bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Espaço e Teatralidade na Minissérie “Hoje é Dia de Maria”
 [Sylvia Nemer]
Authors: Repertório Teatro & Dança Periódico
Published: April 2018

A relação entre cultura popular, teatro e expressão audiovisual é o tema do presente texto, interessado em discutira questão do uso do espaço teatral na minissérie "Hoje é dia deMaria", obra profundamente marcada, segundo termos de Paul Zumthor, por uma "intenção de teatro" (ZUMTHOR, 2007).
Prise en compte des enjeux esthétiques et de santé en danse contemporaine professionnelle: paroles de chorégraphes, interprètes et répétieurs
 [Sylvie Fortin]
Authors: Teatro & Dança REPERTÓRIO:
Published: April 2018

Dans cet article, j’aborde comment la santé est négociée selon plusieurs aspects de la pratique professionnelle de la danse. Alors que plusieurs chorégraphes, en sous-texte de leurs oeuvres, dénoncent des injustices humaines, nous pourrions escompter une considération de la santé et du bien-être des artistes qui donnent corps à ce regard sur le monde. Nos résultats d’entrevues auprès d’une quarantaine de chorégraphes, répétiteurs et interprètes professionnels s’apparentent toutefois à ceux d’autres études en regard de la passion et de la vocation souvent évoquées pour expliquer les atteintes corporelles auxquelles consentent les artistes. Ces derniers sont même parfois fort résistants à de nouvelles façons de penser et de vivre leur art. De nos entrevues est clairement apparu un discours dominant axé sur la préséance de l’oeuvre et le dépassement des limites corporelles. Si la danse contemporaine est née en réaction au codes du ballet, elle continue à perpétuer une culture du silence face aux souffrances physiques et à la détresse psychologique des interprètes.
Warwick Long: articulando Feldenkrais nas artes cênicas
 [Melina Scialom]
Authors: Teatro & Dança REPERTÓRIO:
Published: April 2018

Warwick Long, neozelandês e atual professor da Université du Québec em Montreal e Concordia University no Canadá, esteve no Brasil durante os Seminários Transculturais em Teatro e Dança para ministrar workshops envolvendo sua prática com o Método Feldenkrais. Durante dois dias, as aulas abertas à comunidade participante do evento trouxeram um pouco do que é possível criar e trabalhar com base no Método de Educação Somática desenvolvido por Moshé Feldenkrais.
Atravesando los marcos escénicos: contaminaciones y liminalidades
[Ileana Diéguez]
Authors: Repertório Teatro & Dança
Published: April 2018

Comentase las crisis de las disciplinas artísticas y del teatro mismo, que en el siglo veinte, con creaciones "intermedias", ubicadas en la línea divisoria entre dos o más formas, han modificado la concepción del espacio escénico y la propia concepción de los elementos que integran la dimensión teatral, acciones dentro y fuera del arte, que son formasde revulsión realizadas más allá de las taxonomías genéricas; prácticas éticas que se configuran a través de determinada forma estética.

 

Comments on the crisis in arts and theater itself, which in the twentieth century, with creations "intermedia", located on the dividing line between two or more forms, have changed the conception of theatrical space and the very concept of theatre: actions inside and outside of art; forms of revulsion carried out beyond generic taxonomies; ethical practices that are configured through a particular aesthetic form.
Epistemologias não-cartesianas na interface artes-humanidades
[Denise Coutinho, Eleonora C. da Motta Santos]
Authors: Repertório Teatro & Dança
Published: April 2018

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar resultados de três anos de trabalho sobre o desenvolvimento de modelos epistemo-metodológicos não-cartesianos para pesquisas em artes e humanidades na universidade. Uma questão norteou esta investigação: A pesquisa acadêmica necessitaria ter como referenciais modos consagrados pela cientificidade para apresentar- se rigorosa em seus objetos, métodos, questões, objetivos e finalidades? Nosso trajeto busca apontar, na história do pensamento ocidental, as bases para o que viria a vingar, no século 17, como modelo da constituição das ciências modernas com a cisão artes x ciências, não existente até então. Em seguida, apresentamos alguns pensadores que, entre o final do século 19 e todo o século 20, produziram importantes quebras no edifício cartesiano, com destaque para Sigmund Freud e alguns conceitos psicanalíticos. Por fim, apostamos que a presença da cultura artística na universidade é tão irreversível quanto a presença, já bastante estabelecida, das ciências, das humanidades, da tecnologia. A singularidade do fazer artístico, refletida em seus processos e objetos, impõe estudos e desenvolvimento de métodos coerentes com tais investigações.
The aim of this paper is to present the result of over three years working on the development of models epistemo-methodological non-Cartesian for research in the arts and humanities in the university environment. One question guided this endeavor: should academic research have as reference methods laid down by science in order to be rigorous regarding objects, methods, issues, goals and purposes? Our path search point to the history of Western thought, the basis for what came to succeed in the 17th century as a model of the constitution of modern sciences, with the arts versus sciences divide, which did not exist until then. Next, we introduce some thinkers that since late 19th century and throughout the 20th century produced major breaks in the Cartesian building, especially Sigmund Freud and some of psychoanalytical concepts. Finally, we bet that the presence of the arts at the University is as irreversible as the presence, already well established, of sciences, humanities and technology. The uniqueness of artistic making, reflected in its processes and objects, requires study and development of methods consistent with such investigations.
"Modos de fazer" na dança do Brasil: quatro traçados
[Cássia Navas]
Authors: Repertório Teatro & Dança
Published: April 2018

Fruto de encontro do GT Pesquisa de Dança no Brasil: processos e investigações, da Abrace - Associação Brasileira de Pesquisa e Pós-Graduação em Artes Cênicas, realizado em São Paulo em 2004, o presente texto reúne quatro depoimentos de artistas-pesquisadores-professores da dança do Brasil sobre arte e metodologias de criação e ensino ancoradas em trajetórias individuais.

Result of a meeting of the work group Survey of Dance in Brazil: processes and investigations, as a part of Abrace - Brazilian Association for Research and Graduate Studies in Performing Arts, held in São Paulo in 2004, that brings together four testimonials from artists-researchersteachers of dance in Brazil, about art and creating and teaching methodologies anchored in individual trajectories.
A prática teatral na Escola de Teatro da UFBA
[Hebe Alves]
Authors: Repertório Teatro & Dança
Published: April 2018

Este artigo discute a dinâmica da conexão entre ensino, pesquisa e extensão como uma conseqüência lógica do processo de formação do artista de Teatro no ambiente acadêmico. Com o intuito de esclarecer os modos dessa tríplice articulação, expõe uma visão panorâmica dos pressupostos da criação artística no campo teatral. Apresenta também algumas estratégias metodológicas empregadas na condução do processo de aprendizagem e suas implicações na montagem didática, elemento fundamental do projeto peda-gógico da Escola de Teatro da UFBA, em sua vertente teórico-prática. Através da exposição dos procedimentos e dificuldades para a concretização de um projeto de encena- ção no âmbito acadêmico, coloca-se a necessidade de sistematização/registro de realização dos projetos artísticos dos professores-encenadores. O relato do processo criativo de um espetáculo de formatura mostra, de forma evidente, a conexão ensino-pesquisa-extensão articulada no interior da disciplina TEA 237 - Desempenho de Papéis II (Turma 02), com a encenação do espetáculo de formatura InSônia, produzido a partir da adaptação do texto Valsa nº 6, do dramaturgo Nelson Rodrigues.

This article discusses the dynamics of the connection between teaching, research, and extension as a logical consequence of a theater actor's formation process in the academic environment. In order to clarify the modes of this triple conjunction, we expose an overview of the conditions of artistic creation in Theater. We also present some methodological strategies of teaching used in conducting the learning process and its implications for the didactic staging, a key element of the education program in our undergraduate studies, in both theoretical and practical aspects. By exposing the procedures and difficulties in the implementation of a project in the academic scenario, we point to the need for systematic documentation of achievements in the artistic projects of teacher-directors. The creative process report of an undergraduate's final work clearly shows the connection between teaching, research, and extension articulated within the discipline TEA 237 - Role Performance II (Class 02), with the staging of the undergraduation show Insomnia, adapted from the text Waltz nº 6, written by brazilian playwright Nelson Rodrigues.
AS FARSAS DE PIOLIN: ENTRE O GROTESCO E A CONTEMPORANEIDADE
 [Walter de Sousa Junior]
Authors: Repertório Teatro & Dança
Published: April 2018

O circo-teatro, presente na paisagem urbana de São Paulo em todo o século XX, constituiu-se em espetáculo popular baseado na hibridização cultural, com elementos da cultura erudita e da cultura de massa. Piolin e suas comédias de picadeiro encenadas entre 1933 e 1960 são exemplo desse fenômeno cultural.

The circus-theater, that could be seen at São Paulo’s urban landscape throughout twentieth century, constituted itself in a form of popular performance based in the cultural hybridization, with elements from learned culture and mass culture. Piolin and his circus comedies staged between 1933 and 1960 are examples of this cultural phenomenon.
NOVA TEATROLOGIA E PERFORMANCE STUDIES: QUESTÕES PARA UM DIÁLOGO
 [Marco De Marinis]
Authors: Repertório Teatro & Dança
Published: April 2018

Este artigo trata da “nova teatrologia”(neue Theaterwissenschaft), uma teatrologia pós-semiológica, pluridisciplinar e com caráter experimental, no sentido que nesta é considerado indispensável o trabalho em campo, isto é, uma relação de grande aproximação, até mesmo de intimidade, com o trabalho artístico. A nova teatrologia consiste no fato de que esta não tem como objeto teórico os produtos espetaculares, ou seja, os espetáculos, mas sim os processos teatrais, produtivos, receptivos, etc., isto é, aqueles processos que fundam, permeiam e constituem os espetáculos.

This article deals with the "new theatrology" (neue Theaterwissenschaft), a post-semiotic theatrology, multidisciplinary and with experimental nature, which has the field work or experiencing work considered as indispensable, namely is a relationship of close interaction, and even of intimacy with the artwork. The new theatrology doesn’t have the spectacular products (in other words, the presentation) as theoretical objective, but the theatrical process, productive, receptive, etc.., so that are those processes that establish, permeate and constitute the presentations.
ENTREVISTA COM GEORGE LAYSSON
 [por Angela de Castro Reis]
Authors: Repertório Teatro & Dança
Published: April 2018

Entrevista realizada em 1989 com George Laysson, instrutor da Escola Nacional de Circo (RJ), na qual o domador discorre sobre sua história de vida e sua experiência profissional. Além da análise de diferentes modalidades de treinamento¸ destaca-se o profundo conhecimento de Laysson sobre psicologia animal.

Interview conducted in 1989 with George Laysson, instructor at the Escola Nacional de Circo (National Circus School), in Rio de Janeiro, where the tamer discusses his life story and his professional experience. Besides the analysis of different training modalities, it is emphasized the profound knowledge of Laysson about animal psychology.
O papel do docente no jogo do faz de conta infantil durante a rotina em sala de aula
Authors: De Bom Francine Costa , Da Silveira Vanessa Da Silva
Published: April 2018

O jogo do faz de conta apresenta-se como uma característica peculiar à infância. O objetivo do estudo foi compreender o papel do docente durante os jogos do faz de conta realizados por 50 crianças entre 4 e 5 anos de idade, durante a rotina em sala de aula. Sob o método de observação participante, durante uma semana numa escola pública e uma semana numa escola privada, ambas com o acompanhamento minucioso de 25 crianças em cada turma, e com o auxílio do registro de um diário de campo, foi possível concluir que, o adulto na figura do professor exerce uma interferência externa que pode engendrar três atitudes diferentes durante a vivência dos jogos do faz de conta: (1) o docente entra no jogo sob a regra do mesmo e nutre o faz de conta, ampliando as possibilidades de ações dialógicas entre as crianças e assumindo o papel nutridor positivo, (2) o docente pode exercer o papel de finalizador do jogo em virtude do cumprimento da rotina escolar, e (3) o docente encerra o jogo por livre e espontânea vontade, assumindo novamente o papel de finalizador do jogo. Ressalta-se que esses papéis se mesclam ao longo da rotina escolar, não assumindo caráter unilateral, embora o papel de finalizador do jogo tenha sido o de maior frequência no registro de campo.
Vaccination
Authors: Kennedy Richard
Published: April 2018

Immunisation is the process of introducing material into a host in order to elicit a protective response by the immune system. The material used in the vaccine is typically derived from a pathogenic microorganism that is modified in some way so that it does not cause disease. This material contains antigens (i.e. molecules recognised by lymphocytes). After immunisation, the T and B lymphocytes capable of recognising the material in the vaccine become activated, differentiate into effector cells and act to remove the antigens from the body. Activated B cells begin to produce antibody and eventually become long‐lived memory B cells that migrate to the bone marrow and continue to secrete antibody. Activated T cells recognise and destroy infected cells and can also develop into long‐lived memory T cells. On subsequent exposure to the same pathogen (and antigens), the memory response is quicker and far stronger than a primary response. It is this memory response that protects the host from disease.

Key Concepts

Vaccines have saved more lives than any other medical invention.

Vaccines simulate a real infection so that the immune system can develop a protective response against a specific pathogen.

Vaccination provides long‐lived immunologic memory so that the immune response during a subsequent exposure to a pathogen is more rapid and much stronger.

Protective immunity is a complex process that differs for each pathogen.

While orders of magnitude safer than the diseases they prevent, vaccines may cause side effects.
Immunity to Fungi
Authors: Michalski Christina , Sadarangani Manish , Lavoie Pascal M
Published: April 2018

Fungi are microorganisms that are ubiquitous in the environment. To establish themselves in the host, they employ a broad variety of virulence strategies. Fungi are an important source of morbidity in humans. However, despite millions of species, only about a hundred cause disease, owing to a remarkable collaboration of the innate and adaptive immune systems. In individuals who have immunocompromised cellular immunity, fungi readily cause invasive disease. Our knowledge of how the immune system prevents invasive fungal disease has been greatly aided by the study of acquired or inherited immune defects. However, much remains to be known in order to improve our ability to treat fungal infections, and our ability to control endemic disease in many areas of the world remains limited, warranting more research towards immunomodulatory interventions.

Key Concepts

Fungi readily colonise the environment including our skin and mucosal surfaces.

Invasive fungal infections largely occur in individuals with impaired immunity, although infections are endemic in many areas of the world in immunocompetent hosts.

T cells and neutrophils are essential in preventing invasive fungal disease.

In immunocompromised hosts, fungi frequently cause disease by direct invasion, and also indirectly (i.e. through exaggerated host immune responses).

Fungal infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide.
Babesiosis
Authors: Mamoun Choukri B , Allred David R
Published: April 2018

Babesia
spp. are protozoan parasites defining separate lineages in the Apicomplexa phylum and phylogenetically closely related to
Theileria
, and less closely to
Plasmodium
species. These parasites are transmitted primarily by ticks to a wide range of domestic and wild animals as well as humans, where they develop within the host red blood cells to cause the pathological symptoms associated with babesiosis. The widespread distribution of these parasites throughout the world, their recognition as emerging pathogens and the major economic and health impacts of babesiosis have stimulated major research efforts to understand the basic biology, pathogenesis, evolution and transmission patterns of these organisms.

Key Concepts

Babesia
spp. parasites are the causative agents of babesiosis in wild and domestic animals, as well as humans.

Babesia
spp. are transmitted by ticks to mammals and birds, and reproduce asexually within host red blood cells.

Babesiosis has major health and economic impacts.

There are over 100 species of
Babesia
parasites, with several known to cause disease in humans.

Babesia spp. belong to at least two distinct branches, with one capable of transovarial transmission and the other only of transstadial transmission.
Palaeoecology
Authors: Seppä Heikki
Published: April 2018

The basis of palaeoecological research is to use the fossil remains preserved in sedimentary deposits to investigate the origin, history and long‐term dynamics of taxa, populations, communities and ecosystems. Palaeoecological data and methods can be also be used for reconstructing past climates and other environmental factors. Palaeoecological records can extend from years to millions of years and can therefore be used for testing the hypotheses of neo‐ecology and biogeography under environmental conditions different and more extreme than present in the modern Earth. Palaeoecology provides often the only means to investigate species macro‐ and microevolutionary patterns or rates of speciation and extinction, and slow ecological processes, such as the rise and fall of ecosystems and biomes, species adaptation or migration, and population growth or decline rates. Palaeoecological records provide also unique insights for identifying the ancestry and naturalness of modern ecosystems, and are increasingly recognised as important sources of baseline information in ecosystem management.

Key Concepts

Palaeoecological research is based on studying various types of fossils preserved in sedimentary deposits.

Palaeoecological records can reach as far back as ecosystems have existed.

Palaeoecology is a synthetic field of science, integrating concepts and techniques of biology and geology.

Niche conservatism is one of the key issues in palaeoecology and the underlying principle in the use of fossil data in environmental reconstructions.

Palaeoecological records provide opportunities to investigate whether the ecological hypotheses about the species and ecosystems response patterns have been valid during the extreme changes and disturbances in the geological history.

In environmental reconstructions, the fossil assemblages are used to provide quantitative data about the past climatic or other environmental conditions.

Natural background conditions in biodiversity conservation, ecosystem management and restoration plans can be determined using palaeoecological data.
Transcriptomics and Proteomics: Integration?
Authors: Ludvigsen Maja , Honoré Bent
Published: April 2018

The protein‐coding genes are transcribed to premessenger ribonucleic acid (pre‐mRNA), further processed to messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and finally translated into protein through several regulated steps. Proteins may be further processed and modified posttranslationally and may interact with each other in complexes. The transcriptome constitutes the complete set of all RNA molecules, coding and noncoding, and the proteome refers to the complete set of proteins that is expressed in an organelle, cell type or tissue under a specific set of conditions. The transcriptome is studied with transcriptomics, a set of high‐throughput methods giving information on sequence and abundance of transcripts. The proteome is studied with proteomics, a set of techniques developed to approach a high‐throughput level providing identification of proteins, their expression levels and posttranslational modifications. The two disciplines each provide unique information and supplement each other, and changes in transcript levels may not necessarily correspond to similar changes in protein levels.

Key Concepts

Differential expression transcriptomics is used to analyse fold‐changes of transcripts (mRNA) between groups of comparable samples using DNA array technology.

Bottom‐up proteomics is used to identify and quantify proteins in complex samples after digesting with an enzyme, usually trypsin, before mass spectrometry analysis.

Top‐down proteomics is used to analyse proteins by mass spectrometry without enzymatic digestion.

Differential expression proteomics is used to analyse protein fold‐changes between groups of comparable samples.

Interactomics is used to map physical and functional protein–protein interactions (PPI) based on a wide variety of approaches, including biochemical and biophysical techniques as well as bioinformatics.
Nonsense Mutations Causing Inherited Diseases: Therapeutic Approaches
Authors: Bidou Laure , Allamand Valérie
Published: April 2018

Nonsense mutations are single nucleotide variations within the coding sequence of a gene that result in a premature termination codon (PTC). The occurrence of such PTCs most often leads to a complete loss of protein function and a reduction in messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels due to the nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay (NMD), a cellular surveillance mechanism that triggers selective degradation of mutant transcripts. Therapeutic approaches to circumvent the consequences of nonsense mutations may act at different levels: (1) the genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) by replacing the defective gene; (2) the mRNA by inducing the excision of the mutation‐bearing exon during splicing, or by inhibiting the NMD‐associated degradation and (iii) the protein by suppressing the premature termination of translation using transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA) suppressors or drugs inducing readthrough. Indeed, a combination of these approaches may be necessary, and it is most likely that they will lead to a mutation‐specific, personalised medicine.

Key Concepts

Nonsense mutations may lead to loss or gain of function pathological mechanisms.

Premature termination codons (PTCs) resulting from nonsense mutations trigger transcript degradation through the nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay (NMD) mechanism.

Mutant mRNA escaping NMD lead to the synthesis of truncated proteins potentially deleterious.

Skipping of nonsense mutation‐bearing exons can be induced by antisense oligonucleotides and leads to internally deleted proteins that retain some functionality.

tRNA suppressors enable the reintroduction of a ‘sense’ amino acid and the translation of the full‐length protein by competing with the termination factor eRF1.

Drug‐induced readthrough of PTCs may allow synthesis of full‐length functional proteins.

Synergetic action between NMD inhibitors and readthrough inducers may potentialise reexpression of full‐length proteins with restored functionality.

Therapeutic approaches will most likely be mutation and disease specific.
Digital Divide, Global
Authors: Warf Barney
Published: April 2018

This entry begins by defining the digital divide and summarizing its social implications. It then displays the geographies of the global divide, noting the very rapid growth of the Internet in the early twenty‐first century, which has diminished the divide's severity. It then proceeds to touch upon a series of issues surrounding the digital divide, including urban–rural differentials in Internet access, the implications for e‐government, the broadband divide, government policies to mitigate it, and the role of cybercafes. The concluding paragraphs warn against unwarranted cyberoptimism, noting that social and spatial inequalities in access are unlikely to disappear soon.
Food Safety
Authors: Wertheim‐Heck Sigrid
Published: April 2018

Food safety, which regards the basic human right to expect that the foods available are safe for consumption and do not cause foodborne illnesses, is contextually and historically linked to shifting ontologies of uncertainty. It has always been an issue of concern, but the types of food risks, the scale and nature of impacts, and the ways to mitigate and control the risks have markedly changed over the past decades, as have consumers in their ways of handling them. Food safety has become a major social and political issue, driving the emergence and advancement of consumption and food safety in social theory. Being a complex and constantly evolving social phenomenon with many dimensions, rather than merely an analytical category that needs refined definition and consistent use, food safety has become a new distinct and contested area within sociology.
F
ernandes,
F
lorestan (1920–1995)
Authors: Filomeno Felipe Amin
Published: April 2018

Florestan Fernandes (1920–1995) was a Brazilian sociologist and politician. Academically, he was committed to the development of sociology in Brazil and to the study of capitalist modernization in peripheral societies. Fernandes analyzed the transition from colonial to modern society in Brazil in its economic, political, and social aspects. He argued that Brazil had experienced a contradictory and dependent type of bourgeois revolution, which lacked national and democratic content. Politically, Fernandes worked with popular movements and leftist political parties toward the realization of socialism in Latin America.
Femicide
Authors: Giustina Jo‐Ann Della
Published: April 2018

Worldwide there is a culture of violence against women that culminates each year in thousands of women being murdered in the ultimate form of that violence. Intersectional discrimination (gender, class, race) predicts high femicide rates for both black women and white women in urban areas. The higher women's status climbs in society, the more likely it is that (both black and white) women will be murdered, which can be explained by a backlash against the advances women have made in society. However, when gender, race, and class are examined separately, there are significant differences between black women and white women. Greater racial oppression of black women, including economic, social, and political discrimination, and greater class oppression of white women are predictors of higher femicide rates.
In‐Depth Interviews
Authors: Sbalchiero Stefano
Published: April 2018

In‐depth interviewing is a qualitative research technique that involves conducting individual interviews through a discovery‐oriented approach, which allows the interviewer to explore the respondent's point of view and perspectives on a topic. The method involves selecting a number of respondents to explore their perceptions, behaviors, and attitudes regarding a particular idea, issue, or situation. This technique relates to qualitative approaches where standardization is not a requirement and, depending on the research question, the researcher decides on a case‐by‐case basis whether to record different pieces of information and at what level of depth.
New Economy
Authors: Perrucci Carolyn Cummings , Perrucci Robert
Published: April 2018

The new economy refers to forces since the 1970s that are behind the way work is organized and carried out in major industrial economies. This entry focuses on the United States and the impact of three new social conditions. The first is slowed economic growth and increased foreign competition, which lead major corporations to travel the globe in search of markets and new workers to produce their goods and to deliver their services. The second is the government's activist role of drawing up international agreements that, through trade and tax policies, encourage multinational corporations to operate as “stateless” or “homeless” companies. The third is advanced computer‐based production technology and telecommunications, which makes it easier for employers to select and train workers for the job.
Eisenstadt,S.N.(1923–2010)
Authors: Ben‐Rafael Eliezer
Published: April 2018

S.N. Eisenstadt (born in Warsaw on September 10, 1923; died in Jerusalem on September 2, 2010) was a prominent sociologist who left an impressive legacy. Combining theory with empirical research, he studied societies and civilizations, investigating both the making and the unmaking of social orders, and emphasizing the versatility of societal developments. He explored patterns of entrepreneurship, politics, cultural premises, social conflicts, and tensions, and his elaboration of the multiple‐modernities concept views modernity as a plurality of cultural and political programs. Eisenstadt rejected both the “end of history” and the “clash of civilizations” perspectives. He saw in the axial age the formation of crucial ontological conceptions which pulled human agency to modernity. Drawing on Eisenstadt's own dialectical methodology, we remain, though, with the question of what to expect beyond modernities.
Collective Efficacy and Crime
Authors: Maxwell Christopher D.
Published: April 2018

Collective efficacy is a major contemporary concept explaining the influence of neighborhood dynamics on the rate of various crimes within and between neighborhoods or among other socially cohesive units. The collective efficacy concept ascended from earlier theorizing regarding the way in which a neighborhood's static dynamics (e.g., concentrated disadvantage or social organization) can give rise to delinquency and crime. The newest theory of collective efficacy now combines the dynamic processes of social control and social cohesion to explain why more residents in some areas mobilize to intervene in crime. Since its rise to importance in the late 1990s, numerous studies have found a robust relationship between a neighborhood's degree of collective efficacy and crime, as well as the role of collective efficacy in the enhancement of other social groups, such as sport teams. Formal intervention programs have also indelibly relied on these processes to produce positive outcomes.
Community and Media
Authors: Fuller Linda K.
Published: April 2018

This entry defines and describes community media historically, adding numerous global case studies and referencing key organizations. It emphasizes the range of terms that are often associated with the various kinds of media and lists key literature related to the topic. Historical, economic, political, and sociocultural issues abound here. The entry then considers some of the best known organizations: Active Voice Lab, Alliance for Community Media, Alternet, Center for Citizen Media, Center for Media & Social Impact, Communications Initiative Network, Community Media Association, Deep Dish TV, Global Voices, J‐Lab, Media Action Grassroots Network, Media for Development, Panos Institute, Who Makes the News?, World Association of Community Broadcasters, World Association of Communication Radio Broadcasters, and more. Further, Our Media/Nuestros Medios is cited as critical in the field. It ends with this statement: “Whether for educational, entertainment, and/or development purposes, [community media's] role in the mediascape allows for access and empowerment.”
Economic Geography
Authors: Barnes Trevor
Published: April 2018

Anglophone economic geography has been a central component of human geography for the last 150 years. It is concerned with empirically describing and theoretically explaining the relationship between economic activities broadly defined and their varied geographies. Over the last half‐century, it has become a diverse, vibrant, and open discipline, both methodologically pluralist and theoretically ecumenical. It tends towards situated case studies, often urban and regional, using an eclectic range of mid‐level concepts and theories. Major contemporary areas of economic geographical research include: spaces of production and consumption, geographies of labor and work, governance and regulation, finance, biophysical resources and the environment, globalization and development, and diverse (“more than capitalist”) economies.
Facework
Authors: Bakker J.I. (Hans)
Published: April 2018

The concept of “facework” is a common cultural notion that has to do with status and honor. It was articulated in sociology in a new way by Erving Goffman in 1955 in his book
Interaction Ritual
. He provides a “subject–object” model of human symbolic interaction in which individuals interact with other individuals in terms of subjective perceptions. He views this as a universal aspect of all cultures at the micro level. Much of the “work” involved is ritualized ceremonies. A more nuanced version of the idea is presented by other scholars.
Gambling and Sport
Authors: Smith Garry
Published: April 2018

This entry outlines the current global sports‐betting landscape and traces the history of sports‐betting from ancient to modern times. Horse‐racing has long been a popular gambling format, due to the thrill of watching elite equine talent perform and because of technological advancements such as the pari‐mutuel betting system that allows on‐track spectators to view the money bet on each horse and the grand total in the betting pool in real time. The creation of the “point spread,” extensive television coverage, and sports leagues expanding from coast to coast have all spurred an interest in betting on team sports, which has led to a decline in horse‐race wagering. Both legal and illegal sports‐betting are discussed, along with the dearth of legal sports‐betting outlets in North America. Newer sports‐gambling modes such as online betting via offshore Web sites and daily fantasy sports contests are described, and the entry concludes with a discussion on the possibility of changing sports‐betting laws to make the activity more widely available.
Gender, Work, and Family
Authors: Siemieńska Renata
Published: April 2018

Women's participation in activities in the public sphere is accompanied by much slower changes in the private sphere in all countries with different histories and different welfare regimes. Gender inequality persists in both spheres, although increasing levels of education, especially for women, are a factor stimulating changes in both spheres. The creation of conditions for alternative choices between employment and household work as well as between concrete forms of employment makes it possible for employment to adjust to current labor‐market and family demands. In contrast to the stereotype, women tend to attribute the same importance to work as men do. For women, work is a value in itself, even in countries with lower rates of female employment. The family continues to be highly valued and is the main sphere of personal investment for men and women in many countries.
Knowledge Politics
Authors: Grundmann Reiner
Published: April 2018

Knowledge politics, or the politics of knowledge, is a term to describe the relation between knowledge claims and political decision‐making. Scholars have investigated the relative influence of one over the other, the rising impact of knowledge, and the asymmetric relation between the two, which seems to confer power to politics. Knowledge politics denotes the practices of initiating, regulating, and using knowledge in order to justify specific policies. Conceptually, a distinction between knowledge, science, and expertise is required in order to avoid confusion.
LangueandParole
Authors: Bakker J.I. (Hans)
Published: April 2018

Ferdinand de Saussure distinguishes between a “language” (langue) in its structural form and the spoken word (parole). Linguistics studies patterns of communication using an auditory mode, but vocalized sounds in one language are structurally related to sounds in other languages, particularly languages of the same language family. Chomsky makes a similar distinction between “competence” and “performance.” When a native speaker speaks a language, he or she “performs” theparolebut is not necessarily aware of the linguistic structure of that language as a generalized “competence” in the linguistics of thatlangue. It is possible to speak alanguein a grammatically correct manner without any knowledge of the discipline of linguistics in general, or even the application of linguistic rules to that specific language.
M
annheim,
K
arl (1893–1947)
Authors: Kettler David
Published: April 2018

Karl Mannheim's most important contribution to sociology is his exploratory work on the sociology of knowledge. There is a political dimension to his work, but it is increasingly recognized that his efforts bear on continuing problems of the discipline, as witness his constructive engagement with Max Weber's methodology.
Medicine, Sociology of
Authors: Usher Carey L.
Published: April 2018

Sociology of medicine is a label distinguishing the work of the medical sociologist based upon the goals, setting, and disciplinary context of the work. Sociology of medicine uses sociological inquiry to examine the medical system as a social institution, focusing on organizational and professional structure, roles, and values, on functions of medicine, and on the social psychology of health and illness. The sociologist of medicine typically works within an academic setting, using a sociological perspective to study medicine, health, and illness. This distinguishing term was first published by Robert Straus in 1957.
Millenarianism
Authors: Dawson Andrew
Published: April 2018

This article treats millenarianism by first defining its key characteristics. Examples of millenarian movements from past and present are then provided, exemplifying both their organizational diversity and their geographical spread. Systemic marginalization and strategic impotence are subsequently identified as important structural causes, while practical‐symbolic crises such as persecution, social transformation, and natural disaster are noted as key triggers of millenarian activity. The piece closes by detailing a number of narrative tropes through which millenarian discourse valorizes both the community of the faithful and individual adepts.
Playboy
Authors: Beggan James K.
Published: April 2018

Playboy
magazine was founded by Hugh Hefner in December 1953. Although the underlying philosophy of the magazine has been accused of the sexist objectification of women, the magazine presented a progressive attitude toward sexuality during a conservative period in American history.
Playboy
featured nude photographs of women, especially the
Playboy
Playmate, which were complemented with high quality stories and nonfiction.
Playboy
magazine was at its peak popularity in the 1970s, when the monthly circulation was over 7 million copies. The Playboy brand has expanded well beyond the boundaries of the magazine. Although
Playboy
magazine currently sells fewer than 1 million copies bi‐monthly, the company generates over $1 billion a year in revenue from licensing agreements for men's and women's clothing and accessories as well as other products. Given the easy access to sexually explicit material provided by the Internet, some critics feel
Playboy
has lost its cultural significance.
Rational Legal Authority
Authors: Guzmán Sebastián G.
Published: April 2018

Rational legal authority is a concept developed by Max Weber (1864–1920) to explain the stability of domination in modern times, especially in bureaucracies and democracies. A ruler is or has rational legal authority when she is perceived as legitimate by her subjects on the grounds that she has been given rights to issue commands by formal rules or laws. This entry defines the concept in relation to Weber's more general understanding of domination and other types of legitimate domination, explains the usefulness of the concept from a Weberian perspective, and presents some of the main criticisms of the concept.
Residential Segregation
Authors: Arapoglou Vassilis P. , Maloutas Thomas
Published: April 2018

Segregation is a particular residential distribution of the city's population whereby members of a particular population category are not distributed uniformly across space in relation to the rest of the population. Research has focused on groups whose spatial separation was perceived as a social or political problem, such as racial or ethnic minorities, the poor, and the lower categories in established social hierarchies. The levels and patterns of segregation are a spatial configuration of social and ethnic stratification, mediated by national and local institutional arrangements in the allocation of land and housing. Comparisons were initially informed by an evolutionary perspective seeking to identify a common segregation path across cities in different regions of the world. Recent theorizations attempt to understand how historical contingencies and path dependency shape the diverse outcomes of global economic restructuring, rising income inequality, and transnational migration.
Rosenfeld,Rachel (1948–2002)
Authors: Kalleberg Arne L.
Published: April 2018

Rachel Ann Rosenfeld was an American sociologist who studied the influence of social stratification on career and job mobility, and on earnings inequality, particularly for women. Her quantitative empirical research included studies of the US women's movement, women farm workers, work histories of women, academic careers, and differences among work–family policies in advanced industrialized countries.
S
aussure,
F
erdinand
de
(1857–1913)
Authors: Bakker J.I. (Hans)
Published: April 2018

Ferdinand de Saussure is an important linguist and, along with C.S. Peirce, one of the two main contributors to semiotics. His distinction between the signifier and the signified is central. His ideas can be traced back to Neo‐Scholasticism as filtered through Descartes's philosophy. The theory of signification, the idea that a sign is an entirely arbitrary verbal or written phonemic and phonetic device, is attributed to him.
Signs
Authors: Bakker J.I. (Hans)
Published: April 2018

The term “sign” is used in semiotics and hermeneutics as an umbrella (portmanteau) word covering all forms of gestures, ciphers, tokens, marks, indices, and symbols that convey human meaning. There have been many philosophical views expressed in the study of human meaning construction. Some thinkers trace the beginning of human cognition by the earliestHomo sapiensto the use of signs. The earliest religious thinkers emphasized some supernatural indicators of the true nature of reality: they understood “signs” in nature as messages. This led to necromancy and other forms of divination. The Chinese Yi Ching (I Ching) was initially based on the reading of tortoise shells. Victory in battle was often seen as a sign of the whim of the gods or of God's pleasure in ancient times. That which was not understood directly had to be fathomed on the basis of conjecture. Greek physicians utilized somatic signs to diagnose disease. They called this process semeiosis.
Structural and Chemical Changes to CH3NH3PbI3 Induced by Electron and Gallium Ion Beams
Authors: Rothmann Mathias Uller , Li Wei , Zhu Ye , Liu Amelia , Ku Zhiliang , Bach Udo , Etheridge Joanne , Cheng Yi‐Bing
Published: April 2018

Organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites, such as CH3NH3PbI3, have shown highly promising photovoltaic performance. Electron microscopy (EM) is a powerful tool for studying the crystallography, morphology, interfaces, lattice defects, composition, and charge carrier collection and recombination properties at the nanoscale. Here, the sensitivity of CH3NH3PbI3 to electron beam irradiation is examined. CH3NH3PbI3 undergoes continuous structural and compositional changes with increasing electron dose, with the total dose, rather than dose rate, being the key operative parameter. Importantly, the first structural change is subtle and easily missed and occurs after an electron dose significantly smaller than that typically applied in conventional EM techniques. The electron dose conditions under which these structural changes occur are identified. With appropriate dose‐minimization techniques, electron diffraction patterns can be obtained from pristine material consistent with the tetragonal CH3NH3PbI3 phases determined by X‐ray diffraction. Radiation damage incurred at liquid nitrogen temperatures and using Ga+ irradiation in a focused ion beam instrument are also examined. Finally, some simple guidelines for how to minimize electron‐beam‐induced artifacts when using EM to study hybrid perovskite materials are provided.
Copper‐Catalyzed Bora‐Acylation and Bora‐Alkoxyoxalylation of Allenes
Authors: Sawada Ayumi , Fujihara Tetsuaki , Tsuji Yasushi
Published: April 2018

Bora‐acylation of allenes proceeds in the presence of a copper catalyst using B2(pin)2 and carboxylic anhydrides as boron and acyl sources, respectively. The reaction selectively affords the corresponding β‐boryl‐β,γ‐unsaturated ketones in good‐to‐high yields. Bora‐alkoxyoxalylation of an allene is also achieved using oxalates.

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Social networks, cooperative breeding, and the human milk microbiome
Authors: Meehan Courtney L. , Lackey Kimberly A. , Hagen Edward H. , Williams Janet E. , Roulette Jennifer , Helfrecht Courtney , McGuire Mark A. , McGuire Michelle K.
Published: April 2018

Objectives

We present the first available data on the human milk microbiome (HMM) from small‐scale societies (hunter‐gatherers and horticulturalists in the Central African Republic [CAR]) and explore relationships among subsistence type and seasonality on HMM diversity and composition. Additionally, as humans are cooperative breeders and, throughout our evolutionary history and today, we rear offspring within social networks, we examine associations between the social environment and the HMM. Childrearing and breastfeeding exist in a biosocial nexus, which we hypothesize influences the HMM.

Methods

Milk samples from hunter‐gatherer and horticultural mothers (n = 41) collected over two seasons, were analyzed for their microbial composition. A subsample of these women's infants (n = 33) also participated in detailed naturalistic behavioral observations which identified the breadth of infants' social and caregiving networks and the frequency of contact they had with caregivers.

Results

Analyses of milk produced by CAR women indicated that HMM diversity and community composition were related to the size of the mother‐infant dyad's social network and frequency of care that infants receive. The abundance of some microbial taxa also varied significantly across populations and seasons. Alpha diversity, however, was not related to subsistence type or seasonality.

Conclusion

While the origins of the HMM are not fully understood, our results provide evidence regarding possible feedback loops among the infant, the mother, and the mother's social network that might influence HMM composition.