bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analyzing the Performance of Mega Construction Projects in Oman: A Study of Selected Projects from Oil & Gas Sector
Authors: Saeedi Ahmed Salim Al , Karim Asif Mahbub
Published: October 2020

This study investigates Omani O&G project’s performance and analyzes the most common time and cost overrun causes. In addition, the effects of delays are examined further along with the key enablers for efficient project delivery. This study adopts a mix method of research to improve the level of credibility of the study. A sample of 160 respondents is employed following both quantitative and qualitative method where a well-structured questionnaire was used for interviews with the concerned personnel. Following the quantitative method, this study revealed that 8% of the respondents, says the projects have completed ON time where the response rate was 80%. Besides, the qualitative part backed up this data as most of them have experienced delay of 3 months to 2 years of delay. For cost, 3% of the respondents have experienced projects finishing ON budget and the interviewees have expressed that the average cost overrun is between 10%-30%. In terms of time overrun group factors, the top group time-overrun factors among all the three parties are management factors, where it is ranked first by all stakeholders. The sub-group factor that affects more is the project planning and control. Poor understanding of scope of work during tendering factor is ranked first with main contractor and second with both the client and engineering firms. This factor is most factors that has similar ranking between all. As matter of fact is the only factor that exists between in the top 10 among all stakeholders. This study claimed that understanding the scope of work of the project properly and giving its time to be grasped by the contractors is one of the key solutions to tackle the top factor of this research. Also, the SOW must be detailed as possible to avoid any conflict between the parties, one of the recommended details to have WBS included.
Responsabilidad social empresarial y el desempeño financiero en las mejores empresas para trabajar de un mercado emergente
Authors: Ostos Jhony , Hamann Antonieta
Published: October 2020

Los programas de responsabilidad social de las empresas cada vez son más valorados por los clientes, sin embargo, su justificación financiera en las organizaciones aún sigue siendo limitada. El diseño de esta investigación fue basado en un estudio cualitativo de casos comparativos entre las mejores empresas para trabajar del Perú (Great place to work - GPTW) en el período 2015-2017. Se examinaron las prácticas de responsabilidad social y los resultados financieros obtenidos de cada una. Los resultados indican que existe una tendencia en las empresas que ejecutan programas de responsabilidad social, a obtener a la vez resultados financieros positivos.
Solidaridad y denuncia internacional de la CLAT-CMT sobre la situación de los derechos humanos y sindicales en Argentina (1976-1982)
Authors: Ayala Mario
Published: October 2020

El objetivo de este artículo es reconstruir y analizar las acciones de solidaridad y denuncia internacional de la Central Latinoamericana de Trabajadores (CLAT), sede regional de la Confederación Mundial del Trabajo (CMT), con sede en Venezuela, sobre la situación de los derechos humanos y sindicales en Argentina bajo la última dictadura militar (1976-1983). La metodología de trabajo es cualitativa y su fuente principal fueron la prensa y documentos púbicos de la organización entre 1976 y 1982. Se concluye que este trabajo internacional de la CLAT-CMT hacia Argentina se planificó dentro de sus planes de acción en el Cono Sur bajo dictaduras de Seguridad Nacional, con el apoyo de sus organizaciones aliadas en Venezuela y la región; y se ejecutó mediante tres tipos de acciones que se articularon de diversa forma según la coyuntura y las prioridades: 1) campañas internacionales de información y denuncia ante gobiernos extranjeros y la opinión pública mundial; 2) denuncia en organismos internacionales; 3) envío al país de misiones de observación, solidaridad y presión.
Inactivity of public authority as a subject of land dispute in administrative legal proceedings
Authors: Pyvovar Iryna , Kuzmenko Oksana , Liutikov Pavlo , Liutikova Margaryta , Kuvakin Serhiy
Published: October 2020

In recent years, conflicts in land relations between citizens and government have been increasingly occurring in Ukraine. On the one hand, citizens are striving to realize their right to receive a land plot free of charge, on the other hand, authorities are trying to ignore the corresponding statements of citizens. The purpose of this research is to formulate a legal position concerning the inactivity of authorities in relations arising from the initiative of citizens regarding granting them permission for the development of a land management plan with the subsequent transfer of a land plot into ownership, as well as to determine the optimal way to protect the violated rights of citizens as a result of unlawful inactivity of public authorities. The study has been characterization and identification of peculiarities of application of the principle of tacit consent in land permission relations; indicated ways of protecting the rights of an individual as a result of unlawful inactivity of a powerful subject; established nature of the discretionary powers of the competent authorities. The importance and value of research are complex in nature and is revealed in its social significance since it consists in publication and raising problematic issues in the land sphere for public discussion; the economic value is manifested in helping to resolve real estate ownership problems; legal significance consists in determining perspective directions of legal and regulatory improvement of land relations; the applied value which is manifested in the promotion of the activities of local self-government bodies and administrative justice.
Desarrollo de competencias investigativas del estudiante de Derecho a partir del diseño de una rúbrica
Authors: Quezada-Castro María del Pilar , Castro-Arellano María del Pilar , Oliva-Núñez Juan Manuel , Gallo-Aguila Carlos Ignacio , Quezada-Castro Guillermo Alexander
Published: October 2020

El presente estudio analiza el uso de la rúbrica para desarrollar competencias investigativas en el estudiante de Derecho, la misma que es factible ser aplicada en las asignaturas de metodología de la investigación o tesis. El tema descrito es importante porque permite identificar las competencias investigativas que inciden en el proceso de formación de investigadores universitarios y proyectar la relevancia en el ejercicio profesional que otorgaría competitividad laboral. Se elaboró mediante el paradigma positivista, enfoque cuantitativo, diseño no experimental, tipo descriptivo y método analítico. A través del juicio de expertos y método Delphi se reconoce que la rúbrica holística promovería el pensamiento crítico, cultura científica, consolidación de semilleros de investigación con tendencia multidisciplinaria e interiorización del proceso de formación de investigadores desde las aulas universitarias, al ser una herramienta de autoevaluación.
Comparison of Op-ed Coverage of Kashmir Conflict by Elite Global Press: a War and Peace Journalism Perspective
Authors: Mahmood Tahir , Khan Muhammad Ashraf
Published: October 2020

The study is a content analysis of Kashmir issue coverage by Indian and Pakistani press. The analysis is based on war and peace journalism categories designed by John Galtung. The study is comparison of Op-Ed of elite Indian and Pakistani press. It is an investigation of use of war and peace frame while covering the grave issue of Kashmir. As India has occupied the large are of Kashmir and has fought three wars over this issue, so this issue is the prime threat to the peace and stability in the region. Study found that press of both sides are using war frame while reporting the issue, hence being part of the problem not the part of solution. It was also found that Indian press is using more war frame on Kashmir issue than Pakistani press.
LEITURA LITERÁRIA E LETRAMENTO SEMIÓTICO NA SALA DE AULA
Authors: Pereira Aurea da Silva , Gomes Jussara Figueiredo
Published: October 2020

O presente artigo intitulado Leitura literária e letramento semiótico na sala de aula aborda sobre a leitura de textos literários e de textos semióticos na sala de aula. Neste diálogo, discutimos também sobre a importância dessas modalidades textuais no processo de formação crítica e reflexiva do leitor contemporâneo. Assim, o texto pauta uma discussão em um diálogo teórico entre leitura literária e letramento semiótico e suas contribuições no processo de formação leitora de estudantes na sala de aula para uma aprendizagem significativa. Nesse viés, buscamos traçar uma abordagem sobre o trabalho com os textos verbais e não verbais no contexto escolar, abordando sobre o importante papel da escola para o desenvolvimento da leitura literária e semiótica na sala de aula. Para embasar da escrita, apropriamo-nos dos fundamentos da teoria literária e letramento semiótico, como Catto (2013), Cruz (2012), Aguiar (2006), Rojo (2012). No processo de discussão da teoria e seus fundamentos, tendo como base experiências de oficinas com textos literários e semióticos na sala de aula, percebemos que esse tipo de prática pedagógica se constitui em ferramenta poderosa que pode despertar o gosto pela leitura literária e, consequentemente, contribuirá para formação de leitores.

Palavras-chave: Leitura literária. Letramento semiótico. Sala de aula.
The partial virological response to Tenofovir monotherapy in naïve patients with chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Gedik Habip , Muge Sonmezisik
Published: October 2020

Abstract

We report two treatment-naïve cases, a 26-year-old female patient and a 59-year-old male patient who were followed up for chronic hepatitis B (CHB) at the Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology. A partial response subsequent to 12 months of Tenofovir Disoproksil (TDF) monotherapy presumably due to an antiviral-drug resistance was noted. A sustained viral response with TDF (245 mg) or Tenofovir Alafenamide (TAF, 25 mg) + Entecavir (ETV, 1 mg) combination therapy was observed after failure with TDF monotherapy. A combination therapy with TDF (245 mg) or TAF (25 mg) +ETV (1 mg) is efficacious in naïve patients with a partial response to TDF monotherapy.

Keywords: Chronic hepatitis B, Tenofovir, partial response, Entecavir, combination therapy
PAI-1 and tPA gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a sample of Turkish population
Authors: Aysel Sunnetcioglu  , Mehmet Berkoz  , Metin Yildirim  , Gulhan Bora  , Serap Yalin
Published: October 2020

Abstract

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the influence of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) 4G/5G or tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) I/D  polymorphisms in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) cases in a sample of Turkish population.

Methods: PAI-1 4G/5G and tPA Alu-repeat I/D genetic polymorphisms in 153 COPD subjects and 160 controls were investigated using PCR-RFLP and PCR methods, respectively.

Results: 4G allele frequency was 0.62 and 0.39 for COPD and control groups, respectively. 4G allele had an estimated 2.56-fold [95% CI = 1.85–3.53] increased risk of COPD.  tPA I allele frequency was 0.55 and 0.50, for COPD and control groups, respectively. I allele had an estimated 1.19-fold [95% CI = 0.87–1.62] increased risk of COPD

Conclusions: PAI-1 4G/4G and 4G/5G genotypes seemed to play a key role in the pathophysiology of COPD in Turkish individuals.

Keywords: COPD; Genetic susceptibility; Polymorphisms; Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA); Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)
Feasibility of a composite material formed with a waste granular rubber tire on racing vehicle aerodynamic wings
Authors: KARACOR Berkay , ATAKAN Mustafa Atakan , ÖZCANLI Mustafa , SERİN Hasan , BAŞ Oğuz
Published: October 2020

In recent years, reducing the cost of vehicles, fuel consumption, and producing environmental-friendly vehicles by minimizing exhaust emissions are the main topics that the automotive industry and researchers emphasize. In this way, more environmental-friendly vehicles will be produced and harmful gasses will be released less into nature. The main subject of this study is to obtain a lighter race wing by using waste rubber granule material. Reducing the fuel consumption and exhaust emission emissions of vehicles is possible by producing vehicles directly from lighter materials. The light weighting studies in recent years are provided by the production of composite materials that have better mechanical properties and enable the production of much lighter parts. In this study, a finite element analysis method was used to compare the application of foam core body and waste rubber granule application to formula vehicle racing wings. The results of the analysis are presented in the figures as distribution of total deformation and Von-Mises stresses. As a result, it has been found that the waste rubber granule material has good mechanical properties and reasonable cost, and it can be used in racing vehicles. In particular, it has been found that the cost of parts used per kilogram is reduced by a tenth.
A Concomitant Allergic Fungal Otomastoiditis with an Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Clair Vandersteen , Clair Vandersteen , Pradelli Johanna , D’andrea Grégoire , Lanteri Elisabeth , Tardivet Laurent , Savoldelli Charles , Guevara Nicolas
Published: October 2020

Background: Allergic fungal otomastoiditis is a rare ear condition characterized by the presence of a
specific middle ear mucus usually found in allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. Methods: We report
a case of concomitant allergic fungal otomastoiditis and rhinosinusitis in an immunocompetent 27-year-old
man complaining of right otorrhea and nasal discharge for 6 months resistant to any medical treatment.
Examination revealed a sticky mucus arising from a polypoid middle ear associated with a right middle
meatus purulent discharge. Surgical treatment revealed no cholesteatoma but thick yellowish mucus and a
fungal ball, as targeted by imaging, both of which containing Aspergillus species. Result: The patient
received short postoperative systemic corticotherapy and showed no recurrence 6 months after. Discussion:
Allergic fungal otomastoidis should be considered in the face of a sticky mucus arising from perforated
chronic otitis, especially when associated with allergic fungal rhinosinusitis. Complete surgical debridement
is essential.
An Open Label, Randomized, Parallel Efficacy, Active Controlled Clinical Study to Compare the Efficacy of Nirgundi Patra and Erandamuladi Niruha Basti in Yoga Basti Pattern in Gridhrasi (Sciatica)
Authors: B Vishnu , Chacko James , Kundagol Mahesh C , Soman Devipriya
Published: October 2020

It is estimated that Low back pain afflicts nearly two thirds of the Indian population at some point in their life. Erandamuladi Niruha Basti is a widely practiced and proven formulation that is used in Gridhrasi (Sciatica). It contains more than 20 ingredients, which can be a daunting task for an ayurvedic practitioner in a clinic to procure. Hence the literary search was done with a view to find out other effective formulations which were preferably single drug formulations. Nirgundi patra Kashaya was mentioned by acharya Chakrapanidatta in Vatavyadhi Adhikarana of Chakradatta. Nirgundi itself has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, so this Kashaya was selected as a Basti to be compared with Erandamuladi Niruha Basti in Yoga Basti pattern. 30 patients were randomized into two groups, Group A and Group B based on a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Group A was given Nirgundi Patra Kashaya Niruha and Murchita Tila Taila Anuvasana and Group B patients were given Erandamuladi Niruha and Murchita Tila Taila Anuvasana. Objective and Subjective parameters were evaluated before the start of the treatment and at the end of the treatment. The parameters were evaluated using relevant statistical tests. The result showed that even though all the patients had relief after the treatment, he percentage of relief was more across all parameters in case of Group B. This showed that, Nirgundi patra Kashaya was effective in the treatment of Gridhrasi in Basti formulation, but, Erandamuladi Niruha Basti produced much significant relief.
Experimental Study on Anti Scorpion Venom potential of Paravatadi Agada of Ayurveda in Indian Red Scorpion Venom (Mesobuthus tamulus)
Authors: Deshmukh Sunil , Chalakh Sonali , Rajput Dhirajsing
Published: October 2020

Background: Scorpion sting is a frequent event in tropical and subtropical countries. The objective of this study is to evaluate Efficacy of Paravatadi Agada on Indian Red Scorpion Venom (Mesobuthus Tamulus). Materials and Methods: PA was prepared as per textual reference. Water soluble extract of PA was obtained using Soxhlet apparatus. Swiss albino mice of 20-30gm were used. Lypholised venom sample of Mesobuthus tamales and Lyophilized monovalent enzymerefined immunoglobuline anti scorpion venom serum (ASV) was used.  Using lethal dose of scorpion venom (25.12 μg/g), venom neutralising property of PA extract (300mg/kg), ASV(1mg) intra-peritoneally  and PA(31mg/mice) orally. The parameter used were Mean survival time, protection fold and percentage survival of animals over the period of 24 hrs. Histopathological examinations of all mice were done. Result: Maximum protection fold is seen in ASV treated group which is 10.03 with 83.33 % survival but water soluble extract of PA also showed some protective effect against scorpion venom 7.68 with 50 % survival rate. Histopathological examination showed that PA extract, ASV and PA treated group showed less effect of scorpion venom on Heart, Liver and Kidney compared to control group in which sever histopathological manifestations are detected. Conclusion : The protection fold and survival percentage of extract of PA was  better than Powder form of PA but less than ASV but  enough significant in view of availability, safety, ease in method of preparation and cost effectiveness compared to ASV.
Evaluation of efficacy of Navakarshik Kwath Ghan in Sheetpitta with special reference to Urticaria
Authors: Rathod Rohan , Thakre Pooja P , Ade Vinod
Published: October 2020

Background: Sheetapitta (Urticaria) is one among the Tvak Vikara (Skin disease) that have similar Hetu (Cause) of Kotha and Udarda. Vata and Kapha are two "Doshas" (energies), which are primarily, disturbed which in turn is associated with Pitta resulting in Tridosha Prakopa (Aggravation of three energies) leading to redness, swelling itching on the skin etc. Symptoms include appearance of wheals all over the body with severe itching, burning sensation and pain. Symptomatology and causative factors of Sheetapitta can be considered similar to that of 'Urticaria'. Aim: This clinical study was carried out to evaluation of efficacy in Sheetpitta with special reference to Urticaria. Material – Navakarshik Kwath Ghan in dose of 2 tab of 500 mg twice a day with water after meal in duration of 15 days. Methodology – In this study include single group of 30 subjects of either gender in the age group of 16-60 years having complaining of reddish wheals, itching and pricking pain on body. Observation and Result  – Data regarding age wise, sex wise, allergy wise, diet wise, Prakruti (Nature) wise, hematological parameters and UAS (Urticarial Activity Score). Conclusion – Internal use of Navakarshik Kwath Ghan is found effective in the severity of itching.
The effect of Panchagavya formulations in the case of CA Rectum
Authors: Bhojraj Nandini , Sawarkar Gaurav
Published: October 2020

The faulty lifestyle, polluted environment, increasing use of pesticides, addictions leads to trigger the health issues; the cancer is one of them. Due to disease, one lac people are dying yearly; out of the 10% of the population diseased with colon and rectum cancer. In the present case study, the patient diagnosed with CA Rectum, operated at RST Regional Cancer Centre, Nagpur. APR with positive pelvic exenteration and later advised for Chemo-Radiation therapy. But, the patient herself denied for the chemoradiation and opted for preventive, therapeutic intervention at Go-Vigyan Anusandhan Kendra, Nagpur. Palliative treatment like Kamdhenu Gomutra Arka, Panchagavya Ghrit and Kamdhenu Haladi Ghanvatin was started in 2008. Simultaneously for a short duration, Bibhitakavleha, Panchtikta Ghrit, and Kushmandavaleh was prescribed. Treatment was continued for eight years except for the summer season, as the patient had mild rashes in the hot season. Before discontinuation of the therapy, CT scan chest and abdomen was done at RST Regional Cancer Centre, Nagpur, in August 2016. Not a single abnormality was observed in the scan. In the present case study, it was found that the cow products cumulatively have an effect of anti-oxidant, immunomodulation, and detoxification.
Efficacy of Shankhapushpi Choorna on Borderline IQ in School Going Children - A Randomized Placebo Controlled Clinical Study
Authors: Murali Aswathi P , Puranik Prathviraj , Jartarghar Nagaratna S
Published: October 2020

Objective: To study the concepts regarding Medha, Medhya and IQ. Detailed assessment of IQ level of school going children with 6-8 years of age group. To study the efficacy of Shankhapushpi Choorna in the enhancement of IQ of school going children with Borderline IQ. Design: Open randomized placebo controlled clinical study with pre and post-test design. Setting: O.P.D. of Sri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara College of Ayurveda and Hospital, Udupi and also nearby schools of Udupi. Interventions: A minimum of 40 children under borderline IQ were selected based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The selected children were randomly divided into 2 groups of 20 each. Group A (Trial Group) were treated with Shankhapushpi Choorna with dose of 5grams daily at night, after food with lukewarm milk for a duration of 60 days and Group B was administered with Placebo. The follow up period was 30 days after the intervention. Main outcome measures: The subjective criteria were based on the parameters of Grasping power, Memory power, Courage & Activity.  The values obtained using Malin’s Intelligence Scale for Indian Children (MISIC) were considered for objective assessment. Results: Over the duration of the study, the trial drug Shankhapushpi Choorna was seen to have a positive effect on all the subjective and objective parameters with statistically highly significant results. Conclusion: Shankhapushpi Choorna with the proper dosage according to the age definitely improves the Medha of children with borderline IQ. The drug can be used as both promotive as well as curative aspects in accordance with intelligence.
PENGARUH MODEL DISCOVERY LEARNING TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR PESERTA DIDIK PADA MATA PELAJARAN IPS TERPADU MTs MIFTAHUL ULUM SITUBONDO
Authors: Hasanah Kiptiatul , Nursalam Nursalam
Published: October 2020

This study aims to determine the effect of the discovery learning model on student learning outcomes in the Integrated Social Studies subject Class VII A at MTs Miftahul Ulum Situbondo. This study used a one-shot case study design. The subjects of this study were Class VII A, with a total of 30 students. They were collecting data using test instruments, observation and interviews. The results of the test instruments were tested by t-test. The analysis result shows that tcount> ttable is 3,814> 2,045. So it can be concluded that there is an average difference between the pretest and posttest learning outcomes. Which means that there is an effect of the discovery learning model on student learning outcomes in the Integrated Social Studies subject Class VII A at Mts Miftahul Ulum Situbondo.
OKUL ÖNCESİ DÖNEM ÇOCUKLARININ SOSYAL BECERİ DÜZEYLERİNİN BAZI DEMOGRAFİK ÖZELLİKLERE GÖRE İNCELENMESİ
Authors: ATMACA Rana Nur , GÜLTEKİN AKDUMAN Gülümser , ŞEPİTCİ SARIBAŞ Merve
Published: October 2020

Bu araştırma, okul öncesi eğitim kurumlarına devam eden çocukların sosyal beceri düzeylerinin bazı demografik özelliklere göre incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu bağlamda araştırma, Şanlıurfa ili, Suruç ilçesindeki resmi ilköğretim okullarının anasınıfları ile resmi bağımsız anaokullarına devam eden 103 çocuk ve annesi ile yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada, çocukların demografik özelliklerine ulaşabilmek için Çocuklar İçin Genel Bilgi Formu, sosyal beceri seviyelerini ortaya koyabilmek için ise Sosyal Beceri Ölçeği veri toplama aracı olarak kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler, bağımsız örneklemler için t testi ve Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi (ANOVA) ile analiz edilmiş olup, anlamlı çıkan farklılıklarda grup farklılıklarını inceleyebilmek için Tukey HSD testi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, çocukların kardeş sayısının ve doğum sırasının, aile tipinin, anne-baba öğrenim durumunun, baba yaşının ve mesleğinin çocukların toplam sosyal beceri puanlarında istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir farklılığa yol açmadığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca cinsiyetin, çocukların OSBED Duyguları Yönetme Becerileri üzerinde; anne yaşının çocukların OSBED Başlangıç Becerileri üzerinde; anne çalışma durumunun ise çocukların OSBED Akademik Destek Becerileri üzerinde istatiksel açıdan anlamlı bir farklılığa yol açtığı ortaya çıkmıştır.
Prática como componente curricular na licenciatura em matemática de Institutos Federais de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia
Authors: Barbosa Lucas Diego Antunes , Bianchini Barbara Lutaif
Published: October 2020

Este estudo teve o objetivo de compreender a interpretação dada à Prática como Componente Curricular (PCC) por professores da Licenciatura em Matemática de Institutos Federais de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia (IF) e por professores iniciantes exercendo a docência na região Sudeste do Brasil. A relevância da pesquisa reside na necessidade de compreender as diversas interpretações que têm despontado em relação às 400 horas de Prática como Componente Curricular estabelecidas nas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN) para a formação de professores. O referencial teórico em que nos embasamos teve como foco as concepções para a formação de professores de Cochran-Smith e Lytle. Com uma abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa, realizamos entrevistas no segundo semestre de 2018 com 12 professores, nove formadores do IF e três professores iniciantes, egressos da Licenciatura em Matemática destes institutos. Para a análise dos dados, utilizamos os pressupostos da análise de conteúdo de Bardin. Nos resultados da pesquisa salientamos que a interpretação da Prática como Componente Curricular dos sujeitos entrevistados se direcionou para as perspectivas de conhecimento para a prática, conhecimento na prática, conhecimento da prática e prática como instrumentalização técnica.
Changes in black carbon emissions over Europe due to COVID-19 lockdowns
Authors: Evangeliou Nikolaos , Platt Stephen M. , Eckhardt Sabine , Lund Myhre Cathrine , Laj Paolo , Alados-Arboledas Lucas , Backman John , Brem Benjamin T. , Fiebig Markus , Flentje Harald , Marinoni Angela , Pandolfi Marco , Yus-Dìez Jesus , Prats Natalia , Putaud Jean P. , Sellegri Karine , Sorribas Mar , Eleftheriadis Konstantinos , Vratolis Stergios , Wiedensohler Alfred , Stohl Andreas
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Following the emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) responsible for COVID-19 in December 2019 in Wuhan (China) and its spread to the rest of the world, the World Health Organization declared a global pandemic in March 2020. Without effective treatment in the initial pandemic phase, social distancing and mandatory quarantines were introduced as the only available preventative measure. Despite the socioeconomic impacts, air quality improved due to lower pollutant emissions. Here we investigate the effects of the COVID-19 lockdowns on ambient black carbon (BC), which affects climate and damages health, using in-situ observations from 17 European stations in a Bayesian inversion framework. BC emissions declined by 11 % in Europe (20 % in Italy, 32 % in Germany, 20 % in Spain) during lockdown compared to the same period in the previous five years. BC temporal variation in the countries enduring the most drastic restrictions showed the most distinct lockdown impacts. Increased particle light absorption in at the beginning of the lockdown, confirmed by assimilated satellite and remote sensing data, suggests residential combustion was the dominant BC source. Accordingly, in Central and Eastern Europe, which experienced lower than average temperatures, BC was elevated compared to the previous five years. Except for the comparison of BC emissions in the lockdown with the previous five years, an immediate decrease was also seen, as compared with the period before the lockdown, which averaged about 10 % over Europe. Such a decrease was not seen in the previous years, which also confirms an impact on BC emissions from COVID-19.
Development of the drop Freezing Ice Nuclei Counter (FINC),
intercomparison of droplet freezing techniques, and use of soluble
lignin as an atmospheric ice nucleation standard
Authors: Miller Anna J. , Brennan Killian P. , Mignani Claudia , Wieder Jörg , Zipori Assaf , David Robert O. , Borduas-Dedekind Nadine
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Aerosol-cloud interactions, including the ice nucleation of supercooled liquid water droplets caused by ice nucleating particles (INPs) and macromolecules (INMs), are a source of uncertainty in predicting future climate. Because of INPs' and INMs' spatial and temporal heterogeneity in source, number, and composition, predicting their concentration and distribution is a challenge, requiring apt analytical instrumentation. Here, we present the development of our drop Freezing Ice Nucleation Counter (FINC), a droplet freezing technique (DFT), for the quantification of INP and INM concentrations in the immersion freezing mode. FINC's design builds upon previous DFTs and uses an ethanol bath to cool sample aliquots while detecting freezing using a camera. Specifically, FINC uses 288 sample wells of 5–60 µL volume, has a limit of detection of −25.37 ± 0.15 ˚C with 5 µL, and has an instrument temperature uncertainty of ± 0.5 ˚C. We further conducted freezing control experiments to quantify the non-homogeneous behavior of our developed DFT, including the consideration of eight different sources of contamination. As part of the validation of FINC, an intercomparison campaign was conducted using an NX-illite suspension and an ambient aerosol sample with two other drop-freezing instruments: ETH's DRoplet Ice Nuclei Counter Zurich (DRINCZ) and University of Basel’s LED-based ice nucleation detection apparatus (LINDA). We also tabulated an exhaustive list of peer-reviewed DFTs, to which we added our characterized and validated FINC. In addition, we propose herein the use of a water-soluble biopolymer, lignin, as a suitable ice nucleating standard. An ideal INM standard should be inexpensive, accessible, reproducible, unaffected by sample preparation, and consistent across techniques. First, we show that commercial lignin has a consistent ice nucleating activity across product batches. Second, we demonstrate that aqueous lignin solutions exhibit good solution stability over time. Third, we compare its freezing temperature across different drop-freezing instruments, including on DRINCZ, LINDA, and on the Weizmann Institute's Supercooled Droplets Observation on a Microarray (WISDOM) and determine an empirical fit parameter for future drop freezing validations. With these findings, we aim to show that lignin can be used as a good immersion freezing standard in future technique intercomparisons in the field of atmospheric ice nucleation.
Vascular plants affect properties and decomposition of moss-dominated peat, particularly at elevated temperatures
Authors: Zeh Lilli , Igel Marie Theresa , Schellekens Judith , Limpens Juul , Bragazza Luca , Kalbitz Karsten
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Peatlands, storing significant amounts of carbon, are
extremely vulnerable to climate change. The effects of climate change are
projected to lead to a vegetation shift from Sphagnum mosses to sedges and shrubs.
Impacts on the present moss-dominated peat remain largely unknown. In this
study, we used a multiproxy approach to investigate the influence of
contrasting vascular plant types (sedges, shrubs) on peat chemistry and
decomposition. Peat cores of 20 cm depth and plant material (Sphagnum spp., Calluna vulgaris and Eriophorum vaginatum) from two
ombrotrophic peatlands in the Italian Alps with a mean annual temperature
difference of 1.4 ∘C were analyzed. Peat cores were taken under
adjacent shrub and sedge plants growing at the same height above the water
table. We used carbon, nitrogen and their stable isotopes to assess general
patterns in the degree of decomposition across sampling locations and
depths. In addition, analytical pyrolysis was applied to disentangle effects
of vascular plants (sedge, shrub) on chemical properties and decomposition
of the moss-dominated peat. Pyrolysis data confirmed that Sphagnum moss dominated the present peat
irrespective of depth. Nevertheless, vascular plants contributed to peat
properties as revealed by, e.g., pyrolysis products of lignin. The degree of
peat decomposition increased with depth as shown by, e.g., decreasing amounts
of the pyrolysis product of sphagnum acid and increasing δ13C
with depth. Multiple parameters also revealed a higher degree of
decomposition of Sphagnum-dominated peat collected under sedges than under shrubs,
particularly at the high temperature site. Surprisingly, temperature effects
on peat decomposition were less pronounced than those of sedges. Our results
imply that vascular plants affect the decomposition of the existing peat
formed by Sphagnum, particularly at elevated temperature. These results suggest that
changes in plant functional types may have a stronger impact on the soil
carbon feedback in a warmer world than hitherto assumed.
How precipitation intermittency sets an optimal sampling distance
for temperature reconstructions from Antarctic ice cores
Authors: Münch Thomas , Werner Martin , Laepple Thomas
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Many palaeoclimate proxies share one challenging property: they are not only driven by the climatic variable of interest, e.g., temperature, but they are also influenced by secondary effects which cause, among other things, increased variability, frequently termed noise. Noise in individual proxy records can be reduced by averaging the records, but the effectiveness of this approach depends on the correlation of the noise between the records and therefore on the spatial scales of the noise-generating processes. Here, we review and apply this concept in the context of Antarctic ice-core isotope records to determine which core locations are best suited to reconstruct local-to-regional-scale temperatures. Using data from a past-millennium climate model simulation equipped with stable isotope diagnostics we intriguingly find that even for a local temperature reconstruction the optimal sampling strategy is to combine a local ice core with a more distant core ~ 500–1000 km away. A similarly large distance between cores is also optimal for reconstructions that average more than two isotope records. We show that these findings result from the interplay of the two spatial scales of the correlation structures associated with the temperature field and with the noise generated by precipitation intermittency. Our study helps to maximise the usability of existing Antarctic ice cores and to optimally plan future drilling campaigns. It also broadens our knowledge on the processes that shape the isotopic record and their typical correlation scales. Finally, the presented method can be directly extended to determine optimal sampling strategies for other palaeoclimate reconstruction problems.
Volcanoes in video games: The portrayal of volcanoes in Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) video games and their learning potential
Authors: McGowan Edward George , Scarlett Jazmin Paris
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Volcanoes are a very common staple in mainstream video games. Particularly within the action/adventure genres, entire missions (e.g. Monster Hunter: Generation Ultimate) or even full storylines (e.g. Spyro: The Reignited Trilogy) can require players to traverse an active volcano. With modern advancements in video game capabilities and graphics, many of these volcanic regions contain a lot of detail. Most video games nowadays have gameplay times in excess of 50 hours. The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild for example brags a minimum of 60 hours to complete. Therefore, players can spend a substantial amount of time immersed within the detailed graphics, and unknowingly learn about volcanic traits while playing. If these details are factually accurate to what is observed in real world volcanic systems, then video games can prove to be a powerful learning tool. However, inaccurate representations could instil a false understanding in thousands of players worldwide. Therefore, it is important to assess the accuracies of volcanology portrayed in mainstream video games and consider whether they can have an educational impact on the general public playing such games. Or, whether these volcanic details are overlooked by players as they focus solely on the entertainment factor provided. We have therefore reviewed several popular commercial video games that contain volcanic aspects and evaluated how realistic said aspects are when compared to real-world examples. It was found that all the games reviewed had a combination of accurate and inaccurate volcanic features and each would vary from game to game. The visual aesthetics of these features are usually very realistic, including lava, ash-fall and lahars. However, the inaccuracies or lack of representation of hazards that come with such features, such as ash-related breathing problems or severe burns from contact with molten lava, could have great negative impacts on a player's understanding of these deadly events. With further investigations assessing the direct impact on the general public, there is the opportunity to correctly assess how to incorporate the use of mainstream video games in educational systems and outreach.
Hydroinformatics education – The Water Informatics in Science and Engineering (WISE) Centre for Doctoral Training
Authors: Wagener Thorsten , Savic Dragan , Butler David , Ahmadian Reza , Arnot Tom , Dawes Jonathan , Djordjevic Slobodan , Falconer Roger , Farmani Raziyeh , Ford Debbie , Hofman Jan , Kapelan Zoran , Pan Shunqi , Woods Ross
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The Water Informatics in Science and Engineering Centre for Doctoral Training (WISE CDT) offers a postgraduate programme that fosters enhanced levels of innovation and collaboration by training a cohort of engineers and scientists at the boundary of water informatics, science and engineering. The WISE CDT was established in 2014 with funding from the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) amongst the Universities of Bath, Bristol, Cardiff and Exeter. The WISE CDT will ultimately graduate over 70 PhD candidates trained in a non-traditional UK doctoral programme that integrates teaching and research elements, focuses on cohort-based education and equips the students with a wide range of skills developed through workshops and other activities to maximise their abilities and experience. We discuss the need for, the structure and results of the WISE CDT, which has been ongoing for 6 years. We conclude with an outlook for PhD training, based on our experience with this programme.
Technical note: A time-integrated sediment trap to sample diatoms for hydrological tracing
Authors: Foets Jasper , Wetzel Carlos E. , Martínez-Carreras Núria , Teuling Adriaan J. , Iffly Jean-François , Pfister Laurent
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Diatoms, microscopic single-celled algae, are present in almost all habitats containing water (e.g. streams, lakes, soil and rocks). In the terrestrial environment, their diversified species distributions are mainly controlled by physiographical factors and anthropic disturbances which makes them useful tracers in catchment hydrology. In their use as a tracer, diatoms are generally sampled in streams by means of an automated sampling method; as a result, many samples must be collected to cover a whole storm run-off event. As diatom analysis is labour-intensive, a trade-off has to be made between the number of sites and the number of samples per site. In an attempt to reduce this sampling effort, we explored the potential for the Phillips sampler, a time-integrated mass-flux sampler, to provide a representative sample of the diatom assemblage of a whole storm run-off event. We addressed this by comparing the diatom community composition of the Phillips sampler to the composite community collected by automatic samplers for three events. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) showed that, based on the species composition, (1) all three events could be separated from each other, (2) the Phillips sampler was able to sample representative communities for two events and (3) significantly different communities were only collected for the third event. These observations were generally confirmed by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM), permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA), and the comparison of species relative abundances and community-derived indices. However, sediment data from the third event, which was sampled with automatic samplers, showed a large amount of noise; therefore, we could not verify if the Phillips sampler sampled representative communities or not. Nevertheless, we believe that this sampler could not only be applied in hydrological tracing using terrestrial diatoms, but it might also be a useful tool in water quality assessment.
Socio-hydrological data assimilation: analyzing human–flood interactions by model–data integration
Authors: Sawada Yohei , Hanazaki Risa
Published: October 2020

Abstract. In socio-hydrology, human–water interactions are simulated by mathematical
models. Although the integration of these socio-hydrological models and
observation data is necessary for improving the understanding of human–water interactions, the methodological development of the model–data
integration in socio-hydrology is in its infancy. Here we propose applying
sequential data assimilation, which has been widely used in geoscience, to a
socio-hydrological model. We developed particle filtering for a widely
adopted flood risk model and performed an idealized observation system
simulation experiment and a real data experiment to demonstrate the
potential of the sequential data assimilation in socio-hydrology. In these
experiments, the flood risk model's parameters, the input forcing data, and
empirical social data were assumed to be somewhat imperfect. We tested if
data assimilation can contribute to accurately reconstructing the historical
human–flood interactions by integrating these imperfect models and imperfect
and sparsely distributed data. Our results highlight that it is important to
sequentially constrain both state variables and parameters when the input
forcing is uncertain. Our proposed method can accurately estimate the
model's unknown parameters – even if the true model parameter temporally
varies. The small amount of empirical data can significantly improve the
simulation skill of the flood risk model. Therefore, sequential data
assimilation is useful for reconstructing historical socio-hydrological
processes by the synergistic effect of models and data.
Quantifying processes contributing to marine hazards to inform coastal climate resilience assessments, demonstrated for the Caribbean Sea
Authors: Jevrejeva Svetlana , Bricheno Lucy , Brown Jennifer , Byrne David , De Dominicis Michela , Matthews Andy , Rynders Stefanie , Palanisamy Hindumathi , Wolf Judith
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Scientific evidence is critical to underpin the decisions associated with shoreline management, to build climate-resilient communities and infrastructure. We explore the role of waves, storm surges and sea level rise for the Caribbean region with a focus on coastal impacts in the eastern Caribbean islands. We simulate past extreme events and a worst-case
scenario, modelling the storm surges and waves, suggesting a storm surge
might reach 1.5 m, depending on the underwater topography. Coastal wave
heights of up to 12 m offshore and up to 5 m near the coast of St Vincent are
simulated with a regional wave model. We deliver probabilistic sea level
projections for 2100, with a low-probability–high-impact estimate of
possible sea level rise up to 2.2 m, exceeding the 1.8 m global estimate for the same scenario. We introduce a combined vulnerability index, which allows for a quantitative
assessment of relative risk across the region, showing that sea level rise
is the most important risk factor everywhere but wave impacts are important on windward coasts, increasing to the north, towards the main hurricane track. Our work provides quantitative evidence for policy-makers, scientists and local communities to actively prepare for and protect
against climate change.
Landslide risk zoning in Ruijin, Jiangxi, China
Authors: Zhou Xiaoting , Wu Weicheng , Lin Ziyu , Zhang Guiliang , Chen Renxiang , Song Yong , Wang Zhiling , Lang Tao , Qin Yaozu , Ou Penghui , Huangfu Wenchao , Zhang Yang , Xie Lifeng , Huang Xiaolan , Fu Xiao , Li Jie , Jiang Jingheng , Zhang Ming , Liu Yixuan , Peng Shanling , Shao Chongjian , Bai Yonghui , Zhang Xiaofeng , Liu Xiangtong , Liu Wenheng
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Landslides are one of the major geohazards threatening human society. This study was aimed at conducting such a hazard risk prediction and zoning based on an efficient machine learning approach, Random Forest (RF), for Ruijin, Jiangxi, China. Multiple geospatial and geo-environmental data such as land cover, NDVI, landform, rainfall, stratigraphic lithology, proximity to faults, to roads and to rivers, depth of the weathered crust, etc., were utilized in this research. After pre-processing, including digitization, linear feature buffering and value assignment, 19 hazard-causative factors were eventually produced and converted into raster to constitute a 19-band geo-environmental dataset. 155 observed landslides that had truly taken places in the past 10 years were utilized to establish a vector layer. 70 % of the disaster sites (points) were randomly selected to compose a training set (TS) and the remained 30 % to form a validation set (VS). A number of non-risk samples were identified in low slope (