bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Asymmetric and nonlinear dynamics in sovereign credit risk markets
Authors: Ngene Geoffrey M. , Benefield Parker , Lynch Allen K.
Published: December 2017

We employ asymmetric and nonlinear error correction models to characterize the price discovery and volatility interactions between the sovereign CDS and bond spreads for 22 reference entities. We find asymmetric, nonlinear, and bidirectional short and long‐run information flow in the first and second moments. The flow from the CDS to the bond market is stronger than in the reverse direction, demonstrating that CDS market is the more effective vehicle for price discovery. The persistence of volatility implies that informed trading occurs in the CDS markets. Both markets seem to converge to an equilibrium relationship when the basis is large.
The microfoundations of subsidiary initiatives: How subsidiary manager activities unlock entrepreneurship
Authors: O'Brien Dónal , Sharkey Scott Pamela , Andersson Ulf , Ambos Tina , Fu Na
Published: December 2017

Research Summary: We use a microfoundations lens to challenge the assumption of a simple relationship between organizational‐level context (subsidiary entrepreneurial orientation) and entrepreneurial outcomes (initiative realization). Drawing on middle manager and subsidiary literature, we argue that the strategic activities of the subsidiary's central actor, the subsidiary CEO (referred to as the subsidiary manager), translates the benefits of subsidiary entrepreneurship for initiative realization. We test this mediating effect of subsidiary manager micro‐level activities on data from 186 individuals. The results of our multilevel mediation analysis show that micro‐activities of subsidiary managers mobilize subsidiary entrepreneurship for initiative realization, “downward” through facilitating subsidiary adaptability and “horizontally” through enabling embeddedness in the local environment. Our findings also challenge the accepted value of “upward” championing alternatives. Revealing the centrality of subsidiary manager activities for unlocking entrepreneurship demonstrates the value of adopting a microfoundations lens for understanding organizational phenomena.

Managerial Summary: Multinational companies (MNCs) increasingly expect their subsidiary units to contribute through realizing initiatives, such as new product, service, or process designs. Such outcomes are encouraged through a supporting organizational context for entrepreneurship. But to understand how an entrepreneurial context translates into realized initiatives demands that we apply a microfoundations lens and consider the activities of the subsidiary's central actor, the subsidiary chief executive officer—referred to as the “subsidiary manager.” The subsidiary manager is responsible for mobilizing the subsidiary to develop relationships to access the knowledge, ideas, and opportunities implicit in the initiative process. Revealing the impact of these micro‐activities advances our understanding of how to liberate the benefits of entrepreneurship for realizing initiatives. This study offers key insights for both subsidiary managers and headquarters.
The asymmetric effect of institutional distance on international location: Family versus nonfamily firms
Authors: Hernández Virginia , Nieto María Jesús , Boellis Andrea
Published: December 2017

Research Summary: This study examines international location choice by considering the potential effects of institutional distance on the decision comparing family and nonfamily firms. We argue that the magnitude and direction of institutional distance matter and that institutional distance has an asymmetric effect on location choice. However, we argue that family involvement has a moderating effect on this relationship because family firms manage institutional distance differently than nonfamily counterparts. Our results, using a sample of Italian firms (2000–2013), reveal that firms are more likely to choose locations for which the positive institutional distance is greater. Additionally, when compared to nonfamily firms, family firms are more likely to choose locations with greater negative institutional distance and less likely to enter countries with greater positive institutional distance.

Managerial Summary: Institutional distance between countries is an important dimension firms take into account when deciding the location of their foreign investments. We show the importance of the magnitude and direction of this distance in choosing the destination country and the different impact that distance has for family firms. Institutional distance has an asymmetric effect on the international location choice. Specifically, greater positive institutional distance makes firms more likely to choose a location; on the contrary, greater negative institutional distance makes the location less attractive. Family firms, however, present some peculiarities that fine‐tune the effect of institutional distance on the location decision. Thus, family firms are more (less) likely to choose locations involving lower (higher) levels of institutional development than their home country compared to nonfamily counterparts.
Resting‐state functional connectivity of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in post‐traumatic stress disorder and its dissociative subtype
Authors: Rabellino Daniela , Densmore Maria , Harricharan Sherain , Jean Théberge , McKinnon Margaret C. , Lanius Ruth A.
Published: December 2017

The bed nucleus of the stria terminals (BNST) is a subcortical structure involved in anticipatory and sustained reactivity to threat and is thus essential to the understanding of anxiety and stress responses. Although chronic stress and anxiety represent a hallmark of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), to date, few studies have examined the functional connectivity of the BNST in PTSD. Here, we used resting state functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) to investigate the functional connectivity of the BNST in PTSD (n = 70), its dissociative subtype (PTSD + DS) (n = 41), and healthy controls (n = 50). In comparison to controls, PTSD showed increased functional connectivity of the BNST with regions of the reward system (ventral and dorsal striatum), possibly underlying stress‐induced reward‐seeking behaviors in PTSD. By contrast, comparing PTSD + DS to controls, we observed increased functional connectivity of the BNST with the claustrum, a brain region implicated in consciousness and a primary site of kappa‐opioid receptors, which are critical to the dynorphin‐mediated dysphoric stress response. Moreover, PTSD + DS showed increased functional connectivity of the BNST with brain regions involved in attention and salience detection (anterior insula and caudate nucleus) as compared to PTSD and controls. Finally, BNST functional connectivity positively correlated with default‐mode network regions as a function of state identity dissociation, suggesting a role of BNST networks in the disruption of self‐relevant processing characterizing the dissociative subtype. These findings represent an important first step in elucidating the role of the BNST in aberrant functional networks underlying PTSD and its dissociative subtype.
Functional reorganization of intra‐ and internetwork connectivity in major depressive disorder after electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: Wang Jiaojian , Wei Qiang , Wang Lijie , Zhang Hongyu , Bai Tongjian , Cheng Li , Tian Yanghua , Wang Kai
Published: December 2017

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective and rapid treatment for major depressive disorder (MDD). However, the neurobiological underpinnings of ECT are still largely unknown. Recent studies have identified dysregulated brain networks in MDD. Therefore, we hypothesized that ECT may improve MDD symptoms through reorganizing these networks. To test this hypothesis, we used resting‐state functional connectivity to investigate changes to the intra‐ and internetwork architecture of five reproducible resting‐state networks: the default mode network (DMN), dorsal attention network (DAN), executive control network (CON), salience network (SAL), and sensory‐motor network. Twenty‐three MDD patients were assessed before and after ECT, along with 25 sex‐, age‐, and education‐matched healthy controls. At the network level, enhanced intranetwork connectivities were found in the CON in MDD patients after ECT. Furthermore, enhanced internetwork connectivities between the DMN and SAL, and between the CON and DMN, DAN, and SAL were also identified. At the nodal level, the posterior cingulate cortex had increased connections with the left posterior cerebellum, right posterior intraparietal sulcus (rpIPS), and right anterior prefrontal cortex. The rpIPS had increased connections with the medial PFC (mPFC) and left anterior cingulate cortex. The left lateral parietal had increased connections with the dorsal mPFC (dmPFC), left anterior prefrontal cortex, and right anterior cingulate cortex. The dmPFC had increased connection with the left anterolateral prefrontal cortex. Our findings indicate that enhanced interactions in intra‐ and internetworks may contribute to the ECT response in MDD patients. These findings provide novel and important insights into the neurobiological mechanisms underlying ECT.
11Beta‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase‐1 deficiency or inhibition enhances hepatic myofibroblast activation in murine liver fibrosis
Authors: Zou Xiantong , Ramachandran Prakash , Kendall Timothy J. , Pellicoro Antonella , Dora Elena , Aucott Rebecca L. , Manwani Kajal , Man Tak Yung , Chapman Karen E. , Henderson Neil C. , Forbes Stuart J. , Webster Scott P. , Iredale John P. , Walker Brian R. , Michailidou Zoi
Published: December 2017

A hallmark of chronic liver injury is fibrosis, with accumulation of extracellular matrix orchestrated by activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Glucocorticoids limit HSC activation in vitro, and tissue glucocorticoid levels are amplified by 11beta‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase‐1 (11βHSD1). Although 11βHSD1 inhibitors have been developed for type 2 diabetes mellitus and improve diet‐induced fatty liver in various mouse models, effects on the progression and/or resolution of liver injury and consequent fibrosis have not been characterized. We have used the reversible carbon tetrachloride‐induced model of hepatocyte injury and liver fibrosis to show that in two models of genetic 11βHSD1 deficiency (global, Hsd11b1
–/–, and hepatic myofibroblast‐specific, Hsd11b1
fl/fl/Pdgfrb‐cre) 11βHSD1 pharmacological inhibition in vivo exacerbates hepatic myofibroblast activation and liver fibrosis. In contrast, liver injury and fibrosis in hepatocyte‐specific Hsd11b1
fl/fl/albumin‐cre mice did not differ from that of controls, ruling out 11βHSD1 deficiency in hepatocytes as the cause of the increased fibrosis. In primary HSC culture, glucocorticoids inhibited expression of the key profibrotic genes Acta2 and Col1α1, an effect attenuated by the 11βHSD1 inhibitor [4‐(2‐chlorophenyl‐4‐fluoro‐1‐piperidinyl][5‐(1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)‐3‐thienyl]‐methanone. HSCs from Hsd11b1
–/– and Hsd11b1
fl/fl/Pdgfrb‐cre mice expressed higher levels of Acta2 and Col1α1 and were correspondingly more potently activated. In vivo [4‐(2‐chlorophenyl‐4‐fluoro‐1‐piperidinyl][5‐(1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)‐3‐thienyl]‐methanone administration prior to chemical injury recapitulated findings in Hsd11b1
–/– mice, including greater fibrosis. Conclusion: 11βHSD1 deficiency enhances myofibroblast activation and promotes initial fibrosis following chemical liver injury; hence, the effects of 11βHSD1 inhibitors on liver injury and repair are likely to be context‐dependent and deserve careful scrutiny as these compounds are developed for chronic diseases including metabolic syndrome and dementia. (Hepatology 2018;67:2167‐2181).
Nucleic acid polymer REP 2139 and nucleos(T)ide analogues act synergistically against chronic hepadnaviral infection in vivo in Pekin ducks
Authors: Quinet Jonathan , Jamard Catherine , Burtin Madeleine , Lemasson Matthieu , Guerret Sylviane , Sureau Camille , Vaillant Andrew , Cova Lucyna
Published: December 2017

Nucleic acid polymer (NAP) REP 2139 treatment was shown to block the release of viral surface antigen in duck HBV (DHBV)‐infected ducks and in patients with chronic HBV or HBV/hepatitis D virus infection. In this preclinical study, a combination therapy consisting of REP 2139 with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and entecavir (ETV) was evaluated in vivo in the chronic DHBV infection model. DHBV‐infected duck groups were treated as follows: normal saline (control); REP 2139 TDF; REP 2139 + TDF; and REP 2139 + TDF + ETV. After 4 weeks of treatment, all animals were followed for 8 weeks. Serum DHBsAg and anti‐DHBsAg antibodies were monitored by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and viremia by qPCR. Total viral DNA and covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) were quantified in autopsy liver samples by qPCR. Intrahepatic DHBsAg was assessed at the end of follow‐up by immunohistochemistry. On‐treatment reduction of serum DHBsAg and viremia was more rapid when REP 2139 was combined with TDF or TDF and ETV, and, in contrast to TDF monotherapy, no viral rebound was observed after treatment cessation. Importantly, combination therapy resulted in a significant decrease in intrahepatic viral DNA (>3 log) and cccDNA (>2 log), which were tightly correlated with the clearance of DHBsAg in the liver. Conclusion: Synergistic antiviral effects were observed when REP 2139 was combined with TDF or TDF + ETV leading to control of infection in blood and liver, associated with intrahepatic viral surface antigen elimination that persisted after treatment withdrawal. Our findings suggest the potential of developing such combination therapy for treatment of chronically infected patients in the absence of pegylated interferon. (Hepatology 2018;67:2127‐2140).
The content of hippocampal “replay”
Authors: Pfeiffer Brad E.
Published: December 2017

One of the most striking features of the hippocampal network is its ability to self‐generate neuronal sequences representing temporally compressed, spatially coherent paths. These brief events, often termed “replay” in the scientific literature, are largely confined to non‐exploratory states such as sleep or quiet rest. Early studies examining the content of replay noted a strong correlation between the encoded spatial information and the animal's prior behavior; thus, replay was initially hypothesized to play a role in memory formation and/or systems‐level consolidation via “off‐line” reactivation of previous experiences. However, recent findings indicate that replay may also serve as a memory retrieval mechanism to guide future behavior or may be an incidental reflection of pre‐existing network assemblies. Here, I will review what is known regarding the content of replay events and their correlation with past and future actions, and I will discuss how this knowledge might inform or constrain models which seek to explain the circuit‐level mechanisms underlying these events and their role in mnemonic processes.
Organizing the HRM function: Responses to paradoxes, variety, and dynamism
Authors: Keegan Anne , Bitterling Ilja , Sylva Hella , Hoeksema Ludwig
Published: December 2017

We develop empirically based insights from five case studies and argue that how actors respond to paradoxical tensions helps to explain variety and dynamism in how the HRM function is organized. It also helps to clarify why widely popular models with clearly prescribed structures take on a variety of forms in practice and are dynamic. We contribute to theorizing on the HRM function by introducing a dynamic, tension‐centered perspective, based on paradox theory, that builds on previous research on the organization of the HRM function and the challenges facing HRM practitioners working within any particular model to organize HRM work. We discuss the limitations of our study, as well as offering suggestions for future research and practical implications from paradox theory for HRM practitioners dealing with tensions in their work.
Short circuit: Disaggregation of adrenocorticotropic hormone and cortisol levels in HIV‐positive, methamphetamine‐using men who have sex with men
Authors: Carrico Adam W. , Rodriguez Violeta J. , Jones Deborah L. , Kumar Mahendra
Published: December 2017

Objective

This study examined if methamphetamine use alone (METH + HIV−) and methamphetamine use in combination with HIV (METH + HIV+) were associated with hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation as well as insulin resistance relative to a nonmethamphetamine‐using, HIV‐negative comparison group (METH‐HIV−).

Methods

Using an intact groups design, serum levels of HPA axis hormones in 46 METH + HIV− and 127 METH + HIV+ men who have sex with men (MSM) were compared to 136 METH‐HIV− men.

Results

There were no group differences in prevailing adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or cortisol levels, but the association between ACTH and cortisol was moderated by METH + HIV+ group (β = −0.19, p < .05). Compared to METH‐HIV− men, METH + HIV+ MSM displayed 10% higher log10 cortisol levels per standard deviation lower ACTH. Both groups of methamphetamine‐using MSM had lower insulin resistance and greater syndemic burden (i.e., sleep disturbance, severe depression, childhood trauma, and polysubstance use disorder) compared to METH‐HIV− men. However, the disaggregated functional relationship between ACTH and cortisol in METH + HIV+ MSM was independent of these factors.

Conclusions

Further research is needed to characterize the bio‐behavioral pathways that explain dysregulated HPA axis functioning in HIV‐positive, methamphetamine‐using MSM.
Risk of suicide within 1 year of cancer diagnosis
Authors: Wang Shun‐Mu , Chang Jung‐Chen , Weng Shu‐Chuan , Yeh Ming‐Kung , Lee Chau‐Shoun
Published: December 2017

The association of the risk of suicide with cancer at different time points after a new cancer diagnosis is unclear. This study explored the suicide hazard at different time points after a first cancer diagnosis during the 1‐year period before suicide. This case–crossover study included 2,907 suicide cases from 2002 to 2012 in Taiwan and compared the odds of suicide risk at different time points during one year after any cancer diagnosis with self‐matched periods. The 13th month preceding the suicide date was used as the control period, and the hazard period was the duration from the 1st to 12th month in the conditional logistic regression for case–crossover comparisons. Among major groups of cancers, group of lip, oral cavity and pharynx cancers tended to have higher risk of suicide than other groups of cancers. The first month of cancer diagnosis was associated with the highest risk of suicide compared with the 13th month before suicide. The odds ratio (OR) of suicide were significantly in the first six months after cancer diagnosis but declined afterwards. For example, the adjusted OR was 3.47 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.60–4.62] in the first month and 1.53 (95% CI = 1.11–2.12) in the sixth month following cancer diagnosis. These findings provide clinicians with a vital reference period during which sufficient support and necessary referral to mental health support should be provided to reduce the risk of suicide among patients with newly diagnosed cancer morbidity.
Cucurbiturils as Reaction Containers for Photocycloaddition of Olefins
Authors: Pattabiraman Mahesh , Sivaguru Jayaraman , Ramamurthy V.
Published: December 2017

The [2+2] photocycloaddition (PCA [2+2]) of alkenes is one of the most synthetically useful photoreactions. It is a convenient one‐step reaction that is useful for generating substituted cyclobutanes, polymers, and biologically relevant molecules. However, the reaction efficiency is limited by its bimolecular nature requiring encounter between two reactants within the narrow window of excited state lifetime of the photoactive alkene, and competition from the unimolecular photoisomerization. Our groups have utilized macrocyclic cavitands, especially cucurbiturils(CB), to confine two alkene molecules within their cavities and steer them towards a single dimer regio‐ and stereoselectively. Although, primarily the review focuses on photocycloaddition within CBs, such reactions in closely related cavitands such as cyclodextrins (CD) and calixarenes (CA) are also briefly mentioned to provide a comparison with CBs. Studies on photocycloaddition of olefins within CB by other research groups are also briefly highlighted. A mechanistic model, with ability to predict the nature of the dimer product formed within the above reaction containers is included.
CRISPR/Cas9 therapeutics for liver diseases
Authors: Aravalli Rajagopal N. , Steer Clifford J.
Published: December 2017

The development of innovative genome editing techniques in recent years has revolutionized the field of biomedicine. Among the novel approaches, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR‐associated protein (CRISPR/Cas9) technology has become the most popular, in part due to its matchless ability to carry out gene editing at the target site with great precision. With considerable successes in animal and preclinical studies, CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated gene editing has paved the way for its use in human trials, including patients with a variety of liver diseases. Gene editing is a logical therapeutic approach for liver diseases because many metabolic and acquired disorders are caused by mutations within a single gene. In this review, we provide an overview on current and emerging therapeutic strategies for the treatment of liver diseases using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology.
The reciprocal associations between identity disturbance, relationship disturbance, and suicidal ideation among Chinese adolescents: A three‐wave cross‐lag study
Authors: Ren Yaxuan , Zhang Xu , You Jianing , Jiang Yongqiang , Lin Min‐pei , Leung Freedom
Published: December 2017

Objective

Adolescence is a developmental period associated with a heightened risk for suicidal ideation. During this phase of life, individuals tend to focus on both intrapersonal self and interpersonal relationships. Thus, it is of much significance to understand the roles of intrapersonal and interpersonal factors in the development of suicidal ideation among adolescents. The present study examined the reciprocal associations between identity disturbance, relationship disturbance, and suicidal ideation by using a three‐wave cross‐lag model in a sample of adolescents.

Method

A number of 3,600 Chinese adolescents (56.6% females, mean age = 14.58 years) completed questionnaires assessing the three main study variables as well as depressive symptoms, anxiety, and suicidal attempts three times at 6‐month intervals.

Results

After controlling for gender, age, depressive symptoms, anxiety, and suicidal attempts, relationship disturbance significantly predicted suicidal ideation over time, and vice versa. Suicidal ideation significantly predicted identity disturbance over time, but not vice versa. We also found the mediating effect of relationship disturbance in the path from identity disturbance to suicidal ideation.

Conclusion

The results suggested the important role of previous relationship disturbance in predicting later suicidal ideation. Theoretical and clinical implications of these findings were discussed.
Enzymatic synthesis and structural characterization of methacryloyl‐D‐fructose‐ and methacryloyl‐D‐glucose‐based monomers and poly(methacryloyl‐D‐fructose)‐based hydrogels
Authors: Perin Giovanni Bortoloni , Felisberti Maria Isabel
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

Carbohydrates are important renewable raw materials and their modification by enzymatic reactions with polymerizable groups is of great importance due the possibility of production of polymers with properties for biomedical applications. In this study, D‐fructose‐ and D‐glucose‐based monomers were prepared by enzymatic reactions and structurally characterized. Moreover, hydrogels based on poly(methacryloyl‐D‐fructose) were also prepared and characterized.

RESULTS

The conversions of 99% and 34% for D‐fructose and D‐glucose, respectively, were achieved using 2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl methacrylate as the methacrylic donor and commercial lipase Novozyme® 435 (EC 3.1.1.3) as enzymatic catalyst in t‐butanol. The molar ratios of D‐fructose and D‐glucose mono‐ and dimethacrylate were 57/43 and 87/13, respectively. These monomers are an isomeric mixture related to the tautomeric equilibrium of the carbohydrates in solution. Methacryloyl‐D‐fructose was polymerized in the presence of a controlled amount of ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate as crosslinker achieving hydrogels with different crosslinking densities which are mechanically stable when subject to compression–decompression cycles and have a high water swelling capability.

CONCLUSION

The combination of 2,2,2‐trifluoroethylmethacrylate and Novozym® 435 in a heterogeneous media lead to the continuous carbohydrate solubilization and reaction with the formation of carbohydrates‐based monomers. The control of the monomer functionality enables the synthesis of hydrogels with different crosslinking densities that tune their properties. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of winter rainfall change statistics over the Western Himalaya: the influence of internal variability and topography
Authors: Meher Jitendra Kumar , Das Lalu , Benestad Rasmus E. , Mezghani Abdelkader
Published: December 2017

This study investigated a detailed picture of some statistical properties of winter rainfall on monthly and seasonal basis over the Western Himalaya (WH) using rain gauge station data during 1902–2005. Results showed a significant shift in the rainfall and rainy‐day pattern during 1960–1970 in most of the stations over the WH. State‐wise analysis indicated that Himachal Pradesh has received more rainfall (50%) and rainy day (∼57%) compared to the state of Uttarakhand. Station data revealed that past winter rainfall has changed in a periodic manner with averaged periodicity (epoch) of 20 years in which 1920–1940 was characterized by excess rainfall period while 1970–1990 was depicted as deficient rainfall period. Most of the rain gauge stations showed declining trends of rainfall and rainy days while the intensity of rainfall indicated increasing trends during the 1902–2005 period. Regional‐averaged winter rainfall and rainy day have shown a significant declining trend during 1902–2005. It was found that the rainfall trends are mainly arising due to internal variability although short‐term trends (signal) override the internal variability (noise) in some cases. Among five goodness‐of‐fit distribution, the generalized extreme value (GEV) has emerged as the best fit for the majority of the station locations. Estimated monthly assured rainfall at 75% probability level revealed a range of 100–150 mm, which will be useful for agricultural activities over WH region. The impact of topography on rainfall and rainy day indicated increasing trends up to a certain elevation (∼1356 m), thereafter they showed decreasing trends that has been described through a second‐order polynomial fit.
The role of monsoon low‐level jet in modulating heavy rainfall events
Authors: Xavier Anu , Kottayil Ajil , Mohanakumar K. , Xavier Prince K.
Published: December 2017

Monsoon low‐level jet (MLLJ) is an important component of Asian summer monsoon circulation, which is responsible for large‐scale distribution and variability of rainfall over the Indian subcontinent. The evolution of MLLJ characteristics prior to heavy rainfall days and its changes which lead to instances of heavy rainfall over the south‐western coast of India are studied. The European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) re‐analysis data and India Meteorological Department (IMD) rainfall data during 1979–2007 were used for this study. It is found that the MLLJ core speed, westerly wind depth, zonal water vapour flux, horizontal wind shear and cyclonic vorticity show a steady increase towards the day of heavy rainfall and gradually decrease thereafter. The intensification of these parameters not only brings in abundant moisture but also triggers convection, thereby resulting in the formation of heavy rainfall during monsoon season. The large‐scale advection of moisture brought about by strengthening of MLLJ is shown to be a prerequisite for heavy rainfall over the Indian subcontinent. An interesting result of this study is that heavy rainfall days may have some predictability by continuous monitoring of the progression of MLLJ.
Psychometric Qualities and Measurement Invariance of the Modified Self‐Rated Creativity Scale
Authors: Tan Chee‐Seng , Ong Anna Wen‐Huey
Published: December 2017

The 13‐item self‐rated creativity scale (SRCS) initially developed for supervisory rating of employees’ creativity was modified by some researchers and used as a self‐report of creativity. However, it is not clear if the modified SRCS is psychometrically sound. The present study addressed this gap in three studies (N = 1,033). The exploratory factor analysis (Study 1) revealed a two‐factor solution after removing Item 9 due to low factor loading. Confirmatory factor analysis was then used in Study 2 to examine and compare the conceptual one‐factor model with 13 items (Model 1), one‐factor model with 12 items (Model 2), two‐factor model with 12 items (Model 3), and the 12‐item bifactor model with one general factor and two specific factors (Model 4). The results indicated that Model 4 is more superior to all the competing models. Study 3 further confirmed that the bifactor model, showed support to the reliability and convergent validity, and found partial metric invariance across Chinese and Malay undergraduates. Taken together, the modified (12‐item) SRCS is a psychometrically sound tool for self‐rated creativity in the Malaysian context.
Sweet cherry softening accompanied with moisture migration and loss during low‐temperature storage
Authors: Zhu Danshi , Liang Jieyu , Liu He , Cao Xuehui , Ge Yonghong , Li Jianrong
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

Hardness is one of the important qualities influencing consumer appeal and marketing of fresh sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.). Moisture loss is one of the main causative factors of cherry softening. In this work, moisture loss and softening process of sweet cherry during postharvest storage at 0 and 4 °C were studied. In addition, low‐field 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (LF‐NMR) was used to analyze water distribution and migration in sweet cherry during storage at 4 °C.

RESULTS

Moisture content correlated significantly (p < 0.01) with both skin and flesh hardness of cherry fruit at the two storage temperatures. According to the transverse relaxation curve, relaxation time, as T21 (0.01–10 ms), T22 (10–150 ms), and T23 (150–1000 ms) were ascribed to cell wall protons, cytoplasmic water, and vacuolar water respectively. Contents of cytoplasmic (p < 0.05) and vacuolar water (p < 0.01) changed significantly with storage time. Magnetic resonance imaging results illustrated that water distributes uniformly in fresh tissue. With prolonged storage time, free water content increased gradually, and then internal damage occurred.

CONCLUSION

Sweet cherry softening closely correlated with moisture loss during low‐temperature storage. LF‐NMR is a useful technique to investigate moisture migration of fruits and vegetables. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Increased nutrients from aeolian‐dust and riverine origin decrease the CO2‐sink capacity of coastal South Atlantic waters under UVR exposure
Authors: Cabrerizo Marco J. , Carrillo Presentación , Villafañe Virginia E. , Medina‐Sánchez Juan Manuel , Helbling E. Walter
Published: December 2017

Increases in ultraviolet radiation (UVR) levels due to the ongoing stratification of water bodies and higher nutrient concentrations either through riverine or aeolian‐dust‐inputs are expected in the near future in coastal surface waters. Here, we combined remote‐sensing data of particulate organic carbon (POC; 1997–2016 period), observational data of solar radiation (1999–2015 period), and a mid‐term experimental approach with coastal plankton communities from South Atlantic Ocean (SAO) to test how the interaction between increased nutrients by riverine and aeolian‐dust inputs and high UVR may alter the community dynamics and the CO2 sink capacity of these ecosystems in the future. Our results show a decline ∼ 27% in the sink capacity of the coastal ecosystems regardless of the nutrient source considered and under high UVR levels. This decreased CO2 uptake was coupled with a high dynamic photoinhibition and dark recovery of photosystem II and shifts in the community structure toward the dominance by nano‐flagellates. Moreover, remote‐sensing data also evidences an incipient tipping point with decreasing POC values in this area over the annual planktonic succession. Therefore, we propose that to continue this climate and human‐mediated pressure, these metabolic responses could be strengthened and extended to other productive coastal areas.
New n‐Type Solution Processable All Conjugated Polymer Network: Synthesis, Optoelectronic Characterization, and Application in Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Bildirir Hakan , Di Carlo Rasi Dario , Wienk Martijn M. , Janssen René A. J. , Avgeropoulos Apostolos , Gregoriou Vasilis G. , Allard Sybille , Scherf Ullrich , Chochos Christos L.
Published: December 2017

The efficient synthesis of a new solution‐processable n‐type conjugated polymer network (PNT1) is reported through palladium‐catalyzed Stille cross‐coupling reaction conditions following the A3 + B2 synthetic approach. A benzo[1,2‐b:3,4‐b′:5,6‐b″]trithiophene derivative is used as the A3 knot and an alkyl functionalized naphthalenediimide is utilized as the B2 linker. The thermal, optical, and electrochemical properties are examined in detail, showing high thermal stability, absorbance in the visible part of the solar spectrum, and reversible reduction characteristics similar to those of the fullerene derivative [6,6]‐phenyl‐C71‐butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM). PNT1 is employed as the electron acceptor in solution‐processed bulk heterojunction organic solar cells, demonstrating the potential of this new type of materials for optoelectronic applications.
Calix[4]arene‐Based Dynamic Covalent Gels: Marriage of Robustness, Responsiveness, and Self‐Healing
Authors: Yang Hui , Tang Jiaqi , Shang Congdi , Miao Rong , Zhang Shaofei , Liu Kaiqiang , Fang Yu
Published: December 2017

Herein, the report on a new class of self‐healing and pH/temperature responsive mixed solvent (ethanol and water) gels shows unusual mechanical properties to resist slicing, sustain high compression, and withstand stretching as evidenced by the cutting breaking stress, the fracture compressive stress, and the stretching ratio of one of the gels as obtained can reach or exceed 26.4 MPa, 9.2 MPa, and ≈5 times, respectively. The gels are designed by introducing dynamic covalent bond, acylhydrazone, which is believed to combine the merits of conventional chemical bonds and those of supramolecular interactions. Specifically, a hydrazide‐modified calix[4]arene derivative and linear benzaldehyde‐terminated poly(ethylene glycol)s are synthesized and used as reactive components to build gel networks. Interestingly, acid‐degradable hydrogel can be obtained via natural drying of the mixed solvent gel first and then swelling in pure water.
Short pulse width in subthalamic stimulation in Parkinson's disease: a randomized, double‐blind study
Authors: Bouthour Walid , Wegrzyk Jennifer , Momjian Shahan , Péron Julie , Fleury Vanessa , Tomkova Chaoui Emilie , Horvath Judit , Boëx Colette , Lüscher Christian , Burkhard Pierre R. , Krack Paul , Zacharia André
Published: December 2017

Background: We investigated the acute effect of short pulse widths on the therapeutic window in subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease.

Methods: We assessed 10 PD patients with STN‐DBS at a 60‐µs pulse width. We randomly and double‐blindedly applied 10‐ to 50‐µs pulse widths. The principal outcome was the therapeutic window (difference between the amplitude thresholds for visible muscle contraction and for best rigidity control). The secondary outcome was the charge per pulse (which reflects the efficiency of the stimulation) needed to control rigidity. Two‐way analysis of variance and pairwise t tests were applied.

Results: The therapeutic window widened when the pulse width shortened (r = −0.45; P < 0.001), and charge per pulse was reduced (P < 0.05).

Conclusions: This randomized, double‐blind study showed that shorter pulse widths widen the therapeutic window of STN‐DBS in PD without increasing the electrical charge required to obtain the same acute clinical benefit. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Bioavailability of Glucoraphanin and Sulforaphane from High‐Glucoraphanin Broccoli
Authors: Sivapalan Tharsini , Melchini Antonietta , Saha Shikha , Needs Paul W. , Traka Maria H. , Tapp Henri , Dainty Jack R. , Mithen Richard F.
Published: December 2017

Scope

Broccoli accumulates 4‐methylsulphinylbutyl glucosinolate (glucoraphanin) which is hydrolyzed to the isothiocyanate sulforaphane. Through the introgression of novel alleles of the Myb28 transcription factor from Brassica villosa, broccoli genotypes have been developed that have enhanced levels of glucoraphanin. This study seeks to quantify the exposure of human tissues to glucoraphanin and sulforaphane following consumption of broccoli with contrasting Myb28 genotypes.

Methods and results

Ten participants are recruited into a three‐phase, double‐blinded, randomized crossover trial (NCT02300324), with each phase comprising consumption of 300 g of a soup made from broccoli of one of three Myb28 genotypes (Myb28B/B, Myb28B/V, Myb28V/V). Plant myrosinases are intentionally denatured during soup manufacture. Threefold and fivefold higher levels of sulforaphane occur in the circulation following consumption of Myb28V/B and Myb28V/V broccoli soups, respectively. The percentage of sulforaphane excreted in 24 h relative to the amount of glucoraphanin consumed varies among volunteers from 2 to 15%, but does not depend on the broccoli genotype.

Conclusion

This is the first study to report the bioavailability of glucoraphanin and sulforaphane from soups made with novel broccoli varieties. The presence of one or two Myb28V alleles results in enhanced delivery of sulforaphane to the systemic circulation.
Nonvolitional assessment of tibialis anterior force and architecture during critical illness
Authors: Connolly Bronwen , Maddocks Matthew , MacBean Victoria , Bernal William , Hart Nicholas , Hopkins Philip , Rafferty Gerrard F
Published: December 2017

Introduction: Contemporaneous measures of muscle architecture and force have not previously been conducted during critical illness to examine their relationship with intensive care unit (ICU)‐acquired weakness. Methods: Ankle dorsiflexor muscle force (ADMF) with high‐frequency electrical peroneal nerve stimulation and skeletal muscle architecture via ultrasound were measured in 21 adult, critically ill patients, 16 at ICU admission. Results: Thirteen patients were measured on 2 occasions. Among these, 10 who were measured at ICU admission demonstrated muscle weakness. Despite significant reductions in tibialis anterior (Δ = −88.5 ± 78.8 mm2, P = 0.002) and rectus femoris (Δ = −126.1 ± 129.1 mm2, P = 0.006) cross‐sectional areas between occasions, ADMF did not change (100‐HZ ankle dorsiflexor force 9.8 [IQR, 8.0–14.4] kg vs. 8.6 (IQR, 6.7–19.2) kg, P = 0.9). Discussion: Muscle weakness was evident at ICU admission. No additional decrements were observed 7 days later despite significant reductions in muscle size. These data suggest that not all ICU weakness is truly “acquired” and questions our understanding of muscle function during critical illness. Muscle Nerve 57: 964–972, 2018
The optimal control of Axelrod's social norm game
Authors: Jaber Ahmed S. , Cojocaru Monica G.
Published: December 2017

In this paper, we study the well‐known Axelrod's social norm game using replicator dynamics and control theory. In general, a social norm game has 4 pure strategies: norm following and norm defecting, each of which branching further into punishing or not punishing others for defection, if observed. Our aim is to check whether by introducing a control parameter that mimics incentives for players who follow the norm, we observe changes in the dynamics of the strategy game, which maximize norm‐following strategies. We solve the control problem numerically and find that incentives and the capacity of individuals to observe others' defection both have an impact on the emergence of Nash equilibria in which norm following is dominant.
Assessing a composite end point for new tocolytics in clinical trials: Data from 4 US integrated delivery networks
Authors: Pimenta Jeanne M. , Brinkley Emma , Montague Timothy H. , Beach Kathleen J. , Mack Christina
Published: December 2017

Purpose

A composite end point (CE) measuring neonatal benefit was created for use in tocolytic randomized controlled trials with rates assessed using data from one referral hospital. The goal of this study was to assess wider generalizability of the CE, using data from multiple integrated delivery networks, creating a cohort of linked mother‐neonate pairs to understand neonatal outcomes in a broad population.

Methods

Retrospective data on births (2001‐2012) were collected from 4 US integrated delivery networks in the COMparative effectiveness PAtient Safety and Surveillance (COMPASS) Research Network, and linked mother‐neonate pairs were identified. The CE was analyzed for all in‐hospital singleton neonates at ≥24 weeks of gestational age (GA) born to mothers aged ≤45 years at a referral hospital or hospital with >2000 annual births.

Results

The CE analyses included 56 485 eligible mother‐neonate pairs; frequency of the CE decreased from 89% to 66% between GA weeks 24 and 29 and further decreased to <14% for infants born >34 weeks of GA. Composite end point rates were 20% to 30% lower at 24 to 30 weeks of GA in COMPASS compared with Medical University of South Carolina but were similar by 31 weeks.

Conclusions

The COMPASS Network enabled evaluation of the CE across a large population demonstrating that the CE findings could be replicated beyond a single hospital and the potential for lower CE frequency. Based on this, an adaptive design was adopted for randomized controlled trials, specifically sample size reestimation to mitigate against the risk of lower outcome rates, highlighting the use of real‐world data in drug development.
When Does Public Participation Make a Difference? Evidence From Iceland's Crowdsourced Constitution
Authors: Hudson Alexander
Published: December 2017

Iceland's 2011 draft constitution is reputed to be the world's first crowdsourced constitution. Careful study of this case can therefore inform our understanding of how public participation in lawmaking may be supported by new technology. This article seeks to measure and explain the impact that comments and proposals from the Icelandic public had on the development of the draft constitution. The analysis shows that almost 10 percent of the proposals submitted by the public generated a change in the draft text, with public participation having a particular impact in the area of rights. This remarkably high impact is likely explained by the unique, apolitical context in which the constitution was drafted. Although on the face of it an example of successful public crowdsourcing, the new constitution drafted through this process ultimately failed to be ratified by the parliament. Iceland's experiment with participatory constitution drafting thus demonstrates both the possibility of impactful online public engagement, and the potential pitfalls of such a politically disconnected process.
The highs and lows of wheezing: A review of the most popular adventitious lung sound
Authors: Pasterkamp Hans
Published: December 2017

Wheezing is the most widely reported adventitious lung sound in the English language. It is recognized by health professionals as well as by lay people, although often with a different meaning. Wheezing is an indicator of airway obstruction and therefore of interest particularly for the assessment of young children and in other situations where objective documentation of lung function is not generally available. This review summarizes our current understanding of mechanisms producing wheeze, its subjective perception and description, its objective measurement, and visualization, and its relevance in clinical practice.
Short‐ and long‐distance moves of young adults during the transition to adulthood in Britain
Authors: Pelikh Alina , Kulu Hill
Published: December 2017

This paper examines spatial mobility of young adults in England and Wales in the 1990s and the 2000s. We investigate short‐ and long‐distance moves of young people by cohort and gender adjusted for individuals' socio‐economic characteristics and changes in other life domains. We study how much employment, partnership, and family changes explain variation in spatial mobility across birth cohorts and between males and females. We apply multistate event history analysis to data from the British Household Panel Survey. We move beyond a single‐event approach and analyse moving trajectories of young adults. The results show that the youngest cohort (born in 1985–1990) leaves the parental home later than the two older cohorts (born in 1974–1979 and 1980–1984), but once they leave the parental nest, they exhibit elevated levels of spatial mobility. We find that females leave the parental home earlier than males; however, there are no gender differences in the levels of higher order moves. By contrast, socio‐economic differences in spatial mobility are persistent; young people from advantaged backgrounds are spatially more mobile than those who come from disadvantaged families. Changes in educational enrolment and level, partnership status, and economic activity explain only little of the differences in spatial mobility across cohorts and between males and females suggesting also the importance of other motives behind the moves. The results are similar for short‐ and long‐distance moves, although the risk levels are higher for the former.
Thermal and Mechanical Properties of α‐MoSi2 as a High‐Temperature Material
Authors: Mohamad Afiqa , Ohishi Yuji , Muta Hiroaki , Kurosaki Ken , Yamanaka Shinsuke
Published: December 2017

Among metal disilicide materials, α‐MoSi2 exhibits high thermal conductivity and high oxidation resistance at high temperatures, making it an attractive option for high temperature applications. In the present study, we fabricate α‐MoSi2 pellets with a density of 96% theoretical density (TD) and quantify the thermal properties (thermal conductivity and thermal expansion heat capacity), mechanical properties (Vickers hardness and fracture toughness), and electrical properties (Seebeck coefficient and electrical resistivity). In this paper, we evaluate the experimental data, and present a review of the literature. In addition, we attempt to correlate the heat capacity measurement obtained experimentally with the results of our theoretical calculations to identify their relationship.