bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
JAOCS News Feature biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids by maturingcarthamus tinctorius L. seeds
Authors: Stumpf P. K.
Published: May 2007

Recent advances in the biosynthesis of fatty acids by maturing safflower seeds are described. We now can define the systems responsible for (a) the conversion of CO2 to sucrose to acetyl CoA; (b) the condensation of acetyl CoA via the de novo acyl carrier protein pathway to the terminal product, palmityl acyl carrier protein; (c) the elongation of palmityl acyl carrier protein to stearyl acyl carrier protein by a specific malonyl acyl carrier proteinelongation system; (d) the desaturation of stearyl acyl carrier protein to oleic acid by a highly specific, soluble stearyl acyl carrier protein desaturase; (e) the further desaturation of oleyl CoA to linoleyl CoA; and (f) the transfer of acyl CoAs to glycerol‐3‐phosphate to the final product, a triacylglycerol and its coalescence to the typical high lipid containing mature seed, engorged with oil droplets.

Future research should be directed to a fuller understanding of how the maturing seed triggers these complicated series of reactions, how all these enzymes are coordinated to allow a smooth flow of substrates for the formation of oil droplets, and, finally, how biochemical engineering can further improve oil crops in the ever growing demand for high yielding systems.
Some recent developments in the homogeneous catalyzed hydrogenation of olefins
Authors: Augustine Robert L. , Van Peppen Jan F.
Published: May 2007

It has been found that the amount of double bond isomerization accompanying homogeneous olefin hydrogenations over tris (triphenylphosphinechlororhodium is markedly influenced both by the duration of hydrogen presaturation of the catalyst and the presence of oxygen in the reaction mixture. These results are compared to those obtained over a heterogeneous catalyst, 5% rhodium on chareoal.
The flavor problem of soybean oil. XIII. Sulfur coordination compounds effective in edible oil stabilization
Authors: Schwab A. W. , Moser Helen A. , Gurley Rosemary S. , Evans C. D.
Published: May 2007

Sulfur compounds of the tridentate class having at least 2 carboxy groups in α or β position to the coordinating atom have been found to be effective in the stabilization of soybean oil. Comparing model compounds with different coordinating atoms, the order of effectiveness appears to be S>N>O. This order of effectiveness follows an order of increasing electronegativity.

Carboxymethylmercapto butyric acid, carboxymethylmercapto phenyl propionic acid, the monoethyl ester of carboxymethylmercapto succinic acid, p‐toluene sulfonic acid, α,α’ acid, and sulfur dioxide all improved the oxidative stability but gave undesirable flavors.

Thiodiacetic acid, β,β’ acid, carboxymethylmercapto succinic acid, and the monooctadecyl ester of carboxymethylmercapto succinic acid were found to be excellent stabilizers. The first two may be added either on the upgrade or the downgrade of deodorization, but the heat instability of the latter two limits their addition to the downgrade. All these compounds improved the flavor stability as well as the oxidative stability. The monooctadecyl ester has the added advantage in that it is oil soluble.
A halogenation method for the determination of the total unsaturation of tung oils and of eleostearic acids
Authors: Planck Ralph W. , Pack Frank C. , Goldblatt Leo A.
Published: May 2007

A new modification of the Rosenmund‐Kuhnhenn method has been developed for determining the total ethylenic unsaturation of tung oil and of eleostearic acids. With tung oils this method results in iodine values which are in agreement with those obtained by quantitative catalytic hydrogenetation and, in the case of α‐ and β‐eleostearic acids, with the theoretical value. Good agreement was found with hydrogen‐iodine values of various partially hydrogenetal tung oils. An essential feature of the method is the addition of mercuric acetate to the oil prior to the addition of the Rosenmund‐Kuhnhenn reagent in contrast to the Benhan‐Klee modification in which the Rosenmund‐Kuhnhenn reagent is added first. The latter method gives iodine values for tung oil and for eleostearic acid approximately 8% higher than those obtained by quantitative catalytic hydrogenation. Light was found to affect the results obtained by both methods so greatly that use of low‐actinic flasks, addition of the Rosenmund‐Kuhnhenn reagent in a partially darkened room, and storage of the reactants in complete darkness during the reaction period (1 hour) is recommended.
The isolation and characterization of the polymers formed during the thermal oxidation of corn oil
Authors: Perkins E. G. , Kummerow F. A.
Published: May 2007

It has been shown that thermal oxidation of corn oil at 200°C. caused the formation of polymeric material. A combination of urea fractionation and molecular distillation was employed to concentrate the polymeric material. Further fractionation of the polymer concentrates was performed with the aid of solvent‐extraction procedures. These procedures resulted in the isolation of several polymer fractions with molecular weights ranging from 692 to 1,600. Analyses of the fractions indicated that they were of high oxygen content and that they contained unsaturation, difficult to remove by hydrogenation. The oxygen present in the fractions was shown to be in the form of hydroxyl and carboxyl groups. The polymeric materials could be linked together in a noncyclic structure.
An extrapolation procedure for determining solubilities of mixtures
Authors: Bunger William B.
Published: May 2007

Successive extractions of mixtures are used to determine the percentage of the more soluble components present. A plot of the amount extractedvs. the extraction number results in a section of a hyperbola, which is then extrapolated to the limiting value. The solubility thus obtained is independent of arbitrary ratios of weights of solute to solvent. The method is applied to the determination of the alcohol‐soluble fraction of sugar cane wax, and a laboratory extractor operating at constant temperature is described. Also the method may be used to analyze other extraction data,e.g., extraction with the Soxhlet extractor, to determine the amount of soluble material left unextracted after a given time.
Detergents from synthetic olefins
Authors: Ravenscroft P. H. , Turney Mary E.
Published: May 2007

Conclusion

Detergents prepared from Fischer‐Tropsch olefins are thus measurably better than the reference standards prepared from propylene tetramer or lauryl alcohol. The combination of straight and branched chains with both terminal and internal double bonds produces the high level of surface activity found with these synthetic olefins.

Although the optimum molecular weights for the experimental sulfonates are about the same as for sulfonates from polymer olefins, the surface activity is somewhat better. In physical properties these sulfonates are superior to polymer‐olefin sulfonates in resistance to caking and in rate of solution. The optimum experimental sulfates, of 14‐ through 16‐carbon atoms, are superior to lauryl sulfate. The branched structure of these alkyl sulfates probably gives rise to their soft, waxy, and hygroscopic character. Total mixtures of these experimental products are better than the respective reference standards.

Both types of detergents prepared from Fischer‐Tropsch olefins are about equivalent. The alkylbenzene sulfonates appear to be superior to similar products now in every‐day use. Although Fischer‐Tropsch olefins are a promising source of raw material for detergents, there is no assurance that they will be commercially available in the near future.
Polymerization of drying oils. VI. Catalytic polymerization of fatty acids and esters with boron trifluoride and hydrogen fluoride
Authors: Croston C. B. , Tubb I. L. , Cowan J. C. , Teeter H. M.
Published: May 2007

At relatively low temperatures boron trifluoride and hydrogen fluoride gave high yields of polymers from soybean fatty acids and methyl esters.

The use of 2% boron trifluoride as catalyst at 150° to 200° resulted in the polymerization of 50–60% of the methyl esters within one hour. The viscous polymeric fraction usually had a dark color, a high acid number, and a low ratio of dimer to higher polymer.

The boron trifluoride‐ether complexes were equally effective catalysts and more convenient to handle. Use of the aliphatic ether complexes resulted in products having lighter colors.

It was necessary to use large amounts of hydrogen fluoride to produce comparable yields at less than 100°, but 70% yields of polymers having light colors and low acid numbers were obtained.
The fatty acid content of meat and poultry before and after cooking
Authors: Chang Irene C. L. , Watts Betty M.
Published: May 2007

Fatty acids distribution of various cuts of pork, lamb, beef, turkey, and chicken before and after cooking were analyzed by the spectrophotometric method. Results indicate that only a small amount of the polyunsaturated fatty acids was lost with ordinary methods of cooking. The reliability of these apparent fatty acid values after cooking is discussed. A table of fatty acid composition of these meats as eaten is also presented for dietary purposes.
Bunsen coefficient for oxygen in marine oils at various temperatures determined by an exponential dilution method with a polarographic oxygen electrode
Authors: Ke P. J. , Ackman R. G.
Published: May 2007

A polarographic oxygen electrode has been applied to an exponential dilution method for the determination of the solubility of oxygen in oils. Results are compared with other chemical and physical methods for herring and olive oils and the same oils subjected to partial oxidation. The Bunsen coefficients for oxygen in nine marine oils have been determined by this procedure between 20 and 80 C, with a relative standard deviation of ±7% or less. The densities and viscosities of these oils have been measured for the same temperature range. In general, the Bunsen coefficient for oxygen in marine oils increases with an increase in temperature between 20 and 60 C, but then rapidly decreases between 60 and 80 C to a value lower than that for room temperature. It appears that autoxidation should not be the major cause of this effect, as the measurement rate was relatively rapid. Some tentative correlations between the solubility of oxygen in marine oils and the fatty acid composition, iodine value, density and viscosity are discussed briefly.
Detergency and mechanism of soil removal in detergent‐enzyme system
Authors: Kame Masaharu , Koda Hideyuki , Kato Akihiro , Koma Toshio
Published: May 2007

Enzyme effects on detergency were studied at a relatively low temperature (20 C) using naturally solied fabrics (collars on working clothing) and 2 types of artificially soiled cotton cloths, milk‐soiled and carbon‐milk‐soiled. Results of the test showed that protease has a favorable effect on detergency even at 20 C and improves the removal of common soils solid or oily, as well as protein‐based soils. The protease also was proved fully effective under mechanical agitation in the presence of detergents. Futhermore, the role of enzyme was discussed based upon gel filtration of the washing bath which treated the milk‐soiled cloths. The degradation of protein by protease to a molecular weight of ca. 10,000 to 50,000 was proved to be fairly important for removal of soil protein. It also was found that endo‐peptidase action is more effective than exo‐peptidase action. Based upon these findings, a problem in activity evaluation method for enzymes as detergent compoments also was presented.
Preparation of peroxide concentrates from autoxidied fatty acid esters
Authors: Privett O. S. , Lundberg W. O. , Nickell Christense
Published: May 2007

Details of a countercurrent extraction procedure for the quantitative separation of the oxidized and unoxidized fractions of autoxidized fatty acid esters is described.

The utility of the process is demonstrated by the quantitative separation of the oxidized from the unoxidized fractions of autoxidized methyl linoleate, linolenate, and oleate.
The analysis of high molecular weight quaternary ammonium chlorides
Authors: Babcock Madolyn , Terry David E. , Milun Albert J.
Published: May 2007

Commercial production of high molecular weight quaternary ammonium chlorides has necessitated methods for their analysis. Available methods were found to be lacking in completeness. A successful scheme of analysis was worked out for determining quaternary ammonium chloride, amine hydrochloride (or free alkali), amine, and sodium chloride. The analytical procedures as described are straightforward and suitable for routine product and process control.
Device to establish drying conditions for protective coatings at elevated temperatures
Authors: Schwab A. W. , Teeter H. M. , Cowan J. C.
Published: May 2007

An apparatus has been described for determining the drying time of protective coatings at elevated temperatures, and tests have been made with vinyl ether formulations. The device is essentially a miniature Sanderson drying‐time meter constructed in an oven where temperatures up to 260°C. can be maintained. Tolerances were made on the order of 0.015 in. for gear clearances and bearing expansion. A special high‐temperature grease is the lubricant. Turntables, which make one revolution every 15 min., permit simultaneous evaluation of three films. Reproducible results have been obtained, and uniform conditions apparently prevail throughout the oven.

Coatings are prepared by the spinning disc method, and under controlled conditions the film thickness is approximately 0.15 mil. “Tack‐free time” and “dryto‐touch time” are determined by the usual method of removing sand from the disc. Discs were stamped from aluminum as well as black iron, and differences in drying times observed. Coatings on black iron dry faster than those on aluminum, and its is presumed that iron plays the role of an oxidation or polymerization catalyst.
Recovery of gossypol from cottonseed gums
Authors: Pons Walter A. , Pominski Joseph , King W. H. , Harris James A. , Hopper T. H.
Published: May 2007

A process has been developed for the isolation of pure gossypol from the gums obtained by water‐washings of crude hexane‐extracted cottonseed oil. Gums are heated with methyl ethyl ketone containing phosphoric acid to cleave gossypol‐phosphatide reaction products and are cooled to separate a ketone phase containing the gossypol from a phosphatide‐water phase. After concentration by distillation, gossypol is isolated from the methyl ethyl ketone concentrate by addition of glacial acetic acid to form the acetic acid addition compound of 92–94% purity. Two recrystallizations as the acetic‐acid complex produce gossypol acetic acid of 99% purity. The purified product can be dissociated by solution in dilute sodium carbonate, from which pure gossypol is recovered by acidification with mineral acid.

Yield data from pilot‐plant experiments indicated that about 47% of the gossypol in gums is recovered as crude gossypol acetic acid. Depending on the degree of purification of the crude product, the over‐all yield of purified gossypol from gums will range from 41% for a product of 98% purity to 36% for a gossypol of 99% purity.
On the electric resistance of solid soap
Authors: Ezaki Heihachi , Ohwada K. , Noguchi S.
Published: May 2007

Electrical resistance values are reported for soaps of various moisture contents. Marked changes in resistance were found at 40–50°C. Below this temperature the logarithm of conductivity is a linear function of inverse temperature, and the slope of the curve is practically independent of water content. Above 40° resistance is markedly affected by the water content of the soap. For soaps containing 12–30% water, heating and cooling curves show definite maxima and minima in electrical resistance values. This effect is less obvious in soaps containing more than 30% water. The phase transition points estimated from resistance measurements are in good agreement with those deduced from other physical measurements.
Synthesis of thioethers from hydroxy olefinic fatty acids
Authors: Farooqi Javed A. , Husain S. Rafat
Published: May 2007

Reaction of 3‐mercaptopropan‐1, 2‐diol with methyl ricinoleate (I) and methyl isoricinoleate (II) afforded their respective thioethers. The structure of the products was characterized by combustion and spectral (IR, NMR and MS) data.
An improved method for evaluating detergent builders for water hardness control
Authors: McDonell J. A. , Liu A.
Published: May 2007

Commercial detergent additives to control water hardness may act through sequestration, crystal growth inhibition, precipitation, or ion exchange. These builders lower the free hardness (Ca++, Mg++ concentration by different mechanisms. A full factorially designed experiment has been developed to evaluate builders functioning by the sequestration or crystal growth inhibition of calcium carbonate or magnesium hydroxide. The builder's performance is determined by its ability to prevent precipitation while in the presence of carbonate and hardness ions. The tests are based on incubation followed by filtration and determination of calcium and magnesium in the filtrate by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). Variables in the design include builder concentration, temperature, pH and time. Regression equations and response surfaces for tripolyphosphate and several polyacrylates and phosphonates are included.
Preparation and characterization of a number of amine salts of long‐chain fatty acids
Authors: Mod Robert R. , Magne Frank C. , Skau Evald L.
Published: May 2007

Eighty‐eight amine salts of long‐chain fatty acids have been prepared, purified by solvent crystallization, and characterized. Forty‐five of these were salts of palmitic acid. The rest included salts of capric, lauric, myristic, stearic, oleic, elaidic, and 12‐hydroxystearic acids. A variety of aliphatic, aromatic, and heterocyclic amines, including primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, were investigated. The majority of these gave 1∶1 acid‐amine compounds on solvent recrystallization of an equimolar mixture of acid and amine. Some of the amines gave no crystallizable salt, and with others the pure salt could not be obtained by this procedure. Under the same conditions the symmetrical alkyl, substituted alkyl, and aralkyl secondary amines investigated gave crystallizable compounds containg two molecules of fatty acid to one of amine. Molecular compounds of 2‐aminopyridine with four molecules of saturated fatty acid were formed by recrystallization starting with a 1 to 4 amine‐acid mixture. Surface‐tension measurements were made for aqueous solutions of a few of the amine salts.
Effects of polyamines on apoptosis induced by simulated ischemia/reperfusion injury in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes
Authors: Han Liping , Xu Changqing , Jiang Chunming , Li Hongzhu , Zhang Weihua , Zhao Yajun , Zhang Li , Zhang Yanqiao , Zhao Weiming , Yang Baofeng
Published: May 2007

We incubated neonatal Sprague—Dawley rat cardiomyocytes in primary culture in a medium simulating ischemia (consisting of hypoxia plus serum deprivation) for 2 h, then re‐incubated them for 24 h in normal culture medium to establish a model of simulated ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Apoptotic cell death was measured by MTT assay, TUNEL staining and flow cytometry. Morphological alterations were assessed by transmission electron microscopy, the expression of caspases‐3 and −9 and Bcl‐2 and the release of cytochrome c by Western blotting, and the intracellular free‐calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) by laser confocal scanning microscopy. The results showed that pretreatment with 10 μmol/l spermine or spermidine significantly inhibited apoptosis in the I/R cells, suppressed the expression of caspases‐3 and −9 and cytochrome c release, up‐regulated Bcl‐2 expression and decreased [Ca2+]i. However, pretreatment with 10 μmol/l putrescine had the opposite effects. Evidence for this “double‐edged” effect of polyamines on apoptosis in I/R‐injured cardiomyocytes is presented for the first time. It may suggest a novel pharmacological target for preventing and treating cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Association study between the corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 2 gene and suicidality in bipolar disorder
Authors: De Luca Vincenzo , Tharmalingam Subi , Kennedy James L.
Published: May 2007

Family, adoption and twin studies show that genetics influences suicidal behavior, but does not indicate specific susceptibility variants. Stress response is thought to be mediated by the corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH), which is known to be a regulator of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal pathway (HPA). Alterations in HPA system have been related to impulsivity, aggression and suicidal behaviour, that are common features in Bipolar Disorder (BD). CRH is a hypothalamic factor that stimulates the pituitary gland. Two CRH receptors are known, CRHR1 and CRHR2. To search for markers conferring genetic susceptibility to suicide, we typed three polymorphisms of the CRHR2 gene, CRHR2(CA), CRHR2(GT), and CRHR2(GAT), in 312 families where at least one subject had DSM-IV bipolar disorder. Family based association analyses in the suicide attempters using FBAT yielded no difference in the distribution of the alleles for all three markers. HBAT analysis for quantitative measures on suicide-related traits showed association between haplotype 5-2-3 and higher severity. The current results show that haplotype variation at the CRHR2 locus is associated with suicidal behaviour. This is to our knowledge the first investigation on suicidal behavior and genetic variation at the CRHR2 locus, an important regulator of the HPA axis.
Prion infection correlates with hypersensitivity of P2X7 nucleotide receptor in a mouse microglial cell line
Authors: Takenouchi Takato , Iwamaru Yoshifumi , Imamura Morikazu , Kato Nobuko , Sugama Shuei , Fujita Masayo , Hashimoto Makoto , Sato Mitsuru , Okada Hiroyuki , Yokoyama Takashi , Mohri Shirou , Kitani Hiroshi
Published: May 2007

We recently established mouse microglial cells persistently infected with mouse‐adapted scrapie ME7 (ScMG20/ME7) for in vitro study of prion pathogenesis. Here, we found that ScMG20/ME7 cells were hypersensitive to P2X7 receptor agonists, as demonstrated by sustained Ca2+ influx, membrane pore formation, cell death, and interleukin‐1β release. P2X7 mRNA expression was upregulated in these cells, and also in scrapie‐infected mice brains. Treatment with pentosan polysulfate eliminated the infectivity and disease‐related forms of prion protein from ScMG20/ME7 cell cultures, however, hypersensitivity of P2X7 receptors remained. These results suggest that prion infections may strongly affect the P2X7 receptor system in mouse microglial cells.
Air Pollution and Lichens in Hong Kong
Authors: Thrower S. L.
Published: May 2007

A simple scale using tropical lichen species has been used by secondary school students to assess air pollution zones in Hong Kong. The distribution of lichens was found to be related to the sites of power stations, a desalting plant, and heavily industrialised areas. As in temperate climates, both complexity of growth form and numbers of species increase with distance from the sources of air pollution.
A Revision and Review of Lemmopsis and Some Related Species
Authors: Ellis L. T.
Published: May 2007

Lemmopsis is retained as a genus in the Lichinaceae. Three species are recognised, L. arnoldiana (Hepp) Zahlbr., L. oblongans (Nyl. ex Crombie) A. L. Sm. and L. pelodes (Körber ex B. Stein) comb. nov. Lemmopsis leptogiella (Nyl.) A. L. Sm. is transferred to Porocyphus. The status of Psorotichia flotowiana (Hepp) Müll.Arg. is discussed and its affinities suggested.
Citrine–Green Taxa in the Genus Candelariella
Authors: Gilbert O. L. , Henderson A. , James P. W.
Published: May 2007

The citrine–green Candelariella flavovirella (Nyl.) Lettau and C. heidelbergensis (Nyl.) Poelt are shown to differ from the yellow-orange species C. vitellina (Hoffm.) Mull. Arg. and C. aurella (Hoffm.) Zahlbr. respectively, mainly in the suppression of calycin. As distinctive and geographically scattered chemotypes it is suggested that the rank of form is most appropriate and the required new combinations are made. A citrine–green population of C. medians (Nyl.) A. L. Sm. is described as f. steepholmensis O. Gilbert f.nov.
Composition and Succession of Lichen Communities in an Inner Coastal Dune Area in Southern Sweden
Authors: Magnusson M.
Published: May 2007

The cryptogamic vegetation, dominated by lichens, in a secondary coastal dune area is described. The Coelocaulon aculeatum community colonizes large exposed sand patches. The Cladonia glauca–C. mitts community colonizes where litter has accumulated. The Cladonia mitis and C. portentosa communities occupy more sheltered sites than the Coelocaulon aculeatum community. The scattered Cladonia zopfii community colonizes both exposed and slightly more sheltered sand patches. The common Cladonia uncialis–C. mitis community usually colonizes smaller sand patches with some humus accumulation than those colonized by the Coelocaulon aculeatum community. The Cladonia mitis, the C. portentosa and the Cladonia uncialis–C. mitis communities and probably the Cladonia zopfii community are suggested to be final stages in the lichen succession.
The Lichen Flora of a High-Level Limestone-Epidiorite Outcrop in the Ben Alder Range, Scotland
Authors: Gilbert O. L. , Fox B. W. , Purvis O. W.
Published: May 2007

The lichen flora of a very small, but outstandingly rich, outcrop of limestone and epidiorite at 1030 m in the Ben Alder range is described. One hundred and six calcicolous species were encountered, many of which are rare nationally; eight are not known elsewhere in Britain. The site is compared with other calcareous mountains in Scotland and possible reasons for its distinctive lichen flora are suggested.
Caliciales of Costa Rica
Authors: Tibell L.
Published: May 2007

A synopsis of 26 species belonging to 10 genera of Caliciales (s.lat.) occurring in Costa Rica is given. Short comments on the ecology and distribution of the species, indications of occurrence of secondary substances, and observations on the ultrastructure of the spores in some species are included. The mainly tropical genera Pyrgidium, Schistophoron and Tylophoron are given particular attention. Seventeen species are new to Central America and the following five new to science: Caliciurn constrictum sp. nov., Chaenothecopsis rubina sp. nov., Coniocybe sanguinea sp. nov., Schistophoron variabile sp. nov., and Tylophoron crassiusculum sp. nov. Two new combinations, Mycocalicium albonigrum (Nyl.) comb. nov. and Pyrgidium montellicum (Beltr.) comb, nov., are made. Lectotypes have been designated for Tylophoron annulatum Krempelh., T. cupulare Vainio, T. moderatum var. consociata Vainio and T. rufocapillatum Nádv. Names of several taxa in Pyrgidium and Tylophoron have been put into synonomy. Arthothelin, thuringione and thiophanic acid (in Calicium hyperelloides Nyl.) and lecanoric acid, 2'-O-methylperlatoic acid and lichexanthone (in Tylophoron) are reported for the first time in the Caliciales.
Studies on Physciaceae (Lichens) II. The Genus Pyxine in Europe
Authors: Moberg R.
Published: May 2007

Six species of Pyxine have been reported from Europe (including the Azores), but only two, Pyxine sorediata (syn. P. endochrysoides) and P. subcinerea (syn. P. chrysanthoides), are now accepted, the remaining four being excluded for various reasons. Buellia convexa is found to be a synonym of B. pulverulenta.
The Thermal Operating-Environment of a Lichen
Authors: Kershaw K. A.
Published: May 2007

The energy balance processes at a surface are reviewed in relation to the development of extreme temperature profiles that constitute the normal operating environment of a lichen. The specific nature of this operating environment, irrespective of altitude or latitude is emphasized and illustrated with a number of specific examples. These range from the ‘desert’ thermal environment following forest fire in low-arctic spruce-lichen woodland to boundary layer conditions at 2000 m, which is the environment of Rhizocarpon superficiale. The importance of winter temperatures and the ameliorating effects of snow cover and thallus colour are also related to the ecology and thermal environment of arctic and alpine lichens. Finally the thermal regime of corticolous and pendulous epiphytic lichens is discussed, again in terms of boundary layer and canopy microclimate. It is concluded that the thermal environment of a lichen largely interacts physiologically with the thermal tolerance limits of the dry thallus on one hand and the temperature optimum of net photosynthesis on the other.
Notes on the Maritime, Lignicolous Lichen Lecanora Orae-Frigidae
Authors: Brodo I. M. , Vánská H.
Published: May 2007

Lecanora symmicta var. sorediosa Westman, a soraliate, yellow, crutose lichen frequently found on wood substrata along the sea shores in the arctic and boreal regions of the northern hemisphere, is now generally accepted as a distinct species, and has recently been provided with a new name: Lecanora arae-frigidae R. Sant. Besides usnic acid it contains zeorin, thiophanic acid and two accessory xanthones. The Finnish material of L. symmicta (Ach.) Ach. examined for comparison differs having thiophanic acid inconstant as well as three unknown substances, while lacking one of the xanthones. One specimen of L. orae-frigidae from the White Sea coast in Karelian A. S. S. R. was growing with a small thallus of Lecanora grantii Magnusson, a new record of the latter species for Europe.
A New Subantarctic Species of the Lichen Genus Peltularia
Authors: Jørgensen P. M. , Galloway D. J.
Published: May 2007

Peltularia crassa P. M. Jørg. & D. Galloway, a new, umbilicate lichen in the family Coccocarpiaceae is described from Campbell Island south of New Zealand. It occurs also on Macquarie Island. Its taxonomic and phytogeographical relationships are discussed.
Goniocysts, Goniocystangia and Opegrapha Lambinonii and Related Species
Authors: Sérusiaux E.
Published: May 2007

The term gomocyst, introduced by Norman in the last century, has been used to designate lichen thalli consisting of algal colonies embedded in a hyphal envelope. It has been applied to the Moriolaceae, ‘Botrydina’ and several groups in the Lecideaceae s. lat. A preliminary survey demonstrates that the concept encompasses different structures. Nevertheless, and ad interim, the term is here used to describe the small diaspores produced by several species of foliicolous Opegrapha in a peculiar organ, the gomocystangium. Four such species are known in Opegrapha: O. dibbemi sp. nov. in Costa Rica, O. lambinoniiSérusiaux in Zaire, O. luzonensis sp. nov. in the Philippines and O. santessonii sp. nov. in Zaire, but foliicolous lichen thalli with goniocystangia are known from undisturbed rain forests at low elevations in four continents.
Differences in formation of vegetative cells and their walls in Trebouxia and Pseudotrebouxia as further evidence for the classification of these genera
Authors: Peveling E. , König J.
Published: May 2007

The formation of vegetative cells from zoospores and the morphogenesis of the multilayered cell walls during this process was observed in some Trebouxia and Pseudotrebouxia species. In Trebouxia species, e.g. Trebouxia erici, the wall of the vegetative cell is formed around the zoospore while in Pseudotrebouxia species, e.g. Pseudotrebouxia corticola, firstly an autosporangium with its wall is formed then the autosporangium further divides.
Lichens Growing on the Ella Island Meteorite, Central East Greenland
Authors: Hansen E. S. , Graff-Petersen P.
Published: May 2007

Mature as well as juvenile stages of thalli and apothecia occurring on numerous meteorite fragments found on Ella Island can be referred to 10 genera of lichens: Acarospora, Candelariella, Gyalidea, Lecanora, Lecidea, Physcia, Pseudephebe, Polysporina, Rinodina and Xanlhoria. In their colonization phase these lichens are influenced by the mineralogy and chemistry of the meteorite fragments. Thus Xanlhoria shows a distinct preference for the meteorite minerals rich in iron, whereas Candelariella appears to avoid these minerals.
The Cortical Surfaces in Parmelia Saxatilis and P.Caperata: A Histochemical Approach
Authors: Modenesi P. , Vanzo C.
Published: May 2007

Histochemical aspects of the amorphous layers in two species of Parmelia apseudocyphellate and a pored epicorticate, were compared. In P. saxatilis this layer, called the ‘ syncortex ’ (a new term), is composed of strongly acidic (sulphated) polysaccharides containing hyaluronic acid. It is easily distinguishable histochemically from the cortical interhyphal matrix. In P. caperata the mild acidic polysaccharidic composition of the epicortex and the interhyphal matrix is shown. The function of these amorphous layers is discussed on the basis of these results.
Morphological and Chemical Variation in the Cladonia Macilenta/Bacillaris Aggregate in Denmark
Authors: Christensen S. N.
Published: May 2007

The lichen substances of 64 Danish specimens of the Cladonia macilenta bacillaris aggregate were analysed by thin layer chromatography. Nine chemical types were found. The presence of thamnolic acid was not found to be correlated with any of the examined morphological parameters.
Electrophoretic Analysis of Esterase and Alkaline Phosphatase Enzyme forms in Single Spore Cultures of Cladonia Cristatella
Authors: Fahselt Dianne
Published: May 2007

Some enzymes, particularly esterases and phosphatases, are commonly variable within lichen populations. Mycobiont cultures of Cladonia cristatella Tuck, were examined electrophoretically in order to determine whether isozymes of these enzymes varied among 12 cultures initiated from single ascospores of the same apothecium. There were significant differences among mycobionts with respect to growth in liquid malt-yeast medium, and there was isozymic variability among them just as there is among intact thalli in natural lichen populations. These results are consistent with the idea that in nature ascospores could participate in the reproductive process. Enzymatic differences within a population may originate from propagules, including sexual ones, which initiate individual thalli.
Two New Species of Peltigera
Authors: Holtan-Hartwig J.
Published: May 2007

Two new lichen species Peltigera frippii Holt.-Hartw. and P. scabrosella Holt.-Hartw.are described. Their morphology, chemistry, and ecology are discussed, and their distribution in Norway is mapped. New chemical data are also given for the related species P. lyngei Gyelnik, P. malacea (Ach.) Funck, P. neckeri Müll. Arg., and P. scabrosa Th. Fr.
Studies on the Genus Nephroma II. The Southern Temperate Species
Authors: White F. Joy , James P. W.
Published: May 2007

This paper reassesses the southern temperate South American and Australasian species of Nephroma, analyses their chemistry and provides a key to the 14 species and three varieties accepted. N. occultum from North America is also discussed due to its close relationship to N. microphyllum and N. papillosum. Three pairs of morphotypes are described for the first time: N. analogicum-N. chubutense, N. kuehnemannii-N. microphyllum and N. skottsbergii-N. papillosum. N. papillosum sp. nov. and N. skottsbergii sp. nov. from Chile and Argentina are newly described. N. lobuligerum and N. lepidophyllum are reduced to varietal rank. N. lyallii is placed in synonymy with N. plumbeum and a new combination N. plumbeum var. isidiatum (J. Murray) F. J. White & P. James is made.
Haematomma and Ophioparma: Two Superficially Similar Genera of Lichenized Fungi
Authors: Rogers R. W. , Hafellner J.
Published: May 2007

The genus Haematomma Massal. (type species: H. ochroleucum (Necker) Laundon) includes the pantropical and subtropical H. puniceum group, but differs in a range of characters including ascus structure, paraphyses, and chemistry from Ophioparma Norman (type species: Ophioparma ventosa (L.) Norman). The differences are such that a new family Ophioparmaceae Rogers & Hafellner is described with Ophioparma as its type genus, and the circumscription of the family Haematommaceae Hafellner is emended to take these changes into account. The combination Rosellinula kalbii (Hafellner) comb. nov. is proposed.
Lichens on Elms in the British Isles and the Effect of Dutch Elm Disease on their Status
Authors: Watson M. F. , Hawksworth D. L. , Rose F.
Published: May 2007

The nature of elm bark as a lichen substratum is considered; a method of bark pH measurement is described and examples show the effects of the environment on bark pH. A summary of elm taxonomy includes a field key to the identification of elms. An estimation of the degree of restriction of 97 lichen species found on elms is given together with distribution maps of the most restricted species, and a list of lichens recorded on elm. The spread and control of Dutch Elm Disease is discussed. The future of elms and the consequences for the more highly restricted lichen species are reviewed. Bacidia incompta, Collema fragrans, Gyalecta flotowii, G. ulmi, and particularly Caloplaca luteoalba and Cryptolechia carneolutea, are most at risk from the widespread loss of elms.
Contribution to the Azores Lichen Flora
Authors: Aptroot A.
Published: May 2007

Fifty-five new lichen taxa from the Azores are discussed. Of these, 30 taxa are new records for Macaronesia and 15 are new records for Europe.
Studies on the Cladonia Chlorophaea Complex at Dungeness, England
Authors: Ferry B. W. , Pickering Margaret
Published: May 2007

The terricolous lichen flora on the Dungeness shingle, in south-east England, includes an abundance of members of the Cladonia chlorophaea complex. From a detailed examination of morphological and chemical attributes, the ‘species’ present are identified as Cladonia chlorophaea s. str., C. fimbriata, C. humilis, C. merochlorophaea, C. cryptochlorophaea and C. merochlorophaea var. novochlorophaea. Cladonia fimbriata and C. chlorophaea are dominant on the younger, more seaward ridges, whilst C. merochlorophaea becomes important on the older ridges. Cladonia humilis is confined to sandy substrata.
A Comparison of Light, Fluorescence and Electron Microscopic Observations in Assessing the SO2 Injury of Lichens Under Different Moisture Conditions
Authors: Holopainen T. , Kauppi M.
Published: May 2007

Three lichen species, Hypogymnia physodes, Bryoria capillaris and Peltigera canina were fumigated with 215 μig m−3 of SO2 (6 h per day, 5 days per week) in exposure chambers under three different moisture conditions. The treatments were (1) low humidity (40–50° r.h. continuously), (2) high humidity (80–90° r.h. continuously) and (3) high humidity + water (80–90° r.h. + daily moistening). The value of light microscopy, fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy in assessing the SO, injury in the lichens was compared. The three lichen species studied were all damaged by this level of SO, fumigation, and injury increased with increased duration of exposure. Electron microscopy was the most sensitive method of revealing cellular injuries after 5 days of exposure in all the species studied. Fluorescence microscopy revealed changes in the colour and intensity of fluorescence after 10 days of exposure in the two epiphytic species, but no clear changes in the cyanobacterial cells of P. canina could be detected by this method. Light microscopy revealed plasmolysis of the algal cells in the two epiphytic species after 10–15 days of fumigation. All the species studied were clearly more sensitive to SO2 when cultured in air of high humidity, although slight cellular injuries also occurred in the dry air treatment (40–50° r.h.). Additional daily moistening tended to protect against injury in the lichens cultured at high humidity. In the present continuous flow fumigation chamber P. canina proved to be sensitive to SO2 in regard to ultrastructural injuries that could be observed in both the cyanobacterial and fungal cells.
Chemical Variation and Geographical Distribution of Asahinea Chrysantha (Tuck.) Culb. & C.Culb.
Authors: Randlane T. , Saag A.
Published: May 2007

Sixty-two samples of Asahinea chrysantha from different localities in the Soviet Union were analysed by TLC. Three different chemotypes are recognised, each with a different geographical distribution. The most restricted of the three is an usnic acid deficient chemotype (I), with atranorin, alectoronic and α-collatolic acids, which is chemically the same as A. scholanderi and A. kurodakensis. Chemotype II contains usnic acid in addition to the basic chemistry, and chemotype III is α-collatolic acid deficient and has the widest geographical range. A centre of speciation of Asahinea in Soviet Primorje or Japan is proposed.
Reproductive Modes of Lichens in Stressful Environments in Central Ellesmere Island, Canadian High Arctic
Authors: Fahselt Dianne , Maycock Paul , Wong Pak Yau
Published: May 2007

Lichens of the most highly stressful habitats in Sverdrup Pass, Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories, Canada, were examined for reproductive structures, as were lichens of less extreme sites within the same landform features. The study areas included twenty-two stands in a calcareous erosional mountain system and two microhabitats within the ablation zone of a valley glacier. In the most limited stands in the erosional mountains 83% of the lichens were apotheciate species and 93% of these were represented by specimens bearing apothecia. On stressful rock surfaces in the glacier fellfield most species also produced sexual fruiting bodies.
Waynea, A New Lichen Genus in the Bacidiaceae From California
Authors: Moberg R.
Published: May 2007

The monotypic lichen genus Waynea gen. nov. in the family Bacidiaceae is described with the new species W. californica sp. nov. as type. It is known only from a few localities in California.
The Genus Pertusaria in Tasmanian Rainforests
Authors: Kantvilas Gintaras
Published: May 2007

The genus Pertusaria is a conspicuous component of the Tasmanian rainforest lichen flora and is represented by five species: P. gibberosa Müll.Arg., P. gymnospora sp. nov., P. jamesii sp. nov., P. novaezelandiae Szatala and P. truncata Krempelh. Pertusaria nothofagi Zahlbr. is added to the synonymy of P. truncata. Descriptive, ecological and distributional data for each species are provided.
Thelidium Pluvium (Verrucariaceae), a New Lichenized Species From North-West Europe
Authors: Orange A.
Published: May 2007

Thelidium pluvium sp. nov. is newly described from rocks in streams in Great Britain, Ireland and Norway. It is characterized by perithecia which are partly covered by a thalline layer, a thin involucrellum, and 1-septate spores. A provisional key is given to species of Thelidium in north-west Europe.
Thallus Morphology and Apothecial Development in Omphalodium Pisacomense and Omphalora Arizonica (Parmeliaceae)
Authors: Henssen Aino
Published: May 2007

In Omphalodium pisacomense and Omphalora arizonica the umbilicate thallus is limited on both sides by strongly gelatinized, prosoplectenchymatous cortices. Pseudocyphellae are formed abundantly on the top of tubercles and ridges; the tuberculate pseudocyphellae are predominantly confined to the upper surface in Omphalodium pisacomense and to the lower surface in Omphalora arizonica. Studies of the ascocarp ontogeny demonstrated the affiliation of Omphalodium and Omphalora to Parmeliaceae s. lat. In both genera, pycnidia and apothecia arise in the upper cortex, being differentiated entirely by cortical hyphae. The parmelioid development of the apothecia differs in the two genera. In Omphalodium pisacomensethe apothecium is incompletely zeorine, since the upper margin of the exciple remains covered by the thalline cortex, while in Omphalora arizonica the upper margin of the exciple protrudes and develops gradually, together with the thalline stalk, into a pedicel for the hymenium. The differences in developmental morphology support the view that Omphalodium and Omphalora should be treated as separate genera. The peculiarities of the parmelioid ontogeny and its implication in the evolution of lichens are discussed.
Three-dimensional quantitative description of symbiont ultrastructure within the algal layer oftwo members of the lichen family Umbilicariaceae
Authors: Valladares F. , Ascaso C.
Published: May 2007

The ultrastructure of the symbionts within the algal layer of Lasallia hispamca and Umbilicaria spodochroa has been investigated by applying stereological techniques to quantify cellular organelles and structures. The stereological parameters calculated were volume density (Vv) and surface density (Sv). To obtain these parameters for each cellular structure, a systematic sampling of photographic fields of the algal layer for each sample was utilized.Significant differences between the two lichen species with respect to both symbionts were observed. The cellular structures of the photobiont that differed the most between the two lichen species were the chloroplast, which differed by 15°0, in the Vv values and 25°0, in the Sv values, the pyrenoid (as a whole and in the diameter of pyrenoglobuli) and the mitochondria. With respect to the mycobiont, the vacuolar apparatus was of great importance in characterizing the two species, as was to a lesser extent the protoplast volume occupied by concentric bodies.
Gyalideopsis Cochlearifer, a New Pantropical, Commensalistic Species Foliicolous Gomphillaceae.
Authors: Lücking Robert , Sérusiaux Emmanuël
Published: May 2007

Gyalideopsis cochleriferLücking & Sérus. sp. nov. is a new, pantropical, commensalistic species restricted to foliicolous representatives of certain genera in theGomphillaceae. It produces black spathulate hyphophores and small black apothecia.
A New Belonia From New Zealand and a Second Record of B. Mediterranea.
Authors: Coppins Brain J. , Malcolm William M.
Published: May 2007

Belonia pellucidasp. nov. is described from coastal scrubland in North Island, New Zealand. This is the third report of the genusBelonia(Gyalectales) from the Southern Hemisphere.Belonia mediterraneais reported for the second time, from Mallorca.
Effects of aerosols on precipitation from orographic clouds
Authors: Lynn Barry , Khain Alexander , Rosenfeld Daniel , Woodley William L.
Published: May 2007

Spectral (bin) microphysics was coupled to the Weather Research Forecast model to investigate the effect of aerosols (i.e., air pollution) on precipitation in the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Two‐dimensional simulations were produced using either maritime (“clean‐air”) or continental (“dirty‐air”) aerosols. The simulation with clean air produced more precipitation on the upwind mountain slope than the simulation with continental aerosols. After 3 hours of simulation time, the simulation with maritime aerosols produced about 30% more precipitation over the length of the mountain slope than the simulation with continental aerosols. Sensitivity tests demonstrated the importance of relative humidity and vertical velocity on cloud microphysical structure and precipitation amount. Greater differences in precipitation amounts between simulations with clean and dirty air were obtained when ice microphysical processes were included in the model simulations.