bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peer rejection as a precursor of romantic dysfunction in adolescence: Can friendships protect?
Authors: Schacter Hannah L. , Lessard Leah M. , Juvonen Jaana
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Using a prospective longitudinal design across six years, the current study investigated whether adolescents’ experiences of peer rejection across middle school increased their risk of maladaptive (aggressive and unsupportive) behaviors in high school romantic relationships. Additionally, friendship quality following the transition to high school was examined as a potential protective factor.

Methods

The sample consisted of 1,987 ethnically diverse youth (54% female; Mage = 17.10) who were romantically involved at eleventh grade. Peer rejection (based on peer nominations) was assessed at four time points across three years in middle school. Students reported on their friendship quality in ninth grade and their aggressive (e.g., shouting; hitting) and supportive (e.g., listening; helping) behaviors towards a romantic partner in eleventh grade.

Results

Results demonstrated that adolescents who were increasingly rejected by peers during middle school were more likely to behave aggressively towards their romantic partners in high school. Friendship quality at the beginning of high school moderated prospective links from rejection to support, such that escalating middle school peer rejection predicted less supportive romantic behaviors only among youth with low‐quality friendships at ninth grade. These patterns were documented over and above the effects of sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and students’ aggressive behavior at the beginning of middle school.

Conclusions

Together, the findings suggest that 1) increasing peer rejection during middle school may spiral into later romantic relationship dysfunction and 2) supportive friendships across a critical school transition can interrupt links between peer and romantic problems.
Monitoring Emergency Department Visits From Puerto Rico in the Aftermath of Hurricane Maria Using Syndromic Surveillance – New York City, 2017
Authors: Wong Priscilla W. , Parton Hilary B.
Published: October 2019

Objective:

Syndromic surveillance has been useful for routine surveillance on a variety of health outcomes and for informing situational awareness during public health emergencies. Following the landfall of Hurricane Maria in 2017, the New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) implemented an enhanced syndromic surveillance system to characterize related emergency department (ED) visits.

Methods:

ED visits with any mention of specific key words (“Puerto,” “Rico,” “hurricane,” “Maria”) in the ED chief complaint or Puerto Rico patient home Zip Code were identified from the DOHMH syndromic surveillance system in the 8-week window leading up to and following landfall. Visit volume comparisons pre- and post-Hurricane Maria were performed using Fisher’s exact test.

Results:

Analyses identified an overall increase in NYC ED utilization relating to Puerto Rico following Hurricane Maria landfall. In particular, there was a small but significant increase in visits involving a medication refill or essential medical equipment. Visits for other outcomes, such as mental illness, also increased, but the differences were not statistically significant.

Conclusions:

Gaining this situational awareness of medical service use was informative following Hurricane Maria, and, following any natural disaster, the same surveillance methods could be easily established to aid an effective emergency response.
Genetic, environmental and biomarker considerations delineating the regulatory effects of vitamin D on central nervous system function
Authors: Stephenson Andrea , Mamo John C. L. , Takechi Ryusuke , Hackett Mark J. , Lam Virginie
Published: October 2019

Studies show that vitamin D (vit-D) (25(OH)D), the bioactive metabolite (1,25(OH)2D3) and vit-D receptors (vit-D receptor; protein disulphide isomerase, family A member 3) are expressed throughout the brain, particularly in regions pivotal to learning and memory. This has led to the paradigm that avoiding vit-D deficiency is important to preserve cognitive function. However, presently, it is not clear if the common clinical measure of serum 25(OH)D serves as a robust surrogate marker for central nervous system (CNS) homeostasis or function. Indeed, recent studies report CNS biosynthesis of endogenous 25(OH)D, the CNS expression of the CYP group of enzymes which catalyse conversion to 1,25(OH)2D3and thereafter, deactivation. Moreover, in the periphery, there is significant ethnic/genetic heterogeneity in vit-D conversion to 1,25(OH)2D3and there is a paucity of studies which have actually investigated vit-D kinetics across the cerebrovasculature. Compared with peripheral organs, the CNS also has differential expression of receptors that trigger cellular response to 1,25(OH)2D3metabolites. To holistically consider the putative association of peripheral (blood) abundance of 25(OH)D on cognitive function, herein, we have reviewed population and genetic studies, pre-clinical and clinical intervention studies and moreover have considered potential confounders of vit-D analysis.
Principled or Pragmatic? Morality Politics in Direct Democracy
Authors: Colombo Céline
Published: October 2019

Political scientists often distinguish between two types of issues: moral versus non-moral issues or social-cultural versus economic issues. The implication is that these types of issues trigger different types of reasoning: while economic issues rely on pragmatic, consequentialist reasoning, social-cultural issues are said to be dependent on principles and deontological reasoning. However, it is not known whether this distinction is as clear-cut from a citizen's perspective. Scholars agree that understanding the morality of voters’ political attitudes has implications for their political behaviour, such as their willingness to compromise and openness to deliberation. However, few studies have analysed whether citizens reason in principled or pragmatic ways on different issues. This study takes an exploratory approach and analyses the determinants of principled versus pragmatic reasoning in direct democracy, in which citizens make direct policy decisions at the ballot box. Using a unique dataset based on thirty-four ballot decisions in Switzerland, it explores the justifications voters give for their ballot decisions in open-ended survey answers. It distinguishes between pragmatic (or consequentialist) arguments and principled (or value-based) arguments. The analysis shows that principled justifications are not tied to particular issues. Voters use both types of justifications almost equally frequently. Moral justifications are more likely when an issue is personally relevant, as well as when a proposition is accepted, while pragmatic justifications prevail when a proposition is rejected. Furthermore, right-wing voters more often argue in pragmatic terms. Finally, the framing of the issue during the campaign significantly affects moral versus pragmatic justifications.
Analysis of genetic diversity and spatial structure in Tunisian populations ofHordeum marinumssp.marinumbased on molecular markers
Authors: Saoudi W. , Badri M. , Gandour M. , Smaoui A. , Abdelly C. , Taamalli W.
Published: October 2019

Hordeum marinumcommonly known as sea barley is a salinity-tolerant species of grass. In the current study, 150 lines from ten populations ofH. marinumssp.marinumcollected from five Tunisian bioclimatic sites were screened for polymorphism with 13 selected random amplified polymorphic DNA primers. Results exhibited a high level of polymorphism (160 polymorphic bands with an average of 12.46 per primer) and a high level of genetic diversity in all the studied populations (on averageUHe= 0.247 andI= 0.358). High discrimination capacity was found for the 13 primers and a combination of three allowed assignation of a unique profile for each of the 150 lines. The partition of genetic diversity with Analysis of Molecular Variance suggested that the majority of genetic variation (67%) was within populations. The components between-populations within ecoregions and between-ecoregions explained 21 and 12%, respectively, of the total genetic variance. There was no significant association of population differentiation (ФPT) with geographical distance or altitudinal difference. Results also showed that the 150 lines grouped into three clusters with no respect to geographic origin. A sub-set of 13 lines was identified, which captured the maximum genetic diversity of the entire collection. The genetic variation found in this collection ofH. marinumis deemed to be useful in formulating conservation strategies for this species.
When Anti-Politics Becomes Political: What can the Italian Five Star Movement Tell us about the Relationship Between Populism and Legalism
Authors: Corso Lucia
Published: October 2019

Populist politicians have to deal with a foundational paradox, i.e. ruling without being contaminated by the corrupting influence of power - Strategies to shield populists’ political actions from the accusations that populist parties have flung against pre-existing elites – The Italian Five Star Movement as a populist political discourse resorting to legalist strategies – Legalism as a way of introducing political reforms as mandatory actions, required by some sort of exclusionary, pre-existing legal rule rather than the product of ideological confrontation and political compromise – Populism as an anti-political response to factionalism – Lottery system, absolute neutrality and the end of politics
The Challenge of Institutionalisation: Post-Communist ‘Transitions’, Populism, and the Rule of Law
Authors: Krygier Martin
Published: October 2019

Institutionalisation – Populism – Rule of law – Poland – Hungary – Post-communist reformers more given to emulation, adoption and installation, than institutionalisation – Institutionalised traditions as resources and sources of recalcitrance – New populists as institutionalisers of anti-rule of law values, de-institutionalisers of independent institutions – ‘Abusive constitutionalists’, who erode and subvert the kinds of institutionalisation necessary to temper power
School-based psychoeducation and storytelling: Associations with long-term mental health in adolescent survivors of the Wenchuan earthquake
Authors: Tanaka E. , Iso H. , Tsutsumi A. , Kameoka S. , You Y. , Kato H.
Published: October 2019

Aims

We explored the factors promoting long-term mental health among adolescent survivors of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. We examined the associations of their long-term mental health with disaster-related storytelling and school-based psychoeducation, and of school-based psychoeducation with disaster-related storytelling.

Methods

A secondary school-based cross-sectional survey was conducted 6 years after the disaster. Participants with traumatic experiences such as injury, loss, witnessing someone's death/injury and home destruction (N= 1028, mean age 15, standard deviation 1.38, male 51%) were eligible. Mental health/disaster education (MHE/DE) was defined as taking one or more lessons in MHE and/or DE at school since the earthquake. Experiences of storytelling about the disaster involved expressing distressing memories and feelings regarding the earthquake since the disaster happened, according to four groups: never expressed distressing memories and feelings, expressed them through writing/drawing, expressed them through talking to lay supporters and expressed them through talking to health professionals. Analysis of covariance was used to compare mean scores on five selected subscales of the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), the Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) and the Psychotic-Like Experiences (PLEs) scale among the four storytelling groups. Linear regression analysis was used to identify the relationships between MHE/DE and current mental health as measured by the SCL-90, AIS and PLEs. The relationship between education and storytelling was probed byχ2test.

Results

The talked-to-lay-supporters group showed better mental health on the SCL-90 (p⩽ 0.001), AIS (p< 0.001) and PLEs (p= 0.004), while the consulted-health-professionals group showed worse mental health on the three dimensions of the SCL-90: depression (p= 0.05), anxiety (p= 0.02) and fear (p= 0.04), and on PLEs (p= 0.02) compared with the never-expressed group. MHE and DE were inversely associated with SCL-90, AIS and PLE scores. Participants who received these forms of education talked about their disaster experiences to lay supporters more than those who did not.

Conclusions

MHE and DE at school may promote adolescents’ mental health after a disaster. Experience of storytelling about the disaster to lay supporters may be helpful for long-term psychological recovery, and may be a potential mediating factor for school-based education and better mental health. Because of the cross-sectional nature of this study, causality cannot be inferred; therefore, further prospective intervention studies are needed to elucidate the effect of these factors on adolescent survivors’ mental health.
Temperament Predictors of Motor Imagery Control in BCI
Authors: Zapała Dariusz , Małkiewicz Monika , Francuz Piotr , Kołodziej Marcin , Majkowski Andrzej
Published: October 2019

Abstract. The aim of this study was to verify if selected temperament traits may be useful as predictors of motor imagery brain-computer interface (BCI) performance. In our experiment, 40 BCI-naive subjects were instructed to imagine the movement of clenching his/her right or left hand, in accordance with the visual cue. The activity of sensorimotor rhythms (SMR) (8–30 Hz) was measured by electroencephalography (EEG) and transformed into the information transfer rate (ITR) after feature selection and classification. All subjects also completed a self-assessment questionnaire for the determination of their temperament profile, comprising the following traits: Briskness, Perseveration, Sensory Sensitivity, Emotional Reactivity, Endurance, and Activity. We found significant correlations between ITR performance and Endurance (EN) and Perseveration (PE) scores. This effect was also visible in a topography of SMR desynchronization patterns, in groups with different results in EN and PE scales. Finally, a predictive model of motor imagery BCI control based on temperament traits was proposed. We interpret this finding as empirical support for an influence of basic, relatively stable personality traits on BCI control via the performance of the motor imagery task. Moreover, the implication of these results on the design of future brain-computer interfaces was discussed.
Social Feedback Valence Differentially Modulates the Reward Positivity, P300, and Late Positive Potential
Authors: Funkhouser Carter J. , Auerbach Randy P. , Kujawa Autumn , Morelli Sylvia A. , Phan K. Luan , Shankman Stewart A.
Published: October 2019

Abstract. Abnormal social or reward processing is associated with several mental disorders. Although most studies examining reward processing have focused on monetary rewards, recent research also has tested neural reactivity to social rewards (e.g., positive social feedback). However, the majority of these studies only include two feedback valences (e.g., acceptance, rejection). Yet, social evaluation is rarely binary (positive vs. negative) and people often give “on the fence” or neutral evaluations of others. Processing of this type of social feedback may be ambiguous and impacted by factors such as psychopathology, self-esteem, and prior experiences of rejection. Thus, the present study probed the reward positivity (RewP), P300, and late positive potential (LPP) following acceptance, rejection, and “on the fence” [between acceptance and rejection] feedback in undergraduate students ( n = 45). Results indicated that the RewP showed more positive amplitudes following acceptance compared to both rejection and “on the fence” feedback, and the RewP was larger (i.e., more positive) following rejection relative to “on the fence” feedback. In contrast, the P300 did not differ between rejection and “on the fence” feedback, and both were reduced compared to acceptance. The LPP was blunted in response to rejection relative to acceptance and “on the fence” feedback (which did not differ from each other). Exploratory analyses demonstrated that greater self-reported rejection sensitivity was associated with a reduced LPP to acceptance. Taken together, these findings suggest that the neural systems underlying the RewP, P300, and LPP may evaluate “on the fence” social feedback differently, and that individuals high on rejection sensitivity may exhibit reduced attention toward and elaborative processing of social acceptance.
Intercomparison of Snow Melt Onset Date Estimates From Optical and Microwave Satellite Instruments Over the Northern Hemisphere for the Period 1982–2015
Authors: Kouki K. , Anttila K. , Manninen T. , Luojus K. , Wang L. , Riihelä A.
Published: October 2019

Robust melt season timing and length estimates are important for hydrological and climatological applications; due to the large area and sparse in situ measurements, snow melt monitoring at the continental scale is only possible from satellites. We intercompared melt onset date (MOD) estimates obtained from optical and microwave satellite sensors over the Northern Hemisphere between 1982 and 2015 and subsequently analyzed the causes of the similarities and dissimilarities found. The optical satellite data are based on the mean surface albedo from the Satellite Application Facility for Climate Monitoring (CM SAF) CLouds, Albedo and RAdiation second release Surface ALbedo (CLARA‐A2 SAL) data set. The microwave satellite data are based on temporal variations in the differences of the brightness temperature from satellite passive microwave radiometers. The analysis shows that the microwave‐based method detects melt onset on average 10 days later than the albedo‐based method, which results from the different melt detection methods; the albedo‐based method observes the point when the spring snow metamorphism begins to have a detectable effect on snow albedo, whereas the microwave‐based method detects the appearance of meltwater in snowpack. The difference in MOD decreases in forests, because canopy protects snow from sunlight delaying snow metamorphism. Additionally, we analyzed the MOD estimates for trends across the Northern Hemisphere and separately for Eurasia and North America. A statistically significant negative trend toward earlier melt onset exists in all cases, which is consistent with previous studies.
Dust and Snow Cover on Saturn's Icy Moons
Authors: Le Gall A. , West R. D. , Bonnefoy L. E.
Published: October 2019

The final analysis of the Cassini radar observations of Saturn's icy moons presented here shows that the exchange of material between the planet's dust rings and moons, which is specific to the Saturnian system, plays a key role in the current state of the airless satellite regolith. Far from Saturn, the vast debris ring from Phoebe progressively coats the leading side of Iapetus with optically dark material reducing its radar brightness. On the contrary, close to the planet, the extreme radar brightness of the innermost moons Mimas, Enceladus, and Tethys (that exceeds that of the Galilean satellites) is most likely related to Enceladus's geysers and the E‐ring which brings ultraclean water ice to their surfaces. The measured radar albedos and observed hemispheric dichotomies require at least a few decimeters thick “snow” cover and that the near surfaces of Saturn's innermost moons contain especially efficient backscattering structures whose nature remains an outstanding problem.
Control of Volcanic Activity by Crustal Structure: Inference from the Izu‐Bonin‐Mariana and Northeast Japan Arcs
Authors: Kaneko Katsuya , Mishiro Kenta , Tatsumi Yoshiyuki
Published: October 2019

Volcanic activities in the Izu‐Bonin‐Mariana (IBM) oceanic arc and the Northeast Japan (NEJ) continental arc are different in spite of rather constant subduction rates of the same Pacific plate. IBM volcanoes are much more voluminous than NEJ volcanoes; IBM magmas are predominantly basaltic whereas NEJ magmas are andesitic. We propose that the crustal density structures play a key role in those differences. The crustal density structures were estimated based on seismic P‐wave velocity structure and thermodynamic calculation, suggesting that the neutral buoyancy level of a primitive, mantle‐derived basalt, where a magma chamber forms, is shallower in the IBM arc than the NEJ arc. If a magma that differentiates and attains water oversaturation could erupt at the surface, a larger amount of crystallization should occur for the magma in a deeper chamber. This idea explains that erupting magma in the IBM arc is more voluminous and more mafic than those in the NEJ magma.
Picoplankton Carbon Biomass Assessments and Distribution of Prochlorococcus Ecotypes Linked to Loop Current Eddies During Summer in the Southern Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Linacre L. , Durazo R. , Camacho‐Ibar V. F. , Selph K. E. , Lara‐Lara J. R. , Mirabal‐Gómez U. , Bazán‐Guzmán C. , Lago‐Lestón A. , Fernández‐Martín E. M. , Sidón‐Ceseña K.
Published: October 2019

Assessments of picoplankton carbon biomass in the pelagic ecosystem over the deep region of the southern Gulf of Mexico were conducted during three consecutive summer cruises. Notably, the relationship between carbon distribution of Prochlorococcus (PRO) and Loop Current (LC) dynamics was evaluated. Seawater samples were collected from the euphotic zone (~150 m) for estimating the abundance of the picoplankton populations using flow cytometry analyses. Carbon biomass estimates were based on cell abundance and variable conversion factors computed across stations and depths. On average, about half of the total depth‐integrated carbon biomass of picoplankton was attributed to heterotrophic bacteria (HB, 54%) and three autotrophic populations (Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, and pico‐eukaryotes, 46%). In agreement with previous winter assessments, PRO was the dominant component of abundance (~90%) and pico‐phytoplankton community biomass (>70%). Based on molecular analyses, distinct ecotypes of high‐light PRO and low‐light (LL) PRO were found within the euphotic zone, vertically distributed along light and nutrient gradients. Also, PRO distributions were related to hydrographic conditions strongly modulated by mesoscale dynamics. LL‐PRO subgroups, located close to the nutricline under LL conditions, were associated with the westward propagation of anticyclonic eddies that episodically detach from the LC. This study highlights the role of the LC and its eddies in the transport and distribution of carbon biomass into the Gulf of Mexico, as represented by the deep subgroups of the dominant, tiniest autotroph within this oligotrophic ecosystem.
East Asian Study of Tropospheric Aerosols and their Impact on Regional Clouds, Precipitation, and Climate (EAST‐AIRCPC)
Authors: Li Zhanqing , Wang Yuan , Guo Jianping , Zhao Chuanfeng , Cribb Maureen C. , Dong Xiquan , Fan Jiwen , Gong Daoyi , Huang Jianping , Jiang Mengjiao , Jiang Yiquan , Lee S.‐S. , Li Huan , Li Jiming , Liu Jianjun , Qian Yun , Rosenfeld Daniel , Shan Siyu , Sun Yele , Wang Huijun , Xin Jinyuan , Yan Xin , Yang Xin , Yang Xiu‐qun , Zhang Fang , Zheng Youtong
Published: October 2019

Aerosols have significant and complex impacts on regional climate in East Asia. Cloud‐aerosol‐precipitation interactions (CAPI) remain most challenging in climate studies. The quantitative understanding of CAPI requires good knowledge of aerosols, ranging from their formation, composition, transport, and their radiative, hygroscopic, and microphysical properties. A comprehensive review is presented here centered on the CAPI based chiefly, but not limited to, publications in the special section named EAST‐AIRcpc concerning (1) observations of aerosol loading and properties, (2) relationships between aerosols and meteorological variables affecting CAPI, (3) mechanisms behind CAPI, and (4) quantification of CAPI and their impact on climate. Heavy aerosol loading in East Asia has significant radiative effects by reducing surface radiation, increasing the air temperature, and lowering the boundary layer height. A key factor is aerosol absorption, which is particularly strong in central China. This absorption can have a wide range of impacts such as creating an imbalance of aerosol radiative forcing at the top and bottom of the atmosphere, leading to inconsistent retrievals of cloud variables from space‐borne and ground‐based instruments. Aerosol radiative forcing can delay or suppress the initiation and development of convective clouds whose microphysics can be further altered by the microphysical effect of aerosols. For the same cloud thickness, the likelihood of precipitation is influenced by aerosols: suppressing light rain and enhancing heavy rain, delaying but intensifying thunderstorms, and reducing the onset of isolated showers in most parts of China. Rainfall has become more inhomogeneous and more extreme in the heavily polluted urban regions.
The Impact of Prescribed Ozone in Climate Projections Run With HadGEM3‐GC3.1
Authors: Hardiman Steven C. , Andrews Martin B. , Andrews Timothy , Bushell Andrew C. , Dunstone Nick J. , Dyson Harold , Jones Gareth S. , Knight Jeff R. , Neininger Erica , O'Connor Fiona M. , Ridley Jeff K. , Ringer Mark A. , Scaife Adam A. , Senior Catherine A. , Wood Richard A.
Published: October 2019

The Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 protocol suggests prescribing preindustrial ozone concentrations in abrupt‐4xCO2 simulations. This leads to a mismatch between the thermal tropopause, which rises due to climate change, and the ozone tropopause, which remains fixed. The result is unphysically high ozone concentrations in the upper troposphere, leading to a warm bias in cold point temperature and increased stratospheric water vapor. In the U.K. physical climate model HadGEM3‐GC3.1 this increases the surface climate sensitivity. In the future, other climate models without interactive ozone schemes may face similar problems. We describe a method to interactively redistribute ozone in climate simulations, which removes the inconsistency between the thermal and ozone tropopause heights while retaining the prescribed ozone distribution as closely as possible. This removes unphysical consequences of the tropopause mismatch, while still allowing a fair comparison against other Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 model simulations. After each model year, the monthly mean, zonal mean, thermal tropopause is formed based on the previous two model years. The ozone tropopause is defined at 1 km below the thermal tropopause by setting ozone concentrations there to 80 ppbv, and smoothing appropriately. The mass of ozone removed from the troposphere is added to the stratosphere thus conserving the total mass of ozone. This redistribution is then applied proportionally to the 3‐D monthly mean ozone concentrations. The climate model is run for the following year, using this redistributed ozone, and then the whole process is repeated. Results are presented from preindustrial and abrupt‐4xCO2 simulations, but this method can be used for any climate simulation.
Revisiting the Hewlett and Hibbert (1963) Hillslope Drainage Experiment and Modeling Effects of Decadal Pedogenic Processes and Leaky Soil Boundary Conditions
Authors: Lee Raymond M. , McGuire Kevin J. , Strahm Brian D. , Knoepp Jennifer D. , Jackson C. Rhett , Stewart Ryan D.
Published: October 2019

Subsurface flow dominates water movement from hillslopes to streams in most forested headwater catchments. Hewlett and Hibbert (1963,https://doi.org/10.1029/JZ068i004p01081) constructed an idealized hillslope model (0.91 × 0.91 × 15.0 m; 21.8°) using reconstituted C horizon soil to investigate importance of interflow, a type of subsurface flow. They saturated the model, covered it to prevent evaporation, and allowed free drainage for 145 days. The resulting recession drainage curve suggested two phases: fast drainage of saturated soil in the first 1.5 days and then slow drainage of unsaturated soil. Hydrologists interpreted the latter as evidence interflow could sustain baseflow, even during extended drought. Since that experiment, typical forest vegetation grew in the model, providing root and litter inputs for 55 years. We removed all aboveground live biomass and repeated the experiment physically and numerically (HYDRUS‐2D), hypothesizing that pedogenesis would change the drainage curve and further elucidate the role of unsaturated flow from hillslopes. Contrary to this hypothesis, drainage curves in our twice‐repeated physical experiments and numerical simulation were unchanged for the first ~10 days, indicating pedogenesis and biological processes had not largely altered bulk hydraulic conductivities or soil moisture release characteristics. However, drainage unexpectedly ceased after about 2 weeks (14.3 ± 2.5 days), an order of magnitude sooner than in the original experiment, due to an apparent leak in the hillslope analogous to commonly observed bedrock fractures in natural systems. Thus, our results are a more natural recession behavior that highlight how incorporation of alternative hydrologic outputs can reduce drainage duration and volume from soils to baseflow.
A 16q22.1 variant confers susceptibility to colorectal cancer as a distal regulator of ZFP90
Authors: Yu Chen-Yang , Han Ji-Xuan , Zhang Junfang , Jiang Penglei , Shen Chaoqin , Guo Fangfang , Tang Jiayin , Yan Tingting , Tian Xianglong , Zhu Xiaoqiang , Ma Dan , Hu Ye , Xie Yuanhong , Du Wan , Zhong Ming , Chen Jinxian , Liu Qiang , Sun Danfeng , Chen Yingxuan , Zou Weiping , Hong Jie , Chen Haoyan , Fang Jing-Yuan
Published: October 2019

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) implicate 16q22.1 locus in risk for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the underlying oncogenic mechanisms remain unknown. Here, through comprehensive filtration, we prioritized rs7198799, a common SNP in the second intron of the CDH1, as the putative causal variant. In addition, we found an association of CRC-risk allele C of rs7198799 with elevated transcript level of biological plausible candidate gene ZFP90 via expression quantitative trait loci analysis. Mechanistically, causal variant rs7198799 resides in an enhancer element and remotely regulate ZFP90 expression by targeting the transcription factor NFATC2. Remarkably, CRISPR/Cas9-guided single-nucleotide editing demonstrated the direct effect of rs7198799 on ZFP90 expression and CRC cellular malignant phenotype. Furthermore, ZFP90 affects several oncogenic pathways, including BMP4, and promotes carcinogenesis in patients and in animal models with ZFP90 specific genetic manipulation. Taken together, these findings reveal a risk SNP-mediated long-range regulation on the NFATC2-ZFP90-BMP4 pathway underlying the initiation of CRC.
Multiple associative structures created by reinforcement and incidental statistical learning mechanisms
Authors: Klein-Flügge Miriam C. , Wittmann Marco K. , Shpektor Anna , Jensen Daria E. A. , Rushworth Matthew F. S.
Published: October 2019

Learning the structure of the world can be driven by reinforcement but also occurs incidentally through experience. Reinforcement learning theory has provided insight into how prediction errors drive updates in beliefs but less attention has been paid to the knowledge resulting from such learning. Here we contrast associative structures formed through reinforcement and experience of task statistics. BOLD neuroimaging in human volunteers demonstrates rigid representations of rewarded sequences in temporal pole and posterior orbito-frontal cortex, which are constructed backwards from reward. By contrast, medial prefrontal cortex and a hippocampal-amygdala border region carry reward-related knowledge but also flexible statistical knowledge of the currently relevant task model. Intriguingly, ventral striatum encodes prediction error responses but not the full RL- or statistically derived task knowledge. In summary, representations of task knowledge are derived via multiple learning processes operating at different time scales that are associated with partially overlapping and partially specialized anatomical regions.
Interval breast cancer is associated with other types of tumors
Authors: Grassmann Felix , He Wei , Eriksson Mikael , Gabrielson Marike , Hall Per , Czene Kamila
Published: October 2019

Breast cancer (BC) patients diagnosed between two screenings (interval cancers) are more likely than screen-detected patients to carry rare deleterious mutations in cancer genes potentially leading to increased risk for other non-breast cancer (non-BC) tumors. In this study, we include 14,846 women diagnosed with BC of which 1,772 are interval and 13,074 screen-detected. Compared to women with screen-detected cancers, interval breast cancer patients are more likely to have a non-BC tumor before (Odds ratio (OR): 1.43 [1.19–1.70], P = 9.4 x 10−5) and after (OR: 1.28 [1.14–1.44], P = 4.70 x 10−5) breast cancer diagnosis, are more likely to report a family history of non-BC tumors and have a lower genetic risk score based on common variants for non-BC tumors. In conclusion, interval breast cancer is associated with other tumors and common cancer variants are unlikely to be responsible for this association. These findings could have implications for future screening and prevention programs.
A GABAergic Maf-expressing interneuron subset regulates the speed of locomotion in Drosophila
Authors: Babski H. , Jovanic T. , Surel C. , Yoshikawa S. , Zwart M. F , Valmier J. , Thomas J. B. , Enriquez J. , Carroll P. , Garcès A.
Published: October 2019

Interneurons (INs) coordinate motoneuron activity to generate appropriate patterns of muscle contractions, providing animals with the ability to adjust their body posture and to move over a range of speeds. In Drosophila larvae several IN subtypes have been morphologically described and their function well documented. However, the general lack of molecular characterization of those INs prevents the identification of evolutionary counterparts in other animals, limiting our understanding of the principles underlying neuronal circuit organization and function. Here we characterize a restricted subset of neurons in the nerve cord expressing the Maf transcription factor Traffic Jam (TJ). We found that TJ+ neurons are highly diverse and selective activation of these different subtypes disrupts larval body posture and induces specific locomotor behaviors. Finally, we show that a small subset of TJ+ GABAergic INs, singled out by the expression of a unique transcription factors code, controls larval crawling speed.
Revealing ferroelectric switching character using deep recurrent neural networks
Authors: Agar Joshua C. , Naul Brett , Pandya Shishir , van der Walt Stefan , Maher Joshua , Ren Yao , Chen Long-Qing , Kalinin Sergei V. , Vasudevan Rama K. , Cao Ye , Bloom Joshua S. , Martin Lane W.
Published: October 2019

The ability to manipulate domains underpins function in applications of ferroelectrics. While there have been demonstrations of controlled nanoscale manipulation of domain structures to drive emergent properties, such approaches lack an internal feedback loop required for automatic manipulation. Here, using a deep sequence-to-sequence autoencoder we automate the extraction of latent features of nanoscale ferroelectric switching from piezoresponse force spectroscopy of tensile-strained PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 with a hierarchical domain structure. We identify characteristic behavior in the piezoresponse and cantilever resonance hysteresis loops, which allows for the classification and quantification of nanoscale-switching mechanisms. Specifically, we identify elastic hardening events which are associated with the nucleation and growth of charged domain walls. This work demonstrates the efficacy of unsupervised neural networks in learning features of a material’s physical response from nanoscale multichannel hyperspectral imagery and provides new capabilities in leveraging in operando spectroscopies that could enable the automated manipulation of nanoscale structures in materials.
Tetraploidy causes chromosomal instability in acentriolar mouse embryos
Authors: Paim Lia Mara Gomes , FitzHarris Greg
Published: October 2019

Tetraploidisation is considered a common event in the evolution of chromosomal instability (CIN) in cancer cells. The current model for how tetraploidy drives CIN in mammalian cells is that a doubling of the number of centrioles that accompany the genome doubling event leads to multipolar spindle formation and chromosome segregation errors. By exploiting the unusual scenario of mouse blastomeres, which lack centrioles until the ~64-cell stage, we show that tetraploidy can drive CIN by an entirely distinct mechanism. Tetraploid blastomeres assemble bipolar spindles dictated by microtubule organising centres, and multipolar spindles are rare. Rather, kinetochore-microtubule turnover is altered, leading to microtubule attachment defects and anaphase chromosome segregation errors. The resulting blastomeres become chromosomally unstable and exhibit a dramatic increase in whole chromosome aneuploidies. Our results thus reveal an unexpected mechanism by which tetraploidy drives CIN, in which the acquisition of chromosomally-unstable microtubule dynamics contributes to chromosome segregation errors following tetraploidisation.
Expansion of phycobilisome linker gene families in mesophilic red algae
Authors: Lee JunMo , Kim Dongseok , Bhattacharya Debashish , Yoon Hwan Su
Published: October 2019

The common ancestor of red algae (Rhodophyta) has undergone massive genome reduction, whereby 25% of the gene inventory has been lost, followed by its split into the species-poor extremophilic Cyanidiophytina and the broadly distributed mesophilic red algae. Success of the mesophile radiation is surprising given their highly reduced gene inventory. To address this latter issue, we combine an improved genome assembly from the unicellular red alga Porphyridium purpureum with a diverse collection of other algal genomes to reconstruct ancient endosymbiotic gene transfers (EGTs) and gene duplications. We find EGTs associated with the core photosynthetic machinery that may have played important roles in plastid establishment. More significant are the extensive duplications and diversification of nuclear gene families encoding phycobilisome linker proteins that stabilize light-harvesting functions. We speculate that the origin of these complex families in mesophilic red algae may have contributed to their adaptation to a diversity of light environments.
Two adhesive systems cooperatively regulate axon ensheathment and myelin growth in the CNS
Authors: Djannatian Minou , Timmler Sebastian , Arends Martina , Luckner Manja , Weil Marie-Theres , Alexopoulos Ioannis , Snaidero Nicolas , Schmid Bettina , Misgeld Thomas , Möbius Wiebke , Schifferer Martina , Peles Elior , Simons Mikael
Published: October 2019

Central nervous system myelin is a multilayered membrane produced by oligodendrocytes to increase neural processing speed and efficiency, but the molecular mechanisms underlying axonal selection and myelin wrapping are unknown. Here, using combined morphological and molecular analyses in mice and zebrafish, we show that adhesion molecules of the paranodal and the internodal segment work synergistically using overlapping functions to regulate axonal interaction and myelin wrapping. In the absence of these adhesive systems, axonal recognition by myelin is impaired with myelin growing on top of previously myelinated fibers, around neuronal cell bodies and above nodes of Ranvier. In addition, myelin wrapping is disturbed with the leading edge moving away from the axon and in between previously formed layers. These data show how two adhesive systems function together to guide axonal ensheathment and myelin wrapping, and provide a mechanistic understanding of how the spatial organization of myelin is achieved.
Dissecting the molecular evolution of fluoroquinolone-resistant Shigella sonnei
Authors: Chung The Hao , Boinett Christine , Pham Thanh Duy , Jenkins Claire , Weill Francois-Xavier , Howden Benjamin P. , Valcanis Mary , De Lappe Niall , Cormican Martin , Wangchuk Sonam , Bodhidatta Ladaporn , Mason Carl J. , Nguyen To Nguyen Thi , Ha Thanh Tuyen , Voong Vinh Phat , Duong Vu Thuy , Nguyen Phu Huong Lan , Turner Paul , Wick Ryan , Ceyssens Pieter-Jan , Thwaites Guy , Holt Kathryn E. , Thomson Nicholas R. , Rabaa Maia A. , Baker Stephen
Published: October 2019

Shigella sonneiincreasingly dominates the international epidemiological landscape of shigellosis. Treatment options forS. sonneiare dwindling due to resistance to several key antimicrobials, including the fluoroquinolones. Here we analyse nearly 400 S. sonneiwhole genome sequences from both endemic and non-endemic regions to delineate the evolutionary history of the recently emergent fluoroquinolone-resistantS. sonnei. We reaffirm that extant resistant organisms belong to a single clonal expansion event. Our results indicate that sequential accumulation of defining mutations (gyrA-S83L,parC-S80I, andgyrA-D87G) led to the emergence of the fluoroquinolone-resistantS. sonneipopulation around 2007 in South Asia. This clone was then transmitted globally, resulting in establishments in Southeast Asia and Europe. Mutation analysis suggests that the clone became dominant through enhanced adaptation to oxidative stress. Experimental evolution reveals that under fluoroquinolone exposure in vitro, resistantS. sonneidevelops further intolerance to the antimicrobial while the susceptible counterpart fails to attain complete resistance.
Lake sedimentary biogenic silica from diatoms constitutes a significant global sink for aluminium
Authors: Liu Dong , Yuan Peng , Tian Qian , Liu Hongchang , Deng Liangliang , Song Yaran , Zhou Junming , Losic Dusan , Zhou Jieyu , Song Hongzhe , Guo Haozhe , Fan Wenxiao
Published: October 2019

Diatoms play an important role in marine biogeochemical cycle of aluminum (Al), as dissolved Al is taken up by diatoms to build their siliceous frustules and is involved in the sedimentation of diatomaceous biogenic silica (BSi). The Al incorporation in BSi facilitates decreasing the dissolution of marine BSi and thus substantially influences the biochemical processes driven by diatoms, such as CO2 sequestration. However, the role of lake BSi in the terrestrial biochemical Al cycle has not been explored, though lakes represent the second-largest sink for BSi. By identifying the previously unexplored high Al/Si atomic ratios (up to 0.052) in lake BSi, here we show lake BSi is a large terrestrial Al pool due to its high Al content, and lake sedimentary BSi constitutes a significant global sink for Al, which is on the same magnitude as the Al sink in global oceans.
A shell dataset, for shell features extraction and recognition
Authors: Zhang Qi , Zhou Jianhang , He Jing , Cun Xiaodong , Zeng Shaoning , Zhang Bob
Published: October 2019

Shells are very common objects in the world, often used for decorations, collections, academic research, etc. With tens of thousands of species, shells are not easy to identify manually. Until now, no one has proposed the recognition of shells using machine learning techniques. We initially present a shell dataset, containing 7894 shell species with 29622 samples, where totally 59244 shell images for shell features extraction and recognition are used. Three features of shells, namely colour, shape and texture were generated from 134 shell species with 10 samples, which were then validated by two different classifiers:k-nearest neighbours (k-NN) and random forest. Since the development of conchology is mature, we believe this dataset can represent a valuable resource for automatic shell recognition. The extracted features of shells are also useful in developing and optimizing new machine learning techniques. Furthermore, we hope more researchers can present new methods to extract shell features and develop new classifiers based on this dataset, in order to improve the recognition performance of shell species.
Comparative transcriptome profiling of immune response against Vibrio harveyi infection in Chinese tongue sole
Authors: Xu Hao , Xu Xiwen , Li Xihong , Wang Lei , Cheng Jiayu , Zhou Qian , Chen Songlin
Published: October 2019

Vibrio harveyiis a major bacterial pathogen that causes fatal vibriosis in Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis), resulting in massive mortality in the farming industry. However, the molecular mechanisms ofC.semilaevisresponse toV.harveyiinfection are poorly understood. Here, we performed transcriptomic analysis ofC.semilaevis, comparing resistant and susceptible families in response toV.harveyichallenge (CsRC and CsSC) and control conditions (CsRU and CsSU). RNA libraries were constructed using 12 RNA samples isolated from three biological replicates of the four groups. We performed transcriptome sequencing on an Illumina HiSeq platform, and generating a total of 1,095 million paired-end reads, with the number of clean reads per library ranging from 75.27 M to 99.97 M. Through pairwise comparisons among the four groups, we identified 713 genes exhibiting significant differences at the transcript level. Furthermore, the expression levels were validated by real-time qPCR. Our results provide a valuable resource and new insights into the immune response toV.harveyiinfection.
Transcriptome profiling for floral development in reblooming cultivar ‘High Noon’ of Paeonia suffruticosa
Authors: Chang Yanting , Hu Tao , Zhang Wenbo , Zhou Lin , Wang Yan , Jiang Zehui
Published: October 2019

Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andrew) is a popular ornamental plant due to its large, fragrant and colorful flowers. The floral development is the most important event in its lifecycle. To explore the mechanism that regulate flower development, we sequenced the flower bud transcriptomes of ‘High Noon’, a reblooming cultivar of P. suffruticosa × P. lutea, using both full-length isoform-sequencing (ISO-seq) and RNA-seq were sequenced. A total of 15.94 Gb raw data were generated in full-length transcriptome sequencing of the 3 floral developmental stages, resulting 0.11 M protein-coding transcripts. Over 457.0 million reads were obtained by RNA-seq in the 3 floral buds. Here, we openly released the full-length transcriptome database of ‘High Noon’ and RNA-seq database of floral development. These databases can provide a fundamental genetic information of tree peony to investigate its transcript structure, variants and evolution. Data will facilitate to deep analyses of the transcriptome for flower development.
A data set of global river networks and corresponding water resources zones divisions
Authors: Yan Denghua , Wang Kun , Qin Tianling , Weng Baisha , Wang Hao , Bi Wuxia , Li Xiangnan , Li Meng , Lv Zhenyu , Liu Fang , He Shan , Ma Jun , Shen Zhenqian , Wang Jianwei , Bai Heng , Man Zihao , Sun Congwu , Liu Meiyu , Shi Xiaoqing , Jing Lanshu , Sun Ruochen , Cao Shuang , Hao Cailian , Wang Lina , Pei Mengtong , Dorjsuren Batsuren , Gedefaw Mohammed , Girma Abel , Abiyu Asaminew
Published: October 2019

As basic data, the river networks and water resources zones (WRZ) are critical for planning, utilization, development, conservation and management of water resources. Currently, the river network and WRZ of world are most obtained based on digital elevation model data automatically, which are not accuracy enough, especially in plains. In addition, the WRZ code is inconsistent with the river network, hindering the efficiency of data in hydrology and water resources research. Based on the global 90-meter DEM data combined with a large number of auxiliary data, this paper proposed a series of methods for generating river network and water resources zones, and then obtained high-precision global river network and corresponding WRZs at level 1 to 4. The dataset provides generated rivers with high prevision and more accurate position, reasonable basin boundaries especially in inland and plain area, also the first set of global WRZ at level 1 to 4 with unified code. It can provide an important basis and support for reasonable use of water resources and sustainable social development in the world.