bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bentuk dan Makna Ungkapan Fatis dalam Bahasa Dayak Ngaju
Authors: Sitohang Muston
Published: December 2021

This article discussed forms and meanings of phatic in the Ngaju Dayak language. The data was obtained by recording technique. The findings of this study indicated that in the Ngaju Dayak language of Central Kalimantan, phatic expressions are delivered verbally. In general, phatic expressions in the Ngaju Dayak are in particles and words. Based on interviews with natives, there are several phatic expressions in the Ngaju Dayak. Some of the phatices found were in the form of particles bah, beh, bei, boh, ceh, ces, cih, cuh, duh, has, hey, hi and ih. Fatices in the form of words are akayah (-lah), and akuy. The phatic meaning of the particle is to show (1) sense of wonder, (2) annoyance, (3) amazement, (4) anger, (5) disappointment, (6) disgust, (7) condescension, (8) welcome, (9) affirmation, and (10) rebuke. While the meaning of phatic in the form of words are to express (1) pain, (2) awe, (3) joy, and (4) affirmation. The research also showed that some phatics in the Ngaju Dayak language are in positive communication, some of them actually have the meaning of demeaning, rebuking, and feeling angry.AbstrakArtikel ini membahas bentuk dan makna fatis dalam bahasa Dayak Ngaju. Data diperoleh dengan teknik rekam catat dan selanjutnya dideskripsikan bentuk dan maknanya. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan ungkapan fatis disampaikan secara verbal oleh penutur bahasa Dayak Ngaju Kalimantan Tengah. Pada umumnya ungkapan fatis dalam bahasa Dayak Ngaju berupa partikel dan kata. Berdasarkan wawancara dengan penutur, terdapat beberapa ungkapan fatis dalam bahasa Dayak Ngaju. Beberapa fatis yang ditemukan berbentuk partikel, yaitu bah, beh, bei, boh, ceh, ces, cih, cuh, duh, has, hei, hi, dan ih. Berbentuk kata, yaitu akayah (-lah) dan akui. Makna fatis berupa partikel menunjukkan (1) rasa heran, (2) rasa jengkel, (3) rasa takjub, (4) rasa geram, (5) rasa kecewa, (6) rasa jijik, (7) merendahkan, (8) mempersilakan, (9)  penegasan, dan (10) hardikan. Fatis berupa kata mengungkapkan (1) rasa sakit, (2) rasa kagum, (3) rasa gembira, dan (4) penegasan. Penelitian ini juga menunjukkan bahwa beberapa fatis dalam bahasa Dayak Ngaju digunakan tidak untuk membangun komunikasi yang positif, beberapa fatis tersebut justru mempunyai makna merendahkan, hardikan, dan rasa geram.
Architectural style spreads its wings: New Zealand Architecture in the 1880s
Authors: McCarthy Christine
Published: December 2021

The 1880s was a period in New Zealand of economic depression. It caused "unemployment, family distress, ragged children and exploited women workers, general business collapse, a crash in the property market, a ten-year banking crisis, bankruptcies and unstable ministries." But despite this Hodgson identifies this period in New Zealand's architectural history as one when: "Architectural style ... started to spread its wings and this period contains some fine examples of building design which was definitely out of the mainstream."
Best Bricks: a study of advertised brick pricing in Victorian New Zealand
Authors: Divehall Dean , Isaacs Nigel
Published: December 2021

While timber was suitable for construction, more than permanent materials were needed for real buildings. Stone was available but transport limited its distribution. Bricks could be made almost anywhere. This paper examines New Zealand brick pricing based on advertised data from published newspapers across the Wellington, Nelson, Canterbury, Otago and Auckland regions. It provides an overview of brick pricing during this critical period of the birth of colonial New Zealand. The price of bricks will be compared with other essential supplies, to help understand changes in the cost of buildings.
Sailing too close to the wind in 1880s Wellington
Authors: Humphris Adrian , Mew Geoff
Published: December 2021

The 1880s and early 1890s have been widely recognised as a time of depression in New Zealand. While well-known architects with substantial clienteles were generally able to survive the downturn in business, others struggled to make ends meet, showed signs of extreme stress, or occasionally resorted to sharp practices. Few in-depth studies have been able to show the broad spectrum of architects working in Wellington at a particular time as, until recently, it has been extremely difficult to accumulate the necessary data. The introduction of Papers Past has considerably simplified this task. We can now find and assess almost all the architects who made the news in different ways. Although more than 30 men claimed to be Wellington architects in the 1880s, not all of them were working. Some, such as Frank Mitchell, produced relatively large numbers of plans throughout the decade; many others appear to have been less successful, and to have turned their hands to other activities, for better or worse. In this paper we select a few of the more colourful "architects" residing in Wellington in the 1880s. Our candidates range from the aforementioned Frank Mitchell, through to Christopher Walter Worger, who being bankrupted in Christchurch, moved to Wellington in 1889. Leaving no record of any building designs, he had gone to Dunedin by 1906. Another enigmatic character was James Henry Schwabe, who escaped Dunedin and a rather public humiliation for Wellington in the late 1870s. Similarly, we discuss the erratic behaviour of W.J.W. Robinson, also escaping scandal in Dunedin to practise in the capital. Charles Zahl we find making a fleeting visit in early 1887, before absconding with a large sum of investors' money en route to Rio de Janeiro or Britain. We finish with the case of Ernest Wagner, released into the community after a year's hard labour in 1880. He never practised as an architect again - preferring, or being forced, to live as a farmer in the country south of Auckland. The examples we discuss are the exception rather than the rule. Of the bankruptcies recorded at the time, few came from the upper echelons of society. Some architects who were later prominent in Wellington moved offshore to better conditions in Australia (such as Joshua Charlesworth), whereas others such as William Turnbull were protected to some extent in successful partnerships in which they had a junior role.
"Balloon to Platform Framing": a change of the 1880s?
Authors: Isaacs Nigel
Published: December 2021

Brett's Colonists' Guide and Cyclopaedia of Useful Knowledge: Being a Compendium of Information by Practical Colonists, edited by Thomas W. Leys, was first published in 1883. Rated, in 1993 in a National Library Exhibition, as one of the 21 "Working Titles" that had shaped New Zealand, it provided "all Information of possible use" to new arrivals. This included how to build your own cottage – providing floor plans, a material list and an estimate of labour for four cottages (increasing to five cottages complete with a set of written specifications in the 1897 edition). These designs and quantities provide a unique opportunity to explore changes in the technology of New Zealand house construction.It has been hypothesised that in the 1890s timber construction shifted from balloon to platform framing – the basic style still used for timber framed houses. The paper will report research that examined import statistics, business records and quinquennial national censuses to explore indirect measures of changes in construction technology. It is concluded that this change occurred in the previous decade, the 1880s.
"distinctly in a nineteenth century style": Samuel Hurst Seager's Christchurch Municipal Offices
Authors: Lochhead Ian
Published: December 2021

In 1887 Samuel Hurst Seager described his recently completed Christchurch Municipal Buildings, as being "distinctly in a nineteenth century style." The building was the result of an architectural competition and was the architect's first commission following his return to New Zealand after a period of study in Britain. From a twenty first-century perspective we recognise the Municipal Buildings as a precocious New Zealand example of the Queen Anne style that had come into vogue in Britain in the 1870s. Seager, however, clearly aimed to present his building not as belonging to a particular style from the past but as a representative design of the age in which it was built. Where we see an eclectic amalgam of sources drawn from British and European architecture from the late seventeenth-century onwards, Seager saw a synthesis of motifs that produced a picturesque effect appropriate to the building's site. For Seager, it seems, eclecticism was indeed the style of the nineteenth century. Drawing on contemporary sources, including the architect's description of the building that accompanied his competition entry, this paper examines Seager's design in the context of late nineteenth-century discussions of architectural style but also within the specific context of Seager's personal search for a resolution of the nineteenth-century "dilemma of style."
"that headquarters of fanaticism and disaffection": Protest and the construction of space at Parihaka in the 1880s
Authors: Schmidt Tyson
Published: December 2021

At the 2009 version of this symposium I presented a paper that outlined how protests at Waitangi during the 1980s were played out architecturally through the media. Despite the heavy focus on biculturalism during the 1980s, reporting of proceedings at Waitangi on February 6th each year clearly showed a trifurcation of space. Television networks and the national newspapers showed that the "landscape of nationhood" was in fact inhabited by three actors in the symbolically important rituals - the State, tame Māori, and wild Māori.This trifurcation of space also played out a hundred years earlier at Parihaka. Sue Abel's examinations of media constructions of nationhood and cultural interaction can be identified in reports on happenings at Parihaka pā through the 1880s. From the passive resistance to the Crown's persistent surveying of the land and building of roads, the frequent large hui held at Parihaka that drew Māori from around the country, through to the invasion of the pā by a government force of more than 1500 troops – there was rich material for spatial representation by the media of the time. While the channels were different (dominated by newspapers and Parliamentary reports, with no television networks), this paper shows that the message of trifurcation was as strong in the 1880s as it would be in the 1980s.
Archaeological Mapping Project
Authors: O'Keefe Mary , Rudd David , Hurren Kathryn
Published: December 2021

In light of the earthquake in Christchurch, as well as the recent ones in Wellington, the need to know the location and types of archaeological sites/themes in Wellington is important. NZHPT, combined with the Wellington Archaeological Group, Wellington Tenths Trust/Port Nicholson Block Settlement Trust, are working on a Wellington City archaeological mapping project that will have two purposes, the first being a tool that can be used in an emergency event to guide heritage experts, council, NZHPT and the equivalent of CERA, with a systematic and practical map showing the areas of high, medium, low or no archaeological risk. The second tool that will come out of this project is a mapping tool that can be used by consultants, Wellington City Council, tangata whenua, developers and other groups, on a daily basis to help identify the archaeological potential of an area in respect to proposed development or research.The project will pull together local archaeological consultants' knowledge, tangata whenua knowledge, Wellington City Council and archival information as well as information on previous archaeological authorities and registrations held at NZHPT. We are seeking information and knowledge from people within the heritage community who can help in developing the project.
"And ... the dazzle continued inside ...": New Zealand interior and landscape architectures of the 1930s
Authors: McCarthy Christine
Published: December 2021

The Depression began in the late 1920s, but was not simply triggered by the October 1929 crash in Wall Street. In the two years between 1928-29 and 1930-31, "export income nearly halved. ... The government ... slashed expenditure," including severe cuts to public spending in health and education. As Ann Calhoun notes:[t]he effect of the 1930s Depression on [Schools of Art] students and instructors alike was massive: salaries were reduced, the school admission age was raised, overscale salaries were limited, grants for sewing and science were withdrawn, administration grants were cut back, training colleges in Wellington and Dunedin closed and student allowances decreased, and grants to kindergartens were withdrawn.A proposal for a town-planning course by John Mawson (the Director of Town Planning)) and Cyril Knight (Head of Architecture, Auckland University College) likewise failed due to "lack of numbers and Depression cutbacks." Helen Leach also notes the impact of cuts to education more generally, writing that: "[m]others of young children who expected them to start school at four or five learned in May 1932 that the age of entry would be raised to six."
The Ideal and the Real: interior linings in 1930s New Zealand homes
Authors: Forster-Garbutt Eva
Published: December 2021

The choices made by New Zealanders in terms of how they line the floors, walls and ceilings of their homes, both today and in the past, is driven by various influencing factors. These include economic factors such as supply and demand, changes in technology, societal norms, as well as the agency of people themselves, ranging from the manufacturer and supplier to the designer and homeowner. In 1930s' New Zealand, architectural and building publications aimed to influence consumer behavior in terms of the products and methods used to design, construct and decorate buildings. These magazines also played a pivotal role in both reflecting and shaping current societal ideals and the associated ideal homes, which are almost always the homes of the middle and upper classes. This paper takes a case study approach by looking at the first eleven issues of the Home & Building magazine between October/November 1936 and November 1939, extracting from these the construct of the ideal home interior and the types of interior linings that were advertised and used for this purpose in the homes that are presented. To investigate the extent to which these trends are reflected in the homes of real New Zealanders, a sample of Wellington building consents and historical interior photographs available through DigitalNZ are used.
Frederick Tschopp, Landscape Architect, OE in New Zealand 1929-32
Authors: Humphris Adrian , Mew Geoff
Published: December 2021

Frederick Tschopp was a naturalised American of Swiss birth who had trained as a horticulturalist specialising in landscape architecture. He and his wife arrived in Auckland in September 1929 and he soon found work with some of the local bodies there. Works and Development in Wellington later employed him in designing gardens for several important government properties. This was not a permanent position however and about July 1931 he moved to Rotorua with a major contract to beautify the city, including extensive street plantings and an upgrade of the lake shore. Most of this work was well-received but there were some dissenting voices. The contract was terminated in November 1932, but with several goodwill gestures. While in Rotorua, Frederick had visited both Hamilton and Tauranga, commenting on landscape design aspects. The family (now with the addition of a son) left New Zealand for home in Los Angeles in late November 1932. Frederick had a subsequent career with the Department of Water in California and died at Laguna Hills, Orange, California in February 1980.The reasons for Tschopp's visit to New Zealand can be interpreted in two ways. Clearly the newspapers regarded him as an overseas expert with a talent for landscape design, still a fairly new concept in the country in the late 1920s. He undoubtedly stood out as an American with drive and initiative. But he was only 24 when he first arrived, and his motives may well have been to gain overseas experience (OE) to help his chances of obtaining a lucrative job on his return to America. One paper described him as being in the course of a world tour but there is no conclusive evidence for him having spent long in other countries at this time.
Standing Tall: the evolution of habitable room height limits in New Zealand building controls
Authors: Isaacs Nigel
Published: December 2021

Although it is often thought that the 3 February 1931 Napier earthquake led to the first New Zealand building codes, they have a far longer history. Often developed by the local town, city or borough engineer, these codes or by-laws covered a wide range of topics, not just structural safety. Two surveys of local government building bylaws undertaken to support the development of national building controls, have created digests of details from a number of these codes. The 1924 survey of 37 municipalities supported the development of the first national code for timber buildings, while the 1938 survey of 84 municipalities was used to develop NZSS 95 Model Building By-law during the 1930s and early 1940s. The digests provide an opportunity to explore the 1930s development of building by-laws by geographical and topic coverage, as well as the impact on building controls since that time.These local building bylaws often included requirements that affected the interior architecture of buildings, such as the requirement for minimum dwelling or bedroom room heights. In 1924 these minima ranged from 8 ft to 10 ft (2.4 m to 3.0 m) for either a dwelling or an attic room. However, by 1938 while the height range for dwelling rooms was unchanged for attic rooms the range was reduced by 1 foot (0.3 m) to 7 ft to 9 ft (2.1 to 2.9 m). Although the 1992 New Zealand Building Code does not specify minimum habitable room heights, the House Improvement Regulations 1947 are still in force. These initially set the habitable room height requirement to 2.1 m, increasing in 1975 to 2.4 m.The paper explores the development of minimum dwelling height requirements in New Zealand using these two surveys with analysis of Wellington and Dunedin City Councils from the 1870s to the 1930s. These requirements will be compared to UK codes, exploring both the international evolution of room height requirements and the relationship to New Zealand.
"if other arrangements can reasonably be made": the interior architecture of Children's Courts in New Zealand in the 1930s
Authors: McCarthy Christine
Published: December 2021

In 1925, the Child Welfare Act was passed. The Act introduced the idea of the Children's Court as a space "separate from the premises in which another Court usually exercises jurisdiction" (s28). In 1927, an amendment to the Act provided further elaboration, clarifying that: "persons attending any sittings of a Children's Court shall not be brought into contact with persons in attendance at any other Court." To achieve this the amendment stipulated that: "for this purpose the sittings of the Children's Court shall not, except in cases where no other suitable room is available, be held in any room in which any other Court ordinarily exercises jurisdiction; nor shall a sitting of the Children's Court, if held in the same premises as any other Court, be held at a time when such other Court is sitting, if other arrangements can reasonably be made" (s18(1)). This paper investigates the locations, and interior architectures of Children's Courts in New Zealand in the 1930s. It aims to establish whether or not the interior architecture of Children's Courts, with their legislated requirement to be physically distinct from the rest of the court system, was also distinct, and in what ways children were specifically accommodated for in this interior architecture.
Konka Board: a cement-pumice-tow sheathing board
Authors: Isaacs Nigel
Published: December 2021

Konka board was a New Zealand invention which combined cement, pumice and flax fibre ("tow") into a fibre-cement board, replacing the imported asbestos-cement sheet. Sold soon after manufacture, Konka, it could be nailed or screwed, and over time it hardened. A waterproof plain or stucco plaster finish provided a resilient, borer proof, fireproof, low maintenance house. Three patents created the Konka system – 34,845 for the fibre-reinforced board, 37,354 for the stud and support system into which a concrete grout was poured to lock the panels in place, and finally 52,50 for metal strips to ensure a smooth final plaster surface. A waterproofing additive in the plaster provided the final part of the system.The company quickly setup a national series of agents, with manufacturing ultimately occurring in Wanganui, Gisborne, Christchurch and Timaru. Patent 34,845 was challenged in 1927, with the Privy Council finding in 1930 that it was invalid, opening the way for similar products to be made. The development in the 1930s of NZSS 95 Model Building By-law allowed Konka to be used nationally, without further evidence as to its performance. However, competitor other products were also included e.g. Excell, Rotorua, Thermax, Duro, Wangan, Walasco and the asbestos based Fibrolite.Konka survived until the 1960s, when flax production was in decline, the high labour costs and manufacturing time meant it was no longer competitive. Even so, in a twist of fate it was a Konka style approach which led to cellulose fibre replacing asbestos in fibre-cement sheeting. In the twenty-first century, Konka could even be considered a desirable product – a natural fibre reinforced, composite sheet.
Early childhood care and education in the cultural context of Aotearoa (New Zealand)
Authors: Ritchie Jenny
Published: December 2021

© 2018 Taylor and Francis. Early childhood care and education in Aotearoa (New Zealand) has been celebrated through the international interest in the innovative sociocultural curriculum, Te Whāriki: He whāriki mātauranga mō ngā mokopuna o Aotearoa (New Zealand Ministry of Education, 1996). This document is now 20 years old, and is at the time of writing being updated by the New Zealand Ministry of Education. 1 In this chapter, a brief overview of the historical and cultural contexts of early childhood care and education leads into a discussion of some key cultural constructs and values that are recognised in Te Whāriki; in particular, those of the Indigenous people, the Māori. Discussion of the narrative assessment models that were developed to support the implementation of Te Whāriki is followed by an outline of implications for teacher education. The chapter ends with some reflections on aspirations for the future of early childhood care and education in Aotearoa.
Early childhood care and education in the cultural context of Aotearoa (New Zealand)
Authors: Ritchie Jenny
Published: December 2021

No description supplied
DUPLICATE DO NOT PUBLISH - Small Country, Big Films: An Analysis of the New Zealand Feature Film Industry (2002-2012)
Authors:   , Ferrer-Roca Natàlia
Published: December 2021

This thesis explores the contextual, institutional, and economic characteristics that influence contemporary feature filmmaking in New Zealand. It identifies and analyses the conditions and circumstances that have made it possible for New Zealand, as a country whose relatively small market size combines with its geographical remoteness, to not only create and sustain a feature film production industry, but also achieve unusual success for the resulting films, in critical and/or commercial terms. Applying an institutional political economy perspective to its research and analyses, this study draws on archival material, policy analysis and expert interviews with key personnel in industry and state agencies, in its undertaking of a ‘value chain’ examination of New Zealand feature film productions. Seven case studies are used to examine the distinguishing factors of the three kinds of productions – ‘tiers’ – that constitute the New Zealand feature film industry, with an emphasis on the connections between these tiers, as well as their individual significance for feature filmmaking in New Zealand.  The study’s successful application of the three-tier feature film production ecology to the contemporary New Zealand filmmaking context is valuable for its capacity to add clarity to existing distinctions between the different types of film production occurring in Twenty-first Century New Zealand. Those are subject to, and emerge from, sometimes very different institutional and financing arrangements, and thus entail different expectations. Important in determining these differences is the question of whether a film’s contribution to a country is primarily cultural or economic, or, is situated somewhere between these functions and expectations. Central to the study’s ‘value chain’ structure and mode of analysis is the investigation of the priorities and motivations of the main institutions and agents involved, in recognition of their capacity to profoundly shape the possibilities for feature film production in New Zealand.  This thesis argues that New Zealand is best advised to maintain and nurture all three-tiers of feature productions, because they depend on and complement each other. Together, they have contributed significantly to the success of the New Zealand feature film industry. To sustain this competitive position and to develop the country’s filmmaking potential further, it will be crucial for New Zealand’s public institutions to ensure continued support for bottom- and middle-tier films in particular, both in terms of favourable policies and funding allocations. Continued support is justified not just in recognition of the important cultural contributions of bottom- and middle-tier films, but also to help these film productions overcome the financial hurdles imposed by a small domestic market and limited economies of scale.
ASSESSING LOOSENING DEPTH FLUCTUATIONS OF THE WORKING TOOL OF A VOLUMETRIC RECLAMATION RIPPER
Authors:   Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, BALABANOV VIKTOR I.
Published: December 2021

The working equipment used for deep loosening of heavy mechanical soils during the restoration of temporarily unclaimed agricultural lands includes a basic machine unit with attachments infl uenced by signifi cant oscillatory loads during its operation. The variability of the physical and mechanical properties of the treated soil aff ects the uneven depth of loosening and the machine operation. This is one of the main technological indicators evaluating the performance features of rippers. The research purpose is to analyze the ripper as a dynamic system and estimate the magnitude of the fl uctuations in the loosening depth depending on the surface irregularities of the machine’s path along the fi eld. The research was carried out according to generally accepted methods using modeling. The authors considered the functioning model of the reclamation ripper in the form of an “environment – machine – technological process” dynamic system, which converts input disturbances and control actions into output ones. The study results of reclamation ripper dynamic models have shown that average terrain irregularities of 5…10 cm result in the amplitude of cutting edge vibrations of a pneumatic-wheeled ripper equaling 8…15 cm and 6…12 cm for the ripper coupled with a caterpillar tractor. According to agrotechnical requirements, a loosening depth of 0.8 m results in the permissible deviations of 8 cm.
IMPROVING DEGRADED AGRICULTURAL MOUNTAIN LANDSCAPES BY THE SLITTING METHOD
Authors:   Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, DZHIBILOV SERGEY M.
Published: December 2021

The article examines a laboratory sample of a maneuverable unit for slitting mountain meadows and pastures. Its design is adapted for work in a mountainous agricultural landscape with degraded soils having a slope of cultivated areas up to 15°. The study object is the structural, technological, operational, and agrotechnical parameters of the laboratory sample and the graphic-analytical rationalization of the working process of slitting on the slope. The technical tests of the laboratory model were carried out in Dargavs, RNO-Alania, at an altitude of 1540 meters above sea level with a slope steepness of up to 15°. The authors determined the indicators of test conditions and functional operation in accordance with GOST 33687-2016. The laboratory sample of a slitter (paraplow) mounted on the “Fenshaw-180” mini-tractor was adapted to a mountain zone with a reverse (obtuse) angle of penetration into the soil. The authors off er an optimal scheme for the arrangement of the working tools of the slitter. They determined the technology of its traveling along the slope and the design of the working tools providing the distance between the slits of 1000 ± 5 mm, the slitting depth of 200…220 mm, the slit width of 10…30 mm ± 5 mm. The considered sample of the unit for slitting mountain meadows and pastures will improve the moisture and air supply of the lower soil layers; reduce the degradation processes of slope areas, increase labor productivity, environmental sustainability, and grassland farming effi ciency.
EA PLANTATION ESTABLISHING AND CARE TECHNOLOGIES
Authors:   Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, DIDMANIDZE REMZI N.
Published: December 2021

The use of fertilizers is one of the most eff ective methods for ensuring a steady increase in the yield of tea plantations and maintaining it at a high level. The author analyzed agrotechnical requirements for the establishment and maintenance of tea plantations, taking into account the specifi c natural production and physiological characteristics of tea plants. The paper considers the infl uence of agrotechnical methods for the care of tea plantations on their productivity, such as: fertilizing, pruning, and cultivating the soil in the inter-rows. It has been established that both mineral and organic fertilizers greatly infl uencence on the development and productivity of tea plants. The latter type in the form of manure or peat compost, when applied in 4 years one time at a rate of 50 t/ha, gives an excellent eff ect. First, organic fertilizers are used for plantations located on slopes or fl at areas with heavy soils. Doses of nitrogen fertilizers are set depending on the age and yield of the tea plantation. It is noted that plantations with closed rows and trellis trimming do not need deep tillage. On such plantations, it is recommended to carry out winter tillage every 3-4 years with the simultaneous intra-soil application of phosphorus and organic fertilizers. The timing of applying phosphorus fertilizers can be adjusted depending on their content in the soil. It is recommended to leave the trellis pruning material on the plantations as an organic fertilizer for plant nutrition. According to the current agrotechnical requirements, the optimal indicator of soil acidity, at which a tea plant shows maximum viability and can give the highest leaf yield, is PH = 4.0…6.5.
DESIGNING A SNAP-GAUGE FOR CHECKING THE COUNTERSHAFT DIAMETER DURING REPAIR OF ZMZ ENGINES
Authors:   Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, LEONOV OLEG A.
Published: December 2021

Two goals can be achieved in repair production when controlling linear dimensions, depending on the task at hand. First, measurement is taken to determine the size of the controlled part in absolute terms. Then, the size of the controlled part is determined within the prescribed maximum deviations. According to the measurement results, the part is classifi ed as suitable or rejected. The second goal is achieved with the help of calibers, which signifi cantly increases the speed and reduces the labor intensity of control. But standard gauges are not available for repair dimensions and tolerances, so an individual approach is required. The authors off er a snap-gauge project including staples for serial repair production to control the diameter of the front journal of the countershaft of ZMZ engines during repairs. The technology includes grinding for a sleeve of the repair size and ensuring the quality of fi t in the joint of 48.8 mm. The tolerance for the production of the go and no-go sides equals 7 microns. To provide a margin for wear, the shift into the tolerance fi eld by the go side of the snap-gauge should amount to 6 microns. The calculated limiting wear value equals +5 microns. To control the dimensions of the working snap-gauge during operation, it is necessary to use a control gauge. The authors determined the tolerance for the dimensions of the control gauge that equals 2.5 microns and established the limiting dimensions of the gauge. Taking into account the obtained values, the authors have constructed a diagram of the tolerance fi elds of the snap-gauge for controlling the shaft size of 48.8 mm with upper and lower deviations of –0.041 mm and –0.016 mm, respectively, and made a sketch of the developed measuring instrument.
Penentuan Komposisi Hidroksiapatit-Alginat-Zinc terhadap Kuat Tekan Bone Scaffold dengan Metode Taguchi
Authors: Raflyani Febbyola , Wibawa Tri , Sadi Sadi
Published: December 2021

Indonesia merupakan negara berkembang dengan tingkat mobilitas masyarakat yang berkendara cukup tinggi. Seiring dengan bertambahnya kebutuhan transportasi menyebabkan tingkat kecelakaan lalu lintas juga semakin meningkat. Permasalahan ini menyebabkan luka hingga patah tulang bagi para korban. Untuk menangani masalah tersebut, perlu diadakannya pencangkokan tulang (bone graft). Pada penelitian ini akan dirancang material tulang pengganti manusia yang berasal dari campuran Hidroksiapatit dengan Alginat dan Zinc. Hasil pencampuran material akan dilakukan pengujian kuat tekan dan data akan diolah dengan menggunakan metode Taguchi. Target uji tekan yaitu 7,5-41 MPa dengan karakteristik kualitas larger-the-better. Sedangkan desain eksperimen yang digunakan yaitu L423. Hasil dari perhitungan ANOVA menunjukkan bahwa faktor komposisi HA, komposisi Alginat, dan rasio HA:Aquades memiliki hasil yang signifikan. Terhadap kuat tekan scaffold. Namun, hasil perhitungan ANOVA terhadap nilai SNR menunjukkan bahwa ketiga faktor tersebut tidak memiliki kontribusi pada pengurangan variansi suatu karakteristik kualitas. Komposisi material scaffold yang paling optimal yaitu komposisi HA 88%wt, komposisi Alginat 8%wt, dan rasio HA:Aquades 1:1,5. Hasil nilai kuat tekan pada komposisi tersebut sebesar 8,197±0,259 MPa dimana nilai ini sesuai dengan nilai kuat tekan untuk tulang cancellous.
Analisis Kelayakan Usaha Produksi Pertashop Pertamina dengan Studi Kasus pada PT Riken Engineering Perkasa
Authors: Putra Candra Galang Gemilang , Wahyudin Wahyudin
Published: December 2021

Alasan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk memutuskan kelayakan bisnis dari pembuatan Pertashop Pertamina di PT Riken Engineering Perkasa dilihat dari sudut pandang aspek non finansial yaitu aspek hukum, aspek pasar dan pemasaran, aspek teknis dan teknologi, serta aspek lingkungan hidup dan aspek finansial yang dianalisis dengan metode payback period (PP), net present value (NPV), profitability index (PI), internal rate of return (IRR), dan average rate of return (ARR). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif-kuantitatif. Subyek penelitian ini adalah PT  Riken Engineering Perkasa dan objek eksplorasi adalah kelayakan usaha produksi Pertashop Pertamina. Strategi pemerolehan informasi dilakukan dengan metode wawancara dan dokumentasi. Prosedur pemeriksaan informasi dari eksplorasi ini adalah penyelidikan subjektif untuk mengevaluasi perspektif hukum, sudut pasar dan periklanan, sudut pandang khusus dan mekanis seperti sudut ekologis, dan penyelidikan kuantitatif untuk survei sudut pandang moneter. Hasil pemeriksaan ini menunjukkan bahwa: (1) dari segi hukum produksi Pertashop Pertamina sangat memungkinkan untuk dijalankan, (2) dari bagian pasar dan iklan kreasi Pertashop Pertamina dinyatakan sepenuhnya dapat dicapai menjalankan, (3) menurut aspek pasar dan pemasaran produksi Pertashop Pertamina dinyatakan sangat layak untuk dijalankan, (4) Berdasarkan aspek lingkungan hidup PT Riken Engineering Perkasa layak untuk dijalankan, dan (5) dari segi finansial, produksi Pertashop Pertamina dinyatakan layak untuk dijalankan.
Studi Kelayakan Bisnis Pembuatan Pupuk Organik Cair Berbahan Dasar Limbah Ikan Lemuru
Authors: Silalahi Rudy Vernando , Zarkasyi Imam
Published: December 2021

Pertanian di Indonesia merupakan salah satu penyokong utama dalam mendukung ketahanan pangan. Diketahui jumlah kebutuhan pupuk organik adalah sebesar 12,4 juta ton, dibantu oleh perusahaan badan usaha milik negara, jumlah kebutuhan yang dapat dipenuhi adalah 10,8%. Terdapat peluang besar untuk membuat bisnis pupuk organik cair berdasarkan jumlah kebutuhan yang ada. Sebelumnya, perlu dilakukan riset pasar dan studi kelayakan bisnis menggunakan aspek pasar dan pemasaran, aspek teknis dan operasional, aspek hukum dan manajemen, serta aspek keuangan. Riset pasar dilakukan dengan menyebarkan kuesioner pada komunitas petani organik. Aspek pasar & pemasaran diperoleh hasil berupa tingginya permintaan dan kecilnya persaingan. Aspek teknis dan operasional diperoleh hasil uji coba pupuk dan lokasi bisnis. Aspek hukum diperoleh bentuk usaha, langkah, dan dokumen yang diperlukan. Aspek manajemen, diperoleh jumlah pekerja yang dibutuhkan dan deskripsi pekerjaannya. Pada aspek keuangan diperoleh data mencakup biaya yang dibutuhkan untuk memulai usaha dan hasil perhitungan penilaian investasi yang terdiri dari hasil payback period pada bulan Maret tahun pertama bisnis dijalankan mengalami keuntungan, IRR sebesar 473.83% > MARR yakni 34,56%, dan nilai NPV > 0 sebesar Rp 340,847,497. Berdasarkan empat aspek penilaian studi kelayakan bisnis dan perhitungan penilaian investasi, diambil kesimpulan bahwa bisnis pupuk organik cair dari ikan lemuru layak untuk dijalankan.
Analisis Kebutuhan Tenaga Kerja Optimal dengan Metode Work Load Analysis (WLA) pada Extruder Technician I di Departemen Produksi
Authors: Prangawayu Nur , Anto Fitrah Japunk Lucky , Simangunsong Jayanti Yosepha
Published: December 2021

PT XYZ merupakan perusahaan yang menyediakan berbagai jenis pipa air dan sambungan (fitting) beserta lem PVC untuk memenuhi setiap kebutuhan terkait sistem perpipaan. Berdasarkan hasil observasi, diketahui bahwa dalam menjalankan proses produksinya memiliki beban kerja yang belum merata. Hal ini didasari dengan adanya operator yang menganggur saat operator lainnya mengerjakan tugas di jam yang sama. Padahal tanggung jawab Extruder Technician I cukup banyak. Ketidakseimbangan ini membuat operator dengan beban kerja yang berlebih akan menerima beberapa dampak buruk seperti lebih mudah lelah sehingga konsentrasi dapat menurun dan cenderung tidak produktif. Analisis ini dilakukan dengan Metode Work Load Analysis (WLA). Metode ini dapat memberikan penjelasan terkait beban kerja yang diterima oleh suatu unit perusahaan sehingga usulan pengoptimalan beban kerja dapat diberikan. Setelah dilakukan analisis, dihasilkan output berupa rekomendasi kebijakan pengoptimalan beban kerja dengan memberikan insentif berdasarkan beban kerja dan tidak melakukan penambahan jumlah tenaga kerja. Hal ini dikarenakan rekomendasi ini memiliki nilai efisiensi yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan dilakukannya penambahan tenaga kerja, perusahaan hanya perlu mengeluarkan total biaya insentif sebesar Rp. 5.032.575,- untuk tiga orang pekerja dibandingkan harus mengeluarkan biaya Rp. 6.000.000,- untuk satu orang pekerja tambahan.
Analisis Persediaan Bahan Baku pada UKM Kerupuk Subur Menggunakan Metode ABC dan Metode Lot Sizing
Authors: Asshadhiq Ja’far , Emaputra Andrean , Sekarjati Kartinasari Ayuhikmatin
Published: December 2021

Persediaan merupakan suatu bahan atau barang yang disimpan dan akan digunakan pada waktu tertentu. Persediaan tersebut dibagi menjadi bahan baku, bahan separuh jadi, serta barang jadi. Persediaan bahan baku merupakan faktor terpenting dalam suatu proses produksi, karena jika terjadi kekurangan bahan baku selama proses produksi maka dapat menghambat kelangsungan proses produksi dan akan berakibat kerugian. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada UKM Kerupuk SUBUR, yang dimana memiliki gudang penyimpanan bahan baku yang minim dan diperlukan pengelompokan persediaan sesuai prioritas kebutuhan guna untuk meminimumkan kapasitas penyimpanan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini ialah untuk mengklasifikasi persediaan stok bahan baku dan meminimalkan total biaya persediaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan Metode ABC dan Metode Lot Sizing. Pada Metode Lot Sizing yang digunakan yakni Metode LFL, EOQ, dan POQ. Objek penelitian ini berfokus pada kerupuk ikan berbentuk mawar. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan hasil dari metode ABC yaitu katagori A tepung tapioka dan minyak, katagori B bawang putih dan ikan sarden, dan katagori C garam, ajinamoto, dan margarin. Pada metode Lot Sizingtotal cost paling rendah yaitu menggunakan metode LFL sebesar Rp.1.199.760.
Optimalisasi Kebutuhan Manpower pada Pekerjaan Sistem Perpipaan Kapal Harbour Tug 3200 HP Menggunakan Metode Full Time Equivalent
Authors: Ningrum Fitri Mustika , Hardiyanti Fitri , Rachmadita Renanda Nia
Published: December 2021

Pada dasarnya setiap perusahaan akan melakukan penyusunan perencanaan dan pengaturan jadwal yang terperinci mengenai aktivitas kegiatan, waktu serta biaya agar mendapatkan hasil akhir yang optimal. Terdapat salah satu perusahaan sub kontraktor pada sebuah galangan kapal di Surabaya yang bertanggung jawab untuk memproduksi sistem perpipaan pada kapal Harbour Tug 3200 HP akan tetapi pekerjaan ini mengalami keterlambatan produksi yang disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor. Hal tersebut mengakibatkan bertambahnya beban kerja yang diterima oleh pihak pekerja. Sehingga penelitian ini akan menggunakan metode full time equivalent yang bertujuan untuk menghitung beban kerja dengan jam kerja efektif. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa rata-rata beban kerja yang diterima pekerja senilai 2,07 sehingga hasil tersebut termasuk ke dalam ketegori beban kerja overload. Upaya untuk melakukan pengoptimalan kinerja karyawan dapat melalui penambahan jumlah tenaga kerja yang disesuaikan dengan hasil perhitungan jumlah tenaga kerja optimal.
Perbaikan Lintasan Produksi untuk Meningkatkan Efisiensi dengan Menghilangkan Bottleneck dan Penyeimbangan Lintasan pada Divisi Sewing
Authors: Mauluddin Yusuf , Yusuf Kurnia , Lesmana Erik
Published: December 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan lintasan produksi pada divisi sewing yang seimbang dan efisien. Perbaikan lintasan tersebut dilakukan dengan menghilangkan bottleneck dan melakukan penyeimbangan lintasan.  Metode studi gerakan Methods Time Measurement(MTM) digunakan untuk mengurai operasi yang menjadi bottleneck menjadi beberapa operasi. Untuk penyeimbangan lintasan digunakan lima metode heuristik yaitu Metode Bobot Posisi, Metode Pembebanan Berurut, Metode Wilayah, Metode Yamagumi Chart dan Metode Critical Path Method (CPM). Lintasan produksi yang dihasilkan dari kelima model tersebut kemudian dipilih yang memiliki efisiensi terbesar. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa ada empat operasi yang menjadi bottleneck, kemudian setelah dilakukan studi gerakan dengan metode MTM diurai menjadi sepuluh operasi. Semula jumlah operasi pada lintasan produksi divisi sewing ada 20 operasi menjadi 26 operasi. Hasil penyeimbangan lintasan metode penyeimbangan lintasan paling baik adalah Metode Pembebanan Berurut yang menghasilkan jumlah stasiun terkecil dengan rata-rata efisiensi paling tinggi, yaitu 20 stasiun kerja dengan efisiensi 80%.  Stasiun kerja hasil penyeimbangan lintasan, setelah diuji coba dengan menggunakan simulasi komputer, dapat mengefisiensikan proses di divisi sewing dengan menyelesaikan target produksi harian lebih cepat daripada lintasan produksi awal.
Penerapan Sistem Informasi Data TPM yang Terpusat Menggunakan Media Interaktif
Authors: Kamal Dianta Mustofa , Tjahyono Seto , DES Yuli Mafendro , Mumpuni Windu Asri
Published: December 2021

Industri tidak terlepas dari aktivitas maintenance, data mengenai manajemen perawatan fasilitas menjadi penting untuk diketahui semua orang agar bisa selalu memantau kondisi equipment dan lingkungan pabrik apabila terjadi ketidaknormalan, banyak industri masih menggunakan metode konvensional (paper-based) dalam record perawatan, hal ini kurang efektif dan efisien. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah penerapan Sistem Informasi data TPM menggunakan media interaktif sebagai sentralisasi data. Media interaktif ini dibuat dengan memanfaatkan Google Apps seperti Google form, Google site, serta Google spreadsheet dan formula yang terdapat di dalamnya dan disatukan dalam bentuk website yang dikemas dalam bentuk QR code. Output yang dihasilkan yaitu website untuk menampilkan informasi mengenai jadwal dan prosedur perawatan mesin dan atau fokus area tertentu. Manajemen lebih mudah untuk menilai dan memberikan review terkait pekerjaan yang berhubungan dengan TPM di lapangan dengan lebih mudah.
Analisis Dinamika Sistem Model Dinamik Pengadaan Karkas Sapi Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) X Menggunakan Software Stella 9.0.2
Authors: Putri Avistha Veradina , Butar Butar Maulida Boru
Published: December 2021

Daging sapi merupakan salah satu hasil peternakan yang menjadi andalan sumber protein dan nutrisi berkualitas bagi manusia, serta selain sebagai penunjang untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dasar bahan pangan di Indonesia. Rumah Potong Hewan (RPH) X merupakan salah satu RPH di Kota Bekasi yang membantu Pemerintah Kota Bekasi dalam memenuhi permintaan akan daging sapi di Kota Bekasi melalui produksi karkas sapi. Permasalahan yang terjadi saat ini ialah bagaimana upaya meningkatkan pengadaan karkas sapi melalui pengembangan RPH X. Pada makalah ini akan dimodelkan sistem pengadaan karkas sapi untuk dapat mengetahui pengaruh tingkat produksi karkas sapi terhadap pendapatan RPH X, mengidentifikasi variabel- variabel yang berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan pengadaan karkas sapi, serta membuat usulan skenario untuk pengembangan pengadaan karkas sapi di RPH X Kota Bekasi dengan menggunakan software STELLA 9.0.2.
Kajian Pengaruh Heat Stress terhadap Beban Kerja Fisik Berat pada Kegiatan Lapangan
Authors: Sri Wahyuning Caecilia , Laksemi Diah Budi
Published: December 2021

Penelitian ini merupakan studi pendahuluan terhadap pengaruh tekanan panas terhadap beban kerja berat pada kegiatan lapangan, mengingat Indonesia sebagai negara tropis memiliki suhu dan kelembaban udara tinggi. Cuaca panas, yang dapat menyebabkan heat stress, merupakan beban bagi tubuh dan semakin berat pada aktivitas fisik berat. Eksperimen dilakukan terhadap 20 partisipan (10 orang pria, 10 orang wanita) yang melakukan pekerjaan dengan intensitas kerja tinggi selama 30 menit di lapangan dengan iklim ekstrim. Beban kerja dilihat berdasarkan denyut jantung dan berat badan untuk melihat energy expenditure, intensitas kerja, dan sweat rate. Hasil pengukuran menunjukkan beban kerja pada eksperimen ini termasuk dalam kategori tinggi/berat. Iklim lapangan diukur berdasarkan indeks WBGT, dan hasil pengukuran menunjukkan bahwa indeks WBGT selama eksperimen adalah  31°C (87.9°F), termasuk dalam kategori berisiko tekanan panas sangat tinggi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa iklim tidak berpengaruh terhadap energy expenditure, akan tetapi berpengaruh terhadap energy expenditure pada partisipan wanita (p<0.05). Iklim juga berpengaruh terhadap intensitas kerja (p<0.05), sedangkan sweat rate tidak dapat digunakan untuk menghitung beban kerja karena waktu eksprimen tidak cukup meningkatkan panas tubuh dan hanya berdasarkan berat badan. Penelusuran lebih seksama terhadap  model estimasi expenditure yang digunakan dalam sebuah eksperimen diperlukan agar sesuai dengan karakteristik pekerjaan.