bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new observable for holographic cosmology
Authors: Chakravarty Joydeep , Maloney Alexander , Namjou Keivan , Ross Simon F.
Published: October 2024

Abstract

The double-cone geometry is a saddle of the gravitational path integral, which explains the chaotic statistics of the spectrum of black hole microstates. This geometry is the usual AdS-Schwarzschild black hole, but with a periodic identification of the time coordinate; the resulting singularity at the black hole horizon is regulated by making the geometry slightly complex. Here, we consider generalizations of the double-cone geometry which include the Lorentzian cosmology that sits between the event horizon and the black hole singularity. We analyze this in two and three dimensions, where the cosmology has compact spatial sections and big bang/crunch singularities. These singularities are regulated in the same way by slightly complexifying the metric. We show that this is possible while satisfying the Kontsevich-Segal criterion, implying that these geometries can be interpreted as perturbatively stable saddle points in general relativity. This procedure leads to a novel description of the cosmology in terms of standard observables in the dual boundary CFT. In three dimensions, the cosmological solution gives a new contribution to the two-point function of the density of states in the boundary CFT. Unlike the usual double cone, it describes correlations between black hole microstates with different masses, and in a limit describes correlations between the statistics of heavy states and states near the BTZ threshold.
The Algebraic Entropies of the Leavitt Path Algebra and the Graph Algebra Agree
Authors: Barquero Dolores Martín , Bock Wolfgang , Campos Iván Ruiz , Canto Cristóbal Gil , González Cándido Martín , Sebandal Alfilgen
Published: October 2024

In this note we prove that the algebras $$L_K(E)$$

L
K

(
E
)

and KE have the same entropy. Entropy is always referred to the standard filtrations in the corresponding kind of algebra. The main argument leans on (1) the holomorphic functional calculus; (2) the relation of entropy with suitable norm of the adjacency matrix; and (3) the Cohn path algebras which yield suitable bounds for the algebraic entropies.
Vector-Valued Maximal Inequalities and Multiparameter Oscillation Inequalities for the Polynomial Ergodic Averages Along Multi-dimensional Subsets of Primes
Authors: Mehlhop Nathan
Published: October 2024

We prove uniform $$\ell ^2$$

ℓ
2

-valued maximal inequalities for polynomial ergodic averages and truncated singular operators of Cotlar type modeled over multidimensional subsets of primes. In the averages case, we combine this with earlier one-parameter oscillation estimates (Mehlhop and Słomian in Math Ann, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00208-023-02597-8) to prove corresponding multiparameter oscillation estimates. This provides a fuller quantitative description of the pointwise convergence of the mentioned averages and is a generalization of the polynomial Dunford–Zygmund ergodic theorem attributed to Bourgain (Mirek et al. in Rev Mat Iberoam 38:2249–2284, 2022).
Auswirkungen thermischer Belastungen auf die Gesundheit – eine bundesweite Analyse auf Grundlage von GKV-Routinedaten zwischen 2012–2021
Authors: Augustin Jobst , Hischke Sandra , Hoffmann Peter , Castro Dante , Obi Nadia , Czerniejewski Alice , Dallner Roman , Bouwer Laurens M.
Published: October 2024

Hintergrund

Inwieweit sich mit GKV-Routinedaten Assoziationen von thermischer Belastung und hitzeassoziierten Erkrankungen abbilden lassen, ist unklar. Ziel dieser Untersuchung ist die Analyse des Zusammenhangs zwischen klimatischer Variabilität und hitzeassoziierten Erkrankungen auf Grundlage von Routinedaten.

Methoden

Die Studie basiert auf Abrechnungsdaten (ambulant und stationär) der Betriebskrankenkassen der Jahre 2012–2021 und umfasst circa elf Millionen gesetzlich Krankenversicherte. Berücksichtigt wurden vier hitzeassoziierte ICD-10-Diagnosen: T67 (Schäden durch Hitze und Sonnenlicht), E86 (Volumenmangel), N17 (akutes Nierenversagen) und N19 (Niereninsuffizienz). Die thermischen Bedingungen wurden mittels meteorologischer Variablen quantifiziert. Die Auswertung erfolgte bundeslandspezifisch für die 2. und 3. Quartale (Q2, Q3) mittels deskriptiver Verfahren und Korrelationsanalysen mit Messwiederholungen.

Ergebnisse

Die Jahre 2016, 2018 und 2020 sind mit hohen Temperaturen aufgefallen. Im Vergleich zu Q2 wurde in Q3 im Durchschnitt aller Jahre eine höhere thermische Belastung verzeichnet, einhergehend mit mehr hitzeassoziierten Diagnosen. So sind bundesweit die Diagnosen für T67 (ambulant) mit der Anzahl heißer Tage (rmw = 0,86 (0,81; 0,90)) korreliert. Wenngleich die thermische Belastung in Q2 geringer ist, zeigt sich aber auch hier ein ähnlicher Zusammenhang (rmw = 0,76 (0,68; 0,82)). Diese markante Assoziation blieb auch bei Betrachtung der Bundesländer erhalten.

Diskussion

Der Beitrag zeigt, dass sich auch in GKV-Routinedaten Assoziationen zwischen thermischer Belastung und Morbiditätsmarkern finden lassen. Vor dem Hintergrund einer klimawandelbedingten Zunahme hoher thermischer Belastungen zeigt dieser Beitrag die Notwendigkeit von Anpassungsmaßnahmen.
Natural alleles of LEAFY and WAPO1 interact to regulate spikelet number per spike in wheat
Authors: Zhang Junli , Burguener Germán F. , Paraiso Francine , Dubcovsky Jorge
Published: October 2024

Key message

Specific combinations ofLFY andWAPO1 natural alleles maximize spikelet number per spike in wheat.

Spikelet number per spike (SNS) is an important yield component in wheat that determines the maximum number of grains that can be formed in a wheat spike. In wheat, loss-of-function mutations in LEAFY (LFY) or its interacting protein WHEAT ORTHOLOG OF APO1 (WAPO1) significantly reduce SNS by reducing the rate of formation of spikelet meristems. In previous studies, we identified a natural amino acid change in WAPO1 (C47F) that significantly increases SNS in hexaploid wheat. In this study, we searched for natural variants in LFY that were associated with differences in SNS and detected significant effects in the LFY-B region in a nested association mapping population. We generated a large mapping population and confirmed that the LFY-B polymorphism R80S is linked with the differences in SNS, suggesting that LFY-B is the likely causal gene. A haplotype analysis revealed two amino acid changes P34L and R80S, which were both enriched during wheat domestication and breeding suggesting positive selection. We also explored the interactions between the LFY and WAPO1 natural variants for SNS using biparental populations and identified significant interaction, in which the positive effect of the 80S and 34L alleles from LFY-B was only detected in the WAPO-A1 47F background but not in the 47C background. Based on these results, we propose that the allele combination WAPO-A1-47F/LFY-B 34L 80S can be used in wheat breeding programs to maximize SNS and increase grain yield potential in wheat.
Large-scale investigation of dry orthogonal cutting experiments Ti6Al4V and Ck45
Authors: Klippel Hagen , Süssmaier Stefan , Zhang Nanyuan , Kuffa Michal , Wegener Konrad
Published: October 2024

The numerical simulation of metal cutting processes requires material data for constitutive equations, which cannot be obtained with standard material testing procedures. Instead, inverse identifications of material parameters within numerical simulation models of the cutting experiment itself are necessary. This report presents the findings from a large-scale study of dry orthogonal cutting experiments on Ti6Al4V (Grade 5) and Ck45 (AISI 1045). It includes material characterization through microstructural analysis and tensile tests. The study details the measurement of cutting insert geometries and cutting edge radii, evaluates process forces, deduces friction coefficients and coefficients for Kienzle’s force model, and analyzes chip forms and thicknesses as well as built-up edge formation depending on the process parameters. The collected data, stored in pCloud, can support other researchers in the field, e.g. for recomputations within numerical models or inverse parameter identifications. The dataset includes force measurements, cutting edge scans, and chip images including longitudinal cross-sections of chips.
Winding process of fibre-reinforced thermoplastic tubes with integrated tape production through in-situ roving impregnation and infrared consolidation
Authors: Siegl Marco , Jungbauer Bastian , Gebhardt Jakob , Judenmann Anna , Ehrlich Ingo
Published: October 2024

This paper introduces a novel method for producing fibre-reinforced thermoplastic tubes by integrating tape production and consolidation into a single operation. This innovation diverges from conventional methods by combining processes to reduce costs by using raw materials instead of organotapes, allowing customised material combinations and utilising residual heat from tape production. The new process uses carbon roving and molten low-viscosity PA6 granulates, processed through a new direct impregnation setup in siphon design. Key advancements include a high-speed impregnation module capable of up to 1 m/s with high-performance extruders, cost-effective infrared emitters for winding, and a powered consolidation unit with adjustable winding angles between ± 65° and ± 90°. Experiments demonstrate operational speeds of approximately 471 mm/min, with an optimal cross-winding speed of 354 mm/min due to the technical limitations of the laboratory extruder and IR emitter used. Based on the technical limitations of the current system, future improvements and methodological changes will be discussed.
Estimating the impact of social distance policy in mitigating COVID-19 spread with factor-based imputation approach
Authors: Huang Difang , Liang Ying , Wu Boyao , Ye Yanyi
Published: October 2024

We identify the effectiveness of social distancing policies in reducing the transmission of the COVID-19 spread. We build a model that measures the relative frequency and geographic distribution of the virus growth rate and provides hypothetical infection distribution in the states that enacted the social distancing policies, where we control time-varying, observed and unobserved, state-level heterogeneities. Using panel data on infection and deaths in all US states from February 20 to April 20, 2020, we find that stay-at-home orders and other types of social distancing policies significantly reduced the growth rate of infection and deaths. We show that the effects are time varying and range from the weakest at the beginning of policy intervention to the strongest by the end of our sample period. We also found that social distancing policies were more effective in states with higher income, better education, more white people, more democratic voters, and higher CNN viewership.
$$\alpha $$-z-Rényi Divergences in von Neumann Algebras: Data Processing Inequality, Reversibility, and Monotonicity Properties in $$\alpha ,z$$
Authors: Hiai Fumio , Jenčová Anna
Published: October 2024

We study the $$\alpha $$
α
-z-Rényi divergences $$D_{\alpha ,z}(\psi \Vert \varphi )$$

D

α
,
z

(
ψ
‖
φ
)

where $$\alpha ,z>0$$

α
,
z
>
0

($$\alpha \ne 1$$

α
≠
1

) for normal positive functionals $$\psi ,\varphi $$

ψ
,
φ

on general von Neumann algebras, introduced in Kato and Ueda (arXiv:2307.01790) and Kato (arXiv:2311.01748). We prove the variational expressions and the data processing inequality (DPI) for the $$\alpha $$
α
-z-Rényi divergences. We establish the sufficiency theorem for $$D_{\alpha ,z}(\psi \Vert \varphi )$$

D

α
,
z

(
ψ
‖
φ
)

, saying that for $$(\alpha ,z)$$

(
α
,
z
)

inside the DPI bounds, the equality $$D_{\alpha ,z}(\psi \circ \gamma \Vert \varphi \circ \gamma )=D_{\alpha ,z}(\psi \Vert \varphi )<\infty $$

D

α
,
z

(
ψ
∘
γ
‖
φ
∘
γ
)

=

D

α
,
z

(
ψ
‖
φ
)

<
∞

in the DPI under a quantum channel (or a normal 2-positive unital map) $$\gamma $$
γ
implies the reversibility of $$\gamma $$
γ
with respect to $$\psi ,\varphi $$

ψ
,
φ

. Moreover, we show the monotonicity properties of $$D_{\alpha ,z}(\psi \Vert \varphi )$$

D

α
,
z

(
ψ
‖
φ
)

in the parameters $$\alpha ,z$$

α
,
z

and their limits to the normalized relative entropy as $$\alpha \nearrow 1$$

α
↗
1

and $$\alpha \searrow 1$$

α
↘
1

.
Exploring age-related differences in the relationship between spatial and temporal contributions to step length asymmetry during split-belt adaptation
Authors: Monaghan Patrick G. , Murrah William M. , Neely Kristina A. , Walker Harrison C. , Roper Jaimie A.
Published: October 2024

Gait adaptability is crucial for meeting environmental demands, and impaired gait adaptation increases fall risk, particularly in older adults. While prior research exists on older adults’ gait adaptation, particularly in perturbation studies, the specific contributions of temporal and spatial adaptation strategies to step length asymmetry (SLA) during split-belt treadmill walking require further examination. This study fills this gap by evaluating how distinct adaptation strategies contribute to SLA in healthy young and older adults. 19 healthy young adults (20.4 ± 1.1 years) and 19 healthy older adults (68.3 ± 8.1 years) walked on a split-belt treadmill requiring their non-dominant leg to move twice as fast as their dominant leg. Repeated measures ANOVA investigated (1) spatial and temporal contributions to SLA, (2) SLA across gait adaptation epochs, and (3) rates of adaptation and deadaptation. Older adults displayed reduced temporal contributions to SLA compared to younger adults (F1,36 = 6.42, p = .02, ŋ2 = .15), but no group differences were observed in spatial contributions to SLA (F1,36 = 3.23, p = .08, ŋ2 = .082). SLA during adaptation and deadaptation did not differ by age group, nor did the rate of adaptation (F1,34.7 = 0.594, p = .45) or deadaptation F1,33.6 = 2.886, p = .09). These findings suggest that while older adults rely less on temporal strategies for gait adaptation, but maintain overall adaptability comparable to younger adults. Findings enhance our understanding of age-related changes in gait adaptation mechanisms and may inform targeted interventions to improve gait adaptability in older populations.
Effect of ozone gas exposure on drain current of solution-processed IGZO-TFT
Authors: Sasajima Hiroharu , Morimoto Takaaki , Fukuda Nobuko , Ishii Keisuke
Published: October 2024

The drain current (ID) of indium gallium zinc oxide thin-film transistors (IGZO-TFTs), fabricated by spin coating, decreases even when they are exposed to ozone gas at a concentration equal to or lower than 5 ppm. The ID reduction rate increases when the film thickness and the firing temperature in the spin-coating process of IGZO layer decreases. In these samples, the peak intensity ratio of the O 1s X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) peak due to the OH group and the intensity of the infrared (IR) absorption band at 3000 cm−1–3500 cm−1 due to the OH stretching vibration increase. This indicates that OH groups within the IGZO film contribute to the ozone reaction mechanism. These findings are significant for developing high-sensitivity ozone sensors using a simpler process.
Summer evapotranspiration-cloud feedbacks in land-atmosphere interactions over Europe
Authors: Zhang Yikui , Wagner Niklas , Goergen Klaus , Kollet Stefan
Published: October 2024

Land-atmosphere (L-A) feedbacks are important for understanding regional climate functioning. However, the accurate quantification of feedback strength is challenging due to complex, nonlinear interactions and varying background atmospheric conditions. In particular, the role of cloud water in the terrestrial water cycle is often ignored or simplified in previous L-A feedback studies, which overlook the relationship between evapotranspiration (ET) and cloud water (TQC). This study diagnoses the interactions between $$\:ET$$, $$\:TQC$$ and its dynamics ($$\:\varDelta\:TQC/\varDelta\:t$$) under different atmospheric conditions by conducting correlation and a novel scaling analysis, based on a coupled regional climate model simulation. Contrasting correlation relationships between $$\:ET$$, $$\:TQC$$ and $$\:\varDelta\:TQC/\varDelta\:t$$ were identified, indicating the positive feedback between $$\:ET$$ and the dynamics in cloud water. Two types of positive scaling relationships between $$\:ET$$ and $$\:\varDelta\:TQC/\varDelta\:t$$ were identified by K-means clustering. The analysis shows a contrasting north-south distribution of the scaling relationship that is similar to the spatial distribution of energy-limited and water-limited $$\:ET$$ regimes, highlighting the role of ET regimes in modulating the $$\:ET$$ - $$\:\varDelta\:TQC/\varDelta\:t$$ scaling relationships. Moreover, the feedback strength and scaling relationship are affected by atmospheric moisture flux dynamics, providing remote moisture sources and altering dry/wet conditions. Our results highlight the role of cloud water in the atmospheric part of the L-A process chain and reveal the effect of different atmospheric conditions on L-A interactions based on the new analysis framework.
Cryo-EM structure of a natural prion: chronic wasting disease fibrils from deer
Authors: Alam Parvez , Hoyt Forrest , Artikis Efrosini , Soukup Jakub , Hughson Andrew G. , Schwartz Cindi L. , Barbian Kent , Miller Michael W. , Race Brent , Caughey Byron
Published: October 2024

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a widely distributed prion disease of cervids with implications for wildlife conservation and also for human and livestock health. The structures of infectious prions that cause CWD and other natural prion diseases of mammalian hosts have been poorly understood. Here we report a 2.8 Å resolution cryogenic electron microscopy-based structure of CWD prion fibrils from the brain of a naturally infected white-tailed deer expressing the most common wild-type PrP sequence. Like recently solved rodent-adapted scrapie prion fibrils, our atomic model of CWD fibrils contains single stacks of PrP molecules forming parallel in-register intermolecular β-sheets and intervening loops comprising major N- and C-terminal lobes within the fibril cross-section. However, CWD fibrils from a natural cervid host differ markedly from the rodent structures in many other features, including a ~ 180° twist in the relative orientation of the lobes. This CWD structure suggests mechanisms underlying the apparent CWD transmission barrier to humans and should facilitate more rational approaches to the development of CWD vaccines and therapeutics.
Surgical conditions in experimental laparoscopy: effects of pressure, neuromuscular blockade, and pre-stretching on workspace volume
Authors: Sterke F. , van Weteringen W. , van der Zee P. A. , van Rosmalen J. , Wijnen R. M. H. , Vlot J.
Published: October 2024

Background

Establishing a pneumoperitoneum for laparoscopy is common surgical practice, with the goal to create an optimal surgical workspace within the abdominal cavity while minimizing insufflation pressure. Individualized strategies, based on neuromuscular blockade (NMB), pre-stretching routines, and personalized intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) to enhance surgical conditions are strategies to improve surgical workspace. However, the specific impact of each factor remains uncertain. This study explores the effects and side-effects of modifying intra-abdominal volume (IAV) through moderate and complete NMB in a porcine laparoscopy model.

Methods

Thirty female Landrace pigs were randomly assigned to groups with complete NMB, regular NMB and a control group. Varying IAP levels were applied, and IAV was measured using CT scans. The study evaluated the maximum attainable IAV (Vmax), the pressure at which the cavity opens (p0), and the ease of expansion (λexp). Cardiorespiratory parameters, including peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and cardiac output (CO), were continuously recorded to evaluate side-effects.

Results

There were no significant weight differences between NMB groups (median 21.1 kg). Observed volumes ranged from 0 to 4.7 L, with a mean Vmax of 3.82 L, mean p0 of 1.23 mmHg, and mean λexp of 0.13 hPa−1. NMB depth did not significantly affect these parameters. HR was significantly increased in the complete NMB group, while PIP, MAP, and CO remained unaffected. Repeated insufflation positively impacted Vmax; ease of opening; and expanding the cavity.

Conclusion

In this porcine model, the depth of NMB does not alter abdominal mechanics or increase the surgical workspace. Cardiorespiratory changes are more related to insufflation pressure and frequency rather than NMB depth. Future studies should compensate for the positive effect of repeated insufflation on abdominal mechanics and surgical conditions.
Rückblick
Authors: Hilpert Markus
Published: October 2024

Der Beitrag rekonstruiert chronologisch die einzelnen Entwicklungsphasen der angewandten Geographie seit der Gründung des Verbandes deutscher Berufsgeographen (VDB) im Jahr 1950, des späteren Deutschen Verbandes für Angewandte Geographie (DVAG). Zu dieser Zeit prägten v. a. Aufgaben der räumlichen Planung die Disziplin. Mit der Etablierung der Diplom-Studiengänge traten zunehmend praktische Handlungs- und Aufgabenfelder in den Vordergrund, die aber noch weitestgehend planerisch bearbeitet wurden. Erst mit dem Planungspessimismus gegen Ende der 1970er-Jahre wurden neue Umsetzungsinstrumente gefordert. Das aktive Management räumlicher Prozesse wurde in den 1980er- und 1990er-Jahren vielfältig erprobt, entwickelt und implementiert. Lange Zeit fand angewandte Geographie aber maßgeblich an Universitäten statt. Erst um die Jahrtausendwende etablierte sich nach und nach ein breites Berufsfeld für Geographinnen und Geographen in der außeruniversitären Praxis. Sie erschlossen immer mehr Arbeitsfelder und nahmen nicht selten auch Führungspositionen ein. Auch neue Themen (Nachhaltigkeit, Globalisierung, Klimawandel etc.) im gesellschaftlichen Diskurs unterstützten diese Entwicklung. Inzwischen sind zehntausende Geographinnen und Geographen auf dem deutschen Arbeitsmarkt tätig. Ein typisches Berufsbild gibt es bei ihnen nicht, vielmehr sind die Berufsfelder sehr heterogen und dynamisch.
ISSLS Prize in Clinical Science 2025: A randomized trial on three different minimally invasive decompression techniques for lumbar spinal stenosis. Five years follow-up from the NORDSTEN-SST
Authors: Hermansen Erland , Indrekvam Kari , Franssen Eric , Myklebust Tor Åge , Austevoll Ivar Magne , Hellum Christian , Storheim Kjersti , Bånerud Ingrid Fjeldheim , Ebbs Eira Kathleen , Aaen Jørn , Banitalebi Hasan , Brox Jens Ivar , Weber Clemens , Solberg Tore , Hjulstad Arild , Brisby Helena
Published: October 2024

Purpose

The short-term clinical outcome for midline-preserving posterior decompression techniques was comparable. The aim of this study was to evaluate long-term clinical results after three different midline-preserving posterior decompression techniques.

Material

In the NORDSTEN spinal stenosis trial (NORDSTEN-SST) 437 patients were randomized to three different midline-retaining posterior decompression techniques: Unilateral laminotomy with crossover (UL), bilateral laminotomy (BL) and spinous process osteotomy (SPO). Primary outcome was the mean change in Oswestry disability index (ODI) score at five-years follow-up. Secondary outcomes were the proportion of patients classified as success, mean change in EQ-5D, ZCQ-score, NRS-score for leg and low back pain, a seven-point Global Perceived Effect (GPE) Scale and proportion of subsequential spinal surgery.

Results

The number of patients that completed follow-up data after five years was 358 (82%): In the UL, BL and SPO group the numbers were 122, 119 and 117, respectively. Mean age at baseline was 66.7 (SD 8.2) years, mean BMI was 27.8 (SD 4.1), and 172/358 (48%) were female. In the UL group the mean change was  −18.2 (95% CI  −21.0  −5.4), in the BL group it was  −19.0 (95% CI -21.9–16.1) and in the SPO it was  −18.6 (95% CI  −21.6–15.7) (p = 0.917). No significant differences in the secondary outcomes between the three surgical groups were found, also the subsequent spinal surgery rates were similar.

Conclusion

There were no significant differences in patient reported outcomes and subsequent spinal surgery rates after the three different decompression techniques at five-year follow-up.
Nest-site and brood-rearing habitat selection in Canarian houbara bustards: the importance of concealment and food availability
Authors: Ucero Alberto , Abril-Colón Inmaculada , Palacín Carlos , Álvarez-Martínez Jose Manuel , Alonso Juan Carlos
Published: October 2024

Using two scales, landscape and microhabitat, we analysed the factors determining nest-site and brood-rearing habitat selection in the endangered Canarian Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis undulata fuertaventurae. We measured vegetation cover and food abundance, presence of human infrastructure, and visibility using a very high-resolution LiDAR-based digital elevation model of the terrain. Houbara females choose nest-sites with abundant arthropod biomass and high vegetation. To rear their brood, they look for substrates with few stones, high species richness, and low density of human infrastructure. These features allow females to hide the nest, themselves and their chicks from predators, reduce anthropogenic disturbance, and secure access to food during the whole breeding process. The less stony ground during brood-rearing allows female and chicks to walk more easily and safely, something that is important in a ground-dwelling bird. This study represents the first detailed analysis of nesting and breeding site selection for this globally threatened subspecies. To minimise disturbance during such a sensitive phase, and considering the major tourist destination in which this species lives, we recommend to restrict vehicle and human traffic in the breeding areas, prohibit new constructions in houbara habitats, and preserve the vegetation and breeding-habitat quality, avoiding the current indiscriminate ploughing of uncultivated fields and limiting goat grazing areas.
Hoping to Adhere? Examining the Relationship Between Hope and Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Willingness, Adherence, and Persistence Among Young Women in South Africa and Zimbabwe (HPTN 082)
Authors: Gichane Margaret W. , Velloza Jennifer , Hosek Sybil , Beauchamp Geetha , Anderson Peter , Delany-Moretlwe Sinead , Celum Connie ,   and the HPTN 082 Study Team
Published: October 2024

Hope is a powerful psychological construct which is linked to positive health. Greater hope is associated with improved antiretroviral therapy adherence; however, less is known about the impact of hope on oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) outcomes. HIV Prevention Trials Network 082, was an open-label PrEP study among young women (ages 16–25) in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Hope was measured at baseline and follow-up using a subset of the Hope for the Future Scale (score range 6–24) and PrEP willingness was measured using a subscale of the HIV Prevention Readiness Measure (score range 6–30). Intracellular tenofovir-diphosphate (TFV-DP) concentrations were obtained from dried blood spot samples at weeks 13, 26, and 52; high PrEP adherence was defined as TFV-DP concentrations ≥ 700 fmol/punch. Persistence was defined as TFV-DP > 16 fmol/punch at weeks 26 and 52. Linear regression and generalized estimating equations were used to assess the relationship between hope and PrEP willingness, adherence, and persistence. The median age of participants (n = 432) was 21 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 19–22). The mean hope score at baseline was 21.0 (SD = 3.4). Although hope was positively associated with PrEP willingness (β = 0.22, 95% CI 0.15, 0.37), it was not associated with high PrEP adherence (aRR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.96, 1.05), or persistence at follow-up (aRR = 1.02, 95% CI 0.99, 1.05). While cultivating hope may be an important strategy in building willingness to take oral PrEP, it may not be enough to sustain PrEP adherence or persistence.
North Atlantic Heat Transport Convergence Derived from a Regional Energy Budget Using Different Ocean Heat Content Estimates
Authors: Meyssignac B. , Fourest S. , Mayer Michael , Johnson G. C. , Calafat F. M. , Ablain M. , Boyer T. , Cheng L. , Desbruyères D. , Forget G. , Giglio D. , Kuusela M. , Locarnini R. , Lyman J. M. , Llovel W. , Mishonov A. , Reagan J. , Rousseau V. , Benveniste J.
Published: October 2024

This study uses an oceanic energy budget to estimate the ocean heat transport convergence in the North Atlantic during 2005–2018. The horizontal convergence of the ocean heat transport is estimated using ocean heat content tendency primarily derived from satellite altimetry combined with space gravimetry. The net surface energy fluxes are inferred from mass-corrected divergence of atmospheric energy transport and tendency of the ECMWF ERA5 reanalysis combined with top-of-the-atmosphere radiative fluxes from the clouds and the Earth’s radiant energy system project. The indirectly estimated horizontal convergence of the ocean heat transport is integrated between the rapid climate change-meridional overturning circulation and heatflux array (RAPID) section at 26.5°N (operating since 2004) and the overturning in the subpolar north atlantic program (OSNAP) section, situated at 53°–60°N (operating since 2014). This is to validate the ocean heat transport convergence estimate against an independent estimate derived from RAPID and OSNAP in-situ measurements. The mean ocean energy budget of the North Atlantic is closed to within ± 0.25 PW between RAPID and OSNAP sections. The mean oceanic heat transport convergence between these sections is 0.58 ± 0.25 PW, which agrees well with observed section transports. Interannual variability of the inferred oceanic heat transport convergence is also in reasonable agreement with the interannual variability observed at RAPID and OSNAP, with a correlation of 0.54 between annual time series. The correlation increases to 0.67 for biannual time series. Other estimates of the ocean energy budget based on ocean heat content tendency derived from various methods give similar results. Despite a large spread, the correlation is always significant meaning the results are robust against the method to estimate the ocean heat content tendency.
Integrating Artificial Intelligence in Primary Mathematics Education: Investigating Internal and External Influences on Teacher Adoption
Authors: Li Mao
Published: October 2024

This study presents an in-depth analysis of the factors influencing the adoption and utilisation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in primary mathematics education. Employing a quantitative research design, the study integrates the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge (TPACK) with empirical data collected from primary mathematics teachers in China. The analysis utilises Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) to explore the relationships among key constructs, including teacher attitudes, contextual factors, educational challenges, and parental and community involvement. The findings reveal that teacher attitudes play a critical role in AI adoption. The study extends existing literature by focusing on AI in primary mathematics education, highlighting the need for targeted professional development initiatives to foster positive attitudes and enhance teacher proficiency in AI technologies. Additionally, the research underscores the significance of TPACK in its critical role in equipping teachers with the knowledge required for effectively integrating AI into mathematics education. Moreover, the study explores the complex dynamics of contextual factors and educational challenges in AI integration, emphasising the need for systemic approaches that include policy changes and institutional support. The nuanced influence of TPACK on AI utilisation, particularly through indirect pathways, and the role of parental and community involvement are also examined, offering new insights into the multifaceted nature of technology adoption in educational settings. It contributes valuable insights to the academic discourse on technology integration in education and offers practical implications for educators, policymakers, and stakeholders.
Adsorption of ytterbium(III) ions on ivy leaves marc: isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic studies
Authors: Emara Amr M. , Elsharma Emad M. , Abdelmonem Islam M.
Published: October 2024

This study evaluates the performance of ivy leaves marc (ILM) in adsorbing 169Yb(III) ions. Optimal adsorption occurred at a pH of 4 ± 0.2, a contact time of 24h, 169Yb(III) concentration of 200mg/L, and a temperature of 298K. Kinetic analysis indicated that the adsorption process followed a pseudo-second-order model. Langmuir isotherm model best described the adsorption process, with a maximum capacity of 34.736mg/g. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. FTIR and SEM analysis of ILM before and after adsorption indicates that the adsorption process is due to the ion exchange mechanism.
Not only cold but also heat: the effect of maternal exposure to high temperatures during gestation on neonatal mortality in pre-transitional Casalguidi, 1819–1859
Authors: Manfredini Matteo
Published: October 2024

Consideration of weather and the environment is becoming increasingly prominent in the field of historical demography. Early studies on infant mortality have paved the way for this type of analysis, shedding light on the significant impact of cold weather conditions on child survival. However, recent research on contemporary populations has drawn attention to the increased risk of adverse birth outcomes due to maternal exposure to heat during pregnancy. The present study aims to validate this finding in a pre-transitional population, specifically focusing on its effects on neonatal mortality. To our knowledge, this analysis is being applied to such populations for the first time, with the goal of exploring whether factors other than cold winters may have also influenced mortality mechanisms during this crucial life stage in historical populations. The results show that heat exposure significantly affected early neonatal mortality, and they also reveal that the susceptibility window was limited to the second trimester of gestation. Temperature-related risks of death were influenced by the tie the family had to the land, with sharecroppers being at the lowest risk. This finding was attributed more to cultural elements associated with the value of children within this social group than to purely economic factors related to living conditions.
Embracing Levin’s Legacy: Advancing Socio-Technical Learning and Development in Human-Robot Team Design Through STS Approaches
Authors: Ang Karyne , Sankaran Shankar , Liu Dikai , Scales Jeffrey
Published: October 2024

This paper investigates the synergy between Levin’s theories on technology transfer as a socio-technical learning and developmental process (TLD process), and what we learnt about socio-technical systems (STS) theories in a case study developing human robot solutions for the construction sector. Levin’s extensive work highlights the significance of technology transfer as a means for organizational development. His TLD process emphasizes the intricate interplay between technology, organizational change, and learning and highlights the importance of incorporating cultural knowledge and skills into the technological transfer process. Contemporary STS views developed through our own work are introduced to complement and extend Levin’s theories by providing a systemic lens to understand the broader socio-technical context in which technology transfer occurs. To illustrate the synergies and potential challenges from Levin’s theories of technology transfer with contemporary STS concepts, we use a qualitative study of a unique case about the design and development of human-robot teams (HRTs) for construction tasks. Our findings reveal that while Levin’s theories provide a valuable foundation for understanding technology transfer and organizational change, contemporary socio-technical systems face unique challenges in the context of AI-driven human-robot teams, where intelligent robots also contribute to the socio-technical learning process. Moreover, the rapidly evolving nature of technology and innovations could exponentially impact on multidisciplinary design teams, stakeholder participation and inter-organizational dynamics. The discussions suggest an extension of co-generative learning to incorporate ‘collaborative intelligence’ between human-robot teams enabled by artificial intelligence (AI). Consequently, we suggest that Levin’s theories of technology transfer, developed before the rapid application of AI, may not have fully considered further social challenges caused by the introduction of autonomous systems such as AI-driven HRT systems. We extend Levin’s important work by suggesting that addressing such challenges requires ongoing dialogue and collaboration among researchers, practitioners, and policymakers with different disciplinary backgrounds to develop robust and reliable socio-technical systems frameworks to navigate the complexities of robotics and AI in today’s rapidly evolving technological landscape.
SAT Solving Using XOR-OR-AND Normal Forms
Authors: Andraschko Bernhard , Danner Julian , Kreuzer Martin
Published: October 2024

This paper introduces the XOR-OR-AND normal form (XNF) for logical formulas. It is a generalization of the well-known Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF) where literals are replaced by XORs of literals. As a first theoretic result, we show that every CNF formula is equisatisfiable to a formula in 2-XNF, i.e., a formula in XNF where each clause involves at most two XORs of literals. Subsequently, we present an algorithm which converts Boolean polynomials efficiently from their Algebraic Normal Form (ANF) to formulas in 2-XNF. Experiments with the cipher ASCON-128 show that cryptographic problems, which by design are based strongly on XOR-operations, can be represented using far fewer variables and clauses in 2-XNF than in CNF. In order to take advantage of this compact representation, new SAT solvers based on input formulas in 2-XNF need to be designed. By taking inspiration from graph-based 2-CNF SAT solving, we devise a new DPLL-based SAT solver for formulas in 2-XNF. Among others, we present advanced pre- and in-processing techniques. Finally, we give timings for random 2-XNF instances and instances related to key recovery attacks on round reduced ASCON-128, where our solver outperforms state-of-the-art alternative solving approaches.
Morphological and Molecular Profiling of Amyloid-β Species in Alzheimer’s Pathogenesis
Authors: Almeida Zaida L. , Vaz Daniela C. , Brito Rui M. M.
Published: October 2024

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia around the world (~ 65%). Here, we portray the neuropathology of AD, biomarkers, and classification of amyloid plaques (diffuse, non-cored, dense core, compact). Tau pathology and its involvement with Aβ plaques and cell death are discussed. Amyloid cascade hypotheses, aggregation mechanisms, and molecular species formed in vitro and in vivo (on- and off-pathways) are described. Aβ42/Aβ40 monomers, dimers, trimers, Aβ‐derived diffusible ligands, globulomers, dodecamers, amylospheroids, amorphous aggregates, protofibrils, fibrils, and plaques are characterized (structure, size, morphology, solubility, toxicity, mechanistic steps). An update on AD-approved drugs by regulatory agencies, along with new Aβ-based therapies, is presented. Beyond prescribing Aβ plaque disruptors, cholinergic agonists, or NMDA receptor antagonists, other therapeutic strategies (RNAi, glutaminyl cyclase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, secretase modulators, Aβ aggregation inhibitors, and anti-amyloid vaccines) are already under clinical trials. New drug discovery approaches based on “designed multiple ligands”, “hybrid molecules”, or “multitarget-directed ligands” are also being put forward and may contribute to tackling this highly debilitating and fatal form of human dementia.
Infrared thermal imaging and eye-tracking for deception detection: a laboratory study
Authors: Hypšová Petra , Seitl Martin , Popelka Stanislav , Dostál Daniel
Published: October 2024

Despite significant advances in deception detection in forensic psychology using polygraphy, there is a lack of empirical evidence for the potential of deception detection in ordinary situations of simple conversation where contact and invasive measurement methods are not appropriate. To address this issue, we used two strategies: 1) a non-invasive observation of facial thermal changes and gaze behaviour under deceptive and truthful conditions and 2) combination of prepared and unprepared questions during an interview. We used a within-person experimental design where responses from 16 participants were recorded, using infrared thermal imaging (fITI) and eye-tracking to measure the dependent variables (i.e., thermal changes of the nose, cheeks and forehead and gaze fixations of the interviewer’s eyes). The independent variables were veracity (truth vs. lie) and type of scenarios (prepared vs. spontaneous). Mixed-effects regression models were used to analyse the effect of lying and effect of preparation. Veracity did not significantly modulate any physiological marker, but forehead and cheek temperature were significantly modulated by the different scenario conditions in the expected direction. Multiple comparisons revealed a significant modulation of eye fixations by both the lying and scenario conditions, with eye fixations being lower in the spontaneous scenarios and higher in the prepared deceptive conditions. The results underline the significant influence of arousal and cognitive load on individual variability in all dependent variables and provide essential insights for future research into the physiological and behavioural aspects of deception detection. This study lays the foundation for the use of fITI and eye-tracking under certain experimental conditions of an ordinary conversation in content and emphasises the role of (un)preparation for the accuracy of deception detection.
Surface Activation of Cotton Fabric with Low-Temperature Air Plasma Treatment for Metallic Printing
Authors: Donkor Sylvia Owusua , Sun Danmei , Bucknall David , Buckman Jim
Published: October 2024

In this investigation, air plasma treatment was utilised to activate the surfaces of 100% grey and bleached cotton fabrics in preparation for metallic pigment printing. The study delved into the surface morphology, wettability, and surface chemistry properties. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed roughness and grooves in the treated samples. The contact angle witnessed a 29% and 41% increase for grey and bleached fabrics, respectively, compared to their untreated counterparts. Surface chemistry analysis using FTIR and XPS provided crucial insights into the functional polar groups, such as OH and C=O, along with significantly elevated O1 peaks in both plasma-treated grey and bleached cotton fabrics. These findings contributed to the enhanced surface free energy of the fabrics, preparing them for the subsequent pigment printing process. The study explores the impact of plasma treatment on the colour fastness of grey and bleached cotton fabrics printed with gold and silver metallic pigments. Untreated fabrics exhibited poor durability, with low colour change and staining-resistance ratings, particularly for gold pigments. Plasma treatment significantly improved colour retention, adhesion, and resistance to staining for both metallic pigments, with silver outperforming gold. Rubbing fastness tests revealed that plasma treatment moderately enhanced durability, though gold remained susceptible to friction damage. Light fastness was excellent for both pigments, and plasma treatment further improved performance. Perspiration tests showed that plasma treatment bolstered resistance, particularly for gold. These findings suggest that plasma treatment enhances the stability of metallic pigments, offering potential applications in the textile industry for improved product quality and durability.
Applying a School-Based Mindfulness and Compassion Program (“Escuelas Despiertas”) in Spanish Secondary Schools to Reduce Psychological Distress in Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Aguilera Pilar , Navarro-Gil Mayte , Pérez-Aranda Adrián , Armas-Landaeta Carilene , Beltrán-Ruiz María , Rodríguez-Freire Carla , Camarero-Grados Loreto , García-Campayo Javier , Montero-Marín Jesús
Published: October 2024

Adolescents present high risk of developing mental health problems. Different school-based programs have been designed to prevent and treat the psychological distress that they often experience with disparate results. In this study, we tested the efficacy of a school-based program framed into the “Escuelas Despiertas” initiative that teaches adolescents mindfulness and compassion to improve their mental health. In this randomized controlled trial, high school students from four Spanish secondary education centers (N = 277) were randomly assigned to a school-based 10-session mindfulness and compassion program (“Escuelas Despiertas”) or a relaxation program. Participants were assessed at baseline, posttreatment, and at 6-month follow-up. The main outcome was psychological distress (General Health Questionnaire, GHQ-12). Classroom climate and relaxation habits, among others, were assessed as secondary outcomes. Students who underwent the “Escuelas Despiertas” program experienced small within group improvements posttreatment in GHQ-12 scores (p = 0.001, d = 0.31) and in relaxation habits (p = 0.001, d = 0.35), although these were not significant compared to the control group. Classroom climate presented a small deterioration in the “Escuelas Despiertas” group compared to the relaxation group in the follow-up assessment, but this effect was not statistically significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. In conclusion, the “Escuelas Despiertas” program produced small short-term improvements in psychological distress and relaxation habits in adolescents which were not significant compared to a relaxation intervention. In line with previous studies, it seems that punctual interventions delivered during some weeks might not be the best approach for adolescents, for whom mindfulness- and-compassion-based programs may not be engaging enough for different reasons.
Comparative analyses of European horizontal-landing reusable first stage concepts
Authors: Bussler L. , Dietlein I. , Sippel M.
Published: October 2024

Partially reusable two-stage-to-orbit (TSTO) launch configurations have been investigated on system level by DLR in the ENTRAIN study which encompasses an examination of both vertical takeoff horizontal landing (VTHL) and vertical takeoff vertical landing (VTVL) reusable first stages. A target payload performance of 7.5 Mg into GTO is selected as the common mission requirement of all concepts. In this paper, the preliminary designs of TSTO configurations consisting of a winged reusable first stage and an expendable upper stage are presented and discussed. The considered propellant combinations include LOX/LH2, LOX/LCH4 and LOX/RP-1. Configurations based on staged combustion and gas generator cycle engines are analyzed. The focus of the presented preliminary analyses is on the overall performance of the space transportation system, the design and architecture of the winged reusable first stage and the comparison and evaluation of different VTHL configurations.