bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Control of initiation of DNA synthesis in plants
Authors: Hamer M J , Hamil Ton J , White A , Rosamond J , Bray C M
Published: November 2023

A central feature of the control of growth and differentiation in plants concerns the control of both the timing and direction of cell division. Examples of periods during the life cycle of a higher plant at which this control is exhibited include seed development and germination, leaf development in cereals, and floral induction in the shoot apex. Indeed, plant morphogenesis is dependent predominantly upon the spatial and temporal control of cell expansion and division (Doonan 1991). In all eukaryotes, cell division appears to be regulated by p34cctc kinase-cyclin complexes which are activated at the 02/M transition and which trigger the events required for entry into mitosis (Nurse 1990). There appears to be a high degree of conservation of at least some of the components which regulate mitosis amongst eukaryotes and this has allowed the substitution of yeast genes by homologues from distantly related organisms such as Homo sapiens (Lee and Nurse 1989) and plants (Colosanti et al. 1991). The p34cctc homologue for maize has also been demonstrated to be associated with the preprophase band in dividing plant cells and to have a role in establishing the division site in these cells (Colosanti et al. 1993). Although the control mechanisms operative at the G2/M transition have been extensively studied in both yeasts and higher eukaryotes, much less is known about the controls acting at the other major mitotic cell cycle control point, i.e. at the G1/S transition prior to the initiation of DNA synthesis. However, recent evidence from budding yeast suggests that interactions between p3c4ctc and unstable G1 cyclins are an important aspect of that control. Regulation at Gl/S appears to be important in higher plants, particularly in developing seeds where the nuclei of many species are arrested exclusively in the G1 phase of the cell division cycle, indicating a strict control of nuclear events which ensures that all nuclei enter the final developmental and drying phases of maturation at the same stages of their cell cycle (Bewley and Black 1985).
Protein kinases that are expressed in oat aleurone cells
Authors: Huttly A K , Phillips A L
Published: November 2023

In a mature cereal grain, the aleurone layer that surrounds the endosperm is responsible for the de nova synthesis and secretion of a range of hydrolytic enzymes during germination. Since isolated aleurone layers can be induced to synthesize the same hydrolytic enzymes by the exogenous application of gibberellins (GAs), it is suggested that GAs, synthesized by the embryo, act to coordinate the breakdown of the stored reserves present in the endosperm with the growth of the embryo (see Fincher 1989). Isolated aleurone layers also respond to exogenous application of ABA, which inhibits the GA-induced production of hydrolytic enzymes. This, it has been proposed, may be important in the later stages of grain development to prevent premature germination, or to enable the grain to arrest endosperm mobilization transiently during germination in response to unfavourable conditions such as water stress.
Insect navigation: low-level solutions to high-level tasks
Authors: Wehner Rudiger
Published: November 2023

Ever since von Frisch discovered that bees can detect the polarization of sky-light and use it for navigation, the question has been asked how the bee’s brain accomplishes this formidable task. Some authors assumed that the insect would somehow remember the celestial (E-vector) pattern last seen, and later try to match it with whatever part of the pattern is available during a subsequent foraging trip (von Frisch 1965; Stock hammer 1959). Another author held that bees would translate the celestial E-vector pattern into a colour pattern, which they then analysed using their trichromatic colour-vision system (van der Glas 1975).
Primates, bees, and UGVs (unmanned ground vehicles) in motion
Authors: üller Cornelia Ferm , Aloimonos Yiannis
Published: November 2023

A challenging problem for the practitioners of computational vision is developing computational theories that can be beneficial to the empirical sciences studying perception. With a computational theory in mind, empirical scientists can form hypotheses regarding the structure and function of vision systems in the biological world. Appropriately designed experiments can then validate or reject such hypotheses.
Ecology of small reptile-grade sauropsids
Authors: Avery R A
Published: November 2023

Extremely small adult sizes in reptile-grade sauropsids are found only in lizards. Analysis of size distributions of 1200 species from seven geographical areas for which reasonably complete data can be assembled shows that lizards with adult snout-vent lengths (SVL) of less than 20 mm (body mass in these animals will be less than 0.5 g) constitute less than 0.1% of the total and are found only within tropical latitudes in the West Indies. Lizards with adult SVL less than 30 mm (body mass of these animals will be less than 1 g) are also uncommon, accounting for less than 5% of the total. They are not found in the two analysed geographical areas which lie entirely outside the tropics (north and east Argentina, and Europe). On the other hand, the modal size classes for lizards in tropical areas are 30.1-40.0 or/and 40.1-50.0 mm SVL. There is a progressive shift in modal size classes in lizard faunas with increasing distance from the Equator. These patterns are discussed. An attempt is made to assess the contribution of ecological studies of relative size, especially in island lizard faunas, to understanding the ecology and adaptive significance of very small size.
The greenhouse effect and global warming
Authors: Mason John
Published: November 2023

Sir John Mason, FRS, is Britain’s leading meteorological scientist and the country’s foremost expert on the greenhouse effect and global warming. After holding a Lectureship in Meteorology and then the Professorship of Cloud Physics at Imperial College London, Sir John was appointed Director-General of the Meteorological Office in 1965. He held that post for 18 years and presided over the computerization of Britain’s weather forecasting. Since 1983, he has directed the Royal Society’s Programme on the Acidification of Surface Waters. ln 1986 Sir John was elected President of the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology (UMIST). He has published two seminal books on the physics of clouds and is the author of numerous papers on physics and meteorology.
Monitoring the Ocean
Authors: Woods John
Published: November 2023

Dr John Woods has been Director of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences at the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) since 1986; he is one of Britain’s leading oceanographers. During six years as Senior, then Principal Research Officer with the Meteorological Office, he engaged in pioneering research into turbulence and fronts in the upper ocean. 1n 1972 he was appointed Professor of Oceanography at the University of Southampton and from 1977 spent nine years as Director of Regional Oceanography at the Kiel lnstitut für Meereskunde in Germany, where the focus of his research was the warm-water sphere of the North Atlantic. A few days before delivering this Linacre Lecture, John Woods had been asked by the British Government to help co-ordinate the Western scientific response to the release by Iraq of vast quantities of Kuwaiti oil into the Gulf He is the author of several books and numerous papers on marine and atmospheric physics.
The natural world: a global casino
Authors: Phillipson John
Published: November 2023

Dr John Phillipson, Chairman of the Royal Society for Nature Conservation (RSNC), is a former Fellow and now Emeritus Fellow of Linacre College. As Reader in Animal Ecology at Oxford University he was responsible for important research in energy flow through ecosystems which broke new ground. Following retirement from his Readership in 1987, John Phillipson devoted much of his time to a study of the neglect of the natural world. He spent two years travelling throughout the world on behalf of the World Wide Fund For Nature, leading a team charged with assessing the value and progress of a wide variety of conservation projects. His final report, which was highly critical of the ill-advised use of resources by a number of governments and organizations, attracted considerable publicity.
Pelagic fish
Authors: Coulter G W
Published: November 2023

The pelagic fish community is composed of large and continuous populations of six endemic species. These are the two sardine-like clupeids, Stolothrissa tanganicae and Limnothrissa miodon, and four members of the genus Lates (Family Centropomidae) commonly known as ‘nile perch’. The Lates spp. prey on the clupeids. Predator-prey interrelationships play a fundamental role in the life histories of these species, and many features that classically characterize such relationships in pelagic communities elsewhere occur here too.
Electrical Machines and Drives
Authors: Vas Peter
Published: November 2023

The operation and simulation of a.c. and d.c. machines and a large number of variable-speed drives, including some of the most recently introduced modern drives, are discussed here, and a general theory applicable during their steady-state and transient operation is presented. Although the detailed mathematical analysis given relies mainly on space-vector theory, the relationship to other theories, including the matrix theory of generalized machine theory, is also emphasized. Many of the equations are given in their state-variable or analytical forms so that they can be used directly for computer simulations or for hand calculations. The novel features of this book include: the `exact' and `simplified' performance analysis of a.c. machines and a large number of variable-speed drives are described; both the large- and small-signal equations are given; the effects of magnetic saturation are incorporated into the different models of smooth-air gap and salient-pole machines; the space-vector model is extended to the double-cage induction machine and the salient-pole synchronous machine; it is demonstrated how all the various machine models used in the matrix model of electrical machines can be obtained from the simple space-vector model without having to use matrix transformations; a systematic approach is given for the a priori deduction of all the transformations used in generalized machine theory; and permanent-magnet machines both the surface-mounted and with interior magnets are discussed. Electrical machines and drives can be used without any prior knowledge of space-vector or other theories; it is aimed at students, teachers, and those researching in industry and universities, who require a deep understanding of the various aspects of the operation and the theories of electrical machines and drives and their simulation.
Introducing Einstein’s Relativity
Authors: d’Invemo Ray
Published: November 2023

There is little doubt that Einstein's theory of relativity captures the imagination. Not only has it radically altered the way we view the universe, but the theory also has a considerable number of surprises in store. This is especially so in the three main topics of current interest that this book reaches, namely: black holes, gravitational waves, and cosmology. The main aim of this textbook is to provide students with a sound mathematical introduction coupled to an understanding of the physical insights needed to explore the subject. Indeed, the book follows Einstein in that it introduces the theory very much from a physical point of view. After introducing the special theory of relativity, the basic field equations of gravitation are derived and discussed carefully as a prelude to first solving them in simple cases and then exploring the three main areas of application. Einstein's theory of relativity is undoubtedly one of the greatest achievements of the human mind. Yet, in this book, the author makes it possible for students with a wide range of abilities to deal confidently with the subject. Based on the author's fifteen years experience of teaching this subject, this is achieved by breaking down the main arguments into simple logical steps. The book includes numerous illustrative diagrams and exercises (of varying degrees of difficulty), and as a result this book makes an excellent course for any student coming to the subject for the first time.
The key attributes of special relativity
Authors: d’Invemo Ray
Published: November 2023

We start this chapter by deriving again the Lorentz transformations, but this time by using a more standard approach. We shall work in non-relativistic units in which the speed of light is denoted by c.We restrict attention to two inertial observers Sand S’in standard configuration. As before, we shall show that the Lorentz transformations follow from the two postulates, namely, the principle of special relativity and the constancy of the velocity of light.
Tensor calculus
Authors: d’Invemo Ray
Published: November 2023

In the last chapter, we met algebraic operations which are tensorial, that is, which convert tensors into tensors. The operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, and contraction. The next question which arises is, What differential operations are there that are tensorial? The answer to this turns out to be very much more involved. The first thing we shall see is that partial differentiation of tensors is not tensorial.
The principles of general relativity
Authors: d’Invemo Ray
Published: November 2023

We are at last ready to embark on our central task, namely, that of extending special relativity to a theory which incorporates gravitation. In this chapter, we shall undertake a detailed consideration of the physical principles which guided Einstein in his search for the general theory. There is a school of thought that considers this an unnecessary process, but rather argues that it is sufficient to state the theory and investigate its consequences. There seems little doubt, however, that consideration of these physical principles helps give insight into the theory and promotes understanding. The mere fact that they were important to Einstein would seem sufficient to justify their inclusion. If nothing else, it will help us to understand how one of the greatest achievements of the human mind came about. Many physical theories today start by specifying a Lagrangian from which everything else flows. Indeed, we could adopt the same attitude with general relativity, but in so doing we would miss out on gaining some understanding of how the framework of general relativity is different again from the framework of Newtonian theory or special relativity. Moreover, if we discover limitations in the theory, then there is more chance of rescuing it by investigating the physical basis of the theory rather than simply tinkering with the mathematics. It is perhaps significant that Einstein devoted much of his later life to an attempt to unify general relativity and electromagnetism by various mathematical devices, but without success.
Determinant and inverse
Authors: Barnett Stephen
Published: November 2023

The reader who worked through Exercise 3.1 will have found that the solution of The solution (4.2) is valid only if d*0, so d determines whether the equations (4.1) have a unique solution. For this reason d is called the determinant of the matrix of coefficients and is written delta, IAI, for the general 2 x 2 matrix A in (4.4). In fact, determinants were studied !ong before the introduction of matrices but are now much less important.
Optimal Control An Introduction to the Theory with Applications
Authors: Hocking Leslie M
Published: November 2023

Systems that evolve with time occur frequently in nature and modelling the behaviour of such systems provides an important application of mathematics. These systems can be completely deterministic, but it may be possible too to control their behaviour by intervention through 'controls'. The theory of optimal control is concerned with determining such controls which, at minimum cost, either direct the system along a given trajectory or enable it to reach a given point in its state space. This textbook is a straightforward introduction to the theory of optimal control with an emphasis on presenting many different applications. Professor Hocking has taken pains to ensure that the theory is developed to display the main themes of the arguments but without using sophisticated mathematical tools. Problems in this setting can arise across a wide range of subjects and there are illustrative examples of systems from as diverse fields as dynamics, economics, population control, and medicine. Throughout there are many worked examples, and numerous exercises (with solutions) are provided.
Linear codes
Authors: Pretzel Oliver
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we begin by taking another look at our example codes from Chapter 1 in the light of a natural arithmetic on B. That will lead us to define a special class of codes called linear codes (some authors call these group codes). Linear codes are amenable to the standard techniques of linear algebra and that makes it possible to devise efficient implementations for them. It is fair to say that although some theoretically good non-linear block codes are known, virtually all block codes used in practice are linear.
Error processing for linear codes
Authors: Pretzel Oliver
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces a simple method of error processing for linear codes that always produces a closest code word and so gives maximum likelihood decoding. The method uses a rather large table called a standard array or coset table. The error processor then merely looks up the received word in the table and reads off the corresponding code word.
Appendix LA Linear algebra
Authors: Pretzel Oliver
Published: November 2023

This appendix gives a sketch of that part of linear algebra that is required for coding theory. The appendix is not intended to be a learning text and the reader who is completely unfamiliar with the subject should study one of the textbooks Birkhoff and MacLane (1977), Cohn (1982), Noble and Daniel (1977) or Strang (1980) before tackling coding theory.
BCH codes as polynomial codes
Authors: Pretzel Oliver
Published: November 2023

The polynomial corresponding to a word w will be denoted by w(x), using the same letter, indeed we shall eventually identify words and polynomials. The set of all binary polynomials of degree less than n will be denoted by Pn (P for polynomial, but note that the maximum degree is n -1). If c is a code word of a code C we shall call the corresponding polynomial c(x) a code polynomial of c.
VPS15
Authors: Herman P K , Stack, J H , Emr S D
Published: November 2023

vps7 S mutants exhibit severe defects in the sorting of several soluble vacuolar hydrolases, including carboxypeptidase Y (CPY), proteinase A and proteinase B1·2. In vps7 S mutants, >95% of the newly-synthesized CPY is missorted and secreted as an inactive, Golgi-modified precursor molecule. These severe localization defects appear to be specific for soluble vacuolar proteins, since two vacuolar membrane proteins, alkaline phosphatase and a-mannosidase, appear to be properly localized to the vacuolar compartment in vpsl S mutants. In addition, vps7 S mutant cells possess a large vacuolar compartment in mother cells3  .4, and exhibit a defect in bud vacuole inheritance typical of class D vps mutants3.4.  vps7 5 mutants also exhibit a temperaturesensitive (ts) growth defect and an increased sensitivity to conditions of osmotic stress. Interestingly, a gene deletion/disruption of the VPS7 S locus results in a ts growth defect indicating that the VPS1S gene is essential for vegetative growth only at elevated growth temperatures.
VAM7
Authors: Wada Y , Anraku Y
Published: November 2023

Haploid yeast cells carrying a complete deletion of the VAM7 gene are available cells do not exhibit any apparent defects in mitotic growth, however, diploid cells homozygous for defective vim fail to sporulate.
VMA3
Authors: Ho M N , Stevens T H
Published: November 2023

The sequence of the VMA3 gene (GenBank accession #X15155) contains an open reading frame encoding a hydrophobic protein of 160 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 16.3 kDa12 The amino acid sequence exhibits 58% identity to the proteolipid of bovine chromaffin granules V-type H+-ATPase and shows similar identity to vacuolar H+-ATPase proteolipids from other organisms. Vma3p is predicted to have four transmembrane spanning regions, however it does not appear to have a cleavable signal sequence12. In addition, Vma3p contains a putative N,N’-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD)binding site at glutamic acid residue 1374.
VPH1
Authors: Manolson M , Protean D , Preaton, R A , Jones E W
Published: November 2023

Mutations in the VPH1 gene result in a vacuolar pH of 6.9 instead of the wild type pH 6.2. Purified vacuoles from vph1 strains have no detectable bafilomycin-sensitive ATP hydrolysis or proton-pumping activity. The two nucleotide binding subunits (60 and 69 kDa) of the vacuolar H+ATPase are not associated with the vacuolar membrane, yet are found in wild type levels in whole cell extracts of mutant yeast4 The mutant vacuoles fail to accumulate quinacrine and hyperaccumulate 6-carboxyfluorescein1 Haploid yeast cells in which 64% of the VPH1 open reading frame has been deleted are viable and have normal vacuolar protease activity despite the neutral pH vacuole.
Rab21
Authors: Chavrier Philippe
Published: November 2023

Rab21 was first isolated by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approach with degenerate oligonucleotides as a cDNA fragment containing a portion of the open reading frame between the first and second conserved regions involved in GTP binding (originally named Pcr-Rab12) (Chavrier et al. 1992). The full-length Rab21 cDNA was cloned by probing a MDCKII cell cDNA library with an oligonucleotide corresponding to the sequence FNDKHIT-TLQAS specific for Rab21 (Chavrier and Zerial, unpublished). The DNA sequence of canine Rab21 is shown in Fig. 1. Northern-blot analysis performed with the Rab21 cDNA probe reveals three major transcripts of approximately 1.6,2.5 and 4.0 kb expressed in baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells (Chavrier eta/. 1992).
Rab23
Authors: Olkkonen Vesa M
Published: November 2023

The sequence was first identified in the PCR study of Chavrier et al. (1992). Here, Rab/Rho-related sequences were amplified from adult mouse kidney cDNA using degenerated oligonucleotides corresponding to two of the conserved sequence stretches of Rab/Rho GTPases as primers. The PCR-Rab15 sequence was used for making gene-specific primers, and the short cDNA fragment was extended to the 5’ and 3’ directions by the RACE PCR protocols (Frohman eta/. 1988; Chavrier eta/. 1992; Walker eta/. 1992). The sequence of the complete ORF (Fig. 1) was renamed Rab23 (Olkkonen et al. 1993). The EMBL data-base/GenBank accession number of the sequence is Z22821.
Ypt53p
Authors: Singer-Kruger Birgit
Published: November 2023

Like YPT51, YPT53 was identified by a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) approach to find putative homologs of the mammalian Rab5 proteins (Singer-Kruger etal. 1994). The two degenerated oligonucleotides that were used corresponded to the sequences GXXXXGKS/T and LAPMYYR.
An Introduction to the Cytokines
Authors: Nicola N A
Published: November 2023

For the purposes of the present volume, cytokines are defined as secreted regulatory proteins that control the survival, growth, differentiation and effector function of tissue cells. Cytokines encompass those families of regulators variously known as growth factors, colony-stimulating factors, interleukins, lymphokines, monokines, and interferons. I have excluded most of the classical endocrine hormones because their general properties are different from those of the cytokines (see Table 1) and because they have been amply described in other texts. Nevertheless, there are no sharp boundaries that distinguish cytokines from other regulatory proteins and the selections in this book reflect my own bias.
Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF)
Authors: Aggarwal B B , Reddy S
Published: November 2023

TNF is produced in response to both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and their products (e.g. lipopolysaccharide, lipid A analogue muramyl peptide) , viruses (e.g. HIV-1), mycoplasma, immune complexes, cytokines (e.g. GM-CSF, IL-1, IL-2, IFNy), tumour cells, complement (CSa), glucose-modified proteins, neuropeptides, myelin P2 protein, protein kinase C activators (phorbol esters), protein phosphatase inhibitors(okadaic acid), reactive oxygen species, cyclooxygenase inhibitors, and platelet activating factor (PAF) (Aggarwal 1992; Spriggs et al. 1992).
Receptors for the Alpha and Beta Interferon (IFN) Family
Authors: Uze G , Lutfalla G , Mogensen K E
Published: November 2023

Receptors are generally found on all human cells whatever their origin, even on cells poorly responsive to interferon. Cell lines showing no binding at all of one or other of the family are relatively rare or deliberate constructs. Binding studies with radiolabelled ligand have been reported for the following human recombinant interferon: alphas, 1(D), 2 (A), 8(8), 4 and for beta interferon. Competitive binding experiments with unlabelled ligand against a given radiolabelled interferon have been reported for a wider range of alpha interferons. Taking account of differences in specific activity (e.g. that of alpha-1 is markedly less on human cells than those of the other alpha beta interferons), these results all tend to the conclusion that the alpha beta interferons interact with the same receptor site (Branca 1988). However, direct binding studies with the radiolabelled ligand reveal differences that are not easily apparent from competitive studies.
Cysteine-string proteins
Authors: Zinsmaier K E
Published: November 2023

Omega-conotoxin receptor or CCCS1 for candidate calcium channel subunit 1 (Mastrogiacomo et al., 1994b), now denoted Tcsp. The Drosophila csp gene was isolated using the antibody MAb DCSP-1 (former Mab ab49) (Zinsmaier et al., 1990,

1994) .The gene (Flybase gene id #Fbgn0004179) is located at 79E1-2 on the third chromosome, expresses three alternatively spliced RNA (2.3-2.9 kb) transcripts (Zinsmaier et al., 1994). The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence of two cDNA clones isolated from a Drosophila head cDNA library (GenBank accession numbers M63421, M63008; Zinsmaier et al., 1990) reveals proteins of 249, 223 amino acids (designated Dcsp-32, Dcsp29a).
BPAG1
Authors: Dowling James , Fuchs Elaine
Published: November 2023

The BPAG1 gene locus encodes two major isoforms which share a common C terminal intermediate filament binding domain. The 230 kDa epidermal splice variant, BPAG1e, is a major component of the inner plaque portion of the hemidesmosome and is required for stable interaction of this junction with keratin filaments. The 280 kDa neuronal isoform, BPAG1 n, contains a bona fide actin-binding domain in addition to the intermediate filament binding domain and is essential for primary sensory neurone function. Both BPAG1e and BPAG1n are members of a growing family of intermediate filament linker proteins that also includes desmoplakin, envoplakin, and plectin.
Introduction
Authors: Erickson Harold P
Published: November 2023

Twenty years ago the cytoskeleton included the big three: microtllbules, actin, and intermediate filaments. More than ten years ago a fourth system was fleshed out: the membrane cytoskeleton, based on spectrin, dystrophin, and clathrin. This seemed enough for biochemists struggling to explain the assembly of filaments, the associated proteins and the motor proteins that run along them, but it is apparently not enough for biology. New cytoskeietal proteins have been discovered in recent years, each providing a fascinating new mechanism for cell structure and motility.
Centrin
Authors: Lee Vincent D , Huang Bessie
Published: November 2023

Centrin is a ubitiquitous protein associated with the centrosomes in cells from diverse evolutionary lineages. it is a member of the EF-hand superfamily of calcium-binding proteins. It appears to play a role in the reproduction cycle of the centrosome, the major microtubule-organizing centre of the eukaryotic cell.
Kinesin, conventional
Authors: Vale Ronald D
Published: November 2023

Conventional kinesin is the founding member of the kinesin superfamily. This force-generating protein, which is found in filamentous fungi to humans, is thought to transport membrane organelles along microtubules.
Kinesin, heteromeric
Authors: Scholey Jonathan M , Wedaman Karen P
Published: November 2023

The heteromeric kinesins (or heterokinesins)1,2 are motor proteins that move towards the plus ends of microtubules at rates ∼0.3-0.6 µ,m s-1• They consist of two distinct heterodimerized kinesin subunits, and most motors of this class also contain an additional accessory subunit of unknown function. The heteromeric kinesins are thought to participate in anterograde flagellar transport during the assembly of axonemes, to drive anterograde axonal vesicle transport, and to disperse pigment granules in melanophores.
Muscle myosin, skeletal
Authors: Cooke Roger
Published: November 2023

Skeletal muscle myosin is a large hexameric protein with two globular heads and a long coiled-coif a-helical rod. A portion of the skeletal muscle myosin rod aggregates to form the core of the thick filament found at the centre of the muscle sarcomere. The globular heads contain sites for the interaction with both actin filaments and ATP, and it is this interaction which generates the force of muscle cells.
Myosin 1
Authors: Titus Margaret A
Published: November 2023

Class I myosins are low molecular weight actin-based motors expressed in a wide range of organisms. They are typically found in association with membranes and all myosin Is contain a tail domain, rich in basic residues, that mediates direct binding of the myosin I to anionic phospholipids. The myosin Is are likely to play important roles in moving membranes against actin and mediating membrane-actin interactions.
Myosin V
Authors: Cheney Richard E
Published: November 2023

The class V myosins are an abundant and widely distributed group of motor proteins implicated in organelle trafficking and membrane targeting. They appear to form two-headed dimers that are joined by a stalk to a globular tail domain of unknown function. A combination of biochemical and molecular genetic studies has led to the hypothesis that class V myosins may function as actin-based motors for organelle transport.
Myosin VII
Authors: Hasson Tama
Published: November 2023

Myosin Vila is an unconventional myosin implicated in deafness syndromes in mouse and human. It has a conserved N-terminal motor domain, a light chain-binding neck region, which may associate with five calmodulin light chains, and a C-terminal tail comprised of coiled coil and a direct repeat of two motifs termed the Myth domain and the talin-like domain. These structural domains target myosin Vila to the actin cytoskeleton and to membrane domains in inner ear hair cells, retina, and testis.
Myosins, divergent
Authors: Cheney Richard E , Baker Jeff P
Published: November 2023

The search for unconventional myosins has led to the discovery of several highly divergent motor proteins. like other members of the myosin superfamily, these proteins have myosin-like motor domains attached to a variety of specific tail domains. Although little is known about the properties of most of these proteins, phylogenetic analyses suggest that these divergent myosins may constitute novel classes of the myosin superfamily.
C- and H-proteins
Authors: Fischman Donald A , Reinach F C
Published: November 2023

Telokin, titin, M-protein, myomesin, skelemin. All are composed of tandem globular domains with sequence homology to either the lgC2 or Fnlll motifs. One of these proteins, telokin, which consists of a single lgC2 domain, has been crystallized and its high resolution structure established.
Caldesmon
Authors: Huber Pia A J , Marston Steven B , Hodgkinson Julie L , Wang C -L Albert
Published: November 2023

Smooth muscle caldesmon isolated from chicken gizzard migrates with an apparent molecular weight of 14 000 on SDS gels; cDNA sequencing gives molecular weights of 93 kDa for human and 89 kDa for chicken gizzard caldesmon. The protein sequence shows a long central α-helical region containing a repeated 13 (or 15) amino acid motif; the number of repeats is 8–12, depending on the degree of degeneracy allowed. Circular dichroism measurements of a central fragment are consistent with a helical structure. The 60 174 Da non-muscle caldesmon (I-CaD, for its lower molecular weight) is smaller than the muscle isoform; cDNA sequencing of an I-CaD indicates deletion of 232 amino acids beginning near residue 200 and including the region of repeats.
Dynamin
Authors: Schmid Sandra L
Published: November 2023

Dynamin was also identified as dephosphin-I, a major synaptosomal protein that rapidly undergoes dephosphorylation upon membrane depolarization. It is the mammalian homologue of the Drosophila shibir e protein.
Elongation factor 1A (eEF1A)
Authors: Edmonds Brian T , Liu Gang , Condeelis John
Published: November 2023

EF1A (formerly known as EF-Tu) is the bacterial G protein (Mr 42 kDa) that similarly binds aminoacyl tRNA to the ribosome. However, EF1A does not bind actin (G. Liu; unpublished observations) and cannot substitute for eEF1A in eukaryotic cell free translation systems.
The Age of Alleles
Authors: Slatkin Montgomery
Published: November 2023

The mathematical theory arising in the study of the age of an allele that arose as a unique mutation is reviewed, with particular emphasis on methods based on coalescent theory, importance sampling, and linear birth-death processes. In a population of constant size, allele frequency provides little information about the age of a neutral allele because, for a given frequency, the distribution of ages is broad. Rapid population growth reduces the average age and results in a much narrower distribution. Natural selection in favor of or against the mutation has an effect similar to population growth. Variation of marker loci closely linked to an allele of interest (intra-allelic variability) also provides information about allele age. The relationship between estimates of allele age based on frequency and based on intra-allelic variability provide ways to test hypotheses about the population genetic forces affecting an allele and to estimate parameters of population genetic models. The methods described in this chapter are applied to several mutations that have been studied in human populations.
Teleology: the explanation that bedevils biology
Authors: Hanke David
Published: November 2023

Biology is sick. Fundamentally unscientific modes of thought are increasingly accepted, and dominate the way the subject is explained to the next generation. The heart of the problem is that we persist in making (literally) sense of a world that we now know to be senseless by attributing subjective values to the objects in it, values that have no basis in reality.

For examples, read anything written by the first Oxford Professor of Public Understanding of Science, probably the most influential communicator of biology in his generation. Here ‘s a smattering from the book he intended for professional biologists:
Introduction
Authors: Camara Anrfonio S
Published: November 2023

Enron mental problems result from a difference between the existing and the desired values for variables that describe an environmental condition. For policy-makers, environmental problems exist, most of the time, only when dramatic events prompt media news and, as a result, a public interest. With the gradual decline of the media attention, the solution to the problem becomes less pressing. Sometimes, as pointed out by Dmvns (1972), there may be a long period with occasional resurgence of public interest and this may result in a solution.
Multidimensional Environmental Modelling
Authors: Camara Anrfonio S
Published: November 2023

Numerical entities are easily manipulated, interpreted, and have a compact notation (Nickerson, I 988). These features, available data, and limited computing resources have made environmental modelling to be a strictly numerical process until recently. In the last thirty years, hundreds of numerical environmental models have been developed. Comprehensive reviews may be found in Zannetti ( 1990) for air pollution modelling, Clark (1996) and Schnoor (1996) for water, air, and soil pollution models, and Chapra (1997) for water quality modelling. The behaviour of ecosystems has also been extensively modelled using both compartment views, such as in Brown and Rothery (1993) and Bossel (1994), and individual-based approaches as in DeAngelis and Gross (1992). Brebbia et al. (1997) presented a compilation of noise propagation models and McGuffie ( 1997) offered a review of climate models.
The European Union and the United States as two variants of Western modernity
Authors: Martinelli Alberto
Published: November 2023

The first aim of the volume is describing, interpreting, and analyzing key selected features of European society and American society and major social trends in the United States and in the European Union (EU) in the past fifty years (since the 1957 Treaty of Rome), looking for convergences and divergences. The United States of America and the European Union are the two strongest economic powers in the contemporary world, roughly equivalent in terms of gross national product (GNP), market size, and scientific potential, but asymmetrical in terms of political influence and military might. The United States and the EU can be seen as successful examples both of economic development and of political and cultural modernization. But they have followed diﬀerent paths to reach such a position. They can be considered as two variants of Western modernity.
Religion
Authors: Bös Mathias , Hebel Kai
Published: November 2023

‘When I arrived in the United States, it was the country’s religious aspect that first captured my attention. The longer I stayed, the more I became aware that this novel situation had important political consequences. In France, I knew, the spirit of religion and the spirit of liberty almost always pulled in opposite directions. In the United States I found them intimately intertwined: together they ruled the same territory.’ (Tocqueville [1835] 2004: 340–1) Through the centuries, numerous observers have been struck by the diﬀerences in the role religion plays in European and US-American life. This is especially note-worthy since both societies are, from a structural point of view, Christian despite an increasing number of non-Christian denominations and atheists in both societies, three quarters of the populations are Christians (the EU about 75% and United States 80%, see Barret, Kurian, and Johnson 2001).
Commentary, By Nicholas Higham
Authors: Chan Raymond H , Greif Chen , O’Leary Dianne P
Published: November 2023

One of the fundamental tenets of numerical linear algebra is to exploit matrix factorizations. Doing so has numerous benefits, ranging from allowing clearer analysis and deeper understanding to simplifying the efficient implementation of algorithms. Textbooks in numerical analysis and matrix analysis nowadays maximize the use of matrix factorizations, but this was not so in the first half of the 20th century. Golub has done as much as anyone to promulgate the benefits of matrix factorization, particularly the QR factorization and the singular value decomposition, and especially through his book Matrix Computations with Van Loan [28]. The five papers in this part illustrate several different facets of the matrix factorization paradigm.
Numerical Methods For Computing Angles Between Linear Subspaces (With a. Bjo Rck)
Authors: Chan Raymond H , Greif Chen , O’Leary Dianne P
Published: November 2023

I spent the academic year 1968/69 as a postdoc at Stanford University and UC Berkeley. This gave me the possibility to see Gene regularly and George Forsythe occasionally. Another highlight I recall was to meet with the group of PhD students at the Computer Science Department, all of whom would later become famous. Although I don’t have a precise recollection of how the collaboration on this paper originated, I am pretty sure it was like this: Gene would sit down with me, take out a sheet of paper and in ten minutes he had sketched an elegant outline of the paper. The main starting point was the close connection between the minimax characterization of the singular values and that of the cosines of the principal angles. This works also in Cn and all the theory in the paper was done for the complex case. I recall that I was very excited about Gene’s new algorithm for stably computing the SVD and this was a good application.
(With C. De Boor)
Authors: Chan Raymond H , Greif Chen , O’Leary Dianne P
Published: November 2023

This was a fun paper to work on. Gene had come to the Mathematics Research Center (MRC) in Madison, WI, in May of 1976 (giving Gene the pleasure to write in the paper’s acknowledgements of having been a “guest worker” there) to work with Paul Concus, had recently talked with Victor Barcilon about the inverse eigenvalue problem for 5-diagonal matrices, and must have given a talk about the general problem, with stress on tridiagonal matrices. I became intrigued since Gene mentioned some unsolved problems and I had recently gone through, jointly with Allan Pinkus, Gantmakher and Krein’s “Oszillationsmatrizen, Oszillationskerne und kleine Schwingungen mechanischer Systeme”, hence felt at home with Jacobi matrices and the power of Sylvester’s determinant identity (which, so Allan had taught me, is the only determinant identity one really needs, other than Cauchy–Binet).
The European Economic and Social Committee
Authors: Westlake Martin
Published: November 2023

The European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) is, alongside the Council of Ministers, the European Parliament, the European Commission, and the Court of Justice, one of the most venerable of the European Union’s institutions. As a consultative body, the EESC is naturally less well known than its peers. In the burgeoning literature about EU interest group representation, the Committee has frequently been portrayed as an anachronism, but this chapter will argue that a series of developments have shifted the Committee back to greater relevance and a productive role. Through a process of modernization and reform, it has developed considerable potential value to the lobby and therefore should figure more on the latter’s radar screen than is currently the case. The Committee does not pretend to an exclusive role, but its Treaty-based prerogatives make it a privileged interlocutor and a valuable partner. From the lobby’s point of view, the EESC potentially represents a valuable source of intelligence and an additional vector for influence.
Trade Policy Lobbying in the European Union: Who Captures Whom?
Authors: Woll Cornelia
Published: November 2023

Trade policy is a classic field for the study of private influence on policy-making. Firms and industries can gain clear advantages by protecting their markets from foreign competition or by gaining access to other countries. A large portion of the literature on international political economy therefore explains policy choices with reference to the demands of constituent interests (see Frieden and Martin 2002). For anybody interested in business lobbying, trade policy would seem to be the most appropriate place to start. And yet, comparing trade policy lobbying in the United States and the European Union (EU) leaves many observers surprised. Aggressive business lobbying on trade issues is much less common in Brussels than it is in Washington, DC (e.g. Coen 1999; cf. Woll 2006).
Mechanics on manifolds
Authors: Holm Darryl D , Schmah Tanya , Stoica Cristina , Ellis David C P
Published: November 2023

Manifolds are locally equivalent to Euclidean spaces. The Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulations of mechanics on Euclidean spaces introduced in Chapter 1 provide the local mathematical formulations of mechanics on manifolds. However, global issues may still arise from the need to use multiple coordinate charts.
Lie groups and Lie algebras
Authors: Holm Darryl D , Schmah Tanya , Stoica Cristina , Ellis David C P
Published: November 2023

In general, a system is symmetric when its state does not change under a certain transformation. For mechanical systems, a symmetry is a transformation of phase space, and possibly time, that leaves the Hamiltonian or Lagrangian invariant. Symmetries form groups, with the group operation being composition. For instance, a group consisting of a reflection and the identity transformation is isomorphic to Z2; while the group of rotations of R3 is the matrix Lie group SO(3).
Euler–Poincaré theorem for geophysical fluid dynamics
Authors: Holm Darryl D , Schmah Tanya , Stoica Cristina , Ellis David C P
Published: November 2023

Geophysical fluid dynamics (GFD) studies the large-scale circulatory motions of the atmosphere and ocean, which are of importance, for example, in modelling climate change. The history of predicting climate, or rather predicting the general circulation in the atmosphere and ocean, records a series of challenges that were met and overcome in formulating the important questions and finding numerical solutions to the nonlinear partial differential equations (PDE) that govern climate dynamics.
Heavenly learning, statecraft, and scholarship: the Jesuits and their mathematics in China
Authors: Jami Catherine
Published: November 2023

The story of the transmission of mathematics from Europe to China in the early modern age is closely linked to that of the Jesuit mission from 1582 to 1773, which spanned the last decades of the Ming dynasty (1368–1644) and the Qing dynasty (1644–1911) from its advent to its apogee in the mid-eighteenth century. For almost two centuries, the Jesuits put the sciences in the service of evangelization: their knowledge enhanced the prestige of their religion and opened the way first to the patronage of individual o7cials, and then to that of the state.
Mathematics education in an Old Babylonian scribal school
Authors: Robson Eleanor
Published: November 2023

In the early second millennium bc, southern Iraq—ancient Babylonia—produced large quantities of mathematics, written on small clay tablets in the Akkadian in Sumerian languages using the cuneiform, or wedge-shaped, script. For many decades after its discovery and decipherment in the early twentieth century the study of Old Babylonian (OB) mathematics quite rightly focused on the recovery of knowledge: what was known, and where and when.
The Bayesian Approach to the Analysis of Finite Population Surveys
Authors: Little Roderick J A , Zheng Hui
Published: November 2023

There are many Bayesian statisticians, and many sampling statisticians, but very few Bayesian sampling statisticians. This article considers why this is the case. We argue that the Bayesian approach is very attractive in the survey sampling setting, and offer a recipe for successful application of Bayesian ideas: Bayesian models for surveys need to take into account features of the survey design like clustering and stratification, limit strong parametric assumptions, and incorporate weakly informative prior distributions. Examples are provided to show that Bayesian inferences with these features can have good repeated sampling properties. We also describe a new Bayesian approach for the situation where the selection probabilities are known only for the sampled units, a case where some authors have argued that the Bayesian approach is problematic.