bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating the diffusional behaviour of Irganox®1076 antioxidant in HDPE/Cloisite®15A nanocomposite‐based food contact packaging films: Effect of nanoclay loading
Authors: Ait Cherif Ghania , Kerkour Abdelhakim , Baouz Touffik , Pillin Isabelle , Grohens Yves
Published: July 2018

In this research work, the prediction of the diffusion coefficient (Dp) of Irganox® 1076 (Ir‐76) antioxidant in HDPE‐based food contact packaging films was carried out. The diffusion of this additive was studied both, in neat HDPE film and in HDPE nanocomposites films made of HDPE matrix filled with 1, 3, and 5 wt% of a commercially available organoclay (Cloisite®15A). The diffusion experiments were carried out by using the Roe's method on films consisting of a stack of several polymer films having a total nominal thickness of 120 ± 01 μm. Diffusion coefficients were determined in the temperature range 80°C to 100°C according to the second Fick's law by measuring the evolution of the Ir‐76 concentration in the films by means of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis. The results indicated that the diffusion coefficient of Ir‐76 in HDPE films decreased with the addition of the organoclay, and a maximum reduction of 78% (at 23°C) in the diffusion rate of the Ir‐76 was observed at an optimum filler content of 3 wt%, thus making these films attractive for the plastic packaging industry.
Economical crowdsourcing for camera trap image classification
Authors: Hsing Pen‐Yuan , Bradley Steven , Kent Vivien T. , Hill Russell A. , Smith Graham C. , Whittingham Mark J. , Cokill Jim , Crawley Derek ,   MammalWeb volunteers, Stephens Philip A.
Published: July 2018

Camera trapping is widely used to monitor mammalian wildlife but creates large image datasets that must be classified. In response, there is a trend towards crowdsourcing image classification. For high‐profile studies of charismatic faunas, many classifications can be obtained per image, enabling consensus assessments of the image contents. For more local‐scale or less charismatic communities, however, demand may outstrip the supply of crowdsourced classifications. Here, we consider MammalWeb, a local‐scale project in North East England, which involves citizen scientists in both the capture and classification of sequences of camera trap images. We show that, for our global pool of image sequences, the probability of correct classification exceeds 99% with about nine concordant crowdsourced classifications per sequence. However, there is high variation among species. For highly recognizable species, species‐specific consensus algorithms could be even more efficient; for difficult to spot or easily confused taxa, expert classifications might be preferable. We show that two types of incorrect classifications – misidentification of species and overlooking the presence of animals – have different impacts on the confidence of consensus classifications, depending on the true species pictured. Our results have implications for data capture and classification in increasingly numerous, local‐scale citizen science projects. The species‐specific nature of our findings suggests that the performance of crowdsourcing projects is likely to be highly sensitive to the local fauna and context. The generality of consensus algorithms will, thus, be an important consideration for ecologists interested in harnessing the power of the crowd to assist with camera trapping studies.
Importance of sample preparation on reliable surface characterisation of nano‐objects: ISO standard 20579‐4
Authors: Baer Donald R. , Karakoti Ajay S. , Clifford Charles A. , Minelli Caterina , Unger Wolfgang E. S.
Published: July 2018

The international ISO Standard 20579‐4, dealing with the history and preparation of nano‐objects for surface analysis, has been developed to help address some of the replication and reproducibility issues caused by the fundamental nature of nano‐objects. Although all types of samples requiring surface analysis need thoughtful preparation, nano‐objects, for which many properties are controlled by their surfaces, present additional challenges in order to avoid variations and artefacts due to the handling and preparation of materials prior to analysis. This international standard is part of a series of standards related to preparation of samples for surface chemical analysis. Parts 1 and 2 of ISO Standard series 20579 address general issues that apply to many samples. Part 3, which is still in development, will focus on biomaterials. Part 4 specifically considers issues that arise due to the inherent nature of nano‐objects. Because of sensitivity to their environment, the standard indicates the minimum information that needs to be reported about the handling and preparation of nano‐objects prior to surface analysis. This information should become part of sample provenance information that helps assure the reliability and usefulness of data obtained from surface‐analysis in the context of the synthesis, processing, and analysis history of a batch of material. Application of this standard can help address reproducibility and traceability issues associated with synthesis, processing, and characterization of nano‐objects in research and commercial applications.
Experimental, DFT Studies and Biological Evaluation of S‐methyl‐β‐N‐(3‐(2‐nitrophenyl)allylidene)dithiocarbazate
Authors: Bhat Rayees A. , Kumar D. , Srivastava Anurag , Mir Bilal A. , Malla Manzoor A. , Bhat Muzzaffar A. , Mir Muzzaffar A.
Published: July 2018

S‐Methyl‐β‐N‐(3‐(2‐nitrophenyl)allylidene)dithiocarbazate (HL), Schiff base of S‐methyl dithiocarbazate, was synthesized by 1:1 condensation between S‐methyl dithiocarbazate and trans‐o‐Nitrocinnamaldehyde. It's in‐vitro cytotoxicity is assayed against two habitually infection causing bacteria strains including gram‐positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram‐negative Escherichia coli for antibacterial activity. The results showed appreciable biological activity and the activity increased with increase in concentration. This nitrogen‐sulfur based Schiff base (HL) was characterized by Mass, FT‐IR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, Raman, and UV‐Vis spectroscopic techniques. Theoretical quantum chemical calculation has been performed using DFT in combination with B3LYP exchange correlation functional and 6‐311++ G (d, p) basis sets level. The computed parameters were: Chemical potential of compound (μ) −0.174 eV, HOMO‐LUMO energy gap −0.11093 eV, chemical hardness (ɳ) −0.055 eV, softness (S) 2.164 eV, ionization energy (IE) −0.23026 eV, electron affinity (EA) −0.11933 eV, the electronegativity (EN) 0.174 eV, dipole moment (D) 1.3383 Debye and relative stabilization energy −1536.982 eV. In the theoretical FT‐IR spectrum analysis 81 fundamental vibrational modes has be observed because of non‐linear structure of HL, with potential energy distribution percentage (PED%) by using VEDA‐4 (Vibrational energy distribution analysis) software. Theoretically calculated parameters like 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, FT‐IR, UV‐VIS, Raman, electrostatic potential and HOMO‐LUMO energy gap were in conformity with experimental results.
Ni@NiO Nanowires on Nickel Foam Prepared via “Acid Hungry” Strategy: High Supercapacitor Performance and Robust Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting Reaction
Authors: Sun Haohao , Ma Zhuo , Qiu Yunfeng , Liu Hong , Gao Guang‐gang
Published: July 2018

Ni/NiO core–shell nanowires on nickel foam (NF) are successfully synthesized using an “acid‐hungry” strategy. The 3D electrode with large accessible active sites and improved conductivity, possesses an optimized ionic and electronic transport path during electrochemical processes. High areal capacitance of 1.65 F cm−2 is obtained at an ultrahigh current density of 100 mA cm−2, which is 19.88 times higher than pristine NF. The direct growth of nanowires makes the present supercapacitor electrode robust for long‐term cycling test. By virtue of the favorable hydrogen adsorption energies on Ni0 and OHads energy on NiO or NiOOH, the 3D electrode exhibits high performance in hydrogen evolution reaction with 146 mV at and Tafel value of 72 mV dec−1, and oxygen evolution reaction with 382 mV at and Tafel value of 103 mV dec−1 in 1 m KOH. An electrolyzer using 3D electrodes as both anode and cathode can yield a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at 1.71 V, and possesses superior long‐term stability to an electrolyzer consisting of Pt/C||Ir/C. The present work develops an effective and low‐cost method for the large‐scale fabrication of Ni/NiO core–shell nanowires on commercial NF, providing a promising candidate for supercapacitors, fuel cells, and electrocatalysis.
Controlled, Low‐Temperature Nanogap Propagation in Graphene Using Femtosecond Laser Patterning
Authors: Maurice Ange , Bodelot Laurence , Tay Beng Kang , Lebental Bérengère
Published: July 2018

Graphene nanogap systems are promising research tools for molecular electronics, memories, and nanodevices. Here, a way to control the propagation of nanogaps in monolayer graphene during electroburning is demonstrated. A tightly focused femtosecond laser beam is used to induce defects in graphene according to selected patterns. It is shown that, contrary to the pristine graphene devices where nanogap position and shape are uncontrolled, the nanogaps in prepatterned devices propagate along the defect line created by the femtosecond laser. Using passive voltage contrast combined with atomic force microscopy, the reproducibility of the process with a 92% success rate over 26 devices is confirmed. Coupling in situ infrared thermography and finite element analysis yields a real‐time estimation of the device temperature during electrical loading. The controlled nanogap formation occurs well below 50 °C when the defect density is high enough. In the perspective of graphene‐based circuit fabrication, the availability of a cold electroburning process is critical to preserve the full circuit from thermal damage.
Reduction of DNA Folding by Ionic Liquids and Its Effects on the Analysis of DNA–Protein Interaction Using Solid‐State Nanopore
Authors: Jeong Ki‐Baek , Luo Ke , Lim Min‐Cheol , Jung Jong‐Yoon , Yu Jae‐Seok , Kim Ki‐Bum , Kim Young‐Rok
Published: July 2018

DNA folding is not desirable for solid‐state nanopore techniques when analyzing the interaction of a biomolecule with its specific binding sites on DNA since the signal derived from the binding site could be buried by a large signal from the folding of DNA nearby. To resolve the problems associated with DNA folding, ionic liquids (ILs), which are known to interact with DNA through charge–charge and hydrophobic interactions are employed. 1‐n‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride (C4mim) is found to be the most effective in lowering the incident of DNA folding during its translocation through solid‐state nanopores (4–5 nm diameter). The rate of folding signals from the translocation of DNA–C4mim is decreased by half in comparison to that from the control bare DNA. The conformational changes of DNA upon complexation with C4mim are further examined using atomic force microscopy, showing that the entanglement of DNA which is common in bare DNA is not observed when treated with C4mim. The stretching effect of C4mim on DNA strands improves the detection accuracy of nanopore for identifying the location of zinc finger protein bound to its specific binding site in DNA by lowering the incident of DNA folding.
Recent Advances toward High‐Efficiency Halide Perovskite Light‐Emitting Diodes: Review and Perspective
Authors: Van Le Quyet , Jang Ho Won , Kim Soo Young
Published: July 2018

Organic–inorganic halide perovskite materials have attracted significant attention during the last few years because of their superior properties for electronic and optoelectronic devices, such as their long charge‐carrier diffusion lengths and high photoluminescence quantum yields of up to 100% with tunable bandgaps over the entire visible spectral range. In addition to solar cells, light‐emitting diodes represent a fascinating application for halide perovskite materials. Here, the recent progress relating to halide perovskite LEDs is reviewed. The current strategies for improving the performance of halide LEDs, focusing on morphological engineering, dimensional engineering, compositional engineering, surface passivation, interfacial engineering, and the plasmonic effect are discussed. The challenges and perspectives for the future development of halide perovskite LEDs are also considered.
Integrating Content Expertise and Methodological Expertise in Team‐Based Settings to Address Complex Societal Issues—A Systems Perspective on Challenges
Authors: Hogan Michael , Broome Benjamin , Harney Owen , Noone Chris , Dromgool‐Regan Cushla , Hall Tony , Hayden Sandra , O'Higgins Siobhán , Khoo Su‐Ming , Moroney Mike , O'Reilly John , Pilch Monika , Ryan Cormac , Slattery Brian , Van Lente Eric , Walsh Edith , Walsh Jane , Hogan Victoria
Published: July 2018

Systems‐based approaches to societal problem‐solving entail a capacity to synthesise our knowledge and skills such that we can resolve shared problems. However, the increasing range of knowledge specialisms, scientific and engineering methods, and skill profiles at the population‐level challenges solidarity. It is also difficult to identify unifying goals and establish sustainable educational infrastructures that support transdisciplinary teamwork. Drawing upon the collective intelligence of a multidisciplinary group, this paper highlights challenges to integrating content expertise and methodological expertise in team‐based efforts to address complex social issues. Challenges identified include the following: stakeholder participation, heterogeneity and conflict, supporting effective group dynamics, defining goals, planning and resourcing, resistance and fears amongst group members, and the absence of effective teamwork methodologies. A systems model developed by the group helped to clarify interdependencies between challenges. We conclude by highlighting the need to develop societal infrastructures supporting our capacity for teamwork into the future. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exergy Analysis and Optimization of Sintering Process
Authors: He Chengchi , Feng Yanhui , Feng Daili , Zhang Xinxin
Published: July 2018

Iron ore sintering is an important and large energy‐consumption segment in the iron and steel industry. It is thus essential to save energy in the sintering process considering both quality and quantity. This paper takes exergy loss minimization as an optimization objective, and a sintering optimization model is established based on material balance and exergy balance. Optimized results are obtained by solving constrained multidimensional nonlinear programming problems. Two types of sintering processes, in which solid fuels consist of coke and coke/coal powder, are calculated and analyzed. The effects of fuel ratio, fuel preheat temperature, and sinter basicity on exergy losses are also studied. The results show that the exergy losses obtained from optimizations for two types of solid fuels decrease by 5.0% and 8.1%, respectively. Exergy loss has a negative correlation with the coal ratio and fuel preheat temperature and a positive correlation with the coke ratio and sinter basicity. Exergy efficiencies increase from 29.7% to 35.0% and 35.5%, for each optimization. The research in this paper is highly significant to exploring of the sintering process, guiding steel production, and reducing energy consumption.
Clarifying cognitive control and the controllable connectome
Authors: Medaglia John D.
Published: July 2018

Cognitive control researchers aim to describe the processes that support adaptive cognition to achieve specific goals. Control theorists consider how to influence the state of systems to reach certain user‐defined goals. In brain networks, some conceptual and lexical similarities between cognitive control and control theory offer appealing avenues for scientific discovery. However, these opportunities also come with the risk of conceptual confusion. Here, I suggest that each field of inquiry continues to produce novel and distinct insights. Then, I describe opportunities for synergistic research at the intersection of these subdisciplines with a critical stance that reduces the risk of conceptual confusion. Through this exercise, we can observe that both cognitive neuroscience and systems engineering have much to contribute to cognitive control research in human brain networks.

This article is categorized under:

Neuroscience > Cognition

Computer Science > Neural Networks

Neuroscience > Clinical Neuroscience
Establishing the teratogenicity of Zika and evaluating causal criteria
Authors: Williamson Jon
Published: July 2018

The teratogenicity of the Zika virus was considered established in 2016, and is an interesting case because three different sets of causal criteria were used to assess teratogenicity. This paper appeals to the thesis of Russo and Williamson (Int Stud Philos Sci 21(2):157–170, 2007) to devise an epistemological framework that can be used to compare and evaluate sets of causal criteria. The framework can also be used to decide when enough criteria are satisfied to establish causality. Arguably, the three sets of causal criteria considered here offer only a rudimentary assessment of mechanistic studies, and some suggestions are made as to alternative ways to establish causality.
N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor–mediated calcium influx connects amyloid‐β oligomers to ectopic neuronal cell cycle reentry in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Kodis Erin J. , Choi Sophie , Swanson Eric , Ferreira Gonzalo , Bloom George S.
Published: July 2018

Introduction

Alzheimer's disease (AD) symptoms reflect synaptic dysfunction and neuron death. Amyloid‐β oligomers (AβOs) induce excess calcium entry into neurons via N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs), contributing to synaptic dysfunction. The study described here tested the hypothesis that AβO‐stimulated calcium entry also drives neuronal cell cycle reentry (CCR), a prelude to neuron death in AD.

Methods

Pharmacologic modulators of calcium entry and gene expression knockdown were used in cultured neurons and AD model mice.

Results

In cultured neurons, AβO‐stimulated CCR was blocked by NMDAR antagonists, total calcium chelation with 1,2‐Bis(2‐aminophenoxy)ethane‐N,N,N′,N′‐tetraacetic acid tetrakis(acetoxymethyl ester) (BAPTA‐AM), or knockdown of the NMDAR subunit, NR1. NMDAR antagonists also blocked the activation of calcium‐calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II and treatment of Tg2576 AD model mice with the NMDAR antagonist, memantine, prevented CCR.

Discussion

This study demonstrates a role for AβO‐stimulated calcium influx via NMDAR and CCR in AD and suggests the use of memantine as a disease‐modifying therapy for presymptomatic AD.
Clinical Characteristics of the 2013 Haiyan Typhoon Victims Presenting to the Belgian First Aid and Support Team
Authors: van Berlaer Gerlant , de Jong Frank , Das Timothy , Gundran Carlos Primero , Samyn Matthijs , Gijs Geert , Buyl Ronald , Debacker Michel , Hubloue Ives
Published: July 2018

Objective

In 2013, the Philippines was struck by typhoon Haiyan, which damaged local hospitals and disrupted health care. The Belgian First Aid and Support Team erected a field hospital and water purification unit in Palo. This study aims to describe the diagnoses encountered and treatment provided.

Methods

In this cross-sectional study, medical records of 1267 field hospital patients were reviewed for gender, age, complaints, diagnoses, and management and referral information.

Results

Almost 28% of the patients suffered from injury, but most presented with nonsurgical diseases (64%), particularly of respiratory (31%), dermatological (11%), and digestive (8%) origin. Only 53% presented with disaster-related pathology, and 59% showed signs of infection. Patients needed wound care (47%), pain relief (33%), or antibiotics (29%); 9% needed procedures, 8% needed fluid therapy, and 5% needed psychological support. Children under 5 years of age were more at risk for infections (OR, 18.8; CI, 10.6-33.3) and injuries (OR, 10.3; CI, 6.3-16.8). Males were more prone to injuries than females (OR, 2.1; CI, 1.6-2.6).

Conclusions

One week after the acute phase of a typhoon, respiratory, dermatological, and digestive problems emerge to the prejudice of trauma. Only 53% of patients presented with disaster-related conditions. Young children are more at risk for injury and infectious diseases. These trends should be anticipated when composing Emergency Medical Teams and medical resources to be sent to disaster sites. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:265-278)
Dynamics and excitation in a low mass-damping cylinder in cross-flow with side-by-side interference
Authors: Huera-Huarte Francisco J.
Published: July 2018

Experiments have been conducted with a low mass-damping circular cylinder, elastically supported in a cross-flow, in the vicinity of a second stationary cylinder. The dynamic response, including amplitudes and frequencies of oscillation, together with the fluid excitation, were measured covering a large parametric space, consisting of variations in the gap distance between the cylinders as well as in the reduced velocity and Reynolds number. The flow dynamics in the near wake was also measured using planar particle image velocimetry. The results show how there is a strong wake interaction between the cylinders that greatly modifies the vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) of the elastically mounted cylinder when the centre-to-centre distance between the models is initially set to values smaller than $3.5D$, where $D$ is the external diameter. The wake interference leads to responding amplitudes that are reduced if compared to those of isolated cylinders undergoing VIV, while responding frequencies are increased. The transverse force coefficients observed in the lock-in region increase and the upper branch shifts to smaller reduced velocities. The phase between motion and excitation is also shifted and values measured in the lower branch of the response tend to be smaller than those typical of isolated cylinders. At the smallest separation distances investigated, the wakes of the cylinders are synchronised in an out-of-phase mode of shedding, characterised by a biased flow towards the oscillating cylinder.
Comparison in intersectional discrimination
Authors: Atrey Shreya
Published: July 2018

This article considers the use of comparison in establishing multi-ground claims of intersectional discrimination. Leading examples of test cases from the US and the UK exemplify the challenges in using comparison to establish discrimination against Black women, based on the grounds of both race and sex. These challenges include: the insistence on using a single mirror comparator (viz white men) or the difficulties in choosing multiple comparators from a range of options (viz white women, Asian women, Black men, white men etc); the missing rationale for the selection; and the unwieldiness in actually appreciating the nature of intersectional discrimination based on this exercise. To overcome these, Canadian courts have relaxed the strict requirement of necessarily resorting to comparison for proving discrimination and switched to the flexible approach. However, in practice, flexible approach appears as fastidious as strict comparison in its selection and use of comparators. Thus, neither of the two approaches has been too helpful in supporting intersectional claims. The article argues that instead, a useful way of proving intersectional discrimination is to follow the South African approach of making comparisons contextually: (i) between all relevant comparators, identified in reference to one, some, and all of the grounds or personal characteristics; and (ii) sifting through comparative evidence with the purpose of establishing similar and different patterns of group disadvantage which characterise the nature of intersectional discrimination. This approach brings both principle and purpose to employing comparison and can be especially useful in appreciating intersectional discrimination as based on multiple grounds.
Estimating Smooth Country–Year Panels of Public Opinion
Authors: Claassen Christopher
Published: July 2018

At the microlevel, comparative public opinion data are abundant. But at the macrolevel—the level where many prominent hypotheses in political behavior are believed to operate—data are scarce. In response, this paper develops a Bayesian dynamic latent trait modeling framework for measuring smooth country–year panels of public opinion even when data are fragmented across time, space, and survey item. Six models are derived from this framework, applied to opinion data on support for democracy, and validated using tests of internal, external, construct, and convergent validity. The best model is reasonably accurate, with predicted responses that deviate from the true response proportions in a held-out test dataset by 6 percentage points. In addition, the smoothed country–year estimates of support for democracy have both construct and convergent validity, with spatiotemporal patterns and associations with other covariates that are consistent with previous research.
From Oysters to Cockles at Hjarnø Sund: Environmental and Subsistence Changes at a Danish Mesolithic Site
Authors: Larsen Johan S , Philippsen Bente , Skriver Claus , Astrup Peter M , Borup Per , Mannino Marcello A
Published: July 2018

Archaeological fieldwork at Hjarnø Sund in Horsens Fjord (eastern Jutland, Denmark) has explored an eroding Mesolithic shell midden. Its stratigraphy is characterized by two layers, containing marine mollusk taxa typically collected by Mesolithic hunter-gatherers for food. In the field, the lower layer appeared to be dominated by oysters (Ostrea edulis), while the upper one by cockles (Cerastoderma edule), which was confirmed by our zooarchaeological study. Accelerator mass spectrometry radiocarbon (AMS 14C) dating on shells and paired charcoal samples from the two layers indicate that these are chronologically consecutive (separated by as little as 0–163 yr [95.4%]) and that the oyster-to-cockle shift dated between ~5500–5300 and ~5300–5200 cal BC (around or just after the Kongemose/Ertebølle transition). The shell midden at Hjarnø Sund is, thus, one of the oldest-known in Denmark, demonstrating that intensive shellfish exploitation was a hallmark of the Ertebølle culture from its inception. Oyster-to-cockle shifts, thus, also occurred at times other than the Mesolithic–Neolithic Transition and may have been ultimately caused by local shoreline displacements, resulting from changes in sedimentation, possibly induced by drops in relative sea level.
De novo aortopathy and cardiovascular outcomes in paediatric liver transplant recipients
Authors: Huang James G. , Lim Terence , Quek Swee-Chye , Quak Seng-Hock , Aw Marion M.
Published: July 2018

With the increase in long-term survival of post-transplant children, there is a paradigm shift in the emphasis of post-transplant care. We describe de novo cardiovascular abnormalities, which occurred in otherwise asymptomatic paediatric liver transplant recipients, who received liver allografts between 1991 and 2014 at the National University Hospital, Singapore, detected during routine post-transplant monitoring. A total of 96 paediatric liver transplants were performed in 90 children. After transplant, 7/90 (7.8%) recipients were identified with new-onset aortopathy. Glycogen storage disease type I (42.9% versus 2.4%; p<0.001) and recipient Epstein-Barr virus seropositivity (85.7 versus 31.0%, p=0.004) were significant risk factors for aortopathy on univariate analysis. On multivariate analysis, only glycogen storage disease type I remained as the significant risk factor (odds ratio 51.3 [95% confidence intervals: 1.1–2498.1, p=0.047]). Liver transplant is a double-edged sword that reverses certain cardiopulmonary complications of end-stage liver disease but may induce de novo structural cardiac injury in the form of aortic dilation.
Creation of a defined and stable Fontan fenestration with the new Occlutech Atrial Flow Regulator (AFR®)
Authors: Lehner Anja , Schulze-Neick Ingram , Haas Nikolaus A.
Published: July 2018

This report describes the first clinical experience with the new Occlutech Atrial Flow Regulator (AFR®) device for implementation of a late Fontan fenestration. The AFR® device secured a defined diameter of the fenestration without spontaneous re-occlusion of this extra-anatomic perforation. This ensured a permanent clinical improvement of our failing Fontan patient.
Special issue on mechanisms of French contact influence in Middle English: diffusion and maintenance
Authors: TIMOFEEVA OLGA , INGHAM RICHARD
Published: July 2018

Recent years have seen a spate of publications that attempt to recontextualise the history of English in contact-linguistic (Miller 2012; Lutz 2013; Durkin 2014) and sociolinguistic terms (Millar 2012), and conversely to confront previous descriptions of contact phenomena with new data and theoretical insights available from situations of language shift and substratum influence (Filppula, Klemola & Paulasto 2008; Vennemann 2011), extensive bilingualism (Schendl & Wright 2011), language acquisition (Ingham 2012) and contact-induced grammaticalisation (Timofeeva 2010). Coupled with advances in our understanding of contact- and acquisition-induced language change (Heine & Kuteva 2005; Jarvis & Pavlenko 2008), and of the role of contact in the varieties of English around the world (Schreier & Hundt 2013), there is a clear need in this area of historical research for scholars to reinvestigate earlier stages of English as a contact language.
Mahler and ‘The Newspaper Company’: A Newly Discovered Contract
Authors: Banks Paul
Published: July 2018

In the early 1890s Mahler’s attempts to interest the German music publisher, B. Schott’s Söhne, in his large-scale works proved fruitless and the owner, Dr Ludwig Strecker, was content to publish a collection of songs, the 14 Lieder und Gesänge. Even for a major firm, with ample opportunity to use income from popular works to cross-subsidize more costly and risky ventures, the publication of new, innovative symphonies was unattractive. For Mahler one temporary solution emerged unexpectedly thanks to two Hamburg patrons who funded both the performance and publication of his Second Symphony.

However, this was hardly a satisfactory arrangement, as no orchestral parts were printed, and it was only thanks to the intervention of an old friend, Guido Adler, that Mahler finally saw his first four symphonies, Das klagende Lied and the Wunderhorn songs, published in practical and performable editions. The firm that undertook this large-scale project was not primarily a music publisher at all, but a printing company, the Erste Wiener Zeitungs Gesellschaft, and until recently the details of its agreement with Mahler were unknown. With the discovery in 2014 of a manuscript draft of the firm’s contract with Mahler this important step in the dissemination of Mahler’s music can be better understood.

The article presents a transcription and translation of the draft contract, and a commentary, drawing on other published and unpublished primary sources, that seeks to set the document in the wider contexts of the history of music publishing in Vienna and of the Erste Wiener Zeitungs Gesellschaft in particular, Austrian copyright legislation, and the publication of Mahler’s music.
Some Historical and Philosophical Perspectives on Science, Evolution and Religion
Authors: Campbell Lyle D.
Published: July 2018

In Christian faith, the Bible stands equally true with nature as coexpressions of God's self-revelation. Literalism means the acceptance of that record as true, whether of rocks, fossils, or scriptures. “Biblical literalism” as used by many fundamental sects additionally requires very restricted interpretations formulated more for countering natural and theological “heresies” than for conformity with the Bible. Yet Genesis, in Hebrew, uses phenomenological language and idiom to describe the Creator and creation, leaving great latitude on the questions of how and when. Prominent among “conflicts” which have influenced Judeo-Western thought are: Babylonian and Alexandrian conquests, Greek logic and paganism, Islamic scholarship, the Renaissance and Reformation, and the Age of Reason, including the atheistic materialism of David Hume. James Hutton, Hume's protege, developed the idea of sufficiency of natural causes in the absence of a creator. Lyell and Darwin then extended this substantive uniformitarianism to inorganic and organic evolution. Both Creationism and Darwinism are predicated on a dualistic cosmological model of an instant, miraculous creation versus a self-existent, evolving, Time-Energy-Matter universe. Darwinism draws from the earth evidence for change over eons of time, and assumes self-existence and chance causation. Creationism insists on an earth created young with the appearance or illusion of age, denying time and therefore chance. As debate rages, neither side seems willing to reexamine the Bible, which plainly teaches that God's purposes are normally worked out through natural law which has no existence apart from His sustaining will. The material Universe is, according to the Bible, the self-expression of a God who cannot lie.
The Consistency of Radiometric Dating in the Geologic Record
Authors: Osmond J. K.
Published: July 2018

The total number of radiometric age determinations that have been made on geologically significant samples now exceeds about 300,000. This total, which includes many duplicate determinations by different investigators using different techniques, is being augmented at the rate of about 15,000 per year. Nevertheless, estimates of the ages of geological eras have not changed significantly since the first few dozen determinations were made more than 50 years ago. Consequently, the level of confidence that can be assigned to the specific ages on the radiometric time scale is much greater than is generally realized.
Science, Creationism, and the Constitution
Authors: McKown Delos B.
Published: July 2018

Even though our Constitution is utterly secular, the practice of religion enjoys stronger legal guarantees than does the dissemination of scientific knowledge, especially in the public schools. Americans are often led to believe that science and religion do not conflict, but this is false whenever a religion based on scriptural inerrancy arises as is now the case with resurgent fundamentalism. Current battles between “scientific creationism” and evolution illustrate but do not exhaust this point. Since science education cannot escape the growing fundamentalist threat, the friends of science ought to increase their influence in public school curricula, in guaranteeing scientific integrity in curricula, and in improving the image of science.
Belastungserleben Angehöriger von Suchterkrankten – Welche Rolle spielen Beziehungsstatus und Konsummittel?
Authors: Hofheinz Christine , Soellner Renate
Published: July 2018

Zusammenfassung. Zielsetzung: Angehörige von Menschen mit problematischem Konsum sind vielfältigen Belastungssituationen ausgesetzt. In dieser Studie wird untersucht, ob Angehörige erhöhte Werte an physischen und psychischen Belastungssymptomen aufweisen und ob das Ausmaß an Belastung sich in Abhängigkeit von der Art der Beziehung (Partner/innen vs. Eltern vs. Kinder) und des Konsummittels (Alkohol vs. illegale Drogen) der Konsumierenden unterscheidet. Methodik: Dazu wurde bei N = 191 Angehörigen das Ausmaß an Erschöpfung, Magenbeschwerden, Somatisierung, Unsicherheit in Sozialkontakten, Depressivität und Ängstlichkeit erfasst und mit entsprechenden Normwerten verglichen. Ergebnisse: Die Angehörigengruppe wies auf allen sechs Variablen signifikant erhöhte Werte auf. Mittels multivariater Varianzanalysen wurden Unterschiede zwischen den Angehörigengruppen untersucht, hierbei zeigte sich lediglich ein Belastungsunterschied zwischen Partner/innen und Kindern von problematischen Alkoholkonsumierenden. Während Partner/innen höhere Depressivitätswerte aufwiesen, reagierten Kinder eher mit Magenbeschwerden. Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse zeigen einerseits, dass es sich bei Angehörigen um eine belastete Gruppe handelt, die einen hohen Bedarf an psychosozialer Unterstützung hat. Andererseits legen diese Ergebnisse eher gruppenübergreifende Unterstützungsangebote nahe.
„Mama denk’ an mich“ (MAMADAM) – ein multimodales Therapieprogramm für suchtkranke Schwangere, Mütter und Väter im Rahmen der psychiatrischen Institutsambulanz
Authors: Groß Cornelius , Hahn Susanna , Spreer Maik , Behrendt Silke , Dinger Jürgen , Reichert Jörg , Pilhatsch Maximilian , S. Zimmermann Ulrich
Published: July 2018

Zusammenfassung. Zielsetzung: Suchtkranke Personen und insbesondere Methamphetamin (MA) -abhängige schwangere Frauen, Mütter und Väter brauchen spezifische Hilfsangebote für sich und ihre Kinder. Am Universitätsklinikum Dresden wurde 2016 dazu das interdisziplinäre Programm „Mama denk‘ an mich“ (MAMADAM) ins Leben gerufen, dessen suchttherapeutischer Teil hier vorgestellt wird. Methode: Die Therapieaufgaben der Ärzte, Psychologen und Sozialarbeiter werden dargestellt. Spezifisch gehören dazu die MA-spezifische Gruppenpsychotherapie für schwangere Frauen und Mütter, Vorgehen beim Abstinenznachweis und bei positivem Drogentest sowie die Zusammenarbeit mit den Jugendämtern. Ergebnisse: Bislang wurden insgesamt 13 Schwangere, 49 Mütter und19 Väter vorstellig. Die Hauptsuchtmittel waren MA (65 %), Alkohol (18 %) und Cannabis (15 %). Komorbide psychiatrische Störungen lagen bei 78 % der Fälle vor, bei 56 % beinhaltete dies auch nicht suchtbezogene Störungen. 71 % waren zu Therapiebeginn überwiegend fremdmotiviert, 71 % bezogen Arbeitslosengeld II und 38 % waren vorbestraft. Die Haltequote für Patienten, die ins Therapieprogramm eingeschlossen wurden, lag bei 77 % bei einer Therapiedauer von 22 Wochen (Median). 20 Patienten wurden in stationäre Entgiftungs-/Reha-Behandlung vermittelt. Diskussion: Die behandelte Stichprobe stellt eine hoch risikobehaftete Klientel dar. Dennoch gelang es im ambulanten Setting, den überwiegenden Anteil abstinent in Therapie zu halten. Die ambulante psychiatrische Suchttherapie kann somit für Eltern eine sinnvolle Alternative zur stationären Langzeittherapie darstellen.
Häufigkeitsentwicklung alkoholassoziierter Vorstellungen in einer interdisziplinären großstädtischen Notaufnahme: Vergleich 2009 vs. 2014
Authors: Kirchner Heribert , Kirchner-Overfeld Eva-Charlotte , Juckel Georg , Schäfer Martin
Published: July 2018

Zusammenfassung. Einleitung: Das Ziel dieser Untersuchung war es, anhand eines 5-Jahres-Vergleiches in einer interdisziplinären Zentralen Notaufnahme (ZNA) mit psychiatrischer Vollversorgung bei alkoholbezogenen Patientenvorstellungen mögliche Veränderungen des Patientengutes herauszuarbeiten. Methodik: Hierzu erfolgte eine retrospektive Datenerhebung von alkoholbedingten ZNA-Vorstellungen in den Jahren 2009 und 2014. Patienten von mindestens 18 Jahren und mit einer alkoholassoziierten Vorstellung wurden in die Studie aufgenommen. In einem ersten Schritt erfolgte die Analyse der ZNA-Dokumentation. Danach wurde die digitale Klinikdokumentation hinsichtlich psychiatrischer und somatischer Komorbiditäten, erneuter C2-bedingter ZNA-Wiedervorstellungen und einer konsekutiven Inanspruchnahme eines suchtspezifischen stationären Behandlungsangebotes untersucht. Ergebnis: Im Jahr 2009 wurden in der Zentralen Notaufnahme 2267 psychiatrische Patientenvorstellungen erfasst. Davon konnten 596 (26.30 %) als alkoholassoziiert identifiziert werden. Im Jahr 2014 wurden 3.400 psychiatrische ZNA-Kontakte identifiziert, davon waren 1.021 Kontakte alkoholbedingt (30 %). Am Gesamtaufkommen aller ZNA-Kontakte machte die rein alkoholassoziierte Vorstellung im Jahr 2009 ca. 3,5 % aus, im Jahr 2014 lag der Anteil mit 4,2 % etwas höher. Es fand sich eine Erhöhung der produzierten Fälle pro Patient von 1,5 im Jahr 2009 auf 2 Fälle im Jahr 2014. Die Patientengruppen waren in beiden Jahren zu 70 % männlich und das Alter der Patienten, die sich alkoholassoziiert in der ZNA vorstellten, lag im Jahr 2009 im Mittel bei 45 Jahren (SD 11.7) und unterschied sich somit von Patienten aus dem Jahr 2014 mit einem Alter von 46 Jahren kaum (SD 13.1). Ein Großteil der Patienten nahm in den 12 Folgemonaten eine stationäre Behandlung wahr. Im Jahr 2009 waren hiervon 78,5 % der Pat. stationär im Jahr 2014 waren es 70,2 %. Es überwog im Jahr 2014 die kurze Verweildauer mit fast 50 % aller stationären Behandlungen (bis zu Zwei-Tage-Behandlung). Somatische Komorbidität hatte Einfluss auf die Verweildauer, psychiatrische Komorbidität erhöhte die Inanspruchnahme einer stationären Behandlung. Diskussion: Zwischen 2009 und 2014 hat sich die Charakteristik der alkoholbezogenen Patientenvorstellungen nicht wesentlich verändert. Jedoch konnte eine deutliche quantitative Veränderung i. S. einer Zunahme der alkoholassoziierten ZNA-Vorstellungen beobachtet werden.
CME: Das Multiple Myelom – ein Überblick
Authors: Bräutigam Michelle , Biskup Ewelina
Published: July 2018

Zusammenfassung. Das Multiple Myelom macht 1 % aller Malignome aus, wobei die Inzidenz mit zunehmendem Alter steigt. Das Krankheitsbild verläuft sehr heterogen und die Symptome sind vielgestaltig. Während sich einige Patienten mit unspezifischen Beschwerden,wie Müdigkeit, Lethargie und Infektneigung präsentieren, gibt es Notfallsituationen wie die Hyperkalziämie, die Rückenmarkskompression oder das Hyperviskositätssyndrom, die einer sofortigen Therapieeinleitung bedürfen. Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, einen Überblick über Symptome und Notfallsituationen, die wichtigsten Abklärungsstrategien und die Therapie zu geben.
Eos.org Wins First Prize for Editorial Excellence
Authors: Kumar Mohi
Published: July 2018

The newly received gold award recognizes the website’s overall editorial content and quality. Other awards won include a silver and a bronze for cover photography on Eos’s print magazine.
Trump’s Ocean Policy Order Draws Ire from Conservation Groups
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: July 2018

The executive order gives nods to science and the environment but focuses on resource development and national security.
The nature of spin excitations in the one-third magnetization plateau phase of Ba3CoSb2O9
Authors: Kamiya Y. , Ge L. , Hong Tao , Qiu Y. , Quintero-Castro D. L. , Lu Z. , Cao H. B. , Matsuda M. , Choi E. S. , Batista C. D. , Mourigal M. , Zhou H. D. , Ma J.
Published: July 2018

Magnetization plateaus in quantum magnets—where bosonic quasiparticles crystallize into emergent spin superlattices—are spectacular yet simple examples of collective quantum phenomena escaping classical description. While magnetization plateaus have been observed in a number of spin-1/2 antiferromagnets, the description of their magnetic excitations remains an open theoretical and experimental challenge. Here, we investigate the dynamical properties of the triangular-lattice spin-1/2 antiferromagnet Ba3CoSb2O9 in its one-third magnetization plateau phase using a combination of nonlinear spin-wave theory and neutron scattering measurements. The agreement between our theoretical treatment and the experimental data demonstrates that magnons behave semiclassically in the plateau in spite of the purely quantum origin of the underlying magnetic structure. This allows for a quantitative determination of Ba3CoSb2O9 exchange parameters. We discuss the implication of our results to the deviations from semiclassical behavior observed in zero-field spin dynamics of the same material and conclude they must have an intrinsic origin.
Ultrathin and multicolour optical cavities with embedded metasurfaces
Authors: Shaltout Amr M. , Kim Jongbum , Boltasseva Alexandra , Shalaev Vladimir M. , Kildishev Alexander V.
Published: July 2018

Over the past years, photonic metasurfaces have demonstrated their remarkable and diverse capabilities in advanced control over light propagation. Here, we demonstrate that these artificial films of deeply subwavelength thickness also offer new unparalleled capabilities in decreasing the overall dimensions of integrated optical systems. We propose an original approach of embedding a metasurface inside an optical cavity—one of the most fundamental optical elements—to drastically scale-down its thickness. By modifying the Fabry–Pérot interferometric principle, this methodology is shown to reduce the metasurface-based nanocavity thickness below the conventional λ/(2n) minimum. In addition, the nanocavities with embedded metasurfaces can support independently tunable resonances at multiple bands. As a proof-of-concept, using nanostructured metasurfaces within 100-nm nanocavities, we experimentally demonstrate high spatial resolution colour filtering and spectral imaging. The proposed approach can be extrapolated to compact integrated optical systems on-a-chip such as VCSEL’s, high-resolution spatial light modulators, imaging spectroscopy systems, and bio-sensors.
Adolescent alcohol exposure epigenetically regulates CREB signaling in the adult amygdala
Authors: Zhang Huaibo , Kyzar Evan J. , Bohnsack John Peyton , Kokare Dadasaheb M. , Teppen Tara , Pandey Subhash C.
Published: July 2018

Binge alcohol drinking in adolescence leads to increased risk for alcohol use and other psychiatric disorders in adulthood. The transcription factor cAMP-response element binding (CREB) protein is involved in the neuronal response to adult ethanol exposure, but its role in the enduring effects of adolescent alcohol exposure in adulthood is unknown. We exposed male rats to adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE) or saline (AIS) during post-natal days 28–41 and evaluated the epigenetic regulation of CREB dynamics in the adult amygdala. A subset of these adult rats was exposed to an acute ethanol challenge. AIE decreased CREB, phosphorylated CREB, CREB-binding protein (CBP) and p300 protein levels in adult amygdaloid brain structures. AIE exposure also causes deficits in Creb1, Cbp, and p300 mRNA expression in the amygdala of AIE adult rats which are normalized after acute ethanol exposure. Interestingly, occupancy of acetylated histone H3K9/14 proteins at specific locations in the Creb1, Cbp, and p300 gene promoter regions was decreased in the amygdala of AIE adult rats and was normalized by acute ethanol exposure. These results suggest that AIE exposure epigenetically reduces CREB and other related transcriptional activators in the amygdala in adulthood that may be associated with the behavioral effects of adolescent alcohol exposure.
Independent losses of a xenobiotic receptor across teleost evolution
Authors: Eide Marta , Rydbeck Halfdan , Tørresen Ole K. , Lille-Langøy Roger , Puntervoll Pål , Goldstone Jared V. , Jakobsen Kjetill S. , Stegeman John , Goksøyr Anders , Karlsen Odd A.
Published: July 2018

Sensitivity to environmental stressors largely depend on the genetic complement of the organism. Recent sequencing and assembly of teleost fish genomes enable us to trace the evolution of defense genes in the largest and most diverse group of vertebrates. Through genomic searches and in-depth analysis of gene loci in 76 teleost genomes, we show here that the xenosensor pregnane X receptor (Pxr, Nr1i2) is absent in more than half of these species. Notably, out of the 27 genome assemblies that belong to the Gadiformes order, the pxr gene was only retained in the Merluccidae family (hakes) and Pelagic cod (Melanonus zugmayeri). As an important receptor for a wide range of drugs and environmental pollutants, vertebrate PXR regulate the transcription of a number of genes involved in the biotransformation of xenobiotics, including cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP). In the absence of Pxr, we suggest that the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) have evolved an extended regulatory role by governing the expression of certain Pxr target genes, such as cyp3a, in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). However, as several independent losses of pxr have occurred during teleost evolution, other lineages and species may have adapted alternative compensating mechanisms for controlling crucial cellular defense mechanisms.