bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Definitions and Outcome Variables of Scenario Planning
Authors: Chermack Thomas J. , Lynham Susan A.
Published: March 2007

Scenario planning has been receiving increased attention as a tool for considering the future in the midst of a rapidly changing business environment. This article examines available definitions of scenario planning, analyzes the espoused dependent variables of the process, sets forth an integrative definition, and supports the further development of the process as a useful and relevant tool for strategic human resource development.
Nutritional and Botanical Modulation of the Inflammatory Cascade—Eicosanoids, Cyclooxygenases, and Lipoxygenases— As an Adjunct in Cancer Therapy
Authors: Wallace Jeanne M.
Published: March 2007

Emerging on the horizon in cancer therapy is an expansion of the scope of treatment beyond cytotoxic approaches to in clude molecular management of cancer physiopathology. The goal in these integrative approaches, which extends beyond eradicating the affected cells, is to control the cancer phenotype. One key new approach appears to be modulation of the inflammatory cascade, as research is expanding that links cancer initiation, promotion, progression, angiogenesis, and metastasis to inflammatory events. This article presents a literature review of the emerging relation ship between neoplasia and inflammatory eicosanoids (PGE2 and related prostaglandins), with a focus on how inhibition of their synthesizing oxidases, particularly cyclooxygenase (COX), offers anticancer actions in vitro and in vivo. Although a majority of this research emphasizes the pharmaceutical applications of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and selective COX-2 inhibitors, these agents fail to address alternate pathways available for the synthesis of proinflammatory eicosanoids. Evidence is presented that sug gests the inhibition of lipoxygenase and its by-products— LTB4, 5-HETE, and 12—HETE—represents an overlooked but crucial component in complementary cancer therapies. Based on the hypothesis that natural agents capable of modulating both lipoxygenase and COX may advance the efficacy of cancer therapy, an overview and discussion is presented of dietary modifications and selected nutritional and botanical agents (notably, omega-3 fatty acids, andoxi dants, boswellia, bromelain, curcumin, and quercetin) that favorably influence eicosanoid production.
Evaluation of a Manual Wheelchair Interface to Computer Games
Authors: O'Connor Thomas J. , Cooper Rory A. , Fitzgerald Shirley G. , Dvorznak Michael J. , Boninger Michael L. , VanSickle David P. , Glass Lisa
Published: March 2007

The sedentary lifestyle of many people with spinal cord injury (SCI) has lead to cardiovascular diseases being a major health concern. A suitable exercise program may help improve the SCI individual's cardiovascular fitness level. GAMEWheels is an in terface between a custom wheelchair roller system and a computer that enables an individual to control computer video games by driving his or her wheelchair. The purpose of Phase 1 was to evaluate the design of the GAMEwhccls system and to determine the type of computer video game that is likely to motivate wheelchair users to exercise. Phase 2 included physiologic testing of wheelchair users and the GAMEWheels system to investigate whether the system elicits an exercise training re sponse. Thirty-five subjects were recruited to evaluate the GAME Wheels by playing three commercial computer games (Phase 1) and to identify the computer game that they would prefer to use when exercising. The feedback from Phase 1 was used with test subjects to verify that the GAMEWheels system elicits an exercise training effect (Phase 2). Phase 2 included 10 subjects using the GAMEWheels system to play Need for Speed II. During game play, physiologic data were collected and the subjects' oxy gen consumption and heart rate were analyzed. Analysis showed that the GAMEWheels system induced nine subjects to reach their training zone, defined as 50% and 60% of their maximum oxygen consumption and heart rate, respectively. This study demon strates that the GAMEWheels system elicits an exercise training response. Keywords: Wheelchair—Exercise—Computer games—Fitness—Design.
Impact of Neurorehabilitation on Disability in Patients with Acutely and Chronically Disabling Diseases of the Nervous System Measured by the Extended Barthel Index
Authors: Jörger Markus , Beer Serafin , Kesselring Jürg
Published: March 2007

To study the impact of rehabilitation on disability in an unselected patient group with acutely and chronically disabling neurologic diseases, the Extended Barthel Index (EBI) was determined at the beginning and at the end of the rehabilitation stay in all patients admitted to our Neurorehabilitation Centre in Valens, Switzerland. Patients who reached the highest possible EBI score at entry ("ceiling effect"), with a short stay (<1 week), or with a deterioration due to other medical complications were excluded. Finally EBI data of 743 patients could be analyzed. The mean EBI at entry was 45 and 51 at discharge. The mean increase of the EBI score per week was 1.1 (SD, 1.7). The change of the EBI score was analyzed independently in patients with acute neu rologic diseases admitted in the postacute phase (acute group) and patients with chron ically disabling neurologic diseases (chronic group). As expected, the increase of the EBI score was higher in the acute group than in the chronic group; 80.8% of the acute group patients and 42.5% of the chronic group patients showed an increase of the EBI score at discharge. Both groups showed a significant EBI gain with a marked shift to higher EBI scores at discharge. The mean gain per week was 1.6 in the acute group and 0.5 in the chronic group, respectively. Analysis of EBI changes considering the different underlying diseases showed the highest increase in patients with stroke and traumatic brain injury. Key Words: Extended Barthel Index—Disability—Neuro— rehabilitation.
Clinical Effects of Theophylline on Inspiratory Muscle Drive in Tetraplegia
Authors: Ferguson Gary T. , Khanchandani Narendra , Lattin Chris D. , Goshgarian Harry G.
Published: March 2007

Theophylline has been shown to restore diaphragmatic function in animals following cervical spinal cord hemisection, which induces hemidiaphragm paralysis. Although theophylline had been used clinically in the treatment of various pulmonary diseases, its effects on respiratory muscle function in cervical spinal cord injured tetraplegics has not been studied. In the present case study, we evaluated a patient injured in 1979 with a chronic asymmetric C5-7 tetraplegia (left C5-6, right C6-7) before and after receiving theophylline chronically by mouth for three weeks and again before and after receiving acute intravenous (IV) aminophylline after the effects of the chronic drug administration wore off. Neural activation to inspiratory muscles was assessed by right and left parasternal intercostal and diaphragm EMGs during quiet breathing and max imal inspiratory efforts. Global respiratory drive was assessed by P100, and inspiratory muscle force was assessed by maximal inspiratory pressures and vital capacity. Both long-term orally administered and acute IV theophylline increased neural activation to the diaphragm, especially on the more affected left side. Theophylline treatment was also associated with an increase in global central respiratory drive and inspiratory muscle force, without changing expiratory airflows. Left diaphragm EMG activity was markedly increased following the administration of theophylline. Of interest, upper parasternal intercostal EMG activity was also recruited on the left in spite of being below the level of cervical injury. We speculate that the administration of theophylline in selected patients with an asymmetric cervical spinal cord injury may activate la tent bulbospinal respiratory pathways and improve inspiratory muscle function, re ducing the likelihood of associated respiratory failure.
Spontaneous Functional Recovery in a Paralyzed Hemidiaphragm Following Upper Cervical Spinal Cord Injury in Adult Rats
Authors: Nantwi Kwaku D. , El-Bohy Ashraf A. , Schrimsher Gregory W. , Reier Paul J. , Goshgarian Harry G.
Published: March 2007

Previous studies have shown that latent respiratory pathways can be activated by as phyxia or systemic theophylline administration to restore function to a hemidiaphragm paralyzed by C2 spinal cord hemisection in adult female rats. Based on this premise, electrophysiologic recording techniques were employed in the present investigation to first determine qualitatively whether latent respiratory pathways are activated spon taneously following prolonged post hemisection periods (4-16 weeks) without any therapeutic intervention. Our second objective in a separate group of hemisected an imals was to quantitate any documented functional recovery under the following stan dardized recording conditions: bilateral vagotomy, paralysis with pancuronium bro mide, artificial ventilation, and constant PCO 2 (maintained at 25 mmHg).
Color and Additive Formulating for Film Processes
Authors: Turick Joe
Published: March 2007

This paper emphasizes the stringent demands placed on pigment selection and formulation of stabilizer systems used in polyethylene resins, especially linear low density polyethylene. It includes a discussion of causes of film defects, and the types of processing problems experienced in the film industry.
Effects of Degradable Additives On Blown Film Properties
Authors: Taylor Joe , Koyich Mike
Published: March 2007

Polyethylene resins are used in a variety of film packaging applications from food wrap to industrial liners and trash bags. Recent environmental concerns raised by the general populous of North America and increased legislation with re gards to the environment have created a demand for degradable packaging materials. At present, there are a number of companies marketing degradable products for use in polyethylene packaging [1]. As a result of this growing demand, numerous questions have been raised on the effect of degradable additives on properties of films manufactured from polyethylene resins. This evaluation focuses on the effect of using three commercially available additives, one biodegradable and two photo degradable, on polyethylene blown film properties

Although degradable additives may offer the film manufacturer a degradable prod uct, this evaluation has demonstrated that the type of degradable additive used may significantly affect physical and optical properties. Biodegradable additives appear to significantly impair physical and optical properties While photodegradable additives do not appear to impair film physical properties, a photodegradable additive may im part color changes to natural polyethylene film. Data is presented which will assist the film manufacturer in assessing the effect of degradable additives on film product performance
Stability of Surlyn® Ionomer Films To Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Hoh George , Merton Cumberbatch G.
Published: March 2007

Ionizing radiation is a growing means of sterilizing medical de vices, and as a means of food preservation. These uses require packaging materials which maintain useful properties through a sterilization cycle. In the study presented here, films of "Surlyn" 1601 sodium ionomer and "Surlyn" 1652 zinc ionomer were exposed to sterilizing doses of gamma and electron-beam radiation, and the effects on mechanical and heat seal properties determined over a one-year period. The results showed that ionomers retain their mechanical properties following radiation. The strength of heat seals is also maintained. A special zinc ionomer, "Surlyn" AD-8273, gives both interfacial peelable and fusion seals depending on sealing temperature. Following radia tion exposure, heat seal strength in the peelable range increased in a predict able fashion.
When is the Personal Political? The President's Penis and Other Stories
Authors: Holmes Mary
Published: March 2007

The boundary between the personal and the political is contested. Feminist interventions in this contest since 1970 have been particularly significant. A brief discussion of how feminists have theorised the personal/political division serves as an introduction to my analysis of current struggles over that division in Western liberal democracies. My analysis focuses on the workings of representative processes. Efforts to represent interests are strongly interlinked with the representation of meanings or images. Representations rely on, even if they resist, dominant discourses which privilege certain meanings and interests over others. To illustrate this analysis I use media representations of the Clinton versus Paula Jones case, which has produced considerable debate about the personal/political boundary. The continued high poll ratings Clinton received at that time suggest that his sexual behaviour was not seen as interfering with his political performance. In contrast, assessments of Jones's political credibility appear considerably tied to evaluations of her `personal' life. The difficulties of representing marginalised gender and class positions within current representative systems are explored in order to account for these differences.
Ex Cathedra: The Representation of American Society in ASA Presidential Addresses, 1906-98
Authors: Yair Gad
Published: March 2007

This study analyses three recurrent themes in the presidential addresses read at the American Sociological Association (ASA) annual meetings, 1906-98. First, most ASA presidential addresses reflected a pride in democracy and equality - a spirit that positions America as leader of the world both socially and morally. The second theme was race conflict. ASA presidents frequently discussed the question of equal rights for `African-Americans', suggesting that racial and social barriers encouraged social fragility and instability. Ensuing racial riots and protests were referred to as indications of such social problems, which American society (and sociology) failed either to recognise or to solve. Finally, ASA presidents were preoccupied with the theme of social change and its unpredictability in America. Based on this analysis, we argue that the constitutional premises of American democracy have allowed for both protests and the enlargement of political arenas and boundaries, and have systematically dissolved political issues and metamorphosed them into social issues.
The Uses of Relevance: Thoughts on a Reflexive Sociology
Authors: Rappert Brain
Published: March 2007

`Relevance', `accountability' and `users' are now prominent terms in the policies of public research funding agencies. In countries such as the UK, the funding of research in social science and other subjects has become increasingly dependent on the perception that research will contribute towards the achievement of certain national goals. Despite renewed discussions surrounding the utility of social analysis, these are rarely informed by debates in academic communities about the meaning of `relevance' or associated debates about the status of knowledge. However divergent policy and academic discussions about relevance may appear, they intersect in concerns over the identity of researchers, the practices of research, and the claims made on behalf of research. This article draws on a case study in an attempt to show the difficulties of reconciling competing demands for relevance. Preliminary reflections are offered on a strategy for creating a productive tension between policy and academic discussions.
The Nostalgia of Organisations and the Organisation of Nostalgia: Past and Present in the Contemporary Railway Industry
Authors: Strangleman Tim
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the role and meaning of nostalgia, and its opposite nostophobia, in the contemporary railway industry. It charts the way the past is passively and actively used by organisational actors, management as well as at the political level. It is argued that in the contemporary railway industry history and heritage are selectively annexed, negatively in order to win consent for change, and positively in an attempt to recapture the `golden age of railways' for marketing purposes. The paper makes sense of these processes by deploying a framework derived from various writers on issues connected with nostalgia and the emotional attachment to work.
Adult Education In Correctional Settings: Symbol or Substance?
Authors: Goldin Carol , Thomas Jim
Published: March 2007

The central goals of adult education, especially the development of self-directed, goal oriented learning and the generation of intellectual curiosity and critical thinking, may be subverted in a variety of ways. Especially in unconventional teaching settings, adult education programs may be symbolic rather than substantive. When this occurs, programs may become decoupled from their intended goals. Educational programs in prisons provide a particularly dramatic illustration of how the tensions between symbol and substance create a loosely coupled situation which requires special sensitivity by both policy makers and instructors. Using data and experiences from Illinois prisons, we examine specific problems that subvert adult education. We conclude by suggesting modest policies that might recouple educational goals to strategies of implementation.
Analyzing the Effectiveness of Continuing Professional Education: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Cervero Ronald M. , Rottet Suzanne
Published: March 2007

Previous research has demonstrated that some CPE programs result in improved performance and others fail to do so. This ambiguous conclusion about the effectiveness of CPE is not helpful to practitioners and results from the wrong question being asked. A conceptual framework based on a new research approach to linking CPE and performance was developed and empirically tested on a continuing nursing education program. The framework explained from 39 to 81 percent of the variance in the eight measures of performance outcomes. The use of this new framework provides evidence regarding the conflicting findings of previous research, suggesting that the question guiding earlier studies has been improperly framed. Future research should be redirected from determining the effectiveness of CPE to analyzing the effectiveness of CPE.
Life-Style Classification of Adult High School Noncompleters
Authors: Martin Larry G.
Published: March 2007

High school completion programs have been hampered in their ability to provide educational services to the entire range of their potential clients, and the adult education literature has produced inconclusive findings regarding the nature of client sub-populations and their learning needs. In order to contribute to greater understanding of adult participation patterns related to high school completion programs, this study sought to identify and describe the life-style classifications that exist among adult high school noncompleters, and to analyze the significant differences that exist among the categories. The findings suggest that six broad life-style classifications of noncompleters exist: Entrepreneurs, Superiors, Regulars, Suppliants, Marginals, and Underclass. These classifications successfully differentiate among noncompleters on the basis of both demographic characteristics and attitudinal dispositions.
The Effects of Andragogical Teacher Training on Adult Students' Attendance and Evaluation of their Teachers
Authors: Beder Hal , Carrea Natalino
Published: March 2007

Although there is a substantial literature on andragogy, there is a paucity of empirical research on the subject. The research reported here deals with a central problem: Is andragogy an effective strategy for teaching adults? To this end two hypotheses were tested: (a) Andragogically trained teachers of adults will have higher rates of student attendance in their classes than teachers not trained in andragogy and (b) students will evaluate more positively andragogically-trained adult education teachers than teachers not trained in andragogy.The design was a randomized control group, post only field experiment utilizing treatment, placebo, and null groups. The intervention was a nine-hour course of instruction designed to facilitate acquisition of andragogical teaching methods. The subjects were public school adult education instructors teaching a variety of subjects. Student attendance and teacher evaluation were dependent variables.It was found that, although the treatment had a positive and significant effect (p = .10) on attendance, there was no significant effect on student evaluation.
Financing the Local Church
Authors: Leach William H.
Published: March 2007

The social heritage of the Christian church derives from Judaism, and methods of financing today's local churches can be traced from the pre-Christian era. Many leaders insist that the Jewish tithe of the Old Testament should be the basis of church support today. The process of local church finance in the earliest days is described in this paper and compared with the new, complex methods which are practiced by contemporary churches. Churches have grown—in numbers and wealth—with the changing society. There is a great difference between the "collections" of two generations ago and the budgeting and accounting principles of the successful churches of today. With some of the larger churches operating on annual budgets of three quarters of a million dollars, and with sixty to eighty persons on their payrolls, a serious consideration of business methods in church finance is clearly warranted.
Transportation in Contemporary Civilization
Authors: Mott George Fox
Published: March 2007

Change is everywhere manifest. The time span of change relative to human lives is the critical factor. Many within transportation are anxious to turn transportation toward controlled acceleration. Some seek new ways of marketing transportation, rather than selling a single mode or method of moving men and cargoes from here to there. A new activity complex calls for new transport design. One may not deal with transportation as an activity isolated from its changing environment. When the significance of transportation's role is recognized, it can surely be referred to as the Fifth Estate. Transportation is today well launched into an era of progressive renaissance. The twin investment of capital and man-hours must be amortized by wise planning. By bold innovation, new patterns and processes of transportation can be made to fit the new requirements. Transportation's role is service. Perspective can be gained by ideas subject to experiment. Our progress must be judged by how well contemporary society is motivated by its leaders to achieve goals which make all men participants in the multiplicity of advances. The decades ahead require a transportation renaissance. Resurgence has already begun. A Fifth Estate is emerging.
The United States Space Program and Its International Significance
Authors: Frutkin Arnold W.
Published: March 2007

A realistic and comprehensive understanding of the international meaning of the United States civilian space effort depends, in the first instance, upon a recognition of its domestic character. As a national program, it is to be under stood in terms of its impact upon government, industry and university, its economic dimensions, and its technological im petus. Internationally, the program is then seen as a contribu tion to the continued viability and strength of the nation which shields the free world and as an example to other advanced countries seeking to stimulate their lagging technology. The program offers certain direct and immediate benefits to peoples everywhere, as well as opportunities for direct participation in co-operative space research and exploration. Over-all, the space program constitutes perhaps the most favorable projec tion of the American image abroad today. The element of prestige, often put forward as the principal value of the pro gram in the eyes of the world, has no significance except as it represents a clear or intuitive perception of the more substan tive factors discussed.
Economic Development Prospects and Problems in China
Authors: Eckstein Alexander
Published: March 2007

Maoist ideology and economic policies imposed on the realities of China's economic backwardness and the scarcities resulting therefrom have produced a peculiar and sharply contrasting pattern of development during the past two decades. The differences in economic performance were so marked—characterized by rapid expansion in the fifties and stagnation in the sixties—that it almost seems as though one were dealing with economies in two entirely different settings, perhaps even in two different countries. The attempt at deliberate industrialization in China represents an unprecedented case in the history of modern economic growth, comparable only to India. Of the presently developed countries, only pre-industrial Japan was comparable to contemporary China in terms of per capita income, average productivity of labor, and intensity of population pressure on arable land resources. However, the dynamics of population growth was quite different, and there are of course vast differences in size and geographic configuration, all of which compound the problems of communication and diffusion of innovating influences in China as compared to Japan. In spite of these handicaps, China's economic growth since 1949 was of the same order as the long-term expansion in Japan since Meiji. However, the 4 percent aggregate and roughly 2 percent per capita rate in China represents an average of sharply fluctuating rates during these past two decades, based on markedly differing development strategies adapted by the Chinese leaders in the past two decades.
Keynote Address
Authors: Pollak Louis H.
Published: March 2007

The first order of business should be to consider the Constitution-in-process—how our Constitution has brought us to where we are now. Since we know America's early history only secondhand, we must try to repossess some of our past before contemplating our present and future. I propose a brief survey of the American political enterprise, as Franklin might have surveyed it 100 years after his death in 1790. He would have seen the emergence of 2 instru ments of governance of decisive importance, at the begin ning of the 19th century—the party system and judicial review. The 3 post-Civil War amendments (Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth) pointed to the horizon of freedom for the slave race and protection of their rights, but the problem facing America was how to achieve these objectives. By 1890, America was coming of age, and the Constitution of 1869, with its protection of the rich and of racist in stincts, was obsolete. Today, Vietnam and Watergate are problems overhanging America's future. We continue to look to judges to declare the fundamental values of our nation. The most important cases are those which define the purposes and processes of a free society. The issues build on one another, and so the Constitution builds; therefore, judges must take care to render reasoned opinions.
Filipino Democracy and the American Legacy
Authors: Abueva Jose Veloso
Published: March 2007

The American legacy in the Philippines rests upon an indigenous Filipino culture—a humane social tradi tion with a respect for powerful leadership—and the influence of authoritarian Spanish rule for over 300 years that never theless introduced the values of Christianity. Led by Emilio Aguinaldo, the Philippine Revolution liberated the Philip pines from the Spanish in 1898, with the assistance of the United States, but the U.S. annexed the islands, determined to make of it a democracy in the American image. Promises were made and kept to withdraw in 1946. Over the years, several political and administrative changes were made that came close to meeting initial objectives. Economically, however, the poor remained poor, and wealthy elites dominated the country. The Japanese occupation was a severe blow to democratic trends. After the war, Filipinos also found themselves isolated from the rest of Asia, in part because of their dependence on the United States. Martial law, introduced by Ferdinand Marcos in 1972 as a form of "constitutional authoritarianism," lays stress on internal order, economic growth, national security, and better relations with Asian and socialist states. At the moment, many demo cratic practices of the past are suspended, although the con centrated power of Marcos is moderated by the values of Christianity, liberal democracy, and Filipino tradition, most of which were encouraged during the American period.
Baby Boom to Birth Dearth and Beyond
Authors: Campbell Arthur A.
Published: March 2007

The processes of fertility change in the United States are structured in a way that exaggerates the upward and downward trends in annual measures of fertility, relative to underlying trends in the average number of children that women have during their reproductive years of life. In the 1950s, we witnessed a period of relatively inflated fertility; in the 1970s we are apparently going through a period of relatively depressed fertility. The childbearing expectations of young women suggest that annual fertility rates will rise in the near future, but do not provide any reason to believe that there will be a substantial increase in fertility comparable to that occurring between the 1930s and the 1950s. The causes of swings in fertility rates are not yet fully known, but some promising hypotheses have been proposed and are being tested.
A Framework for the Analysis of Urban Black Politics
Authors: Howard John R.
Published: March 2007

The analysis of urban black politics requires examining both the magnitude of the problems confronting black office holders at the municipal level and the politico-social context within which black leadership seeks to confront these problems. With regard to the former, typically cities with black leadership are older, poorer, and blacker than most in the United States. Problems of poverty long predate black political ascendancy and are usually not mitigated by federal or state income transfer policies. These problems have a ripple effect, hurting ghetto business, black and white, and diminishing choice with regard to housing, education and health care. With regard to understanding the socio-political context within which urban black leadership is exercised, the important factors are: (a) the political and moral inaccessibility of certain policies theoretically available to white leadership (for example, the "planned shrinkage" of low income communities via cuts in service as an alternative to citywide cuts in services); (b) the fiscal strain of varying degrees of severity; (c) the apportioning of power among city offices as reflected in the structure of city government; (d) the character of state and federal initiatives; and (e) racism as it is manifested in institutional and affective forms. This paper explicates each of these factors, addressing the policy impact of urban black leadership and the capacity of the formal political system to promote ghetto reform.
Careers for Academics and the Future Production of Knowledge
Authors: Blackburn Robert T.
Published: March 2007

The paradox of the current knowledge explosion and a predicted generation gap of new scholars is analyzed with regard to its consequences, the evidence relating to the essential conditions for knowledge production, the realities of opportunities for young Ph.D.s, their need in the growth of disciplines, and the possible courses of action for dealing with a serious problem. The historical record was not found to be especially helpful. Analysis of studies on the personal and organizational characteristics related to scholarly productivity identified critical variables. The gloomy forecasts for academic openings were acknowledged, although contradictions in the reported data call for more careful examination. Two of the proposed solutions hold some promise for mitigating a future hiatus in the growth of knowledge and in the solution of critical social problems.
Faculty Unionism: The First Ten Years
Authors: Garbarino Joseph W.
Published: March 2007

The record of faculty collective bargaining in four year colleges and universities for the past decade shows that about one-eighth of all institutions have been organized. The proportion rises to about 30 percent in public institutions. Unionism is highly concentrated in public institutions, in the 22 jurisdictions where state bargaining laws have been in effect for a substantial period—only about 27 institutions remain unorganized in these states. Growth has been slowing in recent years and there is little to indicate a significant increase in the future unless the public employee bargaining movement resumes its growth and additional states enact supportive laws. While the number of elections has been declining, the percentage of rejections of unionism has been rising in public institutions and falling in private institutions in recent years. Faculty unionism appears to have increased centralization in decisionmaking, bureaucratization of administration at all levels, led to more open personnel processes, and introduced some elements of an appeal system while having inconclusive effects on compensation.
Affirmative Action and the Academic Profession
Authors: Johnson Robert C.
Published: March 2007

Affirmative Action in the academic profession must be viewed as a remedial concept designed to ameliorate the present effects of past discrimination. The historical denial of equal access to secondary schools and colleges has limited the number of available black professors. An affirmative action program designed to remedy the results of this past exclusion would be justifiable if the program were properly conceived and implemented.
The Role of Natural Processes in the Design of Cities
Authors: Spirn Anne Whiston
Published: March 2007

The city is a part of nature, albeit altered. For the most part, the builders of cities have disregarded this fact, with dangerous and costly consequences: increased flooding, pollution, and energy demands, depletion of resources, and higher construction and maintenance costs. In recent years, scientists have documented the character of the urban, as distinct from the more rural, natural environment. This current understanding of nature in cities affords a tremendous opportunity for a new direction in city planning and design, one which has been shown to yield substantial economic, aesthetic, health, and safety benefits. Many cities, both in Europe and North America, have applied this knowledge piecemeal with great success. But to date, no city has implemented a comprehensive program which addresses all factors of the urban natural environment. The integration of natural processes with other concerns of the city's social, economic, and physical environment will result in healthier, safer, and more beautiful cities which are less costly to build and maintain.
Public Opinion and Gun Control: A Comparison of Results From Two Recent National Surveys
Authors: Wright James D.
Published: March 2007

This article compares results from two recent national surveys of public opinion on gun control and related weapons-policy issues. One survey was commissioned by the National Rifle Association, the other by the Center for the Study and Prevention of Handgun Violence. Despite the vastly different outlooks of the two sponsoring organizations, the results from both surveys are nearly identical everywhere a direct comparison is possible. Together, the two surveys thus provide a very detailed empirical portrait of the state of popular thinking on the regulation of private arms in the United States.
The New Inflation
Authors: Alperovitz Gar
Published: March 2007

This article argues that the Reagan economic program—budget slashing and tax cutting—is bound to fail because it does not deal with new sources of inflation. Specifically, the plan offers no solution to such fundamental initiators of inflation as food and energy price jolts, which have recurrently kicked off the price—wage spiral. Further, the policy is grounded in propositions for which there is little empirical support: people will work harder in response to lower tax rates, and because future expectations are a factor in investment decisions, inflation will decline if investors believe that it will. The failure of the supply-side option will leave us with nowhere to go but toward wage—price controls. To work, however, controls must be accompanied by a plan to deal with structural difficulties in the markets that are generating inflation in the first place. Economic policy must develop around a new inflation paradigm stressing stabilization of prices in the "necessity sectors," food, health, energy, and housing, where inflation is rising faster than the overall consumer price index (CPI).
On the Limits of the Public Economy
Authors: CAMERON DAVID R.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the validity of the assertion that low growth, high unemployment, and increasing inflation were all produced by excessively high levels and large increases in public spending. The article presents a systematic analysis of the relationships among 19 nations between increases in spending and lower rates of economic growth, higher unemployment, increases in deficits, and inflation. The article concludes that, contrary to the conventional macroeconomic wisdom, high levels of spending and large increases in spending have not caused stagflation—the obvious implication therefore being that fiscal conservatism will have little beneficial effect on the economy. And the article concludes that, again contrary to conventional wisdom, a large and expanding welfare state may be compatible with, and beneficial to, a capitalist economy.
Coordination Styles and Economic Growth
Authors: HAGE JERALD , CLIGNET REMI
Published: March 2007

Traditionally the problem of macroeconomic coordination has been discussed as being best done by either free-market competition or controlled planning. Such a formulation ignores several alternatives that societies can employ to encourage growth. Usually the argument for or against free-market competition has been fought on ideological grounds rather than by ascertaining whether it is most appropriate in some sectors of the economy rather than in others. To do this requires some way of conceptualizing economic sectors that breaks away from traditional thinking. This article suggests a four-sector model and then argues that there are four styles of coordination, each of which is most appropriate in a particular sector. It is argued that there is no single way to maximize growth in an economy and that different coordination mechanisms should be employed in different market contexts.
The State's Role in Third World Economic Growth
Authors: CAPORASO JAMES A.
Published: March 2007

The emergence of a group of newly industrializing countries has received considerable attention in the scholarly literature today. However, most of the attention has focused on the economic aspects of this phenomenon, for example, changing comparative advantages, utilization of cheap labor markets, and tariff structures. The role of the state in this process of industrial growth has been neglected. The state plays a role in economic growth in various ways: supplying infrastructural needs—transportation and communication—subsidizing development in areas of high growth potential, and entering the economy directly in the form of state enterprises. These forms of state economic activity, as well as an argument for state involvement in the economy, are examined in this article.
Power, Politics, and Prosperity: Alternative Views of Economic Interdependence
Authors: TOLLISON ROBERT D. , WILLETT THOMAS D.
Published: March 2007

The widely different perspectives from which various writers approach issues of international economic interdependence can make this an extremely confusing area for the nonspecialist. In hopes of reducing this problem we attempt to briefly characterize and offer comments on the strengths and weaknesses of a number of the major schools of thought about the roles of power, politics, and economic prosperity in the political economy of international economic relations. In the last section we outline how public choice analysis may be used as a synthetic framework that incorporates major insights from each of these main schools of thought.
From Child to Parent: Changing Conceptions of Early Childhood Intervention
Authors: POWELL DOUGLAS R.
Published: March 2007

Many early childhood intervention programs have broadened their focus to include parents as well as children as primary clients. The intent is to maximize the long-term gains of early intervention programs by influencing the quality of family environments. This article examines critically the growing interest in programs that seek to train or support parents in the rearing of their young children. It investigates the rationale, scope, and effectiveness of parent programs. It also explores the critical policy issue of how standards of desirable behavior are established in programs that work with populations whose child-rearing practices deviate from those of program organizers.
The Need for a New Federalism in Criminal Justice
Authors: SPECTER ARLEN , MICHEL PAUL R.
Published: March 2007

In this article, certain deficiencies of the criminal justice system are analyzed, drawing in part on Senator Specter's experience as Philadelphia District Attorney. It is argued that the traditional view of the role of state courts and criminal justice agencies is an unnecessary barrier to greater use of federal judicial and prosecutorial resources, unjustified either by principles of federalism or sound policy. How and why conditions in some urban state courts often frustrate prompt prosecution and sufficient sentencing of career criminals—a limited number of frequent offenders who commit a disproportionate amount of violent crime—are discussed and new laws and policies for increased federal prosecutions to supplement local prosecutions of felons using firearms, consistent with a “new federalism,” are suggested.
Organizing for Change
Authors: GAWTHROP LOUIS C.
Published: March 2007

The implementation of government policy decisions is the responsibility of designated public organizations. Thus the implementation of public policy has always been viewed as a function of internal organizational design and procedures. Until recently, organizational theory generally described this as a simple mechanistic process determined only by the canons of internal operating efficiency. Now, however, political stability, social equity, and policy effectiveness no longer appear to be automatic by-products of organizational efficiency. Depending on which of these concepts prevails in any public agency at any time, different organizational configurations may be identified and reorganization efforts in the public sector may be an exercise in shifting the emphasis of organizational systems from any one of these conceptual approaches to any other. Moreover, no one of these organizational value sets, or the organizational systems each engenders, appears more effective than any other in adapting to the relevant forces of change in every organization's external environment. As external complexity increases, the ability of public-sector agencies to absorb the forces of change decreases. To reverse this relationship, either external variety can be attenuated or the organization's internal capacity to absorb complexity can be amplified: strategies can thus involve either “changing organizations” or “organizing for change.”
New Horizons in Pharmaceutical Technology
Authors: KIRKING DUANE M.
Published: March 2007

The benefits they provide have contributed toward making drugs the most commonly used treatment modality. Although drugs account for less than 10 percent of all health care expenditures, their total costs can be substantial when one considers the impact of adverse effects as well as the problems resulting from misprescribing and misuse. The 1980s will see the introduction of a large number and variety of new drugs and new ways of delivering drugs to the body. The goals of these developments include increased effectiveness, decreased seriousness and frequency of adverse effects, and less complicated dosing regimes. This new technology raises questions regarding the optimal prescribing, distribution, financing, and use of these new drugs. It is also important to consider what actions should be taken to assure that continued growth in drug technology will occur and that this growth be directed toward the development of drugs that offer significant advantages over existing therapies. Rational policy must consider not only the costs of drugs themselves but also the potential for drugs to reduce the overall cost of health care.
Opposition to Nuclear Armament
Authors: GAYLER ADMIRAL NOEL
Published: March 2007

In view of our security requirements, nuclear weapons are militarily useless; in view of the history of their development, they are militarily dangerous. The standard answers to the problem are not solutions: civil defense programs are inadequate, if not infeasible; sophisticated technological approaches to defense face unsurmountable technical and military difficulties; and our current deterrent policies—balance of forces, the use of deployments as signals—are delusions. Practical solutions depend on the avoidance of mutual enmity between the United States and the USSR, and the recognition of both our common interest in arms control and each other's legitimate security requirements. The renunciation of our doctrines of nuclear war fighting, counterforce, and limited war will change patterns of weapons development and deployment. Arms control agreement will still face significant problems of verification, classification, and equal capability. But certain practical proposals—50 percent across-the-board cuts, and the turning in of weapons by each side for conversion into nonweapons material, coupled with a halt in the production of weapons-grade fissionable material—are promising.
Reducing Prison Crowding and Nonprison Penalties
Authors: HARRIS M. KAY
Published: March 2007

This article highlights two types of ameliorative responses to the problem of prison and jail crowding: those responses aimed at diverting some prison-bound offenders to alternative programs and those designed to regulate prison population levels more directly. It argues that both types of strategies raise practical and philosophical issues that can be resolved satisfactorily only through a comprehensive reassessment of the full spectrum of criminal penalties and how they are used.
The Administration of Human Services
Authors: HASENFELD YEHESKEL
Published: March 2007

Human service programs have gone from a period of rapid growth in the 1960s and early 1970s to a period of retrenchment in the 1980s. The changing political and economic context has forced these programs to undergo major organizational transformations and to adopt different administrative strategies. These include degovernmentalization of social services, reliance on cutback management, and deprofessionalization of human-service workers. The article explores the implications of these developments on the delivery of services to the public.