bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Melancholy Subject of History
Authors: Furtado Gustavo Procopio
Published: January 2019

The memory of political militancy and of the dictatorship (1964–1985) is a frequent topic in recent Brazilian films. This chapter maps out the historical context for these films and offers ways to understand the significance of these works, which deal with the transfer from communicative and embodied forms of remembering to durable memory formats, as well as with the transfer of memory from one generation to another. The chapter discusses films by former political militants, such as João Batista de Andrade, Silvio Da-Rin, and Lúcia Murat, but focuses especially on outstanding new works by the daughters of political militants, such as Petra Costa, Flávia Castro, and Maria Clara Escobar. While the work of former militants emphasizes testimonial memory and indexical records, second-generation works emphasize the fragmentary inheritance of memory and deploy an abundance of familial tropes and forms of filiation and affiliation to negotiate their subject positions vis-à-vis private and public pasts.
Technosynthesis
Authors: Iverson Jennifer
Published: January 2019

In the late 1950s and 1960s many of the avant-garde composers produced faux-language pieces—both electronic and acoustic—that took the continuum between speech and music as their primary interest. These similar pieces belie common sources of inspiration. In heterogeneous studios such as the WDR in Cologne and RAI in Milan, composers interacted with linguists and phonetics scientists, read James Joyce together, studied acoustics, and deconstructed recorded speech. The phonetics teachings of Meyer-Eppler, alongside demonstrations of technologies like Bell Labs’ Vocoder, provided much inspiration to avant-garde composers, who used both human and electronic means to isolate and re-create linguistic phonemes. In many of the works, Cathy Berberian’s voice became a particular fascination, serving to feminize and domesticate the provocative sounds. As composers navigated the messy nexus among humans, machines, music, and language, they raised important questions about what it meant to be human in a technologically infused Cold War world. Broadly speaking, the faux-language works performed neutralizations of military technologies like the Vocoder. However tenuous and incomplete these reclamations seem, midcentury electronic music began to recast Cold War technophobic fears.
Media in Mind
Authors: Reynolds Daniel
Published: January 2019

Media in Mind argues that media perform constitutive roles in the minds of media users. It employs pragmatic philosophy and contemporary philosophy of mind in showing how media function in their users’ minds. This troubles the concept of internal mental representations, which has been central to both media studies and philosophy of mind. Media in Mind discusses film and video games that pose perceptual challenges for their users. It proposes new understandings of media platforms and interfaces. It discusses platforms as a way of thinking about emergence, a theoretical concern that crosses disciplinary boundaries. It shows how the interface goes beyond the surface of media to encompass media users and their interactions with media technologies. It shows how media technologists imagine the bodies of potential users of the devices that they design. It proposes that media, media technologies, minds, and bodies should be considered as aspects of a continuous ecology in which they all participate.
Media and Radical Embodiment
Authors: Reynolds Daniel
Published: January 2019

This chapter addresses the concept of mental representations in both media theory and philosophy of mind. It argues that, contrary to what representationalist models claim, the mind does not work by way of an internal language or internal images but through active bodily engagement with the environment. The chapter discusses how mental representations have functioned historically in media theory. It shows how video games have been employed in philosophical and psychological argumentation about the nature of the mind. It presents the case of Hugo Münsterberg, a psychologist whose encounter with film impacted his psychological theory. It discusses the role of imagery in video game play. It illustrates how the use of moving image media in psychological experiments can reinforce ideas about internal mental representations.
“Guard Your Heart!”
Authors: Dugan Katherine
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines missionaries’ romantic relationships and argues that the way these young adults date, marry, and procreate shapes their position in the US Catholic landscape. These emerging adults develop wide-ranging and gendered interpretations of chastity. They discipline themselves and their co-missionaries to follow Catholic dictums articulated in Humanae Vitae and Pope John Paul II's Theology of the Body More than personal ethics, however, this chapter posits that missionaries’ practices of Catholic romance are part of their pro-life politics. How and why these Catholic millennials embody the transitions from singlehood to family life proclaims their proud, dynamically orthodox Catholic alternative to contemporary sexual ethics in the United States.
The Slave Coast
Authors: Fuglestad Finn
Published: January 2019

Apart from the Yoruba in the east and the north, most people of the Slave Coast spoke the Gbe language. The author briefly touches upon the debate about Gbe ‘language’ or ‘languages’, arguing that the people of the Slave Coast spoke ‘what is basically the same language’. There was considerable ethnic diversity. The region corresponds to the Benin Gap – a savanna-type vegetation in what is basically a rainforest zone. It was, above all, an amphibian region with an abundance of lagoons, lakes, rivers and swamplands.
Aftermath and General Considerations
Authors: Fuglestad Finn
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores how Dahomey did not really manage to stabilize the situation and especially failed to conquer new regions, a negative mark for a warrior state whose raison d’être was precisely conquest. The slave trade declined, due in part to the counterproductive regulations imposed by the new authorities. The Dahomeans were faced with competition from a new quarter: the slow rise of the slave ports of the Eastern Slave Coast, a region which Oyo began to divert its slave trade to. The story of the Dutchman Hendrik Hertogh, in the middle of it all, is detailed. Hertogh managed to erect a considerable informal (and anti-Dahomean) polity in the east, until 1738, when he was assassinated. The beginnings of the Annual Customs in Dahomey is also noted, notorious for human sacrifices on a huge scale, formally in honor of the ancestors. Human sacrifices became an integral part of Dahomean customs.
The Realist Frame
Authors: Brekke John , Anastas Jeane , Floersch Jerry , Longhofer Jeffrey
Published: January 2019

Any definition of social work science must make its philosophy of science manifest. While not the only ones in social work to espouse realism, especially critical realism, the IslandWood Group used key ideas from this school of thought to guide many discussions. The main tenets of scientific realism are described followed by a description of some key features of critical realism. Basic tenets of the realisms include the existence of a mind-independent reality, the existence of the unseen, upward and downward causation, stratified reality, emergence, the embrace of multiple methodologies, and the importance of theory in science. This epistemological and ontological stance differs from positivist and behaviorist approaches. The chapter concludes with a summary of other frameworks—pragmatism, constructionism, and critical theories—that are also relevant to a science of social work.
Science and Identity in Social Work
Authors: Brekke John
Published: January 2019

This chapter offers a definition of science that encompasses the interacting elements of theory, prediction, observation, and testing. The chapter also discusses disciplines and professions and their boundaries, capitalizing on the work of Abbott and Jacobs on interdisciplinarity. Disciplines are essential for science and learning, and interdisciplinarity is sometimes crucial to solving vexing problems in science—but “inter-” or “trans-” disciplinary work is only viable in the context of disciplines and disciplinary identity. A crucial linking construct in social work science is technology, which is the application of scientific knowledge to human life. In terms of identity, social work science has a dual focus on scientific understanding as well as on using and developing methods (technologies) for human behavior change on multiple levels. In many areas of society, the existence of scientific disciplines that merge with professions forms the nexus of understanding and technology for solving “problems in living.”
Messianic Leadership
Authors: Woodruff Paul
Published: January 2019

Joan the Maid, known in our time as Joan of Arc, led a French army to victory by inspiring them to work together for the goal of freedom for France. She was brilliantly successful at the start. But Joan was limited by her ignorance and lack of education—an innocent, totally unprepared for the politics of the situation in which she had thrust herself. Her kind of messianic leadership would not survive school learning, and it cannot function well for long in the real world. We can learn both positive and negative lessons from her story. The positive lesson arises from the galvanic effect that her message had on a dispirited army; her vision brought it together and made it a powerful fighting force. She was able to do this without any military or civilian authority. The negative lesson comes from her failure to understand the diplomatic reality on which true victory would depend. Looking at her failure, we can sketch out the education that a more successful leader would need.
Natural Leadership
Authors: Woodruff Paul
Published: January 2019

Melville’s Billy Budd is a natural-born leader. People follow him because his moral beauty is evident in his looks and in his behavior, but he does not know how or where to lead them. He is totally without education or experience of the world. He fails to recognize the evil that surrounds him once he is taken from the Eden of his childhood to the real world of a British warship. He is overly obedient to authority and does not know how to communicate under stress. The curriculum I propose in this book would have given him the essential knowledge he lacks.
Facing Evil, Learning Guile
Authors: Woodruff Paul
Published: January 2019

Our students should be acquainted with such writers as Thucydides and Machiavelli, who understood that simple goodness in leaders may be harmful to their followers in a wicked world. Leaders have obligations to their followers along with their other ethical obligations; these may conflict in what I call the leadership dilemma. The leading citizens of Melos according to Thucydides relied on simple justice, rather than guile, and thereby led their people to disaster. Machiavelli urged that a prince use guile: You must be wicked in a wicked world, he said (in effect), but you must appear to be good—that is, you must wear what I call moral cosmetics. This is a dangerous tactic, for the use of guile undermines trust, which is essential to leaders. Facing evil in one’s own organization is a special challenge, as organizations have immune systems that resist change.
Facing Complexity
Authors: Woodruff Paul
Published: January 2019

A moral dilemma is a situation from which you cannot escape without doing yourself some moral damage or injury. Human life is fraught with the moral complexity that gives rise to dilemmas. War and other warlike conflicts generate tangles of moral complexity. Leaders in particular face dilemmas when their obligations to their followers conflict with their more general ethical obligations, but anyone trying to stay alive under Stalin’s tyranny had to tell lies, as Nadezhda Mandelstam explains. Machiavelli gives strong reasons for a prince to lie and make false promises, but we must take his advice with caution. Leaders must be trusted, and lying undermines trust. Still, some lies may be justified, and others may be excused; justification and excuse are not the same. This chapter focuses on situations in which it appears that one must tell a lie; it concludes with a discussion of the reasons that count against lying.
Summary of Recommendations for Change
Authors: Woodruff Paul
Published: January 2019

This book makes three basic recommendations. First, all degree programs should make room for a curriculum that deals with leadership—both in skills such as communication and in the understanding of the human situation. This curriculum will be especially heavy in the humanities: writing, speaking, history, literature, philosophy. Second, teaching methods in all courses should foster independence and creativity. Any course can be modified to include an element of leadership experience if students are organized in teams with rotating leadership. Third, students everywhere in higher education should be allowed time to flourish outside the classroom in existing clubs or in organizations that they start themselves. At the same time, older organizations that segregate by sex or race should be phased out as quickly as possible.
Tibetan Buddhist Philosophy of Mind and Nature
Authors: Duckworth Douglas S.
Published: January 2019

This book offers an engaging philosophical overview of Tibetan Buddhist thought. It shows the way that Buddhist theory informs Buddhist practice across various Tibetan traditions in ways that integrate competing and complimentary perspectives on the nature of mind and reality. The book draws upon a contrast between phenomenology and ontology to highlight distinct starting points of inquiries into mind and nature in Buddhism and to illuminate central issues confronted in Tibetan Buddhist philosophy. It argues that these starting points share a common ground and can be seen to be actually inseparable. This thematic study raises some of the most difficult and critical topics in Buddhist thought, such as the nature of mind and the meaning of emptiness, across a wide range of philosophical traditions, including the “Middle Way” of Madhyamaka, Yogācāra (a.k.a. “Mind-Only”), and tantra. This book provides a richly textured overview that explores the intersecting nature of mind, language, and world depicted across Tibetan Buddhist traditions. It also puts Tibetan philosophy into conversation with texts and traditions from India, Europe, and America, exemplifying the possibility and potential for a transformative conversation in global philosophy.
Self-Awareness and the Subject-Object
Authors: Duckworth Douglas S.
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses various interpretations of self-awareness, including its meaning as the beginning and culmination of Mind-Only’s phenomenological analysis. It also discusses the ways this notion has been criticized as simply another conceptual construct. Self-awareness can refer to an intransitive cognition and an intrinsic property of all awarenesses. It can also take the form of an objective or absolute idealism, as a metaphysical claim. Self-awareness has an important place in the Yogācāra tradition of Dignāga and Dharmakīrti, and it functions as a precondition for knowledge. Some Tibetans like Śākya Chokden took up this trajectory of Buddhist epistemology to affirm self-awareness as ultimate gnosis, the ultimate source of knowledge. In contrast, Tsongkhapa followed Candrakīrti in denying self-awareness. He did not build his Buddhist system upon this kind of epistemology or phenomenology. Rather, his system is driven by the critical ontology of Madhyamaka.
Conclusion
Authors: Duckworth Douglas S.
Published: January 2019

The relationship between Madhyamaka and Mind-Only is configured in different ways among Tibetan traditions, and how their relationship is configured informs the shape of the distinct contemplative practices there. The conclusion here reiterates how understanding the interplay of these two traditions, in conversation with the discourses of ontology and phenomenology, can illuminate some of the issues at stake in Tibetan thought and connect them to contemporary issues. Like Mind-Only and Madhyamaka, ontology and phenomenology represent divergent modes of thought and practice that can be seen to offer unique lenses on the world, yet they can also be seen to overlap, or even mutually entail each other.
Overture
Authors: Upitis Rena
Published: January 2019

The opening section of the book describes the relationship between the first edition and the second, written more than thirty years apart, which document the author’s experiences as the elementary-school music teacher at an inner-city school in Boston, Massachusetts. The school partnered with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in a professional development and research project. The author also describes her role as an academic at MIT and relates it to her present university position and to her lifelong work as a music educator. The conversational style of the opening section foreshadows the remaining chapters and the retrospective approach that is taken throughout, as the author explores why the pedagogy described in the first edition has endured so well over the years, not only in terms of her classroom-teaching experiences but also in her role as a preservice educator and music-education researcher.
On the Teaching of Music
Authors: Upitis Rena
Published: January 2019

The chapter opens with a broad introduction to the ways music is important throughout our lives and then addresses the crux of the issue: teachers often wish to approach music more creatively but feel that they lack the expertise to do so. This leads to a discussion of the limitations of traditional approaches to teaching music and a description of the overall tone of the book—namely, one that combines anecdote and example and does not shy away from describing the struggles that are an inevitable part of learning to teach in new ways. Children’s notations, produced when they create their own music, are introduced and then contextualized developmentally by juxtaposing music notations with other forms of symbol-system development (e.g., drawing the human figure). The chapter invites teachers to enjoy children’s musical offerings by viewing these works as the magical, funny, ingenious, and treasured gems that they are.
Music and Movement
Authors: Upitis Rena
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores how music and movement are intertwined and how movement can shape children’s understanding of music and help guide their creative expressions. Various structured movement activities are described, such as the Body Orchestra and the Names Game, both of which are based on Dalcroze techniques. Listening deeply is also examined, using sonic meditations as a way of both developing techniques for intense listening and pushing the boundaries of what counts as music. The chapter also considers the relationship between sound and silence and describes ways of consciously integrating movement and intense listening (with associated classroom activities). It concludes by developing the links between simple movement games and more sophisticated creations, leading to more complex choreographed works.
Creating Music with Technology
Authors: Upitis Rena
Published: January 2019

This chapter advances several ideas for using digital technologies to enable children to improvise and compose, while also cautioning that the use of these technologies should not replace the primacy of learning music through the body. The chapter opens with a retrospective examination of the digital tools that were used in a particular school thirty years ago, with an emphasis on the elements that have endured over the ensuing decades. This allows for a broad discussion about the future of digital music tools in creative musicianship. The chapter closes with a discussion of “slow music”—music learning that is approached in a reflective, mindful way, combining old and local ideas with new technologies for recording, listening, performing, and creating.
Developing the Singing Voice
Authors: Upitis Rena
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses how young children can develop their singing voices as part of a community of singers and creative musicians. Teaching singing is approached both through direct instruction and through the compositions that children themselves create. Some of the techniques discussed involve pitch matching in a musical context, including solfège techniques and songs. The importance of voice regulation is also discussed, and several classroom activities involving chants and poetry are described, where children can both learn about voice regulation and create original work. The emphasis throughout is on singing with meaning and on the joys that can come with developing one’s individual voice in a community that sings.
Robust Parametric Estimation
Authors: Racine Jeffrey S.
Published: January 2019

This chapter looks at issues surrounding outliers in data and methods for addressing their presence.
Model Uncertainty
Authors: Racine Jeffrey S.
Published: January 2019

This chapter covers model selection methods and model averaging methods. It relies on knowledge of solving a quadratic program which is outlined in an appendix.
Mistaken Identities
Authors: Korsmeyer Carolyn
Published: January 2019

This chapter continues the explanation and vindication of valuing things simply because of what they are. The argument compares the attachments that we have to things with feelings we have for other persons, where imposture brings about a change of affection even when there is no change in the “look” of the person in question. Certain kinds of emotions are directed appropriately to individuals rather than to the properties that individuals possess, and a similar attachment describes our valuing an artifact just because of the history that it has. This chapter also explores emotions, both the “nonfungible” emotions that are appropriately directed to individuals and the quality of certain emotional arousals that is notably aesthetic in character. Certain emotions themselves have an aesthetic aspect insofar as they invite one to pause and dwell on the affective response, savoring it and pondering the insight it reveals.
Introduction
Authors: Shapshay Sandra
Published: January 2019

This book aims to challenge the predominant picture of Schopenhauer’s ethical thought, and argues that while the resignationist Schopenhauer—the one referred to herein as the “Knight of Despair”—represents one side of this thinker, there is another side, the “Knight with Hope,” and this aspect of his ethical thought is in direct tension with the resignationist one. What this book calls the “One Schopenhauer” view sees a neat hierarchy here, with the greatest insight and comportment as embodied in resignation from life altogether. Yet, this traditional view masks several fundamental tensions between his two ethical ideals. The Introduction suggests, rather, a “Two Schopenhauers” view, for these two ethical ideals are actually mutually incompatible.
A Role for Reason in Schopenhauer’s Ethics
Authors: Shapshay Sandra
Published: January 2019

This chapter takes up the vexed role of reason in Schopenhauer’s thought with respect to his ethics. While explicitly demoting the faculty of reason in ethics from the lofty status it had enjoyed in Kant, this chapter shall argue that Schopenhauer nonetheless can and does retain several important roles for reason in politics and ethics. Highlighting these positive functions of reason will address some of the deficiencies of his discussion of compassion as the foundation of morality, and will help bring out the attractions of his view for contemporary normative ethical theorizing.
The Third Disestablishment
Authors: Green Steven K.
Published: January 2019

The Third Disestablishment: Church, State, and American Culture, 1940–1975 examines the formative period in the development of modern church–state law. It discusses the cultural background for the Supreme Court’s adoption of separation of church and state as the controlling constitutional construct and then the popular response to that adoption. This cultural backdrop included a period of heightened tensions between institutional Protestantism and Catholicism, a conflict that did not dissipate until after the election of John F. Kennedy and the reforms of Vatican II. The book then considers the decline of church–state separation as a legal principle and a cultural value, a process that began in the 1960s with the rise of social welfare legislation under the Great Society.
Conclusion
Authors: Green Steven K.
Published: January 2019

The conclusion provides a brief overview of the Supreme Court’s church–state decisions from 1975 to 2000 to demonstrate the book’s thesis that the transition away from separationism began in the late 1960s. It documents not only the increase in non-separationist holdings, but also a decline in language invoking the importance of separationism as a constitutional principle. It reasserts that separationism’s decline was due chiefly to the indeterminacy of the concept. The justices could never agree on the meaning of church–state separation, or on how it related to shifting cultural forces. This indeterminacy led to its downfall in law and policy but allowed it to continue as a protean concept that people could still embrace.
Hijazi Self-Determination and the New International System
Authors: Dahlan Malik R.
Published: January 2019

This chapter covers Hijazi self-determination: as an experimentation of Hijazi nationalism through “ethnicity” and “territoriality” concepts of international law. The chapters cover the promulgation of the Arab Revolt and Arab self-determination, the dictating rules of international law, Arab nationalist movements as well as the claim over the institution of the Caliphate. It explores Hijaz nationalism after the breakdown of the dream of a unitary “Arab State” and its status in the League of Nations. The analogy brings in critical legal studies mirroring the past and drawing lessons from Japan and its denied discourse. The chapter covers the invasion and legal treatment of the conquest of The Hijaz and the Taif Massacre and rise of a new Islamic state led by the Wahhabi movement and recognized, ultimately, as a state by the Allies – Saudi Arabia. At this point The Hijaz transitions from being the subject of colonialism to the object of it in the new Islamic state. It covers Imam Ibn Saud’s negotiations with The Hijaz nationalist movement to safe statehood and his promise of Hijazi self-government under the principle of “The is for the Hijazis” to The Hijaz and the Islamic World. It also discusses the Hijaz National Liberation Movement against the British and new religious rule.
Islamic Self-Determination and the International Legal System
Authors: Dahlan Malik R.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 5 expands on the notion of self-determination, beyond the traditional nation-state, into the Islamic context. This is done by explaining (i) the pan-Islamic rise in reaction to the new international legal system (ii) the rejection of the colonial mandate system, which jeopardized the existence of The Hijaz as an independent unit of international law; and (iii) covering details of the Fall of the Caliphate and the Islamic diplomatic efforts for its preservation. The discussion in this part of the book highlights what was the original Islamic state as opposed to the states that were League of Nations additions including Iraq, Jordan, Syria and Palestine.
The Reluctant Hijaz
Authors: Dahlan Malik R.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 9 recaptures key elements and Islamic legitimate policy principles of public good to create the positive space for Islam in The Hijaz. It makes a case for integration in The Hijaz in order to create an international system for the resolution of disputes in the Region. Given its history and centrality to Islam, The Hijaz offers integrative value for Saudi Arabia, the Arabian Peninsula and the international Islamic community as a whole. This value presents a potential solution to the crisis in the Middle East, a regional solution which, vitally, is rooted in Islamic doctrine and does not necessitate Western imperial influence.
Orthodox Radicals
Authors: Bingham Matthew C.
Published: January 2019

Orthodox Radicals explores the origins and identity of Baptists during the English Revolution (1640–1660), arguing that mid-seventeenth century Baptists did not, in fact, understand themselves to be part of a larger, all-encompassing “Baptist” movement. Contrary to both the explicit statements of many historians and the tacit suggestion embedded in the very use of “Baptist” as an overarching historical category, the early modern men and women who rejected infant baptism would not have initially understood that single theological move as being in itself constitutive of a new group identity. Rather, the rejection of infant baptism was but one of a number of doctrinal revisions then taking place among English puritans eager to further their ongoing project of godly reformation. Orthodox Radicals thus complicates our understanding of Baptist identity and addresses broader themes including early modern religious toleration, the mechanisms by which early modern groups defined and defended themselves, and the perennial problem of historical anachronism. By combining a provocative reinterpretation Baptist identity with close readings of key theological and political texts, Orthodox Radicals offers the most original and stimulating analysis of mid-seventeenth century Baptists in decades.
Introduction
Authors: Bingham Matthew C.
Published: January 2019

Ushering the reader into both the world of early modern radical religion and the considerable body of scholarly literature devoted to its study, the introduction offers a précis of what is to come and a backward glance to explain how the proposed journey contributes to ongoing scholarly conversations. After orienting readers to the basic methodological boundaries within which the book will operate and briefly situating the book within the wider historiography, the introduction adumbrates the shape of the work as a whole and encapsulates its central argument. The introduction contends that the mid-seventeenth-century men and women often described as “Particular Baptists” would not have readily understood themselves as such. This tension between the self-identity of the early modern actors and the identity imposed upon them by future scholars has significant implications for how we understand both radical religion during the English Revolution and the period more broadly.
“Years of Freedome, by God’s Blessing Restored”
Authors: Bingham Matthew C.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 5 explores how “Particular Baptists” during the 1650s evolved along two rather divergent, mutually exclusive paths. One group embraced the Cromwellian regime, encouraged fellowship among otherwise like-minded congregationalists who disagreed on the question of baptism, and understood themselves as a godly variant on the mainstream puritan divinity then in the ascendant. The other group, by contrast, eschewed all of these impulses and instead resisted the state ecclesiastical apparatus, repudiated all who disagreed with their stance on baptism, and understood themselves as strangers and exiles in a new Babylon. To make this case, chapter 5 draws upon both published polemic as well as congregational and associational records. Such reflections both complicate our understanding of Interregnum religion and further undermine the too-hasty application of denominational labels during the period.
Media in Contemporary India
Authors: Rammanohar Reddy C.
Published: January 2019

The media in India has become a profitable business since the early 1990s, leading to a “commodification” with the attendant abandonment, by and large, of journalism as public purpose. This process has accompanied rapid economic growth that has led to a widening of consumer choice, and therefore to a major increase in advertising. The need to attract advertisers has persuaded publishing companies to turn their products into consumer items like any other, packaged to attract the largest number of readers or viewers. The expansion of the media on the back of advertising income has brought many investors into both print and TV. This essay argues that the result has been that while the Indian media can still on occasion speak truth to power, commodification has meant that publishers have struck a Faustian bargain with commerce, resulting in the loss of the uniqueness that is associated with journalism.
Business and State in Odisha’s Extractive Economy
Authors: Kale Sunila S.
Published: January 2019

Among India’s states, Odisha stands as a paradox. Unlike other states with episodes of marked hostility to business, Odisha has had an almost unbroken succession of probusiness governments from independence onward. However, unlike developmental probusiness states that nurtured industry to produce jobs and higher rates of economic growth, economic policies in Odisha have failed to produce either sustained economic growth or a substantial economic transformation. Business-state relations in Odisha instead display “neopatrimonial tendencies”; the government extends support to entrepreneurs with no attendant discipline, and in order to succeed, economic actors access personal connections rather than proceed via institutionalized channels. This chapter surveys Odisha’s neopatrimonial state-business relations over three time periods in Odisha: from independence through the 1960s, 1970s–1980s, and the period from the early 1990s onward.
Audiences
Authors: Wilson Alexandra
Published: January 2019

Chapter 2 examines the sorts of people who attended the opera in 1920s Britain. It explains that the audience for opera in this period was far from homogeneous, and analyses the ways in which interest in opera cut strikingly across conventional class lines. The chapter examines the partial decline of aristocratic patronage of opera at Covent Garden and the reasons for it, also discussing the diverse social groups who also frequented the theatre. It analyses the audience for opera beyond the West End, whether at the Old Vic or at a variety of theatres both in London and the provinces where touring opera companies performed. The chapter also examines operatic performance in some unconventional spaces, such as at a Lyon’s Corner House in central London. It concludes by discussing the size of the 1920s audience for opera, and the extent to which opera-going was accepted as a British pursuit.
Epilogue
Authors: Wilson Alexandra
Published: January 2019

The epilogue weighs up the evidence provided in the previous chapters and concludes that whilst opera was in some respects almost impossible to categorise in the terms of the 1920s ‘battle of the brows’—and that such categorisation might even be undesirable—it sat closest to the middlebrow. The epilogue examines similarities and differences between operatic culture in the 1920s and the present day, focusing on performance practices, connections with popular culture, and social relevance. It discusses the current elitism debate in brief and considers what today’s opera companies might learn from the conversations about opera that took place during the 1920s.
Multiple Narratives in the Novel
Authors: Dandekar Deepra
Published: January 2019

The politics of a multilayered text like The Subhedar’s Son does not lie in its strong statement of ideological issues but in its silences and its emotional representations. Dinkar Shankar Sawarkar, the author of The Subhedar’s Son, deliberately connected Christian morality with specific social groups, according them relative political significance, while disregarding others as morally and spiritually bankrupt. This chapter discusses the various narrative strategies employed by Sawakar in the Marathi novel. It explores how The Subhedar’s Son is simultaneously a Christian narrative and a Brahmin narrative that makes an important case for the Brahmin-Christian contribution to vernacular nativism and nationalism, against colonialism. The chapter describes how the novel stages religious conversion to Christianity as a modern and individualist Brahmin and upper-caste decision, the analysis of which cannot be afforded within structural explorations, but personal motivations and life stories.
Epistemic Diversity
Authors: Hannon Michael
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides a new argument against epistemic relativism. Traditionally, epistemological investigation has aspired to general conclusions. According to the epistemic relativist, however, the cognitive norms that determine what counts as knowledge (or whether a belief is rational, justified, etc.) vary with, and are dependent on, local conceptual or cultural frameworks. In recent years, experimental philosophers have claimed to provide empirical evidence for this sort of epistemic diversity. This chapter argues that the data actually supports the existence of a universal folk epistemology. This idea is further supported by providing a theoretical argument for why language users living in social communities would develop a cross-culturally (and cross-linguistically) shared concept of knowledge. More specifically, it is argued that all humans have certain basic practical needs that the concept of knowledge is used to satisfy, and we could not meet these needs without a word that is (near-) synonymous with “know.”
Burning Somalia’s Future
Authors: Gridneff Ilya
Published: January 2019

This chapter argues that the charcoal trade exposes Somalia’s political economy as a driver of persistent conflict fueled by competing local, regional, and international interests. Of particular note is the tendency of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states to buy Somalia’s charcoal, whether licit or illicit, for domestic use: such commercial activity contributes to the country’s regressive imbalances. At the same time, GCC states jockeying for geopolitical influence across the Horn of Africa increases the uneven spread of resources and access to finance for Somalia’s leaders. This process has fed the political elite’s insatiable appetite for personal patronage and has produced a nexus of competing rivalries that further destabilizes Somalia and the broader Red Sea region. This chapter studies the use of one natural resource, charcoal, and its trans-boundary trade as a vehicle to illustrate how Somalia’s ties to the GCC states—and the broader Islamic or Arab world—are being strengthened. The chapter concludes that this growing proximity is both offering beneficial forms of assistance and support, as well as proving to be a factor for destabilization at a time when Somalia is becoming of increasing strategic concern for Western and emerging powers.
Scarcity Drives Economic Development
Authors: Vermeulen Wessel N.
Published: January 2019

This chapter studies the varieties of exported goods from MENA countries to gauge the impact of fossil fuel subsidies on industrial diversification. Subsidies may provide a cost advantage to MENA based firms. However, subsidies can also relieve pressure on producers to innovate towards energy efficiency of goods and production processes. As international demand for energy efficient goods increases, the lack of innovation towards this objective may harm their ability to export to European and other high-income markets. The chapter finds that MENA countries with lower subsidies or net-taxes on fossil fuels are able to target their exports specifically to more advanced OECD economies and export more varieties but tend to have fewer export destinations.
Gunfire and London’s Media Reality
Authors: Williams Gavin
Published: January 2019

Williams’s chapter discusses the pervasive representation of gunfire across different media forms (piano sheet music, newspapers, theater) in London in late 1854, in response to breaking news of the Battle of Alma. It argues that theaters, newspapers, and printed music were mutually inflecting domains in wartime London: areas of sonic knowledge and experience that gave particular significance to musical and sonic simulations of the battlefield both at home and in the larger urban public sphere. The chapter considers the implications of this historical mediation of wartime sound, and attempts to show that the macabre fascination produced by gunfire was linked to the invisibility of low-ranking soldiers.
Commercial Licenses as Political Contracts
Authors: Jarvis Katie
Published: January 2019

From 1791 to 1793 and again from 1795 to 1798, the deputies taxed work through occupational licenses called the patente. This chapter reveals how the revolutionaries refracted the relationship among work, property, and autonomous citizenship through this tax. To replace the revenue generated by guild fees, the deputies created graduated tax brackets to target the wealth generated by an individual’s occupation. By exchanging fees for permissions, the patente created a fiscal contract between citizens and the state that mirrored the social contract. Legislators assessed the patente according to criteria for full citizenship including independence and immobile property. From 1796 to 1798, the patente fashioned a type of economic citizenship not predicated on gender and enabled the Dames to form a fiscal contract with the nation, unlike all male wage laborers. In patente hearings before justices of the peace, the Dames articulated their trade as autonomous work. When the deputies reorganized taxes by familial unit and exempted food retailers in 1798, the Dames lost their licenses and fiscal autonomy. The Directory simultaneously reconsolidated political authority into male heads of households.
Reimagining Marriage
Authors: Carrington Tyler
Published: January 2019

Chapter 3 probes the significance of an increasingly widespread belief that traditional marriage seemed fundamentally incompatible with modern, twentieth-century life. The chapter opens as Frieda Kliem, in establishing a “free love” relationship with her casual boyfriend and yet continuing to wear a fake wedding ring and tell her neighbors that he was her “uncle,” negotiated the tricky matter of balancing respectability with a desire for intimacy in the modern metropolis. It then examines changing perceptions about “old maids,” about turn-of-the-century women and men who decided to avoid marriage altogether, and about proposals for a complete modernization of marriage laws and customs, contending that marriage served as the primary battlefield in this back-and-forth between traditional bourgeois respectability and modern, twentieth-century individualism.
Epilogue
Authors: Carrington Tyler
Published: January 2019

The epilogue, which opens by tracing the legacy of Frieda Kliem’s Berlin throughout the rest of the twentieth century, insists that we cannot understand this famous twilight of “old” Germany and its transition into “new” Germany unless we take seriously the tensions surrounding love, intimacy, and dating that play out in Love at Last Sight. It further contends that the modern world—epitomized by the modern metropolis—not only exacerbated some of the long-standing and inherent risks of love, but also created a whole new set of dilemmas with which men and women throughout Germany, Europe, and the United States continue to grapple as they pursue love using similarly radical methods and technologies (most notably, online dating). The story of the Berliners who negotiated these same tensions at the turn of the century, the epilogue concludes, is thus eminently relevant to and instructive for our own contemporary world.
Heresy and Hermeneutics
Authors: Burnett Amy Nelson
Published: January 2019

The two most important factors for the development of the Eucharistic controversy were medieval heresy and the application of humanist biblical hermeneutics to passages concerning the sacraments. John Wyclif’s criticisms of transubstantiation were further developed by Hussite theologians in the fifteenth century and spread into Germany in the early 1520s. The inner-evangelical debate over the sacraments grew from the different understandings of the sacraments expressed in Erasmus’s devotional and exegetical works and in Martin Luther’s alternative to the medieval sacramental system. A comparison of the exegetical works of Erasmus with Philipp Melanchthon shows that the former emphasized affective piety and the Christian life, while the Wittenbergers highlighted justification by faith and the assurance to consciences given by the sacraments. By 1524, both Johannes Oecolampadius and Ulrich Zwingli had rejected belief in Christ’s corporeal presence.
Karlstadt’s Challenge to Luther
Authors: Burnett Amy Nelson
Published: January 2019

The Zwickau prophets initiated a debate about infant baptism in Wittenberg that was the starting point for Andreas Karlstadt’s rejection of Luther’s sacramental theology. Karlstadt adopted an Augustinian and Erasmian dualism that separated internal/spiritual from external/material things and so reduced the spiritual value of external acts. Karlstadt was an independent thinker, but his exegesis of scripture more often followed Erasmus than Luther. He also advocated postponing baptism until children could understand their faith, and he rejected Christ’s bodily presence in the bread and wine. Publication of his Eucharistic pamphlets in the fall of 1524 provoked a strong response from Luther and his supporters that reinforced Luther’s understanding of the sacraments and discredited Karlstadt.
The Early Debate in Switzerland
Authors: Burnett Amy Nelson
Published: January 2019

In the spring and summer of 1525, Ulrich Zwingli published three works that rejected Christ’s corporeal presence, although Zwingli distanced himself from Karlstadt. Even more important was Johannes Oecolampadius’s treatise arguing that the church fathers had not taught Christ’s bodily presence. These Latin pamphlets generated a lively underground debate in letters and private conversations among reformers throughout southern Germany and Switzerland, and Erasmus did his best to distance himself from the position of his former associates. Zwingli’s pamphlets were translated into German and so contributed further to the vernacular discussion initiated by Karlstadt. Zwingli developed his understanding of the sacraments in attacks on Anabaptists who shared his understanding of the Lord’s Supper but rejected infant baptism. At the end of 1525, there was no clear distinction between the positions of Karlstadt and Zwingli, and the Wittenbergers considered Oecolampadius to be their most dangerous opponent
Oecolampadius Against the Wittenbergers
Authors: Burnett Amy Nelson
Published: January 2019

The Eucharistic controversy entered a new phase at the beginning of 1526 with the publication of several Latin pamphlets attacking Oecolampadius’s position. The most important of these were by Johannes Brenz and Theobald Billican. In his responses to these pamphlets, Oecolampadius developed a number of arguments against Christ’s bodily presence that were shaped by both Aristotelian philosophy and Erasmian hermeneutics and exegesis. He also addressed broader questions concerning the purpose and value of the sacraments. Ludwig Hätzer translated Oecolampadius’s treatises into German, and by the fall of 1526 the debate had shifted to the vernacular. In the process, it became more polemical and the arguments against the sacramentarians were simplified to make them easier for the less literate to understand. Oecolampadius was not merely Ulrich Zwingli’s follower but was instead a major contributor to the debate in his own right.