bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sea-level response to melting of Antarctic ice shelves on
multi-centennial time scales with the fast Elementary
Thermomechanical Ice Sheet model (f.ETISh v1.0)
Authors: Pattyn Frank
Published: January 2017

Abstract. The magnitude of the Antarctic ice sheet's contribution to global sea-level rise is dominated by the potential of its marine sectors to become unstable and collapse as a response to ocean (and atmospheric) forcing. This paper presents Antarctic sea-level response to sudden atmospheric and oceanic forcings on multi-centennial time scales with the newly developed fast Elementary Thermomechanical Ice Sheet (f.ETISh) model. The f.ETISh model is a vertically integrated hybrid ice sheet/ice shelf model with an approximate implementation of ice sheet thermomechanics, making the model two-dimensional. Its marine boundary is represented by two different flux conditions, coherent with power-law basal sliding and Coulomb basal friction. The model has been compared to a series of existing benchmarks. Modelled Antarctic ice sheet response to forcing is dominated by sub-ice shelf melt and the sensitivity is highly dependent on basal conditions at the grounding line. Coulomb friction in the grounding-line transition zone leads to significantly higher mass loss in both West and East Antarctica on centennial time scales, leading to 2 m sea level rise after 500 years for a moderate melt scenario of 20 m a−1 under freely-floating ice shelves, up to 6 m for a 50 m a−1 scenario. The higher sensitivity is attributed to higher driving stresses upstream from the grounding line. Removing the ice shelves altogether results in a disintegration of the West Antarctic ice sheet and (partially) marine basins in East Antarctica. After 500 years, this leads to a 4.5 m and a 12.2 m sea level rise for the power-law basal sliding and Coulomb friction conditions at the grounding line, respectively. The latter value agrees with simulations by DeConto and Pollard (2016) over a similar period (but with different forcing and including processes of hydro-fracturing and cliff failure). The chosen parametrizations make model results largely independent of spatial resolution, so that f.ETISh can potentially be integrated in large-scale Earth system models.
EFFECT OF CARBON BLACK NATURE ON DYNAMIC MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND REINFORCEMENT OF NR VULCANIZATION BY LATEX TECHNIQUES
Authors: Dong An , Zhiyi Zhang , Haixiang Jia , Jinquan Shou , Huan Zhang , Yaqing Liu
Published: January 2017

The influence of the structure and size of carbon black on the static mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of filled natural rubber (NR) compounds is investigated in detail. A new process for the production of carbon black master batches with enhanced mechanical properties has been developed. The unit operations in the process are the preparation of carbon black slurry in the presence of a suitable surfactant, addition of the slurry to the fresh NR latex under stirring, coagulation of the mixture by the addition of acid, dewatering of the coagulum, and drying to obtain carbon black–incorporated NR. The competence of the new technique is established by comparing the characteristics of the carbon black–incorporated NR by the mill mixing process (control). The mechanical properties, including tensile strength, modulus, tear strength, and hardness, are superior for the vulcanization prepared by the latex-suspension coagulation techniques. The improvement shown by the vulcanization prepared by the latex-suspension coagulation techniques was attributed to the better filler dispersion evidenced from the scanning electron micrograph along with the attainment of a higher level of vulcanization.
POLYETHYLENE WAX/EPDM BLENDS AS SHAPE-STABILIZED PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS FOR THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE
Authors: Dorigato A. , Ciampolillo M.V. , Cataldi A. , Bersani M. , Pegoretti A.
Published: January 2017

Various amounts of a paraffinic wax were dispersed by melt mixing in an ethylene/propylene diene monomers (EPDM) rubber matrix. The resulting compounds were then vulcanized to obtain shape-stabilized rubbery phase change materials for thermal energy storage. The addition of the paraffinic wax induced a retardation in the vulcanization kinetics of the EPDM matrix. Calorimetric measurements evidenced how the homogenous distribution of the wax domains within the rubber, confirmed by electron microscopy observations, allowed for retaining the melting enthalpy of the neat paraffinic wax even at elevated concentration. The thermal energy storage and release capabilities of the investigated compounds were maintained even after various thermal cycles. The incorporation of polyethylene wax had a positive effect (increasing proportionally to its content) on the mechanical properties of the EPDM matrix, as documented from both the dynamical and the quasi-static tensile tests.
A História do Turismo: epítome das mudanças
Authors: Nakashima Sérgio Kaoru , Huertas Calvente Maria del Carmen Matilde
Published: January 2017

O texto deste artigo foi produzido com o objetivo de, através de revisão bibliográfica, identificar e compreender os principais aspectos dos processos sociais históricos que culminaram na importância contemporânea da atividade turística. Por ser um exercício de síntese, se privilegiou as informações relativas ao mundo ocidental, na passagem do turismo ainda como uma atividade realizada especialmente por pequenos grupos que podiam realizar deslocamentos espaciais até hoje, quando a viagem passa a ser um desejado objeto de consumo e praticada pela grande maioria das pessoas. Para isso, mudanças econômicas, sociais e tecnológicas tiveram que ocorrer e são abordadas no contexto da história do turismo. Por exemplo, as formas de hospedagem e os meios de deslocamento passaram por significativas transformações, com mudanças ligadas a determinados momentos na história da humanidade, transformações que passaram a permitir o deslocamento de imensa massa de turistas através do planeta.
Eventos, Viagens de Incentivo e Experiências: estudo de caso do 3º Workshop da Operadora Visual
Authors: Pazini Raquel
Published: January 2017

Os eventos podem ser empregados como meios de comunicação e relacionamento entre empresas e clientes. E associados ao marketing promocional, tornam-se uma estratégia eficaz com os programas de incentivo, que estão fundamentados na motivação, reconhecimento e recompensa. A viagem de incentivo é uma forma de premiação oferecida pelas empresas, com uma programação personalizada e exclusiva para os contemplados terem uma experiência única e memorável. Este estudo de caso tem como premissa analisar o evento promovido pela operadora Visual, em 2013, no resort Iberostar Praia do Forte/Bahia (Brasil). O objetivo foi o de investigar as características do evento para estabelecer uma relação com o perfil das viagens de incentivo. Os principais métodos desta pesquisa qualitativa são a observação participante e entrevistas semiestruturadas. Como resultado, foi identificada uma adequação do evento com os conceitos das viagens de incentivo, dentro do contexto do modelo experiencial de Pine II e Gilmore (1999).
Estudo do perfil dos turistas que visitam a Ilha Grande a partir do Cais de Santa Luzia, Angra dos Reis – Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
Authors: Fonseca Tiago Boruchovitch , Lopes Junior Wilson Martins
Published: January 2017

Angra dos Reis é um município do estado do Rio de Janeiro (Brasil), de cuja Economia a atividade turística representa uma importante parcela. Muitos dos turistas são atraídos para esse município devido às belezas naturais das ilhas de Angra dos Reis que compõem a baía da Ilha Grande. Parte expressiva do fluxo de visitantes que se dirigem para o referido município tem como destino a Ilha Grande. Diante disso, o objetivo do presente artigo consistiu em investigar as características dos turistas que visitavam a Ilha Grande, no que diz respeito ao seu perfil socioeconômico e ao tipo de turismo realizado. O método privilegiado foi quantitativo, trabalhando com pesquisa bibliográfica e entrevistas estruturadas. Foram aplicadas entrevistas aos turistas prestes a embarcar pelo “Cais de Santa Luzia”, um dos principais pontos de acesso à localidade. A coleta de dados realizou-se em duas fases, na alta estação turística e na baixa do ano de 2015, para tecer análises comparativas. Identificaram-se algumas diferenças qualitativas entre as estações turísticas: a alta estação proporcionando maior atratividade de turistas oriundos de localidades mais distantes, assim como um turismo mais heterogêneo do ponto de vista das praias visitadas e dos tipos de hospedagem. Além disso, a renda média e a escolaridade dos entrevistados tiveram variações entre as estações, demonstrando a pertinência dessa variável na compreensão dos estudos turísticos em Angra dos Reis.
Turismo e Sociedade (Eletrônica). Curitiba, volume 9, número 2, Maio-Agosto de 2016.
Authors: Bahl Miguel
Published: January 2017

Dados gerais (sítio e endereço eletrônicos), Indexadores, Outras fontes, Expediente, Sumário. Opção para compor versão impressa.
Turismo e Sociedade (Eletrônica). Curitiba, volume 9, número 2, Maio-Agosto de 2016.
Authors: Bahl Miguel
Published: January 2017

Editorial da Revista Turismo e Sociedade (Eletrônica). Curitiba, volume 9, número 2, Maio-Agosto de 2016. Opção para compor versão impressa.
Turismo e Sociedade (Eletrônica). Curitiba, volume 9, número 2, Maio-Agosto de 2016.
Authors: Bahl Miguel
Published: January 2017

Dados gerais (sítio e endereço eletrônicos), Declaração de direito autoral, Política de privacidade, Revisores deste número, Diretrizes para autores, Exemplos para indicação das referências, Itens de verificação para submissão. Opção para compor versão impressa.
Remote Teaching of Histopathology Using Scanned Slides via Skype Between the United Kingdom and Nigeria
Authors: Rotimi Olorunda , Orah Nnamdi , Shaaban Abeer , Daramola Adetola O. , Abdulkareem Fatimah B.
Published: January 2017

Context.—Web-based learning is a major component of distance education.

Objective.—To explore Web-based applications for pathology teaching in resource-limited sub-Saharan Africa.

Design.—The participants were consultant pathologists and trainees drawn from tertiary institutions in Nigeria. They viewed the digital slides via the Leeds virtual pathology Web site, after which, interactive lectures were given via Skype (Skype Communications, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg). Questionnaires were administered via SurveyMonkey (Palo Alto, California) to all participants of 12 sessions between 2014 and 2015.

Results.—Nine consultant pathologists and 33 trainees participated in this survey. Of all respondents, 29 (69%) thought it was fairly easy to navigate the system, 11 (26.2%) thought it was easy, whereas 2 (4.8%) felt it was difficult. In addition, 26 respondents (61.9%) found it fairly easy to make a make a diagnosis, 13 (31%) thought it was easy, and 3 (7.1%) noted that it was difficult. Twenty-four respondents (57.1%) had a fairly smooth user experience, 12 (28.6%) experienced occasional crashes, whereas 6 (14.3%) reported a smooth experience. Almost all (41 of 42; 97.6%) respondents felt the pathology teaching was beneficial to their local pathology practice, and all (100%) indicated the need for additional, similar sessions.

Conclusion.—The beneficial applications of Internet-based lectures make them a viable, cheaper, and cost-effective alternative to face-to-face lectures in our environment.
Blood Bank Specimen Mislabeling: A College of American Pathologists Q-Probes Study of 41 333 Blood Bank Specimens in 30 Institutions
Authors: Novis David A. , Lindholm Paul F. , Ramsey Glenn , Alcorn Kirsten W. , Souers Rhona J. , Blond Barbara
Published: January 2017

Context.—Incorrectly labeled patient blood specimens create opportunities for laboratory testing personnel to mistake one patient's specimen for a specimen from a different patient. Transfusion of blood that is typed on specimens that are mislabeled can result in acute hemolytic transfusion reactions.

Objective.—To assess the rates of blood bank ABO typing specimens that are mislabeled and/or contain blood belonging to another patient (so-called wrong blood in tube [WBIT]), and to compare these rates with those determined in a similar study performed in 2007.

Design.—Participants enrolled in this College of American Pathologists Q-Probes study for the first quarter of 2015 tallied the number of mislabeled and WBIT ABO blood typing specimens. Outcome measurements were the number of mislabeled and WBIT instances per 1000 specimens. We also evaluated the effects of various practice characteristics, in particular the use of bar coding, on the outcome measurements.

Results.—A total of 30 institutions submitting data on 41 333 ABO blood typing specimens recorded aggregate rates of 7.4 instances of mislabeling (306 specimens) and 0.43 instances of WBIT (10 of 23 234) per 1000 specimens submitted. Mislabeling rates were lower in institutions requiring that specimens be labeled with patients' birth dates than those that did not. The rates of specimen mislabeling and WBIT were otherwise unassociated with any of the other practice variables evaluated.

Conclusions.—The rates of ABO blood typing specimen mislabeling and WBIT are not statistically different from those determined in a similar study performed in 2007 (P = .94 and P = .10). The use of bar coding was not associated with lower mislabeling (P = .80) or WBIT rates (P = .79).
Duhovni smisao života i smrti u srednjovekovnoj poeziji o svetom Knezu Lazaru
Authors: Jović Aleksandra
Published: January 2017

U radu se naglašava neodvojivost književnosti srednjeg veka od duhovne sfere. Preko načela teocentričnosti, karakterističnog za ideologiju srednjovekovnog čoveka, analizira se, ukratko, stvaralački postupak, poetika, jezik i tematski plan dela nastalih u srednjem veku. U žiži interesovanja su srednjovekovni poetski tekstovi o Kosovu i podvig njihove centralne ličnosti, svetog kneza Lazara, koji se tumači u religijskom ključu.
Kategorija biljaka u basmama od čini i uroka u južnoslovenskoj bajalačkoj tradiciji
Authors: Božović Ivana
Published: January 2017

Biljke su, kao živi svet prirode, inkorporirane u deo složenog sistema koji je izgradio čovek - sistema kulture, i u tom sistemu je čovek biljkama pridao važnu simboličku ulogu. U radu se razmatra kategorija biljaka u basmama na korpusu južnoslovenske bajalačke tradicije i date reference se mogu podeliti na dve osnovne kategorije: botaničku kategoriju (morfološki opis, stanište, upotreba i neki drugi relevantni podaci) i simboličku kategoriju (verovanje u njihovu magijsku funkciju). Biljni svet u ovom tipu basma tipološki se deli na dve osnovne skupine: realne biljke sa simboličkim funkcijama u obredu i biljke čije se postojanje ne može sa sigurnošću potvrditi a koje, takođe, imaju simboličku ulogu (svakojake travuljine). Prezentuju se parametri zasnovani na svojstvima primenjenim u tradicionalnoj kulturi, koji su postali sastavni deo semiotičkog statusa: oblik/forma, miris, ukus, otrovnost, lekovitost (medicinska upotreba), jestivost, simbolička funkcija, senovite biljke, frekventnost. Razmatra se njihova funkcija u 'profilaksi' ili u samom procesu 'skidanja' čini, analizira se njihova simbolika i frekventnost.
Adult-born neurons modify excitatory synaptic transmission to existing neurons
Authors: Adlaf Elena W , Vaden Ryan J , Niver Anastasia J , Manuel Allison F , Onyilo Vincent C , Araujo Matheus T , Dieni Cristina V , Vo Hai T , King Gwendalyn D , Wadiche Jacques I , Overstreet-Wadiche Linda
Published: January 2017

Adult-born neurons are continually produced in the dentate gyrus but it is unclear whether synaptic integration of new neurons affects the pre-existing circuit. Here we investigated how manipulating neurogenesis in adult mice alters excitatory synaptic transmission to mature dentate neurons. Enhancing neurogenesis by conditional deletion of the pro-apoptotic gene Bax in stem cells reduced excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) and spine density in mature neurons, whereas genetic ablation of neurogenesis increased EPSCs in mature neurons. Unexpectedly, we found that Bax deletion in developing and mature dentate neurons increased EPSCs and prevented neurogenesis-induced synaptic suppression. Together these results show that neurogenesis modifies synaptic transmission to mature neurons in a manner consistent with a redistribution of pre-existing synapses to newly integrating neurons and that a non-apoptotic function of the Bax signaling pathway contributes to ongoing synaptic refinement within the dentate circuit.
Pectus Excavatum: A Review of Diagnosis and Current Treatment Options
Authors: Abid Irfaan , Ewais MennatAllah M. , Marranca Joseph , Jaroszewski Dawn E.
Published: January 2017

Osteopathic medicine places a special emphasis on the musculoskeletal system, and understanding how chest wall structure may influence function is critical. Pectus excavatum is a common congenital chest wall defect in which the sternum is depressed posteriorly. Patients may present with complaints of chest wall discomfort, exercise intolerance, and tachycardia. The medical implications, diagnosis, and treatment options for patients with pectus excavatum are reviewed.
Comparison of Basic Science Knowledge Between DO and MD Students
Authors: Davis Glenn E. , Gayer Gregory G.
Published: January 2017

Context: With the coming single accreditation system for graduate medical education, medical educators may wonder whether knowledge in basic sciences is equivalent for osteopathic and allopathic medical students.

Objective: To examine whether medical students’ basic science knowledge is the same among osteopathic and allopathic medical students.

Methods: A dataset of the Touro University College of Osteopathic Medicine-CA student records from the classes of 2013, 2014, and 2015 and the national cohort of National Board of Medical Examiners Comprehensive Basic Science Examination (NBME-CBSE) parameters for MD students were used. Models of the Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Licensing Examination-USA (COMLEX-USA) Level 1 scores were fit using linear and logistic regression. The models included variables used in both osteopathic and allopathic medical professions to predict COMLEX-USA outcomes, such as Medical College Admission Test biology scores, preclinical grade point average, number of undergraduate science units, and scores on the NBME-CBSE. Regression statistics were studied to compare the effectiveness of models that included or excluded NBME-CBSE scores at predicting COMLEX-USA Level 1 scores. Variance inflation factor was used to investigate multicollinearity. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to show the effectiveness of NBME-CBSE scores at predicting COMLEX-USA Level 1 pass/fail outcomes. A t test at 99% level was used to compare mean NBME-CBSE scores with the national cohort.

Results: A total of 390 student records were analyzed. Scores on the NBME-CBSE were found to be an effective predictor of COMLEX-USA Level 1 scores (P<.001). The pass/fail outcome on COMLEX-USA Level 1 was also well predicted by NBME-CBSE scores (P<.001). No significant difference was found in performance on the NBME-CBSE between osteopathic and allopathic medical students (P=.322).

Conclusion: As an examination constructed to assess the basic science knowledge of allopathic medical students, the NBME-CBSE is effective at predicting performance on COMLEX-USA Level 1. In addition, osteopathic medical students performed the same as allopathic medical students on the NBME-CBSE. The results imply that the same basic science knowledge is expected for DO and MD students.
Laughing across borders: Intertextuality of internet memes
Authors: Laineste Liisi , Voolaid Piret
Published: January 2017

Internet humour flourishes on social network sites, special humour-dedicated sites and on web pages focusing on edutainment or infotainment. Its increasing pervasiveness has to do with the positive functions that humour is nowadays believed to carry – its bonding, affiliative and generally beneficial qualities. Internet humour, like other forms of cultural communication in this medium, passes along from person to person, and may scale (quickly or gradually, depending on the comic potential and other, sometimes rather elusive characteristics) into a shared social phenomenon, giving an insight into the preferences and ideas of the people who actively create and use it. The present research is primarily carried by the question of how the carriers of Internet humour, that is, memes and virals, travel across borders, to a smaller or greater degree being modified and adapted to a particular language and culture in the process. The intertextuality emerging as a result of adapting humorous texts is a perfect example of the inner workings of contemporary globalising cultural communication. Having analysed a corpus of 100 top-rated memes and virals from humour-dedicated web sites popular among Estonian users, we discuss how humour creates intertextual references that rely partly on the cultural memory of that particular (i.e. Estonian-language) community, and partly on global (primarily English- and Russian-language) cultural influences, thus producing hybrid cultural texts. The more interpretations are accessible for the audience (cf. polysemy Shabtai-Boxman & Shifman 2014), the more popular the text becomes, whereas the range of interpretations depends on the openness of the cultural item to further modification.
Is it OK to laugh about it yet? Hitler Rants YouTube parodies in Hebrew
Authors: Steir-Livny Liat
Published: January 2017

The Holocaust was and remains a central trauma in Israel’s collective memory. For many years, the perception was that a humorous approach to the Holocaust might threaten the sanctity of its memory. Official agents of the Holocaust memory continue to believe in this approach, but since the 1990s, a new unofficial path of memory began taking shape in tandem with it. It is an alternative and subversive path that seeks to remember – but differently. In the last decade, YouTube has become a major cultural field including new humorous representations and images of the Holocaust. The article analyses a virtual phenomenon – “Hitler Rants” (or “Hitler Reacts”) parodies in Hebrew. These are internet memes in which surfers take a scene from the German film Downfall (Oliver Hirschbiegel 2004), showing Hitler ranting at his staff as the end of WWII approaches, and they add parodic subtitles in which Hitler rants about completely different things – current affairs and pesky little details. The incompatibilities between the visuals, the German screaming, and the subtitles turn Hitler into a ludicrous individual. The article objects to the notion that views the parodies as “cheapening” the Holocaust, and rather claims that they underscore humour’s role as a defence mechanism. Israelis, who live in a society in which the Holocaust memory is intensive and creates constant anxiety, seek to lessen reactions of tension and anxiety, even for a few minutes, and they do so through humour.
Editorial: Humour and social media
Authors: Weitz Eric
Published: January 2017

Editorial: Humour and social media
Carbides
Authors: Tulhoff Helmut , Meese‐Marktscheffel Juliane A. , Oelgardt Carina , Kind Christian , Weinmann Markus , Säuberlich Tino
Published: January 2017

The article contains sections titled:

1.
Survey

1.1.
Saltlike Carbides

1.2.
Metal‐like Carbides

1.3.
Diamond‐like Carbides

1.4.
Carbides of Nonmetallic Elements

1.5.
Crystal Structure

1.6.
General Production Processes

1.7.
Uses

2.
Metal‐like Carbides of Industrial Importance

2.1.
Tungsten Carbide

2.2.
Titanium Carbide

2.3.
Tantalum Carbide

2.4.
Niobium Carbide

2.5.
Zirconium Carbide

2.6.
Hafnium Carbide

2.7.
Vanadium Carbide

2.8.
Chromium Carbide

2.9.
Molybdenum Carbide

3.
Mixed Carbides

3.1.
Tungsten‐Titanium Carbide

3.2.
Other Mixed Carbides

3.3.
Carbonitrides

3.4.
Mixed Carbonitrides

4.
Carbides of the Iron Group and Manganese

5.
Complex Carbides
Vanadium and Vanadium Compounds
Authors: Bauer Günter , Güther Volker , Hess Hans , Otto Andreas , Roidl Oskar , Roller Heinz , Sattelberger Siegfried , Köther‐Becker Sven , Beyer Thomas
Published: January 2017

The article contains sections titled:1.History2.Properties3.Occurrence4.Processing of the Raw Materials to Vanadium Compounds4.1.Iron Ores and Titanomagnetites as Raw Materials4.2.Processing of Other Raw Materials5.Production of Vanadium, Ferrovanadium, and Other Alloys5.1.Reduction Behavior of Vanadium Oxides5.2.Production of Vanadium Metal and its Alloys5.3.Ferrovanadium5.3.1.Production from Vanadium Oxides5.3.2.Direct Production from Slags and Residues5.4.Production of Other Vanadium Master Alloys6.Uses7.Vanadium Compounds8.Analysis9.Economic Aspects10.Environmental Protection and Toxicology
A new approach to projecting 21st century sea‐level changes and extremes
Authors: Goodwin Philip , Haigh Ivan D. , Rohling Eelco J. , Slangen Aimée
Published: January 2017

Future increases in flooding potential around the world's coastlines from extreme sea level events is heavily dependent on projections of future global mean sea level (GMSL) rise. Yet, the two main approaches for projecting 21st century GMSL rise—i.e., process‐based versus semi‐empirical—give inconsistent results. Here, a novel hybrid approach to GMSL projection, containing a process‐based thermosteric contribution and a semi‐empirical ice‐melt contribution, is embedded within a conceptual Earth system model (ESM). The ESM is run 10 million times with random perturbations to multiple parameters, and future projections are made only from the simulations that are historically consistent. The projections from our hybrid approach are found to be consistent with the dominant process‐based GMSL projections from the Climate Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) ensemble, in that our future ensemble‐mean projections lie within ±2 cm of CMIP5 for the end of the 21st century when CMIP5‐simulated histories are used to constrain our approach. However, when observations are used to provide the historic constraints for our hybrid approach, we find higher ice‐melt sensitivity and additional ensemble‐mean GMSL rise of around 13–16 cm by the end of the century. We assess the impact of this additional GMSL rise, projected from observation‐consistency, on the increase in frequency of extreme sea level events for 220 coastal tide‐gauge sites. Accounting for regional effects, we infer a 1.5–8 times increase in the frequency of extreme sea‐level events for our higher GMSL projections relative to CMIP5.
Mid‐lithosphere discontinuities beneath the western and central North China Craton
Authors: Sun Weijia , Kennett B. L. N.
Published: January 2017

By analyzing P reflectivity extracted from stacked autocorrelograms for teleseismic events on a dense seismic profile, we obtain a detailed image of the mid‐lithosphere discontinuity (MLD) beneath western and central North China Craton (NCC). This seismic daylight imaging exploits a broad high‐frequency band (0.5–4 Hz) to reveal the fine‐scale component of multi‐scale lithospheric heterogeneity. The depth of the MLD beneath the western and central parts of the NCC ranges 80–120 km, with a good match to the transition to negative S velocity gradient with depth from Rayleigh wave tomography. The MLD inferred from seismic daylight imaging also has good correspondence with the transition from conductive to convective regimes estimated from heat flow data indicating likely thermal control within the seismological lithosphere.
Jovian deep magnetotail composition and structure
Authors: McComas D. J. , Allegrini F. , Bagenal F. , Ebert R. W. , Elliott H. A. , Nicolaou G. , Szalay J. R. , Valek P. , Weidner S.
Published: January 2017

We analyze plasma ion observations from the Solar Wind Around Pluto instrument on New Horizons as it traveled back through the dusk flank of the Jovian magnetotail from ~600 to more than 2500 Jovian radii behind the planet. We find that at all distances, light ions (mostly protons) dominate the heavy ions (S++ and O+) that are far more abundant in the near Jupiter plasma disk and that were expected to be the primary ions filling the Jovian magnetotail. This key new observation might indicate that heavy ions are confined closer to the equator than the spacecraft trajectory or a substantial addition of light ions via reconnection and/or mixing along the magnetopause boundary. However, because we find no evidence for acceleration of the tail plasma with distance, a more likely explanation seems to be that the heavy ions are preferentially released down the dawn flank of the magnetotail. Perhaps, this occurs as a part of the process where flux tubes, after expanding as they rotate across the near‐tail region, need to pull back inward in order to fit within the dawnside of the magnetopause. A second major finding of this study is that there are two dominant periods of the plasma structures in the Jovian magnetotail: 3.53 (0.18 full width at half maximum (FWHM)) and 5.35 (0.38 FWHM) days. Remarkably, the first of these is identical within the errors to Europa's orbital period (3.55 days). Both of these results should provide important new fodder for Jovian magnetospheric theories and lead to a better understanding of Jupiter's magnetosphere.
Localization of whistler wave and turbulent spectra in the magnetotail region
Authors: Pathak Neha , Yadav Nitin , Sharma Swati , Sharma Prachi , Sharma R. P.
Published: January 2017

Observations show that whistler waves play a very crucial role both in magnetic reconnection and turbulence. In this context, linear and nonlinear dynamical equations of whistler wave have been derived and further these equations have been solved numerically as well as semianalytically. For application purpose, magnetotail parameters have been chosen. The obtained results reveal that the nonlinearity as well as field perturbation results in the formation of localized structures. These structures contribute to the turbulence and lead to the formation of current sheets in the magnetotail. Finally, the power spectrum has been evaluated and compared with the observed spectra in the magnetotail ion diffusion region as reported.
A high‐resolution model of the external and induced magnetic field at the Earth's surface in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Shore R. M. , Freeman M. P. , Wild J. A. , Gjerloev J. W.
Published: January 2017

We describe a method of producing high‐resolution models of the Earth's combined external and induced magnetic field using the method of empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) applied to the SuperMAG archive of ground‐based magnetometer data. EOFs partition the variance of a system into independent modes, allowing us to extract the spatiotemporal patterns of greatest dynamical importance without applying the a priori assumptions of other methods (such as spherical harmonic analysis, parameterized averaging, or multivariate regression). We develop an approach based on that of Beckers and Rixen (2003) and use the EOF modes to infill missing data in a self‐consistent manner. Applying our method to a north polar case study spanning February 2001 (chosen for its proximity to solar maximum and good data coverage), we demonstrate that 41.7% and 9.4% of variance is explained by the leading two modes, respectively, describing the temporal variations of the disturbance polar types 2 and 1 (DP2 and DP1) patterns. A further 14.1% of variance is explained by four modes that describe separate aspects of the motion of the DP1 and DP2 systems. Thus, collectively over 65% of variance is described by the leading six modes and is attributable to DP1 and DP2. This attribution is based on inspection of the spatial morphology of the modes and analysis of the temporal variation of the mode amplitudes with respect to solar wind measures and substorm occurrence. This study is primarily a demonstration of the technique and a prelude to a model spanning the full solar cycle.
Oceanic residual depth measurements, the plate cooling model, and global dynamic topography
Authors: Hoggard Mark J. , Winterbourne Jeff , Czarnota Karol , White Nicky
Published: January 2017

Convective circulation of the mantle causes deflections of the Earth's surface that vary as a function of space and time. Accurate measurements of this dynamic topography are complicated by the need to isolate and remove other sources of elevation, arising from flexure and lithospheric isostasy. The complex architecture of continental lithosphere means that measurement of present‐day dynamic topography is more straightforward in the oceanic realm. Here we present an updated methodology for calculating oceanic residual bathymetry, which is a proxy for dynamic topography. Corrections are applied that account for the effects of sedimentary loading and compaction, for anomalous crustal thickness variations, for subsidence of oceanic lithosphere as a function of age and for non‐hydrostatic geoid height variations. Errors are formally propagated to estimate measurement uncertainties. We apply this methodology to a global database of 1936 seismic surveys located on oceanic crust and generate 2297 spot measurements of residual topography, including 1161 with crustal corrections. The resultant anomalies have amplitudes of ±1 km and wavelengths of ∼1000 km. Spectral analysis of our database using cross‐validation demonstrates that spherical harmonics up to and including degree 30 (i.e., wavelengths down to 1300 km) are required to accurately represent these observations. Truncation of the expansion at a lower maximum degree erroneously increases the amplitude of inferred long‐wavelength dynamic topography. There is a strong correlation between our observations and free‐air gravity anomalies, magmatism, ridge seismicity, vertical motions of adjacent rifted margins, and global tomographic models. We infer that shorter wavelength components of the observed pattern of dynamic topography may be attributable to the presence of thermal anomalies within the shallow asthenospheric mantle.
Extension of the classical linear slip model for fluid‐saturated fractures: Accounting for fluid pressure diffusion effects
Authors: Barbosa Nicolás D. , Rubino J. Germán , Caspari Eva , Holliger Klaus
Published: January 2017

We develop extended boundary conditions based on the linear slip model that account for the impact of wave‐induced fluid pressure diffusion between a fracture and its embedding background on the stiffening effect of the fluid saturating the fracture. We include these poroelastic effects into the linear slip model through complex‐valued and frequency‐dependent parameters characterizing the mechanical and hydraulic coupling between the two regions. This new set of effective fracture parameters contains generalized normal and tangential compliances, analogous to those defined in the classical formulation of the linear slip model, and an additional parameter related to the coupling between horizontal and vertical deformation of the fracture. Comparisons of the extended and classical linear slip models with a poroelastic thin layer model show that the extended formulation always performs better when modeling the displacement fields induced by an incident P wave as well as the scattering coefficients. We find that the contribution of the additional effective parameter involved in the proposed boundary conditions is significant at low frequencies with respect to the undrained frequency regime of the fracture and large angles of incidence. These extended boundary conditions can be readily incorporated into viscoelastic modeling algorithms simulating the response of a large‐scale fluid‐saturated fracture or multiple noninteracting fractures of this kind. The proposed model is expected not only to improve the estimation of mechanical characteristics of fractures in corresponding inversion schemes but can also be used for extracting information with regard to other practically important parameters, such as the background permeability.
Stability and fate of ferrihydrite during episodes of water/rock interactions on early Mars: An experimental approach
Authors: Dehouck Erwin , McLennan Scott M. , Sklute Elizabeth C. , Dyar M. Darby
Published: January 2017

The presence on the surface of Mars of ferrihydrite, a nanocrystalline iron oxide species, has long been suspected from spectroscopic observations and is further suggested by recent results from the Mars Exploration Rovers and Mars Science Laboratory robotic missions. However, because ferrihydrite is a metastable species in terrestrial environments, it is unclear what would have been its fate during episodes of water/rock interactions that are known to have occurred at the landing sites of the above‐mentioned robotic missions. Accordingly, the laboratory experiments presented in this paper investigate the recrystallization of ferrihydrite under various conditions applicable to early Mars. These included low‐temperature experiments (1 month at 40°C) at pH ranging from circum‐neutral to strongly acidic, and high‐temperature experiments (8 days at 150°C) at circum‐neutral pH. The effect of mixtures with other mineral phases (namely, amorphous silica and olivine) was also tested. Results obtained at low temperature are at odds with some earlier studies and suggest that ferrihydrite behaves differently in rock‐dominated conditions compared to water‐dominated conditions. The coexistence of amorphous silica favored the formation of jarosite under low‐temperature, acidic conditions, whereas a sample of pure ferrihydrite produced only goethite under the same conditions. At high temperature, ferrihydrite converted into hematite in all samples, but the ferrihydrite‐silica mixture led to hematite with much broader diffraction peaks than other experiments, indicating an inhibiting effect of dissolved silica on the recrystallization process. The implications of these results for the aqueous history of early Mars are discussed.
The pulse of driftwood export from a very large forested river basin over multiple time scales, Slave River, Canada
Authors: Kramer Natalie , Wohl Ellen , Hess‐Homeier Brooke , Leisz Stephen
Published: January 2017

This study presents a case study of large wood transport on the great Slave River in northern Canada with the objective to better understand the processes of and variability in pulsed wood fluxes from large forested catchments. We use a varied approach, integrating field characterization of wood, historical anecdotes, repeat aerial imagery of stored wood, and time‐lapse imagery of moving wood, for a robust analysis and synthesis of processes behind pulsed wood flux, from yearly uncongested export to rare congested wood floods. Repeat monitoring of known sites of temporary storage with new or historic imagery proved to be a very useful tool for constraining wood flux histories. Pulsed wood export on the Slave River is not an artifact of episodic recruitment from major up‐basin disturbances, but rather reflects decadal‐ to half‐century‐scale discharge patterns that redistribute wood recruited from channel migration and bank slumping. We suggest that the multiyear flow history is of paramount importance for estimating wood flux magnitude, followed in declining importance by the yearly sequence of peaks and the magnitude and characteristics of the rising limb of individual floods.
Substrate Independent Elastic Modulus of Thin Low Dielectric Constant Materials
Authors: Okudur Oguzhan Orkut , Vanstreels Kris , de Wolf Ingrid , Hangen Ude , Qiu Anqi
Published: January 2017

The elastic modulus of a variety of porous low dielectric constant thin films with porosities in the range of 24–47% and thicknesses between 148 and 235 nm is calculated using the Oliver–Pharr method, an intrinsic thin film model based on the Li‐Vlassak method, and finite element simulations in the elastic regime by taking the tip imperfections into account. It is shown that the substrate effects are significant even at shallow indentation depths and strongly depend on the nanoindenter geometry. Elastic modulus values extracted from the intrinsic thin film model and finite element simulations, although based on different approaches, are found to be very similar and independent of the nanoindenter geometry.
A Leaky‐Integrate‐and‐Fire Neuron Analog Realized with a Mott Insulator
Authors: Stoliar Pablo , Tranchant Julien , Corraze Benoit , Janod Etienne , Besland Marie‐Paule , Tesler Federico , Rozenberg Marcelo , Cario Laurent
Published: January 2017

During the last half century, the tremendous development of computers based on von Neumann architecture has led to the revolution of the information technology. However, von Neumann computers are outperformed by the mammal brain in numerous data‐processing applications such as pattern recognition and data mining. Neuromorphic engineering aims to mimic brain‐like behavior through the implementation of artificial neural networks based on the combination of a large number of artificial neurons massively interconnected by an even larger number of artificial synapses. In order to effectively implement artificial neural networks directly in hardware, it is mandatory to develop artificial neurons and synapses. A promising advance has been made in recent years with the introduction of the components called memristors that might implement synaptic functions. In contrast, the advances in artificial neurons have consisted in the implementation of silicon‐based circuits. However, so far, a single‐component artificial neuron that will bring an improvement comparable to what memristors have brought to synapses is still missing. Here, a simple two‐terminal device is introduced, which can implement the basic functions leaky integrate and fire of spiking neurons. Remarkably, it has been found that it is realized by the behavior of strongly correlated narrow‐gap Mott insulators subject to electric pulsing.
Short Synthetic β‐Sheet Antimicrobial Peptides for the Treatment of Multidrug‐Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Burn Wound Infections
Authors: Zhong Guansheng , Cheng Junchi , Liang Zhen Chang , Xu Liang , Lou Weiyang , Bao Chang , Ong Zhan Yuin , Dong Huihui , Yang Yi Yan , Fan Weimin
Published: January 2017

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is often implicated in burn wound infections; its inherent drug resistance often renders these infections extremely challenging to treat. This is further compounded by the problem of emerging drug resistance and the dearth of novel antimicrobial drug discovery in recent years. In the perennial search for effective antimicrobial compounds, the authors identify short synthetic β‐sheet folding peptides, IRIKIRIK (IK8L), IRIkIrIK (IK8‐2D), and irikirik (IK8D) as prime candidates owing to their high potency against Gram‐negative bacteria. In this study, the peptides are first assayed against 20 clinically isolated multidrug‐resistant P. aeruginosa strains in comparison with the conventional antibiotics imipenem and ceftazidime, and IK8L is demonstrated to be the most effective. IK8L also exhibits superior antibacterial killing kinetics compared to imipenem and ceftazidime. From transmission electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, and protein release analyses, IK8L shows membrane‐lytic antimicrobial mechanism. Repeated use of IK8L does not induce drug resistance, while the bacteria develop resistance against the antibiotics after several times of treatment at sublethal doses. Analysis of mouse blood serum chemistry reveals that peptide does not induce systemic toxicity. The potential utility of IK8L in the in vivo treatment of P. aeruginosa‐infected burn wounds is further demonstrated in a mouse model.
In Situ Investigations on the Structural and Morphological Changes of Metal Phosphides as Anode Materials in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: He Xin , Wang Rui , Stan Marian Cristian , Paillard Elie , Wang Jun , Frielinghaus Henrich , Li Jie
Published: January 2017

The binary metal phosphides (MP, M = Cu, Fe, Sn, Sb) compounds are of great interest as negative electrode materials for high energy density lithium‐ion batteries. However, the morphology and structural changes at the nanoscale upon electrochemical (de)lithiation are not clear yet, which require further detailed investigation. In situ neutron scattering technique is utilized to investigate and compare the morphological changes of copper phosphide and tin phosphide during the initial cycle. By coupling with scanning electron microscopy investigation, the surface activities of the electrodes at different electrochemical states, including the solid electrolyte interphase formation, swelling and recovering, cracks appearance, and stripping at nanoscale of the material particles are evaluated. With in situ X‐ray diffraction measurement, the energy storage mechanism is further explained. This work demonstrates useful techniques to analyze the detailed fatigue mechanisms of the active material, and provides new insights of the nanostructural changes of anode materials reacting with lithium via conversion and alloying.
Highly Stretchable Micro‐Supercapacitor Arrays with Hybrid MWCNT/PANI Electrodes
Authors: Li La , Lou Zheng , Han Wei , Chen Di , Jiang Kai , Shen Guozhen
Published: January 2017

Stretchable energy storage devices are required to fit for stretchable electronic devices, forming a fully stretchable system for comfortable and body‐attachable electronic devices. Herein, highly stretchable micro‐supercapacitors are fabricated by designing wave‐shaped hybrid multiwalled carbon nanotubes/polyaniline electrodes. As‐fabricated stretchable devices exhibit a large areal capacitance of 44.13 mF cm−2 and offer a power density of 0.07 mW cm−2 at an area energy density of 0.004 mW h cm−2. Owing to the designed wavy electrode structure, the electrochemical performances of the stretchable micro‐supercapacitors are almost invariably under different stretching stations ranging from 5% to 40%. By fabricating stretchable micro‐supercapacitors arrays, a red light‐emitting diode can be easily lighted under different conditions including stretching, twisting, crimping, and winding. All these results confirm the outstanding stability and mechanical strength of stretchable micro‐supercapacitors, demonstrating its potential application in skin‐patchable electronics or portable/wearable devices.
Hot‐Spot Engineering in 3D Multi‐Branched Nanostructures: Ultrasensitive Substrates for Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Chirumamilla Manohar , Chirumamilla Anisha , Roberts Alexander S. , Zaccaria Remo Proietti , De Angelis Francesco , Kjær Kristensen Peter , Krahne Roman , Bozhevolnyi Sergey I. , Pedersen Kjeld , Toma Andrea
Published: January 2017

The detection of probe molecules at ultralow concentrations, even at the single‐molecule level, can be addressed with the breakthrough concept of plasmonic hot‐spot engineering. In view of that, the fabrication of nanostructures endowed with sub‐10 nm gaps and extremely large near‐field enhancement has gained increasing attention, becoming a key‐condition for improved sensitivity. The present work demonstrates a new perspective in ultrasensitive detection by engineering every individual plasmonic nanostructure with a giant electric field confinement and superior hot‐spot densities, thus eliminating the need for extremely narrow interparticle separations.
Chromium‐Catalysed Asymmetric Dearomatization Addition Reactions of Bromomethylnaphthalenes
Authors: Chen Weiqiang , Bai Jing , Zhang Guozhu
Published: January 2017

The asymmetric dearomatization and addition reaction of bromomethylnaphthalenes with aldehydes proceeded smoothly in the presence of carbazole‐based bisoxazoline CrCl2 complex to give the corresponding enanioenriched hydroxylated dearomatization products. The excellent chemo‐, regio‐, diastereo‐ and enantioselecitivity are remarkable. Furthermore, hydrogenation of the product led to highly elaborated compound containing three contiguous stereogenic centers.

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