bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One‐dimensional growth of colloidal PbSe nanorods in chloroalkanes
Authors: Kandel Shreedhar R. , Chiluwal Shailendra , Jiang Zhoufeng , Tang Yiteng , Roland Paul J. , Subedi Kamal , Dimick Douglas M. , Moroz Pavel , Zamkov Mikhail , Ellingson Randy , Hu Jianjun , Voevodin Andrey A. , Sun Liangfeng
Published: October 2016

Catalyst‐free, one‐pot synthesis of colloidal PbSe nanorods is demonstrated. The co‐solvent chloroalkanes play a critical role in driving a one‐dimensional growth of PbSe nanorods. The formation of the nanorod is likely governed by the anisotropic growth of the crystal due to the different reactivity of the facets. The photoluminescence quantum yield of the nanorods is above 25%, indicating well‐passivated surfaces. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fatigue Test Analysis of Automotive Key Parts Based on Censored Data and Small Sample Setting
Authors: Wang Minlong , Liu Xintian , Wang Xiaolan , Wang Yansong
Published: October 2016

The study discusses how some challenges from a small sample fatigue test can be analysed statistically and resolved. In terms of data dispersion, fatigue data are initially processed by confidence, and then, the fatigue life curve is replaced by the parabolic reliability approximation. Fatigue data under various reliability levels are obtained. Instead of the traditional single S–N curve, the mean value curve and mean square deviation curve of the S–N curve are computed based on the processed fatigue data. The S–N curve with reliability is deduced by applying quantile theory. The S–N curve is improved by considering the effects of low‐amplitude load strengthening. The benefits of the modification are visible in the comparison of the fatigue life before and after low‐amplitude load strengthening. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A lightweight authentication mechanism in MIP networks
Authors: Kim Green , Kim Youngse , Heo Ung , Kim Keecheon
Published: October 2016

Numerous vulnerabilities threat the security of Mobile IP (MIP) networks. A variety of methods have been proposed to protect the MIP networks from the attacks. However, most of these methods are heavy and require significant time and resources. MIP is an essential element within the wireless mobile communication network that provide a fixed IP address. Among the changes from the existing standard IP network to the MIP network, security is a most essential one. Handover delay has been increased because of the complicated authentication and registration process. Because the essential goals of MIP are to provide seamless connection and real‐time services, the security vulnerability became the biggest problem for the real deployment. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a new lightweight authentication mechanism for the authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) infrastructure of MIP networks. In the original AAA authentication mechanism, mobile node (MN) must wait for a nonce from an AAA server in order to generate the session key, which be used for the security associations between MN and home agent and between MN and foreign agent. This paper introduces a new mechanism, which enables the unauthenticated MN to initiate a key generation process and create a secret key in advance. This mechanism facilitates key distribution by reducing cryptographic operations (76.68% improvement) and handover time (14.15% improvement). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RITA: RIsk‐aware Trust‐based Architecture for collaborative multi‐hop vehicular communications
Authors: Kerrache Chaker Abdelaziz , Calafate Carlos T. , Lagraa Nasreddine , Cano Juan‐Carlos , Manzoni Pietro
Published: October 2016

Trust establishment over vehicular networks can enhance the security against probable insider attackers. Regrettably, existing solutions assume that the attackers have always a dishonest behavior that remains stable over time. This assumption may be misleading, as the attacker can behave intelligently to avoid being detected. In this paper, we propose a novel solution that combines trust establishment and a risk estimation concerning behavior changes. Our proposal, called risk‐aware trust‐based architecture, evaluates the trust among vehicles for independent time periods, while the risk estimation computes the behavior variation between smaller, consecutive time periods in order to prevent risks like an intelligent attacker attempting to bypass the security measures deployed. In addition, our proposal works over a collaborative multi‐hop broadcast communication technique for both vehicle‐to‐vehicle and vehicle‐to‐roadside unit messages in order to ensure an efficient dissemination of both safety and infotainment messages. Simulation results evidence the high efficiency of risk‐aware trust‐based architecture at enhancing the detection ratios by more than 7% compared with existing solutions, such as T‐CLAIDS and AECFV, even in the presence of high ratios of attackers, while offering short end‐to‐end delays and low packet loss ratios. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Empirical Test of the Relational View in the Context of Corporate Venture Capital
Authors: Weber Christiana , Bauke Boris , Raibulet Virgil
Published: October 2016

Research summary

This study focuses on Dyer and Singh's (1998) relational view in the context of corporate venture capital (CVC) investors and their portfolio companies, who mutually strive for interorganizational rent generation. Aiming to better understand this relational rent‐generation process, our article entirely operationalizes and refines Dyer and Singh's (1998) model. While our findings attest strong explanatory power to the original model in the context of CVC investment relationships, they suggest the existence of additional relationships between the constructs of the relational view. Specifically, we identified relation‐specific assets as well as knowledge‐sharing routines as mediators between complementary resources and capabilities and relational rent.

Managerial summary

In this article, the relational view as an existing theory on interorganizational relationships is applied and tested using quantitative data in the context of corporate venture capital (CVC) investments. Our analysis confirms that relation‐specific assets and knowledge‐sharing routines, as well as complementary resources and capabilities, lead to relational rent. This is supernormal profit creation for both CVC investors and portfolio companies. The relationships are, however, not as straightforward as the original theory suggests, with complementary resources and capabilities being antecedents for knowledge‐sharing routines and relation‐specific assets which, subsequently, lead to the desired rent. Counterintuitively, informal self‐enforcing governance mechanisms (trust) appear to foster relationship satisfaction, but not necessarily create relational rent or immediate tangible benefits. Copyright © 2016 Strategic Management Society
Surface‐interface microstructures and binding strength of cathodic arc ion plated TiCN coatings on YT14 cutting tools
Authors: Ze Sun , Dejun Kong , Wei Liu
Published: October 2016

A titanium carbonitride (TiCN) coating was deposited on YT14 cutting tool by using a CAIP (cathodic arc ion plating). The surface‐interface morphologies, chemical compositions, and phases of TiCN coatings were observed by using a FESEM (field emission scanning electron microscopy), EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy), XRD (X‐ray diffraction), respectively, and the bonding energy, surface roughness, and bonding strength were characterized with an XPS (X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy), AFM (atomic force microscope), and scratch test, respectively. The results show that the phases of the TiCN coating are primarily composed of TiN, TiC, and amorphous C, of which the TiC and TiN increases the coating hardness, and the amorphous C atom improves friction and lubrication properties of the coating. The effect of CAIP on the topography of the TiCN coating is at nano‐scale, the Ti and N atoms are enriched in the coating at the bonding interface, and the part of chemical elements are diffused in the gradual transformation layer. The bonding form of the TiCN coating interface is primarily composed of mechanical combination, accompanying with slight metallurgical combination, and the bonding strength is characterized with 60.85 N by scratch test. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The formal semantics of program slicing for nonterminating computations
Authors: Ward Martin , Zedan Hussein
Published: October 2016

Since the original development of program slicing in 1979 there have been many attempts to define a suitable semantics, which will precisely define the meaning of a slice. Particular issues include handling termination and nontermination, slicing nonterminating programs, and slicing nondeterministic programs. In this paper we review and critique the main attempts to construct a semantics for slicing and present a new operational semantics, which correctly handles slicing for nonterminating and nondeterministic programs. We also present a modified denotational semantics, which we prove to be equivalent to the operational semantics. This provides programmers with 2 different methods to prove the correctness of a slice or a slicing algorithm and means that the program transformation theory and FermaT transformation system, developed last 25 years of research, and which has proved so successful in analyzing terminating programs, can now be applied to nonterminating interactive programs.
Lessons learned from 4‐year empowering project management with TALAIA OpenPPM
Authors: Mas Antonia , Mesquida Antoni‐Lluís , Jovanović Miloš , Barceló Joan
Published: October 2016

Knowledge and experience are not the only prerequisite for a successful project; a well‐performing team using proper tools and techniques ensures efficient project management. Adequate tool is essential to support decision making in management of any organizational business units. TALAIA OpenPPM is an open‐source solution for managing projects, programs, and portfolios. SM2, founder of TALAIA OpenPPM, after 4 years of experience of the tool implementation in companies from different sectors, came to a conclusion that the successful adoption of the tool is strongly affected with existing maturity level of the project management processes established in the organization. Also, this article derives lessons learned by SM2 in expansion and opening of a new business line in the international market.
Institutionalizing Public Scholarship: Lessons from Feminism and Symbolic Interactionism
Authors: Kilty Jennifer M. , Crépault Charissa
Published: October 2016

This article contributes to recent debates about public sociology by considering the potential harmful consequences of seeking legitimacy for committed scholarship within academic institutions. After discussing public scholarship's place within the corporate university, we reflect on how institutionalizing “scholarship with commitment” might create routine practices and standardized expectations that could discourage organic interactions with various publics. Feminism's role in the academy exemplifies the consequences of institutionalizing committed scholarship. Drawing on insights from feminist and symbolic interactionist traditions and writing from a Canadian perspective, we discuss promising strategies for resisting the stagnation and/or habitualization of public and committed scholarship.
Gender and choosing a STEM major in college: Femininity, masculinity, chilly climate, and occupational values
Authors: Simon Richard M. , Wagner Ashley , Killion Brooke
Published: October 2016

Masculinity and femininity have played a substantial role in how social scientists explain the gender gap in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) careers. The masculine culture of science is thought to be inconsistent with occupational values associated with feminine personalities, and to create a discriminatory academic environment for those who cannot adapt to it. However, there has been little systematic investigation into the extent to which masculine and feminine personality characteristics are actually correlated with STEM career outcomes, or how the effects of masculine and feminine personality characteristics on STEM career outcomes may be different when embodied in women compared to men. This study tests several hypotheses concerning the relationship of masculine and feminine personality characteristics to occupational values, perceptions of academic climate, and selection of a STEM major in college among a sample of 752 students enrolled at a major public university. We find little support for the hypothesis that masculine personality characteristics are especially rewarded in STEM majors. However, we also find that women pay a femininity penalty in STEM majors, while more abundant feminine personality traits in men render them more likely to major in a STEM field, after accounting for occupational values. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 54: 299–323, 2017
The Myth of the Critical Period
Authors: Strid John Evar
Published: October 2016

In language conferences, student papers, some linguistics textbooks, and wider culture, the critical period hypothesis is presented as factual despite still being fiercely debated in academic literature. The widespread popular acceptance of the hypothesis contrasts with a sharp debate and criticism of it in academic literature (Muñoz & Singleton, ; Ortega, ). This article considers the basis of the hypothesis, a concept from biology that describes a species‐wide acquisition window for a trait that affects every member of the species and ends in a relatively abrupt manner (Knudson, ). After a critical period passes, a member of the affected species has little or no hope of acquiring a trait, as if the window were permanently sealed. The article then discusses the evidence for and against the hypothesis from additional and native language acquisition, ultimately concluding that evidence best supports a sensitive period within the first 2 years of life (Muñoz & Singleton, ). Discussion then turns to what factors determine success in language learning, with consideration of how teachers can best support their students of all ages and how to change popular acceptance of the hypothesis and its inhibition of language learning.
On Epistemic Consequentialism and the Virtue Conflation Problem
Authors: Carter J. Adam , Church Ian M. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: October 2016

Addressing the ‘virtue conflation’ problem requires the preservation of intuitive distinctions between virtue types, that is, between intellectual and moral virtues. According to one influential attempt to avoid this problem proposed by Julia Driver (2003), moral virtues produce benefits to others—in particular, they promote the well-being of others—while the intellectual virtues, as such, produce epistemic good for the agent. We show that Driver’s demarcation of intellectual virtue, by adverting to the self-/other distinction, leads to a reductio, and ultimately, that the prospects for resolving the virtue conflation problem look dim within an epistemic consequentialist approach to the epistemic right and the epistemic good.
Identifying community structure in a multi‐relational network employing non‐negative tensor factorization and GA k‐means clustering
Authors: Verma Ankita , Bharadwaj Kamal K.
Published: October 2016

The ubiquity of social networking sites leads to the generation of rich social media content. Community discovery is one of the significant tools in the analysis of social media data that is often multi‐relational due to diverse forms of user interactions. Although there has been extensive research devoted to community discovery, most of it is restricted to single‐relational networks. However, focus has been shifted to multi‐relational networks in the recent years. In this study, we aim to discover communities in the multi‐relational networks through relational learning. Our main focus is the utilization of non‐negative tensor factorization and GA k‐means clustering for community discovery. In order to incorporate the relational characteristics of the data in the learning methodology, tensors are used to model the multi‐relational network. Tensor factorization reveals the latent features of the data and shows state‐of‐the‐art results for multi‐relational learning. Once the implicit information is obtained by factorization, we apply a GA k‐means clustering algorithm for community discovery. Experiments are performed on synthetic as well as real datasets. The results obtained are quite promising and clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed scheme. WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov 2017, 7:e1196. doi: 10.1002/widm.1196

This article is categorized under:

Algorithmic Development > Structure Discovery

Technologies > Machine Learning
Explicit phase diagram for a one‐dimensional blister model
Authors: Chmaycem G. , Jazar M. , Monneau R.
Published: October 2016

We consider a thin film bonded to a substrate. The film acquires a residual stress upon cooling due to the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficients between the film and the substrate. The film tends to lift off the substrate once this residual stress is compressive and large enough. In this work, this phenomenon is described by a simplified one‐dimensional variational model. We minimize an energy and study its global minimizers. This problem depends on three parameters: the length of the film, its elasticity and the temperature. Our main result consists of describing a phase diagram, that depends on those parameters, in order to identify three types of global minimizers: a blister, a fully delaminated blister and a trivial solution (without any delamination). Moreover, we prove various qualitative results describing the shape of the blisters and allowing us to identify the smallest blister that may appear.
Transanal Tube for the Prevention of Anastomotic Leakage After Rectal Cancer Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhao Wen‐Tao , Li Ning‐Ning , He Dan , Feng Jin‐Yan
Published: October 2016

Background

Transanal tubes (TTs) have been used to prevent and reduce anastomotic leakage after rectal cancer surgery. The aim of this review was to investigate the efficacy and safety of the TT.

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed to identify randomized controlled trials and controlled clinical trials assessing the clinical efficacy and safety of TTs in rectal cancer surgery.

Results

Seven trials with 1609 participants were included. The TT group had a lower anastomotic leakage rate than the non‐transanal tube group [RR 0.38; 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.25–0.58; P < 0.0001], as well as a lower reoperation rate (RR 0.31; 95 % CI 0.19–0.53; P < 0.0001) and a shorter hospital stay (mean = −2.59 days; 95 % CI −3.69 to −1.49; P < 0.0001). There were no significant differences in mortality between the two groups.

Conclusion

TT use in rectal cancer surgery is likely to be an effective and safe method of preventing and reducing anastomotic leakage and is associated with a decreased risk of reoperation and faster recovery.
Pairwise Likelihood Ratio Tests and Model Selection Criteria for Structural Equation Models with Ordinal Variables
Authors: Katsikatsou Myrsini , Moustaki Irini
Published: October 2016

Correlated multivariate ordinal data can be analysed with structural equation models. Parameter estimation has been tackled in the literature using limited-information methods including three-stage least squares and pseudo-likelihood estimation methods such as pairwise maximum likelihood estimation. In this paper, two likelihood ratio test statistics and their asymptotic distributions are derived for testing overall goodness-of-fit and nested models, respectively, under the estimation framework of pairwise maximum likelihood estimation. Simulation results show a satisfactory performance of type I error and power for the proposed test statistics and also suggest that the performance of the proposed test statistics is similar to that of the test statistics derived under the three-stage diagonally weighted and unweighted least squares. Furthermore, the corresponding, under the pairwise framework, model selection criteria, AIC and BIC, show satisfactory results in selecting the right model in our simulation examples. The derivation of the likelihood ratio test statistics and model selection criteria under the pairwise framework together with pairwise estimation provide a flexible framework for fitting and testing structural equation models for ordinal as well as for other types of data. The test statistics derived and the model selection criteria are used on data on ‘trust in the police’ selected from the 2010 European Social Survey. The proposed test statistics and the model selection criteria have been implemented in the R package lavaan.
Covariate-free and Covariate-dependent Reliability
Authors: Bentler Peter M.
Published: October 2016

Classical test theory reliability coefficients are said to be population specific. Reliability generalization, a meta-analysis method, is the main procedure for evaluating the stability of reliability coefficients across populations. A new approach is developed to evaluate the degree of invariance of reliability coefficients to population characteristics. Factor or common variance of a reliability measure is partitioned into parts that are, and are not, influenced by control variables, resulting in a partition of reliability into a covariate-dependent and a covariate-free part. The approach can be implemented in a single sample and can be applied to a variety of reliability coefficients.
Human Rights Due Diligence as Risk Management: Social Risk Versus Human Rights Risk
Authors: FASTERLING Björn
Published: October 2016

The UN Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights endorse a risk management perspective of human rights due diligence, which may create ambiguities with regard to the nature of risk and the objectives of risk management. By ‘human rights risk’ we understand a business enterprise’s potential adverse human rights impacts. Human rights risk can be contrasted to an enterprise’s ‘social risk’ which refers to the actual and potential leverage that people or groups of people with a negative perception of corporate activity have on the business enterprise’s value.

This article puts forward the argument that due diligence in respect of human rights risk is conceptually incompatible with the management of social risk, because social risk management and human rights due diligence vary at each step of the risk management process (risk identification, risk measurement and assessment, risk reduction measures). To resolve this incompatibility, an effective integration of human rights due diligence processes into corporate risk management systems would require an elevation of human rights respect to a corporate goal that determines corporate strategy.
Barriers to and Facilitators of Inter-Organizational Coordination in Response to Disasters: A Grounded Theory Approach
Authors: Bahadori Mohammadkarim , Khankeh Hamid Reza , Zaboli Rouhollah , Ravangard Ramin , Malmir Isa
Published: October 2016

Objective

Coordination is a major challenge in the field of health in disasters, mostly because of the complex nature of health-related activities.

Methods

This was a qualitative study based on the grounded theory approach. A total of 22 experts in the field of health in disasters participated in the study. The data were collected through in-depth interviews and literature review. The collected data were then analyzed by use of MAXQDA 2010 software (VERBI Software GmbH).

Results

The lack of a strategic view in the field of health in disasters, a lack of coordination of necessities and infrastructures, insufficient enforcement, a higher priority given to an organizational approach rather than a national approach, and the field of disasters not being a priority in the health system were noted as barriers to inter-organizational coordination. The facilitators of inter-organizational coordination noted were the importance of public participation in the field of health in disasters, having a process and systematic view in the field of health in disasters, the necessity of understanding and managing resources and information in the field of health in disasters, and having a feedback and evaluation system in the health system after disasters.

Conclusion

It is recommended that developing common beliefs and goals be given priority in making plans and policies in the field of health in disasters. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:318–325)
A Pseudo-outbreak of Aspergillosis at a Tertiary Care Hospital: Thinking Beyond the Infection Control Risk Assessment
Authors: Doll Michelle , Preas Michael Anne , Johnson J. Kristie , Mitchell Clifford , Roup Brenda , Wilson Lucy , Carothers Christine , Nkonge Grace , Leekha Surbhi
Published: October 2016

In the modern era of carefully monitored renovations, construction-relatedAspergillusoutbreaks have decreased. We investigated an increase in clinical cultures growingAspergillusspecies, determining that contamination of the mycology lab caused a pseudo-outbreak. A major construction site was appropriately sealed, but unrecognized staff traffic may have facilitated laboratory contamination.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2016;1–4
Comparing Online and Face-to-Face Student Counselling: What Therapeutic Goals Are Identified and What Are the Implications for Educational Providers?
Authors: Hanley Terry , Ersahin Zehra , Sefi Aaron , Hebron Judith
Published: October 2016

Online counselling is increasingly being used as an alternative to face-to-face student counselling. Using an exploratory mixed methods design, this project investigated the practice by examining the types of therapeutic goals that 11- to 25-year-olds identify online in routine practice. These goals were then compared to goals identified in equivalent school and community-based counselling services; 1,137 online goals (expressed by 504 young people) and 221 face-to-face goals (expressed by 220 young people) were analysed for key themes using grounded theory techniques. This analysis identified three core categories: (1) Intrapersonal Goals, (2) Interpersonal Goals, and (3) Intrapersonal Goals Directly Related to Others. Further statistical analysis of these themes indicated that online and face-to-face services appear to be used in different ways by students. These differences are discussed alongside the implications for professionals working in educational settings.
Star-shaped trace fossil andPhymatodermafrom Neogene deep-sea deposits in central Japan: probable echiuran feeding and fecal traces
Authors: Izumi Kentaro , Yoshizawa Kazuko
Published: October 2016

A co-occurrence of the ichnogenusPhymatodermaand a star-shaped horizontal trace fossil was discovered from Neogene deep-marine deposits (Misaki Formation, central Japan), and is described herein for the first time.Phymatodermaconsists of a straight to slightly curved tunnel that shows first- or second-order branches. The tunnels are 5.30–27.25 mm in diameter and are filled with ellipsoidal pellets. The relatively well-preserved star-shaped trace fossil is a large horizontal structure (~18 cm×19 cm) that consists of at least 10 spokes with diameters ranging from 11.49–20.96 mm. As compared to modern analogous surface-feeding traces produced by abyssal echiuran worms and their burrow morphology, it is highly likely that the star-shaped trace fossil andPhymatodermafound from the Misaki Formation are feeding and fecal traces of ancient deep-sea echiurans, respectively. Difference in preservation potential between surface and subsurface traces may result in rare occurrence of star-shaped trace fossils as compared toPhymatoderma. Microscopic observation of the pelletal infill ofPhymatodermaalso reveals that the trace-maker fed on organic debris and microorganisms such as diatoms and radiolaria.
Popular Referendum and Electoral Accountability
Authors: Le Bihan Patrick
Published: October 2016

This paper studies how citizen-initiated referenda affect the decision-making of elected representatives. In the absence of direct democracy, elected officials who do not share the preferences of voters may enact their preferred policies even at the cost of decreasing the likelihood of reelection. Direct democracy diminishes the policy benefits of doing that, as voters may now overturn some of the policy decisions. Hence, elected officials are induced to implement the policies preferred by the voters not only on those issues that are subject to a possible citizen-initiated referendum, but also on those that are not. This result holds even when the voters’ information about their true interests is limited. Moreover, whereas in a representative democracy, being more informed may undermine voters’ ability to control public officials, the possibility of citizen-initiated referenda means that additional information improves voter control, including on issues that may be outside the direct democracy domain.
DRIVERS FOR EFFICIENT WATER USE IN AGRICULTURE: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF FAMILY FARMS IN ALMERÍA, SPAIN
Authors: PIEDRA-MUÑOZ LAURA , VEGA-LÓPEZ LAURA L. , GALDEANO-GÓMEZ EMILIO , ZEPEDA-ZEPEDA JOSÉ A.
Published: October 2016

This paper aims to determine the influence of family farming features on efficient use of water. The analysis focusses on a random sample of family farms in the province of Almería, southeast Spain. A hierarchical regression model was conducted to determine how the water efficiency is related to environmental awareness and certain characteristics of farmers, decision-makers and the family farm itself. The results show that these family farms strive to be more efficient in their use of water when they are going to be inherited, when there are younger decision-makers who have received a better education, and also when women are involved. Moreover, this efficiency is positively related to more ecological production and to the farmer's habitual behaviour with respect to water economy. The study provides evidence regarding the influences of socio-economic and environmental features of family farming on water use efficiency that may prove useful for other analyses and policy makers on water management in agriculture.
SPORTS PREFERENCE AND DIGIT RATIO (2D:4D) AMONG FEMALE STUDENTS IN WROCŁAW, POLAND
Authors: Kociuba Marek , Kozieł Slawomir , Chakraborty Raja , Ignasiak Zofia
Published: October 2016

Humans exhibit sex differences in competitiveness, sensation seeking and risk-taking attitude, which are required in sports. These attributes are often linked to prenatal testosterone (PT) exposure. The second-to-fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D) is an indicator of PT exposure. A lower 2D:4D indicates higher PT exposure and vice versa. Males generally have a lower 2D:4D than females. Sensation- and/or thrill-seeking behaviours have also been found to be negatively associated with 2D:4D. Boxing and judo are considered to be high-risk sports. Voluntary participation in judo/boxing in contrast to aerobics can be guided by such behaviours and thus have an association with lower 2D:4D. This cross-sectional study included 167 female students from a military academy in Wrocław, Poland. Of them, 119 had voluntarily chosen aerobic exercise, and 48 opted for judo/boxing. Height, weight and second and fourth digit lengths were measured. Physical fitness was assessed using Eurofit tests. The two groups showed similar physical fitness and body size. However, the judo/boxing group had significantly lower mean 2D:4D values than the aerobics group. It is proposed that voluntary choice of participation in a sport discipline by women could be linked to the ‘organizational’ effect of intrauterine testosterone exposure during prenatal growth.
Effects on larval metamorphosis in the musselMytilus coruscusof compounds that act on downstream effectors of G-protein-coupled receptors
Authors: Liang Xiao , Chen Yu-Ru , Gao Wei , Guo Xing-Pan , Ding De-Wen , Yoshida Asami , Osatomi Kiyoshi , Yang Jin-Long
Published: October 2016

The metamorphic responses of mussel (Mytilus coruscus) larvae to pharmacological agents affecting G proteins and the adenylate cyclase/cyclic AMP (AC/cAMP) pathway were examined in the laboratory. The G protein activators guanosine 5′-[β,γ-imido]triphosphate trisodium salt hydrate and guanosine 5′-[γ-thio]triphosphate tetralithium salt only induced larval metamorphosis in continuous exposure assays, and the G protein inhibitor guanosine 5′-[β-thio]diphosphate trilithium salt did not exhibit inducing activity. The non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor theophylline and the cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)imidazolidin-2-one exhibited inducing activity, while the non-specific phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine only showed inducing activity at 10−4M in continuous exposure assays. The cyclic nucleotide analogue N6,2′-O-Dibutyryladenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate sodium salt did not exhibit significant inducing activity. Both the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin and the adenylate cyclase inhibitor nitroimidazole exhibited inducing activity at 10−4to 10−3M concentrations in continuous exposure assays. Among these tested agents, the adenylate cyclase inhibitor (±)-miconazole nitrate salt showed the most promising inducing effect. The present results indicate that G protein-coupled receptors and signal transduction by AC/cAMP pathway could mediate metamorphosis of larvae in this species.
‘Awkward Antarctic nationalism’: bodies, ice cores and gateways in and beyond Australian Antarctic Territory/East Antarctica
Authors: Dodds Klaus
Published: October 2016

This paper explores ‘awkward Antarctic nationalism’ and builds on the critical scholarship that explores the contours and contradictions of everyday, mundane, banal and even hot polar nationalisms. The emphasis on ‘awkward’ is designed to draw attention to the resonances and affordances that are associated with Australian polar nationalism in and beyond the Australian Antarctic Territory/East Antarctica. Using the 2016Australian Antarctic strategy: 20 year action planas a starting point, it considers how bodies, ice cores and gateways are put to work in order to address a fundamental pressure facing all claimant states. That is how to reassure domestic audiences that claims to territory and access are safe, sovereign and secure without alienating others with whom one wishes to do business within a particular area of Antarctica. More broadly, the paper concludes that both claimant states and non-claimant states are rubbing up against one another in areas such as custodianship, environmental stewardship and polar science and logistics. This has implications for how we interrogate the ideals and practices of the Antarctic Treaty.
Plastic happenings: the visual-spatial characteristics of the church of the monastery of La Tourette
Authors: Walker David
Published: October 2016

The intention of this essay is to examine the intrinsic visual-spatial characteristics of the church of the Monastery of La Tourette, and understand their mechanisms, gestation and meaning.

The context for the work is the prevailing insentience at the heart of architectural culture, the systemic denial of the intrinsic visual-spatial sphere and the lack of foundation skills to inform its appreciation.

The fieldwork has consisted of observing and recording the La Tourette church, especially its lighting regimes, through all seasons, weather conditions and usages, and simulating key manifestations through spatial sculpture.

Six characteristics of the church are identified, drawing on the yardstick of Le Corbusier's notion of poetic architecture as ‘plastic happenings’. Its essence is defined as constrained and specific light within penumbra, overlying dynamically juxtaposed heterogeneous spatial forms. The harmony of the church is fragile because it is vulnerable to injudicious lighting, resulting in a duality of transcendence and earthliness. The essay speculates on the cause of the transfiguration from harmony into discord, through analysis of the surviving photographs of the design models.

The presentation is designed to infer enclosed space and minimise imagery, and consists of standard plans and sections including sun-paths, based on the author's measured and heliodon survey, amplified by a number of annotated thumbnail photo-sketches.

The empirical judgements are distilled from the teaching of two masters of the past half century, both working within established traditions, Michael H. Chilton's discourse on basic colour and form, and Geoffrey H. Baker's schematic discourse on form in architecture.

The work concludes that the meaning of the La Tourette church lies in a paradox of transcendent harmony and tragic discord.
Epidemiologie von Pilzerkrankungen in Mitteleuropa
Authors: Lass-Flörl Cornelia
Published: October 2016

Zusammenfassung. Akute und chronische Mykosen werden grundsätzlich in primäre systemische Mykosen, opportunistische Infektionen, subkutane sowie kutane Mykosen eingeteilt. Opportunistische Pilzinfektionen durch ubiquitär vorkommende Arten wie Candida- und Aspergillus-Spezies stellen eine besondere klinische Herausforderung dar. Aufgrund ihrer niedrigen Virulenz entfalten diese Erreger ihr pathogenes Potenzial nur bei herabgesetzter Immunsituation und gehen mit einer hohen Morbidität und Mortalität einher. Jedes Jahr sterben weltweit bis zu 1,5 Millionen Menschen an Pilzinfektionen. In den letzten 30 Jahren haben invasive Pilzinfektionen stark zugenommen, was auf die steigende Anzahl an immungeschwächten und schwer kranken Patienten zurückgeführt wird. Organtransplantatempfänger, AIDS-Patienten sowie Krebspatienten, denen dank neuer Therapiemöglichkeiten ein längeres Überleben ermöglicht wird, fallen in diese Kategorie.
Diagnostik von Pilzinfektionen
Authors: Bosshard Philipp P.
Published: October 2016

Zusammenfassung. Die klinischen Zeichen einer Pilzinfektion sind häufig unspezifisch und es gibt meist viele mögliche Differentialdiagnosen. Laboruntersuchungen sind für die Diagnose deshalb essentiell. Für eine optimale Untersuchung ist die Präanalytik wichtig, es braucht eine korrekte Probenentnahme und genügend Informationen auf dem Laborauftrag. Die Methoden umfassen Mikroskopie, Kultur, Serologie (Biomarker) und Molekularbiologie. Je nach Mykose und je nach Infektionsort werden andere Methoden gewählt. In den letzten Jahren haben neue Entwicklungen bei serologischen und molekularbiologischen Methoden die Diagnostik erheblich verbessert und erlauben z. T. die Diagnosestellung, wo dies früher nicht möglich gewesen wäre.
Dermatophyten-Infektion der Haut und der Nägel
Authors: Borelli Siegfried , Lautenschlager Stephan
Published: October 2016

Zusammenfassung. Dermatophyten verursachen die überwiegende Mehrzahl von Mykosen an Haut und Nägeln, die dann als Tinea bezeichnet werden. Bei typischer Klinik mit randbetontem, schuppenden Erythem, zentralem Abblassen und zentrifugaler Ausbreitung sollte ein Erregernachweis mittels Direktpräparat und Kultur erfolgen. Die unkritische Behandlung unklarer Befunde mit topischen Steroiden sollte ebenso wie der Einsatz von Kombinationspräparaten mit Antimykotikum und Kortikosteroid vermieden werden um nicht durch Maskierung der Klinik eine Tinea incognita zu provozieren. Therapeutisch ist Terbinafin sowohl topisch als auch systemisch das Präparat mit dem besten Kosten/Nutzen-Verhältnis. Auch bei der Onychomykose weist Terbinafin aufgrund der mykoziden Wirkung höhere Abheilungsraten auf. Chronische Lebererkrankungen sind eine Kontraindikation. Interaktionen mit Antidepressiva sind zu beachten. Betablocker sollten nicht zeitgleich eingenommen werden. Gleichzeitige Einnahme von Lipidsenkern stellt im Gegensatz zu den Azolen jedoch kein Problem dar. Bei therapieresistenten Onychomykosen – am häufigsten striäre Varianten – muss unter Umständen eine Nagelteilavulsion oder Keratolyse mit 40 % Urea erfolgen.
Self-assembly of acetate adsorbates drives atomic rearrangement on the Au(110) surface
Authors: Hiebel Fanny , Shong Bonggeun , Chen Wei , Madix Robert J. , Kaxiras Efthimios , Friend Cynthia M.
Published: October 2016

Weak inter-adsorbate interactions are shown to play a crucial role in determining surface structure, with major implications for its catalytic reactivity. This is exemplified here in the case of acetate bound to Au(110), where the small extra energy of the van der Waals interactions among the surface-bound groups drives massive restructuring of the underlying Au. Acetate is a key intermediate in electro-oxidation of CO2 and a poison in partial oxidation reactions. Metal atom migration originates at surface defects and is likely facilitated by weakened Au–Au interactions due to bonding with the acetate. Even though the acetate is a relatively small molecule, weak intermolecular interaction provides the energy required for molecular self-assembly and reorganization of the metal surface.
Sequestration of ubiquitous dietary derived pigments enables mitochondrial light sensing
Authors: Zhang Dan , Robinson Kiera , Mihai Doina M. , Washington Ilyas
Published: October 2016

Animals alter their physiological states in response to their environment. We show that the introduction of a chlorophyll metabolite, a light-absorbing pigment widely consumed in human diets, to Caenorhabditis elegans results in animals whose fat mass can be modulated by exposure to light, despite the worm consuming the same amount of food. In the presence of the chlorophyll metabolite, exposing the worms to light increased adenosine triphosphate, reduced oxidative damage and increased median life spans, without an effect on animal reproduction. Mice fed a dietary metabolite of chlorophyll and exposed to light, over several months, showed reductions in systemic inflammation as measured by plasma α-macroglobulin. We propose that dietary chlorophyll metabolites can enable mitochondria to use light as an environmental cue, by absorbing light and transferring the energy to mitochondrial coenzyme Q.
MicroRNA-based diagnostic tools for advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C
Authors: Appourchaux Kevin , Dokmak Safi , Resche-Rigon Matthieu , Treton Xavier , Lapalus Martine , Gattolliat Charles-Henry , Porchet Emmanuelle , Martinot-Peignoux Michelle , Boyer Nathalie , Vidaud Michel , Bedossa Pierre , Marcellin Patrick , Bièche Ivan , Estrabaud Emilie , Asselah Tarik
Published: October 2016

Staging fibrosis is crucial for the prognosis and to determine the rapid need of treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and C (CHC). The expression of 13 fibrosis-related microRNAs (miRNAs) (miR-20a, miR-21, miR-27a, miR-27b, miR-29a, miR-29c, miR-92a, miR-122, miR-146a, miR-155, miR-221, miR-222, and miR-224) was analyzed in 194 serums and 177 liver biopsies of patients with either CHB or CHC to develop models to diagnose advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis (Metavir F3-F4). In CHB patients, the model (serum miR-122, serum miR-222, platelet count and alkaline phosphatase) was more accurate than APRI and FIB-4 to discriminate in between mild and moderate fibrosis (F1-F2) and F3-F4 (AUC of CHB model: 0.85 vs APRI: 0.70 and FIB-4: 0.81). In CHC patients, the model (hepatic miR-122, hepatic miR-224, platelet count, albumin and alanine aminotransferase) was more accurate than both APRI and FIB-4 to discriminate in between patients with F3-F4 and F1-F2 (AUC of the CHC model = 0.93 vs APRI: 0.86 and FIB-4: 0.79). Most of the miRNAs tested were differentially expressed in patients with CHB and CHC. In particular, serum miR-122 was 28-fold higher in patients with CHB than in those with CHC. Both CHB and CHC models may help for the diagnosis of advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis (F3-F4).
Direct observation of electrically induced Pauli paramagnetism in single-layer graphene using ESR spectroscopy
Authors: Fujita Naohiro , Matsumoto Daisuke , Sakurai Yuki , Kawahara Kenji , Ago Hiroki , Takenobu Taishi , Marumoto Kazuhiro
Published: October 2016

Graphene has been actively investigated as an electronic material owing to many excellent physical properties, such as high charge mobility and quantum Hall effect, due to the characteristics of a linear band structure and an ideal two-dimensional electron system. However, the correlations between the transport characteristics and the spin states of charge carriers or atomic vacancies in graphene have not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we show the spin states of single-layer graphene to clarify the correlations using electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy as a function of accumulated charge density using transistor structures. Two different electrically induced ESR signals were observed. One is originated from a Fermi-degenerate two-dimensional electron system, demonstrating the first observation of electrically induced Pauli paramagnetism from a microscopic viewpoint, showing a clear contrast to no ESR observation of Pauli paramagnetism in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) due to a one-dimensional electron system. The other is originated from the electrically induced ambipolar spin vanishments due to atomic vacancies in graphene, showing a universal phenomenon for carbon materials including CNTs. The degenerate electron system with the ambipolar spin vanishments would contribute to high charge mobility due to the decrease in spin scatterings in graphene.
Protein-dependent Membrane Interaction of A Partially Disordered Protein Complex with Oleic Acid: Implications for Cancer Lipidomics
Authors: Chaudhuri Arunima , Prasanna Xavier , Agiru Priyanka , Chakraborty Hirak , Rydström Anna , Ho James C. S. , Svanborg Catharina , Sengupta Durba , Chattopadhyay Amitabha
Published: October 2016

Bovine α-lactalbumin (BLA) forms cytotoxic complexes with oleic acid (OA) that perturbs tumor cell membranes, but molecular determinants of these membrane-interactions remain poorly understood. Here, we aim to obtain molecular insights into the interaction of BLA/BLA-OA complex with model membranes. We characterized the folding state of BLA-OA complex using tryptophan fluorescence and resolved residue-specific interactions of BLA with OA using molecular dynamics simulation. We integrated membrane-binding data using a voltage-sensitive probe and molecular dynamics (MD) to demonstrate the preferential interaction of the BLA-OA complex with negatively charged membranes. We identified amino acid residues of BLA and BLA-OA complex as determinants of these membrane interactions using MD, functionally corroborated by uptake of the corresponding α-LA peptides across tumor cell membranes. The results suggest that the α-LA component of these cytotoxic complexes confers specificity for tumor cell membranes through protein interactions that are maintained even in the lipid complex, in the presence of OA.