bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women and the Exercise of Power in Eighteenth-Century Tragedy
Authors: Gethner Perry
Published: June 2014

The character type of the femme forte (a woman with genuinely heroic abilities), having fallen out of favor by the middle of the 17 th century, was periodically revived in the 18 th century, especially by female writers of tragedy. Their works featured women as capable rulers, politicians or warriors. Since dramatic conventions insisted on a love plot, the heroine is also required to balance her public role with private feelings. An examination of works by Barbier, Gomez, Du Boccage and Staël, will show how these characters win admiration both from fellow characters and from the audience, how well they cope with a variety of obstacles, and why they are doomed to fail in a world where patriarchal values and institutions still hold sway. Although their plays might look subversive to the modern reader, the authors were careful to avoid giving offense to their audiences. Except in the all-female Amazon society, portrayed in Du Boccage’s Les Amazones (1749), the presence of a woman on the throne is viewed as an anomaly, and the heroines are not ambitious for power. Marsidie in Gomez’s play Marsidie, reine des Cimbres (1724) is officially a regent for her young sons, Jane Grey in Staël’s play of the same name (1787) is forced by her family into contending for the English throne, and Arrie and Cornélie in Barbier’s Arrie et Pétus (1702) et Cornélie, mère des Gracques (1703) prefer to work behind the scenes. Only evil women like Agrippine (in Arrie ) actively seek power, and they do not hesitate to use immoral means to get it. In barbarian countries women participate in combat, whereas in more civilized countries like Rome such things do not happen. However, though several of these tragedies were fairly successful initially, none stayed in the repertory and the portrayal of femmes fortes had little impact on overall dramatic taste, which favored passive damsels in distress as female protagonists.
“La mise en scène du journal crypté de l’écriture”: The Theater of Noëlle Renaude
Authors: Noonan Mary
Published: June 2014

Noëlle Renaude has been writing plays for 25 years now; her work is staged regularly in Paris and in the rest of France, and has been translated into many languages. She is one of the most experimental and innovatory writers for the contemporary French stage. Her plays systematically question and dismantle the generic conventions. In her most recent plays, she attempts to stage the writing body and the body of writing by experimenting with the page framed on the computer screen, testing all the possibilities of what can happen within the space of the frame, and questioning what happens when the frame is transgressed, when words—and characters—disappear over the edge. By staging words untethered from characters and by drawing on the resources of a range of genres within the space of the play text—cinema, novel, poem—Renaude questions what it means to inhabit language in the twenty-first century. The plays present significant challenges to actors and directors, dispensing as they do with all of the conventions of character distribution, plot and setting. It is only by getting to work on the text with the breath, the voice, the body, that the reader/actor will discover the secret diary of the writing process inscribed in the text—its moods, its tones, its breakdowns, its exultations. On Renaude’s stage, we wander in unfamiliar landscapes and feel (again) the terror of the threshold, the in-between of sound and sense, orality and textuality. In this essay, Noonan examines some of Renaude’s most recent plays in order to consider their relationship with the new technologies, and to ask whether she is attempting to develop the stage as the last bastion of the living voice as a vehicle for creativity, or whether she is in fact attempting to bring about an explosive collision of computer screen and stage space, machine and body. Ultimately, Noonan argues that in her systematic undermining of all the theatrical conventions, Noëlle Renaude is among a small number of playwrights who are currently inventing new theatrical languages, dismantling and reconfiguring a new stage for a new century.
Linking theory and practice: Changing the approach of media and journalism research
Authors: Barkho Leon
Published: June 2014

The Journal of Applied Journalism and Media Studies is a scholarly publication that seeks to bridge the gap between theory and practice in media and journalism research. This editorial emphasizes the need to develop a praxis-oriented approach to deal with the questions we face during our ethnographic encounters with those we research; it sheds light on the new editorial arrangements introduced at the start of 2014; it discusses the issue of how to relate theory to practice; it examines why the gap between those who practise and those who theorize is still so wide; it touches on the type of learning most appropriate for media and journalism research; and it ends with a conclusion about the type of research the journal wants to promote in order to accomplish its praxis-oriented mission.
Whose is the agenda? Contents, practices and values in Portuguese regional newspapers
Authors: Carvalheiro J. R. , Correia J. C. , Canavilhas J.
Published: June 2014

This article shows results from the project ‘Citizens’ agenda: Journalism and civic participation in Portuguese media’, involving research on a sample of regional newspapers geographically distributed throughout the country. Through content analysis of sources, topics and framing, we sketch the general picture painted by the regional press. Drawing on enquiries to journalists and directors we also aim to understand which professional practices and values are prominent in regional press, paying special attention to questions linking journalism to democratic systems. Results indicate that recent trends of professionalization and commercialization prompted Portuguese local press towards the liberal model, which means growing autonomy from the state and politics, but also includes disengagement from civic pursuits of “general interest”.
Criss-crossing highways: Pacific travelling and dwelling in times of global warming
Authors: Carter Lynette
Published: June 2014

This article examines the challenges facing Pacific peoples from climate change. In particular it posits a framework for discussion around the notion of migration, identity and cultural sustainability that is couched in a repeated pattern of travelling and dwelling, a process that has been part of being a Pacific person for millennia. The article takes the position that evidence from oral tradition, history and contemporary times demonstrates that travelling is part of what it means to be a Pacific person. Climate change migration will be another contributor to this pattern of circular travelling and dwelling; departures and arrivals in the homeland. I examine the idea that the homeland is the pivot point for travelling and returning and as such is always the reference point for identity and nationhood. The future challenges for Pacific development and the impact of migration will be to find solutions from within the history, needs and aspirations of the Pacific peoples themselves; not in accepting the scenario of dependent and homeless climate refugees. This article is the first output from research into the wider challenges of the social impact of climate change migration on nationhood and identity and establishes a framework for thinking about solutions for the future that are informed from traditional ways to mitigate and adapt to challenge and change. I have taken the view that Aotearoa/New Zealand is part of the region and henceforth should be considered as part of the wider conversation of travelling and dwelling across the Pacific.
La corporeidad en la escuela y la construcción de los sentidos de la política educativa
Authors: Riveros Augusto
Published: June 2014

El presente ensayo ofrece un análisis conceptual de la relación entre el cuerpo y las políticas educativas. La tesis central es que los actores escolares participan activamente en la construcción de los sentidos de las políticas educativas desde su corporeidad. Una mirada a las políticas educativas desde la corporeidad de los actores escolares desafía la concepción tradicional de la política educativa como creación y propiedad exclusiva de las élites gubernamentales e institucionales y sugiere que el sentido de la política educativa no es necesariamente definido en las altas esferas de la jerarquía institucional sino que es también reconstruido y re-contextualizado de múltiples maneras en las prácticas y acciones de los actores escolares. Se concluye que un análisis de las políticas educativas desde la corporeidad permite explicar cómo es posible que las políticas educativas sean transformadas, adaptadas y re-contextualizadas de manera idiosincrática en la escuela.
Inestabilidad y precariedad: Análisis y perspectivas sobre la situación educativa y laboral de los jóvenes en Latinoamerica.
Authors: Castillo Pablo Aparicio
Published: June 2014

La puesta en vigor de las reformas políticas estructurales en América Latina durante la década del ’90 reconfiguraron paradigmáticamente el espacio social afectando los procesos de participación social e inclusión de los jóvenes tanto en el sistema educativo así como en el mercado de trabajo. En este contexto, la desigualdad social estructural junto a la estratificación de las oportunidades de participación social a bienes materiales y simbólicos y la pobreza se instalaron y aun hoy se plantean como factores condicionantes de la forma en cómo los jóvenes viven, afrontan y proyectan de forma individual y colectiva sus posibilidades de inclusión social. Desde la instauración de los gobiernos de orientación política progresista (nueva izquierda latinoamericana) en la región se ha apostado por una mayor intervención pública en materia de asistencia y compensación social para superar los rezagos educativos y la exclusión social. Sin embargo, la falta de visibilización de la multiplicidad de situaciones y contextos sociohistóricos de vida ha contribuido a restringir la objetivación de derechos y demandas en el terreno social, educativo y laboral y ha dificultado el avance hacia una mayor inclusión y cohesión social, especialmente, para los sectores más desprotegidos y vulnerables.
In situ crystallization of the linear alkynes C
n
H2
n–2 (n=7, 8, 9, 10)
Authors: Bond Andrew D. , Davies John E.
Published: June 2014

A manual in situ crystallization technique is described, for application on a κ-geometry area-detector instrument. The technique has been applied to grow crystals of some linear alkynes: 1-heptyne, 1-octyne, 1-nonyne and 1-decyne, C
n
H2
n–2 (n=7, 8, 9, 10). The structures with odd n (1-heptyne and 1-nonyne) crystallize in space group Pca21. The structures with even n (1-octyne and 1-decyne) crystallize in space group P21/c, with two molecules in the asymmetric unit (Z′=2) and an approximately orthorhombic metric. All of the structures contain layers of molecules with a square unit mesh of dimensions 5.7×7.2 Å, identical to the layers present in the previously published structures of 1,7-octadiyne and 1,9-decadiyne. The structures differ where the methyl groups meet, giving systematically greater packing efficiency for 1-heptyne and 1-nonyne, compared to 1-octyne and 1-decyne. This systematic alternation in crystal density is correlated with an alternation in melting points.
Stop the Presses
Authors: Staff Boom
Published: June 2014

This is a collection of posters exhibited at San Francisco’s Mutiny Radio as San Francisco Eviction Times. The show was inspired by the late Mexican political printmaker Jose Guadalupe Posada and a flyer of his that read “Esta hoja volante se publicará cuando los acontecimientos de sensación lo requieran" ("This broadside will be published when sensational events require it"). Artists were asked to create Posada-inspired posters about the anti-gentrification struggle in the Mission.
Shaping the City from Below
Authors: Carlsson Chris
Published: June 2014

This article surveys social movements in San Francisco that have resisted and blocked various development schemes from the 1960s to the beginning of the 21st century. Notable examples include fights against redevelopment in the Fillmore and South of Market, gentrification in the Mission District, the campaign to save the International Hotel, the fight against “Manhattanization” of San Francisco through high rises downtown, the rise of community-based nonprofit housing developers alongside the establishment of rent control, and the contentious battles over space during the dot-com boom and bust from 1999 to 2000.
Perceiving the Classical Cadence
Authors: Sears David , Caplin William E. , McAdams Stephen
Published: June 2014

This study explores the underlying mechanisms responsible for the perception of cadential closure in Mozart’s keyboard sonatas. Previous investigations into the experience of closure have typically relied upon the use of abstract harmonic formulæ as stimuli. However, these formulæ often misrepresent the ways in which composers articulate phrase endings in tonal music. This study, on the contrary, examines a wide variety of cadential types typically found in the classical style, including evaded cadences, which have yet to be examined in an experimental setting. The present findings reveal that cadential categories play a pivotal role in the perception of closure, and for musicians especially, ratings of the cadential categories provide empirical support for a model of cadential strength proposed in music theory. A number of rhetorical features also affect participants' ratings of closure, such as formal context, the presence of a melodic dissonance at the cadential arrival, and the use of a trill within the penultimate dominant. Finally, the results indicate that expertise modulates attention, with musicians privileging bass-line motion and nonmusicians attending primarily to the soprano voice.
Similarity and Families of Musical Rhythms
Authors: Cao Erica , Lotstein Max , Johnson-Laird Philip N.
Published: June 2014

What determines the similarity of musical rhythms? According to the “family” theory, which this paper presents, one factor is the temporal sequence of the onsets of notes: rhythms with the same pattern of interonset intervals tend to sound similar. Another factor is meter. It determines whether or not rhythms are members of the same family, where families depend only on three types of possibility for each metrical unit. If the beat is the relevant metrical unit, these three possibilities are: 1) a note starts on a beat and therefore reinforces the meter, 2) a syncopation anticipates the beat and lasts through its onset and therefore disturbs the meter, and 3) all other events such as rests or ties that start on the beat provided no syncopation anticipates them. Two experiments showed that similarity between rhythms depends on both their temporal patterns of onsets and their families, which combined give a better account than edit distance – a metric of the distance apart of two strings of symbols. Two further experiments examined the errors that participants made in reproducing rhythms by tapping them. Errors more often yielded rhythms in the same family as the originals than rhythms in a different family.
Islamic Roots of Modern Pluralism: Indonesian Experience
Authors: Madjid Nurcholish
Published: June 2014

Indonesia is one of the most pluralistic in the world. With is seventeen thousand island, large, and small, inhabited and uninhabited, Indonesia is the world's largest archipelago, and is a country with heterogeneous features. With about four hundred ethnic and linguistic groups, Indonesia is also very culturally diverse.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v1i1.866
Rābiṭah al-Muthaqqafīn al-Muslimīn al-Indūnīsīyah: Khalfīyatuhā wa Tumūhātuhā
Authors: Yatim Badri
Published: June 2014

The Islamization of the legislative and the cabinet in Indonesia after the general election in 1992 has indeed provided interesting news. This is because of the old myth that the Muslim ummah are always opposed to the goverment. What is the driving force behind the change?DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v1i1.870
Ijtihād al-‘Ulamā’ al-Indūnīsīyīn wa Taṭwī al-Fiqh
Authors: Karim Helmy
Published: June 2014

Ijtihad as thinking or reasoning to solve problems that can not be found in the detailed explanation of the Qur'an and Sunnah, is an open and universal concept. But in practice ijtihad can not be separated from the situation where and when he was done. Therefore it is very conditional execution diligence, and sometimes very local.In the Indonesian context, ijtihad done them by the Fatwa Commission, the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI), the issues can not be separated from the context of the Indonesian-ness. Then the extent of ijtihad MUI contribute to the development of Islamic law in both the substance and methodology?DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v1i2.858
Guarding the Faith of the Ummah: Religio-Intellectual Journey of Mohammad Rasjidi
Authors: Azra Azyumardi
Published: June 2014

Professor Mohammad Rasjidi, no doubt, is one of the Muslim intellectuals and national leaders of Indonesia's most prominent. He is the first Indonesian to obtain a bachelor's degree in philosophy from Cairo University and a Doctorate in Javanese spiritualism from the Sorbonne University, France. No less important, is the Minister of Religious Rasjidi first in the history of independent Indonesia, just as the existence of the Ministry of Religious questioned many circles.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v1i2.859
Min A‘lāmi Indūnīsīya: al-Shaykh Yūsuf al-Makassarī (1626-1699)
Authors: Lubis Nabilah
Published: June 2014

Shaykh Yusuf Makassar, a Sufi, a great alim and statesman who think about and fight for the fate of his nation. He was born in the kingdom of Gowa, Makassar, South Sulawesi Province. Since childhood, he was raised in the court of Sultan Alauddin and he gained an education in religion as well as memorizing the Qur'an at a young age. He was studying in Aceh, Yemen, Mecca and Syria. Shaykh Yusuf obtain allegiance almost the entire congregation of the teachers directly. Once the knowledge was enough, he soon returned to introduce it and preach in his homeland, Gowa.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v1i3.852
Institutionalization and the Unification of Islamic Courts under the New Order
Authors: Lubis Nur A. Fadhil
Published: June 2014

This paper analyzes the influence of the ideology of Pancasila and developmentalism against Islamic law and its institutions, especially the judiciary Islam, during the New Order.During the New Order has many legal provisions that adopt Islamic law as national positive law. It is not limited to the field of law that has traditionally been a part of the Muslims, which is related to the family, but also the wider field: the new Law on Religious Education at every level of formal education, and Law no. 7/1992 on Banking. The latter recognizes the institution mudarabah (an agreement to share in the profit and loss of a business) as one of the functions of commercial banks in Indonesia. To set the new banking activities, has issued Government Regulation no. 72/1992 in which the new Shari'ah formally used as a reference. Article 2 of the Regulation states: "The principle of mudaraba based on Shari'ah.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v2i1.840
Combining Activism and Intellectualism: the Biography of Mohammad Natsir (1908-1993)
Authors: Mahendra Yusril Ihza
Published: June 2014

Mohammad Natsir is one of Indonesia's leading Islamic figures of the century. His figure is not only known by the people of Indonesia, but also by the world community, especially the Islamic world. Throughout his life, Natsir actively involved in various movements, whether they are social, political, scientific, and religious.Aside from being a powerful activist, Natsir also a respected intellectual figure. Through interaction with Ahmad Hassan, Agus Salim, and other figures, Natsir have started engaging intellectual debate since adolescence. Natsir wrote many articles in the fields of political, social, religious, and philosophical. He also became one of the principal framers of the relationship between religion and the state in Indonesia. Unlike the secular Muslims, Natsir continue to believe that Islam could be the basis of the state. Meanwhile, different from the Muslim protagonist, Natsir also believe that Islam does not have a particular political system preferences. Islam only provide general principles to be applied in a particular political system that is tailored to the situation and his time. Thus, Islam and Pancasila still can go hand in hand, because of the unity between Islam and Pancasila occurs at the level of ideas.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v2i1.844
Islam, Nationalism and Democracy: A Dialoguewith Dr. Anwar Haryono
Authors: Prasetyo Hendro
Published: June 2014

This article contains an interview on Islam, Nationalism, and Democracy with Dr. Anwar Haryono.We would like to discuss the situation of Islam and Muslim in New Order Indonesia. To be more specific perhaps, we would like to begin with something rather controversial i.e the coming to power of the New Order goverment. This goverment has set up new policies on Islam, which are different from such policies employed by the previous goverment. REsponding to New Order policies, some Muslim prefer to adobt the so-called "Cultural Islamic Movement", such as that promoted by Nurcholis Madjid, rather than the "Political Islamic Movement" as in the Old Order period. Nontheless, the New Order goverment stil gives opportunities to Muslims to pursue their political aspiration through the PPP (Partai Persatuan Pembangunan - the United Development Party). Before discussing the more recent situation, it would be best if you could sketch out the Muslim position in the early decades of independent Indonesia.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v2i1.846
Ḥadrāmī scholars in the Malay-Indonesian Diaspora: A Preliminary Study of Sayyid ‘Uthmān
Authors: Azra Azyumardi
Published: June 2014

The absence of in-depth study of the 'ulama Hadhrami archipelago, especially the period after the 18th century when people Hadhrami emigration reached its peak, is something surprising. Indeed, there are records of the 'ulama certain Hadhrami, but many do not provide adequate information. Note that usually only contains a very brief description and not the whole of the presence and role of 'Hadhrami scholars in the history of Islam in the archipelago.It is not surprising, because most of the main motivations arrival Hadhrami people to this part of the world are traded, and not spreading religion. In other words, the arrival of their much more motivated by a desire to improve the economic conditions and acquire wealth. So if some of them are then receive certain positions, such as qadi or imam, is more likely to be motivated by economic interests rather than the interests of religion wages.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v2i2.833
Qur’ān Interpretations of Hamzah Fansuri (CA. 1600) and Hamka (1908-1982): A Comparison
Authors: Steenbrink Karel
Published: June 2014

The process of Islamization of the archipelago in a broad scale only after the 12th century. At that time, the Islamization of society not only touch the fringe. Some kingdoms in the archipelago, especially those located on the island of Sumatra, began to embrace Islam. Furthermore, the conversion process is running more intensive and reach the various kingdoms in other areas.One of the important themes in seeing the Islamic tradition in this region is the struggle of Muslim thinkers in interpreting Islamic doctrines. Melee views in this area encourages thinking patterns as well as other actions in the context of religious life as a whole. One of the prominent thinkers in this field is Fansuri Hamzah.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v2i2.835
Ḥarakāt Al-Ṭawā‘if al-Bāṭinīyah al-Indūnīsīyah qabla Indiwā’iha that Ri‘āyati al-Tarbīyah wa al-Thaqāfah
Authors: Alim M. Ghufron Zainul
Published: June 2014

It is inevitable that the presence of Islam in the archipelago little more spark religious conflict in the region . Local people have been accustomed to living in a Hindu - Buddhist teachings systems for centuries . The influence of these religions not only revolves around the ritual affairs , but has its roots in various aspects of life . The establishment then faltered when Islam comes to offer a different concept of life . Through the history of data it can be seen how the Majapahit kingdom must bow to the Demak kingdom held by Muslims . Of course not all conflicts arise in the form of political infighting . Conflict between Hindu - Buddhist and Islam can also appear in literary expression . In those days , such as the writings appear Gatoloco Fiber or Fiber Darmogandul , which clearly indicates the existence of tensions or religious conflicts . The word " God " for example , in the Java language spoofed " olo " which means ugly . "The Messenger " ( messenger of Allah ) was changed to " guilt " ; and Muhammad equated with Javanese term meaning " tomb " which means grave .DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v2i2.838
Muslims of the Dutch East Indies and the Caliphate Question
Authors: Bruinessen Martin van
Published: June 2014

The abolition of 'Abd al-Majid's caliphate by Turkey's national assembly in March 1924, and the call by Azhar 'ulama' for an international congress in Cairo to elect a new khalifah the following year, had the effct of making Muslims in the Dutch Indies more aware that they were living under infildel rule. These events, and the conquest of the Hijaz by Ibn Sa'ud in the same year, briefly caised feverish activity the Indies. The interm advisor on native affairs to the Dutch Indies goverment, R.A. Kern, even spoke of 'a milestone in the Muhammadan movement in this country." For a few years these issues kept Indonesian Muslim leaders occupied and caused splits in the ranks; then suddenly the caliphate issue dropped from yhe agenda, never to reappear.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v2i3.829
Dawr Jam‘iyah al-Ṭalabah al-Islāmīyīn fī Ḥarakah al-Jayl 66 al-Indūnīsīyā
Authors: AS Saifullah
Published: June 2014

The evnt which occurred in the middle of the 1960s formed a significant turning point in the course of Indonesian history. The Indoensian Community Party (PKI) which dominated the Indonesian political scene was toppled as aresult of its abortive coup d'etat. These events led to the emrgence of a new political order, which was later called the New Order era (masa Orde Baru). The term of "New Orde" was used to describe a new phase of Indonesian political life which ended the previous model of political order, that of the Old Order (orde Lama).DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v2i3.830
Maḥmūd Yūnus wa Ittijāhātuhu fī Tahdīd Ta‘līm al-lughah al-‘Arabīyah bi Indūnīsīyā
Authors: Syafruddin Didin
Published: June 2014

Mahmud Yunus is one of the Indonesian students who was in Cairo in the thirties and is seen to have made a great contribution to the development of national Islamic education since the time of Indonesian independence. Having finished his studies at al-Azhar University 1927, Yunus studies at Darul Ulum to widden his intellectual horizon untul he obtained his certificate in 1930. As a graduate of one of the most important centers of Islamic learning, he had a lofty status in the Muslim community. Yunus served as a teacher in an Islamic teacher training school (Normal Islam), in padang, West Sumatra and later he was appointeed as a goverment official, seeking to establish and improve Islamic school in Indonesia. He was also a rector and professor of Islamic education at the State Institute of Islamic Studies in Padang.DOI: 10.15408/sdi.v2i3.831
Мониторинг хромосомных аберраций в природных популяциях Pinus pallasiana
Authors: Koba V. P.
Published: June 2014

Приведены результаты мониторинговых исследований хромосомных нарушений на стадии прохождения анафазы-телофазы. Дана статистическая характеристика динамики хромосомных аберраций по высотным поясам в популяциях Pinus pallasiana D. Don Горного Крыма. На южном макросклоне Главной гряды Крымских гор в древостоях P. pallasiana частота хромосомных аберраций в нижнем поясе выше по сравнению со средним и верхним поясами. Значительная изменчивость данного показателя по годам указывает на эпизодичность проявления факторов, влияющих на уровень хромосомных нарушений.
Аналіз рибоводно-біологічних результатів роботи з плідниками російського осетра на базі ОРЗ «Лебяжий» (Астраханська обл., Російська Федерація)
Authors: Kononenko R. V.
Published: June 2014

Проведено аналіз рибоводно-біологічних результатів, отриманих під час роботи з плідниками російського осетра у 2011 р. на ОРЗ «Лебяжий». У результаті аналізу отримано інформацію про стан запасів осетрових видів у Волго-Каспійському басейні. Наведено порівняльні результати роботи з плідниками російського осетра в період нерестової кампанії, яка проводилась у два тури. Використання синтетичного препарату сурфагон для стимуляції статевої активності плідників забезпечує майже 100% відповідь самок. У результаті проведення нерестової кампанії отримано 170 кг ікри, при цьому середня робоча плодючість самок першого туру складала 198,2 тис. ікринок, а самок другого туру – 184, 6 тис. ікринок, що відповідає нормативам.
The translation of null subjects: a test case for the explicitation hypothesis?
Authors: Kolehmainen Leena
Published: June 2014

This article examines the translation of Finnish null subjects into German. The focus is on the Finnish passive, which is a syntactic construction without a subject. Because clauses without subjects are ungrammatical in the target language under scrutiny, the translator has to add a subject. How this is done and whether the addition of the subject involves explicitation are the main research questions in this study whose empirical corpus consists of eight contemporary Finnish books and their German translations. The most important result of the ST-TT comparison is that the obligatory expression of a missing category does not necessarily involve explicitation. In the German translations, the question of which participant is encoded as the subject is not dictated automatically by cross-linguistic differences. It involves interpretation, decision making and creativity from the translator. The German subjects are not uniform, and with regard to the explicitation hypothesis this means that the source-target relationships are not uniform either. Only some German translation equivalents may be regarded as belonging to the sphere of explicitation, while others remain outside of its scope. In other words, the relation of the target language counterpart to the missing source language category may vary. This conclusion may have a bearing for future studies on the obligatory explicitation in other language pairs.
Shifts in translating Jeremy Munday into Arabic: Asymmetric explicitation
Authors: Jawad Hisham
Published: June 2014

This paper examines explicitation in my translation of Jeremy Munday’sIntroducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applicationsinto Arabic. Explicitation can be triggered by a TL-oriented strategy that demands a translation to sound lucid, cohesive, coherent and original in its own right. One problem facing many Arab translators negotiating meaning between English and Arabic is how to undo the constraints imposed by the ST textual patterns and whether to decode embedded messages and encode them explicitly in the TT. Unlike English whose modes of expression are generally characterized by overriding variation in terms of cross-referencing, synonymy, ellipsis, etc., Arabic allows more tolerant modes with repetition being a prominent feature. One way of rendering the ST is replacing patterns of variation with patterns of explicitating repetition in the TT. The asymmetric explicitation hypothesis (Klaudy 2003) is interestingly applicable to the Arabic translating situation where the translator has two options, i.e. either to perform asymmetric explicitation or maintain ST implicitation in a translation. It is hypothesised that the Arabic TT will show a higher level of explicitness so as to cement textual cohesion, establish coherence and explicate meaning. Randomly selected examples will be discussed to test the validity of this hypothesis.
Postoperative radiotherapy of breast cancer and cardiotoxicity
Authors: Nagykálnai Tamás , Nagy A. Csaba , Landherr László
Published: June 2014

Cardiac complications may present a particular problem following radiation treatment applied to the mediastinum and thoracic wall (and especially to the left breast). Exposure of the heart during radiotherapy increases the risk of ischemic heart disease occurring generally years after the treatment. The incidence of radiation cardiotoxicity depends on various factors related to oncological therapies and the patient (details of radiotherapy, age, gender, comorbidies, smoking habits, etc.). Until recently the majority of clinical studies reported increased cardiac morbidity in patients receiving radiation treatment of the chest wall and the breast. Due to modern methods, however, postoperative chest wall and left breast irradiation is much safer today than previously. In order to avoid cardiotoxity, adherance to clinical practice guidelines for chemo- and targeted therapy of breast cancer, use of the most advanced irradiation procedures, regular monitoring of patients, and close cooperation between cardiologists and ocologists are all recommended. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(23), 897–902.
Effects and significance of estradiol in men
Authors: Tőke Judit , Czirják Gábor , Bezzegh Attila , Vásárhelyi Barna , Rácz Károly , Patócs Attila
Published: June 2014

The most important estrogen is estradiol in both men and women. In men elevated estradiol levels and associated metabolic disorders have been implicated in the development of common diseases including cardiovascular disorders, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus, as increased estradiol associated with decreased testosterone levels increases the risk of these diseases. In this review the authors summarize the causes and consequences of androgen deficiency and estradiol excess, and they review recent studies on potential therapeutic strategies to correct increased estradiol levels in men. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(23), 891–896.
Depression in the Medically Ill
Authors: Koenig Harold , Al Zaben Faten
Published: June 2014

Health professionals often underestimate the power that religious faith plays in the healing of the whole person (emotional, social, and psychological), especially when that person becomes physically ill. This article examines the role of religion in coping with stress and medical illness, reviews new research on the relationship between religious involvement and mental health, and explores how religious psychotherapy can speed the treatment of depression and other emotional conditions. A growing research base is now beginning to document the wide prevalence of spiritual and religious needs of patients in health care settings, the importance that addressing those needs plays in the patient’s mental and physical health, and the key role that chaplains play in this regard (as the only health professionals who are trained to address these areas). That research base includes studies from the United Kingdom. We are now developing and testing new psychotherapeutic methods at Duke University for therapists, including chaplains, that will provide tools to address the emotional and religious needs of Christian, Muslim, Buddhist, Jewish, and Hindu patients with medical illness.
Motivational Factors in Mental Health Chaplains
Authors: Gubi Peter , Smart Harry
Published: June 2014

The role of Mental Health (MH) Chaplains in the UK is unclear. Their motivation to undertake and sustain them in the work is under-researched. The aim of this research is to explore what motivates people into MH Chaplaincy, and what motivates them to remain. For this research, eight MH Chaplains were interviewed to explore what brought them into MH Chaplaincy and what motivates them to remain in it. The data were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Three major themes emerged: Contextual; Early motivation; Sustaining Motivation. The data revealed significant factors that motivate MH Chaplains to undertake the work, and factors that sustain them in the work. Implications for recruitment, training, supervision, appraisal and professionalization are explored.
Chaplains – How Are They Known?
Authors: Hodge Debbie
Published: June 2014

Spiritual Assessment and spiritual care is the domain of health care chaplains – but if the chaplains’ contribution to health outcomes is to be recognized, it needs to be described and articulated in a language that is understood by others caring for the patient/client. This article, building on a “model of chaplaincy”, explores further spiritual assessment and the recognition that chaplains offer a unique way of utilizing the patients/clients words to explore and meet deep felt needs.
On Being Sent with Style
Authors: Reddicliffe Raymond
Published: June 2014

This article has been developed from key points in an occasional address delivered by the author at a Dedication Service for healthcare chaplains in Brisbane, Australia. The metaphors of sheep, serpents, and doves mentioned in the focal verse from Matthew 10: 16-23 are explored and some possible pastoral implications are discussed. It is suggested that being sent as vulnerable representatives, prudent thinkers, and transparent practitioners represent complementary elements in a style of offering spiritual and pastoral care with relevance for contemporary healthcare chaplains and other pastoral workers.
Soil–environment interactions modelling for expansive soils
Authors: Adem Hana , Vanapalli Sai
Published: June 2014

Water content and matric suction changes in unsaturated expansive soils due to environmental variations contribute to the overall volume changes (shrinkage or swelling). The soil movements cause tilt in trees, highway surfaces, building foundations and pipelines and pose problems to the functionality of the infrastructure. In this paper, a modulus of elasticity-based method approach (MEBM) proposed by Adem and Vanapalli (2013a) is tested for modelling the soil–environment interactions for a test site with an expansive soil deposit that was modelled by Ito and Hu (2011) for 1 year. In the MEBM, the soil suction changes in the active zone and the associated modulus of elasticity were estimated and used as key parameters in a volume change constitutive relationship to model the soil–environment interactions over time. The MEBM approach reasonably models the water content and matric suction changes over time and the swelling–shrinkage movements. The study results are encouraging for extending the simple MEBM in practice for rational design purposes of both the sub- and superstructures constructed in or on expansive soils.
Batch test methodology applied at a site contaminated with hexachlorocyclohexane
Authors: Macedo Letícia dos Santos , Manéo Fernanda Peixoto , Mondelli Giulliana
Published: June 2014

The batch equilibrium test allows the construction of adsorption isotherms, for estimating parameters, like the partition coefficient (K d) and the retardation factor (R d). These parameters are essential for decision making for remediation of a contaminated site. This paper presents part of the geo-environmental investigation of a contaminated site, located in Santo André, São Paulo, Brazil. The adsorption capacity of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers by the local natural soil, using the batch equilibrium test, was studied. The test methodology consisted of the preparation of a pollutant solution and the determination of the punctual K d, sorption degree (S) and adsorption percentage (%A) values. The results obtained varied because of the very low concentrations of HCH obtained for the pollutant solution. The HCH isomers were less adsorbed by the soil than expected, presenting low K d (0·70–2·07 ml/g) and R d (4·51–11·99) values. δ-HCH and γ-HCH were the most adsorbed by the studied soils. The β-HCH isomer tended to have lower soil retention results when compared with the others isomers. Desorption behaviour was observed in some of the soil–solution ratios used during the tests. The environmentally conservative isotherms are not recommended for this kind of contaminant.
Briefing: A continuous-flow 915-MHz microwave treatment of dairy manure
Authors: Srinivasan Asha , Bailey Sam , MacSween Jeff , Lo Kwang Victor , Koch Fred , Liao Ping Huang
Published: June 2014

A pilot-scale (5  kW) 915-MHz microwave-enhanced advanced oxidation process (MW/H2O2-AOP) was custom designed and tested to treat dairy manure. The objective of the study was to verify the performance efficiency of the new system in terms of nutrient release, solids disintegration and energy consumption and compare it with an existing pilot-scale (5  kW) 2450-MHz microwave system. The 915-MHz MW/H2O2-AOP resulted in a release of about 60% of total phosphorus as orthophosphate, and about 25% of total chemical oxygen demand was disintegrated in the treated solution. The treatment performance was similar to that of 2450-MHz MW/H2O2-AOP albeit using lower H2O2 dosage. Research and development work currently underway with the 915-MHz MW/H2O2-AOP will optimise the treatment and energy efficiency.
Linking the green and brown worlds: the prevalence and effect of multichannel feeding in food webs
Authors: Wolkovich Elizabeth M. , Allesina Stefano , Cottingham Kathryn L. , Moore John C. , Sandin Stuart A. , de Mazancourt Claire
Published: June 2014

Recent advances in food‐web ecology highlight that most real food webs (1) represent an interplay between producer‐ and detritus‐based webs and (2) are governed by consumers which are rampant omnivores; feeding on varied prey across trophic levels and resource channels. A possible avenue to unify these advances comes from models demonstrating that predators feeding on distinctly different channels may stabilize food webs. Empirical studies suggest many consumers engage in such behavior by feeding on prey items from both living‐autotroph (green) and detritus‐based (brown) webs, what we term “multichannel feeding,” yet we know little about how common such feeding is across systems and trophic levels, or its effect on system stability. Considering 23 empirical webs, we find that multichannel feeding is equally common across terrestrial, freshwater, and marine systems, with >50% of consumers classified as multichannel consumers. Multichannel feeding occurred most often at the first consumer level, indicating that most taxa at the herbivore/detritivore level are more aptly described as multichannel consumers, and that such feeding is not restricted to predators. We next developed a simple four‐compartment nutrient cycling model for consumers eating both autotrophs and detritus with separate parameter sets to represent aquatic vs. terrestrial ecosystems. Modeling results showed that, across terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, multichannel feeding is stabilizing at low attack rates on autotrophs or when attack rates are asymmetric (moderate on autotrophs while low on detritus), but destabilizing at high attack rates on autotrophs, compared to herbivory‐ or detritivory‐only models. The set of conditions with stable webs with multichannel consumers is narrower, however, for aquatic systems, suggesting that multichannel feeding may generally be more stabilizing in terrestrial systems. Together, our results demonstrate that multichannel feeding is common across ecosystems and may be a stabilizing force in real webs that have consumers with low or asymmetric attack rates.
Winter Cover Crops Impact on Corn Production in Semiarid Regions
Authors: Reese Cheryl L. , Clay David E. , Clay Sharon A. , Bich Alex D. , Kennedy Ann C. , Hansen Stephanie A. , Moriles Janet
Published: June 2014

Winter cover crops have produced mixed impacts on crop yields in frigid semiarid environments. Our objective was to determine the influence of winter cover crops and landscape positions on corn (Zea mays L.) yield losses due to water and N stress, soil biology, and gene expression. Following wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), cover crop mixtures were drill seeded into three no‐till fields. In the following spring, four N fertilizer rates were applied and corn was no‐till seeded. The cover crop had fundamentally different impacts on corn yields at Trail City and Andover in 2011. Both sites were water stressed and responded to N fertilizer; however, at Andover 2011 the cover crop reduced corn yields, while at Trail City 2011 the cover crop did not impact yields. The yield reduction at Andover 2011 was attributed to high cover crop production ( >2000 kg ha−1), which reduced soil water 15% in the 30‐ to 60‐cm soil depth in November 2010, and in the following growing season increased corn yield loss due to water stress from 1610 to 2950 kg grain ha−1. Associated with the yield reduction was down expression of two mineral nutrient genes (NCBI, AF325723.1 and APO05869.3) and one gene associated with energy processing (AF325723.1). The cover crops reduced the relative amount of soil NO3 at four of the six landscape positions and increased the relative bacteria/fungi ratio in 2011. These findings indicate that cover crops after winter wheat can be an important mechanism for scavenging N in semiarid frigid environments; however, adopting techniques that generate high cover crop yields can adversely influence the following cash crop.
Breeding Potential of European Flint Maize Landraces Evaluated by their Testcross Performance
Authors: Böhm Juliane , Schipprack Wolfgang , Mirdita Vilson , Utz H. Friedrich , Melchinger Albrecht E.
Published: June 2014

A plethora of maize (Zea mays L.) landraces is stored in gene banks worldwide. However, information about their value in breeding is scarce and strategies for identifying the most promising landraces in prebreeding are largely lacking. This study was conducted to (i) evaluate the testcross performance of 70 European flint landraces in combination with two elite dent testers and compare these results with the performance of modern hybrids for important agronomic traits, (ii) estimate the genetic variances among landraces and trait correlations for these two testcross series as well as the correlation between them, and (iii) devise a testing scheme for assessing the breeding potential of a large number of landraces for hybrid breeding. Grain yield of the landrace testcrosses was on average about 26% lower than modern hybrids. Genotypic variances among landrace testcrosses were significant for all traits, and genetic correlations were moderate to high for most trait combinations in both testcross series. Thus, it seems promising to tap this huge genetic reserve for enlarging the genetic base of the elite flint germplasm pool in Central Europe. Since the genetic correlation between the two testcross series exceeded 0.74 for all traits, we recommend assessing the breeding potential of landraces for broadening existing heterotic groups by evaluating their testcross performance in combination with one or two elite single‐cross tester(s) from the opposite heterotic pool. Subsequently, doubled haploid lines from a few of the most promising landraces could be produced to exploit the large genetic variation within landraces to the full extent.