bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Shutting of the Gates
Authors: Dickson David
Published: September 2021

This chapter presents a wider challenge to the existing power structures in Ireland during the tumultuous 1790s. It recounts the collapse of the ancien régime in France and divided urban world, then examines how the French Revolution opened up cleavages and profoundly sharpened social and religious divisions. The chapter then introduces Mathew Carey, a Dublin baker's son, who presented his imprudent willingness to articulate in print the enormity of Catholic grievances. His violent criticism of Dublin Castle, of the English connection, and of local political heavyweights ended with his flight to America in disguise in 1784. The chapter also discusses how the local theatre provides some insight as to how far political attitudes shifted. The chapter then shifts to investigate how the two versions of democratic fraternity, the Belfast's first United Irish Society and Dublin United Irish Society, marked the beginnings of radical political organization. It follows the revival of the Catholic Committee in Dublin, and assesses the effects of the removal of the remaining penal laws, especially the firearms ban.
Conclusion
Authors: Dickson David
Published: September 2021

This chapter recounts the short-lived bloom in Irish urban history and the profound changes in the cultural habits of city dwellers. It states that the eighteenth-century developments set out in this study had contributed to the formation of a broadly anglophone middle-class culture, influenced by, but differentiated from, aristocratic values and habits. The chapter also explicates the Catholic participation in the urban world, and explains how it accelerated from the 1770s. It also mentions the continued convivial friendships across the religious divide among the haute bourgeoisie, and investigates how the presence of liberal Protestants weakened the forces of polarization. The chapter provides a narrative about the Irish cultural shift in social manners, curbing practices that conflicted with the emerging norms of respectability, new work disciplines, and the polarizing of gender roles. The shift illustrates a perennial theme of the study, one perhaps so obvious that it requires little emphasis: the enduring influence of the metropole. Finally, the chapter elaborates the Irish urban development and the wider commercialization of Irish farming.
A Life Together
Authors: Van Young Eric
Published: September 2021

Lucas Alamán (1792-1853) was arguably the greatest statesman and certainly the greatest historian of Mexico in the three decades or so following the country’s achievement of its independence from Spain (1821) after a tremendously violent and destructive decade-long rebellion against the colonial power. Dubbed “a Metternich among Indians” by one contemporary, he was a conservative modernizer rather than the ruthless reactionary he has been branded. Several times chief minister in the national government but never president of the young republic, Alamán’s efforts to impose political stability on the country through implacable measures of state centralization, repression of political dissent, and the anti-democratic limitation of the popular electoral franchise were not aimed at building an authoritarian regime as such, but at establishing the conditions for the economic development--principally industrialization--that he believed would modernize the country and bring prosperity. This biography of Alamán portrays him against the chaotic background of nearly continual military and popular uprisings, a frail and stagnating economy, and a perennially bankrupt national treasury, and interacting with major political figures of the time, among them the ever-restive, swashbuckling Antonio López de Santa Anna. Alamán struggled as a politician against the swirling currents of liberalism, the federalism that threatened intermittently to tear the country into pieces, and the nation’s tragic confrontation with the territorial ambitions of the United States. His career as statesman, public intellectual, entrepreneur, and historian brightly illuminates the history of Mexico during a period when its very existence was imperiled.
Introduction
Authors: Van Young Eric
Published: September 2021

The brief introduction traces the arc of Alamán’s career in general, highlighting along the way some prominent contemporaneous figures and events as reference points. The book’s framework--the entwined processes of decolonization and modernization, and their constitutive elements--is set forth. The chapter suggests that Alamán failed to achieve his goal of leaving independent Mexico an aristocratic, highly centralized, internally stable, industrializing, territorially secure modern society, much of which was only accomplished under the Porfirio Díaz regime (1876-1911) starting a generation after his death. The general conditions of Mexico during Alamán’s lifetime--economic, social, political--are sketched, and a brief discussion devoted to the book’s sources and methods.
Brothers
Authors: Van Young Eric
Published: September 2021

This chapter traces the life and career of Alamán’s half-brother, his elder by twenty years, the child of his mother’s first marriage. This was the priest Juan Bautista Arechederreta (1771-1836), who rose to occupy several high posts in the Mexican Catholic Church, including a canonry in the Mexico City cathedral. The brothers were reasonably close (if never intimates) after an 1804 family reconciliation over inheritance issues. Arechederreta probably helped his younger half-brother along professionally, almost certainly quashing an Inquisition inquiry about the young Alamán’s heterodox reading habits. The priest kept a journal during much of the insurgency, a major source of material for his younger brother’s great historical work of 1848-1852, and was something of a scholar in his own right.
Diplomacy
Authors: Van Young Eric
Published: September 2021

The saga of the British loans (not resolved until the 1880s, long after Alamán’s death) is dealt with in this chapter. As minister he was much involved with negotiating the exit of Spanish armed forces from San Juan de Ulúa and the diplomatic recognition of Mexico’s independence by the British foreign minister, George Canning.
The Poinsett Saga
Authors: Van Young Eric
Published: September 2021

The chapter goes into detail about the tempestuous envoyship of Joel Poinsett, the undiplomatic American diplomatic representative to Mexico. He and Alamán developed a very conflictual relationship that in part was responsible for Alamán’s departure from the ministry in 1825 although the two men overlapped only for about six months; Poinsett was eventually recalled by his government at the request of Mexico in 1829. The influence of the establishment of York Rite Freemasonry in Mexico, introduced by Poinsett and which formed the basis for factional divisions in national politics, is discussed in depth.
Shafted
Authors: Van Young Eric
Published: September 2021

This chapter is devoted exclusively to Alamán’s efforts between the early 1820s and about 1830 to revive the Mexican silver mining industry on the basis of massive capital injections by British investors. The company he managed in Mexico between about 1825 and 1830 was the United Mexican Mining Association, one of the largest among a flock of such companies. The managerial, financial, and technical aspects of this company are discussed in detail, embracing Alamán’s relations with the British brokers of the company’s stock and his fellow managers, all Englishmen. His hopes of making a personal fortune from the enterprise did not materialize, and he left the concern over managerial differences in 1830, probably disillusioned by the experience with the idea that a revived silver-mining industry would restore Mexican economic prosperity after the destruction wrought by the decade of insurgency.
An Ordered and Prosperous Republic
Authors: Van Young Eric
Published: September 2021

Returned to power by an uprising at the end of 1829 in which he took a central organizational role, Alamán’s chief time (1830-1832) as the principal minister in the national government under President Anastasio Bustamante is detailed in this chapter. The minister’s efforts to centralize the national government and impose political stability as much as possible through the neutering of state governments, suppression of political dissent, and censorship of the press are examined. Among the problems he confronted in this high tide of his political influence were the suppression of endemic banditry, the American colonization of Texas, and the ambitions of the ever-unquiet Santa Anna. Alamán’s constant lament regarding the terrible state of the country is highlighted. Considerable attention is paid to his domestic life and the lives of his children, including a plan (never acted upon) for the family to emigrate to Britain.
The Banco de Avío
Authors: Van Young Eric
Published: September 2021

At Alamán’s initiative a law of 1830 established the Banco de Avío, a government-funded development bank for the spurring of industrialization, especially in the textile sector, with which his name has forever been associated. His views of industrialization as a development strategy as opposed to a renewed reliance upon silver mining are discussed, as well as the short- and long-term effects of loans made to textile entrepreneurs and the cronyism employed by Alamán both in organizing the Banco itself and in allotting its capital as loans to industrialists. The state of the textile industry in Mexico before and after the Banco is described.
The War of the South and the Death of Guerrero
Authors: Van Young Eric
Published: September 2021

This chapter is almost entirely devoted to the War of the South during 1830, a violent, racially-tinged civil conflict pitting the Anastasio Bustamante government, of which Alamán was the animating spirit, against the former president and independence hero Vicente Guerrero, who was ousted by the Revolution of Jalapa in late 1829. Guerrero and his allies were eventually defeated and the old insurgent leader was captured by treachery, tried in a highly flawed military proceeding, and executed early in 1831 in the face of strong objections from many sources. Most accounts of this episode identify Alamán as one of two major conspirators who framed and carried out the scheme, an action that has blackened his reputation historically. A careful examination of the evidence, however, tends to reduce his role more to that of a passive participant behind the leadership of war minister José Antonio Facio.
The Reckoning
Authors: Van Young Eric
Published: September 2021

Alamán’s internal self-exile in Mexico City, when he hid for nearly two years only to emerge in 1834, is discussed in as much detail as is possible for a largely undocumented episode. Having left the government along with the other ministers during 1832, he was being pursued by agents of the state and political enemies to stand trial before a congressional grand jury for his involvement in the judicial murder of Vicente Guerrero. The chapter also discusses his cordial relationship with the U.S. envoy who replaced the recalled Joel Poinsett, Anthony Butler. The fall of the Anastasio Bustamante government to an uprising led by Santa Anna is narrated, along with Alamán’s eventual trial, his spirited defense of himself, the intervention of Carlos María de Bustamante (not the president) on his behalf before the Supreme Court, and the ex-minister’s exoneration at the hands of President Santa Anna.
Politics and Family
Authors: Van Young Eric
Published: September 2021

The chapter deals with Alamáns’s return to politics in the late 1830s after a hiatus of several years following his exoneration in the matter of Guerrero’s death. He was appointed to the Council of State (a prestigious, salaried position), and at the invitation of the president wrote reports on the vexing question of copper coinage and inflation, and on public administration under a centralist regime. His family life is discussed in some detail.
Texas, Santa Anna, and War
Authors: Van Young Eric
Published: September 2021

This chapter is devoted primarily to episodes of aggression by foreign powers in which Alamán was somewhat involved by virtue of his connections with the central government. The Texas rebellion took that vast territory out of Mexican control and into independent nationhood for about a dozen years despite Santa Anna’s less-than-effective efforts to suppress the American colonists there. An armed naval incursion by France on the basis of a monetary claim for damages against French businesses committed in Mexico City by Mexican soldiers, an episode known at the Pastry War (1838), saw Alamán involved in arbitration of the conflict. Of vastly greater importance was the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), engineered by U.S. President Polk, which wrested away half the national territory of Mexico; Alamán’s descriptions of the war and its aftermath are deployed, including his own peripheral involvement with damage to his home and relations with American officers.
Santa Anna Returns, Alamán Exits
Authors: Van Young Eric
Published: September 2021

In 1853, after one of a number of long exiles, Santa Anna returned to take up the reins of the government for the last time in a regime that was to last about two years. Alamán wrote him a letter inviting his return and stating briefly the basic principles upon which Mexican conservatives thought his government should be based; this is sometimes called Alamán’s political testament. He was the major architect of Santa Anna’s dictatorship and was invited into the ministry as foreign secretary, the interior and exterior portfolio having been divided in two. Clearly in rapidly declining health, he was only to live for two weeks into the Santa Anna regime, dying on 2 June 1853 at the age of 61. The chapter deals with his construction of the government, his brief work as foreign minister, and his death.
Epilogue
Authors: Van Young Eric
Published: September 2021

The interrelated themes of decolonization and modernization are revisited in light of Alamán’s career and thought, and the times through which he lived.
Chicago
Authors: Howard Thomas Albert
Published: September 2021

This chapter presents the scholars' sharp critiques in the Chicago's 1893 World's Parliament of Religions, claiming that the parliament, despite its vaunted fanfare about human solidarity and religious unity, exhibited telltale Western vices: paternalistic condescension toward non-Christian guests, unwarranted utopianism, colonialist self-righteousness, smug Orientalism, and more. The chapter seeks to understand the parliament from the standpoint of those who organized it and participated in it. Such an empathetic approach means neither forfeiting an inquiry into the parliament's broader context nor dispensing with normative evaluation altogether. It examines some of the forces and developments in the nineteenth century, and even earlier, that helped to set the stage for such a parliament. The chapter also reviews the planning and course of the parliament, which met from 11 to 27 September 1893. It then turns to evaluative judgments, pondering interpretations of the parliament and its legacy in the twentieth century and beyond.
London
Authors: Howard Thomas Albert
Published: September 2021

This chapter spotlights a major interreligious event that took place in 1924: the Conference on Some Living Religions within the Empire. It notes that the conference brought representatives from major religious traditions of the British Empire — excluding Christianity and Judaism because of their presumed familiarity — to London to expound before a general British audience the chief tenets and practices of their faiths. For many attendees, it was their first time to hear directly from a Muslim, a Hindu, a Buddhist, and a Parsi, among other religious voices. In addition to offering a historical account of this conference, the chapter discusses its legacy — the main one being the creation of the World Congress of Faiths (1936), the oldest continuously existing organization devoted to interreligious dialogue. It also pays close attention to Sir Francis Younghusband (1863–1942), the keynote speaker at the 1924 conference and the driving force behind the establishment of the congress in 1936. Ultimately, the chapter investigates why the conference deserves recognition alongside Chicago's better-known parliament of 1893.
Rome
Authors: Howard Thomas Albert
Published: September 2021

This chapter takes a look at the Second World War's aftermath and its profound and enduring implications for interreligious dialogue. It recounts the establishment of The World Council of Churches in 1948 to help rebuild society and promote Christian ecumenism, later turning to interreligious dialogue. The chapter also examines how the war accelerated processes of decolonization, beginning with India's independence in 1947 and soon spreading to other countries in South Asia and Africa. It then discusses the global spread of Marxist ideology and the specter of civilizational annihilation wrought by the Cold War. Ultimately, the chapter reveals that, for the first time in conciliar history, the church exhorted its members to enter into “dialogue and collaboration” with members of other religious traditions. It investigates how the conciliar documents and papal encyclicals appearing during the council affected the church and the wider world in the postconciliar (and postcolonial) era.
Culture, Agriculture, and Politics of Rice in Java
Authors: Dove Michael R.
Published: September 2021

This chapter addresses the cultural–ecological divide between swidden and wet-rice fields that has long dominated the Southeast Asian landscape. The difference between the two agricultural technologies — swidden and irrigation — in their legibility to the state underpinned a wider cultural differentiation between forested and open lands, upland and lowland, barbarism and civilization. Nonetheless, in some respects the Javanese saw the two as opposite poles in a single overarching cultural–ecological system. The lowland agrarian states saw clearly where their vested interests lay, however, which explains the long history of state deprecation of swiddens and forests and valorization of irrigated rice cultivation and, indeed, of rice itself. The colonial powers were also quick to identify the logic of these agro-ecological systems and insinuate themselves into favorable positions within them. Insight into these agro-ecological systems, whether by colonial or postcolonial authorities, serves political ends, which are cloaked in appeals to cultural values. Paradoxically, those with the most encompassing vision of the agricultural landscape also have engaged in the greatest obfuscation of its dynamics.
Historic Parting of the Wild from the Civilized in Pakistan
Authors: Dove Michael R.
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores a dualistic system of environmental relations, one so ancient that it has evolved over time. The modern Hindi and Urdu term jangal means “dense forest,” but the ancient Sanskrit term from which it derives, jangala, referred to the arid, open savanna landscape of western India, which was culturally differentiated from the anupa wet forests of eastern India. There are other differences beyond the vegetative: whereas the jangala encompassed both wild and domestic space, the jangal is strictly the home of the wild; whereas the ancient jangala encompassed all that was civilized, the modern jangal excludes all that is civilized. The jangala encompassed both nature and culture, but the modern jangal is strictly the abode of nature. The encompassing of both wild and domestic within the ancient jangala supports the work of scholars like William Cronon, who see the Western dichotomy between society and wilderness as a product of modernity. Our concepts of nature are neither fixed nor independent of nature: nature and concepts of nature co-evolve — which speaks to Gregory Bateson's views of the inescapable relationship between nature and culture.
Epilogue
Authors: Dove Michael R.
Published: September 2021

This epilogue presents some conclusions, beginning with a comparison between Claude Lévi-Strauss's story of Amazonian natives who drown captives to see if they are human, and the story of hunters who journey to the pig village to probe their own humanity. The latter story is self-reflexive and thus perspectivist in a way the former one is not. Key to this perspectivism is the relationship between sign and thing. These are mimetic relations, in which one thing is similar but not identical to another. There is “slippage,” and this becomes a source of insight when comparing the self and the “other.” The mythic journey to the village of the pig people can be compared to the first trip into space and the view of Earth afforded thereby: the space trip does not actually distance us from ourselves as much as the mythic trip does. The journey from human reality to pig reality reprises an ancient “reversal” in roles, from hunter to hunted, which has been an important wellspring of metaphoric thinking. The universal human value of being able to look back at ourselves from a different place was noted by philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, who also noted the difficulty of doing so — a dilemma of the human consciousness, which the material in this book addresses.
Against Optimism
Authors: Rosato Sebastian
Published: September 2021

This chapter evaluates intentions optimism, the view that great powers can, under certain conditions, obtain the kind of information that would allow them to estimate the intentions of their peers with confidence. The first argument holds that there are some situations in which states can access firsthand information about each other’s intentions. The next three arguments contend that secondhand information about state’s intentions—evidence of their declarations, interests, and actions—can, on occasion, be a reliable guide to how they intend to behave. The fifth argument maintains that even if single clues are only marginally informative, multiple clues can, in combination, be a dependable indicator of a state’s intentions. The final argument deals with the future and contends that knowledge of how a great power intends to behave today can serve as reliable secondhand information about how it will intend to behave in the future. An evaluation of these arguments reveals that they are logically and empirically flawed. Intentions optimists have greatly exaggerated the odds that states can access firsthand information or acquire reliable secondhand information about each other’s current and future intentions. Hence, it is almost impossible for great powers to trust each other.
The Early Interwar Period
Authors: Rosato Sebastian
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines Franco-German and U.S.-Japanese relations in the early interwar period (1919-30). The chapter begins by drawing on the primary and secondary historical record to evaluate how key French and German decision makers thought about each other’s intentions, focusing on these episodes: the negotiation, signature, and aftermath of the Treaty of Versailles; the onset, development, and resolution of the Ruhr Crisis; and the Locarno era. Were they confident that their counterparts had benign intentions—that is, did they trust each other—as asserted by intentions optimists? Or were they uncertain about each other’s intentions, which is to say that they mistrusted each other, as suggested by intentions pessimism? Having shown that Paris and Berlin were far from confident that the other side had benign intentions throughout the early interwar period, the chapter then describes the shape of the resulting Franco-German security competition. The second half of the chapter repeats the analysis performed in the first half, this time with respect to the United States and Japan, focusing on the following episodes: the aftermath of World War I; the creation and operation of the Washington Treaty system; and the three years between the Geneva and London Naval conferences.
Introduction
Authors: Gillingham Paul
Published: September 2021

“There’s nowhere like Mexico”—como México no hay dos—is a nationalist catchphrase: sometimes jingoistic, sometimes ironic, always accurate.1 In the first place Mexico enjoys the fundamental distinction of housing one of the few great social and political revolutions; in the Americas only Cuba compares....
Peasants, Presidents, and Carpetbaggers
Authors: Gillingham Paul
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the years between 1945 and 1954 in the state of Guerrero. It charts the decline of peasant politicians and the rise of a technocracy of teachers, bureaucrats and lawyers. Caciquismo endured the change. Bitterly fought elections, the economic shock of the foot-and-mouth pandemic and violent resource conflicts led the state to the brink of collapse. There were two rebellions in the center-north and endemic counter-insurgency along the coasts. Yet the new governing coalition eventually proved more deferential to federal power than its predecessors. The governor, General Baltasar Leyva Mancilla, saved himself by shedding the stubborn independence of his predecessors. That reluctant submission combined with adroit nationalism, the windfall of tourist development in Acapulco, a more professional government and an ambitious development program to create an improbable, albeit ephemeral, stability.
Development, Corruption, and the Demands of the State
Authors: Gillingham Paul
Published: September 2021

This chapter analyses how the land, and social labour reforms of the 1930s were replaced by state and private investment in development programs, most notably in roads, public health, and electrification. Mexicans in 1955 were significantly healthier, better educated and long-lived than their predecessors, despite the enduring failure of taxation. Development brought popularity and patronage, and even while it varied from place to place was central to the stabilization of the early priista regime. It was also inevitably accompanied by corruption, which had case-dependent political impacts. Corruption was economically damaging, but could also stabilise governments. Its exercise could buy present acquiescence from and future leverage over political rivals. When graft or bribes were too egregious or coincident with economic crisis, however, corruption could also be profoundly delegitimizing. All was part of the package of a fundamentally feeble gatekeeper state, whose inability to make demands of its citizens did not weaken it but rather strengthened it.
Talking about a Revolution
Authors: Gillingham Paul
Published: September 2021

This chapter anatomizes the Mexican state’s attempt to foster a nationalist culture and to control a fragmented public sphere. It finds that Mexican politicians invested heavily in both to distinctly mixed outcomes. Governments at all levels spent on schools, rituals and propaganda materials that the ruled consumed, quite often enthusiastically, but with their eyes open and with judgement suspended as to how nationalist stories squared with reality. While acknowledging the power of content management in radio and television broadcasting it revises traditional appreciations of the print press. Mexican newspapers were neither docile nor wholly commercial, and provincial publications in particular could engage in systematic opposition to state, and on occasion national governments. Mexicans were selectively enthusiastic about parts of the state’s nationalist project, at its centre the revolution, but reliably sceptical as to how much of that project their politicians were actually delivering.
Divine Accounting
Authors: Quigley Jennifer A.
Published: September 2021

This book shows how the divine was an active participant in the economic spheres of the ancient Mediterranean world. Gods and goddesses were represented as owning goods, holding accounts, and producing wealth. The book argues that early Christ-followers also used financial language to articulate and imagine their relationship to the divine. It takes seriously the overlapping of themes such as poverty, labor, social status, suffering, cosmology, and eschatology in material evidence from the ancient Mediterranean and early Christian texts. The book begins with an overview of theo-economics, which is an intertwined theological and economic logic in which divine and human beings regularly enter into transactions with one another. It then moves on to discuss some of the contexts in which the gods and humans transacted in antiquity. The book examines the theo-economics of Philippians 1, with some consideration of Philippians 4, and moves on to evaluate Philippians 2–3. The book concludes that by taking seriously the ways in which persons in antiquity understood themselves to be participating in transactions with the divine, one can begin to break down some of the scholarly categories that separate theology from economics.
Introduction
Authors: Quigley Jennifer A.
Published: September 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of theo-economics, an intertwined theological and economic logic in which divine and human beings regularly enter into transactions with one another. There is significant evidence in antiquity that divine and semidivine beings were understood as having vibrant materiality within the economic sphere and that the gods were understood as economic actors, with whom humans could transact. The chapter then turns to theo-economic language in New Testament and early Christian texts, looking at Paul's Letter to the Philippians. It considers the topic of poverty in the field of biblical studies, especially within Pauline studies. One trend in Pauline scholarship — the analysis of charis — has emerged from a broader interest in sociology and anthropology about the phenomenon of gift exchange as well as the long afterlife of the language of gifts in the letters of Paul.
Theo-Economics in Antiquity
Authors: Quigley Jennifer A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses some of the contexts in which the gods and humans transacted in antiquity. To create an explanatory model, it introduces these contexts through objects: inscriptions, documents, coins, and other material evidence. The chapter first describes some theo-economic contexts that cultic sites provide, including banking, storage, and land management. From job contracts for religious professionals to imperially mediated disputes over sacred property, gods and humans regularly interacted with one another through the financial systems of temples. The chapter then considers examples of non-temple-related transactions. These material comparanda lay the groundwork for the analysis of Philippians throughout the rest of the book. While it would take a book-length project to fully describe the variety of theo-economic possibilities in antiquity, the chapter demonstrates the ubiquity of divine–human transactions and offers a preliminary map of the multiple ways in which theology and economy overlapped.
The Venture of the Gospel
Authors: Quigley Jennifer A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the theo-economics of Philippians 1, with some consideration of Philippians 4. It focuses on the financial valences of koinōnia, a term that is often translated as “sharing” or “fellowship” but whose ancient context largely deploys the term in contracts, including land leases and marriage contracts. While in a letter like 1 Corinthians one finds ekklēsia discourse, in Philippians one instead finds koinōnia. That is, 1 Corinthians uses a political term to describe the organizational relationships among the members of the community, while Philippians uses a theo-economic term to describe the organizational relationship between Paul and the Philippians. By thinking about the broader context of the term as one in which parties share risk and reward, one can better understand how a “koinōnia in the gospel” may have been heard and received as a venture. A focus on the “venture of the gospel” in Phil 1:5 also helps explain the language found in Paul's discussion of his imprisonment as a contribution to the prokopē (progress) of the gospel venture (1:12). The chapter concludes with an examination of Philippians 4, arguing that it is only within the full theo-economic picture of Philippians 1 that one can understand Philippians 4's language of abundance and lack in relation to the Philippians' financial support for Paul.
Enchondroma in the Diaphysis of Tibia – A Case Report and Review of its Characteristics and Differentials in the Diaphysis
Authors: Nayak Keerthan Ranga , Rao Sharath Kumar , Rao Sharath Kumar , Rao Sharath Kumar
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Enchondroma is a solitary, benign, intramedullary cartilaginous tumor commonly noticed in the phalanges of hands and feet with characteristic radiological features. Its occurrence in aberrant sites with atypical features lead to diagnostic dilemma. Enchondromas which are usually managed non-operatively can mimic other benign and malignant lesions, especially chondrosarcoma.
Case Report: We report the case of a 31-year-old farmer who presented with long standing inconspicuous pain in his left leg which turned out to be a diaphyseal enchondroma even though it demonstrated aggressive radiological features mimicking a chondrosarcoma. Incisional biopsy was done from the scalloped areas to obtain the correct histological diagnosis. He underwent thorough curettage of the lesion and remains asymptomatic 2 years after the procedure. We attempt to discuss the differentials which the orthopedic surgeon should keep in mind for diaphyseal lesions mimicking enchondroma.
Conclusion: Though classically found in metaphysis, Enchondromas are not uncommon in diaphysis of long bones. Enchondromas are generally benign, but can cause diagnostic dilemma when they present with aggressive features at rare locations and surgeons should be wary of the differentials. Despite a size of more than 6 cm and evidence of cortical erosion and intramedullary widening, the lesion could still be benign. Early biopsy will help to differentiate Enchondroma from a malignant transformation or malignant tumor.
Keywords: Enchondroma, chondrosarcoma, diaphysis, multilocular, endosteal scalloping, chondroma.
The research boroughs and their estates
Authors: Watt Paul
Published: September 2021

This chapter summarises the London research boroughs and estates. The research focusses on fourteen council-built housing estates in seven boroughs: Barnet, Hackney, Haringey, Lambeth, Newham, Southwark and Tower Hamlets. Six of these boroughs (except suburban Barnet) have been among the most deprived local authority areas in England for decades, and include high levels of poverty and large Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic populations, although they have also gentrified since the 1980s. The fourteen estates are analysed in terms of their local authority origins, landlords and housing tenure, and also the rationale, progress and effects of their respective regeneration schemes. Reference is made to entrepreneurial borough strategies where relevant. In addition to the seven main boroughs, less extensive research was undertaken at five council estates in four supplementary boroughs: Brent, Camden, Waltham Forest and Westminster. The chapter provides a socio-demographic summary of the estate resident interviewees divided into four housing tenures: social tenants, Right-to-Buy owner-occupiers, temporary non-secure tenants, and owner-occupiers who bought their homes on the open market. The interviewees broadly reflect the dominant multi-ethnic working-class population of London’s social housing estates, albeit weighted towards elderly and long-term residents.
Conclusion
Authors: Watt Paul
Published: September 2021

The concluding chapter summarises the key findings and suggests policy recommendations. Part I delineated the pernicious impacts of neoliberalism and austerity on public/social housing in London, and analysed the role that estate demolition has played. Part II cast a sociological gaze not only at how working-class housing, lives and spaces are materially deprived and symbolically devalued by powerful external forces (neoliberalism and austerity), but also at how such housing, lives and spaces become valued and valuable. This emphasis on positive values corrects those policy perspectives that view estates through the epistemologically narrow lens of quantitative area-based deprivation indices. In comparative urbanism terms, London social housing estates remain substantially different from the anomic, often dangerous spaces of urban marginality such as US public housing projects (Wacquant). Part III focused on residents’ experiences of living through regeneration. It demonstrated how the valuation/devaluation duality tilts around in terms of place belonging. Comprehensive redevelopment diminishes the valued aspects of estates, while the devalued aspects are heightened and eventually dominate. The book provides several policy recommendations and research agendas. Demolition-based regeneration schemes inevitably result in state-led gentrification, but refurbishment-only schemes have the potential to improve estates and residents’ lives.
Introduction: the pioneers of social research study
Authors: Thompson Paul , Plummer Ken , Demireva Neli
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the account of British social research. It serves as the frontispiece, the doorway, for a remarkable set of life-story interviews. These 58 interviews are all available in full as both audio and transcript online, through both the UK Data Service and the British Library. The oldest, Raymond Firth, was born in 1901, followed by Jack Goody, which was born in 1919. Many of the pioneers' lives were shaped by the declining decades of the British Empire. The chapter then highlights the experiences and practices of the generations who were active from the 1950s to the 1980s, the crucial founding generations for today's social research scene. These were the decades which saw the final phase of colonial anthropology, the explosive growth of sociology in universities, and then the founding of theme-based women's, ethnic and cultural studies and the development of ethical practices and systematic methodologies. The chapter interprets the interviews in two respects: the first is about the pioneers' early years, their families and childhoods, and their influences through schooling and university. The second is about the research itself. It then discusses some important parallels and precedents for the work.
Planning expertise and planning law: autonomy from politics and ideology?
Authors: Marshall Tim
Published: September 2021

Not all activity in planning is political or ideological, evidently. This chapter explores two of the areas which may be thought less subject to political and ideological influences. One is the technical dimension of planning work, which includes a range of skills, from the “harder” aspects like design or regulations to the softer sides of negotiation and participatory techniques. This is seen as indeed having some autonomy, but also as in part tied into the political work of planners. A second aspect is the central importance of law in planning. This has been especially under-analysed, and a survey of approaches to this area is given, including the valuable analysis of Pierre Bourdieu. It is argued that there is again a separate sphere of legal discourse and power which is central to planning, but that this too has a strong ideological grounding. It is problematic for many people involved in planning that law complexifies and to an extent mystifies even simple planning matters.
The allied health collective
Authors: Nancarrow Susan , Borthwick Alan
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the concept of allied health as a confederation of constituent professions. We examine: the way that different jurisdictions define the allied health collective; the rationale for those groupings; and the impact of inclusion (or otherwise) of the groupings on the individual professional project of specific allied health professions. Concepts that will be explored include the considerations around a heterogeneous group of occupations attempting to work together to achieve a single professional project. It also also explores the international contexts of the allied health professions and the relevance of the specific comparisons between Australia and the UK.
The established allied health professions
Authors: Nancarrow Susan , Borthwick Alan
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores in detail using the examples of optometry and radiography the early development of the well-established and more mature allied health professions who have had to negotiate their professional boundaries with the state and the medical profession. In many ways, it is these early disputes and negotiations that are responsible for shaping the modern health workforce and the allied health division of labour. Optometry and radiology constitute two clear examples of professions that may be regarded as established within contemporary mainstream healthcare. One has a long pre-modern history, with a degree of autonomy built on its claim to a unique knowledge base that is independent of medicine and a track record of retail business success; the other emerged firmly rooted in hospital practice comprising technicians competing with medicine within a medical sphere of practice. Optometry, historically male-dominated, was established prior to the advent of full medical hegemony and power; radiography, mainly female, arose within it. Yet, both continue to operate within limits to a scope of practice defined by the presence of two major medical specialities with which they closely interface: ophthalmology and radiology. Both groups have a clearly limited and subordinate role in the provision of healthcare within their own spheres, and both had to concede the right to make diagnoses within their fields of expertise. It is the latter that has so clearly influenced the limitations set on the prescribing of medicines for both groups, even in the current policy climate of workforce redesign and role flexibility.
Contextualising policy analysis in Ireland
Authors: Hogan John , Murphy Mary P.
Published: September 2021

In the introduction to the volume the editors offer an overview of concepts that will appear throughout the book and set the scene for readers with a summary of the Irish political and economic context. The chapter then sketches the kinds of policy analysis the volume encompasses, providing readers with a guide to the wide-ranging and diverse contributions. These contributions include those from practitioner authors who provide a number of case studies and other examples of policy analysis from their own experiences, and academic authors who provide insights into a variety of approaches to the study of policy analysis applied in Ireland since independence. The chapter also outlines how the chapters of the volume are grouped in four subsections.
Ireland’s ‘unique blend’: local government and policy analysis
Authors: Quinlivan Aodh
Published: September 2021

Chapter Six focuses on the experience of policy analysis in local government. While there are enormous weaknesses within the system of local government in Ireland, including the lack of constitutional protection; low autonomy; few functions; political, administrative, functional and financial centralisation; there is still policy analysis potential. In individual, often uncoordinated ways, local councils play innovative roles in economic development and policy formulation, with local authorities pushing boundaries with a variety of democratic reforms aimed at enhancing participation in policy processes. This mass of contradictions represents a blend of innovation, incrementalism, but also entrenchment of persistent challenges regarding the form, functioning and financing of policy analysis potential of local government.
Committees and the legislature
Authors: Connaughton Bernadette
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the historical and contemporary role of parliamentary and other political committees in policy analysis, and the institutional supports which enable their function in policy making. While the dearth of assistance and resources available to Teachtaí Dála (TDs) has contributed to underwhelming legislative performance, developments since 2011 provide an important context for amending relative deficiencies in earlier reform initiatives and the systemic policy failures highlighted by the 2008 crisis. The agenda to introduce political-administrative reform post 2011 included building policy analysis capacity within the Oireachtas and addressing the significant imbalances in executive-legislative relations.
Thinks tanks and their role in policy making in ireland
Authors: McInerney Chris
Published: September 2021

This chapter reviews the role of think tanks in policy making. Like most modern democracies, Ireland relies on a range of sources to influence the choices and designs of public policy. Apart from political and administrative influences, a broad variety of civil society, academic and private sector actors seek to access, influence, advise, inform and sometimes embarrass those in power. The chapter focuses on ‘think tanks’, defining them, reviewing international experience, examining different types and considering the complex issue of assessing think tank influence. It maps out Ireland’s limited think tank landscape and examines recent developments. Think tanks’ influence on Irish policymaking is assessed across a number of indicators.
Pathways to adulthood
Authors: Bynner John , Heinz Walter R.
Published: September 2021

Supplies a broad overview of the themes pursued through the different chapters. The overriding theme is structural and cultural change affecting contexts and pathways to adulthood in two European societies that differ in their institutional fabric - England and Germany. Change in family relationships and identity construction, transformations in education, labour markets, politics and media are highlighted. The life course perspective that informs the theoretical framework of the book is introduced. The impact on and over shadowing of all youth and family activity through the COVID-19 virus is also addressed as precursor to the main discussion in Chapter 8
Impact of COVID-19 on youth
Authors: Bynner John , Heinz Walter R.
Published: September 2021

Though data about the effects of the COVID-19 virus on youth are still relatively scarce this chapter attempts to illuminate the resulting disruptions of young people’s lives Pre-existing social problems become more visible in young people, impacting on the families’ capacity to respond to the effect of the virus on their living circumstances and mental health. Coping with the lockdown measures created tensions in families who have to adapt to school closures, working at home-office, short-term employment and the threat of unemployment. In such situations young adults’ life plans become increasingly uncertain. The longer such a situation lasts the greater is the need for policy intervention in order to prevent unrecoverable transition breakdowns. The surge in distress and mental illness signal the possibilities of long term life course damage.
Aging in urban Canada
Authors: Biglieri Samantha , Hartt Maxwell , Channer Natalie S.
Published: September 2021

This chapter looks at Statistics Canada and the academic literature to present some stylized facts and figures regarding urban older adults and a synthesis of the challenges and opportunities of aging in urban environments. It provides a snapshot of Canadian urban demographic trends and an overview of the state-of-the-art thinking on urban aging. It also describes Canada as a predominant nation of rural spaces as urban locations occupy only 0.25 percent of Canada's 9.9 million square kilometres. The chapter focuses on the three largest metropolitan areas: Toronto, Montréal, and Vancouver, which are home to more than a third of all Canadians with a combined population of 12.5 million. It refers to urban Canada, which evokes the images of being big, bustling conurbations with dense downtowns, skyscrapers, and expensive housing.