bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exotic plant invasion in agricultural landscapes: A matter of dispersal mode and disturbance intensity
Authors: Boscutti Francesco , Sigura Maurizia , De Simone Serena , Marini Lorenzo
Published: November 2017

Question

Does dispersal mode and/or disturbance intensity affect the spread of exotic species across agricultural landscapes?

Location

Friuli Venezia Giulia, NE Italy.

Methods

We analysed α‐ and β‐diversity of native and exotic plants in 128 plots distributed in four habitats (viz. woods, hedgerows, field boundaries and meadows), in four agricultural areas in northeast Italy, along a gradient of increasing cover of arable land in the landscape. We used a multi‐model inference approach to explore the relationships between species diversity and landscape variables (i.e. agricultural disturbance), testing the role of dispersal mode (i.e. biotic, abiotic) for both native and exotic plants. For each habitat and plant trait combination, distance‐decay of similarity was assessed by regression on distance matrices.

Results

Species diversity of exotic and native plants was related to the degree of disturbance (cover of crop) and proximity to disturbance (distance to crop), with different responses according to dispersal mode and habitat type. In most of the habitats, the number of species dispersed by biotic vectors decreased when disturbance was higher. We further found that in woods and hedgerows the interaction between disturbance and dispersal mode drove the exotic richness. Exotic species were less dispersal‐limited than native species showing a weaker distance‐decay of similarity.

Conclusions

The spread of exotic species in semi‐natural habitats was driven by agricultural disturbance at the landscape scale. The effect of disturbance on exotic species richness was further shaped by species dispersal mode. Most initiatives related to preventing and controlling invasions are conducted at the local scale, whereas the influence of the land‐use dynamics in the landscape is seldom explored. Our contribution provides useful information to identify the most susceptible semi‐natural habitats to exotic plant invasions according to intrinsic local resistance and large‐scale processes such as invasiveness from the surrounding landscape.
Advanced Electrocardiogram Analysis in the Amitriptyline‐poisoned Pig Treated with Activated Charcoal Haemoperfusion
Authors: Jansen Tejs , Hoegberg Lotte C. G. , Eriksen Thomas , Haarmark Christian , Dalhoff Kim , Belhage Bo
Published: November 2017

Coated activated charcoal haemoperfusion (CAC‐HP) does not reduce the plasma concentration in amitriptyline (AT)‐poisoned pigs. The aim of this non‐blinded, randomized, controlled animal trial was to determine if CAC‐HP reduces the pathological ECG changes caused by AT poisoning. Fourteen female Danish Landrace pigs (mean weight 27.7 kg, range 20–35 kg (CAC‐HP) and 24.4 kg, range 18–30 kg (control group, CG), n = 7 in each group) were included. After randomization, the pigs were anaesthetized and intravenously poisoned with AT. The intervention group underwent 4 hr of CAC‐HP plus standard care (oral activated charcoal). Intervention was compared to standard care alone. From each pig, a 12‐lead ECG and haemodynamic variables were obtained at baseline, at full AT loading dose, before and during CAC‐HP. Baseline ECG variables (RR, PR, QRS, QTc, QTp, QTe, TpTe and TpTe/QT) for lead II, v2 and v5 were not significantly different (F = 0.035–0.297, p‐values 0.421–0.919). Differences within groups over time and between groups were tested by anova repeated measures. For all variables, the time‐plus‐group level of significance revealed a p‐value > 0.05. Severe cardiovascular arrhythmias occurred in both groups with 3 in the CAC‐HP group versus 1 incident with premature death in the CG. The attenuating effect of CAC‐HP to orally instilled activated charcoal alone on AT‐induced ECG alterations did not differ significantly. We conclude that the use of modern CAC‐HP as an adjunctive treatment modality in AT‐poisoned pigs is inadequate.
Unraveling the biology of bipolar disorder using induced pluripotent stem‐derived neurons
Authors: Miller Nathaniel D , Kelsoe John R
Published: November 2017

Objectives

Bipolar disorder has been studied from numerous angles, from pathological studies to large‐scale genomic studies, overall making moderate gains toward an understanding of the disorder. With the advancement of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology, in vitro models based on patient samples are now available that inherently incorporate the complex genetic variants that largely are the basis for this disorder. A number of groups are starting to apply iPS technology to the study of bipolar disorder.

Methods

We selectively reviewed the literature related to understanding bipolar disorder based on using neurons derived from iPS cells.

Results

So far, most work has used the prototypical iPS cells. However, others have been able to transdifferentiate fibroblasts directly to neurons. Others still have utilized olfactory epithelium tissue as a source of neural‐like cells that do not need reprogramming. In general, iPS and related cells can be used for studies of disease pathology, drug discovery, or stem cell therapy.

Conclusions

Published studies have primarily focused on understanding bipolar disorder pathology, but initial work is also being done to use iPS technology for drug discovery. In terms of disease pathology, some evidence is pointing toward a differentiation defect with more ventral cell types being prominent. Additionally, there is evidence for a calcium signaling defect, a finding that builds on the genome‐wide association study results. Continued work with iPS cells will certainly help us understand bipolar disorder and provide a way forward for improved treatments.
Self‐regulation as a function of perceived leadership and cohesion in small group online collaborative learning
Authors: Xie Kui , Hensley Lauren C. , Law Victor , Sun Zhiru
Published: November 2017

The present study examined the relationships between perceived leadership, group cohesion, online engagement, self‐regulation and learning outcomes. Data included surveys and online discussion logs from 171 students in an undergraduate online course. Through correlation analysis and structural equation modeling, the results revealed unique contributions of task and relationship leadership in small group collaborative learning. Each form of leadership may translate into greater use of self‐regulation strategies that align with students’ focus on either the instrumental or interpersonal resources related to academics but may bring about a corresponding lower utilization of other types of self‐regulation strategies. Further, results indicate that students’ perceptions of group cohesion provided the most robust and multifaceted positive associations with learning engagement.
Scaling biodiversity responses to hydrological regimes
Authors: Rolls Robert J. , Heino Jani , Ryder Darren S. , Chessman Bruce C. , Growns Ivor O. , Thompson Ross M. , Gido Keith B.
Published: November 2017

Of all ecosystems, freshwaters support the most dynamic and highly concentrated biodiversity on Earth. These attributes of freshwater biodiversity along with increasing demand for water mean that these systems serve as significant models to understand drivers of global biodiversity change. Freshwater biodiversity changes are often attributed to hydrological alteration by water‐resource development and climate change owing to the role of the hydrological regime of rivers, wetlands and floodplains affecting patterns of biodiversity. However, a major gap remains in conceptualising how the hydrological regime determines patterns in biodiversity's multiple spatial components and facets (taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic). We synthesised primary evidence of freshwater biodiversity responses to natural hydrological regimes to determine how distinct ecohydrological mechanisms affect freshwater biodiversity at local, landscape and regional spatial scales. Hydrological connectivity influences local and landscape biodiversity, yet responses vary depending on spatial scale. Biodiversity at local scales is generally positively associated with increasing connectivity whereas landscape‐scale biodiversity is greater with increasing fragmentation among locations. The effects of hydrological disturbance on freshwater biodiversity are variable at separate spatial scales and depend on disturbance frequency and history and organism characteristics. The role of hydrology in determining habitat for freshwater biodiversity also depends on spatial scaling. At local scales, persistence, stability and size of habitat each contribute to patterns of freshwater biodiversity yet the responses are variable across the organism groups that constitute overall freshwater biodiversity. We present a conceptual model to unite the effects of different ecohydrological mechanisms on freshwater biodiversity across spatial scales, and develop four principles for applying a multi‐scaled understanding of freshwater biodiversity responses to hydrological regimes. The protection and restoration of freshwater biodiversity is both a fundamental justification and a central goal of environmental water allocation worldwide. Clearer integration of concepts of spatial scaling in the context of understanding impacts of hydrological regimes on biodiversity will increase uptake of evidence into environmental flow implementation, identify suitable biodiversity targets responsive to hydrological change or restoration, and identify and manage risks of environmental flows contributing to biodiversity decline.
Potential utility of a longitudinal relative dose intensity of molecularly targeted agents in phase 1 dose‐finding trials
Authors: Hirakawa Akihiro , Yonemori Kan , Kinoshita Fumie , Kobayashi Yumiko , Okuma Hitomi S. , Kawachi Asuka , Tamura Kenji , Fujiwara Yasuhiro , Rubinstein Larry , Harris Pamela Jo , Takebe Naoko
Published: November 2017

Phase 1 trials of molecularly targeted agents (MTA) often do not use toxicity data beyond the first cycle of treatment to determine a recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D). We investigated the potential utility of longitudinal relative dose intensity (RDI) that may be a better new way of determining a more accurate RP2D as a lower dose that is presumably more tolerable over the long term without compromising efficacy. All consecutive patients who were initially treated using a single MTA at the conventional RP2D or at one level lower dose (OLLD) of that RP2D in 9 phase 1 trials sponsored by the National Cancer Institute were included. The associations between longitudinal RDI, time to first progression, and response rate were analyzed. The RDI of the conventional RP2D group were maintained a rate of ≥70% throughout 10 cycles, and were higher than those of the OLLD group, although in both groups the RDI gradually decreased with additional treatment cycles. The RP2D group was similar to the OLLD group with respect to time to first progression and response rate. In both groups, however, the decreasing RDI over time was significantly associated with shorter time to first disease progression; therefore, the longitudinal RDI, which takes into account lower grade toxicity occurrences, may be useful in determining a more desirable dose to use in phase 2 and 3 studies.
Parental Sexual Orientation and Children's Psychological Well‐Being: 2013–2015 National Health Interview Survey
Authors: Calzo Jerel P. , Mays Vickie M. , Björkenstam Charlotte , Björkenstam Emma , Kosidou Kyriaki , Cochran Susan D.
Published: November 2017

Debate persists about whether parental sexual orientation affects children's well‐being. This study utilized information from the 2013 to 2015 U.S., population‐based National Health Interview Survey to examine associations between parental sexual orientation and children's well‐being. Parents reported their children's (aged 4–17 years old, N = 21,103) emotional and mental health difficulties using the short form Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Children of bisexual parents had higher SDQ scores than children of heterosexual parents. Adjusting for parental psychological distress (a minority stress indicator) eliminated this difference. Children of lesbian and gay parents did not differ from children of heterosexual parents in emotional and mental health difficulties, yet, the results among children of bisexual parents warrant more research examining the impact of minority stress on families.
Examining Children's Implicit Racial Attitudes Using Exemplar and Category‐Based Measures
Authors: Williams Amanda , Steele Jennifer R.
Published: November 2017

The goal of this research was to examine children's implicit racial attitudes. Across three studies, a total of 359 White 5‐ to 12‐year‐olds completed child‐friendly exemplar (Affective Priming Task; Affect Misattribution Procedure) and category‐based (Implicit Association Test) implicit measures of racial attitudes. Younger children (5‐ to 8‐year‐olds) showed automatic ingroup positivity toward White child exemplars, whereas older children (9‐ to 12‐year‐olds) did not. Children also showed no evidence of automatic negativity toward Black exemplars, despite demonstrating consistent pro‐White versus Black bias on the category‐based measure. Together, the results suggest that (a) implicit ingroup and outgroup attitudes can follow distinct developmental trajectories, and (b) the spontaneous activation of implicit intergroup attitudes can depend on the salience of race.
Thoracentesis in advanced cancer patients with severe thrombocytopenia: Ultrasound guide improves safety and reduces bleeding risk
Authors: Orlandi Elena , Citterio Chiara , Seghini Pietro , Di Nunzio Camilla , Mordenti Patrizia , Cavanna Luigi
Published: November 2017

Background

Patients with severe thrombocytopenia are considered at risk for bleeding during invasive procedures as thoracentesis. The use of ultrasound (US) significantly reduces the rate of pneumothorax from thoracentesis, but there is a lack of data on safety and efficacy of US guidance in reducing bleeding complications in thoracentesis performed on patients with severe thrombocytopenia.

Methods

We retrospectively analysed the efficacy and safety of thoracentesis in cancer patients with severe thrombocytopenia. From January 2005 to December 2011, 462 patients underwent thoracentesis. Procedures were divided into 2 groups: performed without or with US guidance. All procedures were evaluated for bleeding complications as defined by the National Institutes of Health Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events.

Results

A total of 436 consecutive evaluable thoracentesis were analysed. Thoracentesis was performed with US guidance in 310 cases. Forty‐one patients (9.40%) had severe thrombocytopenia. In 32 of these 41 patients, thoracentesis was performed under US guidance while in 9 cases the procedure was performed without US guidance. Three mild haemorrhagic complications (0.69% of the procedures performed) were observed and all occurred in group of the 9 (33.33%) patients with severe thrombocytopenia who underwent thoracentesis without US guidance. No haemorrhagic complications were recorded in the 427 patients, including the 32 patients with severe thrombocytopenia, in whom thoracentesis was performed with US guidance.

Conclusions

US guided thoracentesis is a safe and effective approach in cancer patients with severe thrombocytopenia. Our results indicate that this procedure, when US‐guided, can be safety performed even in patients with platelet count below 30 × 109/L.
Clinical and radiological features of pulmonary artery sarcoma: A report of nine cases
Authors: Pu Xin , Song Man , Huang Xiaoyong , Zhu Guangfa , Chen Dong , Gan Huili , Huang Lianjun
Published: November 2017

Objective

To improve our understanding and facilitate early diagnosis of pulmonary artery sarcoma (PAS).

Patients and Methods

The clinical and radiological features of 9 histopathologically confirmed patients with PAS were retrospectively analyzed.

Results

Our PAS cohort consisted of 5 males and 4 females, with insidious presentation, the main symptoms were dyspnea (88.9%), syncope (33.3%), palpitations (22.2%), chest pain (22.2%), hemoptysis (11.1%) and constitutional symptoms, including fever (44.4%), fatigue (55.6%) and weight loss (55.6%). Elevated serum inflammatory markers, including an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, lactate dehydrogenase and C‐reactive protein, were recorded in 9 (100%), 7 (77.8%) and 8 (88.9%) patients, respectively. Computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) indicated that 8 (88.9%) patients had intraluminal defects, appearing as rounded, bulging or lobulated masses that display uneven signal intensification in contract‐enhanced scans in the pulmonary arteries (PAs). Three (33.3%) of the patients had metastases outside of the PA. Before surgery, 7 patients had been misdiagnosed as pulmonary thromboembolic diseases (PTD), 2 as others, with mean misdiagnosis duration of 7.2 ± 7.1 months. All patients had received thrombolytic and/or anticoagulation therapy and their diseases progressed until receiving pulmonary endarterectomy.

Conclusions

The clinical features of PAS that may help to differentiate it from PTD are its insidious onset, constitutional symptoms, increased serum inflammatory marker levels, lack of predisposing factors and unresponsiveness to thrombolytic and/or anticoagulation therapy. Typical CTPA features are crucial for suspicion of PAS. Early biopsy or surgery should be performed to confirm the diagnosis of PAS and improve its prognosis.
Alcohol consumption among first‐ and second‐generation immigrant and native adolescents in 23 countries: Testing the importance of origin and receiving country alcohol prevalence rates
Authors: Barsties Lisa S. , Walsh Sophie D. , Huijts Tim , Bendtsen Pernille , Molcho Michal , Buijs Thomas , Vieno Alessio , Elgar Frank J. , Stevens Gonneke W. J. M.
Published: November 2017

Introduction and Aims

This internationally comparative study examines differences in alcohol consumption between first‐ and second‐generation immigrant and native adolescents. We also investigate to what extent origin and receiving country alcohol per capita consumption (APCC) rates and proportions of heavy episodic drinkers (HED) are associated with immigrant adolescents’ alcohol consumption.

Design and Methods

We used cross‐sectional survey data from the 2013/2014 Health Behaviour in School‐aged Children study. Applying multilevel regression analyses, we investigated the lifetime frequency of alcohol use and drunkenness in 69 842 13‐ to 15‐year‐olds in 23 receiving countries, with immigrants from over 130 origin countries (82% natives, 6% first‐generation immigrants and 12% second‐generation immigrants).

Results

The lifetime frequency of alcohol use was higher among natives than among first‐ and second‐generation immigrants, while no differences were found between the latter two. Lifetime drunkenness was more frequent among first‐generation immigrants than among natives and second‐generation immigrants. Higher origin country APCC and HED were associated with more frequent lifetime alcohol use and drunkenness among immigrant adolescents. Cross‐level interactions revealed that for lifetime frequency of alcohol use, the origin country HED effects were stronger for first‐ than for second‐generation immigrant adolescents. Further, especially for first‐generation immigrants, a higher receiving country HED was related to lower lifetime frequencies of alcohol use and drunkenness.

Discussion and Conclusions

Our results suggest differences in lifetime frequencies of alcohol use and drunkenness between natives and first‐ and second‐generation immigrant adolescents. Origin country APCC and HED seem to affect immigrant adolescents’ alcohol consumption differently than receiving country APCC and HED.
Pulmonary arterial pressure detects functional mitral stenosis after annuloplasty for primary mitral regurgitation: An exercise stress echocardiographic study
Authors: Samiei Niloufar , Tajmirriahi Marzieh , Rafati Ali , Pasebani Yeganeh , Rezaei Yousef , Hosseini Saeid
Published: November 2017

Introduction

The restrictive mitral valve annuloplasty (RMA) is the treatment of choice for degenerative mitral regurgitation (MR), but postoperative functional mitral stenosis remains a matter of debate. In this study, we sought to determine the impact of mitral stenosis on the functional capacity of patients.

Methods

In a cross‐sectional study, 32 patients with degenerative MR who underwent RMA using a complete ring were evaluated. All participants performed treadmill exercise test and underwent echocardiographic examinations before and after exercise.

Results

The patients’ mean age was 50.1 ± 12.5 years. After a mean follow‐up of 14.1 ± 5.9 months (6–32 months), the number of patients with a mitral valve peak gradient >7.5 mm Hg, a mitral valve mean gradient >3 mm Hg, and a pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) ≥25 mm Hg at rest were 50%, 40.6%, and 62.5%, respectively. 13 patients (40.6%) had incomplete treadmill exercise test. All hemodynamic parameters were higher at peak exercise compared with at rest levels (all P < .05). The PAP at rest and at peak exercise as well as peak transmitral gradient at peak exercise were higher in patients with incomplete exercise compared with complete exercise test (all P < .05). The PAP at rest (a sensitivity and a specificity of 84.6% and 52.6%, respectively; area under the curve [AUC] = .755) and at peak exercise (a sensitivity and a specificity of 100% and 47.4%, respectively; AUC = .755) discriminated incomplete exercise test.

Conclusion

The RMA for degenerative MR was associated with a functional stenosis and the PAP at rest and at peak exercise discriminated low exercise capacity.
Developmental timing differences underlie armor loss across threespine stickleback populations
Authors: Currey Mark C. , Bassham Susan , Perry Stephen , Cresko William A.
Published: November 2017

Comparing ontogenetic patterns within a well‐described evolutionary context aids in inferring mechanisms of change, including heterochronies or deletion of developmental pathways. Because selection acts on phenotypes throughout ontogeny, any within‐taxon developmental variation has implications for evolvability. We compare ontogenetic order and timing of locomotion and defensive traits in three populations of threespine stickleback that have evolutionarily divergent adult forms. This analysis adds to the growing understanding of developmental genetic mechanisms of adaptive change in this evolutionary model species by delineating when chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in two derived populations begin to deviate from the developmental pattern in their immediate ancestors. We found that differences in adult defensive morphologies arise through abolished or delayed initiation of these traits rather than via an overall heterochronic shift, that intra‐population ontogenetic variation is increased for some derived traits, and that altered armor developmental timing differentiates the derived populations from each other despite parallels in adult lateral plate armor phenotypes. We found that changes in ossified elements of the pelvic armor are linked to delayed and incomplete development of an early‐forming pelvic cartilage, and that this disruption likely presages the variable pelvic vestiges documented in many derived populations.
Altered States of Consciousness: Evaluation of a voice‐hearing simulation during an immersive art exhibition
Authors: Riches Simon , Maskey Rich , Waddingham Rachel , Benjamin Jonny , Dishman Patrick , Tebrook Charlie , Mundy Eve , Roberts Phoebe , Fisher Helen L.
Published: November 2017

Aim

To improve public understanding of the subjective experience of auditory hallucinations and increase empathy towards individuals who hear voices and have other unusual sensory experiences.

Methods

This pilot study developed a new immersive art exhibition, Altered States of Consciousness, which gave members of the public an individualized voice‐hearing simulation experience in 2 real‐world settings—an art gallery and the London Underground. A total of 150 visitors completed visual analogue scales immediately before and after their experience of the exhibition.

Results

Post‐exhibition, there were significant increases in understanding what it feels like to hear voices, compassion towards voice hearers, and comfort in talking about these experiences. Participants enjoyed the simulation, felt they learned from their involvement, and did not find it stressful.

Conclusions

The exhibition and voice‐hearing simulation has further potential for public engagement and stigma reduction.
Frontline therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia: Randomized comparison of ATRA and intensified chemotherapy versus ATRA and anthracyclines
Authors: Lengfelder Eva , Görlich Dennis , Nowak Daniel , Spiekermann Karsten , Haferlach Claudia , Krug Utz , Kreuzer Karl‐Anton , Braess Jan , Schliemann Christoph , Lindemann Hans‐Walter , Horst Heinz A. , Schiel Xaver , Flasshove Michael , Hecht Anna , Schnittger Susanne , Schneider Stephanie , Wörmann Bernhard , Hofmann Wolf‐Karsten , Berdel Wolfgang E. , Bormann Eike , Sauerland Cristina , Büchner Thomas , Hiddemann Wolfgang ,   for the German Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cooperative Group (AMLCG)
Published: November 2017

Objectives

Randomized comparison of two treatment strategies in frontline therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): all‐trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and double induction intensified by high‐dose cytosine arabinoside (HD ara‐C) (German AMLCG) and therapy with ATRA and anthracyclines (Spanish PETHEMA, LPA99).

Patients and results

Eighty of 87 adult patients with genetically confirmed APL of all risk groups were eligible. The outcome of both arms was similar: AMLCG vs PETHEMA: hematological complete remission 87% vs 83%, early death 13% vs 17% (P = .76), overall survival, event‐free survival, leukemia‐free survival, cumulative incidence of relapse at 6 years 75% vs 78% (P = .92); 75% vs 68% (P = .29); 86% vs 81% (P = .28); and 0% vs 12% (P = .04, no relapse vs four relapses), respectively. The median time to achieve molecular remission (RT‐PCR negativity of PML‐RARA) was 60 days in both arms (P = .12). The AMLCG regimen was associated with a longer duration of neutropenia (P = .02) and a higher rate of WHO grade ≥3 infections.

Conclusions

The small number of patients limits the reliability of conclusions. With these restrictions, the outcomes of both approaches were similar and show the limitations of ATRA and chemotherapy. The HD ara‐C–containing regimen was associated with a lower relapse rate in high‐risk APL.
Grading scales in subarachnoid hemorrhage − many options, but do we have a winner?
Authors: Rajajee V.
Published: November 2017

Click here to view the accompanying paper in this volume.
Recessive distal motor neuropathy with pyramidal signs in an Omani kindred: underlying novel mutation in the SIGMAR1 gene
Authors: Nandhagopal R. , Meftah D. , Al‐Kalbani S. , Scott P.
Published: November 2017

Background and purpose

Distal hereditary motor neuropathy (dHMN) due to sigma non‐opioid intracellular receptor 1 (SIGMAR1) gene mutation (OMIM 601978.0003) is a rare neuromuscular disorder characterized by prominent amyotrophic distal limb weakness and co‐existing pyramidal signs initially described in a Chinese family recently. We report an extended consanguineous Omani family segregating dHMN with pyramidal signs in an autosomal recessive pattern and describe a novel mutation in the SIGMAR1 gene underlying this motor phenotype. We also provide an update on the reported phenotypic profile of SIGMAR1 mutations.

Methods

We utilized homozygosity mapping and whole‐exome sequencing of leucocyte DNA obtained from three affected members of an Omani family who manifested with a length‐dependent motor neuropathy and pyramidal signs.

Results

We identified a novel C>T transition at nucleotide position 238 (c.238C>T) in exon 2 of the SIGMAR1 gene. Sanger sequencing and segregation analysis confirmed the presence of two copies of the variant in the affected subjects, unlike the unaffected healthy parents/sibling who carried, at most, a single copy. The T allele is predicted to cause a truncating mutation (p.Gln80*), probably flagging the mRNA for nonsense‐mediated decay leading to a complete loss of function, thereby potentially contributing to the disease process.

Conclusions

Our finding expands the spectrum of SIGMAR1 mutations causing recessive dHMN and indicates that this disorder is pan‐ethnic. SIGMAR1 mutation should be included in the diagnostic panel of a dHMN, especially if there are co‐existing pyramidal signs and autosomal recessive inheritance.
Genetic study of non‐syndromic tooth agenesis through the screening of paired box 9, msh homeobox 1, axin 2, and Wnt family member 10A genes: a case‐series
Authors: Haddaji Mastouri Marwa , De Coster Peter , Zaghabani Aicha , Jammali Frej , Raouahi Nabiha , Ben Salem Amina , Saad Ali , Coucke Paul , H'mida Ben Brahim Dorra
Published: November 2017

Non‐syndromic tooth agenesis (NSTA) is the most common developmental anomaly in humans. Several studies have been conducted on dental agenesis and numerous genes have been identified. However, the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for NSTA are not clearly understood. We studied a group of 28 patients with sporadic NSTA and nine patients with a family history of tooth agenesis. We focused on four genes – paired box 9 (PAX9), Wnt family member 10A (WNT10A), msh homeobox 1 (MSX1), and axin 2 (AXIN2) – using direct Sanger sequencing of the exons and intron–exon boundaries. The most prevalent variants identified in PAX9 and AXIN2 genes were analyzed using the chi‐square test. The sequencing results revealed a number of variants in the AXIN2 gene, including one novel missense mutation in one patient with agenesis of a single second premolar. We also identified one variant in the AXIN2 gene as being a putative risk factor for tooth agenesis. Only one missense mutation was identified in the WNT10A gene and this mutation was found in two patients. Interestingly, WNT10A is reported as the most prevalent gene mutated in the European population with NSTA.
PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) in equine veterinary medicine
Authors: Hollis A. R.
Published: November 2017

PCR for antigen receptor rearrangement (PARR) is a technique developed to aid with the assessment of lymphoid malignancies. The technology relies on the assessment of clonality of T or B cells, and there are many pitfalls. One major advantage is that only a small amount of sample is required to detect clonality, and it can be performed on any type of sample, including effusions, formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues and cytological samples. However, the risk of both false negative and false positive results means that PARR should not be used to diagnose a lymphoid malignancy in isolation, but that results should be considered in conjunction with a full clinical and clinicopathological assessment.
Preparing Teaching Assistants to Work With All Learners: The Impact of Accessibility Training
Authors: Gallego Muriel , Busch Carey
Published: November 2017

This study investigated the impact of accessibility training on incoming teaching assistants’ (TAs) awareness of and preparation to implement academic adjustments and accommodations for students with disabilities. Pre‐ and postworkshop questionnaires and data gathered from weekly in‐service group discussions indicated that TAs’ knowledge of and confidence in implementing accommodations increased, as well as their awareness concerning legal mandates and accessibility issues in general. Recommendations regarding the training and mentorship of TAs are offered.
Evolving Location Analytics for Service Coverage Modeling
Authors: Murray Alan T.
Published: November 2017

Among the wide range of geographic analysis methods are service coverage models. These location analytic approaches have been invaluable for better understanding existing (and past) conditions, deriving creative plans, and developing policy for addressing associated societal problems. Increasingly sophisticated spatial information and better knowledge about interrelated mechanisms of process and behavior have made it possible to enhance coverage models, enabling more nuanced formalizations to be devised. This has proven both important and essential in many ways. Mathematical details associated with service coverage models are derived to highlight evolving capabilities. Empirical results are presented in order to illustrate the significance and substantive importance of advanced location analytics capabilities.
Clinical features of pediatric autoimmune hepatitis in Japan: A nationwide survey
Authors: Sogo Tsuyoshi , Takahashi Atsushi , Inui Ayano , Fujisawa Tomoo , Ohira Hiromasa , Takikawa Hajime ,   Japan AIH Study Group (JAIHSG)
Published: November 2017

Aim

The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of children with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) in Japan.

Methods

Questionnaires that asked about patients newly diagnosed with AIH from 2009 to 2013 were sent to hospitals certified as training facilities for pediatrics in January 2015.

Results

A total of 35 patients were enrolled. The median age at diagnosis was 10 years (range, 3 months–15 years), and the male‐to‐female ratio was 2:3. Female patients were more prevalent among those older than 10 years and male patients were more prevalent in those younger than 10 years. Fifteen patients had jaundice as a subjective symptom, and 5 had hepatic coma grade II. Liver histology classified 20 as chronic hepatitis, 8 as acute hepatitis, and 4 as cirrhosis. Liver histology was not described in 4 patients. Among the 35 patients, 32 were treated with corticosteroids and 29 were initially treated with methylprednisolone pulse therapy. Corticosteroid therapy was effective in 27 patients and ineffective in 1 patient. Plasma exchange with continuous i.v. infusion of cyclosporine A was given to 7 patients with acute hepatitis. Of these, 4 patients presented with fulminant hepatitis and received high‐flow, continuous hemodiafiltration.

Conclusions

This survey clarified that the clinical profile of pediatric AIH in Japan is not only different from that of adult AIH in Japan but is also different from that of pediatric AIH in other countries.
Changes in liver function and body composition by direct‐acting antiviral therapy for hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Sugimoto Ryosuke , Iwasa Motoh , Hara Nagisa , Tamai Yasuyuki , Yoshikawa Kyoko , Ogura Suguru , Tanaka Hideaki , Eguchi Akiko , Yamamoto Norihiko , Kobayashi Yoshinao , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Takei Yoshiyuki
Published: November 2017

Aim

Management of low skeletal muscle mass (LSM) is a very important topic as LSM affects patient mortality in liver diseases. Changes in body composition are unexplored in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients, including those with liver cirrhosis, who receive direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) therapy. Body composition measurements and liver function tests were carried out before and after DAA therapy.

Methods

Blood examination, visceral fat area (VFA) and extremity skeletal muscle mass were measured using the multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis method: (i) at 24 weeks before DAA therapy; (ii) at the start of DAA therapy; (iii) at the end of DAA therapy; (iv) at 24 weeks after DAA therapy; and (v) at 48 weeks after DAA therapy.

Results

Serum albumin (Alb) levels were significantly increased at 48 weeks post DAA therapy, especially in patients with LSM. Skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was significantly increased after DAA therapy (at 24 weeks and 48 weeks post DAA therapy) in patients with LSM (P < 0.05). An increase in SMI was associated with an increase in body weight or a decrease in VFA.

Conclusions

We continuously measured body composition in HCV‐infected patients who received DAA therapy and found that skeletal muscle mass was significantly increased, associated with an elevation of serum Alb levels and/or body weight or reduction in VFA, but only in patients who presented with LSM before DAA therapy.
Loss of skeletal muscle mass in patients with chronic liver disease is related to decrease in bone mineral density and exercise tolerance
Authors: Hayashi Fumikazu , Kaibori Masaki , Sakaguchi Tatsuma , Matsui Kosuke , Ishizaki Morihiko , Kwon A‐Hon , Iwasaka Junji , Kimura Yutaka , Habu Daiki
Published: November 2017

Aim

This study aimed to identify the relationship between loss of skeletal muscle mass and clinical factors such as osteoporosis in patients with chronic liver disease.

Methods

The subjects were 112 patients (85 men and 27 women) with hepatocellular carcinoma who were scheduled to undergo hepatectomy. Skeletal muscle reduction was diagnosed according to the cut‐off level of the skeletal mass index (SMI) for Asians (men <7.0 kg/m2, women <5.4 kg/m2). Osteoporosis was diagnosed according to T‐score ≤−2.5 standard deviation. The SMI and T‐score were assessed using the results of dual‐energy X‐ray absorption. Peak oxygen consumption (PeakVO2), an index of exercise tolerance, was evaluated using the cardiopulmonary exercise test. The characteristics of patients with low SMI (low SMI group) were compared with those of patients whose SMI was not low (control group). Outcomes are presented as median (interquartile range).

Results

The T‐score was significantly lower in the low SMI group (control vs. low SMI −1.1 [1.8] vs. −1.6 [1.9], P = 0.049). T‐score positively correlated with SMI (r = 0.409, P < 0.0001). PeakVO2 was significantly decreased in the low SMI group (17.7 [6.3] vs. 14.4 [4.5], P = 0.006). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, T‐score (odds ratio [OR], 3.508; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.074–11.456; P = 0.038) and PeakVO2 (OR, 3.512; 95% CI, 1.114–11.066; P = 0.032) were significantly related to SMI, independent of age and sex.

Conclusions

Skeletal muscle reduction in chronic liver disease is closely related to exercise tolerance and osteoporosis, and these factors are believed to be associated with physical inactivity in daily life.
Patient and public perspectives of community pharmacies in the United Kingdom: A systematic review
Authors: Hindi Ali M. K. , Schafheutle Ellen I. , Jacobs Sally
Published: November 2017

Background

The United Kingdom has been at the forefront of enhancing pharmacist roles and community pharmacy services, particularly over the past decade. However, patient and public awareness of community pharmacy services has been limited.

Objective

To identify and synthesize the research literature pertaining to patient and public perspectives on: existing community pharmacy services, extended pharmacist roles and strategies to raise awareness of community pharmacy services.

Search strategy

Systematic search of 8 electronic databases; hand searching of relevant journals, reference lists and conference proceedings.

Inclusion criteria

UK studies investigating patient or public views on community pharmacy services or pharmacist roles from 2005 to 2016.

Data extraction and synthesis

Data were extracted into a grid and subjected to narrative synthesis following thematic analysis.

Main results

From the 3260 unique papers identified, 30 studies were included. Manual searching identified 4 additional studies. Designs using questionnaires (n = 14, 41%), semi‐structured interviews (n = 8, 24%) and focus groups (n = 6, 18%) made up the greatest proportion of studies. Most of the studies (n = 28, 82%) were published from 2010 onwards and covered perceptions of specific community pharmacy services (n = 31). Using a critical appraisal checklist, the overall quality of studies was deemed acceptable. Findings were grouped into 2 main themes “public cognizance” and “attitudes towards services” each with 4 subthemes.

Discussion and conclusions

Patients and the public appeared to view services as beneficial. Successful integration of extended pharmacy services requires pharmacists’ clinical skills to be recognized by patients and physicians. Future research should explore different approaches to increase awareness.
Tracking wetland community evolution using Diptera taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic structure
Authors: Gregoire Taillefer Amelie , Wheeler Terry A.
Published: November 2017

Different processes drive spatial variation in community composition. Standard measures of composition are useful in species‐based conservation and ecology, but they may be less informative in the context of evolutionary history and functional diversity. Functional and phylogenetic approaches are increasingly used to test mechanisms driving biodiversity patterns.

We studied 28 families of flies (Diptera) with a range of functional characteristics in three wetland classes (bogs, swamps, marshes) in Quebec, Canada. We examined taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional structure of communities and assessed whether rarity is deterministic or stochastic. Beta‐ and phylobeta‐diversity were also examined for relatedness to local environmental conditions, patch area, and/or surrounding landscape.

Phylogenetic community structure analyses had high value and complementarity to standard measures. Environmental filtering acted on bog communities during assembly, as they emerged from a slow peat accumulation process and the plant composition is characteristic as few species can survive in these acidic and low nutrient conditions. Subsequently, community assembly happened randomly. Neutral processes of community assembly are more important in marshes and swamps, as dispersal limitation explained species abundance dynamics of small and common Diptera species. The assembly of marsh communities is a balance between neutral processes and environmental filtering, while assembly in swamps can be seen as neutral.

Clustering increased with environmental extremes, indicating environmental filtering. Rare species tended to be less closely related to common species. They have unique habitat requirements, and the high diversity is maintained by temporal turnover of species with similar traits filtered by the environment.
Comparison of conventional cytomorphology, flow cytometry immunophenotyping, and automated cell counting of CSF for detection of CNS involvement in acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Jaime‐Pérez J. C. , Borrego‐López M. F. , Jiménez‐Castillo R. A. , Méndez‐Ramírez N. , Salazar‐Riojas R. , Fernández L. T. , Gómez‐Almaguer D.
Published: November 2017

Background and objective

Cytospin conventional cytomorphology (CCC) is the standard method for detecting lymphoblasts in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and for guiding treatment decisions. We evaluated flow cytometry immunophenotyping (FCI) performance for improving detection of central nervous system (CNS) involvement in ALL.

Methods

This prospective study included analysis of consecutive CSF samples of patients of all ages with ALL at 3 clinical stages: new diagnosis, relapse suspicion, and after relapse treatment. Manual, cytospin, automated, and FCI methods were compared and their performance statistically assessed. Using FCI as the reference method, optimal CSF cutoff cell count that better correlated with presence of lymphoblasts was established by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.

Results

Seventy‐seven CSF samples were investigated, 35 (45.4%) from newly diagnosed cases, 30 (39%) suspicion of relapse, and 12 (15.6%) after treatment for relapse. Median manual WBC count in patients with CNS involvement detected by FCI was 3.75 cells/μL (0.0‐1280), and this was also the count that best correlated with CNS infiltration (sensitivity, 50.0%; specificity, 82.2%). Compared with FCI, CCC sensitivity and specificity were 28.6% and 100%. Automated CSF WBC count in patients with CNS involvement detected by FCI was 5 (0.0‐1578). For automated count, optimal WBC cutoff was 4.5 cells/μL (sensitivity, 62.5%; specificity, 70.5%).

Conclusion

Flow cytometry immunophenotyping complements conventional cytospin analysis for detection of lymphoblasts in the CSF of ALL patients at any clinical stage.
Bleeding score in Type 1 von Willebrand disease patients using the ISTH‐BAT questionnaire
Authors: Pathare A. , Al Omrani S. , Al Hajri F. , Al Obaidani N. , Al Balushi B. , Al Falahi K.
Published: November 2017

Background

Bleeding assessment tools have evolved in the last decade to standardize the assessment of the severity of bleeding symptom in a consistent way. In 2010, the International Society on Thrombosis and Hemostasis‐Bleeding Assessment Tool (ISTH‐BAT) was developed and validated.

Aims

Our aim was to administer ISTH‐BAT questionnaire to the Omani patients with type 1 VWD and obtain the bleeding score (BS). We also studied the severity of their bleeding symptoms and correlated it with the BS as well as with the laboratory parameters.

Methods

Forty‐eight type I VWD index cases and 52 normal subjects were interviewed and the ISTH‐BAT questionnaire administered. The BS was calculated based on a history of bleeding symptoms from 12 different sites according to the standard ISTH‐BAT questionnaire. Laboratory parameters were obtained from patient's medical records.

Results

The mean age of this cohort was 27 years (range, 6‐49) with 60% being females. The median time to administer this questionnaire was 10 minutes with an interquartile range (IQR) from 8 to 17 minutes. Overall, the median BS was 7 (IQR; 2,11) although individual scores ranged between 0 and 36. The BS was negatively correlated with VWF: Ag, VWF: RCo, and VWF: CB and the Spearman's correlation coefficient “rho” was, respectively, ‐0.15, ‐0.08, and ‐0.22.

Conclusion

The ISTH‐BAT BS is designed to reflect the severity of bleeding. Our results demonstrate the inherent variability of this bleeding pattern. We also found that the ISTH‐BAT BS significantly correlated with VWF: Ag and VWF: CB.
A leg ulcer with pulsating varicose veins – from the legs to the heart
Authors: Swoboda Sabrina Johanna , Schumann Hauke , Kiritsi Dimitra
Published: November 2017

We present the case of a 58‐year‐old man who presented to our wound care centre with a 7 ‐month history of a progressive unilateral leg ulcer. He reported intermittent, heavy bleeding at the ulcer. The duplex sonography showed a bilateral incompetence of the saphenofemoral junctions and the entire course of the great saphenous veins and, surprisingly, also a bilateral reversed arterial‐like pulsating flow in the great and small saphenous veins as well as in the deep veins of the lower extremities. During cardiac examination by auscultation and echocardiography, we detected a previously undescribed severe tricuspid insufficiency with strongly reduced systolic ejection of both the left and the right ventricle and repercussions on the peripheral venous system as a cause for the pulsating veins. This case report highlights that, although infrequent, the presence of pulsating varicose veins points to the presence of cardiac abnormalities, especially severe tricuspid insufficiency, and should direct clinicians to initiate a thorough cardiological examination. Our case highlights that consequent compression therapy can be sufficient for wound healing in such cases and should be initially considered. These patients are at risk of severe bleeding, and therefore, interventions should be carefully planned.