bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Versiones Beta. El prototipado como herramienta de aprendizaje
Authors: Soriano Peláez Federico , Colmenares Vilata Silvia , Gil Lopesino Eva , Castillo Vinuesa Eduardo
Published: December 2019

El objetivo de esta comunicación es la formulación de una propuesta metodológica para la enseñanza de proyectos arquitectónicos centrada en la combinación del trabajo con el modelo y la fabricación de prototipos. Para ello se discutirán las competencias específicas que moviliza esta práctica en contraposición con otras aparentemente semejantes como la producción de maquetas. Mientras el modelo digital es un sistema técnico que procesa, según normas internas y condiciones externas, una información para la elaboración de otra, el prototipo es un modelo físico parcial de una parte específica del proyecto cuyo funcionamiento enuncia una resolución técnica o material del modelo. El objetivo del trabajo con prototipos no es la creación de modelos que ‘funcionen’, sino dar forma a una idea para conocer sus fortalezas y debilidades e identificar nuevas direcciones para la próxima generación de prototipos más detallados y refinados. En esta dinámica de aproximaciones sucesivas el fallo está asegurado. Lo que el prototipo nos enseña es a aprender del error.

The goal of this paper is the formulation of a methodological proposal for the teaching of architectural design focused on the combination of work with the model and the manufacture of prototypes. For this, the specific competencies that this practice mobilizes will be discussed in contrast to other apparently similar ones such as the production of maquettes. While the digital model is a technical system that processes, according to internal standards and external conditions, certain information for the preparation of another, the prototype is a partial physical model of a specific part of the project whose operation states a technical or material resolution of the model. The objective of dealing with prototypes is not the creation of models that "work", but to shape an idea in order to know its strengths and weaknesses, therefore identifying new directions for the next generation of more detailed and refined prototypes. In this dynamic of successive approximations, failure is taken for granted. What the prototype teaches us is to learn from error.
Agua y ciudadanía: Estrategia Didáctica para la formación en contextos de cambio climático
Authors: Chandia-Jaure Rosa , Godoy-Donoso Daniela
Published: December 2019

Frente al inminente proceso de cambio en las condiciones climáticas y la escasez de recursos hídricos que enfrenta la ciudad de Santiago de Chile, se presenta, a través de un proyecto de innovación social, la oportunidad de profundizar en la integración de instancias de participación ciudadana como estrategia didáctica frente a los nuevos desafíos en la formación del arquitecto, quien debe adquirir competencias, habilidades y conocimientos para enfrentar los conflictos socioambientales vinculados al incremento de la sequía en la ciudad.  El proyecto busca explorar estrategias participativas para la recuperación de aguas lluvias en los espacios públicos de la ciudad. A través de la incorporación de estudiantes en distintos grados de profundización en un proyecto profesional, y su incidencia en una realidad determinada, se experimenta sobre el nuevo rol del arquitecto como mediador entre los usuarios y los equipos interdisciplinares propios de los ambientes de trabajo colaborativo y participativo del futuro.

Facing the imminent process of change in climatic conditions and the scarcity of water resources in the city of Santiago de Chile, the opportunity to explore how citizen participation could operate as a didactic strategy for the architect training is presented. Through a social innovation project, new abilities and knowledge are developed in order to face the socio-environmental conflicts linked to the increase of the drought in the city. The instance seeks to explore participatory strategies for the recovery of rainwater in public spaces of the city allowing different levels of student’s involvement in a professional project. The aim is to explore the architect's new role as a mediator between the inhabitants and the interdisciplinary teams, creating the collaborative and participatory work environment of the future.
Taller de Barrio. Prototipo de taller de oficio como caso de vínculo multidireccional con el medio
Authors: Araneda Gutiérrez Claudio Rodrigo , Ascuí Fernández Hernán Francisco , Azócar Ulloa Ricardo , Catrón Lazo Carolina
Published: December 2019

La bifurcación y eventual desvinculación entre academia y praxis ha sido una de las características más discutidas en torno a la formación de arquitectos/as en los albores del siglo XXI. En Chile detectamos dos nichos de resistencia: la Escuela de Arquitectura de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso y más recientemente, la Escuela de Arquitectura de la Universidad de Talca. En este contexto, un grupo de docentes de la Escuela de Arquitectura de la Universidad del Bío-Bío crean el Taller de Barrio, iniciativa de innovación pedagógica cuyo objetivo primordial es devolverle sentido social/práctico a la formación de arquitectos. Se basa en el principio de alianzas tripartitas, lo que permite hablar de vínculo multidireccional con el medio. El Prototipo de Taller de Oficio para artesanos de Quinchamalí es fruto directo y representativo de estas alianzas.

The disconnection between academy and praxis has been one of the most prominent and discussed issues around architectural education in the wake of the XXI century. In Chile it is posible to distinguish two niches of resistance: the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso and the Talca Schools of Architecture. In this context, a group of teachers from Escuela de Arquitectura de la Universidad del Bío-Bío created the Taller de Barrio. Inspired by the idea of threefold alliances, it is a pedagogical innovation initiative whose main objective is to give back to architectural education its practical/social sense. This allows for a multidirectional kind of academic outreach. The Prototype for Craft Workshop that we here present is a direct and representative fruit of this initiative.
Dinámicas participativas y multidisciplinariedad en proyectos docentes de regeneración urbana
Authors: Portalés Mañanós Ana , Sosa Espinosa Asenet , Palomares Figueres Maite
Published: December 2019

En la asignatura Urbanística 1 del taller tUR del Grado en Fundamentos de Arquitectura de la UPV, durante 8 cursos lectivos, se ha desarrollado un ejercicio proyectual consistente en la realización de un proyecto de regeneración urbana en parques de barrio de diferentes poblaciones. Partiendo de la metodología Aprendizaje Basado en Proyectos (ABP) en esta comunicación se pretende exponer la incorporación de otras metodologías activas complementarias que se introducen con el objeto de acercar la práctica del aula a la realidad profesional y a la problemática que encontramos en el espacio público de nuestras ciudades. Para ello, con un enfoque multidisciplinar, se plantea el ejercicio práctico con temáticas reales, se colabora con la administración pública, y se incorporan dinámicas participativas para la interacción alumnado-ciudadanía. Los resultados de los ejercicios realizados por el alumnado se exponen en el ámbito universitario y en los ayuntamientos, suponiendo un incentivo para el alumnado.

A project exercise based on an urban regeneration project in neighborhood parks, has been developed in the subject Urbanistics 1 of the tUR workshop of Architecture Degree at the UPV. It has been done for 8 academics courses, in different cities. This communication is based on It is based on Project-Based Learning (ABP) methodology joint with other complementary active methodologies introduced in order to bring the practice classroom closer to professional reality and to real public urban space. The exercise is proposed with real themes, collaborates with the Public Administration, and incorporating participatory dynamics to obtain interaction between students and citizenship. The results are presented in the university and in the town halls, as an incentive for the students.
Taller de proyectos II: aprender haciendo a través del espacio de la experiencia
Authors: Uribe Lemarie Natalia
Published: December 2019

La asignatura taller de proyectos II adopta como método el aprender haciendo a lo largo de todos sus ejercicios, diseñando estrategias didácticas con objetivos específicos que posibilitan que el estudiante experimente mientras aprende a través de distintos procedimientos. El espacio se estudia desde su dimensión sensorial y atmosférica, tal cual es el espacio de la vida, y se asume el modelo y dibujo en sección y la perspectiva de un punto de fuga como forma de representación principal. El curso, no solo desarrolla sus contenidos teóricos en cuanto composición espacial, sino que proporciona una caja de herramientas proyectuales para que el estudiante comience a desarrollar una forma propia de pensar sobre el espacio y más adelante, el proyecto arquitectónico.

The desgin studio II course adopts the method of learning by doing throughout all its exercises, designing didactic strategies with specific objectives that allow the student to experiment while learning through different procedures. The space is studied from its sensory and atmospheric dimension, as the space of life actually is, and the drawing and section model, as the single vanishing point perspective is assumed as the main representation source. The course, not only develops its theoretical contents as spatial composition, but also provides a box of project tools so that the student begins to develop their own way of thinking about space and later, the architectural project.
Experimentation, Prototyping and Digital Technologies towards 1:1 in architectural education
Authors: Dubor Alexandre , Marengo Mathilde , Ros Fernández Pablo
Published: December 2019

Within education, and in relation to the physical-digital dialogue, we can observe the emergence of new tools, or tool sets, that facilitate experimentation in architectural education, among these, the Fab Lab movement, where 1:1 scale prototyping in construction become more accessible. The Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia, considered the frontrunners in the integration of this mission within their architectural and construction based educational programs, bring materialising design to the centre of their educational methodology. Based on this, IAAC educational programs explore and produce a large series of experiments and prototypes, aiming to propose a different paradigm to the current productive system. This paper analyses series of projects co-developed by students, staff and industry collaborators with this aim. Through a design/build methodology the paper exhibits the importance of this approach to not only envision the future habitat of our society, but also to build it in the present.
Microarquitecturas super abstractas. Jugando con tizas, pensando arquitectura con las manos
Authors: Alonso García Eusebio , Zelli Flavia
Published: December 2019

Hace tres años, se nos propuso formar parte del Proyecto de Innovación Docente que coordinaba la realización de talleres de arquitectura con estudiantes de Secundaria. Nuestro taller de tizas desarrollaba en dos horas las fases de presentación, ideación, ejecución, toma de fotografías y exposición en pantalla ante sus compañeros, todo ello en permanente diálogo e intercambio de opiniones. Los colegios nos recibían encantados de que les acercásemos las actividades de arquitectura a sus estudiantes. Nosotros queríamos promocionar que los alumnos de los institutos conociesen el tipo de actividades que realiza un estudiante de arquitectura. Pero el desafío al que nos estábamos enfrentando era el de reproducir, con un alumnado tan virgen como entusiasta, experiencias de aprendizaje propias de las Escuelas de Arquitectura sin el bagaje de conocimientos, categorías y terminología que nuestros alumnos sí poseen. Este artículo describe la experiencia, lo que hemos aprendido y nos traemos de vuelta a la Escuela.

Three years ago, we were proposed to be part of the Teaching Innovation Project that coordinated the carrying out of architecture workshops with high school students. Our chalk workshop carried out in two hours the stages of presentation, ideation, execution, taking photographs and exhibition on class screen to his colleagues, all this in constant dialogue and exchange of opinions. The schools welcomed us to bring the architectural activities to their students. We wanted to promote that the students of the institutes knew the type of activities that an architecture student performs. But the challenge we were facing was to reproduce, with a student as untouched as enthusiastic, learning experiences typical of the Schools of Architecture without the background of knowledge, categories and terminology that, of course, our students have. This article describes the experience, what we have learned and we bring back to the school.
El proyecto arquitectónico en paisajes patrimoniales: una experiencia de inmersión internacional
Authors: Fernández Raga Sagrario , Rodríguez Fernández Carlos , Fernández Villalobos Nieves , Zelli Flavia
Published: December 2019

Desde 2010 se han realizado experiencias docentes de carácter anual entre equipos multidisciplinares de la Universidade do Porto (Portugal), Università degli Studi RomaTre (Italia) y de la Universidad de Valladolid, construyendo conjuntamente un nuevo modelo de proyecto e intervención arquitectónica en Paisajes Patrimoniales. Desde el curso 2015/16, se imparten simultáneamente materias similares e integradas en los planes de estudio de Arquitectura de las tres universidades que se reformulan para dar forma a un PID, que contempla la realización de ejercicios prácticos con temas afines y una metodología experimental común: el Workshop Intensivo. El objetivo último consiste en la introducción del estudiante del Master en Arquitectura en el contexto internacional, participando en proyectos desarrollados en diferentes países, cooperando con equipos internacionales tanto de alumnos como de profesores, optimizando los recursos de las universidades en materia de difusión del conocimiento para la mejora de la calidad de la enseñanza.

Since 2010, annual teaching experiences have been carried out among multidisciplinary teams of the University of Porto (Portugal), Università degli Studi RomaTre (Italy) and the University of Valladolid, jointly building a new project model and architectural intervention in Heritage Landscapes. Since the 2015/16 academic year, similar subjects have been taught simultaneously and integrated in the Architecture curricula of the three universities that are reformulated to give shape to a PID, which includes the realization of practical exercises with related subjects and a common experimental methodology : the Intensive Workshop. The ultimate goal is the introduction of the Master in Architecture student in the international context, participating in projects developed in different countries, cooperating with international teams of both students and teachers, optimizing the resources of universities in the field of dissemination of knowledge to the improvement of the quality of teaching.
El detalle constructivo como expresión multiescalar de la forma.
Authors: Ortega Culaciati Valentina Sofía
Published: December 2019

En consonancia con la idea que para construir el presente es necesario las referencias al pasado es que, en el año 2015, al momento de determinar las teorías y metodologías relacionadas con la construcción de la forma que serían la base del Taller de Proyecto III-IV, se recurrió a la experiencia como estudiante de pregrado y posgrado. Aquella, relacionada con el detalle constructivo y su condición multiescalar en la forma y la confección de maquetas de corte, fueron adoptadas, revisadas  y fusionadas, ya no desde la visión de estudiante, sino como docente,  dando origen a una nueva metodología de enseñanza del proyecto. A través de ésta, como una instancia activa y creativa,  el estudiante puede comprender la relación entre la imagen urbana, el ambiente espacial interior y la tectonicidad de su proyecto, a la vez que actualiza la metodología referenciada.

In line with the idea that to build the present, the references of the past are necessary, is that in 2015, to define the theories and methodologies related with the form construction which would be the foundation of the III and IV Project Studio, the experience as undergraduate and postgraduate student was used. That was adopted, reviewed and fused related to the constructive detail, the form’s multi scale condition and the manufacture of section models, not from the student vision, but from the teacher’s one, building a new methodology. Through this, as an active and creative initiative, the student can understand the relation between the urban image, the interior atmosphere and the tectonics of his project, at the same time that the referenced methodology is updated.
Taller de Barrio. Innovación pedagógica a través de alianzas tripartitas
Authors: Araneda Gutiérrez Claudio , Burdiles Allende Roberto , Reyes-Núñez Mónica , Valassina Simonetta Flavio
Published: December 2019

La formación de arquitectos hoy se caracteriza por una desconexión radical entre contexto académico y oficio. Un grupo de docentes de la Escuela de Arquitectura de la Universidad del Bío-Bío gestaron el Taller de Barrio, una iniciativa de innovación pedagógica cuyo objetivo central es devolver sentido práctico y de servicio a la formación de arquitectos. Esto, a través de la implementación de una estrategia de vinculación multidireccional con el medio basada en el principio de alianza tripartita. Esto permite conectar capacidades y necesidades académicas con capacidades y necesidades institucionales y sociales. Como resultado, la academia logra entrar en un proceso de diálogo horizontal con la administración pública y la sociedad civil. La metodología se inserta la tradición de talleres verticales. Se ofrece una recapitulación histórica de la escuela y se introduce la noción de Alianza Tripartita contextualizando su implementación en el contexto del Taller de Barrio.

Architectural teaching is today characterized by the sheer disconnection between the academic context and that of the profession. As an answer, a group of teachers from the Universidad del Bío-Bío School of Archiitecture created Taller de Barrio, a pedagogical innovation initiative whose main objective is to give back to architectural education its practical and social sense. This is achieved by means of the implementation of a multidirectional kind of academic outreach that. Inspired by the idea of threefold alliances, it aims at connecting academic needs with those of civil society and competent institutions. As a result, academy is able to enter into an horizontal dialogue with the public administration and civil society. The used methodology connects with the vertical studio tradition. We offer a brief historical recapitulation of our school and then proceed to introduce the notion of Threefold Alliance in the context of Taller de Barrio.
Rancière and Pedagogy
Authors: Daugs Gwen ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: December 2019

In this essay, I analyze the pedagogical system contained within Jacques Rancière’s , paying special attention to the conceptions of knowledge and learning that follow from the presupposition of the equality of intelligence between teachers and students. From this, I show how the Rancièrian pedagogical system introduces the problem of distraction and suggest that the phenomenon of distraction in learning presents a problem for emancipatory teachers. I conclude by considering the role that pleasure plays in learning and suggest that cultivating pleasure minimizes the problem of distraction.
Simone Weil’s Radical Ontology of Rootedness: Natural and Supernatural Justices
Authors: Martins Alexandre A. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: December 2019

This paper argues that Simone Weil developed an anthropology of the human condition that is a radical ontology of the human spirit rooted in reality. Weil begins her account from the real, but this real is not only the historical or social reality. It is also what is true about the human person as a created being in connection with the transcendent reality. She believes that affliction reveals the human condition and provides an openness to transcendence in which the individual finds the meaning of the human operation of spirit. Therefore, Weil’s radical ontology is based on a philosophy of the human being as an agent rooted in the world. In order to be rooted, a human being needs decreation (the creation of a new human) and incarnation (cross and love in the world). In her radical ontology derived from attention to the real, Weil argues for an active incarnation in social reality that recognizes others, especially the unfortunates, for the purpose of empowering them and promoting their dignity. Her radical ontology incarnates the human in the world between necessity and good, that is, between the natural and the supernatural.
Is Universalism the Cause of Feminist Complicity in Imperialism?
Authors: Khader Serene ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: December 2019

Global and transnational feminist praxis has long faced a seemingly inexorable dilemma. Universalism is often charged with causing feminist complicity in imperialism. In spite of this, it seems clear that feminists should not embrace relativism; feminism is, after all, a view about how certain types of treatment based on gender are wrong. This article clears the path for an anti-imperialist feminist universalism by showing how feminist complicity in imperialism is not caused by the fact of having universalist normative commitments. What I call “missionary feminism” stems more from ethnocentrism, justice monism, and idealizing and moralizing ways of seeing that associate Western culture with morality (and thus prevent Western culture and Western intervention from becoming objects of normative scrutiny) than from universalism about the value of gender justice.
Reflexiones sobre la narrativa transmedia
Authors: Marín Antoni
Published: December 2019

El Foro Internacional de Contenidos Digitales (FICOD) 2010 dedicó parte de sus reflexiones a la narrativa transmedia. Antoni Marín, asistente en el congreso, nos cuenta la relación de este concepto con la multicanalidad y las multiplataformas. A la vez, también nos demuestra la importancia de las redes socials y el rol activo de los usuarios como generadores de contenido.
Comunicación interpersonal y emociones en internet
Authors: Beneito Roser
Published: December 2019

Hay un interés creciente en saber cómo internet opera y es utilizado en nuestro día a día y, al mismo tiempo, también el conocimiento sobre el tema aumenta. Sin embargo hay pocos estudios que analicen la comunicación interpersonal online teniendo en cuenta el rol de las emociones, como Roser Beneito nos descubre en este recurso.
Antoni Dàvia
Authors: Casado Martínez Carlos
Published: December 2019

Antoni Dàvia es jefe del Servicio de Informática del Ayuntamiento de Badalona y, por lo tanto, uno de los principales responsables de la gran metamorfosis que ha experimentado la web municipal recientemente. En el poco tiempo, el nuevo portal del Ayuntamiento se ha convertido en un punto de referencia de la gestión de la información municipal.
Tutorial de aprendizaje de Flash CS5
Authors: García Cabañas Raquel
Published: December 2019

En esta guía comenzaremos conociendo las herramientas de edición gráfica, para después adentrarnos en las diferentes herramientas de animación que ofrece Flash CS5, como por ejemplo el editor de movimiento, la animación de huesos y las herramientas 3D. Gracias a la guía de aprendizaje de Raquel G. Cabañas también aprenderemos a programar con ActionScript 3.0.
Local cortical desynchronization and pupil-linked arousal differentially shape brain states for optimal sensory performance
Authors: Waschke Leonhard , Tune Sarah , Obleser Jonas
Published: December 2019

Instantaneous brain states have consequences for our sensation, perception, and behaviour. Fluctuations in arousal and neural desynchronization likely pose perceptually relevant states. However, their relationship and their relative impact on perception is unclear. We here show that, at the single-trial level in humans, local desynchronization in sensory cortex (expressed as time-series entropy) versus pupil-linked arousal differentially impact perceptual processing. While we recorded electroencephalography (EEG) and pupillometry data, stimuli of a demanding auditory discrimination task were presented into states of high or low desynchronization of auditory cortex via a real-time closed-loop setup. Desynchronization and arousal distinctly influenced stimulus-evoked activity and shaped behaviour displaying an inverted u-shaped relationship: States of intermediate desynchronization elicited minimal response bias and fastest responses, while states of intermediate arousal gave rise to highest response sensitivity. Our results speak to a model in which independent states of local desynchronization and global arousal jointly optimise sensory processing and performance.
Inequity and the Professionalisation of Speech-Language Pathology
Authors: Abrahams Kristen , Kathard Harsha , Harty Michal , Pillay Mershen
Published: December 2019

As a profession, speech-language pathology (SLP) continues to struggle with equitable service delivery to both people with communication challenges and disabilities. SLP clinical practice in its traditional form has an individual focus and therefore cannot adequately serve the large population in need, which, in South Africa is the majority population. Using the concept of social embeddedness of professions as a guiding frame, the article explores the history of the profession and the influence of the medical model and coloniality in shaping SLP profession’s knowledge and practices. As such, we argue that professionalisation in its current form perpetuates injustice. The article proposes innovation across clinical practice, education and research as leverage points for imagining new practices.
Serie de casos: tuberculosis extremadamente resistente a drogas en Colombia, 2006-2016
Authors: Zabaleta Angie , Llerena Claudia
Published: December 2019

Introducción. La tuberculosis extremadamente resistente a los medicamentos (TB-XDR) es el resultado de deficiencias en la administración del tratamiento y en la prevención de la transmisión de la enfermedad; además, es un reto para los programas nacionales de control de la tuberculosis.Objetivo. Describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los casos de TB-XDR diagnosticados en Colombia.Materiales y métodos. Se trata de un estudio de serie de casos, de pacientes con diagnóstico de TB-XDR, de 2006 a 2016 en Colombia. Las fuentes de información fueron el formato único de vigilancia y la base de datos del Laboratorio Nacional de Referencia. Se analizaron las variables: entidad territorial de procedencia, sexo, edad, régimen de afiliación, forma de tuberculosis, coinfección tuberculosis-HIV, patrón de sensibilidad a los fármacos de segunda línea y resultado (vivo o muerto).Resultados. En el período de estudio, se diagnosticaron 51 casos de TB-XDR, 28 hombres y 23 mujeres, con un promedio anual de cinco casos. En los departamentos de Antioquia, Valle del Cauca y Atlántico, se presentaron 46 (90 %) de los casos. El rango de edad fue de 5 a 81 años y, la mediana, de 40 años. De los 51 pacientes, 32 (63 %) estaban afiliados al régimen subsidiado de salud y 46 (90 %) presentaron tuberculosis pulmonar; de los 22 a quienes se les practicó la prueba para HIV, en tres (13,6 %) había coinfección con HIV, y 29 (57 %) murieron. Los fármacos a los cuales hubo mayor resistencia, fueron ofloxacina en 45 (88 %) casos y amikacina en 43 (84 %). Conclusión. La TB-XDR se presentó principalmente en formas pulmonares, lo cual aumenta la probabilidad de transmisión en la comunidad y se refleja en la aparición de tuberculosis resistente en menores de 15 años. La población más afectada es la económicamente activa, con una gran mortalidad. El Programa Nacional de Prevención y Control de la Tuberculosis debe generar estrategias para evitar la propagación de cepas resistentes.
Pediculosis capitis grave en una niña inscrita en una guardería
Authors: Medina Ángela , López David , Vásquez Luis Reinel
Published: December 2019

La pediculosis capitis es la ectoparasitosis más frecuente a nivel mundial. La infestación es causada por Pediculus humanus capitis (piojo de la cabeza) y afecta el cabello, el cuero cabelludo y la piel. Rara vez se manifiesta con otro tipo de sintomatología y, por lo general, su curso es benigno si se trata adecuadamente.Se presenta el caso de una menor con pediculosis capitis de 18 meses de evolución, asociada con forúnculos, lesiones cutáneas, múltiples adenopatías y anemia, que no mejoró tras la aplicación del champú.Inicialmente, llamó la atención la presencia de forúnculos, alopecia y adenopatías. La persistencia de la pediculosis capitis y el rascado intenso alteraron la integridad de la epidermis y facilitaron las infecciones secundarias por bacterias patógenas y oportunistas que produjeron impétigo, forunculosis, excoriaciones, costras hemáticas, anemia, alopecia y linfadenopatías. La pediculosis capitis afectó notoriamente a la paciente al causarle problemas psicológicos y de salud, agudizados por su condición económica y social. La paciente presentó manifestaciones clínicas poco frecuentes (forunculosis, anemia, fiebre, alopecia y adenopatías), lo cual se vio facilitado por la persistencia de los factores de riesgo y el hecho de que no se le inspeccionaba la cabeza ni se removían los insectos.La educación sobre los factores de riesgo y el control sanitario es indispensable para controlar la infestación.
motoRneuron: an open-source R toolbox for time-domain motor unit analyses
Authors: Tweedell Andrew J. , Tenan Matthew S.
Published: December 2019

Motor unit synchronization is the tendency of motor neurons and their associated muscle fibers to discharge near-simultaneously. It has been theorized as a control mechanism for force generation by common excitatory inputs to these motor neurons. Magnitude of synchronization is calculated from peaks in cross-correlation histograms between motor unit discharge trains. However, there are many different methods for detecting these peaks and even more indices for calculating synchronization from them. Methodology is diverse, typically laboratory-specific and requires expensive software, like Matlab or LabView. This lack of standardization makes it difficult to draw definitive conclusions about motor unit synchronization. A free, open-source toolbox, “motoRneuron”, for the R programming language, has been developed which contains functions for calculating time domain synchronization using different methods found in the literature. The objective of this paper is to detail the toolbox’s functionality and present a case study showing how the same synchronization index can differ when different methods are used to compute it. A pair of motor unit action potential trains were collected from the forearm during a isometric finger flexion task using fine wire electromyography. The motoRneuron package was used to analyze the discharge time of the motor units for time-domain synchronization. The primary function “mu_synch” automatically performed the cross-correlation analysis using three different peak detection methods, the cumulative sum method, the z-score method, and a subjective visual method. As function parameters defined by the user, only first order recurrence intervals were calculated and a 1 ms bin width was used to create the cross correlation histogram. Output from the function were six common synchronization indices, the common input strength (CIS), k′, k′ − 1, E, S, and Synch Index. In general, there was a high degree of synchronization between the two motor units. However, there was a varying degree of synchronization between methods. For example, the widely used CIS index, which represents a rate of synchronized discharges, shows a 45% difference between the visual and z-score methods. This singular example demonstrates how a lack of consensus in motor unit synchronization methodologies may lead to substantially differing results between studies. The motoRneuron toolbox provides researchers with a standard interface and software to examine time-domain motor unit synchronization.
Species recovery and recolonization of past habitats: lessons for science and conservation from sea otters in estuaries
Authors: Hughes Brent B. , Wasson Kerstin , Tinker M. Tim , Williams Susan L. , Carswell Lilian P. , Boyer Katharyn E. , Beck Michael W. , Eby Ron , Scoles Robert , Staedler Michelle , Espinosa Sarah , Hessing-Lewis Margot , Foster Erin U. , M. Beheshti Kathryn , Grimes Tracy M. , Becker Benjamin H. , Needles Lisa , Tomoleoni Joseph A. , Rudebusch Jane , Hines Ellen , Silliman Brian R.
Published: December 2019

Recovering species are often limited to much smaller areas than they historically occupied. Conservation planning for the recovering species is often based on this limited range, which may simply be an artifact of where the surviving population persisted. Southern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) were hunted nearly to extinction but recovered from a small remnant population on a remote stretch of the California outer coast, where most of their recovery has occurred. However, studies of recently-recolonized estuaries have revealed that estuaries can provide southern sea otters with high quality habitats featuring shallow waters, high production and ample food, limited predators, and protected haul-out opportunities. Moreover, sea otters can have strong effects on estuarine ecosystems, fostering seagrass resilience through their consumption of invertebrate prey. Using a combination of literature reviews, population modeling, and prey surveys we explored the former estuarine habitats outside the current southern sea otter range to determine if these estuarine habitats can support healthy sea otter populations. We found the majority of studies and conservation efforts have focused on populations in exposed, rocky coastal habitats. Yet historical evidence indicates that sea otters were also formerly ubiquitous in estuaries. Our habitat-specific population growth model for California’s largest estuary—San Francisco Bay—determined that it alone can support about 6,600 sea otters, more than double the 2018 California population. Prey surveys in estuaries currently with (Elkhorn Slough and Morro Bay) and without (San Francisco Bay and Drakes Estero) sea otters indicated that the availability of prey, especially crabs, is sufficient to support healthy sea otter populations. Combining historical evidence with our results, we show that conservation practitioners could consider former estuarine habitats as targets for sea otter and ecosystem restoration. This study reveals the importance of understanding how recovering species interact with all the ecosystems they historically occupied, both for improved conservation of the recovering species and for successful restoration of ecosystem functions and processes.
A comparison of random-field-theory and false-discovery-rate inference results in the analysis of registered one-dimensional biomechanical datasets
Authors: Naouma Hanaa , Pataky Todd C.
Published: December 2019

Background

The inflation of falsely rejected hypotheses associated with multiple hypothesis testing is seen as a threat to the knowledge base in the scientific literature. One of the most recently developed statistical constructs to deal with this problem is the false discovery rate (FDR), which aims to control the proportion of the falsely rejected null hypotheses among those that are rejected. FDR has been applied to a variety of problems, especially for the analysis of 3-D brain images in the field of Neuroimaging, where the predominant form of statistical inference involves the more conventional control of false positives, through Gaussian random field theory (RFT). In this study we considered FDR and RFT as alternative methods for handling multiple testing in the analysis of 1-D continuum data. The field of biomechanics has recently adopted RFT, but to our knowledge FDR has not previously been used to analyze 1-D biomechanical data, nor has there been a consideration of how FDR vs. RFT can affect biomechanical interpretations.

Methods

We reanalyzed a variety of publicly available experimental datasets to understand the characteristics which contribute to the convergence and divergence of RFT and FDR results. We also ran a variety of numerical simulations involving smooth, random Gaussian 1-D data, with and without true signal, to provide complementary explanations for the experimental results.

Results

Our results suggest that RFT and FDR thresholds (the critical test statistic value used to judge statistical significance) were qualitatively identical for many experimental datasets, but were highly dissimilar for others, involving non-trivial changes in data interpretation. Simulation results clarified that RFT and FDR thresholds converge as the true signal weakens and diverge when the signal is broad in terms of the proportion of the continuum size it occupies. Results also showed that, while sample size affected the relation between RFT and FDR results for small sample sizes (<15), this relation was stable for larger sample sizes, wherein only the nature of the true signal was important.

Discussion

RFT and FDR thresholds are both computationally efficient because both are parametric, but only FDR has the ability to adapt to the signal features of particular datasets, wherein the threshold lowers with signal strength for a gain in sensitivity. Additional advantages and limitations of these two techniques as discussed further. This article is accompanied by freely available software for implementing FDR analyses involving 1-D data and scripts to replicate our results.
Differentiation between maxillary and malar midface position within the facial profile
Authors: Chalala Chimène , Ghafari Joseph G.
Published: December 2019

Aims

To define midfacial position differentiating maxillary and zygomatic regions and to evaluate the corresponding cephalometric characteristics discerning midfacial flatness and fullness.

Material and Methods

A total of 183 pretreatment lateral cephalometric radiographs of non-growing orthodontic patients (age 25.98 ± 8.43 years) screened at our university orthodontic clinic. The lateral cephalographs of the orthodontic patients were stratified in four groups:flat,normal toward flat,normal toward full,full,according to distances from nasion and sella to points J and G (NJ, SJ, NG and SG). J is the midpoint of the distance connecting orbitale to point A, and G the center of the triangle connecting orbit, key ridge and pterygomaxillary fissure. Statistics included the Kendall tau-b test for best associations among measurements.

Results

All measurements were statistically significantly different betweenflatandfullgroups. The highest associations were between NJ and SJ (τb= 0.71;p< 0.001) and NG and SG (τb= 0.70;p< 0.001). Flat midfaces were characterized by canting of the cranial base and palatal plane, hyperdivergent pattern and maxillary retrognathism. The opposite was true for fuller midfaces.

Conclusion

Midface skeletal location was assessed differentially in the naso-maxillary and malo-zygomatic structures differentially. Craniofacial characteristics were identified according to this stratification, indicating the potential for application in facial diagnosis and need for testing on 3D cone-beam computed tomography images.
Mental Health Awareness Phone Polling Survey: Focus on Community Knowledge, Attitude and Practice, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Abdullah Alhabeeb Abdulhameed , Salem Alasmari Saed , Abdullah Alduraihem Rashid , Akhtar Qureshi Naseem
Published: December 2019

Background: Mental health awareness surveys that assess the broad knowledge of various stakeholders including public nationwide help in the development of relevant strategies to enhance their poor mental health literacy.

Objective: The aim of this telephone polling survey was to measure mental health awareness of general public in Saudi Arabia.

Method: The participants (n=1068) randomly selected from 13 regions of Saudi Arabia were contacted by 15 trained Saudi girl interviewers for conducting 30-minutes individual interview in Arabic language using a self-designed 15-item questionnaire.

Results: About one fourth of responders (23%) reported either personal or family member having mental disorder, and depression and anxiety disorders were the commonest problems. Stigma against mental disorders and consulting health professionals, misperceptions towards psychotropics and social exclusion and shame were variably reported by the participants. Though the participants perceived barriers to have access to MH services, 55% of responders reported MH services were of good to excellent grade, and the two most common help-seeking modes were psychiatric and religious and spiritual service providers.

Conclusion: Although this community participatory mental health polling survey is found to have encouraging mental health literacy of public participants, evidence based training programs and campaigns for further improving people mental health literacy are needed in Saudi Arabia and elsewhere in the Arabian Gulf countries.
Tools for Detecting Uniparental Disomy
Authors: Tuna Musaffe
Published: December 2019

Genomic alterations are hallmarks of human cancer and complex diseases. Genomic alterations include point mutations, deletion, duplication/amplification, fusion genes, complex rearrangements and uniparental disomy. When both homologous chromosome pair is originated from the same parent called uniparental disomy. Uniparental disomy can occur as constitutive (germline) and as acquired UPD. Constitutive UPD is associated with developmental diseases and cancer, while acquired (somatic) UPD occur in human cancers. aUPD pinpoints homozygous regions for existing alterations such as loss‐of‐function, gain‐of‐function mutations, deletions, methylations or imprinting.

Key Concepts

aUPD is common alterations in cancers, and aUPD regions are associated with survival or risk factors of cancer.

UPD regions pinpoint homozygosity for existing alterations such as mutation, deletion, methylation or imprinting. Therefore it is important to detect aUPD.

Currently, multiple UPD detection tools are freely available.

Some of the tools are capable of detecting also ploidy and/or purity of tumour.

Some of the tools can detect UPD as low as in 10% tumour purity.
Stomatal Immunity
Authors: Kim Dae Sung , Liang Yun‐Kuan
Published: December 2019

Stomata have long been assumed as passive portals of entry for pathogenic microorganisms, which may cause severe crop loss and food poisoning; however, accumulating evidence suggests that stomata have an important immune function. Plants actively close their stomata upon recognition of invading pathogens to stave off pathogenesis. Stomatal immunity starts from the perception of pathogen‐associated molecular patterns by surface‐localised pattern recognition receptors and activating a signalling cascade that requires plant hormones, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, ion flux and gene expression to trigger stomatal closure. However, the arms race between plants and pathogens has driven the pathogenic microbes to constantly evolve new strategies and effector combinations as a countermeasure to manipulate stomatal movement for their own benefit. Changes in the guard cell metabolome, circadian clock regulating genes and climate‐related factors can impact plant defence through stomatal regulation. Understanding stomatal immunity has broad applications in combating pathogens, enhancing agricultural capacity and food safety.

Key Concepts

Active stomatal movement is tightly regulated by plants as a general mechanism of defence against biotic and abiotic stresses.

Guard cells recognise pathogen‐associated molecular patterns and trigger a signalling cascade rendering stomatal closure and a reduction of pathogen entry into the plant.

Different types of pathogens can subvert or take control of the plant immune responses and re‐open stomata for enhancing pathogenicity via toxins and/or effectors.

Changes in the guard cell metabolome, redox homeostasis, circadian clock regulating genes and climate‐related factors can impact plant defence through stomatal regulation.

Elucidating how stomata prioritise their responses to multiple biotic and abiotic signal inputs and the epistatic relationships between various signalling pathways in the guard cells will be a next important step in understanding the regulatory mechanism of stomatal immunity.
Treatment planning of VMAT and step‐and‐shoot IMRT delivery techniques for single fraction spine SBRT: An intercomparative dosimetric analysis and phantom‐based quality assurance measurements
Authors: Ouyang Zi , LaHurd Danielle V. , Balagamwala Ehsan H. , Chao Samuel T. , Suh John H. , Xia Ping
Published: December 2019

Purpose

To retrospectively compare clinically treated step‐and‐shoot intensity modulated radiotherapy (ssIMRT) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) spine stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) plans in dosimetric endpoints and pretreatment quality assurance (QA) measurements.

Methods

Five single fraction spine SBRT (18 Gy) cases — including one cervical, two thoracic, and two lumbar spines — clinically treated with ssIMRT were replanned with VMAT, and all plans were delivered to a phantom for comparing plan quality and delivery accuracy. Furthermore, we analyzed 98 clinically treated plans (18 Gy single fraction), including 34 ssIMRT and 29 VMAT for cervical/thoracic spine, and 19 ssIMRT and 16 VMAT for lumbar spine. The conformality index (CI) and homogeneity index (HI) were calculated, and QA measurement records were compared. For the spinal cord/cauda equina, the maximum dose to 0.03 cc (D0.03cc) and volume receiving 10 or 12 Gy (V10Gy/V12Gy) were recorded. Statistical significance was tested with the Mann–Whitney U test.

Results

Compared to ssIMRT, replanned VMAT plans had lower V10Gy/V12Gy and D0.03cc to the spinal cord/cauda equina in all five cases, and better CI in three out of five cases. The VMAT replans were slightly less homogeneous than those of ssIMRT plans. Both modalities passed IMRT QA with >95% passing rate with (3%, 3 mm) gamma criteria. With the 98 clinical cases, for cervical/thoracic ssIMRT and VMAT plans, the median V10Gy of spinal cord was 4.15% and 1.85% (P = 0.004); the median D0.03cc of spinal cord was 10.85 Gy and 10.10 Gy (P = 0.032); the median CI was 1.28 and 1.08 (P = 0.009); the median HI were 1.34 and 1.33 (P = 0.697), respectively. For lumbar spine, no significant dosimetric endpoint differences were observed. The two modalities were comparable in delivery accuracy.

Conclusion

From our clinically treated plans, we found that VMAT plans provided better dosimetric quality and comparable delivery accuracy when compared to ssIMRT for single fraction spine SBRT.