bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Eighth Army's Combat Readiness Before Korea: A New Appraisal
Authors: Hanson Thomas E.
Published: October 2005

This case study of the 27th Infantry Regiment demonstrates the fallacy of many generalizations surrounding interpretations of the U.S. Army's performance in the opening weeks of the Korean War. It describes the training of a typical infantry regiment in the Eighth U.S. Army from April 1949, until the outbreak of the Korean War on 25 June 1950. The evolution of readiness from individual training to regimental combat team maneuvers in the 27th Infantry Regiment proves that:

* Occupation duties interfered very little with the conduct of training after June 1949;

* The nature of the training cycle afforded maximum time for the creation of cohesive and proficient squads, platoons, and companies;

* Soldiers recognized the importance of the training program and strove to execute it well;

* Physical fitness was an integral part of the training program;

* Technical training occupied a significant part of nonmaneuver training time.

Acknowledgement of the Eighth Army's accomplishments in 1949 and early 1950 should facilitate a shift in the debate away from the lack of preparedness of "occupation troops" and onto a discussion of the strategic assumptions and operational decisions that placed single battalions into tactically and logistically unsupportable positions. Only by doing that can we begin to bury what Douglas MacArthur called the "pernicious myth" of professional, physical, and moral ineffectiveness that obscures the actual readiness of the Eighth Army.
The Multicultural Military: Military Service and the Acculturation of Latinos and Anglos
Authors: Leal David L.
Published: October 2005

Using the Latino National Political Survey, this article examines whether military service helps explain the responses given by Latinos to questions on acculturation. The data show that Latino veterans (and particularly draft-era veterans) had more friendships with Anglos (non-Hispanic whites), spoke more English at home, were more likely to experience discrimination, and were also more likely to correctly identify Cesar Chavez. Service in the volunteer military, however, was related only to the first two questions. In addition, there is evidence that Anglo veterans were more familiar with Latino culture. The article concludes that the end of the draft may have eliminated a useful forum for intercultural and intracultural learning for both groups, although the volunteer military does have an impact on Latino acculturation.
Facing a Merciless Enemy: 1W/AIDS and the South African Armed Forces
Authors: Heinecken Lindy
Published: October 2005

The impact of HIV/AIDS on health, development, and security is nowhere more daunting than in southern Africa, where many claim that it has the potential to destabilize the entire region. In this article, the impact of HIV/AIDS on southern Africa, the factors contributing to the rapid spread of the disease, and how it is affecting the armed forces are highlighted. As an important regional economic and military power, how South Africa and more specifically, the South African armed forces manage the impact of the disease is of national and regional, if not global, concern. The various policy, human rights, human resources, health, and educational challenges facing the South African National Defence Force (SANDF) are discussed with specific reference to its impact on operational capacity and capability. Should the SANDF be unable to manage the disease efficiently, there may be a profound effect on peace and stability in the entire region.
Diversifying the Uniform? The Participation of Minority Ethnic Personnel in the British Armed Services
Authors: Dandeker Christopher , Mason David
Published: October 2005

This article considers the pressures on the British armed services to increase the participation of minority ethnic groups and assesses recent government policy on this issue. Limited progress has been made toward the realization of current goals, which are framed largely in terms of the concept of "equal opportunities." The authors argue that while the concept of diversity appears to provide a more sociologically well-founded basis for future government strategy on this aspect of service personnel policy, there remain significant obstacles to effective implementation of practical measures. These concern in particular the ways in which the armed services relate to wider questions of British identity. Successfully increasing the participation of minority ethnic communities in the British armed services, we contend, entails developing a new framework for British identity and citizenship that cannot be accomplished by the armed services alone. It is, rather, a responsibility of both government and wider society as a whole.
Civil-Military Relations and the Potential to Influence: A Look at the National Security Decision-Making Process
Authors: Gibson Christopher P. , Snider Don M.
Published: October 2005

This article argues that the civil-military turbulence witnessed at the outset of the Clinton Administration was a contemporary manifestation of longer-term systemic trends of professional preparation among top-level civilian and military officials. The U.S. military since Vietnam has altered its attitude towards political-military knowledge, experience, and higher education. At the same time, civilian officials have declined in national security expertise-this trend partially caused by the end of the draft and the civilian reaction to Vietnam. The confluence of an increasingly politically savvy military and less militarily experienced civilian leadership has resulted in more military influence in the national security decision-making process. When civilian and military preferences diverged in 1993, civil-military tension heightened as military arguments prevailed. However, the key to restoring the balance in U.S. civil-military relations lies not in restraining military behavior, but in enhancing and promoting civilian professional preparation.
The U.S. Decision to Launch Operation Desert Storm: A Bureaucratic Politics Analysis
Authors: Holland Lauren
Published: October 2005

This article attempts to assess the explanatory value of the bureaucratic politics model in the case of Desert Shield and Desert Storm. Drawing upon Graham T. Allison's germinal book, Essence of Decision, and the critiques that have followed, the argument of bureaucratic politics is summarized and the insights used to explain more fully President Bush's actions in the Persian Gulf.

The objective is not to show that the bureaucratic politics model explains "the" government's decisions. Rather, an examination of bureaucratic and political forces uncovers otherwise unrecognized features of the policy decisions of the Bush Administration and coalition member nations, offering a more comprehensive understanding of how foreign policy is crafted. Second, the model directs attention to the series of ancillary decisions that made the Persian Gulf crisis possible, as it challenges the idea of the war's inevitability. Rather, with a different set of American policies toward Iraq during the 1980s, war might have been avoided or preempted. Third, by broadening our conceptual lens, the model helps find answers to many questions or puzzles that cannot be otherwise explained. The study concludes with a discussion of the advantages and disadvantages of a foreign policy-making process operated by bureaucratic and political forces.
Rites of Passage and Group Bonding in he Canadian Airborne
Authors: Winslow Donna
Published: October 2005

This article addresses the issue of primary group bonding and non-conventional methods for promoting unit cohesion. Conventional army training intensifies the power of group pressure within its ranks using methods that teach recruits the need for teamwork. Less conventional methods, such as initiation rites, are also used to promote group bonding. This report examines initiation rites in the Canadian Airborne Regiment, beginning with a brief description of the Regiment and then examining formal initiation to the regiment- the Airborne Indoctrination Course, informal initiation rites, Airborne initiation rites are discussed in detail by using models developed in anthropology to describe rites of passage in traditional societies, rites that occur in three stages, the first occurring when the initiates' former identity is stripped away and they are set apart and made very similar to one another. They are then "leveled" into a homogeneous group, by suppressing individuality, and thus encouraging an investment in the group. They then enter the liminal phase of the rite, where events become parodies and inversions of real life, a stage in which group bonding is reinforced as the initiates undergo standard processes of testing and humiliation. Finally, they are reincorporated into the group as members of the regiment. We then look at hazing and other rites of passage in the Canadian Airborne Regiment, and conclude with a discussion of the use of extreme initiation in primary group bonding.
The Desert Fax: A Research Note on Calling Home from Somalia
Authors: Bell D. Bruce , Schumm Walter R , Knott Benjamin , Ender Morten G.
Published: October 2005

Survey data from near 500 civilian wives of soldiers from who deployed to Somalia for Operation Restore Hope were analyzed to determine how the mechanics of soldier-family communications affected spouse adaptation to the stresses of the deployment.

Difficulty communicating with the soldier (particularly "connecting for the first time") was one of the most frequent problems that spouses experienced. This difficulty was more strongly related to the characteristics of the soldiers' units (i.e., type and location within Somalia) than to the characteristics of the soldiers themselves. Problems communicating during the deployment not only predicted the level of spouse stress during the deployment, but also affected either directly or through "spouse stress" several outcomes that are important to Army planners. Those outcomes included: (1) spouse support for the soldier remaining in the Army, (2) the soldiers reenlistment intention, (3) spouse support for peacekeeping missions, and (4) family adaptation to Army life.
War and Culture: A Neglected Relation
Authors: Jandora John W.
Published: October 2005

The strategic thinking that inevitably followed the end of the Cold War's bipolar rivalry has spawned some interesting theories about war in the twenty-first century. However, these do not adequately address the factor of culture, which probably offers the best insights on emerging regional and intrastate conflicts. We should not assume that the rationale for war or the means of war-making are one and the same for Hutus, Arabs, Russians, Chechens, Afghanis, and Kashmiris. In this regard, Adda Bozeman's older theory of war and culture deserves a second look. Although that theory primarily addresses the philosophy of war, it also lends itself to a comparative study of the ways of war. A cursory case study of conflict in the Levant demonstrates the potential merit of the cultural-historical method that Bozeman advocates. The full application of this method to all areas of strategic interest would be an extensive undertaking, but a valid effort nonetheless.
The Power of 'Organizational Culture' as a Discursive Formation in Merger Integration
Authors: Riad Sally
Published: September 2005

This paper argues that knowledge on ‘organizational culture’ has acquired authority and constitutes a ‘truth’ on mergers, a truth imbued with both enabling and constraining power effects. Taking a Foucauldian perspective, the paper theorizes ‘organizational culture’ as a discursive formation that is implicated in a regime of truth. This regime has involved a process of disciplinary normalization in merger integration with the result that ‘culture’ has become naturalized to ‘organization’. Drawing on ethnographic research into merger integration, these arguments are illustrated through two vignettes titled ‘surveillance’ and ‘sanctuary’. These represent the reproduction of, and resistance to, the truth effects of ‘organizational culture’. The implications of critically examining ‘organizational culture’ in this way are twofold: first, it opens up space for other merger discourses, and second, it enables positioning of merger accounts within cultural discourses in a way that forwards productive rather than divisive effects in theory and practice.
But Was It Wanted?
Authors: Houts Leslie A.
Published: October 2005

Existing literature on sexual intercourse is based on the assumption that if an individual engages in sexual activity, not self-defined as rape, then the activity must have been wanted by both partners. This study, using National Survey of Family Growth, identifies factors associated with the “wantedness” of first sexual intercourse for young women in the United States. Approximately 28% of respondents described their first sexual event as not really wanted. The most commonly reported score demonstrated a level of ambivalence regarding wantedness of first sex. Women who delay their first sexual event, who are in a committed relationship, and whose mothers have higher levels of education are more likely to report a higher wantedness score. Ambiguous sexual scripting, conflicting sexual messages, and the symbolic meaning attaching to sexual activity helps to account for the large proportion of respondents who reported that their first sexual experience was neither clearly wanted, nor clearly unwanted.
Dalcroze, the body, movement and musicality
Authors: Seitz Jay A.
Published: September 2005

What forms the basis of musical expressivity? The Swiss composer and music educator, Emile Jaques-Dalcroze, believed that bodily processes, rhythm, and physical motion were the basis of musical expressivity and music pedagogy. We can rephrase his emphasis on the synergy between bodily and musical processes into a question: How does the body contribute to thought and musical understanding, in particular? We review recent theory and research on the bodily and brain basis of musical expression and find ample support for his seminal views. It thus appears that Dalcroze was onto something essential to musical thought and expression.
Unreliable Research: are librarians liable?
Authors: Curry Ann
Published: September 2005

Examines the history and current cases of research fraud and deception, including the reasons for researcher transgression — reputation and career advancement, the chances of being caught, and the ineffective gatekeeper roles served by publishers and reviewers. It appears that librarians and LIS researchers are unlikely to conduct or publish unreliable research, but problems can arise when librarians distribute unreliable research in their collections. The wisdom of withdrawing all unreliable research from the collection is questioned, however, as some of this research may contain grains of truth that could result in future, reliable research.
Copyright Protection as Access Barrier for People who Read Differently: the case for an international approach
Authors: Roos J. W.
Published: September 2005

For people with print disabilities, copyright protection poses an access barrier. Although they have traditionally used Braille and audio materials to satisfy their reading needs, one should not, when considering access issues, confine the analysis to those media only. In a rapidly changing technological environment, accommodations are needed that will not become obsolete due to technological change that opens up new access opportunities. In a number of countries the problems posed by copyright protection as access barriers have received legislative attention in the form of attempts to remove them. Those attempts have not always given rise to perfect solutions. This paper is concerned with access barriers to print posed by copyright protection, by successes as well as unfortunate by-products of previous attempts to deal with those barriers, by technological developments that affect copyright protection, and it tries to isolate lessons learnt so far.
European Emigration Records, 1820–1925
Authors: Ryskamp George R.
Published: September 2005

Immigration records are wonderful, but often fail to give a complete picture of the emigrants and the experiences and processes they went through. European emigration records provide extensive information about individual emigrants, often including the place of origin. No survey of all such records exists and there is not even a complete list of records types and locations for any single European country. In describing the work of the Immigrant Ancestors Project at Brigham Young University this paper identifies the various record types that were generated by emigrants in the process of emigration, giving examples from several countries where each type of record may be found.
The Manuscript Collections of Europe: a mirror of migration, separation and reunification as seen in the Alexander von Humboldt Collection in Berlin
Authors: Weber Jutta
Published: September 2005

Manuscripts and their creators are subject to the conditions of history. The history of the Alexander von Humboldt Collection in Berlin is a history of the migration of manuscripts, the separation of parts of the collection, and their reunification. This leads to some more general observations. What if the original location of a manuscript is not a safe one? How can we guarantee safe preservation of the manuscript in another location? There are good reasons to build an alliance of institutions willing to cooperate with respect to these questions. Since we cannot turn back the wheels of history, we must act together now and in the future.
New Demands - Old Skills. A strategy for bridging the competence gap: building competencies in a daily working context
Authors: Thorhauge Jens
Published: September 2005

The paper is a presentation of the national programme on competence development - an extraordinary effort undertaken in the wake of the new Danish Act on library services in 2001-2002. The programme involved a major push to integrate learning activities in the daily work in the organization, to strengthen networking and project work on several levels and the nourishing of new leadership in the public libraries.
Together We Shape Better Libraries: the Swedish Quality Handbook Project
Authors: Adrial Christina JöNsson , Edgren Johan , Nilsson Jan , Månsby Susanna
Published: September 2005

The aim of the Swedish Quality Handbook Project is to help Swedish libraries in all parts of the public sector to start conducting systematic quality management, by utilizing performance indicators. The project is intended to serve as a springboard for libraries interested in engaging in quality development. The cooperation is based on the collection of data for the twelve indicators over a period of three years and a comparison of the results over time and with those of other libraries. The most important outcome from the project is that it has led 50 Swedish libraries to start performing systematic quality management. The project is run by The Special Interest Group for Quality Management and Statistics within the Swedish Library Association, which plays an active role in encouraging Swedish libraries to engage in quality development and evaluation.
Audiovisual and Multimedia Content in the Curriculum for Librarianship Studies at the University of LeÛn in Spain
Authors: Bravo Blanca Rodríguez
Published: September 2005

Within the framework of its programmes in Librarianship and Information Studies, the University of Leon offers the course ‘Analysis of Document Content’, which has as its aim the treatment of documentary messages with a view to their retrieval. The third module of the course concentrates on representation and retrieval of sound, visual, audiovisual and multimedia materials. Prior to undertaking documentary study of audiovisual materials, the peculiarities of the sound and iconic codes are explained. Students are then introduced to the analysis of audiovisual materials, which mix image and sound, have a time dimension and are not directly decodifiable by the senses. Finally, the specific characteristics of digital materials are covered, one of the chief of these being their multimedia nature, bringing together text, image and sound. The separation between contents and medium leads such materials to be both compound (different codes) and distributed (stored in several files), as well as dynamic (easily modifiable). These characteristics imply new requirements in handling them which are sketched out as a corollary of this subject.
A Revolution in Preservation: digitizing political posters at the National Library of Cuba
Authors: Ward Laura Susan
Published: September 2005

Cuba's Biblioteca Nacional José Martí houses a collection of Revolutionary graphic political posters that have generated international interest for their unique artistic style and controversial messages. Since the onset of the “Special Period,” a time of extreme economic hardship, librarians and archivists have tried to maintain the collection under less-than-ideal conditions. While library staff does not lack knowledge, energy, and dedication, the preservation situation at the BNJM remains grim. However, digitization of the poster collection can be used as a way to hedge against current deterioration and possible damage to or destruction of the collection during an episode of political change.
Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Women Exposed to Community and Partner Violence
Authors: Brown Jorielle R. , Hill Hope M. , Lambert Sharon F.
Published: October 2005

Prior research documents increased trauma symptoms associated with exposure to violence, primarily by examining types of violence separately. This study extends prior research by examining traumatic stress symptoms associated with two types of violence exposure, community violence and partner violence. A sample of 90 lowincome African American women from an urban area completed measures assessing exposure to community violence, partner violence, and trauma symptoms. Exposure to community violence and partner violence were associated with increased reporting of trauma symptoms. Participants who experienced high levels of exposure to both types of violence reported more trauma symptoms than women who were exposed to only one type of violence or neither type of violence. The results suggest that the accumulation of exposures to violence is linked with greater distress. Thus, interventions with women exposed to violence should assess violence exposure in multiple domains and attend to the implications of multiple exposures to violence.
Predictors of Trauma Symptomatology in Sexually Abused Adolescents
Authors: Bal Sarah , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse , Crombez Geert , Van Oost Paulette
Published: October 2005

This study examines the natural course of trauma-specific symptoms 6 months after disclosure. Furthermore, this study investigates whether severity and type of abuse (intrafamilial or extrafamilial sexual abuse), negative appraisals, coping strategies, and crisis support measured at time of disclosure can be predictive of trauma symptoms 6 months later. Sixty-five sexually abused Flemish adolescents are reassessed 6 months after disclosure. Information from the participants is obtained through selfreport questionnaires. Forty-six percent of the adolescents report clinically significant trauma symptoms. Although internalizing symptoms significantly decreases after 6 months, externalizing symptoms persist. Type or severity of the abuse does not account for differences in symptomatology. Two predictors of ongoing trauma symptomatology are identified: postdisclosure trauma symptomatology and a lack of initial crisis support. Information on the victims' postdisclosure symptomatology as well as information on the initial received social support is critical in understanding which abused adolescents are most at risk for poor outcomes in the long term.
Sensitivity Analysis and Energy Harvesting for a Self-Powered Piezoelectric Sensor
Authors: Ng T. H. , Liao W. H.
Published: September 2005

Sensors play a crucial role in structural systems with concern over reliability/ failure issues. The development of wireless monitoring systems has been of great interest because wireless transmission has been proven as a convenient means to transmit signals while minimizing the use of many long wires. However, the wireless transmission systems need sufficient power to function properly. Conventionally, batteries are used as the power sources for the remote sensing systems. However, due to their limited lifetime, replacement of batteries has to be carried out periodically, which is inconvenient. In recent years, piezoelectric materials have been developed as sensing and actuating devices mostly, and power generators in some cases. In this article, a self-powered piezoelectric sensor is studied, in which one piece of piezoelectric element is simultaneously used as a sensor and a power generator under vibration environment. Concurrent design with piezoelectric materials in sensor and power generator is integrated with energy storage device. We evaluate sensing and power generating abilities individually and then energy harvesting performances. The potential of the piezoelectric sensor to power wireless transmission systems is discussed. Experimental efforts are carried out to study the feasibility of the self-powered piezoelectric sensor system.
Comparison of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Devices for Recharging Batteries
Authors: Sodano Henry A. , Inman Daniel J. , Park Gyuhae
Published: September 2005

Piezoelectric materials can be used as a means of transforming ambient vibrations into electrical energy that can then be stored and used to power other devices. With the recent surge of microscale devices, piezoelectric power generation can provide a convenient alternative to traditional power sources used to operate certain types of sensors/actuators, telemetry, and MEMS devices. However, the energy produced by these materials is in many cases far too small to directly power an electrical device. Therefore, much of the research into power harvesting has focused on methods of accumulating the energy until a sufficient amount is present, allowing the intended electronics to be powered. In a recent study by Sodano et al. (2004a) the ability to take the energy generated through the vibration of a piezoelectric material was shown to be capable of recharging a discharged nickel metal hydride battery. In the present study, three types of piezoelectric devices are investigated and experimentally tested to determine each of their abilities to transform ambient vibration into electrical energy and their capability to recharge a discharged battery. The three types of piezoelectric devices tested are the commonly used monolithic piezoceramic material lead–zirconate–titanate (PZT), the bimorph Quick Pack (QP) actuator, and the macro-fiber composite (MFC). The experimental results estimate the efficiency of the three devices tested and identify the feasibility of their use in practical applications. Different capacity batteries are recharged using each device, to determine the charge time and maximum capacity battery that can be charged. The results presented in this article provide a means of choosing the piezoelectric device to be used and estimate the amount of time required to recharge a specific capacity battery.
Optimal Semi-active Control and Non-linear Dynamic Response of Variable Stiffness Structures
Authors: Renzi Emanuele , De Angelis Maurizio
Published: September 2005

In this paper we study the semi-active control of structural systems by means of variable stiffness devices, and the resulting non-linear dynamics of the controlled system. In particular, the study is applied to base-excited single-degree-of-freedom systems, controlled by variable ON–OFF elastic devices and subjected to simple motion conditions: free vibrations following initial conditions and stationary response to harmonic input. A performance index, which, in the case of base-excited structures, assumes an original dual formulation following the relative or absolute approaches, has been proposed for instantaneous optimal control. The study includes both the optimal control design and the observation of the resulting non-linear dynamics of the controlled system. The dynamic behavior of the controlled non-linear system is studied with respect to the parameters which characterize the algorithms, the control device, and the input. In this way, also by means of significant (and original) analytical solutions of the equations of motion, the optimal formulation of the algorithms, some particular behaviors of the controlled systems, and the performances of the control approach are shown and explained for the different control strategies.
Improving Local Roadway Safety with Lessons from Europe
Authors: Knapp Keith K.
Published: September 2005

A reduction in roadway fatalities is a priority for federal and state departments of transportation in the United States. However, it is estimated that approximately 40 percent of the more then 40,000 annual roadway fatalities in the United States occur along roadways under local governmental (e.g., town, city, and county) jurisdiction. Meeting national and/or state fatality reduction goals will require the organized and direct involvement of local governments, and the planning and implementation of efficient and effective local roadway safety-improvement programs. This article summarizes the overall findings and recommendations of a team of transportation safety experts (including the author) that investigated the components of successful roadway safety programs in four European countries. The applicability of the information gathered during the tour was evaluated by the author to recommend activities that can be used to improve the effectiveness of typical local roadway safety programs in the United States. The implementation of these recommendations should help achieve existing and proposed national, state, and local roadway safety improvement goals.
Turn-around pedagogies: improving the education of at-risk students
Authors: Kamler Barbara , Comber Barbara
Published: September 2005

Internationally, normative discourses about literacy standards have rapidly proliferated, and spaces for teachers to engage in serious intellectual inquiry seem to be shutting down. Our concern about the impact of these forces on teachers led us to design a cross-generational teacher research project across two states of Australia to tackle some of the toughest challenges teachers face in their workplaces, including the issue of unequal outcomes in literacy achievement. In this article we report on how the project design sustained an intellectual community of inquiry and fostered ‘turn-around pedagogies'. We include excerpts from recent teacher writing (Comber and Kamler, 2005) to illustrate how teachers used technology and popular culture to reengage their most at-risk students. We argue that crossgenerational models of practitioner inquiry hold great promise for improving the learning engagement of students, the productivity of schools and the professional renewal of the teacher workforce.
Music is why we come to school
Authors: Almau Amelia
Published: September 2005

Reducing absences and motivating learning–these are the two aims of the Motivational Strategies development programme at Ramiro Solans School in Zaragoza. Music and other art forms are the motive forces. Three years after its start, its achievements are impressive.
‘The most disgusting objects of both sexes’
Authors: Stabile Carol A.
Published: September 2005

Based on an analysis of episodic crime reporting in the New York Herald and the New York Sun of the 1830s, the following article examines the intersections of gender, race, and class in the origins of modern crime news. The role played by intersections among race, gender, and class in US crime news has not always been transparent or straightforward. In the ideologically charged context of crime news, for example, codes for representing black masculinity as criminal grew out of early 19th-century conceptualizations of gender, race, and class that were fundamentally racist and misogynist. Re-examining the early development of US crime news through a lens that encompasses race, gender, and class can tell us much about how various forms of threat construction came to be, as well as shedding light on the hold these forms of threat construction continue to exercise within US crime news and public discourses about crime.
Back from the brink or still on the margins?
Authors: Gall Gregor
Published: September 2005

This article examines whether, having regained many earlier lost union recognition agreements, the National Union of Journalists (NUJ) has recaptured its former industrial influence within the provincial newspaper industry, after a decade of derecognition by employers and following the introduction of new statutory union recognition mechanism. The processes by which the NUJ regained union recognition agreements after maintaining its membership base are considered. Thereafter, an assessment is made of how influential the NUJ has been in advancing and protecting its members’ interests through the institutions and processes of collective bargaining in the post-recognition period.
Reframing the runway
Authors: Marchi Regina M.
Published: September 2005

This article discusses newspaper coverage of a plan by the Massachusetts Port Authority to construct a new runway that would triple the amount of flights at Boston’s Logan International Airport. The project was supported by the Boston business community, the hospitality and airline industries and the Republican state leadership – who because of their status as elite sources, had the power to create the initial framing of the issue in terms of ‘economic progress’ vs ‘stagnation’. Early coverage in The Boston Globe and The Boston Herald reproduced this frame, failing to elucidate larger social justice issues involved for working class and minority communities abutting the airport. Through community organizing and media work enhanced with new communications technologies, a volunteer-run coalition of Boston area residents drew attention to issues of equity concerning the project’s environmental impacts, and helped educate elected officials, journalists and the general public about alternatives to the runway. This affected the framing of the issue in the news and, more importantly, broadened the policy debate in ways that stimulated regionalized transportation planning aimed at reducing environmental impacts for the communities around Logan.
Another ‘Fourth Branch’
Authors: de Albuquerque Afonso
Published: September 2005

American journalism has been taken as an almost universal standard for comparative journalism studies. Most of those focus on the adoption of American-born rhetoric and practices by other countries’ news media and journalists. This article maintains that this approach is misleading, because first, it minimizes the fact that American journalism is a cultural artifact too; and second, it offers a very simplistic model of the influence of American journalism on other countries. By analyzing the Brazilian news media, and the specific way it appropriates the American ‘Fourth Branch’ rhetoric, I maintain that the relationship that other countries’ journalisms establish with the American type of journalism must be understood as a creative adaptation, rather than a simple adoption.
The role of childcare providers in the prevention of childhood overweight
Authors: Sellers Kathleen , Russo Theresa J. , Baker Ida , Dennison Barbara A.
Published: September 2005

Childhood overweight has received increased national attention as a social and health problem. Childcare providers play an increasingly prominent role in the lives of young children and are therefore important in initiating change. This qualitative study determined the role of childcare professionals in the prevention of childhood overweight. Facilitated focus group sessions were conducted with childcare professionals to ascertain their beliefs and practices in four domains: 1) foods and beverages; 2) physical activity; 3) TV, video, and computer game viewing; and 4) behaviors with respect to eating and/or activity. The researchers and childcare staff then collaboratively identified ways to develop innovative policy and environmental changes to improve the health and fitness of young children. Though more research is needed, engaging the support of the childcare profession is a promising avenue to improve the health and fitness of young children.
Maternal teaching strategies in four cultural communities
Authors: Wang Xiao-lei , Bernas Ronan , Eberhard Philippe
Published: September 2005

This article examines maternal everyday teaching strategies in Chinese, American, Hutterite, and Native American cultural communities. It moves beyond a theoretical framework based on distancing by suggesting that effective adult teaching strategies are contextually and culturally determined. The authors urge early childhood educators to make efforts to understand the complexity of a child's home learning environment and to maximize the learning potential of every child by taking advantage of his/her funds of knowledge in early childhood education settings.
Reading practices experienced by preschool children in areas of disadvantage
Authors: Raban Bridie , Nolan Andrea
Published: September 2005

The purpose of this survey investigation was to gain insight into the different home literacy practices of preschool children in some disadvantaged areas across the state of Victoria, Australia. Findings indicate that parents read to their children regularly from a young age, found libraries easy to access and use, and have children who enjoy books and paper and pencil activities. However, more than half of them found there was not enough information available to support them in their child's literacy development. It is argued here that such information should be made available as a matter of some urgency and be distributed through libraries.
Development of an Ecological Assessment Tool for a Workplace Physical Activity Program Standard
Authors: Plotnikoff Ronald C. , Prodaniuk Tricia R. , Fein Allan J. , Milton Leah
Published: October 2005

This project was undertaken to develop a Workplace Physical Activity Assessment Tool to evaluate workplace physical activity programs based on a standard of best practices indicated in the literature and by key stakeholders. The development of the Assessment Tool was structured on an ecological model for health and physical activity promotion and an occupational health and safety audit instrument. The project included a review and synthesis of pertinent literature, expert and stakeholder reviews, interrater reliability appraisals, and workplace consultations over three distinct study phases. The Assessment Tool was received positively by the expert reviewers (i.e., academics, policy makers, and practitioners) and revealed generally high interrater reliability. The Workplace Physical Activity Assessment Tool can be used to plan, implement, and evaluate physical activity programs in the workplace. Recommendations for future research are identified.
Suburban Vision to Urban Reality: The Evolution of Olmsted and Vaux's Brooklyn Parkway Neighborhoods
Authors: Macdonald Elizabeth
Published: October 2005

In the late 1860s, Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux prepared a plan for Brooklyn that was intended to structure the development of a vast area of rural land. The plan proposed an extensive system of parkways linking public open spaces, which would serve as spines around which low-density suburban neighborhoods would be built. Two long and complexly designed parkways were built, Eastern Parkway and Ocean Parkway, and special platting was laid out for an envisioned neighborhood, but little development occurred around the parkways for forty years. This article looks at the evolution of built form around the parkways from before they were constructed until the present day, analyzing the development that actually occurred in relation to the original planning vision.
Body Possibilities in Leadership
Authors: Sinclair Amanda
Published: September 2005

Bodies and bodily performances – including physical stature, features, stance, gestures and voice – are central, yet ignored, elements in the accomplishment of leadership. In this article I offer some reasons for this neglect and attempt to redress it. My focus here is the bodily practices of two Australian leaders – the Victorian Chief Commissioner of Police, Christine Nixon and Chris Sarra, a school principal who was ‘Queenslander of the year’in 2004. In these two ‘profiles’I explore the way their bodies and body performances in leadership were important dimensions in bringing about radical change in moribund systems. Their ‘different’ body performances – a woman police commissioner and a high-profile Aboriginal principal – were also subject to regulation by the wider systems of which they are a part. This exploration reveals bodies as powerful sites in the construction of subversive leadership and new leadership knowledge.
The Virtual Leader Construct: The Mass Mediatization and Simulation of Transformational Leadership
Authors: Boje David M. , Rhodes Carl
Published: September 2005

This article explores what happens when leaders and leadership becomes virtualized through the mass media and proposes the Virtual Leader Construct (VLC) – a non-human image of a leader who is purposefully created by an organization. Using examples from the fast food industry it is proposed that there are three orders of the VLC: VLC as an imitation of a former flesh-and-blood leader; VLC as a creative re-representation of a former leader; and VLC as a fabricated leader with no direct relation to an actual person. It is argued that VLCs can and do perform potent transformation leadership functions for organizations – functions that are further enabled the more they are virtualized.
The intra-rater reliability of the Balance Performance Monitor when measuring sitting symmetry and weight-shift activity after stroke in a community setting
Authors: Sackley Cath M , Hill Helen J , Pound Kate , Foxall Andy
Published: September 2005

Objective: To examine the intra-rater reliability of sitting symmetry and weight-shift activity measurements in poststroke adults.

Design: An intra-rater reliability study.

Setting: A community setting.

Subjects: Adult stroke survivors attending stroke support groups within the community of Nottingham (UK).

Main measures: The Balance Performance Monitor used to measure sitting symmetry and weight-shift activity. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. The Bland-Altman method for assessing agreement is also presented.

Results: We tested 49 participants (median age 73 years; interquartile range 68-81 years). Between-test reliability for sitting symmetry was high: ICC (1,1) = 0.93 (95% CI 0.87 ≤ ICC5 ≤ 0.96). The mean difference between the measures (d̄) was-0.08 (95% CI-0.48 ≤ d̄ ≤ 0.31); the standard deviation of the differences (SDdiff) was 1.383. The coefficient of repeatability was 2.76; the 95% limits of agreement were -2.850 and 2.682. Between-test reliability for weight-shift activity was also high: ICC (1,1) = 0.86 (95% CI 0.775 ≤; ICC5 ≤; 0.92). Bland-Altman d̄= - 0.08 (95%CI-0.19 ≤ d̄ ≤ 0.35), SDdiff = 0.936. The coefficient of repeatability was 1.87; the 95% limits of agreement were-1.792 and 1.952.

Conclusions: The 95% CI for d for both parameters crossed zero, indicating that between-test bias is unlikely. Sitting symmetry and weight-shift activity measures demonstrated acceptable levels of reliability.
Reliability of the Modified Tardieu Scale and the Modified Ashworth Scale in adult patients with severe brain injury: a comparison study
Authors: Mehrholz Jan , Wagner Katja , Meißner Daniel , Grundmann Kay , Zange Christian , Koch Rainer , Pohl Marcus
Published: September 2005

Objective: To assess and to compare the reliability of the Modified Tardieu Scale with the Modified Ashworth Scale in patients with severe brain injury and impaired consciousness.

Design: Cross-sectional observational comparison study.

Setting: An early rehabilitation centre for adults with neurological disorders.

Subjects: Thirty patients with impaired consciousness due to severe cerebral damage of various aetiologies.

Measurement protocol: Four experienced physical therapists rated each patient in a randomized order once daily for two consecutive days. Shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee and ankle spasticity were assessed by the use of Modified Tardieu Scale and Modified Ashworth Scale data collection procedures.

Main outcome measures: Test - retest and inter-rater reliability (k=kappa value) of the Modified Tardieu Scale and the Modified Ashworth Scale.

Results: The test-retest reliability of the Modified Ashworth Scale was moderate to good (k = 0.47-0.62) and of the Modified Tardieu Scale moderate to very good (k = 0.52-0.87). Test - retest reliability was significantly higher within the Modified Tardieu Scale in comparison with the Modified Ashworth Scale (Z<1.96; p<0.05) except for shoulder extensor and internal rotator muscles (Z<1.96; p<0.05). Although inter-rater reliability of both scales was poor to moderate (Modified Ashworth Scale: k = 0.16-0.42; Modified Tardieu Scale: k = 0.29-0.53), significantly higher k-values were revealed with the Modified Tardieu Scale for all tested muscle groups (Z<1.96; p<0.05) except for wrist extensors (Z<1.96; p<0.05).

Conclusion: In patients with severe brain injury and impaired consciousness the Modified Tardieu Scale provides higher test-retest and inter-rater reliability compared with the Modified Ashworth Scale and may therefore be a more valid spasticity scale in adults.
Optimizing rehabilitation for adults with visual impairment: attention to life goals and their links to well-being
Authors: Boerner Kathrin , Cimarolli Verena R
Published: September 2005

Objective: To examine the importance of different life goals among working-age adults with vision impairment, the extent to which vision impairment interfered with goals, and how rehabilitation addressed these life goals.

Design: Cross-sectional descriptive study.

Setting: Vision rehabilitation agency.

Subjects: Working-age adults with visual impairment.

Method: Telephone interviews using structured and open-ended assessments of life goal importance, goal interference due to vision loss, the role of goals in rehabilitation, and indicators of well-being.

Results: Eighty-six people participated. The life domains most frequently rated as extremely important were finances (60), residential and domestic arrangements (55), family (51), partner (48), and personal care (48). The extent to which vision loss interferes with these life goals was extreme for finances (46), residential and domestic arrangements (36), partner (27), family (25), and personal care (14). A life goal was addressed in rehabilitation: residential/domestic arrangements (41), work (39), finances (31), leisure/hobbies (28), personal care (24), family (17), partner (16), friends (10), and religion/life philosophy (8). Reports of a life goal being addressed in ineffective ways emerged for functional life goals, but not for relationship and religion/life philosophy goals. Goal interference was significantly correlated with well being indicators across life domains. In contrast only partner and family relationship importance were significantly linked with well-being indicators.

Conclusions: Relationship-related goals were a top priority for this study population, but functional compared to relationship goals were more commonly addressed in vision rehabilitation services.