bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Determinants of Rates of Octroi Tax in Pakistan
Authors: Ghaus A. F. Aisha , Khan Rauf , Ghaus Rafia
Published: August 2018

Octroi is a tax imposed by local governments in Pakistan on
commodities imported into the municipal limits for local use, sale, or
consumption. It is levied generally by urban local councils on goods
coming in by all modes-sea, land, and air transport. The point of
assessment is alongside roads at octroi posts situated at or before
municipal boundaries, at railway stations, seaports or airports. Octroi
is currently the largest source of revenue to urban local councils in
the country and contributes 86 percent to total tax revenues and over 59
percent to total local revenue receipts (see Table I). Its revenue
significance (in terms of share in total receipts) has increased over
the years. In 1987-88, it accounted for about 57 percent of total local
receipts. Also, revenue generation from octroi is higher than that by
any provincial tax. In 1991-92, total national collection from octroi
was Rs 5.5 billion as compared to Rs 3.5 billion from stamp duties, the
largest provincial tax source.
An Analysis of Pakistan’s Poverty Problem from an Islamic
Perspective
Authors: Hussain Muhammad , Shirazi Nasim Shah
Published: August 2018

Poverty is a widespread problem that particularly afflicts
developing countries. A number of studies, such as Naseem (1973, 1977);
Allaudin (1975); Mujahid (1978); Irfan and Amjad (1984); Cheema (1985);
Malik (1988); Ercelawn (1990); Ahmad and Ludlow (1989); Havinga et al.
(1990, 1990a); Malik (1992, 1994); Zaidi and de Vos (1993); Malik and
Shirazi (1994); and Gazdar et al. (1994), have analysed the phenomena of
poverty in Pakistan. Some of these studies are based on arbitrarily
chosen poverty-lines, and others are based on poverty-lines determined
on the basis of nutritional requirements or basic needs of human beings.
The incidence of poverty is greatly influenced by the poverty-line used
for a particular study. Therefore, the way a poverty-line is defined is
of great significance in determining the incidence of poverty. In
Islamic literature, certain limits for poverty and prosperity have been
prescribed. Fuqaha like Imam Abu Yousuf consider a person prosperous if
he owns wealth equivalent to or more than the amount of Nisab. A person
is considered to be poor if he owns wealth less than the amount of
Nisab.1 Nisab for gold was equal to 20 Miskals and Nisab for silver was
200 dirhams, which were equivalent to 140 Miskals in weight.2
An Islamic Perspective on Capital Markets and "Islamic"
Securities in Malaysia
Authors: Anwar Mohammad
Published: August 2018

Financial systems channel funds in an economy from the surplus
economic units lacking appropriate investment opportunities to the
deficit economic units with such opportunities. The surplus units
seeking returns by employing their funds in productive activities and
the deficit units interested in exploiting their investment
opportunities contact one another through a network of financial markets
a~d institutions in the economy. The participants make financial
contracts in ways which satisfy their requirements regarding liquidity,
denomination, maturities, and risk diversification [Anwar (1987), pp.
296-297]. In this way, the financial markets contribute to a higher
production, efficiency, and economic welfare of everyone in the society
[Mishkin (1989), p. 45]. In recent years, the appetite for investment in
the markets of developing countries has increased manyfold [Hussain
(1994), p. 2]. A good many of such developing markets are in Islamic
countries such as Egypt, Turkey, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and Malaysia.
Well-developed Islamic financial markets would contribute towards
economic development by attracting capital inflows and checking capital
flight from the Islamic nations.
Provision of Public Goods in an Islamic Economy
Authors: Akhtar Muhammad Ramzan
Published: August 2018

Islam establishes a welfare society. It obligates the society
to make arrangements for need-fulfilment of all citizens. The Islamic
economy working with the market and non-market institutions and guided
by Islamic values meets the personal and public needs of its people. The
market system in a secular economy under appropriate conditions can
efficiently meet personal needs of the people; however, it fails to do
so in case of public goods. While supplementing the market system with
other institutions, the Islamic economy manages to supply optimal
quantity of the public goods. The paper studies this issue in the light
of the Qur'an, the Sunnah, and Islamic history. I
Human Development: Means and Ends (The Quaid-i-Azam
Lecture)
Authors: Streeten Paul P.
Published: August 2018

Sometimes the change in the fashions of thinking about
development appears like a comedy of errors, a lurching from one fad to
another. Economic growth, employment creation, jobs and justice,
redistribution with growth, basic needs, bottom-up development,
participatory development, sustainable development, market-friendly
development, liberation, liberalisation, human development; thus goes
the carousel of the slogans. But this would not be a correct record.
There has been an evolution in our thinking about development. Both
internal logic and new evidence have led to the revision of our views.
Previous and partly discarded approaches have taught us much that is
still valuable, and our current approach will surely be subject to
criticisms. A brief survey of the evolution of our thinking may be
helpful. The discussion started in the 1950s, influenced by Arthur Lewis
(1955) and others, who emphasised economic growth as the key to poverty
eradication. Even at this early stage, sensible economists and
development planners were quite clear (in spite of what is now often
said in caricature of past thought) that economic growth is not an end
in itself, but a performance test of development. Arthur Lewis defined
the purpose of development as widening our range of choice, exactly as
the Human Development Reports of the United Nations Development
Programme do today.
Husband-wife Roles as a Correlate of Contraceptive and Fertility Behaviour
Authors: Muhammad Iqbal Zafar
Published: August 2018

In this paper, an investigation of reproductive behaviour within the socioeconomic and cultural frameworks is carried out to find the extent to which socioeconomic, cultural, and attitudinal variables (such as husband and wife’s education, family income, husband’s occupation, child mortality, exposure to the mass media, and husbandand- wife relationship in terms of egalitarian roles, role-segregation, husband’s authority, and domination in family and non-family decisions) influence the fertility decision-making process. The quantitative and qualitative techniques are used for exploring the respondents’ views regarding contraceptive and fertility behaviour. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) is applied to identify new meaningful underlying variables and to reduce the multi-dimensionality of variables. The chi-square test is employed to explore the relationships between the predictor variables and the dependent variables. Multiple linear regression is also used to establish the relative importance of each of the predictor variables. Bivariate, multiple linear regression and qualitative analysis demonstrate that preferences for smaller families and contraceptive use were found to be consistently associated with modern attitudes and behaviour towards the husband-and-wife relationship. Family income, husband’s occupation, child mortality, and age at marriage offered no explanation of the reproductive behaviour. It is concluded that cultural setting and tradition exert an important influence on reproductive behaviour independent of development in economic realities. It is suggested that for the attainment of demographicdevelopmental objectives, the issue of women’s status is not incidental; it is essential. The argument is not that improvements in women’s status need to be pursued only for population policy purposes, but rather that they comprise a crucial social developmental goal in their own right.
Determinants of Rural Poverty in Pakistan: A Micro Study
Authors: Shahnawaz Malik
Published: August 2018

Using micro survey data obtained from a Punjab village we study a large number of rural-specific and household-specific variables besides landholding, in an attempt to determine their role in raising levels of living of rural masses. We investigated the reasons as to how some of the landless households managed to escape poverty whereas some cultivating households failed to do so. The main factors responsible for this outcome were found to be favourable/unfavourable distribution by size of landholding, household size, educational attainment, dependency ratio, participation rates, female-male ratio, and age of the household head. The landless households escaping poverty, however, remained in a low-income category. Whereas our analysis highlighted the importance of institutional setting for a better distribution of assets and access to resources, at the same time it pointed to the fact that numerous non-farm activities also enable the rural households to generate incomes and thus avoid poverty.
Scale and Scope Economies in Banking: A Case Study of the Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan
Authors: Musleh ud Din  , Sarfraz Khan Qureshi
Published: August 2018

This paper examines the scale and scope efficiency of the Agricultural Development Bank of Pakistan. Using the production approach to measuring bank outputs and costs, a translog cost function is estimated to provide an assessment of the bank’s scale and scope efficiency, and to quantify the extent to which its production costs are sensitive to size and output mix. Our results show that the bank enjoys both overall and product-specific economies of scale and, therefore, there exists scope for the bank to expand its operations at declining average cost. We show that even though bank branches in all size categories enjoy economies of scale, the extent of such economies is larger for branches operating at a smaller scale of production. This implies that as the bank branches grow larger in size in terms of both loan and deposit accounts, they move closer to attaining constant returns to scale. It is also shown that the marginal costs of servicing both loan and deposit accounts decline as bank branches grow larger in size in terms of either the number of loans or the number of deposits. This confirms that branches operating at a larger scale of production have attained greater cost efficiency in terms of servicing the loan and deposit accounts. As regards economies of scope, our results show that the bank’s production technology is characterised by cost complementarity, which gives rise to cost savings through the joint production of loan and deposit accounts.
The Importance of the Informal Financial Market for Rural Development Financing in Developing Countries: The Example of Pakistan
Authors: Winfried Manig
Published: August 2018

The informal credit market is of crucial importance in the rural areas in Pakistan, even after decades of considerable development of formal credit organisations and of subsidised credit programmes by the government. This is due mainly to the fact that informal credit relations are embedded in the economic, political, and social interaction networks of the inhabitants in the rural areas. These interaction networks also maintain the direct credit costs and the transaction costs at a low level. However, the national development policy underestimates or even negates the significance of the informal financial market. Here, political action is required for initiating change.
A Preliminary Analysis of the Marketing of Mango in Sindh Province, Pakistan
Authors: Ali Muhammed Khushk  , Laurence E. D. Smith
Published: August 2018

Fruits are an important sub-sector in the agricultural sector of Pakistan. This paper describes the structure and operation of the marketing channels, and quantifies marketing margins of producers and other market agencies. Survey results show that more than 90 percent of producers sold harvesting rights to their orchards to contractors. The producers’ share of the retail price was calculated to be 25 percent. The other shares were 43 percent for contractors, 6 percent for commission agents, 5 percent for wholesalers, and 21 percent for retailers. Other indicators reported here are net profit margins, duration and type of contract, method of contract price determination, mode of payment, and conduct of auctions.
Does the Poor’s Consumption of Calories Respond to Changes in Income? Evidence from Pakistan
Authors: Franque Grimard
Published: August 2018

This paper examines the relationship between income and calorie consumption for households in developing countries. Recent papers have questioned the strength of this relationship on the basis of several measurement problems that tend to overstate the responsiveness of calories consumption to income. The paper uses a household data set from Pakistan and estimates calories income elasticities for rural and urban households. The estimation takes into account the concerns raised by Behrman and Deolalikar (1987) and Bouis and Haddad (1992) about quality effects and unobservable variables. The paper finds that the elasticity is significantly different from zero. Furthermore, the relationship appears to be different according to households’ incomes. Poor households’ responsiveness of calories intake to changes in income is greater than that of the entire sample. These results are consistent with the conventional wisdom that existed before the recent criticisms.
Jan Sarvaes, Thomas L. Jacobson and Shirley A. White (eds). Participatory Communication for Social Change. New Delhi: Sage Publications. 1996. 286 pages. Hardbound. Indian Rs 325.00.
Authors: Afia Malik
Published: August 2018

Changing needs and aspirations of society is the fundamental element of the development process. The state’s failure to cope with this galvanises people to make collective decisions. In development projects, participation is very important to decision-making, as it involves the sharing of information, knowledge, commitment, and the right attitude. Participation, like sustainable development, has become one of those catchwords whose message is advocated by everyone, but with their own definition. In development, it is broadly understood as the active involvement of people in making decisions about the implementation of processes, programmes, and projects which affect them. It involves the equitable distribution of political and economic powers between different groups in a society, leading often to a decrease in the advantages of the élites. However, the term covers a wide variety of activities.
Analysing Educational Waste in the Punjab Schools
Authors: Rafiq Muhammad
Published: August 2018

This paper examines educational waste in the Punjab Public
Schools. The paper focuses upon three areas: schools’ internal
efficiency, school capacity utilisation and student teacher ratio. By
using cohort analysis technique, the paper measures waste in flows of
students in the education cycle. The results show that repetition and
dropout are more prevalent in class I and middle school classes. This
implies that after having studied for five to six years in schools, a
student finds themselves in a blind alley, not knowing where it all
would end up. This also suggests that majority of the schools are
located at large distance from the most of the population of the Punjab
and students have to travel long distance for attending the schools. The
under-utilisation of school capacity is more prevalent in rural area
than that of urban areas and girls schools are more under-utilised than
the boys schools. The under-utilisation is more widespread in boys
schools of urban areas than the girls schools located in same vicinity
and girls school in rural areas are more under-utilised than the boys
schools. The pervasive theme emerged from results is that girls schools
and teachers are mostly under-utilised. This reflects that disadvantage
that girls face in Pakistan which may also cause under-utilisation of
girls schools.
Pakistan: Ethnic Fragmentation or National Integration?
Authors: Ahmed Feroz
Published: August 2018

In light of the current ethnic polarisation, this paper
briefly enumerates the elements of ethnic conflict in Pakistan. It,
then, discusses the economic, demographic, political, and cultural
developments taking place in Pakistan which tend to affect the
inter-relationships among ethnic communities and between society as a
whole and ethnic communities. Evidence is presented to support the
argument that despite surface tensions and confrontations, there is an
unmistakable trend of greater inter-dependence which can contribute to
national integration. The paper further analyses the relationship
between ethnicity, class, and the state. It identifies military,
bureaucracy, capitalists, and landlords as the principal elements of the
“ruling class”, and shows that the different ethnic groups have
different class structures and differential participation in military
and bureaucracy. It points out the near absence of “cross cutting
cleavages” which tends to turn the class and power conflicts into ethnic
conflicts. In conclusion, the paper, while underlining the shifting
definitional boundaries and relative demographic and cultural
homogenisation of the population, argues against the redrawing of
provincial boundaries and constitutional recognition of “nationality
rights” of fixed ethnic groups. However, it makes a case for the
recognition of ethnic diversity in Pakistan, equal treatment of all
ethnic groups, and protection and promotion of the languages and
cultures of the different ethnic groups. It argues that national unity,
security, and integrity will be achieved if the primary emphasis is
placed on promoting equity and harmony rather than on suppression of
ethnic differences in the name of unity.
The Elusive Agenda: Mainstreaming Women in Development
Authors: Jahan Rounaq
Published: August 2018

A report in 1975 by the International Labour Organisation(ILO)
caught world attention by pointing out that while ‘women and girls
constitute one-half of the world’s population and one third of the
official labour force’ and ‘perform nearly two-thirds of work hours’,
they ‘receive only one-tenth of the world’s income and less than
one-hundredth of the world’s property.’1 Nearly twenty years later, a
report by the United Nations-UNDP’s Human Development Report 1994–found
that, despite advances in labour-force participation, education and
health, women still constitute about two-thirds of the world’s
illiterates, hold fewer than half of the jobs on the market and are paid
half as much as men for work of equal value. Women make up only about 10
percent of the world’s parliamentarians and less than 4 percent of
cabinet members. The report concludes that ‘in no society are women
secure or treated equally’.2
Managing Water Resources for Environmentally Sustainable
Irrigated Agriculture in Pakistan
Authors: Afzal Muhammad
Published: August 2018

Pakistan’s agriculture is almost wholly dependent on
irrigation and irrigated land supplies more than 90 percent of
agricultural production. Irrigation is central to Pakistan’s economy.
Massive investments in irrigation contributed to the development of one
of the largest Indus Basin Irrigation System. Despite heavy budgetary
inputs in irrigation system, it is facing shortage of resources and
suffering from operational problems. The sustainability of irrigated
agriculture is threatened due to problems of waterlogging and salinity,
inadequate operation and maintenance, insufficient recovery of O&M
expenditure, inequitable distribution, environmental degradation,
institutional issues etc. The growing scarcity of water sets the future
stage for intensive competition over water between agriculture and
non-agricultural users. The growing need for food and fibre requirements
of increasing population further limits the per capita availability of
water. Due to the limited prospects for expanding irrigation facilities,
the projected increase in irrigated agriculture will have to come from
significant improvement in the performance of existing systems.
Policy-makers and planners are of the view that Pakistan’s irrigated
agriculture requires new strategies to enhance input efficiency and
maintain and improve the quality of the resource base and to get the
irrigation system out of crises. There is a global movement for
searching a new type of relationship between the managers of irrigated
agriculture and farmers. Such options are being considered by government
at various levels to put the system on sustainable development path. In
addressing the environmentally sustainable water resource management in
Pakistan, the paper makes an attempt to provide an over-view of water
resource issues and options.
Riba, Share-tenancy and Agrarian Reforms
Authors: Tahir Sayyid
Published: August 2018

Land tenureship may take the form of self-cultivation,
contractual workers, leasing and partnership. This paper focuses on the
last one known as muzara`ah or share-tenancy. After clarifying what riba
stands for, it reviews the misgiving about share-tenancy as a case of
riba. It also argues at length in favour of share-tenancy as a
legitimate mode of land tenure in Shari`ah. Finally, it also draws
attention to some reforms to ameliorate the negative aspects of
share-tenancy arrangements currently in vogue.
A New Look at the Asian Fertility Transition (Distinguishedl
Lecture)
Authors: Caldwell John C.
Published: August 2018

The significance of the Asian fertility transition can hardly
be overestimated. The relatively sanguine view of population growth
expressed at the 1994 International Conference for Population and
Development (ICPD) in Cairo was possible only because of the demographic
events in Asia over the last 30 years. In 1965 Asian women were still
bearing about six children. Even at current rates, today’s young women
will give birth to half as many. This measure, namely the average number
of live births over a reproductive lifetime, is called the total
fertility rate. It has to be above 2— considerably above if mortality is
still high—to achieve long-term population replacement. By 1995 East
Asia, taken as a whole, exhibited a total fertility rate of 1.9.
Elsewhere, Singapore was below long-term replacement, Thailand had just
achieved it, and Sri Lanka was only a little above. The role of Asia in
the global fertility transition is shown by estimates I made a few years
ago for a World Bank Planning Meeting covering the first quarter of a
century of the Asian transition [Caldwell (1993), p. 300]. Between 1965
and 1988 the world’s annual birth rate fell by 22 percent. In 1988 there
would have been 40 million more births if there had been no decline from
1965 fertility levels. Of that total decline in the world’s births,
almost 80 percent had been contributed by Asia, compared with only 10
percent by Latin America, nothing by Africa, and, unexpectedly, 10
percent by the high-income countries of the West. Indeed, 60 percent of
the decline was produced by two countries, China and India, even though
they constitute only 38 percent of the world’s population. They
accounted, between them, for over threequarters of Asia’s fall in
births.
Government Investment and Economic Growth in the Developing World
(The Distinguishedl Lecture)
Authors: Khan Mohsin S.
Published: August 2018

There has been a sea change in the views of the economics
profession as well as economic policy-makers over the past decade or so
regarding the role of the government in the development process. Indeed,
it is now becoming conventional wisdom that government can no longer be
a dominant player in economic activities, but rather should restrict
itself to providing an “enabling” environment within which the private
sector can take the lead and flourish. More specifically, government
intervention in the economy has to be designed carefully so as to
support the private sector and not inhibit its development. The general
acceptance of this paradigm is evident in the steadily declining
importance of government activities in the economies of most of the
developing world. But does this new paradigm mean that government
investment has no role whatsoever in affecting growth in developing
countries? Reality is that public investment still represents a large
share of total investment in the majority of developing countries, and
the question is what role it plays in relation to private investment in
stimulating economic growth. The objective of this paper is to ascertain
empirically for a large group of developing countries the relative
importance of public and private investment in promoting and sustaining
growth.
H. S. R. Kao, D. Sinha, N. Sek-Hong (eds). Effective Organisations and Social Values. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1994. 352 pages. Hardbound: Indian Rs 325.00.
Authors: Zafar Mahmood
Published: August 2018

This book contains interesting studies on an important topic, i.e., effective management, which is a prerequisite to increase the productivity of enterprises. It is divided into three parts: ‘Chinese Culture and Chinese Management’, ‘Work Values and Work Organisations’, and ‘Leadership, Management Style, and Organisational Change’. All essays, except three, have been selected from the ‘International Symposium on Social Values and Effective Organisations’, held at the National University, Chung-Li, Taiwan, on November 26–30, 1988. The book examines the impact of cultural and social values on organisational structure and work habits.
Barbara Harriss-White. The Political Economy of Agricultural Markets in South India: Masters of the Countryside. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1996. 425 pages. Hardbound. Indian Rs 395.00.
Authors: Afia Malik
Published: August 2018

The primary concern in this book is to enquire into the political economy of the marketing of dryland agricultural products, and the volume presents an analysis and discussion of the fieldwork carried out in Coimbatore district in Tamil Nadu, India, assessing the relevance of theory in the real world. The approach followed is a combination of institutional economics and political economy. The difference between the “new political economy” and the “old political economy” is explained, and the latter has been selected as relevant for the current project. “Old political economy”, basically concerned with power, challenges conventional research on the economics of agricultural markets. It is defined as an interdisciplinary agenda, exerting power for determining economic structure and behaviour. The author states that marketing in agricultural products is not a simple transaction between the producer and the consumer. Rather, it is explained better by the diversity and complexity of the marketing structure, institutions, and behaviour of the marketing system , looked at in a political-economy framework.
The Demand for Simple-sum and Divisia Monetary Aggregates for Pakistan: A Cointegration Approach
Authors: Syed Muhammad Tariq  , Kent Matthews
Published: August 2018

Financial liberalisation and the advance of financial innovation in a number of developed economies has been blamed for the break-down in the demand for money based on simple sum measures. This break-down has prompted research into Divisia measures of the demand for money. Like many developing countries, Pakistan is going through a period of financial deregulation which goes hand in hand with financial innovation due to increased competition in the banking industry. This paper employs the methodology of cointegration to compare simple-sum and Divisia level estimates of the demand for money for Pakistan for the period 1974Q4 to 1992Q4. Simple sum measures of M1 and M2 were compared with Divisia versions. The paper reports little evidence in support of the superiority of the Divisia monetary aggregates. Both types of measure produce a stable demand for money and perform satisfactorily in post-sample stability tests, although the Divisia measure appears to perform marginally better on conventional statistical criteria. However, our conclusions have to be qualified by the limitations of the data and the knowledge that the period of financial innovation and deregulation has been relatively recent. The policy significance of the results suggests that currently there is no advantage from switching from simple-sum to Divisia aggregates at the existing level of official aggregation as the proper indicator of monetary policy. However, if financial deregulation and innovation continues at the current pace, the Divisia aggregates may in future prove to be the better indicator.
Bernhard Glaeser. Housing, Sustainable Development and the Rural Poor. A Case Study of Tamil Nadu. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1989. 432 Pages. Hardbound, Indian Rs 465.00.
Authors: Rehana Siddiqui
Published: August 2018

Shelter is the most pressing need of the present times. Strategies to satisfy this need are urgently needed, particularly for the rural poor. Since eighty percent of the Indian population lives in the rural areas, the author tries to identify their demand for better houses and the required improvements in construction technology in rural India. This study is the result of a joint project of two institutes, i.e., Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) and Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin für Sozialforschung (Social Science Research Centre, Berlin) (WZB), based on a survey conducted in Tamil Nadu, India. The majority of the rural population covered by this study are landless labourers. The survey covered 300 households in 20 selected villages where 71 percent of the respondents were living in traditional katcha houses made of mud, bamboo, and palm leaves. The study concentrates on the poorest strata of rural society and collects information about socioeconomic properties such as income, occupation, education, energy, and water sources used by the respondents. The respondents were asked during the survey to reveal the household preferences for more living space, privacy, ownership, and availability of public services like piped water, electricity, sewerage system, etc. The analysis is based on 291 (out of 300) questionnaires (households schedule).
Chandan Mukherjee, Howard White, and Marc Wuyts. Econometrics and Data Analysis for Developing Countries. London: Routledge, 1998. 496 pages. Paperback, £ 24.99.
Authors: Rizwana Siddiqui
Published: August 2018

The book describes, in detail, rigorous and accessible methods for modern data analysis. Traditionally, data analysis was not considered important in model specification and estimation. The theoretical models were estimated against given data. However, currently, the emphasis is on in-depth data analysis before utilising it for model estimation. Utilising the data from developing countries, the authors discuss suitable techniques in different situations.1 After the introductory chapter, the book is divided into the following five parts: Foundation of Data Analysis; Regression and Data Analysis; Analysing Cross-section Data; Regression with Time-series Data; and Simultaneous Equation Models.
The Evolving Structure of Civil Society and the State in
Pakistan
Authors: Qadeer Mohammad
Published: August 2018

The 'Civil Society' is the newest factor in the development
equation, and the strengthening of civil society is• the latest addition
to the agenda of development. This emphasis necessitates a probe into
the structure of Pakistan's civil society. The civil society in
Pakistan-or anywhere else-has both the traditional and modern
components. It is made up of institutions and organisations that stand
between the state and the individuals as well as communities. They
regulate the collective life at the intermediate level and act as
mobilisers of people's opinions and actions. Pakistan's civil society is
not entirely constituted by NGOs and special interest groups. It has
Beradaris, bazaar associations, and NGOs. The .paper offers two
conclusions: (I) Pakistans civil society has evolved through three
phases .and is divided in the traditional. and modern tracks. In recent
times, it has fractured along ethnic and sectarian lines and the
denominational interests have come to dominate. (2) The state and the
civil society evolve in tandem. Without an effective state, there can
not be a strong and democratic civil society.
Financial Market Reform in Pakistan
Authors: Khan Mahmood Hasan
Published: August 2018

The paper argues that the finance dimension of economic
development has often been treated as an aftellhought by researchers and
politicians alike, because it is considered to be too "sophisticated" to
matter for "simple" economies. The role of the financial sector was
considered to be primarily for mobilising resources to increase growth.
However, expclicnce has also revealed that financial development,
including stock market development, is correlated with current and
future economic growth, capital accumulation, and productivity
improvements. It is suggested that a strategy for financial market
development in emerging economies is better evolved from the perspective
of the "functions" of financial markets as envisaged in modern financial
literature. It is also argued that financial sector policies in emerging
economies should focus on enhancing, rather than inhibiting, the
multiple roles of financial markets.
Population Planning in Pakistan: Issues in Implementation and its
Impact
Authors: Mahmood Naushin , Ali Syed Mubashir
Published: August 2018

It is over three decades now that we have official family
planning programme in Pakistan. However, because of the absence of a
coherent approach to overcome the social and cultural obstacles to the
use of family planning in conjunction with poor service delivery and
outreach activities; ineffective information, education and
communication campaign; frequent changes in the organisational set up of
the programme; inefficient management and lack of political commitment
to family planning, the programme failed to achieve tangible success.
Nevertheless, recent demographic and fertility surveys indicated some
positive changes in the demographic indicators. This suggest that the
population programme may be in the right direction. In order to
accelerate the pace of these changes, intensive and concerted efforts
are needed.
Learning from the Past: A Fifty-year Perspective on Pakistan’s
Development (Distinguishedl Lecture)
Authors: Hasan Parvez
Published: August 2018

In some ways, Pakistan’s economic growth since 1947 has been
remarkable. The country’s economic viability was considered, in some
quarters,1 in serious doubt at its emergence, but it has managed,
despite a quadrupling of the population, to bring about significant
improvement in the average living standards. Per capita GNP growth, on
average around 2 percent per annum over a long stretch of nearly fifty
years, has been the best among countries of the subcontinent. This
growth has meant an increase in average income of about 150 percent over
1950–96. But Pakistan, like many other developing countries, has not
been able to narrow the gap between itself and rich industrial nations
which have grown faster on a per head basis. Also, Pakistan has lost
substantial economic ground to the rapidly growing economies of East
Asia notably China, South Korea, Thailand, Malaysia and Indonesia. In
1960, South Korea’s per capita income was only marginally ahead of
Pakistan’s. In the short period of one generation, Korea had an income
level which on purchasing power parity basis five times that of Pakistan
in 1995. On the same basis, Thailand and Malaysia enjoyed a per capita
income advantage of 200 to 300 percent over Pakistan (Table
2).
The Effects of the Foreign Direct Investment Liberalisation on
Pakistan (Distinguishedl Lecture)
Authors: Guisinger Stephen
Published: August 2018

Pakistan for many years maintained strict controls on foreign
direct investment. However, over the past decade controls on foreign
investment in manufacturing have diminished sharply, though less so for
the service sector. The government continues to impose restrictions on
foreign trade, which adversely affect foreign direct investors in
several ways. Nonetheless, Pakistan has moved a substantial distance
toward liberalising direct foreign investment. There are two obvious
policy issues related to foreign investment raised by these
developments. First, should Pakistan proceed further toward
liberalisation and at what pace? Second, with a liberalised investment
sector, should Pakistan become an active protagonist among developing
countries for a multilateral agreement on investment?
Supply, Demand, and Policy Environment for Pulses in
Pakistan
Authors: Ghafoor Mubarik Ali , . Abedullah
Published: August 2018

This paper fills an information gap regarding factors
affecting the supply and demand of pulses in Pakistan. The short- and
long-term supply elasticities were estimated using the Nerlovian partial
adjustment process, while demand elasticities were estimated by applying
the Deaton and Muellbauer Almost Ideal Demand System (AIDS). Generally
lack of technological innovation in pulses, except in mungbean, has
reduced their production and they are pushed to low intensive areas
which are marginal for cereal and cash crop production. Pulses did not
benefit from the investment in irrigation infrastructure. Increase in
wage rates has further affected the mungbean and lentil production. On
the demand side, contrary to normal belief, pulses have high own-price
demand and income elasticities. Thus decline in pulses consumption is
not caused by their being regarded as inferior goods, rather it can be
attributed to disproportionate increase in pulses price, as laxity in
pulses research left their production behind demand. The high-yielding,
short-duration, and pest-resistant pulses varieties with synchronised
maturity can revive their production trend as well as improve the
dietary pattern, especially of the poor.
A Seasonality in the Pakistani Equity Market: The Ramadhan
Effect
Authors: Husain Fazal
Published: August 2018

This paper attempts to explore a seasonal pattern, the
Ramadhan effect, in the Pakistani equity market. Ramadhan, the holy
month of fasting, is expected to affect the behaviour of stock market in
Pakistan where the environment in Ramadhan is different from other
months as people devote more time to perform religious rituals and the
general economic activity slows down. The effects of Ramadhan on mean
return and stock returns volatility are examined by including a dummy
variable in regressions and GARCH models respectively. The analysis
indicates a significant decline in stock returns volatility in this
month although the mean return indicates no significant
change.
International Labour Office. World Employment Report 1998-99.
Employability in the Global Economy: How Training Matters. Geneva: ILO.
248pp.Paperback. Price US$34.95.
Authors: Mahmood Mir Annice
Published: August 2018

Statistics reveal that some one billion employable workers are
unemployed— almost 33 percent of the total global workforce.
Unemployment has therefore come to be a significant political issue in
Western Europe, the developing world, and the former ‘tiger’ economies
of the Far East and South East Asia. Former Soviet Union and Eastern
Europe, undergoing a process of structural reform, have also significant
populations that are in search of employment. The world outlook for
employment is therefore very grim. Such high levels of unemployment
cause major economic losses not only to national economies but also to
the world economy by reducing growth rates, thereby further adding to
the problem of unemployment, a vicious cycle indeed. The rise of
unemployment levels requires radical new measures that need to be put in
place if this problem is to be tackled effectively at the national and
international levels.
Estimates of Farm Output Supply and Input Demand Elasticities:
The Translog Profit Function Approach
Authors: Chaudhary Muhammad Ali , Khan Mushtaq Ahmad , Naqvi Kaukab Hassan
Published: August 2018

The importance of estimating valid elasticities of farm output
supply and input demand can hardly be overemphasised. Reliable estimates
of these elasticities are sine qua non for predicting accurately the
farmer responsiveness to changes in inputoutput prices and government
taxes and thereby for formulating successful agricultural incentive
programmes consistent with national requirements of food, development
and exports. In fact, robust estimates of the coefficients of such
elasticities can serve as a solid basis in determining effective policy
relevant interventions for promoting production, equity, efficiency, and
finally egalitarian income distribution in the farm sector ofthe
economy.
Estimating the Production Potential of Major Crops in Pakistan’s
Irrigated Agriculture during the 21st Century
Authors: Jehangir Waqar A. , Ali Nazim , Rana Zakir Hussain , Gill Zulfiqar A.
Published: August 2018

Land and irrigation are the basic resources in agriculture.
The role and importance of these resources and their contribution
towards productivity, in the context of the country’s increasing
population, can hardly be exaggerated. Pakistani agriculture is set in a
very distinctive situation of an increasing population on the one hand
and diminishing resources on the other. The population of Pakistan was
reported to be 131.63 million in 1996 and is projected to be 207 million
in 2013 [Pakistan (1996) and WSIP (1990)]. The agriculture sector has to
face the difficult task of doubling the existing food production by the
turn of this century. The situation demands horizontal and vertical
growth in the productivity, either by bringing more land under
cultivation, or by increasing the cropping intensity of the existing
land resources. This can also be accomplished by bringing more land
under cultivation from the cultivable uncultivated area (a large
proportion of which exists on medium and large farms under waterlogged
or saline conditions). In this context, it becomes important to identify
the nature of the relationship that exists between farm size and
unculturable wastelands and the kinds of changes the green
revolution/SCARPs projects introduced to this relationship.
Issues in the Designing of Public Sector Reform
Authors: Haq Nadeem ul
Published: August 2018

“Civil service reform,” which has become the nickname for
public sector management reform in the parlance of development
economics, has only recently and grudgingly been accepted by those who
advise on policy in the poor countries. Even then, the approach is
somewhat paternalistic in that it emphasises externally-designed rules
and processes for management, organisation, audit and accountability. It
recognises the role of people in terms of noting that incentives and
employment policies matter but only in terms of right-sizing the
government and second to the need to spread budgetary resources over the
politically chosen level of employment. What it does not accept is that
and the drive to manage the public sector better has to be led and
implemented by the domestic talent and in that they must have both the
incentive and the honour of doing just that. This paper argues that the
main reason that the public sector management has suffered in many of
the poor countries is that incentives have been allowed to erode rapidly
as public sector employment was viewed politically as a means of
providing welfare.
The Underground Economy and Tax Evasion in Pakistan: Annual
Estimates (1960-1998) and the Impact of Dollarisation of the
Economy
Authors: Aslam Salman
Published: August 2018

The underground economy (DE) and tax evasion have been a focus
of research in Pakistan for many years now. The growing interest in
these areas is because of persistent budget deficits resulting from
inadequate tax revenues. It is not the presence but the size of the
underground economy and the extent of tax evasion that is a major cause
of concern. The growth rate of the underground economy is crucial to
policy making. Lack of information in this regard is often held
responsible for distortions in major macroeconomic indicators. In
effect, the socio-economic policies based on the~e indicators are made
ineffectual. Thus up-to-date estimates of the size and growth of the
underground economy are very importaRt. Social and economic policies
directly affect the size and growth of the underground economy. Major
policy changes like structural reforms in the financial and banking
sectors make a significant impact on both .economies. In this respect,
it is crucial to gauge the impact of structural changes like
dollarisation of the economy on underground activities.
Socio-cultural, Religious, and Political Aspects of the Status of
Women in Pakistan
Authors: Hakim Abdul , Aziz Azra
Published: August 2018

This paper gives an overview of socio-cultural, religious and
political background of Pakistani society and examines the current
status of women utilising data from Pakistan Fertility and Family
planning Survey 1996-97. The low status of women is one of the many
factors in Pakistani society, which interfere with the achievement of
development goals. The success of family planning intervention also
mainly depends upon the cooperation and involvement of women. The
traditional social structures and norms that limit women's roles may
limit their ability to contribute in efforts to control population
growth. Some indicators, such as education of women, employment of
women, women's participation in domestic and child related decisions,
women's mobility, communication about family planning, religion and
family planning, have been examined from Pakistan Fertility and Family
Planning Survey (1996-97) [For detail of PFFPS, see Hakim et at.
(1998)]. Data reveal that there is a little improvement in the social
indicators of status of women in Pakistan, however, it is still very low
which inhibit their participation in education and in the labour force
as well as encouraging their high fertility. Maintenance of traditional
Islamic and cultural restrictions on women may also conflict with the
achievement of development goals in family planning. Hence an
examination is required of Islamic teachings and customary laws
affecting the status of women in Pakistani society and the family which
ultimately restrict women from adopting family planning
measures.
Trends in Inequality and Welfare in Consumption Expenditure: The
Case of Pakistan
Authors: Haq Rashida
Published: August 2018

Economic growth is important, but at the same time it loses
its importance if nothing trickles down to the poor. One of the frequent
heard arguments against growth strategies is that it benefits only the
comparatively well off segment of the society. This means that the
concomitant of economic growth is more skewed income distribution.
Growth and equity should be solved subsequently or in some cases
simultaneously, otherwise these countries are exposed to disaster
[Hirschman (1973)]. The surge for income distribution studies both in
developed and developing countries has, however, been caused by
different reasons. In a developed nation, a high economic growth, in
terms of GNP per capita and the introduction of the concept of a welfare
state necessitated a widespread debate on income inequality and relative
poverty issues. In the developing countries, failure to achieve
sustainable high growth rates and disappointment from the pursuit of
growth-led macro-economic policies in the past decade has surfaced a
need to conduct income distribution studies and policies.