bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SPBCMP—A Program to Assess the Likelihood of Major Changes in the Distribution of the Southern Pine Beetle
Authors: Michaels Patrick J. , Sappington David E. , Stenger Philip J.
Published: August 2019

A statistical model has been developed that relates percentage change in the large area coverage of southern pine beetle outbreaks (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm.) to temperature and moisture status indices. It is applicable over the entire range of epidemic outbreaks during the last quarter-century. The interactive computer program, SPBCMP, can be used to assess the likelihood of major changes in coverage several months prior to the period of maximum activity. SPBCMP requires only location and four easily accessed climatic parameters. Climatic data for these driving variables can be supplied by the user obtained from a file maintained on the University of Virginia Academic Computing System. The program instructs the user on how to access that data. An additional feature of SPBCMP is that it allows for sensitivity analyses based on weather scenarios for upcoming months. South. J. Appl. For. 10:158-61, Aug. 1986.
Breeding Shortleaf × Loblolly Pine Hybrids for the Development of Fusiform Rust-Resistant Loblolly Pine
Authors: Kraus John F.
Published: August 2019

A fusiform rust-resistant strain of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is being developed by interspecific hybridization with shortleaf pine (P. echinata Mill.). Backcrosses of the hybrid to loblolly pine have early height growth equal to loblolly pine and retain a high level of fusiform rust resistance. Previous breeding results are reviewed and updated, and new data from a developing hybrid seedling seed orchard are presented. Breeders are encouraged to develop their own hybrid programs for production of rust-resistant seedlings. South. J. Appl. For. 10:195-197, Nov. 1986.
Analysis of the Berger 25Y Swing Yarder in Western North Carolina1
Authors: Sherar James R. , Curtin Dennis T. , Koger Jerry L.
Published: August 2019

Production rates, costs, and operating characteristics of the Berger 25Y Swing Yarder are determined for a 23.4-ac clearcut in western North Carolina. An average of 2.75 stems, containing 49.6 ft³, are harvested per cycle. Average cycle time, including cycle delays but excluding road and landing changes, is 5.51 min. Estimated yarding costs for the yarder and six-worker crew are $30.09 per cunit. South J. Appl. For. 10:197-201, Nov. 1986.
The Crossett Farm Forestry Forties After 41 Years of Selection Management
Authors: Baker James B.
Published: August 2019

Timber management was initiated in 1937 on the Crossett Farm Forestry Forties in southern Arkansas to determine whether selection (uneven-aged) management could be used to rehabilitate understocked loblolly-shortleaf pine (Pinus taeda L.-P. echinata Mill.) stands while providing an income to the landowner. At that time, the Forties consisted of a cutover, understocked stand (Poor Forty), and a well-stocked stand (Good Forty). During the first years of management, all midstory and overstory hardwoods were removed from the stands, and light improvement cuts were made to promote the growth of the residual pines and the establishment of pine reproduction. Understory hardwoods were also controlled periodically. The improvement cuts removed only a portion of the annual growth from the Poor Forty; thus, stocking was increased. After 15 years of such management, the understocked stand reached full stocking and began producing sawlog growth in excess of 400 bd ft (Doyle)/ac/yr. Over the 41-year management period, this stand produced a sawlog volume of 16,300 bd ft (Doyle)/ac that was worth about $2,930, or $72/ac/yr. The Good Forty produced a sawlog volume of 16,900 bd ft/ac, a volume worth about $3,040, or $74/ac/yr. South. J. Appl. For. 10:233-237, Nov. 1986.
Effect of Felling Head Design on Shear-Related Damage in Southern Yellow Pine
Authors: McNeel Joseph , Czerepinski Frank
Published: August 2019

Use of feller-buncher and directional shears has increased the productivity and efficiency of many logging operations in the South. When felling sawlog and chip'n' saw-sized timber, hydraulic shears can damage the butt portion of the tree. Butt logs of trees felled with shears are subjectto damage in the form of ring-shake, stump-pull, shatter, and splitting (Porter et al. 1984).

Logging equipment manufacturers have attempted to minimize shear-related damage through different felling head designs. Various designs have included ribbed blades, angled shear patterns, curved blades,modified blade angles, and modified shear speeds. Whereas a number of studies addressed the effect of a specific design on shear-related damage (Guimier 1981, Forrester 1980, Redman 1979, McLaucalan and Kusec 1974, Letkeman 1973, Johnson and St. Laurent 1970, McIntosh and Kerbes 1968), fewhave compared designs to determine the relative advantage of one over another in reducing shear-related damage.

This paper presents the results of a recent study comparing six feller-buncher and directional shear head designs to determine their relative abilities in reducing shear-relateddamage. The study also details a quick and inexpensive method of quantifying shear-related damage in butt logs. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):3-6.
Site-Preparation Techniques for Establishing Natural Pine Regeneration on Small Forest Properties
Authors: Cain M. D.
Published: August 2019

Lightweight mechanical equipment, prescribed fire, herbicides, and handtools were used in various combinations to site-prepare small brush-filled openings within uneven-aged loblolly-shortleaf (Pinus taeda L.-P. echinata Mill.) pine stands in southern Arkansas. All treatments were effective in facilitating establishment of pine seedlings from natural seedfall when compared to untreated controls. Treatments tested in this study should have practical application on small forest properties. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):41-45.
Increase Longleaf Pine Seed Yields by Inhibiting Conelet Abortion
Authors: Hare Robert C.
Published: August 2019

A single foliar spray with either antiethylene compounds or cytokinins shortly after anthesis reduced conelet abortion by half and doubled seed production. Spraying with boric acid plus Cytex® , a relatively economical form of cytokinin derived from seaweed, was equally effective,and addition of certain antiethylene compounds further improved seed yield. South. J. Appl. For. 11(1):6-9.
The Effect of Thinning Methods on Soil Physical Properties in North-Central Mississippi
Authors: Karr B. L. , Hodges J. D. , Nebeker T. E.
Published: August 2019

Soil disturbances created by thinning systems on a fine sandy loam and silty clay loam during wet and dry soil conditions were examined. The extent of areal disturbance, rutting, and bulk density increased and macroporosity decreased as soil moisture and trafficking increased. Schedulingthinning during dry weather and minimizing the crossing of planting beds with equipment reduced soil disturbance. South. J. Appl. For. 11(2):110-112.
Growth and Survival of Eastern Cottonwood in Kentucky
Authors: Stringer J. W. , Shain L. , Wittwer R. F.
Published: August 2019

Nine clones of eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) from different geographic sources were grown on two sites for height growth and survival percentage after 5 to 10 years. Several clones ranked as superior in Mississippi also performed well during the first 5 years of growthin Kentucky. The survival and diameter growth of some of these "superior" clones, however, was significantly less than others at 10 years. These same clones also exhibited low crown vigor and an abundance of stem cankers associated largely with Fusarium solani. Early growth induces must thereforebe used cautiously for determining long-term planting schedules. South. J. Appl. For. 11(2):73-76.
Using Residual Values to Analyze the Economics of Southern Pine Thinning
Authors: Hotvedt James E. , Straka Thomas J.
Published: August 2019

Thinning options on southern pine plantations are often evaluated under the implicit assumption that forestland is treated as a profit center, with stumpage as the final product. Stumpage values might not adequately reflect the end-product content and value of trees, however. An indirectmethod, the residual value approach, is an alternative stumpage valuation technique and is illustrated in this paper. This approach values an end product of stumpage (e.g., lumber, sawlogs, or chips) and subtracts conversion and handling costs to arrive at an estimate of stumpage value. Consequently,residual values tend to be directly related to piece size. When timber management regimes are evaluated using residual values, optimal regimes are consistent with results using traditional, direct valuation approaches. Optimal management regimes will tend to have at least one thinning anda rotation age of around 30 years. Since the residual value approach employed in this study recognizes manufacturing, transportation, and harvesting costs, it may provide a more realistic valuation of thinning options, particularly as end products or processing and handling technologies andcosts change. South. J. Appl. For. 11(2): 99-106
Growth Impact of Pine Tip Moth on Loblolly Pine Plantations in the Ouachita Mountains of Arkansas
Authors: Cade Stephen C. , Hedden Roy L.
Published: August 2019

Growth impact of pine tip moths (Rhyacionia spp.) in two 12-year-old Arkansas loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations was measured, and growth loss through rotation was projected. Two tip moth control treatments (azinphos-methyl foliar spray and carbofuran granules) were appliedto trees in the protected treatments at ages 3, 4, and 5, and growth was compared to unprotected trees at 2-year intervals. Trees in protected treatments had significantly greater average height (2.0 ft), dbh (0.35 in.), and total volume (182 ft³/ac) than did trees in the unprotectedtreatment. Volume losses at age 12 were proportional to tip moth infestation levels during the period of protection. Potential long-term impact of a tip moth was estimated using the results of this study as input to growth and yield models for thinned and unthinned stands. Projected gainsfrom early tip moth control in light to moderately infested stands were: unthinned, 2 to 6 cords/ac at age 30; thinned, 300 to 700 bf/ac of sawtimber and 1 to 3 cords/ac of pulpwood on a 35-year rotation. An economic analysis comparing the present value of growth benefits to the treatmentcosts showed tip moth control to be marginally cost effective only in the thinned, sawtimber regime. South J. Appl. For. 11(2):128-133
The Silvicultural Potential of Mixed Stands of Cherrybark Oak and American Sycamore: Spacing Is the Key
Authors: Clatterbuck W. K. , Oliver C. D. , Burkhardt E. C.
Published: August 2019

The interaction of planted cherrybark oak (Quercus falcata var. pagodifolia Ell.) and American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis L.) was investigated on a flood plain of a minor stream in Arkansas. Oaks growing 20 ft or more from a sycamore attained a dominant position by 24 years, butwere still smaller in diameter and height than dominant sycamores. Rapid height and diameter growth of sycamore tends to retard oaks growing close to the sycamores. After 24 years, height and diameter differences between dominant oaks and sycamores are beginning to narrow, suggesting thatoaks may become more prominent. South. J. Appl. For. 11(3):158-161.
Effects of Crown Scorch on Survival and Diameter Growth of Slash Pines
Authors: Johansen Ragnar W. , Wade Dale D.
Published: August 2019

Slash pines (Pinus elliottii) planted 25 years earlier were prescribed burned during January 1982 under marginally severe burning conditions. Thirty percent of the trees, averaging 8 in. dbh and 60 ft in height, suffered total crown scorch but no consumption. Although all trees survived, growth loss in excess of 1-year's growth over the following two growing seasons was revealed from increment core analysis. Even slightly scorched trees showed a 15% loss of radial growth during the same period, but the reasons for this are less evident. South. J. Appl. For. 11(4):180-184.
Tree Volume and Taper of Loblolly Pine Varies by Stand Origin
Authors: Amateis Ralph L. , Burkhart Harold E.
Published: August 2019

Stem analysis data were used to examine volume, height-dbh, form and taper relationships for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees grown in unthinned old-field plantations, cutover-site plantations, and natural stands. Results showed significant differences in volume, height-dbh, tree form and taper relationships for loblolly pine grown in stands from these three origins. Thus, in order to accurately predict total and merchantable volumes as well as upper stem diameters and heights, forest managers should apply separate volume and taper equations for each stand class. South. J. Appl. For. 11(4):185-189.
Variability of Understory Sweetgum Biomass Relationships
Authors: Adams J. C. , Lockaby B. G.
Published: August 2019

Understory sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) in three 40-50-yr-old stands of loblolly pine was sampled to estimate the total and component biomass encompassed by this species. Individual tree sweetgum equations (based on D²H) were developed for total tree and tree component biomass for each stand. Total stand estimates of 9.79, 8.38, 1.09, and 0 32 tons/ac were determined for total, stem, branch, and foliage dry weight, respectively. There were no statistical differences among stands for total tree and stem biomass equations, but differences were found among stands for foliage and branch equations. The differences among crown component equations are probably reflective of the understory growing conditions in the different stands. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):5-7.
Yield Comparisons from Even-Aged and Uneven-Aged Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Stands
Authors: Guldin James M. , Baker James B.
Published: August 2019

Empirical yields for a 36-year management period are presented for seven long-term studies on similar sites in loblolly-shortleaf pine (Pinus taeda L.-P. echinata Mill.) stands on the upper southern coastal plain of southern Arkansas and northern Louisiana. Total merchantable cubic-foot yields are highest for conventionally managed even-aged plantations; sawtimber cubic-foot yields are highest for intensively managed even-aged plantations and intensively managed uneven-aged stands. However, uneven-aged stands have higher board-foot sawtimber yields than the most productive even-aged stands, particularly in comparisons using the Doyle log rule. It is hypothesized that the even-aged plantations have higher cubic-foot yields because they are more fully stocked with trees of merchantable size. Conversely, the uneven-aged stands have higher board-foot yields because of the greater proportion and continuous supply of sawtimber basal area, especially in stems of large size, which can be developed using the uneven-aged selection method. South J. Appl. For. 12(5):107-114
Forestry Projects, Modern Portfolio Theory, and Discount Rate Selection
Authors: Zinkhan F. Christian
Published: August 2019

According to modern portfolio theory, only that portion of risk that cannot be diversified away by investors is relevant. Given this assumption, this paper illustrates that timberland investments can offer substantial risk-reduction benefits for investors holding diversified portfolios. With the opportunity for these benefits, it is found that the current required rate of return on an investment in southern timberland is less than the rate on U.S. Treasury bills. Utilizing one of the foundations of modern portfolio theory, an approach is presented for selecting a discount rate for long-term forestry projects undertaken either by individuals with diversified portfolios or by corporations with shareholders owning diversified portfolios. South J. Appl. For. 12(2):132-135
Pine Growth-Rate Changes in the Southeast: A Summary of Key Issues for Forest Managers
Authors: Lucier Alan A.
Published: August 2019

Forest inventory data collected by the USDA Forest Service shows that pine forests in the Southeast have changed in many ways since the 1950s. The average age and density of natural stands has increased substantially over the past 30 years, perhaps reflecting the maturation of a large number of stands established between 1945 and 1965. Growth rates of some classes of trees and stands have decreased, but it is not known whether increases in age and density are largely responsible. The existence of growth reductions in natural stands is an expected consequence of the documented changes in stand conditions. The magnitude of the growth reductions, however, cannot be objectively defined as normal or abnormal on the basis of existing data. Researchers are attempting to define the contributions of stand conditions, drought, land-use patterns, atmospheric pollutants, and other factors to observed growth reductions. There is at present no demonstrated link between air pollutants and growth reductions in natural pine stands and no evidence of growth reductions on intensively managed forest industry lands. South. J. Appl. For. 12(2):84-89.
Techniques for Assessing the Economic Contributions of Forest Soils Information in Timberland Management
Authors: Blake John , Caulfield Jon , Fisher Richard , Lea Russ
Published: August 2019

Forest soils information can be very useful in helping forest landowners achieve specific objectives. Major factors that should be considered in the evaluation of forest soils information include the management decision level at which it is utilized, the frequency of use, and the type of control process in which the information functions. In principle, information essential in formulating strategic plans is normally of greater value than information that is needed to control operational or "on the ground" activities, however significant exceptions occur. Because of the long time frame needed to adequately evaluate growth responses on lands actually treated, soils information generally functions through control processes that are predictive in nature. A marginal risk-benefit approach for discriminating between alternative management options can be used to identify useful information. Several techniques can be used in determining the potential utility of soils information, such as the mean-variance rule, stochastic efficiency analysis, and the expected value of perfect information. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):147-152.
Southern Pine Beetle: Factors Associated with Spot Occurrence and Spread in Young Plantations
Authors: Cameron R. Scott , Billings Ronald F.
Published: August 2019

An inventory of 167,316 ac of 5- to 15-year-old plantations of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) or loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) or both in east Texas revealed that infestations (spots) of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm., occurred in plantations of all ages greater than 5 years. Infestation frequency ranged from 0.1 spots/1000 ac for 6-year-old plantations to 6 to 8 spots/1000 ac for 12- to 15-year-old plantations in 1985. Analyses of subsets of plantation inventories revealed that spots were more frequent in loblolly pine plantations than in slash pine plantations, and more frequent in plantations that had been prescribed-burned. An intensive study of 34 individual spots showed that spot initiation was often associated with stand disturbance but not with intraplantation variations in stand parameters. In turn, regression analyses revealed that the initial number of active trees (spot size) was directly correlated with pine basal area/ac. Rate of summer spot growth in uncontrolled infestations was most strongly correlated with number of active (brood) trees and weakly correlated with tree height and pine basal area/ac. Spots tended to grow faster in loblolly plantations than in those with slash pine. Mean spot growth rates were markedly less within young plantations than rates documented in earlier studies for natural pulpwood and sawtimber stands. A field guide for setting control priorities for beetle infestations in young plantations is provided. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):208-214.
Estimating Returns on Forest Investments Using Break-Even Yield Analysis
Authors: Fox Bruce
Published: August 2019

The traditional present-net-value approach for calculating returns on forestry investments requires the analyst to make assumptions regarding expected yields. Often, however, appropriate yield tables or functions are not available. This is especially true when new management techniques are scheduled for implementation. Break-even yield analysis allows a decision-maker to view the results of a financial analysis in terms of the minimum physical volume yield required to earn a specific rate of return on investment capital. The approach is appropriate for analyzing regeneration activities as well as intermediate stand treatments. Examples for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) regeneration and precommercial thinning activities illustrate the use of this technique. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):264-266.
Color Aerial Photography for Assessing the Need for Fertilizers in Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Blinn Charles R. , Lyons Al , Buckner Edward R.
Published: August 2019

Color aerial photography was used to assess crown color classes in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations. Three distinct Munsell color classes were delineated on the resulting photographs. Foliar N levels and, to a lesser degree, foliar K levels were directly related to color. Significant relationships between color and site index and color and basal area were shown. Application of color aerial photography, combined with Munsell color coding, could expedite land classification and also make possible more efficient use of fertilizers. South J. Appl. For. 12(4):270-273.
Should Fall Irrigation be Applied at Nurseries Located on Sands?
Authors: South David B. , Williams Hans M. , Webb Alan
Published: August 2019

In 1985, fall irrigation on an Alpin sand reduced seedling stress and increased production of plantable loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings by 6% (40,000/ac). Applying about 0.5 in. of water/week (for 10 weeks) increased average height by 1 cm, average diameter by 0.4 mm, and average dry weight by 20%. At a cost of $17/ac, the additional irrigations increased crop value by $l,000/ac. Although ceasing fall irrigation has been recommended for nurseries located on sands, biological and economic data are needed to demonstrate that gains from stressing seedlings will offset the potential decrease in production of plantable seedlings. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):273-274.
Optimum Management Regimes for Uneven-Aged Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Stands Managed Under the Selection System in the West Gulf Region
Authors: Hotvedt James E. , Abernethy Yvonne F. , Farrar Robert M.
Published: August 2019

Residual basal area, the ratio of sawtimber to total merchantable basal area, and cutting cycle length were used as decision variables to develop and analyze alternative management regimes for uneven-aged loblolly-shortleaf pine stands managed under the selection system in southernArkansas and northern Louisiana. Sawtimber and pulpwood yields associated with the regimes were calculated from models for all-aged loblolly-shortleaf pine stands with site indices of 85-95 ft (base age 50 yr) developed by Murphy and Farrar (1982, 1983). Optimum economic regimes based on presentnet value (PNV) had low sawtimber to merchantable basal area ratios (0.55) and short cutting cycles (4-5 yr) when compared to the ranges specified for these variables. Optimum sawtimber production regimes based on periodic annual increment (PAI) had high residual basal areas (60-65 ft²/ac),high sawtimber to merchantable basal area ratios (0.70-0.80), and short cutting cycles (4-6 yr). Using sawtimber production as the primary objective in choosing management regimes resulted in a large loss of PNV. The loss of annual sawtimber production was relatively low, however, when PNVwas used as the objective. South. J. Appl. For. 13(3):117-122.
A Survey of Pension Fund Investments in Timberland
Authors: Harris Thomas , DeForest Christopher , Futch Scott , Cubbage Frederick
Published: August 2019

A November 1987 survey of 1500 pension funds and other tax-exempt funds found 22 that owned an estimated $222 million of timberland; another 458 nonowners responded to the questionnaire. Current investors planned to hold timber-land for an average of 10 to 15 years, generallyplanned to maintain or increase their investment levels, and were moderately knowledgeable about and interested in timberland investments. Noninvestors were much less knowledgeable and interested in timberlands, but a few responding noninvestors did feel that now was an appropriate time toinvest in timberlands. South. J. Appl. For. 13(4):188-192.
Comparison of Chemical Site Preparation Treatments in the Georgia Piedmont
Authors: Shiver Barry D. , Knowe Steven A. , Kline William N.
Published: August 2019

Chemical site preparation treatments were compared against each other and against mechanical treatments in a randomized complete block design. Two studies were conducted with spring (June) and late summer (September) treatment dates. Efficacy was measured 2 years after treatment as percent control on individually identified stems and as percent change per acre from subplot data. Combinations of Tordon K®, Tordon 101® mixture, Garlon 4®, Galon 3A®, Velpar L®, and Roundup® herbicides were tested.* For the spring study, combinations of Tordon + Garlon 4 herbicides effectively controlled red maple, dogwood, and red oaks. Tordon 101 + Garlon 4 was the most effective treatment on water/willow oaks. Among the treatment on sweetgum. Velpar L was the most effective treatment on water/willow oaks. Among the late summer applied treatments, Roundup provided the best overall control of the hardwood species examined. A shear, rake, and disk treatment provided comparable control to chemical treatments in the spring study, but at a higher cost. Double chopping was not an effective treatment in the late summer study. South. J. Appl. For. 14(1):24-32.
Association Between Fusiform Rust Incidence and CRIFF Soil Classification for Slash Pine Plantations in the Coastal Plain of Florida and Georgia
Authors: Schmidt Robert A. , Jokela Eric J. , Allen James E. , Belanger Roger P. , Miller Thomas
Published: August 2019

The association between fusiform rust incidence in young slash pine plantations and the CRIFF (Cooperative Research in Forest Fertilization) soil classification system in the Coastal Plain of Florida and Georgia was examined in two independent data sets: (1) 958 predominantly 5-year-old plantations from an industrial forest inventory and (2) 73 9-to-13-year-old plantations in a CRIFF research study. Rust incidence was calculated as the percentage of living trees with a branch or stem gall. Soils were classified into six groups (A-F) according to soil drainage and the nature of and depth to the B horizon. A third data set relates oak (alternate host) abundance to soil groups in 53 plantations.

Overall, the very poorly to moderately well-drained CRIFF C and D group soils (flatwoods Spodosols) exhibit the lowest rust incidence (ẋ = 5.9% and 5.3%); the moderately well- to well-drained E and F group soils (Inceptisols and Ultisols) have the highest rust incidence (ẋ = 45.2% and 28.5%); and the poorly to somewhat poorly drained A and B soils (Ultisols, Entisols, and Inceptisols) are intermediate in rust incidence (ẋ = 18.4% and 16.5%). Oak abundance varied significantly within and among soil groups. In general, oaks were more abundant on E and F soils than on B and C group soils. CRIFF soil groups are useful to characterize regional rust incidence, but are not associated with rust incidence in individual plantations. Plantations of like soil groups exhibit high or low rust incidence depending on the mean rust incidence of the area in which they occur. South. J. Appl. For. 14(1):39-43.
Timberland Indexes and Portfolio Management
Authors: Zinkhan F. Christian , Mitchell Kossuth
Published: August 2019

This paper explores two timberland index applications: asset allocation and investment performance evaluation. The Southern Timberland Index Fund (STIF), a southern pine index fund, is adopted for use in these applications. In the asset allocation application, the mean risk of risk-return efficient portfolios containing financial assets and the STIF is discovered to be 43% less than the mean risk of the efficient portfolios containing only financial assets. Efficient portfolios contain the STIF in proportions as high as almost 30%. As far as performance is concerned, a timberland index is suggested for use as a benchmark for evaluating (1) timberland investment managers and (2) the investment performance of timberland versus other investment alternatives. Before such applications become commonplace, it is concluded that problems associated with existing timberland indexes be addressed. South. J. Appl. For. 14(3):119-124.
Inventory Projection with the Georgia Regional Timber Supply (GRITS) Model
Authors: Cubbage Frederick W. , Hogg Dale W. , Harris Thomas G. , Alig Ralph J.
Published: August 2019

A regional timber supply model was developed to project softwood and hardwood supplies at state and substate levels. The model runs on a microcomputer and was applied to Georgia as a case study. Data are entered in a spreadsheet template, and forecasts are made using a Pascal program. The model seems accurate, is easy to use, relies on easily obtainable forest survey data, and can provide projections for substate areas. Projections made for Georgia indicate that softwood supplies will decrease substantially in many important substrate areas given current growth and harvest levels, but hardwood supplies will increase. South. J. Appl. For. 14(3):124-133.
Eleventh-Year Results of Fertilization, Herbaceous, and Woody Plant Control in a Loblolly Pine Plantation
Authors: Haywood James D. , Tiarks Allan E.
Published: August 2019

Through 11 years, fertilization at planting significantly increased the stemwood volume (outside bark) per loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) on an intensively prepared moderately well-drained fine sandy loam site in northern Louisiana. Four years of herbaceous plant control significantly increased pine survival, and because herbaceous plant control increased survival, it resulted in a significant increase in total stand volume. Woody plant control no longer produced significant results by age 11. South. J. Appl. For. 14(4):173-177.
Site Index Curves for Eastern Cottonwood Plantations in the Lower Mississippi Delta
Authors: Cao Quang V. , Durand Kenneth M.
Published: August 2019

A site index equation was developed based on stem-analysis data collected from 30 sites of an eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) plantation in the lower Mississippi Delta. The Bailey and Clutter (1974) equation form was selected for stand height prediction. Polymorphic site index curves (base age 10 years) were presented based on this equation. These curves should be applicable to cottonwood plantations up to 11 years old in and near the Mississippi River Delta. South. J. Appl. For. 15(1):28-30.
Growth Reductions in Naturally Regenerated Southern Pine Stands in Alabama and Georgia
Authors: Ruark G. A. , Thomas C. E. , Bechtold W. A. , May D. M.
Published: August 2019

Data from Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) units of the USDA Forest Service were used to compare average annual stand-level basal area accretion onto survivor pines in naturally regenerated pine stands throughout Alabama and Georgia. Growth rates measured between 1972-82 were compared to growth rates during the previous 10-year survey cycle in each state. Separate analyses were conducted for loblolly (Pinus taeda), longleaf (P. palustris), shortleaf (P. echinata), and slash (P. elliottii) pine cover types. The unadjusted average stand-level growth rates for survivor pines 1.0 in. diameter and greater at breast height were notably lower for all cover types during the latter survey in Georgia, while only the average unadjusted growth of shortleaf was substantially lower during this period in Alabama. However, when growth rates were adjusted with regression models to account for differences in initial stand structure (stand size class, stand density, site quality class, hardwood competition, and mortality) between the two survey periods, reductions in average adjusted basal area growth ranged from 3% to 31% during the later cycle in both states. The reductions were statistically significant in almost every case. The agents causing the growth differences were not identified, but it is unlikely that stand dynamics are responsible. The observational nature of the FIA dataset precludes further resolution of causal relationships. South. J. Appl. For. 15(2):73-79.
Compatible Tree-volume and Upper-Stem Diameter Equations for Plantation Loblolly Pines in the West Gulf Region
Authors: Baldwin V. C. , Feduccia D. P.
Published: August 2019

Equations are presented for predicting inside bark (ib) or outside bark (ob) cubic-foot volume to any ob diameter limit, or the ib or ob diameter at any given height, of loblolly pine tress (Pinus taeda L.) growing in thinned or unthinned plantations in the West Gulf States region. The model formulation and simultaneous estimation technique utilized ensure that the volume and stem profile equations are compatible and the parameter estimates are statistically efficient. The 230 sample trees used to develop the equations were from central Louisiana plantations and ranged in diameters at breast height (D) from 1.3 to 20.8 in. in total height (H) from 16 to 96 ft, and in ages from 9 to 55 yr. Significant differences in stem profile between trees of the same D and H in unthinned and thinned plantations suggest that separate cubic-foot volume and upper-stem diameter prediction equations should be used South J. Appl. For. 15(2):92-97
Impacts of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 on Noncorporate Timber Income in the South
Authors: Dangerfield Coleman W. , Gunter John E.
Published: August 2019

The Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA'86) may reduce the timber-growing profitability of noncorporate landowners in the South. Effects vary by site index, length of rotation, market area, and tax provision. The long-run timber supply will be adversely affected by TRA'86. Short-run effects were not determined. Many producers will continue tree production with reduced profitability after TRA'86 because no better use for timber producing assets exists. Additional production and marketing efficiencies will be squeezed into tree production at the margin because of TRA'86. Some marginal producers, unable to become more efficient, may exit the industry. South. J. Appl. For. 15(3):113-117.
Seed Orchard Replacement Guidelines: A Linear Programming Approach
Authors: O'Laughlin Jay , Whatley Christopher M. , McKinley Craig R.
Published: August 2019

A linear programming model is used to determine when to replace a seed orchard with subsequent rotations reflecting additional genetic improvements. The objective is to maximize the net present value of the orchard while meeting specific production targets of exactly 1,000 pounds of seed per year. The solution calls for a 39 ac orchard over the 50-year planning horizon, and provides a schedule indicating both when and how much of the orchard is to be replaced. Slightly more than half (55%) of the first orchard rotation is replaced between years 13 and 21—roughly 13% in year 13, 14% in year 15, 16% in year 17, 4% in year 19, and 8% in year 21. The remaining 45% of the orchard is replaced at the maximum orchard age of 25. To meet production needs in years 25 through 34 without using additional orchard acreage, 2,550 pounds of surplus seed are produced between years 13 and 24. South. J. Appl. For. 15(3):117-125.
Economic Evaluation of Initial Spacing for a 30-Year-Old Unthinned Loblolly Pine Plantation
Authors: Conrad L. William , Straka Thomas J. , Watson William F.
Published: August 2019

Three initial spacings from a 30-year-old unthinned loblolly pine plantation were evaluated to estimate the historical returns achieved at various rotation lengths and for the impact of single and multiple products. The plantation was established on a well-drained interior flatwoods clay site in North Central Mississippi. Historic rates of return using actual price and cost data are reported. Generally, the optimum pulpwood rotation was 20 yr, and optimum sawtimber rotation was 30 yr. Wider spacings produced higher returns for both pulpwood and sawtimber rotations. When multiple products were considered (joint production of sawtimber, chip-n-saw, and pulpwood), greater returns than the single product rotations were obtained, and wider spacings consistently produced higher economic returns. South. J. Appl. For. 16(2):89-93.
Factors Influencing Willingness to Pay for Deer Hunting in the Alabama Piedmont
Authors: Stribling H. L. , Caulfield J. P. , Lockaby B. G. , Thompson D. P. , Quicke H. E. , Clonts H. A.
Published: August 2019

Fifty-three individuals who hunted deer in the Alabama Piedmont during the 1988-1989 season were interviewed by telephone to determine their willingness to pay for the same hunting land under different hypothetical forest management and deer harvest situations. Willingness to pay significantlydecreased when the percentage of land in recent clearcut or in young pine stands increased beyond 50% of the area. These hunters indicated they would pay the same as they currently do or more for tracts composed of up to 25% young pine or an all-aged mix of pine-hardwood. Individuals not currentlyleasing hunting land were willing to pay more for the possibility of harvesting additional deer. Individuals currently leasing hunting land were not willing to pay a higher price to harvest more deer. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):125-129.
A Comparison of Sheared and Sawhead-Felled Stump Heights on Six Nonindustrial Private Timber Sales in Southeastern Virginia
Authors: Shaffer Robert M. , Taumas Richard S.
Published: August 2019

Stump heights were measured on six recently harvested nonindustrial private timber sales in the Virginia coastal plain. The tracts had been clearcut by six different logging contractors. Three of the tracts had been felled with hydraulic shears, and three had been felled with continuousdisk sawheads. Sawhead-felled stumps were found to be significantly higher than shear-felled stumps for both pine and hardwood on all tracts. Estimated stumpage revenue loss for the three sawhead-felled tracts due to high stumps and saw kerf was $12.04/ac. Both sheared and sawhead-felledstumps exhibited visible felling defects such as fiber-pull and barber-chair. South. J. Appl. For. 16(3):140-142.
Loblolly Pine Seed Sources Differ in Susceptibility to the Southern Pine Beetle in South Carolina
Authors: Powers H. R. , Belanger R. P. , Pepper W. D. , Hastings F. L.
Published: August 2019

In a planting near Aiken, SC, loblolly pine saplings from an eastern seed source were significantly more susceptible to the southern pine beetle (SPB) than were loblolly saplings from western seed sources. Two eastern sources of slash pine also resisted beetle attack. Study plots wereoriginally established to evaluate disease resistance and growth of fusiform rust resistant and susceptible seed lots. There was no relationship between stand characteristics or rust infection patterns and SPB damage. South. J. Appl. For. 16(4):169-174
Ten-Year Results From Precommercial Strip-Thinning: Paradigm Lost or Reinforced?
Authors: Cain M. D.
Published: August 2019

Pine growth was monitored for 10 yr after mechanically strip-thinning a dense, naturally regenerated, even-aged stand of 6-yr-old loblolly and shortleaf pines (Pinus taeda L. and P. echinata Mill.) in southern Arkansas. From age 12 to 16 yr, annual growth in height and dbh for 200 croptrees/ac was significantly better on precommercially thinned plots compared to unthinned plots. Commercial thinning was done during the 17th growing season, with volumes removed from unthinned plots averaging 8 cords/ac more than volumes removed from precommercially thinned plots. Pine volumeproduction on precommercially thinned plots may have been reduced by crown scorch from two of three prescribed winter burns and by the disproportionate number of shortleaf pines on those plots as compared to unthinned plots. South. J. Appl. For. 17(1):16-21
Comparison of Planted Loblolly and Slash Pine Performance in Southeast Texas
Authors: Lenhart J. David , Kronrad Gary D. , Fountain Michael S.
Published: August 2019

The performance of young (less than 10 yr) loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) pine trees was compared on planted sites in southeast Texas. Performance was compared for: total tree height; tree diameter; height to live tree crown; tree volume index,; incidenceof fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum [Berk.] Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme); crookedness of stems; and survival rates. For these young trees, slash pine tended to perform better in southeast Texas than loblolly pine in total tree height, tree diameter, stem size, height to first livebranch and stem straightness. However, loblolly pine was less susceptible to fusiform rust than slash pine, and its mortality rate was lower than slash pine. However, based on the performance of these young plantations, a recommendation on the preferred pine species to plant in southeast Texasmight be premature. South. J. Appl. For. 17(1):26-31.
Tract Acreage Estimates from Timber Cruises
Authors: Oderwald Richard G. , Boucher Britt A.
Published: August 2019

Tract acreage estimates based solely on strip line lengths, number of plots, and field maps drawn on grid paper may be unreliable. The errors may be so large that total volume estimates are wrong even if volume per acre is estimated accurately. Methods of evaluating the potential errorare described. South. J. Appl. For. 17(2):100-103.
Tree Grade Prediction for Mississippi Bottomland Hardwoods Using Discriminant Analysis
Authors: Belli Keith L. , Matney Thomas G. , Hodges John D. , Deen R. Tim , Goelz Jeffery C. G.
Published: August 2019

Information from 150 permanent plots in Mississippi bottomland hardwood stands was used to construct linear discriminant functions to predict individual tree grade for sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.), and three species of red oak: cherrybark (Quercus pagoda Raf.), water (Quercus nigra L.), and willow (Quercus phellos L.). Two versions of the functions were produced, one general set for all trees greater than 9.0 in. in diameter (including culls), and another set for trees grade 3 or better. The general set of discriminant functions successfully predicted tree grade for 50% to 63% of the trees in the database, depending on species. Prediction success improved to a range of 62% to 81% when culls were excluded from the analysis. South. J. Appl. For. 17(3):120-123.
Stability of Rust Infection Ratios for Resistant and Susceptible Slash and Loblolly Pine Across Rust Hazard Levels
Authors: Hodge G. R. , White T. L. , Schmidt R. A. , Allen J. E.
Published: August 2019

Fusiform rust resistant and susceptible loblolly and slash pine (bulk mixes of six parents each) were planted at six locations. The ratio of resistant-to-susceptible seedlot infection in both species was stable across all levels of rust hazard across all locations. In other words, the percentage of infected trees in the resistant seedlot was essentially a constant fraction of the percent infection in the susceptible seedlot. The resistant-to-susceptible seedlot infection ratio was 0.225 for loblolly pine and 0.371 for slash pine. For slash pine, predicted breeding values for rust resistance were used to make an accurate prediction of this ratio. The pattern of constant proportional resistance of particular seedlots can be used by forest managers to make planting decisions and assess economic benefits of planting genetically improved material. The results suggest that resistant stock planted at any location will have less fusiform rust infection than would unimproved stock. South. J. Appl. For. 17(4):188-192.
Early Results from an Old-Field Loblolly Pine Spacing Study in the Georgia Piedmont with Competition Control
Authors: Pienaar L. V. , Shiver B. D.
Published: August 2019

The study reported here provides information on the yield potential of improved loblolly pine seedlings planted on marginal agricultural cropland in the Georgia Piedmont with control of herbaceous competition. Early growth rates greatly exceed those in existing plantations established on cutover and mechanically site-prepared land in this region without additional control of competing vegetation. After 8 growing seasons, average tree height, average dbh, basal area per acre, and stem volume per acre were all influenced by planting density, but the mean annual increment of merchantable volume (trees 4.0 in. dbh and bigger to a 2.0 in. top diameter) at age 8 yr, for planting densities of 400 to 1000 trees/ac, was 230 ft³, or approximately 3 cords/ac/yr. This is more than twice the average growth rate in this region of cutover and mechanically site-prepared loblolly plantations without additional vegetation control. These results should be of particular interest to prospective participants in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP). South. J. Appl. For. 17(4):193-196.
Determining Site Index and Estimating Timber Volumes Without Measuring Heights
Authors: Bailey Robert L. , Brooks John R.
Published: August 2019

We present a time-saving method for predicting average dominant height, and thus site index, and predicting yield of a slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) plantation without measuring any tree heights. We identify a segment in the upper end of the diameter distribution where the average height of all trees is equal to average dominant height. The arithmetic mean diameter of these trees, called dominant height diameter (DHD), is used in a regression to predict average dominant height. With individual tree height prediction equations that use average dominant height and tree volume or weight equations that use tree height and dbh, plot volumes or weights can then be predicted. For 922 plots in slash pine plantations, total-stem volume per acre was predicted with an R2 of 0.978 with this method. South. J. Appl. For. 18(1):15-18.
A Postharvest Evaluation of a Mechanized Thinning Operation in Natural Loblolly Pine
Authors: Reisinger T. W. , Powell D. B. , Aust W. M. , Oderwald R. G.
Published: August 2019

The effect on residual tree growth 5 yr after soil rutting caused by a mechanized thinning system operating during wet soil conditions was examined in a natural loblolly pine stand. No significant differences were observed when the physical characteristics of the surface 2 in. of sandy loam soil on skidding corridors and untrafficked areas were compared. Diameter growth in the 0-6 ft zone adjacent to corridors was significantly better than the growth observed in the >12 ft zone, but comparisons of other tree characteristics were not significant. Although not recommended, shallow rutting of corridors when soil conditions are wet may not necessarily be detrimental to overall site productivity in spite of the visual impressions immediately after harvesting. South. J. Appl. For. 18(1):24-28.
A Paulownia Seed Source Trial in East Texas and its Implications to Species Introduction
Authors: Dong H. , Van Buijtenen J. P.
Published: August 2019

A seed source trial of royal paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa) and white-flowered paulownia (P. fortunei) was established in East Texas in 1987. Results showed that the two seed sources of white-flowered paulownia performed better in survival and in height and dbh growth than both seed sources of royal paulownia over the 6-yr period. No significant difference was found between the two seed sources within each species at the 5% level. The largest tree of white-flowered paulownia was 45 ft tall and 13.8 in. in diameter. The results suggest that white-flowered paulownia is a preferred species in climates similar to East Texas. South. J. Appl. For. 18(2): 65-67.