bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XV.—Development and Probable Evolution of the Suctorial Disc in the Tadpoles of Rana afghana Günther
Authors: Hora Sunder Lal
Published: January 2013

The remarkable and close parallelism exhibited by the suctorial disc of the fish Garra and of certain tadpoles belonging to frogs of the section Rana formosa of Rana was pointed out by the late Dr Annandale and myself in 1922. Evidence was then adduced to show that such structures have come into existence through a gradual accumulation of small changes, which probably originated in direct response to the increasing swiftness of the currents as the animals invaded higher and higher levels of torrential streams. The probable evolution and the development of the disc of Garra have been described already (Hora, 1921, pp. 639–643); whereas the peculiar structure of the disc in the tadpoles has hitherto been known only in its fully-formed condition. It seemed probable that, with the discovery of the earlier stages in the development of the disc, the line of evolution of the sucker would prove to be similar to that of the sucking disc of the fishes of the genus Garra (Hora, 1930, p. 241). The observations described hereafter confirm this view.
XVI.—The Innervation of the Uterus
Authors: Fleming Amy M.
Published: January 2013

Our knowledge of the nature and mode of action of the nervous mechanism of the uterus is far from complete. The following paper is a continuation of that published by the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1927 (38).

In that paper a short historical summary of the previous work was given. To expand this summary and fully analyse the further papers I have studied on the special points of my present communication would unduly lengthen this memoir. I will therefore confine myself to a brief abstract of my former results, and a short statement as to the present state of our knowledge. A full bibliography will be found at the close of this communication.
XVII.—Contributions to the Study of the Old Red Sandstone Flora of Scotland. VIII. On Arthrostigma, Psilophyton, and some associated Plant-remains from the Strathmore Beds of the Caledonian Lower Old Red Sandstone
Authors: Lang W. H.
Published: January 2013

It is well known that there are two distinct horizons in the Caledonian Lower Old Red Sandstone which contain abundant plant-remains (Evans, 1929). At the lower horizon of the Carmyllie and Cairnconnan Beds the flora consists, so far as is clearly known, of Pachytheca, Nematophyton, Parka, and one vascular plant, Zosterophyllum myretonianum (Lang, 1927). In certain greenish-grey flags and sandstones of the Strathmore Beds near the summit of the stratigraphical succession fragmentary plant-remains are abundant along a line stretching from Rosemount, south of Blairgowrie, through Murthly, Glenalmond, Callander, and Balloch, to near Brodick in Arran. From these beds a small but quite distinct assemblage of fossil plants is known. Pachytheca is clearly recorded. The well-defined remains of vascular plants have so far all been referred to Arthrostigma gracile, Dawson, and Psilophyton princeps, Dawson. References to Psilophyton robustius occur, but there is no evidence that the type of plant distinguished from Gaspé under that name has been found in the Strathmore Beds.
XVIII.—A Study of the Foliar Endodermis in the Plantaginaceae
Authors: Trapp George
Published: January 2013

While an endodermis in the leaf is a relatively rare occurrence amongst the Angiosperms, its presence has been noted as being fairly constant in a number of families; but it is only in the case of a few of these families that it has been treated in sufficient detail to indicate its representation generically. Mylius (8), in particular, has examined the foliar endodermis of the Myrtaceæ, the Onagraceæ, and the Rosaceæ; especially the latter family, in which he makes a comprehensive investigation of the genera Spiræa, Alchemilla, Fragaria, Potentilla, Rosa, Agrimonia, and Sanguisorba (Poterium) from this standpoint. An endodermis has also been recorded as present in the leaves of certain Monocotyledonous families of which the Bromeliaceæ, Orchidaceæ, and Gramineæ (tribe Festuceæ) are examples quoted by Haberlandt (4, p. 368 sqq.) from the work of Rimbach, Schwendener, and van Wisselingh.
XXIII.—The Diurnal Incidence of Disturbance in the Terrestrial Magnetic Field
Authors: Mitchell A. Crichton
Published: January 2013

1. During recent years increased attention has been paid to the question of measuring or estimating the extent or degree of disturbance in the earth's magnetic field. Two distinct purposes have been kept in view. The first and more general is to provide some measure of disturbance capable of use as a means of correlating terrestrial magnetic change with other geophysical or cosmical phenomena; in particular, solar phenomena. The second seeks to assign to each Greenwich day a numerical value for the degree of disturbance on that day, so that a selection may be made in each month of a certain number of days on which the terrestrial field has been least or most disturbed. The immediate object here is to secure comparability between results—particularly diurnal inequalities—obtained at different magnetic observatories.
XXXI.—Studies on the Reproductive System in the Guinea-Pig: Post-partum Repair of the Uterus, and the Associated Appearances in the Ovaries
Authors: Nicol Thomas
Published: January 2013

In the course of researches on the reproductive system of Cavia attention was drawn to certain variations in the rapidity of the repair of the endometrium after parturition. It was shown by Loeb (1914) and by Stockard and Papanicolaou (1917) that in the guinea-pig there is a close correlation during the œstrous cycle between the changes in the uterus and the events in the ovaries. It happens that in practically all the animals used for embryological researches in this department the ovaries were preserved and have been serially sectioned. It seemed worth while, therefore, to work out in the material available the relations of the post-partum changes in the uterus with the conditions in the ovaries. Recent researches have brought to light further interesting correlations between the anterior pituitary and the ovaries, and indirectly with the uterus, but in the present communication no attempt will be made to deal with this larger question.
XXXIV.—Geology of the Outer Hebrides. Part V.—North Harris and Lewis
Authors: Jehu T. J. , Craig R. M.
Published: January 2013

The term “Hebrides” is of unknown origin. Some authorities suggest that it meant “the islands of Brude,” called after the names of several Pictish kings. There seems also to be considerable uncertainty about the name “Lewis.” Some derive it from “Leog,” a marsh. Macculloch traced it to “Loda,” a Scandinavian deity. The name has appeared in various forms, the earliest of which appears to be “Leodus.” Another suggestion is that it may be after “Leutha,” the last of the three Pictish kings who ruled in Orkney (Mackenzie, 1903, pp. xxxvi-xxxviii).
XXIII.—Geological Observations in South Georgia.
Authors: Ferguson D.
Published: January 2013

In the investigation of a remote and isolated island for mineral and metalliferous deposits its geological structure and the character of the rock masses of which it is formed are of primary importance. Where the evidences of metalliferous deposits are more or less openly and widely exposed the geological structure, while still of interest, is not so important. Ore deposits, as a rule, occur in rock-bodies which have definite relations to each other, a characteristic geological structure.

In the island of South Georgia, where the exposed evidences of metalliferous ores are very slight, the investigation of its rock-bodies, their character and geological structure, is a necessity. By making an examination of that kind, we endeavour to ascertain if there may be concealed ore-bodies which further exploratory prospecting may with a reasonable probability expose to view.
I.—Sphærostoma ovale (Conostoma ovale et intermedium, Williamson), a Lower Carboniferous Ovule from Pettycur, Fifeshire, Scotland
Authors: Benson Margaret J.
Published: January 2013

The Palæozoic ovule, to which the generic name “Sphærostoma” is now given, was originally described by Williamson in 1877 under the names Conostoma ovale and Conostoma intermedium. He referred sections of different individuals to different species owing to the imperfect condition of the material then available, but expressed the view that Conostoma intermedium “may possibly be a state of Conostoma ovale.” The new material has rendered this interpretation a certainty. With respect to the reference of this ovule to the genus Conostoma, Williamson again expresses some hesitation, merely stating that “it appears to be of the same generic type.” The genus Conostoma was established for an Upper Carboniferous ovule which Williamson designated Conostoma oblongum.
IV.—On the Genus Porponia and Related Genera, Scottish National Antarctic Expedition.
Authors: Carlgren Oskar
Published: January 2013

In an Appendix to the Actiniæ of the Challenger Expedition, R. Hertwig. 1882, described a peculiar genus, Porponia, with two species, P. elongata and P. robusta, which he characterises in the following manner: “Actiniarien (Hexactinien?) mit 2 Schlundrinnen ohne Ringmuskel, mit dünnwandigen Tentakeln, deren Basen auf der äusseren Seite durch spangenförmige Verlängerungen des Mauerblatts gestützt werden.” Partly owing to the badly preserved material, however, he did not venture to indicate definitely its systematic position, though he considered it conceivable that it represented a transitional form between the Zoanthidæ and the true Actiniæ, or Hexactiniæ.
XXIV.—Scientific Results of the Voyage of S.Y. Scotia, 1902–04: The Crinoidea
Authors: Vaney C. , John D. Dilwyn
Published: January 2013

La Scotia a recueilli, dans les régions antarctiques, un petit nombre de Crïnoides; mais cette collection, quoique restreinte, est intéressante et je regrette vivement que diverses circonstances, indépendantes de ma bonne volonté, ne m'aient pas permis d'en faire une étude complète.

Parmi les formes libres se trouvent des exemplaires se rapportant à l'Isometra vivipara Mortensen, espèce incubatrice présentant, dans des pinnules élargies à leur base, des œufs en voie de développement et dont quelques cirres portent des larves au stade pentacrine. Ces exemplaires ont été recueillis au “Burdwood Bank,” comme ceux dont Anderson (1904) avait décrit le mode d'incubation sous l'appellation d'Antedon hirsuta Carpenter et qu'Austin Clark (1915, p. 146) présumait devoir être Isometra angustipinna (Carpenter) ou une forme voisine. Mais Mortensen (1918, p. 10) examinant les échantillons rapportés par l'Expédition antarctique suédoise de cette espèce incubatrice la considére comme nouvelle et la décrit sous le nom d'Isometra vivipara.
XXVI.—The Fresh-water Mollusca of the Tanganyika Territory and Zanzibar Protectorate, and their Relation to Human Schistosomiasis
Authors: Mozley Alan
Published: January 2013

During a part of the years 1937 and 1938 a biological study of the fresh-water mollusca of the Tanganyika Territory and Zanzibar Protectorate was carried out with the aid of the grant of the Wandsworth Scholarship of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. Up to the present little has been known about the molluscs of this part of Africa, although the importance of certain members of this group as the intermediate hosts of human blood flukes (Schistosomaspp.) has been widely recognized. The following account of the constitution and distribution of the molluscan fauna of this region may therefore be of interest and value.
II.—The History of Volcanic Action during the Tertiary Period in the British Isles
Authors: Geikie Archibald
Published: January 2013

Among the problems for the study of which the remarkably varied geology of the British Isles offers peculiar facilities, perhaps none ranks higher in importance or in general interest than the history of volcanic action. Placed on the oceanic border of an ancient continental area, the region of Britain has lain within the limits where hypogene activity is specially prone to manifest itself. From early geological times this activity has been displayed in various characteristic forms. Hence, within the geological records of Britain there has been preserved a more continuous and complete chronicle of volcanic phenomena than, so far as I am aware, has yet been discovered in any tract of similar size on the face of the globe. The rocks of the country have been investigated so long and so minutely that their general chronological succession has been accurately ascertained, and hence the precise horizon of each volcanic episode can be definitely fixed. The varying phases of eruptivity in different geological periods can be made out, and a large body of evidence can thus be amassed bearing on the general question of the past history of volcanism.
X.—On the Fossil Plants in the Ravenhead Collection in the Free Library and Museum, Liverpool
Authors: Kidston Robert
Published: January 2013

A copy of Mr Marrat's paper “On the Fossil Ferns in the Ravenhead Collection” having come into my hands, I was led to visit the Liverpool Free Public Museum in 1886, and again in 1887, with the object of examining this interesting collection, and while doing so I received every assistance from Mr Thomas J. Moore, the Curator, and Mr F. P. Marrat, to whom I take this opportunity of expressing my indebtedness for the many kindnesses I received while studying the Ravenhead plants. I have further the pleasure of acknowledging the privilege accorded me by the Museum Committee, through the kind offices of the Rev. H. H. Higgins, which allowed me to have a number of specimens sent to Stirling, where I could more advantageously examine them than in the Museum, where the literature of the subject is limited.
XI.—On some Fossil Plants from Teilia Quarry, Gwaenysgor, near Prestatyn, Flintshire
Authors: Kidston Robert
Published: January 2013

Teilia Quarry, from which the fossils described in this paper have been collected, is situated about a quarter of a mile north-east of the village of Gwaenysgor, which is distant about five miles from Rhyl and one from Prestatyn.

The geology of the district has been fully described by Mr G. H. Morton, F.G.S., from whose paper the following notes are compiled:—

A considerable part of North Flintshire is occupied by a great development of limestone, which is generally referred to in writings on the subject as “Carboniferous Limestone.” It forms a tract of hilly ground, some of the higher points rising to a height of over 800 feet. These limestones lie immediately beneath the Cefn-y-Fedw sandstones, and occupy a hollow of considerable extent in Silurian strata.
XIII.—On the Determination of the Curve, on one of the Coordinate Planes, which forms the Outer Limit of the Positions of the Point of Contact of an Ellipsoid of Revolution which always touches the Three Planes of Reference
Authors: Plarr G.
Published: January 2013

In a former paper (Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin., vol. xxxiii. part ii. p. 465) the ellipsoid under consideration was supposed to have its three axes different from one another in length. I consider now the more simpler case of an Ellipsoid of Revolution. The same notations as in the former paper shall be made use of, and for the establishment of some of the results which form the basis of the present paper, reference must be made to the former.
XIV.—On Ostracoda collected by H. B. Brady, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., in the South Sea Islands
Authors: Brady George Stewardson
Published: January 2013

Excepting the few species noticed in the Report on the Ostracoda of the “Challenger” Expedition, scarcely anything, so far as I know, has been published respecting the Ostracoda of the South Sea Islands. Prof. G. M. Thomson has indeed published in the Transactions of the New Zealand Institute (1878), a paper on Crustacea, which includes a few marine and fresh-water Ostracoda of New Zealand; and the Rev. R. L. King, in the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Van Diemen's Land (1855), described numerous species of Entomostraca, amongst which were several fresh-water, but no marine, Ostracoda. Dr Baird also published a species of Cypridina from New Zealand. I have myself contributed to the Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (1886) a paper on Entomostraca collected in South Australia, chiefly by Professor Ralph Tate of Adelaide, including a considerable number of fresh-water Ostracoda; and in a French publication (Les Fonds de la Mer), edited by the Marquis de Folin, there are likewise, by myself, descriptions of a few species taken at Nouméa, New Caledonia. There are also, in a paper of mine published in the Transactions of the Zoological Society (1865), notes of a few Australian marine species. This, I think, represents the sum of our present knowledge respecting the Ostracoda of these regions.
XVII.—On the Placentation of Halicore Dugong
Authors: Turner Wm.
Published: January 2013

Comparative anatomists have long desired detailed information on the placentation of the Sirenia. It is true that in 1878 Dr Paul Harting presented to the University of Utrecht a graduation thesis, in which he described the fœtal membranes and fœtus of a Dugong, which had been acquired a short time before for the Zoological Museum of that University. The specimen had been preserved for many years in spirit of wine, and had apparently been collected by a surgeon to a merchant ship. The fœtus was 27·8 centimetres (11 inches) long. The entire chorion, with the exception of the two poles and their immediate vicinity, was covered by densely packed, short and but little branched villi, and Dr Harting came to the conclusion that the placenta of the Dugong was diffuse and non-deciduate.
XI.—On a World Correlation of the Pleistocene
Authors: Paterson T. T.
Published: January 2013

Forty-six years ago James Geikie published the third edition of his book,The Great Ice Age, where he expressed the view that there were five main cold periods, separated by four warmer, within the Pleistocene. Despite the enormous research by glaciologists undertaken since Geikie's time no one has yet disproved this fundamental concept; indeed, research, though perhaps casting out some of the evidence used by Geikie, has only supported his hypothesis. Yet the works of this great geologist are neglected and apparently scorned, for the terminology which he set up in plain English to indicate his five glacial periods, determined by a very wide survey, has been discarded in favour of a Continental nomenclature having only a local significance. In this work I follow Geikie in naming glacial periods, first, second, third, etc., for this has a world-wide application. It is from the writings of this master, and also those of Professor J. E. Marr of Cambridge, that I gathered the general ideas expressed here in Part I, (a), (b), and (c).
XIII.—Hormonal Analysis of the Cyclic Variations in the Vascular Architecture of the Uterus of the Guinea-Pig
Authors: Bacsich P. , Wyburn G. M.
Published: January 2013

In a recent publication on the cyclic variations of the vascular architecture of the uterus of the guinea-pig (1940) we recorded that antimesometric hypersemia is a regular and essential characteristic of the uterine changes which occur during heat, and commented on its significance as a factor influencing antimesometric implantation in this animal.

A natural sequel to this work was to acquire additional evidence for our conclusions by the experimental production of antimesometric hyperæmia in the uterus of the spayed guinea-pig following treatment by injection of ovarian hormones; such evidence to be of value demands that the antimesometric hyperæmia so produced should be comparable to that of normal heat.
XVI.—The Macrofauna of the Intertidal Sand of Kames Bay, Millport, Buteshire
Authors: Watkin E. Emrys
Published: January 2013

During the last few years the distribution of the macrofauna, and to a less extent the microfauna, of the intertidal soils of the shores of Britain has received considerable attention and the principle that the species show a zonation with maximum densities at certain levels is now well established. The extensive studies of Elmhirst (1931) and of Stephen (1928, 1929, and 1930) on the fauna of the sandy and muddy areas of numerous Scottish bays has laid the foundation for much further work in this area. Pirrie, Bruce, and Moore (1932) have described the zonation of the fauna in the intertidal sand of Port Erin bay. Alexander, Southgate, and Bassindale (1935) refer to the fauna of the sand at the mouth of the River Tees, but mainly from the point of view of comparison with the fauna of the estuary. Crawford (1937 a and b) gives notes on the distribution and habits of certain intertidal species in sandy bays and estuaries in west England and south Wales. Rees (1939) has surveyed in outline, as part of a study of the interstitial sand copepods, the macrofauna of some sandy bays in north Donegal. Spooner and Moore (1940) have given a detailed description of the zonation of the species in the estuarine muds of the Tamar. Apart from the above, reference must be made to two intensive studies on the soil fauna of the eastern shores of the North Sea, namely, that of Thamdrup (1935) on Danish shores and of Wohlenberg (1937) on certain bays on the island of Sylt. A general discussion of the ecological problems of sand, mud, and algal environments is given by Remane (1933), based on the macrofauna and microfauna of Kiel bay. He reaches the conclusion, based on the number of species which occur in each environment, that the macrofauna of sand is comparatively poor compared with mud.
XVIII.—The Conducting System of the Marsupial Heart
Authors: Blair D. M. , Davies Francis , Francis E. T. B.
Published: January 2013

Elsewhere two of the present authors (Davies and Francis, 1941) have expressed the opinion that a specialised cardiac conducting system, consisting of nodal and Purkinje fibres, is a newly evolved one in birds and mammals. The general morphology and topography of this system in the heart of the bird (Davies, 1930 a, 1930 b) is similar to that in the heart of the eutherian mammal, and we have postulated (Davies and Francis, 1941) that the system has undergone parallel evolution in these two classes of homoiothermal vertebrates in response to functional requirements, and that in particular its presence can be correlated with the rapidity of the heart-rate in proportion to its size. On the other hand, Keith and Flack (1907), Keith and Mackenzie (1910), and Mackenzie (1913) maintain that the sinu-atrial node, atrio-ventricular node, and atrio-ventricular bundle of the mammalian heart are remnants of more extensive tissues of similar structure in the hearts of lower vertebrates. They trace the evolution of the conducting system of the mammalian heart from a simpler and more definite form which they described in the fish, and state that as one ascends the animal scale the concentration and reduction of nodal tissue becomes more marked. We ourselves (Davies and Francis, 1941) have failed to find any nodal or Purkinje fibres in any part of the hearts of the following cold-blooded vertebrates: fish (eel, gurnard), amphibia (salamander, frog), and reptiles (tortoise, Mississippi alligator, Sphenodon). We therefore believe that, whereas the ordinary cardiac muscle is able to conduct the impulse for cardiac contraction quickly enough in these slowly contracting cold-blooded vertebrate hearts, a specially developed system is evolved in the much more rapidly beating hearts of birds and mammals. Amongst mammals themselves, the nodal and Purkinje fibres of the monotreme heart (Davies, 1931) have the same general disposition as those in the eutherian mammal. The present work is concerned with the conducting system of the heart of the remaining sub-class of mammalia, namely the Didelphia. No previous detailed study of this system in the marsupial heart has been made.
II.—The Archæan Rocks of the Rodil District, South Harris, Outer Hebrides
Authors: Davidson Charles F.
Published: January 2013

The Archæan rocks of the southernmost part of the parish of Harris in the Outer Hebrides have long been known to include not only a wide variety of gneisses of igneous origin, but also a group of paragneisses which, along with presumably contemporaneous formations in Glenelg, Tiree, Iona and elsewhere, probably represent the most ancient sediments in Britain. Apart from early references by Macculloch (1819) and Heddle (1878, 1888, 1901), for practically all our present information on these gneisses we are indebted to Jehu and Craig (1927), who have made a reconnaissance survey over the whole chain of the Outer Hebrides and whose work forms the standard account of the geology of this region.

The present paper gives a description of the gneisses around the village of Rodil, a district of somewhat complex petrography and metamorphic history. The paragneisses present include crystalline limestones, calc-silicate rocks, garnet-kyanite-gneisses, graphite-schists, quartzites, and other schistose and gneissose rocks less easily described by short titles. These sediments have been intruded by sills or sheets of basic to ultrabasic composition, now represented by gneisses of the composition of eclogite, garnet-amphibolite, amphibolite, peridotite, pyroxenite, saxonite, websterite, and a series of rocks referred to under the portmanteau name of metagabbro—types akin to pyroxene-granulites and basic charnockites, often garnet-bearing, but locally with pyroxene and garnet replaced to a varying extent by hornblende and biotite. There is also present a large mass of anorthosite-gneiss bordered by metagabbros, both the feldspathic and basic rocks bearing frequent schlieren of eclogite, garnet-amphibolite, and amphibolite. The complex is traversed locally by acid and basic pegmatite dykes and sheets.
VI.—Growth Stages in some Jurassic Ammonites
Authors: Currie Ethel D.
Published: January 2013

Studies of the growth stages of some species of Promicroceras (Currie, 1942 and 1943) have led to similar inquiries into the growth stages of other genera. The choice of genera studied has been determined mainly by the material available; but fortunately the material available has provided an opportunity for investigation of a compressed fairly involute form (Witchellia) and some depressed involute forms (Cadoceras and some Sphaeroceratids) for comparison with the evolute Promicroceras.

Most of the specimens used are from a collection of ammonites kept for study by Professor A. E. Trueman, to whom the writer is again indebted for material. Other specimens used are from the collection of the Hunterian Museum, Glasgow University. As usually happens in investigations of this kind, a number of the specimens cut had to be discarded owing to the structure being obliterated by calcification. As a result, the number of measurable sections available was smaller than one had hoped.
IX.—The Cephalopoda of Scottish and Adjacent Waters
Authors: Stephen A. G.
Published: January 2013

The literature of the Scottish Cephalopoda is, on the whole, rather scanty. Most of the references occur in more general faunistic lists, or are comparatively short notices in various periodicals. Except for Russell's work, which dealt almost exclusively with the collections of the former Fishery Board for Scotland and did not include references to the other Scottish species, there is no comprehensive paper devoted to the Scottish Cephalopoda. More attention has been paid to the subject in neighbouring countries. Massy (1928) has summarised previous work on the Irish species; Grimpe (1925) has dealt with the species of the North Sea, and Hertling (1929, 1936) has supplemented Grimpe's work with further notes on the Helgoland species; Grieg (1933) has described the Norwegian forms; Nielsen (1930) has listed the species occurring at the Faroes; Stevenson (1935) has described those found on the Yorkshire coast. Where references are made to the species occurring in the above-mentioned waters, these summaries only are quoted.
XVI. Experiments on Muriatic Acid Gas, with Observations on its Chemical Constitution, and on some other Subjects of Chemical Theory
Authors: Murray John
Published: January 2013

Some years ago I proposed, as decisive of the question which has been the subject of controversy on the nature of Oxymuriatic and Muriatic Acids, the experiment of procuring water from muriate of ammonia, formed by the combination of dry ammoniacal and muriatic acid gases. Muriatic acid gas being the sole product of the mutual action of oxymuriatic gas and hydrogen, it follows, that if oxymuriatic gas contain oxygen, muriatic acid gas must contain combined water; while, if the former be a simple body, the latter must be the real acid, free from water.
XVII. Experiments on the Relation between Muriatic Acid and Chlorine; to which is subjoined the Description of a New Instrument, for the Analysis of Gases by Explosion
Authors: Ure Andrew
Published: January 2013

The Chloridic Theory, though more limited in its application to chemical phenomena, than the Antiphlogistic, may justly be regarded as of scarcely inferior importance. If established, it leads to the adoption of entirely new views concerning combustion and many of its products; it removes the muriates, a set of apparently well characterised saline bodies, from the class of salts altogether; and it has given birth, by analogy, to two new genera of compounds, in which iodine and fluorine, like chlorine, act a corresponding part with oxygen, in the system of Lavoisier.
XXII. A Method of determining the Time with Accuracy, from a Series of Altitudes of the Sun, taken on the same side of the Meridian
Authors: Brisbane Thomas
Published: January 2013

Having for a number of years been constantly moving about, in situations where I could not convey large astronomical instruments, I have repeatedly tried to what extent of accuracy and consistency I could arrive with the smaller ones. The results have convinced me, that a great deal of accuracy may in that way be obtained; and that the sextant is an instrument, which, if perfectly understood, would be in higher estimation, and more general use, than it is at present. The observations I am about to submit, were made with a ten inch sextant of Troughton's, divided on platina to 10″, (No 1200).
III.—On a Difficulty in the Theory of Rain.
Authors: Dalmahoy James
Published: January 2013

Nearly a hundred years ago, Dr Heberden of London made the following experiment:—Having prepared three exactly similar rain-gauges, he placed one of them on the roof of Westminster Abbey, another on the roof of a neighbouring house, but at a much lower level, and the third in the garden of the same house. At the end of twelve months he found that the gauge on the roof of the Abbey had received 12·099 inches of rain, the gauge on the neighbouring house-top 18·139 inches, and the gauge on the ground 22·608 inches.

This paradoxical result required, of course, to be confirmed by other observers, and in other localities; and the similar results obtained by Dobson, Dalton, Howard, and especially by Arago at the Paris Observatory, and by Phillips at York, have amply supplied all that was wanting in this respect.
IV.—On the Pressure Cavities in Topaz, Beryl, and Diamond, and their bearing on Geological Theories.
Authors: Brewster David
Published: January 2013

In the years 1823 and 1826 I communicated to this Society two papers “On the Existence of Two New Fluids in the Cavities of Precious Stones and other Minerals.” These two fluids were generally found together in the same cavity, though sometimes the cavities were occupied only by one of them. They were perfectly transparent and immiscible. The denser of the two occupied the angles of the cavities, or the necks, or narrow passages, or canals which united two or more larger cavities; while the rarer fluid floated, as it were, on the other in deep cavities, or filled the body of shallower ones, with the exception of a circular vacuity, which diminished and disappeared with the slightest increase of temperature, or enlarged itself and disappeared in consequence of the fluid being converted into vapour.
V.—On the Theory of Numbers.
Authors: Talbot H. F.
Published: January 2013

The object of this paper will be, to give a connected view of some theorems of importance, which are often found in books rather obscurely demonstrated, and in some cases are inaccurately given, or are liable to exceptions which are not mentioned.
VI.—On the Rain-Fall in the Lake-District in 1861, with some Observations on the Composition of Rain-Water.
Authors: Davy John
Published: January 2013

Before entering on the main subject of this paper, the composition of rainwater, I shall give a brief account of the rain that has fallen in the Lake-District during the year just past; and this I shall do chiefly by means of tables. The quantity of rain registered has been so greatly in excess of any former year, that of itself it is deserving of record, and the more so, comparing the weather which has prevailed here with the weather in the south, for the most part, happily for the harvest, as remarkable for an opposite state, an excess of dryness.
XIII.—Experimental Inquiry into the Laws of the Conduction of Heat in Bars, and into the Conducting Power of Wrought Iron.
Authors: Forbes James D.
Published: January 2013

1. The experiments to which I shall have to refer in this paper were all made above ten years ago. A brief report of the general results, so far as they were then obtained, was made to the British Association in 1852, at whose expense the instrumental apparatus had been provided. The causes of the delay which has occurred in the publication of the numerical results will be presently explained.
XV.— On the Secular Cooling of the Earth
Authors: Thomson William
Published: January 2013

1. For eighteen years it has pressed on my mind, that essential principles of Thermo-dynamics have been overlooked by those geologists who uncompromisingly oppose all paroxysmal hypotheses, and maintain not only that we have examples now before us, on the earth, of all the different actions by which its crust has been modified in geological history, but that these actions have never, or have not on the whole, been more violent in past time than they are at present.
XXI.—Additional Observations on the Polarisation of the Atmosphere, made at St Andrews in 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844, and 1845
Authors: Brewster David
Published: January 2013

Since the publication of my “Observations on the Polarisation of the Atmosphere,” a long and elaborate Memoir on the same subject, by Dr R. Rubenson, has appeared in the Acts of the Royal Society of Sciences of Upsal. The observations which it contains were made with the finest instruments, and with a degree of accuracy which had not been attempted by previous observers. They were begun at Upsal in 1859, and carried on at Rome between the 6th of June and the 5th of August 1861, at Segni in the Campagna, between the 6th and the 27th of August 1861, and at Rome from the 5th of October 1861 to the 27th of July 1862.
XXV.—On the Classification of Chemical Substances, by means of Generic Radicals
Authors: Brown Alexander Crum
Published: January 2013

The idea of chemical structure, as founded on that of atomicity (or the equivalence of atoms), enables us to divide any molecule, whose chemical structure is known, into radicals. The number of ways in which this may be done increases with the complexity of the molecule. Each of these modes of division corresponds to a series of conceivable reactions, some of which have been observed. Any one of these series may be made the basis of classification; but it is obviously most convenient to select for this purpose the most characteristic reactions, and those which are common to such substances as form natural groups. In studying these, we find that each series implies the presence of a particular radical, within which the reactions in question take place. We may call such series of reactions the Generic reactions, and the corresponding radicals Generic radicals. These are sometimes residues of double decomposition, but very frequently this is not the case, and this may account for the fact, that the importance of these generic radicals has been very much overlooked.
XXVII.—Report on the Hourly Meteorological Register kept at Leith Fort in the Years 1826 and 1827
Authors: Brewster David
Published: January 2013

Having already published in the Transactions a detailed report on the Hourly Meteorological Register kept at Leith Fort, at the expense of the Society, during the years 1824 and 1825, it is unnecessary to enter into any recapitulation respecting the origin and history of this class of observations.

The singular and unexpected results obtained from these Registers, and the rapid approximation to general laws which some of these results exhibited, attached a great interest to the observations of future years; and it is satisfactory to find that the results for the two following years of 1826 and 1827 are almost perfectly coincident with those for 1824 and 1825, not only in their general relations, but even in their numerical laws.
VII.—Nuclear Osmosis as a Factor in Mitosis
Authors: Lawson A. Anstruther
Published: January 2013

The recent important work of Farmer and Digby (1910) on the cytology of certain varietal and hybrid ferns has raised again the interesting and absorbing question of the mechanism of mitosis. This paper constitutes a valuable addition to the literature which has bulked so largely during the last few years, and which has been instrumental in establishing many interesting and important facts regarding the greatest of all cytological problems—namely, nuclear division. The interest of this later contribution lies, not so much in the actual observations which these writers have jointly recorded—although the facts revealed are important in that they confirm the work of other writers and extend the range of observation,—but rather in the theory which they have deduced from their results and which they have put forward to account for the factors at work in the living cell,—factors which they believe to be concerned in the formation of the achromatic spindle.
II.—Spongiaires recueillis par la “Scotia” dans l'Antarctique (1903–1904)
Authors: Topsent Emile
Published: January 2013

Depuis la publication de mon mémoire sur les Spongiaires de V Expedition antarctique nationale écossaise (9), j'ai reçu de M. le Dr. W. S. Bruce quelques Eponges antarctiques faisant aussi partie des collections de la Scotia mais dont le triage s'était trouve retardé.

Indépendamment de fragments en double d'espèces mentionées dans mon mémoire, ce second lot contenait plusieurs formes qu'il me paraît utile de signaler ou de décrire.
III.—On Larvæ of Lingula and Pelagodiscus (Discinisca)
Authors: Ashworth J. H.
Published: January 2013

The specimens which form the subject of this paper were collected on voyages to and from Australia on board the s.s. Orsova and Otway of the Orient Line. Sea-water was being constantly pumped on each ship, by a rotary pump, from an inlet about 18 feet below the water-line to a large tank on the boat deck, and I was allowed to run off, through a plankton net, as much of the water as I desired in order to collect the organisms contained therein. For this privilege, of which I availed myself to a liberal extent, I beg to thank Captain J. F. Healey and Captain F. S. Symons. The small organisms suffered comparatively little by their passage through the pump and pipes, and were, for the most part, in a living and active condition when examined.
VI.—The Morphology and. Development of the Free-swimming Sporosacs of the Hydroid Genus Dicoryne (including Heterocordyle)
Authors: Ashworth J. H. , Ritchie James
Published: January 2013

Hitherto there has been described only a single species—Dicoryne conferta (Alder)—amongst the Hydrozoa in which the reproductive body is a sporosac which becomes ciliated and free-swimming. We have found that another species which, as we shall show (pp. 269–271), must be named Dicoryne conybearei gives rise to reproductive bodies of this type, which, however, differ from those of Dicoryne conferta in several important respects. The free-swimming type of sporosac has not been the subject of close observation since 1872; we have therefore made as complete a study of the structure and development of the sporosacs, especially of D. conybearei, as material gathered from several sources would permit.
XIII.—Scottish Lower Carboniferous Plants: The Fossil Hollow Trees of Arran and their Branches (Lepidophloios Wünschianus Carruthers)
Authors: Walton John
Published: January 2013

The existence in the Island of Arran of petrified Lepidodendroid trees of Lower Carboniferous Age has been known for nearly seventy years, and yet only very brief and incomplete accounts of these interesting fossils have been published. It is the aim of this paper to provide some additional facts which have a bearing on the past history of these trees, and to furnish an illustrated account of their detailed structure. It is possible from the additional knowledge that this research has placed at our disposal to get a clearer insight into some aspects of the developmental history of these Palæozoic trees.
XVI.—The Tertiary Geology of Raasay, Inner Hebrides
Authors: Davidson Charles F.
Published: January 2013

Raasay, one of the major islands of the Inner Hebrides, lies between the Isle of Skye, from which it is separated by the Sound of Raasay, on the west, and the mainland district of Applecross on the east. From Rudha na Cloiche, the southernmost promontory, to Rudha nan Sgarbh in the extreme north, the island has a length of over 13 miles, while the breadth from west to east varies from 3 miles near Ósgaig to a ½ mile just south of Arnish or at An Caol. The total surface area is about 27 square miles. The island is separated from Rona on the north by Caol Rònach, studded with islets and submerged rocks, a little more than a mile wide.
XVII.—The Endodermis in Light-grown and Etiolated Shoots of the Leguminosæ: A Contribution to the Causal Study of Differentiation in the Plant
Authors: Bond G.
Published: January 2013

Twelve years ago Priestley and Ewing (1923) reported that in certain plants, normally showing but little development of stem-endodermis, an extensive formation of this layer could be induced by etiolation. (Note: In this paper the term endodermis is used only when the layer shows characteristic structural features—in the present case the Casparian strip.) A later paper by Priestley (1926) dealt with the same subject. The specified plants with which this result was obtained consisted of four closely related species, namely,Vicia Faba, V. sativa*, Pisum sativum, andLens esculenta*, and alsoSolanum tuberosum. (The statements relating to the species marked with an asterisk are based on unpublished work carried out at Leeds, kindly placed at the author's disposal by Professor J. H. Priestley.) In these plants a primary endodermis, though present only at the base of the normal shoot, was described as extending to a considerable height in the etiolated shoot. It was concluded that the absence of endodermis from the greater part of the shoot of these plants, when grown under normal conditions, arises from the inoperation, in the presence of light, of the mechanism forming the Casparian strip.
XVIII.—Rare and New Ostracoderm Fishes from the Downtonian of Shropshire
Authors: Wills Leonard J.
Published: January 2013

The fossils which form the subject of this paper were collected in the summers of 1933 and 1934 by my son and myself at Earnstrey Hall Farm on the western slopes of Brown Clee in Shropshire. I had become interested in specimens collected at this locality by Mr W. Wickham King, M.Sc, which Sir Arthur Smith Woodward (1934, p. 566) namedCorvaspis, and it was with the intention of obtaining further material of this genus that I got King to tell me exactly where he had found the best of his specimens. The section is in a small stream course 570 yards north 11° east of the farm and at the bottom of the escarpment formed by the “Psammosteus Limestone” and in the beds assigned to Zone I, 8 of King's classification (King, 1925). At the particular spot in question there is (in normal years) a waterfall over a 4-foot band of very tough calcareous pellet rock and conglomerate with occasional quartz pebbles up to about 1 inch diameter. This, especially its lowest few inches, had yielded the specimens that King had found, and from it we also collected abundant fragments ofCorvaspis. Nearly all the specimens ofPhialaspis(p. 439) which we discovered came from this rock, as did a fine example given by King to the British Museum and referred to later (p. 440). In 1934 the same rock yielded cf.Ctenaspis. Below this rock there is about 18 inches of grey shale, in which King had noted black streaks. This rests on several feet of red clay.
XXII.—The Genus Primula: Sections Cuneifolia, Floribundae, Parryi, and Auricula
Authors: Smith W. Wright , Fletcher H. R.
Published: January 2013

The typical species of this small section and the first to be described is P. cuneifolia. Within its compass are three other plants which in their time have been given specific diagnoses but are here regarded as coming more properly into the category of subspecies—P. saxifragifolia, P. hakusanensis, and P. heterodonta. P. cuneifolia, thus interpreted, has a distribution extending from N.E. Siberia to Japan, the Aleutian Islands, and the Alaskan coast. The section contains two other species—P. nipponica which is confined to Japan, and P. suffrutescens from the Sierra Nevada of California, thus widely separated geographically.
XXIII.—The Glacial Deposits of Tullos and the Bay of Nigg, Aberdeen
Authors: Simpson Scott
Published: January 2013

A series of extensive temporary exposures in glacial deposits, partially filling an abandoned valley of the River Dee immediately south of Torry Hill, Aberdeen, has thrown some light on the late glacial history of the Aberdeenshire coastal strip. These deposits consist of rather more than twenty feet of fine, well-stratified sediments, similar to sediments recorded in other parts of the city of Aberdeen, and at a number of points along the coast almost as far as Peterhead.

These sediments, which were first mentioned by T. F. Jamieson (1858), were not differentiated by him from the red boulder clay found also in this area. A. Bremner (1915), the only worker to publish important communications on the glaciology of the area since Jamieson, has explained the sediments as deposits formed in glacial lakes when an ice-sheet filling the North Sea dammed the natural drainage. Bremner (1931) believed that three separate ice sheets had succeeded one another in North-East Scotland. The ice sheet responsible for damming up the waters in which the sediments under discussion were formed was the second of these. It moved in a northerly direction in this area, bringing with it erratics from the Old Red Sandstone of Strathmore. The third ice sheet was local. Movement was eastwards from the high ground towards the sea. According to Bremner, this ice failed to reach the coast at some points, as, for instance, immediately south of the Bay of Nigg. However, in the area of Aberdeen city this ice is supposed to have given rise to the morainic topography which backs the beach.
IV. On the Revolutions of the Earth's Surface
Authors: Hall James
Published: January 2013

We are never more disposed to give credit to a philosophical system, than when we meet with a case of its successful application, unknown to the author, or containing circumstances which he had not taken into account when he formed that system.

The facts brought forward in the following paper, which, according to my view of the subject, clearly indicate the operation of immense torrents, can be accounted for, I think, in a very satisfactory manner, by the Huttonian Theory, and consequently afford some very powerful arguments in support of it.