bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Unique “Blooming and Contending” 1961–62
Authors: Goldman Merle
Published: March 2009

From its inception until at least the Cultural Revolution, the Communist regime in China has had a twofold aim for its intellectuals: it has sought to indoctrinate them with the exclusive ideologies of Marxism-Leninism-Maoism, and it has tried to utilize their skills to develop an industrialized and modernized society. The Chinese Communist Party has attempted to implement these two policies by an insistence on the strict orthodoxy of thinking individuals, on the one hand, and by the encouragement of intellectuals to work creatively at their jobs on the other. This contradictory approach has resulted in a policy toward the intellectuals that has been alternatively severe and relaxed. Though the main trend is usually in one direction or the other, there have always been counter-currents present which can be revived when necessary.
A Note on the Population of Communist China
Authors: Field Robert Michael
Published: March 2009

Communist China has not published official population statistics for any date since 1 January, 1958, when it claimed a total population of 646,530,000 persons. For nearly a decade after that, the rounded figure of 650 million was given almost without exception. On 11 March, 1966, however, a figure of 700 million was cited for the first time by Lin Piao in his letter to the Industry and Communications Front, and in August it appeared again in the communiqué of the Eleventh Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee. More recently, the figure 750 million was used in a speech at a workers' congress in Lanchow on 10 February 1968.
Communist China in Time and Space: Roots and Rootlessness
Authors: Levenson Joseph R.
Published: March 2009

On 6 April 1969, Joseph R. Levenson drowned in the Russian River of Northern California. This was his last article, written specifically for this issue of The China Quarterly, (here published in unedited form.
Communist China's Twenty Years: A Periodization
Authors: Macfarquhar Roderick
Published: March 2009

The twentieth anniversary of the Chinese Communist regime, unlike the tenth, is an appropriate time for retrospection and appraisal. A decade ago, the revelation of statistical exaggeration during the Great Leap Forward underlined Mao's inability to discover a sure-fire method of economic development. With Soviet-style methods previously found wanting and mass mobilization now proved inadequate also, it was not clear where China would go next economically. Politically, Mao had just faced the first major challenge to his personal authority since the late 1930s. Would the leadership be able to close ranks or would there be further splits? In foreign policy, China had clearly adopted a more militant line. The crucial question, as Khrushchev flew to Peking for the tenth anniversary celebrations fresh from his meetings with Eisenhower, was how the Chinese leadership would react to their guest's advocacy of peaceful coexistence with the imperialist bloc.
Vegetable Supply and Marketing in Chinese Cities
Authors: Skinner G. William
Published: March 2009

Foodstuffs comprise the largest single category of urban supply in China, and food accounts for over half the expenditures of the average urban household. Grain and other starchy staples constitute the major component of urban food supply, followed by vegetables and meat. In terms of weight or volume, far more vegetables than meat are consumed by city dwellers, though in terms of value meat may have the edge. The focus here is on vegetables, in particular the ecology of production, the organization of procurement and the structure of the marketing system. The logistics of feeding urban populations is critical in any complex society, indicative inter alia of priorities and procedural preferences in the social system. To examine the organization of urban vegetable supply therefore offers clues to these social priorities as well as to prevailing levels of organizational sophistication.
China's Changing Constitution
Authors: Cohen Jerome Alan
Published: March 2009

An organization must have rules, and so must a state. A constitution is a set of general rules, it is the fundamental law.… Constitution-making is a matter of science.Mao Tse-tung On 5 March 1978 the People's Republic of China promulgated its second constitution in little more than three years and the third since its establishment in 1949. What functions does a constitution serve in the Chinese political-legal system? Is it a sham not worth the paper on which it is printed? Is it an artifice of propaganda designed to impress and mislead foreigners? Does it have legal as well as political significance? The 1954 Constitution was not revised for two decades – why then was its 1975 successor so quickly overtaken by events? What are the differences among these basic documents?
Industrial Production in Communist China: 1957–1968
Authors: Field Robert Michael
Published: March 2009

For the years before 1958, because Communist China published data on the physical output of a large number of industrial commodities, it was possible to construct an index of industrial production that could be used with confidence. As early as 1959, however, there was a noticeable drying up of official reports as a source of data and objective commentary and, since the collapse of the Leap Forward in 1960, the regime has imposed an almost complete blackout on the disclosure of specific economic facts and figures. As a result, the number of commodities for which physical output can be estimated has been reduced sharply, and the estimates are subject to a wide range of error.
Edgar Snow: Some Personal Reminiscences
Authors: Service John S.
Published: March 2009

We can be grateful that Edgar Snow once wrote, in his straightforward uncompromising style, a book about himself. He called it Journey to the Beginning. At a later point in the book he returned (briefly) to talk about his origins, but the “beginning” (Chapter One, line one) was: “When I first reached Shanghai. …”
China and Indian Communism
Authors: Gupta Bhabani Sen
Published: March 2009

Unlike the Bolshevik revolution, the Chinese revolution had little impact on the Indian nationalist elite. The liberation of the working class from the shackles of capitalism in Russia had stirred the minds of many leaders of the Indian nationalist movement, including Nehru. The liberation of the masses of the peasantry from the shackles of feudalism in China had no comparable impact. The Indian Communist Party (CPI) hailed the Chinese revolution as an epoch-making event, but continued to regard the Soviet Union as the fountainhead of doctrinal as well as tactical directions.
The Politics of Economic Reform in Chinese Industry: The Introduction of the Labour Contract System
Authors: White Gordon
Published: March 2009

This article sets out to further our understanding of the politics of economic reform in China by focusing on just one area - labour - and within that, one specific policy-the attempted introduction of a “labour contract system” into state industrial enterprises. The general aim of China's reformers is to create a new system of labour allocation and employment which will improve productivity and increase the flexibility and dynamism of state industry. To these ends various reforms have been introduced, the most important of which are:
Commercialized Technology Transfer in China 1981-86: The Impact of Science and Technology Policy Reforms
Authors: Baark Erik
Published: March 2009

Since the late 1950s, when the core of China' science and technology (S&T) system was first established, a recurrent problem has been the lack of transfer of technology from research units to production enterprises. When the Chinese leadership of the post-Mao period decided that science and technology constituted a vital component of the Four Modernizations, it became increasingly clear that something had to be done about the inability of the S&T system to contribute to economic development.
Controversies over Tibet: China versus India,1947-49
Authors: Yang Yun-yuan
Published: March 2009

To the present Beijing Government, Tibet constitutes an integral part of China, officially known as the Tibetan Autonomous Region. The 20th anniversary of its founding was celebrated on 1 September 1985. However, to the 14th Dalai Lama (the former spiritual and temporal leader of Tibet), who has been living in exile in India since 1959, and to thousands of Tibetans living as refugees in India and other parts of the world, the current status of Tibet is open to contention, and as such remains an unresolved issue.
The Revolutionary Youth League: Cradle of Communism in Vietnam
Authors: Duiker William J.
Published: March 2009

When, in late 1924, the Vietnamese communist Ho Chi Minh, then known as Nguyen Ai Quoc, arrived in Canton as an interpreter to the Comintern mission to the Kuomintang led by Michael Borodin, Vietnamese nationalism was at a watershed. Since the beginning of the century, armed resistance to French colonial rule had been led by the famous scholar-revolutionary Phan Boi Chau. For over two decades he and a small band of determined followers had been the only organized force in Vietnam opposed to French rule. By the mid 1920s, however, it became apparent that Phan's movement was nearing a dead end. More the activist than the theoretician, more impetuous than patient, he had given little thought to organization, ideology, and long-term planning, and after a series of serious setbacks, he was forced to watch his movement begin to disintegrate. His arrest by French authorities in Shanghai in 1925 was only symbolic of the waning influence of his movement in Vietnam.
Boolean and classical restriction categories
Authors: COCKETT ROBIN , MANES ERNIE
Published: March 2009

A restriction category is an abstract category of partial maps. A Boolean restriction category is a restriction category that supports classical (Boolean) reasoning. Such categories are models of loop-free dynamic logic that is deterministic in the sense that < α > Q ⊂ [α]Q. Classical restriction categories are restriction categories with a locally Boolean structure: it is shown that they are precisely full subcategories of Boolean restriction categories. In particular, a Boolean restriction category may be characterised as a classical restriction category with finite coproducts in which all restriction idempotents split.

Every restriction category admits a restriction embedding into a Boolean restriction category. Thus, every abstract category of partial maps admits a conservative extension that supports classical reasoning. An explicit construction of the classical completion of a restriction category is given.
Interpretations for Safety Behaviours in High and Low Socially Anxious Individuals
Authors: Vassilopoulos Stephanos P.
Published: March 2009

Background: It has been suggested that socially anxious individuals often engage in a wide range of safety behaviours in social situations that are intended to reduce the risk of social failure and humiliation. Method: This study explored the interpretations that people make for behaviours considered to be safety seeking. High and low socially anxious individuals completed one version of a questionnaire that assessed how the safety behaviours that they may exhibit are interpreted by others, and then completed a second version of the same questionnaire that assessed how they typically interpret safety behaviours in other people. Participants rated the extent to which each of eight interpretations was viewed as a likely interpretation of the behaviour. Results: Individuals high in social anxiety were more likely than low socially anxious participants to think that being arrogant, suffering from a psychological problem, or experiencing a normal level of anxiety, nervousness or fear are likely explanations for safety behaviours, regardless of who exhibits them. Additionally, high socially anxious participants were more likely than those low in social anxiety to think that others interpreted these behaviours as being indicative of intense anxiety or other negative emotional condition. Conclusions: The results suggested that socially anxious people are, at least, aware of the negative effects of certain behaviours characterized as safety seeking.
Concurrent dual-band SiGe HBT power amplifier for Wireless applications
Authors: Camarchia Vittorio , Giofrè Rocco , Magrini Iacopo , Piazzon Luca , Cidronali Alessandro , Colantonio Paolo , Guerrieri Simona Donati , Ghione Giovanni , Giannini Franco , Pirola Marco , Manes Gianfranco
Published: March 2009

This paper presents an investigation of a concurrent low-cost dual-band power amplifier (PA) fabricated in SiGe technology, able to simultaneously operate at two frequencies of 2.45 and 3.5-GHz, including an evaluation of its system level performance potentiality. Taking into account the technology novelty and the lack of device characterization and modeling, a hybrid (MIC) approach has been adopted both for a fast prototyping of the PA and for the evaluation of the device potentiality based on an extensive linear and nonlinear characterization. The comparison of PA performance in single-band or concurrent mode operation will be presented. In particular, the measured PA prototype shows an output power of 17.2 and 17-dBm at a 1-dB compression point, at 2.45 and 3.5-GHz, respectively, for CW single-mode operation, with a power added efficiency around 20%. System-level analysis predicts that, when the PA is operated under the 20-MHz Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) concurrent signals, the maximum output power levels to maintain the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) within 5% are 11 and 3.5-dBm at 2.45 and 3.5-GHz, respectively. Moreover, new concepts and possible new system architectures for the development of the next generation of the multi-band transceiver front-end will be provided with an extensive system-level evaluation of the amplifier.
Reassessing Mg/Ca temperature calibrations of Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sinistral) using paired δ44/40Ca and Mg/Ca measurements
Authors: Kozdon Reinhard , Eisenhauer Anton , Weinelt Mara , Meland Marius Y. , Nürnberg Dirk
Published: March 2009

The Mg/Ca temperature calibration of the polar to subpolar planktonic foraminifera Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (sinistral) (sinistral indicates left coiling) was refined by a multiproxy approach combining hydrographic temperature and salinity data with Mg/Ca, δ44/40Ca, and δ18O values from Holocene Nordic seas core top samples. Reliable Mg/Ca‐based temperature estimates are limited to foraminiferal tests that calcified in water masses with temperatures above ∼3°C at habitat depth. In these samples, Mg/Ca and δ44/40Ca values are positively correlated (Mg/Ca (mmol/mol) = 0.77 (±0.22) × δ44/40Ca (‰ SRM 915a) + 0.52 (±0.12); n = 20, R2 = 0.76). Both Mg/Ca‐ and δ44/40Ca‐derived temperatures projected onto their corresponding depth intervals reveal that the “apparent” calcification depth of N. pachyderma (sinistral) averaging the specimens' whole life cycle is bound to an isopycnal layer defined by water densities (σt) between 27.7 and 27.8. This implies that N. pachyderma (sinistral) prefers gradually deeper habitats with increasing sea surface temperatures, thus counterbalancing absolute temperature variations. Consequently, the total temperature range recorded in this foraminiferal species is restricted and only partly reflects environmental changes. On the basis of the new Mg/Ca, δ44/40Ca, and δ18O multiproxy data set, we propose a linear Mg/Ca temperature relation for high‐latitude N. pachyderma (sinistral): Mg/Ca (mmol/mol) = 0.13 (±0.037) T (°C) + 0.35 (±0.17); T > 3°C. In core top samples from polar waters with peak summer temperatures below ∼3°C, the temperature response in the Mg/Ca and δ44/40Ca proxy signal is inversed and poorly correlated. Both Mg/Ca‐ and δ44/40Ca‐derived temperature estimates pretend significantly higher calcification temperatures than maximum summer sea surface temperatures of these water masses.
Southern African continental margin: Dynamic processes of a transform margin
Authors: Parsiegla N. , Stankiewicz J. , Gohl K. , Ryberg T. , Uenzelmann‐Neben G.
Published: March 2009

Dynamic processes at sheared margins associated with the formation of sedimentary basins and marginal ridges are poorly understood. The southern African margin provides an excellent opportunity to investigate the deep crustal structure of a transform margin and to characterize processes acting at these margins by studying the Agulhas‐Falkland Fracture Zone, the Outeniqua Basin, and the Diaz Marginal Ridge. To do this, we present the results of the combined seismic land‐sea experiments of the Agulhas‐Karoo Geoscience Transect. Detailed velocity‐depth models show crustal thicknesses varying from ∼42 km beneath the Cape Fold Belt to ∼28 km beneath the shelf. The Agulhas‐Falkland Fracture Zone is embedded in a 50 km wide transitional zone between continental and oceanic crust. The oceanic crust farther south exhibits relatively low average crustal velocities (∼6.0 km/s), which can possibly be attributed to transform‐ridge intersection processes and the thermal effects of the adjacent continental crust during its formation. Crustal stretching factors derived from the velocity‐depth models imply that extension in the Outeniqua Basin acted on regional as well as more local scales. We highlight evidence for two episodes of crustal stretching. The first, with a stretching factor β of 1.6, is interpreted to have influenced the entire Outeniqua Basin. The stresses possibly originated from the beginning breakup between Africa and Antarctica (∼169–155 Ma). The second episode can be associated with a transtensional component of the shear motion along the Agulhas‐Falkland Transform from ∼136 Ma. This episode caused additional crustal stretching with β = 1.3 and is established to only have affected the southern parts of the basin. Crustal velocities directly beneath the Outeniqua Basin are consistent with the interpretation of Cape Supergroup rocks underlying most parts of the basin and the Diaz Marginal Ridge. We propose that the formation of this ridge can be either attributed to a transpressional episode along the Agulhas‐Falkland Transform or, more likely, to thermal uplift accompanying the passage of a spreading ridge to the south.
Sheared flows and small‐scale Alfvén wave generation in the auroral acceleration region
Authors: Asamura K. , Chaston C. C. , Itoh Y. , Fujimoto M. , Sakanoi T. , Ebihara Y. , Yamazaki A. , Hirahara M. , Seki K. , Kasaba Y. , Okada M.
Published: March 2009

Coincident particle and optical measurements from the Reimei spacecraft suggest that sheared flows through an inverted‐V arc may be unstable to the emission of Alfvén waves. The particle measurements reveal time dispersed field‐aligned electron bursts typical of low energy electrons accelerated by inertial Alfvén waves (IAWs). These Alfvén wave accelerated electrons are embedded within multi‐keV inverted‐V electron structures. The optical measurements at the footprint of the inverted‐V structures reveal counter propagating and folded/vortical discrete auroral forms moving with speeds of ∼14–18 km/s. We show that the flow shear inferred from this motion exceeds that required for instability to the emission of Alfvén waves on scales of the order of an electron inertial length. The emission of these waves provides a likely means for driving the low energy dispersed electron bursts we observe.
Temperature dependence of factors controlling isoprene emissions
Authors: Duncan Bryan N. , Yoshida Yasuko , Damon Megan R. , Douglass Anne R. , Witte Jacquelyn C.
Published: March 2009

We investigated the relationship of variability in the formaldehyde (HCHO) columns measured by the Aura Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) to isoprene emissions in the southeastern United States for 2005–2007. The data show that the inferred, regional‐average isoprene emissions varied by about 22% during summer and are well correlated with temperature, which is known to influence emissions. Part of the correlation with temperature is likely associated with other causal factors that are temperature‐dependent. We show that the variations in HCHO are convolved with the temperature dependence of surface ozone, which influences isoprene emissions, and the dependence of the HCHO column to mixed layer height as OMI's sensitivity to HCHO increases with altitude. Furthermore, we show that while there is an association of drought with the variation in HCHO, drought in the southeastern U.S. is convolved with temperature.
Along‐slope variability of barotropic transport in the Nordic Seas: Simplified dynamics tested against observations
Authors: Aaboe S. , Nøst O. A. , Hansen E.
Published: March 2009

The present study combines simple geostrophic considerations and observational data to examine the along‐slope evolution of the barotropic transport following the continental slope in the Nordic Seas and Arctic Ocean. Following geostrophic theory, the transport evolution is calculated from bottom densities in five different transects within the Nordic Seas. This theoretically predicted transport evolution is compared with transports estimated directly from velocity measurements. Between the Faroe‐Shetland Channel and the Svinøy section off southern Norway, across the Fram Strait (below 800 m), and between the Fram Strait and the Greenland Sea the agreement is generally good between geostrophic theory and observations. This indicates that many aspects of the barotropic flow in these regions are captured by geostrophic dynamics. Between the eastern and western Fram Strait above 800 m and between Svinøy and the eastern Fram Strait the observed flow fields differ to a large extent from the flow field predicted by geostrophic dynamics, indicating that ageostrophic dynamics play a more important role in these regions. The barotropic transport differences between the eastern and western Fram Strait contain information about the barotropic transport evolution along the entire Arctic continental slope. The good agreement between observations and theory across the strait (below 800 m) therefore indicates that the flow along the deeper part of the Arctic continental slope is well described by geostrophic dynamics. According to our results, the noticeably more baroclinic nature of the flow in the western Fram Strait, compared with the eastern strait, can then be ascribed to water mass modifications along the Arctic continental slope.
Role of 5′‐ and 3′‐untranslated regions of mRNAs in human diseases
Authors: Chatterjee Sangeeta , Pal Jayanta K.
Published: March 2009

Protein synthesis is often regulated at the level of initiation of translation, making it a critical step. This regulation occurs by both the cis‐regulatory elements, which are located in the 5′‐ and 3′‐UTRs (untranslated regions), and trans‐acting factors. A breakdown in this regulation machinery can perturb cellular metabolism, leading to various physiological abnormalities. The highly structured UTRs, along with features such as GC‐richness, upstream open reading frames and internal ribosome entry sites, significantly influence the rate of translation of mRNAs. In this review, we discuss how changes in the cis‐regulatory sequences of the UTRs, for example, point mutations and truncations, influence expression of specific genes at the level of translation. Such modifications may tilt the physiological balance from healthy to diseased states, resulting in conditions such as hereditary thrombocythaemia, breast cancer, fragile X syndrome, bipolar affective disorder and Alzheimer's disease. This information tends to establish the crucial role of UTRs, perhaps as much as that of coding sequences, in health and disease.
Functional characterization of the early steps of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis and modification in Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough
Authors: Lobo Susana A. L. , Brindley Amanda , Warren Martin J. , Saraiva Lígia M.
Published: March 2009

The biosynthesis of the tetrapyrrole framework has been investigated in the sulfate-reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough by characterization of the enzymes required for the transformation of aminolaevulinic acid into sirohydrochlorin. PBG (porphobilinogen) synthase (HemB) was found to be a zinc-dependent enzyme that exists in its native state as a homohexamer. PBG deaminase (HemC) was shown to contain the dipyrromethane cofactor. Uroporphyrinogen III synthase is found fused with a uroporphyrinogen III methyltransferase (HemD-CobA). Both activities could be demonstrated in this amalgamated protein and the individual enzyme activities were separated by dissecting the relevant gene to allow the production of two distinct proteins. A gene annotated in the genome as a bifunctional precorrin-2 dehydrogenase/sirohydrochlorin ferrochelatase was in fact shown to act only as a dehydrogenase and is simply capable of synthesizing sirohydrochlorin rather than sirohaem. Genome analysis also reveals a lack of any uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase, an enzyme necessary for the classical route to haem synthesis. However, the genome does encode some predicted haem d1 biosynthetic enzymes even though the bacterium does not contain the cd1 nitrite reductase. We suggest that sirohydrochlorin acts as a substrate for haem synthesis using a novel pathway that involves homologues of the d1 biogenesis system. This explains why the uroporphyrinogen III synthase is found fused with the methyltransferase, bypassing the need for uroporphyrinogen III decarboxylase activity.
Magnetization reversal and spin waves in exchange coupled NiFe/Cu/Co nanodisks
Authors: Madami M. , Tacchi S. , Gubbiotti G. , Bonanni V. , Bisero D. , Vavassori P. , Adeyeye A. O. , Goolaup S. , Singh N. , Spezzani C.
Published: March 2009

We present an experimental study of the static and high frequency dynamic properties of NiFe(10 nm)/Cu(tCu)/Co(10 nm) nanometric disks for different values of the Cu spacer thickness (tCu=0.7, 1.2, and 2.0 nm). We found that the exchange interlayer coupling dominates over the dipolar interaction favoring parallel alignment between the two layers of magnetization with formation of vortex states at remanence. Brillouin light scattering technique from thermally excited spin waves was used to estimate the value of the interlayer exchange coupling in the unpatterned NiFe/Cu/Co films as well as to investigate the magnetic normal modes in the corresponding multilayered nanodisks. In the latter case, evidence is given for a discretization of the measured spectrum with reduction in the mode frequency associated to the demagnetizing effect induced by lateral confinement. Micromagnetic simulations indicate that these discrete modes correspond to an in-phase precession of the magnetization in the two ferromagnetic layers while, at variance with the continuous film, no evidence of optical modes is obtained.
A miniature and ultralow power search coil optimized for a 20 mHz to 2 kHz frequency range
Authors: Paperno Eugene , Grosz Asaf
Published: March 2009

We describe the design of a miniature search-coil magnetometer that is optimized in terms of resolution and power consumption for frequencies down to 20 mHz. Our aim is to come close to the size and resolution of fluxgate magnetometers, while reducing the power consumption by at least an order of magnitude. To reach this goal, we attach flux concentrators in the shape of thin disks to a ferrite core, employ an ultralow power, zero 1/f noise preamplifier, and finally optimize the diameters of the coil core and wire. The optimized search coil is of 54 mm length, 30 mm outer diameter, and includes 160 000 turns of a 50 μm copper wire. The coil resistance is 86 kΩ, the self-resonance frequency is 250 Hz, and the total weight is 210 g. Our experimental results are in close agreement with the theoretical calculations. For a power consumption of 5 mW, the coil resolution is 14 pT/√Hz at 1 Hz and reaches 350 fT/√Hz in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 2 kHz. For a power consumption of 0.17 mW, the coil resolution decreases only by 25%. As a result, the new search-coil magnetometer consumes power one to two orders of magnitude less than the commercial fluxgates having similar resolution and size.
Characteristics of microwave oscillations induced by spin transfer torque in a ferromagnetic nanocontact magnetoresistive element
Authors: Suzuki H. , Endo H. , Nakamura T. , Tanaka T. , Doi M. , Hashimoto S. , Fuke H. N. , Takagishi M. , Iwasaki H. , Sahashi M.
Published: March 2009

We have investigated the microwave oscillations due to a spin transfer effect induced by direct current in ferromagnetic nanocontact magnetoresistive (NCMR) elements with a current-perpendicular-to-plane spin-valve structure consisting of an FeCo/FeCo–AlOx nano-oxide layer/FeCo multilayer for the reference/spacer/free layers, respectively. Characteristic microwave oscillations were observed in the NCMR elements at different magnetization states induced by the application of a spin-polarized current, which are considered to be related to the introduction of a ferromagnetic NC to spacer layer (large interlayer coupling) and the resonance concerning the stability of the magnetization states of the free and reference layers around the NCs. A marvelously narrow full width at half maximum (FWHM) of l0–20 MHz is observed under a high applied magnetic field where the reference layer magnetization is slightly off axis relative to the pinned direction. By contrast, a wider FWHM of 80–600 MHz is observed at the magnetization state where the magnetization of the free layer just aligned to the antiparallel configuration against the magnetization of the reference layer. These characteristic results are discussed in terms of a spin dynamics mechanism induced by spin transfer torque in the free and reference layers around NCs.
The water-nitric oxide intermolecular potential-energy surface revisited
Authors: Cybulski Hubert , Żuchowski Piotr S. , Fernández Berta , Sadlej Joanna
Published: March 2009

The two lowest energy intermolecular potential-energy surfaces (IPESs) of the water-nitric oxide complex are evaluated using the spin-restricted coupled-cluster R-CCSD(T) model and the augmented correlation-consistent polarized-valence triple-zeta basis set extended with a set of the 3s3p2d1f1g midbond functions. A detailed characterization of the IPESs for both the A2′ and A2″ electronic states in the Cs-symmetry configurations of the complex is performed. The global minimum for the A2′ state represented by the lowest energy of −461.8 cm−1 is deeper than the global minimum in the A2″ state with an energy of −435.2 cm−1. To explore the physics of the interaction an open-shell implementation of the symmetry-adapted perturbation theory is employed and the results are analyzed as a function of the intermolecular parameters. The electrostatic term shows the strongest geometric anisotropy, while the exchange, induction, and dispersion contributions mostly depend on the intermolecular distance. The energy separation between the A2′ and A2″ states is largely dominated by electrostatic contribution for long intermolecular distances. In the region of short intermolecular distances the exchange part is as important as the electrostatic one and the induction and dispersion effects are also substantial.
Improving the accuracy of the nonlocal van der Waals density functional with minimal empiricism
Authors: Vydrov Oleg A. , Van Voorhis Troy
Published: March 2009

The nonlocal van der Waals density functional (vdW-DF) captures the essential physics of the dispersion interaction not only in the asymptotic regime but also for a general case of overlapping fragment densities. A balanced treatment of other energetic contributions, such as exchange, is crucial if we aim for accurate description of various properties of weakly bound systems. In this paper, the vdW-DF correlation functional is modified to make it better compatible with accurate exchange functionals. We suggest a slightly simplified construction of the nonlocal correlation, yielding more accurate asymptotic C6 coefficients. We also derive a gradient correction, containing a parameter that can be adjusted to suit an exchange functional of choice. We devise a particularly apt combination of exchange and correlation terms, which satisfies many important constraints and performs well for our benchmark tests.
Three-dimensional thin film flow over and around an obstacle on an inclined plane
Authors: Baxter S. J. , Power H. , Cliffe K. A. , Hibberd S.
Published: March 2009

Steady Stokes flow driven by gravity down an inclined plane over and around an attached obstacle is considered. The effects of the obstacle are examined for various flow configurations and results produced for flow over hemispherical obstacles. Comparison is made with previously published papers that assume that the obstacle is small and/or the free surface deflection and disturbance velocity are small. Values for the unit normal and curvature of the free surface are found using both finite difference approximations and Hermitian radial basis function interpolations, with the resulting solutions compared. Free surface profiles for thin film flows over hemispherical obstacles that approach the film surface are produced and the effects of near point singularities considered. All free surface profiles indicate an upstream peak, followed by a trough downstream of the obstacle with the peak decaying in a “horseshoe” shaped surface deformation. Flow profiles are governed by the plane inclination, the Bond number, and the obstacle geometry. An extension of this approach provides a new class of solutions where a thin film flows around a cylindrical obstacle. Notably, the static contact line angle between the free surface and the obstacle is introduced as an extra flow parameter and its effect investigated for a given set of flow parameters and fixed boundary conditions. Solutions are obtained where steady flow profiles can be found both over and around a cylindrical obstacle raising the awareness of possible multiple solutions.
Response to “Comment on ‘Scaling of asymmetric magnetic reconnection: General theory and collisional simulations’ ” [Phys. Plasmas 16, 034701 (2009)]
Authors: Cassak P. A. , Shay M. A.
Published: March 2009

The comment by Semenov et al. has called into question our derivation of the outflow velocity in asymmetric magnetic reconnection. We present three reasons that the analysis presented in the comment is incorrect. Most importantly, the authors of the comment have incorrectly applied results from one-dimensional shock theory to the problem of conservation through a two-dimensional dissipation region. For completeness, we compare their predictions to numerical simulation results, finding that their theory does not describe the data. We conclude the analysis in the comment is without merit.
Differential form valued forms and distributional electromagnetic sources
Authors: Tucker Robin W.
Published: March 2009

Properties of a fundamental double-form of bidegree (p,p) for p≥0 are reviewed in order to establish a distributional framework for analyzing equations of the form ΔΦ(p)+λ2Φ(p)=S(p), where Δ is the Hodge–de Rham operator on p-forms Φ(p) on R3. Particular attention is devoted to singular distributional solutions that arise when the source S(p) is a singular p-form distribution. A constructive approach to Dirac distributions on (moving) submanifolds embedded in R3 is developed in terms of (Leray) forms generated by the geometry of the embedding. This framework offers a useful tool in electromagnetic modeling where the possibly time-dependent sources of certain physical attributes, such as electric charge, electric current, and polarization or magnetization, are concentrated on localized regions in space.
Balanced Hermitian metrics from SU(2)-structures
Authors: Fernández M. , Tomassini A. , Ugarte L. , Villacampa R.
Published: March 2009

We study the intrinsic geometrical structure of hypersurfaces in six-manifolds carrying a balanced Hermitian SU(3)-structure, which we call balanced SU(2)-structure. We provide sufficient conditions, in terms of suitable evolution equations, which imply that a five-manifold with such structure can be isometrically embedded as a hypersurface in a balanced Hermitian SU(3)-manifold. Any five-dimensional compact nilmanifold has an invariant balanced SU(2)-structure, and we show how some of them can be evolved to give new explicit examples of balanced Hermitian SU(3)-structures. Moreover, for n=3,4, we present examples of compact solvmanifolds endowed with a balanced SU(n)-structure such that the corresponding Bismut connection has holonomy equal to SU(n).
A design for monolithic all-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells with a platinized carbon counterelectrode
Authors: Han Hongwei , Bach Udo , Cheng Yi-Bing , Caruso Rachel A. , MacRae Colin
Published: March 2009

The high cost of electricity produced by solar cells compared to electricity from other energy sources is an inhibitor to a more widespread adoption of solar energy. Here a low-cost monolithic all-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) was developed with a platinized carbon counterelectrode. The vacuum pore-filling technique proved to be effective for uniform infiltration of polymer nanocomposite electrolytes into the multilayer thick films. This monolithic design will be used for other solid-state or quasisolid electrolyte material-based DSSC, which allows for the development of stable and low-cost solar cells.
Phosphorus ion implantation in silicon nanocrystals embedded in SiO2
Authors: Murakami Kouichi , Shirakawa Ryota , Tsujimura Masatoshi , Uchida Noriyuki , Fukata Naoki , Hishita Shun-ichi
Published: March 2009

We have investigated phosphorus ion (P+) implantation in Si nanocrystals (SiNCs) embedded in SiO2, in order to clarify the P donor doping effects for photoluminescence (PL) of SiNCs in wide P concentrations ranging in three orders. Some types of defects such as Pb centers were found to remain significantly at the interfaces between SiNCs and the surrounding SiO2 even by high-temperature (1000 °C) annealing of all the samples. Hydrogen atom treatment (HAT) method can efficiently passivate remaining interface defects, leading to significant increase in the intensity of PL arising from the recombination of electron-hole pairs confined in SiNCs, in addition to significant decrease in interface defects with dangling bonds detected by electron spin resonance. From both the results of the P dose dependence before and after HAT, it is found that the amount of remaining defects is higher for samples with SiNCs damaged by implantation with relatively lower P+ doses and then annealed, and that through HAT the observed PL intensity increases surely as the P concentration increases up to a critical concentration. Then it begins to decrease due to Auger nonradiative recombination above the critical concentration which depends on the size of SiNCs. These results suggest an effect of relatively low concentration of P atoms for the enhancement of PL intensity of SiNCs and we present an unconventional idea for explaining it.
Linear decomposition method for approximating arbitrary magnetic field profiles by optimization of discrete electromagnet currents
Authors: Tejero E. M. , Gatling G.
Published: March 2009

A method for approximating arbitrary axial magnetic field profiles for a given solenoidal electromagnet coil array is described. The method casts the individual contributions from each coil as a truncated orthonormal basis for the space within the array. This truncated basis allows for the linear decomposition of an arbitrary profile function, which returns the appropriate currents for each coil to best reproduce the desired profile. We present the mathematical details of the method along with a detailed example of its use. The results from the method are used in a simulation and compared with magnetic field measurements.
Magnetic properties of (ZnO)1/(CuO)1 (001) superlattice
Authors: Zaoui A. , Ferhat M. , Ahuja R.
Published: March 2009

The magnetic properties of (ZnO)1/(CuO)1 (001) superlattice have been investigated by means of ab initio calculations based on spin density functional theory. The ZnO/CuO superlattice is found to be spin polarized, and the calculated band structure suggests a 100% polarization of the conduction carriers. The analysis of the partial density of states reveals that ferromagnetism can be explained here by the strong p-d hybridization of O and Cu.
Observation of ultraviolet emission and effect of surface states on the luminescence from tin oxide nanowires
Authors: Kar Ayan , Stroscio Michael A. , Dutta Mitra , Kumari Jyoti , Meyyappan M.
Published: March 2009

Ultraviolet (UV) and orange emissions have been observed from vapor-liquid-solid grown SnO2 nanowires. From the luminescence, the donor and acceptor binding energies have been estimated. The dependence of the orange luminescence on the diameters of tin oxide nanowires has been observed and the wavelength of the UV luminescence is found to depend on the laser power. Both the shift in the UV and the intensity of the orange luminescence is found to be dependent on the surface states of the tin oxide nanowires.
Spin torque oscillator frequency versus magnetic field angle: The prospect of operation beyond 65 GHz
Authors: Bonetti Stefano , Muduli Pranaba , Mancoff Fred , Åkerman Johan
Published: March 2009

We study the impact of the magnetic field angle on the oscillation frequency of a nanocontact spin torque oscillator (STO) in magnetic fields up to 2.1 T. A model based on a single nonlinear, nonpropagating spin wave mode is found to explain the experimental data. We observe oscillation frequencies as high as 46 GHz in high magnetic fields applied normal to the film plane, and we are able to extrapolate the maximum expected operating frequency to beyond 65 GHz for in-plane magnetic fields. The STO signal remains surprisingly strong at these conditions, which opens up for possible millimeter-wave applications.
Electro-optics of polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystal displays
Authors: Ge Zhibing , Gauza Sebastian , Jiao Meizi , Xianyu Haiqing , Wu Shin-Tson
Published: March 2009

Electro-optics of polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystal displays (BP LCDs) is analyzed and validated experimentally. A numerical model for characterizing and optimizing the electro-optical and display properties of BP LCDs in in-plane switching and fringe field switching cells is developed. The simulated voltage-dependent transmittance curves agree well with the measured results. To lower the operating voltage while keeping a high transmittance, both electrode width and gap, and large Kerr constant make important contributions. A wide-view BP LCD using a single biaxial compensation film is simulated.
Effects of Spectra and Sound Pressure Levels on the Occurrence of the Gap Transfer Illusion
Authors: Kuroda Tsuyoshi , Nakajima Yoshitaka , Tsunashima Shimpei , Yasutake Tatsuro
Published: March 2009

We conducted a series of phenomenological experiments to determine the requirements for the occurrence of the gap transfer illusion in stimulus patterns consisting of harmonic glides. The gap transfer illusion is an auditory phenomenon in which a temporal gap in a long glide is perceived as if it were in a crossing short glide that is physically continuous. We employed stimulus patterns of a long and a short three-harmonic-component glide crossing at their temporal middles, and varied the spectral slope of each glide independently. The gap transfer illusion took place only when the crossing glides had the same spectral slope. To examine whether we could generalise our finding we employed stimulus patterns of the same type and made more types of spectra. The gap transfer illusion took place only when the crossing glides had the same spectrum and the same sound pressure level (SPL) at the crossing point. We also used stimulus patterns consisting of single-component glides, and found that the gap transfer illusion occurred when the long and the short glide had the same intensity, and also when the short glide was somewhat less intense than the long glide. The equality or similarity of spectra and SPLs between crossing glides was crucial for the occurrence of the gap transfer illusion.
The truffle genus Cribbea (Physalacriaceae, Agaricales) in Australia
Authors: Lebel Teresa , Catcheside Pamela S.
Published: March 2009

Australian taxa of the sequestrate genus Cribbea were examined by the use of ITS and nLSU sequences of nuclear rDNA and found to belong to the Physalacriaceae with affinities to Xerula and Oudemansiella. A new species, Cribbea turbinispora P.Catcheside & T.Lebel, from South Australia is described, and the previously described species C. lamellata (J.W.Cribb) A.H.Sm. & D.A.Reid is synonymised under C. gloriosa (D.A.Reid) A.H.Sm. & D.A.Reid. Descriptions and illustrations of the Australian species of Cribbea, including C. gloriosa, C. reticulata (J.W.Cribb) A.H.Sm. & D.A.Reid, C. turbinispora, and descriptions of the ex-Australian taxon C. andina (Speg.) J.E.Wright & E.Horak are presented. A key to all presently described Cribbea species is provided.
Skull and brain of a 300-million-year-old chimaeroid fish revealed by synchrotron holotomography
Authors: Pradel Alan , Langer Max , Maisey John G. , Geffard-Kuriyama Didier , Cloetens Peter , Janvier Philippe , Tafforeau Paul
Published: March 2009

Living cartilaginous fishes, or chondrichthyans, include numerous elasmobranch (sharks and rays) species but only few chimaeroid (ratfish) species. The early history of chimaeroids, or holocephalans, and the modalities of their divergence from elasmobranchs are much debated. During Carboniferous times, 358–300 million years (Myr) ago, they underwent a remarkable evolutionary radiation, with some odd and poorly understood forms, including the enigmatic iniopterygians that were known until now from poorly informative flattened impressions. Here, we report iniopterygian skulls found preserved in 3 dimensions in ≈300-Myr-old concretions from Oklahoma and Kansas. The study was performed by using conventional X-ray microtomography (μCT), as well as absorption-based synchrotron microtomography (SR-μCT) [Tafforeau P, et al. (2006) Applications of X-ray synchrotron microtomography for non-destructive 3D studies of paleontological specimens.Appl Phys A83:95–202] and a new holotomographic approach [Guigay P, Langer M, Boistel R, Cloetens P (2007) Mixed transfer function and transport of intensity approach for phase retrieval in the Fresnel region.Opt Lett32:1617–1619], which revealed their peculiar anatomy. Iniopterygians also share unique characters with living chimaeroids, suggesting that the key chimaeroid skull features were already established 300 Myr ago. Moreover, SR-μCT of an articulated skull revealed a strikingly brain-shaped structure inside the endocranial cavity, which seems to be an exceptional case of soft-tissue mineralization of the brain, presumably as a result of microbially induced postmortem phosphatization. This was imaged with exceptional accuracy by using holotomography, which demonstrates its great potential to image preserved soft parts in dense fossils.