bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Realizing 22.5% External Quantum Efficiency for Solution‐Processed Thermally Activated Delayed‐Fluorescence OLEDs with Red Emission at 622 nm via a Synergistic Strategy of Molecular Engineering and Host Selection
Authors: Zeng Weixuan , Zhou Tao , Ning Weimin , Zhong Cheng , He Jiawei , Gong Shaolong , Xie Guohua , Yang Chuluo
Published: June 2019

Developing high‐efficiency solution‐processable thermally activated delayed‐fluorescence (TADF) emitters, especially in longer wavelength regions, is a formidable challenge. Three red TADF emitters, namely NAI_R1, NAI_R2, and NAI_R3, are developed by phenyl encapsulation and tert‐butyl substitution on a prototypical 1,8‐naphthalimide‐acridine hybrid. This design strategy not only grants these molecules high solubility, excellent thermal stability, and good film‐forming ability, but also pulls down their charge‐transfer (CT) energy levels excited states. Furthermore, dispersing these emitters into two different host materials of mCP and mCPCN finely tailors their CT‐state energy levels. More importantly, a synergistic combination of molecular engineering and host selection can effectively manipulate the competition between the radiative and nonradiative decay rates of the CT singlet states of these emitters and the reverse intersystem crossing from their triplet to singlet states. Consequently, the optimal combination of NAI_R3 emitter and mCP host successfully results in a state‐of‐the‐art external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 22.5% for solution‐processed red TADF organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with an emission peak above 620 nm. This finding demonstrates that a synergistic strategy of molecular engineering and host selection with TADF emitters could provide a new pathway for developing efficient solution‐processable TADF systems.
Oral Delivery of Biologics for Precision Medicine
Authors: Durán‐Lobato Matilde , Niu Zhigao , Alonso María José
Published: June 2019

The emerging field of precision medicine is rapidly growing, fostered by the advances in genome mapping and molecular diagnosis. In general, the translation of these advances into precision treatments relies on the use of biological macromolecules, whose structure offers a high specificity and potency. Unfortunately, due to their complex structure and limited ability to overcome biological barriers, these macromolecules need to be administered via injection. The scientific community has devoted significant effort to making the oral administration of macromolecules plausible thanks to the implementation of drug delivery technologies. Here, an overview of the current situation and future prospects in the field of oral delivery of biologics is provided. Technologies in clinical trials, as well as recent and disruptive delivery systems proposed in the literature for local and systemic delivery of biologics including peptides, antibodies, and nucleic acids, are described. Strategies for the specific targeting of gastrointestinal regions—stomach, small bowel, and colon—cell populations, and internalization pathways, are analyzed. Finally, challenges associated with the clinical translation, future prospects, and identified opportunities for advancement in this field are also discussed.
Spontaneous Formation of Nanocrystals in Amorphous Matrix: Alternative Pathway to Bright Emission in Quasi‐2D Perovskites
Authors: Liu Fangzhou , Chan Christopher Chang Sing , Ma Chao , Tam Ho Won , Leung Tik Lun , Lin Jingyang , Djurišić Aleksandra B. , Wong Kam Sing , Popović Jasminka , Ng Alan Man Ching , Chan Wai Kin , Chen Wei , He Zhubing , Adesina Ayotunde Emmanuel , Foo Yishu , Zapien Juan Antonio
Published: June 2019

Significant enhancement of the light emission in Ruddlesden–Popper organic–inorganic halide perovskites is obtained by antisolvent induced spontaneous formation of nanocrystals in an amorphous matrix. This morphology change results in the passivation of defects and significant enhancement of light emission and 16 times higher photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), and it is applicable to different spacer cations. The use of trioctylphosphine oxide results in further defect passivation leading to an increase in PLQY (≈2.3 times), the suppression of lower energy emission in low temperature photoluminescence spectra, the dominance of radiative recombination, and the disappearance of thermal quenching of the luminescence. The proposed method offers a reproducible, controllable, and antisolvent‐insensitive alternative to energy landscape engineering to utilize energy funneling phenomenon to achieve bright emission. Instead of facilitating fast energy transfer from lower to higher number of perovskite sheets to prevent nonradiative losses, it is demonstrated that defects can be effectively passivated via morphology control and the use of a passivating agent, so that bright emission can be obtained from single phase nanocrystals embedded in amorphous matrix, resulting in light emitting diodes with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 2.25%.
Potassium tert‐Butoxide‐Promoted Acceptorless Dehydrogenation of N‐Heterocycles
Authors: Liu Tingting , Wu Kaikai , Wang Liandi , Yu Zhengkun
Published: June 2019

Potassium tert‐butoxide‐promoted acceptorless dehydrogenation of N‐heterocycles was efficiently realized for the generation of N‐heteroarenes and hydrogen gas under transition‐metal‐free conditions. In the presence of KOtBu base, a variety of six‐ and five‐membered N‐heterocyclic compounds efficiently underwent acceptorless dehydrogenation to afford the corresponding N‐heteroarenes and H2 gas in o‐xylene at 140 °C. The present protocol provides a convenient route to aromatic nitrogen‐containing compounds and H2 gas.

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Targeted Delivery of an siRNA/PNA Hybrid Nanocomplex Reverses Carbon Tetrachloride‐Induced Liver Fibrosis
Authors: Jain Akshay , Barve Ashutosh , Zhao Zhen , Fetse John Peter , Liu Hao , Li Yuanke , Cheng Kun
Published: June 2019

Liver fibrosis is a wound healing process marked by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix in the liver. A poly(rC)‐binding protein 2 (PCBP2) siRNA that reverses fibrogenesis in activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) has been recently discovered. However, targeted delivery of siRNAs to HSCs still remains a daunting challenge. Herein, a new strategy is developed to fabricate a multicomponent nanocomplex using siRNA/peptide nucleic acid (PNA) hybrid instead of chemically conjugated siRNA, thus increasing the scalability and feasibility of the siRNA nanocomplex for animal studies. The nanocomplex is modified with an insulin growth factor 2 receptor ‐specific peptide, which specifically binds to activated HSCs. The siRNA nanocomplex demonstrates a controllable size, high serum stability, and high cellular uptake in activated HSCs in vitro and in vivo. Anti‐fibrotic activity of the siRNA nanocomplex is evaluated in rats with carbon tetrachloride‐induced liver fibrosis. Treatment with the PCBP2 siRNA nanocomplex significantly inhibits the mRNA expressions of PCBP2 and type I collagen in fibrotic liver. The histology study reveals that the siRNA nanocomplex efficiently reduces the protein level of type I collagen and reverses liver fibrosis. The data suggests that the nanocomplex efficiently delivers the siRNA to fibrotic liver and produces a potent anti‐fibrotic effect.
Clinical practice guideline for cognitive impairment of cerebral small vessel disease
Authors: Peng Dantao ,   Geriatric Neurology Group, Chinese Society of Geriatrics,   Clinical Practice Guideline for Cognitive Impairment of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Writing Group
Published: June 2019

Cognitive impairment of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is one of the most common cognitive disorders. It has a high incidence and results in heavy social burden; thus, it is essential to provide reasonable diagnosis and treatment in clinical practice. Based on the results of clinical research and related reports, combined with the actual situation in China, we propose a diagnosis and treatment guideline for cognitive impairment of CSVD.
Iron and oxidizing species in oxidative stress and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Zhao Zhongwei
Published: June 2019

Iron species can participate in the Fenton or Fenton‐like reaction to generate oxidizing species that can cause oxidative damages to biomolecules and induce oxidative stress in the body. Furthermore, iron accumulation and oxidative stress have been shown to associate with the pathological progression of neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). In this review, the role of iron species in generating the most deleterious free radical species (ie, hydroxyl radical) and effects of this species in causing oxidative stress in vivo are described. The implications of oxidative stress and the recently recognized cell death pathway (ie, ferroptosis) to AD are addressed. Strategies to combat this neurodegenerative disease, such as iron chelation and antioxidant therapies, and future research directions on this aspect are also discussed.
Costello syndrome: Clinical phenotype, genotype, and management guidelines
Authors: Gripp Karen W. , Morse Lindsey A. , Axelrad Marni , Chatfield Kathryn C. , Chidekel Aaron , Dobyns William , Doyle Daniel , Kerr Bronwyn , Lin Angela E. , Schwartz David D. , Sibbles Barbara J. , Siegel Dawn , Shankar Suma P. , Stevenson David A. , Thacker Mihir M. , Weaver K. Nicole , White Sue M. , Rauen Katherine A.
Published: June 2019

Costello syndrome (CS) is a RASopathy caused by activating germline mutations in HRAS. Due to ubiquitous HRAS gene expression, CS affects multiple organ systems and individuals are predisposed to cancer. Individuals with CS may have distinctive craniofacial features, cardiac anomalies, growth and developmental delays, as well as dermatological, orthopedic, ocular, and neurological issues; however, considerable overlap with other RASopathies exists. Medical evaluation requires an understanding of the multifaceted phenotype. Subspecialists may have limited experience in caring for these individuals because of the rarity of CS. Furthermore, the phenotypic presentation may vary with the underlying genotype. These guidelines were developed by an interdisciplinary team of experts in order to encourage timely health care practices and provide medical management guidelines for the primary and specialty care provider, as well as for the families and affected individuals across their lifespan. These guidelines are based on expert opinion and do not represent evidence‐based guidelines due to the lack of data for this rare condition.
Oral health and diet of a young Late Pleistocene woman from Quintana Roo, Mexico
Authors: Cucina Andrea , Herrera Atoche Ruben , Chatters James C.
Published: June 2019

Objectives

To increase understanding of the subsistence practices of the first Americans through analysis of the near‐complete dentition of a young woman dating to the terminal Pleistocene of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico.

Materials and Methods

The skeleton is that of “Naia” a 15 to 17‐year‐old female from the submerged natural trap of Hoyo Negro found in association with remains of numerous extinct species of megafauna. Superbly preserved remains included the skull with 28 teeth, which are analyzed for evidence of caries, periodontal disease, wear patterns, and malocclusion.

Results

Naia exhibits a high frequency of dental caries, along with aggressive periodontal disease that threatened all her teeth, particularly her incisors. Dental attrition was extremely light for a hunter‐gatherer, reaching to four on the Molnar scale on only one tooth. Lack of wear is associated with severe mandibular retrognathia, and low masticatory forces.

Discussion

Naia's dental condition is compared with that of other northern Paleoamericans, mostly females, dating before 11,000 cal BP. These exhibit a high degree of variability in both caries and tooth wear. All, however, exhibit rapid anterior wear owing to technological use of the front teeth. Naia exhibits the highest rate of caries, similar to that of the earliest South Americans, and one of the lowest rates of attrition. This demonstrates that she had a nonabrasive diet that was at least seasonally rich in carbohydrates. This does not mean her diet was low in meat, however, because similarly light dental attrition is seen in the Arch Lake female, a Paleoamerican from a big‐game hunting society.
Self‐Assembled Columnar Triazole Quartets: An Example of Synergistic Hydrogen‐Bonding/Anion–π Interactions
Authors: Zheng Shao‐Ping , Li Yu‐Hao , Jiang Ji‐Jun , van der Lee Arie , Dumitrescu Dan , Barboiu Mihail
Published: June 2019

The self‐assembly of triazole amphiphiles was examined in solution, the solid state, and in bilayer membranes. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction experiments show that stacked protonated triazole quartets (T4) are stabilized by multiple strong interactions with two anions. Hydrogen bonding/ion pairing of the anions are combined with anion–π recognition to produce columnar architectures. In bilayer membranes, low transport activity is observed when the T4 channels are operated as H+/X− translocators, but higher transport activity is observed for X− in the presence of the K+‐carrier valinomycin. These self‐assembled superstructures, presenting intriguing structural behaviors such as directionality, and strong anion encapsulation by hydrogen bonding supported by vicinal anion–π interactions can serve as artificial supramolecular channels for transporting anions across lipid bilayer membranes.
In Situ Coupling of Single Molecules Driven by Gold‐Catalyzed Electrooxidation
Authors: Zang Yaping , Stone Ilana , Inkpen Michael S. , Ng Fay , Lambert Tristan H. , Nuckolls Colin , Steigerwald Michael L. , Roy Xavier , Venkataraman Latha
Published: June 2019

A single‐molecule method has been developed based on the scanning tunneling microscope (STM) to selectively couple a series of aniline derivatives and create azobenzenes. The Au‐catalyzed oxidative coupling is driven by the local electrochemical potential at the nanostructured Au STM tip. The products are detected in situ by measuring the conductance and molecular junction elongation and compared with analogous measurements of the expected azobenzene derivatives prepared ex situ. This single‐molecule approach is robust, and it can quickly and reproducibly create reactions for a variety of anilines. We further demonstrate the selective synthesis of geometric isomers and the assembly of complex molecular architectures by sequential coupling of complementary anilines, demonstrating unprecedented control over bond formation at the nanoscale.
Synthesis and property of end‐functionalized poly(cis‐1,4‐butadiene) and its application to rubber compound
Authors: Ozawa Yoichi , Takata Toshikazu
Published: June 2019

This article describes the successful quasi‐living polymerization of 1,3‐butadiene (BD) to high cis content butadiene rubber (HCBR) and the terminal functionalization of HCBR for application to rubber compound. A catalyst system based on neodymium carboxylate and organoaluminum compounds was prepared and employed to polymerize BD. Polymerization resulted in mostly proportional growth of molecular weight to the conversion while maintaining molecular weight distribution in relatively narrow range. The reactivity of chain end after the completion of polymerization was confirmed by comparing UV absorbance of polymers before and after the addition of chromophore compound to the unterminated polymerization mixture, as measured with size exclusion chromatography (SEC). A variety of functionalizing agents, which can provide end‐groups of polymer with potential affinity to silica surface, was explored. Among them, compounds with epoxy, ketone, and ketimine groups produced polymers with clear evidences of functionalization. The HCBR functionalized with epoxy‐containing alkoxysilane compound was tested in silica‐filled rubber compound and showed remarkable improvement of silica dispersity as seen by change of viscoelastic responses. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47985.
Role of the degree of acetalization on dynamic mechanical properties of polyvinyl butyral/carbon nanotube composites
Authors: Hoepfner Jean Carlos , Loos Marcio Rodrigo , Pezzin Sérgio Henrique
Published: June 2019

In this work, polyvinyl butyral (PVB) nanocomposites reinforced with 0.1–1.0 wt % of pristine [carbon nanotube (CNT)] or oxidized (CNTO) multiwalled CNTs were synthesized via in situ polymerization. It was found that the presence of the reinforcement during the synthesis altered the degree of acetalization of PVB. Dynamic mechanical analyses showed that PVB nanocomposites containing 0.5 wt % of pristine CNT had the best adhesion factor, with increases of about 30% in the storage modulus. On the other hand, PVB/CNTO 1.0 wt % nanocomposites achieved the best reinforcement efficiency factor (“C” coefficient). It is concluded that the in situ polymerization improves dispersion and final properties of the nanocomposite only if the nanoparticles are able to form relevant interfacial interactions during the PVB synthesis. In addition, it was verified that the presence of CNT or CNTO altered the degree of acetalization of PVB, which strongly influences the final properties of the nanocomposites. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48146.
Increased facial asymmetry in autism spectrum conditions is associated with symptom presentation
Authors: Boutrus Maryam , Gilani Syed Zulqarnain , Alvares Gail A. , Maybery Murray T. , Tan Diana Weiting , Mian Ajmal , Whitehouse Andrew J. O.
Published: June 2019

A key research priority in the study of autism spectrum conditions (ASC) is the discovery of biological markers that may help to identify and elucidate etiologically distinct subgroups. One physical marker that has received increasing research attention is facial structure. Although there remains little consensus in the field, findings relating to greater facial asymmetry (FA) in ASC exhibit some consistency. As there is growing recognition of the importance of replicatory studies in ASC research, the aim of this study was to investigate the replicability of increased FA in autistic children compared to nonautistic peers. Using three‐dimensional photogrammetry, this study examined FA in 84 autistic children, 110 typically developing children with no family history of the condition, and 49 full siblings of autistic children. In support of previous literature, significantly greater depth‐wise FA was identified in autistic children relative to the two comparison groups. As a further investigation, increased lateral FA in autistic children was found to be associated with greater severity of ASC symptoms on the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, second edition, specifically related to repetitive and restrictive behaviors. These outcomes provide an important and independent replication of increased FA in ASC, as well as a novel contribution to the field. Having confirmed the direction and areas of increased FA in ASC, these findings could motivate a search for potential underlying brain dysmorphogenesis. Autism Res 2019, 12: 1774–1783. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

This study looked at the amount of facial asymmetry (FA) in autistic children compared to typically developing children and children who have siblings with autism. The study found that autistic children, compared to the other two groups, had greater FA, and that increased FA was related to greater severity of autistic symptoms. The face and brain grow together during the earliest stages of development, and so findings of facial differences in autism might inform future studies of early brain differences associated with the condition.
Instandsetzung und Ertüchtigung der Vogelsangbrücke in Esslingen am Neckar
Authors: Händler Kai , Walz Marcus
Published: June 2019

Die Instandsetzungsarbeiten an der Vogelsangbrücke in Esslingen am Neckar stellen die ausführenden Unternehmen vor besondere Herausforderungen. Neben der Instandsetzung der geschädigten Bereiche ist zudem noch eine Verstärkung des Tragwerks notwendig. Da es sich um eine Hauptverkehrsverbindung zwischen zwei Stadtteilen der Stadt Esslingen handelt und neben dem Neckar und der Bundestraße B 10 auch Gleise der Deutschen Bahn überquert werden, sind besondere Anforderungen an den Bauablauf gestellt. Die Arbeiten an der Vogelsangbrücke müssen die weitere Nutzung der Brücke während das Bauablaufs gewährleisten. Zudem muss die Beeinträchtigung des Schiffs‐ und Bahnverkehrs während des Bauablaufs auf ein Minimum reduziert bzw. vollständig vermieden werden. Dafür sind neben der Optimierung des Bauablaufs zahlreiche Schutzmaßnahmen notwendig.
Writing in your own voice: An intervention that reduces plagiarism and common writing problems in students' scientific writing
Authors: Yang Anqi , Stockwell Sarah , McDonnell Lisa
Published: June 2019

In many of our courses, particularly laboratory courses, students are expected to engage in scientific writing. Despite various efforts by other courses and library resources, as instructors we are often faced with the frustration of student plagiarism and related writing problems. Here, we describe a simple Writing in Your Own Voice intervention designed to help students become more aware of different types of plagiarism and writing problems, avoid those problems, and practice writing in their own voice. In this article, we will introduce the types of plagiarism and writing problems commonly encountered in our molecular biology laboratory course, the intervention, and the results of our study. From the evaluation of 365 student reports, we found the intervention resulted in nearly 50% fewer instances of plagiarism and common writing problems. We also observed significantly fewer instances of severe plagiarism (e.g. several sentences copied from an external source). In addition, we find that the effects last for several weeks after the students complete the intervention assignment. This assignment is particularly easy to implement and can be a very useful tool for teaching students how to write in their own voices. © 2019 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 47(5):589–598, 2019.
Simultaneous quantification of ligustilide, dl‐3‐n‐butylphthalide and senkyunolide A in rat plasma by GC–MS and its application to comparative pharmacokinetic studies of Rhizoma Chuanxiong extract alone and Baizhi Chuanxiong Decoction
Authors: Wang Qinhui , Yan Tao , Jiang Wei , Hu Na , Zhang Song , Yang Peng , Zhang Wenjuan , Shi Lei , Liu Linna
Published: June 2019

The herb couple has special clinical significance in reducing the toxicity and increasing the efficacy of drugs. The combination of Radix Angelicae Dahuricae (Baizhi, BZ) and Rhizoma Chuanxiong (ChuanXiong, CX) is a traditional herb couple. The combination performs better than the CX extract alone in the treatment of migraine and has been used for thousands of years. However, the specific compatibility mechanisms are still unclear. Ligustilide, dl‐3‐n‐butylphthalide and senkyunolide A are the major active ingredients in CX and BZ–CX decoction. However, a comprehensive study of the pharmacokinetics of CX has not been carried out. A gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC–MS) method with high selectivity, sensitivity and accuracy was developed. An SH‐Rxi‐5Sil (30 m × 0.25 mm i.d., and 0.25 μm film thickness) column was employed in the GC separation. Selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effect and stability were used to validate the current GC–MS method. Using the validated method, this is the first time to study on the comparative pharmacokinetics of ligustilide, dl‐3‐n‐butylphthalide and senkyunolide A from CX alone and BZ–CX decoction in rat plasma. The pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax, Tmax, T1/2, AUC0–t, AUC0–∞ and CLz/F) of all of the detected ingredients showed significant differences between the two groups (P < 0.05). The results are helpful for further investigation of the compatibility mechanism of BZ–CX decoction.
A novel and sensitive UPLC–MS/MS method to determine mequitazine in rat plasma and urine: Validation and its application to pharmacokinetic studies
Authors: Jeong Seung‐Hyun , Jang Ji‐Hun , Lee Yong‐Bok
Published: June 2019

The aim of this study was to develop an analytical method to determine mequitazine in rat plasma and urine. Mequitazine was separated by UPLC–MS/MS equipped with a Kinetex core–shell C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) using 0.1% (v/v) aqueous formic acid and acetonitrile containing 0.1% (v/v) formic acid as a mobile phase by gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.3 mL/min. Quantitation of this analysis was performed on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer employing electrospray ionization technique operating in multiple reaction monitoring positive ion mode. Mass transitions were m/z 323.3 → 83.1 for mequitazine and 281.3 → 86.3 for imipramine as internal standard. Liquid–liquid extraction with ethyl acetate and protein precipitation with methanol were used for sample extraction. Chromatograms showed that the method had high resolution, sensitivity and selectivity without interference from plasma constituents. Calibration curves for mequitazine in rat plasma and urine were 0.02–200 ng/mL, showing excellent linearity with correlation coefficients (r2) >0.99. Both intra‐ and inter‐day precisions (CV%) were within 4.08% for rat plasma and urine. The accuracies were 99.58–102.03%. The developed analytical method satisfied the criteria of international guidance. It could be successfully applied to pharmacokinetic studies of mequitazine after oral and intravenous administration to rats.
Myofascial chains of the upper limb: A systematic review of anatomical studies
Authors: Wilke Jan , Krause Frieder
Published: June 2019

The presence of structural in‐series continuity between skeletal muscles has been confirmed in the trunk and lower extremity. However, it is not yet clear whether the same architecture can be found in the upper limb. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to review the available literature considering the existence of myofascial chains in the shoulder‐arm region. Two independent investigators performed a systematic literature search using MEDLINE (PubMed) and Google Scholar (each 1900–2019). Peer‐reviewed anatomical dissection studies reporting myofascial in‐series continuity in the upper extremity were included. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed by the QUACS scale. Thirteen studies were included in the review. Analysis of these papers led to the identification of three myofascial chains: the ventral arm chain (pectoralis major, brachial fascia/biceps brachii, flexor carpi ulnaris/brachioradialis/supinator, based on five studies); the lateral arm chain (trapezius, deltoideus, lateral intermuscular septum/brachialis, brachioradialis, four studies); and the dorsal arm chain (latissiumus dorsi/teres minor/infraspinatus, triceps brachii, anconeus, extensor carpi ulnaris, six studies). There is good evidence for direct serial tissue continuity extending from the neck and shoulder region to the forearm. Despite this intriguing finding, which could have implications for health professionals and the treatment of musculoskeletal disorders, further research is needed to establish the mechanical relevance of the identified myofascial chains. Clin. Anat. 32:934–940, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Failure patterns after adjuvant chemoradiotherapy following endoscopic resection for superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Ikawa Toshiki , Ishihara Ryu , Konishi Koji , Morimoto Masahiro , Hirata Takero , Kanayama Naoyuki , Yamamoto Sachiko , Matsuura Noriko , Wada Kentaro , Hayashi Kenji , Ogawa Kazuhiko , Teshima Teruki
Published: June 2019

Background

This study evaluated the locations of lymph node recurrence and their association with irradiation fields used for radiotherapy after adjuvant chemoradiotherapy following endoscopic resection for superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Methods

Medical records of 96 consecutive patients with superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma who underwent adjuvant chemoradiotherapy following endoscopic resection were reviewed. Computed tomography was used to identify whether nodal recurrences were within the elective nodal irradiation field. The cumulative incidence of recurrence was calculated, accounting for death as a competing risk. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified factors predicting nodal recurrence.

Results

The median follow‐up period was 61 months (range: 6‐137 months). Seven patients (7.3%) developed lymph node recurrence only; two patients (2.1%) developed nodal plus local recurrence. Six of the seven cases without local recurrence involved the elective nodal irradiation field, with five cases involving the recurrent nerve lymph nodes. The 5‐year cumulative incidence of lymph node recurrence was higher for T1b tumors with lymphovascular invasion than for T1a tumors with lymphovascular invasion (17.6% vs 6.2%, P = 0.086; HR: 3.74, 95% CI: 0.80‐17.52, P = 0.094) and T1b tumors without lymphovascular invasion (17.6% vs 3.3%, P = 0.031; HR: 6.78, 95% CI: 0.80‐57.63, P = 0.080).

Conclusions

Lymph node recurrence frequently involved the elective nodal irradiation field, with recurrent nerve lymph nodes being common metastasis sites. The high incidence of nodal recurrence for T1b tumors with lymphovascular invasion highlights a need for new strategies for treating this subset of superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinomas.
Loosening of Lipid Packing by Cell‐Surface Recruitment of Amphiphilic Peptides by Coiled‐Coil Tethering
Authors: Sakai Takayuki , Kawano Kenichi , Iino Masatomo , Takeuchi Toshihide , Imanishi Miki , Futaki Shiroh
Published: June 2019

Lipid packing has a strong influence on the formation and structural dynamics of cell membranes. Techniques to modulate lipid packing may thus enable modification of cellular functions and events. An 18‐residue amphiphilic helical peptide derived from the N‐terminal segment of epsin‐1 (EpN18) is reported to induce positive membrane curvature and to loosen lipid packing in the cell membrane. In this study, it is shown that EpN18, crosslinked to a leucine‐zipper peptide K4, is recruited to the cell surface by interacting with a cell‐surface‐expressed E3 leucine‐zipper segment. Cell‐surface tethering markedly enhanced loosening of lipid packing, which led to the promotion of membrane translocation of octaarginine. The loosening of lipid packing by EpN18 was also confirmed by analyzing the generalized polarization value with a membrane‐environment‐sensitive dye, 2‐hydroxy‐3‐{2‐[(2‐hydroxyethyl)dimethylamino]ethyl}‐4‐{2‐[6‐(dibutylamino)‐2‐naphthyl]ethenyl}pyridiniumdibromide (di‐4‐ANEPPDHQ). This approach thus shows promise for the control of lipid packing and related cellular events.
Effect of Silica Nanoparticles on the Performance of Polysulfone Membranes for Olefin‐Paraffin Separation
Authors: Gholamipour Najme , Sadeghi Morteza , Shafiei Mohammadreza
Published: June 2019

The separations of ethylene/ethane and propylene/propane using polysulfone‐silica nanocomposite membranes were studied. Silica nanoparticles were prepared via sol‐gel method and the membranes by phase inversion. Characterization by Fourier transform spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy indicated a good distribution of silica nanoparticles in the polymer matrix and also a good compatibility between the two phases. The performances of the prepared membranes in ethylene‐ethane and propylene‐propane separation were evaluated. The results showed the increments in gas permeability and selectivity by silica. Higher silica contents increased the solubility coefficient and reduced the diffusion coefficient of gases. The plasticization pressure of polysulfone was increased by incorporating the silica nanoparticles in polymer.
Methodology for the Development of Additively Manufactured Packings in Thermal Separation Technology
Authors: Neukäufer Johannes , Hanusch Florian , Kutscherauer Martin , Rehfeldt Sebastian , Klein Harald , Grützner Thomas
Published: June 2019

A methodical procedure for the development of additively manufactured innovative packing structures in laboratory scale is described. Since structural development is an evolutionary process, the focus of this publication is on the methodology of development strategies. Therefore, packing structures based on crystal lattices with flexible dimensioning are created with the visual basic for applications (VBA) tool in Autodesk Inventor®. For the characterization, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are applied to examine the dry specific pressure drop and the liquid distribution. Calculations of packing‐characteristic values with parameter studies and the above‐mentioned CFD simulations reveal indications of the efficiency of these packings. Selective laser sintering using polyamide 12 (PA 12) as material was applied for additive manufacturing of the packing and the column shell.
Closing Water‐Related Loops in High‐tech Polymer Production – Status, Perspectives and Limitations
Authors: Blöcher Christoph , Schießer Yuliya , Weber Rainer
Published: June 2019

Chemical production is inherently associated with the use of a significant amount of water. The closure of water‐related loops to recover materials and reuse water has been established in chemical parks for a long time. Circuits can be realized process‐integrated, across legal entities, or even cross‐sectoral. Incentives can be the lack of natural water resources, to use a high water quality or the recovery of valuables. One example is the recovery of NaCl from salt‐containing process water streams to produce chlorine and caustic soda in the chlor‐alkali electrolysis. However, such reuse schemes exhibit technical, economic and ecological challenges. Taking these into account, industry is taking action to research and develop new, environmentally friendly and economically viable processes.
Photochemistry Highlights on On‐Surface Synthesis
Authors: Palmino F. , Loppacher C. , Chérioux F.
Published: June 2019

On‐surface chemistry is a promising way to achieve the bottom‐up construction of covalently‐bonded molecular precursors into extended atomically‐precise polymers adsorbed on surfaces. These polymers exhibit unprecedented physical or chemical properties which are of great interest for various potential applications. These nanostructures were mainly obtained in ultra‐high vacuum (UHV) on noble metal single‐crystal surfaces by thermal annealing as stimulus to provoke the polymerization with a catalytic role of the surface adatoms. Nevertheless, photons are also a powerful source of energy to induce the formation of covalent architectures, even if it is less‐used on surfaces than in solution. In this minireview, we discuss the photo‐induced on‐surface polymerization from the basic mechanisms of photochemistry to the formation of extended polymers on different kinds of surfaces, which are characterized by scanning probe microscopies.
CCSD‐PCM Excited State Energy Gradients with the Linear Response Singles Approximation to Study the Photochemistry of Molecules in Solution
Authors: Caricato Marco
Published: June 2019

We present the theory and the implementation for the excited state energy gradients with respect to nuclear displacements for the linear response coupled cluster with single and double excitations (LR‐CCSD) combined with the polarizable continuum model of solvation within the LR formalism and the singles approximation (LR‐PCM‐PTES). This approach allows the exploration of the excited state potential energy surface of solvated molecules for the evaluation of minima and other stationary points, at a computational cost virtually identical to that of gas‐phase LR‐CCSD. The method is applied to the evaluation of vertical absorption and emission energies of 4‐(N,N)‐dimethyl‐aminobenzonitrile (DMABN) in gas phase, cyclohexane, and acetonitrile solutions. The method is able to find the minima for the locally excited and charge transfer states, which are responsible for the dual‐fluorescence of this compound. At the same time, some limitations of the LR and state specific (SS) formalisms for excited state solvation, which suffer from under or overestimation of the solvent effect in excited states, are discussed.
Fabrication of Trifunctional Polyoxometalate‐Decorated Chitosan Nanofibers for Selective Production of 2,5‐Diformylfuran
Authors: Li Yiming , Li Peili , Cao Ping , Li Ying , Wang Xiaohong , Wang Shengtian
Published: June 2019

Trifunctional catalysts based on polyoxometalate (POM) decorating chitosan nanofibers (H5PMo10V2O40/chitosan nanofibers, abbreviated as HPMoV/CS‐f), synthesized by using the electrospinning method, realized highly efficient oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to 2,5‐diformylfuran (DFF). Decorating chitosan nanofibers with POMs generated enhanced catalytic activity by merging their unique individual properties of redox ability, Brønsted acidity, basicity, and nanofiber structure with higher surface area. As a result, HPMoV/CS‐f(25) (with 25 representing the POM amount) was found to be the most active catalyst in the aerobic oxidation of HMF, resulting in 94.1 % DFF yield at 96.2 % conversion in DMSO at 120 °C for 6 h, whereas 56.2 % DFF yield at 95.0 % conversion was obtained in water at 140 °C for 8 h. Importantly, DFF could be produced in one pot in one step to give 61.9 and 31.4 % yield, respectively, directly from fructose and glucose under the reaction conditions of 140 °C, 6 h in DMSO, which was owing to the suitable balance of Brønsted acidity and basicity of the trifunctional HPMoV/CS‐f(25). Moreover, HPMoV/CS‐f showed good stability and ability to be reused at least ten times without leaching of the POMs from the chitosan nanofibers.
Seasonality in spatial distribution: Climate and land use have contrasting effects on the species richness of breeding and wintering birds
Authors: Kawamura Kazuhiro , Yamaura Yuichi , Senzaki Masayuki , Ueta Mutsuyuki , Nakamura Futoshi
Published: June 2019

Aim

Many studies have examined large‐scale distributions of various taxa and their drivers, emphasizing the importance of climate, topography, and land use. Most studies have dealt with distributions over a single season or annually without considering seasonality. However, animal distributions and their drivers can differ among seasons because many animals migrate to suitable climates and areas with abundant prey resources. We aim to clarify seasonality in bird distributions and their drivers.

Location

Japan.

Methods

We examined the effects of climate (annual mean temperature, snow depth), topography (elevation), and land use (extent of surrounding habitat) on bird species richness, in the breeding and wintering seasons separately, using nationwide data (254 forest and 43 grassland sites, respectively). We separately analyzed the species richness of all species, residents, short‐, and long‐distance migrants in forests and grasslands.

Results

In the breeding season, the annual mean temperature negatively affected all groups (except for forest and grassland residents), and the extent of surrounding habitat positively affected many groups. By contrast, in the wintering season, temperature positively affected all groups (except for forest residents), and the extent of surrounding habitat positively affected only grassland long‐distance migrants. In both seasons, the species richness of forest and grassland residents was high in regions of moderate and high temperature, respectively. Moreover, snow depth negatively affected all forest groups in the wintering season. Mapping expected species richness suggested that regions with different climates served as habitats for different groups during different seasons.

Main conclusions

All regions were important bird habitats depending on the season, reflecting the contrasting effects of temperature across seasons. In the breeding season, surrounding land use was also an important driver. To understand the seasonal role that each region and environment plays in maintaining species/communities, a large‐scale study considering both environmental seasonality and species distribution is needed.
Species composition and community structure of small pest rodents (Muridae) in cultivated and fallow fields in maize‐growing areas in Mayuge district, Eastern Uganda
Authors: Mayamba Alex , Byamungu Robert M. , Makundi Rhodes H. , Kimaro Didas N. , Isabirye Moses , Massawe Apia W. , Kifumba David , Nakiyemba Alice , Leirs Herwig , Mdangi Mshaka E. , Isabirye Brian E. , Mulungu Loth S.
Published: June 2019

Pest rodents remain key biotic constraints to cereal crops production in the East African region where they occur, especially in seasons of outbreaks. Despite that, Uganda has scant information on rodents as crop pests to guide effective management strategies.

A capture–mark–recapture (CMR) technique was employed to study the ecology of small rodents, specifically to establish the species composition and community structure in a maize‐based agro ecosystem. Trapping of small rodents was conducted in permanent fallow land and cultivated fields, with each category replicated twice making four study grids. At each field, a 60 × 60 m grid was measured and marked with permanent trapping points spaced at 10 × 10 m, making a total of 49 trapping points/grids. Trapping was conducted monthly at 4‐week interval for three consecutive days for two and half years using Sherman live traps.

Eleven identified small rodent species and one insectivorous small mammal were recorded with Mastomys natalensis being the most dominant species (over 60.7%). Other species were Mus triton (16.1%), Aethomys hendei (6.7%), Lemniscomys zebra (5.2%), Lophuromys sikapusi (4.8%), Arvicanthis niloticus (0.9%), Gerbilliscus kempi (0.1%), Graphiurus murinus (0.1%), Steatomys parvus (0.1%), Dasymys incomtus (0.1%), and Grammomys dolichurus (0.1%). Spatially, species richness differed significantly (p = 0.0001) between the studied field habitats with significantly higher richness in fallow land compared with cultivated fields.

Temporally, total species richness and abundance showed a significant interaction effect over the months, years, and fields of trapping with significantly (p = 0.001) higher abundances during months of wet seasons and in the first and third year of trapping. In terms of community structure, higher species diversity associated more with fallow field habitats but also with certain rare species found only in cultivated fields.

Synthesis and applications. Based on these findings, management strategies can be designed to target the key pest species and the most vulnerable habitats thus reducing the impact they can inflict on field crops.
A fast re‐sampling method for using reliability ratings of sightings with extinction‐date estimators
Authors: Brook Barry W. , Buettel Jessie C. , Jarić Ivan
Published: June 2019

The pattern of sightings of a species that is rare, and then no longer observed, can be used to estimate its extinction date. However, other than physical captures or specimens, the veracity of any sighting is ambiguous, and should be treated probabilistically when used to infer extinction dates. We present a simple yet powerful computational approach for incorporating observational reliability into extinction date estimators (EDE). Our method (1) combines repeated within‐year sightings probabilistically, (2) samples observations using reliability as an inclusion probability, (3) infers a probability distribution and summary statistics of extinction dates with any EDE, and (4) computes the frequency distribution of the extinction date. We applied this method to eight exemplar sighting records covering a range of lengths, sighting rates and uncertainties, using a variety of statistical EDEs, and compared these results with a threshold approach for selecting sightings. We also demonstrated a robust coverage of “true” extinction dates based on selected real‐world examples of rediscovered species and confirmed extinctions, and simulated sighting records. Our approach represents a powerful generalization of past work because it is not predicated on any specific method for inferring extinction dates, and yet is simple to implement (with R script provided).
Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology practical guidance on the use of natriuretic peptide concentrations
Authors: Mueller Christian , McDonald Kenneth , de Boer Rudolf A. , Maisel Alan , Cleland John G.F. , Kozhuharov Nikola , Coats Andrew J.S. , Metra Marco , Mebazaa Alexandre , Ruschitzka Frank , Lainscak Mitja , Filippatos Gerasimos , Seferovic Petar M. , Meijers Wouter C. , Bayes‐Genis Antoni , Mueller Thomas , Richards Mark , Januzzi James L. ,   on behalf of the Heart Failure Association of the European Society of Cardiology
Published: June 2019

Natriuretic peptide [NP; B‐type NP (BNP), N‐terminal proBNP (NT‐proBNP), and midregional proANP (MR‐proANP)] concentrations are quantitative plasma biomarkers for the presence and severity of haemodynamic cardiac stress and heart failure (HF). End‐diastolic wall stress, intracardiac filling pressures, and intracardiac volumes seem to be the dominant triggers. This paper details the most important indications for NPs and highlights 11 key principles underlying their clinical use shown below.

NPs should always be used in conjunction with all other clinical information.

NPs are reasonable surrogates for intracardiac volumes and filling pressures.

NPs should be measured in all patients presenting with symptoms suggestive of HF such as dyspnoea and/or fatigue, as their use facilitates the early diagnosis and risk stratification of HF.

NPs have very high diagnostic accuracy in discriminating HF from other causes of dyspnoea: the higher the NP, the higher the likelihood that dyspnoea is caused by HF.

Optimal NP cut‐off concentrations for the diagnosis of acute HF (very high filling pressures) in patients presenting to the emergency department with acute dyspnoea are higher compared with those used in the diagnosis of chronic HF in patients with dyspnoea on exertion (mild increase in filling pressures at rest).

Obese patients have lower NP concentrations, mandating the use of lower cut‐off concentrations (about 50% lower).

In stable HF patients, but also in patients with other cardiac disorders such as myocardial infarction, valvular heart disease, atrial fibrillation or pulmonary embolism, NP concentrations have high prognostic accuracy for death and HF hospitalization.

Screening with NPs for the early detection of relevant cardiac disease including left ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients with cardiovascular risk factors may help to identify patients at increased risk, therefore allowing targeted preventive measures to prevent HF.

BNP, NT‐proBNP and MR‐proANP have comparable diagnostic and prognostic accuracy.

In patients with shock, NPs cannot be used to identify cause (e.g. cardiogenic vs. septic shock), but remain prognostic.

NPs cannot identify the underlying cause of HF and, therefore, if elevated, must always be used in conjunction with cardiac imaging.