bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CONCLUDING REMARKS
Authors: Modersitzki Jan
Published: September 2007

This final chapter summarizes the proposed non-parametric registration approach as well as the presented schemes, and briefly discusses some open questions. It contains statements about the regularizer, partial differential operator, registration parameters, motivation of the regularizer, the expected type of transformations, complexity, and boundary conditions. Timings for the different numerical schemes are presented. A final, competitive example demonstrates differences between the various schemes. The reasons why an objective comparison and evaluation of the schemes must fail are discussed. Guidelines for picking registration parameters are given; further accelerations of the schemes and extensions are discussed.
REPRINT THE THEORY OF RUBBER ELASTICITY
Authors: Deam R. T. , Edwards S. F.
Published: September 2007

This chapter reprints a paper which attempts to improve upon several weaknesses in the classical theories of rubber elasticity. It develops a formulation of the statistical thermodynamics of amorphous materials analogous to the Gibbs formalism for conventional statistical mechanics. This then permits the replacement of ‘phantom chains’, i.e., long polymer molecules with the fictitious property that they experience no forces except at cross link points and are transparent to one another, by realistic molecules which do experience forces and which can become entangled. The chapter is divided into four sections. The first section demonstrates that just as Gibbs's famous formula provides an abstract formula for the statistical mechanics of systems in which all states are accessible, the new formula extends to systems with frozen-in degrees of freedom. The second section shows how the formalism fits the problem of rubber elasticity. In the third section, the effect of excluded volume, i.e., of short-range forces, is included in the calculation of the free energy of a rubber, while in fourth section, the effects of entanglements are included to complete the kinds of force normally encountered.
THE DOI–EDWARDS THEORY
Authors: Graessley W. W. , McLeish T. C. B.
Published: September 2007

Doi and Edwards devised an important new theory of polymer motion in dense melts, revolutionizing conceptual understanding and providing a universal framework on which to develop the theory of the dynamics of entangled polymers. This chapter discusses the Doi-Edwards theory and its tube model concept, together with its modern extensions.
Food-web theory in marine ecosystems
Authors: Link Jason S. , Stockhausen William T. , Stockhausen William T. , Methratta Elizabeth T.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines recent case studies of marine food webs to evaluate the applicability of food web theories for the marine environment. Classical macrodescriptors and recent network metrics are evaluated for each marine food web example. Food webs are defined as those which are non-estuarine, non-coastal, and larger in scale than food webs typically and classically studied (i.e., not a bay, not a river-ocean mixing zone, not a rocky inter-tidal zone, etc.). There are clear distinctions for marine food webs when compared to all terrestrial and other aquatic food webs, yet there are also clear distinctions among different types of marine food webs. The chapter notes that there are three categories of food web theories: (i) those factors and models which apply categorically to all food webs; (ii) those factors and models which can be split into simple, lowly connected, strongly interacting, clearly defined localized food webs versus complex, highly connected, weakly interacting, broader, more extensive food webs; and (iii) those factors and models which are uniquely and distinctly marine. Understanding the qualitative properties of food webs can provide further evaluation of which theories are appropriate, which are not, when each is true, and why. Finally, the chapter discusses the applications and implications of these theories for ecosystem-based natural resource management.
Is biodiversity maintained by food-web complexity?—the adaptive food-web hypothesis
Authors: Kondoh Michio
Published: September 2007

How do diverse species coexist in the complex networks of prey-predator interactions in nature? While most theoretical models predict that complex food webs do not persist, recent empirical studies have revealed the very complex structure of natural food webs. This discrepancy between theory and observation implies that essential factors stabilizing natural food webs are lacking from previous models. This chapter reviews these studies on food web complexity and its community-level consequences. It contends that the architectural flexibility arising from foraging adaptation of consumer species is key to explaining linkage patterns and persistent mechanisms of complex food webs. A novel hypothesis is presented, which relates the complexity-stability relationship to evolutionarily history of the community.
Food-web theory provides guidelines for marine conservation
Authors: Sala Enric , Sugihara George
Published: September 2007

Marine conservation priorities have been established mostly on the basis of species and habitat diversity, but little attention has been paid to food web diversity. Ecologists are aware of the dynamic nature of marine food webs, and of the simplification of food web structure by anthropogenic activities, mainly fishing. Transient food web structures along gradients of fishing pressure are an analogue to stages along a successional gradient. This chapter describes regularities in food web structure along these gradients, and explores the global initial conditions (e.g., availability of species, sequence of species additions) needed to ensure that marine food webs will continue to function and adapt to environmental change in a world with increasing anthropogenic disturbance.
SELECTED CASE STUDIES
Authors: Niedermeier Rolf
Published: September 2007

This chapter briefly illustrates numerous case studies for parameterized complexity analysis. It begins with problems on planar and more general graphs, then discusses graph modification and other graph problems, exhibits computational biology as an important application field, and concludes with logic and miscellaneous problems.
Tradeoffs and biodiversity
Authors: Wilkinson David M.
Published: September 2007

Tradeoffs are a fundamental aspect of biodiversity as they prevent a few species from monopolizing the planet. Well-known ecological concepts, such as the niche, only make sense in the context of this more fundamental idea of tradeoff. The resulting biodiversity will have a positive Gaian effect, that is, it will tend to make an ecological community more stable than if it was composed of a smaller number of species. Biodiversity does not evolve to help stabilize the system (except in the limited sense that taxon poor systems may be more prone to extinction), it is an inevitable by-product of tradeoffs and other processes such as geographical isolation. One potentially important way to think about the Gaian effect of biodiversity is the idea of the ‘portfolio effect’ from economics, although other ideas, such as Grime's ‘transient species’ are also important.
Historical contingency and the development of planetary ecosystems
Authors: Wilkinson David M.
Published: September 2007

The ecology of a planet is influenced by historical processes. At any stage in its development, the current conditions of life on a planet form the starting point from which new conditions develop. This means that over time, an ever increasing number of historical accidents will be incorporated into the system and so the role of past history will become increasingly important. This happens across a range of scales, from the chance long distance dispersal of seeds, to the survival of mass extinction events. Gould's interpretation of the Burgess Shale is discussed as a well-known example of the potential importance of historical contingency. The idea of historical contingency is a simple one and yet it is crucially important in understanding much of ecology. This constrained the possible subsequent trajectories of ecological development on Earth.
GEOMETRIC TRANSITIONS
Authors: Mariño Marcos
Published: September 2007

Gopakumar and Vafa demonstrated in an important paper (1999) that there is a closed string theory leading to the resummations (2.179) and (2.181). The intuition behind the result of Gopakumar and Vafa is that open/closed string dualities are related to geometric transitions in the background geometry. Since Chern-Simons theory is an open topological string on the deformed conifold geometry with N topological D-branes wrapping the three-sphere, it is natural to conjecture that at large N the D-branes induce a conifold transition in the background geometry. This yields the resolved conifold and no D-branes. But in the absence of D-branes that enforce boundary conditions, a theory of closed topological strings remains. Following this reasoning, Gopakumar and Vafa conjectured that Chern-Simons theory on S3 is equivalent to closed topological string theory on the resolved conifold. This chapter analyzes geometric transitions for Chern-Simons theory and type-A topological strings as well as matrix models and type-B topological strings.
BASIC EXAMPLES
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents five interesting categories of solutions that will play a role in the development of the theory of the book: separate-variables solutions, traveling waves, source-type solutions, blow-up solutions, and constant-height solutions. Other solutions, such as dipoles and general fronts, will be used to complete the picture. Important concepts for the sequel are introduced, such as scaling, limit solutions, finite propagation, free boundaries, existence under optimal conditions, blow-up, limited regularity, and initial traces.
FURTHER APPLICATIONS
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents a collection of new examples taken from different branches of science. The first examples come from fluid dynamics, starting with the well-known model of viscous droplets spreading by gravity. It then covers topics relating to underground flows important in water management or oil recovery. Attention is given to models of plasma physics. The limits of particle models is also discussed.
AGGREGATION OF MOLECULES TO SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS
Authors: Hinshelwood C. N.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the aggregation of molecules to solid and liquids. Topics covered include matter in various states of aggregation, vapour-pressure formula, general rules of phase equilibrium, the Boltzmann potential energy relation, kinetic considerations of equilibrium between different phases of matter, melting point lowering, vapour pressure lowering, and osmotic pressure.
ELECTRICAL PHENOMENA IN MOLECULES AND IN SPACE
Authors: Hinshelwood C. N.
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses electrical phenomena in space and molecules. Topics covered include molecular dipoles, absorption and emission by molecules, Raman effect, electronic transitions in molecules, Morse curves, the Franck-Codon principle, the electromagnetic theory of light, refraction and dispersion, optical activity, and a selection rules for transitions between states.
Self as Performance
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the theory of selfhood developed by the Mādhyamika philosophers, especially Nāgārjuna and Candrakīrti, according to which becoming a self is an activity or performance. Various readings of the no-self thesis are distinguished. The problem of the individuation of minds is discussed.
Danger in the City: Danger in the Countryside
Authors: Emsley Clive
Published: September 2007

This chapter addresses the early and mid-19th-century concerns about those described as the criminal or dangerous classes. It emphasizes that while many of the concerns were directed at expanding cities and towns, in some areas — particularly southern Europe — there were continuing anxieties about criminality in the countryside. At the same time, there was a distinct gender distinction with the prostitute considered as the female companion of the criminal, who was perceived to be predominantly male. The interplay between social commentators, the writers of fiction, and ‘experts’ in crime and the criminal justice system (both police officers, like Vidocq, and offenders, like Lacenaire) is described, which resulted in media representations that often blurred the edges and understanding of the reality of crime and criminals.
Introduction
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter opens with an explanation of the purpose of the book, which is to obtain basic estimates for some particular nonlinear parabolic equations and to derive consequences about qualitative and quantitative aspects of the theory. The technical tools used, goals, contents and distribution, and how to read and use the book are discussed.
Superfast FDE
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis
Published: September 2007

This chapter addresses the question of extending the theory and estimates of the FDE to cover the singular range m ≤ 0, that has only been partially considered in previous chapters. This completes the scope of the investigation about decay, smoothing effects, and best constants. But the range offers the possibility of learning about a novel and quite interesting dynamical issue: instantaneous extinction, which is tied to boundary layers at the initial time. The second part of the chapter discusses the question of local estimates improving on the results of previous sections. Finally an open problem is presented.
2 Stesichoros, Geryoneis, SLG 11
Authors: Barrett W. S.
Published: September 2007

Here W. S. Barrett seeks to clarify some disagreements with Sir Denys Page regarding the fragment SLG 11 in Geryoneis. Three things are emphasized: firstly Barrett's personal debt to Page and his scholarship ever since Barrett became one of his earliest pupils in 1932; secondly Barrett's knowledge that Page would have welcomed any criticism of his views that might have brought them nearer to the truth; and thirdly Barrett's regret that neither him nor others could have benefited from Page's criticism of Barrett.
9 Bacchylides 3. 63–77
Authors: Barrett W. S.
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents a transcript of the whole of Bacchylides' 63-77, with a detailed commentary.
21 The Epitome of Euripides' Phoinissai: Ancient and Medieval Versions
Authors: Barrett W. S.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the epitome of Phoinissai. The part of this published in P. Oxy. 2455, fr. 17, amounts to fifteen lines of the papyrus text, covering the last two-fifths of the epitome; it contains nineteen discrepancies from the medieval vulgate. The three versions of the epitome is first transcribed in three columns. The problems raised by their comparison are then discussed.
22 The Epitome of Euripides' Auge
Authors: Barrett W. S.
Published: September 2007

This fragment (P. Colon. 1, inv. 264), with the beginning of the epitome of Auge, was first published by L. Koenen in ZPE 4 (1969), 7-18 with Tafel iii(a) and iv, under the title ‘Eine Hypothesis zur Auge des Euripides und tegeatische Plynterien’. This chapter presents a reconstruction of the text of the epitome, and discusses the implications of Euripides' version of the legend for ritual practices at Tegea. It begins by transcribing the papyrus text. The transcript is placed side-by-side with Koenen's reconstruction, so that it may be seen (a) what the author is differing from, (b) what borrowings he is making.
The Neoteric Poets (1978)
Authors: Lyne R.O.A.M.
Published: September 2007

This paper presents the classic treatment of this loose grouping of poets in the middle of the first century BC, exploring their interrelationship and common poetic themes and forms (especially the epyllion).
Introduction: On the Very Notion of a Historical Turn in Philosophy
Authors: Ameriks Karl
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the steady growth of interest in historical development, in particular the historical dimension of philosophy. It then discusses the four different kinds of phenomena that played a significant role in late-18th-century German thought, the influence of Karl Leonhard Reinhold, and some preconditions of the historical turn in philosophy. An overview of the chapters in this volume is presented.
The Critique of Metaphysics: The Structure and Fate of Kant's Dialectic
Authors: Ameriks Karl
Published: September 2007

This chapter combines an analysis of the structure of Kant's critique of earlier metaphysics with a historical account of how this critique could have had as its fate the remarkable rise of a new kind of metaphysics in the era of German Idealism. It begins with the general observation that the Dialectic of the Critique of Pure Reason does not attempt, let alone accomplish, the kind of complete destruction of metaphysics that many of its readers have supposed. Many traditional transcendent metaphysical ideas are allowed to be not only coherent but also assertable, once the demands of regulative and practical reason are allowed to supplement the thoughts of constitutive theoretical reason. Moreover, the Critique's stress on notions such as idealism, things in themselves, and the ‘unconditioned’ created (as William Hamilton noted) a ‘spectre’ that ‘haunted’ and stimulated German Idealism's new metaphysics of the ‘absolute’. Although Kant offers a radical critique of all earlier systems of a spiritualist or materialist kind, he also believes that something metaphysical should be affirmed beyond the spatiotemporal features of our experience. It is argued that for both Kant and German Idealism, this metaphysics is at least not any kind of subjectivism, and it need not present a special threat to most of our common realist beliefs.
The Key Role of Selbstgefühl in Philosophy's Aesthetic and Historical Turns
Authors: Ameriks Karl
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores Manfred Frank's work, especially his recent study Selbstgefühl. With its very careful systematic and historical focus on the peculiar phenomenon of immediate self-awareness, this work is a paradigm of the kind of detailed reconstruction of early phases of the Idealist era for which Frank is especially well known. The phenomenon of this kind of awareness suddenly became a main topic in the late 18th century, and now it has become a center of attention throughout continental philosophy and contemporary analytic philosophy as well.
8 The Violence of an Urban and Rural Aristocracy
Authors: Ryder Alan
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on conflicts in the lesser towns and cities that lent crucial weight to the forces that were tearing Catalonia apart. The example of Girona illustrates the condition of these smaller urban centres. Girona was in a state of violent social unrest orchestrated by factions (bandols) for whom control of the municipality represented both an object and an instrument of their rivalry.
Remembering our Grandfather I
Authors: Paludan Ann
Published: September 2007

In this chapter Murray's grandchildren, Ann Paludan and Alexander Murray, share their memories about their grandfather and their childhood at the Murrays' home at Yatscombe on the edge of Oxford. Both talk about the house, anecdotes about their grandfather and his close relationship with their grandmother, as well as his later years.
Remembering our Grandfather II
Authors: Murray Alexander
Published: September 2007

In this chapter Murray's grandchildren, Ann Paludan and Alexander Murray, share their memories about their grandfather and their childhood at the Murrays' home at Yatscombe on the edge of Oxford. Both talk about the house,anecdotes about their grandfather and his close relationship with their grandmother, as well as his later years.
7 From the Court to the National: The Theatrical Legacy of Gilbert Murray's Bacchae
Authors: Macintosh Fiona
Published: September 2007

This chapter reviews Murray's involvement with the theatre. It situates his translations in the performance traditions of early 20th-century England and also in a wider context, including that of the Salvation Army and the influence of Nietzsche. The chapter ends by exploring the influence of Murray's translations on the reworking of Greek tragic plots by the Nigerian writer, Wole Soyinka.
‘That Living Voice’: Gilbert Murray at the BBC
Authors: Morris Mick
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores Murray's long involvement with the medium of radio. His broadcasts ranged from classical drama to current affairs to memories of his youth; from translations to lectures to the Brains Trust, a programme which cemented his status as a public intellectual. The chapter includes a comprehensive listings of Murray's broadcasts, and of the subsequent publications in the Radio Times and Listener. His translations were broadcast on the Light and Home Services, and in the late 1940s, the new Third Programme added selections in the original Greek.
Endowment Asset Management
Authors: Acharya Shanta , Dimson Elroy
Published: September 2007

There is a profound linkage between the quality of a university and its financial resources. The universities of Oxford and Cambridge rank among the world's finest educational institutions, and are able to draw on invested assets that are large by any standards. This book explores how the colleges that comprise these two universities make their investment decisions. Oxford and Cambridge are collegiate institutions, each consisting of a federal university and over thirty constituent colleges. While the colleges may have ostensibly similar missions, they are governed independently. Since they interpret their investment objectives differently, this gives rise to some remarkably dissimilar approaches to investment, which the book explores. It analyses the objectives, investment philosophy, asset management, and governance of over sixty college and university endowment funds. Drawing on research and discussions with Oxford and Cambridge investment bursars, the book investigate issues such as asset allocation and spending policy, which have a major influence on the institutions' financial health. This study reveals the colleges' individualism and diversity, and carefully analyses their strategies, which range from the traditional to cutting edge.
Multi-dimensional hyperbolic partial differential equations
Authors: Benzoni-Gavage Sylvie , Serre Denis
Published: September 2007

This book presents a view of the state of the art in multi-dimensional hyperbolic partial differential equations, with a particular emphasis on problems in which modern tools of analysis have proved useful. Ordered in sections of gradually increasing degrees of difficulty, the text first covers linear Cauchy problems and linear initial boundary value problems, before moving on to nonlinear problems, including shock waves. The book finishes with a discussion of the application of hyperbolic PDEs to gas dynamics, culminating with the shock wave analysis for real fluids.
THE HOMOGENEOUS IBVP
Authors: Benzoni-Gavage Sylvie , Serre Denis
Published: September 2007

When the boundary condition is homogeneous, one may think that there is no data at the boundary and that there is no need of boundary estimates in the maximal estimates. This is reminiscent of the case of weakly dissipative symmetric IBVP, and is compatible with the failure of the K.-L. condition at some elliptic boundary frequencies. This chapter constructs a weakly dissipative symmetrizer under appropriate assumptions. This context is the realm of surface waves of finite energy. A paradigm is the Rayleigh waves in linear elasticity.
THE MIXED PROBLEM FOR QUASILINEAR SYSTEMS
Authors: Benzoni-Gavage Sylvie , Serre Denis
Published: September 2007

The local existence result for smooth solutions follows the guidelines of Chapters 10 (because of the nonlinearity) and 9 (since there is a boundary). Compatibility conditions are needed between the initial and boundary data.
PERSISTENCE OF MULTIDIMENSIONAL SHOCKS
Authors: Benzoni-Gavage Sylvie , Serre Denis
Published: September 2007

This chapter is partly influenced by Majda's work. Viewing shock fronts as free boundaries, it addresses their stability and existence by fixing front locations through a solution-dependent change of variable. This leads to non-standard hyperbolic IBVPs, in that boundary conditions are also PDEs. The stability of a shock front and the well-posedness of the corresponding non-standard hyperbolic IBVP are strongly related, and depend on a generalized uniform K.-L. condition. When this condition holds true for a constantly hyperbolic system and a given shock front, the chapter adapts the method of Chapter 11 to prove the existence of nearby shock-front solutions. Similar to standard mixed problems, compatibility conditions are needed between the initial data on either side of the initial front.
SHOCK STABILITY IN GAS DYNAMICS
Authors: Benzoni-Gavage Sylvie , Serre Denis
Published: September 2007

This chapter applies the notions developed in Chapters 12 and 14 to characterize the stable shock waves for gas dynamics. In an ideal gas, all shocks are uniformly stable. In an isentropic gas, shocks are either weakly or strongly stable. In real gases, shocks may be strongly unstable.
Vibration Isolation
Authors: Chen C. Julian
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses vibration isolation of STM and AFM. First, the basic concepts of vibration isolation are illustrated by a one-dimensional system using elementary mechanics. The source of vibration, the environmental vibration, its characteristics, and methods of measurement are presented. The importance of vibration isolation at the laboratory foundation level and the proper mechanical design of STM and AFM are then discussed. The focus of this chapter in on the most important vibration isolation system: two-stage suspension spring with eddy-current damping. A detailed analysis of the two-stage spring system as well as aspects of practical design is presented. The principles and design charts for eddy-current damping system are discussed. Finally, the commercial pneumatic vibration isolation system is briefly discussed.
Tip Treatment
Authors: Chen C. Julian
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses various methods for tip treatment. First, a general discussion about the experimental facts of STM and AFM tips is presented, which points to the subtleties and significance of the last few atoms at the tip apex. The standard method of making an STM tip is the electrochemical etching of a tungsten wire. The experimental procedure is described in detail. The study of the tip using field-ion microscopy is outlined. The tungsten tips freshly made from electrochemical etching often do not provide atomic resolution. Ex-situ and in-situ tip treatments are necessary. Several ex-situ tip treatment methods are described, inducing annealing, field evaporation, annealing with a field, and field-assisted reaction with nitrogen. In-situ tip treatment method such as high-field treatment and controlled collision are described. Finally, special tip treatment methods for spin-polarized STM are described.
7 Brutus
Authors: Fox Matthew
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on Brutus, Cicero's late dialogue on the history of rhetoric. Rather than presenting a teleology for Cicero's own achievements, the work reinforces the difficulty of interpreting rhetoric as the cornerstone of Rome's political history. Details of the work demonstrate Cicero's ironic attitude to such teleology, and sometimes that irony is inflected with a grim humour. Cicero's self-presentation is explored. The chapter concludes that this work represents clearly the problematic quality of Cicero's exploration of Rome's history. As a record of political process, as an arena for exercising rhetorical skill, and as a validation for Cicero's own career, Rome's history provides little comfort at the point where the Republic is collapsing.
Revelation
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: September 2007

This book is divided into three parts. Part 1 (Chapters 1 to 4) investigates how truth can be conveyed in allegory, parable, or myth by analogy and metaphor, within false presuppositions about science and history. Part 2 (Chapters 5 to 6) considers what is shown when some book or creed constitutes a revelation from God. Its content needs to be intrinsically plausible and also to be confirmed by miracle. Part 3 (Chapters 7 to 12) assesses the claim that Christian doctrinal and moral teaching and the Christian Bible constitute revealed truth. It sets out the criteria for a society descended from the society of the apostles being the Church founded by Jesus Christ, and shown by his miraculous Resurrection to be a source of revealed truth. It argues that the authority of its teaching and of the Bible depends on their being authenticated by that church. It analyses the extent of analogy and metaphor in the Church's teaching, claims that the moral teaching is intrinsically plausible, and that the Bible is to be interpreted in the light of the Church's teaching and of our knowledge of science and history.
Terminology
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: September 2007

This chapter looks at the philosophical issues related to terminology. The statement that a token declarative sentence expresses is a function of the meaning or meanings of the type sentence (the propositions it expresses) and the context of the token sentence. The meaning or meanings of a type sentence are a function of the senses of its component words and the way in which they are combined. Words have one (or more) literal sense or senses, senses which they are presumed to have independently of context, which generate a normal meaning (or meanings) for a type sentence which contains them.
The Original Revelation
Authors: Swinburne Richard
Published: September 2007

The original Christian revelation was the teaching of Jesus about the broad outlines of which we can obtain moderately accurate information from the New Testament, treated as an ordinary historical document. This evidence indicates that he taught that he was divine and made atonement for our sins, and gave teachings about morality and the nature and plans of God. All of this teaching is intrinsically plausible. There is good historical evidence for the Resurrection of Jesus, and that shows that God has authenticated the teaching of Jesus and the church that he founded. This evidence is far better evidence for the truth of the Christian revelation than is any evidence that Jesus ‘fulfilled’ Old Testament prophecies, or the supposed ‘self-evidence’ of the Bible.
Christ as Mediator
Authors: Robertson Jon M.
Published: September 2007

This book presents a detailed study of the theological concept (divine mediation) that was central to the Christological controversy of the early 4th century. The subject of this study is the access to God provided through the divine Word, as seen in the theologies of Eusebius of Caesarea, Marcellus of Ancyra, and Athanasius of Alexandria during the early years of the ‘Arian’ controversy. By analysing the views of three participants at the Council of Nicaea (325), this book demonstrates the variety of perspectives in a way that questions popular approaches to the period that see the controversy as having only two sides. This analysis constitutes a new approach to the early Arian controversy, as well as showing the theological backdrop of Athanasius' insight on Christ as mediator. It further demonstrates the contemporary relevance of the issue by giving an Athanasian critique of the modern Christology of Roger Haight.
Introduction
Authors: Robertson Jon M.
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter explores the perplexity of scholarly approaches to the early Arian controversy. It identifies recent approaches to the period that are inadequate due to erroneous presuppositions or the imposition of later concepts. The term ‘Arianism’, for example, is often used without thought of any clear theological content from the 4th-century movement. Much of the confusion in approach to the post-Nicene debate also stems from a predilection on the part of many to treat theological terminology wihtout considering their original context. Terms and phrases such as ‘essence’, ‘hypostasis’, ‘consubstantial’, and ‘godhead’ can only be fruitfully understood within their theological situ. Related to this is a third problem of the inadequate categorization of the various groups of the early controversy. Classifications built upon the mere occurrence of terms, based on geographical distinctions, or imposed by later decisions of orthodoxy conceal more than they reveal.
5 Conclusion
Authors: Robertson Jon M.
Published: September 2007

This concluding chapter summarizes this study and argues that 4th-century ‘deictic’ views of mediation have much in common with the recent ‘symbolic’ theology of Roger Haight. This is evident especially in the latter's view that the historical Jesus as the ‘symbol’ of God is not to be identified completely with God, but rather it indirectly shows us how God acts and relates to the world. Given this basic similarity, the criticisms of Athanasius are applied to Haight's theology. Through this critique, it is shown that Haight's symbolic Christology does not effectively accomplish any mediation of the knowledge of God. To the contrary, it actually tends to make God less, rather than more, accessible; and posits an unnecessary mediatorial gap between God and his creation.
7 Conducting Worship
Authors: Albert Jones David
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the clergy's core task of leading worship in their parishes. It explores the evidence about Sunday services, about how frequently they were held, the manner in which they were conducted, the conscientiousness or not of the clergy, the frequency of weekday services, and the frequency and manner of celebrating Holy Communion. The extent of the participation of lay people in conducting worship is examined, especially in terms of music, in choirs, and the attitude of the clergy to this. The observation of Church fasts and festivals is examined, as well as the involvement of clergy in communal celebrations, such as fairs and friendly societies. The role of the clergy in churchings, baptisms, and weddings, including ‘clandestine marriage’, involving more or less serious legal irregularities in conducting a marriage, is investigated.
11 Anticlericalism
Authors: Albert Jones David
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the evidence for anticlericalism during the period, paying particular attention to the suggestions of considerable levels of anticlericalism in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and in the early 19th century. It considers the levels of hostility shown to the established Church and the clergy by dissenters from the Church, and the activities of satirists and the press, especially over the collection of tithes, and the establishment of the Church.
6 Europe, the United States, and the International Criminal Court
Authors: Ralph Jason
Published: September 2007

In stark contrast to American policy, European states have embraced the ICC. This chapter examines what this tells us about Europe as an actor on the global state. Drawing on Andrew Linklater's conception of a post‐Westphalian political association, the chapter examines how the European Union and its member governments have interacted with Westphalian states like the US on matters relating to the ICC. In particular the chapter focuses on the political dilemmas created by US attempts to exempt its citizens from the ICC's jurisdiction and it uses these as case studies to illustrate how support for the Court impacts on our understanding of good international citizenship. The chapter offers detailed accounts of the debate on bilateral non‐surrender or bilateral immunity agreements, the debate at the Security Council on exemptions for peacekeepers, and the Security Council's decision to refer the situation in Darfur to the ICC.
Innocents, Double Effect and Proportionality
Authors: Steinhoff Uwe
Published: September 2007

Appealing to the doctrine of double effect, just war theorists claim that only the direct and intentional killing of innocents violates their rights, but not the mere acceptance of their killing as a side-effect of an attack on a military target. The chapter demonstrates the untenability of this doctrine; but, by way of proportionality considerations, it also rejects the pacifist argument that all modern wars are unjustified because they inevitably kill innocents. Nevertheless, there still remains a morally relevant difference between direct attacks on innocents and foreseeing their death as a side-effect (‘collateral damage’). The difference is explained by consideration of an interaction between the right to take action against aggressors and threats on the one hand, and the principle that individual rights restrict the majority, on the other. The result is that war can be justified as a lesser evil but can never be completely just, for the rights of those innocent people killed as ‘collateral damage’ are indeed violated.
The Ethics of Terrorism
Authors: Steinhoff Uwe
Published: September 2007

This chapter criticizes several definitions of ‘terrorism’ and offers the following definition: Terrorism is the strategy of intimidating or impressing others than the immediate victims or targets of violence by the repeated threat, made credible by corresponding acts, the repeated killing or severe harming of innocents, or the repeated destruction or severe harming of their property. This implies that not all deliberate attacks on civilians are terrorist in intent. Several attempts to justify terrorism proper are considered, and all but one is rejected. Under certain circumstances terrorism can be justified, but such a justification is more difficult for strong parties, such as states, than for weak ones, such as sub-national actors.
4 A New Anglican Imperial Paradigm: The Colonial Bishoprics Fund, 1840–1
Authors: Strong Rowan
Published: September 2007

In the early 1840s, the Church of England adopted a new imperial paradigm of engagement with the British Empire in the formation of the Colonial Bishoprics Fund. This highlighted the fundamental importance of episcopacy in the colonies and autonomous action by that church in the empire, and the abandonment of the church-state partnership. It was a consequence of the legal changes in the British constitution between 1828 and 1832, which caused the demise of the legal monopoly of Anglican representation in parliament.
Morphology and psycholinguistics
Authors: Booij Geert
Published: September 2007

Psycholinguists study the acquisition of morphological knowledge and the way in which complex words are stored, perceived, and produced. The mental lexicon is a central concept in modelling the storage of complex words in the lexical memory of the speaker. The proper modelling of processing complex words is an important battlefield for competing theories of language perception and production.
12 The word as a linguistic unit
Authors: Booij Geert
Published: September 2007

This chapter summarizes how the theoretical interpretation of the notion ‘word’ has been developed in this book. A theoretical term is embedded in a network of theoretical distinctions and hypotheses. The ingredients for developing an adequate characterization of the notion ‘word’ are the distinction between lexeme and word-form, the distinction between words and lexical unit/listeme, the proper demarcation of syntax and morphology, the notion of ‘construction’, and the distinction between morphosyntactic, phonological, and orthographic words.
Chapter 10 Measuring Pension Wealth
Authors: Cunningham Chris , Engelhardt Gary V. , Kumar Anil
Published: September 2007

Pension wealth plays a critical role in older individuals' retirement behavior and financial security. Accordingly, the magnitude and distribution of pension wealth is important in the ongoing debate about whether Baby Boomers have adequate retirement savings. This chapter summarizes the results of a long-term effort to develop an improved calculator to measure defined contribution pension wealth of older Americans, implemented using the Health and Retirement Study. Results show that pension wealth resulting from voluntary saving (and accrued earnings thereon) comprises half of DC pension wealth calculated for HRS respondents with matched summary plan descriptions. These are lower mean estimates of DC pension wealth than previously found, mainly resulting from changes for the wealthiest tail of the pension-wealth distribution. The findings imply that researchers must think more carefully about the economic assumptions underlying pension measures.
Development Strategies and the Environment
Authors: Adleman Irma , Fetini Habib , Golan Elise Hardy
Published: September 2007

Are there systematic associations between environmental conditions and development strategies? This chapter approaches this question from different angles. It starts by reviewing the types of environmental damage in developing countries, followed by a discussion of the likely environmental impacts of development strategies. Interaction between energy consumption and trade strategy are examined using cross-country regressions. An alternative model, a simulation model of economy wide effects of energy use, is discussed with the example of Mexico. This discussion is extended using a micro-economic model of the likely impact of agricultural intensification on the economy of a village in a Sub-Saharan African country in the peanut basin of Senegal. This model indicates the severity and pervasiveness of environmental degradation and of its deleterious effects on the poor in a village economy. It is argued that environmental concerns should play a central role, along with income distribution concerns, in the design of development strategies.
The Management of Coastal Wetlands: Economic Analysis of Combined Ecologic-Economic Systems
Authors: Dixon John A. , Lal Padma N.
Published: September 2007

Coastal wetlands are complex and they tend to be very sensitive to changes in hydraulic conditions: natural and human-made. Such wetlands provide various ecological functions, including groundwater recharge, flood control, nutrient retention, and micro-climate stabilization. They are also a source of various products including water supply and fisheries. Despite these direct and indirect values, they are often subject to development pressures (i.e., converting the wetlands for other purposes such as land development), usually based on benefit cost analysis (BCA). The chapter argues that an extended benefit cost analysis that includes the external and environmental benefits is needed. Six case studies of valuation of services of mangroves are discussed, including those of Thailand, Fiji, and Indonesia. Based on these, it is argued that a combined economic-ecologic analysis is needed to analyse properly management and development options for coastal wetlands.
Microeconomic Responses to Macroeconomic Reforms: The Optimal Control of Soil Erosion
Authors: Barrett Scott
Published: September 2007

This chapter aims to determine precisely how macroeconomic and sectoral policies influence soil conservation with the use of an optimal control model. It shows that in general, it is not possible to predict how policy reforms affect soil conservation. Knowledge of the technical details of agricultural production is needed to predict how policy reforms affect soil conservation. Though this conclusion may seem unsatisfying, it compels us to rethink the premise that policy reforms are good if they conserve soil and bad if they don't. The flaw in this view is that our concern should not lie with soil per se. Unlike many other environmental resources, soil does not contribute to well-being directly; its value is as an input in agricultural production. Even if policy reforms cause further depletion, the ability of the land to yield an income may still be greatly enhanced. This conclusion relates only to the on-site impacts of soil erosion. There could be other externalities due to eroded soil to downstream and other users. Correcting such externalities may be difficult because shadow prices are not directly observable and are location-specific.
Valuation of Tropical Forests
Authors: Fisher Anthony C. , HANEMANN W. MICHAEL
Published: September 2007

The chapter begins with a discussion of the major uses of tropical forests and the relationships among the different uses (for example, compatibility between such uses and forest conservation and sustainability). A framework is then developed for valuation which takes into account the varied uses. A distinction is made between valuing the various services provided by the forest and valuing the forest itself. A time dimension is crucial: it affects sustainability but also it affects the sequence of pattern of uses. Values associated with different uses may grow at different rates. The present value of a tract of land also depends on how uncertainty about future values is resolved. It is argued that an exercise of the valuation of tropical forests cannot be designed without reference to the types of decisions that are being made. Long-time horizon and uncertainty about future uses complicate the issues. The chapter suggests that analysts develop a ‘balance sheet’ of affected parties, both present and future, taking into account all the significant impacts. Such a balance sheet forces the analyst to be explicit about the distributional implications of alternative uses, and thus provides a framework for extrapolating future values of tropical forests.
7 Comic Elements in Tragic Language: The Case of Aeschylus'Oresteia
Authors: Sommerstein Alan H.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines Aeschylus' Oresteia to show that linguistic features, which are common in comedy, are either unknown or at least exceedingly rare in tragedy. In Oresteia such ‘comic’ features, which are normally taboo in tragic poetry, begin to appear with some frequency after the slaying of Agamemnon and Kassandra. By using them, Klytaimestra and Aigisthos — who have broken the rules of legitimate marriage — also break the rules of language. Moreover, the violation of linguistic decency is constantly associated with the sphere of the Erinyes, those goddesses who are themselves the prime representatives of all that is taboo in the Greek imagination. The violation of linguistic decency continues throughout the Oresteia up to the liberating vote of the Areopagus tribunal, which ends the spell of kinship murder. Thus, ‘comic’ language does not, as is sometimes believed, function as a dramaturgical means of relief but on the contrary heightens the darkness of crime.