bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity Analysis of Regional Greenhouse Gas Driving Effects: An Empirical Study from Southeast Asian Countries
Authors: Deng Wei , Liang Qingquan , Yan Shuai , Shen Xiaodan , Yi Lan
Published: November 2024

Southeast Asia is suffering from extreme weather, and its carbon emissions are increasing rapidly. For efficient emission reduction, clarifying the complex sources behind is necessary. This study takes a new perspective of incorporating multiple GHGs (greenhouse gases) into the same analysis framework, employing the STIRPAT model to dissect the contributions of various socio-economic factors to the emissions of CO2, CH4, and F-gases based on panel data. The analysis reveals that the driving coefficients of total population and urbanization rate are several to 10 times higher than those of other factors and can reach up to 2.98 and 4.715 and are the most significant drivers of GHG emissions in the region. Quadratic per capita GDP shows a significant positive driving effect, indicating that most Southeast Asian countries are unlikely to reach the Kuznets point in current development trajectories. The driving coefficients of F-gases in industrialized countries are significantly higher than those of other GHGs, indicating that their growth rate of F-gases will outpace that of CO2 and CH4. In countries with a similar industrial structure, the driving coefficient of CO2 from the secondary industry is up to 0.183 and down to 0.057, shows the influence of specific sector composition in the secondary industry on emissions. These findings provide critical insights for Southeast Asian policymakers aiming to develop effective climate policies.
Modeling, Control and Validation of a Three-Phase Single-Stage Photovoltaic System
Authors: Machado Eubis Pereira , Pinto Adeon Cecílio , Ramos Rodrigo Pereira , Prates Ricardo Menezes , Sá Jadsonlee da Silva , de Lima Joaquim Isídio , Costa Flávio Bezerra , Fernandes Damásio , Pereira Alex Coutinho
Published: November 2024

The central inverter topology presents some advantages such as simplicity, low cost and high conversion efficiency, being the first option for interfacing photovoltaic mini-generation, whose shading and panel orientation studies are evaluated in the project planning phase. When it uses only one power converter, its control structures must ensure synchronization with the grid, tracking the maximum power generation point, appropriate power quality indices, and control of the active and reactive power injected into the grid. This work develops and contributes to mathematical models, the principles of formation of control structures, the decoupling process of the control loops, the treatment of nonlinearities, and the tuning of the controllers of a single-stage photovoltaic system that is integrated into the electrical grid through a three-phase voltage source inverter. Using the parameters and configurations of an actual inverter installed at the power plant CRESP (Reference Center for Solar Energy of Petrolina), mathematical modeling, implementation, and computational simulations were conducted in the time domain using MatLab® software (R2021b). The results of the currents injected into the grid, voltages, active powers, and power factor at the connection point with the grid are presented, analyzed, and compared with real measurement data during one day of operation.
Rock Physics Modeling Studies on the Elastic and Anisotropic Properties of Organic-Rich Shale
Authors: Wang Xiaoqiong , Sun Yueyue , Song Jiaxin , Ge Hongkui
Published: November 2024

Shale gas reservoirs have a large amount of resources, a wide range of burial, and great development potential. In order to evaluate the elastic properties of the shale, elastic wave velocity and anisotropy measurements of Longmaxi shale samples were carried out in the laboratory. Combined with the results of back scattering scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and digital mineral composition tests, the relationship between the anisotropy and the mineral components of the shale samples is discussed. It is found that the clay and kerogen combination distributed with an inorganic mineral background is the main cause of anisotropy. Then, the elastic properties of the organic-rich shale are analyzed with the anisotropic differential equivalent medium model (DEM). The clay and kerogen combination is established with kerogen as the background medium and clay mineral as the additive phase. The bond transformation is used to rotate the combination so that its directional arrangement is consistent with the real sedimentary situation of the stratum. Then, the clay and kerogen combination is added to the inorganic mineral matrix, with the organic and inorganic pores added to characterize the anisotropy of the shale to the greatest extent. It is found that the error between the wave velocity results calculated from the model and measured in the laboratory is less than 10%, which means the model is reliable. Finally, the effects of the microcracks and aspect ratio, kerogen content, and maturity on the elastic and anisotropic properties of shale rocks are simulated and analyzed with this model. The degree of anisotropy increases with the decrease in the pore aspect ratio and the increase in the microcracks content. The greater the kerogen content and maturity, the greater the anisotropy of rock. This study is of great significance for predicting the “sweet spot” of shale gas and optimizing hydraulic fracturing layers.
Prediction of Freezing Time During Hydrogen Fueling Using Machine Learning
Authors: Choi Ji-Ah , Jang Ji-Seong , Ji Sang-Won
Published: November 2024

This study presents a method for predicting nozzle surface temperature and the timing of frost formation during hydrogen refueling using machine learning. A continuous refueling system was implemented based on a simulation model that was developed and validated in previous research. Data were collected under various boundary conditions, and eight regression models were trained and evaluated for their predictive performance. Hyperparameter optimization was performed using random search to enhance model performance. The final models were validated by applying boundary conditions not used during model development and comparing the predicted values with simulation results. The comparison revealed that the maximum error rate occurred after the second refueling, with a value of approximately 4.79%. Currently, nitrogen and heating air are used for defrosting and frost reduction, which can be costly. The developed machine learning models are expected to enable prediction of both frost formation and defrosting timings, potentially allowing for more cost-effective management of defrosting and frost reduction strategies.
Testing the Automatic Voltage Regulators of Ship Synchronous Generators Using Hardware-in-the-Loop Technology
Authors: Tarnapowicz Dariusz , Zaleski Tymoteusz , Matuszak Zbigniew , Jaskiewicz Marek , Sawicki Seweryn
Published: November 2024

In marine systems, autonomous power generation unit sets play an important (main) function, and the Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) is a part of the excitation system of a synchronous generator that is difficult to test, repair, and adjust by the Electro Technical Officer (ETO) and marine automation services. Typically, testing of the AVR on ships is carried out on installed AVRs in an operating generator, which creates significant challenges. Under operating conditions, achieving various generator operating states is practically impossible. In this article, the authors present a solution that replaces traditional AVR testing by using Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) technology, allowing for full diagnostics. Testing the AVR in a loop allowed verification of its performance without a real generator, which is simulated in real time. The possibility of diagnosing the AVR under different standalone generator conditions (dynamic load changes and load character changes) was presented. Test scenarios were carried out in real time on a sample AVR from LXCOS V1.4.5.2 and the HiL simulator from Speedgoat. The solution proposed by the authors in the article enables effective diagnostics of the AVR with high practicality and low costs.
Analysis of the Energy Potential of Waste Biomass Generated from Fruit Tree Seedling Production
Authors: Matłok Natalia , Zaguła Grzegorz , Gorzelany Józef , Balawejder Maciej
Published: November 2024

The depletion of conventional fuels and the state of the natural environment have influenced global policy, dictating a new direction for development and approaches to the use of renewable resources. One such resource is woody biomass, which can be used for energy purposes. A type of raw material with an unrecognized potential for utilization is waste biomass from the production of fruit tree seedlings. In this study, thirteen popular species of rootstock produced in Poland were collected and subjected to comprehensive analyses. After determining the calorific value of the collected wood waste, a comprehensive analysis of their suitability for energy purposes was conducted. The highest calorific value of 19.51 MJkg−1 was recorded for waste biomass obtained from Mahaleb Cherry rootstocks in the first year of research, compared to P14 with 17.96 MJkg−1. The content of other elements was also advantageous for Mahaleb Cherry. Considering the relatively large production of this type of waste biomass, it can be concluded that it has great energy potential and can largely meet energy needs in regions where fruit tree seedlings are mass-produced. Implementing the use of such raw materials in energy production will result in a reduction of anthropogenic impacts on the environment by decreasing the demand for standard energy resources.
Tensor-Based Predictor–Corrector Algorithm for Power Generation and Transmission Reliability Assessment with Sequential Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Pequeno dos Santos Erika , Buss Beatriz Silveira , Rosa Mauro Augusto da , Issicaba Diego
Published: November 2024

The reliability assesment of large power systems, particularly when considering both generation and transmission facilities, is a computationally demanding and complex problem. The sequential Monte Carlo simulation is arguably the most versatile approach for tackling this problem. However, assessing sampled states in the sequential Monte Carlo simulation is time-intensive, rendering its use less appealing, particularly if nonlinear network representation must be deployed. In this context, this paper introduces a tensor-based predictor–corrector approach to reduce the burden of state evaluations in power generation and transmission reliability assessments. The approach allows for searching for sequences of operation points which can be assigned as success states within the sequential Monte Carlo simulation. If required, failure states are evaluated using a cross-entropy optimization algorithm designed to minimize load curtailments taking into account discrete variables. Numerical results emphasize the applicability of the developed algorithms using a small test system and the IEEE-RTS79 test system.
Investigation of the Effects of Hydrogen Addition on Explosion Characteristics and Pressure Fluctuations of Ethyl Acetate
Authors: Liang Ce , Li Xiaolu , Xu Cangsu , Oppong Francis , Bao Yangan , Chen Yuan , Li Yuntang , Wang Bingqing , Ge Jiangqin
Published: November 2024

This study systematically explored the characteristics of explosion and pressure fluctuations of ethyl acetate (EA)/hydrogen (H2)/air mixtures under different initial pressures (1–3 bar), H2 fractions (4%, 8%, 12%), and equivalence ratios of EA (0.5–1.4). The flame images indicated that a higher pressure, a higher H2 fraction, and a higher equivalence ratio could cause flame instability. An analysis of the dimensionless growth rate indicated that the flame instability was impacted by both thermal diffusion and hydrodynamic effects. The results also indicated that a higher initial pressure or H2 fraction could accelerate the combustion reaction and increase the explosion pressure and deflagration index. The maximum values were observed at 21.841 bar and 184.153 bar·m/s. However, their effects on explosion duration and heat release characteristics differed between lean and rich mixtures. Additionally, this study examined pressure fluctuations in both the time and frequency domains. The findings indicated a strong correlation between pressure fluctuation and flame instability. Modifying the H2 fraction and equivalence ratio to enhance flame stability proved effective in reducing pressure fluctuation amplitude. This study offers guidance for evaluating explosion risks associated with EA/H2/air mixtures and for designing related combustion devices.
The Impact of the Shunt Reactor(s) Location on Offshore Wind Farm Power Export System on Zero-Missing Phenomenon and Switching Overvoltages—The Case of a Polish Power System
Authors: Rzepka Piotr , Szablicki Mateusz , Niedopytalski Marcin , Halinka Adrian , Zychma Daria , Szewczyk Michał
Published: November 2024

The observed development of offshore wind farms has resulted in an increasing presence of long extra-high voltage cables, with lengths ranging from 10 to 200 km. These cable lines are compensated for by a shunt reactor(s). The transient states that accompany switching operations, in this type of line, cause a number of challenges. There are slightly different and more dangerous phenomena than in classic uncompensated lines. One such phenomenon is the zero-missing phenomenon. The most effective methods for mitigating these phenomena are still under investigation and comparison to identify the optimal countermeasures. Applying a single minimization countermeasure often leads to avoiding one phenomenon (e.g., zero-missing phenomenon) while enhancing another (e.g., switching overvoltages). This can challenge designers, as they must consider the trade-offs between these competing objectives. The added value of this article is an analysis of the impact of the compensation level and its distribution (shunt reactor(s) location) in the offshore wind farm power export systems on zero-missing phenomenon and switching overvoltages. These analyses are supported by simulation cases mapping the case of the Polish power system. The results of the presented analysis are very important in light of a dynamic development of offshore wind farms and may be utilized by designers of power export systems, and can mitigate the significant risks occurring in such systems during energization cable lines.
A Comprehensive Systematic Review of CO2 Reduction Technologies in China’s Iron and Steel Industry: Advancing Towards Carbon Neutrality
Authors: Hou Tianshu , Yuan Yuxing , Na Hongming
Published: November 2024

The iron and steel industry, a major energy consumer, faces significant pressure to reduce CO2 emissions. As the world’s largest steel producer, China must prioritize this sector to meet its carbon neutrality goals. This study provides a comprehensive review of various carbon reduction technologies to drive decarbonization in the steel industry. China’s iron and steel sector, which accounted for approximately 15% of the country’s total CO2 emissions in 2022, predominantly relies on coke and coal combustion. This study provides a comprehensive review of a variety of carbon reduction technologies to advance decarbonization in the iron and steel industry. This study categorizes carbon reduction technologies in the steel sector into low-carbon, zero-carbon, and negative-carbon technologies. Low-carbon technologies, which are the most widely implemented, are further divided into energy structure adjustment, material structure adjustment, energy efficiency improvement technologies, etc. This study specifically reviews dry quenching technology, high-scale pellet technology for blast furnace, and top pressure recovery turbine power generation technology. As a zero-carbon technology, hydrometallurgy is a central focus of this study and a key area of research within China’s iron and steel industry. While negative-carbon technologies are primarily centered around carbon capture, utilization technologies are still in early stages. By presenting the latest advancements, this study offers valuable insights and guidance to facilitate the iron and steel industry’s transition to a low-carbon future, crucial for mitigating global climate change.
Granulosa Cells: Central Regulators of Female Fertility
Authors: Schütz Luis Fernando , Batalha Isadora M.
Published: November 2024

Background: Granulosa cells are somatic cells within the ovarian follicle. As the primary site of estradiol production, they are critical regulators of several aspects of female reproduction. This review aims to provide an overview of the physiology of mammalian granulosa cells and their importance for female fertility. Methods: the literature about the function and regulation of granulosa cells was reviewed. Results: a comprehensive summary and discussion of the role of granulosa cells on ovarian steroidogenesis and folliculogenesis, as well as factors that control granulosa cells function, are presented. Conclusion: The functions of granulosa cells are regulated by a plethora of intra- and extra-ovarian factors via autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine pathways, which creates a complex regulatory network. A comprehensive understanding of granulosa cells’ physiology is vital for the development of innovative strategies to enhance reproductive outcomes in several species.
Understanding the Musculoskeletal Demand of Ride-On Mowing Using Wearable Technology
Authors: Netto Kevin , Francis-Pester Garry , Benazic Peter , Edwards Peter
Published: November 2024

This study aimed to quantify the postures and muscle activity while parks and gardens workers operated ride-on mowers during a typical shift. Eight participants operated ride-on mowers in the same park but on different terrains (flat and undulating). Body postures and muscle activity were collected wirelessly and unobtrusively. Participants adopted a forward-flexed seated posture with the predominant movement being head rotation. Oscillatory movements (20–40° from neutral) of the thorax in all three planes of movement were noted in all participants. Low levels (<30% MVIC) of muscle activity were recorded in all muscles tested. These levels were elicited for most (>90%) of the recording time. Higher (>50% MVIC) activation levels were interspersed through the data, but these were not sustained. There was no difference in posture or muscle activity between the flat and undulating terrain. The forward-flexed posture combined with vibration can increase the risk of discomfort and injury in the low back while ride-on mowing. The low levels of muscle activity suggest participants did not actively brace for the occupational situation and task. The large inter-participant difference in posture attests to subjective variation to accommodate muscular stress, and this may not be optimal for injury mitigation.
High Variability in Urban Tree Growth: Necessity of Size-Dependent Estimation with Emphasis on Large-Diameter Trees
Authors: Lee Jeong-Min , Kim Hyung-Sub , Choi Byeonggil , Jung Jun-Young , Lee Seungmin , Jo Heejae , Ahn Jieun , Lee Sang-Jin , Yoon Tae Kyung , Kim Choonsig , Lee Kye-Han , Lee Woo-Kyun , Son Yowhan
Published: November 2024

The national level carbon sequestration estimation for urban trees generally relies on diameter at breast height (DBH) increments. However, limited research on urban tree growth has led to uncertain estimates. In this study, we determined the DBH increment of six major urban tree species in South Korea using three analytical methods (mean, linear regression, and generalized additive model) and two data classifications (total and segmented). Additionally, wedeterminded the aboveground woody biomass (AGWB) increment, which was calculated using the estimated DBH increment, and the accuracy of the estimates using different methods. We found wide variations in DBH increment (0.616 to 1.002 cm yr−1) among the assessed tree species. Metasequoia glyptostroboides exhibited the highest mean growth, while Pinus densiflora showed the lowest. The peak DBH increment occurred at a median of 25.4 cm for Quercus spp. and 40.0 cm for Prunus yedoensis. The total mean method led to overestimations of AGWB increment, especially for the largest trees (i.e., those in the top 5% of DBH). Our study suggests that relying on a simple total mean method can lead to significant uncertainties in estimating AGWB increment. Therefore, more accurate methods for estimating DBH increment, especially in urban environments, are needed.
Forest Development Determines the Compositions and Structures of Soil Invertebrate Communities in Reclaimed Coastal Lands
Authors: Cao Lili , Li Yuanyuan , Zou Xiaoming , Cao Jiajie , Wang Guobing , Ruan Honghua
Published: November 2024

Soil fauna is integral to facilitating material cycles, energy flows, and the conservation of biodiversity in terrestrial ecosystems. However, the impacts of forest development on the compositions and structures of soil invertebrates remain uncertain. Here, we assessed the dynamics in abundance and diversity of soil invertebrates across eight successional age stages of Metasequoia glyptostroboides tree plantations (7-, 16-, 21-, 26-, 31-, 36-, 41-, 46-year-old stands) in a reclaimed coastal land in China. We used pitfall traps to collect soil invertebrates and analyzed key soil and litter properties to understand their relationships with the faunal communities. The results revealed that the total abundance of soil invertebrates initially decreased during the young to near-mature stand period (7- to 31-year-old stands), whereas it increased along the age series, from the near-mature to overmature stand period (31- to 46-year-old stands). Specifically, the dynamics showed a U-shaped curve with stand development. Further, there was a significantly negative correlation between the Shannon–Wiener diversity index and the total abundance of soil invertebrates across this plantation chronosequence. The variations in abundance of detritivores were consistent with the total abundance of soil invertebrates during stand development. The abundance and diversity of the soil invertebrates were strongly correlated with the soil environment (e.g., soil organic carbon, litter biomass, and microbial biomass nitrogen). These findings highlight that the compositions and structures of soil invertebrates were significantly altered with M. glyptostroboides stand development. Thus, the management of plantations should consider the abundance and diversity of soil invertebrates and functional groups for improving soil structure and fertility. This provides important insights for studying the interconnection of above- and below-ground plantation ecosystems toward their optimal management.
Root Biomass Allocation and Carbon Sequestration in Urban Landscaping Tree Species in South Korea
Authors: Yoon Tae Kyung , Lee Seungmin , Lee Seonghun , Lee Jeong-Min , Son Yowhan , Lee Sangjin
Published: November 2024

The quantification of urban tree biomass allocation has primarily relied on estimations using allometric equations (AEs) developed for nondestructive harvest methods. However, the lack of harvest-based AEs that account for belowground biomass, nutrient concentration, and annual growth rates poses challenges in accurately quantifying the greenhouse gas inventory for urban land uses. In this study, we aimed to develop AEs using a log-transformed linear model for eight urban landscaping tree species, taking into account belowground biomass. We purchased 117 urban landscaping trees from tree farms in South Korea and investigated their biomass fractions, carbon and nutrient concentrations, and annual growth rate using a destructive method. We also developed AEs for different tree compartments using diameter at breast height as an independent variable. The AEs obtained exhibited high suitability, as evidenced by their high R2 values (0.853–0.982 and 0.806–0.923 for aboveground and belowground biomass, respectively). The mean belowground biomass fraction across the different species was approximately 30%, suggesting that urban trees could allocate more belowground biomass than forest trees. Conversely, carbon and nitrogen concentrations varied significantly across species and compartments, and the mean annual carbon sequestration rate was 3.96 kg C year−1 tree−1. Therefore, the application of the AEs for urban trees may enhance the accuracy of the national greenhouse gas inventory for the settlement sector.
Construction of the Pseudomonas putida Strain with Low Motility and Reduced Biofilm Formation for Application in Fermentation
Authors: Frolov Mikhail , Kungurov Galim Alimzhanovich , Valiakhmetov Emil Elmirovich , Gogov Artur Sergeyevich , Trachtmann Natalia Viktorovna , Validov Shamil Zavdatovich
Published: November 2024

Pseudomonas putida PCL1760 is a well-studied bacterium that can be used for a wide range of biotechnological applications. In our study we investigated the effect of deletion of the genes involved in alginate accumulation (algA), flagellar export (flhA), and pili formation pilQ on the behavior of the strain in bioreactors. We obtained the knockout mutant P. putida LN6160 with the deletion of these genes and showed that the absence of these genes reduces mobility and biofilm formation (40% lower after 72 h) in the mutant. At the same time, we noted the positive effect of these deletions on the growth of the mutant strain on rich medium (1.39 × 1010 CFU/mL in the mutant and 6.4 × 109 CFU/mL in the wild type) and on mineral medium (6.11 × 109 CFU/mL in the mutant and 1.36 × 109 CFU/mL in the wild type) by growing them in small-volume bioreactors. A significant decrease in the biofilm and the foam formation was also observed for LN6160 in a small-volume bioreactor. Most probably, the rapid growth of the deletion strain occurs due to a decrease in the energy load on the bacterial apparatus.
Mapping Burned Area in the Caatinga Biome: Employing Deep Learning Techniques
Authors: Franca Rocha Washington J. S. , Vasconcelos Rodrigo N. , Duverger Soltan Galano , Costa Diego P. , Santos Nerivaldo A. , Franca Rocha Rafael O. , de Santana Mariana M. M. , Alencar Ane A. C. , Arruda Vera L. S. , Silva Wallace Vieira da , Ferreira-Ferreira Jefferson , Oliveira Mariana , Barbosa Leonardo da Silva , Cordeiro Carlos Leandro
Published: November 2024

The semi-arid Caatinga biome is particularly susceptible to fire dynamics. Periodic droughts amplify fire risks, while anthropogenic activities such as agriculture, pasture expansion, and land-clearing significantly contribute to the prevalence of fires. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a fire detection model and analyze the spatial and temporal patterns of burned areas, providing essential insights for fire management and prevention strategies. Utilizing deep neural network (DNN) models, we mapped burned areas across the Caatinga biome from 1985 to 2023, based on Landsat-derived annual quality mosaics and minimum NBR values. Over the 38-year period, the model classified 10.9 Mha (12.7% of the Caatinga) as burned, with an average annual burned area of approximately 0.5 Mha (0.56%). The peak burned area reached 0.89 Mha in 2021. Fire scars varied significantly, ranging from 0.18 Mha in 1985 to substantial fluctuations in subsequent years. The most affected vegetation type was savanna, with 9.8 Mha burned, while forests experienced only 0.28 Mha of burning. October emerged as the month with the highest fire activity, accounting for 7266 hectares. These findings underscore the complex interplay of climatic and anthropogenic factors, highlighting the urgent need for effective fire management strategies.
Physical Demand Assessment of Volunteer Firefighters During Wildland Firefighting
Authors: Teixeira Tatiana , Pratas Pedro , Santos Joana , Monteiro Pedro R. , Baptista João Santos , Vaz Mário A. P. , Guedes Joana C.
Published: November 2024

Wildland firefighting is physically and mentally demanding. The aerobic capacity of firefighters is important due to the demands of the activity and the associated occupational risks. The main objectives of this study were to identify and characterise the physically demanding tasks undertaken by volunteer firefighters during wildland fires (real work conditions). A total of 125 firefighters replied to a survey about sociodemographic, biometric data, and work fitness assessment. A group of 23 was evaluated in a physical stress test using a VO2peak protocol to determine maximum oxygen consumption and ventilatory thresholds. The physical demands and physiological responses were collected during the operations at the firefront (n = 21). The results revealed that wildland firefighting entails physical demands that exceed established reference values, with maximum oxygen uptake exceeding 40%. The cardiovascular strain is particularly notable in tasks performed near the firefront, reflecting fatigue. The physical and cardiac demands associated with forest fire fighting have been demonstrated to contribute to occupational illnesses with prolonged exposure. This study underscores the imperative for interventions to enhance the identification and real-time monitoring of physiological parameters to enhance firefighters’ overall health and well-being.
Potential Exposure of Aquatic Organisms to Dynamic Visual Cues Originating from Aerial Wind Turbine Blades
Authors: Williamson Benjamin J. , Goddijn-Murphy Lonneke , McIlvenny Jason , Youngson Alan
Published: November 2024

For many aquatic species, vision is important for detecting prey, predators, and conspecifics; however, the potential impacts of visual cues from offshore wind turbines have not been investigated in these crucial contexts. There is the possibility of visual cues, originating from moving wind turbine blades, propagating through the air–water interface to impact visually sensitive species. Two classes of visual cues are possible: direct motion cues originating as light reflected from moving turbine blades and indirect cues resulting from an interruption of direct sunlight causing dynamic shadowing when the sun, blade, and receptor are aligned. In both cases, the propagation of cues across the air–water interface is governed by physical principles but modulated in potentially complex ways by the aspects of the local environment that vary with time. Evidence for the extent of the exposure of aquatic organisms to the visual cues arising from moving turbine blades and for the potential response of receptor organisms is sparse. This study considers the physics involved to support the formulation and testing of robust biological hypotheses. Marine migratory salmonid species are considered as an example species because their behaviour in the marine environment is relatively well documented. This study concludes that the aquatic receptor organisms present in the uppermost layer of the sea in the vicinity of wind turbines are potentially exposed to direct motion cues originating from moving turbine blades and also, when the sun elevation angle is greater than ca. 20°, to dynamic shadowing cues.
Advancing Health and Sustainability: A Holistic Approach to Food Production and Dietary Habits
Authors: Carvalho Graça P. , Costa-Camilo Eduardo , Duarte Isabel
Published: November 2024

Producing healthier food requires expertise in methods that yield significant benefits for human health, sustainability, economic growth, cultural heritage, and overall well-being. Investing in conscientious and sustainable food systems can improve individual and planetary quality of life by preventing diseases, delaying ageing, and enhancing well-being. While healthy eating habits begin at home, schools play a pivotal role in reinforcing them from an early age. Despite progress, challenges remain, underscoring the need for prioritizing food education and literacy across all ages. Knowledge of how sustainable food production impacts personal health and well-being is critical. A holistic approach is essential for addressing these complexities, considering physical, mental, social, and environmental factors to identify balanced and effective solutions. Such analyses examine how system components interact, guiding the development of sustainable practices. The DM4You project exemplifies this approach. It unites Portuguese partners to promote local food consumption, focusing on soups, an integral part of traditional Portuguese cuisine, made with diverse vegetables, legumes, olive oil, and sometimes by-products. DM4You monitors 80 healthy participants over three months to assess dietary habits, focusing on soup and fruit consumption. This crossover study evaluates the influence of diet on health, offering insights into sustainable and health-promoting dietary practices.
A Stepwise Conflict Analysis Using the Graph Model
Authors: Mota Raí dos Santos , Silva Maisa Mendonça , Rêgo Leandro Chaves
Published: November 2024

Information about decision-makers’ preferences is essential for the efficient modeling of a conflict. However, obtaining this information becomes more challenging as the size of the conflict increases. To address this issue, this study proposes a new approach to the option prioritizing method within the graph model for conflict resolution. The approach aims to gather preferences from decision-makers in a more consistent and practical manner. The proposed method involves partitioning the set of conflict options based on their importance, then applying the option prioritizing method and conflict stability analysis to subconflicts, where only the options in each partition set are considered. Additionally, only states that are equilibria in a given step are deemed feasible in subsequent steps. The main findings highlight a reduction in the cognitive effort required from decision-makers and the generation of more effective and consistent solutions that address the core needs of the conflict. By working with subsets of options incrementally, the method offers a more simplified and robust understanding of the problem. To demonstrate the proposed method, a real hydrological conflict was used as a case study.
Genomic Landscape of Chromosome X Factor VIII: From Hemophilia A in Males to Risk Variants in Females
Authors: Morris Olivia , Morris Michele , Jobe Shawn , Bhargava Disha , Krueger Jena M. , Arora Sanjana , Prokop Jeremy W. , Stenger Cynthia
Published: November 2024

Background: Variants within factor VIII (F8) are associated with sex-linked hemophilia A and thrombosis, with gene therapy approaches being available for pathogenic variants. Many variants within F8 remain variants of uncertain significance (VUS) or are under-explored as to their connections to phenotypic outcomes. Methods: We assessed data on F8 expression while screening the UniProt, ClinVar, Geno2MP, and gnomAD databases for F8 missense variants; these collectively represent the sequencing of more than a million individuals. Results: For the two F8 isoforms coding for different protein lengths (2351 and 216 amino acids), we observed noncoding variants influencing expression which are also associated with thrombosis risk, with uncertainty as to differences in females and males. Variant analysis identified a severe stratification of potential annotation issues for missense variants in subjects of non-European ancestry, suggesting a need for further defining the genetics of diverse populations. Additionally, few heterozygous female carriers of known pathogenic variants have sufficiently confident phenotyping data, leaving researchers unable to determine subtle, less defined phenotypes. Using structure movement correlations to known pathogenic variants for the VUS, we determined seven clusters of likely pathogenic variants based on screening work. Conclusions: This work highlights the need to define missense variants, especially those for VUS and from subjects of non-European ancestry, as well as the roles of these variants in women’s physiology.
Mitochondrial Genome Assembly and Comparative Analysis of Chionanthus Retusus (Oleaceae)
Authors: Zhai Shasha , Lin Furong , Shu Xiuge , Niu Hongyun , Jing Qi , Gao Lei , Gao Xiangbin , Liu Dan
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Chionanthus retusus Lindl. & Paxton is an ornamental tree species native to North China. Research on the mitochondrial genome can elucidate the evolution and biological characteristics of C. retusus and better protect this important species. Methods and Results: This work aimed to clarify the evolutionary and phylogenetic links by sequencing, assembling, annotating, and analyzing the entire mitochondrial genome of C. retusus. The single-loop structure that made up the mitochondrial genome had a total length of 657,640 bp and a GC content of 44.52%. In total, 37 unique protein-coding genes, 20 tRNA genes, and 3 rRNA genes were identified. Numerous repeat sequences and migrating fragments of chloroplast sequences were found. Using the mitochondrial protein-coding genes to construct evolutionary trees, it was found that the closest relative of C. retusus is C. rupicola (Lingelsh.) Kiew. Conclusions: This research represents the first comprehensive set of data on the mitochondrial genome of an ancient (>500 yr) C. retusus specimen. In addition to elucidating the biological characteristics of C. retusus. The findings contribute to the Oleaceae mitochondrial genome database and offer valuable insights for future studies in molecular breeding, evolutionary biology, and genetic diversity conservation.
Identification of Antisense RNA NRAS-AS and Its Preliminary Exploration of the Anticancer Regulatory Mechanism
Authors: Wang Liping , Hu Xuming , Tao Chenyue , Xiang Jacob , Cui Hengmi
Published: November 2024

Objective: To explore the influence of NRAS-AS on the proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycle, migration, and invasion ability of HCC cells, as well as its underlying mechanisms. Methods: A double-stranded cDNA library for liver cancer cells was constructed, and identified NRAS-AS through High-throughput sequencing, bioinformatics, chain-specific fluorescent quantitative PCR, and RACE. NRAS-AS′s effects on HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells and gene expression were evaluated. Additionally, the study analyzed the influence of NRAS-AS overexpression on tumor formation in nude mice. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to detect NRAS protein levels in clinical samples. RT-qPCR examined NRAS-AS and NRAS gene expression in HCC and adjacent tissues. Results: NRAS-AS overexpression suppresses HCC cell proliferation and invasion, induces cell cycle alterations in HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells, and enhances apoptosis. NRAS-AS interference promoted liver cancer invasion, inhibited apoptosis, and influences the cell cycle. Nude mice overexpressing NRAS-AS showed smaller tumors. NRAS-AS expression in liver cancer patients correlated with clinical factors. RT-qPCR revealed an inverse correlation between NRAS-AS and NRAS gene expression in liver cancer and adjacent tissues. IHC analysis revealed reduced NRAS protein expression in HepG2 and SMMC-7721 cells following NRAS-AS overexpression. The impact of AZA treatment on antisense NRAS-AS and sense NRAS gene expression in liver cancer cells was observed, and antisense. Conclusion: Reduced NRAS-AS expression is frequently observed in HCC and is inversely related to NRAS gene expression, suggesting a role in HCC pathogenesis through NRAS regulation. Targeting antisense RNA NRAS-AS could hold promise as a therapeutic target and diagnostic biomarker for HCC.
Advances in Understanding Drought Stress Responses in Rice: Molecular Mechanisms of ABA Signaling and Breeding Prospects
Authors: Ma Yingying , Tang Mingyue , Wang Mingyang , Yu Yanchun , Ruan Banpu
Published: November 2024

Drought stress is a pivotal environmental factor impacting rice production and presents a significant challenge to sustainable agriculture worldwide. This review synthesizes the latest research advancements in the regulatory mechanisms and signaling pathways that rice employs in response to drought stress. It elaborates on the adaptive changes and molecular regulatory mechanisms that occur in rice under drought conditions. The review highlights the perception and initial transmission of drought signals, key downstream signaling networks such as the MAPK and Ca2+ pathways, and their roles in modulating drought responses. Furthermore, the discussion extends to hormonal signaling, especially the crucial role of abscisic acid (ABA) in drought responses, alongside the identification of drought-resistant genes and the application of gene-editing technologies in enhancing rice drought resilience. Through an in-depth analysis of these drought stress regulatory signaling pathways, this review aims to offer valuable insights and guidance for future rice drought resistance breeding and agricultural production initiatives.
LBF-MI: Limited Boolean Functions and Mutual Information to Infer a Gene Regulatory Network from Time-Series Gene Expression Data
Authors: Barman Shohag , Farid Fahmid Al , Gope Hira Lal , Hafiz Md. Ferdous Bin , Khan Niaz Ashraf , Ahmad Sabbir , Mansor Sarina
Published: November 2024

Background: In the realm of system biology, it is a challenging endeavor to infer a gene regulatory network from time-series gene expression data. Numerous Boolean network inference techniques have emerged for reconstructing a gene regulatory network from a time-series gene expression dataset. However, most of these techniques pose scalability concerns given their capability to consider only two to three regulatory genes over a specific target gene. Methods: To overcome this limitation, a novel inference method, LBF-MI, has been proposed in this research. This two-phase method utilizes limited Boolean functions and multivariate mutual information to reconstruct a Boolean gene regulatory network from time-series gene expression data. Initially, Boolean functions are applied to determine the optimum solutions. In case of failure, multivariate mutual information is applied to obtain the optimum solutions. Results: This research conducted a performance-comparison experiment between LBF-MI and three other methods: mutual information-based Boolean network inference, context likelihood relatedness, and relevance network. When examined on artificial as well as real-time-series gene expression data, the outcomes exhibited that the proposed LBF-MI method outperformed mutual information-based Boolean network inference, context likelihood relatedness, and relevance network on artificial datasets, and two real Escherichia coli datasets (E. coli gene regulatory network, and SOS response of E. coli regulatory network). Conclusions: LBF-MI’s superior performance in gene regulatory network inference enables researchers to uncover the regulatory mechanisms and cellular behaviors of various organisms.
The Effects of a Floss Band on Ankle Range of Motion, Balance, and Gait in Chronic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Moon Byoung-Hyoun , Kim Ji-Won
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Stroke patients generally have balance and gait dysfunction due to decreased range of motion (ROM) and muscle strength of the ankle joint. A therapist can apply a floss band to enhance ROM, pain control, jump performance, strength, myofascial release, and recovery from fatigue. This study compared the immediate effects of floss band application on ankle ROM, balance, and gait ability in stroke patients. Methods: This study randomized 40 chronic stroke patients to either the floss (n = 20) or sham (n = 20) band group. The intervention consisted of wrapping the ankle with a band (floss and sham). Balance and gait ability were measured using APDM Mobility Lab system equipment. Outcome measures were assessed at baseline and immediately after applying the floss or sham band. Results: There were significant improvements in dorsiflexion (DF), WBLT, static balance, and foot strike in those who used the floss band compared to the sham group (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: The floss band improved ankle DF, balance, and gait, indicating that it is a feasible therapeutic method for improving ankle DF, balance, and gait in chronic stroke patients.
Validity of a Centrifuge-Based Method for Determining the Water Retention Curve of Growing Media
Authors: Muhammed Hadi Hamaaziz , Schumm Lisa , Anlauf Ruediger , Reineke Tobias , Daum Diemo
Published: November 2024

The water retention curve (WRC) determines important properties of growing media with respect to water dynamics. However, the standard laboratory determination is time-consuming and laborious. The objectives of this study were (i) to test the practical applicability of the centrifuge method as a quick test for a wide range of growing media, (ii) to compare a simple substitution method to describe the bulk density of growing media with the results of the standard method, and (iii) to give a recommendation under which conditions (the mean weighted diameter of the substrate particles is 5 mm or less) the centrifuge quick test could serve as a replacement for the standard DIN method. Water content vs. water suction values determined for the whole range of the water retention curve with the standard method, and centrifugation results were compared and evaluated by correlation analyses. The results showed good agreement (R2 ≥ 0.98) between the centrifuge and DIN methods, with the effect of material compression in the centrifuge method resulting in a statistically significant correlation between compression and bias at low pF stages. This, however, did not lead to significant deviations between the method’s results at low pF stages (<pF 2.0). The method’s rapidity (2 days vs. up to 8.5 days) and correlation with standard methods highlight its potential for practical applications. Limitations, such as compression effects, were noted, emphasizing the need for careful interpretation. Overall, the centrifuge method provided a valuable research and substrate development tool. This study contributes to refining measurement techniques in growth substrates, encouraging ongoing research in water dynamics in growing media.
Effective Coverage of Modern Contraceptive Use in Ethiopia: An Ecological Linking Analysis of Service Provision Assessment and National Health Equity Surveys
Authors: Getnet Misrak , Gebremedhin Samson , Melesse Dessalegn Y. , Munos Melinda K. , Hazel Elizabeth A. , Wado Yohannes D. , Zeru Arega , Worku Alemayehu
Published: November 2024

The increase in contraceptive prevalence rate (crude coverage) in Ethiopia over the past two decades does not necessarily reflect service quality, and although the proportion of women with unmet needs has decreased, it remains unacceptably high. Hence, this study aimed to estimate the effective coverage (EC) of modern contraceptive methods in Ethiopia, considering the quality of care. We used nationally representative surveys, such as health facility surveys (Ethiopia Service Provision Assessment, 2021/22) and household surveys (National Health Equity Survey, 2022/2023). The descriptive analysis and ecological linking of the two surveys were used to assess the relationship between service quality and utilization among married/in union women in need of limiting or spacing children. In 2022, about 78% of health facilities in Ethiopia were ready to provide Family Planning (FP) services using modern contraceptive methods. Met FP need was 48%, with the quality of services assessed at 36%. After accounting for both service quality and readiness, Ethiopia’s effective coverage of family planning services using modern methods was estimated at 16%, with the highest coverage in the Sidama region (21%) and the lowest in the Somali region (2%). The EC of FP services in Ethiopia was low, largely attributed to the poor overall quality of the FP services provided. It is therefore important to ameliorate the quality of FP services in the country.