bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advanced Scholarship of Teaching and Learning in Agricultural Technology Among Technical Vocational Education and Training College Students
Authors: Masha Mmapake Florence , Mboweni Mdumo S. J. , Mtshali Thokozani Isaac
Published: December 2020

This study sought to document students' experiences on the use of advanced scholarship of teaching and learning (instructional methods) in agricultural technology. Agricultural technology aims to aid TVET students with sustainable developmental skills for agricultural sector. This includes gearing them towards productivity along the agriculture value chains and improve the economic growth. Hence, the study purposively sampled 50 agricultural technology students and each group contained 10 members. Furthermore, this study used slow scholarship and world café as a theoretical framework. Through a phenomenological approach, students revealed how the slow scholarship and world café methods have developed their ability to learn agricultural concepts and acquiring essential life skills. Thus, it was recommended that agriculture technology lecturers in TVET colleges should be trained more frequently on student centered approaches in order to align with the goals of agricultural technology curriculum.
Pedagogic Practice in Classroom and Workshop at Technical and Vocational Education Training Colleges
Authors: Adelabu Folake Modupe
Published: December 2020

Good pedagogy practices require a comprehensive list of strategies that will sustain and produce students in a specific content domain. The aim of this chapter is to explore vocational pedagogic practices in classrooms and workshops at technical and vocational education training (TVET) colleges. A closed-ended Likert-type questionnaire on vocational pedagogic practices was administered to the students, while interviews were conducted on the pedagogic practices in the classroom and workshop with the lecturers. Convenient and purposive sampling were used for the selection of the participants. The study sample was 58 students and four lecturers. Data was collected through semi structured interviews and a student's questionnaire. The interviews were transcribed, and each transcription was measured with the purpose to explore vocational pedagogic practices in classrooms and workshops at TVET colleges. The percentage of each item of the questionnaire was analysed through frequency distribution using Microsoft Excel. The findings showed that the NATED section of the TVET colleges is mainly for theory where the NC (V) section is for practical. Some parts of the TVET colleges' curriculum are not satisfactory and the hands-on practical activities that are a true reflection of workplace activities are not presented adequately in the curriculum. Based on the findings, the chapter suggests that the TVET colleges' curriculum be revised and updated in order to meet the standard requirements and the lecturers should be upgraded especially on hands-on practical activities in order to prepare the students to meet the companies' requirements.
Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Vassileva Bistra Konstantinova
Published: December 2020

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has gained attention from policymakers, universities, researchers, companies and businesses, media, and the wide public. The growing importance and relevance of artificial intelligence (AI) to humanity is undisputed: AI assistants and recommendations, for instance, are increasingly embedded in our daily lives. The chapter starts with a critical review on AI definitions since terms such as “artificial intelligence,” “machine learning,” and “data science” are often used interchangeably, yet they are not the same. The first section begins with AI capabilities and AI research clusters. Basic categorisation of AI is presented as well. The increasing societal relevance of AI and its rising inburst in our daily lives though sometimes controversial are discussed in second section. The chapter ends with conclusions and recommendations aimed at future development of AI in a responsible manner.
The Soul of Artificial Intelligence and Races' Separation of AI and Homo
Authors: Galiautdinov Rinat
Published: December 2020

Artificial intelligence breaks into our lives. However, some questions are already being raised, and increasingly, these issues affect aspects of morality and ethics. Is it possible to scoff at thinking AI? When will it be invented? What prevents us from writing laws of robotics right now, putting morality into them? What surprises does machine learning bring us now? Can machine learning be fooled, and how difficult is it? But even greater questions arise in the context of the separation of races of AI and humans. Is AI racism our future? This chapter explores these questions.
What We Should Have Learned From Cybersyn
Authors: Koering Dietmar
Published: December 2020

Currently, a major topic is what changes will digitalization and the fourth industrial revolution bring to our society. It is clear that digital transformation of society and the introduction of new technologies will make many jobs obsolete. This process logically leads to the idea of a universal basic income (UBI). In this respect, the socialist project, Cybersyn, is of great interest because it constituted a prototype of a data- and people-related idea to solve this problem. The aim was to increase the country's production, while counteracting rising unemployment through a socialist paradigm, which is obviously pertinent to the development of Industry 4.0. Although Cybersyn can be considered as an early prototype and catalyst, today's exponentially greater computational power has made such systems real, and humans are often excluded from them. Human beings are also positively affected by digital transformation. Herein, the current work contributes to the ethical debate concerning the digital transformation of society.
Engaging Students in Emergency Remote Teaching
Authors: Ng Boon-Yuen
Published: December 2020

The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in emergency remote teaching taking place globally. Despite the abrupt and rapid transition as well as the temporary nature of emergency remote teaching, it is possible to implement quality online teaching. Instructors can benefit from a review of findings and strategies found in online learning literature. This chapter discusses the challenges of emergency remote teaching and recommends suitable teaching strategies that can be quickly implemented by instructors. The focus is on strategies that can help to engage students by promoting learner-content interaction, learner-instructor interaction, and learner-learner interaction. This chapter also discusses strategies that can build a community of inquiry during emergency remote teaching. Future research directions are proposed.
Behavioral Engagement of Elementary School Students in Turkey
Authors: Akyol Tugce , Erdem Havva
Published: December 2020

This study aims to evaluate the behavioral engagement levels of elementary school students in Turkey and to determine the factors affecting the behavioral engagement levels of students in line with the views of elementary school teachers. Participants of the quantitative stage are selected by the random sampling method, from 50 students each from 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th grades and 200 in total that attend to an elementary school in Turkey's inner Aegean region directed by the Ministry of Education. The participants of the study concerning the qualitative stage were 10 elementary school teachers. It was determined that elementary school students have a medium behavioral engagement level, and the gender variable is effective on engagement levels. It has been determined that elementary school teachers have awareness about engagement indicators and teachers think that the interaction they establish with students and the methods they use in the lessons affect the engagement.
Exploring the Use of Universal Design for Learning to Reengage Students With Social, Emotional, and Behavioural Difficulties
Authors: Fovet Frederic
Published: December 2020

Approaches to students with social, emotional, and behavioural difficulties (SEBD) are frequently the subject individual interventions in schools that range from disciplinarian to medical model in flavour. The presumption is that challenging behaviour is foremost a pathology. It is rare for schools and educators to lean towards an ecological lens on SEBD, and even when these are considered ineffective, pedagogy is rarely considered with conviction as a cause for behavioural challenges. This chapter examines how the design of instruction and assessment is in fact a tool that is capable of addressing SEBD by creating meaningful engagement of the students in question within the classroom. Universal design for learning (UDL) in particular provides teachers with simple, user-friendly principles to consider how to rethink engagement for the full spectrum of diverse learners.
Student-Centered Approach and Active Learning in Business Education
Authors: Saxena Deepak
Published: December 2020

In recent years, the conception of learning has moved from a content delivery focus to experiential learning. In this regard, student-centered and active learning approaches are often recommended for fostering a meaningful experience for learners. This chapter discusses three key elements of student-centered learning—student choice, active learning, and student-teacher relationship—and notes examples from two Irish higher education institutions. Approaches like flipped classroom, interactive classroom, problem-based and collaborative learning, and case-based learning are discussed with examples from business education. Finally, the chapter concludes by offering recommendations and noting the potential of virtual learning environment tools in the post-COVID world.
Podcasting Technology for Student Engagement and English Language Learning in the Japanese Context
Authors: Parsons Martin
Published: December 2020

Students are now expected to be able to develop the skills to use 21st century skills more than ever before, and to use them in English. However, the average university EFL student in Japan has limited English language skills or access to ICT in their education. Podcasting technology, relatively unknown in Japan, appears to offer great potential for improvements in the kinds of skills that will be in demand as students graduate into the workplace. This chapter examines the educational current situation in Japan and describes three different studies on the use of podcasts with university students.
Scalable Data Analysis Application to Web Usage Data
Authors: Chebi Hocine
Published: December 2020

The number of hits to web pages continues to grow. The web has become one of the most popular platforms for disseminating and retrieving information. Consequently, many website operators are encouraged to analyze the use of their sites in order to improve their response to the expectations of internet users. However, the way a website is visited can change depending on a variety of factors. Usage models must therefore be continuously updated in order to accurately reflect visitor behavior. This remains difficult when the time dimension is neglected or simply introduced as an additional numeric attribute in the description of the data. Data mining is defined as the application of data analysis and discovery algorithms on large databases with the goal of discovering non-trivial models. Several algorithms have been proposed in order to formalize the new models discovered, to build more efficient models, to process new types of data, and to measure the differences between the data sets. However, the most traditional algorithms of data mining assume that the models are static and do not take into account the possible evolution of these models over time. These considerations have motivated significant efforts in the analysis of temporal data as well as the adaptation of static data mining methods to data that evolves over time. The review of the main aspects of data mining dealt with in this thesis constitutes the body of this chapter, followed by a state of the art of current work in this field as well as a discussion of the major issues that exist there. Interest in temporal databases has increased considerably in recent years, for example in the fields of finance, telecommunications, surveillance, etc. A growing number of prototypes and systems are being implemented to take into account the time dimension of data explicitly, for example to study the variability over time of analysis results. To model an application, it is necessary to choose a common language, precise and known by all members of a team. UML (unified modeling language, in English, or unified modeling language, in French) is an object-oriented modeling language standardized by the OMG. This chapter aims to present the modeling with the diagrams of packages and classes built using UML. This chapter presents the conceptual model of the data, and finally, the authors specify the SQL queries used for the extraction of descriptive statistical variables of the navigations from a warehouse containing the preprocessed usage data.
Previous, Contemporary, and Prospects of E-Waste and Its Management
Authors: Saritha Vara , Konni Madhavi , Dwarapureddi Bhavya Kavitha , Vemuri R. S. S. Srikanth , Karnena Manoj Kumar
Published: December 2020

The contemporary world is driven by electronic gadgets without which the survival of mankind is perceived to be incomplete. The uncontrolled dependence of mankind on electronic gadgets has resulted in enhanced production of these gadgets leading to the accumulation of e-waste. Both technological innovation and market expansion have played an important role in electronic waste (e-waste). Owing to hazardous material composition, electronic waste causes environmental problems during the waste management phase if not properly pre-treated. Growing attention is being given to the impacts of these hazardous components from e-waste on the environment. Many countries have drafted legislation to improve the reuse, recycling, and other forms of recovery of such wastes so as to reduce disposal problems. The purpose of this chapter is to present an overview of electronic waste, the current status of management of electronic waste, and recycling technologies for the recovery of metals from end-of-life electronic equipment.
Microalgal Photobioreactors as an Integrated Approach for Simultaneous Wastewater Treatment, Carbon Sequestration, and Recovery of Valuable Resources
Authors: Banerjee Priya , Mukhopadhyay Aniruddha
Published: December 2020

Unplanned and unmonitored growth of civilization and industries recorded in the previous decades have resulted in the introduction of several pollutants of emerging concern like pharmaceuticals and antibiotic drugs, endocrine disrupters, personal care products, etc. in adjacent aquatic environments. Moreover, the primary considerations of recent wastewater treatment strategies include energy neutrality and efficient recovery of valuable products as end/byproducts of the concerned process. The present study reviews such recent advances in designs, development, and implementation of algae based photobioreactors for simultaneous CO2 capture and treatment of effluents containing various types of emerging contaminants with negligible energy input. It also discusses the subsequent usage of algal biomass for production of value-added products like bioethanol, alginate, etc. This study has primarily addressed the potential and limitations of such photobioreactors for simultaneous achievement of wastewater remediation, CO2 sequestration, and bioenergy production with a zero-discharge concept.
Bioremediation and Biodegradation Technologies for Removal of Pollutants and Wastes from the Environment
Authors: Kumar Amit
Published: December 2020

Bioremediation is defined as the process whereby organic wastes are biologically degraded under controlled conditions to an innocuous state, or to levels below concentration limits established by regulatory authorities. For bioremediation to be effective, microorganisms must enzymatically attack the pollutants and convert them to harmless products. As bioremediation can be effective only where environmental conditions permit microbial growth and activity, its application often involves the manipulation of environmental parameters to allow microbial growth and degradation to proceed at a faster rate. Bioremediation techniques are typically more economic than traditional methods such as incineration, and some pollutants can be treated on site, thus reducing exposure risks for clean-up personnel, or potentially wider exposure as a result of transportation accidents. Bioremediation is based on natural attenuation. The public considers it more acceptable than other technologies.
Use of Wastage Biomaterial/Biomass for Wastewater Treatment and Modeling
Authors: Singha Biswajit
Published: December 2020

Recently, the existence of toxic materials in our environment has caused severe concern to the living organism. The main causes for the contamination of such toxic materials in the environment are rapid industrialization and agricultural activities. The different toxic entities present in the environment mainly depend on the nature of the industry. However, some of the common generated toxic pollutants present in the water bodies are heavy metal ions, phenol, dyes, pesticides, insecticides, detergents, and a wide spectrum of aromatic compounds. Among those substance, heavy metals have been reported the major one for the last few decades. So, these heavy metals must be removed from the environment by proper techniques to save the society. The chapter deals with the different toxic material removal technologies and mathematical modeling.
Blockchain Introduced
Authors: Thomason Jane , Bernhardt Sonja , Kansara Tia , Cooper Nichola
Published: December 2020

This chapter provides an introductory explanation of Blockchain technology and how it works, concentrating on its potential for social impact. It describes the history of the development of Blockchain, which is a form of distributed ledger technology.
A Blockchain Model for Less Container Load Operations in China
Authors: Tan Albert Wee Kwan , Zhao YiFei , Halliday Thomas
Published: December 2020

In recent years, with the growth of international trade and development of economies, the volume of container throughput at China's ports has grown rapidly. Yet, the business process for the Less Container Load (LCL) transport industry in most ports of China still remain complicated and inefficient. In this article, the authors see numerous opportunities for process improvement by integrating the information among the various actors using the blockchain concept. In this paper, the authors propose to build a LCL Export Platform (LEP) using the blockchain concept to optimize the LCL operations for international trading, by integrating and sharing information among forwarder agencies and their clients.
Development of Secured Log Management System Over Blockchain Technology
Authors: Rajebhosale Sagar Shankar , Nikam Mohan Chandrabhan
Published: December 2020

A log is a record of events that happens within an organization containing systems and networks. These logs are very important for any organization, because a log file will able to record all user activities. Due to this, log files play a vital role and contain sensitive information, and therefore security should be a high priority. It is very important to the proper functioning of any organization, to securely maintain log records over an extended period of time. So, management and maintenance of logs is a very difficult task. However, deploying such a system for high security and privacy of log records may be overhead for an organization and require additional costs. Many techniques have been designed for security of log records. The alternative solution for maintaining log records is using Blockchain technology. A blockchain will provide security of the log files. Log files over a Blockchain environment leads to challenges with a decentralized storage of log files. This article proposes a secured log management over Blockchain and the use of cryptographic algorithms for dealing the issues to access a data storage. This proposed technology may be one complete solution to the secure log management problem.
Distributed Ledger Technology based Property Transaction System with Support for IoT Devices
Authors: Singh Nikita , Vardhan Manu
Published: December 2020

Blockchain-based distributed ledger technology (DLT) is transforming the existing operational models of economy, financial transactions and other government machineries so as to allow these to operate in a much more secure and decentralized manner. This research focuses on providing framework for decentralized and secure P2P infrastructure for handling e-stamp and property registration mechanism along with interface for verification of document originality. The proposed efficient consensus mechanism reduces the overhead of broadcasting a new block by more than 50% coupled with saving CPU computation power along with network bandwidth. To ensure that even people at remote locations with constrained resources are able to participate and harness these benefits, a cloud server architecture & web interface for verification of property registered deed is also proposed.
An Analysis of Cryptographic Algorithms in IoT
Authors: Bajrić Samed
Published: December 2020

The underlying vision of the internet of things (IoT) is to create a world where the real and the virtual realms are converging to create smart environments that makes energy, transport, cities, and many other areas more intelligent. With the IoT, the physical world is being interfaced through the things to the virtual world in heterogeneous environment. In heterogeneous environment, privacy and security are the major challenges. The secure information exchange is most critical pitfall to ensure the system security. This chapter gives a detailed analysis of cryptographic algorithms in IoT. A comparison of lightweight cryptography algorithms on basis of block size, key size, gate equivalents, and throughput is given. Moreover, the various security issues in IoT are discussed along with possible solution.
Ensure Hierarchal Identity Based Data Security in Cloud Environment
Authors: Kaushik Shweta , Gandhi Charu
Published: December 2020

Cloud computing has emerged as a new promising field in the internet. It can be thought as a new architecture for the next generation of IT enterprises. It allows the user to access virtualized resources over the internet which can be dynamically scaled. Here, the owner's data is stored at a distributed data centre, which are responsible for its security constraints such as access control and data transmission to user. As the owner does not have physical access on their own data, the data centres are not trustworthy, this resulted in the cloud data security demand. Today, many cloud service providers (CSPs) are using the asymmetric and public key cryptography (PKG) for authenticating and data security purposes using the digital identity of the user. To this end, this article focuses on cloud data storage and its delivery to authorized user. For this purpose, a hierarchal identity-based cryptography method is used for data security and checking the data integrity, in order to make sure that there is no alteration or modification done by a malicious attacker or CSP for its own benefit.
Optimizing and Enhancing Digital Marketing Techniques in Intellectual Big Data Analytics
Authors: Mkrttchian Vardan , Gamidullaeva Leyla Ayvarovna , Panasenko Svetlana
Published: December 2020

The authors in this chapter show the essence, dignity, current state, and development prospects of avatar-based management using blockchain technology for improving implementation of economic solutions in the digital economy of Russia. The purpose of this chapter is not to review the existing published work on avatar-based models for policy advice, but to try an assessment of the merits and problems of avatar-based models as a solid basis for economic policy advice that is mainly based on the work and experience within the recently finished projects Triple H Avatar, an avatar-based software platform for HHH University, Sydney, Australia. The agenda of this project was to develop an avatar-based closed model with strong empirical grounding and micro-foundations that provides a uniform platform to address issues in different areas of digital economic and creating new tools to improve blockchain technology using the intelligent visualization techniques for big data analytic.
Blockchain for Strengthening the Privacy of Healthcare Data
Authors: Kendzierskyj Stefan , Jahankhani Hamid , Ndumbe SHU I
Published: December 2020

The desire for eHealth systems is ever-growing as public institutions, healthcare providers, and its users see the positive gains from having systems of patient health information held in a single place; a decentralized connected architecture called blockchain. This concept can solve the interoperability issues and integrate the fragmented way healthcare records are held and present a more transparent, secure method to share data and protect patient privacy. The aim of this article is to provide a supportive environment for the health and social care workplace with special reference in the Primary Care sector in England on the impact and changes to the information governance toolkit (IGTK) as a result of the new European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) coming into force from May 2018. These challenges will also include the implementation of the National Data Guardian (NDG) review of data security and opt-outs amongst others.
Block-Chain-Based Security and Privacy in Smart City IoT
Authors: Muthuraman Thangaraj , Pichiah Punitha Ponmalar , Anuradha S.
Published: December 2020

The current technology has given arms, hands, and wings to the smart objects-internet of things, which create the centralized data collection and analysis nightmare. Even with the distributed big data-enabled computing, the relevant data filtering for the localized decisions take a long time. To make the IOT data communication smoother and make the devices talk to each other in a coherent way the device data transactions are made to communicate through the block chain, and the applications on the localized destination can take the decisions or complete transaction without the centralized hub communication. This chapter focuses on adding vendor-specific IOT devices to the public or private block chain and the emerging challenges and the possible solutions to make the devices talk to each other and have the decision enablement through the distributed transactions through the block chain technology.
Andragogy and the Learning-Tech Culture Revolution
Authors: Wilson John H.
Published: December 2020

The present tsunami of technological change is causing disruption across everything from business, transportation, finance, government, entertainment, and relationships, just to name a few. This disruption has only just begun to exert influence on the learning process and formal education. In much the same way that these industries are experiencing disruption from the digital revolution, andragogy may also be on the verge of what could be called a learning-tech culture revolution. This chapter describes three emerging technology categories that could help to produce such innovations include (1) the internet of things (IoT), (2) blockchain, and (3) artificial intelligence (AI). While there is a bevy of writing and expert commentary presently emerging about these technologies, there is very little supposition so far about their potential impact on learning culture and adult education. The following pages will include a brief explanation of each of these technologies with discussion about the ways they could be leveraged to make a momentous impact on andragogy as we know it.
Blockchain Innovation and Information Technology at GCC
Authors: Alabbasi Yousef , Sandhu Kamaljeet
Published: December 2020

Blockchain has become an epidemic and significant decision that organizations may make in the next few years, enabling institutions to integrate business functions, operations, and processes in a decentralized distributed ledger technology. This technology will transform the business world and economy in solving the limitations created by centralization and system inefficiency. Accordingly, with the high demand and complexity of growing economies such as the Gulf Cooperation Council GCC countries, the need for a typical solution technology is a game changer. This will lead GCC to a solid economic base. Blockchain technology can be applicable in many different fields such as Banking, education, Health, finance, government and trade. This article will address the literature review and methodology of Blockchain technology and innovation at the GCC, particularly in Saudi Arabia. Also, more research can be conducted in the future as the system may be integrated in these countries.
Security in Context of the Internet of Things
Authors: Banday Mohammad Tariq
Published: December 2020

The chapter discusses various security challenges in the design of the internet of things and their possible solutions. After presenting a precise introduction to the internet of things, its applications, and technologies enabling it, the chapter discusses its various architectures and models which follow with an introduction of development kits, boards, platforms, hardware, software, and devices used in the internet of things. A concise explanation and discussion on the internet of things standards and protocols with emphasis on their security is presented. Next, various possible security threats and attacks to the internet of things are presented. The subsequent sections of the chapter discuss identified security challenges at individual layers of various models along with their possible solutions. It further presents cryptographic and lightweight cryptographic primitives for the internet of things, existing use of cryptography in the internet of things protocols, security challenges, and its prospectus.
Using Neural Natural Network for Image Recognition in Bioinformatics
Authors: Kharicheva Dina
Published: December 2020

Automatic image recognition is very useful in bioinformatics. This article presents a novel technique to recognize the characters in the number plate automatically by using connected component analysis (CCA), artificial neural network (ANN) and neural natural network (Triple N). The preprocessing steps, Sobel edge detection technique and CCA are applied to the captured image of the vehicle to obtain character images. ANN technique can be used over these images to recognize the characters of the image in bioinformatics. The preprocessing steps are used to remove the noise and to enhance the image for recognizing the characters effectively. After performing the preprocessing steps, the edge detection technique and CCA are carried out to separate the character images from the whole image which can be recognized using ANN. These text characters can be compared with database to find authentication of vehicle, identifying the owner of the vehicle, penalty bill generation, etc.
Toward a Security Scheme for an Intelligent Transport System
Authors: Kchaou Amira , Abassi Ryma , El Fatmi Sihem Guemara
Published: December 2020

Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) allow communication among vehicles using some fixed equipment on roads called roads side units. Vehicular communications are used for sharing different kinds of information between vehicles and RSUs in order to improve road safety and provide travelers comfort using exchanged messages. However, falsified or modified messages can be transmitted that affect the performance of the whole network and cause bad situations in roads. To mitigate this problem, trust management can be used in VANET and can be distributive for ensuring safe and secure communication between vehicles. Trust is a security concept that has attracted the interest of many researchers and used to build confident relations among vehicles. Hence, the authors propose a secured clustering mechanism for messages exchange in VANET in order to organize vehicles into clusters based on vehicles velocity, then CH computes the credibility of message using the reputation of vehicles and the miner controls the vehicle's behavior for verifying the correctness of the message.
Blockchain Technology in Solar Energy
Authors: Uğurlu Erginbay , Muratoğlu Yusuf
Published: December 2020

Two of the important topics concerning scientists and governments are blockchain and climate change. After the paper of Satoshi Nakamoto, blockchains became a global phenomenon. After its usage for cryptocurrencies, blockchain is starting to be used for digital protocols and smart contracts. Blockchain technology is used in many sectors, such as banking, finance, car leasing, entertainment, energy, etc. Climate change leads to global warming, which means the long-term warming of the planet. Therefore, governments have made an effort to decrease global warming or keep it stable. One of the mitigation ways of global warming is to use renewable energy. Solar energy is one of the most used types of renewable energy sources, and also blockchain technology is widely used in this sector. In this chapter, the authors investigate the use of blockchain technology in the solar energy sector.
Blockchain Technology
Authors: Kandil Tarek Taha , Nassar Shereen , Taysir Mohamed
Published: December 2020

Blockchain technology starts to reconfigure all aspects of society to make it clear and beneficial for the legal system. The chapter introduces “The Blockchain Revolution” in categories 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0; in the form of analyzing the use of the technology that is being applied in new innovative business models, Blockchain 1.0 starts with the creation of the first blockchain and the introduction of the technology in the “Bitcoin Whitepaper,” the crypto-currency model, via Bitcoin's application in services related to cash, payments, and transfers. Blockchain 2.0 starts with the indication that using smart contracts on blockchains will be available via the development of syntax (i.e., “solidity” that would enable developers to create solutions with blockchain technology at the backend). The chapter explores the feature of the new disruptive business models-based blockchain technology as a new approach in delivering business products and services. In the chapter, the authors explore the new technologies raised in different fields of business.
Blockchain Technologically Driven Innovation at the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries
Authors: Alabbasi Yousef , Sandhu Kamaljeet
Published: December 2020

This chapter delves into the innovation of blockchain technology and its benefits for advancing the economic growth in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries. Blockchain technology provides the security and reliability that is required in the GCC region for enhancing the technology acceptance level of its population. Apart from providing security, blockchain technology offers financial efficiency, cost reduction, and the elimination of operational risks. Blockchain technology is equally beneficial for nonfinancial industries, such as the healthcare and education industry of the GCC region. The digital revolution based on blockchain technology is beneficial for GCC countries to shift their economic dependence from oil to innovations driven by technology. This will move the GCC to develop more smart cities as the GCC region has an ample amount of financial and human resources that are required for successful integration of blockchain technology in its numerous industries.
Blockchain in Food and Agriculture Supply Chain
Authors: Maghfirah Aidah
Published: December 2020

Agriculture is one of the most important and largest sectors in Indonesia and creates jobs for at least 38.7 million workers. Although the number of workers in agriculture is relatively high and the sector contributes 14% to Indonesian GDP, many challenges still remain hampering growth. One of the key issues is the limited data availability in the agriculture sector causing imperfect and incomplete information on agriculture products. Data can provide the information about the quality of the product to the consumer to create transparency between producer and consumer. In order to facilitate data access, a big data base is needed in which all stakeholders can access the near-time data. A technology that can help to support this database is called blockchain. Blockchain is an immutable, transparent, public and append-only ledger. It is a peer-to-peer network that can maintain updates and verifies those updates to the ledger in a way that it is impossible to alter the data. This paper discusses HARA, a use-case of blockchain implementation in the food and agriculture sector.
Finance Strategies for Medium-Sized Enterprises
Authors: Liu Chen
Published: December 2020

This chapter discusses how FinTech—technology-enabled financial solutions and services—can optimize finance strategies of medium-sized enterprises. Using a balance sheet model, the chapter integrates medium-sized companies' financing strategies, working capital management, and investment decisions and discusses FinTech solutions in each area to suggest best practice. Specifically, the chapter first discusses how crowdfunding and its different types could provide alternative financing for medium-sized enterprises. Second, FinTech solutions for online payment and transfer, invoice finance, supply chain finance, and trade finance help medium-sized enterprises optimize their working capital management. Third, blockchain technology and artificial intelligent (AI)-based decisions tools could potentially help medium-sized businesses optimize their decision-making process. This chapter also suggests future work that will allow us to better understand FinTech applications in medium-sized enterprises.
A Survey of Authentication Schemes in the Internet of Things
Authors: Labiod Yasmine , Korba Abdelaziz Amara , Ghoualmi-Zine Nacira
Published: December 2020

In the recent years, the Internet of Things (IoT) has been widely deployed in different daily life aspects such as home automation, electronic health, the electric grid, etc. Nevertheless, the IoT paradigm raises major security and privacy issues. To secure the IoT devices, many research works have been conducted to counter those issues and discover a better way to remove those risks, or at least reduce their effects on the user's privacy and security requirements. This article mainly focuses on a critical review of the recent authentication techniques for IoT devices. First, this research presents a taxonomy of the current cryptography-based authentication schemes for IoT. In addition, this is followed by a discussion of the limitations, advantages, objectives, and attacks supported of current cryptography-based authentication schemes. Finally, the authors make in-depth study on the most relevant authentication schemes for IoT in the context of users, devices, and architecture that are needed to secure IoT environments and that are needed for improving IoT security and items to be addressed in the future.
Secure and Robust Telemedicine using ECC on Radix-8 with Formal Verification
Authors: Kumar Gautam , Saini Hemraj
Published: December 2020

The scalar multiplication techniques used in Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) are having the scope for gaining the computation efficiency. This is possible through the reduction of precomputed operations. Finding the more efficient technique compares to the most recent or efficient one is a research gap for all schemes. The manuscript presents an application oriented work for Telemedicine using ECC. It is based on robust application on reduced computational complexity. The methodology we apply for the same is Scalar Multiplication without precomputation on Radix-8. Introduced software and the hardware performance are reporting a big advantage over all the related proposed techniques. The reason to cover this problem is to provide a path on a fascinating area of ECC on a smaller key size be applicable for all applications on a same level of security strengths. The smaller length key gives the higher speed and shorter clock cycle to initiate the operation.
Developing Smart Contracts for Financial Payments as Innovation
Authors: Demirel Engin , Zeren Seda Karagoz
Published: December 2020

Innovation in smart contract systems helps to create decentralized payment systems. These developing concepts will be a new perspective to solve transparency issues. Smart contracts can prove all transactions and flow of funds and money between parties. Business deals and financial payment methods are expected to be a hybrid approach in both traditional and smart contracts in the future. Empirical analysis of smart agreements among their emerged platforms, different applications, and design views will enlighten future needs of trade payment methods. This chapter investigates the concept of smart contracts and critical issues for developing on financial payments environment. This research also aims to examine possible advantages of the application of smart contracts as innovation, legal, and technical aspects of the emerging business environment. The analysis will compare new mechanisms securing a block-chain applied to financial payments. This chapter also reviews the mechanisms of smart contracts and block-chain and focus on predicted future areas on the financial system.
Lightweight Key Management for Adaptive Addressing in Next Generation Internet
Authors: Kimbahune Vinod Vijaykumar , Deshpande Arvind V. , Mahalle Parikshit Narendra
Published: December 2020

The continuous evolution of Next Generation Internet (NGI) amplifies the demand for efficient and secure communication capable of responding effectively to the challenges posed by the emerging applications. For secure communication between two sensor nodes, a secret key is needed. Cryptographic key management is a challenging task in sensor networks as the hostile environment of sensor networks makes it more prone to attacks. Apart from resource constraints of the devices, unknown topology of the network, the higher risk of node capture and lack of a fixed infrastructure makes the key management more challenging in Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Paper surveys different key Management schemes for WSN. The paper presents the efficiency versus security requirements tradeoffs in key management for WSN. Paper also proposes a novel key management protocol which provides strong resistance against replay attacks. The results obtained from the mathematical model based on conditional probability of the scheme suggest that the proposed key management in NGI is efficient and attack resistant.
Crypto-Currency
Authors: Iqbal S. , Hussain Muzammil , Munir Muhammad Umar , Hussain Zunair , Mehrban Sobia , Ashraf Muhammad Adeel , Ayubi Salah-u-din
Published: December 2020

This chapter sheds light on the future of crypto-currencies in the world as they have become a major part of trading and are now being adopted by leading investment firms as a new way of buying and selling. Despite the substantial security risk in crypto-currency trading, it has become the most traded commodity. Many new crypto-currencies are being introduced that attract investors. Banking institutions in USA and other leading countries have started to take part in investments in crypto-currency as it has revolutionized financial technology.
Feature Engineering for Various Data Types in Data Science
Authors: Sahu Nilesh Kumar , Patnaik Manorama , Snigdh Itu
Published: December 2020

The precision of any machine learning algorithm depends on the data set, its suitability, and its volume. Therefore, data and its characteristics have currently become the predominant components of any predictive or precision-based domain like machine learning. Feature engineering refers to the process of changing and preparing this input data so that it is ready for training machine learning models. Several features such as categorical, numerical, mixed, date, and time are to be considered for feature extraction in feature engineering. Datasets containing characteristics such as cardinality, missing data, and rare labels for categorical features, distribution, outliers, and magnitude are currently considered as features. This chapter discusses various data types and their techniques for applying to feature engineering. This chapter also focuses on the implementation of various data techniques for feature extraction.
Speech Enhancement Using Neuro-Fuzzy Classifier
Authors: Justin Judith , R. Vanithamani
Published: December 2020

In this chapter, a speech enhancement technique is implemented using a neuro-fuzzy classifier. Noisy speech sentences from NOIZEUS and AURORA databases are taken for the study. Feature extraction is implemented through modifications in amplitude magnitude spectrograms. A four class neuro-fuzzy classifier splits the noisy speech samples into noise-only part, signal only part, more noise-less signal part, and more signal-less noise part of the time-frequency units. Appropriate weights are applied in the enhancement phase. The enhanced speech sentence is evaluated using objective measures. An analysis of the performance of the Neuro-Fuzzy 4 (NF 4) classifier is done. A comparison of the performance of the classifier with other conventional techniques is done for various noises at different noise levels. It is observed that the numerical values of the measures obtained are better when compared to the others. An overall comparison of the performance of the NF 4 classifier is done and it is inferred that NF4 outperforms the other techniques in speech enhancement.
Deep Learning for Feature Engineering-Based Improved Weather Prediction
Authors: Mishra Partha Sarathi , Nandi Debabrata
Published: December 2020

Weather prediction has gained a point of attraction for many researchers of variant research communities. The emerging deep learning techniques have motivated many researches to explore hidden hierarchical pattern in the great mass of weather dataset for weather prediction. In this chapter, four different categories of computationally efficient deep learning models—CNN, LSTM, CNN-LSTM, and ConvLSTM—have been critically examined for improved weather prediction. Here, emphasis has been given on supervised learning techniques for model development by considering the importance of feature engineering. Feature engineering plays a vital role in reducing dimension, decreasing model complexity as well as handling the noise and corrupted data. Using daily maximum temperature, this chapter investigates the performance of different deep learning models for improved predictions. The results obtained from different experiments conducted ensures that the feature engineering based deep learning study for the purpose of predictive modeling using time series data is really an encouraging approach.
A New Bio-Inspired Social Spider Algorithm
Authors: Singh Dharmpal
Published: December 2020

The concept of bio-inspired algorithms is used in real-world problems to search the efficient problem-solving methods. Evolutionary computation and swarm intelligence are outstanding examples of nature-inspired solution techniques of metahuristics. In this paper, an effort has been made to propose a modified social spider algorithm to solve global optimization problems in the real world. Social spiders used the foraging strategy, vibrations on the spider web to determine the positions of prey. The selection of vibration, estimated new position and calculation of the fitness function, has been furnished in details way as compared to different previously proposed swarm intelligence algorithms. Moreover, experimental result has been carried out by modified social spider on series of widely-used benchmark problem with four benchmark algorithms. Furthermore, a modified form of the proposed algorithm has superior performance as compared to other state-of-the-art metaheuristics algorithms.