bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Simulating the Space Weather in the AU Mic System: Stellar Winds and Extreme Coronal Mass Ejections
Authors: Alvarado-Gómez Julián D. , Cohen Ofer , Drake Jeremy J. , Fraschetti Federico , Poppenhaeger Katja , Garraffo Cecilia , Chebly Judy , Ilin Ekaterina , Harbach Laura , Kochukhov Oleg
Published: April 2022

Two close-in planets have been recently found around the M-dwarf flare star AU Microscopii (AU Mic). These Neptune-sized planets (AU Mic b and c) seem to be located very close to the so-called “evaporation valley” in the exoplanet population, making this system an important target for studying atmospheric loss on exoplanets. This process, while mainly driven by high-energy stellar radiation, will be strongly mediated by the space environment surrounding the planets. Here we present an investigation of this last area, performing 3D numerical modeling of the quiescent stellar wind from AU Mic, as well as time-dependent simulations describing the evolution of a highly energetic coronal mass ejection (CME) event in this system. Observational constraints on the stellar magnetic field and properties of the eruption are incorporated in our models. We carry out qualitative and quantitative characterizations of the stellar wind, the emerging CMEs, as well as the expected steady and transient conditions along the orbit of both exoplanets. Our results predict extreme space weather for AU Mic and its planets. This includes sub-Alfvénic regions for the large majority of the exoplanet orbits, very high dynamic and magnetic pressure values in quiescence (varying within 102–105 times the dynamic pressure experienced by Earth), and an even harsher environment during the passage of any escaping CME associated with the frequent flaring observed in AU Mic. These space weather conditions alone pose an immense challenge for the survival of exoplanetary atmospheres (if any) in this system.
The Role of Disk Tearing and Precession in the Observed Variability of Pleione
Authors: Marr K. C. , Jones C. E. , Tycner C. , Carciofi A. C. , Silva A. C. Fonseca
Published: April 2022

We acquired Hα spectroscopic observations from 2005 to 2019 showing Pleione has transitioned from a Be phase to a Be-shell phase during this period. Using the radiative transfer code hdust, we created a grid of ∼100,000 disk models for Pleione. We successfully reproduced the observed transition with a disk model that varies in inclination while maintaining an equatorial density of

ρ

0

(
r
)
=
3

×

10

−
11

(
r

/

R

eq

)

−
2.7

g

cm

−
3

, and an Hα-emitting region extending to 15 R
eq. We use a precessing disk model to extrapolate the changing disk inclination over 120 yr and follow the variability in archival observations. The best-fit disk model precesses over a line-of-sight inclination between ∼25° and ∼144° with a precessional period of ∼80.5 yr. Our precessing models match some of the observed variability but fail to reproduce all of the historical data available. Therefore, we propose an ad hoc model based on our precessing disk model inspired by recent smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations of similar systems, where the disk tears due to the tidal influence of a companion star. In this model, a single disk is slowly tilted to an angle of 30° from the stellar equator over 34 yr. Then, the disk is torn by the companion’s tidal torque, with the outer region separating from the innermost disk. The small inner disk returns to the stellar equator as mass injection remains constant. The outer disk precesses for ∼15 yr before gradually dissipating. The process repeats every 34 yr and reproduces all trends in Pleione’s variability.
A Search for Correlations between Turbulence and Star Formation in THINGS Galaxies
Authors: Elmegreen Bruce G. , Martinez Zorayda , Hunter Deidre A.
Published: April 2022

The spatial range for feedback from star formation varies from molecular cloud disruption on parsec scales to supershells and disk blowout on kiloparsec scales. The relative amounts of energy and momentum given to these scales are important for understanding the termination of star formation in any one region and the origin of interstellar turbulence and disk stability in galaxies as a whole. Here, we measure, for 11 THINGS galaxies, the excess kinetic energy, velocity dispersion, and surface density of H i gas associated with regions of excess star formation, where the excess is determined from the difference between the observed local value and the azimuthal average. We find small decreases in the excess kinetic energy and velocity dispersion in regions of excess star formation rate density, suggesting that most of the feedback energy does not go into local H i motion. Most likely, it disrupts molecular clouds and dissipates rapidly at high gas density. Some could also be distributed over larger regions, filling in spaces between the peaks of star formation and contributing to other energy sources from self-gravity and spiral arm shocks.
A Multimission Method for the Reconstruction of Gamma-ray Events on Silicon Tracker Pair Telescopes
Authors: Aboudan Alessio , Bulgarelli Andrea , Fioretti Valentina , Giuliani Andrea , Tavani Marco , Debei Stefano
Published: April 2022

γ-ray astronomy in the energy range from MeV to GeV can provide a unique detection window for γ-ray bursts and other transient sources, fundamental information on particle acceleration mechanisms, MeV-blazar population studies up to z ∼ 4.5, and a full overview of line emission from cosmic-ray interaction. Silicon-based pair tracking telescopes rely on γ-ray conversion into an electron–positron pair and its tracking using a stack of silicon strips. The method presented in this work is based on a Rauch–Tung–Striebel smoother. Its internal Kalman filter enables keeping multiple hypotheses about particle tracks and implementing statistically meaningful measurement selection among hits on different planes of the tracker. The algorithm can be easily configured to work with different tracker geometries and mass models. It can be used for the exploitation of data from past and current γ-ray missions as well as to assess the performances of new pair-tracking telescopes. The proposed method has been validated on Astrorivelatore Gamma a Immagini Leggero data and then used to investigate the performances of both e-ASTROGAM and All-Sky-ASTROGAM telescopes. The algorithm efficiency and its accuracy in estimating both the photon direction and energy were evaluated on γ-ray events simulated at different energies in the range between 30 MeV and 3 GeV. The point-spread function of each tracker was then compared with its angular resolution limit showing both the expected performances of the instrument and the margin of improvement that could be obtained by optimizing the reconstruction method.
Tidal Evolution and Diffusive Growth During High-eccentricity Planet Migration: Revisiting the Eccentricity Distribution of Hot Jupiters
Authors: Yu Hang , Weinberg Nevin N. , Arras Phil
Published: April 2022

High-eccentricity tidal migration is a potential formation channel for hot Jupiters. During this process, the planetary f-mode may experience a phase of diffusive growth, allowing its energy to quickly build up to large values. In Yu et al., we demonstrated that nonlinear mode interactions between a parent f-mode and daughter f- and p-modes expand the parameter space over which the diffusive growth of the parent is triggered. We extend that study by incorporating (1) the angular momentum transfer between the orbit and the mode, and consequently the evolution of the pericenter distance; (2) a prescription to regulate the nonlinear frequency shift at high parent mode energies; and (3) dissipation of the parent’s energy due to both turbulent convective damping of the daughter modes and strongly nonlinear wave-breaking events. The new ingredients allow us to follow the coupled evolution of the mode and orbit over ≳104 yr, covering the diffusive evolution from its onset to its termination. We find that the semimajor axis shrinks by a factor of nearly 10 over 104 yr, corresponding to a tidal quality factor


∼
10

. The f-mode’s diffusive growth terminates while the eccentricity is still high, at around e = 0.8–0.95. Using these results, we revisit the eccentricity distribution of proto-hot Jupiters. We estimate that less than 1 proto-HJ with eccentricity >0.9 should be expected in Kepler's data once the diffusive regime is accounted for, explaining the observed paucity of this population.
Dependence of Pulsation Mode of Cepheids on Metallicity
Authors: Zhang 张 Zehao 泽浩 , Jiang 姜 Biwei 碧沩 , Ren 任 Yi 逸 , Chen 陈 Xiaodian 孝钿 , Wang 王 Shu 舒
Published: April 2022

The Cepheid variables in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), the Milky Way, M33, and M31 are used to examine the dependence of pulsation mode on metallicity, which was previously found in red supergiants. The initial samples of Cepheids are collected from the Cepheid catalogs identified from the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment, PS1, DIRECT, Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, and Zwicky Transient Facility surveys. The contaminants are removed with the help of the Gaia/EDR3 astrometric information for extra galaxies or by comparing the geometric distance and the distance from the P–L relation for the Milky Way. The division of fundamental (FU) and first-overtone (1O) modes is refined according to the gap between the two modes in the P–L diagram of the objects in each galaxy. The ratio of FU/(FU+1O) is found to be 0.59, 0.60, 0.69, 0.83, and 0.85 for the SMC, the LMC, the Milky Way, M33, and M31, respectively, in order of metallicity, which confirms that the pulsation mode depends on metallicity in the way that the ratio of FU/(FU+1O) increases with metallicity. This dependence is not changed if the incompleteness of the samples is taken into account.
Electromagnetic Signatures from Supermassive Binary Black Holes Approaching Merger
Authors: Gutiérrez Eduardo M. , Combi Luciano , Noble Scott C. , Campanelli Manuela , Krolik Julian H. , López Armengol Federico , García Federico
Published: April 2022

We present fully relativistic predictions for the electromagnetic emission produced by accretion disks surrounding spinning and nonspinning supermassive binary black holes on the verge of merging. We use the code Bothros to post-process data from 3D general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations via ray-tracing calculations. These simulations model the dynamics of a circumbinary disk and the mini-disks that form around two equal-mass black holes orbiting each other at an initial separation of 20 gravitational radii, and evolve the system for more than 10 orbits in the inspiral regime. We model the emission as the sum of thermal blackbody radiation emitted by an optically thick accretion disk and a power-law spectrum extending to hard X-rays emitted by a hot optically thin corona. We generate time-dependent spectra, images, and light curves at various frequencies to investigate intrinsic periodic signals in the emission, as well as the effects of the black hole spin. We find that prograde black hole spin makes mini-disks brighter since the smaller innermost stable circular orbit angular momentum demands more dissipation before matter plunges to the horizon. However, compared to mini-disks in larger separation binaries with spinning black holes, our mini-disks are less luminous: unlike those systems, their mass accretion rate is lower than in the circumbinary disk, and they radiate with lower efficiency because their inflow times are shorter. Compared to a single black hole system matched in mass and accretion rate, these binaries have spectra noticeably weaker and softer in the UV. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings for the potential observability of these systems.
Optical and Near-infrared Excesses are Correlated in T Tauri Stars
Authors: Sullivan Kendall , Kraus Adam L.
Published: April 2022

Accretion is one of the defining characteristics of classical T Tauri stars, fueled by the presence of a circumstellar disk comprised of dust and gas. Accretion produces a UV and optical excess, while re-radiated emission at the inner edge of the dust component of the disk produces a near-infrared (NIR) excess. The interplay between stars and their disks helps regulate protoplanetary disk evolution and dispersal, which is key to a full understanding of planet formation. To investigate the relations between NIR excess and optical excess in both single and binary stars, we used an archival sample of spectroscopically characterized members of the Taurus star-forming region (τ ∼ 1–2 Myr) with measured luminosities, spectral types, and optical veiling. We combined the archival sample with the Two Micron All Sky Survey and Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer NIR photometry and high-resolution imaging surveys. We found that NIR and optical excesses are correlated in multiple NIR photometric bands, suggesting that they are closely related, likely because more massive disks have higher inner dust disk walls and are also associated with higher accretion rates. We also found that multiplicity has no impact on accretion or inner disk properties in a sample with a wide range of separations, but the sample was too small to specifically investigate close binaries, where the effects of multiplicity on disk properties should be most significant.
Evidence of Magnetic Reconnection with Multiple X Lines and Flux Ropes in Thin Magnetotail Currents Observed by the MMS Spacecraft: Results of Grad–Shafranov Reconstruction
Authors: Chen G.-W. , Hau L.-N.
Published: April 2022

There is some observational evidence for the existence of multiple X line magnetic reconnection (MR) in various planetary magnetotails but the overall observationally based MR topology in two or three dimensions is still not available. This study reports the first 2D structures of MR with multiple X lines and magnetic islands observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) spacecraft in the Earth’s magnetotail based on the Grad–Shafranov (GS) reconstruction model with temperature anisotropy. The tearing mode geometry is revealed within the spatial domain of 3800 km × 800 km with multiple X lines and magnetic islands on the spatial scale of the sub-ion inertial length or a few times the electron gyroradius. The MR event is seen by all four MMS spacecraft but the magnetic islands are caught only by the MMS3 spacecraft, and exhibit large firehose-type temperature anisotropy. The GS reconstructed maps based on the MMS1, 2, and 4 show a single X line and partial ion-scale magnetic islands with a smaller degree of temperature anisotropy. The reconstruction results remain the same for various energy closures, and the firehose-type anisotropy is found to yield smaller magnetic islands than the isotropic cases, which is opposite to the previous findings for MR events with mirror-type temperature anisotropy.
Velocity Anisotropy in Self-gravitating Molecular Clouds. II. Observation
Authors: Luk Shun-Sun , Li Hua-bai , Li Di
Published: April 2022

The view on velocity structures in molecular clouds and their relationship with magnetic fields (B field) has evolved during the past decade from almost no correlation to highly parallel. Our numerical simulations suggest a more nuanced picture: Depending on whether the self-gravity is dynamically dominant, the velocity field can be governed by either contraction (at high densities) or turbulence (at low densities), and their anisotropies will tend to be either perpendicular or parallel, respectively, to the B fields. High-density regions are always embedded in the low-density fore/background, so the velocity behaviors from lines of sight (LOSs) with high column densities will be a mixture of orthogonal anisotropies, which can be hard to interpret and necessitates zooming in onto certain LOS scales to better characterize localized behaviors. We tested and confirmed the above prediction with CO observations of the Taurus molecular cloud.
Quantitative Evaluation of Coronal Magnetic Field Models Using Tomographic Reconstructions of Electron Density
Authors: Jones Shaela I. , Wang T. J. , Arge C. N. , Henney C. J. , Uritsky V. M. , Rura C.
Published: April 2022

We introduce a new quantitative approach for assessing the quality of coronal magnetic field models. The method compares the location of the magnetic neutral line at a specified height in the magnetic field model with the locations of localized density peaks in the coronal electron density, as measured using coronal rotational tomography. This approach is flexible to the presence of pseudostreamers in the coronal magnetic field, as well as folds in the streamer belt. We present an example application during mid-2010 when the white-light streamer-belt structure is complex and the emergence of a large active region on the far side of the Sun presents a challenge for modeling the coronal magnetic structure.
6 cm OH Masers in Northern Star Formation Regions
Authors: Qiao Hai-Hua , Shen Zhi-Qiang , Breen Shari L. , Yang Kai , Chen Xi , Li Juan
Published: April 2022

We have used the Shanghai Tianma Radio Telescope to search for three OH transitions at 4.7 GHz toward 155 northern star formation regions. We detect 4.7 GHz OH masers in 18 star formation regions, 8 of which are reported here for the first time. From these 18 sources, we detect 6 4660 MHz masers, 13 4765 MHz masers, and no 4750 MHz masers. A further 1 source (Sgr B2N) has been re-detected with broad quasi-thermal emission in all three OH lines. W49SW was re-detected with broad quasi-thermal emission at both 4660 and 4750 MHz. One source (W31, G010.626−0.387) was re-detected with quasi-thermal emission at both 4750 and 4765 MHz. One source (G005.885−0.392) was first detected with quasi-thermal emission at 4660 MHz. We have investigated the associations between the detected 4.7 GHz OH masers with ground-state OH masers near 1.7 GHz, 6.7 GHz methanol masers and 22 GHz water masers reported in the literature. We find that the presence of 1665 MHz OH masers is a better indicator of the presence of 4.7 GHz OH masers than 1720 MHz OH masers. The majority of the 4.7 GHz OH masers are associated with 6.7 GHz methanol and/or 22 GHz water masers. We have compared the characteristics of our detections with those reported previously in the literature and found that only five sources are fairly stable.
Hydrogen Burning of 29Si and Its Impact on Presolar Stardust Grains from Classical Novae
Authors: Downen Lori , Iliadis Christian , Champagne Art , Clegg Thomas , Coc Alain , José Jordi
Published: April 2022

Presolar stardust grains found in primitive meteorites are believed to retain the isotopic composition of stellar outflows at the time of grain condensation. Therefore, laboratory measurements of their isotopic ratios represent sensitive probes for investigating open questions related to stellar evolution, stellar explosions, nucleosynthesis, mixing mechanisms, dust formation, and galactic chemical evolution. For a few selected presolar grains, classical novae have been discussed as a potential source. For SiC, silicate, and graphite presolar grains, the association is based on the observation of small N(12C)/N(13C) and N(14N)/N(15N) number abundance ratios compared to solar values, and abundance excesses in 30Si relative to 29Si, as previously predicted by models of classical novae. We report on a direct measurement of the 29Si(p,γ)30P reaction, which strongly impacts simulated δ
29Si values from classical novae. Our new experimental 29Si(p,γ)30P thermonuclear reaction rate differs from previous results by up to 50% in the classical nova temperature range (T = 100–400 MK), while the rate uncertainty is reduced by up to a factor of 3. Using our new reaction rate in Monte Carlo reaction network and hydrodynamic simulations of classical novae, we estimate δ
29Si values with much reduced uncertainties. Our results establish δ
29Si values measured in presolar grains as a sensitive probe for assessing their classical nova paternity. We also demonstrate that δ
30Si values from nova simulations are currently not a useful diagnostic tool unless the large uncertainty of the 30P(p,γ)31S reaction rate can be significantly reduced.
Eclipse Timing the Milky Way’s Gravitational Potential
Authors: Chakrabarti Sukanya , Stevens Daniel J. , Wright Jason , Rafikov Roman R. , Chang Philip , Beatty Thomas , Huber Daniel
Published: April 2022

We show that a small but measurable shift in the eclipse midpoint time of eclipsing binary (EBs) stars of ∼0.1 s over a decade baseline can be used to directly measure the Galactic acceleration of stars in the Milky Way at ∼kiloparsec distances from the Sun. We consider contributions to the period drift rate from dynamical mechanisms other than the Galaxy’s gravitational field and show that the Galactic acceleration can be reliably measured using a sample of Kepler EBs with orbital and stellar parameters from the literature. The contribution from tidal decay we estimate here is an upper limit assuming the stars are not tidally synchronized. We find there are about 200 detached EBs that have estimated timing precision better than 0.5 s, and for which other dynamical effects are subdominant to the Galactic signal. We illustrate the method with a prototypical, precisely timed EB using an archival Kepler light curve and a modern synthetic HST light curve (which provides a decade baseline). This novel method establishes a realistic possibility to constrain dark matter substructure and the Galactic potential using eclipse timing to measure Galactic accelerations, along with other emerging new methods, including pulsar timing and extreme-precision radial velocity observations. This acceleration signal grows quadratically with time. Therefore, given baselines established in the near future for distant EBs, we can expect to measure the period drift in the future with space missions like JWST and the Roman Space Telescope.
Beyond valuation. Monetary aggregates for the SEEA-EA. The Italian proposal
Authors: Femia Aldo , Capriolo Alessio
Published: April 2022

After years of experimentation, documents, meetings, consultations and negotiations, the SEEA EA reignited the debate on the monetary quantification of the value of nature. Now more than ever, there is a need for an original approach, able to align the SEEA EA to the principles of national accounting, to the relevant economic theory and to 'strong sustainability'. In this article, we outline a technically sound alternative to the currently dominant approach, namely "valuation" of ecosystem services (ESs). The basic idea is to recognize the specific meaning and usefulness of each of the numerous monetary estimates proposed for valuation, starting with those included in the SEEA EA, without forcing national accounting principles: we promote the transition from the narrow concept of "monetary value of ecosystem service" to the wider one of “monetary values connected to/ dependent on ESs”. Nothing new in terms of evaluation techniques; only a simple, but rich in implications, innovation in terms of interpretation and conceptualization of the values generated by existing monetary values estimation methods.
Challenges of qualitative data sharing in social sciences
Authors: Vuckovic Juros Tanja
Published: April 2022

Open science offers hope for new accountability and transparency in social sciences. Nevertheless, it still fails to fully consider the complexities of qualitative research, as exemplified by a reflection on sensitive qualitative data sharing. As a result, the developing patterns of rewards and sanctions promoting open science raise concern that quantitative research, whose “replication crisis” brought the open science movement to life, will benefit from “good science” re-evaluations at the expense of other research epistemologies, despite the necessity to define accountability and transparency in social sciences more widely and not to conflate those with either reproducibility or data sharing.
A new species of Petalacmis firefly from Bolivia, with a key to species (Coleoptera, Lampyridae)
Authors: Lima da Silveira Luiz F. , Branham Marc A.
Published: April 2022

PetalacmisOlivier, 1908 is a poorly known genus of firefly endemic to South America and is currently the only member of the subfamily Lampyrinae, tribe Lampyrini known to occur on the continent. Here, we describe a new species,Petalacmis triplehornisp. nov.from Bolivia and compare it to the two other described species in the genus. A key toPetalacmisspecies based on male traits, as well as illustrations of morphological features, are given in detail for the first time. We present unique, previously neglected traits ofPetalacmisspecies and compare them to other Lampyrinae.
Incidence of toxigenicAspergillus andFusarium species occurring in maize kernels from Kenyan households
Authors: Kagot V. , De Boevre M. , De Saeger S. , Moretti A. , Mwamuye M. , Okoth S.
Published: April 2022

Aspergillus andFusarium are fungal genera that include toxigenic and pathogenic species, able to suffuse farmers’ crops and secrete an array of small molecular weight secondary metabolites which can cause health complications to humans and animals when ingested. In sub-Sahara Africa, contamination and persistence of these fungi is increased by the tropical climatic conditions which are ideal for the fungi to thrive. This study evaluated the incidence, regional distribution and toxigenic potential ofAspergillus andFusarium species occurring in maize kernels from Eastern, Western, Coastal and the Lake Victoria agro-ecological zones of Kenya. Maize kernels were collected from 16 households in each agro-ecological zone. Single spore technique was used to isolate pure cultures ofAspergillus andFusarium which were identified morphologically. Further, molecular analysis was done using the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS 1) region of the ribosomal DNA forAspergillus and the translation elongation factor-1 alpha (TEF-1α) forFusarium. The potential of the isolated fungi to produce mycotoxins was probed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based on the aflatoxin regulatoryaflaR gene inAspergillus, and the fumonisin backbone structure geneFUM1 inFusarium. Among the potentially aflatoxigenicA. flavus species isolated, 55% were from Eastern, 27% from the Coastal zone, 13% from Lake Victoria zone and 5% from Western Kenya. Among the potentially fumonisin producingF. verticillioides isolated, 45% were from the Lake Victoria agro-ecological zone, 30% were from Western, 15% from Eastern Kenya and 10% from the Coastal agro-ecological zone. This study adds data on potential mycotoxin hotspots in Kenya useful in employing targeted and regional mycotoxin mitigation strategies in efforts to avert future mycotoxicoses outbreaks in Kenya.
Business Incubators: Creation of a Fit in Armenia
Authors: Grigorian A. , Harms R. , Ratinho T.
Published: April 2022

In this paper, we evaluate the extent to which business incubation services meet tenant’s needs. Additionally, we pose the question of whether the current business incubators actually cover the needs of a particular industry. Our empirical setting is a developing country in the Caucasian Region (Armenia) and we chose to research solely the IT industry. We employed a two stage procedure: first, we conducted interviews with pivotal people familiar with business incubation in Armenia; second, an electronic questionnaire survey was sent to the entire Armenian IT population. The results suggest a moderate need of IT companies for the typical business incubation services. Further, we show that incubated companies are generally satisfied with the services they enjoy albeit this satisfaction level decreases as the needs increase. Non-incubated companies, on the other hand, perceive incubation services to be valuable for their development and this value increases when their needs increase. Our study implies that a more extensive service provision is necessary to fully cover the needs of the Armenian IT industry for business incubation services.
Female high technology entrepreneurs: an exploration of their pre-entrepreneurial careers and motivations for venture creation
Authors: Cooper Sarah
Published: April 2022

The changing business environment and its growing acceptance of women have influenced the motivations of women to consider entrepreneurship as an alternative career path. Women are well-represented as entrepreneurs in some sectors; however, they remain heavily underrepresented in areas such as science, engineering and technology (SET). While studies have been conducted amongst female entrepreneurs in traditionally female sectors, such as retail and personal services, little attention has been paid the motivations and pre-entrepreneurial careers of women who establish ventures in technology-based areas. The pre-entrepreneurial career is important in influencing an entrepreneur’s social, human and financial capital which plays a pivotal role in shaping the start-up venture and growth. Greater understanding of the motivations and pre-entrepreneurial pathways of women in technology might help identify ways of encouraging more women to consider taking that career-path. Research reported here addresses the gap in the literature by exploring the pre-entrepreneurial careers and start-up motivations of 18 female technology entrepreneurs in Northern Ireland, using data collected through an exploratory, interview-based study. Implications for theory, policy and practice are explored.
Online revenue model adoption in the media sector: in-depth results from an exploratory study in the Netherlands
Authors: Stienstra Martin R.
Published: April 2022

Especially for companies in the media sector such as publishers, the Internet has created new strategic and commercial opportunities. However, many companies in the media sector are struggling with how to adapt their business and revenue model for doing profitable business online. This exploratory study goes into the success factors and the level of adoption of online revenue models by media sector companies. We use Chaffey (2002) in determining online revenue models in which we included Osterwalder’s (2001) four ‘pillars’ of business models. These four pillars cover the twelve critical success factors for e-businesses as identified by Sung (2004). This theoretical framework was used for in-depth interviews with 20 senior managers within the media sector in the Netherlands. From this, it appeared that advertising is the most used online revenue model, with targeting advertising, lead generation and a combination of content and customer profiles as most promising. Ease of use is distinguished by all senior managers as success factor. Still, in order to be successful, all factors should be applied, and this appears not to be the case. Organizations in the media sector need to invest in technical and organizational expertise by hiring the right employees with the right knowledge. Emphasis on target advertising and lead generation are most promising. A combination of content and customer profiles is a focus-point for the near future.
Spatial Mobility, Pakistani Muslim Female Subjectivity, and Third-Space Between the Secular and the Religious in Kamila Shamsie's Broken Verses
Authors: Safdar Muhammad , Yasmin Musarat
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the agency of third-space gender subjectivity in Kamila Shamsie's novel Broken Verses (2005). To achieve this goal, two objectives are pursued in this chapter: First, it aims to interrogate and contest the reductive binary perception of women's gender identity in Pakistan as the secular and the religious. Second, it seeks to examine how the female characters, situated in their local power constellations in the novel, are empowered from their spatial mobility to redefine their gender subjectivity and expand their social spaces through performativity. It is argued that women's subjectivity transcends the set meanings associated with traditional religious or universalist secular womanhood. The chapter concludes that women's subjectivity, as shaped by their diverse sets of mobility, is variously inclusive, dynamic, fluid, and complex rather than monolithic, linear, or dualistic. The findings of the study contribute to the growing discourse that views gender and identity as constituent of and constituted by space and place at the same time.
The Maternal Presence in Diasporic Women's Lives in the Works of Amulya Malladi and Chitra Bannerjee Divakaruni
Authors: Ranaweera Nipuni
Published: April 2022

This chapter studies the condition of migrant women as represented in certain fictional works by Chitra Bannerjee Divakaruni and Amulya Malladi. It draws upon maternalist-psychoanalytical perspectives and Homi Bhabha's notion of third space to examine the relationship(s) maintained by fictional migrant women with the mother figures of their lives within a culinary fictional context. The objective is to explore how certain cultural motifs attain special significance via links with mother figures from the diasporic scene who identify themselves with “Home.” It is argued that culinary fictions challenge the familiar paradigm(s) about women and domesticity. On one hand, they invest familiar (and often devalued) domestic chores with power and agency. On the other, they present the familiar women figures associated with traditional domesticity in a new and empowering light.
Rewriting of Gender and Sexuality in Tanwi Nandini Islam's Bright Lines
Authors: binti Anuar Nur Ain Nasuha , Pourya Asl Moussa
Published: April 2022

This chapter seeks to explore the Bangladeshi diasporic writer Tanwi Nandini Islam's debut novel Bright Lines (2015) to study the subtle nuances of (female) identity and sexuality as portrayed through its main characters. The chapter draws upon the poststructuralist feminist Helene Cixous's notions of the feminine, the other, queer intimacy, and l'écriture feminine to explore the various ways in which prescribed definitions of gender and sexuality are contested and reconstructed. The focus on main characters Ella and Maya revealed that female excess and other bisexuality render the rewriting of one's destiny through the body possible. Whereas the former owns himself by forsaking her female body and embodying a male one, the latter owns herself by using her body as a channel of resistance and rebellion against conventional gender expectations. It is concluded that both characters find fulfilment of self by rewriting their gender and sexuality.
Developing Digital Presence for the Online Learning Environment
Authors: Bowens Jennifer Ashley
Published: April 2022

Digital AVC (which stands for accessibility, voice, and consistency) is a three-tiered system that helps teachers develop a digital presence in their online or hybrid classrooms. Online educators need to be able to utilize the technology available to them to intentionally create an online presence that is both appealing and inviting to students so that students are more interested in interacting with their online class and learning materials. This chapter explains how educators can create an online presence that makes students feel connected, valued, and interested in engaging in the classroom material through a more intentional focus on their own digital accessibility, digital voice, and digital consistency.
Developing a Positive Culture in the Online Classroom
Authors: Carlson Kristen
Published: April 2022

The mission of this chapter is to provide principals and teachers with an understanding of how to create a positive learning culture within an online classroom through utilization of the engagement triangle: students, teachers/school staff, and outside community members. The chapter introduces student agency through online instructional strategies and techniques for teachers to increase student motivation. Further, assessment practices are addressed in ways that can add to a positive classroom culture. At the end of the chapter, case study scenarios and reflective questions will be shared for practicing P-12 teachers to consider when designing learning opportunities in their online courses.
I&CT in the Public Administrations
Authors: Comite Ubaldo
Published: April 2022

Innovation represents a process of profound change, which can concern production models, service characteristics, or forms of interface with users. There are many necessary and effective levers to drive change, but certainly one of the most effective and available drivers is technological innovation. The difficulty of innovating in depth is even more evident in public administrations because this means changing the composition of the services and therefore of the interests that are primarily protected, which are the result of long-established processes that have taken place between the various stakeholders for some time. In public administrations, innovation can concern the internal services of the organization or of the territory governed by the organization itself and therefore the production and consumption processes of businesses and citizens. The purpose of this work is to investigate the progress of the managerial culture in the path of renewal of the Italian public administration in the transition from e-government to e-democracy, through digital reporting.
Are Bitcoins the New Payment Tools Suitable for Extinguishing a Pecuniary Obligation?
Authors: D'Ambrosio Ida
Published: April 2022

This chapter aims to examine the issue of cryptocurrencies and to develop in particular a reflection on the possibility of counting bitcoins, which represent the best known and most widespread of the existing cryptocurrencies, among the payment instruments suitable to extinguish a pecuniary obligation, recognizing in them the function of means of payment typical of currency. The reflection moves from the crucial question of whether bitcoins are currency, reconstructing first of all the meaning of currency and its function. The research aims to conduct a cross-sectional analysis of the bitcoin system through an argumentation that highlights its potentialities and limitations.
The Digital Resurgence of Prisons
Authors: Chiola Giovanni
Published: April 2022

The aim of this research is first of all to analyze the importance within the prison reality of the right to affectivity and sexuality of prisoners to be understood as a set of human and personal relationships intertwined with external figures, family members, but also educators, psychologists, religious, and school and university teachers. The pandemic has made it possible to show the importance of distance learning as a means of supporting, if not even replacing traditional distance learning in person. The target audience will undoubtedly have to be made up of all prisoners, regardless of the title of the crime or the circuit to which they belong in order to access specific sites. The recognition of the internet as a right may subsequently be restricted in the face of certain offences, but this is diametrically opposed to the ban on all access to the internet. The difficulty or even in many cases the impossibility of access lies in the inertia of the legislator.
“Don't Google It”
Authors: Passarelli Gianluigi
Published: April 2022

Through the analysis of some recent competition authority investigations as well as conduct adopted by Google on the online advertising platform Google Ads, the chapter provides insights on some commercial practices opted for by the giants of web marketing with the purpose to deepen the future legal and market challenges. In conclusion, this study aims to contribute to the current debate and the attempt to find remedies that offer appropriate protection to advertisers and consumers as well as granting support to the lawmakers, who in turn have a duty to carefully regulate the search giant.
Triple Helix Model
Authors: Martini Elvira , De Luca Picione Raffaele
Published: April 2022

Knowledge is the main tool for removing the obstacles that prevent a full equality between the social actors in order to compensate forms of social and economic disadvantage. In the authors' perspective, a social fabric organized on reticular models, capable of bringing together different organizations between people, artifacts, and social institutions, represents a system intrinsically rich in opportunities, for the creation of new knowledge and technology but also for the processes of dissemination of such knowledge. They try to reflect on how the triple helix model can represent a device for social construction of knowledge and innovation.
Importance of Virtual Reality (VR) Tools in the Processes of University Orientation for Technological Degrees
Authors: García Chamizo Fernando , Alard Josemaría Julio , Díaz García Vicente
Published: April 2022

This chapter analyses the use of the virtual reality (VR) digital tool in the processes of university orientation, especially for those degrees that have important training on technologies in their curricula. To do so, a study on pre-college students through an experience with digital tools, like the use of VR headsets, was done. After that, the students completed a questionnaire to assess this activity. A total of 3,680 satisfaction surveys were taken, before and during the COVID-19 pandemic period. The obtained data demonstrate that when the satisfaction degree increases with the activity, the rate of students who eventually choose technological degrees like Digital Business improves.
RETA Model for Teaching Mathematics
Authors: Saralar-Aras Ipek
Published: April 2022

For a long time, research into students' geometry performance has been regarded as an essential research topic in mathematics. By outlining an innovative mathematics teaching model and offering sample lesson practices from geometry on how to implement the model in the Turkish setting, the purpose of this chapter is to give an international perspective on reform-based practice in mathematics teaching and learning. The chapter focuses on a model for teaching geometry classes that incorporates realistic, exploratory, technology-enhanced, and active (RETA) principles, as well as its implementations in Turkish middle schools. It presents the different approaches of teaching geometry, common geometry classroom practices in Turkey, the previous models leading to the RETA model, and finally, a review of the RETA model's principles together with their benefits and drawbacks followed by a discussion.
Implementing Reform-Based Mathematics Teaching Practices to Address Student Errors
Authors: Morrissey Susie , Popovic Gorjana
Published: April 2022

The relationship between enactment of reform math (namely Common Core State Standards – Mathematics [CCSSM]), student misconceptions, and teacher variables was investigated. After providing professional development on enactment for the Standards of Mathematical Practice (SMP) of the CCSSM, observations were conducted to determine the degree of enactment of SMP in 22 classrooms of nine teachers in an urban charter school network consisting of three high schools. Students were all boys, 98% African American, and predominantly of low socio-economic status. Data included curricular documents, observation notes, quarterly assessments, and a teacher survey. Results indicated experienced teachers with high efficacy who expected students to reason and discuss their work were related to higher levels of SMP enactment and fewer misconceptions. Implications for teacher education and teacher practice are discussed.
Internal Communication in Contemporary Organizations
Authors: Ruão Teresa , Marinho Sandra , Silva Sónia
Published: April 2022

This chapter reports an action-research study on internal communication in the context of an innovation project management department at a multinational company. An intervention was carried out in the communication system, with the purpose of improving team performance. The first action research cycle began with data collection through questionnaires, document analysis, direct observation, and focus groups. The sequent implementation stage was designed and carried out with a mid-term communication plan. After this, a new data collection process began. Results showed lack of communication skills, lack of information, and lack of involvement. This was the beginning of a second evaluation cycle, and a new communication plan was implemented. After this, another diagnosis emerged showing the persistence of some issues. These results are discussed, and the possibility of implementing a digital communication platform is addressed. This study seeks the development of knowledge on internal communication in the context of innovation projects.
Bridging Journalists and PR Practitioners in a Digital Context
Authors: Surugiu Romina
Published: April 2022

The chapter presents a project that aims at bridging journalists and public relations practitioners in Romania. In the introductory part, the author reflects on the characteristics of the PR-journalism relationship in the historical context. Then, the chapter analyzes several digital challenges that influence the contemporary communication industry. The concept of hybridity between journalism and strategic communication, and the solution of educating journalists in public relations literacy will be unpacked. The empirical research focuses on the case study (the campaign “#RespectJurnalistii” [Respect Journalists], the digital platform “2Value Reporters,” and the app “2Value”) that is informed by document analysis, participatory observation, and semi-structured interviews with the initiators of the project.
A New Neural Networks-Based Integrated Model for Aspect Extraction and Sentiment Classification
Authors: Chiha Rim , Ben Ayed Mounir , Pereira Célia da Costa
Published: April 2022

The aspect-based sentiment analysis (ABSA) task consists of two closely related subtasks: aspect extraction and sentiment classification. However, the majority of previous studies looked into each task separately, limiting their effectiveness. In contrast, the integration of aspect extraction and sentiment classification into a single model improves results. The main focus in this work is to manage these two tasks into a new collapsed model. The proposed model relies upon the bidirectional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) architecture. On the one hand, it combines a multi-channel convolution layer with an optimization method for handling the aspect extraction task. On the other hand, it includes an attention mechanism based on the residual block and aspect position information for predicting the appropriate opinion orientation of an aspect. The experimental results demonstrate that the model achieved the best performance.
In-Depth Analysis and Prediction of Coupling Metrics of Open Source Software Projects
Authors: Saini Munish , Arora Raghuvar , Adebayo Sulaimon Oyeniyi
Published: April 2022

This research was conducted to perform an in-depth analysis of the coupling metrics of 10 Open Source Software (OSS) projects obtained from the Comets dataset. More precisely, we analyze the dataset of object-oriented OSS projects (having 17 code related metrics such as coupling, complexity, and size metrics) to (1) examine the relationships among the coupling and other metrics (size, complexity), (2) analyze the pattern in the growth of software metrics, and (3) propose a model for prediction of coupling. To generalize the model of coupling prediction, we have applied different machine learning algorithms and validated their performance on similar datasets. The results indicated that the Random forests algorithm outperforms all other models. The relation analysis specifies the existence of strong positive relationships between the coupling, size, and complexity metrics while the pattern analysis pinpointed the increasing growth trend for coupling. The obtained outcomes will help the developers, project managers, and stakeholders in better understating the state of software health