bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Legacy of Genetic Analysis Advances Contemporary Research with
Escherichia coli
K-12 and
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium LT2
Authors: Stewart Valley
Published: April 2017

Escherichia coli
K-12 and
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium LT2 became standard organisms for genetic analysis during the Truman administration. Half a century later, genetic analysis with these strains had become an art form, interpreted through 23 articles in the ambitious two-volume masterpiece edited by the late Fred Neidhardt and colleagues. These legacy articles now are available through
EcoSal Plus
, so as to inform and inspire contemporary genetic analyses in these standard organisms and their relatives.
The Toll-Like Receptor 4 Antagonist Eritoran Protects Mice from Lethal Filovirus Challenge
Authors: Younan Patrick , Ramanathan Palaniappan , Graber Jessica , Gusovsky Fabian , Bukreyev Alexander
Published: April 2017

The 2013-2016 outbreak of Ebola virus (EBOV) in West Africa, which has seen intermittent reemergence since it was officially declared over in February of 2016, has demonstrated the need for the rapid development of therapeutic intervention strategies. Indirect evidence has suggested that the EBOV infection shares several commonalities associated with the onset of bacterial sepsis, including the development of a “cytokine storm.” Eritoran, a Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonist, was previously shown to result in protection of mice against lethal influenza virus infection. Here, we report that eritoran protects against the lethality caused by EBOV and the closely related Marburg virus (MARV) in mice. Daily administration of eritoran reduced clinical signs of the disease and, unexpectedly, resulted in reduced viral titers. Analysis of peripheral blood indicated that eritoran reduced granulocytosis despite an apparent increase in the percentage of activated neutrophils. Surprisingly, the increased survival rate and reduced viremia were not accompanied by increased CD3+T lymphocytes, as lymphopenia was more pronounced in eritoran-treated mice. Overall, a global reduction in the levels of multiple cytokines, chemokines, and free radicals was detected in serum, suggesting that eritoran treatment may alleviate the severity of the “cytokine storm.” Last, we provide compelling preliminary evidence suggesting that eritoran treatment may alter the kinetics of cytokine responses. Hence, these studies are the first to demonstrate the role of TLR4 in the pathogenesis of EBOV disease and indicate that eritoran is a prime candidate for further evaluation as a clinically viable therapeutic intervention strategy for EBOV and MARV infections.

IMPORTANCEA hallmark of bacterial sepsis is the uncontrolled activation of the TLR4 pathway, which is the primary cause of the pathological features associated with this disease. Considering the importance of TLR4 signaling in bacterial sepsis and the remarkable pathological similarities associated with infections caused by filoviruses Ebola virus (EBOV) and Marburg virus (MARV), we assessed the ability of eritoran, a TLR4 antagonist, to protect mice against these viruses. Here, we show that eritoran effectively promotes survival of mice of filovirus infection, as 70% and 90% of mice receiving daily eritoran treatment survived lethal EBOV and MARV infections, respectively. Eritoran treatment resulted in a remarkable global reduction of inflammatory mediators, which is suggestive of the mechanism of action of this therapeutic treatment. These studies are the first to show the critical importance of the TLR4 pathway in the pathogenesis of filovirus infection and may provide a new avenue for therapeutic interventions.
Primary aortojejunal fistula: a rare cause for massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Authors: Paulasir Sylvester , Khorfan Rhami , Harsant Christina , Anderson Harry Linne
Published: April 2017

A 68-year-old man presented to the emergency department with haematemesis and shock. Upper endoscopy and selective angiography could not identify the source of bleeding. He underwent selective embolisation of the gastroduodenal artery. The patient then had a period of about 24 hours with relative haemodynamic stability before having another episode of massive upper gastrointestinal bleed. A second attempt to embolise the common hepatic artery and distal coeliac axis was unsuccessful. Hence, he was urgently taken to the operating room for exploratory laparotomy. The source of bleeding could not be identified in the operating room. The patient went into cardiac arrest and expired. Autopsy revealed a fistula between proximal jejunum and a previously unknown abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). We present an entity that has only been described a few times in the literature while highlighting the importance of having a broad differential with upper gastrointestinal bleeding, especially when the source is not clearly evident.
CONCUSSION KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BELIEFS AMONGST SPORTS MEDICINE PERSONNEL AT THE 2015 CEREBRAL PALSY FOOTBALL WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS
Authors: Griffin Steffan , West Liam Richard , Ahmed Osman Hassan , Weiler Richard
Published: April 2017

Background

Concussion poses a challenge to sports medicine personnel, especially those working in contact sports such as football. In disability sport, the correct assessment and management of this injury is paramount.

Objective

To determine knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding concussion amongst team physicians/physiotherapists working at the 2015 Cerebral Palsy Football World Championships (CPFWC).

Design

A 22-item questionnaire was provided to the ‘head of medicine’ of all teams participating at the 2015 CPFWC (n=15). Qualitative assessment of knowledge, attitudes and beliefs of participants in regard to concussion; both generally, and specifically to cerebral palsy football.

Setting

2015 CPFWC, St George's Park, Burton-upon-Trent, United Kingdom.

Patients (or Participants)

Each nation's head of medical services (n=15; either a medical doctor or physiotherapist) were invited to complete the questionnaire during the pre-competition medical meeting.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

NA.

Main Outcome Measurements

Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs related to concussion amongst sports medicine professionals at a World Championship.

Results

The majority of participants (8 physiotherapists and 6 doctors: or 93%) completed the questionnaire. Only one practitioner did not score 100% on identifying the signs and symptoms of concussion. 36% (n=5) believed headgear had protective effects against concussion. The use of a concussion assessment tool following suspected concussion was reported by 29% (n=4) clinicians, whilst 50% (n=7) stated that performing cognitive assessments were difficult in this population. 86% participants (n=12) reported that a disability sport concussion consensus statement would be useful.

Conclusions

Participants' overall knowledge around concussion was sound, but their methods for recognition and management were highly variable. Inherent difficulties were identified in the assessment and management of concussion in disabled athletes and the majority recognised an urgent need for expert clinical guidance for this population.
INJURY PREVENTION THROUGH EXTERNAL SENSOMOTORIC SUPPORT?
Authors: Herfert Jürgen , Landkammer Yvonne , Sassmann Robert , Edtinger Sebastian , Moder Angelika , Wicker Anton
Published: April 2017

Background

Recent you'll find more and more sport equipment in the sporting goods industry promising at least to increase the subjective stability of joints, being also called intelligent sportswear. Literature also reports about the influence on the sensorimotor system, not only the mechanical effect.

Objective

Two different stability devices (knee support, CEP socks) are tested during postural tasks.

Design

Clinical controlled study.

Setting

The participant is standing one-legged, hands on hips on the Posturomed® platform running with microswing software (Haider Bioswing GmbH, Germany) in order to stabilize the platform as quickly as possible after slackening a lever over a testing period of 10 seconds.

Patients (or Participants)

24 men and women without an injury of the lower extremities during the last 6 months, no artificial limbs, no stiff joints.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

Three valid measurements are collected (mean was taken for statistical evaluation) on each side for three different test situations (bare, with knee support, with CEP socks) standing on an instable plane (Posturomed®). The order of the test situation is randomized.

Main Outcome Measurements

Collected points during the 10 second testing period provide information about the ability to stabilize the platform. The more points achieved (0–1000), the better the result.

Results

Repeated measures and Fisher LSD Test were used for statistical analysis. By using external support postural stability increases significantly, but no significant difference can be found between the two tested devices.

Conclusions

In accordance with the literature, sensorimotor function can be supported by external devices used in the study. Injury prevention because of an increased postural control, especially during exhausting physical activities, needs some further research.
EXERCISE-BASED KNEE INJURY PREVENTION CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES
Authors: Arundale Amelia , Bizzini Mario , Giordano Airelle , Godges Joseph , Hewett Timothy , Logerstedt David , Mandelbaum Bert , Scalzitti David , Silvers-Granelli Hollly , Snyder-Mackler Lynn
Published: April 2017

Background

Knee injuries are prevalent in cutting, pivoting, and jumping sports. Studies have investigated the effects of exercise-based knee injury prevention programs, however no clinical practice guidelines (CPG) exist.

Objective

1) Review the evidence for exercise-based knee injury prevention programs, 2) identify if there are exercise-based knee injury prevention programs that are effective for particular groups of athletes, 3) explore the evidence for dosage and delivery of exercise-based knee injury prevention programs, 4) provide information on how exercise-based knee injury prevention should be implemented.

Design

Systematic review for CPG development.

Setting

Multiple.

Patients (or Participants)

Healthy, active individuals, particularly athletes participating in cutting, pivoting, and jumping sports.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

A systematic review of literature was performed via PubMed, Scopus, SportDiscus, CINAHL, and the Cochrane databases for relevant articles addressing the effects of an exercise-based knee injury prevention program. The final search was performed in April, 2016 to identify all articles published prior to that point.

Main Outcome Measurements

The effects and outcomes of exercise-based knee injury prevention programs.

Results

Thirty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria for this CPG. Exercise-based knee injury prevention programs have a low implementation cost and large relative risk reductions. Clinicians should implement an exercise-based knee injury prevention program for all athletes involved in cutting and pivoting type sports to reduce the number of significant knee injuries. The program should be implemented two to three times per week in the preseason and one to three times per week in the competitive season. It should consist of a combination of plyometric training, strength and power exercises, balance and dynamic stabilization training, core strengthening, technique training, and/or sports-specific drills.

Conclusions

This CPG will provide evidence based guidance for clinicians in choosing and implementing exercise-based knee injury prevention programs appropriate for the athlete(s) they work with.
EFFICACY OF A MOVEMENT CONTROL INJURY-PREVENTION PROGRAMME IN AN ADULT COMMUNITY RUGBY UNION POPULATION; A CLUSTER RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL
Authors: Attwood Matt , Roberts Simon , Trewartha Grant , England Mike , Stokes Keith
Published: April 2017

Background

Exercise programmes aimed at reducing injury have been shown to be efficacious for some non-collision sports, but evidence in collision sports such as rugby union is lacking.

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy of an evidence-informed injury prevention exercise programme in reducing match injuries in adult community rugby union players.

Design

Prospective cluster randomised (single-blind) controlled trial. Clubs were the unit of randomisation.

Setting

English adult community clubs (2015–2016 season) with a formally qualified medical professional to diagnose and report match-injuries.

Participants

860 clubs were invited to participate of which 81 volunteered and were randomly assigned. Data was received from 41 clubs (control, 19; intervention, 22).

Interventions

A 42-week exercise programme comprising 6-week graduated exercise blocks was introduced during pre-season. The control programme reflected ‘normal practice’ exercises, whereas the intervention focused on proprioception, balance, cutting, landing, and resistance exercises.

Main Outcome Measurements

Match-injury incidence and burden for: all ≥8 days time-loss injuries and targeted (lower-limb, shoulder, head and neck, excluding fractures and lacerations) ≥8 days time-loss injuries.

Results

Poisson regression identified unclear differences between groups for overall injury incidence (rate ratio (RR), 90% confidence interval (CI)=0.9, 0.6–1.3) and injury burden (RR, 90% CI=0.8, 0.5–1.4). A likely beneficial difference in targeted injury incidence (RR, 90% CI=0.6, 0.4–1.0) was identified, with ∼40% lower lower-limb incidence (RR, 90% CI=0.6, 0.4–1.0) and ∼60% lower concussion incidence (RR, 90%CI=0.36, 0.18–0.70) in the intervention group. Completing the intervention at least once per week was associated with a likely beneficial difference between groups (intervention n=15, control n=13; RR, 90% CI=0.7, 0.4–1.0).

Conclusions

This movement-control injury-prevention programme appeared efficacious, with likely beneficial differences for lower-limb injuries and concussion for the treatment clubs. Targeted injury incidence was ∼30% lower when 1 or more intervention sessions were completed each week.
INJURY AND ILLNESS PATTERNS IN COMPETITIVE SAILORS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SAILING FEDERATION SAILING WORLD CHAMPIONSHIPS 2014 – A 12-MONTH RETROSPECTIVE STUDY
Authors: Leong Darren , Tan Ben , Pardal Carmen Vaz , Lin Cindy , Kam Jia Wen
Published: April 2017

Background

Olympic Sailing events have evolved to include quicker and more physically demanding boats, stirring interest in the injury patterns and associations amongst sailors of these boats.

Objective

To characterise sailing-related injuries and illnesses among sailors participating in the ISAF 2014 World Championships.

Design

Retrospective descriptive study.

Setting

The International Sailing Federation (ISAF) World Championships is a top tier competition bringing together 1167 sailors in all 10 Olympic classes. The Sailing World Championships 2014 were held in Santander, Spain.

Patients (or Participants)

Sailors registered for the 2014 ISAF World Championships were surveyed via an interviewer-administered questionnaire from June to September 2014 (off-site prior to competition; and on-site during competition). This was a 12-month recall questionnaire on sailing-related injuries and illnesses.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

Gender, position (helm, crew), sailing class, training volume, part of boat contributing to injury, and actions performed during sailing.

Main Outcome Measurements

The occurrence or non-occurrence of sailing-related injuries and illnesses; the number of injuries; injury site, type, cause/mechanism; injury prevalence and severity; and contributing factors to injury.

Results

There were 760 respondents (65% of all participants) for the 12-month recall questionnaire (58% male, 42% female), of whom 244 participants reported 299 injuries (0.59 injuries per 1000 h of sailing). Injuries were most prevalent in the 49erFX (64%), RS:X Women (39%), 49er (37%) and Nacra 17 (36%). Lower back (29% of sailors), knee (13%), shoulder (12%) and ankle (10%) injuries were most prevalent; most (58% of all injuries) were overuse injuries; and 56% of sailors lost sailing time. Most illnesses (40%) were infections, primarily of the respiratory system (43%).

Conclusions

The Olympic classes introduced since 2000 (49erFX, 49er, Nacra 17) report more injuries. These injuries were mainly traumatic events, compared with overuse injuries in the other classes.
SHOULDER FUNCTION AND SHOULDER COMPLAINTS IN DANISH ELITE BADMINTON PLAYERS
Authors: Linnebjerg Connie , Zebis Mette , Møller Merete , Vollaard Niels
Published: April 2017

Background

Shoulder function and the prevalence of shoulder complaints in elite badminton are not well described.

Objective

The aims of this study were to compare players who reported previous or present shoulder complaints with those players who did not. Shoulder function and shoulder problems were quantified. And the players reported influence on performance because of shoulder complaints.

Design

A cross-sectional study.

Setting

The study was taken place in the Danish National Centre of badminton, a total of 30 active elite badminton players were asked to participate.

Patients (or Participants)

Sixteen elite badminton players volunteered to participate. All players were full time playing with a minimum of 12 hours of badminton training per week.

Interventions

Self-reported shoulder injury profile was quantified for each player by use of two questionnaires (modified Fahlstrom questionnaire and Western Ontario Shoulder Index (WOSI)). Internal rotation (IR) and external rotation (ER) shoulder strength and range of motion (ROM) were tested by use of Hand held dynamometer and Digital inclinometer.

Main Outcome Measurements

Based on the questionnaires, participants were divided into either complaints (COM) or non-complaints (NCOM).

Results

Nine players reported previous or present shoulder complaints (COM,) whereas seven players did not (NCOM,). All in the COM group reported changed training habits but only two players reported missed matches due to shoulder problems. No significant differences were observed in IR or ER shoulder strength between groups - i.e. IR: COM, 0.53±0.12 Nm vs. NCOM, 0.62±0.09 Nm and ER: COM, 0.48±0.12 Nm vs. NCOM, 0.57±0.09 Nm. No significant differences were observed in IR and ER ROM between groups; (58±8.4 vs. 60.0±9.3, and 101.8±15.7 vs. 96.4±18.3, respectively).

Conclusions

This study indicates that shoulder problems do exist in elite badminton. Future studies should aim to develop validated outcome measures that can identify players with shoulder problems in elite badminton.
HAMSTRINGS TRAINING EFFECT ON HIP AND KNEE JOINT FUNCTION, MORPHOLOGY OF HAMSTRING MUSCLES, AND INJURY PREVENTION
Authors: Ono Takashi , Tojima Michio , Hirose Norikazu
Published: April 2017

Background

There is little information about the effect of hamstrings training on hip and knee joint function, morphology of each hamstring muscle, and the rate of injury incidence.

Objective

To clarify the effect of hamstrings training on H:Q strength ratio in hip and knee joint, the morphological adaptations of each hamstring muscle, and the rate of strain injury incidence.

Design

Prospective, randomized controlled trial.

Setting

Collegiate, elite division.

Participants

23 healthy collegiate Lacrosse players were recruited voluntarily, and 20 (39 limbs) of them finished the study.

Interventions

Subjects were randomly divided into 3 groups; Single-leg Deadlift (DL) intervention, Nordic Hamstrings (NH) intervention, and control (CR). DL and NH groups joined the training program in twice a week for 6 months.

Main Outcome Measurements

Before (Pre) and 1, 3, and 6 months after training period, isokinetic strength testing was conducted to measure flexion and extension torques in hip and knee joint, and magnetic resonance imaging to determine the cross sectional area (CSA) of each hamstring muscle.

Results

After the training of 3 months, only in DL group, significant increase of hip extension torque (+25.2±9.4%) and H:Q ratios in the hip joint (1.28±0.43→1.61±0.48) were found, and significant increase of CSAs were found in biceps femoris long head (+12.0±3.7%) and semimembranosus (+25.5±4.1%) muscle (P<0.05). No strain injury has reported in all groups.

Conclusions

Hip extension (Single-leg Deadlift) exercise training may be useful for preventing and rehabilitating from hamstring strain injury by stimulating hypertrophy in biceps femoris long head and semimembranosus muscle and promoting improvements in hip extensor strength and H:Q ratio in hip joint. These data may provide compelling evidence to warrant the further exploration of hip extension oriented exercises in hamstring strain injury prevention protocols.
PAINFUL EVALUATION AND INJURY PREVENTION OF LOWER EXTREMITY THROUGH CYCLING DIAGNOSIS SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT: COMPUTATIONAL AND EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHES
Authors: WEN Penny , Yang Bing-Shiang
Published: April 2017

Background

In clinical practices, sports injuries are assessed using radiographic examinations, pain-related inquiries, or palpations, after which prescriptions are issued to patients.

Objective

By combining anatomy, musculoskeletal simulations, and the concept of sports training, this study demonstrated a system for assessing sports injuries that improves biking strategies and prevents biking injuries. The applicability and accuracy of this study enabled the locations of muscle injuries to be statistically matched with biking strategies.

Design

We built an instrumented bike which was a conventional road racing bicycle fitted with instruments for measuring the riding parameters: a crank torque sensor, an optical encoder, inclinometer, magnetic and reed switches, and an electromyographic system.

Setting

A musculoskeletal modelling system of OpenSim (Stanford, CA, USA) was selected to wide use to cyclist.

Patients (or Participants)

Twelve amateur bikers (12 males; age=26±2 y; height=176±5 cm; body weight=72±7.2 kg) of various ages, heights, and weights were recruited.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

Cycling strategy suggestion of Patello-femoral and tibial-femoral syndrome.

Main Outcome Measurements

Acute (Joint reaction) and chronic injury (Joint moment and muscle coordination) were calculated in real-time diagnosis.

Results

Simulating cycling strategies reduced knee flexion and external rotations of the feet, increasing the force application in the plantar flexion toward the bottom dead center, improving muscle activities at 80°–120° angle, and avoiding excessive slippage improved the VL and VM activities and prevented excessive reaction force in the joints and moment output.

Conclusions

The system was used to lower the possibility of injuries by providing improved cycling strategies and encouraging active training as well as facilitating sports and sports training performance. Overall, the developed system can be used to predict the possibility of lower limb injuries and lower the occurrence of such injuries.
Y- BALANCE TEST SCORE COMPARISON BETWEEN PRE-SEASON AND IN-SEASON IN YOUTH ATHLETES
Authors: Bittencourt Natalia , Leite Marcela , Garcia Leandro , Mendonça Luciana , Bithencourt Ana Carolina , Gonçalves Gabriela
Published: April 2017

Background

The Y-balance test has been used clinically to assess neuromuscular control deficits and a composite score of <94% and anterior asymmetry of >4 cm have been associated with lower limb injuries in basketball athletes.

Objective

To compare Y-test performance during the pre-season to in-season in injury-free athletes.

Design

Prospective study.

Setting

Brazilian sports club, mixed sports.

Patients (or Participants)

182 injury-free youth athletes (145 male and 37 female) from judo, volleyball, basketball, gymnastics and indoor soccer were assessed (age 14.3±2.8; height 168±19 cm, body mass 60±18 kg).

Assessment of Risk Factors

The Y-test was assessed during the pre-season (February) and in-season (June). Athletes practiced 6 trials on each leg prior to formal testing. While maintaining single-leg stance, they were asked to reach with the free limb in the anterior, posteromedial, and posterolateral directions.

Main Outcome Measurements

Y-test performance was calculated as the composite score (sum of the three reach distances, divided by 3 times limb length, then multiplied by 100). Anterior distance asymmetry was calculated as the difference between the dominant limb (DL) and non-dominant limb (NDL) values. Both measures were compared between pre- and in-season.

Results

The pre-season average composite score for DL was 87.5% and for NDL 87.8%, while the average anterior distance asymmetry was 3.7 cm. During in-season, the average composite score was 85.4% for DL and NDL, and the anterior distance asymmetry was 3.0 cm. T-tests revealed statistically significant differences for the composite score (p<0.001) and for anterior distance asymmetry (p=0.01).

Conclusions

Athletes showed poorer composite score values during in-season compared to pre-season and the values were below the risk cut-off point reported in the literature. This group did not present substantial anterior distance asymmetry.
CHANGES IN THE HIP IN YOUTH HOCKEY PLAYERS OVER 5 SEASONS
Authors: Briggs Karen , Philippon Marc , McNamara Shannen , Ho Charles
Published: April 2017

Background

It has been reported that relative to other sports participants, ice hockey players suffer from cam femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) in higher numbers. Alpha angles have been reported to increase with the likelihood of symptomatic FAI. It is unclear how alpha angle and other factors related to FAI change over early childhood years.

Objective

Track youth hockey players over 5 years and determine if factors associated with FAI increased as they aged and increased skating time.

Design

Screening.

Setting

Youth club.

Patients (or Participants)

16 asymptomatic youth ice hockey players. All players started in the peewee(ages 10 to 12) division and moved up in divisions over the 3 years.

Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)

Clinical hip examination consisting of the FABER test, impingement testing, and measurement of hip internal rotation. An MRI was taken and the hip alpha angle was measured and labral tears were documented.

Main Outcome Measurements

Alpha angle and labral tear on MRI

Results

These youth hockey players played an average of 42 weeks/year Players had significantly increased alpha angle by year 3 of screening. The average alpha angle at year 1 was 56(range 45 to 63), year 2 was 59 (range 52 to 68), year 3 was 75 (range 64 to 88), year 4 was 75 and year 5 was 78. By year 5, 14/16 had asymptomatic labral tears. There were no significant changes in internal rotation over the 5 years. There was a trend toward decreased internal rotation in goalies.

Conclusions

Young ice hockey players show increasing alpha angles and development of asymptomatic labral tears. Stresses inherent to ice hockey likely enhance the development of a bony overgrowth on the femoral neck contributing to cam FAI.
The Perspective of Library and Information Science (LIS) Professionals Toward Knowledge Management in University Libraries
Authors: Ahmad Khurshid
Published: April 2017

This study explores the general perspectives of library and information science (LIS) professionals on knowledge management in the university libraries of Pakistan. The study specifically examines the perceptions, understandings, role and responsibilities of Pakistani LIS professionals toward knowledge management. A questionnaire was used as an instrument to evaluate the perceptions, understandings, role and responsibilities of LIS professionals toward knowledge management. The questionnaires were administered to subject librarians who were included in the sample at the universities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad. Generalising the findings of this study over the population of LIS community in Pakistan reveals that knowledge management is for the improvement of library services and productive purposes. Accordingly, the Pakistani LIS professionals use knowledge management practices for the improvement of their respective library service. The LIS community is also very familiar with the term “knowledge management”. It succeeded mainly to generalise that majority of the LIS professionals mentioned that they have used knowledge management in their libraries.
Influences of Knowledge Sharing on Individual Performance in Saudi Organisations
Authors: Abdullah Ibrahim S.
Published: April 2017

Many studies in various fields try to contribute to the understanding of the factors influencing individual performance in organisations. This research contributes to those studies by focusing on exploring the relationship between knowledge sharing and individual performance in Saudi organisations. The focus of this study is on the effects of knowledge sharing on five aspects of individual performance: innovation, job satisfaction, job roles and responsibilities, communication in teamwork, and speed of completing tasks. This research has followed the descriptive and survey methodology by the design of a questionnaire that refereed and tested for validity and clarity. Total number of received and valid responses are 355. The results indicate a statistically positive relationship between the level of sharing knowledge and individual performance. It also recommends that organisations have more emphasis on knowledge focus meetings, workshops, developing an environment that supports trial and error, and having systems that manage suggestions, creativity, and innovation.
Balloon Flight Demonstration of an Oscillating Heat Pipe
Authors: Fuke H. , Okazaki S. , Ogawa H. , Miyazaki Y.
Published: April 2017

The oscillating heat pipe (OHP) is a novel heat-transfer technique used in thermal engineering. Although the OHP offers many technical advantages, it has not yet been actually used in the sky. Motivated by the need to develop a cooling system for use in the balloon-borne General Anti-Particle Spectrometer (GAPS) project, we are developing OHP technologies. To demonstrate the thermal performances of an OHP in real balloon flight conditions, a scaled-down OHP model was launched by a stratospheric balloon in Japan. In this study, we report the results of the flight demonstration.
Making money using math
Authors: Meijer Erik
Published: April 2017

Modern applications are increasingly using probabilistic machine-learned models.
Making chips smarter
Authors: Greengard Samuel
Published: April 2017

Advances in artificial intelligence and machine learning are motivating researchers to design and build new chips to support different computing models.
The anonymization debate should be about risk, not perfection
Authors: Hartzog Woodrow , Rubinstein Ira
Published: April 2017

Focusing on the process of anonymity rather than pursuing the unattainable goal of guaranteed safety.
Bis(4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine)oxidovanadium(IV) Sulfate Dehydrate: Potential Candidate for Controlling Lipid Metabolism?
Authors: Francik Renata , Kryczyk-Kozioł Jadwiga , Francik Sławomir , Gryboś Ryszard , Krośniak Mirosław
Published: April 2017

Vanadium is a trace element mainly connected with regulation of insulin metabolism which is particularly important in diabetes. In recent years, organic complexes of vanadium seem to be more interesting than inorganic salts. Nevertheless, the effect of vanadium on lipid metabolism is still a problematic issue; therefore, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 3 organic complexes of vanadium such as sodium (2,2′-bipyridine)oxidobisperoxovanadate(V) octahydrate, bis(2,2′-bipyridine)oxidovanadium(IV) sulfate dehydrate, and bis(4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine)oxidovanadium(IV) sulfate dihydrate in conjunction with high-fat as well as control diet in nondiabetes model on the following lipid parameters: total cholesterol, triglycerides, and high density lipoprotein as well as activity of paraoxonase 1. All of these parameters were determined in plasma of Wistar rats. The most significant effect was observed in case of bis(4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′ bipyridine)oxidovanadium(IV) sulfate dehydrate in rats fed with high-fat diet. Based on our research, bis(4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine)oxidovanadium(IV) sulfate dihydrate should be the aim of further research and perhaps it will be an important factor in the regulation of lipid metabolism.
Molecular Profiling: A Case ofZBTB16-RARAAcute Promyelocytic Leukemia
Authors: Langabeer Stephen E. , Preston Lisa , Kelly Johanna , Goodyer Matt , Elhassadi Ezzat , Hayat Amjad
Published: April 2017

Several variantRARAtranslocations have been reported in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) of which the t(11;17)(q23;q21), which results in aZBTB16-RARAfusion, is the most widely identified and is largely resistant to therapy with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA). The clinical course together with the cytogenetic and molecular characterization of a case of ATRA-unresponsiveZBTB16-RARAAPL is described. Additional mutations potentially cooperating with the translocation fusion product in leukemogenesis have been hitherto unreported inZBTB16-RARAAPL and were sought by application of a next-generation sequencing approach to detect those recurrently found in myeloid malignancies. This technique identified a solitary, low level mutation in theCEBPAgene. Molecular profiling of additional mutations may provide a platform to individualise therapeutic management in patients with this rare form of APL.
Abnormal Glucose Metabolism in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Pi Hui , Zhou Haotong , Jin Huan , Ning Yaogui , Wang Youlian
Published: April 2017

The incidence of abnormal glucose metabolism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis was considerably higher than the general population. The persistent systemic inflammatory state in rheumatoid arthritis might be associated with the glucose metabolism dysfunction. In this context, insulin resistance, islet β cell apoptosis, inflammatory cytokines, and other aspects which were linked with abnormal glucose metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis were reviewed. This review will be helpful in understanding the abnormal glucose metabolism mechanism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and might be conducive to finding an effective treatment.
Ribonucleotide Reductase Catalytic Subunit M1 (RRM1) as a Novel Therapeutic Target in Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Sagawa Morihiko , Ohguchi Hiroto , Harada Takeshi , Samur Mehmet K. , Tai Yu-Tzu , Munshi Nikhil C. , Kizaki Masahiro , Hideshima Teru , Anderson Kenneth C.
Published: April 2017

Purpose: To investigate the biological and clinical significance of ribonucleotide reductase (RR) in multiple myeloma.

Experimental Design: We assessed the impact of RR expression on patient outcome in multiple myeloma. We then characterized the effect of genetic and pharmacologic inhibition of ribonucleotide reductase catalytic subunit M1 (RRM1) on multiple myeloma growth and survival using siRNA and clofarabine, respectively, in both in vitro and in vivo mouse xenograft models.

Results: Newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients with higher RRM1 expression have shortened survival. Knockdown of RRM1 triggered significant growth inhibition and apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells, even in the context of the bone marrow microenvironment. Gene expression profiling showed upregulation of DNA damage response genes and p53-regulated genes after RRM1 knockdown. Immunoblot and qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that γ-H2A.X, ATM, ATR, Chk1, Chk2, RAD51, 53BP1, BRCA1, and BRCA2 were upregulated/activated. Moreover, immunoblots showed that p53, p21, Noxa, and Puma were activated in p53 wild-type multiple myeloma cells. Clofarabine, a purine nucleoside analogue that inhibits RRM1, induced growth arrest and apoptosis in p53 wild-type cell lines. Although clofarabine did not induce cell death in p53-mutant cells, it did trigger synergistic toxicity in combination with DNA-damaging agent melphalan. Finally, we demonstrated that tumor growth of RRM1-knockdown multiple myeloma cells was significantly reduced in a murine human multiple myeloma cell xenograft model.

Conclusions: Our results therefore demonstrate that RRM1 is a novel therapeutic target in multiple myeloma in the preclinical setting and provide the basis for clinical evaluation of RRM1 inhibitor, alone or in combination with DNA-damaging agents, to improve patient outcome in multiple myeloma. Clin Cancer Res; 23(17); 5225–37. ©2017 AACR.
Genome-Wide Association Studies of Chemotherapeutic Toxicities: Genomics of Inequality
Authors: Mapes Brandon , El Charif Omar , Al-Sawwaf Shereen , Dolan M. Eileen
Published: April 2017

With an estimated global population of cancer survivors exceeding 32 million and growing, there is a heightened awareness of the long-term toxicities resulting from cancer treatments and their impact on quality of life. Unexplained heterogeneity in the persistence and development of toxicities, as well as an incomplete understanding of their mechanisms, have generated a growing need for the identification of predictive pharmacogenomic markers. Early studies addressing this need used a candidate gene approach; however, over the last decade, unbiased and comprehensive genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have provided markers of phenotypic risk and potential targets to explore the mechanistic and regulatory pathways of biological functions associated with chemotherapeutic toxicity. In this review, we provide the current status of GWAS of chemotherapeutic toxicities with an emphasis on examining the ancestral diversity of the representative cohorts within these studies. Persistent calls to incorporate both ancestrally diverse and/or admixed populations into genomic efforts resulted in a recent rise in the number of studies utilizing cohorts of East Asian descent; however, few pharmacogenomic studies to date include cohorts of African, Indigenous American, Southwest Asian, and admixed populations. Through comprehensively evaluating sample size, composition by ancestry, genome-wide significant variants, and population-specific minor allele frequencies as reported by HapMap/dbSNP using NCBI PubMed and the NHGRI-EBI GWAS Catalog, we illustrate how allele frequencies and effect sizes tend to vary among individuals of differing ancestries. In an era of personalized medicine, the lack of diversity in genome-wide studies of anticancer agent toxicity may contribute to the health disparity gap. Clin Cancer Res; 23(15); 4010–9. ©2017 AACR.
Impact of the Reclassification of the Non-Invasive Follicular Variant of Papillary Carcinoma as Benign on the Malignancy Risk of the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology: A Meta-Analysis Study
Authors: Layfield Lester J. , Baloch Zubair W. , Esebua Magda , Kannuswamy Rohini , Schmidt Robert L.
Published: April 2017

Objectives: The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) established diagnostic categories for cytologic specimens of the thyroid. Each category was associated with an estimated risk of malignancy. Recently, the non-invasive follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma has been reclassified as benign. This reclassification may alter the malignancy risk of TBSRTC diagnostic categories. Study Design: A literature search was made for all studies investigating the effect of reclassification of some non-invasive follicular variant papillary thyroid carcinomas as benign on the malignancy risk associated with TBSRTC categories. The authors calculated the malignancy risk for TBSRTC categories in a series of 315 thyroid aspirates when the non-invasive follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma was considered benign. A meta-analysis of malignancy risk data for the 3 published studies and the current study was performed. Results: The meta-analysis showed that the malignancy risk was reduced for all TBSRTC categories except the “non-diagnostic” category. The reduction in malignancy risk was greatest in the categories “suspicious for malignancy” and “atypia/follicular lesion of undetermined significance.” Conclusion: A meta-analysis of all pertinent studies demonstrated that re-categorization of the non-invasive follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma as benign reduces the malignancy risk in the majority of TBSRTC categories.
Pregnancy Outcomes in Patients with Glomerular Disease Attending a Single Academic Center in North Carolina
Authors: O'Shaughnessy Michelle M. , Jobson Meghan A. , Sims Katy , Liberty Abigail L. , Nachman Patrick H. , Pendergraft William F.
Published: April 2017

Background: Contemporary data regarding pregnancy outcomes in US patients with primary glomerular diseases are lacking. We aimed to report fetal and maternal outcomes among women with biopsy-proven primary glomerular disease who received obstetric care at a single large academic US center. Methods: All women with a biopsy-confirmed primary glomerular disease diagnosis and without end-stage kidney disease who received obstetric care at the University of North Carolina (UNC) Hospitals (1996-2015) were identified using the Glomerular Disease Collaborative Network registry and the UNC Hospitals Perinatal Database. The primary study outcome was perinatal death (stillbirth at >20 weeks or neonatal death). Secondary outcomes included premature birth (<37 weeks), birth weight, preeclampsia, and kidney function changes (postpartum vs. baseline). Demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes were compared across glomerular disease subtypes. Results: Among 48 pregnancies in 43 women (IgA nephropathy n = 17, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis [FSGS] n = 16, membranous nephropathy n = 6, minimal change disease n = 4), 13% of pregnancies resulted in perinatal death and 48% of babies were born prematurely. From a maternal perspective, 33% of pregnancies were complicated by preeclampsia, 39% by a doubling of urinary protein, and 27% by a ≥50% increase in serum creatinine. Outcome differences across glomerular disease subtypes were not statistically significant, although decline in kidney function appeared most frequent in FSGS. Conclusion: Adverse pregnancy outcomes are frequently observed in women with glomerular disease. The independent influence of glomerular disease subtype on outcomes requires further study. More widespread reporting and analysis of pregnancy outcomes in women with glomerular disease are urgently needed.
Erythropoietin Treatment Exacerbates Moderate Injury after Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Superoxide Dismutase Transgenic Mice
Authors: Sheldon R. Ann , Windsor Christine , Lee Byong Sop , Arteaga Cabeza Olatz , Ferriero Donna M.
Published: April 2017

The neonatal brain is highly susceptible to oxidative stress as developing endogenous antioxidant mechanisms are overwhelmed. In the neonate, superoxide dismutase (SOD) overexpression worsens hypoxic-ischemic injury due to H2O2 accumulation in the brain. Erythropoietin (EPO) is upregulated in 2 phases after HI, early (4 h) and late (7 days), and exogenous EPO has been effective in reducing the injury, possibly through reducing oxidative stress. We hypothesized that exogenous EPO would limit injury from excess H2O2 seen in SOD1-overexpressing mice, and thus enhance recovery after HI. We first wanted to confirm our previous findings in postnatal day 7 (P7) SOD-tg (CD1) mice using a P9 model of the Vannucci procedure of HI with SOD-tg mice from a different background strain (C57Bl/6), and then determine the efficacy of EPO treatment in this strain and their wild-type (WT) littermates. Thus, mice overexpressing copper/zinc SOD1 were subjected to HI, modified for the P9 mouse, and recombinant EPO (5 U/g) or vehicle (saline) was administered intraperitoneally 3 times: at 0 h, 24 h, and 5 days. Injury was assessed 7 days after HI. In addition, protein expression for EPO and EPO receptor was assessed in the cortex and hippocampus 24 h after HI. With the moderate insult, the SOD-tg mice had greater injury than the WT overall, confirming our previous results, as did the hippocampus and striatum when analyzed separately, but not the cortex or thalamus. EPO treatment worsened injury in SOD-tg overall and in the WT and SOD-tg hippocampus and striatum. With the more severe insult, all groups had greater injury than with the moderate insult, but differences between SOD-tg and WT were no longer observed and EPO treatment had no effect. Increased protein expression of EPO was observed in the cortex of SOD-tg mice given recombinant human EPO compared to SOD-tg given vehicle. This study confirms our previous results showing greater injury with SOD overexpression in the neonatal brain after HI at P7 in a different strain. These results also suggest that EPO treatment cannot ameliorate the damage seen in situations where there is excess H2O2 accumulation, and it may exacerbate injury in settings of extreme oxidative stress.
Early Mortality Associated with Inpatient versus Outpatient Hemodialysis Initiation in a Large Cohort of US Veterans with Incident End-Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Arif Faisal M. , Sumida Keiichi , Molnar Miklos Z. , Potukuchi Praveen K. , Lu Jun Ling , Hassan Fatima , Thomas Fridtjof , Siddiqui Omer A. , Gyamlani Geeta G. , Kalantar-Zadeh Kamyar , Kovesdy Csaba P.
Published: April 2017

Background: Mortality in the immediate post-hemodialysis transition period is extremely high. Many end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients in the US start dialysis in an inpatient setting, but the characteristics of patients starting dialysis as inpatients, and the association of inpatient hemodialysis transition with mortality remain unclear. Methods: We examined 48,261 US veterans who transitioned to hemodialysis between October 2007 and September 2011. Associations of inpatient hemodialysis starting with all-cause mortality were examined in Cox proportional hazard models, with adjustments for demographics, comorbidities, vascular access type, pre-dialysis nephrology care and medication use, and last pre-ESRD estimated glomerular filtration rate and hemoglobin. Results: A total of 22,338 (46.3%) patients received the first hemodialysis treatment in an inpatient setting. Inpatient hemodialysis transition was associated with older age, presence of a tunneled catheter, higher comorbidity burden, and lack of pre-dialysis nephrology care. A total of 8,674 patients died (mortality rate 405/1,000 patient-years, 95% CI 397-413) during the first 6 months after transition to hemodialysis. The starting of inpatient vs. outpatient hemodialysis was associated with significantly higher crude all-cause mortality, but this association was attenuated after multivariable adjustments. Conclusions: Transition to hemodialysis in an inpatient setting is more common in older and sicker individuals, and in patients without pre-dialysis nephrology care and those who used a catheter for vascular access. Future studies are needed to determine if a higher proportion of patients could start hemodialysis treatment in outpatient clinics, through interventions targeting modifiable risk factors such as timely vascular access placement or earlier nephrology referrals.
Double-Incision Approach and Early Rehabilitation in a Complicated Bicondylar Tibial Plateau Fracture: A Case Report
Authors: Affatato Saverio , Montalti Maurizio , Masetti Claudio , Giardina Federico , Sudanese Alessandra
Published: April 2017

Objective: The main goal of this case was to report the treatment of bicondylar fractures of the tibial plateau and the restoration of the metaphyseo-diaphyseal dissociation. Clinical Presentation and Intervention: A 54-year-old male who was cycling had a road accident that caused a closed fracture of the right tibial plateau and proximal fibula diagnosed by X-rays. The patient underwent surgery and was immobilized with a long-leg splint for 4 weeks. After immobilization, aggressive rehabilitation was done. Progressive quadriceps strengthening, movements to improve symmetrical weight bearing, and functional activities were performed. The patient improved muscle strength and obtained high scores for gait and balance in a relatively short time. Conclusion: In this report, a bicondylar tibial fracture treated with a two-incision approach and a double-plate osteosynthesis provided strong fracture stabilization and thereby allowed an early mobilization with aggressive rehabilitation.