipids derived from non-enzymatic oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Despite the concentration of these molecules to be low (picogram to milligram) in biological specimen, it appears to have fundamental roles especially when under oxidative stress. The two most evaluated isoprostanoids are those derived from arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, namely 15-F2t-Isoprostane and 4-F4t-Neuroprostane respectively. The former is renown to be general biomarker of in vivo oxidative stress whilst the latter is more known to be a bioactive lipid mediator and oxidative stress biomarker related to specific neurological disorders. Giving credit to the total synthesis of the standards and the development of mass spectrometry namely LC-MS/MS, measurement of other types of isoprostanoids has been possible. Insofar, we have discovered dihomo-isoprostanes from adrenic acid, new types of phytoprostanes from alpha-linolenic acid, and more recently phytoprostanes from gamma-linolenic acid and stearidonic acid. Over 10 years of investigation in cells, tissues from crabs, corals, rodents etc., biological fluids from rodents and human, plants namely algae, nuts and seeds, the level of these isoprostanoids although low in concentration, become significant depending on the oxidative stress status, inflammation and pathophysiological process, as well as the existence of PUFA. In this presentation, the significance of some isoprostanoids found in biological systems will be discussed.
Lipid oxidation in Pickering emulsions
Authors:   INRAE Nantes, Berton-Carabin Claire
Published: November 2022

Pickering emulsions have garnered great interest in food science lately. These
systems are characterized by the use of colloidal particles as physical stabilizers,
that strongly anchor at the oil-water interface, instead of conventional emulsifiers.
Many biobased particles have recently been identified as useful for this application,
which holds potential for revolutionizing the field of food emulsion formulation [1,2].
However, although the potential in terms of physical stabilization of oil-in-water (O/W)
emulsions has been thoroughly explored in the past years, how such emulsions may resist
lipid oxidation, and whether particles could also be used to protect labile
polyunsaturated lipids against oxidation is still questionable. This presentation aims
at shedding light on this question by combining a review of the different types of
food-compatible particles that have been recognized as useful to form Pickering
emulsions, discussing examples of mitigation of lipid oxidation in such emulsions [3,4],
and finally reflecting on the desired properties and possible targeted design of
particles to achieve dual physical and oxidative stabilization of emulsions [5].[1]
Berton-Carabin, C., & SchroÃ«n, K. (2015). Pickering emulsions for food
applications: Background, trends and challenges. Ann. Rev. Food Sci. Technol., 6,
263â€“297.[2] Dickinson, E. (2020). Advances in food emulsions and foams: Reflections on
research in the neo-Pickering era. Curr. Opin. Food Sci., 33, 52â€“60.[3] SchrÃ¶der, A.,
Laguerre, M., Sprakel, J., SchroÃ«n, K., & Berton-Carabin, C. (2020). Pickering
particles as interfacial reservoirs of antioxidants. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 575,
489â€“498.[4] SchrÃ¶der, A., Laguerre, M., Tenon, M., SchroÃ«n, K., &
Berton-Carabin, C. (2021). Natural particles can armor emulsions against lipid oxidation
and coalescence. Food Chem., 347, 129003.[5] Berton-Carabin, C., SchrÃ¶der, A.,
SchroÃ«n, K., & Laguerre, M. (2021). Lipid oxidation in Pickering emulsions. In
Garcia-Moreno, P., Jacobsen, C., Sorensen, A. D., & Yesiltas, B. (Eds), Omega-3
Delivery Systems, Elsevier, Cambridge, MA., pp. 275-293.
Eutectic solvent as co-solvent for oil extraction from plant seeds
Authors:   University of
            Malaya, Hayyan Adeeb
Published: November 2022

In this study, oil extraction form flaxseeds using n-hexane and novel co-solvent
called deep eutectic solvents (DESs). DES is relativity green solvent in comparison to
ionic liquids and they are alternative to organic solvent. Different organic solvents
were screened and oil extraction operating conditions were optimized. The addition of
DES to n-hexane can significantly reduce extraction temperature in comparison to
n-hexane alone. Application of green solvents in oil extraction field can reduce the
energy consumption and operational risks associated with the use of flammable organic
solvents.
An online structural-based connectivity and omic phenotype evaluations (SCOPE) cheminformatics toolbox for lipidomic data visualization
Authors:   North Carolina State University, Odenkirk Melanie , Reif David , Baker Erin
Published: November 2022

Lipidomic analyses using mass spectrometry have traditionally been complicated by an abundance of isomeric species. The recent emergence of experimental platforms allowing for isomer separation has significantly benefitted lipidomic studies by allowing further speciation and the acquisition of species-specific information. Data interpretation for this detailed information, however, still faces challenges as existing lipid pathways are often defined such that single nodes represent entire lipid classes and not individual species (e.g., pathways may indicate that phosphatidylcholines as a class are increasing). Therefore, most bioinformatic tools cannot assess comprehensively annotated lipid studies. To overcome this limitation, we developed a structural-based connectivity and omic phenotypic evaluation (SCOPE) cheminformatic data analysis toolbox to relate individual lipid species with their associated biological significance and clinical data. The caveat of this work thus far has however been its accessibility to users with limited coding experience. Thus, we have now developed an online graphical user interface (GUI) program removing all previous coding requirements called SCOPE Online. SCOPE Online offers lipidomic researchers the capability to explore trends of lipid perturbations through two steps. Initially, head group and fatty acyl composition are used to relate lipids by shared structural moieties through hierarchical clustering and parsing of groups. Once relationships between lipid structures have been established, summary statistics of fold change, p-value and other metrics can then be overlaid to probe biological trends. To facilitate user annotation, a series of customizable features including color gradient, line thickness, and figure annotations are also possible within the SCOPE Online platform. Altogether, our SCOPE Online cheminformatics toolbox allows for the visualization of structural and phenotypic effects on the biology of individual species that has been made more accessible by the development of a GUI platform for lipidomic data visualization. Example data and SCOPE Online utilities will be showcased in this presentation.
Role of natural antioxidants for favoring dual functionality in meat and poultry
products
Authors:   Kalsec Inc., Nair Divek , Pham-Mondala Alessandra ,   Kalsec Inc., Lee Andrew ,   Kalsec Inc., Polovina Lorna ,   Kalsec Inc.
Published: November 2022

Natural food ingredients with multiple functionalities are preferred in the modern
food industry as it is a way to establish the sustainability of food production with
less impact on cost compared to using multiple individual ingredients. Rosemary extract
is a natural antioxidant that enhances color stability, flavor profile and extends the
shelf life of various food products. The present study investigates the role of rosemary
extract with other natural ingredients for serving as a multifunctional component to
effectively inhibit the growth of spoilage microorganisms, the development of rancidity,
and discoloration in meat and poultry products. For instance, our study revealed that
rosemary extract combined with acerola or green tea enhanced the color and flavor
stability and increased the shelf life of meat and meat products. These combinations
even outperformed synthetic counterparts such as BHA and BHT. Moreover, the formulations
that possess antioxidant capabilities along with microbial spoilage inhibition in meat
and poultry products are a need for the food industry from a food safety and
sustainability perspective. In that scenario, our results demonstrated that rosemary
extract, combined with buffered vinegar, delayed microbial spoilage growth in fresh and
ground meat products in addition to provide oxidative stability and flavor stability.
Additionally, rosemary extract and cultured dextrose or a combination of rosemary
extract, cultured dextrose, and buffered vinegar inhibited microbial spoilage and
suppressed oxidation of the cooked chicken by minimizing the formation of volatile
aldehydes. Overall, the research provides insight into the combinations of rosemary
extract with natural ingredients that can extend the shelf life of meat products by
inhibiting microbial spoilage, enhancing flavor and color stabilities, and other
antioxidant functionalities.
High throughput authenticity screening of high value edible oils with benchtop
NMR
Authors:   Oxford Instruments, Sagar James , Kemsley Kate ,   Quadram Institute
            Bioscience, Lachenmann Marcel ,   Oxford Instruments
            Inc., Brignall Rachel ,   Oxford Instruments
            Inc., Brignall Yvonne ,   Quadram Institute
            Bioscience
Published: November 2022

The high value of edible oils such as olive and argan makes them economically
attractive targets for adulteration. Argan oil is becoming increasingly widely used in
areas from cooking to cosmetics due to its reported pharmacological effects. Because
argan oil is recognised as a Protected Geographical Indication product of its native
Morocco, supply is limited. These two factors have led to argan oil becoming one of the
most expensive edible oils in the world, leading to increasing numbers of cases of
adulteration.As a typical nut oil, argan oil is composed predominantly of triglycerides.
In previous work with similar oils as well as meat speciation using animal fats,
benchtop NMR analysis has been able to determine authenticity through measurement of the
fatty acid composition of these triglycerides. Using samples of argan oil of documented
origin, typical values of monounsaturated fatty acid content (47%) and polyunsaturated
fatty acid content (32%) were determined. In addition, a group of compositional
parameters that distinguish authentic argan oil has been determined. Using integrals
derived from simple 1H one-dimensional benchtop NMR spectra, a nearest-neighbour class
model has been developed to identify authentic and adulterated argan oil with minimal
sample preparation and a measurement time of less than five minutes. The screening
method identified several adulterated examples of argan oil in samples purchased at
retail. More recently, it has been demonstrated that by applying a rank transformation
pre-treatment to magnitude mode 1H NMR data this technique can be made robust across
several instruments at different sites with different specifications and operators. This
ensures consistency of results and opens the path to this technique becoming field
deployable.
This method can be extended to determine the authenticity of other
high value edible oils including, olive, coconut, and avocado, clearly demonstrating the
potential of benchtop NMR in ensuring food authenticity.
Artificial Intelligence smelling machines based on multidimensional gas
chromatography: Capturing extra-virgin olive oil aroma blueprint and unique
identity
Authors:   Universiti  Degli Studi di
            Torino, Cordero Chiara Emilia , Liberto Erica ,   Universiti  Degli Studi di
            Torino, Stilo Federico ,   Universiti  Degli Studi di
            Torino, Bizzo Humberto ,   Embrapa AgroindÃºstria de
            Alimentos, Cuadros Rodriguez Luis ,   Univesity of
            Granada, Squara Simone ,   Universiti  Degli Studi di
            Torino, Reichenbach Stephen ,   University of Nebraska
            Lincoln
Published: November 2022

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass
spectrometry (GCÃ—GC-TOF MS) has been recently applied as core technology of a
Sensomics-based expert system (SEBES) capable to predict key-aroma signatures of food
without using human olfaction. The strategy, also referred to as Artificial Intelligence
Smelling, conceptually opens many different opportunities for odorants pattern
detection, accurate quantification avoiding time-consuming sample preparation/extraction
steps, and samples sensory qualification/discrimination based on computer vision
strategies.Â 
The contribution illustrates the potentials of GCÃ—GC platforms in
the context of Artificial Intelligence Smelling for extra-virgin olive oils selected
within high-quality productions from Italy and Brazil. In particular, by accurate
quantification of key-aroma compounds and potent odorants strongly correlated to sensory
defects, samplesâ€™ aroma bluperint is captured and used to discriminate oils based on
their peculiar hedonic features.
The application of combined untargeted and
targeted (UT) fingerprinting strategy of 2D-data patterns enables effective
discrimination between oils produced in different Italian Regions and between oils from
Italy and Brazil independently by processing technologies and olives cultivars. This
identitation process has great potentials being an effective fingerprinting strategy
while providing, at the same time, high level information on chemical composition as a
detailed profiling.
Evaluation of hybridized bio-based building blocks as coating materials
Authors:   Rowan University, Kinaci Emre , Palmese Giuseppe ,   Rowan
            University, Stanzione Joseph ,   Rowan
            University, Salazar Sarah ,   Rowan
            University
Published: November 2022

Commercial epoxy resins are often the oligomeric reaction products of bisphenol A
(BPA) with epichlorohydrin. BPA is a toxic petrochemical and a well-known endocrine
disruptor which can mimic the bodyâ€™s own hormones and may lead to several negative
health effects. The most common curing agents are also the derivatives of toxic amines
such as aniline, ethylene di-amine, and ammonia etc. which are under strict regulations
and restrictions by TSCA and (REACH) agencies. Therefore; there is a growing demand to
develop epoxy and amine systems from non- or less- toxic and annually renewable
precursors derived from bio-mass to replace depleting petrochemicals. Within this
context, cardanol molecule is combined with vanillyl alcohol through electrophilic
substitution reaction to synthesize a bis-phenol type resin (VAC). Di-glycidyl ether of
the VAC (EVAC) is mixed with di-glycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) at varying ratios
and cured with di-furan di-amine (DFDA) which is previously a well-studied bio-based
diamine derived from furfurylamine. Thermally cured blends demonstrated improved modulus
and char yields relative to aliphatic and cyloaliphatic amines due the furanic nature of
DFDA as demonstrated via thermo-physical and mechanical tests. Although, the replacement
of EVAC with DGEBA resulted in a reduction in glass transition temperature (Tg) and the
modulus of the network, desired flexibility and toughness for coatings applications were
imparted due to the aliphatic nature of the cardanol molecule. In addition, rheological
studies demonstrated improved gel time and lower viscosity with increasing EVAC content
along with improved vapor barrier properties. These bio-derived epoxy-amine formulations
demonstrated promising performance to completely or partially replace the BPA and other
toxic amines in the thermoset networks for surface coating applications.
Effect of pressurized fluids on the extraction of phenolics/anthocyanins from crops
and by-products
Authors:   University of
            Alberta, Saldana Marleny D.
Published: November 2022

Phenolics found in various crops and by-products have antioxidant and
antimicrobial activities and their consumption have been associated with health
benefits. For example, a by-product of the cranberry juice industry is cranberry pomace,
which is considered a rich source of anthocyanins. Research in my laboratory has focused
on the use of pressurized fluids to extract these phenolic compounds to be used in
various applications. Pressurized fluids, such as subcritical water, pressurized ethanol
and supercritical CO2 (SC-CO2) as â€œgreenâ€ and environmentally friendly solvents, can
be used for the extraction of phenolic compounds from crops and by-products as well as
for enzymatic reactions involving phenolic acids. Phenolic compounds were extracted from
various crops and by-products using pressurized fluids in stainless steel reactors at
different temperatures, pressures and times. Extracts obtained after crop and by-product
treatment using pressurized fluids were evaluated for their phenolic content and
antioxidant activity. Anthocyanins were obtained from cranberry pomace using pressurized
fluids. Results also indicated that the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity
of the extracts from other crops and by-products increased with extraction temperature.
In addition, a phenolic acid was reacted with triglycerides of flax oil using lipase
enzyme in SC-CO2 media in a laboratory-scale supercritical system at different
temperatures ranging from 40 to 80ËšC, pressures from 40 to 350 bar and times of up to
53 h. Results have shown that SC-CO2 is a promising green solvent for the enzymatic
synthesis of phenolic lipids. Results also have shown that phenolic acids can be
processed using pressurized fluids for different applications.
Metabolic fingerprinting strategies for authentication challenge: EVOO adulterated
by soft deodorized olive oil
Authors:   ARP Lipids
            Consulting, Hajslova Jana , Valli Enrico ,   Alma Mater Studiorum -
            Universiti  di Bologna, Navratilova Klara ,   University of Chemistry and
            Technology, Prague, Gallina Toschi Tullia ,   University of
            Bologna
Published: November 2022

Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) is a high value commodity that might be subject of
various fraudulent practices. One of them, addition of lower grade, soft-deodorized
olive oil to EVOO has recently become of concern, as such adulterant detection is not an
easy task. In this study, aqueous methanolic extracts of a unique set of authentic
EVOOs, soft-deodorized oils and their admixtures obtained within the OLEUM EU project
(http://www.oleumproject.eu/) were investigated. Using ultra-high performance liquid
chromatography coupled to hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight high-resolution tandem mass
spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-HRMS/MS) for metabolomic fingerprinting, followed by
Â multi-dimensional chemometric evaluation, Â´marker ionsÂ´ were recognized. Some
molecules identified, whose etiology must be investigated, were: the methyl ester of
hydroxy octadecenoic acid and a ester derivative of oleic acid.Â  As far as these
markers can be confirmed as diagnostic, detection of soft-deodorized olive oil addition
can be enabled through a simpler and highly sensitive target analysis employing high
performance liquid chromatography coupled to triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry
(HPLC-QqQ-MS/MS).
Update on guidelines for lipidomics analysis and reporting
Authors:   Lipidomics Consulting Ltd, Ekroos Kim , Ejsing Christer ,   European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Liebisch Gerhard ,   University Hospital Regensburg, Köfeler Harald ,   Lipidomics Research Center Graz, McDonald Jeffrey ,   UT Southwestern, Holcapek Michal ,   University of Pardubice, Hoffman Nils ,   Universität Bielefeld, Ahrends Robert ,   University of Vienna
Published: November 2022

Mass spectrometry (MS)-based lipidomics has revolutionized lipid research. However, numerous studies are reporting poor quality lipidomics data with misidentification and inaccurate/inappropriate quantification of lipid molecules. Therefore, we have launched the Lipidomics Standards Initiative (LSI; https://lipidomicstandards.org), an open-access web-resource to both describe and promote guidelines for minimal acceptable lipidomics data quality. LSI covers the main analytical lipidomics steps of traditional lipidomics workflows including how to 1) collect and store samples, 2) extract lipids, 3) perform mass spectrometric analysis, 4) perform data processing and 5) reporting. LSI is now integrated as an interest group into the International Lipidomics Society (ILS) to coordinate international community-wide communication. Consensus guidelines will foster data quality, provide a language for data comparison/exchange and advance lipidomics to a genuine analytical tool from basic research to clinical applications.
Proposal of complete utilization system of soapstock by electrolysis
Authors:   Tohoku University, Hiromori Kousuke , Takahashi Atsushi ,   Tohoku
            University, Katagami Keisuke ,   Tohoku
            University
Published: November 2022

In deacidification during vegetable oil refinery, a large amount of soapstock,
mainly sodium salt of fatty acid, are generated and wasted. We propose an innovative
system for the complete utilization of soapstock by Kolbe electrolysis. In conventional
Kolbe electrolysis, only water-soluble carboxylic acid with short alkyl chain such as
acetic acid and butyric acid are decarboxylated and dimerized to produce hydrocarbons
such as ethane and butane. Although fatty acid salts have long alkyl chains, they are
soluble in water, and Kolbe electrolysis can be applied to them. Soapstock will be
converted by electrolysis into long-chain hydrocarbons used as biofuels and, sodium
hydroxide used in vegetable oil refinery. As a result of applying Kolbe electrolysis to
an aqueous solution of caprylic acid sodium salt, the formation of hydrocarbons,
tetradecane, and sodium hydroxide was observed. When the generated hydrocarbons were
used for power generation, the generated energy was almost the same as the energy input
in the electrolysis. This means that the soap stock can be reused without any external
energy input. Therefore, it is suggested that this electrolysis system will be both
carbon-negative and profitability.
Update on the progress of the Codex Alimentarius standard for avocado oil
Authors:   USDA ARS NCAUR, Winkler-Moser Jill
Published: November 2022

Codex Alimentarius is a collection of international food standards aimed at
protecting human health and removing barriers to international trade. The Codex
Committee on Fats and Oils (CCFO) is responsible for the development of world-wide
standards for fats and oils of animal, vegetable, and marine origin. With the rapid
increase in the production, international trade, and value of avocado oil, an
international standard is needed to ensure the authenticity and purity of avocado oil.
The CCFO has undertaken work on a revision to the Codex Standard for Named Vegetable
Oils to include a definition and provisions for the chemical and physical
characteristics of avocado oil. This includes provisions for fatty acid composition,
chemical and physical characteristics, sterol content and composition, as well as
tocopherol and tocotrienol content and composition. This will be an overview of the
progress of the committee, Â the current draft provisions, and the upcoming work and
data that are needed in order to finalize and adopt avocado oil into the Standard for
Named Vegetable Oils.
Antioxidants from plant food and aquatic species
Authors:   Memorial Univ of
            Newfoundland, Shahidi Fereidoon
Published: November 2022

Occurrence of compounds with antioxidant potential is widespread in plant foods
but less common in animal tissues, including the aquatic species. These compounds are
generally phenolic in nature but may also include phytates and biopeptides, among
others. The antioxidant effects are mainly rendered through free radical scavenging and
prooxidant metal ion chelation. The processing by-products are very rich in highly
bioactive components and these may be exemplified by their presence in lentil hulls and
processing discards of sea cucumber.Â  The presentation will provide details about the
chemical nature of the bioactive components present and their potential uses as
functional food ingredients which would help a circular economy with valorization of
processing discards.
Quantifying corrosive behavior of triacylglycerol feedstocks under elevated
temperature and pressure
Authors:   University of
            Illinois, Liu Deborah , Krogstad Daniel ,   University of
            Illinois, Levandovsky Nathan ,   University of
            Illinois, Chen Qian ,   University of
            Illinois, Shrivastav Samyukta ,   University of
            Illinois, Daryadel Soheil ,   University of
            Illinois, Lyu Zhiheng ,   University of
            Illinois
Published: November 2022

Triacylglycerol-based oils and fats have been increasingly employed as refinery
feedstocks, replacing traditional petroleum feedstocks. However, they readily decompose
into relatively reactive species containing oxygen and/or acidic moieties, raising
concerns about their detrimental effect to piping and process equipment. Despite these
concerns, there is limited existing knowledge on the corrosion mechanisms of
biofeedstocks on carbon steels under process conditions. There is a crucial need to
expand our understanding of how biofeedstocks induce corrosion and develop new methods
for quantifying and predicting their corrosive effect.In this work, we systematically
characterized the corrosion behavior and thermal decomposition of various
biofeedstock/white oil blends at elevated temperature and pressure over 30 hours. The
corrosion is characterized via mass change and transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
while the chemical evolution of the biofeedstocks is characterized via Fourier transform
infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. In this work, the corrosion rate of
steel coupons increased non-linearly with biofeedstock concentration and autoclave time.
Interestingly, our experiments show that the presence of the carbon steel in the
autoclave accelerates the triacylglyceride hydrolysis into fatty acids, which in turn
accelerates the corrosion rate. Simultaneously, we will describe our efforts to
characterize and understand the thermal decomposition of the triacylglycerol throughout
the autoclave process. This work will inform our future efforts to be able to predict
the corrosivity of biofeedstocks as well as develop methods to limit the corrosivity of
the solutions.
Epoxides are major products in oxidation of methyl oleate and linoleate and their
triacylglycerols
Authors:   Rutgers University, Kandrac Morgan , Schaich Karen ,   Rutgers
            University
Published: November 2022

Lipid autoxidation poses a significant problem for stabilizing sensory quality,
nutritional value, and chemical safety of lipid containing foods. Peroxide value and
volatile carbonyls are the most measured markers to assess oxidation, but products such
as epoxides and alcohols are now being identified and quantified in foods. The
mechanisms and conditions under which other products form are poorly understood,
particularly how lipid structure and oxidation conditions affect reaction pathways,
products, and rates. This research paper aims to show how number of double bonds affects
oxidation product formation, how oxidation temperature affects reaction rates and
product formation and decomposition, and how open or closed packaging systems affect
reaction rates.Methyl oleate and methyl linoleate were autoxidized neat and incubated at
25, 40, or 60Â Â°C for various incubation periods. Class assays for quantification of
oxidation products included the following: conjugated dienes by UV absorbance at 233 nm;
peroxide value by reaction with TPP; epoxide value by reaction with
diethydithiocarbamate; soluble carbonyls by reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine.
Direct separation of oxidation products was performed using NP-HPLC with detection and
quantitation by UV and Corona Charged Aerosol (CAD) detection.
Alternate
autoxidation products competed with the formation of hydroperoxides in both autoxidizing
oleate and linoleate.Â Epoxides were found to be the dominant product in oleate
autoxidized at 25 C, reaching a maximum value of 69.2 mmol/mol lipid, while peroxide
value reached a maximum of 23.71 mmol/mol lipid. Epoxides were also found to be a major
product in linoleate autoxidation reaching a maximum value of 357.5 mmol/mol lipid at 25
C, while peroxide value reached a maximum of 357.1 mmol/mol lipid. For both oxidized
oleate and linoleate, rate of epoxide formation competed with that of hydroperoxides,
demonstrating that alternate reactions are active and important in directing the
reaction rates and product distributions of autoxidizing lipids.
Savoury snacks: How to improve their quality and shelf life by using naturally
derived food additives?
Authors:   Kalsec Europe Ltd, Lu Henna
Published: November 2022

Baked and fried snacks (such as crackers and potato crisp) are popular savory
snacks globally. Due to the consumer demand for healthy and clean label snacks, most of
these savoury snacks are prepared by using natural ingredients and healthy oils (or
fats) with a low degree of saturation. Nevertheless, the lower the degree of saturation
in the oils, the higher the risk of lipid oxidation. For this reason, snacks are
susceptible to lipid oxidation and consequently affect their stability. The use natural
food ingredients (naturally derived additives such as antioxidants) could help to extend
the shelf -life of healthy and clean label snacks. Firstly, a screening of several
combination of antioxidants in oil model system was conducted. The selected antioxidant
combinations were used for shelf-life study of baked and fried snacks. In addition to
antioxidants, snacks were prepared with addition of colour and flavour elements. Savoury
snacks were treated with and without natural antioxidants through different ways of
incorporation. Subsequently, snacks were subjected to acceleration at elevated
temperature (40°C). The oxidative stability was monitored by measuring secondary
volatile oxidation products through GC-MS, induction time and sensory evaluation.
Stabilization strategies of savoury snacks including several natural antioxidants (e.g.
rosemary, ascorbic acid, citric acid, tocopherols, plant extracts or combination of
these antioxidants), method of addition were also investigated. The obtained results
showed that stability of savoury snacks varied depending on the level and type of oils,
and antioxidant used for stabilization. Naturally derived antioxidants (especially a
combination of rosemary extract and tocopherol) were effective in minimizing lipid
oxidation and extending shelf life of savoury snacks. This study provides valuable
information to snacks producers to improve the stability of their snacks.