bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UPLC‐HR‐MS/MS‐based determination study on the metabolism of four synthetic cannabinoids, ADB‐FUBICA, AB‐FUBICA, AB‐BICA and ADB‐BICA, by human liver microsomes
Authors: Li Jing , Liu Cuimei , Li Tao , Hua Zhendong
Published: October 2017

Since 2012, several cannabimimetic indazole and indole derivatives with valine amino acid amide residue have emerged in the illicit drug market, and have gradually replaced the old generations of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) with naphthyl or adamantine groups. Among them, ADB‐FUBICA [N‐(1‐amino‐3,3‐dimethyl‐1‐oxobutan‐2‐yl)‐1‐(4‐fluorobenzyl)‐1H–indole‐3‐carboxamide], AB‐FUBICA [N‐(1‐amino‐3‐methyl‐1‐oxobutan‐2‐yl)‐1‐(4‐fluorobenzyl)‐1H–indole‐3‐carboxamide], AB‐BICA [N‐(1‐amino‐3‐methyl‐1‐oxobutan‐2‐yl)‐1‐benzyl‐1H‐indole‐3‐carboxamide] and ADB‐BICA [N‐(1‐amino‐3,3‐dimethyl‐1‐oxobutan‐2‐yl)‐1‐benzyl‐1H‐indole‐3‐carboxamide] were detected in China recently, but unfortunately no information about their in vitro human metabolism is available. Therefore, biomonitoring studies to screen their consumption lack any information about the potential biomarkers (e.g. metabolites) to target. To bridge this gap, we investigated their phase I metabolism by incubating with human liver microsomes, and the metabolites were identified by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography–high resolution–tandem mass spectrometry. Metabolites generated by N‐dealkylation and hydroxylation on the 1‐amino‐alkyl moiety were found to be predominant for all these four substances, and others which underwent hydroxylation, amide hydrolysis and dehydrogenation were also observed in our investigation. Based on our research, we recommend that the N‐dealkylation and hydroxylation metabolites are suitable and appropriate analytical markers for monitoring their intake.
Metabolic analysis of the antidepressive effects of Yangxinshi Tablet in a vascular depression model in mice
Authors: Du Hongli , Zhang Hai , Zhao Yahong , Liu Min , Chen Anni , Liu Shiyu , Xue Dan , Liu Yanjun , Zhang Guoqing
Published: October 2017

In recent years, vascular depression has become the focus of international attention. Yangxinshi Tablet (YXST) is usually used in cthe linic for the treatment of arrhythmia and heart failure, but we found that it also has antidepressive effects. The objective of the study was to identify biomarkers related to vascular depression in hippocampus and explore the antidepressive effects of YXST on the mouse model. Untargeted metabolomics based on UHPLC‐Q‐TOF/MS was applied to identify significantly differential biomarkers between the model group and control group. Unsupervised principal component analysis (PCA) was used to scan the tendency of groups and partial least squares‐discriminant analysis (PLS‐DA) to distinguish between the vascular depressive mice and the sham. PCA stores showed clear differences in metabolism between the vascular depressive mice and sham groups. The PLS‐DA model exhibited 38 metabolites as the biomarkers to distinguish the vascular depressive mice and the sham. Further, YXST significantly regulated 22 metabolites to normal levels. The results suggested that YXST has a comprehensive antidepressive effect on vascular depression via regulation of multiple metabolic pathways including amino acid, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and phosphoglyceride metabolisms. These findings provide insight into the pathophysiological mechanism underlying vascular depression and the mechanism of YXST.
Larvicidal Activity of Essential Oils of Five Apiaceae Taxa and Some of Their Main Constituents Against Culex quinquefasciatus
Authors: Pavela Roman , Maggi Filippo , Cianfaglione Kevin , Bruno Maurizio , Benelli Giovanni
Published: October 2017

Apiaceae are aromatic herbs producing essential oils which are used on an industrial scale for various purposes. Notably, Apiaceae essential oils may replace synthetic insecticides keeping most of their efficacy and avoiding environmental pollution and human poisoning. In the present work, we explored the insecticidal potential of the essential oils from five Apiaceae taxa, namely Sison amomum, Echinophora spinosa, Heracleum sphondylium subsp. sphondylium, Heracleum sphondylium subsp. ternatum, and Trachyspemum ammi, as well as their major constituents (sabinene, p‐cymene, terpinolene, myristicin, and thymol), against the filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus. For the purpose, the essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and their composition was achieved by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Their acute toxicity on third instar larvae of C. quinquefasciatus was determined. The two most active essential oils were those from T. ammi fruits and E. spinosa roots, showing LC50 below 20 μl/l and LD90 below 50 μl/l. These oils were dominated by the monoterpene phenol thymol and the phenylpropanoid myristicin, respectively, which showed the strongest larvicidal activity (LC50 of 15.1 and 16.3 μl/l, respectively) among the pure compounds tested. These results showed that Apiaceae may be useful as source of larvicidal compounds to be used for the development of cheap, effective and eco‐friendly insecticidal formulations.
A polysaccharide from Dictyophora indusiata inhibits the immunosuppressive function of cancer‐associated fibroblasts
Authors: Han Shuyu , Ma Chaoxiong , Hu Minghua , Wang Yuanyuan , Ma Fangli , Tao Ning , Qin Zhihai
Published: October 2017

Reversing the function of cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) may improve the efficacy of cancer therapy. Here, we isolated a novel polysaccharide from Dictyophora indusiata (ZSP4) and examined its effects on the function of prostate CAFs. The supernatant of prostate CAFs can stimulate the proliferation of immune cells and inhibit the growth of CD4+/CD8+ T cells. However, after ZSP4 stimulation, the functions of prostate CAFs were inhibited. The mechanism experiment shows that ZSP4 can stimulate prostate CAFs by down‐regulating the expression of α‐smooth muscle actin. Polysaccharides extracted from Dictyophora indusiata stimulate the proliferation of immune cells and reverse the immune‐suppressive functions of prostate CAFs, shedding new light on the development of novel anticancer strategies. The endocrine therapy used to treat prostate cancer aims to eliminate androgenic activity from prostatic tissue; these therapies are painful and of poor therapeutic effect. In this study, we found that polysaccharides extracted from Dictyophora indusiata may affect the micro‐environment of tumours and inhibit the growth of the tumours. Our results suggest that polysaccharides may modulate negative immune regulation and enhance antitumour immunity, which is important for clinical therapy.
Sustainable and Continuous Synthesis of Enantiopure l‐Amino Acids by Using a Versatile Immobilised Multienzyme System
Authors: Velasco‐Lozano Susana , da Silva Eunice S. , Llop Jordi , López‐Gallego Fernando
Published: October 2017

The enzymatic synthesis of α‐amino acids is a sustainable and efficient alternative to chemical processes, through which achieving enantiopure products is difficult. To more address this synthesis efficiently, a hierarchical architecture that irreversibly co‐immobilises an amino acid dehydrogenase with polyethyleneimine on porous agarose beads has been designed and fabricated. The cationic polymer acts as an irreversible anchoring layer for the formate dehydrogenase. In this architecture, the two enzymes and polymer colocalise across the whole microstructure of the porous carrier. This multifunctional heterogeneous biocatalyst was kinetically characterised and applied to the enantioselective synthesis of a variety of canonical and noncanonical α‐amino acids in both discontinuous (batch) and continuous modes. The co‐immobilised bienzymatic system conserves more than 50 % of its initial effectiveness after five batch cycles and 8 days of continuous operation. Additionally, the environmental impact of this process has been semiquantitatively calculated and compared with the state of the art.
Patterns of restenosis for the SFA: The second step on a long journey
Authors: Ansel Gary M.
Published: October 2017

Key Points

Restenosis patterns required better definitions

Defining restenosis patterns may help compare technologies better

Further research with consistent restenosis pattern definition will help us define the most value‐added treatments
Treating of aortic valve stenosis in real‐life: A multifaceted decision‐making challenge
Authors: Franken Marcelo , Lemos Pedro A.
Published: October 2017

Key Points

In this issue of CCI, Vejpongsa and coworkers showed that TAVR represented 20.4% of all aortic valve replacements performed in elderly patients from 21 US states in the year 2013. Patients treated with SAVR or TAVR largely overlapped in their baseline characteristics, indicating that both modalities concur in everyday life.

One out of six patients was readmitted within 30 days, with no significant differences between the TAVR and SAVR in propensity score analysis. One may ask: since the indications of transcatheter and surgical treatments are interchanged for many cases, and the global results look similar, how to finally select the best therapeutic option for an individual case?

Would the results be the same if patient‐reported outcomes and experiences, such as pain and analgesic use, time to return to routine activities, or quality of life scores were measured? Combining traditional and patient‐reported outcomes, in relation to costs, is the optimal approach to assess value in healthcare. Time has come for investigators to adopt value‐based healthcare measures as endpoints in registries and clinical trials.
Post‐TAVR aortogram: Transform it into a modern tool for prognosis and efficiency
Authors: Yadav Pradeep K. , Gilchrist Ian C.
Published: October 2017

Key Points

Video densitometry after aortography can provide objective assessment of aortic regurgitation post‐transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR)

Contrast density ratio between the left ventricular outflow track and proximal aorta (LVOT‐AR) of >0.17 suggests greater than mild aortic insufficiency and correlates with echo findings

LVOT‐AR of >0.17 is associated with higher 30‐day and 1‐year mortality
Mechanical thrombectomy revisited is there any value?
Authors: Tommaso Carl L.
Published: October 2017

Key Points

The use of mechanical thrombectomy in STEMI with large amount of jeopardized myocardium may preserve regional wall motion

When appropriate and done with proper removal technique, there does not appear to be any increased incidence of neurologic complications

The guideline recommendation that mechanical thrombectomy should not be done routinely is supported by these authors
Acute heart failure syndrome in the elderly
Authors: Katsanos S. , Bakosis G. , Frogudaki A.
Published: October 2017

Acute heart failure (AHF) in the elderly is becoming an increasingly common clinical problem, associated with very high in‐hospital and long‐term mortality rates. Elderly AHF patients, as opposed to younger ones, may have a different demographic, pathophysiological, clinical, and prognostic profile, and therefore, some carefully considered therapeutic adjustments may be warranted for their treatment. Patients with older age, shock, diabetes, renal failure, infection, confusion, and severe non‐cardiac comorbidities may be at the highest mortality risk.

Answer questions and earn CME: https://wileyhealthlearning.com/Activity2/5608945/Activity.aspx
Acute heart failure: Epidemiology and socioeconomic burden
Authors: Farmakis D. , Papingiotis G. , Parissis J.
Published: October 2017

Acute heart failure (AHF) is defined as the rapid development or change in symptoms and signs of heart failure that requires urgent medical attention and usually hospitalization. AHF is the first reason for hospital admission in individuals aged 65 or more. Despite therapeutic advances, it remains a syndrome with particularly ominous prognosis, with an in‐hospital mortality rate of 4–7%, a 2‐ to 3‐month postdischarge mortality of 7–11% and a 2‐ to 3‐month readmission rate of 25–30%. In addition, AHF is the single most important determinant of the huge healthcare expenditure related to heart failure, as it accounts for nearly 70% of the total heart failure‐related cost.

Answer questions and earn CME: https://wileyhealthlearning.com/Activity2/5608946/Activity.aspx
Enantioselective Dihydroxylation of Alkenes Catalyzed by 1,4‐Bis(9‐O‐dihydroquinidinyl)phthalazine‐Modified Binaphthyl–Osmium Nanoparticles
Authors: Zhu Jie , Sun Xiao‐Tao , Wang Xiao‐Dong , Wu Lei
Published: October 2017

A series of unprecedented binaphthyl–osmium nanoparticles (OsNPs) with chiral modifiers were applied in the heterogeneous asymmetric dihydroxylation of alkenes. A remarkable size effect of the OsNPs, depending on the density of the covalent organic shells, on the reactivity and enantioselectivity of the dihydroxylation reaction was revealed. Successful recycling of the OsNPs was also demonstrated and high reaction efficiency and enantioselectivity were maintained.
Chiral Ferrocenyl N,N Ligands with Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds for Highly Enantioselective Allylic Alkylations
Authors: Yao Lin , Nie Huifang , Zhang Dongxu , Wang Libin , Zhang Yuhao , Chen Weiping , Li Zhenhua , Liu Xueying , Zhang Shengyong
Published: October 2017

Several new ferrocene‐derived bidentate N ligands, which contain multiple chiral factors, have been designed and synthesized by a rational combination of oxazoline and pyridine. Their catalytic performances were investigated preliminarily in Pd‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation, and excellent reactivities and enantioselectivities (up to 99 % yield and 98 % ee) were realized if we used the ligand with a matched chirality. DFT calculations were used to illustrate that an intramolecular hydrogen bond formed between the hydroxyl group and the oxazoline fragment of the ligand contributed to the optimal conformation of the ligand‐Pd‐allyl complex.
Achieving High 1H Nuclear Hyperpolarization Levels with Long Lifetimes in a Range of Tuberculosis Drug Scaffolds
Authors: Norcott Philip , Rayner Peter J. , Green Gary G. R. , Duckett Simon B.
Published: October 2017

Despite the successful use of isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide and ethambutol in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB), it is a disease of growing global concern. We illustrate here a series of methods that will dramatically improve the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detectability of nineteen TB‐relevant agents. We note that the future probing of their uptake and distribution in vivo would be expected to significantly enhance their efficacy in disease treatment. This improvement in detectability is achieved by use of the parahydrogen based SABRE protocol in conjunction with the 2H‐labelling of key sites within their molecular structures and the 2H‐labelling of the magnetization transfer catalyst. The T1 relaxation times and polarization levels of these agents are quantified under test conditions to produce a protocol to identify structurally optimized motifs for future detection. For example, deuteration of the 6‐position of a pyrazinamide analogue leads to a structural form that exhibits T1 values of 144.5 s for 5‐H with up to 20 % polarization. This represents a >7‐fold extension in relaxation time and almost 10‐fold improvement in polarization level when compared to its unoptimized structure.
Synthesis of Mono‐ and Bis(fluoroalkyl)pyrimidines from FARs, Fluorinated Acetoacetates, and Malononitrile Provides Easy Access to Novel High‐Value Pyrimidine Scaffolds
Authors: Schmitt Etienne , Commare Bruno , Panossian Armen , Vors Jean‐Pierre , Pazenok Sergiy , Leroux Frédéric R.
Published: October 2017

A new strategy was developed using fluorinated acetoacetates, malononitrile, and fluoroalkyl amino reagents (FARs) to access unprecedented 4,6‐bis(fluoroalkyl)pyrimidine‐5‐carboxylates, their carboxylic acid analogues, and 4‐amino‐6‐(fluoroalkyl)pyrimidine‐5‐carbonitriles. An efficient cyclization step using suitable amidines was developed under microwave irradiation, providing the desired pyrimidines rapidly and efficiently. Standard saponification conditions were applied from carboxylate derivatives to access to the corresponding carboxylic acids. These new valuable building blocks, bearing either a single or two emergent fluorinated substituents, hold strong potential for medicinal and agrochemical research.
Ambireactive (R3P)2BH2 Groups Facilitating Temperature‐Switchable Bond Activation by an Iron Complex
Authors: Vondung Lisa , Sattler Lars E. , Langer Robert
Published: October 2017

An iron pincer complex containing a hemi‐labile (R3P)2BH2 group exhibits temperature‐switchable reactivity patterns: a reversible B−H activation concomitant with a P−B bond cleavage is observed at room temperature. Below 4 °C, intra‐ and intermolecular C−H activation pathways are becoming faster and more dominant. Mechanistic investigations reveal that the lability of the (R3P)2BH2 group in combination with the exothermic formation of σ‐bonded complexes are responsible for the switchable bond activation. Finally, a protocol for an iron‐catalyzed H/D‐exchange of organic solvents in the absence of oxidants has been developed.
Specific optical rotation is a versatile tool for the identification of critical micelle concentration and micellar growth of tartaric acid–based diastereomeric amphiphiles
Authors: Raghavan Vijay , Polavarapu Prasad L.
Published: October 2017

Four novel tartaric acid–based diastereomeric chiral amphiphiles, two being enantiomers of the other two, have been synthesized and investigated using chiroptical spectroscopic methods, along with tensiometry and dynamic light scattering experiments. We found that an inflection point in specific optical rotation (SOR) values at ~0.32 mM corresponds to the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The increase in magnitude of SOR values beyond CMC corresponds to the growth of aggregates. For enantiomers, oppositely signed SOR values were observed, ruling out the possibility for the presence of aggregation size mediated artefacts. SOR values did not exhibit concentration dependence for a chiral tartaric acid based non‐aggregating analogue further establishing the absence of artefacts or anomalous interaction of tartaric acid based head group with solvent. Electronic circular dichroism spectra showed no significant changes in band positions or intensities with concentration. Due to the requirement for higher concentrations (~200 mM) needed to obtain vibrational circular dichroism spectra, these measurements are not found to be useful for studying concentration dependent properties of chiral amphiphiles.
Nitrogen Removal From Municipal Wastewater Using a Two‐Sludge Denitrification/Nitrification Batch Reactor: Performance and Mechanisms
Authors: Tang Jialing , Wang Xiaochang C. , Hu Yisong , Xia Siqing , Li Yuyou
Published: October 2017

Biosorption is a common phenomenon, in that organics in wastewater are trapped by sludge flocs. To achieve high nitrogen removal efficiency from the treatment of low chemical oxygen demand (COD) content wastewater, a two‐sludge denitrification/nitrification batch reactor (TDNBR) is successfully established based on the sorption of organic matter by anoxic activated sludge. During 123 days of operation, the TDNBR achieved high ammonia (>99%) and total nitrogen (TN) (80%) removal efficiency. A higher C/N ratio and exchange frequency have no obvious effect on nitrification but effectively enhanced denitrification. The sorption assays indicated that anoxic sludge could take up a large amount of organic matter (23.79–55.62 mg COD g−1 TSS) but has a low sorption capacity of NH4+‐N. Nitrate utilization rate tests reveal that both the soluble and colloidal organics pre‐sorbed on the sludge can be utilized in denitrification with few organics stored as PHA in bacterial cells. Through cyclic study analysis, it was found that, by interchanging the supernatant in oxic and anoxic tanks alternately, nitrification and denitrification processes are successfully separated and high ammonia and TN removal efficiencies are achieved.
Treatment decisions and employment of breast cancer patients: Results of a population‐based survey
Authors: Jagsi Reshma , Abrahamse Paul H. , Lee Kamaria L. , Wallner Lauren P. , Janz Nancy K. , Hamilton Ann S. , Ward Kevin C. , Morrow Monica , Kurian Allison W. , Friese Christopher R. , Hawley Sarah T. , Katz Steven J.
Published: October 2017

BACKGROUND

Many patients with breast cancer work for pay at the time of their diagnosis, and the treatment plan may threaten their livelihood. Understanding work experiences in a contemporary population‐based sample is necessary to inform initiatives to reduce the burden of cancer care.

METHODS

Women who were 20 to 79 years old and had been diagnosed with stage 0 to II breast cancer, as reported to the Georgia and Los Angeles Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results registries in 2014‐2015, were surveyed. Of the 3672 eligible women, 2502 responded (68%); 1006 who reported working before their diagnosis were analyzed. Multivariate models evaluated correlates of missing work for >1 month and stopping work altogether versus missing work for ≤1 month.

RESULTS

In this diverse sample, most patients (62%) underwent lumpectomy; 16% underwent unilateral mastectomy (8% with reconstruction); and 23% underwent bilateral mastectomy (19% with reconstruction). One‐third (33%) received chemotherapy. Most (84%) worked full‐time before their diagnosis; however, only 50% had paid sick leave, 39% had disability benefits, and 38% had flexible work schedules. Surgical treatment was strongly correlated with missing >1 month of work (odds ratio [OR] for bilateral mastectomy with reconstruction vs lumpectomy, 7.8) and with stopping work altogether (OR for bilateral mastectomy with reconstruction vs lumpectomy, 3.1). Chemotherapy receipt (OR for missing >1 month, 1.3; OR for stopping work altogether, 3.9) and race (OR for missing >1 month for blacks vs whites, 2.0; OR for stopping work altogether for blacks vs whites, 1.7) also correlated. Those with paid sick leave were less likely to stop working (OR, 0.5), as were those with flexible schedules (OR, 0.3).

CONCLUSIONS

Working patients who received more aggressive treatments were more likely to experience substantial employment disruptions. Cancer 2017;123:4791‐9. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Influence of atrial contraction dynamics on cardiac function
Authors: Land  Sander , Niederer Steven Alexander
Published: October 2017

In recent years, there has been a move from monoventricular or biventricular models of the heart, to more complex models that incorporate the electromechanical function in all 4 chambers. However, the biophysical foundation is still underdeveloped, with most work in atrial cellular models having focused on electrophysiological properties. Here, we present a biophysical model of human atrial contraction at body temperature and use it to study the effects of atrial contraction on whole organ function and a study of the effects of remodelling due to atrial fibrillation on atrial and ventricular function.
Nitrogen‐Doped Porous Carbon Nanospheres from Natural Sepia Ink: Easy Preparation and Extraordinary Capacitive Performance
Authors: Hao Xiaodong , Wang Jie , Ding Bing , Chang Zhi , Wang Ya , Dou Hui , Zhang Xiaogang
Published: October 2017

Heteroatom‐doped nanostructured porous carbons have attracted intensive attention for electrical‐double layer capacitors (EDLCs) because of their large surface area and surface functionalization. Here we use biowaste sepia ink as a sustainable source to synthesize nitrogen‐doped highly porous carbon nanospheres by a simple molten salt‐based activation strategy. The introduction of molten salt is not only beneficial for repairing the carbon conjugate network, but can also further improve the activation effect of porogen. The as‐obtained carbon nanospheres (MA‐NCS) displayed a large surface area of 1760 m2 g−1, optimized pore architecture, and high nitrogen content (8.6 wt %). With this design, the MA‐NCS as EDLCs electrode exhibited a remarkable specific capacitance of 320 F g−1 at the current density of 0.5 A g−1 and high rate capability in 6 m KOH electrolyte. Furthermore, the assembled EDLCs demonstrated a high specific capacitance of 130 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 in an organic electrolyte (1 m TEABF4/AN), obtaining a maximum energy density of 28.2 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 625 W kg−1. This novel biowaste precursor‐synthesis route presents great potential for facile large‐scale production of high‐performance porous carbons for green and long‐term energy storage.
HPCG and HPGMG benchmark tests on multiple program, multiple data (MPMD) mode on Blue Waters—A Cray XE6/XK7 hybrid system
Authors: Kwack JaeHyuk , Bauer Gregory H.
Published: October 2017

The high‐performance conjugate gradients (HPCG) and high‐performance geometric multi‐grid (HPGMG) benchmarks are alternatives to the traditional LINPACK benchmark (HPL) in measuring the performance of modern HPC platforms. We performed HPCG and HPGMG benchmark tests on a Cray XE6/XK7 hybrid supercomputer, Blue Waters at National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA). The benchmarks were tested on CPU‐based and GPU‐enabled nodes separately, and then we analyzed characteristic parameters that affect their performance. Based on our analyses, we performed HPCG and HPGMG runs in multiple program, multiple data (MPMD) mode in Cray Linux Environment in order to measure their hybrid performance on both CPU‐based and GPU‐enabled nodes. We observed and analyzed several performance issues during those tests. Based on lessons learned from this study, we provide recommendations about how to optimize science applications on modern hybrid HPC platforms.
Ransomware prevention technique using key backup
Authors: Lee Kyungroul , Yim Kangbin , Seo Jung Taek
Published: October 2017

In this paper, a key backup technique for the recovery of files encrypted by ransomware is proposed. Ransomware interferes with the victim's system through abnormal behavior such as locking of the victim's system or encryption of the system or files. Ransomware writers demand money from the victims as a condition for the recovery of the encrypted files and systems that have been seized; systems infected by ransomware cannot be repaired without a decryption key, making the employment of detection and recovery methods urgent. This paper proposes a prevention technique for backing up encryption keys in a secure repository which enables the recovery of ransomware‐infected systems and ransomware‐encrypted files. The proposed technique can be used to repair systems infected by ransomware, thereby ensuring safety against such malicious codes.
Light‐Harvesting Organic Nanocrystals Capable of Photon Upconversion
Authors: Li Li , Zeng Yi , Yu Tianjun , Chen Jinping , Yang Guoqiang , Li Yi
Published: October 2017

Harvesting and converting low energy photons into higher ones through upconversion have great potential in solar energy conversion. A light‐harvesting nanocrystal assembled from 9,10‐distyrylanthracene and palladium(II) meso‐tetraphenyltetrabenzoporphyrin as the acceptor and the sensitizer, respectively effects red‐to‐green upconversion under incoherent excitation of low power density. An upconversion quantum yield of 0.29±0.02 % is obtained upon excitation with 640 nm laser of 120 mW cm−2. The well‐organized packing of acceptor molecules with aggregation‐induced emission in the nanocrystals dramatically reduces the nonradiative decay of the excited acceptor, benefits the triplet–triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion and guides the consequent upconverted emission. This work provides a straightforward strategy to develop light‐harvesting nanocrystals based on TTA upconversion, which is attractive for energy conversion and photonic applications.
Sample preparation method for the combined extraction of ethyl glucuronide and drugs of abuse in hair
Authors: Meier Ulf , Briellmann Thomas , Scheurer Eva , Dussy Franz
Published: October 2017

Often in hair analysis, a small hair sample is available while the analysis of a multitude of structurally diverse substances with different concentration ranges is demanded. The analysis of the different substances often requires different sample preparation methods, increasing the amount of required hair sample. When segmental hair analysis is necessary, the amount of hair sample needed is further increased. Therefore, the required sample amount for a full analysis can quickly exceed what is available. To combat this problem, a method for the combined hair sample preparation using a single extraction procedure for analysis of ethyl glucuronide with liquid chromatography‐multistage fragmentation mass spectrometry/multiple reaction monitoring (LC–MS3/MRM) and common drugs of abuse with LC–MRM was developed. The combined sample preparation is achieved by separating ethyl glucuronide from the drugs of abuse into separate extracts by fractionation in the solid‐phase extraction step during sample clean‐up. A full validation for all substances for the parameters selectivity, linearity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy, precision, matrix effects, and recovery was successfully completed. The following drugs of abuse were included in the method: Amphetamine; methamphetamine; 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐methylamphetamine (MDMA); 3,4‐methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA); 3,4‐methylenedioxy‐N‐ethylamphetamine (MDE); morphine; 6‐monoacetylmorphine; codeine; acetylcodeine; cocaine; benzoylecgonine; norcocaine; cocaethylene; methadone; 2‐ethylidene‐1,5‐dimethyl‐3,3‐diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) and methylphenidate. In conclusion, as only 1 sample preparation is needed with 1 aliquot of hair, the presented sample preparation allows an optimal analysis of both ethyl glucuronide and of the drugs of abuse, even when the sample amount is a limiting factor.
Child maltreatment and eating disorders among men and women in adulthood: Results from a nationally representative United States sample
Authors: Afifi Tracie O. , Sareen Jitender , Fortier Janique , Taillieu Tamara , Turner Sarah , Cheung Kristene , Henriksen Christine A.
Published: October 2017

Objective

Child maltreatment is associated with an increased likelihood of having mood disorders, anxiety disorders, post‐traumatic stress disorder, substance use disorders, and personality disorders, but far less is known about eating disorders. The objective of the current study was to examine the associations between child maltreatment, including harsh physical punishment, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect, and exposure to intimate partner violence, and eating disorders in adulthood among men and women.

Method

Data were from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions wave 3 (NESARC‐III) collected in 2012–2013. The sample was nationally representative of the United States adult population (N = 36,309). Lifetime eating disorders (anorexia nervosa [AN], bulimia nervosa [BN], and binge‐eating disorder [BED]) were assessed using diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition (DSM‐5) criteria and the alcohol use disorder and associated disabilities interview schedule‐5 (AUDADIS‐5).

Results

The prevalence of any lifetime eating disorder was 1.7% (0.8% among men and 2.7% among women). All child maltreatment types were associated with AN, BN, and BED with notable differences among men and women. Overall, the types of child maltreatment with the strongest relationships with any eating disorder were sexual abuse and physical neglect among men and sexual abuse and emotional abuse among women.

Discussion

Clinicians should be mindful that child maltreatment experiences are associated with increased odds of eating disorders including AN, BED, and BN. Such relationships are significant among men and women although notable gender differences in these relationships exist. Abstract word count = 248.
Overstory‐derived surface fuels mediate plant species diversity in frequently burned longleaf pine forests
Authors: Dell Jane E. , Richards Lora A. , O'Brien Joseph J. , Loudermilk E. Louise , Hudak Andrew T. , Pokswinski Scott M. , Bright Benjamin C. , Hiers J. Kevin , Williams Brett W. , Dyer Lee A.
Published: October 2017

Frequently burned low‐latitude coniferous forests maintain a high‐diversity understory. Longleaf pine (Pinus palustrisMill.) forests and woodlands have exceptionally high diversity at fine scales and very frequent fire return intervals (1–3 yr). Furthermore, the positive association between high‐frequency, low‐intensity surface fires and high species richness in longleaf pine ecosystems is well documented but poorly understood. Recent studies have demonstrated additional linkages between specific fuel assemblages and fire intensity at small spatial scales. In this study, we build upon both patterns by using long‐term datasets to examine the relationship between fire and specific fuel types, and how the combination of these two elements contributes to ground cover species diversity. We used 11 yr of monitoring data from longleaf pine forests at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida (USA), to parameterize a structural equation model that examines causal relationships between fuels and fire history on ground cover plant diversity. Overstory‐derived fuels, including pine needle litter, pine cones, and other 10 and 100‐h woody fuels, had the greatest positive impact on diversity in relatively open‐canopied, frequently burned reference stands. A second model examined surface fuel components originating from the forest overstory as characterized by airborne light detection and ranging and found that pine needle litter was positively associated with canopy density. Our parameter estimates for causal relationships between easily measured variables and plant diversity will allow for the development of management models at the stand scale while being informed by fuels measured at the plot scale.
Swarms of brown planthopper migrate into the lower Yangtze River Valley under strong western Pacific subtropical highs
Authors: Lu Ming‐Hong , Chen Xiao , Liu Wan‐Cai , Zhu Feng , Lim Ka‐Sing , McInerney Caitríona E. , Hu Gao
Published: October 2017

Windborne migration of insects is significantly influenced by meteorological factors and phenomena, such as seasonal atmospheric circulation. Large‐scale movement of air provides the background for all weather and climate events. Hence, population abundances of migratory insects may fluctuate due to variations in seasonal atmospheric circulation, but little is known about this process. The western Pacific subtropical high pressure (WPSH) is the major circulation system that affects weather and climate in eastern Asia. Annual migration of the brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens [Stål]) in East Asia and the WPSH was investigated. Based on almost three decades of data (1977–2003), it was determined that swarms of BPH migrate into the lower Yangtze Valley in July and form an outbreak population under strong WPSH conditions. An intense WPSH enhanced southwesterly airstreams in southern China to provide a high‐speed vehicle promoting BPH long‐distance migration. In addition, increased precipitation in the Yangtze and Huai valleys formed a rain‐belt barrier that forced BPH landing in the lower Yangtze Valley. Results herein demonstrate that the population abundance of a migratory insect fluctuated in response to climatic conditions caused by seasonal atmospheric circulations.
Testing the keystone community concept: effects of landscape, patch removal, and environment on metacommunity structure
Authors: Resetarits Emlyn J. , Cathey Sara E. , Leibold Mathew A.
Published: October 2017

Although the influence of regional processes on local patches is well studied, the influence of local patches and their spatial arrangement on regional processes is likely to be complex. One interesting idea is the keystone community concept (KCC); this posits that there may be some patches that have a disproportionately large effect on the metacommunity compared to other patches. We experimentally test theKCCby using replicate protist microcosm metacommunities with single‐patch removals. Removing single patches had no effect on average community richness, evenness and biomass of our metacommunities, but did cause metacommunities to be assembled significantly less by local environmental conditions and more by spatial effects related to stochastic factors. Overall our results show that local patch removal can have large regional effects on structural processes, but indicate that more experiments are needed to find evidence of keystone communities.
Physiological dead space and arterial carbon dioxide contributions to exercise ventilatory inefficiency in patients with reduced or preserved ejection fraction heart failure
Authors: Van Iterson Erik H. , Johnson Bruce D. , Borlaug Barry A. , Olson Thomas P.
Published: October 2017

Aims

Patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced (HFrEF) or preserved (HFpEF) ejection fraction demonstrate an increased ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide (V̇E/V̇CO2) slope. The physiological correlates of the V̇E/V̇CO2 slope remain unclear in the two HF phenotypes. We hypothesized that changes in the physiological dead space to tidal volume ratio (VD/VT) and arterial CO2 tension (PaCO2) differentially contribute to the V̇E/V̇CO2 slope in HFrEF vs. HFpEF.

Methods and results

Adults with HFrEF (n = 32) and HFpEF (n = 27) [mean ± standard deviation (SD) left ventricular ejection fraction: 22 ± 7% and 61 ± 9%, respectively; mean ± SD body mass index: 28 ± 4 kg/m2 and 33 ± 6 kg/m2, respectively; P < 0.01] performed cardiopulmonary exercise testing with breath‐by‐breath ventilation and gas exchange measurements. PaCO2 was measured via radial arterial catheterization. We calculated the V̇E/V̇CO2 slope via linear regression, and VD/VT = 1 − [(863 × V̇CO2)/(V̇E × PaCO2)]. Resting VD/VT (0.48 ± 0.08 vs. 0.41 ± 0.11; P = 0.04), but not PaCO2 (38 ± 5 mmHg vs. 40 ± 3 mmHg; P = 0.21) differed between HFrEF and HFpEF. Peak exercise VD/VT (0.39 ± 0.08 vs. 0.32 ± 0.12; P = 0.02) and PaCO2 (33 ± 6 mmHg vs. 38 ± 4 mmHg; P < 0.01) differed between HFrEF and HFpEF. The V̇E/V̇CO2 slope was higher in HFrEF compared with HFpEF (44 ± 11 vs. 35 ± 8; P < 0.01). Variance associated with the V̇E/V̇CO2 slope in HFrEF and HFpEF was explained by peak exercise VD/VT (R2 = 0.30 and R2 = 0.50, respectively) and PaCO2 (R2 = 0.64 and R2 = 0.28, respectively), but the relative contributions of each differed (all P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Relationships between the V̇E/V̇CO2 slope and both VD/VT and PaCO2 are robust, but differ between HFpEF and HFrEF. Increasing V̇E/V̇CO2 slope appears to be strongly explained by mechanisms influential in regulating PaCO2 in HFrEF, which contrasts with the strong role of increased VD/VT in HFpEF.
Non‐invasive assessment of left ventricular filling pressure
Authors: Nagueh Sherif F.
Published: October 2017

Dyspnoea is a presenting symptom for patients with heart failure. It is often due to elevated left ventricular (LV) filling pressure but can be due to pulmonary disease or other non‐cardiac reasons. While physical examination is useful, it has its limitations. Accordingly, non‐invasive imaging has an important role in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with known or suspected heart failure. Echocardiography is usually the first test obtained and is used to determine LV volumes, ejection fraction and mass as well as right ventricular size and function, left and right atrial volumes, valvular lesions, and pulmonary artery pressures. Additionally, LV filling pressure can be estimated. A recent algorithm was published that depends on clinical, two‐dimensional data and Doppler signals. The algorithm is accurate in patients with depressed and normal ejection fraction. There are other measurements that can be obtained as LV strain and diastolic strain rate and left atrial strain. These indices provide valuable insight into LV relaxation and filling pressure as well as left atrial function. Assessment of LV filling pressure has been evaluated most extensively in patients in sinus rhythm. However, it is also possible to assess LV filling and draw inferences about LV filling pressure in patients in atrial fibrillation, in patients with mitral valve disease and in patients with left ventricular assist devices. Left ventricular filling has been assessed by other imaging modalities, including cardiac computed tomography and cardiac magnetic resonance. While these other imaging modalities may be needed in some cases, echocardiography has the highest feasibility and validation, and the most practical application.
Design, Synthesis, and Anticancer Activities of Cyclometalated Tris(2‐phenylpyridine)iridium(III) Complexes with Cationic Peptides at the 4′‐Position of the 2‐Phenylpyridine Ligand
Authors: Yokoi Kenta , Hisamatsu Yosuke , Naito Kana , Aoki Shin
Published: October 2017

We previously reported the design and synthesis of amphiphilic Ir complex–cationic peptide hybrids (2a–2f), which contain basic peptide sequences such as KKGG (K = lysine, G = glycine) at the 5′‐positions (para position with respect to the C–Ir bond) of three 2‐(4′‐tolyl)pyridine (tpy) ligands. Among them, 2c–2e induced the necrosis‐like cell death of Jurkat cells through a calcium‐dependent pathway, possibly involving a Ca2+–calmodulin (CaM) complex. Herein, we report the synthesis of amphiphilic Ir(ppy)3 complexes (ppy = 2‐phenylpyridine) containing the KKGG sequence at the 4′‐position of the ppy moiety (4a–4d) to examine the effect of the position of the cationic peptide sequence on the cytotoxicities of the complexes against Jurkat cells. The results of 3‐(4,5‐dimethly‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays and a mechanistic study indicate that 4b and 4c, which contain C6 and C8 linkers, induce cell death through a calcium‐dependent pathway accompanied by membrane disruption in a manner similar to that of 2c–2e but with smaller half‐maximal effective concentration (EC50) values than those of 2c–2e. The results of the photoaffinity labeling of Jurkat cells with 5b containing a photoreactive 3‐trifluoromethyl‐3‐phenyldiazirine (TFPD) unit and co‐staining experiments with specific probes for intracellular organelles suggest that 4b and 4c bind to Ca2+–CaM and are localized in the mitochondria during cell death.
Concentration‐controlled particle focusing in spiral elasto‐inertial microfluidic devices
Authors: Xiang Nan , Ni Zhonghua , Yi Hong
Published: October 2017

Herein, we proposed a strategy for controlling the particle focusing position in Dean‐coupled elasto‐inertial flows via adjusting the polymer concentration of viscoelastic fluids. The physics behind the control strategy was then explored and discussed. At high polymer concentrations, the flowing particles could be single‐line focused exactly at the channel centerline under the dominated elastic force. The center‐line focusing in our spiral channel may employed as a potential pretreatment scheme for microflow cytometry detection. With further decreasing polymer concentrations, the particles would shift into the outer channel region under the comparable competition between inertial lift force, elastic force and Dean drag force. Finally, the observed position‐shifting was successfully employed for particle concentration at a throughput much higher than most existing elasto‐inertial microfluidics.
Nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry method for determining highly hydrophobic peptides
Authors: Cheng Jianhui , Chen David D. Y.
Published: October 2017

A nonaqueous capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry (NACE‐MS) method was developed to separate and determine highly hydrophobic temporin peptides. The nonaqueous background electrolyte solution was a mixture of 20% acetonitrile, 78% methanol and 2% formic acid, with 20 mM ammonium formate. The separation of six peptides was completed within 12 min. The CE system was connected to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer operating in MRM mode using a chemical modifier solution of 2 mM ammonium formate in ethanol with the flow through microvial interface. The mass spectrometer offered a second dimension of separation for peptides having identical migration times but different structures. The new method represents the first system capable of reliably determining hydrophobic peptides without using reversed phase liquid chromatography mass spectrometry.
Zincating Effect on Corrosion Resistance of Electroless Ni‐P Coating on Aluminum Alloy 6061
Authors: Gutiérrez A. G. González , Pech‐Canul M. A. , Sebastian P. J.
Published: October 2017

Aluminum and its alloys represent a promising alternative as bipolar plates in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) systems. However, to improve the corrosion resistance they are commonly coated, and electroless Ni‐P offers great advantages. The effect of multiple zincating process on the corrosion behavior of electroless Ni‐P coatings on AA6061 was investigated. Results of morphological characterization and compositional analysis of the electroless Ni‐P coatings showed that as the number of zincating steps increased, the surface became smoother (with decreasing roughness) and the phosphorous content increased. The results of electrochemical impedance measurements and potentiodynamic polarization curves in 0.5M H2SO4 solution showed that the pretreatment used before coating of aluminum with Ni‐P has a direct effect on corrosion resistance. The corrosion current density decreased with increasing the number of zincating steps. A significant improvement in corrosion resistance was observed on performing the triple zincating.
Endoscope‐assisted resection of thyroglossal duct cysts via a submaxillary vestibular approach
Authors: Han Ping , Liang Faya , Cai Qian , Chen Renhui , Yu Shitong , Huang Xiaoming
Published: October 2017

Background

Thyroglossal duct cysts (TDCs) are usually resected through an incision over the entire protruding zone. The resulting scar is aesthetically displeasing, so we explored the use of endoscope‐assisted excision of TDCs via a submaxillary vestibular approach. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility, validity, and safety of this approach and to evaluate the follow‐up results.

Methods

From January 2007 to August 2015, 16 patients with TDCs underwent surgical resection using a submaxillary vestibular approach.

Results

All procedures were successfully performed using endoscope‐assisted surgery via a submaxillary vestibular approach. There were no postoperative complications and no conversions of the operation. The average follow‐up period was 73 months (range 14‐117 months) without recurrence. All patients and their families were satisfied with the cosmetic results.

Conclusion

Endoscope‐assisted excision of TDCs using a submaxillary vestibular approach is feasible and can be applied effectively and safely with good cosmetic results. Therefore, this method should be considered a viable alternative approach for these patients.
Role of surgery in the treatment of osteoradionecrosis and its complications after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Huang Wen Bo , Wong Stanley Thian Sze , Chan Jimmy Yu Wai
Published: October 2017

Background

The purpose of this study was to review the efficacy of surgery for patients with osteoradionecrosis (ORN) after radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC).

Methods

Between 2000 and 2016, we identified 162 patients with skull base ORN, among which 58 patients required surgery. A retrospective medical chart review was performed and the indications and results of surgical interventions were recorded.

Results

All surgeries were performed for the treatment of secondary complications of ORN, including central nervous system (CNS) infection (48.4%), blowout bleeding (24.1%), and severe pain (17.2%). Endoscopic debridement was done in 12 patients, whereas the rest required either maxillary swing or mandibulotomy, depending on the location of the necrosis. The majority of the patients required free vastus lateralis flap (72.5%) for reconstruction. Surgery was effective in the control of infection, bleeding, and pain. Multivariate analysis identified reirradiation and bone exposure on MRI as the significant independent risk factors predicting the future need of surgery.

Conclusion

Surgery is effective in the treatment of secondary complications of skull base ORN after previous radiotherapy for NPC.