bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Polychaeten‐Typen des Zoologischen Museums in Berlin
Authors: Hartwich Gerhard
Published: July 2010

The Types of Polychaeta in the Zoological Museum, Berlin

A catalogue of holotypes, syntypes, and paratypes of about 600 species including some subspecies, of Polychaeta preserved or formerly held in the collection of worms of the Zoological Museum, Berlin is presented. The species are arranged in alphabetical order. Synonyms based on reexaminations of type specimens are noted.
Bestimmungsschlüssel der benthischen Hydrozoen der Ostsee
Authors: Schönborn Christoph , Arndt Ernst Albert , Gosselck Fritz
Published: July 2010

Identification Key for the Benthic Hydrozoa of the Baltic Sea

An identification key for the polyps of Hydrozoans is given in this contribution. It includes all species (a total of 44) that have been mentioned in the available literature to live in the Baltic‐Sea‐Area from Kiel Bight to the Bay of Bothnia. Besides the identification key, taxonomical features and diagnoses of all these species are presented, together with notes on their distribution, biology, ecology, and taxonomy.
Kritischer Katalog der Typen der Fischsammlung des Zoologischen Museums Berlin Teil 5: Channoidei
Authors: Paepke Hans‐Joachim
Published: July 2010

Critical Catalogue of the Types of the Fish Collection of the Zoological Museum Berlin. Part 5: Channoidei

The fifth part of the catalogue of Agnatha and Fishes stored at the Zoological Museum of the Humboldt‐University in Berlin includes the types of the order Channoidei or Snakeheads. Among them the types of such important species as Channa punctata BLOCH, 1793 and Channa striata BLOCH, 1793.
Arcturidae (Isopoda) from the Santa Marta Area, Northern Colombia, with a Review of the Shallow‐Water Species from the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Müller Hans‐Georg
Published: July 2010

Four species of the isopod family Arcturidae (Valvifera) are recorded from the Caribbean Sea of Colombia. Astacilla tayronae n.sp. is described. Astacilla cymodocea MENZIES & GLYNN, 1968, an obligate associate of seagrass, and Edwinjoycea horologium MENZIES & KRUCZYNSKI, 1983 are redescribed. Edwinjoycinae subfam. nov. is established for Edwinjoycea. Astacilla regina KENSLEY, 1984 is considered a junior synonym of Arcturella spinata MENZIES & KRUCZYNSKI, 1983. An additional description is provided for A. spinata, with particular reference to its varibility and discussion of the possible synonymy with Arcturella sawayae MOREIRA, 1973 from Brazil. The shallow‐water Arcturidae (0–200 m) from the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico are reviewed.
Erstnachweise aus der Schildkrötensammlung des Zoologischen Museums Berlin (Reptilia, Testudines, Chelidae, Pelomedusidae)
Authors: Fritz Uwe , Obst Fritz‐Jürgen , Günther Rainer
Published: July 2010

New Locality Records from the Turtle Collection of the Zoological Museum Berlin (Reptilia, Testudines, Chelidae, Pelomedusidae)

Based on the collection of the Zoological Museum Berlin new locality records for three turtle species are given.
Raubmilben der Ascidae, Ameroseiidae, Rhodacaridae und Macrochelidae auf dem Galapagos‐Archipel (Acarina, Parasitiformes)
Authors: Karg Wolfgang
Published: July 2010

Predatory Mites of the Ascidae, Ameroseiidae, Rhodacaridae and Macrochelidae in the Galapagos Archipelago (Acarina, Parasitiformes)

In this second study of the predatory mites of the Galapagos Islands 4 further families are investigated. They are represented by 10 genera. 13 novae species are described and documented by differential diagnoses and figures. The nearest related sister species of the novae species are predominantly known from Central and South America. The morphological‐functional alteration let assume advantages of selection.
Kritischer Katalog der Typen der Fischsammlung des Zoologischen Museums Berlin Teil 6: Anabantoidei
Authors: Paepke Hans‐Joachim
Published: July 2010

Critical Catalogue of the Types of the Fish Collection of the Zoological Museum Berlin. Part 6: Anabantoidei

The sixth part of the type catalogue of the Agnatha and Fishes stored at the Zoological Museum of the Humboldt‐University in Berlin includes the types of the suborder Anabantoidei. Some aspects about the types of this group are already published by the author (concerning Chaetodon chinensis BLOCH 1790, Trichogaster fasciatus BLOCH & SCHNEIDER 1801, Macropodus concolor AHL 1937), other are still at work (concerning Ctenopoma multispinis PETERS 1844, Ctenopoma nigropannosum REICHENOW 1875).
Scaphodactylus simus (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Gammaridea), ein weiterer neuer Vertreter der Stenothoiden aus dem Sublitoral der König‐Georg‐Insel (Südshetlandinseln)
Authors: Rauschert Martin , Andres Hans Georg
Published: July 2010

Scaphodactylus simus (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Gammaridea), a Further New Species of the Stenothoids from the Sublittoral of King George Island (South Shetland Islands)

Scaphodactylus simus is described as a new species from the littoral of King George Island. The study is based on material collected in depth between 30 and 100 m by dredge in the Maxwell Bay near Potter Cove (1993).
An Annotated Type Catalogue of the Lacertids (Reptilia: Lacertidae) in the Zoological Museum, Berlin
Authors: Bauer Aaron M. , Günther Rainer
Published: July 2010

A complete catalogue is provided for the type specimens of lacertid lizards in the herpetological collection of the Zoological Museum, Berlin, as of December, 1993. The collection contains a total of 514 type specimens, representing 63 taxa, of which 42 are currently regarded as valid at the specific or subspecific level. Types representing an additional four taxa appear to have been lost from the collection. The collections are especially rich in African lacertid types and in historically significant specimens collected early in the Nineteenth Century by Pallas, Eversmann, and Hemprich & Ehrenberg. Also present are the type series of many subspecies ofPodarcis lilfordiandP. pityusensisdescribed by Eisentraut.
Halacarellus obsoletus n. sp. (Arachnida: Acari: Halacaridae), an Associate with Antarctic Hexactinellid Sponges
Authors: Bartsch Ilse
Published: July 2010

Halacarellus obsoletus n. sp. is described. The halacarid was found within the tissue of the hexactinellid sponges Rossella antarctica, R. nuda, R. racovitzae, and Scolymastra joubini which are abundant in the shelf area of eastern Weddell Sea. H. obsoletus is thought to be an obligate associate with these sponges. The species is characterized by slender idiosoma with extremely delicate plates and slender legs ending with scythe‐shaped claws.
Further Observations on the Family Rhizophagidae with Descriptions of Seven New Genera. (Coleoptera, Rhizophagidae)
Authors: Sengupta T. , Pal T. K.
Published: July 2010

Seven new genera and eight new species are described from the Coleoptera collection of the Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt‐Universität Berlin: Hiekesia africana (Kapland, Africa), Noveurops philippensis (Philippine Islands), Rumnicus costatus (Philippine Islands), Barunius pacificus (New Britain), Afrobaenus mandibularis (Africa, Tansania), Kakamodes occipitalis (Kai Island), Arunus magnus (Philippine Islands), and Arunus tenuis (Philippine Islands).
Dendrelaphis striatus (Cohn), neu für die Fauna Borneos (Serpentes, Colubridae)
Authors: Vogel Gernot
Published: July 2010

Dendrelaphis striatus (Cohn) New for the Fauna of Borneo (Serpentes, Colubridae)

Dendrelaphis striatus is reported from Borneo for the first time on a the basis of a specimen in the collection of the Berlin Museum of Natural History. The taxonomic history of this species is summarised and a key to this genus on Borneo is given.
Bemerkungen über eine vorläufig unbezeichnete Cyrtopodion‐Art aus Ost‐Turkestan (China: Provinz Xinjiang);
Authors: Rösler Herbert
Published: July 2010

Remarks on an Unnamed Crytopodion‐Species from East‐Turcestan (China: Province Xinjiang)

An unknown species of the genus Cyrtopodion from northern China is described. The characteristics of this species are compared with those of the Chinese species C. elongatus, C. khasiensis, C. medogensis, C. russowii and C. tibetanus.
Zur Erforschung der Käferfauna der afrotropischen Region durch das Museum für Naturkunde Berlin mit einem überblick über die coleopterologischen Ergebnisse der ersten gemeinsamen Expedition des Museums für Naturkunde Berlin und des State Museum Windhoek in Namibia
Authors: Uhlig Manfred , Jaeger Bernd
Published: July 2010

On the Research on the Coleoptera Fauna of the Afrotropical Region by the Museum of Natural History Berlin with a Review of the Coleopterological Results of the First Joint Expedition of the Museum of Natural History Berlin and the State Museum Windhoek in Namibia

The paper presents a synopsis of the Coleoptera collection of the Museum of Natural History in Berlin and a detailed account of the African Coleoptera deposited in this collection, their origin and their collectors. The research on African Coleoptera which has been carried out by the coleopterologists of the museum in the past and present is summarized.

The first part of the coleopterological results of the first joint expedition of the Museum of Natural History Berlin and the State Museum Windhoek to Namibia in 1992 is presented. 30,104 specimens of Coleoptera belonging to 78 families are available, 319 species, among them 31 new species described by various authors, are recognized after the study of 20 per cent of the material. More than 100 species have been reported for the first time for the Namibian Coleoptera fauna.
Contribution to the Knowledge of the Histerid Beetles from Namibia. (Coleoptera, Histeridae)
Authors: Yélamos Tomàs , Vienna Pierpaolo
Published: July 2010

As result of the study of Histeridae collected in the north of Namibia, 24 species are recorded. The following species are described: Tribalus namibiensis n.sp., T. uhligi n.sp. and T. espanyoli n.sp. Hister humpatanus Marseul, 1886, Tribalus kochi Thérond, 1965 and T. subdolus Vienna, 1993 are also recorded for the first time from Namibia.
Expédition entomologique Namibia 1992. Résultats scientifiques: Aphodiinae (Coleoptera, Scarabaeoidea, Aphodiidae)
Authors: Bordat Patrice
Published: July 2010

Liste des 36 espèces d'Aphodiinae capturées par l'expédition entomologique Namibia 1992 avec description de deux nouvelles espèces: Aphodius (Trichonotulus s. 1.) frankkochi n. sp. et Lorditomaeus uhligi n. sp. Deux nouvelles combinaisons sont proposées: Aphodius (Erytus) gracilis Boheman devient Aphodius (Doaphius) gracilis Boheman et Aphodius (Mendidaphodius) hirticeps Péringuey devient Aphodius (Plagiogonus) hirticeps Péringuey. Deux nouvelles synonymies sont données: Aphodius (Bodilus) kalaharicus Endrödi = Aphodius (Bodilus) laterosetosus Petrovitz et Aphodius (Trichaphodius) pseudocalcaratus Paulian = Aphodius (Trichaphodius) coputatus Schmidt. Mots clés. Coleoptera, Aphodiidae, Aphodius, Lorditomaeus; nouvelle espèce, nouvelle synonymie; Afrique, Namibie.
Neue Arten der Samenkäfer‐Gattung Spermophagus Schoenherr, 1833, aus dem südlichen Afrika (Coleoptera, Bruchidae, Amblycerinae)
Authors: Wendt Hella
Published: July 2010

New Species of the Seed Beetle Genus Spermophagus Schoenherr, 1833, from Southern Africa (Coleoptera, Bruchidae, Amblycerinae)

Eight Spermophagus species are described as new from Namibia and from other states of Southern Africa based on material collected by the entomological expeditions of the Museum of Natural History Berlin to Africa in 1989–1994 and material of the State Museum Windhoek, Namibia: Sp. blandulus spec. nov. (Zambia; loc. typ.: Kafue River), Sp. goellnerae spec. nov. (Zambia; loc. typ.: Victoria Falls), S.kavangoensis spec. nov. (Namibia; loc. typ.: Kavango), Sp. maraisi spec. nov. (Namibia; loc. typ.: West Caprivi Park), Sp. micans spec. nov. (Namibia, loc. typ.: Kavango), Sp. semirufipes spec. nov. (Namibia; loc. typ.: East Caprivi), Sp. uhligi spec. nov. (Namibia; loc. typ.: Bushmanland), and Sp. windhoekiensis spec. nov. (Namibia; loc. typ.: Windhoek).
Some results of Study on the Nitidulidae from Namibia and Adjacent Territories. Part 1 (Coleoptera, Cucujoidea, Nitidulidae
Authors: Kirejtshuk Alexander G.
Published: July 2010

The paper deals with a preliminary consideration of the Namibian fauna of the family Nitidulidae, including some species recorded from adjacent territories, i.e. Angola, Zambia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and Republic of South Africa. The data on 56 species are given in the paper, amongst which 31 species have been collected from Namibia, but others can be expected to be collected there. The synonymy and systematic position for some species of the genera Carpophilus STEPHENS, 1830, Meligethes STEPHENS, 1830, Lordites ERICHSON, 1843, are discussed. 7 species of the Meligethes subgenus Clypeogethes are described as new: M. (C.). annae, locus typicus: Republic of South Africa, Natal, Cathedral Peaks Forest Station; M. (C.) antila, locus typicus: RSA, Natal, Nqutu; M. (C.) arcopenis, I.t.: Namibia, Grootfontein, Farm Hurisib; M. (C.) asignifer, I.t.: Namibia, Bushmanland, Klein Dobe; M. (C.) bisignifer, I.t.: Namibia, Abachaus; M. (C.) mitis, I.t.: Namibia, env. Windhoek; M. (C.) opacidorsurm, I.t.: Namibia, Okahandja. Information on distribution of the considered species is given in a maximally wide scope. The notes to some species are provided available bionomical comments.
Myriapoden aus mitteldeutschen Höhlen (Arthropoda, Myriapoda)
Authors: Eckert Rolf , Becker Jürgen
Published: July 2010

Myriapods from Caves in Middle Germany (Arthropoda, Myriapoda)

The terrestrial arthopod fauna has been investigated in 229 caves and mines of the German hills Harz, Kyffhäuser, Thüringen, and Zittauer Gebirge. About 400 traps with ethylene glycol (Barbertyp) were set in 122 suited objects for a year and proved in intervals of 4 months. Only 625 (1.5%) of the around 40000 arthropods (without Collembola) were myriapods. They belong to 15 families with 44 species. 16 and 8 species are sub‐ and eutroglophil. Tachypodoiulus niger (LEACH) is the only species which developed locally subtroglobiont populations.
Notes on the Sea‐Anemone Actinia striata (RIZZI, 1907) (Anthozoa, Cnidaria): Taxonomy, Habitat, Distribution
Authors: Chintiroglou Charis , Stefanidou Despina
Published: July 2010

The little known Actinia striata (RIZZI, 1907) is described from the Eastern Mediterranean for the first time. After a thorough investigation of the relevant literature, taxonomy, ecology and distribution of A. striata and other related species of the genus Actinia are discussed. Further investigation on the status of Actinia striata seems to be necessary.
Zur Kenntnis der Raubmilbencohors Gamasina LEACH (Acarina, Parasitiformes) tropischer und subtropischer Gebiete
Authors: Karg Wolfgang
Published: July 2010

To the Knowledge of the Predatory Mite‐Cohort Gamasina LEACH (Acarina, Parasitiformes) of Tropical and Subtropical Regions

Preliminary the importance of the predatroy mites is outlined. From Chile and from New Caledonia 15 new species are described and documented by figures. Differentialdiagnoses are given most as keys for determination. 12 of the new species belong to the family Rhodacaridae OUDEMANS, 2 new species belong to the Hypoaspididae v. VITZTHUM and one new species to the Veigaiidae OUDEMANS.
Zur Synonymie des Scopaeus (Microscopaeus) pilicornis BAUDI, 1869 (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae: Paederinae), einer verkannten Art des östlichen Mediterraneums
Authors: Frisch Johannes
Published: July 2010

Synonymical Note on Scopaeus (Microscopaeus) pilicornis BAUDI, 1869 (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae: Paederinae), a Mistaken East Mediterranean Species

Scopaeus (Microscopaeus) pilicornis BAUDI, 1869, was little considered in the literatur since its description. The Eastern Mediterranian species is redescribed with regard of the female genitalsegments and the spermatheca. Scopaeus (Microscopaeus) microphthalmus EPPELSHEIM, 1888, is placed in synonymy of S. pilicornis. Lectotypes are designated for S. pilicornis and S. microphthalmus. The geographical distribution of S. pilicornis is given.
Weitere Untersuchungen zu Diversität und Taxonomie der Samenkäfer‐Gattung Spermophagus SCHOENHERR in der Afrotropischen Region (Chrysomeloidea; Bruchidae, Amblycerinae)
Authors: Wendt Hella
Published: July 2010

Further Studies of Diversity and Taxonomy of the Seed Beetle Genus Spermophagus SCHOENHERR in the Afrotropical Region (Chrysomeloidea; Bruchidae, Amblycerinae)

1069 specimens of the seed beetle genus Spermophagus SCHOENHERR, collected in the Afrotropical region by the entomological expeditions of the Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin, the National Museum of Namibia Windhoek, and other museums were studied and the results discussed. A total of 34 species are recorded from 35 different African countries; 22 species are reported for the first time from Namibia. The previously unknown females of six species, for which only the males were known, have been found for the first time and their genitalia are described and depicted. One new synonym is established: Spermophagus hottentotus var. abyssinicus PIC, 1927 = Sp. latithorax BOHEMAN, 1828.
Die Scatopsiden‐Typen der Dipteren‐Sammlung des Zoologischen Museums Berlin
Authors: Werner Doreen
Published: July 2010

The Types of Scatopsidae in the Diptera Collection of the Zoological Museum in Berlin

The types of the Diptera family Scatopsidae have been covered and registered in the course of the new arrangement and catalogization of the collection material. The collection of this family of the Zoological Museum in Berlin contains 178 type specimens of 35 species. Most of the nominal species were described by DUDA, LOEW and ENDERLEIN. Furthermore, various species are described by COOK, MEIGEN, RUTHÈ and WALKER.

The specimens were collected especially in Europe. The types are listed in the systematical order with bibliographical data. Furthermore the indication of type locality, collector, date of capture and remarks on the condition of the specimens are given.
Zur Identität und taxonomischen Stellung von Acupalpus pallipes DEJEAN, 1829 und Bradycellus ganglbaueri APFELBECK, 1904 (Coleoptera, Carabidae)
Authors: Jaeger Bernd
Published: July 2010

On Identity and Taxonomical Position of Acupalpus pallipes DEJEAN, 1829 and Bradycellus ganglbaueri APFELBECK, 1904 (Coleoptera, Carabidae)

The study of the holotype of Acupalpus pallipes DEJEAN, 1829, confirmed its synonymy with Bradycellus ganglbaueri APFELBECK, 1904. Because the name pallipes DEJEAN, 1829, represents a secondary junior homonym of pallipes STEPHENS, 1828 (actually a junior synonym of Bradycellus verbasci DUFT., 1812), the valid name of the taxon is ganglbaueri APFELBECK.

Bradycellus ganglbaueri APFELBECK is redescribed, figured and firstly recorded for Albania. The species is rather isolated among the Palaearctic Bradycellus. Its taxonomic position is therefore discussed. Bradycellus ganglbaueri is provisionally placed into Bradycellus subgenus Bradycellus (including Tetraplatypus).
Tastsensitivität biologischer Zellen auf der Nanometerskala
Authors: Spatz Joachim
Published: July 2010

Joachim P. Spatz

Zellen messen mit großer Empfindlichkeit die chemische, topographische und mechanische Beschaffenheit der Materialien, die sie umgeben und mit denen sie wechselwirken.

Die Synthese molekular definierter Biomaterialien kann daher zum Verständnis und zur Steuerung der Zellkommunikation beitragen.
Spinnen wie die Spinnen
Authors: Römer Lin , Scheibel Thomas
Published: July 2010

Die Natur hat in Jahrmillionen der Evolution Biomaterialien geschaffen, deren Bedeutung für technische Anwendungen wir erst langsam zu verstehen beginnen. Eines davon ist Spinnenseide – die zugrunde liegenden Proteine lassen sich inzwischen biotechnisch rekombinant herstellen.
Methoden für die Metabolomik
Authors: Detmmer Katja
Published: July 2010

Katja Dettmer

Das Metabolom umfasst Tausende Substanzen unterschiedlicher Stoffklassen mit unterschiedlichen chemischen und physikalischen Eigenschaften und in Konzentrationen, die Größenordnungen auseinander liegen. Diese Vielfalt stellt die analytische Chemie, und hier insbesondere die Trenntechniken, vor neue Aufgaben.
ATPase‐Inhibitoren Archazolid und Cruentaren: Totalsynthesen
Authors: von Zezschwitz Paultheo
Published: July 2010

Die Enzymgruppe der ATPasen katalysiert grundlegende zelluläre Vorgänge wie die ATP‐Synthese oder Transportprozesse unter Verbrauch von ATP. Sie ist damit ein wichtiges pharmakologisches Target. Zwei potente Inhibitoren wurden kürzlich erstmals synthetisiert.
Stärker gewachsen als gedacht
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: July 2010

Die deutsche Chemieindustrie verbesserte Umsatz und Ergebnis im Jahr 2007 trotz steigender Ölpreise und US‐amerikanischer Finanzkrisen. Dafür stieg die Nachfrage aus Osteuropa und Asien.
La città dà spettacolo
Authors: Remenyi Christian
Published: July 2010

Christian Remenyi, Ernst Guggolz

In Turin trafen sich die Chemiker beim zweiten Euchems Chemistry Congress. Die Veranstaltung knüpfte an den Erfolg in Budapest an.
Ein Land, ein Cluster
Authors: Bengs Holger
Published: July 2010

Holger Bengs

In der Schweiz funktioniert das Zusammenspiel von großen pharmazeutischen und kleinen biotechnischen Unternehmen. Führende akademische Forschung und industrielle Exzellenz ziehen Naturwissenschaftler an.
Information aus 140 Jahren
Authors: Huber Richard
Published: July 2010

Richard Huber

Das Chemische Zentralblatt aus der Zeit von 1830 bis 1969 ist nun digitalisiert. Somit ist ein Kapitel chemischer Geschichte ohne Zugriff auf eine Bibliothek zugänglich. GDCh‐Mitglieder testen kostenlos.
Mykotoxine in Getreide spektroskopisch erfassen
Authors: Rasch Claudia , Kumke Michael U. , Löhmannsröben Hans‐Gerd
Published: July 2010

Claudia Rasch, Michael U. Kumke, Hans‐Gerd Löhmannsröben

Sensoren für die In‐situ‐Detektion von Schimmelpilzgiften in Lebensmitteln nutzen die Absorptions‐ und Emissionseigenschaften der Toxine im UV‐ und im sichtbaren Bereich.
Fühlen sich Chemielehrer gut genug ausgebildet?
Authors: Demuth Reinhard , Rumann Stefan , Brüchner Kirsten
Published: July 2010

Reinhard Demuth, Stefan Rumann, Kirsten Brüchner

Erste Ergebnisse einer Befragung unter Berufsanfängern im Chemielehramt legen es nahe, die Curricula in der Erziehungswissenschaft und in Fachdidaktik zu überprüfen. Die besten Noten erhält die fachwissenschaftliche Ausbildung.
Neues von einem alten Bekannten
Authors: Zezschwitz Paultheo von
Published: July 2010

Paultheo von Zezschwitz

Bereits vor 45 Jahren synthetisierten Elias J. Corey und Mitarbeiter das racemische â‐Caryophyllen.

Nun gelang seiner Gruppe der enantioselektive Zugang über ein planar‐chirales Schlüsselintermediat. Jüngste In‐vivo‐Experimente zeigen, dass dieses Sesquiterpen als Cannabinoid wirkt und Entzündungen hemmt.
XXth International Symposium on Medicinal Chemistry EFMC‐ISMC 2008
Authors: Ettmayer Peter
Published: July 2010

Vienna, Austria, August 31 − September 4, 2008
Dielectric relaxation of conductive carbon black reinforced chlorosulfonated polyethylene vulcanizates
Authors: Nanda Madhuri , Chaudhary R.N.P. , Tripathy D.K.
Published: July 2010

The frequency dependent dielectric relaxation behavior of conductive carbon black reinforced chlorosulfonated polyethylene (CSM) vulcanizates has been studied for different filler loadings in the frequency range of 102–106 Hz over a wide range of temperatures (30–120°C). The effects of filler loadings on the dielectric permittivity (ε′), dielectric loss tangent (tan δ), impedance, and electrical conductivity were studied. The variation of the dielectric permittivity with the filler loadings was explained on the basis of interfacial polarization of the filler in the polymer matrix. The frequency dependence of ac conductivity has been investigated using percolation theory. The effect of filler loading on the complex and real parts of impedance was clearly observed, which can be explained on the basis of relaxation dynamics of polymer chains in the vicinity of fillers. The percolation threshold occurred near 30 phr of filler loading. Scanning electron microphotographs showed the agglomeration of the filler on and above these filler loadings. Additionally, the effect of temperature on dielectric loss tangent, dielectric permittivity, ac conductivity, and Nyquist plot of conductive black reinforced CSM vulcanizates has been studied. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation of a novel heat stabilizer for poly(vinyl chloride)‐Zn, Mg, Al‐layered double hydroxide
Authors: Gu Zheng , Liu Weisheng , Dou Wei , Tang Fei
Published: July 2010

A new zinc‐magnesium‐aluminum‐layered double hydroxide (ZnMgAl‐LDH) was prepared by one‐step coprecipitation using agents extracted from waste residue and intercalated with stearate anions. The X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectra show that the stearate anions have successfully intercalated into the interlayer of ZnMgAl‐LDH. The scanning electron microscopy shows the typical sand‐rose morphology of LDH. The enhanced thermal stability was confirmed by Congo red test. The poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)/ZnMgAl‐LDH‐stearate nanocomposites have much more thermal stability time than PVC and PVC/ZnMgAl‐LDH composites. Thermal stability time of PVC containing 8 wt% ZnMgAl‐LDH‐stearate loading is 12 times of that of pure PVC. The tensile strength of the nanocomposites increases with the increase of ZnMgAl‐stearate content and exhibits excellent mechanical properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Crystallization behavior of poly(L‐lactic acid)‐based ecocomposites prepared with kenaf fiber and rice straw
Authors: Dobreva T. , Pereña J.M. , Pérez E. , Benavente R. , García M.
Published: July 2010

Several composites of poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) with natural fibers (kenaf and rice straw) and pigments have been prepared and analyzed. The study of the thermal behavior has shown a rather important nucleation ability of these fillers for the crystallization of the PLLA component in the composites. Thus, the cooling from the melt of pure PLLA at 10°C/min leads to an almost completely amorphous sample, while a high crystallinity (around 60%) is exhibited by the sample PLLA and rice straw (PLLA‐RS)‐yellow under those conditions. The analysis of the isothermal crystallization from the melt indicates that a maximum rate of crystallization is obtained for all the samples at around 105°C, although the rate is three times faster for samples PLLA and kenaf fiber (PLLA‐KF), PLLA‐KF‐red, and PLLA‐RS, in comparison with pure PLLA. The rate is increased by another factor of three for sample PLLA‐RS‐yellow. The analysis of the melting temperatures and crystallinities as a function of the crystallization temperature shows that there is a break at around 115°C, which seems to be related to the formation of ordered crystals at higher temperatures and disordered ones at lower temperatures. Besides, the natural fibers are environmentally friendly and nonexpensive materials, and the higher crystallization rates of the composites will result in shorter production cycles of end‐use articles. POLYM. COMPOS., 2010. © 2009 Society of Plastics Engineers
Kinetics of methyl methacrylate polymerization initiated with n,n′‐bis[(4‐t‐butylazo‐4‐cyanovaleryl)‐oxyethyl]‐azo‐bis‐formamide
Authors: Simionescu Cristofor I. , Comǎniǎ Eugenia , Pǎstrǎvanu Mariana , Popa Aura Angelica
Published: July 2010

This paper deals with a kinetic study of methyl methacrylate polymerization in the presence of a bifunctional initiator, viz. N,N′‐bis[(4‐t‐butylazo‐4‐cyanovaleryl)

The activation energy of the first step in thermal decomposition has been determined (Ed = 74.5 kJ/mol) using the gas chromatographic method. A dilatometric study led to the reaction order with respect to the initiator, as well as the overall activation energy of polymerization (E = 78.5 kJ/mol).
Chemistry of the modification of sulphur by the use of dicyclopentadiene and of styrene
Authors: Blight L. Bert , Currell Brian R. , Nash Brian J. , Scott R. Tony M. , Stillo Christopher
Published: July 2010

Dicyclopentadiene reacts with excess sulphur in the melt at 140°C to give initially cyclic tri‐ and pentathianes which then copolymerise with further sulphur to give initially chain polymers and then finally cross‐linked species, Styrene reacts under the same conditions to give rapid initial formation of relatively high molecular weight polymeric polysulphides which then depolymerise to give a mixture of short chain species and 2,4‐diphenylthiophene.
Solvent‐polymer interactions in the plasticisation of poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Ingamells Wilfred , Yanumet Nantaya
Published: July 2010

The effect of a range of chemically dissimilar solvents on the Tg of PET is dependent upon dispersion forces. A correlation is presented between the dispersion solubility parameters (δd) of the solvents and the reduction of the Tg which they cause. Two experimentally determed values for the (δd) of PET are presented as evidence to support the claim that aromatic and cyclic solvents solvate the aromatic part of the repeat unit and aliphatic solvents solvate the aliphatic part.
The Role of Crosslink Density in Influencing the Electrical Resistance Behaviour of Polymeric Coatings
Authors: Rais‐Ali Abdelhamid , Richardson Melvin O. W.
Published: July 2010

Paint films used to protect metalic surfaces are commonly polymeric in nature. The extent of protection offered by film depends on many factors including the characteristic electrical resistance behaviou and its effect on impeding local electrochemical processes. In the present work a range of polymeric coatings have been produced with systematically varied crosslinked density using an ultra‐violet light curing technique. Their electrical resistance behaviour in an environment of varying concentrations of KC1 electrolyte has been examined. It is demonstrated that there are signs of the beginnings of a mechanism changeover from “D‐type” to “I‐type” behaviour at higher levels of crosslink density thus giving some tenuous support to previously unproven hypotheses in this area.
The Reaction of Naphthalene with Formaldehyde in the Presence of Sulphuric Acid
Authors: Robinson J. Gordon , Wardle David G.
Published: July 2010

Naphthalene was reacted with various proportions of formaldehyde at different temperatures using sulphuric acid as the condensing agent. The products obtained in the early stages of the reaction consisted essentially of naphthalene units joined by ether and acetal bridges. However, as the reaction progressed the bridges lost oxygen, as water, to give methylene bridges while at the same time the softening points of the resins increased.
The Thermal Decomposition of Isocyanurates
Authors: Jiricny Josef , Reese Colin B.
Published: July 2010

The thermal decomposition of two isocyanurates and an MDI‐based polycarbodiimide was studied by high temperature infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis. The results (confirmed by large scale pyrolysis) show that the s‐triazine moiety decomposes above 400°C to generate free isocyanate groups. The latter may react further to give carbodiimides or ureas.
Hydrogels in Biomedical Applications
Authors: Pedley Derek G. , Skelly Peter J. , Tighe Brian J.
Published: July 2010

The nature of hydrogel polymers is described together with the range of biomedical applications in which their use has been suggested or described in the literature. The field of contact lens materials has provided the greatest variety of synthetic hydrogels and the material requirements for extended wear lenses present problems that are typical of those encountered in biomedical applications in general. The patient literature relating to contact lenses is reviewed and the development of the composition of hydrogel materials is thereby traced and compared with the range of lens materials currently available. In contrast the most commonly encountered, in fact almost the sole, hydrogel material in the literature relating to those areas more conventionally regarded as biomedical, is poly(2‐hydroxeythyl methacrylate) or polyHEMA. The use of this and related hydrogels in various applications including prostheses, ocular surgery, sature coatings, artificial internal organs and drug delivery systems is reviewed.
Effect of Polymer Molecular Weight on Colloidal Reinforcement
Authors: Kendall Kevin , Sherliker Frank R.
Published: July 2010

The tear strength of several thermoplastic polymers filled with colloidal silica has been determined as a function of polymer molecular weight. There were two regimes of behaviour. Low molecular weight materials were embrittled by a small amount, around 10% volume fraction, of filler. High molecular weight polymers, on the other hand, were not degraded at low filler concentrations, and some thermoplastics were actually reinforced, that is toughened, by the colloidal particles with a peak in crack resistance at 12% volume fraction. There was found to be a characteristic transition in toughness, similar to that observed with environmental stress cracking, between the low and high molecular weight regimes. It was concluded that a polymer molecular weight above the transition value was a necessary but not sufficient condition for colloidal reinforcement.
Modelling of Resole‐type Phenol Formaldehyde Polymerisation in Homogeneous, Continuous‐Flow, Stirred‐Tank Reactors
Authors: Pal Pralay K. , Kumar Anil , Gupta Santosh K.
Published: July 2010

The polymerisation kinetics of resoles has been modelled and numerical results obtained for an isothermal, homogeneous, continuous‐flow, stirred‐tank reactor. The different reactivities of the ortho and para hydrogens on the phenolic rings, both at the ‘ends’ of polymeric chains as well as at the shielded ‘internal’ locations, have been accounted for in the kinetic model and a sensitivity analysis has been carried out. The concentrations of phenol, formaldehyde, various sites, branch points and the number‐average chain length are obtained for various values of the rate constants, phenol to formaldehyde ratio in the feed stream and the average residence time in the reactor. It has been observed that the reactivity of the para‐hydrogen atom on an ‘end’ phenolic ring is the most important parameter.
On the Formation of a Low Viscosity State in Stiff Chain Polymers
Authors: Cogswell F. Neil
Published: July 2010

For a polymer to be capable of forming a nematic, liquid crystalline state the molecules must be nearly rigid and rod‐like. There are two main classifications of such liquid crystalline states: lyotropic ‐ generally applied to polymer solutions and implying the formation of a low viscosity state in a critical concentration range. and thermotropic ‐ usually applied to melts where the low viscosity mesophase appears over a limited temperature range.

Lytropic —generally applied to polymer solutions and implying the formation of a low viscosity state in a critical concentration range. and thermotropic — usually applied to melts where the low viscosity mesophase appears over a limited temperature range.

For polymers we further find that attaining this low viscosity state depends critically on the previous thermomechanical history of the mesophase and that, by appropriate thermo‐mechanical history, it is possible to induce a low viscosity state under conditions where such is not spontaneously formed. This extension of the liquid crystal state may also include polymers whose molecular flexibility is such that they do not naturally form liquid crystals.
Synthesis of Poly(p‐Benzenesulphonamide) Part II Solid State Polymerisation of Aniline‐4‐Sulphochloride via a Sulphene intermediate
Authors: Contreras Jordi , Jones J. Idris
Published: July 2010

On heating, aniline‐4‐sulphochloride undergoes a two‐stage solid state polymerisation with initial formation of an intermediate product, identical in composition with that of the starting material, which, at a higher temperature, eliminates hydrogen chloride to yield poly(p‐benzenesulphonamide). The intermediate product has been identified as 4‐imino‐cyclohexadiene sulphene hydrochloride and results from a rearrangement reaction of aniline‐4‐sulphochloride. On treatment with dry pyridine, this intermediate undergoes dehydrochlorination to yield transiently the monomeric sulphene, 4‐imino‐cylcohexadiene sulphene, which then polymerises to poly (p‐benzene sulphonamide). This reaction has been followed spectroscopically in an ultra‐violet cell.

When a sample of aniline‐4‐sulphochloride was heated to 200°C in a sealed tube an acid catalysed rearrangement of the polysulphonamide occurred to give some units of p‐amino‐p‐phenylene sulphone in the polymer chain.

Solid state polymerisation of aniline‐4‐sulphochloride hydrochloride also occurs on heating to 175°C under reduced pressure, with evolution of hydrogen chloride, but without the formation of an intermediate product. Here again, in a closed system, some acid catalysed rearrangemnt of the polymer was observed. N‐Methylaniline‐4‐sulphochloride hydrochloride similarly undergoes a solid state thermal polymerisation with evolution of hydrogen chloride to yield poly (p‐benzene‐N‐methyl‐sulphonamide).

Considerable interest is attached to the discovery of the stable crystalline 4‐imino‐cyclohexadiene sulphene hydrochloride intermediate and the generation therefrom of the parent sulphene which serves as monomer in the polymerisation. The stability and reactivity of sulphenes generally are discussed.
Ultra‐drawing of High Molecular Weight Polyethylene
Authors: Lemstra Piet J. , Smith Paul
Published: July 2010

The effective drawability of solution‐cast or ‐spun high molecular weight polyethylene is enhanced significantly in comparison with an identical polymer sample that is crystallised from the melt.

The maximum attainable draw ratio, which primarily determines the final mechanical properties, increases continuously with decreasing initial polymer concentration in solution. A tensile strength of 3.2 GPa and an axial Young's modulus of 120 GPa could be obtained by drawing high molecular weight polyethylene cast from a 1% polymer solution. This phenomenon of increased drawability is discussed in terms of a reduced number of entanglements per macromolecule in solution‐cast polyethylene.
The Quasi Ternary Eutectic System Polyethylene/Hexamethylbenzene/Adamantane
Authors: Smith Paul , Koningsveld Ronald , Schouteten Chretien J. H. , Pennings Albert J.
Published: July 2010

This paper describes the crystallisation and melting behaviour of the quasi ternary system composed of heterodisperse polyethylene, and the diluents hexamethylbenzene and adamantane. The simplified theory of melting point depression according to Flory and Huggins predicts a ternary eutectic point for this system, which was verified experimentally by differential scanning calorimetry. Morphological investigations revealed a complex rod‐like eutectic microstructure with characteristic dimensions in the micron range1.
Synthesis of di‐ and tri‐tertiary amine containing methacrylic monomers and their (co)polymerization via RAFT
Authors: Yu Bing , Lowe Andrew B.
Published: July 2010

The synthesis, reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) (co)polymerization, and aqueous phase behavior of three methacrylic monomers containing two or three pendent tertiary amine functional groups are described. Homopolymerizations were conducted with 1‐methyl‐1‐cyanoethyl dithiobenzoate (CPDB) under bulk conditions following standard RAFT procedures. All three monomers, 1,3‐bis(dimethylamino)propan‐2‐yl methacrylate (M1), 1‐(bis(3‐(dimethylamino)propyl) amino)propan‐2‐yl methacrylate (M2), and 2‐((2‐(2‐(dimethylamino)ethoxy)ethyl) methylamino)ethyl acrylate (M3), polymerized in a controlled manner as evidenced by the kinetic and molecular weight profiles. Homopolymerizations conducted at a lower ratio of CPDB:AIBN proceeded faster than those at a higher ratio. Subsequently, the facile copolymerization behavior of M1 and M3 was demonstrated via the synthesis of a range of statistical copolymers with hexyl and lauryl methacrylate comonomers containing 10–90 mol % hydrophobic comonomer. Finally, the aqueous‐solution characteristics of the M1–M3 homopolymers were briefly examined. All three homopolymers were shown to undergo phase transitions in aqueous media in response to changes in both temperature and pH. Specifically, 1 wt % solutions of polyM1 were shown to possess an LCST of ∼22 °C, that of polyM2 at ∼33 °C, and for polyM3 the observed cloud point was ∼63 °C. Additionally, all homopolymers became hydrophobic and phase separated at high solution pH. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 1877–1890, 2009
End‐functionalization of semiconducting species with dendronized terpyridine–Ru(II)–terpyridine complexes
Authors: Pefkianakis Elefterios K. , Tzanetos Nikolaos P. , Chochos Christos L. , Andreopoulou Aikaterini K. , Kallitsis Joannis K.
Published: July 2010

Semiconducting oligomers and polymers decorated with two or one dendronized tpy‐Ru(II)‐tpy metallocomplexes are presented. Initially, free terpyridine end‐functionalized semiconducting oligomers (distyrylanthracene, quinquephenylene, mono‐ and trifluorenes) were prepared while in a second approach, atom transfer radical polymerization was employed for the preparation of side‐chain oligomeric and polymeric (oxadiazole)s using a terpyridine initiator. These terpyridine‐bearing oligomers and polymers were complexated with a Percec‐type first‐generation (G1) dendronized terpyridine–Ru(III)Cl3 monocomplex, having two dodecyloxy groups. All oligomeric and polymeric metallocomplexes were characterized via NMR spectroscopies for their structural perfection and via UV‐Vis and PL spectroscopies for their optical properties. The existence of the organic semiconducting blocks in combination with the terpyridine–Ru(II)–terpyridine groups afforded hybrid metallo‐semiconducting species presenting the optical features of both their components. Moreover, their thin‐film morphologies were investigated through atomic force microscopy, revealing, in some cases, an organization tendency in the nanometer scale. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 1939–1952, 2009
Molecular design, synthesis, and properties of Y‐type nonlinear optical polyester containing tricyanovinylthiophene with enhanced thermal stability of second harmonic generation
Authors: Lee Ga‐Young , Kim Jin‐Hyang , No Hyo Jin , Lee Ju‐Yeon , Rhee Bum Ku , Choi Hee‐dok
Published: July 2010

1‐{3,4‐Di‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy)phenyl}‐2‐(2‐thiophenyl)ethene (5) was prepared and condensed with terephthaloyl chloride to yield polyester (6). Polymer 6 was reacted with tetracyanoethylene to give a new Y‐type polyester (7) containing 1‐(3,4‐dioxyethoxy)phenyl‐2‐{5‐(2,2,3‐tricyanovinyl)‐2‐thiophenyl)}ethenyl groups as NLO‐chromophores, which are components of the polymer backbones. Polyester 7 is soluble in common organic solvents such as N,N‐dimethylformamide and acetone. Polymer 7 showed a thermal stability up to 300 °C in thermogravimetric analysis with glass transition temperature (Tg) obtained from differential scanning calorimetry near 126 °C. The second harmonic generation (SHG) coefficient (d33) of poled polymer film at the 1560 nm fundamental wavelength was around 6.57 × 10−9 esu. The dipole alignment exhibited high thermal stability up to the Tg, and there was no SHG decay below 125 °C due to the partial main‐chain character of polymer structure, which is acceptable for NLO device applications. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 1911–1919, 2009
Borane chain transfer reaction in olefin polymerization using trialkylboranes as chain transfer agents
Authors: Lin Wentian , Niu Hui , Chung T. C. Mike , Dong Jin‐Yong
Published: July 2010

This article discusses a new borane chain transfer reaction in olefin polymerization that uses trialkylboranes as a chain transfer agent and thus can be realized in conventional single site polymerization processes under mild conditions. Commercially available triethylborane (TEB) and synthesized methyl‐B‐9‐borabicyclononane (Me‐B‐9‐BBN) were engaged in metallocene/MAO [depleted of trimethylaluminum (TMA)]‐catalyzed ethylene (Cp2ZrCl2 and rac‐Me2Si(2‐Me‐4‐Ph)2ZrCl2 as a catalyst) and styrene (Cp*Ti(OMe)3 as catalyst) polymerizations. The two trialkylboranes were found—in most cases—able to initiate an effective chain transfer reaction, which resulted in hydroxyl (OH)‐terminated PE and s‐PS polymers after an oxidative workup process, suggesting the formation of the B‐polymer bond at the polymer chain end. However, chain transfer efficiencies were influenced substantially by the steric hindrances of both the substituent on the trialkylborane and that on the catalyst ligand. TEB was more effective than TMA in ethylene polymerization with Cp2ZrCl2/MAO, whereas it became less effective when the catalyst changed to rac‐Me2Si(2‐Me‐4‐Ph)2ZrCl2. Both TEB and Me‐B‐9‐BBN caused an efficient chain transfer in the Cp2ZrCl2/MAO‐catalyzed ethylene polymerization; nevertheless, Me‐B‐9‐BBN failed in vain with rac‐Me2Si(2‐Me‐4‐Ph)2ZrCl2/MAO. In the case of styrene polymerization with Cp*Ti(OMe)3/MAO, thanks to the large steric openness of the catalyst, TEB exhibited a high efficiency of chain transfer. Overall, trialkylboranes as chain transfer agents perform as well as BH‐bearing borane derivatives, and are additionally advantaged by a much milder reaction condition, which further boosts their applicability in the preparation of borane‐terminated polyolefins. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3534–3541, 2010
Synthesis of water‐soluble perylenediimide‐functionalized polymer through esterification with poly(vinyl alcohol)
Authors: Salavagione Horacio J. , Martínez Gerardo , Gómez Rafael , Segura José L.
Published: July 2010

A new material has been prepared by covalent attachment of a perylene derivative, N‐(carboxyphenyl)‐N′‐(8‐pentadecyl)perylene‐3,4:9,10‐bis(dicarboximide) (PDI‐COOH), to poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) by esterification. The perylenediimide (PDI)‐modified PVA polymers are soluble in water and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO). This solubility is conferred to the insoluble perylene derivative by the water‐soluble polymer. The materials have been characterized by hydrogen‐nuclear magnetic resonance, Fourier transform infrared spectra, X‐ray diffraction, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy confirming the covalent attachment of the PDI to the polymer chains. The significant changes in the crystalline parameters and the thermal stability observed for the polymer after the esterification also confirm the covalent linkage with PDI. In addition, the PDI‐modified PVA shows good fluorescence both in solution (quantum yield ∼0.2–0.25) and in solid suggesting that the PDI retains largely its photochemical and photophysical properties after immobilization. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3613–3622, 2010
Well‐controlled amphiphilic block glycopolymers and their molecular recognition with lectins
Authors: León Orietta , Bordegé Vanesa , Muñoz‐Bonilla Alexandra , Sánchez‐Chaves Manuel , Fernández‐García Marta
Published: July 2010

The atom transfer radical polymerization of an unprotected glycomonomer, 2‐{[(D‐glucosamin‐2N‐yl)carbonyl]oxy}ethyl methacrylate (HEMAGl) is firstly reported. Controlled polymerizations were performed with the CuBr/N,N,N′,N′,N′‐pentamethyldiethylene triamine catalytic system with ethyl 2‐bromoisobutyrate and 1,2‐bis(bromoisobutyryloxy) ethane as mono and difunctional initiators in DMF solutions (80% w/w) at 40 and 50 °C, respectively. The polymerization of HEMAGl resulted in a controlled polymerization with linear kinetics, molecular weights which increase with conversion and narrow polydispersity indexes. Mono and difunctional PHEMAGl macroinitiators were used to synthesize the amphiphilic di and triblock glycopolymers with n‐butyl acrylate, verifying their living character. The self‐assembly of these glycopolymers in distilled water and in 0.1M NaCl solutions was studied by dynamic light scattering, showing the role of hydrogen bonds and the hydrophobic parts. In addition, their interaction with Concanavalin A lectin was examined, demonstrating the influence of molecular weight and copolymer composition. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3623–3631, 2010