bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Penalty method with Crouzeix–Raviart approximation for the Stokes equations under slip boundary condition
Authors: Kashiwabara Takahito , Oikawa Issei , Zhou Guanyu
Published: March 2019

The Stokes equations subject to non-homogeneous slip boundary conditions are considered in a smooth domainΩ⊂ ℝN(N= 2,3). We propose a finite element scheme based on the nonconforming P1/P0 approximation (Crouzeix–Raviart approximation) combined with a penalty formulation and with reduced-order numerical integration in order to address the essential boundary conditionu · n∂Ω = gon∂Ω. Because the original domainΩmust be approximated by a polygonal (or polyhedral) domainΩhbefore applying the finite element method, we need to take into account the errors owing to the discrepancyΩ ≠ Ωh, that is, the issues of domain perturbation. In particular, the approximation ofn∂Ωbyn∂Ωhmakes it non-trivial whether we have a discrete counterpart of a lifting theorem, i.e., continuous right inverse of the normal trace operatorH1(Ω)N→H1/2(∂Ω);u↦u⋅n∂Ω. In this paper we indeed prove such a discrete lifting theorem, taking advantage of the nonconforming approximation, and consequently we establish the error estimatesO(hα+ε) andO(h2α+ε) for the velocity in theH1- andL2-norms respectively, whereα = 1 ifN = 2 andα = 1/2 ifN = 3. This improves the previous result [T. Kashiwabaraet al.,Numer. Math.134(2016) 705–740] obtained for the conforming approximation in the sense that there appears no reciprocal of the penalty parameterϵin the estimates.
Analysis of the 3D non-linear Stokes problem coupled to transport-diffusion for shear-thinning heterogeneous microscale flows, applications to digital rock physics and mucociliary clearance
Authors: Sanchez David , Hume Laurène , Chatelin Robin , Poncet Philippe
Published: March 2019

This study provides the analysis of the generalized 3D Stokes problem in a time dependent domain, modeling a solid in motion. The fluid viscosity is a non-linear function of the shear-rate and depends on a transported and diffused quantity. This is a natural model of flow at very low Reynolds numbers, typically at the microscale, involving a miscible, heterogeneous and shear-thinning incompressible fluid filling a complex geometry in motion. This one-way coupling is meaningful when the action produced by a solid in motion has a dominant effect on the fluid. Several mathematical aspects are developed. The penalized version of this problem is introduced, involving the penalization of the solid in a deformable motion but defined in a simple geometry (a periodic domain and/or between planes), which is of crucial interest for many numerical methods. All the equations of this partial differential system are analyzed separately, and then the coupled model is shown to be well-posed and to converge toward the solution of the initial problem. In order to illustrate the pertinence of such models, two meaningful micrometer scale real-life problems are presented: on the one hand, the dynamics of a polymer percolating the pores of a real rock and miscible in water; on the other hand, the dynamics of the strongly heterogeneous mucus bio-film, covering the human lungs surface, propelled by the vibrating ciliated cells. For both these examples the mathematical hypothesis are satisfied.
Raviart–Thomas finite elements of Petrov–Galerkin type
Authors: Dubois Francois , Greff Isabelle , Pierre Charles
Published: March 2019

Finite volume methods are widely used, in particular because they allow an explicit and local computation of a discrete gradient. This computation is only based on the values of a given scalar field. In this contribution, we wish to achieve the same goal in a mixed finite element context of Petrov–Galerkin type so as to ensure a local computation of the gradient at the interfaces of the elements. The shape functions are the Raviart–Thomas finite elements. Our purpose is to define test functions that are in duality with these shape functions: precisely, the shape and test functions will be asked to satisfy some orthogonality property. This paradigm is addressed for the discrete solution of the Poisson problem. The general theory of Babuška brings necessary and sufficient stability conditions for a Petrov–Galerkin mixed problem to be convergent. In order to ensure stability, we propose specific constraints for the dual test functions. With this choice, we prove that the mixed Petrov–Galerkin scheme is identical to the four point finite volume scheme of Herbin, and to the mass lumping approach developed by Baranger, Maitre and Oudin. Convergence is proven with the usual techniques of mixed finite elements.
Analysis of advective–diffusive transport phenomena modelled via non-singular Mittag-Leffler kernel
Authors: Avci Derya , Yetіm Aylіn
Published: March 2019

In this study, a linear advection–diffusion equation described by Atangana–Baleanu derivative with non-singular Mittag-Leffler kernel is considered. The Cauchy, Dirichlet and source problems are formulated on the half-line. The main motivation of this work is to find the fundamental solutions of prescribed problems. For this purpose, Laplace transform method with respect to time t and sine/cosine-Fourier transform methods with respect to spatial coordinate x are applied. It is remarkable that the obtained results are quite similar to the existing fundamental solutions of advection–diffusion equation with time-Caputo fractional derivative. Although the results are mathematically similar in both formulations, the AB derivative is a non-singular operator and provides a significant advantage in the computational processes. Therefore, it is preferable to replace the Caputo derivative in modelling such diffusive transports.
Stability, convergence to equilibrium and simulation of non-linear Hawkes processes with memory kernels given by the sum of Erlang kernels
Authors: Duarte Aline , Löcherbach Eva , Ost Guilherme
Published: March 2019

Non-linear Hawkes processes with memory kernels given by the sum of Erlang kernels are considered. It is shown that their stability properties can be studied in terms of an associated class of piecewise deterministic Markov processes, called Markovian cascades of successive memory terms. Explicit conditions implying the positive Harris recurrence of these processes are presented. The proof is based on integration by parts with respect to the jump times. A crucial property is the non-degeneracy of the transition semigroup which is obtained thanks to the invertibility of an associated Vandermonde matrix. For Lipschitz continuous rate functions we also show that these Markovian cascades converge to equilibrium exponentially fast with respect to the Wasserstein distance. Finally, an extension of the classical thinning algorithm is proposed to simulate such Markovian cascades.
Autoimmune Encephalitides and Rapidly Progressive Dementias
Authors: Wesley Sarah , Ferguson Damien
Published: March 2019

Rapidly progressive dementia (RPD) or cognitive decline is a common presenting complaint in neurology. While primary dementia is often a concern, other forms of reversible dementia must be thoroughly considered. This article focuses on the growing field of autoimmune encephalitis (AE) as it pertains to the differential diagnostic considerations in a work-up for RPD. Understanding clues in the history and examination is the first step in identifying patients with a potential autoimmune cause for RPD. While testing for infectious and toxic-metabolic etiologies is commonly preformed, it is necessary to consider early ancillary testing for AE in appropriate cases of RPD. Autoantibody testing in the spinal fluid and serum, brain imaging, and electroencephalography all form the first line of investigations for AE. Treatment options and strategies depend on the AE subtype and a number of individual patient considerations.
Hiring Practices in Private Practice Interventional Radiology
Authors: Mustert Bryan
Published: March 2019

The growth of interventional radiology over the last several decades has changed the specialty into a dynamic, clinically based practice, vital to the function of a successful radiologic practice. This growth of the specialty has been paralleled by our own sections growth in a large Midwest private practice radiology group. This article looks at our experience in hiring interventional radiologists, including evaluation of our process, successes, and failures, along with lessons learned.
What Does It Mean to Be an Interventional Radiologist? SIR and the Private Practice Initiative
Authors: Pyne Raj
Published: March 2019

The new interventional radiology (IR) residency training pathways seek to graduate physicians who are not only experts at imaging and technically savvy but clinically oriented doctors capable of preprocedural workup and postprocedural care. The goal is for compassionate IRs who are holistic in their treatment of the patient and their disease, not just an expert at the procedure. However, much of this new envisioned approach for the modern IR is contradicted by the stark reality that most IRs in practice today (and most of the job market) are in private practice, where resources for clinical care in reality may not be prioritized as much in this idealistic scenario. The Society of Interventional Radiology (SIR) has recently made it a priority to represent the unique needs and frustrations of IRs in private practice and hopefully find a solution to the imminent reality that is facing most practicing IRs and future graduates.
Contracts and Negotiation: The Fundamentals for Interventional Radiologists
Authors: Findeiss Laura
Published: March 2019

There are numerous situations in which a physician may be in a position to negotiate a high-value contract. For an interventional radiologist, these may include personal employment contracts, vendor contracts for capital equipment, show-site agreements, research contracts, group partnerships, professional services agreements, and other types of relationships. Opportunities for physicians to learn about the nuances of contracts, themselves, are limited, and most will learn about negotiation and contracts through experience and sometimes through failure. This article will review contracting as it relates to physician employment relationships, with the goal of reviewing the fundamental principles of contracting and negotiation, exploring the prerogatives of hospitals, physician groups, and individual physicians as they relate to building mutually beneficial and productive relationships, and examining common pitfalls of contracting.
Imaging of Pelvic and Femoral Fixation Hardware: Normal Findings and Hardware Failure
Authors: Sanal Hatice , Boulton Christina , Neyisci Cagri , Erdem Yusuf , Lowe Jason
Published: March 2019

Good outcomes following treatment of pelvic ring injuries, acetabular fractures, and femur fractures rely on restoration of native pelvic or limb alignment, anatomical reduction and rigid stability of articular fractures, and early postoperative mobilization. Multiple surgical approaches, reduction aids, and orthopaedic implants are available to stabilize these fractures. Despite best practices, complications including hardware failure, nonunions, malunions, and infections occur. This article discusses common fracture classification systems, implants, and imaging findings associated with unwanted complications in fractures of the pelvis, acetabulum, and femur.
Effect of MWCNT's concentration in TiO2 based DSSC and degradation study of the cell
Authors: Kabir Fahmid , Sakib Syed Nazmus , Uddin Sheikh Shehab
Published: March 2019

In this paper, the effect of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) concentration on a TiO2 based dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) has been demonstrated along with the degradation study of the cell. Introducing MWCNTs into the semiconductor material reduces the resistance of the host material as well as enhances the thermal and electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and flexibility. As the concentration of MWCNTs in TiO2 is increased, the cell efficiency also increased gradually until it reached an optimum concentration of 0.015 wt. %. A further increase in MWCNT's concentration in TiO2 leads to the negative effect of the DSSC's cell parameters by decreasing the short-circuit current and the fill factor, thus decreasing the overall cell efficiency. This result has been obtained by using a natural yellow dye extracted from turmeric (Curcuma longa). Without MWCNT incorporation, TiO2 has the cell efficiency of 0.921%, but for the optimum concentration of MWCNT incorporation, TiO2 has the maximum cell efficiency of 1.653%. Finally, the degradation study of the cell has been carried out for 360 hours.
An integrated two-level distributed dispatch for interconnected microgrids considering unit commitment and transmission loss
Authors: Zhou Xiaoqian , Ai Qian
Published: March 2019

Interconnected microgrids or a microgrid cluster (MGC) can enable mutual power support among microgrids and can improve the utilization of renewable energy sources. However, most of the distributed optimization focuses only on day-ahead or day-in dispatch, and few studies have attempted to study the integrated two-level distributed optimization. On the basis of the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM), this paper describes an efficient two-level distributed algorithm framework to solve multi-area ED problems in MGC considering unit commitment and transmission loss. Specifically, to overcome the non-convexity, a choice and comparison approach is introduced to cooperate with power-based ADMM for searching feasible binary variables in the first level, i.e., day-ahead dispatch. Voltage-based ADMM is adopted to obtain the relevant intra-day scheduling plan considering tie-line transmission loss among different areas in the second level. Moreover, a spinning reserve-based chance-constrained programming procedure is added to address uncertainty factors such as renewable energy fluctuations and load forecasting errors in isolated microgrids. Finally, a consensus-based cost allocation is proposed to fairly clear the expenses among microgrids. A case study with several networked microgrids is tested to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
What gives the transparent semiconductor copper iodide its color
Authors: Liebendorfer Adam
Published: March 2019

Researchers combined optical experiments with density functional theory to define the off-center model that explain the differences in copper iodide crystal photoluminescence and absorption.
A novel wavefront engineering approach for producing new classes of optical components with enhanced functionality
Authors: Zhang Zhengzheng
Published: March 2019

Scientists demonstrated highly efficient transmissive dielectric metasurfaces capable of forming a spatially continuous phase profile for complex wavefront engineering, enabling new classes of ultra-thin, high-performance optical components.
Wise use: using ecological models to understand and manage aquatic ecosystems
Authors: Lester Rebecca E.
Published: March 2019

Using ecological-response models to understand and improve management of aquatic ecosystems is increasingly common. However, there are many questions about reliability and utility that can make the use of ecological modelling fraught. One critical question is how ecological-response models translate to what happens in practice. Many models purport to improve management by simulating ecological response to changing conditions. This suggests that tangible benefits (e.g. increased biodiversity) should flow when recommendations for action are implemented. But testing these links is rare and there are implications if those links are tenuous. One problem leading to a lack of congruence between models and reality can be a lack of ecological data for the system being modelled. Incomplete understanding, erroneous assumptions about drivers or degree of variability, and uncritical use of expert opinion can all result in models that may be more likely to mislead than inform. Explicit validation of models, sensitivity testing and ongoing development of novel solutions to deal with incomplete data can all assist. So, wise and critical use of ecological models provides one mechanism to increase our ability to quantify adverse effects on, and project future trajectories of, aquatic ecosystems.
Quantitative proteomics suggest a potential link between early embryonic death and trisomy 16
Authors: Yao Ting , Hou Haiyan , Liu Guozhong , Wu Jun , Qin Zhe , Sun Yang , Jin Xiaohan , Chen Jun , Chen Yaqiong , Xu Zhongwei
Published: March 2019

Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signalling, alteration of the uterine microenvironment and a reduction in human chorionic gonadotrophin production have been linked with fetal trisomy 16-induced early embryonic death (EED). However, the detailed biological mechanism of EED remains unclear. Using quantitative proteomics we successfully screened differentially expressed proteins in the villous tissues from patients with EED and fetal trisomy 16 (EEDT16), patients with EED but normal fetal chromosomes (EEDNC) and patients undergoing elective abortion with normal fetal chromosomes (EANC) as the reference group. Compared with the reference group, we identified 337 and 220 differentially expressed proteins in EEDT16 patients and EEDNC patients respectively; these were involved in critical biological processes including immune response, superoxide metabolism, inflammatory responses and so on. We found that differential expression of immunological function-related molecules, such as human leukocyte antigen-g (HLA-G), HLA-C, Fc Fragment Of IgG Receptor III (FcγR III), also named CD16, interleukin 18 (IL-18) and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), might induce EED in both EEDT16 and EEDNC patients. More severe immunological dysfunction was observed in EEDT16 patients than that in EEDNC patients. Furthermore, differential expression of implantation and invasion-related molecules, such as cytochrome b-245 light chain (CYBA), neutrophil cytosol factor 2 (NCF2), Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase 4 (MAP3K4), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), MMP9 and tumour necrosis factor α (TNF-α) might induce EED in both EEDT16 and EEDNC patients, although more severe dysfunction in the implantation and invasion ability of villous tissues was observed in EEDT16 patients.
Coping with speed
Authors: Rosendo Lucía Ruiz , Galván María Cecilia
Published: March 2019

This article presents an experimental study that compares six expert and eleven novice interpreters in order to assess the effect of moderate and high delivery rates on the simultaneous interpreting of specialised discourse. The dependent variables were ear voice span (EVS) and target speech accuracy. The participants interpreted one medical speech from English into Spanish divided into three parts: the first and third parts were delivered at a moderate delivery rate and the second at a high delivery rate. Twelve segments were selected from the original speech and evaluated by five independent raters (two interpreters and three medical doctors) in terms of accuracy. The findings indicate that a high delivery rate has no significant impact on EVS, and no statistically significant differences were found between the EVS of the two groups of interpreters. The results also show that a high delivery rate has an impact on target speech accuracy in that both novices and experts perform better at a moderate delivery rate.
Introduction to tourism and information technology.
Authors: Benckendorff P. J. , Xiang Z. , Sheldon P. J.
Published: March 2019

This chapter introduces the reader to the basic background of information technology (IT), its development and evolution, and its status today. Aspects of computer hardware and software as well as the internet are described. The chapter also explains the characteristics of tourism that cause it to be so information-intensive. Some of the major applications of IT in tourism are summarized, and various typologies of tourism information are discussed. Issues relating to the strategic management of information and IT within an organization are also discussed.
The Internet and the tourist.
Authors: Benckendorff P. J. , Xiang Z. , Sheldon P. J.
Published: March 2019

This chapter examines the Internet in more detail to understand its origins and functionality and the technologies and terminologies associated with its ubiquitous use. Intranets and extranets, which are special applications of the Internet used by tourism enterprises to enhance their communications, are also discussed. A detailed look at the World Wide Web, which is one of the most powerful uses of the Internet, is presented. The chapter then examines how travellers use Internet-based tools such as search engines to access information. Finally, concepts from communications, marketing and user experience design are applied to examine the elements of successful travel websites.
Mobilities and information technology.
Authors: Benckendorff P. J. , Xiang Z. , Sheldon P. J.
Published: March 2019

This chapter reviews how mobile technologies can be used by the travel industry to support travellers while they are on the move. It discusses how the broader impact of these technologies can be understood using a mobilities paradigm and reviews some of the key aspects of the mobile technologies ecosystem, including mobile devices, signals and sensors, and operating systems and apps. The final part of this chapter presents ten functions of mobile devices in tourism.
Aviation and information technology.
Authors: Benckendorff P. J. , Xiang Z. , Sheldon P. J.
Published: March 2019

This chapter examines how information technology (IT) is supporting the operations of airlines and airports. The airline reservation system (ARS) is at the core of most modern airline IT systems. ARSs interface with a range of decision support systems (DSS) and departure control systems (DCS) to ensure that reservations and passenger processing are handled efficiently. Most airlines also rely heavily on information systems to support marketing and customer relationship management. Once passengers are on board, a range of in-flight technologies are used to enhance the travel experience. Airports on the other hand utilize a range of IT applications in passenger processing, baggage and cargo handling, air traffic control, and even in the management of the environmental impacts of their operations.
Surface transport and information technology.
Authors: Benckendorff P. J. , Xiang Z. , Sheldon P. J.
Published: March 2019

This chapter covers the use of information technology (IT) in surface transport modes including road (car rental, bus, taxi, and bicycle), rail (regular and metro or subway) and water (cruise ships and ferries). The chapter starts by introducing the concept of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) since they provide a comprehensive framework for the application of IT to increase the efficiency of all land transport systems and are relevant to tourist usage in a destination. The chapter then goes on to discuss IT developments in automobiles, taxis and car rental organizations. Rail and metro uses of IT constitute the next section followed by water transport applications.
Structural studies on Ti–Cu alloy obtained by high-energy ball milling
Authors: Panek Joanna , Karolus Małgorzata
Published: March 2019

Ti50Cu50 (at.-%) alloy has been produced from elemental Ti and Cu powders by high-energy ball milling in a planetary ball mill. Structural evolution of the alloy during milling and after subsequent heat treatment have been studied. It has been stated that high-energy ball milling of the investigated powder produces two nanocrystalline solid solutions: Cu(Ti) and Ti(Cu), both characterised by the fcc (Fm-3 m) structure. The transition of Ti structure from hcp (P63/mmc) to fcc (Fm-3 m) is observed during milling. Heat treatment of the milled powder leads to recrystallisation of Cu(Ti) and Ti(Cu) solid solutions.

This paper is part of a Thematic Issue on The Crystallographic Aspects of Metallic Alloys.
Cu-TiO2 composites with high incorporated and uniform distributed TiO2 particles prepared by jet electrodeposition
Authors: Ning Dongdong , Zhang Ao , Wu Hui
Published: March 2019

Cu based composites with high mechanical performance have attracted considerable attention due to their extensive applications. A facile jet electrodeposition method was used to prepare Cu-TiO2 composite coatings with TiO2 content as high as 7.25 wt-%. The high content TiO2 particles with an average size of about 120 nm were uniformly distributed in the Cu matrix. This composite coating showed significantly enhanced microhardness of 218.7 Hv and reduced wear rate of 3.7 × 10−2 mg Nm−1, which was 156.1% higher and 75.3% lower than electroformed pure Cu respectively. The enhanced mechanical performance of Cu-TiO2 composites can be attributed to an improved dispersion strengthening effect. Both high TiO2 content and uniform TiO2 distribution play active roles in enhancing dispersion strengthening effect. With appropriate particle size, jet electrodeposition is an effective approach to making composite coatings with high particle content and uniform particle distribution. These composites prepared by jet electrodeposition show significantly enhanced mechanical performance like high hardness and enhanced wear resistance.
Cross‐sectional and longitudinal relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement in Japanese adolescents
Authors: Sasayama Kensaku , Nonoue Keiko , Tada Takayo , Adachi Minoru
Published: March 2019

Although cross‐sectional studies regarding the relationship between physical fitness and academic achievement among Japanese children have been previously reported, no longitudinal study has yet been reported for Japanese children. The purpose of this study was to examine the cross‐sectional and longitudinal relationships between physical fitness and academic achievement among Japanese adolescents. This cohort study included 1,189 seventh‐ and ninth‐grade students from two schools. The follow‐up period was 2 years. A physical fitness test involving eight test items (hand grip, sit‐ups, sit and reach, side‐to‐side jump, 20‐m shuttle run, 50‐m dash, standing broad jump and handball throwing) was conducted to evaluate the fitness of the participants. Academic achievement in Japanese, mathematics and a foreign language (English) was assessed at baseline and follow‐up using cumulative guidance records. Participants were classified into low–low, high–low, low–high, and high–high groups based on physical fitness test results at baseline and follow‐up. Compared with the groups showing low fitness levels, those showing high fitness levels for all items of the physical fitness test expect handball throwing had increased odds of showing high academic achievement levels in all three subjects at baseline and/or follow‐up compared with the low‐fitness groups. Sit‐ups and 20‐m shuttle run in the high–high and low–high groups were related to higher academic achievement levels at follow‐up compared with those in the low–low group for both boys and girls. Therefore, this study suggests that various physical fitness outcomes are positively associated with high academic achievement levels for Japanese children.
Different psychophysiological responses to a high‐intensity repetition session performed alone or in a group by elite middle‐distance runners
Authors: Casado Arturo , Moreno‐Pérez Diego , Larrosa Mar , Renfree Andrew
Published: March 2019

Internal training load refers to the degree of disturbance in psychophysiological homeostasis provoked by a training session and has been traditionally measured through session‐RPE, which is the product of the session Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and the duration. External training load refers to the actual physical work completed, and depends on session volume, intensity, frequency and density. Drafting, which is achieved by running closely behind another runner has been demonstrated to reduce the energy cost of running at a fixed speed and to improve performance. Therefore, it is hypothesised that psychophysiological responses might reflect different levels of internal load if training is performed individually or collectively. 16 elite middle‐distance runners performed two high‐intensity training sessions consisting of 4 repetitions of 500 m separated by 3 min of passive recovery. Sessions were performed individually and collectively. Times for each repetition, RPE, core affect (valence and felt arousal) and blood lactate concentrations [BLa] were measured after each repetition. Main time effect was significant and increased across repetitions for [BLa] and RPE (p < 0.001), and decreased for valence (p = 0.001). Main group effect was significant and values were higher when training individually for [BLa] (p = 0.003) and RPE (p = 0.001), and lower for valence (p = 0.001). No differential responses were found between conditions in terms of repeat time or felt arousal. Findings demonstrate that elite middle‐distance athletes running collectively display lower levels of internal training load compared to running alone, despite external training load being similar.
Influences: Experimenting with multidisciplinary training
Authors: Cheng Heping (Peace)
Published: March 2019

Cheng recalls the multidisciplinary influence of his trans-Pacific training.
Bilateral comparison of 10 pF and 100 pF standards (ongoing BIPM key comparisons BIPM.EM-K14.a and 14.b) between the NIMT (Thailand) and the BIPM
Authors: Gournay Pierre , Homklintian Monthol
Published: March 2019

This report presents the results of a bilateral comparison of 10 pF and 100 pF capacitance standards between the NIMT (Thailand) and the BIPM carried out in 2018. The comparison at 10 pF forms part of the ongoing BIPM key comparison BIPM.EM-K14.a and that at 100 pF of the ongoing BIPM key comparison BIPM.EM-K14.b. The BIPM is the pilot laboratory for both of these comparisons.

Two 10 pF and one 100 pF travelling standards belonging to the NIMT were used in this comparison carried out with an 'A-B-A' pattern of measurements. The standards were measured first at NIMT for a period of about one month, then for a similar period at the BIPM, and finally again at NIMT. The measurand was the two terminal-pair capacitance at a frequency of either 1000 Hz or 1592 Hz, for a measuring rms voltage of 15 V at 10 pF and 10 V at 100 pF.

The results from the NIMT and the BIPM at both 1000 Hz and 1592 Hz were found to be in good agreement, with a difference smaller than the relative expanded uncertainty of the comparison.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCEM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Spatially truncated optical pumping cooling
Authors: Gilbert J , Wilson R Ferrier , Roberts J
Published: March 2019

We present both the theoretical description and experimental implementation of a novel cooling technique for ultracold atoms trapped in a confining potential. We call the technique ‘spatially truncated optical pumping cooling.’ By using the fact that the internal states of atoms can be manipulated by laser light focused on only part of a confined ultracold gas, high energy atoms can be preferentially selected and then slowed to achieve cooling without requiring the loss of any atoms. This technique uses cooling photons more efficiently on a per photon basis than Doppler or polarization gradient cooling, while having approximately the same degree of difficulty with regard to experimental implementation.
Time delay measurements: estimation of the error budget
Authors: Rovera G D , Siccardi M , Römisch S , Abgrall M
Published: March 2019

The measurement of the time difference between two heterogeneous electrical sources is a necessary task in several branches of metrology. In particular the dissemination of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) around the world requires one to quantify the synchronization between two or more co-located time scales. The task is usually carried out using a time interval counter, by directly measuring the time difference between signals at its inputs. We found that special care must be taken when a total uncertainty significantly smaller than 1 ns is desired. The goal of this paper is to present a complete analysis of the total uncertainty for the measurement of time differences between co-located time scales, with considerations for improvement.
Language Testing in the ‘Hostile Environment’: The Discursive Construction of ‘Secure English Language Testing’ in the UK
Authors: Harding Luke , Brunfaut Tineke , Unger Johann W
Published: March 2019

In parallel with an increased focus on border security in immigration and citizenship policy in the UK (the so-called ‘hostile environment’ policy), Government-approved English language tests for visa and immigration purposes were officially labelled ‘Secure English Language Tests’ (SELTs) in 2010. The proximity of security concerns in language testing with broader national immigration policy objectives suggests a complex role for language tests as gatekeeping devices. This article draws on critical discourse studies to explore this issue. Documents provided in the 2014 tender round for selecting Secure English Language Tests (acquired through a Freedom of Information request) were analysed through a discourse-historical lens (Reisigl and Wodak 2016) to map salient topics and identify discursive strategies used to construct ‘secure English language testing’. Findings show that security is a prominent topic in the tender; prospective bidders are required to meet detailed security requirements and to police subcontractors, and social actors, spaces, objects, policies and procedures are routinely described in securitized terms. Implications are drawn for understanding the role of language tests within broader securitization processes.
PS02.002: EN-BLOC MEDIASTINAL LYMPH NODE DISSECTION USING A LAPAROSCOPIC TRANSHIATAL APPROACH FOR ESOPHAGEAL AND ESOPHAGOGASTRIC JUNCTION CANCERS
Authors: Shiozaki Atsushi , Fujiwara Hitoshi , Konishi Hirotaka , Shoda Katsutoshi , Arita Tomohiro , Kosuga Toshiyuki , Morimura Ryo , Murayama Yasutoshi , Kuriu Yoshiaki , Ikoma Hisashi , Kubota Takeshi , Nakanishi Masayoshi , Okamoto Kazuma , Otsuji Eigo
Published: March 2019

Background

The procedure for mediastinal lymph node dissection using a laparoscopic transhiatal approach (LTHA) had not been established for esophageal and esophagogastric junction (EGJ) cancers because of the difficulties associated with surgery. We developed a novel and simple technique for their en-bloc dissection using LTHA. To date, 296 patients had undergone our method during various esophageal surgical procedures, including 39 cases with EGJ cancer. We describe our technique and evaluate the optimal range of mediastinal lymph node dissection for EGJ cancer.

Methods

The esophageal hiatus was opened and CO2 was introduced into the mediastinum. The posterior plane of the pericardium was extended, and the anterior side of the subcarinal, main bronchial, thoracic paraaortic and pulmonary ligament lymph nodes were separated. The posterior side of these lymph nodes was then separated. Finally, while lifting lymph nodes like a membrane, they were resected from bilateral mediastinal pleura, main bronchi and tracheal bifurcation.

Results

1) Patients with EGJ cancers performed middle and lower mediastinal lymph node dissection by LTHA (n = 39) were compared with those performed by the right thoracotomy (n = 41). The total operative time and bleeding were significantly decreased by LTHA. The number of resected middle and lower mediastinal lymph nodes, pR0 rate, and mediastinal recurrence in the two groups were not different. In 87.2% of patients treated by LTHA, extubation was performed at 0 POD. Postoperative respiratory complications was decreased by LTHA (LTHA: 7.7%, thoracotomy: 17.0%). 2) Patients with EGJ cancers performed total mediastinal lymph node dissection by thoracotomy for the time before introducing LTHA were analyzed (n = 37). Upper and/or middle mediastinal lymph nodes metastasis was observed in 10 cases, and all of them had advanced tumors. All of 6 cases with upper mediastinal lymph nodes metastasis were squamous cell carcinoma. Even in adenocarcinoma, middle mediastinal lymph node metastasis was observed in 2 cases, suggesting the importance of mediastinal lymph node dissection for advanced EGJ cancers.

Conclusion

Our surgical procedure resulted in a good surgical view, safe en-bloc mediastinal lymph node dissection, and the decrease of postoperative respiratory complications.

Disclosure

All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
PS02.086: ENDOSCOPIC RESPONSE EVALUATION OF NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY CAN PREDICT PATHOLOGICAL RESPONSE AND SURVIVAL IN PATIENTS WITH ESOPHAGEAL SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA
Authors: Nagai Yohei , Yoshida Naoya , Baba Yoshifumi , Baba Hideo
Published: March 2019

Background

To investigate the association between endoscopic response evaluation of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) with pathological response and survival in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with the aid of a prospectively entered database. One hundred and eleven consecutive patients with ESCC who underwent radical esophagectomy after NAC were included. All patients were divided into two groups according to endoscopic response after NAC: endoscopic non-responders in whom NAC was poorly or moderately effective, and endoscopic responders in whom NAC was highly effective or completely effective. The clinical response after NAC was evaluated according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST).

Results

The pretreatment clinical stage was IB in 5 patients (5%), II in 18 (16%), III in 72 (65%), and IV in 16 (14%). All patients received two courses of chemotherapy. Chemotherapy consisted of docetaxel, cisplatin (CDDP), and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU; the DCF regimen) in 82 patients (74%), and 5-FU and CDDP (FP) in 29 (26%). All patients underwent radical esophagectomy with 2- or 3-field lymph node dissection. The postoperative mortality and morbidity rates were 0.9% and 26%, respectively. Pathological stage (ypStage) was 0 in 1 patient (1%), I in 16 (14%), II in 31 (28%), III in 48 (43%), and IV in 15 (13%). Twenty-two patients (20%) were pathological responders, and this group of patients had better overall survival than pathological non-responders (P = 0.02). Pathological response was significantly correlated with tumor depth (cT) (P < 0.01), protruding type of tumor (P = 0.01) before NAC, and clinical response (P < 0.01) and endoscopic response (P < 0.01) after NAC. Of these clinical factors, clinical response and endoscopic response were significantly correlated with prognosis.

Conclusion

Endoscopic response after NAC can predict the pathological response and prognosis of patients who received NAC followed by surgery. Endoscopic findings are clinically significant to assess the response of NAC in patients with ESCC.

Disclosure

All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
The Reichsbank and German War Aims in 1918
Authors: Hamlin David
Published: March 2019

German war aims in 1918 were shaped in part by a consensus among German policy-makers, but also in part by competing visions of national security. The growing conviction that economic production and access to raw materials shaped German perceptions of security. For some, this meant control over an extensive network of production facilities in Eastern Europe. For others, the viability of the Mark as a stable means of exchange took priority. The ways in which these competing visions were negotiated could result in more radical goal as in Lithuania and Courland, or might limit the extension of German influence, as in Ukraine. In particular, the financial concerns of the Reichsbank and Treasury alternately obstructed and radicalized German policy in the former Russian Empire. Both bodies feared that any substantial outlays to secure control over productive assets would endanger the stability of the Mark, but both favoured extending controls over Lithuania and Courland for the same reason. The article highlights competing forms of domination advocated by different branches of the German government and the impact intramural fights had on German expansionism. It also underlines the significance of the financial components of German expansion.
Fractional CO2 Laser Treatment Outcomes for Pediatric Hypertrophic Burn Scars
Authors: Patel Sagar P , Nguyen Ha Vi , Mannschreck Diana , Redett Richard J , Puttgen Katherine B , Stewart F Dylan
Published: March 2019

Carbon dioxide ablative fractional laser (CO2-AFL) therapy has not been widely adopted in pediatric burn care given limited outcomes literature and no established guidelines on laser treatment protocols. We present our experience to further elucidate the clinical role of CO2-AFL therapy for pediatric hypertrophic burn scars. We conducted a prospective cohort study of pediatric burn patients undergoing CO2-AFL treatment of hypertrophic, symptomatic burn scars at a tertiary care regional burn center during a 2-year period. Scars were assessed before each treatment using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS), a validated, subjective, comprehensive scar assessment tool. We treated 49 pediatric patients for a total of 180 laser sessions. Burn severity was full thickness (63.6%) or deep partial thickness (47.7%). Observer-rated POSAS scores revealed statistically significant improvements in pigment, thickness, relief, pliability, and surface area after one treatment with continued improvement until the last laser session. Patient-rated POSAS revealed statistically significant improvements in color, stiffness, thickness, and irregularity after laser treatments. Total POSAS improved from 89.6 ± 17.5 to 76.6 ± 16.8 (P < .0001) after one treatment with further improvement to 69.2 ± 14.9 (P < .0001) at the final laser session. We found convincing evidence that CO2-AFL therapy improves hypertrophic burn scars on both patient- and observer-rated scales confirming statistical and clinical significance to both providers and families. These findings demonstrate that CO2-AFL can improve hypertrophic burn scars in pediatric patients providing a lower risk alternative to invasive therapies and a more immediate, efficacious alternative to more conservative scar treatments.
A content analysis of tobacco and alcohol audio-visual content in a sample of UK reality TV programmes
Authors: Barker Alexander B , Britton John , Thomson Emily , Hunter Abby , Opazo Breton Magdalena , Murray Rachael L
Published: March 2019

Background

Exposure to tobacco and alcohol content in audio-visual media is a risk factor for smoking and alcohol use in young people. We report an analysis of tobacco and alcohol content, and estimates of population exposure to this content, in a sample of reality television programmes broadcast in the UK.

Methods

We used 1-minute interval coding to quantify tobacco and alcohol content in all episodes of five reality TV programmes aired between January and August 2018 (Celebrity Big Brother; Made in Chelsea; The Only Way is Essex; Geordie Shore and Love Island), and estimated population exposure using viewing data and UK population estimates.

Results

We coded 5219 intervals from 112 episodes. Tobacco content appeared in 110 (2%) intervals in 20 (18%) episodes, and alcohol in 2212 (42%) intervals and in all episodes. The programmes delivered approximately 214 million tobacco gross impressions to the UK population, including 47.37 million to children; and for alcohol, 4.9 billion and 580 million respectively.

Conclusion

Tobacco, and especially alcohol, content is common in reality TV. The popularity of these programmes with young people, and consequent exposure to tobacco and alcohol imagery, represents a potentially major driver of smoking and alcohol consumption.
Development of semiquantitative ultrasound scoring system to assess cartilage in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Mandl Peter , Studenic Paul , Filippucci Emilio , Bachta Artur , Backhaus Marina , Bong David , Bruyn George A W , Collado Paz , Damjanov Nemanja , Dejaco Christian , Delle-Sedie Andrea , De Miguel Eugenio , Duftner Christina , Gessl Irina , Gutierrez Marwin , Hammer Hilde B , Hernandez-Diaz Cristina , Iagnocco Annmaria , Ikeda Kei , Kane David , Keen Helen , Kelly Stephen , Kővári Eszter , Möller Ingrid , Møller-Dohn Uffe , Naredo Esperanza , Nieto Juan C , Pineda Carlos , Platzer Alex , Rodriguez Ana , Schmidt Wolfgang A , Supp Gabriela , Szkudlarek Marcin , Terslev Lene , Thiele Ralf , Wakefield Richard J , Windschall Daniel , D’Agostino Maria-Antonietta , Balint Peter V ,   OMERACT Ultrasound Cartilage Task Force Group
Published: March 2019

Objectives

To develop and test the reliability of a new semiquantitative scoring system for the assessment of cartilage changes by ultrasound in a web-based exercise as well as a patient exercise of patients with RA.

Methods

A taskforce of the Outcome Measures in Rheumatology Ultrasound Working Group performed a systematic literature review on the US assessment of cartilage in RA, followed by a Delphi survey on cartilage changes and a new semiquantitative US scoring system, and finally a web-based exercise as well as a patient exercise. For the web-based exercise, taskforce members scored a dataset of anonymized static images of MCP joints in RA patients and healthy controls, which also contained duplicate images. Subsequently, 12 taskforce members used the same US to score cartilage in MCP and proximal interphalangeal joints of six patients with RA in in a patient reliability exercise. Percentage agreement and prevalence of lesions were calculated, as intrareader reliability was assessed by weighted kappa and interreader reliability by Light’s kappa.

Results

The three-grade semiquantitative scoring system demonstrated excellent intrareader reliability (kappa: 0.87 and 0.83) in the web-based exercise and the patient exercise, respectively. Interreader reliability was good in the web-based exercise (kappa: 0.64) and moderate (kappa: 0.48) in the patient exercise.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that ultrasound is a reliable tool for evaluating cartilage changes in the MCP joints of patients with RA and supports further development of a new reliable semiquantitative ultrasound scoring system for evaluating cartilage involvement in RA.
Modeling of xylem vessel occlusion in grapevine
Authors: Pouzoulet Jérôme , Scudiero Elia , Schiavon Marco , Santiago Louis S , Rolshausen Philippe E
Published: March 2019

Morphological traits of the plant vascular system such as xylem vessel diameter have been implicated in many physiological processes including resistance to drought-induced xylem cavitation and vessel occlusion during infection with vascular wilt diseases. In both events, xylem vessels lose function because they become filled with air or tyloses and gels. Xylem cavitation has been well studied, whereas vessel occlusion remains purely descriptive even though it is a critical response to wounding injuries and compartmentalization of vascular pathogens. The timing of vessel occlusion is a key determinant to a successful compartmentalization of pathogens within the plant vascular system and we hypothesized that xylem vessel diameter is the driving variable. Using a dye injection method coupled with automated image analysis, we parameterized a model to investigate how xylem vessel diameter affects the speed of vessel occlusion in Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon in response to wounding. Our dataset contains observations from 6,646 vessels at five kinetic points following stem pruning, over a time course of 1 week. Using this approach we provide evidence that the diameter of vessels is a key determinant of the timing of their occlusion. We discuss how these findings impact resistance to vascular wilt diseases in perennial woody hosts.