bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Loss of the JAK2 intramolecular auto‐inhibition mechanism is predicted by structural modelling of a novel exon 12 insertion mutation in a case of idiopathic erythrocytosis
Authors: Albiero Elena , Madeo Domenico , Ruggeri Marco , Bernardi Martina , Giorgetti Alejandro , Rodeghiero Francesco
Published: July 2008

We report a novel gain‐of‐function JAK2 exon 12 insertion mutation in a patient with idiopathic erythrocytosis and low serum erythropoietin level. To date, only rare cases of such mutations have been reported in the JAK2 exon 12. Using computer‐based structural modelling we propose that this mutation causes the loss of the JAK2 auto‐inhibition step, leading to the constitutive activation of JAK2 tyrosine kinase‐dependent activity. Our model‐based hypothesis provides a useful approach for the investigation of the phenotype‐genotype relationship in myeloproliferative disorders involving JAK2.
Identification of candidate tumour suppressor gene loci for Hodgkin and Reed‐Sternberg cells by characterisation of homozygous deletions in classical Hodgkin lymphoma cell lines
Authors: Giefing Maciej , Arnemann Joachim , Martin‐Subero Jose Ignacio , Nieländer Inga , Bug Stefanie , Hartmann Sylvia , Arnold Norbert , Tiacci Enrico , Frank Matthias , Hansmann Martin‐Leo , Küppers Ralf , Siebert Reiner
Published: July 2008

Several tumour suppressor genes (TSG) have been identified as a result of mapping homozygous deletions in cancer cells. To identify putative TSG involved in the pathogenesis of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), we investigated four cHL cell lines (L428, HDLM2, KMH2, L1236) using four different array‐Comparative Genomic Hybridisation (array‐CGH) platforms and focused on high resolution identification of homozygous deletions. Out of 79 candidate regions of bi‐allelic loss identified by array‐CGH, besides previously described regions, 28 novel regions of homozygous deletions could be verified by polymerase chain reaction. These regions ranged from 13 kb to 619 kb in size. Eleven of the 28 novel bi‐allelic losses were putative copy number polymorphisms. This left 17 regions that might harbour novel tumour suppressors involved in Hodgkin lymphoma. Expression profiling with two different platforms confirmed lack of expression of the majority of the genes located in the homozygous deletions. Furthermore, analysis of ontology annotations of genes located in the homozygously deleted regions indicated an enrichment of genes involved in apoptosis and cell death. In summary, through the mapping of homozygous deletions in cell lines this study identified a series of genes, such as SEPT9, GNG7 and CYBB, which might encode candidate tumour suppressors involved in the pathogenesis of cHL.
Diagnosing and treating Diamond Blackfan anaemia: results of an international clinical consensus conference
Authors: Vlachos Adrianna , Ball Sarah , Dahl Niklas , Alter Blanche P. , Sheth Sujit , Ramenghi Ugo , Meerpohl Joerg , Karlsson Stefan , Liu Johnson M. , Leblanc Thierry , Paley Carole , Kang Elizabeth M. , Leder Eva Judmann , Atsidaftos Eva , Shimamura Akiko , Bessler Monica , Glader Bertil , Lipton Jeffrey M. ,   on behalf of the participants of the Sixth Annual Daniella Maria Arturi International Consensus Conference
Published: July 2008

Diamond Blackfan anaemia (DBA) is a rare, genetically and clinically heterogeneous, inherited red cell aplasia. Classical DBA affects about seven per million live births and presents during the first year of life. However, as mutated genes have been discovered in DBA, non‐classical cases with less distinct phenotypes are being described in adults as well as children. In caring for these patients it is often difficult to have a clear understanding of the treatment options and their outcomes because of the lack of complete information on the natural history of the disease. The purpose of this document is to review the criteria for diagnosis, evaluate the available treatment options, including corticosteroid and transfusion therapies and stem cell transplantation, and propose a plan for optimizing patient care. Congenital anomalies, mode of inheritance, cancer predisposition, and pregnancy in DBA are also reviewed. Evidence‐based conclusions will be made when possible; however, as in many rare diseases, the data are often anecdotal and the recommendations are based upon the best judgment of experienced clinicians. The recommendations regarding the diagnosis and management described in this report are the result of deliberations and discussions at an international consensus conference.
Guidelines for point‐of‐care testing: haematology
Authors: Briggs Carol , Guthrie David , Hyde Keith , Mackie Ian , Parker Norman , Popek Mary , Porter Neil , Stephens Clare
Published: July 2008

This guideline provides a framework for the arrangement of point‐of‐care testing (POCT) services, previously known as near patient testing (patient self‐testing not covered). POCT is defined as any analytical test performed outside the laboratory. Primary users are often non‐laboratory healthcare workers. The guidance applies to units within hospitals as well as general practioner surgeries, community clinics and pharmacies. The head of the haematology laboratory or a point of care coordinator must take responsibility for all aspects of the POCT service, including quality and training. Depending on the size and nature of the POCT practice, a local POCT manager may also be required. Equipment selected should have received a successful independent performance evaluation. If an independent evaluation has not been performed the purchaser should assess the device according to the protocol in this document. POCT devices should generate results that are comparable to those of the local laboratory. An accredited external quality assessment programme and internal quality control system must be established. Manufacturers promoting POCT devices designed for non‐laboratory sites, e.g. pharmacies, should undertake training and annual competency assessment, perhaps using a web‐based system. A diagram to illustrate the stages for the implementation of a POCT service is illustrated.
High‐grade transformation in splenic marginal zone lymphoma with circulating villous lymphocytes: the site of transformation influences response to therapy and prognosis
Authors: Dungarwalla M. , Appiah‐Cubi S. , Kulkarni S. , Saso R. , Wotherspoon A. , Osuji N. , Swansbury J. , Cunningham D. C. , Catovsky D. , Dearden C. E. , Matutes E.
Published: July 2008

In a series of 48 patients with splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL) with circulating villous lymphocytes, we describe the clinical and laboratory features of nine cases that transformed to high‐grade B‐cell lymphoma. These patients had a significantly greater incidence of peripheral lymph node involvement at diagnosis when compared to SMZL patients who did not transform (P < 0·03). While transformation in the bone marrow is frequently refractory to therapy and associated with poor outcome in SMZL, lymph node transformation responds well to chemotherapy with durable progression‐free and overall survival.
Low‐frequency microtremor anomalies at an oil and gas field in Voitsdorf, Austria
Authors: Lambert Marc‐André , Schmalholz Stefan M. , Saenger Erik H. , Steiner Brian
Published: July 2008

Results of a passive microtremor survey at an oil and gas field in Voitsdorf, Austria, are presented. The survey consists in six parallel profiles approximately 9 km long over two hydrocarbon reservoirs. For each profile the seismic wavefield was recorded synchronously at 11 in‐line stations. The measurements were conducted with broadband seismometers and lasted, for each profile, at least 12 hours overnight. Data interpretation is based on a comprehensive data set and on the analysis of four different spectral attributes. These attributes quantify the characteristic features of the wavefield's Fourier spectra in the low‐frequency range (<10Hz). One attribute quantifies the spectral energy in the vertical wavefield component, another attribute quantifies the maxima in vertical‐to‐horizontal spectral ratios and two attributes describe the frequency shifts of peaks within the spectra of vertical and horizontal wavefield components. Due to temporal variations of the signals we combine the long‐term measurements (several hours of continuous records) of multiple profiles. This procedure considerably enhances the consistency of each spectral attribute and makes them suitable to quantify lateral variations of the wavefield. The results show that using a combination of several attributes significantly increases the reliability of detecting anomalies in the microtremor wavefield that are presumably caused by hydrocarbon reservoirs. A numerical study of two‐dimensional seismic wave propagation is applied to investigate the peak frequency shift attributes. The results of the study indicate that the attributes may contain information on the depth of hydrocarbon reservoirs, assuming that the reservoir acts as a (secondary) source of low‐frequency seismic waves.
Immune tolerance with rituximab in congenital haemophilia with inhibitors: a systematic literature review based on individual patients’ analysis
Authors: FRANCHINI M. , MENGOLI C. , LIPPI G. , TARGHER G. , MONTAGNANA M. , SALVAGNO G. L. , ZAFFANELLO M. , CRUCIANI M.
Published: July 2008

Summary.  Rituximab, a monoclonal antibody against the pan B‐cell antigen CD20, has been successfully used in both adults and children for the management of malignant and non‐malignant immune‐mediated disorders including acquired haemophilia. On the basis of this positive experience, a number of investigators have recently used this agent in patients with congenital haemophilia and inhibitors refractory to first‐line treatments. After a careful electronic and hand search, we have collected 29 studies that included 49 cases. A durable complete remission was obtained in 53% of the cases and no severe adverse events related to rituximab were recorded. A multivariate analysis applied to individual patients’ data identified the diagnosis of a mild/moderate haemophilia and the concomitant treatment with factor VIII concentrates and immunosuppression agents as covariates associated with an increased response to rituximab. Large prospective randomized studies with an adequate follow‐up are needed to confirm these preliminary findings.
Colonization and extinction patterns of wood‐decaying fungi in a boreal old‐growthPicea abiesforest
Authors: Jönsson Mari T. , Edman Mattias , Jonsson Bengt Gunnar
Published: July 2008

Wood‐decaying fungi are ubiquitous and functionally important organisms within forest ecosystems world‐wide, but remarkably little is known of their population dynamics in relation to the dynamics of their host substrates. Living in transient environments, where local extinctions are caused by gradual substrate (patch) destruction or deterioration due to wood decomposition, the long‐term persistence of these species requires successful colonization of new patches.

During a 6‐year period, we examined the colonization–extinction dynamics of wood‐decaying fungi (Aphyllophorales:PolyporaceaeandCorticiaceae) in relation to the spatiotemporal distribution of host logs within a boreal old‐growth Norway spruce (Picea abies) forest.

The dynamics of the species studied were strongly influenced by both local log characteristics (within patch) and connectivity (between patch). Several species (e.g.Asterodon ferruginosus,Phellinus ferrugineofuscus,P. viticola,Phlebia centrifuga) showed a positive effect of connectivity, mainly colonizing logs in the vicinity of previously occupied logs. This implies that some wood‐decaying fungi may be dispersal limited in terms of successful colonizations. The relative importance of patch conditions and connectivity was however, highly species specific.

Our results further illustrate the importance of life‐strategies adopted by species that are present during different stages of wood decomposition. Early colonizers were primarily affected by the stage of decomposition; secondary colonizers were affected by a variety of within patch and/or between patch variables, maintaining high species coexistence within intermediate stages of decay.Phellinus nigrolimitatuswas the dominant polyporous decayer at the final stages of decomposition, clearly gaining a competitive advantage from specializing on highly decomposed wood and having very low mean annual mortality rates.

Local extinction rates were higher on small diameter logs than large diameter logs, and generally increased as decay proceeded, illustrating the importance of deterministic patch destruction due to wood decomposition.

Synthesis. The fungi‐log study system was highly dynamic, illustrating that both characteristics and spatiotemporal availability of logs are important in explaining the distribution patterns and population dynamics of wood‐decaying fungal communities. The result implies that the dynamics of some wood‐decaying fungi can be characterized as patch‐tracking metapopulations, with connectivity‐dependent colonizations and local extinctions caused by the turnover of the patches.
Demography of perennial grassland plants: survival, life expectancy and life span
Authors: Lauenroth William K. , Adler Peter B.
Published: July 2008

Survival, life expectancy and life span are key demographic parameters that are essential for understanding life‐history evolution and forecasting population dynamics, but empirical data on these parameters is extremely limited for herbaceous species.

We used long‐term data from annually mapped permanent quadrats in a Kansas, USA, grassland to estimate survival, life expectancy and life span for 29 perennial forbs (herbaceous dicots) and 11 perennial grasses. In the cases of both forbs and grasses, they were the most common species at the research site.

We developed computer programs to track the identity of individual genets based on their spatial locations in the permanent quadrats. The programs distinguished between new recruits and surviving individuals, and calculated the ages and life spans of the survivors.

Most herbaceous perennials die young; life expectancy at age 1 year ranged from 0.6 to 6.5. However, forbs are more likely to die young than grasses. Survival from age 1 to 2 years for forbs ranged from 0.11 to 0.49 with an average of 0.30, whereas for grasses it ranged from 0.30 to 0.63 with an average of 0.44. Maximum observed life spans ranged from 3 to 25 years for forbs and 5 to 39 years for grasses.

All species tended towards Type III survivorship curves, but grasses were more strongly Type III while many forbs had relatively constant survival rates with age. Therefore, population models must account for increasing survival with age, especially for grasses.

Age was a better predictor of grass survival than size, raising questions about the use of size‐based methods to indirectly estimate survival and life span.

Maximum observed life span was positively and significantly related with species importance.

Synthesis. The higher survival, life expectancy and life span of grasses compared to forbs may provide a demographic explanation for community‐level differences in the dominance and turnover of these two functional groups in grassland plant communities.
Adapting Webster‐Stratton's incredible years parent training for children with developmental delay: findings from a treatment group only study
Authors: McIntyre L. L.
Published: July 2008

Background  Children with intellectual or developmental disabilities (ID/DD) are more likely than typically developing children to experience behaviour problems. Parent training, such as the Incredible Years Parent Training (IYPT) series, has been a widely used intervention to support families with children with or at‐risk for behaviour problems; yet to date, this programme has not been used with parents with young children with developmental delay or disabilities.

Method  This preliminary treatment group only study assessed the feasibility of implementing a modified parent training programme (IYPT‐DD) with 25 families with 2–5‐year‐old children with developmental delay. Intervention consisted of 12 weekly (2.5 h) sessions with topics covering developmentally appropriate play, praise, rewards, limit setting and handling challenging behaviour.

Results  Results suggest preliminary evidence of efficacy in reducing negative parent and child behaviour and increasing parental perceptions of child positive impact.

Conclusions  This study provides evidence for the feasibility of the DD modifications applied to the IYPT. Although this approach is promising, additional evidence is needed to address the efficacy of IYPT‐DD in children with developmental delay.
Life events as a risk factor for psychological problems in individuals with intellectual disabilities: a critical review
Authors: Hulbert‐Williams L. , Hastings R. P.
Published: July 2008

Background Stressful life events such as bereavement, moving house and changing jobs have repeatedly been implicated as risk factors for mental and physical ill health. Since the 1940s, researchers have demonstrated the negative effects of stressful life events, refined methods of recording such events and investigated the relative impact of different types of event. These investigations have generally not extended to include people with intellectual disabilities.

Methods We conducted a narrative review of research on life events as they occur to people with intellectual disabilities and critically assessed the evidence that life events function as a risk factor for psychological problems. Evidence was reviewed for an association between life events and a range of outcome variables, including affective disorders, challenging behaviour, psychosis and psychological problems more generally. We also critiqued the methodology behind the current evidence base and discussed a number of methodological advances that would help to strengthen it.

Conclusions There is reasonable evidence that life events are associated with psychological problems, and that there is some tentative evidence that life events play a causal role, although to date, no relationship with psychosis in people with intellectual disabilities has been demonstrated. Life events are likely to be pertinent in clinical work with people with intellectual disabilities.
Rapid global spread of two aggressive strains of a wheat rust fungus
Authors: HOVMØLLER MOGENS S. , YAHYAOUI AMOR H. , MILUS EUGENE A. , JUSTESEN ANNEMARIE F.
Published: July 2008

Rust fungi can overcome the effect of host resistance genes rapidly, and spores can disperse long distance by wind. Here we demonstrate a foreign incursion of similar strains of the wheat yellow rust fungus, Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, in North America, Australia and Europe in less than 3 years. One strain defined by identity at 15 virulence loci and 130 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fragments was exclusive to North America (present since 2000) and Australia (since 2002). Another strain of the same virulence phenotype, but differing in two AFLP fragments, was exclusive to Europe (present since 2000–2001) as well as Western and Central Asia and the Red Sea Area (first appearance unknown). This may be the most rapid spread of an important crop pathogen on the global scale. The limited divergence between the two strains and their derivatives, and the temporal–spatial occurrence pattern confirmed a recent spread. The data gave evidence for additional intercontinental dispersal events in the past, that is, many isolates sampled before 2000 in Europe, North America and Australia had similar AFLP fingerprints, and isolates from South Africa, which showed no divergence in AFLP, differed by only two fragments from particular isolates from Central Asia, West Asia and South Europe, respectively. Previous research has demonstrated that isolates of the two new strains produced up to two to three times more spores per day than strains found in USA and Europe before 2000, suggesting that increased aggressiveness at this level may accelerate global spread of crop pathogens.
The Schizosaccharomyces pombe Map4 adhesin is a glycoprotein that can be extracted from the cell wall with alkali but not with β‐glucanases and requires the C‐terminal DIPSY domain for function
Authors: Sharifmoghadam Mohammad Reza , Valdivieso M.‐Henar
Published: July 2008

In fungi, cell adhesion is required for flocculation, mating and virulence, and it is mediated by covalently bound cell wall proteins termed adhesins. Map4, an adhesin required for mating in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, is N‐glycosylated and O‐glycosylated, and is an endogenous substrate for the mannosyl transferase Oma4p. Map4 has a modular structure with an N‐terminal signal peptide, a serine and threonine (S/T)‐rich domain that includes nine repeats of 36 amino acids (rich in serine and threonine residues, but lacking glutamines), and a C‐terminal DIPSY domain with no glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI)‐anchor signal. Map4 can be extracted from cell walls with SDS/mercaptoethanol sample buffer or with mild alkali solutions. After extensive extraction with hot sample buffer, no more protein can be released by β‐glucanases or alkali. Additionally, none of the cysteine residues of the protein is required for its retention at the cell wall. These results show that Map4 is not directly bound to β‐glucans and point to the existence of alkali‐ and SDS/mercaptoethanol‐sensitive linkages between cell wall proteins. The N‐terminal S/T‐rich regions are required for cell wall attachment, but the C‐terminal DIPSY domain is required for agglutination and mating in liquid and solid media.
The bacterial replisome: back on track?
Authors: Bates David
Published: July 2008

It has been postulated that bacterial DNA replication occurs via a factory mechanism in which unreplicated DNA is spooled into a centrally located replisome and newly synthesized DNA is discharged towards opposite cell poles. Although there is considerable support for this view, it does not fit with many key observations. I review new findings, and provide alternative interpretations for old findings, which challenge this model. As a whole, current data suggest that the replisome, at least in slowly growing Escherichia coli cells, tracks along a stationary chromosome. These replisomes are not stationary, tethered or restricted in their movement, but rather travel throughout the nucleoid. One possibility is that the replisome navigates along a chromosome made up of looped domains as has been previously envisioned.
Benefits of conversion from mycophenolate mofetil to enteric‐coated mycophenolate sodium in pediatric renal transplant patients with stable graft function
Authors: De Paula Meneses Rejane , Halusch Kotsifas Cecília
Published: July 2008

Abstract:  Conversion from MMF to EC‐MPS may reduce GI complications and permit increased MPA dosing with a concomitant reduction in CNI dose. In a prospective trial, paediatric renal transplant patients with stable graft function were converted from MMF to EC‐MPS and followed‐up for 12 months. Data from 28 patients (mean age 13.9 ± 3.1 yr) were available for analysis. Mean EC‐MPS dose increased significantly from conversion to month 12 (668 ± 81 mg/m2/day vs. 747 ± 98 mg/m2/day, p < 0.001). CsA‐ME dose (n = 23) decreased from 5.3 ± 1.7 mg/kg/day at conversion to 4.6 ± 1.4 mg/kg/day at month 12 (p = 0.010). cGFR increased from 69.5 ± 23.3 mL/min/1.73 m2 at the time of conversion to 80.7 ± 30.7 mL/min/1.73 m2 at month 12 (p = 0.007). The number of patients reporting at least one GI event during six months prior to conversion was 15/28 (53.6%), declining to 8/28 (28.6%) at month 6 post‐conversion and 5/28 (17.8%) at month 12. This single‐arm study suggests that conversion of paediatric renal transplant patients from MMF to EC‐MPS does not compromise efficacy and leads to improved GI tolerability. MPA dose increased and CsA‐ME dose decreased significantly, with an associated improvement in calculated GFR. A large‐scale controlled trial is required to confirm these promising findings.
Renal function evaluated by measured GFR during follow‐up in pediatric liver transplant recipients
Authors: Bishop Jonathan R. , Burniston Maria T. , Barnfield Mark C. , Stringer Mark D. , Prasad Raj , Davison Suzanne M. , Rajwal Sanjay , McClean Patricia
Published: July 2008

Abstract: Calcineurin inhibitors form the mainstay of immunosuppression in pediatric liver transplantation, but may cause significant nephrotoxicity. We evaluated renal function in liver transplant recipients treated with a tacrolimus‐based immunosuppressive regimen. GFR was measured using 99 mTc‐DTPA in patients pretransplant and annually thereafter. GFR calculated by Schwartz formula was compared with the measured values. Sixty patients who underwent 69 transplants were followed for at least one yr post‐transplant (median three yr). In children over two yr of age at transplant GFR fell significantly from pretransplant (140 mL/min/1.73 m2) to one yr post‐transplant (112 mL/min/1.73 m2) (p = 0.01) but thereafter there was no significant decline. In younger children the picture was confounded by maturation of renal function, but again there was no significant fall to five yr post‐transplant. Although 13 (22%) patients developed renal dysfunction post‐transplant, none required renal replacement therapy. cGFR correlated poorly with measured values (r = 0.21). Use of a tacrolimus‐based immunosuppressive regimen is associated with an initial decline in GFR, though this picture is confounded in younger children by normal maturation of renal function. There is no further significant fall in GFR in the medium‐term. The Schwartz formula is inaccurate in determining GFR in this patient group.
Cotransplantation of haploidentical mesenchymal stem cells to enhance engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells and to reduce the risk of graft failure in two children with severe aplastic anemia
Authors: Fang Baijun , Li Ning , Song Yongping , Li Jing , Zhao Robert Chunhua , Ma Yuanfang
Published: July 2008

Abstract:  MSC have been suggested to be the precursor cells in the bone marrow stroma that provide a scaffold and promote hematopoiesis. They have therefore been suggested to enhance engraftment after autologous and allogeneic HSC transplantation. In patients undergoing transplantation, MSC infusion was shown to be safe and to enhance engraftment of HSC, as well as to reduce the incidence of both acute and chronic GVHD. We cotransplanted haploidentical AMSC with HLA‐identical sibling‐matched PBSC in two pediatric patients with refractory SAA after primary or secondary graft failure. At present, the two patients are more than two yr after cotransplantation without any treatment, transfusion‐independent and in good condition. Thus, cotransplantation of MSC might enhance engraftment of HSC in patients regrafted for graft failure.
Pediatric intestinal transplantation: Literature review 2006–2007
Authors: Selvaggi Gennaro , Tzakis Andreas
Published: July 2008

Abstract:  The field of intestinal transplantation has rapidly progressed over the last few years, with greatly improved patient and graft survival rates. Pediatric patients actually comprise the majority of individuals referred for intestinal transplantation; therefore, most of the current literature on this subject is centered on such group of patients. Issues pertinent to patient selection, indications for transplantation and management of post‐transplant complications run parallel to those issues of appropriate immunosuppressive protocols and avoidance/treatment of rejection, which is still one of the biggest causes of morbidity and mortality. This manuscript reviews what the authors view as the most innovative contributions in the field of intestinal transplantation over the last two yr (2006–2007). This review is by no means exhaustive but might serve as a starting point for those clinicians interested in the field.
Prospective study of infectious complications in a cohort of pediatric renal transplant recipients
Authors: Martín‐Peña Almudena , Cordero Elisa , Fijo Julia , Sánchez‐Moreno Ana , Martín‐Govantes Juan , Torrubia Francisco , Cisneros José
Published: July 2008

Abstract: Infections are frequent and serious in pediatric RT recipients; however, the information available is scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence, etiology, and risk factors for infection in these patients. This was a prospective, observational study of a consecutive pediatric RT recipient cohort. Risk factors for infection and descriptive analyses during the first two post‐transplantation years were performed. Twenty‐one patients (58.3%) had at least one infection (incidence 1.5 episodes/patient/first year of transplantation). There were 33 bacterial infections (73.3%), 11 viral infections (24.4%), and one protozoal infection. UTI was the most common syndrome (48.3%), followed by CMV infection (15.5%). The main microorganisms isolated wereEscherichia coli(28.9%), 46.1% of which were ESBL producers, and CMV (20%). Patient and graft survival at the end of follow‐up were 97.2% and 83.3%, respectively. The only risk factor for infection was cold ischemia time >800 min (OR 5.7, CI 95% 1.7–19.3). Conclusions: In pediatric RT recipients, UTI is the most frequent syndrome. Bacterial infections are the most common, with a high rate of ESBL producer strains. Despite their good prognosis, infections are a cause of morbidity that could potentially be reduced by decreasing cold ischemia times.
Defence Responses of Calli and Seeds of Hevea brasiliensis to Zoospores and the Elicitin of Phytophthora palmivora
Authors: Chirapongsatonkul Nion , Nak‐udom Penmart , Churngchow Nunta
Published: July 2008

The defence responses of calli and seeds of two cultivars (resistant; BPM‐24 and susceptible; RRIM600) of the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis, against zoospores and elicitin purified from its pathogen, Phytophthora palmivora, were investigated. Both zoospores and elicitin induced the biosynthesis of the phytoalexin, scopoletin (Scp), in Hevea calli ranging from 5 × 105 to 4.5 × 106 zoospores/ml and 0.5 to 2 μg elicitin/g fresh weight of calli. At the highest concentration of zoospores (4.5 × 106 zoospores/ml) or elicitin (2 μg/g fresh weight of calli), the rate of Scp production was fastest but then it rapidly decreased and produced lower peak value than detected at the optimum concentration. The decline of Scp level at the highest zoospore/elicitin concentration was correlated to the amount of cell death measured by Evans Blue method. Peroxidase (POD) activities in Hevea calli were also measured using the optimum level of zoospores or elicitin. Induction of Scp preceded the production of Scp POD and o‐dianisidine POD then followed by the guaiacol POD. The Scp and POD accumulations were approximately two to three times higher in the resistance cultivar than those in the susceptible one. As the responses of the calli to elicitin were faster than those to the zoospores, it demonstrates that zoospores require more time to act on the host cells. The pattern of Scp and POD activities monitored in elicitin‐treated Hevea seeds was similar to that of Hevea calli after treating with zoospores or elicitin. Therefore, the callus cultures could be used as a tool for studying other defence mechanisms in H. brasiliensis. The achieved knowledge will be applied to enhance resistance and led to the protection of Hevea young seedlings from the pathogen in the plantation.
Re‐identification of clinical isolates of the Pseudallescheria boydii‐complex involved in near‐drowning
Authors: Tintelnot Kathrin , Wagner N. , Seibold Michael , De Hoog G. S. , Horré Regine
Published: July 2008

Fungal infections caused by the members of the genera Pseudallescheria and/or Scedosporium are important complications in patients after near‐drowning. As the taxonomy of Pseudallescheria and Scedosporium has been revised, clinical isolates from 11 patients, after near‐drowning, previously identified as P. boydii or S. apiospermum had to be re‐identified. S. apiospermum, now separated from P. boydii as a distinct species, was found most frequently (n = 8), while S. aurantiacum, recently described as new species and P. boydii were less common (n = 2 and n = 1, respectively). Three patients near‐drowned during the Tsunami 2004 were infected by different species of the P. boydii complex. In vitro testing resulted in lowest minimal inhibitory concentration (MICs) for voriconazole (range 0.25–2.0 μg ml−1).
Was bieten Candida‐Biofilme Besonderes? Something special of Candida biofilms?
Authors: Bernhardt H. , Knoke M.
Published: July 2008

Wir untersuchten in einem miniaturisierten Flusszellsystem den Einfluss von Voriconazol (VCZ) in 27 Versuchen oder von Anidulafungin (ANID) in fünf Versuchen auf die antimykotische Resistenz von C. albicans (Typenstamm SC5314 und drei Stämme aus Blutkulturen). Die Versuche dauerten bis zu 10 Tagen. Nach der kontinuierlichen Zugabe von VCZ oder ANID zum Medium verminderte sich die Biomasse und stiegen die Glucose‐ und pH‐Werte an. Nach der Einwirkung von VCZ fiel das Trockengewicht der Biomasse um 90% ab. Es gab keinen Hinweis auf Resistenz. Keine Resistenz entwickelte sich auch gegen ANID nach einem Einfluss von ein oder drei Tagen Dauer. Nach fünf Tagen wurden in den Biofilmen keine lebenden Zellen mehr nachgewiesen. VCZ und ANID inhibierten also effektiv die Biofilmformierung durch verschiedene C. albicans‐Stämme. Unsere Versuche zeigen, dass die Biofilmbildung nicht unbedingt mit einer Resistenzentwicklung verknüpft sein muss.
Molecular mapping of quantitative trait loci for field resistance to Fusarium head blight in a European winter wheat population
Authors: Schmolke M. , Zimmermann G. , Schweizer G. , Miedaner T. , Korzun V. , Ebmeyer E. , Hartl L.
Published: July 2008

Fusarium head blight (FHB), one of the most destructive diseases of wheat in many parts of the world, can reduce the grain quality due to mycotoxin contamination up to rejection for usage as food or feed. Objective of this study was to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with FHB resistance in the winter wheat population ‘G16‐92’ (resistant)/‘Hussar’. In all, 136 recombinant inbred lines were evaluated in field trials in 2001 and 2002 after spray inoculation with a Fusarium culmorum suspension. The area under disease progress curve was calculated based on the visually scored FHB symptoms. For means across all environments two FHB resistance QTL located on chromosomes 1A, and 2BL were identified. The individual QTL explained 9.7% and 14.1% of the phenotypic variance and together 26.7% of the genetic variance. The resistance QTL on 1A coincided with a QTL for plant height in contrast to the resistance QTL on 2BL that appeared to be independently inherited from morphological characteristics like plant height and ear compactness. Therefore, especially the QTL on 2BL could be of great interest for breeding towards FHB resistance.
Conversion of the RAPD OPC021150 marker of the Rfo restorer gene into a SCAR marker for rapid selection of oilseed rape
Authors: Mikolajczyk K. , Dabert M. , Nowakowska J. , Podkowinski J. , Poplawska W. , Bartkowiak‐Broda I.
Published: July 2008

The Rfo fertility restorer gene for the Ogura cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) applied for oilseed rape hybrid seed production can be monitored with the use of the RAPD OPC021150 marker while molecular breeding. The aim of this work was to convert the RAPD marker into a more suitable SCAR marker. Total DNA was isolated from a doubled haploid line derived from the line BO20 (INRA, France). A fragment of 1150‐bp linked to the Rfo gene was PCR amplified with the use of the RAPD OPC02 primer, cloned and sequenced. A pair of primers was designed and PCR amplification was performed to develop a SCAR marker for the Rfo gene. The new marker was applied for analysis of 220 oilseed rape lines comprising doubled haploid and inbred restorer lines, restored hybrids as well as F1 and F2 recombinant generations involving restorer lines. Simultaneously, the RAPD OPC02 marker was used and it revealed that the markers are equivalent to each other. However, the developed new SCAR marker has made the analysis more practical, rapid and efficient.
Influence of Heat Stress on the Cortisol and Oxidant‐Antioxidants Balance During Oestrous Phase in Buffalo‐Cows (Bubalus bubalis): Thermo‐protective Role of Antioxidant Treatment
Authors: Megahed GA , Anwar MM , Wasfy SI , Hammadeh ME
Published: July 2008

Contents

In the present study, the effect of heat stress, which is commonly observed in the animals of Upper Egypt area in summer, as well as the effect of antioxidant treatment as a thermo‐protective was examined. In this study, the animals (n = 120) were divided into winter group (n = 40, bred during winter) and summer group (n = 80, bred during summer) as well as, animals in the summer group were divided into first subgroup animals (n = 40) and injected with Viteselen intramuscularly (15 ml) twice weekly for 10 weeks and second subgroup animals (n = 40) were not treated (as control). Serum levels of progesterone (P4), oestradiol (E2), cortisol, superoxide dismutase (SOD), lipid peroxidase (LPO) and nitric oxide (NO) were measured. The pregnancy rate of all animals was detected rectally. The levels of oestradiol and the activity of the antioxidant SOD were decreased in serum of animals in behavioural oestrus during summer as compared with those in winter. During the same time period the levels of oxidants such as LPO and NO were increased in the serum of animals again in the phase of oestrus. In another group of animals treated by intramuscular injection with 15 ml viteselen (antioxidant) twice weekly for 6 weeks during hot months, the activities of serum SOD showed an increase and the levels of oxidants and cortisol decreased. Moreover, the levels of oestradiol were increased during the oestrous behaviour. The pregnancy rate was decreased in animals under heat stress and the pregnancy rate was enhanced dramatically when these animals received antioxidants during the heat stress. This means that the heat‐stress in Upper Egypt may affect the fertility of animals and pregnancy rate and this effect may be through an increased production of free radicals and decreased production of antioxidants as well as increased levels of cortisol. Treatment of animals or supplementation with antioxidants before the beginning of months of heat‐stress and also during the stress period may correct the infertility due to heat‐stress through the decrease in cortisol secretion and a decrease in the oxidative stress. These results resulted in an increase in pregnancy rate in treated animals.
Effect of Protease Inhibitors on the Acrosome Reaction and Sperm‐Zona Pellucida Binding in Bovine Sperm
Authors: Deppe M , Morales P , Sánchez R
Published: July 2008

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Acrosomal proteases participate in several events during fertilization process and are necessary during the acrosome reaction (AR) and sperm‐zona pellucida (ZP) binding process. In this study, the participation of sperm trypsin‐like, chymotrypsin‐like, and metalloprotease enzymes in the AR and ZP binding in cattle was investigated using protease inhibitors. Motile bovine sperm were obtained by a swim‐up method (4 × 106 cells / ml) in Brackett and Oliphant medium. The sperm were capacitated and then incubated with Antithrombin III (trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitor); N‐α‐p‐tosyl‐l‐lysine‐chloromethyl‐ketone (trypsin inhibitor); Trypsin inhibitor (I‐S Type from soybean); N‐tosyl‐l‐phenylalanine‐chloromethyl‐ketone (chymotrypsin inhibitor); or disodium salt from the hydrated ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (metalloprotease inhibitor). Then, the AR was induced with lysophosphatidylcholine and evaluated with the double stain technique. Sperm‐zona binding capacity was evaluated using cumulus cell‐free oocytes. A significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the percent of true acrosome‐reacted sperm was observed only in cells incubated with trypsin (10.2 ± 1%) and chymotrypsin inhibitors (18.5 ± 1%) in relation to the control (52.2 ± 1%). Treatment with the metalloprotease inhibitor did not affect the AR percentage (51.8 ± 1%). On the contrary, there was no significant change in the number of sperm bound to the ZP with any of the inhibitors used. The results suggest a role for trypsin and chymotrypsin proteases, but not metalloproteases, in the AR in bovine sperm. In addition, these proteases do not seem to be involved in the binding of bovine sperm to the ZP.
Prognostic Value of Various Spermatological Attributes as Predictors of Zona Binding and Zona Penetration of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Semen
Authors: Selvaraju S , Ghosh J , Ravindra JP
Published: July 2008

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Twenty‐four ejaculates from six (four ejaculates each) Surti buffalo bulls aged 4–8 years were used to assess various attributes of spermatozoa influencing the zona‐binding and zona‐penetration tests. Ejaculates from each bulls were subjected to in vitro sperm‐‐zona binding and sperm‐‐zona penetration tests (four replicates per bull) using immature buffalo oocytes. The average number of spermatozoa bound per oocyte was 27.79 ± 5.90. The average number of spermatozoa penetrated per oocyte was 3.35 ± 0.64. The average number of zona‐bound and ‐penetrated spermatozoa differed significantly between animals. Significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed between the plasmalemma integrity as assessed by eosin‐‐nigrosin stain and hypo‐osmotic swelling (HOS) test. Furthermore, the percentage of cells positive for the HOS test, i.e. functional membrane integrity (51.25 ± 2.32) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than hypo‐osmotic swelling‐Giemsa (HOS‐G) test, i.e. the subpopulation of spermatozoa positive for functional membrane and acrosomal integrities (42.87 ± 4.56). The HOS test had significant correlations with plasmalemma integrity as measured by the vital stain, eosin‐‐nigrosin (r = 0.85, p < 0.05). The HOS‐G test also had significant correlation with plasmalemma integrity measured by vital stains such as eosin‐‐nigrosin (r = 0.90, p < 0.05) and fluorogenic stains [carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) and propidium iodide (PI); r = 0.92, p < 0.01] and HOS test (r = 0.93), acrosomal integrity (r = 0.86, p < 0.05) and mitochondrial membrane potential (r = 0.99, p < 0.01). The plasmalemma integrity (fluorogenic stain), functional membrane integrity (HOS test), subpopulation of spermatozoa positive for functional membrane and acrosomal integrities (HOS‐G test) and mitochondrial membrane potential had significant (p < 0.05) correlation with sperm zona binding and penetration. The present study indicates that these parameters could represent important determinants of sperm quality influencing zona binding and penetration.
Use of a Low Dose of Equine Purified FSH to Induce Multiple Ovulations in Mares
Authors: Araujo GHM , Rocha Filho AN , Lopes EP , Moya CF , Alvarenga MA
Published: July 2008

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The effects of a low dose of equine purified FSH (eFSH) on incidence of multiple ovulations and embryo recovery rate in mares were studied. During the physiological breeding season in Brazil (19°45′45′S), 14 Mangalarga Marchador donor mares were used in a crossover study and another 25 mares of the same breed, between 3 years and 12 years of age were used as recipients for the embryo transfers. Donors were monitored during two consecutive oestrus cycles, an untreated control cycle followed by a treated cycle, when eFSH was administered. In both cycles, after an embryo collection attempt on day 8 post‐ovulation all mares received 7.5 mg dinoprost and had their two largest follicles tracked daily by ultrasonography until the period of ovulation. Mares were inseminated every 48 h with extended fresh semen from a single stallion after the identification of a 35‐mm follicle until the period of ovulation. Ovulations were induced by intravenous administration of 2.500 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin, upon detection of a 35‐ to 40‐mm follicle. In the treated cycle, 5 mg eFSH was given intramuscularly once a day, from day 8 post previous ovulation until at least one follicle reached 35 mm in diameter. Embryo flushes were performed on day 8 of dioestrus (day 0 = ovulation). Treatment with eFSH resulted in higher (p < 0.05) ovulation rate and incidence of multiple ovulations compared to the control (1.6 vs 1.0 and 50% vs 0%, respectively – one mare had triple ovulation). However, embryo recovery rates in the control and treated cycles were similar (0.8 and 1.0, respectively; p > 0.05). Pregnancy rates in the recipient mares following embryo transfer were similar for the control and eFSH cycles (11/11 and 10/14, respectively). Additional studies are necessary in order to develop a low‐dose protocol for the use of eFSH that brings a more consistent contribution to the efficiency of commercial equine embryo transfer programs.
Porcine β1,4‐Galactosyltransferase‐I Sequence and Expression
Authors: Landers EA , Burkin HR , Bleck GT , Howell‐Skalla L , Miller DJ
Published: July 2008

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β1,4‐Galactosyltransferase‐I (B4GALT1), one of seven β1,4‐galactosyltransferases, is an enzyme commonly found in the trans‐Golgi complex that adds galactose to oligosaccharides. In the three mammals studied to date, the B4GALT1 gene directs production of B4GALT1 protein using either of two transcription start sites. The product of the smaller transcript serves the traditional biosynthetic role in the Golgi. This form also complexes with α‐lactalbumin, a mammary‐specific protein, to form lactose synthase. In addition to a biosynthetic role, the protein translated from the longer transcript appears on the plasma membranes of some cells where it serves as a signalling receptor in cell‐matrix interactions such as sperm‐egg binding. The objective of this study was to sequence the protein‐coding region of porcine B4GALT1 and examine the sequence for relationships to the bovine, human, murine and chicken B4GALT1 genes. The sequence for the 1203 base pair protein‐coding region of porcine B4GALT1 was obtained. Analysis of the deduced protein sequences revealed that the transmembrane region displayed the highest identity between the four mammals. The catalytic domain was 84–88% identical between the porcine sequence and those of the bovine, human and mouse. The porcine protein had the lowest overall homology to the chicken amino acid sequence, 58% identity. Conservation of both transcription start sites in the porcine gene supports the existence of two isoforms. When compared to the other mammalian B4GALT1 genes, the porcine coding sequence contained a single threonine codon inserted into the region encoding the cytoplasmic domain. Two putative phosphorylation sites in the mouse cytoplasmic domain were conserved in the porcine sequence. Northern blots revealed a widely expressed 4.4 kb transcript that was more abundant in the mammary gland during lactation. These results are important for studies of the function of this unusual and important glycosyltransferase during glycoprotein biosynthesis, lactation and fertilization.