bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Attraction of forest cockchafer Melolontha hippocastani to (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol and 1,4‐benzoquinone: application aspects
Authors: Ruther Joachim , Hilker Monika
Published: December 2004

Abstract The application aspects of chemicals which attract the forest cockchafer, Melolontha hippocastani F., were investigated in field and laboratory experiments. Previous studies have shown that males of M. hippocastani are attracted by a synthetic mixture of green leaf volatiles (GLV) and the sex pheromone 1,4‐benzoquinone (BQ), that synergistically enhances the male response to GLV. In the present study, we demonstrated that BQ also synergised the male response to one single component of the GLV mixture, the leaf alcohol (Z)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol (Z‐3‐ol). BQ enhanced the attractiveness of Z‐3‐ol at doses between 0.05 and 5 mg per trap, reaching a maximum at 5 × 10−1 mg day−1. The addition of an insecticide (cyhalothrin) to traps baited with BQ and Z‐3‐ol did not affect the lures’ attractiveness. However, when a conidiospore formulation of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria brongniartii (Saccardo) Petch was added, the attractiveness of baited traps was significantly reduced.

Furthermore, two types of dispensers baited with a solution of BQ in Z‐3‐ol at 20 mg ml−1 were tested over the entire 4‐week flight season. Both a membrane dispenser and a dispenser based on a porous polyethylene (PPE) absorbent disk attracted more males than controls over the entire 4 weeks. The membrane dispenser attracted as many males each week as a reference formulation that was renewed daily. Furthermore, the membrane dispenser attracted more males than the PPE dispenser in weeks 2–4, although laboratory experiments showed that the latter released even higher or at least equal amounts of the joined lure over the entire 4 weeks. However, estimation of the BQ/Z‐3‐ol ratios of the released material by solid phase microextraction (SPME) and coupled gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) revealed that the membrane dispenser released a higher proportion of BQ than the PPE dispenser in weeks 2–4. Therefore, a higher BQ/Z‐3‐ol ratio might be responsible for the advantage of the membrane dispenser in the field.
A second case of genetic host races in Rhagoletis? A population genetic comparison of sympatric host populations in the European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi
Authors: Schwarz Dietmar , McPheron Bruce A. , Hartl Günther B. , Boller Ernst F. , Hoffmeister Thomas S.
Published: December 2004

Despite an increasing acceptance in the biological community for sympatric speciation as a mode of species formation, well documented examples of sympatrically evolved ‘incipient species’ remain rare. The sympatric host races of apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), represent one of the most prominent case studies for sympatric speciation via a host shift. The European cherry fruit fly, R. cerasi (L.), shows strong ecological similarities to R. pomonella: (1) infestation of two different host plants, Lonicera xylosteum L. and Prunus avium L., and (2) divergent phenological and behavioral adaptations of flies on different hosts. The population genetic study presented here addresses whether the host associated populations of R. cerasi also represent genetically differentiated true host races. Out of a total of 29 allozyme loci examined, six were polymorphic and used to analyze six sympatric pairs of R. cerasi populations on Lonicera and Prunus from Switzerland and Germany. A direct comparison of allele frequencies between sympatric sites showed no pattern indicative of host races in R. cerasi. However, the hierarchical F‐statistic for one locus, mannose 6‐phosphate isomerase (Mpi), showed significant population differentiation that was in accordance with host race differentiation. Mpi is one of several loci that are also diagnostic for host race differentiation in R. pomonella. Results from Mpi suggest the formation of sympatric host races in R. cerasi, but additional polymorphic markers are necessary.
Two Anthocoris bugs as predators of glasshouse aphids – voracity and prey preference
Authors: Meyling Nicolai Vitt , Enkegaard Annie , Brødsgaard Henrik
Published: December 2004

Voracity and prey preference were evaluated for adult females of the predatory bugs Anthocoris nemorum (L.) and Anthocoris nemoralis (Fabricius) (Heteroptera: Anthocoridae) preying upon five species of aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae), of which Myzus persicae Sulzer, Aulacorthum solani (Kaltenbach), Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas), and Aphis gossypii Glover are common pests in Danish glasshouse crops. Aphis fabae Scopoli was included to determine the influence of food quality on the preference of the predators, since A. fabae has proved to be of poor nutritional value to Anthocoris spp. The experiments were carried out over 24 h in climate cabinets at 20 °C, 60–70% r.h., L18:D6. The aphids were offered in equal amounts in combinations of two species in instars of comparable size. Myzus persicae served as a reference species in all combinations. Both predators accepted all five species of aphids as prey. The numbers of aphids killed per 24 h period varied between 3.7 and 18.0 for A. nemorum and between 3.6 and 12.7 for A. nemoralis. Field collected A. nemorum females, presumably in a state of reproductive diapause, killed in three of four prey combinations significantly more aphids than did ovipositing A. nemoralis females which originated from a commercial rearing. When A. nemorum females had terminated their reproductive diapause and commenced oviposition, voracity increased approximately threefold. When prey preferences were evaluated as a total number of killed prey, no difference in preference was found between the two Anthocoris species. Both predatory bugs preferred M. persicae to the other species, the most accepted alternative prey were A. gossypii, A. fabae, A. solani, and M. euphorbiae, in descending order. However, evaluating preference by number of aphids consumed, A. nemoralis showed a more pronounced preference for M. persicae, especially when combined with A. fabae. In nearly every case, A. nemoralis rejected A. fabae as a food item after killing the aphid. Thus, A. nemoralis exhibited a more specific food choice than A. nemorum. By killing and consuming different aphid species found in glasshouse crops – particularly M. persicae– both A. nemorum and A. nemoralis showed preliminary qualities as agents for the biological control of aphids.
A test for interaction between brown trout (Salmo trutta) and inanga (Galaxias maculatus) in an artificial stream
Authors: Glova G. J.
Published: December 2004

Abstract –  The interaction between brown trout (Salmo trutta; fork length (FL) range 255–390 mm) and inanga (Galaxias maculatus; FL range 55–115 mm) was tested during summer through autumn in an artificial stream consisting of a single run‐riffle‐pool sequence with a natural food supply. Each experimental trial lasted for 15 days, and consisted of two brown trout and 50 inanga collected fresh from a nearby stream, with each species given prior residence in four replicate tests, totalling eight trials in all. In addition, two control trials (each 10 days), with 50 inanga in each, were run. Brown trout almost exclusively occupied the pool, whereas inanga occupied all habitat types, although in different proportions, when tested with and without brown trout. The proportion of inanga in the pool was appreciably lower in the experimental trials with brown trout than in the control trials with no brown trout; prior residence had no significant effect on inanga habitat use. Mortality of inanga attributable to predation by brown trout ranged from 0 to 40% with a mean of 14.5 ± 4.7%. The results suggest that habitat use and survival of inanga populations in small streams can be adversely affected by brown trout.
Development and assessment of habitat suitability criteria for adult brown trout in southern New England rivers
Authors: Strakosh T. R. , Neumann R. M. , Jacobson R. A.
Published: December 2004

Abstract –  Habitat suitability criteria (HSC) for depth, mean velocity, nose velocity, substrate, embeddedness, and cover were developed for brown trout ≥170 mm (Salmo trutta Linnaeus) on the West Branch Farmington River, CT, USA. Microhabitat data was collected by underwater observation using an equal effort habitat sampling design; HSC were constructed using nonparametric tolerance limits. Transferability of previously published HSC to the West Branch Farmington River was poor; only 1 of 13 HSC tested was considered transferable. The HSC developed for the West Branch Farmington River were tested for transferability to the East Branch Westfield River, Massachusetts. First, a composite suitability index (SI) score was calculated using the source HSC for each occupied and unoccupied location in the Westfield River. Then, χ2‐tests were used to determine if optimal or suitable locations were occupied in greater proportion than usable or unsuitable locations. Composite SI scores based on total depth, mean velocity, and cover were not transferable, but composite SI scores based only on total depth and mean velocity were. A multivariate profile analysis was also used to test for transferability. In each test, only total depth, fish depth, and mean velocity HSC were successfully transferred. Transferability of depth and velocity HSC between rivers shows promise for applications to similar systems where brown trout occur.
Impaired skin barrier and atopic diathesis in perioral dermatitis
Authors: Dirschka Thomas , Szliska Christiane , Jackowski Jochen , Tronnier Hagen
Published: December 2004

Background: Perioral dermatitis (PD) is a common dermatological disease whose aetiology and pathogenesis remain speculative. We investigated skin barrier function and various markers of the atopic diathesis to elucidate their impact on the development of perioral dermatitis.

Patients and methods: Forty patients (24 to 69 years of age) with PD were evaluated. Transepidermal water loss was measured in three regions of the face (lateral chin, perinasal cheek and side of the nose) and the patients were assessed for clinical criteria for atopy. Prick tests were performed, and specific IgE against a mixture of aeroallergens (CAP SX1) was measured. The control group consisted of 62 individuals (20 to 68 years of age) without a history of PD or active disease.

Results: Transepidermal water loss was significantly increased (P < 0.001) on all regions of the face in the patient over the control group. Significantly (P < 0.001) higher values were also found for the patient group regarding history (52.5 % vs. 17.7 %) and clinical signs of atopic diathesis (≥ 4 features: 72.5 % vs. 0 %), prick test reactivity (≥ 2 reactive prick tests: 60 % vs. 12.9 %), and specific IgE against aeroallergens (CAP SX1 classes ≥ 2: 60.0 % vs. 17.7 %).

Conclusions: Our findings emphasize the relevance of impaired skin barrier function as a pathogenic factor in the causation of perioral dermatitis. The susceptibility of atopic skin to irritants increases as soon as the skin becomes eczematous. Therefore, we propose that atopic diathesis serves as an intensifier, supporting development and continued presence of perioral dermatitis after nonspecific irritant mechanisms have induced impaired skin barrier function.
Therapeutischer Einsatz der Tumor‐Nekrose‐Faktor‐α‐Hemmer Infliximab und Etanercept bei entzündlichen Hauterkrankungen
Authors: Jacobi Arnd , Manger* Bernhard , Schuler Gerold , Hertl Michael
Published: December 2004

Hintergrund: Die Behandlung entzündlicher Hauterkrankungen ist häufig empirisch, da kausale Therapiemaßnahmen aufgrund unvollständiger Kenntnisse der Immunpathogenese meist nicht vorliegen. Die derzeit durchgeführten Therapien können zwar zur Remission der Erkrankung führen, allerdings müssen unter Umständen unerwünschte Nebenwirkungen in Kauf genommen werden. Aufbauend auf den Erfahrungen einer zytokinmodulierenden Therapie bei chronisch entzündlichen Erkrankungen wie der rheumatoiden Arthritis, könnte der Einsatz von TNF‐α‐Inhibitoren eine weitere, spezifischere und effektivere Behandlungsmöglichkeit einzelner entzündlicher Hauterkrankungen darstellen.

Patienten und Methodik: Anhand eigener Erfahrungen und aktueller Literaturberichte stellen wir den derzeitigen Stand des neuen Behandlungsregimes von entzündlichen Hauterkrankungen mit TNF‐α‐Blockern dar. Neben pathogenetischen Wirkmechanismen wird auf die Erfahrungen bei der Anwendung der TNF‐α‐Inhibitoren eingegangen. Außerdem wird auf unerwünschte Begleitwirkungen und mögliche Kontraindikationen dieser Therapie hingewiesen.

Ergebnisse und Schlußfolgerungen: Die bisherigen Erfolge zeigen, daß TNF‐α‐blockierende Substanzen bei entzündlichen Hauterkrankungen, insbesondere im Sinne der akuten Interventionstherapie, eine Bereicherung im Therapiespektrum darstellen können. Einheitliche Richtlinien über Indikationen und Kontraindikationen einer anti‐TNF‐α‐Therapie (Infliximab und Etanercept) bei entzündlichen Hauterkrankungen müssen erst erarbeitet werden, um die Therapie zu optimieren und die unerwünschten Begleitwirkungen gering zu halten.
Some Further Results on the Bénard Problem
Authors: Reid W. H. , Harris D. L.
Published: December 2004

The exact solution of the sixth-order differential equation which governs the stability of a viscous fluid contained between two rigid walls and heated from below is briefly reviewed and extended to include detailed results on the curve of neutral stability and the cell pattern at the onset of instability. Two approximate methods of solution are then discussed which employ a Fourier or Fourier-type expansion and which require the solution of only a fourth- or a second-order differential equation. A comparison of these approximate results with the exact solution gives some insight into the relative accuracy of these methods when applied to other more general problems for which an exact solution cannot be obtained.
On the Decay of Homogeneous Turbulence before the Final Period
Authors: Deissler Robert G.
Published: December 2004

A three-point correlation equation is used to obtain a relation for the triple correlations applicable at times before the final period. In this case the equation is made determinate by neglecting the quadruple correlations. Higher order approximations, valid at still earlier times, could be obtained by considering four- or five-point correlation equations. In each case the set of equations is made determinate by neglecting the highest order correlation. Only two- and three-point correlation equations are considered here. The correlation equations are converted to spectral form by taking their Fourier transforms. Expressions are obtained for the energy transfer function, which describes the transfer of energy from large to small eddies, and for the energy spectrum function which gives the contributions of the various eddy sizes to the total energy. By integrating the energy spectrum over all wave numbers (or eddy sizes), the following energy decay law is obtained: u2¯=A(t−t0)−5/2+B(t−t0)−7,where u2¯ is the mean square of the velocity fluctuation, t is the time, and A, B, and t0 are constants determined by the initial conditions. For large times the last term becomes negligible leaving the well-known −5/2 power decay law for the final period. Comparison of the decay law with experimental data indicates good agreement for times considerably before, as well as during, the final period.
Nodal Expansions. Distribution Functions, Potentials of Average Force, and the Kirkwood Superposition Approximation
Authors: Meeron Emmanuel
Published: December 2004

The customary density power series expansions of potentials of average force and distribution functions are converted into a new class of expansions, defined in terms of topological nodes. The physical meaning of the terms in the new expansions is discussed, and arguments are presented to show that the new expansions can be expected to converge considerably more rapidly than the customary density expansions. The probable occurrence of phase transitions is discussed. Possible further developments are suggested. The Kirkwood superposition approximation is shown to be valid for a large number of terms in the expansions of potentials of average force and distribution functions. The customary comparison of the exact value of the third virial coefficient with that obtained via the Kirkwood superposition approximation is shown to provide no proof of the validity or invalidity of the latter.
Equilibrium of a Magnetically Confined Plasma in a Toroid
Authors: Kruskal M. D. , Kulsrud R. M.
Published: December 2004

A variety of properties are derived satisfied by any static equilibrium of a plasma governed by the well-known magnetostatic equations. Some of these are local and quite trivial. Others involve integrals over surfaces of constant pressure, which are shown to be topologically toroidal under fairly general assumptions.

A variational principle for such equilibria is derived. One of its consequences is to provide a characterization of equilibria by their values of certain invariants.

Finally, conditions are obtained additional to the magnetostatic equations appropriate to the steady state of a plasma slowly diffusing across a magnetic field out of a topologically toroidal region.
On the Stability of Plasma in Static Equilibrium
Authors: Kruskal M. D. , Oberman C. R.
Published: December 2004

Criteria useful for the investigation of the stability of a system of charged particles are derived from the Boltzmann equation in the small m/e limit. These criteria are obtained from the examination of the variation of the energy due to a perturbation, when subject to the general constraint that all regular, time-independent constants of the motion (including the energy) have their equilibrium values.

The first-order variation of the energy vanishes trivially, and the second-order variation yields a quadratic form in the displacement variable ξ (which may be introduced because of the well-known properties of this limit). The positive-definiteness of this form is a sufficient condition for stability.

Several theorems are stated comparing stability under the present theory with that under conventional hydromagnetic fluid theories where heat flow along magnetic lines of force is neglected. Generalizations can be made to systems where the effect of collisions is included.
Heating of a Confined Plasma by Oscillating Electromagnetic Fields
Authors: Berger J. M. , Newcomb W. A. , Dawson J. M. , Frieman E. A. , Kulsrud R. M. , Lenard A.
Published: December 2004

There are two ways of heating a plasma confined by a strong axial magnetic field. In the first of these the electric field is parallel to the magnetic field, the situation that obtains in ohmic heating. In the second of these, the electric field is perpendicular to the main axial magnetic field. In this paper we consider the second case only and consider the electric field to be produced by an externally imposed oscillation of the axial field. This method of heating is often called magnetic pumping.

It is found that as far as the heating of the plasma is concerned, there are four characteristic times which play a fundamental role. These four times are: (1) the collision time, (2) the period of the oscillating field, (3) the time of transit of a typical ion through the heating region, and (4) the cyclotron period of an ion. If these four characteristic times are all of comparable order, the theoretical analysis is exceedingly complex. Therefore, four cases were considered in which these were taken to be of different orders. The heating mechanism differs in each of these four cases since the period of the externally produced electric field is chosen to be comparable to one of the characteristic times in the analysis. In each of the four cases configurations were found which led theoretically, at least, to efficient heating of the plasma.

In those cases where the energy imparted to the plasma appears in the form of wave motion, the subsequent damping of these waves is discussed.
Relaxation Time for Reactions behind Shock Waves and Shock Wave Profiles
Authors: Duff Russell E.
Published: December 2004

An expression is developed for the relaxation time for the approach to equilibrium for the dissociation of a diatomic gas behind a shock wave. This expression shows the importance of the variation of temperature behind a shock on the rate of approach to equilibrium. Numerical calculations of the shock wave profile in 02 for two different dissociation mechanisms show that the relaxation time analysis is only appropriate for the description of the dissociation within a few percent of equilibrium. The calculations also show that ozone is not an effective intermediate for the shock dissociation of 02 and that it is impossible to define a relaxation time for the over-all dissociation process which is inversely proportional to pressure or density.
Precision Flash X-Ray Determination of Density Ratio in Gaseous Detonations
Authors: Duff Russell E. , Knight Herbert T. , Rink John P.
Published: December 2004

An x-ray densitometer has been used to measure the density ratio across a detonation wave in a number of different gaseous mixtures involving C2H2, C2N2, or H2 with O2 and Kr. In a 3-in. i.d. tube at an initial pressure of 60 cm the density ratios observed were between 1.64 and 1.67. Investigations of the influence on density ratio of tube diameter at constant initial pressure and of initial pressure at constant tube diameter both indicate an extrapolated infinite diameter density ratio of 1.70 for a 0.3 C2H2 + 0.3 O2 + 0.4 Kr mixture. This result is significantly lower than the ratio 1.79 which corresponds to the tangent point on the equilibrium Hugoniot from the initial state. At the present time these observations cannot adequately be explained by detonation theory.
Transition from Slow Burning to Detonation in Gaseous Explosives
Authors: Martin Frederick J.
Published: December 2004

High-speed photographic observations have been made of flame structure, flame velocity, and shock velocity during the transition from slow burning to detonation in acetylene-oxygen mixtures contained in glass pipe at reduced pressures. During intermediate stages the dome-shaped flame travels down the tube at about 800 m/sec and is preceded by a shock wave traveling slightly faster. During the final stages of formation of the detonation wave, the flame changes shape, accelerates, and advances along the walls in an asymmetric manner. The detonation first appears at, or slightly behind, the leading edge of the flame. The final flame acceleration occurs when the Reynolds number of the mass flow between the flame and the preceding shock, based upon the distance traveled by a mass element in the time interval between passage of the shock and the flame through it, is about 107. Under these conditions the development of turbulent regions in the boundary-layer flow ahead of flame appears likely. Changes in flame configuration which result in the final acceleration and the formation of the detonation wave then arise from the faster flame propagation into these turbulent areas than into the free-stream region.
Hydromagnetic Instability in a Stellarator
Authors: Kruskal M. D. , Johnson J. L. , Gottlieb M. B. , Goldman L. M.
Published: December 2004

When there is a uniform externally imposed longitudinal magnetic field much larger than the field of a discharge current in a cylindrical plasma, one should expect instabilities in the form of a lateral displacement of the plasma column into a helix of large pitch. This problem is examined under the conditions which might occur in the stellarator during ohmic heating. It is shown that the presence of external conductors is unimportant. When effects of the finite length of the machine are considered, a critical current is obtained below which the system is stable to this displacement. Consideration of current distributions other than uniform shows that instabilities which vary as ei(mθ+kz) can occur for values of m greater than one, so that instabilities can be found for any finite length machine. Experimental results are in agreement with the theory for the m = 1 mode. There is no experimental indication of the higher m modes, for which several possible explanations are suggested.
``Runaway'' Electrons and Cooperative Phenomena in B-1 Stellarator Discharges
Authors: Bernstein W. , Chen F. F. , Heald M. A. , Kranz A. Z.
Published: December 2004

Examination of the temporal distribution, relative intensity, and maximum energy of x-rays above 30 kev emanating from the B-1 stellarator during a pulsed discharge has revealed a number of interesting phenomena. The x-rays are assumed to be produced by ``runaway'' electrons when they strike the wall. Spuriously large pulse heights have been observed. The x-rays abruptly appear early in the discharge, before the Kruskal instability can occur. Depending on the operating conditions, x-rays can be observed at any time during the discharge except when the current is at the Kruskal limiting value. If the longitudinal electric field used for ohmic heating is ``crowbarred,'' x-rays can appear afterwards in copious quantities; furthermore, the discharge current can decay in abrupt steps correlated in time with bursts of x-rays. The hypothesis that the current in these steps is due entirely to runaway electrons is consistent with the data. These observations are taken to be evidence for the existence of cooperative phenomena, or collective motions which can affect both the confinement and the heating of a plasma. In addition, intense nonthermal microwave noise has been detected at times correlated with x-ray emission.
Space-Time Correlations in Stationary Isotropic Turbulence
Authors: Münch G. , Wheelon Albert D.
Published: December 2004

The correlation between Fourier velocity components at the same wave number k and two instants separated by a time τ is investigated for a homogeneous, isotropic, and stationary turbulent field. Ensemble averages of four velocity components are related to second-order averages as in a normal distribution. A power series in τ for the time-displaced kinetic energy spectrum E(k, τ) is derived and the coefficient of τ2 evaluated explicitly using the Heisenberg spectrum for τ = 0. The asymptotic behavior of this term for an infinite Reynolds number R shows that the relaxation time associated with eddies of wave number k varies as k−1. These results were verified by numerical integrations for finite large R. The resulting discrepancy with the dimensional result τkαk−2/3 is ascribed to the nonuniversality of the method of analysis followed. A general integrodifferential equation for E(k, τ) is then derived and shown to admit solutions in similarity variables of the form ξ = k τ1/β. The case β = 2/3 corresponds to the Kolmogoroff spectral law. Recent objections to the quasi-normal approximation are criticized briefly in an appendix.
Inverse Pinch Effect
Authors: Anderson O. A. , Furth H. P. , Stone J. M. , Wright R. E.
Published: December 2004

In the conventional pinch effect an ionized gas is enclosed by a conducting cylinder, and a sufficiently large current passing through the gas and returning along the inner wall of the cylinder produces a magnetic field which compresses the gas into an axial filament. A device is described which produces an inverse pinch effect. Here the above conducting cylinder is replaced by an axial rod surrounded by the ionized gas. When a current passes through the gas and returns along the rod the magnetic field pushes the plasma outward, leaving a cylindrical vacuum region behind. The velocity and thickness of the expanding plasma front have been studied optically and by means of magnetic probes. Except at the highest gas densities, the velocity is in good agreement with the ``snow plow'' theory of Rosenbluth, and the thickness of the front is reasonably consistent with the ``snow plow'' model. At the higher densities it appears that diffusion of magnetic field into the plasma is significant. The advantages of the inverse pinch effect in studying plasma behavior and the idea of a magnetically stabilized inverse pinch are discussed.
A Detonation-Product Equation of State Obtained from Hydrodynamic Data
Authors: Fickett W. , Wood W. W.
Published: December 2004

A recent experimental measurement of the Chapman-Jouguet isentrope of the solid explosive Composition B, together with the experimental detonation velocity vs initial density curve, give considerable information about the equation of state of the detonation products. With the aid of some thermodynamic assumptions, a simple explicit form is obtained for the energy as a function of pressure and volume.
Automatic Rayleigh scattering mapping system for optical quality evaluation of test masses for gravity wave detectors
Authors: Yan Zewu , Zhao Chunnong , Ju Li , Gras Slawomir , Baringa Pablo , Blair David G.
Published: December 2004

This article describes an automatic Rayleigh scattering mapping system (ARSMS), which enables quantitative high-resolution three-dimensional mapping of inhomogeneities in optical materials. The ARSMS allows large high-grade test mass samples for gravitational wave detectors to be evaluated to ensure that an adequate low level of scattering is achieved. The ARSMS combines proprietary camera software with data analysis software and control software to achieve fully automatic operation with graphical user interfaces. This article presents the instrument concept and examples of the output. Device mapping in all degrees of freedom is shown to be better than 0.5mm, with scattering sensitivity better than 0.5ppm∕cm. This system is able to scan and map the Rayleigh scattering of large samples in both of cylindrical and rectangular samples using cylindrical and Cartesian coordinates.
Experimental station to study the interaction of intense femtosecond vacuum ultraviolet pulses with matter at TTF1 free electron laser
Authors: Sobierajski R. , Krzywinski J. , Andrejczuk A. , Hahn U. , Treusch R. , Jurek M. , Klinger D. , Nietubyć R. , Pełka J. B. , Reniewicz H. , Sikora M. , Sobala W.
Published: December 2004

An experimental station to study the interaction of intense femtosecond vacuum ultraviolet pulses generated by the TTF1 free electron laser (FEL) (DESY, Germany) with solids was developed. The vacuum chamber, the sample holder and the detectors had been designed to fulfill strong constraints caused both by the unique properties of the interacting radiation and by TTF1 FEL innovative design. The applied mounting system allowed one to move and rotate the samples precisely with 4degrees of freedom and to heat them up to the maximal temperature of 1000K. In order to accomplish the in situ growth of thin metallic layers on the sample surfaces, evaporation cells had been installed in the vacuum chamber. A time-of-flight apparatus capable of recording both electrons and ions excited on the solid surfaces by the laser pulses had been included in the chamber design. A pulse energy monitor had been placed in the laser beam outside the experimental chamber. A second energy detector had been mounted inside the chamber on a rotational arm, permitting the angular resolved reflectivity measurements. The detectors placed in the chamber enabled a real-time study both of the ionized damage products and the reflected light from the interaction place on the sample surfaces. The measurements were made with respect to the primary beam incident angle and energy. Examples of the experimental results as well as an off-line analysis are presented. The usability of constructed experimental system to study of the interaction of intense, femtosecond pulses with solid matter is demonstrated.
Application of W–Re thermocouples for in situ ultrahigh vacuum use over a wide temperature range
Authors: Pappas D. P. , Arnold C. S.
Published: December 2004

A system for in situ temperature measurements in ultrahigh vacuum is described. The system is based on a W–Re thermocouple and has a temperature range from −200°Cto2000°C. Another benefit of the system is that it allows for temperature measurements while the sample is held at high voltage for heating via electron-beam bombardment.
Coagulation of monodisperse aerosol particles by isotropic turbulence
Authors: Chun J. , Koch D. L.
Published: December 2004

The rate of coagulation of initially monodisperse aerosols due to isotropic turbulence is studied with particular emphasis on the effects of noncontinuum hydrodynamics and particle inertia. The prevalence of these two factors distinguishes aerosol coagulation from the coagulation of colloidal particles. The turbulent flow seen by an interacting pair of particles is modelled as a stochastically varying flow field that is a linear function of position. This approximation is valid because the 1–10 micron diameter particles for which turbulence dominates coagulation are much smaller than the smallest eddies of a typical turbulent flow field. It is shown that the finite mean-free path of the gas enhances the rate of coagulation and leads to a finite coagulation rate even in the absence of van der Waals attractions. The coupled effects of turbulent shear and Brownian motion are treated. As in the case of laminar shear flows, it is found that Brownian motion plays an important role in the coagulation process even when the Peclet number is moderately large. It is shown that particle inertia increases the coagulation rate in two ways. First, preferential concentration increases the radial distribution function on length scales intermediate between the Kolmogorov length scale and the particle diameter. Second, the greater persistence of particles’ relative motion during their local interaction leads to an increase in coagulation rate with increasing particle Stokes number.
Resonance between continuous spectra: Secular behavior of Alfvén waves in a flowing plasma
Authors: Hirota M. , Tatsuno T. , Yoshida Z.
Published: December 2004

Conventional normal mode analysis often falls short in predicting a variety of transient phenomena in a non-self-adjoint (non-Hermitian) system. Laplace transform is capable of capturing all possible behavior in general systems. However, degenerate essential spectra require careful analysis. The Alfvén wave in a flowing plasma is an example in which the coalescence of the Alfvén singularities yields nonexponential growth of fluctuations. Invoking hyperfunction theory, rigorous expression of the Laplace transform leads to an accurate estimate of the asymptotic behavior of resonant singular modes.
In situ characterization technique for nanotribological investigations
Authors: Deladi S. , Berenschot J. W. , Krijnen G. J. M. , De Boer M. J. , Tas N. R. , Elwenspoek M. C.
Published: December 2004

An innovative technique has been developed to enable in situ monitoring of mechanical surface modification. The method is based on using a test surface and a sharp tip located on two different cantilevers; one for mechanical surface modification and the other for in situ detection of surface topography change. The device can be used in standard atomic force microscope, the image obtained during scanning contains information about a partly modified and a partly unmodified topography for each scanning line, thus quantification of surface topography modification (e.g., wear) or the change of different parameters (e.g., friction force) can be followed as it occurs. The characterization technique and typical results are presented.
Physical strength and its relation to leaf anatomical characteristics of nine forage grasses
Authors: Zhang Ji Min , Hongo Akio , Akimoto Masahiro
Published: December 2004

Nine species of forage grasses (five C3 species and four C4 species) were planted in a controlled-environment glasshouse. The C3 plants were Festuca arundinacea Schreb, Dactylis glomerata L., Phleum pratense L., Lolium perennel L. and Poa pratensis L.; the C4 plants were Chloris gayana Kunch., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Paspalum dilatatum Poir. and Sorghum halenpense (L.) Pers. The number of major vascular bundles and minor vascular bundles, cross-sectional area, the area and proportion of sclerenchyma in a cross-section, thickness of leaf blade, and tensile and shear strength were investigated in order to determine the relationship between physical strength and anatomical characteristics.
Physical strength and anatomical characteristics of leaf blades showed significant (P < 0.01) variation between species. Significant correlations were detected between tensile strength and cross-sectional area in forage grasses except Festuca arundinacea. Festuca arundinacea, Dactylis glomerata, Phleum pratense, Chloris gayana and Sorghum halenpense showed significant correlations of tensile strength with the number of major vascular bundles. Festuca arundinacea, Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perennel showed significant correlations of shear strength with cross-sectional area. Festuca arundinacea, Dactylis glomerata and Paspalum dilatatum showed significant correlations of shear strength with the number of major vascular bundles. The proportion of sclerenchyma in a cross-section showed poor correlations with tensile and shear strength. Thickness of leaf blade showed poor correlations with tensile and shear strength except in Dactylis glomerata. Physical strength and anatomical characteristics of leaf blades of the C3 group differed significantly (P < 0.01) when compared with the C4 group except for cross-sectional area. Tensile and shear strength showed significant correlations with cross-sectional area, sclerenchyma area and the number of vascular bundles when all nine species were treated as one group.
Comparative Studies of H+(C6H6)(H2O)1,2 and H+(C5H5N)(H2O)1,2 by DFT Calculations and IR Spectroscopy
Authors: Chaudhuri Chanchal , Wu Chih-Che , Jiang Jyh-Chiang , Chang Huan-Cheng
Published: December 2004

Protonated benzene–water and pyridine–water complexes have been investigated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The calculations performed at the B3LYP/6–31+G* level predict that there exist several stable isomers for H+(C6H6)(H2O)1,2 with two distinct ion cores, C6H7+ and H3O+. In contrast, only the C5H5NH+-centred form can be found for H+(C5H5N)(H2O)1,2, arising from the higher proton affinity of pyridine compared to that of benzene and water. Vibrational predissociation spectroscopic measurements of H+(C6H6)(H2O)2 and H+(C5H5N)(H2O)2 support the predictions.
A Quantum-Chemical Approach to Understanding Reversible Addition Fragmentation Chain-Transfer Polymerization
Authors: Coote Michelle L.
Published: December 2004

This article highlights some of the recent contributions that computational quantum chemistry has made to the understanding of the reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization process. These include recent studies of rate retardation in cumyl dithiobenzoate mediated polymerization of styrene and methyl acrylate and the xanthate mediated polymerization of vinyl acetate, and studies of the effects of substituents on the addition and fragmentation reactions in prototypical systems and polymer-related systems. The accuracy and applicability of theoretical procedures for studying free-radical polymerization are also discussed, and the methodology is evaluated using the homopropagation rate coefficient of methyl acrylate as a test case. The review concludes with a brief discussion of possible future developments in the field.
Mechanisms of Excimer Formation in Poly(acenaphthylene)
Authors: Chen Ming , Ghiggino Kenneth P. , Smith Trevor A. , Thang San H. , Wilson Gerard J.
Published: December 2004

Excimer (excited state dimer) formation mechanisms in solution have been investigated for a series of acenaphthyl-containing compounds comprising dimers, higher oligomers, and a poly(acenaphthylene) (PAcN) homopolymer. Excimer fluorescence is observed only for dimers with a threo-diisotactic arrangement of the acenaphthyl groups indicating that interactions between nearest-neighbour chromophores are able to play a role in excimer formation in PAcN. An increase in excimer emission is observed with increasing chain length and attributed to additional excimer formation and energy migration processes.
Fluctuations Relations for Nonequilibrium Systems
Authors: Searles Debra J. , Evans Denis J.
Published: December 2004

Fluctuation relations have been developed over the past decade, which describe the statistical fluctuations in time-averaged properties of many-particle, nonequilibrium systems such as fluids. The fluctuation theorems show how thermodynamic irreversibility emerges from the time-reversible dynamics of the constituent molecules, and are thus of fundamental importance. The relationships also make quantitative predictions on fluctuations in small systems that are monitored over short periods, and these have been verified numerically and experimentally. Fluctuation theorems are thus anticipated to play an important role in the design of nanotechnological devices and understanding of biological processes. These relationships and their importance are summarized.
Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging and Unsupervised Hierarchical Clustering Applied to Cervical Biopsies
Authors: Bambery Keith R. , Wood Bayden R. , Quinn Michael A. , McNaughton Don
Published: December 2004

FTIR images of cervical tissue from patient biopsies were processed with an unsupervised hierarchical clustering algorithm and compared with hematoxylin- and eosin-stained adjacent sections. Anatomical and potential histopathological features were clearly resolved in the resultant cluster maps. The mean extracted spectra assigned to each cluster indicate that the major spectral differences between the different cells in tissue predictably occur in the amide I region (1700–1570 cm−1) and the phosphodiester/glycogen region (1200–1000 cm−1). FTIR imaging in which a focal plane array mercury–cadmium–telluride detector and unsupervised hierarchical clustering is used shows potential as a rapid, non-subjective diagnostic tool in cervical pathology.
Structures of F - -(CH4)n and Cl - -(CH4)n (n = 1,2) Anion Clusters Elucidated through Ab Initio Calculations and Infrared Spectra
Authors: Loh Zoë M. , Wilson Rosemary L. , Wild Duncan A. , Bieske Evan J. , Gordon Mark S.
Published: December 2004

Ab initio calculations are performed at the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ level for F−-CH4 and Cl−-CH4, to show that the dimers have C3v symmetry with the CH4 sub-unit attached to the halide anion by a single hydrogen bond. This geometry is consistent with infrared spectra of F−-CH4 and Cl−-CH4 recorded in the CH-stretch region. The calculations also indicate substantial anharmonicity in the H-bonded CH stretch of F−-CH4. Infrared spectra of the F−-(CH4)2 and Cl−-(CH4)2 trimer clusters are consistent with structures that have two equivalent CH4 sub-units H-bonded to the halide core. Additional bands in the F−-(CH4)2 spectrum are assigned as transitions to CH4 bending overtone and combination levels, gaining infrared intensity from Fermi interaction with the H-bonded CH stretch.
NMR Studies of Nanoscale Organization and Dynamics in Polymer Electrolytes
Authors: Price William S. , Aihara Yuichi , Hayamizu Kikuko
Published: December 2004

Multinuclear (i.e., 7Li, 19F, and 1H) NMR relaxation and pulsed field gradient spin-echo (PGSE) NMR translational diffusion measurements have been used to study the reorientational and translational dynamics of the polymeric, anionic, and cationic species in a polymer electrolyte system composed of high-molecular-weight comb-branched polyethers and their precursor macromonomers of cross-linked random copolymers, with and without LiN(SO2CF3)2 (LiTFSI) doping. The macromonomers are derivatives of glycerol bonded to ethylene oxide-co-propylene oxide (m(EO-PO)) and are viscous liquids with a molecular weight of approximately 8000. The results were consistent with a picture of the lithium ions undergoing local motions near the polymer chains, whereas the anions diffuse through a slowly fluctuating three-dimensional porous polymer matrix. Four years later, the macromonomer electrolyte samples were re-measured to investigate the effects of long-term aging. The NMR data revealed that the electrolyte has undergone significant structural relaxation. The findings shed light on the evolving molecular architectures that influence conductivity and help to explain the non-ideal conductivity behaviour.
A revision of Cassinia (Asteraceae: Gnaphalieae) in Australia.2. Sections Complanatae and Venustae
Authors: Orchard A. E.
Published: December 2004

The species of Cassinia sect. Complanatae are keyed, described and illustrated and sect. Venustae is keyed and described. New taxa described are Cassina diminuta Orchard, C. hewsoniae Orchard, C. maritima Orchard, C. monticola Orchard, C. tegulata Orchard and C. theresae Orchard. Cassinia adunca is considered to be a hybrid between C. complanata and C. tegulata.
Shifting age structure of house mice during a population outbreak
Authors: Sutherland Duncan R. , Banks Peter B. , Jacob Jens , Singleton Grant
Published: December 2004

A technique to age wild house mice, Mus domesticus, in Australia using the dry weight of the eye lens based on known-age mice from semi-natural enclosures is described and presented for 3–32-week-old mice. At four sampling periods from November 2000 to September 2001, the age frequency distributions of free-living house mice were determined using this relationship. The distributions of ages shifted between seasons from relatively young animals at the beginning of the breeding season (November 2001), coinciding with low mouse abundance, to progressively older distributions in each sample as breeding continued, ending with the cessation of breeding and a population crash before the last sample. No significant difference was detected between the sexes at any of the four periods. These results are consistent with the suggestion that the formation of mouse outbreaks requires a shift in age structure towards younger mice.
Association of RNA polymerase with transcribed regions in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Wade Joseph T. , Struhl Kevin
Published: December 2004

We examine the association of the β-, α-, and σ
70
-subunits of
Escherichia coli
RNA polymerase (RNAP) and the NusA elongation factor with transcribed regions
in vivo
by using chromatin immunoprecipitation. RNAP preferentially associates with the promoter-proximal region of several operons, and this preference is particularly pronounced at the
lexA
-
dinF
promoter. When cells are grown in exponential phase, little or no σ
70
is associated with RNAP during early elongation. However, during stationary phase, σ
70
is retained in a fraction of elongating RNAP complexes throughout the
melAB
operon. In contrast, σ
70
is not observed in elongating RNAP complexes at the
lacZYA
operon during stationary phase. At both operons, NusA associates with RNAP during early elongation, and this association is greatly reduced during stationary phase. These observations suggest that
in vivo
association of σ
70
and NusA with elongating RNAP is regulated by growth conditions.