bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential Expression ofIAChannel Subunits Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 in Mouse Visual Cortical Neurons and Synapses
Authors: Burkhalter Andreas , Gonchar Yuri , Mellor Rebecca L. , Nerbonne Jeanne M.
Published: November 2006

In cortical neurons, pore-forming α-subunits of the Kv4 subfamily underlie the fast transient outward K+current (IA). Considerable evidence has accumulated demonstrating specific roles forIAchannels in the generation of individual action potentials and in the regulation of repetitive firing. AlthoughIAchannels are thought to play a role in synaptic processing, little is known about the cell type- and synapse-specific distribution of these channels in cortical circuits. Here, we used immunolabeling with specific antibodies against Kv4.2 and Kv4.3, in combination with GABA immunogold staining, to determine the cellular, subcellular, and synaptic localization of Kv4 channels in the primary visual cortex of mice, in which subsets of pyramidal cells express yellow fluorescent protein. The results show that both Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 are concentrated in layer 1, the bottom of layer 2/3, and in layers 4 and 5/6. In all layers, clusters of Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 immunoreactivity are evident in the membranes of the somata, dendrites, and spines of pyramidal cells and GABAergic interneurons. Electron microscopic analyses revealed that Kv4.2 and Kv4.3 clusters in pyramidal cells and interneurons are excluded from putative excitatory synapses, whereas postsynaptic membranes at GABAergic synapses often contain Kv4.2 and Kv4.3. The presence of Kv4 channels at GABAergic synapses would be expected to weaken inhibition during dendritic depolarization by backpropagating action potentials. The extrasynaptic localization of Kv4 channels near excitatory synapses, in contrast, should stabilize synaptic excitation during dendritic depolarization. Thus, the synapse-specific distribution of Kv4 channels functions to optimize dendritic excitation and the association between presynaptic and postsynaptic activity.
Ca2+Dynamics along Identified Synaptic Terminals inDrosophilaLarvae
Authors: Lnenicka Gregory A. , Grizzaffi Jeffrey , Lee Bomi , Rumpal Nidhi
Published: November 2006

Changes in intracellular Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]i) play an important role in the function and plasticity of synapses. We characterized the changes in [Ca2+]iproduced by action potentials (APs) along two identified motor terminals found on separate muscle fibers inDrosophilalarvae and examined factors that influence the amplitude and duration of the residual Ca2+signal. We were able to measure Ca2+transients produced along terminals by both single APs and AP trains using Oregon Green 488 BAPTA-1 and streaming images at 20–50 Hz. The decay of [Ca2+]iafter single APs or AP trains was well fit by a single exponential. For single APs, the Ca2+transient amplitude and decay rate were similar at boutons and bottleneck regions and much smaller at the axon. Also, the amplitude of single-AP Ca2+transients was inversely correlated with bouton width. During AP trains, the increase in [Ca2+]ibecame more uniform: the difference in boutons and axons was reduced, and the increase in [Ca2+]iwas not correlated with bouton width. The [Ca2+]idecay τ was directly correlated with bouton width for both single APs and AP trains. For one terminal, distal boutons had larger single-AP Ca2+transients than proximal ones, probably attributable to greater Ca2+influx for distal boutons. Pharmacological studies showed that Ca2+clearance from these synaptic terminals after single APs and AP trains was primarily attributable to Ca2+extrusion by the plasma membrane Ca2+ATPase (PMCA). Immunostaining of larval muscle fibers showed high levels of the PMCA at the neuromuscular junction.
Long-Term Neuroadaptations Produced by Withdrawal from Repeated Cocaine Treatment: Role of Dopaminergic Receptors in Modulating Cortical Excitability
Authors: Nogueira Lourdes , Kalivas Peter W. , Lavin Antonieta
Published: November 2006

Dopamine (DA) modulates neuronal activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and is necessary for optimal cognitive function. Dopamine transmission in the PFC is also important for the behavioral adaptations produced by repeated exposure to cocaine. Therefore, we investigated the effects of repeated cocaine treatment followed by withdrawal (2–4 weeks) on the responsivity of cortical cells to electrical stimulation of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and to systemic administration of DA D1or D2receptor antagonists. Cortical cells in cocaine- and saline-treated animals exhibited a similar decrease in excitability after the administration of D1receptor antagonists. In contrast, cortical neurons from cocaine-treated rats exhibited a lack of D2-mediated regulation relative to saline rats. Furthermore, in contrast to saline-treated animals, VTA stimulation did not increase cortical excitability in the cocaine group. These data suggest that withdrawal from repeated cocaine administration elicits some long-term neuroadaptations in the PFC, including (1) reduced D2-mediated regulation of cortical excitability, (2) reduced responsivity of cortical cells to phasic increases in DA, and (3) a trend toward an overall decrease in excitability of PFC neurons.
Biophysical Model of AMPA Receptor Trafficking and Its Regulation during Long-Term Potentiation/Long-Term Depression
Authors: Earnshaw Berton A. , Bressloff Paul C.
Published: November 2006

AMPA receptors mediate the majority of fast excitatory synaptic transmission in the CNS, and evidence suggests that AMPA receptor trafficking regulates synaptic strength, a phenomenon implicated in learning and memory. There are two major mechanisms of AMPA receptor trafficking: exocytic/endocytic exchange of surface receptors with intracellular receptor pools, and the lateral diffusion or hopping of surface receptors between the postsynaptic density and the surrounding extrasynaptic membrane. In this paper, we present a biophysical model of these trafficking mechanisms under basal conditions and during the expression of long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD). We show how our model reproduces a wide range of physiological data, and use this to make predictions regarding possible targets of second-messenger pathways activated during the induction phase of LTP/LTD.
Diplomacy, Domestic Politics, and the U.S.-India Nuclear Agreement
Authors: Mistry Dinshaw
Published: November 2006

This article examines the U.S.-India agreement allowing the transfer of civilian nuclear technology to India and the manner in which domestic politics affected the implementation of the agreement.
Inedible Edibles: The Artwork of Lotje de Lussanet
Authors: coleman catherine
Published: November 2006

Lussanet constructs giant-sized sculptures of fruit and flowers using the technique of papier-mache and painting them brilliant colors with her own finely ground pigment. She uses materials from the fallas (Valencia) popular floats. These organic forms create a dream world in a natural setting, whether displayed indoors or outdoors. She has choreographed performances with actors manipulating her sculptural pieces, where the landscape plays a prominent role and the natural elements are key players. She is currently working on a larger project called "A World of Choice," based on Hieronymus Bosch's The Garden of Earthly Delights. Her employment of distortion of scale, brilliant color and illogical juxtaposition creates a visual imagery that instills a conscientious respect for our environment and healthy food choices. Life is both fragile and strong like these paper fruits.
Use of waste tyre bales to construct a flood embankment
Authors: Bo M. W. , Yarde A.
Published: November 2006

A case study in the use of tyre bales in the design of a UK flood embankment is presented and the legal, technical and environmental issues are briefly discussed. A few major risks in the use of tyre bales in a flood prevention embankment—such as possible buoyancy of the tyre bale under water, possible piping of underlying soil and overlying capping soils due to their extremely high permeability, possible rebound of the bales upon release or deterioration of metal ties, release of unacceptable leachate to the controlled water from old tyres—were taken into consideration in the design stage and necessary steps and precautions were adopted. The use of tyre bales on the project provided a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable solution and has potentially paved the way for other applications. The pilot project scheme, which is now complete, has used around 1 million tyres, which is approximately 10% of the total number of tyres that would normally go to landfill in any one year in the UK.
Architect and contractor attitudes to waste minimisation
Authors: Osmani M. , Glass J. , Price A.
Published: November 2006

Around 420 million t of materials are used each year in the construction industry in the UK; however, only 360 million t are incorporated into products. Additionally, construction and demolition activities in the UK generated more than 150 million t of waste in 1998 comprising 40% from the manufacture of products and 60% from site-based activities, including an estimated 13 million t of unused materials. Research has been undertaken to assess UK architects'p and contractors' attitudes towards waste minimisation, by investigating the integration of waste minimisation strategies into current design processes, examining contractors' existing waste management practices and establishing responsibilities for, and barriers to, managing waste minimisation. A questionnaire survey based on specific and interrelated organisational waste minimisation issues was conducted with architects and contractors and revealed that very few attempts are made to reduce waste during the design process. On the other hand, the results show that contractors are pursuing a more proactive approach to manage on-site waste production through the development of environmental and waste management policies. The results reveal that poorly defined responsibilities are leading to confusion regarding who should control and monitor waste management. Both architects and contractors are constrained by internal and external factors, such as ‘waste accepted as inevitable’ and lack of interest from clients.
Using recycled construction waste as aggregates for paving blocks
Authors: Chan D. , Poon C. S.
Published: November 2006

The use of paving blocks made from recycled materials, in particular recycled concrete aggregate derived from demolition waste streams, has gained a wider acceptance in Hong Kong. However, the use of wastes generated from building activities is generally considered unsuitable for this application. This paper describes a study on the use of construction waste in the production of paving blocks for residential applications. Construction waste (concrete rubble, clay brick, low-quality and high-quality ceramic tiles, lightweight blocks, concrete masonry blocks, timber and bamboo) was crushed into fine aggregate prior to production of the paving blocks. The density, compressive strength, breaking load, modulus of rupture and water absorption were measured for these laboratory-prepared paving blocks. The results were compared with those from control paving blocks fabricated using river sand. The influence of iron oxide pigment on the properties of the paving blocks was determined. The weathering properties of the paving blocks prepared with recycled materials were also assessed. The results indicate that it is feasible to recycle building site waste for use in paving block production, but the inclusion of lightweight materials should be avoided or limited. Based on the findings, limits of different waste materials allowed in paving block production are recommended.
A Test of Taxonomic Predictivity: Resistance to White Mold in Wild Relatives of Cultivated Potato
Authors: Jansky Shelley H. , Simon Reinhard , Spooner David M.
Published: November 2006

A major justification for taxonomic research is its assumed ability to predict the presence of traits in a group for which the trait has been observed in a representative subset of the group. Taxonomy is regularly used by breeders interested in choosing potential sources of disease‐resistant germplasm for cultivar improvement. We designed this study as an empirical test of prediction by associating resistance to white mold [caused by the fungal pathogenSclerotinia sclerotiorum(Lib.) de Bary] to diverse potato (Solanumspp.) taxonomies and biogeography, using 144 accessions of 34 wild relatives of potato inSolanumsectionsPetotaandEtuberosumTremendous variation for resistance to white mold occurs both within and among species. No consistent association was observed between white mold resistance and taxonomic series (based on a phenetic concept), clades (based on a cladistic concept), ploidy, breeding system, geographic distance, or climate parameters. Species and individual accessions with high proportions of white‐mold‐resistant plants have been identified in this study, but both often exhibit extensive variation and designation of either as resistant or susceptible must take this variation into account. Therefore, taxonomic relationships and ecogeographic data cannot be reliably used to predict where additional sources of white mold resistance genes will be found.
Characterization and Mapping of a Crown Rust Resistance Gene Complex(Pc58) in TAM O‐301
Authors: Hoffman D. L. , Chong J. , Jackson E. W. , Obert D. E.
Published: November 2006

Crown rust of cultivated oat (Avena sativa L.) caused byPuccinia coronata Corda f. sp.avenae Eriks, causes yield loss, reduction in test weight, and increased lodging. Genetic resistance is the most desirable method to control the disease. ‘TAM O‐301’, a cultivar released by the Texas A&M oat‐breeding program in 1973, has crown rust resistance, subsequently namedPc58. The main objectives of this study were to characterizePc58 in TAM O‐301 using an F6:7 recombinant inbred (RI) population of the ‘Ogle’ × TAM O‐301 cross and to map thePc58 resistance. Six crown rust isolates, avirulent on TAM O‐301 and virulent on Ogle, were used to test the parents and RI population. Genetic analyses of the segregation data to each of the six isolates indicated that the resistance was conditioned by three genes within a 41.0‐cM region. The resistance genes were mapped to linkage groups OT32 and OT33 in the published molecular linkage map of Ogle × TAM O‐301. This research has provided new information on thePc58 resistance gene complex that should facilitate new marker and germplasm development.
Mineral Distributions in Milling Fractions of Low Phytic Acid Wheat
Authors: Guttieri M. J. , Peterson K. M. , Souza E. J.
Published: November 2006

Low phytic acid (LPA) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one approach to improving nutritional quality of wheat by reducing the major storage form of P and increasing the level of inorganic P (Pi), which is more readily absorbed by humans and other monogastric animals. A LPA mutant of wheat, designated Js‐12‐LPA was isolated following mutagenesis. LPA and wild‐type (WT) sib selections of hard red spring wheat families with the pedigree ‘Grandin’*4/Js‐12‐LPA were grown in replicated field trials in 2003 and 2004. Grain was milled on an experimental mill, and the distribution of P, phytic acid P (PAP), and Pi was measured in milling fractions. Mineral concentrations also were determined. LPA selections had elevated concentrations of Pi and Mg in flour fractions. The concentration of Pi in LPA flour was three times the concentration in WT flour, and Mg concentration in LPA flour was 25% greater than in WT flour. Therefore, P and Mg in LPA wheat appear to be redistributed within the kernel. The increase in Pi is similar to that observed for other LPA mutants and should improve the mineral nutrition of monogastric animals fed whole grain LPA wheat. As most wheat is milled for flour and bran, the detailed distribution of minerals in the LPA wheat should assist geneticists and nutritionists in assessing the value of this mutation.
ELISA Analysis for Fusarium in Barley: Development of Methodology and Field Assessment
Authors: Hill N. S. , Schwarz P. , Dahleen L. S. , Neate S. M. , Horsley R. , Glenn A. E. , O'Donnell K.
Published: November 2006

Evaluating Fusarium head blight (FHB) involves inoculating barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) with Fusarium graminearum Schwabe [teleomorph Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch] followed by visual observation of disease and analysis for deoxynivalenol (DON). Disease symptoms and DON are not always correlated because both are affected by environmental variables. The objective of this study was to develop an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for quantification of FHB in barley. Antibodies to F. graminearum were tested for reaction with other Fusarium spp. Antibodies from cell line IF8 reacted with Fusarium spp. tested, but not other Ascomycota. The ELISA method was developed using seed lots with no, low, and high levels of DON. Quantity of seed, volume of extraction buffer, and agitation time were tested and Fusarium quantified with ELISA. Five genotypes each for high, medium, and low ELISA values were selected from a field experiment using a doubled‐haploid mapping population in 2003. The lines were grown in 2004 and scored for FHB, DON, and ELISA. ELISA had lower error than FHB or DON. Lines selected for low, medium, and high ELISA in 2003 had low, medium, and high ELISA values in 2004. ELISA and DON were correlated in both field experiments (r = 0.51). ELISA and DON were correlated (r = 0.71) in samples selected from grain elevators in 1993 through 2003 indicating naturally occurring Fusarium spp. outside the B clade had no effect on the performance of the ELISA analysis.
Association of Root‐Knot Nematode Resistance Genes with Simple Sequence Repeat Markers on Two Chromosomes in Cotton
Authors: Ynturi Pavathi , Jenkins Johnie N. , McCarty Jack C. , Gutierrez Osman A. , Saha Sukumar
Published: November 2006

Breeding for root‐knot nematode (RKN) [Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood] resistance in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is hindered by intensive screening procedures. Identification of DNA markers associated with RKN resistance would provide tools for marker‐assisted selection (MAS). The objective of this study was to identify DNA markers associated with RKN resistance and associate these with chromosomes. Parents and an F2 population from a cross of resistant near isoline (RNIL) × susceptible near isoline (SNIL) were grown in a greenhouse, inoculated with RKN eggs, and scored for gall index, followed by genotyping with simple sequence repeats (SSRs). The source of the resistance was from the Auburn 634 line. Genotype analysis was conducted on 86 F2 plants with nine polymorphic SSR markers. Additive dominance model analysis showed that Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) SSR markers BNL 3661, 3644, 3545, and 1231 accounted for 21, 19, 12, and 11% of the variation in gall index, respectively. BNL 3661 and 1231 together accounted for 31% of the variation in gall index. BNL 3661 had significant additive and dominant genetic effects of 0.61 and 0.50, respectively. BNL 1231 had significant additive genetic effects of 0.51 and no dominant effects. BNL 3661, 3544, and 3645 were linked and these markers were located on the short arm of chromosome 14. BNL 1231 is located on the long arm of chromosome 11. The association of two different chromosomes with RKN resistance suggests at least two genes are involved in RKN gall score in the cross studied.
Nitrogen removal from dilute wastewater in cold climate using moving‐bed biofilm reactors
Authors: Rusten Bjørn , Hem Lars J. , Ødegaard Hallvard
Published: November 2006

A moving‐bed biofilm reactor has been developed, where the biofilm grows on small, free‐floating plastic elements with a large surface area and a density slightly less than 1.0 g/cm3. Nitrogen removal, based on nitrification and denitrification, was studied in a pilot plant with an active, specific biofilm surface area of approximately 310 m2/m3. Temperatures ranged from 7 to 18°C, and untreated wastewater had concentrations typically less than 100 mg soluble chemical oxygen demand (COD)/L and 25 mg total N/L. Both predenitrification, using untreated wastewater as carbon source, and post‐denitrification of pre‐precipitated wastewater, using acetate as an external carbon source, were examined. The predenitrification process was carbon limited, and only 50% to 70% total N removal was obtained, at a recirculation ratio of approximately 2.0 and a total empty bed hydraulic residence time of approximately 6 hours in the biofilm reactors. With post‐denitrification and an external carbon source, 80% to 90% total N removal could easily be reached at total empty bed hydraulic residence times less than 3 hours.
Effect of turbulence on volatilization of selected organic compounds from water
Authors: Peng Jian , Bewtra Jatinder K. , Biswas Nihar
Published: November 2006

Volatilization of selected organic compounds, with Henry's law constant larger than 10−3 atm‐m3/mole, from water under turbulent conditions has been studied. Surface area:volume ratio and water‐bulk turbulent intensity were the two major parameters that varied in the experiments. A model based on idealized surface renewal process is proposed. Based on this model, an equation incorporating the surface area:volume ratio and turbulent intensity (expressed in terms of the velocity gradient, G) is derived by solving appropriate mass‐transfer differential equations. The derived model has been calibrated and verified with the experimental results. Both the theoretical model and the experimental results confirm that the volatilization of high‐volatility compounds from water into air follows first‐order kinetics with respect to the chemical concentration in water‐bulk phase. The volatilization rate constant is found to be proportional to the surface area:volume ratio. It is also observed that the turbulent intensity in the water phase is an important parameter in controlling the volatilization of chemicals from the water.
Activated carbon and synthetic resins as support material for methanogenic phenol‐degrading consortia—Comparison of phenol‐degrading activities
Authors: Kindzierski Warren B. , Fedorak Phillip M. , Gray Murray R. , Hrudey Steve E.
Published: November 2006

Serum bottle experiments were conducted to investigate the roles that activated carbon and two ion‐exchange resins performed as support material in methanogenic phenol‐degrading cultures. The consortium associated with activated carbon was able to degrade phenol that had been adsorbed to the carbon, demonstrating bioregeneration. Supernatant samples withdrawn from these cultures over a 90‐day period contained an active phenol‐degrading population, indicating that the colonized‐activated carbon continuously shed significant amounts of active biomass. The cation‐exchange resin did not serve as a suitable support material for microbial colonization. The anion‐exchange resin possessed the largest pore volume and sheltered surface area accessible to a microbial population. The phenol‐degrading activity of biomass associated with this resin continued to increase throughout the 85‐day incubation period. Supernatant withdrawn from these cultures was less efficient at removing phenol than the supernatant from the activated carbon‐containing cultures, suggesting that the consortium was still growing and being retained on the resin.
Bioremediation of water contaminated with jet fuel‐4 in a modified sequencing batch reactor
Authors: Yocum Paul S. , Irvine Robert L. , Bumpus John A.
Published: November 2006

Various in situ or pump and treat systems are used for the remediation and/or containment of groundwater. Tougher air pollution regulations have mandated the implementation of pump and treat strategies that minimize losses of organic compounds because of uncontrolled air stripping. A modified bench‐scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was intermittently closed to test its flexibility and applicability as a system for the treatment of Jet Fuel‐4 (JP‐4)‐contaminated groundwater associated with free product recovery. The SBR was operated for 180 days on JP‐4‐contaminated water that contained high concentrations of monoaromatic hydrocarbons. Typically, the effluent contained less than 50 μg/L of total petroleum hydrocarbons with much lower levels for the benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, and xylenes and met the discharge levels required by most state regulatory agencies.
◇ at Mahlo cardinals
Authors: Zeman Martin
Published: November 2006

Given a Mahlo cardinal k and a regular ε such that ω1 < ε < k we show that ◇k(cf = ε) holds in V provided that there are only non-stationarily many β < k with o(β) ≥ ε in K.
Condition suffisante pour que l'entropie différentielle soit < ∞
Authors: Blais Michel
Published: November 2006

We give a sufficient condition which implies that differential entropy is < ∞.
Samuel Butler's Rise to Fame
Authors: Holt Lee Elbert
Published: November 2006

Samuel Butler, the author of The Way of All Flesh, consoled himself during his life for his poor success as a writer with the thought that some day he would come into his own. In order to make certain that his books might be read, he annotated and explained his leading ideas carefully and cleared the way for his future readers. The course of events has shown that he was quite right in expecting his work to interest later generations. He has actually received almost as much attention from critics, students of literature, and readers as the most famous of his contemporaries. At the present time his position among the important writers of Victorian England is assured. What caused this growth of his reputation? Starting at the time of Butler's death, this article will summarize the critical comment on his work up to the point of his greatest popularity in order to supply the material necessary to an explanation of his rise to fame.
Milton's Ideal Day: Its Development as a Pastoral Theme
Authors: Watson Sara Ruth
Published: November 2006

Two of the dominant motives in pastoral literature are the “come-live-with-me” theme, which offers to the loved one as inducements gifts generally of a pastoral nature, and the ideal of the “golden age,” which is based upon a personal desire for a patterned idyllic life. The former has been carefully traced by R. S. Forsythe, but the latter has lain neglected in spite of the fact that two of the best known lyrics in the language, Milton's L'Allegro and Il Penseroso, utilize this theme. It is the purpose of this paper to demonstrate that the description of the ideal day is a significant and deeply rooted theme which developed gradually during the whole course of the pastoral tradition. Milton's two days derive from this evolution rather than from a few scattered lyrics which immediately preceded his work, as is generally stated.
The Etymology of Dragoon
Authors: Kurrelmeyer W.
Published: November 2006

The etymologists of the various modern languages are practically agreed in tracing back the word for dragoon, usually through the medium of the French dragon, to Latin draco, draconem. The Deutsches Wörterbuch of the Grimms has the following definition of Dragoner:

leichter reiter, der ein feuergewehr hat und auch zu fuß fechten muß: ursprünglich ein fußsoldat der sich des pferds bloß zum schnellen fortkommen bedient. franz. dragon, ital. dragone, dän. dragon, böhm. dragon dragaun. ohne zweifel findet eine beziehung auf drache statt, die aber nicht bekannt ist. die draconarii des Vegetius, auf deren standarte sich ein drache befand, sollen anlaß zu der benennung gegeben haben ... als die ersten dragoner betrachtet man die landsknechte und fußsoldaten, welche der prinz von Parma, als er 1582 die schlacht bei Gent liefern wollte, auf packpferden mit der reiterei voraus gehen ließ, um die nachhut des feindes anzugreifen. andere glauben graf Ernst von Mansfeld habe sie im dreißigjährigen krieg erfunden . . .
The Mexican Background of Alarcón
Authors: Schons Dorothy
Published: November 2006

It is generally conceded that what differentiates the best work of Alarcón from that of his contemporaries in Spain is the serious moral purpose and the very practical code of morality that he develops. His best plays are also marked by realism of plot and characterization. They are, moreover, remarkably clean and free from objectionable elements. This is the spirit of his best plays and this is the spirit, too, of sixteenth-century Mexico as he knew it.
Lord Byron as Rinaldo
Authors: Erdman David V.
Published: November 2006

In identifying Lady Oxford as Byron's political “tutelar genius” of 1813, as the “woman, who, amid all her fascination, always urged a man to usefulness or glory,” I have brought to light a certain speciousness in the interpretation accepted by Byron's biographers of his liaison with Jane Elizabeth Scott, Lady Oxford, as simply comparable to the story of Rinaldo overcome by indolence in the “Bower of Armida.” Miss Mayne and M. Maurois and even Miss Raymond have somehow overlooked the fact that Lady Oxford was a pupil of Home Tooke, the Reform “agitator” (to use Byron's admiring term), was sometime mistress and lifelong political “genius” of the Radical spokesman, Sir Francis Burdett—was, in short, a woman who did not content herself with “soothing” and enchanting Byron but rather “always” pressed him on “senatorial duties” and endeavored to make him an advocate “particularly in the cause of weakness.” Eywood was a pleasant bower, but Jane, it turns out, was not Armida—though Byron, eager to realize that dream of Tasso he had always cherished, took a cue from the picture of Armida and Rinaldo which she had hung in his room and let his fancy feed on the intensity of the passion which she inspired and “returned with equal ardour,” for the time preferring her sorcery to “parliamentary mummeries” of doubtful value in which she was urging him to engage. Byron liked her politics, but he wanted to escape politics for a while. He did not wish to think himself attached to her party, nor to any party. Similar conflicting emotions troubled Byron's dramatic hero Sardanapalus when his lovely Myrrha said, “I think the present is the wonted hour / Of council....”
How Victor Hugo Created the Characters of Notre-Dame de Paris
Authors: Moore Olin H.
Published: November 2006

My purpose is to trace the evolution of the chief characters of Noire-Dame de Paris, with particular reference to the often neglected evidence of the author's notes and manuscript changes. Fortunately, the reliquat for this novel is exceptionally copious, including two general scenarios, which have been dated tentatively 1828 and 1830; several briefer outlines which apparently were intended as special scenarios for scenes or chapters; and approximately one hundred pages of fragments. It is thus evident from the outset that Notre-Dame de Paris, like les Misérables, was really the fruit of extensive preparation, even though the final version was completed under the lash in four and one-half months. In fact, contrary to a current school of opinion, the very “rapidité inconcevable” with which Victor Hugo occasionally wrote was apt to be the result, not the paradox, of a “longue élaboration.”
A Check-List of Original Neo-Latin Dramas by Continental Writers Printed Before 1650
Authors: Bradner Leicester
Published: November 2006

The following list is meant to be a useful tool in locating authors and copies of books; it is not a complete bibliography of all editions. In most cases only the earliest ones available have been noted. Modern editions of separate plays have been listed when found, but modern editions of the works of the various authors have not been included. For Latin plays written by Englishmen, including those printed on the Continent, see Alfred Harbage's “Census of Anglo-Latin Plays,” PMLA, liii, 624–629.
Who Was Morgan Odoherty?
Authors: Wardle Ralph M.
Published: November 2006

Morgan Odoherty, the mythical Irishman who contributed to Blackwood's Magazine in its salad days, is usually—and correctly—acknowledged to have been the creation of Captain Thomas Hamilton. Yet he is almost always identified with Dr. William Maginn, the sprightly contributor from Cork who reprinted several Blackwood Odoherty articles as his own and later used the pseudonym in articles for Fraser's Magazine. Maginn has, accordingly, been praised and damned for many an article in which he had no part. The letters which he wrote to William Blackwood prove that he was only one of many who contributed Odoherty-signed articles. And although as years passed he wrote a larger and larger share of them, he never completely preempted the pseudonym.
What Poe Knew About Cryptography
Authors: Wimsatt W. K.
Published: November 2006

No one really believed in the authenticity of the answers,” complained Poe. “People will not believe I really decipher the puzzles.” But Poe did decipher the puzzles—that is, he really read a good many cryptograms of a certain simple type. Even the most recent biographers of Poe might be surprised to learn how many cryptograms were sent to him from time to time, and how many he solved or nearly solved. Some of the evidence has been published or cited but not much of it ever in one place, and much of it has been left hidden, especially that part which reveals the limitations of Poe as cryptographer. A large part was not available until September 1941, when the American Antiquarian Society acquired a file of the long-sought Alexander's Weekly Messenger for 1840.
Sylphs and Other Elemental Beings in French Literature since Le Comte de Gabalis (1670)
Authors: Seeber Edward D.
Published: November 2006

Over the centuries, a varying but persistent interest in magic and the occult sciences has reached, by way of devious paths, the culture and literature of Western Europe. In France, the vigor of this natural human bent was manifest even during the Age of Reason; Swedenborgians, Rosicrucians, martinistes, and Freemasons, together with a host of educated persons with no particular philosophical alliances, became pleasurably entangled in what Diderot disdainfully termed “ce tissu indigeste et ridicule de suppositions.“ “Le culte du merveilleux,” says a historian of that period, Constantin Bila, “n'épargnait aucune classe de la société.” The heightened interest in the marvelous, the supernatural, and the fantastic throughout the Romantic Period and the later nineteenth century is, of course, familiar.
Preciosité Crosses the Atlantic
Authors: Haviland Thomas P.
Published: November 2006

The indebtedness of our earliest American fiction to old world models has been made plain on numerous occasions. The Power of Sympathy, commonly regarded as our first novel, and the works which immediately followed, obviously owe much to Samuel Richardson; our earliest professional novelist, Charles Brockden Brown, has been branded at once a disciple of Godwin—his Arthur Mervyn a lineal descendent of Caleb Williams—and a member of the Gothic School. Sterne's name, and the influence of his Shandean sensibility this side the water, have been bruited about. Yet, so far, one immediate and important source, the French Heroic Romance—those great folios of Scudéry, Gomberville, La Calprenède, and their compeers, translated, imitated, and avidly read in the mother country—has been almost totally overlooked.
Mass Education and the Individual
Authors: Schevill Rudolph
Published: November 2006

Innumerable essays are being written on the uncertain future of the humanities, and on the obscure fate of a liberal education in the post-war world. The good intentions of the authors are clear, although their arguments are mingled with much idealism and not a few pious hopes. Those of us who deal with modern languages and their literatures gladly applaud whenever the importance of our field is vigorously upheld in public. We are sufficiently convinced of our educational significance to be willing to hang together in a common defense of our existence, and there is no need of repeating the commonplace burden of our song, that we are worth salvaging for the world after the war. But mere idealistic arguments leave us without a planned working program of effective intervention in that future, although the urgency of improvement in language teaching is clear to us all.
The Four Daughters of God in the Gesta Romanorum and the Court of Sapience
Authors: Immaculate Mary
Published: November 2006

The medieval version of the Four Daughters of God which exerted a wider influence than any other recension of Saint Bernard's famous allegory has been overlooked in literary investigations of the theme. For the sake of convenience one might refer to this work in Latin prose as the Rex et Famulus. At the end of the volume containing one of its manuscripts, an ascription in a hand of the fourteenth century assigns the authorship of the entire collection to one Peter of Poitiers, whom Hauréau identifies as a monk living at Saint-Victor at the beginning of the thirteenth century. Since three contemporary medieval writers are known to have borne this name, I shall refer to the supposed author as Peter of Saint-Victor.
The Art of the Flashlight: Violent Technique in Les Rougon-Macquart
Authors: Wenger Jared
Published: November 2006

The average man pictures Zola as a writer of brutal novels, the patron-saint of all novelists labelled by present-day critics as naturalistic, vigorous, earthy, bestial, or disgusting. This much is obvious: any reader who scans the Rougon-Macquart cycle for violent effects finds a profusion of them in every one of the twenty novels. Certain readers, however, feel that Zola's violence, no matter how obvious, is not entirely banal and is worthy, even, of careful study. Let us begin, therefore, by jotting down, in correct order and without regard for squeamish tastes, the really brutal moments of the series. A list of them resembles strikingly, at first glance, the programs of old melodrama. Perhaps, like such programs, our list also should be printed in various sensational sizes of type; for, as we shall see later on, Zola's work has distinct affinities with the melodrama. At any rate, here, in tabloid fashion, are the incidents we propose to study.
The Exeter Scribe and the Unity of the Crist
Authors: Philip Augustine
Published: November 2006

The view that the first three pieces in the Exeter Book really constitute a single poem was first put forward in 1853 by Franz Dietrich who, as a convenient designation for the texts which he had thus joined together, called them der Crist, a title which was adopted by Grein in 1857 in his Bibliothek der angelsächsischen Poesie and has been employed by subsequent scholars generally.
The Orthoëpy of the Holographic Comedias of Tirso de Molina
Authors: Wade Gerald E.
Published: November 2006

So far as is now known, only two comedias from the pen of Tirso de Molina have survived in holographic form; they are the first and the third parts of the Sancta Juanna trilogy. In the study to follow, the two comedias will be investigated in their orthoëpic aspects. The findings may serve as a check on those discovered by previous investigators in texts which are not in holographic form. Some years ago Mr. Morley published a study of the orthoëpy of five of Lope's plays. The present investigation resembles that of Mr. Morley, and the excellent outline which he developed for his compilation is followed below; the deliberate parallelism of our procedure with his facilitates comparison between Tirso and Lope in the matter under discussion. In Part I there will be presented a tabulation which concerns the individual word with its various combinations of vowels, weak and strong, tonic and atonic, in pretonic, tonic or post-tonic syllables, in diphthong, dieresis, syneresis or bisyllabism. In Part II of the compilation there is offered a consideration of the combinations of the words in synalepha or hiatus under varying conditions.
The Theme of “Stratonice” in the Drama of the Spanish Peninsula
Authors: Kennedy Ruth Lee
Published: November 2006

In a day when psychiatry, easy divorce, and the “lie-detector” are integral parts of our civilization, it can hardly be inappropriate to recall to the scholarly public the history of Seleucus, Antiochus, and Stratonice. This story, which affords interesting parallels to our own epoch, has appeared at intervals in most of the theatres of western Europe, and in Spain, at least, its recurrence would seem to form an interesting example of literary Strömungen.
La Chronologie des Orientales de Victor Hugo
Authors: Glenn Robert C.
Published: November 2006

On a beaucoup discuté l'influence de Sainte-Beuve sur Victor Hugo dans le domaine de la métrique, influence qui d'après quelques critiques se trouve bien marquée dans les Orientales de Victor Hugo, publiées en janvier 1829. Sainte-Beuve qui fit la connaissance de Hugo vers la fin de janvier 1827 étudiait depuis le mois d'août 1826 en vue d'un concours proposé par l'Académie, “l'histoire de la langue et de la littérature française, depuis le commencement du XVIe siècle.” Ce fut de ce travail que sortit le célèbre Tableau historique et critique de la poésie française et du Théâtre français au XVIe siècle, paru d'abord, à partir de juillet 1827, dans le Globe et ensuite en librairie, en août 1828. Comme chacun sait, cet ouvrage révéla aux romantiques les richesses des poètes de la Pléiade.
Margaret Bellasys' “Characterismes of Vices”
Authors: Ennis Lambert
Published: November 2006

The duodecimo volume which is known in the British Museum as Additional MS 10,309 comprises 155 folio sheets, closely written on both sides. It is completely filled with written matter, all in the same hand but showing the gradual variation in handwriting that would normally occur in one person with the passage of time. That the filling of the book took several years, is made more apparent by the wide range of interests shown in its contents.
An Early Model for Smart's a Song to David
Authors: Brittain Robert E.
Published: November 2006

During a recent exchange of notes regarding our separate studies of Christopher Smart, Professor E. G. Ainsworth, Jr., of the University of Missouri, has called my attention in a query to an unsigned poem entitled “The Benedicite Paraphrased,” which appeared in Dodsley's The Museum, or Literary and Historical Register on December 6, 1746 (ii, 182). A detailed study of the poem has convinced me that it is Smart's work. If this attribution be accepted, the poem is of the first importance, for it must alter rather completely our view of Smart's career.
The Structure of “L'Éducation Sentimentale” and “Der Grüne Heinrich”
Authors: Furst Norbert
Published: November 2006

It should not be inappropriate to compare two contemporary novels of approximately the following description: One novel relates the disillusions of a young provincial in Paris, the other the disillusions of a small-town man in Munich. The two novels center around the historic period of 1848. The two heroes have literary and artistic gifts, but prove more or less failures. Each of the two young men becomes interested in four women and each is incapable of making a definite choice for himself. Each fights a duel, exactly in the middle of the novel, and nobody knows exactly why. The two novels give practically complete life-stories of the extravagant heroes, and give into the bargain a full—if sometimes disguised—account of the authors' views on painting, literature, philosophy, religion, and politics.
Un Motif de la poésie amoureuse au XVIe siècle
Authors: Françon Marcel
Published: November 2006

Amusés, les historiens et les critiques ont souvent prêté quelques moments d'attention à la Puce de Mme. Desroches. Se sont-ils toujours doutés que cette puce appartînt à un cycle assez riche: poèmes (et chansons) où l'auteur fait le vœu d‘être changé en quelque chose qui touche la femme aimée, ou dont elle use, ou qui la reflète: non seulement puce ou mouche, mais gants, collier, miroir, ...? On chantait, nous dit-on, voici cinquante ans: “Je voudrais être La Fleur novelle/De son chapeau.” Des couplets comiques mettaient en scène, au commencement du XIXe siècle, un Suisse allemand, un peu lourdaud, qui déclarait à sa belle, en mauvais français: “Moi, je voudrais être une mouche/Pour voler sur ta belle front.” On ferait un livre sur ce simple thème. Qu'il nous suffise d‘étudier quelques exemples.
Washington Irving's Friend and Collaborator: Barham John Livius, Esq.
Authors: Reichart Walter A.
Published: November 2006

Research concerning the various aspects of the life and work of Washington Irving has found its final expression in Professor Williams' monumental biography. In these volumes and in a subsequent Journal much light is shed upon Irving's acquaintance with the family of John Foster of Bedford, residing in Dresden when Irving arrived there in the autumn of 1822. Among his intimate friends of this time, none has remained so completely unknown as the oft-mentioned Colonel Livius, a cousin of the Fosters. Irving's constant association with him in Dresden and their continued friendship in Paris are indicated by many entries in his notebooks, but these reveal little beyond Livius' relationship to the Fosters and his passion for the theatre. Livius as a minor dramatist, whose Freyschütz is an adaptation in which Irving collaborated, is not completely unknown, though some confusion arises from variations in his name. In fact, some doubt is even cast upon its authenticity because of a reference to him as Barham Surás in Flora Foster Dawson's biographical interpolation. If not for his own connection with the English theatre, then because of his intimate association with Washington Irving, Barham Livius deserves further study. The following biographical sketch, supplemented by a recently discovered personal letter, assembles isolated bits of information from documentary sources in America, England, and Germany, and attempts to summarize the career of an interesting though long-forgotten devotee of the Green Room.
Emerson and Shakespeare
Authors: Falk Robert P.
Published: November 2006

Students of Emerson, as well as those who have followed the reception of Shakespeare in America, have been disturbed over the words in the essay “Shakspeare; or, the Poet” from Representative Men in which Emerson seems finally to condemn Shakespeare as a “master of revels to mankind” who, after all, shared “the halfness and imperfection of humanity.” Thus Emerson's criticism, it has been said, is “deficient in sympathy,” and “the key to all he has said and written is to be found in the fact that his point of view is not that of the acceptor, the creator,—Shakespeare's point of view, but that of the refiner and selector, the priest's point of view.”
The “Machiavellianism” of Gabriel Harvey
Authors: Jameson T. H.
Published: November 2006

The Gratulationes Valdinenses is one of the extant Latin works of Gabriel Harvey, published in 1578, and first referred to in the gloss to the September Eclogue of the Shepheardes Calendar in the following year:

Mayster Gabriel Harvey: of whose speciall commendation, as well in poetrye as rhetorike and other choyce learning, we have lately had a sufficient tryall in diverse his workes, but specially in his Musarum Lachrymae, and his late Gratulationum Valdinensium, which boke, in the progresse at Audley in Essex, he dedicated in writing to her Majestie, afterward presenting the same in print unto her Highnesse at the worshipfull Maister Capells in Hertfordshire.