A Study on Preservative Measures and Enforcement in Civil Proceedings of the Russian Federation
Authors:   The Legal Studies Institute of Chosun University, Chung Young-Hwan , Lee Seungjin , Jang Hwijin 
Published: September 2023

The Russian Federation is a geographically neighbor country of the Republic of Korea, but it is a country with little sense of distance due to its history, culture and national system. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Korea established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union on September 30, 1990 due to Korea's northern policy and given that the volume of trade between Korea and Russia has been steadily increasing over the past 33 years, the volume of trade in human and material between Korea and Russia will continue to increase in the future.
Until now, comparative legal exchanges in the legal aspect of Russia in Korea have been insignificant, so Russian law in Korea is a very unfamiliar area in comparative law studies. This paper will explain how the Russian Federation has reorganized legal system for civil litigation through system transition after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
Today, in the Russian Federation, civil and commercial litigation are concepts of distinction rather than subsidiarity, and both have different applicable laws and exclusive jurisdiction of the courts regarding the litigation procedure. Therefore, the current litigation system for judicial disputes in the Russian Federation is divided into a civil litigation system and a commercial litigation system under a dual system (dualism), and in each area, civil litigation legal relations and commercial litigation legal relations arise according to the relevant laws governing the matters concerning the procedures for disputes to be resolved through courts. The system of provisional disposition and enforcement in civil and commercial proceedings in the Russian Federation is based on the judicial acts of the courts, and there are court decisions (Определе ние суда) and court judgments (Судебный вердикт) as types of judicial acts of the courts regarding the provisional dispositions and enforcement systems. In the case of the preservative disposition system, it is based on a court decision, and the enforcement system is based on a court order or execution judgment of the court.
Execution in civil and commercial proceedings in the Russian Federation is classified into immediate execution (Немедленное исп олнение) and compulsory execution. In the system of compulsory execution, the institution that actually implements compulsory execution is the Judicial Execution Service, which is an administrative body separate from the courts, under the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation. In case of immediate execution in civil and commercial cases, it can be executed by the judicial act of the court according to the related litigation law, whereas compulsory execution is a system that is operated completely separate from the jurisdiction of the court and the litigation law. Therefore, in the remedy of rights related to compulsory execution, the judicial enforcement agency is the actual party as the collector, the person to be collected, and the implementer of the actual compulsory execution. The object of execution and all acts related to compulsory execution by the judicial enforcement agency are separated, and the former must proceed with a lawsuit for the return of unjust enrichment against the object of excessive execution through a civil or commercial lawsuit. In the case of infringement of rights infringed by the illegal compulsory execution of the judicial enforcement agency, a lawsuit for compensation for damages (state compensation) for the illegal acts of the judicial enforcement agency must be carried out through administrative litigation.