bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mnemonic Retrieval Strategies in Serial to Paired-Associate Transfer
Authors: Frigon Jean-Yves , Vikis-Freibergs Vaira
Published: September 2011

42 subjects were assigned to either of three rates of paired-associate presentation after having learned a nine-item serial list. Group I received a 4:4-sec. rate of presentation and Groups II and III 6:6 sec. and 8:8 sec., respectively. Half of the 16 paired associates were words previously learned in the serial list; half were control pairs. Contrary to previous studies, positive transfer was found for the serial-list-derived word pairs. This difference is attributed to the slower rates of presentation which allow the subjects to use a serial search strategy in retrieving contiguous pairs from the serial list. Serial search is viewed as a more parsimonious explanation than the associative one and the present results seem to add some support to the serial search hypothesis. It is also recognized that the subjects' serial search strategy is effective only under certain conditions.
Comparison of Two Non-Intellective Scales of Intelligence and Their Relationship to Intellectual Changes following Surgery
Authors: Shealy Allen E.
Published: September 2011

Two MMPI scales of intelligence measuring intellectual efficiency ( Ie and Iq) were significantly correlated with WAIS IQ, Wechsler Memory Scale memory, and Bender-Gestalt errors for a sample of 102 patients undergoing coronary artery surgery ( rs = .54 to .36). Pre-operative intellectual efficiency was not predictive of changes in intelligence, memory, and perceptual-motor ability assessed six days post-operatively. The intellectual efficiency scales were also positively correlated with adjustment as measured by MMPI basic scales and Dependency ( Dy), Ego Strength ( Es) and Manifest Anxiety ( At) scales.
Physical Arousal Concealed during Emotional Stress
Authors: Forbes Lorna M. , Chaney Robert H.
Published: September 2011

Physical responses to emotional tension of 97 patients were monitored by cardiovascular techniques while patients were in psychotherapy. Heart rates and blood pressures were measured, results of electrocardiograms analyzed, and voice transmission and videotapes studied. Evidence of arousal as measured by tachycardia, hypertension, and arrhythmias was more frequent than could be observed clinically. Depressed patients showed almost as much physical tension as those who were obviously angry or anxious. Variations that were difficult to see clinically were easily detected by monitoring.
Differences in Decision Time between Extraverts and Introverts under the “Task-Oriented Situation” and the “Ego-Oriented Situation”
Authors: Shiomi Kunio
Published: September 2011

The individual differences in decision time for conflict situations were investigated chiefly in the contexts of extraversion and introversion measured by the Maudsley Personality Inventory and the Social Extraversion scores of Yatabe-Guilford Personality Inventory. Under “task-oriented instruction” introverts decided faster than extraverts but with “ego-oriented instruction” extraverts decided faster than introverts. These results were discussed in terms of personality traits of introverts and extraverts.
Effect of Strain and Level of Shock on the Behaviour of Rats in PSI Experiments
Authors: Hewitt J. K. , Fulker D. W. , Eysenck H. J.
Published: September 2011

Rats from five strains were tested for the ability precognitively to avoid three levels of shock. There were clear effects of shock and strain on the number of observed Random Behaviour Trials, with the Roman High Avoidance strain being the only one to maintain high levels of Random Behavior Trials at high levels of shock. However, there was no evidence for any psi ability in this experiment and this null result was not affected by either the strain of rat tested or the level of shock delivered. There was no interaction among these factors.
Tangible Self-Reinforcement in Self-Directed Behavior Modification Projects
Authors: Kirsch Irving
Published: September 2011

The effects of tangible self-reinforcement, as used in behavioral self-modification projects, were investigated in three experiments. The results indicated that the addition of tangible self-reinforcement showed little advantage on self-monitored behavioral measures over a procedure which combined self-monitoring with a demand for change. Analyses of variance indicated that both conditions produced a significant increase in response rate over baseline measures, but no significant differences were found between self-reinforcement and “commitment” only procedures. Also, the results of Exp. 3 indicate that perceived credibility of self-modification strategies significantly influences performance on target behaviors during all phases of a self-modification project.
Comparison of WISC and WISC-R Scores of Highly Gifted Students in Public School
Authors: Wheaton Peter J. , Vandergriff Arvil F.
Published: September 2011

26 highly gifted students, aged 10 to 12 yr., were administered the WISC to compare their scores with previously obtained WISC-R scores. The interval between the administration of the two instruments ranged from 9 to 12 mo. Correlation coefficients for the Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs were .44, .52, and .42, respectively. A significant difference in the mean Verbal and Full Scale IQs was found; the WISC-R showed higher means, while the mean difference between the Performance IQs was not significant. Significant differences were found on three verbal subtests, Information, Similarities, and Comprehension, and on one performance subtest, Coding. The results indicated that these highly gifted students performed consistently better on the recently revised WISC-R which they had been given previously than on its predecessor, the WISC.
Unsuccessful Use of Massed Practice in the Treatment of Gilles De La Tourette's Syndrome
Authors: Hollandsworth James G. , Bausinger Linda
Published: September 2011

An 18-yr.-old female suffering from motor tics and compulsive utterances of an obscene word engaged in massed practice for the coprolalia. Self-recorded frequency counts of the obscenity indicated no substantial decrease from baseline. Unobtrusive monitoring of the rate of coprolalic outbursts in the therapeutic setting indicated a marked increase as treatment progressed. This observation coupled with an improved articulation of the obscenity resulted in terminating the massed practice after eight sessions. The continued use of supportive therapy and chemotherapy (haloperidol) also proved unsuccessful. Social contingencies beyond the control of the therapists were suspected to play an important role in maintaining these behaviors.
Eysenck's Theory of Criminality: A Scale of Criminal Propensity as a Measure of Antisocial Behavior
Authors: Saklofske D. H. , McKerracher D. W. , Eysenck S. B. G.
Published: September 2011

The criminal propensity scale from the Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was administered to five groups of adolescent boys. School boys were classified into four groups of 20 each by staff ratings and a self-report questionnaire of antisocial behavior. The fifth group of 20 was comprised of delinquent boys in detention. Well behaved boys, low in antisocial behavior, obtained significantly lower scores than all other groups. The highest scores were earned by delinquent boys and badly behaved school boys, high in antisocial behavior.
Self-Instructions and Reduction of Social Anxiety
Authors: Hewitt Jay , Murray Jo
Published: September 2011

12 male college students experienced four interactions which they rated for tension and enjoyment. The instruction to treat a female as a close friend was most enjoyable and associated with least tension.
Cognitive Responses under Stress: The Effect of Examination Stress on Commonality of Verbal Associations
Authors: Schmolling Paul
Published: September 2011

The present study determined the impact of a familiar stress situation, the college examination, on commonality of verbal associations. Three groups of college students responded to a word-association test under the following conditions: one group was tested first under examination stress and then in a normal classroom setting; a second group was tested in the reverse of this order while a third group, serving as an over-all control, was tested twice under normal conditions. Contrary to drive theory, the results indicated that anxiety tends to weaken the bond between pairs of verbal associates, reducing the frequency of common responses. The decrement in commonality was least in words of high response strength. It was concluded that loosened verbal associations—in mild form—are typical reactions to stress in normal persons. The implications of the results are discussed in reference to dedifferentiation theory and psychopathology.
Does Locus of Control Similarity Increase Attraction?
Authors: Korte John R. , Kimble Charles E. , Cole James R.
Published: September 2011

This study explores the possibility that the failure to obtain support for Byrne's effect, similarity of attitude, on the dimension of locus of control is associated with methodological artifacts. 24 internal and 21 external subjects (mostly females) rated their attraction to the locus of control protocols of three bogus strangers. These protocols were constructed using the method of constant discrepancy to reflect attitudes that were (1) similar to, (2) dissimilar to, and (3) the mirror image of each subject's own responses. The results indicated that both internal and external subjects were more attracted to a similar stranger than to a dissimilar one.
Dimension of Seriousness in Attempted Suicide: Significance of the MF Scale in Suicidal MMPI Profiles
Authors: Sendbuehler Joseph M. , Kincel Rudolf L. , Nemeth George , Oertel Jean
Published: September 2011

Survivors of suicide (184) were classified clinically into serious, ambivalent, and gesture pre- and post-suicidal states. It was noted that the MMPI profile interpretation concurs with this classification and shows the Masculinity-Femininity trend. The profile interpretation makes use of the individual interscale relationships and actuarial profiles. The relationship with the psychiatric clinical diagnostic category is also necessary. The Masculinity-Femininity Scale is essential in MMPI profile interpretation and is significant in statistical terms in differentiating the serious (high risk) attempters from the other groups. The Masculinity-Femininity Scale in conjunction with intrapsychic factor indicators (Scales 2, 4, 6, 7, 8) contributes to the profile interpretation to such an extent that one can significantly differentiate suicidal from non-suicidal depressives, schizophrenics, and personality disorders. In qualitative terms, the Masculinity-Femininity Scale suggests that the serious suicide attempters are psychosexually maladjusted, lack self-confidence, and healthy self-esteem. This is due to a disturbance in their developmental characterological structure.
Ego Development and Psychopathology
Authors: Vincent Linn R. , Vincent Ken R.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between ego development and psychopathology was studied, using Loevinger's Washington University Sentence Completion Blank and ego development rating method. The levels of ego development of the population at a private psychiatric clinic were found to be significantly lower than those of Loevinger's manual construction and revision sample. Using the MMPI as a classification guide, individuals at the lower levels of ego development were found to be primarily diagnosed as character-logical. The relationship between ego development and IQ on the WAIS was also noted. The present study adds credence to the usefulness of Loevinger's Washington University Sentence Completion Test for Ego Development as a clinical instrument.
Utilizing Dimensions of the Rotter Interpersonal Trust Scale in Investigations of Trust: Validation of Suggested Methods
Authors: Walker Betty A. , Robinson Rick
Published: September 2011

Several authors have suggested that the Rotter Interpersonal Trust Scale may be employed in studies examining trust with more success if the factors or dimensions of the instrument are used rather than the general scale. The present investigation concerned the relationship between the dimension “Interpersonal Exploitation” and group cohesiveness, and the dimension “Reliable-role Performance” and group cohesiveness. Group composition according to these dimensions resulted in different levels of group cohesiveness, with groups heterogeneously comprised on the basis of subjects' scores on the dimensions significantly more cohesive than homogeneously comprised groups. A dimensional approach to the examination of interpersonal trust may be viable in other settings where the variables of interest are theoretically related to the dimensions of the Rotter Interpersonal Trust Scale.
Remote Viewing: A Response Bias Interpretation
Authors: Karnes Edward W. , Susman Ellen Pennes
Published: September 2011

The psychic or paranormal phenomenon termed “remote viewing” was investigated using a signal-detection experimental procedure. “Remote viewing” involves the reported ability of a person (the receiver) physically separated from another person (the sender) to describe the surroundings (the target) of the sender. 90 volunteer college students were used in an experimental condition designed to measure the accuracy of “remote viewing” and 25 students served in a control condition designed to provide a baseline for guessing or response bias. The accuracy of “remote viewing” was objectively measured by having receivers select color photographs of the sender's location and rate the confidence of their selections. The results offered no statistical support for “remote viewing” either in terms of the proportions of correct and incorrect selections or in terms of the confidence ratings attached to correct and incorrect selections. The finding that successful receivers offered reliably more selection responses or guesses than did nonsuccessful receivers provided a basis for possible interpretation of success in demonstrations of “remote viewing.”
Personality Characteristics of Alcoholic Patients in Relation to Length of Heavy Drinking
Authors: Bergman Hans
Published: September 2011

Responses to a Swedish version of EPPS by alcoholic and neurotic male patients were analyzed in a two-way, multivariate analysis of variance. On the whole, no statistically significant differences were found between alcoholics and neurotics or between alcoholics with long and alcoholics with short duration of heavy drinking while holding age constant. Thus, neither the hypothesis of a typical alcoholic personality different from that of neurotic patients nor the hypothesis that prolonged heavy drinking is associated with personality changes was supported.
Teachers' Information Processing: Effect of Information about Pupils on Teachers' Expectations and Affect
Authors: Bar-Tal Daniel , Saxe Leonard
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated how elementary teachers (18 men and 25 women) react on the basis of information available about a pupil. Information in the form of attributions affects teachers' expectations and feelings of satisfaction. Sex differences in teachers' reactions and differential responses to sex of the pupil were observed.
Perception of an Aggressor and His Victim as a Function of Their Relationship and Retaliation
Authors: Kanekar Suresh , Mazumdar Deepa , Bulsara Roshan M. , Kolsawalla Maharukh B.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments, using a simple incident of aggression described in a passage, were conducted to study the evaluation of an aggressor (Study II) and his victim (Study I) as a function of their relationship. Both studies used a 2 (subjects' sex) × 2 (aggressor superior to victim vs aggressor subordinate to victim) × 2 (retaliating vs nonretaliating victim) factorial design, with 20 college students per cell as subjects ( N = 320). The nonretaliating victim was rated more positively than the retaliating victim on all dimensions. The aggressor tended to be more favorably judged when the victim was a superior rather than a subordinate, although this was not true of all conditions or of all dimensions.
Goalbox Placements and Extinction: A Test of an Incentive Model
Authors: Boyer William N. , Cross Henry A. , Avery David D.
Published: September 2011

Four groups of rats were extinguished in an alley after receiving the following treatments: Group 1 was given 6 rewarded goalbox placements, Group 2 6 nonrewarded placements, Group 3 received 6 rewarded placements in a neutral box, and Group 4 was merely handled. Prior to these treatments all groups were given 32 training trials. From Theios and Brelsford's theory, it was predicted that rewarded goalbox placements would decrease resistance to extinction; however, such placements increased persistence behavior. The results were discussed within an incentive hypothesis.
Note: The Situation of Being Ignored
Authors: Lee Dorothy
Published: September 2011

A hypothetical situation is presented in which respondents are ignored. While an earlier study reported female subjects reacted negatively toward themselves in such a situation, in the present study, proportions of women ( n = 134) and men ( n = 79) making these choices were nor significantly different.
Effects of Familiarity on Self-Disclosure in a Client-Counselor Relationship
Authors: Kiyak H. Asuman , Kelley Thomas M. , Blak Richard A.
Published: September 2011

A modified version of Jourard's self-disclosure questionnaire was administered at periodic intervals to 33 undergraduates in psychology who were volunteer counselors for youths referred to the Wayne County Juvenile Court. They reported self-disclosure for themselves and their clients. It was predicted that self-disclosure would increase in a linear fashion with time and that clients' self-disclosure would be related to level of disclosure by counselors. Although the change in self-disclosure was statistically significant, the linear trend did not account for the major portion of the variance. The quadratic and quartic trends were also significant for the counselors' self-disclosure, while the linear and quartic trends accounted for most of the variability in clients' self-disclosure. These clients disclosed significantly more than the student-counselors. Although the 18 female dyads disclosed more, sex differences were not statistically significant.
Self-Observation of One's Own Reflected Image: A Report
Authors: Squyres Elton M.
Published: September 2011

Cooley's (1902/1964) model of the looking-glass self posits that the psychological self develops as a product of social reference and is dependent on social approval for an individual to maintain a sense of continuity about the self. This study tested the prediction that in the absence of direct social approval people would more likely than not seek self-approval of the self-image. Observations of unaccompanied adults with the opportunity to look at their own self-reflections in full-length windows did not support the prediction. A significant difference was found between the responses of males and females.
Word Association: Response Behavior and Stimulus Words
Authors: Mefferd Roy B.
Published: September 2011

11 independent sources of variance in free-word association attributable to differences in stimulus words were delineated. Almost all of these characteristics were noted long ago in separate univariate experiments, but the fact that these were independent effects has not been noted.
Locus of Control and Depression among Psychiatric Inpatients
Authors: Leggett Jack , Archer Robert P.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between locus of control and two depression measures in a sample of 45 male and 38 female psychiatric inpatients. Correlational analysis showed significant relationships between greater externality and higher depression scores for both depression measures. Also, significant sex differences were identified such that higher magnitude correlation coefficients were found for male patients. No significant relationships were found between locus of control orientation at admission and changes in depression as a function of treatment. Results were discussed in terms of “learned helplessness” models of depression and traditional cultural sex roles.
A Survey of Emotional Content of Dreams Recalled by College Students
Authors: Stairs Paul W. , Blick Kenneth A.
Published: September 2011

Dream diaries, narrative descriptions of five dreams and the selection from an emotion checklist of the two strongest emotions in each dream, were turned in during a 5-wk. period by 13 male and 18 female undergraduates. No significant differences were found in the emotional content of dreams of male and female undergraduates. A chi squared analysis of the combined data showed that the emotions of interest, fear, surprise, enjoyment, and distress were the most prominent ones while anger, shame, disgust, and contempt were the least prominent. The results generated by the dream diary—emotion checklist methodology were compared to and contrasted with those of other studies of dream emotions.
Biographical Factors Associated with Longevity in Male Kansas Pioneers
Authors: Matter Darryl E.
Published: September 2011

A discriminant analysis suggests a significant relationship between biographical factors and longevity in male Kansas pioneers. Year of birth, age at marriage, length of marriage, and the number and sex of children are significantly different for those who live significantly longer or die earlier than the average. The individuals who lived longest were born earlier, married younger, were married longer, and had more boys and girls. These variables as predictors were adequate to classify the early settlers into their respective longevity groups.
Drug Involvement in Crimes Committed by Mentally ILL Offenders
Authors: Siomopoulos V.
Published: September 2011

This paper presents findings concerning crimes committed by mental patients within 24 hr. of intake of such illicit substances as amphetamines, LSD, heroin, and phencyclidine. The number of crimes committed under the influence of amphetamines and amphetamine-like substances exceeded significantly the number of crimes committed under the influence of any other single substance, a finding consistent with previous observations linking amphetamines to violent and antisocial behavior. Personality and situational factors were considered to play a significant role in the crimes associated with intake of LSD and heroin, whereas impairment of judgment rather than upsurge of violence was implicated in the crimes that involved phencyclidine abuse.
Effects of Sharing a Secret on Subsequent Level of Openness
Authors: Tittler Bennett I. , Roll Samuel , Prasinos Steven
Published: September 2011

A wholistic model of openness is described. Shifts in openness were studied in 48 college women following the telling of a secret. Whereas the act of sharing a secret per se did not have an effect different from a control procedure, the intimacy of the secret was predictive of increased openness in a curvilinear fashion. Implications of these findings are discussed in terms of understanding the factors that contribute to sustained openness. The present methodology holds promise for further research in this area.
Relationship between Personality Traits and Fear of Death
Authors: Neufeldt David E. , Holmes Cooper B.
Published: September 2011

Personality traits and reported levels of death fear were compared for 75 individuals. The subjects were undergraduate men and women in psychology who completed the 16 PF and the Death Anxiety Scale. Five personality traits were associated with a high fear of death; however, none were to a degree that would allow the statement that people with a high fear of death are necessarily abnormal. Those with a high fear of death were relatively more easily affected by feelings, less trusting, less self-assured, less socially precise, and more tense than people with a low fear of death.
Effects of Defendant's Sex and Age Status on Severity of Punishment: An Experimental Test
Authors: Faulkner Gary L. , Steffensmeier Darrell J.
Published: September 2011

326 subjects were randomly assigned to one of four descriptions of a defendant's statuses: adult male, adult female, juvenile male, and juvenile female. Subjects were asked to select type of punishment deemed appropriate for four episodes: shoplifting, drunkenness, murder, and possession/sale of hard drugs. The results provided support for the hypothesis that juveniles and females are treated more leniently for violations. In particular, female juveniles are treated less harshly than the other sex-age categories.
Use and Evaluation of the Quick Test (QT): Partial Summary through October, 1979: II. Reviews, Theses, Unpublished Reports and Papers
Authors: Ammons R. B. , Ammons C. H.
Published: September 2011

40 references to the Quick Test in reviews, theses, and reports given at meetings are listed. These reports of use of the Quick Test originated from a literature search and replies to letters sent to 2,634 users of record in 1979.
Remote Viewing: Failures to Replicate with Control Comparisons
Authors: Karnes Edward W. , Ballou Julie , Susman Ellen Pennes , Swaroff Philip
Published: September 2011

The paranormal phenomenon termed “remote viewing” was investigated using procedures employed in successful demonstrations of the phenomenon. 20 selected college students volunteered as receivers and were given two “remote viewing” trials. A control condition was used on Trial 1 to evaluate chance factors in “remote viewing.” Independent judges and the receivers evaluated the accuracy of “remote viewing” by comparing the receivers' protocols to senders' descriptions and by visits to the target sites. The results offered no support for a “remote viewing” hypothesis. Means for judgments of correct receiver protocols were not significantly different between experimental and control group receivers and were not significantly different from judgment means for incorrect receiver protocols. A psychic/nonpsychic interpretation of judgment successes was discounted by the finding that successes could be accounted for in terms of differences among rating means for targets or differences among rating means for individual judges.
Comparison of Factors from the Bem Sex-Role Inventory for Male and Female College Students
Authors: Kimlicka Thomas M. , Wakefield James A. , Friedman Alan F.
Published: September 2011

The 40 sex-typed items of the Bern Sex-role Inventory were analyzed by the principal components method for samples of 169 male and 206 female undergraduates. The Bern Sex-role Inventory assumes psychological masculinity (M) and femininity (F) as independent, unipolar dimensions of personality which can be measured using pools of items treated as homogeneous. The two analyses were compared with each other and with theoretical orthogonal factors of masculinity and femininity. The results indicated that the two sets of items measure the same constructs for males and females and show agreement with theoretical factors. In addition, the masculine items defined three small factors (rather than one) for each sex and eight feminine items showed poor agreement with the femininity factor. Suggestions for improving the inventory were presented.
Response Characteristics in a Mail Survey
Authors: Stumpf Stephen A. , Bedrosian Hrach
Published: September 2011

A survey of job attitudes and job behavior was mailed to 2,268 workers and their employers. Nonresponse bias was investigated for biographic variables and three substantive variables: pay, job training, and job attitudes. The small significant effects observed suggest only minor bias. The biographic characteristics which did indicate nonresponse bias, e.g., sex, also demonstrated late-response bias. The use of late-responders' characteristics as a proxy for nonresponse bias needs further investigation.
Interpersonal Correlates of Pessimism
Authors: Malloy Thomas E. , Fyfe Bill
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between feelings of pessimism and interpersonal behavior in a group of 91 normal, nonclinically depressed individuals. Correlational analysis was employed to assess the magnitude of the relationship between scores on the Hopelessness Scale and the FIRO-B. Significant correlations suggested that increasing pessimism was associated with interpersonal detachment, passivity, and affective insulation. The hypothesis was offered that pessimism and depression may represent a unitary dimension quantitatively different yet qualitatively similar.
Locus of Control and Occupational Structure
Authors: Eichler Victoria L.
Published: September 2011

Locus of control and occupational structure were investigated in two groups of subjects aged 21 to 57 yr. One group of 25 subjects were in occupations in which they were closely supervised and were required to perform routine and non-complex tasks. Subjects in the second group of 25 held occupations of relative complexity and of little close supervision and routine. Subjects in the first group scored external on Rotter's scale relative to subjects in the second group of occupations.
Equivalence of Forms One and Three of the Quick Test
Authors: Vance Hubert , Blixt Sonya , Ellis C. Rick
Published: September 2011

The alternate form reliability of Forms 1 and 3 of the Quick Test was investigated for a selected sample of 29 boys and 15 girls (6–10 to 17–0) receiving special education services. A high correlation ( r = .97) was obtained between the two forms. In addition, form equivalence as determined by the Wilks (1946) procedure was .97 ( p > .05) which indicates that for all intents and purposes Forms 1 and 3 of the Quick Test are equivalent.
Examination of Responses of Registered Nurses to Manifest Needs Questionnaire
Authors: Brief Arthur P. , Darrow Arthur L. , Aldag Ramon J. , Power Daniel J.
Published: September 2011

The a priori factor structure, internal consistency reliability, and convergent and discriminant validity of Steers and Braunstein's (1976) Manifest Needs Questionnaire were evaluated for a sample of 96 registered nurses. The questionnaire exhibited generally unsatisfactory psychometric properties. Readers are cautioned against its adoption as a research tool unless future studies yield more favorable results.
No Discrimination against Brilliant Women
Authors: Sanford Fonda , Hewitt Jay
Published: September 2011

32 men and 32 women took an intelligence test, listened to an audio recording of two individuals taking the test (one of whom performed at a brilliant level and one of whom performed at an average level), and then rated their liking for the two. When these college students were told that the test was predictive of success in interpersonal relations, subjects thought they might like a high performing female over an average performing female.
Marker Items for Evaluating Graduate-Level Teaching Assistants
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

Study identified 10 items for appraising classroom performance of graduate-level teaching assistants.
Length of Stay of Patients in Sheltered Care and Physical Space: A Comparative Study
Authors: Johnson George R. , Glick Ira D. , Young Rhodes
Published: September 2011

This paper focuses on the importance of architectural design and space as part of the treatment consideration involving psychiatric patients in the community. Data from 15 community facilities of three sizes and involving 156 patients suggest that size of the facility is positively related to the length of time patients stay in these facilities.
Participation in Community Theater and Type of Personality
Authors: Keller Horace T. , Tetlow Elizabeth W.
Published: September 2011

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator was given to 65 individuals, ranging from 18 to 65 yr. of age, involved in community theater productions. Forty-one were females and 24 were males. Participation categories of onstage only, backstage only, and a combination of both were used to analyze responses on the four scales. Significant differences were found on two scales, Extroversion-Introversion and Judgment-Perception.
Utility of a Multidimensional Locus of Control Scale in Predicting Health and Job-Related Outcomes in Military Environments
Authors: Butler Mark C. , Burr Ralph G.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the dimensionality and validity of Levenson's (1973a) multidimensional locus of control scale in two independent samples of Navy enlisted men. It was hypothesized that internal subjects would report better health, greater general satisfaction, and higher levels of family strain due to separation. Given the nature of the military environment, it was expected that external scores would be more pronounced for powerful other rather than chance-oriented expectancies. The results generally agreed with hypothesized relationships and are discussed in terms of the utility of a multidimensional locus of control construct in measuring generalized expectancies.
Purpose in Life in South Africa: A Comparison of American and South African Beliefs
Authors: Stones Christopher R. , Philbrick Joseph L.
Published: September 2011

Crumbaugh and Maholick's Purpose-in-Life test was administered to 100 English-speaking South African subjects, who were later to become members of discrete religiously oriented groups, to test the hypothesis that samples of particular South African young people would receive substantially lower scores prior to their group affiliation than comparable American samples. This hypothesis was confirmed. Four individually distinct samples are briefly discussed and, although no conclusions can be reached because there are no South African norms, the finding of such dramatically low scores for these specific samples suggests the presence of maladjustment might be accounted for in terms of the existential crisis brought about through the rapid and substantial cultural change.
Locus of Control and Assertive Behavior
Authors: Replogle William H. , O'Bannon R. Michael , McCullough Pamela W. , Cashion Linda N.
Published: September 2011

Significant correlations were obtained between total I-E score and sociopolitical control I-E subscale score and self-reports of assertiveness. A nonsignificant correlation was obtained between the personal control I-E subscale and self-reports of assertiveness.
Drinking-Related Locus of Control as a Predictor of Attrition in an Alcoholism Treatment Program
Authors: Walker R. D. , Van Ryn F. , Frederick B. , Reynolds D. , O'Leary M. R.
Published: September 2011

Orientation control is a personality construct referring to an individual's beliefs about the locus of control over his life events. The social learning model of behavior implies that people differ with respect to this orientation. The Drinking-related Internal Locus of Control Scale is viewed as a measure of specific expectancies dealing with a variety of drinking behaviors. The present study examined the relationship between alcoholic patients' orientation of control and attrition from the program. The scale was given to 75 male alcoholics. Patients who left treatment during the inpatient phase scored higher on the general control factor of the scale than those who stayed. Specific mechanisms of these attitudinal shifts as they relate to the treatment process and future research designs are discussed.
Study Strategies and Type of Test Item in Prose Comprehension Test
Authors: Adejumo Dayo
Published: September 2011

The performance of four groups having different study strategies on a multiple-choice prose comprehension test composed of 40 each factual and inferential test items was investigated. 120 undergraduates enrolled in introductory psychology were subjects. No significant difference in the over-all performance on the factual and inferential test items was noted but there were significant differences among groups on inferential test items. The ‘Yoked’ and the ‘Control’ groups performed better than those with self-generated questions and experimenter-adjunct questions.
Wide Range Achievement Test: A One-Year Stability Study
Authors: Naglieri Jack A. , Parks James C.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the stability of the 1965 and 1978 Wide Range Achievement Test standard scores for a total sample of 115 kindergarten, first, and second grade students on the Hopi Indian Reservation in Northern Arizona. Results indicate satisfactory stability over a 1-yr. interval for the Reading, Spelling, and Arithmetic subtests using both the 1965 and 1978 editions. At the same test administration, the 1965 and 1978 standard scores correlated significantly with each other. Standard score subtest means derived from the 1965 and 1978 editions of the WRAT were compared and determined to be, in most cases, significantly different from one another.
Effects of Controversy and Defensiveness on Cognitive Perspective-Taking
Authors: Tjosvold Dean , Johnson David W. , Fabrey Lawrence J.
Published: September 2011

45 undergraduates discussed a moral issue with a confederate who had the same opinion (no controversy) or opposite opinion (controversy). Subjects in the conditions with controversy were induced to have a high level of defensiveness by a disconfirmation of personal competence or a low level of defensiveness by a confirmation. Subjects in no controversy experienced confirmation. Subjects in the condition of confirm controversy indicated mote conceptual conflict (uncertainty) and were more accurate in taking the cognitive perspective of the confederate than were subjects in the condition of confirm no controversy. These results support Piaget's and Kohlberg's views of the role of controversy in perspective-taking and cognitive development and Berlyne's theory of conceptual conflict and epistemic curiosity. Subjects in the condition of disconfirm controversy experienced more uncertainty and were more accurate in cognitive perspective-taking than were subjects in the condition of confirm controversy. Subjects in the condition of disconfirm controversy also experienced more internal distress, derogated the confederate and the confederate's position and arguments to a greater extent, and indicated greater closed-mindedness in responding to the confederate and the confederate's arguments than did subjects in the condition of confirm controversy.
Personality Characteristics and Employability of Mentally Retarded Adults
Authors: Mullins Deborah , Hays J. Ray
Published: September 2011

Work adjustment and personality factors were measured on 27 mentally retarded adults living in a halfway house. Successful employment ( n = 21) was related to conscientiousness, assertiveness, self-sufficiency, and imaginativeness as personality variables and die attitudinal variables of cooperativeness, punctuality, completing work on time, attendance, and quality of work. It appears that both personality and attitudinal variables have a major impact upon the successful employment of retarded persons. These factors may be quite independent of specific job skills.
Dogmatism and Confidence as Related Factors in Evaluation of New Products
Authors: Goldsmith Elizabeth B. , Goldsmith Ronald E.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the possible relationship between dogmatism and confidence. Confidence is related to the amount of information needed to make a decision. Rokeach's theories concerning dogmatism suggest that, because they resist new information, highly dogmatic individuals will report that they are more confident than persons low in dogmatism in their ability to evaluate a new product. 70 undergraduates were asked to assess their confidence in their ability to evaluate a new product and to complete the Troldahl and Powell Short-form Dogmatism Scale. As hypothesized, 15 subjects high in dogmatism reported that they were more confident than those ( n = 16) low in dogmatism.
Factorial Structure of the Mach v Scale for Chicano and White College Students
Authors: Martinez Daniel C.
Published: September 2011

121 Mexican-American and 112 white college students filled out Christie's Mach V scale which measures proclivities for interpersonal manipulation and deceit. Analysis of responses indicated that the Mach V factorial structure was more identifiable for the white students than for the Mexican-Americans. It was concluded that of several possible factorial summaries, a three-factor solution afforded the most succinct reduction of the data.
Occupational Interest and Perceived Personal Success: Effects of Gender, Sex-Role Orientation, and the Sexual Composition of the Occupation
Authors: Collins John , Reardon Maryellen , Waters L. K.
Published: September 2011

Ratings of interest and perceived personal success in the masculine stereotyped occupation of lawyer were obtained from 112 male and 112 female college students in a 2 (sex of respondent) × 4 (percentage of females projected to be in the occupation) × 3 (sex-role orientation) design. Analyses indicated (a) the manipulation of percentage of females influenced occupational interest for male students and (b) sex-role orientation influenced interest for males and perceived personal success for both male and female students. The results were discussed in reference to the stage of career planning of the students.
Social Facilitation and Social Desirability
Authors: Adams W. Clifton , Beatty Michael J. , Behnke Ralph R.
Published: September 2011

This study tested the hypothesis that arousal during initial interpersonal encounters is correlated with the individual's need for social approval. A Pearson product-moment correlation of .48 confirmed the hypothesis for 33 college men.
Free Time as a Reinforcer for on-Task Behavior in a Special Education Classroom
Authors: Couch J. V. , Clement T. H.
Published: September 2011

Within the last decade numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of structuring contingencies within the classroom to support desired behaviors by pupils. In the present study, free time was made contingent upon consistent on-task behavior for three trainable mentally retarded boys. Differences between baseline and contingency data showed a positive increase in on-task behavior.
Effects of Assertion Training within Context of a Multi-Modal Alcoholism Treatment Program for Employed Alcoholics
Authors: Freedberg Edmund J. , Johnston William E.
Published: September 2011

Of 101 alcoholic subjects participating in an intensive 3-wk. program, 56 received assertion training and 45 did not. All subjects were asked to take part in a 1-yr. follow-up program, during which data were collected on drinking behavior, work performance, job retention, and psychological functioning. Subjects who received assertion training achieved better results on all 4 outcome measures. While several recent studies have suggested that specific treatment procedures have little effect on outcome, this study indicates that assertion training in a comprehensive program significantly improves outcome.
Birth Order and Sex-Type
Authors: Shaw Jeffrey S. , Rodriguez Wilfredo
Published: September 2011

94 subjects were administered the Bem Sex-role Inventory and also asked whether they were first-, only-, or later-born children. A χ2 test indicated that androgynous and masculine sex-typed subjects were more likely to be first- or only-born than feminine or undifferentiated subjects. Possible problems with the use of the Bem Sex-role Inventory for this type of research are also discussed.
Relative Effects of Meditation vs other Activities on Ratings of Relaxation and Enjoyment of Others
Authors: Hewitt Jay , Miller Ralph
Published: September 2011

Subjects rated extent of relaxation and enjoyment of interpersonal relations for each day during a 4-wk. baseline period. The next week, subjects engaged in a different activity on each of 4 days for 20 min.: meditation, progressive relaxation, enjoyment of others as much as they could, and sitting down and trying to feel good. This sequence was repeated during the next 2 wk. At the end of each day, subjects rated their relaxation and the degree of enjoyment of other people. Analysis indicated that meditation produced significantly lower ratings of tension than did a baseline or control condition. Meditation, however, was not better than some alternative techniques, e.g., concentrating on trying to enjoy oneself or others, and subjects were more likely to engage in these alternative techniques than in meditation. Meditation had no effect on ratings of social relations.
Effect of Gender and Age on Family Climate Scores of Black Adolescents and Preliminary Norms
Authors: Dancy Barbara L. , Handal Paul J.
Published: September 2011

The effect of gender and age on family climate scores of 463 black adolescents was investigated. No effect for gender and a significant effect for age were found for only the independence subscale with 256 older males and females scoring significantly higher than 207 younger males and females. Means and standard deviations were given separately for younger and older adolescents.
Relationship between Irrationality and Sexual Arousability
Authors: Thyer Bruce A. , Papsdorf James D.
Published: September 2011

Cognitive therapies aimed at the alleviation of sexual dysfunctioning or deficits in arousal are often based on the premise that irrational self-statements and unrealistic belief systems inhibit one's capacity for sexual enjoyment (1, 2). In a test of this hypothesis the Sexual Arousal Inventory, a measure of females' sexual arousability (3), and the Rational Behavior Inventory, a measure of the rationality of one's personal belief systems (4) as defined by Ellis' system of rational emotive therapy, were administered to 102 women attending the University of Michigan ( Mage = 22 yr., SD = 3.7). This was done as part of a separately reported investigation on the concurrent validity of the inventory (4). Pearson product-moment correlations were calculated between the total sexual arousal score and the over-all index of rational beliefs and its 11 sub-factors. Contrary to prediction, self-reported capacity for sexual arousal was not significantly correlated with the over-all degree of irrationality of the subject's personal belief systems. Only one subfactor of the Rational Behavior Inventory, No. 7, avoidance of unpleasant tasks, correlated with the score on sexual arousal ( r = −.21, p < .05), possibly indicating that women who seek to avoid unpleasant tasks to an unrealistic extent experience a corresponding deficit in arousal during sexual activities perceived as distasteful. Since only one small but significant correlation was obtained out of 11 which were calculated, this may be a spurious finding. These results, if replicated, would question the theoretical premise underlying the rational emotive approach to the treatment of sexual dysfunction in women.
Motivational Consequences of Using Performance Goals
Authors: Siegfried William D. , Piemont Jeffrey , McCarter Robert , Dellinger Donald
Published: September 2011

This investigation examined the effects of extrinsic rewards and goals on interest and performance. Two conditions of reward (present, absent) and three goal conditions (assigned, self-set, and absent) were used in conjunction with an interesting task. 48 undergraduates completed a series of mazes during a 30-min. work period and were then given 10 min. of “free time.” Neither the goal nor reward conditions affected how many mazes were completed during the break or subject's responses to 30 attitudinal items. However, while only four attitudinal items were related to the number of mazes completed in the work period, 10 were related to the number completed during the break.
Correlations of Dogmatism and Internal-External Factor Scales
Authors: Mosely Ray Reuel
Published: September 2011

For 50 college students a small but significant correlation (.26) obtained between factor scores for two short-form scales, Rotter's I-E scale and a dogmatism scale.