bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A G Index Generalization for Trichotomized Data
Authors: Vegelius Jan
Published: March 2007

Two G index generalizations for trichotomized data are presented, one which permits the use of various weights for the different items and one which does not. As both indices satisfy the requirements of a scalar product between normalized vectors, a Q component analysis may be based on any of them. The indices are also invariant over item reflection.
Two Computer Programs for Vocational Exploration and Assessment Employing Occupational Aspirations
Authors: Haase Richard F.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the development and initial testing of two programs designed to assist in the process of vocational choice. The basis for the programs is a considerable body of research evidence which substantiates that occupational aspirations (expressed choice) is as valid a predictor of a variety of outcome criteria as is any standardized interest inventory. The programs to be described start with the subject's expressed choices and employ a pair-comparison scaling technique to scale the relative desirability of each choice. In addition, work value ratings are imposed upon the scaled occupations as well as upon the subject's stated needs and the estimate of the capacity of an occupation to satisfy those work value needs. A subsidiary program for the student who is vocationally undecided, as well as vocationally uninformed, is also outlined. Initial evaluation of the programs against standardized interest inventories has yielded promising results.
Improving Validity By Testing for Competence: Refinement of a Paradigm and Its Application to the Hearing-Impaired
Authors: Dillon Ronna F.
Published: March 2007

The Raven Coloured Progressive Matrices and a Piagetian battery were administered to 120 hearing-impaired children, ages 6-11 years, under one of two nonelaborative conditions—(1) standard, or (2) simple feedback—or under one of four elaborative conditions—(3) child's "verbalization" after problem solution, (4) verbalization during and after solution, (5) differential feedback, and (6) verbalization during and after solution coupled with differential feedback. The study was designed to (a) establish the differential effects of method of test administration, (b) examine the criterion-related validity of the tests by taking method of test administration into account, and (c) explore the robustness of the paradigm with respect to changes in instruments and populations. Analysis indicated enhanced performance under partially elaborative conditions (3 and 4) as compared to that found for nonelaborative conditions (1 and 2), as well as augmented performance for fully elaborative conditions (5 and 6) as compared to partially elaborative (3 and 4) procedures. All analyses yielded similar findings for both dependent measures. The findings of this investigation may be used as an aid in the development of appropriate diagnostic instruments and procedures, which would in turn enable classroom learning to be maximal. The research findings may also be useful in gaining maximum validity in prediction of school achievement and ability to profit from particular types of instruction.
Empirical Test of the Validity of a Unitary Construct Underlying a Modified Form of the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory
Authors: Da Rocha Bastos Lilia , Alves Alda Judith , Bahiense Vera Maria , Michael William B.
Published: March 2007

Eight items identified as ambiguous in the 16-item Inconditionality of Regard Scale of the Barrett-Lennard Relationship Inventory were rewritten with the purpose of ascertaining whether the resulting scores on this modified scale would exhibit a positive relationship (higher than the previously obtained) with the other three scales that compose the instrument—an outcome that would be hypothesized for an Inventory reflecting a unitary construct of interpersonal behavior in the counselor-client encounter (Rogers, 1967). A sample of 100 subjects responded to its original form and one of 100 to a form with the eight ambiguous items rewritten. As expected in the research hypothesis, the independence of the Inconditionality of Regard Scale decreased significantly in relation to the other scales in the modified form of the instrument as compared with that of the original form. Such a result contributed to the validation of the theory behind the construct interpersonal relationship.
The Development and Preliminary Validation of the Olguin Diagnostic Test of Auditory Perception for Spanish Language-Oriented Children
Authors: Olguin Leonard , Michael William B.
Published: March 2007

For a total sample of 95 first- and second-grade children with a Spanish-language orientation (SPLO) from a conservative middle-class suburban Southern California community, psychometric information is provided for a newly devised auditory perception test for children from an SPLO culture who are attempting to acquire basic reading, writing, and oral skills in standard American English. Involving both discrimination or reception and reproduction or expression of American English sounds in each of six linguistic categories of juncture, consonants, vowels, digraphs, airflow, and intonation, each of the corresponding scales of the auditory measure entitled the Olguin Diagnostic Test of Auditory Perception provides at least a modest estimate of internal-consistency reliability, and many of the scales furnish promise as valid indicators of the potential success of children from SPLO backgrounds in reading English as measured by a standardized achievement test. Additional research and developmental efforts with SPLO children from diverse backgrounds are needed to improve reliability, to enhance empirical validity, and to clarify construct validity of the scales.
The Use of Bayes' Estimates in the Law of Comparative Judgment
Authors: Kaiser Henry F.
Published: March 2007

The use of Bayes' estimates for proportions in the Law of Comparative Judgment is suggested to avoid sample proportions of zero and one.
A Coefficient Alpha Program Allowing Stepwise Item Deletion
Authors: Stock William A. , Elliott Steven D.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a FORTRAN V program which computes coefficient alpha and related statistics. The program has been operating at Arizona State University since August 1976. Input can be raw scores (with or without an answer key) or a variance-covariance matrix. Test items may be deleted and coefficient alpha may be computed after each deletion or after all deletions. Item means and standard deviations, average interitem correlations, and alpha are output.
The Construct Validity of the Leisure Activities Questionnaire and of the Paragraphs About Leisure
Authors: Tinsley Howard E.A. , Kass Richard A.
Published: March 2007

The Leisure Activities Questionnaire (LAQ) and the Paragraphs About Leisure (PAL) were administered to independent samples of undergraduate college students. A multitrait-multimethod matrix was computed to compare the descriptions of ten traits (leisure activities) obtained by using two methods (LAQ and PAL). The multitrait-multimethod matrix was analyzed by employing an ANOVA procedure and a multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis. The two procedures revealed a high degree of convergent and discriminant validity for the two instruments.
An Investigation Into the Validity of Race and Socio-Economic Status as Factors for Equalizing Student Knowledge Along With an Identification of Deficiencies in Knowledge
Authors: Stauffer A.J. , Hinzman Jack
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this study were to corroborate the equality of student assignment, to investigate the validity of race and socio-economic status (SES) as a basis for establishing equality of achievement, and to identify deficiencies in knowledge of disadvantaged students. The sample consisted of 683 first-grade pupils in one southern agricultural county. The Stanford Early School Achievement Test was administered to the entire first-grade class. Race and SES had validity for predicting student knowledge; however, equating race and SES did not equalize knowledge. Disadvantaged pupils with kindergarten experience were not significantly different from the norm group in the subtest of Letters and Sounds, but were significantly lower in Mathematics, Aural Comprehension, and Environment. Research into the role played by observing the environment and by developing concepts in relation to underachievement in disadvantaged students is recommended.
Sampling Distributions for Scores On the Role Construct Repertory Test
Authors: Curry David J. , Menasco Michael
Published: March 2007

Sampling distributions are obtained for scores on the grid form of the Role Construct Repertory Test (Rep Test) using a null hypothe sis of random behavior. Three different scoring rules are considered; the method of tied-ratings based on 6-point scales (Bieri et al., 1966), the method of tied-ratings based on 2-point scales (Scott, 1962) and Fiedler's most preferred person score (Fiedler, 1967). In all three cases the mean and variance of the sampling distribution under Ho are given exactly and the distribution form is shown to be approxi mately normal. The sampling theory is compared to empirical re sults reported by Schneier (1979) for Bieri's rule. The discrepancies between theory and behavior form the basis for the discussion of a few test design issues.
The Factorial Validity of a Modified Rokeach Value Survey for Four Diverse Samples
Authors: Munson J. Michael , Posner Barry Z.
Published: March 2007

This study was concerned with the underlying dimensionality of the Rokeach Value Survey (RVS) when an interval scaling ap proach rather than the customary rank ordering method was used for measurement purposes. Factor structures derived from samples of students, parents, businessmen, and members of a general popu lation clearly indicated the existence of two distinct value categories. Their underlying dimensionality was investigated. Findings also suggested that the RVS may be used to differentiate among these four groups.
Stability of Response, Reliability, and Accuracy of Measurement
Authors: Andrich David
Published: March 2007

A study on response stability when a subject encounters personality inventory items is re-examined in terms of the latent trait model used. This re-examination shows, firstly that the study demonstrates an important type of validity for the application of latent trait models to such items, and secondly that the original recommendations for test construction based on the study require modification. A key aspect of the paper is an amplication of the role that sources of error must play in latent trait models.
The Relative Difficulty Ratio—a Test and Item Index
Authors: Frisbie David A.
Published: March 2007

The Relative Difficulty Ratio (RDR) was developed as an index of test or item difficulty for use in situations in which raw score means or item p-values are not directly comparable because of chance score differences. Computational RDR are described. Data from the literature are used to illustrate applications of the RDR at both the test and item level.
A Regression-Based Linear Classification Procedure
Authors: Lamotte Lynn Roy , McWhorter Archer
Published: March 2007

A linear regression function is developed for use in a classification procedure. The regression function is chosen to minimize the number of misclassifications and, secondarily, to minimize the sum of absolute residuals. In situations where the categories of classification correspond to ranges of values of a criterion variable in one dimension, this linear classification function is easier to interpret than classical discriminant functions. The procedure is applied to faculty merit review data, resulting in an interpretable regression function and within-sample classifications as good as a four-function discriminant analysis.
Selecting the t Best of k Examinees Whose True Score Is Better Than a Standard
Authors: Wilcox Rand R.
Published: March 2007

The paper considers the problem of selecting the t best of k normal populations and simultaneously determining whether the selected populations have a mean larger than a known standard. Illustrations are given for selecting the t best of k examinees when the binomial error model applies.
Factorial Invariance of a Home Environment Measure
Authors: Revicki Dennis
Published: March 2007

This study tests the degree of factor invariance and factor structure replicability of the Family Environment Interview Schedule. Two samples of families from two different cities were included in the study. Four interpretable factors were derived corresponding to educational/occupational expectations, language stimulation, reading/educational activities, and reinforcement of expectations. Evidence suggests that the four factor solution was invariant across both samples with an identical factor structure.
A Comparison of Interscorer Agreement for the Comprehension, Similarities, and Vocabulary Subtests of the WISC and WISC-R
Authors: Cuenot Randall G. , Darbes Alex
Published: March 2007

Thirty-one PhD Clinical Psychologists (Division 12 members of APA) selected from the 1974 American Psychological Association Register of members scored Comprehension, Similarities and Vocabulary subtest items common to the WISC and WISC-R. Twenty-two examiners used WISC criteria and nine examiners used WISC-R criteria. Although percentages of interscorer agreement favored the WISC-R judges, the Wilcoxon's T Statistic for Matched-Pairs Signed-Ranks Test showed no significant statistical support for this trend. However, significant correlations were established indicating that there was an increase of interrater scoring agreement with a corresponding increase of agreement that the responses were determined to be sufficiently inquired for scoring. This suggests that the scoring of these subtests may be less subjective than previously reported.
Simplified Determinations of Statistical Power, Magnitude of Effect and Research Sample Sizes
Authors: Friedman Herbert
Published: March 2007

A concise table based on a general measure of magnitude of effect is presented. This table allows direct determinations of statistical power over a practical range of values and alpha levels. The table also facilitates the setting of the research sample size needed to provide a given degree of power.
Writing Multiple-Choice Items to Measure Higher-Order Educational Objectives
Authors: Aiken Lewis R.
Published: March 2007

Five types of multiple-choice items that can be used to assess higher-order educational objectives are described and examples of each given. These five types of items do not exhaust the possibilities, but they are standard forms which the author has found helpful in writing items to measure more than recognitive memory.
The Predictive Validity of Selected Admissions Variables Relative to Grade Point Average Earned in a Master of Business Administration Program
Authors: Paolillo Joseph G. P.
Published: March 2007

Results of a study undertaken to determine the predictive validity of admission variables used to screen applicants for graduate study in business at a medium sized university are reported. Stepwise linear regression analysis was utilized to identify the variables which explain significant amounts of variance in graduate grade point average (GGPA)—the criterion variable. The study revealed that the following variables explained slightly less than 21 percent of the total variance in GGPA: (1) junior/senior undergraduate grade point average (GPA), (2) Graduate Management Aptitude Test (GMAT) score, (3) full/part-time attendance in the graduate program, (4) number of credit hours required in the Master of Business Administration (MBA) program, (5) undergraduate major, (6) age and (7) pursuance of the MBA at the same institution where the student received the undergraduate degree. Junior/senior GPA, GMAT score, and full vs. part-time attendance in the MBA program were significant at the .01 level.
The Relationship of Ethnic Group Membership to the Measurement and Meaning of Attitudes towards Reading: Implications for Validity of Test Score Interpretations
Authors: Plake Barbara S. , Piersel Wayne C. , Harding Richard E. , Reynolds Cecil R.
Published: March 2007

Scores reflecting the attitudes of fourth, fifth, and sixth-grade Mexican-American and Anglo students about reading were compared to assess the relevance and validity of the Estes Reading Attitude Scale for each group. The validity of application of results from the Estes Reading Attitude Scale when administered to students of differing ethnic backgrounds was examined by considering the factorial complexity of the instrument overall for Anglo and Mexican American children, as well as at three grade levels. The comparability of the internal consistency indices and of factorial structure between ethnic groups within grade levels, and the consistency of item interpretation (or lack of item "bias") between ethnic groups within grade level suggested that scores on the scale afforded a valid means for interpretation of attitudes held by elementary school pupils towards reading irrespective of their ethnic status (Anglo or Mexican-American).
The Relationship between Attitude toward Reading and Reading Achievement
Authors: Swanson Beverly
Published: March 2007

For a sample of 116 first-grade pupils, scores from a reading attitude inventory were correlated .18 (p < .05) with the Reading composite scores on the Metropolitan Achievement Test. Coefficients of .48 (p < .01) and of .32 (p < .01) were also found for females and blacks, respectively. The low degree of correspondences, however, limited the practical significance of the results.
Use of the Binomial Theorem in Interpreting Results of Multiple Tests of Significance
Authors: Cross Edward M. , Chaffin Wilkie W.
Published: March 2007

Often in the social and behavioral sciences, several individual tests of significance are used to determine whether some common or overall hypothesis should be rejected. Thus, it becomes necessary to interpret r significant results out of n tests. Many authors contend that one or more significant results should be interpreted as an overall significant result for the set of tests. The authors of this work suggest that a more appropriate approach would be to use the binomial theorem to compute the probability that r or more Type I errors would occur when all n of the null hypotheses are true, and use this result as the level of overall significance a*. It is shown that in the independent test situation, it is possible to set an action limit r for rejection of the overall hypothesis based on some required overall level of significance a*. In addition, an upper limit is obtained for a* when r significant test results are used to reject a set of n hypotheses when the tests are dependent to an unknown extent.
MHA (Multiple Hierarchical Analysis): An Algorithm for Exploratory and Confirmatory Guttman Scale Analyses
Authors: Hofmann Richard J.
Published: March 2007

MHA (multiple hierarchical analysis), a general Guttman Scaling Algorithm (MHA), is briefly discussed. The MHA algorithm is highly transportable with minimum limitations on number of variables and no limitations on the number of observations. Both confirmatory and exploratory analyses can be performed with the algorithm.
Cohen's Set Correlation: A User's View
Authors: Karpman Mitchell B.
Published: March 2007

Cohen (1982) incorporated two symmetric measures of bimultivariate covariation that are bounded by zero and one. Three distinct partialling models (partial, semipartial, and bipartial) were considered in addition to the general condition of two sets of variables. Partial, semipartial, and bipartial set correlation was explained. Although a series of matrix operations would generate the respective measures of bi-multivariate covariation for the three distinct cases, users may feel encouraged to realize that a major statistical package (BMDP) can generate the measures with limited interaction.
Number of Response Categories and Statistics on a Teacher Rating Scale
Authors: Aiken Lewis R.
Published: March 2007

Each of six forms of a 10-item teacher evaluation rating scale, having 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 response categories per form, was administered to over 100 students at a Pacific Coast college. Means of item responses increased linearly and item variances increased curvilinearly with number of response categories. Internal consistency reliability coefficients (alpha) of total scores did not change systematically with increases in the number of response categories.
Expanding Analytic Possibilities of Rokeach Values Data
Authors: Chapman David W. , Blackburn Robert W. , Austin Ann E. , Hutcheson Sigrid M.
Published: March 2007

The non-parametric nature of Rokeach Value Scale data severely limits the kinds of analyses that currently can be used. This study investigated the validity of Hayes's (1967) formula for converting rank ordered Rokeach Values data to a normal distribution, the distribution theoretically achieved through the use of rated data. Findings support the validity of Hayes's formula and expand the analytic possibilities of data collected on the Rokeach instrument.
A Reciprocity Principle that Permits Profile-Factoring with Very Large Numbers of People
Authors: Nunnally Jum C. , Kotsch William E.
Published: March 2007

Analytical methods of factoring score profiles are impractical to apply to large cross-products matrices of profile similarities. Basic matrix relationships are presented and illustrated which permit computation of loadings of people on factors from the factor analysis of the usually smaller variable by variable cross-products matrix. Some important additional issues are discussed and mathematical relationships are stated, particularly those concerning the rotation of factor axes.
One Iota Fills the Quota: A Paradox in Multifacet Reliability Coefficients
Authors: Conger Anthony J.
Published: March 2007

A paradoxical phenomenon of decreases in reliability as the number of elements averaged over increases is shown to be possible in multifacet reliability procedures (intraclass correlations or generalizability coefficients). Conditions governing this phenomenon are presented along with implications and cautions.
A Closer Look at Latent Trait Parameter Invariance
Authors: Rudner Lawrence M.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between item parameter values obtained from independent Birnbaum (1968) model calibrations of the same item set from two different samples is examined.
Development and Validation of a Foreign Language Attitude Scale
Authors: Raymond Mark R. , Roberts Dennis M.
Published: March 2007

The present studies examined the validity of a new foreign language attitude scale (FLAS). One study compared the validity coefficients of the FLAS with those of ability predictors. The FLAS was correlated .25 with college foreign language (FL) grades, while being essentially orthogonal to most ability predictors. High school GPA was correlated .50 with FL grades. The correlations of FL grades with the total scores and subtest scores on the Modern Language Aptitude Test ranged from .12 to .44. College Board Scholastic Aptitude Verbal and Mathematics sub-test scores were not significantly related to FL grades. Stepwise regression analyses indicated that the FLAS made a significant contribution to the prediction of FL grades. In a second study with a different sample of college students, correlations between the FLAS and standardized measures of FL reading and listening proficiency were in the middle .40s. Although further research is needed, the present findings suggest that the moderate relationship between the FLAS and FL proficiency may be used to augment the validity in the prediction of success in FL courses.
Implementing the Welch-James Procedure with Factorial Designs
Authors: Algina James , Olejnik Stephen F.
Published: March 2007

The Welch-James procedure may be used to test hypotheses on means, when independent samples from populations with heterogeneous variances are available. Until recently the complexity of the available presentations of this procedure limited the application of this procedure. To resolve this state of affairs, summation formulas for the Welch-James procedure are presented for the 2 x 2 design. In addition, matrix formulas that permit routine application of the procedure to crossed factorial designs are presented.
GANOVA: A Univariate/Multivariate Analysis of Variance Program for the Personal Computer
Authors: Brecht M. L. , Woodward J. Arthur
Published: March 2007

This paper describes an interactive microcomputer program that performs the general univariate and multivariate analysis of variance. The system was designed as both a teaching and research tool appropriate to a wide range of user expertise. The paper details program capabilities, input/output procedures, restrictions, availability, as well as the theoretical basis of the approach.
Kappa Reliabilities for Continuous Behaviors and Events
Authors: Conger Anthony J.
Published: March 2007

Cohen's kappa for measuring agreement between two observers using a discrete nominal scale is extended to measuring agreement over time for continuous nominal scales. The continuous kappa coefficient avoids problems encountered by the arbitrary division of real time durations into presence/absence frequencies in discrete intervals. The extension is simple but issues of independence and number of observations pose problems for significance testing.
A Computer Program for the Games-Howell Multiple Comparison Procedure
Authors: Powers Stephen , Lopez Richard L.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a Pascal computer program which performs the Games-Howell procedure for making multiple comparisons among means of groups with unequal variances and unequal ns. Data are read from a text file consisting of means, variances, and sample sizes of the groups.
The Structure of the S-R Inventory of Anxiousness: Further Analysis
Authors: Birenbaum Menucha , Levin Joseph , Montag Itzhak
Published: March 2007

The Endler S-R Inventory of General Trait Anxiousness was analysed employing Smallest Space Analysis and factor analysis. The Smallest Space Analysis yielded a two-dimensional lattice partitioning the space into regions corresponding to the situations and the response clusters. The situations were the ones specified in the inventory: Interpersonal general situation, social evaluation situation, ambiguous or novel situation, and physical danger situation. The evaluative and the ambiguous situations merged in the solution. The responses were segregated into regions defined as approach, confidence, distress, and physiological responses. A general partitioning of the responses on a positive-negative dimension was indicated. The factor-analytic results were similar with respect to situations but were not as informative with respect to responses. Further specification of facets is discussed.
LEAF: A Microcomputer Program for Constructing the Tukey Stem and Leaf Graph
Authors: Pascale Pietro J. , Smith Joseph
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a BASIC microcomputer program that constructs the Tukey (1977) stem and leaf graph. Options within the LEAF program include a modified stem and leaf where the stem is split, and a parallel stem and leaf graph where two separate sets of data are displayed from a common stem.
The Factorial and Predictive Validities of a Revised Measure of Zaichkowsky's Personal Involvement Inventory
Authors: Munson J. Michael , Mcquarrie Edward F.
Published: March 2007

A shortened version of Zaichkowsky's (1985) 20-item Personal Involvement Inventory (Pll) was tested. Termed the Modified Personal Involvement Inventory (MPII), the new 16-item measure is an attempt to purge the PII of items potentially difficult to understand by non-college educated populations. The study investigates the psychometric properties of the MPII, as well as the extent to which the original factors of the Pll are stable with respect to population composition and stimulus objects rated on involvement. Findings from 136 undergraduate and graduate business students showed the revision to be successful. Two factors emerged using varimax rotation. The MPII is on a par with the Pll in its internal consistency reliability, test-retest reliability, and factorial and predictive validity. Tests of predictive validity demonstrated that scores on the MPII were positively related to three consequences of involvement.
Psychometric Properties of Four 5-Point Likert Type Response Scales
Authors: Wyatt Randall C. , Meyers Lawrence S.
Published: March 2007

One hundred and twenty eight subjects responded to one of four differently labeled 5-point Likert-type response scales. Although no significant differences in test means and in reliability estimates were found among response scales, the scales did differ on measures of variability. Subjects using scales with more nearly absolute endpoints tended to concentrate their responses on the middle scale steps; those responding to scales with less nearly absolute endpoints tended to use the scale steps in a more balanced manner. Greater item variance was associated with scales having less rather than more nearly absolute endpoints.
The Relation of Self-Efficacy and Grade Goals to Academic Performance
Authors: Wood Robert E. , Locke Edwin A.
Published: March 2007

Four studies were conducted to examine the relationship between academic self-efficacy and performance in college courses. Measures of academic grade goals and ability were also obtained. The first study was used to select valid items from a larger pool of self-efficacy measures. The items were further revised and the new item set was then tested out on the sample from study 4. A final set of items was selected and the resulting self-efficacy scale replicated on two other samples (studies 2 and 3). Self-efficacy was found to be significantly related to academic performance and to self-set academic grade goals. Grade goals and ability were also related to course performance. These results are consistent with laboratory studies of the relation of self-efficacy and goals to task performance.
Development and Evaluation of Shortcut-Derived Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales
Authors: Champion Cecilia H. , Green Samuel B. , Sauser William I.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate a shortcut method for developing Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS). The developmental method included two novel steps: (a) the performance of judgmental cluster analysis to define scales and (b) the direct placement of behavioral incidents on the scales rather than the use of the retranslation step. Two groups of six students each developed shortcut BARS through using an instructional booklet. The BARS were developed to evaluate teaching performance of college instructors. The sets of shortcut scales constructed by the two groups and a traditionally developed BARS were then distributed randomly to students in nine classes who were asked to evaluate both their class instructors and the instructors in their immediately preceding class. The shortcut scales, in comparison with the traditional BARS, were slightly more reliable. Both sets of scales had approximately the same degree of leniency error. The shortcut scales were in general somewhat less adequate in terms of halo error and discriminant validity, but were almost equivalent on these characteristics after the scales with very low reliabilities had been dropped. The results did not support the use of the judgmental cluster analysis, but did indicate that the retranslation step may not be necessary to develop BARS.
The Scaling of Mood
Authors: Tuckman Bruce W.
Published: March 2007

Five mood thermometers were developed for measuring self-reported tension, confusion, anger, fatigue, and depression among adolescents by using numerical estimation to create adjectives and then subjecting the results to Thurstone scaling. Use of the instrument three times in an exercise study along with the Profile of Mood States provided data for intercorrelations and factor analyses yielding evidence of the reliability and validity of the thermometers as a measure of mood state.
Structure of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking
Authors: Heausler Nancy L. , Thompson Bruce
Published: March 2007

Based on data provided by 132 primary grade children, the study investigated the structure underlying responses to the figural Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking when the revised, streamlined scoring procedures are used. Factor analytic results do not support the recommended score interpretation procedures.
The Impact of Shared Items on the Internal-Structural Validity of the Mcmi
Authors: Lumsden Ernest A.
Published: March 2007

The Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) utilizes a relatively large number of shared items among its 20 scales in maximizing external validity and minimizing the length of the test. This study evaluates the impact of this practice upon assessing the internal-structural validity of the MCMI. Analysis discloses that the relationship among the correlations between scales after extracting shared-item effects is not significantly different from the relationship prior to extraction of these effects. However, because the high percentage of shared items among scales does restrict the minimum magnitude of correlation coefficients among all pairs of scales, correlation coefficients obtained in cross-validation studies are not sufficiently free to vary from correlations obtained with the construction sample. Consequently, it is recommended that as a matter of practice cross-validation of inventories utilizing shared items also make comparisons between correlation coefficients after the effect of shared items has been extracted. A method for doing this task is reported herein.
The Relationship between Intelligence, Honesty, and Theft Admissions
Authors: Werner Steven H. , Jones John W. , Steffy Brian D.
Published: March 2007

Paper-and-pencil integrity tests are used by thousands of companies to assess job applicants' propensity for on-the-job theft. One question that has been continually raised is whether there is a relationship between intelligence and integrity test scores. The present research is a summary of two independent studies of the London House Personnel Selection Inventory (PSI), an instrument designed to identify theft-prone applicants. Across both studies, the results indicated that no significant relationships existed between integrity test scores and either (a) education level of applicants, an unobtrusive measure of intelligence; or (b) scores on Scale B of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16-PF), a valid, albeit brief measure of intellect. While these results should be regarded as preliminary, the general direction of the relationship can be noted.
A Multiple-Methods Approach to the Investigation of WAIS-R Constructs Employing Cluster Analysis
Authors: Fraboni Maryann , Saltstone Robert , Cooper Douglas
Published: March 2007

Seven hierarchical clustering methods were applied to the WAIS-R scaled scores of 121 medical rehabilitation clients. This process was employed to investigate the possibility of method-dependent results and to determine the stability of the clusters. The WAIS-R number-of-factors issue was addressed by examining the agglom-eration procedure when data were at a three-cluster stage, followed by a two-cluster stage. Results were found to vary with the method employed; a gross difference in cluster structures was obtained from three of the seven methods. The traditional two-factor interpretation best fits the data. However, as each of the one-, two-, and three-factor solutions could have been interpreted with differing degrees of confidence, especially in light of the small sample size, it would appear that the underlying constructs are not well-separated. Caution in the use of isolated measures and in the acceptance of one WAIS-R factor solution over another is advised.
Psychometric Issues Relevant to Selecting Items and Assembling Parallel Forms of Language Proficiency Instruments
Authors: O'Brien Michael L.
Published: March 2007

This paper provides theoretical and practical considerations necessary to construct useful language proficiency instruments by focussing on critical psychometric properties. Particular emphasis is placed on steps and criteria for evaluating individual items measuring specific linguistic skills and on the analysis of tests used to measure the language proficiency of individual students. By applying the Rasch latent trait model, it is shown how parallel measures may be built along a common language proficiency trait in both English and Spanish across three language-categorized populations: English-proficient, limited-English proficient, and Spanish-proficient. These issues are referenced to the New York City Language Assessment Battery (LAB).
Secondor: A Program that Computes a Second-Order Principal Components Analysis and Various Interpretation AIDS
Authors: Thompson Bruce
Published: March 2007

Program SECONDOR computes various first-order principal components, including unrotated components, and components rotated to both varimax and promax criteria. Both rotated and unrotated second-order components are reported, and several aids for interpreting higher-order results directly in terms of observed variables are reported, including a Schmid-Leiman solution.
The Predictive Validity of a Teachers' Support Scale in Relation to Adolescents' Aspirations
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: March 2007

A scale was developed to measure adolescents' perceptions of their teachers' support for learning. The predictive validity of the scale was examined in relation to educational and occupational aspirations, after taking into account associations involving the adolescents' perceptions of their parents' support for learning. Data were collected from 266 female and 250 male 16-year-old Australians. The results indicated that the scale was sensitive enough to assess the quality of perceived teacher-student interactions and valuable in predicting school-related outcomes.
The Predictive Validity of the Investigative Scale of the Career Assessment Inventory
Authors: Naylor Frank D. , Kidd Garry J.
Published: March 2007

The predictive validity of the Investigative (Holland, 1973) scale of the General Theme Scales of the Career Assessment Inventory (CAI) (Johansson, 1975) was assessed in a group of 160 male senior secondary school students. The criterion was the choice of a science or technology college or university program at the conclusion of Grade 12. Students were administered the CAI at the beginning of Grade 10, and criterion data were collected about three years later. During the initial assessment, data were also collected on IQ, Educational Orientation, and the subjects studied in Grades 11 and 12. The correlation between Investigative scale score and the choice of a science/technology versus other programs was r = .46. The decomposition of effects in a multiple regression analysis using all the available data showed that the direct effect of investigative interests on the criterion was second only to the actual subjects studied in Grade 12. The results support the predictive validity of the scale and indicate its unique contribution to that prediction in the context of the other variables.
A FortRan 77 Program for Testing Trends among Independent Correlations
Authors: Silver N. Clayton , Finger Michael S. , Burkey Robert T.
Published: March 2007

A FORTRAN 77 program is presented which computes a procedure developed by Levy (1976) for testing a priori trends among independent correlations.
Estimation Problems with Type I Censored Response Distributions in Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Brown R. L.
Published: March 2007

The use of simultaneous linear structural equation modeling has become a popular method for creating and verifying theoretical models. This paper explores, through the use of a Monte Carlo study, the robustness assumption in structural equation modeling of using a full information normal theory generalized least-squares estimation procedure (NTGLS) on Type I censored distributed data. The paper then assesses the efficacy of two proposed alternate estimation procedures; (1) Asymptotically Distribution Free estimator (ADF), and (2) a latent projection Tobit estimator (TOBIT) as a means of providing better estimates when distributions are asymmetrical because of censoring. Results of the Monte Carlo studies indicate that when asymmetry increases in distributions, because of censoring of the distributions, both NTGLS and ADF estimators provide less than optimal model estimates, while the TOBIT estimator afforded efficient and stable estimates even with large asymmetrical distributions.
Reevaluating the Factor Structure of the Revised California Psychological Inventory
Authors: Wallbrown Fred H. , Jones James A.
Published: March 2007

The result of a hierarchical factor analysis of the intercorrelations among the CPI-R folk scales showed a strong general profile elevation factor for both men and women. The emergence of the general factor is noteworthy because it provides an empirical basis for interpreting the overall CPI/CPI-R profile elevation as a measure of personal adjustment. This practice is well entrenched in the clinical literature on CPI interpretation but it has not been previously supported through factor analytic research.
Science, Verbal, or Quantitative Skills: Which is the Most Important Predictor of Physician Competence?
Authors: Glaser Karen , Hojat Mohammadreza , Veloski J. Jon , Blacklow Robert S. , Goepp Carla E.
Published: March 2007

The relative importance of medical school applicants' science problem solving, reading, and quantitative skills as measured by the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT) was studied in predicting competence measured by the three parts of the National Board Examinations (NBE). Subjects were 1628 physicians graduated from Jefferson Medical College between 1978 and 1985. The results of bivariate and multiple correlations indicated that scores on the science problems subtest were better predictors of the basic science component of physician education (Part I scores of the NBE) than were the reading scores. Both the science problems and reading skills predicted clinical science scores equally well (Part II scores of the NBE). Reading skills scores contributed more than the science problems subtest in predicting scores on an examination of patient management skills (Part III of the NBE). Scores on the quantitative skills subtest did not contribute to any prediction. These findings suggest that the great emphasis placed by medical school admissions committees on science problem-solving scores of the MCAT is justifiable if performance in the basic science component of medical education is taken as the target outcome measure. However, if clinical skills in medical practice are taken as a target criterion, then at least equal emphasis should be placed on reading skills scores of the MCAT. It is discussed that there may be a potential value in improving the reading skills of medical school students in order to enhance their clinical and patient management competence. Implications of these findings in support of the new MCAT are discussed.
A Meta-Analytic Review of Item Discrimination and Difficulty in Multiple-Choice Items Using "None-Of-The-Above"
Authors: Knowles Susan L. , Welch Cynthia A.
Published: March 2007

The research on using "none-of-the-above" (N-O-T-A) as a test item option continues to find contradictory results on item difficulty and item discrimination. The argument for not using N-O-T-A is that this option is considered more difficult and less discriminating than items with one correct format (regular).The purpose of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis on the difficulty and discrimination of the N-O-T-A test option. A total of twelve articles yielding 20 effect sizes was examined for difficulty, and a total of seven studies yielding eleven effect sizes was examined for discrimination. The meta-analysis indicated nonsignificant effect sizes of .01 for discrimination and -.17 for item difficulty. These findings indicate that using "none-of-the-above"as a test item option does not result in items of lesser quality than in items not using this option.
Casper: A Program for Psychometrics and Factor Analysis
Authors: Chambers William V. , Grice James W.
Published: March 2007

CASPER is a computer program for modeling psychometrics and factor analysis and was designed for students in tests and measurements courses. Data may be directly entered or simulated. A partial list of analyses include: reliability, correlation, multiple regression, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Various file handling, editing, transformation, and graphing procedures are included.
The Relationship between the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (K-Bit) and the Wisc-R with Incarcerated Juvenile Delinquents
Authors: Prewetf Peter N.
Published: March 2007

The K-BIT (Kaufman and Kaufman, 1990) and the WISC-R were administered in counterbalanced order to 40 academically deficient male juvenile delinquents (mean age = 15 years 9 months). The K-BIT IQ Composite and the WISC-R Full Scale scores were positively correlated (r = .64) and the two tests tended to yield similar scores when administered concurrently to the same person (difference = .45 points). This nonsignificant difference is in contrast to the approximately 6-point difference found between the K-BIT and WISC-R with normal (Kaufman and Kaufman, 1990) and referred (Prewett, 1992) students. The results provide support for the K-BIT as a screening instrument when the WISC-R is the follow-up or comprehensive measure of intelligence with juvenile delinquents.
Page: A Pascal Program for the Nonparametric Test for Ordered Alternatives
Authors: Pascale Pietro J.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a PASCAL program which calculates the L statistic underlying the nonparametric Page test for ordered alter- natives. The Page test examines the a priori linear trend for k groups using ordinal data.
The Predictive Validity of Student Self- Evaluations, Teachers' Assessments, and Grades for Performance on the Verbal Reasoning and Numerical Ability Scales of the Differential Aptitude Test for a Sample of Secondary School Students Attj7Ending Rural Appalachia Schools
Authors: Wilson Jean , Wright Claudia R.
Published: March 2007

For a sample of 301 8th- through 12th-grade students attending four rural schools located in Appalachia, an examination was made of the ability of several school-related variables including student self-evaluations, teachers' assessments, and grades to predict performance on two scales of the Differential Aptitude Test (DAT) (Verbal Reasoning-VR and Numerical Ability-NA). In addition, the accuracy of student self-evaluations on both the VR and the NA were considered. For the llth-grade sample (n = 149) step- wise multiple regressions employed teacher-estimates of student success, student self-assessments, and grades as predictor variables with VR and NA scores serving as criterion variables. VR scores were explained jointly by teacher-assessments of academic ability, student self-evaluation of verbal ability, and GPA (R2c = .39), while the most valid correlates of NA scores were student self-evaluation of numerical ability, teacher-assessment of probability of success, and GPA (R2C .42). With respect to the ability of students to estimate correctly their verbal and numerical performance intervals on the standardized tests, 8th- and llth-grade students tended to register the largest proportion of correct estimates (.62 and .62, respectively, on the verbal measure; .58 and .74, respectively, on the numerical test). Among those who did not correctly estimate their test performance, 8th graders tended to overestimate and 10th, 11th, and 12th graders tended to underestimate their respective scores while 9th graders tended to under- estimate their numerical performance.