bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High‐Voltage All‐Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries Enabled by Localized High‐Salt‐Concentration In‐Chain Clustering Copolymer Electrolytes
Authors: You Donglei , Lai Ziwei , Wei Wei , Xiong Huiming
Published: October 2024

All‐solid‐state polymer electrolyte‐based rechargeable batteries paired with high‐voltage cathodes and lithium anodes hold promising prospects to increase the energy density and the safety of lithium metal batteries (LMBs). To improve the stability of the polymer electrolytes at both the positive and negative electrodes, fluorinated polymer electrolytes have been designed and synthesized by copolymerization of epoxide monomers containing cyclic carbonates and fluorinated moieties. The cyclic carbonates possessing a large dielectric constant endow the polymer electrolytes with a high salt solubility. While, the introduction of the fluorinated moieties gives rise to an enhanced oxidation resistance of the electrolytes particularly in the cathode on one hand; on the other hand, it results in in‐chain micelle‐like clusters on the scale of a few nanometers due to the superior hydrophobicity, hence promoting the formation of localized high‐concentration polymer‐in‐salt electrolytes (PISEs) with a high lithium‐ion conductivity and transference number. This synergistic strategy enables a large lithium‐ion transference number of ∼0.72, a wide electrochemical stability window up to 5.2 V, and stable electrode/electrolyte interfaces. The Li/PISE/Li cells demonstrate stable cycling over 1500 h, and the all‐solid‐state NCM811/PISE/Li batteries exhibit a superior discharge capacity and prolonged cycling stability (∼98% capacity retention at 500 cycles) at 30 °C.
Recent Development of Nanozymes for Combating Bacterial Drug Resistance: A Review
Authors: Xie Lingping , Wu Haoyue , Li Yuanfeng , Shi Linqi , Liu Yong
Published: October 2024

The World Health Organization has warned that without effective action, deaths from drug‐resistant bacteria can exceed 10 million annually, making it the leading cause of death. Conventional antibiotics are becoming less effective due to rapid bacterial drug resistance and slowed new antibiotic development, necessitating new strategies. Recently, materials with catalytic/enzymatic properties, known as nanozymes, have been developed, inspired by natural enzymes essential for bacterial eradication. Unlike recent literature reviews that broadly cover nanozyme design and biomedical applications, this review focuses on the latest advancements in nanozymes for combating bacterial drug resistance, emphasizing their design, structural characteristics, applications in combination therapy, and future prospects. This approach aims to promote nanozyme development for combating bacterial drug resistance, especially towards clinical translation.
Giant Decrease in Interfacial Energy of Liquid Metals by Native Oxides
Authors: Jung Woojin , Vong Man Hou , Kwon Kiyoon , Kim Jong Uk , Kwon S. Joon , Kim Tae‐il , Dickey Michael D.
Published: October 2024

Native oxides form on the surface of many metals. Here, using gallium‐based liquid metal alloys, Johnson‐Kendall‐Roberts (JKR) measurements are employed to show that native oxide dramatically lower the tension of the metal interface from 724 to 10 mN m−1. Like conventional surfactants, the oxide has asymmetry between the composition of its internal and external interfaces. Yet, in comparison to conventional surfactants, oxides are an order of magnitude more effective at lowering tension and do not need to be added externally to the liquid (i.e., oxides form naturally on metals). This surfactant‐like asymmetry explains the adhesion of oxide‐coated metals to surfaces. The resulting low interfacial energy between the metal and the interior of the oxide helps stabilize non‐spherical liquid metal structures. In addition, at small enough macroscopic contact angles, the finite tension of the liquid within the oxide can drive fluid instabilities that are useful for separating the oxide from the metal to form oxide‐encased bubbles or deposit thin oxide films (1–5 nm) on surfaces. Since oxides form on many metals, this work can have implications for a wide range of metals and metal oxides in addition to explaining the physical behavior of liquid metal.
Antibacterial Therapeutic Ions Incorporation into Bioactive Glasses as a Winning Strategy against Antibiotic Resistance
Authors: Elahpour Nafise , Niesner Isabella , Abdellaoui Nora , Holzapfel Boris Michael , Gritsch Lukas , Jallot Edouard , Mayer‐Wagner Susanne , Lao Jonathan
Published: October 2024

This work focuses on combating bacterial infections in bone tissue using metal elements embedded in bioactive glass. While there is an urgent need for alternative methods with a shrinking number of effective treatment options untouched by antimicrobial resistance, it is crucial to first understand the mechanisms of pathogenesis, persistence, and bacterial resistance in skeletal infection, and then develop effective counterstrategies and innovative alternatives. This review considers the role of antimicrobial metal ions, their mechanism of action, and their incorporation into bioactive glass formulations as these materials can serve as delivery platforms with the least possible complexities. Furthermore, the bacterial infection risk in bone is also examined with specific attention to antibiotic resistance and biofilm formation. This review sheds light on the most promising materials as novel antibacterial agents by presenting a wide range of possible bioactive glass formulations equipped with potential antibacterial ions and in vitro/ in vivo insights, and it also reinforces the importance of continuing studies to develop multi‐faceted antibacterial bioactive glasses.
Dynamic and Wavelength‐Dependent Optical Transmission Control with Uniform Bending and Recovery of Shape Memory Nanopillars
Authors: Xu Yuanhao , Pang Stella W.
Published: October 2024

In this paper, the fabrication, characterization, and investigation of the optical properties of high aspect ratio shape memory polymer (SMP) nanopillars are presented. The SMP nanopillars are fabricated using nanoimprint lithography and double‐replication techniques, resulting in well‐defined structures with a height of 1.3 µm and a diameter of 270 nm that can be uniformly bent across a large area. The optical transmission spectra of both straight and bent SMP nanopillars are studied. Experimental measurements, along with finite‐difference time‐domain simulations, reveal significant alterations in the transmission spectra due to the presence of the nanopillars. The SMP nanopillars provide a smart optical power splitting effect, enabling wavelength‐dependent splitting of incident light by controlling the SMP nanopillar bending angle and direction dynamically with temperature. These findings highlight the potential of SMP nanopillars as versatile components for manipulating light in wavelength‐dependent optical devices.
The Regulation of Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Composite Lithium Anodes in Solid‐State Batteries
Authors: Wang Zi‐You , Zhao Chen‐Zi , Yao Nan , Lu Yang , Xue Zhou‐Qing , Huang Xue‐Yan , Xu Pan , Huang Wen‐Ze , Wang Zi‐Xuan , Huang Jia‐Qi , Zhang Qiang
Published: October 2024

Solid‐state lithium metal batteries (SSLMBs) with solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) are highly promising for next‐generation energy storage due to their enhanced safety and energy density. However, the stability of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on the lithium metal/SPE interface is a major challenge, as continuous SEI degradation and regeneration during cycling lead to capacity fading. This article investigates the SEI formation on lithium anodes (l‐SEI) and composite lithium anodes (c‐SEI) in solid‐state lithium metal batteries. The composite anodes form a uniform Li2S‐rich inorganic SEI layer and a thinner organic SEI layer, effectively passivating the interface for enhanced cycling stability. Specifically, the full cells with c‐SEI anodes sustain over 400 cycles at 0.5 C under a high areal capacity of 2.0 mAh cm−2. Moreover, the reversible high‐loading solid‐state pouch cells exhibit exceptional safety even after curling and cutting. These findings offer valuable insights into developing composite electrodes with robust SEI for solid‐state polymer‐based lithium metal batteries.
Total Syntheses of β‐ and γ‐Naphthocyclinones
Authors: Ando Yoshio , Hoshino Taiju , Tanaka Nozomi , Maturi Mark M. , Nakazawa Yusuke , Fukazawa Takumi , Ohmori Ken , Suzuki Keisuke
Published: October 2024

After half a century from their isolation in 1974, we report the first total syntheses of β‐ and γ‐naphthocyclinones, two dimeric pyranonaphthoquinones featuring an unusual bicyclo[3.2.1]octadienone core. The syntheses were achieved with full stereochemical control and functional group management, relying on 1) enantioselective construction of the bicyclic core by Rh‐catalyzed enantioselective 1,4‐addition followed by thiolate‐mediated reductive cyclization, and 2) judicious design of a common chiral, non‐racemic monomer unit that is capable of divergence into the donor and acceptor units, and reunion to construct the bicyclo[3.2.1]octadienone core.
Unlocking Mechanism of Anion and Cation Interaction on Ion Conduction of Polymer Based Electrolyte in Metal Batteries
Authors: Zhang Qi , Bian Tengfei , Wang Xiaobing , Shi Ruijuan , Zhao Yong
Published: October 2024

Polymer based electrolyte shows advantages in compatibly improving safety and interface stability of batteries, while its limited ion conductivity and transfer number make it difficult to apply in batteries with high energy density. Herein, by designing four crosslinking polyesters with different electron withdrawing group (EWG), it is found that strengthening the binding of EWG to anion for weakening the binding of anion to Li+ is critical for high Li+ transfer number (
) and ionic conductivity of electrolyte. As a result, poly (2,2,3,3‐tetrafluoropropyl methacrylate) (PTFM) based gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) shows an ionic conductivity of 0.78 mS cm−1 and a
of 0.85, much higher than those of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) without EWG. Moreover, PTFM based GPE shows excellent flame retardancy property. Li||PTFM||NCM811 batteries with an ultrahigh capacity of 5.5 mAh cm−2 show stable cycles of 5 times to that of Li||PMMA||NCM811. Moreover, the assembled graphite||PTFM||NCM811 pouch cell shows a capacity retention rate of 92 % after 500 cycles. This work clarifies the mechanism of cation/anion interaction on ionic conductivity of GPE, which is important to develop high‐performance devices with good safety and flexibility.
Optimizing the chemical refining process parameters on the removal of free fatty acid in distillers corn oil
Authors: Huda Md. Sanaul , Monono Ewumbua
Published: October 2024

Distillers corn oil (DCO) has commonly been used for non‐edible purposes due to its high levels of free fatty acid (FFA). Food‐grade corn oil is usually obtained from oil extracted and refined from corn germs rather than DCO. To enhance the market value and reduce the cost of refining DCO, it is important to optimize the removal of FFA since the chemical refining process conditions for DCO have not yet been studied in‐depth. Therefore, a response surface methodology with a Box–Behnken design was utilized to study the effect of various process conditions during the neutralization of DCO using sodium hydroxide solution, a commonly used and effective neutralizing agent in the food industry. The process parameters selected were the excess level of sodium hydroxide (0%–0.4%), time (0.5–2 h), and temperature (60–70°C). The experimental data were fitted into a second‐order polynomial equation using regression analysis. A well‐fitting model was developed to predict the percent of FFA removed (R2 = 0.9963) at different process scenarios. The optimal process parameters of chemical refining removed approximately 90% of FFAs at an excess level of sodium hydroxide of 0.2%, temperature of 70°C, and time of 2 h. The experimental and predicted values for FFA removal showed minimal deviations during the validation of the developed regression model. Soap and FFA contents of neutralized DCO was within the acceptable limit after the process without any significant changes to the fatty acid profile.
Immobilized Talaromyces leycettanus phospholipase A1 as a reusable biocatalyst for l‐α‐glycerylphosphorylcholine preparation from phosphatidylcholine
Authors: Kim Yubin , Kim In‐Hwan , See Hye‐Jeong , Kim Hye‐Jin , Choi Hyuk Joon , Kim Byung Hee
Published: October 2024

l‐α‐Glycerylphosphorylcholine (l‐α‐GPC), a cognitive enhancer, can be prepared via phospholipase A1 (PLA1)‐catalyzed hydrolysis of soy phosphatidylcholine (PC). Quara LowP (QLP), a commercial liquid PLA1 from Talaromyces leycettanus, has not yet been used for the preparation of l‐α‐GPC. This study aimed to establish the optimal conditions for the immobilized QLP‐catalyzed hydrolysis of soy PC to prepare l‐α‐GPC and evaluate the reusability of the enzyme under these conditions. The immobilized QLP was prepared via physical adsorption onto Lewatit VP OC (LVO) 1600. The reaction was performed in n‐hexane–water biphasic media in a stirred‐batch reactor, achieving complete conversion to l‐α‐GPC. Optimal conditions included a temperature of 55°C, a soy PC‐to‐water molar ratio of 1:10, an enzyme loading (based on the protein quantity) of 10 mg/g soy PC, and a reaction time of 12 h. Gradual morphological alterations on the surface of the immobilized QLP, such as the formation of cracks and dents, were observed via scanning electron microscopy over six successive reuse cycles. Nevertheless, the immobilized QLP achieved complete conversion to l‐α‐GPC in its first reuse cycle under the optimal conditions up to the fifth cycle of reuse, with the extension of the reaction time to 60 h. These findings suggest that the LVO 1600‐immobilized QLP is a promising and reusable biocatalyst for the hydrolysis of soy PC to prepare l‐α‐GPC.
Reflective and heat insulation coatings enabled by TiO2@polyacrylate hybrid latex and bionic potassium titanate whisker for passive cooling
Authors: Ke Aojue , Lu Yiming , Tan Zhenhua , Li Xiaomin , Jiang Xiang , Zhang Xinya
Published: October 2024

Reflective and heat insulation coatings are new types of materials coated on constructions. However, their applications are limited by the undesired insulation effect resulting from the poor reflectance in the solar spectrum of the coating film. In this study, a reflective and heat insulation coating is successfully developed by combining titanium dioxide@polyacrylate (TiO2@PA) hybrid latex with a core‐shell structure and an insulation filler of bionic potassium titanate whisker (PTW). The TiO2 nanoparticles are distributed homogeneously in the polymer matrix due to the polymer‐encapsulated TiO2 structure, achieving a total solar reflectance (TSR) of 71.0%. Notably, the as‐prepared reflective and heat insulation coating films exhibit excellent TSR of 86.0% enabled by TiO2@PA latex and PTW, attributed to the synergistic combination of TiO2@PA and PTW with high TSR. The temperature inside the room coated with the reflective and insulation coatings on the roof is 16.6°C lower than that of the uncoated one, while 20 wt% PTW is introduced into the coating formulation. The resulting reflective and heat insulation coatings are attractive for the fields of passive cooling such as building energy conservation, automotive body, and so on, endowing people with a comfortable life, especially in the hot summer.
Characterization of the pattern of development of key compounds contributing to aroma quality of chicken meat and their metabolic markers
Authors: Wang Yanke , Liu Xiaojing , Wang Yongli , He Zhengxiao , Zhao Guiping , Wen Jie , Cui Huanxian
Published: October 2024

Age has an important effect on the aroma of chicken meat. In this study, we systematically analyzed the patterns of aroma changes with increasing age and the key aroma‐contributing compounds and metabolites that lead to aroma differences with age. Electronic nose (e‐nose) and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry analyses showed that the overall aroma intensity and the types and levels of volatile aroma compounds increased with age. Eight key aroma‐contributing compounds were identified by GC‐olfactometry (GC‐O) and odor activity value analyses, and their content increased with age. The e‐nose and GC‐O results revealed that 315‐day‐old chickens had the strongest aroma. Thus, taking 315‐day‐old chickens as reference, we found that the contents of key aroma‐contributing compounds and metabolites at 140 days of age were most similar to those at 315 days of age. Due to low feed cost, yellow chickens around 140 days of age were more suitable for marketing in terms of volatile aroma substances. It was found that hexanal, 1‐octen‐3‐ol, and (E,E)‐2,4‐decadienal contributed the most to chicken aroma. Additionally, small peptides were found to be the main types of metabolites responsible for the aroma difference in chickens due to age. Weighted gene co‐expression network analysis identified Ile‐Ser, Ile‐Thr, and Phe‐Ile as metabolic markers of hexanal and 1‐octen‐3‐ol, respectively. Further analysis revealed that Ile‐Ser, Ile‐Thr, and Phe‐Ile may promote the Maillard reaction by acting as substrates on the one hand, and facilitating the uptake of amino acids on the other hand, which in turn increases the contents of hexanal and 1‐octen‐3‐ol.
Nano‐Metal‐Organic Frameworks and Nano‐Covalent‐Organic Frameworks: Controllable Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Hu Yaxun , Zhang Songtao , Xu Kun , Zhuang Xiaoli , Tang Yijian , Gong Hao , Pi Yecan , Tian Tian , Pang Huan
Published: October 2024

Nanoscale framework materials have attracted extensive attention due to their diverse morphology and good properties, and synthesis methods of different size structures have been reported. Therefore, the relationship between different sizes and performance has become a research hotspot. This paper reviews the controllable synthesis strategies of nano‐metal‐organic frameworks (nano‐MOFs) and nano‐covalent‐organic frameworks (nano‐COFs). Firstly, the synthetic evolution of nano‐frame materials is summarized. Due to their special surface area, regular pores and adjustable structural functions, nano‐frame materials have attracted much attention. Then the preparation methods of nanostructures with different dimensions are introduced. These synthetic strategies provide the basis for the design of novel energy storage and catalytic materials. In addition, the latest advances in the field of energy storage and catalysis are reviewed, with emphasis on the application of nano‐MOFs/COFs in zinc‐, lithium‐, and sodium‐based batteries, as well as supercapacitors.
Highly Efficient and Selective Hydrodeoxygenation of Guaiacol Using Ni‐Supported Honeycomb‐Structured Biochar and Phosphomolybdic Acid
Authors: Yin Tao , Luo Yang , Nayak Ripsa Rani , Shu Riyang , Tian Zhipeng , Wang Chao , Chen Ying , Gupta Navneet Kumar
Published: October 2024

The sustainable development of energy has always been a concern. Upgrading biomass catalysis into hydrocarbon liquid fuels is one of the effective methods. In order to upgrade biomass derivative guaiacol by Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) catalysis, this article report a three‐dimensional honeycomb structure biochar loaded with Ni nanoparticles and phosphomolybdic acid demonstrating excellent catalytic performance in a short period of time. This is due to the porous structure of biochar, which allows Ni metal nanoparticles to be highly uniformly dispersed on the support, which enhances the catalytic hydrogenation of guaiacol in terms of both rate and efficiency. Furthermore, it was observed that the added phosphomolybdic acid dissolved within the temperature range of 78–90 °C, functioning as a homogeneous catalyst in the process. This proves advantageous, as the phosphomolybdic acid becomes accessible at any location within the porous Ni/C catalyst. The detailed characterization data revealed that the carbon support prepared in this study has a high specific surface area of up to 1375.61 m2/g. Additionally, the phosphomolybdic acid exhibited rich acidity, with Brønsted and Lewis acid contents of 2.55 μmol/g and 21.45 μmol/g, respectively. Reaction data demonstrated that at 240 °C for 180 min, 100 % conversion and 97.9 % cyclohexane selectivity were achieved. This study introduces a bifunctional catalyst with an unique catalyst's structure, facilitating a heterogeneous‐homogeneous catalytic reaction and delivering an efficient catalytic effect.
Antimicrobial Isochroman‐Derived Atropo‐Diastereomeric Dimers from Penicillium Steckii SCISO 41228
Authors: Huang Xiaowen , Cai Jian , Xiao Jiao , Zhou Xuefeng , Liu Yonghong , Li Yunqiu , Yang Bin
Published: October 2024

A pair of unidentified atropo‐diastereomeric dimers, penicisteckins G (1) and H (2), and twelve known compounds (3–16) were isolated from the marine coral‐derived fungus Penicillium steckii SCISO 41228. Their structures including the absolute configuration were determined by HR‐ESI‐MS, ECD, 1D‐, and 2D‐NMR spectra. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against most tested pathogenic strains, especially for methicillin‐resistant Staphyloccocus aureus (MASA) and Micrococcus luteus, with MIC values of 4.0 μg mL−1. In addition, compounds 2 and 3 exhibit potent radical scavenging activity against 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazylhydrate (DPPH), with IC50 values of 10.76 and 8.66 μg mL−1, respectively.
Modular Design and Self‐assembly of pH‐Responsive Multidomain Peptides Incorporating Non‐natural Ionic Amino Acids
Authors: Asokan‐Sheeja Haritha , Das Debdatta , Nguyen Jenny N. , Nguyen Na , Van Khanh Pham Tran , Nguyen Kytai T. , Dong He
Published: October 2024

Stimuli‐responsive peptides, particularly pH‐responsive variants, hold significant promise in biomedical and technological applications by leveraging the broad pH spectrum inherent to biological environments. However, the limited number of natural pH‐responsive amino acids within biologically relevant pH ranges presents challenges for designing rational pH‐responsive peptide assemblies. In our study, we introduce a novel approach by incorporating a library of non‐natural amino acids featuring chemically diverse tertiary amine side chains. Hydrophobic and ionic properties of these non‐natural amino acids facilitate their incorporation into the assembly domain when uncharged, and electrostatic repulsion promotes disassembly under lower pH conditions. Furthermore, we observed a direct relationship between the number of substitutions and the hydrophobicity of these amino acids, influencing their pH‐responsive properties and enabling rational design based on desired transitional pH ranges. The structure‐activity relationship of these pH‐responsive peptides was evaluated by assessing their antimicrobial properties, as their antimicrobial activity is triggered by the disassembly of peptides to release active monomers. This approach not only enhances the specificity and controllability of pH responsiveness but also broadens the scope of peptide materials in biomedical and technological applications.
Structural Basis for Histaminergic Regulation of Neural Circuits in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb
Authors: Minami‐Ogawa Yukari , Kiyokage Emi , Yamanishi Haruyo , Horie Sawa , Ichikawa Satoshi , Toida Kazunori
Published: October 2024

Odor information is modulated by centrifugal inputs from other brain regions to the olfactory bulb (OB). Neurons containing monoamines, such as serotonin, acetylcholine, and noradrenaline, are well known as centrifugal inputs; however, the role of histamine, which is also present in the OB, is not well understood. In this study, we examined the histaminergic neurons projecting from the hypothalamus to the OB. We used an antibody against histidine decarboxylase (HDC), a synthesizing enzyme of histamine, to identify histaminergic neurons and assess their localization within the OB and the ultrastructure of their fibers and synapses using multiple immunostaining laser microscopy, ultra‐high voltage electron microscopy (EM), and EM to confirm their relationships with other neurons. To further identify the origin nucleus of the histaminergic neurons projecting to the OB, we injected the retrograde tracer FluoroGold and analyzed the pathway to the OB anterogradely. HDC‐immunoreactive (‐ir) fibers were abundant in the olfactory nerve (ON) layer compared to other monoamines. HDC‐ir neurons received asymmetrical synapses from ONs and formed synapses containing pleomorphic vesicles with variable postsynaptic densities to non‐ON elements, thus forming serial synapses. We also confirmed that histaminergic neurons project from the rostral ventral tuberomammillary nucleus to the granule cell layer of the OB and, for the first time, successfully visualized their axons from the hypothalamus to the OB. These findings indicate that histamine may regulate odor discrimination in the OB, suggesting a regulatory relationship between hypothalamic function and olfaction. We thus elucidate morphological mechanisms with tuberomammillary nucleus–derived histaminergic neurons involved in olfactory information.
Modification Strategies and Prospects for Enhancing the Stability of Black Phosphorus
Authors: Zhang Haohao , Shan Chaoyue , Wu Koulong , Pang Mingyuan , Kong Zhen , Ye Jiajia , Li Wensi , Yu Lei , Wang Zhao , Pak Yen Leng , An Juan , Gao Xing , Song Jibin
Published: October 2024

Black phosphorus is a two‐dimensional layer material with promising applications due to its many excellent physicochemical properties, including high carrier mobility, ambipolar field effect and unusual in‐plane anisotropy. Currently, BP has been widely used in biomedical engineering, photocatalysis, semiconductor devices, and energy storage electrode materials. However, the unique structure of BP makes it highly chemically active, leading to its easy oxidation and degradation in air, which limits its practical applications. Recently, researchers have proposed a number of initiatives that can address the environmental instability of BP, and the application of these physical and chemical passivation techniques can effectively enhance the environmental stability of BP, including four modification methods: covalent functionalization, non‐covalent functionalization, surface coordination, physical encapsulation and edge passivation. This review highlights the mechanisms of the above modification techniques in addressing the severe instability of BP in different application scenarios, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each method. This review can provide guidance for more researchers in studying the marvellous properties of BP and accelerate the practical application of BP in different fields.
Mechanically Robust Polyimide Binder Realizes Stable and High Electrochemical Performance for Micro‐Silicon Anodes in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liang Xiaoxiao , Zhang Binjie , Ahmad Niaz , Yu Xianzhe , Zeng Chaoyuan , Dong Qinxi , Yang Wen
Published: October 2024

Silicon anodes have been considered one of the most promising candidates for Li‐ion batteries due to their high theoretical specific capacity. However, the practical use of silicon anodes is impeded due to side reactions and volumetric change (from 300~400%) charge/discharge process. Binders played a crucial role in Li‐ion batteries by effectively mitigating the stress resulting from the volumetric expansion in silicon‐based anodes. Herein, we developed a mechanically stable polyimide binder PI‐CF3 that introduced trifluoromethyl and hydroxyl groups for commercial microparticular silicon anodes. With a highest Young′s modulus of ~921.1 MPa, the binder presented the maximum resilience during the charging and discharging of Micro‐Si, integrating the morphology, and reducing the degree to which the electrode disrupted ion and electric pathways. Moreover, −OH and −CF3 groups of the binder could potentially interact with oxide layer at the surface of silicon through hydron bonds, and thereby results in a cross‐linking network to improve interface stability during cycling. The as‐prepared PI‐CF3 binder with excellent intrinsic mechanical and electro‐rich groups stabilizes the electrode structure and facilitates fast Li+ transportation. Consequently, micro‐Si anode delivered initial specific capacity of 1838 mAh g−1 (at 0.6 A g−1), and at high mass (Si loading = 0.78 mg cm−2) these was retained about 1219 mAh g−1 after 330 cycles (only −0.061% capacity reduction per cycle).
Reliability Evaluation of MMC‐MTDC System Considering Device Failure Rates and Multi‐State Transition
Authors: Li Kang , Zha Xiaoming , Huang Meng , Chen Rongjun , Lu Zhimin
Published: October 2024

The modular multi‐level converter based multi‐terminal high voltage direct current (MMC‐MTDC) system, with its numerous power devices and diverse operating states, poses a significant challenge for reliability evaluation. The paper introduces a method for modeling and assessing the reliability of MMC‐MTDC, considering both power device failure rates and multi‐state transitions of multiple terminals. To determine the weights of influence, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is employed to evaluate the impact of sub‐modules (SMs), the controller system, and the water cooling systems of an MMC. Subsequently, a multi‐state transition model is established to describe the changes in the operation mode of the MMC‐MTDC. On this basis, the reliability evaluation via semi‐Markov processes is implemented. A case study is performed on the reliability of a ±200 kV five‐terminal system and the results are compared with practical operation data.
Design of High‐Performance Radix‐Power‐of‐2 Butterfly Architectures for FFT Implementation by Cosine Coefficients Extraction
Authors: Moni Varghese Vijay , Sundaram Kumaravel
Published: October 2024

Designing FFTs with higher radix butterfly units are increasingly in demand to combat the high throughput of 20 Gbps of the current 5G and 1 Tbps for beyond 5G technologies. Previous higher radix FFTs were implemented in FPGA, giving importance to area and power. This paper presents the design of radix‐power‐of‐2 butterfly circuit, using the proposed radix cosine coefficients' extractor equation that is applicable to all the inputs. This enables efficient pipelined shift‐add implementation of the required complex rotations. The proposed methodology encompasses the implementation of any power‐of‐two‐radix butterfly to realize large size FFT, essential for real‐time 5G and 6G applications. The proposed radix‐4, radix‐8, radix‐16, and radix‐32 architectures are implemented and verified on Xilinx Spartan‐7 FPGA using Vivado Design Suite (v2018). The results demonstrate that the proposed radix‐16 and radix‐32 architectures achieve a higher clock frequency, by a factor of 5.23 and 6.76, respectively, compared to the most recent literature. For performance analysis, the area‐delay and power‐delay products of the proposed radix‐16 and radix‐32 butterfly architecture are computed. The proposed radix‐16 butterfly architecture exhibits a 13.3% reduction in area‐delay product and a 34.25% decrease in power‐delay product compared to recent literatures. Similarly, the radix‐32 architecture shows a 27.31% lower area‐delay product and a 0.63% lower power‐delay product.
AOP Report: Development of an adverse outcome pathway for deposition of energy leading to bone loss
Authors: Sandhu Snehpal , Keyworth Mitchell , Karimi‐Jashni Syna , Alomar Dalya , Smith Benjamin J. , Kozbenko Tatiana , Doty Stephen , Hocking Robyn , Hamada Nobuyuki , Reynolds Robert J. , Scott Ryan T. , Costes Sylvain V. , Beheshti Afshin , Yauk Carole , Wilkins Ruth C. , Chauhan Vinita
Published: October 2024

Bone loss, commonly seen in osteoporosis, is a condition that entails a progressive decline of bone mineral density and microarchitecture, often seen in post‐menopausal women. Bone loss has also been widely reported in astronauts exposed to a plethora of stressors and in patients with osteoporosis following radiotherapy for cancer. Studies on mechanisms are well documented but the causal connectivity of events to bone loss development remains incompletely understood. Herein, the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework was used to organize data and develop a qualitative AOP beginning from deposition of energy (the molecular initiating event) to bone loss (the adverse outcome). This qualitative AOP was developed in collaboration with bone loss research experts to aggregate relevant findings, supporting ongoing efforts to understand and mitigate human system risks associated with radiation exposures. A literature review was conducted to compile and evaluate the state of knowledge based on the modified Bradford Hill criteria. Following review of 2029 studies, an empirically supported AOP was developed, showing the progression to bone loss through many factors affecting the activities of bone‐forming osteoblasts and bone‐resorbing osteoclasts. The structural, functional, and quantitative basis of each proposed relationship was defined, for inference of causal changes between key events. Current knowledge and its gaps relating to dose‐, time‐ and incidence‐concordance across the key events were identified, as well as modulating factors that influence linkages. The new priorities for research informed by the AOP highlight areas for improvement to enable development of a quantitative AOP used to support risk assessment strategies for space travel or cancer radiotherapy.
Advanced approach for active and durable proton exchange membrane fuel cells: Coupling synergistic effects of MNC nanocomposites
Authors: Jang Yeju , Yi Seung Yeop , Lee Jinwoo
Published: October 2024

Atomically dispersed metal and nitrogen co‐doped carbon (MNC) is a promising oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst for electrochemical energy storage and conversion applications but typically suffers from low durability and activity under the acidic conditions of practical polymer electrolyte exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Recently, the performance of MNC nanocomposites under acidic ORR conditions has been enhanced by exploiting the synergistic coupling effects of their constituents (single‐atom sites, nanoclusters, and nanoparticles). The unique geometric structures formed by the coupling of diverse sites in these nanocomposites provide optimal electronic structures and efficient reaction pathways, thus resulting in high activity and long‐term durability. This work provides an overview of MNC nanocomposites as ORR electrocatalysts under practical PEMFC conditions, focusing on activity and durability enhancement methods and highlighting the strategies used to prepare electrocatalytically efficient MNC nanocomposites containing no or low amounts of platinum group metals. Progress in the development of advanced MNC nanocomposites as acidic ORR catalysts is discussed, and the pivotal role of synergistic effects resulting from the coupling sites within the nanocomposites is explored together with the characterization methods used to elucidate these effects. Finally, the challenges and prospects of developing MNC nanocomposites as next‐generation electrocatalysts are presented.

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Co‐benefits of and trade‐offs between natural climate solutions and Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Mariani Gaël , Moullec Fabien , Atwood Trisha B , Clarkson Beverley , Conant Richard T , Cullen‐Unsworth Leanne , Griscom Bronson , Gutt Julian , Howard Jennifer , Krause‐Jensen Dorte , Leavitt Sara M , Lee Shing Yip , Livesley Stephen J , Macreadie Peter I , St‐John Michael , Zganjar Chris , Cheung William WL , Duarte Carlos M , Shin Yunne‐Jai , Singh Gerald G , Loiseau Nicolas , Troussellier Marc , Mouillot David
Published: October 2024

Combating climate change and achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are two important challenges facing humanity. Natural climate solutions (NCSs) can contribute to the achievement of these two commitments but can also generate conflicting trade‐offs. Here, we reviewed the literature and drew on expert knowledge to assess the co‐benefits of and trade‐offs between 150 SDG targets and NCSs within 12 selected ecosystems. We demonstrate that terrestrial, coastal, and marine NCSs enable the attainment of different sets of SDG targets, with low redundancy. Implementing NCSs in various ecosystems would therefore maximize achievement of SDG targets but would also induce trade‐offs, particularly if best practices are not followed. Reliance on NCSs at large scales will require that these trade‐offs be taken into consideration to ensure the simultaneous realization of positive climate outcomes and multiple SDG targets for diverse stakeholders.
Long‐term effects of establishing outpatient pooling funds on financial protection: Empirical evidence from a quasi‐natural experiment in China
Authors: Zhang Tao , Chen Minyan
Published: October 2024

Background

A limited benefit package for outpatient care in Chinese universal health coverage led to high out‐of‐pocket outpatient payments, and even medical impoverishment. The outpatient pooling fund model was introduced in China's Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance to reduce cost‐sharing for outpatient care. This study attempts to examine the dynamic effects of the outpatient pooling scheme on financial risk protection for its enrollees.

Methods

A total of 18,097 individual‐level observations covering 52 prefectures were extracted from six waves of China Health and Nutrition Survey (2000–2015). The difference‐in‐differences model with multiple periods and event study were employed to investigate the dynamic effects of reform on catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and impoverishing health expenditure (IHE) and potential mechanisms.

Results

Our results showed outpatient pooling scheme generated a significant effect on reducing the probability of incurring CHE (β = −0.004, 95% CI = −0.009 to −0.006) and IHE (β = −0.007, 95% CI = −0.012 to −0.001), especially for elderly people over 60 years old. The realization of this effect may depend on the reduction of outpatient cost‐sharing, increased outpatient care utilization, as well as decreased inpatient care utilization after reform. However, event study found the effectiveness of outpatient pooling reducing CHE and IHE occurrences appeared to be weak even insignificant in more recent years relative to the initial years of policy implementation.

Conclusions

Establishing an outpatient pooling system is effective to alleviate the financial risk caused by health expenditures in China. Optimising health service delivery aimed at enhancing health insurance purchasing efficiency are deemed imperative for sustaining the policy effectiveness.
Included Yet Socially Anxious: How Disability Severity and Nonacceptance Weaken the Effect of Perceived Climate for Inclusion on Social Anxiety
Authors: Zhu Xiji , Li Xinxin , Yang Dan
Published: October 2024

Understanding the workplace experiences of people with disabilities (PWD) is crucial for creating truly inclusive environments. We explore how perceived climate for inclusion affects social anxiety among employees with varying levels of disability severity. Adopting an interactionist perspective, we propose a mediated moderation model in which disability severity weakens the negative effect of perceived climate for inclusion on social anxiety, with this effect mediated by acceptance of disability. To test our hypotheses, we conducted two studies: one with a sample of Chinese employees and another with a culturally diverse sample. We found that the protective effect of perceived climate for inclusion on reducing social anxiety diminishes as disability severity increases, because individuals with more severe disabilities have lower levels of acceptance of disability. These findings underscore the complexities of fostering workplace inclusion and highlight the critical role of self‐acceptance in shaping the effectiveness of inclusive initiatives. Our research contributes to the literature on disability, inclusion, and workplace diversity by revealing the nuanced dynamics that influence social anxiety among PWD in inclusive settings.
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Authors: Gu Yu , Liu Jiaqi , Yang Lidong , Zhang Baohua , Wang Jing , Lu Xiaoqi , Li Jianjun , Liu Xin , Yu Dahua , Zhao Ying , Tang Siyuan , He Qun
Published: October 2024

The cover image is based on the Article SSANet—Novel Residual Network for Computer‐Aided Diagnosis of Pulmonary Nodules in Chest Computed Tomography by Yu Gu et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/ima.23176

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Implementation and analysis of clinically‐relevant anatomy imaging for first‐year dental students
Authors: Kalaigian Alex W. , Klein Barbie A.
Published: October 2024

Objective

Radiographic imaging interpretation is a central competency of the dental profession. Previous research has determined that radiographic interpretations vary across dentists. In addition, the efficacy of empirical learning within the realm of medical imaging analysis remains understudied. This project aimed to improve an existing anatomy curriculum as well as students’ radiographic interpretation skills via implementation of medical radiographic case studies with scaffolded exercises.

Methods

Three medical imaging activities were developed by the authors and presented in the anatomy laboratory for 60 first‐year dental students. Each module included identical pre‐activity and post‐activity questionnaires, radiographic images with corresponding lesson plans, and open‐response questions on the activity's valuable and challenging components. Pre‐activity and post‐activity questionnaire scores were compared via a Wilcoxon signed rank test. Kruskal–Wallis tests were conducted to determine the impact of previous anatomy experience and previous medical imaging experience on student performance. Thematic analysis was applied to open response comments.

Results

A statistically significant improvement in questionnaire scores was observed in the first medical imaging activity. No significant change in scores was observed for the other two activities. Students valued the activities’ interactive structure, review of course material, and application to the dental profession. Students reported challenges in radiographic image interpretation and lack of previous knowledge on course concepts.

Conclusions

While medical imaging activities failed to consistently improve student‐learning outcomes, they introduced skill development in radiographic analysis and increased student confidence. These findings suggest a need for additional research on experiential methodologies within medical imaging education.
Are social protection and food security accelerators for adolescents to achieve the Global AIDS targets?
Authors: Cluver Lucie , Zhou Siyanai , Edun Olanrewaju , Lawi Allison Oman , Langwenya Nontokozo , Chipanta David , Sherman Gayle , Sherr Lorraine , Ibrahim Mona , Yates Rachel , Gordon Louise , Toska Elona
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Without effective, scalable interventions, we will fail to achieve the Global AIDS Targets of zero AIDS‐related deaths, zero HIV transmission and zero discrimination. This study examines associations of social protection and food security among adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV), with three Global AIDS Targets aligned outcomes: antiretroviral treatment (ART) adherence and viral suppression, HIV transmission risk behaviour and enacted stigma.

Methods

We conducted three study visits over 2014−2018 with 1046 ALHIV in South Africa's Eastern Cape province. Standardized surveys provided information on receipt of government‐provided cash transfers and past‐week food security, alongside self‐reported ART adherence, sexual debut and condom use, and enacted HIV‐related stigma. Viral load (VL) data was obtained through data extraction from patient files and linkage with National Health Laboratory Service test results (2014−2020). We used a multivariable random‐effects regression model to estimate associations between receiving government cash transfers and food security and three outcomes: ART adherence and viral suppression, delayed sexual debut or consistent condom use and no enacted stigma. We tested moderation by sex and age and fitted disaggregated models for each outcome.

Results

Among the 933 ALHIV completing all three study visits, 55% were female, and the mean age was 13.6 years at baseline. Household receipt of a government cash transfer was associated with improvements on all outcomes: ART adherence and viral suppression (aOR 2.03, 95% CI 1.29−3.19), delayed sexual debut or consistent condom use (aOR 1.62, 95% CI 1.16−2.27) and no enacted stigma (aOR 2.33, 95% CI 1.39−3.89). Food security was associated with improvements on all outcomes: ART adherence and viral suppression (aOR 1.73, 95% CI 1.30−2.30), delayed sexual debut or consistent condom use (aOR 1.30, 95% CI 1.03−1.64) and no enacted stigma (aOR 1.91, 95% CI 1.32−2.76). Receiving both cash transfers and food security increased the probability of ART adherence and VL suppression from 36% to 60%; delayed sexual debut or consistent condom use from 67% to 81%; and no enacted stigma from 84% to 96%.

Conclusions

Government‐provided cash transfers and food security, individually and in combination, are associated with improved outcomes for ALHIV aligned with Global AIDS Targets. They may be important, and underutilized, accelerators for achieving these targets.
Study on the composition and removal effect of human odor on moisture‐wicking fabric during home laundry
Authors: Chen Hui , Pei Liujun , Shi Wenhua , Gong Siping , Gu Xiaomin , Zhang Hongjuan , Yang Qun , Sun Gang , Wang Jiping
Published: October 2024

Armpit odors of different individuals were qualitatively and quantitatively collected and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The results showed that human armpit odor contained 27 substances, including acids, ketones, alcohols, alkanes, and two noticeable odorants of n‐nonaldehyde and dodecanol. A headspace solid‐phase microextraction/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method determined that both n‐nonaldehyde and dodecanol with distinct characteristic peaks were common chemicals found in the body odors with detection limits at 46.88 and 17.50 ng/L, respectively. The limits of quantitation of both were 156.25 and 59.33 ng/L with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 5%, and recoveries ranged from 85% to 115%, respectively. The removal of body odor on a moisture‐wicking polyester fabric was quantified through by placement, washing, and deodorant finishing methods. The placement method needs at least 2 days for removing the majority of the odor. Sports washing liquid was the best detergent to remove odors with a removal rate of 76.44% for n‐nonaldehyde and 87.88% for dodecanol. Deodorant finishing is a convenient and efficient method for removing odors with masking effect of added fragrance. The deodorants were able to remove over 85% of n‐nonaldehyde and 75% of dodecanol after drying, indicating that deodorant treatment is an effective method for removing odorous substances. This successful approach in eliminating human odors could offer valuable insights for the advancement of sportswear and hygiene textiles.
Large Field of View and Isotropic Light Sheet Microscopy with Aberration‐Free Tunable Foci
Authors: Wang Yue , Gong Jingrui , Xu Ning , Yan Shaohui , Dong Dashan , Shi Kebin
Published: October 2024

Light‐sheet microscopy stands out as a powerful tool in biological imaging due to its exceptional performance in fluorescence imaging. However, achieving both high sectioning performance and a vast field of view (FOV) poses a fundamental challenge in conventional light‐sheet microscopy. The light‐sheet thickness is typically constrained to 1 µm for a wide FOV, potentially compromising resolution. To address this limitation, an axial scanning light‐sheet microscopy (ASLM) technique integrated with aberration‐free tunable foci to enable high‐NA excitation while maintaining a generous FOV, is introduced. The proposed scheme successfully achieves isotropic resolution of 280 nm in a 3D imaging system, encompassing a FOV of 80 × 80 µm and an impressive imaging speed of 80 ms per frame. These remarkable characteristics underscore the immense potential of ASLM for high‐ spatiotemporal resolution imaging.