bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Responses of plant populations and communities to environmental changes of the late Quaternary
Authors: Jackson Stephen T. , Overpeck Jonathan T.
Published: March 2019

The environmental and biotic history of the late Quaternary represents a critical junction between ecology, global change studies, and pre-Quaternary paleobiology. Late Quaternary records indicate the modes and mechanisms of environmental variation and biotic responses at timescales of 101–104years. Climatic changes of the late Quaternary have occurred continuously across a wide range of temporal scales, with the magnitude of change generally increasing with time span. Responses of terrestrial plant populations have ranged from tolerance in situ to moderate shifts in habitat to migration and/or extinction, depending on magnitudes and rates of environmental change. Species assemblages have been disaggregated and recombined, forming a changing array of vegetation patterns on the landscape. These patterns of change are characteristic of terrestrial plants and animals but may not be representative of all other life-forms or habitats. Complexity of response, particularly extent of species recombination, depends in part on the nature of the underlying environmental gradients and how they change through time. Environmental gradients in certain habitats may change in relatively simple fashion, allowing long-term persistence of species associations and spatial patterns. Consideration of late Quaternary climatic changes indicates that both the rate and magnitude of climatic changes anticipated for the coming century are unprecedented, presenting unique challenges to the biota of the planet.
Hazem Azmy: The Nomad
Authors: AMIN NORA
Published: March 2019

This is a reading into what someone can achieve as a theatre critic and a scholar when they have faith in change. Hazem Azmy was that someone.
Law of the United States of America: Recent Monographs and Treatises
Authors: Kavass I. I.
Published: March 2019

Few libraries outside the United States have either the means or the need to acquire complete holdings of American legal materials. The many capacious series of law reports, legal periodicals and legislative materials which comprise the bulk of American legal literature may in any event be beyond their reach for reasons of cost and space. If foreign libraries are interested in American legal materials at all they have limited objectives. All they need are small collections of monographs with a broad reference capability. In terms of their ideal criteria such collections are envisaged to consist of no more than several hundred basic books which might have the collective effect of presenting a comprehensive overview of the major areas of American law at a sufficient level of analytical depth to satisfy the immediate research needs of a lawyer or a legal scholar in a foreign country.
National and Regional Yearbooks of International Law and Relations: A Brief Survey
Authors: Stepan Jan , Chapman Frank C.
Published: March 2019

The “national” yearbooks of international law—or, in a few cases, of international relations—are a relatively recent phenomenon in the legal literature. Modeled after their only pre-war ancestor, the British Yearbook of International Law, most of them came into existence during the last 25 years; the Swiss Yearbook, which first appeared in 1944, is the only one other than the British which antedates the end of WW II.
A Brief Survey of American Labor Law
Authors: Surrency Erwin C.
Published: March 2019

The law regulating labor relations in the United States has grown in complexity as numerous statutes, both federal and state, have been enacted to regulate many matters growing out of the employer-employee relationship. Since these statutes have a wide application, the lawyer, regardless of his geographical location or type of practice must have some knowledge of the literature which has been spawned by this ever-expanding subject. The list of research tools in labor law includes not only legal publications in the narrow sense, but also materials on subjects such as employment statistics and the cost of living. The purpose of this paper is to provide an introduction to the labor law literature and to the agencies responsible for its administration. Obviously, a detailed analysis of each source is impossible here and would be tedious at any rate. Sources are suggested and their contents indicated but only a perusal of the publication itself will clearly demonstrate its usefulness.
Government Financing of National Elections in France
Authors: Ahmedouamar M. Tahar
Published: March 2019

In France the public financing of national election campaigns as practiced throughout its history has not yet resolved several problems which are related to the legal and political development of French institutions and society. This current legal situation, which is still in a state of transition, has been based on a series of conceptions which do not reflect the reality of modern political campaigns. So far, the French legislation seems to ignore the tremendous importance of contemporary advertising as a means of favoring candidates who can afford it and provides that only a limited number of activities, printed materials, and a limited amount of media time be given for free by the government in order to make a person's abilities and platform known. The Government of the Fifth Republic, instead of increasing its support to financial campaigns, has generally acted in such a way as if some limitations on necessary expenses would put all the candidates on the same level. Another problem consists of the deliberate ignoring of the existence of the parties in the legal sense, with the exception of broadcast regulations which do mention the parties and political groups by name. The dichotomy between the legislation and reality is so great that very often when the rules are violated, no judicial sanctions are imposed.
South African Legal Materials *
Authors: Hadassin H. C. , Davis L. J.
Published: March 2019

Since all users of law libraries do so in a search for authority, the basic categories of materials are found in all law libraries. The authority may be binding or persuasive. The nature of our legal system is reflected by South African legal publications. Primary and secondary sources of the law constitute the two main groups of South African legal publications.
Handbook of Bibliographies on the Laws of Developing Countries
Authors: Lansky Ralph
Published: March 2019

As regards legal literature and its bibliographical description many developing countries are not as underdeveloped as some people in this continent may believe. In various countries of the Third World legal bibliographies have been published (partly with, partly without development aid) which need not shy from being compared with works of the same kind published in Europe. Nevertheless, these bibliographies tend to remain obscure – a fact for which one cannot blame the developing countries. In the course of his education the average jurist in the West becomes acquainted only with the law of his own country. Occasional comparative studies are generally confined to the other European legal systems and to Anglo-Saxon law. In exceptional cases he may also deal with some East European law. Librarians and documentalists get acquainted with a great many bibliographies during their studies, but in general with none dealing with developing countries. For these reasons information experts, lawers and persons assisting in developing countries – having to deal with the legal literature of a developing country for some reason – often do not know whether they must discover all the relevant literature themselves or whether there are – and if so, in what cases – bibliographies already in existence and how to use these bibliographies.
Law Librarianship in Nigeria, History and Problems A Rejoinder
Authors: Olaitan M. O.
Published: March 2019

The article by N. A. Ogbeide published in Volume 4 No. 1 of the International Journal of Law Libraries (Pp. 19–26) makes interesting reading, but the last paragraph headed “Unacceptability and Apathy” leads to one sad conclusion: namely, it shows that for some decades the Nigerian legal practitioner and the law librarian have been coming into contact, but it does not appear that any meaningful dialogue has taken place between them.
Women's Rights: A Selected Bibliography
Authors: Hughes Marija Matich
Published: March 2019

As the social and economic position of women changes, their legal status changes commensurately. Among the rights feminist women seek are the franchise; equal access to education; equal access to jobs yielding equal pay; subsidized nurseries; personal control of the body and its corollary, the availability of birth control and abortion; taxation without regard to marital status; and control of their property. Not all these desiderata are yet available in even the most advanced or enlightened state, although considerable progress is being made in some. In the United States of America, to illustrate, the most significant change in recent years has been in the job market, where many employers are now required by Federal law to set numerical goals for hiring women to fill traditionally male jobs as they become vacant. In many States, women are now permitted to work more than eight hours a day, they can no longer be restricted by weight-lifting laws, and where such laws exist they must be equally applicable to women. American women have a limited right to abortion, birth control is legally available, credit is opening to women as a result of the (nation-wide) Equal Credit Opportunity Act, airline stewardesses are permitted to work after they are married, pregnant women are not arbitrarily required to leave their place of employment, newspaper “classified” (job market) advertizing is no longer segregated by sex, and some progress has been made in the admission of women to traditionally male schools, Court award of child custody to fathers is becoming more common, as is a joint custody.
International Cooperation: A Critical Need for Bibliographic Control of Legal Materials
Authors: Mersky Roy M.
Published: March 2019

The purposes of the United Nations are: … 3. To achieve international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural or humanitarian character … Charter of the United Nations, Ch. I, Art. 1 (1964).

It shall be the aim of the Community … to promote throughout the Community a harmonious development of economic activities … Treaty Establishing the European Economic Community, Act. 2 (1957).
Law Library Directories and Guides in Australia
Authors: Finlay Richard J. M.
Published: March 2019

One of the major projects discussed by the IALL Board of Directors at its 1975 meeting in Oslo, was the preparation of material on regional law library directories or guides.
The Federal Court of Justice and Its Library in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Kirchner Hildebert
Published: March 2019

A Short Historical Review of the German Judicial System

The history of a unified German judiciary structure emphasizes two major characteristics. It tells a story of a judicial system which is as discontinuous as it is old. The first truly imperial court, known as the “Reichskammergericht”, was created in 1495. Its significant features were a permanent seat and an independence of the judges. Their decisions were final and conclusive, and were binding on the emperors. This court remained in existence until the demise of the old German Empire in 1806. Thereafter, due to a rapid political fragmentation of the territory formerly constituting the empire, the individual German states were bound together in a loose confederation only, known as the “Deutscher Bund”. Enjoying complete sovereignty, the states passed their own and widely differing laws. Endeavors to bring about some semblance of uniformity in such laws were doomed to failure, except in some areas of commercial law. Equally, in spite of repeated attempts, the formation of a unified appellate court of last resort encountered insurmountable difficulties. This state of affairs continued until cessation of the confederation when Austria was compelled to withdraw from it in 1866 and a new North German Confederation was formed under the leadership of Prussia. A few years later, in 1871, the North German Confederation was united with the southern German states and the new union became known as the German Empire.
Effective Access to the Periodical Literature: A National Program
Authors:   Task Force on a National Periodicals System, National Commission on Libraries and Information Science
Published: March 2019

The borrowing of materials by one library from another library, i. e., interlibrary loan, has been the traditional means of increasing patron access to items not available locally. The explosion of publications and other informational materials in recent years, as well as the continuing inflationary spiral in costs have played havoc on libraries in the United States. There is now almost universal recognition that more drastic changes to provide effective library services are needed. Although complete statistics of national interlibrary loan traffic for all libraries are not available, the number of interlibrary loans probably exceeds 10 million annually. Statistics published by the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) show that its 99 member libraries made 2,158,000 interlibrary loans during the year 1974–75, whereas in the same period, these same large university, national, and special research libraries borrowed 477,000 items from other libraries. While interlibrary loan, as viewed by librarians, was intended to be approximately an evenly balanced reciprocal lending and borrowing operation among libraries – achieving a quid pro quo – these statistics indicate that balanced reciprocity is not often achieved.
Considerations Relating to the Compilation of a Legal Thesaurus in German
Authors: Groll Henning
Published: March 2019

The basic need for unification and clarification of technical terminology is probably to be met with in all branches of learning. The lawyers might form an exception to this since legal science by its very nature is, to a very large extent, a conceptual science. It is worth while, nevertheless, to examine the question whether a uniform legal thesaurus for the legal systems in the area in which German is spoken is necessary; that is to say, a thesaurus which could, among other things, contribute to a unification of legal terminology. The following report should not be understood as a contribution to the basic problems of a thesaurus as a documentation language of a special kind. Those considerations and questions will, however, be briefly examined which could arise in connection with the compilation and development of a special legal thesaurus.
Establishment of the Judicial Information System (JURIS) in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Weihermüller Manfred
Published: March 2019

After some first impulses had been received from learned writers, preparatory work for the use of electronic data processing (EDP) in overcoming the difficulties in obtaining information in the legal system was taken up in the Federal Ministry of Justice as early as in 1967.
Further Observations about the Survey of Foreign and International Law Collections in Selected United States Law Libraries: 1972–1973
Authors: Kavass Igor I.
Published: March 2019

Library surveys, irrespective of their range of inquiry and specificity of information sought, can turn into incredibly taxing and even hazardous undertakings as those who have had the temerity to participate in them can vouch from personal experience. The primary objectives of such surveys consist of collecting relevant information from several similar library sources and the subsequent presentation of such information in a comprehensive and accurate manner. Unfortunately, a considerable degree of divergence exists between ideal surveys and the real world in which they are expected to be conducted.
Law Librarians In the Federal Republic of Germany: Their Education and Prospects
Authors: Geh Hans-Peter
Published: March 2019

Nearly all libraries in the Federal Republic of Germany are publicly owned, and their employees are placed in the same position as government servants. Library employees enjoy the same advantages and benefits as persons engaged in other branches of government, and their conditions of service are regulated in effect by the same or similar provisions of law. As the Federal Republic of Germany is a federation of several states (Länder), competence to make laws for the regulation of government employees rests concurrently in the federal legislature and the legislatures of the individual states. In this respect there are separate laws for the regulation of federal employees and the employees of the individual state governments, but for all practical purposes such federal and state laws are substantially similar. The respective laws establish systems of different ranks for government employees and prescribe educational qualifications as well as other requirements for the entry into employment at different service levels. There are no specific federal laws for the education and admission of library employees. According to the laws of the individual states, however, library employees are divided into four categories:

(1)

Senior library service (Höherer Bibliotheksdienst) which is open to persons with academic qualifications (preference being given to persons with doctoral degrees according to the laws of most states) upon completion of a prescribed period of practical library training and a formal educational course in librarianship.

(2)

Advanced library service (Gehobener Bibliotheksdienst) which is available to persons who undertake a formal course of study in librarianship (which is different in content from the course established for the senior library service) upon completion of high school education.

(3)

Intermediate library service (Mittlerer Bibliotheksdienst) which does not require high school education but in several states a formal training in librarianship.

(4)

Subordinate library service (Einfacher Bibliotheksdienst) which does not require an secondary educational or practical qualifications.

By way of a general guide to readers, who are not familiar with the German system of library positions, it should be added that this classification system does not have precise equivalents in the Anglo-American countries. The senior and to some extent the advanced library services may, however, be compared to professional library positions, and the intermediate and subordinate service levels to supporting staff positions in the United States libraries.
A selective bibliography with annotations
Authors: Dahlmanns Gerhard J.
Published: March 2019

This is a selective annotated bibliography, in three parts, on the law of the European Communities, confined to separate publications and not listing articles. It tries to assemble a considerable part of the basic literature on Community law as it stands now, and it has been written for those engaged in legal research, teaching, practice and library service, who need more specific and better accessible bibliographic information on the subject than it is now available.
The Law Libraries of Nigeria: A Reflection
Authors: Oluwakuyide Akinola
Published: March 2019

Librarianship is comparatively one of the latest professions in Nigeria. The relative scarcity of libraries can therefore be fully appreciated. Librarians anywhere in the world have never earned recognition for the mere asking: recognition has to be fought for through all channels of communication, by inundating the State House with tons and tons of petitions and memoranda and occasionally by triggering off a small storm of public discussion on the subject. Nigerian librarians have fought successfully to gain recognition in the universities and other institutions of higher learning, by pressuring the Federal Government for a national library of repute. This struggle was brought to a glorious end by the magnanimous National Library Decree of 1970. In the sphere of public and school librarianship, obvious evidence exists proving state neglect and indifference. The main preoccupation of the Nigerian Library Association at the moment is to convince the Nigerian Federal and State Governments of the value and usefulness of library services so that library development may attract a substantial vote for their annual budget. Librarians thus still expend their energy on writing petitions and memoranda and on sending deputations to the authorities. This period of consolidation demands that all efforts should be harnessed and directed into building up a dynamic and formidable National Library Association so as to put librarianship generally on a proper footing. Professional associations for specialized libraries, other than an all-embracing Association, do not exist in Nigeria. An Association for Law Librarians, as desirable as it is, will have to wait till a more sophisticated library system is organized in Nigeria.
The Australian Law Librarians' Group
Authors: Brian R. F.
Published: March 2019

Dr. Dahlmanns' invitation to Australian Law Librarians to tell the world about their activities in this issue of the International Journal of Law Libraries has been welcomed by the eight librarians to whom it was sent. Three of them, at least, have been happy to let me speak for them. The history of the Australian Law Librarians' Group is almost inextricably wound up with my personal history as a law librarian. While I apologise for being autobiographical this course of action is unavoidable if the true history of the A.L.L.G. is to be written.
The Civil Law and the Common Law: Some of the Similarities and Differences between the Two Systems
Authors: Bailey James F.
Published: March 2019

Comparative law has a long history, and it has long been a tradition among legal scholars to compare one legal system with others. Even in the days when Rome ruled the so-called “known world”, there were other legal systems which existed either with the Roman Empire, side-by-side with the Roman jus civilis, or outside the Empire in the German tribes, in the Parthian Empire, among the Celts, and so forth. Law is the element which regulates and harmonizes human activity, behavior, and endeavor within any ordered society, primitive or advanced, and few if any societies could exist for long without some sort of law and legal system. Law is therefore part of the culture, the daily life, behavior, civilization, and yes, even the history of a people and their civilization. Unless a civilization or folk-group is a carbon copy of another, then it is normal to expect differences in the manner in which rights are vindicated, differences resolved, and an orderly solution found for the conflicts in human life.
Legal Research Education in the UK
Authors: Bull Gillian
Published: March 2019

Academic legal literature in the USA is punctuated at regular intervals by discussions of the quality of legal research and writing tuition in the law schools. None of these discussions makes question of the place of such courses within the curriculum. The debate centers upon what should be taught, when, and by whom, and how effective such teaching may be. My first contact with such courses came during a period of work in the USA and when, on my return to the UK, I was required to set up a course in legal information studies, I turned to the UK literature for material on teaching legal research. The result of my search was a complete blank. Indeed, it is difficult to find discussion of any kind on such topics as curriculum planning and the interrelation of legal subjects in teaching programs. The structure of legal education in the UK has been the subject of government reports, but in the main these deal with mechanical and financial aspects—what the apprentice lawyer should learn—and how his professional ability may be enhanced by his education is barely touched upon. There is certainly nothing in the UK literature since the turn of the century on the methods of teaching legal research, nor any debate upon the desirability of teaching such a subject. Basic textbooks on legal bibliography exist, most of which offer guidance, at various levels of sophistication, as to how the novice may handle the literature of law, but it is apparent on examination that none of these are teaching texts, evolved and tested during the repetition of a course of instruction, as are many US texts. We possess nothing in print that might be compared with Price and Bitner's Effective Legal Research (to name just one such book), with its guidance on search strategies and evaluation of sources and facts. I decided to do some basic research and ask all the UK institutions teaching law courses leading to eventual professional qualification what, if anything, they offered by way of instruction in legal research techniques.
A Note on Current South African Legal Periodicals and Law Reports
Authors: Davis L.
Published: March 2019

South Africa has a long tradition of law journal publishing. The Cape Law Journal was founded in 1884. Its name was changed to the South African Law Journal in 1901 and it has continued to appear ever since. Certain other journals commenced in the past, then either disappeared or now appear in another guise. For instance the South African Law Times was published for a few years in the 1930's only. Similarly Butterworths South African Law Review was the precursor to the current Acta Juridica. However, today a wide range of titles are published. Juta and Company Limited (P.O. Box 123, Kenwyn, Cape Province 7790) publishes the South African Law Journal and several other law and law-related periodicals and law reports. Another regular publisher of legal journals is Butterworths and Co. (S.A.) (Pty) Limited, (P.O. Box 792, Durban 4000).
Computerized Union List of Periodicals in University Law Libraries in Israel: A Report
Authors: Pelleg Emanuel
Published: March 2019

The needs of the clients of law libraries in Israeli universities (Jerusalem, Tel-Aviv and Bar Ilan) have long shown the importance of, and the need for, collaboration and cooperation among these libraries in order to present the best of services to their clientele. Therefore, the work of Mrs. Bar-Niv, from the Law Library at Jerusalem University, has been wholeheartedly welcomed. With the cooperation of the other two law libraries, Mrs. Bar Niv published in 1975 the Union List of Periodicals in Law Libraries in Israel (updated through a supplement in 1976). This list has proved an indispensable aid for staff and students.
Legal Databases in Austria
Authors: Niegl Renate
Published: March 2019

Legal databases in Austria go back to two different sources. In the public sector decisions of the three major (or high) courts, the Constitutional Court, the Administrative Court and the Supreme Court, have been stored in local databases. In the private sector the major legal publisher MANZ created a limited company in 1982, RDB (Rechtsdatenbank), with the participation of representatives of the legal profession and a big bank. The legal publisher ORAC and EDP professionals joined the team. Most of the journals in RDB are available in full text starting in 1978, but the Hohenecker-Index goes back to 1947.
Nekrolog juristischer Bibliothekarinnen und Bibliothekare in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz: 1970–1996
Authors: Lansky Ralph
Published: March 2019

The compilation below constitutes a piece of personal history of law librarianship in the German-speaking countries of Austria, Germany and Switzerland. No progress in law libraries has been achieved by chance, but rather through the endeavours of individuals. After having published several German law library directories, the author has in recent years concentrated on compiling data also about the lives of the law librarians who have been and are active in, or originate from, the German-speaking region in Europe. A directory in German of these colleagues who were still alive and active in December 1996 – together with a detailed introduction – has just been published as a Special Issue 1997 of Recht, Bibliothek, Dokumentation (RBD), the official publication of AjBD (Arbeitsgemeinschaft für juristisches Bibliotheks- und Dokumentationswesen), the law library association in the German-speaking countries.
Internet for Legal Information
Authors: Germain Claire , Court Pat , Wenger Jean , Childs Scott
Published: March 2019

This empirical study starts from the newest medium, the internet, and explains briefly what researchers can expect to find there in terms of legal information, and how to find the needed information. It focuses on U.S. legal information, but also touches on foreign and international law. It includes comparisons with other legal research platforms and raises a few issues.
Human Cloning: French Legislation and European Initiatives
Authors: Atwill Nicole
Published: March 2019

The use of cloning techniques to reproduce human beings would have a dramatic impact on the individual, the society and the human species itself. Many have expressed their concern and appealed for an international ban. This article examines the French Ethics Committee's arguments for a ban on cloning, evaluates existing French legislation in the area, and enumerates European efforts against human cloning.
Anti-Bribery Measures in the European Union: A Comparison with the Italian Legal Order
Authors: Ferola Laura
Published: March 2019

The necessity to counteract corruption effectively has lead to an increased integration in judicial cooperation. This paper analyses the legal instruments adopted by the EU for fighting bribery in order to explore in detail existing interrelationships (i.e. differences and peculiarities) between European and Italian rules. The latter is of singular relevance particularly since 1992, when a widespread system of corruption had been discovered and a broad campaign to prevent corruption (“mani pulite“) had been undertaken which resulted in an important work of reform and brought existing rules up to date. Finally, Italy also played an active role at the European level: the 1997Anti-Corruption Conventionwas adopted on the basis of an Italian proposal.
Beyond the Border: Chinese Legal Information in Cyberspace
Authors: Liu Joan
Published: March 2019

In a broad sense, “China law” ought to be comprised of four components: (1) the laws of the People's Republic of China (PRC); (2) the laws of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR), a former British colony handed back to the PRC in 1997, which still employs the common law system; (3) the laws of the Macao Special Administrative Region (Macao SAR), a former Portuguese colony which was returned to China in 1999, but has kept the original legal system; and (4) the laws of Taiwan which, as the remaining part of the former Republic of China, has developed a distinct legal system different from that of the mainland after the Nationalists lost the civil war to the Communists in 1949. However, “China law” is commonly referred as the laws of the PRC, which was constituted in 1949 when the new government was founded. This article will mainly review the legal resources of the laws of the PRC in electronic formats, including databases, websites, CD-ROM products, and other non-print materials, but not traditional print resources. The legal resources of the laws of Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan will be discussed in future articles.
Rohn's World Treaty Index: Its Past and Future
Authors: Pearson Glenda J.
Published: March 2019

The question of national self interest reconciled to the demands of a treaty obligation inevitably calls upon a different level ofperception than pure' self-interest, outside such a system, invites.

Maxwell Cohen

The World Treaty Index (WTI), first published in print form in 1974, has been a mainstay of treaty research for over a quarter of a century. A second edition was published in 1983 and a reprint of that edition appeared in 1997. Both editions of the print multi-volume set can be found in almost all major law libraries and in research institutes with an interest in international relations, area studies and globalization. The WTI lives on in electronic form and remains to this day the largest collection of treaty citations in the world, with well over 60,000 entries to date. Over the last decade, interdisciplinary scholarly research interests have increasingly focused on the kinds of information that can be extracted from The World Treaty Index.
Report to the International Association Of Law Libraries, 24th Annual Course on International Law Librarianship, at The European University Institute, San Domenico De Fiesole, Florence, Italy, 4th –8th September 2005
Authors: Otero María M.
Published: March 2019

First, I would like to thank the members of the Scholarship Committee of IALL for giving me the opportunity to attend the IALL annual meeting celebrated in Domenico di Fiesole, Italy, last September. Our library has a limited budget for travel. We participate in the annual conferences of the American Association of Law Libraries, which uses almost our entire travel budget. In recent years, the opportunities for participating in good conferences are greater but our budget continues to be the same. That is why I think that the grants given by IALL to new attendants are a great way to encourage librarians to participate in professional development opportunities and should be promoted continually.
Mandarin Chinese: An Annotated Bibliography of Self-Study Materials
Authors: Alford Duncan E.
Published: March 2019

The People's Republic of China is currently the seventh largest economy in the world and is projected to be the largest economy by 2050. Commensurate with its growing economic power, the PRC is using its political power more frequently on the world stage. As a result of these changes, interest in China and its legal system is growing among attorneys and academics. International law librarians similarly are seeing more researchers interested in China, its laws and economy. The principal language of China, Mandarin Chinese, is considered a difficult language to learn. The Foreign Service Institute has rated Mandarin as “exceptionally difficult for English speakers to learn.” Busy professionals such as law librarians find it very difficult to learn additional languages despite their usefulness in their careers.
Mapping the Social Life of the Law: An Alternative Approach to Legal Research
Authors: Gallacher Ian
Published: March 2019

As the law moves inexorably to a digital publication model in which books no longer play a role, the problem of how to continue to make the law available to all becomes more acute. Open access initiatives already exist, and more are on the way, but all are limited by their inability to provide more than self-indexed search options for their users. Self-indexing, although a powerful alternative to the traditional pre-indexed searching made possible by systems like West's “Key Number” digests, has inherent limitations which make it a poor choice as the sole means of researching the law. But developing a new pre-indexed legal digest would be a prohibitively expensive and complex undertaking, making it unlikely that open access legal information sites can develop and maintain a fully-implemented digesting approach to legal research. This article proposes a reconceptualization of the information already contained within most American judicial opinions in order to permit open access sites to offer a form of pre-indexed research to their users. By mapping a case's location in a graphical representation of the doctrinal development of an issue under consideration, this approach allows the court's citations to prior authority to act as a pre-indexing tool, allows the researcher to update the law by showing more recent cases that have cited to the target case, and gives the researcher the opportunity to trace network links in order to uncover connections between cases that might otherwise have been difficult to discern.
Improving Services in Law Libraries: The Case of the Faculty of Law Library, University of Ghana, Legon
Authors: Darkey Emmanuel Mensah
Published: March 2019

Libraries play a very important role in national socio-economic development. They comprise books, buildings, a wide variety of materials and other support systems and more recently, technology. Their purpose is to serve as agents of instruction, reference and research for educational institutions, professional organizations, industrial concerns and communities. Law libraries for instance have highly specialized materials to support the advancement of learning about law or for the practice of law.
Peasants, Tanners, and Psychiatrists: Using Films to Teach Comparative Law
Authors: Dellapenna Joseph W.
Published: March 2019

The last four decades have seen the emergence of the “law and literature” movement. Although numerous stories in the common law world turn on the trial of cases, many studies in the law and literature vein use stories that do not take place in a courtroom, and often do not even involve a lawyer, to illuminate significant features of the law or its practice. The emergence of the law and literature movement seems to have prompted a turn in legal education toward using pop culture to teach about law, or perhaps reflects that turn. Examples of such efforts include legal symposia devoted to the wisdom of Yogi Berra, of Bruce Springsteen, and of Harry Potter. Others have preferred to study lawyers who are poets. Yet others profess to find poetry in the law itself.
Behavioral Economic Issues in American and Islamic Marriage & Divorce Law
Authors: Riegg Ryan M.
Published: March 2019

This paper will outline some of the behavioral economic issues found within marriage and divorce law. Using the modern American Marriage and Divorce System (AMDS) as a starting point, this paper will discuss how the Islamic Marriage and Divorce System (IMDS) can be seen as responding to and addressing a number of these behavioral economic issues within marriage and divorce law. However, before either system can be discussed in detail, some of the basic concepts and terms found within the IMDS need to first be explained.
EISIL: A Gateway To International Environmental Law On The Web
Authors: Watson Jill
Published: March 2019

Let me start with a very Brief History of Electronic Information System for International Law (EISIL). More than five years ago, the American Society of International Law (ASIL) began exploring how to bring its expertise and resources to bear on efforts to sort out and improve access to international law information on the World Wide Web. ASIL received funding from the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation in 2000 to build an international law information gateway and began the process of assessing how this might be accomplished.
The 13 Steps of Successful Academic Legal Research
Authors: Parise Agustín
Published: March 2019

The content of this essay is the result of more than ten years of trial and error. It was envisioned as a tool for personal guidance when drafting papers. If the recommendations included in this essay are correctly implemented, they will help law students and researchers write a law paper of publishable quality.
Understanding HIV-Specific Laws in Central America**
Authors: Frautschi Schuyler
Published: March 2019

This article explores HIV-specific laws in Central America: why they exist, where their terms come from, what choices have been made, and what the laws do. Part I outlines the influential work and standards of the U.N. and USAID. Part II presents contours of debate over AIDS law and policy in the United States. Part III reports on the HIV epidemics in Central America. Part IV compares the Central American laws, applying some of the lessons and theories presented in earlier Parts. The article concludes that HIV laws in the region do not function to provide the basis for claims of individual rights or impositions of responsibilities, the way U.S. laws often have. Rather, the Central American laws represent national aspirations toward a reasonable response to the epidemics. Central American aspirations toward safeguarding individual rights, while tracking heightening international standards, nonetheless are profoundly challenged as the epidemic is measured and expands: the law in Nicaragua, with its very low measured incidence of HIV infection, is very “rights” oriented, while the law in Honduras, where HIV incidence is relatively high, is very “duties” oriented.
Introduction to the Sources of Law in Malaysia†
Authors: Ahmad Sharifah Suhanah Syed
Published: March 2019

Prior to colonization by western powers, a form of rudimentary, tribal legal system was said to exist on the Peninsula.1 Various aboriginal tribes had been in occupation of the Peninsula as well as Borneo long before foreign settlers arrived. Although their laws were primitive and unwritten, their organizational abilities were adequate and served as a model for later Malay villages or kampongs. For example, the head of the village or penghulu was an organizational social structure derived from the Negrito tribe.2 The penghulu of any village or kampong usually had full civil and criminal powers over his flock.
The United Nations and Human Rights
Authors: Alfredsson Gudmundur
Published: March 2019

International cooperation for the promotion and encouragement of human rights and fundamental freedoms is one of the very purposes of the United Nations, according to article 1 of the Organization's Charter. The mandate is clear. In order to live up to this purpose, much work has been undertaken by establishing international human rights standards and by encouraging and persuading states to comply with these same standards.

This presentation, by way of an overview, briefly describes the international human rights instruments and the classification and contents of the standards contained therein. The methods employed by the United Nations and non-governmental organization (NGOs) for the realization of the standards are also outlined, including monitoring procedures, technical assistance and other activities concerned with the protection and promotion of human rights. Finally, the presentation identifies UN institutions where human rights issues and procedures are debated and decided upon.
The Inter-American Human Rights System: Documents, Publications and Internet Resources
Authors: Mersky Roy M. , Pratter Jonathan
Published: March 2019

American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man, Resolution XXX, Ninth International Conference of American States, Bogotá, Colombia, 1948, reprinted in Basic Documents Pertaining to Human Rights in the Inter-American System, OEA/Ser. L/V.II.82, doc. 6, rev. 1 at 17 (1992).
The Appraisal of Early Books: Problem and Paradox
Authors: Verbeke Christian F.
Published: March 2019

Oscar Wilde's sally about Lord Darlington ‘a man who knows the price of everything, and the value of nothing’ is very much the embodiment of the idea of what the valuation of rare books has come to mean today. Samuel Johnson defined the practitioner of this art, if one can call it that, a valuator, and defined him as ‘one who sets upon anything its price,’ a term for which he gives as synonym, appraiser. The term valuer is still used, and mostly pompously so, in the Anglo-Saxon auction world, its usage confirmed by the 19th century definition within the Act of Parliament 17 & 18 Victoria c.229 § 29 ‘to appoint a valuer to value the same.’ One can of course dismiss the subject as an etymological conceit, which in a sense it is, and say, what's in a name ? or conclude that ‘woord is but wynd.'
Access to the Law in Australia the Commonwealth Parliamentary Library's Contribution
Authors: Neilsen Mary Anne
Published: March 2019

It is often said that the effective working of a representative democracy depends on the availability of adequate information and the capacity for its independent evaluation. Such access, it is argued is a major contributor to restoring the significance of the Parliament. Similarly there is a commonly held view that access to justice depends on the laws of the Parliament and the courts being freely available to everyone.
The Place of Islamic Law in Modern Arab Legal Systems: A Brief for Researchers and Reference Librarians
Authors: Sfeir George N.
Published: March 2019

Ever since Joseph Schacht, whose book An Introduction to Islamic Law is on the short list of books on Middle East law, said that Islamic law is the epitome of Islamic thought, in other words, you can't understand Islam without understanding Islamic law, Middle Eastern studies and their journals invariably include classical Islamic law in their coverage of the subject with little attention given to modern legislation. This is particularly obvious in the bibliography of periodical literature which disregards the increasing number of studies on the modern law of the Middle East appearing in law journals. Even entries described as positive law, a category recently added to John and Marianne Makdisi's eminently useful compilation on Islamic law, comes no closer to giving a realistic picture of the applicable law. To illustrate what I mean, titles under positive law dealing with insurance, banking, and interest, concentrate on Islamic law's position on these subject-matters at a time when modern legislation in most Arab states has completely discarded that position.
Australasian Law and Librarianship IALL 18th Course on International Law Librarianship
Authors: Elliott Jacqueline , Pengelley Nicholas
Published: March 2019

In his introduction to IJLI v. 27 no.2 (Summer 1999), “Looking Back to “Rome 1998,” Holger Knudsen encapsulated the special nature of the IALL annual courses: the opportunity to extend our learning in international law and librarianship, to travel to new places, the meeting of friends, and finally: the “Courses beautifully designed by selfless and magnanimous local colleagues, who manage to add that specific local flavour, or, ‘ambiente.'”
Asian Nations in Transition to Market Economies and the World Trade Organisation: The Shrimp Case
Authors: Triggs Gillian
Published: March 2019

Since the late 1970's the Asian region has witnessed the paradox of socialist nations moving to market or “capitalist” economies. The experiment began with economic reforms in the People's Republic of China (PRC), spreading to the Soviet Union in 1985 with the adoption ofperestroika, to Viet Nam underdoi moiin 1986 and since then to the former republics of the Soviet Union after the ‘cold war’ in 1991. There are now nine countries in transition in the Asian region; the PRC, Viet Nam, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Mongolia, Myanmar, Kazakstan, Krygyz Republic and Uzbekistan.
Finding Law in the 21st Century: An Introduction to the SOSIG Law Gateway
Authors: Whittle Steven
Published: March 2019

This paper provides an introduction to the SOSIG (Social Science Information Gateway) Law Gateway a web based descriptive database of high quality legal information resources on the Internet (www.sosig.ac.uk/law). The Law Gateway is a new research support service being developed by the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies (University of London) in partnership with the University of Bristol as part of the UK's Resource Discovery Network initiative. The project seeks to provide access to the expanding range of global legal materials now being delivered over the Internet. In effect, the Law Gateway aims to offer the UK and international legal communities appropriate new ways to find, assess and access law in the new century.
The External Information Policy of the Scottish Parliament
Authors: Hubbard Bethan
Published: March 2019

The Communications Directorate of The Scottish Parliament is responsible for the development and implementation of strategy and policy in respect of information generation, publication and dissemination. Within The Directorate, it is the Information Systems business unit that has particular responsibility for the external information policy, that is to say, the policy regarding the provision of parliamentary information to the world outside The Parliament.