bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantificational Weather Reports
Authors: Collins John
Published: May 2020

A major strand to the ‘standard view’ is that meteorological predicates must contain a locative position because we can quantify into it. If there were no such position, then the quantifications would be, contrary to fact, illicit. In this chapter I shall reject this line of reasoning. The kind of binding relations into which weather reports may enter do not militate for, let alone entail, the syntactic or lexical occurrence of a locative variable. The quantification at issue is analysed as a free relative construction. It will also be shown how domain restriction fails to have a linguistic licence.
Maggots Are Delicious, Sunsets Hideous
Authors: Murray Dylan
Published: May 2020

On the one hand, judgments about taste and aesthetics seem somehow more subjective than other judgments—those about matters of descriptive fact, for instance. On the other hand, it seems we sometimes genuinely disagree in virtue of making different taste and aesthetic judgments. And many theorists think that in order to ground genuine disagreement, judgments must have contradictory contents—contents that cannot both be true. Most semantic theories of taste and aesthetic predicates, including contextualism and truth relativism, attempt to account for the comparative subjectivity of taste and aesthetic judgments while preserving this supposed contradiction datum. This chapter presents results from three studies suggesting that while most people think they can disagree about taste and aesthetics, this is not because they think their judgments in this domain preclude one another’s truth. Indeed, the results suggest that many people do not regard judgments of taste and aesthetics as truth-apt at all.
In Our Shoes or the Protagonist’s? Knowledge, Justification, and Projection
Authors: Gonnerman Chad , Poag Lee , Redden Logan , Robbins Jacob , Crowley Stephen
Published: May 2020

Sackris and Beebe show that many people seem willing to attribute knowledge in the absence of justification. Their results provide some reason to claim that the folk concept of knowledge does not treat justification as necessary for its deployment. This chapter provides some support for this claim. It does so by addressing an alternative account of Sackris and Beebe’s results—the possibility that the observed knowledge attributions stemmed from protagonist projection, a linguistic phenomenon in which the speaker uses words that the relevant protagonist might use to describe her own situation and the listener interprets the speaker accordingly. That said, caution is recommended. There are alternative possibilities regarding what drives knowledge attributions in cases of unjustified true belief that must be ruled out before much confidence is given to the claim that the folk concept of knowledge does not take justification to be necessary for its use.
The Relevance of Alternate Possibilities for Moral Responsibility for Actions and Omissions
Authors: Willemsen Pascale
Published: May 2020

Many philosophers have argued that alternative possibilities are required for an agent’s moral responsibility for the consequences of omitting an action. In contrast, it is argued that alternative possibilities are not required for moral responsibility for the consequences of performing an action. Thus, while an agent can be morally responsible for an action she could not have avoided, an agent is never morally responsible for omitting an action she could not have performed. Call this the Action/Omission Asymmetry Thesis. This chapter describes various strategies to challenge the Action/Omission Asymmetry Thesis and identifies the predictions those strategies make about the conditions under which an agent will be held morally responsible for an unavoidable action or omission. Studies reported in the chapter indicate that whether there is an Action/Omission Asymmetry strongly depends, first, on the type of moral judgment considered relevant for the Action/Omission Asymmetry Thesis, and, second, the scale used to test the folk’s intuition.
Sleeping in Error in Spenser’s Faerie Queene, Book 1
Authors: Sullivan, Jr. Garrett A.
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers how Edmund Spenser coordinates the contradictory nature of sleep—its status as something both within and beyond an individual’s control—to religious difference. Spenser associates Protestantism with ‘timely rest’ and Catholicism with a ‘daemonic’ conception of sleep that overtakes Redcrosse and comes to emblematize his alienation from Una, the ‘true faith’. These two conceptions of sleep also form the basis for what Spenser constructs as Catholic and Protestant models of cognition, affect, and embodiment. However, Spenser smudges the differences between these models even as he highlights them, and, in doing so, betrays an anxiety about the potential indistinguishability of error and truth.
Afterword
Authors: Paster Gail Kern
Published: May 2020

Early modern scholarship’s turn to the body in the 1990s was driven by powerful dissatisfaction with the universal models of autonomous selfhood and trans-historical emotion inherited from traditional intellectual history. Newer cultural histories of the body produced a foundational recognition of the early modern body’s porous openness and of an ecological self in continual interaction with its environment. In rich archival detail, the chapters in this volume refine the embodied self’s complex placement in its inspirited cosmos from the animated ground up. Together, they demonstrate that the geography of embodiment is fundamental to any properly constituted historical phenomenology because the early moderns believed that their passions were reflected everywhere—in meteorology, sleep, landscapes, sheepfolds, and foreign lands.
Sanskrit
Authors: George Coulter H.
Published: May 2020

The chapter begins with a discussion of Sanskrit’s place in the Indo-European family tree, showing how both the roots of individual words and the patterns seen in grammatical endings have close correspondences to Greek, Latin, and English. It also considers some of the features that are especially characteristic of Sanskrit, such as the voiced aspirate stops (seen in words like dharma) and the complex workings of sandhi, whereby the ends of Sanskrit words change their shape to match the sounds that occur at the beginning of the following word. In the second half, it turns to several short excerpts from the Rig Veda, demonstrating not only how its language has more connections to English than one might think at first but also how it draws on some of the same poetic diction found in other Indo-European traditions.
Objections: Coherence or Plausibility
Authors: Insole Christopher J.
Published: May 2020

Kant’s conception of the proper self, located outside of and prior to space and time (according to transcendental idealism), as the cite of our true autonomy, gives rise to considerable difficulties, both exegetical and philosophical. Both types of difficulty are engaged with in this chapter. First of all, the chapter investigates the exegetical problem standardly raised at this point, which involves the anxiety that in speaking, in the Groundwork, about our access to the free noumenal self, Kant violates his own critical epistemic discipline. It is shown that Kant does not, in fact, violate his own critical discipline in the Groundwork. The chapter also shows that although the conception of the noumenal intelligible self is hardly ‘common-sensical’ to ‘us’, it would not have been incredible to Kant, and would not have led, necessarily, to some of the deleterious consequences that commentators have feared.
The Identity of Freedom and Morality
Authors: Insole Christopher J.
Published: May 2020

This chapter offers an interpretation of Kant’s problematic claim that there is a deep and underlying unity and identity between freedom and morality, which identity underlies the categorical imperative. It is standard to say that there is a problem in Kant’s account of the relationship between freedom and morality. The problem is that, at times, Kant uses freedom to ground belief in morality, but that, at other times, he uses morality to ground belief in freedom, opening himself up to the suspicion that nothing outside of this small loop is grounding either commitment. It is argued that this seeming problem disappears if we consider freedom and morality, and the grounds for believing in them, to be different aspects of a single claim, whereby freedom and morality in a fundamental sense are the same, albeit that our limited finite nature encounters them as distinct. The chapter suggests that there is no vicious circle in Kant’s thought, but rather different aspects of a non-obvious identity claim. Theology, I suggest, is familiar with such non-obvious identity claims.
God as an All-Knowing Distributor of Happiness
Authors: Insole Christopher J.
Published: May 2020

This chapter investigates Lawrence Pasternack’s interpretation of God’s role in Kant’s philosophy, in relation to the concepts of morality, divine action, and grace. Pasternack praises what he finds to be a consistent strand of Kant’s soteriology, where God acts as a cognizer of our moral status, whereby God distributes happiness proportionately, when integrating and coordinating a moral world. It is conceded that such a role has two satisfactory features: it is something that God can do, consistent with our freedom, and it is something only God can do, it would seem, given God’s omniscience. Pasternack claims that even if Kant’s account departs from traditional Christianity, it nonetheless ‘offers us a coherent, consistent, unified, and intellectually mature way of thinking about sin, faith, salvation, and worship’. I argue that even if the coherence and significance of Kant’s soteriology is granted, we are still not yet presented with persuasive grounds for being required to believe in God, given all that is achieved by Kant’s noumenal intelligible realm, and given Kant’s principle of parsimony, which involves not believing in more than we need to, for the purposes of practical reason. For all we know, it still seems perfectly ‘thinkable’ that the noumenal moral realm of reasons, taken in itself and ‘without God’, is such that the highest good is possible. It is argued that this possibility could remain thinkable for Kant, even when reflecting upon natural evil.
The Beauty of the Pre-existent Wisdom and Word ‘in Heaven’
Authors: O’Collins, S.J. Gerald
Published: May 2020

Augustine named God as ‘the Beauty of all things beautiful’. The Old Testament speaks not only of the beauty of God but even more of overlapping realities: light, glory, wisdom, and word. The radiant light and glory of God, celebrated frequently in the Psalms and other biblical books, manifest the divine beauty. God’s creative and self-revealing activity is personified in beautiful Lady Wisdom. By being identified with divine Wisdom, Christ justifies Augustine in calling him beautiful in his pre-existence ‘in heaven’. Identified also with Word, another personification of God’s active power and self-manifestation, Christ can also be declared beautiful before his incarnation. By ‘becoming flesh’ the Word (or Wisdom) of God brought into the world the beautiful glory and light of God.
‘Beautiful in His Parents’ Arms’
Authors: O’Collins, S.J. Gerald
Published: May 2020

Luke’s story of the Visitation hints at the beauty of the unborn Christ, a theme taken up by Leo the Great, by composers of the Magnificat, and by John Donne. After the Christ Child was born, the joy and praise of shepherds, the ‘great joy’ of the Magi, and Simeon’s reception of the Child in the temple testify implicitly to his beauty. Christmas carols, Christian painters, and poets have celebrated his beauty, and justify Augustine when acknowledging the Child’s beauty in the arms of Mary and Joseph. The imagery and language that Jesus prepared in his hidden life and used in his ministry also witness to the beautiful way in which his sensibility developed during his many years at home in Nazareth.
‘Beautiful in the Tomb’
Authors: O’Collins, S.J. Gerald
Published: May 2020

Faithful to the end, women, including Jesus’ mother Mary, remained present at his death on Calvary, deposition from the cross, and burial. The courageous and generous intervention of Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus also played their part in bringing beauty to the burial. Artists have caught something of the tragic beauty of the occasion by their versions of the deposition from the cross (e.g. the work by Peter Paul Rubens) and the dead Jesus in the embrace of his mother (e.g. Michelangelo’s different versions of the Pietà). Eastern icons of Christ descending to the underworld (e.g. at Chora in Istanbul) represent him as supremely beautiful when he liberates those who have been waiting for his coming.
‘Beautiful in Taking up His Life again’
Authors: O’Collins, S.J. Gerald
Published: May 2020

The silent flight of the three women at the end of Mark’s Gospel responds appropriately to the highpoint of divine self-revelation, the unique wonder of the resurrection of the crucified Jesus. Matthew writes of the women’s ‘fear and great joy’. Matthew’s ‘angel of the Lord’, who rolls away the massive stone from the entrance to the tomb and announces the resurrection, has a ‘face like lightning’ and reflects something of the risen Christ’s own beauty. None of the Easter narratives attempts to describe directly Christ’s beauty, but it is conveyed through the joy that his presence brings to the disciples. When Acts reports the Damascus road meeting, it is from the light of God that the gloriously beautiful Christ encounters Paul. What the apostle teaches in 1 Corinthians 15 about the glory of the risen body applies pre-eminently to the risen Jesus. The New Testament ends with the glory of the beautiful, exalted Christ of the Book of Revelation. Early Christians knew that the gift of the Holy Spirit involved sharing in the light and beauty of the risen Jesus.
Turning the Tables
Authors: Lloyd G. E. R.
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers what we can learn about mutual intelligibility from instances where it meets obstacles. That may happen not just where there is no desire to understand others, even no willingness to do so, where transparency is not the aim, but rather a deliberate cultivation of opacity. Difficulties may also arise because of perceived or imagined differences between human groups, including in their core values. It examines critically anthropological and philosophical theses to do with the radical differences in the ontologies presupposed or assumed by different human groups. The opacity of many communicative acts should not mislead us into taking the obstacles to mutual understanding to be always insurmountable.
The Roots of Verbal Meaning
Authors: Beavers John , Koontz-Garboden Andrew
Published: May 2020

This book explores possible and impossible word meanings, with a specific focus on the meanings of verbs. It adopts the now common view that verb meanings consist at least partly of an event structure, made up of an event template describing the verb’s broad temporal and causal contours that occurs across lots of verbs and groups them into semantic and grammatical classes, plus an idiosyncratic root describing specific, real world states and actions that distinguish verbs with the same template. While much work has focused on templates, less work has addressed the truth conditional contributions of roots, despite the importance of a theory of root meaning in fully defining the predictions event structural approaches make. This book addresses this lacuna, exploring two previously proposed constraints on root meaning: The Bifurcation Thesis of Roots, whereby roots never introduce the meanings introduced by templates, and Manner/Result Complementarity, which has as a component that roots can describe either a manner or a result state but never both at the same time. Two extended case studies, on change-of-state verbs and ditransitive verbs of caused possession, show that neither hypothesis holds, and that ultimately there may be no constraints on what a root can mean. Nonetheless, the book argues that event structures still have predictive value, and it presents a new theory of possible root meanings and how they interact with event templates that produces a new typology of possible verbs, albeit one where not just templates but also roots determine systematic semantic and grammatical properties.
Is There a Christian Ethics?
Authors: Løgstrup K. E.
Published: May 2020

The central theme of this chapter is to assess how far the project with which we started has been fulfilled, which was to characterize Jesus’s proclamation to love the neighbour in purely human terms. Against the objection that the demand is silent, while Jesus tells us how to behave in relation to one another, it is argued that the latter is in fact not the case, and Jesus offers no concrete moral guidance. It is conceded, however, that a Christian perspective may find it easier to explain the radicality of the demand, insofar as it treats life as a gift from God—and this issue is taken up in Chapter 6. This chapter concludes by arguing that nothing gives the Christian any special insight into morality, so that in that sense there is not a specifically Christian ethics.
The Ethical Decision
Authors: Løgstrup K. E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers a variety of ways in which, as fundamentally self-interested individuals, we try to camouflage that self-interest by making it look as if we are behaving rightly: for example, by evading an ethical action by insisting that it requires further reflection, or by inspecting our motives so that the time for action has passed. We reason in this way because we do not like being griped by the decision, and required to act. Nonetheless, our conscience can make us aware of these evasions, while also, in certain extreme or ‘heightened’ situations, we can still come to do the right thing, even while in more ordinary circumstances, when the risks are a lot less, we remain oblivious to the needs of others.
Poetry and Ethics
Authors: Løgstrup K. E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers the underexplored topic of the relation between ethics and poetry. It is argued that what draws us to poetry is not to experience the beautiful, but rather the way in which poetry has the capacity to cut through the triviality of much of our daily lives, and thus to pay proper attention to our surroundings. This kind of attention is equally necessary if we are to engage with others in an ethically responsive manner, which is where the connection between poetry and ethics can be seen. The poet could not achieve this effect if their poetry were merely a matter of subjective expression, so that while they must tell us about the world as they see it, it must also open us up to what is around us. In this way, poetry can give us the kind of experience that philosophy can only help us understand.
On Kierkegaard’s Account of the Doubling of the Relations of Spirit
Authors: Løgstrup K. E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter begins with a discussion of Kierkegaard’s account of the self in The Sickness unto Death. It is argued that for Kierkegaard, because we experience a demand, we must understand the self as a synthesis of infinity and finitude, and that through relating to this demand the human existence as openness and possibility (becoming and movement) is constituted. This synthesis however places the self in a contradictory position, which it tries to forget either by sinking into the finitude of life in the crowd, or abstracting away into the infinitude of Hegelian speculation. As well as trying to escape a fundamental tension which cannot in fact be resolved, both these options drain away the passion that comes from engaging with this tension, and thus come at a significant loss to the human spirit.
Canada
Authors: Freudlsperger Christian
Published: May 2020

The second case study zooms in on the case of the Canadian system of multilevel government. In contrast to the US case, Canada has demonstrated remarkable adaptability in its patterns of vertical power-sharing. The chapter finds that despite the provinces’ initial lack of voice in its self-rule setting, the Canadian federation has been able effectively to construct a regime of ongoing, constructive, and trusting vertical dialogue in the field of international trade policy. Against the backdrop of increasing domestic market integration and a generally low degree of politicization, their increased voice has eventually incited subcentral executives to forego their sovereign right to exit. Ultimately, the Canadian case demonstrates that, under certain conditions, self-rule systems can adapt to their increasing embeddedness in multilevel trade governance. Despite being built on a delineation of central and subcentral spheres of competence in ‘watertight compartments’, the Canadian system integrated means of shared rule to deal with pressures from the international realm while preserving a substantive measure of subcentral autonomy. The concomitant increase in subcentral voice leads to two observations of immediate relevance to the theorizing of multilevel trade governance. First, despite the systematic inclusion of subcentral executives in trade policy-making, the destructive side-effects of the joint-decision trap can be avoided. Second, multilevel systems are dialectically capable of integrating certain fields while decentralizing authority.
Conclusion
Authors: Thomas Marcel
Published: May 2020

The conclusion revisits the key arguments of the book and highlights the broader implications of its findings for our understanding of Germany’s postwar history. In particular, it emphasizes the need to reconcile what might be described as the opposing bottom-up and top-down histories of the divided Germany. As much as the history of the divided Germany was a history of antagonistic conceptions of society, it was also a history of local attempts to get by in an era of rapid social change. The chapter thus emphasizes the need to include more local perspectives in studies of Cold War societies. It argues that explorations of how larger processes of change played out in the specific local settings of everyday life allow us to complicate traditional narratives of life on both sides of the Iron Curtain and overcome persisting divisions in the historical literature.
Rebels, Believers, Survivors
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: May 2020

This book of essays covers a wide range of topics in the history of Albania and Kosovo. Many of the essays illuminate connections between the Albanian lands and external powers and interests, whether political, military, diplomatic or religious. Such topics include the Habsburg invasion of Kosovo in 1689, the manoeuvrings of Britain and France towards the Albanian lands during the Napoleonic Wars, the British interest in those lands in the late nineteenth century, and the Balkan War of 1912. On the religious side, essays examine ‘crypto-Christianity’ in Kosovo during the Ottoman period, the stories of conversion to Islam revealed by Inquisition records, the first theological treatise written in Albanian (1685), and the work of the ‘Apostolic Delegate’ who reformed the Catholic Church in early twentieth-century Albania. Some essays bring to life ordinary individuals hitherto unknown to history: women hauled before the Inquisition, for example, or the author of the first Albanian autobiography. The longest essay, on Ali Pasha, tells for the first time the full story of the role he played in the international politics of the Napoleonic Wars. Some of these studies have been printed before (several in hard-to-find publications, and one only in Albanian), but the greater part of this book appears here for the first time. This is not only a contribution to Albanian and Balkan history it also engages with many broader issues, including religious conversion, methods of enslavement within the Ottoman Empire, and the nature of modern myth-making about national identity.
Early Modern Albanians in the Hands of the Inquisition
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: May 2020

It is very difficult to find, in the historical records, the voices of ordinary Albanians from the early modern period; the only rich body of material suitable for this purpose consists of the records of the Inquisition, where individual testimonies are preserved. This essay presents evidence from the Inquisition archives of Venice, Udine, Naples and Malta, plus documents from Palermo (preserved in Madrid), and cases from Barcelona, Majorca and Lisbon. In the great majority of cases, people appeared before the Inquisition because they had converted from Christianity to Islam—mostly while they were living in the Albanian lands, but in some cases when they were elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire. Sometimes conversion was a deliberate choice on economic grounds (to avoid taxation), but often the change took place when the person was below the age (early- to mid-teens) when Muslim practice required consent. In several cases the life-story revealed by this evidence involves casual enslavement of young Albanians within the Ottoman Empire by others who were, like them, Ottoman subjects; it is argued that this was a more common phenomenon than standard accounts of Ottoman slavery have suggested. And in a few cases we hear the voices of Albanian women; for two of these, conversion to Islam was an opportunistic act to evade an unwanted marriage.
‘Active climber[s] of the hills’
Authors: Bainbridge Simon
Published: May 2020

As ‘active climber[s] of the hills’ to use Dorothy Wordsworth’s phrase, women played a significant part in the Romantic-period development of mountaineering and its literature, with Wordsworth herself and Ann Radcliffe producing two of the era’s most influential ascent narratives. This chapter examines the climbing activities and writing of the era’s female mountaineers, including Elizabeth Smith, Sarah Murray, and Ellen Weeton, in addition to Wordsworth and Radcliffe. It argues that these women were responding to a developing culture of climbing which increasingly sought to differentiate modes of ascent in terms of gender. The chapter concludes with a focused examination of Dorothy Wordsworth as both a mountaineer and a climbing writer, tracing her remarkable development over the course of three decades during which she wrote her narrative of her pioneering ascent of Scafell Pike, which was published unattributed in her brother’s Guide to the Lakes.
Controlling Influences
Authors: Pugh Jonathan
Published: May 2020

Drawing on the rationalist account of autonomy outlined in the previous chapter, this chapter provides a framework for identifying different forms of influence on individual decision-making. The author explains how his theory allows for a broader understanding of rational persuasion than that which is suggested by the standard account, and shows how different forms of persuasion can be compatible with autonomous decision-making. Such persuasion can be contrasted with psychological manipulation, which serves to directly alter an individual’s motivational states in a manner that bypasses the cognitive element of the target’s decisional autonomy. Having identified the various forms that psychological manipulation can take, the author argues that global forms of manipulation, which involve wholesale changes to an individual’s psychological economy, raise concerns about identity and responsibility but not autonomy. Finally, he outlines the implications of his theory for informational manipulation and deception.
Coercion
Authors: Pugh Jonathan
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers two questions: First, in what sense does coercion undermine voluntariness, and second, can offers be coercive? The second is particularly relevant in bioethics, as there are a number of practical debates in which it is claimed that vulnerable individuals’ autonomy is undermined by their being subject to ‘coercive offers’. Having adverted to cases of this, the author draws on the philosophical literature on the nature of coercion to answer the two aforementioned questions. He argues that our answers to these questions are importantly interrelated, and that this point has been obscured by a widespread misunderstanding of the difference between threats and offers. He then provides an account that accommodates the possibility of some coercive offers, and that also identifies features that are central to establishing whether an offer can serve to undermine voluntariness in a manner that is sufficient to invalidate consent.
The Practical Dimension of Autonomy
Authors: Pugh Jonathan
Published: May 2020

In bioethical discussions, the concept of autonomy is understood to incorporate a practical dimension, pertaining to an agent’s ability to act in pursuit of their autonomously chosen ends. Having defended the inclusion of this dimension of autonomy in one’s overall theory, the author outlines the different kinds of freedom at the point of action that may be necessary for practical autonomy, and how these can be socially mediated. He goes on to outline a modal test that can be used to identify whether a particular freedom is necessary for practical autonomy, and suggests that it can also be used to identify certain beliefs that a person must hold in order to be autonomous with respect to their decision. The chapter concludes by considering the implications that an agent’s freedoms at the point of decision may have for their decisional autonomy, and what bearing this has for the development and enhancement of autonomy.
International Law and the Theory of War
Authors: Frei Gabriela A.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 7 explores the question of the immunity of private property from capture at sea, examining the views of its opponents and supporters. The immunity of private property at sea posed a serious challenge to sea powers—it was feared that this step would result in a further curtailment of belligerent rights. The chapter analyses the positions of the United States, Great Britain, and Germany in the first and second Hague peace conferences. The naval thinkers Alfred T. Mahan and Julian S. Corbett saw the proposal as an existential danger to waging economic warfare. Their reflection on the impact of international law on maritime strategy illustrated the limitation of the adoption of such a far-reaching proposal. The question also demanded a theoretical reflection on warfare and the chapter compares how international lawyers and strategists understood warfare and international law.
Conclusion
Authors: Frei Gabriela A.
Published: May 2020

Custom, state practice, and codification provided important reference points for the legal framework governing international relations in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The Conclusion explores the shifts from custom to codification in international maritime law. It also outlines how Great Britain used international maritime law as an instrument in foreign policy to protect its economic and strategic interests as a sea power. This last chapter then discusses how international maritime law in turn affected visions of future warfare. Great Britain’s neutrality policy, and in particular the Foreign Enlistment Act, shaped the country’s state practice in the second half of the nineteenth century, and the conclusion discusses the importance of state practice in foreign policy at the time.
A Bankers’ Bank
Authors: Lie Einar
Published: May 2020

This chapter details the Storting’s passing of a new law in 1892 which superseded all former laws pertaining to Norges Bank. As with the bank’s foundations of 1816, the 1892 act reflected its era and responded to the perceptions and needs of that period. The new law facilitated the transformation of the regionalized bank of issue into an institution more closely resembling central banks elsewhere. Discussions on the legal framework were thus held with varying intensity from the 1870s and onwards. Three conditions in particular influenced the process and the final character of the law. The first was the international context the law itself was a part of. The second condition was the integration and centralization process already underway in Norway. The third significant condition was the conflict between the government authorities that framed Norway’s entry into the Scandinavian Monetary Union.
The Pyrrhic Victories of the 1920s
Authors: Lie Einar
Published: May 2020

This chapter describes Norges Bank in the 1920s. Following the chaotic years during and after the First World War, politics ceded the economic realm to institutional technocrats, represented especially by the governor of Norges Bank, Nicolai Rygg. Rygg started out with strong support from the political and intellectual milieus in his programme for restoring the pre-war value of the krone. Gradually, the support eroded. The growing labour movement and Labour Party came to represent the most important threat to Norges Bank’s policies in its final stage. Labour came out as the winner of the parliamentary election in 1927 and formed a new, short-lived government in early 1928. When the government was overthrown after a few weeks in office, the parity policy could be completed and ‘normalcy’ restored. However, Rygg and Norges Bank won a costly victory. In the aftermath, the parity policy was mainly seen as erroneous and misguided. Rygg’s active role in overthrowing the Labour government in 1928 became a formative element in the labour movement’s perceptions of Norges Bank’s and its governor’s past and future role in Norwegian society.
Cavendish
Authors: Allsopp Niall
Published: May 2020

Chapter 3 challenges the conventional understanding of Margaret Cavendish as a royalist, by focusing on her less-studied works of the early 1650s, when absolutist arguments were being pressed (by Davenant and others) in service of more flexible forms of allegiance. The chapter maps and contextualizes Cavendish’s common ground with Hobbes, but especially the suggestively close relationship between her political writings and those of her husband, Newcastle. It compares the critique of cavalier tropes in Cavendish’s poetry with Marvell’s, before moving on to unravel the complex political theory of Cavendish’s first essay collection, The Worlds Olio. Cavendish takes a highly artificial view of sovereignty as a psychological phenomenon stimulated by the sensory experience of ceremony. This belief exists in complex tension with a more ruthlessly defactoist view of sovereignty based on coercive force.
Cowley
Authors: Allsopp Niall
Published: May 2020

Chapter 4 challenges established interpretations of Cowley as a (crypto-)royalist with a revisionist reading of his Poems (1656), particularly the Pindarique Odes and Davideis, as his conscious attempt to shape a poetic identity in Cromwellian England. These texts can be shown to draw on absolutist and defactoist arguments for obeying the Protectorate. The chapter considers Cowley’s complex engagement with Hobbes, tempered by his cautious scepticism, and his more traditionally absolutist concern with the moral constraints that distinguish legitimate sovereignty from tyranny. Cowley shares with Davenant an interest in the artificial nature of sovereignty, and the psychological drivers of conflict between humans. But his high view of absolute obedience is deeply shaped by a neostoic emphasis on concepts of apatheia and constancy, scepticism and self-preservation.
Choreopolitics
Authors: Prakash Brahma
Published: May 2020

Whether it has been the case of Kabir Kala Manch (KKM) in Maharashtra or Jana Naṭya Manḍali (JNM) in Andhra Pradesh, the labouring bodies of subaltern communities have made their presence felt by reconfiguring the language and aesthetics of political theatre performance in India. Expounding on the choreopolitics of labouring bodies, the chapter while discussing the shortcomings of the middle class led left cultural movements, also offers a critique to the ongoing criticisms coming from an essentialist and ahistorical reading of art and politics. The chapter takes up cultural labour and its transformative potential in the context of Gaddar and JNM. It shows the ways in which the ‘folk performance’ can be radically constituted for a transformative politics. Gaddar and JNM reconstitute the cultural labour by reclaiming the radical language and revolutionary subjectivities of labouring body.
Land Making and Industry Making in Tamil Nadu
Authors: Shin Sojin
Published: May 2020

This chapter addresses a central research question of how socio-political factors explain a high level of land acquisition in the state of Tamil Nadu in India that is coupled with intensive industrialization. It answers the question by paying attention to the ideas of policymakers on inclusive industrial schemes and societal structure presenting the upward mobility of low-caste groups in both political and economic spheres in the state. It argues that the state’s commitment to land making and industry making has met the needs of citizens favouring urbanization, thereby contributed to industrial development. Fieldwork findings collated from a bargaining process between the state, society, and foreign capital for land acquisition at a special economic zone for a tyre-manufacturing foreign company strongly support the argument. It particularly stresses the significant role of bureaucratic elites who are proficient at dealing with land acquisition with knowledge and efficiency. The bureaucratic efficiency increases the capacity of the state in making industrial development transferrable.
Problems of Representation
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy
Published: May 2020

Chapter one questions the religious–secular binary in its various forms as a key part of the cognitive apparatus of liberal ideology. The religious and the non-religious secular form a mutually parasitic binary with a difficult-to-discern imagined border. These discursive formations construct the right to the unlimited accumulation of private property as the modern sacred, and yet simultaneously disguise and mystify liberal market economics as a hard-nosed science revealing empirical facts about the world. By looking carefully at an example of an academic representation of Burmese collective identity, it tries to show how binary categories of the understanding with no clear content, work to give secular liberal market values to appear as normal and inevitable. These values, which appear in consciousness as common sense empirical reality, are themselves metaphysical faith postulates.
Religious Minorities in Southeast Asia
Authors: Freedman Amy L.
Published: May 2020

Chapter five studies the process of successful democratization in Indonesia after 1998. During the transition and consolidation of democracy, Indonesia was rocked by religious and ethnic violence. Despite the levelling off of some kinds of conflict, threats and violence remained high against minority communities in Indonesia, particularly against the Ahmadiyah. Much of the explanation for persisting nature of the violence can be explained by: firstly, the political timidity of elected officials to stand up to religious groups pushing greater intolerance on a range of issues; and secondly, the Ahmadis’ self-identification as Muslims. The Rohingya, as well as Muslims more generally, are scapegoats and viewed as extreme ‘outsiders’ in a society now opening up to the world. The chapter concludes that democratic reforms cannot be considered complete or consolidated until minority rights, human rights more generally, are protected, and that democracy, modernity, and secularism do not necessarily coincide.
Piety, Purity, and Nationalism
Authors: McCoy Mary E.
Published: May 2020

In the post-Suharto era, freedom of speech, particularly the press, quickly gained stronger legal protections in the constitutional reforms of the early 2000s. Its exercise by citizens and journalists alike has been a key force in warding off a democratic reversal. Yet, following the unshackling of religious expression, a rise in Islamic fundamentalism and a backlash against Western liberalism have inspired new religious intolerance that has circumscribed certain forms of speech and threatened the embrace of diversity long central to Indonesia’s identity. Chapter 6 examines the intersection of religious tolerance, freedom of speech, and political pluralism to understand the relationship between regulating blasphemy and the future of Indonesia’s new democracy. Specifically, it studies the way Indonesia surged forward economically and politically in establishing a more modern democracy while atavistic elements from its past continue to complicate its transition.
Background to a Scandal
Authors: Metelits Michael D.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 1 defines ‘mamlatdars’, important actors in the events the book covers. It also presents an overview of the Crawford scandal and an earlier scandal―both of which occurred in the Bombay Presidency. Public opinion, mainly in the local vernacular press, gives a courageous governor the impetus to investigate allegations of corruption. Vernacular press also presents outspoken, candid appraisals of government actions.
The Mamlatdar Issue Exported
Authors: Metelits Michael D.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 5 traces the process by which purportedly criminal issues became political issues. The chapter therefore deals with the mechanics of mounting a successful political pressure campaign. The chapter examines the export through the slanted reporting to London by The Times of London correspondent in India. His negative opinions about the mamlatdar witnesses fed on the Bombay High Court’s efforts to get the mamlatdars fired. The ‘mamlatdar issue’ eventually came before the House of Commons and that in turn placed considerable pressure on the secretary of state for India to ‘do something’ about the mamlatdars who had confessed under oath that they had paid bribes. In fact, the ‘mamlatdar issue’ had become a thing in itself, a problem that vexed the government at all levels.
Introduction
Authors: Yazdani Kaveh , Menon Dilip M.
Published: May 2020

This introduction emphasizes the importance of global conjunctures and non-European resources, labour power, goods, ideas, institutions, techno-scientific developments, consumer demands, and socio-economic dynamics in the genesis of historical capitalism(s). The contributions to the volume are summarized, highlighting both the internal socio-economic dynamics of a number of regions (that is, parts of Latin America, Eurasia, and Africa), as well as the global interconnections, entangled histories, and intertwined processes that went into the making and co-production of historical capitalism(s).
Russian Capitalism
Authors: Stanziani Alessandro
Published: May 2020

After reviewing the historiography of the Russian economic path, this chapter discusses the period running from the early eighteenth century to the abolition of serfdom (1861) and World War I; it argues that Russian economic dynamics were more important than is usually held in terms of rate of growth, that they were labour-intensive and mostly based on modernizing peasants and landlords. The problem was that these solutions were eventually compatible with the first, but not the second industrial revolution.
The Cambridge History of Capitalism
Authors: Washbrook David
Published: May 2020

The concept of capitalism has always been subject to multiple meanings. The definition adopted in The Cambridge History of Capitalism is particularly broad. It makes ‘capitalism’ difficult to distinguish from sustained economic growth and/or progress towards modern economic growth. It also obscures the relationship of labour to capital and promotes the national economy as the natural arena in which discrete histories of capitalism should be written. However, in the case of India, there are other angles to consider. If labour were given a central role in the definition of ‘capitalism’, a very different set of issues becomes apparent. Moreover, if capitalism were understood, from the first, as a transnational set of forces, India’s supposed marginality in its genesis becomes illusory. India played a key strategic role in the evolution of the global capitalist system enmeshed in the British Empire. This essay explores these other sides of capitalism’s history in India.
The First Capitalist Nation
Authors: Inikori Joseph E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter traces the long-drawn-out development of capitalism in England, employing the conception of capitalism as a socio-economic system that goes back to Karl Marx and Max Weber. It argues that over the long period, two central factors drove the process: population growth and international/intercontinental trade. From 1086 to 1660, population growth and the wool trade (raw wool and woollen textile production for export to Europe and for the domestic market) were at the centre of the process. From 1660 to 1850, the process shifted decisively to the Atlantic world, partly, because mercantilist policies closed much of the European markets to English manufactures. England’s counties that dominated production for export to the rapidly growing Atlantic markets—Lancashire, the West Riding of Yorkshire, and the West Midlands—launched the Industrial Revolution and industrial capitalism in England.
The Moment of Liberation in Western Europe
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer
Published: May 2020

The moment of liberation in Western Europe, 1943-1948, regards the final two years of World War II and the immediate post-liberation period as a moment in twentieth century history, when the shape and contours of postwar Western Europe appeared highly uncertain and various alternatives and conflicting visions were up for grabs. After close to six years of total war, Nazi terror and brutal occupation policies, a growing number of Europeans were no longer content solely to fight for national liberation from fascist control. Having staked their lives in military and civilian resistance to Nazism and Italian fascism across the continent, surviving activists were aiming to ensure that such a political and social catastrophe would never befall Europe again. In the closing moments of World War II, hundreds of thousands of antifascist activists had begun to identify with the famous quote penned by the exiled German social theorists, Max Horkheimer, who had boldly proclaimed in early September 1939: ‘Whoever is not prepared to talk about capitalism should also remain silent about fascism.’ The economic and political elites in prewar societies were increasingly regarded as co-responsible for war, fascism and occupation policies, from which many had benefited significantly and often enthusiastically. There were extensive popular social movements at work in almost every single state which aimed to construct postwar societies in which grassroots democracy and the free association of rank-and-file activists would replace the profit principle and the top-down Jacobin orientation by traditional elites. This book for the first time reconstructs the parameters of this contest over the shape of postwar Western Europe from a consistently transnational perspective.
Honni soit qui mal y pense
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer
Published: May 2020

The challenges to traditional ante-bellum or ante-Mussolini ways of ruling and running societies were perhaps most visible in the area of fundamental changes affecting the most popular mass media at that time: newspapers. Virtually all across Europe, the vast majority of hitherto operating daily newspapers were shut down at the moment of liberation, and a new antifascist press often took over production facilities vacated by their compromised former owners. After some cursory glances at the politics of the post-liberation press in Germany and Italy, I then go into considerable detail in the case of France. For it was in France where the challenges to published opinion in the wake of Nazi occupation went further and deeper than anywhere else. In France, however, too, within very few years the power of money regained the upper hand, turning back the clock to the status quo ante bellum.