bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microbial species and intraspecies units exist and are maintained by ecological cohesiveness coupled to high homologous recombination
Authors: Conrad Roth E. , Brink Catherine E. , Viver Tomeu , Rodriguez-R Luis M. , Aldeguer-Riquelme Borja , Hatt Janet K. , Venter Stephanus N. , Rossello-Mora Ramon , Amann Rudolf , Konstantinidis Konstantinos T.
Published: November 2024

Recent genomic analyses have revealed that microbial communities are predominantly composed of persistent, sequence-discrete species and intraspecies units (genomovars), but the mechanisms that create and maintain these units remain unclear. By analyzing closely-related isolate genomes from the same or related samples and identifying recent recombination events using a novel bioinformatics methodology, we show that high ecological cohesiveness coupled to frequent-enough and unbiased (i.e., not selection-driven) horizontal gene flow, mediated by homologous recombination, often underlie these diversity patterns. Ecological cohesiveness was inferred based on greater similarity in temporal abundance patterns of genomes of the same vs. different units, and recombination was shown to affect all sizable segments of the genome (i.e., be genome-wide) and have two times or greater impact on sequence evolution than point mutations. These results were observed in both Salinibacter ruber, an environmental halophilic organism, and Escherichia coli, the model gut-associated organism and an opportunistic pathogen, indicating that they may be more broadly applicable to the microbial world. Therefore, our results represent a departure compared to previous models of microbial speciation that invoke either ecology or recombination, but not necessarily their synergistic effect, and answer an important question for microbiology: what a species and a subspecies are.
Kitaev interactions through extended superexchange pathways in the $${j}_{{\mathsf{eff}}}=1/2$$ Ru3+ honeycomb magnet RuP3SiO11
Authors: Abdeldaim Aly H. , Gretarsson Hlynur , Day Sarah J. , Le M. Duc , Stenning Gavin B. G. , Manuel Pascal , Perry Robin S. , Tsirlin Alexander A. , Nilsen Gøran J. , Clark Lucy
Published: November 2024

Magnetic materials are composed of the simple building blocks of magnetic moments on a crystal lattice that interact via magnetic exchange. Yet from this simplicity emerges a remarkable diversity of magnetic states. Some reveal the deep quantum mechanical origins of magnetism, for example, quantum spin liquid (QSL) states in which magnetic moments remain disordered at low temperatures despite being strongly correlated through quantum entanglement. A promising theoretical model of a QSL is the Kitaev model, composed of unusual bond-dependent exchange interactions, but experimentally, this model is challenging to realise. Here we show that the material requirements for the Kitaev QSL survive an extended pseudo-edge-sharing superexchange pathway of Ru3+ octahedra within the honeycomb layers of the inorganic framework solid, RuP3SiO11. We confirm the requisite $${j}_{{\mathsf{eff}}}=\frac{1}{2}$$

j

eff

=

1

2

state of Ru3+ in RuP3SiO11 and resolve the hierarchy of exchange interactions that provide experimental access to an unexplored region of the Kitaev model.
Over 25 years of decrypting PIN-mediated plant development
Authors: Luschnig Christian , Friml Jiří
Published: November 2024

Identification of PIN exporters for auxin, the major coordinative signal in plants, some 25 years ago, signifies a landmark in our understanding of plant-specific mechanisms underlying development and adaptation. Auxin is directionally transported throughout the plant body; a unique feature already envisioned by Darwin and solidified by PINs’ discovery and characterization. The PIN-based auxin distribution network with its complex regulations of PIN expression, localization and activity turned out to underlie a remarkable multitude of developmental processes and represents means to integrate endogenous and environmental signals. Given the recent anniversary, we here summarize past and current developments in this exciting field.
Reversible and controllable reduction in friction of atomically thin two-dimensional materials through high-stress pre-rubbing
Authors: Su Haoyang , Zhang Honglin , Sun Junhui , Lang Haojie , Zou Kun , Peng Yitian
Published: November 2024

Great efforts have been made to further reduce friction of atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) materials as solid lubricants due to their exceptional tribological properties and mechanical strength. In this work, the friction of atomically thin graphene is extensively and controllably reduced through pre-rubbing under high stress, resulting in a reduction of the friction coefficient by up to a factor of six compared to the pristine graphene. Also, this reduction can be reversed by reciprocating friction under moderate stress. Furthermore, high-stress pre-rubbing allows for patterning intentionally lubricating features on atomically thin graphene, such as nanometer-sized letters. This reduction in friction is attributed to the decreased sliding potential barrier yet increased contact stiffness, induced by the enhanced strength of graphene adhesion to the substrate due to interfacial charge transfer, as revealed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. These findings present a practical methodology for optimizing and controlling the performance of 2D materials.
The probabilistic dependence of ship-induced waves is preserved spatially and temporally in the Savannah River (USA)
Authors: Mares-Nasarre Patricia , Muscalus Alexandra , Haas Kevin , Morales-Nápoles Oswaldo
Published: November 2024

The rapid changes in the shipping fleet during the last decades has increased the ship-induced loads and, thus, their impact on infrastructures, margin protections and ecosystems. Primary waves have been pointed out as the cause of those impacts, with heights that can exceed 2 m and periods around 2 minutes. Consequently, extensive literature can be found on their estimation mainly from a deterministic perspective with methods based on datasets limited to one location, making difficult their generalization. These studies propose either computationally expensive numerical models or empirical equations which often underestimate the extreme primary waves, hindering their use for design purposes. Moreover, a framework to allow the design of infrastructure under ship-wave attack based on probabilistic concepts such as return periods is still missing. In this study, a probabilistic model based on bivariate copulas is proposed to model the joint distribution of the primary wave height, the peak of the total energy flux, the ship length, the ship width, the relative velocity of the ship and the blockage factor. This model, a vine-copula, is developed and validated for four different deployments along the Savannah river (USA), with different locations and times. To do so, the model is quantified using part of the data in one deployment and validated using the rest of the data from this deployment and data of the other three. The vine-copula is validated from both a predictive performance point of view and with respect to the statistical properties. We prove that the probabilistic dependence of the data is preserved spatially and temporally in the Savannah river.
Targeting Candida albicans O-acetyl-L-homoserine sulfhydrylase (Met15p) in antifungal treatment
Authors: Kuplińska Aleksandra , Rząd Kamila , Stefaniak-Skorupa Joanna , Kozłowska-Tylingo Katarzyna , Wojciechowski Marek , Milewski Sławomir , Gabriel Iwona
Published: November 2024

Fungal infections are a serious threat to public health as they are becoming increasingly frequent. A major problem stems also from a rising fungal resistance to currently available antifungal therapies, therefore novel molecular targets are highly desirable. Exploration of enzymes participating in the biosynthesis pathways of essential amino acids such as L-methionine (L-Met) may provide new insights into pharmaceutical development. The MET15 gene from Candida albicans, encoding O-acetyl-L-homoserine sulfhydrylase (Met15p), an enzyme catalyzing the second step in that pathway, was cloned and expressed in two versions: as N and C-terminal oligo-His-tagged fusion proteins. The recombinant enzymes revealed appropriate activity, and catalyzed conversion of O-acetyl-L-homoserine and a sulfide ion to produce L-homocysteine. A new RP-HPLC-DAD method, using the enzymatic reaction product pre-column derivatization with 5,5’-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) was developed and used by us to determine Met15p activity. Newly synthesized compounds as well as two commercially available exhibited a Met15p inhibitory effect which was related to antifungal activity. Fungal cells’ sensitivity to inhibitors depending on the presence or absence of L-Met in the medium clearly indicated Met15p targeting. Moreover, the synergistic effect of the first methionine biosynthetic enzyme affecting inhibitor and Met15p inhibitors indicate that methionine biosynthesis pathway enzymes are promising molecular targets.
Biocompatible Tablet Film Coatings for Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients
Authors: Navabhatra A. , Yingngam B.
Published: November 2024

In the pharmaceutical industry, the process of coating tablets with active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) poses significant challenges related to biocompatibility and drug efficacy. Traditional coatings often have limitations in terms of their compatibility with the human body, which can lead to decreased bioavailability and adverse reactions. This chapter aims to address these challenges by focusing on the development of biocompatible tablet film coatings that are specifically designed to deliver APIs while also ensuring safety and enhancing patient compliance. The chapter explores the formulation, characteristics, and benefits of these coatings, with a particular emphasis on how they improve drug solubility, stability, and controlled release, all of which are essential for achieving desired therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, this chapter discusses the selection of biocompatible materials, innovative coating techniques, and methods for evaluating their effectiveness and safety. The impact of film coatings on drug release kinetics, bioavailability, and patient acceptability is also analysed. Moreover, the chapter sheds light on current trends and technological advancements in this exciting field. In conclusion, biocompatible tablet film coatings represent a significant advancement in pharmaceutical technology, offering a promising approach to enhance drug formulations, improve patient outcomes, and minimise adverse reactions. Biocompatible film coatings play a crucial role in the development of modern pharmaceuticals. Future research should focus on exploring novel biodegradable polymers and advanced biocompatible agents as potential coating materials.
Materials and Their Improvements for Surface Coatings in Biomedical Applications
Authors: Juvairia  , Deepalakshmi J. , Amaravathy P.
Published: November 2024

Materials that have been engineered to interact with biological systems for medical purposes are biomaterials. There are natural and synthetic biomaterials designed for biomedical applications such as supporting tissue regeneration, replacing or repairing damaged organs or tissues, delivering drugs or therapeutic agents to specific sites, supporting medical devices and implantations including orthopaedic implants, cardiovascular stents, dental implants, wound dressing, etc. Surface coatings are often used on biomaterials to enhance their biocompatibility, durability, functionality, and corrosion resistance in biomedical applications. These coatings can modify the surface properties of biomaterials to better suit their intended use and improve their interaction with biological systems. The implanting material must not cause any toxic, allergic or inflammatory reactions in the cells of the body. The degradability of the material should be neither too long nor too short; it should fulfill its purpose and then leave the body. To improve such features for a coating, materials with different advantages are integrated to create functionalised bilayer and multiple-layer coatings. The widely used materials in coatings are ceramic materials like hydroxyapatite, natural and synthetic polymers, nanomaterials, and carbon-based nanomaterials, etc. In this chapter, we provide an overview of different types of materials used for biomedical applications, highlight the advancements in monolayer and multilayer coatings and discuss the techniques used to apply layered coatings to improve their characteristic features like biocompatibility, corrosion potential etc.
NMR spectroscopy of small molecules in solution
Authors: Nolis Pau
Published: November 2024

This book chapter covers relevant articles published in peer-reviewed journals in 2023 in the field of NMR spectroscopy of small molecules in solution. Articles appeared in 2023 as accepted online versions but not published until 2024 are not included. The chapter is structured into seven sections: NMR pulse sequence development, structural determination in oriented media, mixture analysis, quantitative NMR, NMR chiral recognition methodologies, artificial intelligence methods and a final miscellanea section where interesting articles that did not fit in any of the earlier topics were embedded. Noticeably, many articles could fit in more than one section, since most of the topics are intimately related. The reader should not expect a fully detailed review, nor a simple, non-detailed listing of articles. Instead, the reader shall find distilled information with description of the key points and the main goals.
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Aliev Abil E.
Published: November 2024

This solid-state NMR report summarises the subject and results of selected articles and original papers published in 2023. In addition to the published reviews, the two major sections in this report consider various methodological developments and a broad range of applications. The presented classification of papers into different sections and subsections is intended to ease the overview of the results, as well as to evaluate the directions in which solid-state NMR techniques and applications are likely to develop in the near future. The overall survey of published papers indicates that the number of electrolyte and battery materials studies by solid-state NMR has increased considerably in 2023 compared to previous years.
Effect of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) on performance and microbial succession in anaerobic sludge under prolonged exposure to chloroxylenol
Authors: Wang Jingwei , Shan Shuang , Song Jihong , Li Da , Ma Qiao , Li Shuzhen
Published: November 2024

Our findings offer insights into the impact of nZVI addition on anaerobic sludge in the presence of PCMX.
Synergistic effects of Ligilactobacillus salivarius Li01 and psyllium husk prevent mice from developing loperamide-induced constipation
Authors: Xu Lvwan , Qiu Bo , Ba Furong , Zhang Shuobo , Han Shengyi , Chen Hui , Wu Youhe , Gao Wang , Xie Siyuan , Chen Yanfei , Jiang Shiman , Zhang Jingyi , Li Yating , Berglund Björn , Yao Mingfei , Li Lanjuan
Published: November 2024

Ligilactobacillus salivarius Li01 and psyllium husk protect mice treated with loperamide from constipation.
Chirality generation on carbon nanosheets by chemical modification
Authors: Sekiya Ryo , Arimura Saki , Moriguchi Haruka , Haino Takeharu
Published: November 2024

Chirality is an intriguing property of molecules, and exciting area of study involves the generation of chirality in nanographenes (NGs), also known as graphene quantum dots.
Molecular engineering of Au25(SG)18 nanoclusters at the single cluster level to brighten their NIR-II fluorescence
Authors: Zhang Hailiang , Wang Jing , Han Wenxiu , Jiang Pei
Published: November 2024

The illustration of the strategy of using PDA for brightening the NIR-II fluorescence of Au25(SG)18 nanoclusters.
Facile construction of polyoxometalate-polymer hybrid nanoparticles with pH/redox dual-responsiveness
Authors: Gao Yanting , Yang Fan , Wang Yufu , Johnston Angus P. R. , Duffin Rebekah N. , Andrews Philip C. , Ritchie Chris , Such Georgina K.
Published: November 2024

Herein, we designed novel polyoxometalate-polymer hybrid nanoparticles that combine redox-sensitive and charge-shifting properties. These materials show a synergistic disassembly behaviour in response to both acidification and redox conditions.
Biosynthesis of a bacterial meroterpenoid reveals a non-canonical class II meroterpenoid cyclase
Authors: Wang Zengyuan , Alsup Tyler A. , Pan Xingming , Li Lu-Lu , Tian Jupeng , Yang Ziyi , Lin Xiaoxu , Xu Hui-Min , Rudolf Jeffrey D. , Dong Liao-Bin
Published: November 2024

Atolypene A assembles through sequential epoxidation, prenylation, and cyclization. In vitro studies revealed that AtoE, a noncanonical class II meroterpenoid cyclase, utilizes the first Glu in the atypical xxxE314TAE motif to protonate an oxirane.
CO2-induced drastic decharging of dielectric surfaces in aqueous suspensions
Authors: Vogel Peter , Beyer David , Holm Christian , Palberg Thomas
Published: November 2024

Under deionized and decarbonized conditions, the sphere is highly charged. Expected screening- and pH-effects lower the charge. Diffusely adsorbed CO2 causes drastic decharging.
Structural insight into the multifunctionality of non-stoichiometric BNT ferroelectrics
Authors: Shi Jing , Wang Jicong , Zhu Fangyuan , Tian Wenchao , Hua Weibo , Fan Huiqing , Yang Jing , Liu Laijun , Liu Xiao
Published: November 2024

The fine structural understanding and design route for the multifunctionality of non-stoichiometric BNT ferroelectrics are elaborated, including their ferroelectric, strain, and ionic conductivity performances.
Facile engineering of CoS/rGO heterostructures on carbon cloth for efficient all-pH hydrogen evolution reaction and alkaline water electrolysis
Authors: Chen Yuxian , Rong Jiayi , Fan Qiaolin , Sun Meng , Deng Qiuyi , Ni Zhonghua , Li Xiao , Hu Tao
Published: November 2024

A three-dimensional CoS/rGO@CC electrocatalyst was developed via a two-step electrodeposition, demonstrating excellent bifunctional activity and stability, with notable HER performance across various pH levels.
Theoretical prediction of efficient Cu-based dual-atom alloy catalysts for electrocatalytic nitrate reduction to ammonia via high-throughput first-principles calculations
Authors: Wang Yuanyuan , Tang Chunmei , Li Qianlin , Xiao Ting , Xiong Fujian
Published: November 2024

The dual-atom sites in Cu-based dual-atom alloy not only exhibit high activity for electrocatalytic nitrate (NO3−) reduction reaction (eNO3RR) to produce valuable ammonia (NH3), but also can effectively inhibit the formation of by-products.
Extreme learning machine‐based super‐twisting integral terminal sliding mode speed control of permanent magnet synchronous motors
Authors: Zheng Yusai , Cao Zhenwei , Rsetam Kamal , Man Zhihong , Wang Song
Published: November 2024

This article proposes an extreme learning machine (ELM)‐based super‐twisting integral terminal sliding mode control (STITSMC) for speed regulation of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). First, the PMSM is modeled in a non‐cascade control structure for fast system response and uncertainty compensation in the speed and torque loops. Second, the STITSMC is designed with integral actions in both the sliding surface and the reaching law to reduce chattering. Third, the ELM is constructed to compensate for the system lumped disturbance, and relax the disturbance upper bound required by the controller which further reduces the chattering. Fourth, the stability of the whole control system is proved based on the Lyapunov method and the finite time convergence regions are derived for both the reaching and the sliding phases. Finally, the comparative simulations and experiments are conducted to show the superiority of the proposed control.
Variability of the inner dead zone edge in 2D radiation hydrodynamic simulations
Authors: Cecil Michael , Flock Mario
Published: November 2024

Context. The inner regions of protoplanetary discs are prone to thermal instability (TI), which can significantly impact the thermal and dynamical evolution of planet-forming regions. Observable as episodic accretion outbursts, such periodic disturbances shape the disc’s vertical and radial structure.

Aims. We have investigated the stability of the inner disc edge around a Class II T Tauri star and analysed the consequences of TI on the thermal and dynamic evolution in both the vertical and radial dimensions. A particular focus is laid on the emergence and destruction of solid-trapping pressure maxima.

Methods. We conducted 2D axisymmetric radiation hydrodynamic simulations of the inner disc in a radial range of 0.05 AU to 10 AU. The models include a highly turbulent inner region, the transition to the dead zone, heating by both stellar irradiation and viscous dissipation, vertical and radial radiative transport, and tracking of the dust-to-gas mass ratio at every location. The simulated time frames include both the TI phase and the quiescent phase between TI cycles. We tracked the TI on S-curves of thermal stability.

Results. Thermal instability can develop in discs with accretion rates of ≥3.6 ⋅ 10−9 M⊙ yr−1 and results from the activation of mag-netorotational instability (MRI) in the dead zone after the accumulation of material beyond the MRI transition. The TI creates an extensive MRI active region around the midplane and disrupts the stable pebble and migration trap at the inner edge of the dead zone. Our simulations consistently show the occurrence of TI reflares that, together with the initial TI, produce pressure maxima in the inner disc within 1 AU, possibly providing favourable conditions for streaming instability. During the TI phase, the dust content in the ignited regions adapts itself in order to create a new thermal equilibrium manifested in the upper branch of the S-curve. In these instances, we find a simple relation between the gas and dust-surface densities.

Conclusions. On a timescale of a few thousand years, TI regularly disrupts the radial and vertical structure of the disc within 1 AU. While several pressure maxima are created, stable migration traps are destroyed and reinstated after the TI phase. Our models provide a foundation for more detailed investigations into phenomena such as the short-term variability of accretion rates.
Integrated Conservation Strategy for Endangered Small Cetaceans: Insights from the Case of the Yangtze Finless Porpoise
Authors: Hao Yujiang , Tang Bin , Mei Zhigang , Zheng Jinsong , Wang Kexiong , Fan Fei , Wang Ding
Published: November 2024

The Yangtze finless porpoise (YFP) is an endemic freshwater cetacean species that exclusively inhabits the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River basin. Since the late 1970s, the YFP has experienced a drastic population decline and was classified as critically endangered by the IUCN in 2013. To save this unique species, a range of integrated conservation measures have been implemented, including strengthening natural habitat protection (in-situ), enhancing insurance populations (ex-situ), and advancing captive breeding and research initiatives. These efforts have yielded significant progress in the conservation of the YFP. The natural population has been starting to increase after a sharp decline, and the establishment of three insurance populations has provided a solid foundation for recovery. Additionally, advancement in captive breeding and research has delivered crucial technical support for population conservation. As a flagship species of Yangtze River biodiversity and an indicator of the river’s ecosystem health, the YFP’s integrated conservation strategy not only benefits its own population but also offers valuable insights for the protection of other endangered aquatic species in the Yangtze River and other threatened small cetaceans worldwide.
Marine Ranching: China’s Blue Solution for Food Security
Authors: Yang Hongsheng , Zhang Libin , Lin Chenggang , Ru Xiaoshang , Sun Jingchun , Huo Da , Xing Lili
Published: November 2024

Facing global food challenges, China is pioneering an innovative solution to ocean resource management: marine ranching. This concept, transforming sections of the sea into managed underwater farms, stands at the forefront of China’s food security and ecological preservation strategy. Led by institutions like the Institute of Oceanology under the Chinese Academy of Sciences, marine ranching goes beyond traditional aquaculture. It establishes managed ecosystems that not only yield food but also contribute to the restoration of marine biodiversity. This blue revolution addresses the urgent need for sustainable seafood production and aids in rehabilitating underwater ecosystems. China’s practice in this field might have provided valuable reference for global sustainable ocean management.
Features of narrow-leaved lupin (Lupinus angustifolius) development and productivity in the application of micronutrients in the conditions of the Central Non-Chernozem zone of Russia
Authors: Isakov A.N. , Savin M.I. , Malakhova S.D. , Slipets A.A. , Vasilyeva V.A.
Published: November 2024

The results of three years of field research in conditions of low-fertile sod-podzolic sandy loam soil of the Kaluga region on the study of growth, development, and seed productivity of narrow-leaved lupin during foliar fertilization of plants with BorSTART, MicroStim-Marganets, and Novalon 19-19-19+2MgO+ME fertilizers are presented. The use of micronutrients increased the height of narrow-leaved lupin plants, starting from the flowering phase and the leaf area from the budding phase to the end of the vegetation of plants. The largest leaf area in the flowering phase was found in options with the treatment of plants with micro-fertilizers BorStart – 480.2 cm2/plant and Microstim Marganets – 475.3cm2/plant. The treatment of plants with micronutrients exceeded the control variant by weight of the aboveground mass in the phase of glaucous pods by 8.4–11.6%. The best results were obtained when treating plants with boric micro-fertilization (BorStart). Micro-fertilizers increased the yield of narrow-leaved lupin seeds in an average of 3 years from 0.16 to 0.38 t/ha compared with the control. The highest seed yield was when processing plants with chelated forms of micro-fertilizers – Novalon and MicroStim Marganets. The use of micro-fertilizers led to an increase in the content of crude ash and crude protein in lupin seeds.
Prospects for obtaining planting material of a less widespread berry crop – black crowberry (Empetrum nigrum L.) in vitro conditions
Authors: Nechiporenko Ivan , Kazakov Pavel , Palamarchuk Diana
Published: November 2024

This study was conducted to evaluate the morphological and morphometric characteristics of a sparsely distributed berry crop – Empetrum nigrum L. cultivar Irland in 2023-2024 during in vitro culture initiation and multiplication stages. The results showed that the best growth-stimulating hormone for sterile culture initiation is – 6-BAP at a concentration of 0.2 μM, at which the grafting rate of explants was 73.3%. As a result of the studies, at the multiplication stage, the advantage of using Zeatin (2.2 μM) as a growth-stimulating hormone when using agar-agar AT (American type) as a gel-forming agent was revealed, and the productivity of microshoots was 3.68 times higher than that of the control.
The use of automated system-cognitive analysis (ASC-analysis) and the intelligent system “Aidos” for identifying genotypes Actinidia deliciosa (kiwi) on the outer contour of the leaf
Authors: Tutberidze Tsyala , Kiseleva Natalya , Besedina Tina
Published: November 2024

The content of this publication reveals the results of the selection and selection of options for solving tasks regarding selection and varietalization of kiwi (Actinidia deliciosa). The “tool” is identified by individual varieties according to the leaves available in the leaf contours, because in their form the information data characterizing the variety (on the phenotype and genotype) are stored in their form. In the context of this research work, an analysis of the signs of the morphological order was carried out, which are inherent in kiwi leaves on the sheet circuit. For this, a system called “Aidos” was used, and the targets were the establishment of (indirect) gender of kiwi plants and the identification of varieties based on the contour of the leaves. The information obtained using the ASC-complex (automated system-cognitive analysis) and the “Aidos” smart system, into which the scanned leaves of leaves, was loaded with it, are disclosed. A evaluative procedure was performed using the quantitative method of the relative sheet circuit of 10 varieties of kiwi. According to the information received, class samples of analyzed genotypes based on the sheet configuration were compiled systematizing. The effect of the characteristic values of the genotypic nature in the most accurate INF4-model of the second iteration in the conditions of the integral order (“sum of knowledge”). Clastorization of the cognitive nature of classes made it possible to differentiate four key cluster structures consisting of subcategories, allocated according to the quantitative features of determinants of the sheet circuit.
A prototype of a tray-type installation for milk starter drying
Authors: Afonkina V.A.
Published: November 2024

The development of methods for the conservation of living environments is an urgent task today. For the dairy industry, the key task is the preservation of the parent curd of lactic acid starters and its reproducibility after preservation, which will allow obtaining functional high-quality food products, having raw materials regardless of seasonality and being sovereign in the industry of lactic acid enzymes and starter cultures in the food and processing industry. The article is devoted to the development of a technological solution for the production of milk starters by cold infrared drying, which will allow maintaining the activity of the microbiome composition of the product at least 1.1x107 CFU/cm3.
Bioconsolidation of soil microflora and subsequent increase in the efficiency of humification of cereals plant residues
Authors: Zhemyakin S.V. , Vorobyov N.I. , Popov A.A. , Orlova O.V. , Rusakova I.V.
Published: November 2024

An experimental and theoretical study of the technology of using the micromycete-bacterial biopreparation Mycobact (St. Petersburg Biotechnologies LLC), designed to intensify the processes of humification of straw and stubble of grain crops in natural field conditions, as well as to reduce the level of concomitant release of greenhouse gas CO2 from the soil, As a result of the study, it was found that the configuration biosystem image of the biopreparation Mycobact can persist in it for a long time, and when inoculated with a biopreparation of grain straw, it can provoke the unification of native soil microflora into effective biosystems that control humification processes with a low level of release of greenhouse gas CO2 from the soil. Neural network computing tools have succeeded in converting fractal profiles of soil microorganisms by converting fractal profiles of microorganisms into CSIcon, CSIgum, CSIco2 indices, which provide an opportunity for quantitative comparison of experiment options and selection of agricultural practices that meet increased requirements for the intensity of humification processes in the soil and the level of CO2 release into the atmosphere. According to the results of the study, it can be argued that the use of the microbiological preparation Mycobact accelerates the processes of humification of straw and stubble of grain crops in natural field conditions and helps to reduce the release of greenhouse gas CO2 from the soil into the atmosphere.
Reducing Heavy Metal Accumulation in Spring Wheat Grain using Plant Growth Regulators
Authors: Merenkov Konstantin , Seregina Inga
Published: November 2024

In the context of increasing anthropogenic impact on the environment, the problem of crop contamination with heavy metals is becoming increasingly important. Heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury and others can accumulate in soil, water and plants, including grain crops. This can lead to a decrease in the quality of products, which can be potentially hazardous to human health. The studies examined the effect of growth regulators on reducing the level of accumulation of heavy metals in spring wheat grain. Experiments have shown that the use of Biodux and organomineral biopreparation can help reduce the content of heavy metals in wheat grain. The results of the study open up new opportunities for agricultural professionals to enhance product quality using growth regulators. These findings suggest that growth regulators can effectively minimize the risk of heavy metal contamination in crops, making them a valuable tool for spring wheat cultivation. By modifying physiological processes and enhancing plant defense mechanisms, this technology contributes to both improved product quality and environmental protection.
Technological aspects of using bacteriophage Ayka to protect soybeans against bacterial wilt
Authors: Troshin Konstantin , Tarakanov Rashit , Jafarov Ibrahim , Dzhalilov Fevzi
Published: November 2024

The article presents a study of the use of a protector for rhizobial bacteria as a possible preparative form for the Ayka bacteriophage to effectively combat bacterial wilt of soybean, as well as the possibility of phage transport from the soil to soybean plants through the root system. The study showed that the use of the Premax protector, which is part of the Atuva, WS inoculant, ensures a longer preservation of the bacteriophage titer compared to water during storage of the working solution: the bacteriophage titer in the working solution on the 20th day was 7.2% of the initial titer in the variant with the protector and 0.6% in the variant with an aqueous solution. And also during seed treatment: 24.5% of the initial titer in seed washes in the variant with the protector and 0.6% in the variant with an aqueous solution on the 15th day after the start of the experiment. In addition, the effect of phage translocation into soybean plants from the soil was found in case of root damage, as well as in variant with rapid soil moisture fluctuations.
Efficiency of mineral fertilization of spring wheat
Authors: Timofeev Vyacheslav , Vyushina Olga
Published: November 2024

The results of application of Agree’s leaf mineral fertilizer on spring wheat in the system of complex crop protection under conditions of insufficient moisture are presented. Field studies were carried out in the northern forest-steppe zone of the Tyumen region in the experimental fields of the Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture for Northern Trans-Ural Region - Branch of Federal State Institutions Federal Re-search Centre Tyumen Scientific Centre of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences. According to the results of the research, the positive effect of Agree’s NK liquid complex fertilizer in the complex of plant protection products application on the parameters of plant structural elements was revealed. Increase in ear length by 1.4 cm, number of spikelets by 2.5 pieces, number of grains in the ear by 6 pcs, weight of grain from 25 stems by 6-16 g, weight of 1000 grains by 4 g according to variants of agrochemicals application in tillering and earing phases: No 3 Agree’s NK, 2 l/ha + Agree’s NK, 2 l/ha; No 6 Agree’s N, 2 l/ha + Agree’s NK, 2 l/ha; No 7 Agree’s N, 3 l/ha + Agree’s NK, 2 l/ha. Application of agrochemicals in one phase of crop development, maximum rates had no positive effect on spring wheat yield. Application of agrochemical schemes Agree’s NK, 2 l/ha + Agree’s NK, 2 l/ha; Agree’s N, 2 l/ha + Agree’s NK, 2 l/ha; Agree’s N, 3 l/ha + Agree’s NK, 2 l/ha increased yield to 0.6-0.8 t/ha or 24-31%. The application of agrochemical Agree’s in the phase of the beginning of earing contributed to the improvement of technological quality of wheat grain, gluten content was higher than the control by 2-4%. Gluten quality 75-100 units, which is satisfactory. The use of agrochemicals has a clear advantage in the treatment of plants on the leaf in the system of their protection, an integrated approach to the use of agrochemicals is necessary, taking into account the treatment of at least 2 phases of plant development or one, but in the phase of unfolding of the flag leaf and the beginning of earing.
Estimation the Role of CD4 and CD8 in patients infected with Varicella-Zoster Virus in Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf City
Authors: Naji Hamza Dheyaa , Nima Mezher Musa
Published: November 2024

About 60 samples were collected from patients with varicella zoster, including 24 males and 36 females, as well as from healthy people, which included 29 samples (15 males and 14 females), aged between 15 and 60 years. Data were collected in the holy city of Najaf between November, 2022 and July, 2023. VZV patients were selected from Sadr Medical City and private laboratories. The research used BD FACS Canto II Flow Cytometry technology to measure the CD4 and CD8 cells/ml in the blood of patients and healthy controls. The majority of patients fell within the age groups of 26–34 and 36–45, constituting approximately 25%, with a mean standard deviation of 37.17 ± 12.38. Conversely, the control group mostly belonged to the age group of 25 years and above, representing about 34.48%, with a mean and standard deviation of 26.86 ± 4.74. The results revealed that patients with VZV exhibited a significantly decrease of CD4 count (303.7833 ± 64.276) compared to the control group (626.103 ± 122.07) (p-value < 0.0001). Patients with Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) showed a significant increase in CD8 count (1197.717 ± 201.369) compared to the control group (580.379 ± 98.391) with a p-value ≤ 0.0001.
Genetic detection of Resistance Genes among Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter spp. isolates
Authors: Haider Salih Abbas Dhay , Salim Saaid Tuwaij Nabil
Published: November 2024

Internationally, there is an increasing prevalence of diseases caused by germs that are resistant to many drugs, which is often a reason for worry. The objective of the present investigation was to identify specific genes linked to the resistance of beta-lactam, macrolide, and sulfa medications in Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter spp. isolates. A total of 364 patients were included in the study, with 132 (36.26%) being male and 232 (63.74%) being female. The results indicated that 135 samples, accounting for 37.08% of the total, exhibited positive bacterial growth. The findings indicated that Enterobacter cloacae was present in 25 (6.86%) of the patients with urinary tract infections, whereas Citrobacter spp. was found in only 2 (0.54%) cases (consisting of 1 (0.27%) C. freundii isolate and 1 (0.27%) C. farmer isolate). The PCR findings indicated that the sul-1 gene was present in 23 out of 25 (92%) E. cloacae isolates and in 2 out of 2 (100%) Citrobacter spp. isolates. On the other hand, the sul-2 gene was detected in 22 out of 25 (88%) E. cloacae isolates and in 2 out of 2 (100%) Citrobacter spp. isolates. The mph(A) gene was present in 80% (20/25) of E. cloacae isolates and in 100% (2/2) of Citrobacter spp. isolates. The findings showed that 96% of the E. cloacae isolates and 100% of the Citrobacter spp. isolates tested positive for both ctx-m and ctx-m-10 genes. The prevalence of the veb gene in E. cloacae isolates was 76% (19/25), but in Citrobacter spp. isolates it was 100% (2/2). The investigation did not detect the gene ctx-m-14 in any of the local isolates examined. Genes of sul-3 and ctx-m-14 were no recorded in this study.
Investigating the Impact of Indoor Air Pollutants on Allergies and Eczema in Craftspeople
Authors: Kadhum Jawad Al-Jammaley Dua’a , Jawad Al-Haidarey Mohammed , Abdul Rasoul Al-Sabbak Haider
Published: November 2024

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible association between exposure to air pollutants in various industries and the occurrence of blood abnormalities and allergic conditions to achieve this we performed comprehensive blood counts and occupational air quality tests. Blood samples were collected from participants in five occupations: bakers, carpenters, blacksmiths, painters, dyers, and construction workers. These projects were selected because of their potential to handle various air pollutants. Blood tests were then performed for five major parameters including immunoglobulin E (IgE), white cell count (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), and neutrophils (Neu), lymphocytes (Lym), in addition to blood tests we also measured air quality in it stakeholders workplaces. This will likely require monitoring specific pollutants known to be relevant to each project, including: PM10 and PM2.5, formaldehyde, VOC, carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbon monoxide (CO), formaldehyde was the highest, and VOC, bakers and artisans had CO2 and CO levels above permissible limits, construction workers had the highest levels of PM2.5. Blood tests showed abnormalities in several areas, the baker showed elevated immunoglobulin-E (IgE) levels, indicative of possible allergic reactions, and white blood cell counts (WBC), hemoglobin (Hb), neutrophils and lymphocytes are highest in the medical profession. These findings suggest an association between occupational exposure to air pollutants and changes in hematological parameters, although asthma symptoms have also been reported in other studies.
Screening of Tetracycline’s Resistance Genes among Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter spp. isolates
Authors: Haider Salih Abbas Dhay , Salim Saaid Tuwaij Nabil
Published: November 2024

There has been a growing prevalence of tetracycline-resistant bacteria across many species and genera. As a consequence, the efficacy of tetracycline treatment has diminished with time. So this work aimed to study of tetracycline-resistant genes among Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter spp. Out of a total of 364 clinical specimens, 135 (37.08%) exhibited bacterial growth. Out of the total, 22 (6.04%) were classified as gram-positive bacteria, 102 (28.02%) as gram-negative bacteria, and 11 (3.02%) as mixed growth (including both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria). The Vitek-2 system findings indicated that the proportion of Enterobacter cloacae was 25 (6.86%), whereas Citrobacter spp. accounted for just 2 (0.54%) cases. The Enterobacter cloacae and Citrobacter isolates exhibited significant levels of resistance to several antibiotics, as shown by their drug susceptibility results. The PCR findings indicated that the tetrA gene was present in 8 out of 25 isolates (32%) of E. cloacae, and in 1 out of 2 isolates (50%) of Citrobacter spp. The tetrB gene was found in 92% of E. cloacae isolates (23 out of 25) and in 100% of Citrobacter spp. isolates (2 out of 2). In this study, the tetraC gene was identified in 6 out of 25 (24%) E. cloacae isolates and in 1 out of 2 (50%) Citrobacter spp. isolates. The TetraD and TetraE genes were not identified in the current study. The amino acid sequence analysis of the tetA and tetB genes revealed a similarity rate of 83% and 95% respectively.
Long-term Neurological Complications of COVID-19 Include Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Hayder Abdul-Jawad Dhuhah , Bahaa Abd Alrzaaq Hussein , Hassan Badder Al-Muhanna Estabraq , Khudhair ALhadrawi Kais , Khalid Aldhalmi Hanan , Safaa Abd Al_Ameer Sama
Published: November 2024

COVID-19 pandemic disease continues to spread over all countries. There is increasing evidence that the SARA-COV-2 virus can cause damage to both the peripheral and central nervous systems through either direct or indirect mechanisms, potentially leading to long-term neurological effects. Рrolonged COVID can cause clinical symptoms such as anxiety, depression, fatigue, brain fog with cognitive dysfunction and memory problems. Brain fog, a colloquial term for cognitive Impairment (CI) , has emerged as a significant long-term neurological complication following COVID-19 infection. Recently, several studies have indicated that these cognitive symptoms can persist for months to over a year post-infection, affecting the quality of life of survivors. This article reviews the mechanisms of coronavirus invasion of the brain and how brain fog occurs after long-term Covid disease.
Current trends in directed work on production of rabbit breeding products
Authors: Kotlyarova C.N. , Dobudko A.N. , Yastrebova O.N. , Breslavets Y.P. , Hohlova N.A. , Dorofeev A.F.
Published: November 2024

Today, the meat industry is making great strides developing both in terms of quality raw materials and quantity. The task is to provide the population of the country with full-fledged protein of animal origin and rabbit meat has no equal in this: rabbit meat is a dietary product favorably differing from other species. To date, we have not satisfied market for 300 thousand tons of rabbit meat and it is understandable - the product market is in the stage of formation. In this regard, the task of creating a highly productive rabbit, not inferior in its performance to analogues, is very relevant. Scientists of Belgorod State Agricultural University since 2013 are engaged in the breeding process, which continues to this day, which is highly relevant for the development of food cluster Belgorod region. The result of work is a highly productive rabbit of own selection of meat direction of productivity. The main zootechnical parameters of the rabbit: slaughter yield 60-65%, average daily gain in the stage of active growth - 45g. Slaughter indicators rabbit own selection shows at the age of 3 months in the range from 2900-3800g. That is significant in breeding for live weight. \ In the conditions of the laboratory of rabbit breeding, we get 6 births per year. As a result of systematic selection work aimed at growth energy, milkiness in rabbits and dermis white color we have a rabbit with a given phenotype, live weight of male producers over 8 months of age on average - 4,8-5,8 kg, rabbits - 4,7-5,5 kg. 2023-2024 years according to the technological map of the breeding process - stabilization and consolidation in the offspring of the obtained economically useful characteristics.
Pork production in the world and the Russian Federation
Authors: Zaitsev Sergei Yu.
Published: November 2024

The purpose of this work is to analyze recent data in the field of pork production and consumption in Russia and in the world. Pork is producing in an increasing amount in the world and, particularly, in Russia during the last years. The total world pork production in 2022 is about 108.813 million tons (FAOSTAT, ROSSTAT) or 114.646 million tons (US Department of Agriculture) depending on evaluation methods and statistical agencies. Today Russia is in 3rd place in the world in pork production, but in 4th place in total meat production according to FAOSTAT and ROSSTAT. According to the MinAgraRF: over the past 5 years, the production of “pigs for slaughter (in live weight) has increased by 26.4% (+1.3 million tons).” The main increase is provided by the “industrial sector”, whose share in the total volume last year was 92%. In 2023, “...production in agricultural organizations, according to preliminary estimates, increased by 6.1%, to 5.6 million tons” (MinAgraRF). An increase in pork production is one of the main indicators that determines the positive dynamics in the entire domestic livestock industry in terms of the volume and quality of meat produced in Russia.
Detection of trace contaminants in cattle feed in northwest Russia
Authors: Platonov Andrey , Eregina Svetlana , Artamonov Ivan , Eregin Alexander
Published: November 2024

In our work, we conduct a research of mycotoxin contamination of feed for cattle harvested in 2022–2024. In total, we studied more than 260 samples of feed from a number of farms in the Vologda Region, and carried out more than 500 laboratory analyses of feed. The obtained results showed that almost all studied samples were contaminated with mycotoxins to some extent. The greatest degree of feed contamination of the studied mycotoxins is characterized by the sum of aflatoxins, so exceeding the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) of aflatoxins was detected in about 56% of samples. The next most important contaminant is ochratoxin-A, the share of samples with exceeding MAC is about 31%. Mono-species silages are the most affected by mycotoxins of all the feed samples studied.