bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Occupational Information in Simple Form
Authors: KULLER RUTH
Published: January 2012

Teachers of classes in occupations frequently encounter difficulty in procuring reading material comprehensible to students of low reading ability. {See “Cogs in the Occupational Wheel,” Arda Talbot Allen, Occupations, Oct., 1941, page 15, and “Graded Readings on Occupational Life,” Louis Herbert, Nov., 1941, page 127.} Most of the monographs and books are written for readers of at least eighth grade reading ability although actual class work demonstrates that large numbers of young people in the eighth and ninth grades can gain little from reading material on this level.

The following list was prepared for the Vocational Guidance Service of the Cincinnati Public Schools and was transmitted by Mary P. Corre, Director, Occupational Research and Counseling Division. Though not intended primarily as books on occupations, they may be used advantageously to give occupational information to poor readers. The text is, in each case, relatively easy and most of the books contain excellent photographs of workers which show the real nature of the job. They offer an introduction to the study of occupations if they are supplemented with material on wages, hours, working conditions, and employment trends.
Speed‐Up Courses for British Workers
Authors: CARR GERALD
Published: January 2012

Enter actresses, seamstresses, and housewives. Exeunt jour months later, welders, electricians, and machine tool operators. That is the record of the Government Training Centers of Great Britain. For an account of this metamorphosis, read this article.
Influence of climate on incidences of malaria in the Thar Desert, northwest India
Authors: Jhajharia Deepak , Chattopadhyay Surajit , Choudhary Rahul R. , Dev Vas , Singh Vijay P. , Lal Shankar
Published: January 2012

Climatic variability and rise in temperature are considered as the key determinants to the transmission of malaria. In the present study, the trends in the cases of malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax were investigated by using the nonparametric Mann‐Kendall test after removing the effect of significant lag‐1 serial correlation from the time series of cases of malaria incidence by pre‐whitening in annual, seasonal, and monthly time scales at Bikaner, located in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan, in northwest India. Multi‐collinearity within the datasets under consideration was investigated by means of correlation matrix, the Bartlett sphericity test, and the Kaiser‐Meyer‐Olkin measure of sampling adequacy, subsequent to which it was removed by using principal component analysis. Finally, artificial neural network models were employed to predict cases of malaria incidence caused by P. falciparum and P. vivax at various scales. During the last 34 years from 1975 to 2008, P. falciparum malaria incidence cases have been found to increase significantly corresponding to monthly (April and September) and seasonal (monsoon) time scales over Bikaner. On the other hand, no significant trends were observed in P. vivax malaria cases at Bikaner. Concomitant increases in P. falciparum cases of malaria incidence and observed temperature increases at Bikaner hint that P. falciparum malaria may have grown significantly under the warming climate of the Thar Desert. Copyright © 2012 Royal Meteorological Society
SATB2 participates in regulation of menadione‐induced apoptotic insults to osteoblasts
Authors: Wei Jyh‐Ding , Lin Yi‐Ling , Tsai Cheng‐Hsiu , Shieh Hui‐Shan , Lin Pei‐I , Ho Wei‐Pin , Chen Ruei‐Ming
Published: January 2012

Special AT‐rich sequence binding protein 2 (SATB2), a nuclear matrix attachment region‐binding protein, can regulate embryonic development, cell differentiation, and cell survival. Previous studies showed that SATB2 is involved in osteoblast differentiation and skeletal development. In this study, we evaluated the role of SATB2 in oxidative stress‐induced apoptotic insults to human osteoblast‐like MG63 cells and mouse MC3T3‐E1 cells. Exposure of MG63 cells to menadione increased intracellular reactive oxygen species levels in a concentration‐ and time‐dependent manner. Simultaneously, menadione‐induced oxidative stress triggered cell shrinkage and decreased cell viability. In addition, treatment of MG63 cells with menadione time‐dependently decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential but enhanced caspase‐3 activity. As a result, menadione‐induced DNA fragmentation and cell apoptosis. As to the mechanism, exposure of MG63 cells to menadione amplified SATB2 messenger (m)RNA and protein expression in a time‐dependent manner. Knockdown of translation of SATB2 mRNA using RNA interference led to chromatin disruption and nuclear damage. When MG63 cells and MC3T3‐E1 cells were treated with SATB2 small interfering RNA, menadione‐induced cell apoptosis was increased. We conclude that menadione causes oxidative stress in human osteoblasts and induces cellular apoptosis via a mitochondrion‐caspase protease pathway. In addition, SATB2 may play a crucial role in protecting against oxidative stress‐induced osteoblast apoptosis. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1058–1066, 2012
Identification of ionic liquid components by RP‐HPLC with diode array detector using chaotropic effect and perturbation technique
Authors: Flieger Jolanta , Czajkowska‐Żelazko Anna
Published: January 2012

Sodium hexafluorophosphate, perchlorate and tetrafluoroborate were applied as the ion‐pair reagents in reversed‐phase chromatography of several imidazolium‐based ionic liquids. The optimization of the retention was performed by changing the kind of organic modifier (methanol, acetonitrile), concentration and the kind of the ion‐pair reagents in the mobile phase and the column kind (Zorbax SB‐C18, Zorbax SB‐Phenyl, Zorbax SB‐CN, Zorbax SB‐NH2 and Supelcosil LC‐F). The selectivity of the proposed chromatographic systems according to the cation kind was compared on the basis of the resolution of ionic liquid mixture. The perturbation method was applied to identify the anion kind. The formation of ion‐associated complexes between promethazine as counter‐cation and chaotropic anions controlling their retention was confirmed.
Definably connected nonconnected sets
Authors: Fornasiero Antongiulio
Published: January 2012

We give an example of a structure \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathcal R$\end{document} on the real line, and a manifold M definable in \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathcal {R}$\end{document}, such that M is definably connected but is not connected.
Quantified universes and ultraproducts
Authors: Mofidi Alireza , Bagheri Seyed‐Mohammad
Published: January 2012

A quantified universe is a set M equipped with a Riesz space \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$\mathcal {A}_n$\end{document} of real functions on Mn, for each n, and a second order operation \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$I:\mathcal {A}\rightarrow \mathbb R$\end{document}. Metric structures 4, graded probability structures 9 and many other structures in analysis are examples of such universes. We define ultraproduct of quantified universes and study properties preserved by this construction. We then discuss logics defined on the basis of classes of quantified universes which are closed under this construction.
Biological and prognostic associations of miR‐205 and let‐7b in breast cancer revealed by in situ hybridization analysis of micro‐RNA expression in arrays of archival tumour tissue
Authors: Quesne John Le , Jones Julia , Warren Joanna , Dawson Sarah‐Jane , Ali H Raza , Bardwell Helen , Blows Fiona , Pharoah Paul , Caldas Carlos
Published: January 2012

Micro‐RNAs (miRNAs) are frequently dysregulated in a range of human malignancies, many have been shown to act either as tumour supressors or oncogenes and several have been implicated in breast cancer. However, breast cancer is a diverse disease and little is known about the relationships between miRNA expression, clinical outcome and tumour subtype. We used locked nucleic acid probe in situ hybridization (LNA‐ISH) to visualize, in tissue micro‐arrays (TMAs) of 2919 formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) archival breast tumours, the expression of two key miRNAs that are frequently lost in a range of solid malignancies, let‐7b and miR‐205. These miRNAs were also quantified by quantitative reverse transcription PCR in cores of FFPE tissue from 40 of these cases, demonstrating that LNA‐ISH is semi‐quantitative. The tumours in the TMAs were assigned to subtypes based on their immunohistochemical (IHC) staining with ER, PR, HER2, CK5/6 and EGFR. let‐7b expression was shown to be associated with luminal tumours and to have an independent significant positive prognostic value in this group. miR‐205 is associated with tumours of ductal morphology and is of significant positive prognostic value within these tumours. We propose that the expression of miR‐205 may contribute to ductal tumour morphology. Copyright © 2012 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solvent‐dependent ground‐state distributions in a donor–acceptor redox‐active bistable [2]catenane
Authors: Wang Cheng , Cao Dennis , Fahrenbach Albert C. , Fang Lei , Olson Mark A. , Friedman Douglas C. , Basu Subhadeep , Dey Sanjeev K. , Botros Youssry Y. , Stoddart J. Fraser
Published: January 2012

The solvent dependency of the ground‐state distribution as well as the electrochemical switching behavior in a redox‐active bistable donor–acceptor [2]catenane, containing bisthiotetrathiafulvalene (STTFS) and 1,5‐dioxynaphthalene (DNP) recognition sites incorporated within a macrocyclic polyether encircled by the cyclobis(paraquat‐p‐phenylene) (CBPQT4+) ring, has been investigated. There are two translational isomers: (i) the ground‐state co‐conformation (GSCC) in which the CBPQT4+ ring encircles the STTFS unit and (ii) the metastable‐state co‐conformation (MSCC) in which the CBPQT4+ ring encircles the DNP unit. 1H NMR spectroscopy indicates that the ground‐state distribution of GSCC to MSCC varies from approximately 1:1 in MeCN to 7:1 in MeCN : H2O (1:1, v/v) at 283 K. The reversible electrochemical switching behavior of the [2]catenane was confirmed by 1H NMR and UV−Vis spectroscopies, as well as by cyclic voltammetry (CV). Additionally, variable scan‐rate CV studies were compared with simulated CV data and show that the ground‐state distribution of GSCC to MSCC is about 30:1 in MeCN : H2O (1:1, v/v) at 298 K. With the assistance of isothermal titration calorimetry of model compounds, it was found that the changing ground‐state distribution in differing solvent systems is driven entropically rather than enthalpically. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of novel blue‐light‐emitting polypyridine
Authors: Nanashima Yutaka , Yokoyama Akihiro , Yokozawa Tsutomu
Published: January 2012

A new regioregular head‐to‐tail (HT)‐type polypyridine with methoxyethoxyethoxy (MEEO) side chains, HT‐PMEEOPy, was synthesized by means of Kumada‐Tamao coupling polymerization of a Grignard monomer with a Ni catalyst. Although the polymer was precipitated in THF during polymerization, multiangle laser light scattering (MALLS) analysis indicated that the weight‐average molecular weight (Mw) was about 25,000. The HT content in the polymer was 95%. A solution of HT‐PMEEOPy in CHCl3 was found to emit a strong blue light when the solution was irradiated with UV light; the UV‐vis absorption maximum (λmax) and photoluminescence maximum (λmax em) were at 392 and 460 nm, respectively. To clarify the effect of regioregularity of PMEEOPy on the photoluminescence, head‐to‐head (HH) PMEEOPy was synthesized by means of Yamamoto coupling polymerization. The photoluminescence of HH‐PMEEOPy (λmax = 330 nm, λmax em = 414 nm) was weaker than that of HT‐PMEEOPy. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Conductive networked polymer gel electrolytes composed of poly(meth)acrylate, lithium salt, and ionic liquid
Authors: Matsumoto Kozo , Sogabe Shota , Endo Takeshi
Published: January 2012

Self‐standing films of (meth)acrylate‐based polymer gel electrolytes with high ionic liquid content (80 wt %) were prepared by in situ thermally or photo induced radical copolymerization of mono‐functional and di‐functional (meth)acrylates in an ionic liquid in the presence/absence of a lithium salt. Their ionic conductivity, thermal property, mechanical property, and flammability were examined. 1‐Ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (EMImTFSI) or 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (EMImFSI) was used as the ionic liquid, and lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide LiTFSI was used as the lithium salt. The obtained films were semitransparent and flexible with good to moderate thermal stability and mechanical strength with high ionic conductivity. The EMImFSI‐containing gel electrolytes showed higher ionic conductivity than the corresponding EMImTFSI‐containing gel electrolytes. The ionic conductivity in the acrylate‐based gel electrolytes was slightly increased by addition of lithium salt, while that in the corresponding methacrylate‐based electrolytes was decreased significantly. The flame test showed the ionic liquid containing networked polymer gel electrolytes to have low if any flammability and was therefore confirmed to be highly safe. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Synthesis of ladder‐like polynorbornenes with n‐type perylenendiimide derivatives as bridges
Authors: Fu Wenxin , He Chang , Li Zhibo
Published: January 2012

Polymerizable tetrachloro‐perylenediimdes containing endo/exo‐norbornene groups on both imide sides were designed and synthesized. Endo/Exo‐type soluble ladder‐like polynorbornenes with perylenediimide (PDI) as bridges were prepared by ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). XRD characterizations showed that the ladder‐like polynorbornenes had ordered structures similar to the supramolecular precursors assembled from the corresponding monomers. TGA measurements demonstrated great thermal stabilities for the both target P1‐Endo and P2‐Exo with Td of about 320 °C at 5 wt % loss, respectively, which is important for further application in devices. Both polymers have good solubility in common organic solvents and easy to form thin films. Photophysical studies and cyclic voltammetry investigations reveal that polynorbornene films have wide‐range absorption from 400 nm to 600 nm and the HOMO/LUMO energy levels could be matched well with the donor‐PCzTh‐TVDCN. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Adherence to the 2007 cystic fibrosis pulmonary guidelines: A national survey of CF care centers
Authors: Glauser T.A. , Nevins P.H. , Williamson J.C. , Abdolrasulnia M. , Salinas G.D. , Zhang J. , Debonnett L. , Riekert K.A.
Published: January 2012

Objective

To examine cystic fibrosis (CF) physician adherence to the 2007 CF Foundation (CFF) Pulmonary Guidelines for Chronic Medications. Specifically adherence and barriers to prescribing level A medication recommendations (i.e., inhaled tobramycin and dornase alfa) and level B medication recommendations (i.e., macrolide antibiotics and hypertonic saline) were studied.

Methods

During Spring 2010, the CFF emailed survey invitations to directors of 136 accredited CF care centers treating 50+ CF patients. Directors were asked to forward the invitations to their physician colleagues. One hundred thirty‐three surveys were included in the analyses, representing 92 centers. Barriers were conceptualized based on Cabana et al.'s framework for adherence to guidelines. Adherence was assessed via a case vignette.

Results

Logistic regression analysis revealed that higher outcome expectancy (OR = 1.099, CI 1.010–1.196) and fewer environmental/system barriers (OR = 1.484, CI 1.158–1.902) were significantly associated with Vignette Adherence. A trend for an association between Familiarity and Vignette Adherence (OR = 1.642, CI 0.953–2.828) was evident, while no demographic variables were significantly associated with Vignette Adherence.

Conclusion

Targeting outcome expectancy and external barriers with multifaceted, ongoing interventions may improve guideline adherence. Pulmonologists are clearly looking for empirical evidence that these medications benefit their patients over the long‐term and offset patient treatment burden with improved health. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2012; 47:434–440. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Multiupdate mode quantum evolutionary algorithm and its applications to combination and permutation problems
Authors: Wei Xin , Fujimura Shigeru
Published: January 2012

Based on the concept and principles of quantum computing, this paper proposes a new evolutionary algorithm called multiupdate mode quantum evolutionary algorithm (MMQEA). MMQEA, like the other classic evolutionary algorithms, is also characterized by the representation of the individual evaluation function and the population dynamics; however, instead of binary, numeric, or symbolic representation, MMQEA uses two interactional q‐bit strings as an individual. Update modes are introduced as a variational operation that evolves the individuals to make a better solution. The proposed individual structure and update modes are inspired by quantum entanglement. Update modes perform as reproducing the states of a pair of q‐bit strings of individual simultaneously. For guiding the individual evolution to maintain the population diversity and avoid prematurity, each q‐bit string of individual provides its evolutionary history information to another. To demonstrate its effectiveness and applicability, the proposed algorithm was tested on two famous combinatorial optimization problems, namely, the knapsack problem and flow shop problem. The results show that MMQEA performs very well compared to quantum evolutionary algorithm (QEA) and the conventional genetic algorithm. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Climate ethics and population policy
Authors: Cafaro Philip
Published: January 2012

According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, human population growth is one of the two primary causes of increased greenhouse gas emissions and accelerating global climate change. Slowing or ending population growth could be a cost effective, environmentally advantageous means to mitigate climate change, providing important benefits to both human and natural communities. Yet population policy has attracted relatively little attention from ethicists, policy analysts, or policy makers dealing with this issue. In part, this is because addressing population matters means wading into a host of contentious ethical issues, including family planning, abortion, and immigration. This article reviews the scientific literature regarding voluntary population control's potential contribution to climate change mitigation. It considers possible reasons for the failure of climate ethicists, analysts, and policy makers to adequately assess that contribution or implement policies that take advantage of it, with particular reference to the resistance to accepting limits to growth. It explores some of the ethical issues at stake, considering arguments for and against noncoercive population control and asking whether coercive population policies are ever morally justified. It also argues that three consensus positions in the climate ethics literature regarding acceptable levels of risk, unacceptable harms, and a putative right to economic development, necessarily imply support for voluntary population control.WIREs Clim Change2012, 3:45–61. doi: 10.1002/wcc.153

This article is categorized under:

Climate, Nature, and Ethics > Climate Change and Global Justice
High-Sensitivity Troponin T and Copeptin in Non-ST Acute Coronary Syndromes: Implications for Prognosis and Role of hsTnT and Copeptin in Non-STEACS
Authors: Hernández-Romero Diana , García-Salas José María , López-Cuenca Ángel , Pérez-Berbel Patricio , Puche Carmen , Casas Teresa , Orenes-Piñero Esteban , Manzano-Fernández Sergio , Valdés Mariano , Marín Francisco
Published: January 2012

High-sensitivity TnT (hsTnT) has been proposed to improve the diagnosis and stratification in acute coronary syndromes. Copeptin has been proposed for a rapid and accurate rule out of acute myocardial infarction, but some doubts exist about its use out of the first hours from admission. Abnormalities of serum hsTnT and copeptin levels in non-STEACS and negative TnT, could have prognostic implications.Methods. We included 122 non-STEACS patients without raised TnT, 33 disease controls and 43 healthy controls. We measured hsTnT and copeptin levels. Clinical follow-up at 12 months was performed for adverse endpoints.Results. Non-STEACS patients had raised hsTnT compared with both control groups (P=0.036andP<0.001). Copeptin levels were higher in non-STEACS patients than healthy controls (P=0.021), without differences with disease controls. Raised levels of hs-TnT presented prognostic implications [HR 3.29 (95%CI: 1.33–7.49),P=0.010]. hs-TnT could be used for invasive approach decision, as it shows prognostic relevance in conservative approach-patients whereas remains unrelevant for catheterized-patients. Copeptin levels were not associated with adverse events.Conclusion. hsTnT levels increased in non-STEACS, were predictive of adverse events and could be important for recommending an invasive management. We cannot confirm a predictive role of copeptin out of the first hours from admission.
Correlating clinical manifestations with factor levels in rare bleeding disorders: a report from Southern India
Authors: VISWABANDYA A. , BAIDYA S. , NAIR S. C. , ABRAHAM A. , GEORGE B. , MATHEWS V. , CHANDY M. , SRIVASTAVA A.
Published: January 2012

Summary.  Data on the clinical manifestations of patients with clotting factor defects other than Haemophilia A, B and von Willebrand disease are limited because of their rarity. Due to their autosomal recessive nature of inheritance, these diseases are more common in areas where there is higher prevalence of consanguinity. There is no previous large series reported from southern India where consanguinity is common. Our aim was to analyze clinical manifestations of patients with rare bleeding disorders and correlate their bleeding symptoms with corresponding factor level. Data were collected in a standardized format from our centre over three decades on 281 patients who were diagnosed with rare bleeding disorders (fibrinogen, prothrombin, factor V (FV), FVII, FX, FXI, FXIII and combined FV or FVIII deficiency). Patients with liver dysfunction or those on medications which can affect factor level were excluded. All patients with <50% factor levels were included in this analysis. Patients were analysed for their salient clinical manifestations and it was correlated with their factor levels. The data shows that FXIII deficiency is the commonest and FXI deficiency is the rarest in Southern India. There was no significant difference in bleeding symptoms among those who were < or >1% factor coagulant activities among all disorders, except for few symptoms in FVII and FX deficiency. An international collaborative study is essential to find out the best way of classifying severity in patients with rare bleeding disorders.
First Report of Tomato infectious chlorosis virus on Tomato in Bulgaria
Authors: Pasev Gancho , Radeva Vesela , Kostova Dimitrina
Published: January 2012

Virus‐like chlorotic symptoms were observed on tomato plants, cv. Velocity, grown in a greenhouse, region of Plovdiv. Samples collected from the leaves with interveinal yellowing and with initial interveinal chlorosis were tested for virus presence. Only the samples collected from the upper leaves with slight interveinal chlorosis were positive for Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV) in indirect ELISA. Further, RT‐PCR analysis with specific primers for Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) heat shock protein 70, for TICV heat shock protein 70 and for TICV minor capsid protein was positive for TICV in all tested samples. No signals were obtained with primers for ToCV. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the Bulgarian sequence of Hsp70 and a sequence of Greek isolate clustered together having the highest resampling score. Regarding CPm, the Bulgarian isolate was more relevant to the French isolate. The obtained results from phylogenetic analysis supported the idea of a close relationship between the Bulgarian and Greek isolates.
Defending the Rights of Gulag Prisoners: The Story of the Political Red Cross, 1918–38
Authors: GALMARINI MARIA CRISTINA
Published: January 2012

In 1918, when Russian prisons became crowded with thousands of citizens convicted for political crimes, some lawyers and members of the old revolutionary intelligentsia felt the duty to intervene. They founded a non‐oppositional relief organization called the Political Red Cross, which legally operated in the Soviet Union until 1938. This article analyzes the rationales for the creation of the Political Red Cross and its continued existence throughout the 1920s and 1930s. I articulate its philosophical platform and analyze the process of interceding on behalf of prisoners, emphasizing in particular the Political Red Cross's aspiration to cooperate constructively with state agencies. I also reconstruct the dialogues between the Political Red Cross's activists, the state officers, and the prisoners, arguing that this organization became the official intermediary selected by both sides to conduct negotiations between them. Ultimately, this article explores the paradoxical ambiguity of a relief organization operating within the Soviet system of imprisonment and control over legality in the Gulag.
2010 Working Bibliography of Teaching and Learning Publications and Presentations related to the Work of the Wabash Center by Wabash Center Participants and Grant Recipients
Authors: Arthur Rita J.
Published: January 2012

This bibliography lists articles and books on teaching produced by workshop participants and grant recipients of the Wabash Center. It updates a similar list produced in 2007 and published in volume 10 number 3 of this journal.
Looking for a Fair Country: Features and Determinants of Immigrants’ Involvement in Crime in Europe
Authors: Solivetti Luigi M.
Published: January 2012

A rise in crime among immigrants allegedly occurred in Europe over the last decades. The origin of this phenomenon is obscure, and traditional theories offer conflicting explanations. The present article addresses these problems by using data regarding the 18 main countries in Western Europe. The results show that the immigrant share in crime figures varies greatly from country to country. This suggests that the non‐national contribution to crime is not associated with immigration per se, but with the contexts in which immigration occurs and features of the immigration inflow. The cross‐national analysis shows, in particular, that ‘culture, respect for rights and universalism’ in the host countries are associated with lower immigrant crime.
Courting Compassion: Victims, Policy, and the Question of Justice
Authors: Walklate Sandra
Published: January 2012

This article reviews the relative success and failure of ‘rebalancing’ the criminal justice system with the victim in mind. It suggests a number of reasons for the partial impact of this agenda and considers the extent to which the recourse to compassion in political and policy rhetoric reflects a deeply‐embedded conceptual failure in respect of victim‐oriented policy.
Global and endemic Asian lineages of the emerging pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis widely infect amphibians in China
Authors: Bai Changming , Liu Xuan , Fisher Matthew C. , Garner Trenton W. J. , Li Yiming
Published: January 2012

Aim  Panzootic chytridiomycosis caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is the proximate cause of rapid amphibian declines across diverse biomes. While the origin of Bd remains unclear, increasingly the global trade in amphibians is associated with the spread of the infection. Global samples of Bd genotypes from previously unsampled regions are essential to test this hypothesis. In this paper, we present a study of the prevalence and phylogeny of Bd in both invasive and native amphibian species in markets and in the wild in ten provinces of China.

Location  China.

Method  We used a nested PCR assay to amplify the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region of Bd followed by sequencing.

Result  Our results showed 246 of 2734 amphibians testing positive for Bd, with 157 positive samples in the wild (7.6%) and 89 in markets (13.5%). 30 haplotypes of Bd were identified, including 20 first detections. Introduced Lithobates catesbeianus had the highest prevalence of infection and the largest number of Bd haplotypes in both the wild and markets. Phylogenetic analysis based on 73 haplotypes (57 from Asia and 16 from other continents) showed that a unique, well‐supported, basal haplotype is present in Asia. Phylogeographical analyses revealed that some geographical structure exists amongst a subset of global haplotypes.

Main conclusions  Strains of the basal haplotype infected Babina pleuraden, an amphibian that is endemic to China, and Andrias japonicus, endemic to Japan, showing that Southeast Asia harbours a novel endemic lineage of amphibian‐associated Bd. Our data suggest that Bd in Asia pre‐dates the expansion of a globalized lineage of Bd, a finding that is indicative of a broader association of amphibians and chytrids than has previously been recognized. More genetic data from Bd isolates are needed to reveal the phylogenetic relationship of Bd in China compared to that found elsewhere.
Bridging research and practice: relational interventions for maltreated children
Authors: Toth Sheree L. , Gravener Julie
Published: January 2012

Background:  Research has consistently demonstrated the deleterious consequences of child maltreatment, not only during childhood but also across the life course. In particular, maltreatment negatively affects child attachment, with high percentages of maltreated children developing insecure or disorganized attachments with their primary caregiver. Therefore, interventions informed by attachment theory are important to prevent enduring relational difficulties.

Scope:  One such intervention, Child–Parent Psychotherapy, has been shown to be efficacious in a number of randomized controlled trials. This article provides an overview of the evidence base for this intervention and the translation of this research into practice, particularly in community settings.

Conclusion:  Increasingly, it is imperative that such evidence‐based models of intervention be translated into community settings so that the most vulnerable children and families can benefit from them.
Gender, Social Bond, and Academic Cheating in Japan*
Authors: Kobayashi Emiko , Fukushima Miyuki
Published: January 2012

There is evidence that females are less likely to cheat than males on college campuses. A frequently offered but still untested explanation is that females, with a stronger sense of responsibility for the maintenance of social relationships, tend to develop a stronger bond to a conventional society—a key explanatory concept in Hirschi’s (1969) social control theory. With academic cheating as the dependent variable, we test the hypotheses that the four elements of social bond are the intervening variables linking gender to such dishonesty among Japanese students who, due to their stronger orientation toward masculinity on Hofstede’s (1980) scale of gender role separation, are subject to more gender distinct socialization, leading to greater gender differences in the strength of social bond than those previously reported in the United States. The analysis provides rather limited support for the theory, most of which is due to the stronger belief in the legitimacy of societal rules among the females.
In vitro expansion and functional recovery of mature hepatocytes from mouse adult liver
Authors: Ito Hidenori , Kamiya Akihide , Ito Keiichi , Yanagida Ayaka , Okada Ken , Nakauchi Hiromitsu
Published: January 2012

Background

Mature hepatocytes retain the ability to regenerate the liver lobule fully in vivo following injury. Several cytokines and soluble factors (hepatocyte growth factors, epidermal growth factors, insulin and nicotinamide) are known to be important for proliferation of mature hepatocytes in vitro. However, hepatocytes monolayer‐cultured on extracellular matrices have gradually lost their specific functions, particularly those in drug metabolism.

Aim

We have explored and established a new culture system for expansion of functional hepatocytes.

Methods

We evaluated two approaches for efficient expansion of mature hepatocytes: (i) Co‐culture with mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF); (ii) Addition to culture of inhibitors of cell signals involved in liver regeneration. After expansion steps, 3‐dimensional spheroid‐forming culture was used to re‐induce mature hepatocellular function.

Results

The addition of inhibitors for tumour growth factor (TGF) β and glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) 3β efficiently induced in vitro expansion of mature hepatocytes. Although expression of hepatocellular functional genes decreased after expansion in monolayer culture, their expression and the activity of cytochrome P450 enzymes significantly increased with spheroid formation. Furthermore, when hepatocytes were co‐cultured with MEF, addition of a MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) inhibitor at the spheroid formation step enhanced drug‐metabolism‐related gene expression.

Conclusion

Combination of the MEF co‐culture system with the addition of inhibitors of TGFβ and GSK3β induced in vitro expansion of hepatocytes. Moreover, expression of mature hepatocellular genes and the activity of drug‐metabolism enzymes in expanded hepatocytes were re‐induced after spheroid culture.
A Comparison between Sequential Therapy and a Modified Bismuth‐based Quadruple Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Eradication in Iran: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Fakheri Hafez , Taghvaei Tarang , Hosseini Vahid , Bari Zohreh
Published: January 2012

Background:  Sequential regimens have been recently reported to be superior to the standard triple therapies in Helicobacter pylori eradication, but most of these studies were performed in Europe and data from developing countries are lacking. So we designed a study to compare a sequential regimen with a bismuth‐based quadruple therapy that contains a short course of furazolidone, in Iran.

Methods:  Two hundred and ninety‐six patients with duodenal ulcer and naïve H. pylori infection were randomized into two groups: 148 patients received (PAB‐F) pantoprazole (40 mg‐bid), amoxicillin (1 g‐bid), and bismuth subcitrate (240 mg‐bid) for 2 weeks and furazolidone (200 mg‐bid) just during the first week. And 148 patients received (PA‐CT) pantoprazole (40 mg‐bid) for 10 days, amoxicillin (1 g‐bid) for the first 5 days, and clarithromycin (500 mg‐bid) plus tinidazole (500 mg‐bid) just during the second 5 days. C14‐urea breath test was performed 8 weeks after the treatment.

Results:  Two hundred and sixty‐one patients completed the study (137 patients in the PA‐CT and 124 in the PAB‐F group). The results were not statistically different between the two groups in the eradication rates and the severity of side effects. The intention to treat eradication rate was 80.4% in the PAB‐F group and 83.7% in the PA‐CT group. Per‐protocol eradication rates were 88.7% and 89.1%, respectively.

Conclusion:  Because the two regimens showed acceptable and similar abilities in H. pylori eradication and because of much higher cost of clarithromycin in Iran, the furazolidone containing regimen seems to be superior. Further modifications of sequential therapies are needed to make them ideal regimens in developing countries.
Unanswered Questions in Headache: How Does a Migraine Attack Stop?
Authors: Ahn Andrew H. , Brennan K.C.
Published: January 2012

Much research in migraine focuses on understanding its initiation. But as migraine is typically self‐limited, its offset may be as important as its onset. We pose the question “how does migraine stop?” to three investigators with different backgrounds. The consensus is that the termination of a migraine attack, rather than being the passive loss of a trigger, must itself be an active biologic process.
ZnO Nanosheets Derived from Surfactant‐Directed Process: Growth Mechanism, and Application in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Li Hui , Zhang Yu , Wang John
Published: January 2012

Layered basic zinc acetate (LBZA), has been successfully synthesized by employing surfactant Pluronic F127 (EO106PO70EO106) as the template in aqueous solution. In contrast to the well studied kinetic factor in aqueous solutions, a new formation mechanism of LBZA was established based on the consideration of thermodynamic factor in aqueous solution. The hydrolysis process was slowed down by the stable octahedral Zn2+(H2O)6 coordination through hydrogen bond interaction between Zn2+(H2O)6 and F127. The LBZA precipitates were transformed into nanocrystalline, porous ZnO nanosheets without morphological deformation upon heating at 300°C in air. When the ZnO nanosheets are employed as photoanode in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), a conversion efficiency of 3.2% is obtained.
Geographic variation of host use in the leaf beetle Agelasa nigriceps suggests host range expansion
Authors: Kohyama Tetsuo I. , Matsumoto Kazuma , Katakura Haruo
Published: January 2012

Host range expansion is an important event in the evolution of host use in phytophagous insects. Herein, we report geographic variation of host use in the chrysomelid leaf beetle, Agelasa nigriceps Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and suggest that this beetle is expanding its host range. This beetle has been recently recorded on Pterostyrax hispidus Sieb. et Zucc. (Styracaceae) in addition to its common host plant Actinidia arguta (Sieb. et Zucc.) Planch. ex Miq. (Actinidiaceae). The A. arguta‐associated populations were widely found in Japan, whereas the P. hispidus‐associated populations were found only in central and southwestern Japan. In the present study, we examined adult feeding behavior and larval performance of 12 A. nigriceps populations collected from eight localities, four localities where beetles occurred only on A. arguta (allopatric localities) and four localities where A. arguta‐ and P. hispidus‐associated populations occurred sympatrically (sympatric localities). Beetles of all populations, irrespective of their host plants and localities, showed high acceptance of and high larval performance on A. arguta leaves. In contrast, we found considerable variation in the beetle response to P. hispidus leaves. The A. arguta‐associated populations of allopatric localities scarcely accepted P. hispidus leaves, whereas those of sympatric localities, particularly those of P. hispidus‐associated populations, accepted and grew on P. hispidus leaves, although the degree of acceptance and larval performance varied among localities. These results strongly suggest that A. arguta is the ancestral host for A. nigriceps, and host range expansion to the P. hispidus has occurred in this beetle.
Full‐mouth disinfection and systemic antimicrobial therapy in generalized aggressive periodontitis: a randomized, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Aimetti Mario , Romano Federica , Guzzi Nicoletta , Carnevale Gianfranco
Published: January 2012

Aim

The present investigation aimed to analyse clinical and microbiological effects of systemic administration of metronidazole and amoxicillin combined with the One‐Stage‐Full‐Mouth‐Disinfection protocol (OSFMD) in generalized aggressive periodontitis patients (G‐AgP).

Materials and Methods

Thirty‐nine systemically healthy patients with G‐AgP were consecutively included. The test group (n = 19) received amoxicillin‐metronidazole combination (500 mg of each, three times a day for 7 days) and the OSFMD, the control group (n = 20) received the OSFMD and a placebo. In addition to clinical parameters subgingival plaque samples from moderate (4–5 mm) and deep (≥6 mm) pocket sites were analysed for the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, and Treponema denticola using polymerase chain reaction.

Results

Both therapies led to a statistically significant decrease in clinical and microbiological parameters compared to baseline (p < 0.001). The most beneficial changes were observed in the test group which showed significantly greater improvements in probing depth and clinical attachment level and a lower prevalence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia compared to the control one (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Systemic administration of metronidazole and amoxicillin as an adjunct to OSFMD therapy significantly improved clinical and microbiological outcomes in patients with G‐AgP over a 6‐month period.
Immunolocalization of steroidogenic enzymes and their expression during the breeding season in the testes of wild raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides)
Authors: WENG Qiang , TSUBOTA Toshio , DAI Mingdao , WENG Jiaju , TIAN Yang , XU Meiyu , WATANABE Gen , TAYA Kazuyoshi
Published: January 2012

The objective of this study was to investigate immunolocalization of steroidogenic enzymes 3βHSD, P450c17 and P450arom and their expression during the breeding season in wild male raccoon dogs. The testicular weight, size and seminiferous tubule diameters were measured, and histological and immunohistochemical observations of testes were performed. The messenger RNA expression (mRNA) of 3βHSD, P450c17 and P450arom was measured in the testes during the breeding season. 3βHSD was found in Leydig cells during the breeding and non‐breeding seasons with more intense staining in the breeding season. P450c17 was identified in Leydig cells and spermatids in the breeding season, whereas it was present only in Leydig cells in the non‐breeding season. The localization of P450arom changed seasonally: no immunostaining in the non‐breeding season; more extensive immunostaining in Leydig cells, Sertoli cells and elongating spermatids in the breeding season. In addition, 3βHSD, P450c17 and P450arom mRNA were also expressed in the testes during the breeding season. These results suggested that seasonal changes in testicular weight, size and seminiferous tubule diameter in the wild raccoon dog were correlated with spermatogenesis and immunoreactivity of steroidogenic enzymes and that steroidogenic enzymes may play an important role in the spermatogenesis and testicular recrudescence and regression process.
Characterization of a myrosinase cDNA from Brassica parachinensis and its defense role against Plutella xylostella after suppression
Authors: Yang Guang , Wang Ding‐Feng , Dong Zhi‐Quan , Wang Qian‐Liang , Wang‐Pruski Gefu , You Min‐Sheng
Published: January 2012

Abstract  In Brassicaceae, myrosinase catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucosinolate and plays an important role in anti‐herbivore defense. We have cloned and characterized the full‐length complementary DNA of myrosinase gene from Brassica parachinensis that exhibits high sequence identity with myrosinase genes from other Brassica species. To investigate the role of this myrosinase in defense against the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), we constructed an RNA‐interference (RNAi) cassette expressing a double‐stranded RNA that targeted myrosinase and transfected it into B. parachinensis. Myrosinase was suppressed in the resulting transgenic plants. Diamondback moth larvae feeding on transgenic plants had lower larval and pupal weights, longer pupal duration, and lower fecundity than those feeding on non‐transgenic plants, suggesting that the diamondback moth has adapted to the glucosinolate‐myrosinase defensive system. Therefore, the suppression of myrosinase is a potential approach for controlling the diamondback moth.
Homologous recombination‐based gene therapy for the primary immunodeficiencies
Authors: Porteus Matthew
Published: January 2012

The devastating nature of primary immunodeficiencies, the ability to cure primary immunodeficiencies by bone marrow transplantation, the ability of a small number of gene‐corrected cells to reconstitute the immune system, and the overall suboptimal results of bone marrow transplantation for most patients with primary immunodeficiencies make the development of gene therapy for this class of diseases important. While there has been clear clinical benefit for a number of patients from viral‐based gene therapy strategies, there have also been a significant number of serious adverse events, including the development of leukemia, from the approach. In this review, I discuss the development of nuclease‐stimulated, homologous recombination‐based approaches as a novel gene therapy strategy for the primary immunodeficiencies.
The Concept of Centrality in Chinese Diaspora
Authors: Shen Vincent
Published: January 2012

Chinese people indiasporas, though far from their homeland, still refer to the concept of centrality as defining their own Chineseness. The meaning of “centrality” has its religious, metaphysical, psychological and political layers. This paper offers a comprehensive survey of the development of understanding of the meaning of this concept from Tang Junyi (1909–1978) to today’s leading Chinese intellectuals and attempts to update Tang’s model of Self‐replanting of Spiritual Root (lingen zizhi 靈根自植) to the model of Altruistic Extension for Harmony (hexie waitui 和諧外推) by way of mutual strangification.
Mimetic Theory and the Miners’ Strike: Probing the Implications of René Girard’s Theory on Political Religion
Authors: Cojocaru Daniel
Published: January 2012

In the first of three parts the reader is introduced to René Girard’s interdisciplinary theory of religion as he developed it throughout his academic career. From his initial formulation of “mimetic desire” in his work on the Europen novel (Deceit, Desire, and the Novel 1961/1965), over his equation of violence with the sacred in his study of comparative anthropology (Violence and the Sacred, 1972/1977) to the claim in Things Hidden Since the Foundation of the World (1978/1987) that the Gospels reveal the “scapegoat mechanism” on which archaic religion is based, the main concepts of Girardian theory will be discussed. The second part is devoted to the implications of Girard’s theory on political religion, as discussed by Emilio Gentile and Roger Griffin. In a final step, the discussion’s insights will be exemplified through a reading of Peace’s novel GB84, portraying the British Miners’ Strike of 1984/1985. True to the Girardian interdisciplinary spirit, it will be argued that a novelistic account of the Miners’ Strike can reveal the hidden history of conflictive mimesis and the quasi‐religious structure of the “two tribes” involved in the Strike.