bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
METODE SEMIEMPIRIS UNTUK MENENTUKAN KOMPOSISI ISOTOP URANIUM
Authors: Sutondo Tegas
Published: May 2019

METODE SEMIEMPIRIS UNTUK MENENTUKAN KOMPOSISI ISOTOP URANIUM. Pada perhitungan desain reaktornuklir, sering diperlukan beberapa variasi tingkat pengkayaan U235. Hal ini akan berpengaruh terhadap komposisi 3isotop uranium utama yaitu U234, U235 dan U238 untuk tingkat pengkayaan U235 yang diinginkan. Mengingat terbatasnyadata komposisi yang tersedia maka perlu dilakukan suatu cara pendekatan, untuk memperkirakan komposisi ke-3isotop tersebut, sesuai dengan nilai tingkat pengkayaan U235 yang diinginkan. Makalah ini menyajikan dasar teori yangdigunakan untuk menyusun suatu rumus semi empiris untuk memperkirakan komposisi 3 isotop uranium sebagaifungsi nilai pengkayaan U235, yang diperoleh berdasarkan data eksperimen yang tersedia. Berdasarkan data yangtersedia, serta kelangkaan data untuk rentang pengkayaan antara 3,5 % hingga 12 %, disimpulkan bahwa untukisotop U235 perlu digunakan 2 persamaan linear yang berbeda yaitu untuk pengkayaan ≤ 3,5 % dan ≥ 3,5 %. Untukisotop U234 satu fungsi polinomial orde 4 bisa digunakan secara baik untuk seluruh pengkayaan dalam rentang 0,711% hingga 20 %, sedangkan untuk pengkayaan yang lebih tinggi (> 20 %), maka lebih baik digunakan pendekatanpersamaan power fitting. Komposisi isotop U238 selanjutnya dapat ditentukan dari komposisi isotop U235 dan U234 untukpengkayaan U235 yang diinginkan.
ANALISIS DAN KONSEP PENANGANAN AKTINIDA MINOR DALAM LIMBAH PLTN MENGGUNAKAN TEKNOLOGI ADS
Authors: Silakhuddin Silakhuddin
Published: May 2019

ANALISIS DAN KONSEP PENANGANAN AKTINIDA MINOR DALAM LIMBAH PLTN MENGGUNAKANTEKNOLOGI ADS. Kandungan unsur-unsur aktinida minor (americium, neptunium dan curium) dalam bahan bakarbekas hasil operasi PLTN jenis PWR telah dihitung menggunakan program VISTA. Perhitungan dilakukan denganparameter-parameter: pengkayaan 3,968%, daya 1000 MWe dan nilai fraksi bakar 60 MWd/kg. Hasil perhitunganmenunjukkan bahwa pada operasi PWR-UOX menghasilkan total aktinida minor sejumlah 16,205 kg/tahun, danuntuk PWR-MOX sebesar 43,471 kg/tahun. Juga dibahas konsep penggunaan teknologi ADS untukmentransmutasi limbah unsur-unsur aktinida minor yang terkandung dalam bahan bakar bekas. Hasil bahasanmenunjukkan bahwa dengan satu ADS 400 MWth akan dapat melayani 7 buah PWR-UOX, dan dalam sistemPWR yang menggunakan bahan bakar UOX dan MOX maka satu ADS akan melayani 3 buah sistem PWR.
EVALUASI KECEPATAN TRANSPOR LOGAM DALAM AIR SUNGAI DI DAERAH MURIA
Authors: Muzakky Muzakky
Published: May 2019

EVALUASI KECEPATAN TRANSPOR LOGAM DALAM AIR SUNGAI DI DAERAH MURIA. Telah dilakukanevaluasi kecepatan transpor logam Al, Mn, Cd, As, Cd dan Cr di perairan sungai daerah Muria. Kecepatan transporlogam dihitung berdasarkan hasil perkalian antara debit air sungai dengan konsentrasi logam di dalam badan air.Tujuan dari penelitian ini (1) mendapatkan data rona awal lingkungan sungai, (2) memprediksi kualitas air sungaiberdasarkan kecepatan transpor logam dan peranan pH air terhadap perpindahan logam ke dalam sedimen.Pengambilan sampel dipilih pada radius 2 - 5 km dari calon dibangunnya Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir (PLTN)dan dilakukan pada musim penghujan. Berdasarkan indeks kecepatan transpor > 100 mg/dt, hasil evalusimenunjukkan bahwa kecepatan transpor logam sungai Wareng, Balong, Dombang, Kancilan dan Suru telahtercemar oleh logam Mn dan Hg. Sedangkan logam Cd telah mencemari Sungai Balong, Kancilan, dan Suru, logamAs mencemari air sungai Kancilan. Kecepatan transpor logam Mn terbesar pada sungai Kancilan 1392,5 mg/dt.Kecepatan transpor logam Cd dan Cr terbesar pada sungai Balong masing-masing sebesar 347,2 mg/dt dan 52,2mg/dt. Sedangkan kecepatan transpor logam As dan Hg terbesar didapat pada sungai Kancilan dengan masingmasing113,8 mg/dt dan 1334,9 mg/dt. Berdasarkan pengamatan pH air, fenomena logam Al, Mn, Cd, As Cr dan Hgdalam air sungai di daerah Muria akan cenderung berpindah ke dalam sedimen pada pH tinggi, sebaliknya pada pHyang rendah logam-logam akan tetap tinggal dan larut di dalam air.
PENGARUH WAKTU OZONISASI TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR BOD, COD, TSS DAN FOSFAT PADA LIMBAH CAIR RUMAH SAKIT
Authors: Isyuniarto Isyuniarto , Andrianto Andrianto
Published: May 2019

PENGARUH WAKTU OZONISASI TERHADAP PENURUNAN KADAR BOD, COD, TSS DAN FOSFAT PADALIMBAH CAIR RUMAH SAKIT. Telah dilakukan penelitian pengaruh waktu ozonisasi terhadap penurunan kadarBOD, COD, TSS dan fosfat pada limbah cair rumah sakit. Tujuan penelitian adalah mempelajari pengaruhpenambahan kapur dan pemakaian oksidan ozon untuk menurunkan kadar BOD, COD, TSS dan fosfat pada limbahrumah sakit. Penambahan kapur dimaksudkan untuk menambah jumlah ion OH- sedangkan parameter waktuozonisasi dimaksudkan untuk menyempurnakan oksidasi senyawa-senyawa organik dalam limbah danpembentukan flok-flok. Dari penelitian yang dilakukan diperoleh hasil bahwa penambahan kapur yang optimumadalah 1,1% (berat) dan waktu ozonisasi 20 menit. Pada kondisi ini diperoleh kadar BOD = 18,88 mg/l; COD =25,68 mg/l, TSS = 80 mg/l dan fosfat = 1,52 mg/l. Kondisi tersebut sudah memenuhi standar baku mutu yangditetapkan, yaitu untuk BOD = 75 mg/l; COD = 100 mg/l, TSS = 100 mg/l dan fosfat = 2,0 mg/l.
PROSES DESORPSI LOGAM BERAT PADA SEDIMEN SUNGAI DAERAH MURIA DENGAN PELARUT ASAM
Authors: Cyprianus Supriyanto , Muzakky Muzakky
Published: May 2019

PROSES DESORPSI LOGAM BERAT PADA SEDIMEN SUNGAI DAERAH MURIA DENGAN PELARUT ASAM.Telah dilakukan proses desorpsi logam berat Cr, Cu, dan Fe pada sedimen sungai daerah Muria menggunakanpelarut asam. Proses desorpsi dilakukan pada sedimen sungai Kancilan, Balong, Suru, Dombang, dan Warengdengan cara ekstraksi padat-cair menggunakan pelarut asam HF + HNO3; HNO3 4N + HCl 0,7N, dan HCl 0,5N, padasuhu 150 oC, selama waktu 4 jam. Hasil proses desorpsi ditentukan menggunakan metode nyala spektrometriserapan atom pada kondisi optimum masing-masing unsur. Pada proses desorpsi menggunakan pelarut asam HF40% + HNO3 65%, diperoleh kadar Cr dan Fe tertinggi masing-masing pada sedimen sungai Balong dengan Crterdesorpsi 173,56 μg/g dan Fe 251,88 mg/g. Pada proses desorpsi Cu diperoleh kadar Cu tertinggi 96,24 μg/gpada sedimen sungai Suru menggunakan pelarut asam HNO3 4,0N + HCl 0,7. Validasi metode uji dilakukan denganSRM GBW 1645, dan GBW 07313 dengan perolehan kadar Cr, Cu dan Fe berada dalam sertifikat SRM.Kata kunci : proses desorpsi, logam berat, sedimen sungai, metode AAS.
GASEOUS RELEASES EVALUATION AND SAFETY PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF KARTINI RESEARCH REACTOR VENTILATION SYSTEM
Authors: Syarip Syarip , Susyanta Widyatmaka , Kusuma Hadi
Published: May 2019

GASEOUS RELEASES EVALUATION AND SAFETY PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT OF KARTINI RESEARCH REACTOR VENTILATION SYSTEM. The safety performance of Kartini research reactor related to the gaseous releases to the environment has been evaluated. The research covers an evaluation and improvement on the ventilation system and analysis of gas releases dissipating from the reactor building. The method used is calculation of reactor source term and direct measurement of gas release from the reactor stack. The source term analysis showed that the fission product accumulated in the reactor core at the start of operation was 4.838 ´ 106 Ci, after of 5 hours operation it became 3.614 ´ 108 Ci, and after 24 hours decay, the fission product became 4.727 ´ 106 Ci. The N16 activity inside the reactor building is 4.1 ´ 10-10 μCi/cm3 and the Ar41 escaping to the atmosphere is 5.7 ´ 10-12 mCi/cm3, which is lower than limit value for radiation worker of 2 ´ 10-6 μCi/cm3. A sample case by using March 2009 data, the value of ground level concentration on variable distance x = 100 m to 5.000 m, was 9.726 ´ 10-19 rad/m3, rise up to 6.303 ´ 10-14 rad/m3 and tends to decrease to 1.598 ´ 10-15 rad/m3 at distance 5,000 m. Whiles the direct observation on the upper reactor stack show that the radiation exposure is 2.33 ´ 10-9 rad/s, exit velocity of gas from stack is 8 m/s, absolute temperature effluent of gas is 26.2 oC, and outlet diameter of stack, d = 1 m and actual stack height 31.75 m. Based on safety limit criteria from national regulation (BAPAETEN), the values of radiation exposure, ground level concentration combined with atmosphere stability and demography factor was very safe for the actual condition of Kartini reactor site. Keywords: safety performance, Kartini reactor, source term, ventilation system.
KONTAMINASI AWAL DAN DEKONTAMINASI BAKTERI PATOGEN PADA JEROAN SAPI DENGAN IRADIASI GAMMA
Authors: Harsojo Harsojo , Irawati Irawati
Published: May 2019

KONTAMINASI AWAL DAN DEKONTAMINASI BAKTERI PATOGEN PADA JEROAN SAPI DENGAN IRADIASIGAMMA. Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai kontaminasi awal serta dekontaminasi bakteri patogen dengan iradiasigamma pada jeroan sapi seperti hati, babat dan paru. Bakteri patogen yang digunakan adalah Salmonella typhimurium,Escherichia coli 0157, Escherichia coli polyvalen dan Vibrio cholerae yang diinokulasikan ke dalam jeroansapi. Parameter yang diukur adalah jumlah total bakteri aerob, total bakteri koli, E. coli, Staphylococcus spp danisolasi Salmonella. Pada perlakuan dekontaminasi bakteri patogen, parameter yang diukur adalah jumlah kolonibakteri yang masih hidup setelah diiradiasi pada dosis 0; 0,1; 0,2; 0,3 dan 0,4 kGy di IRPASENA dengan laju dosis1,149 kGy/jam. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kontaminasi awal total bakteri aerob pada jeroan sapi berkisar antara8,85 x 105 dan 1,08 x 108 cfu/g, sedangkan bakteri koli berkisar antara 2,70 x 106 dan 3,23 x 107 cfu/g. Total bakteriE. coli berkisar antara 8,55 x 105 dan 2,60 x 107 cfu/g. Sedangkan total Staphylococcus spp berkisar antara 1,6 x 105dan 4,10 x 107 cfu/g. Tidak ditemukan Salmonella pada semua contoh yang diteliti, akan tetapi E. coli ditemukanpada semua contoh yang diteliti. Pada jeroan sapi, bakteri E. coli 0157 merupakan bakteri yang paling peka terhadapiradiasi, sedangkan V. cholerae merupakan bakteri yang paling tahan terhadap iradiasi.Kata kunci: Iradiasi, jeroan sapi, bakteri patogen, kontaminasi awal.
PERHITUNGAN PARAMETER FISIS SISTEM EKSTRAKTOR SIKLOTRON 13 MeV UNTUK PET
Authors: Usada Widdi , Aziz Ihwanul
Published: May 2019

PERHITUNGAN PARAMETER FISIS SISTEM EKSTRAKTOR SIKLOTRON 13 MeV UNTUK PET. Telah dilakukanperhitungan parameter fisis sistem ekstraktor siklotron 13 MEV untuk PET. Untuk medan magnet rata-rata 1,275 T,maka posisi ekstraktor sekitar 40,4 cm dari pusat siklotron. Untuk tegangan dee 40 kV dan sudut dee 400, diperolehperolehan energi setiap putaran sebesar 159 keV, jumlah putaran 81 dan jarak antara putaran 5 mm. Parameterjarak ini sangat diperlukan untuk menentukan lebar ukuran foil ekstraktor. Hasil perhitungan deposisi energi padafoil menunjukkan bahwa untuk arus berkas proton 20 μA, dan tampang lintang berkas 0.9 cm2, diperoleh umur foilsekitar 56 detik.Kata kunci : Siklotron, proton, ekstraksi, stripper, foil karbon
EVALUATION OF NAA LABORATORY RESULTS IN INTER-COMPARISON ON DETERMINATION OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES
Authors: Lestiani Diah Dwiana , Kurniawati Syukria , Adventini Natalia
Published: May 2019

Inter-comparison program is a good tool for improving quality and to enhance the accuracy and precision of theanalytical techniques. By participating in this program, laboratories could demonstrate their capability andensuring the quality of analysis results generated by analytical laboratories. The Neutron Activation Analysis(NAA) laboratory at National Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia (BATAN), Nuclear Technology Center forMaterials and Radiometry-PTNBR laboratory participated in inter-comparison tests organized by NAA workinggroup. Inter-comparison BATAN 2009 was the third inter-laboratory analysis test within that project. Theparticipating laboratories were asked to analyze for trace elements using neutron activation analysis as theprimary technique. Three materials were distributed to the participants representing foodstuff, and environmentalmaterial samples. Samples were irradiated in rabbit facility of G.A. Siwabessy reactor with neutron flux ~ 1013n.cm-2.s-1, and counted with HPGe detector of gamma spectrometry. Several trace elements in these sampleswere detected. The accuracy and precision evaluation based on International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)criteria was applied. In this paper the PTNBR NAA laboratory results is evaluated.Keywords: inter-comparison, neutron activation analysis, trace elements, foodstuff, environmental samples,NAA laboratory
VALIDASI PAKET PROGRAM NODAL3 UNTUK KASUS STATIS BENCHMARK TERAS REAKTOR PWR
Authors: Sembiring Tagor Malem , Pinem Surian
Published: May 2019

VALIDASI PAKET PROGRAM NODAL3 UNTUK KASUS STATIS TERAS BENCHMARK REAKTOR PWR. Persamaan difusi neutron dengan metode nodal telah menjadi metode standar dalam perhitungan parameter neutronik teras reaktor daya air ringan, seperti reaktor air bertekanan (PWR) atau air mendidih (BWR), karena waktu komputasi yang cepat dan hasilnya akurat. Paket program NODAL3 telah dikembangkan untuk menyelesaikan persamaan difusi neutron dengan metode nodal polinom (PNM) dalam geometri 3-dimensi (3-D). Validasi hasil perhitungan NODAL3 untuk kasus statis teras benchmark reaktor PWR (Pressurized Water Reactor), seperti IAEA-2D, BIBLIS, KOEBERG dan IAEA-3D, disajikan dalam penelitian ini. Teras benchmark yang dipilih mewakili kasus 2-D dan 3-D dan mempunyai karaktristik yang berbeda, sehingga dapat menentukan keakuratan NODAL3 dari aspek neutronik yang luas. Parameter neutronik statis yang dihitung adalah faktor perlipatan efektif, keff, faktor puncak daya (FPD) dan profil distribusi FPD ke arah aksial. Dibandingkan dengan acuan, hasil perhitungan NODAL3 menunjukkan bahwa untuk nilai keff terdapat perbedaan maksimum sebesar 0,006% (Δk). Sedangkan untuk FPD radial dan FPD aksial maksimum, selisih maksimum dengan acuan masing-masing sebesar -0,006 dan 0,051. Untuk kasus 3-D, hasil perhitungan NODAL3 konsisten dengan hasil perhitungan paket program nodal tervalidasi PARCS dan NESTLE. Riset ini menunjukkan bahwa akurasi paket program NODAL3 dalam menghitung parameter neutronik teras benchmark reaktor PWR, baik kasus 2-D dan 3-D, menunjukkan hasil yang sangat memuaskan. Oleh karena itu, paket program NODAL3 siap untuk diaplikasikan dalam analisis neutronik reaktor PWR yang riil.Kata kunci : metode nodal, reaktor PWR, teras benchmark, faktor perlipatan efektif, faktor puncak daya
KARAKTERISTIK GEL TITANIUM TUNGSTAT DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP PELEPASAN RENIUM-188
Authors: Setiawan Duyeh , Basit M . , Hastiawan Iwan
Published: May 2019

Gel titanium tungstat (TiW) merupakan bahan matriks generator 188W/188Re untuk produksi radioisotop renium-188 (188Re). Gel titanium tungstat diperoleh dengan cara mereaksikan titanil dan tungsten dari kelimpahan isotop alam. Karakteristik gel titanium tungstat yang dikontrol meliputi perbandingan mol Ti:W, pH dan reaksi pemanasan, merupakan tujuan penelitian yang akan dipelajari. Pembuatan gel dilakukan dengan cara “Pre-formed” menggunakan sasaran WO3 non radioaktif. Sasaran WO3 dibuat larutan amonium tungstat (NH4)2WO4 direaksikan dengan titanium tetraklorida (TiCl4), diperoleh kondisi optimum terjadi bentuk gel pada perbandingan mol Ti:W = 1:0.7, pH 6 dan reaksi pemanasan pada suhu 60 oC.Ge. l berwarna putih dikeringkan pada suhu 80 oC dan 130 oC selama tiga jam.Karakterisasi dengan X-RD menunjukkan bahwa sifat gel menunjukkan bentuk struktur amorf. Identifikasi dengan FTIR diperoleh puncak-puncak serapan pada 3600-3000 cm-1 dari gugus –OH yang berikatan dengan titanium dan ikatan W-OH ditunjukkan pada serapan 1600 cm-1 yang lemah, puncak lain pada serapan 600-1100 cm-1 untuk serapan dari W-O. Identifikasi menggunakan metode SEM diperoleh bentuk butiran kasar, rapuhdan homogen. Gel yang telah diiradiasi dalam reaktor pada fluks neutron » 104 n/cm2/s selama 89 jam, dipaking dalam kolom yang dilengkapi “sintered glass”. Radionuklida 188Re yang terbentuk dielusi dengan larutan NaCl 0,15 M pH 5, diperoleh hasil elusi (yield) 60 %, mempunyai kemurnian radiokimia lebih besar 95 %.
SIMULASI LINTASAN BERKAS ION ISOTOP ISOTOP KARBON DALAM SIKLOTRON DECY-13
Authors: Anggraita Pramudita
Published: May 2019

ABSTRAK   SIMULASI LINTASAN BERKAS ION BERBAGAI ISOTOP KARBON DALAM SIKLOTRON DECY-13. Telah dilakukan simulasi lintasan berkas ion berbagai isotop ion karbon 12C, 13C, dan 14C  dalam siklotron DECY-13 menggunakan perangkat lunak Scilab 5.4.1. Perhitungan simulasi dilakukan secara iterasi dalam 3 dimensi. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan pemisahan lintasan yang memungkinkan untuk pengukuran 14C seperti pada pertanggalan karbon dengan frekuensi tegangan pemercepat sekitar 72 MHz.
OPTIMASI ARUS BERKAS ELEKTRON PLASMA DAN PENENTUAN HARGA PARAMETER PLASMA DALAM BEJANA GENERATOR PLASMA
Authors: Purwadi Agus
Published: May 2019

ABSTRAK OPTIMASI ARUS BERKAS ELEKTRON PLASMA DAN PENENTUAN HARGA PARAMETER PLASMA  DALAM  BEJANA  GENERATOR PLASMA.   Bejana Generator Plasma (BGP)  merupakan salah satu komponen utama unit perkakas Sumber Elektron Katoda Plasma (SEKP), besar arus berkas elektron plasma dalam BGP akan mempengaruhi perolehan kualitas  arus berkas elektron pada perkakas SEKP.  Telah dilakukan optimasi  arus berkas elektron plasma dan penentuan harga  parameter plasma dalam BGP.  BGP dibuat dari bahan SS 304 bentuk silinder dengan diameter 4,00 cm dan panjang 48,75 cm.  Optimasi arus berkas elektron plasma  dalam BGP dilakukan pada tegangan keluaran ignitor  12 kV untuk sistem IDPS (Ignitor Discharge Power Supply) dan tegangan anoda pemercepat 1 kV untuk sistem ADPS (Arc Discharge Power Supply), sedang tekanan gas kerja/gas argon divariasi dari orde 10-4 mbar (PAr = 4,4´10-4 mbar) sampai dengan orde 10-3 mbar (PAr = 2,4´10-3 mbar).   Dari hasil eksperimen telah diperoleh besar arus berkas elektron optimum sebesar IADPS-Opt.= 164,80 A pada tekanan gas argon PAr orde  10-4 mbar dan parameter plasma yang diperoleh dalam BGP adalah kerapatan elektron plasma ne = (1,684´1020) partikel/m3,  suhu elektron plasma Te =  (9,788 ´104) K = 8,44 eV,  panjang Debye λD ≈ 0,17 mm dan tebal sheath plasma ds ≈ 6,00 mm.
Characteristics and prognostic factors of age-stratified high-grade intracranial glioma patients: A population-based analysis
Authors: Sun Yun , Xiong Zhi-yong , Yan Peng-fei , Jiang Liang-lei , Nie Chuan-sheng , Wang Xuan
Published: May 2019

We evaluated characteristics and different prognostic factors for survival in age-stratified high-grade glioma in a US cohort. Eligible patients were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries and stratified into 3 age groups: 20-39 years old (1,043 patients), 40-59 years old (4,503 patients), and >60 years old (5,045 patients). Overall and cancer-related survival data were obtained. Cox models were built to analyze the outcomes and risk factors. It showed that race was a prognostic factor for survival in patients 40 to 59 years old and in patients ≥60 years old. Partial resection was associated with lower overall survival and cause-specific survival in all age groups (overall survival: 20-39 yr: HR=6.41; 40-59 yr: HR=4.84; >60 yr: HR=5.06; cause-specific survival: 20-39 yr: HR=5.87; 40-59 yr: HR=4.01; >60 yr: HR=3.36). The study highlights that, while some prognostic factors are universal, others are age-dependent. The effectiveness of treatment approaches differs for patients in different age groups. Results of this study may help to develop personalized treatment protocols for glioma patients of different ages.
Elisa v1
Authors: Andre Alex
Published: May 2019

Titration of antibodies in the serum of patients.
GHG diffuse emissions estimation, and energy security to ENSO using MERRA-2 for largely hydroelectricity-based system
Authors: Chiriví Salomón J. S. , Cuellar Yohén , Cuadros Tejeda Harold David , Guevara Marco
Published: May 2019

In Colombia, hydropower share was 70 % of the total installed capacity and more than 50 % of the monthly generation share in 2015, which coincided with the strongest El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon reported in the region. ENSO has been recognized as an influential climate pattern on meteorological variables. The generation via hydropower implies the construction of dams and water reservoirs; these flooded areas generate an important amount of Green House Gases (GHG). In this regard, the main aim of this research was to quantify the diffusing emissions of CO2 and CH4 in the flooded areas of the main hydroelectric power generation facilities in Colombia. GHG emissions were calculated by the implementation of an IPCC methodology. The obtained results show that more than 1,042,500 t CO2-Eq (i.e. CO2 and CH4) are emitted in Colombia per year from this source, representing 4.4 % of the total GHG emissions in the country. As the second aim, the vulnerability of Colombia’s energy independence, in terms of power supply to ENSO and climate change was analyzed using the MERRA-2 dataset from NASA, for the years between 2010 and 2017.
Analysis and characterization of PV module defects by thermographic inspection
Authors: Gallardo-Saavedra Sara , Hernández-Callejo Luis , Duque-Perez Oscar
Published: May 2019

Being able to detect, to identify and to quantify the severity of defects that appear within photovoltaic modules is essential to constitute a reliable, efficient and safety system, avoiding energy losses, mismatches and safety issues.  The main objective of this paper is to perform an in-depth, onsite study of 17,142 monocrystalline modules to detect every single existing defect, classifying them in different groups, studying the variance of the same kind of defect in different modules and the patterns of each group of thermal defects. Results can be useful in a subsequent development of a software to automatically detect if a module has an anomaly and its classification. Focusing on the results obtained, all faults detected have been classified in five different thermographic defects modes: hotspot in a cell, bypass circuit overheated, hotspot in the junction box, hotspot in the connection of the busbar to the junction box and whole module overheated. An analysis of patterns of the different defects is included, studiyng location within the module, size and temperature statistical results, as average temperature, standard deviation, maximum temperature, median and first and third quartile.
Evaluation of high rate sedimentation lab-scale tank performance in drinking water treatment
Authors: Vesga-Rodríguez Claudia Patricia , Donado-Garzón Leonardo David , Weber-Shirk Monroe
Published: May 2019

The Cornell University AguaClara program researches ways to improve the process of potable water treatment at low cost and no energy dependent. A High Rate  Sedimentation (HRS) process that uses upward flow and less area than traditional tanks was investigated. The objective was to analyze parameters affecting HRS tank performance including velocity, density of the floc blanket and location of plate settlers in a laboratory scale HRS tank. Different velocities were set during the experiment, and the resulting performance of the floc blanket was evaluated through continuous turbidity measurements. Results demonstrated that the lab-scale tank allows the creation of a floc blanket and is a versatile design with constraints of visibility and accessibility. In addition, performance of the sedimentation tank improves at lower up flow velocities; however, the study suggests that plate settlers at the top of the tank stabilized the floc blanket at higher velocities, as a consequence of denser floc blankets created by the plates.
Problems and Tendencies of Nuclear Law
Authors: Romanova Viktoriya , Handrlica Jakub
Published: May 2019

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KOMSOMOLSKAYA SQUARE OF SAMARA AS A SUBJECT OF FUNCTIONAL AND TOPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS
Authors: DENISOV Denis V. , ZHURAVLEV Mikhail Y. , MEDVEDEVA Natalia Y. , KHOKHRIN Alexey S.
Published: May 2019

The article att empts to understand the functional zoning of eight sectors of space as applied to Komsomolskaya Square in the city of Samara. Functional and topological analysis based on Vaastu-vidya, the ancient Indian science of construction and ritual development of sites, off ers a generalized method for assessing the prospective use of the territory and allows you to critically evaluate the correctness of the location of objects included in the ensemble of Komsomolskaya Square over the past 20 years. The results of the study can be signifi cant both for architects and specialists in land management and cadastre, as well as for improving the infrastructure of the Russian railway.
CONCEPT OF SPACE IN PHILOSOPHY AND CULTURAL STUDIES OF THE XX CENTURY
Authors: ORLOV Dmitry N. , ORLOVA Natalia A.
Published: May 2019

A review of some concepts of man-made space of the twentieth century is given. The main part of the article is devoted to the analysis of the «second nature» in the Soviet and Western European branches of Marxism. The diff erence of approaches and criticism of some points are presented. One of the examples of the linguistic school of - the hermeneutics of Paul Ricoeur and some examples of existential philosophy philosophy are considered. The concepts and approaches common to diff erent schools of philosophical thought are revealed. The connection of philosophical concepts and professional architectural studies is shown. It can be concluded about the general corpus of the space conclusions, which unites the discourses of diff erent schools. The sum of these concepts allows us to form, with further development, a general theory of man-made space.
STUDY OF THE HEAT-SHIELDING CHARACTERISTICS OF DOUBLE-LAYER EXTERIOR WALLS OF BUILDINGS WITH INTERMITTENT HEATING
Authors: CHULKOV Alexander A.
Published: May 2019

The description of the thermal regime of an individual building operated in the intermitt ent heating mode is presented. A technique has been developed for determining the required thickness of two-layer external walls, which ensures the fulfi llment of sanitary-hygienic and comfortable living conditions, as well as the minimum time for their heating in the process of a room’s heating. On the basis of the author’s methodology, the heat engineering calculation of a two-layer outer wall of a frame building, insulated with a ventilated facade, was carried out. The results of the thermal calculation of the two-layer outer wall of the building, operated under intermitt ent heating, are presented. The graph shows the change in the temperature of the internal air in individual buildings that are operated periodically.
ANALYSIS OF TECHNOLOGICAL SOLUTIONS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS OF SINGLE-INDUSTRY TOWNS OF THE REPUBLIC OF KARELIA
Authors: KIM Arkady N. , GRAFOVA Elena O. , EFTIFEEV Yury P.
Published: May 2019

On the example of single-industry towns of the Republic of Karelia the article shows the possibility of restoring the activities of enterprises depending on the state of engineering support of water supply systems. There was a decrease in water consumption, high wear of water treatment plants, the lack of reagent treatment of colored water and, as a result, ineffi cient operation of facilities. It is shown that the reconstruction is possible with the application of the investment program. Projects have been developed for the reconstruction of the technological scheme for purifying low-turbid, high-color water and creating a circulating system for cleaning the wash water of contact illuminators.
STRATEGIC DIRECTION STRUCTURAL ECONOMIC POLICY IN TRANSNISTRIA
Authors: Burla Mikhail
Published: May 2019

The purpose of the article is to analyze the features of the structure of the economy of Transnistria, to assess their impact on socio-economic dynamics and to develop proposals aimed at optimizing the main economic proportions.

The study used the following methods: retrospective, factor and statistical analysis, assessment of the main economic proportions and forecast of socio-economic structural and macroeconomic parameters.

Results. On the basis of statistical analysis, a quantitative assessment of the structure of GDP, industrial and agricultural production is given. The share of the industrial sector in the economy of the region as a whole and in some administrative-territorial units is decreasing. The analysis of the structure of industrial production shows a steady trend towards its simplification, which is expressed in the termination of the activities of individual enterprises and entire sectors of the economy, the growing dependence of the region on a limited number of enterprises and a narrow range of products.

The scientific novelty is to identify the relationship between the level of industrialization, the dynamics of the economy and the revenue side of the budget.

Practical significance. The directions of optimization of the structure of GDP, industrial sector, agriculture and exports are proposed. Some tools are listed, the use of which will optimize the structure of the economy of Transnistria and provide a positive dynamics of economic activity.
New technologies and law: a modern legal approach to the distributed registry technology
Authors: Sannikova L. V. , Kharitonova Yu. S.
Published: May 2019

Currently we witness an active debate on whether legal mechanisms should be established to mediate the use of new technologies. The authors believe that digitalization of social relations has a global character, changes the foundations of the society and requires the development of adequate legislation based on the in-depth study of the processes. It is proved that, first, it is necessary to develop a scientific concept of the mechanism of legal regulation of relations using the technology of distributed registers (the TDR) in economic activity, in the spheres of public administration and implementation of public functions. The article, based on the problems of law enforcement practice, formulates the main characteristics of the study that could, in the authors’ opinion, give a really necessary legal solution to the state and society. Such research will allow us to formulate scientifically grounded proposals concerning legislative regulation of public relations with the use of the TDR that will include the development of legal frameworks of objects of relations arising as the result of the use of the TDR and being of economic value (digital assets, in particular tokens, cryptocurrencies, digital rights); in determining the legal status of entities using the TDR; in the formation of a system of indicators for assessing the use of the TDR in various spheres of public relations; in giving legal qualification of transactions in distributed registers and the legal consequences of their commission; in the creation of an integral legal mechanism for protection of participants in legal relations using the technologies of the distributed register. The main result of the study under consideration will be the developed scientific concept of the mechanism of the legal regulation of relations with the use of the TDR in economy, in the spheres of public administration and the implementation of public functions. Otherwise, this area will suffer from incomplete legislative regulation with the need for constant «patching of holes» associated with the hasty and ill-considered law.
Arbitration and compliance verification
Authors: Benedskaya O. A.
Published: May 2019

The article is devoted to the analysis of arbitration proceedings in the context of its participation in the implementation of judicial regulatory compliance verification. The fact that the arbitration court is bound by the requirement of legality and the need to implement casual regulatory control in accordance with the existing conflict of laws rules is substantiated based on the idea of the universal nature of the constitutional imperative of the rule of law and the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the understanding of the threefold nature of the arbitration court that combines social and jurisdictional, self-regulatory (law-forming) and mediation (conciliation) principles. At the same time, the legal nature of the arbitration proceedings should, in the author’s opinion, be disclosed not in a formal dogmatic manner or through commitment to the requirements of legal discipline as strict as in the state court, but on the basis of judicial activism and development of law in the context of social and business practice. The arbitration court may act contra legem to enhance the protection of the rights of the parties to the proceedings based on general, constitutional and sectoral principles of law. Faced with the applicable rule that violates the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the arbitration court must have the right to request the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation (also in the form of a request obligation, if the decision of the arbitration court is final).
Potentiation of the hypoxic preconditioning effect by antihypoxants
Authors: Novikov Vasiliy E. , Levchenkova Olga S. , Klimkina Elena I. , Kulagin Konstantin N.
Published: May 2019

The development of effective methods to increase the organism resistance to hypoxia is an important task of current medicine. One of such methods is preconditioning, as a result of which, a potent mobilization of the adaptive organism abilities occurs under a preconditioning factor action.

Aim. To study the possibility of potentiating of the hypoxic preconditioning effect with help of antihypoxants.

Methods. Evaluation of the effectiveness of combined preconditioning (antihypoxants + moderate hypobaric hypoxia) was performed on experimental models of acute hypoxia with hypercapnia, acute hypobaric hypoxia in mice, and bilateral occlusion of the common carotid arteries in rats. Investigated antihypoxants are amtizol, hypoxen, cobazole, metaprot, mexidol, mildronate, substances under the codes VM-606, pQ-4 and pQ-1104.

Results. PreC with use of amtizol at dose 25 mg/kg, cobazole at dose 30 mg/kg, VM-606, pQ-4 and pQ-1104 at doses 50 mg/kg in combination with moderate hypoxia increased the lifespan of mice in acute hypoxia with hypercapniamodel and acute hypobaric hypoxia from 57 to 170%. Combined preconditioning with amtizol, cobazole and pQ-4 significantly increased the survival rate of rats in cerebral ischemia, amtizol and pQ-4 reduced neurological deficiency in the post ischemic period as well.

Conclusion. Antitipoxants as amtizol, cobazole, VM-606, pQ-4, pQ-1104 potentiate the hypoxic preconditioning effect on acute hypoxia with hypercapnia, acute hypobaric hypoxia and occlusion of the common carotid arteries models, the most significant effect was noted for amtizol and pQ-4. Signal role in the adaptation induction to hypoxia and ischemia by combined preconditioning with use of antihypoxants hypoxia-inducible factor HIF-1α can play.
II-Valent metals complex compounds and prospects of the acute hypoxia protection
Authors: Evseev Andrey V. , Belenky Albert E. , Surmenev Dmitrij V. , Evseeva Marina A. , Sosin Denis V.
Published: May 2019

Aim. To find antihypoxic properties in complex compounds of some divalent metals on the model of acute hypoxia with hypercapnia.

Methods. In the experiments on mice in acute hypoxia with hypercapnia (AH+Hc), the protective effect of 6 new complex compounds was studied in comparison with the effectiveness of reference antihypoxants. Substances were injected intraperitoneally 60 min before acute hypoxia with hypercapnia in doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg. Antihypoxic effect was compared with their ability to change the rectal temperature.

Results. The most active substance πQ-2116 with Nickel as a complexing metal was established. Mice resistance to acute hypoxia with hypercapnia at a dose of 25 mg/kg was increased to 89.5%, at a dose of 50 mg/kg – to 165.8%. The effect was accompanied by serious hypothermia, reaching 28.5 °C. Antihypoxic activity of the substance πQ-2116 is comparable with reference substance πQ-1983 and greater than the effect of aminothiol antihypoxants – Amtizole and Sunazole.
Infrared monitoring of the dynamics of the local temperature as a symptom of adaptation to hypoxia and efficiency of antihypoxic drugs
Authors: Urakov Alexander L.
Published: May 2019

The literature review shows that the general body temperature and the local temperature of individual organs of humans and animals have a significant impact on their reaction to the lack of arterial blood, oxygen and anti-hypoxic and anti-ischemic agents. It is shown that human and animal body organs have different resistance to hypoxia. The least resistant to ischemia and hypoxia is the brain, and it is the first hypoxia damaged cerebral cortex. It is shown that with a lack of oxygen, the death of neurons in the brain can be effectively prevented by timely administration of oxygen to the brain and/or lowering its local temperature. However, to date, no technologies have been developed that provide an immediate increase in the concentration of oxygen and/or a decrease in the local temperature in the brain of people while maintaining their performance. Under these conditions, professor V.M. Vinogradov proposed to find the possibility of extending the life of brain cells in conditions of lack of oxygen using drugs that have been called antihypoxants. Technologies of infrared diagnostics of hypoxia, estimation of reserves of adaptation to it and ways of estimation of efficiency of antihypoxants are described.
Facilitated Communication Training: Exploration of perceptions of ability and reducing physical support
Authors: Wilson Matthew , De Jonge Desleigh , De Souza Nadera , Carlson Glenys
Published: May 2019

Publication Notice May 29, 2019: The SDS Board, having examined the available archival record regarding the Wilson article, finds that the majority of evidence suggests that this article was listed as being published in DSQ Vol 34, No 1 (2014). Accordingly, the Board has directed The Ohio State University Libraries to publish this article with the issue. In making this decision regarding the circumstances of the article publication, the Board did not examine and makes no statement regarding the content of the article.  Key words: Facilitated Communication Training; complex communication needs; reducing support; perceptions; disabilityAbstract: A growing number of people who use Facilitated Communication Training (FCT) are becoming independent of physical support. In response, this research investigated changes in family members’ perceptions of their son or daughter following the introduction of FCT, and how physical support was reduced over time. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with people who use FCT, their family members and their facilitators. It was found that once people commenced using FCT, they revealed unexpected abilities, thoughts and feelings which changed the way their family members perceived them. A number of strategies appeared to assist people who use FCT to reduce physical support. FCT was found to have had a profound impact on the lives of people and to assist in developing communication access without physical support.
Indian Religious Belief and Its Impact on Meat Industry
Authors: Singh Komal
Published: May 2019

The livestock provides food items such as milk, meat and eggs for
human consumption that are rich source of protein, mineral and
vitamins and good for health. Livestock production is a vital activity
in rural areas which provides employment, livelihood and income
for farmers, rural poorer and weaker sections of society. India has
religious belief that most of the Hindu community does not eat beef.
They do not slaughter cattles (cow and its progeny). This is the
main reason that Buffalo is surplus for export unlike goat/sheep/
poultry meat. This leads to India as a number 2 exporter of beef in
the world. Livestock business provides employment to about 8.8 %
of the population in India. Livestock sector is contributing 4.11%
GDP and 25.6% of total Agriculture GDP of country. Governments
and industries must prepare for meeting demand of meat in the
country with long run policies and investments to satisfy ever rising
consumer demand, improve nutritional status, generation of income
opportunities and alleviate environment stress.
Fatigue in Pregnancy: The validity and reliability of the Farsi Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue scale
Authors: Mortazavi Forough , Borzoee Fateme
Published: May 2019

Objectives: Fatigue is a common discomfort experienced during pregnancy and may contribute to severe labour pain and postpartum depression. This study aimed to translate the Multidimensional Assessment of Fatigue (MAF) scale into Farsi and validate it in a sample of pregnant Irani women. Methods: This cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted between January and June 2016 at eight healthcare centres in Sabzevar, Iran. The English version of the MAF scale was translated into Farsi and assessed for content validity. Participants completed the Farsi MAF scale and the Farsi World Health Organization-5 Well-being index (WHO-5). Construct validity was assessed through exploratory factor analysis (EFA). Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were used to determine the internal consistency and stability of the Farsi MAF scale. Results: A total of 582 women met the inclusion criteria, of which 541 completed the MAF scale (response rate: 93%). The EFA of the 15 items confirmed the previously proposed one-factor structure with a Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.957 for the Farsi MAF scale. Stability was confirmed by the ICC value (0.702) for the Global Fatigue Index (GFI) and the mean GFI was 20.33 ± 12.71. Concurrent validity was confirmed by a moderate negative correlation (r = −0.35; P <0.001) between the scores of the Farsi MAF scale and the Farsi WHO-5. Women who received a high level of support from their husbands, who were satisfied with the quality of their marital relationship and with a well-being score of >50 reported a lower level of fatigue than the other groups (P ≤0.012). Conclusion: The Farsi MAF scale is a reliable and valid questionnaire to investigate fatigue in pregnant Irani women. Interventions to promote marital satisfaction and women’s well-being are recommended. Keywords: Fatigue; Parturition; Pregnancy; Psychometrics; Validation Studies; Reliability and Validity; Iran.
Early Onset Pre-Eclampsia with Nephrotic Range Proteinuria as the Initial Manifestation of Lupus Nephritis: Report of three cases
Authors: Udupa Vinita , Keepanasseril Anish , Vijayan Neeraja , Basu Debadatta , Negi Vir Singh
Published: May 2019

Early onset pre-eclampsia (pre-eclampsia at less than 34 gestational weeks) is a severe form of preeclampsia; in addition, some women may also develop nephrotic range proteinuria. De novo diagnosis of lupus nephritis (LN) in pregnancy is challenging as it may present with features similar to commonly occurring preeclampsia. We report three cases of early onset pre-eclampsia with nephrotic range proteinuria and subsequent diagnosis of LN at the Women and Children hospital attached to Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, Puducherry, India, between 2014 and 2017. These cases highlights the need for further evaluation of the association between nephrotic-range proteinuria and early onset pre-eclampsia. The index of suspicion for underlying LN of these type of cases should be high. Earlier detection of LN will prompt better management that can avert or delay short- and long-term morbidity. Keywords: Lupus Nephritis; Pre-Eclampsia; Nephrotic Syndrome; Proteinuria; Case Reports; India.
Effects of Ephedrine Infusion for the Prevention of Hypotension during Spinal Anesthesia for Elective LSCS
Authors: Khairnar Rewati , Sankalecha Sunita
Published: May 2019

Spinal anesthesia provides a fast, profound and symmetrical sensory and motor blockade of high quality in patients undergoing LSCS. However, the most common serious adverse effect of spinal anesthesia for LSCS is hypotension. Maternal hypotension has detrimental effects on uterine blood flow causing fetal hypoxia and acidosis. Preloading with crystalloids and use of vasopressors is widely recommended to prevent hypotension. We designed a study to determine the effects of ephedrine infusion for control of hypotension in women undergoing elective LSCS. In this observational study 80 parturients in the age group of 20 to 40 years, posted for elective caesarean section and belonging to ASA class 1 and 2 were selected. After preloading with 500 ml of ringer lactate solution, all the patients received spinal anaesthesia with 2ml inj.bupivacaine 0.5% (heavy). Immediately after institution of subarachnoid block the infusion of ephedrine at the rate of 1.25 mg/min via an infusion pump was started and was continued till clamping of the umbilical cord. The incidence of hypotension was 11% which was found to be lower when compared with other studies. Average dose of ephedrine used was 17±2 mg. Average APGAR score in our study were found to be 8 and 9 at 1 and 5 minutes. No neonate had an APGAR score below 7. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was 6% and that of reactive hypertension was 2%. None of the patients had tachycardia, bradycardia or shivering. We concluded that, prophylactic intra-venous ephedrine infusion immediately after spinal anesthesia is a quick, simple, safe and effective technique in preventing hypotension without unwanted side effects such as nausea, vomiting and hypertension in women posted for elective LSCS and can be of great value in routine practice. Being an observation study, comparison with a control group is recommended for comments on efficacy.
Review on Management of Urethral Stricture Disease at Tertiary Care Centre
Authors: Bhamre Sudhir , Phad Ravikumar
Published: May 2019

Introduction: Urethral stricture disease remains a common cause of morbidity among men. Many questions about the etiology of urethral stricture disease remain unanswered till now. This study was done in a tertiary care center along with a review of the literature to evaluate the etiology of urethral strictures and to determine the factors that may influence possible preventive or curative strategies. Materials and Methods: Data collected from Patients visiting the OPD &/or admitted in the IPD for urethral stricture during the August 2015 to December 2017 this period at tertiary care centre with the help of relevant history, clinical examination, appropriate investigation including and treatment which includes medical and surgical intervention. Results: In study iatrogenic (40%) was main etiological factor for which H/O catheterization was main contributory factor for about 41% among iatrogenic cause. Direct visual internal urethrotomy was common surgical procedure performed with success rate (58%). Anastomotic urethroplasty was associated with success rate of 87.5%. Conclusion: Avoiding unnecessary urethral catheterization and repeated urethral instrumentation can reduce these iatrogenic strictures. Contrast urethrogram was the most common imaging modalities followed by Urethroscopy. Anastomotic urethroplasty had higher success rate as compared to DVIU and Urethral dilatation.
Responsabilidad social corporativa desde la contabilidad: un mapeo sistemático de la literatura para Colombia
Authors: Reyes Paola , Leal Robinson
Published: May 2019

La responsabilidad social corporativa (RSC) es un concepto que nace en 1950 para hacer frente a las diferentes problemáticas que enfrenta la sociedad. Los estudios epistemológicos de este concepto han sido abordados desde diferentes ciencias y pese a que grandes organizaciones, como ISO y la ONU, se han referido al tema, aún no existe un consenso. Desde las ciencias contables, la RSC adquiere valor al impactar la información financiera que generan las empresas, vinculando la RSC y las ciencias contables. Este documento realiza un mapeo sistemático de la literatura entre RSC y la contabilidad, donde se concluye la existencia de escasa literatura en relación con este tema.