bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Partial Characterization and Identification of Chemokinetic Factors in Serum
Authors: HÅKANSSON L. , VENGE P.
Published: June 2006

The chemokinetic effect of serum, defined as the stimulation of the rate of polymorphonuclear neulrophil(PMN) migration in the presence of serum has been investigated for the purpose of identifying the major factors in serum contributing to this effect. The chemokinetic activity has been measured in fresh and heated (56°C) serum and in fractions of serum separated by gel filtration. Gel filtration showed the existence of at least three heat‐stable chemokinetic factors with approximate molecular weight of 800,00, 150,000, and 70,000. By immunoprecipitation and immunoadsorption the 800,000 mol. wt factor was identified as α2‐macroglobulin and the 70,000 mol wt. factor as α1‐antitrypsin and orosomucoid. Heat‐labile chemokinetic activity was found in fractions representing mol. wts around 200,000 and 50,000. Immunoprecipitation and immunoadsorption indicated that these heat‐labile chemokinetic factors were C3‐associated. This investigation suggests a new functional role for the acute‐phase reactants α2‐macroglobulin, α1‐antitrypsin, orosomucoid, and C3 in the modulation of PMN migration and also suggests that the chemokinetic activities of these substances are regulated by specific antagonists at various levels.
Competition of Chemically Related Antigens for Presentation by Accessory Cells to T Cells Requires Expenditure of Metabolic Energy by the Accessory Cells
Authors: WERDELIN O. , BUUS S.
Published: June 2006

The immune responsiveness of guinea pigs both to dinitrophenyl‐poly‐L‐lysine (DNP‐PLL) and to the lysine‐rich random copolymer of L‐glutamic acid and L‐lysine (GL) is controlled by the‘poly‐L‐lysine gene'. We have previously demonstrated that accessory cells of responder strains can be made incapable of presenting DNP‐PLL to responsive T cells in assays for proliferation, by in vitro exposure of the cells to GL before and during their exposure to DNP‐PLL. We demonstrate here that the presence of anti‐la antibody in the cultures does not interfere with the apparent competition of the two antigens for presentation by accessory cells. Furthermore, the two antigens do not compete for presentation when the accessory cells are exposed to them at 1°C, suggesting that endocytosis and/or other energy‐requiring cellular events are necessary for the competition.
The Polyclonal Lipopolysaccharide Response Is Accessory‐Cell‐Dependent
Authors: FERNANDEZ C. , SEVERINSON E.
Published: June 2006

Difrerent concentrations of spleen cells from C57BL.10 mice were activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). and DNA synthesis and IgM and IgG secretion were measured. The dilution curve was sigmoid, and the response was rapidly lost below a certain cell concentration. In the presence of thymocytes or spleen cells from the LPS‐non‐responder strain C57BL.10/ScCr the dilution curve for the LPS response of cells from C57BL.10 mice became linear, and the overall response was increased. Irradiated cells could not restore the response at suboptimal cell concentrations. In addition, enriched T cells restored the response as well as normal spleen cells, whereas enriched B cells did not. We compared the restoring capacity of different filler cells for the LPS response with that of a plasmacytoma cell line cultured at suboptimal cell concentrations. The results are compatible with the idea that the filler cells provide growth‐stimulating activity to LPS‐responsive cells but growth‐supporting activity to the tumour cells. Furthermore, highly enriched B‐cell populations respond poorly to LPS, but the response can be partly restored by filler cells. These data suggest that the LPS response is accessory‐cell‐dependent.
Antigen‐Specific Proliferative Human T‐Lymphocyte Clones with Specificity for Chlamydia trachomatis
Authors: QVIGSTAD E. , DIGRANES S. , THORSBY E.
Published: June 2006

Blast‐enriched suspensions of T cells primed for Chlamydia trachomatis antigen were cloned by a limiting dilution technique. A cloning efficiency of 20–25% was obtained. T‐lymphocyte clones (TLC) with high proliferalive responses were selected for further studies. Kinetic studies showed a peak response between 60 and 84 h after antigen stimulation. The TLC were OKT4 +. They were specific for the chlamydial antigen and did not respond to other antigen when non‐T cells were used as antigen‐presenting cells (APC). Antigen‐specific proliferation of the TLC required that the responding TLC and the APC shared class‐II HLA determinants—thsit is, HLA‐D/DR molecules. The true clonal nature of the TLC was confirmed by subcloning experiments.
An Extended Clq‐Binding Assay Using Lactoperoxidase‐ and Chloramine‐T‐Iodinated Clq
Authors: SPAETH P. J. , CORVETTA A. , NYDEGGER U. E. , MONTRONI M. , BUETLER R.
Published: June 2006

An extension of the Clq‐binding assay for the detection of immune‐aggregate‐mediated and non‐immune‐aggregate‐mediated Clq binding is reported. The assay involves the use of two different Clq preparations, one radioiodinated by means of lactoperoxidase (LPO‐125I‐Clq) and the other by means of chloramine‐T (CT‐125I‐Clq). The treatment with CT for 20 min at room temperature before iodination for 1 min led to abolishment of the Clq‐binding capacities to complexed IgG: approximately 50% of LPO‐125I‐Clq but only 2% of CT‐125I‐Clq bound to 80 μg/ml of IgG forming part of tetanus toxoid/anti‐tetanus toxoid complexes or to 200 μg/ml of heat‐aggregated human gamma globulin. Similar results were obtained with staphylococcal protein‐A‐aggregated IgG. CT‐treated Clq was haemolytically inactive. In contrast to the results with complexed IgG, CT treatment did not markedly reduce binding capacities of Clq to heparin: approximately 55% of LPO‐ and CT‐125I‐Clq were bound by 127 U/ml of commercial heparin in normal human serum. Both Clq preparations bound to a comparable extent to fibronectin, fibrinogen, and various bacterial endotoxins. When the LPO‐ and CT‐125I‐Clq‐binding patterns obtained on serum samples from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, or essential mixed cryoglobulinaemia were compared with binding patterns observed using laboratory reactants, an immediate detection of non‐immune‐aggregate‐mediated Clq binding became possible.
Three Assays for the Characterization and Quantitation of Human Serum Amyloid A
Authors: MARHAUG G.
Published: June 2006

Two different radioimmunoassays (RIA) and an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were developed for the quantitation and antigenic characterization of amyloid A (AA) and serum amyloid A (SAA) proteins, and the three assays were evaluated and compared with each other. Sensitivity, reproducibility, effect of denaturation and storage of serum and range of determination were considered. All three assays were found useful, but for different purposes. The most suitable method for the determination of SAA in whole serum was a second antibody precipitation RIA with purified SAA as labelled tracer and standard, and polyclonal rabbit anti‐SAA as first antibody. This assay provided SAA concentrations in absolute amounts (mg/l) and acceptable reproducibility without need for prior denaturation of serum. Both advantages and disadvantages of ELISA using monoclonal antibodies to SAA and a solid‐phase RIA using AA, SAA, anti‐AA and anti‐SAA were observed. The three assays were found suitable for antigenic studies of AA and SAA.
Ia‐Expressing Cells and T Lymphocytes of Different Subsets in Peripheral Nerve Tissue during Experimental Allergic Neuritis in Lewis Rats
Authors: OLSSON T. , HOLMDAHL R. , KLARESKOG L. , FORSUM U.
Published: June 2006

Inflammatory infiltrates in sciatic nerves during the acute phase of experimental allergic neuritis in the Lewis rat have been characterized with regard to occurrence and distribution of Ia‐expressing cells and T‐lymphocyte subsets by the help of an immunohistochemical double‐staining technique, enabling the simultaneous visualization of T lymphocytes and Ia‐expressing non‐T cells. Large numbers of Ia‐expressing irregular macrophage‐like/dendritic cells were seen both within inflammatory infiltrates and within afflicted nervous tissue. Many W3/13‐reactive T lymphocytes of both ‘helper’ and ‘suppressor/cytoxic’ phenotypes appeared in close contact with these Ia‐expressing non‐T cells, particularly within the infiltrates. B lymphocytes and plasma cells were relatively few and mainly found close to endoneurial vessels.
Do Serine Proteases Degrade Amyloid A Fibrils?
Authors: TEPPO A.‐M. , MAURY C. P. J.
Published: June 2006

Human serum contains enzyme(s) able to degrade serum amyloid A protein (SAA) and amyloid A (AA) fibrils. On the basis of inhibition tests these enzymes are regarded as serine proteases, but further characterization of the enzymes has, however, so far not been done. Chymotrypsin, trypsin, elastase, collagenase and kallikrein, when added to SAA‐containing serum, all degraded SAA to peptides within 2 h at 37°C. With the exception of collagenase these enzymes also destroyed the Sirius‐Red‐binding ability of amyloidotic tissue and that of isolated AA fibrils. Hence, they altered the conformation of the β‐pleated structure and possibly also degraded the fibrils. These results suggest that any of these serine proteases could be responsible of the degradation of SAA in serum. The enzyme concentrations needed to degrade amyloid fibrils, however, were much higher than normally found in serum. Thus, it is unlikely that the amyloid‐fibril‐degrading activity in serum could be due to any of these enzymes.
In Vitro Plaque‐Forming Cell Responses Induced byStreptococcus pneumoniaein Humans
Authors: BECKMANN E. , LEVITT D.
Published: June 2006

When peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) were stimulated in vitro with the rough form of type 2Streptococcus pneumoniaeR36a, the resulting plaque‐forming cells (PFC) did not produce antibodies directed against phosphorylcholine, a major antigenic determinant of the cell wall C‐polysaccharide. Instead, R36a stimulated polyclonal PFC in PBL and splenic lymphocytes. We compared the polyclonal responses stimulated by R36a with those induced by two well‐characterized polyclonal activators (PA),Staphylococcus aureusCowan I and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). We found that R36 a was a poor mitogen for PBL, whereas the other two PA were potent mitogens; that the predominant isotype produced in response to all three PA was IgM; that adherent cells strongly inhibited the polyclonal PFC response to both R36a andStaph. aureusbut not PWM; and that T cells were necessary for induction of polyclonal antibody‐secreting cells by all three stimuli.
Phagocytosis by Human Monocytes of Particles Activating the Alternative Pathway of Complement
Authors: JOHNSON E. , ESKELAND T. , BERTHEUSSEN K.
Published: June 2006

The phagocytosis of particles activating the alternative pathway of complement by human monocytcs cultured under serum‐free conditions was studied. In contrast to native zymosan particles, which were easily ingested, rabbit erythrocytes and agarose heads had to be coated with C3b or C3bi to be engulfed by the monocytes. The binding and ingestion by monocytes of particles coated with C3bi were greater than for the same particles coated with the equivalent amount of C3b. The binding and uptake of rabbit erythrocytes and agarose beads were proportional to the amount of C3b or C3bi on the particles. In contrast to the complement activator particles, C3b‐ and C3bi‐coated sheep erythrocytes, which are non‐activators, were not ingested by the monocytes, although attachment to the monocytes took place. The presence of methylamine or cobra venom factor, which are complement inhibitors, strongly reduced the ingestion of native zymosan by the monocytes, whereas the uptake of C3b‐ or C3bi‐coated zymosan particles were only weakly affected. This suggests that the binding of native zymosan to monocytes is sensitive to interference from a cell‐derived alternative pathway C3 convertase (C3bBb). Binding and uptake of activators by human monocytes via complement receptor(s) are discussed.
Characterization of Ia+ Non‐Lymphoid Cells in Peripheral Lymph from Congenitally Athymic Nude Rats
Authors: FOSSUM S.
Published: June 2006

Non‐lymphoid cells (NLC) were obtained by thoracic‐duct cnnnulation of mesenteric lymphadenectomized (MLNx) congenitally athymic nude rats. The cells were similar to NLC collected directly from testicular lymph and from the thoracic duct of MLNx euthymic rats, Ia+ NLC were characterized by a highly irregular, veiled or dendritic surface. Otherwise the cells were heterogeneous with regard to ultrastructure, non‐specific acid esterase activity, and surface antigens. Roughly a third of the cells had surface Thy‐1 antigen. A negative correlation was found between ihe presence of Thy‐1 and non‐specific acid esterase activity. Compared with macrophages and granulocytes they showed limited phagocytosis of simple test substances. However, Ia+ NLC often contained lysosomes and some were occasionally observed in the act of phagocytosing and ingesting other cells, thus demonstrating phagocytic ability. Since Ia+ NLC were abundant in peripheral lymph but rare in central lymph, they must he held back by the draining lymph nodes. Their relationship to NLC wilhin lymph nodes is discussed.
Permissive Effect of Substratum Contact on DNA Synthesis in Concanavalin A‐Treated Lymphocytes
Authors: ENGSTRÖM W. , WANGER L. , SUNDQVIST K. G.
Published: June 2006

The effects of contact with a solid surface (in the form of adhesive microcarrier beads (Cytodex)) on the induction of proliferation of human blood lymphocytes after exposure to concanavalin A (Con A) were investigated. The duration of the lag phase preceding DNA synthesis was identical in the presence and absence of beads. The kinetic course of initiation of DNA synthesis was exponential but with different rate constants both in the presence and in the absence of beads during the first 4 days of the culture period. Cytodex exerted its effect by increasing the proportion of cells initiating DNA synthesis in response to Con A. To elucidate whether lymphocytes responded to Con A exposure in a dose‐dependent manner, cells were seeded at different concentrations and exposed to Con A for different times. At 36 and 48 h after start of stimulation the proportion of cells synthesizing DNA increased with increasing cell number in the cultures. In contrast, the portion of cells synthesizing DNA was markedly decreased at high cell densities 60, 72 and 96 h after start of stimulation. In the presence of microcarrier beads, however, the proportion of cells synthesizing DNA was proportional to the cell number in the cultures also after 60, 72 and 96 h.
Auto‐Delayed‐Type Hypersensitivity Induced in Immunodeficient Mice with Syngeneic Modified Self‐Antigens
Authors: TARCIC N. , SHARON R. , ROSENMANN E. , NAOR D.
Published: June 2006

The control of the autoimmune response to modified self‐antigens was explored, using immunodeficient mice injected with syngeneic trinitrophenylated spleen cells (TNP‐SC) as an experimental model system. X‐irradiated (250rad) A mice injected with TNP‐SC and footpad‐challenged 7 to 14 days later with syngeneic lymphohlasts generated a dclayed‐type hypersensilivity (DTH)response that was expressed by footpad swelling measured 24 h, 48 h and 72 h later. Histopathological examination showed massive inflammatory infiltration in the soft tissues of the limbs with extensive necrosis. This was notobserved in X‐irradiated mice that received the lymphoblast challenge only.The immunological activity was transferred from the X‐irradiated TNP‐SC‐immunized mice to naive recipients by T cells (Lyt‐1+) and not by serum, thus excluding the possibility that the inflammatory reaction is mediated by antibodies. We have previously presented evidence that the differentiation status of the lymphoblasts, and not contaminants from the incubation media, was the determinant factor eliciting the DTH response of immunodeficient mice injected with TNP‐SC. Since only syngeneic lymphoblasts were able to elicit the DTH response of immunodeficient mice injected wiih syngeneic TNP‐SC, we suggested that immunologies! activity was directed against self‐antigens, thus expressing an autoimmune reactivity. The ability of immunodeficient mice to generate syngeneic DTH was not restricted to the TNP hapten or to inbred A‐strain mice. X‐irradiated BALB/c mice injected with syngeneic penicillinatcd spleen cells and challenged with syngeneic lymphoblatsts generated a significant DTH response, in contrast to X‐irradiated BALB/c mice exposed to the challenge dose only. X‐irradiated A mice injected with syngeneic TNP‐SC and simultaneously reconstituted with syngeneic splenocytcs failed to generate a DTH response after the lymphoblast challenge, indicating that the syngeneic DTH response is controlled by normal suppressor cells. The suppressor cells were characterized as T cells carrying I‐Jk, Lyt‐1+, Lyt‐2+ and Lyt‐3+ antigenic markers. The suppressor cells abrogated the syngeneic DTH response of immunodeficient mice injected with TNP‐SC, even when transferred a few days after the induction of immunological activity, but not when transferred 1 h before the lymphoblast challenge, indicating that even the established immunological activity can be restrained. Various immunological aspects of these observations and the significance of the findings in illuminating human autoimmune disorders are considered.
Plaque‐Forming Cells in Man
Authors: TAURIS P.
Published: June 2006

The influence of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and steroid (ST) on the number of plaque‐forming cells (PFC) developed in pokeweed mitogen‐activated cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) was investigated. Cultures of 106 PBL were established from blood samples of 16 healthy volunteers before and after intake of 2 g of ASA, and parallel cultures were supplemented with ST in vitro. The immunoglobulin secretion was monitored with a protein A assay. Our results show that pharmacological doses of ASA in vivo decrease the number of PFC by 41%, whereas the distribution of the subpopulations was unaltered. In cultures of PBL obtained before the intake of ASA and supplemented with 10, 50 or 100 μg/ml of dexamethasone the number of PFC was decreased by 50%, 41% and 44%, respectively. In cultures of PBL obtained after the intake of ASA and supplemented with 10, 50 or 100 μg/ml of ST, the number of PFC was further decreased by 22%, 32% and 38%. The effects of ASA in vivo and ST in vitro were additive. The ratio of IgM, IgG and IgA PFC was unaffected by ASA and ST. It is suggested that the modulation of the PFC response induced by ASA and ST is mediated by the prostaglandin system.
In Vitro Immunoglobulin Production by Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Multiple Myeloma Patients and Patients with Benign Monoclonal Gammopathy
Authors: PEEST D. , BRUNKHORST U. , SCHEDEL I. , DEICHER H.
Published: June 2006

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBM) from four patients with IgG myeloma and four patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy (BMG) were stimulated with pokeweed mitogen(PWM), and the in vitro immunoglobulin production over 7 days was measured with an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. All myeloma patients were sufficiently treated with cytostatic drugs. Their PBM did not product monoclonal Ig in vitro, as opposed to PBM from two patients with BMG. Unseparated PBM from myeloma patients produced smaller amounts of polyclonal Ig than unseparated cells from normal donors. However, macrophage‐depleted PBM from myeloma patients produced amounts of Ig comparable to those of normal donors when autologous or allogeneic adherent cells were returned in defined numbers. T cells from three of the four myeloma patients could provide help for the Ig production by B cells from healthy donors. These results indicate that functionally normal polyclonal B cells circulate in the blood of myeloma patients. The circulating T‐cell population also has no obvious defect. In contrast, blood macrophages seemed to be altered with respect to their regulating function for polyclonal Ig production. The results obtained by using cell populations from patients with BMG did not differ from those of healthy people.
Monocyte Lysosomal Enzyme Release in Response to Naturally Occurring Circulating Immune Complexes
Authors: AGGARWAL R. , BATTEN S. , COCKERELL R. , TANNER A. R.
Published: June 2006

To investigate the influence of naturally occurring immune complexes (ICs) on monocyte lysosomal enzyme release, blood monocytes have been isolated from normal human volunteers, purified, and maintained in culture for 5 days. These cells have been exposed in vitro to sera containing ICs and to the same sera depleted of ICs with 2% polyethylene glycol (PEG). IC‐containing sera have been shown to result in increased lysosomal enzyme release (N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase (NAG) and β‐glucuronidase) sustained for up to 5 days even after brief (24‐h) exposure (NAG activity at 12 h. nmol substrate hydrolysed ml‐1 culture supernatant: control, 98±27; 2% PEG control. 70±10; IC serum exposure for 120h. 305 ± 73; IC serum exposure for 24 h, 330±95; exposure to IC‐depleted sera 120 h. 158 ± 93). Flintier analysis showed no relationship between the total IC concentration and cnzyme release, nor was there any relationship between the complement component (C3) composition of the complexes and degree of enzyme release These results confirm the potential importance of circulating IC on monocyte activation in man and indicate that this could result in changes in macrophage activity at the sites of inflammation.
Failure to Distinguish Ultrastructurally between T4+ (Helper) and T8+ (Suppressor/Cytotoxic) T‐Cell Subsets
Authors: KOCHMAN S. , BERNARD J. , SCHVARTZ H. , CAZABAT A. , THIERNESSE N. , LAVAUD F. , CAULET T.
Published: June 2006

Human peripheral T‐cell subpopulations revealed by monoclonal antibodies by means of a rescuing method were isolated by micromanipulation and submitted to electron microscopic analysis. The T3+ subset (total T cells) displayed a high degree of heterogeneity, including multiple transitional forms, from cells with a high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio and rare organdies in cells with a low nuclear to cytoplasmie ratio and a complex system of cytoplusmic organdies. T4+ (inducer/helper) and T8+ (suppressor/cytotoxic) cell suhpopulations were shown to have no evident distinguishing characteristics. They both displayed the same morphological variation mentioned for T8+ lymphocytes. On morphometric analysis, these two cell subsets were very similar, with only slight differences for cell surface roughness, volume of mitochondria, extent of nuclear indentation, and surface area of the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The significance of these minor morphological differences is discussed.
The Localized Primary Cytotoxic T‐cell Response to Cells Expressing Minor Histocompatibility Differences
Authors: KORNGOLD R. , DOHERTY P. C.
Published: June 2006

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) are able to eliminate P815 (DBA/2) mastocytoma cells growing in cerebrospinal fluid of BALB/c H‐2‐compatible but minor histocompatibility (H) antigen‐different mice and in H‐2‐incompatible C3H/He mice. We examined the magnitude of the primary CTL response to multiple, minor H antigens and to determinants of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) by using a direct cytolytic assay and limiting‐dilution analysis to estimate CTL frequency. By these criteria, no obvious differences emerged, and the responses appeared comparable at the site of inflammatory process, despite differences in the number of clonal progenitors. Experiments with radiation chimeras showed evidence of a strong cytotoxic T‐cell response against P815 cells in [(ddd × bbb)F1→ ddd] and (F1→ bbd), but not in (F1→ bbb) radiation chimeras. Therefore, this cytotoxic T‐cell response against minor H antigens obeys the postulated rules for thymic restriction of precursors. Compatibility at the H‐2 D‐end of the MHC is apparently sufficient to ensure a strong response.
Occurrence of Protein SAA‐Like Material in Human Endothelial Cells in Culture and Smooth‐Muscle Cells in Vessel Walls
Authors: BJERVE Ø. , NATVIG J. B.
Published: June 2006

In the present study human endothelial cells were isolated from the veins of umbilical cord by collagenase treatment and kept in primary culture. Antiserum with monospecific activity against protein SAA was used in an indirect immunotluorescence study. SAA‐Iike material was shown to he present in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells thai were grown on glass discs and formed a typical uniform monolayer. It was orientated in a cytoplasmic filament pattern. SAA‐like material was also demonstrated in the cytoplasm of smooth‐muscle cells in vessel walls in cryostat sections from placenta and umbilical cord.
Lymphocyte Migration into Collagen Gels: Role of Lymph
Authors: ROCHA B. , HASTON W. S. , FREITAS A. A.
Published: June 2006

In the present investigation we found that the presence of lymph within a 3‐D collagen gel potentiates the invasion of mature recirculating lymphocytes into the gel. Preferential accumulation of lymphocytes in lymph‐containing gels follows the sume rules that apply for both in vitro lymphocyte adhesion to high endotheltal venules of frozen sections of the lymph noues and in vivo lymph node entry of lymphocytes. Furthermore, the results obtained suggest that lymph is chemolacttc for lymphocytes. This chemoaltractant activity of lymph could be assigned mainly to a protein fraction precipitating in the. range of 40–60% concentration of ammonium sulphate. The biological significance of these findings for the selective process of lymphocyte emigration from blood to lymph, across the parenchyma of ihe nodes, is discussed.
Hybridoma Monoclonal Antibodies to Human Fetal Haemoglobin
Authors: CUCINA A. , REVOLTELLA R. P. , MANCINI R. , D'ONOFRIO G.
Published: June 2006

Monoclonal antibodies against human fetal haemoglobin (MbF) were obtained by fusion of mouse myeloma cells with spleen lymphoeyies from mice immunized against HbF from human umbilical cord blood erythrocyles. Initial antibody screening was by indirect immunofluor‐escence assays on smeared cord blood and normal adult blood erythrocytes. The specificity of these antibodies was further studied by combined immunoprecipitation assays and direct or inhibition solid‐phase enzyme immunoassays. The combined pattern enabled recognition of three types of antigenic determinants: (i) common to both HbF and HbA, by both immunofluroescence and enzyme immunoassays; (ii) common to both HbF and HbA by enzyme immunoassays, present on fixed cord blood erythrocytes and adult thalassaemic erythrocytes by immunofluorcscence, but not found on fixed normal adult erythrocytes; and (iii) private HbF by both immunofluorescence and enzyme immunoassays.
Role of Antigen in the Regulation of the Immune Response to Dextran B512
Authors: FERNANDEZ C. , MÖLLER G.
Published: June 2006

Dextranase mixed with dextran in vitro or injected into mice before the antigen abolished the immunogenicity of both thymus‐dependent and thymus‐independent forms of dextran. Dextranase could degrade dextran in vivo even when given 6–15 days after the antigen. Dextranase injected after the antigen suppressed the immune response when given 24 h, but not 48 h, after the antigen, indicating that the antigen must interact with the immune system for 48 h to initiate a response. Thereafter, the B cells are independent of further antigen stimulation. The induction of autoanti‐idiotypic anti‐dextran antibodies was abolished if dextranase was given 24 h, but not 48 h, after the antigen, indicating that anti‐idiotypic antibodies can be induced in the absence of antigen or immune complexes once anti‐dextran antibodies have been synthesized.
Depletion of Murine Anti‐Azobenzenearsonate Plaque‐Forming Cells by Derivatized Polyacrylamide Beads
Authors: DER BALIAN G. P. , BELLONE C. J.
Published: June 2006

The depletion of secondary p‐azobenzenearsonate plaque‐forming cells (ABA‐PFC) by affinity columns substituted with ABA was dependent on the primary dose, times elapsed after priming, and the nature of the side‐arm on the columns. Thus, higher priming doses of ABA coupled to keyhole limpet haemocyanin (50–500 μg of ABA‐KLH in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)) favoured depletion of ABA‐PFC by ABA coupled to a 6‐aminocaproyltyrosine side‐arm (SAC‐TYR‐ABA beads), whereas ABA‐PFC from mice primed with 1 μg of ABA‐KLH in CFA were never depleted; this latter population were only depleted by ABA coupled to a histamine side‐arm (HIST‐ABA beads) 7 months after priming. These data are consistent with the notion that two specificities, HIST‐ABA and TYR‐ABA, appear to emerge independently, lower priming doses inducing the preferential appearance of the HIST‐ABA specificity.
Surface Membrane Glycoproteins of Macrophage‐like Synovial Cells from Rheumatoid and Control Patients
Authors: KOURI T. , HEINO J. , KRONELD U.
Published: June 2006

Synovial cells were prepared by enzyme digestion and Percoll gradient centrifugation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovial specimens or by trypsin‐rinsing of non‐inflammatory cadaver joints. Most (70–80%) of the cells from RA patients were OKIa‐positive macrophage‐like cells, 10–20% other OKIa‐positive cells, and about 10% fibroblastic cells. whereas 90% of the normal synovial cells were OKIa‐positive macrophage‐like cells and the rest fibroblasts. These adherent synovial cells were compared with fibroblastic synovial cells obtained by sequential passaging of explained dividing cells. Periodate‐[3H]borohydride labelling followed by SDS‐gradient gel electrophoresis demonstrated similar sialo‐glycoprotein patterns in both the adherent synovial cells and synovial fibroblasts. The molecular weights of the main surface glycoproteins resembled closely those of skin fibroblasts but not those of peripheral blood monocytes, RA samples showed inconsistent heterogeneity. The results indicate either that all synovial cells possess a similar basic structure or that macrophages of peripheral blood origin express fibroblastic contact glycoproteins when settling down into synovium.
Alloreactive Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes Lyse Syngeneic Influenza‐Infected Tumour Cell Targets
Authors: MÜLLBACHER A. , ASHMAN R.B. , ADA G.L.
Published: June 2006

Spleen cells from C57BL/10(H‐2b) mice, when stimulated in vitro to Kk alloantigens, lysed syngeneic influenza A virus‐infected tumour cell targets but not uninfected or vaccinia‐ or Sendai virus‐infected targets. Peritoneal macrophage targets infected with influenza virus were not lysed. Lysis of H‐2k targets and EL4‐A influenza virus‐infected targets was abrogated by treatment of effectors with anti‐Thy 1.2plusCandanti‐Lyt2plusCbut not by anti‐Lyt 1 plusC or anti‐GM‐1. a natural killer cell‐specific, monoclonal antibody plus C. Cold target inhibition experiments indicated that one and the same population of Tc cells see H‐2Kk and H‐2b plus influenza virus. Sensitization of C57BL/10 mice to Kk in vivo did not potentiate virus clearance from lungs. The data are discussed in relation to observed Ir gene effects and variation and modulation of H‐2 antigens on tumour cells.
T‐Cell Proliferation and Expression of MHC Class II Antigens
Authors: BROWN G. , WALKER L. , LING N.R. , RICHARDSON P. , JOHNSON G.D. , GUY K. , STEEL C.M.
Published: June 2006

Two monoclonal antibodies to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II antigens, which in combination identify β chains encoded by the SB and DR loci, were used to investigate which of these gene‐ products were expressed at the cell surface of unstimulated T cells and at various stages of mitogen‐induced T‐cell maturation. In tests on blood lymphocytes from healthy donors 12% of Tcells expressed class II antigens, but only SB antigens were expressed. During activation of T lymphocytes, SB‐coded antigens were expressed before DR antigens, and the kinetics of SB expression correlated with the proliferative response of T cells. These results and consideration of recent reports from other laboratories lead us to suggest that 58‐coded class II antigens play a role in T‐cell proliferation.
Cell Proliferation during the Maturation of Natural Killer Cells
Authors: HURME M.
Published: June 2006

The requirement for cell division during the maturation of natural killer (NK) cells was studied by following the appearance of donor‐type NK cells in irradiated mice injecied with bone marrow cells and by blocking the cell division at different times during this development. Irradiation (700 rad) or treatment with hydroxyurea (1 mg/g body weight, twice daily) of the recipieni mice 7 days after the bone marrow cell inoculation inhibited the appearance of normal NK cell levels, suggesting that the NK cell progenitors are dividing cells. Blocking of the cell division in chimeras that had already developed high NK levels decreased the splenic NK activity, indicating the presence of a dividing NK cell population at this stage of maturation. These results are in accordance with the concept that mature NK cells are nondividing cells but are derived from actively proliferating progenitors in the bone marrow, and some of the first NK cells appearing in the spleen from the bone marrow can still be dividing.
Transplantation of Cultured Thymic Fragments: Results in Nude Mice
Authors: MANNING J. K. , HONG R.
Published: June 2006

Transplantation of F344 rat cultured thymic fragments was able to restore immune function to nude mice. Approximately half of such animals displayed increased lifespan (7–8 months). These mice were also capable of rejecting allogeneic mouse skin and rat skin from a strain (Buffalo) unrelated to the thymus donor; however, they were incapable of rejecting rat skin from the thymus donor strain. Proliferative responses to T‐cell mitogens were restored. Proliferative responses to alloantigens and xenoantigens in mixed leucocyte cultures were also restored and showed the same patterns of specific reactivity and non‐reactivity as in skin graft rejection. The ability to make antibody responses to specific antigens was also restored, but the responsiveness was more variable than for cell‐mediated responses. Some mice were able to make antibody to rabbit serum proteins; however, fewer mice made antibody to ovalbumin. The inability to respond to ovalbumin may be due to the fact that F344 rats are low responders to this protein. These results suggest that cultured xenogeneic thymus is effective in restoring two major differentiation functions of the normal thymus gland: development of specific antigen responsiveness and non‐responsiveness.
Mink with Aleutian Disease Have High‐Affinity Antiviral Antibodies
Authors: AASTED B. , BLOOM M. E.
Published: June 2006

Mink persistently infected with Aleutian disease virus (ADV) develop plasmacytosis (hypergammaglobulinaemia) and immune complex disease. Mink of different colour phases were infected with different strains of ADV and bled at different times after infection. The average antibody affinities (Kav) were measured in the sera and found to fall in the range of 2×109−2 × 1010 M−1, thus indicating good‐quality antibodies. In sera of non‐Aleutian genotype mink a decline in Kav during development of plasmacytosis was observed. Moreover, the antibody heterogeneity (a values) tended to decrease during the disease progress. In contrast. the Kav values in sera of infected Aleutian genotype mink remained relatively high alter hypergammaglobulinaemia developed, and the antibody heterogeneity for certain of the mink sera indicated restricted heterogeneity (high α values). In agreement with the clonal selection theory, low virus burden (for instance, during infection with a low‐virulence ADV strain (generated relatively higher affinity antibodies than a high virus burden (for instance, the highly virulent Utah I strain of ADV), Furthermore, antibodies present in low concentration were of higher affinity than antibodies present in high concentrations. The relatively high affinity antibodies found in this study indicate that if the immune complex disease seen in AD is caused by virus‐anti‐virus antibodies, good‐quality antibodies are likely to be responsible for the pathological findings.
In Vitro Modulation of Murine Natural Killer Cytotoxicity by Zinc
Authors: FERRY F. , DONNER M.
Published: June 2006

The in vitro effects of zinc on natural killer (NK) activity of murine spleen cells were studied. The pretreatment of splenocytes with nun‐toxic concentrations of ZnSO4 induced a decrease of lytic activity against YAC‐1 and RDM‐4 targets. The lytic function of non‐activated and poly(I)‐poly(C)‐activaled NK cells was similarly inhibited When the interaction of effector cells with zinc was studied for 5 min, a significant inhibition of NK lysis was noted, which was maximal after 30 min. Zinc was undoubtedly responsible for the observed effects, since the concurrent addition of both zinc and suitable concentrations of o‐phenanthroline, a Zn++ chelating agent, made it possible to maintain a normal level of lysis. Moreover, the pretreatment of spleen cells with increased concentrations of o‐phenanthroline also inhibited NK lysis, suggesting that a physiological intracellular zinc content is required to maintain an optimal lylic function of NK cells. Although the lysis was completely suppressed after the addition of 10−4 M ZnSO4, the frequency of target‐binding cells (TBC), which was assumed to represent the first stage of NK‐mediated cytolysis, was only partly inhibited. The results are discussed in view of a possible action of zinc on cell membrane functions, enzyme systems, and release of lymphokines.
Different Fate of Antibodies to Surface IgM and IgD in Germinal Centre Cell‐Associated Lymphomas
Authors: RUUD E. , BEISKE K. , DRACK A. , STEEN H. B. , GODAL T.
Published: June 2006

In all of four human germinal centre cell‐associated B lymphomas carrying sIgM + sIgD F(ab')2 fragments of rabbit antibodies to human μ‐chain were accumulated intracellularly, whereas the accumulation of antibodies to δ‐chain was considerably less abundant. The accumulation of antibodies to light chain was intermediate between antibodies to μ‐ and δ‐chain. These results could be explained by the following observations: (i) the difference in the level of reexpression of sIgM and sIgD and (ii) the discovery that antibodies to δ‐chain bound to reexpressed sIgD were degraded at a higher rate than those bound to primary sIgD and at a higher rate than antibodies to μ‐chain, whether hound to primary or reexpressed sIgM.
Free Oxygen Radicals Are Not Detectable by Chemiluminescence during Human Natural Killer Cell Cytotoxicity
Authors: RAMSTEDT U. , ROSSI P. , KULLMAN C. , WARREN E. , PALMBLAD J. , JONDAL M.
Published: June 2006

Mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral blood of normal donors produce free oxygen radicals (FR), delectable by chemiluminescence (CL). when interacting with target cells during natural killer (NK) cell lysis. FR‐producing cells were found to have monocyte characteristics and gave a positive CL reaction when mixed at low concentration (0.5%) with purified NK cells. No correlation was found between susceptibility to NK cell lysis and capacity to induce CL with different target cell lines. Using high and low molecular FR scavengers, no NK cell inhibition was seen with superoxide dismutase, cytochrome c, and catalase, whereas some inhibition was seen with 4,5‐dihydroxy‐in‐benzcnedisulphonic acid (Tironø) and 2,3‐dihydroxybenzoatc. These compounds, however, required higher concentraiions than used for inhibition of CL, suggesting an alternative action of these compounds. Normal levels of NK cell activity were found in two patients with chronic granulomatous disease, who were genetically incapable of producing detectable amounts of FR. As a result, it is concluded that human NK cells do not produce large amounts of FR during killing and that FR are unlikely to be the lytic end product. Nevertheless, neither a low degree of FR formation in NK cells nor a more subtle signal‐transmitting role of FR during NK cell triggering can be excluded.
Study of Activated T Cells in Man
Authors: GUPTA S.
Published: June 2006

DR and Tac antigens are present on T cells activated in vitro with mitogens and antigens but lacking on resting T cells. Freshly prepared peripheral blood T cells from patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVI) and isolated IgA deficiency (IAD) were examined for the presence of DR and Tac antigens, using monoclonal antibodies and a fluorescence‐activated cell sorter.‘Both Tac+ and DR+ T cells were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in the patient group when compared with age‐ and sex‐matched controls; however, a discrepancy was observed in the proportions of Tac+ T cells and DR+ T cells. This study demonstrates that, in certain patients with CVI and IAD, T cells are activated in vivo, and Tac and DR antigens could be expressed during different stages of T‐cell activation.
Numerical and Functional Alterations of Lymphocytes in Human Schistosomiasis
Authors: GASTL G. A. , FELDMEIER H. , DOEHRING E. , KORTMANN C. , DAFFALLA A. A. , PETER H.H.
Published: June 2006

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 29 Sudanese children heavily infected with Schistosoma haemotobium and S. mansoni were examined for lymphocyte subpopulations. for mitogen responsiveness in the absence and presence of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2), and for natural killer (NK) cell activity. The nutritional status was assessed by anthropometric and biochemical measurements. In comparison with a group of healthy Caucasian individuals the children with schistosomiasis showed a profound alteration of their cellular immune variables, reflecting a severe acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The T‐cell compartment, in particular the OKT4+ helper/inducer subset, was numerically reduced at the expense of an increased B‐cell compartment. The patients' OKT4/OKT8 ratios were significantly diminished (median, 1.2; 95% confidence limits, 0.8–1.7) corresponding to a decreased responsiveness to the T‐cell mitogen concanavalin A. Since addition of exogeneous IL‐2 significantly enhanced the patients' lymphocyte proliferation in response to Con A, a defective IL‐2 production was assumed to be at the origin of the impaired mitogenic response in chronic schistosomiasis. With regard to NK cell activity, most patients' lymphocytes failed to mediate significant cytotoxicity against the K562 target cell line, although normal percentages of cells with the NK phenotype (HNK‐1+) were present. The results are discussed in view of immunological alterations seen in other parasitic infections with a heavy parasitic load.
Colony Formation by Subpopulations of Human T Lymphocytes
Authors: SØNDERSTRUP‐HANSEN G. , PETERSEN J. , CLAËSSON M. H.
Published: June 2006

Twelve human T‐cell lines were derived from cultures stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or with the recall antigen purified protein derivative (PPD), using the one‐step agar colony method, followed by further expansion of individual T‐cell colonies for at least 50 days. As judged by monoclonal antibodies, two of the PHA‐derived T‐cell lines carried the helper–inducer (H–I) phenotype and two the suppressor‐cytotoxic (S–C) phenotype. Four PPD‐derived cell lines displayed the H‐I phenotype, and three of these proliferated specifically when challenged with the recall antigen, whereas the fourth did not. Four PPD‐induced T‐cell lines carried the S‐C phenotype, and only one of these was antigen‐specific. All cell lines with H‐I phenotype displayed helper cell activity as determined by Ig secretion of B lymphocytes stimulated with a T‐cell‐dependent polyclonal B‐cell activator. Cell lines with the S‐C phenotype had no such helper activity and suppressed Ig responses in the presence of freshly isolated T cells. Thus, a good correlation between phenotypic markers and functions was found. T helper cells and T suppressor cells can be differentiated by means of both polyclonal and antigenic stimuli.
Receptor‐like Activity of a Monoclonal Anti‐Idiotypic Antibody against an Anti Acetylcholine Receptor Antibody
Authors: LEFVERT A. K. , FULPIUS B. W.
Published: June 2006

A monoclonal anti‐idiotypic antibody against an anti‐acctylcholine receptor antibody from a patient with myasthenia gravis was shown to bind the cholinergie ligand α‐bungarotoxin. This binding could be inhibited by other cholinergic ligands. boih antagonists und agonists. The anti‐idioiype was also able to elicit the production of anti‐receptor antibodies in mice Thus, the anti‐idiotype had functional properties similar to those of the original antigen, the acetylcholine receptor.
Immune Capacity of the Chicken Bursectomized at 60 H of Incubation
Authors: EEROLA E. , JALKANEN S. , GRANFORS K. , TOIVANEN A.
Published: June 2006

Cells from chickens bursectomized at 60 h of incubation (Bx) are known lo produce immunoglobulins without any detectable antibody specificity. In the present work cells from Bx birds were cultured together with bursal epithelial cells (BE) or bursal epithelium‐conditioned medium (BECM) to establish whether they could be induced to produce specific antibodies. Cells obtained from 10‐day‐old or 10‐week‐old birds were used. The effects were assessed with regard to the production of total immunoglobulins and specific antibodies; the birds had been preimmunized. BE had no effect on the production of immunoglobulins by either Bx or control (Co) cells. When cells from 10‐week‐old birds were cultured in the presence of BECM, no difference in the immunoglobulin production was seen between Bx and Cochicken cells. At the age of 10 days the cells of Bx birds produced considerably less Ig than the cells of normal Co birds. At this age BECM had no effect on the Co cells, but it markedly enhanced the production of IgA‐class immunoglobulins of Bx birds. With regard to production of specific anti‐tetanus antibodies, BE stimulated the production of IgA‐class antibodies by cells from preimmunized Co chickens but had no effect on cells from preimmunized Bx birds. In spite of the normal production of immunoglobulins in vitro the cells of Bx chickens did not produce specific antibodies. In conclusion, these findings indicate that if B cells have matured without a contact with the bursa of Fabricius, later in vitro exposure to BE or BECM can no longer induce them to production of specific antibodies.
Immunoregulatory Pathways in Adult Responder Mice
Authors: JENKINS M. K. , LEI H.‐Y. , WALTENBAUGH C. , MILLER S. D.
Published: June 2006

This report describes the alteration of helper‐suppressor balances in an immune response (Ir) gene‐controlled system by varying the route and form of antigen injection. Adult responder BALB/c mice develop Lyt 1+2‐, T cells for delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH), and T‐cell proliferative (Tprlf) responses to subcutaneous injection of either poly(Glu60Ala30Tyr10) (GAT)‐coupled syngeneic spleen cells (GAT‐SP) or GAT emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant. In contrast, intravenous injection of adult responders with GAT‐SP results in specific unresponsiveness for DTH, Tprlf, interleukin‐2, and plaque‐forming cell (PFC) responses. This tolerance is mediated by both suppressor T cells (Ts) and a functional clonal inhibition. Lyt 1‐2+ Ts suppress the induction (afferent limb) of GAT‐specific DTH and PFC but not Tprlf responses. The reduced T‐cell proliferation observed in GAT‐tolerant mice is due to a non‐transferable mechanism(s), possibly functional clonal inhibition. Our data are compatible with a multi‐step pathway involving both proliferating and non‐proliferating helper T (Th) cells. In addition, the fine specificity of tolerance induction for DTH and Tprlf responses was examined by using the related antigens poly(Glu60Ala40) (GA) and poly(Glu50Tyr50) (GT). Tolerance is exquisitely specific, as GA tolerizes responses to GA and GAT, whereas GT tolerizes GAT but not GA responses. Thus, both the route and form of antigen administration are important to the induction and regulation of immune response in Ir gene‐controlled systems. Possible mechanisms governing the Th/Ts balance and the induction of GAT‐specific tolerance and suppression for cellular and humoral responses in adult responders are discussed.