bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Pathology of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Progress in the 20th and 21st Centuries
Authors: Berg Kyra , Wright Joanne L.
Published: December 2016

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and is the fourth leading cause of death worldwide. There has been significant progress in the pathologic description and pathophysiologic analysis of COPD in the 20th and 21st centuries. We review the history, progression, and significance of pathologic alterations in COPD, including emphysematous changes, airway alterations, and vascular alterations. We also indicate what pathologic features of COPD the practicing pathologist should be describing in standard surgical and autopsy specimens.
Sarcina ventriculi: Review of the Literature
Authors: Al Rasheed Mohamed Rizwan Haroon , Senseng Carmencita G.
Published: December 2016

Sarcina ventriculi is an increasingly common gram-positive coccus, recognized in gastric biopsies, particularly of patients with delayed gastric emptying. It occurs most commonly in adult women and can be identified easily by its characteristic morphologic features, such as basophilic staining, cuboid shape, tetrad arrangement, red blood cell–sized packets, flattened cell walls, and refractile nature on light microscopy. Although the pathogenesis of the organism is debated, it has been implicated in cases of gastric perforation, emphysematous gastritis, and peritonitis as well as occurring in the background of gastric adenocarcinomas. This review of the literature discusses the clinical features, endoscopy findings, histopathology, ancillary studies, microbiology, pathogenesis, differential diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of this bacterium based on 19 published cases.
Giant Cell Myocarditis: A Brief Review
Authors: Xu Jin , Brooks Erin G.
Published: December 2016

Giant cell myocarditis (GCM) is a rapidly progressive and frequently fatal disease that mainly affects young to middle-aged previously healthy individuals. Early diagnosis is critical, as recent studies have shown that rapidly instituted cyclosporine-based immunosuppression can reduce inflammation and improve transplant-free survival. Before the 1980s, GCM was mainly a diagnosis made at autopsy. Owing to advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic options, it is now increasingly diagnosed on the basis of endomyocardial biopsies, explanted hearts, or apical wedge sections removed at the time of ventricular assist device placement. Histologic examination remains the gold standard for diagnosis; however, there are many possible etiologies for cardiac giant cells. Having a working knowledge of the clinicopathologic features that distinguish GCM from other giant cell–containing lesions is essential, since such lesions can have widely divergent management and outcome.
The future of the study of Islam and Muslims in the Nordic and Scandinavian region: A Swedish reading of Tidsskrift for Islamforskning
Authors: Larsson Göran
Published: December 2016

In lieu of an abstract, this is the article's first page:

With classical orientalists, such as Frants Buhl (1850-1932) and Johannes Pedersen (1883-1977), and contemporary scholars like Jørgen Bæk Simonsen, Jørgen S. Nielsen and Jakob Skovgaard-Petersen, Denmark has a proud history when it comes to the study of religion, including Islam and the wider Muslim world (on Buhl, see Læssøe 1979; on Pedersen, see Løkkegaard 1982). Besides these scholars, it is also possible to find others in the fields of sociology, anthropology, political science and media studies who have made, and continue to make, strong contributions to the study of Islam and Muslims (cf. e.g. Tidsskrift for Islamforskning 7(1) 2013). Denmark has also produced a number of strong female scholars, such as Garbi Schmidt, Lene Kühle, Kate Østergaard, Nadia Jeldtoft, Birgitte Schepelern Johansen, Jytte Klausen and Catharina Raudvere (who is Swedish, but holds a professorship in the History of Religions at the University of Copenhagen). Hence it is evident that the study of Islam and Muslims is thriving in Denmark. That said, however, it is also apparent that the academic study of minority religions (not least Islam) is often perceived as a controversial topic. From this point of view Denmark is not unique: studying Islam and Muslims generally causes debate and sometimes even tension within both academia and the public sphere. One important instrument for countering simplistic and populist conclusions about (...)
Centre for Contemporary Middle East Studies: A Multi-Disciplinary Approach
Authors: Jung Dietrich
Published: December 2016

In lieu of an abstract, this is the article's first page:In May 2007, the board of University of Southern Denmark (SDU) made a strategic decision in declaring the field of modern Middle East studies a priority research area of the Faculty of Humanities at SDU. The board underpinned this decision with the allocation of substantial additional means to the Centre for Contemporary Middle East Studies at SDU (hereafter “the Centre”). The research staff of the Centre was augmented by two regular professorships, one guest professorship (one-year term) and two PhD positions. In this way, the board aimed at strengthening the research component of the Centre and its international profile. The first new faculty member was guest professor Francesco Cavatorta (today teaching at Université Laval in Canada), who was employed from August 2008 to July 2009. Since then, nine scholars have served as guest professors at the Centre, representing countries as diverse as Germany, India, Ireland, Jordan, Turkey, and the United States. In January 2009, the Faculty of Humanities appointed Dietrich Jung as the first regular professor. Jung previously worked as a senior researcher at the Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS). He also took over the directorship of the Centre from Associate Professor Peter Seeberg who had served in this position since (...)
Islamforskning på Aarhus Universitet: (snart) ti år med ICSRU
Authors: Fibiger Thomas , Sedgwick Mark
Published: December 2016

I stedet for et abstract er her artiklens første side:I løbet af det seneste tiår – det samme tiår, som dette jubilæumsnummer af TIFO markerer – er en forskningsenhed for islamiske kulturer og samfund etableret på Aarhus Universitet. Enheden har siden en reorganisering af universitetet i 2011 lydt navnet Islamic Cultures and Societies Research Unit (ICSRU), idet enheden er underlagt det ny Institut for Kultur og Samfund under Faculty of Arts. ICSRU blev oprindelig etableret i 2007 under navnet Forskningsenhed for Arabiske og Islamiske Studier (AIS). Forskningsenheden for islamiske kulturer og samfund er en tværdisciplinær forskningsenhed, der er åben for alle ved Aarhus Universitet med interesse for islamiske kulturer og samfund, både i den islamiske verden og tværregionalt. Dette betyder, at ICSRU også dækker islam og muslimer i Vesten, specielt Danmark og Europa. ICSRU’s interesseområde er defineret af islam, men dette betyder ikke, at ICSRU alene fokuserer på religionsforskning. Der er fokus på islamstudier, men der er også interesse for studier i emner, der ikke er relateret til religion, først og fremmest samfundsmæssige og politiske. Ligesom der er et fokus på islam, er (...)
Desiderata i Tidsskrift for Islamforskning
Authors: Magaard Tina
Published: December 2016

I stedet for et abstract er her artiklens første side:“Reformer islamforskningen” lød titlen på en kronik, jeg skrev til Information i 2006 (Magaard 2006a) – samme år, som det første nummer af Tidsskrift for Islamforskning (TIFO) udkom. I dag, ti år efter, vil jeg stadig opfordre til at gentænke flere af de grundlæggende antagelser, som en stor del af den danske islamforskning baserer sig på. Mit empiriske grundlag udgøres af samtlige numre af TIFO fra 2006 til 2015. Som det pointeres i videnskabssociologien, er et tidsskrift aldrig bare en spejling af ny viden, men i høj grad også en spejling af nogle sociale struk- turer og hierarkier (Bird 2010). Dermed bliver det en spejling af, hvad man i disse sociale strukturer og hierarkier anser for ikke bare videnskabeligt, men også socialt ønskeligt at fokusere på. I forhold til TIFO kan man spørge, om der i de første ti år af tidsskriftets levetid har manifesteret sig teoretiske grundlæggende antagelser, som der er konsensus omkring, eller som i hvert fald ikke er blevet tilstrækkeligt udfordret, og som med fordel kunne nytænkes?
Johannes Pedersen og dansk islamforskning i mellemkrigstiden
Authors: Bæk Simonsen Jørgen
Published: December 2016

Artiklen vil med udgangspunkt i Johannes Pedersens efterladte pa- pirer dokumentere, hvorledes en forskerkarriere, oprindeligt planlagt til studiet af Det Gamle Testamente, gennem studieophold hos flere af Europas førende orientalister i årene mellem 1909 og 1912 endte ud med være rettet mod det arabiske og islam. ____"Johannes Pedersen and Danish Research into Islam in the Interwar Period"Using the surviving papers of Johannes Pedersen, the article shows how a research career that was originally planned around the study of the Old Testament became, through study with several of Europe's leading orientalists during 1909-1912, a research career into the Arabs and Islam.
Have you all got your copy of the Qur’an? Rationalisation, ritual and the role of God's word in a Kenyan Islamic educational setting
Authors: Svensson Jonas
Published: December 2016

This article concerns the discussions on and use of the Qur'an in the setting of Islamic Religious Education in Kisumu, Kenya. It is based on fieldwork conducted 2003 – 2006. Theoretically it uses a distinction between ritual and cognitive aspects of how the text is addressed. The author finds that the teaching is focused on the latter aspect. Hence, hypothetically the author argues, Islamic Religious Education, through the content and the form of the teaching as well as the position of the subject itself in the overall educational system, promotes a "demystification" of the text, providing it with a character that is quite different from the one dominating in the local Muslim context.
Indledning
Authors: Johansen Birgitte Schepelern
Published: December 2016

Kære læser,Velkommen til dette andet nummer af Tidsskrift for islamforskning! Tidsskrift for islam-forskning formidler ny forskning om islam og muslimer og udspringer af forskernetværket Forum for islamforskning, der ønsker at synliggøre dansk islamforskning. Vi håber naturligvis, at tidsskriftet vil bidrage til dette.Et af Forum for islamforsknings mål er at holde forskere og andre interesserede orienteret om, hvad der foregår af spændende forskning på området. Derfor indeholder dette nummer både artikler, der formidler bearbejdede forskningsresultater samt artikler, der præsenterer igangværende forskning.De forskere, der er tilknyttet Forum for islamforskning, arbejder fortrinsvist med islam og muslimer i en vestlig sammenhæng. Dette afspejler sig også i tidsskriftets artikler, der denne gang med titlen Hverdagsislam har fokus på islamisk praksis og islam i hverdagen. Nummeret rummer artikler om praksis og organisering blandt tyske sufier, 1.generationsmigranters religion i mødet med det danske samfund, og danske konvertitters rituelle praksis. Endelig præsenteres to igangværende projekter om identitetsdannelse blandt unge danske muslimer samt om fællesskab, netværk og identitet blandt skandinaviske sufigrupper.Tidsskriftet vil udkomme to gange årligt. Artiklerne kan frit downloades fra denne hjemmeside, og vi håber, at mange vil have glæde af at læse dem.Velkommen – og god læselyst!
”Muslim allerførst” - om religiøsitet og diasporiske selvkonstruktioner
Authors: Khawaja Iram
Published: December 2016

Artiklen tager udgangspunkt i empiribaserede refleksioner over unge muslimers måder at fremstille sig selv på baggrund af teoretiske perspektiver på diasporisk selvkonstruktion, transnationale relationer og intersektionalitet. Der ses nærmere på to overordnede tendenser: 1. Positionering som ”allerførst muslim” med distance til kulturelle, nationale og etniske kategorier, og 2. Positionering som muslim i forhold til nationale, etniske og kulturelle tilhørsforhold.
Sufism som vardagsislam. Ett pågående projekt om gemenskap, nätverk och identitet.
Authors: Raudvere Catharina , Stenberg Leif
Published: December 2016

Sufismen, som ofta definieras i enkla kategorier som islams mystik, har betydligt mer vardagliga och jordnära dimensioner än vad som vanligen framkommer i religionsvetenskapliga handböcker. Sufiska sammanslutningar finns inte alltid som konkurrenter till muslimska församlingar, utan ofta inom dem och mer familjenära, t ex som kitt mellan släktingar eller kontaktytor för handel i större eller mindre skala. Projektet ”Exil och tradition”, som stöds sedan 2005 av Riksbankens Jubileumsfond (Stockholm), syftar till att dokumentera och analysera hur sufigrupper i Skandinavien utvecklas och förändras i diaspora samtidigt som de upprätthåller kontakter med formella sufiordnar i muslimska länder. Nedanstående är, på inbjudan av FIFOs redaktion, några korta reflektioner kring projektets förutsättningar.
Islam i dansk psykiatri
Authors: Johansen Birgitte Schepelern , Johansen Katrine Schepelern
Published: December 2016

Denne artikel præsenterer og sammenligner tilgangen til minoritetspatienter inden for det psykiatriske system i henholdsvis USA og Danmark: Hvorledes patienterne kategoriseres og håndteres i en institutionel praksis. I USA anvender man en vifte af kategorier, mens minoritetspatienterne i en dansk kontekst overvejende tematiseres som ’muslimer’. Dernæst diskuteres de forskellige tilgange i lyset af de respektive landes bredere politiske og samfundsmæssige kontekst.
Fatwaer og forandringer: Islamisk lovpraksis i Vesten
Authors: Johansen Karman Karen-Lise
Published: December 2016

Må muslimer i Vesten spise ikke-halal slagtet kød? Må en muslimsk kvinde gifte sig med en ikke-muslimsk mand? Må muslimer i Europa stemme ved politiske valg? Sådan lyder nogle af de spørgsmål, som det europæiske fatwaråd The European Council for Fatwa and Research (ECFR) gennem tiden har modtaget fra muslimer bosat i Vesten og besvaret i form af religiøse anvisninger (fatwaer). Denne artikel ser nærmere på ECFR og dets fatwaer og viser, hvordan The European Council for Fatwa and Research opfordrer til integration samtidig med, at det viser vejen for en øget institutionalisering af islam gennem blandt andet etablering af islamiske voldgiftsdomstole i Europa.
Halal Sanitised: Health and Science in a Globalised Religious Market
Authors: Fischer Johan
Published: December 2016

This article examines the sanitisation of halal in the modern scientific world, that is, how Malays in London understand and practise halal as part of modern discourses of meat/stunning, health, nutrition, purity, food scares, science and excess. From being an Islamic injunction in the Koran and the Sunna, halal both evokes and is evoked by a whole range of discourses. In other words, this article captures how halal sits uneasily in and between a plethora of powerful scientific, religious and political discourses that often overlap.
Duplik: Vedrørende anmeldelse af Arabisk Medicin af Irmeli Perho
Authors: Provençal Philippe
Published: December 2016

Vedrørende Irmeli Perhos anmeldelse af bogen Arabisk Medicin, som står s. 109-110 i Tidsskrift for Islamforskning nr. 3, 2008, vil jeg gerne komme med følgende kommentarer. Arabisk Medicin er skrevet af undertegnede.
Interviewet og hvad så? En kritisk analyse af Asmaa Abdol-Hamids betingelser for selvfremstilling1
Authors: Jørgensen Signe Kjær
Published: December 2016

Muslimske folketingskandidater har haft det svært i den offentlige debat, senest i 2007 har Enhedslistens Asmaa AbdolHamid været udsat for kritik. I denne artikel undersøger jeg, hvordan en række kritiske spørgsmål påvirkede mange danskeres forståelse af hende. Med værktøjer fra kritisk diskursanalyse viser jeg, hvordan en journalist placerer hende i et spændingsfelt af fordomme og mistænkeliggørelse, som gør det svært for hende at formulere sig offensivt og klart om sine politiske visioner.
Lecture à voix haute ou lecture à voix mentale ?
Authors: Benoit Éric
Published: December 2016

Mallarmé envisage parfois la lecture de la poésie à voix haute, mais il valorise plutôt la lecture à voix mentale, de même que son idéal du théâtre va dans le sens d’un théâtre mental. Le poème en prose Le Démon de l’analogie montre exemplairement la perception d’une voix mentale, et nous indique comment la voix intérieure du lecteur peut percevoir les phénomènes rythmiques comme les enjambements dans la poésie de Mallarmé lui-même.
Ghil « hors de l’oubli où la voix de Mallarmé relègue aucun contour »
Authors: Marsot Julien
Published: December 2016

René Ghil s’est très tôt positionné comme disciple de Mallarmé à partir d’une audition unique de L’après-midi d’un faune dans le cadre d’une lecture publique de 1884. À partir de cette « mésécoute » inaugurale de Mallarmé et des connaissances partielles qui étaient les siennes, il entreprendrait le développement d’une conception matérialiste et « réaliste » de la sonorité vocale, médiatisée par une référence à l’impressionnisme. Suivant en ce sens plutôt les gloses au poème de Huysmans et de Mendès, l’errance théorique de Ghil ferait craquer l’armature à quatre mains du Traité du verbe (1886), et ce, puisque l’« Avant-dire » donné par Mallarmé à l’opuscule inverse plutôt point par point l’art vocal trans-esthétique du disciple, en le déplaçant sur le terrain linguistique et poétique. On lira donc dans le Traité du verbe un double « double état » de la parole : celui de Ghil qui oppose l’écriture silencieuse à la voix musicalement sonore, et celui de Mallarmé qui institue un distinguo entre modes énonciatifs et genres de discours pour valoriser la « notion pure » portée par la voix musicale et suggestive « idéelle » du poème.
Bertrand et Mallarmé « en fleuron et cul-de-lampe invisibles »
Authors: Thorel Sylvie
Published: December 2016

L’admiration bien connue de Mallarmé pour Aloysius Bertrand ne se limite pas à la filiation formelle du poème en prose, mais engage la question plus vaste de la musicalité. Bertrand posait dans Gaspard de la nuit la défaite de l’harmonie, que représentent la harpe, la viole et autres instruments à cordes associés au chant du ménestrel, comme une origine du volume dont il ne cessait de rappeler la dimension, et condition, livresque. Les indications typographiques de Bertrand à son éditeur Victor Pavie et les allusions métapoétiques de ses poèmes suggèrent qu’il a trouvé dans le poème en prose la forme appropriée à une époque où les développements de l’imprimerie ont achevé d’ensevelir le chant et les prestiges de la voix. Dans ces conditions, la typographie revêt une importance essentielle : compenser la perte du chant en s’instituant comme signature, au même titre que le « grain de la voix ». Mallarmé s’empare de la question du livre et de la voix à l’endroit où Bertrand l’avait abandonnée de manière à en faire maintenant celle du poète et du lecteur, donc, à assumer un nouveau mode d’intelligibilité du texte en sa production comme en sa réception. En confrontant les textes de Mallarmé à ceux de Bertrand, cet article montre que, là où le poète romantique aura éprouvé la mise en page du chant comme une perte, Mallarmé aura réussi à penser la voix muette du texte comme un objet positif rendant possible la pleine autonomie de l’écriture poétique.
Épicure et l’enseignement à distance
Authors: Cambron-Goulet Mathilde
Published: December 2016

L’éducation suppose que l’élève apprenne lorsque l’enseignant enseigne : s’il n’y a pas d’apprentissage, il serait absurde de croire qu’il y a eu un enseignement Or, dans le cas de l’enseignement à distance, il s’avère parfois difficile de s’assurer de la participation de l’élève, particulièrement lorsque l’enseignement et l’apprentissage sont décalés. Dans ces cas, l’usage de certains procédés narratifs ou stylistiques susceptibles d’interpeller le lecteur peut amener celui-ci à participer activement au cours qu’il lit L’activité propre du lecteur est ainsi favorisée notamment par le dialogue, qui l’invite à s’identifier à l’un des personnages, qu’il s’agisse du répondant ou plutôt d’un des personnages muets qui assistent le plus souvent à la scène) Le genre épistolaire a le même effet dans la mesure où il évoque, justement, un dialogue. Cette étude vise à examiner les procédés stylistiques employés par Épicure à des fins didactiques, afin de les mettre en parallèle avec des études contemporaines sur l’enseignement à distance.
Expérience et projet : la pensée de Dewey traduite en action pédagogique
Authors: Boutet Marc
Published: December 2016

John Dewey parle du sujet comme d’un « agency of doing » qui, par son action, s’efforce de créer du sens. À partir de cette conception, Dewey propose de nouveaux principes d’enseignement mettant l’accent sur l’apprentissage dans un contexte d’activité libre plutôt que dans un contexte de discipline contraignante. L’apprenant n’est plus seulement invité à se représenter le phénomène à comprendre, il est en quelque sorte invité à aller à sa rencontre, à en faire l’expérience, celle-ci étant définie comme une transaction entre l’être humain et son environnement physique et social. Dewey affirmait également que l’absence d’une continuité dans l’expérience marque l’amorce de la démarche d’apprentissage, qu’il nomme démarche d’enquête (inquiry), laquelle n’est plus décrite comme essentiellement individualiste, ce qui fonde sa perception épistémique de la démocratie. Après avoir décrit brièvement notre rencontre avec la pensée éducative de Dewey, nous tenterons d’établir, à partir de sa conception de l’action, de l’enquête et de la démocratie, comment sa pensée peut être considérée comme fondatrice d’une innovation pédagogique majeure symbolisant la réforme de l’éducation au Québec des années 2000 : l’approche par projet.
Défis de l’éducation européenne : intégrer le monde, habiter l’Europe, être bien chez soi
Authors: Piasecka Małgorzata
Published: December 2016

L’auteure attire l’attention sur trois questions importantes. Sa réflexion porte sur les racines philosophico-pédagogiques de l’idée « d’européanité ». Elle se focalise ensuite sur un inventaire de l’Europe communautaire, à l’aide un prisme allant de l’extérieur (le monde), vers l’intérieur (l’Europe). Elle propose une trame d’analyse considérant que l’éducation est en lien avec la culture du continent, de la même façon que l’Europe est un fragment du monde. L’auteure montre, avec des « ponts » d’interprétation permettant la description de l’éducation conçue de façon holistique, comment intégrer le monde, habiter l’Europe et être bien chez soi. Dans cette optique, elle présente une réflexion sur le thème de la stratégie pour et dans l’éducation.
Think small
Authors: Bezares-Calderón Luis A , Jékely Gáspár
Published: December 2016

The tadpole larva of a sea squirt is only the second animal to have its entire nervous system mapped out, and the results confirm that there is still much to learn from the smallest brains.
Three-dimensional Cu microfabrication using femtosecond laser-induced reduction of CuO nanoparticles
Authors: Arakane Shun , Mizoshiri Mizue , Sakurai Junpei , Hata Seiichi
Published: December 2016

Three-dimensional Cu microstructures were formed using a combined process of dispensing coating and femtosecond laser-induced reduction of CuO nanoparticles. Layer-by-layer lamination of two-dimensional Cu micropatterns was performed by alternately coating with a CuO nanoparticle solution and using direct laser writing, followed by the removal of nonirradiated CuO nanoparticles. The resistance of the 3D microstructures decreased as the number of layers increased, indicating that each layer was electrically connected to the others. We also demonstrated the fabrication of a microbridge heater composed of electrode pads and a microbridge, and found that its heating characteristics are suitable for use in microsensors, such as thermal-type flow sensors.
Indium gallium zinc oxide layer used to decrease optical reflection loss at intermediate adhesive region for fabricating mechanical stacked multijunction solar cells
Authors: Sameshima Toshiyuki , Nimura Takeshi , Sugawara Takashi , Ogawa Yoshihiro , Yoshidomi Shinya , Kimura Shunsuke , Hasumi Masahiko
Published: December 2016

Reduction of optical reflection loss is discussed in three mechanical stacked samples: top crystalline silicon and bottom crystalline germanium substrates, top crystalline GaAs and bottom crystalline silicon substrates, and top crystalline GaP and bottom crystalline silicon substrates using an epoxy-type adhesive with a reflective index of 1.47. Transparent conductive Indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) layers with a refractive index of 1.85 were used as antireflection layers. IGZO layers were formed on the bottom surface of the top substrate and the top surface of the bottom substrate of the three stacked samples with thicknesses of 188, 130, and 102 nm. The insertion of IGZO layers decreased the optical reflectivity of the stacked samples. The IGZO layers provided high effective optical absorbency of bottom substrates of 0.925, 0.943, and 0.931, respectively, for light wavelength regions for light in which the top substrates were transparent and the bottom substrates were opaque.
Optical, scintillation and thermally stimulated luminescence properties of Ce-doped yttrium–aluminum–indium garnet
Authors: Mori Masaki , Okada Go , Kawaguchi Noriaki , Yanagida Takayuki
Published: December 2016

We have investigated the photoluminescence (PL), scintillation and thermally stimulated luminescence (TSL) properties of 1 mol % Ce-doped Y3(Al
X
In1−

X
)5O12 (X = 0–1; Ce:YAING). These samples showed strong and broad PL emission by Ce3+ ion appeared in the spectral range from 480 to 620 nm. The PL decay profiles can be represented by a first-order exponential function with the decay time ranging 39–62 ns. Furthermore, the scintillation spectra showed similar features with those observed in PL. The scintillation decay time profiles were approximated by second or third order exponential decay functions, and we observed 26–61 ns component due to Ce3+ emission. The X-ray induced afterglow levels of Ce:YAING were worse than that of Ce:Y3Al5O12. The pulse height spectra of Ce:Y3(Al0.26In0.74)5O12 showed a clear photoabsorption peak, and that of the scintillation light yield was around 6,700 photons/MeV. In TSL glow curves, Ce:YAING show the glow peak at around 110 °C.
Expression and characterization of thermostable glycogen branching enzyme fromGeobacillus mahadiaGeo-05
Authors: Mohtar Nur Syazwani , Abdul Rahman Mohd Basyaruddin , Raja Abd Rahman Raja Noor Zaliha , Leow Thean Chor , Salleh Abu Bakar , Mat Isa Mohd Noor
Published: December 2016

The glycogen branching enzyme (EC 2.4.1.18), which catalyses the formation ofα-1,6-glycosidic branch points in glycogen structure, is often used to enhance the nutritional value and quality of food and beverages. In order to be applicable in industries, enzymes that are stable and active at high temperature are much desired. Using genome mining, the nucleotide sequence of the branching enzyme gene (glgB) was extracted from theGeobacillus mahadiaGeo-05 genome sequence provided by the Malaysia Genome Institute. The size of the gene is 2013 bp, and the theoretical molecular weight of the protein is 78.43 kDa. The gene sequence was then used to predict the thermostability, function and the three dimensional structure of the enzyme. The gene was cloned and overexpressed inE. colito verify the predicted result experimentally. The purified enzyme was used to study the effect of temperature and pH on enzyme activity and stability, and the inhibitory effect by metal ion on enzyme activity. This thermostable glycogen branching enzyme was found to be most active at 55 °C, and the half-life at 60 °C and 70 °C was 24 h and 5 h, respectively. From this research, a thermostable glycogen branching enzyme was successfully isolated fromGeobacillus mahadiaGeo-05 by genome mining together with molecular biology technique.
Stress responses of the oil-producing green microalgaBotryococcus brauniiRace B
Authors: Cornejo-Corona Ivette , Thapa Hem R. , Browne Daniel R. , Devarenne Timothy P. , Lozoya-Gloria Edmundo
Published: December 2016

Plants react to biotic and abiotic stresses with a variety of responses including the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may result in programmed cell death (PCD). The mechanisms underlying ROS production and PCD have not been well studied in microalgae. Here, we analyzed ROS accumulation, biomass accumulation, and hydrocarbon production in the colony-forming green microalgaBotryococcus brauniiin response to several stress inducers such as NaCl, NaHCO3, salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate, and acetic acid. We also identified and cloned a single cDNA for theB. brauniiortholog of theArabidopsisgenedefender against cell death 1(DAD1),a gene that is directly involved in PCD regulation. The function ofB. braunii DAD1was assessed by a complementation assay of the yeast knockout line of theDAD1ortholog, oligosaccharyl transferase 2. Additionally, we found thatDAD1transcription was induced in response to SA at short times. These results suggest thatB. brauniiresponds to stresses by mechanisms similar to those in land plants and other  organisms.
Dynamic triggering and earthquake swarms on East Pacific Rise transform faults
Authors: Cattania Camilla , McGuire Jeffrey J. , Collins John A.
Published: December 2016

While dynamic earthquake triggering has been reported in several continental settings, offshore observations are rare. Oceanic transform faults share properties with continental geothermal areas known for dynamic triggering: high geothermal gradients, high seismicity rates, and frequent swarms. We study dynamic triggering along the East Pacific Rise by analyzing 1 year of seismicity recorded by Ocean Bottom Seismographs. By comparing the response to teleseismic waves from global earthquakes, we find triggering to be most sensitive to changes in normal stress and to preferentially occur above 0.25 kPa. The clearest example of triggering occurs on the Quebrada and Gofar faults after the Mw8.0 Wenchuan earthquake. On Gofar, triggered seismicity occurs between the rupture areas of large earthquakes, within a zone characterized by aseismic slip, abundant microseismicity, frequent swarms, and low Vp. We infer that lithological properties inhibiting rupture propagation, such as high porosity and fluid content, also favor dynamic triggering.
Convection in the east Pacific Intertropical Convergence Zone
Authors: Raymond David J.
Published: December 2016

The eastern tropical Pacific exhibits a strong, cross‐equatorial sea surface temperature (SST) gradient, which drives a southerly flow in the atmospheric boundary layer. Convergence in this flow is generally considered to drive deep convection in the east Pacific Intertropical Convergence Zone. However, results from cloud modeling and recent field programs provide an alternative thermodynamic mechanism for controlling this convection. While shallow convection responds to boundary layer convergence, deep convection appears to be controlled by a combination of convective inhibition, surface moist entropy fluxes, tropospheric relative humidity, and moist convective instability. These factors explain the sharp minimum in infrared brightness temperature near 8°N while boundary layer convergence occurs over a much broader range of latitudes.
Observations of multiharmonic ion cyclotron waves due to inverse ion cyclotron damping in the northern magnetospheric cusp
Authors: Slapak R. , Gunell H. , Hamrin M.
Published: December 2016

We present a case study of inverse ion cyclotron damping taking place in the northern terrestrial magnetospheric cusp, exciting waves at the ion cyclotron frequency and its harmonics. The ion cyclotron waves are primarily seen as peaks in the magnetic‐field spectral densities. The corresponding peaks in the electric‐field spectral densities are not as profound, suggesting a background electric field noise or other processes of wave generation causing the electric spectral densities to smoothen out more compared to the magnetic counterpart. The required condition for inverse ion cyclotron damping is a velocity shear in the magnetic field‐aligned ion bulk flow, and this condition is often naturally met for magnetosheath influx in the northern magnetospheric cusp, just as in the presented case. We note that some ion cyclotron wave activity is present in a few similar shear events in the southern cusp, which indicates that other mechanisms generating ion cyclotron waves may also be present during such conditions.
Planetary period modulations of Saturn's magnetotail current sheet: A simple illustrative mathematical model
Authors: Cowley S. W. H. , Provan G. , Hunt G. J. , Jackman C. M.
Published: December 2016

We mathematically model the modulation effects on Saturn's equatorial magnetotail and magnetodisk current sheet produced by the combined magnetic field perturbations of the northern and southern planetary period oscillation (PPO) systems, specifically north‐south displacements associated with the radial perturbation field and thickness modulations associated with the colatitudinal perturbation field. Since the phasing of the two PPO systems is taken to be related to the radial field perturbations, while the relative phasing of the colatitudinal perturbations is opposite for the two systems, the north‐south oscillations reinforce when the two PPO systems are in phase, while the thickening‐thinning effects reinforce when they are in antiphase. For intermediate relative phases we show that when the northern PPO system leads the southern the sheet is thicker when moving south to north than when moving north to south, while when the northern PPO system lags the southern the sheet is thicker when moving north to south than when moving south to north, thus leading to sawtooth profiles in the radial field for near‐equatorial observers, of opposite senses in the two cases. Given empirically determined modulation amplitudes, the maximum sawtooth effect is found to be small when one system dominates the other, but becomes clear when the amplitude of one system lies within a factor of 2 of the other.
Prompt enhancement of the Earth's outer radiation belt due to substorm electron injections
Authors: Tang C. L. , Zhang J.‐C. , Reeves G. D. , Su Z. P. , Baker D. N. , Spence H. E. , Funsten H. O. , Blake J. B. , Wygant J. R.
Published: December 2016

We present multipoint simultaneous observations of the near‐Earth magnetotail and outer radiation belt during the substorm electron injection event on 16 August 2013. Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms A in the near‐Earth magnetotail observed flux‐enhanced electrons of 300 keV during the magnetic field dipolarization. Geosynchronous orbit satellites also observed the intensive electron injections. Located in the outer radiation belt, RBSP‐A observed enhancements of MeV electrons accompanied by substorm dipolarization. The phase space density (PSD) of MeV electrons at L*~5.4 increased by 1 order of magnitude in 1 h, resulting in a local PSD peak of MeV electrons, which was caused by the direct effect of substorm injections. Enhanced MeV electrons in the heart of the outer radiation belt were also detected within 2 h, which may be associated with intensive substorm electron injections and subsequent local acceleration by chorus waves. Multipoint observations have shown that substorm electron injections not only can be the external source of MeV electrons at the outer edge of the outer radiation belt (L*~5.4) but also can provide the intensive seed populations in the outer radiation belt. These initial higher‐energy electrons from injection can reach relativistic energy much faster. The observations also provide evidence that enhanced substorm electron injections can explain rapid enhancements of MeV electrons in the outer radiation belt.
Cohesion versus friction in controlling the long‐term strength of a self‐healing experimental fault
Authors: Weiss J. , Pellissier V. , Marsan D. , Arnaud L. , Renard F.
Published: December 2016

The Coulomb's failure criterion, which postulates that failure occurs along a fault plane when the applied shear stress overcomes a resistance made of two parts of different nature, cohesion, and friction, remains the standard conceptual framework of faulting mechanics. More recently, rate‐and‐state friction laws became the main modeling tool of the seismic cycle. These laws implicitly assume that only frictional resistance sets the fault strength and its evolution. We therefore raise the question of the role of cohesion and related healing/sealing mechanisms on fault mechanics. We designed an original laboratory experiment based on a model material, an ice thin layer sitting on top of a water tank and mechanically deformed at various rates with a circular Couette‐like geometry. This allowed sliding along the fault plane over arbitrarily large slip distances, and analyzing the competition between faulting and cohesion‐healing rates, whereas frictional resistance, resulting from the fault roughness, is limited in magnitude. We show that cohesion‐healing plays an essential role in the time evolution of the interface strength under constant loading rate. In particular, the magnitudes of shear stress fluctuations are observed to be temperature and velocity weakening. The present experiment shares several properties similar to that of active faults during seismic cycles, suggesting that cohesive healing could control some of these features: scale invariance properties, Gutenberg‐Richter law of rupture event size distribution, Omori's law of energy dissipation, at least after major ruptures, time asymmetry in energy dissipation, and periods of creep under high shear stress alternating with major earthquake‐like ruptures.
3‐D velocity structure in southern Haiti from local earthquake tomography
Authors: Douilly Roby , Ellsworth William L. , Kissling Edi , Freed Andrew M. , Deschamps Anne , Mercier de Lépinay Bernard
Published: December 2016

We investigate 3‐D local earthquake tomography for high‐quality travel time arrivals from aftershocks following the 2010 M7.0 Haiti earthquake on the Léogâne fault. The data were recorded by 35 stations, including 19 ocean bottom seismometers, from which we selected 595 events to simultaneously invert for hypocenter location and 3‐D Vp and Vs velocity structures in southern Haiti. We performed several resolution tests and concluded that clear features can be recovered to a depth of 15 km. At 5 km depth we distinguish a broad low‐velocity zone in the Vp and Vs structure offshore near Gonave Island, which correlate with layers of marine sediments. Results show a pronounced low‐velocity zone in the upper 5 km across the city of Léogâne, which is consistent with the sedimentary basin location from geologic map. At 10 km depth, we detect a low‐velocity anomaly offshore near the Trois Baies fault and a NW‐SE directed low‐velocity zone onshore across Petit‐Goâve and Jacmel, which is consistent with a suspected fault from a previous study and that we refer to it in our study as the Petit‐Goâve‐Jacmel fault. These observations suggest that low‐velocity structures delineate fault structures and the sedimentary basins across the southern peninsula, which is extremely useful for seismic hazard assessment in Haiti.
Influence of gouge thickness and grain size on permeability of macrofractured basalt
Authors: Wang G. , Mitchell T. M. , Meredith P. G. , Nara Y. , Wu Z.
Published: December 2016

Fractures allow crystalline rocks to store and transport fluids, but fracture permeability can also be influenced significantly by the existence or absence of gouge and by stress history. To investigate these issues, we measured the water permeability of macrofractured basalt samples unfilled or infilled with gouge of different grain sizes and thicknesses as a function of hydrostatic stress and also under cyclic stress conditions. In all experiments, permeability decreased with increasing effective pressure, but unfilled fractures exhibited a much greater decrease than gouge‐filled fractures. Macrofractures filled with fine‐grained gouge had the lowest permeabilities and exhibited the smallest change with pressure. By contrast, the permeability changed significantly more in fractures filled with coarser‐grained gouge. During cyclic pressurization, permeability decreased with increasing cycle number until reaching a minimum value after a certain number of cycles. Permeability reduction in unfilled fractures is accommodated by both elastic and inelastic deformation of surface asperities, while measurements of the particle size distribution and compaction in gouge‐filled fractures indicate only inelastic compaction. In fine‐grained gouge this is accommodated by grain rearrangement, while in coarser‐grained gouge it is the result of both grain rearrangement and comminution. Overall, sample permeability is dominated by the gouge permeability, which decreases with increasing thickness and is also sensitive to the grain size and its distribution. Our results imply that there is a crossover depth in the crust below which the permeability of well‐mated fractures (e.g., joints) becomes lower than that of gouge‐filled fractures (e.g., shear faults).
Earthquake impact on iron isotope signatures recorded in mineral spring water
Authors: Schuessler Jan A. , Kämpf Horst , Koch Ulrich , Alawi Mashal
Published: December 2016

We investigated the iron isotope signatures of dissolved Fe in the water of the Wettinquelle mineral spring (Bad Brambach, Germany) by time series sampling covering seismically active periods related to tectonic activity near the Eger Rift system in central Europe. Our objective was to test whether Fe isotopes trace earthquake‐induced abiotic and biotic changes in the fluid/rock interaction of the deep, fissured, granitic aquifer. We found that the dissolved Fe isotope signatures in spring water are distinct from the granitic source signature (δ56Fe = +0.09‰). Particularly, we discovered that water δ56Fe values are remarkably stable (−0.01 ± 0.11‰, 2SD, n = 4) before and during a strong seismic swarm period in 2000 (local magnitudes ML > 3), while O2 and H2 concentrations in water decrease and dissolved Fe content increases. Later, recurring events of lower δ56Fe values down to −0.3‰ are observed in the period from 2001 to 2003 with intermittent seismic events (1 < ML < 3.2). The observations indicate a time lag between tectonic forcing and Fe isotope response. The role of abiotic fluid/rock interaction and Fe‐utilizing bacteria identified in the mineral spring water on Fe isotope fractionation is discussed. We explain recurring changes toward isotopically lighter values by a combination of Fe dissolution from deep granite and admixture of isotopically light Fe generated by a complex combination of abiotic and biotic processes operating in the aquifer when disturbed by swarm earthquakes events. We propose a conceptual model scenario of earthquake‐triggered changes in biogeochemical processes.
On the response of MODIS cloud coverage to global mean surface air temperature
Authors: Yue Qing , Kahn Brian H. , Fetzer Eric J. , Wong Sun , Frey Richard , Meyer Kerry G.
Published: December 2016

The global surface temperature change (ΔTs) mediated cloud cover response is directly related to cloud‐climate feedback. Using satellite remote sensing data to relate cloud and climate requires a well‐calibrated, stable, and consistent long‐term cloud data record. The Collection 5.1 (C5) Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud observations have been widely used for this purpose. However, the MODIS data quality varies greatly with the surface type, spectral region, cloud type, and time periods of study, which calls for additional caution when applying such data to studies on cloud cover temporal trends and variability. Using 15 years of cloud observations made by Terra and Aqua MODIS, we analyze the ΔTs‐mediated cloud cover response for different cloud types by linearly regressing the monthly anomaly of cloud cover (ΔC) with the monthly anomaly of global Ts. The Collection 6 (C6) Aqua data exhibit a similar cloud response to the long‐term counterpart simulated by advanced climate models. A robust increase in altitude with increasing ΔTs is found for high clouds, while a robust decrease of ΔC is noticed for optically thick low clouds. The large differences between C5 and C6 results are from improvements in calibration and cloud retrieval algorithms. The large positive cloud cover responses with data after 2010 and the strong sensitivity to time period obtained from the Terra (C5 and C6) data are likely due to calibration drift that has not been corrected, suggesting that the previous estimate of the short‐term cloud cover response from the these data should be revisited.
Tropospheric ozonesonde profiles at long‐term U.S. monitoring sites: 2. Links between Trinidad Head, CA, profile clusters and inland surface ozone measurements
Authors: Stauffer Ryan M. , Thompson Anne M. , Oltmans Samuel J. , Johnson Bryan J.
Published: December 2016

Much attention has been focused on the transport of ozone (O3) to the western U.S., particularly given the latest revision of the National Ambient Air Quality Standard to 70 parts per billion by volume (ppbv) of O3. This makes quantifying the contributions of stratosphere‐to‐troposphere exchange, local pollution, and pollution transport to this region essential. To evaluate free‐tropospheric and surface O3 in the western U.S., we use self‐organizing maps to cluster 18 years of ozonesonde profiles from Trinidad Head, CA. Three of nine O3 mixing ratio profile clusters exhibit thin laminae of high O3 above Trinidad Head. The high O3 layers are located between 1 and 6 km above mean sea level and reside above an inversion associated with a northern location of the Pacific subtropical high. Ancillary data (reanalyses, trajectories, and remotely sensed carbon monoxide) help identify the high O3 sources in one cluster, but distinguishing mixed influences on the elevated O3 in other clusters is difficult. Correlations between the elevated tropospheric O3 and surface O3 at high‐altitude monitors at Lassen Volcanic and Yosemite National Parks, and Truckee, CA, are marked and long lasting. The temporal correlations likely result from a combination of transport of baseline O3 and covarying meteorological parameters. Days corresponding to the high O3 clusters exhibit hourly surface O3 anomalies of +5–10 ppbv compared to a climatology; the positive anomalies can last up to 3 days after the ozonesonde profile. The profile and surface O3 links demonstrate the importance of regular ozonesonde profiling at Trinidad Head.
Deep convection in elliptical and polygonal eyewalls of tropical cyclones
Authors: Kuo Hung‐Chi , Cheng Wei‐Yi , Yang Yi‐Ting , Hendricks Eric A. , Peng Melinda S.
Published: December 2016

In observations, tropical cyclones with cyclonically rotating elliptical eyewalls are often characterized by wave number 2 (WN2) deep convection located at the edge of the major axis. A simple modeling framework is used to understand this phenomenon, where a nondivergent barotropic model (NBM) is employed to represent the elliptical vortex in the free atmosphere, and an asymmetric slab boundary layer (SBL) model is used to simulate the frictional boundary layer (BL) underneath the free atmosphere. The interaction is one way in that the overlying cyclonic flow drives the BL, but the BL pumping does not feed back to the overlying flow. The nonlinear‐balanced pressure field from the NBM drives the winds in the SBL model, which then causes BL convergence and pumping near the eyewall. The strong updrafts at the edge of the major axis for the elliptic vortex in the BL are induced by the larger convergent radial wind from the asymmetric distribution of the pressure fields of the free atmosphere with noncircular vortex. The large radial inflow maintains the supergradient wind at the edge of the elliptical vortex. The results emphasize the cyclonic rotation of the WN2 feature of strong updrafts at the top of the BL from the local shock‐like BL radial wind structure. Similar radial profiles and strong BL top updrafts occur at the edges of higher‐order polygonal eyewalls with the magnitude of the peak updraft decreasing as the wave number structure of the vortex increases.