bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization and behaviour of α‐glucan synthase in Schizosaccharomyces pombe as revealed by electron microscopy
Authors: Konomi Mami , Fujimoto Kazushi , Toda Takashi , Osumi Masako
Published: March 2003

α‐1,3‐Glucan is a cell wall component in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and is exclusive to budding yeast. We analysed the ultrastructure of the cell wall in the α‐glucan synthase mutant mok1 and determined the role of α‐1,3‐glucan in cell wall formation of Sz. pombe. The mok1 mutant cell has an abnormal shape, with swelling at the tip or at the site of the septum. The cell wall is thicker and looser than that of wild‐type cells, and the layered structure of the cell wall is broken. The glucan fibrils forming the protoplast retain a fine fibril structure, although their development into bundles is abnormal. We also report the localization of Mok1p by immunoelectron microscopy using high‐pressure freeze substitution and SDS‐digested freeze‐fracture replica labelling methods. The Mok1p is localized on the cell membrane and moves from the cell tip to the medial region during the cell cycle. These results confirm that Mok1p plays an important role in the normal construction of the cell wall and in the primary step of glucan bundle formation, and that it is required for new cell wall synthesis during vegetative growth. These findings suggest that α‐1,3‐glucan is an essential component for cell wall formation in fission yeast. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transcriptional regulation of YML083c under aerobic and anaerobic conditions
Authors: Ter Linde J. J. M. , Steensma H. Y.
Published: March 2003

YML083c and DAN1 were among the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ORFs that displayed the strongest increase in transcript abundance during anaerobic growth compared to aerobic growth, as determined by oligonucleotide microarrays. We here report that transcription of YML083c is regulated by at least three different factors. First, repression under aerobic conditions depends on the presence of heme. Second, deletion analysis of the 5′‐flanking region of YML083c and DAN1 revealed two regions responsible for anaerobic induction. Each of these regions conferred anoxia‐regulated expression to the heterologous, minimal, CYC1–lacZ reporter. Mutations in the AAACGA subelement, common to the positive acting regions of YML083c and DAN1, almost completely abolished the ability to drive anaerobic expression of the reporter gene. This subelement is similar to the AR1 site, which is involved in anaerobic induction of the DAN/TIR genes. Activation through the AR1 site depends on Upc2. Indeed, transcription from the YML083c promoter was decreased in an upc2 null mutant. Third, expression of Sut1 under aerobic conditions enhanced transcription of YML083c, suggesting that aerobic repression of YML083c is promoted by the general Tup1–Ssn6 co‐repressor complex. However, despite the presence of a sequence that matches the consensus for binding of Rox1, YML083c is not controlled by Rox1, since deletion or replacement of the putative binding site did not cause aerobic derepression. Moreover, YML083c expression was undetectable in aerobically grown cells of a rox1 null mutant. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Sixteenth National Party Congress: The Succession that Didn't Happen
Authors: Fewsmith Joseph
Published: March 2003

Although the 16th National Party Congress was billed as one of political succession, the stage clearly belonged to 76-year-old Jiang Zemin, whose political report endorsed his major themes, including the controversial proposal to admit entrepreneurs into the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Revisions to the Party charter endorsed Jiang's “three represents” and equated Jiang's accomplishments with those of Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping. Hu Jintao, widely expected to be the star of the show, was reduced to applauding Jiang's accomplishments. Although Hu (59) was named general secretary of the CCP as expected, Jiang packed the Politburo and its Standing Committee with his allies and retained his position as head of the Party's Central Military Commission (CMC). Although Hu may eventually assume real power, the outcome of the congress made clear that meaningful political succession remains at least five years away. In forcefully asserting his power, Jiang opens up questions about the degree to which political governance, particularly at the top of the system, has been institutionalized.
Hu Jintao: The Making of a Chinese General Secretary
Authors: Ewing Richard Daniel
Published: March 2003

Chinese Vice-President Hu Jintao, Jiang Zemin's heir apparent, has risen to the elite levels of Chinese politics through skill and a diverse network of political patrons. Hu's political career spans four decades, and he has been associated with China's top leaders, including Song Ping, Hu Yaobang, Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Zemin. Though marked early as a liberal by his ties to Hu Yaobang, Hu Jintao's conservative credentials were fashioned during the imposition of martial law in Tibet in 1989. Those actions endeared him to the Beijing leadership following the 4 June Tiananmen Square crackdown, and his career accelerated in the 1990s. Young, cautious and talented, Hu catapulted to the Politburo Standing Committee, the vice-presidency and the Central Military Commission. Despite recent media attention, Hu's positions on economic and foreign policy issues remain poorly defined. As the 16th Party Congress approaches, Hu is likely to be preparing to become General Secretary of the Communist Party and a force in world affairs.
State Capacity and Local Agent Control in China: CCP Cadre Management from a Township Perspective
Authors: Edin Maria
Published: March 2003

This study argues against the view that the capacity of the central state has declined in the reform era in China. It examines how reforms have been introduced into the old system of cadre management to make it more effective, but also how higher levels of the party-state have improved monitoring and strengthened political control through promoting successful township leaders to hold concurrent positions at higher levels and by rotating them between different administrative levels and geographical areas. Its findings suggest that state capacity, defined as the capacity to monitor and control lower level agents, has increased. The reason behind the failure to implement some policies, such as burden reduction, is not so much inadequate control over local leaders as the centre's own priorities and conflicting policies. The Chinese party-state maintains the ability to be selectively effective in the beginning of 2000s.
De-Industrialization in the Chinese Countryside: Handicrafts and Development in Jiajiang (Sichuan), 1935 to 1978
Authors: Eyferth Jacob
Published: March 2003

Rural industrialization is often seen as a characteristic feature of Chinese socialism, under both Mao and his successors. It is less often recognized that rural industrialization did not start from scratch: the pre-1949 Chinese countryside was already industrialized to a considerable degree, though most rural industries were unmechanized “proto-industries” – small-scale, decentralized, and household-based. Modernizing governments, including both the Kuomintang and CCP regimes, tended to see such industries as obstacles on their march towards industrial modernity, understood as mass production in urban factories. This article focuses on one particular industry, handicraft papermaking in Jiajiang county, Sichuan. It argues that Maoist policies, with their emphasis on local grain self-sufficiency, discriminated against communities that depended on specialized production and exchange. To the extent that these communities had specialized in crafts in order to compensate for an inhospitable natural environment (as was the case in many upland areas), Maoist policies penalized the already disadvantaged – with sometimes disastrous consequences.
The Cultural Revolution in the Countryside: Scope, Timing and Human Impact
Authors: Walder Andrew G. , Su Yang
Published: March 2003

Information extracted from 1,520 county annals published after 1987 is used to estimate the timing and impact of the Cultural Revolution in rural China. Outside observers initially concluded that the movement had little impact on remote rural regions, while early post-Mao revelations suggested that the opposite was the case. Adjusting for the tendency of shorter accounts to report fewer casualties, and with additional assumptions about under-reporting in the longer and more detailed accounts, the authors derive an estimated death toll of between 750,000 and 1.5 million, a similar number of people permanently injured, and 36 million who suffered some form of political persecution. The vast majority of these casualties occurred from 1968 to 1971, after the end of the period of popular rebellion and factional conflict and the establishment of provisional organs of local state power.
“Fast, Clear and Accurate”: How Reliable Are Chinese Output and Economic Growth Statistics?
Authors: Holz Carsten A.
Published: March 2003

China's statistics are widely viewed as unreliable, with data falsification in order to meet economic growth targets increasingly the norm. This report examines some of the most recent criticism of statistics on China's industrial value-added and Gross Domestic Product, and shows this criticism to be unfounded as it is based on misunderstandings about the meaning and coverage of particular data. A lack of evidence on data falsification does not mean that China's statistical system is necessarily honest in its statistical reporting, but recent developments in China's statistical system further suggest that data falsification at the higher levels of the statistical bureaucracy is unlikely. Nevertheless, even if data are not being purposefully falsified by the National Bureau of Statistics, the margin of error in much of the published data is likely to be sufficiently large to allow the statistical authority a choice of final value from a relatively wide range of equally correct values.
Just the Facts, Ma'am: The Challenge of Analysing and Assessing Chinese Military Expenditures
Authors: Bitzinger Richard A.
Published: March 2003

Defence budgets can be a useful, even critical, indicator of national defence priorities, policies, strategies and capabilities. Consequently, knowing better where China is spending its defence dollars can be a useful mechanism for analysing and assessing current Chinese strategic and military intents, resolve and priorities, and whether the Chinese are devoting sufficient resources to meeting these needs. The dilemma with exploiting Chinese defence budgets as an analytic tool is that it is a highly data-dependent approach forced to work with a near-absence of usable data. Consequently, Western analysis of Chinese military expenditures has been forced to rely heavily upon extrapolation, inference, conjecture and even gut instinct in order to come up with “reasonable” guesses as how large China's actual defence budget might be – an approach fraught with many pitfalls. This report argues that Chinese defence budget analysis has largely reached a methodological dead-end, and while it puts forth some suggestions for improving and refining this line of research, one should accept that, given the continued paucity of reliable data, this approach is a severely limited line of enquiry.
Shi nian lunzhan, 1956–1966, Zhong Su guanxi huiyilu (Ten-Year War of Words, 1956–1966, a Memoir of Sino-Soviet Relations). By Wu Lengxi. [Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 1999. Two volumes. 940 pp.]
Authors: Garver John W.
Published: March 2003

This is the most detailed account to date of Chinese decision-making during the deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations from 1956 to 1966. Wu Lengxi was head of Xinhua news agency from 1952 to 1966 and general editor of Renmin ribao from 1957 to the start of the Cultural Revolution.
The Ideal Chinese Political Leader: A Historical and Cultural Perspective, By Xuezhi Guo. [Westport, CT: Praeger. 2002. ISBN 0-275-97259-3.]
Authors: Huang Jing
Published: March 2003

How and to what extent can Chinese culture mould a political leader – his personality, behaviour, strategy in political interactions, and the way he envisions for governance – and impact on the shaping of political system and rules? To answer this question, Xuezhi Guo examines how Chinese political culture, centred on Confucianism and fused with Daoism and legalism, has evolved in terms of political pursuits for Chinese leaders.
The Transformation of Rural China. By Jonathan Unger. [Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe, 2002. ix+256 pp. $23.95. ISBN 0-7656-0552-X.]
Authors: Bernstein Thomas P.
Published: March 2003

This book brings together Jonathan Unger's wide-ranging research on rural China over the past 30 years. It covers most topics of interest to students of rural politics and society. Four chapters deal with the “Countryside under Mao,” focusing on the 1960s and 1970s, and seven with the reform era. Several of the chapters appeared in earlier versions in journals or as book chapters.
Chinese Women and Rural Development: Sixty Years of Change in Lu Village, Yunnan. By Laurel Bossen. [Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, 2002. 391 pp. Hard cover $80.00, ISBN 0-7425-1107-3; paperback $29.95, ISBN 0-7425-1108-1.]
Authors: Croll Elisabeth J.
Published: March 2003

This study constitutes a major contribution to our understanding of women, gender and rural development within and beyond China. Examining 60 years of economic, political and social change in one village in Yunnan province, this book has both depth and breadth. Research in Lu village, also the site of Fei Xiao-tong's very fine field study conducted in the 1940s and reported in Earthbound China, enables the author to examine how larger concepts and abstractions such as Chinese culture, communist planning and market-driven reforms shape and are shaped by gender definitions and relations in everyday practice.
Chinese Femininities, Chinese Masculinities: A Reader. Edited by Susan Brownell and Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom. [Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2002. xiv+460 pp. £40.00; $60.00. ISBN 0-520-21103-0.]
Authors: Davin Delia
Published: March 2003

This compilation will be welcomed by all who teach courses on gender, women or the family in Chinese society. Edited by the anthropologist Susan Brownell and the historian Jeffrey Wasserstrom, the book offers a series of carefully paired essays on male and female issues that explore the historical and cultural construction of sex and gender in Chinese society.
Under Confucian Eyes: Writings on Gender in Chinese History. Edited by Susan Mann and Yu-Yin Cheng. [Berkeley, Los Angeles and London: University of California Press, 2001. 310 pp. $19.95; £13.95. ISBN 0-620-22276-8.]
Authors: Evans Harriet
Published: March 2003

Recent Western research on women and gender in Chinese history has raised critical questions about many of the familiar narratives of China's Confucian tradition. This research – much of it the work of contributors to this volume – has produced perspectives on gender relations that are at once more complex, fluid and historically plausible than the standard assumptions of Confucian discourse would suggest.
Shehui zhuanxing yu wenhua bianmao: huaren shehui de bijiao [Social Transformation and Cultural Changes in Chinese Societies]. Edited by Lau Siu-kai, Wan Po-san, Lee Min-kwan and Wong Siu-lun. [Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. 545 pp. US$12.00. ISBN 962-441-554-4.]
Authors: Hsiao Hsin-Huang Michael
Published: March 2003

This is the fourth volume produced by the same editors, and is a collection of 22 articles from the Fourth Conference on Social Indicators in Chinese Societies organized by these four Hong Kong academics in 2000. The authors are social scientists (especially sociologists) specializing in social indicators research in Taiwan, Hong Kong and China.
Media in China: Consumption, Content and Crisis. Edited by Stephanie Hemelryk Donald, Michael Keane and Yin Hong. [London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2002. 240 pp. £50.00. ISBN 0-7007-1614-9.]
Authors: Latham Kevin
Published: March 2003

The media play an increasingly important role in contemporary Chinese society and feature significantly in most people's lives. For this reason alone Media in China: Consumption, Content and Crisis is a welcome volume in an under-researched field. The book comprises 17 chapters including an introduction and afterword by Hemelryk Donald and Keane.
Education in the New China: Shaping Ideas at Work. By Yvonne Turner and Amy Acker. [Aldershot, Hampshire: Ashgate, 2002. viii + 247 pp. £42.50. ISBN 0-7546-1914-1.]
Authors: Hayhoe Ruth
Published: March 2003

This volume explores a new and little understood facet of Chinese education – the development of private colleges which recruit students outside the public higher education system. These institutions typically charge high fees and emphasize fields of knowledge such as business and foreign languages, which may help graduates find their way into China's thriving ‘new’ economy.
China in the World Market: Chinese Industry and International Sources of Reform in the Post-Mao Era. By Thomas G. Moore. [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002. xviii+344 pp. Hard cover £45.00, ISBN 0-521-66442-4; paperback £16.95, ISBN 0-521-66442-X.]
Authors: Wall David
Published: March 2003

This is another doctoral thesis on China, which means that there is one good idea that has been padded out to satisfy the word requirement. It also has the mandated thesis structure: background, hypothesis, case studies, conclusions containing policy implications and an endnote on methodology. The one good idea is a genuinely good one, and original, so it is a worthy thesis, but as a contribution to the literature, it would have been better cut back to a couple of articles.
Guangdong in the Twenty-first Century: Stagnation or Second Take-off? Edited by Joseph Y.S. Cheng. [Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong Press, 2000. 460 pp. $34.00. ISBN 962-937-066-2.]
Authors: Kwan Fung
Published: March 2003

The economic success of Guangdong since 1978 has been widely studied and its contributing factors are several, including the geographical and economic proximity to Hong Kong and Macau, the special economic policies and institutional settings granted by the central government, the pragmatic development strategies – especially those practised in the Zhu (Pearl) River delta, and the extensive overseas Chinese clan relationship.
China and the Knowledge Economy: Seizing the 21st Century. By Carl J. Dahlman and Jean-Eric Aubert. [Washington, DC: The World Bank. xxvi+170pp. $25.00. ISBN 0-8213-5005-6.]
Authors: Cao Cong
Published: March 2003

Written at the request of the Chinese government, China and the Knowledge Economy: Seizing the 21st Century is a publication of the World Bank Institute in collaboration with the World Bank's East Asia and Pacific Region. It has an executive summary, an introductory chapter, and three parts. The introductory chapter puts China's development in historical and comparative perspectives, discussing reasons for China's stagnation and economic decline in comparison with Western countries over the past two thousand years.
Understanding Modern Taiwan. Essays in Economics, Politics and Social Policy. Edited by Christian Aspalter. [Aldershot and Burlington: Ashgate, 2001. xii+235 pp. £42.50. ISBN 0-7546-1602-9.]
Authors: Cabestan Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2003

This is a disappointing book on an interesting and important topic for two main reasons: first, the nine chapters included in this volume are of very uneven quality and only a minority of them are both informative and original; and secondly, all the contributions were written in the late 1990s, thus before Chen Shui-bian's election, substantially diminishing their interest, in particular on issues such as labour, social welfare or nuclear policies, all of which have witnessed profound changes in the last few years.
Macau in Transition: From Colony to Autonomous Region. By Herbert S. Yee. [Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2001. xxiii+208 pp. ISBN 0-333-75009-8.]
Authors: Taylor Bruce
Published: March 2003

The date chosen for Macau's handover to Chinese administration, 20 December 1999, was so close to the onset of Y2K hoopla that it virtually guaranteed Macau would vanish from the world's consciousness once the ceremonies were over. Thankfully, in this volume Herbert Yee pierces this obscurity with a carefully researched, insightful study of the social and political dimensions of Macau's transition from “Chinese territory under Portuguese administration” (the status defined for it after the 1974 Portuguese revolution) to Chinese Special Administrative Region.
Some Did It for Civilization, Some Did It for Their country: A Revised View of the Boxer War. By Jane E. Elliott. [Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2002. xliii+610pp. US$39.00. ISBN 962–201–973–0.]
Authors: Buck David D.
Published: March 2003

Jane Elliott presents a strongly revisionist thesis about the Boxer War of 1900 embedded in a labyrinthine book. Her main topic is the war waged by eight foreign powers against the Boxers in 1900, but the book contains byways where Elliott beckons readers to follow through discussions of images of warfare that are tangential to this main thesis.
The Appropriation of Cultural Capital: China's May Fourth Project. Edited by
Milena Dolezˆelová-Velingerová and Oldrˆich Král with Graham Sanders. [Cambridge, MA and London: Harvard University Press, 2001. xv+348 pp. £30.95. ISBN 0-674-00786-7.]
Authors: Hung Chang-tai
Published: March 2003

More than 80 years after the May Fourth movement in 1919, this intellectual revolution continues to fascinate scholars and politicians who ponder the future of modern China. The Appropriation of Cultural Capital is another effort to examine the movement's competing goals of modernity.
Seeking Modernity in China's Name: Chinese Students in the United States, 1900–1927. By Weili Ye. [Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2001. 330 pp. $49.50. ISBN 0-8047-3696-0.]
Authors: Zweig David
Published: March 2003

They went to America to learn the skills to make China modern and along the way they transformed themselves. Some of the earliest pioneers, women trained in missionary schools before going to America in the late 19th century, returned to China as medical doctors and created a new profession in China.
Transpacific Displacement: Ethnography, Translation, and Intertextual Travel in Twentieth-Century American Literature. By Huang Yunte. [Berkeley, CA and London: University of California Press, 2002. xv+209 pp. $ 24.95. ISBN 0-520-23223-2.]
Authors: Bruno Cosima
Published: March 2003

The key words provided in the title – “ethnography,” “translation” and “intertextual travel” – as well as various combinations of these terms, explain the contents of this book, which sets out two main aims: to give an exposition of Orientalist cultural work in 20th-century American letters; and to consider this cultural work from a textual point of view.
Chinese Populations in Contemporary Southeast Asian Societies: Regional Interdependence and International Influence. Edited by M. Jocelyn Armstrong, R. Warwick Armstrong and Kent Mulliner. [Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2001. 376 pp. £45.00. ISBN 0-7007-398-0]
Authors: Hill R. D.
Published: March 2003

This collection of papers grew out of a conference of the same name held at the University of Illinois in 1997. Like most of its kind it suffers from some unevenness of content but happily, in this case, not from excessive variation in the focus of the contributors. Its title is a little misleading in that many of the relationships between Chinese populations and their social and economic matrices are implicit rather than explicit. That small caveat apart, the volume is a valuable addition to the literature.
“A Truthful Impression of the Country”: British and American Travel Writing on China, 1880–1949. By Nicholas R. Clifford. [Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 2001. xxii+231 pp. $39.50. ISBN 0-472-11197-3.]
Authors: Barrett T. H.
Published: March 2003

Studies of China in the Western imagination have come a long way since Arnold Reichwein and Harold Isaacs, as Nicholas Clifford points out in his carefully composed introduction to this latest venture into the field. It will no longer do just to gather together sources from hither and yon to compose some unitary grand picture; we need to pay much closer attention not only, in view of all the ink subsequently spilt over ‘Orientalism,’ to how these writings were composed, but also to who was writing them and why.
Mapping Chengde: The Qing Landscape Enterprise. By Philippe ForÊt. [Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2000. xvii+209 pp. $32.95. ISBN 0-8248-2293-5.]
Authors: Olivova Lucie
Published: March 2003

This is the first monograph in English on the Chengde imperial summer resort (bishu shanzhuang), declared by UNESCO in 1994 a site of World Heritage. The author nonetheless attempts more than a survey of monuments (see chapter three for the architectural history of the complete resort: the road, palace, hill stations and outer temples). He comes with a distinct, new approach, when analysing and reading the symbolic meaning of this cultural landscape.
Chinese Books and Documents in the Jesuit Archives in Rome: A Descriptive Catalogue, Japonica-Sinica I–IV. By Albert Chan. [Armonk, NY and London: M.E. Sharpe, 2002. xliii+626 pp. $145.00. ISBN 0-7656-0828-6.]
Authors: Malek Roman
Published: March 2003

The Japonica–Sinica section of the Jesuit Archives in Rome is one of the most frequently consulted archives by scholars doing research on Christianity in China. Until now there existed only partial descriptions of these materials and innumerable quotations from “Jap.Sin” in the relevant contributions.
Geochemistry of a Tertiary continental basalt suite, Red Sea coastal plain, Egypt: petrogenesis and characteristics of the mantle source region
Authors: MOGHAZI ABDEL-KADER M.
Published: March 2003

Major and trace element data on Tertiary continental basalt flows from the Shalatein area, Red Sea coastal plain of Egypt, have been presented and used to obtain more information about their source region and the processes involved in their generation. The rocks are mainly alkali olivine basalt with MgO and Mg no. in the range of 9.8–5 wt % and 65–46, respectively. They display wide variations in incompatible element concentrations, particularly LREE, Zr, Nb, K, Y, Ba and Sr. There is no evidence of significant crustal contamination or a lithospheric mantle signature in these rocks. Normalized trace element patterns and diagnostic elemental ratios are very similar to those of modern ocean-island basalts (OIB) a feature which suggests that the mantle source region was the asthenosphere. Comparison with the different types of OIB indicates that the basalts may be derived from a high U/Pb (HIMU) source with slightly elevated K and Ba contents. The basalts show general trends of increasing incompatible elements (K2O, Nb, Y, Sr and Yb), and decreasing contents of compatible elements (Cr, Ni, Sc and Ca) with decreasing Mg no. Furthermore, TiO2, P2O5, LREE and Th define maxima at about Mg no.=56, suggesting late fractionation of Fe–Ti oxides and apatite. Although these variations are consistent with fractional crystallization processes, the wide variations in LREE contents and the incompatible trace element ratios Ce/Y (1.2–3.8), Zr/Nb (2.3–7.1) and Nb/Y (0.6–4) in the least fractionated samples (Mg no. > 56) suggest that fractional crystallization involving the observed phenocryst assemblage (olivine and clinopyroxene) cannot fully explain such compositional variations. Modelling of the mafic rocks (Mg no. > 56) using REE suggests varying degrees of partial melting of an enriched mantle source region in the garnet stability field. Partial melting is attributed to plume-related mantle upwelling beneath the Red Sea rift system.
Structural and stratigraphic relationships across the continuation of the Highland Boundary Fault in western Ireland
Authors: CHEW D. M.
Published: March 2003

The relationship between the Dalradian Supergroup and the Highland Border Complex in Scotland has remained contentious for over a century. In western Ireland, the contact between the Dalradian Supergroup and the Clew Bay Complex (a correlative of the Highland Border Complex) is superbly exposed on the island of Achill Beg on the North Mayo coast. The unfossiliferous South Achill Beg succession has been traditionally assigned to the Clew Bay Complex, and this interpretation is supported by a combination of Sm–Nd model age data, heavy mineral analysis and lithostratigraphic correlation. TDM ages range from 1.99–2.66 Ga (mean=2.28 Ga, n=6). Detailed structural mapping shows that both the Dalradian and the Clew Bay Complex share the same structural history. A D1 high strain event is common to both units, and is associated with the development of tectonic slides. The D2 event is responsible for the formation of crustal-scale nappes. In both units, beds are consistently downward facing on the S2 foliation. Later dextral shearing (D3) resulted in the tilting of the originally recumbent, S-facing D2 nappes into this downward-facing orientation.
Rb–Sr and 40Ar–39Ar radiometric dating of muscovite confirms that both units were deformed contemporaneously as the S2 nappe fabric in each is dated at c. 460 Ma. This Middle Ordovician age for deformation of the Clew Bay Complex is highly significant, not least because published microfossil data suggest a Silurian age.
Emplacement of the Miocene west Naxos pluton (Aegean Sea, Greece): a structural study
Authors: KOUKOUVELAS IOANNIS K. , KOKKALAS SOTIRIOS
Published: March 2003

Synmagmatic and solid-state structures within the Naxos pluton and its rim may provide insight into the interplay between plutonism and regional deformation at upper-crustal level. Within the hornblende–biotite granite of western Naxos, synmagmatic foliations display two distinct patterns, onion-skin in the north and tangential to the rim in the south. The two areas are separated by the NE-trending Glinadon fault. Deformed mafic enclaves in the pluton are prolate, with their long axes parallel to the synmagmatic lineation. In contrast, phenocryst distribution analysis, using the Fry method, defines an apparent oblate strain with a horizontal stretching lineation. Planar markers within the pluton progressively steepen through the vertical at the east pluton border. Several lines of evidence, such as dykes intruding axial areas of rim-parallel folds, foliated or folded aplite veins, folds and spaced cleavage in the mollase, and inverted stratigraphy, suggest pluton emplacement and deformation during transpressional deformation. A northward divergent flow regime with magma spreading out mainly from the Naxos fault, and the deflection of both the synmagmatic foliation pattern and the flow lines at the Glinadon fault, suggest that the NE–SW- and N–S-trending faults were active during pluton formation. In the south the pluton has grown by the expansion of dykes occupying P-shear positions with respect with the Naxos fault; in the north a piecemeal block down-drop complements this process and favours voluminous magma concentration. During the late evolutionary stages of pluton construction, the magma chamber was compartmentalized into NE-trending sectors affected by block rotation in an anticlockwise manner. Understanding the role of faults in the emplacement of the Naxos pluton is important for understanding emplacement of other plutons in the Aegean Sea region, since most of them are controlled by N–S- (Ikaria pluton) or NE- (Tinos, Serifos and Delos plutons) trending faults.
Heavy minerals solve structural and stratigraphic problems in Ordovician strata of the western Irish Caledonides
Authors: MANGE MARIA A. , DEWEY JOHN F. , WRIGHT DAVID T.
Published: March 2003

Heavy minerals in Ordovician successions in western Ireland record, in the Upper Arenig Sheeffry Formation, the erosion of an ophiolite/island arc complex. The appearance of staurolite and garnet at a basin-wide horizon in the Lower Llanvirn Upper Derrylea Formation signals the unroofing of the Dalradian metamorphic complex. Parts of the Ordovician sequence on Inishturk and in two small inliers are correlated with the standard sequence with unexpected results. The garnet-, sillimanite-, and staurolite-bearing Letter Formation correlates with the Upper Derrylea Formation and, on Inishturk, heavy minerals in south-younging turbidites reveal a sinistral ramp zone, that places the Sheeffry Formation structurally above and to the south of the younger Derrylea Formation.
Geochemistry of late Mesozoic lamprophyre dykes from the Taihang Mountains, north China, and implications for the sub-continental lithospheric mantle
Authors: CHEN B. , ZHAI M.
Published: March 2003

Many late Mesozoic lamprophyre dykes occur in the Taihang Mountains (north China). These lamprophyres are rich in large ion lithophile elements (e.g. Rb, Sr, Ba and K) and light REE, and have highly differentiated REE patterns. They show large but regular variations in chemical and Nd–Sr isotopic compositions. All these suggest that the lamprophyres were produced from differentiation of a parental magma, coupled with contamination by lower crust. The parental magma was derived from melting of a long-term enriched sub-continental lithospheric mantle source as is indicated by the highly enriched isotopic signatures of the lamprophyres. Mantle enrichment in the area was probably produced by interaction of volatile-rich melts released from the asthenosphere with the above lithosphere in middle Proterozoic times.
THE REFORMATION AND THE COMMUNITY Europe's Reformations, 1450–1650. By James D. Tracy. Lanham, MD, and Oxford: Rowman and Littlefield, 1999. Pp. xvii+387. ISBN 0-8476-8835-6. £15.95. Religious choice in the Dutch Republic: the reformation of Arnoldus Buchelius, 1565–1641. By Judith Pollmann. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999. Pp. xii+288. ISBN 0-7190-5680-2. £45.00. Radical Reformation studies: essays presented to James M. Stayer. Edited by Werner O. Packull and Geoffrey L. Dipple. Aldershot: Ashgate. 1999. Pp. x+201. ISBN 0-7546-0032-7. £45.00. The Reformation of the dead: death and ritual in early modern Germany, 1450–1700. By Craig Koslofsky. Basingstoke: Macmillan, 2000. Pp. xiii+223. ISBN 0-312-22910-0. £42.50.
Authors: BROADHEAD PHILIP
Published: March 2003

The four books under review examine different aspects of the impact of the Protestant
Reformation on communities in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The study of communal
responses to religious reform has become a significant aspect of Reformation research in recent
years, and it has served to emphasize that religious reform was a process rather than an event,
and that it was a collective concern, which involved families, neighbours, and all those in guilds
and congregations at all levels of society, both in town and village. Study of the community in
history has, however, raised some problems, principally over definition, for communities were
not institutions or geographical areas, but a complex web of overlapping social, economic,
and cultural groups, within which there was a range of shared and conflicting interests.
Despite the value placed by rulers and magistrates upon unity, communal life was a constantly
mutating mix of conflict, concession, and change, to which the Reformation added a dynamic and
volatile new dimension. Although the authors here use the notion of community, they attach to
it a variety of interpretations, and one might wonder whether such a malleable term has value
as a tool for historical analysis. In fact, these works show such flexibility to be a strength,
for in the Reformation, beliefs were only gradually defined, and levels of support were variable
and unpredictable. Interpretations which recognize the changing secular and spiritual worlds
inhabited by the people of the period are particularly useful for providing new insights into
how religious reform was experienced by the majority of those living at the time.
THE NEW PEERAGE: RECRUITMENT TO THE HOUSE OF LORDS, 1704–1847
Authors: MCCAHILL MICHAEL , WASSON ELLIS ARCHER
Published: March 2003

New entrants to the British peerage between 1700 and 1850 included both traditional landed magnates and men from humbler backgrounds. The rate of recruitment accelerated rapidly after 1782. This article identifies and analyses the social and economic backgrounds of new peers and the reasons for which titles were bestowed. While the inclusion of large numbers of Irish and Scottish grandees sustained the longitudinal sinews of the peerage, war and empire produced an increasing number of titles awarded on merit. Men of modest backgrounds had always been admitted to the elite, but ‘Old Corruption’ and the marriage market allowed most of their descendants to blend in with the old peerage after a few generations. The wave of new recruits, especially after 1782, included numerous relatively poor or landless men, and governments increasingly intervened with grants of multi-generational annuities in order to protect the status of the peerage while continuing to use titles to reward new men. Ministers boldly and astutely acted both to preserve the pre-eminence of the old order and encourage the prowess of state servants as Britain bestrode the globe. A new peerage emerged to help save the old.
HINTON ROWAN HELPER: THE LOGICAL OUTCOME OF THE NON-SLAVEHOLDERS' PHILOSOPHY?
Authors: BROWN DAVID
Published: March 2003

A valuable window into the world of non-slaveholding whites is provided by Hinton Rowan Helper's The impending crisis of the South (1857). This native North Carolinian purported to articulate the views and concerns of his class in a devastating critique of slaveholders and southern society. Helper was the only southern intellectual to theorize and conceptualize non-slaveholders fully as a distinct class and this article examines his arguments and evaluates his claim to be representative of their thinking. It suggests that although this group was far too diverse for any one opinion to be truly representative, The impending crisis recorded a sense of discontent found within certain sections of the non-slaveholding ranks ignored by consensus interpretations of the Old South reliant upon elite sources of evidence.
CLASS, GENDER, AND LIBERALISM IN PARLIAMENT, 1868–1882: THE CASE OF THE MARRIED WOMEN'S PROPERTY ACTS
Authors: GRIFFIN BEN
Published: March 2003

The class and gender identities created by male politicians are vital to a proper understanding of how and why parliament increased women's legal rights in the nineteenth century. An examination of the parliamentary debates on the Married Women's Property Acts of 1870 and 1882 reveals that it is misleading to divide men into supporters and opponents of women's rights, because even some of those who supported the most radical reform did so in the belief that the gender hierarchy should be left intact. At the same time, politicians were reluctant to accept that their own homes should be affected by changes to women's rights, both because they feared that these changes would reduce their domestic authority and create discord in their homes, and because they did not think that the critique of male behaviour which justified the reforms should apply to them or their class. Their ability to confine both charges of abuse and the effects of the acts to the poor was essential to the successful passage of the Married Women's Property Acts. Rather than see this as the defeat of a liberal individualist vision, it was in fact the victory of an alternative strand of Victorian liberalism.
VIOLENCE, AUTHORITY, AND THE STATE IN THE NUBA MOUNTAINS OF CONDOMINIUM SUDAN
Authors: WILLIS JUSTIN
Published: March 2003

While British colonial rhetoric consistently identified tradition as the basis of legitimate authority, colonial practice actually produced far-reaching changes in the nature of government in Britain's African possessions. New institutions, and new holders of power, emerged in African societies in response to the particular needs of colonial administration. This article explores this transformation in one part of Condominium Sudan, which was effectively a British possession but which has often been excluded from historical discussions of the impact of colonialism because of its unique status. The Nuba Mountains have recently gained notoriety as a particularly bloody theatre of Sudan's long post-colonial civil war; while some have sought to explain this as the result of British policies which encouraged racial antagonism, the article suggests that here, as elsewhere in Africa, the real legacy of colonial rule was the creation of new kinds of local government which sat uneasily with enduring local ideas of spiritual power and proper authority.
COMMUNISTS, RUSSIA, AND THE IRA, 1920–1923
Authors: CONNOR EMMET O
Published: March 2003

After the foundation of the Communist International in 1919, leftists within the Socialist Party of Ireland won Comintern backing for an Irish communist party. Encouraged by Moscow, the communists hoped to offset their marginality through the republican movement. The Communist Party of Ireland denounced the Anglo-Irish treaty, welcomed the Irish Civil War, and pledged total support to the IRA. As the war turned against them, some republicans favoured an alliance with the communists. In August 1922 Comintern agents and two IRA leaders signed a draft agreement providing for secret military aid to the IRA in return for the development of a new republican party with a radical social programme. The deal was not ratified on either side, and in 1923 the Communist Party of Ireland followed Comintern instructions to ‘turn to class politics’. The party encountered increasing difficulties and was liquidated in January 1924. The communist intervention in the Civil War highlights the contrast between Comintern and Russian state policy on Ireland, and was seminal in the evolution of Irish socialist republicanism.
LORD PALMERSTON AND THE IRISH FAMINE EMIGRATION: A REJOINDER
Authors: NORTON DESMOND
Published: March 2003

This communication responds to Tyler Anbinder's article ‘Lord Palmerston and the Irish famine emigration’ of the late 1840s, published in the HJ in June 2001. Anbinder is incorrect in stating that ‘no detailed account of Palmerston's Irish estate during the famine or of his emigration scheme has ever been written’. There are other inaccuracies in Anbinder. There is also a problem of relevant omissions. Anbinder concentrates on Palmerston's assisted emigration programmes in a single year (1847). But Palmerston helped his tenants to emigrate both before and after 1847. What makes 1847 distinctive is that it was the only year in which Palmerston chartered ships for large-scale transportation of many of his tenants directly from Sligo to British North America. This communication seeks to place Anbinder's article in proper context, and hopes to prevent subsequent researchers from repeating some errors.
THE CROWNED REPUBLIC? MONARCHY AND ANTI-MONARCHY IN BRITAIN, 1760–1901
Authors: CRAIG DAVID M.
Published: March 2003

In the last two decades historians have been increasingly interested in the modernization of the monarchy, and the nature of the republican threat. This review evaluates some of this recent literature. The first section argues that while Walter Bagehot's views about ceremony in The English constitution (1867) have influenced historical writing, these approaches do not yield much information about what the monarchy actually meant to people. The second section turns to the political powers of the monarchy, and examines the wide range of views about what the constitutional limits of royal power were. It also shows that even radical writers were often unable to dispel the monarchy from their imaginations. Finally, the review suggests that criticism of the royal family was not necessarily republican, and arose more from concern that particular figures were failing to conform to shared public values. Pure republicans were few, and did not usually focus their energies on the monarchy, but rather on the nature of parliamentary representation and the power of the Lords.
THE FRENCH CHURCH AND THE REVOLUTION Jansénismes et Lumières: pour un autre XVIIIe siècle. By Monique Cottret. Paris: A. Michel, 1998. Pp. 418. ISBN 2-226-10475-5. 160 Fr. Frs. Catholic Revival in the age of the Baroque: religious identity in Southwest Germany, 1550–1750. By Marc R. Forster. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xiv+268. ISBN 0-521-78044-6. £40.00. Church and society in eighteenth-century France,I: The clerical establishment and its social ramifications;II: The religion of the people and the politics of religion. By John McManners. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999. Pp. xviii+817, xiv+866. ISBN 0-19-827003-8 and 0-19-827004-6. £59.90. Christianity under the ancien régime, 1648–1789. By W. R. Ward. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Pp. xii+269. ISBN 0-521-55361-X. £13.95.
Authors: BEALES DEREK
Published: March 2003

If few historians of the French ancien régime and Revolution
entirely ignore the role of the Church, most treat it perfunctorily and many make crass errors
in writing about it. To start with examples of error, J. F. Bosher declared in his generally
admirable The French Revolution: ‘at least nine abbots wrote for the
Encyclopédie’. Actually, at least twenty-three abbés
did so, but no abbots. J. C. D. Clark, in his recent edition of Burke's Reflections,
attempts to explain Burke's discussion of French commendatory abbots by defining
commendam as it was used in England, which makes Burke's argument incomprehensible.
Until now it has not been easy to find a work, at any rate in English, which would settle such
matters authoritatively. McManners's Church and society in eighteenth-century France
will certainly do that. A delightful chapter deals with the vast majority of abbés
who were not abbots, that is, those who had taken the very first steps towards an ecclesiastical
career, probably to enhance their educational prospects, but never taken vows or significant
orders. To this group belonged such notorious philosophes as the
abbé Diderot and the abbé Raynal.