bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the Spatial Evolution of Bai People’s Courtyard Houses
Authors: Krauth Jonathan
Published: December 2021

Bai People’s courtyard houses in the rural parts of China’s Dali area are a particular type of Chinese courtyard house, adapted to local culture and conditions. These dwellings were constructed in vernacular tradition up until the 1980s but underwent significant changes in the following decades. The goal of this study is to examine the evolution of the spatial structure using quantitative data, and relate it to changes in the social culture of the inhabitants. Three vernacular and three contemporary cases in the village Gushengcun are compared. To enhance understanding and examine the idea of evolutionary change in architecture, the concept of a Spatial DNA is applied, building on a metaphor of the biological DNA. It uses Space Syntax techniques and links numerical values of integration and space type to functional information. Findings show that the integration of the courtyard and bedrooms is decreasing, and space types indicate a change from rings to sequences. In contrast, the kitchen space integration is increasing. These results reveal parallels to changes in the means of subsistence, social structure of the family and conceptions of privacy: Decreasing spatial centrality of the courtyard - once a key space in the processing of agricultural produce - coincides with a shift from work in the primary sector to secondary and tertiary industries. Modern conceptions of privacy and individualism replacing the family as a unit of privacy are related to the segregation of bedrooms. The change in the spatial location of the kitchen is interpreted in the context of abolished gender separation and the changing role of women. This study hence provides measurable evidence to the links between space and culture in an intertemporal comparison of dwelling types.
Sustainable Transitions of Urban Projects towards Mitigation and Adaptation Projects for Climate Change: The case of Medellin
Authors: Perez-Lancellotti Gino , Ziede Marcela
Published: December 2021

The research investigates the relationship between cities and climate change by examining how urban projects shifted to mitigation and adaptation for climate change at an urban scale. The article is based upon two complementary approaches, a multilevel analysis from sustainable transitions theory and a framework of interrelations of urban mitigation and adaptation projects. The methodological design is a case study; we analyzed the case of Medellin that, at the beginning of the 2000's, implemented public transport projects, urban parks, educational and cultural facilities, and risk mitigation projects in the surrounding hills. The main findings are that specific projects at an urban scale are operating as niches or experiments, taking advantage of windows of opportunities, and triggering changes in the urban design routines, framing a new sociotechnical system. It is found that governance, leadership, teams of experts and urban planners are drivers for the transition of urban projects, which were initially designed for social and transport needs, to urban mitigation projects for climate change. At the same time, urban mitigation projects such as the Metropolitan Green Belt are transiting to adaptation projects for climate change. The conclusion for this case study is that while most urban projects retain their traditional role, a new generation of projects with mitigation and adaptation features is emerging in the context of climate change. This article contributes to expanding the empirical analysis of the literature on the theory of sustainable transitions specifically related to cities and urban projects. The theoretical framework of urban projects and their linkages with climate change are enriched. The conceptual framework of the analysis is replicable and useful for practitioners in the field of urban design and researchers interested in comparisons to identify patterns or typologies. In addition, the article contributes to sensitize actors involved in public urban design policies in their roles as managers of transitions.
Pedestrian Paths as an Indicator of Legibility Aspects of Omani Traditional Settlements
Authors: Benkari Naima , Sallam Islam
Published: December 2021

The interest for studying the Omani built heritage is not recent. However, the published research about the subject since the early 1970s, is limited in number and sporadic in topics and territories investigated. Moreover, there was no or little interest in examining this built heritage from the point of view of its urban design typologies. This paper is examining the urban form of these settlements and linking it with legibility aspects. Legibility and its influence on users of urban spaces have been significant for many theorists in urban studies. In their point of view, behaviour patterns of pedestrians are strongly influenced by legibility perception of the spatial patterns in urban spaces. The current research aims at studying the legibility aspects of traditional Omani residential settlements in an objective evaluation represented by numerical approach. Through a descriptive and analytical method, the results will link the influence of urban forms with legibility and behaviour patterns of pedestrians, which are deeply affected by the perception of body and mind. The paper explored paths’ forms influence on legibility perception of pedestrian in some of traditional settlements in Oman that have a strong urban identification. Five case studies representing traditional Omani settlements were chosen and analysed with an innovative quantitative approach capable of discovering, evaluating deficiencies, and suggesting solutions to develop local concepts for paths in any of urban settlements. The findings disclose that the contest to adopt international approaches to solve local urban spaces has created pointless, despicable, and unused spaces, while adopting local patterns, features and solutions will enhance the legible image of local urban settlements.
Enhancing Ecological, Functional, Social and Aesthetic Quality of Street Green Space by Planning Green Pockets
Authors: Nitavska Natalija , Skujane Daiga , Markova Madara , Spage Aiga
Published: December 2021

City residents do not always have an opportunity to visit larger parks or nature areas on a daily basis as the rhythm of their daily life does not allow them to spend enough time in a natural environment. More and more time is spent on the way to the place of work or home. As well as tourists on visiting the city use main streets as touristic routes. On the one hand, major central streets affect ecological balance of the city due to the heavy traffic and contamination from it, but on other hand, they are mostly visited public areas because of the public transport and various public buildings and touristic objects concentrated there. Thus, street green space plays an important role in the city landscape pattern and often requires much more diversity of plantings, humane and safer environment than other areas of the city. Street green space can be very limited especially in the centre of the city with dense building areas or places where historic pattern of buildings does not allow to expand green areas. But it is possible to find small green spaces or green pockets in several places along the street. Green pockets that developed as multifunctional, ecological and aesthetical green spaces can compensate insufficiency of street greenery. The socio-economically active, medium-size city of Rezekne in Latvia has been chosen as a pilot area for the assessment of potential to develop green pockets along main streets of the city. The central street of Rezekne is the main axis of the urban landscape which provides access to the city from other regions, although it is historic heritage area with active public life. Unfortunately, within the development of the city there were needs to increase the flow of the main street by reducing the green space. Therefore, it was not possible to develop classic street greenery of tree alleys. Due to the random spatial structure of buildings along the main street, there are open spaces of different size and shape between or in front of buildings. Those are appropriate for development of green spaces. The approach of green pockets was adapted for the main street of Rezekne as a tool for enhancing ecological, functional, social and aesthetic quality of street green space. As well as, this makes it possible to give the street landscape a diverse and multifunctional image and provide necessary functions and environment for residents and tourists. The aim of the article is to analyse problematic issues of the greenery of major central streets of Rezekne and present an approach of green pockets as a tool for their solving.
Dam Safety Emergency Action Plan: A Current Practice for Hydropower Dam in Malaysia
Authors: Muda Rahsidi Sabri , Hussain Mohd Ramzi Mohd , Tukiman Izawati , Abdullah Fatin Shahira
Published: December 2021

There are currently 104 dams constructed in Malaysia. The dams were built for various purposes; 16 of them were built for hydropower. The dam's reservoir often presents significant risks to downstream areas if a massive downfall release occurs. The enormous downfall could be due to a dam break event, overtopping, and emergency operational release. An incident may occur due to massive flows over a spillway with high-speed discharge or unexpected peak discharge. The obvious impact of the incident is direct to the community in the downstream area. Although there is no dam failure recorded case in Malaysia since the 1900s, the possibility of dam failure occurring is still there. Therefore, the dams must have an emergency action plan (EAP) to prepare the likelihood of the emergency occurrences. This paper aims to explore the EAP practices for dam incident over the region and review the EAP practices of a hydropower dam in Malaysia. Implementing EAP in the emergency response system would minimise the public and environment's impact due to dam failures. The benefit of establishing an EAP is to create better communication and effective responses system among agencies during dam emergency occurrences. This paper revolves around the EAP practices by dam owners in mitigating the risk of dam failure occurrences.
Probabilistic Modelling of Demographic Changes in Singapore’s Neighbourhoods
Authors: Barakathullah Malik M , Willemse Elias Jakobus , Tunçer Bige , Bouffanais Roland
Published: December 2021

Predicting the temporal evolution of the demography and the residents’ spatial movements would immensely aid the estate development and urban planning. The evolution of population in three townships of Singapore is simulated at neighbourhood scale using a novel agent-based probabilistic approach with inputs from large-scale survey and statistical data. The demographic changes due to age-dependent rates of death and fertility are studied by considering the inter-ethnic marriages that has a varying probability depending on the ethnicities of the male and female partners. The predicted changes in the age and household compositions and family types have been found to reflect the population trends in Singapore over the past years. The decline in family types that contain children and the structure of age composition over years underline the issue of prevailing low fertility rates. The strategies for incorporating the population relocation to consider the long-term spatial movement are also discussed. In Singapore’s context, we consider in the relocation model an added complexity of ethnic quota for the residential units developed by public housing board. The ethnicity dependent parameter coupled with other parameters that represent the number of children in a household besides their size, the household income, the proximity of children’s schools, and the places of employment could play a strong role in predicting the spatial evolution of the residents. These predictions can be used by the urban planners and policy makers to improve the quality of life in Singapore.
The analysis of morphometric parameters in hydrological modeling using GIS
Authors: Cotoarba Liliana , Herbei Mihai - Valentin , Florescu Constantin , Bādāluţā - Minda Codruţa
Published: December 2021

The analysis of the physical-geographical conditions determines and influences the formation and the regime of the water resources from a hydrographic basin. This paper aims to analyse spatial data based on raster models, more precisely the terrain analysis, later used in hydrological modelling. For the elaboration of the digital model of the terrain, methods of interpolation of certain data are used - the level curves - after which, by running the ArcGIS program will result the structure of the irregular triangulation network (TIN). Next, based on the TIN model, a set of analyses is obtained regarding the morphology of the terrain: the slope map; slope exposure map, etc. The slope is one of the most important factors for controlling surface and intermediate water runoff. The exposure of the slopes depends very much on the direction of the slope of the land. With the help of the analysis of the slope and slope exposure it is possible to: calculate the solar lighting for each location in a region; find all slopes in the southern part of a mountainous region to identify locations where the snowmelt process will start earlier than in other areas, thus avoiding the danger of flooding due to runoff from the slopes and the danger of soil erosion; the value and speed of surface runoff; identify the spread and abundance of flora and fauna, precipitation; identify the productivity classes of the land; find all the north-facing slopes on a mountain as part for the search of the best ski slopes.
Roughness Modeling for Composite Pavements using Machine Learning
Authors: Barros Rulian , Yasarer Hakan , Uddin Waheed , Sultana Salma
Published: December 2021

A large number of paved highway surfaces comprises composite pavements as a result of concrete pavement rehabilitation that uses an asphalt overlay on top of the concrete surface. Annually, billions of dollars are spent on the maintenance and rehabilitation of road networks. Roughness is one of the several indicators of road conditions used to make objective decisions related to road network management. The irregularities in the pavement surface affecting the ride quality of road users can be described by a standard roughness index defined as the International Roughness Index (IRI). Roughness prediction models can identify rehabilitation needs, analyze rehabilitation effects, and estimate future pavement conditions to implement different Maintenance and Rehabilitation (M&R) activities to extend the pavement life cycle and provide a smooth surface for road users. This study intended to develop pavement performance models to predict roughness for asphalt overlay on concrete pavement sections using the Long-Term Performance Pavement (LTPP) program database. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) approach was used to develop roughness prediction models. A total of 52 pavement sections with 592 data points were analyzed. Five models were developed, and the best performing model, Model 5 was found with an average square error (ASE) of 0.0023, mean absolute relative error (MARE) of 12.936, and coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.88. Model 5 utilized one output variable (IRIMean) and 14 input variables (i.e., Initial IRIMean, Age, Wet-Freeze, Wet Non-Freeze, Dry-Freeze, Dry Non-Freeze, Asphalt Thickness, Concrete Thickness, CN Code, ESAL, Annual Air Temperature, Freeze Index, Freeze-Thaw, and Precipitation). The ANN model structure utilized for Model 5 was 14-9-1 (14 inputs, 9 hidden nodes, and 1 output). Environmental impacts and traffic repetitions can cause severe damage to the pavement if timely maintenance and rehabilitation are not performed. By considering the effects of the M&R history of the pavement, it is possible to obtain realistic prediction models for future planning. Therefore, the developed ANN roughness performance models in this paper can be used as a prediction tool for IRI values and guide decision-makers to develop a better M&R plan. Local and state agencies can use available historical traffic and climatological data in the developed models to estimate the change in IRI values. Utilizing these prediction models eliminates time-consuming data collection and post-processing, and consequently, a cost reduction. This low-cost tool will improve the condition assessment and effective M&R scheduling.
Research on Vitality Improvement Strategy for the Historic District of Taiyanggou in Lushun
Authors: Miao Li , Liu Shujing , Li Bing , Wang Shiyuan
Published: December 2021

Located in the Lushunkou District of Dalian, Liaoning Province, the Taiyanggou Historic District is one of the most well-preserved modern historic districts in China, with the most surviving historic heritages. The area is home to a large number of cultural heritages, ranging from national to district level, as well as a large number of modern historic buildings that are not on the conservation list, which have immeasurable historical and cultural value. This District is reputed as an “open-air architectural exposition”. However, as Lushun is a military port city, most of the area is under the jurisdiction of the army, and the government and the army have multiple administrations that do not form a unified combination, making it difficult to implement conservation and development in the Taiyanggou Historic District. Eventually, this leads to problems of stagnant development, environmental degradation, population loss, population aging and a gradual decline in the vitality of the district. Therefore, how to reshape the vitality of the district and promote its long-term development while preserving its original historical appearance to the greatest extent has become an urgent problem to be solved. The paper began with an in-depth interpretation of the connotation of “vitality” and “vitality improvement” in historic districts through previous studies. The five major components of the vitality of historic districts were summarized as physical space vitality, social vitality, cultural vitality, economic vitality and political vitality. Subsequently, from these five aspects, the elements of vitality of the Taiyanggou Historic District were extracted and summarized, and the problems of its current decline in vitality were analyzed. Finally, using the problem-oriented and goal-oriented research ideas, a targeted approach was adopted to explore strategies to improve the vitality and get out of its current development dilemma, with a view to shedding light on the conservation and renewal of Taiyanggou Historic District.
Brick of the Historical Heritage: Comparative Analysis of The Thermal Conductivity, Density and Moisture
Authors: Rodríguez-Esteban Ma Ascensión , Camino-Olea Ma Soledad , Llorente-Álvarez Alfredo , Cabeza-Prieto Alejandro , Sáez-Pérez Ma Paz
Published: December 2021

In the renovation of historic buildings, the facades deserve special attention because, in general, it is where the property’s value and heritage lies. Additionally, they have a fundamental impact in the energetic efficiency of buildings. When you want to achieve an efficient building, the facades must comply with certain construction standards, generally difficult to achieve in renovations, especially in facades built with exposed brick, not altering their external appearance is a sine qua non condition. Against this background, in order to carry out optimal interventions in the thermal behavior of a brick wall, it is essential to have an exhaustive knowledge of the characteristics and values that influence thermal conductivity. To do so, calculations and simulations are carried out using the density and porosity parameters that are published in the different documents and regulations. However, these values are not reliable because they refer to the materials currently manufactured, and therefore, they are not valid when working with centenary materials that have been produced without quality control or precise technical specifications. On the other hand, the values provided by the regulations refer to the material in the dry state. It has not been considered that bricks, and especially those manufactured manually, due to their intrinsic conditions, are capable of absorbing large amounts of water, and therefore, of significantly varying its thermal conductivity. This feature is extrapolated to brickwork facades, where water can rise from the ground and penetrate from the rain. Thus, it is necessary that in the thermal conductivity study its hygrothermal behavior is taken into consideration. Against this background, this article presents the results of the tests carried out on specimens of various bricks from different traditional bricks factories and manufacturing processes and with an approximate age of about 100 years, to show that the old bricks have very different density, porosity and thermal conductivity values from the current ones. In addition, these values vary greatly depending on the moisture they contain, and also, the manufacturing system they had. Likewise, it is clear that the bricks of the facades of historic buildings, even if they are contemporaries, have different characteristics among them, showing different thermal behavior.
A Straightforward Procedure for Deriving the Biaxial Interaction Diagrams of RC Sections in Fire
Authors: Pham Duc Toan , Nguyen Hong Hai , Boulvard Sabine
Published: December 2021

Based on the lower bound static approach of the yield design (or limit analysis) theory, this contribution presents a straightforward computational procedure for establishing the biaxial interaction diagrams of RC sections in fire conditions, taking into account the experimentally-based relationships linking the degradation of material strength properties to the temperature increase. In the present approach, material characteristics are introduced in two steps: (i) a preliminary heat transfer analysis for evaluating the temperature distribution on the RC section and (ii) the introduction of reduced factors as functions of temperature into both the concrete and steel strength properties. For illustrative purpose, calculations will be conducted on a typical RC section subjected to different fire exposures. Finally, the theoretical predictions will be compared to those obtained from numerical simulations using a finite element software.
Determination of Cost-Effective Sand Mixing Ratio for Improvement of High Liquid Limit Soil Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation
Authors: Sun Dongning , Liu Xin , Cao Yuhao , Gong Junjie , Hong Baoning
Published: December 2021

In order to save soil resources and increase the utilization range of high liquid limit soil, the high liquid limit soil was improved by mixing sand, and the cost-effective sand mixing ratio was determined with the help of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. It is shown that the sand-mixing improvement method can significantly reduce the liquid limit and plasticity index of high liquid limit soil, and increase its value of California bearing ratio to meet the property requirements for embankment filling. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation results show that the improvement effect and cost of sand-mixed high liquid limit soil reach a comprehensive optimal state when the sand mixing ratio is 20%.
Critical Success Factors for Implementation of Green Building in India
Authors: Kumar Boddapati Ganesh , Tawalare Abhay
Published: December 2021

For the sustainable built environment, Green Building technology is the most widely adopted trend worldwide, however, it is in a nascent stage in India. Even though the use of green building technology is advantageous over the lifecycle of the project, people are hesitant to adopt. Therefore, this study aims at identifying the critical factors affecting the implementation of green buildings in India. For this purpose, an extensive literature review was done to identify factors affecting the implementation of green buildings. In total 27 factors were identified which may be critical for the adoption of green building technology widely in an Indian context. The questionnaire was prepared using the five-point Likert scale. The questionnaire was sent through emails to 150 consultants in India and 52 valid responses received in return. The primary data is analyzed using factor analysis. The critical factors found are time and knowledge constraints; technical constraints; authenticity of research and awareness about Green Building. Though the findings of this study are based on the small sample size, it will be beneficial to the policymakers
Co-operative categorization in civil engineering
Authors: Smutný Marian , Kaiser Jiří
Published: December 2021

In the paper we indicate the way to allow the coexistence of multiple structures that are mutually supportive, but not mutually exclusive. It allows less organized users to classify entities according to their suitable structure, whilst leaving the possibility for specialised users to classify these entities into related field classification systems or domain ontologies, in mutually beneficial cooperation. Replacing the reductionist enumerative structure with multiplicative categorization should bring organizational and terminological flexibility that will allow future updates without disrupting the existing categorization. It allows one to use parallel hierarchical branches of categories according to aspects and classify the entity into several branches at the same time. It should allow users the freedom to create their own structures without disrupting the structures of other user groups. Such structures could coexist happily side by side. The aim is to indicate the model of an independent data organization system in building design in a multilingual environment, connected through diverse CAD, GIS, BIM, CAFM applications, ECM, CDE, emails, databases and file systems.
Impulse Development of Cities Caused by the Range of Certain Infrastructural Factors. Forms and Experience
Authors: Cherkes Bohdan , Pavliv Andriy
Published: December 2021

The issue of impulse development of cities caused by different infrastructural factors is considered.Taking Tenochtitlan, Stockholm and Alexandria as the example, the content and functional structure of infrastructural impulse changes have been outlined. By these we mean rethinking of life support systems, which leads to sharp population growth and employment diversification. To become a ‘growth spurt’ factor, such changes must contain a number of special qualities: convenience, accessibility and uniqueness. Convenience is the difference in the use of infrastructural benefits between the locality in which the impulse change takes place and other similar cities. Accessibility means the ability to use (access) the infrastructural benefits by as many residents as possible. While uniqueness stands for a feature or set of infrastructure features that are notably absent in the cities of the competing area.
Field Performance and Rapid Repair Method of an Airfield Pavement under the Blast Load of Cluster Bomb Unit
Authors: Hwang Injae , Kim Sungkon
Published: December 2021

This paper discusses a field test of airfield pavement under cluster bomb unit (CBU) blast load and a study of repair method upon the examination of the damage geometry. Cluster bomb unit blast load shows a similar level to that of a typically known air-to-ground munition, and the penetration depth was calculated using empirical formulae with terminal velocity during a free fall following an explosion and dispersion 20km above the ground. Based on the calculations, the field test was executed assuming a cluster bomb unit penetration depth of 33cm for concrete pavement surface. The concrete slab on the test site was casted in a circular shape at the field and then cured. This slab was an unreinforced concrete structure with a similar compressive strength and thickness as that of airfield pavement currently in use. The test reflected the cluster munition penetration depth of 33cm, and the concrete slab was drilled in the center and explosive with a weight resembling that of the cluster munition installed. As results of the blast test show a damage to the pavement expanded the crater to a depth of 78cm, down to the crushed stone layer and with a diameter of 30cm. The concrete fragmentation requiring removal was of about 156cm in radius on average. The 7 tensile cracks across the pavement were not so heavily damaged to require removal. Cutting and removing the crushed concrete slab with dimension of 1.8m × 1.8m, compacting the disturbed crushed stone layer and repairing the concrete slab section using ultra-rapid hardening concrete are reviewed the appropriate repair method based on the above results.
Safety Performance Enhancement Scheme for Munition Storages by applying the Concept of Shallow Underground Configurations
Authors: Han Seungsu , Kwon Jihye , Kim Sungkon
Published: December 2021

Practical demand for the expansion of military ammunition and explosives storage in both volume and number has been increased, but due to the regulations applying on safety distance that require those facilities to be isolated from a civilian presence there are constant complications that arise. Recent incidents include petitions to either alleviate said regulations or relocate several ammunition storage facilities neighboring civilian areas are further development. Two types of underground ammunition storage facilities wold be considered in practice; the first is the tunnel-type which is applicable to areas that have sufficient depth of the cover and the latter is the sub-surface type that retains a sufficient depth of soli layer which can especially be utilized in areas that do not meet clearance requirements nor have geographical limitations. For the sub-surface type storage, there are two construction schemes for construction to meet safety-distance requirements. The existing popular ECMs (Earth Covered Magazines) have shallow soil cover for just plantation camouflage that is not affect the pressure suppression effect due to the internal explosion. Therefore, the scheme of the increasing soil cover depth to some amount, if applicable, pressure and fragment suppression can be achieved. The open-cut method for new construction is easily applied for this purpose in the field. This study addresses the safety distance reduction effect by increasing the soil cover depth on the ECM type storage facility by applying theoretical and numerical analysis.
Classification of Social Spaces of Shopping Malls by the Prevailing Element
Authors: Berezko Olena , Kvasnytsya Roksolyana , Radomska Violetta , Znak Anna , Znak Ivan
Published: December 2021

A new wave of shopping malls development is expected in Ukraine, which makes the study of this type of building and its social spaces even more relevant. The aim of this study is to develop a classification of shopping malls’ social spaces by prevailing element for further research and usage in regulatory frameworks. The article analyzes 16 malls located in different countries in Europe, with different sizes and planning layouts. The analysis of their floor schemes is carried out. The study identified 3 types of social spaces by the prevailing element: linear type (the most popular), court type and mixed type.
Systems Analysis of Social Spaces of Shopping Malls from Customers’ Point of View
Authors: Berezko Olena
Published: December 2021

The paper provides a systems analysis of the shopping mall’s social space functioning with the “black box” approach. According to this model, the main purpose of social space is to meet all customers' needs. In addition, external architectural and non-architectural factors are determined, and the means of influence are identified: architectural organization means. Thus, based on previous research, we built a detailed model of the "black box" of the social space system. In which, to meet all the needs of customers, and by the levels of design psychology needs, we formed five principles of building a shopping mall’s social space: the principle of ergonomics, the principle of organicity, the principle of social openness, the principle of harmony, and the principle of flexibility and polyfunctionality. The research results can be used in the design of new and reconstruction of existing malls and further research on this topic.
Numerical and Experimental Protective Performance Evaluation of Sacrificial Member Effects on the Protective Structures
Authors: Kwon Jihye , Han Seungsu , Kim Sungkon
Published: December 2021

Principal objectives of the protective design are on protecting life, property, facility, system device and operations by developing protective design measures that reduce threat level and vulnerability while enhancing structural resilience. Protective design procedure against blast hazard would be accomplished with the threat identification, risk-based assessment, and designing the members and structures based on the proper design requirements. Considerable necessity before the protective design is to find out the various measures reducing the blast effect such as security measures, architectural configuration, and mitigation schemes without any structural strengthening the structure itself. This paper addresses the mitigation scheme to reduce the blast overpressure in general, and then a specific barrier type is introduced as sacrificial structures with the performance verification. The general schemes to reduce the blast pressure by installing barriers is mainly using RC type structures which have typical shapes and sizes. This barrier type has advantages both on installing easiness and cost. In the barrier type sacrificial wall structure, instead of using the normal RC structures, enhanced-cement concrete and composites are useful to improve protective performance and scabbing of the back surface of the RC walls. A series of the wall type RC barriers are modeled and fabricated to investigate and verify blast pressure migration and protective performance based on theoretical and numerical analysis.
Proposal Of Simplified Way of Applying Wind Load on Circular Cross-Section
Authors: Wiśniowski Maciej
Published: December 2021

Wind action on circular cross section was described in many publications. It finds an application for flue gas ducts, pipelines, silo or chimneys. This study concentrate on elements with diameter greater than 1m. There are well recognized analytical solutions of static calculation with uses Fourier-series for wind distribution. Although during last 10 years numerical methods of solving problems get more popular, especially among young engineers. For surface structures ability of analytical finding internal forces disappears, and Finish Element Method substitutes analytical calculation. Modelling of wind load in FEM programs cause several problems. Using wind load distribution proposed in Eurocode 1-4, or from laboratory test, it is usually necessary to divide circular cross-section into 32 up to 72 rectangular elements. Applying load in that way is the most accurate method to imitate wind load in FE model. From the other hand that take much time, and requires preparing data about distribution before modelling. Applying wind on complicated model, with many independent parts of piping, for at least 2 load cases cause faults and slows down work. This paper shows and compares a few proposal wind load models for numerical calculation. Those models were built to obtain accurate internal forces in compare to Eurocode procedure. Proposed models offers simplification of Geometry in numerical model, and saves of time. It also helps to make FE mesh become independent from structural nodes, lines or divisions. This paper concern on one case of one Reynolds number, with refers to 2m wide cylinder, wind velocity of 22m/s and surface roughness of steel plate – 0,05 mm. This paper compares different wind load distributions, in terms of required number of division of model, time consuming, precision of results. Author selected one proposal load distribution, with give equivalent internal forces as wind load distribution obtained from Wind Flow simulation (for example CFD method). Proposed model is useful for structural engineers and statics in offer stage of project. With some safety factor it can be also used as wind load as case for detailing cylindrical structures.
Determination of the Deformed Shape of a Masonry Wall Exposed to Fire Loading by a Homogenization Method
Authors: Donval Elodie , Pham Duc Toan , Hassen Ghazi , Buhan Patrick de , Pallix Didier
Published: December 2021

The present contribution shows how it is possible to determine the homogenized thermo-elastic characteristics of a natural stone masonry wall, taking into account the material properties of stone and mortar as functions of temperature increase, as well as the geometrical characteristics of their assembly. Joints are incorporated in the analysis through a numerical homogenization procedure. As a result, membrane and bending stiffness coefficients, as well as thermal-induced efforts, of an equivalent plate are obtained. Such homogenized thermomechanical characteristics make it possible to determine the deformed shape of the wall after a certain time of fire exposure. As an example, the calculation procedure is performed on a particular configuration of infinitely wide wall, illustrating the influence of the joints on its thermal deformed shape. To assess the practical validity of this homogenization-based calculation procedure, results of the numerical homogenized model (incorporating joints) are compared to those of a homogeneous model (without joints), and to available experimental results obtained on a 3 m-high, 3 m-wide wall exposed to fire loading.
Determination of the Main Wiring Position by Ground Penetrating Radar during the Reconstruction of a Terraced House
Authors: Kovács Pavel
Published: December 2021

Currently, ground penetrating radar (GPR) is commonly used in civil engineering. It can be determined the number and location of steel reinforcement and other subjects in concrete or similar materials. The article is focused on using GPR for determination of the main wiring location. The wall where the main wiring was located were demolished as a part of the reconstruction. By this step the new entrance hall were created. The position and course of the main wiring were determined by GPR measurement. During demolition work were used hand tools in area with installations to avoid the damage. A lower resolution was found when the individual wires were close together. However, the position of the marginal cables was determined with an accuracy of one centimetre.
Alingment of braking performance for truck and trailer as an important factor in road construction
Authors: Haring Andrej
Published: December 2021

Alingment of braking performance of truck trailer is an important parameter that affects its braking stability. This shows particular in critical situations or during braking on a surface with reduced adhesion. Alingment of braking performance can be automatic, which is one of quality of electronical brake systems. Further on, can be forcible, which is being executed during service a diagnostic work.This contribution is focused on analysis alingment of braking performance. Describing technical conditions, internal and external factors which affect it. Due to magnitude of this problematics, is in this article evaluated the optimization of braking affects truck trailers in the start-up phase. The analysis of the process – start-up braking effect has justification from the reason, that has primary influence on the stability truck trailer during braking and this can be the cause of collision situations or also traffic accidents. The parameter of alingment of braking performance has a primary influence on the braking stability of the truck trailers, which significantly affects road safety and is also important for the economy of the truck trailers. your abstract here… The abstract should include the purpose of research, principal results and major conclusions. References should be avoided, if it is essential, only cite the author(s) and year(s) without giving reference list. Prepare your abstract in this file and then copy it into the registration web field. Braking distance is an important factor in the road construction. Therefore, it must be taken into account when designing these buildings.
The Contemporary Sustainable Neighbourhood: Cracow’s Wola Justowska district
Authors: Butelski Kazimierz , Butelski Stanisław , Firek Wojciech
Published: December 2021

The environment is the little "Homeland”, which is defined by a neighborhood consisting of people and structures. The neighborhood is extended in time and space. The city of Cracow was chosen as a case study here. The contemporary environment in the Wola Justowska district is presented in the last examples of buildings designed by the author. Those contemporary structures are compared with historical houses in Cracow, which belong to the author’s family since the 19th century. The author analyses the influences of the period of the 19th century Austrian occupation, of a construction boom between the two World Wars, and of the Communist ban on design and construction in Cracow. In the paper's final remarks, the author notes that the design process and processes of shaping the environment look similar in the past century and today and that a contemporary neighborhood is shaped more by a cultural process than by design. Designing, building and endurance of a building form is a process that is shaped by culture and at the same time shapes the culture itself.
Possibilities of Management of Fly Ash from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Plant in Building Industry in the Circular Economy
Authors: Poranek Nikolina , Łaźniewska-Piekarczyk Beata , Czajkowski Adrian , Pikoń Krzysztof
Published: December 2021

To improve the condition of the environment and prevent its degradation, global trends have moved from linear to the circular economy. Closing the loop is to protect natural resources, minimize waste, emissions, and pollution. The circular economy assumptions are based mainly on the 3-R: Reduce (minimum use of raw materials); Reuse (maximum reuse of products and components); Recycle (high-quality reuse of raw materials). In the waste management hierarchy, the last place in the circular economy is energy recovery. In the process of incinerating municipal waste, secondary waste is generated. Some of them, like fly ash, are hazardous waste. It includes, among others heavy metals, chlorine, sulphur, and other pollutions, hence it is currently not used as a raw material. The management of fly ash from municipal solid waste incineration plant in the construction industry is a part of sustainable development and the circular economy. Fly ash is a hazardous and heterogeneous waste, therefore it is important to know its physicochemical and construction properties, which are presented in the article. Fly ash has pozzolanic properties, therefore it can be a good binding and building material. For fly ash to be a component of the construction mixture, it is necessary to immobilize pollutants, heavy metals, and some elements so that they do not leach into the environment. For this purpose, the concrete structure and the C-S-H matrix should be compacted. Currently, fly ash is stabilized and stored in underground landfills. They are storage in closed salt, manganese, and potassium mines. However, the volume of post-mining voids is limited, and storage is not part of the circular economy. In addition, some countries do not have their fly ash storage facilities and it has to be exported across borders. This increases the carbon footprint and shortens the product life cycle.
RELIVING - Rethinking the interior architecture during and after Pandemic situation
Authors: González Nicolás Ramos , Medvegy Gabriella , Borsos Ágnes , Zoltán Erzsébet Szeréna
Published: December 2021

Architects are currently facing the understanding of the transformation of the work practices of people, teams and organizations in response to COVID-19 pandemic. Europe is still in the gloom of this pandemic and it can be seen changes in the office-domestic workplaces. These places have been mutating during the last year, they have been transformed according the new requirements. Individuals have adapted their homes and companies are already thinking the office space according the new reality. This study aims to determine how the interior space could adapt in order to provide comfort and well-being in contemplation of the contemporary and near future situation. The principal objective of this project was to create a tiny piece of space which contributes to create our “existence maximum” in a small space. To test the hypotheses that with the creation of a piece of furniture it can help us in the transformation of the domestic and office interior space is the key to make sure that people feel safe and work comfortably. Contemporary source material was used to examine the evolution of the pandemic and how it affects the individuals’ psychological behavior during this time. The findings provide a solid evidence base for the future will be a hybrid reality, where knowledge employees will continuously be working from home most of the time. It is evidently clear from the findings that as modernist architecture could be understood as a consequence of the result of some diseases of that period. Nowadays, architects have the responsibility to think how the interior architecture could be improved in order to make the people feel safe, comfortable and well connected where individuals could learn to live together confronting of our own homes and our own workspaces. The result is the design of an ergonomic workstation which contemplates the users’ requirements for working, providing adaptation to different working positions, mobility within the space and transformation according to individual needs. In addition, it has been considered the sustainability of the materials and the easy assembly with the possibility of the addition of accessories.
Maintenance Management of Infrastructure Systems: Organizational Factors in Territorial Planning
Authors: Troisi Roberta , Castaldo Paolo , Arena Livia
Published: December 2021

The issue of the maintenance of the infrastructure systems (e.g., viaducts, roads, bridges and highways), built some decades ago, is increasingly becoming a central argument. Within this topic, the safety assessment represents a fundamental as well as basic analysis that underpins a sustainable territorial management of the infrastructure systems. In fact, many structures are often affected by functionality, aging or safety problems and need specific interventions to avoid undesirable impacts in terms of social implications. In addition, the reference stakeholders, in terms of institutions and public actors, play an important role in relation to both the administrative and economic planning procedures. The present study has the preliminary aim to illustrate some possible contributions and improvements to achieve a more sustainable territorial planning, especially for the maintenance of the infrastructure systems. In detail, the present preliminary investigation highlights the possible advantages deriving from the use of the technology (i.e., remote sensing technique by means of satellite data - Differential Interferometry Synthetic Aperture Radar “DInSAR”) within an analysis at territorial scale. Indeed, the activity of monitoring all the overall infrastructure system can represent a useful approach to have a territorial vision of the safety of the infrastructures and can lead to a more sustainable planning. In fact, the involvement of all the reference stakeholders, in relation to this specific territorial issue, can lead to a more organised administrative and economic process. Some preliminary results, shown through thematic maps using the Geographic Information System (GIS), are described for a case study in a sample area in Italy.