bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultural Sensitivity in Diabetes Care
Authors: Drozd Marge
Published: March 2007

Culture influences the way people think about and behave in relation to health and illness. Due to cultural differences, professionals and patients may have very different perspectives on how to interpret diabetes, explain its causes and progression, understand its symptoms, and decide on treatment. Health care professionals can offer more compassionate and effective care to their patients by becoming culturally competent. Cultural competence is the knowledge and interpersonal skills that allow providers to understand, appreciate, and work with individuals from cultures other than their own. Cultural values influence both the choices patients make each day as they care for their diabetes and the ways health care professionals interpret and react to their choices.
Culturally Competent Home Health Service Delivery for Asian Americans
Authors: Xueqin Ma Grace , Du Chin
Published: March 2007

This article provides nurses, home health care practitioners, health educators, social workers, and therapists with information about home health care issues concerning Asian-American populations. It covers home health care, demographic background, and health risks, with discussion of case examples in their cultural context and related cultural competency and communication perspectives.
Folk Remedy Use: Case Studies
Authors: Burgos Jeannette
Published: March 2007

This article intends to redefine health care professionals' roles in providing optimum care to their consumers. To become culturally competent not only encompasses being knowledgeable of specific groups' beliefs, practices, or behavior, but to continuously provide a standard level of care. Specifically, the use of folk remedies among Latinos in the United States is discussed.
What Happens When a Health Care Provider Has Been Excluded from Medicare or Another Federal Health Care Program?
Authors: Harris Lori E. , Adams Rodney K.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the mandatory and discretionary authority vested in the Secretary of the US Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) regarding whether or not to exclude health care providers from participation in one or all of the federal health care programs including Medicare and Medicaid. This article also provides guidance to providers that if they open up a dialogue with DHHS and are able to marshall support from their state, the possibility exists that exclusion will not be imposed.
Geriatric assessment teams: What they are and who they can help
Authors: Toth Mindy
Published: March 2007

Various types of geriatric assessment teams and environments for these programs are described. Included are the components of a comprehensive geriatric assessment: physical, psychological, socioeconomic, and functional. This is a comprehensive view of the diversified manner in which an effective geriatric assessment team may be structured. The need for follow-through on the teams' recommendations is emphasized. The ability of professionals in any setting to identify the need for a comprehensive geriatric assessment is vital.
Treatment decisions and the gerontological patient in the home setting
Authors: Brent Nancy J.
Published: March 2007

Guardianship and power of attorney are covered in a very broad manner. There are variations from state to state so more detailed information must be researched for each reader's particular environment. The article explains all relevant responsibilities for all levels within a home health agency, from management to direct care.
Monitoring home IV antibiotic therapy
Authors: McPherson Mary Lynn
Published: March 2007

This article provides the reader with a comprehensive discussion of the provision of home IV antibiotic therapy, focusing on appropriate diseases for treatment, patient selection, selection of specific antibiotics, and monitoring techniques.
Nutritional management of the home hospice patient
Authors: Murkland Sherri F.
Published: March 2007

The primary goal of nutritional management in the home hospice setting is to improve the quality of life. This article provides helpful suggestions to be used based on the individual's needs. Included are ways to increase oral intake, calorie and protein density of foods; sample meals; time schedules; suggestions for family members; common problems; and treatment of those patients previously or currently on special diets.
Home administration of aerosolized pentamidine
Authors: Weimer Melissa P. , Reese Kevin
Published: March 2007

The use of aerosolized pentamidine has proven to be a very effective treatment for active Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV+ patients as well as a prophylactic treatment to prevent recurrences. Home administration is both safe and effective if both the home care staff and the patient are well educated and supported. This article provides the clinician with the theoretical and procedural information needed to assist the patient. The article also reflects the importance of close collaboration between the home health agency staff and the durable medical equipment company staff.
Caring for disoriented clients with Alzheimer's disease at home
Authors: Feldman Rosalind B. , Kocin Marla Z.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the home health care professionals' responses to the many needs of the Alzheimer's patients and their families. Safety needs of patients, strategies for caregivers, and caring for the caregiver are topics discussed. Included is a safety check- list, which can be incorporated into a home assessment.
Nutritional considerations in the management of arthritis in the home health patient
Authors: Kershner Ruth B. , Lasswell Anita B.
Published: March 2007

Nutritional considerations for the management of arthritis in home health patients in clude weight management and considerations of drug or nutrient interactions resulting in adverse events such as decreased appetite, increased nutrient excretion, decreased nu trient absorption, nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. The goals of nutritional management are to achieve optimal nutritional intake, achieve or maintain desirable or reasonable body weight, minimize medication effects related to nutritional intake, prevent or alleviate diarrhea or constipation, use vitamin and mineral supplements only as required, and avoid unproven and inadequate dietary regimens. Assessment of nutritional status is a key step in proper management. This article provides suggestions for specific problems uncovered through nutritional assessment as well as practical suggestions on topics such as exercise, hydration, weight control, and preparing food. It also reviews community nutrition resources to assist the home health care practitioner with case management.
Pharmacotherapy of diabetes mellitus
Authors: McPherson Mary Lynn
Published: March 2007

This article addresses not only the use of oral hypoglycemics and insulin but also gives practical and useful information on educating the patient and his or her family. It in cludes background information on the drugs most commonly used and a table on oral hypoglycemic agents.
Respite care for medically fragile children
Authors: Coffman Sherrilyn , Folden Susan L.
Published: March 2007

Medically fragile children have a better chance of achieving optimal development when they are cared for at home rather than in an institution. Parents can be overwhelmed as they care for their child and often "feel like a prisoner." Available social supports in the community can make a difference. Nurses and other health care workers can assist par ents in receiving respite care. Lists of resources and criteria are included in this article.
Failure to thrive
Authors: Peterson Karen E.
Published: March 2007

We are privileged to be able to present this article to our readers. The author had sent us the manuscript and when we reviewed it we felt that the information was textbook in nature and very current. We found out later that the information is also published in the Handbook forPediatric Nutzition, Queen Samour P, and Lang C, eds., Gaithersburg, Md: Aspen Publishers, Inc; 1992. We urge you to read the article; it gives the most current clinical data and suggestions for the management of this serious condition, which affects a large number of American children.
Policy belief systems and risky technologies: the Dutch debate on regulating LPG-related activities
Authors: Hoppe Rob , Pranger Rob , Besseling Erik
Published: March 2007

Much is known about technical issues of risk analysis and risk assessment. Much less is known about risk management strategies in use. Next to nothing is known about the ( mis ) match between risk management strategies and polit ical structures and cultures. In an attempt to illuminate cultural and political obstacles in public debates concerning risk management, we analyze the policy formation process in the Netherlands concerning the assessment and manage ment of risks related to Liquid Petrol Gas (LPG). This process resulted in a comprehensive national approach to norm-setting in regulating risky technol ogies. Using a combination of approaches to the developmental dynamics of policy debates, we trace technical issues in administrative strategies for risk assessment and management to fundamental differences between three policy belief systems dominating public discourse in capitalist welfare states.
Muddling through a nuclear-political emergency: multilevel crisis management in West Germany after radioactive fallout from Chernobyl
Authors: Czada Roland M.
Published: March 2007

Nuclear fallout from the Chernobyl reactor blaze took the West German au thorities completely by surprise. Attempts to control the situation encountered various obstacles: (1) insufficient preparedness; (2) rapidly evolving social conflicts and public demands; (3) complex, interwoven structures of compe tence ; and (4) geographically fluctuating problem loads. Regression analysis indicates that the responses of lower-level administrations depended on the resources available to them, such as scientific expertise, measurement devices and administrative experience. The existence of local hazards and general risk perceptions also influenced crisis management. In particular, this article scru tinizes the organizational crisis evolving from conflicts between federal, state and local governments. A multilevel research design is applied to demonstrate how divergent radiological assessments and ill-defined responsibilities ampli fied the crisis, and how a degree of normalcy was recovered by interlocking the different levels of government.
For a crisiology1
Authors: Morin Edgar
Published: March 2007

The author argues in this article that in order to conceive of the notion of crisis and to go beyond the notions of disruption, struggle or disequilibrium, one must conceive of a society or an organization as systems that can experience crises. This implies that one must posits three levels of existence for these systems: the systemic level, the cybernetic level, and the negentropic level. After this discussion, several components of the concept of crisis are described and the need for a grounded theory in 'crisiology' is affirmed.
initial development of an auditory continuous performance test for preschoolers
Authors: Mahone E. Mark , Pillion Joseph P. , Hiemenz Jennifer R.
Published: March 2007

Continuous performance tests, while readily available for school-aged children, are used sparingly with preschoolers. Research assessing auditory sustained attention in preschoolers has had mixed success, partly due to the task difficulty for children under age five. In particular, three-year-old children have shown great difficulty with these tasks because of test length, number of distracter stimuli, and short lnterstimulus intervals. To address these concerns, the Auditory Continuous Performance Test for Preschoolers (ACPT-P) was developed. The ACPT-P is an auditory, computer-based, go no-go, continuous performance test, using one target stimulus and one distracter, presented with a fixed interstimulus interval over a five-minute period.

This study examined the psychometric properties and initial validity of the ACPT-P in a sample of 87 typically developing preschoolers. In our sample, children as young as 36 months completed the ACPT-P with few omission or commission errors. Results also indicated a developmental trend, with improved performance with increasing age from age three to six years. Response latency and variability decreased steadily from age three to six years. The ACPT-P variability score was significantly correlated with the Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised (Short Form) ADHD Index, while both mean response latency and variability were significantly correlated with measures of motor persistence, praxis, graphomotor skill, and listening vocabulary. The ACPT-P appears to be a developmentally appropriate and potentially useful tool in the assessment of auditory attention in preschool children, especially because of its utility for children as young as 36 months.
Efficacy of Adderall® for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A meta-analysis
Authors: Faraone S.V. , Biederman J.
Published: March 2007

Stimulant medication has, for many years, been the pharmacological treatment of choice for children and adults with Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Several studies have shown Adderall®, to be efficacious for measures of inattention, hyperactivity-impulsivity, aggression, disruptive behavior, and academic productivity. Although these studies provide useful information for clinicians treating ADHD children and adults, the variability in efficacy among the different types of measures used within each study has not been comprehensively examined.

Thus, to provide a clearer picture of what conclusions can be drawn from these studies, we performed a meta-analysis. Data from the six available studies of standard release Adderall® show it to be efficacious for symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity- impulsivity, and aggression, as well as global ratings. Its efficacy was significant for clinician, parent, and teacher ratings, and for both fixed- and best-dose designs.
Attention Deficit Disorder and hospitalization due to injury among older adolescents in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Lam L.T.
Published: March 2007

The association between Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and injuries among children has long been studied. More recently, research interest has extended to the long-term consequences of childhood ADD in adolescents and young adults, mainly focusing on motor vehicle-related accidents, but not other injuries. Very little work has investigated the associations between individual characteristics, type of injuries, outcomes, and the diagnosis of ADD upon admission of injured patients to a hospital. To investigate these associations, this study used a population-based epidemiological design that analyzed data routinely collected on patients hospitalized due to injuries.

Results showed that younger, male, and more socioeconomically disadvantaged patients were more likely to be diagnosed with ADD upon admission. Significant association between different causes of injuries, in particular self-inflicted injuries, and diagnosis of ADD were also found. Patients diagnosed with ADD stayed in the hospital longer than others regardless of the cause of their injury. These results illustrate clearly that ADD is underrecognized among injured patients upon admission to hospitals. Information on the ADD status of injured patients is important for treatment decision making. A screening tool should be developed for assessing all injured patients upon admission to hospitals.
New Zealand's SIDS Prevention Program and Reduction in Infant Mortality
Authors: Davidson-Rada Jiri , Caldis Stephan , Tonkin Shirley L.
Published: March 2007

New Zealand has suffered a very high mortality rate from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), also known as "crib death" or "cot death." This prompted the development of the New Zealand Cot Death Study, a case-controlled epidemiological study. The preliminary findings of this study identified three risk behaviors potentially amenable to modification: prone sleeping position of the infant, maternal smoking, and not breastfeeding. These findings were discussed with the major stakeholders of child health. The Department of Health coordinated the development of a health education SIDS prevention program. Since the Help Prevent Cot Death Programme was launched in February 1991, the rate of total infant deaths, which was 10.1/1000 live births in 1987, fell to 7.6/1000 live births in 1991. The SIDS rate fell from 4.2/1000 in 1987 to 2.5/1000 in 1991. It is suggested that the described health education program had a significant influence on this improvement in infant survival.
Performance Analysis of Vectorized Nuclear Codes On a Facom Vp-100 At the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute
Authors: Ishiguro Misako , Harada Hiroo , Makino Mitsuhiro , Martin Joanne L.
Published: March 2007

We have evaluated the performance of vectorized nuclear codes used at the Japan Atomic Energy Institute. Forty nu clear codes were restructured for vectori zation, with an average vectorization of 83%. The vector to scalar ratio for modi fied code performance is about 5. Vectori zation improved performance in most cases, but certain codes, including LOCA and Monte Carlo codes, required consid erable effort to vectorize, without high performance gains. We discuss the bar riers to achieving high performance, and the need to consider applications charac teristics when evaluating system performance.
A Vector Algorithm for Lattice Gas Hydrodynamics
Authors: Lim Hwa A. , Riccardi Gregory , Bauer Charles M. , Sharma Sanjay
Published: March 2007

A code implementing a cellular automaton for simu lating fluid flows is presented in the style of Fortran 8X. Major data structures and the boundary characteristics are represented by bit vectors, resulting in efficient use of memory. Use of vector-length, bitwise operations yields significant speedup. The code is equally applicable to other vector supercomputers that support the full range of boolean operations.
Computer Simulation of the Global Climatic Effects of Increased Greenhouse Gases
Authors: Washington Warren M. , Bettge Thomas W. , Meehl Gerald A. , Yost Jeffery B.
Published: March 2007

In conjunction with the Scientific Visualization Program at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois, scientists at the National Center for Atmospheric Research have produced a visualization of the climate system and the possible climate change as sociated with increased greenhouse gases in the atmo sphere. Through animation, the global and seasonal dis tribution of surface air temperature and the temporal and spatial distributions of surface temperature change caused by increased CO2 are shown. The geographical distribution of seasonally time-averaged atmospheric temperature difference due to the simulated hypothetical greenhouse warming is shown in a three-dimensional box with the surface soil-moisture changes superim posed in order to highlight their association.
Studying Quarks and Gluons On Mimd Parallel Computers
Authors: Bernard Claude , Ogilvie Michael C. , DeGrand Thomas A. , DeTar Carleton E. , Gottlieb Steven A. , Krasnitz A. , Sugar R.L. , Toussaint D.
Published: March 2007

Numerical simulations of interacting quarks and glu ons may be the best way to calculate the structure of protons and neutrons, as well as the nature of the very early universe or the interiors of neutron stars. Such simulations are limited by the availability of computer power. We are carrying out a program of simulations on multiple instruction, multiple data (MIMD) parallel computers. We describe here the goals of this project, discuss the way in which the computations are adapted to parallel computers and the performance they achieve, and present a few preliminary results.
Older Workers: Are They a Viable Labor Force for the Foodservice Industry?
Authors: Reid Robert D.
Published: March 2007

The "greying of America" will have an influence on the foodservice industry labor force, as the proportion of older workers increases. Numerous factors such as governmental and cor porate policy, as well as individual needs influence labor force participation of older individuals. Commonly held stereotypes about older workers are not generally supported by the literature, indicating special problems which older workers must overcome if they are to be successfully employed. The literature supports the use of specific employment and training in terventions if more older workers are to be successfully employed.
Power and the Hotel Controller's Role
Authors: Moore Robert W. , Stefanelll John
Published: March 2007

Organizational structure places limits on managerial roles, although the current interest in leadership often presumes that personal attributes are the basis forpower and influence rather than position. Hotel controllers find their power in the central role they play in the hotel's information network. It is the extent of their involvement in decision making that permits them to wield influence and exercise leadership. This research surveyed the extent to which hotel controllers in large independent hotels and small chains and their superiors and peers believe they should be involved in representative strategic, accounting assessment and non-financial decisions. The findings indicate moderate disagreement in strategic and accountinglassessment functions. Some ambiguity attends all managerial work roles, but moderate dis agreement suggests that controllers perform decisional roles that circumscribe their opportunity to exercise leadership. Key words: Hotel/Hospitality Controller, Hotel/ Hospitality Management, Power, Decision Making, ManagementRole.
Intelligent Computer Aided Instruction: Forecasting for the Lodging Industry
Authors: Hott David D. , Nusbaum Eric F.
Published: March 2007

This paper describes an Intelligent ComputerAided Instruction (ICAI) approach to teaching guestroom sales forecasting. ICAI provides feedback on the appropri ateness of the user's thought process, and evaluates the relative correctness of the forecast. An overview of the model's developmentlexecution and suggestions as to incorporating ICAI into your program are presented.
Measures of Managerial Effectiveness in the Hotel Industry
Authors: Eder Robert W. , Umbreit W. Terry
Published: March 2007

A study was conducted to capture the underlying dimensional structure of outcome measures used to evaluate general hotel manager effectiveness in large hotel chains. Seventy-three hotel executives and general managers completed a survey of the frequency and importance of 23 distinct effectiveness measures used in their firm. Factor analysis revealed three independent dimensions: short-term profit indicators, tangible results (i.e., budget compliance, sales growth, guest comment cards), and intangible factors ( i.e., employee morale, market share changes, and guest complaint letters). Projected linkages between key manager behaviors and these effectiveness dimensions are discussed within an integrated hotel manager evaluation framework. Implications forpractice and further research are discussed.
A Passion for Knowledge? a Comparative Study of Older and Younger Food Service Workers' Desire for Education
Authors: DeMicco Fred J. , Parks Sara C.
Published: March 2007

Demographic trends will have a significant impact on the foodservice labor force. With fewer teenagers available, the commercial sector (that is, fast-food restaurants) is experiencing acute labor shortages. This trend will impact the institutional sector as commercial and institutional employers compete fora similar labor pool.

The older worker will be a valuable resource in light of a shrinking laborpool and increased competition. Stereotypes regarding the training, education, and develop ment of older workers are pervasive. To achieve financial success in their food service operations, employee training, education, and development programs are necessary. Therefore, managers will have to overcome stereotype barriers and develop effective training and educational programs for older employees. Age- related stereotypes regarding education, training, and development of the older worker are explored.
Teaching Yield Management in the Hospitality Management Curriculum
Authors: DeVeau Patricia M.
Published: March 2007

I

Yield management is one of the most revolutionary innovations to impact the lodging industry ever. Yield management allows the rooms division of a hotel to control the rates being quoted and occupancy by market segment to maximize rooms revenue. By combining artificial intelligence and the knowledge of experts in a hotel, yield management can produce results that were previously unthought of. Yield management/artificial intelligence was first experimented with by Computer ized Lodging Systems, Inc. and Sonesta lnternational Hotels Corp., in April 1988. Since that time every major software vendor has made plans to introduce a similar product. Currently, the major lodging corporations are experimenting with yield management at test properties and finding the results to be financially beneficial. With these positive results in mind it is easy to see that yield management is about to make a permanent mark on the lodging industry.

II

This paper will attempt to provide readers with the following information:

• What yield management is

• How artificial intelligence works

• How yield management and artificial intelligence are combined

• A review of the current vendors of YM/AI

• Results experienced by YM/AI users

• Where and how YM/AI should be included and taught

in the Hospitality Curriculum

Through this analysis of yield management/artificial intelligence, the readers will gain the knowledge necessary to function and educate in this new environment.

III

The financial impact that YM/AI is going to have on the lodging industry in years to come is immense. Currently there are only a handful of individuals in the lodging industry who are familiar with YM/AI. If hospitality education is to fulfill its mission of preparing the future managers of the industry, current innovations must be assimi lated in the hospitality curriculum as quickly as possible. YM/AI is an innovation that provides hospitality education the opportunity to fulfill its responsibility of educating students in the use of state of the art technology prior to its complete adoption by the industry it serves.
The Impacts of Variety On the Costs and Profits of a Hotel Chain's Properties
Authors: Enz Cathy A. , Potter Gordon
Published: March 2007

In the hotel industry, undistributed operating expenses represent a significant portion of the operating costs for a hotel. Exactly how most of these expenses arise is not well under stood. Using data from more than 40 hotels operated by a major chain, the authors examine the links between the variety of a hotel's products and customers and its undistributed op erating expenses and revenues. Their findings show that undistributed operating expenses are related to the extent of the property's business and product-services mix. The results suggest that although increasing a property's product-service mix results in higher undis tributed operating expenses, the incremental costs are compensated for by higher reve nues. However, increasing business mix while increasing undistributed operating expenses does not result in higher revenues.
Toxicity of Gases Generated From Smoldering Cellulose Insulation
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Olcomendy Elaine M. , Brauer Diana P.
Published: March 2007

An apparatus and procedure are described for evaluating the toxicity of the gases evolved from the smoldering combustion of cellulose insulation. The method combines initiation of smoldering combustion in cellulose insulation by a lighted cigarette and exposure of laboratory animals to the gases evolved. The toxicity of the gases evolved appears to be a function of the amount of cellulose insuiption consumed by smoldering. Non-smoldering cellulose insulation does not appear to present any toxic hazard under these particular test conditions.
Stakeholder Involvement in Evaluation: Suggestions for Practice
Authors: Reineke Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Essays, opinions, and professional judgments are welcome in this section of EP. Forum articles speak to and about the philosophical and ethical dilemmas of our profession. Authors are invited to express their views to encourage constructive dialogue centered on issues. To keep the dialogue substantive, other articles moti vated by previous Forum presentations should have independent titles and themes. Items labeled "Comments on ..." and "Rejoinder to ..." will not be published inForum— such responses, and those not of article length or nature, are welcome and encouraged in the Letters section of EP. Standard citations and reference lists should acknowledge and identify earlier contributions and viewpoints. Manuscripts should not exceed 10 double-spaced typewritten pages in length.
Problems of Definition in Sampling Special Populations: The Case of Homeless Persons
Authors: Johnson Timothy P. , Mitra Ananda , Newman Ramona , Horm John
Published: March 2007

Articles should deal with topics applicable to the broad field of program evaluation. Implications for practicing evaluators should be clearly identified. Examples of contributions include, but are not limited to, reviews of new developments in evaluation and descriptions of a current evaluation effort, research problem, or technique. Manuscripts should include appropriate references and not exceed 10 double-spaced typewritten pages in length.
Building Formal Knowledge Bases: Understanding Evaluation Use in The Foundation Community
Authors: McNelis Rosemary Hattrup , Bickel William E.
Published: March 2007

In this article, we review 13 empirical studies that investigate the use of evaluation by foundations and highlight issues surrounding evaluation use in this context. After describing what is known in light of these studies, we discuss issues that warrant further investigation. We then report on preliminary findings from an ongoing study of evaluation use in small and mid-sized foundations which is being conducted as part of the University of Pittsburgh-Lilly Endowment evaluation partnership. We conclude by raising some questions that need to be addressed more rigorously by both the foundation and evaluation communities if we are to collectively improve the use of evaluation by one of our country's more important and powerful resources: foundations.
Sources of Conflict During the School Experience of Pre-Service Physical Education Teachers
Authors: Hardy Colin
Published: March 2007

The context for the present study is the one-year initial teacher education course for postgraduates specialising in physical education at the secondary level. The research focus is on the conflicts which pre service teachers experience during the school practice element of a University- School Partnership Scheme based on the new government criteria and procedures introduced in the DFE Circular No. 9/92 for England and Wales. Fifty-three postgraduate students completed report forms about their teaching concerns at the end of each week of a six-week and an eleven-week block practice, and, of the 1510 concerns reported, 257 (17.02%) were classed as conflicts. A content analysis of the 'conflict' concerns revealed four general categories of conflict, and these were related to school staff and peers, the school and university working procedures, the demands from the school and the university, and beliefs and values about the teaching profession. The paper argues that such conflicts are viewed with much apprehension by pre-service teachers because of the additional responsibilities and powers placed on school subject mentors and the more limited time available in the university to prepare for the practical activities. Therefore, it is suggested that University-School Partnership Schemes should build in arrangements that give pre service teachers the opportunity to resolve deep-seated problems by being able to approach neutral staff from either the university or the school.
Trailing Research
Authors: Finne Håkon , Levin Morten , Nilssen Tore
Published: March 2007

Trailing research is a model for evaluation aiming at enhancing use. The model integrates formative and summative evaluation in a planned learning process coupled with producing knowledge for the scientific community. Formative and summative activities are built into an action research model to enhance the immediate use of evaluation findings. The underlying idea of trailing research is to combine pragmatic evaluation activity with reflection processes. In this paper we describe how trailing research was applied to evaluate a Norwegian public program supporting business development. A major challenge in evaluations is to produce credible results. Trailing research had no trouble producing credible results for stakeholders involved in the program. A small number of external stakeholders not engaged in the evaluation activity were more unwilling to accept its results or grant it credibility. External stakeholders who shared the learning process, however, had few problems in granting it credibility.
A Swedish Network
Authors: Denning George
Published: March 2007

This section, which will appear in each issue of the journal, is open to contributions from members of the evaluation community worldwide. We particularly welcome news about evaluation societies, the events that they are undertaking and other international evaluation activities. Please send contributions c/o The Editorial Office.
Inclusive tours and commodification: The marketing constraints for mass-market resorts
Authors: Laws Eric , Cooper Chris
Published: March 2007

This paper is concerned with traditional mass-market resorts and the marketing con straints that are imposed upon them by their innate characteristics and the influence of the distribution channel. As a result of these resorts' reliance upon intermediaries, inclusive tour ( IT) clientele forms the core market of many of the resorts as exempliffied by the patronage of the main Spanish resorts by clients of Northern European tour operators. This has led to the commodification of the resort product by intermediaries and the need for resorts to differentiate their offering in a highly competitive market.

In recognition of these issues and the changing tourism marketplace, many resorts are currently setting new objectives for their marketing, and revising their strategies to take into account the wish to seek new ways to target and serve their preferred clients.1 How ever, inclusive holidays are a key element of business for these resorts, and the inclusive holiday industry is characterised by a high degree of differential power, where the initia tive is often vested in the major tour operators. This suggests that many mass-market resorts are unable to put into effect the strategic mar keting and planning approaches that theory often suggests as solutions to the problems faced by resorts in this stage of development. In addition, resorts are often debilitated in their attempts to implement marketing by stakeholder interests and the nature of public sector organisation. It is the aim of this paper to provide a framework for the understanding of the constraints upon the implementation of marketing that are experienced by mass- market resorts.
Tourism marketing — A question of perception
Authors: McClellan Tim
Published: March 2007

Potential tourist destinations wishing to market themselves domestically and inter nationally need to create and maintain an appropriate image in the minds of possible visitors. This paper examines methods of measuring current perception using a case- study destination in Northern France and applies this to traditional response hierarchy theory. The application and results of percep tion measurement tests in the UK and France are discussed in a broad context together with general implications for the development of communication and marketing strategies to change perceptions of potential tourists. The need for destinations to meet potential visitor expectations is considered together with the possible effects of inappropriate product and communication strategies.
Can Childhood Behavioural Characteristics Predict Adolescent Boys’ Health?
Authors: Dobkin Patricia L. , Tremblay Richard E. , Mcduff Pierre
Published: March 2007

Nine-year longitudinal data were used to group participants in terms of the stability of the boys’ disruptiveness and/or anxiety. In addition to annual assessment, 625 boys were interviewed between the ages 14 and 16 years to measure healthy and risky behaviours, as well as health outcomes. A logistic regression showed significant group effects for risky health behaviours (e.g. unsafe sex, alcohol abuse). Boys with stable disruptive characteristics were most likely and boys with stable anxious characteristics were least likely to engage in risky behaviours. As for health outcomes, boys with stable disruptive characteristics used health services more often. The boys with anxious characteristics reported more chronic minor health problems and were hospitalized more for non-psychiatric problems during the past year.
Appearance Motivation, Obsessive-compulsive Tendencies and Excessive Suntanning in a Community Sample
Authors: Leary Mark R. , Saltzman Jennifer L. , Georgeson John C.
Published: March 2007

Measures of appearance motivation, obsessive-compulsive tendencies and tanning attitudes and behavior were completed by 175 adults, ages 16-65, who were approached while suntanning. Participants who scored high in both appearance motivation and obsessive-compulsive tendencies most strongly endorsed the importance of having a tan, spent the most time in the sun, were least likely to use sunscreen and were more likely to use tanning beds. In contrast, low-appearance motivation combined with high obsession- compulsion was associated with safe-sun practices.
A Review of Psychiatric Epidemiology in Africa: Strategies for Increasing Validity When Using Instruments Transculturally
Authors: Parry Charles D.H.
Published: March 2007

The findings of 28 psychiatric epidemiological studies con ducted in Africa since the late 1960's are briefly reviewed, and problems with the use of standardised psychiatric epidemio logical instruments in Africa are explored with reference to these studies. Regardless of whether the purpose of the inves tigation is to enhance theory development or to provide service providers and policy-makers with accurate estimates of the nature and extent of psychiatric illness, threats to the validity of the whole epidemiological investigation must be evaluated and dealt with. These threats pertain to not only the instru ment, but also the procedures, the study design, and the sampling strategy and sample size. Given human and other re source constraints, psychiatric epidemiologists in Africa will also need to consider using other strategies, including key in formant interviews and indicators of key mental health problems.
Energy Saving and Airtightness of Blocks of Flats in Lithuania
Authors: Juodis Egidijus
Published: March 2007

Measurements of the airtightness of blocks of flats in Lithuania were carried out between 1995 and 1997 to assess the effectiveness of energy saving measures. At that time there was no real data on the airtightness of such dwellings available. The aim of the measurements was to evaluate how much heat could be saved by dimin ishing the air change rate. Since there are no thermostats installed in the dwellings, 'tightening' becomes the only measure available to increase indoor temperature. Un fortunately, the results show that the popular expecta tion that energy was being wasted are not well grounded. We conclude that there is no real possibility for saving heat in small dwellings without contravention of health requirements except in isolated cases. The mean air change rate was found to be approximately 1.5 h-1 and further steps to tighten the building enve lopes could only save energy in some large dwellings of three and more rooms.
Willingness to Pay for Renewable Energy: Implications for UK Green Tariff Offerings
Authors: Batley S.L. , Fleming P.D. , Urwin P.
Published: March 2007

Although financial support for renewable electricity sources has existed via the non-fossil fuel obligation since 1990, the UK 'green power' market is still in its infancy. This paper looks at attitudes to tariffs for green power' in light of the proposed phase-out of the non- fossil fuel obligation. The hypothesis tested was the con sumers' willingness to pay for electricity generated from renewable energy sources and to see if this was related to income and attitude. Data for analysis were taken from replies to a questionnaire sent to an energy-aware sub population of Leicester which were analysed by a variety of statistical tests. Results of multiple regression analysis indicated that whether someone was willing to pay more was significantly correlated with attitude, experience (whether they had visited an environmental centre) and the purchasing power placed on £5. This finding has implications for the methods by which support for green tariffs can be increased. Education and raising people's awareness through experience should be able to change attitudes and so increase their willingness to pay.
A Simple Interface to Computational Fluid Dynamics Programs for Building Environment Simulations
Authors: Broderick Charles R. , Chen Qingyan
Published: March 2007

It is becoming a popular practice for architects and HVAC engineers to simulate airflow in and around buildings by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) methods in order to predict indoor and outdoor environment. However, many CFD programs are crippled by a historically poor and inefficient user interface system, particularly for users with little training in numerical simulation. This investigation endeavors to create a simplified CFD inter face (SCI) that allows architects and building engineers to use CFD without excessive training. The SCI can be easily integrated into new CFD programs.
Review : Optimising Analytical Performance and Extending the Application Range of Thermal Desorption for Indoor Air Monitoring
Authors: Woolfenden Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

Thermal desorption is a readily automated gas extrac tion technology based on standard gas chromatography (GC) parameters and providing an efficient, high-sensi tivity alternative to conventional solvent extraction. The process of thermal desorption involves the extraction of volatile or semi-volatile organic compounds from a sor bent or material by heating the sample in a flow of inert gas. The extracted analytes are then transferred in the flow of carrier gas to the analyser (typically GC or GC- MS) as a small, discreet and concentrated volume of vapour. In effect the thermal desorber becomes a multi purpose, stand-alone GC injector. Concentration factors as high as 105-106 can be achieved using modern sys tems with analytes collected from several tens, even hundreds, of litres of air being delivered to the analyser in as little as 200 μl of gas. Though inherently simple, many factors contribute to the performance and efficien cy of the thermal desorption process, which in turn deter mines the ultimate sensitivity and reliability of a thermal desorption-based analytical method. These factors in clude retention efficiency (during sampling/focusing), desorption efficiency, artefacts, band broadening and analyte/system stability. This paper describes optimisa tion of all of these parameters during the development and validation of thermal desorption procedures. Exam ples of optimum method performance in terms of preci sion, linearity and sensitivity are presented. A novel approach to overcoming the traditional one-shot limita tion of thermal desorption is also described. Examples are presented which illustrate the range of indoor air- related applications for optimised thermal desorption- GC(-MS). New specialist sampling apparatus and alter native real-time detection systems, which can be com bined with thermal desorption to extend its utility for indoor air research, are also described.
Occupational Health in Metal Arc Welding
Authors: Hewitt Peter J.
Published: March 2007

The physical and often acute effects associated with metal arc welding, such as death by electrocution or physical injuries in the workplace are well recog nised. Increasingly today, attention is focused upon chronic effects, in particu lar cancer risks in welders. This review aims to address these concerns; put the risks into perspective and direct the reader to the means of assessment and control. Attention is drawn to the activities of Commission VIII International Institute of Welding which, through its various working groups, is charged with reviewing world-wide publications on health and safety in welding and with the issue of authoritative statements. The mechanism of gas and fume generation from welding processes is described. Fume particle size and mor phology in relation to inhalation and effects within the body are addressed. Epidemiology studies on cancer and other risks are reviewed. Strategies for the assessment and control of risks from metal arc welding are considered, taking due note of international movements on legislation and standardisation.
Occurrence of Airborne Bacteria and Fungi in Bayside Offices in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Brickus Leila S.R. , Siqueira Luiz F.G. , de Aquino Neto Francisco R. , Cardoso Jari N.
Published: March 2007

This paper provides the first published information on indoor concentrations of micro-organisms in a building in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The building in question was a 1,000 m2, twenty-nine-story building with a central air condi tioning system. Concentrations and genera of bacteria and fungi were deter mined in several offices using a 6-stage impactor (Andersen sampler) during the summer season. Several gram-positive (Micrococcus, Bacillus, Staphylo coccus, Streptococcus) and gram-negative (Pseudomonas, Serratia, Klebsiella) genus of bacteria were detected. Of the 13 fungi identified indoors, Cladospo rium, Penicillium, Trichoderma and Aspergillus were predominant. Total bac teria and fungi counts showed a definite pattern in a comparison of results for the indoor and outdoor air. Therefore, the source of these micro-organisms is probably the outdoor air, from where they were transported indoors.
Impact of Combined Dilution and Pressurisation Effects of Ventilation Air on Indoor Contaminant Concentration
Authors: Budaiwi Ismail M.
Published: March 2007

When outdoor air is the main source of pollutants indoors, mechanical air ventilation can be viewed as having two fronts of action in controlling indoor air quality. The first is its capacity to remove indoor air pollutants by dilution, and the second is its capability to prevent, through its pressurisation effect, the pollutant source (i.e. untreated outdoor air) from infiltrating, through the building envelope, to the occupied space. This paper discusses the impact of combined dilution and pressurisation potentials of ventilation air on indoor contaminant concentration when outdoor air is the main source of pollutants. Utilising an airflow model in conjunction with a one-compartment indoor air quality model, contaminant concentration behaviour within a single zone enclosure is predicted at various enclosure air leakage, system characteristics and pressurisation levels. Results from this study are indicative of the appreci able impact of the pressurisation effect of ventilation air which needs to be considered for a better assessment of ventilation air effectiveness and further enhancement of indoor air quality control.