bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hypocaloric, High‐Protein Nutrition Therapy for Critically Ill Patients With Obesity
Authors: Dickerson Roland N.
Published: July 2014

We published the first article that addressed hypocaloric, high‐protein enteral nutrition therapy for critically ill patients with obesity more than 10 years ago. This study demonstrated that it was possible to successfully achieve this mode of therapy with a commercially available high‐protein enteral formula and concurrent use of protein supplements. This study was also the first to demonstrate improved clinical outcomes with the use of hypocaloric, high‐protein nutrition therapy. The results of this study, its unique findings, and shortcomings are discussed. Subsequent studies have added clarity to the effective use of this therapy, including its use in home parenteral nutrition patients, patients with class III obesity, and older patients with obesity.
Factors associated with prolonged non-nutritive sucking habits in two cohorts of Brazilian children
Authors: Maia-Nader Marcela , Silva de Araujo Figueiredo Camilla , Pinheiro de Figueiredo Felipe , Moura da Silva Antônio Augusto , Thomaz Erika Bárbara Abreu Fonseca , Saraiva Maria Conceição Pereira , Barbieri Marco Antonio , Bettiol Heloisa
Published: July 2014

Background

Non-nutritive sucking habits (NNSH) are very common during childhood. However, if these habits were maintained for 36 months of age or more, they are considered to be prolonged (PNNSH) and can cause occlusal, physiological and esthetic changes. There is controversy about their prevalence and whether perinatal, social, demographic and health characteristics influence their onset and duration. So, the objectives of this study are to estimate the prevalence of PNNSH and to evaluate perinatal, early life and school age factors associated with their occurrence in children.

Methods

A sample of 1,463 children aged 7–11 years born in Ribeirão Preto (RP-1994) and São Luís (SL-1997/98), Brazil, was reevaluated at school age in 2004/05. Birth weight, gestational age and perinatal variables were obtained at birth. Type of feeding, occurrence and duration of finger and pacifier sucking were recorded retrospectively at school age. PNNSH were defined when persisted for 36 months of age or more. Crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated by Poisson regression (alpha = 5%).

Results

Prevalence of PNNSH was higher in RP (47.6%) than in SL (20.2%) – (p < 0.001). Perinatal variables were not associated to PNNSH, whilst female sex (PR = 1.27 in RP; PR = 1.47 in SL) and bottle feeding for 24 months or more (PR = 2.24 in RP; PR = 2.49 in SL) were risk factors in both locations. Breast feeding for 12 months or more (PR = 0.53 in RP; PR = 0.31 in SL) was associated with lower prevalence of PNNSH in both places. In SL, children whose mothers lived in consensual union (PR = 1.62) and worked outside the home (PR = 1.51) showed higher prevalence of PNNSH compared to their counterparts.

Conclusions

Prevalence of PNNSH was high especially in RP and was not associated with perinatal variables. In both cities there was an association between female sex, shorter breast-feeding duration, longer bottle feeding duration and higher prevalence of PNNSH.
Fixed point of α-ψ-contractive type mappings in uniform spaces
Authors: Ali Muhammad Usman , Kamran Tayyab , Karapınar Erdal
Published: July 2014

In this paper, we shall investigate the existence and uniqueness of a fixed point ofα-ψ-contractive mappings in the context of uniform spaces. We shall also prove some common fixed point theorems by introducing the notion ofα-admissible pairs. We shall construct some examples to support our novel results.

MSC:46T99, 47H10, 54H25.
Interval-valued functional integro-differential equations
Authors: Hoa Ngo Van , Phu Nguyen Dinh , Tung Tran Thanh , Quang Le Thanh
Published: July 2014

This paper is devoted to studying the local and global existence and uniqueness results for interval-valued functional integro-differential equations (IFIDEs). In the paper, for the local existence and uniqueness, the method of successive approximations is used and for the global existence and uniqueness, the contraction principle is a good tool in investigating. Some examples are given to illustrate the results.

MSC:34G20, 34A12, 34K30.
Whole-exome sequencing identifies a de novo TUBA1A mutation in a patient with sporadic malformations of cortical development: a case report
Authors: Shimojima Keiko , Narita Aya , Maegaki Yoshihiro , Saito Akira , Furukawa Toru , Yamamoto Toshiyuki
Published: July 2014

Background

Owing to the number of genetic mutations that contribute to malformations of cortical development, identification of causative mutations in candidate genes is challenging. To overcome these challenges, we performed whole-exome sequencing in this study.

Case presentation

A Japanese patient presented with microcephaly and severe developmental delay. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed the presence of colpocephaly associated with lateral ventricle dilatation and the presence of a simplified gyral pattern. Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum and cerebellar vermis were also noted. Because Sanger sequencing is expensive, laborious, and time-consuming, whole-exome sequencing was performed and a de novo missense mutation in TUBA1A (E27Q) was identified.

Conclusion

The novel mutation identified in this study was located in the genetic region that encodes the N-terminal domain of TUBA1A, a region of TUBA1A with few reported mutations. Retrospective assessment of the clinical and radiological features of this patient―i.e., microcephaly, lissencephaly (pachygyria) with cerebellar hypoplasia, and corpus callosum hypoplasia―indicated that the TUBA1A mutation did not lead to any contradictions. Because rapid and comprehensive mutation analysis by whole-exome sequencing is time- and cost-effective, it might be useful for genetic counseling of patients with sporadic malformations of cortical development.
18 F-Fluoride positron emission tomography/computed tomography for noninvasive in vivo quantification of pathophysiological bone metabolism in experimental murine arthritis
Authors: Irmler Ingo M , Gebhardt Peter , Hoffmann Bianca , Opfermann Thomas , Figge Marc-Thilo , Saluz Hans P , Kamradt Thomas
Published: July 2014

Introduction

Evaluation of disease severity in experimental models of rheumatoid arthritis is inevitably associated with assessment of structural bone damage. A noninvasive imaging technology allowing objective quantification of pathophysiological alterations of bone structure in rodents could substantially extend the methods used to date in preclinical arthritis research for staging of autoimmune disease severity or efficacy of therapeutical intervention. Sodium 18 F-fluoride (18 F-NaF) is a bone-seeking tracer well-suited for molecular imaging. Therefore, we systematically examined the use of 18 F-NaF positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in mice with glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (G6PI)–induced arthritis for quantification of pathological bone metabolism.

Methods

F-fluoride was injected into mice before disease onset and at various time points of progressing experimental arthritis. Radioisotope accumulation in joints in the fore- and hindpaws was analyzed by PET measurements. For validation of bone metabolism quantified by 18 F-fluoride PET, bone surface parameters of high-resolution μCT measurements were used.

Results

Before clinical arthritis onset, no distinct accumulation of 18 F-fluoride was detectable in the fore- and hindlimbs of mice immunized with G6PI. In the course of experimental autoimmune disease, 18 F-fluoride bone uptake was increased at sites of enhanced bone metabolism caused by pathophysiological processes of autoimmune disease. Moreover, 18 F-fluoride signaling at different stages of G6PI-induced arthritis was significantly correlated with the degree of bone destruction. CT enabled identification of exact localization of 18 F-fluoride signaling in bone and soft tissue.

Conclusions

The results of this study suggest that small-animal PET/CT using 18 F-fluoride as a tracer is a feasible method for quantitative assessment of pathophysiological bone metabolism in experimental arthritis. Furthermore, the possibility to perform repeated noninvasive measurements in vivo allows longitudinal study of therapeutical intervention monitoring.
Modeling the economic impact of linezolid versus vancomycin in confirmed nosocomial pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Patel Dipen A , Shorr Andrew F , Chastre Jean , Niederman Michael , Simor Andrew , Stephens Jennifer M , Charbonneau Claudie , Gao Xin , Nathwani Dilip
Published: July 2014

Introduction

We compared the economic impacts of linezolid and vancomycin for the treatment of hospitalized patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)–confirmed nosocomial pneumonia.

Methods

We used a 4-week decision tree model incorporating published data and expert opinion on clinical parameters, resource use and costs (in 2012 US dollars), such as efficacy, mortality, serious adverse events, treatment duration and length of hospital stay. The results presented are from a US payer perspective. The base case first-line treatment duration for patients with MRSA-confirmed nosocomial pneumonia was 10 days. Clinical treatment success (used for the cost-effectiveness ratio) and failure due to lack of efficacy, serious adverse events or mortality were possible clinical outcomes that could impact costs. Cost of treatment and incremental cost-effectiveness per successfully treated patient were calculated for linezolid versus vancomycin. Univariate (one-way) and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted.

Results

The model allowed us to calculate the total base case inpatient costs as $46,168 (linezolid) and $46,992 (vancomycin). The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio favored linezolid (versus vancomycin), with lower costs ($824 less) and greater efficacy (+2.7% absolute difference in the proportion of patients successfully treated for MRSA nosocomial pneumonia). Approximately 80% of the total treatment costs were attributed to hospital stay (primarily in the intensive care unit). The results of our probabilistic sensitivity analysis indicated that linezolid is the cost-effective alternative under varying willingness to pay thresholds.

Conclusion

These model results show that linezolid has a favorable incremental cost-effectiveness ratio compared to vancomycin for MRSA-confirmed nosocomial pneumonia, largely attributable to the higher clinical trial response rate of patients treated with linezolid. The higher drug acquisition cost of linezolid was offset by lower treatment failure–related costs and fewer days of hospitalization.
Advantages of gadolinium based ultrasmall nanoparticles vs molecular gadolinium chelates for radiotherapy guided by MRI for glioma treatment
Authors: Le Duc Géraldine , Roux Stéphane , Paruta-Tuarez Amandine , Dufort Sandrine , Brauer Elke , Marais Arthur , Truillet Charles , Sancey Lucie , Perriat Pascal , Lux François , Tillement Olivier
Published: July 2014

AGuIX nanoparticles are formed of a polysiloxane network surrounded by gadolinium chelates. They present several characteristics. They are easy to produce, they present very small hydrodynamic diameters (<5 nm) and they are biodegradable through hydrolysis of siloxane bonds. Such degradation was evaluated in diluted conditions at physiological pH by dynamic light scattering and relaxometry. AGuIX nanoparticles are also known as positive contrast agents and efficient radiosensitizers. The aim of this paper is to compare their efficiency for magnetic resonance imaging and radiosensitization to those of the commercial gadolinium based molecular agent: DOTAREM®. An experiment with healthy animals was conducted and the MRI pictures we obtained show a better contrast with the AguIX compared to the DOTAREM® for the same amount of injected gadolinium in the animal. The better contrast obtained after injection of Aguix than DOTAREM® is due to a higher longitudinal relaxivity and a residential time in the blood circulation that is two times higher. A fast and large increase in the contrast is also observed by MRI after an intravenous injection of the AGuIX in 9 L gliosarcoma bearing rats, and a plateau is reached seven minutes after the injection.

We established a radiotherapy protocol consisting of an irradiation by microbeam radiation therapy 20 minutes after the injection of a specific quantity of gadolinium. After microbeam radiation therapy, no notable difference in median survival time was observed in the presence or absence of gadolinium chelates (38 and 44 days respectively). In comparison, the median survival time is increased to 102.5 days with AGuIX particles showing their interest in this nanomedicine protocol. This remarkable radiosensitizing effect could be explained by the persistent tumor uptake of the particles, inducing a significant nanoscale dose deposition under irradiation.
Effects of salt stress on antioxidant defense system in the root of Kandelia candel
Authors: Wang He-ming , Xiao Xiao-rong , Yang Meng-ying , Gao Zhi-liang , Zang Jian , Fu Xiu-mei , Chen Yin-hua
Published: July 2014

Background

This study aimed to explore the active oxygen scavenging mechanism of Kandelia candel, in order to provide a theoretical basis for further analysis on the physiological mechanism of salt tolerance in mangrove plants. Different concentrations of NaCl solution (0, 150, 300 and 450 mmol/L) were used for salt stress treatments on Kandelia candel, physiological indicators in the root of Kandelia candel were measured in different processing time.

Results

With the increase of salt concentrations and processing time, the contents of total proteins in the root of Kandelia candel were reduced; the CAT activity, SOD activity, ASA content and MDA content all had decreased with the increase of salt concentrations and shown a trend from ascent to descent with the increase of processing time, the peak of ASA and MDA contents were observed at 6 h, that of SOD activity was observed at 9 h and that of CAT activity was at 12 h; POD activity had shown an overall upward trend with the increase of salt concentrations and processing time, which reached the maximum at 24 h; the variations of these physiological indicators were more significant in high concentrations of NaCl solution (450 mmol/L).

Conclusions

A certain salt concentration (<300 mmol/L) was required for the growth of Kandelia candel seedlings. At the early stage of high-salt stress, Kandelia candel can rapidly activate antioxidant defense system to resist the salt induced oxidative stress, thus reducing the damages of oxidative stress to plasma membrane, which might be an effective means for Kandelia candel to resist high salt stress.
Miniaturized load sensor using quartz crystal resonator constructed through microfabrication and bonding
Authors: Murozaki Yuichi , Nogawa Kousuke , Arai Fumihito
Published: July 2014

Highly sensitive, wide-measurement-range compact load sensors are desirable for various applications, including measurement of biosignals, manipulation and stiffness measurement of cells, and so on. Conventional load sensors are highly sensitive but have relatively small measurement ranges. A load sensor using an AT-cut quartz crystal resonator (QCR) has superior characteristics such as, high accuracy, improved strength under compressive stress, long-term stability, and compact size. However, a retention mechanism is required to firmly support the QCR because the QCR is easily broken by stretching and bending motions. Conventional machining processes are not suitable for further miniaturization of the sensor. Even if the retention mechanism were miniaturized, the assembly process is complicated.

In this paper, we propose a novel design and fabrication method for a load sensor using the QCR. Using microfabrication and bonding, the assembly process was simplified. We demonstrate the feasibility of a miniaturized QCR load sensor whose volume is 24.6 mm3 (width is 4 mm, height is 5.6 mm, depth is 1.1 mm). The experimental results showed that the nonlinearity and hysteresis were 0.94% F.S. and 1.68% F.S., respectively. Additionally, sensitivity of the sensor was 1458 Hz/N. We improved the sensitivity and stability of the sensor; the fluctuation was 0.04 mN over a period of 1 min. Moreover, the effects of the temperature change were evaluated. The temperature and the sensor output were linear within the range of 20°C–50°C.
Cell-Mass Structures Expressing the Aromatase Gene Cyp19a1 Lead to Ovarian Cavities in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Mawaribuchi Shuuji , Ikeda Nozomi , Fujitani Kazuko , Ito Yuzuru , Onuma Yasuko , Komiya Tohru , Takamatsu Nobuhiko , Ito Michihiko
Published: July 2014

The African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, has a ZZ/ZW-type sex-determination system. We previously reported that a W-linked gene, Dm-W, can determine development as a female. However, the mechanisms of early sex differentiation remain unclear. We used microarrays to screen for genes with sexually dimorphic expression in ZZ and ZW gonads during early sex differentiation in X laevis and found several steroidogenic genes. Importantly, the steroid 17α-hydroxylase gene Cyp17a1 and the aromatase gene Cyp19a1 were highly expressed in ZZ and ZW gonads, respectively, just after sex determination. At this stage, we found that Cyp17a1, Cyp19a1, or both were expressed in the ZZ and ZW gonads in a unique mass-in-line structure, in which several masses of cells, each surrounded by a basement membrane, were aligned along the anteroposterior axis. In fact, during sex differentiation, ovarian cavities formed inside each mass of Cyp17a1- and Cyp19a1-positive cells in the ZW gonads. However, the mass-in-line structure disappeared during testicular development in the ZZ testes. These results suggested that the mass-in-line structure found in both ZZ and ZW gonads just after sex determination might be formed in advance to produce ovarian cavities and then oocytes. Consequently, we propose a view that the default sex may be female in the morphological aspect of gonads in X laevis.
GLP-1 Analog Liraglutide Enhances Proinsulin Processing in Pancreatic β-Cells via a PKA-Dependent Pathway
Authors: Wang Liang , Liu Ye , Yang Jin , Zhao Hejun , Ke Jing , Tian Qing , Zhang Lin , Wen Jinhua , Wei Rui , Hong Tianpei
Published: July 2014

Hyperproinsulinemia has gained increasing attention in the development of type 2 diabetes. Clinical studies have demonstrated that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)-based therapies significantly decrease plasma proinsulin/insulin ratio in patients with type 2 diabetes. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Prohormone convertase (PC)-1/3 and PC2 are primarily responsible for processing proinsulin to insulin in pancreatic β-cells. We have recently reported that Pax6 mutation down-regulated PC1/3 and PC2 expression, resulting in defective proinsulin processing in Pax6 heterozygous mutant (Pax6m/+) mice. In this study, we investigated whether and how liraglutide, a novel GLP-1 analog, modulated proinsulin processing. Our results showed that liraglutide significantly up-regulated PC1/3 expression and decreased the proinsulin to insulin ratio in both Pax6m/+ and db/db diabetic mice. In the cultured mouse pancreatic β-cell line, Min6, liraglutide stimulated PC1/3 and PC2 expression and lowered the proinsulin to insulin ratio in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, the beneficial effects of liraglutide on PC1/3 and PC2 expression and proinsulin processing were dependent on the GLP-1 receptor-mediated cAMP/protein kinase A signaling pathway. The same mechanism was recapitulated in isolated mouse islets. In conclusion, liraglutide enhanced PC1/3- and PC2-dependent proinsulin processing in pancreatic β-cells through the activation of the GLP-1 receptor/cAMP/protein kinase A signaling pathway. Our study provides a new mechanism for improvement of pancreatic β-cell function by the GLP-1-based therapy.
Overexpression of Corticotropin Releasing Factor in the Central Nucleus of the Amygdala Advances Puberty and Disrupts Reproductive Cycles in Female Rats
Authors: Li X. F. , Hu M. H. , Li S. Y. , Geach C. , Hikima A. , Rose S. , Greenwood M. P. , Greenwood M. , Murphy D. , Poston L. , Lightman S. L. , O'Byrne K. T.
Published: July 2014

Prolonged exposure to environmental stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and generally disrupts the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Because CRF expression in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) is a key modulator in adaptation to chronic stress, and central administration of CRF inhibits the hypothalamic GnRH pulse generator, we tested the hypothesis that overexpression of CRF in the CeA of female rats alters anxiety behavior, dysregulates the HPA axis response to stress, changes pubertal timing, and disrupts reproduction. We used a lentiviral vector to increase CRF expression site specifically in the CeA of preweaning (postnatal day 12) female rats. Overexpression of CRF in the CeA increased anxiety-like behavior in peripubertal rats shown by a reduction in time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus maze and a decrease in social interaction. Paradoxically, puberty onset was advanced but followed by irregular estrous cyclicity and an absence of spontaneous preovulatory LH surges associated with proestrous vaginal cytology in rats overexpressing CRF. Despite the absence of change in basal corticosterone secretion or induced by stress (lipopolysaccharide or restraint), overexpression of CRF in the CeA significantly decreased lipopolysaccharide, but not restraint, stress-induced suppression of pulsatile LH secretion in postpubertal ovariectomized rats, indicating a differential stress responsivity of the GnRH pulse generator to immunological stress and a potential adaptation of the HPA axis to chronic activation of amygdaloid CRF. These data suggest that the expression profile of this key limbic brain CRF system might contribute to the complex neural mechanisms underlying the increasing incidence of early onset of puberty on the one hand and infertility on the other attributed to chronic stress in modern human society.
Melanocortin 3 Receptor Has a 5′ Exon That Directs Translation of Apically Localized Protein From the Second In-Frame ATG
Authors: Park Jeenah , Sharma Neeraj , Cutting Garry R.
Published: July 2014

Melanocortin-3 receptor (MC3R) is a canonical MSH receptor that plays an essential role in energy homeostasis. Variants in MC3R have been implicated in obesity in humans and mice. However, interpretation of the functional consequences of these variants is challenging because the translational start site of MC3R is unclear. Using 5′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends, we discovered a novel upstream exon that extends the length of the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) in MC3R without changing the open-reading frame. The full-length 5′ UTR directs utilization of an evolutionarily conserved second in-frame ATG as the primary translation start site. MC3R synthesized from the second ATG is localized to apical membranes of polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, consistent with its function as a cell surface mediator of melanocortin signaling. Expression of MC3R causes relocalization of melanocortin receptor accessory protein 2, an accessory factor for melanocortin-2 receptor, to the apical membrane, coincident with the location of MC3R. In contrast, protein synthesized from MC3R cDNAs lacking the 5′ UTR displayed diffuse cytosolic distribution and has no effect on the distribution of melanocortin receptor accessory protein 2. Our findings demonstrate that a previously unannotated 5′ exon directs translation of MC3R protein that localizes to apical membranes of polarized cells. Together, our work provides insight on the structure of human MC3R and reveals a new pathway for regulation of energy metabolism.
The origin and loss of periodic patterning in the turtle shell
Authors: Moustakas-Verho Jacqueline E. , Zimm Roland , Cebra-Thomas Judith , Lempiäinen Netta K. , Kallonen Aki , Mitchell Katherine L. , Hämäläinen Keijo , Salazar-Ciudad Isaac , Jernvall Jukka , Gilbert Scott F.
Published: July 2014

The origin of the turtle shell over 200 million years ago greatly modified the amniote body plan, and the morphological plasticity of the shell has promoted the adaptive radiation of turtles. The shell, comprising a dorsal carapace and a ventral plastron, is a layered structure formed by basal endochondral axial skeletal elements (ribs, vertebrae) and plates of bone, which are overlain by keratinous ectodermal scutes. Studies of turtle development have mostly focused on the bones of the shell; however, the genetic regulation of the epidermal scutes has not been investigated. Here, we show that scutes develop from an array of patterned placodes and that these placodes are absent from a soft-shelled turtle in which scutes were lost secondarily. Experimentally inhibiting Shh, Bmp or Fgf signaling results in the disruption of the placodal pattern. Finally, a computational model is used to show how two coupled reaction-diffusion systems reproduce both natural and abnormal variation in turtle scutes. Taken together, these placodal signaling centers are likely to represent developmental modules that are responsible for the evolution of scutes in turtles, and the regulation of these centers has allowed for the diversification of the turtle shell.
Effect of anesthesia level on murine cardiac function
Authors: Picard Fabien , Depret Francois , Zanotti-Cavazzoni Sergio , Hollenberg Steven
Published: July 2014

Background: Echocardiography allows for sensitive and non-invasive assessment of cardiac function in mice, but requires sedation and immobility, which influences cardiac performance. Minimizing the hemodynamic effects of anesthesia is extremely important for improving the applicability of animal models to the clinical setting. We sought to evaluate the effects of isoflurane dose on myocardial function in a murine model.

Methods: Twelve healthy C57BL/6 mice were studied with three different isoflurane anesthesia regimens: deep anesthesia with an objective of heart rate (HR) between 350 and 400 beats per minute (bpm), light anesthesia with an objective of HR between 475 and 525 bpm and just before the mice woke up (>575 bpm). Using a high-resolution ultrasound system, stroke volume, cardiac output, left ventricle dimension and fractional shortening were recorded.

Results: Fractional shortening was not statistically different in the awake group and the light anesthesia group (49±5% in awake mice vs. 48±5%; p=0.62), whereas it was different compared to the deep anesthesia group (31±5%, p<0.0001 compared to both groups). Similar results were found for stroke volume (41.4±5.8 ml vs. 41.6±6.9 ml; p=0.81 and 35±8.3 ml; p<0.05 compared to both groups). Cardiac output was slightly lower in the light anesthesia group compared to the awake group (21.9±3.6 ml/min vs. 25.6±3.3; p=0.02) due to HR significant difference (522±17 bpm vs. 608±23 bpm; p<0.0001).

Conclusions: Doppler echocardiography can be performed under very light anesthesia using small doses of isoflurane without influencing cardiac inotropic function. This technique allows for accurate and reproducible assessment of cardiac function while minimizing hemodynamic perturbations.
Sun-related conditions
Authors: Watkins Jean
Published: July 2014

DERMATOLOGY

Excessive exposure to sun can cause a number of harmful skin conditions. Jean Watkins describes the potential side effects and dangers
The fundamentals of infection control
Authors: Nazarko Linda
Published: July 2014

At the beginning of the 21st century, the UK had one of the highest rates of healthcare-associated infection (HCAI) in Europe ( National Audit Office (NAO), 2000 ; NAO, 2004 ). Recent changes in health-care practice, including an increased emphasis on hand washing, have led to a major decline in HCAIs—from 9.2% of patients in 1980, to 6.7–6.4 % in 2011 ( Walker and Fowler, 2011 ; Health Protection Agency (HPA), 2012 ). HPA data (2012) show that the rate of HCAI fell from 8.2% to 6.4% in 5 years.

There has been a 69% reduction in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia rates and a 59% reduction in clostridium difficile infections over the past 5 years ( Public Health England, 2013 ).

Although much has been achieved, rising levels of antimicrobial resistance mean ‘we could be close to reaching a point where we may not be able to prevent or treat everyday infections or diseases’ ( Department of Health (DH), 2013 ). Every health-care practitioner has an important part to play in working to prevent infection and to stem the tide of antimicrobial resistance. This article aims to enable readers to understand the fundamentals of infection control.
Transplant education: developing a patient-centred resource
Authors: McGinness Marion
Published: July 2014

Patients want, and expect, care providers to be transparent and explain their care in a manner that can be easily interpreted and understood. This need has led to the development of the Personal Health Information Log (PHIL) for kidney transplant patients at Glasgow's Western Infirmary. Marion McGinness explains how this handheld booklet has transformed the way information is delivered to patients.
The NHS Healthcare Leadership Model: the role of the renal manager
Authors: Ellis Peter , Abbott Jane
Published: July 2014

The new NHS Healthcare Leadership Model is made up of nine dimensions that work both independently and together to enhance leadership. In the fourth and final part of the series on this subject, Peter Ellis and Jane Abbott explore the final aspects of connecting our service, holding to account, and developing capability.
Review: Effect of global warming on plant evolution and diversity; lessons from the past and its potential recurrence in the future
Authors: SETYAWAN AHMAD DWI
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Setyawan AD. 2009. Effect of global warming on plant evolution and diversity; lessons from the past and its potential recurrence in the future. Nusantara Bioscience 1: 43-52. Lessons from the past show that global warming and glaciation is a natural cycle of repeated, the trigger factor is not always the same, but global warming is always accompanied by elevated levels of CO2 and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere which cause the other rising global temperatures. Present and destruction of various plants and other living makhluh continue to happen from time to time. Every era has its own life form, as a mirror of global environmental conditions at the time. Biodiversity is not always the same between one period of global warming are with the next global warming, or one period of glaciation that one with the next glaciation, although new breeds always show traces the evolution of his ancestors. Man is one of the agents of global warming that began with the development of agricultural systems since 8000 years ago. The impact of climate change due to global warming should continue to be wary of. Based on past experience, global warming is always followed by mass extinctions, but various forms of life will still survive even though its shape is almost certainly not the same as before. Living organisms can survive it will evolve into new taxa that are different from their parental taxa. Humans who were present at that time probably were not men who are present at this time, given Homo sapiens may have been extinct for not being able to adapt or otherwise has evolved into a new man who may no longer show characteristics of human wisdom.
Blood cholesterol levels of hypercholesterolemic rat (Rattus norvegicus) after VCO treatment
Authors: HARINI MARTI , ASTIRIN OKID PARAMA
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Harini M, Astirin OP. 2009. Blood cholesterol levels of hypercholesterolemic rat (Rattus norvegicus) after VCO treatment. Nusantara Bioscience 1: 53-58. This study aims to determine treatment effect of VCO on blood cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic white rat (Rattus norvegicus L.). This study used 25 male rats of Wistar strain divided into five treatment groups, namely: control, simvastatin (1.3 mL/270 g BW), cholesterol (9:1 lard), VCO 1 (1 mL/270 g BW), and VCO 2 (1.3 mL/270 g BW). Treatment was given orally. Total cholesterol, LDL and HDL cholesterol levels were measured at day 1, day 14 and day 28. Cholesterol data (total cholesterol, LDL and HDL) were analyzed by Ancova and followed by contrast test at significance level of 5%.. The results showed that treatment of VCO at different doses significantly affected the decrease in blood total cholesterol, blood LDL levels, increasing blood HDL in hypercholesterolemic white rat.
Nitrogen content, nitrate reductase activity, and biomass of kimpul (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) on shade and nitrogen fertilizer variation
Authors: LATIFA ISNAINI CHOIRUL , ANGGARWULAN ENDANG
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Latifa IC, Anggarwulan E. 2009. Nitrogen content, nitrate reductase activity, and biomass of kimpul (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) on shade and nitrogen fertilizer variation. Nusantara Bioscience 1: 65-71. The aims of this research were to study the effect of shade and nitrogen fertilizer variation and also their interaction to nitrogen content, nitrate reductase activity, and biomass of kimpul (Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott.). This research was arranged in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with two factor, they were shade variation which contained 3 levels (0%, 50%, and 75% of shade) and nitrogen fertilizer dosage variation which contained 4 levels (0; 0.0625; 0.125; dan 0.25 g ZA/kg of soil of the dosage of ZA fertilizer). The variables of the research were nitrogen content, nitrate reductase activity, fresh weight, dry weight, and shoot/root ratio. The collected data were analyzed with General Linear Model Univariate, and continued with Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT) on 5% significantly levels. The result showed that the shade treatment affected nitrogen content, fresh weight, and shoot/root ratio. The fertilizer application and the interaction between shade and fertilizer application were affected to all variables. The treatment of 75% shade and 0.25 g ZA/kg of soil of ZA fertilizer dosage increased nitrogen content (5.32%) and fresh weight (420.88 g). The treatment without shade and 0.25 g ZA/kg of soil, dosage of ZA fertilizer increased nitrate reductase activity (260.58 µ mol NO2-/g/hour) and dry weight (53.92 g). The treatment of 50% shade and 0 g ZA/kg of soil of ZA fertilizer dosage increased shoot/root ratio (0.98).
Linoleic and linolenic acids analysis of soybean tofu with Rhizopus oryzae and Rhizopus oligosporus as coagulant
Authors: SUDARYATININGSIH CICIK , SUPYANI SUPYANI
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Sudaryatiningsih C, Supyani. 2009. Linoleic and linolenic acids analysis of soybean tofu with Rhizopus oryzae and Rhizopus oligosporus as coagulant. Nusantara Bioscience 1: 110-116. The aims of this research are to know the potency of Rhizopus oligosporus and Rhizopus oryzae as a coagulant in tofu processing for increasing the amount of linoleic and linolenic acids, and to know the time that needed by R. oligosporus and R. oryzae for increasing the amount of linoleic and linolenic acids. It uses PDA for inoculating fungi, and it is done at Sub-Lab Chemistry, Central Laboratory for Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Sebelas Maret University, Surakarta. The tofu making was done in “Dele Emas” Tofu Factory, Surakarta. Analysis of linoleic and linolenic acids was done by Gas Chromatography, in LPPT-UGM Yogyakarta. The conclusion of this research is R. oligosporus dan R. oryzae having a potency as a coagulant in tofu processing for increasing the amount of linoleic and linolenic acids. R. oryzae needs 18 hours to coagulate the tofu, and R. oligosporus requires 12 hours for the same process. R. oryzae obtained the highest amount of linoleic and linolenic acids. R. oryzae at 6 hours of fermentation (0.26% and 0.14%), and 24 hours of fermentation by R. oligosporus (0.06% and 0.04%).
Slaughter weight and carcass of male New Zealand White rabbits after rationing with koro bean (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis)
Authors: SANTOSO URIP , SUTARNO SUTARNO
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Santoso U, Sutarno. 2009. Slaughter weight and carcass of male New Zealand White rabbits after rationing with koro bean (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis). Nusantara Bioscience 1: 117-122. The objectives of the research were to know the effects of koro bean (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis) present on slaughter weight and carcass of rabbits and to know the optimum dosage that resulted in the best slaughter weight and carcass. The research used Randomized Block Design whereas 25 heads of six weeks old rabbits with 450-1270 g of body weight were divided into five groups according to the body weight. Each group was treated with different treatment. The treatment was unpresent of M. pruriens as a control (R0) and various percentage of M. pruriens as much as 21.5%, in the ration with treatment as follows: R1 (raw), R2 (heating), R3 (boiling), and R4 (fermentation). The parameters observed were slaughter weight, carcass weight, meat weight, bone weight, and adipose tissue weight. The data analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed with Duncan's Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The presence of  processed M. pruriens could increase production of slaughter weight better than the presence of unprocessed M. pruriens. The additional of 21.5% of fermented M. pruriens resulted in the best production of slaughter weight and carcass of rabbits.
Alternative supplementary biochemic food for growing up the fresh water lobster (Cherax quadricarinatus)
Authors: PRIYONO EDI , ASTIRIN OKID PARAMA , SETYONO PRABANG
Published: July 2014

Priyono E, Astirin OP, Setyono P. 2009. Alternative supplementary biochemic food for growing up the fresh water lobsterÂ (Cherax quadricarinatus). Nusantara Bioscience 1: 123-130. This research denotes to know the influence of biochemic composition toÂ the rapid grow of fresh water lobster on the stadium of post larva (PL) of 60 within three months. This research used the completeÂ random planning dealing with 4 treatments and each treatment would get 3 times cycle. The treatments cover, group K tested animalÂ was treted with 100% mill food containing 30% of protein. Group A is given with food and biochemic food containing 13,34% ofÂ protein. Group B is the treated with mill food which is mixed with biochemic food containing 10,7% of protein. While group C wasÂ tested by treating them with mill food and biochemic food containing 13,58%. After all the above mentioned would be set up within 3:1 comparation. The variable of this research were the length of the abdomen, cephalothorax, total length, and the wet weight. The dataÂ analysis is using ANOVA system on 95% power test completed by of SPSS version 13. The result of the research shows that mentionedÂ treatments give us the same influence toward the growth of fresh water lobster. The composition of biochemic food with the containingÂ protein around 10,7%,13.34% and 13,38% has given the same effect to the lobster growth on post larva 60 level. There is strongÂ correlation between abdomen and cephalothorax and between the total length and the lobsters weight.
Variation of morphology, isozymic and vitamin C content of dragon fruit varieties
Authors: RAHMAWATI BANATI , MAHAJOENO EDWI
Published: July 2014

Rahmawati B, Mahajoeno E. 2009. Variation of morphology, isozymic and vitamin C content of dragon fruit varieties.Â Nusantara Bioscience 1: 131-137. The aims of the research was to study the variation of morphology, the band pattern of isozyme, andÂ vitamin C content of dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) varieties such as super red, red and white from Pasuruan (East Java), Sukoharjo andÂ Klaten (Central Java), and Bantul districts (Yogyakarta). Morphological character were carried include fruit, stem, and flowers of eachÂ variety of dragon fruit. The isozymic pattern was analyzed using NTSYS 2.02i. The data matrix was counted based on the DICEÂ coefficient. The clustering was done by applying UPGMA which counted through SHAN. Vitamin C content measured by titrationÂ method then analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the higher vitamin C content was found from super red of Pasuruan (6.00) and then followed by red color (5.376) and super red (5.113) both from Bantul. The morphological variation on the stem and petalÂ colors, and fruits were also shown by the isozymic data of three varieties of dragon fruits collected from four separated locations.Â Esterase (EST) showed 18 bands and forming four (4) groups based on 75% genetic similarity index. The specific band occurred on RfÂ 0.633 of red varieties of dragon fruit from Bantul and on Rf 0.755 from Pasuruan. The specific band also occurs on Rf 0.347 of whiteÂ variety from Bantul and on Rf 0.510 and on Rf 0.633 from Klaten. Glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) enzyme shows 12 bandsÂ and also forming four groups with a little difference for member in the fourth group. The specific band occurs on Rf 0.321 of red colorÂ fruit from Pasuruan. The specific band also occurs on the white from Pasuruan on Rf 0.446 and on Rf 0.482. The variation of dragonÂ fruits were also supported by isozymic data indicated that the morphological character were in accordance with the genetics data.
Variation of morphological and protein pattern of cassava (Manihot esculenta) varieties of Adira1 and Cabak makao in Ngawi, East Java
Authors: TRIBADI TRIBADI , SURANTO SURANTO , SAJIDAN SAJIDAN
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Tribadi, Suranto, Sajidan. 2009. Variation of morphological and protein pattern of cassava (Manihot esculenta) varieties of Adira1 and Cabak makao in Ngawi, East Java. Nusantara Bioscience 2: 14-22. This research is intended to find out the morphological and anatomical variation as well as the protein band pattern of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) widely spread in three different areas of height. The sample collecting is done using simple random sampling in the three different areas of height that is 50, 300, 1000 meters asl in Ngawi District, East Java while the analysis of protein band pattern is done using SDS-PAGE. The result of the research of morphology and anatomy is analyzed descriptively and presented in the form of tables, histograms, and figures. The analysis of protein band pattern is done using quantitative and qualitative analysis that is based on the appearance or not the gel band pattern by counting the molecular weights based on code marker S 8445 and qualitative method based on the quality of the band formed. The band pattern formed is istimated and presented in the form of zimogram. The result of the research shows that the height of the cultivating site very much influences toward variations of root, stem and leaf morphology. The longest root is at 50-meter heights asl (Cabak makao local variety, the widest stem diameter is at 50 meters asl (Cabak makao local variety) the longest leaf and branch is at 300 meters asl (Cabak makao local variety) and 1000 meters asl (Cabak makao local variety). There is no difference of anatomy in the root, stem, and leaf and no difference of protein band pattern either in Adira1 or Cabak makao local variety.
Productivity of sugarcane plants of ratooning with fertilizing treatment
Authors: LATIEF A. SUTOWO , SYARIEF RIZAL , PRAMUDYA BAMBANG , MUHADIONO MUHADIONO
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Latief AS, Syarief R, Pramudya B, Muhadiono. 2010. Productivity of sugarcane plants of ratooning with various fertilizing treatments. Nusantara Bioscience 2: 43-47. This research aims to determine the sugarcane plants of ratooning productivity with low external input of fertilization treatment towards farmers can increase profits. The method used is the Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with four treatments and three repetitions (4x3). Sugarcane varieties R 579 planted in each patch experiment 5x5 m2. Dosage of fertilizer: P0 = 3.6 kg/year plot experiment was 100% dosage usage of chemical fertilizers used by farmers. Further dosages were P1 (75%) = 2.7 kg/plot, P2 (50%) = 1.8 kg/plot and P3 (0.25%) = 0.9 kg/plot, each supplemented with fertilizer 5 mL of liquid organic/patch a year. Sugarcane crops with a variety of treatment showed no significant difference. The highest productivity was achieved at dosages of P2 (50% chemical fertilizers plus organic fertilizer) is 21.67 kg per square meter. Chemical fertilizers can be saved 7 quintals per hectare a year or Rp 997,500 per year. Additional costs of liquid organic fertilizer Rp. 100,000 per hectare year and labor Rp 100,000 per hectare, so the additional advantage of saving farmers fertilizer Rp. 797,500 per year.
Effect of various sugar solution concentrations on characteristics of dried candy tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum)
Authors: BUNTARAN WAWAN , ASTIRIN OKID PARAMA , MAHAJOENO EDWI
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Buntaran W, Astirin PA, Mahajoeno M. 2009. Effect of various sugar solution concentrations on characteristics of dried candy tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). Nusantara Bioscience 2: 55-61. The aims of the research were to study the effects of sugar syrup concentration on dried candy tomato characteristics and to determine the proper sugar solution concentration that gives the best characteristics of dry candy tomatoes. The research used Randomized Block Design Method with four treatments and six times repetitions. The treatment that be used was immersing the tomato in sugar solution, with concentration of A (40%), B (50%), C (60%), and D (70%) group in 18 hours. The variables measured were water content, ash, vitamin C and organoleptic tests include flavor, color, flavor and texture test. Data were analyzed using ANOVA test (Analysis of Variance) followed by DMRT (Duncan Multiple Range Test). The result showed that sugar solution concentration had different effect on water content, ash content, vitamin C content, texture, and organoleptic test for color, taste, and flavor of the dry candy tomato. The best characteristics of dry tomato candy was obtained on A (40%) group, with water content of  24.20%, ash content of 0.62%, and vitamin C content of 31.15 mg/100 g.  Standard quality of water content for dry fruit candy was maximal 25% (SII No.0718-2003) and maximally allowed ash content for food materials was 1.0% (SII 0272.90).  Vitamin C content was not much decreased compared with ripe tomato, i.e. 30-40 mg/100. Organoleptic tets result indicated that A (40%) group get the highest score, i.e. 3,98 for taste, 3,89 for flavor, and 3,98 for color.
Teratogenic test of Pandanus conoideus var. yellow fruit extract to development of rat embryo (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: MUNA LINTAL , ASTIRIN OKID PARAMA , SUGIYARTO SUGIYARTO
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Muna L, Astirin OP, Sugiyarto. 2010. Teratogenic test of Pandanus conoideus var. yellow fruit extract to development of rat embryo (Rattus norvegicus). Nusantara Bioscience 2: 126-134. This experiment was performed to examine the effect of Pandanus conoideus Lam. var. yellow fruit extract on the percentage of the living fetus, the death intrauterus, heavy and long of fetus, fetus morphology, and skeleton structure of fetus. The experiment was used by 25 pregnant mice that randomly were divided into 5 groups, they contained 5 mice. Each group was given with a different dose. The P1 group (control) was given 1 mL sesame oil, the group P2, P3, P4 and P5 were respectively given the yellow fruit extract 0,02 mL, 0,04 mL, 0,08 mL and 0,16 mL. The P. conoideus var. yellow fruit extract was given orally on day 5 to 17 of gestation (organogenesis period). Observation was carried out on day 18 of gestation by cesarean section to take the fetus from the uterus. Fetus morphology was observed after taking fetus from uterus, whereas observation of skeleton structure was made wholemount preparation with dual colorization, they are Alcian blue and Alizarin Red-S. The result was analyzed with one way ANOVA. Results showed that giving yellow fruit extract didn't influence to the percentage of the living fetus, the death intrauterus, heavy and long of fetus. The effect of giving yellow fruit extract to the maternal was abnormality skeleton (lordosis) of fetus in the dose of 0.16 mL and obstacles to the ossification of fetus.