bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The East-West Politics of Global Modeling
Authors: Rindzevičiūtė Eglė
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on computer-based global modeling, a new technology of knowledge production that emerged in the early 1970s and played an important, transformative role in Soviet governance by opening it up to East-West cooperation. Global modelers conceptualized the planet as a complex, interconnected system, the understanding of which required transnational scientific cooperation, enabling both scientists and data to cross national boundaries and Cold War divides. Moreover, Soviet scientists forged and used models of possible long-term futures of the world to reveal and criticize problems being experienced, but not always acknowledged, in the Soviet Union. Therefore, a history of computer-based global modeling is a history of East-West transfer, the transformation of the late state socialism and globalization.
Representative Democracy
Authors: Hochman Erin R.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the efforts to create a republican holiday in each state. Although republicans in Germany were never able to declare an official state holiday, they managed to stage a de facto republican celebration that included Germans from different political, social, and religious backgrounds. In Austria, the situation regarding a holiday presented the opposite scenario. The Austrian National Assembly easily passed a law creating a holiday to commemorate the founding of the republic, but the yearly commemoration only served to reinforce the divisions between the socialist and Catholic parties in Austria. These different political contexts also explain why the Austro-German republican partnership included socialists, left liberals, and Catholics in Germany and only socialists in Austria.
Individual Appropriation of Religion
Authors: Rüpke Jörg
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the question of individuality in religious matters. Certain consequences must be accepted if one wants to use the idea of the individual and that of individuality in religious studies to counter the claim of uniqueness in descriptions of “modern” religiosity. These begin with the choice of the objects of research: the focus is on individual practices, on life-cycle rituals in their importance not only for the constitution of communities but also for the process of individuation. Religious activities must not be viewed as solidified or permanent, or as well-organized “cults” and “religions,” formulating and achieving far-reaching normative claims and identities. Instead, they must be analyzed with regard for their temporary and situational character, with regard for the many roles that were involved and the widely diverse strategic interests of the participants. Through the lens of individualization, religion is as much a traditional system of symbols as it is a strategic option for an individual.
Dynamics of Individual Appropriation
Authors: Rüpke Jörg
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on ritual performance. An individual performance of a ritual was not merely a simple repetition of an eternally fixed formula, but rather the conscious attempt of a historical individual to do the ritual, to repeat a time-honored pattern, to perform it to and for others in a specific situation, in a particular place. Writing, that is literature, might have been part of the performance. Texts are not only a part of the actual performance but also a part of its context, part of the performer's and audience's knowledge. Communication about ritual performances can be a determining factor in the interpretation and modification of a ritual action, and an individual performance cannot be analyzed in isolation from communication about previous performances or about the norms of the ritual.
Foundations and Funding
Authors: Brown Heath
Published: May 2017

This chapter places immigrant organizations into the complex, quasi-federated web of funding and grants. Immigrant-serving nonprofit organizations work at the grass roots, providing direct services to individuals. Operating high above are multibillion-dollar private philanthropic foundations that have for over a century been interested in how the country has assimilated immigrants. Since the early 2000s, major foundations have moved immigrant and voting issues to the top of their agendas and provided millions of dollars of grant funding to organizations connected with or serving the interests of immigrants. At the same time, other foundations have supported policy to restrict voting rights and advocate a very different view of immigration reform. The chapter describes these two competing political trends and also asks theoretical questions about what these spikes in funding mean for the autonomous identity of nonprofits and the representation of immigrants.
The Rush for Gold
Authors: Bytheway Simon James , Metzler Mark
Published: May 2017

This chapter describes the great rush to cash in national currencies for gold in 1930 and 1931. Under the press of this run on gold, gold-based credit systems collapsed. Thus, credit-led globalization, in its post-First World War version, gave way to the globally synchronized debt-destruction crisis known as the Great Depression. There was now indeed a many-faceted reaction against financial globalization. In Japan itself, the depression undermined pro-Western liberalism and opened the way for the fascistic turn of national life in the 1930s. The chapter then notes that every truly major international financial crisis of the era—1907, 1920, 1929—appeared first in Tokyo, having an onset some three to six months earlier than in New York and London. It seems that the contradictory faces of these world movements were manifested especially sharply in Japan, making Tokyo markets a sensitive leading indicator.
“There Is Trouble Here. There Is More to Come”
Authors: McIvor David W.
Published: May 2017

This chapter begins to develop the idea of a democratic work of mourning by first displacing it from the immediate context of contemporary dramas of reconciliation and social repair. In particular, it turns back to the city-state of Athens in the fifth century BCE and specifically to its annual festival the Great Dionysia (where the tragedies of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides were originally performed). The Athenian tragic festival offers an intensely rich practice of representing and honoring trauma and violence. Through a reading of the dramatic festival and of Aeschylus' Oresteia, it lays the conceptual groundwork for a theory of democratic mourning. It is argued that Aeschylus and the Athenian experience can help us to think about an “Oresteian” politics of mourning that is irreducible to either a Periclean or an Antigonean approach.
My Nuclear Nightmare
Authors: Kan Naoto
Published: May 2017

On March 11, 2011, a massive undersea earthquake off Japan's coast triggered devastating tsunami waves that in turn caused meltdowns at three reactors in the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant. Ranked with Chernobyl as the worst nuclear disaster in history, Fukushima will have lasting consequences for generations. Until 3.11, Japan's Prime Minister, Naoto Kan, had supported the use of nuclear power. His position would undergo a radical change, however, as Kan watched the nuclear disaster at the Fukushima No. 1 Power Plant unfold and came to understand the potential for the physical, economic, and political destruction of Japan. This book offers a fascinating day-by-day account of the Prime Minister's actions in the harrowing week after the earthquake struck. He records the anguished decisions he had to make as the scale of destruction became clear and the threat of nuclear catastrophe loomed ever larger—decisions made on the basis of information that was often unreliable. For example, frustrated by the lack of clarity from the executives at Tepco, the company that owned the power plant, Kan decided to visit Fukushima himself, despite the risks, so he could talk to the plant's manager and find out what was really happening on the ground. As the text details, a combination of extremely good fortune and hard work just barely prevented a total meltdown of all of Fukushima's reactor units, which would have necessitated the evacuation of the thirty million residents of the greater Tokyo metropolitan area.
Plastomes of the green algae Hydrodictyon reticulatum and Pediastrum duplex (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae)
Authors: McManus Hilary A. , Sanchez Daniel J. , Karol Kenneth G.
Published: May 2017

Background

Comparative studies of chloroplast genomes (plastomes) across the Chlorophyceae are revealing dynamic patterns of size variation, gene content, and genome rearrangements. Phylogenomic analyses are improving resolution of relationships, and uncovering novel lineages as new plastomes continue to be characterized. To gain further insight into the evolution of the chlorophyte plastome and increase the number of representative plastomes for the Sphaeropleales, this study presents two fully sequenced plastomes from the green algal family Hydrodictyaceae (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyceae), one from Hydrodictyon reticulatum and the other from Pediastrum duplex.

Methods

Genomic DNA from Hydrodictyon reticulatum and Pediastrum duplex was subjected to Illumina paired-end sequencing and the complete plastomes were assembled for each. Plastome size and gene content were characterized and compared with other plastomes from the Sphaeropleales. Homology searches using BLASTX were used to characterize introns and open reading frames (orfs) ≥ 300 bp. A phylogenetic analysis of gene order across the Sphaeropleales was performed.

Results

The plastome of Hydrodictyon reticulatum is 225,641 bp and Pediastrum duplex is 232,554 bp. The plastome structure and gene order of H. reticulatum and P. duplex are more similar to each other than to other members of the Sphaeropleales. Numerous unique open reading frames are found in both plastomes and the plastome of P. duplex contains putative viral protein genes, not found in other Sphaeropleales plastomes. Gene order analyses support the monophyly of the Hydrodictyaceae and their sister relationship to the Neochloridaceae.

Discussion

The complete plastomes of Hydrodictyon reticulatum and Pediastrum duplex, representing the largest of the Sphaeropleales sequenced thus far, once again highlight the variability in size, architecture, gene order and content across the Chlorophyceae. Novel intron insertion sites and unique orfs indicate recent, independent invasions into each plastome, a hypothesis testable with an expanded plastome investigation within the Hydrodictyaceae.
Calibration of the B/Ca proxy in the planktic foraminifer Orbulina universa to Paleocene seawater conditions
Authors: Haynes Laura L. , Hönisch Bärbel , Dyez Kelsey A. , Holland Kate , Rosenthal Yair , Fish Carina R. , Subhas Adam V. , Rae James W. B.
Published: May 2017

The B/Ca ratio of planktic foraminiferal calcite, a proxy for the surface ocean carbonate system, displays large negative excursions during the Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM, 55.9 Ma), consistent with rapid ocean acidification at that time. However, the B/Ca excursion measured at the PETM exceeds a magnitude that modern pH calibrations can explain. Numerous other controls on the proxy have been suggested, including foraminiferal growth rate and the total concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Here we present new calibrations for B/Ca versus the combined effects of pH and DIC in the symbiont‐bearing planktic foraminifer Orbulina universa, grown in culture solutions with simulated Paleocene seawater elemental composition (high [Ca], low [Mg], and low total boron concentration ([B]T). We also investigate the isolated effects of low seawater [B]T, high [Ca], reduced symbiont photosynthetic activity, and average shell growth rate on O. universa B/Ca in order to further understand the proxy systematics and to determine other possible influences on the PETM records. We find that average shell growth rate does not appear to determine B/Ca in high calcite saturation experiments. In addition, our “Paleocene” calibration shows higher sensitivity than the modern calibration at low [B(OH)4−]/DIC. Given a large DIC pulse at the PETM, this amplification of the B/Ca response can more fully explain the PETM B/Ca excursion. However, further calibrations with other foraminifer species are needed to determine the range of foraminifer species‐specific proxy sensitivities under these conditions for quantitative reconstruction of large carbon cycle perturbations.
Time scales of relaxation dynamics during transient conditions in two‐phase flow
Authors: Schlüter Steffen , Berg Steffen , Li Tianyi , Vogel Hans‐Jörg , Wildenschild Dorthe
Published: May 2017

The relaxation dynamics toward a hydrostatic equilibrium after a change in phase saturation in porous media is governed by fluid reconfiguration at the pore scale. Little is known whether a hydrostatic equilibrium in which all interfaces come to rest is ever reached and which microscopic processes govern the time scales of relaxation. Here we apply fast synchrotron‐based X‐ray tomography (X‐ray CT) to measure the slow relaxation dynamics of fluid interfaces in a glass bead pack after fast drainage of the sample. The relaxation of interfaces triggers internal redistribution of fluids, reduces the surface energy stored in the fluid interfaces, and relaxes the contact angle toward the equilibrium value while the fluid topology remains unchanged. The equilibration of capillary pressures occurs in two stages: (i) a quick relaxation within seconds in which most of the pressure drop that built up during drainage is dissipated, a process that is to fast to be captured with fast X‐ray CT, and (ii) a slow relaxation with characteristic time scales of 1–4 h which manifests itself as a spontaneous imbibition process that is well described by the Washburn equation for capillary rise in porous media. The slow relaxation implies that a hydrostatic equilibrium is hardly ever attained in practice when conducting two‐phase experiments in which a flux boundary condition is changed from flow to no‐flow. Implications for experiments with pressure boundary conditions are discussed.
Improved characterization of heterogeneous permeability in saline aquifers from transient pressure data during freshwater injection
Authors: Kang Peter K. , Lee Jonghyun , Fu Xiaojing , Lee Seunghak , Kitanidis Peter K. , Juanes Ruben
Published: May 2017

Managing recharge of freshwater into saline aquifers requires accurate estimation of the heterogeneous permeability field for maximizing injection and recovery efficiency. Here we present a methodology for subsurface characterization in saline aquifers that takes advantage of the density difference between the injected freshwater and the ambient saline groundwater. We combine high‐resolution forward modeling of density‐driven flow with an efficient Bayesian geostatistical inversion algorithm. In the presence of a density difference between the injected and ambient fluids due to differences in salinity, the pressure field is coupled to the spatial distribution of salinity. This coupling renders the pressure field transient: the time evolution of the salinity distribution controls the density distribution which then leads to a time‐evolving pressure distribution. We exploit this coupling between pressure and salinity to obtain an improved characterization of the permeability field without multiple pumping tests or additional salinity measurements. We show that the inversion performance improves with an increase in the mixed convection ratio—the relative importance between viscous forces from injection and buoyancy forces from density difference. Our work shows that measuring transient pressure data at multiple sampling points during freshwater injection into saline aquifers can be an effective strategy for aquifer characterization, key to the successful management of aquifer recharge.
In situ characterization of wettability alteration and displacement mechanisms governing recovery enhancement due to low‐salinity waterflooding
Authors: Khishvand M. , Alizadeh A. H. , Oraki Kohshour I. , Piri M. , Prasad R. S.
Published: May 2017

A series of micro‐scale core‐flooding experiments were performed on reservoir core samples at elevated temperature and pressure conditions to develop better insights into wettability alteration and pore‐scale displacement mechanisms taking place during low‐salinity waterflooding (LSWF). Two individual miniature core samples were cut from a preserved reservoir whole core, saturated to establish initial reservoir fluid saturation conditions, and subsequently waterflooded with low‐salinity and high‐salinity brines. A third miniature sister core sample was also cut, solvent‐cleaned, and subjected to a dynamic wettability restoration process (to reestablish native state wettability) and then a low‐salinity waterflood. All samples were imaged during the experiments using a micro‐CT scanner to obtain fluid occupancy maps and measure in situ oil‐water contact angles. The results of the experiments performed on the preserved core samples show a significantly improved performance of low‐salinity waterflooding compared to that of high‐salinity waterflooding (HSWF). Pore‐scale contact angle measurements provide direct evidence of wettability alteration from weakly oil‐wet toward weakly water‐wet conditions during LSWF, whereas contact angles measured during HSWF remain unchanged. We believe that the reduction in oil‐water contact angles toward increased water‐wetness lowers the threshold water pressure needed to displace oil from some medium‐sized pore elements. Contact angles measured during the dynamic wettability restoration process show an equilibrium wettability state very similar to the initial one observed in the preserved samples. This indicates that drilling fluid contaminants had a negligible effect on the reservoir rock wettability. The experimental results also reveal similarities between saturation trends for the preserved‐LSWF and restored‐LSWF tests.
Geological entropy and solute transport in heterogeneous porous media
Authors: Bianchi Marco , Pedretti Daniele
Published: May 2017

We propose a novel approach to link solute transport behavior to the physical heterogeneity of the aquifer, which we fully characterize with two measurable parameters: the variance of the log K values (
), and a new indicator (HR) that integrates multiple properties of the K field into a global measure of spatial disorder or geological entropy. From the results of a detailed numerical experiment considering solute transport in K fields representing realistic distributions of hydrofacies in alluvial aquifers, we identify empirical relationship between the two parameters and the first three central moments of the distributions of arrival times of solute particles at a selected control plane. The analysis of experimental data indicates that the mean and the variance of the solutes arrival times tend to increase with spatial disorder (i.e., HR increasing), while highly skewed distributions are observed in more orderly structures (i.e., HR decreasing) or at higher
. We found that simple closed‐form empirical expressions of the bivariate dependency of skewness on HR and
can be used to predict the emergence of non‐Fickian transport in K fields considering a range of structures and heterogeneity levels, some of which based on documented real aquifers. The accuracy of these predictions and in general the results from this study indicate that a description of the global variability and structure of the K field in terms of variance and geological entropy offers a valid and broadly applicable approach for the interpretation and prediction of transport in heterogeneous porous media.
Global ULF waves generated by a hot flow anomaly
Authors: Zhao L. L. , Zhang H. , Zong Q. G.
Published: May 2017

Hot flow anomalies (HFAs), which are frequently observed near Earth's bow shock, are phenomena resulting from the interaction between interplanetary discontinuities and Earth's bow shock. Such transient phenomena upstream the bow shock can cause significant deformation of the bow shock and the magnetosphere, generating traveling convection vortices, field‐aligned currents, and ULF waves in the Earth's magnetosphere. A large HFA (4.9 RE) was observed by Cluster on 27 April 2008. Nearly monochromatic Pc 3 ULF waves generated by the HFA were observed by multiple spacecrafts and ground stations. The ULF waves show characteristics of standing Alfvén waves. The wave power of the poloidal mode of the generated ULF waves is stronger than that of the toroidal mode. Polarization rotation from the poloidal mode to the toroidal mode is also observed. The Pc 3 ULF waves generated by the HFA were observed at dawn, noon, dusk sectors, and nightside, indicating that the Pc 3 ULF wave response of the magnetosphere to the HFA is global. Our results show that the impact of HFAs to the magnetosphere is much stronger than what we thought before.
Statistical properties of solar wind reconnection exhausts
Authors: Mistry R. , Eastwood J. P. , Phan T. D. , Hietala H.
Published: May 2017

The solar wind provides an excellent opportunity to study the exhausts that form as a result of symmetric guide field reconnection, where spacecraft rapidly cross the exhausts far downstream of the X line. We study the statistical properties of solar wind exhausts through a superposed epoch analysis of 188 events observed at 1 AU using the Wind spacecraft. These events span a range of guide fields of 0 to 10 times the reconnecting magnetic field and inflow region plasma beta of 0.1 to 6.6. This analysis reveals that the out‐of‐plane magnetic field is enhanced within solar wind exhausts. Furthermore, the amount by which the plasma density and ion temperature increase from inflow region to exhaust region is found to be a function of the inflow region plasma beta and reconnection guide field, which explains the lack of these enhancements in a subset of previous observations. This dependence is consistent with the scaling of ion heating with inflow region Alfven speed, which is measured to be consistent with previous observations in the solar wind and at the magnetopause.
Kinematics and dynamics of the Pamir, Central Asia: Quantifying surface deformation and force balance in an intracontinental subduction zone
Authors: Jay Cassidy N. , Flesch Lucy M. , Bendick Rebecca O.
Published: May 2017

Kinematic and dynamic models quantify deformation and force balance in the Pamir, a region undergoing the rare and poorly understood process of intracontinental subduction. We constrain a detailed kinematic model with 506 recent GPS velocities and Quaternary fault slip rates and show that the Pamir is organized like the Himalaya and Tibet, with regions of (1) localized strain rate ≥100e‐9/year along the Pamir Frontal Thrust System (the subduction interface), similar to the Himalaya, and (2) distributed north‐south compression and east‐west extension, similar to Tibet. Through standard thin viscous sheet methods we demonstrate that the lithospheric force balance in the Pamir is a combination of stresses caused by gravitational potential energy and India‐Eurasia convergence accommodated at a subduction interface, in this case the Pamir Frontal Thrust System. We find that strain rate and deviatoric stress patterns near the Pamir Frontal Thrust System are characteristic of a mature subduction zone, despite its initiation in continental lithosphere. Although the Pamir and Tibet are kinematically and dynamically similar, the Pamir is stiffer overall than Tibet, perhaps due to the presence of the highly arcuate, geometrically stiffened continental slab at depth.
Partitioning into hazard subregions for regional peaks‐over‐threshold modeling of heavy precipitation
Authors: Carreau J. , Naveau P. , Neppel L.
Published: May 2017

The French Mediterranean is subject to intense precipitation events occurring mostly in autumn. These can potentially cause flash floods, the main natural danger in the area. The distribution of these events follows specific spatial patterns, i.e., some sites are more likely to be affected than others. The peaks‐over‐threshold approach consists in modeling extremes, such as heavy precipitation, by the generalized Pareto (GP) distribution. The shape parameter of the GP controls the probability of extreme events and can be related to the hazard level of a given site. When interpolating across a region, the shape parameter should reproduce the observed spatial patterns of the probability of heavy precipitation. However, the shape parameter estimators have high uncertainty which might hide the underlying spatial variability. As a compromise, we choose to let the shape parameter vary in a moderate fashion. More precisely, we assume that the region of interest can be partitioned into subregions with constant hazard level. We formalize the model as a conditional mixture of GP distributions. We develop a two‐step inference strategy based on probability weighted moments and put forward a cross‐validation procedure to select the number of subregions. A synthetic data study reveals that the inference strategy is consistent and not very sensitive to the selected number of subregions. An application on daily precipitation data from the French Mediterranean shows that the conditional mixture of GPs outperforms two interpolation approaches (with constant or smoothly varying shape parameter).
Impact of Osteoarthritis on Difficulty Walking: A Population‐Based Study
Authors: King Lauren K. , Kendzerska Tetyana , Waugh Esther J. , Hawker Gillian A.
Published: May 2017

Objective

To assess the relationship of hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA) to walking difficulty.

Methods

A population cohort ages ≤55 years recruited from 1996 to 1998 (n = 28,451) completed a standardized questionnaire assessing demographics, health conditions, joint symptoms, and functional limitations, including difficulty walking in the past 3 months. Survey data were linked to health administrative databases; self‐report and administrative data were used to identify health conditions. Hip/knee OA was defined as self‐reported swelling, pain, or stiffness in a hip or knee lasting ≥6 weeks in the past 3 months without an inflammatory arthritis diagnosis. Using multivariable logistic regression, we examined the determinants of walking difficulty and constructed a clinical nomogram.

Results

A total of 18,490 cohort participants were eligible (mean age 68 years, 60% women), and 25% reported difficulty walking. Difficulty walking was significantly and independently associated with older age, female sex, body mass index, and several health conditions. Of the conditions examined, the likelihood of walking difficulty was greatest with hip and knee OA and increased with the number of hip/knee joints affected. The predicted probability of difficulty walking for a 60‐year‐old middle‐income, normal‐weight woman was 5–10% with no health conditions, 10–20% with diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular (CV) disease, 40% with OA in 2 hips/knees, 60–70% with diabetes mellitus, CV disease, and OA in 2 hips/knees, and 80% with diabetes mellitus, CV disease, and OA in all hips/knees.

Conclusion

In a population cohort, symptomatic hip/knee OA was the strongest contributor to walking difficulty. Given the importance of walking to engagement in physical activity for chronic disease management, greater attention to OA is warranted.
Microstructural and Mechanical Characterization of Aluminum Matrix Composites Produced by Laser Powder Bed Fusion
Authors: Aversa Alberta , Marchese Giulio , Lorusso Massimo , Calignano Flaviana , Biamino Sara , Ambrosio Elisa P. , Manfredi Diego , Fino Paolo , Lombardi Mariangela , Pavese Matteo
Published: May 2017

Laser powder bed fusion is one of the most widely used additive manufacturing process owing to its ability to produce functional near net shape metal components. This paper focuses on the microstructural and mechanical characterization of four aluminum matrix composites produced by laser powder bed fusion using AlSi10Mg as matrix with four different ceramic particles. On the basis of the building parameters, composites present specific microstructural features able to influence the strengthening mechanisms and, consequently, their mechanical and thermal properties. It is demonstrated that, in order to obtain dense materials, in composite processing, it is indispensable to use energy densities which are higher than that of the matrix. This change in process parameters probably implies a different heat profile in the part during the building process, with a consequent increase in cell size and decrease in yield strength of the MMCs with respect to the pure aluminum.
Oxidized Quasi‐Carbon Nitride Quantum Dots Inhibit Ice Growth
Authors: Bai Guoying , Song Zhiping , Geng Hongya , Gao Dong , Liu Kai , Wu Shuwang , Rao Wei , Guo Liangqia , Wang Jianjun
Published: May 2017

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs), a type of high‐efficiency but expensive and often unstable biological antifreeze, have stimulated substantial interest in the search for synthetic mimics. However, only a few reported AFP mimics display thermal hysteresis, and general criteria for the design of AFP mimics remain unknown. Herein, oxidized quasi‐carbon nitride quantum dots (OQCNs) are synthesized through an up‐scalable bottom‐up approach. They exhibit thermal‐hysteresis activity, an ice‐crystal shaping effect, and activity on ice‐recrystallization inhibition. In the cryopreservation of sheep red blood cells, OQCNs improve cell recovery to more than twice that obtained by using a commercial cryoprotectant (hydroxyethyl starch) without the addition of any organic solvents. It is shown experimentally that OQCNs preferably bind onto the ice‐crystal surface, which leads to the inhibition of ice‐crystal growth due to the Kelvin effect. Further analysis reveals that the match of the distance between two neighboring tertiary N atoms on OQCNs with the repeated spacing of O atoms along the c‐axis on the primary prism plane of ice lattice is critical for OQCNs to bind preferentially on ice crystals. Here, the application of graphitic carbon nitride derivatives for cryopreservation is reported for the first time.
Self‐Adjusting, Polymeric Multilayered Roll that can Keep the Shapes of the Blood Vessel Scaffolds during Biodegradation
Authors: Cheng Shiyu , Jin Yu , Wang Nuoxin , Cao Feng , Zhang Wei , Bai Wei , Zheng Wenfu , Jiang Xingyu
Published: May 2017

A self‐adjusting, blood vessel‐mimicking, multilayered tubular structure with two polymers, poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) and poly(dl‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA), can keep the shape of the scaffold during biodegradation. The inner (PCL) layer of the tube can expand whereas the outer (PLGA) layers will shrink to maintain the stability of the shape and the inner space of the tubular shape both in vitro and in vivo over months. This approach can be generally useful for making scaffolds that require the maintenance of a defined shape, based on FDA‐approved materials.
Organocatalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Dihydropyrano‐ indole Derivatives Bearing Trifluoromethylated All‐Carbon‐ Substituted Stereocenters
Authors: Lou Qinxin , Ding Yuyang , Xu Dengfeng , Liu Guokai , Zhao Junling
Published: May 2017

Malononitrile and isatin‐derived trifluoromethylacrylates underwent a Michael addition/cyclization reaction, a process that was catalyzed efficiently by a bifunctional squaramide to afford a range of dihydropyranoindole derivatives bearing trifluoromethylated all‐carbon‐substituted stereocenters in high yields (up to 99%) with excellent enantioselectivity (up to 98% ee). This transformation was also examined with ethyl cyanoacetate as a nucleophile using a bifunctional thiourea as catalyst affording moderate yields (up to 79%) and high enantioselectivity (up to 98% ee). One of the products has been used for the synthesis of a biologically interesting triazolopyrimidine derivative.

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Double‐Layer‐Stacked One Diode‐One Resistive Switching Memory Crossbar Array with an Extremely High Rectification Ratio of 109
Authors: Yoon Kyung Jean , Kim Gun Hwan , Yoo Sijung , Bae Woorham , Yoon Jung Ho , Park Tae Hyung , Kwon Dae Eun , Kwon Yeong Jae , Kim Hae Jin , Kim Yu Min , Hwang Cheol Seong
Published: May 2017

A double‐layer‐stacked 1 diode‐1 resistor (1D1R) cross‐bar array (CBA) resistance switching random access memory is fabricated. The TiO2‐based Schottky diode and the unipolar resistance switching TiO2 comprise the cell selector and nonvolatile memory components, respectively. All the fabrication processes are performed near room temperature through physical vapor deposition processes, and the performance degradation by the thermal budget is well suppressed. As a result, a rectification ratio as high as 1.4 × 109 is achieved from the appropriately cycled diode, which can last up to 108 cycles in the integrated structure. Such highly promising performance is confirmed from both the upper and lower memory layers, which confirm the possible route for the multistacked memory structure. The two‐bit‐per‐cell operation allows an effective minimum cell area of F2, which is confirmed from the randomly accessed cells to be completely free from adverse interference through the adoption of an extremely‐high‐performance diode. The present 1D1R integration technique will eventually allow the fabrication of an extremely high‐integration‐density (above 1 Gb per block) CBA with the help of the two‐port sensing scheme. Such a high‐performance CBA device is a feasible contender for memory‐dominant computation.
Outcomes of patients with relapsed/refractory Hodgkin lymphoma progressing after autologous stem cell transplant in the current era of novel therapeutics: A retrospective analysis
Authors: Bair Steven M. , Strelec Lauren , Nagle Sarah J. , Nasta Sunita D. , Landsburg Daniel J. , Mato Anthony R. , Loren Alison W. , Schuster Stephen J. , Stadtmauer Edward A. , Svoboda Jakub
Published: May 2017

Patients with relapsed/refractory Hodgkin lymphoma (RR‐HL) who progress or relapse following autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) have historically had a poor prognosis. Several novel agents, particularly brentuximab vedotin, have shown efficacy in this setting. However, there remains a paucity of data characterizing outcomes outside of clinical trials and how these novel agents have impacted prognosis in general population of patients with RR‐HL. Here, we conducted a retrospective analysis to evaluate outcomes in 87 patients with RR‐HL with relapse post‐ASCT. Treatment with novel agents (including brentuximab vedotin) was associated with significant improvement in median overall survival (OS) compared to patients who did not receive novel agents (85.6 vs 17.1 months;P < .001). Additional factors associated with improved OS in univariate analysis include treatment with radiation therapy post‐ASCT (34.1 vs 17.0 months;P = .015), chemosensitivity (i.e., relapsed compared to primary refractory disease; 51.8 vs 25.6 months; p = 0.013), initial response to ASCT (i.e., CR/PR compared to SD/PD; 46.1 vs 20.4 months;P = .011), and transplantation in 2010 and later compared to prior to 2010 (not reached vs 24.5 months;P = .025). The current study demonstrates markedly improved OS in RR‐HL patients treated with novel therapeutics and lends “real world” credence to the role of these agents in improving outcomes in the current era.
Historical review of efforts to reduce noise‐induced hearing loss in the United States
Authors: Kerr Madeleine J. , Neitzel Richard L. , Hong OiSaeng , Sataloff Robert T.
Published: May 2017

Background

Noise‐induced hearing loss is a centuries‐old problem that is still prevalent in the United States and worldwide.

Aim

To describe highlights in the development of hearing loss prevention in the U.S. from World War II to the present.

Methods

Literature review.

Results

Approaches to occupational noise‐induced hearing loss prevention in the United States over the past seven decades are described using a hierarchy of controls framework and an interdisciplinary perspective. Historical timelines and developmental milestones related to occupational noise‐induced hearing loss prevention are summarized as a life course.

Discussion

Lessons are drawn for other countries in their hearing conservation efforts.

Conclusion

Future developments building on the hearing loss prevention work of the past 70 years can prevent the problem of occupational NIHL in the 21st century. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:569–577, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Does dust‐associated pulmonary alveolar proteinosis represent an autoimmune disorder?
Authors: Uzmezoglu Bilge , Simsek Cebrail , Gulgosteren Sevtap , Gebesoglu Berna E.
Published: May 2017

The role of autoantibodies against granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) in the development of secondary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) in patients exposed to occupational and environmental dust remains unclear. Herein, we describe two cases of secondary PAP who had GM‐CSF antibodies and absence of STAT5 phosphorylation index, suggestive of a potential relationship between the appearance of GM‐CSF antibodies and environmental dust exposure. However, whether the presence of GM‐CSF antibodies is a part of the pathological process or represents an epiphenomenon is currently unknown. In this report, we would like to present two cases supporting these new data and briefly discuss the possible role of autoimmune mechanisms in the development of secondary PAP. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:591–597, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Silicosis prevalence and risk factors in semi‐precious stone mining in Brazil
Authors: Souza Tamires P. , Watte Guilherme , Gusso Alaíde M. , Souza Rafaela , Moreira José da S. , Knorst Marli M.
Published: May 2017

Background

Underground mining generates large amounts of dust and exposes workers to silica. This study aims to determine the prevalence and predictor factors for the development of silicosis among semi‐precious‐stone mineworkers in southern Brazil working in a self‐administered cooperative.

Methods

In a cross‐sectional study of 348 current workers and retirees, demographic data, medical, and occupational history were collected through an interview performed by a nurse and medical record review. Risk factor associations were studied by Poisson multivariate regression.

Results

The overall prevalence of silicosis was 37%, while in current miners it was 28%. Several risk factors for silicosis were identified in the univariate analysis. Inadequate ventilation in the underground galleries combined with dry drilling, duration of silica exposure, and (inversely) education remained significant in the multivariate analysis (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

This study is unusual in studying semi‐precious stone mineworkers in a self‐administered worker cooperative with limited resources. The prevalence of silicosis was very high. A number of recommendations are made—including technical support for worker cooperatives, surveillance of silica exposure and silicosis, exposure reduction measures, and benefits allowing impaired miners to leave the industry.
Identification of a de novo variant in CHUK in a patient with an EEC/AEC syndrome‐like phenotype and hypogammaglobulinemia
Authors: Khandelwal Kriti D. , Ockeloen Charlotte W. , Venselaar Hanka , Boulanger Cécile , Brichard Bénédicte , Sokal Etienne , Pfundt Rolph , Rinne Tuula , van Beusekom Ellen , Bloemen Marjon , Vriend Gerrit , Revencu Nicole , Carels Carine E. L. , van Bokhoven Hans , Zhou Huiqing
Published: May 2017

The cardinal features of Ectrodactyly, Ectodermal dysplasia, Cleft lip/palate (EEC), and Ankyloblepharon‐Ectodermal defects‐Cleft lip/palate (AEC) syndromes are ectodermal dysplasia (ED), orofacial clefting, and limb anomalies. EEC and AEC are caused by heterozygous mutations in the transcription factor p63 encoded by TP63. Here, we report a patient with an EEC/AEC syndrome‐like phenotype, including ankyloblepharon, ED, cleft palate, ectrodactyly, syndactyly, additional hypogammaglobulinemia, and growth delay. Neither pathogenic mutations in TP63 nor CNVs at the TP63 locus were identified. Exome sequencing revealed de novo heterozygous variants in CHUK (conserved helix‐loop‐helix ubiquitous kinase), PTGER4, and IFIT2. While the variant in PTGER4 might contribute to the immunodeficiency and growth delay, the variant in CHUK appeared to be most relevant for the EEC/AEC‐like phenotype. CHUK is a direct target gene of p63 and encodes a component of the IKK complex that plays a key role in NF‐κB pathway activation. The identified CHUK variant (g.101980394T>C; c.425A>G; p.His142Arg) is located in the kinase domain which is responsible for the phosphorylation activity of the protein. The variant may affect CHUK function and thus contribute to the disease phenotype in three ways: (1) the variant exhibits a dominant negative effect and results in an inactive IKK complex that affects the canonical NF‐κB pathway; (2) it affects the feedback loop of the canonical and non‐canonical NF‐κB pathways that are CHUK kinase activity‐dependent; and (3) it disrupts NF‐κB independent epidermal development that is often p63‐dependent. Therefore, we propose that the heterozygous CHUK variant is highly likely to be causative to the EEC/AEC‐like and additional hypogammaglobulinemia phenotypes in the patient presented here.
Genetic influences on ADHD symptom dimensions: Examination of a priori candidates, gene‐based tests, genome‐wide variation, and SNP heritability
Authors: Bidwell L. Cinnamon , Gray Joshua C. , Weafer Jessica , Palmer Abraham A. , de Wit Harriet , MacKillop James
Published: May 2017

Although the heritability of ADHD is estimated to be high, identifying specific genetic markers remains challenging. Most studies to date have examined the genetic basis of ADHD by employing dichotomous diagnostic phenotypes, but, as ADHD symptoms tend to be phenotypically dimensional, an alternative and potentially informative approach is to examine continuous indices of inattention and hyperactivity‐impulsivity symptoms. The current study aimed to identify genetic effects on dimensionally‐focused adult ADHD‐related phenotypes in 990 individuals of European ancestry with intentionally low levels of substance misuse to avoid confounding. The study used four complementary approaches: (1) analysis of a priori candidate loci identified in prior meta‐analytic work; (2) gene‐based analysis; (3) hypothesis‐free genome‐wide association testing; and (4) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) heritability via genomic‐relatedness‐matrix restricted maximum likelihood analysis (GREML). The GREML analysis included a bivariate model to test whether the ADHD symptom dimensions index the same genetic liability. The results revealed significant differential associations between two a priori loci and ADHD phenotypes, rs6296 inHTR1Bwith inattention and rs3746544 inSNAP‐25with hyperactivity‐impulsivity. No significant gene‐based or genome‐wide associations were detected, but SNP heritability revealed that a large portion of genetic variance was accounted for by common SNPs (44%, 55%, and 59% for inattention, hyperactivity‐impulsivity, and total ADHD, respectively) and substantial shared genetic variance across inattention and hyperactivity‐impulsivity (86%). These findings reveal both unique and common patterns of genetic influences across dimensional ADHD‐related phenotypes. More broadly, these findings reveal the value in using multiple methods to understand the genetic etiology of ADHD.
Cycloaromatization of Enediyne Compounds under the Action of Bromide Ions: Diradical/Zwitterionic/Anionic Pathways
Authors: Chen Shudan , Huang Shuai , Wang Chonggang , Ding Yun , Hu Aiguo
Published: May 2017

Cycloaromatization reactions of enediynes are renowned for their widespread applications and interesting reactivity characteristics. In the presence of a lithium halide and a weak acid, the cycloaromatization of cyclodeca‐1,5‐diyn‐3‐ene can be redirected away from the usual formation of a phenyl diradical towards a zwitterionic pathway. We extended this zwitterionic reaction system to other enediyne compounds and found that it offered good applicability to all‐carbon systems. However, in the case of maleimide‐based enediynes, only diradical (phenyl‐substituted) or anionic (butyl‐substituted) cyclization pathways were observed. Notably, the nucleophilic cyclization of maleimide‐based enediynes that was initiated by bromide ions exhibited a previously unreported C2−C7 cyclization pattern.
Bioinspired Total Synthesis of Homodimericin A
Authors: Huang Jun , Gu Yueqing , Guo Kai , Zhu Lei , Lan Yu , Gong Jianxian , Yang Zhen
Published: May 2017

Homodimericin A is a remarkable fungal metabolite. This highly oxygenated racemic unsaturated polyketide poses a significant synthetic challenge owing to its sterically demanding central cagelike core containing eight contiguous stereogenic centers (including three quaternary stereocenters) and several carbonyl functionalities. On the basis of its proposed biogenetic synthesis, we designed a total synthesis of homodimericin A that proceeds in seven steps and features a double Michael reaction, an intramolecular Diels–Alder reaction, and an ene reaction.
Fragment Screening against the EthR–DNA Interaction by Native Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Chan Daniel Shiu‐Hin , Mendes Vitor , Thomas Sherine E. , McConnell Brendan N. , Matak‐Vinković Dijana , Coyne Anthony G. , Blundell Tom L. , Abell Chris
Published: May 2017

Native nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry is an underutilized technique for fragment screening. In this study, the first demonstration is provided of the use of native mass spectrometry for screening fragments against a protein–DNA interaction. EthR is a transcriptional repressor of EthA expression in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) that reduces the efficacy of ethionamide, a second‐line antitubercular drug used to combat multidrug‐resistant Mtb strains. A small‐scale fragment screening campaign was conducted against the EthR–DNA interaction using native mass spectrometry, and the results were compared with those from differential scanning fluorimetry, a commonly used primary screening technique. Hits were validated by surface plasmon resonance and X‐ray crystallography. The screening campaign identified two new fragments that disrupt the EthR–DNA interaction in vitro (IC50=460–610 μm) and bind to the hydrophobic channel of the EthR dimer.
Fingerabdrücke für Glykane durch Spektroskopie kalter Ionen
Authors: Mucha Eike , González Flórez Ana Isabel , Marianski Mateusz , Thomas Daniel A. , Hoffmann Waldemar , Struwe Weston B. , Hahm Heung S. , Gewinner Sandy , Schöllkopf Wieland , Seeberger Peter H. , von Helden Gert , Pagel Kevin
Published: May 2017

Die Vielfalt der in Glykanen und ihren Konjugaten vorhandenen stereochemischen Isomere stellt eine Herausforderung für ihre Strukturanalyse dar. Üblicherweise wird Massenspektrometrie (MS) in Kombination mit Flüssigchromatographie oder Ionenmobilitätstrennung verwendet. Allerdings machen strukturell ähnliche Isomere, die häufig koexistieren, eine eindeutige Identifizierung unmöglich. Andere Methoden wie Gasphasen‐Infrarot‐Spektroskopie waren bisweilen auf kleinere Glykane beschränkt, da die räumliche Flexibilität und die thermische Aktivierung während der Messung eine mangelnde spektrale Auflösung verursachen. Dieses Defizit kann durch Kaltionen‐Spektroskopie überwunden werden. Die spektralen Fingerabdrücke kalter Oligosaccharid‐Ionen weisen eine beträchtliche Anzahl hochaufgelöster Absorptionsbanden auf, die selbst minimale Strukturvariationen anzeigen. Kaltionen‐Spektroskopie könnte sich in Verbindung mit sequenzieller MS als Schlüsseltechnologie zur Strukturbestimmung komplexer Glykome erweisen.