bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Size of Fields in Biomedical Sciences
Authors: Dragotakes Quigly , Casadevall Arturo
Published: June 2023

Scientific research output has increased exponentially over the past few decades, but not equally across all fields of study, and we lack clear methods for estimating the size of any given field of research. Understanding how fields grow, change, and are organized is essential to understanding how human resources are allocated to the investigation of scientific problems. In this study we estimated the size of certain biomedical fields from the number of unique author names appearing in field relevant publications in the PubMed database. Focusing on microbiology, where the size of fields is often associated with those who work on a particular microbe, we find large differences in the size of its subfields. We found that plotting the number of unique investigators as a function of time can show changes consistent with growing or shrinking fields. We envision using unique author count to measure the strength of a workforce in any given field, analyze the overlap of workforce between fields, and compare how workforce correlates to available research funds and public health burden of a field.
Participant-derived cell line transcriptomic analyses and mouse studies reveal a role for ZNF335 in plasma cholesterol statin response
Authors: Theusch Elizabeth , Ting Flora Y. , Qin Yuanyuan , Stevens Kristen , Naidoo Devesh , King Sarah M. , Yang Neil , Orr Joseph , Han Brenda Y. , Cyster Jason G. , Chen Yii-Der I. , Rotter Jerome I. , Krauss Ronald M. , Medina Marisa W.
Published: June 2023

Background

Statins lower circulating low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) levels and reduce cardiovascular disease risk. Though highly efficacious in general, there is considerable inter-individual variation in statin efficacy that remains largely unexplained.

Methods

To identify novel genes that may modulate statin-induced LDLC lowering, we used RNA-sequencing data from 426 control- and 2 μM simvastatin-treated lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) derived from European and African American ancestry participants of the Cholesterol and Pharmacogenetics (CAP) 40 mg/day 6-week simvastatin clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.govIdentifier:NCT00451828). We correlated statin-induced changes in LCL gene expression with plasma LDLC statin response in the corresponding CAP participants. For the most correlated gene identified (ZNF335), we followed upin vivoby comparing plasma cholesterol levels, lipoprotein profiles, and lipid statin response between wild-type mice and carriers of a hypomorphic (partial loss of function) missense mutation inZfp335(the mouse homolog ofZNF335).

Results

The statin-induced expression changes of 147 human LCL genes were significantly correlated to the plasma LDLC statin responses of the corresponding CAP participantsin vivo(FDR=5%). The two genes with the strongest correlations were zinc finger protein 335 (ZNF335akaNIF-1, rho=0.237, FDR-adj p=0.0085) and CCR4-NOT transcription complex subunit 3 (CNOT3, rho=0.233, FDR-adj p=0.0085). Chow-fed mice carrying a hypomorphic missense (R1092W; aka bloto) mutation inZfp335had significantly lower non-HDL cholesterol levels than wild type C57BL/6J mice in a sex combined model (p=0.04). Furthermore, male (but not female) mice carrying theZfp335R1092Wallele had significantly lower total and HDL cholesterol levels than wild-type mice. In a separate experiment, wild-type mice fed a control diet for 4 weeks and a matched simvastatin diet for an additional 4 weeks had significant statin-induced reductions in non-HDLC (−43±18% and -23±19% for males and females, respectively). Wild-type male (but not female) mice experienced significant reductions in plasma LDL particle concentrations, while male mice carryingZfp335R1092Wallele(s) exhibited a significantly blunted LDL statin response.

Conclusions

Ourin vitroandin vivostudies identifiedZNF335as a novel modulator of plasma cholesterol levels and statin response, suggesting that variation in ZNF335 activity could contribute to inter-individual differences in statin clinical efficacy.
Dual mechanical impact of β-escin on model lipid membranes
Authors: Moleiro Lara H. , Martín-Romero María T. , Herráez-Aguilar Diego , Santiago José A. , Caselli Niccolo , Dargel Carina , Geisler Ramsia , Hellweg Thomas , Monroy Francisco
Published: June 2023

Using artificially reconstituted membranes based on structurally liquidlike phospholipids, we have performed an experimental study on the mechanical impact of the saponin β-aescin, aka escin, a natural biosurfactant extracted from the seeds of the horse chestnut treeAesculus hippocastanum. The paper focusses on the modulable interaction of escin with DMPC in model membranes in the form of bilayer vesicles and Langmuir monolayers. As regarding to their dual mechanical membrane behavior being both soft solids and viscoelastic fluids, we have outlined the principal energetic and kinetic features describing the insertion of escin as transversally adsorbed or longitudinally integrated within the model membranes. At connection with the structural phase behavior assessed by dedicated microscopies of surface fluorescence and Brewster angle reflectivity, these hybrid escin / phospholipid membranes have been revealed to possess dual mechanical properties connected to their structural rigidness and fluidity behaving both in one way and another. In particular, we observe a soft glassy rheology typical for liquid-crystalline ordered phases at low temperature, which turns into a fluidlike viscoelasticity characteristic of the disordered phases at high physiological temperature. These original results have been discussed in a physicochemical perspective that may pave new avenues of material engineering and / or pharmacological design exploiting the dual mechanical impact of escin as a mechanical modulator of the cellular membrane.
Influence of elevated temperature on compressive strength of LD slag aggregate concrete
Authors: Singh Prince , Prasad Brajkishor , Kumar Virendra
Published: June 2023

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the compressive strength of concretes incorporating Linz-Donawitz slag (LD slag) as partial replacement for natural fine and coarse aggregates and compare them with traditional concrete.

Design/methodology/approach

The natural fine and coarse aggregates were replaced by weight simultaneously up to 100% with LD slag aggregates at an incremental increase of 20%. Concrete of grades M20, M25, M30, M35 and M40 were cast, cured and tested with standard cube specimens to study the density and compressive strength of reference and LD slag aggregate concretes (LDSACs). The concrete specimens were exposed to elevated temperatures, i.e. 100 to 900 °C at an equal interval of 100 °C and tested to study the variation in density and residual compressive strength.

Findings

The results from the experiments reveal that the LDSAC yields a higher density than that of the reference concrete and also undergo less density variation when exposed to elevated temperatures. In addition, the residual compressive strength of LDSAC specimens was significantly higher than that of the reference concrete.

Research limitations/implications

LD slag is believed to be stronger and more durable than locally available limestone aggregates or blast furnace slag. Moreover, it is necessary to study its strength and other properties to determine whether it can be successfully used as an aggregate in concrete universally.

Practical implications

Use of LD slag as aggregates in concrete will convert LD slag into a value added product and as an alternative to the existing natural aggregates which will help in maintaining ecological balance and save valuable lands.

Social implications

The economically weaker section of the society may now use LDSAC as waste utilization will bring down the overall cost and hence it will benefit people on large scale.

Originality/value

Use of LD slag as aggregate in concrete can help find an alternative to the existing natural aggregates which will save the ecosystem and at the same time help in reducing the industrial waste on a large scale.
Workplace ostracism: a qualitative enquiry
Authors: Dash Sanket , Ranjan Sushant , Bhardwaj Neha , Rastogi Siddhartha K.
Published: June 2023

Purpose

The study aims to understand the phenomenon of workplace ostracism from multiple perspectives (target, perpetrator and observer). The understanding of the phenomenon is used to thematically analyse the antecedents of workplace ostracism and identify appropriate strategies for each antecedent.

Design/methodology/approach

The study findings are based on face-to-face semi-structured interviews with thirty-three senior and medium-level employees from various public and private sector organizations in India. The interview transcripts were systematically analyzed to identify antecedents of ostracism, which were inductively grouped together based on similarity.

Findings

The antecedents of workplace ostracism were grouped into four major heads: perceived non-alignment with organizational needs; emotional reaction; unconscious social processes and structural and demographic differences. Based on interview transcripts, strategies to reduce the effect of each of the broad antecedents of ostracism were identified.

Practical implications

Workplace ostracism has been linked with multiple negative outcomes including increased stress and turnover intention. The study provides managers with a framework that enables them to evaluate and understand incidences of ostracism among their subordinates. The study also equips managers with the knowledge of specific strategies for dealing with specific antecedents of ostracism.

Originality/value

The study answers the need to look at the phenomenon of ostracism through multiple perspectives. It identifies multiple potentially new antecedents and strategies to deal with workplace ostracism and groups them in a coherent manner. It is among the few studies on ostracism in India and extends the generalizability of the construct.
The dual-level effects of authentic leadership on teacher wellbeing: the mediating role of psychological availability
Authors: Xu Zhihua , Yang Fu
Published: June 2023

Purpose

Drawing on the conservation of resources (COR) theory, this study examined the mediating role of psychological availability in the relationships between principals' individual-level and group-level authentic leadership and individual teachers' wellbeing, that is, job satisfaction, life satisfaction and emotional exhaustion.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors conducted a three-wave online questionnaire survey among 266 teachers from 52 schools in China. Multilevel structural equation modeling (MSEM) was used to analyze the hypothesized relationships among the study variables.

Findings

The principals' group-level and individual-level authentic leadership were both positively associated with individual teachers' psychological availability, which in turn was positively related to their job satisfaction and life satisfaction, and negatively related to their emotional exhaustion.

Practical implications

School administrations should elevate the levels of principals' authentic leadership by selecting and developing authentic principals to increase teacher wellbeing.

Originality/value

Differing from prior research that has focused on the effect of authentic leadership at either group-level or individual-level, this study simultaneously investigated the dual-level effects of principals' authentic leadership. Moreover, psychological availability was found to mediate the dual-level effects of principals' authentic leadership on teachers' job satisfaction, life satisfaction and emotional exhaustion.
Generalizability of nociception level as a measure of intraoperative nociceptive stimulation: A retrospective analysis
Authors: Ruetzler Kurt , Montalvo Mateo , Rotem Omer Miller , Ekrami Elyad , Rössler Julian , Duran Jorge Andres Araujo , Dahan Albert , Gozal Yaacov , Richebe Philippe , Farhang Borzoo , Turan Alparslan , Sessler Daniel I.
Published: June 2023

Background

Nociception‐guided intraoperative opioid administration might help reduce postoperative pain. A commonly used and validated nociception monitor system is nociception level (NOL), which provides the nociception index, ranging from 0 to 100, with 0 representing no nociception and 100 representing extreme nociception. We tested the hypothesis that NOL responses are similar in men and women given remifentanil and fentanyl, across various types of anesthesia, as a function of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status designations, and over a range of ages and body morphologies.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of trial data from eight prospective NOL validation studies. Among 522 noncardiac surgical patients enrolled in these studies, 447 were included in our analysis. We assessed NOL responses to various noxious and non‐noxious stimuli.

Results

The average NOL in response to 315 noxious stimuli was 47 ± 15 (95% CI = 45–49). The average NOL in response to 361 non‐noxious stimuli was 10 ± 12 (95% CI = 9–11). NOL responses were similar in men and women, in patients given remifentanil and fentanyl, across various types of anesthesia, as a function of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status designations, and over a range of ages and body morphologies.

Conclusion

Nociception level appears to provide accurate estimates of intraoperative nociception over a broad range of patients and anesthetic conditions.
Plasma lipopolysaccharide elevations in cattle associated with early‐stage infection by Fasciola hepatica
Authors: Marendy D , Gabor L , George SD , Parker A , Doyle E
Published: June 2023

Fasciolosis is an endemic zoonotic parasitic disease with significant impacts on human health and both animal health and production. Early post‐infection impacts on the host remain unclear. The objective of this study was to determine the changes, if any, to levels of endotoxin in cattle plasma in response to early‐stage infection with Fasciola hepatica. Thirty‐six (36) commercial bred cattle were experimentally infected with approximately 400 viable metacercariae. Plasma lipopolysaccharide (endotoxin) levels were examined on 24 occasions from 0 h before infection to 336 h after infection using the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate chromogenic end point assay and compared with that of six (6) uninfected control animals. Peak lipopolysaccharide levels in infected animals were reached at 52 h after infection and returned to pre‐infection levels at time 144 h after infection. Infected animals had significantly elevated lipopolysaccharide levels between 24 and 120 h after infection when compared to uninfected animals. The mean change in endotoxin units (EU)/mL over time after infection was statistically significant in infected animals. Elevations of lipopolysaccharide occurred in all infected animals suggesting a possible repeatable and titratable endotoxemia conducive to therapeutic agent model development.
Guselkumab for the treatment of patients with moderate‐to‐severe hidradenitis suppurativa: A phase 2 randomized study
Authors: Kimball Alexa B. , Podda Maurizio , Alavi Afsaneh , Miller Megan , Shen Yaung‐Kaung , Li Shu , Xu Yan , Han Chenglong , Fakharzadeh Steven , Yang Ya‐Wen , DePrimo Samuel , Munoz Ernesto , Chen Yanqing , Passeron Thierry , Papp Kim
Published: June 2023

Background

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition that causes substantial physical, emotional and psychological burdens. Guselkumab, a monoclonal antibody that binds to the p19 subunit of interleukin‐23, has demonstrated high levels of efficacy in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, including psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis.

Objective

To evaluate the effect of guselkumab on the treatment of HS, a phase 2, multicentre, randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, proof‐of‐concept study was conducted.

Methods

Patients ≥18 years of age with moderate‐to‐severe HS for ≥1 year were randomized to (1) guselkumab 200 mg by subcutaneous (SC) injection every 4 weeks (q4w) through Week 36 (guselkumab SC); (2) guselkumab 1200 mg intravenously (IV) q4w for 12 weeks, then switched to guselkumab 200 mg SC q4w from Weeks 12 through 36 (guselkumab IV); or (3) placebo for 12 weeks, with re‐randomization to guselkumab 200 mg SC q4w at Weeks 16 through 36 (placebo → guselkumab 200 mg) or guselkumab 100 mg SC at Weeks 16, 20, 28 and 36 and placebo at Weeks 24 and 32 (placebo → guselkumab 100 mg). End points included HS clinical response (HiSCR) and patient‐reported outcomes.

Results

Although guselkumab SC or guselkumab IV resulted in numerically higher HiSCR versus placebo at Week 16 (50.8%, 45.0%, 38.7%, respectively), statistical significance was not achieved. Numerically greater improvements in patient‐reported outcomes were also observed for guselkumab SC and guselkumab IV versus placebo at Week 16. Through Week 40, no clear differences to suggest a dose response were observed for HiSCR and patient‐reported outcomes.

Conclusions

Despite modest improvements, the primary end point was not met and the overall findings do not support the efficacy of guselkumab in the treatment of HS. Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT 03628924.
Methotrexate for inflammatory skin disease in pediatric patients: Consensus treatment guidelines
Authors: Siegfried Elaine C. , Arkin Lisa M. , Chiu Yvonne E. , Hebert Adelaide A. , Callen Jeffrey P. , Castelo‐Soccio Leslie , Co Dominic O. , Cordoro Kelly M. , Curran Megan L. , Dalrymple Austin M. , Flohr Carsten , Gordon Ken B. , Hanna Diane , Irvine Alan D. , Kim Susan , Kirkorian A. Yasmine , Lara‐Corrales Irene , Lindstrom Jill , Paller Amy S. , Reyes Melissa , Begolka Wendy Smith , Tom Wynnis L. , Van Voorhees Abby S. , Vleugels Ruth Ann , Lee Lara Wine , Davies Olivia M. T. , Brandling‐Bennett Heather A.
Published: June 2023

Methotrexate (MTX) is a readily accessible drug, first used in 1948 and employed for a wide variety of indications since then. However, despite widespread off‐label use, FDA labeling does not include approved indications for the use of MTX for many inflammatory skin diseases in pediatric patients, including morphea, psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and alopecia areata, among others. Without published treatment guidelines, some clinicians may be hesitant to use MTX off‐label, or uncomfortable prescribing MTX in this population. To address this unmet need, an expert consensus committee was convened to develop evidence‐ and consensus‐based guidelines for use of MTX to treat pediatric inflammatory skin disease. Clinicians with experience and expertise in clinical research, drug development, and treating inflammatory skin disease in pediatric patients with MTX were recruited. Five committees were created based on major topic areas: (1) indications and contraindications, (2) dosing, (3) interactions with immunizations and medications, (4) adverse effects (potential for and management of), and (5) monitoring needs. Pertinent questions were generated and addressed by the relevant committee. The entire group participated in a modified Delphi process to establish agreement on recommendations for each question. The committee developed 46 evidence‐ and consensus‐based recommendations, each with >70% agreement among members, across all five topics. These are presented in tables and text, along with a discussion of supporting literature, and level of evidence. These evidence‐ and consensus‐based recommendations will support safe and effective use of MTX for the underserved population of pediatric patients who may benefit from this valuable, time‐honored medication.
Exploring the pedagogical practices of seasoned elementary mathematics teachers and connections with their content knowledge and beliefs
Authors: Auslander Susan Swars , Myers Kayla D. , Bingham Gary E. , Tanguay Carla L.
Published: June 2023

This inquiry examined the pedagogical practices in mathematics of elementary teachers (N = 27) who had been identified as experienced and successful and were working in an urban school district with underserved student populations. Also investigated were relationships between their instructional practices and other elements of proficient teaching of mathematics, including specialized content knowledge and beliefs. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected via a knowledge assessment, belief surveys, classroom observations, and individual interviews. The findings related to learner‐centered, equitable mathematics instruction reveal a mixed picture of understanding and enactment by the participants, illuminating variability and complexity, especially within the context of a standardized model for instructional delivery. Participants expressed constraints in implementing learner‐centered, equitable mathematics instruction, particularly: prescribed, scripted lesson plans; teaching roles that involved instruction of many students thus contributing to lack of familiarity; and a mix of learners who were in‐class and remote due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. The results also demonstrate that pedagogical practices were shaped by participants’ specialized content knowledge and to a more limited extent their beliefs. These data further reveal mixed endorsements of the different belief constructs. Considerations for teacher development are discussed.
Biological variation of biochemical urine and serum analytes in healthy dogs
Authors: Selin Anna K. , Lilliehöök Inger , Forkman Johannes , Larsson Anders , Pelander Lena , Strage Emma M.
Published: June 2023

Background

Biological variation (BV) of urinary (U) biochemical analytes has not been described in absolute terms, let alone as a ratio of the U‐creatinine or fractional excretion in healthy dogs. These analytes are potential diagnostic tools for different types of kidney damage and electrolyte disorders in dogs.

Objectives

We aimed to investigate the BV of specific gravity, osmolality, creatinine, urea, protein, glucose, chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium, and phosphate in urine from healthy pet dogs.

Methods

Blood and urine samples from 13 dogs were collected once weekly for 8 weeks. Samples were analyzed in duplicate and in randomized order. For each sample, U‐analyte and serum concentrations were measured, and U‐analyte/U‐creatinine and fractional excretion (FE) were calculated. Components of variance, estimated by restricted maximum likelihood, were used to determine within‐subject variation (CVI), between‐subject variation (CVG), and analytical variation (CVA). Index of individuality (II) and reference change values were calculated.

Results

CVI for all urine analytes varied between 12.6% and 35.9%, except for U‐sodium, U‐sodium/U‐Cr, and FE‐sodium, which had higher CVIs (59.5%‐60.7%). For U‐protein, U‐sodium, U‐potassium, U‐sodium/U‐creatinine, FE‐urea, FE‐glucose, FE‐sodium, FE‐potassium, and FE‐phosphate II were low, indicating that population‐based RIs were appropriate. The remaining analytes had an intermediate II, suggesting that population‐based RIs should be used with caution.

Conclusion

This study presents information on the biological variation of urinary and serum biochemical analytes from healthy dogs. These data are important for an appropriate interpretation of laboratory results.
Multipath Impact on Multi-Frequency and Multi-Constellation Code Measurements from Brazilian GNSS Stations
Authors: Setti Jr. Paulo T. , Silva Crislaine Menezes da , Alves Daniele Barroca Marra , Vieira João Vitor Espinhosa , Zaupa João Pedro Voltare
Published: June 2023

Although Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) positioning can achieve high accuracy in line-of-sight conditions, multipath remains a dominant source of error. Multipath occurs when the reflected signals reach the receiver in addition to the direct ones. Different systems design can impact the multipath effect, such as the signal modulation and chipping rate. In the context of multifrequency and multi-constellation scenario that we are achieving with four operational global constellations, this paper compares the multipath impact in different signals of GPS, GLONASS, Galileo and BeiDou. For the experiment, one week of data from 35 Brazilian Network for Continuous Monitoring of the GNSS Systems (RBMC) stations in June 2021 was processed. The multipath index was estimated based on the code- inus-carrier combination. For the first frequency of each system, similar results were obtained for GPS, GLONASS and BeiDou (approximately 56 cm). The Galileo BOC/AltBOC modulation offers better resistance to multipath, with a multipath index of 37 cm for E1 and of 12 cm for E5. Considering all selected stations, the multipath index of GPS L1 varied from 38 cm to 61 cm.
Fabrication of plasma-reduced silver coupled with titanium dioxide nanoparticles for visible light-driven photocatalysis
Authors: Montallana Arantxa Danielle S. , Angeles Joven Paolo D. , Chu Jinn P. , Sherburne Matthew P. , Vasquez Magdaleno R. , Wada Motoi
Published: June 2023

The photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide (TiO2) was improved by forming a matrix containing silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs) prepared by a plasma process. The plasma-assisted reduction process successfully formed metallic Ag on the surface of the TiO2 NP matrix to create the Ag-TiO2 Janus heterostructure. The synthesized NPs were characterized using Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller surface analysis, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and UV-vis spectroscopy. Photocatalytic dye decomposition experiments revealed up to 96% methylene blue removal after 4 h of visible light irradiation, a fivefold increase in removal efficiency compared to using TiO2 NPs only.
Thinking About Elite Performance: The Experience and Impact of Mental Fatigue in Elite Sport Coaching
Authors: Russell Suzanna , Halson Shona L. , Jenkins David G. , Rynne Steven B. , Roelands Bart , Kelly Vincent G.
Published: June 2023

Purpose: Mental fatigue causes decreases in aspects of athletes’ performance. Elite coaches commonly undertake cognitively demanding tasks and are seemingly at similar risk of subsequent performance impairment. However, elite sport coaches’ experiences of mental fatigue, alongside other markers of psychobiological stress, have yet to be quantified. Methods: Three elite coaching and performance staff (2 women and 1 man) provided 100-mm visual analog scale ratings of mental fatigue, physical fatigue, readiness to perform, and salivary samples for later cortisol (sCort) and alpha-amylase (sAA) analysis. Data were obtained on the same morning each week across a 16-week preseason. Data were subset by individual coach for descriptive and repeated-measures correlational analyses. Results: Fluctuating mental fatigue was observed over the 16 weeks (min–max; coach 1 = 25–86 AU; coach 2 = 0–51 AU; and coach 3 = 15 − 76 AU). Elevated levels of mental fatigue were reported at multiple time points, with individual variability observed. sCort (in nanomoles per liter), sAA (in micromoles per liter), and sAA:sCort indicated that coaches experienced psychophysiological stress (min–max; coach 1 sCort = 8.42–17.31, sAA = 52.40–113.06, sAA:sCort = 3.20–12.80; coach 2 sCort = 4.20–9.70, sAA = 158.80–307.20, sAA:sCort = 21.10–61.70; and coach 3 sCort = 6.81−19.66, sAA = 86.55–495.85, sAA:sCort = 4.90–35.50). A significant inverse relationship between mental fatigue and readiness to perform (r = −.44 [−.64 to −.17], P = .002) was identified. Conclusions: Elite sport coaches report elevated instances of mental fatigue during a preseason training period. Those involved in elite sports should act to understand the presence and potential subsequent impacts of staff mental fatigue and consider management or mitigation strategies. Optimization of the cognitive performance of coaches and performance staff presents as a potential source of competitive advantage.
Aging Fly Cell Atlas identifies exhaustive aging features at cellular resolution
Authors: Lu Tzu-Chiao , Brbić Maria , Park Ye-Jin , Jackson Tyler , Chen Jiaye , Kolluru Sai Saroja , Qi Yanyan , Katheder Nadja Sandra , Cai Xiaoyu Tracy , Lee Seungjae , Chen Yen-Chung , Auld Niccole , Liang Chung-Yi , Ding Sophia H. , Welsch Doug , D’Souza Samuel , Pisco Angela Oliveira , Jones Robert C. , Leskovec Jure , Lai Eric C. , Bellen Hugo J. , Luo Liqun , Jasper Heinrich , Quake Stephen R. , Li Hongjie
Published: June 2023

Aging is characterized by a decline in tissue function, but the underlying changes at cellular resolution across the organism remain unclear. Here, we present the Aging Fly Cell Atlas, a single-nucleus transcriptomic map of the whole aging
Drosophila
. We characterized 163 distinct cell types and performed an in-depth analysis of changes in tissue cell composition, gene expression, and cell identities. We further developed aging clock models to predict fly age and show that ribosomal gene expression is a conserved predictive factor for age. Combining all aging features, we find distinctive cell type–specific aging patterns. This atlas provides a valuable resource for studying fundamental principles of aging in complex organisms.
Reducing nighttime light exposure in the urban environment to benefit human health and society
Authors: Zielinska-Dabkowska K. M. , Schernhammer E. S. , Hanifin J. P. , Brainard G. C.
Published: June 2023

Nocturnal light pollution can have profound effects on humans and other organisms. Recent research indicates that nighttime outdoor lighting is increasing rapidly. Evidence from controlled laboratory studies demonstrates that nocturnal light exposure can strain the visual system, disrupt circadian physiology, suppress melatonin secretion, and impair sleep. There is a growing body of work pointing to adverse effects of outdoor lighting on human health, including the risk of chronic diseases, but this knowledge is in a more nascent stage. In this Review, we synthesize recent research on the context-specific factors and physiology relevant to nocturnal light exposure in relation to human health and society, identify critical areas for future research, and highlight recent policy steps and recommendations for mitigating light pollution in the urban environment.
Metamaterial graphene photodetector with bandwidth exceeding 500 gigahertz
Authors: Koepfli Stefan M. , Baumann Michael , Koyaz Yesim , Gadola Robin , Güngör Arif , Keller Killian , Horst Yannik , Nashashibi Shadi , Schwanninger Raphael , Doderer Michael , Passerini Elias , Fedoryshyn Yuriy , Leuthold Juerg
Published: June 2023

Although graphene has met many of its initially predicted optoelectronic, thermal, and mechanical properties, photodetectors with large spectral bandwidths and extremely high frequency responses remain outstanding. In this work, we demonstrate a >500 gigahertz, flat–frequency response, graphene-based photodetector that operates under ambient conditions across a 200-nanometer-wide spectral band with center wavelengths adaptable from <1400 to >4200 nanometers. Our detector combines graphene with metamaterial perfect absorbers with direct illumination from a single-mode fiber, which breaks with the conventional miniaturization of photodetectors on an integrated photonic platform. This design allows for much higher optical powers while still allowing record-high bandwidths and data rates. Our results demonstrate that graphene photodetectors can outperform conventional technologies in terms of speed, bandwidth, and operation across a large spectral range.
AI and the transformation of social science research
Authors: Grossmann Igor , Feinberg Matthew , Parker Dawn C. , Christakis Nicholas A. , Tetlock Philip E. , Cunningham William A.
Published: June 2023

Careful bias management and data fidelity are key
Potential for recovery of declining reef sharks
Authors: Shiffman David S.
Published: June 2023

Data on shark populations in coral reefs raise concern and hope for recovery
Epigenetic changes in astrocytes make sense
Authors: Vasile Flora , Rouach Nathalie
Published: June 2023

Serotonin induces gene expression changes in astrocytes to regulate olfactory behavior
In Science Journals
Authors: Seale Maddy , Osborne Ian S. , Suleymanov Yury , Szuromi Phil , Smith H. Jesse , Funk Michael A. , Charneski Catherine , Stajic Jelena , Simonti Corinne , Stern Peter , Yeston Jake , Vignieri Sacha , Fogg Christiana N. , Wong Wei
Published: June 2023

Highlights from the
Science
family of journals
Segregation was already hurting Black health 100 years ago
Authors: Ortega Rodrigo Pérez
Published: June 2023

Research links structural racism of 1900s U.S. society to striking disparities in childhood mortality
An Atypical F-Actin Capping Protein Modulates Cytoskeleton Behaviors Crucial for Trichomonas vaginalis Colonization
Authors: Wang Kai-Hsuan , Chang Jing-Yang , Li Fu-An , Wu Kuan-Yi , Hsu Shu-Hao , Chen Yen-Ju , Chu Tse-Ling , Lin Jessica , Hsu Hong-Ming
Published: June 2023

Trichomoniasis is one of the most prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted diseases.
T. vaginalis
cytoadherence to urogenital epithelium cells is the first step in the colonization of the host. However, studies on the mechanisms of cytoadherence have focused mainly on the role of adhesion molecules, and their effects are limited when analyzed by loss- or gain-of-function assays.
A step towards reinvigorating the COVID-19 response: an intra-action review of the WHO Regional Office for Africa Incident Management Support Team
Authors: Balde Thierno , Oyugi Boniface , Daniel Ebenezer Obi , Okeibunor Joseph , Wango Roland Kimbi , Njenge Hillary , Ongolo Zogo Pierre , O’Malley Helena , Koua Etien Luc , Thiam Adama , Chamla Dick , Braka Fiona , Gueye Abdou Salam
Published: June 2023

The WHO Regional Office for Africa (AFRO) COVID-19 Incident Management Support Team (IMST) was first established on 21 January 2020 to coordinate the response to the pandemic in line with the Emergency Response Framework and has undergone three modifications based on intra-action reviews (IAR). An IAR of the WHO AFRO COVID-19 IMST was conducted to document best practices, challenges, lessons learnt and areas for improvement from the start of 2021 to the end of the third wave in November 2021. In addition, it was designed to contribute to improving the response to COVID-19 in the Region. An IAR design as proposed by WHO, encompassing qualitative approaches to collecting critical data and information, was used. It employed mixed methods of data collection: document reviews, online surveys, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. A thematic analysis of the data focused on four thematic areas, namely operations of IMST, data and information management, human resource management and institutional framework/governance. Areas of good practice identified, included the provision of guidelines, protocols and technical expertise, resource mobilisation, logistics management, provision of regular updates, timely situation reporting, timely deployment and good coordination. Some challenges identified included a communication gap; inadequate emergency personnel; lack of scientific updates; and inadequate coordination with partners. The identified strong points/components are the pivot for informed decisions and actions for reinvigorating the future response coordination mechanism.
Community-based alcohol education intervention (THEATRE) study to reduce harmful effects of alcohol in rural Sri Lanka: design and adaptation of a mixed-methods stepped wedge cluster randomised control trial
Authors: Pearson Melissa , Dawson Andrew , Raubenheimer Jacques , Senerathna Lalith , Conigrave Katherine , Lee K S Kylie , Rajapakse Thilini , Pushpakumara Pahala Hangidi Gedara Janaka , Siribaddana Sisira , Soerensen Jane Brandt , Konradsen Flemming , Jan Stephen , Dawson Angela J , Buckley Nicholas , Abeysinghe Ranil , Siriwardhana Prabash , Priyadarshana Chamil , Haber Paul S , Dzidowska Monika , Abeykoon Palitha , Glozier Nick
Published: June 2023

Introduction

Alcohol consumption is a leading cause of mortality, morbidity and adverse social sequelae in Sri Lanka. Effective community-based, culturally adapted or context-specific interventions are required to minimise these harms. We designed a mixed-methods stepped wedge cluster randomised control trial of a complex alcohol intervention. This paper describes the initial trial protocol and subsequent modifications following COVID-19.

Methods and analysis

We aimed to recruit 20 villages (approximately n=4000) in rural Sri Lanka. The proposed intervention consisted of health screening clinics, alcohol brief intervention, participatory drama, film, and public health promotion materials to be delivered over 12 weeks.

Following disruptions to the trial resulting from the Easter bombings in 2019, COVID-19 and a national financial crisis, we adapted the study in two main ways. First, the interventions were reconfigured for hybrid delivery. Second, a rolling pre–post study evaluating changes in alcohol use, mental health, social capital and financial stress as the primary outcome and implementation and ex-ante economic analysis as secondary outcomes.

Ethics and dissemination

The original study and amendments have been reviewed and granted ethical approval by Rajarata University of Sri Lanka (ERC/2018/21—July 2018 and February 2022) and the University of Sydney (2019/006). Findings will be disseminated locally in collaboration with the community and stakeholders.

The new hybrid approach may be more adaptable, scalable and generalisable than the planned intervention. The changes will allow a closer assessment of individual interventions while enabling the evaluation of this discontinuous event through a naturalistic trial design. This may assist other researchers facing similar disruptions to community-based studies.

Trial registration

The trial is registered with the Sri Lanka Clinical Trials Registry;https://slctr.lk/trials/slctr-2018-037.
Fibromyalgia and mental health in rheumatoid arthritis: a cross-sectional prevalence study from the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Upadhyaya Sundeep Kumar , Malgutte Deepak Ramchandra , Handa Rohini , Gupta Sirinder , Kumar Anil , Budumuru Srujana
Published: June 2023

Objectives

This study evaluated the prevalence of fibromyalgia (FM), anxiety and depression in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and their effects on the clinical parameters of RA during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Design

Cross-sectional, outpatient clinic, observational, non-interventional.

Setting

Single-centre, tertiary care, multispecialty, service and research hospital, north-central India.

Participants

Adult patients with RA, controls.

Results

This cross-sectional study included 200 patients with RA diagnosed with the American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism 2010 (ACR) criteria and 200 controls. FM was diagnosed using the revised 2016 ACR FM Criteria. Disease activity, quality of life and functional disability in patients with RA were assessed using multiple Disease Activity Scores. The presence of depression and anxiety was determined using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. FM was present in 31% of patients with RA compared with 4% of controls in our study. Patients with RA with FM were older, predominantly females with longer disease duration, and more likely to be on steroids. Patients with RA with FM had a higher disease activity, and none of our RA with FM patients were in remission. The multivariable analysis found FM to be an independent predictor of the Simplified Disease Activity Index for RA. Patients with RA with FM had worse functional ability and poorer quality of life. The prevalence of anxiety and depression was 12.5% and 30%, significantly higher in RA with FM patients.

Conclusion

During the COVID-19 pandemic, around one-third of our study patients had FM and depression, significantly higher than pre-COVID-19 times. Thus, mental health assessment should be incorporated into the routine management of patients with RA.
Incidence of child marriage among refugees and internally displaced persons in the Middle East and South Asia: evidence from six cross-sectional surveys
Authors: Elnakib Shatha , Paina Ligia , Attal Bothaina , Akter Rumana , Khoury Ghada , Karim Loqman , Barkat Hemeda Houssein , Tamang Anand , Yenokyan Gayane , Metzler Janna , Robinson Courtland
Published: June 2023

Objective

To examine incidence of child marriage among displaced and host populations in humanitarian settings.

Design

Cross-sectional surveys.

Setting

Data were collected in Djibouti, Yemen, Lebanon and Iraq in the Middle East and in Bangladesh and Nepal in South Asia.

Participants

Adolescent girls aged 10–19 in the six settings and age cohort comparators.

Outcome measures

Cumulative incidence of marriage by age 18.

Results

In Bangladesh and Iraq, the hazard of child marriage did not differ between internally displaced populations (IDPs) and hosts (p value=0.25 and 0.081, respectively). In Yemen, IDPs had a higher hazard of child marriage compared with hosts (p value<0.001). In Djibouti, refugees had a lower hazard of child marriage compared with hosts (p value<0.001). In pooled data, the average hazard of child marriage was significantly higher among displaced compared with host populations (adjusted HR (aHR) 1.3; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.61).

In age cohort comparisons, there was no significant difference between child marriage hazard across age cohorts in Bangladesh (p value=0.446), while in Lebanon and Nepal, younger cohorts were less likely to transition to child marriage compared with older comparators (p value<0.001). Only in Yemen were younger cohorts more likely to transition to child marriage, indicating an increase in child marriage rates after conflict (p value=0.034). Pooled data showed a downward trend, where younger age cohorts had, on average, a lower hazard of child marriage compared with older cohorts (aHR 0.36; 95% CI 0.29 to 0.4).

Conclusions

We did not find conclusive evidence that humanitarian crises are associated with universal increases in child marriage rates. Our findings indicate that decision-making about investments in child marriage prevention and response must be attuned to the local context and grounded in data on past and current trends in child marriage among communities impacted by crisis.
Change in cardiorespiratory parameters following surgical correction of pectus excavatum: protocol for the historical-prospective HeartSoar cohort
Authors: Suehs Carey Meredith , Molinari Nicolas , Bourdin A , Solovei Laurence
Published: June 2023

Introduction

How cardiorespiratory function changes following the surgical correction of pectus excavatum (PE) often gives mixed results, with meta-analyses demonstrating no benefit in terms of pulmonary function but improvement in cardiac function. Functional responses may depend on type of surgery, follow-up time and/or the patient’s presurgical functional status, and debate persists on the purely aesthetic nature of such surgery. The aim of this protocol is to analyse data describing lung function and incremental exercise testing before vs after the surgical correction of PE.

Methods and analysis

A historical-prospective before–after surgical correction of PE cohort will be constituted. Historical inclusions are recruited during follow-up visits at approximately 12, 24, 36 or 48 months following a prior surgery (with presurgical data mined from patient records). Prospective inclusions are recruited during presurgical work-ups and followed for 1 year following surgery. The data collected include spirometry, incremental exercise testing, body mass index, body composition, questionnaires targeting general health status, self-esteem and body image. Any complications due to surgery are also described.

The primary outcome is oxygen pulse during incremental exercise testing, and 44 data points are required to demonstrate a moderate postsurgical change (ie, a Cohen’s effect of d=0.5). Wilcoxon signed-rank tests or t-tests for paired data will be used for before–after comparisons (with false discovery rate corrections for secondary analyses).

Ethics and dissemination

This study will be conducted according to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013) and was approved by a randomly assigned, independent, ethics committee (Comité de Protection des Personnes Sud-Méditerranée II, reference number: 218 B21) as per French law on 6 July 2018. Informed, written consent for study participation is required of all study candidates prior to enrolment. Results will be published in an international peer-reviewed journal.

Trial registration number

NCT03770390; Clinicaltrials.gov.
Defence Engagement (Health): a historical perspective
Authors: Falconer Hall Thomas , Attridge K
Published: June 2023

Defence Engagement (DE) (Health) themes are reviewed in this paper through two historical perspectives set in very different contexts. The first-person narrative inGuerrilla Surgeonby Lindsay Rogers outlines the experience of a medical officer building capacity with Tito’s Partisans behind enemy lines in Second World War Yugoslavia. This is contrasted with a more academic evaluation of strategic and medical benefits of DE (Health) delivered by the US military during the Vietnam War in Robert Wilensky’sMilitary Medicine to Win Hearts and Minds: Aid to Civilians in the Vietnam War. Both texts infer that clear objectives, supported by effective strategic communication, are required for the impact of DE (Health) to be fully realised. Wilensky, in particular, noted that the US military medical effort in Vietnam had no measurable impact on health or political goals in the conflict. Rogers’ experience on a more individual level speaks to the promise of DE (Health) delivery contrasted against the lack of regional objectives and cites the loss of British influence when Soviet propaganda was more cohesive and coordinated, resulting in the shift in Partisan loyalty despite British efforts in supplying the bulk of military and medical material. While neither author offers a definitive guide on DE (Health), they offer clear examples of themes that should be considered and demonstrate the importance of evaluating activity and maintaining the historical record to provide an evidence base for future work. This is an article commissioned for the Defence Engagement special issue of BMJ Military Health.