bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance Assessment of R-454C, R-449A, and R-744 in Food Retail Refrigeration Systems
Authors: Ferretto William , Molinaroli Luca , Codella Fabrizio
Published: January 2025

Reduced energy use and increased energy efficiency are essential for decarbonization and sustainable development. The food cold chain is a crucial infrastructure with high energy consumption and rising demand. A careful selection of technology used in food retail systems could result in long-term energy savings, functionality, ease of maintenance, and high energy efficiency. In this work, a comparison between the energy performance of three low-GWP refrigerants, namely, R-454C, R-449A, and R-744, is carried out with reference to an existing refrigerating system that serves a real supermarket. Energy usage and seasonal efficiency have been examined for three locations in Europe, representing mild and hot ambient temperatures. Results show that systems based on R-454C and R-449A perform significantly better than R-744 architectures, improving sCOP of up to +12% and +17%, respectively, with a simpler equipment design. This suggests that careful assessment is required to select the most appropriate refrigerant for each store size and climatic condition.
Detection of Coxiella burnetii in Bulk Tank Milk of Dairy Small Ruminant Farms in Greece
Authors: Lianou Daphne T. , Giannoulis Themistoklis , Michael Charalambia K. , Vasileiou Natalia G. C. , Petinaki Efthymia , Katsafadou Angeliki I. , Politis Antonis P. , Gougoulis Dimitris A. , Papatsiros Vasileios G. , Papadopoulos Elias , Solomakos Nikolaos , Katsarou Eleni I. , Mavrogianni Vasia S. , Chatzopoulos Dimitriοs C. , Fthenakis George C.
Published: January 2025

The objectives of this work were as follows: (i) the evaluation of the prevalence of detection of genetic material of Coxiella burnetii in the bulk tank milk of sheep and goat farms in Greece and (ii) the investigation of variables related to the management applied in farms as possible predictors for this. The presence of C. burnetii genetic material was studied in the bulk tank milk of 325 sheep and 119 goat farms throughout the country. For qualitative and quantitative identification of the genetic material of the pathogen, a commercially available real-time PCR was used. In total, 45 parameters were assessed for potential association with the detection of the pathogen: these referred to the management system, infrastructure, health management, animals, production characteristics, and human resources on the farms. Genetic material of the pathogen was detected in bulk tank milk samples from nine sheep (2.8%) and six goat (5.0%) farms. Genetic material was at significantly higher median concentrations in samples from goat farms than from sheep farms, 1,078,096 (min: 181,121, max: 2,331,386) versus 15,728 (min: 507, max: 505,852) GE mL−1, respectively. For sheep farms, the intensive or semi-intensive management system applied in farms (p = 0.003), and for goat farms, the intensive or semi-intensive management system applied in farms (p = 0.0007) and the smaller number of annual veterinary visits to farms (p = 0.044) emerged as significant predictors. Among sheep farms managed under the intensive or semi-intensive system, the lack of accessory barns on farms (p = 0.024) emerged as a significant predictor; no significant predictor could be found among goat farms under such management systems. There was no significant difference in production outcomes between farms in which C. burnetii was or was not detected in the bulk tank milk; also, there was no association between the detection of C. burnetii and the annual incidence rate of cases of abortion on the farms. The results suggest that the risk of transfer of C. burnetii to dairy products from sheep and goat milk appears to be small, but not negligible, which indicates that the pasteurization of milk from small ruminants must be carried out consistently and correctly to ensure the safety of the product.
Assessing the Impact of Sand-Induced Ballast Fouling on Track Stiffness and Settlement
Authors: Alzhrani Mohammed A. , Palese Joseph W. , Zarembski  Allan M.
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the impact of sand-induced ballast fouling on railway track performance, focusing on track stiffness (modulus), settlement, and overall degradation. The research utilized an 18-cubic-foot ballast box designed to replicate real-world track conditions under controlled laboratory settings. A key focus was quantifying voids within clean ballast to establish baseline characteristics, which provided a foundation for evaluating the effects of sand fouling. Two distinct test series were conducted to comprehensively analyze track behavior. The first series investigated pre-existing fouling by thoroughly mixing sand into the ballast to achieve uniform fouling levels. The second series simulated natural fouling processes by progressively adding sand from the top of the ballast layer, mimicking real-world conditions such as those in sandy environments. These methodologies allowed for detailed analysis of changes in track stiffness, deflection, and settlement under varying fouling levels. The findings demonstrate a direct correlation between increasing sand fouling levels and heightened track stiffness and settlement. Dynamic load testing revealed that as void spaces were filled with sand, the track’s flexibility and drainage capacity was significantly compromised, leading to accelerated degradation of track geometry. Settlement patterns and deflection data provided critical insights into how fouling adversely affects track performance. These results contribute significantly to understanding the broader implications of sand-induced fouling on track degradation, offering valuable insights for railway maintenance and design improvements. By integrating void analysis, test series data, and load-deflection relationships, this study provides actionable recommendations for enhancing railway infrastructure resilience and optimizing maintenance strategies in sandy terrains.
Different Efficacy of Five Soluble Dietary Fibers on Alleviating Loperamide-Induced Constipation in Mice: Influences of Different Structural Features
Authors: Zhang Zhiguo , Liu Buyu , Liu Wei , Liu Xingquan , Zhang Chengcheng , Hu Weiwei , Wu Weicheng
Published: January 2025

Different dietary fibers have distinct structures, leading to significant variations in their laxative effects. To explore how these structural differences impact constipation intervention, a 14-day study was conducted on loperamide-induced constipated mice using five dietary fibers: soluble dietary fiber from steamed sweet potato (SDF-S), oat β-glucan (OB), polydextrose (PD), arabinogalactan (AG), and inulin (IN). The results showed that four fibers, excluding PD, significantly improved gastrointestinal (GI) transit rate (p < 0.05), although PD had the highest fecal moisture, it was significantly different from the lowest IN (p < 0.05). AG and IN resulted in higher 6 h fecal weights compared to other fibers. SDF-S and OB were more effective in modulating serum levels of gastrointestinal hormones. The different monosaccharide compositions and glycosidic bonds of these fibers led to distinct changes in gut microbiota composition and SCFA profiles. Galactose and arabinose in AG were linked to increased abundance of Lachnospiraceae_UCG-006, Bacteroides, and Odoribacter, promoting butyrate fermentation, which is positively correlated with GI transit rate. Glucose in SDF-S, OB, and PD favored acetate fermentation positively correlated with fecal moisture. Fructose in IN encouraged the proliferation of Muribaculaceae_unclassified and Ruminococcus, associated with butyrate fermentation and increased 6 h stool weight, respectively. The β-glycosidic bonds in OB may lead to high butyrate production through the selective proliferation of Lachnospiraceae_unclassified. Minor components like fucose, rhamnose, and ribose were positively correlated with the abundance of Oscillospiraceae_unclassified, Anaerotignum, and Lachnospiraceae_unclassified. In conclusion, the unique monosaccharide compositions and glycosidic bond differences in dietary fibers selectively promote the proliferation of fiber-degrading and butyrate-producing bacteria, resulting in varied effects on constipation relief.
JQ1 Treatment and miR-21 Silencing Activate Apoptosis of CD44+ Oral Cancer Cells
Authors: Jaksic Karisik Milica , Lazarevic Milos , Mitic Dijana , Ajtic Olivera Mitrovic , Damante Giuseppe , Milasin Jelena
Published: January 2025

Oral cancer ranks in the top 10 most prevalent malignancies worldwide. It is an aggressive tumor with frequent relapses and metastases and relatively modest survival rates that do not improve in spite of constantly evolving treatment modalities. Cancer stem cells are a subpopulation of tumor cells considered to be responsible not only for tumor initiation but also its aggressive behavior. Many efforts are directed at targeting those cells specifically. A class of small molecules, inhibitors of BET proteins (iBET), is emerging as a novel anticancer tool. Modulating the expression of microRNAs could also be a valid approach in cancer therapy. We aimed to study the effect of the iBET JQ1 combined with miR-21 silencing on oral cancer stem cells (CD44+ cells). CD44+ cells were sorted by flow cytometry and treated with JQ1 alone or in combination with miRNA-21 silencing. Following treatment, MTT, spheroid formation, invasion, and annexin V assays were performed, along with cell cycle and gene expression analyses. JQ1 in conjunction with miR-21 silencing showed considerable cytotoxicity led to a significant downregulation of cyclin D1, consistent with G1 cell cycle arrest, a significant caspase 3 upregulation in accordance with activation of apoptosis. The combined treatment approach also reduced CD44+ cell invasion capacity. Modulating chromatin structure with iBETs and silencing miRNA could be suitable epigenetic adjuncts to oral cancer treatment.
An Oxymetazoline-Based Nasal Solution Removes Bacteria–Blood Debris on Dental Surfaces and Has Antimicrobial Activity Toward Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Jones Robert S. , Pride Morgan Annina , Kumar Dhiraj
Published: January 2025

Background: An over-the-counter vasoconstrictive nasal solution with oxymetazoline (NS-OXY, 0.05%) has the potential to be used as a dental pulpal hemostatic medicament. A molecular engineering approach examined NS-OXY and its molecular constituent’s antimicrobial and blood biomass removal efficacy. Methods: An ex vivo cavity model was developed where standardized prepared teeth were exposed overnight to a model dentinal caries pathogen, S. mutans, and then exposed to sheep’s blood for 10 min, which simulated a pulpal exposure. Cavity preparations were rinsed with OXY (0.05%), benzalkonium chloride (BKC-0.025%), NS-OXY (with OXY-0.05% and BKC), ferric sulfate (20%;ViscoStat, FS), and distilled water (DI). For examining the bactericidal effect of NS-OXY, a disk diffusion antimicrobial assay was used where S. mutans was grown (20 h) on brain heart infusion (BHI) w/0.5% glucose agar plates and exposed to the treatment groups. Results: NS-OXY-treated samples had a lower residual bacterial or blood biomass than FS (p = 0.003). The diffusion test showed that NS-OXY, BKC, and FS had zones of inhibition greater than 10 mm, with NS-OXY having higher activity against S. mutans than FS (p = 0.0002), but lower than BKC (p = 0.0082). Conclusions: NS-OXY may be considered as a dental hemostatic agent after traumatic and carious pulpal exposure owing to NS-OXY’s antimicrobial and vasoconstrictive properties.
Unveiling XSS Threats: A Bipartite Graph Approach with Ensemble Deep Learning for Enhanced Detection
Authors: Alorainy Wafa
Published: January 2025

Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks are a common source of vulnerability for web applications, necessitating scalable mechanisms for detection. In this work, a new method based on bipartite graph-based feature extraction and an ensemble learning classifier containing CNN, LSTM, and GRU is introduced. Our proposed bipartite graph model is novel as the payloads constitute the first set, while the words constructing the payloads comprise the second set. This representation allows structural and contextual dependencies to be extracted so the model can recognize complex and obfuscated XSS payloads. Our method surpasses state-of-the-art methods by having 99.97% detection accuracy. It has a significantly increased ability to detect complicated payload variations by utilizing co-occurrence patterns and interdependence between smaller payload parts through the adoption of these bipartite features. In addition to improving the F1-score, recall, and precision associated with such methods, it also demonstrates the adaptability of graph-based representation in cybersecurity applications. Our findings highlight the possibility of integrating ensemble classifiers and refined feature engineering into a scalable, precise XSS detection system.
Movement Compensation in Dual Continuous Wave Radar Using Deep Learning
Authors: Gomes Gonçalo , Brás Susana , Gouveia Carolina , Albuquerque Daniel , Pinho Pedro
Published: January 2025

This work presents an innovative method for detecting the respiratory patterns of subjects walking on a treadmill, by leveraging the capabilities of deep learning (DL) technologies and a dual-radar setup. The study aims to overcome the challenge of accurately capturing respiratory rates in subjects performing body movements, a scenario less addressed in prior studies. By employing two radars operating at 5.8 GHz for motion mitigation, this study compares the efficacy of dual-radar configurations against a single-radar setup. The study employs DL algorithms based on convolutional autoencoders to mitigate the low-quality demodulated radar signals by reconstructing the respiratory signal. The models are trained with data from a single subject and data from 15 subjects, attaining average absolute errors of 0.29 and 4.59 Respiration Per Minute (RPM), respectively, allowing to conclude that the use of DL algorithms enhances the accuracy of respiratory signal detection when compared with arctangent demodulation, even in cases where radar data contain minimal information regarding vital signals.
Impact of Treatment Modalities and Fracture Stability on Survival in Thoracolumbar Fractures: A 5-Year Observational Study
Authors: Viola Reka , Juhász Ádám , Süvegh Dávid , Veres Dániel Sándor , Gati András , Viola Árpád , Al-Smadi Mohammad Walid
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Thoracolumbar fractures are a significant health burden, commonly caused by trauma, osteoporosis, or degenerative conditions, and can severely reduce quality of life and survival. These fractures, classified by the AO Spine Classification System, range from stable to unstable and require tailored management strategies. This study aims to evaluate clinical outcomes and survival probabilities in patients aged 50+ with AO A1–A4 fractures, comparing conservative treatment, percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP), and surgical stabilization, including minimally invasive spine surgery (MISS). Methods: This retrospective study analyzed 1356 patients treated for thoracolumbar fractures at Hungary’s largest trauma center (2014–2019). Patients aged 50+ with low-impact trauma-induced AO A1–A4 fractures were included. Fractures were categorized into stable (A1–A2) and unstable (A3–A4) groups. Treatments included conservative management, PVP, and surgical stabilization. Survival probabilities were analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models, and outcomes between open and MISS techniques were compared. Results: Spine stability is a crucial factor in determining patient outcomes. MISS enabled stabilization in older patients, reducing hospital stays compared to open surgery (median 6 vs. 10 days). Minimally invasive techniques increased surgical likelihood for unstable fractures, especially in patients over 70 years. Older age and male sex were associated with higher mortality. Conclusions: MISS offers reduced recovery time and broader surgical eligibility, making it effective for managing unstable thoracolumbar fractures in older patients. Tailored management strategies are essential for improving survival outcomes, particularly in elderly and frail populations.
Nonlinear Model Predictive Control Energy Management Strategy for Hybrid Power Ships Based on Working Condition Identification
Authors: Yan Yucheng , Chen Zhichao , Gao Diju
Published: January 2025

Hybrid power technology for ships is an effective way to promote the green and low-carbon development of the maritime industry. The development of pattern recognition technology provides new research ideas for the rational allocation and utilization of energy in hybrid power ships. To reduce fuel consumption, a nonlinear model predictive control energy management strategy based on working condition identification is proposed for optimal energy management to solve the problem of real-time optimal adjustment of generators and batteries. The core of the strategy is to identify the ship’s working conditions and the nonlinear model predictive control algorithm. Firstly, to achieve the working condition identification task, a ship working condition dataset based on a hybrid supply power ship data is constructed. The labeled dataset is trained using deep learning techniques. Secondly, based on the identification results, a nonlinear model predictive control algorithm is designed to adjust the generator speed and the battery current to achieve energy optimization control under constraints. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed strategy in optimizing energy control and reducing fuel consumption is verified through simulation. The proposed strategy can reduce the generator fuel consumption by 5.5% under no noise disturbance when compared with conventional predictive control. Under 10% noise disturbance, it is still able to reduce the fuel consumption by 2.6%.
Harnessing Filamentous Fungi for Enzyme Cocktail Production Through Rice Bran Bioprocessing
Authors: Yélamos Ana M. , Marcos Jose F. , Manzanares Paloma , Garrigues Sandra
Published: January 2025

Valorization of agri-food residues has garnered significant interest for obtaining value-added compounds such as enzymes or bioactive molecules. Rice milling by-products, such as rice bran, have limited commercial value and may pose environmental challenges. Filamentous fungi are recognized for their ability to grow on residues and for their capacity to produce large amounts of metabolites and enzymes of industrial interest. Here, we used filamentous fungi to produce enzyme cocktails from rice bran, which, due to its polysaccharide composition, serves as an ideal substrate for the growth of fungi producing cellulases and xylanases. To this end, sixteen fungal strains were isolated from rice bran and identified at the species level. The species belonged to the genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, and Mucor. The Aspergillus species displayed the highest efficiency in cellulase and xylanase activities, especially A. niger var. phoenicis and A. amstelodami. A. terreus, A. tritici, and A. montevidensis stood out as xylanolytic isolates, while P. parvofructum exhibited good cellulase activity. A. niger var. phoenicis followed by A. terreus showed the highest specific enzymatic activities of α- and β-D-galactosidase, α-L-arabinofuranosidase, α- and β-D-glucosidase, and β-D-xylosidase. Additionally, proteomic analysis of A. terreus, A. niger var. phoenicis, and P. parvofructum exoproteomes revealed differences in enzyme production for rice bran degradation. A. niger var. phoenicis had the highest levels of xylanases and cellulases, while P. parvofructum excelled in proteases, starch-degrading enzymes, and antifungal proteins. Finally, two Penicillium isolates were notable as producers of up to three different antifungal proteins. Our results demonstrate that filamentous fungi can effectively valorize rice bran by producing enzyme cocktails of industrial interest, along with bioactive peptides, in a cost-efficient manner, aligning with the circular bio-economy framework.
A Comparative Study in Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Symmetric and Asymmetric Double-Sided FSW Joints of AA7A65
Authors: Chen Chen , Zhu Yichao , He Zhiping , Lu Hongjian , Xu Weifeng , Cui Tengfei , Liu Wenjing , Qiu Chenyang , Gao Zhanping
Published: January 2025

Double-sided friction stir welding (DS-FSW) demands a low requirement of the welding tool and equipment and can lower the heat input, showing advantages in joining thick-plate joints. However, the intrinsic twice thermal cycle inevitably leads to the twice grain growth and softening, troubling the performance of the joints. To alleviate this phenomenon, this work proposed an asymmetric DS-FSW (Asy-DS-FSW) in which the first weld and second weld are obtained via a large tool and a small tool, respectively. The results suggest that the Asy-DS-FSW effectively refines the grains and inhibits twice-grain growth in the 27 mm thick AA7A65 joints. The hardness of Asy-DS-FSW is higher and more homogeneously distributed than the conventional symmetric DS-FSW (Sym-DS-FSW). The ultimate tensile strength of the slices is enhanced by 0.5–11%, and the eased strain localization can be achieved by the Asy-DS-FSW, compared with the Sym-DS-FSW. This work offers valuable references to the high-quality joining of thick-plate aluminum alloys in aerospace.
Valorising End-of-Life Mattress Waste into Sustainable Construction Insulation Materials
Authors: Thompson Lachlan , Alam Md Morshed , Tamaddoni Jahromi Fareed , Nikzad Mostafa
Published: January 2025

Shredded mattress waste was valorised into an insulation material via the addition of a cellulose/urea gel. The addition of the cellulose-based gel was found to successfully bond the miscellaneous shred, creating a composite with a unique pore structure. The composites were tested for their thermal conductivity to explore their use as insulation materials in construction applications. From the testing, the thermal conductivity was found to range between 49 and 60 mW/mK depending on the composition and processing steps. While some of the produced composites showed poor thermal resistance not suitable for an insulation product, we report that additional processing resulted in thermal conductivities that were lower than the existing commercial insulation product (45 mW/mK). Numerical simulations revealed that it is possible to further reduce the thermal conductivity of the samples by optimising the porosity and pore sizes. Hence, there is a strong promise of recycling a common waste product into sustainable building insulation products with further optimisations.
Variable Selection for Generalized Single-Index Varying-Coefficient Models with Applications to Synergistic G × E Interactions
Authors: Guan Shunjie , Liu Xu , Cui Yuehua
Published: January 2025

Complex diseases such as type 2 diabetes are influenced by both environmental and genetic risk factors, leading to a growing interest in identifying gene–environment (G × E) interactions. A three-step variable selection method for single-index varying-coefficients models was proposed in recent research. This method selects varying and constant-effect genetic predictors, as well as non-zero loading parameters, to identify genetic factors that interact linearly or nonlinearly with a mixture of environmental factors to influence disease risk. In this paper, we extend this approach to a binary response setting given that many complex human diseases are binary traits. We also establish the oracle property for our variable selection method, demonstrating that it performs as well as if the correct sub-model were known in advance. Additionally, we assess the performance of our method through finite-sample simulations with both continuous and discrete gene variables. Finally, we apply our approach to a type 2 diabetes dataset, identifying potential genetic factors that interact with a combination of environmental variables, both linearly and nonlinearly, to influence the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
Structure-Preserving Low-Rank Model Reduction for Second-Order Time-Delay Systems
Authors: Tang Man , Xiao Zhi-Hua , Zulfiqar Umair
Published: January 2025

This paper introduces two model order-reduction techniques for second-order time-delay systems. The first method involves converting the second-order system into a first-order form, along with a set of related structure-preserving algorithms. The second method avoids converting the original model into a first-order form and uses direct projection to produce the reduced system, which can also retain the structure of the original one. The key idea of the proposed methods is to utilize low-rank Gramian approximations to construct reduced-order models. The time-delay Gramians are decomposed into low-rank approximations using a recurrence formula directly based on the expansion coefficient vectors of Laguerre functions. Then, we employ the low-rank square root method to create a low-dimensional system that closely approximates the original system. Ultimately, two numerical illustrations are provided to validate the precision and effectiveness of our proposed algorithms.
Generalizable Storm Surge Risk Modeling
Authors: Scott Mahlon , Huang Hsin-Hsiung
Published: January 2025

Storm surges present a severe risk to coastal communities and infrastructure, underscoring the critical importance of accurately estimating extreme events such as the 100-year return surge. These estimates are essential not only for effective hazard assessment but also for informing resilient coastal design. Inspired by principles of robust statistical modeling, this paper introduces a Bayesian hierarchical model integrated with Gaussian processes to account for spatial random effects. This approach enhances the precision of long return period storm surge estimates and enables the seamless generalization of predictions to nearby unmonitored coastal regions, much like the way advanced Bayesian frameworks are applied to high-dimensional neuroimaging or spatiotemporal data, bridging gaps between observations and uncharted territories.
A Dual Tandem Queue as a Model of a Pick-Up Point with Batch Receipt and Issue of Parcels
Authors: Dudin Alexander N. , Dudina Olga S. , Dudin Sergei A. , Melikov Agassi
Published: January 2025

Parcel delivery networks have grown rapidly during the last few years due to the intensive evolution of online marketplaces. We address the issue of managing the operation of a network’s pick-up point, including the selection of the warehouse’s capacity and the policy for accepting orders for delivery. The existence of the time lag between order placing and delivery to the pick-up point is accounted for via modeling the order’s processing as the service in the dual tandem queueing system. Distinguishing features of this tandem queue are the account of possible irregularity in order generation via consideration of the versatile Markov arrival process and the possibilities of batch transfer of the orders to the pick-up point, group withdrawal of orders there, and client no-show. To reduce the probability of an order rejection at the pick-up point due to the overflow of the warehouse, a threshold strategy of order admission at the first stage on a tandem is proposed. Under the fixed value of the threshold, tandem operation is described by the continuous-time multidimensional Markov chain with a block lower Hessenberg structure for the generator. Stationary performance measures of the tandem system are calculated. Numerical results highlight the dependence of these measures on the capacity of the warehouse and the admission threshold. The possibility of the use of the results for managerial goals is demonstrated. In particular, the results can be used for the optimal selection of the capacity of a warehouse and the policy of suspending order admission.
Magnetic Polymeric Conduits in Biomedical Applications
Authors: Ganguly Sayan , Margel Shlomo
Published: January 2025

Magnetic polymeric conduits are developing as revolutionary materials in regenerative medicine, providing exceptional benefits in directing tissue healing, improving targeted medication administration, and facilitating remote control via external magnetic fields. The present article offers a thorough examination of current progress in the design, construction, and functionalization of these hybrid systems. The integration of magnetic nanoparticles into polymeric matrices confers distinctive features, including regulated alignment, improved cellular motility, and targeted medicinal delivery, while preserving structural integrity. Moreover, the incorporation of multifunctional attributes, such as electrical conductivity for cerebral stimulation and optical characteristics for real-time imaging, expands their range of applications. Essential studies indicate that the dimensions, morphology, surface chemistry, and composition of magnetic nanoparticles significantly affect their biocompatibility, degrading characteristics, and overall efficacy. Notwithstanding considerable advancements, issues concerning long-term biocompatibility, biodegradability, and scalability persist, in addition to the must for uniform regulatory frameworks to facilitate clinical translation. Progress in additive manufacturing and nanotechnology is overcoming these obstacles, facilitating the creation of dynamic and adaptive conduit structures designed for particular biomedical requirements. Magnetic polymeric conduits, by integrating usefulness and safety, are set to transform regenerative therapies, presenting a new avenue for customized medicine and advanced healthcare solutions.
Mineral Composition and Elemental Oxide Changes in Heat-Affected Soils and the Implications on Heavy Metal Immobilization by Sewage Sludge
Authors: Ngole-Jeme Veronica Mpode , Sebola Constance , Ntumba Christophe Nsaka
Published: January 2025

This paper investigated how increased soil temperatures affect soil mineralogy and major and trace element oxide concentrations and the implications of these effects on the mobility of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in heat-affected soils amended with sewage sludge. The aim was to determine the efficiency of sewage sludge as an immobilizer of PTEs in heat-affected PTE-contaminated soils. Soil samples were heated to 150 °C, 300 °C, 500 °C, and 750 °C and later amended with stabilized sewage sludge at different rates. The concentrations of arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) in the different geochemical fractions of the soils were determined before heating, after heating, and after sewage sludge application. Increased soil temperatures affected the mineral assemblage and the concentrations of some major and trace element oxides and the degree of weathering of the soils. These changes were, however, insignificant. The segregation of PTEs into the different soil geochemical fractions before and after heating varied. High soil temperatures resulted in an increase in PTE concentrations in the non-residual fractions of the soil (F1, F2, and F3) with a consequent increase in their mobility. The application of sewage sludge to heated and unheated soils reduced PTE concentrations in the F1 and F2 fractions of both soils, whereas it increased PTE concentrations in the F3 and F4 fractions by up to 30% for As and Cu, 20% for Cd, 25% for Co, 60% for Cr and Ni, 50% for Pb, and 55% for Zn. Significant immobilization of the PTEs was observed in the heat-affected soils that received higher amount of sewage sludge. Fire events could increase the mobility of PTEs in soils, but sewage sludge could still effectively immobilize these PTEs, although it needs to be applied at higher application rates.
Resistance Characteristics of Cemented High-Concentration Backfill in a Bending Pipeline: A Numerical Simulation
Authors: Guo Jinping , Qiu Zheng , Wang Xiaolin , Gu Qinghua , Jiang Haiqiang , Chen Shunman
Published: January 2025

With the advancement of backfill mining technology, cemented high-concentration backfill (CHB), composed of solid particles, such as high-concentration tailings or waste rock mixed with a small amount of binder, has gained widespread applications due to its superior filling performance. Given the complexity of the backfill pipeline network, studying the characteristics of pipe transportation is crucial. The local resistance in bending pipes represents an important parameter for CHB pipeline transportation. However, existing research on the local resistance characteristics of bending pipes lacks comprehensiveness and depth. This study proposes a novel definition of the local resistance coefficient as the ratio of pressure loss per unit length of a bend pipe compared to that of a straight pipe. Utilizing the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method the impact of six different factors on the local resistance coefficient of the bending pipe is investigated: flow velocity, pipe diameter, slurry concentration, binder content, turning radius, and bending angle. The results indicate that the local resistance coefficient positively correlates with the flow velocity and pipe diameter but negatively correlates with the slurry concentration, turning radius, and bending angle. Among these factors, the slurry concentration exerts the most significant influence on the local resistance coefficient. The recommended approach to control the local resistance coefficient in the mine is to use CHB with a 76% solid fraction at a 1.5 m/s flow velocity, along with pipe parameters of a 0.15 m diameter, a 2.5 m turning radius, and bending angles between 90° and 150°. The findings provide a valuable reference for determining the optimal parameters for bend pipes and CHB and facilitate the theoretical calculation of resistance in complex filling pipeline networks.
Analysis of Volatile Compounds in Citri grandis from Different Regions in South China and the Response of Volatile Compounds to Ecological Factors
Authors: Hu Shuangfei , Zhang Ao , Wu Hao , Peng Wei , Li Peibo , Su Weiwei
Published: January 2025

Citri grandis Exocarpium (Chinese name Huajuhong, HJH) is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb widely used in traditional medicines and foods in China due to its efficacy in treating coughs and excessive phlegm. This study employed HS-SPME-GC-MS to analyze the volatile compounds in HJH samples from different regions, with the aim of distinguishing samples from Huazhou from those of other origins and exploring their potential relationship with ecological factors. A multidimensional strategy was utilized to analyze the relationships between volatile oils, climatic factors, and soil elements, examining how volatile compounds responded to ecological factors. From 47 batches of HJH samples across various regions, eight significantly different volatile compounds were identified, serving as chemical markers for HJH from Huazhou. The findings elucidate the impact of ecological factors on the volatile compounds of HJH, highlighting environmental factors relating to the authenticity of HJH from Huazhou. The results indicate that the authenticity of HJH is shaped by the unique climatic and soil environments of Huazhou.
Impact of Ni Doping on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of TiB2 Films
Authors: Wang Ying , Wang Xu , Shang Hailong , Liu Xiaotong , Qi Yu , Qi Xiaoben , Zhong Ning
Published: January 2025

The TiB2 film exhibits exceptional hardness and chemical stability due to its unique crystal structure and robust covalent bonds, but it also demonstrates high brittleness and poor toughness, which restricts its practical applications in engineering. By appropriately incorporating metal dopants, the toughness of the ceramic matrix can be enhanced without compromising its inherent hardness. In this study, TiB2 films with different nickel contents (0–32.22 at.%) were fabricated through radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The microstructure, chemical composition, phase structure, and mechanical properties were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and nanoindentation tester. The pure TiB2 film exhibited (0001) and (0002) peaks; however, the addition of nickel resulted in broadening of the (0001) peak and disappearance of the (0002) peak, and no crystalline nickel or other nickel-containing phases could be identified. It was found that the incorporation of nickel refines the grain structure of titanium diboride, with nickel present in an amorphous form at the boundaries of titanium diboride, thereby forming a wrapped structure. The enrichment of nickel at the grain boundary becomes more pronounced as the nickel content is further increased, which hinders the growth of TiB2 grains, resulting in the thinning of columnar crystals and formation of nanocrystalline in the film, and the coating hardness remains above 20 GPa, when the nickel content is less than 10.83 at.%. With the increase in nickel content, titanium diboride exhibited a tendency to form an amorphous structure, while nickel became increasingly enriched at the boundaries, and the coating hardness and elastic modulus decreased. The wrapped microstructure could absorb the energy generated by compressive shear stress through plastic deformation, which should be beneficial to improve the toughness of the coatings. The addition of nickel enhanced the adhesion between the film and substrate while reducing the friction coefficient of the film. Specifically, when the nickel content reached 4.26 at.%, a notable enhancement in both nanohardness and toughness was observed for nanocomposite films.
Evaluating the Therapeutic Potential of Exercise in Hypoxia and Low-Carbohydrate, High-Fat Diet in Managing Hypertension in Elderly Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Novel Intervention Approach
Authors: Kindlovits Raquel , Sousa Ana Catarina , Viana João Luís , Milheiro Jaime , Oliveira Bruno M. P. M. , Marques Franklim , Santos Alejandro , Teixeira Vitor Hugo
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic condition marked by hyperglycemia, which can affect metabolic, vascular, and hematological parameters. A low-carbohydrate, high-fat (LCHF) diet has been shown to improve glycemic control and blood pressure regulation. Exercise in hypoxia (EH) enhances insulin sensitivity, erythropoiesis, and angiogenesis. The combination of LCHF and EH may offer a promising strategy for managing T2DM and hypertension (HTN), although evidence remains limited. This study aimed to assess the effects of an eight-week normobaric EH intervention at 3000 m simulated altitude combined with an LCHF diet on hematological and lipid profiles, inflammation, and blood pressure in older patients with T2DM and HTN. Methods: Forty-two diabetic patients with HTN were randomly assigned to three groups: (1) control group (control diet + exercise in normoxia), (2) EH group (control diet + EH), and (3) intervention group (EH+LCHF) Baseline and eight-week measurements included systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure (SBP, DBP, MAP), hematological and lipid profiles, and inflammation biomarkers. Results: Blood pressure decreased after the intervention (p < 0.001), with no significant differences between groups (SBP: p = 0.151; DBP: p = 0.124; MAP: p = 0.18). No differences were observed in lipid profile or C-reactive protein levels (p > 0.05). Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) increased in the EH group (p = 0.027), while it decreased in the EH+LCHF group (p = 0.046). Conclusions: Adding hypoxia or restricting carbohydrates did not provide additional benefits on blood pressure in T2DM patients with HTN. Further elucidation of the mechanisms underlying hematological adaptations is imperative. Trial registration number: NCT05094505.
Lipid Nanoparticles Carrying Essential Oils for Multiple Applications as Antimicrobials
Authors: Silva Elenice Francisco da , Santos Fernanda Aparecida Longato dos , Pires Henrique Machado , Bastos Luciana Machado , Ribeiro Lígia Nunes de Morais
Published: January 2025

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are versatile delivery systems with high interest because they allow the release of hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules, such as essential oils (EOs) and plant extracts. This review covers published works between 2019 and 2024 that have reported the use of essential EO-based LNPs with antimicrobial properties and applications in human and animal health, as well as biopesticides. In the human healthcare field, reports have addressed the effect of encapsulating EOs in lipid nanosystems with antiviral, antibacterial, antiprotozoal and antifungal activities. In animal care, this still needs to be more deeply explored while looking for more sustainable alternatives against different types of parasites that affect animal health. Overall, the antibacterial activities of LNPs carrying EOs are described as alternatives to the use of synthetic antibiotics. In the field of agriculture, studies showed that these approaches in the control of phytopathogens and other pests that affect food production. There is a growing demand for innovative and more sustainable technologies. However, there are still some challenges to be overcome in order to allow these innovations to reach the market.
Plasmonic Vortices: A Promising Tool Utilizing Plasmonic Orbital Angular Momentum
Authors: Gao Zhi , Voronine Dmitri V. , Sokolov Alexei V.
Published: January 2025

An optical vortex (OV) beam is an important type of spatially structured beam. However, the diffraction limit for light with orbital angular momentum (OAM) remains a challenge for certain applications. Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) can confine light to nanoscale dimensions and enhance light–matter interactions. Over the past two decades, researchers have begun to explore the imparting of OAM onto SPPs to generate plasmonic vortices (PVs). Since the discovery of PVs, significant efforts have been made in this field, leading to considerable progress. This article reviews these studies in three key areas: (a) the generation and manipulation of PVs, (b) the characterization of PVs, and (c) the application of PVs. We believe that PVs represent a promising tool utilizing plasmonic OAM for both fundamental research and practical applications and hold great potential for the future with continued dedicated efforts.
Grating Pair Wavepacket Shaper for Crafting Spatiotemporal Optical Vortices with Arbitrary Tilt Angles
Authors: Adams Jordan , Chong Andy
Published: January 2025

Spatiotemporal optical vortices with arbitrary tilt angles can be generated by adjusting spatial chirp and beam size at a phase modulation plane in a pulse shaper setup. A grating pair setup is proposed to generate variable spatial chirp independent of the beam profile. The initial dispersion of the pulse allows for the independent control of the vortex orientation. By adjusting the beam size, spatial chirp, and initial dispersion, arbitrary vortex orientation across all the possible angles can be achieved. The ability to achieve arbitrary vortex orientations at long propagation distances could offer significant advantages for long-distance communication applications.
Correlation Study Between Canopy Temperature (CT) and Wheat Yield and Quality Based on Infrared Imaging Camera
Authors: Yu Yan , Li Chenyang , Shen Wei , Yan Li , Zheng Xin , Yao Zhixiang , Cui Shuaikang , Cui Chao , Hu Yingang , Yang Mingming
Published: January 2025

As an important physiological indicator, wheat canopy temperature (CT) can be observed after flowering in an attempt to predict wheat yield and quality. However, the relationship between CT and wheat yield and quality is not clear. In this study, the CT, photosynthetic rate (Pn), filling rate, wheat yield, and wheat quality of 68 wheat lines were measured, in an attempt to establish a connection between CT and yield and quality and accelerate the selection of new varieties. This experiment used an infrared imaging camera to measure the CT of wheat materials planted in the field in 2022. Twenty materials with significant temperature differences were selected for planting in 2023. By comparing the temperature trends in 2022 and 2023, it is believed that materials 4 and 13 were cold-type materials, while materials 3 and 11 were warm-type materials. The main grain filling period of cold-type materials occurs in the middle and late stages of the grain filling period and the Pn and the thousand-grain weights of cold-type materials were higher than those of warm-type materials. Similarly, under continuous rainy conditions, cold-type materials had a higher protein and wet gluten contents, while warm-type materials had higher sedimentation values and shorter formation times.
Effects of Defoliation Timing and Intensity on Yield Components and Grain Quality of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)
Authors: Ahumada Maria I. , McCartney Nathaniel B. , Chorbadjian Rodrigo A.
Published: January 2025

Understanding plant tolerance to defoliation is crucial for sustainable pest management and reducing pesticide use in food production. This study explores quinoa’s (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) responses to foliar damage, which have been largely unexamined. Over two seasons, quinoa plants were subjected to mechanical defoliation at different pre-reproductive stages and intensities (0–60%) in the first season, and both mechanical and insect-induced (Trichoplusia ni (Hübner), Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) defoliation in the second. The results showed that quinoa plants consistently tolerated defoliation without reductions in grain number, weight, above-ground biomass, or harvest index. These compensatory responses were independent of the defoliation method, timing, or intensity. In the first season, overcompensatory effects were observed, leading to increased plant biomass at 60% early defoliation and 40% late defoliation. Additionally, early defoliation at 20% and 60%, as well as late defoliation at 60%, led to an increase in grain number without affecting grain weight. Defoliation did not significantly alter the phenolic content, sapogenins, or antioxidant capacity of the grains, preserving their phytochemical quality. These findings enhance the understanding of quinoa’s resilience to herbivory, suggesting that it can withstand defoliation stress without compromising yield or quality.
Postharvest Drying and Curing Affect Cannabinoid Contents and Microbial Levels in Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)
Authors: Baek Yousoon , Grab Heather , Chen Chang
Published: January 2025

Postharvest operations affect the yield and quality of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). This study aimed to investigate the postharvest drying and curing effects on the key quality and safety indicators of cannabinoid-type hemp. Freshly harvested hemp inflorescence of Hempress and Wild Bourbon cultivars were dried by three methods: (1) Hot air drying at 75 °C; (2) Ambient air drying at 25 °C; and (3) Freeze drying. The dried hemp was then cured in sealed glass jars or mylar bags in dark conditions at ambient temperatures. The drying time, overall cannabinoid contents, decarboxylation level, color metrics and total aerobic loads were experimentally determined. Hot air drying can reduce the hemp moisture from 77% to safe-storage level of 6% within 8 h, and achieved up to 2-log reduction in the total yeast and mold counts. The drying time required for ambient air drying and freeze drying were 1 week and 24 h, respectively. Curing led to a 3.3% to 13.6% increase in hemp moisture, while the influence of curing method was not significant. Both drying and curing did not significantly affect the total cannabinoid contents, but resulted in decarboxylation, and reduction in the greenness. The findings suggested that hot air drying followed by glass jar curing is preferred for higher drying efficiency, better preservation of the cannabinoids and microbial safety.