bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical simulation of electron extraction from micro electron cyclotron resonance neutralizer under different magnetic circuits
Authors: Xia Xu , Yang Juan , Geng Hai , Wu Xian-Ming , Fu Yu-Liang , Mou Hao , Tan Ren-Wei ,   School of Astronautics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China,   Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China
Published: February 2022

The electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) neutralizer is an important part of the micro ECR ion thruster. The electrons extracted from the neutralizer are used to neutralize the ions extracted from the ECR ion source, thereby avoiding the surface charges accumulating on the spacecraft, and the behaviour of electron extraction affects the overall performance of the thruster. In order to investigate the electron extraction through the orifices of the micro ECR neutralizer, a two-dimensional particle-in-cell with Monte Carlo collision (PIC/MCC) model is established in this work. The effects of different magnetic circuits on the electron extraction of the neutralizer and the influence of different cavity lengths on the wall current loss are studied through numerical simulation. The effects of different magnetic circuit structures on the electron extraction and wall current loss of the neutralizer are studied. The calculation results show that the position of the ECR layer and the magnetic flux lines near the extraction orifices are very important for the electron extraction performance of the neutralizer. When the ECR layer is located upstream of the antenna, electrons are easily lost in migration and diffusion motion, and the energy required for the electrons to cross the potential well before the extraction hole is higher. If more magnetic flux lines pass parallelly through the extraction orifices, the neutralizer requires a small voltage to extract the same electron current. When the ECR layer is cut by the antenna or is located downstream of antenna, more electrons may migrate along the magnetic flux lines to the vicinity of the extraction orifices, thereby reducing the voltage of collector plate. The effects of different cavity lengths on the extraction of electrons under the same magnetic circuit structure are studied. It is found that increasing the length of the cavity allows more parallel-axis magnetic flux lines to pass through the extraction holes to avoid electron loss on the surface of the extraction plate, and thus increasing the extraction electron current. The research results conduce to designing a reasonable neutralizer magnetic circuit and cavity size.
Simultaneous label-free autofluorescence-multiharmonic microscopy driven by femtosecond sources based on self-phase modulation enabled spectral selection
Authors: Wang Xiao-Ying , Xing Yu-Ting , Chen Run-Zhi , Jia Xue-Qi , Wu Ji-Hua , Jiang Jin , Li Lian-Yong , Chang Guo-Qing ,   Department of Gastroenterology, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China,   Key Laboratory of Optical Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China,   Department of Pathology, Strategic Support Force Medical Center, Beijing 100101, China
Published: February 2022

Nonlinear optical microscopy technique has unique advantages in tissue imaging, such as enhanced contrast, high resolution, and label-free deep optical sectioning capabilities. Nonlinear optical microscopy also has multiple imaging modalities, corresponding to various components in biological tissues. Unfortunately, its wide applications are hindered due to the lack of broadly tunable femtosecond sources designed for driving multimodalities simultaneously. To solve this challenge, we propose a new wavelength conversion approach—self-phase modulation (SPM) enabled spectral selection, dubbed as SESS. The SESS employs SPM to broaden the input spectrum in a short fiber, and the broadened spectrum features well-isolated spectral lobes. Using the suitable optical filters to select the outermost spectral lobes produces nearly transform-limited femtosecond pulses. In this work, we demonstrate a fiber-optic SESS source for multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy. Based on a 43-MHz Yb-fiber laser, this SESS source can emit 990-nm, 84-fs pulses with >5-nJ energy and ~84-fs pulse duration; it can also produce 1110-nm, 48-fs pulses with 15-nJ energy. The 990-nm pulses are used to drive two-photon excitation fluorescence of many important fluorophores and second-harmonic generation microscopy, which, combined with image splicing technology, enables us to obtain a large field of view image of the gastric tissue. We also employ the 1110-nm pulses to drive simultaneous label-free autofluorescence-multiharmonic microscopy for multimodal imaging of gastric tissue. Two-photon excitation fluorescence, three-photon excitation fluorescence, second-harmonic generation and third-harmonic generation signals of gastric tissue are simultaneously excited efficiently. Such a multimodal nonlinear optical microscopy driven by SESS sources becomes a powerful tool in biomedical imaging.
A unifying mechanism governing inter-brain neural relationship during social interactions
Authors: Zhang Wujie , Rose Maimon C , Yartsev Michael M
Published: February 2022

A key goal of social neuroscience is to understand the inter-brain neural relationship—the relationship between the neural activity of socially interacting individuals. Decades of research investigating this relationship have focused on the similarity in neural activity across brains. Here, we instead asked how neural activity differs between brains, and how that difference evolves alongside activity patterns shared between brains. Applying this framework to bats engaged in spontaneous social interactions revealed two complementary phenomena characterizing the inter-brain neural relationship: fast fluctuations of activity difference across brains unfolding in parallel with slow activity covariation across brains. A model reproduced these observations and generated multiple predictions that we confirmed using experimental data involving pairs of bats and a larger social group of bats. The model suggests that a simple computational mechanism involving positive and negative feedback could explain diverse experimental observations regarding the inter-brain neural relationship.
Cdc6 is sequentially regulated by PP2A-Cdc55, Cdc14, and Sic1 for origin licensing in S. cerevisiae
Authors: Philip Jasmin , Örd Mihkel , Silva Andriele , Singh Shaneen , Diffley John FX , Remus Dirk , Loog Mart , Ikui Amy E
Published: February 2022

Cdc6, a subunit of the pre-replicative complex (pre-RC), contains multiple regulatory cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk1) consensus sites, SP or TP motifs. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Cdk1 phosphorylates Cdc6-T7 to recruit Cks1, the Cdk1 phospho-adaptor in S phase, for subsequent multisite phosphorylation and protein degradation. Cdc6 accumulates in mitosis and is tightly bound by Clb2 through N-terminal phosphorylation in order to prevent premature origin licensing and degradation. It has been extensively studied how Cdc6 phosphorylation is regulated by the cyclin–Cdk1 complex. However, a detailed mechanism on how Cdc6 phosphorylation is reversed by phosphatases has not been elucidated. Here, we show that PP2ACdc55 dephosphorylates Cdc6 N-terminal sites to release Clb2. Cdc14 dephosphorylates the C-terminal phospho-degron, leading to Cdc6 stabilization in mitosis. In addition, Cdk1 inhibitor Sic1 releases Clb2·Cdk1·Cks1 from Cdc6 to load Mcm2–7 on the chromatin upon mitotic exit. Thus, pre-RC assembly and origin licensing are promoted by phosphatases through the attenuation of distinct Cdk1-dependent Cdc6 inhibitory mechanisms.
A neural network model of when to retrieve and encode episodic memories
Authors: Lu Qihong , Hasson Uri , Norman Kenneth A
Published: February 2022

Recent human behavioral and neuroimaging results suggest that people are selective in when they encode and retrieve episodic memories. To explain these findings, we trained a memory-augmented neural network to use its episodic memory to support prediction of upcoming states in an environment where past situations sometimes reoccur. We found that the network learned to retrieve selectively as a function of several factors, including its uncertainty about the upcoming state. Additionally, we found that selectively encoding episodic memories at the end of an event (but not mid-event) led to better subsequent prediction performance. In all of these cases, the benefits of selective retrieval and encoding can be explained in terms of reducing the risk of retrieving irrelevant memories. Overall, these modeling results provide a resource-rational account of why episodic retrieval and encoding should be selective and lead to several testable predictions.
The effect of farmland on the surface water of the Aral Sea Region using Multi-source Satellite Data
Authors: Shi Jiancong , Guo Qiaozhen , Zhao Shuang , Su Yiting , Shi Yanqing
Published: February 2022

Background

The improper land utilization has brought tremendous pressure on the surface water of the Aral Sea Region in the past decades. It was seriously hindered for construction of the Green Silk Road Economic Belt by the fragile environment. Therefore, it is of great necessity for environmental protection and social development to monitor the change of surface water in the Aral Sea Region.

Methods

In this study, LandTrendr algorithm was used on Landsat time-series data to characterize the change in farmland on the Google Earth Engine platform. Based on multi-source data, the water area changes of the Aral Sea were extracted based on the Google Earth Engine, and the mean method was utilized to extract the changes in water level and water storage. Finally, a water-farmland coupling degree model was utilized to evaluate the impact of farmland changes on the surface water in the Aral Sea Region.

Results

As a result, the change of farmland is as follows: the farmland area of the Aral Sea Region has abandoned 3,129 km2 from 1987 to 2019, with overall accuracy of 85.3%. The farmland change had increased the drainage downstream of the Amu Darya River and the Syr Darya River. It has led area of the Aral Sea to decrease each year continuously. The area of the Aral Sea shrank by 1,606.36 km2 per year from 1987 to 2019. Furthermore, Aral Sea’s water level decreased by 0.13 m per year from 2003 to 2009. The amount of water storage in the Aral Sea Region also showed a downward trend from 2002 to 2016. There was a high-quality coupling coordination 0.903 relationship between surface water and farmland. It will increase the burden of water for people’s normal daily life by the water loss resources caused by abandoned farmland. This study emphasized threat of unreasonable farmland management to surface water of the Aral Sea Region. The findings contributed for decision makers to formulating effective reasonable policies to protect surface water and use land of the Aral Sea Region. Meanwhile, the application of coupling degree model can provide a new method for studying the connection of independent systems in the farmland, water, environment and more.
Depletion of RIPK4 parallels higher malignancy potential in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Xu Jing , Wu Dongping , Zhang Bicheng , Pan Chi , Guo Yinglu , Wei Qichun
Published: February 2022

Background

The RIPK4 (receptor-interacting protein kinase 4), a member of the RIPK family, acts as an important regulator of epidermal differentiation, cutaneous inflammation, and cutaneous wound repair. However, Until now, the role of RIPK4 in tumorigenesis remains elusive. There have been no studies exploring the effects of RIPK4 on the signaling pathway in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). It remains unknown whether RIPK4 expression, which can affect the degree of epidermal differentiation can also influence the radiosensitivity of skin SCC. It is urgent to fully elucidate the biological mechanism by which RIPK4 promotes carcinogenesis in skin SCC and determine whether RIPK4 expression levels predicts the sensitivity to radiotherapy in skin SCC.

Methods

Human skin SCC cell line, A431, was transfected with either small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting RIPK4 (siR-RIPK4) or negative control siRNA (siR-NC). Western blotting was used to detect the expression of RIPK4 and Raf/MEK/ERK pathway-related proteins. The cells were irradiated using an X-ray irradiator at 6 MV with different radiation doses (0, 2, 6, and 10 Gy). Cell proliferation analysis, colony formation assay, transwell cell migration and invasion assay, cell cycle and apoptosis analysis were conducted to investigate the effect of RIPK4 silencing on skin SCC malignancy and radiosensitivity.

Results

RIPK4 protein expression was significantly decreased in the A431 cells transfected with siR-RIPK4, compared with the A431 cells transfected with siR-NC. RIPK4 silencing facilitated the proliferation, colony formation, migration, and invasion ability of A431 cell line, while cell cycle progression or cell apoptosis were not significantly influenced. In contrast with the previous literature, Raf/MEK/ERK pathway was not effected by RIPK4 knockdown in skin SCC. RIPK4 knockdown could not reverse the radiation resistance of A431 cells to irradiation in vitro.

Conclusions

In general, although depletion of RIPK4 cannot reverse the radiation resistance of A431 cells in vitro, it parallels higher malignancy potential in cutaneous SCC. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the effects of RIPK4 expression on the Raf/MEK/ERK signaling pathway and radiosensitivity in cutaneous SCC. The better understanding of the molecular mechanism of RIPK4 in cutaneous SCC may provide a promising biomarker for skin SCC prognosis and treatment.
Thrombocytopenia in an Apparently Healthy Neonate: An Unusual Report of Postnatally Acquired Dengue Infection
Authors: Zutshi Shradha , Gwasikoti Namita , Bhalla Kapil , Dalal Poonam
Published: February 2022

Dengue is one of the commonest viral infections affecting general population in endemic zones every year. However, dengue is usually not reported in newborn period as it is widely believed that infants are protected from serious viral infections in the first 6 months of life by presence of maternal antibodies. Here, a unique case of an apparently healthy newborn with dengue fever is reported where transmission of the infection occurred postnatally. A 10-day-old male child, born to a primigravida mother with normal antenatal history, presented with complaints of fever for four days along with full body macular rash. Examination findings revealed red coloured, pin-point macular rash while rest of general and systemic examination were unremarkable. Routine Sepsis work-up was negative except presence of thrombocytopenia. Keeping in mind the endemicity and season of dengue, NS1 antigen of the baby was tested by a rapid antigen test which was positive, which was further confirmed by IgM ELISA for dengue. However, the mother was asymptomatic and platelet count as well as NS1 antigen and IgM, IgG ELISA for dengue of the mother was negative.
Accuracy of Demirjian’s, Willems, Nolla’s and Modified Cameriere’s Dental Age Estimation Methods in Young Western Indian Children- A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Pradhan Neha , Deshpande Anshula , Patel Kinjal
Published: February 2022

Introduction: In forensic odontology, Dental Age (DA) assessment has gained popularity, since it is less variable than other indices and is less impacted by environmental variables. One of the methods used in estimating dental development is radiological method which is most practical and reliable. Aim: To compare accuracy of Demirjian’s, Willems, Nolla’s and modified Cameriere’s DA estimation methods in young western Indian children. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, KM Shah Dental College and Hospital, Sumandeep University, Vadodara, Gujarat, India, from May 2014 to May 2017. A total of 224 orthopantograms (OPGs) of children aged between 3-11 years having the anthropological roots in the western part of India, were analysed for the accuracy of the following age estimation methods: 1) Demirjian’s; 2) Willems; 3) Nolla’s; and 4) Modified Cameriere’s method in various age group ranges and in both the genders of the study population. To avoid observer bias, each digital OPG of an individual was coded with a numerical identity number. Results were analysed using unpaired t-test and Spearman's correlation test (p-value <0.05). Results: An over estimation was observed in the Demirjian’s and Willems DA estimation methods in all the age groups and both the genders, while modified Cameriere’s method gave over estimation in the older age groups and approximation to the Chronological Age (CA) in younger age groups. Nolla’s method proved to be the best method in study population. Conclusion: Nolla’s method of age estimation was more accurate than other methods for determining the age in 3-11 years old western Indian children.
Orthodontic Limitations in Adults: A Review
Authors: Singh Subi , Prabhakar Mona , Nindra Jasmine , Sidhu Maninder Singh , Shikha .
Published: February 2022

The scope of orthodontics has broadened in the current era. It is no longer limited to the treatment of children and adolescents but includes the treatment of adults that are non growing thereby extending the age limit. The number of adults seeking orthodontic treatment has considerably increased over the past few years as people have become aesthetically conscious and aware of treatment modalities available through channels like internet and social media. While treating adult patients, a multidisciplinary approach should be adopted, taking into consideration several factors like systemic diseases and psychological factors so as to formulate a holistic treatment plan. Orthodontists face challenges in treating older adult patients whose growth is already completed. There are various elements that differentiate adult orthodontic treatment from that of children or adolescents. Therefore, this article highlights the constraints or challenges faced by an orthodontist in treating adult patients.
Acute Renal Failure in Pregnancy: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Tripathy Soumya Suguna , Ghadei Ranjita , Mohanty Swayamsiddha , Mahapatra Tusar , Behera Krushnapriya
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Pregnancy-related acute renal failure is a common occurrence and is associated with substantial maternal morbidity and mortality in developing countries. It may comprise up to 25% of the referrals to dialysis centres in developing countries. Acute kidney injury in pregnancy bears a high risk of bilateral renal cortical necrosis and resultant chronic renal failure. Acute renal failure in pregnancy follows bimodal relation to period of gestation. First peak is seen in early pregnancy between 7-16 weeks of gestation and second peak occurs in later part of pregnancy and puerperium. The incidence and aetiology are changing over time. Socio-economic and environmental factors are accountable for a regional difference in incidence, aetiology and outcome also. Aim: To analyse the current aetiological factors, clinical spectrum of presentation of Acute Renal Failure (ARF) in pregnancy and to assess its maternal and foetal outcome. Materials and Methods: It was a prospective cohort study of 100 patients presenting with acute renal failure during pregnancy and puerperium which was done at SCB Medical College, Odisha, India. Inclusion criteria were previously healthy pregnant females with sudden oliguria anuria, sudden increase in serum creatinine to more than 1.5 mg/dL or increase in serum creatinine of more than 0.5 mg/dL per day from base line if haemodialysis was indicated. Maternal outcomes were recovery with conservative treatment, dialysis, ICU admission and maternal death. Foetal outcomes were gestational age at delivery, birth weight, stillbirth or perinatal death. All these were recorded. Results: During the first trimester of gestation acute renal failure developed most often due to septic abortion (3%). Preclampsia was the most common cause of acute renal failure (50%) in late third trimester and postpartum periods followed by puerperal sepsis (9%) Abruptio placentae (3%) and Postpartum Haemorrhage (PPH) (5%). Oedema and oliguria were the most common presentation in 81% and 30% of cases. Eighty seven percent recovered with i.v. fluids and diuretics (conservative management), 13% required dialysis, 23% required blood and Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP), 30% needed ICU admission and 11% died during treatment. Foetal outcome were measured in terms of foetal growth restriction (24%), preterm delivery (14%), foetal distress (13%), SNCU admission (23%) and stillbirth (5%). Conclusion: This study concludes that pregnancy related acute renal failure is associated with serious prognosis both for the mother and child. Even though good obstetric care can reduce morbidity and mortality associated with it, these patients require special and intensive care management facility which can bring them better survival rates.
Interpretation of Retinal OCT
Authors: Chawla Khushboo
Published: February 2022

With the recent advances in ophthalmic imaging, optical coherence tomography (OCT) has emerged as a non-invasive, very useful, and sensitive tool to produce high-resolution, cross-sectional images of the macula and the optic nerve head. OCT has been well absorbed in the clinical practice where it has been used to assess the different layers of the retina and to some extent choroid in the newer machines. This article helps us to understand the step-by-step interpretation of OCT in various macular and retinal pathologies, its diagnosis, follow-up, and management.
Fundus Fluorescein Angiography
Authors: Gupta Priyadarshi , Shaw Ekta
Published: February 2022

Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) is one of the age-old methods to examine the retinal and choroidal vasculature using dye namely sodium fluorescein. It involves administration of dye intravenously followed by serial fundus photographs using FFA machine with barrier and excitation filters. This review article consists of the basic principles, understanding, interpretation and salient features of FFA for various ocular pathologies.
Oct Angiography: The Basics
Authors: Chawla Khushboo
Published: February 2022

OCT angiography is a new imaging technology that provides volumetric analysis of retina, choroid, and optic nerve. It helps to delineate early hemodynamic alteration in the vasculature of retina and choroid. Being non-invasive, OCT A is employed over standard angiographic techniques of fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) which study changes in retinal superficial layers and choroid respectively. It gives a high specificity and sensitivity in diagnosis and follow-up of vascular diseases such as diabetic retinopathy, vascular occlusion, and macular degeneration. This article seeks to detail the principle and techniques of OCTA.
Cross-Sectional Imaging In Ocular And Orbital Lesions A Review
Authors: Sehgal Apoorva , Manchanda Alpana , Kumar Jyoti , Goel Ruchi , Saran R K , Jain Ayush
Published: February 2022

Orbit is the site for a heterogeneous group of tumors and tumor-like conditions which often overlap in their clinical presentation and examination findings. Thus, a detailed imaging evaluation is warranted to reach a definitive diagnosis or narrow the list of differentials in challenging cases. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) with its exquisite soft tissue contrast resolution is the modality of choice with Computed Tomography and Ultrasound, reserved for specific indications. This review highlights the role of various imaging modalities in evaluating non-traumatic orbital lesions with a detailed account on imaging features of the commonly encountered lesions and their clinical relevance.
Formation of Participatory Forest Management Boundaries for Governance of Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Reserve, in Kenya
Authors: Ming’ate Felix Lamech Mogambi , Lonzi Zipporah
Published: February 2022

Many natural resource management studies have researched on participatory forest management of forests. But current literature indicates that studies on the formation of participatory forest management boundaries for governance of forests are scanty. Thus this paper uses Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Reserve as a case study to examine the extent to which its forest resource and resource users’ boundaries are developed by utilizing a qualitative approach for data collection. The researchers purposively sampled 100 respondents from communities involved in participatory forest management and 90 non-participating communities in the participatory forest management arrangement. Also 30 key informants from heads of government agencies such as Kenya Forest Service, Kenya Wildlife Service, National Museum of Kenya, Non-Governmental Organizations such as Nature Kenya, Community Based Organizations and leaders from the business community working in the Arabuko-Sokoke Forest Management were utilized in the study. The analysis of qualitative data from written notes and audio recordings was coded into similar themes and used to answer the study objective. The results show that both participating and non-participating communities in the participatory forest arrangement are aware of the forest resource and resource users’ boundaries. It is concluded that boundaries are essential in governance of forest resource and users’ boundaries. It is recommended that policy makers need to clearly define boundaries for resource use and resource users’ for enhanced conservation of forest resource and improved community livelihoods.
Decay for Solutions to a Plate Type Equation
Authors: Xu Shuo , Mao Shikuan
Published: February 2022

In a similar spirit to the papers [1,2], existence and decay for a plate type equation is obtained. The result is a generalization of the work for the linear equation in the paper [1].
Determination of an Expedient Method for Screening Quorum Quenching (QQ) Rhizobacteria with Choromobacterium violaceum (CV) RU9 as Bioindicator
Authors: Packialakshmi J. Saranya , Vendan K. Tamil , Earanna N. , Mallesha B. C. , Kumar M. K. Prasanna , Reddy Y. A. Nanja
Published: February 2022

Quorum quenching (QQ) is the process of hindering the auto-inducer molecules that acts as quorum sensing (QS) signals. Quorum sensing signals, the Acyl homoserine lactones play a major role in induction of virulence in Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (Pcc), the most acclaimed causative agent of soft rot disease in several vegetable crops. The disease sounds so alarming because it is also an infamous post-harvest affliction. Disruption of the QS signals will halt the production of QS induced secretion of the plant cell wall degrading virulence enzymes. Thus, in the present study it was attempted to screen rhizobacterial isolates for their ability to produce degradative enzymes for the disruption of the QS signal molecules. Three methods, soft agar diffusion assay, soft agar overlay assay and disc diffusion assay were trailed out with a basic modification to choose the most befitting method. For the assay we used Choromobacterium violaceum (CV) strain RU9 as a bioindicator rather than the mutant strain CV026. Of the three methods of screening, the soft agar overlay assay was chosen as the pre-eminent method for screening which further required standardization of cell load of CV cells for the overlay. 1% to 5% CV RU9 cells were overlaid and their violacein units were determined simultaneously. A concentration of 3% CV RU9 cells had 812 violacein units for overlay was determined to be the appropriate concentration. Soft agar overlay assay with 3% CV RU9 cells was used to determine the quorum quenching ability of the rhizobacterial strains isolated from various crops.
Prevalence, Pattern and Outcome of Congenital Anomalies among Babies Admitted in a Neonatal Unit in Southern Nigeria
Authors: Awoala West Boma , Grace Okari Tamunoiyowuna
Published: February 2022

Aim: This study was carried out to determine the prevalence, pattern and outcome of congenital anomalies among neonates admitted in the neonatal unit of the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital.

Study Design: A prospective study.

Place and Duration of Study: This study was carried out in the Special Care Baby Unit of the Rivers State University Teaching Hospital over a three-year period from 1st June 2018 to 31st May 2021.

Methodology: A questionnaire was used to collect data on the babies with congenital anomalies from their mothers/caregivers. Data was analysed using SPSS version 23. Fishers’ Exact test was adopted to determine the association between some congenital anomalies and the variables.

Results: The prevalence of congenital anomalies in the study period was 5.5%, more preponderant among males 48(50.5%), term babies 56(58.9%) and among singleton pregnancies 82(86.3%). Most of the anomalies were major defects 66(69.5%), occurred more frequently in the musculoskeletal system 36 (33%), cardiovascular (13.8%) and urogenital systems (13.8%).  Hypertension (30.3%) and diabetes mellitus in pregnancy were the commonest complications of pregnancy found among mothers whose babies had congenital anomalies. Seven (7.4%) babies with birth anomalies died in the study. There was no significant association of sex, gestational age, birth weight with congenital anomalies (P value > .05).

Conclusion: The prevalence of congenital anomalies in this study was low being 5.5%. Although majority of the babies had major defects, the neonatal outcome was fair with mortality of 7.4%.
Investigation of the Effect of Mixed Anion and Mixed Metal on Heavy Metal Removal from Contaminated Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Agwaramgbo Lovell , Olafuyi Olabimpe , Doyle Jailen , Okeh Onome
Published: February 2022

Aims: To investigate the effect of variation of metals (Cu vs Zn) and anions (nitrate vs sulfate) in heavy metal remediation by charcoal and coffee waste from contaminated water.

Study Design: Aqueous solution of single and mixed nitrate and sulfate salts of copper and zinc were respectively treated with charcoal and coffee waste for 12 hr and the residual metal concentration and percent metal removal were determined.

Place and Duration of Study: The experiments were conducted in the Chemistry Department at Dillard University between January 2021 and November 2021

Methodology: Coffee waste (2 grams) and charcoal (2 grams) were respectively mixed with 40 ml of 500 parts per million (ppm) of each of the following combination of metal solutions: Cu(NO3)2; CuSO4; Zn(NO3)2; ZnSO4; Cu(NO3)2 and Zn(NO3)2; CuSO4 and ZnSO4; Zn(NO3)2 and ZnSO4; Cu(NO3)2 and CuSO4; Cu(NO3)2 and ZnSO4; Zn(NO3)2 and CuSO4. Each solution was agitated for 12 hours at room temperature. The mixtures were centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 10 minutes and residual copper and zinc were analyzed. The results showed that copper was preferentially adsorbed by coffee waste compared to zinc in all binary metal (copper-zinc) solutions. Copper removal by coffee waste from CuSO4 and CuSO4-ZnSO4 were 43.9% and 65.5% respectively. Zinc removal from ZnSO4 and CuSO4-ZnSO4 by coffee waste was 34.79% and 20.3% respectively. Conversely, the zinc removal from mixed copper-zinc salt solutions, CuSO4-ZnSO4 and Cu(NO3)2-Zn(NO3)2 were 70.5% and 79.9% respectively.

Conclusion: Metal type can affect the extent of metal removal from mixed metal solutions. In this research, the copper was 21% more effectively removed from the mixed metal solutions than from a single metal-single anion solutions. In addition, zinc removal was11-14% suppressed in binary metal salt solutions compared to its removal from single-metal-single anion salt solutions. The anion type does not influence metal removed from single metal-single anion salt solutions. However, in the mixed metal-mixed anion systems, more metals were removed when the anion is a nitrate than when it is a sulfate, especially with coffee waste as adsorbent. 9.4% more zinc was removed from CuSO4-Zn(NO3)2,79.9%) than from ZnSO4-Cu(NO3)2, 70.5%). Thus, both metal and anion type affect extent of metal removal from mixed metal mixed anion.
Assessing Level of Anxiety Related to Survey during COVID-19 among ASHA Worker
Authors: Rewatkar Priyanka , Rodge Kamini , Sable Pitambar , Sawarkar Archana , Shambharkar Maduri
Published: February 2022

Background: Research is aimed at assessing ASHA worker's anxiety levels during the COVID-19 epidemic. Worldwide, over 7.5 million people were infected by COVID-19. The number of cases in India grew rapidly in three months, from 470 in March to four millions. The epidemic of COVID-19 has grown intolerant and in many cases overpowered, medical systems and health personnel. The WHO emphasised the particularly high burden on health professionals and requested action to address the immediate requirements and activities needed to save lives and to avoid serious consequences for the physical or emotional wellness of health-care professionals (WHO, 2020). Previous viral outbreaks demonstrated an elevated risk of infection and other poor physical consequences for frontline and non-frontline health workers.

Methods: For this study, a non-experimental descriptive research technique was chosen. The research was carried out at the Wardha district's community area.The population of the study was Asha worker of Wardha district.100 workers were selected by purposive sampling.

Results: According to the findings of the current study, 3% of ASHA workers experienced light anxiety, 24% experienced moderate anxiety, 64% experienced severe anxiety, and 9% experienced extreme anxiety. The lowest anxiety level was 10 and the highest anxiety score was 46. The average anxiety score was 31.098.03, while the average percentage of anxiety score was 38.8610.03.

Conclusion: To assess Anxiety related to the COVID-19 pandemic, we conducted a survey with a representative sample of the Wardha district. Our findings indicate the pandemic's influence on ASHA workers' anxiety levels, which may be compounded by key concerns about infection risks, healthcare safety, and access.
Variation in Mental Foramen of Mandible among South Indian Population- A Radiographic Analysis
Authors: Ashwin S. P. , Prathap Lavanya
Published: February 2022

Background:  The mental foramen (MF) is a hole in the body of the mandible that is placed on the antero-lateral side. Between the upper and lower mandibular borders, it can be found. It sends signals to the brain's nerves and blood vessels. Many researches have documented variations in the placement of the MF among different ethnic groups, as well as variations in its forms. It's commonly found beneath the first premolar teeth. The study's goal is to look at where mental foramen are found in the South Indian population.

Materials and Methods:  A total of 100 distinct OPGs from the South Indian population were used in the investigation. The position of mental foramen for various mandibles was visually examined using OPGs, and the data was tallied and analyzed using SPSS.

Results: From the results it is suggested that the maximum frequency for the right side is at location 2 which is in the longitudinal axis of 1st premolar. 14.0% at location 1, 31.6% at location 2, 21.1% at location 3. 17.3% at location 4. 10% at location 5, 6% at location 6. The situation of mental foramen at the axis of 1st premolar was observed to have a high frequency of occurrence in the age group of 26-35.

Conclusion:  The Mental foramen in study population is mostly found in the longitudinal axis of 1st premolar. The clinical students and surgeons should know the existence of mental foramen at surgical procedures using mandibular premolar and molar regions. Future studies with large sample sizes should be conducted to make the results conclusive.
Scaffolds in Periodontal Regeneration
Authors: Khetan Rohan , Durge Khushbhoo , Bajaj Pavan , Kale Bhairavi , Dhamdhere Nutan
Published: February 2022

The periodontium is a well-designed central core made up of numerous tissues that surround and support the tooth. Sustained periodontitis has the ability to create havoc on periodontal tissues, leading to tooth loss. Diverse biomaterials are used as obstacle layers in the coordinated-tissue-recuperation (GTR), which at present is the highest quality level under the dentistry community, to treat periodontally weak teeth. Unique biomaterials have recently been structured in a tissue planning stage to aid in the recovery of injured periodontal tissues. In recent decades, innovations in stage manufacture have ranged from a genuine substrate to aid in the recovery of a specific kind of periodontal tissue to a multiphase/bioactive stage structure to coordinate a coordinated periodontal tissue recovery. This article discusses the new sorts of phrases that are being developed for periodontal tissue recovery.
Prerequisite for Successful Implant Placement with a Comparative Study on Novel Bone Ring Technique: A Review
Authors: Ali Saniya Sadaf , Wankhede Anand N.
Published: February 2022

Implant placement is getting space day by day. However, in every case, we never get the ideal condition of alveolar bone for implant placement. Alveolar bone loss is seen due to periodontitis, tooth loss, tooth extraction, and periapical infection, etc.

Resorption of alveolar bone varies from person to person and side to side. It has been noted that the size of the residual ridge shrinks more quickly within the first six months.

There is new demand for reconstruction of the alveolar ridge for implant placement. Various techniques are available for increasing the ridge height and width by using bone graft, membrane, etc., one of these is the vertical ring procedure.

Bone ring technique (BRT) has been described as a one-stage approach to restore vertical ridge height defects, in which an autogenous or allogeneic bone block graft is used and the implant is placed simultaneously.

This review aims to focus on the importance of the implant placement, consequences of complete edentulism, the problem with removable partial denture (RPD) placement, as a result of bone loss in fully edentulism patients, and the use of vertical ring technique for the implant placement.
Comparative Study of Lung Function Test among Ballooning and Pursuing Lip Exercise
Authors: Priyanka . , Devi R. Gayatri , Priya A. Jothi
Published: February 2022

Introduction: Lung function tests have been routinely taken for diseased people such as COPD, asthma patients. Exercise and food habits play a vital role in improvement in lung function among these people. Hence, the current study is to assess the lung function parameters among the population performing lip and ballooning exercises.

Materials and Methods: The present study was carried out among the participants with the age of 18- 25 years from saveetha dental college. 45 healthy volunteers were divided into three groups. Each group consists of 15 individuals. Group 1: Control; Group 2: Ballooning exercise subjects; Group 3: Pursuing lip exercise individuals. RMS Helios spirometer was used to measure lung volumes and capacities like FVC, FEV1, PEFR, PEF 25-75, FEV3. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software, student‘t’ test. P value of less than or equal to 0.05 was considered to be as statistically significant.

Results: FEV1/FVC is statistically significant among lip exercises (88.61±12.03) but insignificant among ballooning exercises than control individuals (97.61±6.32). FEF25-75 is statistically more significant among pursuing lip exercise (2.65±1.74) than ballooning and control individuals. FVC is statistically more significant among ballooning (1.99±0.27) than pursuing lip exercise and control individuals.

Conclusion: It is evident that the subjects performing ballooning exercise have significant increase in lung capacity in comparison with the subjects pursuing lip exercise.Regular exercise produces a positive effect on the lung by increasing the pulmonary capacities.The present study revealed that regular breathing exercise has an important role in determining and improving lung volumes and capacities.
Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis with Traditional Chinese Medicine Gushukang
Authors: Wang Jing , Xue Ji-Su , Wang Jing , Zhang Rui-Hao
Published: February 2022

As our population continues to age, osteoporosis is becoming more common and burdensome for society. Its treatment is troublesome because its mechanism is complicated and easily hidden behind other ailments and symptoms. In addition, the adverse effect of traditional therapeutic drugs for osteoporosis is another puzzle for both clinicians and patients. The Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) known as Gushukang (GSK) has a long history in treating osteoporosis. However, because the formulation of GSK consists of multiple plant products, it is difficult to determine its proper purity, efficacy, dosage, and safety as required by modern medicine. Still, researchers have begun to use modern scientific tools to investigate GSK for treating osteoporosis. Following the inclusion of TCM in the latest International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11, 2019) by the WHO and recent elucidation of the therapeutic mechanisms of GSK in treating diseases, it has been demonstrated that GSK does indeed show potential for treating osteoporosis in the future. This review summarizes recent advances surrounding GSK for the treatment of osteoporosis in both laboratory animals and humans, from complex formulae to single ingredients.
Eponyms in Pathology- A Review
Authors: Alex Aleena , Priyadharshini R. , Sinduja Palati
Published: February 2022

Eponyms in medicine have been used widely, as an alternate between the non-possessive and possessive forms. They are used in medicine for better understanding. It also indicates invention, substance with similar appearance, institution name etc., who have discovered or to commemorate their contribution. An extensive review of literature of Eponyms in Pathology by a collection of data from PubMed, Cambridge core, google scholar, Cochrane, and semantic scholar-based medicine articles collected from 2020 - 2021. Articles were searched with a keyword like “Eponyms in pathology and Appearance in pathology “. Those articles about pathological eponyms are included as study reference. Non indexed and poor grammatical articles were excluded. From which data was analysed to interpret the results. The objective of this study was about the understanding and recognizing the complex pathological patterns.
A COVID-19 Follow Up Protocol Based on Short and Long Term Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Kikani Hiral Ashvinbhai , Bhatt Parloop Amit , Bariya Aditi Hemrajbhai , Darji Vinay Chhanalal
Published: February 2022

Background: Corona virus disease (COVID-19) represents a public health emergency of international concern, with continuously growing number of confirmed and re infected cases.

Main body: Clinical sequels during early COVID-19 convalescence were common; it ranges from mild to moderate respiratory illness associated with pulmonary abnormalities; physical, mental and/or other clinical health outcomes. Older people, males and those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, pregnancy and cancer more likely to develop serious complications and poor outcomes. Later on, Mucormycosis complications have been also reported in many hospitals. These complications are observed at short and long term follow up. Thus, a simple, well inferring easy to perform protocol needs to be in place to follow up COVID discharged patients. This review describes the outcomes/complication associated with COVID 19 and its contributory factors. In its context based on available literature and guidelines the review also proposes a post COVID follow up protocol at 7 days, 1 and 3 months after discharge.

Conclusion: COVID-19 the global health issue is severely associated with pulmonary defects, a long quarantine period/hospitalization stay and a possible reactivation of the virus; potential pulmonary, physical and/or psychological outcomes may be anticipated in patients following discharge. Thus, a follow up protocol needs to be implemented at 1 week, 1 and 3 months respectively for the holistic wellbeing of the patient.
Correlation between Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Periodontal Disease
Authors: Dhakulkar Shamli , Bajaj Pavan , Bhombe Komal
Published: February 2022

Background: Polycystic ovary syndrome has metabolic and reproductive properties that may be associated with periodontitis. The goal of this study was to reassess and offer a comprehensive critical evaluation of all findings associating Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and PD, as well as to analyse a possible two - way relationship. The underlying molecular processes of this link are unknown, but chronic inflammation is considered to be a cause. A pro-inflammatory condition was linked to a changed periodontal response in PCOS, which appeared to enhance vulnerability to periodontal disease. Polycystic ovarian syndrome suffers more than half of all females of childbearing age., and has serious consequences for the metabolic, psychological, and cardiovascular systems. Inflammation is a characteristic sign of PCOS. There may be a role for chronic low-grade inflammation as well in metabolic abnormalities. Hence this review aims to correlate the association between PCOS and Periodontal Disease.
Wilkodontics: A Meteoric Rise to Faster Orthodontic Treatments
Authors: Bhosle Janhvi , Dhadse Prasad , Rathi Netal
Published: February 2022

A tremendous amount of advances has been made in the field of dentistry in the past few decades. In spite of these advances, the average orthodontic treatment lasts 1.5 to 3 years. "Wilkodontics," often called Periodontally Accelerated Osteogenic Orthodontics (PAOO) is a procedure that helps in accelerating tooth movement as well as in providing an increase for rendering extensive dental services and care to the patients in bone activation through selective decortication and osteotomies as well as alveolar augmentation using a particulate bone graft. Thus, thisThis article attempts to review the main indications, contraindications, and modifications of wilkodontics.
Cytotoxic Activity of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticle Synthesis Using Leaves Extract of Abies webbiana
Authors: Srinisha M. , Jeevitha M. , Rajeshkumar S. , Jayaraman Selvaraj
Published: February 2022

Aim: The present study aimed to analyse the cytotoxicity of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) that are biosynthesized using extract of Abies webbiana

Methodology: Zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by green approach using A. webbiana and were characterized by UV- vis spectroscopy. The powdered A. webbiana mediated ZnO NPs were subjected to cytotoxic tests for different concentrations by brine shrimp lethality assay.

Results: ZnO NPs synthesized from A. webbiana showed reduced toxicity at lower concentrations. After 48 hours, it was found that at a minimal concentration of 5 µl, 90% of the nauplii and in concentration of 10 µl and 20 µl, 80% of the nauplii were alive. At a concentration of 40 µl and 80 µl, 70% of the nauplii were alive. Whereas the control showed 100% of the nauplii to be alive.

Conclusion: Various nanoformulations of A. webbiana mediated ZnO NPs can be developed at optimal concentrations for therapeutics that are safe and economical.