bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cajetan and the Catholic Reformation
Authors: Lynch, O.P. Reginald M.
Published: December 2023

The second chapter studies the initial development of Catholic approaches to Eucharistic sacrifice in the first decades of the sixteenth century, focusing on the contribution of Thomas de Vio Cajetan. In analyzing Cajetan’s thought, his commentary on the Summa, his treatise on the sacrifice of the Mass, and relevant sections from his biblical commentaries are examined in chronological order. In light of the focus of the overall book, chapter two conveys important aspects of the initial history of the Catholic response to the Protestant Reformers that contribute to a broader understanding of the context in which aspects of Aquinas’ teaching were initially received in Catholic circles, and those other hermeneutical responses to the Reformation (such as biblical criticism) that played an important role in Catholic theology at this time. Additionally, this chapter also shows that several decades after Cajetan’s death, his approach to Eucharistic sacrifice strongly influenced the teaching of the Council of Trent on the sacrificial character of the Mass.
Communities of Rhythm
Authors: Marcus Laura
Published: December 2023

Rudolf Steiner and Émile Jaques-Dalcroze are fundamental to this book’s understanding of the rhythmic subject. This chapter uncovers key influences on their understandings of Lebensreform, including writing by Georg Simmel, Karl Bücher, Hugo Münsterberg, and Ludwig Klages on industrial efficiency and its damaging effects on work rhythms, as well as Nietzsche’s endeavours to restore ‘the art of life as dance’. Where Steiner was fascinated by early silent film, Russian theatre, and the Diaghilev ballet, Dalcroze also worked with large-scale architectonic dance performances and spectacle in the context of a utopian garden-city environment that attracted visitors from all over the world. Steiner’s influence is shown extending to the dancer Isadora Duncan, the painter Kandinsky, and through the philosophy of flow, to Rilke, Proust, and Brecht, and key theorists of modernism—Warburg, Benjamin, Adorno, and Rancière.
Vital Rhythms
Authors: Marcus Laura
Published: December 2023

This chapter charts the second of the two complementary British modernist groups for whom rhythm provided a vocabulary, even a grammar, for the contemporary arts and painting. Despite shared preoccupations the two groups diverged. The chapter focuses on Roger Fry and Virginia Woolf, who in very different ways associated rhythm with the unconscious. It also explores their pre-1913 precursors: the Orientalist Lawrence Binyon and his circle. All these writers were in some form influenced by ideas of rhythmic patterning of the unconscious, dreams, the hypnogogic, and hyperaesthesia. Chanting and rhythmical speech were explored by Yeats and Pound, for whom rhythm comes before words: drawing on influences including Noh theatre, they helped create new rhythmic forms of visionary poetry and theatre. Detailed readings of Woolf’s writing show her incorporating polyrhythmic experience into the narrative texture of her work.
The American Rhythm
Authors: Marcus Laura
Published: December 2023

In writings about rhythm in the United States in the early decades of the twentieth century, rhythm is explicitly racialized. White writers and artists, notably Mary Austin, were fascinated by what they identified as the ‘indigenous, primordial rhythm of the land’, especially in the Southwest regions, a primal source of power to which they considered Native American people to have a special and defining connection. They felt that in the earthy, slow rhythm there was potential for a kind of national renewal, ridding American culture of the degeneracy of an overly sophisticated, artificial, or ‘nervous’ metropolitan culture. In Taos, New Mexico, Mabel Dodge Luhan’s artists’ colony hosted some of the most important modernist artists of twentieth-century America, including Georgia O’Keeffe, Ansel Adams, Marsden Hartley, and D. H. Lawrence.
Introduction
Authors: Stark Robert
Published: December 2023

The introduction contends that the long-standing ‘Dowson Legend’, a pseudo-critical agglomeration of myths that present the author as a drunkard, a debauchee, and a latent paedophile, and which was once responsible for his considerable reputation and notoriety, now results in the serious neglect of his writing. Attending, instead, to the aesthetical self-fashioning that Dowson and his contemporaries habitually engage in, which fuses his life and work into a seamless whole, a continuous vie romancée; and to his intertextual, self-similar, and essentially collaborative poesis; we can better grasp the complex reticulations of Dowson’s life and art. His specific logic of late Romantic inspiration, which simulates intimate encounters with female alterity and typically centres on adolescent women—what I term Dowson’s Decadent museology—is both a function and expression of these ceaseless arrangements of life, best understood in relation to the prevailing milieu of experimental aestheticism at the Victorian fin de siècle.
The All-Absorbing Subject
Authors: Stark Robert
Published: December 2023

While it is nonsensical to speak of him as an eminent Catholic poet, Chapter 3 argues that Dowson is nevertheless an exemplary confessional poet and that—like Newman and the other Decadent converts Newman inspired—Dowson’s conversion came to last a lifetime. Like all good conversion narratives, Dowson’s has an inauspicious beginning: he was tolerant of, but personally indisposed to, Roman Catholicism throughout his youth. Influenced by Charles Sayle, Lionel Johnson, members of his extended family, and the Foltinowiczes, however, Dowson resolved to be received at the Brompton Oratory, in a gesture of aesthetic affiliation as well as religious surrender. His letters best illustrate the reactionary impetus and political context of this undertaking. Dowson’s confessional lyrics—especially ‘Nuns of the Perpetual Adoration’, written on the eve of Lent 1891—are crucial testimonies to his personal submission, but they also demonstrate the basically liturgical configuration of his accomplished lyrical style.
Dowson’s Lunatic Asylum
Authors: Stark Robert
Published: December 2023

Chapter 5 discusses Dowson’s symbolist turn, concentrating upon his adoption of lunar symbolism in a series of lyrics from the middle of 1891, and his only short play. Prompted by traditional associations linking ‘the lunatic, the lover, and the Poet’; by Pater’s essays, which henceforth become the most elemental atmosphere of his thought; by his deepening engagement with the works of Verlaine; and by the tribulations of fellow Rhymer, John Evelyn Barlas, Dowson began to scrutinize the situation of the Decadent artist in ‘To One in Bedlam’, before presenting a substantial exposition in his extended lyrical ‘phantasy’. Commissioned by sometime-Rhymer William Theodore Peters, The Pierrot of the Minute is a satirical rejoinder to the kind of ‘æsthetic poetry’ wrought upon the paralyzing epistemological basis of Pater’s withdrawn conclusion to The Renaissance. Enstraitened within this zone of aestheticized minutiae, the poet’s Pierrotic diminishment must necessarily follow, Dowson contends, presciently.
The Judicial System of Russia
Authors: Hendley Kathryn , Solomon, Jr. Peter H.
Published: December 2023

This book examines the courts of the Russian Federation under President Putin, how they work in practice, and what shapes the behaviour of its judges. It stresses the dual nature of a judicial system, where ordinary cases are mostly handled fairly but where cases of interest to powerful persons are subject to influence—a common situation in authoritarian states. The authors trace the origins of some contemporary practices to the Soviet past but also identify novelties. They pay attention to the struggles of reformers to make the courts fairer and more efficient, along with the measures taken to ensure that judges conform to the expectations of their political masters. This means dealing with the evolution of judicial governance, including the selection, promotion, and disciplining of judges. In studying the operation of the courts, the authors take a socio-legal approach, emphasizing how different players (petitioners, respondents, lawyers, prosecutors, accused, judges) behave and why. They deal with justices of the peace through to the Supreme and Constitutional Courts and detail the handling of civil disputes, criminal cases, business disputes, administrative justice (claims against state officials), and constitutional matters. They also examine the relation of the public to the courts, including its readiness to litigate disputes despite generally negative views of the courts. This analysis is as up to date as possible, including both the Constitutional Amendments of 2020 and developments relating to the first months of the 2022 war in Ukraine.
Legacies from the Past
Authors: Hendley Kathryn , Solomon Peter H.
Published: December 2023

This chapter explains how developments in the late Tsarist era and the years of Soviet rule helped to shape the court system that exists in the Russian Federation today. On the one hand, the ups and downs of, and limits on, judicial independence and power in both eras foreshadowed similar tensions in the twenty-first century. On the other hand, particular legal institutions, such as trial by jury and justices of the peace, and ways of organizing the judiciary would become component parts of the administration of justice under Putin. The chapter starts with analysis of the courts created by the Judicial Reform of 1864 that were designed to provide fair and independent adjudication within an autocratic political order, an experiment that led inevitably to clashes between the courts and the Tsarist regime and, in turn, to counter-reform measures. The chapter goes on to explore the Soviet struggle to make judges competent as well as loyal to the regime, culminating in the creation, after the Second World War, of a European-style judicial bureaucracy and an elaborate method of evaluating judges through quantitative indicators. For both periods, it also explores the limits of judicial power, including the jurisdiction of courts over administrative justice and commercial and constitutional matters.
Public Attitudes towards Courts and the Use of Courts
Authors: Hendley Kathryn , Solomon Peter H.
Published: December 2023

Chapter 5 challenges the conventional wisdom about societal attitudes towards courts in Russia. Trust in the Russian courts, as measured by public opinion polls, remains low. Yet, this lack of trust has not discouraged the use of the courts. When efforts at resolving problems informally fail, Russians have proven willing to turn to the courts for assistance. The caseload data show a steady increase in the number of cases filed in the post-Soviet era. Surveys of court users document their general satisfaction; they mostly feel as though they have been treated fairly and that judges have relied on the law in reaching their decisions. The tendency of judges to handle cases expeditiously and the relatively low cost of using the courts likely affects both Russians’ willingness to use the courts and the positive assessments of their experiences. Even so, court veterans tend to be more distrustful of courts than are those who have never been to court.
Constitutional and Administrative Justice
Authors: Hendley Kathryn , Solomon Peter H.
Published: December 2023

Chapter 11 examines constitutional and administrative justice in the Russian Federation, stressing the adjustments and compromises made by the Russian Constitutional Court (RCC) that facilitated its survival in an authoritarian state. This chapter starts with a portrait of the RCC in the Yeltsin years and goes on to explain the efforts of President Putin to assert increasing control over it and the Court’s pragmatic response to its difficult position. This meant consistently delivering to the regime the decisions it desired in cases that mattered to it, while giving priority to legal and constitutional considerations in other cases. The chapter goes on to discuss the changing relationship of the RCC to the European Court of Human Rights and how the constitutional and legal changes of 2020 may distort the RCC’s role. Finally, we discuss the progress of administrative justice in Russia, and conclude with thoughts about the ways that constitutional justice is joining administrative justice in helping authorities to identify and fix anomalies without threats to the system.
Recording, Documenting, Identifying (1800–1914)
Authors: Goltermann Svenja
Published: December 2023

This chapter explores how the treatment of soldiers’ deaths changed from the early 19th century to the 20th century and the key reasons for this shift. By the time of World War I, identifying the dead had become the norm. The chapter traces the different factors that contributed to this development: It shows, first, that claims and practices for recording, documenting, and identifying the dead began to develop at the end of the 18th century in law, government, and medicine. The chapter argues that these developments were fundamental to the emergence of a public expectation that the state would provide information about the fate of its soldiers. Second, the chapter shows that the impetus for identifying the dead by name was not driven primarily by humanitarian concerns. More critical were bureaucratic regulations rooted in changing inheritance laws, along with medical research into hygiene to curtail ‘avoidable’ deaths and sustain national military prowess. The practice of calling someone a “victim” only gradually became more widespread, as part of a critique of governments for their perceived failure to provide soldiers with adequate medical care. Notably, even at the onset of the 20th century, commemorations of the dead were predominantly framed in terms of sacrifice rather than victimhood.
Wounded Bodies and the Battle for Recognition (1914–1945)
Authors: Goltermann Svenja
Published: December 2023

This chapter addresses the relationship between new welfare state benefits and the increasing diversification of victim attributions since the early 20th century. It argues that the expansion of the figure of the victim in this period was closely linked to a struggle for social rights. Those who were disabled in World War I were involved in this struggle for rights, as can be seen in a variety of sources. It also becomes apparent, however, that even a mutilated body did not automatically define a veteran as a victim of the war. Even those disabled in World War I were anything but committed to describing themselves as such, or eager to do so, since claims upon the state were still widely legitimized by emphasising active sacrifice. The chapter discusses how this changed after World War I. Particular attention is paid to medical doctrine, which often differed considerably from former soldiers’ expectations regarding the compensation they deserved for their suffering. This chapter argues that these conflicts provided an important starting point for some veterans to consider themselves victims of the war or victims of the state. This trend only intensified after World War II, not least because of the enormous number of injured civilians. Most importantly, this change led to an expansion of the attribution of victimhood to include not only the dead, but also the living.
Text, Liturgy, and Music in the Hispanic Rite
Authors: Carrillo Raquel Rojo
Published: December 2023

The Hispanic rite, a medieval non-Roman Western liturgy, was practiced across the Iberian Peninsula for over half a millennium and functioned as the most distinct marker of Christian identity in this region. As Christians typically began every liturgical day throughout the year by singing a vespertinus, this chant genre in particular provides a unique window into the cultural and religious life of medieval Iberia. The Hispanic rite has the largest corpus of extant manuscripts of all non-Roman liturgies in the West, which testifies to the importance placed on their transmission through political and cultural upheavals. Its chants, however, use a notational system that lacks clear specification of pitch and has kept them barred from in-depth study. Text, Liturgy and Music in the Hispanic Rite is the first detailed analysis of the interactions between textual, liturgical, and musical variables across the entire extant repertoire of a chant genre central to the Hispanic rite, the vespertinus. By approaching the vespertini through a holistic methodology that integrates liturgy, melody, and text, author Raquel Rojo Carrillo identifies the genre's norms and traces the different shapes it adopts across the liturgical year and on different occasions. In this way, the book offers an unprecedented insight into the liturgical edifice of the Hispanic rite and the daily experience of Christians in medieval Iberia.
#LetUsWorship
Authors: Payne Leah
Published: December 2023

Chapter 8 explores how, in the post-Obama years, white evangelicals proved that they were not dead, as voters or as consumers. The days of Contemporary Christian Music (CCM) artists as powerful “tools of evangelism,” however, were mostly in the past. The coalition of media makers, parachurch organizations, conservative white Protestant denominations, and other evangelical institutions that built the discreet world of Christian music was in precipitous decline. The worship-music industry rose, as CCM declined, and conservative white evangelicals found worship anthems for political protest in the age of Donald J. Trump. Trump’s affinity with the transnational Charismatic worship-celebrity set enhanced his popularity in white evangelical circles in the United States. In the wake of Trump’s 2020 loss, his Pentecostal and Charismatic admirers brought their worship songs of spiritual warfare and end-times fervor to the United States Capitol.
Introduction
Authors: Limerick Nicholas
Published: December 2023

How are state institutions and Indigenous languages remade in eras of greater inclusivity and multiculturalism? And, what is it like to serve as a state agent in the very offices and institutions that previously sought to assimilate Indigenous peoples and denied them state recognition? This chapter introduces the book’s argument that the state’s recognition of Indigenous languages and bilingual education is double-edged. It spells out major themes of the book, such as how multilingual communication constitutes political strategy and control; how colonial reproduction both occurs with and is contested by linguistic recognition, which risks the making of Kichwa more like Spanish; and how linguistic anthropology can contribute to conversations on multiculturalism, state power, and a politics of recognition. The chapter also presents the ethnographic, historical, and linguistic methods of research, linking together sites in which state-sanctioned Kichwa ideologies and uses converge and differ. It concludes with a book outline.
The Intercultural Era
Authors: Limerick Nicholas
Published: December 2023

How did Indigenous pueblos and nationalities succeed in establishing intercultural bilingual education in Ecuador? Much research on the rise of social movements in Ecuador, and elsewhere in the Americas, focuses on mobilizations and protest. This chapter reflects on such strategies in combination with the use of metalinguistic labor to make communication, cultural emblems, and people relatable to others in positions of higher authority. It traces the history of the school system in relation to other state agents and non-governmental actors and shows that inclusion in the state apparatus entailed demonstrating state-sanctioned forms of language use, literacy, and democracy. This chapter also compares the case of Kichwa in Ecuador with bilingual education in Bolivia to better understand how and why the Ecuadorian case became so special.
Employment as Professionals
Authors: Limerick Nicholas
Published: December 2023

What does it mean to become a professional? And how does schooling affect the pathways of members of Indigenous pueblos and nationalities? This chapter begins with educational and life histories of two bilingual education directors who worked in the National Directorate. It shows the vast odds that many professionals have overcome in completing their schooling and how early years of work involved organizing, unpaid labor, racist disdain, and assimilation efforts, including demands to stop speaking Kichwa and to become “less Indigenous.” Their lives demonstrate the determination and complexity behind political struggle and economic stability. The chapter then examines frustrations about intercultural bilingual education through the words of planners and teachers. At the heart of these criticisms is that many Kichwa speakers decry professionalism as somewhat individualistic, even as they may seek a similar pathway for their children as a means to a better life.
Conclusions
Authors: Limerick Nicholas
Published: December 2023

How do colonial ideologies, practices, and hierarchies “shape” activities like planning and teaching? This conclusion sheds light on this long-standing question in social theory by revisiting how the norms of state institutions influence those who pass through them, including communicative practices. The chapter reviews the double binds encountered while serving as national-level state agents, crafting a national standardized variety of Kichwa, and teaching Indigenous languages in schools, and considers possibilities for “undoing” those double binds. It also weaves together comparisons with how people have worked through and against state institutions throughout the Americas and elaborates implications for current efforts to confront state power and for Indigenous language revitalization. The comparisons especially focus on bilingual education in Mexico and Peru. The chapter ends with an epilogue of recent events related to mobilizations, presidential policies, and a return to “autonomy” for the bilingual school system.
Introduction
Authors: Dommett Katharine , Kefford Glenn , Kruschinski Simon
Published: December 2023

The idea of data-driven campaigning has gained increased prominence in public discourse. Journalists, policymakers, and scholars have played an important role in highlighting the potential threat posed by this activity. This chapter outlines the nature of current debate and argues that there is a need to reconsider the claim that parties are engaging in extensive, sophisticated, and concerning practice. Problematizing the dominance of the US case, and highlighting a lack of empirical insight, this chapter poses three questions that guide the remainder of the book: What is data-driven campaigning? How does data-driven campaigning practice vary? What explains different data-driven campaigning practices? Defining data-driven campaigning as comprising data, analytics, technology, and personnel, the chapter makes the case for an in-depth analysis of each of these components. Introducing an empirical focus on 18 parties in five countries, and the use of over 300 interviews, this chapter also outlines the structure of the book.
Theoretical Framework
Authors: Dommett Katharine , Kefford Glenn , Kruschinski Simon
Published: December 2023

Data-driven campaigning can come in a variety of different forms, but at present there is a limited understanding of what drives this variation. In this chapter the authors build on existing theories to present a party-centered, multilevel framework for understanding why data-driven campaigning can differ between parties and across countries. Isolating the influence of systemic, regulatory, and party-level considerations, the chapter introduces 12 variables across the three levels and outlines how and why they may exert an impact on data-driven campaigning (DDC). This chapter accordingly provides the first comparative theoretical account of data-driven campaigning variation available to date, which will be applied to explain differences within and across the five democracies under study in Chapter 7. Extending previous work, this chapter shows that it is not only data and privacy regulation or resource that can affect the form of DDC, but that other previously neglected influences can be consequential.
Data
Authors: Dommett Katharine , Kefford Glenn , Kruschinski Simon
Published: December 2023

Data has come to dominate the understanding of modern campaigns. The idea that parties now possess extensive, highly personalized databases has become commonplace, with digital trace data seen to have offered unprecedented insight into people’s characteristics and preferences. While this idea is often evoked, within this chapter the authors make the case that the general understanding of the data sources upon which parties rely is deficient in a number of ways. In particular, they assert the need to understand how data sources vary depending on context, and what specific pieces of information parties collect. Introducing a distinction between publicly available data, disclosed data, inferred data, and monitoring data, they draw on empirical insights from five countries to discuss how each form of data is manifest in each context. Highlighting differences in data collection by parties or via external sources, this chapter shows significant variation in the data that different parties possess. This chapter is followed by a reflection from two practitioners who offer their own account of data use within modern campaigns.
Technology
Authors: Dommett Katharine , Kefford Glenn , Kruschinski Simon
Published: December 2023

The technology used by parties to execute their data-driven campaigns is an under-scrutinized component of this activity. While it is often claimed that parties possess vast databases and draw on the affordances of social networking platforms and digital media, there is currently not a framework for thinking about the technology that parties utilize and how different tools vary. Drawing a distinction between technologies that enable parties’ organizational management or voter communication activities, this chapter demonstrates the potential for technology to vary in terms of low or high functionality. Outlining variance in four key technologies—databases/CRMs, campaigning apps, websites, and social networking platforms—this chapter presents empirical evidence to examine how parties within the five case countries employ these tools. This chapter shows significant variation in the type and functionality of technology used by parties, to promote understanding of an often-neglected component of the data-driven campaign. Following this analysis, the authors once again give voice to two practitioners, with short reflections following the chapter on the use of technology for data-driven campaigning.
Personnel
Authors: Dommett Katharine , Kefford Glenn , Kruschinski Simon
Published: December 2023

Accounts of data-driven campaigning tend to focus on the importance of geeks, nerds, and those with highly sophisticated technical skills. Less attention, however, has been paid to the ways in which other individuals and groups within parties contribute to the data-driven campaign. Classifying the presence of grassroots party officials and external actors, in this chapter the authors argue that a range of actors can play a role in all three previous aspects of data-driven campaigning: contributing to data collection, conducting analytics, and using technology. Presenting evidence from the five case countries, they reveal the presence of country- and party-level differences in the people who enable the data-driven campaign. Following the chapter, two further practitioner perspectives are provided to specifically reflect on the people involved in data-driven campaigns.
Explaining Variation in Data-Driven Campaigning
Authors: Dommett Katharine , Kefford Glenn , Kruschinski Simon
Published: December 2023

Having introduced and discussed each of the four elements of the data-driven campaign, in this chapter the authors explain the variation shown in the previous chapters. Drawing on the theoretical framework presented in Chapter 2, they reflect on how systemic, regulatory, and party-level factors can exert an influence on parties’ use of data, analytics, technology, and personnel. Highlighting the specific type of influence that these variables exert on data-driven practice, the authors reveal why data-driven campaigning does not look the same in different countries or parties, providing unprecedented insight into the factors shaping the form of data-driven campaigns.
Reframing Cognitive Constructions
Authors: Youdin Robert
Published: December 2023

Chapter 6 describes the importance of cognitive behavioral therapy, rational emotive behavioral therapy, and dialectical behavioral therapy for treating people who abuse psychoactive substances. Using interventions from each of these therapies combined with other neuroscience-informed psychotherapies described in this text helps people learn to identify and target wanting (craving) that drives thoughts and behaviors that instigate and reinforce continued abuse of psychoactive substances. These cognitive therapies, over time, help diminish and eventually eliminate the three-stage neurocircuitry of psychoactive substance abuse. This chapter emphasizes the importance of the effectiveness of targeting problematic thoughts and behaviors in stages 2 and 3 of the three-stage neurocircuitry of psychoactive substance abuse, the stages that maintain and support chronic abuse of psychoactive substances.
Brief Motivational Interviewing
Authors: Youdin Robert
Published: December 2023

Chapter 8 explains how brief motivational interviewing is an effective psychotherapeutic intervention for the motivational withdrawal syndrome that occurs in stage 2 of the three-stage neurocircuitry of psychoactive substance abuse. Training therapists to administer brief motivational interviewing emphasizes teaching them to shed their roles as experts and change to achieving a partnership when treating people by showing compassion and empathy toward them along with the acceptance of their ambivalent feelings about changing their substance abuse behaviors. Successful use of brief motivation interviewing is exemplified when a person transitions from language in opposition or resistance to behavioral change, which is called sustain talk, to language that is in support of behavioral change, which is called change talk.
Introduction
Authors: Chander Anupam , Sun Haochen
Published: December 2023

This introductory chapter examines the efforts that governments across the world are seeking to rein in the internet, bringing digital leviathans under control. Recent enforcement actions dispel the notion that the internet is beyond the reach of governments; the state is back. The chapter delves into the concepts of data sovereignty and digital sovereignty, discussing their relationship with traditional notions of territorial sovereignty. It examines the rise of digital sovereignty, distinguishing the various approaches in the United States, the European Union, China, Russia, and the Global South. It highlights how digital sovereignty proves different than traditional territorial sovereignty in practice: digital sovereignty is always global, generally involves corporations, intensifies state surveillance, and remains susceptible to protectionist tendencies. The chapter concludes with a case study of the fight over digital sovereignty that accompanied Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
Two Visions for Data Governance
Authors: Pasquale Frank
Published: December 2023

This chapter describes a shift from territorial to functional sovereignty online, as private firms increasingly assume the prerogatives of governance. It interprets a series of trends in the United States as assertions of firms’ functional sovereignty over the platforms and services they operate, which in turn rule relations among their users with little to no state interference. This shift from territorial to functional sovereignty is creating a new digital political economy, particularly where governments find themselves increasingly dependent on technology firms for vital infrastructure. The article concludes with reflections on the comparative desirability of functional and territorial sovereignty. The erosion of states’ sovereignty over online life may not disperse power, but instead concentrate it in less accountable actors.
A Starting Point for Re-thinking “Sovereignty” for the Online Environment
Authors: Svantesson Dan
Published: December 2023

The traditional binary conception of sovereignty—in the sense of an act either violating sovereignty, or not—is incompatible, or at least a poor fit, with the realities of the interconnected, and largely border-disregarding, online environment. The time has come to challenge the reliance on binary distinctions such as this, and the related binary distinction between territorial on the one hand and extraterritorial on the other. Having analyzed these matters in detail, this chapter proceeds to advance a conception of sovereignty anchored in the notion of state dignity. In doing so, it also comments on the recent focus on terms such as “digital sovereignty” and “data sovereignty.”
Digital Sovereignty as Double-Edged Sword
Authors: Chander Anupam , Sun Haochen
Published: December 2023

Digital sovereignty is simultaneously a necessary incident of democratic governance and democracy’s dreaded antagonist. Governments need to control the Internet’s impact on their people. Yet, at the same time, control over the Internet offers governments enormous power over their residents’ lives. In a sense, this is simply a 21st-century version of the insight of international law scholar Louis Henkin: sovereignty can insulate a government’s worst ills from foreign intrusion. Assertions of digital sovereignty thus carry a double edge—useful both to protect citizens and to control them. Digital sovereignty can magnify the government’s powers by making legible behaviors that were previously invisible to the state. Thus, the same rule can be used to safeguard or repress—a feature that legislators across the Global North and South should anticipate through careful checks and balances.
From Data Subjects to Data Sovereigns
Authors: Cheung Anne SY
Published: December 2023

This chapter asks why the traditional data privacy protection framework is inadequate in the modern age. It points out, first of all, that the current protection that depends on the concept of personal data is unable to guard against the erosion of data privacy in the digital age. Second, protection based on the need to obtain consent under the terms of services gives only a false sense of control and security to the data subjects. Third, individuals can hardly exercise meaningful control over their own data in the fast-evolving data ecosystem. Instead, the author argues that data self-sovereignty, understood as the empowerment of the self to have effective and meaningful control over one’s data, should complement the current framework of data privacy protection. The COVID-19 pandemic, which has hit the world since 2020, has accelerated the reflection on the need and strengthened the call for self-sovereignty. Through expanding the scope and means of control, we reclaim sovereignty over our data, and more importantly, our personal beings.
Taobao, Federalism, and the Emergence of Law, Chinese Style
Authors: Liu Lizhi , Weingast Barry R.
Published: December 2023

Developing countries grapple with the challenge of establishing legal and institutional infrastructure to support efficient markets, such as securing property rights and the rule of law. The historic path for the West involved parliaments and independent judiciaries that constrained the ruler, while China's path diverged significantly. In this chapter, the authors highlight how private actors are crafting new institutional rules in China, either with the state’s acquiescence or explicit endorsement. Taobao—China’s dominant online trading platform with over seven hundred million users—is not simply an exchange platform, but one in the process of developing a modern private legal system that enforces contracts, resolves disputes, and prevents fraud. As a private supplier of market legal infrastructure when formal institutions are lacking, Taobao essentially provides a means for creating “law, Chinese style.”
Data Governance and Digital Trade in India
Authors: Mishra Neha
Published: December 2023

India’s evolving data governance framework is informed by multiple policy concerns including building indigenous data champions; boosting domestic digital investments; protecting privacy rights; enhancing governmental control over data; and warding off data colonialism. This complex framework, with nationalist undertones, also reinforces India’s reluctant stance toward negotiating digital trade rules at the multilateral level. However, the impact of this reticent approach on various stakeholders in both the domestic and the global digital economy remains unclear and under-evaluated. Further, India risks not only losing the opportunity to shape digital trade rules that facilitate the integration of developing countries but also facing geopolitical backlash from its trading partners, thereby hampering both its long-term political and economic interests. Indian policymakers must therefore better balance nationalist interests with the underlying realities of the digital economy.
Aging While Angry
Authors: Barusch Amanda Smith
Published: December 2023

This chapter offers an introduction to both aging and anger. The aging process is uneven and multidimensional. It can be accelerated by social pressures and is profoundly influenced by dimensions of positionality, such as gender, class, and race. Anger resembles a constellation more than a continuum because it varies along so many dimensions, including triggers, physical reactions, and expression. Historically, the direct expression of anger was a privilege reserved for the powerful. The chapter emphasizes the need to take anger seriously and go beyond anger suppression to embrace and channel its wisdom.
Anger Through the Ages
Authors: Barusch Amanda Smith
Published: December 2023

This chapter connects the modern experience of anger to Western philosophic and theological traditions. Unlike other traditions, which emphasize the role of transcendence and avoidance of worldly attachments, Western approaches grapple with the question of how cope with anger. Aristotle accepts anger as an inevitable part of human nature and a natural reaction when people feel they have been slighted. He argues that anger serves a social purpose by reducing injustice. In contrast, the stoics saw anger as beastly and inappropriate. The chapter explores theologian Saint Thomas Aquinas’s argument regarding the sinfulness of anger. It also considers Dante’s The Divine Comedy, which included three types of angry people in the fifth circle of hell.
Women Cry / Men Rage
Authors: Barusch Amanda Smith
Published: December 2023

Men and women express anger differently. This chapter opens with the narrative of Medusa to showcase how gendered anger was in ancient times, when women’s rage was seen as unpredictable, irrational, and extremely dangerous. As social scientists grapple with gender differences in anger, their results tend to complicate the angry man stereotype. Men and women report experiencing anger in similar ways; but they express it quite differently in response, perhaps, to the gender norms of their era. Gender roles and norms have undergone rapid change, but the results of my national survey point to persistent differences among older adults, many of whom may be unprepared to embrace modern values and expectations regarding gender. Ultimately, the chapter argues for acceptance and authenticity, noting that being true to oneself has emerged as a key value.
Elders on Social Media
Authors: Barusch Amanda Smith
Published: December 2023

Social media is hardly an age-friendly environment. This chapter opens with a brief look at young people’s use of the meme “#OKBoomer,” suggesting that older adults serve as a convenient scapegoat for their existential frustrations. Anger has become so pervasive on the Internet that entire websites allow people to vent in a practice known as “cyber-ranting.” The pandemic worsened ageist discourse and intergenerational tensions, particularly on social media, where older adults were already portrayed as undesirable and expendable. The chapter details how the Taegukgi Squad of older adults appropriated that nation’s social media for their own protests and describes the response to “The Anger Project” a page the author set up one on Facebook. Finally, it notes that many older adults find the benefits of participating in social media outweigh the costs.
Taming the Rage
Authors: Barusch Amanda Smith
Published: December 2023

Most people manage their anger without professional intervention, but growing numbers are entering the unregulated cottage industry of anger management programs. This chapter looks at the benefits and limitations of these interventions and presents the case study of an older veteran who benefited greatly. It introduces the diagnosis of Intermittent Explosive Disorder (IED), which is applied to rare cases of repeated impulsive aggression and has been effectively treated. Of course, the threat of mandatory anger management can be used as a tool for stifling dissent. While this may be a significant critique of anger management, the smooth operation of social institutions sometimes calls for prioritizing social order over self-expression and individual emotional health. The Duluth Model and cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) represent the main schools of thought informing contemporary anger management programs. Research on efficacy of anger management has yielded mixed results. Noting that many anger management efforts struggle with high drop-out rates, the chapter argues that a tendency to “dictate” to participants can be counter-productive.
The Coercive Control of Children
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: December 2023

The Coercive Control of Children provides a forensic analysis of interpersonal violence to children, which highlights coercive control as the most significant cause and context of child abuse and child homicide. Numerous countries and US states adopted coercive control as the overarching definition of violence against women. Thus, children become secondary victims in the process. The Coercive Control of Children also details cases wherein the coercive control of children runs in tandem with the coercive control of women. It contests the assumption surrounding child abuse, neglect, and its correlated issues falling under the connotation of maternal deficits, immaturity, poverty, and environmental stressors.
Mrs. Nicholson and Her Children vs. The City of New York
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: December 2023

This chapter details the real-time confrontation between abused mothers and their children with the child welfare, police, and family court systems in New York City. It primarily focuses on the issues between Mrs. Nicholson and her children against the City of New York. The victory in the Nicholson case was significant to the reconceptualization of domestic violence as a global offense that deprives women and children of their constitutionally guaranteed rights, resources, and liberties. Moreover, the ruling required New York City to provide evidence that foster care was a safer option than leaving the child alone before it placed a child. The chapter considers the psychological underpinning of a child’s constitutional right to its mother.
Violence, Sexual Assault, and Psychological Abuse
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: December 2023

This chapter explores the strategic technology used to coercively control women and children. The dimensions of violence, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, intimidation, isolation, and control apply to experiences of children who are coercively controlled secondary to their mother’s victimization. The chapter notes how the victimization of children is almost always a secondary stage in a strategy to monopolize available resources and privileges. It also acknowledges how coercive control jeopardizes the child’s autonomous being in the world. Thus, arrest for coercive control is a form of prevention because it interrupts abuse before children are ensnared and restores the integral family unit so children can thrive.
Intimidation, Isolation, and Control
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: December 2023

This chapter expounds on intimidation, isolation, and control as broad tactics key to successful coercive control. It explains that an array of abusive tactics lies at the core of the coercive control of children in an effort to keep them subordinate and dependent. According to case and empirical evidence from abused mothers and their children, the physical and sexual abuse of children by abusive men is commonplace and follows the same pattern as with women. The chapter explains that intimidation tactics ingrain fear, secrecy, dependence, compliance, loyalty, and shame. On the other hand, the isolation of children aims to frighten them, prevent disclosure, sow dependence and loyalty, and create a divide between mother and child.
Carmen Barahona
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: December 2023

This chapter looks into the case of Carmen Barahona and the twins. It elaborates on the extent of coercive control of Barahona’s husband, Jorge, over her, which ultimately resulted in her plea deal to escape a death sentence for the death of their adopted daughter Nubia. Despite the extent of the abuse, Jorge was economically and emotionally dependent on Carmen. However, Carmen suffered the corruption of her moral capacity at the very core of humanity due to the duress of coercive control. The chapter details the controversy surrounding the twins, Nubia and Victor, starting from their adoption, mistreatment, severe psychiatric and cognitive problems, and death.
Metaphysician and Naturforscher at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Segala Marco
Published: December 2023

This chapter sketches a portrait of Schopenhauer as a metaphysician who not only had a solid grasp of science but was also a practitioner of scientific research. He engaged with Schelling’s Naturphilosophie on the role of science in metaphysics and adopted methodological and epistemic views from scientists interested in philosophy—like Kielmeyer and Blumenbach. He contributed to scientific discussions on evolution in nature, spiritism, and vision and colors. In these, he proposed scientific views that challenged alternative theories and were based on experiments and experience. His involvement in scientific debates was not superficial or merely interested in selecting theories and ideas that seemed to fit his metaphysics of nature. He was genuinely curious about scientific explanations of natural phenomena, especially in the fields of biology and physiology. His many writings on scientific subjects are strong evidence of his engagement with science.
In Dialogue with Kant and Schelling
Authors: Segala Marco
Published: December 2023

Schopenhauer’s conception of philosophy of nature as a conceptual space for the dialogue of science and metaphysics emerged from a close examination and discussion of Kant and Schelling’s views on the role of the sciences in the philosophical discourse. This chapter traces his analyses in his manuscripts of the 1810s and assesses his reception of Kant’s metaphysics of nature and Schelling’s Naturphilosophie. Book 2 of The World as Will and Representation summarizes the results of these encounters and discussions. Schopenhauer’s growing perplexity with Kant and Schelling’s project for integrating science into philosophy led him to an original, more complex conception of the relationship between science and metaphysics—wherein science would be more independent of philosophy. This view, however, created tensions—which the chapter explores—within his original project of a philosophy of nature.