bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prognostic Value of Endocardial Voltage Mapping in Patients With Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia
Authors: Migliore Federico , Zorzi Alessandro , Silvano Maria , Bevilacqua Michela , Leoni Loira , Marra Martina Perazzolo , Elmaghawry Mohamed , Brugnaro Luca , Dal Lin Carlo , Bauce Barbara , Rigato Ilaria , Tarantini Giuseppe , Basso Cristina , Buja Gianfranco , Thiene Gaetano , Iliceto Sabino , Corrado Domenico
Published: February 2013

Background—

Endocardial voltage mapping (EVM) identifies low-voltage right ventricular (RV) areas, which may represent the electroanatomic scar substrate of life-threatening tachyarrhythmias. We prospectively assessed the prognostic value of EVM in a consecutive series of patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/dysplasia (ARVC/D).

Methods and Results—

We studied 69 consecutive ARVC/D patients (47 males; median age 35 years [28–45]) who underwent electrophysiological study and both bipolar and unipolar EVM. The extent of confluent bipolar (<1.5 mV) and unipolar (<6.0 mV) low-voltage electrograms was estimated using the CARTO-incorporated area calculation software. Fifty-three patients (77%) showed ≥1 RV electroanatomic scars with an estimated burden of bipolar versus unipolar low-voltage areas of 24.8% (7.2–31.5) and 64.8% (39.8–95.3), respectively (
P
=0.009). In the remaining patients with normal bipolar EVM (n=16; 23%), the use of unipolar EVM unmasked ≥1 region of low-voltage electrogram affecting 26.2% (11.6–38.2) of RV wall. During a median follow-up of 41 (28–56) months, 19 (27.5%) patients experienced arrhythmic events, such as sudden death (n=1), appropriate implantable cardioverter defibrillator interventions (n=7), or sustained ventricular tachycardia (n=11). Univariate predictors of arrhythmic outcome included previous cardiac arrest or syncope (hazard ratio=3.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.4–8.8;
P
=0.03) and extent of bipolar low-voltage areas (hazard ratio=1.7 per 5%; 95% confidence interval, 1.5–2;
P
<0.001), whereas the only independent predictor was the bipolar low-voltage electrogram burden (hazard ratio=1.6 per 5%; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–1.9;
P
<0.001). Patients with normal bipolar EVM had an uneventful clinical course.

Conclusions—

The extent of bipolar RV endocardial low-voltage area was a powerful predictor of arrhythmic outcome in ARVC/D, independently of history and RV dilatation/dysfunction. A normal bipolar EVM characterized a low-risk subgroup of ARVC/D patients.
Endoscopic Time-Lapse Imaging of Immune Cells in Infarcted Mouse Hearts
Authors: Jung Keehoon , Kim Pilhan , Leuschner Florian , Gorbatov Rostic , Kim Jun Ki , Ueno Takuya , Nahrendorf Matthias , Yun Seok Hyun
Published: February 2013

Rationale:

High-resolution imaging of the heart in vivo is challenging owing to the difficulty in accessing the heart and the tissue motion caused by the heartbeat.

Objective:

Here, we describe a suction-assisted endoscope for visualizing fluorescently labeled cells and vessels in the beating heart tissue through a small incision made in the intercostal space.

Methods and Results:

A suction tube with a diameter of 2 to 3 mm stabilizes the local tissue motion safely and effectively at a suction pressure of 50 mm Hg. Using a minimally invasive endoscope integrated into a confocal microscope, we performed fluorescence cellular imaging in both normal and diseased hearts in live mice for an hour per session repeatedly over a few weeks. Real-time imaging revealed the surprisingly rapid infiltration of CX
3
CR1
+
monocytes into the injured site within several minutes after acute myocardial infarction.

Conclusions:

The time-lapse analysis of flowing and rolling (patrolling) monocytes in the heart and the peripheral circulation provides evidence that the massively recruited monocytes come first from the vascular reservoir and later from the spleen. The imaging method requires minimal surgical preparation and can be implemented into standard intravital microscopes. Our results demonstrate the applicability of our imaging method for a wide range of cardiovascular research.
Ten-Year Incidence of Chagas Cardiomyopathy Among Asymptomatic
Trypanosoma cruzi
–Seropositive Former Blood Donors
Authors: Sabino Ester C. , Ribeiro Antonio L. , Salemi Vera M.C. , Di Lorenzo Oliveira Claudia , Antunes Andre P. , Menezes Marcia M. , Ianni Barbara M. , Nastari Luciano , Fernandes Fabio , Patavino Giuseppina M. , Sachdev Vandana , Capuani Ligia , de Almeida-Neto Cesar , Carrick Danielle M. , Wright David , Kavounis Katherine , Goncalez Thelma T. , Carneiro-Proietti Anna Barbara , Custer Brian , Busch Michael P. , Murphy Edward L.
Published: February 2013

Background—

Very few studies have measured disease penetrance and prognostic factors of Chagas cardiomyopathy among asymptomatic
Trypanosoma cruzi
–infected persons.

Methods and Results—

We performed a retrospective cohort study among initially healthy blood donors with an index
T cruzi
–seropositive donation and age-, sex-, and period-matched seronegatives in 1996 to 2002 in the Brazilian cities of São Paulo and Montes Claros. In 2008 to 2010, all subjects underwent medical history, physical examination, ECGs, and echocardiograms. ECG and echocardiogram results were classified by blinded core laboratories, and records with abnormal results were reviewed by a blinded panel of 3 cardiologists who adjudicated the outcome of Chagas cardiomyopathy. Associations with Chagas cardiomyopathy were tested with multivariate logistic regression. Mean follow-up time between index donation and outcome assessment was 10.5 years for the seropositives and 11.1 years for the seronegatives. Among 499
T cruzi
seropositives, 120 (24%) had definite Chagas cardiomyopathy, and among 488
T cruzi
seronegatives, 24 (5%) had cardiomyopathy, for an incidence difference of 1.85 per 100 person-years attributable to
T cruzi
infection. Of the 120 seropositives classified as having Chagas cardiomyopathy, only 31 (26%) presented with ejection fraction <50%, and only 11 (9%) were classified as New York Heart Association class II or higher. Chagas cardiomyopathy was associated (
P
<0.01) with male sex, a history of abnormal ECG, and the presence of an S
3
heart sound.

Conclusions—

There is a substantial annual incidence of Chagas cardiomyopathy among initially asymptomatic
T cruzi
–seropositive blood donors, although disease was mild at diagnosis.
Temporal Pattern of Cytotoxic Edema in the Perihematomal Region After Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Li Na , Worthmann Hans , Heeren Meike , Schuppner Ramona , Deb-Chatterji Milani , Tryc Anita B. , Bueltmann Eva , Lanfermann Heinrich , Donnerstag Frank , Weissenborn Karin , Raab Peter
Published: February 2013

Background and Purpose—

Knowledge about cytotoxic edema (CE) in intracerebral hemorrhage is still limited. We aimed to analyze its presence, temporal pattern, and prognostic meaning.

Methods—

Twenty-one patients with primary intracerebral hemorrhage underwent magnetic resonance imaging at days 1, 3, and 7 after symptom onset. CE was identified using diffusion-weighted imaging. Hematoma and perihematomal edema volumes were measured on fluid-attenuated inversion recovery images. National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score was assessed at admission and with each magnetic resonance imaging. Clinical outcome was assessed by modified Rankin scale at 90 days.

Results—

CE appeared in half of the patients within the first 24 hours. The apparent diffusion coefficient values decreased until day 3 and were significantly reversed from days 3 through 7 (
P
<0.01). Patients with CE showed significantly faster perihematomal edema growth from day 0 to 1 (
P
=0.036) than those without. Larger 3-day perihematomal edema volume (
P
=0.02) and presence of CE on day 3 (
P
=0.07) were associated with poor clinical outcome.

Conclusions—

CE is associated with stroke severity, perihematomal edema volume, and poor outcome. It is considered to indicate ongoing neuronal injury and, thus, might emerge as new treatment target.
Association of Molecular Markers With Perihematomal Edema and Clinical Outcome in Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Li Na , Liu Yan Fang , Ma Li , Worthmann Hans , Wang Yi Long , Wang Yong Jun , Gao Yi Pei , Raab Peter , Dengler Reinhard , Weissenborn Karin , Zhao Xing Quan
Published: February 2013

Background and Purpose—

Perihematomal edema contributes to secondary brain injury in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Increase of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and growth factors is considerably involved in blood–brain barrier disruption and neuronal cell death in ICH models. We therefore hypothesized that increased levels of these molecular markers are associated with perihematomal edema and clinical outcome in ICH patients.

Methods—

Fifty-nine patients with spontaneous ICH admitted within 24 hours of symptom onset were prospectively investigated. Noncontrast CT was performed on admission for diagnosis of ICH and quantification of initial hematoma volume. MRI was performed on day 3 to evaluate perihematomal edema. Concentrations of MMP-3, MMP-9, as well as vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-1 on admission were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Clinical outcome was assessed by modified Rankin Scale at 90 days.

Results—

Increased MMP-3 levels were independently associated with perihematomal edema volume (
P
<0.05). Cytotoxic edema surrounding the hematoma was seen in 36 (61%) cases on 3-day MRI. Cytotoxic edema did not correlate with the level of any of the biomarkers studied. Levels of MMP-3 ≥12.4 ng/mL and MMP-9 ≥192.4 ng/mL but not vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-1 predicted poor clinical outcome at 90 days (modified Rankin Scale >3) independent of stroke severity and hematoma volume at baseline (odds ratio, 25.3,
P
=0.035; odds ratio, 68.9,
P
=0.023; respectively).

Conclusions—

MMPs 3 and 9 seem to be significantly involved in secondary brain injury and outcome after primary ICH in humans, and thus should be further evaluated as targets for therapeutic strategies in this devastating disorder.
Leukoaraiosis on Magnetic Resonance Imaging Correlates With Worse Outcomes After Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Caprio Fan Z. , Maas Matthew B. , Rosenberg Neil F. , Kosteva Adam R. , Bernstein Richard A. , Alberts Mark J. , Prabhakaran Shyam , Naidech Andrew M.
Published: February 2013

Background and Purpose—

Leukoaraiosis (LA) is associated with dementia, ischemic stroke, and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), but there are few data on how LA might impact outcomes after acute ICH. We tested the hypothesis that the severity of LA on magnetic resonance imaging is related to worse functional outcomes after spontaneous ICH.

Methods—

We prospectively identified patients with spontaneous acute ICH. LA was identified on magnetic resonance imaging and its severity was graded using the Fazekas method to include a score for the deep white matter and periventricular regions. Outcomes were obtained at 14 days, 28 days, and 3 months with the modified Rankin Scale (mRS; a validated scale from 0 [no symptoms] to 6 [dead]) and analyzed with multivariate logistic regression.

Results—

Higher Fazekas total (periventricular plus deep white matter) score correlated with higher mRS score at 14 days (
P
=0.02) and 3 months (
P
=0.02). This relationship was driven by the periventricular score, for which higher score (more severe disease) correlated with higher National Institute of Health Stroke Scale at 14 days (
P
=0.03), and higher mRS score at 14 days (
P
<0.001), 28 days (
P
=0.004), and 3 months (
P
=0.005). A higher (more severe) Fazekas periventricular score was associated with dependence or death at 3 months (odds ratio, 1.8 per point; 95% confidence interval, 1.02–3.1;
P
=0.04) after correction for the ICH score.

Conclusions—

Increased LA is an independent predictor of worse functional outcomes in patients after spontaneous ICH. The pathophysiology associating LA with worse outcomes requires further study. These data may improve prognostication and selection for clinical trials.
A Mixed Approach to the Work-Motherhood Relation: An Application of Fuzzy Set Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Generalized Linear Models
Authors: Dotti Sani Giulia Maria , Quaranta Mario
Published: February 2013

Abstract

Female labor force participation and total fertility rates have been negatively correlated until the early ’80s. By the end of that decade, however, the relationship changed sign. Scholars have suggested a close link between individual reproductive behavior, labor market participation and institutional contexts, but we still lack clear evidence of the underlying micro-level mechanism. We propose the use of complementary techniques, fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis and Generalized Linear Models, as the different assumptions underlying the two, combinatory vs. additive, may lead to new insights on how the combination of institutional features can produce different outcomes in terms of the work-motherhood relationship.
Not Asking for Much: Public Opinion and Redistribution from the Rich
Authors: Weakliem David , Biggert Robert
Published: February 2013

Abstract

The logic of self-interest suggests that most people will favor imposing heavy taxes on the rich and distributing the proceeds among the general population, but in reality this is not a popular position. A number of explanations have been suggested, but there has been little systematic research. This paper reviews a wide range of survey data with the goal of identifying more or less promising explanations. Three receive clear support: most people underestimate the earnings of those at the top, believe that the chance of earning high incomes contributes to economic growth, and have little faith in the government’s ability to redistribute wealth. One can be rejected: that people tend to overestimate their own economic standing. Others receive mixed or moderate support. The paper concludes by discussing how public opinion may help to account for national differences in the concentration of wealth and income.
Business and Social Responsibility in the Arab World: the Zakat vs. CSR models in Syria and Dubai
Authors: Selvik Kjetil
Published: February 2013

Abstract

The article explores the promotion and reception of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in the Arab world, taking Syria and Dubai as “most different” case studies. It observes that government-connected organizations have taken the lead in promoting CSR but are facing difficulties in rooting the concept beyond the ranks of crony capitalists. It argues that businessmen remain attached to an Islamic framework of social responsibility that contrasts with CSR as currently promoted. Extracting key themes in the businessmen’s approach and comparing them with the UN Global Compact the article proposes an ideal-typical comparison of what it calls the Zakat and the CSR models. It discusses their relative utility as symbolic resource for the different actors.
FDI in Retail Sector in South Asia: A Case of India
Authors: Alam Iqbal Badar , Hassan Munir , Rawat Bhawana
Published: February 2013

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) has become the necessity of every nation as it does accelerate growth in an economy. FDI is double edge weapon as it cuts both ways. It supplements the resources of the host country and also may replace resources in the host country. South Asia is a region wherein FDI has been restricted in the retail sector where as South Asian region is the region of shopkeepers. Hardly 5 per cent of the retailing is in the organized sector and the remaining 95 per cent is unorganized sector. Hence, the biggest issue in South Asia in general and India in particular is whether to allow FDI in the retail sector. Allowing FDI in retail sector would create a plethora of new and modern retailing to the consumers but may generate unemployment to the enormous people in the region. With this back drop, the major objectives of this paper are to highlight the scenario of FDI in retail in South Asia, focusing specifically on India. The paper, as such, is divided into six sections. Section I deals with the introduction. Section II enlists the objectives of the paper to be looked at. Section III deals with the methodology adopted in the study. Section IV highlights FDI scenario in retail sector in South Asian nations. Section V analyses a detailed study of FDI in retail sector in India. Lastly, Section VI includes conclusions that are drawn from the study.
The Australia India Proposed Free Trade Agreement and Trade in Agriculture: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Alam Shawkat , Mukhopadhya Pundarik , Islam Md. Rizwanul
Published: February 2013

In 2007, Australia and India began a joint feasibility study to assess the prospect of an Australia-India Free Trade Agreement (FTA). Agriculture will be a crucial negotiation point in any such FTA. Agriculture is a key sector of the Australian economy, and an important and lucrative export, with more than half of the sector’s output exported. The scope of increased domestic demand in agriculture is limited for a significant segment of the sector. Therefore, sustained growth of the industry requires new export markets to be opened. This paper will analyse the prospects of boosting agricultural exports from Australia via the proposed FTA. This paper will assess the tariff and non-tariff barriers in agriculture in India and critically assess how an FTA could reduce these barriers. The benefits of increased liberalisation of agricultural trade in India will also be discussed to demonstrate the mutually beneficial opportunities that reduced trade barriers could provide.
BITs and Pieces in International Investment Law: Enforcement of Investment Treaty Arbitration Awards in the Non-ICSID States: The Case of India
Authors: Subramanian S. R.
Published: February 2013

The ICSID Convention provides for one of the strongest regimes for enforcement of its awards. Consequently, finality of the ICSID awards was rarely disputed in the past. However, recently, there has been a growing sense of investment awards being subjected to challenge by domestic courts. Moreover, this phenomenon is not only confined to investment disputes arising under the ICSID Convention and even amongst non-ICSID states also, taking advantage of the greater space granted to the national law under the New York Convention, the investment treaty awards are subject to unwarranted challenges at the stage of enforcement of awards. It is in this background, taking India as an example, the paper aims to find out how the international investment awards will be enforced in India and what major legal challenges that it will encounter during the process of recognition and enforcement. For this purpose, the paper closely reviews a number of recent and significant Indian rulings on arbitration and notes that the enforcement of such awards faces a number of challenges including interpretative hurdles, multiple jurisdictional claims and parallel proceedings and extreme judicial delays. It finally suggests that the creation of an exclusive legal mechanism for the enforcement of investment arbitral awards will remove the legal impediments associated with the enforcement of the arbitral awards and bring about the desired changes in the expeditious disposal of enforcement cases.
A Polygon-Based Line-Integral Method for Calculating Vorticity, Divergence, and Deformation from Nonuniform Observations
Authors: Helms Charles N. , Hart Robert E.
Published: February 2013

Traditional observational analysis of derivative-based variables (e.g., vorticity) usually relies on interpolating observations and evaluating spatial derivatives either on a Cartesian grid or on a spherical grid. Great care must be taken in selecting the domain and the interpolation scheme to properly represent the features. There exist a number of alternative methods of calculating such variables by evaluating line integrals on triangular regions according to Green’s theorem. Since these methods rely on only three observations to perform calculations, they are overly sensitive to observations dominated by local phenomena as well as instrument noise. A few studies have attempted to minimize the impact of nonrepresentative or noisy observations by using higher-order polygons, but they have been limited to fitting regular polygons to near-regularly gridded data. The current study describes a new approach to calculating these fields by constructing higher-order polygons from a triangle tessellation and then applying Green’s theorem. Since the polygons are constructed using an automated triangle tessellation, the polygon construction process can proceed without the need for uniformly spaced data. The triangle tessellation employed here is unique for a given set of points, generating easily reproducible results. In addition, this method reduces the impact of noise associated with individual observations with only a minor loss in the length of the resolvable scale. An error analysis of the proposed method shows a large decrease in errors in comparison with purely triangle-based calculations. These improvements are present with a variety of data distributions (random and along research aircraft flight paths) and kinematic variables (vorticity, divergence, and deformation).
Typhoon-Position-Oriented Sensitivity Analysis. Part I: Theory and Verification
Authors: Ito Kosuke , Wu Chun-Chieh
Published: February 2013

A new sensitivity analysis method is proposed for the ensemble prediction system in which a tropical cyclone (TC) position is taken as a metric. Sensitivity is defined as a slope of linear regression (or its approximation) between state variable and a scalar representing the TC position based on ensemble simulation. The experiment results illustrate important regions for ensemble TC track forecast. The typhoon-position-oriented sensitivity analysis (TyPOS) is applied to Typhoon Shanshan (2006) for the verification time of up to 48 h. The sensitivity field of the TC central latitude with respect to the vorticity field obtained from large-scale random initial perturbation is characterized by a horizontally tilted pattern centered at the initial TC position. These sensitivity signals are generally maximized in the middle troposphere and are far more significant than those with respect to the divergence field. The results are consistent with the sensitivity signals obtained from existing methods. The verification experiments indicate that the signals from TyPOS quantitatively reflect an ensemble-mean position change as a response to the initial perturbation. Another experiment with Typhoon Dolphin (2008) demonstrates the long-term analysis of forecast sensitivity up to 96 h. Several additional tests have also been carried out to investigate the dependency among ensemble members, the impacts of using different horizontal grid spacing, and the effectiveness of ensemble-Kalman-filter-based perturbations.
Multiyear Predictions of North Atlantic Hurricane Frequency: Promise and Limitations
Authors: Vecchi Gabriel A. , Msadek Rym , Anderson Whit , Chang You-Soon , Delworth Thomas , Dixon Keith , Gudgel Rich , Rosati Anthony , Stern Bill , Villarini Gabriele , Wittenberg Andrew , Yang Xiasong , Zeng Fanrong , Zhang Rong , Zhang Shaoqing
Published: February 2013

Retrospective predictions of multiyear North Atlantic Ocean hurricane frequency are explored by applying a hybrid statistical–dynamical forecast system to initialized and noninitialized multiyear forecasts of tropical Atlantic and tropical-mean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) from two global climate model forecast systems. By accounting for impacts of initialization and radiative forcing, retrospective predictions of 5- and 9-yr mean tropical Atlantic hurricane frequency show significant correlations relative to a null hypothesis of zero correlation. The retrospective correlations are increased in a two-model average forecast and by using a lagged-ensemble approach, with the two-model ensemble decadal forecasts of hurricane frequency over 1961–2011 yielding correlation coefficients that approach 0.9. These encouraging retrospective multiyear hurricane predictions, however, should be interpreted with care: although initialized forecasts have higher nominal skill than uninitialized ones, the relatively short record and large autocorrelation of the time series limits confidence in distinguishing between the skill caused by external forcing and that added by initialization. The nominal increase in correlation in the initialized forecasts relative to the uninitialized experiments is caused by improved representation of the multiyear tropical Atlantic SST anomalies. The skill in the initialized forecasts comes in large part from the persistence of a mid-1990s shift by the initialized forecasts, rather than from predicting its evolution. Predicting shifts like that observed in 1994/95 remains a critical issue for the success of multiyear forecasts of Atlantic hurricane frequency. The retrospective forecasts highlight the possibility that changes in observing system impact forecast performance.
The Transient versus the Equilibrium Response of Sea Ice to Global Warming
Authors: Li Chao , Notz Dirk , Tietsche Steffen , Marotzke Jochem
Published: February 2013

To examine the long-term stability of Arctic and Antarctic sea ice, idealized simulations are carried out with the climate model ECHAM5/Max Planck Institute Ocean Model (MPI-OM). Atmospheric CO2 concentration is increased over 2000 years from preindustrial levels to quadrupling, is then kept constant for 5940 years, is afterward decreased over 2000 years to preindustrial levels, and is finally kept constant for 3940 years.

Despite these very slow changes, the sea ice response significantly lags behind the CO2 concentration change. This lag, which is caused by the ocean's thermal inertia, implies that the sea ice equilibrium response to increasing CO2 concentration is substantially underestimated by transient simulations. The sea ice response to CO2 concentration change is not truly hysteretic and is in principle reversible.

The authors find no lag in the evolution of Arctic sea ice relative to changes in annual-mean Northern Hemisphere surface temperature. The summer sea ice cover changes linearly with respect to both CO2 concentration and temperature, while the Arctic winter sea ice cover shows a rapid transition to a very low sea ice coverage. This rapid transition of winter sea ice is associated with a sharply enhanced ice–albedo feedback and a sudden onset of convective-cloud feedback in the Arctic.

The Antarctic sea ice cover retreats continuously without any rapid transition during the warming. Compared to Arctic sea ice, Antarctic sea ice shows a much more strongly lagged response to changes in CO2 concentration. It even lags behind the surface temperature change, which is caused by a different response of ocean deep convection during the warming and the cooling periods.
The Failure of Private Regulation
Authors: Yue Lori Qingyuan , Luo Jiao , Ingram Paul
Published: February 2013

In this paper, we develop an account of the failure of private market-governance institutions to maintain market order by highlighting how control of their distributional function by powerful elites limits their regulatory capacity. We examine the New York Clearing House Association (NYCHA), a private market-governance institution among commercial banks in Manhattan that operated from 1853 to 1913. We find that the NYCHA, founded to achieve coordinating benefits among banks and to limit the effect of financial panics, evolved at the turn of the twentieth century into a device for large, elite market players to promote their own interests to the disadvantage of rival groups that were not members. Elites prevented the rest of the market from having equal opportunities to participate in emergency loan programs during bank panics. The elites’ control not only worsened the condition of the rest of the market by allowing non-member banks to fail; it also diminished the influence of the NYCHA and escalated market crises as bank failures spread to member banks. As a result, crises developed to an extent that exceeded the control of the NYCHA and ended up hurting even elites’ own interests. This paper suggests that institutional stability rests on a deliberate balance of interests between different market sectors and that, without such a balance, the distributional function of market-governance institutions plants the seeds of institutional destruction.
Breaking Them in or Eliciting Their Best? Reframing Socialization around Newcomers’ Authentic Self-expression
Authors: Cable Daniel M. , Gino Francesca , Staats Bradley R.
Published: February 2013

Socialization theory has focused on enculturating new employees such that they develop pride in their new organization and internalize its values. We draw on authenticity research to theorize that the initial stage of socialization leads to more effective employment relationships when it instead primarily encourages newcomers to express their personal identities. In a field experiment carried out in a large business process outsourcing company in India, we found that initial socialization focused on personal identity (emphasizing newcomers’ authentic best selves) led to greater customer satisfaction and employee retention after six months than socialization that focused on organizational identity (emphasizing the pride to be gained from organizational affiliation) or the organization’s traditional approach, which focused primarily on skills training. To confirm causation and explore the mechanisms underlying the effects, we replicated the results in a laboratory experiment in a U.S. university. We found that individuals working temporarily as part of a research team were more engaged and satisfied with their work, performed their tasks more effectively, and were less likely to quit when initial socialization focused on personal identity rather than on organizational identity or a control condition. In addition, authentic self-expression mediated these relationships. We call for a new direction in socialization theory that examines how both organizations and employees can benefit by emphasizing newcomers’ authentic best selves.
Inclusion in The Acts of the Apostles
Authors: Davies John D.
Published: February 2013

The Acts of the Apostles is an example of Practice Interpretation – making connections between the Gospel event and our own situation. Pentecost speaks to the situation of the speakers of minority languages, and of those who struggle for the establishing of justice, exemplified in the life of the church in South Africa under apartheid. Acts is the story of the continual inclusion of new groups of people, and of the problems which such inclusion brings. Pivotal events in Acts supply patterns for corporate decision-making. Practice Interpretation of Acts will remind the church that it is a movement before it is an organisation, and that creativity happens at the edge rather than the centre.
The Transformation of Existence: Christ’s Encounter with the Samaritan Woman According to John 4:4-42
Authors: Fotiou Stavros S.
Published: February 2013

Christ’s encounter with the Samaritan woman, as it is told in John 4:4-42, sums up the purpose of the Christian mission. The encounter is about a human being’s positive response to Christ’s call for entrance into the new world of God. Subsequently, the human being experiences harmonious communion with God and fellow humans.
Ronald Williamson and the background of Hebrews
Authors: Barnard Jody A.
Published: February 2013

In 1976 Ronald Williamson published a brief article in the Expository Times suggesting that an early form of Merkavah mysticism best explains some of the distinctive features of Hebrews. The purpose of the present article is to revisit this suggestion in the light of subsequent research, and to set forth a revised and more robust version.
Community Violence Exposure and Adolescent Delinquency
Authors: Chen Pan , Voisin Dexter R. , Jacobson Kristen C.
Published: February 2013

This study examined whether promotive factors (future expectations, family warmth, school attachment, and neighborhood cohesion) moderated relationships between community violence exposure and youth delinquency. Analyses were conducted using N = 2,980 sixth to eighth graders ( Mage = 12.48; 41.1% males) from a racially, ethnically, and socioeconomically diverse sample. After controlling for demographic factors, delinquency was positively associated with community violence exposure and inversely associated with each of the promotive factors. When interaction effects between all promotive factors and community violence exposure were examined simultaneously, only future expectations moderated the relationship between community violence exposure and delinquency. Specifically, community violence exposure had a weaker association with delinquency for youth reporting high versus low levels of future expectations. Results indicate that while promotive factors from family, school, and neighborhood domains are related to lower rates of delinquency, only future expectations served as a protective factor that specifically buffered youth from the risk effects of community violence exposure.
Examining the Interaction between Level of Risk and Dosage of Treatment
Authors: Sperber Kimberly Gentry , Latessa Edward J. , Makarios Matthew D.
Published: February 2013

The risk principle suggests that effective correctional interventions should vary the intensity of treatment by offender risk, with higher risk offenders receiving more intense services than lower risk offenders. Although much research indicates that programs that target higher risk cases are more likely to be effective, relatively little research has examined the impact of varying levels of treatment dosage by risk. Consequently, this study seeks to identify the number of hours of treatment that are necessary to reduce recidivism in a sample of offenders placed in a residential community corrections facility. The sample for this study includes 689 adult male offenders successfully discharged from a Community-Based Correctional Facility in Ohio. The results provide support for providing higher levels of dosage to high-risk offenders, with substantial reductions in recidivism for high-risk offenders receiving 200 or more hours of treatment.
Use of Nonfatal Force on and by Persons With Apparent Mental Disorder in Encounters With Police
Authors: Kesic Dragana , Thomas Stuart D.M. , Ogloff James R.P.
Published: February 2013

Although a number of factors have been examined in relation to their effect on the prevalence and characteristics of police use of force, studies examining whether the person appeared to be mentally ill during the incident are lacking. Police recorded that 306 (7.2%) of the 4,267 people on whom they used force in Victoria, Australia, between 1995 and 2008 appeared to have a mental disorder. This group was more likely to threaten or use weapons on police and to have weapons used or threatened against them by police, as compared to those not deemed by police to be mentally disordered. Increased emphasis on communication and verbal deescalation tactics during police training and practice as well as proactive broader system-level changes should be implemented between police and mental health services to enable more effective management of these incidents to reduce the need to resort to increased use of force to resolve them.
A battle between titans? Rio Tinto and union recognition in Australia’s iron ore industry
Authors: Ellem Bradon
Published: February 2013

In 2010, under pressure from newly unionised rail workers, the multinational mining company Rio Tinto agreed to bargain collectively with a union for the first time in its Australian iron ore operations since 1993. This re-unionisation of part of Rio Tinto was, for unionists, an impressive feat but, in itself, the campaign was familiar enough. What makes this empirically significant is the ‘titanic’ nature of the struggle in this vital sector. Its wider significance lies in a contribution to debate about ‘successful’ campaigns and in highlighting the importance of both national regulation and local context to these outcomes. More broadly still, this successful campaign poses questions about how we relate such episodes to ongoing failures elsewhere.
Companionship in the Neighborhood Context
Authors: Bromell Lea , Cagney Kathleen A.
Published: February 2013

This study investigated the impact of neighborhood social cohesion on the perceived companionship of nearly 1,500 community-dwelling older adults from the Neighborhood, Organization, Aging and Health project (NOAH), a Chicago-based study of older adult well-being in the neighborhood context. We hypothesized that the relationship between neighborhood-level social cohesion and individual residents’ reports of companionship would be more pronounced among those who lived alone than those who resided with others. Controlling for age, gender, education, race, marital status, length of neighborhood residence, and self-rated health, neighborhood social cohesion predicted companionship among those who lived alone; for a one-unit increase in neighborhood social cohesion, the odds of reporting companionship increased by half. In contrast, social cohesion did not predict the companionship of those who resided with others. The results suggest that older adults who live alone particularly profit from the benefits of socially cohesive neighborhood environments.
A voice in the crowd: Broader implications for crowdsourcing translation during crisis
Authors: Sutherlin Gwyneth
Published: February 2013

Both international non-governmental organizations and government actors have embraced the technological union of humans and software, known as crowdsourcing, to manage the flood of information produced during recent crises. However, unlike a business solution, the task of translation is unique during a crisis situation; the costs are human, and the impact is social and political. This paper follows four crises in which different crowdsourcing applications were developed by a range of actors. In each instance, the design approach failed to incorporate the unique circumstances of the conflict context, resulting in a translation application that removed authorship, dissolved intentionality, and shed contextual markers from original sources. This flawed application prevented the original contributors from interacting with the information directly related to their own life-threatening situation, and the information it amassed formed an unsound basis for decision-making by international actors. The associated consequences during: post-earthquake Haiti 2010, Libya and Egypt 2011 and Somalia 2011/12 are intended to provoke process improvement among all stakeholders.
Marginalization processes in science: The controversy about the theory of relativity in the 1920s
Authors: Wazeck Milena
Published: February 2013

In the 1920s, hundreds of pamphlets were published whose authors self-confidently claimed to have refuted the theory of relativity. The opposition to relativity was extraordinarily fierce and lasted years, including not only physicists and philosophers but also scientific laymen. What were the motives of Einstein’s opponents? On what basis was the theory of relativity attacked so vociferously? This article focuses on the emergence of a heterogeneous international network of academic and nonacademic opponents to Einstein in the early 1920s and suggests a theoretical approach for understanding the nature of the controversy about the theory of relativity. I argue that the controversy about the theory of relativity represents a type of controversy that is unresolvable because of the ontological commitments underlying the arguments against academic consensus and the social dynamics of a process of marginalization of proponents of deviant knowledge.
Reconstruction of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus With Autologous Spongiosa Grafts and Autologous Matrix-Induced Chondrogenesis
Authors: Valderrabano Victor , Miska Matthias , Leumann André , Wiewiorski Martin
Published: February 2013

Background:

Osteochondral lesions (OCLs) of the talus are a common entity in sports orthopaedics. There are several operative techniques with a good outcome on follow-up examinations. However, limitations such as sacrificing healthy cartilage (osteochondral autograft transfer system [OATS], mosaicplasty), multiple-stage operative procedures (matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte transplantation [MACI], autologous chondrocyte implantation [ACI]), high costs (ACI, allograft), and limited availability (allograft) do remain and reflect potential drawbacks of the currently used techniques.

Purpose:

To describe a novel operative technique for the treatment of OCLs of the talus in the form of an economically efficient, 1-step procedure combining OCL debridement, spongiosaplasty, and sealing of the OCL area with a collagen matrix.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

Twenty-six patients underwent surgery receiving a modified autologous matrix-induced chondrogenesis (AMIC)–aided repair of OCLs of the talus consisting of debridement, autologous grafting, and sealing of the defect with a collagen scaffold. Ligament repair was performed in 17 of 26 cases. A corrective calcaneal osteotomy was performed in 16 of 26 cases. Clinical and radiological assessment was performed before and a minimum of 24 months after surgery (mean, 31 months; range, 24-54 months). Clinical examination included the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle score and the visual analog scale (VAS) for pain. Radiological imaging included single-photon emission computed tomography–computed tomography (SPECT-CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The magnetic resonance observation of cartilage repair tissue (MOCART) score was applied, and sport activity was documented.

Results:

The AOFAS ankle score improved significantly from a mean of 60 points preoperatively (range, 17-79 points) to 89 points (range, 61-100 points) postoperatively ( P < .01). The preoperative pain score averaged 5 (range, 2-8), improving to an average of 1.6 (range, 0-7) postoperatively ( P < .01). The MOCART score for cartilage repair tissue on postoperative MRI averaged 62 points (range, 20-95 points). Complete filling of the defect at the level of the surrounding cartilage was found in 35%, and complete filling with a hypertrophic cartilage layer was found in 50% of the patients. Normal signal intensity of the repair tissue compared with the adjacent native cartilage was seen in 15%, with nearly normal activity in 69%. Nineteen patients (73%) participated in sports before the onset of symptoms compared with 3 (12%) at the time of surgery. The number increased to 16 patients (62%) at postoperative follow-up.

Conclusion:

The modified AMIC procedure is safe for the treatment of OCLs in the ankle with overall good clinical and MRI results.
A Computerized Standard Protocol Order Entry for Pediatric Inpatient Acute Seizure Emergencies Reduces Time to Treatment
Authors: Xie Yi , Morgan Robin , Schiff Linda , Hannah Debbie , Wheless James
Published: February 2013

Time to treatment of seizures is critical to efficacy. We performed a quality initiative and evaluated time to treatment of inpatient seizure emergencies with first- and second-line medicines before and after implementation of a computerized, standard treatment protocol. Data from 125 patients revealed that 179 seizure episodes required first-line antiepileptic drugs, and the mean time to treatment was 7.72 minutes. In 87 episodes, patients (49%) received the drugs within 5 minutes. Forty-six episodes required second-line drugs. In 17 (37%), patients received them within 30 minutes (mean 49.48 minutes). After implementation of the protocol, the mean time to treatment with first-line drugs was 3.74 minutes, a reduction of >50% ( P < .0001). The mean time to treatment with second-line drugs was 25.05 minutes, a reduction of ∼50% ( P < .0001). This effective model for reducing the time to treatment of seizure emergencies may be useful to similar institutions.
The Paradox of a Gender-Balanced Workforce
Authors: Fahlgren Siv
Published: February 2013

Through a study of the narratives and practices in a gender-balanced social worksite, this article identifies institutionalized gender normalization processes. In the tales, the social workers told of their work, they reiterated the value of a gender-balanced workforce, together with the ideal of a gender-neutral profession. This view made it hard for the workers to see the ways in which the gender order they were involved in reproduces a gendered hierarchy in which male social workers are accorded greater value and an increased space of action, while female social workers and femininity are characterized by shortcomings when compared to men.
Elderly Persons and Internet Use
Authors: Ramón-Jerónimo María A. , Peral-Peral Begoña , Arenas-Gaitán Jorge
Published: February 2013

The inclusion of the elderly in the digital era could positively impact their social and economic welfare. However, their level of Internet use is relatively low in Spain compared to other sectors of the population. The present study aims to explain the Internet use in this segment, capturing the heterogeneity across gender in the technology acceptance model (TAM). A sample of 492 individuals over 50 years old has been analyzed using the multigroup approach of structural equations models. The results show that although TAM is suitable for studying the phenomenon, it is necessary to consider how the gender gap in the Internet use development is real for seniors. Contrary to previous results that pointed to a greater importance of the ease of use for women than men among Internet users, male elders seem to perceive more usefulness due to higher levels of ease of use than woman. This ease of use is also better explained by the level of enjoyment for males. All these results point to unique gender differences for older adults in their Internet use.
Making the cut
Authors: Millard Chris
Published: February 2013

‘Deliberate self-harm’, ‘self-mutilation’ and ‘self-injury’ are just some of the terms used to describe one of the most prominent issues in British mental health policy in recent years. This article demonstrates that contemporary literature on ‘self-harm’ produces this phenomenon (to varying extents) around two key characteristics. First, this behaviour is predominantly performed by those identified as female. Second, this behaviour primarily involves cutting the skin. These constitutive characteristics are traced back to a corpus of literature produced in the 1960s and 1970s in North American psychiatric inpatient institutions; analysis shows how pre-1960 works were substantially different. Finally, these gendered and behavioural assertions are shown to be the result of historically specific processes of exclusion and emphasis.
Whose account matters? A challenge to feminist psychologists
Authors: Hornstein Gail A
Published: February 2013

Most critiques and commentaries concerning the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) focus on the expanding scope of the system, on particular categories of disorder, or on unwarranted claims about the biological bases of symptoms embedded in DSM descriptions. In contrast, this essay focuses on phenomenology, the subjective experiences of those supposedly being categorized by this whole framework. In addition to allowing us to see extreme states and unusual perceptions, thoughts, actions, and feelings with fresh eyes – from the perspective of the distressed person’s own categories and explanations – a phenomenological approach forces us to confront important ethical and political issues often ignored in discussions of diagnosis and treatment. Feminist psychologists in particular need to think more deeply about these issues, to avoid taking untenable moral positions and violating core assumptions about the right to define one’s own experience.