bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Faces and Feelings”: A Projective Technique for Measuring Young Children's Self-Esteem
Authors: Juhasz Anne McCreary , Munshi Nanda
Published: August 2011

A projective type “Faces and Feelings” measure was designed for use with kindergarten and first grade children. The underlying assumption was that the technique would elicit from this age group self-perceptions of worthwhileness. The unique methodology eliminated the most pervasive problems in self-esteem measurement, and results yielded important information about the effects of significant others on young children's self-esteem. Also, feelings about home and school activities addressed the multifaceted and specificity aspect of the self-esteem construct. Differences between American and Australian children and boys and girls in how Mom, Dad, Teacher, Friend, Home, School, Holiday, Reading, Math made children feel about themselves could be identified using “Faces and Feelings.”
The Type a Behavior Pattern and Adherence to a Regular Running Program by Adult Males Ages 25 to 39 Years
Authors: Pargman David , Green Leonard
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship between the Type A behavior pattern and adherence to a regular running program. Type A runners among 149 men of 25 to 39 yr. age reported significantly higher self-motivation than the Type B runners. Research should continue to examine motivational patterns associated with long-term adherence to physical exercise.
Validity of a Child Interview Measure of Attachment as Used in Child Custody Evaluations
Authors: Marcus Robert F. , Mirle Jyotsna
Published: August 2011

21 girls and 23 boys were interviewed using the Parent Attachment Structured Interview to measure their attachments to mother and father. Attachment scores were then correlated with scores on the internalizing, externalizing and social competence scales of the Child Behavior Checklist. For boys the greater the positive attachment to fathers the fewer the internalizing behavior problems and the greater the social competence. Positive maternal attachment for boys was also positively related to social competence. For girls positive attachment to fathers predicted fewer problems internalizing behavior. Contrary to expectations, maternal positive attachment for girls was negatively correlated with social competence. Recommendations for use of the modification of the child interview measure are given with regard to its use in child custody litigation.
The Georgia Court Competency Test: The Base-Rate Problem
Authors: Wildman Robert W. , White Patricia A. , Brandenburg Carlos E.
Published: August 2011

This work was undertaken to investigate a statistical complexity in past validation studies of the Georgia Court Competency Test, namely, the “base-rate” issue.
Eccentricity, Contrast, and Angular Extent as Factors in the Perception of Peripheral Apparent Motion
Authors: Barfield Woodrow , Kraft Conrad , Bun Loo Kar
Published: August 2011

Two experiments were performed to investigate the perception of peripherally presented apparent motion as a function of eccentricity of the stimulus, ambient illumination, sex, stimulus pattern, and angular extent of stimulus presentation. The experimental task for both studies was to judge the direction of apparent motion for a stimulus target lighter than the background and presented on a Braumbach perimeter. The results from Exps. 1 and 2 indicated main effects for subjects and eccentricity. The combined results of Exps. 1 and 2 indicated main effects for eccentricity and angular separation of the apparent motion, however, the interaction between the two was not significant.
Some Comments on the Peschels' Model of Biologically-Based Brain Disease
Authors: Hays J. Ray , Hays Bethany M.
Published: August 2011

The model of treatment of mental disorders described by Peschel and Peschel (1990) raises the problem of medical patriarchy. The model does not consider the marked impact of cognition, volition, and affect on the physical realm. While a model of treatment based on a psychological matriarchy is no better, a model of training in health promotion with an appropriate balance of the physical, mental, and spiritual aspects of life gives more hope of training professionals who can see the larger picture of their patients' lives and a better record of success than presently exists.
The Group Embedded Figures Test: A Factor Analytic Study
Authors: Day Deborah A. , McRae Lissa S. E. , Young Jeffrey D.
Published: August 2011

The study focused on the factor structure of the Group Embedded Figures Test for 162 business administration students. Three factors were identified, two of which are clearly related to disembedding skill.
Effects of Parental Presence/Absence on Size of Children's Human Figure Drawings
Authors: Payne Monica A.
Published: August 2011

The effects of parental presence or absence in the home on the size of male and female human figure drawings were examined for a sample of 480 Barbadian children ages 7 to 13 yr. Most children of both sexes drew larger female than male figures, but significant effects relating to mother-absence and father-absence were found for boys and girls, respectively. Findings were not entirely consistent with those of previous research but would seem to reflect the matrifocality of Caribbean households.
Correlations between Muscle Regions and Average Total Muscle Activity: Support for the Back
Authors: Cahn Timothy S. , Cram Jeffrey R. , Powell Jeffrey
Published: August 2011

As part of their evaluation, an EMG muscle scanning procedure was conducted on 100 patients enrolled in a pain program for in-patients. The left and right aspects of 11 muscle sites were monitored in the sitting and standing postures. Correlations between muscle region and average total muscle tension suggest that the lower and upper back muscles were the most highly related to their total tension. These results do not appear to be the results of statistical artifact and the correlations do not seem redundant. Further analyses identified the T10 paraspinals muscle site as most highly correlated with their total tension. These findings are preliminary and experiments are needed to confirm or repudiate the hypothesis that there is a key muscle. Investigators are encouraged to look to the back musculature for training generalized relaxation.
Use of Subjective Information in Scientific Psychology: III. The Internal Image during Visual Perception: An Introspectionist Analysis
Authors: Gillespie George
Published: August 2011

On the basis of personal observation, the writer describes certain characteristics of hypnopompic visual imagery that lead to an understanding of how the internal visual image is experienced. This understanding helps us to see how an internal two-dimensional visual perceptual image could be experienced as an external environment positioned around the observer. The writer suggests how the three-dimensionalized perceptual image is constructed, how it gives the effect of directional looking within the context of seeing widely, and how certain features of visual perception can best be accounted for by the mediation of perception by an internal image.
Self-Concepts of Disabled Youth Athletes
Authors: Sherrill Claudine , Hinson Marilyn , Gench Barbara , Kennedy Susan O. , Low Leslie
Published: August 2011

A self-concept inventory was administered to 158 youth athletes, ages 9 to 18 yr. ( M = 13.94 yr., SD = 2.63) who competed in the first Pan American Victory Games for Physically Disabled Youth. Disabilities represented were blind ( n = 57), cerebral palsy ( n = 52), dwarfs ( n = 18), spinal cord injured ( n = 12), amputation ( n = 10), and les autres ( n = 9). The purpose was to examine the self-concepts of disabled youth athletes and begin a data base. Analysis indicated that mean self-concept scores fell within or were close to ranges of means for able-bodied youth, as given in the test manual.
Oculomotor Activity and the Alpha Rhythm
Authors: Ulrich G.
Published: August 2011

From the beginning of clinical use of the EEG until now a close connection with oculomotor activity was assumed and empirically proven. After giving a sketch of the historical development, the issue is extended to the question of a connection between task-related alpha asymmetries and oculomotor activity. In doing so, the concepts of attention and cognition/emotion have to be dealt with. Referring to Kinsbourne, a conceptual framework is outlined which allows a mediation of the different methodical perspectives and thereby the formulation of testable hypotheses.
Effects of Verbal and Visual Cues on Performance of a Complex Ballistic Task
Authors: Smith Theresa L. , Eason Robert L.
Published: August 2011

An ecological approach to the study of feedback for learning sport tasks involves understanding how both augmented and inherent feedback interact. Literature on sport psychology suggests that athletes differ from nonathletes in characteristics that relate to learning styles and use of feedback. The purpose of this study was to examine differences in learning style between college female athletes and non-athletes on a complex ballistic task (dart throwing) differentiated by verbal and visual cues. 19 college women athletes and 19 nonathletes participated under four different conditions: visual cued/verbal cued, visual cued/verbal noncued, visual noncued/verbal cued, visual noncued/verbal noncued. Analysis of variance indicated that athletes were superior to nonathletes under the visual cued/verbal noncued condition. Both groups showed a linear trend for improvement but athletes were significantly better on the last trial.
The Group Embedded Figures Test: The Learning Effect Reexamined
Authors: Kelleher William E. , McRae Lissa S. E. , Young Jeffrey D.
Published: August 2011

The Group Embedded Figures Test was administered to 96 undergraduate business administration students at a Canadian university. Analysis suggests that the learning effect may not be independent of the order in which the two main parts of the test are completed and any learning effect may be confounded by the non-comparable difficulty of the two main parts.
Use of a Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Acceptance with Learning Disabled Boys
Authors: Holguin Omar , Sherrill Claudine
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Acceptance for use with young handicapped children ( M age = 8.2 yr.) with severe reading problems. Subjects were 30 learning disabled boys from four private schools located in the Dallas/Ft Worth metroplex. Data were collected through test-retest administration of the scale and individual interviews with each child. Validity of the physical subscale was established by showing that subjects' reasons for their feelings of physical competence could be classified into one of five categories 89 2% of the time. For the four subscales, alpha coefficients ranged from .56 to 82, and test-retest reliability ranged from .76 to .92.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: LXVII. Henricus (Hans) Kuypers F.R.S. 1925–1989
Authors: Lemon Roger N.
Published: August 2011

Hans Kuypers, who died in September 1989, was one of the founding fathers of neuroscience. Kuypers studied medicine in Leiden, The Netherlands and trained as a neuroanatomist with Nauta. His early work at Maryland and at Cleveland led to a wealth of new discoveries about descending motor pathways. Subsequently at Rotterdam, where he was foundation professor, and at Cambridge, England he searched for new brain probes, including retrograde fluorescent tracers and viruses for labelling chains of interconnected neurons. He saw the need to relate new neuroanatomical findings to brain function: in particular, how the brain steers hand and arm movements. He will be greatly missed by a long and distinguished list of collaborators on every continent.
Association of Scores on McCarthy Scales with Field Dependence/Independence for Seven-Year-Old Spanish Children
Authors: Forns-Santacana Maria , Amador-Campos Juan Antonio
Published: August 2011

The McCarthy Scales and the Children's Embedded Figures Test, as a measure of field dependence-independence, were administered to 32 girls and 18 boys, aged 7 yr. and in their second year of primary education. No significant correlations between the number of correct embedded figures and the total raw scores on the McCarthy Scales were observed, but the embedded figures scores were significantly related to scores on the Perceptual-Performance and Quantitative subscales. Boys and girls show different score patterns. The Verbal, Memory and Motor scales were independent of scores on field dependence-independence for these 7-yr.-olds.
Self-Concepts of Costa Rican Elementary School Children
Authors: Richardson Mary Jane , Pyfer Jean , Sherrill Claudine
Published: August 2011

The Martinek-Zaichkowsky Self-concept Scale was administered to 797 Costa Rican children in Grades 1 to 6. A three-way analysis of variance and Scheffé tests, used in conjunction with a 7 × 6 × 2 factorial design, showed significant differences between school types based on enrollment, grades, and sex. The highest self-concepts were found in the first grade and girls. Children in schools with enrollments under 50 scored significantly lower than those in larger schools. Findings were discussed in relation to literature for children in the USA.
Roles of Georgia Media Specialists Perceived by Teachers, Principals, and Media Specialists
Authors: Weller L. David , Burcham Cynthia A.
Published: August 2011

115 principals, 345 teachers, and 115 media specialists in elementary, middle, and high schools in urban, suburban, and rural Georgia were surveyed to assess statements of the ‘current role’ and ‘should role’ performance of media specialists. Significant differences existed between principals and teachers and between media specialists and teachers only on the ‘should perform’ role statements for media specialists.
Perception of Risk and Curb Standing at Street Corners by Older Pedestrians
Authors: Harrell W. Andrew
Published: August 2011

The distances stood from passing traffic of 696 pedestrians waiting to cross signal-controlled intersections were observed. Previous research on elderly pedestrians suggested that the elderly are less perceptive of dangers in the traffic environment because of diminished cognitive abilities. In fact, observations established that older pedestrians were the safest age group, standing the farthest away from traffic. This was especially the case for the most at-risk group, older women. In addition, older pedestrians were the most able to discern greater risks of accidental injury under nighttime crossing conditions and to take appropriate safety precautions.
Identification of Time-Compressed Sentential Stimuli by Good vs Poor Readers
Authors: Watson Marie , Stewart Michael , Krause Kari , Rastatter Michael
Published: August 2011

Ability of eight good and eight poor readers (in Grade 1, ages ranging from 6.7 to 7.4 yr.) to discriminate phonemic contrasts presented in 50% time-compressed sentential stimuli (Subtest 13 of the Carrow-Auditory Visual Abilities Test) was measured. Good readers exhibited a significantly higher over-all mean performance than poor readers on the time-compressed task. Effects of time-compression on the perception of manner, place, voicing and frequency contrasts showed a similar pattern of errors for both groups of readers. Implications of the effects of auditory discrimination on reading abilities are discussed.
Effect of the Standard on Size of the Horizontal-Vertical Illusion
Authors: McKelvie Stuart J.
Published: August 2011

70 subjects participated in a study designed to replicate the 1968 claim of Gardner and Long that the horizontal-vertical illusion is larger with the vertical than with the horizontal as standard. The effect did not appear in Exp. 1 when subjects made judgments under both the reproduction and graded-series methods but did in a pilot study and in Exp. 2, although more strongly with the method of reproduction.
Encoding of Colors in Short-Term Memory
Authors: Allen Charles K.
Published: August 2011

A theory is proposed to explain results from prior experiments on release from proactive inhibition and the recall of colors or color names in short-term memory. It is assumed that colors are encoded in two ways, verbally and perceptually, while color names are encoded only verbally. Assuming that the release occurs when a new and different encoding is performed on changed material, it follows that release from proactive inhibition should occur with shifts from color names to colors but not with shifts in the opposite direction. These results were obtained in prior experiments. In the present experiment ambiguous colors were used to minimize the verbal encoding. As predicted, release from proactive inhibition was found with shifts from ambiguous colors to names as well as with shifts from names to the ambiguous colors.
Stroop Phenomena in the Vietnamese Language: The Case of Quocngu, Chunom and Chinese Characters
Authors: Morikawa Yasuo , Hoa Ho Hoang
Published: August 2011

To investigate the effects of frequency of use of Chinese characters and Romanization (alphabets), experiments were conducted using Vietnamese Quocngu, which has an alphabetic orthography, and Chunom, which uses pseudo-Chinese characters. Required times for color-naming were highest for Quocngu, which has a high frequency of use, and lowest for Chunom, which has a low frequency of use, thereby supporting the response-competition hypothesis. In our investigation of the hypothesis, Chunom and Quocngu yielded typical support. We also compared results for Vietnamese, Japanese and Korean stimuli.
Relationship between Academic Placement and Perception of Abuse of the Voice
Authors: Carlin Margaret F. , Saniga Richard D. , Dennis Nancy
Published: August 2011

Informal polling of public school speech-language pathologists indicated that special education teachers referred more children for disorders of voice than did regular classroom educators. This study evaluated the effect of academic placement (regular or special education settings) upon children's and their teachers' ratings of abuse of the voice. Analysis showed the two groups of teachers' criteria for judging abusive vocal behaviors differed while the children's ratings from each setting did not differ. The special educators appeared to perceive their students' vocal behavior as more abusive possibly due to environmental constraints, training or the social affective interactions of their students.
Effects of Exposure Time and Inversion on the Confidence-Accuracy Relationship in Facial Memory: A Test of the Optimality Hypothesis
Authors: McKelvie Stuart J.
Published: August 2011

A total of 99 subjects served in two facial memory experiments designed to investigate the role of two moderator variables (exposure time and inversion) on the relationship between confidence and accuracy. Consistent with the optimality hypothesis, the difference in confidence when correct and incorrect was higher for a 5-sec. than a 1-sec. exposure and for upright than for inverted faces.
Phases in the Representation of Intraobject Spatial Relations of the Face as Precursors to Literacy: A Testable Hypothesis Engendered by Neolithic Art
Authors: Pontius Anneliese A.
Published: August 2011

An hypothesis is discussed on the emergence of intrapattern spatial relational representation, one prerequisite for ultimate attainment of literacy skills. The hypothesis is testable, e.g., by evaluating potential phases in preschoolers' drawings of the face pattern or of analogous subtle spatial relations within a pattern. The hypothesis was engendered by an analysis of various face patterns engraved on an ancient stone with a “neolithic” face configuration from the Western Highlands of New Guinea. One heuristic value of the present study lies in its potential use for specific refinement of remedial assistance in the attainment of subtle intrapattern representation of spatial relations either in preschoolers or in developmental as well as in acquired dyslexia.
Syllogistic Reasoning in Puerto Rican Bilingual Elementary School Children
Authors: Koopmans Matthijs
Published: August 2011

The purpose of the present study was to measure the effects of language proficiency and grade (age) on the reasoning of Puerto Rican bilingual children in elementary school. 20 syllogisms were administered, 10 in English and 10 in Spanish, and accuracy of and strategy for solution were examined. Solutions were more often accurate, and the proportion of theoretical explanations given for them was higher in Spanish. Differences by grade were not significant except a higher proportion of theoretical explanations were given by children in Grade 5 for syllogisms in Spanish.
Effects of Different Attentional Strategies and Practice on Motor Efficiency
Authors: Oña Antonio
Published: August 2011

The effect of different attentional strategies on motor efficiency, measured by reaction-response time components, has historically been based on memory-drum construct theory, which implied limited attention and motor-response processing. The present study contrasts these principles by using a recording system and automatic analysis of reaction-response parameters. A within-subject design allowed detailed observation of the frequency of each preparatory set within each parameter and with control of the effects of practice. Analysis indicates (a) practice changes the effects of the attentional strategies on the components of reaction response but not the actual movement; (b) the motor-set strategy produces shorter movement times and, inversely, higher motor reaction times; and (c) the motor-sensory set integrated strategy produces improvements on each component of the reaction response. These findings suggest the memory-drum construct theory needs revision and should be based on other attentional models.
Color CRT Characterization Presented Solely in Terms of the CIE System
Authors: Neri David F.
Published: August 2011

Color CRT characterization provides a convenient means of producing colors specified in terms of their chromaticity coordinates and luminances. It also simplifies the inverse procedure by enabling the determination of the chromaticities and luminances of displayed colors without direct measurement. This paper presents the characterization procedure entirely within the context of the well-known CIE system, a brief description of which is provided as background. This presentation is intended for those with access to a spectral radiometer but little familiarity with color specification or measurement.
Effects of Age and Brightness Contrast on Perception of the Wundt-Hering Illusion
Authors: Astor-Stetson Eileen , Purnell Tammy Gross
Published: August 2011

Susceptibility to the Wundt-Hering illusion was studied as a function of age and contrast. Preschoolers, third-graders and college students were shown light-grey, medium-grey, and black Wundt-Hering figures on white ground. Preschoolers were most susceptible to the illusion, differing from third graders in the medium and high contrast conditions and from college students in all contrast conditions. Low contrast figures resulted in significantly less distortion than did high contrast figures for the preschoolers. The significant interaction of age and contrast effects highlights the importance of a developmental approach to the study of illusions.
Effects of Target-Background Luminance Ratios upon the Autokinetic Illusion
Authors: Takahashi Keisuke
Published: August 2011

This study investigated effects of the target-background luminance ratios upon the autokinetic illusion, with special emphasis on manipulation of the background intensity. Exp. 1, in which the effects of four levels of target luminance were examined against the completely dark background, showed that the target luminance did not affect the illusion as long as the target was small enough in size (0.17° in visual angle). This result confirmed the suggestion by Edwards in 1954. In Exp. II effects of the target-background luminance ratios were examined by varying the luminance of target and background independently. Dominant illusory patterns at the luminance ratio 1 were “pendulum-like” and “bobbing”; these differed from those at higher ratios (“winding”). On the other hand, latency and duration were not affected by the ratios. These findings suggest that the movement pattern is effective in specifying the autokinetic illusion, if it is appropriately categorized and represented.
Factor Analysis of the Relationships between Personality and Motor Characteristics of Men and Women
Authors: Raviv S. , Geron E. , Low M.
Published: August 2011

To identify possible relationships among 16 motor and 11 personality variables, 152 women and 77 men, ages 22 to 30 yr., were tested, using factor analysis with varimax rotation. The hypotheses were that (1) specific personality characteristics are related to specific motor characteristics, (2) motor and personality characteristics are clustered in a common structure, (3) sex differences exist in the relations between personality and motor performance. Analyses confirmed Hypotheses 1 and 3. Only two of the 11 tested personality variables (Extraversion and ability to delay gratification) were related to some of the motor variables, Reaction time, Balance, and Kinesthesis. These relations as well as the factorial structure differed for men and women. As the personality and motor variables were not clustered in common factorial pattern for both sexes, Hypothesis 2 was rejected.
Classroom Learning Environment: Some Differences among School Types
Authors: Richardson Arthur G.
Published: August 2011

The My Class Inventory was administered to 211 Barbadian Grade 6 children from three elementary schools (all ‘girls,’ ‘all boys,’ and ‘coeducational’) to examine their perceptions of their classroom learning environment. Greater satisfaction and less friction was noted in the ‘all girls’ school than in the ‘all boys’ and ‘coeducational’ schools.
Perceptions of Salespersons' Appearance and Evaluation of Job Performance
Authors: Jasper Cynthia R. , Klassen Michael L.
Published: August 2011

This experimental study was designed to examine social perceptions and attitudes about nonobese and obese salespeople. Specifically, it focused on subjects' desire to work with nonobese and obese salespeople, and it also investigated subjects' evaluations of the effectiveness of these salespersons' job performance. The data indicate that subjects' evaluations of obese salespeople were influenced by negative stereotypes of obese people and that these unfavorable perceptions diminished their desire to work with them and led to a belief that these persons would be less effective in their jobs than nonobese salespersons. Sex differences in subjects' responses are noted, and implications regarding consumers' decision making are discussed.
Research on the Clinical Usefulness of the Rorschach: 1. The Diagnosis of Schizophrenia
Authors: Frank George
Published: August 2011

Research on the use of the Rorschach in the diagnosis of schizophrenia is reviewed. The analysis of this research (from that done by Rorschach to the most recent) indicates that schizophrenics do not respond in any unique fashion to any particular determinant or any particular card. The research also indicates that the computation of percentages and ratios, no matter how complex, does not facilitate the identification of a schizophrenic process. What the research does demonstrate is that schizophrenia, in its overt as well as latent and borderline forms, is detectable on the Rorschach through an analysis of the patient's thinking. The thinking of the schizophrenic reveals highly personal, illogical, and bizarre associations to the blots. This analysis of thinking is not accomplished through assessment of the formal properties of the blots, e.g., the analysis of response to color, movement, shading, the color-to-movement ratio, or form level (low form level proves to be a function of psychoticism, not schizophrenia, per se) but more in terms of the phenomenology of the responses.
Relationships among Age, Sex, and Lateral Dominance for 3- to 6-Year-Old Children Performing Unilateral Stance
Authors: Greenspan Kimberly A.
Published: August 2011

To assess influence of age, sex, and lateral dominance on children's unilateral stance, from 6 Houston area preschools and day-care centers, 121 subjects were randomly selected and judged by teachers as normal 3- to 6-yr.-old children. The children were tested for eye, hand, and foot preference and were then classified on over-all dominance. Maximal duration of unilateral stance, or up to 60 sec., was tested on each foot. Means over age groups show progressive increase in duration of unilateral stance with increasing age. No sex differences were found. A stepwise multiple correlation-regression showed stance on the nondominant foot and age as the only significant variables in stance on the dominant foot. Clinically, this study can help in evaluating children for neurodevelopmental disorders.
Effects of Age and Sex on Reciprocal Tapping Performance
Authors: York James L. , Biederman Irving
Published: August 2011

Using a reciprocal tapping task (Fitts's task), the speed and accuracy of small-amplitude motor movements of the hand were measured for 62 men and 84 women, 20 to 89 yr. of age. Men and women in their 20s and 30s performed similarly, although men in their 20s displayed a tendency to trade accuracy in favor of speed. Movement time increased noticeably for both men and women beginning with the 40s decade and continued to increase through the 80s decade. Error rates were lower for women than men and were relatively uniform for both men and women across all age decades past 30 yr. Older subjects of both sexes appeared to sacrifice speed (slowed down) to maintain accuracy on the task. The slope of the linear regression relating movement time to task difficulty was steeper for men than for women and increased more for men than women with advancing age, indicating that older men slowed down relatively more than older women on more difficult tasks.
Concurrent Validity of the Motor Domain of the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales
Authors: Taylor Ronald L. , Richards Stephen B. , Moody Steven L.
Published: August 2011

The concurrent validity of the motor domain from the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales was estimated using scores from the Peabody Developmental Motor Scales as criteria. A moderately high correlation between the measures was obtained. Implications, particularly for preschool children, were discussed.
Effects of Alcohol and White Noise on Recall of Relevant and Irrelevant Task Components
Authors: Jubis Rebecca M. T.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effects of arousal, induced by alcohol and white noise, on the free recall of intentionally learned words and incidentally learned word-locations, in the presence or absence of word-order cues. The Activation-Deactivation Adjective Check List, a self-report measure of arousal, showed that noise affected the tension dimension of arousal, whereas the moderate alcohol dose primarily affected the energy dimension of arousal. That the low dose exerted an arousing effect was evidenced by an increase in tension but only when combined with noise. When word-order was randomized over trials, noise improved word-recall and counteracted the deleterious effect of the moderate alcohol dose. When order remained fixed, however, the moderate dose impaired recall, and at that dose recall was worse under noise. Location-recall was impaired by the moderate dose, and it was superior when word-order remained fixed. It was concluded that recall was influenced by arousal mechanisms and that perceived task demand and consequent effort were possible factors contributing to the obtained effects.
A Sex Difference in Hand-to-Hand Touching Behavior in Volleyball Games: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Sugiyama Yoshio
Published: August 2011

More hand-to-hand touches during deadballs (from the end of a rally to the beginning of the next) were observed for women than for men of volleyball teams from Japan and the Soviet Union. This confirmed prior research.
Body-Image Distortion among Male and Female College and High School Students, and Eating-Disordered Patients
Authors: Gustavson Carl R. , Gustavson Joan C. , Pumariega Andres J. , Reinarz Diane E. , Dameron Rachel , Gustavson Andrew R. , Pappas Todd , McCaul Kevin
Published: August 2011

For 179 male and female college and high school students, and 26 female eating-disordered patients body-image distortion was measured using a computer-based image-analysis of redrawn images of standardized human figures. Statistical analysis indicated that body-image distortion was the same for all groups. Body-image distortion was significantly and negatively related to weight:heigbt ratio as a function of a simple polynomial. These results suggest this evaluation of distortion of body-image yields a quantitative measure reliably related to weight status but also suggests the technique, and possibly measurement of body-image distortion in general, may not be a valid discriminator between eating-disordered and normal persons.
Predicting the Relative Magnitudes of Validity Coefficients for Four Types of Gain Scores
Authors: Rich Janet C. , Williams Richard H.
Published: August 2011

A set of mathematical relations is introduced which provides a guideline for predicting the rank order of validity coefficients for four types of gain scores. The measures of gain considered are the simple gain score, the residualized change, the base-free measure of change and Lord's estimate of true gain. A large sample data base was used to provide empirical checks of predictions made from the guideline. The sample was comprised of 5987 students from a large public school system in south Florida. These students were administered the Stanford Achievement Test in the fifth grade in 1987 and then again in the sixth grade in 1988. The Mathematics Computation subtest score was used as both the pretest and the posttest. The Mathematics Application subtest score served as the validity criterion. The empirical checks included here were for Normal Curve Equivalent scores derived by using national norms. The rank ordering of the four validity coefficients was perfectly consistent with predictions made from the guideline. Validity coefficients ranged from .22 to .32, with residual scores yielding the highest value.
Reply to Fudin's Comments on Gustafson and Källmén's Experiment on Subliminal Psychodynamic Activation
Authors: Gustafson Roland , Källmén Håkan
Published: August 2011

While Fudin appropriately identifies several testable variables to be controlled in studies of subliminal psychodynamic activation, the logic and data of our 1990 experiment dictate the simple conclusions drawn.
The Rate of Inner Speech
Authors: Korba Rodney J.
Published: August 2011

Self-reports of elliptical inner speech were measured to assess the speed of verbal problem solving. Rates of inner speech were correlated with physiological measurements of subvocal activity during verbal problem solving to evaluate the association between self-reports of verbal cognition and covert oral behavior. Sub-vocalization was electromyographically recorded during the silent solution of verbal tasks. Subjects reported the elliptical inner speech used to solve each problem (elliptical word count) and expanded that volume of words into a full statement of their internal problem-solving strategies (extended word count). The speed of processing and task simplicity were important in obtaining a high correlation between elliptical and extended word counts. The extended word count represented an equivalent rate of speech in excess of 4,000 words per minute. The volume of subvocal activity was correlated with the elliptical word count to assess whether subvocalization could be linked to introspection. This correlation was stronger during the rapid solution of simple problems.
“Humor Style” and Understanding of Editorial Satire
Authors: Gruner Charles R.
Published: August 2011

Scores for 106 college students on a “Humor Style” scale were not related to the understanding of three editorial satires. Ratings of satires' funniness and interestingness tend to correlate, providing evidence of a general “satire appreciation” factor in college students. The items in the “Humor Style” scale seem to measure humor style.
Stereoscopic Eye Exercises and Visual Acuity
Authors: Lasky David I. , Lasky Ann M.
Published: August 2011

The present study was done to investigate the effects of stereoscopic eye exercises on visual acuity, testing 20 college students (9 men and 11 women, ages 18 to 35 yr.). Visual acuity was assessed before and after the exercises through six tests: far vision—both eyes, right eye, left eye; and near vision—both eyes, right eye, left eye. Statistically significant improvements were found on five of the six pretest-posttest comparisons: far vision—both eyes, right eye, and left eye; and near vision—both eyes, right eye, and left eye. Changes in far vision, right eye only approached significance. Limitations of the present study were discussed, and recommendations for research were presented.
Activities of Daily Living Scale for Patients with Chronic Pain
Authors: Linton Steven J.
Published: August 2011

10 questions measuring daily living activities of chronic pain patients were developed for 30 chronic pain patients. Test-retest reliability was .89, and internal consistency was .75. Validity, measured by global ratings ( r = .63) and those by significant others ( r = .77) was satisfactory. This Activities of Daily Living Scale seems to be reliable and valid for use in clinical and research settings.
Field Dependence and Body Balance
Authors: Kitamura Fumiaki , Matsunaga Katsuya
Published: August 2011

This study reports four points about the portable Rod and Frame Test performance of 30 Japanese women in terms of body balance. The primary findings using a stabilometer are: (a) field dependence correlated negatively with increased sway path within 1 min. both while a dot pattern as a visual stimulus was stationary and while it was moving. (b) Field dependence correlated positively with the difference in sway path between the two following phases, in one of which the subjects watched the horizontal visual movement to the right and in the other movement to the left. (c) Motion aftereffect had no direct and immediate influence on sway path, but rather a latent and long-term effect. And on a pedograph which measures the distribution of foot pressure and the shape of the sole, (d) field dependence correlated negatively with anterior positions of the center of foot pressure and with the proportion of the front part to the rear of the sole. Over-all, field dependence measured by the Rod and Frame Test seems to be associated with body posture when dot patterns are viewed.
The Irrationality of Interscholastic Football as a Means of Preparing Adolescents for Adulthood
Authors: Bennett J. C.
Published: August 2011

Logical analysis of meaning and data on football players, coaches, and support groups indicate interscholastic football is not preparation for adulthood.
Estimation of Time by Patients with Positive and Negative Schizophrenia
Authors: Tysk Lennart
Published: August 2011

In a prior study, schizophrenic patients' tendency to over-estimate short time intervals was about the same for the different types of schizophrenia (DSM-III criteria). Reanalysis showed patients with positive and negative schizophrenia did not differ in their time estimations.
Physical Correlates of Drinking Priority among Juvenile Common Ravens (Corvus Corax)
Authors: Harriman Arthur E. , Berger Robert H.
Published: August 2011

An order of priority in access to drinking water at a point source was monitored in an aviary-reared group of 8 juvenile common ravens (Corvus corax). During a 20-day period, dyadic encounters (threats and/or fights) involving rights of priority to water were recorded daily after 13.5 hr. of water deprivation. All five of the males held higher rank in the priority order than did any of the females. Physical attributes measured at 20 weeks of age indicated greater body weight of the males, but the two sexes were similar in other physical respects. Nonetheless, body weight, body circumference at the shoulder girdle, and distance from tibiotarsus (right) to claw tip were directly related to status in the order of drinking priority among the eight ravens. Wingspread, however, was inversely correlated with rank. The importance of these four attributes in agonistic displays by ravens is considered.
Perceptions of Athletic Injuries by Athletes, Coaches, and Medical Professionals
Authors: Crossman Jane , Jamieson John , Hume K. Michelle
Published: August 2011

35 athletes, their coaches, and medical professionals independently assessed the disruption, seriousness, and short-term effects of the athletes' athletic injuries. Athletes underestimated the disruption and short-term effects of the injury when compared to medical professionals. 25 lower level athletes and those with no previous serious athletic injury overestimated the short-term effects of their injuries. Coaches overestimated the disrupting effects of the injury for 10 higher level athletes and 25 athletes with no previous injury.
Effects of Flight Attendants' Touch upon Airline Passengers' Perceptions of the Attendant and the Airline
Authors: Wycoff Edgar B. , Holley Jill D.
Published: August 2011

Airline flight attendants' touching of 158 passengers on the shoulder or forearm increased their liking of the 4 attendants and the airline in general and also their perceived flight safety.
Psychometric Properties of the Boredom Proneness Scale
Authors: Ahmed S. M. S.
Published: August 2011

A factor analysis of the data from 154 subjects answering Farmer and Sundberg's (1986) boredom proneness scale allowed estimates of reliability and construct validity and the identification of two independent factors, apathy and inattention. Correlations of these factors and the total test scores were made with measures of extraversion and depression and the scores on a simple repetitive task. The results suggest that boredom is associated with extroversion and depression, and that this association is based on shared characteristics within the inattention factor and lack of interest in the environment.
Distinctiveness of Faces or Distinctiveness of Persons?
Authors: Bruyer R. , Courvoisier P.
Published: August 2011

Unusual faces are recognized easily. We wanted to see whether this effect of distinctiveness can be extended to other characteristics of the person. Exp. 1 involved episodic recognition tasks (faces, activities, names) and recall of the name or the activity of persons. The material was either distinctive (male faces, activities dealing with the circus, rare names) or typical. Results tend to show the effect is face-specific. Exp. 2 was designed to control the face distinctiveness on the recall tasks and to search for effects of the task order. We replicated and extended the results of Exp. 1. In Exps. 1 and 2, the distinctiveness of the faces was defined by the experimenters. So, in Exp. 3 distinctiveness was established by independent judges. Results show the effect is specific to faces. The three experiments suggest also that the distinctiveness of associations is independent of that of their components.
Rhythm in Periodic Tapping is Centrally Produced
Authors: Nagasaki Hiroshi
Published: August 2011

Auditory prose shadowing and periodic finger tapping were performed concurrently. The negative correlation for the neighboring intertap intervals observed for a single tapping task disappeared, thereby providing evidence against the peripheral origin of the correlation.
A Factor Analytic Study of Two Measures of Mental Imagery
Authors: Campos Alfredo , Pérez Maria José
Published: August 2011

To examine the factor structure of the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire and the Visual Elaboration Scale measure, in Study I the former test was given to 133 psychology students and in Study II the latter test to 147 students. Principal components factor analysis yielded one factor for the former and five factors on the latter. The Visual Elaboration Scale has such a complex factor structure that difficulties may arise in interpretation. However, the Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire has a simple unitary structure.
Breast Cancer and Cerebral Laterality
Authors: London Wayne P. , Albrecht Susan A.
Published: August 2011

In reviewing and summarizing work at our institution, we have identified some surprising consistencies in patients with breast cancer. Breast cancer shows four features of cerebral laterality: excess left-handedness, atypical season-of-birth patterns, the risk factor of advanced maternal age, and an association with prenatal sex hormones. Since hypopigmentation also relates to cerebral laterality, a consequence of the association of breast cancer and cerebral laterality is that eye color should be measured as a function of side of disease and age at diagnosis in women with breast cancer.
Perceptual-Motor Behavior in Sport: The Double Reaction
Authors: Bjurwill Christer
Published: August 2011

This paper deals with general considerations on human split-capacity in dual-tasks. Notions about understanding, vision and split-vision are touched. For a proper understanding of the phenomenon of split-vision in sport, not only visual aspects of behavior must be regarded but also attentional and intellectual.
Comparison of Grade Point Averages and Sat Scores between Reporting and Nonreporting Men and Women and Freshmen and Sophomores
Authors: Flake Wesley L. , Goldman Bert A.
Published: August 2011

To increase data on the accuracy of students reporting their high school and college GPAs and SAT scores the sex and class differences of students who reported their grades and scores and those who did not were examined. Freshmen, sophomores, men, and women who reported their SAT scores had significantly higher SAT-M, SAT-V, and SAT-Total scores than those who did not. Differences between the actual scores of those reporting and those not reporting for the men were greater than those for the women. No consistent pattern was noted for the differences between the actual scores of those reporting and those not reporting for the freshmen and for the sophomores. No significant differences between the actual GPAs for men, women, freshmen, and sophomores reporting grades and those not reporting grades were noted for either high school GPAs or college GPAs.
Accuracy of Weightbearing at Three Target Levels during Bilateral Upright Stance in Patients with Neuropathic Feet and Control Subjects
Authors: Bohannon Richard W. , Kelly Carolyn B.
Published: August 2011

The purposes of this study were to (1) describe errors in weightbearing at three target levels for patients with neuropathic feet and control subjects, (2) compare the absolute errors at the three target levels between groups, and (3) identify predictor variables of errors in weightbearing by the neuropathic group. The groups of 26 subjects were matched for age and height. Weightbearing was measured with digital scales while subjects attempted to adjust their weight through a designated lower extremity to each target level (25, 50, and 75% of body weight). Analysis of variance indicated no significant difference in the percentage weightbearing between groups at the three target levels. There was a significant difference in errors made in weightbearing by the groups at the three target levels. Mean errors ranged from 8.5 to 9.7% for the neuropathic group and from 2.4 to 6.6% for the control group. The findings cast doubt on the utility (in the absence of feedback) of requesting individuals, particularly those with neuropathic feet, to weightbear at specific target levels.