bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond valence: a meta-analysis of discrete emotions in firm-customer encounters
Authors: Kranzbühler Anne-Madeleine , Zerres Alfred , Kleijnen Mirella H. P. , Verlegh Peeter W. J.
Published: December 2019

Distinguishing between consumers’ positive and negative affect is a popular approach in both marketing research and practice, but such valence-based approaches sacrifice specificity and explanatory power. As emotions of the same valence can greatly differ with regard to their underlying appraisal patterns, they also differently affect consumer judgment and behavior. Our meta-analysis of 1035 effect sizes (N = 40,777) across 10 discrete emotions shows that analyzing discrete emotions clearly outperforms models of core affect (valence and arousal) when studying firm–customer encounters. Specifically, we find that the greatest impact stems from the medium-arousal emotion of gratitude and that positive emotions show consistently stronger effect sizes than do negative emotions. We also examine how effects are moderated by situational characteristics of the experience triggering the emotion. Based on our findings, we develop recommendations that help marketers identify and manage consumers’ emotions more effectively.
The mathematical progress of students with an intellectual disability in inclusive classrooms: results of a longitudinal study
Authors: Schnepel Susanne , Krähenmann Helena , Sermier Dessemontet Rachel , Moser Opitz Elisabeth
Published: December 2019

Little is known about the mathematical development of students with intellectual disabilities (ID) in inclusive classrooms. It is important to have a research-based understanding of the subject since inclusive education is becoming the norm in many countries, and an increasing number of students with an ID now attend mainstream schools. We investigated the learning gains of 38 students with ID from 31 grades 2 and 3 inclusive classrooms. Data on mathematics achievement were collected at the beginning and at the end of one school year. A cluster analysis revealed four homogeneous groups that differed significantly in their mathematical progress. Students in the same cluster improved in the same subskills. Prior knowledge is a significant predictor for progress and explains more variance than IQ. In addition, the acquisition of the quantity-number concept, especially the linkage of quantities and numbers, seems to be an important factor for mathematical development. These results show that mathematics instruction needs to be tailored to the specific knowledge profiles of students.
Is Physical Activity Good or Bad for the Female Pelvic Floor? A Narrative Review
Authors: Bø Kari , Nygaard Ingrid Elisabeth
Published: December 2019

More women participate in sports than ever before and the proportion of women athletes at the Olympic Games is nearly 50%. The pelvic floor in women may be the only area of the body where the positive effect of physical activity has been questioned. The aim of this narrative review is to present two widely held opposing hypotheses on the effect of general exercise on the pelvic floor and to discuss the evidence for each. Hypothesis 1: by strengthening the pelvic floor muscles (PFM) and decreasing the levator hiatus, exercise decreases the risk of urinary incontinence, anal incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse, but negatively affects the ease and safety of childbirth. Hypothesis 2: by overloading and stretching the PFM, exercise not only increases the risk of these disorders, but also makes labor and childbirth easier, as the PFM do not obstruct the exit of the fetus. Key findings of this review endorse aspects of both hypotheses. Exercising women generally have similar or stronger PFM strength and larger levator ani muscles than non-exercising women, but this does not seem to have a greater risk of obstructed labor or childbirth. Additionally, women that specifically train their PFM while pregnant are not more likely to have outcomes associated with obstructed labor. Mild-to-moderate physical activity, such as walking, decreases the risk of urinary incontinence but female athletes are about three times more likely to have urinary incontinence compared to controls. There is some evidence that strenuous exercise may cause and worsen pelvic organ prolapse, but data are inconsistent. Both intra-abdominal pressure associated with exercise and PFM strength vary between activities and between women; thus the threshold for optimal or negative effects on the pelvic floor almost certainly differs from person to person. Our review highlights many knowledge gaps that need to be understood to understand the full effects of strenuous and non-strenuous activities on pelvic floor health.
Interinstitutional perspectives on contract cheating: a qualitative narrative exploration from Canada
Authors: Eaton Sarah Elaine , Chibry Nancy , Toye Margaret A. , Rossi Silvia
Published: December 2019

This paper explores contract cheating from the perspectives of researchers at three post-secondary institutions in Alberta, Canada, describing their efforts to develop and advance awareness of, interventions against, and responses to contract cheating at their respective institutions. Contract cheating is when a third party produces or completes academic work for a student, and the student then presents the work as their own. The student might have personal connections to the third party, or the student might pay a fee and outsource the academic work to the third party. All three institutions are experiencing an increase in the incidence of contract cheating, which is consistent with trends at colleges and universities across Canada and the world. Contract cheating is not a new phenomenon, but it is a growing one, due in part to students having access to thousands of online companies offering to help them with their academic work. This paper examines personal narratives from four researchers and identifies five key themes: types of contract cheating, students, awareness, evidence and policy implications, and educational development.
Telomere length associations with cognition depend on Alzheimer's disease biomarkers
Authors: Mahoney Emily R. , Dumitrescu Logan , Seto Mabel , Nudelman Kelly N.H. , Buckley Rachel F. , Gifford Katie A. , Saykin Andrew J. , Jefferson Angela J. , Hohman Timothy J. ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: December 2019

Introduction

While telomere shortening, a marker of cellular aging, may impact the progression of age‐related neurodegenerative diseases, its association with cognition is unclear, particularly in the context of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology.

Methods

Telomere, cognitive, and CSF data from 482 participants in the AD Neuroimaging Initiative (148 cognitively normal, 283 mild cognitive impairment, 51 AD) was leveraged to assess telomere length associations with cognition (measured by memory and executive function) and interactions with CSF amyloid‐β, tau, and APOE‐ε4. Secondary analyses assessed brain volume and thickness outcomes.

Results

Longer telomeres at baseline were associated with faster executive function decline. Amyloid‐β and tau interacted with telomere length on cognition, with longer telomeres related to faster decline among biomarker‐positive individuals.

Discussion

Telomere associations with cognition shift with AD progression, with longer telomeres related to worse outcomes as pathology increases, highlighting the need for further investigation of telomere length along the AD neuropathological cascade.
Racial disparities and temporal trends in dementia misdiagnosis risk in the United States
Authors: Gianattasio Kan Z. , Prather Christina , Glymour M. Maria , Ciarleglio Adam , Power Melinda C.
Published: December 2019

Introduction

Systematic disparities in misdiagnosis of dementia across racial/ethnic groups have implications for health disparities. We compared the risk of dementia under‐ and overdiagnosis in clinical settings across racial/ethnic groups from 2000 to 2010.

Methods

We linked fee‐for‐service Medicare claims to participants aged ≥70 from the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study. We classified dementia status using an algorithm with similar sensitivity and specificity across racial/ethnic groups and assigned clinical dementia diagnosis status using ICD‐9‐CM codes from Medicare claims. Multinomial logit models were used to estimate relative risks of clinical under‐ and overdiagnosis between groups and over time.

Results

Non‐Hispanic blacks had roughly double the risk of underdiagnosis as non‐Hispanic whites. While primary analyses suggested a shrinking disparity over time, this was not robust to sensitivity analyses or adjustment for covariates. Risk of overdiagnosis increased over time in both groups.

Discussion

Our results suggest that efforts to reduce racial disparities in underdiagnosis are warranted.
Theorizing Emancipatory Transnational Futures of International Labor Law
Authors: Blackett Adelle
Published: December 2019

The economic mandate of the “misnamed” International Labour Organization (ILO) has long been “othered” internationally. The ILO's 1944 constitutional annex, the Declaration of Philadelphia, confirms the ILO's “responsibility … to examine and consider all international economic and financial policies and measures in the light of th[e] fundamental objective” of lasting peace on the basis of social justice. After 1945, through decolonization, and prior to the emergence of a Washington consensus-based neoliberal globalization, the ILO enabled some states to mediate the “social” in economic regulation—that is, to adopt free trade economic liberalism promoted transnationally with social redistribution addressed domestically, also referred to as embedded liberalism. States established and harmonized international labor standards through multilateral processes steeped in an organizational tripartism that made workers’ and employers’ representatives ILO institutional actors alongside governments. At least in the global North, the ILO fostered a high degree of normative convergence nationally, regionally, and on shop floors. For the first Director-General, Albert Thomas, the ILO “taught the world to speak something like the same language on social questions.” Its approach has been nuanced, pragmatic, and transnational, taking leadership on issues like social protection that should also have been—but were not—the focus of other international economic institutions.
Gradient estimates for the constant mean curvature equation in hyperbolic space
Authors: López Rafael
Published: December 2019

We establish gradient estimates for solutions to the Dirichlet problem for the constant mean curvature equation in hyperbolic space. We obtain these estimates on bounded strictly convex domains by using the maximum principles theory of Φ-functions of Payne and Philippin. These estimates are then employed to solve the Dirichlet problem when the mean curvatureHsatisfiesH< 1 under suitable boundary conditions.
“A Higher and Purer Shape”: Kaufmann Kohler's Jewish Orientalism and the Construction of Religion in Nineteenth-Century America
Authors: Goldstein Evan
Published: December 2019

This article uses the case of Kaufmann Kohler (1843–1926), an intellectual and institutional leader of American Reform Judaism, to explore the relationship between Orientalism and the category of religion in nineteenth-century America. Recent scholarship has shown that the lived religion of nineteenth-century American Jews departs significantly from the ideological hopes of Jewish elites. Connecting the emerging portrait of nineteenth-century Jewish laity with elite arguments for American Judaism, I reconsider Kohler's thought as a theological project out of step with his socioreligious milieu. Kohler is renowned for his theorizing of Judaism as a universal, ethical religion. As scholars have demonstrated repeatedly, defining Judaism as a “religion” was an important feature of Reform thought. What these accounts have insufficiently theorized, however, is the political context that ties the categorization of religion to the history of Orientalism that organized so many late nineteenth-century discussions of religion, Jewish and not. Drawing on work by Tracy Fessenden, John Modern, and Tisa Wenger, I show that Kohler's universal, cosmopolitan religion is a Jewish version of the Protestant secular. Like these Protestant modernists, Kohler defines Reform Judaism as a religion that supersedes an atavistic tribalism bound to materiality and ritual law. Being Jewish, for Kohler, means being civilized; reforming the soul of Judaism goes together with civilizing Jewish bodies and creating a Judaism that could civilize the world in an era in which religion and imperialism were overlapping interpretive projects with racial and gendered entanglements.
Tibetan sheep have a high capacity to absorb and to regulate metabolism of SCFA in the rumen epithelium to adapt to low energy intake
Authors: Jing Xiaoping , Wang Wenji , Degen Allan , Guo Yamin , Kang Jingpeng , Liu Peipei , Ding Luming , Shang Zhanhuan , Fievez Veerle , Zhou Jianwei , Long Ruijun
Published: December 2019

The nutritional intake of Tibetan sheep on the harsh Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau is often under maintenance requirements, especially during the long, cold winter. However, they have adapted well and even thrive under these conditions. The aim of the present study was to gain insight into how the rumen epithelium of Tibetan sheep has adapted to the consumption of low-energy-level diets. For this purpose, we compared Tibetan and small-tailed Han sheep (n 24 of each breed, all wethers and 1·5 years of age), which were divided randomly into one of four groups and offered ad libitum diets of different digestible energy (DE) densities: 8·21, 9·33, 10·45 and 11·57 MJ DE/kg DM. The Tibetan sheep had higher rumen concentrations of total SCFA, acetate, butyrate and iso-acids but lower concentrations of propionate than small-tailed Han sheep. The Tibetan sheep had higher absorption capability of SCFA due to the greater absorption surface area and higher mRNA expression of the SCFA absorption relative genes than small-tailed Han sheep. For the metabolism of SCFA in the rumen epithelium, the small-tailed Han sheep showed higher utilisation of the ketogenesis pathway than Tibetan sheep; however, Tibetan sheep had greater regulation capacity in SCFA metabolism pathways. These differences between breeds allowed the Tibetan sheep to have greater capability of absorbing SCFA and better capacity to regulate the metabolism of SCFA, which would allow them to cope with low energy intake better than small-tailed Han sheep.
Effects of high-oleic peanuts within a hypoenergetic diet on inflammatory and oxidative status of overweight men: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Caldas Ana Paula Silva , Alves Raquel Duarte Moreira , Hermsdorff Helen Hermana Miranda , de Oliveira Leandro Licursi , Bressan Josefina
Published: December 2019

The consumption of food with MUFA has been associated with improvement of inflammation and oxidative stress in overweight individuals. In the present study, we evaluate the effect of high-oleic peanut intake within a hypoenergetic diet on inflammatory and oxidative status markers in overweight men. Sixty-four overweight men (BMI 26–35 kg/m2, 18–50 years old) participated in this randomised controlled study for 4 weeks, allocated into three groups: control (CT,n22), conventional peanut (CVP,n21) and high-oleic peanut (HOP,n21). They followed a hypoenergetic diet (−250 kcal/d; −1045 kJ/d) with or without 56 g of high-oleic or conventional peanuts. After the intervention, the inflammatory markers did not show significant changes in fasting concentrations or postprandial response among the experimental groups (P> 0·05). The activity of oxidative status markers remained unchanged after the intervention. However, in the CT, malondialdehyde showed lower concentration in comparison with the baseline (P= 0·020) and among the groups (P= 0·002). In the present study, the daily intake of high-oleic peanuts within a hypoenergetic diet did not modify the inflammatory markers and oxidative status in overweight men. More studies are needed to better understand the effect of high-oleic peanut intake on health outcomes.
Bioactivity of some Apiaceae essential oils and their constituents against Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Rosa J. S. , Oliveira L. , Sousa R. M. O. F. , Escobar C. B. , Fernandes-Ferreira M.
Published: December 2019

Sitophilus zeamais is a key pest of stored grains. Its control is made, usually, using synthetic insecticides, despite their negative impacts. Botanical insecticides with fumigant/repellent properties may offer an alternative solution. This work describes the effects of Anethum graveolens, Petroselinum crispum, Foeniculum vulgare and Cuminum cyminum essential oils (EOs) and (S)-carvone, cuminaldehyde, estragole and (+)-fenchone towards adults of S. zeamais. Acute toxicity was assessed by fumigation and topical application. Repellence was evaluated by an area preference bioassay and two-choice test, using maize grains. LC50 determined by fumigation ranged from 51.8 to 535.8 mg L−1 air, with (S)-carvone being the most active. LD50 values for topical applications varied from 23 to 128 µg per adult for (S)-carvone > cuminaldehyde > A. graveolens > C. cyminum > P. crispum. All EOs/standard compounds reduced significantly the percentage of insects attracted to maize grains (65–80%) in the two-choice repellence test, whereas in the area preference bioassay RD50 varied from 1.4 to 45.2 µg cm−2, with cuminaldehyde, (S)-carvone and estragole being strongly repellents. Petroselinum crispum EO and cuminaldehyde affected the nutritional parameters relative growth rate, efficiency conversion index of ingested food and antifeeding effect, displaying antinutritional effects toward S. zeamais. In addition, P. crispum and C. cyminum EOs, as well as cuminaldehyde, showed the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity in vitro (IC50 = 185, 235 and 214.5 µg mL−1, respectively). EOs/standard compounds exhibited acute toxicity, and some treatments showed antinutritional effects towards S. zeamais. Therefore, the tested plant products might be good candidates to be considered to prevent damages caused by this pest.
Basal differences in the transcriptional profiles of tomato leaves associated with the presence/absence of the resistance geneMi-1and changes in these differences after infestation by the whiteflyBemisia tabaci
Authors: Rodríguez-Alvarez Clara I. , López-Vidriero Irene , Franco-Zorrilla José M. , Nombela Gloria
Published: December 2019

The tomatoMi-1gene mediates plant resistance to whiteflyBemisia tabaci, nematodes, and aphids. Other genes are also required for this resistance, and a model of interaction between the proteins encoded by these genes was proposed. Microarray analyses were used previously to identify genes involved in plant resistance to pests or pathogens, but scarcely in resistance to insects. In the present work, the GeneChip™ Tomato Genome Array (Affymetrix®) was used to compare the transcriptional profiles of Motelle (bearingMi-1) and Moneymaker (lackingMi-1) cultivars, both before and afterB. tabaciinfestation. Ten transcripts were expressed at least twofold in uninfested Motelle than in Moneymaker, while other eight were expressed half or less. After whitefly infestation, differences between cultivars increased to 14 transcripts expressed more in Motelle than in Moneymaker and 14 transcripts less expressed. Half of these transcripts showed no differential expression before infestation. These results show the baseline differences in the tomato transcriptomic profile associated with the presence or absence of theMi-1gene and provide us with valuable information on candidate genes to intervene in either compatible or incompatible tomato–whitefly interactions.
DEMOCRITUS AND ALLEGORESIS
Authors: Domaradzki Mikolaj
Published: December 2019

This paper discusses the problem of Democritus’ allegoresis. The question whether Democritus practised allegoresis is usually answered affirmatively. Thus, for example, Jean Pépin, in his classic work on the development of allegorical interpretation, forcefully asserts that ‘Démocrite pratiqua d'abord une allégorie physique’ and that ‘il poursuivit aussi l'allégorie psychologique’. In one way or another, this view has been embraced by Luc Brisson, Ilaria Ramelli, Ilaria Ramelli and Giulio Lucchetta, Gerard Naddaf, to name just a few scholars who have recently examined the issue. However, those who find allegoresis in Democritus are often somewhat perplexed at what they discover. For instance Naddaf, in his otherwise excellent study, assumes that ‘Democritus believed that Homer was indeed a visionary sage with a privileged utterance that he intentionally transmitted allegorically’, upon which he concludes that Democritus’ position is ‘inconsistent and disconcerting given his place in the pantheon of Ionian rationalism’. This shows that the claim that Democritus practised allegoresis stumbles upon the following problem: if Democritus was a rationalist, then the question arises how his rationalism can be reconciled with his alleged belief that Homer deliberately disguised his poems as allegorical prefigurations of various Democritean views. Indeed, one may legitimately ask how rational it would be on Democritus’ part to ascribe to Homer the intention of being interpreted as a precursor of atomist philosophy. The purpose of the present paper is to shed some light on this conundrum and to offer a reconsideration of certain accounts that have been suggested so far.
Othello in Harlem: Transforming Theater in Djanet Sears's Harlem Duet
Authors: MEHDIZADEH NEDDA
Published: December 2019

Djanet Sears's Harlem Duet reimagines Shakespeare's Othello by weaving together three stories about Othello and his first wife, Billie, across three distinct time periods: the Civil War era, the Harlem Renaissance, and the present day. This essay centers on the scenes set in the Harlem Renaissance, a timeline that appears to unfold out of chronological order. By disrupting the linear progression of time, Sears transforms the theater into a platform that amplifies the stories of the oppressed through the dramatization of the ongoing, persistent cycle of oppression.
Shakespeare for Use and Pleasure: Elizabeth Nunez's and Terry McMillan's Middlebrow Fiction
Authors: RIVLIN ELIZABETH
Published: December 2019

This essay investigates how Elizabeth Nunez's Prospero's Daughter (2006) and Terry McMillan's How Stella Got Her Groove Back (1996) engage with Shakespeare. By taking a middlebrow approach that emphasizes readers’ use of and pleasure in Shakespeare and that aims to cultivate an inclusive multiracial readership, Nunez and McMillan show that black readers can lay claim to a Shakespeare that they participate in (re)defining. While Nunez's novel frames Shakespeare's political uses within pleasurable genres of contemporary popular fiction, McMillan suggests that she and her readers can remake Shakespeare, the name of her heroine's love interest, into a figure associated with pleasure.
Peltigera shennongjiana, a new cyanolichen from Central China
Authors: HAN Liu-Fu , YANG Jing-Yuan , BEI Shu-Qing , GUO Shou-Yu
Published: December 2019

As part of our ongoing research on Peltigera, we recognize a morphologically and phylogenetically distinct new species, Peltigera shennongjiana L. F. Han & S. Y. Guo, from the Shennongjia region of Central China. It is distinguished from other members of the P. canina-group by the presence of abundant phyllidia and flat, branched lobules along the margin or laminal cracks, short lobes, and a pruinose, usually greyish upper surface. The various populations sampled share identical ITS nr DNA sequences, of which the ITS2 regions are characterized by a unique secondary structure. Furthermore, we provide a detailed comparison of the characteristics of P. shennongjiana with morphologically similar species and a key to Peltigera species reported from China.
No evidence of associations between genetic liability for schizophrenia and development of cannabis use disorder
Authors: Hjorthøj Carsten , Uddin Md Jamal , Wimberley Theresa , Dalsgaard Søren , Hougaard David M. , Børglum Anders , Werge Thomas , Nordentoft Merete
Published: December 2019

Background

Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder (CUD) is increased in patients with schizophrenia. It is important to establish if this is explained by non-causal factors, such as shared genetic vulnerability. We aimed to investigate whether the polygenic risk scores (PRS) for schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders would predict CUD in controls, patients with schizophrenia, and patients with other psychiatric disorders.

Methods

We linked nationwide Danish registers and genetic information obtained from dried neonatal bloodspots in an observational analysis. We included people with schizophrenia, other psychiatric disorders, and controls. The exposures of interest were the PRS for schizophrenia, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) autism spectrum disorder, and anorexia nervosa. The main outcome of interest was the diagnosis of CUD.

Results

The study included 88 637 individuals. PRS for schizophrenia did not predict CUD in controls [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.16, 95% CI 0.95–1.43 per standard-deviation increase in PRS, or HR = 1.47, 95% CI 0.72–3.00 comparing highest v. remaining decile], but PRS for ADHD did (HR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.08–1.50 per standard-deviation increase, or HR = 2.02, 95% CI 1.27–3.22 for the highest decile of PRS). Among cases with schizophrenia, the PRS for schizophrenia was associated with CUD. While CUD was a strong predictor of schizophrenia (HR = 4.91, 95% CI 4.36–5.53), the inclusion of various PRS did not appreciably alter this association.

Conclusion

The PRS for schizophrenia was not associated with CUD in controls or patients with other psychiatric disorders than schizophrenia. This speaks against the hypothesis that shared genetic vulnerability would explain the association between cannabis and schizophrenia.
Comparing socio-economic inequalities in healthy ageing in the United States of America, England, China and Japan: evidence from four longitudinal studies of ageing
Authors: Lu Wentian , Pikhart Hynek , Sacker Amanda
Published: December 2019

Healthy ageing has become a popular topic worldwide. So far, a consensus measure of healthy ageing has not been reached; and no studies have compared the magnitude of socio-economic inequality in healthy ageing outside Europe. This study aims to create a universal measure of healthy ageing and compare socio-economic inequalities in healthy ageing in the United States of America (USA), England, China and Japan. We included 10,305 American, 6,590 English, 5,930 Chinese and 1,935 Japanese participants for longitudinal analysis. A harmonised healthy ageing index (HAI) was developed to measure healthy ageing multi-dimensionally. Educational, income and wealth rank scores were derived accounting for the entire socio-economic distribution and the sample size of each category of socio-economic indicator. Associations between socio-economic rank scores and HAIs were assessed using multi-level modelling to calculate the Slope Indices of Inequality. Healthy ageing trajectories were predicted based on the full-adjusted age-cohort models. We found that education was a universally influential socio-economic predictor of healthy ageing. Moving from the highest to the lowest educational groups was associated with a 6.7 (5.2–8.2), 8.2 (6.0–10.4), 13.9 (11.4–16.3) and 6.1 per cent (3.9–8.2%) decrease in average HAI at 60 years in the USA, England, China and Japan, respectively. After 60 years, the educational inequality in healthy ageing kept increasing in the USA and China. The educational inequality in healthy ageing in China was also greater than any other socio-economic inequality in the four countries. Wealth was more influential in predicting healthy ageing inequality among American, English and Japanese participants, while income was more influential among Chinese participants. The socio-economic inequality in healthy ageing in Japan was relatively small. Chinese and American participants had worse healthy ageing profiles than Japanese and English participants.
Populist stories of honest men and proud mothers: A visual narrative analysis
Authors: Freistein Katja , Gadinger Frank
Published: December 2019

This article proposes the methodological framework of visual narrative analysis through the study of images and narratives. We are interested in the appeal of political storytelling. In applying an approach of layered interpretation, we study images and slogans to consider the more complex underlying narratives in their political and cultural context. Our exploratory case studies draw on material from right-wing populist parties, namely election campaign posters from Germany and the UK as material for the analysis. We find that narratives operate with a ‘fantasmatic logic’, which adds fantasy to politics, to depoliticise and camouflage their radical intent and gain approval by making consent desirable. We identify two exemplary narratives (honest men under threat; proud mothers) that entrench traditional gender roles in accordance with patriarchy and nationalism. Theoretically, our approach contributes to debates in IR on cultural underpinnings in international politics and the construction of collective identities through shared/divided narratives. Visual narrative analysis provides a promising methodological tool for analysing visual representations in their productive relationship with text. This perspective foregrounds the power of political storytelling through fantasmatic appeal and fosters a better understanding of the global rise of populism.
Family matters in racial logics: Tracing intimacies, inequalities, and ideologies
Authors: Peterson V. Spike
Published: December 2019

This article seeks to advance our understanding of how intimate relations and racial logics are co-constituted and matter – subjectively, culturally, materially, and politically – in our colonial present of economic inequalities, nationalist populisms, anti-migrant discourses and xenophobic hostilities. Addressing these crisis conditions is urgent, yet critical interventions indicate that prevailing accounts inadequately address the scale, complexity, and fluidity of racisms operating today. This article proposes to think racial logics ‘otherwise’ by drawing on interdisciplinary scholarship and intersectional analytics to produce a genealogy of state/nation formation processes, imperial encounters, and legitimating ideologies that illuminates how ‘intimacy builds worlds’.1A deep history of political centralisation reveals that regulation of intimate, familial relations is a constitutive feature of successful state-making and crucial for understanding how modernity's ‘race difference’ is produced and how the racialisation of ‘Other’ (‘non-European’, undesirable) sexual/familial practices figures in contemporary crises. Locating intimate relations – ‘family’ – in (birthright) citizenship, immigration regimes, and political-economic frames helps clarify the amplification of global inequalities and the power of stigmatisations to fuel nationalist attachments and anti-migrant hostilities. Foregrounding intimacy and integrating typically disparate lines of inquiry advances our analyses of today's often opaque yet intense racisms and their globally problematic effects.
Rock-cut Chamber Tombs and the Reproduction of Locality in Later Sicilian Prehistory
Authors: Leighton Robert
Published: December 2019

This article explores the archaeology of place and memory from the standpoint of research on large cemeteries of chamber tombs cut out of the rock in southern Sicily. Burials of this kind were integral to the configuration of major settlements dating from the Early Bronze Age to the Iron Age (c. 2200–600bc) and are a distinctive feature of Sicilian cultural landscapes. Rock-cut tombs at the four key sites of Castelluccio, Thapsos, Pantalica and Cassibile, representing successive phases of the Bronze and Iron Ages, are discussed in relation to terrain and layout. One aim is to identify recurrent principles of spatial organization, while drawing attention to settlements as structured environments with complex ritual geographies. Changes in tomb form are discussed with reference to variations in funerary practices over time. I conclude that cultural traditions in this region were sustained in part by the prominence of funerary architecture and by re-engagement with older sites in later periods through acts of re-use and remembrance.
Theorizing Risk and Research: Methodological Constraints and Their Consequences
Authors: Swenson Geoffrey , Roll Kate
Published: December 2019

Conflict, postconflict settings, and other risky research sites are important with wide-ranging policy implications. Microlevel, field-based research lends critical insights to how conflicts work and the mechanisms behind macrolevel correlations that underpin quantitative political science. This article identifies how the risks associated with conflict and postconflict contexts influence researchers’ choices by theorizing the existence of distinct adaptive strategies. Specifically, researchers facing elevated risk generally manage it through three main strategies: outsourcing risk, avoiding risk, and internalizing risk. We argue that these strategies systematically shape and circumscribe outputs. We conclude by discussing how the relationship between risky fieldwork and what we know about conflict is poorly acknowledged. Thinking about how we manage risk should play a larger role in both our preparation for and interpretation of research, particularly in conflict and postconflict contexts.
Complexity matching and lexical matching in monolingual and bilingual conversations
Authors: Schneider Sara , Ramirez-Aristizabal Adolfo G. , Gavilan Carol , Kello Christopher T.
Published: December 2019

When people interact, aspects of their speech and language patterns often converge in interactions involving one or more languages. Most studies of speech convergence in conversations have examined monolingual interactions, whereas most studies of bilingual speech convergence have examined spoken responses to prompts. However, it is not uncommon in multilingual communities to converse in two languages, where each speaker primarily produces only one of the two languages. The present study examined complexity matching and lexical matching as two measures of speech convergence in conversations spoken in English, Spanish, or both languages. Complexity matching measured convergence in the hierarchical timing of speech, and lexical matching measured convergence in the frequency distributions of lemmas produced. Both types of matching were found equally in all three language conditions. Taken together, the results indicate that convergence is robust to monolingual and bilingual interactions because it stems from basic mechanisms of coordination and communication.
Relative activity comparison of aminocyclopyrachlor to pyridine carboxylic acid herbicides
Authors: Sperry Benjamin P. , Dias José Luiz C. S. , Prince Candice M. , Ferrell Jason A. , Sellers Brent A.
Published: December 2019

The pyridine carboxylic acid (PCA) herbicide family can exhibit differential activity within and among plant species, despite molecular resemblances. Aminocyclopyrachlor (AMCP), a pyrimidine carboxylic acid, is a recently discovered compound with similar use patterns to those of the PCA family; however, relative activity among PCAs and AMCP is not well understood. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify relative activity among aminopyralid, picloram, clopyralid, triclopyr, and AMCP in canola, squash, and okra using dose-response whole-plant bioassays. Clopyralid was less active than all other herbicides in all species and did not fit dose-response models. Aminopyralid and picloram performed similarly in squash (ED50= 21.1 and 23.3 g ae ha−1, respectively). Aminopyralid was 3.8 times and 1.7 times more active than picloram in canola (ED50= 60.3 and 227.7 g ha−1, respectively) and okra (ED50= 10.3 and 17.3 g ha−1, respectively). Triclopyr (ED50= 37.3 g ha−1) was more active than AMCP (ED50= 112.9 g ha−1) and picloram in canola. Aminocyclopyrachlor (ED50= 6.6 g ha−1) and triclopyr (ED50= 7.8 g ha−1) were more active in squash than aminopyralid and picloram. In okra, AMCP (ED50= 14.6 g ha−1) and aminopyralid (ED50= 10.3 g ha−1) performed similarly but were more active than triclopyr (ED50= 88.2 g ha−1). Herbicidal activity among AMCP and PCAs was vastly different despite molecular similarities that could be due to variable target-site sensitivity among species.
Oxygen Ion Butterfly Distributions Observed in a Magnetotail Dipolarizing Flux Bundle
Authors: Zhao S. J. , Fu S. Y. , Sun W. J. , Zhou X. Z. , Pu Z. Y. , Xie L. , Wu T. , Xiong Y. , Zhang H. , Zong Q. G. , Yu F. B.
Published: December 2019

Cluster observed two intermittent oxygen ion (O+) flux enhancements with energy dispersions in a dipolarizing flux bundle, which is known as a region of enhanced northward magnetic field (Bz) embedded in the earthward high‐speed flow. The flux enhancements of O+ show clear pitch angle dependences, which are termed as butterfly distributions. Two corresponding flux enhancements of field‐aligned protons (H+) are also shown in its spectrum, but they are weaker and emerge later (~10 s) than those of O+. Simulation shows that both enhanced ion species are the counterstreaming populations. They originated from the lobe region and were driven into the center plasma sheet by the dawn‐dusk electric field (Ey). Backward tracing test‐particle simulations reproduce the butterfly O+ and the counterstreaming H+ distribution. The differences between O+ and H+ are because of their different gyroradii. The lobe O+ can arrive at the magnetic equatorial plane in less than one gyromotion due to its large gyroradius, and O+ with a larger field‐aligned velocity can arrive at the equatorial plane earlier, leading to the energy and pitch angle dependence. While H+ with similar energy can drift into dipolarizing flux bundle through electric field drift (E × B motion) and arrive at the equatorial plane through adiabatic motion, which consequently forms the field‐aligned flux enhancements in dipolarizing flux bundle, that is, the Bz‐dominant region. The simulation further confirms that intermittent increases of Ey component can produce the two intermittent flux enhancements, as indicated in the in situ observation.
Plasma Interaction Signatures of Plumes at Europa
Authors: Arnold Hannes , Liuzzo Lucas , Simon Sven
Published: December 2019

The goal of our study is to present a systematic modeling framework for the identification of water vapor plumes in plasma and magnetic field data from spacecraft flybys of Europa. In particular, we determine the degree to which different plume configurations can be obscured by the interaction of Jupiter's magnetospheric plasma with Europa's induced dipole field and its global atmosphere. We apply the hybrid model AIKEF (kinetic ions, fluid electrons) to investigate the effect of inhomogeneities in Europa's atmosphere (plumes) on the plasma interaction with the Jovian magnetosphere. To systematically assess the magnitude and structure of the perturbations associated with the plume‐plasma interaction at Europa, we vary the plume location across Europa's surface while considering different symmetric and asymmetric density profiles of the moon's global atmosphere. To isolate the impact of a plume on Europa's magnetospheric environment, we also conduct model runs without any global atmosphere. To quantify the magnetic perturbations caused by plumes, we analyze the field components along hypothetical spacecraft trajectories through each plume. Conclusions of our study are (1) localized regions of stagnant flow are most indicative of the presence of a plume. (2) The visibility of plumes in the magnetic field strongly depends on the density profile (whether it is symmetric or asymmetric) of the global atmosphere. (3) The presence of an induced dipole complicates the identification of magnetic signatures associated with a plume and dominates Europa's magnetic environment in its intermediate vicinity. (4) Complex fine structures are visible in the tail of escaping plume ions.
Average Characteristics of Low‐Latitude Interhemispheric and F Region Dynamo Currents Deduced From the Swarm Satellite Constellation
Authors: Lühr Hermann , Kervalishvili Guram N. , Stolle Claudia , Rauberg Jan , Michaelis Ingo
Published: December 2019

Based on magnetic field data from the Swarm satellite constellation advanced estimates of field‐aligned and radial currents at middle and low latitudes can be derived. Detailed results have been obtained for low‐latitude (14°–35° magnetic latitude) interhemispheric field‐aligned currents related to the solar quiet (Sq) current system. The continuous data set of five years allows resolving the dependences on local time, season, and longitude. We confirm the known current flow from the southern to the northern hemisphere around June solstice. Unexpected results are obtained for the months following December. Stratospheric sudden warming events are suggested as a reason for that. These phenomena are known to amplify lunar tides and atmospheric planetary waves. Furthermore, we investigated the mean characteristic of the meridional current systems connected to the wind‐driven F region dynamo above the magnetic equator. Typical features of radially downward currents around noon and upward currents in the evening sector could be confirmed. From a detailed analysis of the connected field‐aligned current distribution we deduced that the mean altitude of the dynamo region is higher in the evening than around noon. And it appears also at greater heights in the western hemisphere than in the eastern. Special current configurations are encountered in the longitude range containing the South Atlantic Anomaly. Here summer‐like conditions are prevailing through all seasons. This infers that the ionospheric conductivity is significantly enhanced in this region of weak magnetic field strength.
A computationally inspired in-vivo approach identifies a link between amygdalar transcriptional heterogeneity, socialization and anxiety
Authors: Goldman Aaron , Smalley Joshua L. , Mistry Meeta , Krenzlin Harald , Zhang Hong , Dhawan Andrew , Caldarone Barbara , Moss Stephen J. , Silbersweig David A. , Lawler Sean E. , Braun Ilana M.
Published: December 2019

Pharmaceutical breakthroughs for anxiety have been lackluster in the last half-century. Converging behavior and limbic molecular heterogeneity has the potential to revolutionize biomarker-driven interventions. However, current in vivo models too often deploy artificial systems including directed evolution, mutations and fear induction, which poorly mirror clinical manifestations. Here, we explore transcriptional heterogeneity of the amygdala in isogenic mice using an unbiased multi-dimensional computational approach that segregates intra-cohort reactions to moderate situational adversity and intersects it with high content molecular profiling. We show that while the computational approach stratifies known features of clinical anxiety including nitric oxide, opioid and corticotropin signaling, previously unrecognized druggable biomarkers emerge, such as calpain11 and scand1. Through ingenuity pathway analyses, we further describe a role for neurosteroid estradiol signaling, heat shock proteins, ubiquitin ligases and lipid metabolism. In addition, we report a remarkable behavioral pattern that maps to molecular features of anxiety in mice through counterphobic social attitudes, which manifest as increased, yet spatially distant socialization. These findings provide an unbiased approach for interrogating anxiolytics, and hint toward biomarkers underpinning behavioral and social patterns that merit further exploration.
Structural brain abnormalities in children and adolescents with comorbid autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Mizuno Yoshifumi , Kagitani-Shimono Kuriko , Jung Minyoung , Makita Kai , Takiguchi Shinichiro , Fujisawa Takashi X. , Tachibana Masaya , Nakanishi Mariko , Mohri Ikuko , Taniike Masako , Tomoda Akemi
Published: December 2019

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) share high rates of comorbidity, with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fifth Edition now acknowledging the comorbid diagnosis of ASD and ADHD. Although structural abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia occur in both ASD and ADHD, no structural studies have focused exclusively on patients with comorbid ASD and ADHD. We thus aimed to clarify the structural features and developmental changes in patients with comorbid ASD and ADHD in a relatively large sample from two sites. Ninety-two patients were age-matched to 141 typically developing (TD) controls (age range: 5–16 years) and assessed for volumetric characteristics using structural magnetic resonance imaging (i.e. surface-based morphometry). While there were no significant differences in prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia volumes, patients with ASD and ADHD exhibited significantly lower left postcentral gyrus volumes than TD controls. We observed significantly lower postcentral gyrus volumes exclusively in children and preadolescents, and not in adolescents. Our findings suggest that abnormal somatosensory, attributed to delayed maturation of the left postcentral gyrus, leads to the core symptoms experienced by patients with comorbid ASD and ADHD.
Comparative efficacy of a hydroxyapatite and a fluoride toothpaste for prevention and remineralization of dental caries in children
Authors: Amaechi Bennett T. , AbdulAzees Parveez Ahamed , Alshareif Dina Ossama , Shehata Marina Adel , Lima Patrícia Paula de Carvalho Sampaio , Abdollahi Azadeh , Kalkhorani Parisa Samadi , Evans Veronica
Published: December 2019

Objective

This in situ study compared the effectiveness of two toothpastes containing hydroxyapatite or 500 ppm fluoride in promoting remineralization and inhibiting caries development.

Materials and methods

Two enamel blocks (human primary teeth), one sound and one with artificially-produced caries lesion, were exposed to toothpaste containing either 10% hydroxyapatite or 500 ppm F− (amine fluoride) via intra-oral appliance worn by 30 adults in two-arm double blind randomized crossover study lasting 14 days per arm (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03681340). Baseline and post-test mineral loss and lesion depth (LD) were quantified using microradiography. One-sided t-test of one group mean was used for intragroup comparison (baseline vs. post-test), while two-sided t-test of two independent means was used to compare the two toothpaste groups.

Results

Pairwise comparison (baseline vs. test) indicated significant (p < 0.0001) remineralization and LD reduction by either toothpaste; however, when compared against each other, there was no statistically significant difference in remineralization or LD reduction between the two toothpastes. No demineralization could be observed in sound enamel blocks exposed to either toothpaste. While F− induced lesion surface lamination, HAP produced a more homogenous lesion remineralization.

Conclusions

10% hydroxyapatite achieved comparable efficacy with 500 ppm F− in remineralizing initial caries and preventing demineralization. Thus the HAP toothpaste is confirmed to be equal to the fluoride toothpaste in this study.