bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GENETICS OF LUPINUS VIII. VARIATIONS IN THE OCCURRENCE OF ALKALOIDS IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF LUPINUS NANUS
Authors: Mankinen C. B. , Harding James , Elliott Mathilde
Published: April 2006

Extensive variation was observed for alkaloids in Lupinus nanus. Of the nine alkaloids studied, one was always present, one was nearly always present, one was nearly always absent, and the occurrence of the remaining six was extremely variable. There was little divergence between four geographic subspecies. All populations exhibited polymorphisms for at least two alkaloids. The average number of polymorphisms per population was approximately 4.5 or 50 percent of alkaloids studied. The highest number was found in L. nanus ssp latifolius and the smallest number in L. nanus ssp apricus. The high frequency of some alkaloids suggests natural selection. Alkaloid number 9 was found in all plants throughout all populations of the four subspecies examined. Methods for measuring divergence of populations from subspecies profiles in terms of alkaloid frequencies were developed. Estimates indicated that marginal populations often diverged more from subspecies profiles than did central populations. Methods for measuring population variance were developed and estimates often indicated that central populations were more variable than marginal populations. But these generalizations were not without exception.
DADOXYLON ANNULATUM DAWSON IST NICHT DADOXYLON ANULATUM FRENTZEN
Authors: Schroeder Kurt
Published: April 2006

Dadoxylon annulatum Dawson is based on material obscured by the state of preservation. Frentzen, however, describes material in terms referring to a true species clearly distinguishable, also anatomically from the Dawson material.
SWARTZ'S CONTRIBUTIONS TO WEST INDIAN BOTANY
Authors: Stearn William T.
Published: April 2006

This paper brings together information about Swartz's travels in Jamaica, which have hitherto been obscure, and about his four major works concerned with West Indian plants.
THE TAXONOMY AND NOMENCLATURE OF SOME ASIATIC SPECIES OF MURDANNIA (COMMELINACEAE): THE IDENTITY OF COMMELINA MEDICA LOUR. AND COMMELINA TUBEROSA LOUR.
Authors: Faden Robert B.
Published: April 2006

The taxonomic and nomenclatural history of Commelina medica Lour. and C. tuberosa Lour. is outlined and Loureiro's diagnostic characters are presented. The three tuberous‐rooted, scapose Murdannia species from Indochina and south China are described. A complete synonymy is provided for each one and each in turn compared with Loureiro's descriptions of C. medica and C. tuberosa. Murdannia medica, as recently interpreted, is found to have been correctly associated with C. medica. The combinations M. spectabilis and M. edulis are made for the species usually called M. loureirii and M. scapiflora, respectively. The former species usually has been associated with C. tuberosa Lour., but the latter is shown to be Loureiro's plant. Aneilema azureum, A. loureirii β. horsfieldii, A. platyphyllum and A. multiscaposum are placed in synonymy for the first time. Murdannia medica and M. spectabilis are found to be closely related to each other but not to M. edulis. The first two are related to M. vaginata because of shared unusual inflorescence and floral morphologies. A new section Vaginatae is described for these three species. The relationships of M. edulis are not established with certainty, but this species must be placed in section Murdannia.
LEGUMINOSAE SUBFAMILY PAPILIONOIDEAE
Authors: Isely Duane , Polhill Roger
Published: April 2006

This paper is an historical resume of names that have been used for the group of legumes whose members have papilionoid flowers. When this taxon is treated as a subfamily, the prefix “Papilion‐”, with various terminations, has predominated. We propose conservation of Papilionoideae as an alternative to Faboideae, coeval with the “unique” conservation of Papilionaceae at the family rank.
NOTES ON TWO LINNAEAN SPECIES OF SOLANUM (SOLANACEAE)
Authors: Nee Michael
Published: April 2006

The identity of Solanum verbascifolium L. is established as that of an uncommon species of Solanum subgen. Leptostemonum of the Bahamas, Florida Keys and the Yucatan Peninsula previously known as S. blodgettii Chapm. or S. donianum Walp. Solanum laurifolium L.f., a later homonym of S. laurifolium Mill., is a species of Cordia in the Boraginaceae.
COMMENTS ON THE TYPIFICATION OF TWO LINNAEAN SPECIES OF PHLOX (POLEMONIACEAE)
Authors: Reveal James L. , Broome C. Rose , Brown Melvin L. , Frick George F.
Published: April 2006

The lectotype of Phlox ovata L., a Plukenet illustration proposed by Wherry (1955), is shown to be based on a specimen of Ruellia caroliniensis (Walter) Steudel (Acanthaceae). This lectotypification must stand even though specimens of P. ovata were present in the Linnaean Herbarium. Wherry considered the two elements and purposefully selected a Plukenet illustration as the type of the species. The Allegheny Phlox must now be called P. latifolia Michx. Also, the type of P. setacea L. is shown not to be a synonym of P. subulata L. var. subulata, but representative of the southern phase which Wherry (1929) called var. australis. The type of P. setacea is probably a John Banister collection from Virginia. The name, P. subulata var. setacea (L.) Brand (1907) has priority over var. australis Wherry.
NUMERICAL TAXONOMIC ANALYSES OF ALLOZYMIC VARIATION IN CAPSICUM (SOLANACEAE)
Authors: Jensen Richard J. , McLeod Michael J. , Eshbaugh W. Hardy , Guttman Sheldon I.
Published: April 2006

Starch gel electrophoresis has been employed to produce allozyme profiles of 966 individual plants representing twelve morphologically defined domestic and wild taxa of Capsicum. A total of 63 alleles representing 23 enzyme loci has been recognized. These alleles were used as characters in numerical taxonomic analyses, by way of cluster analysis and principal coordinates analysis, of patterns of variation within and between these taxa. The results demonstrate that in some cases there is good agreement between morphological and allozymic patterns of variation while in other cases there is little such agreement. The major groups of taxa, i.e., the white‐flowered and purple‐flowered groups, are easily discernible but there are problems within these groups. For example, C. pubescens is easily separable from C. cardenasii and C. eximium yet the latter two are indistinguishable. The same pattern is noted, although not so clearly, in the C. baccatum‐C. praetermissum complex. Whereas these two taxa can be separated, the two varieties (baccatum and pendulum) of C. baccatum cannot. Additionally, there is complete overlap among the members of what may be called the C. annuum complex, i.e., C. annuum v. annuum, C. a. v. aviculare, C. chinense, and C. frutescens. Finally, the inclusion of two other wild taxa, C. chacoense and C. tovari, permits speculation on the systematic relationships between these taxa and the other wild and domestic taxa.
ADDENDA ON THOMAS WALTER (c. 1740–1789)
Authors: Ewan Joseph
Published: April 2006

Walter's handwriting, illustrated here, is unrecorded. Though William Bartram must have known Walter, evidently John Fraser, who delivered Walter's Flora to the printer, did not visit Bartram's home, as did Michaux, and a stream of botanical visitors. Michaux may have visited Walter's plantation.
TECHNICAL AIDS FOR SYSTEMATIC BOTANY II: NEW ADHESIVES
Authors: Tillett Stephen S.
Published: April 2006

The use of methyl cellulose, and “hot‐melt glue” in the mounting of herbarium specimens is described.
STRUCTURAL VALUE: A CONCEPT USED IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF TAXONOMIC CLASSIFICATIONS
Authors: McNeill J.
Published: April 2006

The number of hierarchical clustering methods now available in numerical taxonomy is such as to be capable of yielding a bewilderingly large number of dendrograms. Moreover, mathematical criteria for choice of method have met with limited acceptance. The construction of dendrograms, whether on phenetic, eclectic, or cladistic principles, is not, however, the entire process of classification. Although both dendrograms and hierarchical classifications are ultrametric representations of relationship, the latter are always rank‐defined while the former may be defined on continuous distances. Even rank‐defined dendrograms are often so complex in terms of ranks and branching points (nodes) as to be unacceptable in practice as taxonomic classifications. In such cases a process of simplification is necessary beyond that involved in the ultrametric transformation. Although methods exist for assessing best ultrametric transformation, little consideration has been given to the subsequent simplification process. In this paper the criteria used by taxonomists in determining whether a classification shows an acceptable degree of simplification (e.g., by the compression or splitting of a dendrogram) are analysed. The extent to which a classification meets these criteria is termed its structural value. Psychological research has shown that the hierarchical organisation of stimuli aids memory and that the number of stimuli that can readily be considered at one time shows an upper limit of about five to seven. Hierarchical classification subdivides large groups into mentally more manageable ones (‘leaflets’ of a hierarchical tree) and it is suggested that the fewer additional taxa (nodes) and additional ranks required to do this, the higher the structural value. A structural value statistic (V) is developed which is the one‐complement of a loss function with terms representing the extent to which the leaflet sizes (nij) nodes (T) and ranks (r) are in excess. In the simplest case, where a is the desired leaflet size and T∗ and r∗ are the consequent ‘best’ number of nodes and ranks (not necessarily integral), the structural value of a classification of N basic taxa can be expressed as

calculated only over ni j > a, r > r∗, T > T∗. The structural value statistic is applied to a number of hypothetical situations and to a range of published classifications dating from 1753 to 1976. It is suggested that the statistic, which is essentially independent of the data used in assessing similarity, supplements the existing data‐dependent criteria for determining the quality of a classification and serves to specify more precisely one aspect of the hierarchical classificatory process.
INDIAN PODOPHYLLUM: IS IT PODOPHYLLUM EMODI OR PODOPHYLLUM HEXANDRUM?
Authors: Soejarto Djaja D. , Faden Robert B. , Farnsworth Norman R.
Published: April 2006

The source of Indian Podophyllum is variously referred to as Podophyllum emodi Wall. or P. hexandrum Royle. The latter is shown to be the earliest available name for this taxon.
PARENTHETICAL AUTHORITIES AFTER SUPRAGENERIC NAMES
Authors: Darwin Steven P.
Published: April 2006

Proposals are made to revise the Code (Article 19.6, Article 49, and Article 61) relating to author citation of suprageneric taxa.
ON MNIUM TRICHOMANIS LINNAEUS (HEPATOPHYTA)
Authors: Stotler Raymond Eugene , Crotz Darrell Keith
Published: April 2006

The initial use of the name Mnium in the generic sense contained not only species of mosses but two liverworts as well, namely, M. trichomanis L. and M.fissum L. These hepatic species, now regarded as validly published in accordance with the I.C.B.N., have long been recognized as segregates within the genus Calypogeja Raddi. Although lectotypes had been selected for these two taxa sometime ago, those specimens are at odds with the original protologue of Linnaeus and must be superseded. Further, study of authentic specimens of the taxa in question reveals that neither name has been used in the sense of the original author and they are proposed here as nomina rejicienda under Art. 69. If rejected, a new name would be needed to accommodate those elements previously referred to as Calypogeja fissa sensu Raddi et auct. div. which is unequivocally shown to be the equivalent of M. trichomanis L. Additionally C. fissa sensu the Linnaean basionym, is shown to be conspecific with C. arguta Mont. et Nees which could then replace C. fissa as the earliest legitimate name available. Calypogeja trichomanis sensu Müller and modern authors is regarded as a species nova (C. azurea Stotl. et Crotz) since it cannot be correlated with any previous legitimate name.
ON IMPROVING THE INFORMATIONAL CONTENT OF DISTRIBUTION DOT MAPS
Authors: Henry R. D. , Scott A. R.
Published: April 2006

It is suggested that the use of annotated dots on plant distribution maps can provide more accurate information concerning species status in a flora.
TYPIFICATION OF PODOPHYLLUM HEXANDRUM ROYLE
Authors: Soejarto D. D. , Greenwood B. D. , Lauener L. A. , Farnsworth N. R.
Published: April 2006

Roylean Podophyllum specimens mounted on sheet no. 13/1 in deposit at the Merseyside County Museums (LIV), Liverpool (Great Britain), has been identified and designated as the lectotype of Podophyllum hexandrum Royle.
POLYCLAVE KEYING WITH ONE CARD PER CHARACTER
Authors: Sinnott Quinn P.
Published: April 2006

A modified polyclave keying method is described which employs one card per character rather than character state. This can allow a great reduction in the total number of cards required for keying, along with a lessened need to keep the cards carefully sorted. This allows practical field use of the key. The keying deck is an attribute type with up to 78 taxa and 10 character states or 156 taxa and 5 character states per card. Identifications are made by overlapping the character cards on an identification board. Additional cards or decks are required when the number of character states is greater than 10 (or five in the 156 taxa version) or the number of taxa exceeds 78 (156 in the larger version).
THE IDENTITY OF STIPA COLUMBIANA MACOUN AND S. VIRIDULA VAR. MINOR VASEY (GRAMINEAE, STIPEAE): A REBUTTAL
Authors: Barkworth Mary E. , Maze Jack
Published: April 2006

The characteristics of the lectotype of Stipa columbiana Macoun are reviewed in detail and shown to include those generally considered diagnostic of the species S. lemmonii (Vasey) Scribner but not those diagnostic of S. columbiana auct. Thus the name S. columbiana Macoun must either be rejected, as proposed earlier or, because it has priority, applied to the species now known as S. lemmonii. The characteristics of the lectotype of S. viridula var. minor Vasey, which is the basionym of S. occidentalis var. minor (Vasey) C. L. Hitchc., are also reviewed and shown to demonstrate that the specimen belongs to S. lettermanii Vasey, not S. columbiana auct.
NOTE AU SUJET DE CULCASIA SCANDEMS PAL. BEAUV. (ARACEAE) … CET INCONNU
Authors: Letouzey R. , Ntepe C.
Published: April 2006

Cette note est la recherche du type réel de cette espèce, ce qui a inévitablement conduit à des investigations historiques dont les points d'interrogation ne sont pas exclus: les études antérieures, en particulier de SCHOTT. d'ENGLER et de HEPPER, ont à ce jour mené à des interprétations différentes et litigieuses et à une connaissance imparfaite de la répartition géographique de ce taxon. Le travail effectué ici doit permettre de reprendre le problème de cette espèce, sur des bases plus certaines.
THE MASCULINE GENDER OF THE GENERIC NAME STYRAX LINNAEUS (STYRACACEAE)
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. , Steyskal George C.
Published: April 2006

Botanists have used Styrax in all genders. The etymology of Styrax, the problems with its classical and dictionary genders, and arguments for and against the various botanical genders are evaluated. We find that the Linnaean adoption of neuter was a simple error, the use of feminine has only theoretical justification and that masculine gender best fits the wording of our present (Botanical) Code for Styrax, as well as Panax.
NOMENCLATURAL NOTES ON DRYOPTERIS ADANS.
Authors: Fraser‐Jenkins C. R. , Jermy A. C.
Published: April 2006

Dryopteris oreades Fomin replaces the name D. abbreviata (DC.) Newman for one of the sexual diploid species in the D. filix‐mas (L.) Schott aggregate on two main grounds. First, the original concept of de Candolle was not that of the sexual diploid taxon; however the actual identity of de Candolle's taxon, though probably D. pseudomas (Wollaston) Holub & Pouzar, is open to considerable doubt and cannot now be ascertained. Various interpretations have been followed with a preponderance in favour of its incorrect application to the sexual diploid taxon. Thus the name Polystichum abbreviatum DC. has become a long‐persistent source of error and it should be regarded as a nomen ambiguum. Secondly, the taxon P. abbreviatum DC. was accepted in Dryopteris by Newman at varietal rank only and he did not make the combination D. abbreviata (DC.) Newm. so frequently attributed to him. Moreover the combination can no longer be made because of the publication of D. abbreviata (Schrad.) O. Kuntze (1891), based on Aspidium abbreviatum Schrader, an unrelated taxon.
EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF THE OLD WORLD LUPINES
Authors: Plitmann Uzi
Published: April 2006

About twelve species of Lupinus are centered in the Mediterranean and North African parts of the Old World. They show limited morphologocal polymorphism, but they are diverse in other ways. The group as a whole features three unique characteristics of evolutionary significance: (a) a special geographical distribution, disjunct from the main center in America, with allopatric rough‐seeded and partially sympatric smooth‐seeded species; (b) karyotype polymorphism, with at least seven different chromosome numbers, none of which has been encountered in the New World; (c) systematic disassociation, by which most species are taxonomically unrelated and genetically isolated.

This cyto‐geographical complex pattern and systematic divergence are best understood on the assumption that a few lupines of various origins migrated by means of long‐range dispersal from their primary center in North America during the Neogene. The migrations were repeated quite haphazardly.

Rough‐seeded migrules were established in NW Africa, while smooth‐seeded ones arrived at the Mediterranean, probably later on.

During the Miocene lupine populations spread and diverged along the Mediterranean and in Africa north of the equator, succeeding the Tethyan flora.

Their present eco‐geographical distribution is the outcome of both climatic and edaphic changes during the Quaternary, combined with the impact of human activities from the Pleistocene on. Whereas the evolution of Lupinus in the New World has been enhanced by processes such as ecological differentiation and intensive hybridization, that of the Old World lupines has been inhibited owing to rapidly increasing aridity and civilization. The main changes in the gene pool of wild populations could be caused by disruptive differentiation, i.e., occasional hybridization and subsequent intergradations with escaped or neglected, sporadically domesticated strains.
LUPINUS HEPTAPHYLLUS (VELLOSO) HASSLER VS. LUPINUS HILARIANUS BENTHAM
Authors: Dunn David B. , Planchuelo Ana Maria
Published: April 2006

The arguments are presented concluding that the names Lupinus hilarianus Benth. and Cytisus heptaphyllus Velloso were applied to very different material and certainly do not belong to the same species. It is concluded that C. heptaphyllus does not belong in the genus Lupinus. It is questionable whether the name fits any of the species currently known for allied genera. Article 63 prohibits the use of L. hilarianus, so the next name published which applies to specimens of the species involved, Lupinus gibertianus C. P. Smith, must be accepted.
THE ORIGIN OF LAND PLANTS: A NEW LOOK AT AN OLD PROBLEM
Authors: Lowry Brian , Lee David , Hébant Charles
Published: April 2006

Although current ideas on evolution of the earth's atmosphere vary widely, it seems certain that when plants first invaded the land habitat they were exposed to solar ultraviolet radiation more intense than that found today. We suggest that an early obvious protective adaptation would be the accumulation of substituted cinnamic acids from the deamination of aromatic amino acids. If so, by making possible a diverse range of phenylpropanoid biochemistry, including the synthesis of lignin, this initial adaptation would have exerted a profound effect on the course of higher plant evolution.
TYPIFICATION OF THE LINNAEAN SPECIES OF HYDROPHYLLUM L. (HYDROPHYLLACEAE)
Authors: Beckmann Robert L.
Published: April 2006

The nomenclatural history of Hydrophyllum L. (Hydrophyllaceae) is traced through pre‐Linnaean and Linnaean literature. Typification of the two Linnaean species, H. virginianum and H. canadense, is considered, and lectotypes are designated.
L'EVOLUTION PSEUDOCYCLIQUE DES PLANTULES DES EUPHORBIACEAE
Authors: Verdus M. C.
Published: April 2006

Pour déterminer les voies évolutives générales des plantules de la Famille des Euphorbiaceae, les germinations de 131 espèces ont été obtenues. Les caractères plantulaires ont été étudiés, spécialement la forme et la taille des cotylédons, ainsi que la structure et le trajet des faisceaux vasculaires dans les différentes parties de la plantule.

En corrélation avec l'évolution des adultes (essentiellement connue d'après les travaux de Pax, Pax et Hoffmann, Hutchinson il est démontré que la taille des cotylédons évolue de façon pseudocyclique, c'est‐à‐dire que les tailles réduites des cotylédons des Phyllantheae (primitives) sont suivies par l'accroissement de la taille jusqu'aux grands cotylédons de Jatropha curcas (stade évolué), et décroissent ensuite (phase surévoluée: Euphorbia); c'est un retour apparent au type ancestral. Ce pseudocycle est corrélé avec l'évolution pseudocyclique des structures vasculaires des plantules; les Euphorbiaceae ont d'arbord 4 faisceaux hypocotylaires (type Phyllanthus), puis 8 (type Bischoffia), et ensuite leur nombre diminue à 6 (type Euphorbia hexafasciculaire) et finalement 4 (type Euphorbia tétrafasciculaire). D'autres exemples typiques d'évolution pseudocyclique ayant été trouvés (d'après Gaussen ce mécanisme phylogénétique semble avoir une certaine signification générale. Les plantules d'Euphorbia (pour les 4 sections étudiées) montrent un pseudocycle réduit inclus dans celui de la famille.
RECENT WORK ON THE HERBARIUM OF JOHN FORBES ROYLE (1799‐1858) AT MERSEYSIDE COUNTY MUSEUM (LIV.)
Authors: Harrison Stephen
Published: April 2006

The personal herbarium of John Forbes Royle, who collected plants in the Himalayas, was rediscovered in 1952 as part of a donation to the City of Liverpool Museums. Recent work on the herbarium has shown that these specimens were examined by some of the leading botanists of Royle's period, and that they found new species in the collection, many of which were described and published.

This paper reports this recent work and includes a revised list of Type Specimens contained in the herbarium.
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS AND THEIR CYTOTAXONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE FOR NORTH AMERICAN ASTRAGALUS (FABACEAE)
Authors: Spellenberg Richard
Published: April 2006

This study presents 126 original reports of chromosome numbers for 101 taxa of North American Astragalus; 46 are the first records for species. Chromosome numbers are now known from at least one count for slightly more than 40 % of the North American species; on a world wide basis about 80% of the species are still unknown from a single count. This study supports earlier work demonstrating the basic division between Old World species, including their close New World relatives (x = 8, euploidy common), and strictly New World lineages (x = 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, euploidy rare). Two euploids of New World relationship, A. layneae Greene and A. pictiformis Barneby, are added to the long known A. grayi Parry ex Wats.; all are 2n = 44. The number 2n = 30 is reported for the first time in New World species, being recorded for A. guatemalensis Hemsl., A. radicans Hornm., A. ervoides H. & A., A. parvus Hemsl., and A. diphacus Wats. All are Mexican species; some are considered primitive, others advanced. The chromosome number 2n = 22 is also reported for primitive species. It is proposed, therefore, that the New World species originated from a tetraploid of 2n = 32 or a hypotetraploid, evolutionary radiation in some lineages concommitant with descending aneuploidy, in other lineages with little or no change in number.
REDUCTION OF DIMENSIONALITY FOR HEURISTIC PURPOSES
Authors: Baum Bernard R.
Published: April 2006

Interpretation of numerical results in analysis of relationships between OTU's or between variables is profitably achieved when the Q or R matrix can be reduced in dimensionality. An approach is proposed, viz. transformation of the elements of the matrix such that the first few eigenvalues much increase relative to others while minimizing distortion of the matrix, for the cases when eigenvalues computed from such a matrix gradually decrease.

A numerical example is given using the transformation Yij = Xijn
COBALT AND NICKEL UPTAKE BY THE NYSSACEAE
Authors: Brooks Robert R. , McCleave Judith A. , Schofield Eileen K.
Published: April 2006

Herbarium specimens (375) of species of Nyssa, Camptotheca and Davidia were analyzed for cobalt and nickel. All species of Nyssa (4 from the United States and 2 from Southeast Asia) possessed a marked ability to accumulate cobalt not only in absolute terms but also relative to nickel.

The mean cobalt contents of the species were sufficiently different to allow differentiation of many pairs of species. It was concluded that all species of Nyssa could be used for assessing the cobalt status of soils. Camptotheca acuminata showed a much lower uptake of cobalt than Nyssa species but this uptake was still considerably higher than in most other plants and strengthened the case for inclusion of Camptotheca in the Nyssaceae. Davidia involucrata showed no capability for accumulating cobalt to a level exceeding normal background for most vegetation: thus strengthening arguments that it should be excluded from the Nyssaceae.
VARIATION AND DISTRIBUTION: A NEW BROMELIAD TAXON FROM ECUADOR
Authors: Gilmartin A. J.
Published: April 2006

Numerical taxonomic and classical methods are used to describe a pattern of variation within a cosmopolitan species of epiphytic bromeliad. Two distinct assemblages were recognized and each of their geographic distributions include a wide range of partially interdigitating habitats. The typical subspecies is largely coastal but ranges up the slopes of the andes. The new subspecies is mostly andean. The Massenerhebung or mountain mass effect is considered partly responsible for its distribution on isolated cerros among the hills of the coastal plains and at higher elevations within the western cordillera of the andes.
THE AUTHORITY AND DATE OF PUBLICATION OF THE GENUS CASUARINA AND ITS TYPE SPECIES
Authors: Früs Ib
Published: April 2006

It is shown that the name Casuarina equisetifolia was validly published by Linnaeus in 1759. The genus was treated as monotypic, based on a plate in Rumphius' Herbarium Amboinense, and the authority of the genus is therefore also to be attributed to Linnaeus. Rumphius' name for the species, Casuarina litorea, was not accepted by Linnaeus.
ROLLINSIA, A NEW GENUS OF CRUCIFERAE FROM MEXICO
Authors: Al‐Shehbaz Ihsan A.
Published: April 2006

The new genus Rollinsia is described and its relationships and position within the tribe Thelypodieae is discussed. A single species, R. paysonii, is recognized.
CHARLES DARWIN'S NOTES ON PLANTS OF THE BEAGLE VOYAGE
Authors: Porter Duncan M.
Published: April 2006

Darwin's notes on his plants collected on the voyage of H.M.S.Beagle(1831‐36) have been misplaced since the mid‐19th century. Unavailability of the notes has caused problems with the identification of his plants, and has fostered a lack of appreciation in the botanical aspects of the voyage. I report here on their rediscovery at the Cambridge University Herbarium, along with notes on the plants by J. S. Henslow and J. D. Hooker. Comparison of the Plant Notes with those for the groups of animals collected shows that they were compiled for the specialists who were to identify the specimens involved.
ZUM PROBLEM DER DEFINITION TAXONOMISCHER KATEGORIEN (SPEZIES, SUBSPEZIES, PRAESPEZIES, VARIETÄT) ‐ DARGESTELLT AM BEISPIEL DES SIPPENKOMPLEXES OPHRYS FUCIFLORA (CRANTZ) MOENCH ‐ OPHRYS SCOLOPAX CAV.
Authors: Sundermann Hans
Published: April 2006

Zusammenfassung: Die Anwendung der “biologischen Art” im Sinne einer potentiellen Fortpflanzungsgemeinschaft wird unter Hinweis auf andere Autoren erneut angeregt. Für die infraspezifische Gliederung werden 3 Kategorien vorgeschlagen, die durch Definition gegeneinander abgegrenzt werden können: Subspezies als geographisch isolierte Teilpopulation, Praespezies als morphologisch differenzierter, aber nicht isolierter Individuenverband (beide Kategorien werden als gleichrangig angesehen), Varietäten als Mutanten, die einzeln oder in kleineren Gruppen im Gesamtareal einer Art auftreten. Ophrys fuciflora (Crantz) Moench und Ophrys scolopax Cav. müssen als Angehörige einer Art angesehen werden. Die von ihnen beschriebenen Sippen werden nach den gegebenen Vorgeschlägen eingestuft.
THE EXTENT AND SYSTEMATIC SIGNIFICANCE OF SEASONAL VARIATION OF VOLATILE OIL COMPOSITION IN AUSTRALIAN RAINFOREST TREES
Authors: Whiffin Trevor , Hyland B. P. M.
Published: April 2006

Preparatory to the use of volatile oils in systematic studies of Australian rainforest trees, the extent and systematic significance of seasonal variation in volatile oil composition were studied. Monthly samples were taken from eight trees of Lauraceae, representing six genera, over a period of 14 months; three of these trees were Litsea leefeana. It was found that the patterns of variation shown by these trees over the sampling period varied between trees, and in each case appeared to be unrelated to any seasonal trend. An analysis of the variation within the three trees of Litsea leefeana showed only seven compounds varying significantly by month of sampling, while 65 varied significantly by tree. Of the former, only one compound exceeded 0.5%. These three trees remained clearly distinct in any multivariate analysis. Monthly samples taken from a tree of Syzygium canicortex (Myrtaceae) over a period of 13 months were compared with single samples from nine other trees of this species. It was found that the variation within the one tree over the seasonal sampling period was less than the variation between trees. Thus it is concluded that seasonal variation presents no problems for sampling of Australian rainforest trees for volatile oil composition, and that samples can be taken at any time of the year.
LECTOTYPIFICATION AND AUTHORSHIP OF HIBISCUS SCHIZOPETALUS (MALVACEAE)
Authors: Cheek Martin
Published: April 2006

It is argued that Hibiscus schizopetalus (Dyer) Hook. f. is the correct author citation and that a Kirk specimen from Mombasa is the correct lectotype for this name.

Hibiscus schizopetalus, the 'fringed hibiscus' is an ornamental shrub native of E. Africa, widely and commonly cultivated throughout the tropics for its unusual and beautiful flowers. It is also used in the production of garden hybrids with H. rosa‐sinensis L.
OLIGANDRA LESS. IS LUCILIA CASS. (COMPOSITAE, INULEAE)
Authors: Freire Susana E.
Published: April 2006

The monospecific genus Oligandra Less has been maintained as separate because of its heterogamous heads with female flowers outnumbering a few hermaphrodite sterile flowers. However a careful study shows Oligandra to be a synonym of Lucilia Cass. A new combination Lucilia lycopodioides (Less.) Freire is proposed, with neotype for the basionym.
COMMELINA CAROLINIANA (COMMELINACEAE): A MISUNDERSTOOD SPECIES IN THE UNITED STATES IS AN OLD INTRODUCTION FROM ASIA
Authors: Faden Robert B.
Published: April 2006

Commelina caroliniana Walter is the correct name for a species that has often been confused with C. diffusa N. L. Burm. in the southeastern United States. It is lectotypified by a specimen in the Walter Herbarium. The North American plants of C. caroliniana are conspecific with plants of C. hasskarlii C. B. Clarke from India. Because C. caroliniana was published almost 100 years before Clarke's binomial, it must be taken up as the correct name for the Indian species. Commelina caroliniana was probably introduced into the United States in South Carolina with rice seed from India.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF CAREX ACAULIS URV., C. BARROSII NELMES, AND C. MACROSOLEN STEUDEL (CYPERACEAE) IN AUSTRAL SOUTH AMERICA
Authors: Wheeler Gerald Allen
Published: April 2006

Carex acaulis (Cyperaceae) occurs in Patagonia and as a disjunct on East Falkland Island. Examination of the holotype reveals that some specimens previously reported as “C. acaulis” are actually referable to other taxa (e.g., C. macrosolen and C. barrosii); importantly, some specimens previously reported as “C. fuscula” are also assignable to C. barrosii. Consequently: (1) this is the first report of C. barrosii from Tierra del Fuego and the Falkland Islands; (2) C. macrosolen is more widespread and frequently occurring in the Fuegian archipelago than previously reported; and (3) further verification is needed before C. acaulis should be included as a member of the Fuegian flora.
TYPIFICATION OF THREE LINNAEAN NAMES ASSOCIATED WITH THE GENUS BRACHYPODIUM (POACEAE)
Authors: Schippmann U. , Jarvis C. E.
Published: April 2006

Lectotypes are designated for Bromus pinnatus L. and Festuca phoenicoides L. and a neotype is chosen for Bromus distachyos L.
THE VITACEAE IN RHEEDE'S HORTUS MALABARICUS
Authors: Shetty B. V. , Singh Paramjit
Published: April 2006

The identity and nomenclature of the nine species of Vitaceae in Rheede's Hortus Malabaricus are discussed, and their types and distribution are also indicated.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF DAUCUS CAROTA L. (UMBELLIFERAE)
Authors: Wijnheijmer E. H. M. , Brandenburg W. A. , Jarvis C. E.
Published: April 2006

The delimitation of the species Daucus carota L. is confused by the occurrence of crop‐weed complexes. As a result of a study of the Linnaean protologue and the elements on which it is based, specimen 340.1 (LINN) is designated as lectotype for Daucus carota L. Vouchers and the status of the unnamed varieties β and γ are discussed.
CHROMOSOME COUNTS FOR SOME LYTHRACEAE SENS. STR. (MYRTALES), AND THE BASE NUMBER OF THE FAMILY
Authors: Tobe Hiroshi , Raven Peter H. , Graham Shirley A.
Published: April 2006

Chromosome numbers of 12 genera and 13 species of the Lythraceae sens. str. were determined. Nine of 12 genera and 12 species are reported for the first time. An analysis of all published chromosome data including these new counts shows that 13 of 15 genera for which we could determine the base number have x = 8, and two remaining genera (Peplis and Lythrum) x = 5, thus confirming an earlier suggestion that the original basic number of the Lythraceae is x = 8. On the basis of evidence from chromosome number alone, Punica (x = 8) (Punicaceae) fits in well with the pattern of chromosome numbers in the Lythraceae, but Sonneratia (x = 9 or 11) and Duabanga (x = 12) (Sonneratiaceae) are more distinct and perhaps derived from a group ancestral to modern Lythraceae.
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION IN JUNIPERUS SILICICOLA AND J. VIRGINIANA OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES: MULTIVARIATE ANALYSES OF MORPHOLOGY AND TERPENOIDS
Authors: Adams Robert P.
Published: April 2006

Natural populations of Juniperus silicicola were sampled from throughout the recorded range along the coast of North America. Additional populations of J. virginiana from inland sites were sampled. Morphological characters which have traditionally been used to separate the two taxa were measured along with analyses of the volatile leaf terpenoids. These data were analyzed by canonical variate analysis and contour mapping of the canonical variates. The amount of variation among inland populations of J. virginiana was comparable to the divergence of J. silicicola. The volatile leaf oils differed only quantitatively for a few components. Characters used in keys (female cone size, leaf tip shape) were not significantly different between the taxa. The populations in Texas, previously treated as J. silicicola, were found to be J. virginiana in both their morphology and chemistry. Some inter‐gradation was found between the Macon, Georgia and Brunswick, Georgia populations. The coastal, foredune juniper of the southeastern United States (J. silicicola), being circumscribed within the range of variation encountered within J. virginiana, is treated as a varietas (J. virginiana var. silicicola (Small) Silba).
POLYURETHANE FOAM: AN ALTERNATIVE PLANT PRESSING MATERIAL ESPECIALLY SUITABLE FOR POPULATION‐BASED STUDIES
Authors: Chmielewski J. G. , Ringius G. S.
Published: April 2006

The use of polyurethane foam protects cardboard ventilators, ensures wrinkle‐free drying of planar structures and provides security for isolated plant parts in the press.
SOUTH PACIFIC PLANTS NAMED BY K. P. J. SPRENGEL IN 1807
Authors: Garnock‐Jones P. J.
Published: April 2006

Seventeen species and one genus of plants from New Zealand and the South Pacific were described and named by K. P. J. Sprengel in 1807. These are correctly typified by Forster specimens; consequently Sprengel's usage of several names differs from those of later authors who based their concepts of these names on Banks and Solander specimens. Where necessary and possible the names are lectotypified, and one new combination is provided: Glossogyne tannensis (Sprengel) Garnock‐Jones.
NOMENCLATURE AND RELATED TAXONOMIC ISSUES IN WHEATS, TRITICALES AND SOME OF THEIR WILD RELATIVES
Authors: Gupta P. K. , Baum B. R.
Published: April 2006

The problem of nomenclature and taxonomy of the generaTriticum, Aegilopsand ×Triticosecalehas been discussed. It is proposed thatAegilopsbe recognized as an independent genus and not merged withTriticum.Similarly, it is proposed that ×Triticosecalebe not treated as a nothogenus and instead treated as a monotypic genus having a new name with proper circumscription and type specimen. This new genus will include only established cultivars and the nothogenus ×Triticosecalewill continue to be used restrictively for newly produced hybrids and related breeding material which has not reached the stage of a registered cultivar.
THE IDENTITY OF NEPHROPETALUM (STERCULIACEAE)
Authors: Dorr Laurence J. , Barnett Lisa C.
Published: April 2006

A reevaluation of Nephropetalum shows that it is a synonym of Ayenia and that the sole species, N. pringlei, is conspecific with A. limitaris.
THE TROPICAL FLORA IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Van der Hammen Thomas
Published: April 2006

Historical geological and historical floristic/vegetational data show an extraordinary dynamic world. Moving plates, the upheaval of mountain chains, and changes of climate and vegetation are the main elements of this dynamism. They are partly endogene, resulting from forces inside the earth, and partly exogene, resulting from direct or indirect changes of solar radiation received by the earth. The evolution and differentiation of the tropical floras and the migration of floristic elements is heavily influenced by these factors. The glacial‐interglacial climatic cycles of the last few million years had an especially profound effect on the biosphere, including the tropics. There were profound changes in vegetation, not only displacement of zones or belts, but also reordering of species, and the formation and disappearance of refugia in lowlands and mountains.
GUAYANA HIGHLANDS VERSUS GUAYANA LOWLANDS, A REAPPRAISAL
Authors: Huber Otto
Published: April 2006

During the last 40 years, an impressive amount of biological, especially botanical, information concerning the Venezuelan Guayana region has been accumulated. Both the lowlands, as well as the distinctive highland mountains (‘tepuis’), evidence an outstandingly rich and diversified flora and vegetation. It has been postulated that this biological richness and the high degree of endemism are the result of long‐term and highly effective isolation suffered by the flat summit areas during extremely long geologic epochs. This static view is being challenged presently by the results of recent intensive fieldwork made in the Venezuelan Guayana. A detailed analysis of two highly evolved Guayana taxa,Stegolepis(Rapateaceae) andBonnetia(Theaceae s.l.) shows a rather uniform distribution not only in summit habitats, but also in intermediate and lowland habitats. As a whole, both genera and several related taxa prove to have occupied successfully not only the ancient summit regions of the tepuis, but also the surrounding lowlands of much more recent geomorphological origin. Palaeoecological research also supports the hypothesis that the entire Guayana Shield area has been affected by climatic oscillations during the recent past as have the nearby Andes. This implies significant past fluctuations of the altitudinal vegetation belts in the tepui area and could well explain the wide altitudinal gradient of most of the Guayana Highland taxa. Also, the presence of convergent ‘paramoid’ vegetation types on the summits of the Chimantá Massif, indicates active speciation not only at the systematic level, but especially at the ecologic level. Thus, it is proposed that the Guayana highland and lowland biota have been and still are dynamically and genetically interdependent, not only within the Guayana region itself, but also with the adjacent complex of lowland and mountain biota.
VARIATION DE LA REGION APERTURALE DANS LE POLLEN DES ANNONACEES
Authors: Le Thomas Annick
Published: April 2006

A review of the recent numerous LM, SEM and TEM studies of the pollen of Annonaceae shows a large variation in the apertural region especially in the different layers on the sporoderm (exine and intine). It emphasizes the difficulty in defining some pollen types, like inaperturate or omniaperturate and the complexity of pollen evolution.
THE STRUCTURE OF MONOGRAPHIC DATABASES
Authors: Allkin R. , Bisby F. A.
Published: April 2006

Taxonomists publish information about biological organisms that is of great value to the scientific community. Unfortunately conventional texts have two shortcomings: they are commonly indexed only by scientific name and taxonomic position of the organisms described, and soon become outdated. Such indices are of little use to applied biologists whose primary interest is in accessing the descriptive information in the body of the text. Access to this information would be improved if it were stored in databases with multiple indices and which in turn could be used to publish more diverse up to date information products. Free‐text databases offer few advantages over conventional texts stored on word processor while structured database design ensures greater consistency, permits automatic checks of data integrity, and provides for flexible indexing and reliable retrieval. The design and construction of structured taxonomic databases is challenging and labour intensive. Use of such databases, however, requires limited intellectual effort or expertise and may be used effectively by the casual user.

If descriptions are to be used for more than one purpose then multiple characters may be needed to define single features of organisms. Such “sister characters” differ in their information content or the phraseology of definition. Only structured databases permit users with differing needs to obtain alternative views of a single stored description. The technology now exists to incorporate visual information within taxonomic databases but visual data are subject to the same structural constraints as descriptive text. An understanding of these constraints is necessary for effective database construction and furthers our understanding of taxonomic data and taxonomic practice.
SOME REFLECTIONS ON FLORISTIC DATABASES
Authors: Gómez‐Pompa Arturo , Nevling Lorin I.
Published: April 2006

After 15 years of experience with Flora of Veracruz project it seems important to make an evaluation of its challenges and accomplishments. This is important because we believe it is the oldest on‐going project using computers; is the oldest floristic project initiated, directed, and financed mostly by a tropical developing country; and because it has been a success in spite of being unfinished. We have always considered the Flora of Veracruz to be an experimental flora, a place to try new ideas and techniques. Through this approach we hoped that an information and technological transfer could be possible to established or beginning floristic programs.
FIELD NOTES ON FIVE “JACKDAWS OF SCHOLARSHIP”
Authors: Ewan Joseph
Published: April 2006

The nature and requisites of biological bibliography are reviewed. Biographical notes on five bibliographers–Jonas Dryander, G. A. Pritzel, Joseph Sabin, Alfred Rehder, and Claus Nissen–are presented. Their different backgrounds, methods, and results as related to their potential usefulness for the investigator are considered. The value of consulting bibliographies outside the field of botany, particularly zoology and travel works, is suggested for many botanical problems.
PRESERVATION OF PLANT SAMPLES FOR DNA RESTRICTION ENDONUCLEASE ANALYSIS
Authors: Doyle Jeff J. , Dickson Elizabeth E.
Published: April 2006

A major obstacle facing many taxonomists interested in analyzing variation at the DNA level is the preservation of their plant material, since plants are often collected far from laboratory facilities. We have studied effect of several commonly used preservation techniques on the quality of DNA isolated from preserved tissue. Chemical treatments (FAA, ethanol, Carnoy's solution, chloroformethanol) all result in DNA degradation; drying tissue, on the other hand, preserves DNA integrity, at least over a several month period. High molecular weight DNA suitable for restriction endonuclease digestion and analysis by DNA hybridization was isolated from dried leaves up to two years old. This suggests that recently‐prepared dried specimens may represent an alternative to fresh tissue in molecular plant systematic studies.
A COMPUTER‐PRODUCED INDEX SEMINUM AT READING
Authors: Jury Stephen L. , Ibbett Geoffrey P.
Published: April 2006

The purchase of a Sirius microcomputer by the Taxonomy section of the Plant Science Laboratories, University of Reading, England, has enabled the workload associated with the annual Index Seminum to be considerably eased. It is now managed by a single part‐time trainee technician. One program stores all data and enables catalogue production, stock control and all addresses to be easily maintained.
THE NOMENCLATURE OF PONDCYPRESS AND BALDCYPRESS (TAXODIACEAE)
Authors: Watson F. D.
Published: April 2006

A taxonomic and nomenclatural study of pondcypress and baldcypress in the southeastern United States revealed the misapplication of a name. When pondcypress is treated as a variety rather than as a separate species, it should be referred to Taxodium distichum var. imbricarium (Nutt.) Croom rather than the commonly used var. nutans (Ait.) Sweet. The latter is placed in synonymy with the typical variety.
THE CORRECT NAMES OF THE GENERA IN THE SUBTRIBE DOROTHEANTHINAE (MESEMBRYANTHEMACEAE)
Authors: Struck M. , Ihlenfeldt H.‐D.
Published: April 2006

The nomenclatural problems of two annual genera of Mesembryanthemaceae are due to the fact that the herbarium sheet, on which the description of the genus Cleretum N. E. Br. was based, contains parts belonging to two different genera. The names Cleretum N. E. Br. and Dorotheanthus Schwantes are determined to be correct; Micropterum Schwantes is a later synonym of Cleretum N. E. Br.