bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the use of old railroad ties (Fagus orientalis) and citrus branches (orange tree) in the particleboard industry
Authors: Tichi Ali Hassanpoor
Published: November 2021

Effects of two widely available and underutilized lignocellulosic materials on the mechanical and physical properties of particleboards were investigated in this work. The ratio of mixtures lignocellulosic flakes at four levels (100% aspen wood), (50% aspen wood: 25% citrus: 25% old railroad ties), (50% aspen wood: 50% citrus), and (50% aspen wood: 50% old railroad ties), and the percentage of resin in two levels (8 and 12%) were considered as variable factors. The 100% aspen wood (Populus tremula) was mixed as a control board (100% aspen wood). Then the mechanical and physical properties of the samples including modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bond, water absorption, and thickness swelling after 2 h and 24 h of immersion (EN 310-319) and fire resistance (ISO 11925-2) were measured. The results showed that with increasing poplar wood in mixtures, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bond increased, while water absorption and thickness swelling decreased. Also, in comparison with the control boards, the boards that were made by mixing 50% poplar and 50% citrus branches with 12% glue had the highest mechanical strength. The results also showed that increasing the amount of old railroad ties chips in mixing caused a significant decrease in the fire retardancy of the boards.
Prediction of cutting temperature in the milling of wood-plastic composite using artificial neural network
Authors: Zhang Feng , Wu Zhanwen , Hu Yong , Zhu Zhaolong , Guo Xiaolei
Published: November 2021

In the milling of wood-plastic composites, the cutting temperature has a great influence on tool life and cutting quality. The effects of cutting parameters on the cutting temperatures in the cutting zone were analyzed using infrared temperature measurement technology. The results indicated that the cutting temperature increased with the increase of spindle speed and cutting depth but decreased with the increase of feed rates. In addition, based on experimental data, a BP neural network model was proposed for predicting the cutting temperatures. The value of R2 was 0.97354 for the testing data, which indicates that the developed model achieved high prediction accuracy, respectively. The results of the study can play a guiding role in the prediction and control of cutting temperature, which is of great importance in the improvement of tool life, machining quality, and machining efficiency.
Investigation of electrical characteristics using various electrodes for evaluating the moisture content in wood
Authors: Hwang Sung-Wook , Hwang Sung-Yun , Lee Taekyeong , Ahn Kyung-Sun , Pang Sung-Jun , Park Jinseok , Oh Jung-Kwon , Kwak Hyo Won , Yeo Hwanmyeong
Published: November 2021

Electrical resistance and resistivity were measured with various types of electrodes to evaluate the moisture content of wood. The conventional two-pin method, electrically conductive fabrics, and multi-pin electrodes were used to measure the electrical resistance of Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) wood, and a four-pin probe was used for resistivity measurements. The resistance in the longitudinal direction measured with the two-pin electrode was slightly affected by the dimensions of the wood sample, whereas the resistance measured with the conductive fabric and multi-pin electrodes was clearly affected by the end surface area in contact with the electrode and the length between electrodes. The resistivity calculated from the relationship between the electrical resistance and sample dimensions also showed differences based on the sample dimensions. The least squares regression model trained with the resistance data based on the two-pin method predicted the moisture content with a high coefficient of determination of 0.986. The four-pin probe produced the most stable resistivity regardless of the sample dimensions, making it a feasible approach for the moisture evaluation of large wood members.
Purification and characterization of β-N-acetylglucos-aminidase from Grifola frondosa
Authors: Wang Yi-Cheng , Lien Te-Sheng , Chen Nan-Yin , Hsu Tai-Hao
Published: November 2021

Using commercial API-ZYM screening kits, highly active α-glucosidase, β-glucosidase, and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase were found in Grifola frondosa, having potential for carbohydrate utilization. Of these, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, which converts chitin to N-acetylglucosamine, was purified and characterized. The recovery was 24.5%, and the purified enzyme had a specific activity 0.67 U/mg protein. Chitinase activity was confirmed by zymogram analysis. The enzyme was also shown to be β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, as N-acetylglucosamine was the main hydrolysis product from colloidal chitin. Thus, the molecule was named NAG38, to indicate β-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity and a molecular weight of 38 kDa, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Enzymatic activity was optimal at pH 7.0 and 50 °C, with Km and Vmax values of 0.112 mM and 0.570 μmol/min/mg protein against p-nitrophenyl N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminide. The bioactivity was inhibited by Hg2+, Ag+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Ca2+, and Mn2+, with residual enzyme bioactivity only 11.1% after incubation in Hg2+, but was not substantially inhibited by Ba2+, K+, and Na+.
Effects of accelerated weathering test on the properties of larch wood
Authors: Cheng Liting , Di Yajing , Zhao Peng , Dai Jian , Yang Zhiguo , Chang Yibin
Published: November 2021

To investigate the changes of larch wood properties under the influence of long-standing exposure to the environment, the QUV accelerated weathering tester (fluorescent UV and condensation testers) was used to accelerate the weathering of wood within a given preset time, and the changes were studied by analogue simulation. The wood color changed noticeably under different weathering time, and it gradually darkened from light yellow to deep reddish brown. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis revealed that as the weathering time increased, the cell wall was broken, the pits were cracked, and the tracheids were damaged. The results of the energy spectrum analysis (O/C (oxygen/carbon)) showed an increasing trend in the ratio, indicating that the wood underwent an oxidation reaction induced by light. From the values of the two testing indexes and their change patterns with weathering time, the same trend was observed, with the values of modulus of elasticity (MOE) in static bending being greater than that in dynamic bending Ed (the dynamic modulus of elasticity). However, the variability of MOE was greater than that of Ed. A comparative analysis of the two detection indicators was performed. The relationship between the proposed combined correction Ed and weathering time was: y = 0.0000001017 t2 – 0.0006 t + 9.77.
Alexey Slapovsky vs Fyodor Dostoyevsky, or Life Without Being
Authors: Avtukhovich Tatiana
Published: November 2021

The article examines the dialogue in A. Slapovsky’s works of the late 1990s–2000s with F. Dostoevsky. The article highlights forms and functions of this dialogue: the mention of the writer's name, the reinterpretation of his works perform the function of an ironic, often parodic, reflection on the changed status of the author, the nature of the readership, the perception of literature during a crisis of literary centrism; the value deformations occurring in society are emphasized with the help of a literary prism. “Dostoevsky's context” reflects the writer's reflection on his own work and allows us to judge the direction of Slapovsky's creative evolution.
Can remote work during COVID-19 pandemic strengthen the link between workload and workaholism?
Authors: Morkevičiūtė Modesta , Endriulaitienė Auksė
Published: November 2021

The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of the way of doing work for the relationship between workload and workaholism during COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 668 employees working in different Lithuanian organizations participated in a study. A sample included employees who worked in the workplace (n = 331), as well as those who worked completely from home (n = 337). The levels of workaholism were measured using DUWAS-10 (Schaufeli et al., 2009). Workload was assessed with the help of the Quantitative Workload Inventory (QWI; Spector & Jex, 1998). It was revealed in a study that the higher levels of workload experienced by employees were related to the increased workaholism. It was further found that the positive relationship between workload and worka­holism was stronger in the group of complete remote workers. Overall, the findings support the idea that remote work is an important variable increasing a risk for workaholism especially for those employees who experience a heavy workload. Therefore, the ways of doing work must be considered when addressing well-being of employees.
Investigative Journalism in Lithuania 2015–2020
Authors: Račiukaitytė Rūta
Published: November 2021

The article analyzes investigative journalism in Lithuania in 2015–2020 to determine the particularity of changes in investigative journalism. Until then, only one research on investigative journalism was conducted in Lithuania, indicating that in 2015 there was no investigative journalism as a type of media in Lithuania. Although, investigative journalism is a public control tool aimed at exposing corruption and possible criminal activity.

And in 2015, the first research department was established in Lithuania as part of the structure of the media. The work aims to find out how investigative journalism has changed in Lithuania during the last years 2015-2020 and to single out the essential factors that would allow to evaluate the development of investigative journalism. The article presents the author‘s model of investigative journalism and the peculiarities of the change of investigative journalism in Lithuania. It has been established that the situation of investigative journalism in Lithuania is improving, however, compared to the media systems of Western countries, it remains underdeveloped. The perception of experts on investigative journalism is revealed, the reasons for the formation of structural structures of investigative journalism, Lithuania‘s role in international investigative journalism organizations, representatives of investigative journalism are singled out and their research is carried out, research topics, areas, applied research methods
Role of hydrogen sulfide in the regulation of respiration, blood flow and bile secretory function of the liver
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine, Yanchuk P.I. , Komarov I.V. ,   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine, Levadianska Y.А. ,   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine, Slobodianyk L.O. ,   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine, Veselsky S.P. ,   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine, Vovkun T.V. ,   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine, Shtanova L.Ya. ,   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine, Reshetnik E.M. ,   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine
Published: November 2021

In acute experiments on laboratory rats, intra-portal administration of L-cysteine (20 mg/kg), the precursor of hydrogen sulfide synthesis, stimulated oxygen consumption of liver by 38.6% and reduced oxygen tension by 37.1%. Activation of tissue respiration occurred due to the strengthening of oxygen-dependent synthetic processes in liver, in particular those associated with mitochondrial enzyme-catalysed bile acid biosynthesis through the acidic pathway. The concentrations of taurocholic acid and mixtures of taurodeoxycholic and taurohenodeoxycholic acids increased by 10.3 and 17.9%, respectively, compared to the initial levels. In addition, the level of free cholesterol was decreased by 33.9% and esterification processes were intensified, as indicated by an increase in the concentration of esterified cholesterol by 22.6% in the bile of rats. The latter was to some extent confirmed by a decrease in the level of free bile acids (by 15.8%) involved in the biosynthesis of cholesterol esters and intensification of tissue respiration in the liver. L-cysteine dilated intrahepatic vessels, resulting in a significant decrease of the systemic blood pressure and blood pressure in the portal vein by 17.6 and 24.5%, respectively. L-cysteine increased the rate of local blood flow in the liver and blood supply by 28.2 and 24.4%, respectively. Blockade of cystathionine-γ-lyase by DL-propargylglycine (11 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the L-cysteine-induced tissue respiration and bile acid biosynthesis in the liver. Administration of DL-propargylglycine resulted in constriction of blood vessels of the liver and, as a consequence, to an increased blood pressure and a decreased blood flow rate in tissue. Our data point to an involvement of hydrogen sulfide in the regulation of liver tissue respiration and bile secretory function.
COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESULTS OF ASSESSMENT OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF MILITARY PILOTS
Authors:   Ukrainian Military Medical Academy, Ministry of Defence of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Kravchuk V.V.
Published: November 2021

The aim of the study was to carry out a comparative analysis of the values and structure of correlation relationships of psychophysiological function of different categories of military pilots (112 – supersonic, 109 – transport and 142 – helicopter aircraft). The analysis of the obtained results was carried out according to the indicators of personified characteristics, neurodynamic and psychomotor functions. A significant identity of the values and structure of the correlation relationships of indicators of psychophysiological functions of military pilots of supersonic and transport aviation was established. The presence of a common system-forming factor in ensuring the reliability of task performance determines the prevalence of indicators of psychomotor functions over those in helicopter pilots for whom the indicators of most neurodynamic functions are reliably better. Respectively, in the groups of military pilots of supersonic and transport aviation, psychophysiological functions are fairly well correlated with each other and are closely related to majority of personal characteristics, forming 45 and 52 % of relationships. Among helicopter pilots, such relationships are significantly less, amounting 24%. There is also a lack of significant influence of personalized characteristics on the formation of the «correlation frame» of psychophysiological functions.
Effect of flosteron on the content of acute-phase proteins and procalcitonin in infectious arthritis in rats
Authors:   Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Маgомеdоv S.М. , Polyachenko Yu.V. ,   Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Hrystai N.P. ,   Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Lytovka I.G. ,   O.O.Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Sabadash V.I. ,   Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Кuzub Т.А. ,   Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Polishchuk L.V. ,   Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine
Published: November 2021

Infectious arthritis was modeled on white male Wistar rats by injecting a suspension of Staphylococcus aureus microorganisms into the knee joint of animals, and the effects of the synthetic hormone flosteron were also studied. At the same time, the content of acute-phase proteins (ceruloplasmin, haptoglobin, C-reactive protein (CRP)) and procalcitonin (PCT) as markers of the development of the inflammatory process and bacterial infection was studied in the blood serum of rats. Determination of the content of haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin and CRP was carried out on a Cobas 311 biochemical analyzer, the PCT concentration on a Cobas 411 analyzer using Roche Diagnostics test systems. Analysis of the results showed that when flosteron was administered, the concentration of CRP increased by 1.7 times already on the 3rd day, and by more than 4 times on the 14th day. The content of ceruloplasmin and haptoglobin also increased. The PCT concentration was at the level of the control values. Under the conditions of modeling infectious arthritis, changes in the content of acutephase proteins were observed. The greatest deviations from the reference values were found on the 14th day in animals that were injected with the hormone and S. aureus: the concentration of both CRP, the most objective biochemical marker of the inflammatory process, and PCT exceeded the physiological norm 12 times and more than 7 times, respectively. This indicates that the hormonal drug enhances the inflammatory process, which is confirmed by data that reflect changes in the content of acute-phase proteins. It can be assumed that the use of hormonal drugs contributes to the development of postoperative complications.
Oxidative stress as a factor in the deterioration of oxygen transfer during exercise
Authors:   Olympic Institute of National University for Physical Education and Sports of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine, Gunina L.M. , Rybina I.L. ,   Complex Scientific Group on Scientific and Methodological Support of Belarusian Biathlon Federation, Minsk, Republic of Belarus, Ataman Yu.A. ,   Scientific and Methodological Center for Sports Medicine of Sumy State University, Ukraine, Voitenko V.L. ,   Medical Institute of Sumy State University, Ukraine
Published: November 2021

Blood oxygen transport regulation by physical activity increase within training dynamics is provided with different mechanisms: from the quantitative and qualitative erythron restructure (including endogenous erythropoietin rise and main erythrocyte index shifts) to change in haemoglobin affinity to oxygen, its heterogeneous structure and blood flow growth as a result of endothelium hyperpolarisation. However, the erythrocyte itself remains a key performer in blood velocity control, due to its structure and functions. This review summarizes the data of modern scientific literature on the characteristics of erythrocytes, which make these cells one of the key links in the oxygen transport system of the blood. The focus on this property of erythrocytes during physical activity is based on the fact that the athlete’s muscles must be supplied with enough oxygen to ensure high performance. Specific training and extra-training factors affecting the content of erythrocytes have been determined. The membrane structure is treated as a significant erythrocyte part in determining its deformation and microvascular blood transport. Enzymes associated with the erythrocyte membrane and affecting cell viability and performance are described. Besides, it is stressed on monitoring erythrocyte indices via modern equipment and assessing lipid peroxidation, which leads to disorders in erythrocyte membrane structure and functions.
Hospital Use and Mortality in Transition-Aged Patients With Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Fasipe Titilope , Dongarwar Deepa , Lopez Elyse , Brown Ria , Abadom Megan , Mahoney Donald H. , Salihu Hamisu M.
Published: November 2021

OBJECTIVES

Childhood mortality in sickle cell disease (SCD) has decreased, but the transition period is associated with poor outcomes and higher mortality rates. We analyzed recent US hospitalizations and mortality trends in the transition-aged population and evaluated for differences between patients with and without SCD.

METHODS

Nationwide Inpatient Sample database was used to analyze hospitalizations among individuals aged 16 to 24 years from 2003 to 2017. Diagnoses were coded by using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification and International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision, Clinical Modification. We performed bivariate analyses to assess associations between sociodemographic characteristics and SCD hospitalizations, joinpoint regression analysis to describe mortality rate trends in SCD hospitalizations, and adjusted survey logistic regression to assess associations between patient characteristics and in-hospital mortality among transition-aged SCD and non-SCD-related hospitalizations.

RESULTS

There were 37 344 532 hospital encounters of patients aged 16 to 24 years during 2003–2017; both SCD and non-SCD hospitalizations increased with age. Female patients accounted for 78% of non-SCD and 54.9% of SCD hospitalizations. Although there was a +3.2% average annual percent change in SCD hospitalizations, total SCD in-hospital mortality rates did not have a statistically significant increase in average annual percent change over the study period. Patients with SCD aged 19 to 21 and 22 to 24 were more likely to suffer in-hospital mortality than those aged 16 to 18 (odds ratio = 2.09 and 2.71, respectively); the increased odds in mortality by age were not seen in our non-SCD population.

CONCLUSIONS

Transition-aged hospitalizations increase with age, but SCD hospitalizations have disparate age-related mortality rates. Hospital-based comprehensive care models are vital to address the persistent burden of early adulthood mortality in SCD.
Evaluation of a Theory-Informed Pediatric Rapid Response Training Program Using the Logic Model
Authors: Bavare Aarti C. , Thomas Jenilea K. , Yeppez Denae , Gazzaneo Maria C. , Guffey Danielle , Thammasitboon Satid
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

The activators of rapid-response (RR) events tasked with recognition of clinical decompensation, initial management, and response activation seldom receive RR training. RR activators often experience negative emotions of “failure to rescue” that can compromise team performance during RRs. We used the logic model framework for development and evaluation of an educational program grounded in self-determination theory for pediatric RR activators.

METHODS

The program unfolded in a large quaternary pediatric hospital to impart knowledge and skills; foster autonomy, competence, and relatedness; and improve participants’ satisfaction with performance in RRs. Logic model–guided inputs-activities-outputs-outcomes-context for program evaluation. Preintervention-postintervention follow-up surveys and interviews generated data to determine outcomes and impact of the program. The evaluation instruments were tested for validity and internal consistency.

RESULTS

Over 4 years, 207 multidisciplinary RR activators were trained. Iterative modifications yielded a workshop that incorporated multiple learning modalities, a standardized learner-centered case bank, formalized evaluation tools, and a database to track participation. Significant improvements in RR-related knowledge, self-efficacy, and self- determination were noted. Workshop evaluation yielded a mean score of 4.85 (0.27) on a 5-point scale. At 6-months follow-up survey and interviews, participants reported application of the knowledge and increased confidence with participation in real-life RR events. The workshop gained traction across the hospital, was associated with improved RR clinical outcomes, and contributed to professional advancement of the educators.

CONCLUSIONS

We successfully implemented a self-determination theory–informed RR training program for pediatric RR activators, and the logic model framework was used to facilitate comprehensive evaluation.
Family Perspectives on Continuous Monitor Use in a Children’s Hospital: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Schondelmeyer Amanda C. , Jenkins Ashley M. , Vaughn Lisa M. , Brady Patrick W.
Published: November 2021

OBJECTIVES

Alarms from continuous cardiorespiratory and pulse oximetry monitors may contribute to parental anxiety and poor sleep during hospitalization, yet families also may find monitoring reassuring. Our objective was to understand how families perceive the utility, benefits, and harms of continuous monitoring.

METHODS

In this single-center qualitative study, we used semistructured interviews and direct observation. We enrolled families of patients of a variety of ages and clinical diagnoses. We extracted patient demographic information (age, diagnosis) from the health record. Semistructured interviews were recorded and transcribed. Detailed field notes were taken during observations. We used an inductive thematic approach to develop and refine codes that informed the development of themes.

RESULTS

We recruited 24 families and conducted 23 interviews and 9 observation sessions. Respiratory conditions (eg, bronchiolitis, asthma) were the most common reason for hospitalization. The hospitalized children covered a range of ages: <4 weeks (16%), 4 weeks to 6 months (20%), 7 months to 5 years (44%), and >5 years (20%); 55% had previously been hospitalized. Families expressed varying degrees of understanding the utility of monitors and often conducted their own assessments before notifying staff about alarms. Families expected monitoring, including negative effects like sleep disruption, as part of hospitalization. Families perceived the benefit of monitoring in context of previous hospital experiences, often seeing less benefit and worrying less about alarms in subsequent hospitalizations.

CONCLUSIONS

Family members continue to find reassurance from cardiorespiratory monitoring despite evidence that it offers limited benefit outside of the ICU setting. Parental perspectives should be addressed in future deimplementation efforts.
Quantifying Empiric Antibiotic Use in US Children’s Hospitals
Authors: Chiotos Kathleen , D’Arinzo Lauren , Kitt Eimear , Ross Rachael , Gerber Jeffrey S.
Published: November 2021

OBJECTIVES

Empirical broad-spectrum antibiotics are routinely administered for short durations to children with suspected bacteremia while awaiting blood culture results. Our aim for this study was to estimate the proportion of broad-spectrum antibiotic use accounted for by these “rule-outs.”

METHODS

The Pediatric Health Information System was used to identify children aged 3 months to 20 years hospitalized between July 2016 and June 2017 who received broad-spectrum antibiotics for suspected bacteremia. Using an electronic definition for a rule-out, we estimated the proportion of all broad-spectrum antibiotic days of therapy accounted for by this indication. Clinical and demographic characteristics, as well as antibiotic choice, are reported descriptively.

RESULTS

A total of 67 032 episodes of suspected bacteremia across 42 hospitals were identified. From these, 34 909 (52%) patients were classified as having received an antibiotic treatment course, and 32 123 patients (48%) underwent an antibiotic rule-out without a subsequent treatment course. Antibiotics prescribed for rule-outs accounted for 12% of all broad-spectrum antibiotic days of therapy. Third-generation cephalosporins and vancomycin were the most commonly prescribed antibiotics, and substantial hospital-level variation in vancomycin use was identified (range: 16%–58% of suspected bacteremia episodes).

CONCLUSIONS

Broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotic use for rule-out infections appears common across children’s hospitals, with substantial hospital-level variation in the use of vancomycin in particular. Antibiotic stewardship programs focused on intervening on antibiotics prescribed for longer durations may consider this novel opportunity to further standardize antibiotic regimens and reduce antibiotic exposure.
Trends in ED Resource Use for Infants 0 to 60 Days Evaluated for Serious Bacterial Infection
Authors: Hernandez Christina S. , Monuteaux Michael C. , Bachur Richard G. , Hall Jeanine E. , Chaudhari Pradip P.
Published: November 2021

OBJECTIVES

We examined trends in resource use for infants undergoing emergency department evaluation for serious bacterial infection, including lumbar puncture (LP), antibiotic administration, hospitalization, and procalcitonin testing, as well as the association between procalcitonin testing and LP, administration of parenteral antibiotics, and hospitalization.

METHODS

We performed a cross-sectional study of infants aged 0 to 60 days who underwent emergency department evaluation for serious bacterial infection with blood and urine cultures from 2010 to 2019 in 27 hospitals in the Pediatric Health Information System. We examined temporal trends in LP, antibiotic administration, hospitalization, and procalcitonin testing from 2010 to 2019. We also estimated multivariable logistic regression models for 2017–2019, adjusted for demographic factors and stratified by age (<28 and 29–60 days), with LP, antibiotic administration, and hospitalization as dependent variables and hospital-level procalcitonin testing as the independent variable.

RESULTS

We studied 106 547 index visits. From 2010 to 2019, rates of LP, antibiotic administration, and hospitalization decreased more for infants aged 29 to 60 days compared with infants aged 0 to 28 days (annual decrease in odds of LP, antibiotics administration, and hospitalization: 0 to 28 days: 5%, 5%, and 3%, respectively; 29–60 days: 15%, 12%, and 7%, respectively). Procalcitonin testing increased significantly each calendar year (odds ratio per calendar year 2.19; 95% confidence interval 1.82–2.62), with the majority (91.1%) performed during 2017–2019. From 2017 to 2019, there was no association between hospital-level procalcitonin testing and any outcome studied (all P values > .05).

CONCLUSIONS

Rates of LP, antibiotic administration, and hospitalization decreased significantly for infants 29 to 60 days during 2010–2019. Although procalcitonin testing increased during 2017–2019, we found no association with hospital-level procalcitonin testing and patterns of resource use.
Medications Reconciled at Discharge Versus Admission Among Inpatients at a Children’s Hospital
Authors: Emdin Abby , Strzelecki Marina , Seto Winnie , Feinstein James , Bogler Orly , Cohen Eyal , Roth Daniel E.
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Discharge prescription practices may contribute to medication overuse and polypharmacy. We aimed to estimate changes in the number and types of medications reported at inpatient discharge (versus admission) at a tertiary care pediatric hospital.

METHODS

Electronic medication reconciliation data were extracted for inpatient admissions at The Hospital for Sick Children from January 1, 2016, to December 31, 2017 (n = 22 058). Relative changes in the number of medications and relative risks (RRs) of specific types and subclasses of medications at discharge (versus admission) were estimated overall and stratified by the following: sex, age group, diagnosis of a complex chronic condition, surgery, or ICU (PICU) admission. Micronutrient supplements, nonopioid analgesics, cathartics, laxatives, and antibiotics were excluded in primary analyses.

RESULTS

Medication counts at discharge were 1.27-fold (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25–1.29) greater than admission. The change in medications at discharge (versus admission) was increased by younger age, absence of a complex chronic condition, surgery, PICU admission, and discharge from a surgical service. The most common drug subclasses at discharge were opioids (22% of discharges), proton pump inhibitors (18%), bronchodilators (10%), antiemetics (9%), and corticosteroids (9%). Postsurgical patients had higher RRs of opioid prescriptions at discharge (versus admission; RR: 13.3 [95% CI: 11.5–15.3]) compared with nonsurgical patients (RR: 2.38 [95% CI: 2.22–2.56]).

CONCLUSIONS

Pediatric inpatients were discharged from the hospital with more medications than admission, frequently with drugs that may be discretionary rather than essential. The high frequency of opioid prescriptions in postsurgical patients is a priority target for educational and clinical decision support interventions.
STUDY ON CHANGES IN SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMAN CAPITAL IN THE REGION OF STARA ZAGORA
Authors: Angelova Iv.
Published: November 2021

In the recent years, human resources have increasingly been regarded as capital or “human capital”. This trend reflects the ability of human resources to enhance their value and create a higher economic result, both for the separate economic subjects, and within the borders of territorial systems. The objective of the present study is to trace the changes in some quality characteristics of human capital in the region of Stara Zagora in the last five years. To realize this objective, we have applied the method of surveying people in working age by including questions related to improving qualification, motivation, innovativeness and talent of the respondents in the survey conducted in February-March of 2020. The survey results identify some problematic aspects of human capital and create the need for additional large-scale research on the separate regions of the country.
THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 CRISIS ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE MUNICIPALITIES IN THE REPUBLIC OF BULGARIA
Authors: Karatova N.
Published: November 2021

After the declaration of the state of emergency in the country, a significant human and financial resource in Bulgarian municipalities was mobilised in order to fully implement the prescriptions of health authorities and to establish an organization to ensure the safety of life and health of citizens. In addition, municipal administrations continued to carry out their normal activities and provide much of the usual public services. At the same time, the intensity of work in the various activities of the municipality has changed completely, leading to a complete restructuring of the expenditures in municipal budgets. Activities related to social services have suffered an extreme workload. Other activities in the fields of culture, sport, school and children's health, and the economy have been completely discontinued. Educational work has been thoroughly restructured. In this regard, and at the background of drastically reduced own revenues of municipalities compared to the period March - April 2019, an acute shortage of liquid resources in municipal budgets has emerged, which is now growing exponentially. The report will present in detail both the trends in municipal expenditures and the reasons for the reduction of own revenues and will outline proposals for implementing measures to address the liquidity problem of municipalities in a short and medium term perspective.
KAWIN HAMIL AKIBAT ZINA : Studi terhadap Persepsi Masyarakat Nagari Ranah Pantai Cermin, Solok Selatan
Authors: Azwar Zainal , Elfia Elfia
Published: November 2021

This study purpose to expose the perception of Pantai Cermin public towards the phenomenon of pregnant marriage due to adultery. This is caused by the increasing cases of pregnant marriages in Nagari Ranah Pantai Cermin from 2014 until 2017. The research questions are: What are the factors causing the increase of pregnant marriages due to adultery in Nagari Ranah Pantai Cermin, what are the public's opinions about pregnant marriages due to adultery, and what are the efforts done by the community to prevent pregnant marriages due to adultery. This research is a field research with a socio legal research approach. The collected datas were analyzed using qualitative methods. The research finds are: First, the factors that caused pregnant marriage in Nagari Ranah Pantai Cermin were the lack of parental supervision, promiscuity, weak sanctions, and misuse of technology. Second, The Public of Nagari Ranah Pantai Cermin assumpt that pregnant marriage is a very shameful act and in principle is not accepted by the public. However, the Society must accept it by perforce because they do not have the legitimate to punish the perpetrators. Eventually, the case of pregnant marriage became familiar to the public. Third, the efforts were done by the community to prevent pregnant marriages are increasing parental attention, obeying with regulations made by the local Society, carrying out sanctions that have been agreed upon by the religious leaders and ninik mamak, holding juvenile bonds, and sharing knowledge about the consequences of adultery.
Walckenaeria stylifrons and Spiracme mongolica (Araneae, Linyphiidae, Thomisidae), two new species to Slovakia
Authors: Purgat Pavol , Gajdoš Peter , Purkart Adrián , Hurajtová Natália , Volnár Ľubomír , Krajčovičová Katarína
Published: November 2021

The spiders Walckenaeria stylifrons (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1875) and Spiracme mongolica (Schenkel, 1963) are reported from Slovakia for the first time. These new records are based on adult males found in Western Slovakia in xerothermic habitats. The occurrence of W. stylifrons in Slovakia fills the gap in its distribution in Pannonian Basin and between Austria and Ukraine. Spiracme mongolica has been known only from the Balkans and south-eastern part of Europe to central Asia, this is the first record for Central Europe. We suggest Spiracme mongolica (Schenkel, 1963) new combination for Xysticus mongolicus Schenkel, 1963. Characteristic features, photographs of habitus and copulatory organs, and habitats of the new records are presented. 
Acanthurus mata (Cuvier, 1829), Elongate Surgeonfish (Acanthuridae), newly recorded in the Tropical Eastern Pacifi
Authors: Robertson D. Ross , Morgan-Estapé Allison L. , Estapé Carlos J.
Published: November 2021

The reef-fish fauna of the Tropical Eastern Pacific (TEP) includes 12 species of surgeonfishes (Acanthuridae), five of them in the genus Acanthurus. Recent recreational scuba diving at Isla Darwin in the Galapagos archipelago produced photographs of adults of an additional species of Acanthurus, A. mata (Cuvier, 1829), for which there are no previous records in the TEP. This species may have escaped previous notice due to its semi-pelagic habitat preference and its resemblance to Acanthurus xanthopterus Valenciennes, 1835, which occurs throughout much of the Galapagos.
Alternative methods in the management of preeclampsia. Analytical inspection
Authors:   SI Institute of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology named after academician O.M. Lukyanova of the NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ischenko G.I.
Published: November 2021

There are many alternative drugs for the prevention and treatment of preeclampsia in the new research. This drugs can effect on the underlying pathophysiology of the disease: oxidative stress, antiangiogenic factors, as well as angiotensin, nitric oxide and various parts of the inflammatory process. Thus, they affect the disease of the placenta or endothelium. The proposed treatments are currently undergoing preclinical and clinical trials. Pravastatin was of the greatest interest among all the proposed therapeutic agents. It has pleiotropic effect, i.e. affects multiple molecular targets against preeclampsia. Proton pump inhibitors, metformin, and sulfasalazine are other drugs that have preclinical evidence of multiple molecular actions that may address the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Currently, these molecules are also in clinical trials. Many natural compounds for the treatment of preeclampsia, such as plant extracts and trace elements, are being researched to identify the potential in anti-inflammatory or antioxidant activity. Monoclonal antibodies are another direction is new molecular-oriented strategies. They are targeting tumor necrosis factor alpha, placental growth factor and short interfering RNA technology to inhibit the expression of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 or angiotensinogen. Folic acid, nitric oxide donors (such as L-arginine), recombinant antithrombin III, and immunogenic digoxin antigen and melatonin are other treatment approaches that have been tested in humans (ranging from single-group studies to phase III trials that have been completed or are ongoing). The series of cases demonstrated that removal of circulating soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 can help stabilize the disease and prolong pregnancy. Monoclonal antibodies such as eculizumab (a complement inhibitor) may have therapeutic potential. Thus, the identified alternative drugs in the treatment and prevention of preeclampsia create the potential to improve maternal health and pregnancy. No conflict of interests was declared by the author. Key words: preeclampsia, pregnancy, pravastatin, metformin, sulfalazine
Bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis in women of reproductive age with overweight and obesity
Authors:   SI Institute of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology named after academician O.M. Lukyanova of the NAMS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Gasparyan K.A.
Published: November 2021

In a review article of literary sources, domestic, foreign authors and their own research, modern views are highlighted, often problems and debatable, the prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) among women with overweight and obesity, women of reproductive age. Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) It ranks second among all vaginal infections and is one of the most common mental reasons for women to visit a gynecologist. Obesity and overweight play an important negative role in gynecological and obstetric practice. There has been a significant increase in C. albicans non-albicans in overweight women of reproductive age, and has a negative effect on the reproductive health of women. The article presents the results of a comparative study on the clinical and laboratory effectiveness of local therapy for bacterial vaginosis and IHC in overweight women. Against the background of metabolic disorders, there is an increase in the frequency of infectious pathology of the urogenital tract. Numerous literature data indicate that fungi of the city of Candida are part of various microbial associations and an important factor in their active growth is the deficiency of lactobacilli that produce H2O2. Data on bacterial vaginosis and vulvovaginal candidiasis, development and role of metabolic disorders in the pathogenesis of BV and VVC are presented. Increasing the effectiveness of local treatment of disorders of the vaginal biocenosis in women with overweight and obesity by using individualized dietary nutrition, means of correcting the intestinal biocenosis and metabolic therapy, an integrated approach to the therapy of women of reproductive age showed more effective results. It has been found that overweight and obesity negatively affect the reproductive system of women. Irregular menstrual cycles, secondary amenorrhea, infertility, endometrial hyperplastic processes are often associated with overweight and obesity. In many cases, BV is combined with intestinal dysbiosis. In this case, vaginosis can be considered as a manifestation of a systemic dysbiotic process, affects not only the microbiota of the genitourinary system, but also the endogenous microflora in various cavities of the macroorganism, provided that it is influenced by any exogenous and endogenous factors. No conflict of interest was declared by the author. Key words: bacterial vaginosis, vulvovaginal candidiasis, overweight, obesity.
A controversial role of neutrophils in tuberculosis infection pathogenesis
Authors: Linge I. A. , Apt A. S.
Published: November 2021

Tuberculosis (TB) continues to be an important and unresolved medical problem. About a quarter of mankind is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and about 5–10% of these people eventually develop TB. Macrophages and CD4+ T cells are considered the key cells providing defense against TB infection. The role of neutrophils in TB is less well defined. Neutrophils are short-lived granulocytes among first migrate into the infectious lung tissue and phagocy tose mycobacteria. On the one hand, there is evidence for protective role of neutrophils in TB released via anti-microbial peptides inhibiting mycobacterial growth, up-regulation of CD4+ T-cell activation, and dendritic cell migration in the lymph nodes. On the other hand, infection of genetically TB susceptible animals leads to an overwhelming lung neutrophil inflammation, development of necrotic granulomata, and a rapid death. Neutrophils act directly or indirectly on mycobacteria by different oxidative or other reactions including neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation. Phagocytosis of mycobacteria by neutrophils is accompanied by the production of pro-inflammatory factors, thus making neutrophils active participants of inflammation in all stages of the infectious process. Finally, neutrophils die by apoptosis or necrosis. Necrosis of neutrophils, which is activated by reactive oxygen species, also prolongs the inflammation. In this way, there is strong evidence that neutrophils are the cells involved in the transition of infection to the terminal stage, participating in lung tissue destruction. Although neutrophils evolutionary developed many ways to resist pathogens, it is likely, that neutrophils do not possess sufficient anti-mycobactericidal capacities due to the development of many adaptations allowing mycobacteria to survive inside the neutrophils. Neutrophils effectively phagocytose but poorly kill mycobacteria, thus hiding bacilli from more efficient killers, macrophages, and playing the role of the “Trojan Horse”. In this review, we summarize the data on the involvement of neutrophils in TB inflammation. We discuss their ambiguous role in pathogenesis which depends upon mycobacterial virulence, host genetics, dynamics of migration to inflammatory foci, and persistence during initial and chronic stages of the infectious process.
Epidemiological analysis of factors influencing the course of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients with concomitant viral hepatitis
Authors: Kukurika A. V. , Yourovskaya E. I. , Lyakhimets V. A.
Published: November 2021

The epidemiological significance of combined forms of especially dangerous infections has not been studied enough, unlike mono-infections. Currently, there is a tendency towards an increase in the incidence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. The formation of severe forms of the disease is caused by other widespread infections, such as chronic viral hepatitis and HIV. Polymorbid conditions distort the clinical manifestations of tuberculosis, reduce the effectiveness of anti-tuberculosis therapy and worsen the prognosis of the disease. Risk factors among patients in this category need analysis to carefully monitor patients and ensure infection control. Objective is to analyze the factors affecting the course of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients with concomitant viral hepatitis. Materials and methods. Cases of the combined pathology of multiresistant tuberculosis, HIV infection and viral hepatitis with a dominant diagnosis of tuberculosis are analyzed. Results and discussion. The influence of the immunological status on the course of combined pathology was revealed. Since all the patients under study had clinical stage 4 of HIV infection, tuberculosis developed as an opportunistic infection. Severe immunosuppression (CD4 200 cells/ml) contributed to the progression of the generalized tuberculosis process. Long-term immunodeficiency was an unfavorable factor; in the overwhelming majority of cases, antiretroviral therapy was prescribed only after tuberculosis was detected. The dependence of the clinical form of tuberculosis on the level of CD4-lymphocytes was noted: isolated lesion of the chest organs prevailed in patients with a level of CD4-lymphocytes more than 200 cells/ml, generalization of TB process — with CD4 less than 200 cells/ml. Patients with miliary tuberculosis had a higher mortality rate compared to patients with other clinical forms, regardless of antiretroviral therapy. It was revealed that socially disoriented young people with viral hepatitis C prevailed in the structure of patients, the prevalence of which was due to the influence of aggravating factors, such as alcohol and drug abuse, and stay in prisons. Against the background of combined treatment, there was no significant effect of viral hepatitis on the course of polymorbid conditions and the effectiveness of the therapy.