bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Myths and misconceptions of intimate partner violence among sexual and gender minorities: a qualitative exploration
Authors: Kurbatfinski Stefan , Letourneau Nicole , Marshall Susanne , McBride Dawn , Novick Jason , Griggs Keira , Perrotta Arielle , Daye Morgan , McManus Carrie , Nixon Kendra
Published: December 2024

Background

Intimate partner violence (IPV), referring to different forms of violence or abuse between two or more intimate partners, negatively impacts physical and mental health, performance in various settings, and familial functioning, leading to long-term adverse outcomes. Sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals tend to experience similar or greater frequencies of IPV compared to their cisheterosexual counterparts. Stigma and discrimination toward sexual and gender diversity can lead to myths and misconceptions about relationship dynamics among SGM individuals, which can contribute to IPV occurrence within the community. This study sought to: (1) develop a compendium of myths and misconceptions that SGM individuals exposed to IPV and relevant service providers shared they encountered; (2) describe the impacts of these myths and misconceptions on SGM individuals experiencing IPV; and (3) make recommendations to address these myths and misconceptions.

Methods

This qualitative study used data from a larger project focused on SGM IPV where SGM individuals who experienced IPV (n = 18) and service providers who supported SGM individuals experiencing IPV (n = 8) were interviewed using semi-structured formats. Thematic content analysis and inductive approaches were used to identify and organize findings into themes and subcategories.

Findings

Five major themes related to SGM IPV myths and misconceptions were identified, touching on aspects including, but not limited to, SGM IPV prevalence, prescribed gender roles and expectations, and societal factors. Impacts and recommendations are also discussed.

Significance

This appears to be the very first in-depth study describing myths and misconceptions that SGM individuals and relevant service providers have encountered in regard to SGM IPV, helping to promote understanding of SGM intimate partner relationships with particular relevance to public health and social services policies.
Observations of three-dimensional ionospheric plasma properties in a space hurricane
Authors: Lu Sheng , Xing Zan-Yang , Zhang Qing-He , Zhang Yongliang , Oksavik Kjellmar , Lyons L. R. , Lockwood Michael , Ma Yu-Zhang , Wang Xiang-Yu , Balan N. , Yang Hui-Gen , Wang Yong , Deng Zhong-Xin , Xu Tong , Sun Shu-Ji
Published: December 2024

The space hurricane is a newly discovered large-scale three-dimensional magnetic vortex structure that spans the polar ionosphere and magnetosphere. It has been suggested to open a fast energy transport channel for the solar wind to invade Earth’s magnetosphere under northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions. It is, therefore, an important phenomenon to understand the solar wind–magnetosphere–ionosphere coupling process under northward IMF conditions. In this study, we report the three-dimensional ionospheric plasma properties of a space hurricane event in the Northern Hemisphere observed by multiple instruments. Based on the convection velocity observations from ground-based radars and polar satellites, we confirm that the major modulation to the polar cap convection called a space hurricane rotates clockwise at the altitude of the ionosphere. Ground-based incoherent scatter radar and polar satellite observations reveal four features associated with the space hurricane: 1) strong plasma flow shears and being embedded in a clockwise lobe convection cell; 2) a major addition to the total energy deposition in the ionosphere–thermosphere system by Joule heating; 3) downward ionospheric electron transport; and 4) multiple ion-temperature enhancements in the sunward velocity region, likely from the spiral arms of the space hurricane. These results present, first, the impact of space hurricane on the low-altitude ionosphere and provide additional insights on the magnetospheric impact on structuring in the polar ionosphere.
Effects of perceived effectiveness in contract farming on adoption of best crop management practices among sugarcane farmers in Tanzania
Authors: Pato Innocensia Dickson , Osewe Maurice , Han Jiqin
Published: December 2024

The resilience of agro-processing firms engaged in contract farming (CF) production heavily depends on the quality and quantity of supplies from their linked farmers. Adopting best crop management practices (BCMPs) is crucial to enhancing production and meeting the supply demands of contracting firms. Understanding the factors influencing farmers' decisions is key to successfully implementing strategies that promote BCMP adoption. This study explored the effects of farmers' perceptions of contract farming arrangement (CFA) effectiveness on sugarcane BCMP adoption, using survey data from 400 farmers in Tanzania. The results from both a multivariate probit model (for specific practices) and ordinal regression (for adoption intensity) revealed positive effects. In particular, the perceived effectiveness of pricing and payment systems and produce supply management had a stronger influence on BCMP adoption than resource support and extension service provision. These findings suggest that efforts to improve BCMP adoption among sugarcane contract farmers should not only focus on enhancing production capabilities through input, credit, and technical support packages but also emphasize the creation of robust incentive structures. Ensuring fair pricing, timely payments, and compliance with contract terms—alongside mechanisms to mitigate farmer loss risks—would significantly enhance BCMP adoption rates.
Annual Dynamics of Concentrations and Emission Rates of Particulate Matter and Ammonia in a Large-Sized, Low-Profile, Cross-Ventilated Dairy Building
Authors: Li Yongzhen , Yang Xiao , Lu Yujian , Liang Chao , Shi Zhengxiang , Wang Chaoyuan
Published: December 2024

Low-profile, cross-ventilated (LPCV) dairy barns represent a modern trend in farm buildings but are associated with notable air quality challenges. To evaluate the annual variations in the pollutants in an LPCV dairy barn, an Internet-of-Things (IoT)-based environmental monitoring system was installed to continuously measure the total suspended particle (TSP), particle with aerodynamic diameters of ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5), and NH3 concentrations year round at multiple points. Spatiotemporal distributions and main factors were analyzed. The results showed that the annual average concentrations of indoor TSP, PM2.5, and NH3 were 86.4, 28.5, and 875.0 μg/m3, respectively. Corresponding emission rates were 140.6, 28.5, and 3461.1 mg/(h·cow). TSP concentrations were significantly higher during winter and spring (p < 0.05) and were elevated during daily operational hours, particularly in feeding alleys and downwind areas. Emissions were significantly higher in winter and summer (p < 0.05). Indoor PM2.5 concentrations in winter exceeded China’s standards for 24.9% of the time, which were 2.2 times higher than those in other seasons (p < 0.05), peaking in the morning hours. NH3 concentrations and emissions were consistently high throughout the year, with peak levels in manure and downwind areas. The building’s structure, ventilations, and daily operations were key factors affecting air pollutant levels, which need to be considered when implementing mitigation measures.
Design and Experimental Evaluation of a Minimal-Damage Cotton Topping Device
Authors: Xu Yang , Han Changjie , Qiu Shilong , You Jia , Zhang Jing , Luo Yan , Hu Bin
Published: December 2024

Cotton topping is a crucial aspect of cotton production, inhibiting apical dominance in cotton plants. Existing cotton topping machinery often results in over-topping. To address this challenge, the characteristics of manual topping operations were emulated by incorporating bionic principles to analyze the motions involved. Studying the artificial topping action and the trajectory of hand movements led to the design of a bionic topping manipulator and a trajectory-generating mechanism, serving as the core component of the cotton topping device. A flat-bottomed follower disc cam mechanism was used to facilitate the automatic opening and closing of the manipulator. The cam’s working area was divided, its contour curve selected, and the manipulator’s pulling spring’s action point and length determined. Subsequently, parametric equations for the motion trajectory of the bionic topping manipulator were established. Building on the topping mechanism’s working principle, a mechanical model was developed to analyze the swing of cotton plants. The model demonstrates that the displacement at the free end of the stalk was primarily influenced by its length. A lifter was then designed to reduce plant swing amplitude and orderly distribute its top position. The designed prototype of a single-row cotton bionic topping device was tested and verified through orthogonal tests, using operating speed, rotational speed, and topping depth as test factors. The topping rate and over-topping rate served as the indices for testing. The results indicated an average topping rate of 78.67% and an over-topping rate of 8%. This was achieved at a 0.3 m/s operating speed, a 40 r/min rotational speed, and a 110 mm topping depth. Cotton topping devices demonstrated greater effectiveness in minimizing damage to cotton plants, and future research should focus on enhancing topping rates even further. This study provides a theoretical foundation and test data to support the design of cotton topping machinery, guiding future mechanical improvements and agricultural practices.
A Long-Term CO2 Emission Forecasting Under Sustainability Policy Using an Advanced Model Complementing the PAARIMAX Framework
Authors: Sutthichaimethee Pruethsan , Sa-Ngiamvibool Worawat , Thanarak Prapita , Luo Jianhui , Wattana Supannika
Published: December 2024

The purpose of this research is to develop an advanced model to serve as a strategic tool for the Thailand government in managing the country and to propose ways for the government to exercise state power through proactive measures to address governance gaps and ensure long-term sustainability. This research employs a mixed-methods approach. The research methodology involved the following stages: (1) Quantitative research was conducted by creating the best model, which involved conducting path analysis based on an autoregressive integrated moving average with an exogenous variable model (PAARIMAX (1,1,1)). (2) The results of the quantitative research were optimized to facilitate additional qualitative research in order to identify appropriate ways of using state power for long-term sustainability in country management. The study’s findings suggest that the government will need to exercise its state power in the governance of the country through the development of a long-term national management plan (2024–2043). This plan involves the establishment of a new scenario policy wherein a minimum of 35% clean technology and green materials must be utilized within the economic sector. This is primarily due to their significant impact on environmental change. Furthermore, the government should exercise its state power to mandate an immediate reduction in energy consumption of 50%, achieved through the immediate adoption of renewable energy sources. This research utilized the results derived from the PAARIMAX model to conduct further qualitative analysis to fill the gaps, enhance the value of the quantitative research, and align it more effectively with the context of practical application. The study found that the proactive measures suggested by stakeholders must be implemented alongside the urgent establishment of new scenario policies, including for charges and taxes, subsidies and concession taxes, deposit refund systems, and property rights and market creation.
Comparative Study on Growth Characteristics and Yield of Colored Rice Varieties
Authors: Song Yiwen , Yang Shaoxia , Khan Aaqil , Zhou Hang , Sun Zhiyuan , Wu Jiashuang , Ding Linchong , Xiong Jian , Mei Wanqi , Feng Naijie , Zheng Dianfeng
Published: December 2024

In recent years, pigment rice has been the focus of much attention due to its high nutritional value and ornamental value. To gain a better understanding of pigmented rice, we studied the morphological, physiological, and yield characteristics of four varieties, i.e., light green (LG), deep purple (DP), black-purple (BP), and white rice (WR), as plant material. The field experiment was conducted using a randomized complete block design at Guangdong ocean university research farm during 2023 and 2024. The data of the pigmented rice varieties regarding their morphological, physiological, and antioxidant traits were compared with CK. Leaf area and dry matter accumulation were significantly higher in BP than in the other rice varieties, with BP being the best performer and WR being the worst. The internode length, leaf area, and dry matter accumulation of BP were markedly higher than the rest of the rice varieties. The chlorophyll content of BP was significantly higher. The antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly different among all the varieties. The antioxidant enzyme activities of BP were significantly higher than those of the other rice varieties. Seed yield varied significantly, with BP showing the highest yield. The morphophysiological characteristics of BP and DP suggest that these two varieties can alleviate the response to salinity stress, thereby increasing rice yield.
Spatial Prediction of Soil Water Content by Bayesian Optimization–Deep Forest Model with Landscape Index and Soil Texture Data
Authors: Yang Weihao , Zhen Ruofan , Meng Fanyue , Yang Xiaohang , Lu Miao , Song Yingqiang
Published: December 2024

The accurate prediction of the spatial variability for soil water content (SWC) in farmland is essential for water resource management and sustainable agricultural development. However, natural factors introduce uncertainty and result in poor alignment when predicting farmland SWC, leading to low accuracy. To address this, this study introduced a novel indicator: landscape indices. These indices include the largest patch index (LPI), edge density (ED), aggregation index (AI), patch cohesion index (COH), contagion index (CON), landscape division index (DIV), percentage of like adjacencies (PLA), Shannon evenness index (SHEI), and Shannon diversity index (SHDI). A Bayesian optimization–deep forest (BO–DF) model was developed to leverage these indices for predicting the spatial variability of SWC. Statistical analysis revealed that landscape indices exhibited skewed distributions and weak linear correlations with SWC (r < 0.2). Despite this, incorporating landscape index variables into the BO–DF model significantly improved prediction accuracy, with R2 increasing by 35.85%. This model demonstrated a robust nonlinear fitting capability for the spatial variability of SWC. Spatial mapping of SWC using the BO–DF model indicated that high-value areas were predominantly located in the eastern and southern regions of the Yellow River Delta in China. Furthermore, the SHapley additive explanation (SHAP) analysis highlighted that landscape indices were key drivers in predicting SWC. These findings underscore the potential of landscape indices as valuable variables for spatial SWC prediction, supporting regional strategies for sustainable agricultural development.
Comparison of Visual and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) Assessments to Predict the Yield Tolerance of Wheat Genotypes to Root-Lesion Nematode Pratylenchus thornei
Authors: Robinson Neil A. , Sheedy Jason G. , Thompson John P.
Published: December 2024

Wheat breeding programs have selected genotypes that are tolerant to the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei by measuring grain yield in field plots on infested sites. However, quicker methods are desirable to increase the capacity to assess more breeding lines for tolerance without harvesting grain. Two field experiments, time of sowing 1 (TOS1) and time of sowing 2 (TOS2), were conducted in the subtropical grain region of eastern Australia each year for eight years (sixteen experiments total) to characterize 396 wheat genotypes for tolerance when grown on high population densities of P. thornei. For each experiment, up to two visual tolerance ratings (TRs) and two normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) readings were recorded using a Greenseeker™ during crop growth, and grain yield was obtained at crop maturity. The results showed that both TR and NDVI were predictive of tolerance based on the grain yield of the wheat genotypes. Generally, higher genetic correlations between grain yield and each vegetative assessment method were obtained with TOS2 than with TOS1 each year. The vegetative methods for assessing P. thornei tolerance proved to be valuable surrogates when grain yield was unreliable for germplasms that were agronomically unadapted to the regional environment. Our study established that at high population densities of P. thornei only, NDVI is a high-throughput phenotypic measurement of tolerance that can be used to screen a range of genetically diverse genotypes.
The Relationship Between Oxidative Stress and Infertility Due to Antihypertensive Drugs in Rattus Norvegicus
Authors: Asir Berna , Kumtepe Yakup
Published: December 2024

This study aimed to investigate the effect of antihypertensive drugs on reproductive function in Rattus norvegicus and demonstrate the potential role of oxidative stress in reproductive dysfunction. Rattus norvegicus were selected as the experimental animals and divided into the following groups: healthy (control group), clonidine (CL), rilmenidine (RLD), methyldopa (MTL), amlodipine (ALD), and ramipril (RML). Each individual in each group was marked from one to six. Doses of clonidine (0.075 mg/kg), rilmenidine (0.5 mg/kg), methyldopa (100 mg/kg), amlodipine (2 mg/kg), and ramipril (2 mg/kg) were administered orally via gavage to each Rattus norvegicus. Using blood obtained from Rattus norvegicus, the absorbance of the pink-colored complex formed by thiobarbituric acid (TBA) and malondialdehyde (MDA) was measured spectrophotometrically at the 532 nm wavelength. Blood samples were collected from the tail veins to analyze serum malondialdehyde (MDA) and total glutathione levels in the serum of all Rattus norvegicus. After sampling, two mature male Rattus norvegicus were introduced to every group of six female Rattus norvegicus and accommodated in a controlled laboratory environment for two months. Any female Rattus norvegicus that became pregnant during this time was transferred to a solitary cage within a controlled setting. Rattus norvegicus that did not become pregnant and did not give birth during this period were considered infertile. The results were compared among the groups. Total glutathione (tGSH) levels were determined using a spectrophotometer. According to our study, the increase in MDA levels observed was not statistically significant in the CL and RLD groups compared to that in the control group. MDA levels were significantly increased in the methyldopa, amlodipine, and RML groups. While total glutathione levels in the CL group were similar to those in the control group, the RLD, MTL, ALD, and RML groups showed a statistically significant decrease. While the animals in the CL and RLD groups were not infertile, infertility was apparent in the groups treated with MTL, ALD, and RML. Thus, it was determined that the antihypertensive drugs MTL, ALD, and RML had different effects on fertility, and that the use of such drugs could cause infertility by increasing oxidative stress and decreasing antioxidant levels.
Anticipatory Behaviour During the Approach to Feeding Times as a Measure of Horse Welfare
Authors: Mata Fernando , Boyton Georgina , Young Tamsin
Published: December 2024

Anticipatory behaviour is increasingly being recognised as a measure of animal welfare. This behaviour is linked to reward sensitivity, which reflects the balance of positive and negative experiences. This study examined anticipatory behaviour in horses fed either ad libitum or rationed diets, aiming to identify differences in behaviour patterns during the periods of one hour immediately before and after feeding. Behavioural data were collected via video surveillance over five days, focusing on the pre- and post-feeding periods of stabled horses. The data were successfully fit to Poisson models. The results indicate that ration-fed horses exhibit more stereotypic and arousal behaviours, with anticipatory behaviour intensifying closer to feeding times. These findings suggest a potential link between feeding stress and anticipatory behaviour, especially in horses on rationed diets. This study underscores the importance of considering feeding practices in horse welfare management and highlights anticipatory behaviour as a valuable indicator for assessing animal well-being. Such assessments, rooted in circadian rhythms, offer a less resource-intensive means for ongoing welfare monitoring in animal care settings.
Synergistic Anti-Cancer Effects of Curcumin and Thymoquinone Against Melanoma
Authors: Mohd Hana , Michniak-Kohn Bozena
Published: December 2024

Combining anti-cancer agents in cancer therapies is becoming increasingly common because of their improved efficacy, reduced toxicity, and decreased risk of resistance development. Melanoma, a highly aggressive form of skin cancer characterized by limited treatment options due to chemoresistance, poses a considerable challenge for effective management. Here, we test the hypothesis that dietary supplements such as thymoquinone (TQ) and curcumin (CU) cooperatively modulate cancer-associated cellular mechanisms to inhibit melanoma progression. Through a series of in vitro experiments utilizing the A375 melanoma cell line, including assessments of cell viability, apoptosis, multicellular tumor spheroid models, reactive oxygen species (ROS) quantification, metabolomics analysis, and RNA sequencing, we established that the combined application of TQ and CU exhibited superior anti-tumor effects compared to their individual use. Our results indicate that the combination treatment significantly inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis more effectively than either agent alone, with optimal synergy observed at concentrations of 25 µM CU and 10 µM TQ against A375 cells. Additionally, the combination treatment markedly elevated ROS levels, selectively activating the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway via caspase-9. Differential gene expression analysis further revealed a unique synergistic effect of the combination treatment, with enhanced regulation of genes related to oxidative stress and apoptosis. Notably, pathways such as mitochondrial apoptotic signaling and redox homeostasis were more effectively influenced by the combination, with genes such as GPX3, CYP4F11, and HSPB8 cooperatively regulated. Overall, the findings suggest that, in combination, TQ and CU acts synergistically against melanoma; however, further experimental and clinical studies are required to confirm its therapeutic potential.
Increased Adhesiveness of Blood Cells Induced by Mercury Chloride: Protective Effect of Hydroxytyrosol
Authors: Perrone Pasquale , Ortega-Luna Raquel , Manna Caterina , Álvarez-Ribelles Ángeles , Collado-Diaz Victor
Published: December 2024

Mercury (Hg) is a highly toxic environmental contaminant that can harm human health, ultimately leading to endothelial dysfunction. Hg toxicity is partially mediated by the exposure of the cell membrane’s surface of erythrocytes (RBCs) to phosphatidylserine (PS). In the context of these challenges, hydroxytyrosol, a phenolic compound of olive oil, has the ability to mitigate the toxic effects of Hg. This study aims to analyze the effect of Hg on the adhesion of RBCs and polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) to the vascular endothelium and the potential protective effect of hydroxytyrosol, as these interactions are crucial in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). RBCs, PMNs, and human vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with increasing concentrations of HgCl2 and, in some cases, with hydroxytyrosol, and their adhesion to HUVECs and the expression of adhesion molecules were subsequently analyzed. Our results demonstrate that HgCl2 significantly increases the adhesion of both RBCs (2.72 ± 0.48 S.E.M., p-value < 0.02) and PMNs (11.19 ± 1.96 S.E.M., p-value < 0.05) to HUVECs and that their adhesiveness is significantly reduced following treatment with hydroxytyrosol (RBCs, 1.2 ± 1.18 S.E.M., p-value < 0.02 and PMNs, 4.04 ± 1.35 S.E.M., p-value < 0.06). Interestingly, HgCl2 does not alter the expression of adhesion molecules on either HUVECs or RBCs, suggesting that reduced exposure to PS is a key factor in hydroxytyrosol protection against HgCl2-induced RBC adhesion to the endothelium. On the other hand, HgCl2 induces increased expression of several PMN adhesion molecules (CD11b 215.4 ± 30.83 S.E.M. p-value < 0.01), while hydroxytyrosol inhibits their expression (e.g., CD11b 149 ± 14.35 S.E.M., p-value < 0.03), which would seem to be the mechanism by which hydroxytyrosol restricts PMN–endothelium interactions. These results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms through which hydroxytyrosol mitigates the harmful effects of Hg on cardiovascular health, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic agent that can reduce the cardiovascular risk related to heavy metal exposure.
Idiopathic Unilateral Extraocular Myositis in a Poorly Controlled Diabetic Patient: A Case Report and a Review of the Literature
Authors: Corgiolu Lina , Cuccu Alberto , Marteddu Annalisa , Saba Luca , Giannaccare Giuseppe
Published: December 2024

Idiopathic orbital inflammation (IOI), or orbital pseudotumor, is a benign, non-infectious condition representing 8–10% of orbital mass lesions. This article presents a rare case of idiopathic orbital myositis (IOM) in a 45-year-old diabetic woman, who presented with acute right eye pain, diplopia, and motility deficits. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) revealed typical signs of inflammation, including hyperintense signals in T2-weighted Turbo Spin Echo (TSE) and Short Tau Inversion Recovery (STIR) sequences, along with post-contrast enhancement. Notably, there was no muscle belly enlargement, and the patient did not respond to corticosteroid therapy. Strict glycemic control, however, led to clinical improvement, suggesting a potential link between diabetes and IOM. Additionally, a comprehensive literature review on imaging in IOM was conducted, covering articles published from 2000 to 2024. The review highlights MRI as the primary diagnostic tool for IOM, offering a high sensitivity and specificity in differentiating it from other orbital conditions. This case underscores the importance of modern imaging techniques in diagnosis and emphasizes the need for continued research in evidence-based medicine, especially in complex cases where disease boundaries are not clearly defined.
Effect of Calcined Marble Powder and Magnetized Water on the Performance of Cement-Based Composites
Authors: Alakara Erdinc Halis , Sevim Ozer , Günel Gazi , Demir İlhami
Published: December 2024

This study explores the transformative impact of substituting cement with raw marble powder (RMP) and calcined marble powder (CMP) at varying levels (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%) on the physical and mechanical properties of cement-based composites. Additionally, the influence of two different mixing waters—tap water (TW) and magnetized water (MW)—was assessed to determine their combined effects on the composite performance. The evaluation encompassed fresh properties (initial and final setting times, and consistency) and hardened properties (flexural strength (ffs), compressive strength (fcs), ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), water absorption, porosity, and unit weight) of the composites. The results reveal that CMP-substituted composites significantly outperformed RMP-based counterparts across all indices. Notably, CMP-substituted mortars produced with TW showed a 10.8% to 15.8% increase in 28-day fcs values compared to RMP-substituted mortars, while those prepared with MW exhibited 7.8% to 10.9% higher fcs values than TW-prepared samples. A microstructural analysis via SEM indicated that CMP enhances hydration and microstructure densification, resulting in improved mechanical performance and durability. Overall, the combination of CMP and MW demonstrated a superior potential for producing eco-friendly, high-performance cementitious composites, supporting sustainable construction practices through significant material savings and environmental benefits.
Assessing Pancreatic Fat and Its Correlation with Liver Fat in Suspected MASLD Patients Using Advanced Deep Learning Techniques from MRI Images
Authors: Cherrie Fung Hay Ching , Meneses Juan Pablo , Surendran Nirusha , Kutaiba Numan , George Yasmeen , Makalic Enes , Uribe Sergio
Published: December 2024

Pancreatic steatosis and metabolic-dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease are characterised by fat accumulation in abdominal organs, but their correlation remains inconclusive. Recently proposed deep learning (DL) for proton density fat fraction (PDFF) estimation, which quantifies organ fat, has primarily been assessed for quantifying liver fat. This study aims to validate DL models for pancreatic PDFF quantification and compare pancreas and liver fat content. We evaluated three DL models—Non-Linear Variables Neural Network (NLV-Net), U-Net, and Multi-Decoder Water-Fat separation Network—against a reference PDFF measured using a graph-cut-based method. NLV-Net showed a strong correlation (Spearman rho) with the reference PDFF in the six-echo pancreatic head (slope: 1.02, rho: 0.95) and body (slope: 1.04, rho: 0.94) and a moderate correlation in the three-echo pancreatic head (slope: 0.44, rho: 0.40) and body (slope: 0.49, rho: 0.34). Weak correlations were found between liver and pancreatic body PDFF using graph cut in six-echo (slope: −0.041, rho: −0.12) and three-echo images (slope: 0.0014, rho: 0.073) and using NLV-Net in six-echo (slope: −0.053, rho: −0.12) and three-echo images (slope: −0.014, rho: −0.033). In conclusion, NLV-Net showed the best agreement with the reference for pancreatic fat quantification, and no correlation was found between liver and pancreas fat.
Micellized Naringenin Augments Hemodynamics After Myocardial Infarction by Suppressing Tubulin Detyrosination
Authors: Weingarten Noah , Iyengar Amit , Dominic Jessica , Meldrum Danika , Belec Andrew , Guevara-Plunkett Sara , Wilson Rachel , Ho Joyce , Patel Mrinal , Karimanasseri Chaitanya , Amirshaghaghi Ahmad , Nie Daphne , Lee Benjamin W. , Eaton Deborah M. , Margulies Kenneth B. , Cheng Zhiliang , Tsourkas Andrew , Atluri Pavan
Published: December 2024

Impaired contractility after myocardial infarction (MI) causes cardiogenic shock. MARK4 activity impairs contractility post-MI by increasing α-tubulin detyrosination. We assessed the impact of naringenin, a small-molecule MARK4 inhibitor, on contractility post-MI. Naringenin (Nar) was encapsulated in PEG-PCL to augment bioavailability. Wistar rats were randomized to receive either MI + micellized naringenin (0.3 mg/kg) [MI-NarMic], MI + naringenin (0.3 mg/kg) in 1% DMSO [MI-NarDMSO], MI + empty micelle [MI-Mic], MI alone [MI-Untreated], or no MI [Sham]. MI was induced via left anterior descending artery ligation. Invasive hemodynamics with pressure–volume catheterization, cardiomyocyte contractility, and ventricular protein abundance were assessed one day post-MI. A total of 45 rats underwent hemodynamic assessment. MI-NarMic rats demonstrated decreased α-tubulin detyrosination relative to MI-Untreated rats (p < 0.05). Myocytes isolated from peri-infarct tissue had increased contraction and relaxation velocities in MI-NarMic versus MI-Untreated rats (both p < 0.0001). MI-NarMic rats had higher ejection fractions than MI-Mic and MI-Untreated rats (63 ± 3% v. 48 ± 5% vs. 39 ± 4%, p < 0.05) and similar levels to Sham (61 ± 1%, p = 0.97) and MI-NarDMSO (54 ± 5%) rats (p > 0.05). MI-Nar rats had greater stroke work and lower end-diastolic pressure and tau than MI-Untreated rats (all p < 0.05). Micellized naringenin is a translatable agent with the potential to rescue hemodynamics post-MI by inhibiting MARK4 and mitigating myocardial α-tubulin detyrosination.
Simulation of Groundwater-Level Behavior in Southeast Region of Korea Induced by 2016 Gyeong-Ju Earthquake Using 2D Hydro-Mechanical Coupled Bonded Particle Modeling
Authors: Cho Hyunjin , Hamm Se-Yeong , Yoon Jeoung Seok , Kim Soo-Gin , Cheong Jae-Yeol
Published: December 2024

This study examines the hydrogeological response to the 12 September 2016 Gyeong-Ju earthquake (ML 5.8) in the southeastern region of the Korean Peninsula. Using 2D hydro-mechanical coupled bonded particle modeling, we simulated the dynamic fault rupture process to analyze stress redistribution and its impact on pore pressure and groundwater levels (GWLs). The results indicated that compressional areas correlated strongly with pore pressure increases and GWL rises, while extensional areas showed decreases in both. Observations from the groundwater monitoring Well 5 at Gyeong-Ju San-Nae and Well 8 at Gyeong-Ju Cheon-Buk, located approximately 15 km from the earthquake’s epicenter, aligned well with the model’s predictions and interpretation, providing validation for the simulation. These findings highlight the capability of hydro-mechanical models to capture fault-induced hydrological responses and offer valuable insights into the interplay between seismic activity and groundwater systems.
Microbial and Enzymatic Biodegradation of Plastic Waste for a Circular Economy
Authors: Akram Muhammad Aitzaz , Savitha Rangasamy , Kinsella Gemma K. , Nolan Kieran , Ryan Barry J. , Henehan Gary T.
Published: December 2024

Plastics play a crucial role in modern life, but their accumulation poses a serious threat to both the environment and human health. Due to their effects on the terrestrial and aquatic environment, it is essential to develop sustainable approaches to dispose of waste plastics. Traditional methods of plastic disposal, such as burning and landfilling, are problematic since they produce hazardous byproducts. Biodegradation is a potentially effective, eco-friendly approach which uses microbial consortia or isolated enzymes to break down plastic waste. Enzymes interact with plastic surfaces and hydrolyse the large polymer chains into smaller units. These byproducts can then be utilised as carbon sources by microbes, which are eventually converted into CO2 and water. This review explores the principal approaches to plastic degradation, with a focus on existing and emerging polymers made to be readily biodegradable. In addition, sustainable valorisation methods for converting plastic waste into valuable byproducts are considered. The implementation of a circular plastic economy is expected to lead to further development, including scaling up of efficient plastic bio-upcycling processes, which can serve to stimulate environmental waste removal and value-added use of post-consumer plastic streams.
Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovars from Colombian Pig Farms
Authors: Chamorro-Tobar Iliana C. , Pulido-Villamarín Adriana , Carrascal-Camacho Ana Karina , Barrientos-Anzola Irina , Wiesner Magdalena , Hernández-Toro Ivonne , Alban Lis , Olsen John Elmerdahl , Dalsgaard Anders , Hounmanou Yaovi Mahuton Gildas
Published: December 2024

Salmonella enterica is a globally important zoonotic microorganism that affects pigs and can enter the farm through various routes. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of S. enterica in water sources and pigs at Colombian pig farms, and to characterize the antimicrobial resistance of the isolates phenotypically and genotypically. Samples were collected from 103 farms including source water (n = 104), storage tank water (n = 103), drinking water (n = 103), and individual rectal swab samples (n = 1025). The presence of Salmonella was detected/identified using MDS-3M™ agar culture medium. Isolates were serotyped, and their antibiotic susceptibility was determined by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed using Illumina NovaSeq, and bioinformatics analysis focused on serovar confirmation, MLST determination, and resistance gene detection. The overall between-farm prevalence of Salmonella enterica including all types of samples was 52.4% (54/103), with 6.4% of rectal swab samples and 21.3% of water samples found to be positive. Thirty serovars were identified using WGS, with the most common being S. Typhimurium var. monophasic (1,4,[5],12:i:-) (41.2%), S. Schwarzengrund (4.2%), and S. Saintpaul (4.2%). Salmonella Typhimurium and its monophasic variant were more commonly found in rectal swabs than the remaining serotypes (relative risk = 2.9, p < 0.0001), which were commonly found in the water samples (relative risk = 5.2, p < 0.0001). High levels of phenotypic resistance were observed, particularly to amikacin (99.2%), tetracycline (59.7%), chloramphenicol (55.5%), and ampicillin (42%). All isolates carried genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides (aac(6′)-Iaa), quinolones (qnrB19), and tetracyclines (tetA). In conclusion, S. enterica is prevalent in Colombian pig farms including the water supply, with the S. Typhimurium monophasic variant being predominant, and antimicrobial resistance is widespread.
Low-Cost Air Quality Sensors: Biases, Corrections and Challenges in Their Comparability
Authors: Hayward Idris , Martin Nicholas A. , Ferracci Valerio , Kazemimanesh Mohsen , Kumar Prashant
Published: December 2024

Low-cost air quality sensors are a promising supplement to current reference methods for air quality monitoring but can suffer from issues that affect their measurement quality. Interferences from environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, cross-sensitivities with other gases and a low signal-to-noise ratio make them difficult to use in air quality monitoring without significant time investment in calibrating and correcting their output. Many studies have approached these problems utilising a variety of techniques to correct for these biases. Some use physical methods, removing the variability in environmental conditions, whereas most adopt software corrections. However, these approaches are often not standardised, varying in study duration, measurement frequency, averaging period, average concentration of the target pollutant and the biases that are corrected. Some go further and include features with no direct connection to the measurement such as the level of traffic nearby, converting the initial measurement into a modelled value. Though overall trends in performance can be derived when aggregating the results from multiple studies, they do not always match observations from individual studies, a phenomenon observed across many different academic fields and known as “Simpson’s Paradox”. The preference of performance metrics which utilise the square of the error, such as root mean squared error (RMSE) and r2, over ones which use the absolute error, such as mean absolute error (MAE), makes comparing results between models and studies difficult. Ultimately, comparisons between studies are either difficult or unwise depending on the metrics used, and this literature review recommends that efforts are made to standardise the reporting of calibration and correction studies. By utilising metrics which do not use the square of the error (e.g., MAE), models can be more easily compared within and between studies. By not only reporting the raw error but also the error normalised by multiple factors (including the reference mean and reference absolute deviation), the variabilities induced by environmental factors such as proximity to pollution sources can be minimised.
Limits to the Precision of Atomic Lifetime Measurements
Authors: Träbert Elmar
Published: December 2024

The mean lives of certain levels in atoms or not so highly charged ions have been measured with a precision on the order of 0.1%. This is better than most other atomic lifetime measurements, but is still much less precise than many measurements of other entities. Why is it that atomic level lifetime and transition rate measurements are not much more precise?
Enzymatic Regulation of the Gut Microbiota: Mechanisms and Implications for Host Health
Authors: Jiang Zipeng , Mei Liang , Li Yuqi , Guo Yuguang , Yang Bo , Huang Zhiyi , Li Yangyuan
Published: December 2024

The gut microbiota, a complex ecosystem, is vital to host health as it aids digestion, modulates the immune system, influences metabolism, and interacts with the brain-gut axis. Various factors influence the composition of this microbiota. Enzymes, as essential catalysts, actively participate in biochemical reactions that have an impact on the gut microbial community, affecting both the microorganisms and the gut environment. Enzymes play an important role in the regulation of the intestinal microbiota, but the interactions between enzymes and microbial communities, as well as the precise mechanisms of enzymes, remain a challenge in scientific research. Enzymes serve both traditional nutritional functions, such as the breakdown of complex substrates into absorbable small molecules, and non-nutritional roles, which encompass antibacterial function, immunomodulation, intestinal health maintenance, and stress reduction, among others. This study categorizes enzymes according to their source and explores the mechanistic principles by which enzymes drive gut microbial activity, including the promotion of microbial proliferation, the direct elimination of harmful microbes, the modulation of bacterial interaction networks, and the reduction in immune stress. A systematic understanding of enzymes in regulating the gut microbiota and the study of their associated molecular mechanisms will facilitate the application of enzymes to precisely regulate the gut microbiota in the future and suggest new therapeutic strategies and dietary recommendations. In conclusion, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the role of enzymes in modulating the gut microbiota. It explores the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms and discusses the potential applications of enzyme-mediated microbiota regulation for host gut health.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Classical Biomarker Levels in Mixed vs. Pure A+T+ (A+T1+) Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Tsantzali Ioanna , Athanasaki Athanasia , Boufidou Fotini , Constantinides Vasilios C. , Stefanou Maria-Ioanna , Moschovos Christos , Zompola Christina , Paraskevas Sotirios G. , Bonakis Anastasios , Giannopoulos Sotirios , Tsivgoulis Georgios , Kapaki Elisabeth , Paraskevas George P.
Published: December 2024

Background: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may present with pure (typical or atypical) and mixed phenotypes, sometimes causing difficulties in (differential) diagnosis. In order to achieve a diagnostic accuracy as high as possible, the diagnosis of AD during life depends on various biomarkers, including the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers. Methods: Classical CSF AD biomarkers were determined in a total of 61 patients, classified as both beta amyloid- and tau-positive A+T+ (or A+T1+ according to the recently revised Alzheimer Association criteria for diagnosis and staging of AD). Twenty one of these patients fulfilled the criteria for mixed AD (mixed with Lewy bodies, cerebrovascular disease, or normal pressure hydrocephalus), whilst 40 had pure AD. Results: Patients did not differ with respect to gender, education, disease duration, and cognitive status. After controlling for confounding factors, no difference was observed between mixed and pure AD groups in Aβ42 or Aβ42/Aβ40 levels. Although by definition, patients of both groups had abnormal (increased) levels of phospho-tau181, the mixed AD group presented with lower (less abnormal) levels of phospho-tau181 and total tau as compared to the pure group. Conclusions: In patients with AD of comparable cognitive status, mixed AD cases may present with lower levels of tau proteins and, if close to the cut-off values, diagnostic uncertainty may be increased.
The Interplay of Molecular Factors and Morphology in Human Placental Development and Implantation
Authors: Vornic Ioana , Buciu Victor , Furau Cristian George , Zara Flavia , Novacescu Dorin , Barb Alina Cristina , Cumpanas Alin Adrian , Latcu Silviu Constantin , Sas Ioan , Serban Denis , Cut Talida Georgiana , Dumitru Cristina Stefania
Published: December 2024

The placenta is a vital organ that supports fetal development by mediating nutrient and gas exchange, regulating immune tolerance, and maintaining hormonal balance. Its formation and function are tightly linked to the processes of embryo implantation and the establishment of a robust placental-uterine interface. Recent advances in molecular biology and histopathology have shed light on the key regulatory factors governing these processes, including trophoblast invasion, spiral artery remodeling, and the development of chorionic villi. This review integrates morphological and molecular perspectives on placental development, emphasizing the roles of cytokines, growth factors, and signaling pathways, such as VEGF and Notch signaling, in orchestrating implantation and placental formation. The intricate interplay between molecular regulation and morphological adaptations highlights the placenta’s critical role as a dynamic interface in pregnancy. This review synthesizes current findings to offer clinicians and researchers a comprehensive understanding of the placenta’s role in implantation, emphasizing its importance in maternal-fetal medicine. By integrating these insights, the review lays the groundwork for advancing diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that can enhance pregnancy outcomes and address related complications effectively.
Development of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Based Electrodes with Enhanced Dispersion and Electrochemical Properties for Blood Glucose Monitoring
Authors: Kim Dong-Sup , Sobhan Abdus , Oh Jun-Hyun , Lee Jahyun , Park Chulhwan , Lee Jinyoung
Published: December 2024

The evolution of high-performance electrode materials has significantly impacted the development of real-time monitoring biosensors, emphasizing the need for compatibility with biomaterials and robust electrochemical properties. This work focuses on creating electrode materials utilizing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), specifically examining their dispersion behavior and electrochemical characteristics. By using ultrasonic waves, we analyzed the dispersion of CNTs in various solvents, including N, N-dimethylformamide (DMF), deionized water (DW), ethanol, and acetone. The findings revealed that SWCNTs achieved optimal dispersion without precipitation in DMF. Additionally, we observed that the electrical resistance decreased as the concentration of SWCNTs increased from 0.025 to 0.4 g/L, with significant conductivity enhancements noted between 0.2 g/L and 0.4 g/L in DMF. In constructing the biosensor platform, we employed 1-pyrenebutanoic acid succinimidyl ester (PBSE) as a linker molecule, while glucose oxidase (Gox) served as the binding substrate. The interaction between Gox and glucose led to a notable decrease in the biosensor’s resistance values as glucose concentrations ranged from 0.001 to 0.1 M. These results provide foundational insights into the development of SWCNT-based electrode materials and suggest a promising pathway toward the next generation of efficient and reliable biosensors.