bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concentrations of Trace Elements in Great Lakes Fishes
Authors: Lucas Jr. Henry F. , Edgington David N. , Colby Peter J.
Published: April 2011

The concentration of 15 trace elements was determined by activation analysis of samples of whole fish and fish livers from three of the Great Lakes: Michigan, Superior, and Erie. The average concentrations of 7 elements in 19 whole fish from 3 species were as follows: uranium, 3 ppb (parts per billion); thorium, 6 ppb; cobalt, 28 ppb; cadmium, 94 ppb; arsenic, 16 ppb; chromium, 1 ppm; and copper, 1.3 ppm. The average concentrations of 8 elements in 40 liver samples from 10 species of fish were as follows: uranium, −2 ppb; thorium, ≤ 2 ppb; cobalt, 40 ppb; copper, 9 ppm; zinc, 30 ppm; bromine, 0.4 ppm; arsenic, 30 ppb; and cadmium, 0.4 ppm. Other elements observed in most of the samples were: antimony, 5–100 ppb; gold, 2–5 ppb; lanthanum, 1–20 ppb; rhenium, 0.5–5 ppb; rubidium, 0.06–4 ppm; and selenium, 0.1–2 ppb.Trace element concentrations varied with species and lake. Uranium and thorium varied with species, but not for the same species from different lakes. The levels of copper, cobalt, zinc, and bromine varied little between species and lakes. The concentration of cadmium, arsenic, and chromium varied between species and with species between lakes.
Effects of Transition Metal Ions on the Extractable Protein of Fish Muscles
Authors: Castell C. H. , Smith Barbara , Neal Wanda
Published: April 2011

The addition of 10–50 ppm of several transition metal ions rapidly decreased the extractable protein content of blended fish muscle. The most active metals were Cu++and Cr++followed by Sn++and Cd++. Other ions tested, Ce++, Zn++, Ni++, Co++, Fe++, Fe+++, V++, and Mn++, brought about relatively little or no change in extractable protein nitrogen (EPN) values. Effects of the metals differed with muscle from different species. Lean fish were more susceptible than either fatty fish or shellfish. Of all the species tested the metals had the least effect on scallops. A limited number of tests indicated that fish that were badly emaciated through starvation were more susceptible to the metal-induced change than normal individuals of the species.Addition of certain amino acids, notably cysteine, histidine, glutamic acid, and tryptophane, protected the muscle against metal-induced reduction of EPN. With lean fish, the amino acids that protected the muscle against metal-induced change in the protein also protected it against metal-induced oxidation of the lipids; with fatty fish, protection against rancidity was somewhat less; the invertebrates seemed to be normally protected against both without the addition of amino acids. This natural immunity of marine invertebrate muscle to changes induced by the addition of heavy metal ions may in part be attributed to their normally high content of free amino acids.
Ultrasonic Tracking of Homing Cutthroat Trout (Salmo clarki) in Yellowstone Lake
Authors: McCleave James D. , Horrall Ross M.
Published: April 2011

Displacement of 42 mature cutthroat trout (Salmo clarki) from their spawning tributaries to the open water of Yellowstone Lake in the summers of 1966 and 1968 and following them ultrasonically up to 13.5 hr and 11.8 km indicated that those that homed used a compass mechanism rather than search or true navigation to find shore and then followed the shoreline to the home stream. Vision was unnecessary for homing. For many of the fish whose movements showed no consistent pattern, the transmitters failed prematurely.Of 29 nonanesthetized trout tracked from a point northwest of their home streams, six moved generally eastward to shallow water, turned south, and followed the shoreline toward the home streams, three being followed all the way home. Six moved generally south or southeast and progressed toward their home streams entirely in open water, one being followed home. Three moved inappropriately for homing but were less than 2 km from the release point when tracking was ended. Fourteen moved randomly or did not move enough or were not tracked long enough to establish a pattern.Of five anesthetized-blinded trout, two moved eastward and then south along the shoreline, one moved south in open water, and the other two did not show a consistent pattern. Of four anesthetized-control trout, two moved eastward and then south along shore, one being followed home; one moved inappropriately and the other did not establish a pattern.Of four nonanesthetized trout tracked from a point southwest of their home stream, three moved east and then north along shore toward the home stream, one being followed home; the fourth moved north in open water.Current directions may have influenced the initial orientations.Swimming speeds ranged from 0.0 to 46.2 cm sec−1 in open water and from 8.5 to 82.3 cm sec−1 along shore. Average along-shore speed (36.6 cm sec−1) was greater than average open-water speed (22.9 cm sec−1). Blinded trout swam at about the same speeds (average 22.6 cm sec−1) as control trout (average 27.0 cm sec−1) and nonanesthetized trout (average 23.3 cm sec−1).
Effects of Light on Spat Settlement of the American Oyster (Crassostrea virginica)
Authors: Shaw Rosslyn , Arnold David C. , Stallworthy Wilson B.
Published: April 2011

Comparing numbers of spat obtained in opaque tanks with those from transparent tanks where time of illumination was varied, indicated that setting of mature larvae of Crassostrea virginica Gmelin is encouraged by darkness and partially inhibited by light.
A Record of the Hatchetfish Sternoptyx diaphana from the Grand Bank
Authors: Pitt T. K. , Winters G. H.
Published: April 2011

A single specimen of the hatchetfish Sternoptyx diaphana Hermann was caught at the surface on the southeast part of the Grand Bank. The most northerly records for the North Atlantic are from locations east of the Grand Bank in the Gulf Stream.
World Distribution of Brown Trout, Salmo trutta: Further Observations
Authors: MacCrimmon Hugh R. , Marshall T. Larry , Gots Barra L.
Published: April 2011

This note supplements the original paper by MacCrimmon and Marshall (J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 25: 2527–2548, 1968) in presenting modified and more complete information on the native range, attempted introductions, and present world distribution of the brown trout.
Mercury Concentrations in Tissues of Fish from the Saskatchewan River
Authors: Wobeser G. , Nielsen N. O. , Dunlop R. H. , Atton F. M.
Published: April 2011

Muscle tissue of 81 fish from several locations in the Saskatchewan River system contained an average of more than 1.0 ppm of mercury. Fish collected at two sites had much higher concentrations, with individual fish containing up to 11.2 ppm. The concentrations found were higher than those reported for fish from uncontaminated environments, and corresponded to values reported for Scandinavian fish collected in areas of industrial pollution.
Stress of Anesthesia with M.S. 222 and Benzocaine in Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Wedemeyer Gary
Published: April 2011

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) anesthetized with M.S. 222 for periods up to 12 min experience interrenal ascorbate depletion, uremia, and moderate hypercholesterolemia. Anesthesia with neutralized M.S. 222 (pH 7) or benzocaine prevented these changes and significantly reduced the variability in plasma glucose, cholesterol, and cortisol, indicating that the stress of anesthesia with M.S. 222 is due to the low pK of the sulfonic acid moiety.
Reading Scales to Age Pacific Cod (Gadus macrocephalus) from Hecate Strait
Authors: Kennedy W. A.
Published: April 2011

Criteria for distinguishing annuli on the scales of Pacific cod, Gadus macrocephalus, are described. Evidence is presented that the criteria enable the ages of most Hecate Strait cod to be correctly determined. The method used to validate the scale-reading technique appears to be a new one; it may be applicable to other species.
Large Floating Structure for Holding Adult Pacific Salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.)
Authors: Hunter Charles J. , Farr Winston E.
Published: April 2011

A large floating enclosure was used in a behavioral study to hold adult Pacific salmon in open sea water. The space enclosed approached the conditions of the natural environment and provided an excellent study area, almost completely free from the injuries and disease associated with the high water temperatures and abrasions caused by confinement of adult salmon in concrete ponds.
Plasma Protein Variation in a Winter Flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) Population
Authors: Pesch Gerald
Published: April 2011

The plasma protein variations of winter flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) were studied by cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Eighty-eight fish caught in a single haul showed pattern differences associated with gonad maturation, sex, disease, and age. The groups of slow and medium mobility were prominent. A fast fraction with greater mobility than human albumin was present. Total concentrations increased with gonad maturation; in males the fast fraction was responsible, in females the slow fraction. Disease caused a drop in concentration for all fractions. Aging had associated concentration increases in the slow and medium fractions with no increase in the fast fraction.
Tissue Carotenoids in Prespawning and Spawning Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)
Authors: Crozier George F.
Published: April 2011

Spawning sockeye salmon from the Wauk Wash River, B.C., contained 65% less carotenoid than prespawning fish taken at sea near Juneau, Alaska. Free astaxanthin in the muscle of spawning fish was only 1% of the amount noted for prespawning fish. Ninety-five percent of the pigment retained by the spawning males was located in the skin as esters and 85% of the pigment of spawning females was deposited in the eggs as free astaxanthin.
Influence of Body Size on Silvering of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) at Parr–Smolt Transformation
Authors: Johnston C. E. , Eales J. G.
Published: April 2011

Large yearling Atlantic salmon parr turn silvery more quickly than small parr when held under a series of controlled temperature and photoperiod regimes. Photoperiod appeared to exert a negligible influence on silvering, and water temperature was the main controlling variable.
Age, Food, and Migration of Dolly Varden Smolts in Southeastern Alaska
Authors: Armstrong Robert H.
Published: April 2011

Dolly Varden (Salvelinus malma) smolts were enumerated and sampled in 1967, 1968, and 1969 at Hood Bay Creek, a nonlake system on Admiralty Island, and in 1962, 1963, and 1964 at Eva Lake, on Baranof Island.Dolly Varden smolts left Hood Bay Creek from early May to late June and from early September to mid-November. At Eva Lake, a smolt migration occurred in May and June but not during the fall. Most of the smolts at Hood Bay Creek belonged to age-groups II, III, and IV and at Eva Lake to age-groups III and IV. Smolts from the two systems were similar in size, varying from 100 to 180 mm in fork length, with annual mean lengths ranging from 134 to 136 mm.Insects and fry of chum (Oncorhynchus keta) and pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) were the principal food items of Dolly Varden and coho salmon (O. kisutch) smolts sampled at the Hood Bay Creek weir in May and June. Dolly Varden smolts leaving Hood Bay Creek in the fall fed primarily on salmon eggs, whereas insects were the principal food items of smolts sampled at the Eva Lake weir.Suggestions for management of Dolly Varden are given. The number of eggs, fry, or smolts necessary to maintain a given run of Dolly Varden indicates a high return from smolts and a low return from eggs or fry. Transplanting smolts from one system to another to establish or enhance a population in a depleted system is suggested.
Breeding Biology of the Lake Chub, Couesius plumbeus, at Lac la Ronge, Saskatchewan
Authors: Brown Joseph H. , Hammer U. Theodore , Koshinsky Gordon D.
Published: April 2011

Spawning of the lake chub, Couesius plumbeus (Agassiz), was investigated at Lac la Ronge from 1966 to 1968. Nonadhesive eggs were freely dispersed in rocky shallows in the tributary Montreal River during May and along rocky shores of the lake in late June. Temperature played a regulating role and most breeding activity occurred after the water reached 10 C. Some 4000 individuals were marked by finclipping and subsequent recaptures revealed that chubs migrated as much as 3 km in order to spawn in the river.Early arrivals in the river were cryptic. Males were somewhat aggressive during spawning but no territoriality was observed in the field. No nests were built and there was no parental guarding. Males outnumbered females on the spawning grounds and spawning activity was polyandrous. Males courted females by a combination of persistent pursuit and specially directed nudging. Sexual dimorphism was apparent in the larger pectoral fins, the more distinct dark lateral stripe, and the greater development of nuptial tubercles and orange breeding marks on males.Age-group III females made up 68% of the spawning population in 1968 and contributed 54% of potential recruitment. These fish were spawning for the first time at a mean total length of 95.1 mm. Age-groups V and over constituted 6% of the spawning females and contributed 13% of potential recruitment. The largest female captured was 147 mm total length.Certain fundamental aspects of the breeding behaviour were found to be inconsistent with that reported among established species in the genus Hybopsis. Inclusion of the lake chub within Hybopsis as has been suggested by some investigators is accordingly considered indefensible.
Occella impi, a New Species of Sea Poacher from British Columbia with Notes on Related Species (Agonidae, Pisces)
Authors: Gruchy C. G.
Published: April 2011

Occella impi, a new species of sea poacher, is described from a single specimen captured in the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Occella impi differs from other species of Occella in having spinous plates on the breast, the anus nearer the anal fin, and fewer anal rays; also, the numbers of bony body plates are distinctive. A key to the known species of Occella, based primarily on the numbers of bony body plates, is included. The size of the maxillary barbel and number of infralateral plates are shown to be characteristic of the genera Occella and Stellerina.
Enzymes of Glucose Metabolism in the Caecum of the Marine BorerBankia setacea
Authors: Liu D. L. , Walden C. C.
Published: April 2011

The caecum of the marine borer Bankia setacea was found to contain the enzymes for a modified Embden–Meyerhof pathway, a pentose cycle, and a complete citric acid cycle. The pathways are linked to the digestion of cellulose by the enzyme cellobiase. Significant numbers of bacteria were not detected in the caecum of the borer. Enzyme activities in the citric acid cycle indicate a biosynthesis role for the caecum.
A Gauge for Carapace Measurements of Crabs
Authors: Watson J. , Wells P. G.
Published: April 2011

A newly developed gauge for measuring carapace widths of crabs is described. Tests showed that it was accurate to ± 0.5 mm, and its broad jaws enabled maximum carapace width to be measured more consistently than with vernier calipers. In addition, it was noncorrodible and faster and easier to use than calipers. Two years of intensive field use have demonstrated its suitability for measuring crabs.
Some Blood Chemistry Values for the Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Wedemeyer Gary , Chatterton K.
Published: April 2011

Normal distribution curves were graphically fitted to approximately 1400 clinical test values obtained from the plasma or kidney tissue of more than 200 yearling rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Estimated normal ranges were ascorbate, 102–214 μg/g; blood urea nitrogen (BUN), 0.9–4.5 mg/100 ml; chloride, 84–132 mEq/liter; cholesterol, 161–365 mg/100 ml; cortisol, 1.5–18.5 μg/100 ml; glucose, 41–151 mg/100 ml; and total protein, 2–6 g/100 ml.
Response to Mammalian ACTH of the Interrenal Tissue of Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) at Various Stages of Sexual Maturation
Authors: Fagerlund U. H. M.
Published: April 2011

Cortisol concentrations in response to an intra-arterial dose of porcine ACTH were determined in plasma of sockeye salmon in which endogenous corticotrophin secretion had been suppressed with dexamethasone. Maximum concentrations were found 3 or 5 hr after the injection. Sexual maturation did not bring about a statistically significant change in maximum response. Cortisol maxima of males were 55–62% of those of females.
Levels of Production in the Pelagic Environment of the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia: A Review
Authors: Parsons T. R. , LeBrasseur R. J. , Barraclough W. E.
Published: April 2011

Data have been accumulated on seasonal levels of nutrients, primary production, and zooplankton. The occurrence and abundance of larval fish in the surface layers have been reported together with an approximate estimate of the standing stock of commercially exploited fish. The results indicate that beyond local effects, the Strait of Georgia is comparable in productivity to other nearshore waters at the same latitude. The total primary productivity of the waters was found to be approximately 120 g C/m2 per year, but a high degree of areal patchiness in all production data emphasizes the necessity of basing predictions about particular subareas on knowledge specific to the subareas in question.
Existence in Salmonid Hemoglobins of Molecular Species with Three and Four Different Polypeptides
Authors: Tsuyuki H. , Ronald A. P.
Published: April 2011

The approximate equivalence of tryptic fragments and total basic amino acids per molecule of hemoglobin in five species of Pacific salmon, and the demonstration in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) of three or four electrophoretically distinct polypeptides in each of six major hemoglobin fractions separated by starch-gel electrophoresis, provided strong evidence for the in vivo existence in salmonids of molecular species of hemoglobins consisting of three and four different polypeptides. At least eight electrophoretically distinct polypeptides, including forms allelic to both the α- and β-type proteins, were found, accounting for the presence of large numbers of molecular species of hemoglobins and providing further evidence for the tetraploid origin of most salmonids.
Detection of Dissolved Substances by the American Lobster (Homarus americanus) and Olfactory Attraction between Lobsters
Authors: McLeese D. W.
Published: April 2011

Of 17 amino acids and other organic compounds tested at high concentration, 13 elicited feeding and walking responses in lobsters significantly greater than those elicited by seawater controls, but only 7 of 29 were stimulatory at low concentrations (alanine, beta alanine, glutamic acid, proline, succinic and malic acids, and tyrosine). Fourteen of 15 mixtures of 2–9 amino acids were stimulatory. There may have been potentiation in mixtures with cysteine HCl, lysine, glycine HCl, and methionine and antagonism in some with alanine and arginine. Freshly prepared seawater extracts of cod, shrimp, and lobster muscle were more stimulatory than any of the compounds or mixtures.Male lobsters responded more frequently to water from a tank with a recently moulted mature female lobster than to water from a tank with a nonmoulted mature female or a moulted or a nonmoulted male. It is possible that moulted females release a sex attractant (pheromone).
Precipitating Antibody AgainstAeromonas salmonicidain Serums of Inbred Albino Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Anderson Douglas P. , Klontz George W.
Published: April 2011

Precipitins in albino rainbow trout serums were demonstrated by gel diffusion after a single parenteral exposure to the soluble antigens of Aeromonas salmonicida. The fraction of the serum containing antibody activity against the presented antigens was shown by immunoelectrophoresis to be in the nonmigrating region. This corresponded to the beta-2 fraction of rabbit serum. An antibody-containing component comparable with rabbit gamma globulin was not detected.
A Visual Demonstration of the Beneficial Effects of Sewage Treatment for Phosphate Removal on Particulate Matter Production in Waters of Lakes Erie and Ontario
Authors: Vallentyne J. R. , Johnson W. E. , Harris A. J.
Published: April 2011

Filtered samples of raw sewage, biologically treated sewage, and sewage treated chemically for phosphate removal were added to unfiltered waters from lakes Erie and Ontario, and particulate residues (PR) on Millipore filters photographed after incubation in light for 10 and 30 days. PR levels in the sewage-enriched flasks were least in the case of sewage treated for removal of phosphates. Addition of phosphate to the phosphate-depleted effluent increased its PR generating ability to that of raw and biologically treated sewage. The removal of phosphates from sewage wastes thus appears to eliminate their fertilizing effect.
Vertebral and Other Meristic Characteristics of Greenland Halibut, Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, from the Northwest Atlantic
Authors: Templeman Wilfred
Published: April 2011

Vertebral averages were not useful in separating Greenland halibut stocks of the northwest Atlantic, apart from the possible separation of the Gulf of St. Lawrence population.Mean numbers of vertebrae did not differ significantly at the 5% level within the main areas in samples collected between 1950 and 1968 from Baffin Bay to the southern Grand Bank. Mean numbers of vertebrae for each of these main areas also were, with one exception, not significantly different. Mean vertebral numbers of Greenland halibut from the northern Gulf of St. Lawrence (61.850 ± 0.057 SE) differed (P < 0.001) from the overall mean for the remainder of the northwest Atlantic (61.575 ± 0.014).The similar means were associated with similar temperatures at depths of 800 m and over, where eggs and early larvae are presumed to develop. Means of vertebral numbers of males and females were not significantly different.Precaudal and caudal vertebral numbers were negatively correlated. Fused vertebrae were not numerous and did not show much localization except toward the posterior end of the vertebral column, especially in the two most posterior whole vertebrae. The numerical value of each fused partial vertebra was very close to one.Anal and dorsal fin-ray numbers were highly correlated but were not correlated significantly with vertebral numbers. The means of dorsal and anal fin-ray numbers in a few samples from west Greenland to the southern Grand Bank were not significantly different.
Lactate Dehydrogenase Systems of Rainbow Trout — Evidence for Polymorphism in Liver and Additional Subunits in Gills
Authors: Williscroft S. N. , Tsuyuki H.
Published: April 2011

Three lactate dehydrogenase phenotypes, CC, CC′, and C′C′, were encountered in the livers of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) resident in Kokanee Creek, which flows into the west arm of Kootenay Lake, B.C. The rare subunit C occurred in high frequency in specimens from this area. Two additional lactate dehydrogenase subunits, designated E1 and E2 in this study, and not reported previously, were found in the gill tissues of common stocks of rainbow trout homozygous for the C′C′ phenotype, raising the total number of molecular species, based on 10 electrophoretically distinct subunits, to at least 23 for this species.
Transferrin Polymorphism in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Møller Dag
Published: April 2011

Three main patterns of transferrins, made up of two molecular types, were found by starch–agar electrophoresis in plasma of hatchery and wild Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).Distributions of the observed patterns from progenies of three hatchery matings agreed with expected Mendelian distributions in offspring of known parentage, implying that the bands have their origin in two codominant alleles. In nearly all samples of the wild salmon the genetic basis of transferrin variation was demonstrated by nonsignificant differences between observed and expected distributions when the Hardy–Weinberg formula was applied.Frequencies of the TfA allele differed in samples from different rivers and within the same river; the Atlantic salmon forms genetically different populations. Interchange of stocks probably influenced the values of the different gene frequencies found.
Metamorphosis of the Landlocked Sea Lamprey, Petromyzon marinus
Authors: Manion Patrick J. , Stauffer Thomas M.
Published: April 2011

The external metamorphosis of the sea lamprey was divided into four stages, based primarily on the condition of the mouth: mouth reduced, mouth fused, mouth enclosed, and mouth elongated. During metamorphosis, the eye enlarged greatly, the snout and mouth region changed from a fleshy hood enclosing a sieve apparatus to a large sucking disc, the nasopore membrane and the branchial area shrank, the branchiopores changed in shape, the general color changed from dark brown and yellow to an intense blue-black dorsally and white ventrally, and the total length increased. Metamorphosis began in early to mid-July and did not take place after August. The duration of external metamorphosis was about 3 months for lampreys transforming under natural conditions. The mean lengths of metamorphosing lampreys from tributaries of lakes Superior and Michigan were 145 and 136 mm, respectively.
Distribution of Smelt, Osmerus mordax, and the Smelt Fishery in Lake Erie in the Early 1960's
Authors: MacCallum Wayne R. , Regier Henry A.
Published: April 2011

Young-of-the-year smelt inhabited the inshore waters in the spring. By late fall they were dispersed throughout the eastern two-thirds of the lake, with greater concentrations around Long Point.Yearlings, dispersed throughout the lake in the early spring, appeared to move into shallower waters after the spawning period. Many yearlings were caught in the eastern basin in waters of 15 C. Yearlings in the central basin concentrated in its southeast corner by the middle of June, and many occurred in the sharp thermocline even though oxygen concentrations were adequate below it.In winter and early spring, the adult population was dispersed throughout the lake except in the western half of the western basin. Spawning runs usually began by the middle of April at Point Pelee and reached the eastern basin about 2 weeks later. Almost all spawning occurred on the north shore of the lake. Offshore movements and dispersal of the adults followed spawning. The hypolimnion of the central basin became deoxygenated in summer and then the majority of the yearlings and adults were to be found in the thermocline.The pattern of commercial fishing catches indicated a concentration of commercially desirable smelt in the Long Point Bay area from about September to the following spring. The average yearly production of 75 kg/ha from a 518 km2 area of Long Point Bay for the years 1961–65 suggests a net movement (in terms of biomass) of smelt into that area.
Schizoporella unicornis — An Alien Bryozoan Introduced into the Strait of Georgia
Authors: Powell N. A.
Published: April 2011

Schizoporella unicornis (Johnston, 1847) has not been recognized in British Columbia previously but is now abundant intertidally in the Strait of Georgia in association with the oyster beds that have been planted there during the past 40 years with Japanese seed of Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg). In the ovicellate Cheilostomata, the breeding female normally develops a single ovicell or brood chamber. A remarkable departure from this condition, however, is demonstrated by the multiples of ovicells occurring in the Canadian population. The occurrence of these in Japanese material of S. unicornis provides additional confirmation of the origin of the British Columbia material.
Inshore Records of Cetacea for Eastern Canada, 1949–68
Authors: Sergeant D. E. , Mansfield A. W. , Beck B.
Published: April 2011

New and previously published records are given for 19 species of Cetacea stranded naturally, netted, or shot on the coasts of eastern Canada from Cape Chidley, Labrador (60°30′N), to the United States border (45°N), from 1949 to 1968. The most commonly recorded species were Globicephala melaena, Phocoena phocoena, Balaenoptera physalus, and Delphinapterus leucas. Occurrence of Stenella coeruleoalba at Sable Island was confirmed. Four blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) stranded naturally, three of them in the western Gulf of St. Lawrence. Groups of fin whales (B. physalus) were twice stranded by ice in western Newfoundland. The greatest number of species stranded at Sable Island (44°N, 60°W).
Certain Aspects of Production and Standing Stock of Particulate Matter in the Surface Waters of the Northwest Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Sutcliffe Jr. W. H. , Sheldon R. W. , Prakash A.
Published: April 2011

Samples collected during January and October 1968 from 44° to 19°N in the western North Atlantic were analysed for particulate organic carbon, ATP, DNA, chlorophyll a, and total particulate volume between 1 and 40 μ diameter. Although the ratio of chlorophyll to ATP decreased from north to south, the ratio of particulate carbon to ATP did not show any systematic trend. A good correlation was found between ATP and DNA even though the DNA concentration was too great to be entirely representative of living material. Growth or production of particulate material as measured by the Coulter Counter method was higher than that measured by C-14 method. A trend was noted towards higher specific growth rate with smaller standing crop in southern waters.
Bacteriological Evaluation of Flounder (Hippoglossoides platessoides) Frozen at Sea and Thawed by Water Immersion
Authors: Hayward M. J. , MacCallum W. A. , Shaw D. H.
Published: April 2011

Transfer of bacteria from frozen flounder (Hippoglossoides platessoides) to the water in which they are immersion-thawed was evaluated in a laboratory-scale test. After 6 hr of batch thawing, the water quality was still acceptable. Transfer of bacteria from the thawing water to fillets processed from these fish was minimal. No correlation was evident between the time the thawing water was in use and the bacterial count on the fillets. It was also determined that the frozen fish on removal from storage had low bacteria counts. In no instance were faecal coliforms observed.
Nutrient Supply and Primary Production in Clear Lake, Eastern Ontario
Authors: Schindler D. W. , Nighswander J. E.
Published: April 2011

Clear Lake, a small Canadian Shield lake that has been influenced little by human activity, was found to be more productive than expected from chemical and optical properties and geological surroundings. Production during the ice-free season ranged from 0.10 to 2.57 g C/m2 per day and averaged 250 g C/m2 per year for the lake as a whole. Other limnological factors studied (phytoplankton standing crop, oxygen, temperature, and nutrient regimes) were typical for an oligotrophic lake.The high production values are partially explained by the high correction for filtration error, which averaged 3.2 times for all occasions tested.Atmospheric precipitation is undoubtedly the major source of supply of the nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus to Clear Lake. Calcium and magnesium also appear to be largely carried in by precipitation, although most of the sodium, potassium, and silica entering the lake is weathered from the terrestrial watershed.
Growth of Cutthroat Trout (Salmo clarki) in Chef Creek, Vancouver Island, British Columbia
Authors: Cooper Edwin L.
Published: April 2011

Cutthroat trout were collected periodically from April 3 to September 20, 1968, by electrofishing and were preserved in formalin. Within a few days, each fish was measured and a sample of scales was taken for study. Scales first appeared on these cutthroat trout immediately above and below the lateral line on the anterior portion of the caudal peduncle. Scales were always selected from this area for study, mounted in glycerin–gelatin, and examined at a magnification of 127 diameters. Scales grow relatively more slowly as the fish increases in length, causing the body–scale relation to be curvilinear. Growth of the fish was determined both by calculating size-at-age data from the scales and by comparing mean lengths of age-groups collected at different times of the year.The growth of cutthroat trout from Chef Creek was slow; calculated mean fork lengths for the first three annuli were 50, 84, and 119 mm. Only a few fish of age-group IV were collected and these were considered to be nonanadromous individuals on the basis of scale examination and small size.
Age, Growth, and Sexual Maturity of the Shorthorn Sculpin, Myoxocephalus scorpius, in Newfoundland Waters
Authors: Ennis G. P.
Published: April 2011

In Newfoundland waters, shorthorn sculpins, Myoxocephalus scorpius (L.), live to age 15 and attain a maximum size of just over 50 cm. The growth rates of males and females are little different below age 4, but above age 4 the females grow faster than the males, and the difference between average length-at-age for males and females gets progressively larger with age. Males mature at a younger age and at a smaller size than females. In any age-group where there are mature and immature individuals the mature ones are larger.
Approaches to the Direct Pigmentation of Canned Salmon: Synthesis and Properties of 4,4′-bis (pyridiniummethylcarbonylhydrazino) canthaxanthindiylidene dichloride
Authors: Peters M. D. , Bose R. J.
Published: April 2011

The preparation and properties of the bis-Girard P derivative of canthaxanthin are described and its surfactant character demonstrated with respect to the formation of an electrostatically stabilized complex with ovalbumin.
Biological Changes in Coastal Capelin from the Over-Wintering to the Spawning Condition
Authors: Winters G. H.
Published: April 2011

Regular research vessel surveys in Trinity Bay, Nfld., during 1967–68 indicated that significant biological changes occurred in coastal capelin from the over-wintering to the spawning period. During their over-wintering period in February–March mature capelin had a high fat content, a low feeding intensity, a low nematode incidence, and were heavy at length. The gonads were in a resting stage, secondary sexual characteristics were absent, and the sexes were integrated. During the prespawning period in April–May the feeding intensity increased and the gonads and secondary sexual characteristics began to develop, whereas the fat content declined. At this time the schools were segregated by sex. By the start of the spawning season in mid-June the capelin had ceased feeding, the fat content was low, and the weight at any particular length was less than that during the over-wintering period. The incidence of nematodes was high and the sexes were readily distinguished by the conspicuous secondary sexual characteristics. These changes are discussed in relation to the seasonal distribution pattern of coastal capelin in Trinity Bay and the feasibility of a commercial fishery.
Relation of Heat Budget to Circulation in Casco Bay, Maine
Authors: Hulburt Edward M.
Published: April 2011

A description of the temperature and humidity characteristics of the air over the water in Casco Bay shows that in summer the air warmed the cool surface water. Solar radiation, however, was much greater than the exchange between air and water. When added together the heat gains from sun and air exceeded by a large amount the heat gain derived from the observed temperature increase in the water mass of the Bay. Cold, deep water must have entered the Bay from outside, and must have been mixed upward by tidal currents about the islands, thus replacing the warm bay water.
Species Composition and Structure of Benthic Infauna Communities off the Coast of Washington
Authors: Lie Ulf , Kisker Dale S.
Published: April 2011

The deepwater mud-bottom community identified previously as one of three benthic infauna communities off the coast of Washington was found at mean depths of 154.5 m in sediments with a mean mud percentage of 50.09%. The most abundant species were the polychaetes Prionospio malmgreni, Sternaspis fossor, and Ninoë gemmea, the lamellibranchs Axinopsida serricata, Adontorhina cyclia, and Macoma carlottensis, and the amphipod Heterophoxus oculatus. The mean standing crop (ash-free dry weight) was 3.058 g/m2, with the echinoderms Brisaster latifrons, Ophiura lütkeni, and Amphioplus sp. and the polychaete Sternaspis fossor as the major contributors to the standing crop.The intermediate depth sand-bottom community was found at stations with a mean depth of 95.8 m in sediments with a mean sand percentage of 67.81%. The most abundant species were the polychaetes Magelona sp., Sternaspis fossor, Nephthys sp., and Haploscoloplos elongatus, the lamellibranchs Yoldia ensifera and Axinopsida serricata, and the amphipod Paraphoxus variatus. The mean standing crop was 2.533 g/m2, with the species listed above and the lamellibranch Macoma elimata as the major contributors to the standing crop.The shallow water sand-bottom community was found at stations with a mean depth of 36.0 m in sediments with a mean sand percentage of 96.33%. The most abundant species were the cumacean Diastylopsis dawsoni, the amphipods Ampelisca macrocephala and Paraphoxus obtusidens, the lamellibranchs Tellina salmonea and Macoma expansa, and the polychaete Owenia fusiformis. The mean standing crop was 1.398 g/m2, with the species listed above and the polychaetes Nephthys sp. and Chaetozone setosa and the lamellibranch Siliqua patula as the major contributors to the standing crop.There was a distinctly lower species diversity in the shallow water sand-bottom community than in the two communities in deeper waters.
Dynamics of Cortisone Secretion in Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) during Sexual Maturation and after Gonadectomy
Authors: Fagerlund Ulf H. M. , Donaldson Edward M.
Published: April 2011

Indices of cortisone secretion in sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) were determined by monitoring the disappearance of labelled cortisone in plasma after the injection of a single dose of 4-14C-cortisone. Cortisone concentrations were determined by a protein-binding method.The volume of distribution in the inner (V1) and outer (V2) pool, biological half-life [Formula: see text], metabolic clearance rate (MCR), plasma concentration, and secretion rate of cortisone increased with sexual maturation, except cortisone concentration in males during anaesthetic stress. Differences between sexually immature fish and fish matured in captivity were generally significant (P < 0.05). After gonadectomy of mature fish the return of many of these indices to the levels of immature fish was noted. With some exceptions the changes observed resembled qualitatively those of cortisol dynamics. In sexually mature and spawned fish, cortisone concentrations and secretion rates, did not increase during anaesthetic stress in contrast to those of cortisol, suggesting that the full capacity of the cortisone secretion mechanism had already been reached in the resting state.Cortisone secretion rates were similar in magnitude to those of cortisol in resting fish, but cortisol secretion rates were two to four times higher than those of cortisone during anaesthetic stress.
Furunculosis in Nonsalmonids
Authors: McFadden T. W.
Published: April 2011

Natural furunculosis infection in a group of bait and other nonsalmonid fishes in southern Ontario is described. The source of infection, although not positively identified, appears to have been derived from an adjacent stream or from infected crayfish.
Transferrin Polymorphism in Coho Salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch)
Authors: Utter Fred M. , Ames Warren E. , Hodgins Harold O.
Published: April 2011

Six transferrin phenotypes observed in sera of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were interpreted as a reflection of three alleles — TfA, TfB, and TfC— at a single locus. The distribution of these alleles differed significantly among samples collected from streams entering Puget Sound and tributaries of the Columbia River, suggesting a potential usefulness of this system for stock identification.
Meristic Differences between Spring- and Autumn-Spawning Atlantic Herring (Clupea harengus harengus) from Southwestern Newfoundland
Authors: Parsons L. S. , Hodder V. M.
Published: April 2011

Numbers of vertebrae, gill rakers, and of pectoral, anal, and dorsal fin rays of spring- and autumn-spawning Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus Linnaeus) in 10 samples from the coastal waters of southwestern Newfoundland were compared. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between mean vertebral numbers of spring and autumn spawners. Mean numbers of gill rakers and of pectoral, anal, and dorsal fin rays were all higher (P < 0.01) for autumn spawners than for spring spawners with gill-raker and pectoral fin-ray numbers exhibiting the greatest degree of difference. It is suggested that the differences in fin-ray numbers between spring and autumn spawners are related to water temperatures during larval development and to differences in developmental rates of spring- and autumn-hatched larvae.
A Technique for Enumerating Kokanee Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) Fry Migrating through Streams, with an Appendix for Processing Catch Data by IBM 360 Fortran IV Computer Programs
Authors: Acara A. H. , Smith H. D.
Published: April 2011

A technique for enumerating kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) fry migrating downstream was developed in Meadow Creek (a tributary to the Duncan River and Kootenay Lake, B.C.) and was used to obtain an estimate of 10.06 million kokanee fry in 1968. The hyperbolic relation between the nightly mean catch per net per minute (C) and nightly probable error (E) as the percent of the nightly total was expressed by log E = −0.5703 − 0.4568 log C; E was largest at the beginning and end, and smallest at the peak of fry migration. E was also calculated as the percent of the seasonal total, and in 1968 was ± 5.8%. Of this total, ±0.7% was accumulated during April, when 6.4% of the migration occurred; ±3.9% was accumulated in May, when 82.2% of the migration occurred; and the final ±1.2% was accumulated in June, when 11.2% of the migration occurred. The variability m abundance of try and spacing of groups of fry are considered to be the most important factors controlling the magnitude of error.Some aspects of migratory behaviour of kokanee fry in Meadow Creek were revealed and their effects on estimates of abundance are discussed.A series of IBM 360 Fortran IV computer programs for processing catch data are also given in an appendix.
Investigation of the Fatty Acid Composition of Oils and Lipids from the Sand Launce (Ammodytes americanus) from Nova Scotia Waters
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Eaton C. A.
Published: April 2011

A commercial oil from sand launce (Ammodytes americanus), and triglyceride fractions from lipids of two samples of fish also from Nova Scotia waters, showed essentially the same fatty acid composition as herring oils, indicating that commercial utilization of sand launce oil would be practical. Minor differences in the sand launce oil fatty acids included about the same levels of 20:1 and 22:1, and a somewhat higher figure for 16:1. Comparisons are also made with capelin oil and sand launce oils from Danish production.
Variations in the Blood and Tissue Chemistry of Brook Trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, Subsequent to Handling, Anesthesia, and Surgery
Authors: Houston Arthur H. , Madden Jane A. , Woods R. John , Miles Harry M.
Published: April 2011

Modifications in blood and tissue chemistry of brook trout have been followed during their recovery from handling, tricaine methanesulphonate (Ayerst "Finquel") anesthesia, and experimental preparation. The recovery process was characterized by alterations in the hematological characteristics of the animals, a marked and persistent condition of hyperglycemia, and changes in plasma, tissue and estimated cellular ion concentrations, and equilibrium potentials. Water content remained relatively stable, although variations in distribution took place. The short-term changes observed appeared to be correlated in time with the clearance of anesthetic from the animals, and possibly with a sequence of cardioventilatory-renal reflex responses induced by vascular hypoxia (or hypercapnia). More presistent changes are believed to be related to generalized endocrine responses to the traumatic character of the procedures employed.
Results for Three Generations from Transfers of Pink Salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) Spawn to the Qualicum River in 1963 and 1964
Authors: Walker C. E. , Lister D. B.
Published: April 2011

Transfers of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) eggs were made to the Qualicum River in two years, utilizing 5.79 million eggs from Cheakamus River stock in 1963 and 6.85 million eggs from Bear River stock in 1964. Adult returns to the Qualicum River were 100 spawners in 1965, 1967, and 1969; 11,940 in 1966; 3000 in 1968; and 300 in 1970. Differences between the odd- and even-year plants were noted in times of egg-take (equivalent to time of spawning of donor stock), incubation, and fry emigration, lengths of emigrating fry, possibility of losses through predation by herring on estuarine fry, and direction of orientation to the recipient (Qualicum River) stream. Pronounced differences between donor stock in rate of return are thought to be primarily related to differences in spawning times and stream temperature. The decrease in numbers of adults in the even-year generation may have been due to lower freshwater survival during incubation as a result of suspected superimposition of chum salmon on the earlier deposited pink salmon eggs; the loss was estimated to be in the order of 46%.
Effects of Long-Term Exposures to Copper on Survival, Growth, and Reproduction of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis)
Authors: McKim J. M. , Benoit D. A.
Published: April 2011

During a 22-month period, all developmental stages of the brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) were exposed to copper (Cu(II)) concentrations ranging from 32.5 to 1.9 μg/liter. The highest concentration decreased survival and growth in adult fish and reduced both number of viable eggs produced and hatchability. Survival, growth, and reproductive success of adults in copper concentrations from 17.4 to 3.4 μg/liter did not differ from the control (1.9 μg/liter). Concentrations of 32.5 and 17.4 μg/liter had marked adverse effects on survival and growth of alevins and juvenile fish. Effects of copper on alevins–juveniles from unexposed parents apparently are no different than the effects on alevins–juveniles from parents exposed to copper. The maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) for brook trout exposed to copper in water with a hardness of 45 mg/liter (as CaCO3) and a pH of 7.5 fell between 17.4 and 9.5 μg/liter copper. The mean 96-hr TL50 for 14-month-old brook trout exposed to copper was 100 μg/liter, and the application factor, MATC/96-hr TL50, lies between 0.17 and 0.10.
Effects of Salinity and Temperature on Embryonic Development of the Petrale Sole (Eopsetta jordani)
Authors: Alderdice D. F. , Forrester C. R.
Published: April 2011

Newly fertilized eggs were incubated at 13 combinations of levels of salinity and temperature between 20 and 35‰, and 4.1 and 8.5 C. Average egg density throughout development was 1.0252, and the incubation period ranged from 6.2 to 13.5 days. Larval length at mean hatching time averaged 2.84 mm for all trials. External features of the larvae are described. The percentages of eggs hatching (total hatch) and producing viable larvae (viable hatch) are examined with respect to salinities and temperatures of incubation. Calculated optima were: total hatch 29.47‰ S, 6.65 C; viable hatch 27.93‰ S, 7.00 C. At 6.3, 7.2, and 8.1 C, larvae grew to 5.5–5.7 mm total length prior to exhaustion of yolk 246–393 hr after hatching. It was concluded that greatest numbers of viable larvae of largest size at yolk exhaustion would occur from incubation at 27.5–29.5‰ S and 6–7 C.Laboratory results are related to available hydrographic and meteorological data for a spawning area off the west coast of Vancouver Island. Estimates are given of direction, depth, and duration of drift of the pelagic stages until exhaustion of the yolk. Environmental variability in the spawning period is related to existing measures of year-class strength. Effect of temperature on egg development is related to the range of the species in terms of estimated temperatures available at spawning depths.