bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TOMMASO LANDOLFI AND EUGENIO MONTALE ON THE WAY TO THE GAME (based on autobiographical prose)
Authors: Saburova Lyudmila Ye.
Published: October 2020

In the autobiographical prose of Eugenio Montale and Tommaso Landolfi , the theme of travel plays a signifi cant role. The development and refraction of this theme is directly related to the concept of home, which is different for these writers. Tommaso Landolfi , leading the life of a hermit in a small provincial town, seeks to travel to large centres full of social life. Eugenio Montale, who was less attached to the family nest, in the latter part of his life lives in Milan. Tired of the burden of fame and the noise of the big city, he sets off for quiet secluded places unlike Italy, where he can fi nally rest. In the works of both writers, travel is closely related to the theme of the game. Tommaso Landolfi , who sees the meaning of human life in the game, combines his travels with «forays into gambling», that is, to the casino. Roulette becomes an opportunity for him to communicate with a higher power, to receive answers to existential questions that torment him. Eugenio Montale travels in disguise, changing masks. In his imaginary game world, he animates objects and makes friends with them. For both writers in their travel, a special role is played by inscriptions and signs, which are perceived by them as secret messages.
OPERATIVE-SEARCH MONITORING THE INTERNET AS AN ELEMENT OF COUNTERING CRIMES OF EXTREMIST DIRECTION
Authors: Kutuzov Aleksey V.
Published: October 2020

The article substantiates the need to use Internet monitoring as a priority source of information in countering extremism. Various approaches to understanding the defi nition of the category of «operational search», «law enforcement» monitoring of the Internet are analysed, the theoretical development of the implementation of this category in the science of operational search is investigated. The goals and subjects of law enforcement monitoring are identifi ed. The main attention is paid
to the legal basis for the use of Internet monitoring in the detection and investigation of extremist crimes. In the course of the study hermeneutic, formal-logical, logical-legal and comparative-legal methods were employed, which were used both individually and collectively in the analysis of legal norms, achievements of science and practice, and development of proposals to refi ne the conduct of operational-search measures on the Internet when solving extremist crimes. The author’s defi nition of «operational-search monitoring» of the Internet is provided. Proposals have been made to improve the activities of police units when conducting monitoring of the Internet in the context of the search for relevant information to the disclosure and investigation of crimes of that category.
HPLC Pigment Analizinde Kromatografik Ayırma Parametreleri
Authors: AĞIRBAŞ Ertuğrul , AKYÜZ Osman
Published: October 2020

Güney Doğu Karadeniz (Artvin-Giresun) kıyıları boyunca Kasım 2014-Ağustos 2015 tarihleri arasında mevsimsel olarak yürütülen bu çalışmada pigment analizinde kullanılan kromatorgrafik ayırma parametreleri ve pigmente dayalı fitoplankton boy gruplarının zamansal ve alansal değişimleri araştırılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında 12 farklı istasyonda yüzeyden mevsimsel örneklemeler gerçekleştirilmiştir. HPLC-DAD koşullarına bağlı olarak gerçekleştirilen analizler sonucunda 16 standart bileşiğin 38 dakika içerisinde uygun ayırımı elde edilmiştir. Ayırma parametreleri ve çözünürlük değerleri piklerin ayırımının %100’e yakın olduğunu göstermiştir. Kullanılan yöntemin pigment analizi için geçereli olduğu görülmüştür. Çalışma bölgesinde mikrofitoplankton (%8-88) öne çıkan grup olurken bunu pikofitoplankton (%3-60) ve nanofitoplankton (%1-60) takip etmiştir.
O liberalnej koncepcji państwa
Authors: Haremska Katarzyna
Published: October 2020

The state is the means by which the most primeval human problems are solved. It is, an entirety, capable of confronting an opponent in a fierce fight for survival. It is an authoritative, total and sovereign entity, having at its disposal the power to set out measures, to encompass the whole of public life and to make final decisions; it is in such words that this institution was described by Carl Schmitt, who added: should any of these features be missing, the state will cease to exist. Its existence depends on this power, which is necessary to identify the enemy adequately, to defeat it and to make peace. The state is also an answer to those human passions too destructive to be freely unleashed; conceit, envy and aggression. Machiavelli, Hobbes, de Maistre or Hegel, regarded as political thinkers par excellence, had no doubts whatsoever in this respect. Because of their anthropological pessimism, they were all followers of Plato. They knew that the realm of politics is a cave where one should not expect to meet wise men and saints. A hero of politics is enthralled by the play of shadows and echoes and devotes to it his all time and passion. Moved by an exuberant ambition and tempted by the hope of immortal glory, he pursues mirages.The liberals seem not to understand these nooks and crannies of the human psyche and not even to notice them. They reduce the mystery of our multifarious needs to one: lust. The entire wealth of feelings is reduced to the fear of poverty, greed and the want of luxury. They claim that all our choices are accompanied by economic motivation. The central character of liberal philosophy is Adam Smith’s homo oeconomicus. The Wealth of Nations is, to them, a priceless source of knowledge regarding everyone’s conduct. The economic way of thinking and the methods of eliminating tensions derived from the capitalist economy should, to them, provide a template for the solving of conflicts in other areas as well, including politics. What becomes important is the scope of power, which raises the highest distrust. It is the largest threat to the value which has been recognised as the most precious: human freedom.
The State in the Continental European Tradition
Authors: Kaczorowski Paweł
Published: October 2020

The main issue is: what is the State? An article presents what the concept of State entails, the essential elements of its structure, and the basic stages of its development. The State is a historical creation. It has a specific existential cause and purpose, and a set organizational framework within which its entire ethical and political substance must be inscribed. The framework and the substance of the State are distinct spheres, and the awareness of the distinction between these two spheres is important. At the same time, they can only be distinguished in the abstract. In reality one cannot separate them or glimpse them functioning separately, as if on different levels. In reality both dimensions interpenetrate and are mixed together. The organizational dimension only exists as a condition for the axiological, albeit a necessary condition. The other, axiological dimension is also necessary, but in a different way. The first is necessary because of the realities of life, the real situation. The second is necessary in the moral sense. Necessity in the moral sense is immutable, whereas the necessity of an organizational framework depends on the historical-social situation and can therefore change. Thus, if the conditions, circumstances or the factual situation should change, then the organizational framework could actually turn out to be useless, whereas the values and ideals remained necessary.
Authority – the Enemy of Freedom?
Authors: Merta Tomasz
Published: October 2020

It is difficult to establish unequivocally why authority evokes such negative connotations. Authority’s historical manifestations, especially in the 20th century, do not contribute to the amelioration of negative sentiments. The use of authority often leads to its abuse, and though the frequency argument is not philosophically conclusive, nor can it be altogether ignored. This consonance of negative sentiments does not, however, mean that authority is not a  controversial matter. It is; but its controversiality is of a peculiar kind, in which it is not a question of whether authority is good or bad, but whether it is a lesser or a greater evil. Or more accurately, whether it is a necessary or an unnecessary evil. The diverse opinions in this matter have their origin in different anthropological visions of man. One group, which tends to be much more optimistic in its assessment of human nature, professes all authority to be superfluous. The anarchic utopia is presented as the alternative to authority, the utopia of a spontaneous order founded upon agreements established in each particular moment by the members of a given society. The second position, which is more pessimistic of human nature, sees authority as a necessary element, which superimposes order on the chaos of reality, and in so doing creates suitable living conditions by protecting humans from each other. The first conception sees authority as an enemy or, more precisely, as an unjustified destroyer of freedom. The second sees it as a strict father who protects his child for his own good, but in order to do this he justifiably restricts the child’s freedom. The dispute between these two positions is usually resolved through a process of painful reflection: the first position is rejected as being unlikely and unrealistic, while the second is accepted as uncomfortable but necessary.
Uwagi o pojęciu państwa i suwerenności
Authors: Kaczorowski Paweł
Published: October 2020

The author presents defi nitions of the concepts ‘state’ and ‘sovereignty’, which were formed in the modern era on the grounds of the European philosophy of politics, and reads them in the context of the Polish historical and political experience. He posits that the two concepts make up an inseparable whole belonging to the European tradition of statehood, in which sovereignty is the fundamental feature of a state and of a political structure, a feature which such a structure, if it constitutes a state must, in a way, by definition, possess. Sovereignty is a unique feature of a state because it stands apart from state’s other traits; it also stands apart from the state itself. It is distinct among other features, because the latter assume its existence, as it is only a sovereign state which can have the real, authentic and lasting features which determine its identity and character.
Problem narodu w pismach Stanisława Staszica
Authors: Matlęgiewicz Tomasz
Published: October 2020

The author presents the manner of understanding the notion of a ’nation’ in Polish intellectual space at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. The specific, historical and political situation of Poland brought forth an untypical answer to the question, ”What does it mean to be Polish?”. Such an answer is exemplified by the political thought of Stanisław Staszic. The author subjects particular writings of Staszic to scrutiny, demonstrating both the evolution of his thinking and the foundations upon which his interpretation of the concept of a ’nation’ was based.
Dlaczego Anglosasi nie lubią Foucaulta?
Authors: Podniesiński Michał
Published: October 2020

The author presents a criticism of the modern concept of power and, specifically, of the concept of ’sovereignty’ as articulated by Michel Foucault. What does it consist in, and what meaning does the undermining, by a French philosopher, of the idea of the legitimisation of power have for a modern state? A polemic with Foucault’s views, by Charles Taylor, serves as a departure point for the aforesaid considerations.
Komu potrzebna jest dzisiaj filozofia polityki?
Authors: Markiewicz Barbara A.
Published: October 2020

What is the philosophy of politics in contemporary times and how can the need for its presence be justified? The philosophy of politics is no longer needed by politicians themselves, primarily because it cannot be applied to an electoral campaign and will thus not ensure them an electoral victory. Public opinion probably feels no such a need either, bearing in mind that what it expects is more along the lines of new episodes of a political serial rather than a holistic philosophical interpretation of political reality. Public opinion might begin to feel such a need if it were to prove possible to restore, partly at least, its civic awareness, which is to say, the awareness that emerges on becoming conscious of the necessity for political freedom, for there is no politics without citizens; there is, at most, social policy and its clientele. Without a community of the free and equal, which may consist of citizens alone, there will be no philosophy itself, including that of politics. Philosophy should not treat politics as a certain, particular field or a distinct area of study, It has to learn to recognise in it the basis of this particular form of being, a community of ‘good life’ which is also its own fount.
Czy ludzkość „poprawiona naukowo” może być wolna? Dystopie Aldousa Huxleya, Stanisława Lema i Anthony’ego Burgessa w świetle myśli Ericha Fromma
Authors: Oramus Dominika
Published: October 2020

The author refers to three authors, Anthony Burgess, Aldous Huxley and Stanisław Lem, who, when building their visions of a biologically ‘amended’ society, imbue them with their apprehensions of the psychological consequences of civilisation’s further development; the more or less voluntary limitation of the freedom of the individual, globalisation, the domination of ‘dumbed-down’ popular culture and advanced science and technology at the service of the ruling elite. The writers and the philosopher continually warned the reader that a combination of these factors will result in the emergence of a new totalitarianism, a dictatorship disguised as an apparently permissive utopia. The author demonstrates how the writers in question are part of the pessimistic stream of reflection on humankind which  dominated the Western thought of the mid-20th century and which found its fullest reflection in Erich Fromm’s Escape from Freedom.
Zagadnienie totalitaryzmu we włoskim kręgu kulturowym. Spór o faszyzm
Authors: Fligel Anna
Published: October 2020

The author aims primarily at a critical reflection on the most important threads of a debate ongoing in Italy with regard to Italian Fascism. In the Italian cultural circle, there are three phases in reflection on the issues of totalitarianism. The first is the time from the beginning of the interwar period until the end of the World War II; the development of Fascist ideology. The second phase is the period where, in fact, the question of totalitarianism is cloaked in silence; in other words, the years from the end of World War II until the nineteen seventies. When browsing through various bibliographies of Italian texts dwelling in one way or another on the issue, it becomes evident that few of them were written then. The third phase of reflection on the issue of totalitarianism is the period from the nineteen seventies to the present day.
Ontologia społeczeństwa, teoria światopoglądu i sowietologia – trzy obszary dociekań filozoficznych nad totalitaryzmem
Authors: Wierzejski Wojciech
Published: October 2020

The article is devoted to the political philosophy of Father Jozef Maria Bochenski. One of Poland’s best-known Polish philosophers and logicians of the twentieth century, he represented the Thomistic, and later, the analytic tradition. His concept of totalitarianism is first presented on the ontological level and then in the context of the theory of ideology and Weltanschauung, worldview, which he rigorously distinguished from scientific philosophy. Finally, his thinking on the topic is set out as a subject of Sovietological studies, an interdisciplinary branch of scholarship examining communism as an ideology and as an organisation.
Klasyczna lekcja umiarkowania. Allan Bloom o relacji między filozofem a wspólnotą polityczną
Authors: Stefanek Tomasz
Published: October 2020

The author constitutes a reconstruction of Allan Bloom’s position on the relationship between the philosopher and the political community, which is important to philosophical tradition, as is symbolised by Socrates and his dispute with the Athenian polis. Texts authored by Bloom, as well as the Saul Bellow’s novel Ravelstein, provided the basis for the reconstruction. The novel’s protagonist, a professor of philosophy by the name of Abe Ravelstein, was modelled on Allan Bloom, while Chick, the narrator, corresponds to the author himself. Ravelstein is the story of their friendship, which has lasted from Bloom’s return to the University of Chicago in 1978 until his death in 1992. The article brings Bloom’s reflections closer to the Polish philosophical space, where they are, as yet, not widely known.
O potencjale rewolucyjnym w Europie
Authors: Grosse Tomasz Grzegorz
Published: October 2020

The article aims to analyze the situation in the European Union in terms of whether it is possible to talk about the prerevolutionary situation in 2013. This analysis refers to the three factors contributing to violent political change, that is the geopolitical factor, economic factor, and democratic legitimacy. The article concludes with a forecast of possible changes in the current integration processes, which may be a result of accumulation of political tensions in the above-mentioned fields.
Demokracja jako permanentna rewolucja w ujęciu Claude’a Leforta
Authors: Sawicka Jolanta
Published: October 2020

When young, Claude Lefort, was a committed Trotskyist. However, in the mid 50’s he lost his faith in the communist and truly proletarian revolution, which was presumed to lead to a truly socialist society. By claiming Marxism was not a political philosophy, he proposed a new view on politics. The foundation of this new philosophy was the opposition of totalitarianism and democracy. What kind of society it is, totalitarian or democratic, is decided by looking at the authority. In totalitarianism the place of the authority is occupied by one particular person, or a particular group. In democracy, that place is empty. Nobody, or no group may take this place permanently. However, at the same time everyone has the right to it. So democracy as such has no solid foundations; its foundations are undefined and unstable. For Lefort, it is democracy that constitutes revolution, which makes members of the society constantly involved in politics, so as not to allow one person to take that empty place. A question then arises, does permanent revolution really determine a democratic society and protects against totalitarianism?
Głód w latach 1932–1933 w historiografii ukraińskiej i w konstrukcji nowoczesnego mitu fundacyjnego Ukrainy
Authors: Stryjek Tomasz
Published: October 2020

The author analyses the contemporary narrative of the Great Famine of 1932–1933 (Holodomor) in Ukraine in two contexts: the policy towards the state’s memory after 1991 and academic historiography. The first part of the article points to the fact that the Great Famine has become a modern foundational myth of Ukraine. The myth is compared with the myth of Sweden, which also relates to the nineteenth- and twentieth-century history and the fight to ensure food self-sufficiency of the  nation. However, the messages of these myths turn out to be different. While in Sweden it expresses the society’s successful fight for the fruits of the earth, in Ukraine it has remarkably martyrological connotations – from the seventeenth to the twentieth century, the neighbouring nations and states have been playing the roles of perpetrators of poverty and misery of the Ukrainian people. The second part of this paper is devoted to the analysis of differences in the interpretations of the Great Famine made by two contemporary Ukrainian historians: Stanisław Kulczycki and Heorhiy Kasyanov. The former has eventually come to the conclusion that the Great Famine was caused by the genocidal policy of the Soviet authorities towards Ukrainians as a civic nation (2008). On the other hand, Kasyanov claims that the Great Famine was triggered unintentionally by the state authorities. In his opinion, it resulted from the chaos of forced collectivization policy, and then was used by Moscow to break the emancipatory aspirations of the Ukrainian elite. While the author admits that the second of these interpretations is more relevant, he does not fully agree with Kasyanov’s postulates regarding the way of presenting the disaster to the public. The “antropologization” of the narrative would be convincing for academic historians, but others would find it hard to understand. According to the author, the Great Famine was the second largest disaster caused by man in the history of Europe, next to the extermination of Soviet prisoners of war and the population of the occupied territories of Eastern Europe by the Third Reich. As such, it marks the history of Ukraine in a special way. The author agrees with Kasyanov’s criticism of presenting Holodomor as the genocide of the Ukrainian people carried out by Russians.
Szaleństwo nadprodukcji. Model industrialny produkcji żywności – krytyka i alternatywa
Authors: Wierzejski Wojciech
Published: October 2020

This article presents the system of industrial food animal production (IFAP) in the USA. There is a trend in animal agriculture to conduct fewer financial operations and to have more animals raised on each farm and fewer corporations controlling most aspects of the supply chain – from breeding through feed production to slaughter and the marketing of meat, milk and eggs. Much of the burden of producing animal products in the industrialized system is externalized in public health and natural environment, and it also generates considerable social costs. The model, however, has been followed in many other countries and continues to be replicated around the world. Is there an alternative?
Modernizacja gospodarcza i przemoc w XX wieku
Authors: Leszczyński Adam
Published: October 2020

In the twentieth century, economic modernization projects were often part of a broader programme of social engineering, which did not avoid – and in many cases assumed – the use of violence. The author analyses the relationship between definitions of modernity developed by the classic authors of modernization theory during the 1950s and 1960s (D. Lerner, D. Apter, E. Shils), tries to look for their roots in Marx’s writings on colonialism, and shows the consequences of the radical version of such projects, using the example of the Chinese modernization programme implemented by Mao (1949–1959). In conclusion, Leszczyński assumes that a clear relationship can be traced between socio-economic modernization programmes and political violence in the twentieth century.
Hobbes i Grocjusz o wojnie i przemocy w stosunkach międzynarodowych
Authors: Wonicki Rafał
Published: October 2020

This article compares two philosophical traditions and their attitudes to war and violence within the context of international relations. The first refers to Hobbes’ political realism, the second to the Grotian idea of international community. Each of these traditions understands the role of violence and war at an international level differently. From the perspective of political realism, violence is part of anarchistic relations between states and a means for achieving their goals. From the  perspective of international community, violence is a factor that needs to be minimized via the mechanisms of peaceful international cooperation between states. Based on the analysis of these two approaches, it is claimed that the Hobbesian perspective can be partly included in the perspective of the English School, which is based on the Grotian tradition.
Carl Schmitt o państwie jako monopolu polityczności (a nie przemocy)
Authors: Święcicki Łukasz
Published: October 2020

Carl Schmitt is known for his concept of the political (das Politische), but little has been said about the relation between the political and violence. The main premise of this article is that violence lurks behind considerations on the political. While  Weber wrote about the state as a monopoly of violence, Schmitt develops a concept of state as a monopoly of the political. Weber’s theory is rooted in the shaky and revolutionary times of transition from the Wilhelmine monarchy to the Weimar democracy. Schmitt’s concept of the political reflects the crisis of the Weimar monopoly of the political, when the existence of the state (its constitution in the Schmittian sense) became endangered by the highly political and ideologically driven groups striving for power. The weaker the executive power, the greater the risk of minority groups seizing power in a legal way. Politically, neutral law is not able to contain them, as it would see such law lose its neutrality. In this, Schmitt sees the possibility for legal revolution that can take place without violence. Weber did not foresee this risk in his concept of state. The main lesson on the part of Schmitt is therefore: what was suffi cient for containing revolution in the past (the monopoly of violence) may not be adequate in contemporary Weimar and therefore, the monopoly of the political is crucial.
Kultura polityczna: czy tego można się nauczyć?
Authors: Markiewicz Barbara A.
Published: October 2020

In this paper, the concept of political culture is considered in reference to the notions of G.A. Almond, S. Verba and J. Rawls. It is defined as a specific educational project, which is linked to the idea of a fair, democratic and constitutional system. The author also points to potential contemporary obstacles to implementation of this project. Deepening inequalities arising from personal culture are the first threat to liberal civic education. The second threat is associated with the development of new media and the related changes in the public sphere, including various forms of political and civic activity.
Filozoficzne ujęcie kultury politycznej
Authors: Nogal Agnieszka
Published: October 2020

The theory of political culture was presented by two well-known scientists, Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba. They outlined three pure types of political culture that can be combined to create civic culture. They argued that we are in transition toward a more universalistic political culture, which may be characterized by unification and participation. The thesis of this paper is that we observe a return of the category of political culture in philosophical and normative, rather than in sociological and descriptive, terms. A well-known political philosopher, John Rawls, created a model of liberal political culture. Other modern scholars also suggested that education and political culture are the keys to establishing the institutional forms of liberal democracy. The difference between the recent understanding of political culture and that presented by Almond and Verba in the 1970s is vivid and important. In the 1970s, political culture was perceived in sociological terms – as a historically shaped set of attitudes and practices which can be described by using quantitative and qualitative tools. Today, political culture has become a subject of research in the field of political philosophy. It is recognized in its normative dimension, and it shapes a debate around the positive model of citizenship.
Kultura obywatelska w społeczeństwie konsumpcyjnym
Authors: Przybyszewski Krzysztof
Published: October 2020

This paper reflects on how civic culture is shaped in consumer society. Contemporary society is now often described as a ‘consumer society’. In this society, identity and status are acquired and social inclusion or integration is considered to be achieved through participation in consumer activity.
Wolność słowa a zjawisko propagandy
Authors: Miklaszewska Justyna
Published: October 2020

In modern liberal democratic societies, freedom of speech is one of the fundamental rights of an individual guaranteed by the constitution. It is also the foundation of a democratic state. This right is sometimes abused for political purposes and demagogic propaganda, in both totalitarian systems and democracies, which adversely affects the stability of a state. Propaganda mechanisms negatively influence the sphere of community values and concepts which change their meanings through manipulation. The author examines the language of demagogic propaganda and concludes that it disrupts the communication process in society. These destructive tendencies are opposed under the political culture of a democratic society, thanks to legal regulations protecting freedom from manipulation.
Krytyczny i polityczny wymiar wyobraźni w filozofii Georgesa Didi-Hubermana
Authors: Weichert Katarzyna
Published: October 2020

Didi-Huberman treats the montage of images as a reconstructive, critical and consequently political tool. It involves disassembling and assembling fragments (of an image and text) in different constellations in search of contrasts, relationships and new meanings. The montage is both a way to create sequences and narratives and a tool to break an image of reality and a discourse. In his book Images malgré tout, the author struggles with the impotence of imagination and the illegibility of images, which, however, are testimony to the demanding efforts of confrontation and imagination. They represent an important and controversial subject of the politics of memory. The analysis of Bertolt Brecht’s diaries shows a second – critical and deconstructive – aspect of montage. Photographs and texts compiled by Brecht in Arbeitsjournal and Kriegsfibel undermine their previous significance, causing shock and forcing viewers to adapt their attitudes towards them.Images acquire meaning and expression along with other images and texts; they require knowledge and imagination, otherwise they are just incomprehensible views. They do not represent a final, whole and individual truth. They stimulate thinking and imagining; they can allow us to build a narrative, understand an event, distance ourselves from the surrounding, feel a sense of strangeness and alienation, and at the same time – through provocation – produce a critical engagement. The montage of images does not allow us, however, to adopt a position from which we can settle things (prises de parti). Its political value involves destabilization of the existing discourse, revealing cracks and a troubling picture of reality. It is a moment of orientation through the confrontation of different elements of a perspective taken (prises de posición).
Protest polityczny w globalizacji
Authors: Wrede Julia
Published: October 2020

The article shows relations between the philosophical idea of global civil society and civil engagement which transcends national borders – a trend that is being observed in recent years. The article characterizes contemporary social movements including two particular protest movements – Indignados of Spanish origin and the American Occupy movement. A detailed study of these movements helps with understanding the main trends in modern international politics and shows the fundamental mechanisms that shape the modern social world. As an element of global political culture, modern social movements are a significant example of global citizenship. They combine the main features of global civil society and allow us to draw a picture of the changing social landscape of globalization.
Stowarzyszenie „Memoriał” w Rosji a polityka historyczna państwa
Authors: Dzienkiewicz Anna
Published: October 2020

The aim of this article is to show the activities of the non-governmental organization ‘Memorial’ that are aimed at building historical memory and developing civic awareness of state terror and crimes committed by the communist regime. ‘Memorial’ also aims to show the politics of memory pursued by the Russian authorities after the collapse of the Soviet Union.
„Dzieci Abrahama”. Chrześcijaństwo – islam w dobie kryzysu migracyjnego
Authors: Balicki Janusz
Published: October 2020

This article attempts to answer the question: what has the current migration crisis revealed in relations between Christianity and Islam, two religions with common Abrahamic roots? What conclusions can be drawn about the state of these relations, particularly with regard to ordinary members of the two religions? How should we assess the reaction of Christians in Europe to the inflow of refugees from Muslim countries in the light of the Gospel, the Second Vatican Council and the teaching of Pope Francis?The article consists of four parts. Part I briefly presents Christian-Muslim relationships over the centuries. Part II focuses on the sense of danger occurring in European societies in connection with the influx of  Muslims during the migration crisis. Part III presents the teachings of the Second Vatican Council about Islam and Part IV describes Pope Francis’s attitude towards refugees from Muslim countries.
Esej o rozstaniu. Pamięci Cezarego Wodzińskiego
Authors: Marczyńska Julia
Published: October 2020

This is a metaphysical essay devoted to the phenomenon of parting. The author analyses two events that happened to the Russian poet Marina Tsvetaeva on 31August 1941: parting with her life and parting with her son. A thorough analysis of the poet’s goodbye letter to her son, and in particular the handwritten underlining that is absent from reprints, sheds new light on why the great poet committed suicide. The main subject of discussion, however, remains the phenomenon of separation. The article is dedicated to the memory of Professor Cezary Wodziński, the supervisor of my doctoral dissertation, my teacher and friend. The methodology takes a phenomenological approach and linguistic analysis.
Żywe strefy wyobraźni. Przyjmowanie gości jako praktyka oporu
Authors: Pisarek Adam
Published: October 2020

This article concerns “living zones of the imagination”—areas of social life in which intensive “interpretive labor” is underway. Thanks to these zones, it is possible to engage in universally accepted exercises that enable a person to “see the world through the eyes of another person” and that yet do not disturb the current socio-cultural order. They provide an important basis for understanding among people, for harmonizing meanings in the sphere of social realities, and for integration that goes beyond certain permanent boundaries and hierarchies. The basic aim of the article is to prove that hospitality, understood as a value in Polish culture, could contribute to a considerable degree to the creation of such zones. The author analyzes the zones’ character, function, and meaning, paying attention to how they resist the expansion of bureaucratic ways of organizing social life. He also draws attention to the influence that an axio-normative pattern could havewithin specific models of behavior and cultural practices.
Gościnność niejednoznaczna. Analiza wybranych przypadków na przykładzie powieści Lalka i filmu Green Book
Authors: Ćwikła Paweł
Published: October 2020

The subject of this article falls within the sociology of art. By analyzing selected aspects of a novel (Bolesław Prus’s The Doll) and a film (the Oscar-winning Green Book directed by Peter Farrelly), the author raises the problem of what he calls “ambiguous hospitality.” His point of departure and theoretical basis are George Ritzer’s concept of “inhospitality” and Jacques Derrida’s idea of “hostipitality.”The author treats each artistic depiction of reality as a source of situations to be read in light of elements of Erving Goffman’s reflections. He uses the ideas of symbolic interactionism, the interactive ritual, and the metaphor of the performance as tools for interpreting a film or literary situation that illustrates cultural attitudes and practices. In conclusion, he states that hosting someone could result from something other than a sincere desire to react to another human being in a friendly manner. However, this does necessarily undermine the sincerity of openness toward strangers. Realization of the maxim to “have dignity and respect others,” even if enforced by social sanction, can be a way to maintain or build relationships between those who are “one’s own” and “other,” “one’s own” and “strangers,” and finally, between a guest and host.
Niemcy w polityce globalnej (Biała Księga)
Authors: Miszczak Krzysztof
Published: October 2020

The aim of this article is to analyse the global and European foreign, security and defence policies of the Federal Republic of Germany and their implications for the broad international environment of Germany. Special attention is paid to the issues of Germany’s emancipation in the international order after the end of the East-West conflict, when it became clear that the regional conflicts and their transnational impact gained a new and multidimensional character for the German security policy. Given this evolution of the international system, Germany has gradually changed its former foreign and security policies. The state currently intends to take greater responsibility for international politics, which translates into a simultaneous increase in its political and economic power in the international arena. This new global role of the Federal Republic of Germany is manifested by the so-called White Paper on German Security Policy and the Future of the Bundeswehr approved on 13 July 2016. This document presents primarily the hierarchy of threats in today’s world, their definitions and attempts to neutralize them in compliance with German interests. Instruments to ensure a smooth achievement of this goal include the modernization of the German armed forces, the creation of intervention troops and their participation in multinational military operations conducted by NATO and the European Union.
Polskie i niemieckie jednostki specjalne w policji – przyczynek do analizy porównawczej
Authors: Lipold Patrycja
Published: October 2020

In Poland and Germany, security, as part of the topics of politics and science, is gaining more and more attention in society due to terrorist attacks which can be expected anywhere and at any time. So far nobody has found a remedy to terrorism, which is a plague for present-day societies. Yet we are still waiting for it. States are trying to increase internal security and this is a priority for special police units in both Poland and Germany.Special forces fulfilling counter-terrorism duties have the following common features: an organisational structure (created according to a special pattern: there is a combat section and a support section), a selection process (a selection of candidates to the combat section), as well as specialist equipment and weapons. Among German units is GSG9 – one of the most important anti-terrorist groups in the world. Similar duties are fulfilled by SEK (Spezialeinsatzkommando) units. GROM is the main anti-terrorist unit in Poland, and police units include the Office for Anti-Terrorism Operations (BOA KGP), the Autonomous Anti-Terrorism Policy Unit (SPAP) and the executive units of CBŚP, destined for so-called hard actions. Their daily work involves finding and arresting armed criminals, kidnappers, mafia members, armed gangsters and freeing hostages. Special police units are, to some extent, the ultima ratio of a state which is able to defend itself. In the political and legal system, violence is subject to legal rules, enforced and sanctioned. It should serve to hold physical security and order and also raise the consciousness of societies.
Endlich ta wolność… czyli o początkach mniejszości niemieckiej w województwie opolskim w latach dziewięćdziesiątych XX wieku
Authors: Popieliński Paweł , Lemańczyk Magdalena
Published: October 2020

The article is devoted to the problems of institutionalisation of the German minority in the Opolskie Province between 1989 and 1990. It indicates the peculiarity of this group in this area. Based on interviews conducted among the founding members, chairmen and active members of the German Friendship Circles (DFKs) in the Opolskie Province who led socio-cultural and political activity, particularly in the early 1990s, the authors analyse and show the twists and turns of the processes of creating and functioning 15 DFKs in this province. They focus on the socio-political context of establishing the organisations, motives for joining them, intra- and extra-group contacts, religious issues, minority-majority relations and language issues.
Analiza polskiego i austriackiego przekazu medialnego wokół 72. rocznicy wyzwolenia byłego niemieckiego obozu koncentracyjnego KL Gusen
Authors: Przybyll Anna
Published: October 2020

This article concerns the media coverage of the 72nd anniversary of the liberation of the German Nazi concentration camp KL Gusen in 2017. It was attended by the representatives of the Polish and Austrian authorities, i.e. the Secretary of State in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Jan Dziedziczak, the Undersecretary of State in the Ministry of Culture and National Heritage Magdalena Gawin and – for the first time – by Austrian President Alexander Van der Bellen. The revival of remembrance about KL Gusen has become one of the priorities in the politics of memory pursued by the current Polish government. For Poles, the Gusen camp is of special significance because it was built with the intent of destroying the Polish intelligentsia. The Austrian government sees Polish efforts to commemorate their victims in the context of nationalist and protectionist tendencies in Poland. A just fight for historical truth is overshadowed by the mutual lack of understanding in the countries, which both suffered under German occupation between 1939 and 1945.
The Rivalry Between the United States, China and Russia in the Process of Shaping a New International Order in the 21st Century
Authors: Fiszer Józef M.
Published: October 2020

The purpose of the article is to show the essence and perspectives of the new international order that is emerging in the world, and which is referred to in the literature as the post-Cold War system. In other words, the article includes perspectives and visions of the world in the mid-21st century. In addition, the article is the analysis of the competition and opportunities for cooperation between the United States, China and Russia in the process of shaping the new international system in the world today. The author attempts to show the opportunities and threats for the new order that is emerging in the world, and answer many questions related to this process, including when it will rise and what its shape and character will be. Will it be a democratic and peaceful order, or an undemocratic order, based on rivalry and confrontation between its main subjects, and especially between the great powers, such as the United States, China and Russia?
Granice i miasta graniczne Królestwa Belgii
Authors: Żelichowski Ryszard
Published: October 2020

The Kingdom of Belgium appeared on the map of European countries relatively late, namely in 1830, as a result of the division of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands into two sovereign states. As the Kingdom of Belgium transformed from a unitary state into a federal state in the 19th century, in addition to the external (state) borders, it also has internal borders, which separate three autonomous regions, three linguistic communities and four linguistic regions. The basis of internal divisions is the linguistic conflict of two cultures colliding in the territory of the Kingdom of Belgium: French and Dutch-speaking (Roman and Germanic). These divisions also pass through towns and villages. This conflict was resolved in the 1960s by applying a unique concept of communes with linguistic facilities, where two different languages were allowed to function officially. Linguistic divisions were especially sharp in the two world wars, when the occupiers set these two separate cultures against one another. In this article, the author analyses particularly dramatic cases of this type of borders and their consequences for the residents of the borderland.
Valka-Valga jako przykład miasta podzielonego na pograniczu łotewsko-estońskim
Authors: Cepil Monika
Published: October 2020

The problem of a divided city is an interesting research thread, in which a former one integral whole is divided by administrative decisions. One of the examples of such cities is the former Wałk, now Valka and Valga, on the Latvian-Estonian border. The aim of the article is to analyse this urban unit in terms of geo-political and geo-historical research. The first part of the article discusses the genesis of the town as one settlement unit. In the second part of the discussion, the contemporary town landscape is briefly characterised. For the purposes of the study, the literature on the subject and the available cartographic resources have been analysed. The data available on the internet on Polish, Estonian and Latvian-language websites have also proved to be important.
Cypr – wyspa wielokrotnie podzielona granicami politycznymi
Authors: Sobczyński Marek
Published: October 2020

The article analyses the transformations of political divisions of the third largest island in the Mediterranean Sea – Cyprus (with an area of only 9285 km2). In almost all historical periods, the island’s political unity was rare, and its territorial divisions are almost the norm. One can also observe the deepening process of territorial diversifi cation of Cyprus, which, paradoxically, has reached its apogee nowadays. Currently, it is possible to distinguish as many as 17 separate territorial fragments with different international status on the island.In Cyprus, there are currently two states and two colonial territories (Great Britain) and an internationalised area, as well as one territory with unknown status (Varoşa). No political unit in Cyprus has territorial continuity. One of these countries is a full member of the European Union and so the other territories are therefore in special relations with this organisation. The process of the political and territorial unification of the island, which has been going on for several decades, is suspended in practice and the hopes that are stirred up every few years that it will reach the final this time always turn out to be premature.
Development of a method for positron annihilation lifetime measurement in thin polyethylene films using a Na-22 source
Authors: Yamawaki Masato , Uesugi Naoya , Oka Toshitaka , Nagasawa Naotsugu , Ando Hirokazu , O’Rourke Brian E. , Kobayashi Yoshinori
Published: October 2020

Positron annihilation lifetime measurements were performed on polyethylene films [low-density polyethylene and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)] with a thickness of 15–2000 μm using a Na-22 positron source enclosed in a Kapton film. For thin films, some positrons will pass through the film and annihilate behind it. Using a single film in a commercial anti-coincidence system, by placing an annealed stainless steel (SUS304) cover behind the sample, it is possible to sufficiently measure the long-lifetime ortho-positronium (o-Ps) component even in thin films. Additionally, calculated intensities of the o-Ps component determined from the estimated film transmittance agreed well with the measured values. Furthermore, by applying this method to uniaxially stretched UHMWPE, we were able to observe structural changes owing to the stretching consistent with shorter measured o-Ps lifetime and increased o-Ps intensity.