bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Astragaloside IV alleviates mouse slow transit constipation by modulating gut microbiota profile and promoting butyric acid generation
Authors: He Qiulan , Han Changpeng , Huang Liang , Yang Haojie , Hu Jiancong , Chen Huaxian , Dou Ruoxu , Ren Donglin , Lin Hongcheng
Published: July 2020

Gut microbiota and short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are associated with the development of various human diseases. In this study, we examined the role of astragaloside IV in modulating mouse gut microbiota structure and the generation of SCFAs, as well as in slow transit constipation (STC). An STC model was established by treating mice with loperamide, in which the therapeutic effects of astragaloside IV were evaluated. The microbiota community structure and SCFA content were analysed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, respectively. The influence of butyrate on STC was assessed using a mouse model and Cajal cells (ICC). Astragaloside IV promoted defecation, improved intestinal mobility, suppressed ICC loss and alleviated colonic lesions in STC mice. Alterations in gut microbiota community structure in STC mice, such as decreased Lactobacillus reuteri diversity, were improved following astragaloside IV treatment. Moreover, astragaloside IV up‐regulated butyric acid and valeric acid, but decreased isovaleric acid, in STC mouse stools. Butyrate promoted defecation, improved intestinal mobility, and enhanced ICC proliferation by regulating the AKT–NF‐κB signalling pathway. Astragaloside IV promoted intestinal transit in STC mice and inhibited ICC loss by regulating the gut microbiota community structure and generating butyric acid.
Knock‐out of MicroRNA 145 impairs cardiac fibroblast function and wound healing post‐myocardial infarction
Authors: Song Hui‐Fang , He Sheng , Li Shu‐Hong , Wu Jun , Yin Wenjuan , Shao Zhengbo , Du Guo‐qing , Wu Jie , Li Jiao , Weisel Richard D. , Verma Subodh , Xie Jun , Li Ren‐Ke
Published: July 2020

Prevention of infarct scar thinning and dilatation and stimulation of scar contracture can prevent progressive heart failure. Since microRNA 145 (miR‐145) plays an important role in cardiac fibroblast response to wound healing and cardiac repair after an myocardial infarction (MI), using a miR‐145 knock‐out (KO) mouse model, we evaluated contribution of down‐regulation of miR‐145 to cardiac fibroblast and myofibroblast function during adverse cardiac remodelling. Cardiac function decreased more and the infarct size was larger in miR‐145 KO than that in WT mice after MI and this phenomenon was accompanied by a decrease in cardiac fibroblast‐to‐myofibroblast differentiation. Quantification of collagen I and α‐SMA protein levels as well as wound contraction revealed that transdifferentiation of cardiac fibroblasts into myofibroblasts was lower in KO than WT mice. In vitro restoration of miR‐145 induced more differentiation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts and this effect involved the target genes Klf4 and myocardin. MiR‐145 contributes to infarct scar contraction in the heart and the absence of miR‐145 contributes to dysfunction of cardiac fibroblast, resulting in greater infarct thinning and dilatation. Augmentation of miR‐145 could be an attractive target to prevent adverse cardiac remodelling after MI by enhancing the phenotypic switch of cardiac fibroblasts to myofibroblasts.
Functional implications of the specialized staminal appendages in alpine ginger (Roscoeaspp.: Zingiberaceae)
Authors: Paudel Babu Ram , Li Qing‐Jun
Published: July 2020

Floral organs are widely believed to enhance the pollination and reproductive success of angiosperms. However, the functional implication of some floral structures is still unknown. In this study, we explored the functional role of staminal appendages on male and female reproductive success of HimalayanRoscoeaspp. and tested if their function differed between species with biotic pollination and autonomous selfing. Phenotypic manipulation is a powerful approach to test the functional effect of a particular trait on plant fitness. We compared various proxies of pollination success between intact flowers and flowers with manually excised staminal appendages. We found that the rate of visitation did not differ between intact and manipulated flowers. Our results revealed that in outcrossingRoscoeaspp., the staminal appendages act as triggering devices to facilitate pollen release and deposition and also to manipulate the foraging position of pollinators to ensure both male and female reproductive success. In contrast, in autonomously selfingRoscoeaspp., the removal of staminal appendages did not affect any aspect of pollination processes. Our results suggest that the staminal appendages are an integral component of outcrossing inRoscoeaspp. and are maintained by selection pressure through both male and female reproductive success. This study provides important insights on how variation in breeding systems can provoke changes in the structure and function of floral organs among congeners.
Over‐the‐counter bleaching agents can help with tooth whitening maintenance
Authors: Santana Jorge Olívia , Noronha Ferraz de Arruda Carolina , Tonani Torrieri Rafaella , Geng Vivanco Rocio , de Carvalho Panzeri Pires‐de‐Souza Fernanda
Published: July 2020

Objective

This study evaluated the influence of over‐the‐counter agents on the maintenance of color and microhardness of the enamel after home bleaching protocol.

Materials and methods

Specimens of bovine teeth (6 × 6 × 2 mm) were prepared, and color (Easyshade, VITA) and microhardness (HMV‐2, Shimadzu) readings were performed. All the specimens were bleached using 22% carbamide peroxide (22%CP), except for the control group, and then separated into seven groups (n = 10) according to the interaction of toothpaste (whitening, conventional, and whitening with peroxide) and mouth rinse (whitening and conventional). The study simulated 1 year of toothbrushing (Pepsodent, MAVTEC) and mouth rinse by immersion. After that, final color and microhardness measurements were performed. Data were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA, Tukey's test (P < .05).

Results

The group submitted to 22%CP + whitening toothpaste + whitening mouth rinse showed higher color maintenance (P < .05) than the control group. The perception of whitening of teeth (ΔWID) was higher than the color change (ΔE00). There was a decrease in microhardness after treatment with 22%CP + conventional toothpaste + whitening mouth rinse.

Conclusions

Over‐the‐counter products can help with the maintenance of tooth whitening after bleaching with carbamide peroxide; however, special attention should be given since the association of products can also reduce the microhardness of the dental enamel.

Clinical significance

The association between whitening toothpastes and mouth rinses might be beneficial for maintaining color during 1 year after bleaching treatment.
Effect of surface treatment on the retention of zirconia crowns to tooth structure after aging
Authors: Monteiro Renata Vasconcelos , dos Santos Daniela Micheline , Bernardon Jussara Karina , De Souza Grace Mendonça
Published: July 2020

Objective

To evaluate the effect of different surface treatments on the retention between zirconia crowns and tooth structure after in vitro aging.

Materials and methods

Human third molars (n = 44) received crown preparations and CAD/CAM zirconia crowns were manufactured. Specimens were divided into two groups: no aging, control (NAC, n = 11) or aging (A, n = 33). NAC were bonded with universal adhesive (UA). Aged specimens were divided into three subgroups (n = 11) according to surface treatment: Control: no abrasion + UA; Alumina: alumina abrasion + UA; Silica: tribochemical silica coating + UA. The crowns were cemented with dual‐cure resin cement. Specimens in group A were aged by a combination of mechanical, thermal, and pH cycling. Retention strength values were obtained by tensile tests and results were analyzed by one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey test (P < .05).

Results

Aging decreased the retention strength in control specimens (P < .001). Surface treatment improved the retention strength of aged specimens (P < .001), with similar results between alumina and tribochemical silica coating.

Conclusion

The chemical interaction between the universal bonding system and zirconia's surface was not sufficient to withstand artificial aging. Tribochemical silica coating did not promote additional retention in comparison to alumina blasting.

Clinical significance

The long‐term retention of translucent zirconia crowns to tooth structure using phosphate‐based materials is improved by means of mechanical surface treatments such as alumina blasting and tribochemical silica coating.
Patient‐reported outcomes in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease: A narrative review of Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire‐non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease/non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Yamamura Sakura , Nakano Dan , Hashida Ryuki , Tsutsumi Tsubasa , Kawaguchi Takumi , Okada Michiaki , Isoda Hiroshi , Takahashi Hirokazu , Matsuse Hiroo , Eguchi Yuichiro , Sumida Yoshio , Nakajima Atsushi , Gerber Lynn , Younossi Zobair M , Torimura Takuji
Published: July 2020

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease worldwide and one of the leading causes of hepatocellular carcinoma and liver transplantation. Moreover, patients with NAFLD frequently complain of non‐specific symptoms including fatigue, abdominal discomfort, as well as anxiety, and NAFLD is reported to affect patient‐reported outcomes (PROs). Thus, for clarifying the total burden of NAFLD, it is crucial to assess all associated outcomes, including not only clinical and economic outcomes but also PROs. PROs are thought to reflect what is happening in one's daily life and is an important way patients and health‐care professionals communicate. There are various instruments for the assessment of PROs. Recently, a NAFLD/non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)‐specific instrument called “Chronic Liver Disease Questionnaire (CLDQ)‐NAFLD/NASH” has been developed. CLDQ‐NAFLD/NASH comprises six domains: (i) abdominal symptoms, (ii) activity/energy, (iii) emotional health, (iv) fatigue, (v) systemic symptoms, and (vi) worry. CLDQ‐NAFLD/NASH has demonstrated excellent internal consistency, face validity, content validity, and test–retest reliability. It has been sufficiently validated in two international phase 3 clinical trials. In this review, we summarize features of various instruments for assessing PROs by focusing on CLDQ‐NAFLD/NASH. We also examine the validity of CLDQ‐NAFLD/NASH in Japanese patients and alterations in CLDQ‐NAFLD/NASH score in Japanese patients with significant hepatic fibrosis. Moreover, we discuss the utility of CLDQ‐NAFLD/NASH in phase 3 clinical trials and in a real‐world clinical setting.
Long‐Stay Nursing Facility Resident Transfers: Who Gets Admitted to the Hospital?
Authors: Unroe Kathleen T. , Caterino Jeffrey M. , Stump Timothy E. , Tu Wanzhu , Carnahan Jennifer L. , Vest Joshua R. , Sachs Greg A. , Hickman Susan E.
Published: July 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

The Optimizing Patient Transfers, Impacting Medical Quality, and Improving Symptoms: Transforming Institutional Care (OPTIMISTIC) project is a successful, multicomponent demonstration project to reduce potentially avoidable hospitalizations of long‐stay nursing facility residents. To continue to reduce hospital transfers, a more detailed understanding of these transfer events is needed. The purpose of this study was to describe differences in transfer events that result in treatment in the hospital versus emergency department (ED) only.

DESIGN

OPTIMISTIC project nurses collected data on residents who transferred. Transfer events that resulted in treatment in ED versus hospitalization were compared using t‐tests and chi‐square tests. A generalized estimating equations regression model was used to assess the associations between hospital admission and transfer characteristics.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 867 long‐stay nursing facility residents enrolled in OPTIMISTIC, January 2015 to June 2016.

MEASUREMENTS

Resident and transfer characteristics from Minimum Data Set and project REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) database, including demographics, cognitive status, comorbidities, symptoms at time of transfer, and diagnoses.

RESULTS

The most common symptoms associated with treatment in the ED only were falls, trauma, or fracture (38% vs 10% admitted). Residents with cognitive impairment were more likely to be admitted to the hospital (odds ratio (OR) = 1.47; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09–1.98; P = .011). Residents with respiratory complaints were more likely to be admitted (OR = 2.098; 95% CI = 1.198–3.675; P = .009); residents with hematological/bleeding (nongastrointestinal) (OR = 0.23; 95% CI = 0.107–0.494; P = .0002), pain (OR = 0.421; 95% CI = 0.254–0.698; P = .0008), or fall/trauma/fracture (OR = 0.181; 95% CI = 0.12–0.272; P < .001) were less likely to be admitted to the hospital.

CONCLUSION

Some presenting symptoms and other characteristics are more associated with ED only treatment versus hospitalization. A knowledge of who is likely to receive ED only care could prompt adoption of targeted resources and protocols to further reduce these types of transfer events. Opportunity may exist in the ED as well to reduce hospitalizations and increase discharges back to the facility.
Adherence to exclusive enteral nutrition by adults with active Crohn’s disease is associated with conscientiousness personality trait: a sub‐study
Authors: Wall C. L. , McCombie A. , Mulder R. , Day A. S. , Gearry R. B.
Published: July 2020

Background

It is probable that psychosocial factors predict adherence to exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN). Conscientiousness is an intrapersonal factor associated with greater medication adherence and healthy eating behaviours. This sub‐study aimed to determine whether adherence to EEN was associated with conscientiousness.

Methods

Two groups of adults aged 16–40 years, were recruited to use EEN. Adults with active Crohn’s disease used either EEN for 8 weeks or 2 weeks of EEN followed by 6 weeks of partial enteral nutrition (PEN). A control group of healthy adults used EEN for 2 weeks. Participants who reported eating food during EEN, ate more than one meal per day during PEN, or could not initiate or tolerate the oral nutritional supplements were defined as non‐adherent. Conscientiousness was measured using the conscientiousness subset of the Big Five Inventory.

Results

Thirty‐eight patients with active Crohn’s disease (mean age 24.8 years) and 21 healthy adults (mean age 27.3 years) completed the conscientiousness questionnaire. In the Crohn’s disease group, 23 (59%) completed and adhered to the treatments compared to 17 (81%) healthy adults; their conscientiousness scores were similar. Adherence and completion by the Crohn’s disease group were associated with a greater mean conscientiousness score 35.57 (95% confidence interval = 32.88–38.25) compared to 30.13 (95% confidence interval = 26.53–33.73) in the non‐adherent Crohn’s disease group (P = 0.014).

Conclusions

Conscientiousness was associated with treatment adherence. EEN can be a cognitively and emotionally demanding treatment for active adults with Crohn’s disease; thus, considering personality traits may help determine suitable candidates.
Therapeutic potential of novel Cell Division Cycle Kinase 7 inhibitors on TDP‐43‐related pathogenesis such as Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Authors: Vaca Gabriela , Martinez‐Gonzalez Loreto , Fernandez Ana , Rojas‐Prats Elisa , Porras Gracia , Cuevas Eva P. , Gil Carmen , Martinez Ana , Martin‐Requero Ángeles
Published: July 2020

TDP‐43 has been identified as the major component of protein aggregates found in affected neurons in FTLD‐TDP and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. TDP‐43 is hyperphosphorylated, ubiquitinated, and cleaved in the C‐terminus. CDC‐7 was reported to phosphorylate TDP‐43. There are no effective treatments for either FTLD‐TDP or ALS, being a pressing need for the search of new therapies. We hypothesized that modulating CDC‐7 activity with small molecules that are able to interfere with TDP‐43 phosphorylation could be a good therapeutic strategy for these diseases. Here, we have studied the effects of novel brain penetrant, thiopurine‐based, CDC‐7 inhibitors in TDP‐43 homeostasis in immortalized lymphocytes from FTLD‐TDP patients, carriers of a loss‐of‐function GRN mutation, as well as in cells derived from sporadic ALS patients. We found that selective CDC‐7 inhibitors, ERP1.14a and ERP1.28a, are able to decrease the enhanced TDP‐43 phosphorylation in cells derived from FTLD‐TDP and ALS patients and to prevent cytosolic accumulation of TDP‐43. Moreover, treatment of FTLD‐TDP lymphoblasts with CDC‐7 inhibitors leads to recovering the nuclear function of TDP‐43‐inducing CDK6 repression. We suggest that CDC‐7 inhibitors, mainly the heterocyclic compounds here shown, may be considered as promising drug candidates for the ALS/FTD spectrum.

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A validated quantitative method for the assessment of neuroprotective barrier impairment in neurodegenerative disease models
Authors: Kumar Vinod , Lee John D. , Coulson Elizabeth J. , Woodruff Trent M.
Published: July 2020

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) and blood–spinal cord barrier (BSCB) are highly specialized structures that limit molecule entry from the blood and maintain homeostasis within the central nervous system (CNS). BBB and BSCB breakdown are associated with multiple neurodegenerative diseases. Given the key role of neuroprotective barrier impairment in neurodegeneration, it is important to identify an effective quantitative method to assess barrier integrity in animal models. In this study, we developed and validated a quantitative method for assessing BBB and BSCB integrity using sodium fluorescein, a compound that outperformed other fluorescent dyes. We demonstrated using this method that multiple CNS regions progressively increase in permeability in models of Huntington’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, whereas biphasic disruption occurred in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease with disease progression. Collectively, we report a quantitative fluorometric marker with validated reproducible experimental methods that allows the effective assessment of BBB and BSCB integrity in animal models. This method could be useful to further the understanding of the contribution of these neuroprotective barriers to neurodegeneration processes.

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Placebo effect in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy: The PATH study and a systematic review
Authors: Lewis Richard A. , Cornblath David R. , Hartung Hans‐Peter , Sobue Gens , Lawo John‐Philip , Mielke Orell , Durn Billie L. , Bril Vera , Merkies Ingemar S. J. , Bassett Paul , Cleasby Alexa , van Schaik Ivo N. ,   PATH study group
Published: July 2020

The Polyneuropathy And Treatment with Hizentra (PATH) study required subjects with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) to show dependency on immunoglobulin G (IgG) and then be restabilized on IgG before being randomized to placebo or one of two doses of subcutaneous immunoglobulin (SCIG). Nineteen of the 51 subjects (37%) randomized to placebo did not relapse over the next 24 weeks. This article explores the reasons for this effect. A post‐hoc analysis of the PATH placebo group was undertaken. A literature search identified other placebo‐controlled CIDP trials for review and comparison. In PATH, subjects randomized to placebo who did not relapse were significantly older, had more severe disease, and took longer to deteriorate in the IgG dependency period compared with those who relapsed. Published trials in CIDP, whose primary endpoint was stability or deterioration, had a mean non‐deterioration (placebo effect) of 43%, while trials with a primary endpoint of improvement had a placebo response of only 11%. Placebo is an important variable in the design of CIDP trials. Trials designed to show clinical improvement will have a significantly lower effect of this phenomenon than those designed to show stability or deterioration.
Human papillomavirus vaccination: Good clinical practice recommendations from the Federation of Obstetric and Gynecological Societies of India
Authors: Bhatla Neerja , Meena Jyoti , Gupta Krishnendu , Pal Bhaskar , Divakar Hema , Bhalerao Sarita , Peedicayil Abraham , Srivastava Shikha , Basu Partha , Purandare Chittaranjan Narahari ,   for the FOGSI Expert Group
Published: July 2020

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination offers an excellent prospect for the primary prevention of cervical cancer. The bivalent and quadrivalent vaccines are both available in India. The nonavalent vaccine is licensed but not yet available. However, there still remain controversies regarding the vaccination of older women, immunocompromised females and other special groups. To provide recommendations for HPV vaccination in India. The Federation of Obstetric and Gynecological Societies of India (FOGSI) convened an expert group on cervical cancer prevention to formulate good clinical practice recommendations (GCPR) with respect to vaccine efficacy and safety, target groups, optimal timing and dosing schedules. HPV vaccines are licensed for females aged 9–45 years in India and have been seen to be safe and effective. FOGSI recommends HPV vaccination of all girls <15 years of age as the best target group, in whom two‐doses at an interval of 6 months, extendable to 18 months, are recommended. Three‐doses are recommended in girls >15 years of age, immunocompromised persons and sexual assault survivors. Older women and women with abnormal screening results may be vaccinated with an understanding that vaccination does not protect against already acquired infections and screening has to continue. Single‐dose vaccination results are promising. Increased awareness is required to reduce vaccine hesitancy. HPV vaccination should be the priority to achieve the elimination of cervical cancer. The introduction of affordable HPV vaccines and reduced dose schedules will improve coverage.
In the eye of the beholder: Psychopathy and fear enjoyment
Authors: Book Angela , Stark Scarlet , MacEachern Jennifer , Forth Adelle , Visser Beth , Wattam Tori , Young Jennifer , Power Jordan , Roters Jennifer
Published: July 2020

Objective

We investigated the relations between psychopathic traits and fear enjoyment.

Method

In Study 1, 140 undergraduate participants (62 men, 78 women) watched the footage of video game play meant to induce either excitement or fear, rating each on positive/negative adjectives. In Study 2, 150 undergraduate participants (94 women, 56 men) rated valence (positive/negative) of 20 sets of morphed surprise/fear photos.

Results

In Study 1, participants with higher levels of psychopathy rated the fear video as less negative and more positive. In Study 2, valence ratings became more negative as fear information increased (fear‐laden faces were rated more negatively than surprise‐laden faces). As well, there were significant interactions between psychopathy and morph level in predicting valence with psychopathic traits being associated with giving higher positivity ratings to fear‐laden faces.

Conclusions

The results of these two studies suggest that people with psychopathic traits have a more positive interpretation of the experience of fear, which could extend to evaluations of others' experiences of fear.
Children's detailed non‐water beverage consumption habits and longitudinal early childhood caries experiences
Authors: Jordan Kelsey H. , McGwin Gerald , Childers Noel K.
Published: July 2020

Objectives

Sugar‐sweetened beverages and dental caries are prevalent among children. Measurement choices could explain their inconsistent relationships. This study evaluated associations between detailed baseline non‐water beverage consumption (NWBC) behaviors and longitudinal early childhood caries (ECC) experiences in young, high‐caries risk children.

Methods

Researchers followed poor, rural, African Americans, recruited at 8–18 months old from Uniontown, Alabama, through convenience sampling, annually for 5 years (N= 66). Baseline questionnaires obtained demographics, oral hygiene, and daily dietary histories, including beverage types, frequencies, and NWBC behaviors of intake speed (intermittent/rapid), container (bottles/non‐bottles), and bedtime beverages (yes/no). Dentists conducted examinations annually to determinedecayed,missing,filled (carious)surfaces (dmfs) scores, producing increments (dmfsfinal– dmfsinitial). Age‐adjusted logistic regressions estimated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for ECC (carious: incidence >0 versus caries‐free: incidence = 0) with NWBC behavior then NWBC frequency, individually and conditional on NWBC behaviors, exposures.

Results

NWBC behaviors were not associated with ECC; juice was significant (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.0, 4.2). Adjusting for intake speed, juice persisted as a risk factor (OR: 2.1, 95% CI: 1.0, 4.3), remaining suggestive after controlling for container or bedtime beverages (OR: 2.0, 95% CI: 0.9, 4.3; OR: 1.9, 95% CI: 0.9, 4.0, respectively). Container could be an effect modifier (ORbottle: 3.5, 95% CI: 0.8, 16.2 vs. ORnon‐bottle: 1.5, 95% CI: 0.6, 3.7). Milk was not associated with ECC.

Conclusions

Independently, NWBC behaviors are insufficient in evaluating NWBC/ECC relationships; beverage type, frequency, and consumption behaviors, collectively, can better evaluate associations.
By reducing oxidative stress, naringenin mitigates hyperglycaemia-induced upregulation of hepatic nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 protein
Authors: Kometsi Lereko , Govender Khmera , Mofo Mato Edith P , Hurchund Rajendraparsad , Owira Peter M O
Published: July 2020

Objectives

Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of naringenin could confer hepatoprotective effects.

Methods

Chang cells in culture media were maintained at 37°C and treated with increased concentrations of glucose (5.5–50 mm) and/or naringenin (25–100 µm), respectively, for 24 h. The cells were harvested and carbonyl proteins, antioxidant enzymes and proteins measured in cell lysates. Sprague Dawley rats were divided into 5 groups (n = 7) and orally treated daily for 56 days with 3.0 ml/kg per body weight (BW) distilled water (group 1), 60 mg/kg BW of naringenin (groups 2 and 4), respectively. Groups 3, 4 and 5 were given single 60 mg/kg per BW intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin or insulin (2.0 IU/kg BW bid), (group 5 only).

Key findings

Cell viability was significantly decreased in response to increased hyperglycaemia but naringenin dose-dependently, significantly reversed this compared to controls, respectively. However, antioxidant enzyme activities were reduced due to increased and reduced oxidative stress, respectively. Naringenin further significantly reduced hepatic oxidative stress and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein expression and liver : body weight ratios in diabetic compared to controls rats.

Conclusions

Naringenin confers hepatoprotective antioxidant effects by initially preventing upregulation of Nrf2 protein expression and its downstream antioxidant enzymes.
The therian sternum at the lateral somitic frontier: Evolution of a composite structure
Authors: Buchholtz E. A. , Yozgyur Z. M. , Feldman A. , Weaver A. A. , Gaudin T. J.
Published: July 2020

The mammalian sternum plays key roles in structural support, locomotion and ventilation, but its evolutionary history has rarely been addressed. Unlike most other synapsids, the therian presternum lacks a discreet interclavicle, and the mesosternum is composed of a series of sternebrae. Here, CT scans of fossil and living therians are used to confirm that the therian presternum incorporates multiple elements, including the interclavicle and the anteriormost sternal bands of ancestral synapsids. A previously unrecognized transitional element that articulates with rib 1 is variably present and is hypothesized to permit the direct integration of the first rib and the sternum, despite their origins in different developmental domains. Sternebrae are found at sites where primaxial ribs interact directly with the abaxial sternum and locally inhibit skeletal maturation. Both presternal fusion and mesosternal subdivision are the products of small developmental changes that allowed the adaptation of ancestral structures to the lifestyles of therians.
Trends and determinants of anaemia in women of Nepal: a multilevel analysis
Authors: Rai Anjana , Khan Md Nuruzzaman , Thapa Subash
Published: July 2020

In Nepal, the prevalence of anaemia decreased by 1% from 2006 to 2011 but increased by 6% from 2011 to 2016. In this study, we examined the changes in prevalence by possible factors from 2006 to 2016 along with the factors associated with anaemia among women of reproductive age (15–49 years) using the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) data from years 2006, 2011 and 2016. We used rate of change analysis to explore average annual rate of change (AARC) in anaemia prevalence and concentration curves and indices to assess unequal distribution of anaemia prevalence among socio‐economic quintiles. Multilevel regression was performed to examine the association of multilevel factors with anaemia. Our results showed higher AARC increase in anaemia prevalence from 2006 to 2016, among women aged 30–39 years, with secondary or higher education, who had two or fewer children, not working women, from higher wealth quintiles and who were overweight or obese. Shifting of concentration curve from ‘above the line of equality’ in 2006 and 2011 to ‘under the line of equality’ in 2016 was observed. Women aged 20–29 years, with more than four children, who underwent female sterilization, had experienced violence and from Provinces 1, 2 and 5 were at higher risk of anaemia. Overweight and obese women using hormonal contraception and from lowest wealth quintiles were at lower risk. The change in trends and the associated multilevel factors identified should be considered in designing multilevel interventions that particularly target women at risk for sustainable anaemia reduction.
No evidence for accumulation of deleterious mutations and fitness degradation in clonal fish hybrids: Abandoning sex without regrets
Authors: Kočí Jan , Röslein Jan , Pačes Jan , Kotusz Jan , Halačka Karel , Koščo Ján , Fedorčák Jakub , Iakovenko Nataliia , Janko Karel
Published: July 2020

Despite its inherent costs, sexual reproduction is ubiquitous in nature, and the mechanisms to protect it from a competitive displacement by asexuality remain unclear. Popular mutation‐based explanations, like the Muller's ratchet and the Kondrashov's hatchet, assume that purifying selection may not halt the accumulation of deleterious mutations in the nonrecombining genomes, ultimately leading to their degeneration. However, empirical evidence is scarce and it remains particularly unclear whether mutational degradation proceeds fast enough to ensure the decay of clonal organisms and to prevent them from outcompeting their sexual counterparts. To test this hypothesis, we jointly analysed the exome sequences and the fitness‐related phenotypic traits of the sexually reproducing fish species and their clonal hybrids, whose evolutionary ages ranged from F1 generations to 300 ky. As expected, mutations tended to accumulate in the clonal genomes in a time‐dependent manner. However, contrary to the predictions, we found no trend towards increased nonsynonymity of mutations acquired by clones, nor higher radicality of their amino acid substitutions. Moreover, there was no evidence for fitness degeneration in the old clones compared with that in the younger ones. In summary, although an efficacy of purifying selection may still be reduced in the asexual genomes, our data indicate that its efficiency is not drastically decreased. Even the oldest investigated clone was found to be too young to suffer fitness consequences from a mutation accumulation. This suggests that mechanisms other than mutation accumulation may be needed to explain the competitive advantage of sex in the short term.
Boundaries of the nation(s) in a multinational state: Comparing Quebecers and other Canadians' perspectives on national identity
Authors: Bilodeau Antoine , Turgeon Luc
Published: July 2020

Drawing on the Canadian case, this study examines whether, in a multinational state, majority and minority nations emphasize different criteria when tracing the borders of their respective national community. It does so by comparing native‐born French speakers in Quebec and native‐born English speakers in the rest of Canada from three different perspectives. We examine (a) the way ascriptive and attainable groupings of characteristics are constructed in Quebec and in the rest of Canada, (b) the importance given to attainable and ascriptive characteristics, and (c) the implications of ascriptive and attainable characteristics for attitudes toward immigration and generalized trust. The findings suggest that majority‐group members in Quebec and in the rest of Canada broadly draw the boundaries of their nation in similar ways and with similar implications.
Adult feeding and host type modulate the life history traits of the capital breeder Zabrotes subfasciatus
Authors: Corrêa Cindi P. , Capizzani Bianca C. , Beijo Luiz A. , de Ávila Paulo M. , Ribeiro do Valle Teixeira Isabel , Barchuk Angel R.
Published: July 2020

Income breeding animals support reproduction by the intake of energy and molecular building blocks during adulthood. Capital breeders, in contrast, fuel reproduction by the intake of materials during the larval stage. There exists, however, some controversy as to whether adult feeding in capital breeders actually increases fitness. We tested whether individuals feed as adults in the weevil Zabrotes subfasciatus Boheman, whether they equally accept carbohydrate‐ or nitrogen‐rich food (sugar or yeast), whether food ingestion varies with the available host type and whether feeding as adults alters life history traits. The hosts tested were three varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris, Carioca, Jalo, and Preto; Vigna unguiculata Frade; and Vicia faba. We also tested whether sugar ingestion affects life history traits differently in the presence of different host types. We found that Z. subfasciatus feed as adults and equally accept sugar and yeast, and food ingestion depends on host type. Sugar and yeast significantly promote oviposition of larger eggs on Carioca seeds and enhance adult emergence, and sugar ingestion increases longevity. Moreover, the insects avoid feeding when on V. faba seeds, on which they did not oviposit. Mean fitness values showed the following hierarchy: Carioca = Jalo > Frade > Preto > V. faba. These results show that the capital breeder Z. subfasciatus feed as adults, which increases life history traits and suggests the existence of a hierarchy of performance on different hosts, with the P. vulgaris varieties Carioca and Jalo offering the best conditions.
Spectroscopic Study of the E/Z Photoisomerization of a New Cyrhetrenyl Acylhydrazone: A Potential Photoswitch and Photosensitizer†
Authors: Toro Patricia M. , Jara Danilo H. , Klahn A. Hugo , Villaman David , Fuentealba Mauricio , Vega Andrés , Pizarro Nancy
Published: July 2020

The new cyrhetrenyl acylhydrazone [(CO)3Re(η5‐C5H4)‐C(O)‐NH‐N = C(CH3)‐(2‐C4H2S‐5‐NO2)] (E‐CyAH) has been designed, synthesized and fully characterized to study the effect of having a cyrhetrenyl fragment (sensitizer) covalently bonded to an acylhydrazone moiety (switch), on its photophysical and photochemical properties. The crystal structure reveals that E‐CyAH adopts an E‐configuration around the iminic moiety [‐N = C(CH3)]. The absorption spectrum of E‐CyAH displays two bands at 270 and 380 nm, which are mainly ascribed to π → π* intraligand (IL) and dπ → π* metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MLCT) transitions, being consistent with DFT/TD‐DFT calculations. Upon 365 nm irradiation, E‐CyAH photoisomerizes to Z‐CyAH, as evidenced by UV‐Vis and 1H‐NMR spectral changes, with a quantum yield value ΦE‐CyAH →Z‐CyAH of 0.30. Z‐CyAH undergoes a first‐order thermal back‐isomerization process, with a relatively short half‐life τ1/2 of 277 min. Consequently, E‐CyAH was quantitatively recovered after 24 h, making it a fully reversible T‐type molecular photoswitch. This remarkable behavior allows us to measure the individual photophysical properties for both isomers. In addition, E‐CyAH and Z‐CyAH efficiently photosensitize the generation of singlet oxygen (O2 (1Δg)) with good yield (ΦΔ = 0.342).
Investigating societal attitudes toward marine ecosystem restoration
Authors: O'Connor Eamonn , Hynes Stephen , Chen Wenting , Papadopoulou Nadia , Smith Christopher
Published: July 2020

Globally, direct and indirect human impacts have led to the widespread degradation of marine ecosystems. The resulting loss of habitat and marine biodiversity has led to the increased impetus for marine ecosystem restoration at a policy level. The success of such programs relies on an understanding of the nature of public support for marine restoration. This article examines such support through a survey of the attitudes of the general public in Norway and Italy. The results show that among both populations, there is broad support for restoration despite a lack of awareness of marine restoration activity. Differences in responses to the attitudinal questions across countries were tested using standard statistical independence tests and multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. Results show significant differences between samples in attitudes toward the completion of restoration and attitudes toward how restoration should be funded. Examining within‐group variation, for both samples, regression analysis indicates that a mixture of socioeconomic and context‐specific variables are significant predictors of awareness and attitudes toward restoration, while environmental awareness is a positive and significant indicator of attitude toward restoration.
Bring out the stethoscope
Authors: Wilsher Margaret L. , Beckert Lutz
Published: July 2020

See related article
Is YouTube a useful tool for oral care in patients with Parkinson's disease?
Authors: Ruiz‐Roca Juan Antonio , Martínez‐Izquierdo Alejandro , Mengual‐Pujante Daniel , López Eduardo Pons‐Fuster , López‐Jornet Pia
Published: July 2020

Introduction

To analyze the quality of YouTube videos offering information about oral care in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).

Background

Regular oral and dental care is essential for good general health and well‐being. In this regard, the motor and/or cognitive problems of people with PD can complicate correct daily hygiene.

Materials and methods

A systematic review was made of YouTube videos for the terms “Parkinson's disease,” “dental education,” “oral care,” “dental care,” “oral disease,” “oral status,” and “oral health.” The videos were assessed for content, duration, number of viewings, days since upload, and likes and dislikes. The interaction index and viewing rate were also evaluated. Video quality was rated using a 5‐point Likert scale based on the global quality score (GQS).

Results

The search identified 620 videos, of which 42 were included in the analysis. The sources of the uploads were universities (n = 15), television channels (n = 8), and other sources (n = 19). Significant differences were recorded according to the source of information in terms of the duration of the videos (P = .021), the number of views (P = .025), viewing rate (P = .028), days since upload (P = .018), likes (P = .048), and dislikes (P = 0.008).

Conclusions

GQS is higher for University videos; YouTube videos are an accessible, effective, informative, and educative tool for improving oral quality of life of patients with PD.

Relevance to clinical practice

YouTube is increasingly used by patients with chronic disorders, for many reasons, including the desire for a second opinion, the search for support, and a wish to increase personal knowledge of the disease. Likewise, there is a growing interest in the search for information about oral care and coping skills.
Learning to Exploit: The Socialization of Animal Science Undergraduates
Authors: Poirier Nathan
Published: July 2020

Animal scientists work closely with the animal agriculture industry and often perform research, influence policy, and create information that is eventually disseminated to the public. While the public generally seems concerned about animal welfare, animal scientists also have internal motivations to care about animal welfare. Welfare measures may impact the tradition and profits of animal agriculture, creating contradictory pressures on animal scientists. This article, based on observations of an introductory Animal Science course on‐site at a land‐grant university’s farming facilities, examines how animal welfare is constructed in order to socialize students into a discipline and eventual occupation. Attention is paid as to how animal scientists construct animal welfare through various forms of pedagogy that juxtapose welfare with captivity, confinement, research interests, profit, and social acceptability. Observations suggest that animal welfare is constructed as control over animals and the assurance that this control is humane. The dual mechanisms of control and comfort socialize students to raise animals for slaughter and not see this process as violent.
A moisturizer formulated with glycerol and propylene glycol accelerates the recovery of skin barrier function after experimental disruption in dogs
Authors: Panzuti Pauline , Vidémont Emilie , Fantini Oscar , Fardouet Lucile , Noël Guillaume , Cappelle Julien , Pin Didier
Published: July 2020

Background

Moisturizers are foundational therapies for human atopic dermatitis. In veterinary medicine, the use of moisturizers has been recommended by an expert committee to alleviate skin dryness that would occur, for example, in canine atopic dermatitis (cAD). However, little is known regarding the effects of moisturizers on the skin barrier.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To investigate the effects of a moisturizer on skin barrier recovery in a canine model of chronic mechanical barrier disruption.

Animals

Six healthy beagle dogs maintained in a laboratory setting.

Methods and materials

A model of chronic skin barrier disruption was simulated by tape stripping on both sides of the thorax. The moisturizer then was applied twice daily for one week to one side of the thorax, while the other hemithorax was left untreated. The effects were evaluated by measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) at various times during skin barrier recovery, and by histological assessment of the disrupted skin one week after moisturizer application.

Results

Overall, TEWL was reduced, epidermal thickness was lower, stratum corneum thickness was greater and the intensity of the dermal inflammatory infiltrate was reduced for treated sites.

Conclusions and clinical importance

These results suggest a potential benefit of the moisturizer for improving skin barrier function, which is frequently altered in chronic inflammatory dermatoses such as cAD.
Biopsy of sentinel lymph nodes after injection of methylene blue and lymphoscintigraphic guidance in 30 dogs with mast cell tumors
Authors: Ferrari Roberta , Chiti Lavinia E. , Manfredi Martina , Ravasio Giuliano , De Zani Donatella , Zani Davide D. , Giudice Chiara , Gambini Matteo , Stefanello Damiano
Published: July 2020

Objective

To report the outcomes associated with sentinel lymph nodes (SLN) detection and extirpation guided by radionuclide and methylene blue injections in dogs with cutaneous and subcutaneous mast cell tumors (MCT).

Study design

Clinical prospective cohort study.

Animals

Thirty client‐owned dogs with MCT amenable to wide‐margin excision, without evidence of distant metastasis and abnormal regional lymph nodes (RLN).

Methods

Technetium‐99 m and methylene blue were injected peritumorally. Dogs underwent preoperative γ‐camera scintigraphy and an intraoperative γ‐probe‐guided SLN extirpation. Outcomes included technical and surgical complications, number of SLN, SLN location respecting the expected RLN, and histopathology results.

Results

Sentinel lymph node mapping was applied to 34 MCT in 30 dogs without any complication. Sentinel lymph nodes were not identified in three of 34 tumors, all with previous scar tissue. Sentinel lymph nodes did not correspond to expected RLN in 19 of 30 (63%) tumors. Histological examination confirmed an early or overt metastasis in 32 of 57 (56%) SLN extirpated.

Conclusion

Sentinel lymph node mapping and biopsy with radionuclide and injection of methylene blue was associated with low morbidity and allowed detection of SLN in dogs with MCT at first presentation without scar tissue.

Clinical significance

Incorporation of SLN mapping and extirpation allows for a personalized staging approach in dogs with MCT. The presence of scar tissue in dogs with recurrent tumors seems to be a limitation for SLN mapping with this technique.
Investigating the Reliability and Accuracy of Teachers’ Judgement in Assessing Writing
Authors: Xanthi Styliani Bill
Published: July 2020

Based on two different types of researches, this article explores how teachers’ judgements for the school performance of pupils in the last three grades of the elementary school, relate to their performance in written assessment tests. The aim was to examine the teachers’ judgement accuracy and reliability, and investigate the individual factors that influence them. A series of tests was assigned to the pupils and a variety of writing and word processing skills was measured. The classroom teachers assessed the pupils based on their responses to the objectives of the curriculum in all subjects. They put a numerical score from 5 to 10. Also, the teachers assessed the pupils with Learning Disabilities in the language skills, as well as for the occurrence or not of specific behavioral problems, by completing a Likert 5-point questionnaire. In the first study, the results showed significant correlations, for more tests, at a high level. In the second study, they were low and medium. It seems that teachers evaluate the school performance of their pupils significantly based on their performance in writing tests. However, their judgments about school performance are broader and assess pupils’ overall ability in a variety of subjects. The correlations between the two measurements appear to be influenced by several factors related to the class level or school, the pupils' abilities, the type of test, and the way of assessment.
Design Optimization of Pressure Vessel in Compliance With Elastic Stress Analysis Criteria for Plastic Collapse Using an Integrated Approach
Authors: Zhou Mingjue , Patel Artik , Wang BoPing , Jin Weiya , Li Yuebing
Published: July 2020

The design and verification of pressure vessels is governed by the design codes specified by the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC). Convention design satisfying the ASME BPVC code requirements would lead to a conservative design. This situation will to be solvable by modern structural optimization methods. The size optimization of pressure vessel complying with design-by-analysis requirements within the ASME Sec. VIII Division 2 specification is discussed in this paper. This is accomplished by an integrated approach in which the stress analysis is carried out by ANSYS. These results are used by an optimization code in matlab to perform design optimization. The integrated approach is fully automated and applied to the optimal design of a real pressure vessel. The results show that the material used by the pressure vessel can be minimized while satisfying the maximum stress specified in the BPVC.