bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Optical Vacuum
Authors: Szczepaniak-Gillece Jocelyn
Published: September 2018

Between the 1920s and the 1960s, American mainstream cinematic architecture underwent a seismic shift. From the massive urban movie palace to the intimate streamlined theater, movie theaters became “neutralized” spaces for calibrated, immersive watching. Leading this charge was New York architect Benjamin Schlanger, a fiery polemicist whose designs and essays reshaped how movies were watched. This book examines the impact of Schlanger’s work in the context of changing patterns of spectatorship; his theaters and writing propose that the essence of film viewing lies not only in the text, but in the spaces where movies are shown. As such, this study insists that changing models of cinephilia are determined by physical structure: from the decorations of the palace to the black box of the contemporary auditorium, variations in movie theater design are icons for how twentieth-century viewing has similarly transformed. And by looking backward into cinema’s architectural history, 1970s screen theory becomes clearer as a historical in addition to a theoretical model; the emergence of the apparatus can be found in the immersive powers of the neutralized movie theater. In this book, exhibition practice takes its place as a force that propels spectatorship through time. Ultimately, space and viewing are revealed to be intertwined and mutually constitutive phenomena through which spectatorship’s discourses are all the more clearly seen.
Cinephilia in Ruins
Authors: Szczepaniak-Gillece Jocelyn
Published: September 2018

Chapter 4 considers the second wave of cinephilia and the art house theater boom particularly in New York City alongside the emergence of underground cinemas intended for the cultural elite (1960–1970). The art house is discussed alongside Robert Moses’s urban development plans for the city, which exemplifies its attempts to sell an illusion of transportation and class and cultural upward mobility. Both kinds of theaters represented versions of cinematic ruins: the art house theater for its debt to luxurious capital, and the underground cinema, like Aldo Tambellini’s Black Gate, for its fallout shelter-like environment. Both are also examples of the kinds of “serious” moviegoing ultimately made possible by Schlanger and neutralization.
Maintaining the Camps
Authors: Chiang Connie Y.
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses on the maintenance of the camps. It explores how wartime shortages and Japanese American labor protests intersected with harsh environmental conditions, complicating the WRA’s efforts to keep the camps running smoothly. One of the first challenges was finding adequate coal to heat the camps during the winter. The WRA then confronted the protests of detainees, who called attention to how seasonal changes added to their labor duties. Alkaline soil, moreover, ate away at water pipelines and required constant repairs. The natural world helped to shape modes of Japanese American resistance, as some individuals refused to work or went on strike.
Desert Agriculture
Authors: Chiang Connie Y.
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores efforts to develop agricultural programs that would allow the camps to grow or raise most of the food consumed by Japanese Americans. This was a particularly important goal because wartime rationing and military demands limited food supplies. However, it was also quite challenging, as most of the camps were located on arid land with short growing seasons and variable soil quality. Even the most experienced farmers found it difficult to grow crops on marginal land. In addition to weather and soil problems, the WRA encountered labor shortages, resistance from local municipalities, and wartime mandates. While the camps did not produce all of their food, they did develop an extensive agricultural program with significant yields.
The Putnamian Argument (the Argument from the Rejection of Global Skepticism) [also, (O) The Argument from Reference, and (K) The Argument from the Confluence of Proper Function and Reliability]
Authors: Fales Evan
Published: September 2018

A familiar story about reference that developed in the 1970s appeared to offer a light at the end of the tunnel of positivist theories of meaning. Coherence theories of truth and justification, paradigm shifts, and incommensurability stalked the land. Causal theories of reference (Kripke 1980) promised to change all that and restore scientific realism. But another dialectic took hold that led to what Putnam called internal realism. This chapter aims to rescue Putnam from internal realism, and to breathe new life into real realism. It also aims to rescue science from Plantinga’s argument N (and arguments O and K). That will allow an answer to perhaps the strongest link in the chain of arguments that Naturalism is epistemically self-defeating. The chapter offers a diagnosis of the central difficulty that appears to wreak havoc with the realist aspirations of causal theories of reference. Finally, a cure is offered for that malady.
(R*)The Argument from Evil
Authors: Hudson Hud
Published: September 2018

In his “Supralapsarianism, or ‘O Felix Culpa’,” Alvin Plantinga proposes a theodicy: God aims to create a world that rises to a certain magnificent level of value; however, that level of value is achieved only by the Incarnation and Atonement, and these two tremendous goods require the Fall, sin, and the consequences of sin—evil and suffering. Kevin Diller and Marilyn McCord Adams have offered challenging objections to this theodicy. In this chapter, I invoke a position known as skeptical theism in an attempt to show that, whereas Plantinga is not in an epistemic position to endorse the Felix Culpa theodicy, neither is Diller or Adams in an epistemic position to reject that theodicy.
The Kalam Cosmological Argument
Authors: Craig William Lane
Published: September 2018

A survey of recent philosophical literature on the kalam cosmological argument reveals that arguments for the finitude of the past and, hence, the beginning of the universe remain robust. Plantinga’s brief criticisms of Kant’s argument in his First Antinomy concerning time are shown not to be problematic for the kalam argument. This chapter addresses, one by one, the two premises of the kalam, focusing on their philosophical aspects. The notion of infinity, both actual and potential, is discussed in relation to the coming into being of the universe. In addition, the scientific aspects of the two premises are also, briefly, addressed. Among these are the Borde-Guth-Vilenkin theorem, which proves that classical space-time cannot be extended to past infinity but must reach a boundary at some time in the finite past. This, among other factors, lends credence to the kalam argument’s second premise.
The Argument from Possibility
Authors: Leftow Brian
Published: September 2018

This chapter sketches an argument from the metaphysics of possibility to the existence of something that looks very like God. The argument concerns what is called broadly logical, metaphysical, or absolute possibility. The argument begins by contending that the best theory of this places the truth-makers of absolute possibility claims in the powers of actual existing concrete things: this, it contends, provides the most parsimonious metaphysics of possibility. It shows this inter alia by quick comparison with Meinongian, Platonist and David Lewis’ views. The argument leads to something resembling God: an omnipotent, necessarily existing rational agent. The chapter outlines three factors that lead one to ascribe a mind to this necessary being. It would be less strange to us if it had a mind. This provides the overall most adequate “powers” theory of possibility. And it alone seems to let this being provide the possibility that other beings act with libertarian freedom.
Introduction
Authors: Valls Andrew
Published: September 2018

The persistence of racial inequality in the United States raises deep and complex questions of racial justice. Some observers argue that public policy must be “color-blind,” while others argue that policies that take race into account should be defended on grounds of diversity or integration. This chapter begins to sketch an alternative to both of these, one that supports strong efforts to address racial inequality but that focuses on the conditions necessary for the liberty and equality of all. It argues that while race is a social construction, it remains deeply embedded in American society. A conception of racial justice is needed, one that is grounded on the premises provided by liberal political theory.
Racial Inequality and Black Reparations
Authors: Valls Andrew
Published: September 2018

The historical origins of present-day racial inequality suggest that it is a case of unrectified historical injustice. Patterns of segregation and inequality that characterized the Jim Crow era persist to this day and call for reparations in the form of public policies directed at achieving racial equality. Prominent liberal theories have difficulty framing this issue, and the author draws on the concept of “transitional justice” to provide the appropriate theoretical context. If one looks at the civil rights era as a regime transition, the case for black reparations becomes more compelling, and standard objections can be overcome.
Affirmative Action
Authors: Valls Andrew
Published: September 2018

The debate over affirmative action is rife with historical amnesia and conceptual confusion. To understand affirmative action, one must see it in its proper context, which means understanding its original purpose and rationale. In addition, some criticisms of affirmative action turn out not to be well founded empirically, such as the “mismatch thesis,” which holds that affirmative action places African Americans in positions for which they are not prepared. Some justifications for affirmative action, such as those that focus on the benefits of diversity, provide a weak basis on which to defend it. Affirmative action is best defended on grounds of justice and is best understood in the context of the particular history of African Americans.
Anticipations
Authors: Phillips Jason
Published: September 2018

This chapter explains how anticipations of war in 1861 raised passions among people who sensed a rare chance to make history if they had the courage and foresight to seize the historical moment. Sounds of looming war—shrill voices, loud drumming, and marching tunes—stirred feelings of forward movement, bloodshed, and an acceleration of history. A host of people felt this way, from career military officers and radical reformers to Republican office holders and southern nationalists. When thousands of volunteers and runaways anticipated these opportunities by racing to the battlefront, they shaped the scale, duration, meaning, and conduct of the war.
Anticipation
Authors: Bomberger E. Douglas
Published: September 2018

In fall 1917, military rhetoric entered many realms of American life, including music. Orchestras and concert series publicized tentative programs for the coming season as new European works became difficult to obtain; some American commentators called for works by American composers as a stopgap measure. The warrantless search of Karl Muck’s home in Seal Harbor, Maine, by naval investigators caused anxiety among the musical residents of the summer colony. Schumann-Heink continued to perform frequently after recovering from her accident of the previous winter. The Fifteenth Regiment Band performed daily shows while on guard duty at Camp Dix in New Jersey.
Implosions
Authors: Bomberger E. Douglas
Published: September 2018

The refusal of the Boston Symphony Orchestra management to program “The Star-Spangled Banner” in Providence, Rhode Island, on 30 October led to nationwide outrage against Karl Muck in early November. Anti-German sentiment ran high as concerts by Muck’s orchestra were cancelled in Baltimore and concerts by Fritz Kreisler were banned in Pittsburgh. The Metropolitan Opera dropped all German operas from its repertoire. Both Walter Damrosch and Ernestine Schumann-Heink went to great lengths to prove their patriotism, but Schumann-Heink broke under the strain and withdrew from the stage for six weeks. The Fifteenth Regiment had orders to ship out to France but was delayed twice in November. This month was a significant turning point in American attitudes, as jazz became increasingly popular and European music and musicians were viewed with suspicion and disdain.
Punk Crisis
Authors: Patton Raymond A.
Published: September 2018

This book tells the story of punk rock as a global movement that spanned the boundaries of the Cold War world, focusing on examples in Poland and elsewhere in Eastern and Central Europe, the United States, the United Kingdom, and their connections with the Third World. Drawing on archival documents, ’zines, mainstream publications, and other sources, it closely examines the appeal of punk to its practitioners and the reactions of each society to the rise of punk. It argues that punk grew out of and contributed to the global transition from the late Cold War era to the era of neoliberal/neoconservative globalization. Punk arose among individuals and scenes communicating across the Iron Curtain at a moment characterized by transnational crisis, globalization, postmodernism, and an aesthetic/cultural turn in sociopolitics. Through the culture wars it helped provoke in the First World and Second World alike, punk contributed to a global realignment from the sociopolitically, ideologically oriented world of the Cold War to the subsequent era, oriented primarily around culture and identity. Through the example of punk, it challenges the resistance-centric framework of Cold War era cultural studies, presenting an alternative model for how culture is intertwined with politics that accounts for its significance as a major sociopolitical force.
Misapplication and Individuality
Authors: Hanna Jason
Published: September 2018

This chapter critically examines two of John Stuart Mill’s consequentialist objections to paternalism: that paternalistic authority is likely to be misapplied or abused and that intervention in the self-regarding sphere threatens individuality and self-development. It is argued here that both objections can be resisted. Concerns about misapplication and abuse pose no challenge to intervention that is likely to succeed in achieving its benevolent aims, and attempts to avoid this problem by construing Mill’s arguments in rule-consequentialist terms are unconvincing. Concerns about Millian individuality or self-development leave considerable room for justified paternalism, both because individuality is not the only component of well-being and because paternalistic intervention can sometimes promote individuality. Mill’s arguments may show that there ought to be some institutional constraints on the government’s ability to intervene in the self-regarding sphere, but defenders of paternalism can happily accept this result.
Paternalism and Moderate Deontology
Authors: Hanna Jason
Published: September 2018

This chapter attempts to situate pro-paternalism within a moderate deontological moral theory. According to moderate deontologists such as Judith Jarvis Thomson, moral rights have thresholds beyond which they can be permissibly infringed. According to one plausible way of developing this view, a right has a threshold of zero when its infringement would benefit the right-bearer. If so, then beneficial paternalistic intervention may be permissible even if it infringes rights. After developing this argument, the chapter considers several possible anti-paternalist replies, including the suggestion that rights thresholds are sensitive to the value of autonomy. It is argued that each reply either has implausible implications or is unlikely to support common anti-paternalist judgments about cases.
Freud's Mahābhārata
Authors: Hiltebeitel Alf
Published: September 2018

This book has a three-part structure, with the first and last chapters being the first and third parts, respectively. Chapter 1 examines Freud’s essay “The ‘Uncanny,’ ” and works back from it to the Mahābhārata as we see what Freud had in mind as “uncanny.” The chapter thus offers a pointillistic introduction to a promissory Freud’s Mahābhārata, one in which many points get fuller treatment in later chapters. Chapters 2 through 5 are a medley of post-Freudian readings of Mahābhārata scenes, themes, and episodes. These are viewed through the lenses of authors who are sympathetic with Freud, the author included; in chapters 2 and 3, including Andre Green with his “dead mother complex”; and, in chapter 5, including Stanley Kurtz’s notion that “all the mothers are one” and Freud’s Indian correspondent, Girindrasekhar Bose’s concept of the “Oedius mother”. Chapter 6 is about Freud’s Moses and Monotheism, and shows that, for the Mahābhārata, religious traditions must be studied not only through conscious representations of their history but also regarding unconscious trauma, loss of memory, and a return of the repressed. The book posits a new theory of the Mahābhārata with its central myth of the Unburdening of the goddess Earth, as reflecting Brahmanical trauma from India’s second urbanization, ca. seventh to third centuries BCE.
A Short Introduction to Freud’s Mahābhārata Through the Pāṇḍavas’ Mother Kuntī
Authors: Hiltebeitel Alf
Published: September 2018

Chapter 2 introduces the French psychoanalyst André Green’s concept of “the dead mother,” alive but emotionally dead to her child, around which it introduces the epic’s main story through the interactions of the peace-loving King Yudhiṣṭhira and his bellicose mother Kuntī. Chapter 2 thus introduces the Mahābhārata text and tradition more thoroughly. It takes the tensions between Kuntī and the eldest Pāṇḍava Yudhiṣṭhira as guru to his four brothers to exemplify Green’s dead mother complex, in which a living mother has stopped loving a child, resulting in a “depressed position,” but in which the child may be creative in working through the impasses that the distance from his mother introduces. The chapter traces these tensions in the Mahābhārata, and also finds them suggestive for the Draupadī cult possession scenes during dramas that enact Draupadī’s disrobing.
Introduction
Authors: Hiltebeitel Alf
Published: September 2018

Chapter 1 compares Freud and Bose biographically: their childhoods, early psychoanalytic discoveries, marriages, residences, careers, founding of psychoanalytic movements in Europe and India, respectively, and later years. Freud’s writings on his own life are compared to Bose’s silence about his. The chapter opens discussion of Freud’s relation to his father Jacob and mother Amalia, and Freud’s screen memories about the death of his baby brother Julius when Freud was not yet two. It then goes into the first phase of their correspondence, which centers on a drawing of Freud made sight unseen by an Indian artist and forwarded by Bose, and a photograph of Freud sent by himself that Bose had requested.
Materials and Supply
Authors: Bernard Seth
Published: September 2018

This chapter details the formation of Republican Rome’s urban supply chains. As much of the city’s material even in later periods derived from Italy, the geography of supply emphasizes the Mid-Republican period, when the first stages of imperial conquest allowed Roman access to Italian quarries, forests, mines, and so forth. This discussion also serves to introduce various building materials referred to throughout the volume. Alongside reviewing the evidence for the supplies of stone, terracotta, metal, and wood to urban construction, the chapter considers the role of the Republican state in acquiring and working territories that provided such resources.
A Cost Analysis of the Republican Circuit Walls
Authors: Bernard Seth
Published: September 2018

This chapter analyzes the social and economic effects of the single largest construction project of pre-Imperial Rome, the circuit of walls built in the first half of the fourth century BCE. I employ an “energetics” approach (Abrams 1994), quantifying the labor-cost of the walls’ construction by means of comparative data and close study of the monument’s remains. The resulting model provides a better idea not only of the walls’ total cost, but of the workforce’s composition, the balance of skilled and unskilled labor, and the schedule of construction. The costs are then input into a general model of the Roman economy in order to assess the broader impact of the walls’ costs. Archaeological and textual evidence indicate the walls were built with compulsory labor. This further underscores the likelihood that the project widened economic inequality and worsened existing socioeconomic tensions.
The Labor Supply of Mid-Republican Rome
Authors: Bernard Seth
Published: September 2018

Rome’s building industry shows unprecedented and sustained energy starting in the early third century. The structures of labor that supported this building boom are detailed here using literary and epigraphic evidence. The collapse of forms of dependent labor by ca. 300 BCE coincided with the rise of an urban labor supply characterized by slave- and free-wage labor. We detect signs of significant demographic growth at Rome in this period, and much of this increase was owed to immigrating labor. On the one hand, an active slave market pushed labor to the capital; on the other hand, we see at Rome all the prerequisites for wage-labor, even without direct evidence for wages. It is argued that freely mobile workers formed some significant part of the expansion of the city’s labor supply. The epigraphic corpus relating to the city’s working population in this period also suggests a picture of urban workers of various personal statuses.
Conclusion
Authors: Bernard Seth
Published: September 2018

This chapter recapitulates the arguments of the previous chapters, while also emphasizing an overarching narrative of economic change. The book’s separate studies argue collectively for the Mid-Republic as the moment of significant change in Rome’s urban economy. Many of the structures of labor and the ways of organizing production that characterized the later Republican and Imperial city may be seen to emerge at this time. The question of what may have driven such economic change is also considered.
Executing Boundaries
Authors: Hicks-Keeton Jill
Published: September 2018

Chapter 3 makes a new suggestion about the categories of inclusion operative in Joseph and Aseneth: Aseneth is anachronistically incorporated into the covenant forged by Israel’s “living God” at Sinai. Joseph and Aseneth’s portrayal of Israel’s “living God” as giver of life to Aseneth, a foreigner originally external to the covenant, is a revision of a Deuteronomic literary motif surrounding the epithet. Deuteronomy’s “living God” exercises ultimate authority over who lives and who dies and uses this prerogative, in part, to separate Israel from other nations. Joseph and Aseneth engaged and adapted this cultural repertoire to reflect on the proper relationship between Joseph and Aseneth and on the possibilities for the relationship between Aseneth and Israel’s God. Comparison with the narratives of the Deuteronomistic History, particularly that of David and Goliath, further illuminates the ideology that Joseph and Aseneth constructs surrounding the relationship of Israel’s “living God” to covenantal outsiders.
Conclusion
Authors: Hicks-Keeton Jill
Published: September 2018

Joseph and Aseneth shows us that we need to expand our categories of inclusion if we want to capture accurately the full range of ways in which ancient Jews, including those affiliated with the Jesus Movement, imagined the possibility of gentile access. “Jewishness” was not the only end goal of gentile inclusion and, correspondingly, circumcision was not the only mechanism of accomplishing incorporation. We also miss what is important about Joseph and Aseneth for conversations about shifting Jew-gentile boundaries in antiquity if we focus only on Aseneth’s own movement from the veneration of “idols” to the worship of Israel’s “living God”—that is, if we see her merely as an intended model. For Joseph and Aseneth, the heroine’s acceptance marks a moment in Israel’s story in which God-worshiping gentiles can not only see themselves but see their own mythic protector who mediates God’s mercy to them.
The Branding of Right-Wing Activism
Authors: Costley White Khadijah
Published: September 2018

This book examines the ways that partisan and nonpartisan online, broadcast, and print news outlets constructed the Tea Party through branding discourse and used it to address modern conflicts over race, class, gender, journalism, and politics. From the beginning of President Barack Obama’s presidency, the Tea Party was a major player in a tale of political fractiousness, populist dissent, racial progress, and surprising electoral success, and changed the tone, tenor, and shape of the political landscape through the support and promotion of the press. Despite a long history of conservative movements in US politics, the Tea Party distinctively placed the news media at its center as both an organizer and active participant. Through a discursive, narrative, and rhetorical analysis of the news reporting about the Tea Party movement, this book documents the contemporary slippages between news platforms, journalistic practice, and the norms that guide the fourth estate.
Rebranding Political Conservatism through Race, Gender, and Class
Authors: Costley White Khadijah
Published: September 2018

The news media focused on race, gender, and class in contentious narratives that pushed people to tune their “headphones” into stories about the Tea Party brand. Branding shapes consumers’ tastes, desires, and loyalties and creates profit through the invocation of these types of immaterial qualities. This chapter examines the ways in which the Tea Party news stories emphasized class, race, and gender as key “intangible values” that helped to produce and reify the Tea Party brand identity. It also theorizes the Tea Party’s brand logic* through an analysis of what the news stories tell us about modern conceptions of race, gender, and class identities in the media and politics.
Assessment and Development of Deaf Children with Multiple Challenges
Authors: Clark Terrell A.
Published: September 2018

The proportion of children who are deaf or hard of hearing and also have other medical, neurodevelopmental, behavioral, or psychosocial conditions is increasing. Prevalence estimates run as high as 50% to 70%. The shifting complexity challenges not only the learners but also the teachers, administrators, and policymakers responsible for the education of deaf students. Documentation of diagnostic profiles contributes to understanding the learning profile of deaf students with concomitant conditions. This may also inform policy decisions, programmatic design, calibration of parental expectations, and implementation of effective teaching strategies. Through illustrative case examples, this chapter explores the principles of differential diagnosis and the implications of various conditions. Topics covered include genetic syndromes, vestibular dysfunction, intrauterine viral infection with associated congenital hearing loss, autism spectrum disorder, reactive attachment disorder, complex medical histories resulting in severe neurologic compromise, intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, and nonsyndromic genetic conditions.
Psychosocial Development of Hard-of-Hearing Preschool Children
Authors: Laugen Nina Jakhelln
Published: September 2018

In some respects, hard-of-hearing children experience the same difficulties as deaf children, whereas other challenges might be easier or more difficult to handle for the hard-of-hearing child than it would be for the deaf child. Research has revealed great variability in the language, academic, and psychosocial outcomes of hard-of-hearing children. Universal newborn hearing screening enables early identification and intervention for this group, which traditionally has been diagnosed rather late; however, best practices regarding the scope and content of early intervention have not yet been sufficiently described for hard-of-hearing children. This chapter summarizes the current knowledge concerning psychosocial development in hard-of-hearing children. Risk and protective factors, and their implications for early intervention, are discussed with a special emphasis on preschoolers.
An Escaped Nun
Authors: Yacovazzi Cassandra L.
Published: September 2018

The publication of Awful Disclosures of the Hotel Dieu by Maria Monk captivated hundreds of thousands of Americans when it appeared in 1836. The runaway nun’s allegations against the convent “inmates,” including rape, torture, murder, and infanticide, prompted demands to outlaw convents in the United States. Testimonies and convent investigations held public interest. Despite the discovery that Monk was a former prostitute and not a nun, Awful Disclosures continued to sell well, inspiring a host of spin-offs. Monk herself fell into a life of poverty and crime before dying at the young age of thirty-two alone in prison. She never profited from the book that bore her name, but she helped launch a campaign that permeated the country for the next three decades. This chapter traces the rise and fall of Maria Monk, the controversy of her book, and the culture in which these events unfolded.
Uncle Tom and Sister Maria
Authors: Yacovazzi Cassandra L.
Published: September 2018

The two best-selling books in the US before the Civil War were Uncle Tom’s Cabin and Awful Disclosures of the Hotel Dieu Nunnery. On the surface, these two could not be more unalike. Stowe’s work dramatized the moral arguments of abolitionism, changing hearts and minds about slavery, while Monk’s book offered sensational anti-Catholicism. Yet the two works were stories of their age, each focusing primarily on female sexual purity, marriage, and the family. Abolition and anticonvent literature shocked readers with descriptions of rape, torn-apart marriages, and mother–child separations. Depictions of the “erotic South” and “priests’ brothels for women” (convents) contrasted with the era’s vision of “true womanhood,” companionate marriage, and happy homes. This chapter explores how abolitionists and convent opponents advanced their movements by presenting slavery and convents as a threat to womanhood and the family, revealing how these domestic ideals shaped some of the era’s most significant moments.
Epilogue
Authors: Yacovazzi Cassandra L.
Published: September 2018

Nuns in popular media today are a staple of kitsch culture, evident in the common appearance of bobble-head nuns, nun costumes, and nun caricatures on TV, movies, and the stage. Nun stereotypes include the sexy vixen, the naïve innocent, and the scary nun. These types were forged in nineteenth-century convent narratives. While people today may not recognize the name “Maria Monk,” her legacy lives on in the public imagination. There may be no demands to search convents, but nuns and monastic life are nevertheless generally not taken seriously. This epilogue traces opposition to nuns from the Civil War to the present, analyzing the various images of nuns in popular culture as they relate to the antebellum campaign against convents. It argues that the source of the misunderstanding about nuns is rooted in the inability to categorize these women either as traditional wives and mothers or as secular, career-driven singles.
Distinct Roles for Scholastic Method and Cultured Eloquence
Authors: Van Raalte Theodore G.
Published: September 2018

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of scholarship regarding humanism and scholastic method in the early-modern period, then focuses on developments in scholastic method in the Swiss cantons, particularly between c. 1530 and c. 1590. The place of Aristotle’s works and the role of disputations receive detailed treatment. From the classical period onward, writers had several ways of distinguishing the expansive and persuasive rhetorical style from the tightly argued method of the schools and academies. Chandieu promoted this distinction, with his own approach being but one example of many in which the humanist concern for the original sources fit seamlessly within the scholastic method in use in the academies and universities.
A Renaissance Literary Master in Service of Reformed Theology
Authors: Van Raalte Theodore G.
Published: September 2018

Chandieu was as much at home in following Aristotle’s Analytics for his scholastically formulated theology as he was in writing some fifty stanzas of eight-line poems (Octonnaires de la vanité du monde) on the vanity and disquiet of this world. He chose to use scholastic method to respond to opponents of the Reformed churches, to train students for the ministry in the Reformed churches, and to make his arguments transparent for readers who could test whether they were rooted in Scripture. As the “silver horn” in between Calvin and Beza, Chandieu sounded a clear note for the Reformed and added to the picture of the Reformed faith as something academically respectable and defensible. Agreeing with Olivier Fatio, we may call Chandieu “one of the fathers of Reformed scholasticism.” His important place in the history of theology and philosophy within the Reformed academies can now be properly appreciated and further studied.
Job the True Sage
Authors: Legaspi Michael C.
Published: September 2018

In the book of Job, wisdom is contested. In the speeches of the friends, wisdom is a program based on a pious alignment with divine justice as manifest in the sacred, social, and cosmic orders. In the figure of Job, the reader is invited to reconsider the nature of piety on which this understanding of wisdom is based. Job raises the possibility that piety is a form of integrity that yields a different relation to order. Accordingly, piety does not consist in a knowledge of order that leads to a prosperous life but rather in the determination to hold one’s place within the order, to remain true to the inner dictates of one’s pious life. To do so is to inhabit an order in which the strange inexplicability of this determination is coordinated to the strangeness of the cosmos itself and to the will of an inscrutable God.
The Integration of Theosophical Narratives on Travels of the “Spiritual Body” (ca. 1860–1905)
Authors: Schlieter Jens
Published: September 2018

This chapter demonstrates how Spiritualist and Occultist cultivation practices of “astral travels” began to fuse with the emerging near-death discourse between 1860 and 1905. Of utmost importance are the thoughts and practices of Éliphas Lévi, Helena Blavatsky, Alfred P. Sinnett, and other Theosophists. As intentional and willed temporary excursions of the soul, “astral projection” contributed to the cultural and religious imaginaire of what to experience near death. In addition, ideas and practices of Indian Yoga, or the Buddha’s capability to remember the row of his former existences, gained in his “awakening,” were now read as evidence for the occult spiritual powers of the soul.
Excursus
Authors: Schlieter Jens
Published: September 2018

This chapter, an excursus, embarks on a more philosophical interpretation of consciousness and experience. Building on Thomas Nagel and Niklas Luhmann, it is argued that human consciousness, defined as a process of self-reproduction of never-ending new possibilities, is perplexed by the task of imagining its own nonexistence. Given that consciousness is not equipped for this task, that is to imagine death (its own nonexistence), it will react with a search for meaning, a context for the existential threat. The excursus argues that this leads to the highly accelerated activity of consciousness. It may result in a phenomenon reported by a certain number of near-death experiencers, namely, the life review. In short, then, the life review is a highly accelerated search for meaning. These deliberations are further substantiated by a comparison with “wake-up dreams,” in which a similar structure becomes visible.
Constructing Human Rights
Authors: Brysk Alison
Published: September 2018

Contemporary understandings of the drivers suggest that gender based violence is related much more to sociological factors and power relations than to individual psychology or culture—although it is transmitted through mentalities of gender regimes that organize ideologies and practice of gender roles and dominance. In this chapter, we will review the lessons learned from a generation of human rights scholarship on reforming such power relations. We will analyze why violence against women requires additional forms of action that flow from literature on expanding rights, private wrongs, rights interdependence, intersectionality, and distinct patterns of response to different syndromes of violation and gender regime locations.
Mobilization: Standing Up for Women’s Security
Authors: Brysk Alison
Published: September 2018

Social mobilization has been the catalyst, guarantor, and pathway for fulfillment of human rights worldwide. Social movements represent marginalized populations, raise consciousness of new issues, establish or bridge compelling frames for social problems, foster transnational networks, translate international norms into locally appropriate vocabularies, advocate, occupy public and forbidden space, mobilize culture change, and persuade decision makers, elites, and mass publics. This chapter treats the complementary pathways of mobilization to contest violence against women: voice, advocacy, transnationalism, vernacularization, and information politics. We will see voice against femicide in Pakistan and Brazil, alongside public protest and lobbying for reform over all types of gender violence in the Philippines, Algeria, and Argentina. Transnational mobilization strategies in Mexico and Nigeria contrast with vernacular translation of international norms by grassroots movements in India. Meanwhile, online campaigns create new repertoires and vocabularies to protest harassment, rape, and honor cultures in Pakistan, Egypt, India, and Brazil.
Expanding Rights
Authors: Brysk Alison
Published: September 2018

Chapter 9 turns to the gendered impact of public policy and the potential of rights-based public policy as a response to violence. First, we will chronicle the diffusion of global models of gendered public policy on urban planning, transportation, sanitation, and social services. Next, we will trace the emergence of new models of policing and social services to address family violence in Turkey, Brazil, South Africa, Mexico, and El Salvador. Moving from protection to prevention, we will examine how transnational programs and coalitions for urban safety, sanitation, and transportation respond to the sexual violence tracked above in India, South Africa, Colombia, and Mexico, as well as similar problems in slum areas in Kenya. We will also consider burgeoning efforts to ensure safe schools and refugee protection.
Introduction
Authors: Cabrera Luis
Published: September 2018

Is a global institutional order composed of sovereign states fit for cosmopolitan moral purpose? This question has lain near the heart of cosmopolitan thought at least since Kant’s interventions of the 1780s and 1790s. Kant seemed torn between supporting large-scale global institutional reforms—the creation of a world republic—and promoting a more modest transformation of states and their interrelations within a voluntary union. Likewise, in the more recent flowering of cosmopolitan thought, dating to the 1970s and intensifying from the immediate post–Cold War period, a persistent question has been whether states can be ascribed duties consistent with a cosmopolitan moral orientation, or whether, as Harold Laski memorably put it in 1925, state sovereignty is simply “incompatible with the interests of humanity.” Such institutional questions are central to this volume. This chapter introduces the major themes examined here and summarizes each author’s contribution.
Global Governance
Authors: Caney Simon
Published: September 2018

In recent years, a number of powerful arguments have been given for thinking that there should be suprastate institutions, and that the current ones, such as the World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, and United Nations Security Council, need to be radically reformed and new ones created. Two distinct kinds of argument have been advanced. One is instrumental and emphasizes the need for effective suprastate political institutions to realize some important substantive ideals (such as preventing dangerous climate change, eradicating poverty, promoting fair trade, and securing peace). The second is procedural and emphasizes the importance of political institutions that include all those subject to their power in as democratic a process as possible, and builds on this to call for democratically accountable international institutions. In this chapter, the author argues that the two approaches need not conflict, and that they can in fact lend support to each other.
Cosmopolitan Justice, Democracy, and the World State
Authors: Lu Catherine
Published: September 2018

This chapter argues that being a good democrat in the twenty-first century requires, rather than precludes, engaging in both domestic and international political reform and struggle that will culminate in the establishment of a world state, or a global political authority that can command and enforce duties of cosmopolitan justice. Cosmopolitan justice constitutes the background essential supporting conditions for the proper functioning and legitimacy of domestic, regional, and global political orders. Under contemporary global circumstances, the effective realization of cosmopolitan justice requires institutional cosmopolitanism in the form of an impartial global political authority that can adjudicate and enforce the rights and duties of states so that they are consistent with their cosmopolitan duties. Only with the realization of institutional cosmopolitanism in the form of a cosmopolitan world state can the principles and values of collective self-determination and social justice championed by democratic theorists be based on a morally acceptable foundation.
General Introduction
Authors: Lu-Adler Huaping
Published: September 2018

Canonical histories of logic tend to presuppose a narrow notion of “formal logic” and discount early modern works on logic as uninteresting and unoriginal. More sympathetic historians typically respond by noting that early modern philosophers worked with an exceptionally broad notion of “logic,” which involved subjects that we now treat separately in such disciplines as epistemology, metaphysics, and psychology. Without pitting these approaches against each other, this book distinguishes “logic” and “philosophy of logic.” The latter concerns questions about logic that should be of perennial interest to philosophers, if not necessarily to today’s logicians. These include questions about the status of logic as a “science,” its relation to reality, the nature of its laws, and so on and so forth. Such questions will be the focus throughout the book.
Introduction
Authors: Hogh-Olesen Henrik
Published: September 2018

Humans are aesthetic animals. We adorn ourselves. We decorate our things. We embellish our homes. This is a curious aesthetic behavioral pattern on which we spend vast amounts of time, energy, and resources and which manifests itself in virtually everything we do from mindless and meaningless ways of passing time to silliness, festivity, and vanity and to what is central to being human. The aesthetic impulse appears to be an innate disposition of human nature. An impulse is a natural, internal behavioral incentive, which does not need external rewards to exist, and a number of observations indicate that the aesthetic impulse is an inherent part of human nature and hence a primary impulse in its own right. The introduction addresses the ultimate whys of aesthetic behavior while outlining the structure and scope of the book.
An Animal in Search of Stimulation for Pleasure and Need
Authors: Hogh-Olesen Henrik
Published: September 2018

The chapter begins with the most basic driving forces behind the aesthetic impulse: the human animal’s ecological living conditions and our ultimate species characteristics as neophile and stimulation-seeking carnivore and food opportunist. Humans turn calorie intake into aesthetic activity, exploration, and play, instead of sleeping up to 16 hours a day as the big cats do after a successful hunt. Our stimulation-seeking nature and the concept of the optimal stimulation level (OSN) are mandatory for understanding the aesthetic impulse, that is, how and why the aesthetic forms change and develop, and why we are motivated toward art and aesthetics both as a species and as individuals.
Perceiving Food
Authors: and Bruno
Published: September 2018

How we perceive edible objects is one of the most important perceptual functions served by our brains, both for its adaptive and hedonic implications. The perception of the flavour of foods is perhaps the quintessential multisensory experience, and in this chapter we will detail how flavour depends not only on coding taste in the mouth, but also on olfaction, vision, somatosensation, and even hearing. Multisensory interactions in the perception of food provide another important domain to illustrate principles of multisensory perception, are fundamental to understand methods of sensory analysis in the production of food, and provide an exciting new direction for analyses of culinary art.
Spaces
Authors: and Bruno
Published: September 2018

To our introspection, space appears as a unitary, continuous, and uniform container for objects and events. In this chapter, we show that behind this impression are in fact multiple representations of space tied to multisensory and motor processes. Information about space is coded in profoundly different ways within visual, auditory, and somatosensory channels, yielding a multitude of spatial maps in the brain with completely different frames of reference. These maps need to be coordinated and brought into register within and across sensory channels to yield separate representations for personal, peripersonal, and distant space. The boundaries of these spatial representations are plastic, and can be modified by multisensory and sensorimotor processes and by the use of tools. Data from psychophysics, neurophysiology, and neurological patients are now beginning to identify the brain mechanisms behind these fascinating perceptual mechanisms at the subcortical and cortical levels.
The Archaic Greek World
Authors: Lewis David M.
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the role of slavery in the worlds of Homer and of Hesiod, and asks what historical conditions these portrayals might reflect. It provides a critique of the current orthodoxy, developed by M. I. Finley, which holds that the emergence of a ‘slave society’ in Greece occurred in the sixth century BC. Slavery is shown to have underpinned elite fortunes at least as early as 700 BC. A different model of the evolution of slavery in the Greek world is set out, in which different regions diverged from the ‘Homeric’ model to differing degrees and for different reasons.
Babylonia
Authors: Lewis David M.
Published: September 2018

This chapter investigates the role of slavery in the Babylonian economy during the Neo-Babylonian and Achaemenid periods. As in Assyria, the relatively high price of slaves in Babylonia restricted slave ownership to the elite, though it should be noted that some wealthy Babylonian families owned enormous numbers of slaves, in some cases as many as several hundred. The chapter then turns to the various methods by which the propertied classes of Babylonian cities made their money, providing three thumbnail sketches as examples. It shows how slave labour had a limited contribution to elite fortunes due to the existence of cheaper labour alternatives, namely sharecropping tenancy and free wage labour. Slavery did, however, play an important role in the management of entrepreneurial activities.