bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Poly(cyclodextrin)‐Polydrug Nanocomplexes as Synthetic Oncolytic Virus for Locoregional Melanoma Chemoimmunotherapy
Authors: Kim Jihoon , Sestito Lauren F. , Im Sooseok , Kim Won Jong , Thomas Susan N.
Published: February 2020

Despite the approval of oncolytic virus (OV) therapy for advanced melanoma, its intrinsic limitations that include the risk of persistent viral infection and cost‐intensive manufacturing motivate the development of analogous approaches that are free from the disadvantages of virus‐based therapies. Herein, reported is a nanoassembly comprised of multivalent host–guest interactions between polymerized paclitaxel (pPTX) and nitric oxide‐incorporated polymerized β‐cyclodextrin (pCD‐pSNO) that through its bioactive components and when used locoregionally recapitulates the therapeutic effects of OV. The resultant pPTX/pCD‐pSNO exhibits significantly enhanced cytotoxicity, immunogenic cell death, dendritic cell (DC) activation, and T cell expansion in vitro compared to free agents alone or in combination. In vivo, intratumoral administration of pPTX/pCD‐pSNO results in activation and expansion of DCs systemically, but with a corresponding expansion of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells and suppression of CD8+ T cell expansion. When combined with antibody targeting cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen‐4 that blunts this molecule's signaling effects on T cells, intratumoral pPTX/pCD‐pSNO treatment elicits potent anticancer effects that significantly prolong animal survival. This formulation thus leverages the chemo‐ and immunotherapeutic synergies of PTX and nitric oxide and suggests the potential for virus‐free nanoformulations to mimic the therapeutic action and benefits of OVs.
Amyloid‐β Oligomer‐Targeted Gadolinium‐Based NIR/MR Dual‐Modal Theranostic Nanoprobe for Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Wang Chengke , Wang Xueli , Chan Hei‐Nga , Liu Guifeng , Wang Zhenxin , Li Hung‐Wing , Wong Man Shing
Published: February 2020

While the deposition of amyloid‐β (Aβ) plaques is one of the main pathological hallmarks of incurable Alzheimer's disease (AD), Aβ oligomers have been identified as a more appealing AD biomarker due to their being more pathogenic and neurotoxic. Therefore, the development of a sensitive and effective technique for oligomeric Aβ detection and imaging is beneficial for the early detection of AD, monitoring disease progression, and assessing the efficacy of potential AD drugs. Herein, the development and investigation of the first Aβ oligomer‐specific Gd3+‐based nanoparticles (NPs), NP@SiO2@F‐SLOH as a multimodal near‐infrared imaging (NIRI)/T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent for real‐time visualization of Aβ contents in an AD mouse model is reported. Remarkably, the NP@SiO2@F‐SLOH is successfully applied for in vivo and ex vivo NIRI with high sensitivity and selectivity for Aβ oligomers and for MRI with good spatial resolution in different age groups in an AD mouse model. Furthermore, the NP probe exhibits a noticeable inhibitory effect on Aβ fibrillation and neuroprotection against Aβ‐induced toxicity indicating its desirable therapeutic potential for AD. All these results illustrate the tremendous potential of this versatile and sensitive nanomaterial as an effective theranostic MRI nanoprobe for practical use.
Overcoming the Limits of the Interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya Interaction by Antiferromagnetic Order in Multiferroic Heterostructures
Authors: Wang Han , Dai Yingying , Liu Zhongran , Xie Qidong , Liu Chao , Lin Weinan , Liu Liang , Yang Ping , Wang John , Venkatesan Thirumalai Venky , Chow Gan Moog , Tian He , Zhang Zhidong , Chen Jingsheng
Published: February 2020

Topologically protected magnetic states have a variety of potential applications in future spintronics owing to their nanoscale size (<100 nm) and unique dynamics. These fascinating states, however, usually are located at the interfaces or surfaces of ultrathin systems due to the short interaction range of the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI). Here, magnetic topological states in a 40‐unit cells (16 nm) SrRuO3 layer are successfully created via an interlayer exchange coupling mechanism and the interfacial DMI. By controlling the thickness of an antiferromagnetic and ferromagnetic layer, interfacial ionic polarization, as well as the transformation between ferromagnetic and magnetic topological states, can be modulated. Using micromagnetic simulations, the formation and stability of robust magnetic skyrmions in SrRuO3/BiFeO3 heterostructures are elucidated. Magnetic skyrmions in thick multiferroic heterostructures are promising for the development of topological electronics as well as rendering a practical approach to extend the interfacial topological phenomena to bulk via antiferromagnetic order.
Josephson Effect and Charge Distribution in Thin Bi2Te3 Topological Insulators
Authors: Stehno Martin P. , Ngabonziza Prosper , Myoren Hiroaki , Brinkman Alexander
Published: February 2020

Thin layers of topological insulator materials are quasi‐2D systems featuring a complex interplay between quantum confinement and topological band structure. To understand the role of the spatial distribution of carriers in electrical transport, the Josephson effect, magnetotransport, and weak anti‐localization are studied in bottom‐gated thin Bi2Te3 topological insulator films. The experimental carrier densities are compared to a model based on the solutions of the self‐consistent Schrödinger–Poisson equations and they are in excellent agreement. The modeling allows for a quantitative interpretation of the weak antilocalization correction to the conduction and of the critical current of Josephson junctions with weak links made from such films without any ad hoc assumptions.
Fabrication of Highly Dense Silk Fibroin Biomemristor Array and Its Resistive Switching Characteristics
Authors: Kook Geon , Jeong Sohyeon , Kim Mi Kyung , Lee Sungwoo , Choi Nakwon , Lee Hyunjoo J.
Published: February 2020

Development of polymeric memristors is of great interest for wearable and implantable applications because of its flexibility and transparency. One of distinguished polymeric memristor materials is silk fibroin, which is a biodegradable protein extracted from Bombyx mori cocoons. However, fibroin memristors demonstrated earlier show low memory cell density (<100 cells mm−2). In this paper, silk fibroin memristors with cell density 25 times higher than that of the previously reported silk fibroin memristors by utilizing wafer‐scale UV photolithography are reported. Unlike shadow masking technique adopted in the previous researches, UV photolithography allows single‐micrometer‐scale alignment between layers to obtain a much denser structure. Memristive characteristics of the silk fibroin memristors are studied under different values of compliance current during SET process with different thickness of silk fibroin films. The ON/OFF ratio of the fabricated memristors is maintained over 1000 s of measurement, and remains the same during bending over a cylinder with a radius of curvature of 1.3 mm. It is shown that silk fibroin remains biocompatible and biodegradable after undergoing the fabrication process. Demonstrated transparency and lightweight characteristics are desirable for electronic components for wearable and implantable systems.
Fundamentals, Materials, and Applications for Daytime Radiative Cooling
Authors: Li Zizhong , Chen Qiyuan , Song Yan , Zhu Bin , Zhu Jia
Published: February 2020

Daytime radiative cooling is emerging as a passive and environmentally friendly cooling strategy, compared to traditional cooling methods that consume a vast amount of energy with a significant carbon footprint. To achieve the best cooling performance, materials tailored for daytime radiative cooling need to generate high emission in the atmospheric transmission window (8–13 µm) for radiating heat out directly to the universe and simultaneously reflect the entire solar radiation to minimize the thermal load. Recently, daytime subambient radiative cooling has been demonstrated through a range of novel material strategies. Herein, the fundamental principles for nighttime and daytime radiative cooling are summarized, and different designs of materials and structures suitable for substantial cooling performances are highlighted, together with various real‐world applications including building, water cooling, and clothing. Several possible pathways of daytime radiative cooling for further development are also outlined. It is anticipated that this review will provide an overall picture of recent progress and inspire more efforts into the fundamental understanding and practical applications of daytime radiative cooling.
High‐Performance Near‐Infrared Harvesting Transparent Luminescent Solar Concentrators
Authors: Yang Chenchen , Moemeni Mehdi , Bates Matthew , Sheng Wei , Borhan Babak , Lunt Richard R.
Published: February 2020

Transparent luminescent solar concentrators (TLSCs) selectively harvest ultraviolet and near‐infrared photons. Due to the absence of electrodes, busbars, and collection grids over the solar harvesting area, the device structure enables these devices to achieve the highest levels of transparency and aesthetics. Recently, COi8DFIC has been developed as a nonfullerene acceptor in organic photovoltaics with unprecedented performance. In this work, nonfullerene acceptors are introduced into TLSCs as the luminophores. The impact of COi8DFIC concentration on power conversion efficiency (PCE), aesthetic quality, and scalability is systematically studied. After device optimization, the COi8DFIC TLSCs are shown to achieve a PCE over 1.2% while the average visible transmittance exceeds 74% and color rendering index exceeds 80. This work reports the highest TLSC device efficiency at the highest visibly transparency and highlights that the photoluminescent properties of these emerging low bandgap organic molecules providing an encouraging path to higher TLSC performance.
Ultra‐High and Fast Ultraviolet Response Photodetectors Based on Lateral Porous GaN/Ag Nanowires Composite Nanostructure
Authors: Li Jing , Xi Xin , Li Xiaodong , Lin Shan , Ma Zhanhong , Xiu Huixin , Zhao Lixia
Published: February 2020

Composite nanostructures with plasmonic metals can introduce optical resonances and enhance optoelectronic performance significantly. In this work, novel lateral porous GaN/Ag nanowires (NWs) composite nanostructure‐based UV photodetectors were designed and fabricated, and the detectivity is up to 1015 Jones at V = 1 V with a fast response speed of ≈180 µs under UV illumination, which is more than ≈105 times faster than that of the photodetectors without Ag NWs. Combined with finite‐difference time‐domain simulations, the results show that such superior performance is mainly attributed to the surface plasmon resonance effect, which leads to a strong light trapping and efficient carriers' transport process at the lateral porous GaN/Ag NWs interfaces. This approach paves a way to realize ultra‐sensitive UV photodetectors with fast response through plasmonic metal/semiconductor nanocomposites, which are desirable for applications in optical switches, optical logical operations, and lightwave communications.
Crosslinking‐Induced White Light Emission of Poly(Hydroxyurethane) Microspheres for White LEDs
Authors: Liu Bin , Chu Bo , Wang Ya‐Ling , Chen Zheng , Zhang Xing‐Hong
Published: February 2020

Nonconjugated luminescent polymers with white light emission are promising for a wide range of applications in display and lighting devices, but their preparation remains a big challenge. Herein, a white‐light‐emitting nonconjugated poly(hydroxyurethane) microsphere (PHUM) synthesized from the crosslinking reaction of trimethylolpropane tri(cyclic carbonate) ether and 1,6‐hexanediamine in chloroform is reported. The resultant PHUMs possess uniform sizes ranging from 12.6 to 21.5 µm. It is proposed that a high crosslinking degree and various hydrogen‐bonding strengths induce the formation of carbamate clusters with different sizes and broad distributions, which result in a broad emission spectrum. The cluster‐size distribution effect leads to multiple n–π* transitions from various carbamate clusters via through‐space conjugation of carbamates, realizing white light emission. In addition, the application of PHUMs as single phosphor combined with a 365 nm UV chip is also demonstrated, with which a white‐light‐emitting diode with a high color rendering index of up to 95 is obtained. This work confirms that crosslinking can induce multiple emissions, which provides a new clusteroluminescence and polymerization‐induced emission system for tunable luminescence emission.
Delayed Charge Recombination by Open‐Shell Organics: Its Application in Achieving Superb Photodetectors with Broadband (400–1160 nm) Ultrahigh Sensitivity and Stability
Authors: Shen Shin‐Wei , Chen Deng‐Gao , Chen I‐Tung , Chang Kai‐Hsin , Lee Chuan‐Wei , Fang Chia‐Te , Chen Yi‐Ting , Chuang Wei‐Tsung , Lee Yi‐Hsien , Wu Yao‐Ting , Chou Pi‐Tai , Wu Chih‐I
Published: February 2020

Monolayer transition‐metal dichalcogenides have inspired worldwide efforts in optoelectronic devices but real applications are hindered with their reduced optical absorption due to their atomically ultrathin signature. In this study, by utilizing their biradical nature such as excellent absorption coefficient, broad bandwidth from the ultraviolet to near‐infrared region, and small triplet–singlet energy gap, a series of helicene 5,14‐diaryldiindeno[2,1‐f:1′,2′‐j]picene (DDP) derivatives (1ab, 1ac, and 1bb) are integrated with monolayer MoS2 for extraordinary photodetector performance and outstanding stability. Via comprehensive time‐resolved studies, the interfacial charge‐transfer process from the DDPs to the MoS2 layer is evidenced by the stabilized exciton property of the organics (1ac)/MoS2 heterostructure. Significantly, the 1ac/MoS2 photodetector exhibits an ultrahigh photoresponsivity of 5 × 107 A W−1 and a fast response speed of 45 ms due to the highly efficient photoexcited carrier separation and the matched type‐II energy band alignment. The biradical 1ac/MoS2 hybrid photodetector shows no sign of degradation after one‐month operation. The results pave a new avenue for biradical based high‐performance and super‐broadband optoelectronic devices.
Dose response of yellow and white popcorn hybrids to glyphosate, a premix of 2,4‐D choline and glyphosate, or dicamba
Authors: Barnes Ethann R , Lawrence Nevin C , Knezevic Stevan Z , Irmak Suat , Rodriguez Oscar , Jhala Amit J
Published: February 2020

Popcorn (Zea mays L. var. everta) is difficult to distinguish from field corn (Zea mays L. var. indentata) and is produced adjacent or in close proximity to field corn and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. This creates a potential for misapplication or drift of herbicides used in nearby corn and soybean. Field experiments were conducted near Clay Center, Nebraska in 2017 and 2018 to determine the effect of glyphosate, 2,4‐D choline/glyphosate (premix), or dicamba on the growth and yield of popcorn. Treatments included nontreated control and four rates of glyphosate, 2,4‐D choline/glyphosate, or dicamba applied post‐emergence (POST) at five‐ or eight‐leaf (V5 and V8, respectively) popcorn growth stages to white and yellow popcorn hybrids. A three‐parameter log‐logistic model was fitted to treatment combination with varying herbicide rates. Glyphosate and 2,4‐D choline/glyphosate applied at V5 had greater injury, biomass reduction, height reduction, and yield loss than at V8. The two hybrids responded similarly to herbicides at most measurements. At the V8 application, 2,4‐D choline/glyphosate resulted in greater injury in the white hybrid; however, no hybrid differences in glyphosate sensitivity were observed at the V8 growth stage. Glyphosate and 2,4‐D choline/glyphosate at 0.25× rates resulted in complete plant death in both hybrids, whereas the highest dicamba dose (2×) caused 11% injury and no biomass reduction, plant height reduction, or yield loss. These results demonstrate the sensitivity of popcorn to glyphosate, 2,4‐D choline/glyphosate, or dicamba and can be of immediate educational use and practical implementation for popcorn producers, herbicide applicators, and agronomists.
Clinical features, molecular results, and management of 12 individuals with the rare arthrochalasia Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome
Authors: Ayoub Sandy , Ghali Neeti , Angwin Chloe , Baker Duncan , Baffini Stella , Brady Angela F. , Giovannucci Uzielli Maria Luisa , Giunta Cecilia , Johnson Diana S. , Kosho Tomoki , Neas Katherine , Pope F. Michael , Rutsch Frank , Scarselli Gloria , Sobey Glenda , Vandersteen Anthony , van Dijk Fleur S.
Published: February 2020

Arthrochalasia Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome (aEDS) is a rare autosomal dominant connective tissue disorder that is characterized by congenital bilateral hip dislocations, severe generalized joint hypermobility, recurrent joint (sub)luxations, and skin hyperextensibility. To date, 42 patients with aEDS have been published. We report 12 patients with aEDS from 10 families with 6 unpublished individuals and follow‐up data on 6 adult patients. The clinical features are largely comparable with patients reported in the literature. Most (n = 10) patients had variants leading to (partial) loss of exon 6 of the COL1A1 or COL1A2 genes. One patient did not have a previously reported likely pathogenic COL1A1 variant. Data regarding management were retrieved. Hip surgery was performed in 5/12 patients and 3/12 patients underwent spinal surgery. As much as 4/12 patients were wheelchair‐bound or unable to walk unaided. Fractures were present in 9/12 individuals with 1 patient requiring bisphosphonate treatment. Echocardiograms were performed in 10 patients and 2 individuals showed an abnormality likely unrelated to aEDS. One patient gave birth to two affected children and went through preterm labor requiring medication but had no additional complications. Of the eight adults in our cohort, the majority entered a career. Our data point toward a genotype–phenotype relationship with individuals with aEDS due to pathogenic COL1A1 variants causing complete or partial loss of exon 6 being more severely affected regarding musculoskeletal features. There is a significant lack of knowledge with regard to management of aEDS, particularly in adulthood. As such, systematic follow‐up and multidisciplinary treatment is essential.
Optical Trapping with Focused Surface Waves
Authors: Xiang Yifeng , Tang Xi , Min Changjun , Rui Guanghao , Kuai Yan , Lu Fengya , Wang Pei , Ming Hai , Zhan Qiwen , Yuan Xiaocong , Lakowicz Joseph R. , Zhang Douguo
Published: February 2020

Near‐field optical trapping can be realized with focused evanescent waves that are excited at the water–glass interface due to the total internal reflection, or with focused plasmonic waves excited on the water–gold interface. Herein, the performance of these two kinds of near‐field optical trapping techniques is compared using the same optical microscope configuration. Experimental results show that only a single‐micron polystyrene bead can be trapped by the focused evanescent waves, whereas many beads are simultaneously attracted to the center of the excited region by focused plasmonic waves. This difference in trapping behavior is analyzed from the electric field intensity distributions of these two kinds of focused surface waves and the difference in trapping behavior is attributed to photothermal effects due to the light absorption by the gold film.
Asymmetric Total Syntheses of Di‐ and Sesquiterpenoids by Catalytic C−C Activation of Cyclopentanones
Authors: Hou Si‐Hua , Prichina Adriana Y. , Zhang Mengxi , Dong Guangbin
Published: February 2020

To show the synthetic utility of the catalytic C−C activation of less strained substrates, described here are the collective and concise syntheses of the natural products (−)‐microthecaline A, (−)‐leubehanol, (+)‐pseudopteroxazole, (+)‐seco‐pseudopteroxazole, pseudopterosin A–F and G—J aglycones, and (+)‐heritonin. The key step in these syntheses involve a Rh‐catalyzed C−C/C−H activation cascade of 3‐arylcyclopentanones, which provides a rapid and enantioselective route to access the polysubstituted tetrahydronaphthalene cores presented in these natural products. Other important features include 1) the direct C−H amination of the tetralone substrate in the synthesis of (−)‐microthecaline A, 2) the use of phosphoric acid to enhance efficiency and regioselectivity for problematic cyclopentanone substrates in the C−C activation reactions, and 3) the direct conversion of serrulatane into amphilectane diterpenes by an allylic cyclodehydrogenation coupling.
A Conceptual Framework for Understanding the Cultural and Contextual Factors on Autism Across the Globe
Authors: de Leeuw Anne , Happé Francesca , Hoekstra Rosa A.
Published: February 2020

Autism research is heavily skewed toward western high‐income countries. Culturally appropriate screening and diagnostic instruments for autism are lacking in most low‐ and middle‐income settings where the majority of the global autism population lives. To date, a clear overview of the possible cultural and contextual factors that may affect the process of identifying and diagnosing individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is missing. This study aims to outline these factors by proposing a conceptual framework. A multidisciplinary review approach was applied to inform the development of the conceptual framework, combining a systematic review of the relevant autism research literature with a wider literature search spanning key texts in global mental health, cultural psychiatry, cross‐cultural psychology, and intellectual disability research. The resulting conceptual framework considers the identification, help‐seeking, and diagnostic process at four interrelated levels: (a) the expression; (b) recognition; (c) interpretation; and (d) reporting of autism symptoms, and describes the cultural and contextual factors associated with each of these levels, including cultural norms of typical and atypical behavior, culture‐specific approaches to parenting, mental health literacy, cultural beliefs, attitudes and stigma, as well as the affordability, availability, accessibility, and acceptability of services. This framework, mapping out the cultural and contextual factors that can affect the identification, help‐seeking, and diagnosis of ASD may function as a springboard for the development of culturally appropriate autism screening and diagnostic instruments, and inform future cross‐cultural autism research directions. The framework also has relevance for clinicians and policy makers aiming to improve support for underserved autism populations worldwide. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1029‐1050. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

The vast majority of autism research is conducted in western high‐income settings. We therefore know relatively little of how culture and context can affect the identification, help‐seeking, and diagnosis of autism across the globe. This study synthesizes what is known from the autism research literature and a broader literature and maps out how culture and context may affect (a) the expression, (b) recognition, (c) interpretation, and (d) reporting of autism symptoms.
Biofuels from oilseed fruits using different thermochemical processes: opportunities and challenges
Authors: Cruz Glauber , Silva Arthur V. S. , Da Silva Julie B. S. , de Nazaré Caldeiras Regina , de Souza Maria E. P.
Published: February 2020

The characterization of the physical–chemical properties and the thermal behavior of oilseed fruits for biofuels production has gained interest in the scientific community and society more generally, in particular with regard to their use as partial replacements for fossil fuels and for the possible reduction of air pollutants that cause problems for human health, animals, and plants. These oilseed fruits, which are rich in lipids, triglycerides, fatty acids, carotenoids, and other greasy compounds, can be transformed into solid, liquid, and gaseous products by different thermochemical conversion processes (conventional combustion, pyrolysis, oxy‐fuel combustion, gasification and transesterification). This review investigates the different oleaginous feedstocks commonly found in the forests and plantations of Brazil – for example, olive stones, palm fruits, babassu coconut, macauba fruits, tucumã seeds and soybeans, and the respective residues generated from biofuel production and manufacturing processes. The main opportunities and challenges associated with the use of biofuels produced from these oilseed fruits lie in the fact that internal combustion engines using fossil fuels do not need to undergo modifications and mechanical adaptations to operate, and there is no corrosion risk and / or deterioration of metallic parts. Biofuels produce less greenhouse gas, or their pollution is considered neutral. Finally, the native forests of Brazil and the world present a vast number of different oleaginous species that still need be studied because they have excellent potential to be used as biofuels, as they are renewable energy sources and are sustainably eco‐friendly. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Non‐carbon loss long‐term continuous lactic acid production from mixed sugars using thermophilic Enterococcus faecium QU 50
Authors: Abdel‐Rahman Mohamed Ali , Tan Jiaming , Tashiro Yukihiro , Zendo Takeshi , Sakai Kenji , Sonomoto Kenji
Published: February 2020

In this study, a non‐sterile (open) continuous fermentation (OCF) process with no‐carbon loss was developed to improve lactic acid (LA) productivity and operational stability from the co‐utilization of lignocellulose‐derived sugars by thermophilic Enterococcus faecium QU 50. The effects of different sugar mixtures on LA production were firstly investigated in conventional OCF at 50°C, pH 6.5 and a dilution rate of 0.20 hr−1. The xylose consumption ratio was greatly lower than that of glucose in fermentations with glucose/xylose mixtures, indicating apparent carbon catabolite repression (CCR). However, CCR could be efficiently eliminated by feeding solutions containing the cellobiose/xylose mixture. In OCF at a dilution rate ca. 0.10 hr−1, strain QU 50 produced 42.6 g L−1 of l‐LA with a yield of 0.912 g g−1‐consumed sugars, LA yield of 0.655 g g−1 based on mixed sugar‐loaded, and a productivity of 4.31 g L−1 hr−1 from simulated energy cane hydrolyzate. In OCF with high cell density by cell recycling, simultaneous and complete co‐utilization of sugars was achieved with stable LA production at 60.1 ± 3.25 g L−1 with LA yield of 0.944 g g−1‐consumed sugar and LA productivity of 6.49 ± 0.357 g L−1 hr−1. Besides this, a dramatic increase in LA yield of 0.927 g g−1 based on mixed sugar‐loaded with prolonged operational stability for at least 500 hr (>20 days) was established. This robust system demonstrates an initial green step with a no‐carbon loss under energy‐saving toward the feasibility of sustainable LA production from lignocellulosic sugars.
Capital juror questionnaires in death‐penalty cases: A study of attitudes, denials, and deceptions
Authors: Rogers Richard , Sharf Allyson J. , Myers Bryan , Drogin Eric Y. , Williams Margot M.
Published: February 2020

The Sixth Amendment right to an “impartial jury” should guarantee fundamental fairness that in capital cases may literally be a matter of life and death. For ecological validity, the current study focuses on capital jury questionnaires (CJQs) employed in actual death‐penalty cases. Study I examined 248 undergraduates and their responses to death‐penalty relevant questions. As an MTurk investigation, Study II consisted of 259 community members potentially eligible for capital trial jury trials. Misrepresentations were operationalized as either denials (concealing their true views) or outright deceptions (dissembling the opposite viewpoint). Both studies found that CJQ items were very susceptible to both types of misrepresentation, irrespective of support‐life or support‐death views. Nearly 30% of undergraduates openly acknowledged that they would misrepresent close to half their CJQ responses. Overall, community members were much more willing to engage in denials and outright deceptions. The discussion focuses on how CJQs could be improved to promote candor about death‐penalty views.
A novel approach to evaluate ELISA antibody coverage of host cell proteins—combining ELISA‐based immunocapture and mass spectrometry
Authors: Pilely Katrine , Nielsen Solveig B. , Draborg Anette , Henriksen Maiken L. , Hansen Søren W. K. , Skriver Lars , Mørtz Ejvind , Lund Rikke R.
Published: February 2020

Monitoring host cell proteins (HCPs) is one of the most important analytical requirements in production of recombinant biopharmaceuticals to ensure product purity and patient safety. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the standard method for monitoring HCP clearance. It is important to validate that the critical reagent of an ELISA, the HCP antibody, covers a broad spectrum of the HCPs potentially present in the purified drug substance. Current coverage methods for assessing HCP antibody coverage are based on 2D‐Western blot or immunoaffinity‐purification combined with 2D gel electrophoresis and have several limitations. In the present study, we present a novel coverage method combining ELISA‐based immunocapture with protein identification by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS): ELISA‐MS. ELISA‐MS is used to accurately determine HCP coverage of an early process sample by three commercially available anti‐Escherichia coli HCP antibodies, evading the limitations of current methods for coverage analysis, and taking advantage of the benefits of MS analysis. The results obtained comprise a list of individual HCPs covered by each HCP antibody. The novel method shows high sensitivity, high reproducibility, and enables tight control of nonspecific binding through inclusion of a species‐specific isotype control antibody. We propose that ELISA‐MS will be a valuable supplement to existing coverage methods or even a replacement. ELISA‐MS will increase the possibility of selecting the best HCP ELISA, thus improving HCP surveillance and resulting in a final HCP profile with the lowest achievable risk. Overall, this will be beneficial to both the pharmaceutical industry and patient safety.
Significant reading participation across multiple cohorts before and after the due date when using an interactive textbook
Authors: Liberatore Matthew W. , Chapman Kayla E. , Roach Katherine M.
Published: February 2020

For about a century, textbooks have provided a consistent framework for faculty to teach fundamental, common courses across colleges and universities. However, little quantification of students’ textbook reading is documented in higher education. An interactive textbook from zyBooks documents students reading through clicks. With large data sets, including three cohorts with over 280 students and 280,000 reading interactions, measurable differences between students were found using effort‐based reading analytics. Median textbook reading participation at the due date above 90%, which is significantly higher than reports and surveys in the literature. Reading participation increased with every higher final course grade, and a statistically significant difference in reading participation between B and C students was measured. Also, female students read statistically significantly more than male students. Additional reading data taken at the conclusion of the semester found that many students completed reading without the incentive of earning a course grade. Median reading participation increased after the due date, which encompassed 30 to 50 clicks by median and over 400 interactions for some students. Overall, interactive textbooks generate large data sets that monitor reading participation and reinforce proven study practices, such as spaced practice.
Management of a Periodontal Patient With Dermatomyositis: A Case Report
Authors: Wojcik Michael , López‐Torres Andrea , Neely Anthony , Haddow Michael , Kinaia Bassam
Published: February 2020

Introduction

Dermatomyositis is an uncommon inflammatory disease marked by muscle and joint weakness with skin rash. Dermatomyositis affects adults and children, with higher prevalence for females aged 40 to 60 years. Most common oral lesions include mucosal edema, erythema, and telangiectasia.

Case Presentation

A 51‐year‐old white female with an unremarkable medical history presented for periodontal evaluation in 2010. She reported a 6‐month history of gingival inflammation and skin irritation on her hands and a rash on the center of her chest and forehead. Other complaints included fatigue, hot flashes, decreased appetite, and weight loss. Periodontal examination revealed generalized acute marginal erythema, with localized slight incipient bone loss. Oral hygiene was deemed good to fair. Oral hygiene instructions were reviewed and a prescription for chlorhexidine gluconate was given. The patient was then referred to an allergist and dermatologist where a diagnosis of dermatomyositis was made. After the initial diagnosis, localized scaling and root planing was performed using local anesthetic. The patient was managed medically using prednisone, mycophenolate mofetil, and methotrexate and a 3‐month periodontal maintenance recall interval. The patient remained stable over an 8‐year period.

Conclusions

Dermatomyositis is an uncommon inflammatory disease that requires medical and dental teams for proper diagnosis and management. Although the condition is chronic in nature with no definitive cure, signs, and symptoms can be managed with steroids and immunosuppressants to delay progression of the disease and improve quality of life for the patient.
Up‐regulation of microRNA‐574 attenuates lipopolysaccharide‐ or cecal ligation and puncture‐induced sepsis associated with acute lung injury
Authors: Sun Wenwen , Li Hong , Gu Jin
Published: February 2020

Acute lung injury (ALI) is the most vulnerable organ in sepsis, however, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. Cell viability and apoptosis were detected by cell counting kit‐8 and flow cytometry. The expressions of miR‐574, Complement 3 (C3), glucose regulatory protein 78 (GRP78), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) and Caspase‐12 were determined using quantitative real time (qRT)‐PCR and Western blot. Histopathology of mice was stained by haematoxylin and eosin staining. The levels of tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and interleukin (IL)‐1β were determined using ELISA. The expression of miR‐574 was positively correlated with cell viability in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐treated cells. Cell viability was improved and apoptosis was inhibited by mimics. Meanwhile, the levels of GRP78, CHOP and Caspase‐12 were suppressed by mimics and agomir in LPS‐treated human bronchial epithelial (HBE) cells and cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)‐treated mice. In vivo, lung tissue damages were ameliorated by agomir, which also decreased the levels of neutrophils, macrophages and albumin. C3 was a target gene of miR‐574 and could be decreased by mimics. SiC3 enhanced cell viability and inhibited apoptosis, however, it suppressed the mRNA levels of GRP78, CHOP and Caspase‐12. Up‐regulation of miR‐574 attenuated sepsis‐induced lung injury may be by promoting C3 down‐regulation and reducing sepsis‐induced endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS).

Significance of the study

Clinically, the mortality rate of ALI induced by sepsis remains at a high level, thus, clarifying the mechanism of induction of ALI through pathogen infection will provide a new target for clinical treatment of ALI. In this study, up‐regulation of miR‐574 attenuated sepsis‐induced lung injury may be by promoting C3 down‐regulation and reducing sepsis‐induced ERS. Our study provides a deeper understanding of sepsis.
Stable Complete Water Splitting by Covalent Triazine‐based Framework CTF‐0
Authors: Kong Dan , Xie Jijia , Guo Zhengxiao , Yang Dongyuan , Tang Junwang
Published: February 2020

D. K and J. T thank the financial support from UK EPSRC (EP/N009533/1), Royal Society‐Newton Advanced Fellowship grant (NA170422) and the Leverhulme Trust (RPG‐2017‐122). D. K is also grateful for financial support by the UCL Engineering Dean's Prize and the Chinese Scholarship Council (CSC) for a PhD studentship.
Recent Progress of P2‐Type Layered Transition‐Metal Oxide Cathodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Zhengbo , Xu Xijun , Ji Shaomin , Zeng Liyan , Zhang Dechao , Liu Jun
Published: February 2020

Sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have attracted much attention due to their abundance, easy accessibility, and low cost. All of these advantages make them potential candidates for large‐scale energy storage. The P2‐type layered transition‐metal oxides (NaxTMO2; TM=Mn, Co, Ni, Ti, Fe, V, Cr, and a mixture of multiple elements) exhibit good Na+ ion conductivity and structural stability, which make them an excellent choice for the cathode materials of SIBs. Herein, the structural evolution, anionic redox reaction, some challenges, and recent progress of NaxTMO2 cathodes for SIBs are reviewed and summarized. Moreover, a detailed understanding of the relationship of chemical components, structures, phase compositions, and electrochemical performance is presented. This Review aims to provide a reference for the development of P2‐type layered transition‐metal oxide cathode materials for SIBs.
Flexible Metal Oxide Semiconductor Devices Made by Solution Methods
Authors: Jo Jeong‐Wan , Kang Seung‐Han , Heo Jae Sang , Kim Yong‐Hoon , Park Sung Kyu
Published: February 2020

For the fabrication of next‐generation flexible metal oxide devices, solution‐based methods are considered as a promising approach because of their potential advantages, such as high‐throughput, large‐area scalability, low‐cost processing, and easy control over the chemical composition. However, to obtain certain levels of electrical performance, a high process temperature is essential, which can significantly limit its application in flexible electronics. Therefore, this article discusses recent research conducted on developing low‐temperature, solution‐processed, flexible, metal oxide semiconductor devices, from a single thin‐film transistor device to fully integrated circuits and systems. The main challenges of solution‐processed metal oxide semiconductors are introduced. Recent advances in materials, processes, and semiconductor structures are then presented, followed by recent advances in electronic circuits and systems based on these semiconductors, including emerging flexible energy‐harvesting devices for self‐powered systems that integrate displays, sensors, data‐storage units, and information processing functions.
Structural Elucidation of Silver(I) Amides and Their Application as Catalysts in the Hydrosilylation and Hydroboration of Carbonyls
Authors: Orr Samantha A. , Kelly John A. , Boutland Aaron J. , Blair Victoria L.
Published: February 2020

This study details the isolation and characterisation of three novel silver(I) amides in solution and solid‐state, [Ag(Cy3P)(HMDS)] 2, [Ag(Cy3P){N(TMS)(Dipp)}] 3 and [Ag(Cy3P)2(NPh2)] 4. Their catalytic abilities have proved successful in hydroboration and hydrosilylation reactions with a full investigation performed with complex 2. Both protocols proceed under mild conditions, displaying exceptional functional‐group tolerance and chemoselectivity, in excellent conversions at competitive reaction times. This work reveals the first catalytic hydroboration of aldehydes and ketones performed by a silver(I) catalyst.
Synthesis of Fulvene Vinyl Ethers by Gold Catalysis
Authors: Ahrens Alexander , Schwarz Julia , Lustosa Danilo M. , Pourkaveh Raheleh , Hoffmann Marvin , Rominger Frank , Rudolph Matthias , Dreuw Andreas , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: February 2020

Gold‐catalyzed cyclization of 1,5‐diynes with ketones as reagents and solvent provides diversely substituted vinyl ethers under mild conditions. The regioselectivity of such gold‐catalyzed cyclizations is usually controlled by the scaffold of the diyne. Herein, we report the first solvent‐controlled switching of regioselectivity from a 6‐endo‐dig‐ to 5‐endo‐dig‐cyclization in these transformations, providing fulvene derivatives. With respect to the functional‐group tolerance, aryl fluorides, chlorides, bromides, and ethers are tolerated. Furthermore, the mechanism and selectivity are put to scrutiny by experimental studies and a thermodynamic analysis of the product. Additionally, 6‐(vinyloxy)fulvenes are a hitherto unknown class of compounds. Their reactivity is briefly evaluated, to give insights into their potential applications.
Michael addition reactions of chiral glycine Schiff base Ni (II)‐complex with 1‐(1‐phenylsulfonyl)benzene
Authors: Nagaoka Keita , Mei Haibo , Guo Yunjie , Han Jianlin , Konno Hiroyuki , Moriwaki Hiroki , Soloshonok Vadim A.
Published: February 2020

This work describes the first example of Michael addition reactions of chiral Ni (II)‐complex of glycine Schiff base with 1‐(1‐(phenylsulfonyl)vinylsulfonyl)benzene. This approach was developed for asymmetric synthesis of 2‐amino‐4,4‐bis (phenylsulfonyl)butanoic acid possessing various design‐useful properties such as substantial steric bulk and lipophilicity. These properties are expected to provide for an improved binding to the apolar site of the various endogenous receptors. Fmoc derivative of the target amino acids ready for peptide coupling is described.
Constant innervation despite pubertal growth of the mouse penis
Authors: Purkart Leopold , Sigl‐Glöckner Johanna , Brecht Michael
Published: February 2020

The sexual characteristics of the vertebrate body change under the control of sex hormones. In mammals, genitals undergo major changes in puberty. While such bodily changes have been well documented, the associated changes in the nervous system are poorly understood. To address this issue, we studied the growth and innervation of the mouse penis throughout puberty. To this end, we measured length and thickness of the mouse penis in prepubertal (3–4 week old) and adult (8–10 week old) mice and performed fiber counts of the dorsal penile nerve. We obtained such counts with confocal imaging of proximal sections of the mouse penis after paraffin embedding and antibody staining against Protein‐Gene‐Product‐9.5 or Neurofilament‐H in combination with antigen retrieval procedures. We find that the mouse penis grows roughly 1.4 times in both thickness and length. Fiber counts in the dorsal penile nerve were not different in prepubertal (1,620 ± 165 fibers per penis) and adult (1,572 ± 383 fibers per penis) mice, however. Antibody staining along with myelin staining by Luxol‐Fast‐Blue suggested about 57% of penile nerve fibers were myelinated. Quantification of the area of mouse somatosensory penis cortex allowed us to compare cortical magnification of the penile cortex and the whisker‐barrel‐cortex systems. This comparison suggested that 2 to 4 times less cortical area is devoted to a penile‐nerve‐fiber than to a whisker‐nerve‐fiber. The constant innervation of mouse penis through puberty suggests that the pubertal increase of cortical magnification of the penis is not simply a reflection of peripheral change.
Augmented patient‐specific functional medical imaging by implicit manifold learning
Authors: Rapadamnaba Robert , Nicoud Franck , Mohammadi Bijan
Published: February 2020

This paper uses machine learning to enrich magnetic resonance angiography and magnetic resonance imaging acquisitions. A convolutional neural network is built and trained over a synthetic database linking geometrical parameters and mechanical characteristics of the arteries to blood flow rates and pressures in an arterial network. Once properly trained, the resulting neural network can be used in order to predict blood pressure in cerebral arteries noninvasively in nearly real‐time. One challenge here is that not all input variables present in the synthetic database are known from patient‐specific medical data. To overcome this challenge, a learning technique, which we refer to as implicit manifold learning, is employed: in this view, the input and output data of the neural network are selected based on their availability from medical measurements rather than being defined from the mechanical description of the arterial system. The results show the potential of the method and that machine learning is an alternative to costly ensemble based inversion involving sophisticated fluid structure models.
Applying Business Strategies to Establish Your Research Program
Authors: Nguyen Thi A. , Nguyen Andrew D.
Published: February 2020

This article provides an overview of foundational concepts of business strategy and business development that scientists can apply to starting and expanding their research programs. It covers topics including: defining a value proposition, identifying stakeholders, considering research gaps, strategic collaborations, responsible hiring, strategic planning, and time management. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Effects of Cruciferous Vegetable‐Enriched Diets on Drug Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Dietary Intervention Trials in Humans
Authors: Eagles Shane K. , Gross Annette S. , McLachlan Andrew J.
Published: February 2020

Relatively few studies exist in the literature that discuss the effects of diet on drug metabolism and how this can affect interindividual differences in systemic drug exposure. Several studies have investigated the effects of cruciferous vegetables (Cruciferae) or their constituents on drug‐metabolizing activity, as these vegetables form an important part of many peoples’ diets. In general, the ingestion of cruciferous vegetables is associated with induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A2 activity in vivo; however, there is contention between reports, and the clinical significance of potential diet–drug interactions remains unclear. This study reports a systematic review, critical appraisal, and meta‐analysis of the published literature in this area, and discusses the clinical significance of Cruciferae‐enriched diets in the context of diet–drug interactions. Twenty‐three dietary intervention trials with drug metabolism end points were identified across Embase, Medline, and the Cochrane Controlled Register of Trials (CENTRAL). Cruciferous vegetables represented in the literature included broccoli, Brussels sprout, cabbage, cauliflower, radish, and watercress. A range of phase I and II drug‐metabolizing enzymes and phenotyping metrics were represented in the literature. The meta‐analyses performed demonstrated a significant effect on CYP1A2 and glutathione S‐transferase‐alpha (GST‐α), with consumption of Cruciferae increasing the activities of these enzymes by 20–40% and 15–35%, respectively. The results herein suggest that patients undergoing pharmacotherapy with CYP1A2 or GST‐α substrates could have altered drug exposure profiles if they regularly eat large or variable amounts of cruciferous vegetables. Recommendations regarding the design of future randomized, controlled trials to test hypotheses in this area are included.