bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementing a community-level intervention to control hypertensive disorders in pregnancy using village health workers: lessons learned
Authors: Shobo Olukolade George , Okoro Anselm , Okolo Magdalene , Longtoe Peter , Omale Isaac , Ofiemu Endurance , Anyanti Jennifer
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy result in about 76,000 maternal deaths per year worldwide. Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia cause the most deaths. Interventions for managing these disorders are available in health facilities. We assess the effect of monitoring pregnant women’s blood pressure (BP) in their homes using village health workers (VHWs) equipped with a BP-measuring device on hypertension in pregnancy, in a resource-poor setting. Also, we assess the VHWs’ competence with the BP device, acceptability and appropriateness of the intervention, and factors that affect the implementation of the intervention.

Method

This is a mixed method study comprising quantitative and qualitative data collection. We implemented the intervention over 6 months across three local government areas in Gombe state, northeast Nigeria. The Replicating Effective Program (REP) framework guided the development of the implementation strategy. The quantitative data include routine measurement of pregnant women’s blood pressure and observation of 118 VHW-client interactions. The routine data collection occurred between February and June 2019, and the observation occurred in January and June 2019. The qualitative data collection occurred via six focus group discussions with VHWs and ten in-depth interviews with community health extension workers in June 2019. We analyzed the data from the quantitative arm with SPSS version 23. For the qualitative arm, we transcribed the audio files, coded the texts, and categorized them using thematic analysis.

Result

Nine thousand pregnant women were recruited into the program. We observed a significant reduction in the prevalence of hypertension in pregnancy from 1.5 to 0.8% (Z = 4.04; p < 0.00001) after starting the program. Also, we found that VHWs can assess pregnant women’s BP using a semi-automatic BP-measuring device. The intervention is acceptable and appropriate in resource-poor settings. Poor payment of VHW stipend and cooperation of local health staff are barriers to sustaining the intervention.

Conclusion

In resource-poor settings, health systems can train and equip non-technical people to identify and refer cases of high blood pressure in pregnancy to local health facilities on time. This may contribute to reducing maternal mortality and morbidity in these settings.
A new generalized stiffness reduction method for 2D/2.5D frequency-domain seismic wave modeling in viscoelastic anisotropic media
Authors: Yang Qingjie , Zhou Bing , Riahi Mohamed Kamel , Al-khaleel Mohammad
Published: October 2020

In frequency-domain seismic wave modeling, absorbing artificial reflections is crucial to obtain accurate numerical solutions. We have determined that, in viscoelastic anisotropic media (VEAM), the most popular absorbing boundary techniques, such as the perfectly matched layer and the generalized stiffness reduction method (GSRM), fail. Then, we develop a new version of the GSRM and incorporate it into a 2D/2.5D spectral element method. We find with extensive nontrivial numerical experiments that the new GSRM exhibits excellent features of simple and efficient implementation, while handling free-surface and subsurface interface topography. Furthermore, we find that sampling the positive wavenumber range is an efficient strategy to compute the 3D wavefield in arbitrary 2D VEAM, and the new version takes full advantage of the symmetry/antisymmetry of the wavefield. The new GSRM removes artificial reflections by damping the real and imaginary viscoelastic moduli in different ways. The wavefields in two vertically transverse isotropic and one orthorhombic viscoelastic homogeneous models are compared with the corresponding analytical solutions to show the high accuracy performance of the new GSRM. Finally, a complex 2D geologic model with irregular free-surface and subinterface is considered to present the modeling technique and its adaptation capacity for complex 2D VEAM.
Cannibalization and sealing of deepwater reservoirs by mass-transport complexes — The Jubilee field, Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Cardona Sebastian , Wood Lesli , Moscardelli Lorena , Dunlap Dallas
Published: October 2020

Mass-transport complexes (MTCs) are important stratigraphic elements in many deepwater basins. In hydrocarbon exploration, MTCs have traditionally been identified as seals although they can also act as migration pathways or cannibalize and compartmentalize adjacent reservoirs. Although the ever-improving resolution of seismic data has enhanced the knowledge about these deposits (e.g., geometry, distribution), at present the potential of MTCs to act as top and/or lateral seals is difficult to predict predrilling and few case studies are publicly available. The key objective here is to present examples of seismically resolvable characteristics of two MTCs in the Jubilee gas field, offshore Gulf of Mexico: one of the MTCs cannibalized part of the reservoir, and the other acted as the top seal. The Jubilee field is an area where the ability of MTCs to act as a top seal has been proven — the field produced approximately 205 billion cubic feet of natural gas until abandonment in 2016. When evaluating the sealing potential of MTCs, seismic interpretation can offer a powerful technique to identify indicators of hydrocarbon leakage. Additionally, mass flows that form MTCs can be highly erosive and cannibalize underlying reservoir deposits, which increase reservoir heterogeneity that can lead to compartmentalization. Our results indicate that the seal MTC in the Jubilee field is a detached MTC and that the translational morphodomain overlies the gas accumulation. Consequently, when predicting the seal potential of MTCs from seismic data, it is important to determine (1) the type of MTC (i.e., attached versus detached), (2) the specific MTC morphodomain overlying the hydrocarbon accumulation/prospect (i.e., the headwall, translational, or toe morphodomains), and (3) the presence of seismic indicators of fluid migration pathways (e.g., gas chimneys, pockmarks, etc.). These results shed some light on the present challenges of predicting the seal potential of MTCs in frontier basins around the world.
Fabric and internal architecture of Permian Basin turbidites indicated by unsupervised machine learning analysis of P-P and SV-P images
Authors: Hardage Bob , Smith Tom , Sava Diana , Wang Yi , Roden Rocky , Jones Gary , Stanley Sarah
Published: October 2020

The Permian Basin of west Texas spans two major subbasins — the Midland Basin and the Delaware Basin. Both basins contain Wolfcampian- to Leonardian-age turbidites that form thick sections of prolific unconventional reservoirs. For the past several years, the most active drilling targets in the United States have been the Wolfberry turbidite interval of the Midland Basin and the Wolfbone turbidite interval in the Delaware Basin. We have used two new technologies to examine the internal architecture and fabric of a thick interval of these unconventional drilling targets with seismic reflection seismology. First, we used seismic interpretation software that uses unsupervised machine learning (ML), so that a higher level of detail could be extracted from seismic images. Second, we complemented our P-P imaging of Wolfberry turbidites with a new seismic imaging option, that being SV-P (or converted-P) imaging. Because vertical vibrators, particularly arrays of vertical vibrators, produce downgoing P and downgoing SV illuminating wavefields, SV-P reflections can usually be extracted from the same vertical-geophone responses as are P-P reflections. The combination of these two images essentially doubles the amount of information that can be extracted from data generated by P sources and recorded with vertical geophones. SV-P imaging with P sources has been ignored by reflection seismologists for decades, so we felt an obligation to illustrate the value of this ignored seismic mode. These two new tools — SV-P imaging and interpreting P-P and SV-P images via unsupervised ML — expanded our insights into the internal architecture and fabric of Wolfberry turbidites. Our work provides interpreters a much-needed example of applying unsupervised ML technology in a joint interpretation of P- and S-wave data.
Patterns of recent deformation of the western Maracaibo block, northern Colombia and western Venezuela, based on integration of geomorphic indices with regional geology
Authors: Sanchez Javier , Mann Paul
Published: October 2020

The Maracaibo block is a triangular, continental tectonic terrane that includes two isolated Andean ranges of northern Colombia and western Venezuela: the Sierra de Santa Marta Massif (SSMM; maximum elevation 5700 m) in the west and the Perija Range (PR; 3600 m) to the east. The Cesar-Rancheria Basin (CRB) is an intermontane basin that separates the two ranges. To establish patterns of recent deformation of this elevated region and to infer its tectonic mechanism, we have integrated the following results: (1) analysis of 350 stream profiles and calculations of geomorphic indices, including stream length-gradient (SL) index, ratio of valley-floor width to valley height (VF), and hysometric curves for 20 watersheds in both ranges and (2) interpretation of three seismic reflection profiles within the CRB and adjacent areas. We determine that the northeastern part of the SSMM is tectonically quiescent based on its concave stream profiles, low geomorphic indices, and few vertical-step knickpoints. In comparison, we find that the central, southern, and eastern parts of the SSMM show tectonic uplift and recent fault control based on slope-break knickpoints and values in steepness and geomorphic indices with possible additional controls from lithologies of varying erosional resistance. Correlations between steepness, SL indices, slope-break knickpoints, and topographic elevations of the SSMM and central PR all indicate recent deformation of these areas. We use seismic reflection profiles from the eastern part of the CRB to confirm the existence of late Quaternary faulting and folding in these geomorphologically active areas. We propose that active, southeastward shallow (approximately 10°–15°) subduction of the Caribbean plate along the base of the South American continental crust produces active crustal deformation within the southern and eastern SSMM. The central PR and eastern CRB are also being deformed by active strike-slip faults.
Measuring the Exercise Component of Energy Availability during Arduous Training in Women
Authors: Gifford Robert M. , Greeves Julie P. , Wardle Sophie L. , O’Leary Thomas J. , Double Rebecca L. , Venables Michelle , Boos Christopher , Langford Joss , Woods David R. , Reynolds Rebecca M.
Published: October 2020

Introduction

Low energy availability (EA) may impede adaptation to exercise, suppressing reproductive function and bone turnover. Exercise energy expenditure (EEE) measurements lack definition and consistency. This study aimed to compare EA measured from moderate and vigorous physical activity from accelerometry (EEEmpva) with EA from total physical activity (EEEtpa) from doubly labeled water in women. The secondary aim was to determine the relationship of EA with physical fitness, body composition by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, heart rate variability (HRV), and eating behavior (Brief Eating Disorder in Athletes Questionnaire [BEDA-Q]).

Methods

This was a prospective, repeated-measures study, assessing EA measures and training adaptation during 11-month basic military training. Forty-seven women (23.9 ± 2.6 yr) completed three consecutive 10-d assessments of EEEmvpa, EEEtpa, and energy intake (EI). EA measures were compared using linear regression and Bland–Altman analyses; relationships of EA with fat mass, HRV, 1.5-mile run times, and BEDA-Q were evaluated using partial correlations.

Results

EA from EEEmvpa demonstrated strong agreement with EA from EEEtpa across the measurement range (R
2 = 0.76, r = 0.87, P < 0.001) and was higher by 10 kcal·kg−1 FFM·d−1. However, EA was low in absolute terms because of underreported EI. Higher EA was associated with improved 1.5-mile run time (r = 0.28, P < 0.001), fat mass loss (r = 0.38, P < 0.001), and lower BEDA-Q score (r = −0.37, P < 0.001) but not HRV (all P > 0.10).

Conclusion

Accelerometry-based EEE demonstrated validity against doubly labeled water during multistressor training, the difference representing 10 kcal·kg−1 FFM·d−1 EEE from nonexercise activity. Beneficial physical but not autonomic adaptations were associated with higher EA. EAmvpa and BEDA-Q warrant consideration for low EA assessment and screening.
Eggshell membrane for DNA sexing of the endangered Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo)
Authors: Yuda Pramana , Saputra Andie Wijaya
Published: October 2020

Background: Noninvasive DNA sampling has been applied across many avian genetic studies for a variety of purposes including conservation and management of endangered birds. However, its application in megapodes is still lacking. The previous genetic studies on megapodes used either blood or fresh tissue. Here we present the first demonstration of the use of eggshell membrane for research on endangered Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo). 

Methods: We used 24 post-hatched eggshell membranes collected from two different sites, Tambun and Tanjung Binerean, in North Sulawesi, 12 samples in each. Two different DNA extraction methods: alkaline lysis method and gSYNCTM DNA Extraction Kit were applied.  To determine the sex of Maleo, we utilized PCR-based DNA sexing using CHD genes, with the primer set 2550F/2718R. 

Results: We successfully extracted all samples; the mean sample concentration was 267.5 ng/µl (range 47–510.5 ng/µl) and samples were of high purity (A260/280 ratio 1.85±0.03). All samples were used to successfully identified sexes, 9 females and 15 males. 

Conclusions: Our research clearly illustrates that eggshell membranes can be used for DNA sexing and open the possibility to build noninvasive DNA collections over large spatial scales for population study of endangered birds.
Children's literature
Authors: PERVOVA GALINA
Published: October 2020

The textbook presents the theory of children's literature, describes the history of interaction between children's reading and literature in Russia, and raises the problems of including works of mythology, folklore, and various genres of literature in the circle of children's reading.
The materials are intended for teachers of children's literature, students of higher educational institutions, teachers of primary education.
The Commute Trip-Sharing Problem
Authors: Hasan Mohd. Hafiz , Van Hentenryck Pascal , Legrain Antoine
Published: October 2020

Parking pressure has been steadily increasing in cities as well as on university and corporate campuses. To relieve this pressure, this paper studies a carpooling platform that would match riders and drivers while guaranteeing a ride back and exploiting spatial and temporal locality. In particular, the paper formalizes the commute trip-sharing problem (CTSP) to find a routing plan that maximizes ride sharing for a set of commute trips. The CTSP is a generalization of the vehicle routing problem with routes that satisfy time-window, capacity, pairing, precedence, ride-duration, and driver constraints. The paper introduces two exact algorithms for the CTSP: a route-enumeration algorithm and a branch-and-price algorithm. Experimental results show that on a high-fidelity real-world data set of commute trips from a midsize city, both algorithms optimally solve small and medium-sized problems and produce high-quality solutions for larger problem instances. The results show that carpooling, if widely adopted, has the potential to reduce vehicle usage by up to 57% and decrease vehicle miles traveled by up to 46% while incurring only a 22% increase in average ride time per commuter for the trips considered.
ANÁLISE DA SUSCEPTIBILIDADE À DESERTIFICAÇÃO EM AMBIENTE DE CAATINGA
Authors: Pereira Anderson De Jesus , Oliveira Junior Israel de , Lobão Jocimara Souza Britto
Published: October 2020

A susceptibilidade ambiental indica a probabilidade de fragilidade natural em relação à determinadas problemáticas ambientais, como as relacionadas à desertificação. Por este estudo, objetivou-se identificar as áreas susceptíveis à desertificação em ambientes da caatinga, tendo como escala de análise os municípios de Canudos e Jeremoabo, localizados no norte do estado da Bahia. Aplicou-se a lógica fuzzy para a integração de dados físico-ambientais (litologia, solos e variáveis do relevo) e elaboração da modelagem de susceptibilidade. O índice topográfico de umidade, declividade, plano e perfil de curvatura do relevo foram extraídos do modelo digital de terreno (MDT) e compuseram as variáveis do relevo. Após a elaboração e análise do cenário ambiental, constatou-se que 13% do território em estudo correspondem à susceptibilidade severa e a susceptibilidade alta a 15%, e ambas se encontram em relevos ondulados, forte-ondulados e montanhosos, em ambientes de médio-baixo e baixo índice topográfico de umidade. Nos municípios, destacam-se a susceptibilidade média, a qual é superior a 40%. Os dados oriundos da modelagem demonstram a necessidade de realizar um planejamento eficaz de uso do solo, a fim de evitar ou reduzir os processos de degradação ambiental do bioma caatinga, por meio da adoção de práticas conservacionistas no tocante de combater ações que desencadeiem a erosão acelerada, fator do processo de desertificação.
CONTEÚDOS E SIGNIFICADOS DA SEGREGAÇÃO SOCIOESPACIAL EM IMPERATRIZ-MA: UMA ANÁLISE A PARTIR DA POLÍTICA HABITACIONAL DIFUNDIDA NO CONJUNTO HABITACIONAL ITAMAR GUARÁ I
Authors: Silva Kaio De Moura , Sousa Jailson De Macedo
Published: October 2020

Neste artigo são abordados elementos da configuração da política habitacional desenvolvida na cidade de Imperatriz-MA. Este estudo visa refletir sobre os significados da política de habitação difundida por meio do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida – PMCMV – no conjunto habitacional Itamar Guará I, implantado nesta cidade no ano de 2012 e suas relações com a segregação socioespacial urbana. Em primeiro momento é destacado como reflexão, a intensificação do processo de urbanização no Brasil que se apresentou de modo complexo, promovendo uma série de problemas sociais, dentre eles, destaca-se a falta de moradia. Em seguida, fez-se um breve contexto da evolução das políticas habitacionais no Brasil, dando ênfase ao PMCMV e suas contradições. Do ponto de vista metodológico, as reflexões aqui realizadas se baseiam nas abordagens marxista e qualitativa e se ampararam na adoção do método dialético, considerando a construção contraditória do espaço urbano na cidade capitalista contemporânea. Utilizamos ainda para a coleta de dados a observação simples e a realização de entrevistas semiestruturadas com os moradores do conjunto habitacional Itamar Guará I.
Two brief group interventions for individuals with tinnitus in Israel
Authors: Martz Erin , Chesney Margaret A , Livneh Hanoch , Ungar Omer J , Harel Saar , Terracini Dor , Oron Yahav
Published: October 2020

Background/Aims

Subjective tinnitus is a common impairment throughout the world and typically cannot be cured. Coping strategies are cognitive, affective, and behavioural approaches for managing stressors like tinnitus. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of two brief interventions on coping and tinnitus-related distress.

Methods

A total of 45 individuals with tinnitus in Israel were allocated into one of three groups: acceptance and commitment therapy, coping effectiveness training, or a waitlist control group. Outcomes were assessed at three time points by the Brief Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced scale and the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory, a measure of tinnitus-related distress.

Results

There was a significant difference among the groups on post-intervention Tinnitus Handicap Inventory assessment, but not on coping, when controlling for baseline scores. Pairwise comparisons indicated that the coping effectiveness training group scored significantly lower on the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory than the waitlist control group.

Conclusions

While the results are promising, a larger study is needed to further explore the efficacy of the brief coping effectiveness training intervention.
Alexandre el Gran i els surrealistes grecs: relectures d'un personatge històric i mític
Authors: Badell Giralt Helena
Published: October 2020

Aquest article estudia el tractament de l’Antiguitat en Andreas Embirikos i Nikos Engonópulos a través de la figura d’Alexandre el Gran, especialment interessant per les dimensions mítiques que adquirí a Orient i a Occident. En el folklore grec, és el protagonista d’una multitud de llegendes i mites, i en la historiografia, des del començament del segle XIX i sobretot a partir de Paparrigópulos, esdevé un element clau del relat de la “continuïtat” (συνέχεια) que uneix els grecs actuals a l’Antiguitat, integrant-hi l’època hel·lenística, la romana i la bizantina. A través de l’anàlisi de la figura d’Alexandre en els dos autors, es posa en pràctica la lectura dels usos de la tradició per presentar la seva originalitat i la seva visió alternativa del passat. Embirikos utilitza elements de la biografia d’Alexandre per desenvolupar narrativament problemàtiques i conceptes psicoanalítics, com també del relat de Paparrigópulos per a la projecció de la seva utopia de futur, i Engonópulos mostra el convencionalisme de la tradició establerta alhora que fa d’Alexandre un emblema de la seva visió heteròclita del passat.
Aprendre la literatura clàssica a través de l'art: l'obra de l’artista i il·lustrador Joma
Authors: Camps Gaset Montserrat
Published: October 2020

L’il·lustrador Joma (Josep M. Rius Ortigosa) ha utilitzat molt sovint la literatura clàssica en les seves obres. Fa anys va il·lustrar la Ilíada i l’Odissea en vinyetes publicades a La Vanguardia, i darrerament ha tingut iniciatives innovadores com les d’organitzar “sopars de l’Odissea”, en què ha unit dibuix, paraula i gastronomia, o representacions de les Metamorfosis d’Ovidi que combinen el text, la il·lustració i la música. Aborda aquestes iniciatives amb esperit crític que, en el món de l’ensenyament, es pot utilitzar amb èxit, combinant disciplines diferents com són la música, la literatura, el llatí i el grec i l’art plàstica.
Geometry and kinematics of the Baza Fault (central Betic Cordillera, South Spain): insights into its seismic potential
Authors: Medina-Cascales I. , Martin-Rojas I. , García-Tortosa F.J. , Peláez J.A. , Alfaro P.
Published: October 2020

The geometry and kinematics of active faults have a significant impact on their seismic potential. In this work, a structural characterization of the active Baza Fault (central Betic Cordillera, southern Spain) combining surface and subsurface data is presented. Two sectors are defined based on their surface geometry: a northern sector striking N–S to NNW–SSE with a narrow damage zone and a southern sector striking NW–SE with a wide damage zone. A kinematic analysis shows pure normal fault kinematics along most of the fault. Geometric differences between the northern and southern sectors are caused by i) a heterogeneous basement controlling the fault geometry at depth and in the cover; ii) different orientations of the Baza Fault in the basement with respect to the regional extension direction and iii) interaction with other active faults. We use this structural characterization to analyse the segmentation of the Baza Fault. According to segmentation criteria, the entire Baza Fault should be considered a single fault seismogenic segment. Consequently, the seismic potential of the fault is defined for a complete rupture. Magnitude for the Mmax event is calculated using several scale relationships, obtaining values ranging between Mw 6.6 and Mw 7.1. Recurrence times range between approximately 2,000 and 2,200 years for Mmax events and between 5,300 and 5,400 years for palaeo-events. A geodetic scenario modelled for an Mmax event of Mw 6.7 shows permanent vertical displacements of more than 0.40m and an overall WSW–ENE extension during entire ruptures of the Baza Fault.
The building stone of the Roman city of Lixus (NW Morocco): provenance, petrography and petrophysical characterization
Authors: Ajanaf T. , Gómez Grás D. , Navarro A. , Martín-Martín J.D. , Rosell J.R. , Maate A.
Published: October 2020

The characterization of building materials is a key tool to assess deterioration processes and improve potential restoration works of archaeological sites. The aim of this paper is to identify and characterize the most important building stones used in the construction of the Roman city of Lixus (Larache, Morocco) by means of petrographic and petrophysical techniques. Based on the visual analysis of the monuments, three major building stones (i.e. lithotypes) have been identified: i) Oligocene sandstones, ii) Quaternary sandstones and iii) Quaternary conglomerates. Based on the analysis of the regional geology and exploitation marks, these three lithotypes have been recognised to crop out in the surroundings of Lixus and the quarries, presumably Roman in origin, recognized. The Oligocene sandstone is the primary building stone in Lixus as it forms and crops out extensively in the Tchemmis hill, at the top of which the city is settled. The Quaternary sandstones and conglomerates, which represent nearshore deposits and eolianites, crop out along the Atlantic coast where they form part of the cliffs next to Larache. Petrographic results indicate that lithotypes differ notably in grain size, ratio of detrital to allochemical components, and the configuration of their porous system. Mechanical analysis shows that the Oligocene sandstones are more resistant to compression than the Quaternary sandstones and conglomerates, the latter exhibiting relatively low compressive strength. The Oligocene sandstones, which display scarce porosity and permeability, show a hydric behaviour characterized by a very low degree of absorption and desorption water, likely resulting from a poor connectivity of the pore network. Contrary to the latter lithotype, the Quaternary sandstones, which exhibit very high porosity and permeability, display a hydric behaviour characterized by high degree of both absorption and desorption of water. This is attributed to the low degree of cementation compared to porosity of this lithotype and the excellent connectivity of the porous network. Finally, Oligocene and Quaternary sandstones do not show a significant weight loss after the accelerated artificial aging test, indicating that both are slightly affected by salt crystallization and presumably ice formation. Results indicate that the relatively fine state of conservation of the building rocks of Lixus is linked to intrinsic factors such as mineralogy and petrophysical characteristics together with the favourable effect of the climatic condition of the study area.
Prevalence and Correlates of Work Experiences Among High School Students on the Autism Spectrum
Authors: Roux Anne M. , Rast Jessica E. , Garfield Tamara , Anderson Kristy A. , Shattuck Paul T.
Published: October 2020

This study used nationally representative data to describe the prevalence and correlates of work experiences among high school students with autism who received special education. Four in tenstudents with autism experienced any type of work (community-based, school-sponsored, paid or unpaid) within a given year—significantly fewer than peers with and without disabilities. Rates of paid work among students with autism were comparable to students with intellectual disability (ID)but half the rate of non-special education peers. Among youth with autism, significant correlates of having work experiences included being white, parent participation in transition planning, and functional skills including navigation. Fostering a variety of early work experiences should be a key goal of disability employment policy at federal and state levels.
Fast hologram generation method based on the optimal segmentation of a sub-CGH
Authors: Li Yi-Long , Wang Di , Li Nan-Nan , Wang Qiong-Hua
Published: October 2020

In this paper, a fast hologram generation method is proposed based on the optimal segmentation of a sub-computer-generated-hologram (sub-CGH). The relationship between the pixels on the hologram and the corresponding reconstructed image is calculated firstly. Secondly, the sub-CGH corresponding to the object point from the recorded object is optimized and divided into the optimized diffraction area and the invalid diffraction area. Then, the optimized diffraction area of the sub-CGH for each object point is pre-calculated and saved. Finally, the final hologram can be generated by superimposing all the sub-CGHs. With the proposed method, the calculation time for the final hologram can be significantly reduced and the quality of the reconstructed image is not affected. Moreover, the proposed method has the advantages of perspective enlargement compared with the traditional method, and the experiment results verify its feasibility.
Compensating deep focusing distortion for femtosecond laser inscription of low-loss optical waveguides
Authors: Alimohammadian Ehsan , Liu Sifan , Salehizadeh Mohammad , Li Jianzhao , Herman Peter
Published: October 2020

Various beam shaping approaches were examined to counter the negative influence of surface aberration arising when inscribing optical waveguides deeply inside of glass with a femtosecond laser. Aberration correction was found unable to completely recover the low-loss waveguide properties, prompting a comprehensive examination of waveguides formed with focused Gaussian–Bessel beams. Diverging conical phase fronts are presented as a hybrid means of partial aberration correction to improve insertion loss and a new, to the best of our knowledge, means of asymmetric beam shaping. In this way, low-loss waveguides are presented over shallow to deep writing depth (2.8 mm) where morphological and modal properties could be further tuned with conical phase front.
Deep-tissue label-free quantitative optical tomography
Authors: van der Horst Jelle , Trull Anna K. , Kalkman Jeroen
Published: October 2020

In vivo imaging of small animals is of wide interest to the biomedical community studying biological disease and developmental processes. However, optical imaging deep in tissue is severely limited by light scattering, posing restrictions on the imaging depth, image contrast, and spatial resolution. We demonstrate optical coherence projection tomography (OCPT) as a fast three-dimensional optical imaging technique for ballistic, non-scattered light, deep-tissue imaging. OCPT is based on a novel scanning transmission sample arm to rapidly measure ballistic light projections of amplitude and phase through thick biological tissues. We demonstrate the strength of OCPT by imaging an adult zebrafish in a total volume of

1000

m
m

3

acquired in 24 min. We achieve an unprecedented imaging depth of 4 mm in biological tissue without using optical clearing (up to 27 mean free paths of photon transport). A new way of analyzing optical tomographic imaging depth is demonstrated and applied to OCPT. It shows that the strong light scattering suppression in OCPT is pivotal to reach the SNR limited imaging depth. OCPT allows for a full quantitative assessment of tissue parameters, which is demonstrated by quantifying the attenuation coefficient, refractive index, surface area, and volume of various organs deep inside the zebrafish. Our work opens up the way for longitudinal in vivo small animal studies from the larval to the adult stages.
Knocking on America's door. Basque Foreign Politics in the US during the Spanish Civil War and the Second World War (1936-1945)
Authors: Mota Zurdo David
Published: October 2020

Este artículo analiza la denominada estrategia atlantista y cómo fue puesta en práctica por el Gobierno Vasco en el exilio a través de dos grandes etapas: por un lado, las actividades de la delegación del Gobierno Vasco en Nueva York durante la Guerra Civil española, atendiendo a su origen, composición, actuación y relación con instituciones norteamericanas como la National Catholic Welfare Conference (NCWC), el Departamento de Estado y sus diferentes agencias. Y, por otro, se estudian las labores de lobbying vascas durante la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Un periodo clave, pues, como se verá en las siguientes páginas, durante aquellos años se produjo una colaboración efectiva entre las instituciones vascas y las agencias estadounidenses de la Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs (CIAA), la Office of Coordinator of Information (COI), la Office of Strategic Services (OSS) y el Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).
Effect of the bovine TG5 gene polymorphism on milk- and meat-producing ability
Authors: Dolmatova I. , Sedykh T. , Valitov F. , Gizatullin R. , Khaziev D. , Kharlamov A.
Published: October 2020

Aim: This study aimed to determine the effect of thyroglobulin (TG5) gene polymorphism on milk and meat productivity in the various cattle breeds currently bred in the Republic of Bashkortostan.

Materials and Methods: The test was performed on dairy cattle of Black-and-White, Bestuzhev, and Simmental breeds, and meat cattle of Hereford and limousine breeds. The purpose of the test was to search for associations between the polymorphic alleles of the thyroglobulin (TG5) gene and economically useful traits.

Results: All studied breeds showed a frequency predominance of the TG5C allele (from 0.56 to 0.71). A clear trend of an effect of the genotypes of the TG5 gene on milk-productivity indicators was revealed; cows with the TG5TT genotype have the highest milk yield and fat content in milk. The milk of cows of Bestuzhev and Simmental breeds that possessed this genotype was also characterized by higher protein content.

Conclusion: We identified an effect of the polymorphism of the TG5 gene in the Hereford and limousine breeds on fat metabolism intensity indicators, such as fat output and fat content, in the longissimus muscle and in the general sample of ground beef.
Concomitant Sarcina-Associated Erosive Esophagitis and Refractory Helicobacter pylori Gastritis
Authors: Chan Matthew , Jain Deepanshu , Minimo Corrado , Platt Alison
Published: October 2020

For unclear reasons, there has been an increasing number of reported cases of Sarcina infections in the gastrointestinal tract over the past several years. Associated clinical conditions with the infection most commonly include delayed gastric emptying from diabetes mellitus, a history of previous gastrointestinal surgery, and ulcer disease. The precise pathogenetic role of Sarcina infection in humans remains unclear. Because of the ubiquitous environmental presence of Sarcina and limited previously reported clinical cases, the link between symptoms along with endoscopic findings to Sarcina can be associative at best. When found in the upper GI tract, the decision to treat along with the chosen regimen remains debatable. Sarcina, however, has rarely been seen in the esophagus. We report the third case of Sarcina of the esophagus associated with Helicobacter pylori gastritis.
Le reportage immersif : une expérience paradoxale du réel et de la vérité ?
Authors: Toursel Angelina , Useille Philippe
Published: October 2020

En quoi le reportage immersif propose-il une expérience paradoxale de la réalité et de la vérité dans un contexte marqué par une crise de confiance à l’encontre des médias ? L’immersion appliquée au journalisme propose au spectateur une expérience subjective de l’information qui associerait émotion, présence et transparence. Les journalistes qui y recourent espèrent que le public se sentira ainsi plus concerné, plus engagé. Mais, à sa manière, le journalisme immersif va au-delà et agirait comme un mode de véridiction qui interroge notre rapport à la réalité à l’ère dite de la « post-vérité ».
The Social Foundations of Structural Power: Strategic Position, Worker Unity and External Alliances in the Making of the Chilean Dockworker Movement
Authors: Fox-Hodess Katy , Santibáñez Rebolledo Camilo
Published: October 2020

This article examines the associational and societal foundations of structural power. A case studyof the ten-year-long history of the Unión Portuaria de Chile is analysed with a focus on a criticaljuncture in 2012–2014. The Chilean dockworker case is an emblematic example of trade unionmovement revitalisation via strikes of strategically positioned workers. Yet ethnographic researchwith the organisation suggests that the role it has come to play in the country was only possible asa result of intensive long-term organising efforts to develop a high degree of internal unity atmultiple scales, as well as sustained alliances with external actors. As a result, the authors argue thatthe most economistic accounts of worker power and trade union movement revitalisation areanalytically insufficient and would benefit from greater attention to associational and societaldimensions of power, even among the most strategically positioned workers.KEYWORDS: trade union revitalisation; structural power; associational power; strategic position; dockworkers
Worker Organisation in Precarious Times: Abandoning Trade Union Fetishism, Rediscovering Class
Authors: Atzeni Maurizio
Published: October 2020

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The Importance of the Foot and Ankle in Athletic Performance
Authors: LaPlaca David A. , Seedman Joel
Published: October 2020

Many strength and conditioning specialists prescribe exercises that use the major extensor muscles in the leg and thigh to help their athletes develop lower-body strength and power. Although this is important, an often neglected focus is specifically using and training the foot and ankle, which has shown to affect athletic performance. The purpose of this article is to: (a) provide the reader with researched information on how the foot and ankle impact athletic performance, and (b) provide practical applications for how to improve the function of the foot and ankle.
Reelin-Nrp1 Interaction Regulates Neocortical Dendrite Development in a Context-Specific Manner
Authors: Kohno Takao , Ishii Keisuke , Hirota Yuki , Honda Takao , Makino Makoto , Kawasaki Takahiko , Nakajima Kazunori , Hattori Mitsuharu
Published: October 2020

Reelin plays versatile roles in neocortical development. The C-terminal region (CTR) of Reelin is required for the correct formation of the superficial structure of the neocortex; however, the mechanisms by which this position-specific effect occurs remain largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that Reelin with an intact CTR binds to neuropilin-1 (Nrp1), a transmembrane protein. Both male and female mice were used. Nrp1 is localized with very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR), a canonical Reelin receptor, in the superficial layers of the developing neocortex. It forms a complex with VLDLR, and this interaction is modulated by the alternative splicing of VLDLR. Reelin with an intact CTR binds more strongly to the VLDLR/Nrp1 complex than to VLDLR alone. Knockdown of Nrp1 in neurons leads to the accumulation of Dab1 protein. Since the degradation of Dab1 is induced by Reelin signaling, it is suggested that Nrp1 augments Reelin signaling. The interaction between Reelin and Nrp1 is required for normal dendritic development in superficial-layer neurons. All of these characteristics of Reelin are abrogated by proteolytic processing of the six C-terminal amino acid residues of Reelin (0.17% of the whole protein). Therefore, Nrp1 is a coreceptor molecule for Reelin and, together with the proteolytic processing of Reelin, can account for context-specific Reelin function in brain development.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTReelin often exhibits a context-dependent function during brain development; however, its underlying mechanism is not well understood. We found that neuropilin-1 (Nrp1) specifically binds to the CTR of Reelin and acts as a coreceptor for very-low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDLR). The Nrp1/VLDLR complex is localized in the superficial layers of the neocortex, and its interaction with Reelin is essential for proper dendritic development in superficial-layer neurons. This study provides the first mechanistic evidence of the context-specific function of Reelin (>3400 residues) regulated by the C-terminal residues and Nrp1, a component of the canonical Reelin receptor complex.
The Empowerment Paradox
Authors: Kelly Orla
Published: October 2020

An extensive literature is dedicated to examining the proliferation of private sector-led, market-based approaches to address gender inequality. Drawing on insights from feminist environmentalism and environmental sociology, I explore how and why this phenomenon is connected to the environmental crisis. First, I analyze the World Bank’s gender strategy papers for 2001–2023. I highlight the organization's role in entrenching a neoliberal discourse of women's empowerment that erases socio-ecological contexts. Next, I provide an overview of Project Shakti, a women’s empowerment program run by Hindustan Unilever, a subsidiary of the Unilever conglomerate and a corporate partner of the World Bank. Secondary data on program outcomes show that the organization’s selective use of gendered ideologies has increased HUL's rural market share. On the other hand, the benefits for participants are less clear, particularly when considered in the context of the program’s social and environmental footprint. Finally, I present the Exxon Mobil's Foundation's gender portfolio to illustrate how exclusive networks and non-participatory program evaluations have been used by private sector actors to normalize an understanding of women's wellbeing that is devoid of environmental considerations. Together, these cases illustrate how feminist ideals have been used to support elite economic agendas with high environmental costs, while also marginalizing those who seek sustainable development through systemic reform. This phenomenon exacerbates an environmental crisis that disproportionately affects the people these programs purport to empower.
Predicting Intelligibility: An Investigation of Speech Sound Accuracy in Childhood Apraxia of Speech
Authors: Kyra Skoog  , Maas Edwin
Published: October 2020

Background: Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a pediatric speech disorder that significantly affects communication and life participation. Most CAS treatment research uses speech accuracy as primary outcome measure, on the assumption that accuracy predicts communicative success. However, this relationship has not yet been examined in this population, limiting our understanding of the impact of available treatments.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between speech accuracy and intelligibility in children with CAS. Intelligibility is defined here as the proportion of words correctly understood by an unfamiliar listener.

Methods: Adult listeners, who were unfamiliar with children with CAS, listened to recordings of children with CAS producing single words, and typed what they heard the child say. Separately, and prior to the listening experiment, the children’s words were scored for accuracy using various measures, including the percent phonemes (sounds) correct (PPC), percent consonants correct (PCC), and percent vowels correct (PVC). The relationship between these accuracy measures and intelligibility were examined descriptively.

Results: Preliminary findings suggest that there is a positive relationship between intelligibility and PPC and PCC in children with CAS. Conclusions: Implications of these findings for clinical practice as well as future treatment research are discussed.
The effect of low-level laser therapy on quality of life in postmastectomy lymphedema patients
Authors: Turgay Türkan , Denkçeken Tuba
Published: October 2020

Introduction: In this study, the aim was to evaluate the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on quality of life in postmastectomy lymphedema (PML) patients.

Methods: Twenty-four female patients diagnosed with PML were included in the study. Demographic features, disease and lymphedema duration, cancer type, cancer stage, operation type, radiotherapy and chemotherapy history, lymphedematous and dominant extremity, and body mass index (BMI) were recorded. LLLT was applied to the affected limb as 904 nm, 1.5 Joule/cm2, three days a week for a total of 8 weeks. Quality of life assessment, lymphedema severity, and lymphedema staging was performed to measure effectiveness before and after treatment. Patients with lymphedema not associated with breast cancer and/or primary lymphedema, ongoing radiotherapy, metastatic high-grade breast cancer, acute infection, and deep vein thrombosis were excluded from the study.

Results: Modified radical mastectomy was reported in 18 patients; total mastectomy and sentinel lymph node biopsy were reported in 6 patients. Of the patients, 45.8% were stage 3, and 54.2% were stage 2. Of the patients, 95.8% had a history of chemotherapy and 83% of radiotherapy after surgery. In this study, following LLLT, improvement of lymphedema stage and severity were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.05). In the evaluation of lymphedema quality of life, there was a statistically significant improvement in parameters including function, appearance, clinical symptoms, and overall quality of life (p < 0.05). However, no improvement was observed in the emotional state parameter (p > 0.05). 

Conclusion: Thus, LLLT is a safe treatment method that increases the quality of life in breast cancerrelated lymphedema patients.
Biodiversidad marina de Costa Rica: Crustacea: Decapoda (Penaeoidea, Sergestoidea, Caridea, Astacidea, Thalassinidea, Palinura) del Pacífico
Authors: Vargas Rita , Cortés Jorge
Published: October 2020

En el Pacífico de Costa Rica se ha encontrado 1 1 7 especies de camarones y langostas. Estas se ubican en el Suborden Dendrobranchiata (Penaeoidea. 25 spp.; Sergestoidea, ¡ sp.); y en el Suborden Pleocyemata (Caridea, 73 spp.; Astacidea, 1 sp; Thalassínidea, l3 spp. y Palínura, 4 spp.). Veintisiete especies (23%) son nuevos infomes para Costa Rica. Cinco informes representan ampliaciones de ámbito, tres de importancia: Pontonia simplex (HoIthuis, 1 9 5 1 ) se extiende la distribución desde la bahía Tenacatitán, México hasta bahía Culebra, Guanacaste; Veleronia serratifrons (Holthuis, 1 95 1 ) se ampiia la distribución al norte desde La Libertad, Ecuador hasta Sámara, Guanacaste y Axiopsis serratifrons (A. Milne Edwards, 1 873) también al norte desde la isla Gorgona, Colombia hasta bahía Culebra, Guanacaste. Nueve especies fueron descritas con material recolectado en Costa Rica y dos son endémicas. 43% de las especies de camarones del Pacífico este se encuentran en la costa Pacífica de Costa Rica. El total de especies indicado aquíes probablemente una subestimación de la diversidad de estos grupos en el Pacífico de Costa Rica.
The male of Nancyana curva (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from southeastern Brazil
Authors: Nova Coelho Luci Oba
Published: October 2020

The adult male of Nancyana curva is described and illustrated for the first time, based on four specimens from the states of Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais. Male diagnostic characters inelude the presence of a pair of inner projections on the dorsal lobe of the pygofer, and a dorsal pair of short subapical processes on the aedeagus. The female color pattem is similar to that of male, with dark brown bands on torax not so elear.
Cría de murciélago en la dieta de Trachops cirrhosus (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) en Costa Rica
Authors: Arias Vernun , Villalobos Federico , Mora José M
Published: October 2020

Trachops cirrhosus, una de las 33 especies de la subfamilia PhyIlostominae (Wilson & Reeder 1993), se distribuye desde el sur de México hasta Bolivia y el sureste de Brasil (Emmons 1990).