bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Psychometric Comparison of Four Measures of Hope and Optimism
Authors: Steed Lyndall G.
Published: January 2003

This study was designed to compare and contrast the psychometric properties of four scales developed to measure hope and optimism, namely, the Revised Generalized Expectancy for Success Scale, the Life Orientation Test (LOT), the Hope Scale (HS), and the Hunter Opinions and Personal Expectations Scale. The definitions on which the measures are based are compared along with their reported reliability and construct validity. Three hundred and forty-seven undergraduate students completed the scales along with measures of trait negative affect (TNA) and trait positive affect (TPA), task- and emotion-oriented coping and perceived stress. All scales had adequate internal consistency, and there was strong evidence of convergent validity. Regarding factor structure replicability, the LOT was marginally superior. The possibility of the scales’redundancy because of contamination by TNA or TPA depended on the criterion construct. It is argued that the LOT and HS are the scales of choice when assessing hope and/or optimism.
The Patterns of Adaptive Learning Survey: A Comparison across Grade Levels
Authors: Ross Margaret E. , Shannon David M. , Salisbury-Glennon Jill D. , Guarino Anthony
Published: January 2003

The Patterns of Adaptive Learning Survey (PALS) was developed to assess a trichotomous achievement goal structure, which included the following subscales: Task Goal Orientation, Performance-Approach Goal Orientation, and Performance-Avoid Goal Orientation. The use of the PALS in making inferences about these goal orientations was originally validated with a middle school sample of students. In this study, the authors computed Cronbach’s alphas and employed confirmatory factor analytic procedures to provide statistical evidence of the reliability and validity of inferences based on scores from the PALS at the fourth-grade and college levels.
A Multitrait-Multimethod Validity Investigation of Scores from a Professional Licensure Examination
Authors: Pitoniak Mary J. , Sireci Stephen G. , Luecht Richard M.
Published: January 2003

The construct validity of scores from the Uniform CPA Examination was investigated through the construction of a multitrait-multimethod matrix. The four sections of the exam were treated as distinct traits, and within-section subscores were created according to item format. First, Campbell and Fiske’s four criteria were used to evaluate the matrix. After correcting the correlations for attenuation due to unreliability, evidence was moderate for the presence of four discrete constructs within the exam. The monotrait-heteromethod correlations were large and statistically significant and in a majority of cases were larger than other correlations found within the matrix. Structural equation models were fit to the data to explore whether excessive method variance was present. The results indicated that there was very little method variance present in the data. The implications for understanding the constructs measured by this exam, and for evaluating the current practice of reporting separate exam section scores, are discussed.
A Structural and Discriminant Analysis of the Work Addiction Risk Test
Authors: Flowers Claudia P. , Robinson Bryan
Published: January 2003

The Work Addiction Risk Test (WART) was designed to measure “workaholism.” The present study examines the underlying dimensions of the WART and investigated the accuracy of the WART scores to discriminate between workaholics and a control group. The results suggest that workaholism, as measured by the WART, includes five dimensions: (a) Compulsive Tendencies, (b) Control, (c) Impaired Communication/Self-Absorption, (d) Inability to Delegate, and (e) Self-Worth were developed from the factor analysis. A discriminant analysis that used the subscale scores as the independent variables and group membership (workaholic or control group) as the dependent variable indicated that the first three subscales provided the greatest distinction between the groups, with a 88.5% correct classification rate. A discriminant analysis that used the total WART score as the independent variable and group membership as the dependent variable had an 86.4% correct classification rate.
Concurrent and Predictive Validity of the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire in a Sample of European Freshman Students
Authors: Beyers Wim , Goossens Luc
Published: January 2003

This study represents the first attempt to examine the validity of scores on the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ) in a sample of European university students. Concurrent validity was established through significant correlations in the expected direction with alternative measures of student adjustment (academic motivation, loneliness, depression, and general adjustment to university). Further concurrent validity evidence for selected subscales was provided through moderate associations with students’engagement in social activities and their self-reported use of psychological services provided on campus. Findings regarding predictive validity, as assessed through correlations with student attrition and academic results, went in the expected direction but were somewhat less convincing. The latter results are explained in terms of differences between European and North American systems of higher education. With some reservations regarding the Academic Adjustment subscale, then, the SACQ seems to be a useful tool for research on university life among college students in Europe.
Factor Analysis of the Spanish Version of the Weight Efficacy Life-Style Questionnaire
Authors: Ruiz Víctor M. , Berrocal Carmen , López Alicia E. , Rivas Teresa
Published: January 2003

This study examined the factor structure and psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Weight Efficacy Life-Style Questionnaire (WEL), an instrument developed to measure self-efficacy in relation to food intake. A total of 292 Spanish persons participated, from three groups: clinical group, overweight group, and normal-weight group. The findings showed evidence of three situational factors (Negative Emotions, Social Pressure, and Physical Discomfort). The confirmatory factor analysis corroborated the three-factor model on an independent sample ( N = 345). The results show a high degree of internal consistency of the scores of WEL. Significant correlations were found between the WEL scores and other variables that were hypothesized would be related to them. Significant differences on self-efficacy scores were found between some of the groups. The scores of WEL also significantly correlated with the Eating Self-Efficacy Scale scores. Finally, results are discussed and future research directions are suggested.
Toward Defining Situations Objectively
Authors: McAuley Peta Cameron , Bond Michael Harris , Kashima Emiko
Published: January 2003

There is recognition that an understanding of the situation is essential to our understanding of behavior, but that there is a scarcity of resources for situational analysis. Most studies use individual perceptions of behaviors as input for situational analysis. Such analyses, however, make the situation a projection of personality processes. To identify one aspect of the objective situation, this study extends the work of Marwell and Hage by developing culture-level taxonomies of role dyads, defined in terms of objective context variables, in two cultures: Hong Kong and Australia. The results reveal similarity of culture-level relational space defined by four dimensions: complexity, equality, adversarialness, and containment. Cultural differences are expressed in the location of role dyads within this space. These differing positions of any given role dyad may be combined with personality variables in the future to help explain differences in social behavior.
“Better than” Performance Motives as Roots of Satisfaction Across more and Less Developed Countries
Authors: van de Vliert Evert , Janssen Onne
Published: January 2003

Individuals tend to want to better their own performance when they repeat the same tasks, and they want to perform better than competitors. These self- and other-referenced performance motives vary independently and lead to more and less satisfaction, respectively. A 42-nation regression study, based on indicators of aggregated performance motivation, work satisfaction, life satisfaction, and subjective well-being, shows that the independence of the two performance motives and the motivation-satisfaction links also hold across countries. Additionally, the positive self-referenced motivation-satisfaction link and the negative other- referenced motivation-satisfaction link are more pronounced across countries with higher levels of income, education, and life expectancy. Consequently, motivational methods that work well in one region may not be easily transferable to other regions.
The Role of Motor Stimulation in Parental Ethnotheories
Authors: Keller Heidi , Yovsi Relindis Dzeaye , Voelker Susanne
Published: January 2003

This article focuses on conceptions of motor stimulation in ethnotheoretical accounts of good parenting. Sociodemographically diverse samples of 35 German and 39 West African Nso women commented on 10 Nso and 10 German videotaped mother-infant interactional sequences. Data were collected in group sessions. The comments were classified into a coding system specifying motor handling and interactive and developmental goals. As expected, the Nso women focused significantly more on motor handling than German women. German women emphasize the general well-being of infants and their mothers. Quantitative analyses are combined with the qualitative elaboration of the Nso motor ethnotheory. The results are discussed as specifying two diverse conceptions of sensitivity in parenting that serve different contextual demands.
Spatial Memory for Chinese and English
Authors: Tavassoli Nader T.
Published: January 2003

Reading Chinese logographs relies relatively more on visual cognitive processes than does reading alphabetic English words, whereas the latter relies relatively more on phonological cognitive processes. As a consequence of this differential involvement, memory for the spatial location of words learned scattered across a single display was hypothesized to be better for Chinese logographs than for alphabetic English words. This prediction was supported using native speakers and bilinguals. Experiment 1 found that relative to a picture control condition, the spatial location of Chinese logographs was better remembered than the spatial location of alphabetic English words. Experiment 2 replicated this result using nonsense words and abstract symbols. Experiment 3 found that script differences were specific to spatial memory and did not affect the free recall of words. The results suggest that writing systems, which are a core element of many cultures, can affect the representation of verbal information in memory.
Healing the Father-Son Relationship: A Qualitative Inquiry into Adult Reconciliation
Authors: Katz Shawn H.
Published: January 2003

The father-son relationship holds archetypal power. It is a powerful relationship containing inherent seeds of conflict. Qualitative methods of multiple case studies and grounded theory were used to investigate reconciliation between fathers and sons. A 45-item, 5-point Likert-type scale instrument was developed as a screening measure to determine those fathers and sons who have experienced reconciliation and positive change in their relationship. A 25-item, 5-point Likert-type scale instrument was developed to assess the impact of the interview process on the participants. Through qualitative analyses of interviews from six pairs of fathers and adult sons, eight qualities of a reconciled relationship and 12 factors in the reconciliation process emerged. The process of reconciliation had impacts on these men’s overall well-being and had great personal and transpersonal relevance to the 12 men involved in this study.
Inside the Soul of Russian and American Psychotherapy Trainings
Authors: Heery Myrtle
Published: January 2003

This article explores the return of psychology as an expression of the soul through existential-humanistic psychotherapy by describing the author’s experience of teaching psychotherapy in Russia. The author’s teaching, writing, and practice are interwoven with the central theme of soul unfoldment. This essential dimension—the soul— returns psychotherapy to its original intent: the healing of the soul.
Counseling within a New Spiritual Paradigm
Authors: Lines Dennis
Published: January 2003

Postmodernism has brought an altered outlook that many find unsettling—secularisation, moral relativity, and pluralism. The old, certain world has given way to a new spiritual paradigm that has implications for spiritual counseling. Many founders of humanistic psychotherapy have emerged from religious backgrounds, but most have moved on in their thinking to accommodate the altered outlook and the dilemmas of their clients living in the new spiritual paradigm. Spiritual philosophers and psychotherapists have defined the spiritual in otherworldly or this-worldly transcendence, using terms such as numinous to convey bridged meaning. This article proposes that both may be linked, in that the divine can be encountered through human relations and a sense of “connectedness” with nature and persons. The tool for counseling in the new spiritual paradigm is a lens through which two worlds are viewed and interrelational encounters are re-viewed as theophanies. Client difficulties in terms of dealing with symptoms holistically, answering the big life questions within a framework of trust and exploring personal being in depth, are examined in the light of a vision that suggests that through “moments” of human relational-encounter, the divine may be experienced.
Conspiracy Theories and Conspiracy Theorizing
Authors: Clarke Steve
Published: January 2003

The dismissive attitude of intellectuals toward conspiracy theorists is considered and given some justification. It is argued that intellectuals are entitled to an attitude of prima facie skepticism toward the theories propounded by conspiracy theorists, because conspiracy theorists have an irrational tendency to continue to believe in conspiracy theories, even when these take on the appearance of forming the core of degenerating research program. It is further argued that the pervasive effect of the “fundamental attribution error” can explain the behavior of such conspiracy theorists. A rival approach due to Brian Keeley, which involves the criticism of a subclass of conspiracy theories on epistemic grounds, is considered and found to be inadequate.
Prolegomena to a Sociology of Philosophy in the Twentieth-Century English-Speaking World
Authors: Fuller Steve
Published: January 2003

In the twentieth century, philosophy came to be dominated by the English-speaking world, first Britain and then the United States. Accompanying this development was an unprecedented professionalization and specialization of the discipline, the consequences of which are surveyed and evaluated in this article. The most general result has been a decline in philosophy’s normative mission, which roughly corresponds to the increasing pursuit of philosophy in isolation from public life and especially other forms of inquiry, including ultimately its own history. This is how the author explains the increasing tendency, over the past quarter-century, for philosophy to embrace the role of “underlaborer” for the special sciences. Indicative of this attitude is the long-term popularity of Thomas Kuhn’s The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, which argues that fields reach maturity when they forget their past and focus on highly specialized problems. In conclusion, the author recalls the history of philosophy that, following Kuhn’s advice, has caused us to forget, namely, the fate of Neo-Kantianism in the early twentieth century.
Trust and the Problem of National Reconciliation
Authors: Govier Trudy , Verwoerd Wilhelm
Published: January 2003

The authors propose a conception of national reconciliation based on the building or rebuilding of trust between parties alienated by conflict. It is by no means obvious what reconciliation between large groups of people amounts to in practice or how it should be understood in theory. Lack of conceptual clarity can be illustrated with particular reference to postapartheid South Africa, where reconciliation between whites and blacks was a major goal of the Mandela government and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. The authors argue that a conception of reconciliation in terms of trust offers a promising solution to prominent conceptual confusions surrounding the notion of “national reconciliation” or reconciliation between large groups. By emphasizing the centrality of contextually variable trust in viable relationships, the authors accommodate an emphasis on human relationships and attitudes, as stressed by Desmond Tutu. They argue, however, against any simplistic application of purely individualistic or spiritual concepts to large groups and institutional contexts.
Race and the Limits of Liberalism
Authors: Graham Kevin M.
Published: January 2003

This review essay considers three prominent recent works in the philosophy of race: Mills’s The Racial Contract, Outlaw’s On Race and Philosophy, and McGary’s Race and Social Justice. Each of these books has played an important role in convincing social and political philosophers to take race more seriously as a category for theoretical analysis rather than simply as a subject related to certain applied moral and political problems such as affirmative action. Each of these works also wrestles with the question of whether the dominant theoretical traditions in modern Western political philosophy, and particularly liberalism, are capable of addressing the wide range of forms of social injustice that are linked to racism. The author indicates a number of differences between the books’ approaches and argues that the conclusions at which they arrive are subject to different shortcomings. The author also shows that all three books raise sharp challenges to the liberal tradition at the same time that they remain ambivalent about the risks of departing altogether from that tradition.
Public Choice Economics and Public Pension Plan Funding
Authors: Schneider Marguerite , Damanpour Fariborz
Published: January 2003

Public choice theory (PCT) assumes that elected officials and public administrators act in their self-interest, not in the public interest. This article tests the theory regarding the effects of public governance on U.S. public pension plans, which are increasingly important socioeconomic institutions. The authors develop several PCT-based hypotheses regarding the dependent variable of plan funding, a measure of plan performance. Data sources include biennial PENDAT survey data for 1992-1996. The results indicate limited support for PCT. A positive relationship between the presence of boards of trustees and plan funding is found, but no relationship between citizen voting and plan funding.
Social and Health Factors Associated with Support among Elderly Immigrants in Canada
Authors: Wu Zheng , Hart Randy
Published: January 2003

This article assesses determinants of social support among the foreign-born elderly in Canada. We draw cross-sectional data from the second cycle of the National Population Health Survey, conducted by Statistics Canada in 1996-1997, and use ordinary least squares models for our empirical analysis. We focus on three measures of social support: perceived social support, social involvement, and social contact. Generally, we find that poorphysical and/ormental health is negatively associated with ourmeasures of support. Emotional problems, one of the most consistent predictors, erode social support. Also, social involvement declines with mobility problems but increases with self-reported health status, whereas social contact also increases with cognitive function. As with otherstudies, and consistent with relationships witnessed among the native-born population, our results indicate that the married/cohabiting are more likely than the separated/divorced or widowed to perceive social support. Further, we find that those with children experience greater perceived support.
State Policy Choices and Medicaid Long-Term Care Expenditures
Authors: Miller Nancy A. , Harrington Charlene , Ramsland Sarah , Goldstein Elizabeth
Published: January 2003

State long-term care policies are directed toward a variety of goals. Concerns with expenditure control are primary. Certain states are also seeking to increase the availability of community-based care. A more balanced system would assist consumers in attaining valued goals, while being consonant with federal policy initiatives and legal rulings. The authors examine the relationship between state policies and Medicaid long-term care expenditures. These relationships are tested by multiple regression analysis, using a random effects model for 1991 through 1997. Prospective payment may moderate nursing facility expenditure growth and total long-term care expenditures. Institutional supply constraints demonstrated a positive relationship to both forms of community-based care expenditures. The authors found no evidence of Medicare maximization as a policy to constrain Medicaid expenditure growth. Finally, the authors note the importance of additional work in exploring the dynamics between state long-term care policies and expenditures for individuals with differing disabilities.
Use of an Income-Equivalence Scale to Understand Age-Related Changes in Financial Strain
Authors: Francoeur Richard Benoit
Published: January 2003

Income-equivalence scales (IES) provide distinct advantages over poverty indices to adjust family income for differences in family size, including improved specification of hypothesized causal relationships involving objective measures of economic well-being. In a novel IES application, cancerpatients’ out-of-pocket health costs are adjusted for differences in family income and size and, along with five other subindices, contribute to an overall index of “objective family financial stress.” Age-related changes are modeled simultaneously within relationships between overall objective family financial stress and subjective patient perceptions about financial strain. Among the findings, the impact of age on one area of subjective financial strain, “difficulty paying bills,” is negative and curvilinear. Regardless of adjusted out-of-pocket costs, as age advances, patients appear increasingly likely to accommodate to financial stress by reporting less difficulty paying bills. This phenomenon could serve to mask and isolate older adults who are foregoing needed yet unaffordable medical care and prescriptions.
Florida Migration in the Ahead Study, 1993-1995
Authors: Hays Judith C. , Longino Charles F.
Published: January 2003

This is an exploratory study of the migration patterns of people older than age 70. If the life course perspective on retirement migration is correct, then this older category should be somewhat less inclined to enter the key national destination states and more likely to be moving toward the usual sending states, unlike younger retirees. The Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old (AHEAD) Study is critical to this study goal because it contains an over sample of Florida residents older than age 70. Respondents were interviewed in 1993 and again in 1995. The older movers who were identified tend to move locally, or within the state, but those who migrate across state lines are more often leaving Florida than entering it, as suggested by the life course theory.
Evaluating End-of-Life Care from the Perspective of the Patient’s Family
Authors: Larson James S. , Larson Krista K.
Published: January 2003

This article is written frompersonal experiences with the recent death of the authors’ mother. It highlights the problems the authors encountered, while acknowledging the positive aspects of treatment during a difficult time. The overall purpose is to improve end-of-life care by advancing policy through research, legislation, and education. The impetus for writing this article is personal experience, but its larger purpose is to address issues that many readers will face in the future and suggest possible reforms, especially in the area of education.
An Example of Maximizing Survey Return Rates
Authors: Gore-Felton Cheryl , Koopman Cheryl , Bridges Edwin , Thoresen Carl , Spiegel David
Published: January 2003

Obtaining a high response rate in survey research can bolster statistical power, reduce sampling error, and enhance the generalizability of the results to the population surveyed. We describe a mail survey designed to achieve a high return rate of completed questionnaires from members of the American Psychological Association who were engaged in clinical practice. We adapted the Total Design Method for survey research and were able to achieve a high response rate (68%) among health professionals. This was not an experiment in which we assessed the best method to increase survey response rates, hence we cannot empirically evaluate how each of the steps influenced our overall response rate. Future research is needed to identify the relative effectiveness of each of these principles in enhancing survey response rates. Research is also needed to distinguish general principles that apply across populations fromthose that must be tailored to spe cific subpopulations.
Questionnaire Color and Response Rates to Mailed Surveys
Authors: Etter Jean-François , Cucherat Michel , Perneger Thomas V.
Published: January 2003

The authors conducted a randomized trial in Geneva, Switzerland, to assess whether response rates to a mailed survey could be increased by printing the questionnaire on green paper. The authors also conducted a meta-analysis of 10 experimental studies that tested the effect of colored questionnaires on response rates. The randomized trial showed no effect (relative risk of responding [RR] = 1.00). The meta-analysis showed that mailing questionnaires on pink paper increased response rates by 12% (RR = 1.12, 95% confidence interval = 1.01 to 1.25, p = 0.04). Other colors had no statistically significant effect (blue: RR = 1.03, p = 0.49; green: RR = 1.02, p = 0.23; yellow: RR = 0.96, p = 0.30). Over-all, using colored instead of white paper had no effect (RR = 1.02, p = 0.17). Thus, printing questionnaires on colored paper does not substantially increase response rates in surveys, except for pink paper.
Why Do Clinicians Sometimes Find it Difficult to Use the Results of Systematic Reviews in Routine Clinical Practice?
Authors: Rothwell Peter M.
Published: January 2003

Reviews of systematic results have proved enormously useful in routine clinical practice. However, the uncritical application of the overall results of systematic reviews to clinical decisions about individual patients can sometimes do more harm than good. Clinical syndromes are often complex, with considerable pathological heterogeneity, and the likely balance of the risks and benefits of interventions can be difficult to judge on an individual patient basis. Active involvement of experienced clinicians is essential in the planning, reporting, and interpretation of reviews. Detailed consideration should be given to the possibility of diagnostic or pathological heterogeneity within the clinical trials included in the review or between the trial patients and patients seen in routine clinical practice. For treatments that have significant risk of harm or treatments that are particularly costly, meta-analysis of individual patient data with stratification by baseline risk is sometimes helpful in targeting treatment appropriately in routine clinical practice.
Stress and Satisfaction among Employees in AIDS Service Organizations in New York
Authors: Demmer Craig
Published: January 2003

In recent years, employees in AIDS service organizations have witnessed a number of changes and challenges in their work, ranging fromshifts in the population primarily affected by HIV disease, treatment advances and its implications, and changes in administrative factors such as cuts in funding, reorganization, and changes in job function. This study examined the motives, stressors, and rewards of employees in AIDS service organizations in New York City. The main reasons for choosing to work in this field were a desire to help and having experienced the loss of someone to AIDS. A large number of respondents had been working in the AIDS field for 5 or more years and perceived the level of stress to be mild to moderate. They reported that the rewards of this type of work outweighed the stressors, and the level of job satisfaction was very high.
Satisfaction and Well-Being of Primary Care Providers in Managed Care
Authors: Freeborn Donald K. , Hooker Roderick S. , Pope Clyde R.
Published: January 2003

We compared perceptions about the practice environment and the job satisfaction of physician assistants (PAs), nurse practitioners (NPs), and primary care physicians in a large group–model HMO. The data source was a self-administered mail survey (average response rate = 79%). PA/NPs and primary care physicians reported that professional autonomy was not a problem and were satisfied with most aspects of practice in this setting. Common areas of dissatisfaction included patient load and amount of time with patients. PA/NPs were more likely than the physicians to experience stress on a daily basis, however, and were less likely to report that they would choose the practice setting again. They also were significantly less satisfied than the physicians with their incomes and fringe benefits. Our findings suggest that more attention should be given to practice conditions and compensation of PAs and NPs in managed care.
The AHIMSA Acculturation Scale:
Authors: Unger Jennifer B. , Gallaher Peggy , Shakib Sohaila , Ritt-Olson Anamara , Palmer Paula H. , Johnson C. Anderson
Published: January 2003

Acculturation has been associated with adolescent health-risk behaviors. Most acculturation scales are inappropriate for adolescent surveys because they are too long, are not applicable to differing ethnic groups, or are language-based only. A brief, multidimensional, multicultural acculturation measure for adolescents was developed. Sixthgrade students (N = 317) in Los Angeles completed that scale and other measures of acculturation. The Acculturation, Habits, and Interests Multicultural Scale for Adolescents (AHIMSA) generates four subscores: United States Orientation (Assimilation), Other Country Orientation (Separation), Both Countries Orientation (Integration), and Neither Country Orientation (Marginalization). Three of the subscales were correlated with the subscales of a modified Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican-Americans-II, with English language usage, and with generation in the United States providing evidence for the validity of the scale. Research on culturally diverse adolescent samples might benefit from the inclusion of the AHIMSA.
Patterns of Depressed Affect During Early Adolescence
Authors: Heath Phyllis A. , Camarena Phame M.
Published: January 2003

In this 3-year longitudinal study, the depressed affect of early adolescent boys and girls was studied with the purpose of distinguishing among those adolescents with chronic, as compared to episodic, depressed affect and those without elevated levels of depressed mood during that developmental stage. Variable-centered analyses indicated a general pattern of stability in depressed affect across early adolescence both for boys and for girls. Person-centered analyses, however, revealed five separate patterns of depressed affect across early adolescence. The depressed affect categories showed patterns of stability for most early adolescents, patterns of change for fewer early adolescents, and gender differences only in the smaller subgroups of early adolescents who showed patterns of change in depressed affect. Case-level analyses focused on adolescents with elevated depressed affect to distinguish ways in which the daily lives of adolescents with episodic depressed affect differed from the daily lives of adolescents with chronically depressed affect.
Gender Differences in Early Adolescents’ Relationship Qualities, Self-Efficacy, and Depression Symptoms
Authors: Jenkins Sharon Rae , Goodness Kelly , Buhrmester Duane
Published: January 2003

Relationship qualities and low perceived social self-efficacy might be associated with early adolescents’depression symptoms and with later gender differences in depression prevalence. Gender comparisons in the means, and associations with depression symptoms of self-rated intimate support, conflict, intimate support self-efficacy, and conflict management self-efficacy were examined for predominantly White community-recruited 12-year-olds (114 boys, 109 girls). Perceived low parental intimate support, high conflict with parents, and lower perceived self-efficacy (both types) were related to depression symptoms. Girls reported greater best friend intimate support and less conflict, greater self-efficacy (both types), and stronger conflict-depression associations than did boys. For boys, but not for girls, conflict management self-efficacy contributed unique variance to depression after intimate support and conflict were controlled. Incidentally, sons of fathers with more education reported more paternal intimate support than did sons of less educated fathers; daughters showed the opposite pattern, which generates questions for further research.
Parents, Siblings, and Peers:
Authors: Ardelt Monika , Day Laurie
Published: January 2003

In this study, the relations between parents, older siblings, peers, adolescents’individual characteristics, and adolescents’deviant attitudes and behaviors were examined simultaneously, using a social learning perspective and data of 121 families from inner-city Philadelphia. Results of structural equation models showed that older deviant siblings had the strongest effect on adolescent deviance. Deviant peers also played a significant role. The effects for parents varied for deviant attitudes and behaviors. Positive family relationships, parental support, and discipline consistency were associated negatively with adolescents’ approval of deviance, but only parental discipline consistency and adult supervision of adolescents were related negatively to adolescents’deviant behaviors. Coefficient estimates did not differ by ethnicity/race, family structure, or the quality of the sibling relationship. However, adolescents who identified with their older sibling, were of the same gender, or had a deviant older brother tended to be affected most negatively by the deviant sibling.
Danzas Nacionalistas
Authors: Martínez Iveris Luz
Published: January 2003

In this article I argue that the nation is not only invented or imagined, but depends on activities and practices in order to be invented and imagined. Here, the focus is on dance in Venezuela, where a number of groups use what they call `folkloric dance' to construct and depict the national `culture'. This article considers the case of Danzas Típicas Maracaibo (DTM), a dance company founded in 1976 under the auspices of the government of the state of Zulia in Venezuela. DTM presented a carefully crafted and selective stylized repertoire of `folk' dances from throughout the country. These re-created dances are called danzas nacionalistas, although the dances are often interchangeably referred to as `folkloric'. They are used to make statements about ethnic and cultural authenticity, and in their own way contribute to the discourse of mestizaje. In Venezuela, as in much of Latin America, there is entwined in nationalist rhetoric the idea of `race' and cultural mixing, or mestizaje. Here, mestizaje does not only or necessarily imply a `racial' mixing or a mixing of `blood', but it also refers to `culture'. History, and discourses of the past generally, are especially implicated in these activities and representations.
Marketing the Nation
Authors: Green Garth L.
Published: January 2003

Public festivals provide not only the occasion to make statements about national identity but also offer opportunities to culture brokers seeking foreign exchange through tourism. Within the matrix of the international culture industries and the hegemonic international order of nation-states, culture is both a commodity and a source of national pride. In this article I examine efforts at `cultural entrepreneurship' regarding the Carnival in Trinidad and Tobago. Attempts to market the Carnival and, in a larger sense, Trinidad and Tobago, reveal profound ambiguities about cultural authenticity, ambivalence regarding international recognition, and contested ideas about national identity in a complex multi-ethnic, multicultural, postcolonial state. I criticize what I call `academic nostalgia', the propensity of academics, including anthropologists, to lament the supposed inauthenticity and commercialism that is said to accompany changes in Carnival. I show how this concern mirrors local critiques of Carnival, and how this preoccupation was itself a recurrent theme throughout the 20th century.
The Political `Flying Bus'
Authors: Pérez Marvette
Published: January 2003

The colonial political relationship of Puerto Rico to the United States has established certain contexts which stimulate debates about citizenship, culture and Puerto Ricanness. The US Congress has been a space where these issues have been contested since 1898, when Puerto Rico became part of the United States. I analyze the discursive contests that took place during 1990 in Congress over just who were the Puerto Ricans entitled to vote in a plebiscite to decide Puerto Rico's political status. I examine the ways in which the trans-national and highly problematic Puerto Rican identity was constructed and contested in this context between Puerto Ricans in the United States and Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico.
Don Juan and Rebels under Palm Trees
Authors: Cruz Bárbara C.
Published: January 2003

In this article I call for an anthropological analysis of the formal curriculum in K-12 schools as it relates to the depiction of ethnic and national `others'. Since children are continually in the process of developing their social construction of the world, it stands to reason that the information they receive about culture and ethnicity is important in that development. Considering that the school textbook is the most often used instructional resource in the classroom, data regarding the world's cultures and ethnicities contained therein are likely to have a significant impact on students' evolving social constructs. This article surveys the most popular `American History' texts used in the United States to determine how Latinos and Latin Americans are portrayed, what and whose values are advanced, and to what extent the histories of these peoples are included and incorporated into the history of the United States. A content analysis reveals that school history textbooks tend to portray Latin Americans as alternately violent, passive, lazy and unwilling to assimilate into mainstream US society — when they are included at all. There is also a brief discussion on the role of the textbook in American education and the politics of textbook selection and adoption.
Whose History?
Authors: Yelvington Kevin A. , Goslin Neill G. , Arriaga Wendy
Published: January 2003

This article examines the contested versions of history, defined as a kind of discourse, surrounding the attempt to establish a museum in Tampa, Florida. As part of a strategy of urban redevelopment, white elites in Tampa in the early 1990s attempted to attract a museum with a piracy theme based on artefacts recovered from The Whydah Galley, an 18th-century pirate ship — the piracy image fitting well with their own `invented tradition'. However, when it was discovered that the ship was originally used in the slave trade, local African American civic leaders mounted a protest, using a counter-discourse that challenged interpretations of `history' by addressing issues of identity, partially through references to slavery and utilizing a rhetoric of cultural authenticity, questioning the elites' cultural and class ascendancy. The project was eventually cancelled.
Beyond Main Effects Models of Adolescent Work Intensity, Family Closeness, and School Disengagement
Authors: Roisman Glenn I.
Published: January 2003

This article reports findings from a nationally representative, cross-sectional study of American high school students on the putative influences of work of more than 20 hours per week and adolescents’ perceptions of family closeness on school behavior and grades. As previous research has been inconsistent regarding the relations among these variables, participants’self-reported closeness to their family of origin was examined as both a potential mediator and moderator of the relationship between work intensity and school disengagement. Next, work intensity was modeled as a moderator of the relation-ship between family closeness and concurrent school adjustment. For boys, the family closeness mediational model provided the best fit for the data. For girls, the moderator models provided a significantly better fit. Results imply that indirect models of work intensity, school outcomes, and the influence of the familial context in which adolescents are embedded may best clarify the relations among these variables.
A Longitudinal Study of the Effects of Religiosity on Adolescent Alcohol Use and Alcohol-Related Problems
Authors: Mason W. Alex , Windle Michael
Published: January 2003

The relationship between religiosity and alcohol use among a sample of middle-adolescent boys and girls was examined using two-wave (with a 1-year interval) prospective longitudinal data. A primary aim was to determine the extent to which religion differentially predicts three outcomes: (a) the decision to use alcohol, (b) the choice among users of how much and how often to drink, and (c) the experience of alcohol-related problems. Regression analyses revealed that religious salience was associated negatively with later decisions to use alcohol (net of the effects for gender and age), but this association became nonsignificant when controlling for peer, family, and school influences. Likewise, although religious attendance had a moderate negative relationship with subsequent alcohol problems, this relationship disappeared when more fully specified models were estimated. By contrast, religious attendance predicted decreases in the quantity and frequency of alcohol use even in the presence of peer, family, and school variables.
The Role of Puberty in Violent and Nonviolent Delinquency among Anglo American, Mexican American, and African American Boys
Authors: Cota-Robles Sonia , Neiss Michelle , Rowe David C.
Published: January 2003

Past research suggests that early pubertal maturation predicts delinquency for Anglo American boys. Little research has been done on the effects of pubertal maturation on problem behavior for boys of other ethnic groups. This study investigated the relation-ship between relative pubertal status and delinquency for Anglo American, African American, and Mexican American adolescent boys. Early-maturing boys across all three ethnic groups reported higher levels of both violent and nonviolent delinquent behavior. These results are consistent with a theory of differential peer access and not consistent with a theory of asynchronicity between testosterone-driven aggression and social-cognitive maturity.
Protective Factors, Physical Abuse, and Purging from Community-Wide Surveys of Female Adolescents
Authors: Perkins Daniel F. , Luster Tom , Jank Wolfgang
Published: January 2003

This study explores resiliency in adolescent females who reported being physically abused. Employing data from the Search Institute on more than 100,000 adolescent females, this study addressed the following questions: Is a history of physical abuse associated with purging two or more times per week by female adolescents? What factors are associated with a decreased risk of purging among adolescent females who have a history of physical abuse? In addition to addressing these questions, the authors explored the relation between sexual abuse and purging. Both physical abuse and sexual abuse were associated with purging two or more times per week. Physically abused adolescents were less likely to purge two or more times per week if they received high levels of family support and had positive experiences in school. Physically abused adolescents were more likely to engage in purging if they had also been sexually abused.
Sources of Information about Dating and Their Perceived Influence on Adolescents
Authors: Wood Eileen , Senn Charlene Y. , Desmarais Serge , Park Laura , Verberg Norine
Published: January 2003

This study examined the impact of parents, peers, the media, and sex education on shaping adolescents’knowledge about dating relationships. Half of the 100 (48 females, 52 males) participants were early adolescents (13 to 14 years) and half were middle adolescents (15 to 16 years). Through a questionnaire, participants identified the quantity of information, perceived correctness, and influence of each of the sources. Friends and sex education teachers were perceived to provide the most information, adults to provide the most accurate information, and friends to have the greatest influence on dating choices. Sex differences existed across various questions and source types. Girls received more information on dating across sources, perceived parents and the media to be more accurate sources of information, and were more influenced by their parents than were boys. Boys gave higher rankings to dating partners and dating behavior as comfortable sources of information than did girls.
Fathers and Their Adolescent Sons
Authors: Ogletree Mark D. , Jones Randall M. , Coyl Diana D.
Published: January 2003

This study examined perceptions of paternal involvement among adolescent males and their fathers across three levels of the adolescent’s pubertal development. A purposive sample of adolescent males (n = 173) and their fathers (n = 122) completed self-report measures of pubertal development (adolescent’s self ratings, fathers’ ratings of their son’s development), paternal support, and involvement. Fathers and sons were similar in their assessments of the sons’ pubertal development. Perceptions of Companionship, General Support, Satisfaction, Sustained Contact, and Time Together did not differ across three levels of development (pre-, transitional-, and post-pubertal development). Physical Affection was the only measure of paternal involvement that differed (decreased) across the three levels of pubertal development. These findings suggest that fathers’ involvement with their adolescent sons is not globally affected by pubertal development.
Career Maturity and Well-Being as Determinants of Occupational Status of Recent School Leavers
Authors: Patton Wendy , Creed Peter A. , Muller Juanita
Published: January 2003

The present study tracked a group of Year 12 students 9 months after leaving high school and sought to identify whether age, gender, data on career maturity, psychological wellbeing, and school achievement reported while still at school could be identified as predictors of occupational status. Data on these variables were able to identify broad postschool occupational groupings of school leavers at Time 2 (T2), whether they were in full-time study, full-time employment, or unemployed/part-time employed. Findings support the assertion that career maturity is a predictor of a successful postschool transition. Discussion focuses on the need to explore movements between the occupational groupings and implications for school-based interventions.