bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying Treatment Benefit in Molecular Subgroups to Assess a Predictive Biomarker
Authors: Iasonos Alexia , Chapman Paul B. , Satagopan Jaya M.
Published: May 2016

An increased interest has been expressed in finding predictive biomarkers that can guide treatment options for both mutation carriers and noncarriers. The statistical assessment of variation in treatment benefit (TB) according to the biomarker carrier status plays an important role in evaluating predictive biomarkers. For time-to-event endpoints, the hazard ratio (HR) for interaction between treatment and a biomarker from a proportional hazards regression model is commonly used as a measure of variation in TB. Although this can be easily obtained using available statistical software packages, the interpretation of HR is not straightforward. In this article, we propose different summary measures of variation in TB on the scale of survival probabilities for evaluating a predictive biomarker. The proposed summary measures can be easily interpreted as quantifying differential in TB in terms of relative risk or excess absolute risk due to treatment in carriers versus noncarriers. We illustrate the use and interpretation of the proposed measures with data from completed clinical trials. We encourage clinical practitioners to interpret variation in TB in terms of measures based on survival probabilities, particularly in terms of excess absolute risk, as opposed to HR. Clin Cancer Res; 22(9); 2114–20. ©2016 AACR.
Somatic Mutation Theory - Why it's Wrong for Most Cancers
Authors: Brücher Björn L.D.M. , Jamall Ijaz S.
Published: May 2016

Hysteron proteron reverses both temporal and logical order and this syllogism occurs in carcinogenesis and the somatic mutation theory (SMT): the first (somatic mutation) occurs only after the second (onset of cancer) and, therefore, observed somatic mutations in most cancers appear well after the early cues of carcinogenesis are in place. It is no accident that mutations are increasingly being questioned as the causal event in the origin of the vast majority of cancers as clinical data show little support for this theory when compared against the metrics of patient outcomes. Ever since the discovery of the double helical structure of DNA, virtually all chronic diseases came to be viewed as causally linked to one degree or another to mutations, even though we now know that genes are not simply blueprints, but rather an assemblage of alphabets that can, under non-genetic influences, be used to assemble a business letter or a work of Shakespearean literature. A minority of all cancers is indeed caused by mutations but the SMT has been applied to all cancers, and even to chemical carcinogenesis, in the absence of hard evidence of causality. Herein, we review the 100 year story of SMT and aspects that show why genes are not just blueprints, how radiation and mutation are associated in a more nuanced view, the proposed risk of cancer and bad luck, and the in vitro and in vivo evidence for a new cancer paradigm. This paradigm is scientifically applicable for the majority of non-heritable cancers and consists of a six-step sequence for the origin of cancer. This new cancer paradigm proclaims that somatic mutations are epiphenomena or later events occurring after carcinogenesis is already underway. This serves not just as a plausible alternative to SMT and explains the origin of the majority of cancers, but also provides opportunities for early interventions and prevention of the onset of cancer as a disease.
The Gastrointestinal Tract: an Initial Organ of Metabolic Hypertension?
Authors: Zhu Zhiming , Xiong Shiqiang , Liu Daoyan
Published: May 2016

Hypertension is an important global public-health challenge because of its high prevalence and concomitant risks for cardiovascular and kidney diseases. More than 60% of the risk factors for hypertension are associated with metabolic disorders. Furthermore, many metabolic risk factors can directly cause the vascular dysfunction and the elevated blood pressure. Metabolic disorders not only increase the risk for hypertension but also participate in the development of hypertension. Thus, some types of hypertension induced by metabolic disturbances can be defined as metabolic hypertension. However, the pathogenesis of metabolic hypertension remains largely unknown. The gastrointestinal tract is a unique gate through which external food, metabolites, and microbes enter the human body. Thus, metabolism-related risk factors may affect blood pressure through the gastrointestinal tract and alter processes such as taste perception, mucosal absorption, gut hormone homeostasis, GI nerve activity, and gut microbiota. Meanwhile, gastrointestinal intervention through dietary approaches, gut microbiota modification, and metabolic surgery could profoundly improve or remit the vascular dysfunction and metabolic hypertension. It suggests that the GI tract could be an initial organ of metabolic hypertension. However, more clinical and basic studies are necessary to further validate this novel concept.
Hematogenous Gastric Metastasis of Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Sasajima Junpei , Okamoto Kotaro , Taniguchi Masato
Published: May 2016

While the gastric involvement of pancreatic cancer is occasionally observed as the result of direct invasion, hematogenous gastric metastasis is rare. A 72-year-old Japanese male presented with general fatigue, pollakiuria, and thirst. Computed tomography revealed a 4.6-cm solid mass in the pancreatic tail and a 4.2-cm multilocular cystic mass in the pancreatic head with multiple liver and lymphatic metastasis. Notably, two solid masses were detected in the gastric wall of the upper body and the antrum; both were separated from the primary pancreatic cancer and seemed to be located in the submucosal layer. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a submucosal tumor with a normal mucosa in the posterior wall of the upper body of the stomach, suggesting the gastric hematogenous metastasis of pancreatic cancer. The suspected diagnosis was unresectable pancreatic cancer with multiple metastases that was concomitant with the intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas.
Efficacy and Safety of Tigecycline for Patients with Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Xu Li , Wang Ya-Li , Du Shuai , Chen Lin , Long Li-Hui , Wu Yan
Published: May 2016

Background: Tigecycline is an antibiotic agent with a broad spectrum, which has an antibacterial effect against many multidrug-resistant organisms. However, its clinical efficacy in the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is disputed. Materials and Methods: In this report, a systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of tigecycline for the treatment of HAP. The primary outcome was the rate of clinical cure, and the secondary outcomes were mortality and adverse events (AEs). Results: Four trials involving 1,234 patients were included. The standard-dose tigecycline and comparator groups did not differ significantly in their rates of clinical cure. However, high-dose tigecycline was more effective than standard-dose tigecycline or the comparators for the treatment of HAP. There was no significant difference in mortality between the standard-dose or high-dose regimen and the comparators. Although the safety profile of standard-dose tigecycline was similar to the comparators, the high-dose regimen exhibited more AEs compared with the other groups. Conclusion: High-dose tigecycline is efficient for the treatment of HAP but is associated with more AEs.
Efficacy of Self-Expandable Metallic Stent Inserted for Refractory Hemorrhage of Duodenal Cancer
Authors: Orii Takashi , Karasawa Yukihiko , Kitahara Hiroe , Yoshimura Masaki , Okumura Motohiro
Published: May 2016

Because of advances in the technology of gastrointestinal endoscopy and improvements in the quality of stents, it has become routine to place a stent as palliative therapy for malignant gastrointestinal obstruction. On the other hand, stent placement for malignant gastrointestinal hemorrhage has scarcely been reported, although it may be performed for hemorrhage of the esophageal varicose vein. We recently experienced a patient with refractory hemorrhage from an unresectable duodenal cancer who underwent placement of a self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) and thereafter had no recurrence of the hemorrhage. A 46-year-old man underwent laparotomy to radically resect a cancer in the third portion of the duodenum, which invaded widely to the superior mesenteric vein and its branches and was considered unresectable. After stomach-partitioning gastrojejunostomy was performed, chemotherapy was initiated according to the regimen of chemotherapy of far advanced gastric cancer. One year and 4 months after induction of chemotherapy, gastrointestinal hemorrhage occurred. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed the hemorrhage oozing from the duodenal cancer, and endoscopic hemostasis, such as injection of hypertonic saline epinephrine and argon plasma coagulation, was unsuccessful. Twenty days after emergence of the hemorrhage, an endoscopic covered SEMS was placed with confirmation by fluoroscopy. Immediately after placement of the stent, the tarry stool stopped and the anemia ceased to progress. The recurrence of the hemorrhage has not been confirmed without migration of the stent. SEMS is an effective hemostatic procedure for malignant refractory hemorrhage.
A seca e a crise hídrica de 2014-2015 em São Paulo
Authors: Marengo José A. , Nobre Carlos  Afonso , Seluchi Marcelo Enrique , Cuartas Adriana , Alves Lincoln Muniz , Mendiondo Eduardo Mario , Obregón Guillermo , Sampaio Gilvan
Published: May 2016

During most of the rainy season in 2014, the Southeast of Brazil – including the Cantareira reservoir system – received below-normal rainfall. The main cause leading to that heavy lack of rain was an intense, persistent and anomalous highpressure system blocking moisture flow from the Amazon and the development and passage of cold front systems and the South Atlantic Convergence Zone, which are responsible for rainfall in this region during summer. This blocking system lasted for 45 days, which is extremely rare. Low rainfall amounts coupled with an increased demand for water and an inefficient water management system led to the so-called “water crisis” during 2014, which extended into 2015
Educomunicação pela cidadania das mulheres
Authors: Vieira Vera De Fátima
Published: May 2016

Alicerçada no pressuposto da inter-relação entre os campos da comunicação e do feminismo, este artigo pretende demonstrar que as Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) — que têm na internet a sua maior expressão — não são um fim, mas um instrumento para a transformação social. Com a revolução das TIC, o avanço do trabalho pela equidade das relações sociais de gênero depara-se com o desafio da mudança de mentalidade. Concomitantemente com a revolução tecnológica, ocorrem as revoluções do aprendizado e da expressão pessoal e interpessoal, acarretando outras formas de representação da mulher em função das novas dinâmicas comunicacionais. É por meio de ações educomunicativas e pela comunicação a distância que se vislumbra um caminho de reformulação da agenda feminista, com novas estratégias de intervenção política e de atuação
Apresentação
Authors: Citelli Adilson Odair
Published: May 2016

Apresentação da Revista Comunicação & Educação, número 1 de 2016
A evolução da educação midiática no Reino Unido: algumas lições da história
Authors: Buckingham David
Published: May 2016

A educação midiática no Reino Unido possui uma longa história, e tem sido um elemento constante no currículo escolar por cerca de 25 anos.  No entanto, essa temática tem enfrentado desafios crescentes na última década. Nesse artigo, pretendemos explicar esses desenvolvimentos, não menos importantes, na esperança de que os educadores espanhóis possam evitar alguns dos obstáculos que temos encontrado. Ao fazê-lo, esperamos apresentar a história da educação midiática não apenas como uma sucessão de ideias, mas também para explicar por que determinadas abordagens educacionais surgiram em circunstâncias históricas particulares.
Recent Update to the US Cholesterol Treatment Guidelines
Authors: Nayor Matthew , Vasan Ramachandran S.
Published: May 2016

The 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) cholesterol guideline advocated several changes from the previous Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Assuming full implementation, the 2013 ACC/AHA guideline would identify ≈13 million Americans as newly eligible for consideration of statin therapy. Three features of the 2013 ACC/AHA guideline primarily responsible for these differences are the specific risk assessment tool endorsed, the risk threshold considered sufficient to warrant primary prevention statin therapy, and the decision not to include cholesterol treatment targets. There is no consensus among international guidelines on the optimal approach to these 3 components. The 2013 ACC/AHA guideline recommends assessing absolute risk with the Pooled Cohort equations, which were developed to improve on previous risk assessment models by including stroke as an outcome and by broadening racial and geographic diversity. Each of the leading international guidelines recommends a different equation for absolute risk assessment. The 2013 ACC/AHA guideline advises consideration of statin therapy for an estimated 10-year risk of atherosclerotic vascular disease of ≥7.5%, which is lower than the thresholds recommended by other leading international guidelines. Lastly, the 2013 ACC/AHA guideline does not endorse a treat-to-target strategy but instead specifies the appropriate intensity of statin for each risk category. This approach is shared by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines but differs from other international guidelines. In this review, we summarize the 2013 ACC/AHA cholesterol guideline recommendations and compare them with recommendations from Adult Treatment Panel III and other leading international guidelines.
The Reaccession of Ted Shawn: A Study in Virtual Permanence
Authors: Weinert Adam H.
Published: May 2016

In the spring of 2013, I was invited to represent the modernist choreographer Ted Shawn at the Museum of Modern Art as part of the exhibition 20 Dancers of the XXth Century, curated by Boris Charmatz. The exhibit proposed the both radical and rudimentary notion that the main museal space for dance is the human body. In many ways, this is in keeping with how dance has historically been preserved—passing down from generation to generation as an oral and kinesthetic tradition without the benefit of a comprehensive or standardized notation system. With this tradition in mind, I endeavored to become a living archive of Shawn's work. In determining how to approach this task, particularly in the absence of any living company members or company apparatus, I had to ask both practical and theoretical questions about the archive and dance re-performance.
The Reality of Fiction
Authors: Cărbunariu Gianina , Marranca Bonnie
Published: May 2016

In the last decade, the playwright and director Gianina Cărbunariu has become one of the prominent young voices in contemporary European theatre. Mihaela, the Tiger of Our Town, which premiered at the Royal Dramatic Theatre in Stockholm, will be performed at the 2016 Avignon festival by Sweden's Jupither Josephsson Company. Other plays include Stop the Tempo, For Sale, Typographic Letters, Solitarity, Metro is Everywhere, and mady-baby.edu (later titled Kebab). The plays have been translated into more than fifteen languages, and they have been performed in Romanian cities and in theatres across Europe, in Berlin, Munich, Paris, Madrid, Brussels, Vienna, Athens, Warsaw, Budapest, Dublin, and elsewhere in Moscow, Istanbul, Santiago de Chile, New York, and Montreal. Cărbunariu has had residencies at the Lark Theatre in New York and London's Royal Court. Her plays and productions have received numerous awards in Romania and in Canada. She is a founding member of the dramAcum independent theatre group in Bucharest. This interview was taped in New York City on December 19, 2015.
Sympathy, Empathy, and the Plight of Animals on Factory Farms
Authors: Lutz Brenda J.
Published: May 2016

Are sympathy and empathy important indicators as to who is likely to join the anti-factory farming movement? Are female animal rights activists more likely than male activists to be sympathetic or empathetic toward animals in factory farms or are both genders about the same? Do male activists sympathize or empathize with factory farm animals differently than female activists do? These are important questions for understanding involvement in animal rights groups. In order to answer these questions, a survey that dealt with attitudes toward factory farming was administered to animal rights activists that attended a 2008 animal rights convention in the Washington, dc, area. The results of this survey provided an opportunity to see if feminist theories of sympathy and empathy are useful in explaining gender differences.
Collective Victimization and Subjectivity in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Why Do Lasting Peace and Justice Remain Elusive?
Authors: Ndahinda Felix Mukwiza
Published: May 2016

The Democratic Republic of Congo has experienced patterns of mass victimization since the country’s inception. As a private domain of King Leopold ii of Belgium, a Belgian colony or an independent state; the country has undergone numerous episodes of violence affecting not only individuals but also entire communities. Socio-political and economic crises have been accompanied by inter-ethnic violence, mostly in eastern provinces. Over the last decade, various mechanisms have been explored in attempts to address past atrocities. In addition to ongoing prosecutions before the International Criminal Court, a number of domestic initiatives have been or are still being explored. The present article examines the suitability of these mechanisms against the backdrop of the politically and ethnically fragmented landscape in the country. The inquiry examines whether domestic or international peace-building processes address not only individual forms of victimization but also subjective experiences and perceptions of collective victimhood.
Reconstructing Faith Narratives: Doing Research on the Faith of Adolescents
Authors: Sonnenberg Ronelle , Visser-Vogel Elsbeth , van Wijnen Harmen
Published: May 2016

Various qualitative studies on adolescents and faith have been conducted at the research Centre for Youth, Church and Culture of the Protestant Theological University Amsterdam-Groningen in recent years. One finding of the Centre is that there exists a lack of knowledge about good methodologies for research on faith and adolescents. This article presents an explanation of why specific methodologies are needed for adolescents and reviews possible research approaches based on the authors’ experiences. The researchers argue for a qualitative approach and seek to contribute to the discussion of investigations of adolescents’ faith from the authors’ experiences in empirical qualitative studies on adolescents and faith, as well as the literature.
Revision of Urubaxia Fennah (Hemiptera: Cercopidae: Ischnorhininae) with description of two new species
Authors: PALADINI ANDRESSA , BARÃO KIM RIBEIRO , CARVALHO GERVÁSIO SILVA
Published: May 2016

We reviewed Urubaxia Fennah, 1968 and described two new species, Urubaxia solo n.sp. and Urubaxia chewie n.sp. from South America. Species of the genus can be easily distinguished by the shape of the paramere, with two divergent processes, and are usually collected in high altitude zones. An identification key and illustrations are provided.
Revision of the genus Campylaimus (Diplopeltidae, Nematoda) with description of four new species from the Sea of Japan
Authors: FADEEVA NATALIA , MORDUKHOVICH VLADIMIR , ZOGRAF JULIA
Published: May 2016

Four new Campylaimus species are described from the deep-sea sediments of the Sea of Japan at depths of about 500‒3400 m. Campylaimus orientalis sp. nov. is characterized by having a body of moderate length, clearly annulated cuticle, a small rhomboid mouth opening which is displaced on the dorsal side of body, a gap between the unequal limbs of the amphid, prominent narrow longitudinal alae and cephalated spicules. Campylaimus minutus sp. nov. is characterized by having a cylindrical body, very weak annulations, amphids with a short dorsal limb (25–44% of pharynx length) and a ventral limb completely fused with lateral alae of equal width; and lateral alae extending from the base of the amphid to the tail tip. Campylaimus amphidialis sp. nov. is characterized by having the combination of a very long amphidial fovea occupying nearly the entire length of the pharynx; and a well defined boundary between the ventral amphid limb and lateral alae. The distinctive feature of Campylaimus pulcher sp. nov. is the elongated loop-shaped amphid with nearly equal parallel limbs and prominent narrow longitudinal alae; and cephalated spicules without a gubernaculum. The diagnosis of the genus Campylaimus is emended and an identification key to species, based mainly on form and length of amphidial fovea, width of lateral alae, and copulatory apparatus is given. The genus Campylaimus now includes nineteen valid species. Two species are considered as species inquirendae, mainly because of incomplete descriptions.
Revalidation of Triatoma bahiensis Sherlock & Serafim, 1967 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and phylogeny of the T. brasiliensis species complex
Authors: MENDONÇA VAGNER JOSÉ , ALEVI KAIO CESAR CHABOLI , PINOTTI HELOISA , GURGEL-GONÇALVES RODRIGO , PITA SEBASTIÁN , GUERRA ANA LETÍCIA , PANZERA FRANCISCO , DE ARAÚJO RENATO FREITAS , AZEREDO-OLIVEIR MARIA TERCÍLIA VILELA DE , ROSA JOÃO ARISTEU DA
Published: May 2016

Triatoma bahiensis Sherlock & Serafim, 1967, T. lenti Sherlock & Serafim, 1967, and T. pessoai Sherlock & Serafim, 1967 were described based on material collected in the Brazilian state of Bahia. These species were later included in the T. brasiliensis complex based on their geographic distribution. Triatoma bahiensis and T. pessoai were subsequently synonymized with T. lenti. However, the phylogenetic position of T. lenti within the T. brasiliensis complex has remained doubtful. This study aims to assess the taxonomic status of T. bahiensis and to infer the phylogenetic relationships between T. lenti, T. bahiensis and the other members of the T. brasiliensis species complex. The identities of the species in concern were confirmed by comparisons with high resolution photos of the respective type materials; lectotypes are designated for T. pessoai and T. bahiensis. Morphological, morphometric, molecular, and cytogenetic approaches as well as experimental crosses were used. The low viability of experimental crosses combined with morphological and morphometric data allow the differentiation of T. bahiensis and T. lenti. Pairwise cyt b sequence divergence between T. lenti and T. bahiensis was 2.5%. Cytogenetic and molecular analyses grouped T. lenti and T. bahiensis as members of the T. brasiliensis complex. These results revalidate the specific status of T. bahiensis.
The spider genus Cyrioctea Simon on Chañaral Island (Pingüino de Humboldt National Reserve, Atacama, Chile): description of a new species, and the male of Cyrioctea cruz Platnick (Araneae, Zodariidae)
Authors: GRISMADO CRISTIAN J. , PIZARRO-ARAYA JAIME
Published: May 2016

A faunistic survey on Chañaral Island, Atacama, near the northern Pacific coast of Chile, allowed the discovery and description of a new species of the spider genus Cyrioctea: C. islachanaral sp. nov., based on females collected by pitfall traps. Strikingly, this new species shares morphological characters with some Southern African representatives of this genus rather than with the species of continental South America. The male of the species C. cruz Platnick, previously known from continental Chile (northern Coquimbo), is described for the first time based on specimens collected in the same locality.
A review of Gongylonema spp. (Nematoda: Gongylonematidae) in North American rodents with description of a new species from the cotton rat, Sigmodon hispidus (Mammalia: Cricetidae)
Authors: KINSELLA JOHN M. , ROBLES MARIA DEL ROSARIO , PREISSER WHITNEY C.
Published: May 2016

Gongylonema archboldi n. sp. (Nematoda: Gongylonematidae) is described from tunnels in the gastric mucosa of the stomach of the cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus) from Highlands County, Florida, U.S.A. Measurements are also given for specimens from cotton mice (Peromyscus gossypinus), oldfield mice (Peromyscus polionotus), Florida mice (Podomys floridanus), and golden mice (Ochrotomys nuttalli) from the same locality. Additional specimens were collected from the cotton rat and the rice rat (Oryzomys palustris) from Berry Island, San Patricio County, Texas. The new species is differentiated from congeners by a combination of the following characters: length of the left spicule, length and shape of the gubernaculum, distribution of cuticular bosses, length of esophagus, and distance of the vulva from the posterior end. The status of the genus Gongylonema in North American rodents is reviewed.
Statistical Structure of Intrinsic Climate Variability under Global Warming
Authors: Zhu Xiuhua , Bye John , Fraedrich Klaus , Bordi Isabella
Published: May 2016

Climate variability is often studied in terms of fluctuations with respect to the mean state, whereas the dependence between the mean and variability is rarely discussed. Here, a new climate metric is proposed to measure the relationship between means and standard deviations of annual surface temperature computed over nonoverlapping 100-yr segments. This metric is analyzed based on equilibrium simulations of the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM): the last-millennium climate (800–1799), the future climate projection following the A1B scenario (2100–99), and the 3100-yr unforced control simulation. A linear relationship is globally observed in the control simulation and is thus termed intrinsic climate variability, which is most pronounced in the tropical region with negative regression slopes over the Pacific warm pool and positive slopes in the eastern tropical Pacific. It relates to asymmetric changes in temperature extremes and associates fluctuating climate means with increase or decrease in intensity and occurrence of both El Niño and La Niña events. In the future scenario period, the linear regression slopes largely retain their spatial structure with appreciable changes in intensity and geographical locations. Since intrinsic climate variability describes the internal rhythm of the climate system, it may serve as guidance for interpreting climate variability and climate change signals in the past and the future.
Emerging concepts in therapies for autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Absoud Michael
Published: May 2016

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous disorder with clearly recognisable core features, but without reliable biomarkers as yet. It has a high rate of comorbid psychiatric disorders which need to be identified and appropriately treated. Emerging concepts in genetics, pathobiology and outcome measurement have potential to significantly advance the treatment of both ASD and its comorbidities over the following decades.
The Infinity of Water: Climate Change Adaptation in the Arabian Peninsula
Authors: Günel Gökçe
Published: May 2016

This article examines the discourses and practices of climate change adaptation in the Arabian Peninsula. It suggests that climate change adaptation projects in the region are often attempts at reframing water-related challenges that are already present, regardless of the effects of climate change. For instance, the groundwater sources in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) will be destroyed not necessarily due to the predicted impacts of climate change but because they will soon be completely consumed. In response, the governments in the Arabian Peninsula, especially the UAE, advance a view that I call the “infinity of water,” by relying on technological solutions, particularly desalination. The nonconventional synthetic quality of water, where more can be generated through desalination whenever necessary, allows the actors in the area to envision and embrace its infinity, regardless of existing and impending water scarcity. This article shows how water ceases to be a “natural” entity, but rather emerges as an assemblage of complex technical procedures, social relations, and historical trajectories.
Tisanopterofauna Associada à Plantas Ornamentais e Cultivadas no Sudoeste Baiano
Authors: Mascarenhas André Luiz Santos , Pinent Silvia Marisa Jesien , Silva Junior Juvenal Cordeiro
Published: May 2016

Resumo: Os tripes são insetos diminutos pertencentes à ordem Thysanoptera, sendo em sua maioria fitófagos. Poucos são os estudos sobre a fauna de tripes no Brasil, especialmente no nordeste do Brasil. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo realizar um inventário da tisanopterofauna associada à plantas ornamentais e cultivadas da região Sudoeste da Bahia. Os insetos foram coletados em ramos e flores de diversas espécies vegetais entre janeiro de 2006 e janeiro de 2007. Em laboratório, os tripes foram triados, montados em lâminas de microscopia e identificados. Doze espécies de tripes pertencentes a seis gêneros e duas famílias foram obtidos, sendo três novos registros para a Bahia. Foram identificadas 28 espécies de plantas hospedeiras pertencentes a 16 famílias. Os resultados obtidos nesse trabalho indicam uma rica tisanopterofauna.Thysanopterofauna Associated with Ornamental and Crop Plants in Southwest BahiaAbstract: Thrips are tiny insects belonging to the order Thysanoptera, being mostly phytophagous. There are few studies on the thrips fauna in Brazil, especially in northeastern Brazil. This work aims to conduct an inventory of Thysanopterofauna associated with ornamentals and crops of Bahia Southwest region. The insects were collected in branches and flowers of several plant species between January 2006 and January 2007. In the laboratory, the thrips were screened, mounted on microscope slides and identified. Twelve thrips species belonging to six genera and two families were obtained, and three new records for Bahia. 28 species of host plants belonging to 16 families were identified. The results of this study indicate a rich Thysanopterofauna.
Do Unions Affect Innovation?
Authors: Bradley Daniel , Kim Incheol , Tian Xuan
Published: May 2016

We examine the effect of unionization on firm innovation, using a regression discontinuity design that relies on “locally” exogenous variation generated by elections that pass or fail by a small margin of votes. Passing a union election results in an 8.7% (12.5%) decline in patent quantity (quality) three years after the election. A reduction in R&D expenditures, reduced productivity of inventors, and departures of innovative inventors appear to be plausible underlying mechanisms through which unionization impedes firm innovation. In response to unionization, firms move their innovation activities away from states where union elections win. Our paper provides new insights into the real effects of unionization.

This paper was accepted by Gustavo Manso, finance.
Social Labeling by Competing NGOs: A Model with Multiple Issues and Entry
Authors: Heyes Anthony , Martin Steve
Published: May 2016

In many settings firms rely on nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to certify prosocial attributes embodied in their products. We provide a model of competition between NGOs in the provision of labeling services. Competition between a fixed number of NGOs features a “race to the top” in labeling standards, but entry of NGOs offering new labels pushes standards down. In a wide range of settings NGO entry and competition results in too many labels being adopted, with each label being too stringent. Compared to a setting in which firms can credibly communicate the social attributes of their products, labels demand greater prosocial behavior than is desired by firms, although with proliferation of the number of labels this discrepancy disappears. In contrast to existing models, firms may engage in excessive corporate social responsibility when they rely on an NGO as a certifying intermediary.

This paper was accepted by Bruno Cassiman, business strategy.
Apitoxin harvest affects population development but not the hygienic behavior of African-derived honey bees
Authors: Onari Paula , Zaluski Rodrigo , Bovi Thaís De Souza , Orsi Ricardo De Oliveira
Published: May 2016

The biological properties of apitoxin have prompted its production for use in human and animal health applications. However, the apitoxin harvest triggers a defense reaction in honeybee colonies, which includes the release of alarm pheromones (isopentyl acetate and 2-heptanone), which cause stress and could cause behavioral changes that influence the routine activities of the colony. Considering the lack of data in the literature describing the effects of the prolonged harvesting of apitoxin, the present study conducted over a period of one year, aimed to investigate whether the apitoxin harvest influences population development and hygienic behavior of African-derived Apis mellifera (L.). We observed that apitoxin harvest affected the uncapped brood area of the colonies during the months of April, May, and June, and affected the capped brood area in July. The hygienic behavior of the colonies was not affected. Furthermore, we observed that during the study year, there was loss by abandonment of nine of the colonies subjected to apitoxin harvesting. We conclude that under the conditions of this study, the apitoxin harvest can negatively influence the development of the colony population during certain times of the year, without affecting the hygienic behavior of the colonies.
Initial development and production of CO2 in colonies of the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens during the claustral foundation
Authors: Camargo Roberto Da Silva
Published: May 2016

Queens in the genus Atta are solely responsible for fungus cultivation and for care of herself and her offspring. Only few studies have investigated their nests in the claustral foundation and it is unknown the production rate of expelled carbon dioxide and/or of oxygen consumption in the initial colonies of leaf-cutting ants. Thus, we have studied the development of 50 initial colonies of Atta sexdens, and production of expelled carbon dioxide under laboratory conditions. The number of eggs was counted one week after nest foundation on the seventh day, the larvae counted on day 28, and the pupae between days 42 and 49. The workers emerged on the 63rd and 70th day. The CO2 concentration increased steeply in the 42nd days (20.60 ± 8.36%) and 49th days (15,37 ± 13,11 %), at 42nd days,  and subsequently returned to lower values, for example, 3.35±2.84% at week seven. The present study is the first to present CO2 emission data in initial nests, in their claustral foundation under laboratory conditions.
Opportunistic predation of a colony of Polybia platycephala (Richards) (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) by Labidus praedator (Smith) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae)
Authors: Maciel Tatiane Tagliatti , Barbosa Bruno Corrêa , Prezoto Fábio
Published: May 2016

Social wasps have developed several defense mechanisms, especially against ants. Predator attacks are the main threat to their nests. The strategy adopted by the wasps, when attacked by ants, is to abandon the nest, thus preserving the adult population for future nesting. The present study reports in detail the predation of a colony of Polybia platycephala by Labidus praedator.
Wasps are better plant-guards than ants in the extrafloral nectaried shrub Ouratea spectabilis (Ochnaceae)
Authors: Del-Claro Kleber , Alves-Silva Estevão
Published: May 2016

In the Cerrado, many plants are patrolled by ants, but in some cases, predatory wasps may also play an important role in herbivore deterrence. Here we examined the effects of the wasp Brachygastra lecheguana and the ant Pseudomyrmex gracilis on the predation of endophytic weevils which develop in the flower buds of Ouratea spectabilis trees. We (i) compared frequency and the abundance of weevils preyed upon by wasps; (ii) possible synergic effects of ants and wasps in decreasing weevil population; and (iii) whether wasps preyed upon weevils in more visible, easy-access inflorescences, i. e. those located in edges of canopy. In contrast to ants, wasps were observed significantly more frequently on O. spectabilis and were responsible for 88% of the weevil larvae preyed upon. Plants visited by both B. lecheguana and P. gracilis had a substantial reduction in weevil larvae compared to plants visited by B. lecheguana only. This indicates a complementary effect of predators with distinct skills in deterring the weevil population; however, ants were responsible for only a small portion of weevils preyed upon. Weevil larvae occurred evenly in both visible and hidden inflorescences; nonetheless, wasps predominantly visited inflorescences located on the edges of the canopy. In this ecological system, predatory wasps played a substantial part in weevil deterrence and can be considered a better plant-guard than ants.
PressuPostos Pragmáticos da linguagem e interPretação moral da constituição
Authors: Nigro Rachel
Published: May 2016

Este artigo pretende apresentar alguns elementos da filosofia pragmática da linguagem, como a noção de jogo de lin-guagem e de ato de fala, os quais orientam a nova hermenêu-tica constitucional-democrática. Por meio da desconstrução da oposição entre “ativismo” e “judicialização” que norteia o debate sobre a jurisdição constitucional no Brasil, argumento que a inter-pretação de dispositivos constitucionais moralmente carregados, como os que expressam os direitos fundamentais, implica uma atividade complexa de reconstrução de sentido. Com apoio na filosofia pragmática da linguagem e na teoria interpretativa de Dworkin, pretendo destacar a importância da deliberação - que envolve a argumentação prático-moral - reservada para a corte constitucional no atual modelo democrático.
TÉCNICA, CIÊNCIA E DIREITO DA SUSTENTABILIDADE
Authors: Losada de Menezes Rubens
Published: May 2016

A técnica ou tecnologia em constante evolução sócio-histórica progrediu de modo entrelaçado às ciências naturais, que por sua vez aportaram ao homem meios potencialmente aptos a prognosticar os eventos ambientais presentes e futuros. Igual fato ocorreu com o Direito, particularmente com a especialidade ambiental, que ainda hoje se apoia marcadamente no influxo téc-nico-ecológico propiciado pelas ciências naturais para solucionar as questões vinculadas à sustentabilidade ecológica (ambiental), social e econômica. Logo, o presente artigo, pelo método indu-tivo, ante à emergente ciência da sustentabilidade, apontará pela necessidade dos pesquisadores, sobretudo da ciência jurídica, a se esforçarem do ponto de vista epistemológico para atingirem uma adequada integração das ciências naturais, sociais e humanidades no processo de compreensão das interações socioecológicas. Para tanto, demanda-se expandir a funcionalidade dos métodos e téc-nicas sociais dentro da normativa ambiental e, especialmente, es-timular a participação social nos processos de tomada de decisão, assim como nos instrumentos de gestão ambiental.
DA POLÍTICA SOCIAL À POLÍTICA PENAL: PARTIDOS POLÍTICOS E PROPOSTAS DE ALTERAÇÃO DO ESTATUTO DA CRIANÇA E DO ADOLESCENTE NA CÂMARA DOS DEPUTADOS
Authors: De Nardin Budó Marília
Published: May 2016

Dada a mudança de paradigma que caracteriza o trata-mento jurídico da criança e do adolescente a partir de 1988 no Brasil, este trabalho investiga o panorama das propostas legisla-tivas sobre o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente durante dez anos. Por meio de análise quanti-qualitativa das propostas, e se-gundo o marco teórico da criminologia crítica, identifica se são as políticas sociais ou as políticas penais que têm sido contempladas com o maior número de iniciativas legislativas. Também identifica como ocorre a relação entre os tipos de proposições e os partidos políticos a que pertencem os proponentes. Os resultados indicam uma preponderância das políticas penais, para recrudescer a re-pressão, de um lado, a adultos que vitimizam crianças; e, de outro lado, a adolescentes em conflito com a lei, com preponderância dos partidos de esquerda nas primeiras, e dos partidos de direita nas segundas. Essa tendência contribui para a inversão de priori-dades e para a reprodução social das desigualdades.
Embracing the complexity of matricellular proteins: the functional and clinical significance of splice variation
Authors: Viloria Katrina , Hill Natasha J.
Published: May 2016

Matricellular proteins influence wide-ranging fundamental cellular processes including cell adhesion, migration, growth and differentiation. They achieve this both through interactions with cell surface receptors and regulation of the matrix environment. Many matricellular proteins are also associated with diverse clinical disorders including cancer and diabetes. Alternative splicing is a precisely regulated process that can produce multiple isoforms with variable functions from a single gene. To date, the expression of alternate transcripts for the matricellular family has been reported for only a handful of genes. Here we analyse the evidence for alternative splicing across the matricellular family including the secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), thrombospondin, tenascin and CCN families. We find that matricellular proteins have double the average number of splice variants per gene, and discuss the types of domain affected by splicing in matricellular proteins. We also review the clinical significance of alternative splicing for three specific matricellular proteins that have been relatively well characterised: osteopontin (OPN), tenascin-C (TNC) and periostin. Embracing the complexity of matricellular splice variants will be important for understanding the sometimes contradictory function of these powerful regulatory proteins, and for their effective clinical application as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
Synthesis and ROMP of new sulfobetaine and carboxybetaine norbornene
Authors: Pineda-Contreras Armando , Hernández-Madrigal Julia V. , Vázquez-Vuelvas Oscar F. , Fomine Serguei
Published: May 2016

The synthesis of novel norbornene based polyzwitterions via ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) is present. Trifluoracetic acid (TFA) was used as a solvent to provide a homogenous medium for the polymerization reaction of sulfobetaines with the commercially available Hoveyda-Grubbs’ initiator. In order to prevent the competitive complexation via carboxylate functional group of the ruthenium metal center, we carried out the controlled polymerization of ethyl protected carboxybetaines monomers.
Preparation and properties of emulsifier-/NMP-free crosslinkable waterborne polyurethane-acrylic hybrid emulsions for footwear adhesives (II) – effect of dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA)/pentaerylthritol triacrylate (PETA) content
Authors: Cheon Jung-Mi , Lee Seul-Gi , Chun Jae-Hwan , Lee Dong-Jin , Lee Young-Hee , Kim Han-Do
Published: May 2016

Stable emulsions (solid content: 38%) of emulsifier-/N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP)-free crosslinkable waterborne polyurethane-acrylic hybrids with a fixed acrylic monomer content (20 wt.%) and different molar ratios (mole%) of dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA)/crosslinkable pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA)(17/23, 22/17, 27/11, 32/5) were successfully prepared. This study examined the effect of mole% of DMPA/PETA on the stability and viscosity of hybrid emulsions, the tensile properties/dynamic mechanical thermal properties of hybrid film samples and the adhesive strengths of formulated adhesives for footwear at both dry and wet states. The tensile strength/modulus, storage modulus and Tgs increased with increasing PETA content. The adhesive strength at dry state increased with increasing DMPA content up to 27 mole%, and then decreased a little. However, the adhesive strength at wet state decreased with increasing DMPA content. The optimum DMPA/PETA contents were found to be 27/11 mole% to achieve high performance adhesive properties.
Nontrivial solutions of superlinear nonlocal problems
Authors: Molica Bisci Giovanni , Repovš Dušan , Servadei Raffaella
Published: May 2016

We study the question of the existence of infinitely many weak solutions for nonlocal equations of fractional Laplacian type with homogeneous Dirichlet boundary data, in presence of a superlinear term.
Starting from the well-known Ambrosetti–Rabinowitz condition, we consider different growth assumptions on the nonlinearity, all of superlinear type. We obtain three different existence results in this setting by using the Fountain Theorem, which extend some classical results for semilinear Laplacian equations to the nonlocal fractional setting.
Physicochemical Properties of Dough and Steamed Bread Made from Regular and Whole Wheat Flour
Authors: Chen Yi-Tien , Shiau Sy-Yu , Fu Jhong-Tai
Published: May 2016

Mantou (steamed bread) is a Chinese fermented wheat product that is cooked in steamer. Whole wheat flour (WWF) is healthier than regular wheat flour (WF). This study investigated the physicochemical properties of dough and mantou made from WF and/or WWF. Results showed that the substitution of WF by WWF resulted in stiffer and less extensible dough. Both Peleg–Normand and Wiechert models fitted well to the stress relaxation data of mantou. Increasing the substitution level of WWF led to the decrease of k
1 and k
2 in Peleg–Normand model as well as λ
1 and λ
2 in Wiechert model. Mantou with 100 % WWF had significantly higher hardness but lower cohesiveness and specific volume than regular mantou. However, free and bound phenolics and DPPH radical scavenging capacity of mantou obviously increased with the amount of WWF. Mantou with 25 % WWF had the highest overall sensory score among all mantous tested.
An inequality involving the gamma and digamma functions
Authors: Qi Feng , Guo Bai-Ni
Published: May 2016

In the paper, the authors establish an inequality involving the gamma and digamma functions and apply it to prove the negativity and monotonicity of a function involving the gamma and digamma functions.
Monophasic action potential recordings: which is the recording electrode?
Authors: Tse Gary , Wong Sheung Ting , Tse Vivian , Yeo Jie Ming
Published: May 2016

The aim of this article is to provide an overview of current debate on the monophasic action potential (MAP) recording technique, specifically whether the depolarizing or the reference electrode is responsible for recording the MAP waveform. A literature search was made using key words including monophasic action potential, MAP, electrophysiological basis, recording electrode, depolarizing electrode, contact electrode, indifferent electrode, and reference electrode. References from articles were screened for additional relevant papers. Articles published by the different experimental groups claim that depolarizing electrode, but not reference electrode, records MAPs from the myocardium. This can be more accurately described when considering biophysical theory, which states that MAP is a bipolar signal with contributions from not only the depolarizing electrode but also remote activation at the reference electrode. It is not meaningful to claim that one is the recording electrode because potential differences must be measured between two points in space. Nevertheless, the MAP technique is useful for assessing the local electrical activity of the myocardium in contact with the depolarizing electrode. It is important to have the recording electrode in close proximity with the reference electrode to minimize contamination from far-field signals.