bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quasi‐Z‐source inverter with switched‐coupled‐capacitors
Authors: Babaei Mohammad Hosein , Taheri Asghar , Abbasi Bolaghi Jamal , Gholami Masoumeh
Published: December 2023

This paper presents an improved switched‐inductor quasi‐Z‐source inverter with a higher boost factor than similar inverters, which integrates a switched‐capacitor and a three‐winding switched‐coupled inductor into a conventional quasi Z‐source inverter (q‐ZSI). The proposed inverter is called a switched‐capacitor trans quasi Z‐source inverter (SCT‐q‐ZSI). In this topology, the input current is continuous, and a high voltage gain is reachable with lowduty cycles (D). In this structure, capacitors are used instead of the side diodes of the switched‐inductor quasi Z‐source inverter. The proposed converter has a low inrush current at the startup which might damage the converter components. The performance of the proposed inverter is investigated at different operating modes and the voltage and current equations of all elements are calculated. The analysis, derivation of boost factor, capacitor voltages, and components, of the proposed inverter, are carried out and are compared with similar inverters. Finally, analytical, simulation, and experimental results are also presented to validate its advantages.
Experimental evaluation of the backstepping‐based input resistance controller in step‐up DC–DC converter for maximum power point tracking of the thermoelectric generators
Authors: Mogadam Sarah Kowsari , Salimi Mahdi , Bathaee Seyyed Mohammad Taghi , Mirabasi Davar
Published: December 2023

In this paper, a novel non‐linear model‐based approach is presented for maximum power point (MPP) tracking of thermoelectric generators (TEGs) using the backstepping controller. Considering the output voltage range of the thermoelectric devices, a step‐up DC–DC converter is employed as an interface between the load and input power source. According to the maximum power transfer theorem, if the equivalent input resistance of the converter (Rin) is equal to the internal resistance of the input source (RTEG), the TEG operation at the MPP will be achieved. Hence, defining the RTEG as a reference value and Rin as a feedback variable for a closed‐loop controller, the backstepping non‐linear controller is developed for input resistance control of the boost DC–DC converter. Owing to the non‐linear nature of the error variable in the input resistance control of the converters, conventional linear controllers cannot guarantee the system's closed‐loop stability within an extensive operational range. However, despite changes in generator's open‐circuit voltage (VOC) and RTEG, the designed closed‐loop controller can successfully stabilize the thermoelectric converter in different operational conditions. Considering the Lyapunov theorem and the Barbalat lemma, the asymptotic stability of the backstepping controller is proved. During the steady‐state operation, the actual values of the VOC and RTEG are updated periodically by the measurement of the converter input voltage/current values. To verify the functionality of the designed control method, PC‐based simulations are carried out in MATLAB/Simulink software. Moreover, by using TMS320F28335 digital signal processor from Texas Instruments and a simple thermoelectric simulator, the experimental response of the proposed controller is evaluated in dynamic and steady‐state conditions. The developed closed‐loop system can track the MPP of a TEG with zero steady‐state error, regardless of uncertain parameter variations.
Small‐signal impedance modelling and stability analysis of doubly fed induction generator‐based wind turbines during asymmetrical weak grid condition
Authors: Xu Hailiang , Li Zhi , Wu Han , Yan Qingzeng , Xu Lie
Published: December 2023

Doubly fed induction generator (DFIG)‐based wind turbines (WTs) that connected into weak power grid may lose their stability. However, the stability issue becomes more complex and has not been well addressed during the asymmetric grid scenario, especially when the negative sequence current response is required, according to the latest grid codes. To settle such an issue, a small‐signal impedance model of the DFIG‐based WT with negative‐sequence current control is established in this paper. Based on the proposed model, the interaction mechanism between the DFIG and the imbalanced grid is analysed. The influence of the main physical and control parameters on the system stability is then assessed in detail. It is found that improper design of the notch filters in the control loop may arouse insufficient decoupling between the positive and negative components, which can further deteriorate the system stability and robustness. To cope with the problem, the setting rule of the quality factor of the second‐order notch filter, considering its dynamic and static characteristics, is derived. Simulations and experiments are finally conducted to validate the correctness of the theoretical analysis.
Recognition of objects in orbit and their intentions with space‐borne sub‐THz Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar
Authors: Cherniakov Mikhail , Hoare Edward G. , Gashinova Marina , Marchetti Emidio , Stove Andrew G.
Published: December 2023

An important aspect of Space Situational Awareness is to estimate the intent of objects in space. This paper discusses how discriminating features can be obtained from Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar images of such objects and how these discriminators can be used to recognise the objects or to estimate their intent. If the object is, for example, a satellite of a known type, the scheme proposed is able to recognise it. The ability of the scheme to detect damage to the object is also discussed. The focus is on imagery obtained in the sub‐terahertz band (typically 300 GHz) because of the greater imaging capability given by the diffuse scattering which is observed at these frequencies. The paper also discusses the importance of being able to use images obtained by electromagnetic simulation to be able to train the subsystem which recognises features of the objects and describes a practical scheme for creating these simulations for large objects at these very short wavelengths.
Robust factor graph optimisation method for shipborne GNSS/INS integrated navigation system
Authors: Hu Yuan , Li Haozheng , Liu Wei
Published: December 2023

Robust Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) factors are introduced into a factor graph optimisation based integrated navigation system to address the challenge of occluded GNSS signals during ship navigation, which leads to increased errors in positioning results. To enhance the robustness of the GNSS tracking loop, a vector tracking method is applied to receiver tracking loop. Then, the Mahalanobis distance was employed to assess the pseudorange residual and identify and reject signals that exhibit anomalies. Specifically, the pseudorange residual is computed as the difference between the predicted pseudorange of the GNSS receiver and the measured pseudorange. Using the historical information in the window, robust GNSS factors were constructed for use in the factor graph. The robust factor graph optimisation method for a shipborne GNSS/Inertial Navigation System integrated navigation system was implemented by constructing robust GNSS factors and Inertial Measurement Unit factors. The experimental results confirm that the positioning accuracy of the proposed method is superior to those of the factor graph optimization and extended Kalman filter.
Von Cupro culta bis Eisenhammerschlag
Authors: Johann Ruth
Published: December 2023

In der Anthroposophischen Medizin spielen Metalle und insbesondere ihre pharmazeutische Aufbereitung eine wesentliche therapeutische Rolle, hier jeweils vorgestellt am Beispiel von Silber, Quecksilber, Kupfer, Gold, Eisen, Zinn und Blei. Zur Herstellung eines elementaren Metallspiegels wird das Metall durch Wärmezufuhr über den flüssigen und gasförmigen Aggregatzustand wieder in seinen festen Zustand überführt, durchläuft somit einen Verjüngungsprozess und erhält eine stärkere Dynamik. Während Metalle zur Vegetabilisierung Heilpflanzen als „Dünger“ zugesetzt werden, verbinden sich in Metallsalzen ihre therapeutischen Kräfte mit der Wirkung ihres jeweiligen Anions.
Zwischen Planet und Mensch
Authors: Löwensprung Natalie Rosenhauer-von
Published: December 2023

Aus Sicht der Anthroposophischen Medizin modulieren Metallkräfte über die Bewusstseinsebene der Ich-Organisation die Seelenorganisation, vermitteln zwischen Planet und Mensch und wirken auf alle Wesensglieder. Während das Saturnelement Blei zum Beispiel Strukturierung und Begrenzung und das Mondelement Silber Reflexion, Aufbau und Regeneration vermittelt, steht Zinn (Jupiter) für plastische Formbildung und Eisen (Mars) für Lebensenergie und Dynamik. Bei zu schwachen, dem jeweiligen Metall zugeordneten Prozessen wählt man meist niedrigere Potenzen (vorwiegend D3–10), während bei übersteigerten Prozessen überwiegend Verdünnungen im Bereich von D12–30 zur Anwendung kommen.
Update Mammakarzinom 2023 Teil 3 – Expertenmeinungen zu Brustkrebs in frühen Krankheitsstadien
Authors: Kolberg Hans-Christian , Hartkopf Andreas D. , Fehm Tanja N. , Welslau Manfred , Müller Volkmar , Schütz Florian , Fasching Peter A. , Janni Wolfgang , Witzel Isabell , Thomssen Christoph , Beierlein Milena , Belleville Erik , Untch Michael , Thill Marc , Tesch Hans , Ditsch Nina , Lux Michael P. , Aktas Bahriye , Banys-Paluchowski Maggie , Kolberg-Liedtke Cornelia , Wöckel Achim , Harbeck Nadia , Stickeler Elmar , Bartsch Rupert , Schneeweiss Andreas , Ettl Johannes , Krug David , Taran Florin-Andrei , Lüftner Diana , Würstlein Rachel
Published: December 2023

In einem 2-jährigen Rhythmus fand in St. Gallen in früheren Jahren und nun in Wien die „St. Gallen (SG) International Breast Cancer Conference“ statt. Dieses Jahr (2023) wurde diese Konferenz, die sich mit der Behandlung von Patientinnen in Frühstadien des Mammakarzinoms beschäftigt, zum 18. Mal durchgeführt. Am Ende dieser 4-tägigen Veranstaltung wird eine Panel-Abstimmung abgehalten, bei der ein Expertengremium über aktuelle kontroverse Themen bei der Behandlung von Brustkrebspatientinnen in Frühstadien abstimmt. Hierbei werden die Fragen meistens so formuliert, dass klinisch realistische Fälle – oft in verschiedenen Modifikationen – vorgestellt werden. Diese Übersichtsarbeit berichtet von den Abstimmungsergebnissen und fasst die mit den jeweiligen Fragen verbundene Datenlage zusammen.
Incidental pulmonary nodules – current guidelines and management
Authors: Glandorf Julian , Vogel-Claussen Jens
Published: December 2023

Background Due to the greater use of high-resolution cross-sectional imaging, the number of incidental pulmonary nodules detected each year is increasing. Although the vast majority of incidental pulmonary nodules are benign, many early lung carcinomas could be diagnosed with consistent follow-up. However, for a variety of reasons, the existing recommendations are often not implemented correctly. Therefore, potential for improvement with respect to competence, communication, structure, and process is described.

Methods This article presents the recommendations for incidental pulmonary nodules from the current S3 guideline for lung cancer (July 2023). The internationally established recommendations (BTS guidelines and Fleischner criteria) are compared and further studies on optimized management were included after a systematic literature search in PubMed.

Results and Conclusion In particular, AI-based software solutions are promising, as they can be used in a support capacity on several levels at once and can lead to simpler and more automated management. However, to be applicable in routine clinical practice, software must fit well into the radiology workflow and be integrated. In addition, “Lung Nodule Management” programs or clinics that follow a high-quality procedure for patients with incidental lung nodules or nodules detected by screening have been established in the USA. Similar structures might also be implemented in Germany in a future screening program in which patients with incidental pulmonary nodules could be included.

Key Points 

Citation Format
Testkonzept der Stadt Köln für die Kritische
Infrastruktur (KRITIS) in der ersten Welle der Corona-Pandemie
Authors: Kern Jonas , Wiesmüller Gerhard A. , Kossow Annelene , Hurraß Julia
Published: December 2023

Hintergrund Zu Beginn der Corona-Pandemie etablierte das Gesundheitsamt
der Stadt Köln eine bevorzugte Testung für Angehörige
der kritischen Infrastruktur (KRITIS). Ziel dieser Arbeit war die retrospektive
Analyse dieses Konzeptes.

Methoden Testergebnisse, demografische und berufsbezogene Daten von
März bis April 2020 wurden mit einer speziell entwickelten Software
erfasst und deskriptiv analysiert. Die positiv getesteten KRITIS-Personen wurden
zum Konzept telefonisch systematisch befragt.

Ergebnisse Getestet wurden 1521 Personen, davon 896 (59%) aus dem
Gesundheitswesen, besonders aus pflegerischen Berufen (35%). Test- und
Beratungsangebot wurden auch von Beschäftigten gemeinnütziger
Einrichtungen (8%), Verwaltung (7%), Feuerwehr (11%) und
Polizei (4%) genutzt. Risikokontakte wurden von positiv getesteten
KRITIS-Personen vermehrt im beruflichen Kontext vermutet (58%), meist
ohne adäquaten Schutz (85%). Von den Befragten bewerteten
83% das Kölner KRITIS-Konzept als ‚gut‘ oder
‚sehr gut‘. Abläufe im Testzentrum wurden von
89% als ‚gut‘ oder ‚sehr gut‘
eingestuft, die telefonische Betreuung von 47% als ‚gut‘
oder ‚sehr gut‘, von 30% als
‚ausreichend‘ oder schlechter. Freie Anmerkungen zeigten, dass
ein häufiger Telefonkontakt seitens des Gesundheitsamtes
interindividuell sowohl positiv als auch, etwas häufiger, negativ
wahrgenommen wurde. Positiv hervorgehoben wurden Umgangston und Beratungen,
kritisiert am ehesten mangelnde Kompetenz und Koordination. Die
zwangsläufig im Vergleich geringere Versorgung von Angehörigen
z. B. durch Testangebote führte auch zu Kritik.

Schlussfolgerung Mit dem KRITIS-Konzept hat das Gesundheitsamt
Köln ein Angebot für systemrelevante Berufsgruppen entwickelt
und umgesetzt, das intensiv genutzt und überwiegend positiv bewertet
wurde. Auf dieses Konzept kann bei anderen Pandemien zurückgegriffen
werden.
Classification of Diverticular Disease (CDD) – assessment of the intra- and interobserver agreement in abdominal CT scans
Authors: Schmidbauer Martina , Levers Alena , Wacker Frank K , Ringe Kristina Imeen
Published: December 2023

Purpose Along with ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) is one of the imaging modalities of choice in patients with suspected diverticular disease (DD). Recently, a newer Classification of Diverticular Disease (CDD) has been proposed. However, its reliability in daily radiological practice has never been proven. Therefore, our aim was to evaluate the intra- and interobserver agreement of the CDD in abdominal CT scans.

Methods In this retrospective study, 481 CT scans of patients with suspected DD were included. Two readers (one board-certified radiologist with 6 years of experience, one 3 rd year radiology resident) individually evaluated all CTs in two reading sessions using the CDD. A composite endpoint of a prior consensus reading, follow-up, and intraoperative findings served as the reference. Intra- and interobserver agreement were calculated using Cohen-k statistic.

Results DD was present in 317 cases (66 %), mostly classified as CDD stage 0, 1b, and 2a (28 %, 30 %, und 14 %). Intraobserver agreement was almost perfect for both readers (kappa 0.93 and 0.88). Interobserver agreement was high and improved from substantial (kappa 0.77) in the first reading session to almost perfect (kappa 0.84) in the second reading session. The interobserver agreement was best for CDD types 0 (diverticulosis) and 2c (free perforated diverticulitis) (mean kappa 0.83 and 0.86) and poorest for CDD types 1a (diverticulitis without phlegmon) and 2b (covered diverticulitis with macroabscess) (mean kappa 0.17 and 0.38). Intra- and interobserver agreement of acute uncomplicated (CDD type 1) and acute complicated diverticulitis (CDD type 2) were substantial to almost perfect (mean kappa 0.63–0.86). Agreement with the reference was almost perfect for both observers (mean kappa 0.86 and 0.82). Administration of rectal contrast did not significantly improve the diagnosis.

Conclusion The CDD is a classification based on relatively clear imaging characteristics, which can be readily applied by radiologists with different expertise. In our study, the CDD had a high intra- and interobserver agreement, enabling a reliable therapy-related categorization of DD.

Key Points 

Citation Format
Study of Biomarker Discordance between Primary and Recurrent Sites and its Clinical Implications in Metastatic Breast Cancer : A Single Institutional Study from India
Authors: Shanthala S. , Amirtham Usha , Gopal Champaka , N. Suma M. , Jacob Linu , Babu Govinda
Published: December 2023

Immunophenotypic discordance of receptors between primary and metastatic sites significantly impacts treatment outcomes. Current international guidelines recommend rebiopsy of accessible metastatic lesions to reassess tissue biomarkers. While existing literature on biomarker changes is conflicting and heterogeneous, similar studies on the Indian cohort of breast cancer patients are lacking. In this context, we aimed to evaluate the frequencies of biomarker changes between biopsies from primary and recurrent sites, and their association with various clinicopathological characteristics, including the type of metastasis and treatment in metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients. This is an ambispective study performed at a single center. Immunohistochemical (IHC) expression of paired primary and recurrence samples of MBC patients was reviewed for the expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2), and Ki-67. Concordance, loss, and gain of receptors were assessed based on the Allred scores for ER, PR, and HER2. Ki-67 was assessed based on a 14% cutoff. Further, receptor changes were studied in relation to age, menopausal status, morphology, grade, stage, metastatic sites, interval between biopsies, and treatment. At progression, biopsies were obtained from 41.18% of locoregional recurrence and 58.82% of metastatic sites. Despite high discordance of 47% for ER and 68.6% for PR, true receptor conversion was observed in 9.8%, 21.56%, and 5.88% for ER, PR, and HER2, respectively. There was a significant correlation between age and ER discordance (p = 0.029). Loss in PR significantly correlated with a gain in Ki-67. Of all the metastatic sites, the lung was significantly associated with PR and Ki-67 concordance (p = 0.008 and p = 0.0425, respectively). Discordance of receptors was neither related to the sites of biopsy (local recurrence or metastatic site) nor to the time interval between biopsies, prior chemotherapy, or hormone therapy. In conclusion, metastatic progression of the disease is accompanied by age-dependent discordance of ER. Unparalleled changes in PR in relation to ER suggest that ER-independent pathways may influence PR expression in MBC. Furthermore, the concurrence of PR loss with Ki-67 gain indicates an aggressive phenotype with disease progression. Hence, follow-up testing of samples for receptor expression is beneficial in determining prognosis and guiding therapeutic decisions.
The Application of Peroxide for Organic Synthesis in Continuous Flow Chemistry
Authors: Zhu Rui , Zhou Yi-Bo , Zhou Han-Qi , Liu Feng-Fan
Published: December 2023

Peroxides, as high-efficiency oxidants, are widely used in various areas of industry, such as chemical, pharmaceutical, environmental protection, etc. However, their applications in batches are limited due to their explosive and unstable nature. Continuous flow reactions have the advantages of a large area-to-surface ratio, high mixing efficiency, high mass and heat transfer performance, accurate control of process parameters, and high security. These are beneficial for the improvement of the product yield and the reduction of the reaction time and risk. Thus, in the reaction involving peroxide, continuous flow technology can effectively improve the operational safety and enhance the reaction efficiency of peroxides. This review summarized the applications of peroxides in various organic syntheses in continuous-flow chemistry. These examples illustrated the promising prospects of peroxides in green organic synthesis.
Safety and tolerability of topiramate and N-acetyl cysteine combination in individuals with alcohol use disorder: a 12 week, randomized, double-blind, pilot study
Authors: Tiouririne Nassima A-D , Kalelioglu Tevfik , Seneviratne Chamindi , Wang Xin-Qun
Published: December 2023

Topiramate (TPM), a GABA/glutamate modulator, has shown positive results for treating alcohol use disorder (AUD), but causes significant cognitive adverse effects. TPM causes cognitive side effects by reducing glutathione levels in the frontal lobe. N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) increases level of intracellular glutathione. We hypothesized that combining NAC with TPM may mitigate the possible cognitive side effects of TPM, as well as working synergistically in reducing alcohol consumption more efficaciously than using TPM alone. A 12-week, double-blind randomized trial assessing the effects of combining NAC (1200 mg/day) with TPM (200 mg/day) vs TPM alone (i) cognitive side effects caused by TPM, (ii) percentage of heavy drinking days (PHDD) and percentage of days abstinent (PDA) using weekly calendar, and (iii) craving outcomes using the obsessive–compulsive drinking scale. Seventeen participants were randomized into the study (nine received TPM + NAC and eight matching TPM + Placebo). Cognitive adverse events were not significantly different between the treatment arms (P = 0.581). There was no difference in PHDD (P = 0.536) and in PDA over the entire study period (P = 0.892). However, both treatment groups at study end, compared with the baseline, significantly reduced their PHDD and increased their PDA. As for cravings: TPM + NAC group has shown higher level in automaticity of drinking (P = 0.029) and interference due to drinking (P = 0.014) subscales compared with the TPM + Placebo group. No difference was observed between groups in terms of Drinking Obsessions and Alcohol Consumption subscales. This pilot study indicates that combining NAC with TPM is overall safe, but the addition of NAC has no significant benefit over placebo in the incidence of TPM-related cognitive impairment, and alcohol drinking. Furthermore, craving outcomes may become worse with the addition of NAC.
The SmERF1b-like regulates tanshinone biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza hairy root
Authors: Li Dan , Liu Yu , Chen Guoliang , Yan Yan , Bai Zhenqing
Published: December 2023

The ethylene response factor family genes are involved in the regulation of secondary metabolism in Salvia miltiorrhiza, but the mechanism underlying this regulation remains elusive. In the present study, based on the cDNA library of S. miltiorrhiza, an AP2/ERF gene was cloned and named SmERF1b-like. This gene exhibited a significant response to exogenous ethylene supply, such that ethylene remarkably upregulated SmERF1b-like expression levels in the leaves of S. miltiorrhiza. Subcellular localization showed that SmERF1b-like is located in the nucleus. Furthermore, SmERF1b-like showed a binding affinity with a GCC-box motif in the promoter region of genes associated with tanshinone biosynthesis in S. miltiorrhiza. Overexpression of SmERF1b-like in hairy roots of S. miltiorrhiza substantially upregulated SmCPS1 and SmKSL1 expression levels, resulting in increased biosynthesis of tanshinone I and cryptotanshinone contents. This finding provides valuable theoretical support for the utilization of a plant genetic engineering strategy to enhance S. miltiorrhiza resources.
EPIC-TRACE: predicting TCR binding to unseen epitopes using attention and contextualized embeddings
Authors: Korpela Dani , Jokinen Emmi , Dumitrescu Alexandru , Huuhtanen Jani , Mustjoki Satu , Lähdesmäki Harri
Published: December 2023

Motivation

T cells play an essential role in adaptive immune system to fight pathogens and cancer but may also give rise to autoimmune diseases. The recognition of a peptide–MHC (pMHC) complex by a T cell receptor (TCR) is required to elicit an immune response. Many machine learning models have been developed to predict the binding, but generalizing predictions to pMHCs outside the training data remains challenging.

Results

We have developed a new machine learning model that utilizes information about the TCR from both α and β chains, epitope sequence, and MHC. Our method uses ProtBERT embeddings for the amino acid sequences of both chains and the epitope, as well as convolution and multi-head attention architectures. We show the importance of each input feature as well as the benefit of including epitopes with only a few TCRs to the training data. We evaluate our model on existing databases and show that it compares favorably against other state-of-the-art models.

Availability and implementation

https://github.com/DaniTheOrange/EPIC-TRACE.
The function of red and banded patterns in snakes: a review of hypotheses and evidence
Authors: Mouy Henri
Published: December 2023

The functions of bright bands in coral and other snakes have long been a puzzle. The most common opinion is that coral snakes display aposematic marks and that other red and black banded snakes in the Americas are mimics of coral snakes. Although supported by some evidence, the notion comes with unresolved difficulties. Here, I review the proposed functions of the colour of coral snakes and similar-coloured snakes, taking a more comprehensive view than usual, from the plausibility of aposematism in coral snakes to the apparent existence of a selective force for red and black banded patterns across the world. Theoretical models of the maintenance of aposematic signals do not seem applicable, hence aposematism has a low a priori plausibility in coral snakes. Evidence of avoidance is weak, field studies rely on unsettled methods and do not reproduce well, and two laboratory studies reporting strong innate fear are questioned. Coral snakes predict the geography and richness of ‘mimics’ in the Americas, but not in line with expectations. Conversely, polymorphism and evidence of local selection and of a worldwide selective force for patterns similar to coral snakes, including complex banded patterns, contradicts aposematism and mimicry and points to an undefined alternative. In summary, aposematism and mimicry fail on too many fronts to be sustained, existing alternatives also fail to be supported sufficiently, and hypotheses need to be formulated to account for the widespread selection for red and black bands and for complex banded patterns in snakes.
The function of red and banded patterns in snakes: the eyes of the beholders—also, the function of bands in fish
Authors: Mouy Henri
Published: December 2023

The functions of bright bands in coral and other snakes have long been a puzzle. A common opinion is that coral snakes display aposematic marks and that other red and black banded snakes in the Americas are mimics of coral snakes. In two previous reviews, I challenged this prevailing opinion and showed that red and bands are probably defensive against snake predators. Here, I offer a plausible mechanisms through which red and bands could be protective against ophidian predators: the function of bands is to interfere with the focusing ability of snakes, which eyes, as in fish, rely on a ball lens that moves back and forth, a peculiarity among terrestrial vertebrates. Simulations show how the spherical aberrations created by ball lenses produce local maxima in contrast when out of focus, which would feel in focus. I conjecture that red targets specific visual receptors in snakes active in low light: these receptors would have a slow and saturating response. This conjecture is justified by the lability of vision in snakes and the overabundance of red light in dim light. Those conjectures allow precise and well-respected predictions and credibly explain a wide range of observations, such as the geographical repartition of tricolour snakes, the evolution of triadal patterns, the evolution of specific triadal-like patterns in some Erythrolamprus, and the repeated evolution of black and white banded snakes with a red dorsal line. Fish eyes have similar optics, and the function of the ubiquitous fish bands could likewise be to interfere with the vision of predators.
The Prison as a Space of Non-life: How Does a Typical Prison Sentence Intervene in What Really Matters to People?
Authors: Ievins Alice
Published: December 2023

This article argues that imprisonment creates time that does not matter. It is based on longitudinal interviews conducted with 35 men and women sentenced to typical prison sentences in England. It argues that some responded to this situation by trying to treat the institution as a space of temporary removal and then return to their unblemished lives after release. Others tried to use the prison as a space for reinvention, but it was too disconnected from their biographies for this change to endure. The article then calls for a new understanding of the prison as an institution. The prison is a space of non-life, and as such it can only be understood in the context of that which surrounds it.
Trajectories of Pre-exposure Prophylaxis Adherence Among Commercially Insured Individuals
Authors: Unigwe Ikenna , Goodin Amie , Lo-Ciganic Wei-Hsuan , Cook Robert L , Park Haesuk
Published: December 2023

We used group-based trajectory models to identify 4 distinct trajectory patterns of adherence to preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) among 20 696 users. Only 44.5% were consistently PrEP adherent, with younger age, being female, or having substance use disorder or depression associated with early discontinuation. Public health efforts are needed to improve PrEP adherence.
Modeling the Impacts of Antiviral Prophylaxis Strategies in Mitigating Seasonal Influenza Outbreaks in Nursing Homes
Authors: Morris Sinead E , Zipfel Casey M , Peer Komal , Madewell Zachary J , Brenner Stephan , Garg Shikha , Paul Prabasaj , Slayton Rachel B , Biggerstaff Matthew
Published: December 2023

Background

Antiviral chemoprophylaxis is recommended for use during influenza outbreaks in nursing homes to prevent transmission and severe disease among non-ill residents. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidance recommends prophylaxis be initiated for all non-ill residents once an influenza outbreak is detected and be continued for at least 14 days and until 7 days after the last laboratory-confirmed influenza case is identified. However, not all facilities strictly adhere to this guidance and the impact of such partial adherence is not fully understood.

Methods

We developed a stochastic compartmental framework to model influenza transmission within an average-sized US nursing home. We compared the number of symptomatic illnesses and hospitalizations under varying prophylaxis implementation strategies, in addition to different levels of prophylaxis uptake and adherence by residents and healthcare personnel (HCP).

Results

Prophylaxis implemented according to current guidance reduced total symptomatic illnesses and hospitalizations among residents by a median of 12% and 36%, respectively, compared with no prophylaxis. We did not find evidence that alternative implementations of prophylaxis were more effective: compared to full adoption of current guidance, partial adoption resulted in increased symptomatic illnesses and/or hospitalizations, and longer or earlier adoption offered no additional improvements. In addition, increasing uptake and adherence among nursing home residents was effective in reducing resident illnesses and hospitalizations, but increasing HCP uptake had minimal indirect impacts for residents.

Conclusions

The greatest benefits of influenza prophylaxis during nursing home outbreaks will likely be achieved through increasing uptake and adherence among residents and following current CDC guidance.
Diet and Nutrition in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Manski Scott , Noverati Nicholas , Policarpo Tatiana , Rubin Emily , Shivashankar Raina
Published: December 2023

Diet is thought to contribute to the development of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and may act as a mediator of inflammation in patients with IBD. Patients commonly associate their diet with symptoms and inquire about dietary modifications to manage their IBD. Without clinical guidelines and well-established nutritional data, healthcare providers managing patients with IBD may find it difficult to provide recommendations. Strong evidence for enteral nutrition, particularly in the pediatric population, has been established in Crohn’s disease (CD) as a therapeutic option. Enteral nutrition may also serve as an adjunct to an exclusion diet. Recent studies such as the randomized trial comparing the Specific Carbohydrate Diet to a Mediterranean Diet in CD patients provide additional insights in forming dietary plans. A low-fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) diet in quiescent IBD and an anti-inflammatory diet have also been explored as adjunctive therapies. In this review, we discuss the latest evidence for the role of diet in IBD both as a therapeutic modality and as an opportunity to provide patient-centered care.
Homocysteine impairs the anticontractile/vasorelaxing activity of perivascular adipose tissue surrounding human internal mammary artery
Authors: Wei Jia-Hui , Qi Hang , Zhou Yang , Hou Hai-Tao , He Guo-Wei , Yang Qin
Published: December 2023

OBJECTIVES

Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) surrounding human internal mammary artery (IMA) possesses anticontractile property. Its function under pathological conditions is barely studied. We previously reported that homocysteine impairs the vasodilator function of IMA through endothelium and smooth muscle-dependent mechanisms. This study investigated the effect of homocysteine on the function of PVAT and the associated mechanisms.

METHODS

Residual IMA tissues were collected from patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Vasoreactivity was studied using myograph. Adiponectin was measured by ELISA. Expressions of adiponectin receptors (AdipoRs), eNOS and p-eNOS were determined by RT-qPCR and Western blot.

RESULTS

Exposure to homocysteine augmented the contractile responses of PVAT-intact IMA to U46619 and potassium chloride, regardless with or without endothelium. Such augmentation was also observed in skeletonized IMA with transferred, homocysteine-exposed PVAT. Homocysteine attenuated the relaxant response of PVAT-intact while endothelium-denuded vessels to acetylcholine. Homocysteine lowered adiponectin content in the PVAT, downregulated the expression of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 as well as eNOS and p-eNOS in skeletonized IMA. The relaxant response of skeletonized IMA to AdipoR agonist AdipoRon was blunted by homocysteine or eNOS inhibitor, and homocysteine significantly attenuated the inhibitory effect of eNOS inhibitor on AdipoRon-induced relaxation.

CONCLUSIONS

Homocysteine impairs the anticontractile/vasorelaxing activity of PVAT surrounding the IMA through inhibiting adiponectin/AdipoR/eNOS/nitric oxide signalling pathway.
Bex-Nikaidoh operation and the impact of double root translocation on outcomes
Authors: Schulz Antonia , Buratto Edward , Ishigami Shuta , Konstantinov Igor E , Cheung Michael M H , Brizard Christian P
Published: December 2023

OBJECTIVES

The Bex-Nikaidoh operation can effectively relieve left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. However, if a conduit is used for right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction, a late reoperation can be anticipated. We examined the impact of double root translocation on outcomes.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective single-centre study of patients who underwent aortic root translocation between 2006 and 2019.

RESULTS

Aortic root translocation was performed in 23 patients at a median age of 1.6 years [interquartile range (IQR) 0.9–2.5]. Concomitant repairs were done in 52.2% of patients (12/23) including the Senning atrial switch in 34.8% (8/23). The right ventricular outflow tract was reconstructed with valved conduits in 39.1% (9/23), direct anastomoses in 4.35% (1/23) and pulmonary autografts in 56.5% of patients (13/23). Aortic cross-clamp time was significantly longer in patients with double root translocation [308 min (IQR 270–259) vs 209 min (IQR 179–281), P = 0.02]; 2 patients in this group required temporary mechanical circulatory support. There were no early deaths. Median follow-up time was 7.5 years (IQR 3.3–10.5). The estimated 10-year survival was 90% [95% confidence interval (CI): 47.3%, 98.5%]. There was no recurrent left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. Freedom from any reoperation was 64.2% (95% CI: 40.8%, 80.3%) at 3 years and 44.5% (95% CI: 21.2%, 65.5%) at 6 years. The main indication for late reoperation was conduit degeneration. Freedom from a right ventricular outflow tract reoperation was significantly higher, and the number of reoperations per patient was lower when a double root translocation had been performed (P = 0.03).

CONCLUSIONS

The Bex-Nikaidoh operation effectively relieved left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. A double root translocation further increased procedural complexity but was associated with better mid-term freedom from a right ventricular outflow tract reoperation. It should be considered in suitable patients.
The Earl of Manchester and opera in London
Authors: McGeary Thomas
Published: December 2023

Charles Montagu (c.1662–1722), Earl (later Duke) of Manchester, played an important role in furthering the establishment of Italian-style opera in London. He gained knowledge of opera and continental singers and musicians on his Grand Tour and three diplomatic missions abroad. This article prints relevant portions (some for the first time) from his correspondence and other printed and manuscript sources to expand our knowledge of his involvement with opera in London, Vienna, France and Italy. The correspondence suggests why his advice and assistance were sought by John Vanbrugh and later by the Royal Academy of Music and adds to our knowledge of the history of opera in London in its so-called ‘critical decade’. Most important was his mission to Venice in 1707–8. Although no evidence has emerged that Manchester met Handel in Venice or extended to him an invitation, he was responsible for the recruitment of Nicola Grimaldi (called ‘Nicolini’), painters and other singers to London. Even at this early stage, opera in London was part of an operatic system that extended across Europe, involving not only musicians and impresarios but also ministers of state and foreign diplomats.
The chordal continuo in French Baroque opera: revisiting the evidence
Authors: Sadler Graham
Published: December 2023

The appearance some four decades ago of the author’s article ‘The role of the keyboard continuo in French opera 1673–1776’, Early Music, viii/2 (1980), sharply divided opinion. While many readers accepted the evidence that the chordal continuo instruments at the Paris Opéra customarily remained silent during most, if not all, of the dance movements (and, from the mid-1710s, the choruses), others proved sceptical or even hostile to the conclusions drawn. In revisiting the evidence, the present article focuses on the extent of the movements omitted from original continuo parts (around 50 per cent in some cases), and argues that the practice became more pronounced in the early 18th century. Noting that continuo playing was not traditionally associated with dance music in France, the article cites subsequent scholarly writings that draw attention to parallel practices in England and Germany, and reviews how far the findings of the 1980 article have been taken up by performers.
Private sanctions
Authors: Hart Oliver , Thesmar David , Zingales Luigi
Published: December 2023

We survey a representative sample of the US population to understand stakeholders’ desire to see their firms leave Russia after the invasion of Ukraine. Only 37% of the respondents think that leaving Russia is a pure business decision, and only 30% think that sanctions are a pure matter for the government. If a firm does not conform to the desire to leave Russia, 66% of the respondents are willing to boycott it (exit). We randomize a (hypothetical) cost of exiting the firm. This cost has a strong effect on the stated propensity to exit. This sensitivity allows us to provide a natural $ equivalent of moral motivations for exiting. We try to distinguish deontological and impact-related motives to exit, by randomizing beliefs about the impact on the firm. We find a clear effect of impact for shareholders, but not for consumers and employees. Our results continue to hold on the subsample of participants who actually donate part of their survey compensation to Ukraine. In our survey, consumers emerge as the most powerful force to control the morality of firms. We discuss the geopolitical and economic implications of a world where private corporations can discontinue profitable business relationships for moral or political reasons.
The relevance of tracking and social school composition for growing achievement gaps by parental education in lower secondary school: a longitudinal analysis in France, Germany, the United States, and England
Authors: Dräger Jascha , Schneider Thorsten , Olczyk Melanie , Solaz Anne , Sheridan Alexandra , Washbrook Elizabeth , Perinetti Casoni Valentina , Kwon Sarah Jiyoon , Waldfogel Jane
Published: December 2023

There is substantial variation in the degree of social stratification in students’ achievement across countries. However, most research is based on cross-sectional data. In this study, we evaluate the importance of social origin, namely, parents’ education, for achievement inequalities during lower secondary school using recent longitudinal microdata form the French Direction de l’Evaluation de la Prospective et de la Performance panel, the German National Educational Panel Study, the US-American Early Childhood Longitudinal Study 1998, and the British Millennium Cohort Study. We evaluate whether country differences can be attributed to different tracking systems or the social composition of schools. We find substantial SES gaps in math achievement progress in all four countries but more pronounced gaps in England and Germany. Yet, within-school SES gaps are similar across countries suggesting that the allocation of students to schools drives country differences. Moreover, we find that between-school tracking in Germany accounts for a large share of the SES gaps, whereas course-by-course tracking seems less important in the other countries. The role of schools’ social composition is similar across countries.
Unusual subacute endocarditis following herpes zoster infection. a case report
Authors: Agur Cohen Dikla , Braun Eyal
Published: December 2023

Objective

This paper presents a rare case of subacute bacterial endocarditis (SBE) following a herpes zoster (HZ) episode, with no prior records found in the existing literature.

Patient information

Specifically, we describe a case of a 76-year-old female whose diagnosis of SBE was hindered by the concurrent manifestation of HZ symptoms, which had emerged 3 weeks before the onset of SBE indicators.

Follow-up and outcomes

This delay in diagnosis resulted in profound complications, including a cerebrovascular accident and significant mitral valve destruction.

Discussion

HZ episodes have not conventionally been linked in the medical literature to the occurrence of SBE. Nonetheless, it is noteworthy that HZ infections have been associated with the development of other consequential bacterial infections, such as pneumonia and necrotizing fasciitis.

This case underscores the necessity for medical practitioners to recognize the possibility of HZ symptoms obscuring indications of critical underlying conditions and infections. The implications of this report highlight the significance of maintaining heightened vigilance for signs of other severe infections when managing patients presenting with HZ symptoms.
An Incomplete Model of Disability: Discrepancies Between Performance-Based and Self-Reported Measures of Functioning
Authors: Twardzik Erica , Schrack Jennifer A , Freedman Vicki A , Reed Nicholas S , Ehrlich Joshua R , Martinez-Amezcua Pablo
Published: December 2023

Background

Appropriate conceptualization and measurement of disability are critical for population-focused resource allocation and policy development. Self-reported and performance-based measures of functioning have been used to represent disability. Variation in environmental context or self-perception of ability may influence self-reports; however, performance-based measures that attempt to control environmental context may not accurately capture real-world aspects of functioning. This study examined the agreement between self-report and performance-based measures of functioning within 4 domains among older adults.

Methods

Cross-sectional data from the 2021 National Health and Aging Trends Study was used. Self-reported and performance-based measures of functioning were assessed for vision, hearing, mobility, and memory domains. We examined the diagnostic characteristics of performance-based versus self-reported measures using sensitivity, specificity, and receiver operating characteristics curves. Differences in the agreement of these measures across sociodemographic groups were investigated using logistic regression.

Results

Among 2 442 respondents 71 years and older (mean 78.5 ± 5.3, 56% female participants), performance measures of hearing and mobility had high sensitivity (89% and 91%, respectively) and low/moderate specificity (36% and 63%, respectively). The sensitivity and specificity of vision measures were 71%. Memory measures had high specificity (89%) and low sensitivity (28%). Performance-based discrimination ranged from 0.59 (memory) to 0.78 (mobility). Agreement varied across sociodemographic factors.

Conclusions

Performance measures diverge from self-reported functioning among older adults. Discordance may reveal opportunities for environmental intervention where participants’ performance does not capture the full extent of barriers in their daily lives. Additional research is needed to investigate individual and environmental factors which could explain the observed differences.