bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Central European limited‐area ensemble forecasting system: ALADIN‐LAEF
Authors: Wang Yong , Bellus Martin , Wittmann Christoph , Steinheimer Martin , Weidle Florian , Kann Alexander , Ivatek‐Šahdan Stjepan , Tian Weihong , Ma Xulin , Tascu Simona , Bazile Eric
Published: February 2011

The Central European limited‐area ensemble forecasting system ALADIN‐LAEF (Aire Limitée Adaptation Dynamique Développement InterNational—Limited‐Area Ensemble Forecasting) has been developed within the framework of ALADIN international cooperation and the Regional Cooperation for Limited‐Area modelling in Central Europe (RC LACE). It was put into pre‐operation in March 2007. The main feature of the pre‐operational ALADIN‐LAEF was the dynamical downscaling of the global ensemble forecast from the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). In 2009, ALADIN‐LAEF was upgraded with several methods for dealing with the forecast uncertainties to improve the forecast quality. These are: (1) the blending method, which combines the large‐scale uncertainty generated by ECMWF singular vectors with the small‐scale perturbations resolved by ALADIN breeding into atmospheric initial condition perturbations; (2) the multi‐physics approach, wherein different physics schemes are used for different forecast members to account for model uncertainties; and (3) the non‐cycling surface breeding technique, which generates surface initial condition perturbations.

This article illustrates the technical details of the updated ALADIN‐LAEF and investigates its performance. Detailed verification of the upgraded ALADIN‐LAEF and a comparison with its first implementation (dynamical downscaling of ECMWF ensemble forecasts) are presented for a two‐month period in summer 2007. The results show better performance and skill for the upgraded system due to the better representation of forecast uncertainties. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Timely detection of localized excess influenza activity in Northern California across patient care, prescription, and laboratory data
Authors: Greene Sharon K. , Kulldorff Martin , Huang Jie , Brand Richard J. , Kleinman Kenneth P. , Hsu John , Platt Richard
Published: February 2011

Timely detection of clusters of localized influenza activity in excess of background seasonal levels could improve situational awareness for public health officials and health systems. However, no single data type may capture influenza activity with optimal sensitivity, specificity, and timeliness, and it is unknown which data types could be most useful for surveillance. We compared the performance of 10 types of electronic clinical data for timely detection of influenza clusters throughout the 2007/08 influenza season in northern California. Kaiser Permanente Northern California generated zip code‐specific daily episode counts for: influenza‐like illness (ILI) diagnoses in ambulatory care (AC) and emergency departments (ED), both with and without regard to fever; hospital admissions and discharges for pneumonia and influenza; antiviral drugs dispensed (Rx); influenza laboratory tests ordered (Tests); and tests positive for influenza type A (FluA) and type B (FluB). Four credible events of localized excess illness were identified. Prospective surveillance was mimicked within each data stream using a space–time permutation scan statistic, analyzing only data available as of each day, to evaluate the ability and timeliness to detect the credible events. AC without fever and Tests signaled during all four events and, along with Rx, had the most timely signals. FluA had less timely signals. ED, hospitalizations, and FluB did not signal reliably. When fever was included in the ILI definition, signals were either delayed or missed. Although limited to one health plan, location, and year, these results can inform the choice of data streams for public health surveillance of influenza. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Great Recession of 2008: Impact on the Bangladeshi economy and international business implications
Authors: Ali Muhammad Mahboob , Islam Anisul M. , Wise Victoria J.
Published: February 2011

This article examines the current global financial crisis (GFC) and its impact on Bangladesh's economy and discusses international business implications for the country within an institution‐based analytical framework. The article finds that the macroeconomy of Bangladesh has shown remarkable resilience in the face of this massive global crisis, and the impact has been minimal and limited to a moderate slowdown of the economy The country thus could be poised for taking advantage of international business opportunities as the global economy begins to recover. Further, JPMorgan's Frontier Five and Goldman Sachs's Next Eleven classification of Bangladesh indicates enormous potential for growth and development. The article suggests that the Bangladeshi diaspora could serve as a connecting hub so that “brain gain” could be achieved through labor migration and remittances. Strategic alliances among home and foreign firms are also important to the future capacity building of the country. However, strategic management in the form of further institutional, structural, and policy reforms are critical in enabling the country to develop an international‐business‐friendly environment conducive to taking advantage of evolving global opportunities and realizing its full potential. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Über anorganische Verbindungen des Stickoxyds. VII: Über die Bildung von Nitrosylcyanokomplexen durch eine neuartige Disproportionierungsreaktion des Hydroxylamins
Authors: Hieber W. , Nast R. , Proeschel E.
Published: February 2011

In einer Reihe von Fällen konnte gezeigt werden, daβ sich Hydroxylamin zur Einführung von Stickoxyd in Komplexe eignet, wobei Disproportionierung gemäβ

stattfindet. So führt die Reaktion von Kaliumtetracyanoniccolat(II) mit Hydroxylamin zur violetten Lösung des Nitrosylkomplexes K2[Ni(CN)3NO], dessen Identifizierung mit der zuvor präparativ isolierten Verbindung auf optischem Wege gelang. Wesentlich für den Eintritt der Reaktion ist das Vorliegen eines Zentralatoms mit 16 Elektronen auf dem 3d‐4sp‐Niveau, wodurch die energetisch stark positive Umlagerung des Nitrosokomplexes zum Nitrosylkomplex und Erreichung des Bindungszustandes des Nickelcarbonyls ermöglicht ist.

Unter diesem Gesichtspunkt wurde tatsächlich auch die Darstellung des Mangan‐Nitrosylkomplexes K3[Mn(CN)5NO] aus dem K3[Mn(CN)6] mit Hilfe von Hydroxylamin durchgeführt; desgleichen erklärt sich so letzten Endes die kompliziertere Bildung des Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] aus den Cyankomplexen des Eisens.

Man erhält die Reihe der Nitroprussiate

in denen sich die Zentralatome im Bindungszustand der monomeren Carbonyle befinden und deren Liganden oktaedrisch bzw tetraedrisch angeordnet sind; die auβerordentliche Stabilität dieser Elektronenzustände erklärt das enorme Bildungsbestreben dieser Verbindungen.
Diffusion‐weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Detecting Lymph Node Metastasis of Rectal Cancer
Authors: Mizukami Yo , Ueda Shugo , Mizumoto Akiyoshi , Sasada Tetsuro , Okumura Ryosuke , Kohno Shigene , Takabayashi Arimichi
Published: February 2011

Background

Preoperative diagnosis of lymph node metastasis is important in determining the optimal therapy for rectal cancer. It has been shown that diffusion‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) is a useful tool for detecting malignant tumors.

Methods

One hundred twenty‐nine consecutive patients with rectal cancer were examined with DWI + conventional (T1‐weighted and T2‐weighted) MRI and computed tomography (CT). All 129 patients underwent rectal resection with total mesorectal excision. Findings on DWI + conventional MRI and CT were compared with those from histopathologic examinations.

Results

Fifty‐nine (46%) patients had metastatic lymph nodes on histopathologic examinations. Two hundred twenty (18%) of 1,250 lymph nodes were pathologically positive for tumor metastasis. The overall patient‐based sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy of DWI + conventional MRI were 93, 81, 81, 93, and 87%, respectively. Corresponding values of CT were 73, 79, 74, 77, and 76%, respectively. The overall node‐based sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy of DWI + conventional MRI were 97, 81, 52, 99, and 84%, respectively. Corresponding values of CT were 86, 80, 48, 96, and 81%, respectively.

Conclusion

DWI + conventional MRI is effective for the detection of lymph node metastasis and useful for selection of the optimal therapy for rectal cancer.
Noninfectious Wound Complications in Clean Surgery: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Association with Antibiotic Use
Authors: Uçkay Ilker , Agostinho Americo , Belaieff Wilson , Toutous‐Trellu Laurence , Scherer‐Pietramaggiori Saja , Andres Axel , Bernard Louis , Vuagnat Hubert , Hoffmeyer Pierre , Wyssa Blaise
Published: February 2011

Background

Noninfectious wound complications are frequent and often are confused with and treated as infection.

Methods

We assessed the epidemiology, impact, risk factors, and associations with antibiotic use of noninfectious wound complications in clean orthopedic and trauma surgery. We report a single‐center, prospective, observational study in an orthopedic department.

Results

Among 1,073 adult patients, 630 (59%) revealed clinically relevant postoperative noninfectious wound complications, leading to a significant prolongation of hospital stay (14 vs. 12 days; Wilcoxon rank‐sum test; p < 0.02) compared with patients without complications. The most frequent and severe complications were discharge with dehiscence (n = 437; 41%) and hematoma (n = 379; 35%). Forty‐seven patients (47/630; 7%) underwent reoperation for dehiscence (n = 39) or hematoma (n = 8). These patients made up 4.3% of the entire study population (47/1,073). In multivariate analysis, an ASA score ≥2 points, age ≥ 60 years, surgery duration for ≥90 min, implant‐related surgery, and poor compliance toward nurses’ recommendations were pronounced risk factors for these complications, whereas antibiotic‐related parameters had no influence. Staple use was significantly associated with wound discharge but not with hematoma.

Conclusions

Wound complications, such as dehiscence with discharge or hematoma after clean orthopedic and trauma surgery, are frequent with an overall incidence of 60%. Although they lead to few surgical reinterventions, they prolong hospital stay by 2 days. Few clinical parameters show association with wound complications. Among them, improvements of patient compliance and avoidance of staples use for skin closure are the most promising actions to decrease complication risk.
Seasonal variability in survivorship of a cooperatively breeding tropical passerine
Authors: Sankamethawee Wangworn , Pierce Andrew J. , Hardesty Britta Denise , Gale George A.
Published: February 2011

Survival of tropical passerines is thought to be higher than those in northern temperate regions, but relatively few tropical studies have addressed this issue, particularly in tropical Asia. We examined factors that may have influenced the survival rate of a cooperatively breeding bird, the puff‐throated bulbul (Alophoixus pallidus), in an evergreen forest in northeastern Thailand. These factors included year, season (breeding and non‐breeding), sex, and presence of helper(s) in a family group. We present evidence of breeding season‐dependent survival in a tropical passerine using an information theoretic approach based on both mark‐recapture and resighting data collected during 6 years of study. Based on colour‐banded adults the annual survival rate did not vary significantly among years (average = 0.85 ± 0.02 SE). The mean lifespan (MLS) for the population was 6.22 ± 4.38 SE years. Survivorship was lower during the breeding season (0.89 ± 0.02 SE) than during the non‐breeding season (0.96 ± 0.02 SE). The MLS of males and females was 6.70 ± 7.73 SE and 5.87 ± 4.88 SE years, respectively. The annual survival rate we observed was high compared to the estimates of other tropical and temperate passerines, possibly due to the relatively stable climatic conditions in tropical latitudes and puff‐throated bulbuls being generalists that exploit a wide range of food resources both in space and time.
Influence of the prey aphid Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum parasitizing Solidago canadensis on the larval and adult survivorship of the predatory ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis
Authors: Kamo Tsunashi , Tokuoka Yoshinori
Published: February 2011

The ladybird beetle Harmonia axyridis is an aphidophagous natural enemy in Japan. The alien plant Solidago canadensis is widespread in Japanese agricultural landscapes, and the alien aphid Uroleucon nigrotuberculatum parasitizes the plant. We examined the quality of the aphid as food for all developmental stages of H. axyridis. First‐instar larvae fed the aphid died within 2 days. Larvae at later developmental stages survived for significantly longer periods but died before pupation. Adults fed the aphid also died within 10 days. These results suggest that U. nigrotuberculatum parasitizing S. canadensis is unsuitable for H. axyridis during the beetle's entire life cycle.
Impact of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake on biodiversity and giant panda habitat in Wolong Nature Reserve, China
Authors: Zhang Jindong , Hull Vanessa , Xu Weihua , Liu Jianguo , Ouyang Zhiyun , Huang Jinyan , Wang Xuezhi , Li Rengui
Published: February 2011

Natural disasters such as earthquakes have profound effects on the earth's biodiversity. However, studies on immediate earthquake impacts are rarely conducted at fine scales due to logistical constraints. We conducted the first post‐earthquake field survey in Wolong Nature Reserve, Wenchuan, China, less than 1 year after it was hit by a magnitude 8.0 earthquake in 2008. Since Wolong harbors approximately 10% of the endangered wild giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) population, the impact of the earthquake on the giant panda and its habitat is of particular concern. We established 15 transects in three focus areas within the Reserve where we classified occurrences of earthquake damage according to vegetation and geophysical characteristics. In the 11.2 km2 area sampled, we recorded 156 occurrences of earthquake damage consisting of landslides and mudflows, which comprised a total area of 0.88 km2. Of all earthquake damage occurrences sampled, only 36% of occurences (73% of surface area) corresponded to damaged areas previously detected through broad‐scale remote sensing. The remaining damaged areas mainly consisted of occurrences too small to be detected without field observation. Although there were significant losses to tree and shrub species diversity and richness in earthquake‐damaged areas, remnant vegetation was found in the majority (80%) of damaged areas, suggesting the potential for forest recovery. Most earthquake‐damaged areas were too steep to be classified as suitable giant panda habitat (79%). In addition, a sizable number of signs of giant panda (67) and other wildlife (148) were observed near the earthquake‐damaged areas, and there appeared to be avoidance of earthquake damage only at short‐range distances. This study has implications for understanding the impact of natural disasters on biodiversity and highlights the importance of fine scale on‐the‐ground assessments of disaster impacts on wildlife and their habitats.
Synthesis and Critical Micelle Concentration of a Series of Gemini Alkylphenol Polyoxyethylene Nonionic Surfactants
Authors: Yang Fang , Li Gang , Xu Nian , Liu Rong , Zhang Song‐Mei , Wu Zeng‐Jiang
Published: February 2011

A series of gemini n‐alkylphenol polyoxyethylene surfactants (GAP) were successfully synthesized and their molecular structure were confirmed by NMR and FTIR spectrum. Using the same synthesis route, a gemini nonylphenol polyoxyethylene surfactant (GNP) was synthesized using an industrial nonylphenol product and paraformaldehyde, and its molecular structure was also characterized by 1H‐NMR and FTIR spectra. The optimal reaction conditions were established. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values of GAP were determined by means of Wilhelmy plate method and steady‐state fluorescence probe method. The experimental results show how the lengths of the hydrophilic polyoxyethylene chain and the hydrophobic tail alter the CMC values. The CMC values of the GAP are found to be much lower than those of corresponding conventional single tail nonionic surfactants of the polyethoxylated alkylphenol type, which indicates that the gemini species exhibit a better surface activity.
Binary Phase Behavior of Diacid 1,3‐Diacylglycerols
Authors: Craven R. John , Lencki Robert W.
Published: February 2011

Fifteen phase diagrams were prepared using data from differential scanning calorimetry analysis of binary blends of representative diacid 1,3‐DAG. The behavior observed in binary phase diagrams is related to the difference in Tm (ΔTm) between system components—eutectic for ΔTm < 26 °C and monotectic for ΔTm > 30 °C. Binary blends were prepared using six diacid 1,3‐DAG: 1,3‐hexanoyl‐lauroyl‐rac‐glycerol, 1,3‐hexanoyl‐palmitoyl‐rac‐glycerol, 1,3‐hexanoyl‐oleoyl‐rac‐glycerol, 1,3‐lauroyl‐palmitoyl‐rac‐glycerol, 1,3‐lauroyl‐oleoyl‐rac‐glycerol and 1,3‐palmitoyl‐oleoyl‐rac‐glycerol. Diacid 1,3‐DAG were synthesized using representative FA: hexanoic (6:0)—short‐chain FA; lauric (12:0)—medium‐chain FA; palmitic (16:0)—long‐chain FA; and oleic (18:1)—mono‐unsaturated FA. In addition to the aforementioned phase diagrams, the physical chemistry of 1,3‐hexanoyl‐lauroyl‐rac‐glycerol, 1,3‐hexanoyl‐oleoyl‐rac‐glycerol and 1,3‐lauroyl‐oleoyl‐rac‐glycerol is reported.
Abgrenzung von Arbeitsmarktregionen – ein Methodenvorschlag
Authors: Kropp Per , Schwengler Barbara
Published: February 2011

This paper proposes a methodological approach for delineating functional labour market regions based on commuter flows between German municipalities for the years 1993 to 2008 using the graph theory. The modularity commonly used in the analysis of networks is a suitable indicator of measuring the quality of delineations. We present a delineation of 50 labour market regions of quite different sizes that is robust for all years in the analysis. A further delineation based on commuter flows between districts is nearly as good in measuring the employment self-containment-ratio as the delineation based on commuter flows between municipalities. Comparing the presented delineation with former delineations for Germany by different statistical measures confirms the quality of the result.
Capabilities that enhance outcomes of an episodic supply chain collaboration
Authors: Zacharia Zach G. , Nix Nancy W. , Lusch Robert F.
Published: February 2011

Firms are increasingly dependent on the knowledge and expertise in external organizations to innovate, problem‐solve, and improve supply chain performance. This research examines two capabilities that enable firms to collaborate successfully as a means to combine knowledge and expertise in an episodic collaboration initiative. Building from two theoretical foundations, the knowledge‐based and relational views of the firm, we examine the effects of absorptive capacity and collaborative process competence on the outcomes of an episodic collaboration initiative. Using structural equation modeling, we empirically validate the positive effect of absorptive capacity, collaborative process competence and level of engagement on the operational and relational success of a collaboration effort. Results show that collaborative process competence mediates the relationship between absorptive capacity and collaborative engagement, and positively influences both operational and relational outcomes. Finally, we offer suggestions for managers to improve the effectiveness of inter‐firm collaboration initiatives and discuss future research opportunities.
The Bulka peridotite–gabbro intrusion (West Sayan), a syncollisional type of layered intrusions
Authors: Borodina E.V. , Izokh A.E. , Mongush A.A.
Published: February 2011

The Bulka intrusion, a standard intrusion of the Bulka complex, is localized in northeastern West Sayan. The layered series is composed of dunites, melanotroctolites, troctolites, olivine gabbro, gabbro, hornblende gabbro, olivine leucogabbro, olivine leucogabbronorites, leucogabbro, hornblende leucogabbro, leucotroctolites, anorthosites, and plagioclase-bearing hornblendites. The Mg-number (Mg#) varies from 76 in peridotites (38 wt.% MgO) to 34 in anorthosites (2 wt.% MgO). From bottom to top of the section, the following crystallization sequence of liquidus minerals is observed: Ol ⇒ Pl ⇒ Cpx ⇒ Opx ⇒ Amph + Mag. The petrochemical features of the intrusion rocks are consistent with the fractional crystallization of picritic parental magma (24 wt.% MgO, 11 wt.% FeO, Mg# = 80). The compositions of model cumulates determined by fractional crystallization modeling using the COMAGMAT 3.5 computer program at 1–2 kbar, QFM buffer, and 0.5 wt.% H2O in the melt are similar to those of the Bulka intrusion rocks. The REE and trace-element patterns for these rocks show a nonfractionated composition trend with LILE and HFSE depletion. The LILE patterns are similar to those in N-MORB, which evidences that the parental magma was produced through the partial melting of the oceanic lithospheric mantle probably similar to the adjacent ophiolites of the Kurtushiba belt. The HFSE depletion of the intrusion rocks might be due to the island-arc processes during the belt formation. The Bulka intrusion formed at the accretion-collision stage of magmatism as a result of the differentiation of picritic melt generated from the oceanic lithospheric mantle with superposed island-arc processes.
International Economic Law and National Autonomy
Authors: Frankel Susy
Published: February 2011

International commitments may sit uneasily with national pressures in the best of times. This age of economic uncertainty brings these tensions into sharper relief. This volume draws together thirteen analyses of this tension in a wide array of contexts, including each of the three main pillars of the World Trade Organization, international investment law and arbitration, and the international financial institutions. The essays feature internationally recognised experts addressing topical examples of international economic law obligations clashing with domestic political interests. For example, Professor Robert Howse, of New York University Law School, addresses issues of globalization and whether international and national interests can in today's world be considered separate, while Ko-Yung Tung, the former Director-General of the World Bank, looks at trends in investment treaty arbitration and considers what the future may hold in light of the recent financial crisis, the rise of China as an economic powerhouse, and other factors.
Aristotle on the Nature of Truth
Authors: Long Christopher P.
Published: February 2011

This book reconsiders the traditional correspondence theory of truth, which takes truth to be a matter of correctly representing objects. Drawing Heideggerian phenomenology into dialogue with American pragmatic naturalism, Christopher P. Long undertakes a rigorous reading of Aristotle that articulates the meaning of truth as a co-operative activity between human beings and the natural world that is rooted in our endeavours to do justice to the nature of things. By following a path of Aristotle's thinking that leads from our rudimentary encounters with things in perceiving through human communication to thinking, this book traces an itinerary that uncovers the nature of truth as ecological justice, and it finds the nature of justice in our attempts to articulate the truth of things.
How Students Come to Be, Know, and Do
Authors: Herrenkohl Leslie Rupert , Mertl Véronique
Published: February 2011

Studies of learning are too frequently conceptualized only in terms of knowledge development. Yet it is vital to pay close attention to the social and emotional aspects of learning in order to understand why and how it occurs. How Students Come to Be, Know, and Do builds a theoretical argument for and a methodological approach to studying learning in a holistic way. The authors provide examples of urban fourth graders from diverse cultural and linguistic backgrounds studying science as a way to illustrate how this model contributes to a more complete and complex understanding of learning in school settings. What makes this book unique is its insistence that to fully understand human learning we have to consider the affective-volitional processes of learning along with the more familiar emphasis on knowledge and skills.
Heidegger in America
Authors: Woessner Martin
Published: February 2011

Heidegger in America explores the surprising legacy of his life and thought in the United States of America. As a critic of modern life, Heidegger often lamented the growing global influence of all things American. However, it was precisely in America where his thought inspired the work of generations of thinkers – not only philosophers but also theologians, architects, novelists, and even pundits. As a result, the reception and dissemination of Heidegger's philosophical writings transformed the intellectual and cultural history of the United States at a time when American influence was itself transforming the world. A case study in the complex and sometimes contradictory process of transnational exchange, Heidegger in America recasts the scope and methods of contemporary intellectual and cultural history in the age of globalization, challenging what we think we know about Heidegger and American ideas simultaneously.
Augustine and the Trinity
Authors: Ayres Lewis
Published: February 2011

Augustine of Hippo (354–430) strongly influenced western theology, but he has often been accused of over-emphasizing the unity of God to the detriment of the Trinity. In Augustine and the Trinity, Lewis Ayres offers a new treatment of this important figure, demonstrating how Augustine's writings offer one of the most sophisticated early theologies of the Trinity developed after the Council of Nicaea (325). Building on recent research, Ayres argues that Augustine was influenced by a wide variety of earlier Latin Christian traditions which stressed the irreducibility of Father, Son and Spirit. Augustine combines these traditions with material from non-Christian Neoplatonists in a very personal synthesis. Ayres also argues that Augustine shaped a powerful account of Christian ascent toward understanding of, as well as participation in the divine life, one that begins in faith and models itself on Christ's humility.
A Cybernetic View of Biological Growth
Authors: Stebbing Tony
Published: February 2011

Maia is the story of an idea, and its development into a working hypothesis, that provides a cybernetic interpretation of how growth is controlled. Growth at the lowest level is controlled by regulating the rate of growth. Access to the output of control mechanisms is provided by perturbing the growing organism, and then filtering out the consequences to growth rate. The output of the growth control mechanism is then accessible for interpretation and modelling. Perturbation experiments have been used to provide interpretations of hormesis, the neutralization of inhibitory load and acquired tolerance to toxic inhibition, and catch-up growth. The account begins with an introduction to cybernetics covering the regulation of growth and population increase in animals and man and describes this new approach to access the control of growth processes. This book is suitable for postgraduate students of biological cybernetics and researchers of biological growth, endocrinology, population ecology and toxicology.
Preposition Placement in English
Authors: Hoffmann Thomas
Published: February 2011

Preposition placement, the competition between preposition stranding (What is he talking about?) and pied-piping (About what is he talking?), is one of the most interesting areas of syntactic variation in English. This is the first book to investigate preposition placement across all types of clauses that license it, such as questions, exclamations and wh-clauses, and those which exhibit categorical stranding, such as non-wh relative clauses, comparatives, and passives. Drawing on over 100 authentic examples from both first-language (English) and second-language (Kenyan) data, it combines experimental and corpus-based approaches to provide a full grammatical account of preposition placement in both varieties of English. Although written within the usage-based construction grammar framework, the results are presented in theory-neutral terminology, making them accessible to researchers from all syntactic schools. This pioneering volume will be of interest not only to syntacticians, but also second-language researchers and those working on variation in English.
The Virgin Mary in Late Medieval and Early Modern English Literature and Popular Culture
Authors: Waller Gary
Published: February 2011

This book was first published in 2011. The Virgin Mary was one of the most powerful images of the Middle Ages, central to people's experience of Christianity. During the Reformation, however, many images of the Virgin were destroyed, as Protestantism rejected the way the medieval Church over-valued and sexualized Mary. Although increasingly marginalized in Protestant thought and practice, her traces and surprising transformations continued to haunt early modern England. Combining historical analysis and contemporary theory, including issues raised by psychoanalysis and feminist theology, Gary Waller examines the literature, theology and popular culture associated with Mary in the transition between late medieval and early modern England. He contrasts a variety of pre-Reformation texts and events, including popular mariology, poetry, tales, drama, pilgrimage and the emerging 'New Learning', with later sixteenth-century ruins, songs, ballads, Petrarchan poetry, the works of Shakespeare and other texts where the Virgin's presence or influence, sometimes surprisingly, can be found.
An asymptotic expansion for the vortex-induced vibrations of a circular cylinder
Authors: MELIGA PHILIPPE , CHOMAZ JEAN-MARC
Published: February 2011

This paper investigates the vortex-induced vibrations (VIV) of a spring-mounted circular cylinder. We compute analytically the leading-order equations describing the nonlinear interaction of the fluid and structure modes by carrying out an asymptotic analysis of the Navier–Stokes equations close to the threshold of instability of the fluid-only system. We show that vortex-shedding can occur at subcritical Reynolds numbers as a result of the coupled system being linearly unstable to the structure mode. We also show that resonance occurs when the frequency of the nonlinear limit cycle matches the natural frequency of the cylinder, the displacement being then in phase with the flow-induced lift fluctuations. Using an extension of this model meant to encompass the effect of the low-order added-mass and damping forces induced by the displaced fluid, we show that the amount of energy that can be extracted from the flow can be optimized by an appropriate choice of the structural parameters. Finally, we suggest a possible connection between the present ‘exact’ model and the empirical wake oscillator model used to study VIV at high Reynolds numbers. We show that for the low Reynolds numbers considered here, the effect of the structure on the fluid can be represented by a first coupling term proportional to the cylinder acceleration in the fluid equation, and by a second term of lower magnitude, which can stem either from an integral term or from a term proportional to the third derivative of the cylinder position.
Gravity currents of carbon dioxide with residual gas trapping in a two-layered porous medium
Authors: GODA TAKASHI , SATO KOZO
Published: February 2011

In the geological sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2), residual gas trapping plays an important role in immobilizing CO2. In this study, we investigate the propagation of gravity currents with residual gas trapping in a two-layered porous medium. We first formulate a model for a constant-flux release of a relatively less dense fluid (CO2) from a point source into a porous medium bounded above by a horizontal less-permeable seal. After a constant-flux release ceases, a fraction of the released fluid remains within the porous spaces at the trailing edge because of the capillary forces. This capillary retention is formulated in a model of gravity currents of a finite-volume release in the two-layered medium. In the latter model, the plume shape at the end of the constant-flux release is used as an initial profile. Using these models sequentially, the propagation of both cross-sectional and axisymmetric currents is quantitatively examined.
Viscous lock-exchange in rectangular channels
Authors: MARTIN J. , RAKOTOMALALA N. , TALON L. , SALIN D.
Published: February 2011

In a viscous lock-exchange gravity current, which describes the reciprocal exchange of two fluids of different densities in a horizontal channel, the front between two Newtonian fluids spreads as the square root of time. The resulting diffusion coefficient reflects the competition between the buoyancy-driving effect and the viscous damping, and depends on the geometry of the channel. This lock-exchange diffusion coefficient has already been computed for a porous medium, a two-dimensional (2D) Stokes flow between two parallel horizontal boundaries separated by a vertical height H and, recently, for a cylindrical tube. In the present paper, we calculate it, analytically, for a rectangular channel (horizontal thickness b and vertical height H) of any aspect ratio (H/b) and compare our results with experiments in horizontal rectangular channels for a wide range of aspect ratios (1/10 to 10). We also discuss the 2D Stokes–Darcy model for flows in Hele-Shaw cells and show that it leads to a rather good approximation, when an appropriate Brinkman correction is used.
The Life of the Irish Soldier in India: Representations and Self-Representations, 1857–1922
Authors: BUBB ALEXANDER
Published: February 2011

The Irish in India present an interesting case. Arguably a colonized people, the colonies of the British Empire ironically afforded them employment and profit on a large scale. Although studies have been made of Irish administrators, it was Irish soldiers that were most numerous and it is the ‘stereotyped’ Irish soldier who represents his nation in depictions of the colonial military. This paper first summarizes the Irish military involvement in India. The reasons why men joined the army in large numbers and, in particular, why they sought service in India, are explored. The regimental culture into which they were absorbed is also examined. The representation of Irish soldiers in officers’ writings, both in fiction and popular media, is then discussed. The various aspects of the stereotype surrounding them are delineated, and the purposes of the colonial state served by their stereotypical representation are explained. Lastly, the reactions of Irish soldiers to their stereotype label are discussed. There were advantages to be gained from acting up to it, but it is argued also that soldiers found ways of rejecting bad or rebellious aspects of the stereotype and, by drawing on the ‘good’ or loyal aspects, helping to establish their own identity. Hence they manage to sustain and reconcile multiple national affiliations. Ultimately, however, the politics of Irish independence precipitates a crisis of identity which makes their position impossible. The paper concludes by considering the lives and memories of veterans of Indian service, and hence the afterlife of the Irish military identity beyond Irish independence.
J. Howard Whitehouse and Anglo-American Understanding
Authors: Dearden James S.
Published: February 2011

John Howard Whitehouse, late Warden of Bembridge School, Isle of Wight, has a right to be considered one of the pioneers of Anglo-American understanding in education. It was his aim, through his opportunities as a member of Parliament from 1910 to 1918 and subsequently as Warden of Bembridge School in the Isle of Wight (a position he held until his death in September 1955), to foster the mutual understanding of Great Britain and the United States of America. He hoped to achieve this aim by influencing the youth of both countries through teaching them about each other's ways of life.
Cornish Emigrants and America
Authors: Rowe John
Published: February 2011

Among the immigrant groups which made a considerable contribution to the development of the United States and of the American way of life the Cornish people must be reckoned. Older accounts of the mining, camps of the Pacific Coast actually enumerate the “Cornish nationality” among the races that thronged to the gold and silver diggings. Yet, throughout the nineteenth century, British, census returns reveal that there were rarely more than a third of a million Cornish folk in the “old country”, and after 1861 their numbers declined. Yet this people impressed themselves upon the American scene, even on some of its most superficial observers, and this for a variety of reasons, apart from the local provincialisms created by geographic remoteness and physical difficulties of communication in the homeland until well into the “railway age”.
The Triple Graft: European Influence on American Science – 1727–1861
Authors: Armytage W. H. G.
Published: February 2011

Those British virtuosos who later formed the Royal Society of London, once considered (according to an eighteenth century secretary) migrating to Connecticut, “had not the Civil wars happily ended as they did.” Whether true or not, the story indicates the attraction which America offered to the early fellows. Robert Boyle was very interested in the College of William and Mary, opened in 1692, and this interest resulted in the creation of a chair of mathematics and natural philosophy. Of its nine occupants up to the Revolution, Dr. William Small, who held it from 1758–1764 was the most influential. “He fixed the destinies of my life,” wrote Jefferson. He fixed the destinies of several others in England too, for he is generally credited with initiating the Lunar Society of Birmingham on his return to England.
A Study of Bias in British and American History Textbooks
Authors: Mowat C. L.
Published: February 2011

The examination of historical works, and especially school textbooks on history, for evidence of national bias, is nothing new. Between the wars the focus was on British and German histories, which were an object of concern to the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations. Since the Second World War the subject of national bias in historical works has been taken up by the Council of Europe and UNESCO. A recent study has been concerned with current British and American textbooks, which have been examined for evidences of bias against the United States and Britain respectively.
Roosevelt and British Appeasement in 1938
Authors: Wallace William V.
Published: February 2011

Early in 1938, before those steps had been taken that rendered all but inevitable the European war of late 1939, President Roosevelt suggested to Mr. Chamberlain a form of international conference intended to avert the danger. Mr. Chamberlain rejected it. This, wrote that greatest of all Anglo-Americans, Sir Winston Churchill, ten years later, meant “the loss of the last frail chance to save the world from tyranny otherwise than by war”. Indeed, that the “proffered hand” should thus have been waved away left him “breathless with amazement”. Greater statesman than historian though he was, Churchill's judgement must nonetheless be respected. Yet so must that of a much lesser statesman and historian, Sir Samuel Hoare, later Lord Templewood. Writing after Churchill, this Englishman to the core and arch-defender of Chamberlain put the blame on Roosevelt: “It was, in fact, we who finally agreed to support the proposal, and Roosevelt who decided that the moment was no longer suitable for it”. Not content with this, he went on to assert that “in the months that followed, Anglo-American relations became increasingly intimate and culminated in the parallel efforts that Washington and London made throughout the Czechoslovak crisis”. The odd thing is that the judgements of both men are right, or almost right.
An Emigrant's Letter from Iowa, 1871
Authors: Erickson C.
Published: February 2011

John Flounders Dixon was born in 1844 at Crathorne, near Yarm, in the Cleveland district south of the Tees in the North Riding of Yorkshire and was thus 27 years of age in 1871 when he made the journey to America described by him in the following letter. His companions were his younger brother, Charles Albert, aged 22, and Frank Standing to whose uncle's farm in Iowa they travelled.
An Anglo-American Cooperative Project of the 1870's: The Mississippi Valley Trading Company
Authors: Vale Vivian
Published: February 2011

No student of American agrarian history in the third quarter of the nineteenth century will neglect the Patrons of Husbandry. From a number of well-documented accounts he may learn how in 1867, in Washington, D.C., their Order was founded to enrich the cultural life of farmers and their wives, and how their association in Granges moved them instead to express the chronic discontents of agricultural producers as a body. Even better-known is the ground of those discontents, which temporarily united the cotton, sugar and tobacco farmers of the South with the corn raisers of Kansas and Nebraska and with the wheat producers of Minnesota and the Dakotas. In a physically depleted land, and under a system subservient to the business needs of the victorious north and east, the farmer of the Mississippi Valley found himself in thrall to the distant manufacturer and to the local merchant by credit arrangements frequently entailing a crop-lien system. In order to rid himself of this bondage, to put himself instead upon a firm basis of cash buying and selling, and to develop a more diversified agriculture, the farmer required – as the Patrons repeatedly insisted – an alternative source of capital to the eastern banker.
Sovereignty and the Laws of War: International Consequences of Japan's 1905 Victory over Russia
Authors: Howland Douglas
Published: February 2011

The Russo–Japanese War (1904–1905), recently commemorated with several international conference volumes, is identified by a majority of contributors as the first modern, global war. In making such a judgment, these scholars note its scale, its nationalism, its colonialism and geopolitical repercussions. What is surprising, however, is that no one has remarked on another significance: it was the first war in which both belligerents pledged to adhere to the international laws of war. In that regard, the Russo–Japanese War marks a culmination of the tireless international diplomacy to secure legal limitations on warfare in the nineteenth century. In 1904, both Russia and Japan justified their operations according to international law, for the benefit of an international audience who had five years earlier celebrated some progress with the signing of The Hague Conventions in 1899.
Contumacy, Defense Strategy, and Criminal Law in Late Medieval Italy
Authors: Carraway Joanna
Published: February 2011

It is easy to imagine that on this early morning in 1395, Antonius, realizing the magnitude of his actions, had little time to fabricate a defense or construct a plan. In late fourteenth-century Reggio Emilia, flight was often the most desirable path open to those suspected of perpetrating felonies. Subsequent witnesses in this murder investigation speculated that Antonius fled the territory of the Villa de Vetto before the first light of day less to evade the law than to avoid the wrath of Caterina's relatives. Propelled by the need to escape retribution, Antonius, like almost half the defendants cited by the criminal court of Reggio Emilia, fled rather than appear before the criminal judge.
A Legal Tourist Visits Eighteenth-Century Britain: Henry Marchant's Observations on British Courts, 1771 to 1772
Authors: Hadden Sally , Minter Patricia Hagler
Published: February 2011

At the Rhode Island Historical Society there is a copy of an amazing journal, kept by Henry Marchant (1741–1796) during his eleven-month sojourn in England and Scotland as a colonial agent for Rhode Island. He was a practicing lawyer who had the first-hand opportunity to observe law as it operated on both sides of the Atlantic in the eighteenth century. He was not the only lawyer to do so, but his background as a trial lawyer made his perceptions differ substantially from those of the many colonial law students who received their legal educations in England. Dozens of young colonists ventured from home to London for the legal training and social polish twelve terms at the Inns of Court could provide; their legal notebooks record activities at the Westminster courts as students saw them, learning the law one case at a time, before they returned to the colonies and went into practice. A few more experienced lawyers, such as John Adams, likewise had the opportunity to visit Westminster Hall, but they typically went once or twice, and did not return.
Informal Lawmaking in England by the Twelve Judges in the Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries
Authors: Oldham James
Published: February 2011

In 1848, Parliament created the Court for Crown Cases Reserved, in which all of the common law judges heard and decided questions reserved by trial judges in criminal cases. As Sir John Baker explains, this was “a court of record, which would now sit in public and give reasons for its decisions,” even though “the reservation of cases was still at the discretion of the trial judge and the court did not have the powers of the court en banc in civil cases.”
Forgery and the Twelve Judges in Eighteenth-Century England
Authors: McGowen Randall
Published: February 2011

In his thoughtful and informative article on the twelve judges and judicial review, James Oldham illuminates an important if little-studied corner of eighteenth and nineteenth-century judicial practice. For centuries judges in criminal (and civil) cases had reserved questions that presented peculiar difficulties related to procedure or the interpretation of statute to the consideration of their colleagues. We seldom glimpse much of the substance or form of these deliberations. They were private and informal discussions, although by the eighteenth century the participants in these meetings observed well-understood conventions. Oldham outlines what these rules and practices involved. Decisions, for instance, did not have to be unanimous. The majority opinion took on the force of precedent, even though the deliberations often survived only in unpublished notes or the memories of the judges. Oldham gives a strong reading to this practice. Judges not only determined which cases would be referred to their colleagues, they exercised considerable discretion in ruling on the objections that had been raised. He views this process as offering another example of the power of the judges to shape the character of legal proceedings in early modern England. They were not only correcting procedural mistakes that arose during a trial; they were actively interpreting statute. In doing so, they demonstrated their decisive role in controlling the operation of criminal justice over the long eighteenth century.
Mapping poverty in rural China: how much does the environment matter?
Authors: OLIVIA SUSAN , GIBSON JOHN , ROZELLE SCOTT , HUANG JIKUN , DENG XIANGZHENG
Published: February 2011

A recently developed small area estimation technique is used to geographically derive detailed estimates of consumption-based poverty and inequality in rural Shaanxi, China. These estimates may be helpful for targeting since there is wide variability in poverty rates within Shaanxi but low levels of inequality within most counties and townships. We also investigate whether including environmental variables in the equation used to predict consumption and poverty improves upon typical approaches that only use household survey and census data. Ignoring environmental variables appears likely to produce targeting errors.