bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and Planning in Orthognathic Surgery
Authors: Reyneke Johan P. , Ferretti Carlo
Published: February 2021

The clinical evaluation of the face is the most important aspect of evaluating patients with dentofacial deformities. The clinical examination is the primary determinant in making a diagnosis and developing a treatment plan. The basic treatment goals are: establishment of orofacial function, ensure stability of results, achieve facial esthetics and to consider the patency of the airway. The systematic clinical examination is divided into five basic evaluations: the frontal view, the profile view, three quarter view, an occlusal assessment and the temporomandibular joint evaluation. The clinical diagnosis is then confirmed with special investigations such as panoramic, lateral and anteroposterior cephalometric radiographs and other investigations as required. A dental, skeletal and soft tissue problem list is then noted and orthodontic and surgical solutions integrated into a final treatment plan. A cephalometric radiographic tracing or a 3D virtual treatment planning system is finally used to measure the planned surgical movements and to visualize the expected treatment results.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: Menon Suresh
Published: February 2021

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a condition that occurs due to aberrations in the oropharyngeal anatomy and the upper airway dilator muscle physiology with neurocognitive and cardiovascular sequelae. The mandibular-maxillary complex as the causative factor entails the maxillofacial surgeon to diagnose and treat the case when present, using the different treatment modalities available in the armamentarium.
Alveolar Bone Grafting
Authors: Muthusubramanian Veerabahu , Harish Kalarikkal Mukundan
Published: February 2021

Alveolar Bone Grafting is a clinical procedure which is performed to maintain the integrity of the alveolar arch in cleft patients. This clinical procedure helps in facilitating eruption of canine and lateral incisors. This chapter discusses the normal anatomy of alveolus, significance of cleft alveolus, surgical steps to ensure separation of a well-defined oral and nasal layer, donor sites for bone grafting, harvesting techniques and final closure of the alveolar cleft. In addition, this chapter further highlights the recent developments in the field of bone regeneration.
Modern Management of Craniosynostosis
Authors: Koppel David , Grant Jaime
Published: February 2021

This chapter aims to outline to the reader the various forms of craniosynostosis (premature fusion of cranial sutures) and their management. It covers the pertinent aspects important in the assessment and management of these patients and provides an overview of the surgical procedures available, the indications for these and a guide as to how, and when, to implement them.
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Diagnosis and Treatment Planning
Authors: Deshmukh Vijay , Shekar Kishore
Published: February 2021

The incidence of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is on the rise. Association with tobacco and alcohol is well established. Transformation rates in premalignant lesions and conditions vary in the available literature. Oral cancer in other parts of the world has different etiology in contrast to Indian oral cancer. Because of this Indian OSCC may require different parameters for treatment than that of the other oral cancer. Its prognosis also may not be comparable to others.
Access Surgeries and Osteotomies for the Maxillofacial Region
Authors: Ethunandan Madan G.
Published: February 2021

Appropriate access to the craniomaxillofacial region is an essential pre-requisite to perform any procedure. The complex anatomy, adjacent vital structures and the aesthetically sensitive area makes the design and execution of access procedures extremely important. In this chapter, the relevant anatomy and essential steps in performing the various access procedures are described in detail. The indications for the individual procedures, algorithms for progressive access, possible alternatives and top tips are also highlighted.

The principle aim of access is to aid appropriate exposure and visualisation of the area. The access procedure should enable identification and protection of critical structures, safe resection of the tumour, should not compromise healing and aid reconstruction, allow modification if required, and result in acceptable scars. The excellent blood supply in the craniofacial region allows a wide range soft tissue and bone flaps to be designed, provided one recognises and respects the relevant anatomy.
On the Square Root of a Bell Matrix
Authors: Merlini Donatella
Published: February 2021

In the context of Riordan arrays, the problem of determining the square root of a Bell matrix $$R={\mathcal {R}}(f(t)/t,\ f(t))$$

R
=
R
(
f
(
t
)
/
t
,

f
(
t
)
)

defined by a formal power series $$f(t)=\sum _{k \ge 0}f_kt^k$$

f

(
t
)

=

∑

k
≥
0

f
k

t
k

with $$f(0)=f_0=0$$

f

(
0
)

=

f
0

=
0

is presented. It is proved that if $$f^\prime (0)=1$$

f
′

(
0
)

=
1

and $$f^{\prime \prime }(0)\ne 0$$

f
″

(
0
)

≠
0

then there exists another Bell matrix $$H={\mathcal {R}}(h(t)/t,\ h(t))$$

H
=
R
(
h
(
t
)
/
t
,

h
(
t
)
)

such that $$H*H=R;$$

H

∗
H
=
R
;

in particular, function h(t) is univocally determined by a symbolic computational method which in many situations allows to find the function in closed form. Moreover, it is shown that function h(t) is related to the solution of Schröder’s equation. We also compute a Riordan involution related to this kind of matrices.
Arbeitsbelastung und Arbeitszufriedenheit rechtsmedizinisch tätiger Ärztinnen und Ärzte
Authors: Heger A. , Ritz-Timme S.
Published: February 2021

Hintergrund und Ziele

Das Fach Rechtsmedizin unterscheidet sich strukturell und inhaltlich sehr von anderen medizinischen Disziplinen. Da zu Arbeitsbelastung und Berufszufriedenheit der Rechtsmediziner*innen im deutschsprachigen Raum bislang wenig bekannt ist, wurden diese Aspekte über eine Online-Befragung untersucht.

Material und Methoden

Der Fragebogen wurde im September 2019 online an 436 rechtsmedizinisch tätige Ärzt*innen verschickt. Er enthielt je nach Antwortverhalten der Teilnehmer bis zu 53 Fragen zu den Themen Arbeitsbelastung und -zufriedenheit, Weiterbildung, Karriere, Forschung, Beruf vs. Privatleben und Generationenwandel. Die psychosoziale Arbeitsbelastung wurde anhand des Modells der beruflichen Gratifikationskrisen überprüft.

Ergebnisse

Von 199 bearbeiteten Fragebogen waren 181 vollständig ausgefüllt und konnten ausgewertet werden. Der Großteil der Befragten war zufrieden mit der Routinetätigkeit. Die Hälfte der Weiterbildungsassistent*innen (WBA) war zufrieden mit den institutsinternen Weiterbildungsbedingungen. Nur etwas mehr als ein Drittel der Befragten war zufrieden mit der wissenschaftlichen Tätigkeit; die Hälfte der befragten Ärzt*innen forschte aktiv. Die psychosoziale Arbeitsbelastung war bei einem mittleren ER-Quotienten von 1,24 insgesamt eher hoch. Es zeigten sich keine Unterschiede bezüglich Arbeitsbelastung und -zufriedenheit zwischen Assistenz- und Fachärzt*innen. Nur wenige WBA strebten eine zukünftige Leitungsposition an.

Diskussion

Die (hohe) psychosoziale Arbeitsbelastung der Rechtsmediziner*innen ist vergleichbar mit anderen medizinischen Fachrichtungen. Die gleichzeitig hohe Arbeitszufriedenheit könnte für eine Inkaufnahme der (Mehr‑)Belastung aufgrund einer hohen intrinsischen Motivation sprechen. Aus den erhobenen Daten lässt sich Handlungsbedarf zur Etablierung optimierter Bedingungen für Forschung und institutsinterne Weiterbildung ableiten.
Prolonged Peripheral Immunosuppressive Responses as Consequences of Random Amphetamine Treatment, Amphetamine Withdrawal and Subsequent Amphetamine Challenges in Rats
Authors: Glac Wojciech , Dunacka Joanna , Grembecka Beata , Świątek Grzegorz , Majkutewicz Irena , Wrona Danuta
Published: February 2021

Drug-induced immunosuppression may underline increased hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response to stress observed following chronic psychostimulant treatment. However, the consequences of random amphetamine (AMPH) treatment, withdrawal and AMPH challenge after withdrawal on the peripheral immunity and systemic corticosterone response are unknown. In this study, the total blood and spleen leukocyte, lymphocyte, T, B, NK, TCD4+/TCD8+ cell numbers and ratio, pro-inflammatory interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and anti-inflammatory interleukin-4 (IL-4) production, and plasma corticosterone concentration in Wistar rats were investigated after: chronic, random AMPH/SAL treatment alone (20 injections in 60 days, 1 mg/kg b.w., i.p.), AMPH/SAL withdrawal (for 20 consecutive days after random AMPH/SAL exposure) or AMPH/SAL challenge after withdrawal (single injection after the AMPH/SAL withdrawal phase). The results showed blood and spleen leukopenia, lymphopenia, lower blood production of IFN-ɤ, and increased plasma corticosterone concentration after the AMPH treatment, which were more pronounced in the AMPH after withdrawal group. In contrast, an increased number of blood NK cells and production of IL-4 after chronic, random AMPH treatment alone, were found. Blood AMPH-induced leukopenia and lymphopenia were due to decreased total number of T, B lymphocytes and, at least in part, of granulocytes and monocytes. Moreover, decreases in the number of blood TCD4+ and TCD8+ lymphocytes both in the AMPH chronic alone and withdrawal phases, were found.

The major findings of this study are that AMPH treatment after the long-term withdrawal from previous random AMPH exposure, accelerates the drug-induced immunosuppressive and systemic corticosterone responses, suggesting prolonged immunosuppressive effects and an increase in incidence of infectious diseases.

Graphical Abstract

Prolonged peripheral immunosuppressive responses as consequences of random amphetamine…The results indicate that the chronic and random AMPH exposure alone and the acute (single injection) challenge of the drug after the withdrawal phase induced long-term immunosuppressive effects, which were similar to those occurring during the stress response, and sensitized the peripheral immunosuppressive and corticosterone responses of the rat to the disinhibitory effects of this stressor.
The Contribution of Sex to Quality of Life in Modern Societies
Authors: Grinde Bjørn
Published: February 2021

Sexual behavior is a core activity not only for our genes, but also for individual happiness. It is therefore important to assess how this aspect of life functions in industrialized nations. Adopting the idea that society should aim at maximizing happiness, the question is whether the present situation is optimal, or if we should strive toward cultural changes that may improve the impact of sex. Sex is associated with some of the strongest rewards the brain has to offer, and consequently should serve to improve quality of life. There are, however, numerous pitfalls in that sex easily elicits negative emotions. Certain aspects of sexuality may reflect what is referred to as a ‘disease of modernity’; that is, the present environment is causing an increase in the prevalence of sex-related misery. The text use both an evolutionary and a bioecological perspective to understand human behavior. Biological (nature) and ecological (environment or nurture) factors are considered in order to assess how to improve the impact of sex on quality of life.
Correlation of age, sex and season with the state of human decomposition as quantified by postmortem computed tomography
Authors: Guebelin Dominic L. C. , Dobay Akos , Ebert Lars , Betschart Eva , Thali Michael J. , Franckenberg Sabine
Published: February 2021

Dead bodies exhibit a variable range of changes with advancing decomposition. To quantify intracorporeal gas, the radiological alteration index (RAI) has been implemented in the assessment of postmortem whole-body computed tomography. We used this RAI as a proxy for the state of decomposition. This study aimed to (I) investigate the correlation between the state of decomposition and the season in which the body was discovered; and (II) evaluate the correlations between sociodemographic factors (age, sex) and the state of decomposition, by using the RAI as a proxy for the extent of decomposition. In a retrospective study, we analyzed demographic data from all autopsy reports from the Institute of Forensic Medicine of Zurich between January 2017 to July 2019 and evaluated the radiological alteration index from postmortem whole-body computed tomography for each case. The bodies of older males showed the highest RAI. Seasonal effects had no significant influence on the RAI in our urban study population with bodies mostly being discovered indoors. Autopsy reports contain valuable data that allow interpretation for reasons beyond forensic purposes, such as sociopolitical observations.
Total knee arthroplasty in valgus knee deformity: is it still a challenge in 2021?
Authors: Alesi D. , Meena A. , Fratini S. , Rinaldi V. G. , Cammisa E. , Lullini G. , Vaccari V. , Zaffagnini S. , Marcheggiani Muccioli G. M.
Published: February 2021

Total knee arthroplasty in valgus knee deformities continues to be a challenge for a surgeon. Approximately 10% of patients who undergo total knee arthroplasty have a valgus deformity. While performing total knee arthroplasty in a severe valgus knee, one should aware with the technical aspects of surgical exposure, bone cuts of the distal femur and proximal tibia, medial and lateral ligament balancing, flexion and extension gap balancing, creating an appropriate tibiofemoral joint line, balancing the patellofemoral joint, preserving peroneal nerve function, and selection of the implant regarding constraint. Restoration of neutral mechanical axis and correct ligament balance are important factors for stability and longevity of the prosthesis and for good functional outcome. Thus, our review aims to provide step by step comprehensive knowledge about different surgical techniques for the correction of severe valgus deformity in total knee arthroplasty.
Palynological evidence for pre-agricultural reindeer grazing and the later settlement history of the Lycksele region, northern Sweden
Authors: Kamerling Ilse M. , Schofield J. Edward , Edwards Kevin J.
Published: February 2021

Analyses of high-resolution pollen data, coprophilous fungal spores, microscopic charcoal and sedimentology, combined with radiocarbon dating, allow the assessment of the impact of Sami and Nordic land use in the region surrounding the winter market town of Lycksele in northern Sweden. Such winter markets were established by the Crown during the seventeenth century AD to control the semi-nomadic movements of the Sami who traded here with Finnish settlers and were also taxed and educated. Little is known about Sami and Nordic co-existence beyond these market places, mainly due to a lack of archaeological evidence relating to Sami activity. Vegetation and land-use changes in the region between ~ AD 250 and 1825 reveal no signal for pre-seventeenth century agricultural activity, but the coprophilous fungal spore records suggest the increased regional presence of grazing herbivores (possibly reindeer) between ~ AD 800 and 1100. Sami activity in the parish of Lycksele has been suggested by rich metal finds dated to ~ AD 1000–1350 and they may have been attracted by an abundance of reindeer.
Deployment requirements for deorbiting electrodynamic tether technology
Authors: Sarego Giulia , Olivieri Lorenzo , Valmorbida Andrea , Brunello Alice , Lorenzini Enrico C. , Tarabini Castellani Lorenzo , Urgoiti Eduardo , Ortega Asier , Borderes-Motta Gabriel , Sánchez-Arriaga Gonzalo
Published: February 2021

In the last decades, green deorbiting technologies have begun to be investigated and have raised a great interest in the space community. Among the others, electrodynamic tethers appear to be a promising option. By interacting with the surrounding ionosphere, electrodynamic tethers generate a drag Lorentz force to decrease the orbit altitude of the satellite, causing its re-entry in the atmosphere without using propellant. In this work, the requirements that drive the design of the deployment mechanism proposed for the H2020 Project E.T.PACK—Electrodynamic Tether Technology for Passive Consumable-less Deorbit Kit—are presented and discussed. Additionally, this work presents the synthesis of the reference profiles used by the motor of the deployer to make the tethered system reach the desired final conditions. The result is a strategy for deploying electrodynamic tape-shaped tethers used for deorbiting satellites at the end of their operational life.
Aerodynamic performance of several passive vortex generator configurations on an Ahmed body subjected to yaw angles
Authors: Viswanathan H.
Published: February 2021

We evaluate the aerodynamic performance of several passive vortex generators (VGs) placed on a standard Ahmed body, with a slant angle (α = 35º), subjected to different yawing angles (β) using RANS-based models. Rigorous validation of the numerical results is performed with previously published experimental data for (β ≤ 8º) for the Ahmed body. Our model results depict a good overall agreement with several experimental data sets. An array of different vortex generators such as the delta-winglet (DVGs), the cylindrical (CVGs) and trapezoidal (TVGs) types are introduced on to the validated model. The introduction of CVGs and DVGs tends to have a beneficial aerodynamic performance for (β = 0º). In contrast, the TVGs tend to impair the performance by producing massive flow separation over the slant for (β = 0º). Conversely, for (β > 0º), a swift transition happens with TVGs wherein the high-energy streamwise vortices that are produced tend to improve the pressure footprint, thereby reducing the overall drag. A deterioration in the performance of DVGs is predicted during (β > 4º), wherein the ‘c’-pillar vortex on the leeward side interferes with the streamwise vortical structure, which adversely influences the flow over the roof-slant edge. Overall, a maximum of ~ 8.5% and ~ 7.7% drag reduction appears to be possible with the designed CVGs and TVGs at smaller vehicle yawing conditions.
Directed Energy Deposition (DED) Process: State of the Art
Authors: Ahn Dong-Gyu
Published: February 2021

Metal additive manufacturing technologies, such as powder bed fusion process, directed energy deposition (DED) process, sheet lamination process, etc., are one of promising flexible manufacturing technologies due to direct fabrication characteristics of a metallic freeform with a three-dimensional shape from computer aided design data. DED processes can create an arbitrary shape on even and uneven substrates through line-by-line deposition of a metallic material. Theses DED processes can easily fabricate a heterogeneous material with desired properties and characteristics via successive and simultaneous depositions of different materials. In addition, a hybrid process combining DED with different manufacturing processes can be conveniently developed. Hence, researches on the DED processes have been steadily increased in recent years. This paper reviewed recent research trends of DED processes and their applications. Principles, key technologies and the state-of-the art related to the development of process and system, the optimization of deposition conditions and the application of DED process were discussed. Finally, future research issues and opportunities of the DED process were identified.
Solving two-stage stochastic route-planning problem in milliseconds via end-to-end deep learning
Authors: Zheng Jie , Wang Ling , Wang Shengyao , Liang Yile , Pan Jize
Published: February 2021

With the rapid development of e-economy, ordering via online food delivery platforms has become prevalent in recent years. Nevertheless, the platforms are facing lots of challenges such as time-limitation and uncertainty. This paper addresses a complex stochastic online route-planning problem (SORPP) which is mathematically formulated as a two-stage stochastic programming model. To meet the immediacy requirement of online fashion, an end-to-end deep learning model is designed which is composed of an encoder and a decoder. To embed different problem-specific features, different network layers are adopted in the encoder; to extract the implicit relationship, the probability mass functions of stochastic food preparation time is processed by a convolution neural network layer; to provide global information, the location map and rider features are handled by the factorization-machine (FM) and deep FM layers, respectively; to screen out valuable information, the order features are embedded by attention layers. In the decoder, the permutation sequence is predicted by long-short term memory cells with attention and masking mechanism. To learn the policy for finding optimal permutation under complex constraints of the SORPP, the model is trained in a supervised learning way with the labels obtained by iterated greedy search algorithm. Extensive experiments are conducted based on real-world data sets. The comparative results show that the proposed model is more efficient than meta-heuristics and is able to yield higher quality solutions than heuristics. This work provides an intelligent optimization technique for complex online food delivery system.
The electric vehicle routing problem with partial recharge and vehicle recycling
Authors: Zhou Yuzhen , Huang Jincai , Shi Jianmai , Wang Rui , Huang Kuihua
Published: February 2021

In this paper, a new variant of the electric vehicle (EV) routing problem, which considers heterogeneous EVs, partial recharge, and vehicle recycling, is investigated based on logistic companies' practical operation. A mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model is proposed to formulate the problem. For small-scale scenarios, commercial solver, e.g., CPLEX, is leveraged. For large-scale instances faced by practical applications, a hybrid metaheuristic is designed through integrating a modified Greedy Algorithm with the Variable Neighborhood Search (VNS). The proposed algorithm was tested by real-world instances from JD, an e-commerce enterprise in China. Computational results indicate that partial recharge and vehicle recycling can save costs effectively. It also shows that the number of charging stations is an important factor for the application of EVs.
Simultaneously Regulating Uniform Zn2+ Flux and Electron Conduction by MOF/rGO Interlayers for High-Performance Zn Anodes
Authors: Wang Ziqi , Dong Liubing , Huang Weiyuan , Jia Hao , Zhao Qinghe , Wang Yidi , Fei Bin , Pan Feng
Published: February 2021

Owing to the merits of low cost, high safety and environmental benignity, rechargeable aqueous Zn-based batteries (ZBs) have gained tremendous attention in recent years. Nevertheless, the poor reversibility of Zn anodes that originates from dendrite growth, surface passivation and corrosion, severely hinders the further development of ZBs. To tackle these issues, here we report a Janus separator based on a Zn-ion conductive metal–organic framework (MOF) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), which is able to regulate uniform Zn2+ flux and electron conduction simultaneously during battery operation. Facilitated by the MOF/rGO bifunctional interlayers, the Zn anodes demonstrate stable plating/stripping behavior (over 500 h at 1 mA cm−2), high Coulombic efficiency (99.2% at 2 mA cm−2 after 100 cycles) and reduced redox barrier. Moreover, it is also found that the Zn corrosion can be effectively retarded through diminishing the potential discrepancy on Zn surface. Such a separator engineering also saliently promotes the overall performance of Zn|MnO2 full cells, which deliver nearly 100% capacity retention after 2000 cycles at 4 A g−1 and high power density over 10 kW kg−1. This work provides a feasible route to the high-performance Zn anodes for ZBs.
Heterogeneous effects of spinoff foundations on the means of technology transfer: the role of past academic-industry collaborations
Authors: Rubini Lauretta , Pollio Chiara , Gaeta Giuseppe Lucio , Barbieri Elisa
Published: February 2021

Focusing on the Italian population of academic entrepreneurs, we analyze the effect of establishing a spinoff firm on researchers' attitudes towards carrying out other activities in collaboration with firms, namely, co-publishing and co-patenting. We investigate the heterogeneity in this effect in terms of existing collaborations with firms in the pre-spinoff period. Using a counterfactual analysis on subgroups, we verify that academic entrepreneurs with previous publications with firms diminish their co-publishing and increase their co-patenting after founding a spinoff. Conversely, academic entrepreneurs who had no previous publications with firms increase their co-publishing and decrease their co-patenting. We maintain that such results are related to academics' learning processes connected with their previous technology transfer activities. The policy implications are related to technology transfer aims and contradict the idea that promoting spinoffs is an appropriate "one-size-fits-all" initiative.
Laser Lift-Off of the Sapphire Substrate for Fabricating Through-AlN-Via Wafer Bonded Absorption Layer Removed Thin Film Ultraviolet Flip Chip LED
Authors: Kawan Anil , Yu Soon Jae
Published: February 2021

In this study we report chip fabrication process that allows the laser lift-off of the sapphire substrate for the transfer of the GaN based thin film flip chip to the carrier wafer. The fabrication process includes 365-nm ultraviolet flip chip LED wafer align bonding with through-AlN-via wafer and sapphire laser lift-off. n-holes with the diameter of 100 µm were etched on the GaN epilayers for accessing n-type GaN. Through-AlN-via size was 110-µm and filled by Cu electroplating method for the electrical connection. Mechanical stabilization to prevent the GaN epilayers cracking and fragmentation during laser lift-off was achieved by utilizing epoxy based SU-8 photoresist support.
Cooperative Operation Schedules of Energy Storage System and Demand Response Resources Considering Urban Railway Load Characteristic under a Time-of-Use Tariff
Authors: Kim Hye Ji , Jung Hosung , Ko Young Jun , Chae Eun Su , Kim Hyo Jin , Hwang Il Seo , Heo Jae-Haeng , Park Jong-young
Published: February 2021

This paper proposes an algorithm for the cooperative operation of air conditioning facilities and the energy storage system (ESS) in railway stations to minimize electricity. Unlike traditional load patterns, load patterns of an urban railway station can peak where energy charge rates are not high. Due to this possibility, if applying the traditional peak-reduction algorithm to railway loads, energy changes can increase, resulting in higher electricity bills. Therefore, it is required to develop a new method for minimizing the sum of capacity charges and energy charges, which is a non-linear problem. To get a feasible solution for this problem, we suggest an algorithm that optimizes the facility operation through two optimizations (primary and secondary). This method is applied to the air-quality change model for operating air conditioning facilities as demand-response (DR) resources in railway stations. This algorithm makes it possible to estimate operable DR capacity every hour, rather than calculating the capacity of DR resources conservatively in advance. Finally, we perform a simulation for the application of the proposed method to the operation of DR resources and ESS together. The simulation shows that electricity bills become lowered, and the number of charging and discharging processes of ESS is also reduced.
Warped Minds
Authors: Trifonova Temenuga
Published: February 2021

Warped Minds explores the transformation of psychopathologies into cultural phenomena in the wake of the transition from an epistemological to an ontological approach to psychopathology. Trifonova considers several major points in this intellectual history: the development of a dynamic model of the self at the fin de siècle, the role of photography and film in the construction of psychopathology, the influence of psychoanalysis on the transition from static, universalizing psychiatric paradigms to dynamic styles of psychiatry foregrounding the socially constructed nature of madness, and the decline of psychoanalysis and the aestheticization of madness into a trope describing the conditions of knowledge in postmodernity as evidenced by the transformation of multiple personality and paranoia into cultural and aesthetic phenomena.
The Multilingualism of Constantijn Huygens (1596–1687)
Authors: Joby Christopher
Published: February 2021

Dutch, French, Latin, Greek, Italian, English, Spanish, and German: those are the eight languages in which Dutch Golden Age poet Constantijn Huygens (1596—1687) wrote his poetry and correspondence. He also knew a bit of Hebrew and Portuguese. Examining awide range of Huygens's writings ‘including personal letters, state correspondence, and poetry’ Christopher Joby explores how Huygens tested the boundaries of language with his virtuosity as a polyglot. From Huygens's multilingual code switching to his writings on architecture, music, and natural science, this comprehensive account is a must-read for anyone interested in this Dutch statesman and man of letters.
Mongolia Remade
Authors: Sneath David
Published: February 2021

This book explores the historical and contemporary processes that have made and remade Mongolia as it is today: the construction of ethnic and national cultures, the transformations of political economy and a 'nomadic' pastoralism, and the revitalization of a religious and cosmological heritage that has led to new forms of post-socialist politics. Widely published as an expert in the field, David Sneath offers a fresh perspective into a region often seen as mysterious to the West.
Effects of Disease-Related Knowledge on Illness Perception and Psychological Status of Patients With COVID-19 in Hunan, China
Authors: Ye Man , Chen Shi-hao , Li Xu-ting , Huang Jin , Mei Ran-ran , Qiu Tie-ying , Li Ya-min , Zhang Hui-lin , Chen Qiong-ni , Xie Chao-ying , Cheng Yan-hua , Zhou Jian-wei
Published: February 2021

Objective:

The aim of this study was to assess the current status of disease-related knowledge and to analyze the relationship among the general condition, illness perception, and psychological status of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Methods:

A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 118 patients using convenience sampling. The general questionnaire, disease-related knowledge questionnaire of COVID-19, Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ), and Profile of Mood States (POMS) were used to measure the current status of participants.

Results:

The overall average score of the disease-related knowledge of patients with COVID-19 was (79.19 ± 14.25), the self-care situation was positively correlated with knowledge of prevention and control (r = 0.265; P = 0.004) and total score of disease-related knowledge (r = 0.206; P = 0.025); the degree of anxiety was negatively correlated with the knowledge of diagnosis and treatment (r = −0.182; P = 0.049). The score of disease-related knowledge was negatively correlated with negative cognition (volatility, consequences, emotional statements) and negative emotions (tension, fatigue, depression) (P < 0.05); positively correlated with positive cognition (disease coherence) and positive emotion (self-esteem) (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:

It was recommended that we should pay more attention to the elderly and low-income groups, and increase the knowledge about diagnosis and treatment of COVID-19 and self-care in the future health education for patients.
Psychosis, Telehealth, and COVID-19: Successes and Lessons Learned From the First Wave of the Pandemic
Authors: Chaudhry Serena , Weiss Ashley , Dillon Grinasha , O’Shea Ariana , Hansel Tonya Cross
Published: February 2021

Objective:

This brief report analyzes a first-episode psychosis (FEP) clinic’s shift from in-person treatment to the provision of services through telemental health during the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. The feasibility of using this technology was examined by assessing client engagement.

Methods:

The authors created and implemented procedures for the clinic’s transition to telemental health. Once clients’ consents were obtained, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) compliant platform was used to continue service provision.

Results:

Client engagement during this period improved compared to that of the same quarter in the previous year. Telemental health was also practical for providing groups and other supportive services to meet clients’ needs.

Conclusion:

Telemental health is an effective approach to providing care at an FEP clinic during a pandemic. Successes and lessons learned from the first wave of the pandemic can be used to prevent an uptick in symptoms and sustain engagement for this vulnerable population during the anticipated second wave.
Informatics for COVID-19 in New York and California
Authors: Yum Seungil
Published: February 2021

Objective:

This study explores how social networks for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) are differentiated by regions.

Methods:

This study employs a social network analysis for Twitter in New York and California.

Results:

National key players play an important role in New York, whereas regional key players exert a significant impact on California. Some key players, such as the US President, play an essential role in both New York and California. Hispanic key players play a crucial role in California. Each group is more likely to show communication networks within groups in New York, whereas it is more apt to exhibit communication networks across groups in California. Government players play a different role in social networks according to regions.

Conclusions:

Governments should understand how social networks for COVID-19 are differentiated by regions to control the ongoing pandemic effectively.
Psychotic symptoms in mass shootings v. mass murders not involving firearms: findings from the Columbia mass murder database
Authors: Brucato Gary , Appelbaum Paul S. , Hesson Hannah , Shea Eileen A. , Dishy Gabriella , Lee Kathryn , Pia Tyler , Syed Faizan , Villalobos Alexandra , Wall Melanie M. , Lieberman Jeffrey A. , Girgis Ragy R.
Published: February 2021

Background

Mass shootings account for a small fraction of annual worldwide murders, yet disproportionately affect society and influence policy. Evidence suggesting a link between mass shootings and severe mental illness (i.e. involving psychosis) is often misrepresented, generating stigma. Thus, the actual prevalence constitutes a key public health concern.

Methods

We examined global personal-cause mass murders from 1900 to 2019, amassed by review of 14 785 murders publicly described in English in print or online, and collected information regarding perpetrator, demographics, legal history, drug use and alcohol misuse, and history of symptoms of psychiatric or neurologic illness using standardized methods. We distinguished whether firearms were or were not used, and, if so, the type (non-automatic v. semi- or fully-automatic).

Results

We identified 1315 mass murders, 65% of which involved firearms. Lifetime psychotic symptoms were noted among 11% of perpetrators, consistent with previous reports, including 18% of mass murderers who did not use firearms and 8% of those who did (χ2 = 28.0, p < 0.01). US-based mass shooters were more likely to have legal histories, use recreational drugs or misuse alcohol, or have histories of non-psychotic psychiatric or neurologic symptoms. US-based mass shooters with symptoms of any psychiatric or neurologic illness more frequently used semi-or fully-automatic firearms.

Conclusions

These results suggest that policies aimed at preventing mass shootings by focusing on serious mental illness, characterized by psychotic symptoms, may have limited impact. Policies such as those targeting firearm access, recreational drug use and alcohol misuse, legal history, and non-psychotic psychopathology might yield more substantial results.
Due diligence as a secondary rule of general international law
Authors: Mackenzie-Gray Scott Richard
Published: February 2021

The conventional understanding of due diligence in international law appears to be that it is a concept that forms part of primary rules. During the preparatory stages in creating the Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts (ARSIWA), the International Law Commission (ILC) focused on due diligence as though it could have formed part of secondary rules. Despite this process, no due diligence provision forms part of the ARSIWA. Yet a number of the final provisions are based on primary rules. This is because the ILC relied on the method of extrapolation in attempts to create secondary rules. Extrapolation is a method of international law-making by which the output of an analytical process is reproduced in a different form following an examination of its content that exists in other forms. In using this method, the ILC attempted to create secondary rules by extrapolating from primary rules. Yet it did not do so with respect to due diligence. However, due diligence can be formulated and applied differently by using this same method. This article analyses the steps of this process to construct a vision of where international legal practice should venture in the future. In learning from and amalgamating the dominant trends in different areas of international and domestic law, this article proposes that due diligence could exist as a secondary rule of general international law. By formulating and applying due diligence as a secondary rule, there is potential to develop the general international law applicable to determining state responsibility for the conduct of non-state actors.
Size‐Differentiated Export Flux in Different Dynamical Regimes in the Ocean
Authors: Dever M. , Nicholson D. , Omand M. M. , Mahadevan A.
Published: February 2021

Export of Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) is mainly driven by gravitational sinking. Thus, traditionally, it is thought that larger, faster‐sinking particles make up most of the POC export flux. However, this need not be the case for particles whose sinking speeds are comparable to the vertical velocities of a dynamic flow field that can influence the descent rate of particles. Particles with different settling speeds are released in two process‐oriented model simulations of an upper ocean eddying flow in the Northeast Pacific to evaluate the impact of (1) ocean dynamics on the respective contribution of the different sinking‐velocity classes to POC export, and (2) the particle number size‐spectrum slope. The analysis reveals that the leading export mechanism changes from gravitationally driven to advectively driven as submesoscale dynamics become more active in the region. The vertical velocity associated with submesoscale dynamics enhances the contribution of slower‐sinking particles to POC export flux by a factor ranging from 3 to 10, especially where the relative abundance of small particles is large (i.e., steep particle size‐spectrum slope). Remineralization generally decreases the total amount of biomass exported, but its impact is weaker in dynamical regimes where submesoscale dynamics are present and export is advectively driven. In an advectively driven export regime, remineralization processes counter‐intuitively enhance the role of slower‐sinking particles to the point where these slower‐sinking velocity classes dominate the export, therefore challenging the traditional paradigm for POC export. This study demonstrates that slow‐sinking particles can be a significant contribution, and at times, even dominate the export flux.
Ionospheric Sluggishness: A Characteristic Time‐Lag of the Ionospheric Response to Solar Flares
Authors: Chakraborty S. , Ruohoniemi J. M. , Baker J. B. H. , Fiori R. A. D. , Bailey S. M. , Zawdie K. A.
Published: February 2021

The term “sluggishness” was coined by E. V. Appleton in the 1950s to describe the time delay between peak irradiance at solar noon and the resulting peak in ionospheric electron density. Sluggishness can be understood as an inertial property of the ionosphere that manifests as a lag of the ionospheric response to a solar driver. As shown by Appleton, estimates of sluggishness can be used to study the chemistry of the lower ionosphere, of the D‐region in particular. In this study, for the first time, we have examined ionospheric sluggishness in terms of the time delay between the peak irradiance during a solar flare and the resulting peak in ionospheric electron density using HF instruments. Estimates of the delay are obtained using HF observations from riometers and SuperDARN radars that are primarily sensitive to absorption in the D‐region. Two new methods for measuring delay are introduced. Sluggishness is shown to be anti‐correlated with peak solar X‐ray flux and positively correlated with zenith angle and latitude. The choices of instrument, method, and reference solar waveband affect the sluggishness estimation. A simulation study was performed to estimate the effective recombination coefficient in the D‐region. The coefficient was found to vary by orders of magnitude with peak flare intensity. We argue that the variation in effective recombination coefficient with peak flare intensity is highly sensitive to changes in the negative and positive ion chemistry of the D‐region, which is sensitive to the incoming solar X‐ray and EUV radiation.
Statistical Analysis of Pc1 Wave Ducting Deduced From Swarm Satellites
Authors: Kim Hyangpyo , Shiokawa Kazuo , Park Jaeheung , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Stolle Claudia , Buchert Stephan
Published: February 2021

Transverse Pc1 waves propagating from magnetospheric source regions undergo mode conversion to the compressional mode in the ionosphere due to the induced Hall current. Mode converted Pc1 waves propagate across the magnetic field through the ionospheric waveguide. This process is called Pc1 wave ducting (PWD). PWDs have been observed by magnetometers on both ground and low Earth orbit satellites over a wide latitudinal and longitudinal range. In this work, we present the statistical analysis results of PWD exploiting Swarm satellites from 2015 to 2019. Spatial distributions show that the PWDs are mainly observed over the South Atlantic Anomaly longitudes, possibly due to the high Hall conductivity and F‐region density, and at subauroral/auroral latitudes ( MLAT). The occurrence rate of PWD increases with increasing AE and SYM‐H indices. Seasonal dependence shows that PWD exhibits a high occurrence rate during equinox and local summer while local winter hosts only a low occurrence. The asymmetry between summer and winter can be explained by the ionospheric plasma density. The high occurrence rate in equinox may result from intense geomagnetic activity during the equinox, probably due to the Russell‐McPherron effect. From our statistical analysis, we conclude that the occurrence of PWD is controlled by both ionospheric plasma conditions and geomagnetic activity, and that the mode conversion and PWD occur more efficiently as plasma density increases.
The double face of miR-320: cardiomyocytes-derived miR-320 deteriorated while fibroblasts-derived miR-320 protected against heart failure induced by transverse aortic constriction
Authors: Zhang Xudong , Yuan Shuai , Li Huaping , Zhan Jiabing , Wang Feng , Fan Jiahui , Nie Xiang , Wang Yan , Wen Zheng , Chen Yanghui , Chen Chen , Wang Dao Wen
Published: February 2021

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are aberrantly expressed in the pathophysiologic process of heart failure (HF). However, the functions of a certain miRNA in different cardiac cell types during HF are scarcely reported, which might be covered by the globe effects of it on the heart. In the current study, Langendorff system was applied to isolate cardiomyocytes (CMs) and cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) from transverse aortic constriction (TAC)-induced mice. Slight increase of miR-320 expression was observed in the whole heart tissue of TAC mice. Interestingly, miR-320 was significantly elevated in CMs but decreased in CFs from TAC mice at different time points. Then, recombinant adeno-associated virus 9 with cell-type-specific promoters were used to manipulate miR-320 expressions in vivo. Both in vitro and in vivo experiments showed the miR-320 overexpression in CMs exacerbated cardiac dysfunction, whereas overexpression of miR-320 in CFs alleviated cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy. Mechanically, downstream signaling pathway analyses revealed that miR-320 might induce various effects via targeting PLEKHM3 and IFITM1 in CMs and CFs, respectively. Moreover, miR-320 mediated effects could be abolished by PLEKHM3 re-expression in CMs or IFITM1 re-expression in CFs. Interestingly, miR-320 treated CFs were able to indirectly affect CMs function, but not vice versa. Meanwhile, upstream signaling pathway analyses showed that miR-320 expression and decay rate were rigorously manipulated by Ago2, which was regulated by a cluster of cell-type-specific TFs distinctively expressed in CMs and CFs, respectively. Together, we demonstrated that miR-320 functioned differently in various cell types of the heart during the progression of HF.
Lithium as a possible therapeutic strategy for Cornelia de Lange syndrome
Authors: Grazioli Paolo , Parodi Chiara , Mariani Milena , Bottai Daniele , Di Fede Elisabetta , Zulueta Aida , Avagliano Laura , Cereda Anna , Tenconi Romano , Wierzba Jolanta , Adami Raffaella , Iascone Maria , Ajmone Paola Francesca , Vaccari Thomas , Gervasini Cristina , Selicorni Angelo , Massa Valentina
Published: February 2021

Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS) is a rare developmental disorder affecting a multitude of organs including the central nervous system, inducing a variable neurodevelopmental delay. CdLS malformations derive from the deregulation of developmental pathways, inclusive of the canonical WNT pathway. We have evaluated MRI anomalies and behavioral and neurological clinical manifestations in CdLS patients. Importantly, we observed in our cohort a significant association between behavioral disturbance and structural abnormalities in brain structures of hindbrain embryonic origin. Considering the cumulative evidence on the cohesin-WNT-hindbrain shaping cascade, we have explored possible ameliorative effects of chemical activation of the canonical WNT pathway with lithium chloride in different models: (I) Drosophila melanogaster CdLS model showing a significant rescue of mushroom bodies morphology in the adult flies; (II) mouse neural stem cells restoring physiological levels in proliferation rate and differentiation capabilities toward the neuronal lineage; (III) lymphoblastoid cell lines from CdLS patients and healthy donors restoring cellular proliferation rate and inducing the expression of CyclinD1. This work supports a role for WNT-pathway regulation of CdLS brain and behavioral abnormalities and a consistent phenotype rescue by lithium in experimental models.
Study of NSCLC cell migration promoted by NSCLC-derived extracellular vesicle using atomic force microscopy
Authors: Wang Shuwei , Wang Jiajia , Ju Tuoyu , Yang Fan , Qu Kaige , Liu Wei , Wang Zuobin
Published: February 2021

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted by cancer cells play a key role in the cancer microenvironment and progression.
Self-sorting of porous Cu4L2L′2 metal–organic cages composed of isomerisable ligands
Authors: Markwell-Heys Adrian W. , Schneider Matthew L. , Madridejos Jenica Marie L. , Metha Gregory F. , Bloch Witold M.
Published: February 2021

Structural asymmetry is introduced into porous Cu4L4 metal–organic cages through the crystallisation-driven convergence of a dynamic combinatorial library.
Redesign of protein nanocages: the way from 0D, 1D, 2D to 3D assembly
Authors: Lv Chenyan , Zhang Xiaorong , Liu Yu , Zhang Tuo , Chen Hai , Zang Jiachen , Zheng Bowen , Zhao Guanghua
Published: February 2021

This review focuses on the design and construction of artificial protein nanocages, and their assembly into highly ordered supramolecules.