bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magmatic and hydrothermal processes in the Bouvet Triple Junction Region (South Atlantic)
Authors: Simonov V.A. , Peyve A.A. , Kolobov V.Yu. , Milosnov A.A. , Kovyazin S.V.
Published: July 2007

Results of electron microprobe and microthermometric studies of samples collected from the Bouvet Triple Junction Region (BTJR) during a joint Russian‐Italian geological expedition on the R/V Academician Nikolaj Strakhov (1994) have revealed new data on the composition of basaltic magmas and oceanic hydrothermal fluids connected with magmatic processes. Detailed analysis of basaltic glasses shows that the modem Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (MAR) rift valley is composed of normal mid‐ocean ridge basalts with low concentrations of K2 O and TiOz (N‐MORB), while its flanks are more enriched with these components approaching E‐MORB. A marked influence of the Bouvet hot spot volcanism on magma generation on the South‐West Indian Ridge (SWIR) near Bouvet Island is observed. Basaltic melts in this area belong to alkalic and transitional series and have maximum contents of K2O, TiO2, H2O.

Microthermometric analyses of fluid inclusions in the samples from the BTJR have revealed major differences in the oceanic hydrothermal fluid systems on the MAR and near SWIR, which depends on the peculiarities of magma. In the area of the MAR (with dry melts) only H2O solution inclusions in quartz were found; thus, seawater is probably the only primary source of hydrothermal fluids (NaCl + MgCl2+ H2O; T= 170–200°C). In the SWIR area (with the high content of water in melts) syngenetic liquid CO2 and H2O solution inclusions in quartz indicate the influence of the magmatic fluid component on the ore‐forming water/carbon dioxide solutions (NaCl + CaC12+ H2O + CO2; T= 200–310 °C; P= 900–1700 bar).
The 1 October 1995 Dinar earthquake, SW Turkey
Authors: Eyidoǧan Haluk , Barka Aykut
Published: July 2007

The Dinar earthquake (Ms= 6.1, USGS‐PDE) of 1 October 1995 occurred on the NWSE‐trending Dinar Fault. The earthquake is associated with a 10‐km‐long surface rupture with predominantly normal faulting. The mainshock was preceded by a series of foreshocks that started 6 days before the mainshock and included two Md= 4.5 events. The mainshock source mechanism derived from the inversion of broad‐band P waves revealed that two sub‐events occurred on a NW‐SE trending normal fault with a small strike‐slip component. According to the source model estimated in this study, the first rupture started at a depth of about 8 km and reached to a depth of about 12 km propagating north‐west. The total seismic moment found from the inversion of P waveforms is 2.0 times 10 18 Nm. The seismic moment of the second sub‐event was about four times larger than the first one. Field observations, GPS measurements and slip vector obtained from the inversion of broad‐band P waveforms suggest that the NW‐SE trending Dinar Fault is due to the internal deformation of SW Anatolia moving south‐westwards.
History of the stereographic projection and its early use in geology
Authors: Howarth Richard J.
Published: July 2007

The origin of the polar and equatorial stereographic projections can be traced back to Hipparchos (d. 125 bc). The equatorial projection became an essential tool in astronomy and from the 2nd to mid‐17th Century it enabled the development of the astrolabe as a navigational tool and later became important in mapmaking. Examples of equatorial stereographic nets by the astronomer al‐Zarquǎlǎ (ad, 10701 and the cartographer Blaeu (1624) are illustrated. By the early 19th Century, mathematics was beginning to be applied outside the fields of astronomy, physics and mechanics. The stereographic net was first applied to mineralogy by Neumann (1823) and its use was subsequently popularized by Federov (1892), inventor of the universal microscope stage, and by the introduction of the Wulff net (1902). It also proved of considerable use in the correct interpretation by W.L. Bragg of Laue X‐ray diffraction patterns of crystals which led to the development of X‐ray crystallography. The Lambert (1772) equal‐area projection, developed for cartographic use and subsequently termed the Schmidt net by Sander in 1925, was essential to the development of petrofabric analysis in the late 1920s. The transition to macroscopic structural analysis, which largely took place over the period 1930–55 is briefly touched upon.
A revised estimation of the steady‐state geotherm for the continental lithosphere and its implication for mantle melting
Authors: Zhou Shaohua
Published: July 2007

An analytical solution has been derived for the steady‐state geotherm of the continental lithosphere, using an empirical thermal conductivity model that incorporates the experimentally observed temperature and pressure effect. Based on recent global compilations of crustal thickness and heat flow data, a standard continental lithosphere is re‐defined by a global mean model with total crustal thickness of 40 km and surface heat flow of 55 mWm‐2 (within which 28 mWm‐2 is assumed to be derived from deep mantle source). The thickness of the continental lithosphere (≅125 km), consistent with previous models, is given by the depth at which the geotherm intersects the potential asthenosphere temperature of 1280°C. It is shown that the new steady‐state geotherm is much hotter than that based on the previously adopted model where material thermal conductivity is assumed to be constant (≅3.14 W/m/k) throughout the lithosphere. The consequence of this re‐evaluation of pre‐extension thermal structure in the lithosphere is that the minimum stretching factor required to cause the onset of dry mantle partial melting can be 15–20% lower than the previous estimate. Also, if minor amounts of water or other volatile element or dry basalt are present in the upper mantle, melting of the subcontirfental mantle is very likely to occur for any geotherms constructed using surface heat flows > 30 mWm‐2.
The kinematic paradox of the San Andreas Fault
Authors: Doglioni C. , Harabaglia P.
Published: July 2007

The Pacific‐North America plate boundary along the San Andreas fault system is notoriously a right‐lateral transpressive margin where both almost pure thrust and strike‐slip tectonics take place. The Pacific plate travels WNW, forming an angle of about 25° with the boundary. Since the Pacific is moving WNW faster than North America, right lateral transtension should result along the San Andreas system. North America, in turn, travels westward obliquely to the boundary and a left‐lateral transpressive component would be expected along the same margin. Therefore, the right‐lateral transpression of the San Andreas system can be partitioned into (i) a sinistral transpression along the southwestern margin of the North America plate obliquely overriding (ii) a faster right lateral transtension occurring along the transfer margin of the Pacific plate between the East Pacific rise in the California Gulf and the Gorda ridge to the north‐west. This is due to the oblique trend of the Pacific and North America plate margins with respect to their motion in a absolute reference frame.

The geodynamics of California is marked by a unique setting in which there is a special subduction where, in contrast with classic subduction zones, the footwall of the subduction plane is obliquely diverging from the hanging wall in an E‐W section, while it is converging at slower rates in a NE‐SW direction. The extensional E‐W component is absorbed into the Basin and Range rifting, whereas the compressive NE‐SW component is mainly expressed in the Coast Ranges and California offshore. The compression perpendicular to the San Andreas is then not intrinsic in the strike‐slip movement, but it is rather an independent tectonic factor. Therefore, the San Andreas system cannot be considered as an archetype of a pure strike slip fault.
Evolution of the Archean‐Palaeoproterozoic Bundelkhand Massif, central India—evidence from granitoid geochemistry
Authors: Mondal M.E.A. , Zainuddin Syed M.
Published: July 2007

The Bundelkhand massif of Archean‐Palaeoproterozoic age is primarily a granite‐gneiss complex. Three distinct granitoid suites have been identified within the massif hornblende granitoids, biotite granitoids and leucogranitoids, in order of decreasing age. These granitoids were emplaced in previously deformed basement consisting of gneisses, banded iron formations and other metasediments, mafic to felsic volcanics.

The granitoids exhibit a large compositional range from quartz diorite to syenogranite and show a calc‐alkaline trend. They are metaluminous to peraluminous and have I‐type characteristics. The SiO2content ranges from 49 to 77 wt%. Low K2O/Na2O characterizes the granitoids. The oldest hornblende granitoids have low Rb and Yb contents compared to the younger biotite granitoids and leucogranitoids. Rb/Sr values for most of the granitoids are low (< 1). K/Rb ratios range from 95 to 373 which is, in general, comparable with other calc‐alkaline suites. Y/Nb ratios of the granitoids are > 1.2 which is a characteristic feature of magmas derived from sources chemically similar to island arc or continental margin basalts.

The features mentioned above coupled with concentrations of Rb, Y, Nb, Yb, Ta and Th indicate a volcanic‐arc tectonic setting for the granitoids. It is proposed that the massif represents subduction‐related magmatism of an ocean in the southern part of the massif (an Andean plate margin).
A flow‐foliated ignimbrite related to the Åland rapakivi granite in SW Finland
Authors: Eklund Olav , Shebanov Alexey , Fröjdö Soren , Yli‐kyyny Kari , Andersson Ulf B.
Published: July 2007

A flow‐foliated felsic ignimbrite constitutes the uppermost lithological unit of the 1.58 Gyr anorogenic magmatic rocks in SW Finland. The ignimbrite is derived from an explosive eruption of hot (≅ 950 °C) phenocryst‐bearing A‐type (rapakivi‐type granite magma.

The ignimbrite is close in composition to subvolcanic rapakivi granites that occur in the margins of the kand rapakivi batholith. The subvolcanic granites crystallized under a pressure of ≅ 1 kbar and at temperatures of about 650–700 °C. However, both major and rare earth elements show that the ignimbrite‐ forming magma was more fractionated than the magma forming the subvolcanic varieties.

Supported by evidence of mafic‐felsic magma mingling, it is suggested that injection of hot mafic magma into a shallow magma chamber produced the high temperature of the ignimbrite‐forming magma. This injection increased the magmatic and the volatile pressure that caused the eruption of the dry felsic magma.
Tectonic setting of post‐orogenic granites within SW Fennoscandia based on deep seismic and gravity data
Authors: Andersson M. , Lie J. E. , Husebye E. S.
Published: July 2007

Within the Svecononvegian Province of SW Scandinavia granite intrusions are abundant. Prominent ones are the Bohus‐Iddefjord and the Flå granites, the so‐ called Bohus‐Flå Granite belt. The age of these granites, consistent at ≅ 900 Ma, coincides with the late extensional stage of the Svecononvegian‐Grenvillian orogen. Gravity observations and deep seismic profiling lines are presented that also cover the Skagerrak Sea. The geophysical data suggest that the Bohus granite continues seaward for at least 80 km and its thickness, offshore, is estimated to be 2–4 km. Where the seismic profiling lines intersect the inferred seaward extension of the Bohus granite, a distinct reflection pattern is observed at ≅ 1.6 s. TWT. This coincides with a gravity modelled thickness of ≅ 4 km. The seismic profiles also show a large Moho offset beneath the modelled granite. It is proposed that this offset is related to Svecononvegian crustal underthrusting and that the granite melt could have formed by anatexis of mid‐crustal rocks downthrusted to greater depths in the vicinity of the seismically observed Moho offset.
Late‐orogenic Svecofennian deformation in SW Finland constrained by pegmatite emplacement ages
Authors: Lindroos Alf , Romer Rolf L. , Ehlers Carl , Alviola Reijo
Published: July 2007

Late stages of the Svecofennian orogeny in SW Finland were related to a tranpressional stress field and dextral movements along crustal scale shear zones under decreasing temperature and pressure conditions. In the Kemiö area, a minimum estimate for the time span of movements along one of these shear zones is obtained from the ages of 1840 to 1830 Myr‐old microcline granite sheets, related to early ductile deformation, and by dating structurally late rare‐mineral granite pegmatites, related to brittle deformation. One pegmatite was emplaced when the rheological conditions in the gabbro changed from ductile to semi‐ductile and brittle. It has U‐Pb ferrotapiolite ages ranging between 1807.0 ± 2.9 Myr (2 s̀) and 1803.1 + 2.9/ ‐2.0 Myr (2 s̀). Another pegmatite emplaced under brittle conditions has an U‐Pb ferrotapiolite age of 1802.9 ± 1.3 Myr (2 s̀). These pegmatites were emplaced preferentially in gabbroic rocks, that showed brittle to semi‐ductile deformation at a time when their more felsic host‐rocks still showed ductile deformation. The age range bracketed by the microcline granite sheets and the structurally late pegmatites indicates that ductile deformation related to the transpressional Late Svecofennian tectonic regime in southwestern Finland, persisted for at least 30–40 Myr.
In situ stress determination from breakouts in the Tornquist Fan, Denmark
Authors: Ask Maria V.S. , Müller Birgit , Stephansson Ove
Published: July 2007

The Tornquist Fan, a fan‐shaped region in Denmark and Western Baltic, is situated in the transition zone between the Western and Northern European Stress Provinces. Breakout data from 20 wells (0.3–3.6 km) were analysed. The fan can be divided into three stress provinces: (i) The area south of the Rømø Fracture Zone is part of the Western European Stress Province and has NNW‐SSE orientation of the maximum horizontal stress, (ii) The sediment cover in the Nonvegian‐Danish Basin is dominated by ENE‐WSW orientated maximum horizontal stress, (iii) The maximum horizontal stress is sub‐parallel to the strike of the Sorgenfrei‐Tornquist Zone. Deviations from the regional stress field were observed in wells close to faults and salt diapirs. In wells south of the Sorgenfrei‐Tornquist Zone, breakout occurrence decreases with increasing age of the stratigraphic units. The downhole breakout distribution seems to correlate with lithology and thickness of the sediment layer.
Geochemical subdivision and correlation of clay‐rich beds in Turonian sediments of northern Germany
Authors: Wray David S. , Wood Christopher J. , Ernst Gundolf , Kaplan Ulrich
Published: July 2007

Thin, clay‐rich beds form a key component of the lithostratigraphic scheme established for Middle and Upper Turonian sediments in northern Germany. Previously, using limited petrographic evidence, clay‐rich beds across much of this region have been classified as either containing altered volcanic ash (bentonites) or detrital clays. This paper demonstrates that the use of rare‐earth element (REE) data enables a rapid and reliable subdivision of clay‐rich beds into those composed of bentonitic clays and those composed of detrital clays. Application of this method to the Lower Saxony region of northern Germany demonstrates that four bentonites (TC Tdi, Te and Tf) and a number of detrital beds can be reliably identified and correlated. Three beds previously proposed to be bentonites are reinterpreted as being composed of detrital clays (To, TD2 and TG) and a revision of the stratigraphic nomenclature is proposed. Analysis of clay‐rich beds from the Munster Basin demonstrates that it is possible to correlate individual bentonites and detrital beds between Lower Saxony and the Miinster Basin, and between shallow and deep water facies.
Late Oligocene‐early Miocene sedimentary evolution of the foreland basins in the Sicilian mobile belt: the example of the Peloritani area
Authors: Nigro Fabrizio
Published: July 2007

In the northeastern corner of Sicily (Peloritani Mountains) thin bodies of hercynian crystalline basement, covered by Meso‐Cenozoic veneers of sedimentary rocks, represent the highest and innermost Africa‐vergent group of thrust units of the Sicilian Belt. The Peloritani tectonic edifice consists of a set of prevalently middle‐ to high‐grade crystalline rocks (so‐called Fondachelli Unit, Mandanici Unit and Aspromonte Unit) and thrusts over a thin tectonic wedge made of prevalently Mesozoic to Tertiary sedimentary covers overlying pre‐Triassic low‐grade metamorphic rocks (Longi‐Taormina Unit). The tectonic bodies of the Peloritani thrust system are overlain by thick clastic sequences of late Oligoceneearly Miocene age (the so‐called Stilo‐Capo d'Orlando Formation). Previous work has pointed out the ‘molassic’ character of these clastic sequences, which postdate the main deformation phase of the Peloritani belt, started during Oligocene time. New structural data on the crystalline and sedimentary terrains, sedimentological analysis of the outcropping Oligo‐Miocene foreland clastic deposits and their geometric relationships with the substrate, make it possible to recognize the syn‐tectonic character and the timing of deformation of these basin‐fill deposits, which are expressed by prograding clastic fans in the active margin of a foreland‐foredeep system. This system has progressively been involved in the accretion of the Sicilian Belt and migration during the early Miocene towards the more external areas represented by the Sicilide sector. Seen in this light, three different lithological units have been distinguished to prdvide a framework for a review of the palaeotectonic significance of the overall Oligo‐Miocene terrigenous covers of the Peloritani Thrust belt
Liquefaction, ground fissures and coastline change during the Egio earthquake (15 June 1995; Central‐Western Greece)
Authors: Lekkas E. , Lozios S. , Skourtsos E. , Kranis H.
Published: July 2007

The destructive earthquake (Ms = 6.1 R) that hit the town of Egio and the surrounding area of the Northern Peloponnessos (Greece) generated extensive liquefaction, ground fissuring and coastline changes.

Historical data indicate that the same region has experienced episodic earthquake damage, with some seismogenic phenomena having reoccurred at the same locations. In conclusion, it is confirmed that this is a high seismic risk region, where proper building design and planning can reduce the potential danger if the geodynamic setting is properly taken into account.
Mycobacterium gordonae pulmonary disease associated with a continuous positive airway pressure device
Authors: Assi M.A. , Berg J.C. , Marshall W.F. , Wengenack N.L. , Patel R.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: There are no formal recommendations on the proper handling and decontamination of respiratory devices for home use. We describe the case of a kidney transplant recipient who developed Mycobacterium gordonae pneumonia transmitted by his continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine.
Breakthrough Scedosporium prolificans infection while receiving voriconazole prophylaxis in an allogeneic stem cell transplant recipient
Authors: Tong S.Y.C. , Peleg A.Y. , Yoong J. , Handke R. , Szer J. , Slavin M.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Breakthrough invasive fungal infections among patients with hematologic malignancies receiving voriconazole are being reported with increasing frequency, with zygomycete infections predominating. We report a case of disseminated Scedosporium prolificans infection in a patient receiving voriconazole prophylaxis. Despite poor in vitro activity of voriconazole for this organism, synergy studies using the checkerboard method demonstrated synergy with the combination of voriconazole and terbinafine. This regimen, in conjunction with central venous line removal and intravitreal voriconazole, contributed to the recovery of the patient. S. prolificans is a life‐threatening mold that should be considered in patients with breakthrough invasive fungal infections while on voriconazole prophylaxis.
Paecilomyces lilacinus infection in a liver transplant patient: case report and review of the literature
Authors: Van Schooneveld T. , Freifeld A. , Lesiak B. , Kalil A. , Sutton D.A. , Iwen P.C.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: A 56‐year‐old male who was 12 months status post liver transplant presented with a 2‐month history of painful, erythematous nodules over the right knee. Several biopsies yielded a mold initially phenotypically identified as a Penicillium species, but molecular sequence analysis ultimately determined the identity as Paecilomyces lilacinus. Several courses of oral voriconazole were required for resolution of the infection. A review of the literature revealed that Paecilomyces species are an infrequent cause of disease in transplant patients, with skin and soft tissue infections being the most common presentation. It is important to accurately identify these infections, and polymerase chain reaction assay using universal fungal primers offers a rapid and precise diagnostic approach. Treatment of Paecilomyces infections may require multiple courses of antifungal therapy, often with surgical debridement. We suggest that voriconazole may be a useful treatment alternative to the more traditional therapy with amphotericin B‐based agents.
Caspofungin‐resistant Aspergillus flavus after heart transplantation and mechanical circulatory support: a case report
Authors: Eschertzhuber S. , Velik‐Salchner C. , Hoermann C. , Hoefer D. , Lass‐Florl C.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a severe complication in the post‐transplant period in recipients of solid organs. Therefore, early diagnosis and specific therapy of fungal infections in these patients are indispensable. We report the case of a 49‐year‐old patient, who suffered from IA after cardiac transplantation, which was complicated by post‐transplant right heart failure requiring mechanical circulatory support using veno‐arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and a right ventricular assist device. Despite antifungal treatment, the patient died 3 weeks after transplantation because of multi‐organ failure secondary to IA. The isolated Aspergillus strains exhibited in vitro resistance to caspofungin.
Rapidly expanding brain mass
Authors: Gene A.H. , Gardner P.A. , Couce Matovelle M.E.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Amebic encephalitis is an uncommon central nervous system infection, usually caused by Acanthamoeba spp., which generally occurs in immunocompromised individuals. The infection might start from a minor, slowly progressive, skin ulceration that can be present for weeks to months before neurologic changes occur. We present a 40‐year‐old male with multiple visceral allografts, on immunosuppression, 9 months after transplantation. He had an active skin rash previously diagnosed as graft‐versus‐host disease by biopsy. The condition of the patient declined rapidly.
Minimizing the risk of recurrent or progressive invasive mold infections during stem cell transplantation or further intensive chemotherapy
Authors: Grigg A. , Slavin M.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The risk of recurrence or progression of prior invasive fungal infection, predominantly due to molds, is 11–33% during subsequent stem cell transplantations or myelosuppressive chemotherapy, with a high mortality. Risk factors at the time of transplant include active infection and having received <6 weeks of antifungal therapy, while after transplant prolonged neutropenia and graft‐versus‐host disease requiring aggressive immunosuppression are important. The use of peripheral blood stem cells has been associated with a lower risk. Minimal data are available regarding the role of preventative strategies such as surgical resection of pulmonary lesions and prophylactic granulocyte transfusions during neutropenia, the optimal duration of antifungal prophylaxis, and the appropriate monitoring strategy. This article critically evaluates these issues and provides recommendations for the secondary prophylaxis of invasive mold infections.
Rhodotorula glutinis fungemia in a liver–kidney transplant patient
Authors: Riedel D.J. , Johnson J.K. , Forrest G.N.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: A 54‐year‐old man underwent simultaneous liver–kidney transplantation. During his prolonged hospitalization, he developed catheter‐related fungemia with Rhodotorula glutinis and azole‐resistant Candida glabrata. Management of the Rhodotorula fungemia was complicated by his renal insufficiency, hepatic insufficiency, and the concurrent fungemia with multi‐azole resistant C. glabrata. He was treated with combination therapy with voriconazole and micafungin with subsequent clearance of the fungemia. Rhodotorula species are emerging as human pathogens with the increasing number of immunosuppressed patients in the last few decades. This is the first report of a R. glutinis fungemia in a solid organ transplant recipient.
Role of anti‐donor antibody in the rejection of pig proislet xenografts in mice
Authors: Simeonovic Charmaine J. , McKenzie Katja U.S. , Wilson J. Dennis , Zarb Jodie C. , Hodgkin Philip D.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: CBA/H mice produced serum anti‐pig IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b following xenotransplantation of pig proislets beneath the kidney capsule; anti‐pig IgM was present as pre‐existing antibody in the serum of normal CBA/H mice and was also produced in response to pig proislet xenografts. Serum anti‐pig IgG3was not detected post‐xenotransplantation. Rejection of pig proislet xenografts and the production of anti‐pig IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b isotypes were CD4 T cell‐dependent. The capacity for adoptively transferred hyperimmune CBA/H mouse anti‐pig PBL serum to induce the rejection of intact pig proislet xenografts in CD4 T cell‐depleted mice was dose dependent and correlated with markedly elevated levels of serum anti‐pig IgG3. Levels of anti‐pig IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgM comparable to control mice acutely rejecting pig proislet xenografts and achieved following adoptive transfer of hyperimmune serum did not correlate with induced xenograft rejection. These findings suggest that anti‐pig Ig isotypes produced during the conventional process of acute proislet xenograft rejection do not play a major role in mediating graft damage. The acute rejection of pig proislet xenografts in the absence of serum anti‐pig Ig in μMT‐/‐ hosts confirmed that anti‐pig antibody is not essential for proislet xenograft destruction.
Importance of CD49d‐ VCAM interactions in human monocyte adhesion to porcine endothelium
Authors: Kwiatkowski R , Artrip J.H. , Ankersmit J. , Schuster M. , John R. , Wang S.F. , Ma El. , Michler R.E. , Itescu S.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: By using a primate model of natural antibody depletion, we have previously shown that delayed rejection of porcine cardiac xenografts in unmodified primate recipients resulted from xenograft infiltration with monocyte/macrophage lineage cells. In the present study, we initially showed that human monocytes/macrophages demonstrated significantly greater adherence to unstimulated pig aortic endothelial cells (PAEC) than to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Human TNF‐alpha augmented monocyte adhesion to HUVEC by 5‐fold higher levels than to PAEC. This effect could not be explained on the basis of incompatibility between human TNF‐alpha and its receptor on PAEC since porcine VCAM expression increased by 75–85% after stimulation with TNF‐alpha. TNF‐augmented monocyte adherence was abrogated by either treatment of PAEC with an anti‐VCAM Mab or monocytes with an anti‐CD49d Mab. These results suggest that VCAM‐CD49d interactions are important in adhesion of human monocytes to PAEC but may not be as effective as those between human monocytes and allogeneic endothelium, perhaps because of structural differences across species. Other interactions, as yet undefined, must explain the relative increase in adhesiveness of human monocytes for unstimulated PAEC versus HUVEC. In experiments investigating the functional consequences of this enhanced monocyte adherence, PAEC stimulation induced 10‐fold higher levels of macrophage‐derived IL‐1 beta and 3‐fold higher levels of T cell proliferation compared with HUVEC. Using an anti‐DR Mab to interrupt antigen presentation by autologous macrophages markedly reduced the T cell proliferative response to PAEC. Together, these results indicate that the enhanced adherence of human monocytes to PAEC contributes to xenograft rejection beyond the hyperacute period by leading to tissue infiltration, elaboration of cytokines, and an augmented indirect pathway of T cell xenoantigen recognition.
Characterization of a murine monoclonal antibodv specific for swine β1 integrin
Authors: Richard Christelle , Thibaudeau Karen , Charreau Béatrice , Loirat Marie‐Jeanne , Naulet Jeanne , Blanchard Oominique , Soulillou Jean‐Paul , Bouhours Jean‐François
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Murine monoclonal antibodies were raised against porcine platelets in order to provide tools for investigating interactions of human blood cells and natural antibodies with porcine tissues. Hybridomas were screened by cellular ELISA on porcine platelets and endothelial cells. Positive clones were tested by flow cytometry for reactivity with isolated endothelial cells. One clone, NaM160–1A3, produced an antibody that stained porcine but not human endothelial cells and lymphocytes. The antibody bound to a 116 kDa glycoprotein on Western blot of both platelets and endothelial cells. The antigen was purified from a platelet lysate by affinity chromatography, first on a ConA column and then on a column presenting the immobilized NaM 160–1 A3 antibody. Two glycoproteins were obtained: one (116 kDa) was recognized by the antibody and one (150 kDa) was not. The 116 kDa protein had an internal decapeptide identical with human β1 integrin, and the 150 kDa protein had an internal amino acid sequence belonging to porcine α2 integrin. Therefore, the NaM 160–1 A3 antibody was directed against porcine β1 integrin and allowed the purification of the complex α2β1 also termed Very Late Antigen 2 (VLA‐2). It did not recognize human β1 integrin.
Characterisation of human natural anti‐sheep xenoantibodies
Authors: Strokan Valeri , Rydberg Lennart , Hallberg Eva C , Mölne Johan , Breimer Michael E.
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT: Currently, the pig species is regarded as the most likely organ donor for human xenotransplantation in the future. However, it cannot be granted that the pig will be the optimal species of choice. We have studied human anti‐sheep antibodies in comparison with anti‐pig antibodies. The anti‐sheep lymphocytotoxic and hemagglutination titers were in the range 8 to 128 and 2 to 32, respectively, in single individuals, which were considerably lower than the anti‐pig titers of these individuals. Perfusion of sheep kidneys with human blood reduced the anti‐sheep xenoantibody titers to zero as measured by lymphocytotoxic, hemagglutination, and sheep aortic endothelial cell antibody binding assays. The perfused kidneys showed generalised depositions of human IgM and C3c in the vascular tree and focal depositions of C1q and fibrin. Obliteration of capillaries by human platelets and polymorphonuclear cells were observed. Total neutral glycolipid fractions were isolated from sheep intestinal, pancreatic, and kidney tissues. By using a chromatogram binding assay, a monoclonal anti‐Forssman antibody identified a single compound with five sugar residues in all organs. Several glycolipid bands were stained in all organs by the Galα1‐specific lectin I‐B4 from Griffonia (Bandeiraea) Simplicifolia. A human AB serum pool showed staining by both IgG and IgM antibodies of the Forssman and Galα1‐terminating components as well as some other, not structurally identified, components. The Forssman and Galα1‐reactivity in human sera could be eliminated by immunoadsorbtion using Forssman and Galα1–3Gal‐immunoadsorbent columns, respectively. Immunostaining of sheep kidney tissue sections showed the presence of Galα1‐terminating epitopes by immunoperoxidase and immunogold silver staining techniques. Proximal convoluted tubules showed a strong staining, while thin loops of Henle, collecting ducts, urothelium, and vessels showed a weaker staining. Distal convoluted tubules and thick loops of Henle were completely negative. In summary, human serum contains anti‐sheep xenoantibodies reacting mainly with the Forssman and Galα1‐determinants in sheep tissues and the anti‐sheep antibody titers are lower than the corresponding anti‐pig titers.
Chemical and lectin‐gold electron microscopical studies of the expression of the Galα1‐determinant in the pig aorta
Authors: Hallberg Eva C. , Strokan Valeri , Cairns Thomas D.H. , Breimer Michael E. , Samuelsson Bo E.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: In the xenotransplantation research field, pig aortic endothelial cells are frequently used in different model systems, e.g., for the study of the xenoantibody‐antigen reaction. The Galα1,3Gal determinant is the major target for human xenoreactive antibodies in pig tissue. Characterisation of the Galαl — distribution in pig aortic endothelial cells is thus important for understanding the reaction occurring at the endothelial cells during the xenorejection. We have determined the complete structure of the major Galα1,3Gal terminated glycolipid, Galα1,3nLc4Cer. Structural studies were performed on isolated glycosphingolipids by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. The results show a predominance of the pentasaccharide among the Galα1‐terminated glycolipids but also the presence of several Galα1‐terminated glycolipids with extended carbohydrate core chains. Ultrastructural localisation of the Galαl‐antigen in pig aorta was done by lectin‐gold electron microscopic studies of aortic wall sections using the Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4. Galα1‐determinants are predominantly localised on the luminal surface of pig aortic endothelial cells and endothelial cells of vasa vasorum and, to a lesser extent, vascular subendothelium.
Intravital microscopic investigation of xenogeneic microcirculation and impact of complement depletion by cobra venom factor
Authors: Diefenbeck Michael , Linke Rolf , Seehofer Daniel , Terajima Hiroaki , Thiery Joachim , Hammer Claus
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Discordant xenografts are hyperacutly rejected within minutes. Disturbances in the microcirculation are considered to be the central mechanisms of hyperacute xenogeneic rejection (HXR). In this study intravital fluorescence microscopy was applied to investigate the dynamics of microcirculatory alterations in a setting in which HXR was inhibited by complement (C) depletion. Blood flow was measured as rat livers were perfused with isogeneic rat or xenogeneic human blood to assess the pattern of either physiological isogeneic hemoperfusion or in the course of HXR. Next, the complement system of the perfusate was inactivated by cobra venom factor (CVF) in order to inhibit HXR. Liver sinusoids of the isogeneic group were homogeneously perfused (sinusoidal perfusion rate 93.6 ± 0.3%), whereas in the xenogeneic group the sinusoidal perfusion rate dropped to 67.1 ± 3%. The perfusion in the periportal zone of an acinus was significantly lower (59.0 ± 3.3%) than in the pericentral zone (76.2 ± 3.1%). Treatment with CVF improved the sinusoidal perfusion to a value of 85.6 ± 2.3%, physiological perfusion, however could not be reached. In contrast to the isogeneic group, massive white blood cell (WBC) and platelet accumulation was found in the xenogeneic group, especially in the terminal portal vessels and in the penportal zone of liver acini. WBC and platelet counts show that the adherence of these cells appears rapidly in the first 5 min after reperfusion as firm adherence. CVF was not able to inhibit WBC and platelet accumulation, indicating that WBC endothelial interactions do not require an intact complement system. Bile flow, a parameter of liver function, decreased only slightly during isogeneic perfusion. The addition of CVF to the rat blood reduced the bile flow to one half of the untreated isogeneic flow, indicating a hepatotoxic side‐effect of CVF. In xenogeneic perfusion the bile flow dropped to 62.6% and with the addition of CVF to 37.5% in the first 15 min after reperfusion. The bile flow of the CVF treated groups recovered during the perfusion but could not reach isogeneic values.
Aspects morphologiques et structuraux de la tonsille palatine du boeuf (Bos taurus) et du buffle (Bubalus buffalus)
Authors: Pelagalli Par G. V. , Langella M. , Colella G.
Published: July 2007

The palatine tonsil was studied comparatively on 10 heads each of ox and buffalo. On latex casts the branches of the tonsillar sinus were demonstrated. Histological study included the epithelium of the tonsillar sinus, the connective tissue of capsule and septa, the lymphatic tissue and intra and extracapsular glandular lobules
Morphologie und Entwicklung der venösen Gefäße der Gebärmutter beim Rind in der Fetal‐ und Neonatalperiode*
Authors: WYROST P. , MOLENDA O. , RADEK J. , RADEK T.
Published: July 2007

Morphology and development of the uterine veins during the fetal and neonatal periods of cattle.

A total of 101 specimens were used; they came from 89 fetuses (4th to 40th week of gestation) and 12 neonates (1 to 14 days old). The age of the fetuses was determined according to the method of Kantorova (1960). The uterine veins were filled with latex using an automatic injection apparatus of our own construction. The study showed that blood left the uterus of the examined animals through constantly present veins (Ramus uterinus venae ovaricae, V. uterina and Ramus uterinus venae vaginalis) as well as through a number of inconstant veins to which belonged the Vv.vaginales accessoriae craniales et caudales. The constant uterine veins and their branches differed from their adult counterparts by being morphologically more differentiated, especially by having more branches of which some disappeared with time. The uterine veins developed toward the end of the fetal period. They arose either from the most caudal Vv. mesonephridicae lumbales (V. ovarica and its branches), or from the segmental, visceral veins of the pelvis (V. uterina and Vv. vaginales).
Structural and Ultrastructural Differentiation of Cell Types in the Gills of the Tench (Tinca tinca, L.)
Authors: Roncero V. , Redondo E. , Gazquez A. , Duran E.
Published: July 2007

This study used 22 tench of 25–30cm in length and weighing roughly 200g. After sacrifice, the gill arch was extracted and fixed in 5% glutaraldehyde for structural, ultrastructural and morphometrical study.

Tench gills consist of primary lamellae which are perpendicular to numerous secondary lamellae in which the respiratory barrier is located. A study was made of the structures which make up that barrier and of the multi‐layered epithelium situated in the interlamellar space, which is closely linked to maintaining of internal balance in the fish.
Adaptaciones en la composici6n fibrilar del musculo Longisimo lumbar a entrenamientos de resistencia
Authors: Morales‐Lopez J.L. , Agüera E. , Rodriguez‐Barbudo M.V. , Diz A.
Published: July 2007

The effect of exercise training on the longissimus muscle types was investigated in rats. There were four groups of rats, each exposed to exercise of equal intensity, but of varying duration. A segment of the longissimus muscle between the 2nd and 4th lumbar vertebrae was used for muscle fiber classification with histochemical ATPase classification.

With exercise there were no significant changes in the percentage of the muscle comprised of type I muscle fibers. There was, however, significant increase in the percentage of type II A fibers. This paralleled a decrease in type II B fibers. The percentage of FG fiber types decreased significantly in all groups studied. There was a correlation between intensity and duration of exercise and the degree of decrease seen in the latter fiber types. An increase in oxidative muscle capabilities was evidenced by the changes observed in the subtypes of class II fibers.
Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma with cystic structures of sweat duct origin
Authors: Koletsa Triantafyllia , Hytiroglou Prodromos , Semoglou Christos , Drevelegas Antonios , Karkavelas Georgios
Published: July 2007

Angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma is an unusual soft tissue tumor, mostly arising in the subcutaneous fibro‐adipose tissue of children and young adults and measuring a few centimeters in greatest dimension. Reported herein is a unique case of angiomatoid fibrous histiocytoma containing epithelium‐lined cystic structures. This large tumor (12 cm) was located in the subcutaneous tissue of the left leg of a 28‐year‐old woman. The cystic structures were variably sized and were lined by a double cell layer with areas of squamous metaplasia. Their overall histological features suggested a sweat duct origin. Immunohistochemical stains confirmed such origin, demonstrating an inner epithelial and an outer myoepithelial (smooth muscle actin and cytokeratin 17 positive) cell layer. The present case is illustrative of a mechanism of sweat duct dilatation that may occur during the growth of neoplasms involving the dermis and subcutis, resulting in formation of tumors with unusual histological features.
Esophageal pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma combined with small cell carcinoma
Authors: Yamamoto Sohei , Tsuda Hitoshi , Sakano Takashi , Aikoh Satoshi , Tamai Seiichi , Matsubara Osamu
Published: July 2007

Herein is presented the case of an esophageal pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma combined with small cell carcinoma (SCC). The patient, a 77‐year‐old man, initially presented with dysphagia and hoarseness, and endoscopy indicated a large esophageal tumor. Despite chemoradiation therapy, the patient died from widespread local extension of the tumor and distant metastases approximately 8 months after onset of the symptoms. Histologically, the primary tumor was composed of pleomorphic tumor components, SCC components, and a tiny focus of squamous cell carcinoma. The pleomorphic tumor cells, consisting of solid sheets of poorly cohesive epithelioid cells and numerous multinucleated giant cells with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm, were immunohistochemically positive for vimentin and desmin, with scattered positivity for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and neuron‐specific enolase (NSE), but negative for myoglobin. These findings were histopathologically compatible with pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma occurring at other sites such as the lung. SCC cells, morphologically similar to their pulmonary counterpart, were positive for EMA and some neuroendocrine markers such as chromogranin A and NSE, and occasionally positive for vimentin and desmin. Esophageal pleomorphic giant cell carcinoma can occur in close association with SCC, and should be included in the differential diagnosis of esophageal tumors showing pleomorphism.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MICROWAVE COAGULATION OF A VX‐2 CARCINOMA IMPLANTED IN RABBIT KIDNEY
Authors: Kigure Teruaki , Harada Tadashi , Yuri Yasuhiro , Fujieda Nobuo , Satoh Yoshinobu
Published: July 2007

This paper describes the results of an experimental study of the microwave coagulation of VX‐2 renal tumors implanted in rabbits. The rabbits undergoing microwave treatment exhibited a satisfactory survival rate and a complete response to treatment, as verified by histological examination. All the rabbits receiving no treatment died within 6 weeks of implantation of the VX‐2 carcinoma. These results indicate that microwave coagulation may be a curative method of treatment for a relatively small renal tumor. Intraoperative real‐time ultrasonic scanning permits the percutaneous microwave coagulation of renal cancer in a clinical situation.
A NEW SCORING SYSTEM BASED ON THE HISTOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR AND PROLIFERATIVE ACTIVITY OF TUMOR CELLS FOR GRADING THE MALIGNANT POTENTIAL OF BLADDER CANCERS
Authors: Tachibana Masaaki , Miyakawa Ayako , Deguchi Nobuhiro , Baba Shim , Murai Masaru , Tazaki Hiroshi
Published: July 2007

Urothelial cancer can be considered to consist of a spectrum of diseases with diverse natural histories and the conventional morphological classifications provided by classical histology remain the basis for any decision‐making process. The proliferative rate of the tumor cells may be significant since the rate of DNA synthesis is directly related to the rate of tumor growth or tumor involvement. We have previously reported that flow cytometric deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)/bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) bivariate analysis can provide important information about the malignant potential of bladder cancer. In the present study, we have formulated a new system based on the histological grade and tumor proliferative activity determined by the BrdU labeling index. An attempt has been made, moreover, to investigate whether this grading system can be used to determine the malignant potential of bladder cancers. A total of 86 patients with bladder tumors, histologically proven to be transitional cell carcinomas, were analyzed. Immediately after removal of tumor specimens, in vitro BrdU labeling was performed. Multivariate survival analysis was conducted using Cox's regression model, followed by estimation of the risk ratio for survival. Based on the risk ratio of the histological grade and the BrdU labeling index, a score ranging from 1 to 52 was assigned to each tumor. Forty‐four patients with a score of 1 had a 100% survival rate at 3 years, compared with 42.9% for patients having a score greater than 1. Conversely, 26 patients with the highest score, 52 exhibited a survival rate of only 17.3% at 3 years. These results suggest that the new grading system can be used as an indicator for making decisions about treatment in cases of transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder.
LAPAROSCOPIC VARICOCELECTOMY: INVASIVENESS AND EFFECTIVENESS COMPARED WITH CONVENTIONAL OPEN RETROPERITONEAL HIGH LIGATION
Authors: Ogura Keiji , Matsuda Tadashi , Terachi Toshiro , Horii Yasuki , Takeuchi Hideo , Yoshida Osamu
Published: July 2007

The invasiveness of laparoscopic varicocelectomy and‐ open retroperitoneal high ligation of the internal spermatic veins were compared and the surgical effects on fertility of these two procedures determined. 48 of 97 men diagnosed with varicocele testis underwent laparoscopic varicocelectomy, while the remaining 49 underwent open retroperitoneal high ligation of the internal spermatic vessels. Operating time, number of post‐operative days to walking, length of hospital stay and analgesic use were measured as peri‐operative indicators of invasiveness. In addition, seminal parameters were determined in order to evaluate the effects of these procedures on fertility. The operating time required for laparoscopic surgery was significantly longer than that for open surgery (96.6 vs 78.1 min., p = 0.0078). The patients in the laparoscopic surgery group began walking earlier post‐operatively than did those who underwent open high ligation (0.97 vs 1.42 days, p = 0.00037). Length of hospital stay for the laparoscopic patients was shorter than for the open surgery group (7.05 vs 9.55 days, p=0.00001). There were no statistical differences between the groups in terms of semen quality or improvement in the post‐operative rate of pregnancy of partners. These findings indicate that laparoscopic varicocelectomy is associated with a shorter period of convalescence than open high ligation of the internal spermatic vessels.