bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Defending Strunk and White
Authors: Bulley Michael
Published: November 2010

In ET102 (June 2010), Geoffrey K. Pullum poured scorn on the book The Elements of Style by W. Strunk and E. B. White, saying it had a ‘vice-like grip on Americans’ view of grammar and usage' and that ‘almost everything they say on that topic is wrong.’ Elements is a fairly short book, containing 85 pages of advice on writing, presenting some of it in a way you could describe as rules of usage. Pullum thinks that many Americans go further and treat it as holy writ. I should like to defend Elements here and to attack Pullum's critical method. Some ET readers may be surprised by this, as in 1992 I wrote ‘The vital principle is that there are no rules of correct usage. The basis for choice is aesthetic, not technical, and since language rests on convention, there is no authority that can justify your preferences.’ I stick to that. How, then, am I going to defend Elements without seeming to contradict myself? I think the answer is in what I went on to say: ‘That does not mean you should not make linguistic judgements: you should, but on grounds of quality, not of correctness.’ (Who Controls the Language?, ET31, July 1992.)
Galileo's telescopic observations: the marvel and meaning of discovery
Authors: Coyne George V.
Published: November 2010

During the very last year of what he himself described “as the best [eighteen] years of his life” spent at the University of Padua, Galileo first observed the heavens with a telescope. In order to appreciate the marvel and the true significance of those observations we must appreciate both the intellectual climate in Europe and the critical intellectual period through which Galileo himself was passing at the time those observations were made. Through his studies on motion Galileo had come to have serious doubts about the Aristotelian concept of nature. What he sensed was lacking was a true physics. He was very acute, therefore, when he came to sense the significance of his observations of the moon, of the phases of Venus, of the moons of Jupiter and of the Milky Way. The preconceptions of the Aristotelians were crumbling before his eyes. He had remained silent long enough, over a three month period, in his contemplations of the heavens. It was time to organize his thoughts and tell what he had seen and what he thought it meant. It was time to publish! In so doing he would become one of the pioneers of modern science. For the first time in over 2,000 years new significant observational data had been put at the disposition of anyone who cared to think, not in abstract preconceptions but in obedience to what the universe had to say about itself.
A new Physics to support the Copernican system. Gleanings from Galileo's works
Authors: Peruzzi Giulio
Published: November 2010

Galileo's support to the Copernican theory was decisive for the revolutionary astronomical discoveries he achieved in 1610. We trace the origins of Galileo's conversion to the Copernican theory, discussing in particular the Dialogo de Cecco di Ronchitti da Bruzene in perpuosito de La Stella Nuova. Later developments of Galileo's works are briefly treated.
Exploration of the Galilean Moons using Electrodynamic Tethers for Propellantless Maneuvers and Self-Powering
Authors: Lorenzini E. C. , Curreli D. , Zanutto D.
Published: November 2010

Recent studies have demonstrated the benefits of using electrodynamic tethers (EDT) for the exploration of the inner region of the Jovian system. Intense planetary magnetic field and reasonable environmental plasma density make the electrodynamic interaction of the conductive tether with the plasmasphere strong. The interaction is responsible for a Lorentz force that can be conveniently used for propellantless maneuvers and extraction of electrical power for on board use. Jupiter and the four Galilean Moons represent an exceptional gravitational environment for the study of the orbital dynamics of an EDT. The dynamics of such a system was analyzed using a 3-body model, consisting of the planet plus one of its moons (Io in this work) and the EDT itself. New and interesting features appear, like for example the possibility to place the tether in equilibrium with respect to a frame co-rotating with the moon at points that do not coincide with the classical Lagrangian points for non-null electrodynamic forces.
Impact‐induced overland fluid flow and channelized erosion at Lyot Crater, Mars
Authors: Harrison Tanya N. , Malin Michael C. , Edgett Kenneth S. , Shean David E. , Kennedy Megan R. , Lipkaman Leslie J. , Cantor Bruce A. , Posiolova Liliya V.
Published: November 2010

Lyot Crater is one of the youngest impact basins > 200 km in diameter on Mars. Although published hydrological models suggest that impact‐related groundwater release might have occurred at Lyot, no geomorphic evidence for such activity has been previously identified. Here, we use images acquired predominantly by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) Context Camera (CTX) and Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging Spectrometer (THEMIS) visible and infrared subsystems to document an extensive channeled scabland extending to the north, west, and east of Lyot, covering an area of ∼300,000 km2. The configuration and morphology suggests that the channel‐forming fluid was water derived from the target substrate and/or the surrounding terrain. Possible formation mechanisms are groundwater mobilization by seismic energy from the impact event and dewatering of the ejecta blanket.
Plume meander and dispersion in a stable boundary layer
Authors: Hiscox April L. , Miller David R. , Nappo Carmen J.
Published: November 2010

Continuous lidar measurements of elevated plume dispersion and corresponding micrometeorology data are analyzed to establish the relationship between plume behavior and nocturnal boundary layer dynamics. Contrasting nights of data from the JORNADA field campaign in the New Mexico desert are analyzed. The aerosol lidar measurements were used to separate the plume diffusion (plume spread) from plume meander (displacement). Mutiresolution decomposition was used to separate the turbulence scale (<90 s) from the submesoscale (>90 s). Durations of turbulent kinetic energy stationarity and the wind steadiness were used to characterize the local scale and submesoscale turbulence. Plume meander, driven by submesoscale wind motions, was responsible for most of the total horizontal plume dispersion in weak and variable winds and strong stability. This proportion was reduced in high winds (i.e., >4 m s−1), weakly stable conditions but remained the dominant dispersion mechanism. The remainder of the plume dispersion in all cases was accounted for by internal spread of the plume, which is a small eddy diffusion process driven by turbulence. Turbulence stationarity and the wind steadiness are demonstrated to be closely related to plume diffusion and plume meander, respectively.
Solution processable single layer organic light-emitting devices with a single small molecular ionic iridium compound
Authors: Park Byoungchoo , Huh Yoon Ho , Jeon Hong Goo , Park Chan Huk , Kang Tae Kyung , Kim Byeong Hyo , Park Jongwoon
Published: November 2010

We herein report on the occurrence of bright and efficient electrophosphorescence from a simple organic light-emitting diode (OLED) with a single organic layer comprised of a small molecular ionic iridium compound, formed using a solution process. The studied small molecular ionic iridium compound is [Ir(dfppy)2(bpy)]+PF6−, which exhibits excellent film-forming properties, bright green photoluminescence, and efficient bipolar carrier transport with balanced electron and hole mobilities of about 10−5 cm2/(V s). A high performance of the device was achieved by using a phosphorescent OLED (PHOLED) that was fabricated using the [Ir(dfppy)2(bpy)]+PF6− compound, with a peak brightness of about 18 000 cd/m2 and a peak current efficiency of 12 cd/A. A peak power efficiency of 2.5 lm/W was measured at 2800 cd/m2. These results suggest that the small molecular ionic iridium compound is a promising material for bright and efficient PHOLEDs manufactured using a simple solution process.
Molecular basis of coiled-coil oligomerization-state specificity
Authors: Ciani Barbara , Bjelić Saša , Honnappa Srinivas , Jawhari Hatim , Jaussi Rolf , Payapilly Aishwarya , Jowitt Thomas , Steinmetz Michel O. , Kammerer Richard A.
Published: November 2010

Coiled coils are extensively and successfully used nowadays to rationally design multistranded structures for applications, including basic research, biotechnology, nanotechnology, materials science, and medicine. The wide range of applications as well as the important functions these structures play in almost all biological processes highlight the need for a detailed understanding of the factors that control coiled-coil folding and oligomerization. Here, we address the important and unresolved question why the presence of particular oligomerization-state determinants within a coiled coil does frequently not correlate with its topology. We found an unexpected, general link between coiled-coil oligomerization-state specificity and trigger sequences, elements that are indispensable for coiled-coil formation. By using the archetype coiled-coil domain of the yeast transcriptional activator GCN4 as a model system, we show that well-established trimer-specific oligomerization-state determinants switch the peptide’s topology from a dimer to a trimer only when inserted into the trigger sequence. We successfully confirmed our results in two other, unrelated coiled-coil dimers, ATF1 and cortexillin-1. We furthermore show that multiple topology determinants can coexist in the same trigger sequence, revealing a delicate balance of the resulting oligomerization state by position-dependent forces. Our experimental results should significantly improve the prediction of the oligomerization state of coiled coils. They therefore should have major implications for the rational design of coiled coils and consequently many applications using these popular oligomerization domains.
Connectivity between electrical conduction and thermally activated grain size evolution in Ho-doped CoFe2O4 ferrite
Authors: Muthuselvam I Panneer , Bhowmik R N
Published: November 2010

Ho-doped CoFe2O4 spinel ferrite has been synthesized by a combination of mechanical alloying and subsequent annealing of the alloyed powder in the temperature range 950 °C ⩽ T
AN ⩽ 1200 °C. The grains of the nanocrystalline samples have been found in the single domain/pseudo-single domain state for T
AN ⩽ 1050 °C and multi-domain state for T
AN ⩾ 1100 °C. The room temperature Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum of the samples indicated substantial changes in the tetrahedral sites of the cubic spinel structure while the alloyed powder was annealed at different temperatures. Ac conductivity of the nano-grained samples has been studied in the frequency range 1 Hz–3 MHz and temperature range 303–523 K. This work has been specifically designed to highlight the properties of electrical conductivity in the annealed samples. Experimental results revealed a strong connectivity between electrical conduction and the single domain and multi-domain states of the grains.
Proteasome Activity Imaging and Profiling Characterizes Bacterial Effector Syringolin A
Authors: Kolodziejek Izabella , Misas-Villamil Johana C. , Kaschani Farnusch , Clerc Jérôme , Gu Christian , Krahn Daniel , Niessen Sherry , Verdoes Martijn , Willems Lianne I. , Overkleeft Hermen S. , Kaiser Markus , van der Hoorn Renier A.L.
Published: November 2010

Syringolin A (SylA) is a nonribosomal cyclic peptide produced by the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv syringae that can inhibit the eukaryotic proteasome. The proteasome is a multisubunit proteolytic complex that resides in the nucleus and cytoplasm and contains three subunits with different catalytic activities: β1, β2, and β5. Here, we studied how SylA targets the plant proteasome in living cells using activity-based profiling and imaging. We further developed this technology by introducing new, more selective probes and establishing procedures of noninvasive imaging in living Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cells. These studies showed that SylA preferentially targets β2 and β5 of the plant proteasome in vitro and in vivo. Structure-activity analysis revealed that the dipeptide tail of SylA contributes to β2 specificity and identified a nonreactive SylA derivative that proved essential for imaging experiments. Interestingly, subcellular imaging with probes based on epoxomicin and SylA showed that SylA accumulates in the nucleus of the plant cell and suggests that SylA targets the nuclear proteasome. Furthermore, subcellular fractionation studies showed that SylA labels nuclear and cytoplasmic proteasomes. The selectivity of SylA for the catalytic subunits and subcellular compartments is discussed, and the subunit selectivity is explained by crystallographic data.
Reproductive biology and implications for management of the spangled emperor Lethrinus nebulosus in the southern Arabian Gulf
Authors: Grandcourt E. M. , Al Abdessalaam T. Z. , Francis F. , Al Shamsi A. T.
Published: November 2010

The reproductive biology of the spangled emperor Lethrinus nebulosus in the southern Arabian Gulf was determined from the examination of 781 individuals collected between September 2008 and August 2009. There was no histological evidence of adult sex change, and sex ratios did not differ significantly from unity across all size and age classes. Testes had an ovarian structure and a remnant lumen which was not used for sperm transport; furthermore, residual oocytes were observed in the testes of some immature, resting and developing males. A dramatic change in the sex ratio of the smallest and youngest size and age classes suggested that juvenile female to male sex change occurred between 21·0 cm fork length (LF) and 24·0 cm LF at 1 year of age. The combination of histological evidence with the sexual composition of the size and age structures suggests a non‐functional protogynous hermaphroditic sexual pattern, which is analogous to functional gonochorism. The spawning season was well defined, occurring once a year during March, April and early May. Peaks in spawning occurred after full moons, there was a cessation in spawning activity after new moons and spawning was completed within three lunar cycles. The distribution of males over the entire size and age ranges and the absence of inactive mature females during the spawning season suggested that the population was not constrained by sperm limitation. Size‐specific and age‐specific reproductive potential indicated that conventional regulations that equate the mean size at first capture to sexual maturation are unsuitable for the management of L. nebulosus. The maximum recorded age (11 years), small mean size and young age at sexual maturation (Lm50 = 26·7 cm LF, 2·1 years, for females and 19·4 cm LF, 0·5 years, for males) may be a direct result of intensive demersal fishing in the southern Arabian Gulf.
Prevention of Acute and Chronic Allograft Rejection by Combinations of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells
Authors: Huang Y. L. , Wang Y. Z. , Chen J. B. , Wang F. , Kang X. P. , Xia J. J. , Lan T. S. , Xie B. Y. , Ekberg H. , Wang X. M. , Qi Z. Q.
Published: November 2010

It is well known that adoptive transfer of donor‐derived tolerogenic dendritic cells (DC) helps to reduce acute allograft rejection. However, this method cannot effectively prevent grafts from infiltration of inflammatory cells and fibrosis, and thus has minimal effect on chronic allograft rejection. In this study, we used mitomycin C (MMC) to generate tolerogenic DC and demonstrated that donor (Balb/c)‐derived MMC‐DC could induce hyporesponsiveness of recipient (C57BL/6) T cells in vitro, potentially by inducing T‐cell apoptosis, decreasing IL‐2 and IL‐12 secretion, and increasing regulatory T‐cell numbers and IL‐10 secretion. Furthermore, anti‐CD154 monoclonal antibody (mAb) treatment combined with donor‐derived MMC‐DC prolonged the survival of the allografts in vivo. The mechanisms were similar to those in vitro. Impressively, both acute and chronic rejection were prevented when donor and F1 generation (Balb/c × C57BL/6) derived MMC‐DC were injected together with anti‐CD154 mAb into recipients before heart allotransplantation. In summary, we showed that donor and F1‐derived tolerogenic DC have a synergistic effect on induction and maintenance of T‐cell regulation and the secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines. Moreover, adoptive transfer of these two types of DC could inhibit both acute and chronic transplant rejection in mice.
Impact of surgical technique (open vs laparoscopic vs robotic‐assisted) on pathological and biochemical outcomes following radical prostatectomy: an analysis using propensity score matching
Authors: Magheli Ahmed , Gonzalgo Mark L. , Su Li‐Ming , Guzzo Thomas J. , Netto George , Humphreys Elizabeth B. , Han Misop , Partin Alan W. , Pavlovich Christian P.
Published: November 2010

Study Type – Therapy (case series)

Level of Evidence 4

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Thus far, no institution has investigated the impact of the most commonly used surgical techniques – open, laparoscopic and robotic radical prostatectomy – on biochemical outcome. However, recent data from large meta‐analysis suggest that the impact of the chosen surgical technique on biochemical outcome is minimal and statistically not relevant.

We are the first to apply the method of propensity score matching in the urology literature to compare three different surgical techniques. This method is intended to simulate a randomized trial which is unlikely to be undertaken for radical prostatectomies. We confirmed previous data that the surgical technique does not seem to have an impact on biochemical outcome following radical prostatectomy.

OBJECTIVE

• To investigate a single institution experience with radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP), laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP) and robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) with respect to pathological and biochemical outcomes.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

• A group of 522 consecutive patients who underwent RARP between 2003 and 2008 were matched by propensity scoring on the basis of patient age, race, preoperative prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), biopsy Gleason score and clinical stage with an equal number of patients who underwent LRP and RRP at our institution.

• Pathological and biochemical outcomes of the three cohorts were examined.

RESULTS

• Overall positive surgical margin rates were lower among patients who underwent RRP (14.4%) and LRP (13.0%) compared to patients who underwent RARP (19.5%) (P= 0.010). There were no statistically significant differences in positive margin rates between the three surgical techniques for pT2 disease (P= 0.264).

• In multivariate logistic regression analysis, surgical technique (P= 0.016), biopsy Gleason score (P < 0.001) and preoperative PSA (P < 0.001) were predictors of positive surgical margins.

• Kaplan–Meier analysis did not show any statistically significant differences with respect to biochemical recurrence for the three surgical groups.

CONCLUSIONS

• RRP, LRP and RARP represent effective surgical approaches for the treatment for clinically localized prostate cancer. A higher overall positive SM rate was observed for the RARP group compared to RRP and LRP; however, there was no difference with respect to biochemical recurrence‐free survival between groups.

• Further prospective studies are warranted to determine whether any particular technique is superior with regard to long‐term clinical outcomes.
Riding Trojan Horses from Symbolism to Structural Change
Authors: Greene Beverly
Published: November 2010

Against the backdrop of the historical 2008 presidential election, I discuss the ways that the election of marginalized group members to public office can be used to silence the discourse on the social marginalization of group members and to remove these analyses from their appropriate context. I emphasize the need to materialize alternatives to the dominant cultural narrative as one way of contextualizing the behavior of marginalized group members, specifically African Americans, regarding their appropriate angry responses to their marginalization. The toxic effects of racism in the lives of African Americans are trivialized when we ignore their narratives and the social contexts of their behavior. Accurate explorations of social contexts require an explicit examination of social inequity and not just individual responsibility. I use the discussion of these phenomena to highlight an important aspect of the social context in which Black men become fathers and what happens when we understand their behavior as fathers within this social context as opposed to in isolation. My goal is to raise our consciousness about how ignoring social contexts reinforces dominant cultural stereotypes of Black men that vilify them, specifically in their role as fathers, and how in doing so they reinforce the racial, gender, heterosexist, and socioeconomic class social status quo.
North American Practice Patterns of Intravenous Magnesium Therapy in Severe Acute Asthma in Children
Authors: Schuh Suzanne , Macias Charles , Freedman Stephen B. , Plint Amy C. , Zorc Joseph J. , Bajaj Lalit , Black Karen J. , Johnson David W. , Boutis Kathy
Published: November 2010

Objectives:  Although intravenous (IV) magnesium (Mg) can decrease hospitalizations in children with severe acute asthma, its use is often limited to resistant disease, and disposition may be determined prior to its use. Since knowledge about practice patterns of IV Mg would enhance knowledge translation and guide future research, we surveyed pediatric emergency physicians with interest in clinical research to determine the frequency, indications, adverse events, and barriers to use of IV Mg in children with severe acute asthma.

Methods:  A cross‐sectional online survey of two national pediatric emergency physician associations in Canada and the United States was conducted using a modified Dillman technique.

Results:  Response rates were 124 of 180 (69%) in Canada and 75 of 108 (69%) in the United States. Although 88% of participants report knowing that Mg is effective, only 14 of 199 (7%) give it to prevent hospitalizations and 142 of 199 (71%) give it to prevent admissions to the intensive care unit (ICU). Thirty‐eight percent of respondents use Mg in < 5% of stable children with severe acute asthma, while 79% use it in 50% or more of the ICU candidates with concern about impending respiratory failure. Seventy‐nine percent of the participants report that < 5% of their patients given Mg are discharged home from the ED. Twenty‐four percent of respondents who administer Mg have encountered associated severe hypotension requiring therapy, and 2% have witnessed‐related apnea. Factors affecting Mg use include concern about side effects expressed by 24% of physicians and a belief that IV therapy is not necessary, expressed by 31%.

Conclusions:  Intravenous Mg appears to be uncommonly used in stable children with severe acute asthma and does not frequently play a role in reducing hospitalizations. Further research to justify its enhanced use and to better establish its true adverse effect profile is indicated.

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:1189–1196 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
The Role of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine in the Development of Guidelines and Performance Measures
Authors: Pines Jesse M. , Fee Christopher , Fermann Gregory J. , Ferroggiaro Anthony A. , Irvin Charlene B. , Mazer Maryann , Frank Peacock W. , Schuur Jeremiah D. , Weber Ellen J. , Pollack Charles V. ,   for the SAEM Guidelines Committee
Published: November 2010

Measurement of adherence to clinical standards has become increasingly important to the practice of emergency medicine (EM). In recent years, along with a proliferation of evidence‐based practice guidelines and performance measures, there has been a movement to incorporate measurement into reimbursement strategies, many of which affect EM practice. On behalf of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) Guidelines Committee 2009–2010, the purposes of this document are to: 1) differentiate the processes of guideline and performance measure development, 2) describe how performance measures are currently and will be used in pay‐for‐performance initiatives, and 3) discuss opportunities for SAEM to affect future guideline and performance measurement development for emergency care. Specific recommendations include that SAEM should: 1) develop programs to sponsor guideline and quality measurement research; 2) increase participation in the process of guideline and quality measure development, endorsement, and maintenance; 3) increase collaboration with other EM organizations to review performance measures proposed by organizations outside of EM that affect emergency medical care; and 4) answer calls for participation in the selection and implementation of performance measures through The Joint Commission and the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:e130–e140 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Serum Ischemia‐modified Albumin Levels in an Experimental Acute Mesenteric Ischemia Model
Authors: Dundar Zerrin Defne , Cander Basar , Gul Mehmet , Karabulut Keziban Ucar , Girisgin Sadik
Published: November 2010

Objectives:  This experimental study aimed to assess the changes in the levels of serum ischemia‐modified albumin (IMA) and interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) by time in cases of acute mesenteric ischemia due to superior mesenteric artery occlusion.

Methods:  Twenty‐one New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into three groups. Blood samples were collected at hours 0, 1, 3, and 6 from animals in a control group; a sham group following a simple laparotomy; and in an ischemia group following superior mesenteric artery ligation. All blood samples were analyzed for serum IMA and IL‐6 levels, and then the time‐dependent changes of biomarkers were investigated.

Results:  The serum IMA levels of the ischemia group at hours 3 and 6 were significantly higher than those of the control and sham groups (hour 3, p = 0.017; hour 6, p = 0.001). The increase in serum IL‐6 levels in the ischemia group at hours 1, 3, and 6 compared to the control and sham groups was also significant (hour 1, p = 0.002; hour 3, p = 0.003; hour 6, p = 0.003).

Conclusions:  IMA may be helpful as a marker in the diagnosis of acute mesenteric ischemia; however, its diagnostic value and use as a routine biochemical test should be assessed in further studies.

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:1233–1238 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Closed Reduction of Distal Forearm Fractures by Pediatric Emergency Physicians
Authors: Khan Shehma , Sawyer Jeffrey , Pershad Jay
Published: November 2010

Objectives:  The objective of this study was to determine if there exist differences in length of stay (LOS) in the emergency department (ED) and need for reintervention to restore alignment after distal forearm fracture reduction by pediatric emergency physicians (EPs) versus postgraduate year 3 or 4 orthopedic residents.

Methods:  In a prospective trial at a busy urban pediatric ED, children with closed distal forearm fractures that met predefined criteria for manipulation were randomized to treatment by a postgraduate year 3 or 4 orthopedic resident or by a pediatric EP who had received focused training in forearm fracture reduction. Prereduction, postreduction, and follow‐up radiographs were evaluated by an attending pediatric orthopedic surgeon who was unaware of the assigned group. The following outcomes were assessed: LOS during the initial ED encounter, adequacy of alignment immediately postreduction and at follow‐up visits after discharge from the ED, the need for remanipulation, unscheduled ED visits, and radiographic healing at 6–8 weeks after injury.

Results:  A total of 103 children were randomized into the pediatric EP (52 patients, mean age 9.1 years) and orthopedic resident (51 patients, mean age 9.7 years) groups. Patients in the two groups were similar in age, involvement of the physes, degree of angulation, percentage of displacement, and need for procedural sedation. The mean LOS in the ED was 4.5 hours in the pediatric EP group versus 5.0 hours in the orthopedic resident group (difference in means –0.5 hours, 95% confidence interval [CI] = −1.26 to 0.37 hours). Remanipulation was required in 4 of 48 (8.3%) in the pediatric EP group versus 6 of 48 (12.5%) in the orthopedic resident group (odds ratio [OR] = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.16 to 2.67). Unscheduled ED visits for cast‐related problems occurred in 6 of 51 (11.8%) in the pediatric EP group and 4 of 52 (7.7%) in the orthopedic resident group (OR = 1.59; 95% CI = 0.38 to 6.39). None of these patients with unscheduled ED visits developed compartment syndrome or required admission.

Conclusions:  Length of stay in the ED and clinical outcomes after closed reduction of forearm fractures by trained pediatric EPs are comparable to those after closed reduction by orthopedic residents.

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:1169–1174 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Maternal Conjugal Multiplicity and Child Development in Rural Jamaica
Authors: Dreher Melanie , Hudgins Rebekah
Published: November 2010

Using field‐based observations and standardized measures of the home environment and child development, the authors followed 59 rural Jamaican women and their offspring from birth to age 5. The findings suggest that conjugal multiplicity, a female reproductive pattern characterized by multiple unions, maternal unmarried status, and absent father, does not necessarily result in poorer developmental outcomes for preschool‐aged children. Rather, it is a strategic adaptation to the conditions of poverty that may, in fact, provide developmental advantages for poor children in rural Jamaica. Households in which there are six or more maternal siblings, however, appear to compromise child development regardless of multiple unions, conjugal status, or father's presence.
Mean-Square Response of a Second-Order System to Nonstationary, Random Excitation
Authors: Bucciarelli L. L. , Kuo C.
Published: November 2010

The mean-square response of a lightly damped, second-order system to a type of non-stationary random excitation is determined. The forcing function on the system is taken in the form of a product of a well-defined, slowly varying envelope function and a noise function. The latter is assumed to be white or correlated as a narrow band process. Taking advantage of the slow variation of the envelope function and the small damping of the system, relatively simple integrals are obtained which approximate the mean-square response. Upper bounds on the mean-square response are also obtained.
Stability of Doubly Periodic Deformed Configurations of Plates and Shallow Shells
Authors: Hsu C. S. , Lee S. S.
Published: November 2010

Presented here is a nonlinear analysis of infinite plates and shallow shells, subjected to doubly periodic surface loadings. The drastically different behaviors predicted by the linear and the nonlinear theories are analyzed and discussed. It turns out that the transition from the small to the large deflection behavior involves nonlinear bifurcation and the existence of multiple equilibrium configurations, and it entails the question of stability. Seen in this light, it is easy to explain various features special to problems in this class, including the jump phenomenon. From the viewpoint of stability analysis, this class of problems is distinct and interesting in that the perturbations which can lead to instability have actually a higher degree of symmetry than the unperturbed configurations.
Displacement Analysis of the RRCCR Five-Link Spatial Mechanism
Authors: Yuan M. S. C.
Published: November 2010

By the method of line coordinates, the input-output displacement equation of the RRCCR five-link spatial mechanism is obtained as an eighth-order polynomial in the half tangent of the output angle. For each set of the input and output angles obtained from the polynomial, all other variable parameters of the mechanism are uniquely determined, and the accuracy of the numerical values of each set of solutions is verified.
Plastic Waves of Combined Stresses Due to Longitudinal Impact of a Pretorqued Tube—Part 2: Comparison of Theory With Experiment
Authors: Lipkin J. , Clifton R. J.
Published: November 2010

The strain-time profiles of the experiments described in Part 1 are compared with numerical solutions based on a rate-independent theory for an isotropic work-hardening, elastic-plastic material. As discussed in Part 1, complete agreement between theory and experiment is not possible because the constant state regions predicted by the theory are not observed. In addition, the calculations lead to a final state of shear strain that is considerably greater than the measured value. Also, the magnitude of the observed jump in strain rate at an unloading wave does not agree with the theoretical predictions. The absence of constant state regions and the discrepancy in the jump at unloading waves are shown to be explainable in terms of the inadequacy of the assumption of strain rate-independent material behavior.
On Degeneracy of Eigenvalues and Recursive Solution of Symmetrically Coupled Dynamic Systems
Authors: Chen Fan Y.
Published: November 2010

Based on mathematical induction, we can prove that the eigenvalues of a special nth order circulant matrix are degenerate. Hence the eigenvibration problem of an n degree-of-freedom symmetrically coupled system with equal masses and equal spring stiffnesses can be solved by direct inspection of the system schematic.
Throughflows Between Rotating Surfaces of Revolution, Having Similarity Solutions
Authors: McAlister K. W. , Rice W.
Published: November 2010

Laminar throughflow of an incompressible, Newtonian fluid is considered, in a narrow space between two surfaces of revolution, rotating with generally different angular velocities about a common axis of rotation. The method of free parameters is used to investigate the existence of similarity solutions. It is found that there are no surface shapes for which similarity solutions exist, when the full Navier-Stokes equations are used to describe the flow. After order-of-magnitude arguments are employed to reduce the equations, surface shapes and spacings are determined for which similarity solutions exist; the shapes and spacings are delineated and the similarity problem is formulated. Finally, a method for solving the similarity problem is discussed and several example solutions are presented.
An Experimental Evaluation of Plasticity Theories for Anisotropic Metals
Authors: Frederking R. M. W. , Sidebottom O. M.
Published: November 2010

An experimental investigation was undertaken to evaluate anisotropic plasticity theories which have been proposed in the literature. Three different metals in the form of 2.5-in-dia bars were considered: SAE 1020 steel preloaded in tension to a strain of 8 percent, copper alloy 360 (free-cutting brass) preloaded in tension to a strain of 3 percent, and 2024-T351 aluminum alloy as received. All metals had approximately the same properties in the radial and circumferential directions with greatly different properties in the axial direction. Tension and compression tests were conducted on specimens having directions of axial, circumferential, and 45 deg to the axis. Hollow torsion tests were conducted on axial specimens. Biaxial tests were conducted on thin-walled cylinders. All loading was monotonic and proportionate and extended well into the plastic region. Anisotropic plasticity theories were evaluated by comparing theoretical and experimental yield curves for each material and by comparing theoretical load-deformation curves with experimentally determined curves for tension and compression specimens at 45 deg to the axis, for hollow torsion specimens, and for biaxial loading. In most cases, good agreement was found between theory and experiment.
Turbulent Mixing of Two Parallel Streams—Part 2: An Experimental Investigation
Authors: Baker R. L. , Weinstein H.
Published: November 2010

The turbulent mixing region between similar and dissimilar fluids is investigated experimentally. Profiles which fit a set of criteria for similarity are compared to a similar solution of a previous paper. Agreement is good for the homogeneous case. For the heterogeneous cases, velocity profile fits are adequate but the density profile fits are poor due to the body force which was not included in the analysis.
Variational Method for a Pseudoplastic Fluid in a Laminar Boundary Layer Over a Flat Plate
Authors: Lemieux P. F. , Dubey R. N. , Unny T. E.
Published: November 2010

A variational method called the local potential is used to find an approximate solution of the laminar boundary-layer flow of a pseudoplastic fluid past a flat plate. The so-called power-law model relates the stress tensor to the rate-of-deformation tensor. The results of the variational approach are obtained in an analytical form and are found to agree well with the exact numerical solution.
Elastic Deformations of Constrained Cylinders
Authors: Moghe S. R. , Neff H. F.
Published: November 2010

The boundary-value problem for a constrained elastic cylinder under axial load is solved for the correct boundary conditions, in terms of set of infinite orthogonal Bessel and trigonometric functions. The orthogonality conditions are chosen on the basis of surface deformations noted during the experiments. Analysis is used in predicting apparent modulus for materials and compared with available experimental data. The agreement is found to be extremely good. The influence of Poisson’s ratio on apparent modulus is discussed.
On the Relationship Between Plastic Shakedown and the Repeated Loading of Creeping Structures
Authors: Ponter A.
Published: November 2010

A theorem is presented which provides an upper bound on the total inelastic energy dissipated in a structure composed of a creeping plastic material subject to variable load. The result provides a generalization of a theorem of Leckie and Ponter [4, 5] for constant load, and provides an indication of the level of loading at which plastic deformation becomes important.
Creep of Single Crystal Nickel-Base Superalloy Tubes Under Biaxial Tension
Authors: Paslay P. R. , Wells C. H. , Leverant G. R. , Burck L. H.
Published: November 2010

An analysis of the statically indeterminate problem of the creep of a biaxially loaded, anisotropic hollow cylinder is presented. The anisotropy of the material leads to a nonuniform axial stress distribution which is evaluated by numerical techniques. Single crystal, tubular specimens of a nickel-base alloy were creep-tested at 1400 deg F with an <001> crystallographic axis nearly coincident with the tube axis in order to evaluate the theoretical analysis. Comparison of predicted and measured creep rates shows fair agreement.
Dynamic Instability of a Cantilever Column Subjected to a Follower Force Including Thermomechanical Coupling Effect
Authors: Shieh R. C.
Published: November 2010

Within the context of the linear thermoelasticity theory, including thermomechanical coupling effect, the dynamic instability of equilibrium of an elastic cantilever column subjected to a follower-type force at its free end is studied. The surfaces of the column are either kept at constant temperature (isothermal) or thermally insulated (adiabatic). The boundary-value problem is first formulated, and then it is solved in general and in particular for the depth-length ratio much less than unity. Numerical results for the critical loads are given for various values of the thermal parameters. It is shown that, for a tangential follower force, the critical dynamic (oscillatory) instability load may be reduced through the coupling effect to approximately one half of that of the corresponding uncoupled isothermal problem (which was solved by Beck [14] in 1952). Analytical results are also obtained for the damping coefficients for both adiabatic and isothermal boundary conditions. From a comparison with available experiment for aluminum, it appears that material damping, at least for this material, is almost entirely due to thermomechanical coupling.
Nonlinear Analysis of Steep, Compressible Arches of Any Shape
Authors: Huddleston J. V.
Published: November 2010

The buckling and snap-through behavior of steep arches is studied by treating the arch as a compressible, curved elastica. A technique previously developed for circular arches is here generalized for arches of any shape. As before, the system is described by a two or three-point boundary-value problem containing simultaneous, nonlinear, first-order differential equations. This problem is solved by a shooting method augmented by a Newton-Raphson technique for finding the original curvature at any point along the arch. Selected results for a circular and a parabolic arch under concentrated load are given, including symmetric and unsymmetric modes of buckling.
Liapunov Stability Criteria for Continuous Systems Under Parametric Excitation
Authors: Lee T. H. , Hsu C. S.
Published: November 2010

A Liapunov direct method is developed here to derive stability criteria for continuous systems under parametric excitation. The method makes use of time-dependent Liapunov functionals and the extremal properties of Rayleigh quotients of self-adjoint operators. The application of the method entails solving an eigenvalue problem with the variable t appearing in the problem strictly as a parameter. As examples of application the method is applied to (a) a clamped column under the action of periodic axial load, and (b) the panel flutter problem with the panel also subjected to periodic in-plane load. The calculated results for the first example show improvement over those obtained previously.
Slow Viscoelastic Flow at Large Distance From an Axis of Symmetry
Authors: Langlois W. E.
Published: November 2010

The theory of slow, steady-state viscoelastic flow is applied to axisymmetric motions in which the region of flow is so far from the axis of symmetry that the motion is “almost plane.” Corrections for slight azimuthal curvature are explicitly calculated. The Reiner-Rivlin fluid is discussed as an illustrative special case.
Relief of Stresses in a Hollow Circular Disk With Heated Stamps on the External Surface Through Creep
Authors: Hata T.
Published: November 2010

This paper is concerned with a method for calculating the stress distribution in the medium which undergoes elastic and temperature-dependent creep deformation due to heating and loading. It is a method for time increments and using four creep displacement functions similar to the Neuber-Papkovitch stress ones. Following this method, the solution is derived for calculating the relief of the stresses in a disk with the heated stamps on the external surface. A numerical example is shown for a disk made of steel.
Similarity and Generalized Finite-Difference Solutions of Parabolic Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Clausing A. M.
Published: November 2010

Techniques are presented for obtaining generalized finite-difference solutions to partial differential equations of the parabolic type. It is shown that the advantages of similarity in the solution of similar problems are generally not lost if the solution to the original partial differential equations is effected in the physical plane by finite-difference methods. The analysis results in a considerable saving in computational effort in the solution of both similar and nonsimilar problems. Several examples, including both the heat-conduction equation and the boundary-layer equations, are given. The analysis also provides a practical means of estimating the accuracy of finite-difference solutions to parabolic equations.
Physical Determination of Fields of Displacements and Their Derivatives in Continuous Media
Authors: Durelli A. J. , Parks V. J.
Published: November 2010

The object of this paper is to present in a systematic way a general method to determine whole fields of displacements and of their space and time derivatives. The method can be called physical, or experimental, in the sense that the body itself, rather than mathematical models, gives the required information. The method can be called geometric in the sense that it consists in the drawing, or photographing, sets of lines on the planes of interest. The method in principle is applicable to high and low modulus materials, to infinitesimal and finite strain, to static and dynamic, elastic and plastic problems. If the bodies are transparent, it gives information inside the bodies also. The method also has educational value in that it follows step by step the classic development of the theory of continua and permits the visualization of the results obtained at each step of the development. The description of the method is given and illustrative applications are shown.
The Deformation of Lead in Torsion at High Strain Rates
Authors: Duffy J. , Hawley R. H. , Frantz R. A.
Published: November 2010

Experiments are described in which specimens of lead are strained in torsion at high rates using the split Hopkinson bar and explosive loading. Tests were conducted at nominal strain rates of 1000 sec−1 and 5000 sec−1 as well as at “static” rates. Values of the flow stress correspond closely with those obtained in axial tests by other investigators at corresponding rates.
Buckling of a Circular Elastic Ring Confined to a Uniformly Contracting Circular Boundary
Authors: El-Bayoumy L.
Published: November 2010

The present paper contains a detailed analysis of the title problem. The buckled configuration is assumed to consist of two regions, viz., the detached region, where shallow arch approximations are adopted, and an attached region, where the ring assumes a constant curvature. The problem is treated as a variational problem with variable end points for which the variational formulation yields, in addition to the differential equations and boundary conditions, a transversality condition, determining the extent of the detached region. The results indicate that the ring will not buckle unless external disturbances are present. A discussion of energy barriers shows that the ring’s ability to sustain external disturbances diminishes as the contraction increases.
A Note on Buckling of Spherical Caps With Initial Asymmetric Imperfections
Authors: Kao R.
Published: November 2010

A formulation for spherical cap strain-displacement relations including initial imperfections is adopted which is based on Donnell-type nonlinear cylindrical shell theory. A series of runs was made to determine the asymmetric buckling pressures for the spherical caps with 90-deg pie-shaped imperfection segments. Results obtained for λ values of 6 and 8 are indeed lower than those obtained previously.
Longitudinal Impact of Cylindrical Shells With Discontinuous Cross-Sectional Area
Authors: Mortimer R. W. , Rose J. L. , Blum A.
Published: November 2010

The reflections and transmissions of longitudinal strain pulses in cylindrical shells having cross-sectional area discontinuities are studied both analytically and experimentally. Three different theories were used to analyze this problem: the first, termed “bending” theory, includes the transverse shear, radial inertia, and rotary inertia effects; the second is based on a modified “membrane” theory; the last is derived from the “uniaxial” theory. Solutions were obtained by solving each of the three systems of governing equations by the method of characteristics. The longitudinal and circumferential incident, reflected, and transmitted strain pulses calculated from the bending and membrane theories are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental results, whereas the uniaxial comparisons are poor. In addition, the calculated reflected and transmitted stress ratios are in good agreement with the experimental results; the ratios obtained from the uniaxial theory are shown to be generally inadequate.