bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How surface-specific is 2nd-order non-linear spectroscopy?
Authors: Sun Shumei , Schaefer Jan , Backus Ellen H. G. , Bonn Mischa
Published: December 2019

Surfaces and interfaces play important roles in many processes and reactions and are therefore intensively studied, often with the aim of obtaining molecular-level information from just the interfacial layer. Generally, only the first few molecular layers next to the interface are relevant for the surface processes. In the past decades, 2nd-order nonlinear spectroscopies including sum-frequency generation and second harmonic generation have developed into powerful tools for obtaining molecularly specific insights into the interfacial region. These approaches have contributed substantially to our understanding of a wide range of physical phenomena. However, along with their wide-ranging applications, it has been realized that the implied surface-specificity of these approaches may not always be warranted. Specifically, the bulk quadrupole contribution beyond the electric dipole-approximation for a system with a weak nonlinear interface signal, as well as the diffuse layer contribution at charged interfaces, could mask the surface information. In this perspective paper, we discuss the surface-specificity of 2nd-order nonlinear spectroscopy, especially considering these two contributions.
Transition path dynamics in the binding of intrinsically disordered proteins: A simulation study
Authors: Ozmaian Masoumeh , Makarov Dmitrii E.
Published: December 2019

Association of proteins and other biopolymers is a ubiquitous process in living systems. Recent single-molecule measurements probe the dynamics of association in unprecedented detail by measuring the properties of association transition paths, i.e., short segments of molecular trajectories between the time the proteins are close enough to interact and the formation of the final complex. Interpretation of such measurements requires adequate models for describing the dynamics of experimental observables. In an effort to develop such models, here we report a simulation study of the association dynamics of two oppositely charged, disordered polymers. We mimic experimental measurements by monitoring intermonomer distances, which we treat as “experimental reaction coordinates.” While the dynamics of the distance between the centers of mass of the molecules is found to be memoryless and diffusive, the dynamics of the experimental reaction coordinates displays significant memory and can be described by a generalized Langevin equation with a memory kernel. We compute the most commonly measured property of transition paths, the distribution of the transition path time, and show that, despite the non-Markovianity of the underlying dynamics, it is well approximated as one-dimensional diffusion in the potential of mean force provided that an apparent value of the diffusion coefficient is used. This apparent value is intermediate between the slow (low frequency) and fast (high frequency) limits of the memory kernel. We have further studied how the mean transition path time depends on the ionic strength and found only weak dependence despite strong electrostatic attraction between the polymers.
M-shaped flame dynamics
Authors: Krikunova A. I.
Published: December 2019

This article deals with the dynamics of a cylindrical bluff-body-stabilized M-shaped premixed flame at low flow rates. A comparative analysis with classical conical flames was performed. The velocities and flame front field dynamics were studied with the use of numerical methods. It was shown that the processes under the investigation are similar to those in a conical flame. The flame front is deformed by moving Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices along the front. It was found that M-shaped flame tips perform in-phase low-frequency oscillations in both vertical and horizontal directions as opposed to the conical one. It was also found that fuel enrichment does not affect the frequency of the flicker as compared to the classical conical flame. A number of experiments have shown that vertical displacement amplitude in M-shaped flame is approximately 3.5 times smaller than in a conical one at the same flow rate. An explanation of this phenomenon is the fact that a part of the energy under compression goes to the horizontal displacement of the front.
A boundary condition for Guderley’s converging shock problem
Authors: Ruby J. J. , Rygg J. R. , Gaffney J. A. , Bachmann B. , Collins G. W.
Published: December 2019

The Guderley model of a self-similar imploding shock based on the group invariance of the flow equations is a powerful tool in understanding the behavior of converging shock waves. Two modifications described here improve the predictions of observable quantities in spherical-shock wave experiments. First, a noninfinite boundary condition is established by the isentropic release of the outer pressure. Second, a two-temperature system of ions and electrons allows description of higher temperatures while conserving energy and without perturbing the overall hydrodynamics of the solution. These modifications of the Guderley model improve the prediction of the observables in laser driven spherical shock experiments in reference to a one dimensional (1-D) hydrodynamics code.
Influence of electric fields on metal self-diffusion barriers and its consequences on dendrite growth in batteries
Authors: Jäckle Markus , Groß Axel
Published: December 2019

Based on the results of periodic density functional theory calculations, we have recently proposed that the height of self-diffusion barriers can serve as a descriptor for dendrite growth in batteries [M. Jäckle et al., Energy Environ. Sci. 11, 3400 (2018)]. However, in the determination of the self-diffusion barriers, the electrochemical environment has not been taken into account. Still, due to the presence of electrical double layers at electrode/electrolyte interfaces, strong electric fields can be present close to the interfacial region. In a first step toward including the electrochemical environment, we have calculated barriers for terrace-diffusion on lithium, magnesium, and silver surfaces and across-step self-diffusion on lithium in the presence of electric fields. Whereas the electric field effect is more pronounced on a stepped surface than on flat terraces, overall we find a negligible influence of electric fields on self-diffusion barriers which we explain by the good screening properties of metals.
A molecular mechanism for the procentriole recruitment of Ana2
Authors: McLamarrah Tiffany A. , Speed Sarah K. , Ryniawec John M. , Buster Daniel W. , Fagerstrom Carey J. , Galletta Brian J. , Rusan Nasser M. , Rogers Gregory C.
Published: December 2019

During centriole duplication, a preprocentriole forms at a single site on the mother centriole through a process that includes the hierarchical recruitment of a conserved set of proteins, including the Polo-like kinase 4 (Plk4), Ana2/STIL, and the cartwheel protein Sas6. Ana2/STIL is critical for procentriole assembly, and its recruitment is controlled by the kinase activity of Plk4, but how this works remains poorly understood. A structural motif called the G-box in the centriole outer wall protein Sas4 interacts with a short region in the N terminus of Ana2/STIL. Here, we show that binding of Ana2 to the Sas4 G-box enables hyperphosphorylation of the Ana2 N terminus by Plk4. Hyperphosphorylation increases the affinity of the Ana2–G-box interaction, and, consequently, promotes the accumulation of Ana2 at the procentriole to induce daughter centriole formation.
Effect of the fabrication route on the phase and volume changes during the reaction heat treatment of Nb3Sn superconducting wires
Authors: Scheuerlein C , Andrieux J , Michels M , Lackner F , Meyer C , Chiriac R , Toche F , Hagner M , Di Michiel M
Published: December 2019

Accelerator magnets that can reach magnetic fields well beyond the Nb-Ti performance limits are presently being built and developed, using Nb3Sn superconductors. This technology requires reaction heat treatment (RHT) of the magnet coils, during which Nb3Sn is formed from its ductile precursor materials (a “wind and react” approach). The Nb3Sn microstructure and microchemistry are strongly influenced by the conductor fabrication route, and by the phase changes during RHT. By combining in situ differential scanning calorimetry, high energy synchrotron x-ray diffraction, and micro-tomography experiments, we have acquired a unique data set that describes in great detail the phase and microstructure changes that take place during the processing of restacked rod process (RRP), powder-in-tube (PIT), and internal tin (IT) Nb3Sn wires. At temperatures below 450 °C the phase evolutions in the three wire types are similar, with respectively solid state interdiffusion of Cu and Sn, Cu6Sn5 formation, and Cu6Sn5 peritectic transformation. Distinct differences in phase evolutions in the wires are found when temperatures exceed 450 °C. The volume changes of the conductor during RHT are a difficulty in the production of Nb3Sn accelerator magnets. We compare the wire diameter changes measured in situ by dilatometry with the phase and void volume evolution of the three types of Nb3Sn wire. Unlike the Nb3Sn wire length changes, the wire diameter evolution is characteristic for each Nb3Sn wire type. The strongest volume increase, of about 5%, is observed in the RRP wire, where the main diameter increase occurs above 600 °C upon Nb3Sn formation.
Electronic and elastic properties of brownmillerite
Authors: Aretxabaleta Xabier M , Etxebarria Iñigo , Manzano Hegoi
Published: December 2019

The elastic and electronic properties of brownmillerite (Ca2AlFeO5), the fourth component in mass of Portland cement, have been determined using Density Functional Theory. The Young’s modulus obtained in this work (E = 169 ± 2 GPa) is much closer to the experimental value than all the previously reported classical calculations. The electronic structure has been analyzed by calculating the band structure, the density of states and the crystal orbital overlap population curves. Results show that there are anti-bonding bonds between the iron and oxygen atoms which may create instability in the structure. The presence of those anti-bonding bonds might explain the limitation of force-field simulations when modeling the elastic properties of brownmillerite. Such a limitation may be extended to other structures derived from perovskites that present anti-bonding states.
Tungsten-decorated MoP nanobelts for boosted hydrogen production
Authors: Wang Dezhi , Lu Yao , Lv Kangyan , Wu Zhuangzhi
Published: December 2019

To further improve the electrochemical catalytic performance of MoP for hydrogen generation, a tungsten decoration strategy is proposed in this work, and the effect of preparation temperature was also investigated. It is found that the decoration of W can significantly enhance the electron transfer ability and increase the amount of active sites, and the optimized catalyst can be obtained at 700 °C over the Mo-W-P-700 catalyst, which exhibits the best catalytic performance with a small Tafel slope of 53 mV dec-1. This decoration strategy can be widely applied in other transition metal compounds to achieve further performance improvements.
New insights on the influence of low frequency pulsed current on the characteristics of PEO coatings formed on AZ31B
Authors: Toro L , Zuleta A A , Correa E , Calderón D , Galindez Y , Calderón J , Chacón P , Valencia-Escobar A , Echeverría E F
Published: December 2019

In this work, anodic oxide layers on the surface of an AZ31 magnesium alloy were obtained by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process under low frequency pulsed current. For this, electrolytical solutions containing hexamethylenetetramine and sodium fluoride were used. The morphology and chemical composition of formed coatings were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Also, salt spray test, hydrogen evolution and electrochemical tests (potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy) were conducted in order to study the corrosion behavior of the coated samples. It was found that the use of low frequency pulsed current for the PEO process reduces the film porosity and increases its thickness, compared with PEO films obtained by continuous anodization. The effect of the pulsed current signal was also analyzed for a two steps PEO process, observing changes in the morphological characteristics of the coatings which allow a better corrosion according electrochemical tests (short term corrosion measurements). However, long term tests results as hydrogen evolution and salt spray tests, indicated the opposite. Both the film porosity and thickness were affected by either the pulsing of the current or the use of a two-step process.
Effects of co-precipitation method on microwave dielectric properties of 0.7CaTiO3-0.3SmAlO3ceramics
Authors: Hu Huajian , Huang Chun-E , Nan Jing , Wang He , Shen Chunying
Published: December 2019

The effects of co-precipitation method on densification, microstructure, phase composition and dielectric properties of 0.7CaTiO3–0.3SmAlO3ceramics (CTSA) have been studied. Compared with the traditional solid-phase method, the co-precipitation method effectively reduced the calcining temperature of CaTiO3powders and SmAlO3powders from 1250 to 900 °C and reduced the sintering temperature of CTSA ceramics from 1470 to 1380 °C. The sintering and dielectric properties were improved. In particular, theQ × fvalue was found to increase from 47 056 to 51 507 GHz and theτfreduced from +8.2 to +6.3 ppm °C. The CTSA ceramics, which were prepared by co-precipitation method sintered at 1380 °C for 3 h, possessed good and reasonable microwave dielectric properties:εr= 44.85,Q × f = 51 507 GHz (f = 6.45 GHz),τf = +6.3 ppm °C.
Fabrication of NiFe2O4@CoFe2O4 core-shell nanofibers for high-performance supercapacitors
Authors: Wang Qing , Gao Haoran , Qin Xuefeng , Dai Jianfeng , Li Weixue
Published: December 2019

NiFe2O4@CoFe2O4 core–shell nanofibers were prepared by the co-electrospinning method. The prepared core–shell NiFe2O4@CoFe2O4 nanofibers electrode has the specific capacitance of 480 Fg−1 at a current density of 1Ag−1. After being cycled 2000 times at a current density of 5Ag−1, the capacity of NiFe2O4@CoFe2O4 core–shell nanofibers remained 87%. The electrochemical performance of the supercapacitor is improved by the synergistic action of the multi-metal and indicates that core/shell NiFe2O4@CoFe2O4 nanofibers are promising materials.
The effect of synthesis temperature on the properties of TiO2 (B) nanorods and its precursors as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Ncube Ntombizodwa M , Zheng Haitao
Published: December 2019

In this work, we carried out a detailed research on the effect of synthesis temperature on the properties of TiO2 (B) nanorods and its hydrogen titanate precursors. At the initial stage, hydrogen titanates (HTOs) were synthesised at different temperatures (140 °C–180 °C). The HTO materials were then annealed at 400 °C for 2 h in the second-stage to produce TiO2 (B) nanorods. It is interesting to note that the pure anatase phase of TiO2 nanorods (TO140) was achieved from the HTO material (HTO140) prepared at 140 °C, while the TiO2 (B) nanorods were only formed from those synthesised at 160 °C (HTO160) and 180 °C (HTO180). In the evaluation of these materials as anodes for lithium ion batteries (LIBs), HTO140 showed better rate performance at higher current rates (500–1000 mAg−1). However, HTO160 and HTO180 displayed lower initial discharge capacities than that of their precursor (the commercial TO) at 200 mAg−1. Addtionally, HTO160 exhibited the best stability with 71.5% retention after 100 cycles at 200 mAg−1. Moreover, the annealed product of TO140 from HTO140 demonstrated the highest initial discharge capacity with a value of 164.3 mAhg−1 at a current of 200 mAg−1, which is corresponding to its low charge transfer resistance. However, TO160 showed a superior stability with 92.3% retained capacity after 100 cycles at 200 mAg−1. Overall, 160 °C is the optimum temperature to synthesize TiO2 (B) nanorods, regarding to its good cycling stability and mild capacity as anode materials. The investigation showed that the synthesis temperature is a determining factor to producing either TiO2 (B) or anatase TiO2 nanorods, has an influence on the properties of the precursor as well as the TiO2 (B) as anode materials for LIBs.
On Huh’s conjectures for the polar degree
Authors: Siersma Dirk , Steenbrink Joseph , Tibăr Mihai
Published: December 2019

We prove a precise version of a general conjecture on the polar degree stated by June Huh. We confirm Huh’s conjectural list of all projective hypersurfaces with isolated singularities and polar degree equal to 2.
Combination non-pharmacologic intervention for orthostatic hypotension in older people: a phase 2 study
Authors: Frith James , Newton Julia L
Published: December 2019

Background

orthostatic hypotension (OH) is highly prevalent in older populations and is associated with reduced quality of life and increased mortality. Although non-pharmacologic therapies are recommended first-line, evidence for their use is lacking.

Objective

determine the efficacy of combination non-pharmacologic therapy for OH in older people.

Methods

a total of 111 orthostatic BP responses were evaluated in this prospective phase 2 efficacy study in 37 older people (≥60 years) with OH. Primary outcome was the proportion of participants whose systolic BP drop improved by ≥10 mmHg. Secondary outcomes include standing BP and symptoms. Comparison is made to the response rate of the most efficacious single therapy (bolus water drinking 56%). Therapeutic combinations were composed of interventions with known efficacy and tolerability: Therapy A- Bolus water drinking + physical counter-manoeuvres (PCM); Therapy B- Bolus water drinking + PCM + abdominal compression.

Results

the response rate to therapy A was 38% (95% confidence interval – CI 24, 63), with standing systolic BP increasing by 13 mmHg (95% CI 4, 22). Therapy B was efficacious in 46% (95% CI 31, 62), increasing standing systolic BP by 20 mmHg (95% CI 12, 29). Neither therapy had a significant effect on symptoms. There were no adverse events.

Conclusions

in comparison to single therapy, there is little additional benefit to be gained from combination non-pharmacologic therapy. Focussing on single, efficacious therapies, such as bolus water drinking or PCM, should become standard first-line therapy.
Invited Commentary: Adult Child Migration and Parental Cognitive Decline—A New Perspective on Loneliness and Social Isolation
Authors: Holwerda Tjalling J , Hoogendijk Emiel O
Published: December 2019

There is a growing body of research on the link between social isolation, loneliness, and health outcomes in later life, including cognitive decline and dementia. In the current issue of the Journal, Torres et al. (Am J Epidemiol. 2020;189(8):761–769) present findings from a study of the association between adult child migration status and cognitive performance among parents who stayed behind in Mexico, using longitudinal data (2001–2015) from the Mexican Health and Aging Study. This is an excellent example of the role that emotional and social factors may play in the development of cognitive impairment among older adults. In their study, having an adult child in the United States was associated with a steeper decline in verbal memory scores over time, but only among women. In the light of the increasing levels of immigration worldwide, this work is highly relevant, as it touches upon a less recognized socioemotional risk factor for cognitive decline: family-member migration status. Further research on this topic should be conducted in other countries and should include assessment of the social and emotional needs of those staying behind when a family member migrates. This will increase our understanding of how social isolation and loneliness relate to cognitive decline and may contribute to new directions for interventions.
Occupational Exposure and Carriage of Antimicrobial Resistance Genes (tetW, ermB) in Pig Slaughterhouse Workers
Authors: Van Gompel Liese , Dohmen Wietske , Luiken Roosmarijn E C , Bouwknegt Martijn , Heres Lourens , van Heijnsbergen Eri , Jongerius-Gortemaker Betty G M , Scherpenisse Peter , Greve Gerdit D , Tersteeg-Zijderveld Monique H G , Wadepohl Katharina , Ribeiro Duarte Ana Sofia , Muñoz-Gómez Violeta , Fischer Jennie , Skarżyńska Magdalena , Wasyl Dariusz , Wagenaar Jaap A , Urlings Bert A P , Dorado-García Alejandro , Wouters Inge M , Heederik Dick J J , Schmitt Heike , Smit Lidwien A M
Published: December 2019

Objectives

Slaughterhouse staff is occupationally exposed to antimicrobial resistant bacteria. Studies reported high antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG) abundances in slaughter pigs. This cross-sectional study investigated occupational exposure to tetracycline (tetW) and macrolide (ermB) resistance genes and assessed determinants for faecal tetW and ermB carriage among pig slaughterhouse workers.

Methods

During 2015–2016, 483 faecal samples and personal questionnaires were collected from workers in a Dutch pig abattoir, together with 60 pig faecal samples. Human dermal and respiratory exposure was assessed by examining 198 carcass, 326 gloves, and 33 air samples along the line, next to 198 packed pork chops to indicate potential consumer exposure. Samples were analyzed by qPCR (tetW, ermB). A job exposure matrix was created by calculating the percentage of tetW and ermB positive carcasses or gloves for each job position. Multiple linear regression models were used to link exposure to tetW and ermB carriage.

Results

Workers are exposed to tetracycline and macrolide resistance genes along the slaughter line. Tetw and ermB gradients were found for carcasses, gloves, and air filters. One packed pork chop contained tetW, ermB was non-detectable. Human faecal tetW and ermB concentrations were lower than in pig faeces. Associations were found between occupational tetW exposure and human faecal tetW carriage, yet, not after model adjustments. Sampling round, nationality, and smoking were determinants for ARG carriage.

Conclusion

We demonstrated clear environmental tetracycline and macrolide resistance gene exposure gradients along the slaughter line. No robust link was found between ARG exposure and human faecal ARG carriage.
The Penetrative Offence in Section 4 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003: Offenders, Victims, and Outcomes After Detection
Authors: Weare Siobhan
Published: December 2019

Extensive research exists in relation to the Sexual Offences Act 2003, in particular, rape and assault by penetration, the two most serious offences involving non-consensual sexual penetration of the victim. However, the other penetrative offence, causing a person to engage in (penetrative) sexual activity without consent, found in section 4 of the Act, has, to date, been excluded from national statistics and research. This article analyses novel data relating to the section 4 penetrative offence, collected using freedom of information requests from 37 police forces in England and Wales over a 13-year period. The data explore victim and offender demographics and outcomes after detection. The findings challenge understandings around who the victims and perpetrators of penetrative sexual offences are.
Upper-plate structure in Ecuador coincident with the subduction of the Carnegie Ridge and the southern extent of large mega-thrust earthquakes
Authors: Lynner Colton , Koch Clinton , Beck Susan L , Meltzer Anne , Soto-Cordero Lillian , Hoskins Mariah C , Stachnik Josh C , Ruiz Mario , Alvarado Alexandra , Charvis Philippe , Font Yvonne , Regnier Marc , Agurto-Detzel Hans , Rietbrock Andreas , Porritt Robert W
Published: December 2019

The Ecuadorian convergent margin has experienced many large mega-thrust earthquakes in the past century, beginning with a 1906 event that propagated along as much as 500 km of the plate interface. Many subsections of the 1906 rupture area have subsequently produced Mw ≥ 7.7 events, culminating in the 16 April 2016, Mw 7.8 Pedernales earthquake. Interestingly, no large historic events Mw ≥ 7.7 appear to have propagated southward of ∼1°S, which coincides with the subduction of the Carnegie Ridge. We combine data from temporary seismic stations deployed following the Pedernales earthquake with data recorded by the permanent stations of the Ecuadorian national seismic network to discern the velocity structure of the Ecuadorian forearc and Cordillera using ambient noise tomography. Ambient noise tomography extracts Vsv information from the ambient noise wavefield and provides detailed constraints on velocity structures in the crust and upper mantle. In the upper 10 km of the Ecuadorian forearc, we see evidence of the deepest portions of the sedimentary basins in the region, the Progreso and Manabí basins. At depths below 30 km, we observe a sharp delineation between accreted fast forearc terranes and the thick crust of the Ecuadorian Andes. At depths ∼20 km, we see a strong fast velocity anomaly that coincides with the subducting Carnegie Ridge as well as the southern boundary of large mega-thrust earthquakes. Our observations raise the possibility that upper-plate structure, in addition to the subducting Carnegie Ridge, plays a role in the large event segmentation seen along the Ecuadorian margin.
Prevalence of Celiac Disease in Patients with Primary Biliary Cholangitis
Authors: Callichurn Kashi , Cvetkovic Lena , Therrien Amélie , Vincent Catherine , Hétu Pierre-Olivier , Bouin Mickael
Published: December 2019

Background

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) frequently coexists with other autoimmune diseases, including celiac disease (CeD). Although the prevalence of CeD is high among cohorts with PBC, few studies have directly compared this prevalence to those among individuals with other liver diseases (OLD).

Aim

To compare the prevalence of CeD between a cohort with PBC and a cohort with OLD.

Methods

Retrospective study from January 2013 to December 2016. All consecutive patients with an anti-transglutaminase (tTG) assay requested by a hepatologist and a diagnosis of chronic liver disease were included. CeD diagnosis was confirmed by duodenal biopsies.

Results

We included 399 consecutive patients (53.1 years SD 14.0, 54.1% women), notably 51 individuals with PBC and 348 individuals with OLD. PBC group included significantly more women (90.2% versus 48.9% P < 0.0001). The prevalence of CeD was higher in the group with PBC compared to the group with OLD (11.8 versus 2.9%, P < 0.003). In the OLD group, the prevalence of CeD was comparable regardless of the etiologic subgroup (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis 2.7% versus alcoholic liver disease 4.3%, versus viral 1.5% versus other autoimmune liver diseases 3.3%, NS). The presence of gastrointestinal symptoms at the time of the tTG assay was comparable between PBC and OLD groups (31.4 versus 29.6%, NS).

Conclusion

There is a higher prevalence of CeD in the PBC group compared to other liver diseases.
On the Sāṃkhyakārikā and its Commentarial Tradition: the Suvarṇasaptati, Sāṃkhyavṛtti, and Gauḍapādabhāṣya
Authors: Verdon Noémie
Published: December 2019

Five of the extant commentaries on the Sāṃkhyakārikā bear strong resemblances to each other. These are the Suvarṇasaptati, Sāṃkhyavṛtti, Gauḍapādabhāṣya, Sāṃkhyasaptativṛtti, and Māṭharavṛtti. Therefore, they are generally considered to share a common origin. These commentaries on the Sāṃkhyakārikā, however, also significantly diverge from each other. This article explores the peculiar connections among the Suvarṇasaptati, Sāṃkhyavṛtti, and Gauḍapādabhāṣya. By focusing on passages that feature metaphors, this article discusses how and why the authors of the Suvarṇasaptati, Sāṃkhyavṛtti, and Gauḍapādabhāṣya may have appropriated portions of their texts or to the contrary dissociated from each other.
Desmoid tumor presenting 2 years after elective Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Sierra-Davidson Kailan , Anderson Geoffrey , Tanabe Kenneth , Meireles Ozanan R
Published: December 2019

Desmoid tumors are rare malignancies derived from myofibroblasts, which can cause significant morbidity due to life-threatening invasion of local structures. Risk factors include familial adenomatous polyposis, antecedent surgical trauma and estrogen exposure. We described a previously healthy 27-year-old female in whom a desmoid tumor developed 2 years after a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass was performed for the treatment of obesity. Computed tomography scan demonstrated a 16-cm complex density intra-abdominal mass. Exploratory laparotomy was performed, revealing a mass firmly adherent to the Roux limb, as well as the jejunojejunostomy and distal portion of the bilopancreatic limb. En bloc resection of the mass and the Roux limb was required, as well as reconstruction of the Roux-en-Y anatomy. This case describes a unique, long-term complication of bariatric surgery, in light of a growing population of patients with altered gastric anatomy.
Jesus at Fifty: Irenaeus on John 8:57 and the Age of Jesus
Authors: White Devin L
Published: December 2019

Irenaeus’s reading of John 8:57, especially his conclusion that Jesus was approximately 50 at the time of his crucifixion, is well known. While secondary scholarship typically explains Irenaeus’s exegesis of this text with reference to his possible sources or his doctrine of recapitulation, this study looks to his broader religious context. A similar argument from Mekhilta de-Rabbi Ishmael suggests that Jesus’ age is relevant to ancient discussions of religious conversion. Just as Abraham’s circumcision at 99 made room for all proselytes under that age, so too the Irenaean Jesus has passed through every stage of life, enabling persons of any age to join Irenaeus’s church.
A Historical Perspective on the Development of Mechanical Circulatory Support Devices
Authors: Frazier O. H.
Published: December 2019

With any historical account, the perspective varies, depending on which part of the historical context the author participated in. The same can be said for the history of the development of mechanical circulatory support devices. This chapter is documented through the eyes of one of the few surgeons who has been an active participant from the beginning, based on more than 50 years of personal experience in both experimental and clinical work in Houston, Texas, at the Baylor College of Medicine and the Texas Heart Institute. There are many facets to this worldwide race, which spans more than a half century, to replace the anatomical structure itself, or at least the physiological function of this anatomical organ that defines life from death.
Psychosocial Assessment of Patients Considered for Mechanical Circulatory Support
Authors: Price Jenessa S. , Zanowski Stephanie C.
Published: December 2019

Psychosocial assessment is important in evaluating patients for mechanical circulatory support (MCS) for both destination therapy and bridge to transplant. This chapter describes assessments for mental health and substance use, as well as for characterizing social history and overall emotional functioning. It reviews the literature on the psychosocial risks and outcomes among patients being considered for MCS and identifies additional psychological evaluations of interest. It describes a model for assessing and treating these patients that incorporates a mental health clinic dedicated to supporting the MCS-transplant team. Finally, the chapter discusses the challenges in determining MCS candidacy in patients with marked psychosocial risk factors and offers some recommendations for practice.
Selecting Children for Mechanical Circulatory Support
Authors: Aganga Devon O. , Van Dorn Charlotte S. , Johnson Jonathan N.
Published: December 2019

Mechanical circulatory support (MCS) has become a critical tool for managing children with impending respiratory and cardiac failure. Although extracorporeal membrane oxygenation was classically the only form of support available for children, ventricular assist devices (VADs) are increasingly used in children. Common indications for MCS include an inability to oxygenate or ventilate that progresses to respiratory failure and cardiac failure secondary to anatomic abnormalities or primary myocardial failure. The most common contraindication for MCS is death in the near future. This contraindication may include patients with other fatal systemic diseases, patients at high risk of bleeding, or extreme prematurity. Important recent advances in VAD technology include the introduction of the Berlin Heart EXCOR device, as well as the successful use of devices for adults (e.g., the Heartmate and Heartware VADs) in larger children. Although outcomes of VAD support in children have been promising, further studies of smaller and clinically more complex children are required.
Anesthesia
Authors: Plambeck Christopher J. , Loushin Michael K. , Sweeney Michael F.
Published: December 2019

The anesthetic care of the left ventricular assist device (LVAD) recipient presents to the anesthesiologist a unique set of challenges which must be skillfully managed for the successful completion of this complex surgical procedure. The anesthesiologist must perform a thorough preoperative evaluation and carefully assess the patient’s cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, and hepatic systems. Special consideration to the risk of post-implantation right ventricular (RV) dysfunction is critical. In patients with advanced heart failure, a well-formulated anesthetic management plan must be developed to provide adequate anesthesia while at the same time preventing hemodynamic deterioration. The performance of a comprehensive transesophageal echocardiogram study is essential for identifying potential issues that may need to be addressed during the surgery. The post-cardiopulmonary bypass period is fraught with several challenges which the anesthesiologist must address, such as RV dysfunction or failure, vasoplegia, and coagulopathy. The transition of care to the ICU is facilitated by the application of a standardized checklist to ensure that all critical information is conveyed to the critical care providers. The anesthesiologist also frequently provides care for the LVAD patient undergoing a non-cardiac surgery or procedure. A careful preoperative evaluation and a thorough understanding of the technology and physiology of the LVAD patient is essential to the development of a safe and sensible anesthetic management plan.
Perfusion Considerations
Authors: Scott Phillip , Riley Jeffrey
Published: December 2019

The effects of hemodilution during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) negatively impact a patient’s hemodynamic and coagulopathic states throughout all operative stages and into the postoperative care environment. Decisions by the surgical team to minimize fluid administration prove beneficial, and combining contemporary perfusion circuit prime reduction techniques, such as body mass index (BMI) correction, venous autologous priming (VAP), retrograde autologous priming (RAP), and antegrade prime displacement, greatly enables efforts of maintaining proper colloidal osmotic pressures (COP) while maximizing delivery of oxygen (DO2) during CPB. Adjuncts such as ultrafiltration (UF), use of vacuum assist venous drainage (VAVD), hyper-osmotic/oncotic solutions administration, and proportional volume replacement better prepare a patient for post-bypass management. Minimizing hemodilution tools facilitates transition onto mechanical circulatory support (MCS) devices such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and/or right or left ventricular assist device (RVAD/LVAD). Avoiding heparin rebound and dilutional coagulopathy in the intensive care unit further prevents additional blood product transfusions.
The Less-Invasive (Lateral) Approach to Left Ventricular Device Implantation
Authors: McGee Edwin C.
Published: December 2019

Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) are a well-established therapy for patients with end-stage heart failure, either as a bridge to transplantation or as long-term destination therapy. With the advent of continuous flow pumps, LVAD implantation has become standardized. The 30-day surgical mortality in standard-risk patients approaches that of conventional cardiac surgery in experienced centers. Intermediate survival rates approximate that of heart transplantation. Less-invasive approaches have been devised to further decrease implant and explant morbidity. This chapter summarizes less-invasive LVAD implantation and discusses the nuances and pitfalls of the surgical technique.
Right Heart Dysfunction
Authors: O’Brien Renee L. Kursel
Published: December 2019

Right ventricular failure (RVF) is the Achilles heel in determining the success or failure of treating patients with congestive heart failure with use of an LVAD alone. The rate of RVF following LVAD implantation ranges from 10%–40% and when present impacts the survival significantly. Efforts to optimize the hemodynamics preoperatively, coupled with efficient and precise surgical techniques during implantation, can reduce the rate of RVF. Overall survival is improved with early recognition of need for RV support and immediate institution of a temporary RVAD, rather than delaying until signs of multi-organ failure appear.
Arrhythmia/Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation
Authors: Kapa Suraj
Published: December 2019

Ventricular tachycardia ablation is a mainstay of treatment for patients with structural heart disease and ventricular arrhythmias but is often compromised by hemodynamic collapse. The decision on when, whether, and what to use for hemodynamic support depends on the clinical situation, the patient’s comorbidities, and the availability of appropriate equipment and staffing. Depending on the clinical situation, a specific circulatory support device might be optimal, as certain ones may impact approach to the procedure. While there is a paucity of data supporting routine use of circulatory support during cardiac ablation, in specific cases there may be utility due to the patient’s baseline status. Other considerations include the use of hemodynamic support during surgical ablation and in the peri-ablation period. This chapter reviews the indications for use, a structured clinical decision-making approach, and the different types of hemodynamic support available for use during ventricular arrhythmia ablation.
Cardiac and Physical Rehabilitation
Authors: Van Iterson Erik H. , Olson Thomas P.
Published: December 2019

Cardiac and physical rehabilitation featuring exercise training (ET) is an important component of secondary prevention. Patients with advanced heart failure (HF) and dependent on mechanical circulatory support (MCS) who participate in cardiac and physical rehabilitation demonstrate physiological adaptations and improvements in exercise capacity and prognosis. Immediate post-implant and long-term engagement in ET works to strengthen central and peripheral oxygen-dependent metabolic pathways as a primary means for which clinical and real-world benefits are gained. Accordingly, this chapter presents (1) a contemporary review of the role that cardiac and physical rehabilitation plays in HF and MCS; (2) discussion focused on the importance of understanding exercise physiology as the basis for ET; (3) evidence-based recommendations for deploying safe and individualized ET in the immediate- to long-term postoperative window; and (4) identification of key research areas focused on MCS and secondary prevention needed to advance the mechanistic understanding of the benefit linked to ET, to gain universal support for cardiac and physical rehabilitation, and to improve patient utilization of cardiac and physical rehabilitation.
A socio-historical account of work: Change, continuity, and the consequences
Authors: Calnan Michael , Douglass Tom
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores key sociological questions about what work looks like in the twenty-first century in Britain and argues that while changes in the form, experience, and understanding of work might in some ways be significant, they are in the main, partial and piecemeal. We begin with a brief review of the consequences of industrialization and the organization of work in industrial societies. Following this, the chapter devotes particular attention to developments from the 1970s onwards, exploring the end of the ‘golden age’ of work and factors shaping the face of work in the final decades of the twentieth century. The chapter then discusses the contemporary nature of employment in the twenty-first century, exploring, for example, the rise of the precariat, the impacts of complex technologies and automation, home working, and longer working lives. Finally, the implications of changes in the nature of work for disease, illness, and health are addressed.
Workers with occupational pain
Authors: Verbeek Jos
Published: December 2019

Occupational pain is pain caused by occupational activities. Most pain that is labelled occupational originates in the musculoskeletal system, for instance occupational back pain and upper limb pain. The additional diagnosis ‘occupational’ is important for treatment, prevention, and compensation. Workplace interventions such as ergonomic improvements can resolve pain or prevent pain in workers. However, studies of prevention of back pain and prevention of upper limb pain do not show major effects. Changes in working life such as the advent of computers have led to an increase in occupational pain. Preventive ergonomic improvements probably have effectively reduced these increases since then. Better evaluation of ergonomic intervention as part of treatment is needed. For prevention, studies with large numbers of participants are needed. Regulation should be more flexible and be adaptive to progress in science.
Lives lived longer: Chronic pain, subjective well-being, and occupation
Authors: Eccleston Christopher
Published: December 2019

We are living longer. Later life for many will be characterized by learning to live with pain, and how to live well despite pain. Theories of adjustment are reviewed with a focus on the dual process model of coping, which puts all attempts at coping with adversity within in a developmental and ageing framework. Examples of how one comes to negotiate what is possible, desirable, achievable, and allowable in later life occupation are explored. Finally, a consideration of this new age is discussed with its implications for identity and for social change.
The Global Burden of Breast Cancer in Women
Authors: Soerjomataram Isabelle , Allemani Claudia , Voogd Adri , Siesling Sabine
Published: December 2019

Abstract: Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of death from cancer in women. The number of women diagnosed with breast cancer world-wide is projected to increase from an estimated 1.7 million per year in 2012 to 2.2 million new cases per year by 2035. The largest component of this increase relates to demographic change (increasing and ageing populations), changes in breast cancer risk factors linked to westernization, and adoption of unhealthy lifestyles. Although major successes have been observed in improving survival from breast cancer, with a consequent reduction in mortality, these gains have mainly been observed in high-income countries. The international range in population-based survival also remains wide: the most recent 5-year net survival estimates range from <60% in some regions of sub-Saharan Africa to >85% in many high-income countries. These disparities are undoubtedly linked to inadequate access to diagnostic and treatment facilities in low-resource regions, where the number of women being diagnosed each year is still increasing and breast cancer is becoming an urgent problem. Tackling the growing burden of breast cancer will require comprehensive programmes of cancer control, with primary prevention, screening, and treatment tailored to local risk factors and health system capacities. Ongoing global initiatives on breast cancer have developed resource-stratified guidelines to promote early detection and treatment that meet the local cultural and economic situation. Wider adoption and quality assurance of such programmes will be key to reducing the observed global disparities in breast cancer incidence and survival.
Primary Care
Authors: Kriel Inge , de Bock Geertruida , Siesling Sabine , Berendsen Annette
Published: December 2019

Abstract: Primary care physicians play a vitally important role in care and in the management of patients with breast cancer in any setting, but their contribution is especially valuable in a developing country setting. Communication between the family physician and the specialist ensures holistic patient management. Whereas the specialist focuses on management of the breast cancer, the generalist assesses and manages the complex interplay between pre-existing chronic medical conditions and the breast cancer. The biopsychosocial model is the cornerstone of general practice. The primary care physician plays an important role in managing breast cancer patients in all phases of the disease: prediagnosis, diagnosis, during treatment, after-treatment survivorship care, care for the elderly, and palliative care.
A Global Perspective on Cooperation
Authors: Cardoso Fatima , de Azambuja Evandro , Schwartsmann Gilberto , Kotecki Nuria , Demey Wim , Teixeira Luis , Verhoeven Didier , Brain Etienne , Awada Ahmad
Published: December 2019

Abstract: Breast cancer research is resource intensive, and therefore many international and national breast cancer networks have been created. Some of these are mentioned in this chapter, the most important being the Breast International Group and North American Breast Cancer Groups. The success of these networks depends on many factors, among which a good model of clinical research collaboration is essential, as is being able to cope with recent developments in molecular biology. Publicly and privately supported clinical studies around the world can be explored via ClinicalTrials.gov. There, the evolution of breast cancer research in 205 countries can be observed, including the emergence of Asia in this field. Looking forward, better international regulation of trials is needed.
Moving from a ‘One Size Fits All’ to Personalized Follow-Up in Breast Cancer Survivors—Connecting Patient-Reported Outcomes with Economic Considerations
Authors: Dirksen Carmen , Kimman Merel , Joore Manuela , Boersma Liesbeth
Published: December 2019

Abstract: In the Netherlands, two studies were performed to investigate the effectiveness of several alternative follow-up strategies in terms of patient-reported outcomes (health-related quality of life and satisfaction), and to address economic considerations in breast cancer follow-up care. This chapter describes the economic evaluation of four follow-up strategies after breast cancer treatment. As such, it provides an example of the application of economic methods to evaluate the relative value of breast cancer care. Whereas economic evaluation is outcome-focused, the process of care delivery is also a major determinant of patient value. Insight into patients’ preferences for outcome and process is crucial in order to tailor care to individual patients’ needs. Therefore, in a second study, patients’ preferences for the process of care delivery were evaluated.
Perspective from Latin America
Authors: Cazap Eduardo , Schwartsmann Gilberto
Published: December 2019

Abstract: A lack of epidemiological data and political commitment was the conclusion of a study about breast cancer in Latin America. The available data show a 5-year survival rate in Latin America fluctuating around 70%. Healthcare coverage is expanding, although not across all dimensions. There remain vast differences in access to care. The economic burden is significant, while countries allocate insufficient resources to tackle the disease. Many Latin American countries (LACs) have no formal national cancer control programmes in place to define the critical processes. Guidelines exists, but the challenge is implementation. A big issue in LACs is the having in place the right policies and control mechanisms to ensure compliance and applicability for the entire population.