bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric C–C Bond Formation between Chiral N‐Phosphonyl Imines and a Nickel(II)‐Complexed Glycine Schiff Base Provides Efficient Synthesis of α,β‐syn‐Diamino Acid Derivatives
Authors: Sun Hao , Zhang Haowei , Han Jianlin , Pan Yi , Li Guigen
Published: July 2013

The group‐assisted purification asymmetric synthesis of α,β‐diamino acid derivatives was achieved by treating chiral N‐phosphonyl imines with a NiII‐complexed glycine‐derived enolate; traditional purification techniques such as chromatography and recrystallization are not required. Successful control of the syn stereochemistry of the vicinal diamino products complements our previous methods that afforded anti stereoisomers; thus, all four individual isomers can be synthesized simply by changing the geometry of the enolate. In contrast to our previous synthesis in which at least 5 equiv. of the glycine Schiff base enolate was required for complete conversion, the new synthesis only needs 1.1 equiv. of the glycine Schiff base enolate to give complete diastereoselectivity (>30:1 dr) and high yields (91–97 %). The absolute stereochemistry was unambiguously determined by X‐ray structure analysis.
Two‐dimensional model of burning for pyrolyzable solids
Authors: Stoliarov Stanislav I. , Leventon Isaac T. , Lyon Richard E.
Published: July 2013

Quantitative understanding of the processes that take place inside a burning material is critical for the prediction of ignition and growth of fires. To improve this understanding and enable predictive modeling, we developed a numerical pyrolysis solver called ThermaKin. This solver computes transient rate of gaseous fuel production from fundamental physical and chemical properties of constituents of a pyrolyzing solid. It was successfully applied to the simulation of combustion of a broad range of materials. One limitation of ThermaKin was that it could handle only one‐dimensional burning problems. As a consequence, flame spread, which is an important contributor to fire growth, could not be simulated. Here, we present a new computational tool, ThermaKin2D, that expands ThermaKin model to two dimensions and combines it with a flexible analytical representation of a surface flame. It is our expectation that this tool will enable highly accurate simulations of flame spread dynamics. This manuscript contains a description of this new computation tool, reports results of a series of verification exercises, and demonstrates some of the ThermaKin2D's capabilities. Published 2013. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Observations of the ocean response to cold air outbreaks and polar lows over the Nordic Seas
Authors: Isachsen P. E. , Drivdal M. , Eastwood S. , Gusdal Y. , Noer G. , Saetra Ø.
Published: July 2013

The impact of intense atmospheric mesocyclones—polar lows—on the ocean circulation at high latitudes, as well as the role of ocean feedbacks on the evolution of these atmospheric systems themselves, is under debate. Here, the upper ocean response to atmospheric forcing before, during, and after polar lows events over the Nordic Seas is studied. A set of 96 unique polar low tracks from 2002 to 2010 are collocated with satellite‐based sea surface temperature and altimeter observations, and with surface drifter observations. The satellite data show systematic temperature and sea level drops and enhanced geostrophic kinetic energies over the days leading up to polar low events. These data however reveal little information about the ocean response to the polar lows themselves. The drifter observations largely agree with the satellite data on the response to synoptic conditions, but they also give indication of enhanced upper‐ocean kinetic energies immediately following the passage of polar lows.
Airborne‐radar and ice‐core observations of annual snow accumulation over Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica confirm the spatiotemporal variability of global and regional atmospheric models
Authors: Medley B. , Joughin I. , Das S. B. , Steig E. J. , Conway H. , Gogineni S. , Criscitiello A. S. , McConnell J. R. , Smith B. E. , van den Broeke M. R. , Lenaerts J. T. M. , Bromwich D. H. , Nicolas J. P.
Published: July 2013

We use an airborne‐radar method, verified with ice‐core accumulation records, to determine the spatiotemporal variations of snow accumulation over Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica between 1980 and 2009. We also present a regional evaluation of modeled accumulation in Antarctica. Comparisons between radar‐derived measurements and model outputs show that three global models capture the interannual variability well (r > 0.9), but a high‐resolution regional model (RACMO2) has better absolute accuracy and captures the observed spatial variability (r = 0.86). Neither the measured nor modeled accumulation records over Thwaites Glacier show any trend since 1980. Although an increase in accumulation may potentially accompany the observed warming in the region, the projected trend is too small to detect over the 30 year record.
Hydraulic fracture height limits and fault interactions in tight oil and gas formations
Authors: Flewelling Samuel A. , Tymchak Matthew P. , Warpinski Norm
Published: July 2013

The widespread use of hydraulic fracturing (HF) has raised concerns about potential upward migration of HF fluid and brine via induced fractures and faults. We developed a relationship that predicts maximum fracture height as a function of HF fluid volume. These predictions generally bound the vertical extent of microseismicity from over 12,000 HF stimulations across North America. All microseismic events were less than 600 m above well perforations, although most were much closer. Areas of shear displacement (including faults) estimated from microseismic data were comparatively small (radii on the order of 10 m or less). These findings suggest that fracture heights are limited by HF fluid volume regardless of whether the fluid interacts with faults. Direct hydraulic communication between tight formations and shallow groundwater via induced fractures and faults is not a realistic expectation based on the limitations on fracture height growth and potential fault slip.
The influence of patient's sex, race and depression on clinician pain treatment decisions
Authors: Hirsh A.T. , Hollingshead N.A. , Bair M.J. , Matthias M.S. , Wu J. , Kroenke K.
Published: July 2013

Background

Pain treatments often vary across patients' demographic and mental health characteristics. Most research on this topic has been observational, has focused on opioid therapy exclusively and has not examined individual differences in clinician decision making. The current study examined the influence of patient's sex, race and depression on clinicians' chronic pain treatment decisions.

Methods

We used virtual human technology and lens model methodology to enhance study realism and facilitate a richer understanding of treatment decisions. Clinicians and trainees (n = 100) made treatment decisions (opioid, antidepressant, pain specialty referral, mental health referral) for 16 computer‐simulated patients with chronic low back pain. Patients' sex, race and depression status were manipulated across vignettes (image and text).

Results

Individual‐ and group‐level analyses indicated that patient's depression status had the strongest and most consistent influence on treatment decisions. Although less influential overall, patient's sex and race were significantly influential for a subset of participants. Furthermore, the results indicated that participants who were influenced by patient's race had less experience in treating chronic pain than those who were not influenced by patient's race [t(11.59) = 4.75; p = 0.001; d = 1.20].

Conclusions

The results of this study indicated considerable variability in participants' chronic pain treatment decisions. These data suggest that interventions to reduce variability in treatment decision making and improve pain care should be individually tailored according to clinicians' decision profiles.
3.1: A Novel Architecture for Autostereoscopic 2D/3D Switchable Display Using Dual‐Layer OLED Backlight Module
Authors: Wang Yi‐Jun , Liu Jun , Chao Wei‐Chung , Yang Bo‐Ru , Lu Jian‐Gang , Shieh Han‐Ping D.
Published: July 2013

A novel dual‐layer strip type OLED backlight acting as a parallax barrier and a light source was proposed for 2D/3D switchable display. This architecture not only achieved a high uniformity of 90% in 2D mode, but also increased optical efficiency by a factor of two with a low crosstalk (<5%) in 3D mode.
3.3: Optimized Parallax Control of 3D Images on Autostereoscopic Displays
Authors: Hasegawa Takefumi , Shigemura Koji
Published: July 2013

We propose an optimized parallax control method to reduce the influence of high‐3D‐crosstalk space and pseudoscopic space on autostereoscopic displays regardless of the observer's eye position. This method optimizes the parallax values of 3D images by using the 3D‐crosstalk value of autostereoscopic displays and the observer's eye position.
5.1: Invited Paper: LCD or OLED: Who Wins?
Authors: Barnes David
Published: July 2013

Historical trends point towards a future of increasing technical performance and decreasing financial performance for LCD producers. This raises questions about the motivations and abilities of producers to create an OLED infrastructure. This paper evaluates the implications through microeconomics and game theorems.
8.2: Semi‐transparent Inverted Quantum‐dot Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Kim Hyo‐Min , Youn Jun‐Ho , Seo Gi‐Jun , Jang Jin
Published: July 2013

A semi‐transparent inverted quantum dot light emitting diode (QLED) is demonstrated using tri‐layer QDs, exhibiting bottom emission of 6,485 cd/m2 and top emission of 1,911 cd/m2. And its transmittance in the visible region is ∼30 % with 18 nm Ag top semi‐transparent electrode.
8.3: Blur‐Free Transparent LCD with Hybrid Transparency
Authors: Kuo Chia‐Wei , Lin Ching‐Huan , Liao Yi‐Yang , Lai Yi‐Hsiang , Chuang Chin‐Tang , Yeh Cheng‐Nan , Lu Jen‐Kuei , Sugiura Norio
Published: July 2013

In this paper, a 65‐inch blur‐free transparent LCD was presented. A simple way of controlling LC orientation was applied to suppress the issue of blurry images behind transparent LCD. Furthermore, the individual controllable RGBW sub‐pixels were used to improve the transmittance and realize the hybrid transparency on the display.
10.1: High Mobility Self‐Aligned Top‐Gate Oxide TFT for High‐Resolution AM‐OLED
Authors: Morosawa Narihiro , Nishiyama Masanori , Ohshima Yoshihiro , Sato Ayumu , Terai Yasuhiro , Tokunaga Kazuhiko , Iwasaki Junji , Akamatsu Keiichi , Kanitani Yuya , Tanaka Shinji , Arai Toshiaki , Nomoto Kazumasa
Published: July 2013

High mobility and highly reliable self‐aligned top‐gate oxide TFTs were developed using the aluminum reaction method. Al diffusion to the oxide semiconductor and homogenization of the oxygen concentration in the depth direction after annealing was confirmed by laser‐assisted atom probe tomography. The high mobility of the top‐gate TFT with a‐ITZO channel was demonstrated to be 32 cm2/Vs. A 9.9‐inch diagonal qHD AM‐OLED display was fabricated using a five‐mask backplane process to demonstrate an applicable solution for large size and high‐resolution AM‐OLEDs.
15.5: Invited Paper: High Performance Autostereoscopic 2D/3D Switchable Display Using Liquid Crystal Lens
Authors: Oka Shinichiro , Naganuma Tomohiko , Koito Takeo , Yang Yingbao , Komura Shinichi
Published: July 2013

We investigated an autostereoscopic 3D display using a Liquid Crystal Gradient Refractive Index (LC GRIN) lens, called LCL (Liquid Crystal Lens) 3D display. The characteristics of the LCL 3D display are high luminance and switchable 2D and 3D images by switching between the states of lens and non‐lens. The LCL 3D display does not influence the 2D image quality. However, the crosstalk of the LCL 3D display is relatively high compared with other methods used in autostereoscopic 3D displays, such as barrier type, lenticular type, and so on. Therefore, we have investigated the reduction of crosstalk for the LCL 3D display.
18.3: Flexible Barrier Technology for Enabling Rollable AMOLED Displays and Upscaling Flexible OLED Lighting
Authors: Li Flora M. , Unnikrishnan Sandeep , van de Weijer Peter , van Assche Ferdie , Shen Jie , Ellis Tim , Manders Wiel , Akkerman Hylke , Bouten Piet , van Mol Ton
Published: July 2013

The availability of a high performance thin‐film barrier is the most critical challenge in upscaling and commercializing flexible OLED products. We report a flexible thin‐film‐barrier technology that meets lifetime specifications for OLED lighting, and demonstrate it in rollable QVGA a‐IGZO AMOLED displays. Roll‐to‐roll manufacturing of this high performance barrier film will be presented.
19.3: Morphology Controlled Single‐crystal ZnO Nanostructures Fabricated by a Novel Mist Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Li Chaoyang , Li Xin , Wang Dapeng , Kawaharamura Toshiyuki , Nitta Noriko , Furuta Mamoru , Hatta Akimitsu
Published: July 2013

A novel method is developed to synthesize single crystal ZnO nanostructures combining the reducing thermal annealing and mist chemical vapor deposition processes. The sizes of ZnO single crystal structures can be controlled with adjusting the parameters in mist CVD. The structural and optical properties of ZnO nanostructures are investigated.
19.6L: Late‐News Paper: How to Fabricate Much Brighter AC Electroluminescent Lamps: Optimizing the Alignment of the Emitting ZnS:Cu Phosphor Particles to the AC Field
Authors: Silver Jack , Ireland Terry G. , Harris Paul , Fern George R , Withnall Robert
Published: July 2013

The photoluminescence and electroluminescence of loose ZnS:Cu crystals scattered on an interdigitated electrode substrate have been studied under 366nm UV light excitation and or under an applied AC field. From the response of the ZnS:Cu crystals to the AC field and their movement in the field it is shown that a greater understanding of the factors affecting ACEL panel performance can be gained. The findings light the way to the fabrication of very bright panels and a suggestion can be made to the expected luminescence of optimised ACEL lamps
20.3: Novel Adaptive Liquid Lens Actuated by Liquid Crystal Pistons
Authors: Xu Su , Ren Hongwen , Wu Shin‐Tson
Published: July 2013

We demonstrate a novel adaptive liquid lens actuated by liquid crystal (LC) pistons. The dielectrophoretic force generated by the embedded in‐plane‐switching electrode causes the reciprocating movement of LC droplets which, in turn, changes the optical power of the resultant liquid lens. Such a microlens array is promising for 3D image processing.
21.1: Invited Paper: Technological Progress and Commercialization of OLED TV
Authors: Oh Chang‐Ho , Shin Hong‐Jae , Nam Woo‐Jin , Ahn Byung‐Chul , Cha Soo‐Youle , Yeo Sang‐Deog
Published: July 2013

World's first 55‐inch OLED TV has been developed and recently launched mass production with excellent display image quality. We employ IGZO TFT backplane and white OLEDs with WRGB pixel design. Those technologies enable panel size scalability as well as mass production with lifetime reliability. For commercializing large‐size OLED TV, the issues and challenges on panel design and driving, including LG Display's recent experience will be presented.
22.2: Invited Paper: Liquid Crystalline Cubic Blue Phase in Photoreponsive Bent‐Core Molecular Systems
Authors: Gim Min‐Jun , Hur Sung‐Taek , Choi Suk‐Won
Published: July 2013

A photoinduced liquid crystalline cubic blue phase (BP) has been obtained in a mixture of photoinactive and photoresponsive bent‐core mesogens. The ultraviolet light can convert chiral nematic to cubic BP through photoisomerization of the azobenzene linkages included in the photoresponsive bent‐core molecule.
23.1: Invited Paper: Jet Printed TFTs and Circuits for Flexible Electronics
Authors: Street Robert A
Published: July 2013

Printed and flexible devices are potential technologies for future display applications. Progress in printed materials, devices and circuits enables organic TFTs and solution oxides with mobility greater than 1 cm2/Vs, the organic TFTs having n‐channel and p‐channel operation. Simple logic circuits and flexible TFT backplane prototypes will be discussed.
23.2: Invited Paper: Solution‐processed Metal Oxide TFTs and Circuits on a Plastic by Photochemical Activation Process
Authors: Park Sung Kyu , Kim Yong‐Hoon
Published: July 2013

Here, we report a general route to form high‐performance and stable solution‐processed metal‐oxide TFTs and circuits at room‐temperature by deep‐ultraviolet (DUV) photochemical activation The photo‐enhanced DUV annealing induces condensation and densification of amorphous metal‐oxide semiconductor films via photochemical reactions and film microstructure modifications by energetic photons. It was found that the photochemical annealing is effective in fabricating most metal‐oxide semiconductors and the metal‐oxide TFTs typically demonstrate comparable or even better electrical performance and operational stability with high‐temperature (≥350C) annealed devices. The room‐temperature fabricated metal‐oxide TFTs and circuits have shown field‐effect mobilities of more than 14 and 7 cm2 V−1 s−1 on glass and polymeric substrates, respectively. The fabricated 7‐stage ring oscillators on polymeric substrates indicate oscillation frequency of > 340 kHz corresponding to propagation delay of < 210 ns per stage.
24.2: Distinguished Paper: Viewing Direction Measurements on Flexible Reflective E‐Paper Displays
Authors: Hertel Dirk
Published: July 2013

The viewing direction characterization of flexible reflective displays is not straightforward: not only does reflectance depend on the viewing direction and display curvature; it is also alignment‐sensitive. The viewing direction geometry proposed for convex cylindrical displays uses a ring light to deliver viewing‐direction independent illuminance, and maps the range of viewing directions onto the pixels of an image sensor. The illumination can also be applied to flat displays, allowing direct comparisons of flat and cylindrical display states.
24.4: Display Sparkle Measurement and Human Response
Authors: Gollier Jacques , Piech Garrett A. , Hart Shandon D. , West James A. , Hovagimian Howard , Williams Ellen M. Kosik , Stillwell Alicia , Ferwerda James
Published: July 2013

A new method for quantifying “sparkle” uses a simple measurement which includes a pixelated source, a test sample, and an eye simulator. The degree of sparkle is calculated from the standard deviation of the pixel powers across a portion of the display. Measurements show excellent correlation to human response studies.
25.1: Invited Paper: Capacitively Coupled and 13.56 MHz Resonance Controlled Wireless Power Transmitting System for e‐Paper Modules
Authors: Hattori Reiji , Ishinishi Hiroshi
Published: July 2013

The capacitively‐coupled wireless power transmitting system which provides a wide power‐supply position was developed to realize a battery‐less electronic paper. The high frequency, 13.56 MHz, was employed and the frequency was modulated to keep the resonant conditions. The special electrode configuration and circuit to suppress EMI were revealed.
27.3L: Late‐News Paper: Sub‐pixel Structured OLED Microdisplay
Authors: Herold Rigo , Zakhidov Alexander , Vogel Uwe , Richter Bernd , Fehse Karsten , Burghart Markus
Published: July 2013

New products, e.g. data‐glasses and camera view finders demand highly efficient colored OLED microdisplays. State‐of‐the‐art OLED microdisplays use lossy color filters. In this paper, we describe a novel microdisplay technology approach to structure OLED sup‐pixels, with a feature size smaller than 10 μm in different colors.
29.1: Ultra‐High Barriers for Encapsulation of Flexible Displays and Lighting Devices
Authors: Fahlteich John , Amberg‐Schwab Sabine , Weber Ulrike , Noller Klaus , Miesbauer Oliver , Boeffel Christine , Schiller Nicolas
Published: July 2013

A roll‐to‐roll manufactured ultra‐high permeation barrier film based on a multilayer stack of sputtered oxide layers and ORMOCER® interlayers is presented. The reproducible large‐area water vapor transmission rate is less than 8·10−5 g/(m2d) at ambient condition. The film has been evaluated as substrate for and encapsulation of flexible organic electronic devices.
31.1: A 3.5Gbps/Lane Intra‐panel Interface with a PVT‐robust VCO Based CDR for UD TV Applications in 0.18μm High‐voltage CMOS Technology
Authors: Chang Young‐Hwan , Kim Jin‐Ho , Oh Woon‐Taek , Lee Jae‐Youl , Nah Kyung‐Suc , Hwang Gyoo‐Cheol
Published: July 2013

A CMOS voltage‐controlled oscillator (VCO) with robustness under PVT variation is proposed, and its application to a PLL‐based CDR is also presented. In the VCO design, voltage regulator is used to suppress voltage variation and improved voltage‐to‐current (V/I) converter is used to mitigate temperature variation and varactor‐tuned ring oscillator is used to reduce process variation. For broad bandwidth, comparator adopts the active negative feedback circuit and Signal Integrity (SI) on PCB channel is also improved considering via effect. Simulation and test results under 0.18‐μm high‐voltage CMOS technology show that the VCO output frequency range is from 300MHz to 700MHz and the maximum intra‐panel interface operating speed is up to 3.5Gbps per lane for UD LCD‐TV applications.
33.1L: Late‐News Paper: High Resolution 4.4” AMOLED Display with 413 ppi Real Pixel Density
Authors: Chen Chung‐Chia , Cho Ting‐Yi , Fu Jing‐Jie , Hsiao Hsiang‐Yun , Weng Zai‐Xien , Tsai Chih‐Hung , Chung Chieh‐Hsing , Lo Kuo‐Chang , Lo Wen‐Hung , Chang Tsu‐Chiang , Lin Yu‐Sin
Published: July 2013

We demonstrated a HD+ resolution (1600 × 900) full color AMOLED display panel by applying optical cavity design on white OLED and combined with high transparency color filter. This panel achieved a record‐high real pixel density as 413 ppi for mobile apparatus and should be suitable for applications pursuing high‐quality display.
34.1: Novel Super‐Fast‐Response, Ultra‐Wide Temperature Range VA‐LCD
Authors: Iwata Yosuke , Murata Mitsuhiro , Tanaka Kohei , Jinda Akihito , Ohtake Tadashi , Shinomiya Tokihiko , Yoshida Hidefumi
Published: July 2013

We have developed a novel super‐fast response (SFR) TFT‐LCD with an ultra‐wide temperature range. Both the turn‐on and turn‐off switching are forcibly controlled by applying an electric field. Response times of the SFR TFT‐LCD are over several times faster than those of conventional LCDs like MVA or IPS LCDs.
34.3: Dual π‐cell Fast Response LC Display
Authors: Cheng Hsien‐Hui , Bhowmik Achintya , Bos Philip J.
Published: July 2013

In this paper, we propose a fast response time liquid crystal display (LCD) for 3D applications. The fast response LCD consists of dual π‐cells, that are operated at voltages slightly higher (≥10V) than current AMLCDs. The gray‐scale device builds on the dual cell shutter design of Haven22 where the optical transitions are fast as a result of always increasing the voltage on a liquid crystal cell. This is possible because the relaxation of the cell is optically hidden. We demonstrate a device design, based on this concept, with sub‐millisecond switching between any gray level states.
70.2L: Late‐News Paper: 14.7” Active Matrix PHOLED Displays on Temporary Bonded PEN Substrates with Low Temperature IGZO TFTs
Authors: O'Brien Barry , Lee Yong Kyun , Marrs Michael , Smith Joseph , Strnad Mark , Forsythe Eric , Morton David
Published: July 2013

A flexible, 14.7 inch diagonal organic light emitting diode display has been successfully demonstrated. Device fabrication of the thin film transistor backplane occurred below 200 °C on a polyethylene naphthalate substrate using indium gallium zinc oxide with a saturation mobility of 13.5 cm2/V‐s as the active semiconductor.
35.2: A New Feedback Current Programming Architecture for 2T1C AMOLED Displays
Authors: Charisoulis Thomas , Troccoli Matias , Frey Douglas , Hatalis Miltiadis K.
Published: July 2013

A new feedback current programming architecture is described that is compatible with AMOLED displays having the 2T1C pixel structure. The new pixel programming approach is compatible with all TFT technologies and can compensate for non‐uniformities in both threshold voltage and carrier mobility of the pixel OLED drive TFT. Based on circuit simulations a pixel drive current of less than 10nA can be programmed in less than 50μsec. This new approach can be implemented within an AMOLED external or integrated display data driver.
35.3: A 10‐bit Linear R‐string DAC Architecture for Mobile Full‐HD AMOLED Driver ICs
Authors: Kim Ki‐Duk , Park Chang‐Byung , Lee Sung‐Woo , Park Gyu‐Sung , Cho Gyu‐Hyeong , Kim Jeongpyo , Kim Jinbong , Choi Yoon‐Kyung , Kim Jongseon , Hwang Gyoocheol , Lee Myunghee
Published: July 2013

A display driver IC prototype for mobile full‐HD AMOLED display is presented. Since full‐HD AMOLED display has too short driving time, conventional R‐string DAC column driver cannot obtain enough internal settling time. To solve the problem, therefore, a new R‐string DAC column driver architecture is proposed, which has much faster settling time with high accuracy. Also, with the architecture, one 8‐bit PTL in conventional R‐string DAC is replaced with much smaller two sub‐PTLs, decreasing the overall driver area. The measured INL and DNL are 0.49 LSB and 0.38 LSB, respectively. The mean and maximum value of inter‐channel DVO is 4.6mV and 7mV, respectively. The proposed linear 10‐bit DAC fabricated on 90‐nm CMOS process occupies 81% of conventional nonlinear 8‐bit R‐string DAC area in the same technology.
38.1: Invited Paper: Innovation of Optical Films using Polymerized Discotic Materials: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Ito Yoji , Watanabe Jun , Saitoh Yukito , Takada Katsuyuki , Morishima Shin‐ichi , Takahashi Yuta , Oikawa Tokuju , Arai Tsutomu
Published: July 2013

Optical films using liquid crystal materials are key components for enhancing the display performance of LCDs etc. Especially, Wide View film (WV film), which has a hybrid alignment of polymerized discotic materials, has been used worldwide in TN‐LCDs as a main LCD mode for monitors. In this paper, we show the evolution of polymerized discotic materials alignment, leading to (i) new WV film featuring highly improved grayscale image qualities for TN‐LCDs, (ii) novel film patterned retarder (FPR) for reduced oblique cross‐talk in 3D displays, and (iii) achromatic quarter wave film for OLEDs, made by a roll‐to‐roll process.
42.2L: Late‐News Paper: Real‐Time Up‐Converter from HDTV to 4K with Super Resolution ‐Breaking the Nyquist Frequency Barrier‐
Authors: Gohshi Seiichi , Nakamura Shinichiro , Ogasawara Jin
Published: July 2013

This real‐time up‐converter from HDTV to 4K with a novel Super Resolution (SR) is proposed in this paper. It creates 4K video with frequency elements higher than the Nyquist frequency of the original HDTV video. The novel SR uses non‐linear signal processing to overcome the theoretical limitation of the Nyquist frequency.
45.2: A Capacitive Touchscreen Controller IC with Noise‐based Hybrid Sensing Scheme
Authors: Kim Ki‐Duk , Choi Yoon‐Kyung , Park Junchul , Jung Ji‐Sung , Byun San‐Ho , Kim Bumsoo , Kim Chadong , Kim Jinbong , Kim Jongseon , Hwang Gyoocheol
Published: July 2013

In this paper, it is presented a capacitive touch sensor IC with noise‐based hybrid sensing scheme, which provides two sensing modes with noise detector. In noiseless environment, fast power‐efficient peak‐detection sensing mode is enabled and if noise is detected, the sensing mode is switched to high‐SNR demodulation sensing mode. Therefore, it adaptively offers both fast sensing speed and high noise immunity without large power consumption. The proposed IC shows higher than 50‐dB SNR in demodulation mode and over 240‐Hz reporting rate in peak‐detection mode with 2.8‐mW analog power consumption, evaluated with 4‐inch AMOLED panel with on‐cell touch screen.
46.2: Invited Paper: Micron‐Patterned Deposition through Shadow masks with high precision alignment for OLED and e‐Paper applications
Authors: Ambrose T. , Tamura P. , Brocato B. , Bucci B. , Conrad J. , Shelapinsky J. , Sharma P. , Little S. Lauer and W.
Published: July 2013

Conventional shadow‐mask alignment using mechanical pins or machine‐vision techniques achieve 5 micron alignment accuracy. Here we introduce a novel alignment system‐architecture based on coded apertures along with discrete photo detectors as the sensing elements. It allows submicron accuracy and repeatability making it highly suitable for display manufacturing applications.
47.3: The Impact of Watching Television on Evening Melatonin Levels
Authors: Figueiro Mariana G. , Wood Brittany , Plitnick Barbara , Rea Mark S.
Published: July 2013

Self‐luminous electronic devices emit optical radiation at short wavelengths, close to the peak sensitivity of melatonin suppression. The present paper investigated if light from a 70‐inch television suppressed melatonin. Results showed that light from televisions does not impact melatonin levels in the evening.
50.1: Innovative 5‐inch FHD and 7‐inch WQXGA Displays for Next Generation Smartphones and Tablets
Authors: Kaneko Toshiki , Nakajima Yoshiharu , Nishiyama Kazuhiro , Ishigaki Toshimasa , Yamaguchi Kazunari , Watanabe Ryoichi , Akiyama Kenichi , Takimoto Akio
Published: July 2013

We have developed two types of innovative LCD displays: a 5‐inch FHD and a 7‐inch WQXGA. Both feature 0.96mm module thickness with 1mm narrow border, a 50% less backlight power consumption by adopting a unique RGBW display technology. They are also equipped with an in‐cell touch panel system which achieves stylus input.
52.2: Invited Paper: Advanced Sputtering Technologies and Targets for Oxide Semiconductor TFT
Authors: Matsudai Masasuke , Sato Shigemitsu , Saito Kazuya
Published: July 2013

Recently, oxide semiconductors have been coming under the spotlights as a replacement of the amorphous silicon (a‐Si) and it is going to be taken into mass production of Active Matrix‐Liquid Crystal Displays (AM‐LCD). However, innovation or further optimization has still been required in film deposition techniques and also in the arrangement of sputtering targets for high definition Active Matrix‐Organic Light Emitting Diodes (AM‐OLED). In this report, ULVAC addresses our analysis and approaches for those issues.
55.3: Development of the Fill‐in‐type Transparent Liquid Desiccant OleDry‐F
Authors: Niiyama Takahiro , Tanaka Satoshi , Hoshina Yusuke , Sisikura Masashi , Kajiyama Riki
Published: July 2013

We have developed a “OleDry‐F” transparent new liquid desiccant can be directly sealed by filling in the OLED panel. “OleDry‐F” is a new desiccant to remove the hydrocarbon solvent that is included in the “OleDry” transparent liquid drying agent of the Company. In addition, the appearance of OleDry‐F itself is transparent. This feature is obviously suitable for top emission type or see through type OLED. And also OleDry‐F is able to adjust its viscosity to get a higher flexibility for mechanical design of OLED. From the result of this development, we think our new desiccant OleDry‐F is also suitable for film type OLED.
56.5L: Late‐News Paper: All‐Printed Oxide Thin Film Transistor Arrays for High Resolution Active Matrix
Authors: Matsumoto Shinji , Nakamura Yuki , Arae Sadanori , Sone Yuji , Hirano Yukiko , Abe Mikiko , Saotome Ryohichi , Ueda Naoyuki , Yamada Katsuyuki
Published: July 2013

We have demonstrated all‐printed oxide TFT arrays for 100 ppi RGB active matrix fabricated by inkjet printing and spin coating without photolithography and mask process. The average mobility of TFTs was 7.49 ± 1.67 cm2/Vs on a thermally oxidized SiO2 /Si substrate. Moreover, in the case of using of a printed oxide high‐k gate insulator and an n‐type doped active layer on a glass substrate, the average mobility of all‐printed oxide TFTs was 2.54 ± 0.32 cm2/Vs.
57.1: WITHDRAWN: 57.2: Transparent Conductive Coatings Made by Electrochemical and Physicochemical Methods
Authors: Smirnov Aliaksandr , Stsiapanau Andrei , Mukha Yauhen , Mazaeva Vera , Belyaev Victor
Published: July 2013

New methods of transparent conductive electrodes fabrication are presented. The electrochemical anodization of aluminum is a key component for methods to make metal electrodes. It allows to produce the holey aluminum electrode (method 1) and holey alumina mask as a pattern for metal electrode deposition with its further transferring to adhesive substrate (method 2). The 80% average transmission for range 300–1000nm and 10–20Ω/□ sheet resistance is achieved. Electroconductive films made of organosilicon compounds are investigated too.
57.5L: Late‐News Paper: Flexible Transparent Conductors and Touch Sensors for High Contrast Displays
Authors: Mikladal Bjørn F. , Anisimov Anton S. , Brown David P. , Haajanen Janne , Soininen Erkki L. , Varjos Ilkka , Vuohelainen Risto
Published: July 2013

Carbon NanoBud® transparent conductive films were Roll‐to‐Roll manufactured by aerosol synthesis and Direct Dry Printing®. For the first time, carbon based conductors are produced at 150 Ω/□ at 95% transmission. Carbon NanoBud® films are ready for scaling to volume manufacturing for high‐quality flexible and rigid projected capacitive touch sensors.
59.3: Compact Pixelized LED Backlight for LCD
Authors: Sher Chin‐Wei , Yao Po‐Hung , Chen Cheng‐Huan , Huang Meng‐Chi , Fu Chien‐Chung
Published: July 2013

A pixelized backlight with polarization recycling had been previously developed and demonstrated with significant efficiency improvement especially due to elimination of color filter. However, the volume is bulky and the symmetric LED layout makes it incompatiable with current LCD panel format. New development uses LED array and makes asymmetric layout to resolve both issues. A pixelized backlight which sizes 80mm X 140mm has been designed and prototyped for mobile phone applications.
60.4: A Novel Full‐Color 3LED Projection System using R‐G‐B Light Emitting Diodes on Silicon (LEDoS) Micro‐displays
Authors: Chong Wing Cheung , Wong Ka Ming , Liu Zhao Jun , Lau Kei May
Published: July 2013

R‐G‐B light emitting diode on silicon (LEDoS) micro‐displays were fabricated and the world's first full color 3LED projection prototype is presented. LEDoS micro‐displays were realized by flip‐chip bonding of LED micro‐arrays on silicon CMOS active‐matrix drivers. Using trichroic prism, images generated from three self‐emissive R‐G‐B LEDoS micro‐displays were combined to form a color image, demonstrating great potential for high efficiency and high brightness projection applications.
61.2: Phosphorescent Stacked OLEDs for Warm White Lighting Applications
Authors: Xu Xin , Weaver Michael S. , Brown Julie J.
Published: July 2013

We report record lifetime for an all‐phosphorescent stacked white OLED pixel with an extended lifetime to LT70=25,000 hours at L0=3,000 cd/m2 with 1.72x external outcoupling enhancement and a power efficacy of 60 lm/W. This warm white device meets En ergy Star criteria with CIE 1931 (x, y)=(0.452, 0.420), CCT=2,882K, CRI=83, and demonstrates exceptional color stability as a function of luminance and aging.
61.4: Bottom‐Emitting Large‐Area Stacked White OLED with Silver Nanowires Network as Transparent Anode
Authors: Pschenitzka Florian
Published: July 2013

We have demonstrated bottom‐emitting large‐area white OLED devices in which the transparent anode was formed by a random network of silver nanowires. This nanowire layer was deposited on the glass substrate from an aqueous suspension by spin‐coating where it formed an optically and electrically uniform layer.

The nanowire density of the film could be easily varied by a change in coating process parameters which resulted in sheet resistances of the film between 5 Ω/sq and 10 Ω/sq.
62.1: Invited Paper: The Joys of Being Digital for Low‐Power, Mobile, Multi‐Media Devices
Authors: Payne Richard S.
Published: July 2013

The digital nature of the Pixtronix MEMS display technology enables unique solutions to address the evolving market requirements of mobile multimedia displays. This digital operation helps to deliver low power consumption, exceptional image quality and ease of manufacturing, well suited for applications such as smartphones and tablets.
62.4: High‐Performance Low‐Temperature Polycrystalline‐Silicon Thin Film Transistors with Submicron‐Dot‐Array Doped Active Channel
Authors: Zhang Meng , Zhou Wei , Chen Rongsheng , Chen Shuming , Wong Man , Kwok Hoi‐Sing
Published: July 2013

A novel method named as submicron‐dot‐array (SDA) doping is developed for the fabrication of low‐temperature polycrystalline‐silicon thin film transistors (TFTs). All electrical parameters are improved by employing SDA structure. It is worth mentioning that the mobility of fabricated device is 4 times of conventional TFTs. The proposed SDA method has great potential for system‐on‐panel applications.
63.1: Biaxial Stress in Thin Glass during Ring‐on‐Ring Testing with Large Deflections
Authors: Wilcox David I. , Akarapu Ravindra K. , Gulati Suresh T. , Widjaja Sujanto , Antimonov Mikhail
Published: July 2013

Glass substrate strength is commonly evaluated by ring on ring test. Thin substrates may deflect more than 25% of their thickness before fracturing. If so, the standard formulas converting failure load to strength are invalid. We describe a method for converting load to strength, taking into account this large deflection

The ring on ring test is commonly used in the display industry for evaluating the strength of a monolithic glass substrate. The ASTM standard for this test specifies that the deflection of specimen not exceed 25% of the glass thickness. With current emphasis on light weight panels with glass as thin as 0.3 mm, a specimen may deflect more than 25% of its thickness before fracturing. In such a case, large deflection can result in significant membrane stress. When this occurs, the small deflection formulas of the ASTM standard for converting failure load to strength are no longer valid. This paper provides a more accurate solution for converting failure load to strength, taking account of membrane stress resulting from large deflection. The results presented here show that membrane stress becomes an increasing percentage of the total stress with increasing deflection (and applied load). When large deflection occurs, small deflection (linear bending) theory can overestimate specimen strength significantly. Examples included in this paper illustrate the importance of using large deflection theory to get accurate values of failure stress (strength) for thin glass with the ring on ring test. A key to good measurement is to pay attention to the ratio of deflection to specimen thickness, and use the appropriate method to convert failure load to strength if it exceeds 25% to 50%.
63.3: Best Practices in Strength Testing of LCD Glass
Authors: Vepakomma K. Hemanth , Gulati Suresh T. , Ono Toshihiko , Westbrook Jamie T. , Kim Jum S.
Published: July 2013

This paper provides general guidelines and watch outs while conducting strength testing on LCD glass. Importance of failure modes, large deflections, membrane stresses, failure locations, device design, fatigue, fractography and strain gauging are discussed in this paper. It also gives an example on why panels cannot be treated as monolithic glass when calculating the strength.
65.1: A Vertically‐Aligned LCOS with Submillisecond Response Time
Authors: Chen Yuan , Peng Fenglin , Wu Shin‐Tson , Mo Lingchao , An Zhongwei
Published: July 2013

We demonstrated a TFT‐grade fluorinated, UV‐stable, high birefringence and low viscosity negative Δε LC mixture and characterized its physical properties. With this mixture in a thin‐cell‐gap LCOS, we can achieve submillisecond response time at an elevated temperature, which enables color sequential projection displays without noticeable color breakup.
65.2: Blue‐Phase Liquid Crystals for Projection Displays
Authors: Rao Linghui , He Sihui , Wu Shin‐Tson
Published: July 2013

A projection display using blue‐phase liquid crystal (BPLC) is proposed. The fast‐response BPLC enables field sequential projection display with suppressed color breakup. Methods for reducing the operating voltage are also discussed.
65.3: Phase‐Modulation LCoS Display System with Off‐Axis LED Reconstruction Light
Authors: Liao Li‐Yuan , Chen Cheng‐Huan , Chen Fu‐Hao , Tsai Chao‐Hsu , Liao Engle , Hong Sylvia
Published: July 2013

A near eye holographic display using light‐emitted diode (LED) instead of laser diode as the reconstruction light source has been proposed. An off‐axis illumination architecture on a phase modulation only liquid crystal on silicon(LCoS) panel is used for investigating the influence of LED source property on the reconstruction image quality.
66.2: Invited Paper: Highly Efficient White OLEDs with over 100 lm/W for General Lighting
Authors: Yamae Kazuyuki , Tsuji Hiroya , Kittichungchit Varutt , Ide Nobuhiro , Komoda Takuya
Published: July 2013

High‐performance all‐phosphorescent white devices on a light‐outcoupling substrate which comprised high‐index materials were studied. As a result of suitable optical and electrical design, the device showed an extremely high efficacy of 114 lm/W at 1,000 cd/m2 and 102 lm/W at 3,000 cd/m2.
66.4: Large‐Sized Flexible Lighting with Highly Efficient OLEDs
Authors: Ohsawa Nobuharu , Idojiri Satoru , Kumakura Kayo , Obana Saki , Kobayashi Yuka , Kataniwa Masatoshi , Ohide Takayuki , Ohno Masakatsu , Adachi Hiroki , Sakamoto Naoya , Yatsuzuka Shota , Aoyama Tomoya , Yamazaki Shunpei
Published: July 2013

A flexible OLED lighting demonstrating over 130 lm/W by combining a highly efficient OLED and a light outcoupling film has been developed. Furthermore, a prototype 360 × 300‐mm flexible OLED lighting was successfully fabricated by using transfer technology.
67.2: A Novel Driving Method to Compensate for RC Delay of Ultra‐Large Size and High Resolution Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Lee Seung‐Hyuck , Kim Jong‐Man , Kim Kwangjoon , Lee Seung‐Woo
Published: July 2013

We propose a novel method to drive ultra‐large size and high resolution LCD TV with a single‐bank data driver scheme without severe image degradation. We could achieve a maximum luminance and uniformity to be 98cd/m2 and 86%, respectively when gray 128 is displayed. This confirms excellent performance because the conventional dual‐bank driver scheme achieves the counterparts to be 90cd/m2 and 93%.
P.4: A Charge‐Cyclic Digital‐to‐Analog Converter for IGZO TFT Integrated Data Driver
Authors: Liao Congwei , Hu Zhijin , Leng Chuanli , Zheng Can , Zhang Shengdong
Published: July 2013

A digital‐to‐analog converter (DAC) working in a charge‐cyclic mode and inplementable with IGZO TFTs for integrated data driver is proposed The DAC has the conversion accuracy determined by the ratio of loading capacitances of every two adjacent data lines and therefore independent of threshold voltages (VT) of integrated devices. Thus, high conversion accuracy can be achieved even if a significant VT shift or variation happens.
P.5: High Uniformity Solid Phase Crystallized Bridged‐Grain Polycrystalline Silicon Thin Film Transistors
Authors: Zhou Wei , Chen Rongsheng , Zhao Shuyun , Zhang Meng , Wong Man , Kwok Hoi Sing
Published: July 2013

Solid phase crystallized poly‐Si TFT with Al2O3 gate dielectric and bridged grain structure is demonstrated. The results show dramatically improved threshold voltage, subthreshold swing and on‐off ratio with very high uniformity. The proposed device is promising for application in AMOLED pixel circuits with simple design and low cost.
P.7: New Pixel Structure with High G‐to‐G Response Time for Large Size and High Resolution OLED TVs
Authors: Yoon Joong‐Sun , Kang Byoung‐Wook , Shin Hong‐Jae , Kim Bum‐Sik , Oh Chang‐Ho , Ahn Byung‐Chul
Published: July 2013

In this work, we investigate gray to gray response time degradation of AMOLED display and design AMOLED pixel to improve gray to gray response time. The pixel designed here is that compensation method is source‐follow type instead of diode connection. By using source‐follow, we proposed new AMOLED pixel structure and fabricated 31_inch OLED TV that achieved good Gray‐to‐Gray response time with 0.043 millisecond levels through improvement of bright shortage and brightness drop. Compare to the previously compensation method using diode connection, Gray‐to‐Gray response time is decreased extremely. Therefore, this pixel structure was very suitable for frame rate, large size and high resolution OLED TV application.
P.8: Trap States in Amorphous In‐Sn‐Zn‐O Thin‐Film Transistors Analyzed Using Dependence on Channel Thickness
Authors: Matsuda Tokiyoshi , Kimura Mutsumi , Jiang Jingxin , Wang Dapeng , Furuta Mamoru , Kasami Masashi , Tomai Shigekazu , Yano Koki
Published: July 2013

Trap states in α‐ITZO TFTs are analyzed using the dependences of the trap densities on the channel thickness. Utilizing extraction methods of trap densities in the film, at the front and back interfaces it is suggested that the trap states are not distributed in the film but localized at the interface
P.9: Power‐Saving Sunlight Readable TFT LCDs
Authors: Ma Yao‐Dong
Published: July 2013

This paper introduces sunlight readable full color TFT LCD devices. By means of a novel Directional Light Guiding Film (DLGF) and a window structure, both the internal backlight and external sunlight can be used synergistically for lighting the display to deliver a superior readability in both indoor and outdoor applications. The internal backlight can be turned OFF or dimmed down automatically under the sunlight.
P.13: Rollable a‐IGZO Thin Film Transistors with Nanocomposite Dielectric on PEN Substrate
Authors: Lai Hsin‐Cheng , Jian Jyun‐Ruei , Pei Zingway
Published: July 2013

Abstract: In this work, a high performance, rollable a‐IGZO TFT on a 125 um thick PEN substrate with robust nanocomposite dielectric layer has been demonstrated. The nanocomposite dielectric consists of cross‐linked PVP and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanoparticles with the highest dielectric constant of 8. The a‐IGZO TFT shows mobility of 5.0 and 2.0 cm2/V‐s on glass and PEN, respectively. After rolling the a‐IGZO TFT with diameter of 4 mm (strain > 1.5 %) over 100 times, the current voltage characteristics almost unchanged.
P.14: Distinguished Poster Paper: Separate Extraction Technique for Intrinsic Donor‐ and Acceptor‐like Density‐of‐States over Full‐Energy Range Sub‐Bandgap in Amorphous Oxide Semiconductor Thin Film Transistors by Using One‐Shot Monochromatic Photonic Capacitance‐Voltage Characteristics
Authors: Bae Hagyoul , Jun Sungwoo , Choi Hyunjun , Jo Chunhyung , Kim Yun Hyeok , Hwang Jun Seok , Ahn Jaeyeop , Choi Sung‐Jin , Kim Dae Hwan , Kim Dong Myong
Published: July 2013

We report an extraction technique based on experimental data for intrinsic donor‐ and acceptor‐like subgap density‐of‐states (DOS) over the full‐energy range (EC<E<EV) by using one‐shot monochromatic photonic capacitance‐voltage (MPCV) characteristics in n‐channel a‐IGZO TFTs.
P.157L: Late News Poster: Characterization of Asymmetrical Negative Bias Stress Effect on the Density‐of‐States and Parasitic Resistances in a‐IGZO Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Jo Chunhyung , Bae Hagyoul , Jun Sungwoo , Choi Hyunjun , Hwang Seonwook , Kim Dae Hwan , Kim Dong Myong , Ahn Byung‐Du , Lee Je‐Hun , Song Junho
Published: July 2013

The dominant mechanism of the negative bias stress (NBS)‐induced instability is investigated not to be a change in the subgap DOS but a change in the parasitic resistance caused by the reduced Schottky barrier of the metal contacts. This was verified by the extracted source/drain resistance and TCAD simulation.
P.32: A New a‐IGZO AMOLED Pixel Circuit Design to Improve the OLED Luminance Degradation in 3D Displays
Authors: Lin Chih‐Lung , Hung Chia‐Che , Lai Po‐Chun , Chang Wen‐Yen
Published: July 2013

This work presents a new pixel circuit using amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide thin‐film transistors (a‐IGZO TFTs) for three‐dimensional (3D) active‐matrix organic light‐emitting diode (AMOLED) displays. Based on the simulation results, the proposed driving scheme successfully compensates for the luminance drop as the OLED degrades.