bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring A‐Site Cation Variations in Dion–Jacobson Two‐Dimensional Halide Perovskites for Enhanced Solar Cell Applications: A Density Functional Theory Study
Authors: Kagdada Hardik L. , Roondhe Basant , Roondhe Vaishali , Dabhi Shweta D. , Luo Wei , Singh Dheeraj K. , Ahuja Rajeev
Published: October 2023

The exceptional photophysical and electronic properties of 2D hybrid perovskites possess potential applications in the field of solar energy harvesting. The present work focuses on the two systems, exhibiting the Dion–Jacobson phase of 2D perovskite consisting of methylammonium (MA) and formamidinium (FA) cations at A‐site and 3‐(aminomethyl)pyridinium (3AMPY) as ring‐shaped organic spacer. Altering A‐site cations creates a distortion of inorganic layers and hydrogen bond interactions. It has been noted that the angles of Pb–I–Pb and I–Pb–I are more symmetric (close to 180°) for (3AMPY)(MA)Pb2I7 compared to (3AMPY)(FA)Pb2I7 and result in increase of bandgap from 1.51 to 1.58 eV. This further leads to a significant difference in Rashba splitting energy under the influence of spin‐orbit coupling effects, where the highest splitting (36 meV) is calculated for conduction band edge of the (3AMPY)(FA)Pb2I7, suggesting the promising applications toward spintronics. The calculated absorption spectra cover the range from 300 to 450 nm, indicating significant optical activity of 2D (3AMPY)(MA)Pb2I7 and (3AMPY)(FA)Pb2I7 in the visible and ultraviolet regions, which bodes well for their application in advanced optoelectronic devices. The bandgap and high absorption coefficients present more than 30% of theoretical power conversion efficiency for both systems, as calculated from the spectroscopic‐limited maximum efficiency.
Biomimetic Nucleation of Manganese Oxide on Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles for Designing Raspberry‐Structured Tumor Environment‐Responsive Anticancer Nanocarriers
Authors: Wang Jie , Wang Yecheng , Chen Yuping , Lv Ruyin , Yu Yanfang , Wang Junwen , Cheng Qichao , Shuai Yajun , Chen Yuyin , Mao Chuanbin , Yang Mingying
Published: October 2023

Bombyx mori silk fibroin is a natural biomacromolecule that can be assembled into nanoparticles. Manganese dioxide (MnO2) is responsive to tumor microenvironment (TME). Herein, SF and MnO2 is integrated to develop novel TME‐responsive drug carriers. Specifically, silk fibroin nanoparticles (SF‐NPs) are used as a biotemplates to regulate the nucleation and self‐assembly of MnO2 for designing the complex drug delivery (SM‐NPs). The SM‐NPs are further modified by polyethylene glycol and folic acid to improve their stability and tumor targeting. The resultant nanocarriers (SMPF‐NPs) present a raspberry‐like structure with lamellar MnO2 nanoparticles coating on its surface. The SMPF‐NPs show a high drug‐loading capability and selectively release drugs in acidic TME. Due to the catalytic activity of MnO2, the SMPF‐NPs generate high levels of oxygen under H2O2 and produce more reactive oxygen after loading Ce6. In vivo and in vitro analysis prove that SMPF‐NPs can accumulate in breast tumor tissues, efficiently kill cancer cells, and destroy breast cancer tumors by a combination of chemotherapy and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Moreover, the SMPF‐NPs also provide fluorescence and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for guiding cancer therapy. These results suggest that the self‐assembled SF and MnO2 nanocomplex could be a novel TME‐responsive nanodrug delivery system.
Point‐of‐Care Testing (POCT) Devices for DNA Detection: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Mahardika Ignasia Handipta , Naorungroj Sarida , Khamcharoen Wisarut , Kin Sarath , Rodthongkum Nadnudda , Chailapakul Orawon , Shin Kwanwoo
Published: October 2023

DNA chips play a crucial role in point‐of‐care diagnostics by enabling rapid and accurate detection of genetic information. These chips offer high sensitivity and selectivity, allowing for the identification of specific DNA sequences associated with diseases and pathogens. Integration into lab‐on‐chip platforms streamlines and miniaturizes diagnostic workflows, paving the way for cost‐effective, portable, and user‐friendly testing devices that can revolutionize healthcare delivery. In this review, a comprehensive description of the platforms utilized in DNA analysis, including microfluidic devices and integrated DNA chips, is provided. It explores the selection and immobilization of DNA probes for improved selectivity. Additionally, it covers diverse detection techniques such as optical detection (colorimetry and fluorescence) and electrochemical techniques. In these discussions, it is aimed to provide a thorough understanding of the current state of the art in DNA biosensor‐integrated lab‐on‐chip technology for point‐of‐care testing. The continued advancements in DNA chip technology hold immense promise for the development of next‐generation point‐of‐care diagnostics, where integrated sample preparation and rapid results generation can further enhance patient outcomes and contribute to the effective management of diseases.
Photoinduced [3+2] Cycloaddition of Carbenes and Nitriles: A Versatile Approach to Oxazole Synthesis
Authors: Saha Argha , Sen Chiranjit , Guin Srimanta , Das Chandan , Maiti Debajit , Sen Subhabrata , Maiti Debabrata
Published: October 2023

We have developed a photoinduced protocol for the synthesis of pharmaceutically important oxazole molecules using diazo‐ and nitrile‐containing reactants. The process involves the initial photolysis of the diazo compound to afford singlet carbenes, which are tapped by nitriles in a [3+2] cycloaddition fashion to give substituted oxazoles. With di‐nitrile compounds, useful bis‐oxazoles were obtained. The applicability of the transformation is showcased through the expedient synthesis of small‐molecule drugs and biologically relevant molecules such as felbinac, pimprinine, texamine, ugnenenazole etc. The protocol is also useful for the generation of 2H and 13C isotope labelled oxazoles. Merging photolysis with continuous‐flow chemistry was demonstrated for scaling up the reaction. The non‐requirement of metal catalysis or photosensitizers to harness the light energy with blue light sufficing the execution of the reaction makes it a versatile and general protocol for the synthesis of structurally diverse oxazoles
Das polarographische Verhalten der Indolenine, Indoleniniumsalze und der sogenannten „Fischer‐Basen”︁
Authors: Ender† Fritz , Moisar Erik , Schäfer Klaus , Teuber Hans‐Joachim
Published: October 2023

Die polarographische Reduktion von Indoleninen, Indoleniniumsalzen und „Fischer‐Basen”︁ (2‐Methylenindolinen) wird im pH‐Bereich 6–11 in Britton‐Robinson‐Puffern untersucht. Indolenine werden in einer Einelektronenreaktion reversibel unter Aufnahme eines Protons reduziert. Das Reduktionsprodukt ist ein Radikal, welches sich vermutlich dimerisiert. Die Reduktion der Indoleniniumsalze verläuft nur im sauren pH‐Bereich annähernd reversibel, wird aber in alkalischer Lösung zunehmend irreversibel. Die Halbstufen‐potentiale der Indoleniniumsalze sind im pH‐Bereich 6–8, 5 unabhängig vom pH‐Wert. Die Reduktion erfolgt in diesem Gebiet unter Aufnahme eines Elektrones ohne Protonenanlagerung zum Radikal mit vermutlicher Dimerisierung. Oberhalb von etwa pH 8, 5, einem Wert, der mit dem ermittelten pKb‐Wert der in reinem Zustand polarographisch nicht reduzierbaren „Fischer‐Base”︁ übereinstimmt, wird die Reduktion pH‐abhängig, weil im alkalischen Gebiet das Gleichgewicht Indoleniniumkation ⇌ „Fischer‐Base”︁ + H+ merklich nach rechts verschoben ist und das bei der Reduktion verschwundene Indoleniniumkation unter Protonenaufnahme aus der „Fischer‐Base”︁ nachgeliefert werden muß.
Die Markierung von Gitterfehlern im Inneren von großen Silberchloridkristallen durch Print‐out‐Silber
Authors: Süptitz P.
Published: October 2023

Die Verteilung von Print‐out‐Silber, das im Inneren von großen, spannungsfreien AgCl‐Einkristallen erzeugt worden war, wurde mit dem Mikroskop untersucht. Als Elektronenfallen wurden eine Reihe von häufig auftretenden Strukturen festgestellt, die als ausgedehnte Gitterbaufehler angesehen werden. In vielen Fällen lassen sie sich mit den Aussagen der Versetzungstheorie in Übereinstimmung bringen. Danach sind Stufenversetzungen und daraus aufgebaute Kleinwinkelgrenzen die in AgCl‐Kristallen am häufigsten auftretenden Gitterbaufehler.
Dissoziationskonstanten in Acetonitril aus acidimetrischen Titrationen an der Glaselektrode
Authors: Römberg E. , Cruse K.
Published: October 2023

An Hand exakter potentiometrischer Messungen an der Glaselektrode und unter Heranziehung von Leitfähigkeitsmessungen in Acetonitril wird das Dissoziationsverhalten von Pikrinsäure, Dinitrobenzoesäure, Chloressigsäure, o‐Chlorbenzoesäure, Benzoesäure und der Basen Diäthylamin, Triäthylamin, Diphenylguanidin, Piperidin und Chinolin untersucht. Dissoziationskonstanten, Assoziationskonstanten und die protolytische Konstante des Acetonitrils werden berechnet.
Pulsradiolytische Untersuchung einiger Elementarprozesse der Oxydation und Reduktion des Nitritions
Authors: Grätzel M. , Henglein A. , Lilie J. , Beck G.
Published: October 2023

Das OH‐Radikal oxydiert NOzu NO2. Das Absorptionsspektrum von NO2in wäßriger Lösung wurde gemessen. Zwei NO2‐Radikale kombinieren zu N2O4mit 2k= (9,0 ± 2,0) · 108M−‐1sec−‐1. Die Konstante des Gleichgewichts

magnified image

in wäßriger Lösung beträgt 1,53 · 10−‐5M. N2O4ist in wäßriger Lösung in bezug auf seinen spontanen Zerfall stabiler als in der Gasphase. Die Geschwindigkeitskonstante pseudo‐erster Ordnung der Verseifung des N2O4nach

magnified image

wurde zu (1,0 ± 0,1) · 103sec−‐1bestimmt.

Das hydratisierte Elektron bildet mit NOdas Teilchen NO, dessen Absorptionsspektrum aufgenommen wurde. NOverschwindet mit τ1/2 = 12 μsec nach NO+ H2O → NO + 2OH−−. In saurer Lösung nimmt NOProtonen auf bis zur Einstellung der Gleichgewichte:

magnified image

DiepK‐Werte wurden zu 5,7 bzw. 7,7 bestimmt. Die Dehydratisierung des hydratisierten Stickstoffmonoxids, H2NO2, wird durch H2PO‐Ionen katalysiert.

Zu diesen Ergebnissen gelangte man durch gleichzeitige Registrierung der optischen Absorption und elektrischen Leitfähigkeit der Lösungen nach dem Strahlpuls.
Das spezifische Volumen des Wassers bei hohen Drucken bis 600 °C und 10 kbar
Authors: Köster H. , Franck E. U.
Published: October 2023

In einem korrosionsfesten Autoklaven wurde das spezifische Volumen des Wassers bei 14 Temperaturen zwischen 25 und 600 °C bis zu einem Maximaldruck von 10 kbar gemessen. Das Meßverfahren und die Apparatur werden beschrieben und die Meßwerte in Tabellen und in einem pv‐Diagramm angegeben. Eine kritische Fehlerabschätzung der Meßwerte ergibt eine Reproduzierbarkeit von 0,3% und einen maximalen relativen Fehler von etwa ±1%. Die neuen Meßergebnisse zeigen gute Übereinstimmung mit den Messungen und Berechnungen anderer Autoren in benachbarten Temperatur‐ und Druckbereichen. Eine Zustandsgleichung für den Bereich bis 600 °C und zwischen 5 und 10 kbar wird angegeben, welche die Meßwerte mit einer mittleren Abweichung von 0,2% wiedergibt. Damit wurden thermische Ausdehnungskoeffizienten und Kompressibilitätsfaktoren z = pv/RT berechnet.
Elektrodenkinetik des Redoxsystems Durochinon/Durohydrochinon an Gold in Methanol/Wasser
Authors: Dohrmann J. K. , Vetter K. J.
Published: October 2023

Es wurden Stromdichte‐Spannungs‐Kurven des Redoxsystems Durochinon/Durohydrochinon in gepufferter Methanol/ Wasser‐Lösung an einer rotierenden Goldelektrode unter stationären potentiostatischen Bedingungen gemessen. Die Elektrodenkinetik wurde durch Bestimmung der elektrochemischen Reaktionsordnungen aufgeklärt. Wie bei der Chinhydron‐elektrode wurden in Abhängigkeit von der Acidität der Lösung zwei verschiedene Mechanismen mit zwei nacheinander ab‐laufenden Durchtrittsreaktionen gefunden. Bei pH* < 3,1 läuft die Reaktionsfolge H2DQ ⇋ H2DQ+ +e−, H2DQ+ ⇋ H+ + HDQ, HDQ ⇋ HDQ+ + e−, HDQ+ ⇋ H+ + DQ und bei pH* > 6,6 die Reaktionsfolge H2DQ ⇋ H+ + HDQ−, HDQ‐ ⇋ HDQ + e−, HDQ ⇋ H+ + DQ−, DQ− ⇋ DQ + e− ab.

Die Stromdichte‐Überspannungs‐Beziehung für die Überlagerung zweier Mechanismen mit je zwei Durchtrittsschritten wird abgeleitet.

Die Beteiligung eines Mechanismus mit einer Durchtrittsreaktion und einer homogenen Disproportionierungsreaktion 2Sm ⇋ So + Sr wird am vorliegenden Fall quantitativ diskutiert. Es zeigt sich, daß ein solcher Mechanismus hier nur einen unbedeutenden Umfang annimmt.
Zum Mechanismus der Reaktionen von Übergangsmetallen mit wasserfreien Monocarbonsäuren
Authors: Heitz E.
Published: October 2023

Die Auflösung von Zink, Eisen, Nickel und Kupfer wird in der Reihe der wasserfreien Monocarbonsäuren C1 bis C4 untersucht, um zu klären, ob der elektrochemische Korrosionsmechanismus in Medien mit abnehmender Dielektrizitätskonstante und dadurch stark sinkender Leitfähigkeit erhalten bleibt. Monocarbonsäuren fungieren als Oxydationsmittel, wobei allerdings nicht der thermodynamisch begünstigte Alkohol, sondern Wasserstoff + Carboxylationen entstehen.

Aus der Potentialabhängigkeit der Reaktionsgeschwindigkeit und der Übereinstimmung von elektrochemischen und chemisch analytisch ermittelten Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten ergibt sich ein elektrochemischer Reaktionsmechanismus, dessen Teilschritte diskutiert werden. Bei der kathodischen Teilreaktion ergibt sich für die Aktivierungsentropie eine Starke Abhängigkeit von der Anzahl der C‐Atome, für die Aktivierungsenthalpie eine nur schwache. Dies läßt auf eine sterische Hinderung durch den Alkylrest schließen. Eine räumliche Behinderung ist auch die Ursache dafür, daß ein Übergangskomplex zwischen einem zweiwertigen Metallatom und zwei Carbonsäuremolekeln nicht existieren kann.

Zur Aufhahme der Stromdichte‐Potential‐Kurven in den wenig leitfähigen Medien wird die galvanostatische Unterbrechermethode verwendet. Der Potentialvergleich in den verschiedenen Lösungsmitteln erfolgt über die Ferrocen‐Ferricinium(+)‐Elektrode.
Strategien für Strukturmonitoring als Beitrag zur realitätsnahen Beurteilung und Überwachung von Ingenieurbauwerken – Erfahrungen aus Forschung und Praxis
Authors: Rauch Fabian , Nowak Marcel , Tepho Thibault , Burger Harald , Fischer Oliver
Published: October 2023

Strukturmonitoring erlaubt die Erfassung des tatsächlichen Tragverhaltens von Ingenieurbauwerken und ermöglicht deren realitätsnahe Beurteilung und Überwachung. Zur erfolgreichen Umsetzung eines Strukturmonitorings müssen verschiedene technische und organisatorische Aspekte berücksichtigt werden. Diese beinhalten die Vorbereitung und Konzeptionierung des Monitorings, die Kalibrierung und Validierung der Messungen, die Inbetriebnahme und den Betrieb des Messsystems sowie die Datenauswertung und ‐analyse. Diese Aspekte werden anhand von Erfahrungen aus Forschung und Praxis aufgezeigt und die entsprechende Umsetzung erläutert. Mit vier Anwendungsbeispielen werden die Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Strukturmonitoring präsentiert.
Optimierung von Hohlkörpern in Stahlbetonplatten für beliebige Schnittgrößenkombinationen
Authors: Schmidt Thilo , Albert Andrej
Published: October 2023

Der Einsatz von Hohlkörpern in Stahlbetonplatten leistet einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Reduktion der Treibhausgasemissionen im Bauwesen. Während sich die Biegetragfähigkeit der Stahlbetonplatten durch die Anordnung der Hohlkörper im Allgemeinen nicht verändert, wird die Querkrafttragfähigkeit gegenüber einer Massivplatte reduziert. Durch optimierte Hohlkörperformen, deren Geometrie so gestaltet ist, dass die mögliche Volumenverdrängung maximiert und die Tragfähigkeitsreduktion minimiert wird, können die Vorteile der Hohlkörperbauweise noch besser genutzt werden. Der Beitrag beschreibt ein Verfahren, mit dem sich Hohlkörper für beliebige vorgegebene Beanspruchungskombinationen aus Biegemomenten und Querkräften hinsichtlich ihrer Volumenverdrängung optimieren lassen. Dazu wird ein genetischer Algorithmus in Kombination mit nichtlinearen FE‐Simulationen genutzt. Die Ergebnisse von 39 Optimierungsläufen unterschiedlicher Beanspruchungskombinationen werden vorgestellt und die Einflüsse der Biege‐ und der Querkraftbeanspruchung auf die mögliche Volumenverdrängung herausgearbeitet. Zwischen Querkrafttragfähigkeit und Volumenverdrängung wird ein umgekehrt proportionaler Zusammenhang festgestellt. Der praktische Nutzen wird in Form eines Anwendungsbeispiels für eine Fundamentplatte mit optimierten und beanspruchungsaffin angeordneten Hohlkörpern, durch die das verbaute Betonvolumen minimiert wird, aufgezeigt.
Peptonics: A new family of cell‐protecting surfactants for the recombinant expression of therapeutic proteins in mammalian cell cultures
Authors: Zhang Ka , Barbieri Eduardo , LeBarre Jacob , Rameez Shahid , Mostafa Sigma , Menegatti Stefano
Published: October 2023

Polymer surfactants are key components of cell culture media as they prevent mechanical damage during fermentation in stirred bioreactors. Among cell‐protecting surfactants, Pluronics are widely utilized in biomanufacturing to ensure high cell viability and productivity. Monodispersity of monomer sequence and length is critical for the effectiveness of Pluronics—since minor deviations can damage the cells—but is challenging to achieve due to the stochastic nature of polymerization. Responding to this challenge, this study introduces Peptonics, a novel family of peptide and peptoid surfactants whose monomer composition and sequence are designed to achieve high cell viability and productivity at a fraction of chain length and cost of Pluronics. A designed ensemble of Peptonics was initially characterized via light scattering and tensiometry to select sequences whose phase behavior and tensioactivity align with those of Pluronics. Selected sequences were evaluated as cell‐protecting surfactants using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAb). Peptonics IH‐T1010, ih‐T1010, and ih‐T1020 afforded high cell density (up to 3 × 107 cells mL−1) and viability (up to 95% within 10 days of culture), while reducing the accumulation of ammonia (a toxic metabolite) by ≈10% compared to Pluronic F‐68. Improved cell viability afforded high mAb titer (up to 5.5 mg mL−1) and extended the production window beyond 14 days; notably, Peptonic IH‐T1020 decreased mAb fragmentation and aggregation ≈5%, and lowered the titer of host cell proteins by 16% compared to Pluronic F‐68. These features can improve significantly the purification of mAbs, thus increasing their availability at a lower cost to patients.
President's Page
Authors: Caidi Nadia
Published: October 2023

EDITOR'S SUMMARY

Building connections between ASIS&T and other information‐oriented organizations is progressing through collaborations with the Society for the Social Studies of Science (4S), the Council of Scientific Society Presidents (CSSP) and the Association for Library and Information Science Education (ALISE). With data management a critical issue for scientific societies, the CSSP will focus its spring meeting in May 2016 on theoretical and practical issues around data, having ASIS&T and 4S jointly present the opening session. ASIS&T president Nadia Caidi serves on the CSSP executive board and co‐chairs its scholarly publications and data committee. ASIS&T ties with ALISE are growing stronger through their joint hosting of a Presidential Session on Accreditation at the ASIS&T Annual Meeting in Copenhagen in October 2016. That meeting will also feature sessions on diversity and inclusion and opportunities to meet journal editors and to hear keynote speakers exploring bridges between industry and research. Other upcoming meetings include the ASIS&T Regional (East Coast) Meeting and ASIS&T Taipei Chapter workshop, both in April 2016.
An odontogenic cutaneous sinus tract in an unusual site with multiple misdiagnoses
Authors: Sarraf Pegah , Khoshkhounejad Mehrfam , Babaahmadi Maryam , Hamidzadeh Fatemeh
Published: October 2023

Key Clinical Message

Dental clinicians and physicians should be careful in differential diagnosis of facial cutaneous nodules, since they might have an odontogenic origin.

Odontogenic cutaneous sinus tracts are commonly misdiagnosed and mismanaged; thus, they are prone to recurrence. Herein, a 21‐year‐old female patient is reported with a red fluctuant nodule on her right cheek which had been misdiagnosed as an epidermoid cyst, cystic acne, and parotid gland fistula. The odontogenic origin of the lesion was first suspected when the patient presented to the Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry for a routine dental check‐up. Multiple‐visit non‐surgical root canal retreatment of the maxillary right first molar, without any additional treatment, resulted in shrinkage of the lesion. After 1 year, the lesion was resolved completely, the respective tooth and the cheek were asymptomatic, and the patient had no complaint.
Surgical excision methods for skin cancer involving the nail unit: A systematic review
Authors: Hardie Claire M. , Wade Ryckie G. , Wormald Justin C. R. , Stafford Brian , Elliott Faye , Newton‐Bishop Julia , Dewar Donald
Published: October 2023

Introduction

Skin cancer affecting the nail unit is rare but is associated with morbidity, and melanoma has a high mortality rate. The principal treatment is surgical excision and methods can be classified into digit‐sparing surgery or amputation. Digit‐sparing surgery (wide excision or Mohs surgery) may be safe and effective for malignancies involving the nail unit in comparison to amputation if there is not bony invasion. The objective was to assess the efficacy and safety of different methods of surgical excision for skin cancer involving the nail unit.

Methods

Prospective comparative studies (randomized controlled studies, non‐randomized controlled studies and prospective observational studies) of surgical excision for skin cancer of the nail unit in all participants were eligible for inclusion. We searched electronic databases, trials registers and conference abstracts. We checked the reference lists of included studies and related systematic reviews for further references to relevant studies, and we contacted experts to enquire if they were aware of any additional relevant trials. We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. The primary outcomes were overall survival, disease free survival and adverse events/outcomes at 30 days. The secondary outcomes were quality of life outcomes. We planned to use GRADE to assess the quality of the evidence for each outcome.

Results

We did not identify any studies that met the inclusion criteria for this review. We have been unable to assess our outcomes of overall survival, disease free survival, adverse events/effects and quality of life.

Conclusions

As we have not identified any studies for inclusion, we are unable to assess the efficacy and safety of different methods of surgical excision for skin cancer involving the nail unit. We suggest that comprehensive cancer registry analysis is required in this field to obtain meaningful data.
Crystal Growth by Unidirectional Method ‐ A Generalized View on the Crystalline Perfection of the Uni‐Indexed, Bi‐Indexed, and Tri‐Indexed Plane Single Crystals
Authors: Aswathppa Sivakumar , Sathiyadhas Sahaya Jude Dhas , Muthuvel V. , Dai Lidong , Sathiyadhas Amalapushpam Martin Britto Dhas
Published: October 2023

In this article of generalized view, a comparison of the long‐range order crystalline perfection of crystals is made with respect to their planes grown by the unidirectional growth technique. Based on the obtained results, it is established that the uni‐indexed grown crystals yield a high degree of crystalline perfection and to a certain extent the bi‐indexed crystals, but tri‐indexed crystals grow with higher lattice disorders. Herein, uni‐indexed crystal means the crystal grown along a plane has only one integer out of the h, k, and l whereas the other values are zero [e.g., (100), (010), (001)]. Bi‐indexed crystal means the crystal grown along a plane has integers for any two of the h, k, and l but the remaining value is zero [e.g., (110), (011), (101)]. Tri‐indexed crystal means the crystal grown along the plane has integers for all the values of h, k, and l [e.g., (111)].
The origin of planar lamination in fine‐grained sediment deposited by subaqueous sediment gravity flows
Authors: Al‐Mufti Omar N. , Arnott R. William C.
Published: October 2023

Planar lamination is a ubiquitous component of modern and ancient fine‐grained sediments deposited by subaqueous sediment gravity flows. These sediments commonly exhibit alternating sub‐millimetre‐thick, sharply bounded silt‐rich and clay‐rich layers that change little in thickness or sediment texture over lateral distances that range up to at least several tens of metres. Silt‐rich layers are moderately to well‐sorted and a few tens to hundreds of microns to a single silt‐grain thick. In contrast, clay‐rich layers are more poorly sorted, and a few tens to hundreds of microns thick. The thickness and regular alternation of these texturally differentiated interlayers, in addition to the absence of features suggesting transport bypass or deposition by migrating rugged bed forms, suggest alternating physical processes and related modes of deposition in the near‐bed region immediately above the bed. Previous interpretations have focussed on clay flocculation, which is difficult to reconcile with the high fluid shear conditions in the near‐bed region. Here it is suggested that in the millimetre to sub‐millimetre‐thick viscous sublayer at the base of a hydraulically smooth turbulent flow, a combination of high fluid shear and sediment concentration initially leads to shear thinning and enhanced mobility in the lower part of the flow, and for silt to continue settling to the bed forming a well‐sorted silt lamina. As silt settles and clay‐size sediment increases in concentration, hydrodynamic lubrication forces strengthen and reduce mobility of the near‐bed part of the flow. This condition is then perturbed by a bedward‐directed outer flow disturbance that dramatically increases frictional stresses and effective fluid viscosity and ultimately shear jamming that causes gelling and deposition of a poorly sorted clay‐rich layer. This process is then repeated multiple times to build up a deposit composed of alternating silt‐rich and clay‐rich laminae overlain by structureless mud deposited directly from suspension.
Predicting the habitat suitability of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) under future climate scenarios
Authors: Budhathoki Sagar , Gautam Jeetendra , Budhathoki Sanchita , Jaishi Padam Prakash
Published: October 2023

This study aimed to predict the habitat suitability of Asian elephants in Madhesh Province, Nepal, by using maximum entropy (MaxEnt) modeling based on the occurrence data and environmental variables, including bioclimatic, topographic, vegetation‐related, and anthropogenic variables. The study was conducted under current and future climate scenarios for the year 2100. Among the districts of Madhesh Province, the largest suitable habitats for elephants are located in Rautahat district (30%) followed by Bara district (21%), with Dhanusha district having the smallest suitable area (1%). Elevation, slope, annual precipitation, precipitation of the driest quarter, and temperature seasonality were identified as the most important variables affecting habitat suitability. A total of 1037.3 km2 was identified as the current highly suitable habitat for elephants, primarily in grasslands and shrublands. The results of the study depict a slight increase in highly suitable areas under the emission scenarios shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP) 2–4.5 and SSP 5–8.5 but a severe decrease in suitable habitats and a drastic increase in unsuitable habitats. The research emphasizes the possible influence of human activities and land use on the living environment of elephants. The study, therefore, suggests that the authorities should prioritize future land use management to lessen the potential harm to the habitats of elephants and other endangered species in Nepal. It is also imperative to identify how elephants utilize their spatial habitat within their range to help park authorities devise efficient management strategies.
Application of Actigraphy in the Clinical Setting: Use in Children With Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Miller Lucinda G. , Kraft Irvin A.
Published: October 2023

Clinicians rely primarily on subjective behavioral questionnaires in assessing attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The new mini‐motion logger actigraph, which is a wrist‐worn minicomputer, can add an objective element to this assessment and is especially useful in children due to its small size. We applied this technology as an outcome measure in evaluating drug therapy in two children with ADHD who were receiving methylphenidate and pemoline, respectively. We also assessed preliminary findings from an additional 13 children.
Central Nervous System Toxicity Associated With Meperidine Use in Hepatic Disease
Authors: Danziger Larry H. , Martin Steven J. , Blum Robert A.
Published: October 2023

Meperidine‐associated central nervous system (CNS) excitatory toxicities are believed to be caused by accumulation of the active metabolite normeperidine. Normeperidine is eliminated by the kidneys and accumulates in patients with renal insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and cancer. In patients with cirrhosis, the metabolism of meperidine is decreased, leading to accumulation of the parent drug and possible CNS depressive effects similar to hepatic encephalopathy. Although the elimination of normeperidine is decreased as well in these patients, the ratio of normeperidine to meperidine is generally low, and the narcotic effects of meperidine usually predominate. This is the first reported case of CNS excitatory toxicities in a patient with alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis, and normal renal function. Administration of multiple doses of meperidine in patients with hepatic disease should be discouraged.
Complete Heart Block and Torsade de Pointes Associated With Thioridazine Poisoning
Authors: Hulisz Darrell T. , Dasa Sridevi L. , Black Lisa D. , Heiselman Darell E.
Published: October 2023

A 72‐year‐old woman attempted suicide with thioridazine 3000 mg and 60 tablets of acetaminophen 325 mg plus codeine 30 mg. She was semicomatose and had persistent third‐degree atrioventricular block, progressive hypotension, and an episode of torsade de pointes. Heart block, arrhythmias, and hypotension resolved within 48 hours, and the patient recovered without adverse sequelae.
Cyclosporine Neurotoxicity
Authors: Hauben Manfred
Published: October 2023

A comprehensive search of the published literature was undertaken to identify reports providing patient‐specific data relating to adverse neurologic events with cyclosporine. References cited in the articles identified by the search were manually reviewed to ensure that articles were pertinent. Studies and case reports on cyclosporine neurotoxicity in which individualized patient data were provided were included for review and analysis. Information pertaining to all aspects of cyclosporine neurotoxicity, including epidemiology, clinical manifestations, postulated mechanisms, and management implications, was evaluated. Estimates from case series suggest a 0.5–35% frequency of the disorder. Risk factors include supratherapeutic blood concentrations of cyclosporine, and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions, hypocholesterolemia, and other metabolic abnormalities. Postulated mechanisms include a vasculopathy based on cyclosporine's effect on endothelial cell synthesis of prostaglandin, and release and uptake of endothelin as well as inhibition of mitochondrial steroid 26‐hydroxylase. Reported adverse events involved all levels of the neuraxis. Associated abnormalities include elevated cerebrospinal fluid protein and pleocytosis, various electroencephalogram abnormalities, and characteristic neuroimaging findings. In most patients these events were reversible with dosage reduction or withdrawal of therapy. Many reports described positive rechallenge, and in rare instances the events regressed despite continuing or reintroducing the drug.
Cytokine Therapy After Bone Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Dix Suzanne P. , Gilmore Claire E.
Published: October 2023

Granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) and granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) have an important yet controversial role in the care of patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Numerous studies have documented acceleration of neutrophil recovery by the agents. Because of the differences and lack of published clinical outcomes and of direct comparisons of the two CSFs, coupled with limited data from phase III trials, it is difficult to draw conclusions from the literature on the use of the agents after BMT. Issues that must be critically evaluated are toxicity profile, dose, initiation and duration of administration, route of administration, and cost.
Oral Absorption of Trimethoprim‐Sulfamethoxazole in Patients with AIDS
Authors: Klepser Michael E. , Zhu Zhu , Nicolau David P. , Banevicius Mary Anné , Belliveau Paul P , Ross Jack W. , Broisman Larry , Quintiliani Richard , Nightingale Charles H.
Published: October 2023

Study Objective. To determine the bioavailability of trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (TMP‐SMX) in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Design. Open‐label, randomized, two‐way crossover trial.

Setting. Outpatient clinical research center affiliated with a community‐based teaching hospital.

Patients. Ten individuals diagnosed with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) with CD4+ counts less than 200 cells/mm3, receiving TMP‐SMX one double‐strength tablet 3 times/week as prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP), and without documented gastroenteropathy or diarrhea agreed to participate in the trial. One patient withdrew from the study secondary to development of symptomatic PCP. Data were available for analysis from the remaining nine subjects.

Interventions. Participants received TMP 160 mg and SMX 800 mg orally or intravenously during two study periods. Following dose administration, blood samples were collected at predetermined time points over 36 hours.

Measurements and Main Results. Analysis of TMP‐SMX pharmacokinetic parameters (half‐life, total body clearance, area under the serum concentration versus time curve, and peak concentration) failed to reveal any significant differences between intravenous and oral preparations. The calculated bioavailabilities of oral TMP and SMX (mean ± SD) were 102.7% ± 19.8% and 109.4% ± 19.4%, respectively.

Conclusion. The absorption of TMP‐SMX is not adversely affected by HIV infection in the absence of HIV‐induced gastroenteropathy or diarrhea.
Resolution of Tumor Pain with EMLA Cream
Authors: Stegman Mary B. , Stoukides Cheryl A.
Published: October 2023

A 69‐year‐old woman was admitted for control of intractable rectal pain caused by a 4‐cm malignant mass. She was treated successfully with EMLA (eutectic mixture of local anesthetics) cream applied every 8 hours and covered with a Xeroform dressing. Despite an increase in tumor size to 6 cm, her pain control was maintained with no local or systemic adverse effects. We believe topical EMLA may be effective in managing such lesions. Close patient monitoring is necessary, however, and long‐term, controlled studies must be conducted to determine its safety and efficacy in this setting.
Predictors of Nutritional Supplement Use by the Elderly
Authors: Gray Shelly L. , Hanlon Joseph T. , Fillenbaum Gerda G. , Wall William E. , Bales Connie
Published: October 2023

We conducted a population survey to describe patterns and determine predictors of the use of nutritional supplements and single‐ingredient vitamins and minerals among elderly living in five adjacent urban and rural counties in the Piedmont area of North Carolina. The stratified random sample consisted of 3939 black and white participants age 65 or older from the Duke Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. The use of nutritional supplements within the previous 2 weeks was determined during an in‐home interview. Multivariate analyses, using weighted data adjusted for sampling design, were conducted to assess the association between nutritional supplement use and predisposing, need, and enabling factors. Nutritional supplement use was reported by 26.2% of participants and was more likely for those who were white women, were high school educated, were underweight, took prescription drugs, had five or more health visits in the previous year, and had supplemental health insurance. It was less likely for those with poor self‐rated health. The majority (71.5%) of nutritional supplement users took at least one single‐ingredient supplement. Use of such products was more likely in those who were white, born and raised in an urban area, and high school educated, and was less likely in those with impaired functional status. Nutritional supplement use is prevalent in community‐dwelling elderly and is more commonly associated with demographic factors and access to health care than with need factors.
Elevated plasma leptin levels are associated with vascular access dysfunction in patients on maintenance hemodialysis
Authors: Yu Teng‐Hung , Tang Wei‐Hua , Hung Wei‐Chin , Lee Thung‐Lip , Tsai I‐Ting , Hsuan Chin‐Feng , Chen Chia‐Chi , Chung Fu‐Mei , Lee Yau‐Jiunn , Wu Cheng‐Ching
Published: October 2023

Background

Inflammation has been associated with vascular access (VA) dysfunction. The adipocytokine leptin can directly induce pro‐inflammatory T helper 1 immune responses and the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation. We explored the association between plasma leptin and VA dysfunction in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HEMO).

Methods

A total of 344 consecutive patients who received anastomosis for VA at a single HEMO center between June 1, 2010 and December 31, 2021 were screened. Of these patients, 267 met the inclusion criteria and were included. ELISA was used to measure circulating levels of leptin.

Results

The VA dysfunction group had a higher leptin level than the patent VA group. A higher concentration of leptin was independently and significantly associated with an elevated risk of VA dysfunction. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that leptin, female sex, and hypertension were independently associated with VA dysfunction, even after adjusting for known biomarkers. We then evaluated the ability of leptin, female sex, and hypertension to predict the risk of VA dysfunction, and the area under the curve (AUC) for leptin was 0.626 (p = 0.0001). When leptin, female sex, and hypertension were added to this multivariate model, the AUC increased to 0.679 (p = 0.001) for leptin and hypertension, and 0.690 for leptin, hypertension, and female sex (p = 0.004). In addition, plasma leptin levels were associated with sex, body mass index, and hemoglobin.

Conclusions

In addition to the association between leptin and VA dysfunction, hypertension and female sex independently predicted VA dysfunction in patients with HEMO.
Systematic review and metanalysis of neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and prognosis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Zhao Wanying , Li Xiaofeng , Lv Li , Sun Xiance , Xue Juan , Yang Ping , Tang Jinhai , Lv Xiupeng
Published: October 2023

Background

Hematological parameters have been associated with prognosis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The present meta‐analysis investigated the utility of neutrophil‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in the prognosis of patients with NPC.

Methods

Multiple electronic databases, including PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science, were systematically searched for studies assessing the association between NLR and NPC from 2011 to 2021. The primary outcomes were overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS). Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were utilized to estimate effect size. Use of a fixed effect or random effect model was based on heterogeneity stability was tested by sensitivity analysis, and the risk of bias was assessed by funnel plots. Random effects models were used based on the actual results. Because the NLR grouping criteria for the included studies differed, subgroup analyses were performed.

Results

A search of the electronic databases identified 14 studies, encompassing 6693 patients, that met the selection criteria. NLR higher than the cutoff value was significantly associated with poorer OS [HR 1.760, 95% CI 1.470–2.120, p <0.00001] and PFS [HR 1.850, 95% CI 1.430–2.390, p = .006]. Sensitivity analysis showed that the results of the meta‐analysis were relatively stable, and funnel plots were used to exclude the risk of bias.

Conclusions

Elevated pretreatment NLR in peripheral blood is predictive of poorer OS and PFS in patients with NPC. NLR is an easily measured and important prognostic factor in patients with NPC.
Manufacturing Ulvan Biopolymer for Wound Dressings
Authors: Foroughi Javad , Ruhparwar Arjang , Aloko Sinmisola , Wang Chun H.
Published: October 2023

Although recent advancements in wound healing strategies have led to successful treatment for numerous wounds, the incidence of wound infections remain elevated, and is anticipated to rise as the effectiveness of antibiotics wanes. Biofabrication is a promising technique for producing innovative tissue structures that mimic the natural placement of biologically important substances, biocompatibility, mechanical properties, and repeatability. In this report, a novel method for generating three‐dimensional (3D) biomaterials for wound healing applications, utilizing an ulvan hydrogel is presented. Wet‐spun ulvan fibers and 3D printed hydrogel structure are fabricated through wet‐spinning and an additive manufacturing process. The results show that the viscosity of the ulvan solution is 110 Pa·s on day one and over 180 Pa·s on day four (gelation) which is critical for fiber spinning and additive manufacturing. The mechanical properties of ulvan fiber shows a 211% increase in elongation at break and a 350% increase in Young's modulus compared to wet‐spun alginate fibers. The biocompatibility evaluation demonstrates slightly superior cell viability levels for ulvan fibers when compared to commonly used biomaterials like alginate and chitosan for wound dressing applications. These results underscore the potential of ulvan fibers as a promising solution for wound healing, owing to their inherent biocompatibility.
Solvent Content Controlling Strategy for Cocrystallizable Polyesters Enables a Stress‐Free Two‐Way Shape Memory Effect with Wider Service Temperatures
Authors: Guo Qi , Zhang Yaoming , Ruan Hongwei , Sun Huiting , Wang Tingmei , Wang Qihua , Wang Chao
Published: October 2023

It is challenging to enhance the stress‐free two‐way shape memory (stress‐free TWSM) effect to obtain a wide range of response temperatures. Herein, a polycaprolactone (PCL)/poly(ω‐pentadecalactone) (PPDL) is photocured under UV light irradiation in the solvent of 1,1,2‐trichloroethane (TCA), to obtain a series of cross‐linked polyesters (CPES). Controlling solvent content (SC) which is removed after the polymerization allows the yielded CPES to perform a regulatable thermodynamic and stress‐free TWSM properties. High SC is beneficial to reduce the degree of chain overlap (C/C*) of PPDL chain segments in the PCL‐based CPES network, then causes the cocrystallization of PCL and PPDL and yielding an additional melting‐transitions (Tm). An enhanced stress‐free TWSM is obtained in high SC samples (CPES‐15‐90), reflected in the attainment of a wide range of response temperature, which means a wider service temperature. The enhancement is reflected in higher reversible strain of high SC samples compared with the samples prepared with low SC when varying high trigger temperature (Thigh). Even at high Thigh, the high SC sample still has reversible strain. Therefore, controlling SC strategy for photocuring copolyester not only provides a new preparation approach for high‐performance shape memory (SM) polymers, but also offers new condensed polymer structure to explore.
Analysis of Vehicle Energy Absorption Compared to Non‐Standard Tests
Authors: Felaco Amelia , Caputo Francesco , Lamanna Giuseppe
Published: October 2023

Occupant safety is one of the fundamental aspects to be considered in structural design, which is why the computer aided engineering (CAE) methodology has become essential when studying a vehicle. For the past 10 years, therefore, when designing a vehicle, it is necessary to simulate both standard crash tests, required for marketing, and evaluation tests, carried out by independent consumer bodies. Thanks to the strong European (also national) drive to improve road safety, economic and technological investments have increased. In addition to this, the analysis criteria, and protocols for carrying out crash tests have also evolved to properly verify the crashworthiness of vehicles. Standard crash tests (e.g., EuroNCAP tests) are not exhaustive of all possible crash conditions that can occur in real life. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the structural behavior of a European B‐segment vehicle by performing non‐standard crash tests, i.e., not dictated by any regulation, analyzing different initial conditions. In particular, a frontal impact against a rigid barrier and a side impact against a deformable moving barrier (MDB) are analyzed using standardized test protocols and are then compared with non‐standard tests, analyzed using finite element models that evaluate the amount of energy absorption.

Chiefly, in the non‐standard tests rotated the angle of the barrier to 10°, 20°, and 30° for the frontal impact. For the side impact, only the position of the barrier (front and rear) is varied.
Lessons learnt from a nationally funded training and mentoring programme for early‐mid career musculoskeletal researchers in Australia
Authors: Lawford Belinda J. , Hinman Rana S. , Bennell Kim L. , Hunter David J. , Hodges Paul W. , Setchell Jenny , Eyles Jillian , Allison Kim , Campbell Penny , Mellor Rebecca ,   MUSQ:Impact Steering Committee, Vicenzino B.
Published: October 2023

Introduction

Quality training and mentoring are crucial components of successful career development for early mid career researchers (EMCRs). This paper describes the overarching framework of novel ongoing national Training and Mentoring Programme Melbourne University Sydney Queensland:Impact (MUSQ:Impact) for musculoskeletal researchers, including a description of how it was set up and established, and lessons learned from its implementation.

Results

The MUSQ:Impact programme spans four multidisciplinary musculoskeletal research teams across three universities in Australia, comprising 40–60 EMCR members. It was established to provide EMCRs with a unique learning environment and opportunities to gain exposure to, and network with, other national musculoskeletal research teams. Specific goals are to focus on core research competencies (e.g. writing skills, managing grant budgets, public speaking and media engagement, research translation), provide career mentoring, fund development activities (e.g. conference attendance, laboratory visits, skill development courses), and share training resources (e.g. data dictionaries, project summaries). A Steering Committee of 10–12 EMCR members, co‐chaired by a senior researcher and one EMCR, is responsible for overseeing MUSQ:Impact and organising regular activities, including a monthly webinar series, a mentor/mentee scheme, annual group research retreats, annual infographic competition, and funding awards. An evaluation survey found that most participants perceived each activity to be beneficial and of value to their research career and development.

Conclusion

This paper presents the structure of national training and mentoring programme that serves as a potential template for other research teams to adapt within their own contexts.