bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estados y espacio de excepción en una zona de la frontera del Caribe colombiano
Authors: Salamanca Villamizar Carlos Arturo
Published: November 2016

Los indígenas wayúu, habitantes de la península de La Guajira en la frontera colombo-venezolana, en las últimas dos décadas han enfrentado graves situaciones de violencia y el avance de empresas mineras extractivas en sus territorios. En años más recientes, han enfrentado también una grave crisis humanitaria a causa de la falta de acceso al agua potable y la alimentación. En este trabajo postulo que las nociones de Estado de excepción y excepcionalidad son pertinentes para analizar los dispositivos de poder en las zonas de frontera y las condiciones en las cuales la vida individual y colectiva son (o no) posibles. Segundo analizo los vínculos entre las alteridades y los dispositivos de poder evidenciando las articulaciones entre neoliberalismo y multiculturalismo. En la última parte argumento porqué una perspectiva espacial habilita un posicionamiento que puede esbozar algunas respuestas frente a los estados de excepción en los que la vida misma es incierta.
La periferialización del conflicto armado colombiano, 2002-2014
Authors: Ríos Sierra Jerónimo
Published: November 2016

El propósito del siguiente trabajo es el de profundizar en un proceso que, definido como periferialización, explica los cambios espaciales que ha experimentado la violencia derivada del conflicto armado en Colombia entre los años 2002 y 2014. Unos cambios, especialmente focalizados en el nororiente y el suroccidente del país, es decir, sobre escenarios muy alejados de los centros decisorios del país, que presentan menores niveles de desarrollo económico y social, pero con un valor estratégico importante a modo de presencia de cultivos o de mayor activismo guerrillero. De este modo, la geografía política se reivindica como disciplina de análisis, habida cuenta de las posibilidades que ofrece, tanto para la comprensión de las dinámicas de la violencia como de las posibilidades de construcción de paz, sobre todo, habida cuenta del actual proceso de diálogo con las FARC y el ELN
Recortar, dividir, segmentar: saberes coloniales y su extensión poscolonial en Mozambique
Authors: Pereira Rui M.
Published: November 2016

Los sucesivos intentos de codificación y de contemporización de los “usos y costumbres indígenas” en Mozambique durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX se correspondían con las necesidades de la política colonial portuguesa para integrar y resolver el conjunto de contradicciones y desafíos que surgieron de la gestión y de la dominación de las poblaciones colonizadas. Las campañas militares de sometimiento en la última década del siglo XIX cambiaron el supuesto marco de contemporización, acentuando la necesidad de realizar estudios etnográficos que subrayasen la manida diferencia “civilizacional” para justificar la dominación. Sucesivas normas legislativas, los “estatutos del indígena”, consagraron la subalternidad y la supuesta inferioridad de las poblaciones africanas de Mozambique. Así se sedimentó un conocimiento etnográfico de las poblaciones mozambiqueñas en el que predominaba la existencia de una diferencia irreductible “de civilización”. Este carácter colonial del conocimiento antropológico marcó de manera decisiva hasta la actualidad un cuadro de segmentación, clasificación y jerarquización de las sociedades africanas, expresado de manera dramática en los años de la guerra civil de Mozambique (1977-1992) después de la independencia y que todavía tiene expresión en parte del discurso que conforma la tensión política de los últimos años en Mozambique.
Philistine Names and Terms Once Again: A Recent Perspective
Authors: Maeir Aren M. , Davis Brent , Hitchcock Louise A.
Published: November 2016

In the last decade or so, new data and interpretations on the onomastics of Iron Age Philistia have appeared. In this article, we review, discuss, and suggest some insights regarding some of these Philistine personal names (e.g., Goliath), names of deities (e.g., PTGYH), and terms (e.g., seren). We assess them from linguistic, cultural, anthropological, and historical points of view. We then propose how they can be understood within the wider socio-cultural context(s) of Iron Age Philistia specifically and the wider eastern Mediterranean in general, and how they can be incorporated into efforts to understand the origins, development, and transformation of the Philistines and their culture(s).
Blended Learning Experience of Students Participating Pedagogical Formation Program: Advantages and Limitation of Blended Education
Authors: Saltan Fatih
Published: November 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the learning experience of students studying pedagogic formation in blended design with regard to attendance, self confidence, and attitudes toward both Pedagogic Formation Program (PFP) and the teaching profession. In order to achieve this aim, a qualitative case study approach was carried out. The participants of this study consisted of 154 graduated Faculty of Arts and Sciences students who were enrolled in the first blended PFP in Turkey. A qualitative case study was conducted. Data were obtained through an open-ended questionnaire (n=154) and focus group interviews (n=8). The qualitative data were analyzed by using content analysis techniques. Overall, the results indicated that blended PFP was highly promising regarding professional development, self-confidence, accessibility and eliminating some disadvantages of distance education. Specifically, inherent problems of online education continued to take place in blended design but a balanced blended approach could minimize these weaknesses. Participants indicated that face-to-face sections were more applied, authentic and effective than the online part. On the other hand, most of the participants preferred to attend the online lessons regularly.  It was mainly because of availability concerns, travelling, and comfort of their home.
Critical Success Factors of International Projects in Vietnam
Authors: Tran Kieu Trang
Published: November 2016

This empirical paper focuses on the critical success factors of international projects in Vietnam. Our regression results indicate that two factors including project conditions and partners’ capacities do not have significant impact on the project success in Vietnam. In contrast, we found only two factors including partners’ commitments and communication that have significant and positive impact on the project success. So, in an environment with many policy changes like Vietnam, if the stakeholders make strong commitments, the success likelihood of international project is higher. Also, smooth internal and external communication contributes plays an important role in the project management, stakeholder connection and decision-making process that are favorable for the project success.
KEI en ODR: hand in hand vooruit
Authors: Verdonschot Jin Ho
Published: November 2016

KEI and ODR: forward in cooperation

Is online dispute resolution (ODR) the way to organise 100% access to justice? Or is it more of a bubble-solution looking for a problem? Experiences are mixed but there are reasons to be optimistic. A Dutch example of an online divorce platform show how technology can better serve the justice needs of citizens. But for that we need to stop thinking in terms of ADR, ODR and court litigation but rather design more hybrid processes.
Vegetation changes of the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class in the Bystra valley, eastern Poland
Authors: Kulik Mariusz , Baryła Ryszard , Warda Marianna , Stamirowska-Krzaczek Ewa
Published: November 2016

The study objective was to analyze and assess the vegetation changes of the meadows (Mo­linio-Arrhenatheretea class) located in the valley of the Bystra River in eastern Poland after a period of 38 years, and to identify the direction of plant communities succession. The studies were conducted in the years 1973 and 2011 on grasslands belonging to farmers. The floristic diversity was identified based on the phytosociological structure and mean number of species calculated based on the number of species in the particular relevés of the phytocenosis under study. The highest frequency of occurrence was demonstrated by the Poa pratensis-Festuca rubra community within which more than half of the patches persisted over the 38-year period. New communities (Scirpetum sylvatici, Alopecuretum pratensis, Lythro-Filipenduletum) appeared after the withdrawal of habitats of the Phragmitetea class, due to the lowering of the groundwater level. A portion of the meadows and pastures were transformed into arable fields, gardens or building plots. Among ecological indicators, the greatest differences were observed in the mean soil moisture values between the two years compared, both for all meadows and the predominant community, which indicates an increase in habitat humidity.
Memory and language in Hiromi Goto’s Chorus of Mushrooms
Authors: Pich Ponce Eva
Published: November 2016

Author/s

Eva Pich PonceUniversidad de Sevilla, Spain

 

ABSTRACT

Hiromi Goto’s Chorus of Mushrooms (1994) highlights the difficulties encountered by Japanese when immigrating and living in Canada. This essay focuses on how Hiromi Goto uses linguistic codes to construct cultural identities and to stress the arbitrary nature of stereotypes. It analyzes the importance of memory and translation, which can be seen as both necessary and alienating. It also examines the importance of language and storytelling in the process of constructing one’s identity.
The voice of the cypresses: Cyrus Cassells and the poetry of Salvador Espriu
Authors: Llorens Cubedo Dídac
Published: November 2016

Author/s

Dídac Llorens CubedoUniversidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED), Spain

 

ABSTRACT

“To the cypress again and again” is Cyrus Cassells’s poetic response to the work of Salvador Espriu, a poet whose reception has been limited by his belonging to a minority culture and his commitment to the Catalan language. In its first eight sections, the poem reads as a dramatic monologue: its author adopts Espriu’s voice, successfully evoking his poetic world. In what could be considered the second part of the poem, a different poetic speaker  identifiable with Cassells  shares personal memories of Espriu: the man, his nation and his culture. At the end of the poem, the emblematic cypresses are identified with the Catalan people and their voice is heard. The poem is an example of epistolary elegy, a mode that allows Cassells to enter into dialogue with deceased personalities who have had artistic or historical relevance. In so doing, the American poet shows, like Espriu did, an acute sense of cultural tradition.
From the editors
Authors: Value Language
Published: November 2016

From the Editors

CLIL AT UNIVERSITY: RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENTS

In recent times, the relevance of CLIL (Content and Language Integrated Learning) at most educational levels, especially in the university world, has experienced an exponential increase, as recent publications show (Doiz et al. 2013, Fortanet-Gómez 2013, Llinares et al. 2012, or Smit and Dafouz 2012a, among others). Teaching in English seems to be a popular topic nowadays, but it is also a need. The articles included in this issue show three main common features of CLIL and its role in today’s higher education: the process of internationalization of the educational system, the need for a language policy, and the fact that English for Specific Purposes (ESP) as a field of research and teaching as well as ESP practitioners are all very much concerned with CLIL.
Managing the translation workflow with a Computer Assisted Translation Tool:
Authors: Ramírez Polo Laura
Published: November 2016

Reviewed by Laura Ramírez PoloUniversitat de Valencia, Spain

 

1. INTRODUCTION

Over the past 30 years, translators have been continuously incorporating the new advances in technology into their daily work. Nowadays, it is inconceivable that a professional does not use a computer with at least a word processor and some tool allowing terminology to be managed and looked up, be it some application on the Internet or a simple spreadsheet.
New and not so new methods for assessing oral communication
Authors: Ockey Gary J. , Li Zhi
Published: November 2016

Author/s

Gary J. OckeyZhi LiIowa State University, USA

 

ABSTRACT

The assessment of oral communication has continued to evolve over the past few decades. The construct being assessed has broadened to include interactional competence, and technology has played a role in the types of tasks that are currently popular. In this paper, we discuss the factors that affect the process of oral communication assessment, current conceptualizations of the construct to be assessed, and five tasks that are used to assess this construct. These tasks include oral proficiency interviews, paired/group oral discussion tasks, simulated tasks, integrated oral communication tasks, and elicited imitation tasks. We evaluate these tasks based on current conceptualizations of the construct of oral communication, and conclude that they do not assess a broad construct of oral communication equally. Based on our evaluation, we advise test developers to consider the aspects of oral communication that they aim to include or exclude in their assessment when they select one of these task types.
Introduktion til pragmatik og pragmatisk analyse
Authors: Wille Niels Erik , Larsen Peter Harms
Published: November 2016

[Der findes ikke abstract til denne artikel]
Sony Labou Tansi, précurseur de nouvelles écritures dramatiques ?
Authors: Thérésine Amélie
Published: November 2016

Cet article porte sur la modernité du théâtre de Sony Labou Tansi. Abordées sous l’angle d’une déconstruction, à la manière des dramaturgies modernes et contemporaines occidentales qui mettent en crise le drame, ses pièces résistent. Interrogeant la pertinence des catégories héritées de la conception aristotélicienne en usage dans les études théâtrales, l’esthétique de Sony Labou Tansi se manifeste dans une dramaturgie du mouvement, où la contradiction et l’interrogation cohabitent, indépendamment des principes d’ordre et de mesure. Par ce geste créateur singulier qui rompt avec une littérature d’assignation, Sony Labou Tansi fait figure de précurseur de nouvelles écritures dramatiques.
Le flou et le fou : espace mystique et figure messianique dans La Parenthèse de sang de Sony Labou Tansi
Authors: Leroux Pierre
Published: November 2016

L’intérêt de Sony Labou Tansi pour le kinguinzila, théâtre traditionnel de « guérison », trouve des échos dans sa production dramatique, notamment au travers de la mise en place d’un espace que l’on peut qualifier de mystique. Dans La Parenthèse de sang, en particulier, les personnages se trouvent coincés dans un entre-deux qui les force à faire évoluer leurs positions. En effet, des soldats font irruption dans un village à la recherche d’un rebelle – Libertashio – qui, selon l’opinion générale, est pourtant déjà enterré. Dès lors qu’ils contredisent les soldats, les villageois sont condamnés à mort au premier acte et tout le reste de la pièce correspond à l’attente de leur exécution. Cet article tente de montrer que Sony Labou Tansi se sert du genre théâtral pour faire jouer la tension entre individuel et collectif, la pièce mettant en avant expérience mystique des condamnés et dynamique messianique de la figure du héros absent. Le fou empli de voix et le tombeau vide qu’il protège reprennent ainsi des motifs connus de la mystique tout en les replaçant dans le contexte bien particulier des dictatures militaires.
Nommer pour conjurer la mort : le désir d’exister dans le théâtre de Sony Labou Tansi
Authors: Paugam Lena
Published: November 2016

Le théâtre de Sony Labou Tansi est habité par l’image omniprésente de la mort. Néanmoins, loin de sombrer dans le désespoir et le pessimisme, son écriture théâtrale apparaît comme le lieu d’une prise de parole nécessaire en faveur de la vie, autrement dit comme un acte de résistance : parler sur scène est une réconciliation avec le vivant. Sony Labou Tansi n’a cessé d’exprimer son désir de conjurer la mort par une poétique de la parole expulsée comme une respiration, une parole créatrice de vie, et son théâtre repose sur l’espoir de convertir l’anéantissement de l’esprit et des corps en dynamisme fécond. Il s’agit pour l’auteur de revendiquer le pouvoir de nommer le monde pour le faire advenir.
Prisoners co‐infected with tuberculosis and HIV: a systematic review
Authors: Edge Chantal L , King Emma J , Dolan Kate , McKee Martin
Published: November 2016

Introduction

Almost from the beginning of the HIV epidemic in 1981, an association with tuberculosis (TB) was recognized. This association between HIV and TB co‐infection has been particularly evident amongst prisoners. However, despite this, few studies of TB in prisons have stratified results by HIV status. Given the high prevalence of HIV‐positive persons and TB‐infected persons in prisons and the documented risk of TB in those infected with HIV, it is of interest to determine how co‐infection varies amongst prison populations worldwide. For this reason we have undertaken a systematic review of studies of co‐infected prisoners to determine the incidence and/or prevalence of HIV/TB co‐infection in prisons, as well as outcomes in this group, measured as treatment success or death.

Methods

A literature search was undertaken using the online databases PubMed, Embase, IBSS, Scopus, Web of Science, Global Health and CINAHL Plus. No restrictions were set on language or publication date for article retrieval, with articles included if indexed up to 18 October 2015. A total of 1975 non‐duplicate papers were identified. For treatment and outcome data all eligible papers were appraised for inclusion; for incidence/prevalence estimates papers published prior to 2000 were excluded from full text review. After full text appraisal, 46 papers were selected for inclusion in the review, 41 for incidence/prevalence estimates and nine for outcomes data, with four papers providing evidence for both outcomes and prevalence/incidence.

Results

Very few studies estimated the incidence of TB in HIV positive prisoners, with most simply reporting prevalence of co‐infection. Co‐infection is rarely explicitly measured, with studies simply reporting HIV status in prisoners with TB, or a cross‐sectional survey of TB prevalence amongst prisoners with HIV. Estimates of co‐infection prevalence ranged from 2.4 to 73.1% and relative risks for one, given the other, ranged from 2.0 to 10.75, although some studies reported no significant association between HIV and TB. Few studies provided a comparison with the risk of co‐infection in the general population.

Conclusions

Prisoners infected with HIV are at high risk of developing TB. However, the magnitude of risk varies between different prisons and countries. There is little evidence on treatment outcomes in co‐infected prisoners, and the existing evidence is conflicting in regards to HIV status influence on prisoner treatment outcomes.

PROSPERO Number: CRD42016034068
Evaluating mesenchymal stem cell therapy for sepsis with preclinical meta-analyses prior to initiating a first-in-human trial
Authors: Lalu Manoj M , Sullivan Katrina J , Mei Shirley HJ , Moher David , Straus Alexander , Fergusson Dean A , Stewart Duncan J , Jazi Mazen , MacLeod Malcolm , Winston Brent , Marshall John , Hutton Brian , Walley Keith R , McIntyre Lauralyn ,   on behalf of the Canadian Critical Care Translational Biology Group
Published: November 2016

Evaluation of preclinical evidence prior to initiating early-phase clinical studies has typically been performed by selecting individual studies in a non-systematic process that may introduce bias. Thus, in preparation for a first-in-human trial of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) for septic shock, we applied systematic review methodology to evaluate all published preclinical evidence. We identified 20 controlled comparison experiments (980 animals from 18 publications) of in vivo sepsis models. Meta-analysis demonstrated that MSC treatment of preclinical sepsis significantly reduced mortality over a range of experimental conditions (odds ratio 0.27, 95% confidence interval 0.18–0.40, latest timepoint reported for each study). Risk of bias was unclear as few studies described elements such as randomization and no studies included an appropriately calculated sample size. Moreover, the presence of publication bias resulted in a ~30% overestimate of effect and threats to validity limit the strength of our conclusions. This novel prospective application of systematic review methodology serves as a template to evaluate preclinical evidence prior to initiating first-in-human clinical studies.
Phospholipase D activity couples plasma membrane endocytosis with retromer dependent recycling
Authors: Thakur Rajan , Panda Aniruddha , Coessens Elise , Raj Nikita , Yadav Shweta , Balakrishnan Sruthi , Zhang Qifeng , Georgiev Plamen , Basak Bishal , Pasricha Renu , Wakelam Michael JO , Ktistakis Nicholas T , Raghu Padinjat
Published: November 2016

During illumination, the light-sensitive plasma membrane (rhabdomere) of Drosophila photoreceptors undergoes turnover with consequent changes in size and composition. However, the mechanism by which illumination is coupled to rhabdomere turnover remains unclear. We find that photoreceptors contain a light-dependent phospholipase D (PLD) activity. During illumination, loss of PLD resulted in an enhanced reduction in rhabdomere size, accumulation of Rab7 positive, rhodopsin1-containing vesicles (RLVs) in the cell body and reduced rhodopsin protein. These phenotypes were associated with reduced levels of phosphatidic acid, the product of PLD activity and were rescued by reconstitution with catalytically active PLD. In wild-type photoreceptors, during illumination, enhanced PLD activity was sufficient to clear RLVs from the cell body by a process dependent on Arf1-GTP levels and retromer complex function. Thus, during illumination, PLD activity couples endocytosis of RLVs with their recycling to the plasma membrane thus maintaining plasma membrane size and composition.
Mouse Tmem135 mutation reveals a mechanism involving mitochondrial dynamics that leads to age-dependent retinal pathologies
Authors: Lee Wei-Hua , Higuchi Hitoshi , Ikeda Sakae , Macke Erica L , Takimoto Tetsuya , Pattnaik Bikash R , Liu Che , Chu Li-Fang , Siepka Sandra M , Krentz Kathleen J , Rubinstein C Dustin , Kalejta Robert F , Thomson James A , Mullins Robert F , Takahashi Joseph S , Pinto Lawrence H , Ikeda Akihiro
Published: November 2016

While the aging process is central to the pathogenesis of age-dependent diseases, it is poorly understood at the molecular level. We identified a mouse mutant with accelerated aging in the retina as well as pathologies observed in age-dependent retinal diseases, suggesting that the responsible gene regulates retinal aging, and its impairment results in age-dependent disease. We determined that a mutation in the transmembrane 135 (Tmem135) is responsible for these phenotypes. We observed localization of TMEM135 on mitochondria, and imbalance of mitochondrial fission and fusion in mutant Tmem135 as well as Tmem135 overexpressing cells, indicating that TMEM135 is involved in the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics. Additionally, mutant retina showed higher sensitivity to oxidative stress. These results suggest that the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics through TMEM135 is critical for protection from environmental stress and controlling the progression of retinal aging. Our study identified TMEM135 as a critical link between aging and age-dependent diseases.
The circuitry of sex
Authors: Levine Joel
Published: November 2016

Neural circuits that control copulation in male flies have been identified.
High-quality β-Ga2O3 single crystals grown by edge-defined film-fed growth
Authors: Kuramata Akito , Koshi Kimiyoshi , Watanabe Shinya , Yamaoka Yu , Masui Takekazu , Yamakoshi Shigenobu
Published: November 2016

β-Ga2O3 bulk crystals were grown by the edge-defined film-fed growth (EFG) process and the floating zone process. Semiconductor substrates containing no twin boundaries with sizes up to 4 in. in diameter were fabricated. It was found that Si was the main residual impurity in the EFG-grown crystals and that the effective donor concentration (N
d − N
a) of unintentionally doped crystals was governed by the Si concentration. Intentional n-type doping was shown to be possible. An etch pit observation revealed that the dislocation density was on the order of 103 cm−3. N
d − N
a for the samples annealed in nitrogen ambient was almost the same as the Si concentration, while for the samples annealed in oxygen ambient, it was around 1 × 1017 cm−3 and independent of the Si concentration.
Identification of phenolic secondary metabolites fromSchotia brachypetalaSond. (Fabaceae) and demonstration of their antioxidant activities inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Sobeh Mansour , ElHawary Esraa , Peixoto Herbenya , Labib Rola M. , Handoussa Heba , Swilam Noha , El-Khatib Ahmed H. , Sharapov Farukh , Mohamed Tamer , Krstin Sonja , Linscheid Michael W. , Singab Abdel Nasser , Wink Michael , Ayoub Nahla
Published: November 2016

Background

Schotia brachypetalaSond. (Fabaceae) is an endemic tree of Southern Africa whose phytochemistry and pharmacology were slightly studied. The present work aimed at profiling the major phenolics compounds present in the hydro-alcohol extract fromS. brachypetalaleaves (SBE) using LC/HRESI/MS/MS and NMR and prove their antioxidant capabilities using novel methods.

Methods

In vitroassays; DPPH, TEAC persulfate decolorizing kinetic and FRAP assays, andin vivoassays:Caenorhabditis elegansstrains maintenance, Intracellular ROS inC. elegans, Survival assay, GFP expression and Subcellular DAF-16 localization were employed to evaluate the antioxidant activity.

Results

More than forty polyphenols, including flavonoid glycosides, galloylated flavonoid glycosides, isoflavones, dihydrochalcones, procyanidins, anthocyanins, hydroxy benzoic acid derivatives, hydrolysable tannins, and traces of methylated and acetylated flavonoid derivatives were identified. Three compounds were isolated and identified from the genusSchotiafor the first time, namely gallic acid, myricetin-3-O-α-L-1C4-rhamnoside and quercetin-3-O-L-1C4-rhamnoside. The total phenolics content of SBE was (376 mg CAE/g), followed by flavonoids (67.87 QE/g).In vitroantioxidant activity of SBE was evidenced by DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC50of 9 µg/mL), FRAP ferric reducing activity (5,000 mol Fe2+E/mg) and ABTS peroxide inhibiting activity (1,054 mM Trolox E/mg). The tested extract was able to protect the worms against juglone induced oxidative stress, an increased survival rate (up to 41%) was recorded, when compared with the control group (11%) and attenuate the reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in dose-dependent and reached up to 72% for the highest tested concentration. SBE was also able to attenuate the levels of heat shock protein (HSP) expression in dose-dependent up to 60% in the 150 µg SBE/mL group. In DAF-16 Subcellular localization SBE treated worms showed nuclear localization pattern up to 78%, while it was only 5% in the untreated control group.

Discussion

A pronounced antioxidant activityin vivo, which can be attributed to its ability to promote the nuclear translocation of DAF-16/FOXO, the main transcription factor regulating the expression of stress response genes. The remarkable antioxidant activityin vitroandin vivocorrelates to SBE rich phenolic profile.
A study of cloud microphysics and precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau by radar observations and cloud‐resolving model simulations
Authors: Gao Wenhua , Sui Chung‐Hsiung , Fan Jiwen , Hu Zhiqun , Zhong Lingzhi
Published: November 2016

Cloud microphysical properties and precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau are unique because of the high terrains, clean atmosphere, and sufficient water vapor. With dual‐polarization precipitation radar and cloud radar measurements during the Third Tibetan Plateau Atmospheric Scientific Experiment, the simulated microphysics and precipitation by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences (CAMS) microphysics and other microphysical schemes are investigated through a typical plateau rainfall event on 22 July 2014. Results show that the WRF‐CAMS simulation reasonably reproduces the spatial distribution of 24 h accumulated precipitation but has limitations in simulating time evolution of precipitation rates. The model‐calculated polarimetric radar variables have biases as well, suggesting bias in modeled hydrometeor types. The raindrop sizes in convective region are larger than those in stratiform region indicated by the small intercept of raindrop size distribution in the former. In addition, the warm rain processes generate heavier precipitation than the cold rain processes do over the rainfall centers during weak convection period. The sensitivity of precipitation to perturbing the warm rain microphysical processes show that doubling droplet condensation increases precipitation significantly and produces the best area‐averaged rain rate, suggesting biases in thermodynamics in the baseline simulation. Halving raindrop evaporation results in an increase in weak rainfall areas along with a warmer subcloud layer. Increasing the initial cloud droplet size causes the rain rate reduced by half, an opposite effect to that of increasing droplet condensation.
Indicators and metrics for the assessment of climate engineering
Authors: Oschlies A. , Held H. , Keller D. , Keller K. , Mengis N. , Quaas M. , Rickels W. , Schmidt H.
Published: November 2016

Selecting appropriate indicators is essential to aggregate the information provided by climate model outputs into a manageable set of relevant metrics on which assessments of climate engineering (CE) can be based. From all the variables potentially available from climate models, indicators need to be selected that are able to inform scientists and society on the development of the Earth system under CE, as well as on possible impacts and side effects of various ways of deploying CE or not. However, the indicators used so far have been largely identical to those used in climate change assessments and do not visibly reflect the fact that indicators for assessing CE (and thus the metrics composed of these indicators) may be different from those used to assess global warming. Until now, there has been little dedicated effort to identifying specific indicators and metrics for assessing CE. We here propose that such an effort should be facilitated by a more decision‐oriented approach and an iterative procedure in close interaction between academia, decision makers, and stakeholders. Specifically, synergies and trade‐offs between social objectives reflected by individual indicators, as well as decision‐relevant uncertainties should be considered in the development of metrics, so that society can take informed decisions about climate policy measures under the impression of the options available, their likely effects and side effects, and the quality of the underlying knowledge base.
Contributions of substorm injections to SYM‐H depressions in the main phase of storms
Authors: He Zhaohai , Dai Lei , Wang Chi , Duan Suping , Zhang Lingqian , Chen Tao , Roth I.
Published: November 2016

Substorm injections bring energetic particles to the inner magnetosphere. But the role of the injected population in building up the storm time ring current is not well understood. By surveying Los Alamos National Laboratory geosynchronous data during 34 storm main phases, we show evidence that at least some substorm injections can contribute to substorm‐time scale SYM‐H/Dst depressions in the main phase of storms. For event studies, we analyze two typical events in which the main‐phase SYM‐H index exhibited stepwise depressions that are correlated with particle flux enhancement due to injections and with AL index. A statistical study is performed based on 95 storm time injection events. The flux increases of the injected population (50–400 keV) are found proportional to the sharp SYM‐H depressions during the injection interval. By identifying dispersionless and dispersive injection signals, we estimate the azimuthal extent of the substorm injection. Statistical results show that the injection regions of these storm time substorms are characterized with an azimuthal extent larger than 06:00 magnetic local time. These results suggest that at least some substorm injections may mimic the large‐scale enhanced convection and contribute to sharp decreases of Dst in the storm main phase.
Moisture transport into the Arctic: Source‐receptor relationships and the roles of atmospheric circulation and evaporation
Authors: Vázquez M. , Nieto R. , Drumond A. , Gimeno L.
Published: November 2016

Hydrological processes play a key role in the Arctic, as well as being an important part of the response of this region to climate change. The origin of the moisture arriving (and then precipitating) in the Arctic is a crucial question in our understanding of the Arctic hydrological cycle. In an attempt to answer this, the present study uses the Lagrangian diagnosis model FLEXPART (FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model) to localize the main sources of moisture for the Arctic region, to analyze their variability and their contribution to precipitation, and to consider the implications of any changes in the transport of moisture from particular sources within the system. From this analysis, four major moisture sources appear as the most important moisture supplies into the system: the subtropical and southern extratropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, North America, and Siberia. Oceanic sources play an important role throughout the year, whereas continental ones only take effect in summer. The sink areas associated with each source have been shown to be moderately influenced by changes in atmospheric circulation, mainly associated with the East Atlantic pattern for the Atlantic source and related to West Pacific and Pacific/North American (PNA) teleconnection patterns for the Pacific one. On the other hand, the variability over the sinks does not seem to be significantly related to changes in evaporation at an interannual scale.
A comparative study on the genesis of North Indian Ocean tropical cyclone Madi (2013) and Atlantic Ocean tropical cyclone Florence (2006)
Authors: Rajasree V. P. M. , Kesarkar Amit P. , Bhate Jyoti N. , Singh Vikas , Umakanth U. , Varma T. Harish
Published: November 2016

A modeling study has been carried out to understand the similarities and differences in the genesis sequence of a Bay of Bengal tropical cyclone Madi (6–13 December 2013) and the Atlantic Ocean tropical cyclone Florence (3–12 September 2006) on the applicability of hypotheses of the marsupial theory of tropical cyclogenesis. We examined the role of the protective pouch and warm core formation during their genesis and intensification phases. We have chosen tropical cyclone Madi and tropical cyclone Florence for our study specifically due to both of these tropical cyclones originated from westward moving parent disturbance embedded in the intertropical convergence zone. Also, the genesis and intensification of tropical cyclone Florence were accompanied by a series of Saharan dust outbreaks. Our results indicated that the dry air intrusion was not a dominant detrimental factor for the genesis of tropical cyclone Madi and showed rapid intensification within the pouch region. However, in the case of the tropical cyclone Florence, the delay in the intensification as a category 1 tropical cyclone from its tropical depression stage was due to entrainment of the dry air into the core of cyclonic vortex up to 700 hPa from above. The results from this study showed that the wave pouch played a most significant role in the vorticity upscale cascade (First hypothesis) and moisture aggregation (Second hypothesis) in pregenesis period of both the tropical cyclones. It also prevented the lateral dry air intrusion (Second hypothesis) from the Saharan Air Layer during the genesis phase of tropical cyclone Florence.
Observed and simulated hydrologic response for a first‐order catchment during extreme rainfall 3 years after wildfire disturbance
Authors: Ebel Brian A. , Rengers Francis K. , Tucker Gregory E.
Published: November 2016

Hydrologic response to extreme rainfall in disturbed landscapes is poorly understood because of the paucity of measurements. A unique opportunity presented itself when extreme rainfall in September 2013 fell on a headwater catchment (i.e., <1 ha) in Colorado, USA that had previously been burned by a wildfire in 2010. We compared measurements of soil‐hydraulic properties, soil saturation from subsurface sensors, and estimated peak runoff during the extreme rainfall with numerical simulations of runoff generation and subsurface hydrologic response during this event. The simulations were used to explore differences in runoff generation between the wildfire‐affected headwater catchment, a simulated unburned case, and for uniform versus spatially variable parameterizations of soil‐hydraulic properties that affect infiltration and runoff generation in burned landscapes. Despite 3 years of elapsed time since the 2010 wildfire, observations and simulations pointed to substantial surface runoff generation in the wildfire‐affected headwater catchment by the infiltration‐excess mechanism while no surface runoff was generated in the unburned case. The surface runoff generation was the result of incomplete recovery of soil‐hydraulic properties in the burned area, suggesting recovery takes longer than 3 years. Moreover, spatially variable soil‐hydraulic property parameterizations produced longer duration but lower peak‐flow infiltration‐excess runoff, compared to uniform parameterization, which may have important hillslope sediment export and geomorphologic implications during long duration, extreme rainfall. The majority of the simulated surface runoff in the spatially variable cases came from connected near‐channel contributing areas, which was a substantially smaller contributing area than the uniform simulations.
Infiltration of fine sediment mixtures through poorly sorted immobile coarse beds
Authors: Núñez‐González Francisco
Published: November 2016

Percolation of fine sediment is a common process in gravel bed rivers, which often exhibit extended and overlapping grain size distributions of the bed and the supplied fine sediment. Yet existing sediment infiltration theory assumes well‐sorted fine material with smaller grain size than the bed pores, and as such, is not suitable for many situations encountered in gravel bed streams. Previous developments for infiltration of uniform material are here generalized to consider poorly sorted sediment mixtures. Governing equations and a numerical solution to model the vertical distribution of infiltrating sediment are presented. The equations are solved as a function of a trapping coefficient, dependent on the relative size of infiltrating fines in relation to bed material. A method is developed to generate equivalent grain size distributions to calculate the trapping coefficient, when grain sizes of the infiltrating and bed materials overlap. Moreover, a bed cutoff size is defined and computed with a semiempirical packing‐porosity model, to distinguish particles smaller than the bed pores. Published experimental data are used to test the new model and calibrate the trapping coefficient. It is shown that this coefficient is highly sensible to the fine and coarse tails of fine and coarse materials grain size distributions. Accordingly, calibrated values of the coefficient are set as a function of a mean size ratio, computed from the geometric mean of the tails of the size distributions. Incorporating this relation, the model performed well in reproducing indirect observations of sediment infiltration from experiments reported in the literature.
Nonlinear time‐series analysis of optical signals to identify multiphase flow behavior in microchannels
Authors: Peng Dongyue , Xin Feng , Zhang Lexiang , Gao Zuopeng , Zhang Weihua , Wang Yuexing , Chen Xiaodong , Wang Yi
Published: November 2016

This study provides an insight into the instability and irregularity of multiphase flows in microchannels. Using a homemade optical measuring system, time series related to two‐phase flow dynamics under different operating conditions, fluids, and channel lengths were collected and analyzed via a nonlinear characteristic parameter, Kolmogorov entropy (KE). Our results reveal that higher KE corresponds to unstable flow behavior, while lower KE refers to steady flow behavior; higher KE values appear at comparatively low or high gas flow rates, and most Taylor flow regime appeared at proper operating conditions with small KE. An equation derived based on the definition of KE is proposed to better understand KE characteristics, which include bubble break‐up impact and gas/liquid flow rate ratio. Predictions from the proposed analytical equation agree with experimental results, suggesting that the equation effectively identifies unstable flows and can be used to ensure stable and predictable multiphase flows in microchannels. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 2378–2385, 2017
Blood transcriptomic comparison of individuals with and without autism spectrum disorder: A combined‐samples mega‐analysis
Authors: Tylee Daniel S. , Hess Jonathan L. , Quinn Thomas P. , Barve Rahul , Huang Hailiang , Zhang‐James Yanli , Chang Jeffrey , Stamova Boryana S. , Sharp Frank R. , Hertz‐Picciotto Irva , Faraone Stephen V. , Kong Sek Won , Glatt Stephen J.
Published: November 2016

Blood‐based microarray studies comparing individuals affected with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and typically developing individuals help characterize differences in circulating immune cell functions and offer potential biomarker signal. We sought to combine the subject‐level data from previously published studies by mega‐analysis to increase the statistical power. We identified studies that compared ex vivo blood or lymphocytes from ASD‐affected individuals and unrelated comparison subjects using Affymetrix or Illumina array platforms. Raw microarray data and clinical meta‐data were obtained from seven studies, totaling 626 affected and 447 comparison subjects. Microarray data were processed using uniform methods. Covariate‐controlled mixed‐effect linear models were used to identify gene transcripts and co‐expression network modules that were significantly associated with diagnostic status. Permutation‐based gene‐set analysis was used to identify functionally related sets of genes that were over‐ and under‐expressed among ASD samples. Our results were consistent with diminished interferon‐, EGF‐, PDGF‐, PI3K‐AKT‐mTOR‐, and RAS‐MAPK‐signaling cascades, and increased ribosomal translation and NK‐cell related activity in ASD. We explored evidence for sex‐differences in the ASD‐related transcriptomic signature. We also demonstrated that machine‐learning classifiers using blood transcriptome data perform with moderate accuracy when data are combined across studies. Comparing our results with those from blood‐based studies of protein biomarkers (e.g., cytokines and trophic factors), we propose that ASD may feature decoupling between certain circulating signaling proteins (higher in ASD samples) and the transcriptional cascades which they typically elicit within circulating immune cells (lower in ASD samples). These findings provide insight into ASD‐related transcriptional differences in circulating immune cells. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chinoide/Aromatische Umwandlungen in π‐konjugierten Oligomeren: Raman‐Schwingungsspektroskopie an der Grenze zum π‐Bindungsbruch
Authors: Burrezo Paula Mayorga , Zafra José L. , Navarrete Juan T. López , Casado Juan
Published: November 2016

Die Raman‐Schwingungsspektren mehrerer Serien aromatischer und chinoider Verbindungen werden unter Berücksichtigung der Tief‐ und Hochverschiebung der Frequenzen der entsprechenden Raman‐Banden als eine Funktion der Wiederholungseinheiten analysiert. Oligothiophene, Oligophenylenvinylene und Oligoperylene (Oligophenyle) werden untersucht. Die Verschiebungen werden als spektroskopische Fingerabdrücke der Änderung der π‐Konjugation verwendet. Für eine gegebene Oligomerfamilie werden die aromatischen und chinoiden Oligomere zusammen untersucht und entsprechend ihrer Raman‐Frequenzverschiebung in der BLA‐Energie‐Kurve ihrer elektronischen Grundzustände als Funktion des Bindungslängenalternanzmusters (BLA) platziert. Die Verbindung zwischen den BLA‐Werten, der π‐Konjugation und den Raman‐Frequenzen wird hier als Grundlage der Untersuchung verwendet. Diese Raman‐Verschiebungen/BLA‐Änderungen werden mit wichtigen elektronischen Eigenschaften der eindimensionalen linearen Systeme mit delokalisierten π‐Elektronen, wie z. B. bei chinoiden (Polyen) und aromatischen Systemen, in Beziehung gesetzt.
Biobased mineral‐oil barrier‐coated food‐packaging films
Authors: Vartiainen Jari , Laine Christiane , Willberg‐Keyriläinen Pia , Pitkänen Marja , Ohra‐aho Taina
Published: November 2016

Toxic mineral oils can migrate into foods from cardboard boxes made of recycled fibers. This is an emerging issue for the whole dry‐food‐packaging industry. Breakfast cereals, for example, are typically packaged in boxes with or without inner bags and consumed without further processing. Currently, fossil‐based high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) films are used as a major raw material for such inner bags. However, HDPE is a very poor barrier against mineral‐oil migration. Biobased coatings from cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), hydroxypropylated xylan, and hydroxypropylated cellulose were applied onto biobased high‐density polyethylene (bio‐HDPE) films, and the mineral‐oil barrier properties were evaluated. All of the coated films significantly decreased the migration of n‐decane, isobutylbenzene, 1‐cyclohexylbutane, 1‐cyclohexylheptane, and 1‐cyclohexyldecane. Biobased barrier bags prepared from (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐yl)oxy oxidized CNF coated bio‐HDPE film protected the content to a great extent from mineral‐oil migration compared to noncoated bio‐HDPE and other commercial breakfast cereal‐bag films. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44586.
In vitro differentiated hepatic oval‐like cells enhance hepatic regeneration in CCl4‐induced hepatic injury
Authors: Awan Sana Javaid , Baig Maria Tayyab , Yaqub Faiza , Tayyeb Asima , Ali Gibran
Published: November 2016

Hepatic oval cells are likely to be activated during advanced stage of liver fibrosis to reconstruct damaged hepatic tissue. However, their scarcity, difficulties in isolation, and in vitro expansion hampered their transplantation in fibrotic liver. This study was aimed to investigate the repair potential of in vitro differentiated hepatic oval‐like cells in CCl4‐induced liver fibrosis. BMSCs and oval cells were isolated and characterized from C57BL/6 GFP+ mice. BMSCs were differentiated into oval cells by preconditioning with HGF, EGF, SCF, and LIF and analyzed for the oval cells‐specific genes. Efficiency of oval cells to reduce hepatocyte injury was studied by determining cell viability, release of LDH, and biochemical tests in a co‐culture system. Further, in vivo repair potential of differentiated oval cells was determined in CCl4‐induced fibrotic model by gene expression analysis, biochemical tests, mason trichrome, and Sirius red staining. Differentiated oval cells expressed hepatic oval cells‐specific markers AFP, ALB, CK8, CK18, CK19. These differentiated cells when co‐cultured with injured hepatocytes showed significant hepato‐protection as measured by reduction in apoptosis, LDH release, and improvement in liver functions. Transplantation of differentiated oval cells like cells in fibrotic livers exhibited enhanced homing, reduced liver fibrosis, and improved liver functions by augmenting hepatic microenvironment by improved liver functions. This preconditioning strategy to differentiate BMSCs into oval cell leads to improved survival and homing of transplanted cells. In addition, reduction in fibrosis and functional improvement in mice with CCl4‐induced liver fibrosis was achieved.