bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contrast‐enhanced MRI predicts local recurrence of osteoid osteoma after radiofrequency ablation
Authors: Mahnken Andreas H , Bruners Philipp , Delbrück Heide , Günther Rolf W , Plumhans Cedric
Published: September 2012

Introduction

Osteoid osteoma is a painful benign tumour, which is commonly treated by radiofrequency ablation (RFA). The goal of this study is to assess the value of contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for predicting clinical success after RFA of osteoid osteoma.

Methods

Twenty consecutive patients (14 male, 6 female; mean age 23.3 ± 13.4 years) suffering from osteoid osteoma underwent unenhanced and contrast‐enhanced T1‐weighted MRI the day after RFA. Post‐interventional contrast enhancement of the nidus was analyzed by comparing signal‐to‐noise ratios (SNR) of the nidus before and after contrast administration. The SNR between pre‐ and post‐contrast scans was computed.

Results

There were no significant differences in SNR between pre‐ and post‐contrast scans in the area of ablation (P = 0.1583), while the SNR exceeded one in four patients, indicating residual contrast enhancement. In three of these patients clinical symptoms recurred, requiring re‐ablation, while one patient remained free from symptoms during follow‐up. In patients with a pre‐ and post‐contrast SNR of ≤1.18 no local recurrence was observed.

Conclusions

Contrast enhancement on T1‐weighted MRI imaging seems to be predictive of clinically unsuccessful RFA in osteoid osteoma. Patients with a SNR increase of ≥20% after contrast administration might be considered for re‐ablation to avoid symptomatic tumour recurrence.
Employing an extended Theory of Planned Behaviour to predict breastfeeding intention, initiation, and maintenance in White British and South‐Asian mothers living in Bradford
Authors: Lawton Rebecca , Ashley Laura , Dawson Shoba , Waiblinger Dagmar , Conner Mark
Published: September 2012

Background. Despite reported differences in breastfeeding rates amongst women of different ethnic groups, little research has investigated whether the thoughts and feelings (social cognitions) of women from these different groups during pregnancy influence their later breastfeeding behaviour.

Objective. This study investigates the extent to which social cognitions (based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour; TPB) predict differences in breastfeeding intentions, initiation, and maintenance between White British (WB) and South Asian (SA) women.

Design and methods. Two hundred and fifty women (predominantly WB or SA) in the last trimester of pregnancy completed a questionnaire based on the TPB. The women were followed up 6 months later and their breastfeeding during the previous 6 months was recorded.

Results. The TPB predicted significant variance in breastfeeding across the sample and was able to account for differences between SA and WB women. Affective attitudes (emotional reactions to breastfeeding) and moral norms (reactions about whether breastfeeding is right or wrong) were the strongest predictors of intentions. Intentions and affective attitudes were predictive of breastfeeding initiation, whilst only affective attitudes were predictive of breastfeeding maintenance.

Conclusion. Stronger intentions to breastfeed led to higher rates of breastfeeding amongst SA women. In turn, intentions were predicted by emotional and moral beliefs about breastfeeding, beliefs that were less positive amongst a WB sample. This suggests that those tasked with encouraging breastfeeding may need to have a different conversation with women about breastfeeding that goes beyond a focus on costs and benefits.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject

South Asian women living in Britain are more likely to breastfeed their infants than White British women. The constructs of the Theory of Planned Behaviour have been shown to predict breastfeeding initiation and maintenance. However, few studies measure longer term breastfeeding or test whether TPB constructs from the extended TPB measured before the delivery of the baby predict breastfeeding initiation or maintenance. No studies have explored this amongst a British South Asian population.

What this study adds

This study demonstrates that intentions and affective attitudes are strong predictors of initiation of breastfeeding, but that only affective attitude predicted maintenance of breastfeeding for 6 months. Moreover, we demonstrated that stronger intentions were able to explain the higher breastfeeding initiation rates and affective attitudes were able to explain the greater likelihood of maintenance of breastfeeding amongst South Asian women.
ac heating–dc detecting method for Seebeck coefficient measurement of the thermoelectric micro/nano devices
Authors: Miao Tingting , Ma Weigang , Zhang Xing
Published: September 2012

A novel ac heating–dc detecting method is developed to measure the Seebeck coefficient of thermoelectric micro/nano devices. The suspended thermoelectric device in vacuum is heated by an ac current to generate a temperature difference composed of static and harmonic components and corresponding dc and harmonic thermoelectric voltage. The Seebeck coefficient can be extracted from the ratio of the dc thermoelectric voltage and the static temperature difference. Furthermore, it has been deduced that the dc thermoelectric voltage is proportional to the square of the heating current and the Seebeck coefficient can be directly extracted from the corresponding slope. This approach has been verified by numerical simulation on a 22.0 nm thick Au-Pt heterojunction and experiment applied on a 25.4 μm thick Chromega–Alomega thermocouple, and the measured Seebeck coefficient corresponds well with the nominal value.
Disruption of the Sleep-Wake Cycle and Diurnal Fluctuation of β-Amyloid in Mice with Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology
Authors: Roh Jee Hoon , Huang Yafei , Bero Adam W. , Kasten Tom , Stewart Floy R. , Bateman Randall J. , Holtzman David M.
Published: September 2012

Decreased sleep and attenuation of circadian fluctuations in Aβ reflect amyloid-associated pathology in Alzheimer’s disease.
Regulatory Science Innovation: A Rate-Limiting Step in Translation
Authors: Sung Nancy S. , Burris John E.
Published: September 2012

Sustained funding for academic regulatory science will drive innovation and implementation, forge a viable career path, and build an educated workforce.
The Nexus of Aβ, Aging, and Sleep
Authors: Gerstner Jason R. , Perron Isaac J. , Pack Allan I.
Published: September 2012

Roh
et al
. report a positive feedback loop between sleep-wake irregularities and aggregation of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide, suggesting that sleep alterations could be an early event in Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
Targeting the Substrate Preference of a Type I Nitroreductase To Develop Antitrypanosomal Quinone-Based Prodrugs
Authors: Hall Belinda S. , Meredith Emma Louise , Wilkinson Shane R.
Published: September 2012

Nitroheterocyclic prodrugs are used to treat infections caused by
Trypanosoma cruzi
and
Trypanosoma brucei
. A key component in selectivity involves a specific activation step mediated by a protein homologous with type I nitroreductases, enzymes found predominantly in prokaryotes. Using data from determinations based on flavin cofactor, oxygen-insensitive activity, substrate range, and inhibition profiles, we demonstrate that NTRs from
T. cruzi
and
T. brucei
display many characteristics of their bacterial counterparts. Intriguingly, both enzymes preferentially use NADH and quinones as the electron donor and acceptor, respectively, suggesting that they may function as NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductases in the parasite mitochondrion. We exploited this preference to determine the trypanocidal activity of a library of aziridinyl benzoquinones against bloodstream-form
T. brucei
. Biochemical screens using recombinant NTR demonstrated that several quinones were effective substrates for the parasite enzyme, having
K
cat
/

K
m

values 2 orders of magnitude greater than those of nifurtimox and benznidazole. In tests against
T. brucei
, antiparasitic activity mirrored the biochemical data, with the most potent compounds generally being preferred enzyme substrates. Trypanocidal activity was shown to be NTR dependent, as parasites with elevated levels of this enzyme were hypersensitive to the aziridinyl agent. By unraveling the biochemical characteristics exhibited by the trypanosomal NTRs, we have shown that quinone-based compounds represent a class of trypanocidal compound.
Regulation of RamA by RamR in Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium: Isolation of a RamR Superrepressor
Authors: Ricci Vito , Busby Stephen J. W. , Piddock Laura J. V.
Published: September 2012

RamA is a transcription factor involved in regulating multidrug resistance in
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium SL1344. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter fusions were exploited to investigate the regulation of RamA expression by RamR. We show that RamR represses the
ramA
promoter by binding to a palindromic sequence and describe a superrepressor RamR mutant that binds to the
ramA
promoter sequence more efficiently, thus exhibiting a
ramA
inactivated phenotype.
Comparison of Fluconazole Renal Penetration Levels in Healthy and Candida albicans-Infected Wistar Rats
Authors: Azeredo Francine Johansson , de Araújo Bibiana Verlindo , Haas Sandra Elisa , Torres Bruna , Pigatto Maiara , de Andrade Cristiane , Dalla Costa Teresa
Published: September 2012

The aims of this study were to evaluate free levels of fluconazole (FCZ) in the kidneys of healthy and
Candida albicans
-infected Wistar rats using microdialysis and to establish the relationship between free renal and total plasma levels under both conditions. Microdialysis recovery rates were determined
in vitro
by dialysis, and retrodialysis recovery rates were determined
in vivo
by retrodialysis. The recovery rate was around 50%, independent of the method, drug concentration, or condition (
in vitro
or
in vivo
) used. FCZ kidney penetration in healthy and infected rats was investigated after the administration of 10 mg/kg of body weight intravenously (i.v.) or 50 mg/kg orally (
n
= 6/group) and blood and microdialysate sample harvesting at predetermined time points up to 24 and 18 h, respectively. There were no statistical differences between the area under the free concentration-time curve (AUC
0–∞
) values in plasma and in tissue for either healthy or infected groups for the same dose regimen investigated. The antifungal tissue penetrations were similar for both doses and under all conditions investigated (ranging from 0.77 to 0.84). The unbound fraction of FCZ was concentration independent (86.0% ± 2.0%), allowing the prediction of free renal levels using pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from total plasma fitting. The results showed that free renal and free plasma levels are similar in healthy and systemically
C. albicans
-infected rats. Therefore, free plasma levels are a good surrogate to estimate free FCZ renal concentrations in systemic candidiasis and can be used to optimize dosing regimens for this drug.
Lack of Lipid A Pyrophosphorylation and Functional
lptA
Reduces Inflammation by Neisseria Commensals
Authors: John Constance M. , Liu Mingfeng , Phillips Nancy J. , Yang Zhijie , Funk Courtney R. , Zimmerman Lindsey I. , Griffiss J. McLeod , Stein Daniel C. , Jarvis Gary A.
Published: September 2012

The interaction of the immune system with
Neisseria
commensals remains poorly understood. We have previously shown that phosphoethanolamine on the lipid A portion of lipooligosaccharide (LOS) plays an important role in Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. For pathogenic
Neisseria
, phosphoethanolamine is added to lipid A by the phosphoethanolamine transferase specific for lipid A, which is encoded by
lptA
. Here, we report that Southern hybridizations and bioinformatics analyses of genomic sequences from all eight commensal
Neisseria
species confirmed that
lptA
was absent in 15 of 17 strains examined but was present in
N. lactamica
. Mass spectrometry of lipid A and intact LOS revealed the lack of both pyrophosphorylation and phosphoethanolaminylation in lipid A of commensal species lacking
lptA
. Inflammatory signaling in human THP-1 monocytic cells was much greater with pathogenic than with commensal
Neisseria
strains that lacked
lptA
, and greater sensitivity to polymyxin B was consistent with the absence of phosphoethanolamine. Unlike the other commensals, whole bacteria of two
N. lactamica
commensal strains had low inflammatory potential, whereas their lipid A had high-level pyrophosphorylation and phosphoethanolaminylation and induced high-level inflammatory signaling, supporting previous studies indicating that this species uses mechanisms other than altering lipid A to support commensalism. A meningococcal
lptA
deletion mutant had reduced inflammatory potential, further illustrating the importance of lipid A pyrophosphorylation and phosphoethanolaminylation in the bioactivity of LOS. Overall, our results indicate that lack of pyrophosphorylation and phosphoethanolaminylation of lipid A contributes to the immune privilege of most commensal
Neisseria
strains by reducing the inflammatory potential of LOS.
Streptococcal M1 Protein Triggers Farnesyltransferase-Dependent Formation of CXC Chemokines in Alveolar Macrophages and Neutrophil Infiltration of the Lungs
Authors: Zhang Songen , Rahman Milladur , Zhang Su , Jeppsson Bengt , Herwald Heiko , Thorlacius Henrik
Published: September 2012

The M1 serotype ofStreptococcus pyogenesplays an important role in streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Simvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitor, has been shown to inhibit streptococcal M1 protein-induced acute lung damage, although downstream mechanisms remain elusive. Protein isoprenylation, such as farnesylation and geranylgeranylation, has been suggested to regulate anti-inflammatory effects exerted by statins. Here, we examined the effect of a farnesyltransferase inhibitor (FTI-277) on M1 protein-triggered lung inflammation. Male C57BL/6 mice were treated with FTI-277 prior to M1 protein challenge. Bronchoalveolar fluid and lung tissue were harvested for quantification of neutrophil recruitment, edema, and CXC chemokine formation. Flow cytometry was used to determine Mac-1 expression on neutrophils. The gene expression of CXC chemokines was determined in alveolar macrophages by using quantitative reverse transcription (RT)-PCR. We found that the administration of FTI-277 markedly decreased M1 protein-induced accumulation of neutrophils, edema formation, and tissue damage in the lung. Notably, inhibition of farnesyltransferase abolished M1 protein-evoked production of CXC chemokines in the lung and gene expression of CXC chemokines in alveolar macrophages. Moreover, FTI-277 completely inhibited chemokine-induced neutrophil migrationin vitro. However, farnesyltransferase inhibition had no effect on M1 protein-induced expression of Mac-1 on neutrophils. Our findings suggest that farnesyltransferase is a potent regulator of CXC chemokine formation in alveolar macrophages and that inhibition of farnesyltransferase not only reduces neutrophil recruitment but also attenuates acute lung injury provoked by streptococcal M1 protein. We conclude that farnesyltransferase activity is a potential target in order to attenuate acute lung damage in streptococcal infections.
Comparative Genome Analysis of Three Eukaryotic Parasites with Differing Abilities To Transform Leukocytes Reveals Key Mediators of
Theileria
-Induced Leukocyte Transformation
Authors: Hayashida Kyoko , Hara Yuichiro , Abe Takashi , Yamasaki Chisato , Toyoda Atsushi , Kosuge Takehide , Suzuki Yutaka , Sato Yoshiharu , Kawashima Shuichi , Katayama Toshiaki , Wakaguri Hiroyuki , Inoue Noboru , Homma Keiichi , Tada-Umezaki Masahito , Yagi Yukio , Fujii Yasuyuki , Habara Takuya , Kanehisa Minoru , Watanabe Hidemi , Ito Kimihito , Gojobori Takashi , Sugawara Hideaki , Imanishi Tadashi , Weir William , Gardner Malcolm , Pain Arnab , Shiels Brian , Hattori Masahira , Nene Vishvanath , Sugimoto Chihiro
Published: September 2012

We sequenced the genome of
Theileria orientalis
, a tick-borne apicomplexan protozoan parasite of cattle. The focus of this study was a comparative genome analysis of
T
. 
orientalis
relative to other highly pathogenic
Theileria
species,
T
. 
parva
and
T
. 
annulata
.
T
. 
parva
and
T
. 
annulata
induce transformation of infected cells of lymphocyte or macrophage/monocyte lineages; in contrast,
T
. 
orientalis
does not induce uncontrolled proliferation of infected leukocytes and multiplies predominantly within infected erythrocytes. While synteny across homologous chromosomes of the three
Theileria
species was found to be well conserved overall, subtelomeric structures were found to differ substantially, as
T
. 
orientalis
lacks the large tandemly arrayed subtelomere-encoded variable secreted protein-encoding gene family. Moreover, expansion of particular gene families by gene duplication was found in the genomes of the two transforming
Theileria
species, most notably, the TashAT/TpHN and Tar/Tpr gene families. Gene families that are present only in
T
. 
parva
and
T
. 
annulata
and not in
T
. 
orientalis
,
Babesia bovis
, or
Plasmodium
were also identified. Identification of differences between the genome sequences of
Theileria
species with different abilities to transform and immortalize bovine leukocytes will provide insight into proteins and mechanisms that have evolved to induce and regulate this process. The
T
. 
orientalis
genome database is available at
http://totdb.czc.hokudai.ac.jp/
.

IMPORTANCE
Cancer-like growth of leukocytes infected with malignant
Theileria
parasites is a unique cellular event, as it involves the transformation and immortalization of one eukaryotic cell by another. In this study, we sequenced the whole genome of a nontransforming
Theileria
species,
Theileria orientalis
, and compared it to the published sequences representative of two malignant, transforming species,
T
. 
parva
and
T
. 
annulata
. The genome-wide comparison of these parasite species highlights significant genetic diversity that may be associated with evolution of the mechanism(s) deployed by an intracellular eukaryotic parasite to transform its host cell.
Guideline for the management of terminal haemorrhage in palliative care patients with advanced cancer discharged home for end-of-life care
Authors: Ubogagu Edith , Harris Dylan G
Published: September 2012

Objective

Terminal haemorrhage is a rare and distressing emergency in palliative oncology. We present an algorithm for the management of terminal haemorrhage in patients likely to receive end-of-life care at home, based on a literature review of the management of terminal haemorrhage for patients with advanced cancer, where a DNAR (do not attempt resuscitation) order is in place and the patient wishes to die at home.

Method

A literature review was conducted to identify literature on the management of terminal haemorrhage in patients with advanced cancer who are no longer amenable to active interventional/invasive procedures. Electronic databases, the grey literature, local guidelines from hospitals and hospices, and online web portals were all searched systematically. The literature review was used to formulate a management algorithm.

Results

The evidence base is very limited. A three-step practical algorithm is suggested: preparing for the event, managing the event (‘ABC’) and ‘aftercare’. Step 1 involves the identification and optimisation of risk factors. Step 2 (the event) consists of A (assure and re-assure the patient), B (be there – above all stay with the patient) and C (comfort, calm, consider dark towels and anxiolytics if possible). Step 3 (the aftercare) involves the provision of practical and psychological support to those involved including relatives and professionals.

Conclusion

Terminal haemorrhage is a rare yet highly feared complication of advanced cancer, for which there is a limited evidence base to guide management. The suggested three-step approach to managing this situation gives professionals a logical framework within which to work.
Diphenylphosphinoethane-functionalized polystyrene resin-supported Pd(0) complex — A highly active and recyclable catalyst for the Stille reaction under aerobic conditions
Authors: Bahari Siavash , Mohammadi-Aghdam Babak , Molaei Rahim , Gharibi Zakiyeh
Published: September 2012

The polymer-supported palladium(II) diphenylphosphinoethane complex is a highly active catalyst that could be used for the Stille coupling reaction between aryl iodides and (or) chlorides and organostannanes at room temperature under aerobic conditions. This heterogeneous palladium catalyst is efficient, air-stable, and recyclable.
A simple and straightforward approach toward selective C=C bond reduction by hydrazine
Authors: Chen Hao , Wang Jianmin , Hong Xuechuan , Zhou Hai-Bing , Dong Chune
Published: September 2012

A simple and straightforward method for reducing the C=C double bond with hydrazine is described. A number of representative C=C bonds in various steric and electronic environments were examined. Substituted alkenes can be selectively reduced in EtOH in the presence of hydrazine to give the corresponding products in up to 100% yields.
SCALAR FIELD ON NON-INTEGER-DIMENSIONAL SPACES
Authors: TRINCHERO R.
Published: September 2012

Deformations of the canonical spectral triples over the n-dimensional torus are considered. These deformations have a discrete dimension spectrum consisting of non-integer values less than n. The differential algebra corresponding to these spectral triples is studied. No junk forms appear for non-vanishing deformation parameter. The action of a scalar field in these spaces is considered, leading to non-trivial extra structure compared to the integer-dimensional cases, which does not involve a loss of covariance. One-loop contributions are computed leading to finite results for non-vanishing deformation.
AWARENESS AS AN ADAPTATION STRATEGY FOR REDUCING MORTALITY FROM HEAT WAVES: EVIDENCE FROM A DISASTER RISK MANAGEMENT PROGRAM IN INDIA
Authors: DAS SAUDAMINI , SMITH STEPHEN C.
Published: September 2012

Heat waves, defined as an interval of abnormally hot and humid weather, have become a prominent killer in recent years. With heat waves worsening with climate change, adaptation is essential; one strategy has been to issue heat wave warnings and undertake awareness campaigns to bring about behavioral changes to reduce heat stroke. Since 2002, the Indian state of Odisha has been undertaking a grassroots awareness campaign on "dos and don'ts" during heat wave conditions through the disaster risk management (DRM) program. The selection criteria for DRM districts were earthquake, flood and cyclone incidence; but subsequently, heat wave awareness also received intensive attention in these districts. We present quasi-experimental evidence on the impact of the program, taking DRM districts and periods as treatment units and the rest as controls, analyzing the impact on the death toll from heat stroke for the 1998 to 2010 period, using difference-in-difference (DID) regressions with a district level panel data set and a set of control variables. We find indications of program effectiveness with initial DID specifications, but results are not always robust. We then take into account a statewide heat wave advertising program, to which the poor have limited exposure but which may also provide spillover benefits, using a triple differencing approach; results suggest the heat wave awareness programs may have complementary impacts. We examine research strategies for further improvement in the precision of impact evaluation results for innovative programs of this type.
Prolonged exercise training increases intramuscular lipid content and perilipin 2 expression in type I muscle fibers of patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Shaw C. S. , Shepherd S. O. , Wagenmakers A. J. M. , Hansen D. , Dendale P. , van Loon L. J. C.
Published: September 2012

The aim of the present study was to investigate changes in intramuscular triglyceride (IMTG) content and perilipin 2 expression in skeletal muscle tissue following 6 mo of endurance-type exercise training in type 2 diabetes patients. Ten obese male type 2 diabetes patients (age 62 ± 1 yr, body mass index BMI 31 ± 1 kg/m2) completed three exercise sessions/week consisting of 40 min of continuous endurance-type exercise at 75% V̇o2 peakfor a period of 6 mo. Muscle biopsies collected at baseline and after 2 and 6 mo of intervention were analyzed for IMTG content and perilipin 2 expression using fiber type-specific immunofluorescence microscopy. Endurance-type exercise training reduced trunk body fat by 6 ± 2% and increased whole body oxygen uptake capacity by 13 ± 7% ( P < 0.05). IMTG content increased twofold in response to the 6 mo of exercise training in both type I and type II muscle fibers ( P < 0.05). A threefold increase in perilipin 2 expression was observed from baseline to 2 and 6 mo of intervention in the type I muscle fibers only (1.1 ± 0.3, 3.4 ± 0.6, and 3.6 ± 0.6% of fibers stained, respectively, P < 0.05). Exercise training induced a 1.6-fold increase in mitochondrial content after 6 mo of training in both type I and type II muscle fibers ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, this is the first study to report that prolonged endurance-type exercise training increases the expression of perilipin 2 alongside increases in IMTG content in a type I muscle fiber-type specific manner in type 2 diabetes patients.
Whole blood genome-wide gene expression profile in males after prolonged wakefulness and sleep recovery
Authors: Pellegrino R. , Sunaga D. Y. , Guindalini C. , Martins R. C. S. , Mazzotti D. R. , Wei Z. , Daye Z. J. , Andersen M. L. , Tufik S.
Published: September 2012

Although the specific functions of sleep have not been completely elucidated, the literature has suggested that sleep is essential for proper homeostasis. Sleep loss is associated with changes in behavioral, neurochemical, cellular, and metabolic function as well as impaired immune response. Using high-resolution microarrays we evaluated the gene expression profiles of healthy male volunteers who underwent 60 h of prolonged wakefulness (PW) followed by 12 h of sleep recovery (SR). Peripheral whole blood was collected at 8 am in the morning before the initiation of PW (Baseline), after the second night of PW, and one night after SR. We identified over 500 genes that were differentially expressed. Notably, these genes were related to DNA damage and repair and stress response, as well as diverse immune system responses, such as natural killer pathways including killer cell lectin-like receptors family, as well as granzymes and T-cell receptors, which play important roles in host defense. These results support the idea that sleep loss can lead to alterations in molecular processes that result in perturbation of cellular immunity, induction of inflammatory responses, and homeostatic imbalance. Moreover, expression of multiple genes was downregulated following PW and upregulated after SR compared with PW, suggesting an attempt of the body to re-establish internal homeostasis. In silico validation of alterations in the expression of CETN3, DNAJC, and CEACAM genes confirmed previous findings related to the molecular effects of sleep deprivation. Thus, the present findings confirm that the effects of sleep loss are not restricted to the brain and can occur intensely in peripheral tissues.
Quasilinearization of the Initial Value Problem for Difference Equations with “Maxima”
Authors: Hristova S. , Golev A. , Stefanova K.
Published: September 2012

The object of investigation of the paper is a special type of difference equations containing the maximum value of the unknown function over a past time interval. These equations are adequate models of real processes which present state depends significantly on their maximal value over a past time interval. An algorithm based on the quasilinearization method is suggested to solve approximately the initial value problem for the given difference equation. Every successive approximation of the unknown solution is the unique solution of an appropriately constructed initial value problem for a linear difference equation with “maxima,” and a formula for its explicit form is given. Also, each approximation is a lower/upper solution of the given mixed problem. It is proved the quadratic convergence of the successive approximations. The suggested algorithm is realized as a computer program, and it is applied to an example, illustrating the advantages of the suggested scheme.
A Review on Aerosol-Based Direct-Write and Its Applications for Microelectronics
Authors: Hoey Justin M. , Lutfurakhmanov Artur , Schulz Douglas L. , Akhatov Iskander S.
Published: September 2012

Aerosol-based direct-write refers to the additive process of printing CAD/CAM features from an apparatus which creates a liquid or solid aerosol beam. Direct-write technologies are poised to become useful tools in the microelectronics industry for rapid prototyping of components such as interconnects, sensors, and thin film transistors (TFTs), with new applications for aerosol direct-write being rapidly conceived. This paper aims to review direct-write technologies, with an emphasis on aerosol-based systems. The different currently available state-of-the-art systems such as Aerosol Jet CAB-DW, MCS, and aerodynamic lenses are described. A review and analysis of the physics behind the fluid-particle interactions including Stokes and Saffman force, experimental observations, and how a full understanding of theory and experiments can lead to new technology are presented. Finally, the applications of aerosol direct-write for microelectronics are discussed.
Therapeutic Management of the Hallux Rigidus
Authors: Aggarwal Anoop , Kumar Suraj , Kumar Ratnesh
Published: September 2012

Background. Hallux rigidus is a chronic, disabling condition of foot characterized by reduced great toe extension. The manual therapy approaches are described theoretically however their practical published evidence has not been analyzed well.Objective. Aim of the present paper was to systematically review the literature available for therapeutic management of the hallux rigidus by identifying and evaluating the randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs.Methods. To view the hallux rigidus and its rehabilitation, a webbased published literature search of Pubmed, Ovid Medline, Science direct, Cochrane Database, PEDro database, CINAHL was conducted for last 35 years in August 2010 using 4 specific keywords “hallux rigidus, physical therapy, chiropractic, and manual therapy” typed in exactly same manner in the search column of the databases.Result. the review finds that there is acute need of the quality studies and RCTs for the manual therapy, chiropractic, or physiotherapeutic management of the hallux rigidus.Conclusion. Review conclude that conservative programs for hallux rigidus consists of comprehensive intervention program that includes great toe mobilization, toe flexor strengthening, sesamoid bones mobilization and long MTP joint. The clinician should put an emphasis on the mobilization program with proper follow up along with comparative studies for rehabilitation of hallux rigidus.
Simulation of Magnetorheological Fluids Based on Lattice Boltzmann Method with Double Meshes
Authors: Liu Xinhua , Liu Hao , Liu Yongzhi
Published: September 2012

In order to study the rheological characteristics of magnetorheological fluids, a novel approach based on the two‐component Lattice Boltzmann method with double meshes was proposed, and the micro‐scale structures of magnetorheological fluids in different strength magnetic fields were simulated. The framework composed of three steps for the simulation of magnetorheological fluids was addressed, and the double meshes method was elaborated. Moreover, the various internal and external forces acting on the magnetic particles were analyzed and calculated. The two‐component Lattice Boltzmann model was set up, and the flowchart for the simulation of magnetorheological fluids based on the two‐component Lattice Boltzmann method with double meshes was designed. Finally, a physics experiment was carried out, and the simulation examples were provided. The comparison results indicated that the proposed approach was feasible, efficient, and outperforming others.
Delusional Parasitosis in a Female Treated with Mixed Amphetamine Salts: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Buscarino Martha , Saal Jaime , Young Joel L.
Published: September 2012

Objectives. To explore factors underlying the onset of delusional parasitosis; a condition in which an individual has a fixed, false belief that he/she is infested with insects.Case Description. MJ is a 57-year-old female who presents with symptoms of fatigue and AD/HD. Upon treatment with extended release mixed amphetamine salts, the patient displayed symptoms of delusional parasitosis. After eventual discontinuation of this medication, her delusions resolved.Comments. In order to maintain confidentiality, all identifying information was removed. To this end, please note that MJ is a fictitious name.
Electrochemical Techniques in Textile Processes and Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Sala Mireia , Gutiérrez-Bouzán M. Carmen
Published: September 2012

The textile industry uses the electrochemical techniques both in textile processes (such as manufacturing fibers, dyeing processes, and decolorizing fabrics) and in wastewaters treatments (color removal). Electrochemical reduction reactions are mostly used in sulfur and vat dyeing, but in some cases, they are applied to effluents discoloration. However, the main applications of electrochemical treatments in the textile sector are based on oxidation reactions. Most of electrochemical oxidation processes involve indirect reactions which imply the generation of hypochlorite or hydroxyl radical in situ. These electrogenerated species are able to bleach indigo-dyed denim fabrics and to degrade dyes in wastewater in order to achieve the effluent color removal. The aim of this paper is to review the electrochemical techniques applied to textile industry. In particular, they are an efficient method to remove color of textile effluents. The reuse of the discolored effluent is possible, which implies an important saving of salt and water (i.e., by means of the “UVEC Cell”).
Phase Error Modeling and Its Impact on Precise Orbit Determination of GRACE Satellites
Authors: Tu Jia , Gu Defeng , Wu Yi , Yi Dongyun , Wang Jiasong
Published: September 2012

Limiting factors for the precise orbit determination (POD) of low‐earth orbit (LEO) satellite using dual‐frequency GPS are nowadays mainly encountered with the in‐flight phase error modeling. The phase error is modeled as a systematic and a random component each depending on the direction of GPS signal reception. The systematic part and standard deviation of random part in phase error model are, respectively, estimated by bin‐wise mean and standard deviation values of phase postfit residuals computed by orbit determination. By removing the systematic component and adjusting the weight of phase observation data according to standard deviation of random component, the orbit can be further improved by POD approach. The GRACE data of 1–31 January 2006 are processed, and three types of orbit solutions, POD without phase error model correction, POD with mean value correction of phase error model, and POD with phase error model correction, are obtained. The three‐dimensional (3D) orbit improvements derived from phase error model correction are 0.0153 m for GRACE A and 0.0131 m for GRACE B, and the 3D influences arisen from random part of phase error model are 0.0068 m and 0.0075 m for GRACE A and GRACE B, respectively. Thus the random part of phase error model cannot be neglected for POD. It is also demonstrated by phase postfit residual analysis, orbit comparison with JPL precise science orbit, and orbit validation with KBR data that the results derived from POD with phase error model correction are better than another two types of orbit solutions generated in this paper.
Solutions of Sign‐Changing Fractional Differential Equation with the Fractional Derivatives
Authors: Wu Tunhua , Zhang Xinguang , Lu Yinan
Published: September 2012

We study the singular fractional‐order boundary‐value problem with a sign‐changing nonlinear term ,
, where n − 1 < α ≤ n, n ∈ ℕ and n ≥ 3 with 0 < μ1 < μ2 < ⋯<μn−2 < μn−1 and n − 3 < μn−1 < α − 2, aj ∈ ℝ, 0 < ξ1 < ξ2 < ⋯<ξp−2 < 1 satisfying , 𝒟α is the standard Riemann‐Liouville derivative, f : [0,1] × ℝn → ℝ is a sign‐changing continuous function and may be unbounded from below with respect to xi, and p : (0,1)→[0, ∞) is continuous. Some new results on the existence of nontrivial solutions for the above problem are obtained by computing the topological degree of a completely continuous field.
RECIST: No Longer the Sharpest Tool in the Oncology Clinical Trials Toolbox—Point
Authors: Sharma Manish R. , Maitland Michael L. , Ratain Mark J.
Published: September 2012

Although “response” has been an attractive term for oncologists and patients, oncologists really want to know which therapy to start for a given patient and when to discontinue that therapy in favor of an alternative. In efficacy trials, cancer therapeutics have conventionally been assessed by endpoints that are based on the categorical Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) system. In this article, we make the case for a new paradigm in which therapeutics are assessed on a continuous scale by evidence of efficacy, using a variety of quantitative tools that take advantage of technologic innovations and increasing understanding of cancer biology. The new paradigm relies on randomized comparisons between investigational arms and control arms, as historical controls are unavailable or unreliable for these quantitative measures. We discuss multiple limitations of RECIST, including its overemphasis on tumor regression, concerns about the accuracy of tumor measurements and the validity of comparisons with historical controls, and its inadequacy in disease settings in which tumor measurements on cross-sectional imaging are difficult or uninformative. We discuss how the new paradigm overcomes these limitations and provides a framework for answering the key questions of the oncologist and improving patient outcomes. Cancer Res; 72(20); 5145–9. ©2012 AACR.
SINE Retrotransposons Cause Epigenetic Reprogramming of Adjacent Gene Promoters
Authors: Estécio Marcos R.H. , Gallegos Juan , Dekmezian Mhair , Lu Yue , Liang Shoudan , Issa Jean-Pierre J.
Published: September 2012

Almost half of the human genome and as much as 40% of the mouse genome is composed of repetitive DNA sequences. The majority of these repeats are retrotransposons of the SINE and LINE families, and such repeats are generally repressed by epigenetic mechanisms. It has been proposed that these elements can act as methylation centers from which DNA methylation spreads into gene promoters in cancer. Contradictory to a methylation center function, we have found that retrotransposons are enriched near promoter CpG islands that stay methylation-free in cancer. Clearly, it is important to determine which influence, if any, these repetitive elements have on nearby gene promoters. Using an in vitro system, we confirm here that SINE B1 elements can influence the activity of downstream gene promoters, with acquisition of DNA methylation and loss of activating histone marks, thus resulting in a repressed state. SINE sequences themselves did not immediately acquire DNA methylation but were marked by H3K9me2 and H3K27me3. Moreover, our bisulfite sequencing data did not support that gain of DNA methylation in gene promoters occurred by methylation spreading from SINE B1 repeats. Genome-wide analysis of SINE repeats distribution showed that their enrichment is directly correlated with the presence of USF1, USF2, and CTCF binding, proteins with insulator function. In summary, our work supports the concept that SINE repeats interfere negatively with gene expression and that their presence near gene promoters is counter-selected, except when the promoter is protected by an insulator element. Mol Cancer Res; 10(10); 1332–42. ©2012 AACR.
The Great Escape: Microbiotal LPS Takes a Toll on the Liver
Authors: Weiss David S.
Published: September 2012

The interaction between the intestinal microbiota and host is much more complex than previously appreciated, and we are now learning that it can have an impact on extraintestinal human diseases. In this issue of the journal (beginning on page 1090), Lin and colleagues present important data linking the microbiota, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and toll-like receptor (TLR)4 with hepatitis in a mouse model. These provocative results and those from other recent studies highlight the microbiota as a potential target for therapeutic intervention in several liver diseases. Cancer Prev Res; 5(9); 1078–80. ©2012 AACR.
The Short-Term Effects of Vitamin D Repletion on Cholesterol
Authors: Ponda Manish P. , Dowd Kathleen , Finkielstein Dennis , Holt Peter R. , Breslow Jan L.
Published: September 2012

Objective—

Vitamin D deficiency is common and associated with dyslipidemia. However, it is unclear whether oral vitamin D supplementation improves the lipid profile. Therefore, we conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled trial to determine the short-term effects of vitamin D repletion on the lipid profile.

Methods and Results—

One hundred fifty-one vitamin D−deficient (25-hydroxyvitamin D <20 ng/mL) adults with elevated risk for cardiovascular disease were randomized to receive either 50 000 IU of vitamin D3 weekly for 8 weeks or placebo. The primary outcome was the change in small low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle number. Secondary outcomes included changes in other n
uclear magnetic resonance
−based and chemical lipid fractions. Vitamin D failed to improve the lipid profile. Compared with the placebo, vitamin D repletion did not change small LDL particle number (mean change, +18 nmol/L; 95% CI [−80 to +116 nmol/L];
P
=0.63). There were also no changes in the chemical lipid profile: total cholesterol (+5.8 mg/dL, 95% CI [−1.4 to +13.0 mg/dL],
P
=0.14); LDL cholesterol (+3.8 mg/dL, 95% CI [−2.5 to +10.2 mg/dL],
P
=0.13); high–density lipoprotein cholesterol (+0.4 mg/dL 95% CI [−1.6 to +2.6 mg/dL],
P
=0.71); and triglycerides (+7.9 mg/dL 95% CI [−6.5 to +22.3 mg/dL]). In the vitamin D repletion group, exploratory multivariate regression analysis demonstrates that changes in LDL cholesterol were positively correlated with the changes in serum calcium (
P
<0.001) and inversely with the changes in serum parathyroid hormone (
P
=0.02).

Conclusion—

In contrast to the association between low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and dyslipidemia, correcting vitamin D deficiency in the short-term does not improve the lipid profile. Repletion of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels raised serum calcium levels and decreased serum parathyroid hormone levels. These expected physiological responses to vitamin D therapy were correlated with a significant increase in LDL cholesterol.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01008384.
Different Impacts of Blood Pressure Variability on the Progression of Cerebral Microbleeds and White Matter Lesions
Authors: Liu Wenhong , Liu Ran , Sun Wei , Peng Qing , Zhang Weiwei , Xu En , Cheng Yan , Ding Meiping , Li Yansheng , Hong Zhen , Wu Jiang , Zeng Jinsheng , Yao Chen , Huang Yining ,   for the CASISP Study Group
Published: September 2012

Background and Purpose—

Cerebral microbleeds (CMB) and white matter lesions (WML) are cerebral small vessel diseases. Hypertension is considered the most important risk factor. Its mechanism is not yet clarified. Our study assessed the association of blood pressure variability (BPV) with CMB and WML progression.

Methods—

Patients with a history of ischemic stroke within 1 to 6 months were consecutively recruited and followed-up for 12 to 18 months. Blood pressure was measured monthly and controlled to a target level. BPV was quantified by the maximum, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, successive variation, standard deviation independent of mean, and successive variation independent of mean. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed at baseline and the end of the study. CMB and WML were rated using Microbleed Anatomic Rating Scale and Age-Related White Matter Changes scales, respectively. Multiple logistic analyses assessed BPV associations with CMB and WML development.

Results—

Of 720 patients recruited, 500 and 584 had follow-up results for CMB and WML, respectively; 13.2% and 48.1% showed CMB and WML progression, respectively, over a median of 14 months. Patients with CMB had a higher mean, maximum, standard deviation, coefficient of variation, successive variation, standard deviation independent of the mean, and successive variation independent of the mean in either systolic blood pressure or diastolic blood pressure (
P
<0.05). Systolic blood pressure variability was an independent risk factor for deep and infratentorial CMB progression, whereas diastolic blood pressure variability was independently associated with CMB development in deep regions. WML progression was not significantly associated with BPV between visits.

Conclusion—

BPV independently predicts CMB progression in deep and infratentorial regions.

Clinical Trial Registration Information—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identi-fier: NCT00202020.
Silent Stroke
Authors: Saini Monica , Ikram Kamran , Hilal Saima , Qiu Anqi , Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy , Chen Christopher
Published: September 2012

Background and Purpose—

The prevalence of silent brain infarcts varies from 8% to 28% in the general elderly population. Silent brain infarcts are associated with increased risk of subsequent stroke and cognitive dysfunction. By definition, silent strokes lack clinically overt stroke-like symptoms and fail to come to clinical attention; however, impaired recall of symptoms may be a potential confounder. Our aim is to report a series of patients with incidentally detected acute and subacute strokes and examine whether they were truly asymptomatic.

Methods—

Subjects included in this study were drawn from ongoing dementia research studies at the Memory Ageing and Cognition Center, in which all participants underwent a cranial MRI. Incidental hyperintense lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging with corresponding apparent diffusion coefficient defects indicative of acute/subacute silent stroke were identified. Clinical data for individuals with incidental hyperintense lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging were collated.

Results—

Six of 649 subjects had incidental hyperintense lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging; on retrospective questioning, 3 recalled symptoms temporally correlated with MRI lesions, which had been reported to but ignored by family members. Two subjects had focal neurological signs. A majority of the subjects with incidental hyperintense lesions on diffusion-weighted imaging had significant cognitive impairment.

Conclusions—

A significant number of strokes may be “silent” due to lack of awareness of stroke-like symptoms in the elderly and their families. Enhanced stroke prevention education strategies are needed for the elderly population and, in particular, for their families.