bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modulation of auditory sensory memory by chronic clinical pain and acute experimental pain: a mismatch negativity study
Authors: Fan Lu , Sun Ya-Bin , Sun Ze-Kun , Wang Ning , Luo Fei , Yu Feng , Wang Jin-Yan
Published: October 2018

Pain, especially chronic pain, can lead to cognitive deficits. Mismatch negativity (MMN) is a change-specific component of the auditory event-related brain potential (ERP) that is thought to provide a unique window into sensory memory processes. The present study was designed to determine how chronic and acute pain affects auditory sensory memory. In experiment 1, MMNs elicited by standard and deviant auditory stimuli at short and long inter-stimulus intervals (ISIs) were compared between trigeminal neuralgia (TN) patients and demographically matched healthy controls (HCs). The TN patients were found to have stronger attenuation of the MMN at longer ISIs than HCs. Correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between the sensory subscale of McGill Pain Questionnaire and MMN amplitude reduction across ISI conditions. In experiment 2, MMNs recorded before, during, and after the cold pressor test were compared in healthy subjects. MMN amplitude was significantly reduced during pain exposure and recovered immediately thereafter. These results suggest that both chronic pain and acute pain can interfere with automatic change detection processes in the brain. This study provides the first evidence that chronic pain patients have a faster auditory memory trace decay than HCs.
Effects of rituximab dose on hepatitis B reactivation in patients with resolved infection undergoing immunologic incompatible kidney transplantation
Authors: Lee Juhan , Park Jun Yong , Kim Deok Gie , Lee Jee Youn , Kim Beom Seok , Kim Myoung Soo , Il Kim Soon , Kim Yu Seun , Huh Kyu Ha
Published: October 2018

Sensitized patients received desensitization therapy with rituximab for kidney transplantation. However, the impact of rituximab dose on hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation is unknown. Patients who underwent living donor kidney transplantation between 2008 and 2016 were grouped according to rituximab dose (control vs. standard-dose rituximab [375 mg/m2] vs. reduced-dose rituximab [200 mg/body]) for comparison of HBV reactivation. A total of 336 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-negative/antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc)-positive patients underwent kidney transplantation, of whom 91 (27.1%) received rituximab for desensitization (57 standard-dose and 34 reduced-dose rituximab). During the study period, eight patients experienced HBV reactivation (three in the control group, five in the standard-dose group). In the standard-dose group, four patients experienced hepatitis flare, and one patient died due to hepatic failure. No HBV reactivation occurred in the reduced-dose group. Standard-dose rituximab significantly decreased hepatitis B surface antigen antibody titer (anti-HBs; −99.8 IU/L) at 12 months, compared with reduced-dose rituximab (−20.1 IU/L) and control (−39.1 IU/L, P = 0.017). Standard-dose rituximab (HR, 10.60; 95% CI, 2.52–44.60; P = 0.001) and anti-HBs < 100 IU/L at transplantation (HR, 9.06; 95% CI, 1.11–74.30; P = 0.04) were independent risk factors for HBV reactivation. Standard-dose rituximab significantly increased HBV reactivation risk for HBsAg-negative/anti-HBc-positive kidney transplant patients.
Microplastics increase mercury bioconcentration in gills and bioaccumulation in the liver, and cause oxidative stress and damage in Dicentrarchus labrax juveniles
Authors: Barboza Luís Gabriel Antão , Vieira Luís Russo , Branco Vasco , Carvalho Cristina , Guilhermino Lúcia
Published: October 2018

The presence of microplastics and several other pollutants in the marine environment is of growing concern. However, the knowledge on the toxicity of mixtures containing microplastics and other contaminants to marine species is still scarce. The main goals of this study were to investigate the oxidative stress and lipid oxidative damage potentially induced by 96 h of exposure to mercury (0.010 and 0.016 mg/L), microplastics (0.26 and 0.69 mg/L), and mixtures of the two substances (same concentrations, full factorial) in the gills and liver of D. labrax juveniles, and the possible influence of microplastics on mercury bioconcentration (gills) and bioaccumulation (liver). The results indicate that the presence of microplastics in the water increased the concentration of mercury in gills and liver of D. labrax juveniles. Microplastics and mercury, alone and in mixtures, caused oxidative stress in both organs. Based on the total induction of antioxidant enzymatic activity, the type of toxicological interaction in fish exposed to the mixture containing the lowest concentration of the two substances was addition in gills, and addition or synergism in the liver. These results stress the need to further address the role of microplastics in the bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, and toxicity of other environmental contaminants in different species.
Utilizing the Momentum in Orbital Angular Momentum: Augmented OAM induced by a $$\frac{{\boldsymbol{\pi }}}{{\bf{2}}}$$ Aperture of Three Elements
Authors: Fouda Reham M.
Published: October 2018

The feasibility to induce augmented dominant OAM modes by a π/2 aperture of three elements in space and weighted quasi-phase shifts is realised in this paper. It is shown through theory, numerical simulations and experimentation, that electromagnetic (EM) waves carrying non-integer OAM with dominant mode l = +1 in the microwave domain can be generated by a quarter of a full azimuthal annular aperture consisting of three elements and a weighted phase shift augmenting the expected conventional phase shift to reach Berry’s mode dominance theory of half integer l. With reference to the uncertainty principle of angular momentum and angular position, the proposed augmented OAM with weighted phase shift method seems to decrease mode uncertainties and augment mode dominance.
WISP-1 drives bone formation at the expense of fat formation in human perivascular stem cells
Authors: Meyers Carolyn A. , Xu Jiajia , Asatrian Greg , Ding Catherine , Shen Jia , Broderick Kristen , Ting Kang , Soo Chia , Peault Bruno , James Aaron W.
Published: October 2018

The vascular wall within adipose tissue is a source of mesenchymal progenitors, referred to as perivascular stem/stromal cells (PSC). PSC are isolated via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS), and defined as a bipartite population of pericytes and adventitial progenitor cells (APCs). Those factors that promote the differentiation of PSC into bone or fat cell types are not well understood. Here, we observed high expression of WISP-1 among human PSC in vivo, after purification, and upon transplantation in a bone defect. Next, modulation of WISP-1 expression was performed, using WISP-1 overexpression, WISP-1 protein, or WISP-1 siRNA. Results demonstrated that WISP-1 is expressed in the perivascular niche, and high expression is maintained after purification of PSC, and upon transplantation in a bone microenvironment. In vitro studies demonstrate that WISP-1 has pro-osteogenic/anti-adipocytic effects in human PSC, and that regulation of BMP signaling activity may underlie these effects. In summary, our results demonstrate the importance of the matricellular protein WISP-1 in regulation of the differentiation of human stem cell types within the perivascular niche. WISP-1 signaling upregulation may be of future benefit in cell therapy mediated bone tissue engineering, for the healing of bone defects or other orthopaedic applications.
Integrated microfluidic device for the separation, decomposition and detection of low molecular weight S-nitrosothiols
Authors: Duarte-Junior Gerson F. , Ismail Abdulghani , Griveau Sophie , d'Orlyé Fanny , Fracassi da Silva José Alberto , Coltro Wendell K. T. , Bedioui Fethi , Varenne Anne
Published: October 2018

S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs) are electrokinetically separated and the nitrite generated by decomposition with mercury(ii) is detected by amperometry, in an integrated microdevice.
A signal amplification strategy and sensing application using single gold nanoelectrodes
Authors: Wang Dongmei , Hua Hongmei , Tang Haoran , Yang Cheng , Chen Wei , Li Yongxin
Published: October 2018

An electrochemical nanosensor was fabricated on a single gold nanoelectrode for thrombin sensing with high sensitivity via a signal amplification strategy.
Fourier transform infrared spectra of cells on glass coverslips. A further step in spectral pathology
Authors: Rutter A. V. , Crees J. , Wright H. , van Pittius D. G. , Yousef I. , Sulé-Suso J.
Published: October 2018

FTIR spectra of cells on glass coverslips allows the study of the Amide I region.
Establishment of an absolute quantitative method for measurement of urinary cystatin C by stable isotope dilution ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Ji Huoyan , Shen Lei , Shi Xiuying , Su Jianyou , Tang Zijie , Wang Huimin , Ju Shaoqin , Wang Jianxin
Published: October 2018

The established UHPLC-MS/MS method for absolute quantification of uCysC is helpful for accurate diagnosis of early acute kidney injury.
Surface acoustic wave (SAW)-induced synthesis of HKUST-1 with different morphologies and sizes
Authors: Xu Chaoping , Wang Chaohui , Zheng Tengfei , Hu Qiao , Bai Cheng
Published: October 2018

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous materials that have wide application prospects.
High pressure: a complementary tool for probing solid-state processes
Authors: Zakharov Boris A. , Boldyreva Elena V.
Published: October 2018

High pressure offers insight into the mechanisms of a wide range of solid-state phenomena occurring under atmospheric pressure conditions.
Discovery of conical intersection mediated photochemistry with growing string methods
Authors: Aldaz Cody , Kammeraad Joshua A. , Zimmerman Paul M.
Published: October 2018

A new reaction discovery technique for photochemical reactions is herein used to explore complex intersections and predict product selectivity.
Spin-paired solvated electron couples in alkali–ammonia systems
Authors: Mauksch Michael , Tsogoeva Svetlana B.
Published: October 2018

Diamagnetism, color of and hydrogen evolution from not too diluted solvated electrons in alkali–ammonia systems are explained with ammoniated electron lone pairs.
Unusual fluorescent photoswitching of imidazole derivatives: the role of molecular conformation and twist angle controlled organic solid state fluorescence
Authors: Kundu Anu , Karthikeyan Subramanian , Sagara Yoshimitsu , Moon Dohyun , Anthony Savarimuthu Philip
Published: October 2018

Triphenylamine-imidazole molecules exhibited unprecedented light induced fluorescence switching via conformational change.
Layered and two dimensional metal oxides for electrochemical energy conversion
Authors: Browne Michelle P. , Sofer Zdeněk , Pumera Martin
Published: October 2018

The oxygen evolution and reduction reactions are two extremely important reactions in terms of energy applications.
Nitrate dynamics during impoundment and flood periods in a subtropical karst reservoir: Hongfeng Lake, Southwestern China
Authors: Wang Zhong-Jun , Yue Fu-Jun , Li Si-Liang , Li Xiao-Dong , Wang Shi-Lu , Li Cai , Tao Fa-Xiang
Published: October 2018

Endogenous nitrogen contribute a high proportion of nitrate to the lake/reservoir system, particularly in impoundment period.
Water-stable fluorinated metal–organic frameworks (F-MOFs) with hydrophobic properties as efficient and highly active heterogeneous catalysts in aqueous solution
Authors: Joharian Monika , Morsali Ali , Azhdari Tehrani Alireza , Carlucci Lucia , Proserpio Davide M.
Published: October 2018

Two new fluorinated MOFs were synthesized, characterized and used as heterogeneous catalysts toward the Knoevenagel condensation reaction.
Highly efficient nitrobenzene and alkyl/aryl azide reduction in stainless steel jars without catalyst addition
Authors: Martina Katia , Baricco Francesca , Tagliapietra Silvia , Moran Maria Jesus , Cravotto Giancarlo , Cintas Pedro
Published: October 2018

Mechanochemically promoted reduction of nitro and azido derivatives may be successfully performed in stainless steel jars without catalyst addition.
Preparation of polyacrylonitrile nanofibers decorated by N-doped carbon quantum dots: application as a fluorescence probe for determination of Cr(vi)
Authors: Madrakian Tayyebeh , Mohammadzadeh Amir Hossein , Maleki Somayeh , Afkhami Abbas
Published: October 2018

This study presents a new method to synthesize a fluorescence probe using an N-doped carbon quantum dot decorated polyacrylonitrile nanofiber (N-CQD@NF) nanocomposite.
High throughput near infrared screening discovers DNA-templated silver clusters with peak fluorescence beyond 950 nm
Authors: Swasey Steven M. , Copp Stacy M. , Nicholson Hunter C. , Gorovits Alexander , Bogdanov Petko , Gwinn Elisabeth G.
Published: October 2018

High throughput near infrared screening technology discovers DNA-stabilized silver clusters with fluorescence beyond 1000 nm.
Multi-component synthesis of 3-substituted indoles and their cyclisation to α-carbolinesviaI2-promoted intramolecular C2 oxidative amination/aromatisation at room temperature
Authors: Deka Bhaskar , Baruah Pranjal K. , Deb Mohit L.
Published: October 2018

The synthesis of α-carbolines through intramolecular C2 amination/aromatization of the indole ring under mild conditions is reported.
Significantly improved piezoelectric performance of PZT-PMnN ceramics prepared by spark plasma sintering
Authors: Cheng Li-Qian , Xu Ze , Zhao Chunlin , Thong Hao-Cheng , Cen Zhen-Yong , Lu Wei , Lan Yu , Wang Ke
Published: October 2018

Improvedd33(412 pC/N),(553 pm V−1),Qm(583), ferroelectricity, and temperature stability were achieved in PZT-PMnN piezoceramics by SPS.
Percolation behaviors of model carbon black pastes
Authors: Jiang Jung-Shiun , Guo Rong-Hao , Chiu Yu-Shuen , Hua Chi-Chung
Published: October 2018

The percolation behaviors of a series of high-structured carbon black (CB) pastes (CB weight fractions 10–25 wt%, ethyl cellulose as the binder, α-terpineol as the solvent) were systematically investigated using analyses of rheology and impedance spectra together with characterization via small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
Simultaneously achieving superior foldability, mechanical strength and toughness for transparent healable polysiloxane films through building hierarchical crosslinked networks and dual dynamic bonds
Authors: Zhang Youhao , Yuan Li , Liang Guozheng , Gu Aijuan
Published: October 2018

Novel transparent and foldable polysiloxane films simultaneously showing superior mechanical properties, repeatable self-healing ability and high heat-resistance have been developed.
Iodocuprate-containing ionic liquids as promoters for green propulsion
Authors: Wang Kangcai , Chinnam Ajay Kumar , Petrutik Natan , Komarala Eswaravara Prasadarao , Zhang Qinghua , Yan Qi-Long , Dobrovetsky Roman , Gozin Michael
Published: October 2018

New iodocuprate-containing ionic liquids with high thermostability were designed, prepared and evaluated as hypergolic reaction promoters between an energetic ionic fuel and a H2O2 “green” oxidizer.
A rapid low temperature self-healable polymeric composite for flexible electronic devices
Authors: Tiwari Naveen , Ho Fanny , Ankit Ankit , Mathews Nripan
Published: October 2018

Ionic liquid incorporation into Diels–Alder adduct based healable polymers drastically reduces their healing temperature and improves their mechanical and dielectric properties.
A high flux organic solvent nanofiltration membrane from Kevlar aramid nanofibers with in situ incorporation of microspheres
Authors: Li Yi , Yuan Shushan , Zhou Chen , Zhao Yan , Van der Bruggen Bart
Published: October 2018

Fabrication of a high flux organic solvent nanofiltration (OSN) membrane from aramid nanofibers (ANFs) with in situ incorporation of ANF/polyethyleneimine (PEI) microspheres.
Synergistic effects between silicon nanowires and doxorubicin at non-toxic doses lead to high-efficacy destruction of cancer cells
Authors: Chu Binbin , Peng Fei , Wang Houyu , Su Yuanyuan , He Yao
Published: October 2018

A synergistic chemotherapeutic strategy by combining silicon nanowires and doxorubicin at non-toxic doses, suitable for high-efficacy destruction of cancer cells.
Seed-mediated synthesis of plasmonic gold nanoribbons using cancer cells for hyperthermia applications
Authors: Singh Ajay Vikram , Alapan Yunus , Jahnke Timotheus , Laux Peter , Luch Andreas , Aghakhani Amirreza , Kharratian Soheila , Onbasli Mehmet Cengiz , Bill Joachim , Sitti Metin
Published: October 2018

MCF7 Cells biomineralize gold ions into long aspect-ratio nanoribbons in the presence of spherical nanoparticles as seeds with excellent photothermal properties.
Achieving highly saturated single-color and high color-rendering-index white light-emitting electrochemical cells by CsPbX3perovskite color conversion layers
Authors: Wang Cheng-Ming , Su Yong-Ming , Shih Ting-An , Chen Guan-Yu , Chen Yan-Zhi , Lu Chin-Wei , Yu Ing-Song , Yang Zu-Po , Su Hai-Ching
Published: October 2018

Saturated emission from light-emitting electrochemical cells integrated with CsPbX3perovskite color conversion layers.
Protective effect of polydatin on radiation-induced injury of intestinal epithelial and endothelial cells
Authors: Li Li , Zhang Ke , Zhang Ji , Zeng Ya-Nan , Lai Feng , Li Gen , Ma Na , Hu Ming-Jiang , Cui Feng-Mei , Chen Qiu
Published: October 2018

This study aimed to examine the radioprotective effect of polydatin (PD) on crypt and endothelial cells of the small intestines of C57BL/6 mice that received abdominal irradiation (IR). Mice were treated with 6 MV X-ray (20 Gy) abdominal IR at a dose rate of 200 cGy/min. Thirty minutes before or after IR, mice were intraperitoneally injected with PD. The rate of survival of the mice at 30 days after IR was determined. The duodenum (upper small intestine), jejunum (middle small intestine), and ileum (lower small intestine) were collected and subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining. Tissue sample sections were analyzed through light microscopy, and the lengths of at least 20 intestinal villi were measured in each group; the average number of crypts was obtained from 10 intestinal samples in each group. Microvessel density was assessed using CD31-positive (brown) vascular endothelial cells/cell clusters. FHs74Int cell proliferation was measured using the CCK-8 assay. PD administration (25 mg/kg) before IR was the most effective in prolonging the survival of C57BL/6 mice. PD reduced radiation-induced injury of intestinal villi, prevented loss of crypts, increased intestinal crypt growth, protected against IR-induced intestinal injury, and enhanced the proliferative potential and reduced the apoptosis of FHs74Int cells after IR. Moreover, PD increased small intestinal MVD and reduced the apoptosis of intestinal microvascular endothelial cells in mice after IR. Therefore, PD was found to be able to protect the two types of cells from radiation damage and to thus alleviate radiation-induced injury of small intestine.
Whole genome mRNA expression profiling revealed multiple deregulated pathways in stromal vascular fraction from erectile dysfunction patients
Authors: Vishnubalaji Radhakrishnan , Manikandan Muthurangan , Aldahmash Abdullah , AlJarbou Abdullah , Habous Mohamad , Alhajeri Dulaim , Almannie Raed , Alfayez Musaad , Alajez Nehad M. , Binsaleh Saleh
Published: October 2018

Background: Stem-cell-based therapies have recently been explored in the field of erectile dysfunction (ED). However, the cellular and molecular phenotype of adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) stromal vascular fraction (SVF) from ED patients remains largely unknown. Herein we compared the global gene expression profile in the SVF from ED patients and healthy individuals and identified altered signaling pathways between the two groups.

Methods: Samples (2–5 g) of abdominal adipose tissue from ED patients (n = 6) and healthy individual controls (n = 3) undergoing elective cosmetic liposuction were collected. Immediately after removal, SVF was separated using Collagenase type I and type IV protocol. RNA was isolated and microarray experiments were conducted using the Agilent platform. Data were normalized and pathway analyses were performed using GeneSpring software.

Results: Our data revealed multiple differentially expressed genes between the ED and control group. Hierarchical clustering based on differentially expressed mRNAs revealed clear separation of the two groups. The distribution of the top enriched pathways for the up-regulated genes indicated enrichment in inflammatory response and T-cell receptor signaling, while pathway analysis performed on the down-regulated genes revealed enrichment in mitogen-activated protein kinase, TGF-β, senescence, FAK, adipogenesis, androgen receptor, and EGF–EGFR signaling pathways in SVF from ED patient.

Conclusion: Our data revealed the existence of multiple altered signaling pathways in the SVF from ED patients, which could potentially play a role in the etiology of this disease. Therefore, therapeutic strategies targeting these pathways might provide novel therapeutic opportunity for ED patients.
MiRNA-575 suppresses angiogenesis by targeting Rab5-MEK-ERK pathway in endothelial cells
Authors: Zhao Xin , Yi Yaping , Meng Chao , Fang Ningyuan
Published: October 2018

Hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of atherosclerosis. Increased carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) is generally considered as an early marker of atherosclerosis. Recently, circulating miRNAs have been implicated both as sensitive biomarkers and key regulators in the development of atherosclerosis. However, the biological functions and molecular regulatory mechanisms for miR-575 on angiogenesis remain unknown. In our study, we first identified up-regulation of circulating miR-575 in plasma of essential hypertensive patients with increased CIMT (iCIMT) compared with those patients with normal CIMT (nCIMT). Furthermore, the overexpression of miR-575 in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by its mimics significantly inhibited migration and proliferation as well as induction of apoptosis of HUVECs. Inhibition of miR-575 performed the reverse effects of HUVECs. We further suggested Rab5B was the downstream target of miR-575 and knockdown of Rab5B significantly inhibited migration and proliferation of HUVECs. Overexpression of Rab5B largely rescued the miR-575-mediated impairment of angiogenesis processes including: cell proliferation, migration, and apoptosis as well as activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MEK-ERK) signaling. Therefore, our results uncover a novel role of miR-575 in endothelial cells, implying a potential biomarker and clinical target for atherosclerosis in hypertensive patients.
LncRNA AWPPH promotes the growth of triple-negative breast cancer by up-regulating frizzled homolog 7 (FZD7)
Authors: Wang Kainan , Li Xuelu , Song Chen , Li Man
Published: October 2018

Background: LncRNA AWPPH is a recently identified critical player in the development of several types of human malignancies, our study aimed to investigate the role of AWPPH in triple-negative breast cancer. Methods: In the present study, expression of AWPPH in tumor tissues and adjacent healthy tissues of patients with triple-negative breast cancer as well as in plasma of both patients and healthy people was detected by qRT-PCR. Application potentials of AWPPH in the diagnosis and prognosis of triple-negative breast cancer were evaluated by ROC curve analysis and survival curve analysis, respectively. AWPPH expression vectors and frizzled homolog 7 (FZD7) siRNAs were transfected into cells of human breast cancer cell lines. Expression of FZD7 was detected by Western blot, and cell proliferation was detected using CCK-8 kit. Results: We observed that AWPPH was significantly up-regulated in tumor tissues than in paired adjacent healthy tissues of patients. Plasma levels of AWPPH were higher in patients than in controls. AWPPH overexpression promoted cancer cell proliferation and up-regulated FZD7 expression. FZD7 siRNA silencing inhibited cancer cell proliferation but did not significantly affect AWPPH expression. Compared with cells with AWPPH overexpression alone, cells with both FZD7 siRNA silencing and AWPPH overexpression showed significantly reduced proliferation ability. Conclusions: We conclude that LncRNA AWPPH may promote the growth of triple-negative breast cancer by up-regulating FZD7.
Finite‐time disturbance observer based integral sliding mode control for attitude stabilisation under actuator failure
Authors: Li Bo , Hu Qinglei , Yang Yongsheng , Postolache Octavian Adrian
Published: October 2018

This work develops a novel disturbance observer and integral sliding mode technique based fault tolerant attitude control scheme for spacecraft, which is subject to external disturbance torques and actuator failures. More specifically, a simple and novel finite‐time disturbance observer is first designed to reconstruct the synthetic uncertainty deriving from actuator failures and disturbances, by which the synthetic uncertainty is also compensated or restricted. Then, an integral sliding mode based finite‐time fault tolerant attitude stabilisation controller incorporating with an adjusting law is investigated to ensure the closed‐loop attitude control system converge to the stable region in finite time. And also the finite‐time stability of the closed‐loop attitude control system driven by the proposed attitude control scheme is analysed and proved utilising Lyapunov methodology. Finally, a simulation example for a rigid spacecraft model is carried out to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed attitude control approach.
Weight optimisation of coreless axial‐flux permanent magnet machines
Authors: Subotic Ivan , Gammeter Christoph , Tüysüz Arda , Kolar Johann W.
Published: October 2018

This study explores the upper limits in power‐to‐weight and torque‐to‐weight ratios of coreless axial‐flux machines with permanent magnets. Moreover, it provides a comprehensive multifunctional optimisation procedure that is utilised for obtaining these limits. The procedure encompasses analytical analysis of electro‐magnetic, thermal and structural (mechanical) aspects of axial‐flux machines. Obtaining global minima is ensured by considering the whole machine design space, and mapping it into the performance space, where a Pareto front can be easily identified. From it, an optimal motor/generator for airborne wind turbines is identified. The design has a power‐to‐weight ratio of 6.4 kW/kg (19 Nm/kg at 3200 rpm) including structural (purely mechanical) parts, at an efficiency of 95%. This is a significantly higher ratio than the one in modern commercial machines or designs reported in the literature. Therefore, the resulting machine is manufactured and experimentally tested in order to verify the claimed limits and the optimisation methodology.
Average power balance method for power failure compensation control of high‐speed turbo molecular pump with AMB system
Authors: Wang Kun , Li Teng , Mao Kun , Peng Cong
Published: October 2018

High‐speed permanent magnet motors supported by an active magnetic bearing (AMB) have been widely used in the industrial field. However, the AMB‐rotor system will lose its magnetic force if the mains power fails, and high‐speed rotor will crash the stator severely and bring a fatal damage to the system. To solve this problem, a power failure compensation control method based on the average power balance control was proposed. Firstly, a motor energy feedback model was proposed. Secondly, a non‐linear controller with double closed loops was designed. And the Lyapunov function was built and analysed to ensure the system stability. Finally, a series of experiments based on the high‐speed magnetically suspended vacuum turbo molecular pump was carried out. The experiment results verified the validity and feasibility of the proposed method, and the safety of the AMB system was improved greatly.
Fractional crow search‐based support vector neural network for patient classification and severity analysis of tuberculosis
Authors: Chithra R.S. , Jagatheeswari P.
Published: October 2018

The world is chasing towards the automation in the severity analysis and classification of the patients based on the severity of tuberculosis (TB). The automatic classification is very much useful for developing countries that are struggling to reduce the fatality rate of the persons suffering from TB as it is a top standing infectious disease. Thus, the automatic classification of the TB patients using the sputum images with the proposed fractional crow search‐based support vector neural network is presented. The proposed classification method is the integration of the fractional theory in the crow search algorithm that increases the computational speed and reduces the cost and time spent on analysing the test samples. The importance of the proposed method is that it requires minimum manual power and hence, the inaccuracies are reduced. The experimentation performed using the Ziehl–Neelsen sputum smear microscopy image database proves that the proposed classifier is highly accurate and offered an improved performance in terms of accuracy rate, true positive rate, and false‐positive rate.
Macht Zucker glücklich? Macht Zucker süchtig?
Authors: Albayrak Özgur
Published: October 2018

Zucker ist ein essenzieller Energielieferant für den menschlichen Körper. Es wirkt im Gehirn auf neuroanatomische Strukturen, die für den Energiehaushalt als auch für das Belohnungssystem und für die Emotionsregulation verantwortlich sind. Der Überkonsum von Zucker ist schädlich für den Körper und trägt zur Ausbildung von metabolischen Krankheiten wie Adipositas und Diabetes mellitus bei. Erst in jüngster Zeit widmen sich Wissenschaftler der Frage, ob die Wirkung von Zucker auf das menschliche Belohnungssystem im Gehirn zu einer Abhängigkeit führen kann – ähnlich wie es bei suchterzeugenden Substanzen wie Alkohol oder Heroin der Fall ist. Dieser Beitrag widmet sich dieser Fragestellung und gibt einen kritischen und aktuellen Überblick.
Zucker: Kulturgeschichte und Konsumstruktur eines umstrittenen Lebensmittels
Authors: Hirschfelder Gunther
Published: October 2018

Zucker steht derzeit unter Generalverdacht: Ernährungsaufklärung fokussiert auf Süßigkeiten, Softdrinks und versteckten Zucker in „Convenience-Produkten“. Die Medien haben ihn zu ihrem Lieblingsfeind erkoren. Gleichwohl essen die Deutschen so viel Zucker wie nie: 32 kg pro Jahr – das entspricht 22 Teelöffel pro Tag und damit mehr als doppelt so viel wie die WHO derzeit empfiehlt.

Dass Ernährungsbildung dabei allenfalls bedingt funktioniert ist das Eine. Das Andere: Zucker ist mehr als Industrieprodukt, Füllstoff, Dickmacher oder schneller Energielieferant: Zucker ist auch ein Kulturgut. In der Entwicklungsgeschichte der Menschheit steht er für gesuchten und guten Geschmack wie auch für Energie, somit für Leben beziehungsweise Überleben. Spätestens seit den frühen Hochkulturen und verstärkt in der Antike ist eine besondere Wertschätzung von süßen Früchten und Honig erkennbar, die in medizinischer Verwendung Niederschlag fand.

Die Entdeckung des aus dem pazifischen Raum stammenden Zuckerrohrs und der plantagenmäßige Anbau an der europäischen Peripherie brachten das Abendland dann seit dem Mittelalter in engeren Kontakt mit dem Luxusgut Zucker. Fundamentaler Wandel erfolgte durch den Columbian Exchange: Seitdem afrikanische Sklaven gezwungen wurden, den amerikanischen Kolonien Zucker für den europäischen Markt anzubauen, stieg der Konsum sprunghaft an und demokratisierte sich seit dem 19. Jahrhundert. Kritik am Zucker wurde zunächst nicht laut, auch nicht in der Epoche des Massenkonsums der Nachkriegszeit.

Erst als der Verbrauch weiter stieg und die Gesellschaft am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts zunehmend gesundheitsbewusst wurde – und als die Frage nach der vermeintlich richtigen Ernährung zur ideologischen Leitperspektive avanciert war, geriet Zucker massiv in die Kritik. Wer die heutige Rolle des Zuckers verstehen will, sollte die historischen Hintergründe und die kulturellen Determinanten berücksichtigen.
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound of Benign Focal Liver Lesions
Authors: Dietrich Christoph
Published: October 2018

The diagnostic handling of benign focal liver lesions (FLLs) is a challenge and it is difficult to avoid over- and underdiagnosis. Conventional B-mode ultrasound and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) are the first-line imaging methods to detect and characterize FLLs. This CME article discusses the diagnostic workup of benign liver tumors.
Vascularization of Primary, Peripheral Lung Carcinoma in CEUS – A Retrospective Study (n = 89 Patients)
Authors: Findeisen Hajo , Trenker Corinna , Figiel Jens , Greene Brandon H. , Görg Konrad , Görg Christian
Published: October 2018

Purpose To describe the vascularization of peripheral lung carcinoma in CEUS and to compare with B-mode ultrasound (US) and clinical data.

Materials and Methods From April 2004 until September 2015, n = 89 patients with peripheral lung carcinoma were investigated by B-mode US and CEUS. The extent (EE: hypoechoic, hyperechoic), homogeneity (HE: homogeneous, inhomogeneous) and time of enhancement (TE) have been defined. Early pulmonary-arterial enhancement (PA) before contrast floating to the thoracic wall was differentiated from simultaneous or delayed bronchial-arterial enhancement (BA). CEUS parameters were compared by B-mode US and histology.

Results n = 25 patients had early PA enhancement (TE: 8 ± 3.7 s), and n = 64 (72 %) had simultaneous/delayed BA enhancement (TE: 17.6 ± 6.2 s) (p < 0.001). PA enhancement (EE/HE) was hyperechoic (n = 11/25), homogeneous (n = 11/25) and showed an air bronchogram more often (n = 11/17, p < 0.001). BA enhancement (EE/HE) was frequently hypoechoic (n = 34/64) and inhomogeneous (n = 54/64). BA enhancement was associated with necrosis (n = 36/42, p = 0.009). PA and BA enhancement distributed to different histologies: n = 42 adenocarcinomas (18 PA, 24 BA), n = 30 squamous cell carcinomas (4 PA, 26 BA), n = 13 other types of NSCLC (3 PA, 10 BA), and n = 4 SCLC (0 PA, 4 BA) (p = 0.016).

Conclusion The vascularization of peripheral lung carcinomas is heterogeneous and is influenced by histology. In this study, lung carcinomas are predominantly supplied by bronchial arteries, whereas a part of adenocarcinomas and non-adenocarcinomas show PA enhancement.
In Vitro Reversal of the Anti-Aggregant Effect of Ticagrelor Using Untreated Platelets
Authors: Kruger Paul , Hirsh Jack , Bhagirath Vinai , Xu Ke , Dale Brian , de Vries Tim , Ginsberg Jeffrey , Eikelboom John , Chan Noel
Published: October 2018

Background Ticagrelor is an anti-platelet agent that is indicated for prevention of thrombosis after acute coronary syndrome or intra-coronary artery stent implantation, but it increases the risk of bleeding. Platelet transfusion has the potential to treat or prevent bleeding in patients taking ticagrelor, but the optimal quantity of platelets and timing of administration have not been fully defined.

Methods and Results Ten healthy subjects took ticagrelor in combination with acetylsalicylic acid for 5 days, and had blood collected prior to treatment and at 2, 10, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours after the last doses. The potential of platelet transfusion to prevent or reverse bleeding was evaluated by mixing subject and donor platelet-rich plasma in vitro in nine different proportions, and measuring adenosine diphosphate-mediated aggregation by light transmission aggregometry. Spontaneous offset of the anti-aggregant effect of ticagrelor occurred gradually and was complete at 72 hours after the last dose. The addition of donor platelets enhanced the recovery. The addition of the equivalent of six apheresis platelet units produced a 50% relative reversal at 10 hours, and > 90% reversal at 24 hours.

Conclusion Donor platelets enhance reversal of the anti-aggregant effect of ticagrelor in vitro. Donor platelets given in clinically relevant amounts partially reversed ticagrelor at 10 hours after the last dose, and almost fully reversed ticagrelor at 24 hours. The results inform on the potential to reverse ticagrelor in patients who develop bleeding or require emergency surgery.
Extensive tailorability of sound absorption using acoustic metamaterials
Authors: Elayouch A. , Addouche M. , Khelif A.
Published: October 2018

We present an experimental demonstration of sound absorption tailorability, using acoustic metamaterials made of resonant cavities that take advantage of the inherent visco-thermal characteristics of air. As confirmed by numerical calculation, we particularly show that using quarter-wave-like resonators made of deep subwavelength slits allows a high confinement of the acoustic energy of an incident wave. This leads to enhance the dissipation in the cavities and, consequently, generates strong sound absorption, even over a wide frequency band. This paves the way for tremendous opportunities in acoustic comfort because of their potentially low density, low volume, broadband, and tailorable capabilities.
Neutron measurements at the ELISE neutral beam test facility and implications for neutron based diagnostics at SPIDER
Authors: Feng S. , Nocente M. , Wünderlich D. , Bonomo F. , Croci G. , Fantz U. , Heinemann B. , Kraus W. , Mario I. , Muraro A. , Pasqualotto R. , Rebai M. , Tardocchi M. , Gorini G.
Published: October 2018

Along the route to the development of a neutral beam injector for ITER, the Padua based Source for Production of Ion of Deuterium Extracted from Rf plasma (SPIDER) and megavolt ITER injector and concept advancement facilities will make use of neutron diagnostics to quantify the homogeneity of the neutral beam profile by measuring the map of the neutron emission from the beam dump with the close-contact neutron emission surface mapping (CNESM) system. Neutrons are here produced from beam-target reactions between the deuterium beam and the deuterons previously adsorbed in the calorimeter. In order to aid the interpretation of the diagnostic data, a dedicated experiment on neutron emission from beam-target reactions with beam parameters approaching those expected at SPIDER has been performed at the Extraction from a Large Ion Source Experiment (ELISE) neutral beam test facility. The time trace of neutron emission has been measured using a calibrated liquid scintillator detector at increasing power densities on the target. Compared to calculations based on the local mixing model, a systematic discrepancy was observed exceeding the statistical accuracy of the measurements and increasing as a linear function of the power density. The data are used to derive an empirical temperature dependent correction for applications to neutron measurements at SPIDER.
Effects of micro-structures on laser-proton acceleration
Authors: Feng B. , Ji L. L. , Shen B. F. , Geng X. S. , Guo Z. , Yu Q. , Xu T. J. , Zhang L. G.
Published: October 2018

Micro-structures are advantageous in manipulating the laser intensity and laser-driven high energy electron sources. Both effects benefit acceleration of high energy protons by ultra-intense laser pulses. We investigate the enhancement on proton cut-off energy and yield induced by micro-wire-array structure via particle-in-cell simulation. Our simulations reveal that the abundant energetic electrons originating from the structures are essential for sequential proton acceleration. We find that this effect becomes active only when the laser pulse intensity reaches a = 2. The proton energies are further optimized by designing structures of different featured sizes. The results suggest two distinctive regimes, where the electron number is significantly enhanced by using short and dense arrays, while the long and sparse arrays are more efficient in increasing the cut-off beam energies. When combining both patterns, we see that the compound target contains features from both the long array and the short array, comparing to flat interfaces. These results will guide future experiments utilizing three-dimensional micro-engineered targets.
Scaling laws for dynamical plasma phenomena
Authors: Ryutov D. D.
Published: October 2018

A scaling and similarity technique is a useful tool for developing and testing reduced models of complex phenomena, including plasma phenomena. In this paper, similarity and scaling arguments will be applied to highly dynamical systems where the plasma is evolving from some initial to some final state, which may differ dramatically from each other in size and plasma parameters. A question then arises whether, in order to better understand the behavior of one such system, is it possible to create another system, possibly much smaller (or larger) than the original one, but whose evolution would accurately replicate that of the original one, from its initial to its final state. This would allow a researcher, by an experimental study of this second system, to make confident predictions about the behavior of the first one (which may be otherwise inaccessible, as is the case of some astrophysical objects, or too expensive and hard to diagnose, as in the case of fusion applications of pulsed plasma systems, or for other reasons). The scaling and similarity techniques for dynamical plasma systems will be presented as a set of case studies of problems from various domains of plasma physics, including collisional and collisionless plasmas. Among the results discussed are similar for MHD systems with an emphasis on high-energy-density laboratory astrophysics, interference between collisionless and collisional phenomena in the context of shock physics, and similarity for liner-imploded plasmas.
Review Article: Aspects of non-colloidal suspension rheology
Authors: Tanner Roger I.
Published: October 2018

This review deals with non-Brownian (non-colloidal) suspension rheology; experimental and computational studies are compared where possible. The matrix fluids are Newtonian, and the rigid particles have an aspect ratio close to one. Volume fractions up to and including 0.5 are considered. Shearing and extensional flows are discussed; the former are fairly well understood, but the latter are not prominent in the literature. Unsteady and oscillatory flows are surveyed; more work is needed in this area. Finally some attempts to find constitutive models are discussed, and an empirically based suggestion based on a modified Reiner-Rivlin model is described.
Biophysical analysis of fluid shear stress induced cellular deformation in a microfluidic device
Authors: Landwehr Grant M. , Kristof Andrew J. , Rahman Sharif M. , Pettigrew Jacob H. , Coates Rachael , Balhoff Joseph B. , Triantafillu Ursula L. , Kim Yonghyun , Melvin Adam T.
Published: October 2018

Even though the majority of breast cancers respond well to primary therapy, a large percentage of patients relapse with metastatic disease, for which there is no treatment. In metastasis, a tumor sheds a small number of cancerous cells, termed circulating tumor cells (CTCs), into the local vasculature, from where they spread throughout the body to form new tumors. As CTCs move through the circulatory system, they experience physiological forces not present in the initial tumor environment, namely, fluid shear stress (FSS). Evidence suggests that CTCs respond to FSS by adopting a more aggressive phenotype; however, to date single-cell morphological changes have not been quantified to support this observation. Furthermore, the methodology of previous studies involves inducing FSS by flowing cells through the tubing, which lacks a precise and tunable control of FSS. Here, a microfluidic approach is used for isolating and characterizing the biophysical response of single breast cancer cells to conditions experienced in the circulatory system during metastasis. To evaluate the single-cell response of multiple breast cancer types, two model circulating tumor cell lines, MDA-MB-231 and MCF7, were challenged with FSS at precise magnitudes and durations. As expected, both MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells exhibited greater deformability due to increasing duration and magnitudes of FSS. However, wide variations in single-cell responses were observed. MCF7 cells were found to rapidly deform but reach a threshold value after 5 min of FSS, while MDA-MB-231 cells were observed to deform at a slower rate but with a larger threshold of deformation. This behavioral diversity suggests the presence of distinct cell subpopulations with different phenotypes.
Review charts potential paths forward for non-Brownian suspension rheology
Authors: Liebendorfer Adam
Published: October 2018

A survey of recent progress in experimental and computational work on compact, rigid particles in Newtonian fluids finds unexplored areas, including elongational and other nonviscometric approaches.
New developments in terahertz generators push envelope for nondestructive inspection
Authors: Liebendorfer Adam
Published: October 2018

An injection-seeded terahertz parameter generator provides enough power to inspect envelopes and packages for illicit drugs without damaging the mail.
Hydrogen sulfide may function downstream of hydrogen peroxide in salt stress-induced stomatal closure in Vicia faba
Authors: Ma Yinli , Zhang Wei , Niu Jiao , Ren Yu , Zhang Fan
Published: October 2018

The roles of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in signalling transduction of stomatal closure induced by salt stress were examined by using pharmacological, spectrophotographic and laser scanning confocal microscopic (LSCM) approaches in Vicia faba L. Salt stress resulted in stomatal closure, and this effect was blocked by H2S modulators hypotaurine (HT), aminooxy acetic acid (AOA), hydroxylamine (NH2OH), potassium pyruvate (C3H3KO3) and ammonia (NH3) and H2O2 modulators ascorbic acid (ASA), catalase (CAT), diphenylene iodonium (DPI). Additionally, salt stress induced H2S generation and increased L-/D-cysteine desulfhydrase (L-/D-CDes, pyridoxalphosphate-dependent enzyme) activity in leaves, and caused H2O2 production in guard cells, and these effects were significantly suppressed by H2S modulators and H2O2 modulators respectively. Moreover, H2O2 modulators suppressed salt stress-induced increase of H2S levels and L-/D-CDes activity in leaves as well as stomatal closure of V. faba. However, H2S modulators had no effects on salt stress-induced H2O2 production in guard cells. Altogether, our data suggested that H2S and H2O2 probably are involved in salt stress-induced stomatal closure, and H2S may function downstream of H2O2 in salt stress-induced stomatal movement in V. faba.
The importance of a constructed near-nature-like Danube fish by-pass as a lifecycle fish habitat for spawning, nurseries, growing and feeding: a long-term view with remarks on management
Authors: Meulenbroek Paul , Drexler Silke , Nagel Christoffer , Geistler Michael , Waidbacher Herwig
Published: October 2018

Major sections of today’s rivers are man made and do not provide the essential requirements for riverine fish. A nature-like fish by-pass system in Vienna-Freudenau was assessed for its function as a fish habitat. The study was conducted continuously over 3 years; 15 years after construction of the by-pass. The chosen nature-like construction of the by-pass system functions like natural tributaries. More than 17000 fish and 43 species, including several protected and endangered species, in all life stages, including eggs, larvae, juveniles and adults, were captured. Furthermore, the indicator species of the free-flowing Danube, nase (Chondrostoma nasus) and barbel (Barbus barbus), migrated into the fish by-pass and successfully spawned before returning. Therefore, our results suggest that by-pass systems can function as an important habitat for the conservation of native fish fauna. The heterogenic habitat configuration provides conditions for all ecological guilds and, consequently, increases biodiversity. Finally, approved management tools are discussed. We suggest that fish by-pass channels may be suitable at other sites in the Danube catchment.