bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE IN VITRO METABOLISM OF ERYTHROCYTES FROM NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: Zipursky A. , LaRue T. , Israels L. G.
Published: December 2009

In the red blood cells of the newborn there is a rapid fall in non-hydrolyzable phosphate during in vitro incubation. This difference appears to be due to a decreased rate of synthesis of 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid in the erythrocyte of the newborn. In addition the incorporation of P32orthophosphate into the red blood cell is slower in the newborn than in the adult. During 4 °C storage of blood of adults and newborns there is a progressive fall in phosphate esters which is similar in both groups.The erythrocytes of the newborn contain more potassium and water than those of adults. During storage at 4 °C the cells of the newborn lose potassium more rapidly than those of the adult. This may be related to differences in membrane permeability.
ACETYLASPARTIC ACID AND AMMONIA POISONING
Authors: Ruisseau Jean-Paul Du
Published: December 2009

Acetylaspartic acid has been followed in nine tissues of normal and ammonia-poisoned rats. This acetylated amino acid is present at high concentrations in normal brain and remains unchanged in ammonia-poisoned brain. Acetylaspartic acid is absent or present in trace amounts in normal liver. It increases appreciably in ammonium acetate poisoning, reaching a peak at death. No change in concentration was detectable in the other tissues examined. There is a correlation between aspartic and acetylaspartic acid in the liver. But no correlation was observed between acetylaspartic acid on the one hand and ammonia and urea on the other. The possible origins of acetylaspartic acid are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF 2-AMINOETHYLISOTHIOURONIUM (AET) ON THE RESPIRATION OF MOUSE LIVER AND SPLEEN SLICES
Authors: Vittorio P. V. , Spence Wilma P.
Published: December 2009

The effect of AET injected in vivo on the respiration of liver and spleen slices from non-irradiated and X-irradiated mice was studied. The mice were killed 4 or 24 hours after the injection of a protective dose of AET and the livers and spleens were removed, sliced, and incubated for 3 hours in Krebs–Henseleit bicarbonate buffer containing uniformly labelled C14 glucose. In both non-irradiated and X-irradiated mice, initially, AET depressed the respiration of C14O2 from incubated liver slices but this depressing effect appeared to be overcome with time. Whole body X irradiation increased the total C14O2 respired by liver slices from mice injected with saline or AET prior to X irradiation and killed 4 or 24 hours after X irradiation. Whole body X irradiation decreased the total C14O2 respired by the spleen slices and the 24-hour samples showed the greatest decrease. In both the non-irradiated and X-irradiated mice AET did not appear to affect the total C14O2 respired by spleen slices.
AMINOACIDURIA IN RATS AFTER TREATMENT WITH THE ETHYL ESTER OF GAMMA-BUTYROBETAINE
Authors: Hosein Esau A. , Smart Margaret , Hawkins Kathleen
Published: December 2009

Previous workers have shown that the urine of patients with muscular dystrophy contains excessive amounts of amino acids. Using paper chromatographic analysis, these workers found that the amino acid methylhistidine is among those excreted in large amounts. Rats do not normally excrete methylhistidine, but in our experiments it was found that intramuscular injection of the ethyl ester of gamma-butyrobetaine into rats caused both the excretion of methylhistidine and an excessive aminoaciduria, presumably through the breakdown of muscle proteins.
THE PHARMACOLOGY OF THE RAUWOLFIA ALKALOIDS CHANDRINE AND SERPAKRINE
Authors: Reynolds A. K. , Presutti H. J. , MacLeod D. P.
Published: December 2009

The pharmacological properties of two new alkaloids of Rauwolfia serpentina have been studied with special reference to their cardiovascular actions. In several instances, comparative studies have been carried out with the clinically used alseroxylon fraction of R. serpentina. Chandrine and serpakrine do not profoundly influence the activity or behavior of intact animals unless administered in very large doses. They are completely devoid of the tranquilizing action that characterizes such bases as reserpine and rescinnamine. They do, however, exhibit marked hypotensive activity. The mechanism of this depressor action has not been clearly established. It is not seen in spinal animals, and there is no evidence of ganglionic blocking or peripheral adrenolytic action. The effects of chandrine or serpakrine per se on smooth muscle structures are not pronounced, but antiacetylcholine activity has been observed on these and other preparations. Their contribution to the actions of the clinically employed whole-root extracts is probably not very marked.
WATER AND ELECTROLYTE CHANGES IN AGING PROCESS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM IN CARDIAC MUSCLE
Authors: Mori Kanaka , Duruisseau Jean-Paul
Published: December 2009

Concentrations of six electrolytes in seven tissues were determined in rats, the ages of which varied from 1 to 36 months, to demonstrate any changes in the electrolyte pattern during the aging process. Of the tissues studied, the electrolyte pattern of cardiac muscle showed the greatest change with age. There was a general decrease in the concentration of all cations and also of one anion, chloride, in this tissue; phosphate was the only ion to remain constant. The electrolyte pattern of the liver also changed considerably with age; the concentration of all cations decreased with the exception of calcium, which showed no variation. The electrolyte concentration of skeletal muscle changed little with age; only potassium and calcium diminished in concentration. The kidney showed an increase in the amount of calcium and phosphorus and a decrease in the level of potassium in the oldest group of animals. The aorta revealed a striking decrease in the magnesium level and a progressive increase in the amount of calcium with age. The electrolyte pattern of serum and brain was constant, except for the concentration of chloride, which was elevated in the serum of the oldest rats. The concentration of water in tissues was generally found to decrease with age.
THE PREPARATION AND SOME METABOLIC PROPERTIES OF RAT SPINAL CORD SLICES
Authors: Hudson A. J. , Kini M. M.
Published: December 2009

The effect of various substrates upon the respiratory activity of cord slices has been investigated. Glucose was observed to support spinal cord respiration while fructose was not as effective a substrate as glucose. Sodium L-glutamate and α-ketoglutarate were poor substrates. With each substrate a higher respiratory activity was observed in the lumbar than in the cervical region of the cord. Since white matter constitutes a considerable part of spinal cord tissue, some of the metabolic characteristics observed with spinal cord may have been due to the high proportion of neuroglial elements present in white matter. However, the excessive thickness of the slices (0.3–0.9 mm) may also have been a cause of the low [Formula: see text] and poor stimulating effect of potassium.
PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF A PROTEASE FROM PENICILLIUM CYANEO-FULVUM
Authors: Singh Kartar , Martin S. M.
Published: December 2009

A proteolytic enzyme present in culture filtrates of Penicillium cyaneo-fulvum was purified approximately 100-fold. In the ultracentrifuge the enzyme behaved as a homogeneous protein, but on electrophoresis some contamination was apparent. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be about 45,000.The protease hydrolyzed casein and denatured haemoglobin, gelatin, and native bovine plasma albumin but not native or denatured ovalbumin. It also coagulated milk. The optimum pH for caseolysis was 9.5 to 11.0. Metal chelating- and sulphydryl-reagents did not affect enzyme activity but zinc and mercurous ions inhibited the enzyme, the inhibition being reversed with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Soybean trypsin inhibitor was without effect on the enzyme whereas ovomucoid inhibited the enzyme. Although it is similar in some respects to other alkaline proteases, the P. cyaneo-fulvum enzyme does not appear to be identical with any one of them.
PRODUCTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND VOLATILE ACIDS BY MUSCLE FROM ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES
Authors: Harpur R. P. , Waters W. R.
Published: December 2009

Under anaerobic conditions the production of carbon dioxide by chopped ascaris muscle is enhanced by the presence of carbon dioxide. This effect is not due to a lowering of the pH since raising the pH actually increases the effect. In addition to manometric measurements changes in the volatile acids were studied. Since the chromatographic procedure employed did not distinguish between isomers, the acid fractions have been designated by the number of carbon atoms contained by the acid normally eluted in each specific fraction. When minced or chopped muscle is incubated in an atmosphere of N2/CO2, 93/7, there is an increase in the C5and C4acid fractions in addition to a small but significant increase in the C2acid fraction. The ratio of C5produced to CO2evolved is 1:3. On the other hand the C3and C2acid fractions are increased under aerobic conditions.
CHANGES IN HEPATIC ENZYME LEVELS AFTER ADRENALECTOMY: I. PHOSPHORYLASE, PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE, AND PHOSPHOGLUCOSEISOMERASE
Authors: Willmer J. S.
Published: December 2009

The effect of adrenalectomy upon the enzymes phosphorylase, phosphoglucomutase, and phosphoglucoseisomerase has been studied. Adrenalectomy reduces the activity of these enzymes in the liver by approximately 30%. The glucogenic steroids cortisone, hydrocortisone, and corticosterone are capable of maintaining an elevated level of phosphorylase and phosphoglucoseisomerase. The two former hormones and progesterone exert a similar effect upon phosphoglucomutase. A comparison has been made between the influence of starvation and adrenalectomy upon these enzymes. The results indicate that anorexia is not the cause of lowered enzyme levels in adrenalectomized rats.
THIOPURINE NUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS IN A 6-MP-RESISTANT SUBLINE OF THE EHRLICH ASCITES CARCINOMA AND GROWTH INHIBITION BY CERTAIN ANTIMETABOLITES
Authors: Paterson A. R. P.
Published: December 2009

A 6-MP-resistant subline of the Ehrlich ascites carcinoma has been characterized as cross-resistant to thioguanine and is more sensitive to azaserine than the parent tumor line. The resistant subline has retained the sensitivity to amethopterin shown by the parent tumor line. 6-MP riboside was no more effective than 6-MP in inhibiting the growth of the resistant cells.It was shown previously that cells of this resistant subline, in contrast to cells of the parent line, were unable to synthesize 6-MP nucleotide from a test dose of 6-MP injected into the ascitic fluid. In the present study it was shown that resistant cells were also unable to convert 6-MP riboside or thioguanine to their nucleotide derivatives, both of which were synthesized by the 6-MP-sensitive parent line of tumor cells. Similarities observed in the metabolism of 6-MP and 6-MP riboside and in their chemotherapeutic effects were probably due to the extensive hydrolysis of 6-MP riboside which took place in both ascites tumors.
PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS BY SOLVENT REDEVELOPMENT WITHOUT PRIOR REMOVAL OF SALTS OR PROTEINS
Authors: Pasieka Arthur E.
Published: December 2009

A solvent redeveloping technique has been devised by which amino acids, peptides, and sugars can be separated from complex mixtures in the presence of high concentrations of salts and proteins. The separations are effected by two to four successive 18-hour solvent developments with drying between each 18-hour period before subsequent staining of the chromatograms. Better separations and resolutions are obtained by such successive 18-hour solvent developments than by one continuous solvent development for an equivalent time. The effect of these redevelopments on the separations and resolutions of biological compounds is illustrated at various stages by photographs of one- and two-dimensional chromatograms. The redevelopment technique requires filter paper sheets up to 4 ft in length for one-dimensional analytical and preparative types of chromatograms.
PROTEIN METABOLISM OF RAT BRAIN SLICES
Authors: Takahashi Y. , Akabane Y.
Published: December 2009

Rat brain slices respiring in a Krebs–Ringer phosphate medium were found to incorporate glycine-2-C14and DL-glutamic acid-1-C14into the protein.The addition of succinate as the substrate reduced the incorporation of glycine-2-C14into the protein of brain slices. The addition of glutamic acid, glutamine, and methionine sulphoxide into the glucose Krebs–Ringer phosphate medium inhibited the incorporation.The incorporation was also inhibited by 2,4-DNP in concentrations that do not decrease oxygen consumption.The respiration and the incorporation of glycine-2-C14were inhibited progressively with an increase in the concentration of isomytal, azacyclonol, chlorpromazine, and acetylpromazine. In the presence of succinate as the substrate these drugs did not inhibit the respiration of brain slices.
STUDIES ON THE INHIBITION OF THE MITOCHONDRIAL ATP-ase BY REDUCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY CHAIN
Authors: Chefurka W.
Published: December 2009

The effects of inhibition of the electron transport system on the stimulation of the ATP-ase reaction in liver and rat-heart mitochondria by dinitrophenol were studied. Cyanide at concentrations 10−3M and higher effectively reduced the stimulation of ATP-ase by dinitrophenol. A similar but less striking inhibition was observed for rat-heart sarcosomes. This ATP-ase reaction was also inhibited in the presence of 10−4M cyanide with glutamate, β-hydroxybutyrate, DPNH, and succinate as reductants of the respiratory chain. Anaerobiosis also caused a substantial decrease in the ATP-ase reaction. In all instances, complete inhibition of the ATP-ase reaction could not be achieved when the respiratory chain was reduced. The magnesium-stimulated ATP-ase of rat-heart sarcosomes, of aged mitochondria, and of the Keilin–Hartree heart-muscle preparation was insensitive to reduction of the carriers suggesting that this reaction may constitute only part of the total ATP-ase reaction. The compatability of the various mechanisms of oxidative phosphorylation with these results is discussed.
ISOMERIZATION OF 11-cis VITAMIN A IN VIVO
Authors: Stainer D. W. , Murray T. K. , Campbell J. A.
Published: December 2009

Single oral doses of all-trans and 11-cis vitamin A acetate were given to young, vitamin A deficient rats and the proportion of cis isomer in the intestinal tract and liver measured. Some conversion of 11-cis to all-trans occurred in the stomach and intestine, and a mixture of the two isomers was absorbed and stored in the liver. The high proportion of cis isomer found in the liver stores 5 hours after a dose of 11-cis vitamin A disappeared completely in 23 days. Oral doses of both all-trans and 11-cis vitamin A produced greater liver stores than the same doses given subcutaneously. The relative biological potency of the 11-cis isomer was the same by either route, which indicated that the low potency of this isomer was not due only to poor absorption from the intestine.
THE EFFECT OF BOUND INSULIN ON THE RESPIRATORY RATE AND ELECTROLYTES OF INTACT FROG MUSCLE
Authors: Manery J. F. , O'Niell K. E. , Meakin J. W. , Dryden E. E. , Duffield J. C.
Published: December 2009

Isolated frog muscles were immersed in Ringer's solution containing insulin, for varying periods of time from 5 to 40 minutes; following this procedure they were washed, with varying degrees of intensity, in insulin-free Ringer's solution. Contralateral muscles were treated similarly with insulin-free Ringer's solution. The muscles then respired in Warburg vessels in the presence of lactate for 6 hours, at which time the media in the Warburg vessels were analyzed for potassium and phosphate and the muscles for water and sodium. Data from paired muscles were always compared. Results from several experimental designs led to the conclusion that insulin was held in some way to the muscle and was carried over into the Warburg vessel since marked stimulation of respiratory rate, potassium and phosphate uptake, and sodium loss were observed. Extensive washing did not remove the bound insulin. No greater effect of insulin was observed when it was bound at a pH of 7.6 than at a pH of 6.0.
PROTEINS IN FISH MUSCLE: 16. ADENOSINETRIPHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY OF COD MYOSIN AND ACTOMYOSIN
Authors: Dingle J. R. , Hines J. A.
Published: December 2009

The adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) activities of actomyosin extracts of prerigor and postrigor cod muscle, and of myosins prepared from them by ultracentrifugation in the presence of ATP, have been measured at ionic concentration 0.1 and pH 7.3. The actomyosin ATPases were strongly activated by Mg++, while those of the myosins were suppressed by Mg++, in agreement with corresponding rabbit skeletal muscle proteins. Ca++ion also moderately activated the actomyosin ATPases, but had little effect on the myosin ATPases. When actomyosin was precipitated by dilution in the presence of ATP and Mg++, the characteristic activation by Mg++was lost. The myosin ATPases were very labile.
ISOMERIZATION OF VITAMIN A BY TISSUE HOMOGENATES
Authors: Stainer D. W. , Murray T. K.
Published: December 2009

Homogenates of liver, intestinal mucosa, and kidney were shown to catalyze the conversion of 11-cis to all-trans vitamin A. The liver contained the most active system and converted approximately 42% of the 11-cis in a 3-hour incubation. Intestinal mucosa and kidney preparations promoted conversions of 20% and 9% respectively. Only liver homogenates had an appreciable effect on the 13-cis isomer and caused a 15% conversion to all-trans vitamin A. The activity of all preparations was destroyed by boiling and renewed by the addition of unboiled homogenate. The extent of isomerization was dependent on the concentration of both homogenate and vitamin A. These results are compared to those found in vivo.
INSULIN SENSITIZATION TO THE ACTION OFk-STROPHANTHIN
Authors: Adamkiewicz V. W.
Published: December 2009

Insulin-Zn (40 units/kg, s.c.) prolongs two- to four-fold the cardiac action of the glycoside k-strophanthin (10–20 mg/kg, s.c. or i.p.) in the rat (100–200 g) as reflected by the duration and intensity of the heart rate deceleration (E.C.G.). Insulin also increases six times the mortality in rats overdosed with k-strophanthin (30 mg/kg i.p.), but simultaneously prolongs the duration of survival. On the other hand, insulin appears not to affect the cardiac action of the aglycon strophanthidin.
THE ENTEROLIPOMICRON, A SECRETION?
Authors: Weld C. B.
Published: December 2009

Enterolipomicrons, small particles visible in dark field preparations, appear in Thiry loops of duodenum or jejunum on physiological stimulation. Usually, debris consists of desquamating, disintegrating mucosal cells; mucous material is obtained at the same time. The particles differ from the debris in composition and enzyme activity, and their appearance and their composition suggest a cytoplasmic origin. In electron microscope preparations of resting mucosa, similar particles can be seen in large numbers in the cells whereas in vigorously stimulated preparations they are scarce. It is concluded that the centrifugal fraction normally called enterolipomicron consists of a mixture of secretory granules actually secreted and of cytoplasmic microsomal material derived from disintegrating cells. The fraction has considerable enzymatic activity.
THE EFFECT OF CORTICOTROPIN ON THE FORMATION OF CORTICOSTEROIDS IN VITRO
Authors: Barker R. F. M. , Wied D. de
Published: December 2009

The effect of endogenous corticotropin on the formation of corticoids in vitro was evaluated under different experimental conditions.Corticotropin, added in vitro to the adrenals of rats exposed to a strange environment, only moderately increased corticoid production, whereas the same amounts of corticotropin markedly stimulated the steroid formation of adrenals of "non-stressed" and hypophysectomized rats. Thus, the presence of endogenous corticotropin apparently interfered with the activity of added hormone.The adrenal response to corticotropin after preincubation was more pronounced than that of non-preincubated glands. It appeared that the preincubation medium contained corticotropin-inactivating material which could be destroyed by heating. This suggests that the preincubation medium contains an enzyme that inactivates corticotropin. Presumably, this enzyme leaks into the medium from the cut surface of the adrenal gland.
THE EFFECT OF RIBOFLAVIN DEFICIENCY AND GALACTOFLAVIN FEEDING ON OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION AND RELATED REACTIONS IN RAT LIVER MITOCHONDRIA
Authors: Beyer Robert E. , Lamberg Stanley L. , Neyman M. Arthur
Published: December 2009

The effect of riboflavin deficiency and feeding of galactoflavin on the flavin content of liver mitochondria, oxidative phosphorylation, Pi–ATP exchange, and ATPase activity was studied. Both dietary riboflavin deprivation and galactoflavin feeding resulted in a depressed flavin content of mitochondria, the latter treatment resulting in a more severe flavin loss. P/O ratios under all treatments were normal as were Pi–ATP exchange rates and the oxidation of succinate. Glutamate and β-hydroxybutyrate oxidations were depressed in mitochondria from rats fed galactoflavin for 15 or 28 days. DNP-activated ATPase was elevated in both flavin-deficient and galactoflavin-fed preparations while Mg++-activated ATPase was depressed in the galactoflavin-fed preparations. These results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that flavin is involved in energy conservation in the diaphorase region of electron transport.
QUANTITATIVE CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS: PART 2. AN APPROACH TO PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY OF IMPROVED RESOLVING POWER AND REPRODUCIBILITY
Authors: Hanes Charles S.
Published: December 2009

The problems involved in developing an improved and more comprehensive system of analysis of amino acids and peptides based on paper chromatography are considered broadly and the scope of a group of investigations directed to this objective is described in outline. In addition to improvement and simplification of analytical techniques, these studies are to be concerned with an attempt to secure substantial improvement in the resolving power and reproducibility of the one-dimensional paper chromatogram. An important contribution to this objective has come from modifications in the chromatographic equipment designed to provide closer control of the physical conditions under which the filter paper is irrigated with the chromatographic solvent. The reasons for these modifications in the design of equipment are described. Other topics dealt with in this introductory paper relate to the purity of chromatographic papers, procedures for their pretreatment with buffer solutions, and some useful ancillary equipment which has been developed.
QUANTITATIVE CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS: PART 4. STABILIZED CHROMATOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS OF HIGH RESOLVING POWER FOR AMINO ACIDS
Authors: Hanes C. S. , Harris C. K. , Moscarello M. A. , Tigane E.
Published: December 2009

The development of two paper chromatographic systems of high resolving power for the amino acids is described. Both systems are based on buffered miscible solvents used with buffer impregnated papers. By selection and control of the conditions of operation, the patterns of separation of these systems have been adjusted to yield maximum combined resolution when they are used together as a complementary pair. The general problems and possibilities of attempting to select and refine detailed features of paper chromatographic patterns seem to be well illustrated by the development of these two systems.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SOME CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS
Authors: Woodford V. R. , Leegwater Nel , Drance S. M.
Published: December 2009

A modification of a colorimetric method for the determination of carbonic anhydrase is described in which substrate is supplied in the form of gaseous carbon dioxide. Using this method, the inhibitory effects of seven carbonic anhydrase inhibitors used in the control of intraocular pressure were investigated. It was found that equilibrium between enzyme and inhibitor required from 2 minutes to 64 minutes to become established. A comparison of the inhibitory potencies of the various drugs is presented.
ELECTRICAL STIMULATION OF THE SYMPATHETIC NERVES OF THE ISOLATED RABBIT EAR AND THE FATE OF THE NEUROHORMONE RELEASED
Authors: Stinson R. H.
Published: December 2009

The rate of in vivo destruction of exogenous circulating (nor)adrenaline in the isolated perfused rabbit ear is so slow as to be negligible. Electrical stimulation of the superior cervical ganglion produces a marked constriction of the blood vessels in the rabbit ear which rapidly disappears when the stimulation ceases, presumably because the neurohormone released has either been locally inactivated or washed out by the circulation.Direct stimulation of the sympathetic plexus of the artery at the base of the isolated ear was found to be quite practical and frequency–response determinations were made. The response occurred in two parts. An initial 'spike' response had an optimum frequency of approximately 25 c.p.s. while that of the 'steady state' response was at 15 c.p.s.No evidence of a pressor substance was found in the perfusate after prolonged stimulation during recirculation of 4 ml of perfusate even when inhibitors of amine oxidase and catechol-O-methyl transferase were used separately. The most likely explanations are that either (a) the neurohormone is destroyed locally, or (b) it never accumulated in the perfusate above the threshold concentration of the preparation. In view of the negligible destruction of circulating adrenaline in the ear it is suggested that suggestion (b) may be more appropriate.
THE EFFECT OF ACUTE ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION ON ADRENAL ASCORBIC ACID AND CHOLESTEROL IN THE RAT
Authors: Czaja Caroline , Kalant H.
Published: December 2009

Ethyl alcohol, in a dose of 2 g/kg of body weight, caused a significant decrease in adrenal ascorbic acid and cholesterol when given to rats by intraperitoneal injection, but not when given by stomach tube. Gavage had greater effect on the adrenals than did the alcohol itself. Two possible explanations were considered for the effect of alcohol given intraperitoneally. First, some of the observed effects might be due to pain resulting from the presence of the alcohol in the peritoneal cavity. However, prior administration of a local anaesthetic did not modify the effect of injected alcohol, suggesting that the alcohol, at the concentration used in the experiment (20% v/v), did not act as a pain stimulus. Second, it was thought that the effect of the injected alcohol could be explained largely by its much more rapid absorption into the blood. Blood alcohol measurements showed that intraperitoneal injection of 2 g of alcohol per kg resulted in a peak concentration of over 300 mg% within 2 minutes, in contrast to a peak value of just over 200 mg% at 90 minutes after administration of the same dose by stomach tube. This explanation was confirmed by the finding of smaller decreases in adrenal ascorbic acid and cholesterol after three spaced injections than after a single injection of the same total dose of alcohol. Daily exposure to gavage or to intraperitoneal injection for 1 month reduced the magnitude of adrenocortical response to these manipulations, but did not modify the respective responses to alcohol given by these routes.
ORAL PROPHYLAXIS FOR ANTICHOLINESTERASE POISONING
Authors: Coleman I. W. , Little P. E. , Grant G. A.
Published: December 2009

A method of protection against poisoning by cholinesterase inhibitors involving the use of N-methyl pyridinium-2-aldoxime methanesulphonate (P-2-S) orally, prior to exposure to the anticholinesterase agent, in combination with intramuscularly administered atropine sulphate after exposure, has been examined. In rats poisoned with O,O-diethyl S-2-diethylaminoethyl phosphorothiolate (DSDP), the treatment permitted survival from a dose of 28 times the LD50in untreated animals. The protection given by oral P-2-S lasts for an extended period of time decreasing to one half the maximum value in about 4 hours. Mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits so treated demonstrated a high tolerance to DSDP but of lower order than the rat. Treatment with oxime and atropine afforded protection to mice and rats exposed to paraoxon, vinylphosphate, isosystox, DFP, TEPP, and eserine, but was relatively impotent against sarin, tabun, and schradan. The possible application of this mode of treatment to human exposures to anticholinesterase agents is discussed.
THE REACTION OF MUSTARD GAS (β,β′-DICHLOROETHYL SULPHIDE) WITH PURINES AND PYRIMIDINES
Authors: Walker I. G. , Watson W. J.
Published: December 2009

Guanine, adenine, cytosine, and thymine were reacted in alkali with twice the molar equivalent of mustard gas. The reaction mixture from each of the above was resolved by column and paper chromatography, and the minimum number of compounds produced from each of the bases was found to be the following: guanine, six; adenine, seven; cytosine, four; and thymine, three.The approximate extent to which the bases reacted with mustard gas was as follows: guanine, 80%; adenine, 40%; cytosine, 50%; and thymine, 50%.Spectral and chromatographic data for the various derivatives have been compiled.The major derivative from each of the cytosine and adenine reaction mixtures was isolated in a crystalline state and characterized. The structures assigned to these compounds have a 2-(β-hydroxyethylthiol)-ethyl radical attached to the oxygen of cytosine and the N9of adenine.In the guanine compounds the amino group had not been alkylated but the ionization of the hydroxyl group or the imidazole group had been abolished. From the available data it was not possible to state which one of the two groups was missing in any one compound.Structural details concerning the thymine derivatives were not obtained.
RELEASE OF HISTAMINE AND 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE FROM CELLS OF THE PERITONEAL FLUID OF RATS
Authors: Garcia-Arocha H.
Published: December 2009

Cell suspensions from the peritoneal cavity of rats are suitable preparations for the study of the release of physiologically active substances. The mast cells in these suspensions contain most of the histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine, and all the extractable heparin. When subjected to incubation in the presence of base-type histamine liberators, lytic substances, dilution with distilled water, or freezing and thawing, histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine are quantitatively released. The release of histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine by histamine liberators is pH- and temperature-dependent. The release of these amines by procedures not involving the rupture of primary chemical bonds provides evidence that both amines are enclosed in a diffusible form or loosely bound, within the cell structure.
LIBERATION OF 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE AND HISTAMINE IN THE ANAPHYLACTIC REACTION OF THE RAT
Authors: Garcia-Arocha H.
Published: December 2009

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and histamine were released when antigen was added to peritoneal cell suspensions or to the fluid perfusing the small intestine of sensitized rats. In parallel experiments with minced uterine tissue the antigen failed to release significant amounts of histamine into the suspending medium but did release 5-HT. These results, taken in conjunction with the effects of the two amines and of their specific antagonists, suggest that the anaphylactic response of the rat uterus depends on the release of 5-HT, whereas both histamine and 5-HT participate in the anaphylactic response of other rat tissues.
QUANTITATIVE CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHODS: PART 6. IMPROVED PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF AMINO COMPOUNDS ON PAPER CHROMATOGRAMS
Authors: Tigane E. , Wade E. H. M. , Wong J. Tze-Fei , Hanes C. S.
Published: December 2009

A procedure is described for the quantitative determination of amino compounds separated by paper chromatography. The procedure is of general applicability, and more specifically has been extensively applied to the standard P-E-PP and P-E-T chromatograms. Recovery data from these chromatograms have been obtained, and the various factors influencing the accuracy of analysis are discussed.
TOXIC AND PROTECTIVE EFFECTS OF ROYAL JELLY IN NORMAL AND DISEASED MICE
Authors: Grad B. , Kral V. A. , Berenson J.
Published: December 2009

A single subcutaneous injection of 1 ml royal jelly into each of 27 female mice killed 17 of them within 2 days. One milliliter of royal jelly exerted this lethal effect both in its normally acid state and when neutralized. Miliary haemorrhages without leukocytic or lymphocytic infiltration were found in the brains of mice 7 hours after injection with 1 ml royal jelly. Similar injections of 1 ml of such osmotically active substances as 20% egg albumin or 80% sucrose into groups of 10 mice failed to kill any mice within 20 days. Nor did any deaths result when 1 ml of a protein–carbohydrate–saline mixture with a percentage composition and osmolal concentration similar to that of royal jelly was injected into each of 10 mice.A 0.1-ml quantity of royal jelly injected daily significantly shortened life span in mice previously injected with Ehrlich's ascites tumor or with a transplantable lymphatic leukemia from AKR mice. On the other hand, 0.1 ml royal jelly injected once a week significantly prolonged life in "high leukemia" male AKR mice.Daily injection into normal mice of 0.1 ml royal jelly for several weeks significantly increased the weight of the adrenals and simultaneously significantly increased the weight of the lymphatic tissue, an action which distinguishes royal jelly from all other known adrenal-stimulating agents. This dose did not cause loss of body weight, and in one experiment even stimulated it.The survival of normal young (but not normal old) mice in the cold (0 to 3 °C) was significantly prolonged by daily injection of 0.001 ml royal jelly administered before and during exposure to cold, but not by 0.1 or 0.01 ml; 0.001 or 0.0001 ml royal jelly administered before, but not during, exposure to cold failed to protect mice against cold.
A COMPARISON OF HISTONES FROM CHICKEN TISSUES BY ZONE ELECTROPHORESIS IN STARCH GEL
Authors: Neelin J. M. , Butler G. C.
Published: December 2009

Histories were extracted at pH 1.7 from washed nuclei of chicken erythrocytes, spleen, liver, and testis and compared by starch-gel electrophoresis at pH 5.0, ionic strength 0.020. Spleen and liver histories displayed the most complex electrophoretic patterns with 18 zones each and differed only in relative proportions of certain zones. Erythrocyte histone contained a characteristic zone while lacking a group present in spleen and liver histones. Testis histone with only seven zones differed markedly from the other three. These results were consistent with chromatograms of erythrocyte, spleen, and liver histones on sodium IRC-50. The suggested correlation of tissue-specific histones with cell differentiation is discussed.
THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE METABOLIC PATHWAY IN THE HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE: I. THE TRANSFORMATION OF RIBOSE-5-PHOSPHATE TO KETOPENTOSE-5-PHOSPHATE
Authors: Brownstone Y. S. , Denstedt O. F.
Published: December 2009

Ribose-5-phosphate is converted to ketopentose-5-phosphate by red cell hemolyzate at the rate of 3.6 mmoles/g Hb/hour at 37 °C. The rate of activity of the enzymes remains fairly steady over a broad range of pH (6.5 to 9.0).
THE PENTOSE PHOSPHATE METABOLIC PATHWAY IN THE HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE: II. THE TRANSKETOLASE AND TRANSALDOLASE ACTIVITY OF THE HUMAN ERYTHROCYTE
Authors: Brownstone Y. S. , Denstedt O. F.
Published: December 2009

Transketolase, in the human erythrocyte, is confined to the soluble fraction of the cell. The activation energy for the formation of sedoheptulose-7-phosphate (S-7-P) from pentose phosphate was found to be 11,500 calories and the rate of formation of S-7-P to be directly proportional to the concentration of the enzyme. The Michaelis constant, with ribose-5-phosphate (R-5-P) as the added substrate, was found to be 6 × 10−3 M. The activity of the enzyme is close to the maximum over a wide range of hydrogen ion concentration (pH 7.1 to 8.3) with only a gradual decrease beyond these limits. The transketolase, in the dialyzed stroma-free hemolyzate, is active without the addition of magnesium ions or thiamine pyrophosphate. It is unaffected by sulphydryl-binding inhibitors and by EDTA and oxythiamine pyrophosphate.Transaldolase activity also has been demonstrated in the hemolyzate of human red cells. The rate of the production of hexose phosphate from sedoheptulose-7-phosphate was found to be of the order of 40 μmoles/g Hb/hour. The activity of the enzyme is close to the maximum between pH 7.18 and 7.75.
PROCEDURE FOR ISOLATION AND DETERMINATION OF HUMAN BLOOD ANGIOTENSIN
Authors: Boucher R. , Biron P. , Genest J.
Published: December 2009

A method is proposed for the isolation and measurement of blood angiotensin in humans. It involves immediate precipitation of 200 to 400 ml of blood with ethanol, ether extraction, purification by column chromatography on Dowex resin followed by paper chromatography, and detection by a pressor assay in a rat preparation. Recovery of added angiotensin has been quantitative; accuracy varied from 10 to 20%, and sensitivity was 5–10 millimicrograms/100 ml of blood, depending on the amount of blood drawn.The isolated material gave the same pressor response curve in the rat as standard valine-5 angiotensin II, aspartic β-amide; it had the same mobility in two different paper chromatographic systems and in one electrophoretic system. The material was indistinguishable from standard angiotensin either infused intravenously in human subjects and subsequently recovered from their blood or added directly to the blood before processing.It is likely that this procedure may also serve to isolate arginine vasopressin.
EXCRETION OF 4-AMINO-5-IMIDAZOLECARBOXAMIDE IN HUMAN URINE
Authors: McGeer Patrick L. , McGeer Edith G. , Griffin Margot C.
Published: December 2009

A simple colorimetric method for the determination of urinary 4-amino-5-imidazolecarboxamide (AIC), a key by-product in purine biosynthesis, has been developed. Data on urine specimens from 69 healthy individuals showed that excretion of this compound averaged 0.98 mg/day. Repeated measurements on the same individuals showed that AIC is roughly comparable to creatinine in the constancy of its excretion. There is a highly significant correlation between AIC and creatinine levels in normal human urine. Only a small portion of ingested AIC was recovered in the urine, a result in accord with previous data from the literature suggesting that AIC readily enters body substrate pools.
ESTRADIOL-17β IN THE EGGS OF THE AMERICAN LOBSTER, HOMARUS AMERICANUS
Authors: Lisk Robert D.
Published: December 2009

Eggs of the American lobster, Homarus americanus, were examined for estrogenic materials. Analysis by the Astwood 6-hour assay indicated 0.26 to 0.32 μg of estrogenic activity per kilogram of eggs. Analysis by countercurrent distribution, paper chromatography, and bio-assay strongly suggests that the biologically active material is estradiol-17β.
A STUDY ON THE LIBERATION OF SUGARS, HEXURONIC ACID, AND HEXOSAMINE FROM BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL
Authors: Haab W. , Anastassiadis P. A.
Published: December 2009

Sulphonated polystyrene resin suspended in dilute hydrochloric acid and 4 N hydrochloric acid were compared with respect to (a) efficiency as catalysts of hydrolytic cleavage of mucopolysaccharides and (b) rates of destruction of sugars, glucuronic acid, and glucosamine. Mannose, galactose, and glucose were not subject to serious destruction when heated with the resin suspension over a period that was sufficient to effect hydrolysis of mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins. All these sugars were subject to serious destruction when heated with 4 N hydrochloric acid for a period sufficient to effect hydrolysis of mucopolysaccharides and glycoproteins. Under similar conditions, pentoses were destroyed more rapidly than hexoses but ribose withstood heating with the resin suspension for several hours. Heparin was found to be more resistant to hydrolysis than chondroitin sulphate or hyaluronic acid.
EFFECTS OF DIETARY METHIONINE AND VITAMIN B12ON THE NET SYNTHESIS OF CHOLINE IN RATS
Authors: Menon K. K. Govind , Lucas C. C.
Published: December 2009

The base moiety of tissue lecithin appears to arise from dietary components other than choline. Although the presence of choline in the diet is essential for maintaining the health of the animals, supplements of choline do not increase the amount of this base found in the bodies of rats paired-fed purified diets. In contrast, dietary supplements of methionine and of vitamin B12do increase the total choline content of the carcass of rats.
THE PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF GUANIDINATED OVALBUMIN
Authors: Habeeb A. F. S. A.
Published: December 2009

A study of the guanidination of ovalbumin with 1-guanyl-3,5-dimethyl pyrazole nitrate showed that at pH 9.5 the reagent reacts specifically with the ε-amino groups of lysine. Guanidination did not produce configurational changes that could be detected by sedimentation, diffusion, or electrophoresis.
ACETATE METABOLISM IN EXPERIMENTAL KETOSIS OF GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Sauer Frank
Published: December 2009

Non-diabetic ketosis was produced experimentally in fasted pregnant guinea pigs. Total CO2output of ketotic animals was less than that of appropriate controls but there was no impairment in the conversion of acetate-1-C14to C14O2. Sterol synthesis increased in ketotic animals while fatty acid synthesis, particularly in carcass, showed the expected decrease. Ketosis was accompanied by an increase in plasma total fatty acids and in the fatty acid concentration of liver. The experimental findings support the hypothesis that ketosis is a manifestation of increased ketogenesis rather than impaired utilization of ketone bodies.
ANTIBODIES TO ESTRONE-PROTEIN CONJUGATES: III. TISSUE LOCALIZATION OF ESTROGENS
Authors: Goodfriend L. , Leznoff A. , Sehon A. H.
Published: December 2009

Evidence was obtained that the mature rat ovary contained cellular component(s) which cross-reacted with fluorescein-labelled antiserum to estrone-2-carbamido-HSA.
PROBLEMS INVOLVED IN THE PURIFICATION OF ANTIHAPTEN ANTIBODIES BY THE USE OF STROMA–HAPTEN CONJUGATES
Authors: Froese A. , Sehon A. H.
Published: December 2009

Stroma-p-arsanilic acid conjugates were used for the isolation of antiarsanilic acid antibodies. The purity of antibody preparations obtained by displacement of antibodies with hapten was of the order of 60%. The recovery of antibodies was also about 60%. The reason for these values being lower than those theoretically possible was attributed to hapten inhibition.
THE BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE OF K42 IN THE COW AND THE OBESE PIG
Authors: Robinson G. A. , McNeill K. G. , Green R. M. , Rowsell H. C.
Published: December 2009

Potassium-42 was used as a tracer of the total exchangeable body potassium in six cows and five large sows. One millicurie of K42 solution was injected intravenously into each animal and samples of urine and faeces were collected in 8-liter plastic pails, at intervals, for 70 hours. The radioisotope content of the samples was determined by dipping an unshielded sodium iodide scintillometer into the pails to a constant depth. Background error was reduced by setting the discriminator levels to accept only pulses corresponding to the photopeak of the K42 emission. The rate of excretion of K42 decreased for approximately 16 hours, then appeared to remain constant for the rest of the experiment. Means of biological half-life values, as calculated for the period from 22 to 70 hours, were 10.5 days for the cows and 45.6 days for the pigs. Percentages by weight of total potassium in the animals were 0.21 for the cows and 0.24 for the pigs, as estimated from flame photometric determinations of urinary potassium and biological half-life values. These results are compared with caesium and potassium studies reported by other investigators.
THE PREPARATION OF LABELLED L-α-GLYGEROPHOSPHATE USING A STABLE YEAST EXTRACT
Authors: Stewart H. B. , Strickland K. P.
Published: December 2009

A simple method is described for the enzymic preparation of L-α-glycerophosphate from hexose diphosphate or from glucose and adenosine triphosphate. The necessary enzymes are supplied by a glycolyzing preparation from yeast supplemented with rabbit muscle L-a-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase. The method has been adapted to the preparation of carbon- and phosphorus-labelled products by using glucose-U-C14and adenosine-triphosphate-P32as precursors.
ON THE MECHANISM OF GLUCOSE METABOLISM IN THE PLANT TUMOR-INDUCING ORGANISM AGROBACTERIUM TUMEFACIENS
Authors: Vardanis A. , Hochster R. M.
Published: December 2009

Extracts of the plant tumor-inducing organism Agrobacterium tumefaciens do not oxidize glucose directly to gluconic or to 2-ketogluconic acid. Such extracts contain an extremely active, cyanide-sensitive DPNH oxidase. TPNH oxidase shows little activity and pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase appears to be absent. Hexokinase is active, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase functions either as a DPN- or as a TPN-linked system, 6-phosphogluconic acid dehydrogenase is TPN-specific, and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is DPN-specific.Evidence is presented to show that the pentose cycle operates in such preparations and also that the extent to which it functions is determined by the rate-limiting dehydrogenation and decarboxylation of 6-phosphogluconate. Thus, heptulose phosphate is formed readily from ribose-5-phosphate and much less effectively from 6-phosphogluconate. The net formation of hexose as a product of the cycle is also shown. It was possible to demonstrate under certain conditions that an effective competition exists between glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and transaldolase for available triose phosphate.From reaction rates and other data it is clear that the Entner–Doudoroff 6-phosphogluconate-splitting pathway is the major avenue of hexose phosphate utilization in cell-free extracts. Pyruvate thus formed is oxidized via the tricarboxylic acid cycle while glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate can be changed slowly into pyruvate or be recycled into hexose phosphate. The latter pathway is facilitated by the existence of a highly active fructose-1,6-diphosphatase.Whereas phosphohexoseisomerase is found to be highly active, phosphofructokinase shows very little activity, aldolase does not appear to be very effective, and the conversion of phosphoglyceric acid to pyruvate is extremely slow. For these reasons, glycolysis is considered to play a very minor role in glucose metabolism in these extracts.Data on the effects of some carbohydrate inhibitors on glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and on phosphohexoseisomerase are also given.
THE ACTIVATION AND INHIBITION OF TRYPSIN BY QUATERNARY AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS
Authors: Hummel Brian C. W.
Published: December 2009

The effect of a variety of quaternary ammonium compounds upon the esterase activity of trypsin was investigated. Both activation and inhibition were observed; some compounds activated at low, but inhibited at higher, concentrations (group I), while others activated at high concentration (group II). Tetramethyl-, tetraethyl-, and tetra-n-propyl-ammonium bromides fell in group II, whereas tetra-n-butylammonium iodide fell in group I (50% inhibition at 0.52 mmolar). Dimethonium, pentamethonium, hexamethonium (2.25-fold activation at 0.08 M), heptamethonium, and decamethonium bromides belonged to group II. Activation by decamethonium bromide was greater at pH 7.2 than at pH 8.1 and was abolished by increasing the substrate concentration. Trypsin in the presence of 0.02 M calcium was activated only 11% by 0.03 M decamethonium bromide. An hypothesis offering a possible explanation of these observations is presented.