bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Associations between fungal and abiotic leaf spotting and the presence of mlo alleles in barley
Authors: Makepeace J. C. , Oxley S. J. P. , Havis N. D. , Hackett R. , Burke J. I. , Brown J. K. M.
Published: July 2007

The hypothesis that the increased use of the powdery mildew‐resistance gene mlo has caused the increase in spotting diseases of barley over the past 20 years was tested in field trials. Near‐isogenic lines with alleles of the Mlo gene for susceptibility or resistance to mildew in two parental backgrounds were trialled at four sites in Scotland and two in Ireland that were prone to spotting diseases, over 3 consecutive years. Mildew was controlled by sprays with quinoxyfen. Disease levels were low in the trials, the two most important diseases being scald caused by Rhynchosporium secalis and ramularia leaf spot caused by Ramularia collo‐cygni. There were high levels of abiotic spotting. Lines with mutant mlo alleles consistently developed less Rh. secalis and Ra. collo‐cygni, but more abiotic spots. This study indicates that the mlo mildew‐resistance gene has not alone been responsible for the rise in spotting diseases over the past 20 years. Possible reasons for the rise are discussed, including the interaction of the mlo gene with the environment.
Evaluating the monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of Brassolini genera (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae)
Authors: PENZ CARLA M.
Published: July 2007

Abstract This study uses 80 morphological characters and cladistic analysis to evaluate the monophyly and phylogenetic relationships of 18 genera that constitute the butterfly tribe Brassolini. Most characters derive from genitalia, confirming previous generic definitions based mainly on wing characters, and showing that 16 of 18 genera are monophyletic. Mimoblepia Casagrande, syn.n. was subsumed within Opoptera Aurivillius to address the paraphyly of the latter, but resolution of the status of Aponarope Casagrande requires further study. The results suggest that the Brassolini includes six suprageneric groups/clades. Although this study verifies some genus‐level relationships put forward over 100 years ago, some new hypotheses of relationships are proposed. Tracing larval host plant use onto the Brassolini phylogeny indicates that species in this tribe retain the use of Arecaceae and Poaceae from their ‘satyroid’ ancestors.
A RanGAP protein physically interacts with the NB‐LRR protein Rx, and is required for Rx‐mediated viral resistance
Authors: Sacco Melanie A. , Mansoor Shahid , Moffett Peter
Published: July 2007

Race‐specific disease resistance in plants is mediated by the products of host disease resistance (R) genes. Plant genomes possess hundreds of R gene homologs encoding nucleotide‐binding and leucine‐rich repeat (NB‐LRR) proteins. NB‐LRR proteins induce a disease resistance response following recognition of pathogen‐encoded avirulence (Avr) proteins. However, little is known about the general mechanisms by which NB‐LRR proteins recognize Avr proteins or how they subsequently induce defense responses. The Rx NB‐LRR protein of potato confers resistance to potato virus X (PVX). Using a co‐purification strategy, we have identified a Ran GTPase‐activating protein (RanGAP2) as an Rx‐interacting protein. We show by co‐immunoprecipitation that this interaction is mediated in planta through the putative signaling domain at the Rx amino terminus. Overexpression of RanGAP2 results in activation of certain Rx derivatives. Likewise, knocking down RanGAP2 expression in Nicotiana benthamiana by virus‐induced gene silencing compromises Rx‐mediated resistance to PVX. Thus, we have demonstrated a novel role for a RanGAP in the function of a plant disease resistance response.
Predictable males and unpredictable females: sex difference in repeatability of parental care in a wild bird population
Authors: NAKAGAWA S. , GILLESPIE D. O. S. , HATCHWELL B. J. , BURKE T.
Published: July 2007

Repeatability of parental care, let alone heritability of care, has been rarely measured, although there has been much research linking sexual selection to male parental care and also examining biparental care in relation to game theory models. We investigated within‐ and between‐year repeatabilities of incubation and nestling provisioning and how these two types of parental care were related in a sexually dimorphic species, the house sparrow, Passer domesticus. We found that between‐ and within‐year repeatabilities of feeding rate were high in males and low to moderate in females, but that between‐ and within‐year repeatabilities of incubation time were low to moderate in both sexes. Interestingly, the amount of time during which neither sex incubated significantly predicted the subsequent male feeding rate but not the female feeding rate. Our results suggest a need for a new theoretical framework that encompasses variation in the predictability and plasticity of parental investment by individuals.
A comparative genetic approach for the investigation of ageing grey horse melanoma
Authors: Rieder S. , Stricker C. , Joerg H. , Dummer R. , Stranzinger G.
Published: July 2007

Ageing grey horses are particularly susceptible to melanoma. Using segregation analysis, six genetic and nongenetic (environmental) models in two grey horse family groups (n = 71) were compared. The polygenic model still fits the data significantly better than an environmental model, indicating a strong genetic impact on the phenomenon. Pmel17/gp100 and TYRP1/gp75, two genes which are specific for melanocytes, and Cdkn2a/p16 a gene coding for an inhibitor of a cell cycle regulator were partially cloned, sequenced and mapped. Using Northern blotting analysis a striking difference in mRNA expression of Pmel17/gp100 and TYRP1/gp75 was found comparing skin samples of solid‐coloured (normal level) and grey horses (low level) as well as horse melanoma tumour samples (high). Staining of skin samples with antibodies recognizing the product of Pmel17/gp100, confirmed the results of the corresponding Northern blotting analysis. It seems that Pmel17/gp100 and TYRP1/gp75 are involved in progressive greying of horses. No mutation was found in a partial sequence of equine Cdkn2a/p16 analysed so far. Thus, the relation between equine melanoma susceptibility and Cdkn2a/p16 is subject to further investigation.
Lifespan is unrelated to investment in reproduction in populations of mammals and birds in captivity
Authors: Ricklefs Robert E. , Cadena Carlos Daniel
Published: July 2007

We examined the relationship between number of offspring produced to a certain age and subsequent longevity in captive zoo populations of 18 species of mammal and 12 species of bird. The age cut‐offs in each analysis were set to include 50%, 75% and 90% of the offspring produced in each of the population samples. Only one of 68 regressions was significant, and its slope was positive. In addition, we examined the relationship between age at first reproduction up to a certain age and longevity after that age, generally 5 years (3–8), among 17 species of mammal and 12 species of bird. Only one of these regressions had a significantly positive slope, indicating that early reproduction rarely reduces lifespan. Overall, we found no evidence that producing offspring in a zoo environment influences the age at death. Thus, although trade‐offs might apply in natural populations under resource limitation, neither pregnancy, growth of the foetus and lactation in mammals, nor egg production in birds, reduces lifespan in the absence of such stress. If genetically based or other intrinsic antagonistic pleiotropy underlies the evolution of senescence, it was not evident in our analyses.
Long‐term reproductive behaviour of woody plants across seven Bornean forest types in the Gunung Palung National Park (Indonesia): suprannual synchrony, temporal productivity and fruiting diversity
Authors: Cannon Charles H. , Curran Lisa M. , Marshall Andrew J. , Leighton Mark
Published: July 2007

For 68 months, we observed the reproductive behaviour of 7288 woody plants (172 figs, 1457 climbers and 5659 trees) spanning major soil and elevational gradients. Two 2–3 month community‐wide supra‐annual fruiting events were synchronized across five forest types, coinciding with ENSO events. At least 27 genera in 24 families restricted their reproduction to these events, which involved a substantial proportion of tree diversity (> 80% of phylogenetic diversity). During these events, mean reproductive levels (8.5%) represented an almost four‐fold increase compared with other months. These patterns indicate a strong behavioural advantage to this unusual reproductive behaviour. Montane forest experienced a single, separate fruiting peak while the peat swamp forest did not participate. Excluding these events, no temporal reproductive pattern was detectible, at either the landscape or forest type. These phenological patterns have major implications for the conservation of frugivore communities, with montane and swamp forests acting as ‘keystone’ forests.
Applying population‐genetic models in theoretical evolutionary epidemiology
Authors: Day Troy , Gandon Sylvain
Published: July 2007

Much of the existing theory for the evolutionary biology of infectious diseases uses an invasion analysis approach. In this Ideas and Perspectives article, we suggest that techniques from theoretical population genetics can also be profitably used to study the evolutionary epidemiology of infectious diseases. We highlight four ways in which population‐genetic models provide benefits beyond those provided by most invasion analyses: (i) they can make predictions about the rate of pathogen evolution; (ii) they explicitly draw out the mechanistic way in which the epidemiological dynamics feed into evolutionary change, and thereby provide new insights into pathogen evolution; (iii) they can make predictions about the evolutionary consequences of non‐equilibrium epidemiological dynamics; (iv) they can readily incorporate the effects of multiple host dynamics, and thereby account for phenomena such as immunological history and/or host co‐evolution.
Hexavalent uranium supports growth of Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans and Geobacter spp. with lower than predicted biomass yields
Authors: Sanford Robert A. , Wu Qingzhong , Sung Youlboong , Thomas Sara H. , Amos Benjamin K. , Prince Emily K. , Löffler Frank E.
Published: July 2007

The stimulation of bacteria capable of reducing soluble U(VI) to sparingly soluble U(IV) is a promising approach for containing U(VI) plumes. Anaeromyxobacter dehalogenans is capable of mediating this activity; however, its ability to couple U(VI) reduction to growth has not been established. Monitoring the increase in 16S rRNA gene copy numbers using quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR) in cultures provided with U(VI) as an electron acceptor demonstrated growth, and 7.7–8.6 × 106 cells were produced per μmole of U(VI) reduced. This biomass yield was lower than predicted based on the theoretical free energy changes associated with U(VI)‐to‐U(IV) reduction. Lower than predicted growth yields with U(VI) as electron acceptor were also determined in cultures of Geobacter lovleyi and Geobacter sulfurreducens suggesting that U(VI) reduction is inefficient or imposes an additional cost to growing cells. These findings have implications for U(VI) bioremediation because Anaeromyxobacter spp. and Geobacter spp. contribute to radionuclide immobilization in contaminated subsurface environments.
Genome structure impacts molecular evolution at the AvrLm1 avirulence locus of the plant pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans
Authors: Gout Lilian , Kuhn Marie Line , Vincenot Lucie , Bernard‐Samain Sylvie , Cattolico Laurence , Barbetti Martin , Moreno‐Rico Onésimo , Balesdent Marie‐Hélène , Rouxel Thierry
Published: July 2007

Leptosphaeria maculans, a dothideomycete fungus causing stem canker on oilseed rape, develops gene‐for‐gene interactions with its host plants. It has the ability to rapidly adapt to selection pressure exerted by cultivars harbouring novel resistance genes as exemplified recently by the 3‐year evolution towards virulence at the AvrLm1 locus in French populations. The AvrLm1 avirulence gene was recently cloned and shown to be a solo gene within a 269 kb non‐coding, heterochromatin‐like region. Here we describe the sequencing of the AvrLm1 genomic region in one avirulent and two virulent isolates to investigate the molecular basis of evolution towards virulence at the AvrLm1 locus. For these virulent isolates, the gain of virulence was linked to a 260 kb deletion of a chromosomal segment spanning AvrLm1 and deletion breakpoints were identical or similar. Among the 460 isolates analysed from France, Australia and Mexico, a similar large deletion was apparent in > 90% of the virulent isolates. Deletion breakpoints were also strongly conserved in most of the virulent isolates, which led to the hypothesis that a unique deletion event leading to the avrLm1 virulence has diffused in pathogen populations. These data finally suggest that retrotransposons are key drivers in genome evolution and adaptation to novel selection pressure in L. maculans.
Reconsidering the role of the primary special educational needs co‐ordinator: policy, practice and future priorities
Authors: Szwed Christine
Published: July 2007

This article considers the impact of recent policy designed to define the roles and responsibilities of special educational needs co‐ordinators (SENCos). The international drive towards the inclusion of children with special educational needs within the mainstream has led many schools to reconsider their structures and practices. In the UK, the SENCo role lies at the heart of these structures and the Government has sought to define this role both within a revised Code of Practice for special educational needs and in a set of national standards. In this article, Christine Szwed, Director of Studies for Initial Teacher Education at the University of Birmingham, reports the findings of a survey examining the context of SENCo role management within a group of primary schools. The findings indicate that the role cannot be generalisd and that SENCos are operating in increasingly complex contexts within very different management structures. Christine Szwed argues that, to be effective, SENCos must be enabled to work at a whole‐school level and that the co‐ordination of special needs is a development issue for the whole staff.
Assessing the social and affective outcomes of inclusion
Authors: Frederickson Norah , Simmonds Elizabeth , Evans Lynda , Soulsby Chris
Published: July 2007

The systematic assessment of the social and affective outcomes of inclusion has been lagging behind the assessment of academic outcomes. This is particularly problematic in view of research evidence supporting concerns about peer rejection and bullying. In this article, Norah Frederickson and Elizabeth Simmonds, of University College London, and Lynda Evans and Chris Soulsby, from Foxwood Special School, report their evaluation of the social and affective outcomes of a special‐ mainstream school inclusion initiative that places particular emphasis on peer preparation. Measures completed by pupils were used to assess peer group inclusion, social behaviour, bullying and feelings of belonging at school. Results showed that pupils who had transferred from special to mainstream schools experienced positive social outcomes and none experienced peer group rejection. However, results were less positive for mainstream pupils with special educational needs and the authors discuss possibilities for development. Trends in peer reports of bullying suggest that there is no room for complacency and that ongoing monitoring is required.
Estimating the Consequences of Unintended Fertility for Child Health and Education in Romania: An Analysis Using Twins Data*
Authors: Glick Peter J. , Marini Alessandra , Sahn David E.
Published: July 2007

We use the natural experiment of twins at first birth to estimate the effects of unplanned fertility on the nutritional status and school enrolment of children in Romania, a country with a unique fertility history. A first‐birth twins shock has negative impacts on children's human capital investments, particularly for later‐born siblings. We infer that harsh pronatalist policies prior to the 1989 Revolution had adverse consequences for the human capital of Romanian children, and that policies to make fertility control easier will have significant positive impacts on children's health and schooling.
Foreign Aid and Market‐Liberalizing Reform
Authors: HECKELMAN JAC C. , KNACK STEPHEN
Published: July 2007

Market‐oriented economic policies have been strongly linked to faster rates of economic growth. Foreign aid is often provided in part to encourage market‐oriented reforms. We analyse the impact of aid on market‐liberalizing policy reform, correcting for its potential endogeneity. Results indicate that higher aid slowed reform over the 1980–2000 period, as measured by a broad index of policies. Disaggregating policy into five areas, aid is associated with slower reform in some policy areas but not in others. Disaggregating by decade, the adverse impact of aid on policy reform is much more pronounced for the 1980s than for the 1990s.
Evaluation of the use of dried spots and of different storage conditions of plasma for HIV‐1 RNA quantification
Authors: Amellal B , Katlama C , Calvez V
Published: July 2007

Objectives

The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of dried plasma spots to determine HIV‐1 RNA viral loads.

Methods

The viral loads of 30 liquid plasma samples were compared with those of corresponding dried plasma spots on filter paper (DPS‐FP) and in tubes (DPS‐T), both of which were left for 7 days at 22°C. Also, 10 liquid plasma samples with detectable viral load were stored at 4, 22 or 37°C for 7 days and five further liquid plasma samples were air‐dried for up to 54 h to assess the effects of temperature and the drying step on HIV‐1 viral load.

Results

The viral loads of the 30 liquid plasma samples correlated significantly with those of the paired dried spots DPS‐FP and DPS‐T, but with median losses of 0.64 and 0.69 log10 HIV‐1 RNA copies/mL, respectively, and a limit of detection of 3 log10 copies/mL. The 10 liquid plasma samples stored for 1 week at 37°C showed a weaker correlation and had a significantly reduced median viral load (–0.92 log10; P=0.005) when compared with the viral load of the matched plasma stored at −80°C. Most of the loss happened during the drying step.

Conclusions

Reliable measurement of HIV‐1 RNA viral load requires good plasma storage conditions. HIV RNA stability was affected by desiccation and 1 week of storage at 37°C. However, our findings suggest that liquid plasma can be kept at 4 or 22°C for a week with no effect on viral load.
HIV forensics: pitfalls and acceptable standards in the use of phylogenetic analysis as evidence in criminal investigations of HIV transmission*
Authors: Bernard EJ , Azad Y , Vandamme AM , Weait M , Geretti AM
Published: July 2007

Background

Phylogenetic analysis – the study of the genetic relatedness between HIV strains – has recently been used in criminal prosecutions as evidence of responsibility for HIV transmission. In these trials, the expert opinion of virologists has been of critical importance.

Pitfalls

Phylogenetic analysis of HIV gene sequences is complex and its findings do not achieve the levels of certainty obtained with the forensic analysis of human DNA. Although two individuals may carry HIV strains that are closely related, these will not necessarily be unique to the two parties and could extend to other persons within the same transmission network.

Acceptable standards

For forensic purposes, phylogenetic analysis should be conducted under strictly controlled conditions by laboratories with relevant expertise applying rigorous methods. It is vitally important to include the right controls, which should be epidemiologically and temporally relevant to the parties under investigation. Use of inappropriate controls can exaggerate any relatedness between the virus strains of the complainant and defendant as being strikingly unique. It will be often difficult to obtain the relevant controls. If convenient but less appropriate controls are used, interpretation of the findings should be tempered accordingly.

Conclusions

Phylogenetic analysis cannot prove that HIV transmission occurred directly between two individuals. However, it can exonerate individuals by demonstrating that the defendant carries a virus strain unrelated to that of the complainant. Expert witnesses should acknowledge the limitations of the inferences that might be made and choose the correct language in both written and verbal testimony.
Optical coherence tomography in optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis: a review
Authors: Kallenbach K. , Frederiksen J.
Published: July 2007

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a new noninvasive high‐resolution method that measures the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. An overview of the use in optic neuritis (ON) and multiple sclerosis (MS) is presented. Literature survey of PubMed was carried out. RNFL thickness in eyes of healthy control subjects was 102.9–111.11 μm, in eyes affected by ON 59.79–85 μm, and in fellow eyes 82.73–99.8 μm. All studies found a significant reduction in RNFL in eyes affected by ON compared with fellow eyes and eyes of healthy controls. Two out of three studies found a significant reduction in RNFL in fellow eyes compared with control eyes. RNFL thickness correlated with visual acuity, visual field, low‐contrast letter acuity, contrast sensitivity, and color vision. Correlations were also found with the optic nerve area evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging, neurologic impairment score, and increasing disease duration. One of two studies found a significant correlation with amplitudes of visual evoked potentials, neither correlated with latencies. OCT is a promising new tool for evaluating atrophy in patients with ON and MS.
Intrathecal IgM‐synthesis does not correlate with the risk of relapse in patients with a primary demyelinating event
Authors: Schneider R. , Euler B. , Rauer S.
Published: July 2007

The objective of this study was to investigate, whether the presence of oligoclonal immunoglobulin M bands (IgM‐OCB) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS), which is suggestive for the first clinical manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS), anticipates the risk of a relapse during a retrospective study period of 21–106 months (mean 60 ± 25). A relapse would lead to the diagnosis of clinically definite MS. Paired CSF and serum samples from 42 patients with a CIS and positive intrathecal IgG‐synthesis were tested retrospectively for IgM‐OCB, which are exclusively present in CSF, but not in the corresponding serum. Isoelectric focusing and affinity blot were used and clinical follow‐up was based on telephone interviews. IgM‐OCB were found in the CSF from 31 of 42 patients (74%). There was no correlation between the presence of IgM‐OCB, the number of such bands or the IgM‐Index on the one hand and the risk of a relapse during the follow‐up in the cohort studied, on the other hand. These data do not support the idea that the presence of IgM‐OCB in CSF might predict an unfavourable course in MS.
Comorbidity of Migraine and Headache Associated With Sexual Activity
Authors: Biehl K , Evers S , Frese A
Published: July 2007

In order to investigate the comorbidity of migraine and headache associated with sexual activity (HSA), we performed a case-control study based on migraine patients. By means of a questionnaire and a personal interview, 100 migraine patients and 100 control subjects were examined regarding a diagnosis of HSA. In five subjects from the migraine group vs. none from the control group, a diagnosis of HSA could be established ( P = 0.021). Previous studies that have demonstrated comorbidity of migraine and HSA were all based on HSA patients. Thus, it can now be concluded that the association between the two headache disorders is bilateral. In addition, the prevalence of HSA in the general population can be estimated to average around at least 0.9%, which concurs with previously published data.
Migraine and Ischaemic Heart Disease and Stroke: Potential Mechanisms and Treatment Implications
Authors: Gretchen E , Tietjen MD
Published: July 2007

The migraine-ischemia relationship is best understood in the context of the pathophysiology of migraine. Potential mechanisms of migrainous infarction (stroke occurring during migraine) include vasospasm, hypercoagulability, and vascular changes related to cortical spreading depression. Stroke occurring remote for the migraine attack may be related to arterial dissection, cardioembolism, and endothelial dysfunction. Endothelial dysfunction, a process mediated by oxidative stress, may be a cause or a consequence of migraine, and explain the relationship of migraine to vascular factors and ischemic heart disease. It remains uncertain whether stroke or myocardial infarction can be prevented by migraine prophylaxis, endothelial repair, platelet inhibition, or a combination of these strategies. Although triptans are generally considered safe for use in migraine, caution is warranted in those with multiple vascular risk factors. Known vascular disease is a contraindication to triptan use.
THE CONTRIBUTION OF CONFLICT ANALYSIS TO HOME MANAGEMENT THEORY
Authors: Busby Bernard
Published: July 2007

It is the contention of this paper that home management should have its own distinctive conceptual framework and that it should concern itself not only with the ideal organization of the home, but also with actual home management practices. Systems theory, because it is a coordinating model based on cooperative relationships, does not provide the basis for an adequate conceptual framework. Home management theory must include concepts such as conflict, power, authority and ideology if it is to understand and to change existing home management practices.
PERCEIVED RISK AND CONSUMER DECISION MAKING
Authors: STAMPFL RONALD W.
Published: July 2007

The home economist has long been interested in effective family and consumer decision making and has tended to take a holistic or macro approach to decision theory. Recently, some applications of normative decision theory to consumer decision making—including the creation of rules for dealing with risk and uncertainty—have been advanced in home management textbooks. Since the early 1960s, consumer behaviour researchers in other disciplines have been developing a behavioural, micro‐decision perspective centring upon the presence of perceived risk in the purchase decision of any customer. The empirical literature in home economics does not appear to have dealt with either of these perspectives. This paper identifies perceived risk as a useful analytical variable in the study of consumer product and store decisions and presents empirical data depicting the dual components of perceived risk and its four dimensions. The relationship of the normative and behavioural approaches to decision risk is discussed and implications for future research and application in home economics are identified.
CONSUMER REPRESENTATIVES ON THE BOARDS OF NATIONALIZED INDUSTRIES
Authors: JONES T. T.
Published: July 2007

The paper examines the nature and role of the boards of nationalized industries and arguments for consumer representatives to serve on them. It concludes in favour of consumer representation and argues that consumer councils should develop and publish consumer audits for their industry as this would both support the work of consumer board members and enhance the role of the councils as defenders of the consumer interest.
SOME RECENT RESEARCH INTO HOME HEATING
Authors: PIMBERT S. L. , FISHMAN D. S.
Published: July 2007

As part of an investigation into the performance of heating systems and the effectiveness of energy saving measures, temperatures have been monitored in forty centrally heated homes.

The addition of extra insulation had no effect on the way people operated their heating system or on the temperature level set in the main living room. However, bedrooms were warmer and the importance of individual room temperature controls demonstrated.

Differences between people's thermal requirements in domestic and office environments are considered.
THE SOCIETY OF ARTS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY II. THE WORK OF THE FUEL ECONOMY COMMITTEE AND THE SECOND DOMESTIC ECONOMY CONGRESS
Authors: DANIELS CHRISTINE E. J. , BAYLISS ROBERT A.
Published: July 2007

The Society of Arts in the 1870s joined in the national debate about fuel economy, and continued its interest in varied educational and environmental issues. Two aspects of these interests were the work of the Fuel Economy Committee and the Second Domestic Economy Congress.
IMPACT OF INCOME AND WIFE'S EDUCATION ON FAMILY CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES
Authors: ABDEL‐GHANY MOHAMED , FOSTER ANN C.
Published: July 2007

Data from the 1972–73 Consumer Expenditure Surveys were used to investigate whether wife's education influences family expenditure once the effects of income and other factors are taken into account. The double‐log function was used in the multiple regression analysis of fifteen consumption expenditure categories. Education and income elasticities were also compared. Wife's education was influential in determining family consumption expenditures even after taking family income and other factors into account.
ELDERLY CONSUMER DECISIONAL PROCESSES AND PUBLIC POLICY
Authors: McGHEE JERRIE L.
Published: July 2007

The growing proportion of elderly consumers in the United States and western European countries suggests that public policy makers should direct increased attention to the information needs of this group. In this paper, a review of multi‐disciplinary research reveals differences in the way that consumers of various ages process information, engage in risk‐taking behaviour, seek out consumer information, and view business practices. These findings have major implications for the formulation of governmental information policies designed to benefit the elderly consumer. Besides indicating directions for additional research throughout, this paper concludes with recommendations for methodological improvements in further studies of this important subject.
PRICES IN LARGE AND SMALL COOPERATIVES
Authors: SOMMER ROBERT , HOHN WILLIAM
Published: July 2007

To test whether small cooperatives can offset economies of scale through volunteer labour inputs, prices charged at five small coops using volunteers and five large coop branches with paid staff were compared with prices at nearby commercial supermarkets. There were more low prices at the smaller coops than at the larger coops and coop shoppers received best values on whole and unprocessed foods and the least price benefits for processed and convenience foods. In interpreting these results, the lesser amount of convenience, the limited product selection, and the work requirement at the smaller cooperatives must be considered.
HOME LAUNDERING PART I. AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LAUNDERING SOILED TEXTILES
Authors: CARTY PETER
Published: July 2007

The washing performance of a popular U.K. detergent product has been evaluated at two different temperatures. The results are discussed in terms of potential energy savings which can be achieved by washing at cooler temperatures and the acceptability of the clean laundry as determined by a panel of consumers.
SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF FOOD BEHAVIOUR: AN ANALYSIS OF RECENT TRENDS IN BRITAIN
Authors: HORNSBY‐SMITH MICHAEL P.
Published: July 2007

The paper reviews post‐war trends in food consumption in Britain based on an analysis of the annual National Food Surveys. Long‐term trends are distinguished from the consequences of short‐term shortages and changing welfare and subsidy policies. The data are used in particular to illustrate the interaction between social class and family size effects. In the second half of the paper emergent food trends are considered in the light of three sets of factors: economic and political, technological, and social and cultural. It is concluded that food behaviour is fundamentally a social phenomenon imbued with cultural significance and meaning, and reflecting traditional beliefs and values and dominant power differentials both within families and between different social groups.
SENSORY COMPARISON OF PREPARED FROZEN VEGETABLES PROCESSED BY MICROWAVE AND CONVENTIONAL METHODS OF BLANCHING
Authors: LANE RALPH H. , BOSCHUNG MILLA D. , ABDEL‐GHANY MOHAMED
Published: July 2007

Four vegetables (green beans, yellow squash, purple hull peas, and mustard greens) were processed for freezing by steam, hot water, and microwave blanching. Blanched vegetables were chilled, packaged and stored at – 18°C for 3 months. Each vegetable was prepared and subjected to quantitative descriptive analysis and preference testing by a trained eight‐member panel. The effects on texture, colour and flavour are described.
AESTHETIC RULES IN WOMEN'S APPAREL: EMPIRICAL FACT OR FANTASY
Authors: LOWE ELIZABETH D.
Published: July 2007

Aesthetic rules derived from ancient Greece abound in college textbooks used in modern apparel design and selection courses. This study attempted to evaluate these aesthetic rules empirically. Based on measurements of six persistent features (skirt length, waist length, décolletage length, skirt width, waist width, décolletage width) of women's evening apparel from 1926 to 1980, the distribution of frequencies for each dress dimension was not uniform but demonstrated a preferred value or region. Likewise, not all physically possible values for the dyadic relationships were uniformly observed. Findings of this study indicated that considerable latitude was demonstrated by designers in their interpretations of aesthetic rules. Yet an underlying order emerged. Some of this order can be attributed to existing design principles, but in several cases the sheer magnitude of the discrepancy between what is taught as good design and empirical reality suggests that certain aesthetic rules may need to be rephrased.
COMPARING APPLES AND ORANGES
Authors: SOMMER ROBERT
Published: July 2007

Considering its importance to the consumer, price is a relatively neglected variable in the technical consumer literature. The neglect is attributed to the inability of researchers to ensure the equivalency of comparison items or the apple‐and‐orange question. The argument is made that price comparisons of non‐equivalent items are valid and appropriate when the investigator assesses different retail outlets which promote different products, examines common elements found in different products, or compares groups of consumers with different buying preferences.
WATERLESS COOKING – INFLUENCE ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND NUTRIENT RETENTION
Authors: MARTINSEN C. S. , OSTRANDER J. G.
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to measure the energy requirements of cooking vegetables in a minimal amount of water (‘waterless’) versus the conventional method of cooking vegetables and to determine the retention of certain vitamins and minerals. The vegetables used were potatoes (tubers), peas (legumes), carrots (roots), and cabbage (leaves). Nutrients analysed were ascorbic acid, thiamin, riboflavin, iron, zinc, and magnesium.
Bibliometric analysis of the Journal of Consumer Studies and Home Economics, 1977–1983
Authors: LEEEBVRE VERNA M. , FETTERMAN NELMA I.
Published: July 2007

Two questions formed the structure for examining the formal communication among researchers using the Journal of Consumer Studies and Home Economics (JCSHE) The first question pertained to the interrelationship between the literature published and cited in JCSHE. The second asked what impact the literature published in JCSHE had on authors publishing in other journals. By performing Bradford analysis using the 1,160 journal references cited by authors of 210 articles in the first seven volumes of JCSHE, 26 core journals were identified. JCSHE was ranked second because it was cited 54 times in 37 articles by 29 authors. Through citation analysis 17 citing articles published in 12 journals other than JCSHE were found. Seven of these 17 citing articles were published in other home economics journals.
Relationship of wash/rinse water temperatures to soil removal
Authors: MORRIS M. A. , PRATO H. H.
Published: July 2007

Samples of cotton, polyester and nylon fabrics were soiled by application of synthetic sebum and clay and then laundered at various combinations of hot, warm and cold wash and rinse water temperatures. The temperature of the rinse water did not affect the amount of soil removed from the fabrics. More soil was generally removed with hot wash water than with warm or cold water. The soil was more readily removed from the nylon than from the cotton or polyester fabrics. All wash/rinse treatments removed soil to a level that would probably be acceptable to most consumers.
A study of the effects of repeated commercial launderings on the performance of 50/50 polyester/cotton momie cloth
Authors: WILCOCK A. E. , VAN DELDEN E. L.
Published: July 2007

Samples of brown 50% polyester/50% cotton momie cloth with a fluorocarbon finish were commercially laundered using a carbonate‐built detergent in soft (0 ppm) water. The appearance of the laundered samples was assessed by subjective pilling ratings and instrumental colour determinations; the performance properties examined were tear and tensile strength, abrasion resistance and ability to release oil. The results showed that pilling was at its maximum after 20 launderings. The depth of colour decreased with increased number of cycles and, in most cases, was not accompanied by change of hue Tear and tensile strength were not affected by the laundering process. The fluorocarbon finish on the unlaundered control increased the weight loss due to Accelerator abrasion, thus that due to repeated launderings was significantly less. The finish protected the fibres from flex abrasion, increasing the number of cycles required to rupture the fabric and only the sample laundered 60 times had significantly greater resistance. The ability to release oil decreased with increased number of launderings. Oil remaining in the fabric was located in the interstices between yarns.
Elderly women's clothing: acquisition, fit and alterations of ready‐to‐wear garments
Authors: HOGGE VIVIAN E. , BAER MARGARET M.
Published: July 2007

The major objective of this research was to determine the clothing needs of elderly women. An interview schedule was developed to elicit information about specific clothing needs, including acquisition, fitting problems and garment alterations. Data were obtained from 150 women residing in northern Colorado. The subjects were grouped into three age categories: 30–64, 65–74, and 75 and over. Findings indicated that most women purchased ready‐to‐wear garments which sometimes required alterations. The most frequent alteration needed was shortening the skirt length. It was noted that with increasing age, women became less aware of needed alterations for proper fit. Elderly women did not perceive a need for garment alterations if they thought the garment was attractive and felt comfortable.
Household production: beyond the economic perspective
Authors: RETTIG KATHRYN D.
Published: July 2007

The effects on the family of an environment which places high value on economic productivity are considered. The paper emphasizes the importance of the social productivity of families, the management processes which contribute to improvements in economic and social productivity, and the importance of maintaining the social‐psychological perspective in family economics. The discussion outlines the resource and value contexts in which household production and its resulting family productivity are evaluated, the various dimensions of family productivity, and the integrative management processes which mobilize resources for conscious achievement of desired quality of life. Social productivity differs from economic productivity in its emphasis on the development of human resources attributes, effectiveness rather than efficiency, process more than product, quality more than quantity, and group rather than individual orientation. The innovative, creative problem‐solving process is contrasted to the economic decision process by application to the role and value conflict situations and divergent problems in families. The importance of going beyond the economic perspective of household production in understanding family productivity is essential for scholars of the family.
Wife's employment and family expenditures
Authors: FOSTER ANN C.
Published: July 2007

Data from the 1980–81 Consumer Expenditure Survey were used to examine the influence of wife's employment on spending on non‐durable goods and time‐saving services. Multiple regression analysis indicated that, except for personal care services, expenditure levels differed between working‐wife and non‐working‐wife families. Other independent variables, however, were more influential in determining expenditure than was wife's employment status.
An investigation into some aspects of the efficiency of low‐temperature laundering
Authors: CUNLIFFE VANESSA , GEE RICHARD , AINSWORTH PAUL
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this research was to investigate the efficiency of laundering at low and recommended water temperatures using a heavy‐duty biological detergent and a low‐temperature detergent. The effectiveness of the process was measured in terms of the degree of stain/soil removal from laundered garments, and in the removal and transfer of bacteria from infected test pieces. The results indicate that with both detergents a reduction in washing efficiency occurs as the temperature of laundering is decreased, except when the difference between the recommended and low water temperature is small. Evidence was also obtained that shows that reducing wash temperatures decreases the degree of disinfection and increases the cross‐infection of articles washed in the same load.
Apparel sizing solutions for an ageing problem
Authors: HORRIDGE PATRICIA E. , WOODSON ELEANOR M.
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate apparel sizing needs of women 65 years or older. Girth, vertical, width and length body measurements were taken from a computerized Body Graph Measuring Device placed on 104 participants. Findings showed significant differences between sample, and PS 42–70 and commercial basic pattern measurements in three of four sizing systems identified. In all differences, 65‐plus measurements were larger. Bust girth, abdominal extension and base of armscye girth measurements with height were acceptable sizing predictors for bodice, skirt and sleeve, respectively.
Social class: a multivariate analysis of its effect on expenditures for household services
Authors: WAGNER JANET , LUCERO‐CAMPINS LAURA
Published: July 2007

Multivariate statistical techniques were used to explore two major conceptual issues in consumer behaviour research involving social class: (1) the importance of income, as compared to social class, in determining household behaviour, and (2) the effect of the status of wives on the behaviour of their households. A subsample of expenditure data, collected from 5,994 husband‐wife families, as part of the 1973 Consumer Expenditure Survey, was used in the analysis. The dependent variable was expenditures for household services. The independent variables included total consumption expenditures (a proxy for income), the status of the wife, the status of the husband, family type, location, and characteristics of the dwelling. The results of an Ordinary Least Squares regression procedure demonstrated that total consumption expenditures were the most important variable in determining expenditures for household services. The size of the effect of the status of the wife was comparable to that of the status of the husband. In both cases, the effect was significant but small.
The disinfectant action of low‐temperature laundering
Authors: DAVIS SARAH , AINSWORTH PAUL
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this research was to investigate the disinfectant action of a heavy‐duty biological detergent at low and recommended washing temperatures. The effectiveness of the process was measured in terms of the removal, transfer and destruction of bacteria from infected test pieces. The results indicate that reducing the washing temperature decreases the degree of disinfection and increases the cross‐infection of any articles washed in the same load. Evidence is also obtained that shows that the presence of detergent is more important than the washing temperature for disinfectant action.
Characteristics of teenage food advertisements in Finland
Authors: PRÄTTÄLÄ RITVA , ROOS GUN
Published: July 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate which foods were directly advertised to Finnish teenagers and to analyse the information given about the ingredients, the role of health and pleasure and the activities and milieus in the advertisements. In order to shed light on the socio‐cultural context, two successful advertisements; one for Coca‐Cola and one for milk, were described in detail. Eighty‐nine food advertisements published in Finnish youth magazines, and 116 television‐spots shown in 1983 were subjected to content analysis.

Typical food advertisements aimed at teenagers were for soft drinks, chocolates, can‐dies, and milk. These contained little information on ingredients and this was often misleading. Health claims were rare, whereas good flavour was emphasized. In the advertisements young people exercised, danced or drove motor vehicles distant from their everyday living environment. They enjoyed the refreshing power of nature, did not go to school or eat ordinary meals, but took soft drinks and chocolates for strength and energy.

The advertisements emphasized the pleasures of eating and skillfully associated the foods with teenage life‐style. Due to the absence of an urban tradition the ‘American dream’ presented in movies, popular music, and advertising is accepted in Finland. In a successful milk advertisement the combination of Finnish agricultural milieu with American music created a positive response among teenagers.
Investigations into the factors influencing the choice and consumption of milk and milk products in Malaŵi
Authors: BANDA J. W. , PHIRI C. D.
Published: July 2007

Questionnaires were administered to 163 individuals to determine the factors which influence the choice and consumption of milk and milk products among consumers in three socio‐economic groups within Lilongwe, the capital city of Malai. Another set of questionnaires was sent to 206 individuals in Salima area to assess the factors that limit the consumption of goat and sheep milk in comparison with cow milk.

Whole pasteurized cow milk was the product most frequently purchased due to its flavour, taste and lower price as compared to other products. Generally, the study indicated that incomes and product prices are the most important factors influencing the choice and consumption of cow milk and milk products. Milk intolerance seems to play a very minor role. Unavailability of particular products at a particular time when the product is wanted also poses a problem. With regard to goat and sheep milk, unavailability is the major problem influencing the consumption, followed by the fact that it is not traditional to milk and consume goat and sheep milk.
The effect of detergents on fabric handle
Authors: TINSLEY ALISON , BYRNE MICHAEL , FRITZ ANNE
Published: July 2007

The effect of detergent products on fabric handle was investigated by means of consumer responses. The use of a semantic differential grid enabled responses to be compared to an ‘Ideal’ handle. Differences were obtained between the products and evidence was obtained which suggests that the judgements on the semantic differential grid provide a valid estimate of the way people make judgements about the overall handle of towels.