bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expression of p16 and CDK4 at Various Stages of T Laryngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Diana Purnamasari  , Dyah Fauziah
Published: May 2022

BackgroundDefect in cell cycle control affect cell proliferation and play an important role in pathogenesis of cancer. Recently, some proteins areknown to have an influence in cell cycle proliferation. P16 and CDK4 may have influenced in laryngeal carcinoma. CDK4, anoncogene, can form cyclin D1-CDK4 complex that inactivates pRb so that the cell cycle goes from G1 phase to S phase. P16, atumor suppressor protein, can prevent cyclin D1-CDK4 complex so that inhibit cell proliferation.MethodsThis research was an observational analysis study with paraffin block samples, consists of 3 samples of stage T1 and each 10samples of stage T2, T3 and T4 in Laboratory of Anatomical Pathology of RSUD dr. Soetomo that was collected from 2013-2015.Samples were stained with antibody of p16 and CDK4. P16 and CDK4 expression were assessed based on the percentage andintensity of tumor cells that were stained. The differences between variables were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis. The correlationbetween variables was analyzed by Spearman correlation test.ResultsP16 expression of carcinoma larynx T1 (88.33±7.64), T2 (85.00±5.27), T3 (61.00±21.83), and T4 (62.00±25.30). Besides CDK4expression of carcinoma larynx T1 (43.33±15.28), T2 (47.00±14.18), T3 (75.00±8.50), and T4 (70.00±9.43). Statistic analysisshowed significant differences between p16 and CDK4 expression on each stade of carcinoma larynx (p=0.017 and p=0.000). Andthere were corelation between p16 and CDK4 expression on each stage of carcinoma larynx (p=0.000 and p=0.000).ConclusionThe lower p16 expression and the higher CDK4 expression showed the higher stage of carcinoma larynx.
Identification of CYP1A1 Gene Polymorphism in Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Cervical Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Fitriyani Hilda , Delyuzar  , Hidayat
Published: May 2022

BackgroundCervical cancer is the third most common cancer in women with risk factor of smoking, high parity, long term use of oralcontaception that are associated with chemical carcinogenesis. Chemical carcinogenesis require biotransfor-mation of lipophilicsubstrates to hydrophilic metabolites, therefore facilitating their secretion from the human body. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) is one ofgenes that have important role in this process. Benzo[α]pyrene and estrogen have a common biotransformation process which ismetabolized by CYP, particularly CYP1A1. The objectives to identify the frequency and distribution of CYP1A1 gene polymorphismin squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the cervix.MethodsThis is an analytical descriptive study with cross sectional approach. CYP1A1 gene polymorphism (3801T/C or Ile462Val) wasanalyzed using PCR-RFLP method followed by gel electrophoresis.ResultsCYP1A1 gene polymorphisms (3801TC) in squamous cell carcinoma were 50% heterozygote T/C, 36% wild-types T/T and 14%homozygote C/C. CYP1A1 gene polymorphisms (3801TC) in adenocarcinoma were 60% heterozygote T/C and 40% wild-types T/T.CYP1A1 gene polymorphisms (Ile462Val) in squamous cell carcinoma were 97.2% heterozygote Ile/Val, and 2.8% homozygoteVal/Val. CYP1A1 gene polymorphisms (Ile462Val) in adenocarcinoma were 100% heterozygote Ile/ValConclusionThe most common type of CYP1A1 gene polymorphism (3801TC and Ile462Val) in squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinomaof the cervix were heterozygote.
Relationship of CD-68 Associated Macrophages Tumor Density and Clinicopathological Characteristics in Invasive Breast Carcinoma
Authors: Handayani Miko Kresna , Maulani Heni , Apriyani Nursanti
Published: May 2022

BackgroundBreast carcinoma is the most common malignancy among women worldwide. Many factors can influence prognosis of the disease.Tumor microenvironment (TME) is enriched in highly active immune cells. Herein, tumor associated macrophages (TAM) are themost prevalent immune cells. TAM can enhance tumor progression by promoting angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Somestudies demonstrate that high density of macrophages infiltration associated with poor prognosis. The aim of the study is todetermine the association between TAM density and clinicopathological characteristics of breast invasive carcinoma.MethodsDescriptive study with case series design on January 1, 2015-October 31, 2017 was performed at Department of AnatomicalPathology Faculty of Medicine University of Sriwijaya/dr. Moh. Hoesin General Hospital Palembang on 48 samples invasivecarcinoma mammae subtype unspecific, and have already staining with immunohistochemistry staining ER, PR, HER-2 and Ki-67,surrogate markers. Then immunohistochemistry staining using CD-68 antibody was conduced. The association between TAMdensity and clinicopathological characteristics were analyzed by using Spearman’s Rho test.ResultsThe majority of the patient are older than 40 years of age (77.1%), with positive lymphovascular invasion (79.2%), and at the gradeIII (62.5%). Bivariate analysis between TAM CD-68+density in stromal tumor and subtype luminal A showed negative correlationmoderate significantly (r= -0.398; p=0.005) while between TAM CD-68+density in stromal tumor and subtype triple negative showedpositive correlation moderate significantly (r=0.335; p=0.020).ConclusionTAM CD-68+density in stromal tumor was significantly correlated with luminal A and triple negative subtype.
Analysis Morphological of Tuberculosis Lymphadenitis Features between Cytology Biopsy of Fine Needle Aspiration Polymerase Chain Reaction Methods
Authors: Suryadi Dedy , Delyuzar  , Soekimin
Published: May 2022

BackgroundIndonesia is the 2nd largest of tuberculous (TB) cases in the world. Therefore, TB must be controlled by increasing the capacity anddeveloping universal access needed for TB diagnose accurately and quickly. Progression in controlling TB and decreasing theconsequence can be accelerated through early detection and promt treatment. This study used PCR test as gold standard, albeitthe high cost. Thus, quick, accurate and low cost diagnostic method is needed. In this case morphologic features requirementinclude the existence of epithelioid and necrosis in FNAB smears. Objective was to analyze morphologic features of tuberculosislymphadenitis using FNAB and PCR methods.MethodsThis study is a cross sectional analysis. N samples are all kind of lymphadenitis tuberculosis. Morphologic features in FNABcytology must be confirmed using PCR test and performing chi-square test respectively.ResultsEpitheloid and necrosis features of TB lymphadenitis on FNAB showed 100% positive on PCR methods. This study divided intothree groups. Statistic analyses between group I and II, group II and III showed in significant differences (p=0.074); while betweengroup I and III showed significant differences (p<0.05).ConclusionsPCR method could confirmed morphologic features (epitheloid and necrosis) of TB lymphadenitis
Difference in CD56 Expression in Nodular Hyperplasia, Follicular Adenomas and Thyroid Papillary Carcinoma
Authors: Octaviani Dewi Amalia , Unita Mezfi , Apitriani
Published: May 2022

BackgroundThyroid carcinomas are the most common malignancy of endocrine organs and the fourth most common cancer of women inIndonesia. Most of these tumors derived from thyroid follicular cells and more than 85% of cases are papillary carcinoma. Somecases may be confusing and cause misdiagnosis due to the morphology of these tumors are frequent overlap between nodularhyperplasia, follicular adenoma and papillary carcinoma. Anti-CD56 is one of the diagnostic markers with high sensitivity andspecificity in distinguishing benign thyroid lesions and papillary carcinoma. The aims of this study is to analyze the differences ofCD56 expression in nodular hyperplasia, follicular adenoma and papillary carcinoma.MethodsAn observational study with cross-sectional design was performed at Departement of Anatomical Pathology Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Sriwijaya/Dr. Mohammad Hoesin Palembang, from 1st January 2014 to 30th June 2017. Paraffin blocks of 52 samplesare collected from nodular hyperplasia (24 cases), follicular adenoma (8 cases) and papillary carcinoma (20 cases). The slides wereimmune stained using CD56 antibody. The difference of CD56 expression between papillary carcinoma and nodular hyperplasiawas analyzed using Chi-Square test while those between papillary carcinoma among follicular adenoma was analyzed usingFisher’s exact test.ResultsIn all samples of papillary carcinoma CD56 expression was negative compared to totally positive reaction in all samples of nodularhyperplasia and follicular adenoma.ConclusionAnti-CD56 could be used as a diagnostic marker in distinguishing between papillary carcinoma, nodular hyperplasia and follicularadenoma.
Analysis of Cyclin D1 and COX-2 Expressions in Various Histopathological Grading of Ovary Endometrioid Carcinoma
Authors: Sunardi Erwin , Joewarini Endang
Published: May 2022

BackgroundOvarian endometrioid carcinoma accounts for 10-15% of ovarian carcinomas, representing the second most common form ofovarian epithelial malignancy. Epithelial cell lines stably transfected to overexpress COX-2 exhibit a higher proliferation rate and aninhibition of apoptosis by prolongation of the G1 phase of the cell cycle through effects on Cyclin D1. The aim of this study is toanalyzed the correlation and differences between Cyclin D1 and COX-2 expressions in various histopathology grading ovarianendometrioid carcinoma.MethodsAn analitycal obsevational design with cross-sectional approach on sample from 23 paraffin blocks in Anatomical PathologyLaboratory Dr. Soetomo General Hospital. Microscopic slide stained with Cyclin D1 and COX-2 antibody. The imunohistochemistryexpression are evaluated and analyzed using Kruskal Wallis and Spearman test.ResultsThere were no differences Cyclin D1 expression in each grade, there were no differences COX-2 expression in each grade, therewas no correlation between Cyclin D1 and COX-2 expression all histopathologic grading, but have correlation expression in grade 3ovarian endometrioid carcinoma.ConclusionThis study showed that Cyclin D1 and COX-2 expression have no significant differences in various histopathological grading ovarianendometrioid carcinoma, and no correlation between Cyclin D1 and COX-2 expression all grade ovarian endometrioid carcinoma
Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Reflektif dalam Keterampilan Menulis Teks Prosedur Siswa Kelas XI SMA Negeri 16 Padang
Authors: Permatasari Iya , Marni Silvia , Nisja Indriani
Published: May 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pengaruh penggunaan model reflektif terhadap keterampilan menulis teks prosedur siswa kelas XI SMA Negeri 16 Padang. Jenis penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif dengan metode quasi-eksperimen. Rancangan penelitian ini ialah One Group Pretest-Postest Design. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas XI SMA Negeri 16 Padang. Sampel pada penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas XI IPS I SMA Negeri 16 Padang yang berjumlah 38 orang sebagai kelas eksperimen. Variabel penelitian ini adalah penggunaan model reflektif sebagai variabel bebas dan keterampilan menulis teks prosedur sebagai variabel terikat. Data penelitian ini adalah skor hasil tes unjuk kerja menulis teks prosedur siswa kelas XI SMA Negeri 16 Padang sebelum dan sesudah penggunaan model reflektif. Hasil penelitian ini ada 3. Pertama, keterampilan menulis teks prosedur siswa kelas XI SMA Negeri 16 Padang sebelum menggunakan model reflektif, memperoleh nilai rata-rata 11,27 (54,14%) dengan kualifikasi hampir cukup (HC) yang berada pada rentangan 46-55%. Rata-rata ini sama dengan rata-rata pembanding sebesar 11,00 (52,38%) yang terbukti dari uji t satu sampel sebesar 1,771 pada sig. = 0,085 > p = 0,05 sehingga H0 diterima. Kedua, keterampilan menulis teks prosedur siswa kelas XI SMA Negeri 16 Padang dengan menggunakan model reflektif memperoleh nilai rata-rata 16,61 (79,10%) dengan kualifikasi Baik (B) yang berada pada rentangan 76-85%. Rata-rata ini sama dengan rata-rata pembanding 16,5 (78,57%); terbukti dari uji t satu sampel sebesar 0,648 pada sig. = 0,521 > p = 0,05 sehingga H0 diterima. Ketiga, hasil uji-t sampel berpasangan pada tingkat kepercayaan 0,95 sebesar 54,739 dengan nilai sig. = 0,000. Karenanya, sig. = 0,00 < p = 0,05. Dengan demikian, H0 ditolak. Maknanya, model pembelajaran reflektif berpengaruh terhadap hasil belajar keterampilan menulis teks prosedur.
Amanat Utama Cerpen Faktual Profetik ‘Sengketa Bayi’ menurut Respon Siswa Kelas X dan XI
Authors: Harahap Arshal Zairuby , Nugroho Rudi Adi
Published: May 2022

Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendeskripsikan amanat utama cerpen faktual profetik menurut respon siswa dan untuk mendeskripsikan komparasi antara amanat utama menurut respon siswa dengan variabel jenis kelamin, kelas, agama, dan asal SLTA. Penelitian berlangsung di bulan April 2022 terhadap siswa kelas X dan XI SLTA di Pekanbaru, Riau. Populasi berjumlah 323 siswa yang submit kuesioner di google form yakni 221 siswa kelas X dan 102 siswa kelas XI. Sampel berjumlah 179 siswa. Jumlah ini terbagi dari 123 siswa kelas X dan 56 siswa kelas XI. Penetapan jumlah sampel menggunakan formula yang dikembangkan Slavin pada tingkat kepercayaan 0,95. Sampel ditarik secara random dari anggota populasi. Instrumen penelitian berbentuk kuesioner tertutup menggunakan fasilitas google form. Data amanat utama cerpen faktual profetik menurut respon siswa dianalisis secara statistik deskriptif yakni prosedur modus dan persen. Data komparasi antara amanat utama cerpen faktual profetik menurut respon siswa dengan 4 jenis variabel bebas dianalisis secara tematik. Temuan pertama penelitian ini adalah amanat utama cerpen faktual profetik menurut respon siswa adalah berusahalah sekuat tenaga untuk mendapatkan hak. Temuan selanjutnya adalah tidak terdapat perbedaan amanat utama berdasarkan perbedaan kelas, perbedaan jenis kelamin, perbedaan agama, dan perbedaan nama SLTA.
Pengetahuan dan Keterampilan Menulis Teks Eksposisi Siswa SMA Negeri 1 Rupat Utara, Kabupaten Bengkalis, Riau
Authors: Ajis Ajis , Siahaan Rachel Yoan K.P.
Published: May 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pengetahuan menulis teks eksposisi, keterampilan menulis teks eksposisi, dam hubungan antara pengetahuan dan keterampilan menulis teks eksposisi. Penelitian dilakukan di SMA Negeri 1 Rupat Utara, Kabupaten Bengkalis, Provinsi Riau. Penelitian dilakukan di awal semester ganjil tahun pelajaran 2021/2022. Populasi penelitian ini hanya 26 siswa SMA Negeri 1 Rupat Utara, Kabupaten Bengkalis, Provinsi Riau yang submit tes pengetahuan teks eksposisi dan tes keterampilan menulis eksposisi. Sampel ditetapkan sebanyak 25 siswa yang ditarik secara random. Jumlah ini didasarkan pada tabel penetapan jumlah sampel berdasarkan jumlah populasi. Untuk mengumpulkan data pengetahuan menulis teks negosiasi digunakan instrumen berbentuk tes pilihan ganda 4 opsi melalui fasilitas google form. Untuk mengumpulkan data keterampilan menulis teks eksposisi digunakan instrumen berbentuk tes unjuk kerja yang juga menggunakan google yang sama. Data pengetahuan dan keterampilan menulis teks eksposisi dianalisis secara statistik inferensial melalui yakni uji t satu sampel dan uji Anova searah via fasilitas SPSS. Data hubungan antara pengetahuan menulis teks eksposisi dan keterampilan menulis teks eksposisi dianalisis menggunakan rumus korelasi product-moment melalui SPSS juga. Hasil tes menunjukkan bahwa pengetahuan menulis teks eksposisi berkategori rendah dengan mean 40,20 persen; tidak terdapat perbedaan kategori pengetahuan dan keterampilan menulis teks eksposisi per kelas per etnik. Keterampilan menulis teks eksposisi berkategori rendah dengan mean 41,50 persen. Penghitungan korelasi product-moment dari Pearson menghasilkan nilai rk = 0,665.
Pengaruh Penggunaan Model Numbered Head Together terhadap Kemampuan Menganalisis Informasi Teks Eksplanasi
Authors: Aprilian Serli , Pebriani Yulia , Tatalia Ricci Gemarni
Published: May 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan pengaruh penggunaan model Numbered Head Together terhadap kemampuan menganalisis informasi teks eksplanasi siswa kelas XI SMK Negeri 6 Padang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode eksperimen. Rancangan yang dipilih adalah posttes only control design. Subjek penelitian ini yaitu siswa kelas XI Busana 1 (Kelas Uji Coba), kelas XI Perhotelan 1 (kelas kontrol) dan Kelas XI UPW (kelas eksperimen). Instrumen penelitian berupa tes objektif menganalisis informasi teks eksplanasi. Prosedur penelitian ini yaitu pelaksanaan tes uji coba soal objektif menganalisis informasi teks eksplanasi, pelaksanan pembelajaran kemampuan menganalisis informasi teks eksplanasi tanpa perlakuan, pelaksanaan pembelajaran kemampuan menganalisis informasi teks eksplanasi dengan model Numbered Head Together, dan posttes kemampuan menganalisis informasi teks eksplanasi. Hasil penelitian yaitu sebagai berikut. Pertama, tingkat kemampuan menganalisis informasi teks eksplanasi siswa kelas XI SMK Negeri 6 Padang memperoleh nilai rata-rata 73,06 dengan klasifikasi Lebih dari Cukup (LdC). Kedua, tingkat kemampuan menganalisis informasi teks eksplanasi dengan menggunakan model Numbered Head Together siswa kelas XI SMK Negeri 6 Padang memperoleh nilai rata-rata 80,24 dengan klasifikasi Baik (B). Ketiga, berdasarkan hasil uji-t bahwa hipotesis H1 diterima dan H0 ditolak pada taraf signifikan 95% dan dk=(n1+n2)-2 yaitu thitung> ttabel (4,60 > 1,67). Jadi, dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan penggunaan model Numbered Head Together terhadap kemampuan menganalisis informasi teks eksplanasi siswa kelas XI SMK Negeri 6 Padang.
Tokoh Sentral dan Tokoh Pendukung dalam Cerpen Profetik menurut Interpretasi Siswa SMA Kartika 1-2 Medan
Authors: Wuriyani Elly Prihasti , Pasaribu Mayanti
Published: May 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan: 1) kedudukan tokoh dalam cerpen profetik menurut interpretasi siswa; 2) sama-tidaknya kedudukan tokoh cerpen profetik per gender per etnik. Penelitian berlangsung di SMA Kartika 1-2 Medan pada semester genap 2021/2022. Sebanyak 31 siswa kelas X menjadi populasi penelitian ini yakni mereka yang mengisi data di google form. Sampel ditetapkan 29 siswa yang ditarik secara random. Penetapan jumlah sampel berdasarkan prinsip yang dikembangkan oleh Slavin. Untuk mengumpulkan data kedudukan tokoh cerpen profetik menurut interpretasi siswa digunakan instrumen nontes berbentuk kuensioner. Kuensioner berjenis tertutup menggunakan fasilitas google form. Temuan penelitian bahwa bayi merupakan tokoh utama sedangkan ibu bayi merupakan tokoh kedua menurut interpretasi siswa. Tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan bayi sebagai tokoh sentral menurut interpretasi siswa berdasarkan perbedaan kelas, etnik, dan jenis kelamin. Tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan ibu sebagai tokoh pendukung-1 menurut interpretasi siswa berdasarkan perbedaan kelas, etnik, dan jenis kelamin. Tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan perempuan muda sebagai tokoh pendukung-2 menurut interpretasi siswa berdasarkan perbedaan kelas, etnik, dan jenis kelamin. Tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan pemuda sebagai tokoh pendukung-3 menurut interpretasi siswa berdasarkan perbedaan kelas, etnik, dan jenis kelamin.
Supervisi Klinik Kepala Sekolah terhadap Guru Kelas untuk Meningkatkan Mutu Pembelajaran Membaca Kata Dasar
Authors: Darajang Darajang
Published: May 2022

Supervisi klinik bidang pembelajaran merupakan kegiatan strategis yang dilakukan kepala sekolah terhadap para guru di lingkungannya. Bagi guru, kegiatan ini sangat bermanfaat karena dapat mengamati langsung prosedur pembelajaran yang dilakukan kepala sekolah. Bagi kepala sekolah, kegiatan ini bermanfaat untuk memenuhi tugas dan fungsi kepala sekolah sebagai supervisor. Supervisi klinik berbentuk pembelajaran membaca kata dasar bersuku dua terbuka terhadap guru kelas. Kegiatan penelitian tindakan sekolah ini dilakukan di awal semester genap tahun pelajaran 2021/2022 pola 16 jam pelajaran; 4 jam pelajaran untuk kegiatan pengantar teori dan 12 jam pelajaran untuk kegiatan praktik dalam rangka supervisi klinik. Kegiatan praktik hanya dilakukan di semua kelas rendah yang dilaksanakan juga oleh guru kelas tinggi. Kegiatan ini secara tidak langsung melibatkan guru mata pelajaran. Pada saat semua guru kelas melakukan kegiatan, guru-guru mata pelajaran melaksanakan pembelajaran sesuai dengan mata pelajaran masingmasing. Instrumen kegiatan ini adalah Lembar Kegiatan Guru (LKG) yang berisi LKPD, RPP, dan unit tes formatif keterampilan membaca atau melafalkan kata dasar bersuku dua terbuka. Skenario kegiatan supervisi klinik: 1) pertemuan tatap muka berbahan atau media LKG selama 4 jam pelajaran berlansung setelahjam efektif; 2) praktik pembelajaran di kelas 1 pada hari kedua pada jam efektif; kelas lain diisi oleh guru mata pelajaran; 3) praktik pembelajaran di kelas 2 pada hari ketiga pada jam efektif; kelas lain diisi oleh guru mata pelajaran; 4) praktik pembelajaran di kelas 3 pada hari keempat pada jam efektif; kelas lain juga diisi oleh guru mata pelajaran. LKG berisi: 1) teori tentang pembelajaran malafalkan kata dasar yang dilengkapi bidang kosng untuk tugas menyalin untuk peserta; RPP yang memuat 3 kegiatan awal, 7 kegiatan inti,dan 3 kegiatan akhir; juga dilengkapi dengan bidang kosong untuk tugas menyalin; 3) tes formatif keermapilan melafalkan kata dasar bersukur dua bagi siswa.
Kristosentrisme Pneumatik sebagai Tawaran Teologis bagi Spiritualitas Kaum Muda Gereja
Authors: Sunjaya Angga Putra
Published: May 2022

Artikel ini membahas hasil penelitian kualitatif terhadap spiritualitas kaum muda di Gereja Bethel Indonesia jemaat Bless Impact Generation (GBI BIG) dengan menggunakan metode investigatif dari Christian Smith dan Melinda Denton. Hasil dari penelitian tersebut menunjukkan bahwa kaum muda memiliki spiritualitas yang bersifat moralistik, terapeutik, dan deisme. Artikel ini mengkritik spiritualitas yang demikian dari sudut bidik dogmatis. Melalui pandangan Kristologi David Wells sebagai aparatus teologis, penulis meyakini bahwa spiritualitas moralistik, terapeutik, dan deisme akan menghasilkan kegagalan dalam pertumbuhan iman Kristen karena menggeser Kristus sebagai titik pusat keimanan. Melengkapi pemikiran Wells, artikel ini mengangkat gagasan Kristosentrisme Pneumatik sebagai tawaran teologis. Kristosentrisme Pneumatik memusatkan perhatian pada Kristologi, yang kemudian memiliki watak Roh. Penulis mengangkat gagasan Kristosentrisme Pneumatik guna melengkapi aspek ritual, pastoral, dan komunal dalam membangun spiritualitas kaum muda gereja.
Forgotten Souls
Authors: Lumintang Merlin Brenda Angeline
Published: May 2022

The stories of the western male missionary are commonly and widely known in mission history. This article, however, reclaims the widely forgotten stories of women missionaries as authentic mission narratives relevant to the contemporary mission preaching conducted in the local Indonesian churches such as the Evangelical Christian Church in Minahasa.  This article uses a feminist postcolonial perspective to argue that women missionaries are postcolonial subjects. It further uses their narratives to shape the local church's sermon as a "counter-testimony" to the grand Christian mission narratives that often forget women missionaries' voices and roles.
Levothyroxine sodium loaded dissolving microneedle arrays for transdermal delivery
Authors: Ghazi Riyam Faisal , Al-Mayahy Mohammmed Hussain
Published: May 2022

Levothyroxine (LT-4) sodium has shown variable bioavailability following oral administration. This can be assigned to the significant influence of gastrointestinal conditions, food and drugs administered concomitantly on the rate and extent of absorption from the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, the aim of this research study was to establish an efficient transdermal delivery system of LT-4 sodium via the application of hyaluronic acid dissolving microneedles. Microneedles-based drug delivery system consists of sharp-tip needles that puncture the top layers of the skin in a minimally invasive manner to create physical channels through which therapeutic molecules can easily diffuse into/across the skin. Hyaluronic acid polymer at different ratios (5-60 %) was used to prepare microneedle arrays (100 needles per array) using a micromoulding technique. Characterisation tests were carried out to select the optimum formulation. F11 formula containing 50% w/v hyaluronic acid and 1% v/v Tween 80 formula showed an appropriate needle shape with dimensions of 432 ± 6.4 μm in height and a tip diameter of 9.8 ± 1.3 μm. The microneedle arrays demonstrated a suitable mechanical strength after applying a force of 32 N per array and an excellent insertion ability both in Parafilm M® and human skin. The in vivo dissolution of microneedles was started rapidly within 5 minutes following the insertion in the skin and completed at 1 hour. Ex vivo permeation study using human skin has shown a significant improvement in LT-4 sodium delivery across the skin compared to control preparations (drug solution and microneedle free film). The microneedle array F11 has significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increased LT-4 sodium permeation through the skin (cumulative permeated amount of 32 ± 2 µg/cm²) in comparison to the control solution (cumulative permeated amount of 0.7 ± 0.07 µg/cm²) and the microneedle free film (cumulative permeated amount of 0.1 ± 0.02 µg/cm²) over 7 hours. The findings from the irritation test revealed that mild erythema was produced from the application of microneedle arrays which disappeared within 24 hours. Accordingly, dissolving hyaluronic acid microneedles could be a feasible and effective approach to delivering LT-4 sodium transdermally without causing significant skin damage.
Everything Old Is New Again
Authors: Johnson Jake
Published: May 2022

This ethnographic study of the Oklahoma Senior Follies examines how the aging community uses musical theater to challenge the negative presumptions surrounding aging. Building upon Margaret Morganroth Gullette’s observation that this “narrative of decline” permeates all sectors of popular culture, this chapter asks how the playful and deceptive work of musicals affords aging performers the opportunity to reverse time’s arrow. In employing mashups of songs in their productions, the performers likewise illustrate through song how old works can be repackaged and made new again. Finally, this chapter contextualizes the Oklahoma Senior Follies performers within Oklahoma City’s evolving circuit of community theater and economic failures.
Eugene England
Authors: Haglund Kristine L.
Published: May 2022

Eugene England was that rarest of creatures—a liberal Mormon. He was a believer, deeply rooted in his inherited faith, and he possessed the small-l liberal virtues of openness to new ideas, a willingness to challenge received wisdom, and confidence in the ethical power of human reason. He found within Mormonism the core of a faith open to modernity in the form of scientific progress, civil rights, an expanded literary canon, and critical approaches to scripture and religious history. This strain of Mormon thought had always existed alongside a more authoritarian and fundamentalist tradition. But it was the charismatic Eugene England who braided together the more liberal strands of Mormon doctrine for a generation of young Mormons and brought them into dialogue with other twentieth-century religious thinkers. His personal essays both celebrated and embodied an important form of Mormon literature. His central intellectual techne, “proving contraries,” and his concepts of paradox and atonement became touchstones for generations of BYU students and amateur scholars of Mormonism. England’s attempts to connect the generous God of his Mormon belief with both the conservative religious culture he grew up in and the liberal academic culture he grew into yielded a body of work—and, more importantly, a life—that sketched a roadmap to what we now recognize as Mormon studies.
Toward Integrity
Authors: Haglund Kristine L.
Published: May 2022

England championed the personal essay, as well as unconventional literary forms like sermons, journals, and letters, as the best literary expressions of Mormonism. This chapter considers England’s influence in the nascent field of Mormon literature, as well as his own contributions. England’s personal essays engage modernist themes of alienation, the psychology of religion, existentialism, and ritual activity as religious epistemology, suggesting possibilities for fruitful comparison and engagement with other religious thinkers including William James and Paul Tillich.
The Possibilities of Dialogue
Authors: Haglund Kristine L.
Published: May 2022

Eugene England regarded the dialectic engagement of competing ideas as a way to discover truth. He sought dialogue in the classroom, in church work, through letters, by publishing a journal (called Dialogue), by founding or participating in associations for Mormon letters and Mormon history, and in frequent gatherings with many friends. The possibility of knowledge as dialectic is, on the one hand, deeply rooted in the strain of Mormon thought that asserts both the salvific potential of human community and the individual’s right to unmediated communication with God. At the same time, it is in tension with other foundational Mormon assertions about the authority of prophets and the requirement that individual revelation, conscience, and logic be subordinated to priesthood hierarchs. This chapter examines the possibilities and limitations of a dialogical approach to Mormonism, including particularly England’s lifelong efforts to engage the official church in various ways.
Reconciliation and Atonement
Authors: Haglund Kristine L.
Published: May 2022

The concept of atonement was central to Eugene England’s religious thought, and he used the term in an idiosyncratic way. He focused on its etymological root—“at–one–ment”—and developed a concept of atonement as the productive unity of disparate ideas and beings. Among the disparate notions he tried to reconcile were “liberal” and “conservative” Mormon theologies; England relied on a strain of Mormon theology that suggests a God capable of eternal progression and learning—omnipotent and omniscient relative to human beings, but not absolutely. Other Mormon thinkers, notably church President Joseph F. Smith and his descendants, held a more absolute view, sometimes characterized as “neo-orthodox.” England’s discussion of “liberal” and “conservative” Mormonism also extended to political convictions; his discussion of the role of believers in politics contains echoes of Reinhold Niebuhr transposed to a Mormon key
Tania León's Stride
Authors: Madrid Alejandro L.
Published: May 2022

More than a simple biography, this book is an affective exploration of the life and works of Cuban American composer Tania León in relation to questions of identity politics, nostalgia, ethnicity, absence, and diaspora. The book explores the composer’s upbringing in Cuba, the reasons to leave the island at a complicated political moment after the triumph of the Cuban revolution, her adaptation to U.S. culture through her involvement in a number of historically important African American artistic projects at the end of the civil rights movement, and the development of her unique compositional voice. Attention is paid to the current process of canonization of León and her music vis-à-vis issues of identity, representation, and self-representation that are often at odds. By focusing on León’s extraordinary life, this book provides a point of entry into understanding how regular folks have experienced apparently impersonal historical events such as the Cuban revolution, the Cold War, the struggle for civil rights, or identity politics in everyday U.S. life.
Introduction
Authors: Black Rachel E.
Published: May 2022

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Conclusion
Authors: Black Rachel E.
Published: May 2022

The conclusion brings together themes of gendered professions, education, and media representations while making a call for further feminist study of women’s roles in professional kitchens. This is particularly pertinent in light of the #MeToo movement and through the COVID-19 pandemic, which have revealed persistent inequalities in all areas of everyday life. The challenges faced by culinary professionals are put into a broader social and cultural context in order to make policy recommendations to improve the workplace for both women and men working in French kitchens.
A Respectable Spell
Authors: Sandroni Carlos
Published: May 2022

This book is primarily about the social history and musical changes of samba in Rio de Janeiro from 1917 to the early 1930s, looking chiefly at the era’s commercial recordings. The year 1917 marks the first time that a popular song designated as “samba” became a widespread Carnival success in the city. In the early 1930s, a new style of samba became dominant, such that it is still today the genre’s primary point of reference. The book proposes an analysis and interpretation of the differences in the musical styles, highlighting their rhythmic aspects. It also shows how these differences are linked to the way in which samba and sambistas are understood in Rio de Janeiro’s society and culture during this period. The first part of the book, “From Lundu to Samba,” deals with popular music genres created during the second half of the nineteenth century, such as lundu, Brazilian tango, and maxixe, whose musical characteristics came to be shared with old-style samba. The book’s second part, “From One Samba to Another,” deals with the emergence of samba in Rio de Janeiro as a commercial genre of popular music, and with the creation and success of the new style of samba, paying special attention to the trajectories of Ismael Silva and Noel Rosa, composers representative of this transition.
Musical Premises
Authors: Sandroni Carlos
Published: May 2022

This chapter, also of an introductory nature, discusses concepts of musical rhythm that will serve as the foundation for the analyses developed over the course of the book. The chapter offers a synthesis of ideas about African rhythm that were developed by ethnomusicologists in the second half of the twentieth century, including time line, contrametricity, and rhythmic oddity. These ideas are related to discussions by Brazilian and Brazilianist musicologists on syncopation in samba and in other genres of Brazilian popular music. Finally, the chapter proposes and discusses new analytical tools for the study of Afro-Brazilian rhythm, namely, the concepts of the “3-3-2 Paradigm” (in reference to the genre’s old style) and the “Estácio Paradigm” (which corresponds to the new style).
From Bahia to Rio
Authors: Sandroni Carlos
Published: May 2022

This chapter deals with samba in the nineteenth century, when the word began to be used to designate a popular Afro-Brazilian amusement that included music, dance, and sung poetry. The first references to samba point to its existence in “provinces of the ‘North,’” such as in Pernambuco, Ceará, and Bahia (today, these states pertain to the Northeast region), and especially in rural areas. We find a growing number of sources starting in the 1870s that reference samba in Rio de Janeiro, which was then the capital of Brazil. Brazilian novels from the late nineteenth century are favored sources for understanding the path taken by samba prior to its association with Carnival and recorded music. During this period, samba replaced genres such as lundu, batuque, cateretê, and Brazilian fado as Brazilian folk music and dance par excellence.
From the Dining Room to the Drawing Room
Authors: Sandroni Carlos
Published: May 2022

This chapter deals with samba in Rio de Janeiro at the turn of the twentieth century. At the time, samba was practiced primarily at parties, at the homes of Bahian immigrant families, similar to the way in which samba de roda is practiced in Bahia today. At the parties of these Bahian tias (or aunts) in Rio de Janeiro—such as the famous Tia Ciata—samba was danced in the backyard and in the dining room, to the sound of songs and handclaps, while in the drawing rooms it was a different genre of music and dance that was predominant: choro, instrumental music where people such as the great flutist and composer Pixinguinha, among others, made their mark.
“Pelo telefone”
Authors: Sandroni Carlos
Published: May 2022

This chapter introduces and discusses the famous composition “Pelo telefone” (“On the Telephone”), by Donga and Mauro de Almeida, which, disseminated through recordings and published sheet music, turned samba into a widely successful musical genre during Rio de Janeiro’s 1917 Carnival season. The circumstances surrounding the song’s creation were subject to numerous controversies and were studied in detail by Flávio Silva in the 1970s. Building on the findings and conclusions of Silva, as well as on a new analysis of the form and content of the lyrics, this chapter introduces the song as a hybrid product, a patchwork quilt that brings folk elements together with authored contributions typical of urban popular music.
When Did Samba Become Samba?
Authors: Sandroni Carlos
Published: May 2022

This chapter discusses the contrast between two types of samba that, in the late 1920s, defined Brazilian popular music and above all else, Afro-Brazilian music in Rio de Janeiro. The old style of samba was represented by composers such as Donga and Sinhô—the latter being known, until his death in 1930, as “the King of Samba”—and was associated with the area surrounding the city port, including the neighborhood of Cidade Nova. The new style was represented by composers linked to the Estácio de Sá neighborhood, home of the Carnival group Deixa Falar, which is usually recognized as “the first samba school.” Ismael Silva, author of “Se você jurar” (“If You Swear”), was the most representative composer of this group.
Introduction
Authors: Borland Katherine , McDowell John Holmes , Tuohy Sue
Published: May 2022

This chapter introduces the Diverse Environmentalisms Research Team (DERT) project behind the creation of this volume as an ecomusicological and ecopoetic response to the existential crisis facing life on Earth. Born out of a faculty initiative in the Department of Folklore and Ethnomusicology at Indiana University that quickly grew to involve like-minded environmentalist scholars at various institutions across the US and their research collaborators around the world, DERT studies performances of expressive culture that offer essential resources to individuals and communities as they seek to interpret their changing environments and to manage, and often resist, the destructive effects of ecological change. The introduction presents three themes that shape this volume: Perspectives on Diverse Environmentalisms, Performing the Sacred, and Environmental Attachments.
The Witness Trees’ Revolt
Authors: Hufford Mary
Published: May 2022

In this chapter Hufford introduces the concepts of reflexive commoning, meshwork, and perceptual narration to explore how narrative genres produce and renew socioecological imaginaries in the mixed mesophytic forests of southern West Virginia. Describing a mid-1990s collaboration between environmental scientists, citizens groups and the Library of Congress to discover why the forest was suffering, Hufford works from the perspective of those who live in and around the forest. She illustrates how speech genres reflect people’s everyday entanglements with the landscape in ways that acknowledge the participation of “more-than-human subjectivities.” A narrative ecology recognizes not only the interdependence of human stewards, forest, and forest creatures, but also the ways in which speech genres constitute and express their interdependent relations.
Diverse Ecomusicologies
Authors: Allen Aaron S.
Published: May 2022

This chapter outlines the burgeoning subfields of the environmental humanities and liberal arts and, particularly, of ecomusicology, a convergence of music/sound studies, culture studies, and environmental/ecological studies. In this time of ecological crisis, the author argues that it is essential to reorient the ways we understand the humanities away from anthropocentric thinking and toward an ecocentric approach that recognizes the inherent value of ecological systems within which humans are but one part. The author calls for an environmental liberal arts education that equips people to live well and to care for, nurture, and enhance life itself. In this interdisciplinary endeavor, ethnomusicologists and folklorists can offer the arts of listening well to human and nonhuman subjects.
The Drum and the Seed
Authors: Dirksen Rebecca , Wilcken Lois
Published: May 2022

Rebecca Dirksen and Lois Wilcken share examples of arts-based environmental activism in the Haitian diaspora in New York City and in Haiti that draw their inspiration from Vodou practices and beliefs. Vodou, which constitutes a sacred ecology, has been maligned, and the Haitian environment has become degraded, most notably through deforestation. Wilcken describes her recent theatrical collaboration with the Brooklyn-based Haitian dance group, La Troupe Makandal, whereas Dirksen follows Vodou adept Konpè Filo as he works in Haiti to simultaneously destigmatize Vodou religious practice and reforest the country by planting and promoting the stewardship of the sacred mapou tree. These two projects demonstrate the importance of drawing on existing expressive repertoire to recuperate, cultivate, and convey a collective sense of responsibility for the common good that Vodou provides.
Ecology, Mobility, and Music in Western Mongolia
Authors: Post Jennifer C.
Published: May 2022

Focusing on the mobile pastoral herders’ engagement with the environment, Jennifer Post uses a new mobilities paradigm to analyze the impacts of environmental change and related political and economic factors on the environment, lives, and musical practices of Kazakh herders. Kazakh musicians express their attachments to place as they sing about their histories and movement, about local resources and lands they have cared for, and about memories of community events that are rapidly disappearing. Kazakh herders have had to relocate to urban centers in Mongolia and Kazakhstan, and, as their lifeway rooted in pastoralism wanes, this shared body of songs play a role in environmental activism, promoting Kazakh identity and the environmentally-focused values and knowledge carried in song.
For a Just and Better World
Authors: Hernández Sonia
Published: May 2022

Building upon historic transnational connections between the cosmopolitan port of Tampico, the Rio Grande Valley of Texas, the Mexican north, and ports of entry across the Atlantic, a network of labor activists including women such as Caritina Piña emerged in the early twentieth century to address labor inequities. This book retraces the emergence of this network circulating on the eve of the 1910 Mexican Revolution. The early revolutionary period ushered in a wave of anarcho-syndicalist groups privileging organizing via labor unions and other collectives. Organizations such as the Partido Liberal Mexicano (PLM) were among the most progressive of collectives that incorporated women’s issues in their agenda. Its members encouraged women’s participation as compañeras, key to creating a real revolution. Yet, despite such progressive stance, gendered ideas about femininity and masculinity shaped members’ perspectives just as much as they shaped mainstream media outlets casting radical female activists as “women of ill-repute.” Their own understanding of gender and ideas about motherhood shaped women activists too. While anarcho-syndicalism declined as the revolutionary state grew stronger in its co-opting of organized labor, the legacy of women’s activism remained a distinctive feature of the greater Mexican borderlands. Women left an indelible mark on the Tamaulipas-Texas borderlands’ labor history. Such historic and gendered border solidarities, while imperfect, helped to build a foundation for postrevolutionary labor alliances.
Gendering Anarchism and Anarcho-Syndicalist Organizations
Authors: Hernández Sonia
Published: May 2022

As anarchist ideology spread throughout the region, expressed through the more structured anarcho-syndicalist collectives, activists encouraged women’s participation in promoting social equality. This chapter discusses both the strategies employed by anarchist collectives to recruit more women to their ranks as well as their increased inclusion of women’s issues in their propaganda. While organizations such as Hermanos Rojos and others emerged as some of the most progressive of collectives open to women’s activism, normative gender ideas continued to influence the organizations’ membership. As women were encouraged to step up as compañeras en la lucha, or comrades in the fight, the mainstream media cast them as immoral and radical, labeling them “women of ill-repute.”
“Leave the Unions to the Men”
Authors: Hernández Sonia
Published: May 2022

As labor unionism was on the rise in Tampico and throughout the country, there were women who chose not to join unions or abandoned them altogether. Chapter 5 examines this discrepancy in what became known as the “free waitress movement,” which included over two hundred waitresses who chose to leave their union, claiming that unions were “better off left to the men.” These waitresses organized, but they did so emphasizing mutualism. As the chapter shows, ideas about morality and sexuality coupled with the state’s expansion of a prostitution tolerance zone (a direct consequence of the rise of the oil industry) had a profound effect on the way in which waitresses were perceived and controlled by the local mixed-sex labor union. Ultimately, the free waitress movement was an anarchist expression and sheds light on how state discourse on labor rights, ideas about gender and sexuality, and questions about women’s place on a more global scale could differ sharply from women’s own localized ideas about their place in labor.
A History of the Ozarks, Volume 3
Authors: Blevins Brooks
Published: May 2022

A History of the Ozarks, Vol. 3: The Ozarkers is the final volume of a trilogy chronicling the history of this middle-American highland region. It picks up the story where volume 2 left off, at the end of the long Civil War era in the late nineteenth century, and carries it into the twenty-first century. Through a period of roughly 130 years, The Ozarkers charts the region’s major socioeconomic developments: the rise and decline of the timber boom, the peaks and valleys of the lead and zinc industries, the growth of commercial agriculture and the demise of the family farm, widespread poverty and massive post-World War II outmigration, the boom in cheap-labor manufacturing, and the emergence of massive corporations (Walmart, Tyson Foods, Bass Pro Shops) that have brought select parts of the region unprecedented levels of affluence and unexpected racial and ethnic diversity. Undergirding The Ozarkers is an analysis of the role that stereotypes of “hillbillies” and mountaineers has played in the evolution of a region and its inhabitants. The book explores this phenomenon through a close examination of the tourism and entertainment industry, from the mineral water spas of the late nineteenth century to the torrid growth of Branson in the late twentieth. Tying this volume to previous ones in the series is the connective thread interpreting the Ozarks as a colorful regional variation of the American story, not the forgotten and backward land apart so long chronicled by folklorists and travel writers.
Exposing the Ozarks
Authors: Blevins Brooks
Published: May 2022

Chapter 5 serves as a sort of bridge chapter between the first four chapters and the final two. It links the pre-Depression chapters with the post-World War II chapters by following the Ozarkers through the Depression and World War II. The chapter charts the prevalence of poverty and suffering in the region and the impact of a wide variety of New Deal programs. It also chronicles other crucial elements of the era’s history, such as the activities of criminals in the “Public Enemy Ozarks” and the lives of migrant laborers. The chapter concludes with an examination of the region’s pop-cultural popularity during the “Year of the Ozarks,” followed by World War II’s impact, including the construction of two large army installations.