bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antiplane dynamic soil‐bridge interaction for incident plane SH‐waves
Authors: Abdel‐Ghaffar A. M. , Trifunac M. D.
Published: March 2007

The analysis of dynamic soil‐bridge interaction has been performed in three steps. These are:

The analysis of input motions.

The force‐displacement relationships for the foundations.

The dynamic analysis of the structure itself, i.e. the bridge.

Based on the exact solution of the first two steps, the dynamic interaction of a simple two‐dimensional bridge model erected on an elastic half‐space has been investigated for a single span case. The two‐dimensional model under study consists of an elastic shear girder bridge supported by two rigid abutments and rigid foundations which have a circular cross‐section and are welded to the half‐space. It has been shown that the dynamic interaction depends on:

The incidence angle of plane SH‐waves.

The ratio of the rigidity of the girder and the soil.

The ratio of the girder mass to the mass of the rigid abutment‐foundation system.

The span of the bridge.

The dynamic response of the girder and the effect of the radiative damping in the half‐space on the interaction of the girder have been studied.
Improved numerical dissipation for time integration algorithms in structural dynamics
Authors: Hilber Hans M. , Hughes Thomas J. R. , Taylor Robert L.
Published: March 2007

A new family of unconditionally stable one‐step methods for the direct integration of the equations of structural dynamics is introduced and is shown to possess improved algorithmic damping properties which can be continuously controlled. The new methods are compared with members of the Newmark family, and the Houbolt and Wilson methods.
Analysis of the weightiness of site effects on reinforced concrete (RC) building seismic behaviour: The Adra town example (SE Spain)
Authors: Navarro Manuel , Vidal Francisco , Enomoto Takahisa , Alcalá Francisco J. , García‐Jerez Antonio , Sánchez Francisco J. , Abeki Norio
Published: March 2007

The damage distribution in Adra town (south‐eastern Spain) during the 1993 and 1994 Adra earthquakes (5.0 magnitude), that reached a maximum intensity degree of VII (European Macroseismic Scale (EMS scale)), was concentrated mainly in the south‐east zone of the town and the most relevant damage occurred in reinforced concrete (RC) buildings with four or five storeys. In order to evaluate the influence of ground condition on RC building behaviour, geological, geomorphological and geophysical surveys were carried out, and a detailed map of ground surface structure was obtained. Short‐period microtremor observations were performed in 160 sites on a 100m × 100m dimension grid and Nakamura's method was applied in order to determine a distribution map of soil predominant periods. Shorter predominant periods (0.1–0.3 s) were found in mountainous and neighbouring zones and larger periods (greater than 0.5 s) in thicker Holocene alluvial fans. A relationship T = (0.049 ± 0.001)N, where T is the natural period of swaying motion and N is the number of storeys, has been empirically obtained by using microtremor measurements at the top of 38 RC buildings (ranging from 2 to 9 storeys). 1‐D simulation of strong motion on different soil conditions and for several typical RC buildings were computed, using the acceleration record in Adra town of the 1993 earthquake. It is noteworthy that all the aforementioned results show the influence of site effects in the degree and distribution of observed building damage. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Similar development of cued and learned home bases in control and hippocampal‐damaged rats in an open field exploratory task
Authors: Lehmann Hugo , Clark Benjamin J. , Whishaw Ian Q.
Published: March 2007

Spatial behavior was examined in control rats and rats with neurotoxic‐induced damage of the hippocampus in an open field “exploratory” task. In Experiment 1, rats were placed on a large circular table for 30 min for four consecutive days with a short wall adjacent to the table and a large black box near the edge of the table diametrically opposite to the wall. On the fifth day, rats were given a probe test during which both cues were removed. Over the training exposures both control and hippocampal‐damaged rats formed “home bases,” operationally defined as places where the rats preferentially stopped and spent time, near the cues. When the cues were removed on the probe day, both groups visited, stopped near, and spent time at places adjacent to the cues' previous location. In Experiment 2, rats were given a similar training protocol, but only a single cue was used, which was a small box placed directly on the table that did not block visibility of the entire room. On the fifth day, the box was moved to the other end of the table. Despite the presence of a cued home base, control and hippocampal‐damaged rats remembered the original location of the home base. The results are discussed in relation to the comparative task demands of formal and informal test procedures and with respect to their relevance to understanding the neural basis of spatial behavior. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Origin and topography of fibers contributing to the fornix in macaque monkeys
Authors: Saunders Richard C. , Aggleton John P.
Published: March 2007

The distribution of neurons contributing to the fornix was mapped by placing the retrograde tracer horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in polyacrylamide gels in different medial to lateral locations within the fornix of three rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). The HRP was placed from 3 to 5 mm caudal to the descending columns of the fornix. Additional information came from a series of rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fasciculata) with anterograde tracer injections in the medial temporal lobe. The hippocampal formation, including the subiculum and presubiculum, together with the entorhinal cortex (EC) and perirhinal cortex (area 35) contribute numerous axons to the fornix in a topographical manner. In contrast, the lateral perirhinal cortex (area 36) and parahippocampal cortical areas TF and TH only contained a handful of cells labeled via the fornix. The medial fornix originates from cells in the caudal half of the subiculum, the lamina principalis interna of the caudal half of the presubiculum, and from the perirhinal cortex (area 35). The intermediate portion of the fornix (i.e., that part midway between the midline and most lateral parts of the fornix) originates from cells in the rostral half of the subiculum and prosubiculum, the anterior presubiculum (only from the lamina principalis externa), the caudal presubiculum (primarily from lamina principalis interna), the rostral half of CA3, the EC (primarily 28I and 28M), and the perirhinal cortex (area 35). The lateral parts of the fornix arise from the rostral EC (28L only) and the most rostral portion of CA3. Subcortically, the medial septum, nucleus of the diagonal band, supramammillary nucleus, lateral hypothalamus, dorsal raphe nucleus, and the thalamic nucleus reuniens all send projections through the fornix, which presumably terminate in the hippocampus and adjacent parahippocampal region. These results not only help to define those regions that project via the fornix, but also reveal those subcortical projections to the hippocampal formation most likely to rely entirely on nonfornical pathways. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Flexible use of proximal objects and distal cues by hippocampal place cells
Authors: Renaudineau Sophie , Poucet Bruno , Save Etienne
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present experiment was to examine how distal cues and proximal objects interact to control firing fields. In a previous study, Shapiro et al. (1997) Hippocampus 7:624–642, suggested that hippocampal place cell firing is controlled by distal cues and proximal floor inserts in a flexible and hierarchical fashion. Control exerted by the combined set of cues prevailed over control by distal cues, which itself prevailed over control by proximal cues. Here, we examined the generality of this hierarchy in the use of cues. Place cells were recorded as rats performed a pellet chasing task on a platform containing three proximal objects, surrounded by a curtain where three visual stimuli were hung. A double rotation of distal and proximal cue sets producing a 180° mismatch revealed noncoherent responses of place cells. Most fields were controlled by the configuration of proximal and distal cues (i.e., remapped). Less often, fields were controlled by specific cues with a majority being controlled by proximal cues, thus suggesting that response hierarchy is modulated by the environment. We finally examined the effect of removing one set of cues after the double rotation session. Half of the fields were controlled by the remaining cues while the other half remapped, thus suggesting a competition between pattern completion and pattern separation processes. Furthermore, cells that were controlled by the remaining cues were mainly those that had remapped in the double rotation session. Our results are compatible with the idea that the flexibility of the place cell system results from an interaction between the sensory properties of individual cell and the attractor networks properties of the whole place cell population. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A New Synthesis of Pteridines Substituted with Branched and Linear Alkenyl Groups at C(6). The Nitroso‐Ene Reaction of 4‐(Alkenoylamino)‐5‐nitrosopyrimidines
Authors: Zhang Fang‐Li , Schweizer W. Bernd , Xu Ming , Vasella Andrea
Published: March 2007

Pteridines substituted with a 1,1‐, 1,2‐, or 1,1,3‐substituted alkenyl group (mostly (E)‐configured) at C(6) were synthesized in high yields by the intramolecular nitroso‐ene reaction of 4‐(alkenoylamino)‐2‐amino‐6‐benzyloxy‐5‐nitroso‐ and 4‐(alkenoylamino)‐2,6‐diamino‐5‐nitrosopyrimidines. Thus, the N‐alkenoyl nitrosopyrimidines 4 and 5 provided the pteridines 6 and 7, respectively, characterized by a 1,2‐disubstituted (E)‐alkenyl substituent, the C(4)‐(E)‐geranoyl amide 13 led regio‐ and stereoselectively to the (E)‐1,1,2‐trisubstituted alkenyl‐pteridine 16, and the C(4)‐(Z) isomer 14 led to 17 possessing a 1,1‐disubstituted alkenyl group. The trifluoromethylated butenoyl amide 15 possessing a less highly nucleophilic alkenoyl group reacted more slowly to give the trifluoromethylated vinylpteridine 18. Also the 4‐(alkenoylamino)‐2,6‐diamino‐5‐nitrosopyrimidine 20 reacted more slowly than 4 and 5, and provided the pteridines 23; introduction of additional N‐acyl groups as in 21 and 22 led to a considerably faster ene reaction.

The X‐ray crystal structure analysis of the nitroso amide 15 shows eight symmetrically independent molecules in the unit cell. In the crystalline state, the N,N‐dimethylformamidine derivative 9 of 6 forms a centrosymmetric dimer with the 7,8‐lactam group connected by intermolecular hydrogen bonds.
Model Construction for the A–B–C Ring System of Lysergic Acid via Vilsmeier–Haack‐Type Cyclization of 1H‐Indole‐4‐propanoic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Kurokawa Masayuki , Watanabe Toshiko , Ishikawa Tsutomu
Published: March 2007

Vilsmeier–Haack‐type cyclization of 1H‐indole‐4‐propanoic acid derivatives was examined as model construction for the A–B–C ring system of lysergic acid (1). Smooth cyclization from the 4 position of 1H‐indole to the 3 position was achieved by Vilsmeier–Haack reaction in the presence of K2CO3 in MeCN, and the best substrate was found to be the N,N‐dimethylcarboxamide 9 (Table 1). The modified method can be successfully applied to an α‐amino acid derivative protected with an N‐acetyl function, i.e., to 27 (Table 2); however, loss of optical purity was observed in the cyclization when a chiral substrate (S)‐27 was used (Scheme 5). On the other hand, the intramolecular Pummerer reaction of the corresponding sulfoxide 20 afforded an S‐containing tricyclic system 22, which was formed by a cyclization to the 5 position (Scheme 3).
New Nitrogenous Bisabolene‐Type Sesquiterpenes from a Hainan Sponge Axinyssa aff. variabilis
Authors: Mao Shui‐Chun , Guo Yue‐Wei , van Soest Rob , Cimino Guido
Published: March 2007

Two new uncommon nitrogenous sesquiterpenes, 11‐ethoxy‐3‐formamidotheonellin (1) and 7‐ethoxy‐3‐formamidobisabolane‐8,10‐diene (2), together with two known related sesquiterpenes, 3‐formamidotheonellin (=theonellin formamide; 3) and theonellin isothiocyanate (4), were isolated from the Hainan sponge Axinyssa aff. variabilis. Their structures were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic analysis and by comparison of their NMR data with those of known compounds.
Two New Cholestane Bisdesmosides from Reineckia carnea
Authors: Zhang Zhong‐Quan , Chen Jian‐Chao , Zhou Lin , Qiu Ming‐Hua
Published: March 2007

Three cholestane bisdesmosides, together with the corresponding aglycone, were isolated from the whole plant of Reineckia carnea. By detailed analysis of the 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR spectra, chemical methods, and comparison with spectral data of known compounds, the structures were determined to be (1β,3β,16β,22S)‐cholest‐5‐ene‐1,3,16,22‐tetrol (1), (1β,3β,16β,22S)‐cholest‐5‐ene‐1,3,16,22‐tetrol 1,16‐di(β‐D‐glucopyranoside) (2), (1β,3β,16β,22S)‐cholest‐5‐ene‐1,3,16,22‐tetrol 1‐[O‐α‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl‐(1→2)‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside] 16‐(β‐D‐glucopyranoside) (3), (1β,3β,16β,22S)‐cholest‐5‐ene‐1,3,16,22‐tetrol 1‐(β‐D‐glucopyranoside) 16‐(3‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside) (4). Compounds 3 and 4 appeared to be new compounds, while compound 1 was isolated for the first from a natural source. Compound 2 was isolated from the genus Reineckia for the first time.
Enantioselective Oxidation of Secondary Alcohols Catalyzed by Soluble Chiral Polymeric [N′,N′‐Bis(salicylidene)ethane‐1,2‐diaminato(2−)]manganese(III) ([MnIII(salen)]) Type Complexes in a Biphasic System
Authors: Sun Wei , Wu Xiaomei , Xia Chungu
Published: March 2007

The polymeric [N′,N′‐bis(salicylidene)ethane‐1,2‐diaminato(2−)]manganese(III) ([MnIII(salen)]) type complexes 1 and 2 were successfully applied to the oxidative kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols. The reaction proceeded readily at room temperature with excellent enantioselectivities of up to 99.9% ee. A variety of substrates, including aromatic and aliphatic alcohols, could be tolerated. The polymeric catalysts could easily be recovered and recycled.
Error analysis for the evaluation of model performance: rainfall–runoff event summary variables
Authors: Pebesma Edzer J. , Switzer Paul , Loague Keith
Published: March 2007

This paper provides a procedure for the evaluation of model performance for rainfall–runoff event summary variables, such as total discharge or peak runoff. The procedure is based on the analysis of model errors, defined as the differences between observed values and values predicted by a simulation model. Model errors can (i) indicate whether and where the model can be improved, (ii) be used to measure the performance of a model, and (iii) be used to compare model simulations. In this paper, both statistical and graphical methods are used to characterize model errors. We explore model recalibration by relating model errors to the model predictions, and to external, independent variables. The R‐5 catchment data sets that we used in this study include summary variables for 72 rainfall–runoff events. The simulations used in this study were previously conducted with the quasi‐physically based rainfall–runoff model QPBRRM for 11 different characterizations of the R‐5 catchment, each with increasing information or a refined spatial discretization of the overland flow planes. This paper is about proposing model diagnostics and not about procedures for using diagnostics for model modification. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved anti‐cancer effect of interferon gene transfer by sustained expression using CpG‐reduced plasmid DNA
Authors: Kawano Hiroki , Nishikawa Makiya , Mitsui Masaru , Takahashi Yuki , Kako Keiko , Yamaoka Kiyoshi , Watanabe Yoshihiko , Takakura Yoshinobu
Published: March 2007

Plasmid DNA (pDNA) expressing mouse interferon (IFN)‐β or IFN‐γ (pCMV‐Muβ and pCMV‐Muγ, respectively) has been shown to be effective in inhibiting the growth of colon carcinoma CT‐26 cells in the liver (Kobayashi et al., Molecular Therapy 2002;6:737–44). The therapeutic effect of such IFN gene transfer could be significantly increased by the sustained expression of IFNs. In the present study, CpG‐reduced pDNA encoding IFN‐β or IFN‐γ (pGZB‐Muβ and pGZB‐Muγ, respectively) was constructed. pCMV‐Muβ and pCMV‐Muγ were used as conventional CpG‐replete pDNAs. Each pDNA was injected into the tail vein of mice by the hydrodynamics‐based procedure. An injection of pGZB‐Muβ resulted in very high IFN‐β activities in the serum for at least 24 hr after injection, whereas the IFN‐β activity after pCMV‐Muβ injection declined quickly. About a 14‐fold greater amount of IFN‐β was produced from pGZB‐Muβ than from pCMV‐Muβ. pGZB‐Muβ markedly inhibited the pulmonary metastasis of CT‐26 cells. Similar, but more marked results were obtained with pGZB‐Muγ: it increased the area under the concentration‐time curve by more than a 60‐fold and the mean residence time of IFN‐γ 4‐fold compared with pCMV‐Muγ. The survival time of the pGZB‐Muγ‐treated mice was significantly (p < 0.05) longer than that of the saline‐ or pCMV‐Muγ‐treated mice. These results indicate that long‐term expression of IFN can be achieved by CpG‐reduced pDNA and sustained IFN gene expression results in enhanced therapeutic effects of IFN gene transfer against tumor metastasis. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Silencing of tissue factor pathway inhibitor‐2 gene in malignant melanomas
Authors: Nobeyama Yoshimasa , Okochi‐Takada Eriko , Furuta Junichi , Miyagi Yohei , Kikuchi Kanako , Yamamoto Akifumi , Nakanishi Yukihiro , Nakagawa Hidemi , Ushijima Toshikazu
Published: March 2007

To identify tumor‐suppressor genes inactivated by aberrant methylation of promoter CpG islands (CGIs) in human malignant melanomas, genes upregulated by treatment of cells with a demethylating agent, 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine (5‐aza‐dC), were searched for using oligonucleotide microarrays in melanoma cell lines, HMV‐I, MeWo and WM‐115. Seventy‐nine known genes with CGIs were identified as being upregulated (≥16‐fold), and 18 of them had methylation of their putative promoter CGIs in 1 or more of 8 melanoma cell lines. Among the 18 genes, TFPI‐2, which is involved in repression of the invasive potential of malignant melanomas, was further analyzed. Its expression was repressed in a melanoma cell line with its complete methylation, and was restored by 5‐aza‐dC treatment. It was unmethylated in cultured neonatal normal epidermal melanocyte, and was induced by ultraviolet B. In surgical melanoma specimens, TFPI‐2 methylation was detected in 5 of 17 metastatic site specimens (29%), while it was not detected in 20 primary site specimens (0%) (p = 0.009). By immunohistochemistry, the 5 specimens with promoter methylation lacked immunoreactivity for TFPI‐2. The results showed that TFPI‐2 is silenced in human malignant melanomas by methylation of its promoter CGI and suggested that its silencing is involved in melanoma metastasis. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypoxia can induce c‐Met expression in glioma cells and enhance SF/HGF‐induced cell migration
Authors: Eckerich Carmen , Zapf Svenja , Fillbrandt Regina , Loges Sonja , Westphal Manfred , Lamszus Katrin
Published: March 2007

The c‐Met receptor and its ligand scatter factor/hepatocyte growth factor (SF/HGF) are strongly overexpressed in malignant gliomas. Signaling through c‐Met as well as exposure to hypoxia can stimulate glioma cell migration and invasion. In several cancer cell types, hypoxia was shown to activate the c‐met promoter, which contains hypoxia inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1) binding sites. We hypothesized that hypoxia might upregulate c‐Met also in glioma cells. Analyzing 18 different glioblastoma cell lines and 10 glioblastoma primary cultures, we found that in 50% of both the cell lines and the primary cultures c‐Met protein levels were increased following exposure to hypoxia. Upregulation of c‐met in response to hypoxia was also detected at the transcriptional level. In all primary cultures and in 16 of the 18 cell lines (89%), HIF‐1α levels were increased by hypoxia. Transfection of siRNA against HIF‐1α abgrogated the hypoxic induction of c‐Met, suggesting that c‐Met expression is upregulated by a HIF‐1α‐dependent mechanism. Hypoxia sensitized glioblastoma cell lines which showed hypoxic induction of c‐Met to the motogenic effects of SF/HGF. These findings suggest that approximately half of all human glioblastomas respond to hypoxia with an induction of c‐Met, which can enhance the stimulating effect of SF/HGF on tumor cell migration. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cancer survival in Germany and the United States at the beginning of the 21st century: An up‐to‐date comparison by period analysis
Authors: Gondos Adam , Arndt Volker , Holleczek Bernd , Stegmaier Christa , Ziegler Hartwig , Brenner Hermann
Published: March 2007

Transatlantic cancer survival comparisons are scarce and involve mostly aggregate European data from the late 1980s. We compare the levels of cancer patient survival achieved in Germany and the United States (US) by the beginning of the 21st century, using data from the Cancer Registry of Saarland/Germany and the SEER Program of the US. Age‐adjusted 5‐ and 10‐year relative survival for 23 common forms of cancer derived by period analysis for the 2000–2002 period were calculated, with additional detailed age‐ and stage‐specific analyses for cancers with the highest incidence. Among the 23 cancer sites, 5 (10) year relative survival was significantly higher for 1 (2) and 8 (5) cancers in Germany and the US, respectively. In Germany, survival was significantly higher for patients with stomach cancer, whereas survival was higher in the US for patients with breast, cervical, prostate, colorectal and oral cavity cancer. Among the most common cancers, age‐specific survival differences were particularly pronounced for older patients with breast, colorectal and prostate cancer. Survival advantages of breast cancer patients in the US were mainly due to more favorable stage distributions. This comprehensive survival comparison between Germany and the US suggests that although survival was similar for the majority of the compared cancer sites, long‐term prognosis of patients continues to be better in the US for many of the most common forms of cancer. Among these, differences between patients with breast and prostate cancer are probably due to more intensive screening activities. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gains and complex rearrangements of the 12q13‐15 chromosomal region in ordinary lipomas: The “missing link” between lipomas and liposarcomas?
Authors: Italiano Antoine , Cardot Nathalie , Dupré Florence , Monticelli Isabelle , Keslair Frédérique , Piche Marjorie , Mainguené Claire , Coindre Jean‐Michel , Pedeutour Florence
Published: March 2007

Well‐differentiated liposarcomas (WDLPS) classically contain high‐level amplification of 12q14‐15 sequences, including the MDM2 and CDK4 genes, while lipomas are characterized by simple structural chromosome aberrations often involving HMGA2 at 12q15. Previous studies have shown that low‐level gain of the 12q14‐15 region, such as trisomy 12 and 12q15‐24 duplication, might be sufficient for the development of minimal atypia and formation of WDLPS. Moreover, because some features, such as overexpression of HMGA2, are shared by both lipomas and WDLPS, it has been hypothesized that lipomas and WDLPS may form a genetic and morphological continuum. We report here the results of molecular cytogenetic analysis of 8 lipomas that had unusual chromosomal features resulting in gains of 12q14‐15. While 3 cases had simple numerical rearrangements (trisomy 12) or structural rearrangements (unbalanced translocations with 12q gains), 5 cases were particularly intriguing because of peculiar features such as giant chromosomes, supernumerary chromosomes or neocentromeres that usually are the hallmark of WDLPS. Gain of 12q14‐15 sequences including extra copies of MDM2 and CDK4 were detected by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis in all analyzed cases but no expression of MDM2 and CDK4 was observed suggesting that these genomic imbalances had no functional consequence. We observed rearrangements of HMGA2 in 5 out 8 cases. Altogether, our results indicate that moderate gains of 12q are not always associated with a malignant phenotype, and that some intermediary forms exist between classical lipomas and classical WDLPS. Some of these intermediary forms may correspond to a genomic premalignant condition while some may have no malignant potential. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of S128R polymorphism of E‐selectin in colon metastasis formation
Authors: Alessandro Riccardo , Seidita Gregorio , Flugy Anna Maria , Damiani Francesca , Russo Antonio , Corrado Chiara , Colomba Paolo , Gullotti Lucia , Buettner Reinhard , Bruno Loredana , Leo Giacomo De
Published: March 2007

The extravasation of cancer cells is a key step of the metastatic cascade. Polymorphisms in genes encoding adhesion molecules can facilitate metastasis by increasing the strength of interaction between tumor and endothelial cells as well as impacting other properties of cancer cells. We investigated the Ser128Arg (a561c at the nucleotide level) polymorphism in the E‐selectin gene in patients with metastatic colon cancer and its functional significance. Genotyping for a561c polymorphism was performed on 172 cancer patients and on an age‐matched control population. The colon cancer group was divided into groups with (M+) and without observable metastasis (M−). For in vitro functional assays, Huvec transfected cells expressing wild‐type (WT) or the S128R variant of E‐selectin were established to study in vitro binding ability and signal transduction processes of T84 colon cancer cell line. Our results demonstrated that the Arginine128 allele was more prevalent in the M+ group than in the M− group or normal controls (p < 0.005; odds ratio, 1.56; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16–1.92; p < 0.001, odds ratio = 1.65; CI = 1.24–1.99, respectively). In vitro, S128R E‐selectin transfected Huvec cells, supported increased adhesion as well as increased cellular signaling of T84 cancer cells compared to WT E‐selectin and mock‐transfected Huvec cells. These findings suggest that the E‐selectin S128R polymorphism can functionally affect tumor‐endothelial interactions as well as motility and signaling properties of neoplastic cells that may modulate the metastatic phenotype. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Costly avian flu: Would your company be ready?
Authors: Roth Harold P.
Published: March 2007

Many firms have contingency plans to deal with “common” disasters—such as hurricanes or earthquakes. But would your company be ready for a costly avian flu pandemic? It can occur in any season. The author explains how to plan for such an emergency. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Selecting the right costing tool for your business needs
Authors: Gurowka Jim , Lawson Raef A.
Published: March 2007

Management accountants designing an organization's performance management system face a dizzying array of costing approaches and techniques. This article describes the current “clutter in costing,” then provides a road map to help finance and accounting professionals decide which tools to use when, and how to recognize when it is time to change costing systems. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SOX 404 and ERM: Perfect partners … or not?
Authors: Thomson Jeffrey C.
Published: March 2007

The Sarbanes‐Oxley Act (SOX) Section 404 regulations and guidance have had a large impact on the adoption of enterprise risk management (ERM) in the United States. In the short run, SOX 404 has impeded the adoption of risk‐based approaches because of its rules that are totally counter to a holistic, risk‐based approach. In the longer run, SOX provides an opportunity for even faster adoption of ERM—but only if there is more radical thinking on the part of regulators and practitioners alike in training, education, and certification of this body of knowledge. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Analysts' forecasts: Why are they biased?
Authors: Becchetti Leonardo , Hasan Iftekhar , Santoro Marika , Anandarajan Asokan
Published: March 2007

The stock market is driven by analysts' forecasts. Investors rely on them. But research has shown that analysts' forecasts are biased. What causes this? And what kinds of stocks are most affected? © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
C‐terminal pentapeptide of osteogenic growth peptide regulates hematopoiesis in early stage
Authors: Hui Zhong , Yu Liu , Xiaoli Yang , Xiang He , Fan Zhao , Ningbo Hou , Zhigang Yuan , Ping Li , Yanhong Zhang , Qingjun Ma
Published: March 2007

Osteogenic growth peptide (OGP) was characterized in regenerating bone marrow, which can increase osteogenesis and hematopoiesis. The carboxy‐terminal pentapeptide is a naturally occurring human and murine mitogen equipotent to OGP. In this study, we evaluated the potential role of OGP10–14 in regulation of hematopoiesis in human hematopoietic stem cells and animal model. Our results showed CD34+ stem cells from umbilical cord blood (UBC) were significantly increased in OGP10–14 treated samples, which is nearly equivalent to the results obtained from the combinations of IL3, IL11, G‐CSF, and EPO group. OGP10–14 can also stimulate the differentiation of stem cells from bone marrow at the level of noncommitted progenitor stem cells, thus increasing the number of reconstituted red and white cells as well as platelets after injected i.m. everyday continuing for 5 days in hematopoietic function damage mice comparing with the OGP‐untreated group. These data implicate that the role of OGP10–14 regulating hematopoiesis is in the early stage of the whole hematopoietic growth factors (HGFs) regulating network, just like the position of interleukin 13 in the hematopoiesis network. J. Cell. Biochem. 101: 1423–1429, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐II regulates CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α expression via phosphatidyl‐inositol 3 kinase in human hepatoblastoma cell lines
Authors: Tomizawa Minoru , Saisho Hiromitsu
Published: March 2007

To reveal growth factor and its signal pathway to CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPα) in hepatocyte differentiation, we used Huh‐6 and HepG2, human hepatoblastoma (HBL) cell lines that maintain the expression of genes in hepatoblasts and remain at that stage of differentiation. Insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐II, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and dexamethasone (Dex) stimulated HBL cells for Northern blot analysis. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) up‐take assay and Western blot analysis on albumin was performed to unveil proliferation and differentiation activity of IGF‐II. C/EBPα and phosphorylation of Akt were analyzed by Western blot analysis. LY294002 and wortmannin, specific inhibitors of PI3 kinase, and PD98059, a specific inhibitor of mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase, were used to examine the signaling pathway of C/EBPα upregulated by IGF‐II. Luciferase assay was performed to study the promoter activity of C/EBPα. Actinomycin D was used to analyze half‐life of C/EBPα mRNA. IGF‐II up‐regualted C/EBPα by Northern blot and Western blot while HGF and Dex did not by Northern blot. IGF‐II promoted proliferation and differentiation by BrdU up‐take assay and Western blot analysis on albumin. Akt phosphorylated by IGF‐II, suggested that phosphatidyl‐inositol (PI) 3 kinase mediated the signaling pathway of IGF‐II. LY294002 and wortmannin suppressed expression of C/EBPα. IGF‐II activated the promoter activity and prolonged half‐life of mRNA, suggesting that IGF‐II activated promoter and stabilized mRNA. LY294002 and wortmannin suppressed the promoter activity of C/EBPα while PD98059 did not, suggesting that activation of the promoter was mediated by PI3 kinase. J. Cell. Biochem. 102: 161–170, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of bone‐derived and marrow‐derived vascular endothelial cells by microarray analysis
Authors: Sosnoski Donna M. , Gay Carol V.
Published: March 2007

This study focused on the differential expression levels of proteins that may exist between bone‐derived and marrow‐derived vascular endothelial cells (BVEC and MVEC). The vascular cells were isolated from trabecular bone regions and central marrow cavity regions of mouse long bones. Cells were cultured for 1 week to expand the population then separated from non‐vascular cells using biotinylated isolectin B4, streptavidin‐coated metallic microbeads, and a magnetic column. After an additional week of culture time, RNA was isolated from both cell types and compared using microarray analysis. RT‐PCR was used to confirm and relatively quantitate the RNA messages. The bone‐derived cells expressed more aldehyde dehydrogenase 3A1 (ALDH3A1), Secreted Modular Calcium‐2 (SMOC‐2), CCAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBP‐β), matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP‐13), and annexin 8 (ANX8) than the marrow‐derived cells. Spα and matrix GLA‐protein (MGP) were produced in greater abundance by the marrow‐derived cells. This study reveals that there are profound and unique differences between the vasculature of the metaphysis as compared to that of the central marrow cavity. The unique array of proteins expressed by the bone‐derived endothelial cells may support growth of tumors from cancer cells that frequently metastasize and lodge in the trabecular bone regions. J. Cell. Biochem. 102: 463–472, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative morphology of the hemolymph vascular system in scorpions–A survey using corrosion casting, MicroCT, and 3D‐reconstruction
Authors: Wirkner Christian S. , Prendini Lorenzo
Published: March 2007

Although scorpions are one of the better known groups of Arthropoda, detailed knowledge of their anatomy remains superficial. This contribution presents the first comprehensive investigation of the gross morphology of the scorpion vascular system, based on a survey of species representing all major lineages of the order, using classical and modern non‐destructive techniques in combination with three‐dimensional reconstruction. The investigation reveals that the hemolymph vascular system (HVS) of Scorpiones comprises a central pumping heart which extends the entire length of the mesosoma and is enclosed in a pericardium. Several arteries branch off the heart to supply different organs and body regions. Two different anterior aorta major branching patterns are identified among the species investigated. Arteries that branch off the anterior aorta system supply the appendages (chelicerae, pedipalps, and walking legs) and the central nerve mass with a complex arterial network. This study of the HVS of scorpions provides further evidence that the vascular systems of euarthropods can be highly complex. Use of the term “open circulatory system” within arthropods is re‐emphasized, as it refers to the general organization of the body cavity (i.e. mixocoely) rather than to the complexity of the circulatory system. J. Morphol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spectroscopic study of phase transitions in dolomite mineral
Authors: Gunasekaran S. , Anbalagan G.
Published: March 2007

The process and the formation of new minerals upon heating carbonate rocks containing clay minerals together with dolomite are determined by thermal analysis, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), infrared and Raman spectroscopy. The dolomite–calcite–calcium oxide phase transition sequences were followed up to 947 °C in a naturally occurring dolomite sample. The spectral variations of the internal modes of the carbonate trigonal (ν1, ν2, ν3 and ν4) were used to probe the structural phase transitions. A new Raman mode emerged at 1090 cm−1 in the ν1 mode region, and infrared modes emerged at 713, 874, and 1420 cm−1 in the ν4, ν2 and ν3 regions at 750 °C, indicating the onset of the dolomite phase. The calcium oxide phase, (which on reaction with atmospheric water forms portlandite) with an onset temperature of around 950 °C, was also characterized by the appearance of the infrared mode around 450 cm−1. The minerals, which were formed upon heating the dolomite, were calcite, calcium oxide and diopside. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The influence of pH and anions on the adsorption mechanism of rifampicin on silver colloids
Authors: Howes Barry D. , Guerrini Luca , Sanchez‐Cortes Santiago , Marzocchi Mario P. , Garcia‐Ramos José V. , Smulevich Giulietta
Published: March 2007

The influence of pH and anions on the adsorption mechanism of rifampicin on colloidal silver nanoparticles has been analysed by electronic absorption, resonance Raman (RR) and surface‐enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS). Rifampicin is a widely used antibiotic with a zwitterionic nature. SERRS spectra of rifampicin adsorbed on silver sols, prepared using hydroxylamine hydrochloride as reducing agent, undergo dramatic changes upon lowering the pH. The spectral form changes progressively from that characteristic of chemisorbed rifampicin (at pH > 7) to one very similar to the rifampicin RR spectrum (at lower pH), indicative of a modification of the adsorption mechanism on the surface of the Ag nanoparticles. The RR‐type SERRS spectrum is proposed to result from formation of an ion pair between rifampicin and Cl− anions, which, deriving from the colloid preparation, are adsorbed on the Ag surface. The addition of anions to the hydroxylamine hydrochloride sol facilitates conversion from the chemisorbed to ion pair form and leads to an order of magnitude increase in the SERRS signal. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multianalyte immunoassay based on surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Cui Yan , Ren Bin , Yao Jian‐Lin , Gu Ren‐Ao , Tian Zhong‐Qun
Published: March 2007

In this paper, two immunoassay methods based on SERS are developed for multiplex analysis, both of which stemmed from the concept of forming a sandwich structure ‘capture antibody substrate/antigen/Raman‐reporter‐labeled immuno‐nanoparticles’. They are two‐molecule labeled one‐nanoparticle and one‐molecule labeled two‐nanoparticle methods. In both the methods, two different antibodies covalently bound to a solid substrate can specifically capture two different antigens from a sample. The captured antigens in turn bind selectively to their corresponding antibodies immobilized on Raman‐reporter‐labeled nanoparticles. Multianalyte immunoassay is successfully demonstrated by the detection of characteristic Raman bands of the probe molecules only when the antigen and antibody are matched. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel technique of management of high output chyle leak after neck dissection
Authors: Qureshi Sajid S. , Chaturvedi Pankaj
Published: March 2007

The occurrence of postoperative chyle leak after neck dissection or vascular surgery of the subclavian and vertebral artery is a well‐known but rare complication. The management of chyle leak ranges from utilizing a myriad of conservative procedures to surgical exploration. Occasionally on surgical exploration the chyle leak is diffuse and ligation of the bed of thoracic duct is not adroit to stopping the chyle leak. We describe a technique, which will be useful in this circumstance and in recurrent chyle leak after a previous exploration. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;96:176–177. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Policy issues related to the rehabilitation of the surgical cancer patient
Authors: Hewitt Maria , Maxwell Stephanie , Vargo Mary M.
Published: March 2007

Four policy challenges that face the rehabilitation community in providing services to surgical cancer patients are reviewed: (1) achieving capacity to meet the complex rehabilitation needs of a growing population of cancer patients and long‐term survivors; (2) identifying effective models for delivering cancer rehabilitation services; (3) understanding complex insurance coverage and payment policies and determining their effects on access to rehabilitation services; and (4) investing in clinical and health services research to guide rehabilitation practice. Recommendations are made to increase the recognition of cancer rehabilitation as an essential component of cancer survivors' care, improve access to appropriate rehabilitation services, and accelerate the pace of cancer rehabilitation research. J. Surg. Oncol. 95:370–385. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Temperature dependencies of amide 1H‐ and 15N‐chemical shifts in hyaluronan oligosaccharides
Authors: Blundell Charles D. , Almond Andrew
Published: March 2007

Temperature coefficients (Δδ/ΔT) of amide chemical shifts of N‐acetylglucosamine residues have been measured in a range of oligosaccharides of the important vertebrate polysaccharide hyaluronan. Odd‐ and even‐numbered oligosaccharides with glucuronic acid, Δ‐4,5‐unsaturated glucuronic acid and N‐acetylglucosamine at the termini were investigated. All amide proton temperature coefficients were only slightly less negative (−6.9 to − 9.1 ppb/ °C) than those of amide protons in free exchange with water (≈− 11 ppb/ °C), indicating an absence of persistent intramolecular hydrogen bonds. With the exception of amide groups in reducing‐terminal N‐acetylglucosamine rings, all amide proton environments have the same temperature coefficient (−6.9 ppb/ °C), irrespective of differences in amide group chemical shifts and 3JHH coupling constants, i.e. they do not sense subtle differences in orientation of the amide group. Amide nitrogen temperature coefficients report the same phenomena but with greater sensitivity. These data provide a set of reference values for temperature coefficients measured in other carbohydrates with acetamido sugars. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1H and 13C NMR assignments for two anthraquinones and two xanthones from the mangrove fungus (ZSUH‐36)
Authors: Shao Changlun , She Zhigang , Guo Zhiyong , Peng Hong , Cai Xiaoling , Zhou Shining , Gu Yucheng , Lin Yongcheng
Published: March 2007

We report the unambiguous assignments of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of one new natural product, namely, 6,8‐di‐O‐methyl versiconol (1) together with one known anthraquinone aversin (2) and two xanthones 5‐methoxysterigmatocystin (3) and sterigmatocystin (4). These compounds were all isolated from the mangrove endophytic fungus ZSUH‐36 from the South China Sea. 1D and 2D NMR experiments including COSY, HMQC and HMBC were used to elucidate the structures. Variations in the 1H NMR spectrum of 6,8‐di‐O‐methyl versiconol (1) were also observed in the temperature range 25–75 °C. In addition, the plausible biogenetic path from 1 to 2 is discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1H and 13C NMR assignments for two oxaphenalenones bacillosporin C and D from the mangrove endophytic fungus SBE‐14
Authors: Guo Zhiyong , Shao Changlun , She Zhigang , Cai Xiaoling , Liu Fan , Vrijimoed L. L. P. , Lin Yongcheng
Published: March 2007

The complete 1H and 13C NMR assignments are reported for the novel natural product Bacillosporin D together with the known compound Bacillosporin C. These compounds containing seven rings were isolated from the mangrove endophytic fungus SBE‐14 from the South China Sea. 1D and 2D NMR experiments, including COSY, HMQC and HMBC were used to the determination of the structures and NMR assignments. It is proposed that 1 was biogenetically produced by transforming 2. Transforming a lactone to an anhydride is unusual in nature. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonprofit agency dependence on direct service and indirect support volunteers: An empirical investigation
Authors: Hartenian Linda S.
Published: March 2007

Thirty agency directors or volunteer coordinators were interviewed regarding the human resource techniques they use to attract and retain two types of volunteers: direct service and indirect support. Agencies that depend on direct (point‐of‐service) volunteers are more likely to bring volunteers on board and use the performance feedback process to guide any needed improvements. Role playing and mentoring are particularly effective training techniques for these volunteers. Despite the critical function of point‐of‐service volunteers, more sophisticated recruitment and screening techniques were not used, contrary to expectations. Agencies that depend on indirect support volunteers use the recruitment process to screen out those who would not be successful volunteers and terminate them quickly for lack of confidentiality and reliability, particularly if they have had on‐the‐job training. Agencies hesitate to terminate direct service volunteers even for lack of ability and violations of policies and procedures. Finally, agencies used nonmonetary rewards with indirect support, but not direct service, volunteers. Implications of these findings and others are discussed.
The careers of NGO field‐workers in Bangladesh
Authors: Ahmad Mokbul Morshed
Published: March 2007

This article looks at field‐workers employed by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Bangladesh. It can be argued that NGO field‐workers, who work directly with clients, are an undervalued and underused resource in Bangladesh. A questionnaire survey, participant observation, and semistructured interviews of field‐workers in four types of NGOs (international, large national, regional, and small local) revealed that they are from rural, middle‐class families and, because the work requires rigorous physical exercise, most of them are young. They do not join NGOs as field‐workers enthusiastically, but rather to have a job and earn money. Most field‐workers in Bangladesh must leave the job when they grow older or (in the case of women) get married.
A primer for pastors and other practitioners
Authors: Cnaan Ram
Published: March 2007

Managing God's Business: Religious and Faith‐Based Organizations and Their Management, by Malcolm Torry. Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate, 2005. 198 pp., $89.95 cloth.
TRIP: a psycho‐educational programme in Hong Kong for people with schizophrenia
Authors: Chan Sunny Ho‐Wan , Lee Siegfrid Wing‐Kin , Chan Ida Wai‐Mei
Published: March 2007

‘TRIP’ (Transforming Relapse and Instilling Prosperity) is a ward‐based illness management programme that aims to decrease treatment non‐compliance and relapse rate by improving the insight and health of acute psychiatric patients with schizophrenia. Eighty‐one stable male acute psychiatric patients with schizophrenia were randomized to receive the TRIP programme (n = 44) or the comparison group of traditional ward occupational therapy (WOT) programme (n = 37). Participants' insights and health were assessed by the Unawareness of Mental Disorder Scale and the Hong Kong version of the Short Form‐36 (SF‐36) health survey, respectively. Each group was then followed up for a 12‐month period. One‐way analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that participants in the TRIP programme had significantly better insight and health than a comparison group during post‐study measurement. Participants in the TRIP programme had significantly fewer re‐admissions in the 12‐month follow‐up period than those who attended the WOT programme. In summary the TRIP programme, as led by an occupational therapist, was effective in improving insight, awareness of health and in having a lower re‐admission rate than a traditional occupational therapy programme. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of hostile environments on adhesive joints II. Role of water with unstressed epoxide adhesive
Authors: Kerr C. , Macdonald N. C. , Orman S.
Published: March 2007

The adverse effect of water on aluminium‐epoxide bonds has been studied with respect to: the temperature and water vapour pressure of the exposure environment; the degree of cure of the adhesive; and the recover‐ability of the bond strength. The results confirm that water accumulation within the system is the disrupting entity. However, the current data indicate that hydrolysis of covalent bonds, rather than interference with hydrogen bonding, is the operative mechanism.