bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O exame Celpe-Bras e o ensino de português em um curso para candidatos ao PEC-G: mecanismo de política linguística em ação
Authors: Dionísio Cynthia Israelly Barbalho , Sousa Socorro Cláudia Tavares de
Published: October 2021

O objetivo do artigo é discutir como o exame Celpe-Bras atua como mecanismo de política linguística para professoras de um curso de português para candidatos ao Programa de Estudantes-Convênio de Graduação (PEC-G). A noção teórica de mecanismos de política linguística de Shohamy (2006; 2007; 2009) embasa a discussão dos dados gerados em entrevistas semiestruturadas. A análise da materialidade textual baseou-se na análise do conteúdo temático, da seleção lexical e dos elementos argumentativos segundo Koch (2000; 2011). A conclusão é que o Celpe-Bras atua como mecanismo de política linguística para as professoras ao transformar ideologias em práticas de ensino do que (conteúdo) e como (metodologia) ensinar. Especificamente, o exame atua sobre três eixos da prática docente: no planejamento de aulas, na metodologia de ministração de aulas e na avaliação de produções textuais dos alunos. A política linguística oficial do PEC-G estabelece o Celpe-Bras como requisito para o ingresso em Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) brasileiras, mas não dispõe sobre currículo, formação de professores, material didático ou outros aspectos do ensino. Há prerrogativas e encargos decorrentes da atuação em contexto pautado por um exame de alta relevância, como é o Celpe-Bras para os participantes. Os programas de ensino e os próprios professores gozam de um alto grau de liberdade para criar políticas linguísticas locais visando a endereçar os pontos não cobertos por disposições oficiais ou superiores. Ao mesmo tempo, devem lidar com um possível clima de conflito emergente entre diversas ideologias e práticas quanto ao exame, decorrente da própria liberdade de criação de políticas linguísticas locais responsivas ao contexto.
Português Língua Estrangeira na China: o ensino remoto emergencial nos primeiros tempos de Covid-19
Authors: Pires Manuel
Published: October 2021

Em um tempo em que os meios on-line adquiriram um súbito e preponderante lugar de destaque como plataforma de trabalho das instituições de ensino à escala mundial, o ensino de português na China não foi exceção. As contingências da epidemia na China fizeram com que fosse precursora nessa experiência, uma vez que a implementação de aulas on-line no ensino superior chinês iniciou-se semanas antes de a Covid-19 ter sido declarada uma pandemia pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. O presente estudo tem como objetivo analisar as decorrências do ensino remoto emergencial e o seu impacto na aprendizagem dos alunos durante esse período sensível. Para esse efeito, foram realizados questionários e entrevistas a estudantes universitários de português que cursaram as aulas on-line e que expressaram as suas perspetivas sobre os contratempos e as mais-valias dessa experiência. Tendo em consideração que a introdução do ensino on-line, nessa data, não resultou de planejamento, estruturação ou intenção prévia, mas foi fruto de contingências de ordem excepcional, as conclusões deste estudo incidem nas medidas positivas que se podem retirar dessa experiência de ensino e que futuramente poderão ser implementadas com a devida organização e concertação com vista a enriquecer e dinamizar o ensino-aprendizagem de Português Língua Estrangeira na China.
Aplicativo para Orientação de Vítimas de Acidentes com Animais Peçonhentos
Authors: Lima Ângelo Leonardo Trovo Botelho de , Maria Eduardo Guidugli , Donegá Guilherme Rocha , Silva Pedro Vitor Siqueira da , Caritá Edilson Carlos
Published: October 2021

Este artigo não possui resumo.
Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Carissimi Guzmán , G. Montalbán Mercedes , G. Fuster Marta , Víllora Gloria
Published: October 2021

This chapter presents a review on the design of nanoparticles which have been proposed as drug delivery systems in biomedicine. It will begin with a brief historical review of nanotechnology including the most common types of nanoparticles (metal nanoparticles, liposomes, nanocrystals and polymeric nanoparticles) and their advantages as drug delivery systems. These advantages include the mechanism of increased penetration and retention, the transport of insoluble drugs and the controlled release. Next, the nanoparticle design principles and the routes of administration of nanoparticles (parental, oral, pulmonary and transdermal) are discussed. Different routes of elimination of nanoparticles (renal and hepatic) are also analyzed.
Peri-Implantitis Revisited
Authors: Shatta Amer , Anil Sukumaran
Published: October 2021

Dental implants have become a well-accepted treatment option for patients with partial or complete edentulism. The long-term success of the endosseous dental implant depends not only on osseointegration, but on the healthy soft tissue interface that surrounds the implant. Peri-implantitis is defined as an inflammatory process affecting the supporting hard and soft tissue around an implant in function, leading to loss of supporting bone. Peri-implant mucositis has been defined as a reversible inflammatory reaction in the peri-implant mucosa surrounding an osseointegrated dental implant. Peri-implant mucositis is assumed to precede peri-implantitis. Data indicate that patients diagnosed with peri-implant mucositis may develop peri-implantitis, especially in the absence of regular maintenance care. However, the features or conditions characterizing the progression from peri-implant mucositis to peri-implantitis in susceptible patients have not been identified. The most common etiological factors associated with the development of peri-implantitis are the presence of bacterial plaque and host response. The risk factors associated with peri-implant bone loss include smoking combined with IL-1 genotype polymorphism, a history of periodontitis, poor compliance with treatment and oral hygiene practices, the presence of systemic diseases affecting healing, cement left behind following cementation of the crowns, lack of keratinized gingiva, and previous history of implant failure There is strong evidence that there is an increased risk of developing peri-implantitis in patients who have a history of severe periodontitis, poor plaque control, and no regular maintenance care after implant therapy. Management of peri-implantitis generally works on the assumption that there is a primary microbial etiology. Furthermore, it is assumed that micro-organisms and/or their by-products lead to infection of the surrounding tissues and subsequent destruction of the alveolar bone surrounding an implant. A combination of surgical, open debridement, and antimicrobial treatment has been advocated for the treatment of peri-implantitis. Surgical intervention is required once a patient has bleeding on probing, greater than 5 mm of probing depth, and severe bone loss beyond that expected with remodeling. Access flaps require full-thickness elevation of the mucoperiosteum, facilitating debridement and decontamination of the implant surface via hand instruments, ultrasonic tips, or lasers. When necessary, surgical procedures may be used in conjunction with detoxification of the implant surface by mechanical devices, such as high-pressure air powder abrasion or laser.
Sonic Drilling with Use of a Cavitation Hydraulic Vibrator
Authors: Zhulay Yuriy , Nikolayev Olexiy
Published: October 2021

Sonic drilling is a soil penetration technique that strongly reduces friction on the drill string and drill bit due to liquefaction, inertia effects and a temporary reduction of porosity of the soil. Modern studies to assess the effect of the vibration frequency of the drill bit on the rock fragmentation in experimental and theoretical works on drilling various rocks by the sonic method have shown that vibration frequencies of ~ 1.4 kHz are the most beneficial for ensuring the maximum drilling speed in hard rocks. The above frequencies of excitation of vibrations of the drill bit can be achieved by using a cavitation hydrovibrator. The cavitation hydrovibrator is the Venturi tube of special geometry that converts a stationary fluid (flushing mud) flow into an oscillatory stalling cavitation flow and hydrovibrator structure longitudinal vibrations. The drill bit vibration accelerations are realized in such a drill string, leading to the destruction of rock. Efficient removal of rock particles from the bottomhole is achieved due to high-frequency shock self-oscillations of mud pressure exceeding the steady-state pressure at the generator inlet. The cavitation hydraulic vibrator lacks the main disadvantages of submersible hydraulic hammers.
Clustering Algorithms: An Exploratory Review
Authors: Lakshmi Patibandla R.S.M. , N Veeranjaneyulu
Published: October 2021

A process of similar data items into groups is called data clustering. Partitioning a Data Set into some groups based on the resemblance within a group by using various algorithms. Partition Based algorithms key idea is to split the data points into partitions and each one replicates one cluster. The performance of partition depends on certain objective functions. Evolutionary algorithms are used for the evolution of social aspects and to provide optimum solutions for huge optimization problems. In this paper, a survey of various partitioning and evolutionary algorithms can be implemented on a benchmark dataset and proposed to apply some validation criteria methods such as Root-Mean-Square Standard Deviation, R-square and SSD, etc., on some algorithms like Leader, ISODATA, SGO and PSO, and so on.
Psychopharmacological Perspectives and Diagnosis of Substance Use Disorder
Authors: Duresso Samson
Published: October 2021

A considerable body of research has accumulated over several decades and altered the current understanding of substance use and its effects on the brain. This knowledge has improved the perception of the disease of addiction and has opened the door to new ways of thinking about diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of substance use disorders. The purpose of the current chapter is to briefly outline and summarize the major psychopharmacological framework underlying substance use disorder (SUD) and the factors that involve in the transformation of some people from recreational use or misuse of alcohol or drugs to SUD. The chapter explains the overall neurocircuitry theories of the addiction cycle: binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation. It briefly discusses how psychoactive substances produce changes in brain functioning that facilitate the development of addiction and contribute to craving which eventually leads to relapse. The chapter also deals with similarities and differences among various classes of addictive substances in their effects on the brain and behavior and briefly describes the main risk factors that involve SUD. Finally, an attempt is made to briefly discuss the major DSM 5 based behavioral criteria that involve SUD, corresponding to the most abused substances worldwide.
Spontaneous Pneumothorax in a Child with COVID-19
Authors: Hashemi Seyedeh Masumeh , Esfahanian Niloofar , Ahmadizadeh Seyyedeh Narjes , Behzad Azita , Alemzadeh Maryam , Shirvani Fariba , Armin Shahnaz , Esfahanian Yasaman
Published: October 2021

Introduction: SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) is a serious and global infection that has spread to numerous countries, including Iran. Pneumothorax may occur in cases of COVID-19 as a consequence of lung parenchymal damage, which can disrupt the healing process and increase mortality. Case Presentation: This manuscript describes the case of a 2-year-old boy with hyper IgM syndrome and COVID-19 infection. The patient developed spontaneous pneumothorax and recovered without chest tube by supportive care and was discharged in good general condition after the completion of the antibiotic course and cessation of fever. Conclusions: The severity, prognosis, and best treatment for spontaneous pneumothorax in COVID-19 infection, especially in children, remain nebulous. It is recommended that conservative treatment be performed if the patient has stable vital signs and no severe respiratory failure. However, this requires more detailed clinical evaluations.
Impacto das mudanças climáticas no contexto do patrimônio cultural de cidades europeias e brasileiras: breve panorama de estudos sobre o tema entre 2000 e 2020
Authors: Pereira Natália Biscaglia , Pasini Pâmela , Bittencourt Eduardo Müller
Published: October 2021

A adaptação ao fenômeno das mudanças climáticas é uma questão de grande importância no atual contexto de políticas públicas voltadas ao planejamento urbano das cidades. Em se tratando de sítios de valor histórico-cultural e de bens pertencentes ao patrimônio cultural, o efeito das mudanças climáticas pode acarretar um grande desafio para a garantia da sua conservação. Assim, o presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar uma revisão narrativa da literatura de artigos científicos e bibliografia de referência sobre o tema do impacto das mudanças climáticas no âmbito patrimonial, comparando criticamente o caso brasileiro com o contexto internacional, sobretudo europeu. Estipulou-se como delimitação temporal o período das duas últimas décadas, entre 2000 e 2020, cinco anos após a primeira conferência mundial sobre o clima da ONU (Organização das Nações Unidas), com a consolidação do compromisso climático e a ampliação de países signatários. A metodologia aplicada é a revisão bibliográfica e compilação dos dados obtidos das publicações, fazendo uso da análise crítica-comparativa. Como resultado, espera-se contribuir com o estado da arte sobre a temática, refletindo sobre os aspectos necessários para avançar no campo na esfera brasileira.
Comunicação visual acessível das mudanças climáticas e seus impactos sobre o patrimônio cultural arqueológico
Authors: Tizuka Michelle Mayumi , Ribeiro Aline dos Santos
Published: October 2021

Imagens visuais atraentes podem ser a chave para comunicar com eficácia as mudanças climáticas. Longe de fotos clichês de geleiras derretidas, ursos polares e chaminés, os tópicos do Relatório Especial em 1.5C (SR15) do Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas contam uma história mais humana e urgente. É preciso ter claro que os efeitos dessas mudanças, sejam por influência antrópica ou como parte de ciclos naturais, são diferentes para cada área geográfica e que provocam e provocarão impactos, de formas e graus distintos sobre cada aspecto da vida, incluindo os bens do patrimônio cultural arqueológico. A presente pesquisa busca mapear como a estratégia proposta pelo Programa Climate Visuals, desenvolvido e elaborado pela Climate Research, pode ser adaptada ao contexto brasileiro, promovendo o acesso ao seu conteúdo também a pessoas com deficiência visual. E, através dessa primeira abordagem, nortear os próximos passos de construção de um material digital que realize uma comunicação visual não apenas atraente, mas também acessível, das mudanças climáticas e seus impactos sobre o patrimônio cultural arqueológico.
La necesidad de resiliencia en las ciudades frente el reto del cambio climático
Authors: Rufato Machado Isabela Beatriz
Published: October 2021

El presente artículo hace mención a una perspectiva normativa donde la resiliencia urbana se establece como una solución parcial frente al riesgo de desastre, proponiendo también una mayor concientización sobre las potenciales consecuencia derivadas del cambio climático, exponiendo datos preocupantes de los índices de cambios globales en la temperatura, aumento del nivel del mar, deshielo, etc. que poco a poco están aumentando rumo a un camino que vaya ser fatal, tanto para la naturaleza cuanto en el medio urbano y en la vida de las personas. El urbanismo resiliente viene adquiriendo cada vez más relevancia, además de intentar trabajar la problemática de exposición de riesgos en las ciudades, el concepto está relacionado con medidas para incrementar la capacidad de prevención y adaptación de un territorio, o población, frente a riesgos, catástrofes y situaciones desfavorables que soporta o puede soportar una sociedad, y principalmente, la transformación que eso genera. Sin embargo, el tema compone innúmeros retos que deberían ser analizados y discutidos para aplicaciones bien sucedidas, hasta porque la mayoría de la población mundial terminará viviendo en zonas urbanizadas, por lo tanto, es crítico y muy urgente el hecho de evaluar, planificar, monitorear y aplicar la resiliencia urbanística, sobre todo en países de bajo ingreso, los cuales, son los más afectados.
Corpo, cidade e lugar: mapeamentos e espaços híbridos
Authors: Souza Angela Gomes de , Girardi Gisele
Published: October 2021

O uso das redes sociais foi ampliado significativamente em 2020, sendo necessário refletir também sobre a experiência geográfica de deslocamentos na pandemia. Ao incrementar o uso das tecnologias digitais no nosso cotidiano, devido à impossibilidade de usufruir integralmente da cidade, modificamos profundamente as nossas relações físicas, corporais e culturais com a cidade. As sobreposições entre as redes que se formaram na pandemia, com rebatimento no território, e as redes virtuais conformam espaços híbridos. Partindo de dados de uma pesquisa de doutorado do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geografia da Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, investiga-se a experiência de mapeamento das redes de cinco mulheres com atuação comunitária no bairro Centro, em Vitória, no Espírito Santo, que simbólica e materialmente constroem uma outra cidade. A premissa é de processo de conhecimento em construção, não necessariamente linear, sobre a relação entre mapeamento extensivo e intensivo. O artigo aborda a relação corpo e cidade, mapeamentos, registros de deslocamentos e análise desses espaços híbridos. Na conclusão, resgatamos a relação mapa extensivo e intensivo, o percurso construído no artigo e reflexões sobre outros caminhos possíveis para o mapeamento.
Outcomes of COVID-19 in Patients With a History of Cancer and Comorbid Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Ganatra Sarju , Dani Sourbha S. , Redd Robert , Rieger-Christ Kimberly , Patel Rushin , Parikh Rohan , Asnani Aarti , Bang Vigyan , Shreyder Katherine , Brar Simarjeet S. , Singh Amitoj , Kazi Dhruv S. , Guha Avirup , Hayek Salim S. , Barac Ana , Gunturu Krishna S. , Zarwan Corrine , Mosenthal Anne C. , Yunus Shakeeb A. , Kumar Amudha , Patel Jaymin M. , Patten Richard D. , Venesy David M. , Shah Sachin P. , Resnic Frederic S. , Nohria Anju , Baron Suzanne J.
Published: October 2021

Background: Cancer and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are independently associated with adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19. However, outcomes in patients with COVID-19 with both cancer and comorbid CVD are unknown. Methods: This retrospective study included 2,476 patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 at 4 Massachusetts hospitals between March 11 and May 21, 2020. Patients were stratified by a history of either cancer (n=195) or CVD (n=414) and subsequently by the presence of both cancer and CVD (n=82). We compared outcomes between patients with and without cancer and patients with both cancer and CVD compared with patients with either condition alone. The primary endpoint was COVID-19–associated severe disease, defined as a composite of the need for mechanical ventilation, shock, or death. Secondary endpoints included death, shock, need for mechanical ventilation, need for supplemental oxygen, arrhythmia, venous thromboembolism, encephalopathy, abnormal troponin level, and length of stay. Results: Multivariable analysis identified cancer as an independent predictor of COVID-19–associated severe disease among all infected patients. Patients with cancer were more likely to develop COVID-19–associated severe disease than were those without cancer (hazard ratio [HR], 2.02; 95% CI, 1.53–2.68; P<.001). Furthermore, patients with both cancer and CVD had a higher likelihood of COVID-19–associated severe disease compared with those with either cancer (HR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.11–3.10; P=.02) or CVD (HR, 1.79; 95% CI, 1.21–2.66; P=.004) alone. Patients died more frequently if they had both cancer and CVD compared with either cancer (35% vs 17%; P=.004) or CVD (35% vs 21%; P=.009) alone. Arrhythmias and encephalopathy were also more frequent in patients with both cancer and CVD compared with those with cancer alone. Conclusions: Patients with a history of both cancer and CVD are at significantly higher risk of experiencing COVID-19–associated adverse outcomes. Aggressive public health measures are needed to mitigate the risks of COVID-19 infection in this vulnerable patient population.
Quantifying Withdrawal of Consent, Loss to Follow-Up, Early Drug Discontinuation, and Censoring in Oncology Trials
Authors: Wilson Brooke E. , Nadler Michelle B. , Desnoyers Alexandra , Amir Eitan
Published: October 2021

Background: Censoring due to early drug discontinuation (EDD) or withdrawal of consent or loss to follow-up (WCLFU) can result in postrandomization bias. In oncology, censoring rules vary with no defined standards. In this study, we sought to describe the planned handling and transparency of censoring data in oncology trials supporting FDA approval and to compare EDD and WCLFU in experimental and control arms. Methods: We searched FDA archives to identify solid tumor drug approvals and their associated trials between 2015 and 2019, and extracted the planned handling and reporting of censored data. We compared the proportion of WCLFU and EDD between the experimental and control arms by using generalized estimating equations, and performed logistic regression to identify trial characteristics associated with WCLFU occurring more frequently in the control group. Results: Censoring rules were defined adequately in 48 (59%) of 81 included studies. Only 14 (17%) reported proportions of censored participants clearly. The proportion of WCLFU was higher in the control group than in the experimental group (mean, 3.9% vs 2.5%; β-coefficient, −2.2; 95% CI, −3.1 to −1.3; P<.001). EDD was numerically higher in the experimental arm in 61% of studies, but there was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of EDD between the experimental and control groups (mean, 21.6% vs 19.9%, respectively; β-coefficient, 0.27; 95% CI, −0.32 to 0.87; P=.37). The proportion of EDD due to adverse effects (AEs) was higher in the experimental group (mean, 13.2% vs 8.5%; β-coefficient, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.57–2.45; P=.002). WCLFU was higher in the control group in studies with an active control group (odds ratio [OR], 10.1; P<.001) and in open label studies (OR, 3.00; P=.08). Conclusions: There are significant differences in WCLFU and EDD for AEs between the experimental and control arms in oncology trials. This may introduce postrandomization bias. Trials should improve the reporting and handling of censored data so that clinicians and patients are fully informed regarding the expected benefits of a treatment.
The first successful double switch operation for congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries in Slovenia
Authors: Weiss Miha , Djordjević Anže , Gebauer Roman , Elek Miroslav , Topalović Mirko , Senekovič Teja , Zupan Andraž , Jelenc Matija , Koželj Mirta
Published: October 2021

Congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries is a rare congenital heart defect characterized by atrioventricular and ventriculoarterial discordance and can be potentially associated with several other concomitant anomalies, such as ventricular septal defect or congenital complete atrioventricular block. Different surgical options are used for treating the condition. Anatomic repair yields the best long-term outcomes; however, it is technically the most challenging. We present a case of a 3-year old female patient who was electively admitted for complete repair after pulmonary artery banding and pacemaker implantation soon after birth. Subsequently, an anatomic repair (double switch) was performed with an uneventful postoperative course and excellent mid-term outcomes.
«A vós qui sou la bella i alta rima» (Els participants en la ‘Resposta’ trobada de Miquel Ortigues)
Authors: Barceló i Trigueros Sergi
Published: October 2021

En el marc de la realització de la tesi doctoral sobre el notari valencià Miquel Ortigues, hem estudiat l’obra atribuïda així com qüestions d’aspectes biogràfics i contextuals. En aquest article ens centrem en la importància de l’aparició d’una composició inèdita trobada en els seus protocols notarials i una revisió sobre la magnitud del personatge a partir de les relacions literàries que s’expliciten en els versos. L’article representa un nou enfocament sobre Miquel Ortigues que té en compte dades empíriques recollides als arxius. De forma col·lateral també significa la irrupció d’altres dos poetes, Ausiàs Crespí de Valldaura i Joan Ram Escrivà en el panorama poètic de les preguntes i respostes valencianes de finals del s. XV, i als quals també dediquem un article. L’estudi de Miquel Ortigues i dels poetes participants de la Resposta és important per a calibrar el que pot donar de si l’aprofundiment en el treball d’arxiu i en la descoberta de personatges literaris que ajuden a entendre com era el circuit literari poètic valencià de finals de segle xv i quina influència degueren tenir respecte a les noves modes literàries.
Variabilitat en la realització del contrast en les sibilants sordes del català i del romanés
Authors: Cruselles Paula
Published: October 2021

El romanés i el valencià presenten un contrast similar entre la sibilant no palatal /s/ i la sibilant palatal /?/, però l’articulació de les dues consonants presenta diferències entre les dues llengües. D’una banda, en romanés /s/ es realitza com a dental, més avançada que en valencià; de l’altra, /?/ presenta en romanés un grau de palatalitat major, amb més endarreriment articulatori que en valencià. El primer objectiu és descriure les característiques acústiques d’aquestes consonants a partir del centre de gravetat i comprovar si aquest moment espectral és un bon indicador per a caracteritzar /s/ i /?/ en les llengües estudiades. El segon objectiu és determinar si existeixen diferències entre les dues llengües en la nitidesa del contrast /s/ vs. /?/. Les dades demostren que el centre de gravetat permet descriure les diferències d’articulació entre les consonants del català i del romanés. En relació amb la distància entre les dues consonants, podem establir una gradació en valencià des de la manca de distinció fins a una distinció robusta; el romanés es caracteritza per un contrast ben nítid, semblant o més clar que el de les varietats valencianes amb una distinció robusta.
In-service teachers’ language attitudes in the Valencian educational system: the effect of the school language programme and the L1
Authors: Guzmán-Alcón Irene , Portolés Laura
Published: October 2021

The study of teachers’ attitudes towards languages has received some attention, as multilingualism has become one of the main educational targets for European school systems (Cenoz 2019; Liyanage & Tao 2020). Several authors (Lasagabaster 2017; Safont 2007) have claimed that language attitudes may play a crucial role in multilingual education. In the Valencian educational system, existing research has examined both students’ language attitudes (Nightingale 2012, 2016; Portolés 2015) and pre-service teachers’ language attitudes (Lasagabaster & Safont 2008; Portolés 2014; Safont 2007) towards the three teaching languages (i.e., Catalan, Spanish and English). Yet, as far as we know, experienced teachers’ attitudes have not been investigated. Thus, the present preliminary study explores 21 in-service teachers’ language attitudes by means of a written questionnaire and a semi-structured interview. In so doing, data were collected in multilingual schools adopting three different school language programmes, namely those of a Catalan-based, a Spanish-based and an English-based language programme. The latter has been a context that has been omitted in previous research. The findings have confirmed the influence of the language programme on in-service teachers’ language attitudes as well as the paramount role of the L1 in the formation of language attitudes. Finally, our findings have pointed out that language attitudes and teaching practices do not always match since some monolingual views are found inside the classroom. Our study concludes that more teacher training is needed on the «Focus on Multilingualism» approach proposed by Cenoz and Gorter (2013).
Els discursos fundacionals sobre el català
Authors: Feliu Francesc
Published: October 2021

S’intenta traçar una perspectiva general, a partir dels principals aspectes que hi prenen part, dels discursos sobre l’origen i l’aparició de la llengua catalana que s’han proposat d’ençà que hi ha hagut treballs de reflexió històrica sobre aquesta llengua. Sense pretendre l’exhaustivitat, se citen autors i obres sols amb la intenció d’il·lustrar els diferents posicionaments.
La relació entre història de la llengua i història literària
Authors: Ginebra Serrabou Jordi
Published: October 2021

La relació entre la disciplina història de la llengua i la disciplina història de la literatura ha estat una relació de subordinació, tant des del punt vista conceptual com metodològic. La primera ha estat subordinada a la segona. En aquest article tractem en primer lloc de les circumstàncies i els esdeveniments històrics que han determinat aquesta situació de subordinació: la identificació cultural entre llengua i literatura (però amb la supeditació de la primera a la segona), el naixement de la lingüística romànica (que, paradoxalment, no va afavorir l’autonomia de la història de la llengua) i la desclosa de les cultures nacionals, que també van donar prioritat a la literatura nacional. En segon lloc ens referim a les particularitats metodològiques i pràctiques de les dues disciplines, que també expliquen per què la relació ha anat de la manera com ha anat. I en tercer lloc tractem breument de l’estat actual de la matèria, que fa pensar que la història de la llengua ha tendit a adquirir autonomia en els darrers anys, malgrat que l’objectiu no ha de ser prescindir de la història literària sinó establir-hi els vincles adients.
La dialèctica corpus/estatus en la història de la llengua catalana. Cap a una explicació integral dels canvis lingüístics
Authors: Massanell i Messalles Mar
Published: October 2021

En aquest article advoquem per la superació de les dicotomies que parcel·len l’estudi dels fets de llengua (sincronia vs. diacronia, lingüística vs. sociolingüística, història interna vs. història externa), en pro d’un atansament que integri el màxim nombre de factors explicatius possibles. Un àmbit propici per a aquesta confluència és l’anàlisi dels canvis lingüístics en curs, que són aquells que tenen lloc en temps real davant dels ulls de l’investigador, el qual es pot beneficiar així de la proximitat a l’objecte d’estudi i de l’accessibilitat als múltiples factors que en condicionen l’evolució, sempre que sigui capaç de no implicar-s’hi en excés. L’anàlisi de les transformacions que s’observen en el català nord-occidental des de la represa del procés d’estandardització a Catalunya evidencia com podem incrementar el grau de comprensió dels canvis lingüístics si estem atents a les interaccions que es produeixen entre els usos establerts socialment, les formes sotmeses als constrenyiments del sistema i les percepcions que acaben formant la consciència lingüística dels parlants entesos com a individus i com a cos social.
La ideologia en el discurs de la història de la llengua: el tractament del procés sobiranista
Authors: Calafat Vila Rosa
Published: October 2021

Aquest article analitza des de la teoria dels actes de parla els discursos socialitzats, entre 2016 i 2019, per la premsa polaritzada amb ideologies en conflicte en el context de l’anomenat procés sobiranista a Catalunya i l’Estat espanyol. Per una banda, es destaquen, amb un enfocament pragmàtic, alguns dels termes que el llenguatge mediàtic ha creat dins l’esfera sobiranista per construir-ne el relat ideològic; per l’altra, s’estudia la deslegitimació que n’han fet els mitjans d’àmbit estatalista en la construcció del contrarelat.
En aquesta confrontació dialèctica argumentativa, els mitjans de comunicació, autèntics intermediaris sociocognitius entre el marc mental i el marc contextual, han socialitzat actituds lingüístiques a l’entorn de l’ús social de la llengua catalana, en tant que idioma en competència sociolingüística amb l’espanyol. El present estudi vol mesurar fins a quin punt aquestes creences són representacions socials lligades a una ideologia fonamental de grup i, alhora, constatar-ne les estratègies retòriques, especialment lèxiques, usades en les proposicions medul·lars d’ambdues esferes mediàtiques.
Anna M. Moreno, Francesco Ardolino & Jordi Malé (eds.), «Manuel de Pedrolo, una mirada oberta. Noves perspectives crítiques i didàctiques», Lleida, Aula Màrius Torres / Pagès editors, 2019, («Trossos», 11), 429 p.
Authors: Torra Pere
Published: October 2021

Ressenya sobre el llibre d'Anna M. Moreno, Francesco Ardolino & Jordi Malé (eds.), Manuel de Pedrolo, una mirada oberta. Noves perspectives crítiques i didàctiques, Lleida, Aula Màrius Torres / Pagès editors, 2019, («Trossos», 11), 429 p., ISBN: 978-84-1303-138-5.
Miquel Antoni Cruz i Morente, «La revista Canigó. Un exemple per a la memòria democràtica i plural (1954-1983)», Càtedra Interuniversitària de Memòria Democràtica de la Comunitat Valenciana, Alacant, Universitat d’Alacant, 2018, 281 p.
Authors: Palau Vergés Montserrat
Published: October 2021

Ressenya sobre el llibre de Miquel Antoni Cruz i Morente, La revista Canigó. Un exemple per a la memòria democràtica i plural (1954-1983), Càtedra Interuniversitària de Memòria Democràtica de la Comunitat Valenciana, Alacant, Universitat d’Alacant, 2018, 281 p. ISBN: 978-84-1302-025-9.
Julia Haba-Osca & Robert Martínez-Carrasco, «Llegir la imatge. Il·lustrar la paraula. Reflexions al voltant del llibre il·lustrat i el còmic», Albacete, Uno Editorial, 2020, 116 p.
Authors: Domene-Benito Rocío
Published: October 2021

Ressenya sobre el llibre de Julia Haba-Osca & Robert Martínez-Carrasco, Llegir la imatge. Il·lustrar la paraula. Reflexions al voltant del llibre il·lustrat i el còmic, Albacete, Uno Editorial, 2020, 116 p., ISBN: 978-84-18438-37-0.
Caterina Martínez Martínez, «Origen i evolució dels connectors de contrast en català», Alacant / Barcelona, Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana / Publicacions de l’Abadia de Montserrat, «Biblioteca Sanchis Guarner», 2021, 247 p.
Authors: Garachana Mar
Published: October 2021

Ressenya sobre el llibre de Caterina Martínez Martínez, Origen i evolució dels connectors de contrast en català, Alacant / Barcelona, Institut Interuniversitari de Filologia Valenciana / Publicacions de l’Abadia de Montserrat, «Biblioteca Sanchis Guarner», 2021, 247 p., isbn: 978-84-9191-152-4.
DIFFERENTIATION OF MAIZE LINES WITH HIGH CONTENT OF CAROTENOIDS USING PROTEIN AND DNA MARKERS
Authors: PRYSIAZHNIUK Larysa , HONCHAROV Yurii , SHYTIKOVA Yuliia , TOPCHII Oksana , OTROSHKO Snizhana
Published: October 2021

Wide natural variety of carotenoids, including vitamin A precursors, is characteristic of maize (Zea mays L.), which allows using it to combat vitamin A deficiency in the world. Previous studies have established the effectiveness of the use of functional DNA markers in the selection of maize lines with a high content of carotenoids in grain. However, not only improving grain quality but also creating highly productive hybrids competitive on the grain market is currently important. The purpose of our study was to determine the genetic diversity of maize lines using storage protein and DNA markers, as well as to find correlations of two marker systems with FAO characteristics. On the basis of maize lines selected for high content of carotenoids, the allelic state of six SSR markers (phi022, phi034, phi062, phi073, phi079, phi085), electrophoretic spectra of zein and their electrophoretic mobility have been determined. Cluster analysis of maize lines using electrophoretic spectra of zein yielded eight clusters. It was found that the minimum genetic distance was 4.24 and the maximum 7.48 Cluster analysis by the identified alleles for SSR markers allowed to form seven clusters according to the affinity of the lines. Range of changes in genetic distances was from 1.00. to 3.46 The analysis of genetic distance matrices, using the Mantel test, found a correlation between the marker systems under study (r = 0.184). A correlation between the studied marker systems and their relation to FAO characteristics was established. Therefore, in order to increase selection efficiency of maize, it is advisable to use an integrated approach to the evaluation of breeding genotypes involving protein and DNA markers.
MIGRATION DECISIONS AMONG RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN RWANDA: WHAT DOES THE PUSH-AND-PULL MODEL REVEAL?
Authors: MUSABANGANJI Edouard , RURANGA Charles , MANIRIHO Aristide
Published: October 2021

A country economic status is strongly linked to the transition of its population from one area to another. This, because labor and other forms of migration, has a twofold advantage: (I) resourcing the targeted location by skilled labor force, and (II) improving migrant households’ livelihoods by lowering the vulnerability level. This research aimed at understanding the factors affecting migration decisions among rural households in Rwanda. Data on internal migration were collected in 5033 rural households in 2016/2017 as a part of the fifth nation-wide crosssectional survey on the Households Living Conditions, and analyzed using the binary logistic regression model. The major findings showed that internal migration was higher in Southern (31.9%) and Western (24.3%) provinces, where official reports pointed out a high level of poverty. The lower rate was observed in Kigali City (3.5%) which was actually considered as richest area and the most internal migration ‘pull factors’ (jobs and other livelihoods opportunities) offering zone. Results also revealed that, on one hand, being from a rural area, the age, having a large household size, having advanced education level, and being an female household head were the ‘push factors’ increasing by around 30% and more the probability of deciding to migrate to another region. On the other hand, owning a land and being reach decreased the likelihood of moving to other zones. This leads to affirm that employment opportunity and availability of diversified livelihoods sources in receiving regions constitute the main ‘pull factors’ of migration decisions at rural household level. In light of these findings, it is recommended to (I) ensure more balanced regional growth and opportunities for increased access to off-farm employment for a larger proportion of the rural population and (II) carry out a study on the effects of migration on the livelihoods of migrant-sending households in order to make a thorough and refined situational analysis.
MODEL STUDY TO INVESTIGATE THE TOXIC INTERACTION BETWEEN GLYPHOSATE AND COPPER SULPHATE ON CHICKEN EMBRYOS
Authors: SZABÓ Rita , BUDAI Péter , KORMOS Éva , BUDA István , GRÚZ Adrienn , SZEMERÉDY Géza , LEHEL József , FÁTH Rita
Published: October 2021

The toxic effects of the Taifun Forte herbicide (360 g/l glyphosate isopropylamine salt) applied alone or in combination with copper sulphate were studied on chicken embryos in the early phase of embryonic development. The test materials were injected in 0.1 ml volume into the air chamber of eggs on the first day of incubation. Subsequently, on the third day of incubation permanent preparations were made from the embryo in order to study the early developmental stage. Embryos fixed on slides and stained with osmium tetroxide solution were studied under light microscope. The embryonic mortality and the developmental anomalies was analysed statistically by Fisher test. According to the result of the statistical evaluation, the embryonic mortality was not influenced by the single treatment of copper sulphate. However, Taifun Forte and its combination with heavy metal significantly increased the early embryonic mortality. Developmental abnormalities were sporadically observed due to the single administration of copper sulphate. The incidence of it was increased due to the treatment with herbicide alone and in combination with copper sulphate. Based on the results, additive toxic interaction may occur between the copper sulphate and glyphosate that can highly reduce the viability of the embryos or can lead to extinction of wild birds in serious cases.
THE FAILURES OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED ORGANISMS (GMOS): RESISTANCE, REGULATION, AND REJECTION
Authors: PAULL John
Published: October 2021

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have been contentious for more than three decades. Only 24 countries grow GMOs commercially. Four countries (USA, Canada, Brazil and Argentina) account for 85% of the global GMO hectares. Four crops (soy, corn, cotton and canola) account for 99% of GM hectares. Despite the veneer of social validity that regulators cast, the GMO sector has failed to gain a social licence. Where GM labelling is required, food manufacturers avoid GM ingredients. GMOs have failed to gain price parity with their non-GM counterparts, and they attract price penalties. Segregation of GMOs and non-GMOs has failed (with a tolerance of 0.9% GM contamination in so-called non-GM canola). GM has failed the coexistence test with a GMO growers contaminating neighbouring farms. GMOs are a biosecurity fail, with test plots of GM canola planted in the late 1990s still monitored two decades later for rogue canola plants. Most GMO crops are glyphosate dependent. Glyphosate is globally subject to massive litigation claims and awards, and is implicated in the causation of multiple cancers. Mechanisms for compensating farms contaminated by GMOs are lacking. The GMO industry has taken no responsibility for contaminations. GMOs are a threat to the organic sector and the maintenance of certification and price premiums. Most countries (88%) do not grow GMO crops. This paper considers the global experience of GMOs and the Australian experience as a microcosm of the global experience and as a case study.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CALVING INTERVAL IN THE MERTOLENGA BREED: THE INFLUENCE OF THE COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY BETWEEN 1986 AND 2012
Authors: SANTA MARIA Luis , PAIS José , HENRIQUES Nuno
Published: October 2021

Natural conditions in most of the Portuguese territory (marginal soils and severe water deficit in the summer) do not favor intensive meat production, which in turn determines a low stocking rate unless the pastures are well managed and the animals adequately supplemented when necessary. These improvements are costly and pointless in most cases explaining why breeders do not adopt this strategy. As grassland and forage production, in most cases, are not suitable for efficient fattening, the conversion of land use has led to an increase in the number of suckler cows in the studied period (1986 to 2012), since these animals are less dependent on forage quality and have lower feed costs. It is under this complexity of factors that the Mertolenga breed stand out for its sturdy build, ease of delivery and low food requirements. Establishing periods of calving/mating, and the shortening of these periods, allows co-ordination of the greater nutritional requirements of the animals with the time of the year of greater pasture growth. This would enable the reduction of supplementary feed. The definition of breeding season allows the use of reproductive technologies, which increases neonatal survival until weaning. When the political conditions are added to the natural conditions, the question arises as to the extent to which the efficiency of production has been altered through the stages of the CAP. Also how can the economic viability be supported in the future regardless of the Community support.
Lex PPPs as a source of regulation of cross-border relations in the sphere of public-private partnership and the role of international organizations in formation of Lex PPPs
Authors: Maslova Svetlana Valentinovna
Published: October 2021

Modern international and cross-border relations in the sphere of public-private partnership (PPP) undergo transformations caused by globalization processes, which leads to the amendments in their legal regulation. The impact of non-state actors increases. Although the toolset for influencing cross-border relations in the sphere of PPP retains its legal core, it is being extended by the rules established by non-state actors outside the international and national legal systems, and carry no legal weight. For PPP as a form of interaction between the state and private investment and business structures, such transformations are particularly noticeable and require precise legal qualification. The scientific novelty of this research consists in providing definition in the international legal doctrine to Lex PPPs as the regulator of cross-border relations in the sphere of public-private partnership. Based on the dialectical, logical, and formal-legal methods, assessment is given to the role of international organizations in the formation of Lex PPPs. In conclusion, the author clarifies the role of Lex PPPs within the system of regulators of public-private partnership, namely that it should not expel the legal regulation of cross-border relations in the sphere of public-private partnership; as well as offers to seek for the new forms of correlation between international law and Lex PPPs and their consolidation through the international legal regulation of public-private partnership.
Lak children's game folklore
Authors: Gammakueva Aisha Saidovna
Published: October 2021

The subject of this research is the Lak children's game folklore. Traditional folklore of the peoples of Dagestan is characterized by a wide variety of genres. Children's folklore, which in turn is also rich in genres, holds a significant place therein. Examination of children’s oral lore of the peoples of Dagestan, namely Laks, is substantiated by heightened interest in the spiritual values – customs, rituals, traditions of the past, which defines its relevance, significance, and practical value. A particular role in Lak folklore belongs to game folklore as an element of children’s folklore as a whole. Based on the most widespread games among Lak teenagers (such as “Shagai”), the author analyzes the rules, certain elements used in the course of the game, and peculiarities of making items necessary for the game. The author’s special contribution lies in the description of the nature, peculiarities and specifics of children's games in the settlement of Vikhli of Kulinsky District of the Republic of Dagestan using philological and comparative-analytical approach. This allows determining the ethnic specificity of the material under review. The study of game folklore is of particular relevance, as it promotes such crucial universal concepts as friendship, mutual help, comradeship, as well as develops moral and ethical qualities in children.