bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Riemann problem
Authors: Bressan Alberto
Published: November 2023

Let γ ⊆ ℝn be an open set and let f : γ  ↦  ℝn be a smooth vector field. The Riemann problem for the system of conservation laws

consists in finding a weak solution of (5.1) with piecewise constant initial data of the form
Handbook of Radiation Effects
Authors: Holmes-Siedle Andrew , Adams Len
Published: November 2023

This revised second edition of a popular handbook for engineers describes the important relationship between high-energy radiation environments, electronic device physics and materials. It is a straightforward account of the problems which arise when high-energy radiation bombards matter and of engineering methods for solving those problems. Radiation effects are a problem encountered in the use of highly engineered materials such as semiconductors, optics and polymers. The finely-tuned properties of these materials may change drastically when exposed to a radiation environment such as a beam of X-rays or electrons, the space environment or the 'hadrons' in CERN's new collider. All of these environments and several more are described. At the core of this book is a discussion of the impact of these environments on the devices used in computing, data processing and communication. While unashamedly oriented to the engineer-designer and manager, with descriptions in a highly readable form, there is no compromise in physical accuracy when describing high-energy radiation and the effects it produces, such as electronic failure, coloration and the decay of strength. A great breadth of technical data, such as may be needed to make quick decisions, is presented with literature references and a compendium of web-sites which have been tested and used by the authors.
Metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices
Authors: Holmes-Siedle Andrew , Adams Len
Published: November 2023

MOS integrated circuits, particularly those of the complementary form (CMOS), are very suitable for use in high-performance electronics such as timers, battery-powered computers, robots, missiles, and space vehicles. The power consumed by the CMOS logic element is extraordinarily low compared with nMOS and bipolar circuits. In addition, the CMOS inverter employs voltage signals which can be made highly immune to noise. These features are uniquely suitable for advanced data-handling and control systems in severe, remote environments. It is unfortunate therefore that many MOS devices show strong, variable and long-lived response to total-dose radiation. In any radiation environment exceeding about one thousand rads ( 10 Gy), it is necessary to consider the effect of oxide charge trapping and interface-state generation; heavy ions and intense pulses of radiation can also cause the upset of logic states.
Optical media
Authors: Holmes-Siedle Andrew , Adams Len
Published: November 2023

Transparent materials have large values of E  G, the forbidden gap in electronic energy states. They are transparent because, visible light cannot excite carriers across that gap and hence the material does not absorb visible light. For this to be so, the EG has to be greater than 3 eV. However, when exposed to radiation, transparent materials may darken as new energy levels are created in the gap. A classic example is the production of ‘colour centres’ in alkali chloride crystals. Nearly all multicomponent silicate glasses, as used in optics, produce an absorption in the blue end of the spectrum when exposed to radiation. The radiation-induced loss at 400 nm is usually ten times higher than at 800 nm and there is even higher loss in the UV, including some absorption maxima characteristic of the structure of the defect which is active. The result for most silica glasses is a yellow or brown colour, variable with the exact spectral shape of the absorption. Important knowledge of radiation-induced coloration arises from the alkaline earth oxide series, for example, magnesium oxide (Crawford and Slifkin 1975; Henderson et al. 1977).

In this chapter, we discuss the physics, chemistry, and practical problems associated with windows, lenses, optical coatings, and optical fibres. Fibres are a special case, as they have extraordinarily long optical paths and the materials are manufactured by very special drawing methods and may be used in nuclear-reactor environments. For the other, more conventional components, optical path lengths are short, ranging from a few micrometres (coatings) to a few centimetres (lenses), and the materials are usually manufactured by casting and polishing. Classic books on transparent materials include Schulman and Compton 1963; Crawford and Slifkin 1975; Weber (review by Williams and Friebele) 1986; Agullo-Lopez et al. 1988; Agullo-Lopez 1995. The relationship between the optical and electrical properties of oxides is dealt with in a large number of publications; for example, Pacchioni (200I) and many edited by Griscom (q.v.).
Pharmacological and pharmaceutical properties
Authors: Chapman Anthony RO , Anderson Robert J
Published: November 2023

Aqueous extracts from eight species of Hong Kong marine algae were tested for their antiviral activity against Herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2). These extracts were tested for their cytotoxicity by examining their effects on the Vero cells. Their potential anti-HSV activity was evaluated using cytopathogenic effect (CPE) inhibition assay. Among the extracts tested, five (from Caulerpa sp., Corallina sp., Hypnea charoides, Padina arborescens and Sargassum patens) showed some potential activities with very low cytotoxicity to Vero cells and three (from Laurencia japonica, Galaxaura oblongata and Sargassum siliquastrum) had no activity against HSV-1 and HSV-2. The extracts of Sargassum patens and Caulerpa sp. were found to be the most promising with very low ECso, namely 25 µg/ ml against HSV-1 and 12.5 µg/ml against HSV-2. The extract of Sargassum patens was precipitated with ethanol. The dark brown precipitated fraction (designated as SP) showed more potent antiviral activities with EC50 against HSV-1 and HSV-2 clinical strains, being 12.5 µg/ml and 4.7 µg/ml respectively in Vero cells. This SP inhibited CPE formation of both HSV clinical and laboratory strains in Vero cells and HEp-2 cells. This SP also showed good antiviral activity against an HSV-1 acyclovir resistant strain. These results indicate that the extract from Sargassum patens is a promising source of natural antiviral agent against herpes virus.
Geometry Ancient and Modern
Authors: Silvester J R
Published: November 2023

This book is a guided tour of geometry, from Euclid through to algebraic geometry. It shows how mathematicians use a variety of techniques to tackle problems, and it links geometry to other branches of mathematic.s It is a teaching text, with a large number of exercises woven into the exposition. Topics covered: ruler and compasses constructions, transformations, triangle and circle theorems, classification of isometries and groups of isometries in dimensions 2 and 3, Platonic solids, conics, similarities, affine, projective and Mobius transformations, non-Euclidean geometry, projective geometry, the beginnings of algebraic geometry.
In All Likelihood
Authors: Pawitan Yudi
Published: November 2023

Based on a course in the theory of statistics this text concentrates on what can be achieved using the likelihood/Fisherian method of taking account of uncertainty when studying a statistical problem. It takes the concept ot the likelihood as providing the best methods for unifying the demands of statistical modelling and the theory of inference. Every likelihood concept is illustrated by realistic examples, which are not compromised by computational problems. Examples range from a simile comparison of two accident rates, to complex studies that require generalised linear or semiparametric modelling. The emphasis is that the likelihood is not simply a device to produce an estimate, but an important tool for modelling. The book generally takes an informal approach, where most important results are established using heuristic arguments and motivated with realistic examples. With the currently available computing power, examples are not contrived to allow a closed analytical solution, and the book can concentrate on the statistical aspects of the data modelling. In addition to classical likelihood theory, the book covers many modern topics such as generalized linear models and mixed models, non parametric smoothing, robustness, the EM algorithm and empirical likelihood.
Introduction
Authors: Pawitan Yudi
Published: November 2023

Statistical modelling and inference have grown, above all else, to deal with variation and uncertainty. This may sound like an ambitious undertaking, since anyone going through life, even quietly, realizes ubiquitous uncertainties. It is not obvious that we can say something rigorous, scientific or even just sensible in the face of uncertainty.
Frequentist properties
Authors: Pawitan Yudi
Published: November 2023

Frequentist or repeated sampling properties of sample statistics form a basis of probability-based inference. These properties also indicate a potential objective verification of our statistical procedures. In this chapter we will expand our discussion on important frequentist properties such as bias and variance of point estimates, calibration of likelihood using P-values, and coverage probability of CIs. We will introduce a powerful computational method called the bootstrap, and cover the so-called ‘exact ‘ confidence procedures for specific models.
Modelling relationships: regression models
Authors: Pawitan Yudi
Published: November 2023

Modelling relationships and comparing groups is the essence of statistical modelling. Separate descriptions of individual groups are usually less interesting than group comparisons. Most scientific knowledge is about relationships between various measurements; for example, E = mc2, or ‘population grows exponentially but resources only grow linearly ‘, etc.
Likelihood of random parameters
Authors: Pawitan Yudi
Published: November 2023

where μi is the random group i effect and eij is the error term. In classical linear models it is common to assume that μi ‘s are an iid sample from N (μ, σ2 ) and eij ‘s are an iid sample from N (0, σ2). Classical analysis of random effects models concentrates on the estimation of the variance component parameters σ2 and σ2 , but in many recent applications of statistics the main interest is estimating the random parameters μi ‘s. These applications are characterized by the large number of parameters.
General formulation for distance sampling
Authors: Borchers D L , Burnham K P
Published: November 2023

Full likelihood functions for distance sampling methods involve assuming probability models for the encounter rate or animal distribution, for the detection process, for cluster size (if animals are detected in clusters), and possibly for other data. Conventional distance sampling (CDS) methods avoid assuming a probability model for encounter rate by using an empirical estimator of its variance and getting confidence intervals assuming density D to be log-normally distributed. Similarly, a point estimator and sampling variance of mean cluster size, E[s] can be obtained in a regression frame-work, so no probability model π(s) for cluster size s in the population need be assumed. Probability models and likelihood inference are conventionally used only for the distance part of the data.
Methods for incomplete detection at distance zero
Authors: Laake J L , Borchers D L
Published: November 2023

In conventional distance sampling (CDS) and multiple-covariate distance sampling (MCDS), the detection function is denoted g(y) or g(y, z) and detection at distance zero (y = 0) is certain: g(0) = 1 and g(0, z) = 1. In this chapter, we deal with detection functions in which detection probability at distance zero may be less than one. To distinguish these functions from CDS or MCDS functions, we denote the detection function p(y, z).
The Single Case Study and Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Funnell Elaine
Published: November 2023

Most investigations into the cognitive deficits found in Alzheimer-type dementia (AD) have studied groups of subjects in order to answer such questions as ‘What is the nature of the naming, memory, attention disorder found in AD?’ The purpose of such questions has been to draw up a profile of characteristic features of the disorder that can then be used for a number of purposes: to aid in the diagnosis of AD; to monitor decline; and to help develop approaches to management. One advantage to the disease-based approach is that it appears to provide a rationale for grouping patients’ symptoms into patterns of change, which can then be used to predict changes in individual cases.
Measuring Impairment and Charting Decline in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Gray Colin , Sala Sergio Della
Published: November 2023

The principal focus of the present chapter is upon the measurement of neuropsychological impairment in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and how the decline in functioning can be charted objectively. We shall identify those aspects of research procedure that we believe to be the most crucial, and indicate ways in which the trajectory of the disease can be monitored accurately from its earliest manifestations to its final stages.
Calculation and Number Processing Skills in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Mcneil Jane
Published: November 2023

Number processing and calculation skills are needed for many daily activities such as managing money, understanding dates and times, and using telephones or public transport. So any impairment in numerical or calculation skills can have a huge impact on a patient’s ability to live independently. It is therefore surprising that there has been so little systematic investigation of dyscalculia in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The study of these devastating deficits can, however, provide strong evidence about how the normal brain processes and transforms numerical information. Furthermore, it is possible that a more detailed understanding of which cognitive processes are impaired in AD and thus which anatomical areas are implicated may shed light on the disease process itself.
Quantitative pharmacology of GPCRs
Authors: Kenakin Terry
Published: November 2023

Historically, the science of pharmacology originated through the observation and quantification of drug effect on physiological systems. This was necessary because the testing of experimental chemicals on physiological systems, for reasons of safety and ethics, necessarily had to be conducted in non-human systems and the results of those studies extrapolated to humans. Quantitative drug response analysis is the common currency of this process since it defines the difference between therapeutic and toxic effects. For drugs to be useful, their effects have to be quantified and this requires the development of tools which come directly from the discipline of drug receptor theory. This chapter outlines the tools used to quantify the activity of drugs on GPCRs.
Adrenergic receptors
Authors: Hieble J Paul , Ruffolo Robert R
Published: November 2023

The adrenoceptors (adrenergic receptors) mediate the diverse effects of the neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system, norepinephrine, and epinephrine, at virtually all sites throughout the body. During the last century, the adrenoceptors have been extensively studied by a variety of functional and molecular techniques, and have been progressively subdivided (Hieble et al . 1995a ). Currently, nine adrenoceptors have been cloned, and they have been divided into three major categories, the α  1-adrenoceptors, α  2-adrenoceptors, and β -adrenoceptors. Although there are pharmacological data that suggest the existence of additional adrenoceptor subtypes, it now seems likely that this results from multiple ‘affinity states’ of a particular adrenoceptor subtype, rather than from a new adrenoceptor protein yet to be cloned.
Cholecystokinin receptors
Authors: Noble Florence , Roques Bernard P
Published: November 2023

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a peptide originally discovered in the gastrointestinal tract (Ivy and Oldberg 1928), but also found in high density in the mammalian CNS (Vanderhaeghen et al . 1975). This peptide, initially characterized as a 33 amino acid sequence, is present in a variety of biologically active molecular forms (Rehfeld and Nielsen 1995) derived from a 115 amino acid precursor molecule. The CCK fragments are involved in numerous physiological functions such as feeding behaviour, central respiratory control and cardiovascular tonus, vigilance states, memory processes, nociception, emotional and motivational responses. The C-terminal octapeptide fragment CCK8, constitutes one of the major neuropeptides in the brain, and binds with nanomolar affinities with two different receptors, designated CCK1 (CCKA) and CCK2 (CCKB/gastrin) receptors.
Opioid receptors
Authors: Cesselin François , Hamon Michel
Published: November 2023

Opioid receptors are the targets of analgesic compounds, of which the alkaloid from opium, morphine, remains the most widely used for relieving severe pain. The existence of opioid receptors was first postulated in the 1950s, and established in 1973 by three groups independently (Pert and Snyder 1973; Simon et al . 1973; Terenius 1973). Early binding studies with various ligands suggested the existence of multiple types of opioid receptors. This concept was then actually demonstrated by molecular biology approaches. Three major receptor types were cloned and sequenced, and their genomic structures determined in the 1990s (Evans et al . 1992; Kieffer et al . 1992; Chen et al . 1993a ,b ; Fukuda et al . 1993; Meng et al . 1993; Wang et al . 1993; Yasuda et al . 1993). The nomenclature of opioid receptors is controversial.
Purinergic receptors
Authors: King Brian F , Burnstock Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

The term purinergic receptor (or purinoceptor ) was first introduced to describe classes of membrane receptors that, when activated by either neurally released ATP (P2 purinoceptor ) or its breakdown product adenosine (P1 purinoceptor ), mediated relaxation of gut smooth muscle (Burnstock 1972, 1978). P2 purinoceptors were further divided into five broad phenotypes (P2X, P2Y, P2Z, P2U, and P2T) according to pharmacological profile and tissue distribution (Burnstock and Kennedy 1985; Gordon 1986; O’Connor et al . 1991; Dubyak 1991). Thereafter, they were reorganized into families of metabotropic ATP receptors (P2Y, P2U, and P2T) and ionotropic ATP receptors (P2X and P2Z) (Dubyak and El-Moatassim 1993), later redefined as extended P2Y and P2X families (Abbracchio and Burnstock 1994). In the early 1990s, cDNAs were isolated for three heptahelical proteins—called P2Y1, P2Y2, and P2Y3—with structural similarities to the rhodopsin GPCR template. At first, these three GPCRs were believed to correspond to the P2Y, P2U, and P2T receptors. However, the complexity of the P2Y receptor family was underestimated. At least 15, possibly 16, heptahelical proteins have been associated with the P2Y receptor family (King et al . 2001, see Table 21.1).
Metabotropic glutamate receptors
Authors: Pin Jean-Philippe , Bockaert Joël
Published: November 2023

Glutamate, like other neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, ATP, serotonine, glycine, GABA), acts on two main types of membrane receptors: ligand-gated channels, also called ionotropic receptors (iGluRs), and G protein coupled receptors also called metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs). In contrast to the iGluRs that are primarily responsible for the fast excitatory synaptic transmission, mGluRs are generally involved in the tuning not only of glutamatergic synapses, but also GABA-ergic, dopaminergic and serotoninergic synapses. As such these receptors represent an excellent target for the development of drugs with various therapeutic application including anxiety, pain, ischaemia, Parkinson disease, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. MGluRs have also been identified outside the brain, in bones, skeletal muscles, taste buds, sensory and enteric neurones ... indicating that new roles for mGluRs have still to be discovered.
What Are Musical Identities, And Why Are They Important?
Authors: Hargreaves David j. , Miell Dorothy , Macdonald Raymond A R
Published: November 2023

Music is a fundamental channel of communication: it provides a means by which people can share emotions, intentions and meanings even though their spoken languages may be mutually incomprehensible. It can also provide a vital lifeline to human interaction for those whose special needs make other means of communication difficult. Music can exert powerful physical effects, can produce deep and profound emotions within us, and can be used to generate infinitely subtle variations of expressiveness by skilled composers and performers. At the same time, music plays a greater part in the everyday lives of more people than at any time in the past. This is partly the result of the extremely rapid technological developments that have occurred in the last two decades or so, allied to the increasing commercialization and economic power of the music industry. In the developed countries of the world at least, the widespread availability and relative inexpensiveness of the Walkman, the Internet, the MIDI interface, the video recorder and more means that a vast diversity of musical styles and genres is available to us as listeners. The ways in which people experience music —as ‘consumers’, fans, listeners, composers, arrangers, performers or critics —are far more diverse than at any time in the past, as are the range of contexts in which this takes place.
Disability And Identity In Music Therapy
Authors: Magee Wendy l.
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, MacDonald and Miell presented data that revealed how acquiring musical skills within the shared experience of music workshops affects self-concepts and identity. This chapter will expand upon this with reference to music therapy. Drawing on the results of a research study (Magee, 1998), this chapter reveals the effects on personal identity when disability is acquired during adulthood, and examines the role of music in therapeutic interventions with individuals struggling with changes in their own identities. Particular emphasis is given to the therapeutic processes involved in music therapy, and to the potential for alliance between therapist and client in using music as an agent for change. The role of the music therapist in facilitating shifts in negative selfconstructs will also be explored.
Comparing Binary Tests And Regression Analysis
Authors: Pepe Margaret Sullivan
Published: November 2023

Various factors can influence the performance of a medical test. The environment in which it is performed, characteristics of testers, characteristics of test subjects and operating parameters for the test are some such factors. It is important to identify and understand the influence of such factors in order to optimize conditions for using a test.
The Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve
Authors: Pepe Margaret Sullivan
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we consider medical tests with results that are not simply positive or negative, but that are measured on continuous or ordinal scales. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve is currently the best-developed statistical tool for describing the performance of such tests.
Biometrika Centenary: Nonparametrics
Authors: Hall Peter
Published: November 2023

Contributions in Biometrika to nonparametric statistics are surveyed, with particular emphasis on more recent work. It is argued that even in the journal’s very early years it had interests in smoothing methods for density estimation, and in techniques for nonparametric regression, in addition to its more obvious focus on ‘classical’ nonparametric statistics such as ranking methods. Biometrika’s early involvement with permutation testing has links to its contemporary work on bootstrap methods. Emphases on different types of nonparametric statistics have evolved over time, however. A rapidly increasing proportion of the journal’s pages is devoted to papers that include some use of nonparametric ideas or methods.
Nonparametric roughness penalties for probability densities
Authors: Good I J , Gaskins R A
Published: November 2023

Given a number of observations x  1 … ,x  N a nonparametric method is suggested for estimating the entire probability density curve. The method is to subtract a roughness penalty from the log likelihood, where the roughness penalty is a certain functional of the assumed density function √f. Those used are linear combinations of ∫γ′dx and ∫γ′′2dx where γ = f. The method appears to be consistent under wide conditions, although consistent methods can be rough. Numerical examples are given and show that for certain values of the coefficients in this linear expression the density function turns out to be very smooth even when N is small. Multivariate extensions are proposed, including one to distributions having some continuous and some discrete components, but numerical examples of these have not been tried. Some of the techniques are borrowed from quantum mechanics and tensor calculus.
F
Authors: Dodge Yadolah
Published: November 2023

F-test A test based on the ratio of two independent statistics, each of which is distributed as the variance in samples from normal populations with the same parent variance. Usually the statistics themselves are quadratic estimators of the parent variance. The test is employed in analysis of variance to test the homogeneity of a set of means.
The promoter of philosophical intelligence 1665–70
Authors: Hall Marie Boas
Published: November 2023

In 1668 Joseph Glanvill, a Fellow of the Royal Society since 1664, published Plus Ultra, a defence of the new experimental philosophy against the claims of the older scholastic learning, arguing that by its means alone knowledge had advanced prodigiously since ancient times.
Analysis of DNA mixtures using Bayesian networks
Authors: Mortera Julia
Published: November 2023

Here we present an extension, rather than a discussion, of the article by S. Lauritzen, where we describe another modern application of Bayesian networks, concerning forensic identification using DNA profiles. In Dawid et al. (2002), Bayesian networks (Cowell et al. 1999) were used to analyse complex cases of forensic inference, involving missing data on one or more of the relevant individuals in paternity testing, genetic mutation, and identification on a large pedigree.
Causal inference using influence diagrams: the problem of partial compliance
Authors: Dawid A Philip
Published: November 2023

In this article I aim to illustrate the fruitfulness, for purposes of causal modelling and inference, of an elaboration of graphical modelling based on influence diagrams. These can be used to model, in a clear and unambiguous way, probabilistic relationships that are regarded as invariant features across a range of circumstances.
Other approaches to the description of conditional independence structures
Authors: Studeny Milan
Published: November 2023

This contribution concerns some aspects complementary to the article by Richardson and Spirtes. In my opinion, the article relates three basic approaches to interpretation of graphs whose nodes correspond to random variables.
On some current research in MCMC
Authors: Frigessi Arnoldo
Published: November 2023

MCMC algorithms used for inference in multivariate statistical models with complex dependency structure are often far too slow and their convergence is difficult to predict and monitor. MCMCs are run many times to debug the code, which is in itself difficult, and to perform model choice and validation.
Trans-dimensional Markov chain Monte Carlo
Authors: Green Peter J
Published: November 2023

Readers of this book will need no further convincing of the importance of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) in numerical calculations for highly structured stochastic systems, and in particular for posterior inference in Bayesian statistical models.
Spatial models in epidemiological applications
Authors: Richardson Sylvia
Published: November 2023

Spatial models have been at the heart of the early development of Bayesian hierarchical models and associated computation techniques. In varied fields such as image analysis, agriculture, ecology, and disease mapping, standard analysis techniques proved inadequate.
Some remarks on Gaussian Markov random field models for disease mapping
Authors: Knorr-Held Leonhard
Published: November 2023

In this contribution, I will comment briefly on some issues arising in disease mapping, in particular on Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF) models. The overall success of the GMRF approach in disease mapping is remarkable.
A comparison of spatial point process models in epidemiological applications
Authors: M0ller Jesper
Published: November 2023

As pointed out in Sylvia Richardson’s article (hereafter referred to as [SR]), point process models provide a natural setting in epidemiological applications. The aims of this contribution are to review the advantages and problems when using such models for aggregated data, compare the properties of different model classes, clarify some of the properties of these model classes in connection to epidemiological applications (which sometimes seem to have been misunderstood), propose some alternative models which are not covered in [SR], and point out some open problems.
Preventing epidemics in heterogeneous environments
Authors: Becker Niels G , Utev Sergey
Published: November 2023

Models that describe the transmission of infection have a number of uses. They underpin analyses of transmission data. They are also used to translate our understanding about transmission of infection between individuals to a description of transmission through the community.
Linked versus unlinked DNA data - a comparison based on ancestral inference
Authors: Weiss Gunter
Published: November 2023

Coalescent theory provides a conceptually simple - but very general - way to describe the ancestral relationship of individuals randomly selected from a large population. The application of coalescent ideas in population genetics has mainly focused on the exploration of demographic scenarios and genetic forces that shaped the intraspecific DNA samples we observe today, as well as the dating of specific genealogical events.
The age of a rare mutation
Authors: Wiuf Carsten
Published: November 2023

Within the last 10 years coalescent theory has become an integrated part of population genetics and the advances in computational statistics have made coalescent theory a standard component in the analysis of genetic variation data.
Which ‘base’ distribution for model criticism?
Authors: Bayarri M J
Published: November 2023

This is a very interesting article. It addresses a difficult question for which good answers are sorely needed. I fully agree with the author in his perception of the role of model criticism, and believe that he has provided very useful insights.
Movement timing: a tutorial
Authors: Wing Alan M , Beek Peter J
Published: November 2023

Two broad traditions underlie behavioural studies of movement timing. In one, which we will refer to as the information processing approach, time is considered a mental abstraction, applicable to, but represented independently of, any particular effector system. In this view our ability to carry out an action fast or slow, to write slow or fast, to speak with variation in rate, or to adjust the speed of the music we play, depends on central timing processes. It may be supposed that these depend on brain circuits that make contact with the motor system. However, they are functionally contained in that they do not require the action of any particular effector system. Rather they may be set to initiate movements at certain times, and these movements’ other parameters, such as force or direction, may be independently speci1ed.
Timing mechanisms in sensorimotor synchronization
Authors: Aschersleben Gisa , Stenneken Prisca , Cole Jonathan , Prinz Wolfgang
Published: November 2023

Abstract. This study examines the in2uence of sensory feedback on the timing of simple repetitive movements in a sensorimotor synchronization task. Subjects were instructed to synchronize 1nger taps with an isochronous sequence of auditory signals. Although this is an easy task, a systematic error is commonly observed: taps precede clicks by several tens of milliseconds. One explanation proposed for ‘negative asynchrony’ is based on the idea that synchrony is established at the level of central representation (and not at the level of external events) and that the timing of an action is determined by the (anticipated) action effect. To test this hypothesis the sensory feedback available from the tap as well as its temporal characteristics were manipulated, and evidence supporting the hypothesis was obtained. After reviewing these 1ndings we report new evidence obtained from a deafferented subject who suffers from a complete loss of tactile and kinesthetic afferences from below the neck. In three experiments we studied his performance (and compared it with a group of age-matched control subjects) under conditions with differing amounts of feedback. In the 1rst experiment, in which all information about the tapping movement was excluded, the deafferented subject nevertheless maintained a stable phase relationship between the pacing signal and his movements but with a large negative asynchrony.
The embodiment of musical structure: effects of musical context on sensorimotor synchronization with complex timing patterns
Authors: Repp Bruno H
Published: November 2023

Abstract. Two experiments demonstrate that musical context facilitates sensorimotor synchronization with complex timing patterns that are compatible with the musical structure. Several very different timing patterns were derived from an analysis of expressive performances of a musical excerpt. A random pattern (Exp. 1) or phase-shifted versions of the musical patterns (Exp. 2) served as comparisons, and an isochronous pattern served as practice. Musically trained participants 1rst attempted repeatedly to synchronize their 1nger taps with click sequences instantiating these timing patterns. Subsequent repetitions of the click sequences were accompanied by the identically timed music, and 1nally, the music disappeared and was only to be imagined in synchrony with the clicks. Compared with the random or phase-shifted patterns, synchronization accuracy for the musical patterns improved as soon as the music was introduced, especially when the pattern was highly typical. This relative improvement was reduced or absent when the music was merely imagined. Nevertheless, both musical context and imagery systematically modulated the timing of 1nger taps in synchronization with strictly isochronous click sequences. Thus perception or imagination of musical structure can involuntarily affect the timing of concurrent action, presumably by modulating the timekeeping processes that pace the motor behavior. This study also demonstrates that radically different timing patterns are compatible with the same musical structure, as they seem to be in expert artistic performance.
Coding of visible and hidden actions
Authors: Jellema Tjeerd , Perrett David I
Published: November 2023

Abstract. We review the properties of cells in the temporal cortex of the macaque monkey, which are sensitive to visual cues arising from the face and body and their movements. We speculate that the responses of populations of cells in the cortex of the anterior superior temporal sulcus (STSa) support an understanding of the behaviour of others. Actions of an agent, including whole body movements (e.g. walking) and articulations (of the limbs and torso), made during the redirecting of attention and reaching are coded by STS a cells in a way which: (1) allows generalization over different views and orientations of the agent with respect to the observer;
Activation and suppression in conflict tasks: empirical clarification through distributional analyses
Authors: Ridderinkhof K Richard
Published: November 2023

Abstract. The purpose of the present study was to explore and clarify the role of inhibitory processes in correspondence effects in con2ict tasks (and in the Simon task in particular), in which responses are typically slowed when an irrelevant stimulus feature is associated with the incorrect response. An activation-suppression hypothesis, describing a pattern of direct activation followed by the selective suppression of that activation, was developed and applied to the Simon task. Distributional analyses (in particular, delta plots for both response speed and accuracy) were argued to reveal the dynamics of these inhibitory processes. Three different empirical approaches provided evidence for differential patterns of selective suppression in Simon tasks. First, the results of an experimental manipulation, designed explicitly to vary the need to suppress (the context in which the Simon task appeared either emphasized or opposed the need to suppress the task-irrelevant location of the stimulus), provided independent evidence that differential patterns of suppression of location-driven direct activation showed up in diverging delta plot patterns.
From perception to action: making the connection—a tutorial
Authors: Jolicœur Pierre , Tombu Michael , Oriet Chris , Stevanovski Biljana
Published: November 2023

We review results that bear on the relationship between perception and action, with an emphasis on capacity limitations in the information processing system. Over and above limitations in storage capacity of short-term memory (STM) stores, several converging sources of evidence suggest that limitations are also imposed by transformation operations into and out of the short-term memory system (STMS). In particular, entry into an STM store appears to require a capacity-limited operation we call short-term consolidation. The psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm also provides evidence for central capacity limitations, which we attribute to the consolidation of response codes. Results from PRP experiments show that explicit retrieval of information from long-term memory or from STM requires central mechanisms. We present new evidence suggesting that the bottleneck observed in the PRP paradigm is not merely strategic, but rather reflects central processing limitations. We review evidence for the capacity-free activation of stored semantic information and present a model in which such activation occurs before the capacity-limited operations in the STMS are required. Evidence for parallel activation of response codes is evaluated within the context of several well- known paradigms including the flanker effect, the crosstalk effect, the Simon effect, and the Stroop effect. We highlight the importance of maintaining an appropriate task set in observing these effects and introduce a model that details the stages of processing that mediate the flow of information from perception to action. In outlining the components of this model, we attempt to account for the wide range of phenomena reviewed in the chapter. Pipelining, chunking, and chording allow the system to have high throughput despite structural limitations imposed by the STMS.
The representational nature of sequence learning: evidence for goal-based codes
Authors: Hazeltine Eliot
Published: November 2023

Motor sequence learning guides much of our behavior yet the nature of the underlying representations remains elusive: some have argued that stimuli are incorporated in the representations; others have emphasized codes that specify anatomical units; and still others have proposed that the representations are based on locations in egocentric space. To examine what information is learned, the present study used variants of the serial reaction time task in which the responses were associated with task-relevant environmental consequences. In two experiments, these environmental consequences determined whether sequence knowledge transferred to new sets of stimuli and responses, indicating that the learned representation includes the intended goals of the component actions. Such an encoding scheme can account for apparently conflicting findings in the sequence learning literature.
Ecological basis of life-history diversity
Authors: Bennett Peter M , Owens Ian P F
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter we identified the core associations between avian life-history traits (Fig. 4.2). Such relationships can be thought of as fundamental axes along which avian life-histories vary. Our task now is to explain why different families of birds are at different points along these axes. Why, for instance, have New World quail and albatrosses arrived at such very different compromises between growth, survival, and reproduction? A number of ecological factors have been suggested to explain avian life-history diversity. In the following sections we will review the rationale behind five of these traits: body size, food availability, developmental mode, and mortality risk to offspring and parents. We will then describe our comparative analyses of their relative explanatory power.
Explaining variation in extinction risk
Authors: Bennett Peter M , Owens Ian P F
Published: November 2023

How can we approach the problem, identified by Bob May and John Lawton (see quotations at the start of this section), of understanding the ecological mechanisms that underlie interspecific variation in extinction risk? Nearly 10,000 living bird species are recognized, of which 12% (1183) are currently classified as being threatened with extinction (BirdLife International 2000). In the last decade considerable progress has been made in describing the geographical distribution of extinction risk and the relative importance of the main anthropogenic causes of threat to living birds (Collar et al. 1994; Stattersfield et al. 1998; BirdLife International 2000).
Classical harmonic analysis and Wiener’s theorem
Authors: Reiter Hans , Stegeman Jan D
Published: November 2023

We write JR for the real numbers, Rv for the v-dimensional vector space over R.; the space Rv consists of all v-tuples x (x1, ... , x11) of real numbers, with the usual rules for addition, subtraction, and multiplication by real scalars.
Locally compact abelian groups and the foundations of harmonic analysis
Authors: Reiter Hans , Stegeman Jan D
Published: November 2023

The most fundamental locally compact abelian groups are the following: R. the additive group of real numbers; Z, the additive group of integers; and 11’, the multiplicative group of complex numbers of absolute value I. The group 1I’ is isomorphic, as a topological group, to R/Z; this is the significance of the mapping x 1-1e2(see also the discussion on the algebra F1(‘JI’) in Section 1.1).
Perturbation Theory for Infinite Dimensional Dynamical Systems
Authors: Stuart Andrew
Published: November 2023

When considering the effect of perturbations on initial value problems over long time intervals it is not possible, in general, to uniformly approximate individual trajectories. This is because well posed initial value problems allow exponential divergence of trajectories and this fact is reflected in the error bound relating trajectories of the perturbed and unperturbed problems. In order to interpret data obtained from numerical simulations over long time intervals, and from other forms of perturbations, it is hence often necessary to ask different questions concerning the behavior as the approximation is refined. One possibility, which we concentrate on in this review, is to study the effect of perturbation on sets which are invariant under the evolution equation. Such sets include equilibria, periodic solutions, stable and unstable manifolds, phase portraits, inertial manifolds and attractors; they are crucial to the understanding of long-time dynamics.
Kramer’s Sampling Theorem in Signal Analysis and its Role in Mathematics
Authors: Butzer P L , Nasri-Roudsari G
Published: November 2023

Whereas a number of papers exist surveying various aspects of the Whittaker Kotel’nikov-Shannon sampling theorem-see for example [1-9], (see also [10-12] for special aspects) as well as the books [13-16]-this paper is primarily concerned with a survey of the Kramer sampling theorem, its connections with the Shannon theorem and Lagrange interpolation, both from a deterministic and random point of view. Special emphasis is placed on various applications, in fact nine, to Sturm-Liouville boundary value problems, also in a multivariate setting. Thus this overview is fully complementary to the surveys of the senior author and his former students and collaborators cited.
Atom Probe Field Ion Microscopy
Authors: Miller M K , Cerezo A , Hetherington M G , Smith G D W
Published: November 2023

This book provides a definitive account of the theory, practice and applications of atom probe field ion microscopy (APFIM). The APFIM technique provides a unique method for observing and chemically identifying single atoms on solid surfaces. Recent advances in the method,which are largely due to the present authors, now permit the atomic-scale chemistry of a solid specimen to be recognised in three dimensions. As a result of these developments, new and exciting applications are rapidly emerging in the field of material science, surface science, and catalysis. The book is a state-of-the art account of this important field, and is intended for a graduate-level readership.
Two conceptions of natural number
Authors: George Alexander , Velleman Daniel J
Published: November 2023

The distinction between the completed and the potential infinite is well known. Less noted is a corresponding contrast between two different conceptions of natural number. It is only to be expected that there would be such a contrast, since the natural numbers form our most basic model of an infinite collection. In this note, we present these two distinct conceptions by articulating the philosophical visions that inspire them and the mathematical definitions that give them substance. We show how these analyses satisfy, in interestingly different ways, the basic demands that any such definition must meet. In keeping with the fundamental difference in perspective between these accounts of natural number, we should expect that those who advance the one definition will find the other wanting. We try to describe what form these respective criticisms will take and to say why they will appear misguided to proponents of the conception against which they are directed.
The CW-Tower of Categories
Authors: Baues Hans-Joachim
Published: November 2023

A CW-complex X is obtained inductively by constructing the skeleta Xn, n ≥0. Since we here only consider homotopy types of simply connected CW-complexes we may assume that X is reduced in the sense that the 1-skeleton of X consists of a single point, X1 = * However, the skeletal filtration has the disadvantage that the homotopy type of Xn is not well defined by the homotopy type of X. For this reason J.H.C. Whitehead introduced the (n −1)-type of X which is also the (n −1)-type of Xn and which can be obtained from Xn by ‘killing’ homotopy groups πmXn, m≥n. The (n−1)-type is the (n−1)-section of the Postnikov tower of X which we denote by P  n−1(X). It is a classical result that the homotopy type of Pn−1(X) is well defined by the homotopy type of X. This fact justifies the construction of Pn−1(X), though it is to some extent absurd to replace a nice n-dimensional CW-complex Xn by a CW-complex Pn−1 (X) which in general is infinite dimensional, and the homology of which is hard to compute.
On the Homotopy Classification of Simply Connected 5-Dimensional Polyhedra
Authors: Baues Hans-Joachim
Published: November 2023

The classical result of J.H.C. Whitehead on simply connected 4–dimensional homotopy types relies on the computation of the group Γ3X which fortunately has the simple description in terms of the Γ-functor. A homomorphism Γ (A) → B is given by a quadratic function η: A→ B which is the algebraic equivalent of a simply connected 3-type, denoted by K( η, 2).