bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lectures on Stochastic Analysis: Diffusion Theory
Authors: Stroock Daniel W.
Published: January 2010

This book is based on a course given at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. It is intended to be a reasonably self-contained introduction to stochastic analytic techniques that can be used in the study of certain problems. The central theme is the theory of diffusions. In order to emphasize the intuitive aspects of probabilistic techniques, diffusion theory is presented as a natural generalization of the flow generated by a vector field. Essential to the development of this idea is the introduction of martingales and the formulation of diffusion theory in terms of martingales. The book will make valuable reading for advanced students in probability theory and analysis and will be welcomed as a concise account of the subject by research workers in these fields.
Illustrating C
Authors: Alcock Donald G.
Published: January 2010

Reviewers and readers have enthused over previous 'Illustrating' books from the pen of Donald Alcock; his unique formula using graphics and calligraphy to explain what else would take a thousand words is here applied to illustrate ANSI C. As usual, Alcock emphasizes learning by writing programs and working through them. Plenty of real programs are used to good effect, so that by the end of the book advanced topics have been described by means of increasingly sophisticated examples. A feature of the layout is the double-page spread: each of these covers a particular topic making the book useful as a reference manual. Moreover each spread is made as self-contained as is reasonably possible - ideal for browsing. For the programmer with a grounding in one language, such as FORTRAN, this book will give an excellent introduction to standard C - one that emphasizes the self-discipline needed to write portable programs. This revised edition has benefited from many corrections and updates, and has now been printed in a wide-page format for ease of use.
Forgiveness and Mercy
Authors: Murphy Jeffrie G. , Hampton Jean
Published: January 2010

This book focuses on the degree to which certain moral and legal doctrines are rooted in specific passions that are then institutionalised in the form of criminal law. A philosophical analysis is developed of the following questions: when, if ever, should hatred be overcome by sympathy or compassion? What are forgiveness and mercy and to what degree do they require - both conceptually and morally - the overcoming of certain passions and the motivation by other passions? If forgiveness and mercy indeed are moral virtues, what role, if any, should they play in the law?
Business, Integrity, and Peace
Authors: Fort Timothy L.
Published: January 2010

Ethical business behavior has an unexpected payoff: it reduces the likelihood of violence. This insight forms the basis of Business, Integrity, and Peace, first published in 2007. Academic and popular interest in the topics of corporate responsibility and 'peace through commerce' has surged. This book demonstrates that the adoption of generally accepted ethical business practices does not require wholesale changes in corporate governance. It does require, however, the development of more reflexive and self-regulating models of corporate decision-making, drawing upon three strands of existing corporate responsibility approaches: the legal, the managerial, and the aesthetic. Fort introduces the concept of Total Integrity Management, providing an integrative framework that transcends disciplinary boundaries to create ethical corporate cultures, which in turn offer the best opportunity for corporations to become instruments of peace. Business, Integrity, and Peace is an important and provocative work that will appeal to academic scholars, business leaders and policy-makers alike.
ON A GRAPH RELATED TO THE MAXIMAL SUBGROUPS OF A GROUP
Authors: HERZOG MARCEL , LONGOBARDI PATRIZIA , MAJ MERCEDE
Published: January 2010

Let G be a finitely generated group. We investigate the graph ΓM(G), whose vertices are the maximal subgroups of G and where two vertices M1 and M2 are joined by an edge whenever M1∩M2≠1. We show that if G is a finite simple group then the graph ΓM(G) is connected and its diameter is 62 at most. We also show that if G is a finite group, then ΓM(G) either is connected or has at least two vertices and no edges. Finite groups G with a nonconnected graph ΓM(G) are classified. They are all solvable groups, and if G is a finite solvable group with a connected graph ΓM(G), then the diameter of ΓM(G) is at most 2. In the infinite case, we determine the structure of finitely generated infinite nonsimple groups G with a nonconnected graph ΓM(G). In particular, we show that if G is a finitely generated locally graded group with a nonconnected graph ΓM(G), then G must be finite.
Relationship between short stature and obesity in Brazil: a multilevel analysis
Authors: Sichieri Rosely , dos Santos Barbosa Flavia , Moura Erly Catarina
Published: January 2010

To ascertain the association of BMI and obesity with short stature, a cross-sectional telephone survey was conducted in 2006, using a multilevel approach, adjusting for individual- and city-level measures of socio-economic status. The study probabilistic sample consisted of 54 369 adults (>18 years) living in households with access to telephone lines in each urban area of the twenty-six Brazilian state capitals and federal district. Odds of being currently obese and obese at age 20 years were compared between short stature individuals (5th percentile) and those with normal stature. After controlling for individual- and city-level sociodemographic characteristics and behaviours, high BMI was strongly associated with short stature individuals (P = 0·001). Among short stature women the adjusted OR of being obese was 3·0 (95 % CI 2·2, 4·2) compared with those with stature greater than the 5th percentile. Among men this adjusted OR was 2·0 (95 % CI 1·5, 2·6). When comparisons were made for BMI at age 20 years the OR were even larger (6 for men and 8 for women). Despite the growing body of evidence that environmental factors such as poor food choices and physical inactivity are the main determinants of the worldwide obesity epidemic, the greater difference in BMI and prevalence of obesity in the Brazilian capitals was explained mainly by individual factors. We found a strong association between obesity and short stature after adjustment for diet, physical activity, and many environmental factors. Intra- and inter-generational consequences of undernutrition are an alternative explanation for the regional disparities in obesity in Brazil.
Effects of dietary extra-virgin olive oil on behaviour and brain biochemical parameters in ageing rats
Authors: Pitozzi Vanessa , Jacomelli Michela , Zaid Mohamed , Luceri Cristina , Bigagli Elisabetta , Lodovici Maura , Ghelardini Carla , Vivoli Elisa , Norcini Monica , Gianfriddo Marco , Esposto Sonia , Servili Maurizio , Morozzi Guido , Baldi Elisabetta , Bucherelli Corrado , Dolara Piero , Giovannelli Lisa
Published: January 2010

The aim of the present study was to verify whether extra-virgin olive oil, a dietary component naturally containing phenolic antioxidants, has the potential to protect the brain from the deleterious effects of ageing. To accomplish this goal, we used male rats fed a high-energy diet containing either maize oil, or extra-virgin olive oil with high or low phenol content (720 or 10 mg total phenols/kg oil, corresponding to a daily dose of 4 or 0·05 mg total phenols/kg body weight, respectively) from age 12 months to senescence. The measured endpoints were biochemical parameters related to oxidative stress and functional tests to evaluate motor, cognitive and emotional behaviour. Olive oil phenols did not exert major protective actions on motor and cognitive function, as we observed only a tendency to improved motor coordination on the rotarod in the old animals treated with the oil rich in phenols (40 % average increase in the time to first fall; P = 0·18). However, an interesting finding of the present study was a reduced step-through latency in the light–dark box test, found in the older animals upon treatment with the oil rich in antioxidant phenols, possibly indicating an anxiety-lowering effect. This effect was associated with decreased glutathione reductase activity and expression in the brain, a phenomenon previously associated with decreased anxiety in rodents. These results indicate a previously undetected effect of a diet containing an olive oil rich in phenols. Further studies are warranted to verify whether specific food antioxidants might also have an effect on emotional behaviour.
EDITOR'S NOTE
Authors: Baron Beth
Published: January 2010

This edition of the journal appears under my name and that of the new managing editor, Sara Pursley, but the articles ran the gauntlet of the review process under the watchful eyes of Judith E. Tucker and her able managing editor, Sylvia Whitman. I am enormously indebted to them for handing off the journal in such excellent shape, leaving us with detailed instructions and supplying a backlog of accepted articles to help cushion the landing of the journal at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York. The transition of the editorial office could not have been accomplished without the support of our provost, Chase Robinson, whom many of you know as a specialist in early Islamic history. Colleagues affiliated with the Middle East and Middle Eastern American Center and the Programs in History at the Graduate Center and City College have welcomed the journal to its new home across the street from the Empire State Building.
Pensée 2: Assessment of the Field
Authors: Göçek Fatma Müge
Published: January 2010

What has changed in the field of Middle East studies over the last five years, especially when perceived from the vantage point of the United States? Certainly a lot, due mostly to the reverberations of the 9/11 terrorist attacks and the ensuing haphazard U.S. adventure first into Afghanistan and then Iraq in apparent search for the culprits, accompanied by a strong underlying interest in gaining access to oil and other natural resources, as well as sustaining world supremacy. Perhaps as a consequence of these developments, MESA membership escalated, especially among younger cohorts of Americans now interested in the culture and languages of the region, and studies of Middle East and Central Asia as well as Islamic studies once again increased in public significance. Yet the dark side of these developments was of course present once again in the—once again haphazard—associations often made in popular culture among Islam, the region, and terrorism: orientalism tended to rear its ugly head, as all of these were analyzed as the “other,” entirely distinct and separate from “us.”
SECULARIZING ANATOLIA TICK BY TICK: CLOCK TOWERS IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THE TURKISH REPUBLIC
Authors: Uluengin Mehmet Bengü
Published: January 2010

On 13 July 2005, the Bursa edition of the Turkish dailyHürriyetannounced the inauguration of a clock tower in the small Anatolian town of Çınarcık. The clock tower, which stands thirteen meters (roughly forty-three feet) tall, comprises a square-sectioned, white-colored, and fluted Classical column atop which a cube with four yellow-rimmed clock dials sits. Metal pennants, also colored white, project from the corners of the cube. Despite its questionable aesthetic qualities, the town's mayor, Murat Erdoğan, claims it “beautified” Çınarcık. Erdoğan further explains that Çınarcık had sorely needed a clock tower and that the city is happy to have finally built one.
“SEEING LIKE A STATE”: AN ESSAY ON THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF MODERN IRAN
Authors: Schayegh Cyrus
Published: January 2010

This essay is an attempt to reflect on the past and on possible futures of the historiography of Pahlavi Iran. At its root stands the observation that with the rise of the autocratic Pahlavi dynasty, the state began to cast a long shadow over the way journalists, intellectuals, and scholars saw modern Iran. Key actors—Reza Shah Pahlavi (r. 1921–41) and his bureaucratic elite, and Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (r. 1941–79) and his technocratic elite—produced an image of the state as a unit completely detached from society and omnipotent enough to be the ultimate reference point for all developments be they social, cultural, or economic.
LANDSCAPING PALESTINE: REFLECTIONS OF ENCLOSURE IN A HISTORICAL MIRROR
Authors: Fields Gary
Published: January 2010

When in 1989 the Berlin Wall fell, and South African apartheid soon followed, it appeared even to political realists of the period that such systems, with their landscapes of walls and practices of separation, would rapidly be consigned to historical memory. In one of the great ironies of recent history, however, a new generation of such landscapes is proliferating in the wake of 1989, used by practitioners of power to promote systems of segregation and control movements of groups designated as threats by virtue of their representation as “other.” Reflecting collective psychologies of fear, these environments range from urban-based gated communities, where class prejudices against the poor and apprehension about crime coalesce in “fortified enclaves” withinCities of Walls, to borderlands between nation–states where hostility to immigrants and prejudices against ethnic others converge in creating what scholars describe asThe Wall Around the West. Despite differences, these landscapes share a similar aim: they use built environments as defensive fortifications to preempt the circulation of people across territorial space based on class, religious, and ethnic divides. In this way, gated communities in São Paulo and Los Angeles, the walled borderlands of Melilla and Ceuta separating the European Union from Africa, and the walled border of Operation Gatekeeper separating the United States from Mexico, are broadly comparable.
MEDIA-CAPITALISM: COLLOQUIAL MASS CULTURE AND NATIONALISM IN EGYPT, 1908–18
Authors: Fahmy Ziad
Published: January 2010

In Egypt, during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, older, fragmented, and more localized forms of identity were replaced with new, alternative concepts of community, which for the first time had the capacity to collectively encompass the majority of Egyptians. The activism of Mustafa Kamil (1874–1908) and the populist message of the Watani Party began the process of defining and popularizing urban Egyptian nationalism. After Kamil's premature death in 1908, there was more of an “urgent need,” as described by Zachary Lockman, for “tapping into and mobilizing new domestic constituencies in order to build a more broadly based independence movement.” This article argues that the eventual mobilization of the Egyptian urban masses, and their “incorporation into the Egyptian nation,” was due in large part to the materialization of a variety of mass media catering to a growing national audience. To be more specific, I will examine early Egyptian nationalism through the lens of previously neglected audiovisual colloquial Egyptian sources. This, I argue, is crucial to any attempt at capturing the voice of “ordinary” Egyptians. Finally, the article documents the role of early colloquial Egyptian mass culture as a vehicle and forum through which, among other things, “hidden transcripts” of resistance and critiques of colonial and elite authority took place.
THE OTHER FRONTIERS OF ARAB NATIONALISM: IBADIS, BERBERS, AND THE ARABIST-SALAFI PRESS IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD
Authors: Ghazal Amal N.
Published: January 2010

The historiography of Arab nationalism has tended to concentrate on the secular press from the Mashriq, especially the Cairo–Beirut axis, at the expense of the religious nationalist press and the non-Mashriqi one. There is often an assumption that reliance on the secular press from the Mashriq alone can provide a clear picture of Arab intellectual life and that a proper analysis of that thought can be confined to a few intellectual centers in the eastern Arab world. Although there has never been an explicit claim that such a focus is the end of the story, there have not been enough attempts to look beyond the Cairo–Beirut axis and beyond its secular press organs in search of a broader story of the depth and breadth of Arab nationalism. This article addresses this imbalance by examining an Arabist-Salafi press network that operated between Algeria, Tunisia, Zanzibar, and Egypt and involved members of two sectarian communities, Sunnis and Ibadis. This Arabist-Salafi press network created a public sphere of intellectual engagement in which Salafism and nationalism were interwoven, producing a nationalist discourse transgressing post World War I borders of identity and linking the three layers of nationalism—the territorial, the Pan-Arab, and the Pan-Islamic—together. These layers not only intersected but also legitimized one another.
POPULATION DYNAMICS AND BIRTH SPACING IN OMAN
Authors: Drysdale Alasdair
Published: January 2010

Rapid population growth constitutes one of the most critical problems confronting many Middle Eastern and North African countries, placing incremental pressure on their finite water and other natural resources and challenging their abilities to grow sufficient food, accommodate school and university graduates with jobs, build adequate urban and rural infrastructures, contain rapid urbanization, and alleviate poverty, illiteracy, malnutrition, and disease. More than one-third of the population is under the age of fifteen in a majority of countries and, thus, has yet to marry and reach reproductive age. As a result, in most places the number of women of childbearing age (fifteen to forty-nine) will more than double in the next thirty years. Because there are so many young people, by one estimate the region's economies would have to generate half as many additional jobs by 2010 as existed in 1996 to avoid an increase in already high unemployment rates, particularly among young adults. The growing bulge of unemployed young people has serious political ramifications for many Middle Eastern regimes, from Algeria to Saudi Arabia. These problems will likely get worse in the short term because of demographic momentum—the parents of the future have already been born.
Addressing the State: The Syrian ʿUlamaʾ Protest Personal Status Law Reform, 1939
Authors: White Benjamin Thomas
Published: January 2010

In February 1939, the Syrian government received two documents from ʿulamaʾ protesting two decrees of the French High Commission that were intended to reform personal status law in Syria: decree 60/L.R. of 13 March 1936 and decree 146/L.R. of 18 November 1938. The first was a petition signed by Muslims from Homs to the Syrian prime minister (pictured); the second was a letter from the Damascus Association of ʿUlamaʾ to the Syrian interior minister.
“SEEING LIKE A STATE”: AN ESSAY ON THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF MODERN IRAN
Authors: Schayegh Cyrus
Published: January 2010

This essay argues that with the rise of the autocratic Pahlavi dynasty (1921–79), the state started to cast a long shadow over the historiography of modern Iran. Drawing on dynastic nationalism, modernization policies, and repression, the Pahlavi shahs and their bureaucratic elites produced an image of an all-powerful state completely detached from society. Scholars often reflexively replicated this top-down perspective. The resulting methodological statism, a metanarrative of state action as the inevitable ultimate reference point of all things Iranian, has reified our understanding of the modern Iranian state and, more generally, limited our vision of “the history of Pahlavi Iran.” Fixated on autocratic policymaking, we have ignored routine citizen–government interactions; equally, we lack microhistories of the complex facets of everyday life. By illuminating the politics and history of methodological statism, this essay hopes to prepare the ground for the assimilation of such alternative perspectives into the historiography of modern Iran.
THE OTHER FRONTIERS OF ARAB NATIONALISM: IBADIS, BERBERS, AND THE ARABIST-SALAFI PRESS IN THE INTERWAR PERIOD
Authors: Ghazal Amal N.
Published: January 2010

This article examines an Arabist-Salafi press network in the interwar period that operated between Algeria, Tunisia, Zanzibar, and Cairo and involved members of two sectarian communities, Sunnis and Ibadis. This Arabist-Salafi press network created a public sphere of intellectual engagement in which Salafism and nationalism were interwoven, producing a nationalist discourse transgressing post World War I borders of identity and linking the three layers of nationalism—the territorial, the Pan-Arab, and the Pan-Islamic—together. These layers not only intersected but also legitimized one another. Thus, this article not only expands the geographic horizons of Arab nationalism but also contributes to the scholarship examining the correlation between Islam and national identity in the interwar period.
Physiological energetics of the estuarine crabHemigrapsus crenulatus(Crustacea: Decapoda: Varunidae): responses to different salinity levels
Authors: Urbina Mauricio , Paschke Kurt , Gebauer Paulina , Chaparro Oscar R.
Published: January 2010

Hemigrapsus crenulatusis an abundant and frequent decapod crustacean inhabiting estuarine environments, where it must tolerate large shifts in salinity. The present study evaluates the effect of salinity (5, 13, 21 and 30 psu) on the adult physiological processes related to the energy balance. The growth potential (SFG) and the respired oxygen:excreted nitrogen ratio were used as indices of stress. Ingestion, excretion and respiration rates showed a significant dependence on salinity, being higher at low salinities. The assimilation efficiency remained constant along the studied salinity gradient. The assimilation and ingestion rates were inversely related with the salinity. Given this scenario, the growth potential remained constant within the studied salinity gradient, as did the oxygen:nitrogen ratio. The results suggest that the increased energy losses at low salinity due to respiration and excretion are compensated by an increment in the ingestion rate, contributing to the success ofH. crenulatusin dynamic habitats such as estuaries.
On the reproductive biology and impact of imposex in a population ofBuccinanops moniliferfrom Mar del Plata, Argentina
Authors: Averbuj Andrés , Penchaszadeh Pablo E.
Published: January 2010

The populations ofBuccinanops monilifer(Gastropoda: Nassariidae) from two different sites, Mar del Plata (Buenos Aires province) and a close non-polluted locality (Mar Chiquita), are compared in their imposex indices and reproductive parameters. In Mar del Plata, a beach nourishment (sand filling) remobilized sediment from the harbour area during 1999; our results show high imposex percentage and an increase in relative penis size index during and after this beach filling event, in contrast with the Mar Chiquita population that showed nil values during this study. Comparisons of reproductive parameters between both populations showed significantly higher frequency of spawning females and number of egg capsules per female in Mar Chiquita, while female size and number of eggs per capsule did not differ. Females from Mar del Plata that did not succeed in spawning showed higher imposex values than spawning ones. Sex-ratio was not significantly different from 1:1 in any of the sites (although male-biased in Mar del Plata and the opposite in Mar Chiquita). We found no malformations or abnormalities during intracapsular development in the imposexed population. Alternatively, we found evidence that suggests thatB. moniliferintracapsular development includes the occurrence of intracapsular embryonic cannibalism of other smaller embryos, which was not previously known in this genus, and that complements adelphophagy (feeding on nurse eggs feeding).
Four new species ofHaplosyllis(Polychaeta: Syllidae: Syllinae) from Indonesia
Authors: Lattig Patricia , Martin Daniel , Aguado M. Teresa
Published: January 2010

Four species of the genusHaplosyllis from Indonesia are herein described and illustrated. InHaplosyllis aciculatasp. nov. andHaplosyllis ingensicolasp. nov. the longest midbody cirri exceed body width and posterior parapodia have a single broad, strongly curved acicula, while inHaplosyllis tenhoveisp. nov. andHaplosyllis nicoleaesp. nov. cirri are shorter than body width, and the two or more aciculae are straight or curved. The available information on the ecology and host species is provided.
Taxonomy and biogeography of the genus Heteroteuthis (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Rotermund Natalie , Guerrero-Kommritz Jürgen
Published: January 2010

Two species of the bobtail squid Heteroteuthis are reported from the Atlantic Ocean, H. dispar in the North Atlantic Ocean and H. dagamensis in the South Atlantic Ocean. In total 58 individuals were examined, 23 belonging to the species Heteroteuthis dispar and 35 belonging to the species H. dagamensis. All specimens were captured during the Walther Herwig Expeditions 1966, 1968, 1976 and 1982. A full description of both sexes of H. dispar and H. dagamensis is provided. These two species can only be distinguished by means of the male's enlarged suckers on arm pair III. Females are not useful for taxonomic identifications and are morphologically identical in both species. The results do not support the definition of subgenera in this genus. This is the first report for Heteroteuthis dagamensis in the South-West Atlantic Ocean.
Benthic assemblages associated with rocks in a brackish environment of the southern Baltic Sea
Authors: Grzelak Katarzyna , Kuklinski Piotr
Published: January 2010

Sandy bottoms, with local patches of rocks, dominate the southern Baltic Sea coast. These rock patches create three-dimensional habitats with additional niches that can support diverse assemblages of organisms. In this study we investigated macrofaunal assemblages associated with the boulder field in the brackish Gulf of Gdansk. Of the 30 recorded taxa three animal species (Mytilus trossulus, Balanus improvisus and Electra crustulenta) together with five species of algae were directly attached to rocks. These engineering organisms provided habitats for a further 22 taxa. Among the fauna directly associated with rocks, barnacles (76%) were the most abundant while among indirectly associated biota, oligochaetes were the dominant group (45%). Rock size and algal biomass explained most variance in macrofaunal structure of the assemblages investigated. There were statistical differences in assemblage structure between two separate localities within the rocky patch, despite environmental homogeneity (salinity, water temperature and structure of sea bottom). These differences in assemblage structure were mostly due to differences in dominance of particular species rather than in species composition. Our results show that rocky patches in an otherwise soft sediment habitat provide additional living space for macrofauna leading to an increase in local biodiversity and organismal abundance.
Colonization of an artificial reef in south-west England—ex-HMS ‘Scylla’
Authors: Hiscock Keith , Sharrock Sally , Highfield James , Snelling Deborah
Published: January 2010

An ex-Royal Navy frigate, HMS ‘Scylla’, was placed on the seabed in Whitsand Bay, south Cornwall on 27 March 2004. After five years, the reef supported a mature steel wreck community. The colonization of the reef showed wide fluctuations in species abundance in the first two years but, by 2006, most species that dominated or characterized the reef after five years had settled. Significant colonization events included settlement of barnacles, tubeworms and hydroids within a month and remarkably high settlements of the sea urchin Psammechinus miliaris and the queen scallop Aequipecten opercularis in the first year together with starfish Asterias rubens, solitary sea squirts and ephemeral algae. The plumose anemone Metridium senile, a characteristic species of wrecks, arrived in late summer 2004 but the widely distributed dead man's fingers Alcyonium digitatum was not observed until spring 2005. Wrasse were slow to colonize the reef but were established in small numbers by the end of 2007. Sea fans, Eunicella verrucosa, were first observed in August 2007. The species count for the reef stood at 263 taxa by the end of March 2009. The inside of the reef remained poorly colonized even after five years. Areas coated with tributyltin (TBT) antifouling paint only had colonization where the paint had flaked-off or on non-toxic paint markings, but with some indication that colonization may be occurring by a very few species especially near to non-TBT areas. Many species characteristic of natural reefs had not settled and neither do they occur on older wrecks including branching axinellid sponges, some cushion sponges and the yellow cluster anemone Parazoanthus axinellae. The artificial reef developed a community that was distinctly different to nearby natural rock reefs and such artificial structures should not be considered as a replacement for damaged or destroyed natural habitats.
Rekindling Ancient Values: The Influence of Chinese Music and Aesthetics on Harry Partch
Authors: GRANADE S. ANDREW
Published: January 2010

Scholarship on American composer Harry Partch (1901–74) has long focused on the composer's use of Greek musical ideals as the basis of his aesthetic, but little attention has been paid to China, a nation with which Partch had familial ties and with which he claimed an affinity. Using Partch's published writings, along with unpublished manuscripts, letters, and interviews, this article repositions China's role in the development of Harry Partch's music and aesthetic. By surveying his early experiences with Cantonese opera, his early expositions of his theoretical thinking, and his first full-scale composition, a setting of seventeen poems by Li Po, it demonstrates that China symbolized an alternative path. China's musical traditions were tied directly to the spoken word and featured integration of the arts through ritual, and thus for Partch presented a way to renew Western music. Through the Chinese musical quotations that reside in several of his works, the article also shows that, despite his later protests to the contrary, Chinese music both informed and shaped his music. Finally, it suggests that only by exploring the implications of China in his music can we fully understand Partch's compositional aesthetic.
Cultural Policy in American Music History: Sammy Davis, Jr., vs. Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: NEKOLA ANNA , KIRKPATRICK BILL
Published: January 2010

In 1956 entertainer Sammy Davis, Jr., attempted to organize the music industry in a campaign against juvenile delinquency, using musical public service announcements to encourage teens to stay on the right side of the law. Although popular with the public and some industry insiders, Davis's idea failed, officially because of opposition from the Recording Industry Association of America. Although Davis's campaign went nowhere, we argue that this episode provides an important illustration of the need to broaden our understanding of cultural policy studies in the context of American music history. Specifically, we argue for an approach to policy analysis that draws on poststructuralist historiography to capture the forms that cultural policy takes in the United States, including the specific factors of race, intra-industry struggles, and the persona of Sammy Davis, Jr., himself, a pivotal figure who has been largely neglected by music historians despite embodying many of the key cultural tensions of postwar U.S. society. By examining the case of Sammy Davis, Jr., vs. Juvenile Delinquency, we can achieve a better understanding of how U.S. music, U.S. culture, and cultural policy intersect.
TRANSFINITE NUMBERS IN PARACONSISTENT SET THEORY
Authors: WEBER ZACH
Published: January 2010

This paper begins an axiomatic development of naive set theory—the consequences of a full comprehension principle—in a paraconsistent logic. Results divide into two sorts. There is classical recapture, where the main theorems of ordinal and Peano arithmetic are proved, showing that naive set theory can provide a foundation for standard mathematics. Then there are major extensions, including proofs of the famous paradoxes and the axiom of choice (in the form of the well-ordering principle). At the end I indicate how later developments of cardinal numbers will lead to Cantor’s theorem, the existence of large cardinals, and a counterexample to the continuum hypothesis.
Griefing in a Virtual Community
Authors: Coyne Iain , Chesney Thomas , Logan Brian , Madden Neil
Published: January 2010

Building on the research of Chesney, Coyne, Logan, and Madden (2009), this paper examines griefing within the virtual online community of Second Life via an online survey of 86 residents (46% men). Results suggested that griefing was deemed to be an unacceptable, persistent negative behavior which disrupted enjoyment of the environment and which was experienced by 95% of the sample, with 38% classified as frequent victims and 20% classified as perpetrators. No differences emerged in rates between gender (real life and second life), age, and time as a resident in Second Life. A number of self, player- and game-influenced motivations were judged to promote griefing, with respondents overall split on the impact of griefing when compared to traditional bullying. Further, respondents felt that a shared responsibility to control griefing was needed with individuals, residents as a community, and Second Life developers all playing a part. Discussion of the findings in relation to cyber-bullying in general is presented.
Self-Reported Cognitive Failures
Authors: Wilhelm Oliver , Witthöft Michael , Schipolowski Stefan
Published: January 2010

The Cognitive Failure Questionnaire (CFQ) is a well-known and frequently used self-report measure of cognitive lapses and slips, for example, throwing away the candy bar and keeping the wrapping. Measurement models of individual differences in cognitive failures have failed to produce consistent results so far. In this article we establish a measurement model distinguishing three factors of self-reported cognitive failures labeled Clumsiness, Retrieval, and Intention forgotten. The relationships of the CFQ factors with a variety of self-report instruments are investigated. Measures of minor lapses, neuroticism, functional and dysfunctional self-consciousness, cognitive interference, and memory complaints provide evidence across several studies for the interpretation of self-reported cognitive failures as an aspect of neuroticism that primarily reflects general subjective complaints about cognition. We conclude that self-report measures about cognition ought to be interpreted as expressing worries about one’s cognition rather than measuring cognitive abilities themselves.
Profiles of temperature responses to the 22 July 2009 total solar eclipse from FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC constellation
Authors: Wang Kuo‐Ying , Liu Chao‐Han
Published: January 2010

Due to the difficulty in making reliable and timely four‐dimensional observations of atmospheric temperature in the vicinity of the path of the total solar eclipse, direct measurements of temperature changes from the troposphere to the stratosphere during a total solar eclipse still haven't been reported before. In this work we use profiles of temperature measurements from a constellation of the FORMOSAT‐3/COSMIC (FS3/C) LEO satellites to estimate temperature changes during the 22 July 2009 total solar eclipse. The FS3/C data reveals a very important temperature response structure in the vertical. The cooling in the troposphere can be attributed to the reduction in solar heating, which is thermally driven. The warming in the stratosphere, especially for those that occurred between 13 and 23 km altitudes could be dynamically driven, which can be induced by the thermal contraction of the troposphere.
Direct observations of basin‐wide acidification of the North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Byrne Robert H. , Mecking Sabine , Feely Richard A. , Liu Xuewu
Published: January 2010

Global ocean acidification is a prominent, inexorable change associated with rising levels of atmospheric CO2. Here we present the first basin‐wide direct observations of recently declining pH, along with estimates of anthropogenic and non‐anthropogenic contributions to that signal. Along 152°W in the North Pacific Ocean (22–56°N), pH changes between 1991 and 2006 were essentially zero below about 800 m depth. However, in the upper 500 m, significant pH changes, as large as −0.06, were observed. Anthropogenic and non‐anthropogenic contributions over the upper 800 m are estimated to be of similar magnitude. In the surface mixed layer (depths to ∼100 m), the extent of pH change is consistent with that expected under conditions of seawater/atmosphere equilibration, with an average rate of change of −0.0017/yr. Future mixed layer changes can be expected to closely mirror changes in atmospheric CO2, with surface seawater pH continuing to fall as atmospheric CO2 rises.
Gravitational signature of Jupiter's internal dynamics
Authors: Kaspi Yohai , Hubbard William B. , Showman Adam P. , Flierl Glenn R.
Published: January 2010

Telescopic observations and space missions to Jupiter have provided vast information about Jupiter's cloud level winds, but the depth to which these winds penetrate has remained an ongoing mystery. Scheduled to be launched in 2011, the Jupiter orbiter Juno will make high‐resolution observations of Jupiter's gravity field. In this paper we show that these measurements are sensitive to the depth of the internal winds. We use dynamical models ranging from an idealized thermal wind balance analysis, using the observed cloud‐top winds, to a full general circulation model (GCM). We relate the depth of the dynamics to the external gravity spectrum for different internal wind structure scenarios. In particular, we predict that substantial Jovian winds below a depth of 500 km would lead to detectable (milligal‐level) gravity anomalies with respect to the expected gravity for a planet in solid body rotation.
Giant impact stratification of the Martian core
Authors: Arkani‐Hamed Jafar , Olson Peter
Published: January 2010

We investigate the direct thermal effects of giant impacts on the Martian core and its dynamo. Shock wave heating of Mars is calculated in terms of the impact velocity and the final basin size. Although much of the shock wave heat is deposited in the mantle, shock heating from a giant impact produces non‐uniform temperatures in the core, leading to an overturn event and stable thermal stratification in the liquid core. Numerical dynamos with core heating from polar and equatorial impacts show that the overturn and stratification quickly destroys a pre‐existing core dynamo, within ten thousand years. Energy considerations reveal that both the stratification and the time required for removal of the stratification increase with impact size. Our calculations indicate that several tens to over one hundred million years are required for removal of core stratification following a giant impact.
Observation of near‐inertial wave reflections within the thermostad layer of an anticyclonic mesoscale eddy
Authors: Byun Sang‐Shin , Park Jong Jin , Chang Kyung‐Il , Schmitt Raymond W.
Published: January 2010

Moored current observations in the southwestern East/Japan Sea of 16.5 months duration clearly captured two episodes of downward phase propagation (upward energy propagation) of near‐inertial waves (NIWs). Time series of temperature and velocity from the mooring and ancillary information indicate that the mooring was located near the center of an anticyclonic eddy during these events. Considering the typical vertical structure of quasi‐permanent eddy features in the region, the observed downward phase propagation appeared to occur within the seasonal thermocline and upper thermostad of the anticyclonic mesoscale eddy. Ray tracing simulation of NIW using the observed subinertial currents suggests that the upward energy propagation is caused by the reflection of the NIWs within the thermostad of the anticyclonic eddy, where the effect of the vertical shear of subinertial horizontal currents is larger than the buoyancy effect in controlling the propagation of NIWs.
Low‐frequency variations in surface atmospheric humidity, temperature, and precipitation: Inferences from reanalyses and monthly gridded observational data sets
Authors: Simmons A. J. , Willett K. M. , Jones P. D. , Thorne P. W. , Dee D. P.
Published: January 2010

Evidence is presented of a reduction in relative humidity over low‐latitude and midlatitude land areas over a period of about 10 years leading up to 2008, based on monthly anomalies in surface air temperature and humidity from comprehensive European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts reanalyses (ERA‐40 and ERA‐Interim) and from Climatic Research Unit and Hadley Centre analyses of monthly station temperature data (CRUTEM3) and synoptic humidity observations (HadCRUH). The data sets agree well for both temperature and humidity variations for periods and places of overlap, although the average warming over land is larger for the fully sampled ERA data than for the spatially and temporally incomplete CRUTEM3 data. Near‐surface specific humidity varies similarly over land and sea, suggesting that the recent reduction in relative humidity over land may be due to limited moisture supply from the oceans, where evaporation has been limited by sea surface temperatures that have not risen in concert with temperatures over land. Continental precipitation from the reanalyses is compared with a new gauge‐based Global Precipitation Climatology Centre (GPCC) data set, with the combined gauge and satellite products of the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP) and the Climate Prediction Center (CPC), Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP), and with CPC's independent gauge analysis of precipitation over land (PREC/L). The reanalyses agree best with the new GPCC and latest GPCP data sets, with ERA‐Interim significantly better than ERA‐40 at capturing monthly variability. Shifts over time in the differences among the precipitation data sets make it difficult to assess their longer‐term variations and any link with longer‐term variations in humidity.
Seasonal characteristics of aerosol radiative effect estimated from ground‐based solar radiation measurements in Tsukuba, Japan
Authors: Kudo Rei , Uchiyama Akihiro , Yamazaki Akihiro , Kobayashi Eriko
Published: January 2010

The seasonal characteristics of aerosol optical properties and surface direct radiative forcing were evaluated from ground‐based solar radiation measurements under cloudless conditions in Tsukuba, Japan, from April 2004 to March 2008. Optical thickness (τ), single scattering albedo (ω0), and asymmetry factor (g) at visible and near‐infrared wavelengths were estimated from the direct and diffuse spectral irradiances. The radiative forcings in total, visible, and near‐infrared regions were estimated from the measured direct and diffuse broadband irradiances. The value of τ was large from spring to summer and small in winter; ω0 was large in summer and small in winter; and g was large in spring and small in summer, but there is a possibility of underestimating g due to the uncertainty in the estimated size distribution. The radiative forcing (AF24) had almost the same seasonal changes as those of τ. However, the radiative forcing efficiency (AFE24), defined as AF24 per unit τ, was not consistent with ω0 and g. The fractional radiative focing efficiency (FAFE24) was defined as a ratio of AFE24 to the solar irradiance at the top of the atmosphere, and a close correlation was found among ω0, g, and FAFE24. The seasonal radiative effects of aerosols were clarified by FAFE24. These evaluated τ, ω0, g, and AF24 were compared with those at other sites over East Asia. The values of τ, ω0, g, and AF24 in Japan were smaller than those over the continent at all seasons. These differences suggest that the aerosols in Japan have different compositions from those over the continent.
Interaction of interannual and diurnal variations over equatorial Africa
Authors: Misra Vasubandhu
Published: January 2010

This paper shows evidence of interannual variation of the local diurnal variability over equatorial Africa. The dry season of December–February over the equatorial African region of the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo (formerly Zaire) typically experiences wetter (drier) than normal seasonal anomalies during warm (cold) El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events. This study finds that from the additive influence or phase locking of the seasonal cycle, the interannual signal from ENSO, and the local diurnal cycle, there is a tendency for local amplification of the remote ENSO signal over this region of equatorial Africa. This additive influence of the three temporal scales over the equatorial African region is established from the analysis of a multidecadal coupled ocean‐atmosphere model integration that simulates the observed seasonal cycle and its interannual variations over equatorial Africa reasonably well.
The 5‐day wave in the Arctic and Antarctic mesosphere and lower thermosphere
Authors: Day K. A. , Mitchell N. J.
Published: January 2010

The 5‐day planetary wave in the polar mesosphere and lower thermosphere has been investigated using meteor radars at Esrange (68°N, 21°E) in the Arctic and Rothera (68°S, 68°W) in the Antarctic. The measurements span the 9‐year interval from October 1999 to December 2008 and the 4‐year interval from February 2005 to December 2008, respectively. The height range covered is approximately 80–100 km. Horizontal wind variance within a wave period range of 4–7 days is used as a proxy for the activity of the 5‐day wave. Strong wave activity is seen in winter and late summer. However, there is a high degree of interannual variability, and in some individual years wave activity is almost absent. The data are used to construct a representative climatology for the Arctic and Antarctic. The seasonal cycle of the 5‐day wave is found to be very similar in both polar regions. Wave activity in winter is present across the entire height range observed. Wintertime wave variance can reach about 65 m2/s2. The wave is largely absent around the equinoxes. Wave activity is also very strong in late summer, reaching about 75 m2/s2, but occurs only for 1–2 months and is confined to heights above about 90 km and excluded from the stronger westward winds at lower heights. Summertime wave activity peaks at a height of about 95 km and decays rapidly above and below that height. During this summer maximum, the wave cannot have ascended to the mesosphere and lower thermosphere from below and so must have been generated in situ and/or ducted across the equator from the winter hemisphere. The seasonal cycle of the 5‐day wave is remarkably similar to that observed for the 2‐day wave at these latitudes.
Evaluation of aquifer heterogeneity effects on river flow loss using a transition probability framework
Authors: Engdahl Nicholas B. , Vogler Eric T. , Weissmann Gary S.
Published: January 2010

River‐aquifer exchange is considered within a transition probability framework along the Rio Grande in Albuquerque, New Mexico, to provide a stochastic estimate of aquifer heterogeneity and river loss. Six plausible hydrofacies configurations were determined using categorized drill core and wetland survey data processed through the TPROGS geostatistical package. A base case homogeneous model was also constructed for comparison. River loss was simulated for low, moderate, and high Rio Grande stages and several different riverside drain stage configurations. Heterogeneity effects were quantified by determining the mean and variance of the K field for each realization compared to the root‐mean‐square (RMS) error of the observed groundwater head data. Simulation results showed that the heterogeneous models produced smaller estimates of loss than the homogeneous approximation. Differences between heterogeneous and homogeneous model results indicate that the use of a homogeneous K in a regional‐scale model may result in an overestimation of loss but comparable RMS error. We find that the simulated river loss is dependent on the aquifer structure and is most sensitive to the volumetric proportion of fines within the river channel.