bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fact file 8: Paediatrics
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

Paediatrics focuses on the medical care of infants, children, and adolescents. The term derives from the Greek ‘π‎
α‎
ῖ‎
ς‎’ meaning child and ‘ἰ‎
α‎
τ‎
ρ‎
ό‎
ς‎’ meaning doctor or healer. While adult medicine is split into different subfields (such as neurology, oncology, cardiology, etc.), paediatrics encompasses all of these subfields, making it a vast field of medicine. Medical conditions in children often present differently to medical conditions in adults, partly due to the physiological differences in the bodies of a child and an adult. Furthermore, paediatrics can be an ethically and legally complex field as it requires adults to give consent on behalf of children, meaning that the entire family unit can be involved in medical decisions....
Fact file 12: Rehabilitation medicine
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

Rehabilitation medicine involves the treatment and active management of disabilities and other disabling conditions. The four major clinical areas of work are neurological rehabilitation (including working with people with conditions such as multiple sclerosis and cerebral palsy or people recovering from acute brain injuries and strokes), musculoskeletal rehabilitation (including supporting rheumatological conditions such as arthritis and back pain), amputee rehabilitation (often working in partnership with orthotics clinics and wheelchair centres), and rehabilitation following spinal cord injury....
Fact file 13: Surgery
Authors: Fancourt Daisy
Published: July 2017

From the Greek ‘χ‎
ε‎
ί‎
ρ‎’ meaning hand and ‘ἔ‎
ρ‎
γ‎
ο‎
ν‎’ meaning work, surgery investigates and/or treats diseases and injuries either for functional or cosmetic purposes. Elective surgery is carried out for non-life-threatening conditions at the patient’s request, whereas emergency surgery has to be carried out quickly; exploratory surgery is used to aid or confirm diagnoses, while therapeutic surgery is used to treat a diagnosed condition. Although ‘surgery’ is typically used to refer to the period in the operating room, there are important pre-operative stages, including phlebotomy (blood tests) and anaesthesia, and sometimes complex post-operative care....
The Architecture of Narrative Time
Authors: Wickerson Erica
Published: July 2017

Time matters to all of us. It dominates everyday discourse: diaries, schedules, clocks, working hours, opening times, appointments, weekdays and weekends, national holidays, religious festivals, birthdays, and anniversaries. But how do we, as unique individuals, subjectively experience time? The slowness of an hour in a boring talk, the swiftness of a summer holiday, the fleetingness of childhood, the endless wait for pivotal news: these are experiences to which we all can relate and of which we commonly speak. How can a writer not only report such experiences but also conjure them up in words so that readers share the frustration, the excitement, the anticipation, are on tenterhooks with a narrator or character, or in melancholic mourning for a time long since passed which we never experienced ourselves? This book suggests that the evocation of subjective temporal experience occurs in every sentence, on every page, at every plot turn, in any narrative. It offers a new template for understanding narrative time that combines close readings with analysis of the structural overview. It enables new ways of reading Thomas Mann, but also suggests new ways of conceptualizing narrative time in any literary work, not only in Mann’s fiction and not only in texts that foreground the narration of time. The range of Mann’s novels, novellas, and short stories is compared with other nineteenth- and twentieth-century works in German and in English to suggest a comprehensive approach to considering time in narrative.
Introduction
Authors: Wickerson Erica
Published: July 2017

This chapter provides an introduction to the book as a whole. It situates the approach undertaken here within the existing narratological debates on time, also discussing those specifically relating to works by Thomas Mann. The most significant way in which the approach differs from existing debates is by offering an analysis of works that do not self-consciously problematize the narration of time. Criticism on Mann’s works that deals with the question of temporality has typically focused on novels such as The Magic Mountain and Doctor Faustus. This introduction outlines the structure of the book, in which a wide variety of Mann’s novels, novellas, and short stories—most of which do not demonstrate an explicit engagement with narrative temporality—are compared to works in English and German by his influences, contemporaries, and literary successors.
Space
Authors: Wickerson Erica
Published: July 2017

Since space and time are the two fundamental modes of locating experience, the first chapter of the book considers their interaction. Specifically, the ways in which descriptions of space further the sense of the passing of time are explored. Space has been traditionally thought of as the opposite of time, and critics have suggested that spatial description in narrative actually stills time. In this chapter, it is suggested that the opposite is true; that, in fact, describing objects and settings contributes to the multilayered, multidirectional, complex view of temporality that narrative affords. The chapter includes analyses of Mann’s Tonio Kröger, Death in Venice, and The Magic Mountain, in comparison with Kafka’s short story Home-Coming.
Performance
Authors: Wickerson Erica
Published: July 2017

Considering moments of theatrical and social performance in narrative is not an obvious way of shedding light on the experience of time. But this chapter suggests that it is a particularly useful theme for consideration because it involves tensions between self and other, between artifice and authenticity. Since we are all always in some sense performing and since performance always involves two distinct yet simultaneous experiences—that of the performer and that of their audience—it poses an interesting challenge for the narration of time. Mann’s The Confessions of Felix Krull, Doctor Faustus, Blood of the Walsungs, and Oscar Wilde’s The Picture of Dorian Gray are compared in an exploration of the narration of simultaneity, ways in which the changing prioritization of multiple perspectives affects the overall flow of time in a given scene, and the effect on time of moments of sexual performance and performative sexuality.
Conclusion
Authors: Wickerson Erica
Published: July 2017

The Conclusion summarizes the main tenets of the book, which, first, aims to propose a new comprehensive approach to the analysis of time in narrative that takes account both of the linguistic minutiae of a text and its overall plot structure, and that may be applied to any literary work rather than purely to those that problematize the narration of time; and second, to offer new interpretations of several of Mann’s works both in the light of temporal analysis and in terms of his engagement with literature, myth, and history. The Conclusion argues that temporal analysis opens up an empathetic sphere that offers insights into the subjective experience of others more generally. In a world where constant public presence and worldwide accessibility has become the norm, the analysis of time and literature has become ever more critical.
Taken for a Ride
Authors: Rizzo Matteo
Published: July 2017

The chapter starts by describing public transport in Dar es Salaam as ‘functional chaos’. It then critically reviews two thematic literatures, on African cities and on their informal economies, to reveal that references to chaos, dystopia, and their opposites, order and functionalism, are common. The key argument is that a highly contextual understanding of urban informality and of how African cities work is required to avoid overly deterministic structural accounts and romantic celebration of African agency without due attention to structural constraints. The chapter presents the book’s approach: namely a political-economy analysis, centred on class analysis and wary of automatically reading off the political interests of actors from their class position. It argues that neoliberalism and post-socialism are key to understanding Tanzania and public transport in Dar es Salaam, and calls for grounding ‘actually existing neoliberalism’ in a particular context while retaining the analytical power of the concept of neoliberalism.
‘Life is War’
Authors: Rizzo Matteo
Published: July 2017

This chapter has two goals. First, it unpacks the private sector, asking who owns what in the bus public transport sector to reveal the significance of socio-economic differentiation and class. Drawing on grey literature, a labour relations questionnaire, newspapers, and interviews with bus owners and workers, the chapter shows that informal and highly precarious wage employment relationships are central to understanding why private buses operate as they do. The second goal is to question the claim that informal wage employment hardly exists. The categories and terms with which workers describe their employment situation are contrasted with those used to frame the questions in the 2006 Labour Force Survey. The analysis scrutinizes how key employment concepts and terms have been translated from English, and how the translation biases respondents’ answers towards ‘self-employment’, thus contributing to the invisibility of wage labour in statistics on employment in the informal economy.
The Politics of Labour 1
Authors: Rizzo Matteo
Published: July 2017

Chapter 4 analyses the barriers that prevented informal bus workers from responding collectively to their criminalization and to the economic squeeze by their employers. Reflecting on the sources of workers’ power, the chapter shows how labour oversupply, its fragmentation amongst different ‘classes of labour’ performing different tasks, and geographical dispersion explain workers’ lack of effective collective response to their plight. The chapter also charts the forms and limits of existing workforce solidarity through a longitudinal study of the rise and fall (1998–2005) of a labour association by transport workers on one bus route. This study sheds light on workers’ strategies to negotiate precariousness and onto the tensions between different categories of workers. Access to the association’s membership records allows some appreciation of the patterns and rhythm of labour circulation within the sector, an important element in understanding both the precariousness faced by transport workers and their political behaviour.
Tracing Occupational Mobility/Immobility among Informal Transport Workers
Authors: Rizzo Matteo
Published: July 2017

Chapter 6 unpicks the long-term dynamics of occupational mobility or immobility of daladala workers. By drawing on the list of the 121 transport workers who were members of the association in 2002, and by tracking their occupational whereabouts in 2009 and again in 2014, the chapter asks to what extent work as a daladalaman, notwithstanding its hardship and insecurity, fuelled dynamics of micro-accumulation and upward mobility. Semi-structured interviews with twenty-five of these workers aim to elicit workers’ own views on their own occupational trajectory and on the strategies they have used and the constraints they have encountered when navigating the labour market. Such interviews inform the potted occupational histories of a dozen of workers presented in the chapter.
The New Face of Neoliberalism
Authors: Rizzo Matteo
Published: July 2017

This chapter focuses on DART, a Bus Rapid Transit project (BRT): the new face of public transport in Dar es Salaam since operations started in 2016. A PPP funded by the World Bank, DART aimed to transform public transport through large-scale infrastructural work and the introduction of new buses, phasing out daladala from the city’s main public transport routes. The chapter challenges the presentation of BRT as the ‘win–win’ solution to tackling the crisis of public transport in developing countries. A contextualized political economy of DART highlights why the project proceeded so slowly (implementation began in 2002), documenting the capacity of some Tanzanian actors to resist. Tensions over the displacement of existing paratransit operators by foreign investors, the inclusion of the existing public transport workforce, employment destruction, affordability of the new service, and their management by the government are a window into ‘actually existing neoliberalism’ and post-socialism in Tanzania.
Giving Voice(s) to Argentina
Authors: Fiddian Robin
Published: July 2017

Written in 1927, ‘The Language of the Argentines’ calls on members of Borges’s generation to participate in the creation of an authentic literary expression. The chapter analyses the essay and then focuses on a number of poems from Fervor de Buenos Aires (1923) and Luna de enfrente (1925) which realize aspects of that blueprint. The chapter charts the development of an ironic narrative voice which first appears in ‘Man on Pink Corner’ and crystallizes in ‘Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote’. Drawing on the hypothesis of a debt to Paul Groussac’s Une énigme littéraire of 1903, put forward by Ricardo Piglia in Respiración artificial, the chapter uncovers a political subtext in ‘Pierre Menard’, which contests French and Spanish cultural hegemony. Written in Buenos Aires and acutely aware of relationships between language and nationality, ‘Pierre Menard’ shares with its precursor text a geopolitical motivation not generally recognized in Borges criticism.
Europe in the Dock
Authors: Fiddian Robin
Published: July 2017

The chapter provides an in-depth analysis of the title story of Brodie’s Report (1970), reading it intertextually through Gulliver’s Travels (Swift), Plain Tales from the Hills (Kipling), A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies (Bartolomé de Las Casas), and Tristes tropiques (Claude Lévi-Strauss). The main thrust is a critique of the missionary figure, David Brodie, who is read as serving the interests of nineteenth-century European imperialism as exemplified by the administration of Queen Victoria; she is the addressee of the Scottish Presbyterian’s report. The target of Borges’s criticism is Occidentalism as embodied in the emblematic figure of the missionary—also found in Kipling and elsewhere. The story is symptomatic of mid-twentieth-century geopolitical concerns, felt especially acutely at that time in the West.
Draining the Irish Sea
Authors: Groom Nick
Published: July 2017

In 1722, an anonymous author published Thoughts of a Project for Draining the Irish Channel. This neglected work is a satire on both the South Sea Bubble and Anglo-Irish politics, capitalizing on the craze for speculation, scientific advances in hydraulics, resource management, political arithmetic, and improvement. This chapter accordingly argues that land reclamation was an effective metaphor for Anglo-Irish policy and British imperialism, which in turn raised questions of national identity, regional connectivity, and environmental management. It introduces new evidence to historicize coastal work by blending textual criticism, political and legal analysis, regional folklore studies, and counterfactual history. The chapter provides a history of the Irish Sea and an account of maritime trade and property rights, as well as an analysis of the pamphlet itself (including its connections to the work of Jonathan Swift). It ends with a thought experiment imagining the impact had the channel actually been drained.
Ireland, Literature, and the Coastal Imaginary
Authors: Allen Nicholas
Published: July 2017

The idea of the coast as a significant cultural space has been understudied in literary criticism as it relates to Ireland. The dynamics of Irish nationalism have marginalized liminal forms of historical affiliation, a tendency that has obscured those geographical zones that sit in the middle distance between land and sea. This chapter reads recent prose by Kevin Barry, Ciaran Carson, and Glenn Patterson in the context of imperial and maritime history. It explores the intimacy between the literary representation of the island and cultural forms of self-governance, which take particular charge in a culture that, like Ireland, has experienced the long receding wave of empire as violence, partition, and persisting disputes over identity. The flotsam and jetsam of the old empire washed up on an island that turned its back on the sea. Carson, Patterson, and Barry have taken these fragmentary forms to mould new literary works.
‘Felt Routes’
Authors: Brannigan John
Published: July 2017

In ‘Ode’ (1935), Louis MacNeice writes of the necessity to ‘become the migrating bird following felt routes…And without soaring or swerving win by ignoring / The endlessly curving sea and so come to one’s home’. Much has been written about MacNeice’s search for ‘home’, his fraught relationship with Ulster, Ireland, and England, and about the difficulty of his ‘place’ within either Irish or English literary traditions. John Kerrigan has suggested that MacNeice might be seen more productively as a ‘self-consciously archipelagic’ poet: ‘more of his qualities are visible if he is thought about in the context of what the Good Friday Agreement calls “the totality of relationships among the peoples of these islands”’. This chapter explores MacNeice’s work in the 1930s, in particular, for its preoccupations with the meanings of islands and shorelines, and with the possibilities and restrictions they posed for re-imagining social and cultural life.
The Riddle of the Sands
Authors: Brayton Daniel
Published: July 2017

The aesthetic appeal of coasts is due in part to the indeterminacy of the intertidal zone. The imagination finds room to play where land and sea meet. This chapter explores the coastal zone that lies at the heart of a novel considered by many to be the first modern spy thriller, Erskine Childers’s The Riddle of the Sands: A Record of Secret Service. Childers develops the notion of coastal indeterminacy as a figure for the boundaries, ambitions, and limitations of the modern nation-state. The journey of Childers’s characters through a north Atlantic archipelago that extends from the German coast draws a line of association between Europe and Britain, whose form depends on coastlines, estuaries, and shallows. In following this course, Childers creates a narrative fiction that shifts between charts, borders, and languages.
Ronald Lockley and the Archipelagic Imagination
Authors: Davies Damian Walford
Published: July 2017

Ronald Lockley (1903–2000), distinguished naturalist, pioneering conservationist, author in multiple genres, and paradigmatic modern ‘island dweller’, played a crucial role in defining our sense of Welsh and wider archipelagic ‘islandness’. Drawing on ‘nissology’—a dynamic ‘research frontier’ that brings together the arts, sciences, and social sciences to scrutinize not only islands ‘in their own terms’, but also the complex cultural condition of islandness—this chapter offers an analysis of how Welsh island space is mediated through Lockley’s plethora of discourses, from autobiographical narratives of island existence to definitive field studies and scientific papers, to works of popular anthropology, social history, and the novel Seal Woman (1974). It demonstrates how Lockley’s construction of a series of relational Welsh identities is linked to wider British and global archipelagic locations of culture.
In the Labyrinth
Authors: McNeillie Andrew
Published: July 2017

It is now widely acknowledged, and far beyond Ireland, that Tim Robinson’s two volumes jointly known as Stones of Aran (‘Pilgrimage’ and ‘Labyrinth’) are modern classics, exemplary in every way of how to write about place and to do so with a formal, literary accomplishment that more than earns the right to nod at Ruskin’s own classic. In 2012, Robinson went back to Árainn, the largest of the three islands, for the first time in nearly ten years. He did so at the urging of Andrew McNeillie, with whom he spent two and a half days revisiting old haunts. This chapter makes account of the occasion and uses, in the process, a unique document provided by Robinson as an experiment in annotating his work. This prompts McNeillie to investigate some of his own annotations and footnotes to Aran.
Fugitive Allegiances
Authors: Smith Jos
Published: July 2017

The literary journal Archipelago has offered one of the richest artistic visions of the British and Irish landscape this century, but it is one at an argumentative tilt to conventional orientations of the Isles. This chapter offers an account of the earlier work of the journal’s editor, Andrew McNeillie, before looking carefully at some of Archipelago’s regular contributors of poetry, prose, and visual art. What this reveals is, on the surface, a turn to the periphery which sees the literatures and cultures of the coastal edges speak back to the centre; but it goes on to unearth a more complex and decentred archipelagic space underneath this, one with an emphasis on artists working (quite literally at times) in the cosmopolitan spaces ‘between and among islands’ (Stratford et al.).
Background Practices
Authors: Dreyfus Hubert L.
Published: July 2017

Hubert Dreyfus is one of the foremost advocates of European philosophy in the anglophone world. His clear, jargon-free interpretations of the leading thinkers of the European tradition of philosophy have done a great deal to erase the analytic–Continental divide. But Dreyfus is not just an influential interpreter of Continental philosophers; he is a creative, iconoclastic thinker in his own right. Drawing on the work of Heidegger, Husserl, Merleau-Ponty, Foucault, and Kierkegaard, Dreyfus makes significant contributions to contemporary conversations about mind, authenticity, technology, nihilism, modernity and postmodernity, art, scientific realism, and religion. This volume collects thirteen of Dreyfus’s most influential essays, each of which interprets, develops, and extends the insights of his predecessors working in phenomenological and existential philosophy. The essays exemplify a distinctive feature of his approach to philosophy, namely the way his work inextricably intertwines the interpretation of texts with his own analysis and description of the phenomena at issue. In fact, these two tasks—textual exegesis and phenomenological description—are for Dreyfus necessarily dependent on each other. In approaching philosophy in this way, Dreyfus is an heir to Heidegger’s own historically oriented style of phenomenology.
Highway Bridges and Feasts
Authors: Dreyfus Hubert L. , Spinosa Charles
Published: July 2017

Borgmann and Heidegger both understand technology as a way of coping with people and things that reveals them. Both thinkers also claim that technological coping could devastate not only our environment and communal ties but more importantly the historical, world-opening being that has defined Westerners since the Greeks. Both think that this devastation can be prevented by attending to the practices for coping with simple things such as family meals and footbridges. But, contrary to Borgmann, Heidegger claims further that, alongside simple things, we can affirm technological things. For Borgmann, technological devices inhibit skillful interaction with them and therefore prevent our being sensitive to ourselves as world disclosers. For Heidegger, so long as we can still relate to non-technological things, we can affirm relations with technological things because we can maintain both our technological and the non-technological ways of world disclosing.
Spillovers to the Global South
Authors: Akyüz Yilmaz
Published: July 2017

The crisis demolished the myth that EDEs were decoupled from advanced economies and BRICS were becoming new engines of global growth. From 2011 onwards, with the end of the twin booms in commodity prices and capital inflows, growth in EDEs has converged downward towards the depressed levels of advanced economies from the very high levels achieved in the run-up to the global crisis and the immediate aftermath. Loss of momentum is particularly visible in economies that failed to manage the earlier booms prudently. In examining the spillovers from policies in major advanced economies and China to EDEs, the chapter introduces the notion of commodity-finance nexus wherein these markets reinforce each other during both expansions and contractions. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of policies needed to put the world economy into decent shape and to avoid liquidity and debt crises in EDEs.
Deepening Integration
Authors: Akyüz Yilmaz
Published: July 2017

After recurrent crises with severe consequences in the 1990s and early 2000s EDEs have become even more closely integrated into what is now widely recognized as an inherently unstable international financial system. This chapter discusses the factors accelerating global financial integration of EDEs, including monetary policies in major advanced economies, notably the United States. It examines capital inflows and outflows, external balance sheets, the size and composition of gross external assets and liabilities, distinguishing between equity and debt, private and public sectors, local currency and foreign currency debt, bond issues and bank loans, and cross-border and local lending by international banks. It provides data and information on the currency composition of external debt, and non-resident participation in domestic financial markets of emerging economies. These are used to identify the changes in the depth and pattern of integration of emerging economies into the international financial system since the early 1990s.
Crisis Management and Resolution
Authors: Akyüz Yilmaz
Published: July 2017

This chapter argues that the conventional approach to the management and resolution of external financial crises in emerging economies is inefficient and inequitable and needs to be reformed. Such reforms need to account for increased complexities arising from deepened integration, notably the difficulties in differentiating between external and domestic debt in terms of their holders, currency denomination, and governing laws. Effective debt resolution mechanisms would be needed to bail-in creditors whether the crisis is one of liquidity or solvency, or due to private or sovereign debt, or locally or internationally issued external debt, particularly since crises caused by excessive private borrowing lead to large increases in public debt. Debt workouts should include temporary standstills, protection against creditor litigation, lending into arrears and debt restructuring and combine statutory and voluntary elements, including collective action clauses, duly reformed to avoid the kind of predicaments encountered during the Argentinian restructuring.
FDI, Industrialization, and Development
Authors: Akyüz Yilmaz
Published: July 2017

Superior technology and management skills of transnational corporations (TNCs) can bring significant benefits to EDEs. However, they cannot be expected to pass willingly the competencies that bring them competitive advantages or act with a developmental perspective and help build potentially efficient local industries. Their contribution to industrialization and development depends very much on deliberate policies of host countries. Lessons from experience suggest that successful examples are found not among EDEs that attracted more FDI, but among those which used it effectively in the context of national industrial policy. However, the past two decades have seen a rapid erosion of policy space in EDEs as a result of bilateral investment treaties signed with more advanced economies, allowing significant leverage to international investors. There is a strong case for renegotiating or terminating them since they greatly compromise the ability of EDEs to benefit from FDI for industrialization and development.
Tearing Spacetime Asunder
Authors: Callender Craig
Published: July 2017

The physicist Hermann Minkowski famously claimed that relativity implies that space and time are doomed to fade away into mere shadows. It therefore may come as a surprise that relativistic spacetime is often decomposed into “time” and “space” in so-called “3 + 1” formulations of relativity. How should we regard these times? Are they hospitable to manifest time? This chapter adopts the perspective that relativity is still a “live” theory under development, so a distinguished time could emerge. However, such a time is unlikely to live up to what we want in manifest time.
The Differences Between Time and Space
Authors: Callender Craig
Published: July 2017

Many philosophers and physicists have mistakenly felt that physics “spatializes time,” in the famous words of Henri Bergson. Contemporary physics instead distinguishes time from space in a variety of ways. Once identified, we can ask new questions about these features. Are there connections among these features? Is it just accidental that they coincide in our world? By identifying what is special to time and finding connections amongst them, we learn something deep about the nature of time in physical theories.
Laws, Systems, and Time
Authors: Callender Craig
Published: July 2017

Philosophers and others have posited many metaphysical differences between time and space. An old and deep one connects physical modality with time. This chapter develops a particular version of this idea, namely, that the laws of nature distinguish temporal directions. Put loosely, time is the direction in which physics tells its best stories. This novel picture is put to work by showing how it informally “glues” together the different fragments of time.
Stuck in the Common Now
Authors: Callender Craig
Published: July 2017

If there isn’t fundamentally a preferred present, then why do we believe there is a common now but not a common here? This chapter develops an answer. Evolution shaped our cognitive and perceptual processes to solve various problems. Despite the fact that we frequently disagree about what events are happening at the same time—a fact made dramatic with the patient known as PH—nonetheless the differences among us aren’t enough to undermine the idea that we share a common now. Appealing to integration windows, hazy boundaries, physical asymmetries, and biology, the chapter demonstrates that we’ll enjoy massive intersubjective agreement about salient events in the now—and hence be tempted to regard it as objective.
The Flow of Time: Stitching the World Together
Authors: Callender Craig
Published: July 2017

Of all the ways time is distinguished from space, perhaps the idea that time flows but space does not is among the most significant and pervasive. Can we explain why a subject embedded in a relativistic spacetime would think time flows? This chapter defends the idea that the “illusion” of time flowing is due to the conception of the self as enduring. To the extent possible, it tries to flesh out this theory with a few points from cognitive metaphor theory and developmental psychology. The resulting picture is an improvement upon the traditional memory-based conception of flow.
Moving Past the ABCs of Time
Authors: Callender Craig
Published: July 2017

How do the views developed in this book connect with traditional work in analytic metaphysics on time? After giving a potted history of the field, the chapter then displays many connections and modifications between that work and the present one. It highlights one major problem with traditional analytic philosophy of time, namely, its focus on bare existence, i.e., what events exist as of when. Almost by definition, existence will play no role in science, so philosophy of time will never be threatened by scientific results. The irony about this maneuver is that creating this safety zone around time leaves philosophers of time unable to do their original job, explaining the temporal phenomena.
Introduction
Authors: Pollmann Judith
Published: July 2017

Although ‘memory’ has in recent years become an important topic of study for early modernists, no comparative overview of its practice in early modern Europe and the British Isles as yet exists. It is the first aim of this book to offer such an overview. The introduction explores memory as a scholarly concept, explains why this book focuses on the ‘practice’ of memory, and what sources we have at our disposal to do so. It explains why theories and textbooks on memory have so far had so little to say about early modern practices, and proceed from the assumption that public memory is a modern phenomenon. By contrast, this book contends that a better knowledge of early modern memory practices can help account for many features of modern memory that are currently ascribed to the coming of modernity.
Remembering Violence: Trauma, Atrocities, and Cosmopolitan Memories
Authors: Pollmann Judith
Published: July 2017

This chapter explores memories of violence, and asks to what extent we can uncover early modern trauma. Early modern Europeans did not have a psychological theory to account for the lasting mental damage caused by violence. We also find little trace of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in early modern sources, either because early modern people also struggled to articulate such pain in ways that we recognize, or because the widespread belief in providence made them more resilient, and enabled many to turn pain into something that could also be remembered as beneficial. At the same time, the early modern world was as fascinated by the pain and sufferings of others as is our own, and some of these memories became ‘cosmopolitan’. Memories of atrocity were powerful in shaping transnational and public opinion, and in the pre- and remediation of memories of victims.
Introduction
Authors: McSheffrey Shannon
Published: July 2017

Although historians have until now thought that sanctuary in England had become moribund by the early sixteenth century, research in the legal records shows something different: although sanctuary-seeking was indeed infrequent from 1400 to about 1480, it began to increase substantially after that, reaching a peak around 1530 before collapsing, quite suddenly, in the later 1530s. This chapter both introduces the different forms of English sanctuary and explains in broad terms both why resort to sanctuary became more common under the early Tudors, and why it collapsed. This raises a number of themes that weave through the other chapters—mercy and redemption, Christian kingship, jurisdiction, prosecution of felony, and aristocratic honour culture.
Dean Caudray and the City of London
Authors: McSheffrey Shannon
Published: July 2017

Between the 1420s and the 1450s, the City of London and the collegiate church of St Martin le Grand had a long-running conflict over the church’s sanctuary privileges. The records of the dispute show us how Dean Richard Caudray of St Martin’s constructed claims for his church’s sanctuary privilege, and how the mayor and aldermen of London responded when they found those privileges encroached on their own developing ideas about jurisdiction. In a broad sense, Caudray ‘won’ his battles with the City in the mid-fifteenth century both by more successful appeals to Henry VI’s ideas about mercy and kingship and by linking the chapel’s sanctuary privileges with its other liberties. The outcome of the conflict embedded chartered sanctuary more securely in the English legal and political landscape.
The Hospitaller’s Cloak
Authors: McSheffrey Shannon
Published: July 2017

This chapter explores sanctuary claims made in the properties of one particular religious order, the Knights of St John of Jerusalem (the Knights Hospitaller). The order had a special relationship with the English system of criminal prosecution (providing burial to hanged felons), exemplifying an amalgam of mercy, justice, and charity that had much in common with the ideology of sanctuary. Over the period between 1400 until the 1530s, the Hosptiallers made increasingly ambitious but impracticable arguments for sanctuary, claiming it in any of their real properties. Although the Hospitallers were forced largely to abandon this strategy by the 1520s, this chapter shows why this was not characteristic of other institutions’ sanctuary privileges, which were accepted by courts and kings into the 1530s.
The Sanctuary Town of Knowle
Authors: McSheffrey Shannon
Published: July 2017

A 1537 case of a thief who fled to sanctuary in Knowle, a town in Warwickshire, shows in some detail the ins and outs of the administration of this small sanctuary and more generally the workings of sanctuary in the later 1530s. Even at this late date, and in a disputed case, it is important to note that no one questioned the town’s sanctuary privileges (based on its status as a dependent manor of Westminster Abbey). The records associated with the case demonstrate the structural interlacing of the management of sanctuary with the administration of the king’s justice and its imbrication in the complicated lines of patronage and office-holding in Henrician England.
Motivations
Authors: Edele Mark
Published: July 2017

Both contemporaries and later historians have seen the mass surrenders of 1941 as a ‘plebiscite’ against Soviet power. This chapter investigates the extent to which this thesis can be supported by empirical evidence. It analyses the reasons for defection and shows that defeatism and the will to survive this war were slightly more important than political considerations. While a large minority was indeed opposed to Stalinism and motivated to go over to the enemy by their politics, only a radical minority wanted to take up arms against the Soviet side. The large majority, thus, were refugees from this war and from Stalinism rather than willing collaborators.
Afterlives
Authors: Edele Mark
Published: July 2017

This chapter follows the history of defection from early debates among émigrés and western scholars in the developing Cold War to contemporary historiography. It also traces the changing Soviet debate about defection from the war to the present. It shows that current scholarly debates both in Russia and abroad are deeply entwined with this history itself. The chapter also serves as a historical genealogy of the position taken in this book. Tracing a possible convergence between the western historiographical school originating in post-war émigré discussions and newer Russian scholarship, it also documents the extent to which these two traditions remain separate.
Implications
Authors: Edele Mark
Published: July 2017

This chapter turns to the present and explains the implications of the current study for the ongoing debate about the Soviet Union in the Second World War and in particular about the role of loyalty and disloyalty in the Soviet war effort. It argues that this study strengthens those who argue for a middle position: the majority of Soviet citizens were neither unquestioningly loyal to the Stalinist regime nor convinced resisters. The majority, instead, saw their interests as distinct from both the German and the Soviet regime. Nevertheless, ideology remains important if we want to understand why in the Soviet Union more resisted or collaborated than elsewhere in Europe and Asia.
Invisible Terrain
Authors: Ross Stephen J.
Published: July 2017

In his debut collection, Some Trees (1956), John Ashbery poses a question that resonates across his oeuvre and much modern art: “How could he explain to them his prayer / that nature, not art, might usurp the canvas?” When Ashbery asks this strange question, he joins a host of transatlantic avant-gardists—from the Dadaists to the 1960s neo-avant-gardists and beyond—who have dreamed the paradoxical dream of turning art into nature. Invisible Terrain examines Ashbery’s poetic mediation of this fantasy, reading his work alongside an array of practitioners, from Wordsworth to Warhol, as an exemplary case study of avant-garde transvaluation of Western nature aesthetics. Ashbery takes his coordinates from a constellation of British, American, and continental European poetic and visual art practices—from romantic nature poet John Clare’s presentational immediacy to the French “New Realism” movement’s “direct appropriation of the real” in the early 1960s—that share an emphasis on somehow transforming the material of art into a “second nature.” Nature, as Ashbery and his company understand it, is a vanguard horizon, a metaphor for art, that which lies beyond “art as we know it.” The fact that the artist can never realize this aesthetic fiction—which overturns what we generally mean by “art” and “nature”—makes it all the more powerful as a tool for staking out the limits of art. In chronicling Ashbery’s articulation of “a completely new kind of realism,” Invisible Terrain tells the larger story of nature’s transformation into a resolutely unnatural aesthetic resource in twentieth-century art and literature. But in documenting Ashbery’s eventual turn against this avant-garde tradition—most conspicuously in his archive of campy, intentionally “bad” nature poems—the project also registers queer resistance to the normative concept of nature itself as a governing conceit for art. The story begins in the late 1940s with the Abstract Expressionist valorization of process, surface, and immediacy—summed up by Jackson Pollock’s famous quip, “I am Nature”—that so influenced Ashbery’s early quest for transparent, anti-mimetic modes of composition. It ends with “Breezeway,” a poem about Hurricane Sandy and climate change. Along the way, Invisible Terrain documents Ashbery’s strategic literalization of the stream-of-consciousness metaphor, his pastoral dispersal of the lyric subject during the politically fraught Vietnam era, and his investment in “bad” nature poetry.
A Language that is Ever Green
Authors: Ross Stephen J.
Published: July 2017

This chapter examines Ashbery’s mediation of the pastoral tradition in his work of the 1960s and 1970s. If Ashbery rejects the sentimental trappings of pastoral—with its promise of reparation in “the good place” of nature—he remains committed to the liberatory logic which the pastoral traditionally enshrines. The pastoral master trope of “wandering away” helps Ashbery negotiate problems of authenticity, subjectivity, and political commitment in the Vietnam era. Ashbery manages these challenges by pluralizing the lyric speaker in poems such as “A Blessing in Disguise” and “Evening in the Country” and by writing powerfully against the pastoral tradition in his “necropastoral” anti-masterpiece of camp disaffection, The Vermont Notebook.
Doing Justice to Desert
Authors: Sher George
Published: July 2017

Does justice require that goods be distributed in accordance with people’s deserts? The claim that it does is appealing, but has been the target of many objections. The current paper first argues briefly against three of these familiar objections, but then introduces another objection that has more force. Given this new objection, we cannot plausibly say that what justice requires is that each person gets what he deserves. However, even if desert plays no role in structuring the distribution of options among persons, it may still enter by affecting the pay-offs that attach to the various options. The paper’s final section defends this proposal by arguing that it can plausibly be paired with each of four major approaches to justice.
Peripheries
Authors: Wingfield Nancy M.
Published: July 2017

The Ministry of Interior issued a decree on 21 November 1906 soliciting proposals for revision of regulation from all provincial governors on regulation in the large cities in their jurisdiction with large industrial installations or military garrisons. Respondents across Austria addressed four major issues: 1) the utility of regulating prostitution on the example of the tolerated brothels; 2) the danger prostitutes posed to public health; and less often, 3) the social origins of local prostitutes; and 4) the social profile of clients. Responses reveal varying attitudes toward, experiences with, and understandings of, regulation. They demonstrate an urban-rural division in attitudes toward the efficacy of regulated prostitution. The reactions underscore the difference between monitoring in many small-to-medium-sized municipalities, where police knew many of the actors personally, and the anonymity that prevailed in the Empire’s larger cities, where authorities often considered regulation the best of a series of bad solutions.
The Trafficking Panic in Late Imperial Austria
Authors: Wingfield Nancy M.
Published: July 2017

This chapter explores a variety of issues central to the turn-of-the-century Austrian panic over trafficking. They include anti-Semitism, Jews as protagonists and victims, and mass migration in an urbanizing world, as well as why particular Austrian cities were associated with the trade in women. The chapter analyzes the government’s domestic and international efforts to combat trafficking, as well as the role bourgeois reform organizations played. It explores the relationship between the trafficker and the trafficked, arguing that these women and girls were not simply victims, but sometimes willing participants, or something in between, in order to sketch a more nuanced picture of turn-of-the-century “white slaving.” The term “trafficker” is employed to reflect the way sources (the state, journalists, reform groups) viewed the issue, not because it can be proved that the problem was as widespread as they claimed.
Introduction
Authors: Wingfield Nancy M.
Published: July 2017

This study of prostitution addresses female agency and experience, contemporary fears about sexual coercion and the forced movement of girls/women, and police surveillance. Rather than treating prostitutes solely as victims or problems to be solved, it seeks to find the historical subjects behind fin-de-siècle constructions of prostitutes, to restore agency to the women who participated in commercial sex, illuminate their quotidian experiences, and to place these women, some of whom made a rational economic decision to sell their bodies, in a larger social context. It investigates their interactions with police and other supervisory agents, as well as with other inhabitants of their world, rather than focusing top-down on the state-constructed apparatus of surveillance. Close reading of the sources shows that some prostitutes in late imperial Austria took control over their own fates, at least as much as other working-class women, in the decades before the end of the Monarchy.
Fund Managers and Their Investors
Authors: Arjaliès Diane-Laure , Grant Philip , Hardie Iain , MacKenzie Donald , Svetlova Ekaterina
Published: July 2017

Chapter 3 examines the mechanisms through which clients impact fund managers’ practices and vice versa. The discussion encompasses fixed income investment as well as investment in shares. In both fixed income and shares, clients can include both institutional investors (such as pension funds) and retail investors (i.e. private individuals, though often guided by financial advisers). Their reasons for investment vary, leading to different time-horizons on their decisions, different ways of measuring performance, and different forms of interaction with the rest of the investment chain. They often rely on various types of advisers: investment consultants, independent financial advisers, and fund-rating companies. Variations of those kinds among the clients influence fund managers’ investment decisions, whether intentionally or not. Thus, the chapter suggests that the client–fund manager relationship is not a simple principal–agent problem, but a multi-faceted, contextually dependent, malleable matter.