bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mineralogical Transformations and Soil Development in Shale across a Latitudinal Climosequence
Authors: Dere Ashlee L. , White Timothy S. , April Richard H. , Brantley Susan L.
Published: April 2016

Core Ideas

Detailed characterization of the morphology, geochemistry, and mineralogy of shale‐derived soils across a climosequence documents enhanced weathering and soil development with increasingly warm and wet climates.

The deepest weathering reaction observed in the regolith across the shale climosequence was plagioclase feldspar dissolution, which may be the profile initiating reaction that begins the transformation of shale bedrock to weathered regolith.

The abundance of chlorite and its transformation to vermiculite and HIV are more likely controlling regolith thickness in these soils.

To investigate factors controlling soil formation, we established a climosequence as part of the Susquehanna‐Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory (SSHCZO) in central Pennsylvania, USA. Sites were located on organic matter‐poor, iron‐rich Silurian‐aged shale in Wales, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama, and Puerto Rico, although this last site is underlain by a younger shale. Across the climosequence, mean annual temperature (MAT) increases from 7 to 24°C and mean annual precipitation (MAP) ranges from 100 to 250 cm. Variations in soil characteristics along the climosequence, including depth, morphology, particle‐size distribution, geochemistry, and bulk and clay mineralogy, were characterized to investigate the role of climate in controlling mineral transformations and soil formation. Overall, soil horizonation, depth, clay content, and chemical depletion increase with increasing temperature and precipitation, consistent with enhanced soil development and weathering processes in warmer and wetter locations. Secondary minerals are present at higher concentrations at the warmest sites of the climosequence; kaolinite increases from <5% at northern sites in Wales and Pennsylvania to 30% in Puerto Rico. The deepest observed weathering reaction is plagioclase feldspar dissolution followed by the transformation of chlorite and illite to vermiculite and hydroxy‐interlayered vermiculite. Plagioclase, although constituting <12% of the initial shale mineralogy, may be the profile initiating reaction that begins shale bedrock transformation to weathered regolith. Weathering of the more abundant chlorite and illite minerals (∼70% of initial mineralogy), however, are more likely controlling regolith thickness. Climate appears to play a central role in driving soil formation and mineral weathering reactions across the climosequence.
Siting Performance Philosophy: Positions, Encounters and Reflections at Beirut: Bodies in Public
Authors: Parry-Davies Ella , S.D. Eliesh
Published: April 2016

Beirut: Bodies in Public was a three-day workshop that took place in Beirut, Lebanon from 9-11 October 2014, supported by a Performance Philosophy grant for interim conference events. The workshop integrated academic research with performances, movement workshops, film, and site-specific responses to the city, and welcomed disciplinary perspectives from a broad range of fields. In this article, the convenors Ella Parry-Davies and Eliesh S.D. reflect on the central issues and encounters foregrounded by the event, and the disciplinary or methodological implications of the project for performance philosophy. Taking as its central provocation the controversial statement: “Art in public spaces doesn’t exist anymore”, the workshop sought to address the role of embodied practice in Beirut’s precarious public sites. Insofar as philosophy can be ‘performed’, it is grounded in the particularities of its social space, an utterance shaped by its historical and geopolitical locality. As a practice of performance philosophy, then, Beirut: Bodies in Public triangulated these two forms-of-knowing with a third: the interrogation presented by the site itself - its potentialities, contingencies and challenges.
Characterizing shallow secondary clarifier performance where conventional flux theory over-estimates allowable solids loading rate
Authors: Daigger Glen T. , Siczka John S. , Smith Thomas F. , Frank David A. , McCorquodale J. A.
Published: April 2016

The performance characteristics of relatively shallow (3.3 and 3.7 m sidewater depth in 30.5 m diameter) activated sludge secondary clarifiers were extensively evaluated during a 2-year testing program at the City of Akron Water Reclamation Facility (WRF), Ohio, USA. Testing included hydraulic and solids loading stress tests, and measurement of sludge characteristics (zone settling velocity (ZSV), dispersed and flocculated total suspended solids), and the results were used to calibrate computational fluid dynamic (CFD) models of the various clarifiers tested. The results demonstrated that good performance could be sustained at surface overflow rates in excess of 3 m/h, as long as the clarifier influent mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) concentration was controlled to below critical values. The limiting solids loading rate (SLR) was significantly lower than the value predicted by conventional solids flux analysis based on the measured ZSV/MLSS relationship. CFD analysis suggested that this resulted because mixed liquor entering the clarifier was being directed into the settled sludge blanket, diluting it and also creating a ‘thin’ concentration sludge blanket that overlays the thicker concentration sludge blanket typically expected. These results indicate the need to determine the allowable SLR for shallow clarifiers using approaches other than traditional solids flux analysis. A combination of actual testing and CFD analyses are demonstrated here to be effective in doing so.
A venturi device reduces membrane fouling in a submerged membrane bioreactor
Authors: Kayaalp Necati , Ozturkmen Gokmen
Published: April 2016

In this study, for the first time, a venturi device was integrated into a submerged membrane bioreactor (MBR) to improve membrane surface cleaning and bioreactor oxygenation. The performances of a blower and the venturi device were compared in terms of membrane fouling and bioreactor oxygenation. Upon comparing membrane fouling, the performances were similar for a low operation flux (18 L/m2.h); however, at a medium flux (32 L/m2.h), the venturi system operated 3.4 times longer than the blower system, and the final transmembrane pressure was one-third that of the blower system. At the highest flux studied (50 L/m2.h), the venturi system operated 5.4 times longer than the blower system. The most notable advantage of using a venturi device was that the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of the MBR was in the range of 7 to 8 mg/L at a 3 L/min aeration rate, while the DO concentration of the MBR was inadequate (a maximum of 0.29 mg/L) in the blower system. A clean water oxygenation test at a 3 L/min aeration rate indicated that the standard oxygen transfer rate for the venturi system was 9.5 times higher than that of the blower system.
Comparing the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers on renal function decline in diabetes
Authors: Huang Yunyu , Haaijer-Ruskamp Flora M , Voorham Jaco
Published: April 2016

Aim:
To compare effectiveness of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis)/angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) for protecting Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) patients from renal function decline in a real-world setting.
Methods:
Retrospective cohort study of new ACEi/ARB users in 2007–2012 in an unselected primary care DM2 population. Outcome is decline in renal function stage (combining estimated glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria). Patients were matched on a propensity score. Extended Cox models with time-varying covariates were used to estimate hazard ratios of outcome.
Results:
The time to renal function decline for ARB users was slightly, but not significantly longer than for ACEi users (hazard ratio: 0.80; 95% CI: 0.58–1.10; p = 0.166).
Conclusion:
This study did not show significant differences between the classes in preventing renal function decline in DM2 patients in primary care.
Biological control of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar): an RNAi-based approach and a case for DNA insecticides
Authors: Nyadar Palmahm , Zaitsev Aleksei , Tajudeen Adeyemi , Shumskykh Maksym , Oberemok Volodymyr
Published: April 2016

The discovery of the post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) mechanism,
widely known as RNAi (RNA interference),has contributed towards the
elucidation of the cellular machinery involved in the response against viral
infections based on gene silencing, and in developmental regulation of
translational suppression. The application of RNAi in insect pest management
(IPM),and gene functional analysis, has been of enormous importance.
Unfortunately, as RNAi has many times proven to be difficult to examine in
Lepidoptera, focus has shifted to other potential post-genomic options in
IPM. Special attention has afforded to novel DNA insecticides based on
preparations of short single-stranded fragments of baculovirus anti-apoptosis
genes, which represent a safe and relatively rapid alternative approach for
IPM. This paper focuses on the draw backs and advantages of DNA insecticides
used in gypsy moth control and based on RNAi.
Does the Brief-BESTest Meet Classical Test Theory and Rasch Analysis Requirements for Balance Assessment in People With Neurological Disorders?
Authors: Bravini Elisabetta , Nardone Antonio , Godi Marco , Guglielmetti Simone , Franchignoni Franco , Giordano Andrea
Published: April 2016

Background

The Brief Balance Evaluation Systems Test (Brief-BESTest) was recently proposed as a clinical tool for quickly measuring balance disorders, but its measurement properties warrant investigation.

Objective

The study objective was to perform a detailed analysis of the psychometric properties of the Brief-BESTest by means of Classical Test Theory and Rasch analysis.

Design

This was an observational measurement study.

Methods

Brief-BESTest data were collected from a sample of 244 participants. Internal consistency was analyzed with the Cronbach α and item-to-total correlations. Test-retest reliability and interrater reliability were investigated in a subgroup of 21 participants. The minimum detectable change at the 95% confidence level was calculated. Scale dimensionality was examined through Horn parallel analysis; this step was followed by exploratory factor analysis for ordinal data. Finally, data were examined using Rasch analysis (rating scale model).

Results

The Cronbach α was .89, and all item-to-total correlations were greater than .40. Test-retest reliability had an intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) (2,1) of .94, and interrater reliability had an ICC (2,1) of .90. The minimum detectable change at the 95% confidence level was 4.30 points. The unidimensionality of the test was confirmed, but 1 item showed low communality. Rasch analysis revealed the inadequacy of response categories, 5 misfitting items, minor mistargeting, moderate person reliability (.80), and 2 pairs of locally dependent items.

Limitations

The sample was a cross-section of people who had balance disorders from different neurological etiologies and were recruited consecutively at a single rehabilitation facility.

Conclusions

The Brief-BESTest was confirmed to have some acceptable-to-good reliability indexes when calculated according to Classical Test Theory, but the scale showed fairly limited sensitivity to change. Rasch analysis indicated that item selection should be improved from a psychometric point of view. Item redundancy needs to be reduced, and the metric coverage of the measured construct needs to be improved with new items.
Risk communication as a core public health competence in infectious disease management: Development of the ECDC training curriculum and programme
Authors: Dickmann Petra , Abraham Thomas , Sarkar Satyajit , Wysocki Piotr , Cecconi Sabrina , Apfel Franklin , Nurm Ülla-Karin
Published: April 2016

Risk communication has been identified as a core competence for guiding public health responses to infectious disease threats. The International Health Regulations (2005) call for all countries to build capacity and a comprehensive understanding of health risks before a public health emergency to allow systematic and coherent communication, response and management. Research studies indicate that while outbreak and crisis communication concepts and tools have long been on the agenda of public health officials, there is still a need to clarify and integrate risk communication concepts into more standardised practices and improve risk communication and health, particularly among disadvantaged populations. To address these challenges, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) convened a group of risk communication experts to review and integrate existing approaches and emerging concepts in the development of a training curriculum. This curriculum articulates a new approach in risk communication moving beyond information conveyance to knowledge- and relationship-building. In a pilot training this approach was reflected both in the topics addressed and in the methods applied. This article introduces the new conceptual approach to risk communication capacity building that emerged from this process, presents the pilot training approach developed, and shares the results of the course evaluation.
Environmental surveillance of viruses by tangential flow filtration and metagenomic reconstruction
Authors: Furtak Vyacheslav , Roivainen Merja , Mirochnichenko Olga , Zagorodnyaya Tatiana , Laassri Majid , Zaidi Sohail Z , Rehman Lubna , Alam Muhammad M , Chizhikov Vladimir , Chumakov Konstantin
Published: April 2016

An approach is proposed for environmental surveillance of poliovirus by concentrating sewage samples with tangential flow filtration (TFF) followed by deep sequencing of viral RNA. Subsequent to testing the method with samples from Finland, samples from Pakistan, a country endemic for poliovirus, were investigated. Genomic sequencing was either performed directly, for unbiased identification of viruses regardless of their ability to grow in cell cultures, or after virus enrichment by cell culture or immunoprecipitation. Bioinformatics enabled separation and determination of individual consensus sequences. Overall, deep sequencing of the entire viral population identified polioviruses, non-polio enteroviruses, and other viruses. In Pakistani sewage samples, adeno-associated virus, unable to replicate autonomously in cell cultures, was the most abundant human virus. The presence of recombinants of wild polioviruses of serotype 1 (WPV1) was also inferred, whereby currently circulating WPV1 of south-Asian (SOAS) lineage comprised two sub-lineages depending on their non-capsid region origin. Complete genome analyses additionally identified point mutants and intertypic recombinants between attenuated Sabin strains in the Pakistani samples, and in one Finnish sample. The approach could allow rapid environmental surveillance of viruses causing human infections. It creates a permanent digital repository of the entire virome potentially useful for retrospective screening of future discovered viruses.
Activisme actionnarial des hedge funds
Authors: Ben Arfa Nouha , Labaronne Daniel
Published: April 2016

Cet article propose une étude exploratoire de l’activisme actionnarial des hedge funds au sein des entreprises françaises. Il permet de réfléchir aux différents aspects de l’activisme actionnarial de ces fonds, à partir d’une collecte manuelle de données et de leur interprétation en vue de comprendre le comportement activiste des hedge funds. Il tente d’identifier les objectifs et stratégies activistes des hedge funds, et d’examiner les conditions institutionnelles, culturelles et réglementaires de l’émergence des hedge funds activistes en France.
Decompression of the superficial peroneal nerve: clinical outcomes and anatomical study
Authors: Franco Michael J. , Phillips Benjamin Z. , Lalchandani Gopal R. , Mackinnon Susan E.
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVE

The authors of this study sought to determine the outcomes of patients undergoing superficial peroneal nerve (SPN) release to treat lower-extremity pain and describe consistent anatomical landmarks to direct surgical planning.

METHODS

This retrospective cohort study examined 54 patients with pain in the SPN distribution who were treated with decompression between 2011 and 2014. Patients rated pain and the effect of pain on quality of life (QOL) on the visual analog scale (VAS) from 0 to 10. Scores were then converted to percentages. Linear regression analysis was performed to assess the impact of the preoperative effect of pain on QOL, age, body mass index (BMI), and preoperative duration of pain on the postoperative effect of pain on QOL. Measurements were made intraoperatively in 13 patients to determine the landmarks for identifying the SPN.

RESULTS

A higher BMI was a negative predictor for improvement in the effect of pain on QOL. A decrease in pain compared with the initial level of pain suggested a nonlinear relationship between these variables. A minority of patients (7 of 16) with a preoperative pain VAS score ≤ 60 reported less pain after surgery. A large majority (30 of 36 patients) of those with a preoperative pain VAS score > 60 reported improvement. Intraoperative measurements demonstrated that the SPN was consistently found to be 5 ± 1.1, 5 ± 1.1, and 6 ± 1.2 cm lateral to the tibia at 10, 15, and 20 cm proximal to the lateral malleolus, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

A majority of patients with a preoperative pain VAS score > 60 showed a decrease in postoperative pain. A higher BMI was associated with less improvement in the effect of pain on QOL. This information can be useful when counseling patients on treatment options. Based on the intraoperative data, the authors found that the SPN can be located at reliable points in reference to the tibia and lateral malleolus.
Reoperation rates for symptomatic nonunions in posterior cervicothoracic fusions with and without bone morphogenetic protein in a cohort of 450 patients
Authors: Guppy Kern H. , Harris Jessica , Chen Jason , Paxton Elizabeth W. , Bernbeck Johannes A.
Published: April 2016

OBJECTIVE

Fusions across the cervicothoracic junction have been challenging because of the large biomechanical forces exerted resulting in frequent reoperations for nonunions. The objective of this study was to investigate a retrospective cohort using chart review of posterior cervicothoracic spine fusions with and without bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and to determine the reoperation rates for symptomatic nonunions in both groups.

METHODS

Between January 2009 and September 2013, posterior cervicothoracic spine fusion cases were identified from a large spine registry (Kaiser Permanente). Demographics, diagnoses, operative times, lengths of stay, and reoperations were extracted from the registry. Reoperations for symptomatic nonunions were adjudicated via chart review. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Kaplan-Meier curves for the non-BMP and BMP groups were generated and compared using the log-rank test.

RESULTS

In this cohort there were 450 patients (32.7% with BMP) with a median follow-up of 1.4 years (interquartile range [IQR] 0.5–2.7 years). Kaplan-Meier curves showed no significant difference in reoperation rates for nonunions using the log-rank test (p = 0.088). In a subset of patients with more than 1 year of follow-up, 260 patients were identified (43.1% with BMP) with a median follow-up duration of 2.4 years (IQR 1.6–3.3 years). There was no statistically significant difference in the symptomatic operative nonunion rates for posterior cervicothoracic fusions with and without BMP (0.0% vs 2.7%, respectively; p = 0.137) for more than 1 year of follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS

This study presents the largest series of patients using BMP in posterior cervicothoracic spine fusions. Reoperation rates for symptomatic nonunions with more than 1 year of follow-up were 0% with BMP and 2.7% without BMP. No statistically significant difference in the reoperation rates for symptomatic nonunions with or without BMP was found.
Spatio-temporal Variability in Soil Macronutrients and Their Relation with Other Soil Properties in a Man-made Wetland of India
Authors: Saluja Ridhi , Garg J.K.
Published: April 2016

Present study was carried out to analyze the nutrient status within the surface soils of Bhindawas wetland, a bird and waterfowl paradise, on a temporal scale. Soil organic carbon (%SOC) and total nitrogen (%TN) in the soil varied from 0.079%-2.94% and 0.014%-0.021% respectively. Total phosphorus (%TP) and total potassium (TK) ranged from 0.067 mg/g and 1.16 mg/g to 1.34 mg/g and 4.6 mg/g. C:N ratio showed a large variation from 16.57 to 798.57 along with C:P from 1.68 to 398.5. C:K and N:P showed narrow variation from 0.41% to 19.7% and from 0.03% to 3.13%. Soil parameters like SOC and TN peaked during May whereas TP and TK were higher during or after rains highlighting the impact of hydroperiod on nutrient distribution. Many of the parameters showed significant variations during months. Significant correlations were observed between SOC, TN and TP ensuring that these nutrients had a common origin and were influenced by other physico-chemical properties i.e. pH and bulk density. Analysis revealed that the wetland had both autochthonous and allochthonous inputs that impact nutrient distribution within the wetland. Principal component analysis was used to analyze and amalgamate the temporal variations within the soil nutrients and other parameters. Three principal components were extracted explaining 78.32% of the total variation. Principal components could be characterized as ‘limiting nutrients like TN and TP’, ‘organic carbon and its ratios’ and ‘potassium’. Higher levels of SOC within the wetland soil emphasize its potential as a carbon sink. Carbon sequestration potential of this wetland further accentuates the need for better conservation and management of the wetland.
Effect of Bisphenol-A on Nucleic Acids during Germination in Mung Bean Seedlings
Authors: Jayasri K. , Padmaja K. , Eswara Prasad P.
Published: April 2016

The extensive use of bisphenol-A (BPA) based polymers leads to widespread environmental contamination. Since agricultural soils are often enriched with activated sewage sludge, biosolids that may contain BPA, organisms dwelling in the soil and of course the rooted plants could encounter BPA from that source. However, few studies have examined the toxicological effects of BPA in plants which are able to take up and accumulate BPA. Since germination stage is more sensitive, the present study was carried out on the toxic effect of BPA on nucleic acids in mung bean seedlings. Controls were treated with distilled water and other lots of seeds were treated separately with 0.3 mM, 0.4 mM, 0.7 mM concentration of BPA in petridishes. The plant growth was retarded in a dose dependent manner with BPA treatment. The nucleic acids were isolated and estimated on 4th day of germination. Both DNA and RNA contents were found to be decreased with BPA exposure. The purified samples subjected to electrophoresis further revealed the DNA degradation in a dose dependent manner.
Traumatic fracture of the medial coronoid process in 24 dogs
Authors: Canapp Sherman , Leasure Christopher , Dycus David , O’Donnell Erica , Tan Desmond
Published: April 2016

Objective: To describe traumatic fracture of the medial coronoid process in dogs as a clinically distinct disease unrelated to congenital elbow dysplasia.

Methods: Clinical records of dogs with acute, traumatic, unilateral lameness attributable to medial coronoid process disease were reviewed retrospectively. Clinical interpretation included findings on physical examination, orthopaedic examination, and subjective gait analysis. Radiographs of the affected and contralateral elbows were obtained and reviewed for pathology. Arthroscopy of the elbow joints was performed by one of three surgeons and findings were compared to preoperative diagnostics. Postoperative follow-up was continued for 16 weeks.

Results: Twenty-four dogs were included in this study. All dogs in this study were free of radiographic evidence of medial coronoid pathology. All dogs were diagnosed with a single, large, displaced or non-displaced fracture of the medial coronoid process, with no other joint pathology. Dogs generally had an excellent short-term outcome following arthroscopic treatment of the fractured medial coronoid process.

Clinical significance: Traumatic fracture of the medial coronoid process should be considered a clinical disease distinct from dysplasia-related fragmentation and should be considered as a differential diagnosis in dogs that are presented with the complaint of acute unilateral elbow discomfort or lameness, especially after concussive activities involving the forelimb.
FORMATION OF PLASMOIDS IN MULTIPLE CURRENT SYSTEMS
Authors: Nemati M. J. , Wang Z. X. , Wei Lai
Published: April 2016

We show that in systems with multiple current sheets, the reconnection rate can increase with increasing S. This is essentially different from the result in single current sheet systems where the reconnection rate usually decreases with increasing S or is independent of S. Such a resistive fast reconnection can be applied to account for the rapid events in multiple current systems of astrophysical, solar, and magnetic fusion plasmas.
TEV GAMMA-RAY OBSERVATIONS OF THE GALACTIC CENTER RIDGE BY VERITAS
Authors: Archer A. , Benbow W. , Bird R. , Buchovecky M. , Buckley J. H. , Bugaev V. , Byrum K. , Cardenzana J. V , Cerruti M. , Chen X. , Ciupik L. , Collins-Hughes E. , Connolly M. P. , Eisch J. D. , Falcone A. , Feng Q. , Finley J. P. , Fleischhack H. , Flinders A. , Fortson L. , Furniss A. , Gillanders G. H. , Griffin S. , Grube J. , Gyuk G. , Håkansson N. , Hanna D. , Holder J. , Humensky T. B. , Hütten M. , Johnson C. A. , Kaaret P. , Kar P. , Kelley-Hoskins N. , Kertzman M. , Kieda D. , Krause M. , Krennrich F. , Kumar S. , Lang M. J. , McArthur S. , McCann A. , Meagher K. , Millis J. , Moriarty P. , Mukherjee R. , Nieto D. , Ong R. A. , Park N. , Pelassa V. , Pohl M. , Popkow A. , Pueschel E. , Quinn J. , Ragan K. , Ratliff G. , Reynolds P. T. , Richards G. T. , Roache E. , Rousselle J. , Santander M. , Sembroski G. H. , Shahinyan K. , Smith A. W. , Staszak D. , Telezhinsky I. , Tucci J. V. , Tyler J. , Vassiliev V. V. , Wakely S. P. , Weiner O. M. , Weinstein A. , Wilhelm A. , Williams D. A. , Zitzer B. , Yusef-Zadeh F.
Published: April 2016

The Galactic Center ridge has been observed extensively in the past by both GeV and TeV gamma-ray instruments revealing a wealth of structure, including a diffuse component and the point sources G0.9+0.1 (a composite supernova remnant) and Sgr A* (believed to be associated with the supermassive black hole located at the center of our Galaxy). Previous very high energy (VHE) gamma-ray observations with the H.E.S.S. experiment have also detected an extended TeV gamma-ray component along the Galactic plane in the >300 GeV gamma-ray regime. Here we report on observations of the Galactic Center ridge from 2010 to 2014 by the VERITAS telescope array in the >2 TeV energy range. From these observations we (1) provide improved measurements of the differential energy spectrum for Sgr A* in the >2 TeV gamma-ray regime, (2) provide a detection in the >2 TeV gamma-ray emission from the composite SNR G0.9+0.1 and an improved determination of its multi-TeV gamma-ray energy spectrum, and (3) report on the detection of VER J1746-289, a localized enhancement of >2 TeV gamma-ray emission along the Galactic plane.
THE THIRD FERMI GBM GAMMA-RAY BURST CATALOG: THE FIRST SIX YEARS
Authors: Bhat P. Narayana , Meegan Charles A. , von Kienlin Andreas , Paciesas William S. , Briggs Michael S. , Burgess J. Michael , Burns Eric , Chaplin Vandiver , Cleveland William H. , Collazzi Andrew C. , Connaughton Valerie , Diekmann Anne M. , Fitzpatrick Gerard , Gibby Melissa H. , Giles Misty M. , Goldstein Adam M. , Greiner Jochen , Jenke Peter A. , Kippen R. Marc , Kouveliotou Chryssa , Mailyan Bagrat , McBreen Sheila , Pelassa Veronique , Preece Robert D. , Roberts Oliver J. , Sparke Linda S. , Stanbro Matthew , Veres Péter , Wilson-Hodge Colleen A. , Xiong Shaolin , Younes George , Yu Hoi-Fung , Zhang Binbin
Published: April 2016

Since its launch in 2008, the Fermi Gamma-ray Burst Monitor (GBM) has triggered and located on average approximately two γ-ray bursts (GRBs) every three days. Here, we present the third of a series of catalogs of GRBs detected by GBM, extending the second catalog by two more years through the middle of 2014 July. The resulting list includes 1405 triggers identified as GRBs. The intention of the GBM GRB catalog is to provide information to the community on the most important observables of the GBM-detected GRBs. For each GRB, the location and main characteristics of the prompt emission, the duration, peak flux, and fluence are derived. The latter two quantities are calculated for the 50–300 keV energy band where the maximum energy release of GRBs in the instrument reference system is observed, and also for a broader energy band from 10 to 1000 keV, exploiting the full energy range of GBM's low-energy [Nai[Tl)] detectors. Using statistical methods to assess clustering, we find that the hardness and duration of GRBs are better fit by a two-component model with short-hard and long-soft bursts than by a model with three components. Furthermore, information is provided on the settings and modifications of the triggering criteria and exceptional operational conditions during years five and six in the mission. This third catalog is an official product of the Fermi GBM science team, and the data files containing the complete results are available from the High-Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center.
Mandibular Movement Restoration in a Child with Bilateral Coronoid Hyperplasia: A Case Report
Authors: Popovik Monevska Danica , Benedetti Alberto , Popovski Vladimir , Naumovski Slave , Grcev Aleksandar , Bozovic Suzana , Stamatoski Aleksandar
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND: Coronoid process hyperplasia is an uncommon finding, characterized by an enlargement of the coronoid process, causing a mechanical obstacle by its interposing in the posterior portion of the maxilla or zygomatic arch.CASE PRESENTATION: The article presents a case report of a bilateral coronoid process hyperplasia in a 3-year-old girl demonstrated with inability to open the mouth and restricted jaw movement. Panoramic x-ray and 3-dimensional computed tomographic reconstruction showed bilateral elongation of the coronoid processes associated with deformation of the mandibular condyle with no involvement of the articular space. A coronoid resection by intraoral approach was done, followed by an aggressive physiotherapy. A considerable improvement in mouth opening of 30 mm was achieved. We strongly suggest early surgical treatment of coronoid hyperplasia to recover morphology and function consequently to reduce skeletofacial deformities in young patients.CONCLUSIONS: The article presents a clinical and surgical case of bilateral coronoidectomy in a 3-year-old girl, with retrognathic mandible. The diagnosis of bilateral coronoid process hyperplasia was confirmed, and the surgical treatment was under general anesthesia, with nasotracheal intubation guided by a nasofiber endoscope, using an intraoral approach.
Comparative Hepatotoxicity of Aflatoxin B1 among Workers Exposed to Different Organic Dust with Emphasis on Polymorphism Role of Glutathione S-Transferase Gene
Authors: Saad-Hussein Amal , Shahy Eman M. , Shaheen Weam , Taha Mona M. , Mahdy-Abdallah Heba , Ibrahim Khadiga S. , Hafez Salwa F. , Fadl Nevein N. , El-Shamy Karima A.
Published: April 2016

AIM: The study aimed to investigate effects of organic dust exposure from different sources on aflatoxin B1-albumin adducts (AFB1/Alb), and role of glutathione S-transferase (GST) gene polymorphism in hepatotoxicity of (AFB1) among exposed workers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Liver enzymes, AFB1/Alb, and GST polymorphism were estimated in 132 wheat flour dust and 87 woods sawmill workers, and 156 controls.RESULTS: Results revealed that AFB1/Alb and liver enzymes were significantly elevated in exposed workers compared to controls, and were significantly higher in sawmill workers compared to flour workers. AFB1/Alb in flour and sawmill workers with GSTT1 and GSTM1&GSTT1 null genotypes were significantly higher than controls, and in sawmill workers with GSTM1&GSTT1 null than flour workers. Liver enzymes (ALT and AST) in sawmill workers were significantly higher than flour workers and controls in all GST polymorphism; except in GSTT1 polymorphism, where these enzymes were significantly higher in the two exposed groups than controls.CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, organic dust exposure may cause elevation in AFB1/Alb and liver enzymes of exposed workers, and GST gene polymorphism plays an important role in susceptibility to hepatic parenchymal cell injury; except in workers with GSTT1&GSTM1 null genotype, gene susceptibility seemed to have little role and the main role was for environmental exposures.
Capilla de la Ascensión en Xerrallo
Authors: Torroja Eduardo
Published: April 2016

De la abrupta ladera se destaca un espolón ofreciendo una pequeña meseta. Es el lugar en que se quería levantar una ermita para la pequeña agrupación del lugar.
Hangar de Cuatro Vientos
Authors: Torroja Eduardo
Published: April 2016

Las correas horizontales de cubierta apoyan sobre arcos metálicos de 115 metros de luz. Estos arcos van oblicuos y cruzándose entre sí, de modo que el conjunto forma una especie de viga triangulada de gran rigidez, frente a los empujes del viento sobre los frentes verticales del hangar.
Puente de la Muga
Authors: Torroja Eduardo
Published: April 2016

El mismo tipo de puente que el de Tordera puede hacerse con vigas de altura constante, como es el caso de otro puente sobre el río de la Muga. En este, el proyecto preveía el lanzamiento longitudinal de las tres vigas—soldadas entre sí, unas a continuación de las otras—, como una viga continua de tres luces.
Acueducto de Tempul
Authors: Torroja Eduardo
Published: April 2016

Un primer proyecto estaba formado por catorce tramos de 20 metros de luz sobre pilas cimentadas a 4 metros de profundidad en la parte cubierta solamente por las grandes avenidas, y con cimentaciones sobre pilotes de 10 metros en los tres tramos cubiertos normalmente por las aguas.
El Gran Arco del Viaducto Francisco Martín Gil
Authors: Torroja Eduardo
Published: April 2016

El trazado de la línea del ferrocarril entre Zamora y La Coruña cruza la zona de embalse que, en el Esla, forma la presa de Ricobayo mediante el viaducto de Martín Gil, cuyo gran arco central fue genialmente proyectado y dirigido por Eduardo Torroja. La envergadura de la obra, por un lado, y el obligado paro de los trabajos durante la guerra civil española, por otro, hicieron que el proceso, tanto de proyecto como de ejecución, fuese lento, laborioso y sometido a frecuentes cambios. Es, por ello, por lo que antes de publicar la solución Torroja, queremos exponer esquemáticamente el proceso seguido.
Priorato de la Anunciación
Authors: Breuer Marcel
Published: April 2016

«Desde lejos se divisará el campanario, marcando su silueta enérgica y distintiva en el árido paisaje, y desde cerca su presencia señalará la aproximación a la Capilla. Las campanas de bronce indicarán las horas en que harán los Oficios diarios. Su forma airosa y aristada se presta fácilmente a la técnica del hormigón armado y sus encofrados».
Canódromo madrileño
Authors: Azpiazu José Ramón , Pinto Pedro , Antonio Torroja José , Del Pozo Florencio , López Palanco Rafael , Martin Tordesillas L.
Published: April 2016

La importancia constructiva y estructural de esta obra, cuyo voladizo de tribunas constituye una de las mayores realizaciones resueltas en estructura laminar, son debidamente estudiadas en su triple aspecto de: proyecto, construcción y cálculo.
Auditorio público en Pittsburgh
Authors: Cohen Edward
Published: April 2016

En la zona urbana de Pittsburgh, denominada el Triángulo de Oro, recientemente urbanizada, se ha construido el auditorio objeto de este artículo. Esta estructura se llevó a cabo después de prolongados estudios por parte de Ammann & Whitney y otros. Su coste, que se eleva a 22 millones de dólares, ha sido aportado por diferentes instituciones privadas y oficiales.
La Producción y el Comercio Internacional de Cemento en el Mundo y en España
Authors: Vizoso A.
Published: April 2016

El panorama económico mundial en el período 1960-61 no era ciertamente esperanzador; se anunciaba la crisis del dólar, de la que se vuelve a hablar ahora; existían importantes huelgas en Estados Unidos, sobre todo en la industria del acero; los problemas de la incompatibilidad del Mercado Común y la Zona de Libre Comercio en Europa quedaron sin resolver, y sólo, a fines del último año, se inician conversaciones en virtud de las cuales se intenta que Inglaterra, y con ella los demás países «periféricos», fortalezcan sus lazos de unión con la Europa de los «seis», consecuencia, en gran parte del «clima» de incomprensión y tensión internacional entre el «bloque oriental» y el «occidental.
Rendimiento comparativo de los pavimentos de hormigón y de los revestimientos asfálticos en las autopistas norteamericanas
Authors: Editorial Equipo
Published: April 2016

Este artículo constituye un resumen de un estudio publicado en la revista ''Travaux" en febrero de 1961, habiéndose omitido las referencias a la situación en Francia que dicho estudio contenía, y traducido a pesetas las cifras que figuraban en dólares.
Aparcamiento en Breuninger
Authors: Wiegand Gerd , Hanusch H. , Breuninger Bauboro , Czermak R. , Foerster W. , Cronauer Karl
Published: April 2016

El problema del estacionamiento de vehículos en las grandes ciudades, precisamente en sus centros vitales, de comercio y de relación, se agudiza con el incremento incesante de automóviles. Los Municipios demuestran su preocupación creando lugares y espacios capaces para albergarlos. Esto mismo hacen, con un deseo muy encomiable, las grandes casas comerciales, de la que es buena muestra la Breuninger, de Stuttgart, uno de los más poderosos comercios de tejidos de la capital.
Silo de Lausana-Benens
Authors: Tschumi Jean
Published: April 2016

Este edificio ha sido construido en hormigón, y en su construcción se han usado encofrados deslizantes que permitían una mayor rapidez de obra; además, debido a la altura que ha alcanzado el edificio, fue necesario el empleo de una grúa de 73 m de altura.
Vivienda unifamiliar, en Brasil
Authors: Levi Rino
Published: April 2016

Se ha proyectado esta residencia particular en un solar relativamente pequeño, con 20 metros de fachada a la calle de Rusia. Está enclavada en zona noble y residencial, plana, por lo que desaparecen las posibilidades de gozar de vistas panorámicas.
Bases tratadas con cemento, en California
Authors: Chinchilla M.
Published: April 2016

El uso de bases tratadas con cemento para autopistas se inició en el Estado de California en 1938, empleándose para carreteras con determinadas condiciones de tráfico. Inicialmente, se especificó el uso obligatorio de plantas mezcladoras para asegurar el debido control de las proporciones adecuadas.
Mind the Gap
Authors: Eapen Valsamma , Walter Amelia
Published: April 2016

Individuals with Intellectual Disability (ID) experience higher rates of psychiatric disorders than the general population, although findings are mixed with regard to the determinants of this increased prevalence. Despite growing recognition of the prevalence of mental health problems among individuals with ID, and the consequences this comorbidity carries for individuals, families and the wider community, there are multiple challenges in identifying and managing these concerns. Accurate diagnosis and effective intervention is currently hindered by factors including the applicability of standardised psychiatric classification systems, gaps in service delivery models and access to such services, as well as unmet training needs.
School Bullying and Students with Intellectual Disabilities
Authors: Wright Michelle F.
Published: April 2016

School bullying research began in the 1970s through seminal research conducted on these experiences among Norwegian boys. From this initial research, multiple studies have been conducted over the past forty years, revealing the nature, extent, causes, and consequences of school bullying. More recent investigations have also focused on cyberbullying, bullying using information and communication technologies (e.g., cell phones). Little attention has been given to school bullying involvement among students with disabilities, particularly those with intellectual disabilities. These studies suggest that these students experience internalizing (e.g., depression, anxiety, loneliness) and externalizing (e.g., aggression, antisocial behaviors) difficulties associated with their involvement in school bullying. The aim of this chapter is to review multidisciplinary research concerning school bullying among students with intellectual disabilities and to make recommendations for public policy and prevention programs as well as future research.
The Stress and Adjustment in the Family of Intellectually Disabled Children
Authors: Prusty Babita
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT Intellectual disability is a disorder, in which children exhibit intellectual insufficiency as well as inadequate adaptive skills, in conceptual, social, and practical domains, manifested during developmental period. The wellbeing, coping and overall adjustment of parents, siblings and other family members of children with intellectual disabilities is worth studying not only because of understanding of the children suffering from disability but also because of helping, reducing burden and enhancing a healthy physical and mental life of the family members. Research suggests that parents of children with, typical development, but their mental health in general might be complicated as well. Certain therapeutic techniques like Psychodynamic therapy, family therapy and behavioral therapies could be used for helping such families.
Quality of Life of People with Intellectual Disability
Authors: Firdaus Jamila , Jadeja Mansi
Published: April 2016

Intellectual Disability, according to DSM-V is defined as a “disorder with onset during the developmental period that includes both intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits in conceptual, social and practical domains.” Clinical judgment and individually administered standardized tests confirm deficits in intellectual functions such as reasoning, problem solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning and learning from experience. Adaptive functioning is also deficit as the individual needs assistance in one or more activities of daily living such as communication, social participation and independent living across multiple environments such as home, school, work and community. The need to understand the quality of life of people with intellectual disability is crucial as this mental disability is considered to be a major setback for any individual and his/her family. It needs to be highlighted here, that the families of people with intellectual disability also play a crucial role. New research reviews are required to bring policy changes and better tools.
Intellectual Disability
Authors: Pandey Jyoti Mishra , Mishra Preeti
Published: April 2016

Intellectual Disability is sub-average intellectual ability with impaired adaptive functioning, which starts before the age of 18. They have IQ below. There are many issues which require attention while dealing with ID like human resources, quality training of clinical psychologists in India, the conflicts among the team approach, acceptance in the family and society and many more. There are 1.5 million people with intellectual disability in India. However, experts working in the field of developmental disabilities feel that prevalence is much higher. The population with ID is increasing but the resources to deal with these issues are few. The mental health profession is a multidisciplinary one. The psychiatrist, the clinical psychologist and the psychiatric social worker all have their significant role in the management of ID. There is a long way to go. There are many things that can be offered but what we need is acceptance in our society of such people and Awareness towards Intervention.
Attitude towards People with Intellectual Disabilities (PWID)
Authors: Hazarika Mythili , Choudhury Sandamita
Published: April 2016

History on PWID indicates influence of various psycho-social, biological, religious and educational factors for the existence of stereotypical attitudes towards PWID. Across the world until the mid-80's they were a marginalized group of people who were discriminated from others' who considered themselves as “normal”. But since the early part of the 21st century significant efforts have been reported across countries in integrating and mainstreaming the PWID in the community at large. To attain this challenging milestone attitude plays a very significant role. Families of PWID undergo high levels of stress and emotional reactions resulting from daily care demands, emotional distress, interpersonal difficulties (family discord), financial hardships as well as social isolation which call for intervention not just for the intellectually disabled but also with the family members. Positive attitude among the health and all professionals with humane qualities such as empathy, genuineness, unconditional positive regard towards the PWID leads to positive expectation and better outcome. Interestingly in developing countries stereotypes are based on ignorance and families find it extremely difficult to disclose the presence of Intellectual Disability (ID) as it is considered to be a ‘loss of face'' and is believed to tarnish the family reputation. Hence, families often adopt strategies to hide the existence of a disability, which in turn delays the treatment, and rehabilitation of PWID. Along with parents and family members other stakeholders like siblings and relatives, teachers, educationists, health professionals and general public's attitudes towards them are highly influential factors for their rehabilitation and integration in the mainstream community. Hence, this chapter is an attempt to focus on the importance of attitude that determines the course towards acceptance of PWID. The authors' focus is on the various perceptions towards intellectual disability and the implications of the favorable and unfavorable attitudes towards PWID since the Egyptian era in developed and developing nations. Further, the recommendations provided are for the policymakers and stakeholders to design intervention programs to alter people's attitude towards acceptance and compassion towards PWID. This is believed to help in their rehabilitation, and integration into the society at all levels and thereby reduces the prejudice and discrimination towards them.
Vocational Rehabilitation
Authors: Ghosh Neerajana , Sinha Vinod Kumar , Poddar Shuvabrata
Published: April 2016

The chapter summarizes key issues in vocational rehabilitation for individuals with intellectual disability, nature of vocational rehabilitation in in mild, moderate and severe intellectual disability, principles of rehabilitation for individuals with intellectual disability, assessment of intellectual disability and it's limitations. Then the chapter reviews the need for vocational rehabilitation, assessment required for rehabilitation and barriers of vocational rehabilitation for individuals with intellectual disability. the chapter then covers vocational rehabilitation process and preparation of the individual for rehabilitation. The chapter ends with social skills training and newer trends in rehabilitation like use of virtual reality and sensory integration.