bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intratumoral budding is associated with poor clinical outcome in early‐stage clear cell carcinoma of ovary*
Authors: Lin Lawrence Hsu , Zamuco Ronaldo DeLeon , Shukla Pratibha Sharma
Published: July 2021

Aims

Clear cell carcinoma of ovary (CCC) is considered a high‐grade malignancy by default and the role of histological grading for assessing clinical outcome is not established. We aimed to evaluate histopathological features associated with clinical outcome in CCC patients.

Methods and results

Seventy‐six cases of CCC with available clinical follow‐up information were studied. Histopathological features, including tumour size, architectural patterns, nuclear atypia, mitotic activity, intratumoral and peritumoral inflammation, presence of endometriosis, peritumoral and intratumoral budding, were evaluated. Multivariate analysis was performed with logistic regression and Kaplan–Meier survival curves with the log‐rank test were used for survival analysis. Forty cases (53%) presented at stage I. Complete response to treatment was achieved in 65%, while 35% of patients had tumour recurrence or progression of disease despite treatment. At last follow‐up, 13% had died of disease, 20% were alive with disease and 67% had no evidence of disease. Higher stage (P = 0.0016) and presence of intratumoral budding (P = 0.0454) were independently associated with recurrence/disease progression. Advanced stage (P = 0.0011), presence of lymph node involvement (P = 0.0003), intratumoral budding (P = 0.0023) and peritumoral budding (P = 0.0334) were significantly associated with shorter survival. Intratumoral budding was significantly associated with recurrent/progressive disease (P = 0.0195) and also shorter survival (P = 0.0277) within the cohort of low‐stage (I/II) patients as well.

Conclusion

We have shown that besides the classic prognostic factors of stage and lymph node status, the presence of tumour budding is associated with poorer outcome in patients with CCC. Specifically, evaluation of intratumoral budding may help to more clearly predict prognosis in patients with early‐stage disease.
Some pleomorphic adenomas of the breast share PLAG1 rearrangements with the analogous tumour of the salivary glands
Authors: Ma Shirong , Zhao Danhui , Liu Yixiong , Rohr Joseph , Zhang Fan , Ma Ying , Gong Li , Shi Huijuan , Wang Yingmei , Fan Linni , Qin Junhui , Wang Zhe , Guo Shuangping
Published: July 2021

Aims

Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) of the breast, and especially its malignant transformation, is extremely rare and represents a diagnostic pitfall. Molecular alterations in this entity have not been investigated. We aimed to examine the clinicopathological features of our breast PAs and perform molecular analysis.

Methods and results

Seven cases of breast PA, including two cases of carcinoma ex PA, were analysed. PLAG1 and HMGA2 gene rearrangements were assayed by fluorescence in‐situ hybridisation (FISH) and RNA sequencing (RNA‐Seq), respectively. Reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) and Sanger sequencing were used to verify RNA sequencing results. All seven cases of breast PA occurred in women. The histological features were similar to the analogous tumour in salivary glands, including a dual epithelial–myoepithelial component and negativity of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) by immunohistochemistry. Of the two cases with carcinoma ex PA, one demonstrated minimal invasion and one was extensively invasive. PLAG1 rearrangements were identified in two cases (28.6%), but no rearrangements of HMG2A were found. A novel fusion product in PAs, TRPS1–PLAG1, was identified in one case. No patients had recurrence or metastasis with a follow‐up period of 6–158 months.

Conclusions

Breast PA is rare, but it is an important differential diagnosis of breast pathology with the potential to develop carcinoma ex PA. We report a novel TRPS1–PLAG1 fusion gene in breast PA.
Interrogating the impact of combination antiretroviral therapies on HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorders
Authors: Sharma Ishta
Published: July 2021

Objectives

Although the advent of Combination Antiretroviral Therapy (cART) has greatly reduced the prevalence of HIV‐Associated Dementia, the most severe form of HIV‐Associated Neurocognitive Disorder (HAND), the incidence of the milder forms of HAND have risen. The explanations proposed include persistent central nervous system (CNS) viraemia and the neurotoxicity of chronic cART regimens. Nonetheless, controversies in HAND prevalence estimates, alongside a lack of consensus on the significance of CNS Penetration Effectiveness (CPE) have added to the complexity of elucidating the role of cART in HAND. The present review will evaluate the evidence underlying these explanations, as well as highlighting the need for improved trial designs and the incorporation of emerging biomarkers and neuroimaging tools.

Methods

A review of the current literature investigating cART neurotoxicity, controversies in HAND prevalence estimates, CNS Penetration Effectiveness, and neuroprotective adjuvant therapies.

Conclusions

Ultimately, the inadequacy of cART in achieving complete preservation of the CNS underscores the imminent need for neuroprotective adjuvant therapies, where the efficacy of combining multiple adjuvant classes presents a potential therapeutic frontier which must be interrogated.
HPV 16 and 18 contribute to development of anal dysplasia in HIV infection irrespective of gender and sexual orientation
Authors: Squillace Nicola , Bernasconi Davide Paolo , Lapadula Giuseppe , Soria Alessandro , Sabbatini Francesca , Colella Elisa , Rossi Marianna , Tamburini Andrea Marco , Leone Biagio Eugenio , Brenna Ambrogio , Malandrin Sergio , Cavallero Annalisa , Di Lucia Adriana , Braga Marco , Bonfanti Paolo
Published: July 2021

Objectives

The aim of the present study was too investigate prevalence and persistence of human papilloma virus (HPV) and cytological abnormalities (CAs) in the anal swabs of people living with HIV (PLWH): men who have sex with men (MSM), men who have sex with women (MSW) and women (W).

Methods

Between March 2010 and January 2019, an anal swab for cytological and HPV genotyping tests was offered to all PLWH attending our clinic. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify predictors of infection.

Results

In all, 354 PLWH were screened: 174 MSM, 90 MSW and 61 W. Prevalence of at least one high‐risk (HR) HPV was higher in MSM (91%) and W (85%) than in MSW (77%) (P < 0.05). Cytological abnormalities were found in 21.1% of the entire population. At multivariable regression analysis a lower risk for HPV infection was found for W than for MSM [odds ratio = 0.24 (95% confidence interval: 0.115–0.513)] and for MSW than for MSM [0.37 (0.180–0.773)] and there was a significantly higher risk of CAs in PLWH with HPV 16 and 18 [3.3 (1.04–10.49)]. A total of 175 PLWH (103 MSM, 33 MSW and 26 W) had at least one follow‐up visit (T1) after a median (interquartile range) follow‐up of 3.6 (2.1–5.7) years. The acquisition rate of HR‐HPV was high, with 66.7% of PLWH negative for HR‐HPV at T0 who became positive at T1 (P < 0.001). The prevalence of CAs was stable (20.6%). A significant association between CAs at T1 and persistence of HPV‐16 and/or 18 was found (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

HPV 16 and 18 are associated with the presence and development of CAs irrespective of sexual orientation.
What level of native beetle diversity can be supported by forestry plantations? A global synthesis
Authors: López‐Bedoya Pablo A. , Magura Tibor , Edwards Felicity A. , Edwards David P. , Rey‐Benayas José M. , Lövei Gábor L. , Noriega Jorge Ari
Published: July 2021

Forestry plantations have been established globally to meet timber demands, often leading to the conversion of natural to artificial forests. Forestry plantations may support natural elements of forest biodiversity, but understanding their role in the maintenance of biodiversity is a crucial question.

We performed a meta‐analysis of 48 studies to determine how forestry plantations relative to natural forests influence the species richness and abundance of three important coleopteran groups (i.e., ground beetles, rove beetles, and dung beetles), given their essential role in ecosystem functioning.

We assessed whether beetle responses depended on taxonomic group, geographical location, native or exotic character of the planted tree species, and associated management characteristics (i.e., composition, size, age, and connectivity of the plantations).

We found that forestry plantations negatively affected coleopteran species richness and abundance compared to natural forests. The negative impact was most severe in plantations with exotic tree species and located in tropical biomes.

Species richness and abundance of beetles significantly increased with plantation age in native plantations but decreased in exotic ones. Also, small plantations close to native forest had higher beetle species richness and abundance than ones located far away from native forest.

Stopping the conversion of natural forests to plantations, promoting the use of native tree species, and lengthening rotations are critical for allowing biodiversity recovery in forestry plantations, combined with a robust conservation strategy to protect threatened biodiversity and ecosystem functioning.
Differences between perceived age and chronological age in women: A multi‐ethnic and multi‐centre study
Authors: Voegeli Rainer , Schoop Rotraut , Prestat‐Marquis Elodie , Rawlings Anthony V. , Shackelford Todd K. , Fink Bernhard
Published: July 2021

Objective

Accuracy in assessing age from facial cues is important in social perception given reports of strong negative correlations between perceived age and assessments of health and attractiveness. In a multi‐ethnic and multi‐centre study, we previously documented similar patterns of female facial age assessments across ethnicities, influenced by gender and ethnicity of assessors.

Methods

Here we extend these findings by examining differences between estimated age from digital portraits and chronological age (Δ age) for 180 women from three age groups (20–34, 35–49, 50–66 years) and five ethnicities (36 images of each ethnicity, assessed for age on a continuous scale by 120 female and male raters of each ethnicity).

Results

Across ethnicities, Δ age was smallest in French assessors and largest in South African assessors. Numerically, French women were judged oldest and Chinese women youngest relative to chronological age. In younger women, Δ age was larger than in middle‐aged and older women. This effect was particularly evident when considering the interaction of women's age with assessor gender and ethnicity, independently and together, on Δ age.

Conclusion

Collectively, our findings suggest that accuracy in assessments of female age from digital portraits depends on the chronological age and ethnicity of the photographed women and the ethnicity and gender of the assessor. We discuss the findings concerning ethnic variation in skin pigmentation and visible signs of ageing and comment on implications for cosmetic science.
Identification of key enzymes involved in the accumulation of carotenoids during fruit ripening of Lycium barbarum L. by a proteomic approach
Authors: Zhao Xiaolu , Zhang Xikang , Liu Jun , Li Dongdong , Tao Yingmei , Tian Yutan , Li Peipei , Sun Shaoyi , Liu Dunhua
Published: July 2021

The isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)‐based proteomic approach was used to identify the key enzymes involved in the carotenoids accumulation from flowering to maturity stage of Lycium barbarum L. A total of 1,799 differentially expressed proteins were identified, and 190 were related to carotenoids metabolism. Six enzymes, including phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, zeta‐carotene desaturase, P450 carotenoid beta‐ring hydroxylase (LUT5), neoflavin synthase and nine‐cis‐epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase were found to be associated with the carotenoid accumulation during L. barbarum ripening by the proteomic analysis and qRT‐PCR. The changes in the chromaticity and carotenoid contents during fruit ripening were also studied. The contents of carotenoid, except violaxanthin were strongly correlated with the expression levels of the key enzymes, and the colours were strongly correlated with the contents of carotenoid. This study may contribute to further investigations of the accumulation mechanism of carotenoids in L. barbarum.
Cultural issues on accessing mental health services in Nepali and Iranian migrants communities in the UK
Authors: Simkhada Bibha , Vahdaninia Mariam , van Teijlingen Edwin , Blunt Hannah
Published: July 2021

Mental health in Black Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) communities is a rising public health concern in the UK, with key challenges around accessing mental health services. Our understanding of mental health issues in the growing Nepali and Iranian communities in the UK is very limited. Therefore, this study aims to explore the major factors affecting access to, and engagement with NHS mental health services. This study used a qualitative approach comprising in‐depth interviews with seven Nepali, eight Iranians and six community mental health workers in the south of England. The data were analysed using a thematic approach. Six themes were identified: (1) stigma and fear; (2) gender; (3) language; (4) tradition and culture; (5) family involvement; and (6) lack of cultural awareness in health workers, all appearing to be major issues. This study contributes to a shared understanding of mental illness within two given cultural contexts to promote early interventions in UK mental health services. Developing cross‐cultural perspectives in health care should be a priority in practice.
Preserving nurses’ professional dignity: Six evidence‐based strategies
Authors: Combrinck Yvonne , Van Wyk Neltjie C. , Mogale Ramadimetja S.
Published: July 2021

Aim

This study aimed to develop and refine strategies for preserving nurses’ professional dignity.

Background

Professional dignity is a non‐negotiable nursing professional value. It should at all times be respected because of the worthiness of nurses as professional human beings. They are at the centre of healthcare societies. Their worth and contributions to the health of others should be acknowledged and preserved.

Methods

Descriptive qualitative research was conducted during the development of the strategies while applying the principles of strategic navigation. The process was guided by the findings of the initial phase of the study and contextualised literature. Focus group discussions were held with healthcare professionals for the refinement of the strategies in two private hospitals in South Africa.

Findings

The strategies unfolded multiple possibilities to value nurses’ professional dignity. These were pathways for respecting, appreciating and supporting nurses; honouring nurses’ desire to hold the well‐being of patients in the highest regard; supporting nurses in fulfilling their professional roles; enabling nurses to take pride in themselves and the nursing profession; supporting nurses in demanding and complex circumstances and supporting nurses in coping with humiliating workplace experiences.

Conclusion

Strategies to ensure successful outcomes in preserving nurses’ professional dignity were developed and refined. The professional dignity experiences that mattered most were presented.

Implications for nursing/health policy

Valuing nurses’ professional dignity promotes respect and support for nurses and their desire to prioritise patient‐centred care, contributing to improved nursing practice and nurses’ confidence to assert their professional dignity. Preserving nurses’ professional dignity is a necessity in healthcare. It should be affirmed in equal standing in nursing codes of conduct, nursing curriculums and healthcare policies.
From ambidextrous learning to digital creativity: An integrative theoretical framework
Authors: Shao Zhen , Li Xixi , Wang Qian
Published: July 2021

Digital creativity (DC) stands for employee's generation of useful and fresh ideas through the use of digital technologies, which is one of the prominent consequences of effective digital technology use. Drawing insights from the tripartite view of technology use (ie, technology, individual and task elements) and the social role lens, our study proposes and tests an integrative theoretical framework to understand how female and male employees progress from ambidextrous learning in digital technology use to DC. We first interviewed five frontline employees and then surveyed 221 employees that were different from the interview sample from eight organisations. All participants utilised a similar version of internet‐of‐things (IoT) in their daily work. We find that (a) exploitative use has a stronger influence on DC for women than for men, while explorative use displays a higher impact on DC for men than for women, and (b) technology digital affordance (TDA), digital knowledge (DK), and task variety (TV) exhibit significant influences on both exploitative and explorative uses to varying extents. The post‐hoc analysis reveals that exploitative use mediates the influences of TDA and DK on DC only for women; explorative use mediates the impacts of TDA and TV on DC only for men. Our study advances the understandings of the downstream impact of technology use in the digital context.
Vitamin D improves oxidative stress and histopathological damage in rat ovaries caused by hyperthyroidism
Authors: Kaplan Selçuk , Türk Ahmet , Aydın Hasan , Erten Mehmet , Kırıcı Pınar
Published: July 2021

Objective

The aim of this study is to investigate the histopathological and biochemical efficacy of vitamin D on oxidative damage and fibrosis in rat ovaries induced by experimental hyperthyroidism.

Methods

This study is a comparative, prospective experimental rat study. Sprague–Dawley female rats were divided into four groups. Only distilled water was given to the rats in group 1 for 25 days. In group 2, 100 μg/day L‐thyroxine was given to rats for 25 days. In Group 3, 100 μg/day L‐thyroxine and 200 IU/day vitamin D were given to rats for 25 days. In group 4, only 200 IU/day vitamin D was administered for 25 days.

Results

This study is the first to demonstrate the protective effect of vitamin D against ovarian damage caused by experimental hyperthyroidism. Hyperthyroidism caused fibrotic degenerative changes in the ovaries and an increase in the fibrillin 1 score. It caused serum follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) levels to increase and serum E2 levels to decrease. In addition, malondialdehyde (MDA) and total oxidant status (TOS) levels increased in rats with hyperthyroidism. Vitamin D decreased MDA and TOS values and increased total antioxidant status (TAS) values in rats with hyperthyroidism. It also increased TSH values by causing a decrease in TT3 and TT4 values. It decreased fibrosis, follicle degeneration, stromal degeneration, and fibrillin 1 score in ovarian tissue.

Conclusion

Vitamin D has positive histopathological and biochemical effects on the oxidative stress and follicle damage caused by hyperthyroidism in ovarian tissue. Human studies with larger case populations should be conducted to evaluate the effects and clinical applications of vitamin D.
A Harvest of the Month Curriculum Increases Fruit and Vegetable Intake among 4th‐6th Grade Students
Authors: Strochlic Ron , Woodward‐Lopez Gail , Hewawitharana Sridharshi , Streng Katharina , Richardson Jackie , Whetstone Lauren , Gorshow Derek
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND

Most children do not eat enough fruits and vegetables (FV). Schools are a critical setting for supporting children to consume FV. To fill a gap in available materials, a classroom curriculum was developed and evaluated to determine impacts on student FV‐related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors.

METHODS

A pre‐/post‐intervention survey was administered to 4th‐6th grade students in 3 intervention and one comparison schools. Post‐intervention student focus groups, parent/guardian surveys, and teacher surveys provided complementary information.

RESULTS

Intervention students had a significantly greater increase in total FV intake, fruit intake, and 100% juice consumption, and preference for several types of FV relative to comparison group students. Students, teachers, and parents reported overall high levels of satisfaction with the curriculum.

CONCLUSIONS

The Harvest of the Month curriculum is effective at increasing fruit intake among a low‐income, diverse student population in grades 4‐6, is acceptable to students, teachers, and parents, and is feasible to implement. Findings suggest this impact is the result of changes in preferences, skills, and motivation but not self‐efficacy or perceived social norms. Some tailoring of the curriculum may be needed to increase its appropriateness for 6th‐grade students, increase the impact on vegetable intake, and limit intake of juice.
Brain perfusion magnetic resonance imaging using pseudocontinuous arterial spin labeling in 314 dogs and cats
Authors: Hoffmann Anne‐Cécile , Ruel Yannick , Gnirs Kirsten , Papageorgiou Stella , Zilberstein Luca , Nahmani Sarah , Boddaert Nathalie , Gaillot Hugues
Published: July 2021

Background

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) is a noninvasive brain perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique that has not been assessed in clinical veterinary medicine.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To test the feasibility of ASL using a 1.5 Tesla scanner and provide recommendations for optimal quantification of cerebral blood flow (CBF) in dogs and cats.

Animals

Three hundred fourteen prospectively selected client‐owned dogs and cats.

Methods

Each animal underwent brain MRI including morphological sequences and ≥1 ASL sequences using different sites of blood labeling and postlabeling delays (PLD). Calculated ASL success rates were compared. The CBF was quantified in animals that had morphologically normal brain MRI results and parameters of ASL optimization were investigated.

Results

Arterial spin labeling was easily implemented with an overall success rate of 95% in animals with normal brain MRI. Technical recommendations included (a) positioning of the imaging slab at the foramen magnum and (b) selected PLD of 1025 ms in cats and dogs <7 kg, 1525 ms in dogs 7 to 38 kg, and 2025 ms in dogs >38 kg. In 37 dogs, median optimal CBF in the cortex and thalamic nuclei were 114 and 95 mL/100 g/min, respectively. In 28 cats, median CBF in the cortex and thalamic nuclei were 113 and 114 mL/100 g/min, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Our survey of brain perfusion ASL‐MRI demonstrated the feasibility of ASL at 1.5 Tesla, suggested technical recommendations and provided CBF values that should be helpful in the characterization of various brain diseases in dogs and cats.
Post‐agriculture rain forest succession on a tropical Pacific island
Authors: Webb Edward L. , Lalogafu’afu’a Avele Iofi , van de Bult Martin , Lee Wei Kit , Fa’aumu Siaifoi , Izuddin Muhammad , MacDonald Mark A. , Meyer Roger , Oh Rachel Rui Ying , Tagarino Alden P. , Webb Rachel C. , Miles Adam C.
Published: July 2021

Questions

The effects of agriculture on forest biodiversity and ecosystem properties can persist decades or centuries after abandonment. Many Pacific island nations are experiencing declines in traditional agriculture. Seed dispersal and seedling recruitment are critical to forest regeneration, and this is particularly relevant for Polynesia where native seed disperser diversity is low and species have been extirpated to crisis levels. In this study we asked: are secondary lowland tropical forests converging to mature forest, and are there seedling recruitment and survival differences between forest types?

Location

The Polynesian island of Tutuila, American Samoa, where traditional agriculture has been on the decline since the 1940s and secondary forests comprise 70% of all forest area.

Methods

We surveyed 34 vegetation plots (containing 2,232 adult trees and 6,579 tree seedlings) across mature forest and >50 years old secondary lowland rain forest. We quantitatively compared forest diversity, structure and the 3‐year seedling regeneration dynamics of the tree community.

Results

Although species richness and stem densities were similar between mature and secondary forest, most diversity and structure parameters remained distinguishable between the two forest types. Basal area remained significantly higher in mature forest; the diagnostic tree species of mature and secondary forest differed; and community composition (as indicated by NMDS) remained significantly different. However, seedling survivorship did not differ between forest types and seedling recruitment patterns indicated that there remained a suite of effective seed dispersers on Tutuila.

Conclusions

We conclude that (a) community differences between mature and secondary lowland rainforest were driven by the abundance of diagnostic species rather than exclusion of species from a forest type, and (b) there was no evidence of biophysical or ecological barriers to forest recovery of lowland secondary rain forest, or its convergence towards mature lowland rain forest. Nevertheless, more than 50 years after agricultural abandonment, secondary forest remains distinct from mature forest, highlighting that land use legacies are long‐term drivers of forest composition and successional trajectory in post‐agricultural landscapes of Polynesia.
Effect of time in culture on fatty acid composition of copepods Tisbe sp. and Apocyclops sp.
Authors: Alejos Cabrera Ruth M. , Gaspar Reyes Wilmer A. , Flores Ramos Leenin , Ynga Huamán Gheraldine A. , Ruiz Soto Anthony , Niño Velásquez Alexander F.
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of time in culture on fatty acid composition of copepods Tisbe sp. and Apocyclops sp. For experiments, Tisbe and Apocyclops copepodites were separated and placed in 4‐L containers at 5 ind/mL. The fatty acids were evaluated at three different periods (hours) of culture (treatments): T1 = 6 hr, T2 = 12 hr, and T3 = 168 hr. Culture conditions were 25°C, salinity 35 ppt, illuminance 2,500 lx, with gentle aeration. The live food was Isochrysis galbana at 75 × 103 cells/mL. A total of 14 fatty acids were detected for both copepods. Although, there were absent two fatty acids for Apocyclops sp. (C18:3n‐6 and C18:1n‐7). The major percentages of fatty acids were more than 50% of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The essential fatty acids were detected such as C22:6n‐3 (docosahexaenoic acid [DHA]), C20:5n‐3 (eicosapentaenoic acid [EPA]), and C20:4n‐6 (arachidonic acid) for both species. Tisbe sp. was the species which shows the highest quantity of total lipids compared to Apocyclops sp. for the three treatments. Besides, in T3 both species had greater quantities of total lipids in respect to the first treatment. The ratio of DHA/EPA was optimal for culture of fish marine larvae because the proportion is higher than 2:1.
Novel findings in sea cucumber's digestive capacities: Enzymatic activities in the respiratory tree, implications for aquaculture
Authors: Martínez‐Milián Gloria , Olvera‐Novoa Miguel A. , Toledo‐Cuevas Elva Mayra
Published: July 2021

There is a demand for proper feed and feeding strategies in the growing sea cucumber aquaculture. The digestive system of holothurians seems to increase nutrient assimilation through the respiratory tree (RT), but digestive functioning in this organ has not been investigated. This study evaluated the enzymatic activity of the cytosolic leucine alanine peptidase (leu‐ala) and acid phosphatase, the membrane‐linked aminopeptidase‐N (APN), the bile salt‐activated lipase, laminarinase (LAM), and β‐glycosidase (BGL), in the RT and segments of the digestive tract (DT; foregut, midgut, and hindgut) of adult Isostichopus badionotus. All enzymes, except LAM and BGL, exhibited comparable activity levels in the RT and the DT segments, but APN and BGL activities were significantly higher in the whole DT compared with those in RT, with high activity of leu‐ala in both organs. These results indicate a relevant role of the RT as an accessory organ in sea cucumber digestive physiology. Consequently, I. badionotus seems to be able to digest feeds from the water column through the RT, maximizing the use of available nutrients by luminal, intracellular, and apical membrane‐linked digestive modes. These findings expand the knowledge of sea cucumber digestive mechanisms, with implications for developing feeding strategies for all life stages in aquaculture.
Deferred benefits of dominance for natal males in a cooperative breeder, the Kalahari meerkat
Authors: Spence‐Jones H. C. , Brehm A. M. , Cram D. , Gaynor D. , Thorley J. , Manser M. B. , Clutton‐Brock T. H.
Published: July 2021

In many cooperatively breeding mammals, an unrelated dominant pair monopolizes reproduction in the social group while subordinates help to raise their offspring. In Kalahari meerkats (Suricata suricatta), dominant males are usually immigrants while dominant females are natal animals that have not left the group where they were born. However, in around 20% of cases, a natal male acquires and holds the dominant position – despite being closely related to the dominant female. Natal dominant males seldom mate within their group (either with the dominant female or with subordinate females) and the benefits they accrue from acquiring and maintaining the dominant position are not obvious. Here, we describe the circumstances in which natal males acquire dominance and explore the possible benefits they gain by comparing the life history, growth and behavioural differences between natal dominants, natal subordinates and immigrant dominants in wild groups. We show that natal dominant males do not appear to obtain any survival, nutritional or reproductive benefits from their status while they remain in the natal group. However, after dispersing from their natal group, they have a higher chance of acquiring dominant status in another breeding group, suggesting that acquiring dominance in their natal group has deferred direct fitness benefits for male meerkats.
Restorative nodes of governance in the Anthropocene: Iran's Kashaf River
Authors: Braithwaite John , Hojabrosadati Honeye , Forsyth Miranda
Published: July 2021

This article describes an environmental crisis in Iran that is actually a multidimensional crisis of law and policy. The article explores the restorative nodal governance response to such polycentric problems by weaving together five related ideas originating from criminologist and regulatory scholar Clifford Shearing: nodal governance; regulatory culture as a storybook (rather than a rulebook); justice as a better future; networked discovery of Awareness, Motivation, and Pathways for transformation; and a green ethic of care to guide transformation. We use an imaginary of a river to learn from a confluence of these ideas. They involve nodes of local governance organized by front‐line workers who restoried intertwined problems with an ethic of care. The challenge uncovered is that restorative microstrategies proved promising when steering powerless actors, but frayed when faced with factory owners. More aggressive strategies of nodal governance may bring forth more responsive escalation in order to confront privilege. Yet such strategies might be more creatively escalated as nodes of conversational regulation that reconfigure Shearing's five insights to transform landscapes of power. A coherence discovered inductively across these insights revolves around restorative nodal contestation of hegemony. Even lives as infused with domination as those found along the Kashaf River in Iran, where our case study is set, can be restored in counterhegemonic ways.
Approaches to interpersonal conflict in simulation debriefings: A qualitative study
Authors: Roze des Ordons Amanda L. , Cheng Adam , Lockyer Jocelyn , Wilkie Ryan D. , Grant Vincent , Eppich Walter
Published: July 2021

Context

Conflict during simulation debriefing can interfere with learning when psychological safety is threatened. Debriefers often feel unprepared to address conflict between learners and the literature does not provide evidence‐based guidance within the simulation setting. The purpose of this study was to describe debriefers' approach to mediating interpersonal conflict and explore when, why and how they adopt mediation strategies.

Methods

We performed a secondary analysis of qualitative data collected as part of a larger study examining simulation debriefers' approaches to debriefing scenarios with different learner characteristics. For this study, we applied thematic analysis to transcripts from simulated debriefings (n = 10) and the associated pre‐simulation (n = 11) and post‐simulation (n = 10) interviews that focused on interpersonal conflict between learners.

Results

Debriefers described struggling with mediating conflict and the importance of self‐awareness. Specific mediation strategies included intervening, addressing power relations, reconciling unproductive differences, leveraging different perspectives, circumventing the conflict, and shifting beyond the conflict; each of these strategies encompassed a number of particular skills. Situations that triggered a mediation approach were related to psychological safety, emotional intensity, and opportunities for shared understanding and productive learning. Debriefers applied mediation strategies and skills in a flexible and creative way.

Conclusions

The strategies we have described for mediating interpersonal conflict between learners in simulation debriefing align with notions of psychological safety and may be useful in guiding future professional development for simulation educators.
Ceux du lointain de Patricia Cottron‐Daubigné
Authors: Ninanne Dominique
Published: July 2021

Le livre de poésie Ceux du lointain (2017) de Patricia Cottron‐Daubigné ressort à un versant de la littérature contemporaine qui s’intéresse aux représentations des personnes migrantes. L’objectif de cet article est de mettre en évidence les processus par lesquels l’auteure fait voir au lecteur la vie, et non la survie ou non‐vie, de migrants africains et d’une femme Rom, et l’entraîne vers la considération. À partir d’une perspective sémantico‐énonciative, seront envisagées la mise en abîme de l’écriture, la désignation des personnes migrantes, dont l’usage des pronoms personnels, l’attention aux valeurs humaines. Par ailleurs, cet article aborde la dimension résistante de Ceux du lointain.
Association of dexmedetomidine with recovery room and hospital discharge times: A retrospective cohort analysis
Authors: West Nicholas , Görges Matthias , Poznikoff Andrew , Whyte Simon , Malherbe Stephan
Published: July 2021

Background

Dexmedetomidine is a useful anesthetic adjunct, increasingly popular during pediatric surgery and procedural sedation. Its half‐life of 2–3 hours might prolong recovery and discharge times when compared with an un‐supplemented propofol anesthetic. This may create an additional burden in a busy post‐anesthetic care unit (PACU).

Aim

To investigate whether intraoperative adjuvant dexmedetomidine delays PACU discharge in patients undergoing propofol anesthesia for day surgery or procedural investigations with minimal anticipated post‐procedural pain.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of outpatient procedures performed during a six‐month period including pediatric patients, ASA physical status I‐III, who underwent intravenous anesthesia with propofol and remifentanil for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), strabismus repair, upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, or combined upper/lower gastrointestinal endoscopy. Patients receiving a sedative premedication, long‐acting opioids, or volatile anesthetics for maintenance of anesthesia, were excluded. Duration of PACU stay was compared for patients who did or did not receive intraoperative dexmedetomidine in the four procedure groups.

Results

Charts were reviewed for 359 patients; 130 (36%) received dexmedetomidine. Median differences in duration of PACU stay for dexmedetomidine versus non‐dexmedetomidine cases were: 5 minutes (95%CI 0 to 10, p=0.037) for MRI; 5 minutes (95%CI −3 to 15, p=0.258) for strabismus surgery; 7 minutes (95%CI 3 to 10, p<0.001) for upper endoscopy; and 5 minutes (95%CI 1 to 12, p=0.021) for combined upper/lower endoscopy. Linear regression (F=61.1, adjusted R2=0.40) indicated a significant relationship between dexmedetomidine dose (estimate 14.6 minutes per μg/kg, 95%CI 8.2 to 21.1, p<0.001) and duration of PACU stay.

Conclusion

We found evidence for a small association of intraoperative dexmedetomidine with duration of recovery from propofol anesthesia for a set of common outpatient procedures, with a potential dose relationship equivalent to approximately 15 minutes delay per μg/kg dexmedetomidine administered. Future research into the benefits of dexmedetomidine in pediatric anesthesia should further evaluate this relationship.
Spectral Properties of Chlorophyll f in the B800 Cavity of Light‐harvesting Complex 2 from the Purple Photosynthetic Bacterium Rhodoblastus acidophilus
Authors: Saga Yoshitaka , Tanaka Aiko , Yamashita Madoka , Shinoda Toshiyuki , Tomo Tatsuya , Kimura Yukihiro
Published: July 2021

The interactions of chlorophyll (Chl) and bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) pigments with the polypeptides in photosynthetic light‐harvesting proteins are responsible for controlling the absorption energy of (B)Chls in protein matrixes. The binding pocket of B800 BChl a in LH2 proteins, which are peripheral light‐harvesting proteins in purple photosynthetic bacteria, is useful for studying such structure–property relationships. We report the reconstitution of Chl f, which has the formyl group at the 2‐position, in the B800 cavity of LH2 from the purple bacterium Rhodoblastus acidophilus. The Qy absorption band of Chl f in the B800 cavity was shifted by 14 nm to longer wavelength compared to that of the corresponding five‐coordinated monomer in acetone. This redshift was larger than that of Chl a and Chl b. Resonance Raman spectroscopy indicated hydrogen bonding between the 2‐formyl group of Chl f and the LH2 polypeptide. These results suggest that this hydrogen bonding contributes to the Qy redshift of Chl f. Furthermore, the Qy redshift of Chl f in the B800 cavity was smaller than that of Chl d. This may have arisen from the different patterns of hydrogen bonding between Chl f and Chl d and/or from the steric hindrance of the 3‐vinyl group in Chl f.
Detection and characterization of QoI resistance inPyrenophora tritici‐repentispopulations causing tan spot of wheat in Argentina
Authors: Sautua Francisco José , Carmona Marcelo Aníbal
Published: July 2021

Tan spot, caused by the fungusPyrenophora tritici‐repentis(Ptr), is a disease that has become more prevalent and intense in wheat crops in Argentina in recent years. Failure to control the disease with strobilurin fungicides, which were once effective, has been observed in different zones where wheat is grown. However, whether or not true resistance is present in the pathogen population in the region is not scientifically confirmed. This study evaluated the sensitivity of numerous Ptr isolates to representative QoI fungicides used in Argentina through in vitro and in planta assays, as well as through molecular analysis. Eighty‐two monosporic isolates obtained in different locations in the north and south of Buenos Aires province in 2014, 2016, and 2018 were tested to determine sensitivity to selected QoI fungicides in conidial germination and mycelial inhibition assays, as well as in molecular analysis. Conidial germination was not inhibited at 1 µg/ml of azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, and pyraclostrobin. On the other hand, mycelial growth was inhibited by 59%, 56%, and 86% at 100 µg/ml of azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, and pyraclostrobin, respectively. The molecular analysis detected the G143A mutation in thecytbgene of all the 82 Ptr isolates, but the F129L and G137R substitutions were not present. This study documents the G143A mutation conferring QoI resistance in Ptr in South America. The findings of this study are key for future decisions regarding use of fungicide and rotation in the region.
Genetic diversity of Meloidogyne spp. from rice and identification of multiresistant sources in Oryza spp. accessions
Authors: Mattos Vanessa S. , Leite Raycenne R. , Santos Marcilene F.A. , Gomes Cesar B. , Castagnone‐Sereno Philippe , Cares Juvenil E. , Carneiro Regina M.D.G.
Published: July 2021

Recently a Meloidogyne species complex was detected parasitizing and causing damage to irrigated rice in southern Brazil, highlighting the need to study the genetic diversity of these species and their pathogenicity to Oryza spp. in order to select genotypes of rice with multiple resistance. This study compared the genetic diversity of Brazilian Meloidogyne spp. isolates from irrigated rice and evaluated the reaction of four wild accessions of Oryza species (O. glumaepatula, O. longistaminata, O. grandiglumis, and O. alta) and two cultivated species, O. glaberrima and O. sativa (control) to M. ottersoni, M. oryzae, and two variants of M. graminicola (Est G2 and Est G3). Genetic variability was assessed using RAPD and AFLP markers. M. graminicola and M. ottersoni showed high intraspecific variability: 83.76% and 41.14%, respectively. Cluster analysis showed a clear separation among rice root‐knot nematodes (RKNs) into subclades according to their esterase phenotypes with 100% bootstrap. For rice resistance screening, plants were inoculated with 5,000 eggs, and the nematode reproduction factor evaluated 90–120 days postinoculation. O. glumaepatula, an American wild species, was highly resistant or resistant to all rice RKNs tested and is a valuable source of multiple resistance. Overall, the other rice species also showed different levels of resistance. Conversely, O. longistaminata exhibited low levels of resistance. M. graminicola Est G3 was the most aggressive isolate. Sources of resistance against RKN in wild Oryza genotypes, especially in an AA genome like O. glumaepatula, may be of great interest for future breeding programmes in cultivated rice.
Racial preferences in sexual attraction among White heterosexual and gay men: Evidence from sexual arousal patterns and negative racial attitudes
Authors: Hsu Kevin J. , Lei Ryan F. , Bodenhausen Galen V.
Published: July 2021

Racial preferences in sexual attraction are highly visible and controversial. They may also negatively impact those who are excluded. It is unclear whether these preferences are merely self‐attributed or extend to patterns of experienced sexual arousal. Furthermore, some argue that racial preferences in sexual attraction reflect idiosyncratic personal preferences, while others argue that they are more systematically motivated and reflect broader negative attitudes toward particular races. In two studies, we examined these issues by measuring the sexual arousal patterns and negative racial attitudes of 78 White men in relation to their racial preferences in sexual attraction to White versus Black people. For both White heterosexual men (n = 40; Study 1) and White gay men (n = 38; Study 2), greater racial preferences in sexual attraction to White versus Black people of their preferred gender were associated with more subjective and genital arousal by erotic stimuli featuring White versus Black people of their preferred gender, and with more explicit and implicit negative attitudes toward Black people. Findings suggest that racial preferences in sexual attraction are reflected in patterns of sexual arousal, and they might also be systematically motivated by negative attitudes toward particular races.
Outcomes of patients with advanced idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis treated with nintedanib or pirfenidone in a real‐world multicentre cohort
Authors: Durheim Michael T. , Bendstrup Elisabeth , Carlson Lisa , Sutinen Eva M. , Hyldgaard Charlotte , Kalafatis Dimitrios , Myllärniemi Marjukka , Sköld C. Magnus , Sjåheim Tone
Published: July 2021

Background and objective

Antifibrotic therapy with nintedanib or pirfenidone slows disease progression and reduces mortality in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). However, patients with advanced IPF, as defined by forced vital capacity (FVC) < 50% and/or diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) < 30% of predicted, have not been included in randomized trials, and the outcomes of such patients who initiate treatment are not well understood. We determined lung function, disease progression and mortality outcomes following initiation of antifibrotic therapy in patients with advanced IPF at the time of treatment initiation compared to those with mild–moderate IPF.

Methods

We included 502 patients enrolled in IPF registries from four Nordic countries. Linear mixed models were used to assess change in FVC and DLCO over time. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess transplant‐free survival and progression‐ and transplant‐free survival.

Results

Of 502 patients, 66 (13%) had advanced IPF. Annual change in FVC was −125 ml (95% CI −163, −87) among patients with mild–moderate IPF, and +28 ml (95% CI −96, +152) among those with advanced IPF. Advanced IPF at treatment initiation was associated with poorer transplant‐free survival (hazard ratio [HR] 2.39 [95% CI 1.66, 3.43]) and progression‐ and transplant‐free survival (HR 1.60 [95% CI 1.15, 2.23]).

Conclusion

In a broadly representative IPF population, patients with advanced IPF at the initiation of antifibrotic therapy did not have greater lung function decline over time compared with those with mild–moderate IPF, but had substantially higher mortality. Prospective studies are needed to determine the effect of antifibrotic therapy in patients with advanced IPF.
Exporting and the wage premium: The case of South African manufacturing firms
Authors: Bezuidenhout Carli , Matthee Marianne , Rankin Neil
Published: July 2021

There is much literature to support the view that exporters (both developed and developing countries) pay higher wages than nonexporters. While this so‐called export wage premium has also been found to be prevalent in South Africa, it has not been thoroughly researched, with studies to date having relied on cross‐sectional sample data rather than on the population of firms and workers. Using a newly constructed employer–employee matched panel data set on South African manufacturing firms, the study examined the factors contributing to the export wage premium in these firms—from firm, individual, and job characteristics (both observable and unobservable) to firms’ distribution of wages and export destinations (e.g., SACU‐only [Firms exporting only to Southern African Customs Union countries], Africa‐only [Firms exporting only to African countries], or international [Firms exporting to both African and non‐African countries]). One of the key findings was that the export wage premium is not about being labeled an exporter. It is, however, because of the “type of firm” (unobservable firm characteristics) exporters are, the “type of workers” (unobservable individual characteristics) they employ, and the “type of jobs” (unobservable job characteristics) they create. Policymakers should therefore be aware that simply expanding the pool of exporters will not necessarily give momentum to the export wage premium phenomenon. Rather, policy measures should be aimed at increasing firm‐level productivity.