bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation and colloidal properties of an aqueous acetic acid lignin containing polyurethane surfactant
Authors: Wang Haihua , Zou Jing , Shen Yiding , Fei Guiqiang , Mou Jing
Published: May 2013

Aqueous acetic acid lignin containing polyurethane (ALPU) surfactants were prepared by the replacement of some hydrophobic poly(caprolactone diol) with different concentrations of multifunctional acetic acid lignin (AL), and with dimethylol propionic acid as the hydrophilic segment. The infrared spectra, together with thermogravimetric analysis, demonstrated the presence of AL in the polyurethane (PU) chains. In addition, the effects of the AL concentration on the particle size, morphology, rheological behavior, and surface activity of the dispersions were investigated. The ALPU particles displayed a spherical morphology. With increasing AL concentration from 0 to 10 wt %, the particle size increased from 36 to 260 nm, and the unimodal distribution was detected for ALPU10 with a 10 wt % AL addition. The viscosity and shear‐thinning behavior of the ALPU dispersions decreased, and the lowest surface tension and critical micelle concentration (cmc) were detected for ALPU10. However, when the AL concentration was 15 wt % (ALPU15), the surface tension and cmc increased. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1855–1862, 2013
Mapping Subsurface Archaeology with SAR
Authors: Morrison Keith
Published: May 2013

SubSAR is a new scheme for mapping subsurface features with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) at large stand‐off distances applicable to airborne and satellite measurements. This is in sharp contrast to current techniques, where discrimination relies on close‐proximity measurement of the scene, usually with a ground‐based system. The scheme discriminates between surface and subsurface returns using a novel application of differential SAR interferometry (DInSAR). It is based on the differing phase histories of surface and subsurface features. Whereas the latter experiences phase delays in sympathy with variations in soil moisture, these are absent from the surface feature's phase history. To assess the predictions and performance of the model against measurements, a laboratory investigation was carried out at the GB‐SAR Microwave Measurement Facility. C‐band VV tomographic profiling (TP) was collected of a trihedral and a pile of cobble stones, buried in a sandy soil. The TP imagery displayed the vertical backscattering pattern through the soil, allowing separation of returns from the soil and buried features. Known amounts of water were added incrementally to the soil to precisely quantify DInSAR phase and backscatter behaviours of the soil and buried features. The measurements confirmed the two central tenets of the model: (i) a linear relationship between soil moisture and DInSAR phase, and (ii) that this is independent of incidence angle. Application and performance of the scheme applied to mapping subsurface archaeology is discussed. A low‐level product would deliver a basic distinction between surface and subsurface features in SAR imagery. The high‐level product, with supporting ground‐truth data, could additionally deliver the depth of a feature. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometric assay for aliskiren, a novel renin inhibitor in micro‐volumes of human plasma: a pharmacokinetic application in healthy South Indian male subjects
Authors: Adireddy Vinayender , Pilli Nageswara Rao , Derangula Venkata Ramu , Satla Shobha Rani , Ganguri Chinna Veera Badraiah , Ponneri Venkateswarlu
Published: May 2013

This paper describes a simple, rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry assay for the determination of aliskiren in human plasma using nevirapine as an internal standard. Analyte and the internal standard were extracted from 100 μL of human plasma via liquid–liquid extraction using tert‐butyl methyl ether. The chromatographic separation was achieved on a C18 column using a mixture of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid (90:10, v/v) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min. The calibration curve obtained was linear (r2 ≥ 0.99) over the concentration range of 0.10–1013 ng/mL. Method validation was performed as per US Food and Drug Administration guidelines and the results met the acceptance criteria. A run time of 2.2 min for each sample made it possible to analyze a greater number of samples in a short time, thus increasing the productivity. The proposed method was found to be applicable to clinical studies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capillary networks in tumor angiogenesis: From discrete endothelial cells to phase‐field averaged descriptions via isogeometric analysis
Authors: Vilanova Guillermo , Colominas Ignasi , Gomez Hector
Published: May 2013

Tumor angiogenesis, the growth of new capillaries from preexisting ones promoted by the starvation and hypoxia of cancerous cell, creates complex biological patterns. These patterns are captured by a hybrid model that involves high‐order partial differential equations coupled with mobile, agent‐based components. The continuous equations of the model rely on the phase‐field method to describe the intricate interfaces between the vasculature and the host tissue. The discrete equations are posed on a cellular scale and treat tip endothelial cells as mobile agents. Here, we put the model into a coherent mathematical and algorithmic framework and introduce a numerical method based on isogeometric analysis that couples the discrete and continuous descriptions of the theory. Using our algorithms, we perform numerical simulations that show the development of the vasculature around a tumor. The new method permitted us to perform a parametric study of the model. Furthermore, we investigate different initial configurations to study the growth of the new capillaries. The simulations illustrate the accuracy and efficiency of our numerical method and provide insight into the dynamics of the governing equations as well as into the underlying physical phenomenon. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Relation Between Antisocial and Borderline Personality Symptoms and Early Maladaptive Schemas in a Treatment Seeking Sample of Male Substance Users
Authors: Shorey Ryan C. , Anderson Scott , Stuart Gregory L.
Published: May 2013

Individuals with substance use disorders are more likely to have antisocial and borderline personality disorder than non‐substance abusers. Recently, research has examined the relations between early maladaptive schemas and personality disorders, as early maladaptive schemas are believed to underlie personality disorders. However, there is a dearth of research on the relations between early maladaptive schemas and personality disorders among individuals seeking treatment for substance abuse. The current study examined the relations among early maladaptive schemas and antisocial and borderline personality within in a sample of men seeking substance abuse treatment (n = 98). Results demonstrated that early maladaptive schema domains were associated with antisocial and borderline personality symptoms. Implications of these findings for substance use treatment and research are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Antisocial (ASPD) and Borderline (BPD) personality disorder symptoms are prevalence among individuals seeking substance abuse treatment.

Early maladaptive schemas are believed to underlie the development of ASPD and BPD symptoms, and are also prevalence among individuals seeking substance use treatment.

Findings from the current study suggest that specific early maladaptive schema domains predict ASPD and BPD symptoms in a substance abuse treatment seeking sample of adult males.

The treatment of ASPD and BPD among men seeking substance use treatment may want to focus on early maladaptive schemas.
Growth, structural and optical properties of 12%‐deuterated KDP crystals
Authors: Liu W. J. , Wang S. L. , Gu Q. T. , Ding J. X. , Liu G. X. , Sun Y. , Liu L. , Wang B.
Published: May 2013

K(D0.12H0.88)2PO4 crystals were chosen to be used for quadratic nonlinear medium of wideband frequency doubling at 1 μm. A key limitation on this application is that little information can be found in the previous reports. In this work, growth as well as structural and optical properties of this crystal were investigated in detail. Experimental results in comparison with KDP indicate that lattice parameter along a‐axis changes much more than lattice parameter c and infra‐red absorption edge shift by 0.08 μm accompanied with increasing of transmittance in the whole region. With the introduction of deuterium atom, peak of ν1(PO4) shifts to lower wave number and transverse stimulated Raman scattering was effectively suppressed. Extra‐ordinary and ordinary indices were also measured as function of wavelength. Good crystalline perfection and great performance of damage threshold also indicate that 12%‐DKDP is an appropriate choice in the application of wideband frequency doubling at 1 μm.
Analytical methods for the detection of undeclared synthetic drugs in traditional herbal medicines as adulterants
Authors: Haneef Jamshed , Shaharyar Mohammad , Husain Asif , Rashid Mohd , Mishra Ravinesh , Siddique Nadeem A. , Pal Manoj
Published: May 2013

Traditional herbal medicines (THMs) are gaining popularity worldwide as an alternative approach to prescription drugs for many reasons including a general perception that they are safe. But recently there have been number of reported studies that reveal adulteration of THMs with undeclared synthetic drugs, which may potentially cause serious toxic adverse effects. This paper reviews the various classes of synthetic drugs that were found to be adulterated in THMs worldwide. The main focus is to highlight newer analytical tools used to detect adulteration. Due to the advancement in hyphenated techniques like liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS), gas chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (GC‐MS/MS) and other conventional tools, it has become possible to detect synthetic drugs and their structural analogues as adulterants even if they are present in small quantities. This review also gives an overview of health‐related risks after consuming such spurious products and challenges for future perspectives to control such type of malpractices. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tissue‐specific venous expression of the EPH family receptor EphB1 in the skin vasculature
Authors: Li Wenling , Mukouyama Yoh‐suke
Published: May 2013

Background: The major arteries and veins are formed early during development. The molecular tools to identify arterial and venous endothelial cells improve our understanding of arterial–venous differentiation and branching morphogenesis. Compared with arterial differentiation, relatively little is known about what controls venous development, due to lack of definitive molecular markers for venous endothelial cells. Results: Here we report that the antibody against EphB1, an EphB class receptor, makes it possible to establish a reliable whole‐mount immunohistochemical analysis of venous identity with greater resolution than previously possible in embryonic and adult skin vasculature models. EphB1 expression is restricted to the entire venous vasculature throughout embryonic development to adulthood, whereas the previously established venous marker EphB4 is also detectable in lymphatic vasculature. This venous‐restricted expression of EphB1 is established after the vascular remodeling of the primary capillary plexus has occurred. Compared with its venous‐specific expression in the skin, however, EphB1 is not restricted to the venous vasculature in yolk sac, trunk and lung. Conclusions: These studies introduce EphB1 as a new venous‐restricted marker in a tissue‐specific and time‐dependent manner. Developmental Dynamics 242:976–988, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Simple Synthetic Access to Differently 4‐Substituted Neu5Ac2en Glycals Combining Elements of Molecules with Anti‐Neuraminidase Activity
Authors: Allevi Pietro , Rota Paola , Agnolin Irene Sofia , Gregorio Antonio , Anastasia Mario
Published: May 2013

A protocol for direct access to C‐4‐functionalized Neu5Ac2en derivatives by allylic substitution of an α‐acetoxy group with various nucleophiles is reported. The DANA acetamido group is exchanged for a trifluoroacetylamido group (as in FANA) to avoid the formation of a stable 4,5‐oxazoline. With thiols, the reaction involves an initial attack at the anomeric carbon (Ferrier reaction) under kinetic control, followed by an equilibration of the nucleophile to the thermodynamically more stable 4‐position.
Synthesis of Optically Active Selenium‐Containing Isotryptophan, Homoiso­tryptophan, and Homotryptophan
Authors: Goswami Koushik , Chakraborty Amrita , Sinha Surajit
Published: May 2013

Selenoisotryptophan and its higher homologues were synthesized by Sonogashira coupling of iodophenyl methyl selenide and alkynyloxazolidines followed by iodocyclization as the key step. Sonogashira coupling of 3‐iodobenzoselenophene with ethynyloxazolidine allowed the synthesis of selenohomotryptophan.
Aromatic Oligoamides with a Rare ortho‐Connectivity: Synthesis and Study of ortho‐Arylopeptoids
Authors: Hjelmgaard Thomas , Nielsen John
Published: May 2013

Even though aromatic oligoamides composed of aromatic amino acids in a “one‐way sequence” attract ever increasing research interest, backbones connected through ortho‐linked aromatics remain rare. Herein, we present the first synthesis and study of N‐alkylated ortho‐aminomethyl‐benzamides termed “ortho‐arylopeptoids”. The ortho‐arylopeptoids may, with a few exceptions, be synthesized either in solution or on solid‐phase using unique and highly efficient submonomer methods with similar levels of high generality and efficiency to those previously demonstrated for meta‐ and para‐arylopeptoids. NMR studies indicated a more restricted rotation about the amide bonds in ortho‐arylopeptoids, presumably due to a more congested backbone structure resulting from the ortho‐connectivity pattern. Intriguingly, tert‐butyl and phenyl side chains offer complete control over the amide conformations; whereas arylopeptoid residues with tert‐butyl side chains adopt a 100 % cis amide conformation, the opposite 100 % trans amide conformation was observed in arylopeptoids with phenyl side chains. The tert‐butyl moiety can furthermore serve as a protecting group during synthesis, which can later be removed to allow the amide to adopt a 100 % trans conformation instead.
Social and Emotional Processing as a Behavioural Endophenotype in Eating Disorders: A Pilot Investigation in Twins
Authors: Kanakam Natalie , Krug Isabel , Raoult Charlotte , Collier David , Treasure Janet
Published: May 2013

Objectives

Emotional processing difficulties are potential risk markers for eating disorders that are also present after recovery. The aim of this study was to examine these traits in twins with eating disorders.

Methods

The Reading the Mind in the Eyes test, Emotional Stroop task and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale were administered to 112 twins with and without eating disorders (DSM IV‐TR eating disorder criteria). Generalised estimating equations compared twins with eating disorders against unaffected co‐twins and control twins, and within‐pair correlations were calculated for clinical monozygotic (n = 50) and dizygotic twins (n = 20).

Results

Emotion recognition difficulties, attentional biases to social threat and difficulties in emotion regulation were greater in twins with eating disorders, and some were present in their unaffected twin siblings. Evidence for a possible genetic basis was highest for emotion recognition and attentional biases to social stimuli.

Conclusion

Emotion recognition difficulties and sensitivity to social threat appear to be endophenotypes associated with eating disorders. However, the limited statistical power means that these findings are tentative and require further replication. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Delay‐oriented power‐aware routing in wireless ad hoc networks
Authors: Huang Haojun , Yin Hao , Zhang Junbao , Qian Feng
Published: May 2013

In this letter, we propose an on‐demand delay‐oriented power‐aware routing protocol to reduce the total consumed energy and meet the desired delay requirement in wireless ad hoc networks. In contrast to previous research, we adaptively build different delay‐oriented routing entries over several fixed discrete power levels, and select the route with the minimum power level for data delivery. Moreover, we use cross‐layer power control strategy to transmit data packets and control packets of network layer and medium access control layer for energy reduction. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme significantly outperforms other schemes in terms of network lifetime, average delivery delay and packet delivery ratio. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy‐efficient physical layer packet authenticator for machine‐to‐machine networks
Authors: Bartoli A. , Hernández‐Serrano J. , León O. , Kountouris A. , Barthel D.
Published: May 2013

Machine‐to‐machine networks are spreading over every sector of our society due to their self‐organisation capabilities. In these networks, thousands of devices are left unattended for years of operation without the possibility of human intervention. In this sense, every step forward into avoiding early exhaustion of the network nodes is of paramount importance. We have introduced a novel authentication scheme that is able to discard non‐intended and/or non‐legitimate packets just after the reception of the physical preamble. This proposal was shown to yield enormous energy saving with regard to both node exhaustion attacks and normal network operation. In this paper, we extend that work with a novel synchronisation protocol that addresses previous desynchronisation issues. Besides, we analyse and propose the more appropriate deployment parameters that maximise the overall energy savings. We also detail the necessary key generation and key updating processes required to manage the in use keying material. Moreover, we show how to fit the proposed mechanism into the IEEE 802.15.4e amendment to the IEEE 802.15.4‐2006 standard, as many companies have decide to go for this technology for the development of machine‐to‐machine networks.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The business of things architecture
Authors: Cabral Pinto F. , Chainho P. , Pássaro N. , Santiago F. , Corujo D. , Gomes D.
Published: May 2013

A revolution is happening that is triggered by a brave new world made by interconnected devices. The internet of things is already a reality that is creating new business opportunities across different industrial sectors. Communication service providers have a major opportunity to shape this reality by leading this transformation. For that, they need to evolve their existing architectures to enable a flexible creation of advanced services over distributed networks, interconnecting heterogeneous sensors and actuators. This paper presents an approach for telecoms to take advantage of the upcoming machine‐to‐machine markets and defines an advanced architecture able to withstand the demands of a new plethora of evermore clever and useful services. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geomagnetic field intensity variations in Western Europe over the past 1100 years
Authors: Genevey A. , Gallet Y. , Thébault E. , Jesset S. , Le Goff M.
Published: May 2013

Ten archeointensity results have been obtained from brick and ceramic fragments collected in France and precisely dated to between the tenth and eighteenth centuries. Intensity experiments were performed using the Triaxe protocol taking into account cooling rate and thermoremanent magnetization anisotropy effects. Together with our previous results from France and Belgium, we computed a geomagnetic field intensity variation curve for Western Europe covering the past 1100 years. This curve is characterized by a general decreasing trend at the millennial timescale punctuated by three short intensity peaks, during the twelfth century, around 1350–1400 AD and ∼1600 AD. A similar evolution but with smoother variations due to data scatter is also observed in Western Europe and to a lesser extent in Eastern Europe when all available archeointensity data fulfilling quality criteria are used. Comparison of our archeointensity variation curve with the climatic record derived from fluctuations in length of the Swiss glaciers shows a good temporal concordance between all geomagnetic field intensity maxima detected in Western Europe over the past millennium and colder episodes. A comparison is further discussed between these intensity maxima and episodes of low rates of 14C production. A common pattern of variations between both records is recognized between the middle of the tenth and of the beginning of eighteenth centuries. If significant, such coincidences suggest a dual geomagnetic and solar origin for the century‐scale climate and radionuclide production variations during at least the past millennium.
Large‐amplitude internal tides, solitary waves, and turbulence in the central Bay of Biscay
Authors: Xie X. H. , Cuypers Y. , Bouruet‐Aubertot P. , Ferron B. , Pichon A. , Lourenço A. , Cortes N.
Published: May 2013

Microstructure and fine‐scale measurements collected in the central Bay of Biscay during the MOUTON experiment are analyzed to investigate the dynamics of internal waves and associated mixing. Large‐amplitude internal tides (ITs) that excite internal solitary waves (ISWs) in the thermocline are observed. ITs are dominated by modes 3 and 4, while ISWs projected on mode 1 that is trapped in the thermocline. Therein, ITs generate a persistent narrow shear band, which is strongly correlated with the enhanced dissipation rate in the thermocline. This strong dissipation rate is further reinforced in the presence of ISWs. Dissipation rates during the period without ISWs largely agree with the MacKinnon‐Gregg scaling proposed for internal wavefields dominated by a low‐frequency mode, while they show poor agreement with the Gregg‐Henyey parameterization valid for internal wavefields close to the Garrett‐Munk model. The agreement with the MacKinnon‐Gregg scaling is consistent with the fact that turbulent mixing here is driven by the low‐frequency internal tidal shear.
Metronomic chemotherapy following the maximum tolerated dose is an effective anti‐tumour therapy affecting angiogenesis, tumour dissemination and cancer stem cells
Authors: Vives Marta , Ginestà Mireia M. , Gracova Kristina , Graupera Mariona , Casanovas Oriol , Capellà Gabriel , Serrano Teresa , Laquente Berta , Viñals Francesc
Published: May 2013

In this article, the effectiveness of a multi‐targeted chemo‐switch (C‐S) schedule that combines metronomic chemotherapy (MET) after treatment with the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) is reported. This schedule was tested with gemcitabine in two distinct human pancreatic adenocarcinoma orthotopic models and with cyclophosphamide in an orthotopic ovarian cancer model. In both models, the C‐S schedule had the most favourable effect, achieving at least 80% tumour growth inhibition without increased toxicity. Moreover, in the pancreatic cancer model, although peritoneal metastases were observed in control and MTD groups, no dissemination was observed in the MET and C‐S groups. C‐S treatment caused a decrease in angiogenesis, and its effect on tumour growth was similar to that produced by the MTD followed by anti‐angiogenic DC101 treatment. C‐S treatment combined an increase in thrombospondin‐1 expression with a decrease in the number of CD133+ cancer cells and triple‐positive CD133+/CD44+/CD24+ cancer stem cells (CSCs). These findings confirm that the C‐S schedule is a challenging clinical strategy with demonstrable inhibitory effects on tumour dissemination, angiogenesis and CSCs.
Effectiveness of an 8‐week exercise programme on pain and specificity of neck muscle activity in patients with chronic neck pain: A randomized controlled study
Authors: Falla D. , Lindstrøm R. , Rechter L. , Boudreau S. , Petzke F.
Published: May 2013

Background

Although exercise can be effective for relief of neck pain, little is known about the effect of exercise on the neural control of neck muscles.

Methods

A randomized controlled trial was conducted on 46 women with chronic neck pain to investigate the immediate effectiveness of an 8‐week exercise programme on pain and directional specificity of neck muscle activity. At baseline, the patients completed questionnaires including the neck disability index (NDI) and performed a circular contraction of their head in the horizontal plane at 15 N force, with continuous change in force direction in the range 0–360°. Electromyography (EMG) was recorded from the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and splenius capitis (SCap) muscles. Tuning curves of the EMG amplitude were computed, which depicts muscle activity over a range of force directions. The mean point of the tuning curves defined a directional vector, which determined the specificity of muscle activity. Patients were randomly assigned either to a training or control group.

Results

A significant between‐group difference in the change in NDI was observed. A reduction in NDI was observed following training (pre: 18.2 ± 7.4; post: 14.1 ± 6.5; p < 0.01) but not for the control group (pre: 17.5 ± 6.3; post: 16.6 ± 7.4). The training group showed higher specificity of muscle activity post‐intervention (pre: 18.6 ± 9.8%, post: 24.7 ± 14.3%; p < 0.05), whereas no change occurred for the control group (pre: 19.4 ± 11.9%, post: 18.2 ± 10.1%).

Conclusion

An exercise programme that aims to enhance motor control of the cervical spine improves the specificity of neck muscle activity and reduces pain and disability in patients with neck pain.
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation and conditioned pain modulation influence the perception of pain in humans
Authors: Liebano R.E. , Vance C.G. , Rakel B.A. , Lee J.E. , Cooper N.A. , Marchand S. , Walsh D.M. , Sluka K.A.
Published: May 2013

Background

Research in animal models suggests that transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and conditioned pain modulation (CPM) produce analgesia via two different supraspinal pathways. No known studies have examined whether TENS and CPM applied simultaneously in human subjects will enhance the analgesic effect of either treatment alone. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether the simultaneous application of TENS and CPM will enhance the analgesic effect of that produced by either treatment alone.

Methods

Sixty healthy adults were randomly allocated into two groups: (1) CPM plus active TENS; (2) CPM plus placebo TENS. Pain threshold for heat (HPT) and pressure (PPT) were recorded from subject's left forearm at baseline, during CPM, during active or placebo TENS, and during CPM plus active or placebo TENS. CPM was induced by placing the subjects' contralateral arm in a hot water bath (46.5 °C) for 2 min. TENS (100 μs, 100 Hz) was applied to the forearm for 20 min at a strong but comfortable intensity.

Results

Active TENS alone increased PPT (but not HPT) more than placebo TENS alone (p = 0.011). Combining CPM and active TENS did not significantly increase PPT (p = 0.232) or HPT (p = 0.423) beyond CPM plus placebo TENS. There was a significant positive association between PPT during CPM and during active TENS (r2 = 0.46; p = 0.003).

Conclusions

TENS application increases PPT; however, combining CPM and TENS does not increase the CPM's hypoalgesic response. CPM effect on PPT is associated with the effects of TENS on PPT.
Development and validation of a hurricane nature run using the joint OSSE nature run and the WRF model
Authors: Nolan David S. , Atlas Robert , Bhatia Kieran T. , Bucci Lisa R.
Published: May 2013

A nature run is a critical component of an observing system simulation experiment (OSSE), which is a framework for evaluating the potential impact of additional observations, enhanced observing systems, or alternative data assimilation schemes toward improving numerical weather forecasts. The nature run is a period of simulated weather generated by a research‐quality numerical model, from which synthetic observations are sampled and provided to the data assimilation system and forecast model. This paper describes the development and validation of a nature run that depicts the life cycle of a strong hurricane over the North Atlantic Ocean. For compatibility with related research projects, the hurricane nature run is generated by a regional model, the weather research and forecasting model (WRF), embedded within the Joint OSSE global nature run previously generated by the European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasting. The domain sizes, resolution, and physical parameterizations used in the WRF simulation are discussed, and the evolution of the storm from tropical wave to recurving hurricane is described. The realism of the simulated hurricane is evaluated by comparing the model output to composited data from real hurricanes obtained from both in situ and remotely sensed observations. These include the pressure‐wind relationship, the kinematic and thermodynamic structure of the boundary layer, the size and outward slope of the radius of maximum winds, and contours of frequency by altitude diagrams of reflectivity and vertical velocity. The strengths and weaknesses of the nature run hurricane are discussed.
Pore size‐dependent immunogenic activity of mesoporous silica‐based adjuvants in cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Wang Xiupeng , Li Xia , Ito Atsuo , Sogo Yu , Ohno Tadao
Published: May 2013

Commonly used aluminum hydroxide (Alum) adjuvant provokes a strong type 2 helper T cell (Th2) response for mediating antibody production but is rather ineffective for disease prevention that requires type 1 helper T cell (Th1) response for mediating cellular immunity in human vaccination. Here, for the purpose of inducing Th1 antitumor immunity, a mesoporous silica (MS)‐based adjuvant is prepared. Three kinds of MS particles with nearly identical particle size and surface area but different pore sizes of 4, 7 and 10 nm were prepared. No serious in vitro cytotoxicity was observed for the MS particles at 5, 20, 50, and 100 μg/mL. Pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) were immobilized with apatite (Ap) on MS to prepare the MS‐based and PAMP‐loaded adjuvants (MS–Ap–PAMP adjuvants). Macrophage‐like cells cultured in the presence of MS–Ap–PAMP adjuvant with a MS pore size of 10 nm showed the maximum in vitro immunogenic activity. Injection of the MS–Ap–PAMP adjuvant with a MS pore size of 10 nm in combination with liquid nitrogen‐treated tumor tissue (derived from Lewis lung carcinoma cells) to C57BL/6 mice markedly inhibited the development of rechallenged tumor in vivo, while no such antitumor immunity was induced in injection of Alum mixed with PAMP in combination with liquid nitrogen‐treated tumor tissue. The MS–Ap–PAMP adjuvant contributed to the elicitation of a potent systemic Th1 antitumor immunity in vivo. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 967–974, 2014.
Constitutive formulations for the mechanical investigation of colonic tissues
Authors: Carniel Emanuele Luigi , Gramigna Vera , Fontanella Chiara Giulia , Stefanini Cesare , Natali Arturo N.
Published: May 2013

A constitutive framework is provided for the characterization of the mechanical behavior of colonic tissues, as a fundamental tool for the development of numerical models of the colonic structures. The constitutive analysis is performed by a multidisciplinary approach that requires the cooperation between experimental and computational competences. The preliminary investigation pertains to the review of the tissues histology. The complex structural configuration of the tissues and the specific distributions of fibrous elements entail the nonlinear mechanical behavior and the anisotropic response. The identification of the mechanical properties requires to perform mechanical tests according to different loading situations, as different loading directions. Because of the typical functionality of colon structures, the tissues mechanics is investigated by tensile tests, which are performed on taenia coli and haustra specimens from fresh pig colons. Accounting for the histological investigation and the results from the mechanical tests, a specific hyperelastic framework is provided within the theory of fiber‐reinforced composite materials. Preliminary analytical formulations are defined to identify the constitutive parameters by the inverse analysis of the experimental tests. Finite element models of the specimens are developed accounting for the actual configuration of the colon structures to verify the quality of the results. The good agreement between experimental and numerical model results suggests the reliability of the constitutive formulations and parameters. Finally, the developed constitutive analysis makes it possible to identify the mechanical behavior and properties of the different colonic tissues. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 102A: 1243–1254, 2014.
Fast and accurate generation of ab initio quality atomic charges using nonparametric statistical regression
Authors: Rai Brajesh K. , Bakken Gregory A.
Published: May 2013

We introduce a class of partial atomic charge assignment method that provides ab initio quality description of the electrostatics of bioorganic molecules. The method uses a set of models that neither have a fixed functional form nor require a fixed set of parameters, and therefore are capable of capturing the complexities of the charge distribution in great detail. Random Forest regression is used to build separate charge models for elements H, C, N, O, F, S, and Cl, using training data consisting of partial charges along with a description of their surrounding chemical environments; training set charges are generated by fitting to the b3lyp/6‐31G* electrostatic potential (ESP) and are subsequently refined to improve consistency and transferability of the charge assignments. Using a set of 210 neutral, small organic molecules, the absolute hydration free energy calculated using these charges in conjunction with Generalized Born solvation model shows a low mean unsigned error, close to 1 kcal/mol, from the experimental data. Using another large and independent test set of chemically diverse organic molecules, the method is shown to accurately reproduce charge‐dependent observables—ESP and dipole moment—from ab initio calculations. The method presented here automatically provides an estimate of potential errors in the charge assignment, enabling systematic improvement of these models using additional data. This work has implications not only for the future development of charge models but also in developing methods to describe many other chemical properties that require accurate representation of the electronic structure of the system. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Entrainment‐driven modulation of Southern Ocean mixed layer properties and sea ice variability in CMIP5 models
Authors: Close Sally E. , Goosse Hugues
Published: May 2013

The evolution of the upper Southern Ocean hydrographic structure in response to the representative concentration pathways 4.5 (RCP 4.5) forcing scenario is analyzed using model data drawn from the coupled model intercomparison project phase 5 (CMIP5) archive. A robust freshening trend is evident, associated with an increase in stratification and decoupling of the upper ocean as the mixed layer gains buoyancy at a faster rate than the underlying ocean. The magnitudes of the individual terms of the salinity and heat budgets are evaluated. Convection‐driven entrainment from the thermocline into the mixed layer is found to play a significant role in modulating the mixed layer salinity, whilst the heat budget of the mixed layer is dominated by a primary balance between atmospheric warming and the entrainment‐modulated supply of oceanic heat from below the mixed layer. The relationship between oceanic heat storage below the mixed layer, ice thickness and atmospheric temperature is investigated, and a very disparate response noted amongst the models considered here. Based on this analysis, we hypothesize that the balance between the entrainment‐modulated supply of oceanic heat from below the mixed layer and the heat supplied by the atmosphere may play an important role in determining the simulated sea ice variability.
Evaluation of cryo‐hydrologic warming as an explanation for increased ice velocities in the wet snow zone, Sermeq Avannarleq, West Greenland
Authors: Phillips Thomas , Rajaram Harihar , Colgan William , Steffen Konrad , Abdalati Waleed
Published: May 2013

Wintertime satellite‐derived ice surface velocities, from 2001 through 2007, suggest an increase in ice velocity in the wet snow zone of Southwest Greenland. We present a thermomechanical model to evaluate the influence of surface meltwater runoff on englacial temperatures, via cryo‐hydrologic warming (CHW), as a possible mechanism to explain this velocity increase at Sermeq Avannarleq. The model incorporates CHW through a previously published dual‐column parameterization. We compare model simulations with (i) CHW active over the entire ice thickness (“base case CHW”), (ii) CHW active only in the surface 80 m of the ice sheet (“surface CHW”), and (iii) “no CHW” to represent a traditional thermomechanical model. The horizontal extent of CHW is prescribed based on equilibrium line altitude position and thus incorporates the upstream expansion of the ablation zone over the past decade. The base case CHW simulations reproduce the observed increase in inland ice velocity between 2001 and 2007 reasonably well. The no CHW and surface CHW simulations significantly underestimate observed ice surface velocities in both epochs. The higher ice velocities in the base case CHW simulations are attributable to both decreased basal ice viscosities associated with increased basal ice temperatures and an increase in the extent of basal sliding permitted by temperate bed conditions. Only the temperate bed extent predicted by the base case CHW simulation is consistent with independent observations of basal sliding. Based on our sensitivity analysis of CHW, we evaluate alternative explanations for an increase in inland ice velocity and suggest CHW is the most plausible mechanism.
A coupled model of the global cycles of carbonyl sulfide and CO2: A possible new window on the carbon cycle
Authors: Berry Joe , Wolf Adam , Campbell J. Elliott , Baker Ian , Blake Nicola , Blake Don , Denning A. Scott , Kawa S. Randy , Montzka Stephen A. , Seibt Ulrike , Stimler Keren , Yakir Dan , Zhu Zhengxin
Published: May 2013

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is an atmospheric trace gas that participates in some key reactions of the carbon cycle and thus holds great promise for studies of carbon cycle processes. Global monitoring networks and atmospheric sampling programs provide concurrent data on COS and CO2 concentrations in the free troposphere and atmospheric boundary layer over vegetated areas. Here we present a modeling framework for interpreting these data and illustrate what COS measurements might tell us about carbon cycle processes. We implemented mechanistic and empirical descriptions of leaf and soil COS uptake into a global carbon cycle model (SiB 3) to obtain new estimates of the COS land flux. We then introduced these revised boundary conditions to an atmospheric transport model (Parameterized Chemical Transport Model) to simulate the variations in the concentration of COS and CO2 in the global atmosphere. To balance the threefold increase in the global vegetation sink relative to the previous baseline estimate, we propose a new ocean COS source. Using a simple inversion approach, we optimized the latitudinal distribution of this ocean source and found that it is concentrated in the tropics. The new model is capable of reproducing the seasonal variation in atmospheric concentration at most background atmospheric sites. The model also reproduces the observed large vertical gradients in COS between the boundary layer and free troposphere. Using a simulation experiment, we demonstrate that comparing drawdown of CO2 with COS could provide additional constraints on differential responses of photosynthesis and respiration to environmental forcing. The separation of these two distinct processes is essential to understand the carbon cycle components for improved prediction of future responses of the terrestrial biosphere to changing environmental conditions.
Blocking central galanin receptors attenuates insulin sensitivity in myocytes of diabetic trained rats
Authors: Bu Le , Liu Zhimin , Zou Junjie , Gao Xiang , Bao Yi , Qu Shen
Published: May 2013

Galanin (Gal), a bioactive neuropeptide, is widely distributed throughout the central nervous system and has diverse modulatory effects. To understand the central effect of this training‐stimulatory peptide on insulin sensitivity, its antagonist M35 was injected into the cerebral ventricle in type 2 diabetic rats. A treadmill running of the rats was used to stimulate circulating Gal secretion and central Gal mRNA expression. The results showed that M35 significantly decreased glucose infusion rates in euglycemic–hyperinsulinemic clamp tests as well as 2‐deoxy‐[3H]D‐glucose uptake and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐α expression levels in skeletal muscles. M35 also attenuated glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) concentration in plasma membranes and total cell membranes of myocytes, and the ratios of the GLUT4 contents in the former to the latter in M35 groups were lower than those of each diabetic control. These results imply that endogenous Gal, acting through its central receptor, may facilitate GLUT4 translocation from cytoplasm vesicles to cellular surface of myocytes to accelerate glucose uptake and to enhance insulin sensitivity in healthy and type 2 diabetic rats. Gal and its relative agents are potential targets for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Roles of T helper 17 cells and interleukin‐17 in neuroautoimmune diseases with emphasis on multiple sclerosis and Guillain‐Barré syndrome as well as their animal models
Authors: Wang Xu , Ma Chi , Wu Jiang , Zhu Jie
Published: May 2013

The identification of T helper 17 (Th17) cells challenges the Th1/Th2 paradigm of the immune response and invites intensive exploration of their mechanisms and functions in the field of autoimmune diseases, host defense, allergy, etc. The collective data have shown that transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), interleukin (IL)−6, IL‐1β, IL‐21, and IL‐23 are involved in the differentiation program of Th17 cells. The transcription factors RORγT, STAT3, RORγ, RORα, and IRF4 exert regulatory effects on the development of Th17 cells. Among the Th17‐related effector cytokines, such as IL‐17, IL‐17F, IL‐21, and IL‐22, IL‐17 is regarded as a key cytokine to induce inflammatory responses. This review outlines the cytokines and transcription factors involved in the differentiation of Th17 cells and their effector functions, with specific focus on the roles of Th17 cells and IL‐17 in neuroautoimmune diseases, especially in multiple sclerosis and Guillain‐Barré syndrome, as well as in their animal models, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and experimental autoimmune neuritis. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Proteolytic activity from chicken intestine and pancreas: extraction, partial characterization and application for hyaluronic acid separation from chicken comb
Authors: Srisantisaeng Pimporn , Garnjanagoonchorn Wunwiboon , Thanachasai Saipin , Choothesa Apassara
Published: May 2013

BACKGROUND

The potential utilization of viscera and combs, by‐products from the chicken‐processing industry, was investigated. Chicken combs have been reported to consist of hyaluronic acid (HA) bound to protein. Thus proteases extracted from broiler viscera were applied to digest combs to separate HA, a high‐value ingredient widely used in pharmaceutical and medical products.

RESULTS

The highest activity of crude protease extracted from chicken intestine and pancreas was 0.35 U mg−1 enzyme at 60 °C and pH 7.5. pH stability of the enzyme was attained from pH 6 to 8, while its thermal stability declined from 30 to 50 °C, with complete activity loss occurring after 30 min at temperatures above 60 °C. Therefore the optimal conditions for broiler comb digestion by crude protease in this study were chosen as pH 7.5 and 50 °C. The results showed that the yield of crude enzyme‐extracted HA was lower (P < 0.05) than that obtained by commercial papain digestion. Similar identity of extracted HA and HA standard was verified by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

CONCLUSION

The crude enzyme extract from chicken intestine and pancreas had high proteolytic activity and could be used successfully to separate HA from broiler combs. The method provides an appropriate means to add value to poultry‐processing waste. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of the Bio‐Based Epoxy Prepolymer Structure on Network Properties
Authors: Chrysanthos Marie , Galy Jocelyne , Pascault Jean‐Pierre
Published: May 2013

Three different bio‐based epoxy prepolymers are studied: one that is synthesized from isosorbide and two that are commercial prepolymers derived from sorbitol and cardanol. The chemical structures are analyzed by SEC, ESI–TOF MS, and FTIR analyses. The bio‐based prepolymers exhibit different structures, either aromatic with long aliphatic chains for the epoxy prepolymer derived from cardanol (DGECAR), with high functionality for the sorbitol polyglycidyl ether (SPGE) or a short and cyclic structure for the epoxy prepolymer derived from isosorbide (DGEDAS0). A traditional petroleum‐based epoxy prepolymer, diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) is also used for comparison. Gelation and reactivity of the different precursors with an isophorone diamine hardener are studied using rheological measurements and differential scanning calorimetry. Glass transition temperatures of the epoxy networks are evaluated and the thermal stability is also studied by thermo‐gravimetric analysis.

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In Situ Mechanical Characterization of Short Vegetal Fibre‐Reinforced High‐Density Polyethylene Using X‐Ray Tomography
Authors: Kaouache Belkhiri , Addiego Frédéric , Hiver Jean‐Marie , Ferry Olivier , Toniazzo Valérie , Ruch David
Published: May 2013

X‐ray micro‐computed tomography (μCT) is used to generate 3D‐ and 2D‐imaging reconstruction of the meso‐structure of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/short hemp fibre composites subjected to in situ tensile testing. These composites exhibit marked fibre/matrix debonding mechanisms starting at low strain level that are carefully analysed. In particular, debonding causes the formation of micro‐cracks that first starts at the tip of fibres oriented parallel to the tensile direction and along fibres oriented perpendicular to the tensile direction. With increasing strain level, the thickness of these micro‐cracks increases and coalescence mechanisms between adjacent micro‐cracks are noted. The coalescence mechanism of some micro‐cracks is believed to be at the origin of the material rupture.