bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resolving the consequences of gradual phenotypic plasticity for populations in variable environments
Authors: Fey Samuel B. , Kremer Colin T. , Layden Tamara J. , Vasseur David A.
Published: July 2021

Phenotypic adjustments following environmental change are ubiquitous, and trait changes arising through phenotypic plasticity often lag behind their environmental stimuli. Evolutionary biologists seeking to understand how adaptive plasticity can evolve have extensively studied this phenomenon. However, the ecological consequences of common features of plastic responses to environmental variability, including gradual phenotypic change (i.e., slower than the pace of environmental change), are underappreciated. We present a framework based on the unifying concept of phenotype × environment performance landscapes that encompasses gradual plasticity. Then, we experimentally investigate the environmental contexts where gradual plasticity is important, using freshwater phytoplankton populations exposed to thermal variation. Finally, based on our conceptual framework, we develop a mathematical model of gradual plasticity that explains population dynamics in variable environments better than common alternative models. Understanding and accounting for the ecological effects of plasticity in variable environments is critical to making vital predictions and advancing ecology.
A bibliometric analysis of the research on Sponge City: Current situation and future development direction
Authors: Zha Xianbao , Luo Pingping , Zhu Wei , Wang Shuangtao , Lyu Jiqiang , Zhou Meimei , Huo Aidi , Wang Zhenhong
Published: July 2021

With the rapid development of urbanization, more and more cities are facing the risk of flood disasters and the threat of water environment safety during the rainy season. Sponge City, as a new urban water resources management method, has attracted extensive attention in the academic circle. In order to promote the development of Sponge City, a bibliometric analysis method based on Web of Science (WoS) database and Bibliometrix tool is proposed in this study. After refining the retrieved 26,383 papers, 1456 papers were obtained. All the article information including author, keywords and publication time was downloaded. The bibliometric analysis model was established to analyse and discuss the development of Sponge City and related researches during the period 1998–020 (data up to 15 August 2020). Research performance, research focus and development trend were displayed by bibliometric measurement indicators and visual graphics. The results show that the number of research papers on Sponge City has been increased year by year in the past 10 years (2010–2020). Sponge City and related research are increasing rapidly, and the top five countries in terms of research volume are China, the United States, the United Kingdom, South Korea and Canada. China, the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia are the countries with the most extensive international cooperation in the field of Sponge City. Keywords such as ‘Sponge City’, ‘LID (Low Impact Development)’ and ‘SWMM (Storm Water Management Model)’ appeared frequently. In our opinions, interdisciplinary research methods, digital information management technology and comprehensive performance evaluation are the hot research directions for Sponge City in the future. This study aims to provide directions for future research on Sponge City, as well as scientific guidance and reference for government decision makers on Sponge City.
Integrating dead recoveries in open‐population spatial capture–recapture models
Authors: Dupont P. , Milleret C. , Tourani M. , Brøseth H. , Bischof R.
Published: July 2021

Integrating dead recoveries into capture–recapture models can improve inference on demographic parameters. But dead‐recovery data do not only inform on individual fates; they also contain information about individual locations. Open‐population spatial capture–recapture (OPSCR) has the potential to fully exploit such data. Here, we present an open‐population spatial capture–recapture–recovery model integrating the spatial information associated with dead recoveries. Using simulations, we investigate the conditions under which this extension of the OPSCR model improves inference and illustrate the approach with the analysis of a wolverine (Gulo gulo) dataset from Norway. Simulation results showed that the integration of dead recoveries into OPSCR boosted the precision of all demographic parameters. In addition, the integration of dead‐recovery locations boosted the precision of the inter‐annual movement parameter, which is difficult to estimate in OPSCR, by up to 40% in case of sparse data. We also detected a 139–367% increase in the probability of models reaching convergence with increasing proportion of dead recoveries when dead‐recovery information was integrated spatially, compared with a 30–107% increase when integrating dead recoveries in a non‐spatial way. The analysis of the wolverine data showed the same general pattern of improved parameter precision. Overall, our results highlight how leveraging the demographic and spatial information contained in dead‐recovery data in a spatial capture–recapture framework can improve population parameter estimation.
The evidence for pharmacist care in outpatients with heart failure: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Schumacher Pia M. , Becker Nicolas , Tsuyuki Ross T. , Griese‐Mammen Nina , Koshman Sheri L. , McDonald Michael A. , Bouvy Marcel , Rutten Frans H. , Laufs Ulrich , Böhm Michael , Schulz Martin
Published: July 2021

Aims

Patients with heart failure (HF) have poor outcomes, including poor quality of life, and high morbidity and mortality. In addition, they have a high medication burden due to the multiple drug therapies now recommended by guidelines. Previous reviews, including studies in hospital settings, provided evidence that pharmacist care improves outcomes in patients with HF. Because most HF is managed outside of hospitals, we aimed to synthesize the evidence for pharmacist care in outpatients with HF.

Methods and results

We conducted a systematic literature search in PubMed of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and integrated the evidence on patient outcomes in a meta‐analysis. We found 24 RCTs performed in 10 countries, including 8029 patients. The data revealed consistent improvements in medication adherence (independent of the measuring instrument) and knowledge, physical function, and disease and medication management. Sixteen RCTs were included in meta‐analyses. Differences in all‐cause mortality (odds ratio (OR) = 0.97 [95% CI, 0.84–1.12], Q‐statistic, P = 0.49, I2 = 0%), all‐cause hospitalizations (OR = 0.86 [0.73–1.03], Q‐statistic, P = 0.01, I2 = 45.5%), and HF hospitalizations (OR = 0.89 [0.77–1.02], Q‐statistic, P = 0.11, I2 = 0%) were not statistically significant. We also observed an improvement in the standardized mean difference for generic quality of life of 0.75 ([0.49–1.01], P < 0.01), with no indication of heterogeneity (Q‐statistic, P = 0.64; I2 = 0%).

Conclusions

Results indicate that pharmacist care improves medication adherence and knowledge, symptom control, and some measures of quality of life in outpatients with HF. Given the increasing complexity of guideline‐directed medical therapy, pharmacists' unique focus on medication management, titration, adherence, and patient teaching should be considered part of the management strategy for these vulnerable patients.
An effective spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks using improved convolution neural network by glow worm swarm algorithm
Authors: K. Danesh , S. Vasuhi
Published: July 2021

Spectrum sensing ranks amongst cognitive radio's most critical and demanding activities. For radio resource networks to use idle licensed bandwidth, secondary users need to identify the primary user's signal precisely. Cognitive radio networks (CRNs) have been proposed to improve the efficiency of spectrum use to meet the increasing demand for wireless bandwidth; they allow channel communication between secondary (unlicensed) and primary (licensed) users without interruption. A secondary user in a CRN must at all times track the presence of a primary user's signal to prevent the primary user (PU) from attempting to intervene whether the statistical variance of the PU data traffic would boost the prediction outcome provided by multiple current teaching algorithms in estimating the PU's average OFF time and the need for the best adaptive learning to predict accurate PU activities. The objective of the work has been modeled to identify the PUs signal. First, the data has been created via quadrature phase shift keying modulation and quadrature amplitude modulation by convolutional neural network (CNN). A dataset with different orthogonal frequency‐division (OFDM) multiple access signals is generated. Then cyclo‐stationary functions are extracted using the accumulation process fast Fourier Transform. This research aims to use glow worm swarm optimization (GWSO) to automatically check for the optimal design of CNNs without any manual work being required. Also, k‐Nearest Neighbors (kNN) replaces Softmax, as it outperforms conventional CNN architectures with noisy signals. A comparison of the proposed classifier with another machine learning classifier, namely support vector machine, Decision tree (DT), clearly shows that SVM and DT are outperformed by the improved convolution neural network‐glow worm swarm optimization (ICNN‐GWSO) classification. Results of simulation show that the improved scheme outperforms conventional spectrum sensing systems, both in fading and non‐fading settings, where efficiency is measured using measures such as chance, the total likelihood of error, and the ability to optimize data transfer possibilities.
Sites of invasion of cancer of the external auditory canal predicting oncologic outcomes
Authors: Shiga Kiyoto , Nibu Ken‐ichi , Fujimoto Yasushi , Asakage Takahiro , Homma Akihiro , Mitani Hiroki , Ogawa Takenori , Okami Kenji , Murono Shigeyuki , Hirano Shigeru , Ueda Tsutomu , Hanai Nobuhiro , Tsukahara Kiyoaki , Ota Ichiro , Yoshimoto Seiichi , Shinozaki Takeshi , Iwae Shigemichi , Katagiri Katsunori , Saito Daisuke , Kiyota Naomi , Tahara Makoto , Takahashi Fumiaki , Hayashi Ryuichi
Published: July 2021

Background

This study aimed to reveal the influence of the invasion site of external auditory canal (EAC) cancer by analyzing the outcome of patients with advanced tumor.

Methods

A total of 111 patients with T4 EAC cancer were enrolled in this study. Of these patients, 79 underwent chemoradiotherapy and 32 underwent surgery under curative intent. Univariate and multivariate analyses and the Kaplan–Meier method were used to focus on the tumor invasion sites and overall survival of the patients.

Results

The 3‐year overall survival rate of all patients was 55.0%. In multivariate analysis, the only significant invasion site for overall survival was the facial nerve, with the dura mater being the next most influential site. When Kaplan–Meier survival curve was calculated, facial nerve and dura mater were the significant factors resulting in poor patient outcomes.

Conclusion

The facial nerve and dura mater are crucial sites of EAC cancer for patient outcomes.
pH‐Controlled Supramolecular Self‐Assembly of Naphthalenediimide Appended l‐Alanine and Ethylenediamine Asymmetric Bolaamphiphile
Authors: Shaikh Dada B. , Aljabri Mahmood D. , Nadimetla Dinesh N. , Birajdar Shailesh S. , Kobaisi Mohammad Al , Bhosale Rajesh S. , Antolasic Frank , Bhosale Sidhanath V. , Bhosale Sheshanath V.
Published: July 2021

Design, synthesis and characterization of novel (2S)‐2‐[7‐(2‐aminoethyl)‐1,3,6,8‐tetraoxo‐3,6,7,8‐tetrahydrobenzo[lmn][3,8]phenanthrolin‐2(1H)‐yl]propanoic acid (1) bolaamphiphile, which combine naphthalene diimide (NDI) appended with l‐alanine at one end of imide and ethylenediamine at the other end. An l‐alanine bearing NDI‐based asymmetric bolaamphiphile self‐assembled at various pH ranging from 2 to 10 forms a variety of supramolecular nanostructures. The UV‐Vis and emission spectroscopic techniques employed for the optical and photophysical properties study of bolaamphiphile 1 at various pH values. It was revealed that the change in pH alters both the optical and photophysical properties of bolaamphiphile 1. Theoretical calculations used to investigate the electronic properties of the bolaamphiphile 1. Dynamic light scattering experiments displayed formation of aggregates in solution and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to visualize the nanostructures formed on silicon wafers. Furthermore, the X‐ray diffraction was used to determine the nanostructure's packing properties i. e. crystalline/amorphous. Experimental circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy results inferred and revealed the induction of chirality into the supramolecular systems, which was shown to be pH dependent. This study clearly demonstrates the manipulation of pH can control/tune chiral supramolecular structures and provide future methods for the development of chiral recognition and catalysis study.
Pharmacological treatment algorithms for the acute phase, agitation, and maintenance phase of first‐episode schizophrenia: Japanese Society of Clinical Neuropsychopharmacology treatment algorithms
Authors: Takeuchi Hiroyoshi , Takekita Yoshiteru , Hori Hikaru , Oya Kazuto , Miura Itaru , Hashimoto Naoki , Yasui‐Furukori Norio
Published: July 2021

Objective

There are only a few treatment algorithms for first‐episode schizophrenia. Moreover, all the algorithms apply to acute treatment, but not maintenance treatment. Therefore, we aimed to develop acute and maintenance treatment algorithms for first‐episode schizophrenia.

Methods

The algorithm committee of the Japanese Society of Clinical Neuropsychopharmacology developed pharmacological treatment algorithms for the acute phase, agitation, and maintenance phase of first‐episode schizophrenia.

Results

The acute treatment algorithm focuses on drug‐naïve patients with first‐episode schizophrenia who are not old or very agitated and recommends first‐line treatment with aripiprazole, second‐ or third‐line treatment with risperidone/paliperidone or olanzapine, and fourth‐line treatment with clozapine. Long‐acting injection of the current antipsychotic agent can be used for poor medication adherence or based on patient preference. The agitation treatment algorithm recommends first‐line treatment with lorazepam and second‐ or third‐line treatment with quetiapine or levomepromazine and clearly instructs that the medication used for agitation should be reduced and then discontinued after remission of agitation. The maintenance treatment algorithm recommends the gradual reduction of antipsychotics to the minimum effective dose after remission of positive symptoms.

Conclusions

We hope that our unique algorithms will be used broadly and will contribute to minimizing patients' burden related to antipsychotic treatment.
History, overview, and governance of environmental monitoring in the oil sands region of Alberta, Canada
Authors: Dubé Monique G. , Dunlop Jenna M. , Davidson Carla , Beausoleil Danielle L. , Hazewinkel Roderick R. O. , Wyatt Faye
Published: July 2021

Over the past decades, concerns regarding the local and cumulative impacts of oil sands development have been increasing. These concerns reflect the industry's emissions, land disturbance, water use, and the resulting impacts to Indigenous Rights. Effective environmental management is essential to address and ultimately manage these concerns. A series of ambient regional monitoring programs in the oil sands region (OSR) have struggled with scope and governance. In the last 10 years, monitoring has evolved from a regulatory-driven exercise implemented by industry into a focused, collaborative, multistakeholder program that attempts to integrate rigorous science from a multitude of disciplines and ways of knowing. Monitoring in the region continues to grapple with leadership, governance, data management, scope, and effective analysis and reporting. This special series, “A Decade of Research and Monitoring in the Oil Sands Region of Alberta, Canada,” provides a series of critical reviews that synthesize 10 years of published monitoring results to identify patterns of consistent ecological responses or effects, significant gaps in knowledge, and recommendations for improved monitoring, assessment, and management of the region. The special series considered over 300 peer-reviewed papers and represents the first integrated critical review of the published literature from the region. This introductory paper of the series introduces the history of ambient environmental monitoring in the OSR and discusses historic and ongoing challenges with the environmental monitoring effort. While significant progress has been made in areas of governance, expanded geographical scope, and inclusion of Indigenous communities in monitoring in the region, significant issues remain regarding a lack of integrated reporting on environmental conditions, public access to data, and continuity of monitoring efforts over time. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:319–332. © 2021 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC).

KEY POINTS

This article introduces a special series that reviews over 300 manuscripts published over 10 years across environmental disciplines in the oil sands region of Alberta. The series is the first integrated critical review of published literature in the region. We discuss the history of ambient environmental monitoring in the region and the historic and ongoing challenges including how western science and Indigenous knowledge have been considered. While some progress has been made, significant issues remain regarding a lack of integrated reporting on environmental conditions, lack of public access to data, and discontinuity of monitoring efforts over time due, in part, to political influence.
Pregnancy and childbirth after transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery for benign gynecological diseases
Authors: Feng Dan , He Li
Published: July 2021

Synopsis

Incision of the posterior vaginal fornix during vNOTES did not cause any negative effects on cervical dilation and vaginal extension in nine patients.
Telemedicine abortion: A channel to Brazilian women
Authors: Diniz Debora , Ambrogi Ilana , Carino Giselle
Published: July 2021

Synopsis

In Brazil, telemedicine abortion is an urgently needed change which can guarantee access to essential care for vulnerable women and girls during public health emergencies.
Introduction to dental radiography in cats and dogs
Authors: Freeman Alix
Published: July 2021

Background: Dental radiography is an essential tool in veterinary dentistry and should be considered the standard of care for patients undergoing dentistry procedures. Radiography allows more accurate diagnosis of pathology in the oral cavity, as well as providing a thorough assessment of the structures below the gum line which would otherwise be missed during a detailed oral examination.

Aim of the article: This article reviews the indications for, and the importance of, intraoral radiography in dogs and cats. It also provides an overview of the essential techniques and useful tips required for successful radiograph acquisition.
The effects of the type of delivery of cognitive‐behavioral therapy for healthcare workers: A systematic review
Authors: Yoo In Gyu
Published: July 2021

Objective

The aim of this literature review is to assess the extent of knowledge of the effectiveness of cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) for healthcare workers by type of delivery.

Methods

The study examined relevant literature published between 2009 and 2020 using searches of four scientific databases: PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and PsycINFO.

Results

For work stress, work‐related outcomes, and mental and musculoskeletal problems, the effectiveness of face‐to‐face (FTF) interventions were confirmed, whereas, for stress and insomnia, the effectiveness of non‐face‐to‐face (NFTF) interventions was confirmed. FTF interventions were proven to make a significant difference to the outcome of the goal; however, their effects were not clearly distinguished from those of NFTF interventions.

Conclusion

Results of this review highlight the lack of research aimed at establishing the effectiveness of NFTF interventions. In addition, further research is needed on the long‐term effectiveness of the intervention process and perception of participants and clinicians on group delivery interventions.
Synthesis of (s)‐1‐{3‐[4‐(4‐benzo[d]isothiazol‐3‐yl‐piperazin‐1‐yl)‐3‐fluoro‐phenyl]‐2‐oxo‐oxazolidin‐5‐ylmetyl}‐3‐substituted‐urea derivatives as antibacterial agents
Authors: Patekar Mukunda R. , J. Medhane Vijay , J. Jadhav Ghanshyam , J. Thakare Mayur , G. Deshmukh Dattatray
Published: July 2021

A new series of (s)‐1‐{3‐[4‐(4‐benzo[d]isothiazol‐3‐yl‐piperazin‐1‐yl)‐3‐fluoro‐phenyl]‐2‐oxo‐oxazolidin‐5‐ylmetyl}‐3‐substituted‐urea derivatives have been synthesized and characterized with spectral data, such as IR, NMR and Mass spectroscopies. All compounds arein vitroevaluated for their efficacy as antimicrobial agent against the gram‐positive pathogenic strains such asBacillus subtilis ATCC 6633,Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923,Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228andStreptococcus pyogens ATCC 8668. Five compounds (19k,19l,19m,19nand19o) out of 15 compounds showed moderate activity.
Synthesis of deuterium‐labeled cinnamic acids: Understanding the volatile benzenoid pathway in the flowers of the Japanese loquat Eriobotrya japonica
Authors: Watanabe Bunta , Nishitani Shiori , Koeduka Takao
Published: July 2021

Cinnamic acids are widely distributed in plants, including crops for human use, and exhibit a variety of activities that are beneficial to human health. They also occupy a pivotal position in the biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids such as lignins, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and coumarins. In this context, deuterium‐labeled cinnamic acids have been used as tracers and internal standards in food and medicinal chemistry as well as plant biochemistry. Therefore, a concise synthesis of deuterium‐labeled cinnamic acids would be highly desirable. In this study, we synthesized deuterium‐labeled cinnamic acids using readily available deuterium sources. We also investigated a hydrogen–deuterium exchange reaction in an ethanol‐d1/Et3N system. This method can introduce deuterium atoms at the ortho and para positions of the phenolic hydroxy groups as well as at the C‐2 position of alkyl cinnamates and is applicable to various phenolic compounds. Using the synthesized labeled compounds, we demonstrated that the benzenoid volatiles, such as 4‐methoxybenzaldehyde, in the scent of the flowers of the Japanese loquat Eriobotrya japonica are biosynthesized from phenylalanine via cinnamic and 4‐coumaric acids. This study provides easy access to a variety of deuterium‐labeled (poly)phenols, as well as to useful tools for studies of the metabolism of cinnamic acids in living systems.
Dermatological manifestations associated with COVID‐19: A comprehensive review of the current knowledge
Authors: Mohseni Afshar Zeinab , Babazadeh Arefeh , Hasanpour Amirhossein , Barary Mohammad , Sayad Babak , Janbakhsh Alireza , Aryanian Zeinab , Ebrahimpour Soheil
Published: July 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has become a significant health problem globally. The virus has spread widely and become a global pandemic. The pathophysiology for SARS‐CoV‐2 has not been explained clearly. It has been associated with several multiorgan symptoms, among which its dermatological manifestations are of great interest. Primarily, there has been no report of skin features among COVID‐19 patients. Nevertheless, recently there have been several reports regarding COVID‐19 patients who presented with cutaneous manifestations. In the current review, we focus on the various cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19 infection.
Sex‐related differences in reading achievement
Authors: Granocchio Elisa , De Salvatore Marinella , Bonanomi Elisa , Sarti Daniela
Published: July 2021

Over the last 40 years, ever‐growing interest in sex‐related differences in the human brain has led to a vast amount of literature on the subject, a small part of which relates to studies of differences in the ability to read. The data concerning typically developing children mainly come from school‐based screening projects (Programme for International Student Assessment, INVALSI) and partially from the standardization of reading tests. These have revealed the existence of a gap in favor of females that primarily appears during adolescence and in situations of sociocultural disadvantage, usually explained on the basis of environmental factors such as socioeconomic status and gender‐based education. Dyslexia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is significantly more prevalent among males, a difference that neuroimaging and genetic studies have attributed to the presence of hormone‐related protective factors in females, although it has been hypothesized that a different neurocognitive substrate may also be involved. However, the literature on the subject is still limited, and further studies of the interactions between genetic risk, environmental factors, and brain phenotypes are needed to clarify why females are better at performing reading tasks and less susceptible to dyslexia, regardless of their language or the educational system in the country in which they live. The aim of this mini‐review was to describe the studies that have investigated sex‐related differences in reading ability in both typically and atypically developing subjects.
Simultaneous determination of eight pyrrolizidine alkaloids in various parts of Eupatorium lindleyanum by ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry and risk assessments based on a real‐life exposure scenario
Authors: Zan Ke , Hu Xiaowen , Li Yaolei , Wang Ying , Jin Hongyu , Zuo Tiantian , Ma Shuangcheng
Published: July 2021

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are toxins having hepatotoxic and carcinogenic effects on human health. A ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry technique was developed for the first time for the simultaneous determination of eight pyrrolizidine alkaloids, including four diastereoisomers (intermedine, lycopsamine, rinderine, and echinatine) and their respective N‐oxide forms, in different parts of Eupatorium lindleyanum. The risk assessment method for pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Eupatorium lindleyanum was explored using the margin of exposure strategy for the first time based on a real‐life exposure scenario. Differences were found in all eight pyrrolizidine alkaloids in various parts of Eupatorium lindleyanum. Besides, the total levels of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Eupatorium lindleyanum followed the order of root > flower > stem > leaf. Moreover, the risk assessment data revealed that the deleterious effects on human health were unlikely at exposure times of less than 200, 37, and 12 days during the lifetimes of Eupatorium lindleyanum leaves, stems, and flowers, respectively. This study reported both the contents of and risk associated with Eupatorium lindleyanum pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The comprehensive application of the novel ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry technique alongside the risk assessment approach provided a scientific basis for quality evaluation and rational utilization of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Eupatorium lindleyanum to improve public health safety.
Separation of three chromones fromSaposhnikovia divaricatausing macroporous resins followed by preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Sun Jiajia , Su Xiangyi , zhang Zhe , Hu Dexiang , Hou Guige , Zhao Feng , Sun Jufeng , Cong Wei , Wang Chunhua , Li Hongjuan
Published: July 2021

Prim‐O‐glucosylcimifugin, cimifugin, and 5‐O‐methylvisamminoside are three major chromone derivatives ofSaposhnikovia divaricatathat have many pharmacological activities, such as anti‐inflammatory and antitumor activities. In the present work, an effective method for the simultaneous separation of prim‐O‐glucosylcimifugin, cimifugin, and 5‐O‐methylvisamminoside with high purities was established using HPD‐300 resin coupled with preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography. The adsorption kinetics curves of the three compounds on the HPD‐300 resin were studied and found to fit well according to the pseudo‐second‐order equation. The adsorption isotherm results indicated that the adsorption process of the three compounds was exothermic. After a one‐run treatment with the resin, the contents of prim‐O‐glucosylcimifugin, cimifugin, and 5‐O‐methylvisamminoside increased from 0.29, 0.06, and 0.37% to 13.07, 2.83, and 16.91% with recovery yields of 76.38, 78.25, and 76.73%, respectively. Finally, the purities of the three compounds were found to reach more than 95% after further separation using preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography. The method developed in this study was effective and could simultaneously separate three chromones fromSaposhnikovia divaricate. The experimental results also showed that the HPD‐300 resin is suitable for the separation of chromone derivatives.
Benthic iron flux influenced by climate‐sensitive interplay between organic carbon availability and sedimentation rate in Arctic fjords
Authors: Herbert Lisa C. , Zhu Qingzhi , Michaud Alexander B. , Laufer‐Meiser Katja , Jones Christopher K. , Riedinger Natascha , Stooksbury Zachery S. , Aller Robert C. , Jørgensen Bo Barker , Wehrmann Laura M.
Published: July 2021

Benthic iron (Fe) fluxes from continental shelf sediments are an important source of Fe to the global ocean, yet the magnitude of these fluxes is not well constrained. Processing of Fe in sediments is of particular importance in the Arctic Ocean, which has a large shelf area and Fe limitation of primary productivity. In the Arctic fjords of Svalbard, glacial weathering delivers high volumes of Fe‐rich sediment to the fjord benthos. Benthic redox cycling of Fe proceeds through multiple pathways of reduction (i.e., dissimilatory iron reduction and reduction by hydrogen sulfide) and re‐oxidation. There are few estimates of the magnitude and controlling factors of the benthic Fe flux in Arctic fjords. We collected cores from two Svalbard fjords (Kongsfjorden and Lilliehöökfjorden), measured dissolved Fe2+ concentrations using a two‐dimensional sensor, and analyzed iron, manganese, carbon, and sulfur species to study benthic Fe fluxes. Benthic fluxes of Fe2+ vary throughout the fjords, with a “sweet spot” mid‐fjord controlled by the availability of organic carbon linked to sedimentation rates. The flux is also impacted by fjord circulation and sea ice cover, which influence overall mineralization rates in the sediment. Due to ongoing Arctic warming, we predict an increase in the benthic Fe2+ flux with reduced sea ice cover in some fjords and a decrease in the Fe2+ flux with the retreat of tidewater glaciers in other regions. Decreasing benthic Fe2+ fluxes in fjords may exacerbate Fe limitation of primary productivity in the Arctic Ocean.
Broadband Achromatic Metalens in Mid‐Wavelength Infrared
Authors: Ou Kai , Yu Feilong , Li Guanhai , Wang Wenjuan , Chen Jin , Miroshnichenko Andrey E. , Huang Lujun , Li Tianxin , Li Zhifeng , Chen Xiaoshuang , Lu Wei
Published: July 2021

Metasurface provides a powerful platform to correct the chromatic aberration of conventional lenses in a flexible, integratable, and ultra‐compact manner. Mid‐wavelength infrared has promised many exciting applications ranged from molecular fingerprint detection to low‐light‐level night vision. Developing broadband achromatic metalens in mid‐wavelength infrared becomes necessary to meet the increasingly urgent demands on high performance photonic devices. Here, we demonstrate the broadband achromatic metalenses from 3.5 to 5 µm with all‐silicon metasurfaces. Large phase dispersion control range is achieved to realize metalenses with both large numerical apertures and sample sizes while maintaining high focusing efficiency. The experimental results verify the diffraction‐limited achromatic focusing and imaging of the metalenses in mid‐wavelength infrared. Additionally, we also demonstrate the versatility by successfully implementing the generation of the broadband achromatic focusing optical vortex (L = 2). This work represents a solid step toward practical implementation of metalens and may find applications in mid‐wavelength infrared imaging and detections.
Repair of a large recurrent congenital lumbar hernia with free composite anterolateral thigh flap, tensor fascia lata flap, and vastus lateralis flap and meshes: A case report
Authors: Yu Anna E. , Weng Hui‐Ching , Chen Hung‐Chi
Published: July 2021

Congenital lumbar hernia (LH) is a rare abdominal wall herniation and associated with lumbocostovertebral syndrome, including vertebral anomalies, costal defects and LH. There are reports using extraperitoneal placement of mesh, patches, and local flaps for repairing the LH. In this report we present a case of repair of a large recurrent congenital LH with free composite anterolateral thigh flap, tensor fascia lata flap and vastus lateralis flap (ALT‐TFL‐VL flap) and meshes. The patient underwent multiple cutaneous neurofibroma excisions before the treatment of LH. Recurrent neurofibroma and congenital aplasia of lumbar muscles at right flank may contribute to the patient's diffuse congenital LH development. Considering a large fascia defect (12 cm × 15 cm) with absence of lumbar muscles at the herniation site, using mesh alone is not strong enough to stop the herniation of bowel. Transposition of right pedicled ALT‐TFL‐VL flap (35 cm × 12 cm) with mesh was first attempted but proven to be futile, since the right lumbar wall bulged out from the distal border of previous reconstructed fascia. Thus, another free composite ALT‐TFL‐VL flap (35 cm × 15 cm) from left thigh was transferred on top of the previous pedicled flap, followed by delayed free flap advancement and surgical mesh addition. Post‐operative course was smooth without complications. Twenty‐one months after the surgery, computed tomography showed no recurrence of LH. Such case with large recurrent diffuse LH may be treated by a combination of conventional method with meshes and serial reconstruction with pedicled and free flaps for dynamic reconstruction of abdominal wall.
Stable recovery of noncompactly supported electromagnetic potentials in unbounded domain
Authors: Kian Yavar , Soussi Yosra
Published: July 2021

We consider the inverse problem of determining an electromagnetic potential appearing in an infinite cylindrical domain from boundary measurements. More precisely, we prove the stable recovery of a general class of magnetic field and electric potential from boundary measurements. Assuming the knowledge of the unknown coefficients close to the boundary, we obtain other results of stable recovery with measurements restricted to some portion of the boundary. Our approach combines construction of complex geometric optics solutions and Carleman estimates suitably designed for our stability results stated in an unbounded domain.
Results concerning to approximate controllability of non‐densely defined Sobolev‐type Hilfer fractional neutral delay differential system
Authors: Nisar Kottakkaran Sooppy , Vijayakumar V.
Published: July 2021

In this manuscript, our primary focus on the approximate controllability outcomes for non‐densely defined Sobolev‐type Hilfer fractional neutral differential system with infinite delay. By applying the findings and facts associated with fractional theory and the fixed‐point method, the principal discussions are demonstrated. First, we focus on the existence and then discuss the approximate controllability. At last, we provide an example for the demonstration of theory.
Deep‐learning based super‐resolution for 3D isotropic coronary MR angiography in less than a minute
Authors: Küstner Thomas , Munoz Camila , Psenicny Alina , Bustin Aurelien , Fuin Niccolo , Qi Haikun , Neji Radhouene , Kunze Karl , Hajhosseiny Reza , Prieto Claudia , Botnar René
Published: July 2021

Purpose

To develop and evaluate a novel and generalizable super‐resolution (SR) deep‐learning framework for motion‐compensated isotropic 3D coronary MR angiography (CMRA), which allows free‐breathing acquisitions in less than a minute.

Methods

Undersampled motion‐corrected reconstructions have enabled free‐breathing isotropic 3D CMRA in ~5‐10 min acquisition times. In this work, we propose a deep‐learning–based SR framework, combined with non‐rigid respiratory motion compensation, to shorten the acquisition time to less than 1 min. A generative adversarial network (GAN) is proposed consisting of two cascaded Enhanced Deep Residual Network generator, a trainable discriminator, and a perceptual loss network. A 16‐fold increase in spatial resolution is achieved by reconstructing a high‐resolution (HR) isotropic CMRA (0.9 mm3or 1.2 mm3) from a low‐resolution (LR) anisotropic CMRA (0.9 × 3.6 × 3.6 mm3or 1.2 × 4.8 × 4.8 mm3). The impact and generalization of the proposed SRGAN approach to different input resolutions and operation on image and patch‐level is investigated. SRGAN was evaluated on a retrospective downsampled cohort of 50 patients and on 16 prospective patients that were scanned with LR‐CMRA in ~50 s under free‐breathing. Vessel sharpness and length of the coronary arteries from the SR‐CMRA is compared against the HR‐CMRA.

Results

SR‐CMRA showed statistically significant (P< .001) improved vessel sharpness 34.1% ± 12.3% and length 41.5% ± 8.1% compared with LR‐CMRA. Good generalization to input resolution and image/patch‐level processing was found. SR‐CMRA enabled recovery of coronary stenosis similar to HR‐CMRA with comparable qualitative performance.

Conclusion

The proposed SR‐CMRA provides a 16‐fold increase in spatial resolution with comparable image quality to HR‐CMRA while reducing the predictable scan time to <1 min.
Hyperpolarized pyruvate to measure the influence of PKM2 activation on glucose metabolism in the healthy kidney
Authors: Bertelsen Lotte Bonde , Hansen Esben Søvsø Szocska , Sadowski Thorsten , Ruf Sven , Laustsen Christoffer
Published: July 2021

The purpose of the current study was to investigate if hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate can inform us on the metabolic consequences for the kidney glucose metabolism upon treatment with the pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) activator TEPP‐46, which has shown promise as a novel therapeutic target for diabetic nephropathy. A healthy male Wistar rat model was employed to study the conversion of [1‐13C]pyruvate to [1‐13C]lactate in the kidney 2 and 4 h after treatment with TEPP‐46. All rats were scanned with hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate kidney MR and vital parameters and blood samples were taken after scanning. The PKM2 activator TEPP‐46 increases the glycolytic activity in the kidneys, leading to an increased lactate production, as seen by hyperpolarized pyruvate‐to‐lactate conversion. The results are supported by an increase in blood lactate, a decreased blood glucose level and an increased pyruvate kinase (PK) activity. The metabolic changes observed in both kidneys following treatment with TEPP‐46 are largely independent of renal function and could as such represent a new and extremely sensitive metabolic readout for future drugs targeting PKM2. These results warrant further studies in disease models to evaluate if [1‐13C]pyruvate‐to‐[1‐13C]lactate conversion can predict treatment outcome.
Aggregation Induced Emissive Luminogens for Sensing of Toxic Elements
Authors: Zalmi Geeta A. , Gawade Vilas K. , Nadimetla Dinesh N. , Bhosale Sheshanath V.
Published: July 2021

The major findings in the growing field of aggregation induced emissive (AIE) active materials for the detection of environmental toxic pollutants have been summarized and discussed in this Review article. Owing to the underlying photophysical phenomenon, fluorescent AIE active molecules show more impact on sensing applications. The major focus in current research efforts is on the development of AIE active materials such as TPE based organic fluorescent molecules, metal organic framework, and polymers that can be employed for the detection of toxic pollutants such as CN−, NO2−, Hg2+, Cd2+, As3+, As5+, F−, Pb2+, Sb3+ ions.
The educational value of virtual ecologies in Red Dead Redemption 2
Authors: Crowley Edward J. , Silk Matthew J. , Crowley Sarah L.
Published: July 2021

Playing video games is often perceived as the antithesis of engaging with, and learning about, the natural world. Nevertheless, there is growing recognition that digital media is now a central part of many people's lives. This has led to increased efforts to harness the power and popularity of digital games for both ecological education and conservation advocacy.

Games designed for educational purposes may be perceived as too niche, or have insufficient resources, to reach wider audiences. In contrast, big budget video games reach many millions of players, but are generally designed for entertainment rather than education. Red Dead Redemption 2 (RDR2), a Western‐themed action‐adventure game, is one such product. Nevertheless, due to its detailed, open‐world simulation of late 19th century North American ecosystems, it provides opportunities for players to learn about real‐world wildlife.

We surveyed self‐described gamers who both had, and had not, played RDR2. Participants undertook a wildlife identification quiz focusing on 15 species depicted in the game. We also asked participants about their self‐reported learning and experiences of playing RDR2.

We found that participants who had played RDR2 correctly identified more species in the quiz, with this improvement enhanced by having completed the game's main storyline, played more recently or played online in a ‘Naturalist’ role. The difference in performance was greatest for ungulate and fish species which have high in‐game utility value.

In addition to species identification, participants reported learning about animal behaviours and interspecies interactions. Their most memorable experiences were associated with RDR2's immersive environment and ability to provoke emotional responses.

We conclude that big‐budget video games can have educational as well as entertainment value and should be taken seriously by educators, ecologists and conservationists as a communicative force.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Preparation of MWCNTs@SiO2 hybrids and its flame retardant synergistic effects with hyperbranched triazine‐based flame retardant on polypropylene
Authors: Xu Jiayou , Deng Haiming , Luo Minyi
Published: July 2021

Intumescent flame retardant (IFR) which is composed of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and hyperbranched triazine‐based char‐forming agent (HECA) is widely used in polypropylene (PP). However, how to reduce addition and improve the mechanical properties is still a problem. In this work, a new kind of MWCNTs@SiO2 hybrids which combine MWNTs and nano‐SiO2 was designed and prepared by the Stöber method. Results demonstrated that the MWCNTs@SiO2 hybrids can decrease the addition of IFR from 25 to 20 wt%, when 1 wt% of MWCNTs@SiO2 hybrids and 19 wt% of IFR were mixed and incorporated into PP, the flame retardant reached UL‐94 V‐0 rating, at the same time, reduce the heat release rate and smoke density of combustion. The reasons could be explained as MWCNTs@SiO2 improved the pyrolysis activation energy of PP/IFR and then improved the thermal stability of PP composites. MWCNTs@SiO2 hybrids formed a three‐dimensional network structure in PP/IFR composites and improved the shielding efficiency of PP/IFR char layer, which hindered heat and mass transfer, and then reduces heat release and smoke density. The formation of dense and continuous char layer during the combustion is considered as the contributing factor which is related to cooperation of MWCNTs@SiO2 and IFR.
Comparison of the predictive value of area under the curve versus maximum serum concentration of intravenous tobramycin in cystic fibrosis patients treated for an acute pulmonary exacerbation
Authors: Landmesser Katherine B. , Autry Elizabeth B. , Gardner Brian M. , Bosko Katherine A. , Schadler Aric , Kuhn Robert J.
Published: July 2021

Objectives

The primary objective of this study was to compare the therapeutic predictive value of area under the curve (AUC24) versus maximum concentration (Cmax) in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients receiving intravenous (IV) tobramycin for a Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PsA) acute pulmonary exacerbation (APE). Acute kidney injury (AKI) incidence and the relationship between time undetectable and efficacy were also assessed.

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted in patients aged at least 1 month with a diagnosis of CF receiving IV tobramycin for treatment of a PsA APE and admitted to the University of Kentucky between August 2015 and August 2019. Patients were excluded if they had no growth of PsA on sputum culture or if two postdose tobramycin levels were not obtained following a dose adjustment of ≥20%.

Results

A total of 44 pediatric and 107 adult patient encounters met inclusion criteria. In patients with therapeutic success (n = 91), 75.8% had an AUC24 ≥80% and 80.3% had a Cmax ≥8 times the highest PsA minimal inhibitory concentration. There was a significant correlation between AUC24 and Cmax (r[149] = 0.727; p < 0.001). AKI incidence was significantly higher in patients receiving IV tobramycin dosed multiple times daily versus at least every 24 h (χ2[1, 151] = 3.9; p =  0.047).

Conclusions

The results of this study indicate that both AUC24 and Cmax serve as relatively accurate predictors of tobramycin efficacy. Additionally, given the significant increase in incidence of AKI, multidaily dosing of IV tobramycin should be avoided in pediatric and adult patients with CF.
Predicting the number of sulfur atoms in peptides and small proteins based on the observed aggregated isotope distribution
Authors: Claesen Jürgen , Valkenborg Dirk , Burzykowski Tomasz
Published: July 2021

Rationale

Identification of peptides and proteins is a challenging task in mass spectrometry–based proteomics. Knowledge of the number of sulfur atoms can improve the identification of peptides and proteins.

Methods

In this article, we propose a method for the prediction of S‐atoms based on the aggregated isotope distribution. The Mahalanobis distance is used as dissimilarity measure to compare mass‐ and intensity‐based features from the observed and theoretical isotope distributions.

Results

The relative abundance of the second and the third aggregated isotopic variants (as compared to the monoisotopic one) and the mass difference between the second and third aggregated isotopic variants are the most important features to predict the number of S‐atoms.

Conclusions

The mass and intensity accuracies of the observed aggregated isotopic variants are insufficient to accurately predict the number of atoms. However, using a limited set of predictions for a peptide, rather than predicting a single number of S‐atoms, has a reasonably high prediction accuracy.