bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lack of Information Underlies Women's Perceptions of Erectile Dysfunction (ED) Drugs in Japan
Authors: Mita Koji , Kakehashi Masayuki , Hasegawa Yasuhisa , Inoue Yoji , Shigeta Masanobu , Matsubara Akio , Usui Tsuguru
Published: October 2008

Introduction

Some Japanese women are known to have negative attitudes toward erectile dysfunction (ED) drugs, but the environment underlying these perceptions is unclear.

Aim

To reveal the underlying environment that shapes women's perceptions of ED drugs in Japan.

Methods

A web-based questionnaire was conducted through an Internet-based market research company. A total of 2,593 women in five age groups (20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, and 60s or older) were randomly invited to participate in this study, with an almost equal number in each age group. The questionnaire contained 30 items related to individual background and sexual information, concerns about the image of ED drugs, ED drug-related perceptions, and attitude toward sexual information media.

Main Outcome Measures

The women's attitude and the independent predictors that affect their partner's use of ED drugs were clarified.

Results

Answers were obtained from 1,077 women, of whom 35.4% (n = 381) had a negative image of ED drugs. Although 69.5% (n = 749) agreed that a sexual relationship with a male partner was important, only 26.7% (n = 288) agreed that this remained important if ED drugs were used. However, 56.7% (n = 611) and 57.7% (n = 621) of respondents, respectively, answered that they would allow their partner's use of ED drugs if they imagined that they understood the safety and effectiveness of ED drugs and that their quality of life was improved by their partner's use of the drugs. Lack of information about ED drugs was a significant predictor for acceptance of a partner's use of ED drugs among women with a negative image of ED drugs, since they were more likely to accept the use of these drugs if they were convinced about their safety and effectiveness or positive effect on quality of life.

Conclusion

Lack of information about ED drugs may influence the perception of women in Japan regarding these drugs.
The Sexual Lives of Residents and Fellows in Graduate Medical Education Programs: A Single Institution Survey
Authors: Ferguson Genoa G. , Nelson Christian J. , Brandes Steven B. , Shindel Alan W.
Published: October 2008

Introduction

The prevalence of sexual problems among resident physicians has not been investigated.

Aim

To explore the sexual behavior of residents and fellows in training and to determine the incidence of sexual dysfunction in this population.

Methods

Residents and fellows at our institution were invited to complete a demographic questionnaire, as well as two to three gender-specific validated instruments for the assessment of human sexuality.

Main Outcome Measures

The validated survey instruments selected were the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), the Index of Premature Ejaculation (IPE), and the Self-Esteem and Relationship Quality (SEAR) survey for male residents, and the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and the Index of Sex Life (ISL) for female residents. Results were compared with established normative data and validated cut-off scores that were available. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to assess for relationships between variables.

Results

There were 180 responses (83 female, 97 male, mean age 29 years), for a response rate of 20%. Among men, 90%, 67%, and 98% were in a relationship, married, and heterosexual, respectively. Among women, the same numbers were 80%, 55%, and 96%, respectively. Based on validated cut-off scores for the IIEF and FSFI, 13% of men reported ED (3% reported mild ED, 4% reported moderate ED, and 6% reported severe ED) and 60% of women were classified as “at high risk” for sexual problems, with desire disorders the most prevalent and orgasmic disorders the second most prevalent. There were significant gender differences with respect to the associations between sexual and relationship problems.

Conclusion

Sexual problems may be prevalent among residents in training, particularly female residents. Additional, larger studies that assess other quality of life measures and query sexual partners of residents are needed.
Needs Assessment Survey to Justify Establishing a Reproductive Health Clinic at a Comprehensive Cancer Center
Authors: Huyghe Eric , Sui Dawen , Odensky Evan , Schover Leslie R.
Published: October 2008

Introduction

Reproductive health problems, including sexual dysfunction and impaired fertility, are distressing and persistent after cancer treatment. However, recent reports suggest that reproductive health remains neglected in oncology settings.

Aims

We conducted a survey to ascertain the prevalence of reproductive health problems in men and women treated in a comprehensive cancer center, and to estimate potential usage of clinical services to preserve fertility or to treat postcancer infertility and sexual dysfunction.

Methods

We mailed 800 questionnaires to men and women treated for cancer at our institution 1 to 5 years previously. Cancer sites and ages were chosen to maximize the risk of reproductive problems. We stratified the sample by living distance from our institution, to see if travel affected service utlilization. To provide a self-selected sample for comparison, another 200 questionnaires were made available in outpatient areas.

Main Outcome Measures

Self-report questionnaire.

Results

The return rate for the combined surveys was 29% for men and 26% for women. Cancer sites for self-selected respondents were almost identical to those in the postal cohort. Prevalence and types of sexual dysfunction were typical for surveys of cancer survivors, with 49% of men reporting new erection problems after cancer treatment and 45% of women noting loss of desire for sex and vaginal dryness. About a third of patients aged less than 50 years would have liked a fertility consultation before cancer treatment. Twenty to thirty percent wanted more information about premature ovarian failure or health risks for their children. Twenty-four percent of men and 21% of women would definitely want to visit a reproductive health clinic in the next year. Factors associated with wanting an appointment included self-selection to complete the survey and, for men, having less education.

Conclusion

It should be feasible to establish a multidisciplinary reproductive health center in a comprehensive cancer center.
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency Associated Stuttering Priapism: Report of a Case
Authors: Finley David S.
Published: October 2008

Aim

Stuttering priapism is an uncommon form of recurrent priapism whose etiology if often unknown. To date, there has been one report of a patient with stuttering priapism and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. Herein we describe the second-known case of recurrent priapism in a patient with G6PD deficiency. The pathophysiology of G6PD deficiency and its potential to cause priapism is reviewed.

Methods

A case report is described of a 29-year-old African-American man with G6PD deficiency who presented with numerous episodes of recurrent ischemic priapism. Clinical data was reviewed.

Results

Despite medical management with gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist, an antiandrogen, and baclofen, he required several surgical procedures which also ultimately failed. A continuous phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitor (PDE5) was started and the patient had no recurrences at 3-month follow-up.

Conclusion

Idiopathic recurrent priapism may be explained by underlying hemolytic anemia associated with G6PD deficiency. Several possible mechanisms exist to explain this association, including hyperviscosity, direct endothelial dysfunction secondary to bare hemoglobin vasculotoxicity, and relative nitric oxide deficiency causing vasoconstriction and vascular smooth muscle proliferation.
Activation of the ET-1/ETA Pathway Contributes to Erectile Dysfunction Associated with Mineralocorticoid Hypertension
Authors: Carneiro Fernando S. , Nunes Kênia P. , Giachini Fernanda R.C. , Lima Victor V. , Carneiro Zidonia N. , Nogueira Edson F. , Leite Romulo , Ergul Adviye , Rainey William E. , Clinton Webb R. , Tostes Rita C.
Published: October 2008

Introduction

The cavernosal tissue is highly responsive to endothelin-1 (ET-1), and penile smooth muscle cells not only respond to but also synthesize ET-1.

Aim

Considering that ET-1 is directly involved in end-organ damage in salt-sensitive forms of hypertension, we hypothesized that activation of the ET-1/ETA receptor pathway contributes to erectile dysfunction (ED) associated with mineralocorticoid hypertension.

Methods

Wistar rats were uninephrectomized and submitted to deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt treatment for 5 weeks. Control (Uni [uninephrectomized control]) animals were uninephrectomized and given tap water. Uni and DOCA-salt rats were simultaneously treated with vehicle or atrasentan (ETA receptor antagonist, 5 mg/Kg/day). Cavernosal reactivity to ET-1, phenylephrine (PE), ETB receptor agonist (IRL-1620) and electric field stimulation (EFS) were evaluated in vitro. Expression of ROCKα, ROCKβ, myosin phosphatase target subunit 1 (MYPT-1), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2) were evaluated by western blot analysis. ET-1 and ETA receptor mRNA expression was evaluated by real-time reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Voltage-dependent increase in intracavernosal pressure/mean arterial pressure (ICP/MAP) was used to evaluate erectile function in vivo.

Main Outcome Measure

ETA receptor blockade prevents DOCA-salt-associated ED.

Results

Cavernosal strips from DOCA-salt rats displayed augmented preproET-1 expression, increased contractile responses to ET-1 and decreased relaxation to IRL-1620. Contractile responses induced by EFS and PE were enhanced in cavernosal tissues from DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. These functional changes were associated with increased activation of the RhoA/Rho-kinase and ERK 1/2 pathways. Treatment of rats with atrasentan completely prevented changes in cavernosal reactivity in DOCA-salt rats and restored the decreased ICP/MAP, completely preventing ED in DOCA-salt rats.

Conclusions

Activation of the ET-1/ETA pathway contributes to mineralocorticoid hypertension-associated ED. ETA receptor blockade may represent an alternative therapeutic approach for ED associated with salt-sensitive hypertension and in pathological conditions where increased levels of ET-1 are present.
Salmonella Infection of a Penile Prosthesis
Authors: Sausville Justin , Gupta Gopal , Forrest Graeme , Chai Toby
Published: October 2008

Introduction

Patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) who have failed oral or intracavernosal erectogenic therapy may benefit from inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) placement. Such individuals commonly include patients with diabetes mellitus or chronic renal insufficiency. Complications of IPP placement include erosion and infection. Most often, infection of IPPs involves skin flora that are hypothesized to be introduced at the time of device placement and persist as a biofilm, causing clinical infection as a result of failure of containment by host defense mechanisms.

Aim

In this report, we describe a renal transplant patient with a Salmonella infection of an IPP following a diarrheal illness. To our knowledge, this organism has not been implicated in penile prosthesis infection.

Main Outcome Measures

The clinical course of, and microbiological data pertinent to, this patient are summarized. Additionally, a limited literature review was undertaken and is here summarized.

Methods

Retrospective review of medical record documentation.

Results

This patient was found to have a Salmonella infection of his IPP with ensuing device erosion. Following urgent device removal and culture-specific antibiotic therapy, he was discharged from the hospital at his baseline functional status and renal function.

Conclusions

This is the first report of which we are aware in which Salmonella penile prosthesis infection is described. While this man’s immunocompromised status may have made him more vulnerable to device infection, the literature is generally supportive of IPP placement in the transplant population when other modes of ED treatment have failed. Moreover, we postulate a hematogenous mechanism for device seeding in this patient.
The PDE5 Inhibitor Sildenafil Increases Circulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells and CXCR4 Expression
Authors: Foresta Carlo , Toni Luca De , Mambro Antonella Di , Garolla Andrea , Ferlin Alberto , Zuccarello Daniela
Published: October 2008

Introduction

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) are a specific subtype of progenitor cells that can be isolated from circulating mononuclear cells, able to migrate from the bone marrow to the peripheral circulation where they contribute to vascular repair. CXC-motif chemochine receptor 4 (CXCR4) receptor seems to play a critical role in this process.

Aim

To assess the effects of sildenafil (a type 5 phosphodiesterase [PDE5] inhibitor) administration in 20 healthy young men.

Methods

Evaluation of CXCR4 expression in circulating EPC before and 4 hours after in vivo administration of 100 mg sildenafil by flow cytometry and colony-forming unit.

Results

We found that sildenafil increases circulating EPC number, the relative expression of CXCR4 on these cells and the ability to generate colonies in vitro.

Conclusions

These data allow us to suppose an involvement of PDE5 in bone marrow release and peripheral homing of EPC.
Enhanced dust emission in the HL Tau disc: a low-mass companion in formation?
Authors: Greaves J. S. , Richards A. M. S. , Rice W. K. M. , Muxlow T. W. B.
Published: October 2008

We have imaged the disc of the young star HL Tau using the Very Large Array (VLA) at 1.3 cm, with 0.08-arcsec resolution (as small as the orbit of Jupiter). The disc is around half the stellar mass, assuming a canonical gas mass conversion from the measured mass in large dust grains. A simulation shows that such discs are gravitationally unstable, and can fragment at radii of a few tens of au to form planets. The VLA image shows a compact feature in the disc at 65 au radius (confirming the ‘nebulosity’ of Welch et al.), which is interpreted as a localized surface density enhancement representing a candidate protoplanet in its earliest accretion phase. If correct, this is the first image of a low-mass companion object seen together with the parent disc material out of which it is forming. The object has an inferred gas plus dust mass of ≈14 MJupiter, similar to the mass of a protoplanet formed in the simulation. The disc instability may have been enhanced by a stellar flyby: the proper motion of the nearby star XZ Tau shows it could have recently passed the HL Tau disc as close as ∼600 au.
Discovery in IC10 of the farthest known symbiotic star
Authors: Gonçalves Denise R. , Magrini Laura , Munari Ulisse , Corradi Romano L. M. , Costa Roberto D. D.
Published: October 2008

We report the discovery of the first known symbiotic star in IC10, a starburst galaxy belonging to the Local Group, at a distance of ∼750 kpc. The symbiotic star was identified during a survey of emission-line objects. It shines at V= 24.62 ± 0.04, V−RC= 2.77 ± 0.05 and RC−IC= 2.39 ± 0.02, and suffers from EB−V= 0.85 ± 0.05 reddening. The spectrum of the cool component well matches that of solar neighbourhood M8III giants. The observed emission lines belong to Balmer series, [S ii], [N ii] and [O iii]. They suggest a low electronic density, negligible optical depth effects and 35 000 < Teff < 90 000 K for the ionizing source. The spectrum of the new symbiotic star in IC10 is an almost perfect copy of that of Hen 2-147, a well-known Galactic symbiotic star and Mira.
Optical variability of the ultracool dwarf TVLM 513-46546: evidence for inhomogeneous dust clouds
Authors: Littlefair S. P. , Dhillon V. S. , Marsh T. R. , Shahbaz T. , Martín E. L. , Copperwheat C.
Published: October 2008

We present multicolour photometry of the M8.5V ultracool dwarf ‘pulsar’ TVLM 513-46546 (hereafter TVLM 513) obtained with the triple-beam photometer ULTRACAM. Data were obtained simultaneously in the Sloan-g′ and Sloan-i′ bands. The previously reported sinusoidal variability, with a period of 2 h, is recovered here. However, the Sloan-g′ and Sloan-i′ light curves are anticorrelated, a fact which is incompatible with the currently proposed starspot explanation for the optical variability. The anticorrelated nature and relative amplitudes of the optical light curves are consistent with the effects of persistent dust clouds rotating on the surface of the star. In the absence of other plausible explanations for the optical variability of TVLM 513, it seems likely that dust cloud coverage combined with the rapid rotation of TVLM 513 is responsible for the optical variability in this object. However, crude modelling of a photosphere with partial dust cloud coverage shows that the anticorrelation can only be reproduced using cooler models than the literature temperature of TVLM 513. We suggest this discrepancy can be removed if more dust is present within the photosphere of TVLM 513 than theoretical model atmospheres predict, though a definitive statement on this matter will require the development of self-consistent models of partially dusty atmospheres.
WHY IS RESERVOIR ARCHITECTURE AN INSIGNIFICANT UNCERTAINTY IN MANY APPRAISAL AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES OF CLASTIC CHANNELIZED RESERVOIRS?
Authors: Larue D. K. , Hovadik J.
Published: October 2008

To address uncertainty, models created for appraisal and development studies try to capture the full range of possible rock and fluid properties, and reservoir and structural architecture. Using experimental designs, each parameter can be varied to indicate how uncertainty for the parameter affects the outcome (for example, recovery after 30 years). In numerous models in appraisal and development studies, stratigraphic or reservoir architecture is not recognized as a significant uncertainty. This is a concern for two reasons. First, reservoir architecture is known to be an important parameter influencing oil production. It is puzzling that experimental design studies indicate it is not a significant uncertainty. Second, building geologically realistic earth models can involve months of time and can impact timelines for development projects. If reservoir architecture is in fact a non‐significant uncertainty, perhaps detailed modelling could be postponed. The current study addresses in what situations reservoir architecture is important in appraisal and development studies. Reservoir architecture characteristics considered are net to gross, channel orientation, channel stacking pattern, channel sinuosity, channel width/thickness, type of architectural element, influence of shale units within channel fills, influence of channel drapes at the base of channels, presence of other fades, influence of valley fills, and sheet geometries. Two field characterizations were studied using the same workflow, and results are compared with results of conceptual modelling studies.

For studies of recovery uncertainty, it is shown here that models that look to be very different may have similar dynamic performances because of similar reservoir connectivities and path lengths. Moreover, it is shown that the elements of reservoir architecture investigated (channel width/thickness ratio, sinuosity, orientation, thickness, element type) do not control recovery efficiency to a large degree unless reservoir connectivity is impacted. Reservoir architecture may not be an important uncertainty in appraisal and development studies unless reservoir connectivity or tortuosity are affected. Although reservoir architecture may not represent a key uncertainty in appraisal and development studies, it may well be a significant uncertainty for well planning in mature fields.
CONTROLS ON RESERVOIR QUALITY IN THE LOWER TRIASSIC KANGAN FORMATION, SOUTHERN PERSIAN GULF
Authors: Moradpour M. , Zamani Z. , Moallemi S. A.
Published: October 2008

The Lower Triassic Kangan Formation together with the underlying Upper Permian Dalan Formation forms one of the most important reservoirs for natural gas in the Middle East. The carbonate‐dominated Kangan Formation was studied at a gasfield in the southern Persian Gulf and some 100 m of core were examined at micro‐ and macro scales. Twelve microfaaes were identified. Previous studies have divided the Kangan Formation reservoir into Lower (K2) and Upper (K1) Units. The Lower Kangan can divided into two subunits (K2b and K2a), while three subunits (K1c, K1b and K1a) are recognised in the Upper Kangan.

Diagenetic processes have affected reservoir quality in the Kangan Formation in different ways. Processes improving reservoir quality include dissolution, dolomitization and fracturing, while reservoir quality was decreased by cementation, and chemical and mechanical compaction. Micritization and neomorphism have had both positive and negative effects. Fracture development has improved reservoir quality, particularly in dolomitic intervals.
PETROLEUM PROSPECTIVITY OF CRETACEOUS FORMATIONS IN THE GONGOLA BASIN, UPPER BENUE TROUGH, NIGERIA: AN ORGANIC GEOCHEMICAL PERSPECTIVE ON A MIGRATED OIL CONTROVERSY
Authors: Abubakar M. B. , Dike E. F. C. , Obaje N. G. , Wehner H. , Jauro A.
Published: October 2008

Organic geochemical studies of Cretaceous formations in the Gongola Basin, northern Nigeria, show TOC values that are generally higher than the minimum (0.5 wt %) required for hydrocarbon generation. Data from Rock‐Eval pyrolysis and biomarker studies indicate the presence of both terrestrial and marine derived Types II and III organic matter, which is immature in the Gombe Formation and of marginal maturity in the Yolde Formation. Immature Type III to IV OM is present in the Pindiga Formation; and Type III OM, with a maturity that corresponds to the conventional onset (or perhaps peak) of oil generation occurs in the Bima Formation. However, Bima Formation samples from the 4710 – 4770 ft (1435.6 – 1453.9 m) depth interval within well Nasara‐1 indicate Type I OM of perhaps lacustrine origin (H31R/H30 ratio generally ≤0.25).

Although the Nasara‐1 well was reported to be dry, geochemical parameters (high TOCs, S1, S2 and Hls, low Tmax compared to adjacent samples, a bimodal S2 peak on the Rock‐Eval pyrogram, a dominance of fluorinite macerals), together with generally low H3IR/H30 biomarker ratios within the 4710–4770 ft (1435.6–1453.9 m) interval, suggest the presence of migrated oil, perhaps sourced by lacustrine shales in the Albian Bima Formation located at as‐yet unpenetrated depths.

The presence of the migrated oil in the Bima Formation and its possible lacustrine origin suggest that the petroleum system in the Gongola Basin is similar to that of the Termit, Doba and Doseo Basins of the Chad Republic, where economic oil reserves have been encountered.
IDENTIFICATION OF SALT FEATURES IN SEISMIC DATA
Authors: Jenyon M. K.
Published: October 2008

Deciding on the viability of a salt deposit as a possible site for storage‐cavern solution mining requires detailed geological studies of the salt and of its confining formations. Borehole data alone can seldom deliver the information required for such a study. It can impart great detail of the subsurface but only at the actual borehole location in an area. The most practical approach to developing 3D information is to carry out a seismic survey tied in to one or more boreholes which have been logged geophysically Ideally, a high‐resolution seismic survey is needed to study relatively shallow zones of the subsurface and resolve the top and base of fairly thin beds. However in some cases it is possible to use “reach‐me‐down” seismic data acquired previously during hydrocarbon exploration. Although these data were not designed to meet the requirements of salt deposit studies, they may still be adequate for the purpose. Their use will lead to quicker and lower‐cost results than the commissioning of a full field seismic survey with concomitant processing, although in both cases a seismic interpretation would be required.
Knowledge and Practical Reason
Authors: Brown Jessica
Published: October 2008

It has become recently popular to suggest that knowledge is the epistemic norm of practical reasoning and that this provides an important constraint on the correct account of knowledge, one which favours subject‐sensitive invariantism over contextualism and classic invariantism. I argue that there are putative counterexamples to both directions of the knowledge norm. Even if the knowledge norm can be defended against these counterexamples, I argue that it is a delicate issue whether it is true, one which relies on fine distinctions among a variety of relevant notions of propriety which our intuitions may reflect. These notions variously apply to the agent herself, her character traits, her beliefs, her reasoning and any resultant action. Given the delicacy of these issues, I argue that the knowledge norm is not a fixed point from which to defend substantive and controversial views in epistemology. Rather, these views need to be defended on other grounds.
Preliminary analysis of the social structure of killer whales, Orcinus orca, at subantarctic Marion Island
Authors: Tosh Cheryl A. , De Bruyn P. J. Nico , Bester Marthán N.
Published: October 2008

Abstract

Studies of social differentiation between populations of killer whales (Orcinus orca) are important due to the cosmopolitan nature of the species, both in terms of distribution and feeding habits. The following research provides preliminary findings describing the social structure of the killer whale, Orcinus orca, population at subantarctic Marion Island. We provide evidence for consistent, observable patterns of social interactions with animals associating and disassociating in nonrandom patterns. We show that the social structure of this population may follow a new pattern of association, displaying a blend of the traditional resident/transient model displayed in the Northern Hemisphere. However, we emphasize the critical need for further studies related to the sociality, biology, and life history of Southern Ocean killer whales.
Circadian and seasonal rhythms in the behavior of spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris)
Authors: Silva Flávio José de Lima , Da Silva Jr José Martins
Published: October 2008

Abstract

The present study investigated both circadian and seasonal fluctuations in the daytime activities of the spinner dolphin, Stenella longirostris, from the Fernando de Noronha Archipelago in Brazil. The number of dolphins, and aerial, and reproductive activities were documented. The observations were carried out from January 1997 to December 2001. Temporal series and rhythmic characteristics (mesor, rhythmic percentage, and acrophase) were obtained by COSINOR analysis and later compared. The dolphins entered the bay in the morning, displayed aerial and reproductive activities during daytime, and left the bay in late afternoon to the open ocean. This study indicated that the rainy season affected the three behaviors investigated decreasing the rhythms parameter and advancing the beginning of these activities. The number of individuals was higher during the dry season and the animals stayed longer inside the bay. During the dry season, there was a bimodal expression of aerial activity, expressing a longer use of the temporal niche than in the rainy season. The phases with high frequencies of aerial activity seemed associated with those showing high reproductive activity, both with peak frequencies at about 0800. The results represent an important contribution to the advancement of chronobiological studies, and to the biology of cetaceans, considering that the existence of circadian and seasonal rhythms was proven in the behavior of spinner dolphins in an area of the SW Atlantic. Moreover, it allows restricting periods of the day for the activities of tourism as a form of minimizing the impacts of the boats on the dolphins.
Probing the basis for differential pay practices of younger workers in low paying hospitality firms
Authors: Lucas Rosemary , Keegan Shobana
Published: October 2008

Understanding the basis for differential pay practices by age is an important policy issue now that claims for pay discrimination on grounds of age may be mounted. Difficulties in determining the relative job worth and personal worth of workers in particular age groups are highlighted. We identify a need to develop a practical mechanism for assessing the validity of age‐related pay differences in keeping with contemporary notions of jobs and skills that will provide a basis for employers to demonstrate objective justification that their employment practices are not discriminatory. More comprehensive and wide‐ranging research is necessary to differentiate age‐related pay practices and develop further theoretical insights.
Amylolytic Hydrolysis of Native Starch Granules Affected by Granule Surface Area
Authors: Kim J.C. , Kong B.W. , Kim M.J. , Lee S.H.
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT:  Initial stage of hydrolysis of native starch granules with various amylolytic enzymes, α‐amylase from Bacillus subtilis, glucoamylase I (GA‐I) and II (GA‐II) from Aspergillus niger, and β‐amylase from sweet potato showed that the reaction was apparently affected by a specific surface area of the starch granules. The ratios of the reciprocal of initial velocity of each amylolytic hydrolysis for native potato and maize starch to that for rice with the amylolytic enzymes were nearly equivalent to the ratio of surface area per mass of the 2 starch granules to that of rice, that is, 6.94 and 2.25, respectively. Thus, the reciprocal of initial velocity of each enzymatic hydrolysis as expressed in a Lineweaver–Burk plot was a linear function of the reciprocal of surface area for each starch granule. As a result, it is concluded that amylolytic hydrolysis of native starch granules is governed by the specific surface area, not by the mass concentration, of each granule.
Image Analysis Based Quantification of Bacterial Volume Change with High Hydrostatic Pressure
Authors: Pilavtepe‐Çelik M. , Balaban M.O. , Alpas H. , Yousef A.E.
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT:  Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of Staphylococcus aureus 485 and Escherichia coli O157:H7 933 were taken after pressure treatments at 200 to 400 MPa. Software developed for this purpose was used to analyze SEM images and to calculate the change in view area and volume of cells. Significant increase in average cell view area and volume for S. aureus 485 was observed in response to pressure treatment at 400 MPa. Cell view area for E. coli O157:H7 933 significantly increased at 325 MPa, the maximum pressure treatment tested against this pathogen. In contrast to S. aureus, cells of E. coli O157:H7 exhibited significant increase in average view area and volume at 200 MPa. The pressure‐induced increase in these parameters may be attributed to modifications in membrane properties, for example, denaturation of membrane‐bound proteins and pressure‐induced phase transition of membrane lipid bilayer.
Characterization of Alkylmethoxypyrazines Contributing to Earthy/Bell Pepper Flavor in Farmstead Cheddar Cheese
Authors: Neta E.R.D. , Miracle R.E. , Sanders T.H. , Drake M.A.
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT: Farmstead Cheddar cheeses with natural bandage wrappings have a distinctive flavor profile that is appealing to many consumers. An earthy/bell pepper (EBP) flavor has been previously recognized in some of these cheeses. This study characterized the alkylmethoxypyrazine compounds causing EBP flavor in Farmstead Cheddar cheeses. Eight cheeses were divided into inner, outer, rind, and wrapper sections, and tested for descriptive sensory and instrumental analyses. To assess reproducibility of EBP flavor, cheeses from the same facilities were purchased and tested after 6 and 12 mo. EBP flavor was detected in four out of 8 Farmstead Cheddar cheeses by a trained sensory panel. 2‐sec‐butyl‐3‐methoxypyrazine and 2‐isopropyl‐3‐methoxypyrazine were identified as the main sources of EBP flavor in these cheeses by GC/O and GC/MS. In general, those alkylmethoxypyrazines were prevalent in the wrapper (106 to 730 ppb) and rind (39 to 444 ppb) sections of the cheeses. They were either not detected in inner and outer sections of the cheeses or were present at low concentrations. These results suggest that 2‐sec‐butyl‐3‐methoxypyrazine and 2‐isopropyl‐3‐methoxypyrazine are formed near the surface of the cheeses and migrate into the cheese during ripening. Threshold values in water and whole milk were 1 and 16 ppt for 2‐sec‐butyl‐3‐methoxypyrazine, and 0.4 and 2.3 ppt for 2‐isopropyl‐3‐methoxypyrazine, respectively. Sensory analysis of mild Cheddar cheese model systems confirmed that direct addition of those individual alkylmethoxypyrazines (0.4 to 20 ppb) resulted in EBP flavor.
Calcium Absorption from Commonly Consumed Vegetables in Healthy Thai Women
Authors: Charoenkiatkul S. , Kriengsinyos W. , Tuntipopipat S. , Suthutvoravut U. , Weaver C.M.
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT:  The absorbability of calcium from ivy gourd, a green leafy vegetable (Coccinia grandix Voigt.) and winged bean young pods (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus [L] DC) were measured in 19 healthy adult women aged 20 to 45 y, in a 3‐way, randomized‐order, crossover design with an average calcium load of 100 mg and milk as the referent. The test meals were extrinsically labeled with 44Ca and given with rice as breakfast after an overnight fast. Absorption of calcium was determined on a blood sample drawn 5 h after ingestion of the test meal. Fractional calcium absorption (X± SD) was 0.391 ± 0.128 from winged beans, 0.476 ± 0.109 from ivy gourd, and 0.552 ± 0.119 from milk. The difference in fractional calcium absorption for these 2 vegetables was significant (P < 0.05) and the fractional calcium absorption from these 2 vegetables were both significantly lower than from milk. The difference was partly accounted for by the phytate, oxalate, and dietary fiber content of the vegetables. However, calcium bioavailability of these 2 vegetables, commonly consumed among Thais, was relatively good compared to milk (71% to 86% of milk) and could be generally recommended to the public as calcium sources other than milk and Brassica vegetables.
Antioxidant Activities of Polyphenolic Compounds Isolated from Antidesma thwaitesianum Müll. Arg. Seeds and Marcs
Authors: Puangpronpitag D. , Areejitranusorn P. , Boonsiri P. , Suttajit M. , Yongvanit P.
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT:  Antidesma thwaitesianum Müll. Arg. or mao is widely used as commercial products of juice and wine in Thailand. As a result, waste products from the mao plant, such as mao seeds (MS) and mao marcs (MM), are plentiful. We aimed to purify and analyze polyphenolic content in both MS and MM and to investigate the radical scavenging activities of these polyphenolics against 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl‐hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′‐Azinobis (3‐ethylbenzothiazoline 6‐sulphonate) (ABTS) radicals and thiobarbituric acid reactive products (TBARP). The results showed MS and MM to be an abundant source of polyphenols (97.32 to 130 mg gallic acid equivalents [GAE]/g) and proanthocyanidins. The radical scavenging activities of MS/MM against DPPH and ABTS radicals (IC50 of 0.85 to 1.21 μg/mL) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of standard trolox (IC50 of 5.05 μg/mL). Activity of MS/MM extracts were 3.74 and 3.80 μg/mL trolox eq/g f.w. for the DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. The oxidation of erythrocyte membranes using 2‐thiobarbituric acid demonstrated that the protective effect of MS/MM on lipid peroxidation is as strong as grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. These findings suggest that polyphenolic compounds and proanthocyanidins isolated from these mao extracts had much higher antioxidant activities than those of standard trolox and exhibited similar antioxidant potential to grape seed proanthocyanidin extract. These findings may also increase value of mao waste products and allow development of commercial health products.
Multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization in identifying chromosome involvement of complex karyotypes in de novo myelodysplastic syndromes and acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: XU W. , LI J.‐Y. , LIU Q. , ZHU Y. , PAN J.‐L. , QIU H.‐R. , XUE Y.‐Q.
Published: October 2008

Complex chromosomal aberrations (CCA) can be detected in a substantial proportion of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), which are associated with very poor prognosis. Conventional cytogenetics (CC) cannot accurately define the specific alterations in CCA. Multiplex fluorescence in situ hybridization (M‐FISH) allows the comprehensive identification of CCA. In this study, M‐FISH was used in 16 patients with de novo MDS and 22 with AML with CCA detected by R‐banding CC, and revealed 206 aberrations involved all 24 chromosomes, including 73 numerical chromosomal abnormalities and 133 structural abnormalities. The chromosomes most often involved were, by decreasing incidence, 5, 17, 8, 11, 7 and 21 in 57.9%, 55.3%, 44.7%, 36.8%, 34.2% and 34.2% of the cases, respectively. There were 98 unbalanced translocations, which were the most frequently observed aberrations in our study. Derivative chromosome 5 and 8 were implicated most often. The other derivatives were der(11), der(12), der(7), der(14), der(15) and der(17). Fourteen balanced translocations were detected in our series, and the most frequent reciprocal translocations was t(8;21). Fifty‐five monosomies, 15 partial deletions, and 18 trisomies were found in all patients. The most frequently observed were −5/5q−, −17/17q−, −7, −18, −21, −19, and trisomy of chromosome 8 and 6. There were some abnormalities that have not been previously described, including two complex t(8;21) and seven unbalanced translocations. M‐FISH could refine CCA, find or correct the missed or misidentified aberrations by CC analysis. Our findings confirmed that M‐FISH was a powerful molecular cytogenetic tool to characterize complex karyotypes in MDS and AML.
Age‐related plasma reference ranges for two heparin‐binding proteins – vitronectin and platelet factor 4
Authors: NEWALL F. , JOHNSTON L. , IGNJATOVIC V. , SUMMERHAYES R. , MONAGLE P.
Published: October 2008

This study was conducted to establish age‐related reference ranges for two heparin‐binding proteins – vitronectin and platelet factor 4 (PF4) – and to determine if the quantitative values of these proteins may contribute to the reported age‐dependent effect of unfractionated heparin (UFH). Plasma samples were obtained from healthy children aged between 1 month and 16 years and from healthy adult volunteers. Two commercial kits were used to measure plasma vitronectin and PF4 levels. Results were reported as mean and boundaries including 95% of the population. Plasma vitronectin levels for children aged 1–5 years were significantly higher compared with adults. Plasma PF4 levels for infants <1 year of age were significantly lower compared with adults. The differences between reference values for both proteins in all other age‐groups were not statistically significant. This study for the first time has established age‐related reference ranges for vitronectin and PF4. In establishing these ranges, the quantitative values of these proteins do not appear to be the major contributory cause for the age‐dependent variation in UFH effect. Future studies are required to evaluate the possible impact of age‐dependent differences in binding between heparin‐binding proteins and UFH.
Uracil influences quorum sensing and biofilm formation in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and fluorouracil is an antagonist
Authors: Ueda Akihiro , Attila Can , Whiteley Marvin , Wood Thomas K.
Published: October 2008

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an ubiquitous, opportunistic pathogen whose biofilms are notoriously difficult to control. Here we discover uracil influences all three known quorum‐sensing (QS) pathways of P. aeruginosa. By screening 5850 transposon mutants for altered biofilm formation, we identified seven uracil‐related mutations that abolished biofilm formation. Whole‐transcriptome studies showed the uracil mutations (e.g. pyrF that catalyses the last step in uridine monophosphate synthesis) alter the regulation of all three QS pathways [LasR‐, RhlR‐ and 2‐heptyl‐3‐hydroxy‐4‐quinolone (PQS)‐related regulons]; addition of extracellular uracil restored global wild‐type regulation. Phenotypic studies confirmed uracil influences the LasR (elastase), RhlR (pyocyanin, rhamnolipids), PQS and swarming regulons. Our results also demonstrate uracil influences virulence (the pyrF mutant was less virulent to barley). Additionally, we found an anticancer uracil analogue, 5‐fluorouracil, that repressed biofilm formation, abolished QS phenotypes and reduced virulence. Hence, we have identified a central regulator of an important pathogen and a potential novel class of efficacious drugs for controlling cellular behaviour (e.g. biofilm formation and virulence).
Functional analysis of aromatic biosynthetic pathways in Pseudomonas putida KT2440
Authors: Molina‐Henares M. Antonia , García‐Salamanca Adela , Molina‐Henares A. Jesús , De La Torre Jesús , Herrera M. Carmen , Ramos Juan L. , Duque Estrella
Published: October 2008

Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is a non‐pathogenic prototrophic bacterium with high potential for biotechnological applications. Despite all that is known about this strain, the biosynthesis of essential chemicals has not been fully analysed and auxotroph mutants are scarce. We carried out massive mini‐Tn5 random mutagenesis and screened for auxotrophs that require aromatic amino acids. The biosynthesis of aromatic amino acids was analysed in detail including physical and transcriptional organization of genes, complementation assays and feeding experiments to establish pathway intermediates. There is a single pathway from chorismate leading to the biosynthesis of tryptophan, whereas the biosynthesis of phenylalanine and tyrosine is achieved through multiple convergent pathways. Genes for tryptophan biosynthesis are grouped in unlinked regions with the trpBA and trpGDE genes organized as operons and the trpI, trpE and trpF genes organized as single transcriptional units. The pheA and tyrA gene‐encoding multifunctional enzymes for phenylalanine and tyrosine biosynthesis are linked in the chromosome and form an operon with the serC gene involved in serine biosynthesis. The last step in the biosynthesis of these two amino acids requires an amino transferase activity for which multiple tyrB‐like genes are present in the host chromosome.
Arabinoxylan‐oligosaccharides (AXOS) affect the protein/carbohydrate fermentation balance and microbial population dynamics of the Simulator of Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem
Authors: Sanchez J. I. , Marzorati M. , Grootaert C. , Baran M. , Van Craeyveld V. , Courtin C. M. , Broekaert W. F. , Delcour J. A. , Verstraete W. , Van de Wiele T.
Published: October 2008

Arabinoxylan‐oligosaccharides (AXOS) are a recently newly discovered class of candidate prebiotics as – depending on their structure – they are fermented in different regions of gastrointestinal tract. This can have an impact on the protein/carbohydrate fermentation balance in the large intestine and, thus, affect the generation of potentially toxic metabolites in the colon originating from proteolytic activity. In this study, we screened different AXOS preparations for their impact on the in vitro intestinal fermentation activity and microbial community structure. Short‐term fermentation experiments with AXOS with an average degree of polymerization (avDP) of 29 allowed part of the oligosaccharides to reach the distal colon, and decreased the concentration of proteolytic markers, whereas AXOS with lower avDP were primarily fermented in the proximal colon. Additionally, prolonged supplementation of AXOS with avDP 29 to the Simulator of Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME) reactor decreased levels of the toxic proteolytic markers phenol and p‐cresol in the two distal colon compartments and increased concentrations of beneficial short‐chain fatty acids (SCFA) in all colon vessels (25–48%). Denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis indicated that AXOS supplementation only slightly modified the total microbial community, implying that the observed effects on fermentation markers are mainly caused by changes in fermentation activity. Finally, specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis showed that AXOS supplementation significantly increased the amount of health‐promoting lactobacilli as well as of Bacteroides–Prevotella and Clostridium coccoides–Eubacterium rectale groups. These data allow concluding that AXOS are promising candidates to modulate the microbial metabolism in the distal colon.
Ethnocentrism and Sexism: How Stereotypes Legitimize Six Types of Power
Authors: Pratto Felicia , Pitpitan Eileen V.
Published: October 2008

We review evidence of inequality associated with gender and social categories like ethnicity with respect to six types of power: control of resources, force, legitimacy, obligations, knowledge, and sexuality. Presuming that stereotypes are one means of legitimizing power differentials between groups, we review research on stereotype contents for both ethnicity and gender with respect to the six forms of power. The review reveals a number of rhetorical means by which stereotypes legitimize ethnic dominants and men having particular forms of power, such as disguising the exercise of power by describing it in individualistic rather than relational terms, and also how stereotypes de‐legitimize women and ethnic subordinates from obtaining particular forms of power, such as by stating that what they desire and their virtues preclude exercising power. A new research agenda regarding stereotypes and how they legitimize group power differences is outlined.
The Temporally Extended Self: The Relation of Past and Future Selves to Current Identity, Motivation, and Goal Pursuit
Authors: Peetz Johanna , Wilson Anne E.
Published: October 2008

People's current identity is constructed not only in the present moment but also by looking back to past selves and forward to future selves. In this article, we review research on the temporally extended self, with a focus on recent work informed by temporal self‐appraisal theory. People often recall the past and imagine the future in ways that contribute to a favorable current identity. Subjective temporal distance (how near or distant a point in time feels) plays a powerful role in determining temporal self‐appraisals. In turn, people's judgments of subjective distance can shift when considering temporal selves with good or bad implications for current identity. We will describe research exploring the complex interconnections between past, present, and future identity. In addition, we consider some of the unique implications that people's constructions of future selves might have for their plans and goals, and how predicted selves might influence goal‐pursuit motivation and behavior.
Conceptualizing Coping: Optimism as a Case Study
Authors: Nes Lise Solberg , Segerstrom Suzanne C.
Published: October 2008

Coping involves any effort to deal with difficult or challenging situations, and coping strategies vary, often depending on individual differences and situational circumstances. Research has typically characterized coping as either involving problem‐focused or emotion‐focused strategies, or sometimes approach or avoidance strategies. The current review suggests that a more useful distinction would be found in crossed dimensions, such as problem‐focused approach or avoidance, or emotion‐focused approach or avoidance. For example, the individual difference of dispositional optimism has been found to be positively associated with approach coping strategies seeking to solve or control either problems or emotions, depending on the type of stressor. Although widely used, current coping scales may contribute to a skewed view of coping strategies and may not adequately depict coping dimensions. The current review calls for revisions of current scales or creation of new and better scales.