bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Sanitation Interventions on Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review of Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trials in Rural Communities of Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Kanda Artwell , Ncube Esper Jacobeth , Voyi Kuku
Published: August 2021

A systematic review of published literature (2000–2019) evaluating the impact of sanitation interventions on the prevalence of disease, parasite infestation, and/or child growth using randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was done according to the PRISMA checklist. Earlier reviews indicated mixed evidence citing relatively poor quality evidence from mixed designs. Public health policy and practice appear to rely on evidence from RCTs. Records were searched in six electronic databases. The methodological quality of RCTs was assessed using the Cochrane collaboration risk of bias tool. Fifteen records (2.0%) were included for review. Impact trials were done in rural communities of African and Asian countries. The significant effect of sanitation-focus interventions was found in one trial for the prevalence of childhood diarrhea (14.3%), three trials for parasite infestation (37.5%), and two trials (25.0%) for child growth. Results indicate mixed quality evidence from RCT designs. Evidence is limited and suggestive of the impact of sanitation on parasite infestation and child growth. Further rigorous sanitation intervention trials under varying settings are needed to show what really works and under what settings. Future work may explore sanitation behavior change strategies and latrine options to address the challenges of poor latrine use under high sanitation coverage.
Assessment Tool of Bipolar Disorder for Primary Health Care: The SAEBD
Authors: Montes Jose Manuel , Pascual Ana , Molins Pascual Sandra , Loeck Carmen , Gutiérrez Bermejo Maria Belen , Jenaro Cristina
Published: August 2021

Mixed states are highly prevalent in patients with bipolar disorder and require comprehensive scales. Considering this, the current study aims to develop a measure to assess the full spectrum of clinical manifestations of bipolar disorder. A sample of 88 patients was evaluated; the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAM-D), Montgomery-Asberg Depression Scale (MADRS), and the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) were applied, together with the preliminary version of the Scale for the Assessment of Episodes in Bipolar Disorder (SAEBD). After analyzing the appropriateness and statistical properties of the items, discriminant analysis and analysis of diagnostic capacity were performed. The discriminant functions correctly classified 100% of the cases in euthymia, predominant depressive symptoms or mixed symptoms, as well as 92.3% of the cases with predominant manic symptoms. Overall, the functions correctly classified 98.9% of the cases. The area under the curve (0.935) showed high capacity to discriminate between clinical and non-clinical cases (i.e., in euthymia). The SAEBD sensitivity was 0.95, specificity was 0.71, the Positive Predictive Value (PPV) was 0.88, the Negative Predictive Value (NPV) was 0.87, the Positive Likelihood Ratio (+LR) was 3.33, and the Negative Likelihood Ratio (−LR) was 0.07. In conclusion, the SAEBD is a promising scale that shows high reliability and validity, as well as diagnostic utility as a screening tool for use in diverse health care settings.
A Retrospective Cohort Study of Oral Leukoplakia in Female Patients—Analysis of Risk Factors Related to Treatment Outcomes
Authors: Yang Shih-Wei , Lee Yun-Shien , Wu Pei-Wen , Chang Liang-Che , Hwang Cheng-Cheng
Published: August 2021

Background: The aim of this study was to make a comparison of clinicopathological characteristics of oral leukoplakia between male and female patients following carbon dioxide laser excision for oral leukoplakia and analyze the factors associated with the treatment outcomes in female patients. Methods: Medical records of patients with oral leukoplakia receiving laser surgery from 2002 to 2020 were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed statistically. Results: A total of 485 patients were enrolled, including 412 male (84.95%) and 73 female (15.05%). Regarding the locations, the predilection site of oral leukoplakia in male patients was buccal mucosa (p = 0.0001) and that for women patients was tongue (p = 0.033). The differences of recurrence and malignant transformation between both sexes were not significant (p > 0.05). Among female patients, area of oral leukoplakia was the risk factor related to recurrence (p < 0.05). Clinical morphology and postoperative recurrence were the risk factors related to malignant transformation (p < 0.05). Conclusions: In comparison with male patients, there was no significant difference of the postoperative recurrence and malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia in female patients. Among the female patients, clinicians should pay more attention to large-sized and non-homogeneous leukoplakia, and postoperative recurrent lesions.
Does a National Park Enhance the Environment-Friendliness of Tourists as an Ecotourism Destination?
Authors: Jeong Eunseong , Lee Taesoo , Brown Alan Dixon , Choi Sara , Son Minyoung
Published: August 2021

Governments have designated national parks to protect the natural environment against ecosystem destruction and improve individuals’ emotional and recreational life. National parks enhance environment-friendly awareness by conducting ecotourism activities and individuals with environment-friendly awareness are inclined to continue to visit national parks as ecotourism destinations. The New Environmental Paradigm (NEP) is a widely used measure of environmental concern, suitable for measuring the environment-friendly attitude and revisit intention of visitors of national parks. Therefore, the study carried out structural equation modeling (SEM) to investigate the relationship between the NEP, national park conservation consciousness and environment-friendly behavioral intention. Based on the results, an implication is presented to induce national parks to cultivate individual environment-friendly awareness and for visitors to pursue sustainable, environment-friendly tourism behavior. The findings indicate that national parks are to expand educational programs and facilities for eco-tourists visiting national parks to maintain a balanced relationship between themselves and nature and have a strong environmental awareness to preserve the natural environment.
Factors Influencing Physician Decision Making to Attempt Advanced Resuscitation in Asystolic Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Payot Charles , Fehlmann Christophe A. , Suppan Laurent , Niquille Marc , Lardi Christelle , Sarasin François P. , Larribau Robert
Published: August 2021

The objective of this study was to identify the key elements used by prehospital emergency physicians (EP) to decide whether or not to attempt advanced life support (ALS) in asystolic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). From 1 January 2009 to 1 January 2017, all adult victims of asystolic OHCA in Geneva, Switzerland, were retrospectively included. Patients with signs of “obvious death” or with a Do-Not-Attempt-Resuscitation order were excluded. Patients were categorized as having received ALS if this was mentioned in the medical record, or, failing that, if at least one dose of adrenaline had been administered during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Prognostic factors known at the time of EP’s decision were included in a multivariable logistic regression model. Included were 784 patients. Factors favourably influencing the decision to provide ALS were witnessed OHCA (OR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.43–3.20) and bystander CPR (OR = 4.10, 95% CI: 2.28–7.39). Traumatic aetiology (OR = 0.04, 95% CI: 0.02–0.08), age > 80 years (OR = 0.14, 95% CI: 0.09–0.24) and a Charlson comorbidity index greater than 5 (OR = 0.12, 95% CI: 0.06–0.27) were the factors most strongly associated with the decision not to attempt ALS. Factors influencing the EP’s decision to attempt ALS in asystolic OHCA are the relatively young age of the patients, few comorbidities, presumed medical aetiology, witnessed OHCA and bystander CPR.
The Demand–Control Model as a Predictor of Depressive Symptoms—Interaction and Differential Subscale Effects: Prospective Analyses of 2212 German Employees
Authors: Burr Hermann , Müller Grit , Rose Uwe , Formazin Maren , Clausen Thomas , Schulz Anika , Berthelsen Hanne , Potter Guy , d’Errico Angelo , Pohrt Anne
Published: August 2021

Testing assumptions of the widely used demand–control (DC) model in occupational psychosocial epidemiology, we investigated (a) interaction, i.e., whether the combined effect of low job control and high psychological demands on depressive symptoms was stronger than the sum of their single effects (i.e., superadditivity) and (b) whether subscales of psychological demands and job control had similar associations with depressive symptoms. Logistic longitudinal regression analyses of the 5-year cohort of the German Study of Mental Health at Work (S-MGA) 2011/12–2017 of 2212 employees were conducted. The observed combined effect of low job control and high psychological demands on depressive symptoms did not indicate interaction (RERI = −0.26, 95% CI = −0.91; 0.40). When dichotomizing subscales at the median, differential effects of subscales were not found. When dividing subscales into categories based on value ranges, differential effects for job control subscales (namely, decision authority and skill discretion) were found (p = 0.04). This study does not support all assumptions of the DC model: (1) it corroborates previous studies not finding an interaction of psychological demands and job control; and (2) signs of differential subscale effects were found regarding job control. Too few prospective studies have been carried out regarding differential subscale effects.
Cost-Effectiveness of Colorectal Cancer Genetic Testing
Authors: Ramdzan Abdul Rahman , Manaf Mohd Rizal Abdul , Aizuddin Azimatun Noor , Latiff Zarina A. , Teik Keng Wee , Ch'ng Gaik-Siew , Ganasegeran Kurubaran , Aljunid Syed Mohamed
Published: August 2021

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Approximately 3–5% of CRCs are associated with hereditary cancer syndromes. Individuals who harbor germline mutations are at an increased risk of developing early onset CRC, as well as extracolonic tumors. Genetic testing can identify genes that cause these syndromes. Early detection could facilitate the initiation of targeted prevention strategies and surveillance for CRC patients and their families. The aim of this study was to determine the cost-effectiveness of CRC genetic testing. We utilized a cross-sectional design to determine the cost-effectiveness of CRC genetic testing as compared to the usual screening method (iFOBT) from the provider’s perspective. Data on costs and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of 200 CRC patients from three specialist general hospitals were collected. A mixed-methods approach of activity-based costing, top-down costing, and extracted information from a clinical pathway was used to estimate provider costs. Patients and family members’ HRQoL were measured using the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire. Data from the Malaysian Study on Cancer Survival (MySCan) were used to calculate patient survival. Cost-effectiveness was measured as cost per life-year (LY) and cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). The provider cost for CRC genetic testing was high as compared to that for the current screening method. The current practice for screening is cost-saving as compared to genetic testing. Using a 10-year survival analysis, the estimated number of LYs gained for CRC patients through genetic testing was 0.92 years, and the number of QALYs gained was 1.53 years. The cost per LY gained and cost per QALY gained were calculated. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) showed that genetic testing dominates iFOBT testing. CRC genetic testing is cost-effective and could be considered as routine CRC screening for clinical practice.
Effect of Natural Disaster-Related Prenatal Maternal Stress on Child Development and Health: A Meta-Analytic Review
Authors: Lafortune Sandra , Laplante David P. , Elgbeili Guillaume , Li Xinyuan , Lebel Stéphanie , Dagenais Christian , King Suzanne
Published: August 2021

The evidence supporting the idea that natural disaster-related prenatal maternal stress (PNMS) influences the child’s development has been accumulating for several years. We conducted a meta-analytical review to quantify this effect on different spheres of child development: birth outcomes, cognitive, motor, physical, socio-emotional, and behavioral development. We systematically searched the literature for articles on this topic (2756 articles retrieved and 37 articles included in the systematic review), extracted the relevant data to calculate the effect sizes, and then performed a meta-analysis for each category of outcomes (30 articles included across the meta-analyses) and meta-regressions to determine the effect of some factors of interest on the association between PNMS and child development: type of PNMS (objective, psychological, cognitive, diet), type of natural disaster (ice storm, flood/cyclone), type of report (maternal, third-party observer, medical), timing of exposure (preconception exposure included or not) and child age at assessment (under 10 or 10 years and older). We found that PNMS significantly influences all spheres of child development. Higher PNMS levels were associated with longer gestational age, larger newborns, and higher BMI and adiposity levels, as well as worse cognitive, motor, socio-emotional, and behavioral outcomes.
Observational Study of the Association between Air Cadmium Exposure and Prostate Cancer Aggressiveness at Diagnosis among a Nationwide Retrospective Cohort of 230,540 Patients in the United States
Authors: Vijayakumar Vishwaarth , Abern Michael R. , Jagai Jyotsna S. , Kajdacsy-Balla André
Published: August 2021

Although studies have investigated cadmium and prostate cancer (PC) incidence and mortality, the role of cadmium in PC progression might be more clinically relevant. In this observational study, we assessed the association between air cadmium exposure and PC aggressiveness, with PC stage defined as metastatic or localized and Gleason grade defined as high (Gleason score ≥ 8) or low (Gleason score ≤ 6) among PC patients from the 2010–2014 US Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. The 2005 and 2011 National Air Toxics Assessment provided county-level air cadmium concentrations. Results were presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and were calculated using random intercept mixed effects logistic regression, comparing the 80th to 20th percentile of exposure. We adjusted for age, sociodemographic status, smoking prevalence, and overall air quality at the county level, and stratified by race, age, and degree of urbanization. The cohort consisted of 230,540 cases from 493 counties. Strong associations were observed in nonmetropolitan, urban areas: (OR 1.26, CI 1.14–1.39) for metastatic vs. localized and (OR 1.41, CI 1.27–1.57) for high- vs. low-grade PC where 40 million Americans reside. This study may be hypothesis-generating to inform future studies and public health measures.
An Emerging Role for Sigma-1 Receptors in the Treatment of Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathies
Authors: Martin Parthena , Reeder Thadd , Sourbron Jo , de Witte Peter A. M. , Gammaitoni Arnold R. , Galer Bradley S.
Published: August 2021

Developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs) are complex conditions characterized primarily by seizures associated with neurodevelopmental and motor deficits. Recent evidence supports sigma-1 receptor modulation in both neuroprotection and antiseizure activity, suggesting that sigma-1 receptors may play a role in the pathogenesis of DEEs, and that targeting this receptor has the potential to positively impact both seizures and non-seizure outcomes in these disorders. Recent studies have demonstrated that the antiseizure medication fenfluramine, a serotonin-releasing drug that also acts as a positive modulator of sigma-1 receptors, reduces seizures and improves everyday executive functions (behavior, emotions, cognition) in patients with Dravet syndrome and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Here, we review the evidence for sigma-1 activity in reducing seizure frequency and promoting neuroprotection in the context of DEE pathophysiology and clinical presentation, using fenfluramine as a case example. Challenges and opportunities for future research include developing appropriate models for evaluating sigma-1 receptors in these syndromic epileptic conditions with multisystem involvement and complex clinical presentation.
Role of Pial Microvasospasms and Leukocyte Plugging for Parenchymal Perfusion after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Assessed by In Vivo Multi-Photon Microscopy
Authors: Schwarting Julian , Nehrkorn Kathrin , Liu Hanhan , Plesnila Nikolaus , Terpolilli Nicole Angela
Published: August 2021

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is associated with acute and delayed cerebral ischemia. We suggested spasms of pial arterioles as a possible mechanism; however, it remained unclear whether and how pial microvasospasms (MVSs) induce cerebral ischemia. Therefore, we used in vivo deep tissue imaging by two-photon microscopy to investigate MVSs together with the intraparenchymal microcirculation in a clinically relevant murine SAH model. Male C57BL/6 mice received a cranial window. Cerebral vessels and leukocytes were labelled with fluorescent dyes and imaged by in vivo two-photon microscopy before and three hours after SAH induced by filament perforation. After SAH, a large clot formed around the perforation site at the skull base, and blood distributed along the perivascular space of the middle cerebral artery up to the cerebral cortex. Comparing the cerebral microvasculature before and after SAH, we identified three different patterns of constrictions: pearl string, global, and bottleneck. At the same time, the volume of perfused intraparenchymal vessels and blood flow velocity in individual arterioles were significantly reduced by more than 60%. Plugging of capillaries by leukocytes was observed but infrequent. The current study demonstrates that perivascular blood is associated with spasms of pial arterioles and that these spasms result in a significant reduction in cortical perfusion after SAH. Thus, the pial microvasospasm seems to be an important mechanism by which blood in the subarachnoid space triggers cerebral ischemia after SAH. Identifying the mechanisms of pial vasospasm may therefore result in novel therapeutic options for SAH patients.
Autophagic Upregulation Is Cytoprotective in Ischemia/Reperfusion-Injured Retina and Retinal Progenitor Cells
Authors: Tang Larissa Ho Ching , Fung Frederic Khe Cheong , Lai Angela Ka Wai , Wong Ian Yat Hin , Shih Kendrick Co , Lo Amy Cheuk Yin
Published: August 2021

The cytoprotective versus cytotoxic role of macroautophagy in ocular ischemia/reperfusion injuries remains controversial and its effects under hyperglycemia are unclear. We investigated the involvement of autophagy in in vitro and in vivo normoglycemic and hyperglycemic models of retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Retinal ischemia (2 h) and reperfusion (2 or 22 h) was induced in wild-type and type I diabetic Ins2Akita/+ mice using a middle cerebral artery occlusion model. R28 retinal precursor cells were subjected to CoCl2-induced hypoxia with or without autophagic inhibitor NH4Cl. Autophagic regulation during ischemia/reperfusion was assessed through immunohistochemical detection and Western blotting of microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) and lysosomal associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1). Effect of autophagic inhibition on cell viability and morphology under hypoxic conditions was also evaluated. Upregulation of autophagic markers in the inner retinae was seen after two hours reperfusion, with tapering of the response following 22 h of reperfusion in vivo. LC3-II turnover assays confirmed an increase in autophagic flux in our hypoxic in vitro model. Pharmacological autophagic inhibition under hypoxic conditions decreased cell survival and induced structural changes not demonstrated with autophagic inhibition alone. Yet no statistically significant different autophagic responses in ischemia/reperfusion injuries were seen between the two glycemic states.
Phospholipids and Fatty Acids Affect the Colonization of Urological Catheters by Proteus mirabilis
Authors: Stolarek Paulina , Bernat Przemysław , Szczerbiec Dominika , Różalski Antoni
Published: August 2021

Proteus mirabilis-mediated CAUTIs are usually initiated by the adherence of bacteria to a urinary catheter surface. In this paper, three isolates of different origin and exhibiting different adhesion abilities were investigated in search of any changes in lipidome components which might contribute to P. mirabilis adhesion to catheters. Using GC-MS and LC-MS/MS techniques, 21 fatty acids and 27 phospholipids were identified in the examined cells. The comparison of the profiles of phospholipids and fatty acids obtained for catheter-attached cells and planktonic cells of the pathogens indicated C11:0 and PE 37:2 levels as values which could be related to P. mirabilis adhesion to a catheter, as well as cis C16:1, PE 32:0, PE 33:0, PE 38:2, PG 33:1, PG 34:0, PE 30:1, PE 32:1 and PG 30:2 levels as values which could be associated with cell hydrophobicity. Based on DiBAC4 (3) fluorescence intensity and an affinity to p-xylene, it was found that the inner membrane depolarization, as well as strong cell-surface hydrophobicity, were important for P. mirabilis adhesion to a silicone catheter. A generalized polarization of Laurdan showed lower values for P. mirabilis cells attached to the catheter surface than for planktonic cells, suggesting lower packing density of membrane components of the adherent cells compared with tightly packed, stiffened membranes of the planktonic cells. Taken together, these data indicate that high surface hydrophobicity, fluidization and depolarization of P. mirabilis cell membranes enable colonization of a silicone urinary catheter surface.
Effect of Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) Radiation and EUV Induced, N2 and O2 Based Plasmas on a PEEK Surface’s Physico-Chemical Properties and MG63 Cell Adhesion
Authors: Czwartos Joanna , Budner Bogusław , Bartnik Andrzej , Wachulak Przemysław , Butruk-Raszeja Beata A. , Lech Adam , Ciach Tomasz , Fiedorowicz Henryk
Published: August 2021

Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), due to its excellent mechanical and physico-chemical parameters, is an attractive substitute for hard tissues in orthopedic applications. However, PEEK is hydrophobic and lacks surface-active functional groups promoting cell adhesion. Therefore, the PEEK surface must be modified in order to improve its cytocompatibility. In this work, extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation and two low-temperature, EUV induced, oxygen and nitrogen plasmas were used for surface modification of polyetheretherketone. Polymer samples were irradiated with 100, 150, and 200 pulses at a 10 Hz repetition rate. The physical and chemical properties of EUV and plasma modified PEEK surfaces, such as changes of the surface topography, chemical composition, and wettability, were examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and goniometry. The human osteoblast-like MG63 cells were used for the analysis of cell viability and cell adhesion on all modified PEEK surfaces. EUV radiation and two types of plasma treatment led to significant changes in surface topography of PEEK, increasing surface roughness and formation of conical structures. Additionally, significant changes in the chemical composition were found and were manifested with the appearance of new functional groups, incorporation of nitrogen atoms up to ~12.3 at.% (when modified in the presence of nitrogen), and doubling the oxygen content up to ~25.7 at.% (when modified in the presence of oxygen), compared to non-modified PEEK. All chemically and physically changed surfaces demonstrated cyto-compatible and non-cytotoxic properties, an enhancement of MG63 cell adhesion was also observed.
Transgenic Chicks Expressing Interferon-Inducible Transmembrane Protein 1 (IFITM1) Restrict Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Viruses
Authors: Rohaim Mohammed A. , Al-Natour Mohammad Q. , Abdelsabour Mohammed A. , El Naggar Rania F. , Madbouly Yahia M. , Ahmed Kawkab A. , Munir Muhammad
Published: August 2021

Mammalian cells utilize a wide spectrum of pathways to antagonize the viral replication. These pathways are typically regulated by antiviral proteins and can be constitutively expressed but also exacerbated by interferon induction. A myriad of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) have been identified in mounting broad-spectrum antiviral responses. Members of the interferon-induced transmembrane (IFITM) family of proteins are unique among these ISGs due to their ability to prevent virus entry through the lipid bilayer into the cell. In the current study, we generated transgenic chickens that constitutively and stably expressed chicken IFITM1 (chIFITM1) using the avian sarcoma-leukosis virus (RCAS)-based gene transfer system. The challenged transgenic chicks with clinical dose 104 egg infective dose 50 (EID50) of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) subtype H5N1 (clade 2.2.1.2) showed 100% protection and significant infection tolerance. Although challenged transgenic chicks displayed 60% protection against challenge with the sub-lethal dose (EID50 105), the transgenic chicks showed delayed clinical symptoms, reduced virus shedding, and reduced histopathologic alterations compared to non-transgenic challenged control chickens. These finding indicate that the sterile defense against H5N1 HPAIV offered by the stable expression of chIFITM1 is inadequate; however, the clinical outcome can be substantially ameliorated. In conclusion, chIFITM proteins can inhibit influenza virus replication that can infect various host species and could be a crucial barrier against zoonotic infections.
Long-Chain Acyl-Carnitines Interfere with Mitochondrial ATP Production Leading to Cardiac Dysfunction in Zebrafish
Authors: Park Deung-Dae , Gahr Bernd M. , Krause Julia , Rottbauer Wolfgang , Zeller Tanja , Just Steffen
Published: August 2021

In the human heart, the energy supplied by the production of ATP is predominately accomplished by ß-oxidation in mitochondria, using fatty acids (FAs) as the primary fuel. Long-chain acylcarnitines (LCACs) are intermediate forms of FA transport that are essential for FA delivery from the cytosol into mitochondria. Here, we analyzed the impact of the LCACs C18 and C18:1 on mitochondrial function and, subsequently, on heart functionality in the in vivo vertebrate model system of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Since LCACs are formed and metabolized in mitochondria, we assessed mitochondrial morphology, structure and density in C18- and C18:1-treated zebrafish and found no mitochondrial alterations compared to control-treated (short-chain acylcarnitine, C3) zebrafish embryos. However, mitochondrial function and subsequently ATP production was severely impaired in C18- and C18:1-treated zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, we found that C18 and C18:1 treatment of zebrafish embryos led to significantly impaired cardiac contractile function, accompanied by reduced heart rate and diminished atrial and ventricular fractional shortening, without interfering with cardiomyocyte differentiation, specification and growth. In summary, our findings provide insights into the direct role of long-chain acylcarnitines on vertebrate heart function by interfering with regular mitochondrial function and thereby energy allocation in cardiomyocytes.
Effect of L- to D-Amino Acid Substitution on Stability and Activity of Antitumor Peptide RDP215 against Human Melanoma and Glioblastoma
Authors: Maxian Theresa , Gerlitz Lisa , Riedl Sabrina , Rinner Beate , Zweytick Dagmar
Published: August 2021

The study investigates the antitumor effect of two cationic peptides, R-DIM-P-LF11-215 (RDP215) and the D-amino acid variant 9D-R-DIM-P-LF11-215 (9D-RDP215), targeting the negatively charged lipid phosphatidylserine (PS) exposed by cancer cells, such as of melanoma and glioblastoma. Model studies mimicking cancer and non-cancer membranes revealed the specificity for the cancer-mimic PS by both peptides with a slightly stronger impact by the D-peptide. Accordingly, membrane effects studied by DSC, leakage and quenching experiments were solely induced by the peptides when the cancer mimic PS was present. Circular dichroism revealed a sole increase in β-sheet conformation in the presence of the cancer mimic for both peptides; only 9D-RDP215 showed increased structure already in the buffer. Ex vitro stability studies by SDS-PAGE as well as in vitro with melanoma A375 revealed a stabilizing effect of D-amino acids in the presence of serum, which was also confirmed in 2D and 3D in vitro experiments on glioblastoma LN-229. 9D-RDP215 was additionally able to pass a BBB model, whereupon it induced significant levels of cell death in LN-229 spheroids. Summarized, the study encourages the introduction of D-amino acids in the design of antitumor peptides for the improvement of their stable antitumor activity.
Anthonomus rubi on Strawberry Fruit: Its Biology, Ecology, Damage, and Control from an IPM Perspective
Authors: Tonina Lorenzo , Zanettin Giulia , Miorelli Paolo , Puppato Simone , Cuthbertson Andrew G. S. , Grassi Alberto
Published: August 2021

The strawberry blossom weevil (SBW), Anthonomus rubi, is a well-documented pest of strawberry. Recently, in strawberry fields of Trento Province (north-east Italy), new noteworthy damage on fruit linked to SBW adults was observed, combined with a prolonged adult activity until the autumn. In this new scenario, we re-investigated SBW biology, ecology, monitoring tools, and potential control methods to develop Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies. Several trials were conducted on strawberry in the laboratory, field and semi-natural habitats. The feeding activity of adult SBW results in small deep holes on berries at different stages, causing yield losses of up to 60%. We observed a prolonged survival of newly emerged adults (>240 days) along with their ability to sever flower buds without laying eggs inside them in the same year (one generation per year). SBW adults were present in the strawberry field year-round, with movement between crop and no crop habitats, underlying a potential role of other host/feeding plants to support its populations. Yellow sticky traps combined with synthetic attractants proved promising for both adult monitoring and mass trapping. Regarding control, adhesive tapes and mass trapping using green bucket pheromone traps gave unsatisfactory results, while the high temperatures provided by the black fabric, the periodic removal of severed buds or adults and Chlorpyrifos-methyl application constrained population build-up. The findings are important for the development of an IPM strategy.
An Enhanced Insect Pest Counter Based on Saliency Map and Improved Non-Maximum Suppression
Authors: Guo Qingwen , Wang Chuntao , Xiao Deqin , Huang Qiong
Published: August 2021

Accurately counting the number of insect pests from digital images captured on yellow sticky traps remains a challenge in the field of insect pest monitoring. In this study, we develop a new approach to counting the number of insect pests using a saliency map and improved non-maximum suppression. Specifically, as the background of a yellow sticky trap is simple and the insect pest object is small, we exploit a saliency map to construct a region proposal generator including saliency map building, activation region formation, background–foreground classifier, and tune-up boxes involved in region proposal generation. For each region proposal, a convolutional neural network (CNN) model is used to classify it as a specific insect pest class, resulting in detection bounding boxes. By considering the relationship between detection bounding boxes, we thus develop an improved non-maximum suppression to sophisticatedly handle the redundant detection bounding boxes and obtain the insect pest number through counting the handled detection bounding boxes, each of which covers one insect pest. As this insect pest counter may miscount insect pests that are close to each other, we further integrate the widely used Faster R-CNN with the mentioned insect pest counter to construct a dual-path network. Extensive experimental simulations show that the two proposed insect pest counters achieve significant improvement in terms of F1 score against the state-of-the-art object detectors as well as insect pest detection methods.
Clinical Relevance of Helicobacter pylori Infection
Authors: Mladenova Irena
Published: August 2021

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram-negative helical, microaerophilic bacterium which colonizes the antrum and body of the stomach, surviving in its harsh environment through mechanisms of acid resistance and colonization factors. It infects approximately 50% of the world population. Although the prevalence of this infection varies from country to country, as well as between different ethnic, social or age groups, it is estimated that about 50% of the human population only carries this microorganism. While H. pylori has been found to play a major etiological and pathogenic role in chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer, its importance for many types of extra-gastric disease needs to be further investigated. The choice of tests to diagnose H. pylori infection, defined as invasive or non-invasive, depends on the clinical indication as to whether to perform upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Focusing on bacterial eradication, the treatment should be decided locally based on the use of antibiotics and documented antibiotic resistance. The author provides an overview of the current state of knowledge about the clinical aspects of H. pylori infection, especially its diagnostic and therapeutic management.
Treatment of Periimplantitis with Electrolytic Cleaning versus Mechanical and Electrolytic Cleaning: 18-Month Results from a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Schlee Markus , Wang Hom-Lay , Stumpf Thomas , Brodbeck Urs , Bosshardt Dieter , Rathe Florian
Published: August 2021

Aim of the study: This RCT assesses patients’ 18-month clinical outcomes after the regenerative therapy of periimplantitis lesions using either an electrolytic method (EC) to remove biofilms or a combination of powder spray and an electrolytic method (PEC). Materials and Methods: Twenty-four patients (24 implants) suffering from periimplantitis were randomly treated by EC or PEC followed by augmentation and submerged healing. Probing pocket depth (PPD), Bleeding on Probing (BoP), suppuration, and standardized radiographs were assessed before surgery (T0), 6 months after augmentation (T1), and 6 (T2) and 12 (T3) months after the replacement of the restoration. Results: The mean PPD changed from 5.8 ± 1.6 mm (T0) to 3.1 ± 1.4 mm (T3). While BoP and suppuration at T0 were 100%, BoP decreased at T2 to 36.8% and at T3 to 35.3%. Suppuration was found to be at a level of 10.6% at T2 and 11.8% at T3. The radiologic bone level measured from the implant shoulder to the first visible bone to the implant contact was 4.9 ± 1.9 mm at mesial sites and 4.4 ± 2.2 mm at distal sites at T0 and 1.7 ± 1.7 mm and 1.5 ± 17 mm at T3. Conclusions: Significant radiographic bone fill and the improvement of clinical parameters were demonstrated 18 months after therapy.
Evaluation of 360° Image Projection Formats; Comparing Format Conversion Distortion Using Objective Quality Metrics
Authors: Hussain Ikram , Kwon Oh-Jin
Published: August 2021

Currently available 360° cameras normally capture several images covering a scene in all directions around a shooting point. The captured images are spherical in nature and are mapped to a two-dimensional plane using various projection methods. Many projection formats have been proposed for 360° videos. However, standards for a quality assessment of 360° images are limited. In this paper, various projection formats are compared to explore the problem of distortion caused by a mapping operation, which has been a considerable challenge in recent approaches. The performances of various projection formats, including equi-rectangular, equal-area, cylindrical, cube-map, and their modified versions, are evaluated based on the conversion causing the least amount of distortion when the format is changed. The evaluation is conducted using sample images selected based on several attributes that determine the perceptual image quality. The evaluation results based on the objective quality metrics have proved that the hybrid equi-angular cube-map format is the most appropriate solution as a common format in 360° image services for where format conversions are frequently demanded. This study presents findings ranking these formats that are useful for identifying the best image format for a future standard.
Managing Risks in the Improved Model of Rolling Mill Loading: A Case Study
Authors: Syreyshchikova Nelli Vladimirovna , Pimenov Danil Yurievich , Yaroslavova Elena Nikolaevna , Gupta Munish Kumar , Aamir Muhammad , Giasin Khaled
Published: August 2021

This article reflects the main sources of risks for metallurgical enterprises in Russia, presenting the implementation of an innovative approach to increasing the competitiveness of an industrial enterprise, which is a typical representative of large enterprises of the metallurgical industry, based on the development of risk-oriented thinking when loading rolling mills with orders of intersecting assortment according to a new model. To reduce the emerging risks of a new model of the loading process of rolling mills of a metallurgical enterprise, it is proposed to take into account the risks in a complex way, taking into account their interactions with the use of integrated risk management (IRM). Practical development of the implemented approach was carried out by identifying the risks of the new improved loading process and their causes at each stage of the process. Risks were identified by analysis, qualitative and quantitative assessment of the likelihood of risks and the severity of consequences from their implementation with the establishment of events with a high potential hazard. Possible causes of hazardous events have been identified. To reduce the likelihood of unfavorable events, measures have been developed to influence significant risks and their effectiveness has been determined. The development of an innovative approach using risk-based thinking in a previously unexplored field of the application provides competitive advantages for enterprises of the metallurgical industry, increases income by reducing the cost of manufacturing products and production volumes by reducing time costs, achieving an economic efficiency of up to 10 million rubles per year. The practical significance of the dissemination of development results in similar industries is obvious and relevant for metallurgy as a whole.
On Prices of Privacy Coins and Bitcoin
Authors: Hilmola Olli-Pekka
Published: August 2021

Since the inauguration of cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin has been under pressure from competing tokens. As Bitcoin is a public open ledger blockchain coin, it has its weaknesses in privacy and anonymity. In the recent decade numerous coins have been initiated as privacy coins, which try to tackle these weaknesses. This research compares mostly mature privacy coins to Bitcoin, and comparison is made from a price perspective. It seems that Bitcoin is leading privacy coins in price terms, and correlation is typically high and positive. From the earlier crypto market peak of 2017–18, only a very small number of coins are showing positive returns in 2021. It is typical that many privacy coins have lost substantial amounts of their value (ranging 80–90%) or that they do not exist anymore at all. Only Horizen and Monero have shown long-term sustainability in their value; however, their price changes follow that of Bitcoin very closely. The role of privacy coins in the future remains as an open issue.
Investigation of Significant Parameters during Abrasive Waterjet Turning
Authors: Štefek Adam , Raška Jan , Hlaváč Libor M. , Spadło Sławomir
Published: August 2021

This paper presents an investigation of abrasive waterjet turning (AWJT). The purpose of the article was to investigate significant parameters of the turning process and to evaluate their impact on the turning product. The influence of the traverse speed, the rotational speed, and the relative position of the jet to the specimen (lateral jet shift) were investigated. Based on the previous research done in this field, the multi-pass tangential turning method was selected. Rotational speed does not seem to have a significant impact on the AWJ turning process. However, the relative position of the jet is a key parameter for improving the efficiency of the process. Increasing the lateral jet shift causes the volume of the material removed to increase until the optimal impact angle is reached. These findings need to be extended in order to adjust AWJT. Without these improvements, a comparison of jet to traditional technologies is inappropriate.
Fused Filament Fabrication of NiTi Components and Hybridization with Laser Powder Bed Fusion for Filigree Structures
Authors: Abel Johannes , Mannschatz Anne , Teuber Robert , Müller Bernhard , Al Noaimy Omar , Riecker Sebastian , Thielsch Juliane , Matthey Björn , Weißgärber Thomas
Published: August 2021

The present study introduces an approach to the powder metallurgical shaping of a pseudo-elastic nickel–titanium (NiTi 44 alloy) combining two different Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes, namely fused filament fabrication (FFF) and Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF), by manufacturing filigree structures on top of sintered FFF parts. Both processes start with commercial gas atomized NiTi powder, which is fractionated into two classes. Using the fine fraction with particle sizes <15 µm, robust thermoplastic filaments based on a non-commercial binder system were produced and processed to different auxetic and non-auxetic geometries employing a commercial standard printer. FTIR analysis for thermal decomposition products was used to develop a debinding regime. After sintering, the phase transformation austenite/martensite was characterized by DSC in as sintered and annealed state. Precipitates resulting from residual impurities were detected by micrographs and XRD. They led to an increased transformation temperature. Adjusting the oxygen and carbon content in the alloy remains a challenging issue for powder metallurgical processed NiTi alloys. Filigree lattice structures were built onto the surfaces of the sintered FFF parts by LPBF using the coarser powder fraction (15–45 µm). A good material bond was formed, resulting in the first known NiTi hybrid, which introduces new production and design options for future applications.
In-Line Observation of Laser Cladding Processes via Atomic Emission Spectroscopy
Authors: Schmidt Malte , Huke Philipp , Gerhard Christoph , Partes Knut
Published: August 2021

Direct metal deposition (DMD) can be used for the cladding of surfaces as well as repairing and additive manufacturing of parts and features. Process monitoring and control methods ensure a consistent quality during manufacturing. Monitoring by optical emission spectroscopy of the process radiation can provide information on process conditions and the deposition layer. The object of this work is to measure optical emissions from the process using a spectrometer and identify element lines within the spectra. Single spectra have been recorded from the process. Single tracks of Co-based powder (MetcoClad21) were clad on an S235 base material. The influence of varying process parameters on the incidence and intensity of element lines has been investigated. Moreover, the interactions between the laser beam, powder jet, and substrate with regard to spectral emissions have been examined individually. The results showed that element lines do not occur regularly. Therefore, single spectra are sorted into spectra including element lines (type A) and those not including element lines (type B). Furthermore, only non-ionised elements could be detected, with chromium appearing frequently. It was shown that increasing the laser power increases the incidence of type A spectra and the intensity of specific Cr I lines. Moreover, element lines only occurred frequently during the interaction of the laser beam with the melt pool of the deposition layer.
Process Stability, Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Underwater Submerged-Arc Welded Steel
Authors: Zhang Maofu , Han Yanfei , Jia Chuanbao , Dong Shengfa , Maksimov Sergii , Wu Chuansong
Published: August 2021

In underwater wet welding, the unstable welding process caused by the generation and rupture of bubbles and the chilling effect of water on the welding area result in low quality of welded joints, which makes it difficult to meet the practical application of marine engineering. To improve the process stability and joining quality, a mixture of welding flux with a water glass or epoxy resin was placed on the welding zone before underwater welding. In this paper, welds’ appearance, geometry statistics of welds’ formation, welding process stability, slag structure, microstructure, pores and mechanical properties were investigated. It was found that with the addition of water glass in the mixture, the penetration of weld was effectively increased, and the frequency of arc extinction was reduced. Though the porosity rose to a relatively high level, the joints’ comprehensive mechanical properties were not significantly improved. Notably, the applied epoxy resin completely isolated the surrounding water from the welding area, which greatly improved process stability. Furthermore, it benefited from the microstructure filled with massive acicular ferrite, the average elongation and room temperature impact toughness increased by 178.4%, and 69.1% compared with underwater wet welding, respectively, and the bending angle of the joint reaches to 180°.
Metabolic Remodeling in Skeletal Muscle Atrophy as a Therapeutic Target
Authors: Renzini Alessandra , Riera Carles Sánchez , Minic Isidora , D’Ercole Chiara , Lozanoska-Ochser Biliana , Cedola Alessia , Gigli Giuseppe , Moresi Viviana , Madaro Luca
Published: August 2021

Skeletal muscle is a highly responsive tissue, able to remodel its size and metabolism in response to external demand. Muscle fibers can vary from fast glycolytic to slow oxidative, and their frequency in a specific muscle is tightly regulated by fiber maturation, innervation, or external causes. Atrophic conditions, including aging, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and cancer-induced cachexia, differ in the causative factors and molecular signaling leading to muscle wasting; nevertheless, all of these conditions are characterized by metabolic remodeling, which contributes to the pathological progression of muscle atrophy. Here, we discuss how changes in muscle metabolism can be used as a therapeutic target and review the evidence in support of nutritional interventions and/or physical exercise as tools for counteracting muscle wasting in atrophic conditions.
Mathematical Models for FDG Kinetics in Cancer: A Review
Authors: Sommariva Sara , Caviglia Giacomo , Sambuceti Gianmario , Piana Michele
Published: August 2021

Compartmental analysis is the mathematical framework for the modelling of tracer kinetics in dynamical Positron Emission Tomography. This paper provides a review of how compartmental models are constructed and numerically optimized. Specific focus is given on the identifiability and sensitivity issues and on the impact of complex physiological conditions on the mathematical properties of the models.
Publisher’s Note: Meteorology—A New Open Access Journal Focusing on Weather Forecasting
Authors: Lu Cuixiang , Craciun Ioana , Lin Shu-Kun
Published: August 2021

Meteorology is the study of the processes and phenomena of the earth’s atmosphere [...]