bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Greywater irrigation: challenges and opportunities.
Authors: Redwood M.
Published: January 2009

There is a growing body of work on greywater (GW) that is driven by the need to find solutions for increasing water scarcity and poverty. Most of the work has approached GW cautiously, emphasizing health risks and fearfulness that its use causes more problems than solutions. The literature suggests that the impact of GW on the environment is closely related to its source, how it is handled and what is its end use. Proper management implies that solutions must be linked with how the greywater should be used cost-effectively. An analysis of GW policy suggests that greywater can be easily managed with commonsense solutions such as avoiding direct contact, avoiding spray irrigation and through some simple irrigation techniques. It is also useful to see greywater as a poverty-reduction strategy, since its impact on macro-level water scarcity is negligible. Further research on economic costs and benefits and the longer-term environmental impacts are needed, but this should not stop reasonable and simple incentives for GW use from being put into place now.
Potential of LAMP for detection of plant pathogens.
Authors: Tomlinson J. , Boonham N.
Published: January 2009

Accurate detection of plant pathogens is a crucial step in the process of disease management. Methods based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have advantages of sensitivity and specificity that make them valuable tools for pathogen detection, but a number of drawbacks to these methods prevent their use in some circumstances. In particular, the cost and complexity of the thermal cycling equipment required for PCR restricts the use of these methods mainly to centralized facilities. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a method for the detection of specific nucleic acid sequences and has the potential to overcome many of the limitations of PCR-based methods. The ability of LAMP to amplify a target nucleic acid sequence under isothermal conditions eliminates the need for thermal cycling equipment, allowing testing to be carried out with minimal equipment (a water bath or heated block). Furthermore, simplified methods for the detection of amplification products facilitate the use of LAMP-based methods in the field or in less well-resourced settings. This paper reviews the reports to date of plant pathogen detection using LAMP; highlights the features that make LAMP well suited to applications such as field testing; and explores some recent advances that point to the broader potential for LAMP-based methods to be used in novel phytodiagnostic solutions.
Implications of cytoplasmic male-sterility systems for development and deployment of pest resistant hybrids in cereals.
Authors: Dhillon M. K. , Sharma H. C. , Smith C. M.
Published: January 2009

The world population is increasing at an alarming rate, and there is a continued need to increase crop productivity to meet the food requirements. To meet the ever-increasing demand for food, cytoplasmic male-sterility (CMS) has been successfully exploited to develop hybrids for increasing crop production worldwide. However, large-scale cultivation of crop hybrids based on a single source of CMS may pose a serious challenge to sustainable crop production because of decreasing genetic diversity. This review analyses the potential for exploitation of different CMS systems for hybrid production, effects of CMS on various agronomic traits, and expression of resistance to insect pests and diseases in high-yielding hybrids of sorghum, maize, pearl millet, rice, wheat, and barley. Considerable information has been generated on the effects of CMS on physiology, yield, and agronomic characteristics of the plant. However, there is limited information on the effects of CMS on expression of resistance to insect pests and diseases. The available information indicates that the CMS lines are more susceptible to insect pests and diseases, and large-scale cultivation of hybrids based on a single source of CMS might result in pest outbreaks because of narrow genetic base. Therefore, there is a continuing need to evaluate various CMS systems in different genetic backgrounds for their effects on cultivar susceptibility to insect pests and diseases to develop strategies for large-scale deployment of pest-resistant hybrids on farmer's fields. Genetically engineered insect-resistant CMS lines can also be exploited to diversify the hybrid parents for sustainable crop production.
Social, economic and livelihood dimensions of wastewater use in agriculture.
Authors: Wolff H. P.
Published: January 2009

The use of wastewater in agricultural production is a common practice of increasing relevance in both developing and industrialized countries. Results from research in a multitude of locations indicate that effects on economic and social parameters exceed the direct impacts of an additional resource for production and hazards from pollution. The characteristics of wastewater as an element in natural and man-made systems may have implications along the chain from the decision to allocate wastewater to the agricultural sector up to the level of markets for agricultural products. The actual occurrence of such implications depends on the interaction of a number of factors, which go considerably beyond the type and level of water contaminants. Conditions of farming systems as well as the knowledge, perception and attitude of involved stakeholders and decision-makers are at least as important as the physical and biophysical effects. Social and economic consequences pertain to larger parts of societies, even if impacts on the livelihoods of farmers and their families are the most complex ones. Nearby communities, consumers, owners of land and water resources, as well as bodies that are in charge of handling accruing wastewater and beneficiaries of intangibles from nature are among those who may need consideration in the evaluation of advantages and disadvantages.
Nuts: consumption, composition, health benefits and safety.
Authors: Ros E.
Published: January 2009

Nuts are nutrient-dense foods rich in unsaturated fatty acids; most nuts contain monounsaturated fatty acids, whereas walnuts are rich in both
n
-6 (linoleic acid) and
n
-3 (α-linolenic acid) poly-unsaturated fatty acids. The complex matrices of nuts contain many bioactive compounds: vegetable protein (including L-arginine, the amino acid precursor of nitric oxide the endogenous vasodilator), fibre, minerals, tocopherols and phytochemicals, such as phytosterols and phenolic compounds. By virtue of their unique composition, nuts are likely to beneficially impact health outcomes. Epidemiological studies have consistently associated frequent nut intake with a reduced incidence of coronary heart disease. Decreased rates of sudden cardiac death and diabetes development in association with nut consumption have also been reported. Many small feeding trials have clearly demonstrated that intake of all kinds of nuts has a cholesterol-lowering effect, even in the context of healthy diets. There are emerging evidences that nut consumption has a positive effect on oxidative stress, inflammation and vascular reactivity. Blood pressure, visceral adiposity and the metabolic syndrome also appear to be positively influenced by nut consumption. Thus, it is clear that nuts beneficially impact cardiovascular risk factors beyond cholesterol lowering. Contrary to expectations, epidemiological studies and clinical trials suggest that regular consumption of nuts is unlikely to contribute to obesity or increase the risk of diabetes. Safety concerns are limited to the infrequent occurrence of nut allergy in children. In conclusion, nuts are densely packaged nutrients with wide-ranging cardiovascular and metabolic benefits, which can be readily incorporated into healthy diets.
Transport biofuels - a life-cycle assessment approach.
Authors: Reijnders L.
Published: January 2009

Life-cycle studies of the currently dominant transport biofuels (bioethanol made from starch or sugar and biodiesel made from vegetable oil) show that solar energy conversion efficiency is relatively poor if compared with solar cells and that such biofuels tend to do worse than conventional fossil transport fuels as to the emission of eutrophying and acidifying substances. Life-cycle studies of biofuels show diverging results regarding cumulative fossil-fuel demand and the emission of greenhouse gases. If properly done and when allocation is on the basis of prices, cumulative fossil-fuel demand is relatively high for ethanol currently produced from European grain or US maize and relatively low for palm oil or ethanol from sugarcane. The 'seed-to-wheel' emissions of greenhouse-gases associated with current transport biofuels are often higher than the corresponding life-cycle emissions of conventional fossil fuels. Transport biofuels vary much in their life-cycle emissions of substances that are ecotoxic or contribute to oxidizing smog.
Can GM and organic agriculture coexist?
Authors: Weber W. E.
Published: January 2009

Coexistence between farmers using different crop production systems needs tolerance, since the growing of plants represents an open system and a perfect separation of plant materials between neighbouring fields is not possible. In the case of genetically modified (GM) plants, the situation is complicated, since not only the farmers themselves are involved. To achieve coexistence, accepted threshold values for labelling and distance measures for separation of fields with different cropping systems have been introduced, as well as rules on how to handle problems. Since organic agriculture is only a production system, the same threshold values for organic products are valid as for conventional products. Nevertheless, different minimum distances are prescribed in Germany for GM maize, the only crop for which released varieties exist for that country. Since GM agriculture is allowed only for varieties that have passed all required safety checks, admixture can only have economic consequences as a result of price differences between organic and labelled GM products. The restriction to product prices alone is facilitating coexistence. Nevertheless, it should be kept in mind that there remains a clash in basic thinking and consequent practical implementation between organic farming and conventional and GM farming; this can affect even social relationships between neighbouring farmers. Gene flow can be reduced by increasing the distances between fields, buffer zones, the use of genotypes differing in flowering time and taking wind direction into account. However, environmental factors such as wind cannot be predicted in advance. This restricts the value of modelling environmental factors in order to manage gene flow. Since GM plants behave as other plants, gene flow as an important force of evolution cannot be suppressed completely. However, this is not unique to GM crops.
The Cultural Roots of Kinship Care
Authors: Hegar Rebecca L.
Published: January 2009

The foster placement of children with relatives is one of the oldest traditions in child rearing and the latest phenomena in formal child placement practice. This chapter explores the extent and natural of traditional kinship fostering, motivations for the practice, and existing knowledge about its outcomes. It considers literature on ancient and mythical cultures, Oceania, Africa, and North America. The final section examines the implications of traditional kinship fostering for modern child placement practice.
Formal Kinship Care Practice Models
Authors: Scannapieco Maria
Published: January 2009

This chapter presents the current kinship care service delivery models used by public child welfare institutions. It discusses the current state of practice for children who live with relatives and are involved in the child welfare system. The use of family decision-making meetings, caregiver support groups, and the need for differential assessment are highlighted.
Paradigm Shift
Authors: Jackson Sondra M.
Published: January 2009

This chapter focuses on the training needs of social workers involved in kinship care programs. Child welfare trainers have realized that the traditional foster care training is unable to meet the needs of kinship care practitioners and are seeking alternative curricula. The issues relating to a paradigm shift, the unique training needs of workers in kinship care, the important components of a training program, and child welfare workers' response to kinship care training are discussed.
Kinship Care in the Public Child Welfare System
Authors: Scannapieco Maria
Published: January 2009

This chapter presents a systematic review (SR) of kinship care research. It begins with an explanation of the SR method. The findings of the systematic review are presented in three broad categories: characteristics of children, birth parents, and caregivers; provision of child welfare services while in care; and goals and outcomes of placement. Trends that emerged from the review are discussed.
The Adult Functioning of Former Kinship and Nonrelative Foster Care Children
Authors: Zuravin Susan J. , Benedict Mary , Stallings Rebecca
Published: January 2009

This chapter reviews findings from research that focused on describing and comparing the young adult functioning of former foster care children and a matched group of adults who had not spent time in foster care; and determining whether the functioning of former kinship foster children differs from that of their nonrelative care counterparts. The methodologies used by these studies are assessed in order to provide direction for future research. The main findings are that, in general, former foster children appear to be less self-sufficient than their nonfoster care counterparts; and that former kin foster care children appear to be more self-sufficient than their nonrelative foster care counterparts.
Kinship Foster Care
Authors: Hegar Rebecca L.
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses the shifts in the dominant paradigm for child placement practice, with emphasis on the rise of kinship foster care. It analyzes the unintended and unforeseen consequences of policy and practice under the newest child placement paradigm. The final sections consider the state of child placement practice in the next century.
Perceptions of the Trainees as Corporate Employees
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson
Published: January 2009

This chapter focuses on the perceptions of the new employees during their initial period of adjustment at the Blue Shield corporate facility. It also discusses ways to smooth the transition from training to employment. These include commitment and clarity regarding the goals of the program, careful coordination between the organizations involved in the process, and appointing a “point person” that the new employees trust and to whom they can share their concerns in confidence.
Innovations for High-Risk Infants
Authors: SINGER LYNN T. , MINNES SONIA , ARENDT ROBERT E.
Published: January 2009

This chapter presents an overview of current interventions aimed at addressing the needs of three groups of high-risk infants: infants born after fetal exposure to maternal substance abuse, infants with chronic illnesses diagnosable in infancy, and pre-term infants with low and very low birth weights. For each subgroup, the population and its associated problems, issues pertaining to practice with these populations, and innovations in practice and/or service delivery are discussed.
Innovations in Adoption
Authors: GROZA VICTOR
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses the different populations of adoptees in the US, including their unique needs and vulnerabilities. It then reviews recent innovations in practice and service delivery, such as the emergence of attachment theory/therapy for improved understanding of adopted children, family centered or family-based adoption practice, increased use of computer technologies and the Internet, and adoption system and child welfare system reforms.
Innovations in Child Welfare
Authors: LITTELL JULIA H. , SCHUERMAN JOHN R.
Published: January 2009

This chapter focuses on a major service delivery innovation in child welfare—the provision of intensive in-home services aimed at keeping families together and preventing out-of-home placement of children. It begins with an overview of vulnerable children served by the child welfare system and then discusses the functioning of this system and issues in child welfare practice. The in-home service delivery model is then discussed. Empirical evidence on the effectiveness of this intervention is reviewed, and implications for practice, policy, and future research are presented.
Innovation in Mental Retardation Services
Authors: BRADDOCK DAVID
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses innovations in mental retardation services over the past thirty years. It begins by discussing the definition, etiology, and prevalence of mental retardation. It then presents a brief historical overview of mental retardation services. It discusses the emergence of supported community living and related innovations. Service delivery innovations for an important subpopulation of those mental retardation—persons who also have behavioral disorders— are considered. Implications for service delivery, policy, and education are presented at the end of the chapter.
Innovation in Practice with Homeless Populations
Authors: LEE JUDITH A. B.
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses innovative programs and practice approaches in working with homeless persons. It begins by identifying the characteristics of the homeless population. It highlights three nonexclusive categories of homeless women as particularly vulnerable subgroups within the homeless population: women with children, women with chronic mental illness. The chapter then presents service delivery innovations such as enriched service emergency shelters, transitional living facilities, and permanent housing with services. It describes the empowerment approach by providing examples of empowerment group work, political activities, and individual- and family-oriented empowerment programs for homeless and formerly homeless men, women, and children in Hartford, Connecticut. Implications for future policy, practice, and research are presented.
Innovative Intervention Approaches for Alzheimer's Disease Caregivers
Authors: COON DAVID W. , SCHULZ RICHARD , ORY MARCIA G.
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses the innovative interventions of a new multisite family caregiver intervention research program entitled Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer's Caregiver Health (REACH). It describes five types of caregiver interventions—individual information and support, group support and family systems, psychoeducational and skill-based, home-based environmental, and enhanced technology systems—that are being testing by the REACH program. A major strength of the REACH project is its use of the same standardized instruments across treatment sites to measure the effects of these interventions. The chapter concludes with a discussion of REACH efforts to tailor its interventions to meet the needs of different populations of family caregivers, and presents recommendations for future studies in caregiver intervention research and service delivery.
Engagement of Nontraditional Settings
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses the engagement and relationship building phase of the framework developed in Chapter 7. Case studies are used to illustrate key practice principles and considerations for work in nontraditional settings. Each stage in the process consists of description of goals, a brief overview, challenges and rewards, and key practice concepts.
Delivery of Services
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses the service delivery phase of the framework developed in Chapter 7. Case studies are used to illustrate key practice principles and considerations for work in nontraditional settings. Each stage in the process consists of description of goals, a brief overview, challenges and rewards, and key practice concepts.
Evaluation
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses the evaluation phase of the framework developed in Chapter 7. Case studies are used to illustrate key practice principles and considerations for work in nontraditional settings. Each stage in the process consists of description of goals, a brief overview, challenges and rewards, and key practice concepts.
Nontraditional Settings: Conceptual, Dimensional, and Services
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

This chapter presents a theoretical foundation from which to understand better the importance of nontraditional settings in community life. It begins with a discussion of the following concepts: social embeddedness, urban sanctuaries, free space, and social and natural support systems. Help-seeking patterns, types of services provided by nontraditional settings, the translation of theory into practice, and principles for collaborative practice are then considered. The four general approaches to identifying, assessing, mapping, engaging and collaborating with nontraditional settings; and staffing and organizational factors are discussed.
Framework for Practice
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

This chapter presents a framework for establishing collaboration within nontraditional settings. The framework has analytical (theoretical) and interactional (political) dimensions, and takes into account the challenges inherent in any form of collaboration between social agencies and nontraditional settings. Viewing collaboration as developmental provides social agencies and nontraditional settings with sufficient time to develop trust and mutual respect.
Mapping
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses the mapping phase of the framework developed in Chapter 7. Case studies are used to illustrate key practice principles and considerations for work in nontraditional settings. Each stage in the process consists of description of goals, a brief overview, challenges and rewards, and key practice concepts.
Smart and Sassy
Authors: Stevens Joyce West
Published: January 2009

This book provides an explanatory model of adolescent development in a social context in order to explicate how meaningful psychosocial identities are constructed. The maturational trajectories of adolescents are fully explored within particular developmental domains. The functional constructs of resilience and risk are utilized to clarify the intersection of social context and emotional-behavioral responses in the lives of Black girls and their families. Based on research findings, the book has a particular ethnic focus; notwithstanding, it offers powerful insight into the developmental issues confronting all adolescents. The book brings together empirical data and case illustrations to theorize about social competence and social assets that promote healthy development. The book argues that developmentally self-relatedness or the lack thereof makes for adaptive or maladaptive social adjustment. Altogether, authoritative foundational knowledge in theology, philosophy and human development underscores theorizations about the complexities of concrete life-experiences. The girls' self-reports are told in their own words. Their visceral language communicates chutzpah, intelligence, courage, and hope. Of import to students of social work, counselling, and psychology will be the book's theoretical composition and the presentation of actual case material all of which provide a knowledge base for the development of critical thinking and intervention skills. Case illustrations feature study questions for reflection and class discussion. A Glossary is provided at the end of the book to capture the meaning of core concepts presented throughout the text.
Care Protective Sensibility and Role Model Formulation
Authors: Joyce West Stevens
Published: January 2009

In this chapter, as in the next two chapters, the developmental domains are linked. The linkages of the domains are such due to their unique compatibility to one another. This chapter and subsequent chapters clarify the developmental tasks of each domain while providing an examination of their paired congruency. The Care Protective Sensibility domain task is to respect and care for others and to be empathic; the Role Model Formulation domain task is to enhance one’s capacity for empathy, to learn from esteemed adults, and to develop a more realistic view of parental figures. It is argued that the maturational tasks of all seven domains operate as organizers of identity and personal meaning systems.
A Foundation for Community Capacity-Enhancement Practice
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

This chapter presents a brief review of several theoretical schools of thought that have direct applicability to community capacity-enhancement practice in an urban environment. Topics discussed include community capacity enhancement, the foundation for community capacity enhancement, and the essential characteristics of a community capacity-enhancement model.
Guiding Principles for Community Capacity-Enhancement Practice
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

Social work practitioners need guiding principles to help them analyze and develop macro interventions. Guiding principles play important roles in helping practitioners decide how practice must be conceptualized and carried out. This chapter presents six key principles that are critical for bringing to fruition all the potential that capacity enhancement is capable of achieving. These principles are: (1) create community participation stressing inter-ethnic-racial relations; (2) adopt and build community spirit as a central goal; (3) systematically build intergenerational activities into interventions; (4) implement interorganizational (formal and informal) collaborative goals; (5) have community capacity enhancement as a central goal; and (6) stress grassroots funding when possible.
Application of the Framework to Practice: Mapping
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses the mapping phase of the community capacity-enhancement framework. Mapping gives practitioners a great deal of flexibility in any given situation because they are able to gather a range of complex information that is not readily available from conventional sources, such as resource directories. Mapping can be used to enhance a community's capacities, which will prove to be an essential element of any form of intervention targeting a community. Practitioners, in turn, can tailor the kind of information they need to gather and to do so with a minimal amount of effort.
Application of the Framework to Practice: Evaluation
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses the evaluation phase of the community capacity-enhancement framework. The results gathered through evaluation will aid social workers and communities in developing more efficient and sustainable enhancement projects. Since no initiative is perfect, evaluation must highlight the successes and failures and provide sufficient data to allow for corrections in future endeavors.
Theoretical Underpinnings of Individual Placement and Support (IPS)
Authors: Becker Deborah R. , Drake Robert E.
Published: January 2009

This chapter describes some of the theoretical notions that led to the foundation of the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) approach to supported employment. Psychiatric rehabilitation theory indicates that individual functioning is enhanced by supportive environments and skill development. The theory of recovery is that people can move beyond illness and have meaningful life activities such as work. Disability is not an inherent part of illness but a secondary problem resulting from ways society marginalizes people (e.g., stigma, segregation). Furthermore, community mental health treatments and policies have resulted in experiences that lead to disempowerment and deflating learning experiences. For example, people steered to work in sheltered workshops come to believe that they can only work in that setting. Theories that have not been tested may lead to false information. For example, the notion that parallel services are more effective than integrated services was tested and found to be false. While there are many theories in psychology and rehabilitation, IPS supported employment is based not only on theory but also on empirical outcome studies.
Research on IPS
Authors: Becker Deborah R. , Drake Robert E.
Published: January 2009

This chapter reviews several aspects of the research on IPS supported employment, including vocational outcomes, non-vocational outcomes, costs and economic impacts, and future directions. Two types of vocational outcome studies are described. First, traditional rehabilitative treatment programs or sheltered workshops were converted to IPS. In these studies, clients had higher employment rates than when in rehabilitative day treatment or sheltered workshops, highlighting greater work potential than previously believed. Second, IPS was compared experimentally with other vocational programs in multiple studies and with diverse populations. Significantly more people worked in IPS than in the comparison programs. Preliminary research has shown a weak relationship between IPS and non-vocational outcomes. More research is needed to understand aspects of IPS supported employment. For example, what is the long-term course of jobs and of careers in relation to IPS?
Supported Education
Authors: Becker Deborah R. , Drake Robert E.
Published: January 2009

Like others, people with severe mental illness are interested in developing work careers by increasing their knowledge and skills through education. This chapter provides an illustration of a young man who receives supported education services from an employment specialist and returns to school. In IPS supported employment, all clients are encouraged to think about whether further schooling would be an asset in developing their work lives. The components of supported education are parallel to those of supported employment and are carried out by employment specialists. Clients are assisted in obtaining financial aid information, completing financial aid applications and admissions applications, selecting courses and a study major, and developing good study habits and test taking skills. Employment specialists discuss with the client whether s/he is interested in receiving accommodations and/or services from the school’s disability services office. The whole treatment team provides supports to assist people with their educational goals.
Multisystemic Therapy
Authors: Schoenwald Sonja K. , Rowland Melisa D.
Published: January 2009

Multisystemic therapy (MST) is a family- and community-based treatment that addresses the multiple determinants of serious clinical problems that place youth at high risk of out-of-home placement. This chapter discusses MST treatment theory, target populations, MST intervention parameters, program development, MST training and quality assurance, and evidence base for MST.
Treatment Foster Care
Authors: Chamberlain Patricia
Published: January 2009

Treatment foster care (TFC) is a family-based alternative to residential, institutional, and group care for children and adolescents displaying significant behavioral, emotional, and mental health problems. This chapter examines the use of TFC in children and adolescents with antisocial and conduct problems. It presents a brief overview of the development of antisocial behavior throughout childhood and adolescence, including a description of antecedents and risk factors at various stages of development. Examples of the use of the TFC model are then discussed, including identification of outcomes targeted for change in treatment. The key parameters of the Oregon TFC model are described. The practical aspects of running a TFC program are also considered.
Managing Human Resources in the Human Services
Authors: Perlmutter Felice Davidson , Bailey Darlyne , Netting Ellen
Published: January 2009

Managerial supervisors are those persons who supervise direct service staff, who oversee human service programs, and who perform macro practice tasks in their agencies on a daily basis. They are not clinical supervisors who oversee the treatment aspects of direct practice; nor are they administrators at the executive level. This book addresses the challenges facing the often under-appreciated managerial supervisors who oversee and provide a crucial organizational structure for work that occurs in human service across the country. The successful managerial supervisor must be able to create and develop the organizational culture in which client-centered practice can occur, balance the demands of administrative leadership with those of workers who see clients, keep a client-centered focus amid the paradoxes that arise in the process, and maintain a healthy professional presence.
Silence, the Word, and the Sacred
Authors: Brown Joseph Epes , Cousins Emily
Published: January 2009

This chapter focuses on Native American language and song. It looks at the progressive compromising of tribal languages by the Western world. It discusses the value of oral traditions, the special role of elders in society as keepers of oral tradition, and the art of storytelling.
“There Is No Word for Art”
Authors: Brown Joseph Epes , Cousins Emily
Published: January 2009

This chapter focuses on the traditional arts of Native Americans. It looks into the spiritual perspectives and fundamental assumptions of traditional arts that are often misunderstood in Western society. The chapter also discusses Eskimo Shamanic art, Lakota animal images, and Navajo weaving.
Relationship and Reciprocity
Authors: Brown Joseph Epes , Cousins Emily
Published: January 2009

This chapter focuses on Native Americans' belief about nature. It shows that Native Americans do not dichotomize human and animal, natural and supernatural. Typical Western distinctions between animism and animatism are not necessarily present in the Native American experience, since all forms and aspects of creation are experienced as living and animate. Even “inanimate”rocks are thought to be mysteriously possessed with life. But this experience of the sacred does not exclude a unitary, all-inclusive concept that refers to both a Supreme Being and to all gods, spirits, or powers of creation. The roots of relatedness, Lakota metaphysics, animal beings as teachers, and the cyclical relationships that Native American traditions sustain with nature are discussed.
Clinical Applications of Evidence-Based Family Interventions
Authors: Corcoran Jacqueline
Published: January 2009

This book reviews the evidence-based treatments relevant to family treatment in human services and social services settings. It addresses some of the main reasons families are seen in mental health and social service settings: child maltreatment, intimate partner violence, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, conduct problems, substance use disorders, schizophrenia, depression, and dementia. For each problem area, a detailed case study provides step-by-step guidelines on how the evidence-based theory can be applied in practice. Interventions include psychoeducation, behavioral parent training, solution-focused therapy, cognitive-behavioral treatment, structural family therapy, and multisystemic treatment.
Psychoeducation with Caregivers of Older Adults
Authors: Gleason-Wynn Patricia
Published: January 2009

This chapter describes the use of psychoeducation with caregivers of older adults with dementia conditions such as Alzheimer's. An overview of the psychoeducational model is provided, including its empirical support. Elements of the intervention involve joining; education on the psychoeducational approach, dementia, and management of behavioral symptoms; information on caregiver stress and cognitive-behavioral skill-building to increase coping; and information on community resources. These elements are discussed and applied to a case study.
Integration of Models
Authors: CORCORAN JACQUELINE
Published: January 2009

This chapter highlights some of the similarities and differences between the three therapeutic models that comprise the strengths- and skills-building approach — solution-focused therapy, motivational interviewing, and cognitive-behavioral therapy — in terms of the models' stance toward strengths and behavioral change, the client's relationship to the change process, the time needed to enact change, the degree of structure and direction required, and the system level at which change is targeted. As much as possible, client strengths, resources, and motivation are identified, reinforced, and amplified. Cognitive-behavioral skill-building is used to bolster areas where the client has knowledge or skill gaps that seem to interfere with the attainment of their goals. The aim throughout is a collaborative process in which the individual, not the practitioner, is seen as the ultimate expert on his or her life.
The Integration of Solution-Focused and Behavioral Marital Therapies
Authors: BECKER CARRIE , CORCORAN JACQUELINE , GARELL KRISTIN A.
Published: January 2009

This chapter applies the strengths- and skills-building model in a couples modality. In solution-focused therapy, clients are asked questions that will focus on the positive aspects of their partner's behavior and the small improvements that will signal a positive change. An emphasis on exceptions is believed to result in both changed perceptions of the partner's behavior and an expansion of desired behaviors. Motivational interviewing can be used in a couples format when partners are ambivalent about staying in the relationship, attending counseling, or following through with skills taught in couples therapy. Both behavioral and solution-focused approaches center on specific behaviors rather than interpretations partners make of each other, which are often negative attributions of the partner's intent. Such negative attributions can be reframed to reflect a more positive intent. Conversations about the past, which is seen as impossible to change, are transformed into descriptions of desired actions by the partner. These principles are translated into a case example involving a couple in which the husband suffers from a long-standing anxiety disorder.
Violence in the Home
Authors: Kurst-Swanger Karel , Petcosky Jacqueline L.
Published: January 2009

Violence in the home is one of the most damaging and widespread of social problems. It is an issue that cuts across all socioeconomic, racial, ethnic, gender, and age boundaries. Abuse and neglect can be found in all types of families and interpersonal relationships, and can take many forms including emotional, physical, financial, and sexual abuse. This book brings together the scholarly research and professional experience of numerous disciplines and reviews theoretical explanations. Taking a unique approach to defining family, it examines the complex, multidimensional phenomena of family violence. To further broaden an understanding of interpersonal violence, the book addresses violence against pseudo families, animals, siblings, and parents. It investigates the evolution of systems and institutions that interact with families and are mandated to provide protection and services, and explores the current debates surrounding public policy. In addition, the book explores the role of power in abusive relationships and considers the short- and long-term consequences of abuse. Also discussed are potential solutions for violence prevention.
Pseudo Families: Caregiver/Institutional Maltreatment
Authors: Kurst-Swanger Karel , Petcosky Jacqueline L.
Published: January 2009

This chapter focuses on the maltreatment of children and adults in out-of-home care settings in which they are being cared for by pseudo families. These environments are much like traditional families in that they serve many of the same functions such as food, clothing, shelter, medical care, and social interaction. To distinguish this population from other types of families they are referred to as “pseudo” families. The chapter provides an argument that abuse within institutional settings is an appropriate issue to discuss within the context of family violence. The evolution of institutional care settings is discussed and the central role abuse has played in such facilities is also examined. It explores research related to the impact of institutional life on its residents and the process of institutionalization. It discusses the forms of maltreatment found within various settings, its consequences, and the systems that operate to intervene in such circumstances.
Jewish Music and Modernity
Authors: Bohlman Philip
Published: January 2009

Is there really such a thing as Jewish music? And does it survive as an expressive practice of worship and identity against modernity? This book poses such questions in new and critical ways by surveying a vast diasporic landscape, taking into consideration the many ways music historically witnessed the confrontation between modern Jews and the world around them, from the waning of the Middle Ages until the Holocaust. The book examines the confluence of many styles and repertories as Jewish music: the sacred and the secular; folk and popular music; songs in which Jewish languages — Yiddish, Ladino, Hebrew — survived in isolation and songs that transformed the nations in which they lived. When Jewish music entered modernity, authenticity became an ideal supplanted by composite traditions. Klezmer music emerged in communities cohabited by Jews and Roma; Jewish cabaret resulted from the collaborations of migrant Jews and non-Jews in nineteenth-century Berlin, Budapest, and Vienna; cantors and composers experimented with new sounds. Modern Jewish music was and is varied, and this book is notable for the ways in which the borders between repertories are crossed and modernity is enriched by the shift of Jewish music from cultural peripheries to the center. Understanding the crisis of modernity — the Holocaust and its aftermath — is crucial to the challenge this book poses for understanding music in our own day.
EPILOGUE: AFTER JEWISH MUSIC
Authors: Bohlman Philip V.
Published: January 2009

This epilogue draws the reader into the ethnographic present: the performance of Jewish music in a postmodern world. Starting with a concert performance of the New Budapest Orpheum Society, for which the author is the Artistic Director, the chapter asks questions about the possibility of revival after the end of Jewish music history. Jewish music, in popular and art genres, may thrive in revival in the twenty-first century, but as phenomena such as the popularity of klezmer in the nations that perpetrated the Holocaust signal a return to history or a release from history. The processes of cultural negotiation and historicism provide contexts for Jewish music in a postmodern world no less than in modernity.
World of Faith and Freedom
Authors: Farr Thomas F.
Published: January 2009

The global resurgence of public religion has major implications for America's vital interests abroad and its security at home. The 1979 Shiite revolution in Iran, the Catholic contribution to the “third wave” of democratization, the 9/11 attacks — all demonstrate just how important a force religion has become. And yet, despite being the most religious nation in the West, the United States has not adjusted well to religious actors in international affairs. Its policy makers and diplomats seem either ignorant or baffled about religious ideas, communities or movements. American security has suffered as a result. In the broader Middle East, Russia, India, and elsewhere, U.S. reluctance to engage religious actors and political theologies has handicapped the development of stable democracy. In China, U.S. religious freedom policy has amounted to little more than occasional demands for prisoner releases. In fact, U.S. policy worldwide has been characterized more by an anemic opposition to religious persecution than to the actual advancement of religious freedom. This book examines the origins and nature of U.S. diplomacy's “religion avoidance syndrome,” and offers remedies. Focusing on the importance of religion to human nature, it develops a broad-based concept of religious freedom as necessary to human flourishing and stable democracy. It explores why scholars and policy makers have, in the nation's democracy promotion and religious freedom policies, ignored the salience of religion in human affairs. Three chapters chronicle the author's adventures in the Department of State under two administrations, and in his travels to advance religious liberty. The book ends with extensive examinations of two of the most vexing challenges for U.S. foreign policy — Islam and China. Along the way it provides concrete proposals for correcting the deficiencies of American policy and engaging more effectively a world of faith.
Youth-Led Community Organizing
Authors: Delgado Melvin , Staples Lee
Published: January 2009

Youth-led organizing, a burgeoning movement that empowers young people while simultaneously enabling them to make substantive contributions to their communities, is increasingly receiving attention from scholars, activists, and the media. This book studies this dynamic field. It takes an important step toward bridging the gap between academic knowledge and community practice in this growing area. The book’s social justice-rooted perspective on the field’s conceptual and practical foundations is an effective basis for analyzing youth-led community organizing, but it also offers glimpses of successful groups in action and helpful insight into how fledgling organizations can become stronger. These groups and their young participants represent the politics and activism of the future, and the book guides to their key aspects and recent developments.
Overview of Community Organizing, Youth-Led Field, and Youth-Led Organizing
Authors: Delgado Melvin , Staples Lee
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses the growth of youth-led organizing since the mid-1990s. Topics covered include historical overviews of community organization and youth-led community organizing, hip-hop activism, the scope and range of the organizational settings in which youth-led organizing is carried out, and models of youth-led community organizing.
Guiding Principles and Analytical Framework
Authors: Delgado Melvin , Staples Lee
Published: January 2009

This chapter discusses the principles and an analytical framework for youth-led community organizing. Specifically, it presents nine principles and ten elements of the analytical framework aimed at helping both practitioners and academics better appreciate the dynamic nature of social interventions such as youth-led community organizing. The nine principles capture a broad arena for readers, while the ten elements constitute the analytical framework used to examine youth-led organizing in the United States.
Participatory Democracy
Authors: Delgado Melvin , Staples Lee
Published: January 2009

This chapter examines participatory democracy in youth-led community organizing. It discusses the elements and forms of participatory democracy and the evolution of civic participation. It then reviews literature on participatory democracy.
Leadership Development
Authors: Delgado Melvin , Staples Lee
Published: January 2009

This chapter explores youth leadership within the context of youth-led community organizing. It discusses the manifestations of leadership in youth development and tensions in youth leadership. It then outlines the characteristics of effective youth community leaders including open-mindedness, critical thinking, commitment to a cause, anger at social injustice, belief in social justice, and eagerness to learn.