bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TRAFFIC INCIDENT MANAGEMENT IN THE PRESENCE OF HAZARDS
Authors: Wang Z. , Zlatanova S. , Steenbruggen J.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Traffic incidents can result in different kinds of hazards (e.g., plumes) that influence the status of road networks, therefore there is a great need for incident management in the presence of the hazards. When incidents occur, the created hazards not only affect the normal road users (make them detour or blocked), but also influence the movement of first responders. Traffic managers, who are responsible for maintaining the road safety and traffic stability, should carry out quick and effective measures to manage the incidents. In this paper, we present four issues to help people better understand the situations that could occur in the management of incidents with hazards: 1). Evacuation in the presence of hazards; 2). 3D incident management; 3). Navigation support for first responders; 4). Navigation support for road users. To address these issues, we propose a solution which combines agent technology, geo-database, hazard simulation, and traffic simulation. Further research would be needed to investigate the potentials of the proposed solution in real applications.
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR POLLUTION MONITORING: SMART ACQUIREMENT AND SMART INFORMATION
Authors: Arco E. , Boccardo P. , Gandino F. , Lingua A. , Noardo F. , Rebaudengo M.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Air quality is a factor of primary importance for the quality of life. The increase of the pollutants percentage in the air can cause serious problems to the human and environmental health. For this reason it is essential to monitor its values to prevent the consequences of an excessive concentration, to reduce the pollution production or to avoid the contact with major pollutant concentration through the available tools. Some recently developed tools for the monitoring and sharing of the data in an effective system permit to manage the information in a smart way, in order to improve the knowledge of the problem and, consequently, to take preventing measures in favour of the urban air quality and human health. In this paper, the authors describe an innovative solution that implements geomatics sensors (GNSS) and pollutant measurement sensors to develop a low cost sensor for the acquisition of pollutants dynamic data using a mobile platform based on bicycles. The acquired data can be analysed to evaluate the local distribution of pollutant density and shared through web platforms that use standard protocols for an effective smart use.
The impact of standard preparation practice on the runoff and soil
erosion rates under laboratory conditions
Authors: Khaledi Darvishan Abdulvahed , Homayounfar Vafa , Sadeghi Seyed Hamidreza
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The use of laboratory methods in soil erosion studies, rainfall simulation experiments, Gerlach troughs, and other measurements such as ring infiltrometer has been recently considered more and more because of many advantages in controlling rainfall properties and high accuracy of sampling and measurements. However, different stages of soil removal, transfer, preparation and placement in laboratory plots cause significant changes in soil structure and, subsequently, the results of runoff, sediment concentration and soil loss. Knowing the rate of changes in sediment concentration and soil loss variables with respect to the soil preparation for laboratory studies is therefore inevitable to generalize the laboratory results to field conditions. However, there has been little attention given to evaluate the effects of soil preparation on sediment variables. The present study was therefore conducted to compare sediment concentration and soil loss in natural and prepared soil. To achieve the study purposes, 18 field 1 ×  1 m plots were adopted in an 18 % gradient slope with sandy–clay–loam soil in the Kojour watershed, northern Iran. A portable rainfall simulator was then used to simulate rainfall events using one or two nozzles of BEX: 3/8 S24W for various rainfall intensities with a constant height of 3 m above the soil surface. Three rainfall intensities of 40, 60 and 80 mm h−1 were simulated on both prepared and natural soil treatments with three replications. The sediment concentration and soil loss at five 3 min intervals after time to runoff were then measured. The results showed the significant increasing effects of soil preparation (p ≤ 0.01) on the average sediment concentration and soil loss. The increasing rates of runoff coefficient, sediment concentration and soil loss due to the study soil preparation method for laboratory soil erosion plots were 179, 183 and 1050 % (2.79, 2.83 and 11.50 times), respectively.
Barriers to E-Commerce Adoption in Syria: An Empirical Detection
Authors: Ahmed Jaynal Uddin , Hasan Hassan
Published: September 2016

The number of Internet users in the world has been mounted over the years. By the end of 2011, more than one-third of the population was online, i.e., 2.3 billion people, and this growth has provided the impetus and the opportunities for global and regional e-commerce. However, all countries are not likely to benefit equally from the virtuous circle of Internet diffusion created by globalization and multiple revolutions in information and communication technologies. The e-commerce can reduce the economic disparity between the developing and developed countries. Despite the promises made by various international organizations, the developing countries are encountering difficulties in realizing the benefits of e- commerce. It is argued that many factors are still confound and challenging the adoption of e-commerce. In order to derive the benefits of e-commerce, region specific /country specific diagnosis of the associated factors and barriers leading to the problem is an immense necessity. Keeping in view the various initiatives undertaken by the Syrian government viz., E-Signature Legislation Project, Intellectual Property Protection Project and the National Programme for Promoting Information Technology Initiatives etc.; and considering the multifaceted issues relating to e-commerce in Syria viz., formation of contracts, cyber contracts, validity of e-transactions, dichotomy of offer and invitation to treat, mutual mistake, identity of parties etc, a study on e-commerce adoption in Syria is fascinating academic focus. Hence, the paper is an attempt to detect the main barriers to e- commerce in Syria.
Rapid and Efficient Analysis of Microcystins, Nodularin, Cylindrospermopsin, and Anatoxin-a in Drinking Water by LC Tandem MS
Authors: Wang Caroline C , Petty Eric E , Smith Christopher M
Published: September 2016

A fast and sensitive LC-MS method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of 11 cyanotoxins in drinking water. The toxins in this method included eight microcystins, as well as nodularin, anatoxin-a, and cylindrospermopsin. Sample processing involved a small sample volume and a direct dilution procedure that could be performed in minutes rather than hours using traditional SPE procedures. This method also featured a short acquisition time of 12 min with an adequate separation of all analytes. Validation results demonstrated good sensitivity with LODs <100 ng/L and good precision (RSD < 20%) and accuracy. Analyte stability was also thoroughly studied. The matrix effect was minimal, and tap water used for calibrators and controls. No sample carryover was observed after the highest concentration calibrator.
Two new species of Anamastigona from Cyprus and an updated key to species of the genus (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida: Anthroleucosomatidae)
Authors: Vagalinski Boyan , Golovatch Sergei I.
Published: September 2016

Two new species of the millipede genus Anamastigona are described, A. cypria sp. nov. and A. strasseri sp. nov., both from the island of Cyprus. The new species are considered to be most similar to A. terraesanctae Golovatch & Makarov, 2011 from Israel, the three of them forming a species group which is briefly characterized. An updated key to all 20 recognized species of the genus Anamastigona is provided and a short overview of the taxonomy of the genus is given.
Preventive Effects of Health-Food Drinks on the Obesity and DNA Damage of Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet under a Mild Stress
Authors: Higashimoto Minoru , Toda Chikako , Tokumoto Nao , Yamauchi Arinobu
Published: September 2016

The body weight gain of mice fed an obesity-inducing diet is suppressed by a mild restraint stress, but at the same time, as previously reported, the stress induces DNA damage in the cells of multiple organs. In the present study, we attempted to prevent not only the obesity but also the DNA damage of mice fed an obesity-inducing diet under a mild restraint with commercially available health-food drinks such as fruit and vegetable juices, soymilks, vinegars and lactic acid bacteria drinks, which are rich in antioxidants. The body weight gain of young female mice fed a high-fat diet containing 20% fat for 4 weeks was considerably inhibited by restraint for 15 min per day in weeks 2 to 4 of 4-week period. The inhibition was further promoted with the concomitant administration of health-food drinks noted above, and was accompanied by a decrease of periovular fat, a major abdominal fat in the female mice. The definite loss of energy intake in the mice given health-food drinks was approximately compensated by the energy of the drink administered. On the other hand, the increase of DNA damage generated by restraint in the cells of five organs – the liver, pancreas, spleen, heart and bone marrow – was markedly suppressed with the administration of these drinks. The results suggest that a combination of mild stress and intake of suitable health-food containing some antioxidants may inhibit lifestyle-related diseases including hyperlipidemia and obesity, which may contribute to the inhibition of metabolic syndrome and childhood obesity.
Relationship between Ponderal Index, Mid-Arm Circumference/ Head Circumference Ratio and Clinical Assessment of Nutritional Status Score (CANSCORE) in the Determination of Nutritional Status of Newborn at Birth in Nigeria
Authors: Bolaji Olufunke B. , Adebami Olusegun J. , Adebara Olufunmilayo V. , Owa Joshua A.
Published: September 2016

Background: Early and accurate assessment of the nutritional status of newborns is important to many clinicians because of the potential immediate and late sequelae of malnutrition.
Objective: To assess the relationship between different methods of assessing the nutritional status of neonates.
Methods: Subjects were consecutive, live, singleton, full term neonates delivered in the hospital. The birth weights, Ponderal index, Mid arm circumference/head circumference ratio, birth weight for gestational age using intrauterine growth charts and Clinical Assessment of Fetal Nutritional Status Score (CANSCORE) were used to determine the nutritional status in the first 24 hours of life.
Results: Of 386 subjects, 172 (44.6%) were males and 214 (55.4%) females. Nutritional status assessment using various indices showed the following prevalence of malnutrition: using birth weights, 54 (14.0%) were LBW; MAC/HC ratio showed 56 (14.5%), with PI, 64(16.6%), weight for gestational age,112(29.0%) were SGA and CANSCORE showed 90(23.3%) as malnourished among the babies.MAC/HC showed a better specificity and had a more positive correlation than PI when compared to CANSCORE whilst PI showed a better sensitivity than MAC/HC when evaluated against CANSCORE.
Conclusions: Prevalence of FM is high in this study. Intrauterine growth charts and CANSCORE appeared to identify more babies with FM than other methods. CANSCORE in this study has revealed the rising trend in the prevalence of FM when compared with other studies with similar methodology. Early routine assessment of the nutritional status of newborns should be carried out so as to reduce the risk of increased morbidity and mortality associated with fetal malnutrition.
Le premier conseil général de Guadeloupe (1827-1832)
Authors: Mignot Dom. Aimé
Published: September 2016

Il est un fait que depuis le début du XIXe siècle les tendances de la politique coloniale ont changé. Le Consulat et l’Empire ont pratiqué une politique de réaction assez brutale, politique faite de réaction et d’assujettissement qui se traduisent par la suppression de la représentation coloniale, le retour à la servitude voire son aggravation, surtout la disparition des assemblées locales qu’accompagne une organisation administrative assez autoritaire fondée sur les pouvoirs du préfet colonial. Un courant inverse est amorcé sous la Restauration notamment par les lois organiques des 21 août 1825, du 9 février 1827 et 27 août 1828 qui jettent les bases d’une organisation administrative nouvelle dans les « Vieilles colonies » à savoir respectivement la Réunion (Bourbon), les Antilles, et la Guyane. Certes, le rôle du Gouverneur pour le roi demeure complexe et important mais il doit compter non seulement sur un Conseil Privé moralement puissant mais également sur un Conseil Général dont les timides attributions cachent l’existence d’un organe de consultation et d’information puissant dont les avis font autorité et influencent grandement le gouverneur « dépositaire de l’autorité royale ».
Investigation of displacement property and electric reliability of (Li,Na,K)NbO3-based multilayer piezoceramics
Authors: Hatano Keiichi , Yamamoto Asa , Kishimoto Sumiaki , Doshida Yutaka
Published: September 2016

In this study, lead-free multilayer piezoceramics with Pd inner electrodes were fabricated, and their displacement properties and electric reliabilities were investigated. The Li0.06Na0.52K0.42NbO3 multilayer piezoceramic exhibited a high displacement (S
max/E
max = 350 pm/V at 5 kV/mm) but a low resistivity (1.3 × 108 Ω·cm at 100 °C). On the other hand, the additive-modified Li0.06Na0.52K0.42NbO3 multilayer piezoceramic exhibited both high displacement (S
max/E
max = 330 pm/V at 5 kV/mm) and high resistivity (1.2 × 1012 at 100 °C), and the breakdown voltages of the two piezoceramics were 4 and 16 kV/mm, respectively, at 100 °C. The observed improvement in electric reliability can be attributed to the refinement of the microstructure of Li0.06Na0.52K0.42NbO3 after the use of additives. Furthermore, the additive-modified Li0.06Na0.52K0.42NbO3 multilayer piezoceramic also showed a markedly higher resistivity than previously reported multilayer piezoceramics with Ag/Pd, Cu, and Ni inner electrodes, since the dispersion of elemental Ag and the generation of oxygen vacancies during the sintering process was prevented in the former case.
The influence of temperament and character profiles on specialty choice and well-being in medical residents
Authors: Sievert Martin , Zwir Igor , Cloninger Kevin M. , Lester Nigel , Rozsa Sandor , Cloninger C. Robert
Published: September 2016

Background

Multiple factors influence the decision to enter a career in medicine and choose a specialty. Previous studies have looked at personality differences in medicine but often were unable to describe the heterogeneity that exists within each specialty. Our study used a person-centered approach to characterize the complex relations between the personality profiles of resident physicians and their choice of specialty.

Methods

169 resident physicians at a large Midwestern US training hospital completed the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Clusters of personality profiles were identified without regard to medical specialty, and then the personality clusters were tested for association with their choice of specialty by co-clustering analysis. Life satisfaction was tested for association with personality traits and medical specialty by linear regression and analysis of variance.

Results

We identified five clusters of people with distinct personality profiles, and found that these were associated with particular medical specialties Physicians with an “investigative” personality profile often chose pathology or internal medicine, those with a “commanding” personality often chose general surgery, “rescuers” often chose emergency medicine, the “dependable” often chose pediatrics, and the “compassionate” often chose psychiatry. Life satisfaction scores were not enhanced by personality-specialty congruence, but were related strongly to self-directedness regardless of specialty.

Conclusions

The personality profiles of physicians were strongly associated with their medical specialty choices. Nevertheless, the relationships were complex: physicians with each personality profile went into a variety of medical specialties, and physicians in each medical specialty had variable personality profiles. The plasticity and resilience of physicians were more important for their life satisfaction than was matching personality to the prototype of a particular specialty.
CONTRIBUIÇÕES DE UMA PROPOSTA INTEGRADORA EM CURSOS DE LICENCIATURA: A VISÃO DOS PROFESSORES FORMADORES
Authors: Voigt Jane Mery Richter Voigt Mery Richter , Pesce Marly Krüger , Garcia Berenice Rocha Zabbot
Published: September 2016

O objetivo desse artigo é discutir como professores de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior, que atuam numa proposta denominada Núcleo Pedagógico Integrador - NPI, percebem sua atuação e significam sua experiência na formação de professores. A pesquisa tem abordagem qualitativa. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas. Os respondentes foram os professores que atuavam nas disciplinas do NPI no ano de 2014. A análise dos dados levou em conta o perfil dos professores e as exigências necessárias à atuação em disciplinas pedagógicas, fazendo uso dos referenciais teóricos pertinentes à área da educação. Os resultados apontam como contribuições a diversidade de pensamento e o contato com as diferentes visões de mundo que as áreas de conhecimento oportunizam, favorecem a constituição identitária de um profissional mais aberto e tolerante. Palavras-chave: Formação de Professores. Práticas Educativas. Proposta Integradora.
Atomic‐resolution structure of the phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase I86D mutant in complex with fully protonated biliverdin
Authors: Hagiwara Yoshinori , Wada Kei , Irikawa Teppei , Sato Hideaki , Unno Masaki , Yamamoto Ken , Fukuyama Keiichi , Sugishima Masakazu
Published: September 2016

Phycocyanobilin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase (PcyA) catalyzes the reduction of biliverdin (BV) to produce phycocyanobilin, a linear tetrapyrrole pigment used for light harvesting and light sensing. Spectroscopic and HPLC analyses inidicate that BV bound to the I86D mutant of PcyA is fully protonated (BVH+) and can accept an electron, but I86D is unable to donate protons for the reduction; therefore, compared to the wild‐type PcyA, the I86D mutant stabilizes BVH+. To elucidate the structural basis of the I86D mutation, we determined the atomic‐resolution structure of the I86D–BVH+ complex and the protonation states of the essential residues Asp105 and Glu76 in PcyA. Our study revealed that Asp105 adopted a fixed conformation in the I86D mutant, although it had dual conformations in wild‐type PcyA which reflected the protonation states of BV. Taken together with biochemical/spectroscopic results, our analysis of the I86D–BVH+ structure supports the hypothesis that flexibility of Asp105 is essential for the catalytic activity of PcyA.
Origin of the hematopoietic system in the human embryo
Authors: Julien Emmanuelle , El Omar Reine , Tavian Manuela
Published: September 2016

The continuous generation of blood cells throughout life relies on the existence of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) generated during embryogenesis. Given the importance of HSC transplantation in cell‐based therapeutic approaches, considerable efforts have been made toward understanding the developmental origins of embryonic HSC. Adult‐type HSC are first generated in the aorta‐gonad‐mesonephros (AGM) region between days 27 and 40 of human embryonic development, but an elusive blood‐forming potential is present earlier in the underlying splanchnopleura. It is relatively well accepted that the HSC emerge in the AGM through a hemogenic endothelium, but the direct precursor of this cell type remains to be clearly identified. This review is intended to summarize the recent advances made to understand the origins of hematopoietic stem cells in the early human embryo. In addition, we discuss in detail the discovery of the angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) as a novel marker of human HSC and of prehematopoietic precursors inside the embryo.
Estimation of ocean surface currents from maximum cross correlation applied to GOCI geostationary satellite remote sensing data over the Tsushima (Korea) Straits
Authors: Warren M. A. , Quartly G. D. , Shutler J. D. , Miller P. I. , Yoshikawa Y.
Published: September 2016

Attempts to automatically estimate surface current velocities from satellite‐derived thermal or visible imagery face the limitations of data occlusion due to cloud cover, the complex evolution of features and the degradation of their surface signature. The Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) provides a chance to reappraise such techniques due to its multiyear record of hourly high‐resolution visible spectrum data. Here we present the results of applying a Maximum Cross Correlation (MCC) technique to GOCI data. Using a combination of simulated and real data we derive suitable processing parameters and examine the robustness of different satellite products, those being water‐leaving radiance and chlorophyll concentration. These estimates of surface currents are evaluated using High Frequency (HF) radar systems located in the Tsushima (Korea) Strait. We show the performance of the MCC approach varies depending on the amount of missing data and the presence of strong optical contrasts. Using simulated data it was found that patchy cloud cover occupying 25% of the image pair reduces the number of vectors by 20% compared to using perfect images. Root mean square errors between the MCC and HF radar velocities are of the order of 20 cm s−1. Performance varies depending on the wavelength of the data with the blue‐green products out‐performing the red and near infra‐red products. Application of MCC to GOCI chlorophyll data results in similar performance to radiances in the blue‐green bands. The technique has been demonstrated using specific examples of an eddy feature and tidal induced features in the region.
Assessing the geologic evolution of Greater Thaumasia, Mars
Authors: Hood Don R. , Judice Taylor , Karunatillake Suniti , Rogers Deanne , Dohm James M. , Susko David , Carnes Lorraine K.
Published: September 2016

The Greater Thaumasia region consists of three chemical provinces that include Syria, Solis, and Thaumasia Planae, the Corprates Rise, part of the Thaumasia Highlands, and the transition zone northwest of the Argyre basin. Chemical signatures obtained from the Mars Odyssey Gamma Ray Spectrometer suggest low abundances of K and Th to the west, with low H abundances and high Si abundances to the east, relative to the bulk Martian crust at midlatitudes. These observations are confirmed and quantified with a modified box and whisker analysis that simultaneously captures the degree of deviation and significance of the regionally anomalous chemistry. Motivated by regionally unique chemistry, as well as its diverse geological history, we characterize Greater Thaumasia in terms of chemistry, mineralogy, and mapped geology to determine how such complementary data record the evolution of this region. Our observations are inconsistent with a proposed salt‐lubricated landslide origin, particularly given the lack of chemical or mineralogical signatures to support near‐surface salt deposits that should arise over geological timescales. Our observations instead support magmatic processes, such as mantle evolution over geological time, which may impart the Si‐enriched signature of the eastern portion of Greater Thaumasia as well as the K and Th depletion of the southeastern flank of Syria Planum. While the observed trend of decreasing K and Th from Noachian to Hesperian lavas is inconsistent with previous models of Martian mantle evolution, we see an increase in Ca content at the Noachian‐Hesperian boundary, consistent with predictions from thermodynamic modeling.
Neutral ceramidase‐enriched exosomes prevent palmitic acid‐induced insulin resistance in H4IIEC3 hepatocytes
Authors: Zhu Qun , Zhu Rongping , Jin Junfei
Published: September 2016

Oversupply of free fatty acids such as palmitic acid (PA) from the portal vein may cause liver insulin resistance. Production of reactive oxygen species plays a pivotal role in PA‐induced insulin resistance in H4IIEC3 hepatocytes. Recently, we found that exosomes secreted from INS‐1 cells that were transfected with neutral ceramidase (NCDase) plasmids had raised NCDase activity; these NCDase‐enriched exosomes could inhibit PA‐induced INS‐1 cell apoptosis. Here, we showed that PA reduced insulin‐stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrate 2 and decreased insulin‐stimulated uptake of the fluorescent glucose analog 2‐NBDG, confirming that insulin resistance occurred in PA‐treated H4IIEC3 cells. Moreover, NCDase‐enriched exosomes from INS‐1 cells rescued PA‐induced H4IIEC3 insulin resistance and blocked PA‐induced reactive oxygen species production in which ceramide was involved.
Learning as the Basis for Continuing Professional Education
Authors: Daley Barbara J. , Cervero Ronald M.
Published: September 2016

This chapter is an update and expansion of previous work and explores how professionals construct knowledge in the context of their practice by connecting concepts from their experiences and continuing professional education activities.
Continuing Professional Education in the Military
Authors: Gleiman Ashley , Zacharakis Jeff
Published: September 2016

The military relies on continuing professional education as a key component to the success of its organization. With decreasing budgets and increasing importance for a force that operates efficiently and thinks critically, the cognitive tension among training, education, and learning comes center stage.
Decarboxylative Perfluoroalkylation of Vinyl Bromides with Copper(I) Perfluorocarboxylato Complexes
Authors: Wu Chuyi , Huang Yangjie , Zhang Zhongxing , Weng Zhiqiang
Published: September 2016

A new decarboxylative perfluoroalkylation of vinyl bromides has been developed. The use of copper(I) trifluoroacetate complex (phen)Cu(O2CCF3) (1) and perfluorocarboxylate complexes [(phen)2Cu](O2CRF) (2; RF=C2F5, n‐C3F7, n‐C4F9, n‐C5F11) as reagents allows for the efficient synthesis of trifluoromethylated and perfluoroalkylated olefins, respectively. Vinyl bromides comprising a range of functionalities (e.g., methoxy, ester, nitrile, nitro, trifluoromethyl, chloride, and benzo[d][1,3]dioxole) were successfully accommodated. The decarboxylative trifluoromethylation and perfluoroalkylation reactions also proceeded with retention of the double‐bond stereochemistry of alkenes after the reaction was completed.
Facile Synthesis of Three‐Dimensional Pt‐TiO2 Nano‐networks: A Highly Active Catalyst for the Hydrolytic Dehydrogenation of Ammonia–Borane
Authors: Khalily Mohammad Aref , Eren Hamit , Akbayrak Serdar , Susapto Hepi Hari , Biyikli Necmi , Özkar Saim , Guler Mustafa O.
Published: September 2016

Three‐dimensional (3D) porous metal and metal oxide nanostructures have received considerable interest because organization of inorganic materials into 3D nanomaterials holds extraordinary properties such as low density, high porosity, and high surface area. Supramolecular self‐assembled peptide nanostructures were exploited as an organic template for catalytic 3D Pt‐TiO2 nano‐network fabrication. A 3D peptide nanofiber aerogel was conformally coated with TiO2 by atomic layer deposition (ALD) with angstrom‐level thickness precision. The 3D peptide‐TiO2 nano‐network was further decorated with highly monodisperse Pt nanoparticles by using ozone‐assisted ALD. The 3D TiO2 nano‐network decorated with Pt nanoparticles shows superior catalytic activity in hydrolysis of ammonia–borane, generating three equivalents of H2.
Detection of Isoforms Differing by a Single Charge Unit in Individual Cells
Authors: Tentori Augusto M. , Yamauchi Kevin A. , Herr Amy E.
Published: September 2016

To measure protein isoforms in individual mammalian cells, we report single‐cell resolution isoelectric focusing (scIEF) and high‐selectivity immunoprobing. Microfluidic design and photoactivatable materials establish the tunable pH gradients required by IEF and precisely control the transport and handling of each 17‐pL cell lysate during analysis. The scIEF assay resolves protein isoforms with resolution down to a single‐charge unit, including both endogenous cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins from individual mammalian cells.
Harnessing the Power of the Water‐Gas Shift Reaction for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Ambrosi Andrea , Denmark Scott E.
Published: September 2016

Since its original discovery over a century ago, the water‐gas shift reaction (WGSR) has played a crucial role in industrial chemistry, providing a source of H2 to feed fundamental industrial transformations such as the Haber–Bosch synthesis of ammonia. Although the production of hydrogen remains nowadays the major application of the WGSR, the advent of homogeneous catalysis in the 1970s marked the beginning of a synergy between WGSR and organic chemistry. Thus, the reducing power provided by the CO/H2O couple has been exploited in the synthesis of fine chemicals; not only hydrogenation‐type reactions, but also catalytic processes that require a reductive step for the turnover of the catalytic cycle. Despite the potential and unique features of the WGSR, its applications in organic synthesis remain largely underdeveloped. The topic will be critically reviewed herein, with the expectation that an increased awareness may stimulate new, creative work in the area.
Empowering emerging leaders in marine conservation: the growing swell of inspiration
Authors: Bianco Mariasole , Koss Rebecca , Zischka Katherine
Published: September 2016

Young marine conservation leaders can create and mobilize change when they are inspired, empowered and actively involved in decision‐making processes.

This paper provides a journey overview of the opportunities, challenges and commitments for young conservation leader empowerment within the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) and its Commissions to create change.

Young conservation leadership contribution to the development and delivery of the 2014 IUCN World Parks Congress highlights the drive by this cohort to inspire and mobilize change.

Global marine conservation initiatives being led by transformative young leaders in partnership with senior leaders with the IUCN World Commission on Protected Areas Young Professionals (WCPA YP) group and the recently established IUCN WCPA Young Professionals Marine Task Force are actioning change.

This paper highlights a critical need for the global conservation sector to invest in current and emerging young conservation leaders for creating change.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using the IUCN Green List of Protected and Conserved Areas to promote conservation impact through marine protected areas
Authors: Wells Sue , Addison Prue F.E. , Bueno Paula A. , Costantini Marco , Fontaine Anne , Germain Laurent , Lefebvre Thierry , Morgan Lance , Staub Francis , Wang Bin , White Alan , Zorrilla María X.
Published: September 2016

With the number of marine protected areas (MPAs) growing rapidly and progress being made towards protecting 10% of the ocean, as called for by the Convention on Biological Diversity, there is equally a need to increase efforts and provide incentives for effective management of these sites.

The IUCN Green List of Protected and Conserved Areas (GLPCA), a voluntary global standard that protected areas and their agencies may decide to commit to working towards, has been set up to contribute to this.

Protected areas can achieve Green List status by demonstrating a certain performance level and by meeting outcomes measured against a set of defined criteria. An assured verification process is followed before sites are recognized. The GLPCA will thus encourage and identify those protected areas (both terrestrial and marine) that are effectively managed, have equitable governance and achieve significant conservation impacts.

The GLPCA pilot phase announced the first 25 protected areas to meet the criteria at the IUCN World Parks Congress in Sydney in November 2014. These included four MPAs: Iroise Natural Marine Park, Cerbère‐Banyuls Natural Nature Reserve, and Guadeloupe National Park in France, and Gorgona National Park in Colombia. Italy and China also participated in the pilot phase and each has an MPA that is continuing to work towards GLPCA status.

The experiences of these sites are described, as well as three other programmes (two regional and one global) that are being developed to promote improved management of MPAs. This information will be useful for other MPAs considering participation in the GLPCA initiative.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Granzyme A Contributes to Inflammatory Arthritis in Mice Through Stimulation of Osteoclastogenesis
Authors: Santiago Llipsy , Menaa Cheikh , Arias Maykel , Martin Praxedis , Jaime‐Sánchez Paula , Metkar Sunil , Comas Laura , Erill Nadina , Gonzalez‐Rumayor Victor , Esser Erica , Galvez Eva M. , Raja Sri , Simon Markus M. , Sprague Stuart M. , Gabay Cem , Martinez‐Lostao Luis , Pardo Julian , Froelich Christopher J.
Published: September 2016

Objective

Granzyme A (GzmA) levels are elevated in the plasma and synovium of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), suggesting involvement of this protease in the pathogenesis of the disease. GzmA contributes to sepsis by regulating the production of proinflammatory cytokines. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of GzmA to the pathogenesis of RA in vivo and to examine the possibility that GzmA acting via tumor necrosis factor (TNF) stimulates osteoclastogenesis.

Methods

Inflammatory arthritis induced by type II collagen was evaluated in wild‐type, GzmA‐deficient, and perforin‐deficient mice. The osteoclastogenic potential of GzmA was examined in vitro using bone marrow cells and colony‐forming unit–granulocyte–macrophage (CFU‐GM) cells and in vivo using GzmA‐deficient mice.

Results

Gene deletion of GzmA attenuated collagen‐induced arthritis, including serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines, joint damage, and bone erosion in affected mice, suggesting that osteoclast activity is reduced in the absence of GzmA. Accordingly, GzmA‐treated bone marrow cells produced multinucleated cells that fulfilled the criteria for mature osteoclasts: tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity, β integrin expression, calcitonin receptor expression, and resorptive activity on dentin slices. GzmA appeared to act without accessory cells, and its activity was not affected by osteoprotegerin, suggesting a minor contribution of RANKL. It also induced the expression and secretion of TNF. Neutralization of TNF or stimulation of CFU‐GM cells from TNF–/– mice prevented GzmA‐induced osteoclastogenesis. GzmA‐deficient mice had reduced osteoclastogenesis in vivo (fewer calcitonin receptor–positive multinucleated cells and fewer transcripts for cathepsin K, matrix metalloproteinase 9, and TRAP in joints) and reduced serum levels of C‐terminal telopeptide of type I collagen.

Conclusion

GzmA contributes to the joint destruction of RA partly by promoting osteoclast differentiation.
Overexpression of OLE1 enhances stress tolerance and constitutively activates the MAPK HOG pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Nasution Olviyani , Lee Young Mi , Kim Eunjung , Lee Yeji , Kim Wankee , Choi Wonja
Published: September 2016

OLE1 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae encodes the sole and essential Δ‐9 desaturase catalyzing the conversion of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids. Upon ectopic overexpression of OLE1 in S. cerevisiae, significant increases in the membrane oleic acid content were observed. OLE1‐overexpressing strains displayed enhanced tolerance to various stresses, better proton efflux, lower membrane permeability, and lessened internal hydrogen peroxide content. The OLE1‐mediated enhanced stress tolerance was considerably diminished upon deletion of HOG1, which encodes the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) Hog1 of the high osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway. Furthermore, OLE1 overexpression constitutively activated Hog1, which remained in the cytoplasm. Hog1 activation was accomplished through the MAPK kinase kinase (MAPKKK) Ssk2, but not Ste11 and Ssk22, the other MAPKKKs of the HOG pathway. Despite its cytoplasmic location, activated Hog1 was able to activate the expression of its canonical targets, including CTT1, HSP12, and STL1, and further, the cAMP and stress response elements present in the promoter. OLE1 overexpression neither caused nor relieved endoplasmic reticulum stress. Individually or in combination, the physiological and molecular changes caused by OLE1 overexpression may contribute to enhanced tolerance to various types of stress. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 620–631. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Meta-analysis of aberrant lymphatic drainage in recurrent breast cancer
Authors: Ahmed M , Baker R , Rubio I T
Published: September 2016

Background

Sentinel node biopsy (SNB) in recurrent breast cancer offers targeted axillary staging compared with axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) or no treatment. The evidence for lymphatic mapping in recurrent breast cancer is reviewed, focusing on aberrant drainage and its implications for patient management.

Methods

A meta-analysis of studies evaluating lymphatic mapping in recurrent breast cancer was performed. Outcomes included sentinel node identification, aberrant lymphatic pathways and metastatic node rates in aberrant drainage and ipsilateral axilla. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95 per cent confidence intervals (c.i.) were estimated using fixed-effect analyses, or random-effects analyses in the event of statistically significant heterogeneity.

Results

Seven studies reported data on lymphatic mapping in 1053 patients with recurrent breast cancer. The intraoperative sentinel node identification rate was 59·6 (95 per cent c.i. 56·7 to 62·6) per cent, and significantly greater when the original axillary surgery was SNB compared with ALND (OR 2·97, 95 per cent c.i. 1·66 to 5·32). The rate of aberrant lymphatic drainage identification was 25·7 (23·0 to 28·3) per cent, and significantly greater when the original axillary surgery was ALND (OR 0·27, 0·19 to 0·38). The metastatic sentinel node rate was 10·4 (8·6 to 12·3) per cent, and a significantly greater metastatic nodal burden was identified in the ipsilateral axilla (OR 6·31, 1·03 to 38·79).

Conclusion

Lymphatic mapping is feasible in recurrent breast cancer. It avoids ALND in over 50 per cent of patients who have undergone SNB, and allows the 4 per cent of patients with metastatically involved aberrant nodes to receive targeted surgical and adjuvant therapies.
A Comparative Study of Potentiodynamic and Potentiostatic Modes in the Deposition of Polyaniline
Authors: Kim Eunok , Kang Nahye , Moon Jae‐Jung , Choi Minjeong
Published: September 2016

The electrodeposition of polyaniline films was performed under potentiodynamic and potentiostatic conditions. Cyclic voltammetry shows that the redox electrochemical behavior changed from quasi‐reversible to totally irreversible with increasing aniline concentration. In terms of the kinetics of the nucleation and growth processes in the potentiostatic deposition mode, progressive nucleation with two‐dimensional growth is predominant, followed by one‐dimensional growth leading to the formation of a fibrous structure. The overall polymer growth rates and the morphology of polymer surfaces are very different depending on the deposition method. The morphology associated with the kinetics is correlated with those experimentally determined by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Conductivity of the potentiostatically grown film is lower than the one potentiodynamically grown. The observed decrease in conductivity appears to be linked to a decrease in the charge carrier mobility due to the agglomerated structures that are formed during secondary growth.
Cyclodextrin‐Triazole Derivative Functionalized on Ag–SiO2 Core–Shell Nanoparticles via Click Chemistry
Authors: Park Gun Bae , Singu Bal Sydulu , Hong Sang Eun , Yoon Kuk Ro
Published: September 2016

Click chemistry has provided a versatile strategy for functionalization in solution chemistry under mild reaction conditions with a high degree of functional group compatibility. Initially, silver (Ag) nanoparticles were prepared by the chemical reduction method, followed by the synthesis of silver–silica (Ag–SiO2) core–shell nanoparticles by the Stöber method. The Ag–SiO2 core shell nanoparticles were functionalized with the alkyne derivative. The cycloaddition reaction between the azide‐functionalized cyclodextrin and the alkyne‐functionalized Ag–SiO2 core–shell nanoparticles was carried out via the copper‐catalyzed click reaction, leading to the formation of the cyclodextrin‐triazole derivative on the Ag–SiO2 core–shell nanoparticles. The presence of the resulting cyclodextrin‐triazole derivative on the silver–silica core–shell nanoparticles was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
Structural diversity of the vastus intermedius origin revealed by analysis of isolated muscle specimens
Authors: Yoshida Shuntaro , Ichimura Koichiro , Sakai Tatsuo
Published: September 2016

The quadriceps femoris (QF), a major extensor of the knee joint, plays an important role in human movement. However, descriptions of the three vastus muscles of the QF in anatomy textbooks remain confusing. We analyzed 33 QFs by a novel approach, using isolated muscle specimens to clarify the structures of the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), and vastus intermedius (VI) origins. The origins of the VL and VM were quite constant in shape and location, but the VI was much more structurally diverse. In typical cases (23 of 33), the origin of the VI attached muscularly to the anterior and lateral surface of the femoral shaft. It adjoined the origin of the VL at the lateral lip (LL) of the linea aspera to form a common origin. In some cases (10 of 33), the muscle belly and origin of the VI were much smaller than those in the typical cases; the origin of the VI attached only to the anterior surface of the femur and did not contact the LL. In addition, the muscle belly of the VI was narrow and almost corresponded to the width of the femoral shaft. The isolated muscle specimen is a useful tool for analyzing individual muscle structures, which can be difficult to observe by routine dissection. Using this method, it became clear that the VI is more structurally diverse in its origin than the VL and VM. Clin. Anat. 30:98–105, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In Vitro Investigation of Crosstalk between Fatty Acid and Polyketide Synthases in the Andrimid Biosynthetic Assembly Line
Authors: Ishikawa Fumihiro , Sugimoto Hiroyasu , Kakeya Hideaki
Published: September 2016

Andrimid (Adm) synthase, which belongs to the type II system of enzymes, produces Adm in Pantoea agglomerans. The adm biosynthetic gene cluster lacks canonical acyltransferases (ATs) to load the malonyl group to acyl carrier proteins (ACPs), thus suggesting that a malonyl‐CoA ACP transacylase (MCAT) from the fatty acid synthase (FAS) complex provides the essential AT activity in Adm biosynthesis. Here we report that an MCAT is essential for catalysis of the transacylation of malonate from malonyl‐CoA to AdmA polyketide synthase (PKS) ACP in vitro. Catalytic self‐malonylation of AdmA (PKS ACP) was not observed in reactions without MCAT, although many type II PKS ACPs are capable of catalyzing self‐acylation. This lack of self‐malonylation was explained by amino acid sequence analysis of the AdmA PKS ACP and the type II PKS ACPs. The results show that MCAT from the organism's FAS complex can provide the missing AT activity in trans, thus suggesting a protein–protein interaction between the fatty acid and polyketide synthases in the Adm assembly line.
Ambient Pressure Photoemission Spectroscopy Reveals the Mechanism of Carbon Soot Oxidation in Ceria‐Based Catalysts
Authors: Soler Lluís , Casanovas Albert , Escudero Carlos , Pérez‐Dieste Virginia , Aneggi Eleonora , Trovarelli Alessandro , Llorca Jordi
Published: September 2016

The front cover artwork for Issue 17/2016 is a collaboration between the research groups of Prof. Jordi Llorca at Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya – BarcelonaTECH (Spain), Prof. Alessandro Trovarelli at Università di Udine (Italy), and CIRCE beamline scientists at ALBA Synchrotron Light Source (Spain). The image shows the two cooperative routes for soot oxidation identified by AP‐XPS at the surface/subsurface of ceria and ceria‐zirconia catalysts for removing soot from motor vehicle emissions. See the Communication itself at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201600615.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Electrochemical Activity of Laser Co‐deposited Pt–MnO2‐Decorated Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites
Authors: Wang Youling , Mohamedi Mohamed
Published: September 2016

A binderless ternary catalyst layer of carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/Pt–MnO2 is presented. The Pt–MnO2 nanocomposites with different surface morphology are grown directly for the first time onto CNTs at room temperature through the application of a cross‐beam pulsed laser deposition method, and their electroactivity in sulfuric acid and towards ethanol electrooxidation is examined. It is demonstrated that the electrochemical activity of the CNT/Pt–MnO2 nanocomposites outperforms the benchmark CNT/Pt material. The superior catalytic performance of the Pt–MnO2 electrocatalyst towards ethanol oxidation is attributed to the presence of MnO2, which promotes the electrocatalytic oxidation of ethanol by accelerating the dehydrogenation process, provides hydroxyl groups to oxidize the adsorbed intermediates (CO‐like species) on Pt surface and, by that, increases Pt utilization through the synergistic effect between Pt and MnO2.
Exciton Migration and Surface Trapping for a Photonic Crystal Displaying Charge‐Recombination Fluorescence
Authors: Al‐Aqar Roza , Atahan Alparslan , Benniston Andrew C. , Perks Thomas , Waddell Paul G. , Harriman Anthony
Published: September 2016

A compact donor–acceptor molecular dyad has been synthesized by attaching an N,N‐dimethylamino fragment to a naphthalic anhydride residue. The dyad shows fluorescence from an intramolecular charge‐transfer state (i.e., charge‐recombination fluorescence) in solution, with the photo‐physical properties being strongly dependent on the solvent polarity. Similar emission is seen for single crystals of the target compound, the molecules being aligned head‐to‐head, although time‐resolved emission profiles display dual‐exponential kinetics. A second polymorph with the head‐to‐tail alignment also gives rise to two lifetimes that differ somewhat from those of the first structure, which are assigned to bulk and surface‐bound molecules. Growing the crystal in the presence of Rhodamine B localizes the dye around the surface. Excitation of the crystal is followed by sub‐ps exciton migration along the aligned stacks, with occasional crossing to adjacent stacks and trapping at the surface. Rhodamine B present at very low levels acts as the acceptor for excitons entering the surface layer. Crystals embedded in a polyester resin form an artificial light‐harvesting antenna able to sensitize an amorphous silicon solar cell.