bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of crude human saliva and purified salivary MUC5B and MUC7 mucins in the inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 in an inhibition assay
Authors: Habte Habtom H , Mall Anwar S , de Beer Corena , Lotz Zoë E , Kahn Delawir
Published: November 2006

Background

Despite the continuous shedding of HIV infected blood into the oral cavity and the detectable presence of the AIDS virus at a high frequency, human saliva is reported to inhibit oral transmission of HIV through kissing, dental treatment, biting, and aerosolization. The purpose of this study was to purify salivary MUC5B and MUC7 mucins from crude saliva and determine their anti-HIV-1 activities.

Methods

Following Sepharose CL-4B column chromatography and caesium chloride isopycnic density-gradient ultra-centrifugation, the purity and identity of the mucins was determined by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting analysis respectively. Subsequently an HIV-1 inhibition assay was carried out to determine the anti-HIV-1 activity of the crude saliva and purified salivary mucins by incubating them with subtype D HIV-1 prior to infection of the CD4+ CEM SS cells.

Results

Western blotting analysis confirmed that the mucin in the void volume is MUC5B and the mucin in the included volume is MUC7. The HIV inhibition assay revealed that both the crude saliva and salivary MUC5B and MUC7 mucins inhibited HIV-1 activity by 100%.

Conclusion

Although the mechanism of action is not clear the carbohydrate moieties of the salivary mucins may trap or aggregate the virus and prevent host cell entry.
CNS progenitor cells and oligodendrocytes are targets of chemotherapeutic agents in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Dietrich Joerg , Han Ruolan , Yang Yin , Mayer-Pröschel Margot , Noble Mark
Published: November 2006

Background

Chemotherapy in cancer patients can be associated with serious short- and long-term adverse neurological effects, such as leukoencephalopathy and cognitive impairment, even when therapy is delivered systemically. The underlying cellular basis for these adverse effects is poorly understood.

Results

We found that three mainstream chemotherapeutic agents – carmustine (BCNU), cisplatin, and cytosine arabinoside (cytarabine), representing two DNA cross-linking agents and an antimetabolite, respectively – applied at clinically relevant exposure levels to cultured cells are more toxic for the progenitor cells of the CNS and for nondividing oligodendrocytes than they are for multiple cancer cell lines. Enhancement of cell death and suppression of cell division were seen in vitro and in vivo. When administered systemically in mice, these chemotherapeutic agents were associated with increased cell death and decreased cell division in the subventricular zone, in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and in the corpus callosum of the CNS. In some cases, cell division was reduced, and cell death increased, for weeks after drug administration ended.

Conclusion

Identifying neural populations at risk during any cancer treatment is of great importance in developing means of reducing neurotoxicity and preserving quality of life in long-term survivors. Thus, as well as providing possible explanations for the adverse neurological effects of systemic chemotherapy, the strong correlations between our in vitro and in vivo analyses indicate that the same approaches we used to identify the reported toxicities can also provide rapid in vitro screens for analyzing new therapies and discovering means of achieving selective protection or targeted killing.
Alleviation of Thermoregulatory Dysfunction with the New Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor Desvenlafaxine Succinate in Ovariectomized Rodent Models
Authors: Deecher Darlene C. , Alfinito Peter D. , Leventhal Liza , Cosmi Scott , Johnston Grace H. , Merchenthaler Istvan , Winneker Richard
Published: November 2006

Hot flushes and night sweats, referred to as vasomotor symptoms (VMS), are presumed to be a result of declining hormone levels and are the principal menopausal symptoms for which women seek medical treatment. To date, estrogens and/or some progestins are the most effective therapeutics for alleviating VMS; however, these therapies may not be appropriate for all women. Therefore, nonhormonal therapies are being evaluated. The present study investigated a new reuptake inhibitor, desvenlafaxine succinate (DVS), in animal models of temperature dysfunction. Both models used are based on measuring changes in tail-skin temperature (TST) in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The first relies on naloxone-induced withdrawal in morphine-dependent (MD) OVX rats, resulting in an acute rise in TST. The second depends on an OVX-induced loss of TST decreases during the dark phase as measured by telemetry. An initial evaluation demonstrated abatement of the rise in TST with long-term administration of ethinyl estradiol or with a single oral dose of DVS (130 mg/kg) in the MD model. Further evaluation showed that orally administered DVS acutely and dose dependently (10–100 mg/kg) abated a naloxone-induced rise in TST of MD rats and alleviated OVX-induced temperature dysfunction in the telemetry model. Oral administration of DVS to OVX rats caused significant increases in serotonin and norepinephrine levels in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, a key region of the brain involved in temperature regulation. These preclinical studies provide evidence that DVS directly impacts thermoregulatory dysfunction in OVX rats and may have utility in alleviating VMS associated with menopause.
KISS: The kinetoplastid RNA editing sequence search tool
Authors: Ochsenreiter Torsten , Cipriano Michael , Hajduk Stephen L.
Published: November 2006

Kinetoplastid mitochondrial mRNA editing is a post-transcriptional process of uridine insertion and deletion. Editing is mediated by small RNA molecules termed guide RNAs (gRNAs). Most gRNAs are encoded by numerous small circular DNA minicircles, while the protein coding mitochondrial genes are encoded on a separate, larger genome called the maxicircle. In order to provide a workbench for the analysis of RNA editing in kinetoplastids and a well-annotated set of guide RNAs for Trypanosoma brucei, we generated the kinetoplastid RNA editing sequence search tool (KISS) (http://gmod.mbl.edu/kiss/). KISS is a pipeline and database that uses BLAST comparisons and minicircle sequence motifs to annotate potential gRNAs and cognate mRNA editing sequence. KISS 1.0 contains all previously known minicircle and maxicircle data from Trypanosoma brucei plus >400 new minicircle sequences. Using an online format, KISS 1.0 allows the mapping and visualization of all known T. brucei gRNAs to minicircle genes and to potential mRNA substrates for RNA editing.
Mobile Security and Trusted Computing (Mobile Sicherheit und vertrauenswürdiges Rechnen)
Authors: Mitchell Chris
Published: November 2006

Some of the most significant security issues arising in the context of ubiquitous mobile computing are reviewed. Emerging technologies which may be able to help overcome these security problems are also described; in particular we consider methods for secure ‘imprinting’ of mobile devices, techniques proposed for establishing trust between devices with no prior relationship, and finally the relevance of trusted computing technology to mobile security issues.
Quantum Cryptography: Principles and Prospects (Quantumkryptographie: Prinzipien und Ausblick)
Authors: Bennett Charles H.
Published: November 2006

We review the goals of cryptography, explain how quantum laws allow some of these goals to be attained that could not be otherwise, and comment on the future of quantum cryptography and the nature of its security.
The Emergence and Challenges of Quantum Informatics (Entstehung der Quanteninformatik und ihre Herausforderungen)
Authors: Gruska Jozef
Published: November 2006

The first aim of this paper is to demonstrate the emergence of quantum informatics as a new, important, deep and broad area of science, that explores phenomena, laws and limitations of the (quantum) information processing world, and brings also a new methodology for other sciences, especially those dealing with microworld. The second aim is to discuss briefly long term global goals and paradigms of quantum informatics. The third aim is to try to point out some of the current main challenges of quantum informatics.
Prognose potenzieller Bedienungsfehler beim Entwurf sicherheitskritischer Systeme (Prediction of Potential Operator Errors for Safety Critical System Designs)
Authors: Lüdtke Andreas
Published: November 2006

Die Dissertation befasst sich mit der Berücksichtigung des Faktors Mensch bei der Gestaltung hochautomatisierter Flugzeugcockpits. In der industriellen Praxis wird dieser entscheidende Faktor immer noch schwerpunktmäßig in späteren Entwicklungsphasen betrachtet. Dabei werden Prototypen des neuen Systems in Simulatoren durch Testpiloten erprobt. In der Dissertation wurde eine innovative Methode zur frühen Analyse der Bedienkonzepte auf Basis eines empirisch fundierten kognitiven Pilotenmodells erstellt und anhand eines formalen Autopilotendesigns evaluiert. Der Fokus der Methode liegt auf der Vorhersage von Bedienungsfehlern, die durch das Erlernen und Anwenden gefährlicher Abkürzungen in mentalen Bedienprozeduren entstehen.
Interactions between progesterone and tumor necrosis factor-α in the regulation of primordial follicle assembly
Authors: Nilsson Eric E , Stanfield Jacob , Skinner Michael K
Published: November 2006

Follicle assembly is the process by which groups or ‘nests’ of oocytes break down to form primordial follicles. The size of the primordial follicle pool is the major determinant of the reproductive lifespan of a female. Previously, progesterone (P4) has been shown to inhibit follicle assembly, while tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) has been shown to promote the apoptosis that is necessary for follicle assembly. The present study examines how TNFα and progesterone interact to regulate primordial follicle assembly. Ovaries were collected from newborn rats and placed in organ culture to examine the actions of P4 and TNFα. P4 was found to decrease primordial follicle assembly and increase the percentage of unassembled oocytes both in vitro and in vivo. TNFα treatment did not change the proportion of assembled follicles in cultured ovaries, but blocked the ability of P4 to inhibit follicle assembly. Microarray analysis of the ovarian transcriptome revealed that progesterone treatment of the ovaries altered the expression of 513 genes with 132 only expressed after P4 treatment and 16 only expressed in control ovaries. The majority of genes were up-regulated greater than twofold over control, with a small subset of 16 genes down-regulated. Categories of genes affected by P4 are described including a group of extracellular signaling factors. The progesterone receptors expressed at the time of follicle assembly included the surface membrane progesterone receptors PGRMC1, PGRMC2, and RDA288. The nuclear genomic P4 receptor was not expressed at appreciable levels. Progesterone increased the expression of several genes (TANK, NFκB, Bcl2l1, and Bcl2l2) involved in a signaling pathway that promotes cell survival and inhibits apoptosis. Observations indicate that P4 acts through the surface membrane progesterone receptors to regulate primordial follicle assembly, and that TNFα can override the inhibitory actions of P4 on follicle assembly. A major mechanism involved in the actions of P4 is an increase in cell survival genes and inhibition of the apoptosis pathway. Observations provide insight into the hormonal regulation of primordial follicle assembly and lead to novel approaches to potentially manipulate follicle assembly and reproductive capacity.
The TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81 Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Markers Are Expressed on Podocalyxin in Embryonal Carcinoma
Authors: Schopperle William M. , DeWolf William C.
Published: November 2006

We have previously identified the cell adhesion protein podocalyxin expressed in a human pluripotent stem cell, embryonal carcinoma (EC), which is a malignant germ cell. Podocalyxin is a heavily glycosylated membrane protein with amino acid sequence homology to the hematopoietic stem cell marker CD34. Since the initial discovery of podocalyxin in a cancerous stem cell, numerous new studies have identified podocalyxin in many different human cancers and in embryonic stem cells lines (ES) derived from human embryos. Embryonal carcinoma, as do all human pluripotent stem cells, expresses TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81 antigens, and although their molecular identities are unknown, they are commonly used as markers of undifferentiated pluripotent human stem cells. We report here that purified podocalyxin from embryonal carcinoma has binding activity with the TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81 antibodies. Embryonal carcinoma cells treated with retinoic acid undergo differentiation and lose the TRA-1-60/TRA-1-81 markers from their plasma membrane surface. We show that podocalyxin is modified in the retinoic acid-treated cells and has an apparent molecular mass of 170 kDa on protein blots as compared with the apparent 200-kDa molecular weight form of podocalyxin expressed in untreated cells. Furthermore, the modified form of podocalyxin no longer reacts with the TRA-1-60/TRA-1-81 antibodies. Thus, embryonal carcinoma expresses two distinct forms of podocalyxin, and the larger version is a molecular carrier of the human stem cell-defining antigens TRA-1-60 and TRA-1-81.
Structure and Implied Functions of Truncated B-Cell Receptor mRNAs in Early Embryo and Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Cδ Replaces Cμ in μ Heavy Chain-Deficient Mice
Authors: Lapter Smadar , Livnat Idit , Faerman Alexander , Zipori Dov
Published: November 2006

Stem cells exhibit a promiscuous gene expression pattern. We show herein that the early embryo and adult MSCs express B-cell receptor component mRNAs. To examine possible bearings of these genes on the expressing cells, we studied immunoglobulin μ chain-deficient mice. Pregnant μ chain-deficient females were found to produce a higher percentage of defective morulae compared with control females. Structure analysis indicated that the μ mRNA species found in embryos and in mesenchyme consist of the constant region of the μ heavy chain that encodes a recombinant 50-kDa protein. In situ hybridization localized the constant μ gene expression to loose mesenchymal tissues within the day-12.5 embryo proper and the yolk sac. In early embryo and in adult mesenchyme from μ-deficient mice, δ replaced μ chain, implying a possible requirement of these alternative molecules for embryo development and mesenchymal functions. Indeed, overexpression of the mesenchymal-truncated μ heavy chain in 293T cells resulted in specific subcellular localization and in G1 growth arrest. The lack of such occurrence following overexpression of a complete, rearranged form of μ chain suggests that the mesenchymal version of this mRNA may possess unique functions.
Theories for TC0 and Other Small Complexity Classes
Authors: Nguyen Phuong , Cook Stephen
Published: November 2006

We present a general method for introducing finitely axiomatizable "minimal" two-sorted theories for various subclasses of P (problems solvable in polynomial time). The two sorts are natural numbers and finite sets of natural numbers. The latter are essentially the finite binary strings, which provide a natural domain for defining the functions and sets in small complexity classes. We concentrate on the complexity class TC^0, whose problems are defined by uniform polynomial-size families of bounded-depth Boolean circuits with majority gates. We present an elegant theory VTC^0 in which the provably-total functions are those associated with TC^0, and then prove that VTC^0 is "isomorphic" to a different-looking single-sorted theory introduced by Johannsen and Pollet. The most technical part of the isomorphism proof is defining binary number multiplication in terms a bit-counting function, and showing how to formalize the proofs of its algebraic properties.
Extending the theory of Owicki and Gries with a logic of progress
Authors: Dongol Brijesh , Goldson Doug
Published: November 2006

This paper describes a logic of progress for concurrent programs. The logic
is based on that of UNITY, molded to fit a sequential programming model.
Integration of the two is achieved by using auxiliary variables in a systematic
way that incorporates program counters into the program text. The rules for
progress in UNITY are then modified to suit this new system. This modification
is however subtle enough to allow the theory of Owicki and Gries to be used
without change.
Extending the Extensional Lambda Calculus with Surjective Pairing is Conservative
Authors: Stoevring Kristian
Published: November 2006

We answer Klop and de Vrijer's question whether adding surjective-pairing axioms to the extensional lambda calculus yields a conservative extension. The answer is positive. As a byproduct we obtain a "syntactic" proof that the extensional lambda calculus with surjective pairing is consistent.
The monadic second-order logic of graphs XVI : Canonical graph decompositions
Authors: Courcelle Bruno
Published: November 2006

This article establishes that the split decomposition of graphs introduced by
Cunnigham, is definable in Monadic Second-Order Logic.This result is actually
an instance of a more general result covering canonical graph decompositions
like the modular decomposition and the Tutte decomposition of 2-connected
graphs into 3-connected components. As an application, we prove that the set of
graphs having the same cycle matroid as a given 2-connected graph can be
defined from this graph by Monadic Second-Order formulas.
Solution of a Problem of Barendregt on Sensible lambda-Theories
Authors: Intrigila Benedetto , Statman Richard
Published: November 2006

H is the theory extending β-conversion by identifying all closed
unsolvables. Hω is the closure of this theory under the ω-rule
(and β-conversion). A long-standing conjecture of H. Barendregt states
that the provable equations of Hω form
Π11-complete set. Here we prove that conjecture.
Linear Abadi and Plotkin Logic
Authors: Birkedal Lars , Møgelberg Rasmus E. , Petersen Rasmus Lerchedahl
Published: November 2006

We present a formalization of a version of Abadi and
Plotkin's logic for parametricity for a polymorphic dual
intuitionistic/linear type theory with fixed points, and show, following
Plotkin's suggestions, that it can be used to define a wide collection of
types, including existential types, inductive types, coinductive types and
general recursive types. We show that the recursive types satisfy a universal
property called dinaturality, and we develop reasoning principles for the
constructed types. In the case of recursive types, the reasoning principle is a
mixed induction/coinduction principle, with the curious property that
coinduction holds for general relations, but induction only for a limited
collection of ``admissible'' relations. A similar property was observed in
Pitts' 1995 analysis of recursive types in domain theory. In a future paper we
will develop a category theoretic notion of models of the logic presented here,
and show how the results developed in the logic can be transferred to the
models.
Linear Encodings of Bounded LTL Model Checking
Authors: Biere Armin , Heljanko Keijo , Junttila Tommi , Latvala Timo , Schuppan Viktor
Published: November 2006

We consider the problem of bounded model checking (BMC) for linear temporal
logic (LTL). We present several efficient encodings that have size linear in
the bound. Furthermore, we show how the encodings can be extended to LTL with
past operators (PLTL). The generalised encoding is still of linear size, but
cannot detect minimal length counterexamples. By using the virtual unrolling
technique minimal length counterexamples can be captured, however, the size of
the encoding is quadratic in the specification. We also extend virtual
unrolling to Buchi automata, enabling them to accept minimal length
counterexamples.
Our BMC encodings can be made incremental in order to benefit from
incremental SAT technology. With fairly small modifications the incremental
encoding can be further enhanced with a termination check, allowing us to prove
properties with BMC. Experiments clearly show that our new encodings improve
performance of BMC considerably, particularly in the case of the incremental
encoding, and that they are very competitive for finding bugs. An analysis of
the liveness-to-safety transformation reveals many similarities to the BMC
encodings in this paper. Using the liveness-to-safety translation with
BDD-based invariant checking results in an efficient method to find shortest
counterexamples that complements the BMC-based approach.
Through The Looking Glass
Authors: Annan Noël
Published: November 2006

IT IS AN HONOUR to be asked to speak at the general session of the MLA. Every scholar in the Humanities would glow with pride as I did when I received your invitation. Thank you. Thank you for your hospitality, thank you for your welcome, and here let me salute your indomitable President Mr. Weigand. This talk has its genesis in a question which my secretary put to me when I was clearing things up in Cambridge in July 1964 before going off for my summer holiday—she said: “Did you know that this year you have been visited by 123 American academics?” It was true. Presidents, Deans, professors, members of faculty and of administration flowed like a sparkling stream through my office. Let me assure you that they did not come all as single spies. Sometimes they came in battalions, one contingent being in fact—I search for the right noun of collection—a regality or, perhaps, an in-sultanate of Regents.
Dream and Disguise in The Blithedale Romance
Authors: Sprague Claire
Published: November 2006

Dream, which is itself disguise, paradoxically becomes the most pertinent and complex comment on the many disguises of The BlithedaleRomance and on its structurally unconvincing elements. Classically functioning both as revelation and wish-fulfillment, Miles Coverdale's central dream tells the perceptive reader what he already knows. This dream, and two framing briefer dream references, unearth disguise more accurately than Miles's consciously prying self can do. Through Miles, Hawthorne wryly portrays the limited success of the (minor?) artist's effort to “lawfully dream awake.”
Mark Twain and Dickens
Authors: Gardner Joseph H.
Published: November 2006

WHAT is … difficult to understand is his lack of appreciation for Dickens.“1 William Lyon Phelps's belief that Mark Twain had been one of those rarest of nineteenth-century creatures, the writer who had had no interest in Dickens and who had avoided his influence, was shared by most Mark Twain critics for many years. Although writers like Minnie M. Brashear, who sided with Bernard DeVoto in the Brooks-DeVoto controversy, often pointed out that Clemens had been frequently exposed to Dickens' works, the consensus was stated by Stephen Lea-cock when he remarked that while Mark Twain and Dickens are undoubtedly the two greatest humorists of the nineteenth century, ”there is no record, and no internal evidence, to show that either was influenced by the work of the other.“2 Recently there have been signs of a shift in critical opinion concerning Mark Twain's relationship to Dickens. Walter Blair has shown the indisputable influence of A Tale of Two Cities on Mark Twain's masterpiece.3 Ada Nisbet's survey of Dickens research calls for further study of the ”promising subject“ of Clemens' indebtedness to Dickens, and in a recent review Ellen Moers has suggested at least one direction such a study might take.4
Death's Other Kingdom: Dantesque and Theological Symbolism in “Flowering Judas”
Authors: Gottfried Leon
Published: November 2006

THE ATTEMPT to portray hell and its leading personages by relating them parodically to heaven, or, in other words, by using inversions of varying degrees of complexity, is traditional. Scholastic theologians like St. Thomas regularly related the various virtues and kinds of blessedness to their opposites, and both Dante and Milton, the two greatest poetic infernologists, made systematic use of parody or ironic parallelism. Katherine Anne Porter, in “Flowering Judas,” a story dealing with latter-day lost souls, is clearly working in this ironic mode; she uses references to the religion of the machine, two parodie saviours, symbolic perversions of the purification ceremony of foot-washing and of the sacrament of communion, and a nun-like, lapsed devotee of the religion of revolution. At the same time, certain cautions must be observed. Miss Porter is not a theologian, nor a theological poet in the same sense in which Dante is. In most of her other works, although many of them are charged with symbolism, often religious symbolism as she says, there is comparatively little explicit use of the religious and eschatological diction and imagery so prevalent in “Flowering Judas.” In fact, even taking the word in the most extended sense, one would be unlikely to call her a “religious” writer as T. S. Eliot or François Mauriac are religious writers.
Bécquer and the Romantic Grotesque
Authors: Ilie Paul
Published: November 2006

Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer's grotesque involves a bizarre distortion which is neither tragic nor comic but disquieting. He conceives of the imagination as having an abnormal region that produces absurdities and monstrous forms. Grotesque motifs draw upon two spheres of reality: a nether-world coexistent with Nature, and the everyday historical world. The “other side” of Nature, uncanny and capricious, is inhabited by deformed beings governed by different laws of harmony and dissonance. There, non-Ovidian metamorphoses produce admixtures of satanic beauty and monstrosity, with Becquer's description of them eschewing Dantesque moralism and approaching gratuitous estheticism. In contrast, the historical world attracts the imagination by means of architecture and its fantastic motifs. Other links to social reality appear in the detached sensibility of the grotesque. For example, the carnival is described by a mood of hollow gaiety atypical of the ebullient Romantic carnival. Mannequin images also express disillusion and the advent of an anti-Roman tic reaction, as does the presence of gratuitously induced incongruities. Thus, Becquer stands between the Romantic grotesque, with its healthy distortions, and the self-destructive grotesquerie of the twentieth century.
A Moratória Em Processo
Authors: Santiago Silviano
Published: November 2006

The division of the stage into halves, one representing family conflicts in 1929 and the other representing the same family in 1932, is a device in the dramatic use of space which explains the originality of A Moratória, as shown by an Aristotelian analysis of its structure. The archetype which inspires the structure of this play is “the ant and the grasshopper,” whose division implies different dramatic climates within the play. On the one hand, we have the tragedy of negligence (level of the parents and their son), and on the other hand, the apprenticeship of consciousness (level of the daughter). The simultaneous use of the divided stage reflects the period of transition lived by the family and the Brazilian society in the early thirties: there is the shift from the country to the city; the shift from patriarchal to matriarchal tendencies; and the transfer of power from the great families to the emerging middle class. If the play fails in part, it is because the author cannot give an objective interpretation of reality. He is too compassionate.
Elisabeth Langgässer and Juan Donoso Cortés: A Source of the “Turm-Kapitel” in Das Unauslöschliche Siegel
Authors: Riley Anthony W.
Published: November 2006

New documentary evidence throws light on the genesis of Das unauslöschliche Siegel and on Langgässer's narrative techniques. Her hitherto unpublished notes on Donoso prove that the extensive quotations from his works in the “Turm-Kapitel” derive from one source: L. Fischer's introduction to his translation of the Ensayo sobre el calolicismo. Further evidence supplied by her widower shows that she wrote the chapter before 1944, and that its mise-en-scène was prefigured in her visit to Senlis, France, in 1937. Thus, the hypothesis is untenable that—as an attempt at self-justification in the face of charges of manichaeism—she inserted the chapter only after she had completed the rest of the novel. It seems probable that Langgässer considered Donoso's life exemplary from a Christian viewpoint, and that her montage of his writings stemmed from her desire to create a “new form” for the Christian novel. Donoso's religious beliefs and his hostility to the Enlightenment not only provide appropriate material for the chapter (the “counterpointing” of religious, cultural, and political events in Europe over a period of several centuries), but also reflect Langgasser's own religious attitudes, which any critical appreciation of the novel as a whole must take into account.
NDEA Foreign Language Institute Programs: The Development of a New Educational Model
Authors: Axelrod Joseph
Published: November 2006

My topic for this afternoon has been announced as “The Ends, Means, and Accomplishments of the NDEA Modern Foreign Language Institutes.” That is indeed the topic I shall speak on, but before I come directly to it, I should like to deliver a message. The message I want to deliver is a simple one, and it is brief. It consists of only three sentences.
The Dramatic Background of Richardson's Plots and Characters
Authors: Konigsberg Ira
Published: November 2006

Samuel Richardson used in his novels character types and plots already developed in the English drama. Playwrights such as Charles Johnson, George Lillo, and even Henry Fielding had presented the same story as Pamela—the attempted seduction of a poor but innocent maiden by a well-born rake— and characters similar to the novel's virgin heroine and libertine hero. In the first part of Clarissa Richardson handled a theme common in the drama, that of enforced betrothal, and developed this theme with characterizations, character relationships, and dramatic confrontations already used by playwrights. Throughout the novel Clarissa resembles a type of suffering heroine and Lovelace a type of rakish villain popular in the drama, and the second part of the novel strikingly resembles Charles Johnson's play Caelia. The characters of Sir Charles Grandison also have their dramatic counterparts, especially the hero, who is clearly a product of the theater's men of sense.
Dom Garcie De Navarre et Le Misanthrope: De La Comédïe Héroïque Au Comique Du Héros
Authors: Gutwirth Marcel
Published: November 2006

Molierè's reworking of lines from Dom Garde de Navarre in Tartuffe, Le Misanthrope, and Amphitryon points to a common theme in the four plays: the interplay of the ideal of faith and the ideal of integrity (authenticité). In Dom Garcie the hero is too much in love to bow to the convention that his beloved is by definition above reproach when he discovers her in the arms of another man. The demands of a faith grounded in self-deception clash with the exigencies of integrity. Tartuffe shuns both the artificiality and the highmindedness of the ideal. In a realistic setting shorn of all moral embellishment, integrity is made hollow by fraud; faith is maintained toward none; being is successfully undermined by nothingness. Le Misanthrope emerges as the third stage in a dialectic: the idealism of Dom Garcie, having been brought down to earth, no longer focuses exclusively on the ideal virtues of the beloved. Alceste, in fact, demands only one thing: let a man be a man. This seemingly modest desire for integrity bespeaks a faith in mankind which everyone in the play betrays. A heavenly reconciliation is achieved in Amphitryon. Impossible demands are relegated to Mount Olympus. Mortals are taught to place their faith in the only kind of integrity to which they dare aspire: a reciprocated love that fuses reason and passion so well that not even a god can prevail against it.
The Language Of Revolution
Authors: Mankiewicz Frank
Published: November 2006

For a Peace Corps official to speak to the leading organization of teachers of foreign languages is somewhat analogous to a speech by Secretary McNamara to the assembled space manufacturers. We are certainly, at this point, the largest users of your product—if we correctly understand each other that your product is the modern man (or woman to be sure) trained in the use of a language other than his own. I realize that this is a narrow definition of the work you do, but I hope that in the time allotted to me I will be able to satisfy you that we in the Peace Corps, as you in the Foreign Language Section of the Modern Language Association, share a broader concern for the uses—past, present, and future—of language.
Gothic Versus Romantic: A Revaluation of The Gothic Novel
Authors: Hume Robert D.
Published: November 2006

The Gothic novel is defined not by its stock devices—ruined abbeys and the like—but by its use of a particular atmosphere for essentially psychological purposes. Mary Shelley, Maturin, Melville, and Faulkner develop a form crudely forged by Walpole, Mrs. Radcliffe, and M. G. Lewis. Their Gothic novels attempt to immerse the reader in an extraordinary world in which ordinary standards and moral judgments become meaningless and good and evil are seen as inextricably intertwined. Gothic writing is closely related to romantic: both are the product of a profound reaction against everyday reality and conventional religious explanations of existence. But while romantic writing is the product of faith in an ultimate order, Gothic writing is a gloomy exploration of the limitations of man. The one attempts to transcend the flux of the purely temporal to find joy and security in a higher beauty; the other is mired in the temporal and within it can find only absurdities and unresolvable ambiguities.
Swift's “Project”: Tract or Travesty?
Authors: Harth Phillip , Peterson Leland D. , Harth Phillip , Peterson Leland D.
Published: November 2006

In a recent article, “Swift's Project: A Religious and Political Satire” (PMLA, LXXII, March 1967, 54–63), Leland D. Peterson argues that Swift's Project for the Advancement of Religion, and the Reformation of Manners (1709) cannot be taken as a serious “reformation tract.” In his view, what Swift appears to be recommending in the Project is as outrageous in its own way as his more famous project in A Modest Proposal and we must therefore assume that in the earlier piece, as in the later, Swift's pose is ironic, his persona unsympathetic, and his purpose satirical. Peterson concludes by suggesting that “the main targets of satire in the Project are reformers and reforming societies, projectors, nominal Christianity, and the Whig Junto” (p. 58).
Maya Multiples: Individuals, Entries, and Tombs in Structure A34 of Caracol, Belize
Authors: Chase Diane Z. , Chase Arlen F.
Published: November 2006

It is commonly assumed in both the public and professional perceptions of Maya archaeology that tombs serve as time capsules, each representing a single event, and that burials of single individuals were the normal interment type, at least during the Late Classic period (A.D. 550-800). The investigation of Caracol Structure A34 provides excellent examples of tomb re-entry as well as of multiple-individual interment in sealed contexts, both of which contradict current assumptions. Analyses of the excavations also embody a true conjunctive approach by utilizing stratigraphy, osteology, artifacts, and epigraphy. When the archaeological data from Structure A34 are placed within a broader context, single-event single-individual tombs are shown to be but one manner of interment at Caracol. Although the large number of multiple-individual burials and the possibility of widespread tomb re-entry at Caracol may appear aberrant when compared with general interment practices at other Maya sites, the inferred funerary rites are well within the bounds of worldwide cultural practices relating to death and burial.
VI.—The Translation of Anglo-Saxon Poetry
Authors: Garnett James M.
Published: November 2006

It is more than sixty years since Professor Conybeare in his ‘Illustrations of Anglo-Saxon Poetry (1826)’ gave us metrical versions of certain specimens of Anglo-Saxon poetry, and such versions have been from time to time increased, until now a very considerable portion of this poetry has been clothed in a modern English dress, either in prose or in verse. The form that the translation should take has varied with the taste of the translator. Thorpe, in his editions of the’ Codex Exoniensis’ (1842) and of ‘Béowulf’ (1855), contented himself with an English prose version by half-lines in parallel columns with the text. Kemble, however, had previously published his prose translation of ‘Béowulf’ (1837) in a separate volume from the text. Wackerbarth published in 1849 the first complete English verse translation of ‘Béowulf,’ using verses of three and four accents, riming irregularly, sometimes stanza-fashion, as in the opening lines:

Lo! We have learned in lofty LaysThe Gár-Danes Deeds in antient DaysAnd Ages past away,The Glories of the Theod-Kings,And how the valiant AethelingsBare them in Battle's Day.
The Historical Development of the Possessive Pronouns in Italian
Authors: Menger Louis Emil
Published: November 2006

These literary forms, as given, are found in the earliest texts. But a mere casual reading of the texts will reveal also many variants; this makes evident the fact that a succession of stages or steps was gone through before the above forms were adopted as the regular ones. The simplest method to be followed in discovering what these successive stages of development were must be to begin with the earliest texts in which the variants were sometimes the rule, and follow the occurence of these variants in chronological order down into those texts in which they are exceptions; thus finally arriving at literary monuments in which no variants occur, but where they have been merged completely into the prevailing literary forms.
Spenser's Imitations from Ariosto
Authors: Dodge R. E. Neil
Published: November 2006

The influence of the Orlando Furioso on Spenser's Faery Queen has long been recognized. Warton, in his excellent Observations, devoted a section to it, and others have here and there remarked upon the affinity of the two poems. I cannot find, however, that any writer has yet given the subject more than casual attention. The reasons for this neglect are, of course, not far to seek. Men read and study the Faery Queen, and men read and study the Orlando Furioso, but few care to read and study them side by side, with the obligation of going through the Morgante Maggiore, the Orlando Innamorato, Rinaldo, and the Oerusalemme Liberata, for casual reference and general illustration. The Faery Queen, as it stands, is nearly twice as long as the Odyssey, the Orlando Furioso is longer than the Faery Queen, and the others are of varying, but always substantial bulk—a rather formidable array. Moreover, despite vast differences of spirit and method, these poems deal with the same subject-matter, romantic chivalry; and too steady converse with romantic chivalry is, to say the least, not stimulating. In view of such conditions and of the work already done by Warton, critics may very probably have felt that further labor in this field would hardly be worth while.
XVI.—Shakespeare's Present Indicative S-Endings with Plural Subjects: A Study in the Grammar of the First Folio
Authors: Smith C. Alphonso
Published: November 2006

I purpose in the following paper to proffer an explanation of such constructions as “My old bones aches “ (Tempest, III, 3), “All his successors (gone before him) hath done't” (Merry Wives, I, 1), “Ill deeds is doubled with an evil word” (Errors, III, 2), “As the events stamps them” (Much Ado, I, 2), “Their drenched natures lies as in a death” (Macbeth, I, 7),” Whereon his brains still beating puts him thus” (Hamlet, III, 1), “And great affections wrestling in thy bosom Doth make an earthquake of nobility” (King John, v, 2).
XII.—The Dialect of the Hildebrandslied
Authors: Wood Francis A.
Published: November 2006

As Holtzmann has shown the Hildebrandslied as we now have it is a copy from an older manuscript. That it was not written in its present form from memory is seen in the fact that the mistakes are those of sight. For example, Hiltibraht occurs six times for Hiltibrant, man for inan, unti for miti, etc. The errors show that the writer or writers did not fully understand what they were writing, and that their copying was mechanical. It follows that the manuscript from which they wrote did not differ materially from their copy, or in other words, that the linguistic confusion was already present. This confusion, however, cannot be entirely explained unless with Kögel we assume that at an earlier time there was a copy from memory.
XV.—Marco Polo and the Squire's Tale
Authors: Manly John Matthews
Published: November 2006

When the third volume of Professor Skeat's new edition of Chaucer appeared, it was a disappointment to find that he had not revised the opinion of Chaucer's indebtedness to Marco Polo expressed by him several years ago. It is true that his view had been generally accepted, but the cautious manner in which a few prominent scholars had expressed themselves might have suggested a re-examination of the question. The following are fairly representative of the various attitudes of scholars:—

Brandl says: “Ueber das gebiet des märchenhaften hinaus und auf einigermassen realen boden kommen wir bereits, wenn wir nach der herkunft der tartarischen namen und sitten fragen. Herzberg, Canterbury-geschichten s. 631 ff., suchte sie in der reisebeschreibung von Maundeville. Vollständiger decken sich die angaben Chaucer's mit der von Marco Polo…. Aus Marco Polo stammen mit geringen Veränderungen die namen Cambyuskan, … Camballus oder Camballo … und Sarai; die personalschilderung des Khan, seines geburtstagsfestes und hofstaates; die bemerkung, dass die Tartaren manches essen, ‘that in this lond men recch of it but smal;’ das erscheinen eines gesandten von einem anderen könig mit geschenken; endlich der baumgarten mit allerlei falken in der nähe des palastes.” Engl. Stud., XII, 163.
Literature and Personality
Authors: Thomas Calvin
Published: November 2006

While the Germans have long recognized a Litteraturwissenschaft, we do not often speak in English of a ‘science of literature.’ Do we then lack something which the Germans have, or do they lack something which they think they have? Do we feel that the name is a misnomer? Or is it that we are satisfied to possess the thing without caring how it is called? If this last is so, it were as well perhaps to be a little less indifferent, since names gradually affect modes of thinking. A rose by any other name will smell as sweet, but a rose by the name of rose tempts people to smell of it, especially blind people. It is a fact of some import for the users of German, that they have the convenient word Wissenschaft, which they can apply freely to the serious and systematic study of any subject under the sun. On the other hand, we are not unaffected, and I think the effect is bad, by the drift of English usage toward a restricted application of the word ‘science.’ The tendency leads people to associate with that word not so much the grand ideals of carefulness and love of truth, as rather the particular methods employed, and the kind of accuracy aimed at, in the study of physics and biology. Many are also led to feel that there are spheres of thought in which science has nothing to say; and so, instead of enlarging their conception of science, they become suspicious of it. The result is that we are far from realizing that universal allegiance to the scientific spirit, which in our day we ought to have. Instead, there is a division of sentiment, many persons, intelligent persons too, feeling that for certain purposes science is a blind guide. As if there could be in the long run any better basis of life than the truth ! And as if there could be any more hopeful way of getting at the truth than to keep trying, with all our might, in the light of all the evidence!
V.—The Comparative Study of Literature
Authors: Marsh A. R.
Published: November 2006

No observant person can, I think, have failed to note of late years a certain increasing hesitation and perplexity in regard to the true function of literature in studies. Indeed, there are reasons not a few for thinking that we are preparing for one of those revisions and restatements of the general conception of what we should try to get from literature, of which we have several examples in the past. I do not mean merely that our literary taste is changing, or that we are passing from one set of literary admirations to another. Such lesser variation is incessantly going on. Classicism yields to romanticism, romanticism to realism, and this to something else, in an unbroken round of change. But these minor modifications of feeling and opinion about literature may easily take place without any material disturbance of the general estimate of the nature of literatnre or of the attitude of men's minds towards it. My neighbor may think that bad in books which I think good, and yet we may both seek in our reading to satisfy essentially the same needs, intellectual or aesthetic.

The change, however, to which I have reference, is of a far profounder kind. It affects the very substance of men's thought about books, substitutes for one form of promise and enticement to the reading of them another and quite different appeal, and necessarily carries with it new aims and methods in the study of them. I shall, perhaps, make my meaning clearer on this point by some brief illustration.
The Question of Free and Checked Vowels in Gallic Popular Latin
Authors: Matzke John E.
Published: November 2006

The problem of the nature of free and checked vowels in the gallo-roman popular speech has recently been made the subject of an article published by Dr. L. E. Menger, in Publications of the Modern Language Association, x, pp. 306-341. His conclusions are that vowels are free when ' they develop: a > e, ẉ > oi, e > ie, ọ > ou, o > ue;' that they are checked when 'they retain their original forms,' and that those cases which cannot be included in either category are neither free nor checked, and are to be grouped under the general term of 'secondary developments.' It is evident that such a division begs the question at issue. The solution offered must be rejected in toto and has already received a categorical answer by Behrens in Z. f. R. Ph., xxi, p. 304. The question is however of sufficient importance to merit new consideration, and I shall try to outline in the following pages the direction in which its solution must be sought. The history of the terms free and checked and of their grammatical signification will serve as a suitable basis for the argument.
Reading in Modern Language Study
Authors: Joynes Edward S.
Published: November 2006

It is with extreme diffidence that I offer to read a paper before this Association. My own teaching is done under conditions of such disadvantage—with students so poorly prepared, and with results so unsatisfactory—that I cannot but feel how presumptuous it would be in me to attempt here to teach those who themselves teach under so much happier conditions and to so much better purpose than I can do. My sole apology might be an experience which, covering now three decades of language teaching, has passed through many phases both of our professional activity at large and of my own individual work. But these phases, for myself personally, have been rather renewals of effort and of disappointment than landmarks of progress or of triumph; and this experience, if I could recount it, might serve rather as a warning than as an example. So that it is as a seeker rather than as a giver that I come, to share my counsel with my more favored brethren; in order that by the confession of my own shortcomings, and especially by the criticism and discussion which this paper may elicit, I may be helped —and so perchance may help others—to find “the better way.”