bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El espacio entre el arte y la arquitectura: segundo tercio del siglo XX en Chile
Authors: Campos G. Alicia
Published: January 2017

El siguiente artículo presenta una reflexión acerca de la concepción moderna de espacio, su intrínseca filiación con el arte de principios del siglo xx; los procesos de transferencia y el desarrollo en el escenario del arte y la arquitectura nacional, apostando a que dicha filiación en el ámbito nacional no necesariamente se produce.
Piel.Skin :una experiencia de arquitectura y comunicación 2.0
Authors: Baraona Pohl Ethel , Reyes Nájera César , Barcelona DPR-
Published: January 2017

En línea con los tiempos que corren, el presente artículo propone una visión diferente de la profesión del arquitecto. Tomando como ejemplo una innovadora experiencia editorial se muestra como la particular estructura operacional y el modo de pensar del arquitecto pueden ser aprovechados como agentes reales de cambio. En otras palabras, mostrar que la toma creativa de decisiones en la resolución de problemas es un campo en el que el conocimiento arquitectónico tiene actualmente un enorme potencial de desarrollo. Las pieles y envolventes de la arquitectura contemporánea son abordadas por una novedosa apuesta editorial.
Arquitectura y Derechos Humanos. Arquitectura para Emergencias Humanitarias: 5 casos en 5 lugares del mundo
Authors: Lobos Jorge , Juul Erik , Gómez-Guillamón María
Published: January 2017

La relación entre Arquitectura y Derechos Humanos ha estado ausente en la teoría de la arquitectura. Sostenemos la necesidad de hacer consciente esta relación para motivar nuevos roles profesionales y llevar la experiencia acumulada en arquitectura a millones de seres humanos que tienen derecho a disfrutar del conocimiento que genera el mundo en que todos vivimos.
Portugal 84 y el Bicentenario: revisando fragmentos del pasado
Authors: Duarte G. Patricio H.
Published: January 2017

Este escrito tiene como objetivo aportar a nuestra Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo documentos fotográficos poco conocidos, cuando no desconocidos, sobre el barrio en el cual ésta se inserta, como asi mismo exponer una escena habitual en nuestros patios, en tiempos ya pasados, cuando los vehículos motorizados aun no invadían los espacios que habitamos. También se esclarecen algunos datos en archivos extranjeros.
El teatro de lo urbano en Santiago: espacio público a fines de la Colonia
Authors: Azócar W. Javiera
Published: January 2017

El espacio público, supuesto lugar de encuentro y participación, ha cambiado a lo largo de la historia de las ciudades. ¿Cómo se ha transformado en Santiago? Para responder a esta interrogante, hay que preguntarse en primer lugar cómo fue experimentado este espacio en el pasado. El siguiente artículo, fruto de la primera parte de una investigación doctoral, aborda la construcción de la noción de espacio público a fines de la Colonia en el casco antiguo de Santiago. Adoptando una perspectiva centrada en la dinámica de sus experimentaciones concretas, hemos trabajado con diversas fuentes documentales de la época relacionadas con este tema.
Gualano + Gualano: Arquitectos: Arquitectura Latinoamericana Emergente
Authors: Arquitectos Gualano Arquitectos
Published: January 2017

Intentando aproximarnos a la producción reciente de arquitectura en el contexto latinoamericano, revisamos algunos proyectos de la oficina uruguaya Gualano+Gualano: Arquitectos. Un trabajo marcado por la influencia del paisaje en que se inserta, pero también por la impronta de formas arquitectónicas contemporáneas que trascienden las fronteras geográficas. Marcelo y Martin Gualano, nos ofrecen un campo de fricción marcado por el encuentro entre la materialización de la obra y el contexto natural, recuperando a la arquitectura como intervención, signo imprescindible de la presencia del hombre en el territorio.
Un triángulo estratégico para una inserción cultural Organización gremial, revistas de arquitectura y modernidad 1907-1942
Authors: Aguirre G. Max
Published: January 2017

La organización gremial de los arquitectos patrocinó la creación de las revistas de arquitectura local durante la primera mitad del siglo xx e impulsó la modernidad arquitectónica del país constituyendo, en ese período, un triángulo estratégico para la inserción cultural dela profesión y la arquitectura moderna en el país.
Arquitectura moderna en Brasil y su recepción en los números especiales de las revistas europeas de arquitectura (1940-1960)
Authors: Camargo Capello María Beatriz
Published: January 2017

En este trabajo presentaremos la recepción dela arquitectura moderna brasileña, presente en los números especiales dedicados a Brasil de las revistas europeas: The Studio, L'Architectured'Aujourd'hui, The Architectura l Review, Aujourd'hui, Art e et Architecture y Zodiac, entre las décadas de 1940 y 1960. Para un abordaje de estas interpretaciones trabajaremos con el análisis de la recepción de la arquitectura.
Valorizar el espacio viario: hacia una movilidad sostenible y equitativa
Authors: Von Irmer H. Bernardine
Published: January 2017

La movilidad urbana centrada en el automóvilgenera una serie de impactos en la calidad de vidade la gente; la calle en la ciudad contemporánea es acondicionada para estar al servicio de los transportes motorizados, relegando al peatón y al ciclista a un plano secundario. Poner envalor el espacio viario como el ámbito del encuentro ciudadano es por tanto un desafío yuna oportunidad para mejorar las condiciones de habitabilidad de una ciudad, lo cual está siendo abordado crecientemente por diversas agrupaciones profesionales y ciudadanas, conformando un nuevo norte para las disciplinas del urbanismo a nivel global.
Reseña de libro
Authors: Arquitectura Revista de
Published: January 2017

El autor y el intérprete. Le Corbusier y Amancio Williams en la Casa CurutchetCerro Sombrero. Arquitectura Moderna en Tierra del FuegoRevista Despliegue. Magíster en Artes, Mención Teoría e Historia del Arte, Departamento de Teoría de las Artes, Facultad de Artes, Universidad de Chile
La obra como crítica : nueva Biblioteca de la Universidad del Biobío
Authors: García A. Rodrigo
Published: January 2017

La crítica no necesariamente puede ser una expresión verbal, sino también material, especialmente en arquitectura. Un edificio puede otorgar una nueva perspectiva sobre la situación general, además de resolver su demanda específica de habitabilidad. Esta acción parece transcurrir en la nueva Biblioteca de la Universidad del Bio-Bío (Concepción), a partir del diseño de los arquitectos Rubén Muñoz y Rodrigo Villalobos, docentes y egresados de la misma institución. El edificio posee una actividad funcional y una distinción formal, que delata controversia. Por lo que su desarrollo

arquitectónico invita a revisar las posibilidades críticas de una obra en su contexto.
Tecnologías digitales en la arquitectura contemporánea y la ilusión de objetividad en los procesos de diseño
Authors: Rossel Diego , Loyola Mauricio
Published: January 2017

Este artículo intenta poner al descubierto las contradicciones que existen entre los argumentos racionalistas y las arbitrariedades formales que hoy se observan en el uso de tecnologías digitales en la arquitectura contemporánea. Al mismo tiempo, se pretende reconocer y poner en valor a los

aspectos subjetivos, arbitrarios y no cuantificables que existen en las decisiones de diseño.
Desenredando el pensamiento proyectual : una mirada desde el fenómeno creativo a tres componentes del diseño arquitectónico
Authors: Soza Pedro
Published: January 2017

Usando técnicas de estudios de protocolo, esta investigación observó cómo en la mente de 16 arquitectos se desarrollan tres procesos cognitivos: la imaginería visual, la percepción visual y la activación de conocimiento semántico alojado

en la memoria de largo plazo, que interactuaban durante la creación de propuestas de diseño arquitectónico. Los resultados sugieren que el alto rendimiento en términos del nivel de creatividad que mostraron los proyectos mejor evaluados obedece al uso intensivo de conocimiento semántico de sus autores y no a sus habilidades de procesamiento visual –perceptual o imaginado– como podría pensarse
Reestructuración de la vivienda social en Holanda : caso Europarei, Uithoorn
Authors: Aparicio L. Susana , Alonso Juan
Published: January 2017

Hasta hace poco la reestructuración urbana basada en la gentrificación estaba a la orden del día en Holanda. Este tipo de intervenciones se basa en la demolición de una parte de la vivienda social (de alquiler) existente y la construcción de vivienda nueva (en su mayor parte de compra), lo que tiene consecuencias en la composición social del barrio ya que el número de habitantes de menor poder adquisitivo disminuye, la cantidad de habitantes de origen “no occidental” aumenta a menor velocidad y a su vez aumenta la población autóctona de clase media. En este artículo se habla del caso Europarei, su problemática y cómo se está enfrentando. Se calcula que su reestructuración se redondeará en 2020.
Una nueva centralidad lineal en el eje norte-sur : Reconvirtiendo el espacio-autopista del tramo Río Mapocho-Parque O’Higgins en un espacio urbano de encuentro e integración
Authors: Fernández Max , Moder Daniel , Ponce Diego
Published: January 2017

El siguiente artículo aborda la reconversión de un tramo de autopista urbana en un nuevo espacio urbano vital. Tres estudiantes de Arquitectura de tercer año de la Universidad de Chile aprovecharon la oportunidad de proponer una nueva centralidad lineal para la ciudad de Santiago, Chile; un lugar de encuentro y de integración en el ámbito público que recupera una área urbana perdida. Equipo Docente: Gonzalo Arze + Constantino Mawromatis + Felipe Corvalán.
Tradiciones, traducciones y transferencias: intercambios directos y reinterpretaciones de la HfG Bauhaus en Chile
Authors: Maulen De Los Reyes David
Published: January 2017

La escuela superior de Diseño Bauhaus fundada en la ciudad de Weimar en 1919, y clausurada en Berlín en 1933, ha sido un referente fundamental para todo el desarrollo de las artes, el diseño y la arquitectura del siglo veinte. Sin embargo no constituye un cuerpo homogéneo, y como su propio fundador Walter Gropius insistió, uno de los objetivos era que cada estudiante fuera formulando su autonomía a partir del contraste de las diferentes tendencias que era posible observar en ella. Durante el siglo veinte en Sudamérica se intentó por diferentes caminos construir un modelo de modernidad alternativa, que modificara el modo de vida de acuerdo a ideas como las que defendió esta institución. A continuación se expone un esquema general de estos procesos para el caso chileno en la relación de las disciplinas proyectuales.
Fernando Castillo Velasco y el rol público del arquitecto
Authors: Eliash D. Humberto
Published: January 2017

Este texto forma parte del homenaje que la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Chile le hiciera el mes de junio de 2014 con motivo de conmemorar un año de su fallecimiento. La obra del arquitecto Fernando Castillo Velasco tiene un legado que va más allá de los límites disciplinares y más allá del ámbito profesional liberal al vincularse fuertemente con la formulación de políticas públicas y la acción social del arquitecto. Castillo fue uno de los pocos arquitectos chilenos capaces de concitar sostenidamente un interés por su obra (en gran parte realizada en la sociedad de arquitectos Valdés, Castillo, Huidobro y Bresciani) y además hacerla trascender más allá del propio ámbito de la arquitectura incursionando en la política, en la planificación urbana y en la gestión pública ocupando cargos de alta responsabilidad nacional como rector de la Universidad Católica, alcalde de la comuna La Reina e Intendente de la Región Metropolitana de Santiago.
Plataforma de dialización oceánica. Proyecto para la descontaminación de plástico en los océanos
Authors: Ehrmantraut González Cristian
Published: January 2017

La propuesta plantea una solución arquitectónica para enfrentar los daños causados por la basura de plástico que flota en el océano como resultado de muchos años de cultura desechable. En este contexto, el proyecto fue creado como un prototipo de una plataforma flotante que filtran el océano, capturando y absorbiendo el plástico flotante sin afectar a la biodiversidad. El proyecto, que se localiza a 4 kilómetros de la costa de la Isla de Pascua, cerca del centro del megavórtice del Océano Pacífico Sur, un punto estratégico para comenzar una limpieza mundial y convertirse en un estándar ecológico.
Activaciones temporales en espacios de uso público: Una experiencia de diseño colectivo desde el taller de arquitectura.
Authors: Aguilar Pérez Rodrigo
Published: January 2017

El proyecto surge como una iniciativa que intenta, a través de la docencia centrada en el taller de El proyecto surge como una iniciativa que intenta, a través de la docencia centrada en el taller de diseño arquitectónico de la Universidad de Chile, permitir la ejecución de una intervención de carácter temporal y con un alto grado de impacto en un espacio público con poco uso y con características de abandono. Por otra parte, el proyecto pretende acercar la labor docente a una realidad tangible, instalando en los estudiantes algunos aprendizajes relacionadas a la capacidad de diseño adecuado a contextos de lugar, fomentando el trabajo colectivo, mediante la participación de los usuarios y de los propios estudiantes.

Desde esta perspectiva, el proyecto plantea la elaboración por parte de los estudiantes, de un diseño de pequeña escala en la terraza superior de las pasarelas de la Remodelación San Borja, emplazado en la Comuna de Santiago, que hoy se encuentra en condiciones de vulnerabilidad y con un apreciable deterioro en cuanto a sus espacios públicos. A partir del conjunto de ideas elaboradas por los estudiantes y socializadas con los actores relevantes del lugar (asociaciones vecinales), se plantea una modalidad de concurso, para elegir el trabajo que reúne las mejores condiciones en cuanto a su impacto urbano con la menor cantidad posible de recursos, teniendo como marco conceptual lo que denominamos como arquitecturas frágiles.
Conjunto de integración y mixtura social en el centro de La Serena, Chile.
Authors: Toro Cano Fernando
Published: January 2017

El mayor problema hoy en Chile es su desigualdad. Indicadores de la OCDE lo sitúan como uno de los países de mayor desigualdad urbana. Este proyecto propone cambios tanto de gestión urbana como de arquitectura y mixtura tipológica de conjuntos habitacionales. La idea es revitalizar el centro de histórico de La Serena, promoviendo viviendas colectivas en densidad media considerando la población preexistente, en su mayoría allegados, evitando la gentrificación y densificando el sector con diversas tipologías y equipamiento. A nivel de gestión urbana, se propone un sistema de Empresa Pública que promueva la integración y equipamientos de escala intermedia. Siendo la integración lo fundamental, a nivel arquitectónico, el conjunto contempla tres escalas de integración: Comunal, barrial y vecinal. Así, se plantea la construcción de un parque comunal aledaño al polígono del conjunto. Además, se proyectan en primer piso del edificio una amplia plaza verde que se fuga con vista al Río Elqui y una plaza dura contenida de carácter interior y comunitario. Finalmente cada piso superior contiene uno o dos espacios de integración en los vértices del volumen que conectados a través de amplias galerías promueven la interacción de las siete diversas tipologías y 150 viviendas que componen esta propuesta.
The Effect of the Accounting and Business Curriculums on Creativity
Authors: Cheng Ya-Yun , Chien Chin-Chen , Wang Shiow-Jen
Published: January 2017

This study employs the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking to investigate the effects of accounting and businesscurriculums on students' verbal and figurative creativity via the Solomon four-group design. The subjects areaccounting and business administration students in Taiwan, where these two curriculums are similar to theircounterparts in the U.S.A. The test scores were analyzed with MANOVA and meta-analysis. The results show thatthe accounting curriculum has not been as effective as the business administration curriculum with respect to bothverbal and figurative creativity. These results indicate that in today’s dynamic and competitive businessenvironment, the accounting curriculum needs to be redesigned in a variety of aspects regarding creative thinkingand problem solving to meet the challenge.
Voicing Is Costly, but Team Can Change That: A Three-Wave Study on Employee “Voice” through the Lens of the Theory of Planned Behavior
Authors: Matsunaga Masaki
Published: January 2017

Despite the rich literature on employee “voice”—an organizational behavior of speaking up with intentions toimprove one’s work processes—the underlying structure that integrates the effects of related factors has yet to beexplored. In addition, previous studies almost exclusively focus on whether organizational members speak up,leaving the issue of how they communicate their “voice” unattended. To address those limitations, this studyexamined three-wave longitudinal data collected from 539 full-timers working at 106 enterprises in Japan, usingmulti-level structural equation modeling (ML-SEM) and latent profile analyses (LPA). The ML-SEM resultsindicated that: (a) perceived cost-benefit balances and subjective norms (but not communication efficacy), as well asleader-member exchange (LMX), are associated with “voice” intentions; (b) LMX quality’s effects are partiallymediated via psychological factors; and (c) group-level LMX differentiation added to the model’s explanatory powerabove and beyond the individual-level predictors. Additionally, LPA detected five distinct patterns of employee“voice” communication (or lack thereof). Those analyses revealed that direct communication is rather atypical, andmany individuals utilize indirect strategies, such as only disclosing parts of their opinions first to test the water ortelling colleagues who they think will eventually convey revealed ideas to leaders.
Analysis of Genotype by Environment Interaction of Improved Pearl Millet for Grain Yield and Rust Resistance
Authors: Lubadde G. , Tongoona P. , Derera J. , Sibiya J.
Published: January 2017

Pearl millet is grown by inhabitants of the semi-arid zones. Due to the unpredictable climatic conditions the genotype-by-environment interaction (GEI) makes it hard to select genotypes adapted to such conditions. The study objectives therefore were to analyse the patterns of GEI and to identify superior genotypes for grain yield and rust resistance. Seventy six genotypes were planted in four environments in 4×19 alpha design with two replications. The ANOVA results showed that main effects of environments were significant (p ≤ 0.05) for grain yield and highly significant (p ≤ 0.001) for rust resistance while the main effects of the genotypes and their interactions with environments were also important for grain yield and rust severity at 50% physiological maturity. The GGE biplot analysis revealed that environments associated with more rains received during vegetative phase performed better than those receiving more rains during post-anthesis phase. The winner in the best environment for grain yield was ICMV3771×SDMV96053 while Shibe×CIVT9206 and Shibe×GGB8735 were the best for rust resistance.
Bamboo Particles-Polyvinyl Chloride Composites: Analysis of Particles Size Distribution and Composites Performance
Authors: Bahari Shahril Anuar , Krause Andreas
Published: January 2017

Analysis of particles size distribution of Malaysian bamboo species (Bambusa vulgaris and Schizostachyum brachycladum) for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) composites production was conducted using dynamic image analysis (DIA). A wide distribution of bamboo particles length was recorded, varying from almost 0 to 1500-µm for both species. Inadequate amount of actual particles length distribution from each sieve size (75-µm and 1-mm) was also recorded. DIA observed an increase of aspect ratio from small to large particles, and fine particles were recorded to be slightly elongated than the large ones. However, the effects of bamboo particles size on the finished PVC composites performance were uncertain, considerable of numerous other factors that influence the performance. Only impact and water uptake properties of composites have been obviously affected by different particles size. Greater modulus value is observed in composites with high particles loading, though low impact strength and water resistance were recorded. The incorporation of high concentration of selected processing lubricants in the composites formulation helped to improve the impact and water resistance of the composites. Malaysian bamboo particles-PVC composites performance between different species was equivalent, demonstrated that both species displayed identical behaviour for composites production.
Study of Ethics and Human Rights in Western Schools and Discourse of Political Islam
Authors: Bandari Mahya Rafiee
Published: January 2017

According to the invariance of many provisions of Islamic teachings on the one hand and existence of interest on the other hand, political Islam by interpreting repeated primary and secondary rules meaning tries to strengthen Islamic state.Therefore, moral meaning and discourse of human rights concepts such as freedom, equality, justice and ... is different from many traditional and political jurists and implications in the moral bases at west (Kant’s own good school and school of profitability) and Western human rights. Accordingly, in this paper, we try that according to the views of Imam Khomeini as the founder of political Islam in Iranand Ayatollah Mesbah Yazdi as one of the most important theorists of this discourse that have different ideas about ethics and discourse concepts of human rights and explain the position of political Islam with regard to the domestic interests in the west moral education with an emphasis on Kant’s own good and utility schools and moral concepts of human rights.Now the question in study is that according to the ethics discourse of human rights concepts and some basic precepts of Islamic teachings, whether political Islam and more has functionality the consistency with Kant’s ethics or due to the use of evidence deemed, is consistent with profitability school or not or finally by rejecting the aforementioned schools, offers a third way? And according to his moral system in contrast to the concepts of human rights discourse, provides what position?
Development and Validation of an RP-HPLC Method for the Determination of Vinpocetine and Folic Acid in the Presence of a Vinpocetine Alkaline Degradation Product in Bulk and in Capsule Form
Authors: Elkady Ehab F , Tammam Marwa H , Mohamed Ayman A
Published: January 2017

An alkaline-forced degradation hydrolytic product of vinpocetine was prepared and characterized by 1H-NMR, FTIR spectroscopy, and MS. Subsequently, a simple, selective, and validated reversed-phase HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous estimation of vinpocetine and folic acid in the presence of a vinpocetine alkaline degradation product. Chromatographic separation was achieved using an isocratic mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile–0.02 M KH2PO4 [containing 0.2% (v/v) triethylamine and adjusted to pH 6 with orthophosphoric acid; (80 + 20, v/v)] at a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min at ambient temperature ona Eurospher II C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) column, with UV detection at 280 nm for folic acid and 230 nm for vinpocetine and its alkaline hydrolytic product. Linearity, accuracy, and precision were found to beacceptable over a concentration range of 12.5–200 μg/mL for vinpocetine and 1–16 μg/mL for folic acid. The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of both drugs and avinpocetine hydrolysis product in a laboratory-prepared mixture and in a capsule containing both drugs.
Perinatal injury of the central nervous system in Lithuania from 1997 to 2014
Authors: Basys Vytautas , Drazdienė Nijolė , Vezbergienė Nijolė , Isakova Jelena
Published: January 2017

Background. Perinatal CNS injuries are significant for the health of neonates and for child development at a later period. The aim of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of the frequency of perinatal CNS lesions (corresponding to ICD 10 code P91) over a 20-year period, using the data collected from the Lithuanian Medical Data of Births (Registry of Births).
Material and methods. In total, data of 559,164 newborns were analyzed.
Results. During the period from 1997 to 2014, the frequency of term newborns with perinatal CNS injury decreased almost two times, from 20.4/1000 live births in 1997 to 15.5/1000 live births in 2014, or from 3.12% (95% CI 2.95; 3.31) to 1.46% (95% CI 1.32; 1.61). In 18 years, the rate of infant mortality from perinatal CNS injury decreased by more than four times and in 2014 it was 0.3/1000 births; it accounts for 11% of neonatal mortality (2.6/1000 live births). The largest decrease of CNS injury was seen after a  caesarean birth (from 13.7% in 1999 to 1.7% in 2014) and breech delivery (from 9.7% in 1999 to 0.8% in 2014). Analysis of the dynamics of perinatal CNS injury in preterm births in selected groups did not identify a significant positive shift during the period. When evaluating the level of childbirth services in different-level maternity hospitals, CNS injury is undoubtedly diminished in 2B-level maternity hospitals (regional). Also, positive dynamics was observed in the data of 2A-level maternity hospitals, while in 3-level maternity hospitals (university hospitals), which deal with the most complicated obstetrical pathology and preterm newborns, positive dynamics was not observed. It is estimated that the  frequency of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy was 0.63/1000 live births in Lithuania in 1993.
Conclusions. The frequency of perinatal CNS injury and its positive dynamics in over 18 years shows a  progressive and scientifically-based perinatal health care organization in Lithuania.
On the Complexity of the Planar Slope Number Problem
Authors: Hoffmann Udo
Published: January 2017

The planar slope number of a planar graph $G$ is defined as the minimum
number of slopes that is required for a crossing-free straight-line drawing of $G$.
We show that determining the planar slope number is hard in the
existential theory of the reals. We discuss consequences for
drawings that minimize the planar slope number.
At His Majesty’s Service: Racial Policies, Policing, and Revolutionaries in Pacific Canada
Authors: Caron Matthieu
Published: January 2017

This article highlights the events that led up to the 1914 Komagata Maru incident arguing that racialized Canadian politics of migration fuelled Indian anti-colonialism on the Pacific slope. The sequence of events, from the turn of the century to 1914, is examined within the scope of Canadian race relations as a member of the British Empire. Central to the events is the systematic policing and surveillance of the racialized “Other.” Of particularly interest in this article, and in the implementation of Canada’s Pacific system of surveillance, is the fact that the monitoring, policing, and surveillance of Indian revolutionaries in Canada was the undertaking of a single individual, William Charles Hopkinson, who was himself of Indian descendant, and therefore a racialized Other.
Le processus de racialisation du cas Sacco-Vanzetti : entre pouvoir et résistance
Authors: Hélie-Martel Anaïs
Published: January 2017

Le procès de Nicola Sacco et Bartolomeo Vanzetti aurait dû être un cas banal dans les années 1920. Pourtant, il deviendra vite célèbre, traversant frontières et océans, par la forme qu’a prise le procès se concentrant davantage sur l’allégeance politique et l’origine ethnique des hommes que sur leur alibi. Le présent article se penchera sur le processus de racialisation des deux hommes à travers le procès, qui a été usé à la fois comme un outil de domination et de résistance. Cet article examine ainsi la complexité rattachée au concept de race.
Omnidirectional broadband acoustic deflector based on metamaterials
Authors: Zhang Hao , Liang Bin , Zou Xin-ye , Yang Jing , Yang Jun , Cheng Jian-chun
Published: January 2017

We report a theoretical, numerical, and experimental work on the design of an omnidirectional acoustic deflector capable of redirecting an incident wave to propagate along a predesigned direction over a broad frequency range, regardless of the incidence angle. An implementation by metamaterials is demonstrated both in simulation and experiment, with both showing the effectiveness of our scheme as long as the effective medium approximation stands. With the capability of omnidirectional broadband deflection and the flexibility of a controllable tuning angle, our design opens a route to the development of wave-steering devices and has great application potentials in various situations such as on-chip acoustic manipulations.
Numerical analysis of monocrystalline silicon solar cells with fine nanoimprinted textured surface
Authors: Yoshinaga Seiya , Ishikawa Yasuaki , Araki Shinji , Honda Tatsuki , Jiang Yunjiang , Uraoka Yukiharu
Published: January 2017

We investigated the surface reflectance of nanoimprinted textures on silicon. Zirconium oxide, which is a wide-bandgap inorganic dielectric material, was used as the texturing material. We performed several calculations to optimize the textures for the production of high-efficiency bulk-type monocrystalline silicon solar cells. Our analysis revealed that nanoimprinted textured solar cells exhibit a lower reverse saturation current density than a solar cell with a conventional etched texture. It was also confirmed that the photocarrier generation rate for a solar cell with a submicron-scale nanoimprinted texture has little dependence on the texture shape. Furthermore, the weighted average reflectance of an optimized nanoimprinted textured solar cell was substantially reduced to 3.72%, suggesting that texture formation by nanoimprint lithography is an extremely effective technology for producing high-efficiency solar cells at a low cost.
Handling stress may confound murine gut microbiota studies
Authors: Allen-Blevins Cary R. , You Xiaomeng , Hinde Katie , Sela David A.
Published: January 2017

Background

Accumulating evidence indicates interactions between human milk composition, particularly sugars (human milk oligosaccharides or HMO), the gut microbiota of human infants, and behavioral effects. Some HMO secreted in human milk are unable to be endogenously digested by the human infant but are able to be metabolized by certain species of gut microbiota, includingBifidobacterium longumsubsp.infantis (B. infantis), a species sensitive to host stress (Bailey & Coe, 2004). Exposure to gut bacteria likeB. infantisduring critical neurodevelopment windows in early life appears to have behavioral consequences; however, environmental, physical, and social stress during this period can also have behavioral and microbial consequences. While rodent models are a useful method for determining causal relationships between HMO, gut microbiota, and behavior, murine studies of gut microbiota usually employ oral gavage, a technique stressful to the mouse. Our aim was to develop a less-invasive technique for HMO administration to remove the potential confound of gavage stress. Under the hypothesis that stress affects gut microbiota, particularlyB. infantis, we predicted the pups receiving a prebiotic solution in a less-invasive manner would have the highest amount ofBifidobacteriain their gut.

Methods

This study was designed to test two methods, active and passive, of solution administration to mice and the effects on their gut microbiome. Neonatal C57BL/6J mice housed in a specific-pathogen free facility received increasing doses of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) solution or deionized, distilled water. Gastrointestinal (GI) tracts were collected from five dams, six sires, and 41 pups over four time points. Seven fecal pellets from unhandled pups and two pellets from unhandled dams were also collected. Qualitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to quantify and compare the amount ofBifidobacterium,Bacteroides, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes.

Results

Our results demonstrate a significant difference between the amount of Firmicutes in pups receiving water passively and those receiving FOS actively (p-value = 0.009). Additionally, we found significant differences between the fecal microbiota from handled and non-handled mouse pups.

Discussion

From our results, we conclude even handling pups for experimental purposes, without gavage, may induce enough stress to alter the murine gut microbiota profile. We suggest further studies to examine potential stress effects on gut microbiota caused by experimental techniques. Stress from experimental techniques may need to be accounted for in future gut microbiota studies.
Isolated Choroid Plexus Separation on Second‐Trimester Sonography
Authors: Bronsteen Richard , Lee Wesley , Vettraino Ivana , Balasubramaniam Mamtha , Comstock Christine
Published: January 2017

Objective. This study was undertaken to investigate the natural history and clinical importance of choroid plexus separation (a ≥3 mm distance between the choroid plexus and medial wall of the lateral ventricle) as an isolated finding in the second trimester. Methods. This was a 5‐year retrospective review of an ultrasound database, looking for singleton fetuses with a menstrual age of 16 to 26 weeks and a finding of isolated choroid plexus separation. Results. There were 78 cases available for study. The finding of choroid plexus separation was usually transient. Resolution was noted in 37% of the cases that were rescanned within 2 weeks and 71% of the cases that were rescanned more than 2 weeks after the initial diagnosis. Two abnormal karyotypes (trisomy 21 and 47,XXY) and 3 cases with abnormal development not associated with an abnormal karyotype were noted on neonatal follow‐up. Cases with abnormal development were quite varied in their presentation. Conclusions. The finding of isolated choroid plexus separation is usually temporary, resolving in most cases within 4 weeks of the initial diagnosis. Most infants with this finding have no abnormalities. The clinical implication of the lone case of trisomy 21 was limited by a major preexisting risk in this patient. The 3 cases of abnormal development had varying presentations; the causal nature of this association is not yet clear. No trends were noted between the changing choroid plexus appearance with time and abnormal neonatal outcome, but the number of abnormal cases was quite limited.
On corner frequencies, attenuation, and low‐frequency earthquakes
Authors: Bostock M. G. , Thomas A. M. , Rubin A. M. , Christensen N. I.
Published: January 2017

We have recently suggested that the nearly constant duration of low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) (and, equivalently, the band limitation of tectonic tremor) manifests a moment‐duration scaling that is fundamentally different from regular earthquakes and is most easily explained as rupture on asperities of roughly constant dimension. In that work, we employed qualitative arguments against potential bias by attenuation. Here we examine the role of attenuation more quantitatively through an analysis that avoids specification of particular source (e.g., Brune) models and relies on the particle velocity spectral maximum as the definition of apparent corner frequency. The analysis leads to the formal definition of a saturation frequency as the limiting value of apparent corner frequency as the true corner frequency tends infinity. The saturation frequency, a formal equivalent to fmax, can be used to set bounds on path‐averaged quality factor Q. We apply these relations to deep crustal and intraslab earthquakes beneath Vancouver Island to estimate bulk crustal attenuation parameters that are subsequently used to correct apparent corner frequency measurements of LFEs reported in our earlier work. The attenuation bias due to bulk crustal structure is shown to be small, with negligible effect on the principal conclusions of that study. However, a review of laboratory and seismic refraction measurements of attenuation in oceanic basalts and evidence for high P‐to‐S LFE corner frequency ratios raises the possibility that strong, highly localized, near‐source attenuation accompanying high pore‐fluid pressures could cause the bandlimited nature of LFEs through the depletion of high frequencies.
Annual variations in GPS‐measured vertical displacements near Upernavik Isstrøm (Greenland) and contributions from surface mass loading
Authors: Liu Lin , Khan Shfaqat Abbas , van Dam Tonie , Ma Joseph Ho Yin , Bevis Michael
Published: January 2017

In response to present‐day ice mass loss on and near the Greenland Ice Sheet, steady crustal uplifts have been observed from the network of Global Positioning System (GPS) stations mounted on bedrock. In addition to the secular uplift trends, the GPS time series also show prominent annual variability. Here we examine the annual changes of the vertical displacements measured at two GPS stations (SRMP and UPVK) near Upernavik Isstrøm in western Greenland. We model elastic loading displacements due to various surface mass loading including three nonice components: atmospheric pressure, ocean bottom pressure, continental water storage, and one ice component, i.e., surface mass balance (SMB). We find that the contribution from atmospheric pressure changes can explain 46% and 78% of the annual amplitude observed in the GPS verticals at SRMP and UPVK, respectively. We also show that removing the predicted loading displacements due to SMB adversely increases the annual variance of the GPS residuals. However, using the GPS data alone, we cannot identify the exact cause(s) of this discrepancy because the annual loading displacements are sensitive to the SMB changes from over 85% of the ice sheet area. Alternatively, by differencing vertical displacements between the two stations, we find a good agreement between the modeled differential SMB loading displacements and the GPS residuals after removing nonice components. Our study highlights the necessity of correcting for nonice loading contributions in the GPS measurements of crustal deformation to infer ice mass changes in Greenland at annual periods.
Temporal upscaling of instantaneous evapotranspiration on clear‐sky days using the constant reference evaporative fraction method with fixed or variable surface resistances at two cropland sites
Authors: Tang Ronglin , Li Zhao‐Liang , Sun Xiaomin , Bi Yuyun
Published: January 2017

Surface evapotranspiration (ET) is an important component of water and energy in land and atmospheric systems. This paper investigated whether using variable surface resistances in the reference ET estimates from the full‐form Penman‐Monteith (PM) equation could improve the upscaled daily ET estimates in the constant reference evaporative fraction (EFr, the ratio of actual to reference grass/alfalfa ET) method on clear‐sky days using ground‐based measurements. Half‐hourly near‐surface meteorological variables and eddy covariance (EC) system‐measured latent heat flux data on clear‐sky days were collected at two sites with different climatic conditions, namely, the subhumid Yucheng station in northern China and the arid Yingke site in northwestern China and were used as the model input and ground‐truth, respectively. The results showed that using the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)‐PM equation, the American Society of Civil Engineers‐PM equation, and the full‐form PM equation to estimate the reference ET in the constant EFr method produced progressively smaller upscaled daily ET at a given time from midmorning to midafternoon. Using all three PM equations produced the best results at noon at both sites regardless of whether the energy imbalance of the EC measurements was closed. When the EC measurements were not corrected for energy imbalance, using variable surface resistance in the full‐form PM equation could improve the ET upscaling in the midafternoon, but worse results may occur in the midmorning to noon. Site‐to‐site and time‐to‐time variations were found in the performances of a given PM equation (with fixed or variable surface resistances) before and after the energy imbalance was closed.
Combining bulk sediment OSL and meteoric10Be fingerprinting techniques to identify gully initiation sites and erosion depths
Authors: Portenga E. W. , Bishop P. , Rood D. H. , Bierman P. R.
Published: January 2017

Deep erosional gullies dissect landscapes around the world. Existing erosion models focus on predicting where gullies might begin to erode, but identifying where existing gullies were initiated and under what conditions is difficult, especially when historical records are unavailable. Here we outline a new approach for fingerprinting alluvium and tracing it back to its source by combining bulk sediment optically stimulated luminescence (bulk OSL) and meteoric10Be (10Bem) measurements made on gully‐derived alluvium samples. In doing so, we identify where gully erosion was initiated and infer the conditions under which such erosion occurred. As both10Bemand bulk OSL data have distinctive depth profiles in different uneroded and depositional settings, we are able to identify the likely incision depths in potential alluvium source areas. We demonstrate our technique at Birchams Creek in the southeastern Australian Tablelands—a well‐studied and recent example of gully incision that exemplifies a regional landscape transition from unchanneled swampy meadow wetlands to gully incision and subsequent wetland burial by post‐European settlement alluvium. We find that such historic alluvium was derived from a shallow erosion of valley fill upstream of former swampy meadows and was deposited down the center of the valley. Incision likely followed catchment deforestation and the introduction of livestock, which overgrazed and congregated in valley bottoms in the early 20th century during a period of drought. As a result, severe gully erosion was likely initiated in localized, compacted, and oversteepened reaches of the valley bottom.
Flow chemistry—Microreaction technology comes of age
Authors: Jensen Klavs F.
Published: January 2017

Over the past two decades, microreaction technology has matured from early devices and concepts to encompass a wide range of commercial equipment and applications. This evolution has been aided by the confluence of microreactor development and adoption of continuous flow technology in organic chemistry. This Perspective summarizes the current state‐of‐the art with focus on enabling technologies for reaction and separation equipment. Automation and optimization are highlighted as promising applications of microreactor technology. The move towards continuous processing in pharmaceutical manufacturing underscores increasing industrial interest in the technology. As an example, end‐to‐end fabrication of pharmaceuticals in a compact reconfigurable system illustrates the development of on‐demand manufacturing units based on microreactors. The final section provides an outlook for the technology, including implementation challenges and integration with computational tools. AIChE J, 2017 © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 858–869, 2017
MicroRNA Expression Shows Inflammatory Dysregulation and Tumor‐Like Proliferative Responses in Joints of Patients With Postinfectious Lyme Arthritis
Authors: Lochhead Robert B. , Strle Klemen , Kim Nancy D. , Kohler Minna J. , Arvikar Sheila L. , Aversa John M. , Steere Allen C.
Published: January 2017

Objective

Lyme arthritis (LA) is caused by infection with Borrelia burgdorferi and usually resolves following spirochetal killing with antibiotics. However, in some patients, arthritis persists after antibiotic therapy. To provide insights into underlying pathogenic processes associated with antibiotic‐refractory LA (postinfectious LA), we analyzed differences in microRNA (miRNA) expression between LA patients with active infection and those with postinfectious LA.

Methods

MicroRNA expression was assayed in synovial fluid (SF) from LA patients before and after oral and intravenous antibiotic therapy, and in synovial tissue obtained months after antibiotic therapy from patients with postinfectious LA. SF and tissue from patients with other forms of arthritis, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis, were used for comparison.

Results

SF from LA patients during active infection had marked elevations of white blood cells, particularly polymorphonuclear leukocytes, accompanied by elevated levels of microRNA‐223 (miR‐223). In contrast, SF from postantibiotic LA patients contained greater percentages of lymphocytes and mononuclear cells. SF from postantibiotic LA patients also exhibited marked inflammatory (miR‐146a, miR‐155), wound repair (miR‐142), and proliferative (miR‐17–92) miRNA signatures, and higher levels of these miRNAs correlated with longer arthritis duration. Levels of miR‐146a, miR‐155, miR‐142, miR‐223, and miR‐17–92 were also elevated in synovial tissue in late postinfectious LA, and levels of let‐7a were reduced, similar to RA.

Conclusion

During active infection, miRNA expression in SF reflected an immune response associated with bacterial killing, while in postinfectious LA, miRNA expression in SF and synovial tissue reflected chronic inflammation, synovial proliferation, and breakdown of wound repair processes, showing that the nature of the arthritis was altered after spirochetal killing.
Seedless Synthesis of Monodispersed Gold Nanorods with Remarkably High Yield: Synergistic Effect of Template Modification and Growth Kinetics Regulation
Authors: Liu Kang , Bu Yanru , Zheng Yuanhui , Jiang Xuchuan , Yu Aibing , Wang Huanting
Published: January 2017

Gold nanorods (AuNRs) are versatile materials due to their broadly tunable optical properties associated with their anisotropic feature. Conventional seed‐mediated synthesis is, however, not only limited by the operational complexity and over‐sensitivity towards subtle changes of experimental conditions but also suffers from low yield (≈15 %). A facile seedless method is reported to overcome these challenges. Monodispersed AuNRs with high yield (≈100 %) and highly adjustable longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) are reproducibly synthesized. The parameters that influence the AuNRs growth were thoroughly investigated in terms of growth kinetics and soft‐template regulation, offering a better understanding of the template‐based mechanism. The facile synthesis, broad tunability of LSRP, high reproducibility, high yield, and ease of scale‐up make this method promising for the future mass production of monodispersed AuNRs for applications in catalysis, sensing, and biomedicine.
A Pharmacokinetic and Safety Study of Trebananib, an Fc‐Fusion Peptibody, in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors and Varying Degrees of Renal Dysfunction
Authors: Wu B , Lewis LD , Harvey RD , Rasmussen E , Gamelin E , Sun Y‐N , Friberg G , Koyner JL , Dowlati A , Maitland ML
Published: January 2017

Clearance of trebananib (AMG 386), a 64‐kD antiangiogenic peptibody, has been associated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). We prospectively evaluated trebananib pharmacokinetics and safety/tolerability in advanced solid tumor patients with varying degrees of renal function. Patients were assigned to normal renal function, mild, moderate, or severe renal dysfunction cohorts based on eGFR, received trebananib 15 mg/kg i.v. weekly, and underwent week 1 and week 5 pharmacokinetic and weekly safety assessments. For 28 patients, trebananib clearance decreased from normal renal function (1.52 mL/hr/kg), to mild (1.20 mL/hr/kg), moderate (0.79 mL/hr/kg), and severe (0.53 mL/hr/kg) renal dysfunction (P ≤ 0.001). Treatment‐related adverse events showed no association with clearance. Trebananib clearance was proportional to eGFR and unrelated to pretreatment protein excretion. These data confirm a role for renal clearance of a recombinant peptibody with molecular weight <69 kD and support a longer dosing interval for patients with severe renal dysfunction.