bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Groundwater resources in Bac Lieu province, Mekong Delta: current groundwater extraction and related issues
Authors: Van Tuc Dang , Ha Quang Khai , Vo Phu Le
Published: April 2023

Groundwater in coastal cities is facing with various challenges such as contamination, salinization and land subsidence due to poor management and climate change. This research is aimed to summary groundwater issues such as groundwater quality, salinization and land subsidence in Bac Lieu City, a coastal city of Mekong Delta. A datasets of wells survey, wells logs and groundwater sampling were utilized for the study. The results show that saline groundwaters (TDS> 1.5 g/L) cover 99 and 54% area of shallow aquifers including Holocene, Upper Pleistocene and 48, 93, and 82% area of very deep aquifers like middle Pliocene, lower Pliocene, and upper Miocene, respectively. Fresh groundwater (TDS <1.5 g/L) is mainly found from 75 to 227 m in upper middle Pleistocene, lower Pleistocene and middle Pliocene aquifers. Groundwater extraction amount increases sharply during the last decades which induced groundwater level decline to 15 m below mean sea level (bmsl). The decline of groundwater level is even observed in the non-extracted aquifers suggesting that those aquifers are hydraulically connected. Land subsidence is observed in some groundwater extraction wells. Groundwater chemical data reflects that 73, 53, 28, 21, 18, 16, and 8% of total 120 groundwater samples show the concentrations of hardness, NO3
−, Cl−, TDS, Na+, NO2
−, and NH4
+ are greater than those recommended in Vietnam National Technical Regulation on Domestic Water Quality (RDWQ; QCVN 01-1:2018/BYT) suggesting that groundwater in the area should not be used directly for domestic purposes. The occurrence of high Na+, TDS and Cl- concentrations in some groundwater samples may indicate salinization. The observation of high NO3
− is also a strange phenomenon in this area. Finding the sources of NO3 high concentration and salinization are highly recommended for further studies to sustainable practices of groundwater protection and management in the area.
Tam Hai – an important complex geosite of the coastal zone in Quang Nam province, Vietnam
Authors: Chi Hoang Thi Phuong , Hai Ha Quang , Ngoc Vo Nguyen Bao
Published: April 2023

Tam Hai commune, Nui Thanh district, Quang Nam province, is located in the Tam Ky-Phuoc Son suture zone, which is part of the Kon Tum high metamorphic massif’s northeastern edge. Its geology is diverse, ranging from late Proterozoic metamorphic rocks to Quaternary sediments. This location also has a distinct landform in which a spit connects the mainland coast to an island known as a tombolo. Furthermore, the Truong Giang River is unique in that it flows parallel to the sea and is separated from it by a vast expanse of sand dunes. As a result, Tam Hai has unique geological and geomorphological properties. Furthermore, due to the long tradition of a fishing village, this geosite has significant additional value. The Tam Hai geosite is evaluated qualitatively and quantitatively for conservation and sustainable tourism development planning using the methods of literature reviews, geosite assessment, GIS, and field survey. The Tam Hai complex (geological, geomorphological, and hydrological) geosite and surrounding area map were created to highlight the scientific and additional values of the geosites: 1) carved rocky coastline in Ban Than mountain, 2) two islets, Mang and Dua, 3) two accumulation-abrasion coasts, and 4) the Truong Giang river. Our study also identifies and assesses the geosite’s risks in order to support the geosite’s conservation and protection, as well as tourism development here.
Shape-defining alginate shells as semi-permeable culture chambers for soft cell-laden hydrogels
Authors: Tosoratti Enrico , Bonato Angela , Kessel Benjamin , Weber Patrick , Zenobi-Wong Marcy
Published: April 2023

Soft hydrogels have a porous structure that promotes viability and growth of resident cells. However, due to their low structural stability, these materials are fragile and difficult to culture in vitro. Here we present a novel approach for the 3D culture of such materials, where a shape-defining, semi-permeable hydrogel shell is used to provide mechanical stability. These thin hydrogel shells enclose and stabilize the soft materials while still permitting gas and nutrient exchange. Custom alginate-shaped shells were prepared using a thermosetting, ion-eluting hydrogel mold. In a second step, the hydrogel shells were filled with cell-laden infill materials. As an example of the versatility of this technique, materials previously not available for tissue engineering, such as non-annealed microgels or low crosslinked and mechanically unstable hydrogels, were used for tissue culture. Primary human chondrocytes were cultured using this platform, to evaluate its potential for cartilage tissue engineering. To prove the scalability of this technique, anatomically-shaped ears were cultured for 3 weeks. This novel approach has the potential to radically change the material property requirements in the field of tissue engineering: thanks to the shape definition and stability provided by the hydrogel shells, a wide range of materials previously inaccessible for the manufacture of 3D tissue grafts can be re-evaluated.
CBT-based Online Self-help Training to Reduce Fear and Distress After Cancer (CAREST Randomized Trial): 24 Months Follow-up Using Latent Growth Models and Latent Class Analysis
Authors: van Helmondt Sanne Jasperine , Lodder Paul , van Woezik Rosalie , de Vries Jolanda , van der Lee Marije Liesbeth
Published: April 2023

Background

Psychological distress (PD) and fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) are common consequences of surviving cancer. Online self-help training could help many cancer survivors deal with PD and FCR at low costs.

Purpose

To evaluate the long-term effectiveness of the CAncer REcurrence Self-help Training (CAREST trial) to reduce PD and FCR. Moreover, to evaluate the relation between FCR and PD across time and identify subgroups representing different change trajectories in FCR over time and their predictors.

Methods

This multicenter randomized controlled trial included 262 female breast cancer survivors, assigned to online self-help training or care as usual. Participants completed questionnaires at baseline and four times during the 24-month follow-up. The primary outcomes were PD and FCR (Fear of Cancer Recurrence Inventory). Latent growth curve modeling (LGCM) and repeated measures latent class analysis (RMLCA) were performed, both according to the intention-to-treat principle.

Results

LGCM showed no differences between the average latent slope in both groups for both PD and FCR. The correlation between FCR and PD at baseline was moderate for the intervention group and strong for the CAU group and did not significantly decrease over time in both groups. RMLCA revealed five latent classes and several predictors of class membership.

Conclusions

We did not find a long-term effect of the CBT-based online self-help training in reducing PD or FCR, nor in their relation. Therefore, we recommend adding professional support to online interventions for FCR. Information about FCR classes and predictors may contribute to improvement of FCR interventions.
CARD*Shark: automated prioritization of literature curation for the Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database
Authors: Edalatmand Arman , McArthur Andrew G
Published: April 2023

Scientific literature is published at a rate that makes manual data extraction a highly time-consuming task. The Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database (CARD) utilizes literature to curate information on antimicrobial resistance genes and to enable time-efficient triage of publications we have developed a classification algorithm for identifying publications describing first reports of new resistance genes. Trained on publications contained in the CARD, CARD*Shark downloads, processes and identifies publications recently added to PubMed that should be reviewed by biocurators. With CARD*Shark, we can minimize the monthly scope of articles a biocurator reviews from hundreds of articles to a few dozen, drastically improving the speed of curation while ensuring no relevant publications are overlooked.

Database URL  http://card.mcmaster.ca
Labour Taxes, Market Size and Productivity Growth
Authors: Ferraro Domenico , Ghazi Soroush , Peretto Pietro F
Published: April 2023

How do changes in labour taxes affect innovation and aggregate productivity growth? To answer this question, we propose a quantitative, general equilibrium growth model featuring product and quality innovation with endogenous market structure, estimate its parameters and provide empirical validation for the propagation mechanism of labour tax changes. We find that a temporary cut in flat-rate labour taxes produces a growth acceleration in aggregate productivity, permanently increasing the path of real GDP per capita. Moreover, such permanent gains are sizeable even without long-run growth effects.
Genome-Wide Admixture Mapping Identifies Wild Ancestry-of-Origin Segments in Cultivated Robusta Coffee
Authors: Vi Tram , Vigouroux Yves , Cubry Philippe , Marraccini Pierre , Phan Ha Viet , Khong Giang Ngan , Poncet Valerie
Published: April 2023

Humans have had a major influence on the dissemination of crops beyond their native range, thereby offering new hybridization opportunities. Characterizing admixed genomes with mosaic origins generates valuable insight into the adaptive history of crops and the impact on current varietal diversity. We applied the ELAI tool—an efficient local ancestry inference method based on a two-layer hidden Markov model to track segments of wild origin in cultivated accessions in the case of multiway admixtures. Source populations—which may actually be limited and partially admixed—must be generally specified when using such inference models. We thus developed a framework to identify local ancestry with admixed source populations. Using sequencing data for wild and cultivated Coffea canephora (commonly called Robusta), our approach was found to be highly efficient and accurate on simulated hybrids. Application of the method to assess elite Robusta varieties from Vietnam led to the identification of an accession derived from a likely backcross between two genetic groups from the Congo Basin and the western coastal region of Central Africa. Admixtures resulting from crop hybridization and diffusion could thus lead to the generation of elite high-yielding varieties. Our methods should be widely applicable to gain insight into the role of hybridization during plant and animal evolutionary history.
Periacetabular osteotomy with intraoperative computer-assisted modalities: a systematic review
Authors: Curley Andrew J , Bruning Rachel E , Padmanabhan Saiswarnesh , Jimenez Andrew E , Laude Frédéric , Domb Benjamin G
Published: April 2023

The role of intraoperative computer-assisted modalities for periacetabular osteotomy (PAO), as well as the perioperative and post-operative outcomes for these techniques, remains poorly defined. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the techniques and outcomes of intraoperative computer-assisted modalities for PAO. Three databases (PubMed, CINAHL/EBSCOHost and Cochrane) were searched for clinical studies reporting on computer-assisted modalities for PAO. Exclusion criteria included small case series (<10 patients), non-English language and studies that did not provide a description of the computer-assisted technique. Data extraction included computer-assisted modalities utilized, surgical techniques, demographics, radiographic findings, perioperative outcomes, patient-reported outcomes (PROs), complications and subsequent surgeries. Nine studies met the inclusion criteria, consisting of 208 patients with average ages ranging from 26 to 38 years. Intraoperative navigation was utilized in seven studies, patient-specific guides in one study and both modalities in one study. Three studies reported significantly less intraoperative radiation exposure (P < 0.01) in computer-assisted versus conventional PAOs. Similar surgical times and estimated blood loss (P > 0.05) were commonly observed between the computer-assisted and conventional groups. The average post-operative lateral center edge angles in patients undergoing computer-assisted PAOs ranged from 27.8° to 37.4°, with six studies reporting similar values (P > 0.05) compared to conventional PAOs. Improved PROs were observed in all six studies that reported preoperative and post-operative values of patients undergoing computer-assisted PAOs. Computer-assisted modalities for PAO include navigated tracking of the free acetabular fragment and surgical instruments, as well as patient-specific cutting guides and rotating templates. Compared to conventional techniques, decreased intraoperative radiation exposure and similar operative lengths were observed with computer-assisted PAOs, although these results should be interpreted with caution due to heterogeneous operative techniques and surgical settings.
Treatment-related problems and their cost among patients hospitalised with asthma exacerbation
Authors: Tabaza Haya , Abu Farha Rana , Naser Abdallah Y , Awwad Oriana
Published: April 2023

Objectives

Treatment-related problems (TRPs) are events associated with patients’ managements adversely affecting the patients’ optimum outcomes. Asthma is a common chronic condition characterised by acute episodes of exacerbation. In Jordan, data regarding TRPs in asthma exacerbations are lacking. This study aimed to identify/classify TRPs among patients hospitalised with asthma exacerbation in Jordan and to estimate their costs.

Methods

A retrospective observational cohort study (Jan 2017–Jul 2021) was conducted in a tertiary centre in Jordan. TRPs were identified during hospitalisation and at discharge using a standardised classification tool and assessed for their severity. Potential cost savings (the extra cost of medication/procedure associated with TRPs) and potential cost avoidance (the cost avoidable by preventing TRPs and their associated adverse drug events) were investigated.

Key findings

A total of 494 cases were included in the study. A total of 3933 TRPs (2931 during hospitalisation; 1002 at discharge) were identified with a mean of 4.7 ± 2.2 and 2.0 ± 1.2 TRPs during hospitalisation and at discharge, respectively. ‘Unnecessary drug therapy’ (40.8%) and ‘ineffective/incomplete drug therapy’ (44.1%) were the most common TRPs during hospitalisation and at discharge, respectively. In 82% of the cases, systemic corticosteroids were administered for a longer period than recommended. Most of the TRPs were of moderate severity. Potential cost savings and cost avoidance were estimated to be USD 30 919.3 and USD 734 179.9 respectively, with a total cost of USD 766 046.8.

Conclusions

The prevalence and cost of TRPs among asthma exacerbations are relatively high. Interventions to reduce such problems are necessary to avoid the negative clinical outcomes of TRPs and their economic burden on patients and healthcare systems.
Epigenetics and field cancerization as the caveats of carcinogenesis and recurrence of gastrointestinal malignancies: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol
Authors: Kyaruzi Victor Meza , Mduma Emmanuel , Abdelhammed Ahmed , Suvvari Tarun Kumar , de Dieu Tumusifu Manegabe Jean , Davis Banturaki , Sakaiwa Neontle , Hammoud Zeinab , Tango Tamara , Djatche Wesley Harrisson Bouche , Phiri Emmanuel Chileshe , Tunde Olobatoke , Waffa Zuraiha , Ngamba Ramadhani , Elamin Zobidah Yousif , Akilimali Aymar , Kambey Piniel Alphayo , Khamisi Ramadhani , Mwanga Ally , Shimber Emnet Tesfaye , Mfinanga Sayoki , Mwakigonja Amos , Dodgion Christopher
Published: April 2023

Gastrointestinal malignancies constitute the most common neoplasms with increasing prevalence worldwide, which portend a dismal morbidity and higher mortality rate. Epigenetic phenotypes and field cancerization impute a cutting edge for precursor of several gastrointestinal malignancies; this genetic aberration has been implicated in tumorigenesis and recurrence of gastrointestinal malignancies. This systematic review aims at assessing the effect of epigenetics and field cancerization on carcinogenesis and recurrence of gastrointestinal malignancies. This systematic review and meta-analysis will administer the provisions of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-analysis 2020 guideline, and the review protocol has been registered at PROSPERO. The literature search will be executed through several electronic databases including EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, Global Index Medicus, Semantic Scholar and Google Scholar. All original research articles reporting on the effect of epigenetic signatures, epigenetics and field cancerization on the carcinogenesis and recurrence of gastrointestinal cancers in adults will be included. Only articles with Newcastle–Ottawa Scale score above 4 and low risk of bias based on D1–D5 for randomized controlled trials will be included for a meta-analysis. There is no involvement of human subject participation in this review, thus giving no effect to ethical clearance approval. The evidence report of this review will be disseminated on scientific conferences and will be published to a reputable journal of gastroenterology oncology. This review has been registered at PROSPERO registry ID CRD 42023391339.
Relativistic X-ray reflection and photoionized absorption in the neutron star low-mass X-ray binary GX 13+1
Authors: Saavedra Enzo A , García Federico , Fogantini Federico A , Méndez Mariano , Combi Jorge A , Luque-Escamilla Pedro L , Martí Josep
Published: April 2023

We analysed a dedicated NuSTAR observation of the neutron star low-mass X-ray binary Z-source GX 13+1 to study the timing and spectral properties of the source. From the colour–colour diagram, we conclude that during that observation the source transitioned from the normal branch to the flaring branch. We fitted the spectra of the source in each branch with a model consisting of an accretion disc, a Comptonized blackbody, relativistic reflection (relxillNS), and photoionized absorption (warmabs). Thanks to the combination of the large effective area and good energy resolution of NuSTAR at high energies, we found evidence of relativistic reflection in both the Fe K line profile and the Compton hump present in the 10–25 keV energy range. The inner disc radius is Rin ≲ 9.6 rg , which allowed us to further constrain the magnetic field strength to B ≲ 1.8 × 108 G. We also found evidence for the presence of a hot wind leading to photoionized absorption of Fe and Ni, with a Ni overabundance of ∼6 times solar. From the spectral fits, we find that the distance between the ionizing source and the slab of ionized absorbing material is ∼4–40 × 105 km. We also found that the width of the boundary layer extends ∼3 km above the surface of a neutron star, which yielded a neutron star radius RNS ≲ 16 km. The scenario inferred from the spectral modelling becomes self-consistent only for high electron densities in the accretion disc, ne ∼ 1022 − 1023 cm−3, as expected for a Shakura–Sunyaev disc, and significantly above the densities provided by relxillNS models. These results have implications for our understanding of the physical conditions in GX 13+1.
Novel molecular requirements for CRISPR RNA-guided transposition
Authors: Walker Matt W G , Klompe Sanne E , Zhang Dennis J , Sternberg Samuel H
Published: April 2023

CRISPR-associated transposases (CASTs) direct DNA integration downstream of target sites using the RNA-guided DNA binding activity of nuclease-deficient CRISPR-Cas systems. Transposition relies on several key protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions, but little is known about the explicit sequence requirements governing efficient transposon DNA integration activity. Here, we exploit pooled library screening and high-throughput sequencing to reveal novel sequence determinants during transposition by the Type I-F Vibrio cholerae CAST system (VchCAST). On the donor DNA, large transposon end libraries revealed binding site nucleotide preferences for the TnsB transposase, as well as an additional conserved region that encoded a consensus binding site for integration host factor (IHF). Remarkably, we found that VchCAST requires IHF for efficient transposition, thus revealing a novel cellular factor involved in CRISPR-associated transpososome assembly. On the target DNA, we uncovered preferred sequence motifs at the integration site that explained previously observed heterogeneity with single-base pair resolution. Finally, we exploited our library data to design modified transposon variants that enable in-frame protein tagging. Collectively, our results provide new clues about the assembly and architecture of the paired-end complex formed between TnsB and the transposon DNA, and inform the design of custom payload sequences for genome engineering applications with CAST systems.
The Evolving American State Constitutions
Authors: Williams Robert F. , Friedman Lawrence
Published: April 2023

This chapter explores the evolution of state constitutions following ratification of the United States Constitution. The chapter addresses the extent to which the federal experience influenced state constitution making. It includes discussion of issues like statehood and state constitutions, as well as the general and recurring concerns of state constitutional evolution over time. The chapter addresses the extent to which states relied upon other state constitutions as models for their own charters, as well as the development of state constitution-making processes. Finally, the chapter considers post-Reconstruction state constitutions and concludes with an examination of continuing state constitutional issues and the phenomenon of state constitutional epics.
Federal Limits on State Constitutions
Authors: Williams Robert F. , Friedman Lawrence
Published: April 2023

This chapter examines the ways in which federal law may impose constraints on state constitutions and state constitutional development. Specifically, this chapter explores some of the limits imposed by the U.S. Constitution; these limits include both the possibility of preemption and the constraints on state constitutional law that might be imposed by federal statutes and regulations pursuant to the Supremacy Clause. The chapter also examines the limits and constraints that may be imposed by state enabling acts when new states joined the union. Finally, the chapter concludes by addressing the effects and consequences of federal law invalidation of state constitutional provisions.
Epilogue
Authors: Williams Robert F. , Friedman Lawrence
Published: April 2023

The epilogue addresses two potential developments for state constitutional law in the near future. First, the chapter considers a possible next stage of the new judicial federalism in light of the U.S. Supreme Court’s current turn toward originalism and rights-maximalism in areas like free expression and free exercise under the First Amendment. The epilogue also looks at the future of substantive state constitutional amendments, with particular attention to the ways in which advocates are relying upon state constitutional amendment processes rather than litigation as a fulcrum for the development of state constitutional law.
Blood Supply of the Brain
Authors: Uysal Suzan
Published: April 2023

The central nervous system is one of the most metabolically active tissues in the body, but because neurons are neither able to store glucose as glycogen or to perform anaerobic metabolism, they are vulnerable to even brief periods of ischemia. This chapter provides a general overview of circulation to the brain, arterial cerebrovascular anatomy, and the blood-brain barrier, as well as cerebral angiography, which permits visualization of the cerebral blood vessels and identification of cerebrovascular abnormalities such as stenosis, aneurysm, arteriovenous malformation, and moyamoya disease. A basic knowledge of cerebrovascular anatomy, cerebrovascular imaging, and cerebrovascular pathologies is essential to understanding mechanisms of stroke and neurovascular interventions.
The Diencephalon
Authors: Uysal Suzan
Published: April 2023

The diencephalon (“in-between brain”/interbrain) lies at the central core of the cerebrum, surrounding the third ventricle and surrounded by the cerebral hemispheres (telencephalon). The major structures of the diencephalon are the thalamus, which accounts for about 80% of the diencephalon, and the hypothalamus, which lies inferior to the thalamus. No component of the thalamus is visible from the external surface of the brain, and only a small portion of the hypothalamus is visible from the ventral surface. Both the thalamus and the hypothalamus are composed of multiple nuclei that perform many different functions. This chapter describes basic thalamic anatomy, thalamic nuclei and their functions, thalamic stroke syndromes, basic hypothalamic anatomy, hypothalamic control of lower autonomic and endocrine centers, hypothalamic control of motivated behaviors required for survival and reproduction, and hypothalamic syndromes.
Limbic Structures
Authors: Uysal Suzan
Published: April 2023

The term limbic system refers to a group of forebrain structures that lie beneath the neocortical surface, bordering the neocortex and hypothalamus. Based on this positioning, it was believed that these structures formed the anatomic basis linking subjective emotional experience, mediated by the neocortex, to emotional behaviors, mediated by the hypothalamus and its connections. Modern neuroscience, however, has shown that limbic structures do not serve a unified function and that some limbic structures do not play a predominant role in emotional function. This chapter presents the history of the concept of the limbic system and discusses the function of limbic structures in emotional behaviors and motivational drives, namely the cingulate gyrus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and septal nuclei. It also discusses the clinical relevance of these structures, including anterior cingulotomy, Klüver-Bucy syndrome, aggression, fear and anxiety, reward and pleasure, limbic encephalitis, and deep brain stimulation for psychiatric disorders.
The Occipital Lobes and Visual Processing
Authors: Uysal Suzan
Published: April 2023

The occipital lobes process only visual information, but visual cortex (i.e., cortical areas that process visual information) extends beyond the occipital lobes and into the inferior temporal and posterior parietal lobes. Cerebral lesions that affect vision do so in one of two general ways: (1) by affecting all aspects of vision within a localized region of the visual field; or (2) by affecting a specific modality of visual processing without regard to location within the visual field. Lesions of the visual pathways and/or primary visual cortex result in local areas of blindness within specific regions of the visual field. Lesions to visual areas beyond primary visual cortex result in disorders of higher-order visual processing, often without regard to location within the visual field. This chapter discusses basic anatomy of the occipital lobes and visual pathways, visual field defects, disorders of higher-order visual processing, and visual disconnection syndromes.
Brain Infections
Authors: Uysal Suzan
Published: April 2023

Brain infection is a relatively rare but important cause of mortality and chronic neurological morbidity. Due to the potential for adverse consequences, it is important for clinicians who work with patients with neurological disorders to be familiar with common brain infections. The hallmark of CNS infection is inflammation; the suffix -itis means inflammation. Central nervous system infections are classified by the location of infection and the offending pathogen. The three most common types of CNS infection based on location are meningitis, encephalitis, and brain abscess. Infectious diseases are caused by a variety of pathogenic agents: viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, and prions. This chapter describes the basics of brain infection and specific examples that are of particular interest.
The problem of face identification
Authors: Bruce Vicki , Burton A. Mike
Published: April 2023

This chapter reviews the development of research in face recognition. In particular, it describes the close association between theoretical and practical advances in the field. Early work on eyewitness testimony brought the study of memory and perception to important real-world problems, and led to some changes in forensic practice—mostly changes designed to avoid unjust judicial outcomes. More recently, a focus on face matching (e.g. checking photo identification or examining CCTV) has highlighted some important unsolved problems in our understanding of face perception. In particular, the role of familiarity is critical—people are remarkably good at recognizing other people they know, even in difficult circumstances, but are (perhaps surprisingly) bad at recognizing or matching previously unfamiliar faces. The chapter describes the findings leading to these conclusions and outlines the challenges remaining. It concludes that, while psychological research has led to some improved practices, theoretical progress has benefited enormously from a consideration of practical problems of face perception that we encounter every day.
Signal detection theory and eyewitness identification
Authors: Wixted John T. , Roediger Henry L
Published: April 2023

This chapter is concerned with the critical issue of how confidence of a memory is related to its accuracy, an issue that has vexed psychology and the legal profession for decades. It first describes research and analysis from the 1980s that led to the conclusion that confidence was unrelated, or at best weakly related, to accuracy. Yet the early analyses of eyewitness evidence in the laboratory used a type of correlation coefficient to analyse the confidence–accuracy relation that later researchers argued was inappropriate. When more appropriate analyses were used, ones that directly plotted confidence against accuracy, these same laboratory studies showed a strong relation between confidence and accuracy. This outcome agrees with a century of research examining memory for words, pictures, and objects, which also showed a strong relationship between confidence and accuracy. After briefly reviewing this history, the chapter turns to a signal detection analysis of the situation and shows concretely how such an analysis leads to the prediction of a strong confidence–accuracy relation. The chapter also discusses reasons why police, detectives, and others in the legal system should only consider the first line-up or memory test the witness is given, because successive testing of the same suspect leads to errors in memory. A low confidence identification (or even rejection of the line-up) on a first test can be converted to a highly certain identification with repeated tests, leading to a misidentification in the courtroom. The central message of this chapter is that those in the legal system should test eyewitness memory only once with a fair line-up, with a confidence rating, as soon as practicable after the crime.
Precarious Workers
Authors: Mantouvalou Virginia
Published: April 2023

This chapter examines some non-standard work arrangements in more detail so as to get a better understanding of the role of the law in exacerbating the vulnerability of workers that is systematically exploited by employers. Standard work arrangements are typically full-time and permanent. Any kind of non-standard work could be described as precarious but here my focus is on agency work and zero-hours contracts, which can be viewed as reflecting some of the most precarious conditions. Legal rules treat these workers in a manner that sometimes excludes them from crucial labour law protections, such as the right to a minimum wage and working time. This occurs, first, through legislation that limits worker-protective rights to certain categories of workers, rather than covering anyone in a personal work relation. The effect of this legislation is that those who do not fall within the relevant categories are excluded from protection. Secondly, courts contribute to this exclusion when interpreting legislation to determine employment status and decide whether some claimants fall under the protective scope of the law. In this process, they often apply rules of contract law that do not reflect the special nature of the employment relation. This is because the contract of employment is not like other contracts as it is grounded on the submission and subordination of the worker to the employer. For this reason, rules of contract law are ill-suited when addressing questions of worker exploitation.
Introduction
Authors: Psarras Haris , Steel Sandy
Published: April 2023

This introduction provides an overview of the contributions to the volume. It sets each chapter in the context of John Gardner’s work on the philosophy of law and private law theory. The first section considers general philosophical issues in law, with an emphasis on their bearing on private law: the nature of duties and practical reasons generally, the role of justice, and instrumentalism. The second section turns to justificatory questions surrounding responses to wrongdoing: victims’ duties to wrongdoers, wrongdoers’ duties to victims, and victims’ powers arising from wrongs. The final section concerns Gardner’s philosophical work on specific areas of private law, in particular, contract, tort, and fiduciary law.
The Next Best Thing to a Promise
Authors: Kimel Dori
Published: April 2023

What does the promisor owe the promisee when a promise is broken? Some writers have argued that the same reparative obligation—“next best performance”—arises, at least by default, in all such cases, no matter what kind of promise has been broken, what background relationship there is between promisor and promisee, and what the circumstances of the breach have been. Chapter 11 argues against this position, in part by offering a critique of Neil MacCormick’s and John Gardner’s particular theses to that effect. The chapter argues, to the contrary, that the one thing that the promisor owes the promisee in all cases of breach of promise is an account, whereas the emergence of other reparative obligations in a given case depends on the combined effect of a number of variables, including the independent desirability of the promised action, reciprocal dimensions of the promise, the fault attending the breach, and the norms of the background relationship between the parties. The conclusions are shown to have a bearing on the relationship between reparative obligations in promise and in contract, on the question of the extent to which promisors (or promisors and promisees jointly) can control the normative implications of promises, and on the relationship between promissory obligations and other moral obligations.
Corrective Justice and the Right to Hold on to What One Has
Authors: Goldberg John CP , Zipursky Benjamin C
Published: April 2023

Gardner’s From Personal Life to Private Law is an extended meditation on personal responsibility, both moral and legal. Its focus is on agents more so than patients—on those who act more than those upon whom others have acted. Thus it aims to emphasize deep connections between interpersonal moral duties and duties recognized in the private law of contracts and torts, to explain why both kinds of duties require not only actions meeting a standard of conduct but the avoidance or achievement of certain results, and to capture how breaches of these duties generate secondary duties of repair. By contrast, it mentions only begrudgingly the rights of those who are acted upon—patients or, in more familiar terms, victims. The primary exception to this pattern is Chapter 5, titled “The Way Things Used to Be” in which readers are told explicitly that their attention is being turned to “the one whose life was disrupted or interrupted, the patient as opposed to the agent.” This chapter credits Gardner’s arguments with bolstering the power and plausibility of corrective justice theory as applied to tort law. It ultimately concludes, however, that, even with these improvements, corrective justice theory provides a less compelling account of tort law than a wrongs-and-recourse theory of the sort we have elsewhere provided.
Introduction
Authors: Herce Borja
Published: April 2023

This chapter introduces the notion, history, and current research questions around the morphome for the non-specialist reader. It starts by explaining what a morphome is, what the overall approach and goals are of the book, and its place within the field of morphology. Subsequent subsections summarize the history of the discipline that most closely relates to the object of study, clarify terminology as used in previous literature and throughout the rest of the book, and deal with other preliminary issues connected to the definition of the morphome and its identification as a coherent object of analysis on a cross-linguistic and typological perspective.
Morphomes in diachrony
Authors: Herce Borja
Published: April 2023

This chapter focuses on the diachrony of morphomes, i.e. the different attested ways in which morphomes can emerge in a language or disappear. Sound change has been found to be the most frequent source of morphomes. However, all processes that may effect changes in paradigms’ morphological or semantic structure can be involved in morphome emergence (most notably meaning and morphology-driven analogical changes, semantic drift of the categories in a paradigm, grammaticalization, borrowing, etc.). In morphome demise, loss of productivity, loss of morphosyntactic categories, sound changes, and analogy are identified as the main forces.
Previous approaches
Authors: Driemel Imke
Published: April 2023

This chapter provides an overview over previous accounts of pseudo-incorporation and differential object marking, including head movement accounts (Baker 2014; Kornfilt 2003; Chung and Ladusaw 2004), DP/NP accounts (Massam 2001; Dayal 2011; López 2012; Kalin 2014, 2018; Frey 2015), and raising accounts (Bhatt and Anagnostopoulou 1996; Kelepir 2001; Öztúrk 2005, 2009; Bhatt 2007; Baker 2015). The discussion will re-evaluate each camp conceptually as well as with respect to the empirical findings of the current study. Since the theories cover only a subset of the diagnostics, they will not capture the entire data spectrum of the study. According to the current account, languages do not have to show semantic effects correlating with case marking across all noun types. Additionally, the movement properties of pseudo-incorporated noun types are predicted to vary across languages, depending on the respective VP-movement. These predictions are the most difficult to capture by all the established PNI accounts.
Summary
Authors: Driemel Imke
Published: April 2023

Chapter 10 summarizes the proposal and points out additional empirical observations beyond the scope of this study. Pseudo-incorporated arguments constitute sequentially hybrid categories, they start off as a noun and become a verb in the course of the derivation. They denote existential quantifiers with an integrated event variable that forces interpretation inside the event domain. Since other quantifiers and negation is interpreted outside the event domain, they can only scope below such operators. Binding, control, movement properties follow from the verbal status of the pseudo-incorporated nouns. Several other empirical insights are gained throughout the results of the cross-linguistic study, which are listed in this chapter. They cover the weak/strong distinction found for quantifiers, the weak/strong distinction found for definite determiners, the nature of differential object marking as opposed to pseudo-incorporation, and the requirement of post-syntactic case licensing via adjacency.
Food, Justice, and Animals
Authors: Milburn Josh
Published: April 2023

Imagine a zoopolis—a state that respects animals’ rights. What would the food system of the zoopolis look like? Ethicists typically assume that the zoopolis would be a vegan state. This book, however, argues that we can have our cow and eat her too—that we can respect animal rights while still having access to the animal-based foods we value. There are principled reasons that should lead us, as a matter of ideal theory, to be reluctant about fully endorsing plant-based food systems, even if animals have rights. These include concerns on both humans’ behalf and animals’ behalf. Consequently, if we could identify an animal-rights-respecting, but non-vegan, food system, the zoopolis should be ready to permit it, and even support it. What might this food system contain? This book explores non-sentient—unthinking, unfeeling—invertebrates, as well as those who may be non-sentient. It looks to highly realistic plant-based meats (and other plant-based ‘animal’ products). It considers cellular agriculture, which can produce animal products (such as cultivated meat or milk) with no or little animal involvement. And it asks if we could respectfully keep chickens for their eggs. Although a single book cannot show that a particular food system is the all-things-considered best, it can show that there are a range of reasons for us to believe that a non-vegan food system would be preferable to a fully plant-based system, even in a state that robustly protects animals’ rights.
Black Canadian Cooperators and Countering Anti-Black Racism
Authors: Hossein Caroline Shenaz
Published: April 2023

The story of cooperativism in Canada is based on the European history of the Rochdale weavers—a history that is not inclusive of people from different heritages. This story makes no mention of the collective and marronage past of Black people that was fundamental to Canada’s own development. This chapter examines Canada’s preoccupation with formally registered cooperatives such as Desjardins and others, which excludes many Black and racialized Canadians. However, Desjardins too started off informally. Understanding the country’s own cooperative story suggests that there is a need to widen its definition to ensure that ROSCAs and other mutual aid groups of the diaspora are included. Currently, Black and racialized people seem to be missing both in the literature and in actual membership of formal cooperatives. By expanding on what we mean by cooperatives for the Canadian context, we will better capture the impact of cooperatives on Black and racially diverse people.
From event perception and action to information states and information exchange
Authors: Cooper Robin
Published: April 2023

This chapter introduces some basic notions of a theory of action based on TTR and applies TTR to basic notions of information update in dialogue. Here we build on seminal work on the KoS framework by Jonathan Ginzburg and also related computational implementation by Staffan Larsson leading to the information state update approach to dialogue systems. These ideas have been adapted in a way that allows us to pursue the questions of grammar and semantics in the remainder of the book. A central notion is that of the dialogue gameboard which we construe as a type of information state representing the current state of play in the dialogue from the perspective of a dialogue participant. It includes the dialogue participant’s view of what has been committed to as being true in the dialogue so far and what questions are currently under discussion.
Grammar in a theory of action
Authors: Cooper Robin
Published: April 2023

This chapter shows how syntax and semantics can be embedded in the theory of action. Grammatical rules are regarded in terms of affordances which license us to draw conclusions about the types to be associated with speech events on the basis of speech events previously perceived. This action-based approach has similarities with the relational theory of meaning in situation semantics. There is also a relation to Dynamic Syntax (DS), several strands in linguistic analysis which emphasize the inferential nature of syntactic and semantic processing including parsing as deduction, various kinds of categorial grammar including Type Logical Grammar, and glue semantics. Of particular importance is work on Type-Theoretical Grammar and the Grammatical Framework. The use of records and record types and their similarity to typed feature structures makes the notion of grammar here closely related to that of Head Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG).
Reference and mental states
Authors: Cooper Robin
Published: April 2023

This chapter examines reference by uses of proper names and occurrences of pronouns which are not bound by quantifiers. It introduces a notion of parametric content depending on a context belonging to a certain type. For example, an utterance of the proper name Sam requires a context in which there is an individual named “Sam”. Such context can be found in the conversational gameboard, the ambient situation or the agent’s long-term memory modelled as a type. Reasoning in terms of types allows for the treatment of cases where there are names of non-existent objects or where a single object in the world corresponds to two objects in the resources or vice versa. The proposal to represent different aspects of mental states in terms of record types is closely related to similar proposals for representing mental states using discourse representation structures.
Conclusion
Authors: Cooper Robin
Published: April 2023

This chapter gives an account of how TTR types can be used to talk of content which is underspecified. The idea is to exploit the notion of types which can have several witnesses as “underspecifications” of those witnesses. Rather than associating contents with utterances as we have done in the earlier chapters, we associate types of contents with utterances. Thus a dialogue participant when observing a speech event associates it with a type of content rather than a particular content. We show how earlier ideas about the treatment of underspecification of quantifier scope and anaphora can be accommodated in this view.
Narrative Interpretation
Authors: Linden-Retek Paul
Published: April 2023

Chapter 5 develops an account of narrative constitutional interpretation, oriented around an imaginary of analogy, as the interpretive paradigm able to sustain the virtues of anti-reification. Drawing on the work of American legal theorist Robert Cover, it argues that maintaining the temporal depth of law requires conceiving legal principles to depend upon the narratives that give them meaning. Cover’s innovative conception of legal narrative clarifies how courts resist reification by elaborating constitutional principles and the present patterns of fact in narrative form: that is to say, in light of past genealogy and future iteration. To tell a story about law’s development and possibility is to lay an open-ended claim to the analogical resonance of legal meaning across domains of democratic life: a governing rule, a factually analogous court decision, a public policy, a social custom, and cultural and moral values. Because analogical narratives hew closely to the lived experience that attends the realization of legal principles, faithful analogy illuminates fragments of a forgotten past, as much as it imagines an unpredictable future. Unlike previous imaginaries, analogy replaces the drive towards closure and abstraction with the more time-bound sensitivities of intelligibility. The chapter concludes with a concrete example of narrative interpretation at work: the remarkable Opinion of Advocate General Mengozzi in X and X v Belgium. From a narrow question of the provision of humanitarian visas under EU law, Mengozzi’s opinion builds a systemic critique of the crisis of refugee protection and international justice on the Mediterranean Sea.