bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Gillman Howard , Chemerinsky Erwin
Published: August 2020

A common critique of a “separationist” position on matters of government and religion is that it represents inappropriate hostility toward religious people and practices. This chapter reviews and rebuts this critique. Most of the time, this critique is premised on the assumption that the government should be allowed to align itself with Christian or Judeo-Christian practices and symbols because they are part of our “heritage” and “traditions.” This chapter rejects this assumption as inconsistent with the Constitution’s expectation that government not formally align itself with particular religions. The separationist position ends the inherent hostility that such practices demonstrated toward historically excluded or disfavored religious traditions and consequently is more supportive of the great diversity of religious traditions and practices that characterizes 21st-century America. It also ensures that the government will not be embroiled in impossible decisions about which religious individuals deserve special accommodation from laws that bind everyone else.
Introduction: A Quick History of the Present
Authors: Hopkin Jonathan
Published: August 2020

This introductory chapter provides a background of anti-system politics. The term “anti-system” was coined by political scientist Giovanni Sartori in the 1960s to describe political parties that articulated opposition to the liberal democratic political order in Western democracies. The reasons for the rise in anti-system politics are structural, and have been a long time brewing. The success of anti-system parties forces us to ask fundamental questions about the nature of the political and economic system, and the way in which the twenty-first-century market economy affects people’s lives. Rather than dismissing anti-system politics as “populism,” driven by racial hatred, nebulous foreign conspiracies, or an irrational belief in “fake news,” people need to start by understanding what has gone wrong in the rich democracies to alienate so many citizens from those who govern them.
Parties against Markets: The Rise and Fall of Democratic Capitalism
Authors: Hopkin Jonathan
Published: August 2020

This chapter outlines the long-run evolution of the relationship between the market economy and political institutions in the West over the last century, showing how capitalism and democracy have a fundamentally unstable relationship that produces regular political upheavals. The history of capitalism is marked by the battle between economic forces pushing for the primacy of profit and political forces demanding its regulation in the social interest. As a result, attempts to impose the logic of the market on democratic societies are fraught with difficulty, because citizens mobilize to respond to threats to their economic and social well-being. The chapter also considers how the shape of political institutions—particularly the organization, interaction, and ideological identities of political parties—conditions the impact of markets on society, and how the dominance of liberal market ideas in the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries weakened democratic participation and paved the way for a reemergence of political conflict through anti-system forces.
Taking Back Control: Britain Turns against the Market
Authors: Hopkin Jonathan
Published: August 2020

This chapter traces the response to inequality and financial collapse in the United Kingdom, with the anti-system Right represented by the Brexit campaign, and the Left by Jeremy Corbyn’s takeover of the Labour Party. Like Trump’s election in the United States, which it preceded by less than six months, the Brexit vote was an anti-system vote, a vote of rejection of the existing political establishment and the economic policies it had implemented since the 1980s. Just as Trump’s victory mobilized entrenched racial divides in the United States, Brexit reflected a long-standing skepticism about European integration in British society. The chapter then argues that Brexit formed part of a wider anti-system revolt in Britain, which replaced the centrist politics of the 1990s and 2000s with a deeply polarized politics pitting half the country against the other.
The New North-South Divide: Bailout Politics and the Return of the Left in Southern Europe
Authors: Hopkin Jonathan
Published: August 2020

This chapter assesses the Eurozone debt crisis as a conflict between creditor and debtor countries, pitting northern member states against the southern periphery, before looking at the distributional politics of austerity in the smaller southern Eurozone states of Greece and Portugal. The Eurozone crisis placed the European Union under extraordinary strain, as markets panicked, leaving the weaker and more indebted member states struggling to avoid financial collapse. The bailouts of Greece, Ireland, and Portugal may have saved them from crashing out of the single currency, but the price was harsh austerity for their citizens and an accumulation of debt comparable to wartime. Meanwhile, the political costs of the euro crisis can be seen in the destabilization of European party systems. Not only did Greece embrace anti-system politics, electing a government opposed to the bailout regime, but the northern European countries that had put up much of the money for the rescues also saw their own political backlash.
Case Studies–Advertising
Authors: Forceville Charles
Published: August 2020

The second genre investigated is advertising, which has the very strong convention that it makes positive claims for a product, a service, or an idea. To begin with, it is claimed that to the extent that an advertisement conveys part of its message visually, even someone not familiar with the language used in an ad will understand at least part of the information conveyed—thanks to fonts, font sizes, colors, and knowledge about elements that conventionally appear in an advertisement or billboard. To demonstrate this, a Chinese advertisement is examined, initially without paying attention to the semantics of the written text. Several advertisements of different types are analyzed in light of how their place of occurrence helps guide the envisaged audience to derive relevance.
Controversial Communication
Authors: Forceville Charles
Published: August 2020

Although neutral about ethics and ideologies, RT acknowledges that while claiming to be optimally relevant to their envisaged audiences, communicators may not be entirely truthful—or may shamelessly lie through their teeth—by accommodating the issue of trust in its model. More specifically, RT distinguishes between addressees believing (1) that a communicator is both competent and benevolent; (2) that the communicator is benevolent but not necessarily competent; or (3) that the communicator may be less than benevolent. This chapter examines a number of misleading mass-communicative visual and multimodal messages and shows how their contentious nature can be accounted for in RT terms. It further argues that the RT concept of “echoic mention,” developed to theorize irony, can be extended to other types of transformative use of original messages, and thereby is a cognate of what in other paradigms is called “intertextuality.”
Hearing Homophony
Authors: Long Megan Kaes
Published: August 2020

This book examines a repertoire of homophonic vernacular partsongs composed around the turn of the seventeenth century, and considers how these partsongs exploit rhythm, meter, phrase structure, and form to craft harmonic trajectories. Giovanni Giacomo Gastoldi, Thomas Morley, Hans Leo Hassler, and their contemporaries engineered a particular kind of centricity that is distinctively tonal: they strategically deployed dominant harmonies at regular periodicities and in combination with poetic, phrase structural, and formal cues, thereby creating expectation for tonic harmonies. Homophony provided an ideal venue for these experiments: spurred by an increasing demand for comprehensible texts, composers of partsongs developed rigid text-setting procedures that promoted both metrical regularity and consistent phrase rhythm. This rhythmic consistency had a ripple effect: it encouraged composers to design symmetrical phrase structures and to build comprehensible, repetitive, and predictable formal structures. Thus, homophonic partsongs create and exploit trajectories from dominants to tonics on multiple scales, from cadence to sub-phrase to phrase to form. Ultimately, this book argues for a model of tonality—and of tonality’s history—that centers not pitch, but rhythm and meter. Metrically oriented harmonic trajectories encourage tonal expectation. And we can locate these trajectories in a variety of repertoires, including those that we traditionally understand as “modal.”
La questione della lingua
Authors: Long Megan Kaes
Published: August 2020

In 1591, Giovanni Giacomo Gastoldi published a modest collection of light homophonic partsongs with fa la refrains: Balletti a cinque voci. Gastoldi’s collection brings together three important stylistic points of reference: homophony, an emerging monodic style, which had always been entwined with homophony, and social dance. The print was an instant success, garnering ten Venetian reprints, eleven editions in other European cities, and a handful of homages and translations, including Thomas Morley’s First Booke of Balletts to Five Voyces (London, 1595). When Morley, and eventually German editors and composers, adopted and adapted Gastoldi’s infectious musical style, they not only translated Gastoldi’s texts, but also his musical idioms. In this process, they participated in a rich tradition of nationalistic identity formation already underway in the robust field of literary translation.
Halves Requiring Completion
Authors: Long Megan Kaes
Published: August 2020

Sixteenth-century theorists did not describe phrase structure; they were concerned instead with counterpoint. But phrase was an unavoidable consideration in the fast-paced, syllabic environment of vocal homophony. Schematic text-setting ensured that homophonic phrases were concise and discrete, segmenting the musical surface into short, symmetrical units demarcated by efficient cadences. Melodic construction changed in turn, as composers focused on getting from cadence to cadence. These early experiments with phrase design had a strong harmonic component: through the analysis of over one thousand phrases, this chapter demonstrates how repertoire-wide norms privilege dominant–tonic relationships at the phrase level. Composers supported these harmonic trajectories with new melodic strategies that emphasized transposition and transformation of goal-directed motives. Ultimately, phrase structure—especially the nascent musical period—encouraged dynamic listening strategies that played a crucial role in the early development of tonality.
Epilogue
Authors: Long Megan Kaes
Published: August 2020

In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, composers invested in new musical resources, endowing their music with an increasingly robust capacity to support tonal trajectories. It is not a coincidence that, as Daniel Harrison argues, early twentieth-century composers gradually disposed of the very same resources.1...
Goethe as Philosopher
Authors: Förster Eckart , Eldridge Sarah , Speight Allen
Published: August 2020

This chapter explores the only apparent contradiction between Goethe’s profession of a lack of talent for philosophy and the significant reciprocal intellectual influence that existed between Goethe and leading philosophers of his time, including Fichte, Hegel, and Schelling. The essay traces the development of Goethe’s interest in philosophy in the years preceding the publication of Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship as he pursues the possibility of some form of “intuitive” (nondiscursive) understanding. This path appears to have grown especially at the start from Goethe’s interest in botany and in Spinoza’s notion of a scientia intuitiva. The full shape of Goethe’s reflections on this issue ultimately involve his engagement with Kant’s Critique of the Power of Judgment as well as with a set of reflections on how one might be able to construe a “complete series” of developmental transitions.
Narrative Direction
Authors: Eldridge Sarah Vandegrift
Published: August 2020

This essay approaches Goethe’s novel from the perspective of historical shifts and new poetic models in the late eighteenth century, which took the form of a feeling of increased contingency or randomness in an individual’s life. It argues that Goethe uses narrative techniques to create a balance between the episodic and the developmental, the parts of the novel and its trajectory as a whole. Wilhelm’s character development and these formal characteristics combine to solicit imaginative engagement on the part of readers of the novel, who, in thinking about these things, may come to a better understanding of the contingency in their own lives. The essay argues that Wilhelm Meisters Apprenticeship offers not only a detailed depiction of contingency in human life but also a suggestion that aesthetic experience might hold out the possibility of acknowledging and managing that contingency to create a sense of purpose and meaning.
Goethe’s Wilhelm Meister
Authors: Millán Elizabeth
Published: August 2020

This chapter details Goethe’s influence on the development of early German Romantic philosophy. It explores some of the reasons why Goethe became a leading literary influence on early German Romantic philosophy. The unique literary style of the early German Romantics is presented; in particular, their fusion of literary and philosophical approaches to central philosophical issues is explored. The modern spirit that unified Goethe and Schlegel is presented as the motivation for Schlegel’s turn to Goethe’s work. Finally, Schlegel’s analysis of Wilhelm Meister is presented as a Romantic ideal of art.
To Err Is Male
Authors: Krimmer Elisabeth
Published: August 2020

The article resituates Wilhelm Meister in the context of contemporary educational philosophy. It defines Bildung in contradistinction to the more narrowly conceived notion of education and argues that Bildung in Goethe’s novel is designed specifically to deal with the fallout of the failure of parental and institutional education. Wilhelm Meister shows not only that the unbounded autonomy that is often associated with Bildung cannot result from educational processes that are characterized by heteronomy, but also emphasizes the importance of interconnectedness and interdependency. Furthermore, the article posits that Wilhelm Meister portrays women and Bildung as incompatible. This incompatibility is rooted in the concept of Bildung itself: Bildung unfolds in ever-widening circles, from which women tend to be barred qua gender, and is accepting of the concept of error, whereas female respectability does not allow for any missteps. However, while women are excluded from Bildung, Goethe allows for some measure of female agency in the arena of education.
Agency and Embodiment in Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship
Authors: Lee Charlotte
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines the question of agency in Wilhelm Meister’s Apprenticeship, paying particular attention to the role of physicality and movement. It explores the ways in which characters’ embodied interactions with the world and with one another might express, or represent an attempt to express, agency. The novel is full of striking depictions of bodies in motion, and the chapter analyzes the idiosyncratic physical behaviors of the key characters—in particular, but not exclusively, of the female characters. In each case, conclusions can be drawn, on the basis of their gestures and movements, about the degree of agency which they are able to command. Yet the balance is always shifting, for power and freedom must be continually negotiated and renegotiated. The novel tracks this, too, and reveals a constant give and take between the characters and the world against which their lives take shape.
Introduction
Authors: Jacobs Jonathan A.
Published: August 2020

The main elements of the book are described in this chapter. They are first, some of the basic respects in which the U.S. and U.K. are liberal democracies and what that implies regarding important aspects of criminal justice. Second, serious moral defects of current carceral practice are highlighted but it is argued that those are not attributable to integral features of a liberal state. In fact, conceptual and normative resources for addressing those defects can be found among the principles and values of a liberal political order.
Criminal Justice and Justice Overall, Part II
Authors: Jacobs Jonathan A.
Published: August 2020

This is further exploration of the themes of Chapter 2, arguing that judges should not appeal to their own moral commitments in arriving at judicial decisions. There are respects in which the law needs to be morally intelligible but it needs to apply with generality that is not customized by the moral commitments of individuals. The pluralism of values in civil society should not translate into pluralism of criteria for criminal justice decisions. Desert has a key role that should not be highly vulnerable to different judges’ interpretations.
Resentment and Retributivism
Authors: Jacobs Jonathan A.
Published: August 2020

While there are ways that resentment can be morally problematic there is a morally proper form of resentment, and it has to do with the concern to see that justice is served. The chapter defends this form of resentment, showing that it can actually help encourage civility and moral respect for victims and offenders. The chapter explains some of the most common mistakes made regarding the moral psychology of retributivism, and it defends a non-consequentialist retributive basis for sanction.
Deficits of Justice and Civility
Authors: Jacobs Jonathan A.
Published: August 2020

This chapter explains the types of harm often caused by long stays in prison in the current conditions. It focuses on how prisoners’ capacities as agents are diminished and the ways that demoralization of that kind renders prisoners ill-equipped to re-enter civil society upon release. It also discusses conviction based impediments to participation in civil society. These might include disenfranchisement and difficulties finding employment, and obtaining public benefits despite prisoners having completed their sentences.
Retributive Sanction in the Liberal State
Authors: Jacobs Jonathan A.
Published: August 2020

The chapter discusses several versions of retributivist conceptions of punishment and distinguishes the version defended from them. The view, as is the case with some other retributivist views, includes a morally proper role for resentment. It also responds to many of the objections to retributivism, showing that in several cases, they are based on misconceptions or misrepresentations. The chapter also explains how and why retributivism communicates the values and principles of liberal democracy and why consequentialist conceptions of punishment are seriously flawed.
Conclusion
Authors: Jacobs Jonathan A.
Published: August 2020

This chapter is a recapitulation of the main claims and the notion that liberal democracy of the kind found in the U.S. and U.K. has the intellectual and moral resources for the most important reforms needed in criminal justice. We do not need to remake the political order but we do need to reform policies, attitudes, and norms.
Mexico, Spain, and Their Deep Histories of Place
Authors: Carballo David M.
Published: August 2020

This book presents a novel perspective on the momentous encounter of five hundred years ago between Europeans and Native peoples of the Americas by framing what has traditionally been called the Spanish conquest of Mexico in deep time, on both sides of the Atlantic, and with an emphasis on material culture. The introductory chapter establishes the broad contours of this approach by defining the concept of “deep history” and the layers of human occupation that archaeologists and specialists of cognate fields study as sites, artifacts, and art. It provides an entry into this approach by discussing the towns of Medellín, Spain, and Cholula, Mexico—two places with millennia of human occupation that encapsulate much of the major chronological phases of early Iberia and Mesoamerica, as well as their entanglement when Medellín’s most famous son, the conquistador Hernando Cortés, invaded Cholula and massacred thousands of its unarmed inhabitants.
Mexico and Spain on the Eve of Encounter
Authors: Carballo David M.
Published: August 2020

Themes from the previous two chapters are interwoven for a trans-Atlantic, comparative perspective on the fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries in Mexico and Spain on the eve of encounter. The emphasis is primarily on their most consequential kingdoms: the Aztec Triple Alliance and the Crown of Castile-León. Major themes of comparison include ethnic affiliation and national mythos, patterns of urbanism and political and economic organization, military and transportation technologies, and worldview framed through religion and philosophy. Previous comparative histories of the two culture areas have emphasized technological differences, particularly with regard to naval and military capabilities. These differences certainly existed, but such accounts often ignore the role of cultural and ideological variables, such as the role of micro-patriotism within Mesoamerican polities of the region and differences in battlefield ethos and the religious framing of warfare between Aztecs and Spaniards. These were critical to how the Spanish-led invasion of Mesoamerica unfolded. Likewise, similarities in certain cultural variables between the two regions enabled the post-conquest creation of New Spain to be a negotiated process that saw the birth of hybrid and syncretic beliefs and material culture.
Invasion of the Mesoamerican Coast
Authors: Carballo David M.
Published: August 2020

Spain’s initial colonial encounters in the Caribbean and Mesoamerica are covered in this chapter, culminating in Cortés’ invasion along the coast of the Yucatan peninsula and the Gulf of Mexico. It examines the development of institutions and strategies for Spain’s colonization of what Columbus branded “the Indies,” and examines major disagreements among Spaniards over issues of slavery, land and labor, and continued conquests, with opinion often split along the lines of the conquistadors and clergy. Initial expeditions to Mesoamerica encountered Maya cities that were unlike those that Spaniards knew from colonizing the Caribbean. These urban centers were more similar in their large populations and architectural elaboration to what the Spaniards were familiar with from the contemporaneous Islamic world and from Mediterranean antiquity, prompting the Spaniards to draw frequent comparisons with these civilizations. After seeing the potential riches of Mesoamerica, Cortés and others in his expedition opted for invasion rather than the exploration and trading they were authorized to do. This included a major battle at the Maya city of Putunchan and the establishment of the first permanent European settlements in Mesoamerica in Veracruz, where Totonacs from the city of Cempoala became Cortés’ first Native allies. Another key figure to join the expedition was Malinche, who became an indispensable translator and concubine to Cortés.
Old Foes, New Allies
Authors: Carballo David M.
Published: August 2020

After establishing a base at Veracruz, the Cortés expedition began their march inland to the heart of the Aztec Empire. This chapter focuses on the initial encounter between the expedition and the Tlaxcalteca, who would eventually become the key Mesoamerican allies to Spanish efforts at toppling the Aztecs, as well as in continued conquests throughout Mesoamerica, creating New Spain in the process. Yet first, the Tlaxcalteca and allied Otomis from Tlaxcala’s northern frontier fought fiercely with the foreigners, including weeks of fighting at Tecoac and Tzompantepec. The Tlaxcalteca had resisted incorporation into the Aztec Triple Alliance empire through a mix of military resistance and by organizing themselves into one of the most inclusive and collective states of the Precolumbian Americas, which provided incentives for fighting bravely. They eventually made the strategic decision that by joining the Spaniards they could topple the existing political order in their favor. The first offensive of the joint Spanish-Tlaxcalteca force was aimed at Cholula, on the way to entering the Mexica-Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan.
Forging a New Spain
Authors: Carballo David M.
Published: August 2020

Histories of the conquest often end with the fall of Tenochtitlan, but the forging of New Spain required decades of continued military invasions in which central Mexicans, in particular, played leading roles. This chapter examines how the Tlaxcalteca and other Native allies petitioned the Spanish Crown for certain rights and privileges, as a form of negotiation within a system of domination and oppression, even sailing across the Atlantic to Spain multiple times to do so in person. Imperial rule and religious conversion could occasionally be challenged or proactively shaped by Mesoamericans, generating hybrid forms of religious belief, public spectacles, art, architecture, diet, and personal adornment, all inscribed on Mexico’s natural and cultural landscape. Such exchanges also crossed the Atlantic, and eventually the Pacific, to begin a truly global world history.
queerqueen
Authors: Maree Claire
Published: August 2020

Queerqueen examines the editing and writing of queer excess into Japanese popular culture through mediatization of queerqueen styles. The book illustrates how a diversity of gender identifications, sexual orientations, and discursive styles are packaged together as if to form a homogenous character—the queerqueen. In a range of genres from conversational dialogue books to lifestyle television and animations, queerqueen styles are configured as crossing into popular media via the body of the authentically “queer male,” whose “authentic” speech is produced spontaneously without scripting. Editorial interventions enacted through the collaborative language labor of stenographers and record makers, graphic designers and illustrators, and editorial teams (re)trace the sonic qualities of the queerqueen. Through visual mimesis, contemporaneous citational practices, and the mobilization of nostalgia, queerqueen styles are enregistered as talk that is inherently excessive and in need of containment. Editorial acts of containment such as self-censorship simultaneously expose the sexualized nature of gendered norms of talk in Japanese. It is also here that possible spaces for dissent open up through contestation of the limits to excess. The visual and sonic crossings of gender norms unsettle heteronormative mapping of speech styles onto statically gendered bodies. Strategic use of a variety of linguistic resources such as hyper-masculine forms and hyper-politeness exposes the veneers of technologies that seek to regiment excess. Analysis of the inscription of queerqueen styles reveals metapragmatic stereotypes of gender, sexuality, and desire that are essential to the business of mainstream entertainment.
Social Rights
Authors: Chilton Adam S. , Versteeg Mila
Published: August 2020

This chapter analyzes two social rights that are practiced on an individual basis: (1) the right to education and (2) the right to healthcare. It first describes the doctrinal nature of these rights, as well as how these relate to organizations’ ability to secure their enforcement. It then presents results from a global statistical analysis, which reveal that countries that constitutionalize the right to education and the right to healthcare do not dedicate more public funds to education and healthcare than countries without the right. In addition, this chapter presents a case study on the right to healthcare in Colombia, which reveals the difficulties inherent in enforcing the right to healthcare, even in the face of a highly activist judiciary.
Right to Form Political Parties
Authors: Chilton Adam S. , Versteeg Mila
Published: August 2020

This chapter analyzes the right to form political parties. It first describes the doctrinal aspects of this right, and how it is organizational in nature. It also theorizes the extent to which political parties are able to mobilize to protect their rights, and whether and how the constitution can help them do so. The chapter also draws attention to important differences between opposition parties and ruling parties. It then presents results from a global statistical analysis, which reveal that constitutional protections of the right to form political parties are systematically associated with higher levels of respect for party rights and levels of democratization. It attributes this finding to the actions by political parties, which use the constitution to protect their rights. It also presents findings from a case study in Myanmar, which demonstrates how the constitutional protection of political parties facilitated the emergence of dozens of new parties and how the new parties used the Myanmar Constitution to protect their interests.
Introduction
Authors: Brenneman Robert , Miller Brian J.
Published: August 2020

Drawing on the example of the college campus tour and the way tour participants “read” buildings for clues about the institution, the authors argue that sociologists ought to pay more attention to the symbolic and formative power of buildings. Religious buildings in particular have been virtually ignored by sociology despite their ubiquity in the global landscape. How do religious buildings affect and shape the experiences of those who worship and visit? This Introduction summarizes the themes of the subsequent chapters in the book and discusses why it is important for scholars to study the planning for, construction of, approval required for, alteration of, experiences in, and presence of religious buildings. Just as the campus chapel continues to mark a religious presence on college campuses, the authors posit that religious buildings shape communities throughout societies and deserve attention.
Ours until Jesus Comes!
Authors: Brenneman Robert , Miller Brian J.
Published: August 2020

In four case studies of congregations in Guatemala, this chapter introduces and discusses the concept of building energy: the emotional energy that groups experience when undertaking a building project. In a country with an increasing number of congregations, it discusses: a Seventh-day Adventist congregation pooling their resources to purchase land and construct a cement-block church; a Pentecostal congregation that constructed a corrugated steel building on rented land but outfitted it with white ceramic tile floor, original artwork, and an impressive PA system; a Catholic church in an indigenous town that worked through conflict to construct a new sanctuary with the help of the community; and a non-denominational church that chose to design and build a structure themselves, using the project as a means of providing work and architectural apprenticeship for its young adults. Across the cases, the building projects brought church and/or community members together, even though the projects often revealed tensions over congregational identity.
Conclusion
Authors: Brenneman Robert , Miller Brian J.
Published: August 2020

This chapter provides five answers to the question of how religious buildings affect and shape the experiences of those who worship and visit. First, the building energy that begins with building projects is meaningful and possibly long lasting for congregations. Second, religious traditions provide architectural toolkits for congregations and architects to draw on. Third, design choices are constrained by access to and willingness to use economic resources, though congregations can be very creative. Fourth, a religious building can be influential through time, including how design choices affect later worshippers or how buildings can become sacred spaces for other groups. Fifth, cross-national cases suggest that religious architecture crosses national boundaries, illustrated by the influence of American Protestant megachurches on religious buildings in Guatemala. These findings have important implications for studying the materiality of religion, the “we”-ness of congregations, the religious experiences of individuals and groups, and how religious buildings arise and evolve.
Introduction
Authors: Palmer Landon
Published: August 2020

The book’s introduction first discusses why looking back at cinematic rock stars is useful for understanding a present context in which stardom seems to matter little to the industrial work of Hollywood. It then provides a summary of the industrial and media context in which rock stardom became significant for commercial filmmaking, distinguishes the category of “rock stars” from prior popular music stars who transitioned to screen, and articulates a theory of media power with regard to rock stardom that explains how such stars produce commercially valuable performances of difference and protest (particularly through performances of race and gender). The introduction ends with a methodological overview that explains how the book’s select case studies indicate different arrangements of power in rock musicians’ relationships to changing media contexts over their extensive onscreen careers.
Sound and Vision
Authors: Palmer Landon
Published: August 2020

Chapter 4 focuses on the first decade of David Bowie’s feature screen career in order to examine the changing industrial and aesthetic relationships of narrative feature filmmaking to popular music between the 1970s and 1980s. Using six of Bowie’s starring feature film roles between 1976 and 1986, this chapter explores broadening nonmusical roles for rock stars onscreen. Such casting was made possible in a context in which rock music had become normalized on film soundtracks, absent the rock star’s onscreen performance. This chapter draws connections across the economic and aesthetic relations of popular music and cinema from the popularization of the composite score in the 1970s (that is, film scoring with popular songs rather than orchestral music) to the synergistic organization of film and music industries in the 1980s, demonstrating how composite scoring set the stage for synergy organized around MTV. In this context, rock stars’ screen performances became less tied to the previous types of roles explored in this volume: composite scoring and synergy both expanded and standardized the nondiegetic prominence of rock music within film, and such practices meant that the industrial imperatives that constitute rock stars’ relationships to film no longer necessitated those stars’ onscreen performances of music. Analyzing how his dramatic and musical film performances intersected with his rock star image, this chapter explores Bowie’s variegated screen roles in terms of how rock stars’ industrial and textual functions no longer required cogent alignment.
Coda
Authors: Palmer Landon
Published: August 2020

This chapter concludes the volume with a concise coda that problematizes the genre and medium specificity of categories such as “rock” and “cinema,” and interrogates their relevance to understanding popular music stardom onscreen in the twenty-first century. By exploring several recent visual albums, this coda demonstrates how the history of rock stardom onscreen paved the way for the unification of the feature film and the music video on display in this unique form. Yet, at the same time, visual albums present musicians with renewed opportunity for overt political expression and aesthetic experimentation not seen since late 1960s rock movies. Visual albums are ultimately the latest intersection between the recording industry and moving image media—an intersection that, as this book demonstrates, has a rich and enduring history.
Culpability and Breach of Trust
Authors: Heffer Chris
Published: August 2020

This chapter sets out a framework for analyzing the relative culpability of the breach of trust represented by willfully insincere and/or epistemically negligent discourse. Given that blameworthiness is usually linked with intentionality, the chapter begins by arguing in favor of culpable ignorance. After illustrating why an analysis of the degree of culpability is necessary for the framework, it is argued that we can best establish degree of culpability by considering the gravity of the breach of trust involved. Nine contextually based trust-related dimensions are proposed (e.g. the vulnerability of the hearer, the institutional power of the speaker, and the perceived harm that might result from the untruthful discourse), and it is suggested that the ethical breach might be aggravated or attenuated accordingly. Finally the chapter considers further aggravating and mitigating circumstances that need to be taken into account when making a final ethical judgement of the discursive act of untruthfulness.
Scandal
Authors: Smith Leslie Dorrough
Published: August 2020

Chapter 1 examines the concept of sex scandals as they are commonly treated in current scholarship. The two most dominant models view them as (a) moments of social harm caused by a leader’s moral failure (case studies include the scandals of Larry Craig, David Petraeus, and John Edwards); or (b) violations of social norms regarding gender, race, and class (as exemplified by Bill Clinton in the Monica Lewinsky scandal). Yet the chapter’s main case study is Donald Trump. Trump’s white, sexual persona boosted his political appeal and impacted his rhetoric in the 2016 campaign, particularly in his gendered and sexed speech regarding Hillary Clinton. In light of Trump, a third model is proposed that understands sex scandals as specifically nationalist events that draw on the aforementioned identity categories of gender, race, and sexual orientation in determining who can be considered a national icon.
The Beginning of Biomagnetism and Magnetoencephalography Research in Finland in the 1970s
Authors: Katila Toivo
Published: August 2020

This chapter describes the first 10 years of biomagnetism research at the Helsinki University of Technology, beginning in 1972. The review emphasizes both the technical development and the search for biomedical applications of the new method. The focus of applications presented here is on head and brain research. During the first years of the studies, the author and his associates were the only active superconducting quantum-interference device (SQUID) biomagnetism research group in Europe, and until about 1980 the only group involved in magnetoencephalography studies in Finland.
A View from the Beginning of Magnetoencephalography
Authors: Kaufman Lloyd
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines the author’s work on visually evoked field (VEF) experiments. After their first VEF experiment, the author and other researchers thought that it may well be possible to use magnetoencephalography (MEG) to noninvasively map primary projection areas of several sensory pathways on the cerebral cortex. The importance of such a task lay partly in the fact that an enormous amount of information about these areas already existed. This information was gained in part by studying patients with penetrating wounds of their brains. Other studies applied electric stimuli during brain surgery to exposed brain tissue. Even if the researchers could not add anything of value to this knowledge base, they may still be able to verify MEG’s ostensible potential for locating specific functional areas noninvasively. Ultimately, this became one of the more valuable potential applications before brain surgery. The chapter then suggests some research projects that may accelerate progress in MEG.
Which Part of the Neuronal Current can be Determined by Electroencephalography?
Authors: Fokas A. S. , Hashemzadeh Parham , Leahy Richard M.
Published: August 2020

This chapter considers the so-called four-shell model of the brain and assumes that a continuously distributed primary neuronal current is supported either within the cerebral cortex or only on the surface of the cortex, S
c, and is normal to this surface. The authors show that in the former case, electroencephalogram recordings are affected only by the value of the irrotational part of the current denoted by the scalar function Ψ‎(τ‎) and by the gradient of Ψ‎(τ‎) on S
c. An effective numerical procedure for reconstructing Ψ‎(τ‎) in the particular case of an ellipsoidal model is discussed. If the primary current is supported on S
c, and it is normal to it, then it can be reconstructed uniquely.
Use of Multiple Frequency Bands in Magnetoencephalography for Characterization of Epilepsy
Authors: Jeong Woorim , Chung Chun Kee
Published: August 2020

For clinical applications in epilepsy, magnetoencephalography (MEG) has been mostly used to localize sources of interictal spike activity using the single equivalent current dipole (ECD) method. Thanks to the advancement of analytical methodology for MEG signals, multiple frequency band signals, especially fast oscillations (>30 Hz), are now being used for localization of ictal and interictal epileptic activity in addition to the ECD method. Moreover, connectivity and network analysis utilizing multiple frequency band MEG signals have recently been adopted in the field of epilepsy. This chapter provides an overview of the clinical applications of multiple frequency band signal analysis in epilepsy for the purpose of localization of epileptiform activity sources and assessment of functional connectivity.
Can Magnetoencephalography Identify the Epileptogenic Pathology in Children?
Authors: Chang Won Seok , Otsubo Hiroshi
Published: August 2020

Because epilepsy in children can result in cognitive decline and psychomotor disabilities in later periods of life, controlling the seizures early and aggressively is recommended. Approximately 30 to 35% of children with epilepsy continue to have seizures despite optimized medical treatments. For these children, epilepsy surgery to resect the focal epileptogenic zone is the best remaining option. Presurgical evaluation, including video electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography (MEG) for physiological information, magnetic resonance imaging for structural imaging, positron emission tomography for metabolic imaging, and neuropsychological examinations are essential for assessment of the laterality and focality of the epileptogenic zone. In this chapter, specific characteristics of MEG findings are correlated with the histopathology of epilepsy (i.e., focal cortical dysplasia, oligodendrogliosis consisting of increase in oligodendroglia-like cells in the subcortical areas, and filaminopathy with astrocytic inclusions). In addition to MEG findings, the integration of other information is used to inform the surgical strategy for children with pharmaco-resistant epilepsy.
Decoding Cognitive Function with Magnetoencephalography
Authors: Pantazis Dimitrios
Published: August 2020

Decoding of brain activity can perform feats of mind-reading by revealing what a person is seeing, perceiving, or remembering. Decoding can assess the information contained in magnetoencephalography (MEG) neural patterns, offering a principled approach to characterize differences in cognitive function between the normal and abnormal brain. Since their introduction, multivariate decoding methods have transformed cognitive neuroscience. They are now increasingly complementing traditional univariate methods for the analysis of neuroimaging data, in part owing to the higher sensitivity afforded by these techniques. However, deriving information from distributed MEG neural patterns requires special analytical approaches. The aim of this chapter is to introduce decoding techniques and their application in MEG. It reviews the different ways to extract MEG multivariate patterns and perform decoding analyses. It also highlights challenges and limitations in the interpretation of decoding results.
Bach in History
Authors: Schulenberg David
Published: August 2020

Bach was a member of an extended family whose work as musicians went back several generations before him and continued for at least two more afterwards. This chapter traces his origins and situates Bach within the physical, social, religious, and cultural background of central Germany in the later seventeenth and earlier eighteenth centuries. Special attention is given to the nature of family life and court culture within the smaller states of the Holy Roman Empire in which Bach spent his first years. Social and cultural changes that took place during Bach’s lifetime reflected tensions of various sorts, especially between older and more modern approaches to education, religion, and political economy, but they also stimulated his creative development and that of his contemporaries.
Bach the Student
Authors: Schulenberg David
Published: August 2020

Although little is known for certain about Bach’s early training, he clearly was a precocious student. As youngest son of a town and court musician at Eisenach, he must have received the rudiments of a musical education there. Professional training would have continued with his older brother at Ohrdruf and at the choir school in Lüneburg, where he must also have studied with the town organist Böhm. Visits to Hamburg would have expanded his musical horizons, but what he heard there and whether any compositions survive from this period are unknown.
Arnstadt, Mühlhausen (1703–1708)
Authors: Schulenberg David
Published: August 2020

Bach’s first significant professional positions were as organist at Arnstadt and Mühlhausen. The first was a courtly residence town, the second a larger free city. His years at both must have been pivotal for his development as both organist and composer. They also saw his first marriage, to Maria Barbara Bach, and an extended trip to Lübeck where he encountered the music of Buxtehude. If by then he was not already composing prolifically, with the works of the next few years he established himself as one of Germany’s most original young composers of keyboard music, and during his brief time at Mühlhausen he also produced several impressive vocal works. During the same period, however, a confrontation with the Arnstadt authorities left him unscathed but was a harbinger of future tensions with employers.
Leipzig
Authors: Schulenberg David
Published: August 2020

Bach arrived at Leipzig in 1723 and remained there for the rest of his life. A university city, Leipzig was also a trade center. Although it was not a princely residence, members of its ruling council had close connections with the reigning duke-elector in Dresden. This chapter describes Bach’s place in the city’s St. Thomas School and his relationships with members of the city’s ruling class and intelligentsia, including the poets and university faculty and students with whom he collaborated. Also considered is the city’s musical life, including Bach’s direction of the Collegium Musicum and his first self-published compositions, as well as the first instances of conflict between Bach and members of the city council and church administration.
Bach the Teacher
Authors: Schulenberg David
Published: August 2020

This chapter examines the works of Bach’s later years, including several published collections, in the context of his teaching. The latter, considered in its broadest sense, included not only instruction in the St. Thomas School but private lessons and mentorship for university students and younger professional musicians. To these activities Bach added the revision and publication of compositions that could serve as examples for study and emulation. Among the latter are the four volumes of Clavierübung, including the harpsichord partitas, Italian Concerto, and Goldberg Variations; the Schemelli Chorales and Canonic Variations for organ; and the Musical Offering and Art of Fugue. Also instructive, in a profound sense, are the great vocal works of these years: the passions, oratorios, and Latin church music, including the B-Minor Mass.