bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The prevalence of polycystic ovaries in the hepatic glycogen storage diseases: its association with hyperinsulinism
Authors: Lee Philip J. , Patel Anita , Hindmarsh Peter C. , Mowat Alex P. , Leonard James V.
Published: March 2008

OBJECTIVE There has been much debate concerning the relative contribution of Insulin resistance to the development of polycystic ovaries (PCO). We therefore aimed to assess ovarian morphology and insulin/androgen status in females with the hepatic glycogen storage diseases types la (GSD‐la) and III (GSD‐III), disorders associated with abnormalities of Insulin secretion.

DESIGN A cross‐sectional study of ovarian ultrasonography, oral glucose tolerance tests (oGTTs) and single measurements of gonadotrophins and androgens were performed.

PATIENTS Twenty‐seven patients were evaluated: 13 with GSD‐la, median age 11.2 years (range, 3.3–26.7) and 14 with GSD‐III, aged 13.2 years (4.2–31.3). None had clinical signs of hyperandrogenlsm and only two of the 13 adults (15%) had menstrual Irregularities. They were compared to 9 normal adult female controls, aged 21–28 years.

MEASUREMENTS Ovarian morphology and volume were measured. Blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were measured at the beginning and end of a 2‐hour oGTT. Single measures of LH, FSH, testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, androstenedione, IGF‐I and SHBG were made on samples taken at the beginning of the oGTT.

RESULTS In both GSD‐la and III, all those older than 4.8 years of age had a polycystic ovarian appearance. Pre‐pubertal GSD‐la patients had lower basal and 2‐hour blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations than pre‐pubertal GSD‐III patients. In adults with GSD‐la and GSD‐III, although basal and 2‐hour blood glucose concentrations did not differ, both basal and 2‐hour plasma Insulin concentrations were significantly higher than controls. Serum gonadotrophins, androgens, IGF‐I and SHBG were mostly normal.

CONCLUSIONS A polycystic ovarian appearance is a common finding In patients with glycogen storage disease even before puberty. In GSD‐III and adults with GSD‐la, this ovarian appearance was associated with hyperinsulinism, suggesting an aetiological link, but this was not the case in pre‐pubertal children with GSD‐la. Inborn errors of carbohydrate metabolism may act as useful models for examining control mechanisms of ovarian physiology and development.
Effect of growth hormone replacement on bone mass in adults with adult onset growth hormone deficiency
Authors: Holmes Sarah J. , Whitehouse Richard W. , Swindell Ric , Economou Georgia , Adams Judith E. , Shalet Stephen M.
Published: March 2008

OBJECTIVE Previous studies of the effect of GH replacement on bone mass in adults with GH deficiency have produced conflicting results. We have studied the effect of 6 and 12 months of GH replacement on bone mass in adults with adult onset GH deficiency.

DESIGN Double blind placebo controlled study of GH replacement (0.125 IU/kg/week for the first month and 0.25 IU/kg/week thereafter) for 6 months and an open study for a further 6 or 12 months.

PATIENTS Twenty‐two adults (10 men, 12 women), aged 41.5±2.1 years (mean ± SE, range 23.6–59.5), with adult onset GH deficiency.

MEASUREMENTS Single‐energy quantitative computed tomography was used to measure vertebral trabecular bone mineral density (BMD), single‐photon absorptiometry (SPA) was used to measure forearm cortical and integral bone mineral content and BMD and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to measure lumbar spine, femoral neck, trochanteric and Ward's triangle Integral BMD.

RESULTS After 6 months of GH replacement (n=21) there was a significant decrease In forearm cortical BMD (SPA: median change −0.009g/cm2, P=0.01), forearm Integral BMD (SPA: median change −0.016g/cm2, P=0.03), lumbar spine BMD (DXA: median change −0.022g/cm2; P=0.003) and femoral neck BMD (DXA: median change −0.029g/cm2, P=0.006). After 12 months of GH replacement (n=13) there was a significant decrease in lumbar spine BMD (DXA: median change −0.035 g/cm2, P=0.002) from baseline. There was no significant Increase in bone mass at any site after 6 or 12 months of GH replacement. Change In bone mass was not influenced by sex of the patient or by presence or absence of additional pituitary hormone deficiencies.

CONCLUSION The response of bone mass to 6 and 12 months of GH replacement in adults with adult onset GH deficiency is disappointing. Longer‐term studies are required to determine whether prolonged GH replacement has a beneficial effect on bone mass.
Dysfunction of the growth hormone/insulin‐like growth factor‐I axis in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome
Authors: Piaditis G. P. , Kounadi T. G. , Rangou D. B. , Trovas G. P. , Kaklas N. A. , Tzonou A. J. , Chlouverakis C. S.
Published: March 2008

OBJECTIVE Although a defect In G H regulation has been suggested In women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), the data are limited and mechanism obscure. We have assessed the function of the GH/IGF‐I axis In women with PCOS by measuring basal IGF‐I levels and the ability of the pituitary to secrete GH following dopamine and GHRH.

DESIGN For each woman the complete study lasted 3 days. On the 1st and 2nd days, saline (0.9%, 5 ml/h for 3 h) and dopamine (4μg/kg min for 3h) Infusion tests were performed, respectively, In all PCOS and control women. Blood samples for G H measurement were obtained before and at 20‐mlnute Intervals for 3 hours. On the 3rd day a GHRH test (100μg, i.v.bolus) was performed In 9 of the women with PCOS and In 9 controls. Blood samples for G H measurements were obtained before and at 20‐minute Intervals for 3 hours. Basal IGF‐I levels were measured In the basal blood samples from the saline infusion test in all patients studied.

SUBJECTS Thirteen women with PCOS and 11 normally menstruating women (control group), aged 18‐35 years, were studied. All women with PCOS had hirsutism and oligomenorrhoea since menarche, elevated serum values of at least one ovarian androgen and the typical ultrasound appearances of PCOS.

RESULTS Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) induced a significant increase In GH secretion In both control and PCOS groups. However, the GH response to GHRH was found to be significantly lower In women with PCOS. The 3‐hour infusion of dopamine induced a significant increase in GH levels only in the control group, while it failed to stimulate G H release in the women with PCOS. Although both dopamine and GHRH failed to induce a normal GH response in women with PCOS, their IGF‐I levels did not differ significantly from those observed In control women.

CONCLUSIONS The diminished G H responses to both GHRH and dopamine In women with PCOS, in the presence of normal circulating IGF‐I levels, suggests a dysregulation in GH secretion. Although the data are suggestive of a hypothalamic defect, further studies are required to clarify the underlying mechanism and the role, if any, of GH In the pathogenesis of polycyctic ovarian syndrome.
Acute pre‐tibial myxoedema following radioiodine therapy for thyrotoxic Graves' disease
Authors: Harvey R. D. , Metcalfe R. A. , Morteo C. , Furmaniak W. , Weetman A. P. , Bevan J. S.
Published: March 2008

A 54‐year‐old woman was treated with an oral dose of S55MBq of 131I radioiodine for thyrotoxicosis. She had no clinically detectable extrathyroidal manifestations of Graves' disease at the time, but within two months developed moderately severe ophthalmopathy and very extensive thyroid dermopathy affecting her face, arms, hands and feet, in addition to the classic pre‐tlblal area. Although she developed mild post radioiodine hypothyroidism, this was detected at an early stage and its treatment had no effect on the extrathyroldal signs. Thyrotrophin receptor antibodies (TRAb) were positive before treatment (22% Inhibition of T S H binding in neat serum), rose to very high levels following radioiodine (97.6% Inhibition), and fell progressively over the following year during treatment with prednisolone. Thyroglobulln autoantibodies became detectable following radioiodine but thyroid peroxidase antibodies were undetectable throughout. Serum and purified IgG from blood samples obtained prior to steroid therapy and over the subsequent year were tested on a dermal fibroblast cell line in vitro for the stimulation of synthesis of glycosamlnoglycans, protein and DNA, but no increase in radiolabel incorporation was apparent for any sample when compared to controls. The temporal relation between the radioiodine and the acute onset of dermopathy and ophthalmopathy, together with the abrupt rise in TRAbs, indicates a probable causal association.

However, the absence of In‐vitro fibroblast stimulation would suggest that the pathogenesis of Graves' dermopathy is not dependent solely on any simple humoral factor.
Vitamin D intoxication causes hypercalcaemia by increased bone resorption which responds to pamidronate
Authors: Selby P. L. , Davies M. , Marks J. S. , Mawer E. B.
Published: March 2008

OBJECTIVE Vitamin D intoxication is a relatively rare but treatable cause of hypercalcaemia. In the past this has been undertaken using corticosteroids. Previous observations have suggested that there is increased bone resorption in hypervitaminosis D. If this were to be the case, specific inhibitors of bone resorption might provide more effective treatment. We have therefore studied the mechanisms of hypercalcaemia and response to therapy in a group of patients with vitamin D intoxication.

DESIGN Vitamin D metabolites were measured in six patients with vitamin D intoxication; in five of these the components of hypercalcaemia were calculated. These measurements were repeated following treatment with corticosteroids (two patients) or the bisphosphonate, pamidronate (three patients).

RESULTS In each case the serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D was grossly elevated and there was a more modest elevation in serum 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D. The components of hypercalcaemia suggest that there was a significant degree of bone resorption in all six patients and that this Is the major determinant of hypercaicaemia. Pamidronate treatment resulted in a brisk reduction in plasma calcium concentration. Following corticosteroids the return of calcium to normal was more delayed.

CONCLUSION The hypercalcaemia of vitamin D intoxication is mediated by Increased bone resorption and bisphosphonates have a role in its management.
Endocrine effects of GnRH analogue with low‐dose hormone replacement therapy in women with endometriosis
Authors: Howell R. , Dowsett M. , King N. , Edmonds D. K.
Published: March 2008

OBJECTIVE GnRH analogues are being used Increasingly for a number of oestrogen dependent conditions In women. The resultant profound hypo‐oestrogenism is a disadvantage, however, but the preservation of pituitary sensitivity to negative feedback by oestradiol is not well defined. We have determined the effect on gonadotrophins and Inhibin of GnRH analogue plus low‐dose continuous combined hormone replacement therapy In comparison with GnRH analogue therapy alone.

DESIGN Randomized controlled trial.

PATIENTS Fifty premenopausal women with endometriosis randomized to treatment with goserelin alone (Group 1) or goserelin plus 17βoestradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate (Group 2).

MEASUREMENTS FSH, LH, oestradiol, oestrone, Inhibin before and during treatment.

RESULTS Oestradiol and oestrone were suppressed in both groups, but Group 2 had significantly higher oestradiol during the hormone replacement therapy period. LH was suppressed in both groups. In Group 1, FSH levels recovered during treatment but, in contrast, in Group 2, FSH levels remained suppressed throughout treatment. Inhibin was significantly lower in Group 2, but not In Group 1, during treatment compared to pretreatment.

CONCLUSIONS Pituitary secretion of FSH appears to remain responsive to feedback control by oestradiol during GnRH analogue therapy and Is Incompletely suppressed, unlike LH which remains completely suppressed. The possible mechanisms for this are discussed.
Chronic myeloid leukaemia following 131I treatment for thyroid carcinoma: a report of two cases and review of the literature
Authors: Shimon Ilan , Kneller Abraham , Olchovsky David
Published: March 2008

Leukaemia is an uncommon late complication of exposure to the Ionizing radiation of radioactive Iodine (131I). Most cases reported have been of acute ieukaemias developing after high doses of 131I. Only a few cases of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) have been reported in this setting to date.

We report two new cases of CML after low dose radioactive iodine and review the literature. We present an analysis of the minimal relative risk of CML developing in thyroid cancer patients treated with 131I in Israel.

Two male patients, 35 and 51 years old, developed CML following low dose 131I therapy for metastatic mixed papillary and follicular carcinoma of the thyroid. Both had undergone thyroidectomy and neck dissection and thyroid ablation with 131I (total dose: 56 and 130 mCl respectively). Four and 10 years later, respectively, a leucocytosis was noticed with typical blood smears, and CML was diagnosed either by Philadelphia translocation or bcr‐abl gene rearrangement. Thyroid cancer at that time was in remission.

Estimated minimal relative risk of CML after 131I therapy where the population considered at risk comprised all thyroid cancer patients detected during the years 1981–1991 in Israel was 8.95 (95% confidence limits 2.26–35.16).

Literature review disclosed five additional similar cases. The mean radioiodine dose given to the seven CML patients was 11416 MBq (range 1134–32130 MBq), considerably lower than the dose given to patients reported in the literature who subsequently developed acute leukaemias (mean 34965, range 3856–54810 MBq). We suggest that CML is a potential complication of low dose 131I therapy given for thyroid carcinoma even at the lower end of the dose range used for this indication. Leucocytosis appearing in these patients should raise the suspicion of secondary CML.
Increased fitness and plasticity of an invasive species in its introduced range: a study using Senecio pterophorus
Authors: Caño L. , Escarré J. , Fleck I. , Blanco‐Moreno J.M. , Sans F.X.
Published: March 2008

When a plant species is introduced into a new range, it may differentiate genetically from the original populations in the home range. This genetic differentiation may influence the extent to which the invasion of the new range is successful. We tested this hypothesis by examining Senecio pterophorus, a South African shrub that was introduced into NE Spain about 40 years ago. We predicted that in the introduced range invasive populations would perform better and show greater plasticity than native populations.

Individuals of S. pterophorus from four Spanish (invasive) and four South African (native) populations were grown in Catalonia, Spain, in a common garden in which disturbance and water availability were manipulated. Fitness traits and several ecophysiological parameters were measured.

The invasive populations of S. pterophorus survived better throughout the summer drought in a disturbed (unvegetated) environment than native South African populations. This success may be attributable to the lower specific leaf area (SLA) and better water content regulation of the invasive populations in this treatment.

Invasive populations displayed up to three times higher relative growth rate than native populations under conditions of disturbance and non‐limiting water availability.

The reproductive performance of the invasive populations was higher in all treatments except under the most stressful conditions (i.e. in non‐watered undisturbed plots), where no plant from either population flowered.

The results for leaf parameters and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements suggested that the greater fitness of the invasive populations could be attributed to more favourable ecophysiological responses.

Synthesis. Spanish invasive populations of S. pterophorus performed better in the presence of high levels of disturbance, and displayed higher plasticity of fitness traits in response to resource availability than native South African populations. Our results suggest that genetic differentiation from source populations associated with founding may play a role in invasion success.
The Unique Localization of ZFP185 at Uropod of Mouse T Lymphocytes
Authors: Wang N. , Zhang J.‐S. , Zheng Q. , Zhao Y.
Published: March 2008

Zinc finger protein 185 (ZFP185), which contains a conservative Lin‐l 1, Isl‐1 and Mec‐3 (LIM) domain at its C‐terminus, is a member of mouse LIM protein family. Although brahma‐related gene 1(BRG1), the upstream regulation gene of ZFP185, is essential in the development and activation of T lymphocytes, there is no report on the involvement of ZFP185 in lymphocyte activation. The expression of ZFP185 protein was up‐regulated significantly in T lymphocytes during their activation by phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA)/ionomycin, compared with non‐activated T lymphocytes, as determined by western blot assays. However, over‐expression of ZFP185 in EL4 cells showed no significant effect on the cell proliferation. Importantly, expression of ZFP185‐enhanced green fluorescent protein fusion protein in EL4 cells showed that ZFP185 uniquely localized in the uropod of lymphocytes as observed with a two‐photon laser scanning confocal microscope. The direct interaction between ZFP185 and actin was supported by co‐immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence assays. The special distribution of ZFP185 in uropod indicates the potential involvement of ZFP185 in T‐cell morphology and movement.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF BIRTH ORDER AND AGE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SIBS AS OBSERVED IN DRAWINGS OF PREKINDERGARTEN CHILDREN
Authors: Abe K. , Teuji K. , Suzuki H.
Published: March 2008

The draw‐a‐man test was performed on 348 children within 10 days of their third birthday, and the results were tested by Fisher's z‐test to see if there is any significant difference according to the birth order.

The score for the later‐born children were found to be significantly superior to those of the first‐born.

For the second‐born children. the test ratings have been correlated with the age difference which separates them from the older sibling. The average score was higher in those with less than 31/2 years' spacing. As the age difference increases, the average score approaches that of the first‐born.

The results seem to indicate that in some field of the child's activity and its progress, the influence of an older sibling is remarkable and the influence is more effective if the age difference is small.
EFFECT OF CERTAIN SUBSTANCES ISOLATED FROM ‘MATATABI’ ON THE EEG OF CAT
Authors: Yoshii N. , Hano K. , Suzuki Y.
Published: March 2008

The authors examined the effects of three components of ‘Matatabi’ extract, beta‐phenylethylalcohol, actinidine and ‘Matatabi’‐lactone isolated by Sakan, Fujino, Murai et al. on cats, dogs, rabbits and rats.

1) The minimal effective dosss in the intravenous injection were on Beta‐phenylethylalcohol: 10‐‐3, actinidine: 10‐‐6, and ‘Matatabi’‐lactone: 10‐‐4, for each.

2) The beta‐phenylethylalcohol and actinidine have salivary effects similar to that of pilocarpine, when they were given per os. (‘Matatabi’‐lactone was not tested on salivary effect.)

3) The three ‘Matatabi’ components had no effect on respiration but slightly lowered the blood pressure through the vagal nerves. The blood pressure effect was abolished by vagotomy and atropine.

4) These three substances had similar effects on the EEGs regardless of the route of administration: intravenous injection, micro‐injection into the subcortical structures and cortical application, though minimal effective doses were different from each other. The data suggest that they influence first the electrical activities of the limbic system (hippocampus, amygdaloid) and thgn the hypothalamus, reticular formation, specific and non‐specific nuclei of the thalamus, caudate nucleus, and last the cortex to induce single spikes. Sometimes seizure discharges were produced in the hippocampus, hypothalamus, reticular formation and in other structures independently or synchronously.

5) By large doses basic waves disappeared from the cortex and subcortex (flat EEG), and were replaced by synchronous spikes with intrinsic frequency.

6) In the early stage spindles appeared in the cortex and subcortex (specific and non‐specific nuclei of the thalamus, hippocampus and reticular formation). When sharp waves appeared in the cortex and subcortical structures, spindle bursts of spikes readily followed them (evoked spindles).

7) The 3 or 6 per second waves burst, 4–6 and/or 9–14 per second positive spikes and hypsarhythmia were sometimes seen in the cortex.

8) Atropine abolished all these abnormal EEG's. Nembuthal depressed the EEG flat but didn't affect the spikes or sharp waves produced by the ‘Matatabi’ components.

9) It is suggested that the ‘Matatabi’ components act on the cholinergic neurons in the brain, especially in the limbic system, hypothalamus, reticular formation and thalamic nuclei, that those neurons in the pontine and medullar reticular formation, when stimulated, make the EEG flat to readily induce the intrinsic rhythms, and those in the cortex and thalamus build up waves 6 per second waves burst, 6 and/or 14 positive spikes, and those, when irregularly stimulated, are ready to produce hypsarhythmia.

10) Cholinergic neuron system in the brain are suggested by the figures 12 and 13 got by the micro‐injection and cortical application of these ‘Matatabi’ components.
THE EFFECT OF β‐HYDROXY‐γ‐AMINOBUTYRIC ACID ON CEREBRAL ELECTRICAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Minobe Kimpei
Published: March 2008

1) A remarkable decrease in the amplitude of both negative and positive slow components of direct cortical response (DCR) was found following topical application of GABOB.

2) Negative slow component of the transcallosal response (TCR) was suppressed but the positive slow component was not changed. GABOB applied to a cortical region under the stimulating electrode did not show any effect on the TCR.

3) A pronounced decrease in the amplitude of the negative component and a slight suppression of the positive component in the cortical somatosensory evoked potential were induced by topical application of GABOB.

4) Reductions of the amplitude of the thalamic somatosensory relay muclei (VPL) and of both negative and positive components in the cortical sensory evoked potential was caused by injection of GABOB into VPL.

5) The intravenously applied GABOB (5% solution, 1 ml) to the deeply anesthetized animals (with 100 mg/kg of pentobabitone) produced a decrease in the amplitude of the cortical evoked potentials. This was identical to that produced by topically applied GABOB.

6) From the above results, it was elucidated that the inhibitory action of GABOB may affect the activities of the thalamus as well as the superficial cortex.

7) The inhibitory action of GABOB upon the synaptic transmission of the evoked potentials was discussed.
BRAIN ABSCESS DUE TO HORMODENDRUM DERMATITIDIS (KANO) CONANT, 1953 —Report of a Case and Review of the Literature—
Authors: Shimazono Yasuo , Isaki Kiminori , Torii Hosaku , Otsuka Ryosaku , Fukushiro Hyoichi
Published: March 2008

1. A caw of brain abscess due to Hormodendrum dermatitidis was reported. The patient, 30 years of age, had a rather rapid onset of the disease with headache, left hemiplegia, meningeal signs and slight clouding of consciousness, which were further aggravated till her death 85 days after the onset.

2. Autopsy revealed a number of dark greenish‐brown or dark‐red nodules, the size af the little‐finger tip or smaller, which were found around the basilar arteries, in the cisterna basalis and on both sides of the occipital and parietal lobes. On sectioning, many similar greenish‐ to dark‐brown mftening foci, some of which were irregularly coalescent, were found in the white substance of the right frontal and left temporal lobes, and in several areas of the basal ganglia.

3. These nodules consisted of numerous fungal elements and surrounding suppurative exudates. Some of the discolored necrotic foci were composed of fungal elements with little cell reactions; some others showed abscess formations filled with suppurative exsudates and fungal elements surrounded by granulation tissues.

4. The fungus, Homcdendrum dermatitidis (Kano) Conant, 1953, has never been recorded as the cause of chromoblastomycosis of the central nervous system, except that in the present case.

5. Twenty‐three cases of brain chromoblastomycosis, including ours, were briefly reviewed. Clinical features and pathological findings of this disease were discussed.
EEG STUDIES ON CEREBRAL CIRCULATORY DISTUR‐BANCES IN MAN
Authors: Wada Toyoji , Ohnuma Teiichi , Ohsawa Takeshi
Published: March 2008

Carotid compression was applied to 84 cases and EEG record thereof was taken. At the same time, the changes of the instantaenous values and integrated values were traced with the use of 2‐channel simultaneous automatic frequency analyser. In addition, a polygraphic observation was made by means of plethy‐smogram, cardiogram, cardio‐tachogram, pneumatogram, electro‐myogram, and eye‐ball movement. Of 84 cases, 53 had clinically diagnosed to have cerebral circulatory disorders, 21 without it, and as to the other 11 cases, no diagnostic determination was possible. Further, there was normal control group consisted of 10 persons.

Under the carotid compression test, in the EEG of 21 out of 53 cases with cerebral circulatory disturbance, the slow waves of 1.5–5 c/s and 50–100 μV appeared, while no such phenomenon was observable in the group without the said abnormality. The result of EEG‐analysis shows that during the appearance of the slow waves, α‐band diminished and both θ‐and δ‐bands extended. Variance was seen between the normal control group and the group with the disturbance with reference to the transition of these three bands. In general, the blood pressure was lowered and the pulsation slowed down. Upon the cessation of the pressure application, all recovered the normal state.
CONVERGENCE OF THALAMIC AND SENSORY AFFERENT IMPULSES TO SINGLE NEURONS IN THE CORTICAL ASSOCIATION AREA OF CATS
Authors: Shimazono Yasuo , Torii Hosaku , Endo Masaomi , Ihara Shun'ichi , Narukawa Hiroshi , Matsuda Miki
Published: March 2008

An observation was made to ascertain that the thalamic and sensory impulses converge to the neurons of the gyrus suprasylvius medius of the cats either unanesthetized or under chloralose anesthesia (over 30 mg/kg). The starting portions of the impulses whose convergence could be ascertained are as follows:

In unanesthetized animals —i) specific thalamic nuclei (association nuclei) and non‐specific thalamic nuclei, ii) specific nuclei (association nuclei) and the retina, iii) non‐specific thalamic nuclei and the retina, iv) bilateral sciatic nerves, bilateral radial nerves, and the retina, v) bilateral sciatic nerves, bilateral radial nerves, the retina, and (ipsilateral) thalamic sensory relay nuclei.

In chloralose anesthetized animals— i) bilateral sciatic nerves, bilateral radial nerves, and the retina, ii) bilateral sciatic nerves, bilateral radial nerves, the retina, and the cerebral cortex (somatosensory area or visual area).

Compared with the unanesthetized state, larger number of neurons respond to sensory stimulation with well‐detectable discharges but the mode of the discharges is, to some extent, uniform, showing little variance according to the delivered stimuli under chloralose anesthesia.
PROXIMAL OCCLUSION OR STENOSIS OF THE AXTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY—A Clinical Study of Five Casee —
Authors: Sakamoto Yoshio
Published: March 2008

Summary

Five cases of proximal occlusion and stenosis of the anterior cerebral artery being examined by the bilateral angiographic studies are reported. One case is non‐paralytic and four cases are paralytic. In the paralytic group three fourth of the cases involved upper‐extremities.

The cases with a rather long history and remarkable dilatation of lateral ventricle show clinically psychiatric symptoms, such as dementia and confusion, but the case with a rather short history shows no ventricle dilatation.

The bilateral carotid angiograms with each contralateral carotid compression are needed for exact diagnosis and also differentiation of the occlusion and the stenosis of the proximal portion of anterior cerebral artery.

Proximal occlusion and stenosis of the anterior cerebral artery were discussed with five cases and the references.
“EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON CEREBRO‐HEPATIC RELATIONSHIP — EFFECTS OF SEVERAL CONDITIONS ON ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN RAT LIVER AND BRAIN, AND ON ESTROGEN INACTIVATION IN RAT LIVER —”
Authors: Nomura Junichi , Maeda Masanori , Nakazawa Kinya , Hatotani Noboru
Published: March 2008

Summary

1. Due to liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride, the activities of GPT, GOT, arginase, tryptophan pyrrolase and δ4‐‐3‐ketosteroid reductase in rat liver and the ability of rat liver to inactivate estrogen decreased, while the activities of GPT and GOT in the brain were inversely increased. Decrease in the activities of GPT, GOT and arginase in the liver and the ability of the liver to inactivate estrogen were also to be brought on by forced running or immobilization.

2. LSD increased the activity of hexokinase in the brain, but it had no effect on the enzyme activities of the liver or on estrogen inactivation by the liver.

3. Stress conditions such as forced running, immobilization, exposure to cold, and the administration of chlorpromazine significantly increased the activity of tryptophan pyrrolase in rat liver. Removal of the adrenals did not affect the increase of enzyme activity, but ‘hypophysectomy’ completely abolished the enzyme induction.
PSEUDO‐FROHLICH'S SYNDROME, A CLINICAL STUDY OF THREE CASES
Authors: Kawakita Yukio , Sakamoto Yoshio , Shinohara Sadao
Published: March 2008

Three cases of Pseudo‐Frohlich's syndrome are reported, among whom two are siblings of a consanguine marriage. In both families, strong inheritance of morbid traits is found including neuropsychiatric disorders. The pathogenesis of the development of obesity is discussed in connection with hyperphagia, a disorder of feeding behavior, which is suspected to be caused by a hereditary functional disorder of the hypothalamus as suggested by the abnormal E.E.G. findings.
A NEW APPROACH TO THE TREATMENT OF GLOSSO‐PHARYNGEAL NEURALGIA, USING THE GREAT AURICULAR NERVE BLOCK
Authors: Aoki Hideo , Tokunaoa Yuko
Published: March 2008

Summary

Two cases of glossopharyngeal neuralgia (oropharyngeal type) were treated successfully by means of either anesthetic block or section of the great auricular nerve respectively. Pain was relieved completely and no recurrence has been observed for the 5 and 3 years following the treatment.

The intracranial section of the ninth cranial nerve has been thought to be the preferred method of treating this disease. The great auricular nerve block was introduced by us in this field and two sites of the effect of this treatment were clarified by the clinical and experimental studies: (1) the peripheral sensory overlap over the upper cervical nerves and the ninth cranial nerve was demonstrated in the pharyngeal region, and (2) intraspinal connection of these nerves might exist in the upper cervical segment. Therefore, it was revealed that the nerves relating to the mechanism of the pain in this disease were not only the ninth cranial nerve but also the upper cervical nerves.

In our opinion all cases of glossopharyngeal neuralgia should be treated by this procedure at first, because of the following reasons: (1) simplicity of the method, (2) no side effect is observed and (3) the effect of this treatment can be estimated confidently to occur several minutes after the nerve block. Therefore, more complicated treatment should be applied to the case without any favorable effect following this procedure.
THE CORRELATION OF PAIN RELIEF, NEUROLOGICAL SIGN, EEG AND ANATOMICAL LESION SITES IN PAIN PATIENTS TREATED BY STEREOTAXIC THALAMOTOMY
Authors: Tsubokawa Takashi
Published: March 2008

Summary

The clinical syndromes are described on the basis of an anatomical correlation in nine patients who have had stereotaxic thalamotomy for the relief of intractable pain. The cases who have bilateral lesions in the ventroposterior parts of CEM get excellent pain relief without any kind of serious complication. The case who has lesions in the VPM is characterized by sensory loss with temporary pain relief. However, bilateral lesion group is characterized by psychiatric syndrome and slow wave bursts in EEG. The Pf‐pretectal lesion group has serious complications which include unconsciousness, extrapyramidal motor effect and slow wave bursts in EEG.

This result indicates that the ventroposterior parts of CEM have an important role in perceiving pain sensation but have not chief role in maintaining consciousness and altering EEG. To make lesion of the bilateral CEM is most suitable operation in order to relief of intractable pain caused by malignant tumor.
STUDIES ON RADIOISOTOPE DIAGNOSIS OF BRAIN TUMORS
Authors: Shimazaki Motoyoshi
Published: March 2008

Summary

99mTc in the pertechnetate form produces little internal radiation and as the mCi dose may be large, a sharp tumor picture with scanning is possible.

Comparing this with 203Hg‐chlormerodrin in phantom and clinical studies, of 47 histologically verified brain tumors, 203Hg‐chlormerodrin demonstrated 21 out of 39 cases, a 54% diagnosis rate, while 99mTc clarified 11 out of 13, or 85%. Local findings in serial angiography were seen in 40 of 47 cases, 85%. Three cases with no angio‐graphic findings gave a positive scan. The extent of some tumors only partially visualized through angiography was determined by scanning.
Statistical Analysis of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Based on Autopsied Cases in Japan*
Authors: SHIBASAKI Hiroshi , KUROIWA Yoshigoro
Published: March 2008

40 autopsied cases of demyelinating diseases in Japan were classified, based on autopsy findings, into three groups; 18 cases of multiple sclerosis (MS) group, 13 cases of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) group and 9 cases of intermediate form.

The clinical features were compared in the MS and NMO groups by Chi square test.

By “component analysis”, it was shown that the MS and NMO groups could be discriminated clinically with high reliability.

In the component analysis, disturbance of consciousness, emotional disturbance, bulbar signs and incoordination were the significant items for the MS group, and onset with fever or infection, bilateral simultaneous visual impairment and infection in the past history for the NMO group.

(5) The component analysis was proved to be applicable in the clinical differentiation of MS and NMO.
EEG Activation with Dimefline Hydrochloride*
Authors: KAZAMATSURI Hajime
Published: March 2008

Dimefline hydrochloride (3‐methyl‐7 ‐ methoxy‐8‐dimethylaminomethylflavone hydrochloride) was administered intravenously to forty‐seven patients to examine its EEG activating effect. The patients were twenty‐two epileptics and twenty‐five non‐epileptics which had normal resting EEG before activation. Dimefline was injected at the rate of 0.02 mg/kg per minute with 0.04% aqueous solution up to 8 mg.

In thirteen out of twenty‐two epileptic patients (59%) the provocation of paroxysmal discharges, including spikes, were obtained within 8 mg. Clinical seizures were elicited in five patients almost immediately after the appearance of paroxysms in EEG. In twenty‐five non‐epileptic patients, five cases (20%) showed paroxysmal discharges. The activated paroxysms were centrence‐phalic spike and wave complex in the most cases. The remarkable changes of background activities were never observed during activation.

The activating effect of Dimefline was compared with that of Metrazol in nine patients, and 8 mg of Dimefline was proved to have an EEG activating potency approximately identical to that of 400 mg of Metrazol. The side effects induced by intravenous administration of Dimefline were more rare and more slight than in cases of Metrazol.

From the results obtained, the author confirmed the EEG activating effect of Dimefline hydrochloride available for the exact EEG diagnosis of epileptic disorders. Its clinical application as an EEG activator, however, should be done with prudent precautions because of the narrow margin between the threshold of seizure discharges and that of clinical attacks.
Three cases of Acute Diffuse Lymphocytic Meningo‐encephalitis
Authors: ISHINO Hiroshi , MOTOIKE Mitsuo , OKUMA Teruo , Mil Takashi , TATEISHI Jun , HAYASHI Yasuaki , ISHIGAKI Kazuhiko , YAMANE Norikuni , HIGASHI Susumu , INOUE Shigeru
Published: March 2008

Clinical and pathological descriptions were made on the three cases of acute diffuse lymphocytic meningo‐encephalitis.

Clinical pictures of all cases were super‐posable in almost all respects: acute onset of the illness, meningeal symptom such as headache and vomiting, convulsions, con‐fusional state and psychomotor restlessness which necessitated all patients being admitted to the psychiatric clinic. Pressure of CSF was elevated in two cases and pleo‐cytosis was noted. After the clinical course of about 4 weeks the patients died.

Morphological picture of three cases was very slight in comparison with severe clinical symptoms and consisted of perivascular lymphocytic infiltration in the frontal, temporal and parietal cortex and a very slight microglial response as well as the involvement of meninges. In Case 1 glial nodules were noted in the midbrain and pons. These changes were milder in Case 2 and Case 3 than in Case 1.

The diagnostic problems and the anatomical findings were discussed and it was suggested that our three cases were primary encephalitis.
Neurological Manifestations Associated with Cold Hemagglutinin Syndrome Report of Two Cases
Authors: TAKAYANAGI Tetsuya , MIYAZAKI Motoji , ASAI Ichitaro
Published: March 2008

Two cases of cold hemagglutinin syndrome associated with neurological manifestations were reported. One was a 52‐year‐old woman with acute hemolytic anemia which developed following grippe. Cold hemagglutinin titer was elevated to 1:1,024. Neurological manifestations were apathy, confusion, auditory hallucination and EEG abnormality. Steroid administration cleared these neurological abnormalities and EEG was reverted to normal. The other was a 77‐year‐old man with chronic hemolytic anemia. Cold hemagglutinin titer was extraordinarily elevated (1:32,768, 1:524,‐288). Neurological abnormalities were almost confined to the cerebellar system. Hormonal therapy was completely unrewarding and the patient was incapacitated from his daily activity. From the literature some of the reported cases of hemolytic anemia associated with neurological abnormalities, particularly in reference to cold hemagglutinin syndrome, were briefly described. The present authors consider 2 reported cases fall in the category of “Syndromes neuro‐hémolytiques” by French school.
Neuroendocrinological Studies in Mental Disorders and Psychotropic Drugs:
Authors: YAMASHITA Itaru , MOROJI Takashi , YAMAZAKI Kosuke , KATO Hiroaki , SAKASHITA Ayumu , ONODERA Isao , ITO Kozo , OKADA Fumihiko , SAITO Yoshiro , TAMAKOSHI Makoto , SUWA Nozomi
Published: March 2008

The circadian variation of the adrenocortical hormone levels in plasma was studied in 105 patients with various mental disorders. Examinations were repeated on the same subjects to follow up changes in the course of the diseases. Effects of prolonged administration of Methamphetamine and Chlorpromazine on the circadian rhythm of plasma corticosteroids were also investigated in albino rats.

Schizophrenics who had completely recovered from their illness showed a normal and stable circadian cycle of plasma 17‐ hydroxycorticosteroid (17‐OHCS), with the highest value early in the morning and the lowest in the late evening. Schizophrenics in an acute stage of disease and also those in an extreme state of personality deterioration exhibited marked disturbances of the diurnal rhythm of the plasma 17‐OHCS levels.

In depression, the rhythm was always normal in a group of patients, while in another group with extremely severe symptoms or strong tendency to relapse it was often found to be disturbed at the height of the disease.

Twelve of 13 subjects with general paresis showed alterations in the circadian pattern of plasma 17‐OHCS and also the enlarged lateral and third ventricles on pneumoencephalogram (PEG). One exceptional case with a normal circadian variation had a normal PEG picture.

Among hospitalized epileptics, those subjects with only slight dementia and personality change demonstrated no abnormalities of the diurnal rhythm, whereas in those patients who showed such psychic symptoms as hallucinations, delusions or conspicuous personality disorganization had significant loss of the circadian pattern of plasma cortisol.

Alteration in the circadian pattern of plasma corticosteroids were also observed in rats treated with daily injections of Methamphetamine or Chlorpromazine for certain periods of time.

In consideration of these data and other reports on the role of the central nervous system in maintaining the circadian pattern of the adrenocortical hormone in blood, the authors postulated a kind of pathological process in the central nervous system in schizophrenic illness, though not determined whether it is diffuse or focal.
Somatosensory Evoked Responses in Patients with Carbon Monoxide Poisoning as compared with those in Schizophrenics
Authors: IKUTA Takumi
Published: March 2008

The IIA ‐SER Pattern (Inter‐Individual A verage Somatosensory Evoked Response Pattern) of 87 mâle adult subjects, who were coalminers and exposed to CO‐gas in an accidental explosion in the coal mine 3 years prior to the present study and were surviving with or without residual symptoms at the time of the present study, was shown as the figure and as the series of numbers representing the deviations of the pattern from an estimated isoelectric line at intervals of 5 msec in latency.

The IIA‐SER Pattern of the CO poisoned consisted of the components N1, P1, N2, P2, N3, P3 and N4, with the latencies of 20, 25, 35, 40, 75, 105 and 165 msec, respectively.

The IIA‐SER Pattern of the CO poisoned was compared with that of mâle adult schizophrenics presented in the previous study. (1) The troughs of Ni, N2 and, especially, N3 were deeper, and the latencies of Pi and P2 were smaller in the IIA‐SER Pattern of the CO poisoned than in that of schizophrenics. (2) The Pattern of Vertical Difference between IIA‐SER Patterns of the CO poisoned and of schizophrenics attained to maximum at 60 msec in latency.
“Sleep Apnoea” and Sleep Regulating Mechanism –A case effectively treated with monochlorimipramine–
Authors: KUMASHIRO Hisashi , SATO Mitsumoto , HIRATA Junichiro , BABA Osamu , OTSUKI Saburo
Published: March 2008

Abstract

The patient was a 69‐year old male, with apnoea‐tonic convulsion in sleep as the chief complaint. Over the period of 17 years prior to his admission to our clinic he had been treated as a case of night epilepsy, without improvement but aggravation. Satisfactory results of our treatment are briefly summarized as follows.

Anticonvulsants including diphenyl‐hydantoin proved ineffective, and phenobar‐bital aggravated seizures markedly.

Methyl phenidate and imipramine or monochlorimipramine proved to be effective, and the last drug was completely suppressed the sleep apnoea. During 15 months after discharge the continuous use of this drug has effectively inhibited the seizures up to date.

EEG of our case shows abnormal sleep pattern which has no deep sleep pattern. And no remarkable EEG changes were observed before and after administration of monochlorimipramine, but body movements during sleep were more frequent after the administration.

By recording EEG at the onset of this seizure there was recognized flat EEG suggesting that the tonic convulsion occurring after apnoea is an anoxic convulsion.

As for the action mechanism of monochlorimipramine, on the basis of our findings that this sleep apnoea is closely associated with a certain depth of sleep, which resembles sleep paralysis of narcolepsy, and it has been concluded that the action mechanism of imipramine and monochlorimipramine is directed to the disturbance of sleep regulating mechanism.

It is assumed that the mechanism of the present case consists of visceral crisis of tabes dorsalis, resultant hypoexcitability of the brain stem reticular activating system and disturbance of sleep regulating mechanism.
Prefrontal Cortex and Emotional Behaviors
Authors: SATO Mitsumoto
Published: March 2008

With 13 tame cats as the subjects, of which 10 had bilateral prefrontal lesions, and 3 as the control group with temporal lesion only, a study was carried out on changes occurring in spontaneous behaviors and hypothalamic rage threshold (HRT) after receiving lesions. As a result it has been demonstrated that behavioral changes appear as hyperreactivity, emotional hyperreactivity and perseverative tendencies. As for the changes in the HRT there can be observed instability of HRT, an increase in reactivity, and a rise in HRT of the group without behavioral change. On the basis of these results it has been pointed out that the lateral surface of prefrontal cortext is involved in the process of the organism in incorporating changes of external circumstance into the HRT, and the orbital surface acts inhibitorily on the HRT.
Photic and Bemegride Activation of Triphasic Waves in Portal‐Systemic Encephalopathy
Authors: KOJIMA Takuya , MIYASAKA Matué , MORIYA Hirobumi , FUKUZAWA Hitoshi , SHIMAZONO Yasuo
Published: March 2008

Photic stimulation from 0.5 to 20cps flickers was given on 7 cases of portal‐systemic encephalopathy. The triphasic waves were increased by the stimulation (mostly appearing synchronously with 2.0–3.5 cps of flicker) in all cases at least more than once in repeated EEG examinations.

Bemegride activation was performed on three cases who had theta and alpha background activity with very poor delta waves. The triphasic waves increased in number remarkably in two cases and poorly in one.

Based on these reactions to the photic stimulation and bemegride activation, it was suggested that the triphasic waves and epileptic discharges might have some similar mechanism in their production.

(This study was presented at 18th annual meeting of Japan EEG Society, 1969