bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonionic Surfactant to Enhance the Performances of Alkaline–Surfactant–Polymer Flooding with a Low Salinity Constraint
Authors: Riswati Shabrina Sri , Bae Wisup , Park Changhyup , Permadi Asep K. , Novriansyah Adi
Published: May 2020

This paper presents a nonionic surfactant in the anionic surfactant pair (ternary mixture) that influences the hydrophobicity of the alkaline–surfactant–polymer (ASP) slug within low-salinity formation water, an environment that constrains optimal designs of the salinity gradient and phase types. The hydrophobicity effectively reduced the optimum salinity, but achieving as much by mixing various surfactants has been challenging. We conducted a phase behavior test and a coreflooding test, and the results prove the effectiveness of the nonionic surfactant in enlarging the chemical applicability by making ASP flooding more hydrophobic. The proposed ASP mixture consisted of 0.2 wt% sodium carbonate, 0.25 wt% anionic surfactant pair, and 0.2 wt% nonionic surfactant, and 0.15 wt% hydrolyzed polyacrylamide. The nonionic surfactant decreased the optimum salinity to 1.1 wt% NaCl compared to the 1.7 wt% NaCl of the reference case with heavy alcohol present instead of the nonionic surfactant. The coreflooding test confirmed the field applicability of the nonionic surfactant by recovering more oil, with the proposed scheme producing up to 74% of residual oil after extensive waterflooding compared to 51% of cumulative oil recovery with the reference case. The nonionic surfactant led to a Winsor type III microemulsion with a 0.85 pore volume while the reference case had a 0.50 pore volume. The nonionic surfactant made ASP flooding more hydrophobic, maintained a separate phase of the surfactant between the oil and aqueous phases to achieve ultra-low interfacial tension, and recovered the oil effectively.
An Alternate Representation of the Vector of Apparent Power and Unbalanced Power in Three-Phase Electrical Systems
Authors: Blasco Pedro A. , Montoya-Mira Rafael , Diez José M. , Montoya Rafael
Published: May 2020

Low-voltage distribution systems are typically unbalanced. These inefficiencies cause unbalanced powers that can significantly increase the apparent power of the system. Analysing and measuring these inefficient powers appropriately allows us to compensate for them and obtain a more efficient system. Correcting the imbalance at some nodes can worsen the rest of the system; therefore, it is essential that all nodes are analysed such that action can be taken when necessary. In most studies, the unbalanced power is measured from the modulus. Other more recent studies have proposed phasor expressions of unbalanced powers; however, in both cases, these are not enough to address the compensation of unbalanced powers in systems with unbalanced voltages. In this work, a different representation of the vector expressions for analysis of the unbalanced powers and the apparent powers of the three-phase linear systems is proposed. Additionally, these vector expressions are extended to nonlinear systems to quantify the harmonic apparent powers. These expressions have been formulated from the power of Buchholz and are valid for systems with unbalanced voltages and currents. To help understand the use of the proposed formulation, a practical case of a three-phase four-wire system with unbalanced loads and voltages is demonstrated.
Experimental Investigation of Chloride Uptake Performances of Hydrocalumite-Like Ca-Al LDHs with Different Microstructures
Authors: Zhang Shupeng , Yu Feng , He Wenting , Zheng Dapeng , Cui Hongzhi , Lv Leyang , Tang Waiching , Han Ningxu
Published: May 2020

In this study, hydrocalumite-like Ca2Al-NO3− layered double hydroxides (Ca-Al LDHs) with different microstructures were synthesized. The crystalline properties, structure composition, morphology and particle size distribution of the Ca-Al LDH (CAL) samples were illustrated. To obtain the chloride uptake performances of CAL, the influences of contact time, initial concentration of Cl−, pH of reaction solution and coexistence anions on the chloride uptake were examined systematically. Compared to the CAL samples obtained at a higher aging temperature, CAL synthesized at 60 °C demonstrated the minimum average particle size (6.148 μm) and the best Cl− adsorption capacity (211.324 mg/g). Based on the test results, the main adsorption mechanism of chloride ion on CAL was recognized as an interlayer anion exchanging reaction other than the dissolution-precipitate mode. With the increase in the pH value of reaction solution from 7 to 13, it was found that the amount of chloride ion adsorbed by CAL increased slightly, and the solution could remain at relatively high pH value even after the adsorption. The presence of CO32− and SO42− reduced the adsorption capacity of CAL dramatically as compared with OH− due to the destruction of layered structure and the formation of precipitates (CaCO3 or CaSO4). The interference sequence of the investigated anions on the chloride uptake of CAL was SO42−, CO32− and OH−, and the order of interlayer anionic affinity was Cl− > OH− > NO3−. The results illustrated that the synthesized CAL could be used as a promising chloride ion adsorbent for the corrosion inhibition of reinforcement embedded cement-based materials.
Carbonate-Based Lanthanum Strontium Cobalt Ferrite (LSCF)–Samarium-Doped Ceria (SDC) Composite Cathode for Low-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: S.A. Muhammed Ali , Raharjo Jarot , Anwar Mustafa , Khaerudini Deni Shidqi , Muchtar Andanastuti , Spiridigliozzi Luca , Somalu Mahendra Rao
Published: May 2020

Perovskite-based composite cathodes, La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (LSCF)–Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9-carbonate (SDCC), were investigated as cathode materials for low-temperature solid-oxide fuel cells. The LSCF was mixed with the SDC–carbonate (SDCC) composite electrolyte at different weight percentages (i.e., 30, 40, and 50 wt %) to prepare the LSCF–SDCC composite cathode. The effect of SDCC composite electrolyte content on the diffraction pattern, microstructure, specific surface area, and electrochemical performances of the LSCF–SDCC composite cathode were evaluated. The XRD pattern revealed that the SDCC phase diffraction peaks vary according to its increasing addition to the system. The introduction of SDCCs within the composite cathode did not change the LSCF phase structure and its specific surface area. However, the electrical performance of the realized cell drastically changed with the increase of the SDCC content in the LSCF microstructure. This drastic change can be ascribed to the poor in-plane electronic conduction at the surface of the LSCF cathode layer due to the presence of the insulating phase of SDC and molten carbonate. Among the cathodes investigated, LSCF–30SDCC showed the best cell performance, exhibiting a power density value of 60.3–75.4 mW/cm2 at 600 °C to 650 °C.
Comparison of Two Models to Estimate Deposition of Fungi and Bacteria in the Human Respiratory Tract
Authors: Sagona Jessica A. , Secondo Lynn E. , Mainelis Gediminas
Published: May 2020

Understanding the deposition of bioaerosols in the respiratory system may help determine the risk of disease; however, measuring deposition fraction in-situ is difficult. Computational models provide estimates of particle deposition fraction for given breathing and particle parameters; however, these models traditionally have not focused on bioaerosols. We calculated deposition fractions in an average-sized adult with a new bioaerosol-specific lung deposition model, BAIL, and with two multiple-path models for three different breathing scenarios: “default” (subject sitting upright and breathing nasally), “light exercise”, and “mouth breathing”. Within each scenario, breathing parameters and bioaerosol characteristics were kept the same across all three models. BAIL generally calculated a higher deposition fraction in the extrathoracic (ET) region and a lower deposition fraction in the alveolar region than the multiple-path models. Deposition fractions in the tracheobronchial region were similar among the three models; total deposition fraction patterns tended to be driven by the ET deposition fraction, with BAIL resulting in higher deposition in some scenarios. The difference between deposition fractions calculated by BAIL and other models depended on particle size, with BAIL generally indicating lower total deposition for bacteria-sized bioaerosols. We conclude that BAIL predicts somewhat lower deposition and, potentially, reduced risk of illness from smaller bioaerosols that cause illness due to deposition in the alveolar region. On the other hand, it suggests higher deposition in the ET region, especially for light exercise and mouth-breathing scenarios. Additional comparisons between the models for other breathing scenarios, people’s age, and different bioaerosol particles will help improve our understanding of bioaerosol deposition.
Characteristics of Raindrop Size Distribution on the Eastern Slope of the Tibetan Plateau in Summer
Authors: Wang Yingjue , Zheng Jiafeng , Cheng Zhigang , Wang Bingyun
Published: May 2020

Precipitation microphysics over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) remain insufficiently understood, due to the lack of observations and studies. This paper presents a comprehensive investigation of the raindrop size distribution (DSD) for rainfall that happened on the eastern slope of TP in summer. DSD differences between different rain types and under different rain rates are investigated. Confidential empirical relationships between the gamma shape and slope parameters, and between reflectivity and rain rate are proposed. DSD properties in this area are also compared with those in other areas. The results indicate that the stratiform and convective rains contribute to different rain duration and amount, with diverse rainfall macro- and microphysical properties. The rain spectra of two rain types can become broader with higher concentrations as the rain rate increases. DSDs in this area are different to those in other areas. The stratiform DSD is narrower than that in the non-plateau area. The two rain types of this area both have higher number concentrations for 0.437–1.625 mm raindrops than those of the mid-TP. The relationships of shape–slope parameters and reflectivity–rain rate in this area are also different from those in other areas. The rain spectra in this area can produce a larger slope parameter under the same shape parameter than in the mid-TP. The convective rain can produce a smaller rain rate under the same reflectivity. The accuracy proposed reflectivity–rain rate relationship in application to quantitative rainfall estimation is also discussed. The results show that the relationship has an excellent performance when the rain rate exceeds 1 mm h−1.
Phytochemical and Biological Screening of Oenothera biennis L. Hydroalcoholic Extract
Authors: Fecker Ramona , Buda Valentina , Alexa Ersilia , Avram Stefana , Pavel Ioana Zinuca , Muntean Delia , Cocan Ileana , Watz Claudia , Minda Daliana , Dehelean Cristina Adriana , Soica Codruta , Danciu Corina
Published: May 2020

Oenothera biennis L. (OB), also commonly known as evening primrose, belongs to the Onagraceae family and has the best studied biological activity of all the members in the family. In therapy, the most frequently used type of extracts are from the aerial part, which are the fatty oils obtained from the seeds and have a wide range of medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical composition and biological activity of OB hydroalcoholic extract and to provide directions for the antimicrobial effect, antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic potential against A375 melanoma cell line, and anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory capacity. The main polyphenols and flavonoids identified were gallic acid, caffeic acid, epicatechin, coumaric acid, ferulic acid, rutin and rosmarinic acid. The total phenolic content was 631.496 µgGAE/mL of extract and the antioxidant activity was 7258.67 μmolTrolox/g of extract. The tested extract had a mild bacteriostatic effect on the tested bacterial strains. It was bactericidal only against Candida spp. and S. aureus. In the set of experimental conditions, the OB extract only manifested significant antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activity against the A375 human melanoma cell line at the highest tested concentration, namely 60 μg/mL. The migration potential of A375 cells was hampered by the OB extract in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, at the highest tested concentration, the OB extract altered the mitochondrial function in vitro, while reducing the angiogenic reaction, hindering compact tumor formation in the chorioallantoic membrane assay. Moreover, the OB extract elicited an anti-inflammatory effect on the experimental animal model of ear inflammation.
Reduce, Reuse and Recycle in Protein Chromatography: Development of an Affinity Adsorbent from Waste Paper and Its Application for the Purification of Proteases from Fish By-Products
Authors: Premetis Georgios E. , Labrou Nikolaos E.
Published: May 2020

In the present study, we report the development of a cellulose-based affinity adsorbent and its application for the purification of proteases from fish by-products. The affinity adsorbent was synthesized using cellulose microfibers as the matrix, isolated from recycled newspapers using the acid precipitation method. As an affinity ligand, the triazine dye Cibacron Blue 3GA (CB3GA) was used and immobilized directly onto the cellulose microfibers. Absorption equilibrium studies and frontal affinity chromatography were employed to evaluate the chromatographic performance of the adsorbent using as model proteins bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme (LYS). Absorption equilibrium studies suggest that the adsorption of both proteins obeys the Langmuir isotherm model. The kinetics of adsorption obey the pseudo-second-order model. The affinity adsorbent was applied for the development of a purification procedure for proteases from Sparus aurata by-products (stomach and pancreas). A single-step purification protocol for trypsin and chymotrypsin was developed and optimized. The protocol afforded enzymes with high yields suitable for technical and industrial purposes.
Building Information Modelling (BIM) to Enhance Occupational Safety in Construction Activities: Research Trends Emerging from One Decade of Studies
Authors: Fargnoli Mario , Lombardi Mara
Published: May 2020

In recent years, the use of new technologies is rapidly transforming the way working activities are managed and carried out. In the construction industry, in particular, the use of Building Information Modelling (BIM) is ever increasing as a means to improve the performances of numerous activities. In such a context, several studies have proposed BIM as a key process to augment occupational safety effectively, considering that the construction industry still remains one of the most hazardous working sectors. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the recent research addressing the use of BIM to improve construction safety. A systematic review was performed considering journal papers that appeared in literature in the last decade. The results showed that the most viable and promising research directions concern knowledge-based solutions, design for safety improvement through BIM solutions, transversal applications of BIM, and dynamic visualization and feedback. The findings of this study also indicated that more practical BIM applications are needed, especially focusing on safety training and education, the use of BIM to augment safety climate and resilience, and the development of quantitative risk analysis to better support safety management. Overall, the study provided a comprehensive research synthesis augmenting knowledge on the role of BIM-based tools in construction safety, which can be considered a reference framework to enhance workers’ safety by means of these new technologies.
Specialized Olefin Metathesis Catalysts Featuring Unsymmetrical N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands Bearing N-(Fluoren-9-yl) Arm
Authors: Jolly Phillip I. , Marczyk Anna , Małecki Paweł , Trzybiński Damian , Woźniak Krzysztof , Kajetanowicz Anna , Grela Karol
Published: May 2020

Beneficial structural motifs from two known state-of-the-art olefin metathesis catalysts types, bearing unsymmetrical N-heterocyclic carbenes (uNHCs), were combined into a new hybridized design thereby translating the complementary beneficial reactivity demonstrated by their ‘parent’ complexes to the new N-fluorene derived olefin metathesis catalysts. Two chelating 2-iso-propoxy-benzylidene (Hoveyda-type) and two 3-phenyl-1H-inden-1-ylidene (indenylidene-type) complexes were successfully prepared by in situ generation of either the N′-mesityl (Mes) or N′-diisopropylphenyl (Dipp) derived uNHCs taking advantage of the thermal decomposition of the corresponding 2-(penta-fluorophenyl)-imidazolidines (NHC adducts). The new fluorene-derived catalysts mediate challenging olefin metathesis processes, such as α-olefin self-metathesis, with high selectivity and conversion.
The Influence of NIR Pigments on Coil Coatings’ Thermal Behaviors
Authors: Rossi Stefano , Calovi Massimo , Dalpiaz Domenico , Fedel Michele
Published: May 2020

The effect of over-heating in urban areas, called the urban heat island effect (UHI effect), is responsible for greater energy consumption for cooling buildings. Several reflective near-infrared (NIR) coatings, called cool coatings have proved to be effective for contrasting the UHI effect. The thermal and appearance properties of cool coatings depend on the color and they often have been studied only at the initial state, without undergoing atmospheric degradation and soiling. In this work, the thermal, visual and durability behaviors of red and brown polyester-based organic coatings for roof applications were studied. All samples were subjected to accelerated degradation cycles composed of UV-B and salt spray chamber exposure. The sample degradation was assessed by infrared spectroscopy, gloss and colorimetric analyses. Moreover, the thermal behavior was studied by means of a simplified experimental setup. Finally, a soiling and weathering test was conducted to simulate the soiling of three years’ external exposure. Despite the phenomena of chemical degradation and a decrease in aesthetic properties, the samples maintain their thermal performance, which is not even influenced by dirt products. In addition, NIR pigments significantly improve the thermal behavior of brown coatings.
Effect of Tantalum Addition on Properties of Cu–Zr–Based Thin Film Metallic Glasses (TFMGs)
Authors: Achache Sofiane , Sanchette Frederic
Published: May 2020

Cu–Zr–Ta ternary thin film metallic glasses (TFMGs) were deposited through the direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering of pure metallic targets in a dynamic mode. The effect of tantalum addition on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and thermal behavior of TFMGs were investigated. Nanoindentation measurements showed that an increase in tantalum content from 0 to 47 at % favored hardness and Young’s modulus, which rose from 5.8 to 11.23 Gpa and from 90 to 136 Gpa, respectively. XRD analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements highlighted an improvement of thermal stability with the tantalum addition from 377 to 582 °C when the tantalum content increased from 0 to 31 at %.
Combined Modeling of the Optical Anisotropy of Porous Thin Films
Authors: Grigoriev F. V. , Sulimov V. B. , Tikhonravov A.V.
Published: May 2020

In this article, a combined approach for studying the optical anisotropy of porous thin films obtained by the glancing angle deposition is presented. This approach combines modeling on the atomistic and continuum levels. First, thin films clusters are obtained using the full-atomistic molecular dynamics simulation of the deposition process. Then, these clusters are represented as a medium with anisotropic pores, the shapes parameters of which are determined using the Monte Carlo based method. The difference in the main components of the refractive index is calculated in the framework of the anisotropic Bruggeman effective medium theory. The presented approach is tested and validated by comparing the analytical and simulation results for the model problems, and then is applied to silicon dioxide thin films. It is found that the maximum difference between the main components of the refractive index is 0.035 in a film deposited at an angle of 80°. The simulation results agree with the experimental data reported in the literature.
Silk Fibroin-Based Hybrid Nanostructured Coatings for Titanium Implantable Surfaces Modification
Authors: Popescu Simona , Zarif Maria-Elena , Dumitriu Cristina , Ungureanu Camelia , Pirvu Cristian
Published: May 2020

This study proposes the development of new architectures that combine nanostructured titanium surface and biodegradable polymers as a promising approach to achieve a better performance after bioactive agent incorporation. The silk fibroin protein that was extracted from silkworm Bombyx mori cocoons is important due to the remarkable characteristics, such as biocompatibility, good mechanical properties, adjustable degradation and drug stabilizing capabilities. The titanium substrate was firstly nanostructurated with TiO2 nanotubes and then coated with silk fibroin using electrospinning and electrochemical deposition. The deposited silk film ability to become a bioactive implant coating with antibacterial properties after the encapsulation of the active agents such as CeO2 was investigated. Important features of the new implant coating were analysed: surface properties, electrochemical stability in physiological simulated electrolytes, and antibacterial action against Escherichia coli. The obtained results indicate that silk fibroin bioactive layers are a potential candidate for regenerative medicine.
Induced Spirals in Polyethylene Terephthalate Films Irradiated with Ar Ions with an Energy of 70 MeV
Authors: Tuleushev Adil Z. , Zdorovets Maxim V. , Kozlovskiy Artem L. , Harrison Fiona Erica
Published: May 2020

This paper presents the results of a study of the ordering in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film induced by Ar8+ ions with an irradiation fluence of 2 × 1012 ions/cm2, and of the temporal stability of the induced ordering in the irradiated sample, over a three month period. Immediately after irradiation, sharp new reflections not seen at lower fluences were observed in X-ray diffraction patterns, with angular positions of 2 θ = 9–10° and 19° and variable azimuthal intensities. X-ray reflections, previously observed at lower fluences, were also seen: at 2 θ = 26° and 23°, associated with PET crystallites, and at 2 θ = 5–12°, associated with induced ordering in the amorphous zone. Aging of the irradiated sample led to significant growth of the ordering region in the amorphous zone for angles up to 2 θ < 15°, as well as to dissipation and blurring of the new diffraction reflections at 2 θ = 9–10° and 2 θ = 19° and the formation of a new diffraction ring reflection in the range 2 θ = 11–16°. The azimuthal distribution of diffraction reflection intensities immediately after irradiation displays a clear oblique cross located predominantly along lines at angles of π/4 with respect to the direction of the texture of the PET film, indicating the formation of spiral structures based on the molecular strands of PET. Our experimental results lead us to conclude that the formation of coherent scattering areas in the amorphous region at 2 θ < 15° is due to intra-chain rotations of benzene-carboxyl subunits of repeat units of the PET chain molecules interacting with the residual electric field of a single latent track; whereas the formation of spiral structures is due to the inter-chain interaction of these preordered asymmetric subunits under the influence of the electric fields from overlapping latent tracks.
LaxPr4−xNi3O10−δ: Mixed A-Site Cation Higher-Order Ruddlesden-Popper Phase Materials as Intermediate-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathodes
Authors: Yatoo Mudasir A. , Du Zhihong , Yang Zhang , Zhao Hailei , Skinner Stephen J.
Published: May 2020

Systematic studies of the air electrode and full solid oxide fuel cell performance of La3PrNi3O9.76, and La2Pr2Ni3O9.65 n = 3 Ruddlesden–Popper phases are reported. These phases were found to adopt orthorhombic symmetry with a decrease in lattice parameters on increasing Pr content, consistent with the solid solution series end members. From electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements of symmetrical cells, the electrodes were found to possess area specific resistances of 0.07 Ω cm2 for the La2Pr2Ni3O9.65 cathode and 0.10 Ω cm2 for the La3PrNi3O9.76 cathode at 750 °C, representing a significant improvement on previously reported compositions. This significant improvement in performance is attributed to the optimisation of the electrode microstructure, introduction of an electrolyte interlayer and the resulting improved adhesion of the electrode layer. Following this development, the new electrode materials were tested for their single-cell performance, with the maximum power densities obtained for La2Pr2Ni3O9.65 and La3PrNi3O9.76 being 390 mW cm−2 and 400 mW cm−2 at 800 °C, respectively. As these single-cell measurements were based on thick electrolytes, there is considerable scope to enhance over cell performance in future developments.
Luminescence Efficiency of Cadmium Tungstate (CdWO4) Single Crystal for Medical Imaging Applications
Authors: Michail Christos , Koukou Vaia , Martini Niki , Saatsakis George , Kalyvas Nektarios , Bakas Athanasios , Kandarakis Ioannis , Fountos George , Panayiotakis George , Valais Ioannis
Published: May 2020

Background: In this study, the light output of a cadmium tungstate (CdWO4) single crystal was measured under various X-ray radiographic energies. Methods: A CdWO4 single crystal (10 × 10 × 10 mm3) was exposed to X-rays in the 50–130 kVp range. Measurements were evaluated against published data for single crystals of equal dimensions (CaF2:Eu and Lu3Al5O12:Ce). Since the crystal was examined for application in medical imaging detectors, the emitted optical spectrum was classified with respect to the spectral compatibility of numerous commercial optical sensors. Results: The luminescence efficiency (LE) was found to constantly increase with X-ray energy and was higher than that of CaF2:Eu for energies above 90 kVp. However, the efficiency of the previously published Lu3Al5O12:Ce was found to be constantly higher than that of CdWO4. The light emitted from CdWO4 can be optimally detected by certain charge-coupled devices (CCDs), amorphous silicon photodiodes, and photocathodes. Conclusions: The high density (7.9 g/cm3) of CdWO4 and the luminescence signal of this material make it suitable for medical imaging (such as dual energy), high-energy physics or for applications of scintillators in harsh environments.
Shear Wave Elastography to Guide Perineural Hydrodissection: Two Case Reports
Authors: Su Daniel Chiung-Jui , Chang Ke-Vin , Lam Stanley K. H.
Published: May 2020

Radial nerve palsy is not uncommon after humeral shaft fractures. Ultrasound-guided hydrodissection is an emerging treatment for nerve entrapment. Two cases of radial nerve injury after humeral shaft fractures with plate fixation are presented. Shear wave elastography was used to identify hardened scars surrounding the nerve, causing entrapment. These areas were marked on the skin as targets for ultrasound-guided hydrodissection. Each patient experienced full recovery of their radial nerve function. Shear wave elastography may be used to precisely identify sites of neural entrapment by scar tissue and accurately guide perineural hydrodissection, particularly in complex postoperative cases.
Circulatory Astrocyte and Neuronal EVs as Potential Biomarkers of Neurological Dysfunction in HIV-Infected Subjects and Alcohol/Tobacco Users
Authors: Kodidela Sunitha , Gerth Kelli , Sinha Namita , Kumar Asit , Kumar Prashant , Kumar Santosh
Published: May 2020

The diagnosis of neurocognitive disorders associated with HIV infection, alcohol, and tobacco using CSF or neuroimaging are invasive or expensive methods, respectively. Therefore, extracellular vesicles (EVs) can serve as reliable noninvasive markers due to their bidirectional transport of cargo from the brain to the systemic circulation. Hence, our objective was to investigate the expression of astrocytic (GFAP) and neuronal (L1CAM) specific proteins in EVs circulated in the plasma of HIV subjects, with and without a history of alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking. The protein expression of GFAP (p < 0.01) was significantly enhanced in plasma EVs obtained from HIV-positive subjects and alcohol users compared to healthy subjects, suggesting enhanced activation of astrocytes in those subjects. The L1CAM expression was found to be significantly elevated in cigarette smokers (p < 0.05). However, its expression was not found to be significant in HIV subjects and alcohol users. Both GFAP and L1CAM levels were not further elevated in HIV-positive alcohol or tobacco users compared to HIV-positive nonsubstance users. Taken together, our data demonstrate that the astrocytic and neuronal-specific markers (GFAP and L1CAM) can be packaged in EVs and circulate in plasma, which is further elevated in the presence of HIV infection, alcohol, and/or tobacco. Thus, the astroglial marker GFAP and neuronal marker L1CAM may represent potential biomarkers targeting neurological dysfunction upon HIV infection and/or alcohol/tobacco consumption.
Content-Based and Cognitive-Linguistic Analysis of Cell Membrane Biology: Educational Reconstruction of Scientific Conceptions
Authors: Johann Leonie , Groß Jorge , Messig Denis , Rusk Fredrik
Published: May 2020

By means of their pivotal role in the outbreak of a variety of diseases, such as, recently, COVID-19, the molecular aspects of cell membrane function have gained considerable attention from researchers in recent decades. The resulting information explosion and the growing interdisciplinary character of cell biology seems, however, to not be represented in science classrooms. Hence, there appears to be a gap between what is scientifically known and what is actually taught in classrooms. Framed by the model of educational reconstruction (MER), the aim of our study is therefore to identify scientific core ideas of cell membrane biology from an educational point of view. This is achieved by conducting qualitative content analysis of relevant cell biology literature. By using Conceptual Metaphor as a theory of understanding, we additionally illuminate the experiential grounding of scientific conceptions. Our results propose that cell membrane biology can be structured into three core ideas, comprising compartmentalisation, physical and chemical properties, and multicellular coordination interrelated by evolution as a key aspect. Our results show that scientists conceive these ideas metaphorically. Embodied part-whole relations seem, for example, to lay the grounds for their understanding of biological function. The outcomes of the study may inform future cell membrane teaching.
Evaluation of Robust Spatial Pyramid Pooling Based on Convolutional Neural Network for Traffic Sign Recognition System
Authors: Dewi Christine , Chen Rung-Ching , Tai Shao-Kuo
Published: May 2020

Traffic sign recognition (TSR) is a noteworthy issue for real-world applications such as systems for autonomous driving as it has the main role in guiding the driver. This paper focuses on Taiwan’s prohibitory sign due to the lack of a database or research system for Taiwan’s traffic sign recognition. This paper investigates the state-of-the-art of various object detection systems (Yolo V3, Resnet 50, Densenet, and Tiny Yolo V3) combined with spatial pyramid pooling (SPP). We adopt the concept of SPP to improve the backbone network of Yolo V3, Resnet 50, Densenet, and Tiny Yolo V3 for building feature extraction. Furthermore, we use a spatial pyramid pooling to study multi-scale object features thoroughly. The observation and evaluation of certain models include vital metrics measurements, such as the mean average precision (mAP), workspace size, detection time, intersection over union (IoU), and the number of billion floating-point operations (BFLOPS). Our findings show that Yolo V3 SPP strikes the best total BFLOPS (65.69), and mAP (98.88%). Besides, the highest average accuracy is Yolo V3 SPP at 99%, followed by Densenet SPP at 87%, Resnet 50 SPP at 70%, and Tiny Yolo V3 SPP at 50%. Hence, SPP can improve the performance of all models in the experiment.
Wireless Sensor Network for Ignitions Detection: An IoT approach
Authors: Brito Thadeu , Pereira Ana I. , Lima José , Valente António
Published: May 2020

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) can be used to acquire environmental variables useful for decision-making, such as agriculture and forestry. Installing a WSN on the forest will allow the acquisition of ecological variables of high importance on risk analysis and fire detection. The presented paper addresses two types of WSN developed modules that can be used on the forest to detect fire ignitions using LoRaWAN to establish the communication between the nodes and a central system. The collaboration between these modules generate a heterogeneous WSN; for this reason, both are designed to complement each other. The first module, the HTW, has sensors that acquire data on a wide scale in the target region, such as air temperature and humidity, solar radiation, barometric pressure, among others (can be expanded). The second, the 5FTH, has a set of sensors with point data acquisition, such as flame ignition, humidity, and temperature. To test HTW and 5FTH, a LoRaWAN communication based on the Lorix One gateway is used, demonstrating the acquisition and transmission of forest data (simulation and real cases). Even in internal or external environments, these results allow validating the developed modules. Therefore, they can assist authorities in fighting wildfire and forest surveillance systems in decision-making.
Neuro-Fuzzy-Based Model Predictive Energy Management for Grid Connected Microgrids
Authors: Ulutas Ahsen , Altas Ismail Hakki , Onen Ahmet , Ustun Taha Selim
Published: May 2020

With constant population growth and the rise in technology use, the demand for electrical energy has increased significantly. Increasing fossil-fuel-based electricity generation has serious impacts on environment. As a result, interest in renewable resources has risen, as they are environmentally friendly and may prove to be economical in the long run. However, the intermittent character of renewable energy sources is a major disadvantage. It is important to integrate them with the rest of the grid so that their benefits can be reaped while their negative impacts can be mitigated. In this article, an energy management algorithm is recommended for a grid-connected microgrid consisting of loads, a photovoltaic (PV) system and a battery for efficient use of energy. A model predictive control-inspired approach for energy management is developed using the PV power and consumption estimation obtained from daylight solar irradiation and temperature estimation of the same area. An energy management algorithm, which is based on a neuro-fuzzy inference system, is designed by determining the possible operating states of the system. The proposed system is compared with a rule-based control strategy. Results show that the developed control algorithm ensures that microgrid is supplied with reliable energy while the renewable energy use is maximized.
Glacier–Permafrost Interaction at a Thrust Moraine Complex in the Glacier Forefield Muragl, Swiss Alps
Authors: Kunz Julius , Kneisel Christof
Published: May 2020

The internal structures of a moraine complex mostly provide information about the manner in which they develop and thus they can transmit details about several processes long after they have taken place. While the occurrence of glacier–permafrost interactions during the formation of large thrust moraine complexes at polar and subpolar glaciers as well as at marginal positions of former ice sheets has been well understood, their role in the formation of moraines on comparatively small alpine glaciers is still very poorly investigated. Therefore, the question arises as to whether evidence of former glacier–permafrost interactions can still be found in glacier forefields of small alpine glaciers and to what extent these differ from the processes in finer materials at larger polar or subpolar glaciers. To investigate this, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys were carried out in the area of a presumed alpine thrust moraine complex in order to investigate internal moraine structures. The ERT data confirmed the presence of a massive ice core within the central and proximal parts of the moraine complex. Using GPR, linear internal structures were detected, which were interpreted as internal shear planes due to their extent and orientation. These shear planes lead to the assumption that the moraine complex is of glaciotectonic origin. Based on the detected internal structures and the high electrical resistivity values, it must also be assumed that the massive ice core is of sedimentary or polygenetic origin. The combined approach of the two methods enabled the authors of this study to detect different internal structures and to deduce a conceptual model of the thrust moraine formation.
Are We Ready for the Challenge of Banks 4.0? Designing a Roadmap for Banking Systems in Industry 4.0
Authors: Mehdiabadi Amir , Tabatabeinasab Mariyeh , Spulbar Cristi , Karbassi Yazdi Amir , Birau Ramona
Published: May 2020

The purpose of the present paper is to provide an advanced overview of the practical applications of Banking 4.0 in Industry 4.0. This paper examines the technology trends in the Fourth Industrial Revolution and identifies the key indicators behind the creation of a strategic map for the fourth-generation banks and their readiness to enter Industry 4.0. This paper examines a systematic review of fully integrated Banking 4.0 and the application of the technologies of Industry 4.0 and illustrates a distinct pattern of integration of Banking 4.0 and Industry 4.0. One of the prominent features of this article is the performance of successful global banks in applying these technologies. The results showed that Banking 4.0 in Industry 4.0 is an integrative value creation system consisting of six design principles and 14 technology trends. The roadmap designed for banks to enter Industry 4.0 and how they work with industrial companies will be a key and important guide.
Interactions of Metarhizium brunneum-7 with Phytophagous Mites Following Different Application Strategies
Authors: Ment Dana , Raman Sukirtha , Gal Shira , Ezra David , Palevsky Eric
Published: May 2020

Metarhizium brunneum is a generalist entomopathogenic fungus known to be virulent against Acari. We investigated Metarhizium brunneum-7 (Mb7) interactions in three systems of phytophagous mites and their respective plant hosts: Volkamer lemon (Citrus volkameriana) and the citrus rust mite Phyllocoptruta oleivora; common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and the two-spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae; and spring onion (Allium cepa) and the bulb mite Rhizoglyphus robini. All three mite species were susceptible to directly applied Mb7 conidia. Results obtained using the standard method for studying endophytic colonization vs. live confocal imaging of plant tissues using the green fluorescent protein (GFP)-transformed fungus differed markedly, demonstrating that microscopy validation was more definite than the standard process of recovery from plant tissue. Endophytic colonization was observed in conidium-infiltrated citrus leaves and in roots of onion plants treated with soil-drenched conidia, but not in common bean treated by either spray or drench of conidia. Endophytic colonization of citrus leaves did not affect the citrus mite population. Drench application in common bean reduced two-spotted mite population. Similarly, drench application in onion reduced bulb mite population. This study emphasizes the importance of the host plant effects on Mb7 control efficacy of mite pests, and the merits of live-imaging techniques in studying endophytic interaction.
Numerical Simulation of Cross-Flow Vortex-Induced Vibration of Hexagonal Cylinders with Face and Corner Orientations at Low Reynolds Number
Authors: Piran Farid , Karampour Hassan , Woodfield Peter
Published: May 2020

Vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) of hexagonal cylinders at Reynolds number of 1000 and mass ratio of 2 are studied numerically. In the numerical model, the Navier–Stokes equations are solved using finite volume method, and the fluid-structure interaction (FSI) is modelled using Arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) Scheme. The numerical model accounts for the cross-flow vibration of the cylinders, and is validated against published experimental and numerical results. In order to account for different angles of attack, the hexagonal cylinders are studied in the corner and face orientations. The results are compared with the published results of circular and square cylinders. Current results show that within the studied range of reduced velocities (up to 20), unlike circular and square cylinders, no lock-in response is observed in the hexagonal cylinders. The maximum normalized VIV amplitudes of the hexagonal cylinders are 0.45, and are significantly lower than those of circular and square cylinders. Vortex shedding regimes of the corner-oriented hexagons are mostly irregular. However, in the face-oriented hexagons, the shedding modes are more similar to the typical P + S and 2P modes.
Wireless Networks for Traffic Light Control on Urban and Aerotropolis Roads
Authors: Cunha João , Batista Nelson , Cardeira Carlos , Melicio Rui
Published: May 2020

This paper presents a traffic light system based on wireless communication that provides a support infrastructure for intelligent control in the context of smart cities and aerotropolis areas. An aerotropolis is a metropolitan subregion with an infrastructure centered an airport. Traffic intensity is increasing all over the world. Intelligent dynamic traffic light system control is being sought to replace classic conventional manual and time-based systems. In this work, a wireless sensor network is designed and implemented to feed real-time data into an intelligent traffic light system control. A physical prototype is implemented for experimental validation outside the laboratory environment. The physical prototype shows robustness against unexpected issues and local failures. The results are positive in terms of the scope of experience gained, and there is potential for these tests to be extended to larger areas.
Alkali-Activated Slag Paste with Different Mixing Water: A Comparison Study of Early-Age Paste Using Electrical Resistivity
Authors: Jun Yubin , Bae Young Hwan , Shin Tae Yong , Kim Jae Hong , Yim Hong Jae
Published: May 2020

This paper reports the electrical resistivity measurements on KOH-activated ground-granulated blast-furnace slag, which was mixed with deionized water or natural seawater at three different activator-to-binder ratios (0.4, 0.45, and 0.5). Compressive strength and X-ray diffraction analyses were performed on the samples after the measurement. The type of mixing water did not affect the setting time of samples, whereas the setting time was delayed with an increase in activator-to-binder (a/b) ratio. Regardless of the mixing water type, the increasing ratio of electrical resistivity between a/b 0.45 and 0.5 was larger than that between a/b 0.4 and 0.45. For the same a/b ratio, the pastes mixed with seawater produced higher electrical resistivity and early strength than those with deionized water. The increase in the electrical resistivity in seawater-mixed pastes could be attributed to the formation of Cl-bearing phases such as Cl-hydrocalumite, AlOCl, and aluminum chloride hydrate. It is believed that the reaction products in seawater-mixed samples were helpful in preventing water percolation, and thus, the electrical resistivity increased compared with the deionized water-mixed sample.
Resistance of External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems with Rendering (ETICS) to Hail
Authors: Francke Barbara , Zamorowska Renata
Published: May 2020

This paper analyzes the resistance to hail of external thermal insulation composite systems (ETICS), i.e., external thermal insulation of foamed polystyrene with the same finishing coat and various reinforcing mesh and base coats used to make the reinforced layer. The manuscript presents our own new method for assessing ETICS resistance to hail and test results obtained according to this method. The basic premise of the presented new research methodology is evaluation of the thermal insulation system surface damage and fracture toughness, in the function of hit velocity with a polyamide ball with a standardized diameter and weight. The results of hail resistance tests were compared with the values of hard body impact resistance obtained in the tests done according to ETAG 004. Results obtained by the new method help to evaluate precisely the resistance of thermal insulation sets to damage as a result of impact of heavy objects of permanent shape, with greater accuracy than the hard body impact test. They also confirmed that thermal insulation sets with dispersion adhesive in the reinforcement demonstrate greater resistance to damage as a result of hail impact than the sets with cement-based adhesives and that weight of the reinforcing mesh used in the system is not significant to affect the hail resistance.
Statistical Analysis of Grain-Scale Effects of Twinning Deformation for Magnesium Alloys under Cyclic Strain Loading
Authors: Lu Damin , Wang Shuai , Lan Yongting , Zhang Keshi , Li Wujun , Li Qixi
Published: May 2020

To reveal the relationship between grain size and twinning deformation of magnesium alloys under cyclic strain, this study carried out a group of strain-controlled low-cycle fatigue experiments and statistical analysis of microstructures. Experimental results show that the shape of the hysteresis loop exhibits significant asymmetry at different strain amplitudes, and the accumulation of residual twins plays an important role in subsequent cyclic deformation. For the different strain amplitudes, the statistical distribution of the grain size of magnesium alloy approximately follows the Weibull probability function distribution, while the statistical distribution of twin thickness is closer to that of Gaussian probability function. The twin nucleation number (TNN) increases with the increase of grain size, but there is no obvious function relationship between twin thickness and grain size. Twin volume fraction (TVF) increases with the increase of grain size, which is mainly due to the increase of TNN. This work can provide experimental evidence for a more accurate description of the twinning deformation mechanism.