bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Antibacterial Effect of Phytosterols Isolated from Echinops heterophyllus in Comparison with MEBO® and Standard Antimicrobial Agents.
Authors: Fahmi Zena Munther , Khadeem Enas Jawad , Hasan Huda Falah , Luaibi Oday Kareem
Published: April 2022

This study investigated the types of phytosterols that exists in the aerial and root parts of Echinops heterophyllus and explored the antibacterial effect of these phytosterols against some pathogenic bacteria in comparison with Moist Exposed Wound Ointment (MEBO®) and gentamicin.Plant was extracted and phytosterols were isolated and purified from the crude extract of Echinops heterophyllus by using chemical method. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) detected the presence of steroids in the aerial and roots part and gas chromatographymass spectrophotometer GC/MS analysis was used to identify some of these compounds and among them were beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol. Standard dilutions of the phytosterols isolated from Echinops heterophyllus were made from 10-100%; its antibacterial effect had been examined by seeded agar method against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.The effect of these phytosetrols against Staphylococcus aureus was more potent than against Pseudomonas aeruginosa.The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was seventy mg/ml and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was eighty five mg/ml. This study illustrates that sitosterol isolated from Echinops heterophyllus has a greater inhibitory effect on the test bacteria than gentamicine and closer results to MEBO®. It can be concluded in this study is a good step to show the types of phytosterols isolated from Echinops heterophyllus and the antibacterial effectof these phytosterols in vitro against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Studies of 2-azetidinones Compounds Derived from Amoxicillin
Authors: AL-Tamimi Entesar Obeed , Muslih Raad Mahjoub , Thejeel Khalida Ali
Published: April 2022

In this study, the new azetidinones were synthesized from Schiff bases 2(a-j) that derived from amoxicillin (1) on treatment with chloroacetyl chloride in presence of triethylamine gave azetidinone 3(a-j). The structure of these compounds have been elucidated on the basis of their physical and spectral. Azetidinone  compounds were also screened for  their antibacterial activity against some bacterial species using amoxicillin as standard.
Incidence of Maxillary Midline Diastema in Iraqi Students in Baghdad City
Authors: Hamad Nail Hasan
Published: April 2022

Maxillary midline diastema is one of important numerical anomalies of teeth which character as an open space between the maxillary central incisors so that many studies have been carried out in different countries of the world to find the prevalence of maxillary midline diastema. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of the maxillary midline diastema and assess the gender difference in a selective sample of college and institute Iraqi student age (18-22) year in Baghdad city.

A total sample of (1460) students distributed into (680) males and (780) females. The statistical analysis shows the incidence of maxillary midline diastema is (55) cases in the total sample with percent (3.8%) which is in males (3.4%) and (4.1%) in female. So it is found in females more than in males, the maxillary Midline Diastema.
Effect of Mixing Silanized Poly Propylene and Siwak Fibers on Some Physical and Mechanical Properties of Heat Cure Resin Denture Base
Authors: Khalaf Hanan Abdul-Rahman
Published: April 2022

PMMA is used in construction of denture base due to several advantages, including biocompatibility and optimal appearance. Operators and patients complain from fracture of acrylic denture base material attributed to decreased resistance to impact, flexural or fatigue stresses. The aim of the research is to assess the effect of addition of silanized mixture of siwak and poly propylene fibers on PMMA denture base.

            Fourteen acrylic resin specimens were prepared for each test (Impact strength, Transverse strength, Shear bond strength, Thermal conductivity, Shore D hardness, Surface roughness and Water sorption) the specimens were grouped as control group (n=7) :no fibers additive and experimental group (n=7):(2 %) silanized mixture of siwak and poly propylene fibers, 4 mm length, FT-IR was done to investigate the presence of functional groups of coupling agent (TMSPM) on the tested fibers, independent t-test was used for statistical analysis of the resulted data.

            Statistical analysis indicated that silanized mixture of poly propylene and natural fibers (siwak) produced significant increase (p≤0.05) of impact strength and highly significant increase (p≤0.01) of shear bond strength, transverse strength, thermal conductivity and shore D hardness of heat cure acrylic resin while a non significant increase (p>0.05) of surface roughness and water sorption properties was observed in comparison to non fiber reinforced resin specimens.

            The addition of silanized mixture of siwak and polypropylene fibers into heat cure PMMA improve the tested physical and mechanical properties.
Prevalence Trichomoniasis and Candidiasis For Symptomatic Pregnant and Non Pregnant Women in Iraq
Authors: AL-Muathen Dhilal Mahdi , Sachit Hayat Ghaith
Published: April 2022

The prevalence of Trichomonas vaginalis (TV) and Candida albicans (CA) has been determined in 182 symptomatic married women (70 pregnant and 112 non pregnant) randomly selected from private gynecology clinics in Baghdad city. The relationship between infection and some risk factors was assessed.

            Data were collected by questionnaire and vaginal swabs were examined microscopically. Of the 182 women the pregnant 4 infected with TV and19 with CA while non-pregnant 2 infected with TV and 14 with CA.

            The age group between (20-29years) represents the highest frequency of infection with the two microorganisms. Abortion number and monthly family income were statistically non significant with high infection rates.
Histological Changes of Cervix in Ovariectomized Indigenous Rabbits
Authors: R.A Muna , Abood Dhyaa Ab. , Rajab Jehan M.
Published: April 2022

Histological changes which occurred in the cervix of the ovariectomized rabbits without hormone and with hormones injection were investigated.

            A total of 45 female rabbits were divided into three groups, the first group was used as a control, while, the second and third groups were used for experiments.

            In control group the tunica mucosa thrown into branched folds which lined with simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium, and a lamina propria was well vascular dense irregular collagenous connective tissue and a tunica muscularis displayed double layers of smooth muscle fibers. In ovariectomized group without hormones injection, the tunica mucosa showed delicate mucosal folds which lined with low simple cuboidal epithelium and the tunica muscularis was very thin layer, and a significant decreased in the height and thickness of mucosal folds, thickness of lamina propria and tunica muscularis. In ovariectomized groups with hormones injection, the cervix was very thick walled organ and their mucosal folds were the tallest, pyramidal shaped and their epithelium turned into simple columnar epithelium. The thickness of tunica muscularis was increased due to their two layers those intermingled with much of collagen bundles. Statistically, a significant (P<0.05) increased in the values of all parameters.

            The present study concluded that that cervix in doe has a narrower lumen with huge collagenous connective tissue content that increased in response to steroid hormones, in addition to hyperplasia and hypertrophy, consequently for keeping intrauterine during the preimplantation stage and pregnancy.
mRNA in situ Hybridization Analysis of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Ismail Noor Hashim
Published: April 2022

Colorectal cancer is a major global health problem. The aim of the current study is to determine the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase -1 (MMP-1), in colorectal cancer patients using in situ hybridization technique, formalin-fixed and paraffin embedded tissue sections.

            Thirty colorectal cancer patients were obtained from the archive of the pathology laboratory of Al-Yarmouk Teaching Hospital from January 2013 to July 2014. In addition to, formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded tissue sections of twenty normal colon tissues were collected and used as a control group. Each tissue block was subjected to cut as serial thin sections of (4μm) thickness and then fixed on positive charged slides, to be used for In situ hybridization for the evaluation of MMP-1 and VEGF expression.

            A highly significant difference (p<0.01) was noted in the mean percentage of MMP-1 and VEGF mRNA in situ expression respectively between the colorectal cancer group and control group. The study revealed a highly significant positive correlation (P<0.01) between MMP-1 and VEGF expression in colorectal cancer group. In conclusion, abnormal high expressions of VEGF and MMP-1 may represent the early molecular changes in the development of colorectal cancer
Studying The Expression of Human TGFB1 Gene in Patients Carrying Breast Cancer
Authors: Edan Dawood Salim
Published: April 2022

TGFB1 gene encodes a member of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFB) family of cytokines, that play multifunctional roles in regulation the proliferation, differentiation, and other functions in different cell types. Therefore, we collected thirty samples from Yarmouk hospital in Baghdad ,Iraq.Twenty- nine from women patients carrying Breast cancer and the last one was from healthy woman. and the samples that we have taken were embedded in paraffin wax, The extracted RNA from each samples was used to check the expression of TGFB1 gene via Real time PCR.We designed primers of TGFB1 gene on encoded sequence (Exon), to make sure generation a specific PCR product of TGFB1 gene by converting mRNA to cDNA then PCR Product , The expression of each samples was fluctuated between 0.1 fold to 0.2 fold compared with the control ( the healthy sample). The highest expression showed was samples 14 with 0.2 fold , and the lowest expression showed was samples 27 with approximately 0.1 fold that is similar relatively compared with control expression .The results indicate that tumor may affects on a TGFB1 gene and can increase the gene expression, and eventually can increase the TGFB1 protein that can be used for upregulation of the cells that carried the cancer.
The potential protective effect of metformin on selective cardiac biomarkers in diabetic male rats
Authors: Karwi Yahya G. , Arif Inam S. , Al-Ezzi Muthanna I.
Published: April 2022

Metformin, a biguanide, first line antidiabetic agent, undergoes extensive debate to explain its possible cardioprotective effect. This study represents an attempt to help clarifying this cardioprotective effect. 24rats divided into three diabetic group (8 rats for each) (diabetes induced by Streptozocin 60 mg/kgi.p.). Diabetic groups treated with (saline, 75 mg/kg metformin and 150 mg/kg metformin, i.p.) for 6 weeks, then cardiac stress was induced by isoproterenol (ISO) (150 mg/kg i.p.) for two successive days. Selective biomarkers were assessed; brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), matrix metalloproteinase - 1 (MMP-1) and histopathology examination. The results of this study showed that metformin produce a dose dependent cardioprotection effect in diabetic rats.
Benefit of Clofibrate on indirect hyperbilirubinemia in newborn
Authors: Alosy Baha D. Moohy
Published: April 2022

Background: hyperbilirubinemia develop in all newborns and resolves within the first several weeks after birth. Clofibrate is planned for management of indirect hyperbilirubinemia Aim: to evaluate Benefit of Clofibrate on indirect hyperbilirubinemia in newborn. Patients and Methods: this is a case- control study of 100 neonates on clofibrate and 100 neonates control groups, both with jaundice enrolled in fifty sex months from June 2008- March 2013 in the Tikrit hospital and personal doctor's office ,Clofibrate group received clofibrate 100mg/kg.Evaluation of TSB reduction at different intervals regarding admission day,after 12-hr, 24-hr and4-day compare with control Results:The12-hr,24-hr,4-days reduction in TSB of clofibrate group were higher19.74±1.72mg/dl , 15.49±1.16mg/dl, 10.4±1.7mg/dL than in control group 17.11 ± 2.02 mg/dL, 16.09± 1.96mg/dL, 13.6±1.52mg/dL respectively with overall significant (P = .031944) The diminished need for phototherapy (P = 0.0198) and hospitalization time (P = 0.025) in clofibrate group were significantly important compare with control group Conclusion: Clofibrate (100mg) solitary dose used in neonates safely because decreasing bilirubin additionally reduce phototherapy , hospitalization time in neonates appeared within 24 hr and full action of clofibrate appeared between 24hr up to 96 hr.
Synthesis, Identification and Anti-candidaProperties of Some NewBis (Five, Six, Seven-membered Heterocycles) AttachedPyrrole Rings
Authors: Khan Ayad Kareem
Published: April 2022

This research involves preparation of many bisheterocycles attached to pyrrole rings have been synthesized by the stepwise procedure such asbis(1,2-dihydropyridazine-3,6-dione) (3),bis(2,3dihydrophthalazine-1,4-dione) (4) and bis(tetrahydropyridazine-3,6-dione) (5) derivatives of pyrrole. Further the bis(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)methanone (6), bis(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol5(4H)-one) (7) and bis(4H-1,3,4-oxadiazin-6(5H)-one) (8) pyrrole derivatives also prepared in good yields. Furthermore, series of bis-benzothiazine (10a-c), bis-benzoxathiazepine (11a-c)and bis-quinazoline compounds (12a-c) attached to pyrrole moieties also have been synthesized successfully.Structures of the newly synthesized compounds were established by physicochemical, elemental analysis CHNS, FTIR, H-NMR and C-NMR spectroscopic methods. The new synthesized agents were evaluated for their in vitro inhibitory effectagainst several candida isolates. Some of the evaluated compounds possessed good activities compared to a fluconazole, nystatin and clotrimazole standard antifungal drugs.
New Technique for Estimation of Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride by using UV-VIS Spectrophotometer
Authors: Albakaa Ali Rasool Mahmood , Essa Hayder Jafer
Published: April 2022

New, basic and quick method showing ultraviolet - visible spectroscopy was produced and approved for the estimation of ciprofloxacin in immaculate shape and in separate details. The occupants of business tablets planning did not meddle with the test. The satisfactory medication solvency finish and most extreme test affectability was found as potassium ciprofloxacin salt, the potassium ciprofloxacin salt  show greatest absorbance at (335 nm) in absorbance spectrum, and the calibration curve was found to be linear in the stated concentration range of (2-10 g.mL-1) and (Y= 0.0784X + 0.0547) as line equation, (R2=0.9985) as Correlation Coefficient, (+0.054714) as Intercept, (0.078363) as Slope, (SEE=0.009558) as Standard Error of Estimate, (0.999999885) as Chi-Square(The goodness of fit between observed values and those expected theoretically), (RSD=0.019475788) as Relative Standard Deviation,  and (R2 =0.99854471) as Multiple Correlation Coefficient
The correlation between the sociodemographic characteristics and some hormones with the infertility of women and men
Authors: A.Rahman Sabah A.Hameid , Abdulhadi Firas Salih
Published: April 2022

Thirty three infertile women were divided into two groups according to their BMI (21 obese and 12 overweight) there age ranges between (16-41) years, with their husbands twenty one infertile men and twelve fertile men and their ages range between (23-46) years. In the present study we observed that several indicators affect the fertility such as BMI in infertile obese women which was 34.65 kg/m2. That is higher than that of overweight infertile women that recorded 24.87 kg/m2. obese housewives scored the highest percentage (85.71%) compared with the overweight group (25%), In addition the obese age group between 30-41 years scored (66.67%) compared with the overweight group whose members’ age 16-29.9 years scored 75%. However, drinking cola (soft drink) percentage in obese infertile women was (85.71%) and the tea consumption was higher in overweight group (66.67%). The hormones FSH and LH decrease in obese women but serum prolactin hormone increased twice about 29.27 ng/ml in comparison with overweight group. Testosterone hormone decreased in obese women but Leptin in obese women (19.52 μg/L) was higher than that of overweight women (11.03 μg/L). Infertile unemployed men got the highest percentage of 66.67%. Besides, the smoker infertile men were higher in percentage (80.95%) compared with fertile men 41.67%. The elevated LH, FSH and prolactin values are significantly high (p<0.01) (7.895 mlU/ml, 9.89 mlU/ml and 13.33 ng/ml) respectively, but the testosterone was significantly low (3.91 ng/dl) in comparison with fertile men(21.76ng/dl). Whileleptin significantly increased in infertile men more than the fertile ones. These changes in hormones have a great correlation with semen characteristics as the abnormalities in sperms increased to (64.52) and the percentage of rapid, progressive and non -progressive motility decreased, but the immotile motility was highly significant (65.71) in infertile men. As a result this indicates that the reason of infertility is shared between the wife and husband.
Annealing Effect on Optical properties of (As0.5Se0.5 doped with 1% Te) thin films
Authors: Al-Wardy Rusul Adnan
Published: April 2022

this work, the study of optical properties of (As0.5Se0.5 doped with 1% Te) thin films which prepared by thermal vacuum evaporation on glass bases at (R.T) with (100±20)nm thickness deposition rate (1.6nm/s) and study effect of annealing at temperatures (Ta) (348,398,448)K for time (30min) on these properties. The X-ray diffraction technique showed that all prepared films are amorphous in structure at room temperature and annealing films at (348, 398, 448)K. The transmittance spectra of the prepared films falls within a wavelength range (500-1100) nm, and increasing the annealing temperature leads to a decreased in  transmission, increased absorption coefficient, and shift of the absorption edge towards low photon energies. The optical measurements showed that the prepared films had an allowed indirect optical energy gap and were found to decrease with the increase of (Ta) within the range (R.T, 348,398,448) K. As indicated by the tails of the localized states, it was observed that they increased by increasing (Ta).
Association of Serum Leptin and C-Reactive Protein in Women with Breast Cancer
Authors: Al-Shammaa Zainab M , Ahmed Faris A
Published: April 2022

This study was conducted to evaluate the association of serum leptin and hs C-reactive protein with breast cancer. Two groups were included in the study. The first group included 45 newly diagnosed women with breast cancer. The second group included 42 women with benign breast lump as a control group. Blood samples (5 mL) were taken from the patient and the control groups and analyzed for serum leptin and hs C-reactive protein. Serum CA15-3 was also measured in breast cancer patients. The epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu), estrogen and progesterone receptors were determined in breast cancer patients by using immune-chemical method. Serum leptin was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) in breast cancer patients than that in the control group; however, no significant difference was noticed between the two groups for serum hs C-reactive protein. No significant difference was noticed between HER2/neu positive or negative in breast cancer patients for serum leptin or hs C-reactive protein. However, serum CA15-3 in HER2/neu positive patients was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than that in HER2/neu negative patients. No significant difference was noticed between positive and negative estrogen breast cancer patients for serum leptin, hs C-reactive protein or CA15-3. In addition, no significant difference was noticed between positive and negative progesterone for serum leptin, hs C-reactive protein or CA15-3. A strong significant positive correlation was noticed between serum leptin and BMI in the control group; however, no significant correlation was noticed between serum leptin and BMI in the breast cancer patients. In conclusion, serum leptin may be used as a prognostic factor for breast cancer. Serum C-reactive protein in HER2/neu positive breast cancer patients is higher than in HER2/neu negative patients.
Helicobacter pylori infection in pregnant women and it’s correlation with the alterations of some trace elements levels in the serum at Maternity Teaching Hospital in Erbil City
Authors: Ahmed Suha Hussein , Mohammed Saad Abdul Kareem
Published: April 2022

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a spiral-shaped pathogenic bacterium found on the human gastric mucosa, Warren and Marshall isolated H pylori for the first time in 1982. It is one of the most common worldwide human infections [1].H. pylori play a vital role in the development of chronic gastritis, gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma [2]. The current study included (120) pregnant women, (50) positive anti -H. Pylori Ig and (70) negative anti- H. Pylori Ig with pregnancy for first, second and third semester at mean age/ years 28.36 for the positive anti-H. Pylori and 26.17 for the negative anti-H. Pylori appeared that an alteration of zinc level in serum of positive anti- H. Pylori Ig groups was (48.904 ± 18.3486) (μg/dl) comparing with the negative groups (90.757 ± 9.2727) with the highly significant difference (P < 0.01). While serum copper levels of positive anti-H. Pylori Ig group was (μg/dl), (100.412 ± 23.8234), documented as normal highly significant (P < 0.01) compared to the negative anti- H. Pylori Ig group (114.971 ± 20.4995).In this study, the GIT disorder with anti-H. Pylori Ig positive groups were (32, 64%) and anti-H. Pylori Ig negative groups were (32, 45.7%), with significant difference (P < 0.05).
Updates in the Prevalence of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis in Babylon City
Authors: Mutlak Qassim Mahdi , Abdulridha Manal Khalid , Al-Huseini Laith M Abbas
Published: April 2022

Background: Diarrhea is a main cause of morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years old. Globally it is responsible for approximately four billion cases and three million deaths annually. In developing countries, it causes two million deaths each year. The major causative organism is rotavirus which is responsible for one-third of hospitalizations with approximately 40% mortality.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence and demographic characteristics of rotavirus infection in Babylon city, Iraq.

Materials and Methods: Fecal samples were taken from children with age range of 6 months to 5 years complained of diarrhea during the period beginning in October 2016 till August 2017. The age, gender, residence, the type of feeding, place of the sample collection and duration of diarrhea were recorded. Specimens were analyzed by Latex test for detection of rotavirus.

Results: A total of 349 children presented with diarrhea, the rotavirus antigen was detected in 169 fecal specimens from children with diarrhea (48%). More percentages of positive rotavirus specimens were seen in the 5year of age. No gender differences were observed, meanwhile samples obtained from rural areas and breastfed children showed less rotavirus positive infection.

Conclusion: The present study confirms that rotavirus infection is still currently a prevalent gastroenteritis causative agent and required careful clinical attention. Pediatricians and health care providers are needed to be encouraged to take into account the children who at risk for developing rotavirus infection including age, residence and type of feeding.
Item Analysis as a Tool for Educational Assessment as Compared to Students, Evaluation to lectures
Authors: Sowdani K Mohammed , Jaber Huda , Thomas Ara Murad
Published: April 2022

Item analysis is an effective method for assessing not only the test but can also revel important issues of the whole educational process from curriculum design, implementation, assessment and evaluation. The method is suitable for MCQ type questions. After checking the reliability of the test, each question, item, is assessed using the criteria of Facility Value (FV) which represents the ratio of correct answers of each item and the discrimination index (DI) which takes into account the number of students in the upper quartile and that in lower quartile who answered the item correctly. An unacceptable question falls beyond the educationally acceptable limits of,

0.15 < FV < 0.85 and DI > 0.1.

Unacceptable questions were identified and used to assess the teaching process of this subject material and as indicators of lecturers' performance, from the number of unacceptable questions and the average of FV and DI. The smaller the number of unacceptable questions, the better the teaching process of the subject material under study and the higher the performance of the lecture will be.

Method: Random (using six-sided die) and systematic (cumulatively adding the quotient of population to sample size) sampling methods were used and the reliability of the MCQ part of the test as well essay type was checked and found to be satisfactory with R2 > 0.7 (the closer to unity the stronger the relationship and the higher the reliability). Results: For the subject material understudy, Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, for lecturer A, the first 13, items out of the 25 MCQ questions tested were found to satisfy the conditions set for FV and DI of acceptable questions. Conclusion: Acceptable items were identified and rated for further improvement in the stem or the distractors especially those near the border limits. For further improvement, item distractors need to be analyzed in detail. This method is effective in quantitatively rating lecturers' abilities in setting effective questions in relation to teaching objectives, the smaller the number of unacceptable items the better the performance of the lecturer. Unacceptable questions can be excluded or subject to future revision.
Evaluation of Liraglutide Effect on Serum Adipocytokines of Adults Male Wistar Rats with Insulin Resistance That Induced by High Fat Diet
Authors: Abdulellah Furqan Mohammed , Al-abbassi Mustafa Ghazi , Shakur Dalia Abd alkader
Published: April 2022

Insulin resistance (IR) is the state in which insulin-stimulated glucose uptake is blunted in the insulin sensitive-tissue leading to state of prediabetes and T2DM, IR characterized by hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in the fasting state, elevated glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level, hyperlipidemia, postprandial hyperglycemia, elevated plasma levels of pro-inflammatory markers and hypoadiponectinemia.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus reported with peripheral insulin resistance (IR) and reduced production of insulin from pancreatic β-cells, IR elevates plasma fatty acids, decreasing glucose transportation to muscles and increased breakdown of fat finally leads to increased glucose production from the liver.

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of liraglutide on serum adipocytokines of adult male rats with insulin resistance that induced by high fat diet, Chronic high fats diet feeding is a common cause of disturbing leptin signaling in hypothalamus leading to the state of hyperphagic obesity and leptin resistance. Liraglutide improve meal-stimulated insulin secretion so it's called incretin mimetic. It is glucagon like peptide-1 receptor agonist that adjust weight loss and glucose control via glucagon like peptide-1 receptors in the central nervous system or indirectly through activation of peripheral neurons.

Current study utilized thirty-six adult male wistar rats (weighing 200-220gm), they were divided into two main groups: normal diet group (group A) that includes 12 rats receiving normal pellets and high fat diet group (group B and C) which has 24 rats feeding high fat diet pellets. Animals fed high fat diet pellets for 8 weeks to induce insulin resistance were divided into two groups: Group B received high fat diet pellets for 8 weeks then administered 0.5ml/kg normal saline intraperitoneal for four weeks. Group C received high fat diet pellets for 8 weeks then received 600μg/kg/day intraperitoneal liraglutide +0.5ml/kg normal saline four weeks along with high fat diet.

High fat diet pellets caused a significant increase in body weight and blood glucose of high fat diet group. Liraglutide revealed a significant elevation in serum level of anti-inflammatory adipokines of group C. It also produces a significant reduction in serum level of pro-inflammatory cytokines of group C when compared with group B and control group.

As conclusion, anti-inflammatory effects of liraglutide significantly elevate serum level of anti-inflammatory cytokines as well as significantly reduce serum level of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
The Effect of Probiotic Supplement as Adjuvant Therapy on Dyspeptic Symptoms and Quality of Life during Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy in a Sample of Iraqi Patients with Peptic Ulcer Disease
Authors: Ameen Aseel Mohammed , Abdulridha Manal Khalid , Najeeb Akram Ajeel
Published: April 2022

Infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) had been associated with development of certain symptoms in addition to the use of standard eradication triple therapy has resulted in the increased incidence of undesirable side effects, which can lead to reduced compliance. Probiotics have been proposed to contribute to their efficacy in increasing H. pylori eradication and decreasing side effects when used together with eradication therapy. This study was intended to minimize the side effects of antibiotics therapy and the symptoms associated with peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and improving patient's quality of life (QOL). This interventional prospective randomized- controlled, open-label study was carried out on 77 patients diagnosed with positive H. pylori infection during the period from September 2017 to April 2018. The incidence and intensity of symptom score that caused by adverse effects of both infection and therapy were highly significantly decrease in terms of epigastric pain, bloating, flatulence, taste disturbance, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and heartburn after 2 months of treatment within each study group correspondingly all domains of the quality of life were significantly improved in all patients after H. pylori eradication within each study group. From the present study concluded that the administra¬tion of probiotics as adjuvant to standard triple therapy may suggest a role in improving the symptoms and reduce the adverse effects accompanying with the eradication therapy for H. pylori thus improving patient's quality of life.
Evaluation of anti-proliferative activity of simvastatin and atorvastatin on MCF7 cell line compared with doxorubicin using MTT test
Authors: Al-khafaji Aiyat Hasan Yahya , Arif Inaam Sameh
Published: April 2022

Statins are effective to lower the cholesterol level and protect against cardiovascular disease. Recent studies showed that statins have pleiotropic effect and can be used to treat many types of diseases like neurodegenerative disorders, stroke, and cancer.

Statins inhibit cell proliferation by suppression of mevalonate pathway leading to desregu-lation of cell signal transduction of some membrane receptor protein which is important for gene transcription. This study was done to evaluate the anti-proliferative activity of simvastatin and atorvastatin on MCF7 cell line alone and in combination with anathracycline chemotherapy drug (doxo-rubicin) using MTT assay. The results showed that simvastatin and atorvastatin had significant anti-proliferative effect on MCF7 cell line in dose-dependent manner with an IC50 10.10 μM and 12.3 μM respect-tively. Moreover, the combination of atorvastatin and simvastatin with (1 μM) doxorubicin had higher cytotoxic effect with an IC50 = 0.07 μM and 0.05μM respectively than doxoru-bicin alone IC50 = 1.9 μM.

In conclusion, simvastatin and atorvastatin had anti-proliferative effect on MCF7 cell line and displayed significant synergism with doxorubicin which will help in enhancing efficacy of doxorubicin and decrease the adverse effect.
Isolation and Characterization of Isorhamnetin and Kaempferol from Elaeagnus Angustifolia (F:Elaeagnaceae) Cultivated in Iraq
Authors: Azeez Rand Abdul Kareem , Abaas Ibrahim Salah , Kadhim Enas Jwad
Published: April 2022

Elaeagnus angustifolia, is from Elaeagnus genus and a member of the Elaeagnaceae family which is reported to have many species that are distributed throughout the world. The plant acquired a considerable importance because it is a rich source of vitamins such as  

Tocopherol, carotene, vitamin C, thiamine B1 and minerals like calcium, magnesium, potassium, iron and manganese. from the phytochemical point of view, the plant was reported to contains: flavonoids, alkaloids, terpens, sterols and saponin. TLC fingerprinting was used to identify the ethyl acetate extract containing flavonoids. The isolation and purification afforded crystalline powder which were subjected to spectral identification by1H‐NMR and FT-IR. The compounds were identified as Isorhamnetin and Kaempferol.
Topical Potential Effect of Sodium Nitroprusside in Induced Oculohypertension in Rabbits
Authors: Shareef Saja Majeed , Al-Abbassi Mustafa Ghazi , Alshather Ahmed Ismael , Shakur Dalia Abd Al Kader
Published: April 2022

Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy known by slow degenerative structural changes seen in retinal ganglion cells and the optic nerve head. Elevation in intraocular pressure caused by     imbalance between the production of

A queous humor and the drainage of this liquid through the trabecular meshwork. Nitric oxide donors being evaluated as a novel way to impact the progression of glaucoma by increasing the conventional outflow, hence lowering intraocular pressure. The aim of study was to evaluate the potential effect of topical sodium nitroprusside in glaucomatous rabbits.  Thirty-two rabbits were used and distributed into four groups include: normal group, glaucoma induced group, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) group and timolol group. The treatment was given twice daily: at 9:00 a.m. and at 1:00 p.m. for 12 day. The intraocular pressure was recorded two times a day: at 9:00 a.m. and at 12:00 p.m. The intraocular pressure, nitrite level, endothelial nitric oxide synthase and the histology of ciliary body were measured. The results revealed a high significant decrease in intraocular pressure and no significant difference in nitrite level while a high significant elevation in endothelial nitric oxide synthase with improvement in the histology of ciliary bodies.
The Cytotoxic Effect of Metformin on RD Cell Line.
Authors: Mohammed Ahmed Wahhab , Arif Inam Samih , Jasim Ghaith Ali
Published: April 2022

Background: Cancer is a pathogenesis that happens when modification in collections of normally occurring cells inside the human body occurs leading to non-controlled growth causing a lump called the tumor; this applies to all types of cancers except leukemia (cancer of

 the blood). Doxorubicin (DOX) is one of the highly effective anti-neoplastic drugs of the anthracycline's family used to treat many pediatric and adult cancers, e.g. solid tumors, lymphomas, leukemia and breast cancer. Doxorubicin is known to produce severe cytotoxicity. Metformin (Met) is a biguanide used for type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metformin have cytoprotective effect in addition to reducing basal and postprandial levels of glucose by decreasing the production of ROS, maintaining energy homeostasis and apoptosis regulation by its activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Met has also the ability to increase apoptotic factors and suppression of proliferation thus MET consider as cytotoxic and anti-proliferative drug.

Objectives: This study was designed to investigate the cytotoxic and antiproliferative effect of Met comparing to DOX as a control in RD cell, also combination of both.

Materials and Methods: Cell lines that used (Epithelial cells as a normal cell line and RD cell line was taken from human breast cancer) cultured in suitable media potentiated with different concentrations of heat-inactivated human serum. MTT assay (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) using for detection of cytotoxicity in Epithelial and RD cell lines for duration 72hrs.

Results: The results showed that treatment with DOX, MET and combination DOX with MET there is significant (p≤ 0.5) cytotoxic, apoptotic and antiproliferative effect and there is potentiation effect between MET and DOX on tumor cells when treated by combination DOX with MET also Met showed a valuable cytotoxic effect through the detection of IC50.

Conclusion: From the results, it can be concluded that Metformin have a good cytotoxic and antiproliferative effect on tumor cell lines.
Preparation and Evaluation of Controlled Release Calcium Alginate Beads Containing Mefenamic Acid
Authors: Ali Wedad Kamal , Mahmood Alkazzaz Sura Zuhair , Sabry Hiba Sabah , Nasser Sanaria Thamer
Published: April 2022

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of different variables on the release profile of mefenamic acid from calcium alginate beads formulated using modified emulsification method. Five formulations of beads (F1-F5) with different drug: polymer ratios were prepared in which

the amount of drug (1g) was kept constant and the amount of calcium alginate was increased from 1 up to 5g. All the formulated beads were evaluated for percentage yield, entrapped efficiency and in vitro release profile at pH 1.2 and 7.2 dissolution media. For further minimize the release of drug from calcium alginate beads, the selected formulation F3 beads were coated separately with 3% and 6% Eudragit S100 solution using dipping method. The coated beads (F6 and F7) minimized the release of drug both in pH 1.2 and 7.2. The study confirms significant effects of two variables, drug:polymer ratio and coating on the release of drug from beads which can be effectively utilized to control the release from prepared calcium alginate formulations.
Assay of Ampicillin in capsule Dosage Form Manufactured by Different Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Factories available in Iraq
Authors: Alrubaiy Rehab
Published: April 2022

The assay of Ampicillin is carried out by HPLC (High performance liquid chromatography) system to calculate the weight of the active constituent of the drug in this dosage form. In this work we study six samples of Ampicillin 250 mg capsule manufactured by different pharm-

aceutical companies available in Iraq to evaluate the content of drug in this dosage form. This has been achieved by making calibration curve of different concentrations of stock solution, using standard ampicillin tri hydrate (Reference Standard Ampicillin) USP, we obtained different reading of the area under the peak (AUP) which followed straight – line equation.
Recent Trends in Chronopharmaceutics, Pulsatile Drug Delivery System
Authors: Albadri Ahmed A. , Abdulbaqi Mustafa R. , Almajidi Yasir Q.
Published: April 2022

Pulsatile Drug Delivery Systems (PDDS) are getting considerable interest in delivering a drug at the correct position, at the correct time, and in the correct quantity, thus offering temporal, spatial, and intelligent delivery with improving patient compliance. These systems are

 

intended to meet body's biological rhythm. Here, the delivery of drugs is assisted by the rhythm of disease. The main reason for the using pulsatile drug release is when the continuous drug release is not required. A PDDS must be designed in such a way that after the lag time a complete and fast release of drugs is achieved. The article deals with various systems such as osmotic system, capsular system, single and multi-unit system based on the utilization of erodible or soluble polymer coating and using of rupturable membrane. These systems are favorable to drugs with chronopharmacological behaviors such as drugs used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and osteoarthritis. The current review paper focus on the causes for pulsatile drug delivery system design, types of illness requiring pulsatile release, classification, benefits, and restriction of this drug delivery system.
Assessment of Pharmacist Intervention Among Post Hospital Discharge Patients with Moderate and Severe Acute Heart Failure
Authors: Marzoog Helen Faris , Abdulridha Manal Khalid , Nassir Shokry Faaz
Published: April 2022

Background: Acute heart failure is the most common cause for hospitalization and the third highest cause of hospital readmission with nearly quarter of patients being re hospitalized within 30 days after discharge. Implementation of Clinical pharmacists in coordinated

inpatient care, discharge planning and outpatient care result in significant improvements in adverse drug events reduction, medication adherence, quality of life and patient knowledge.

Objective: Evaluating pharmacist- based program for patients with moderate and sever acute heart failure via improving summary discharge in reduction hospital readmission, enhancing medications adherence and improve quality of life.

Patients and Methods: This prospective study was carried out under interventional pharmacist- based program carried out on 50 patients whom completed this study, they were randomly allocated to two groups, program group who are receiving program for assessment and review starting from 30 minutes pre hospital discharge till 12 weeks. The control group on usual care which include physician-based discharge summary, routine laboratory test without pharmacist intervention (25 patients for each group).

Result: After 12 weeks of follow up among program patients in comparison with control group, study findings revealed  significant improvement in self-care heart failure index domains (maintenance,  management, confidence and total  SCHFI score (P=0.001) in both moderate heart failure (NYHAIII) and severe heart failure (NYHAIV) groups, also increase in domains of belief medication questionnaire whether specific necessity and specific concern domains (P=0.001) or decreased in general harm and general overuse (P=0.001) in both moderate and severe heart failure. Moreover, increase in all domains of WHO quality of life questionnaire (WHOQOL) (P=0.001) in both moderate and sever heart failure with predominant improvement in moderate heart failure. Both serum brain natriuretic peptide (P=0.001) and cardiac troponin I (P<0.01) level were decreased in patients with moderate and severe HF and ejection fraction was improved (P=0.03) only among patients with severe HF of program group.

Conclusion: Implementing pharmacist- based management program for patients with moderate and severe acute heart failure via summary discharge markedly improve disease awareness, medication adherence, reduced hospital readmission and total mortality at the end-line of study among intervention patients compared to the usual care.
Design, Synthesis, Characterization, Biological Activity and ADME Study of New 5-arylidene-4-Thiazolidinones Derivatives Having
Authors: Taha Duha E. , Raauf Ayad M.R , Ali Karima F.
Published: April 2022

New series of Nabumetone containing 5-arylidene-4-thiazolidinones pharmacophore as in compounds 3(a-e) were designed and synthesized by using nabumetone and hydrazinethiocarboamide to synthesize compound (1) (Schiff base), next step

 

 compound (1) will react with chloroacetic acid and anhydrous sodium acetate in order to synthesize compound (2) containing 4-thiazolidinone ring this compound will react with 4-benzaldehyde derivatives in the presence of basic media such as piperidine to form compounds 3(a-e). The structures of new intermediate and final synthesized compounds were detected by determination of physical properties (melting points). The structure of synthesized compounds has been confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy and carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR) spectroscopy the final synthesized compounds were also screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activity.
Biochemical study of the effect of typhoid fever and brucellosis infections on some serum salts concentration
Authors: Amal Al–Hadithi H.
Published: April 2022

Twenty cases of typhoid and brucellosis patients were studied on clinical, serological and biochemical aspects. The mean clinical findings were, most of the cases had sustained fever 66%, gastroenterial symptoms developed as the disease progressed and intestinal hemorrhage 19% as a complications. Inserological findings, the number of patients who had +ve positive widal test were thirteen and those who had positive Rose Bengal test were five and those who had positive Widal and Rose Bengal test were two patients. The study was also conducted on ten apparently healthy individual as a control group.The objective :(1) To study the possible correlation between brucella infection and salmonella typhi infection by biochemical test of some serum salts, and(2) Because of the limited value of Widal’s test in the diagnosis of typhoid fever, serum salts of these patients studied to see if can be used as a recommended test to differentiate between these two diseases.

The biochemical findings were reveled a significant increase in the level of serum magnesium (P0.004) and a significant decrease in the level of serum potassium (P0.003) in typhoid fever patients. While patients with brucellosis show moderate increase in the mean value of serum magnesium and sodium (P0.1 and P0.08 respectively) and moderate decrease in the mean value of serum potassium (P0.08).While patients with typhoid and brucellosis (combination) show significant increase in the mean value of serum magnesium and sodium (P0.001 and P0.001 respectively) while there is increased in the level of serum total calcium (P0.1) in patient with typhoid fever only. While serum ionized calcium show significant increase in the mean value in patients with typhoid fever and brucellosis (P0.06).The changes in these biochemical parameters were well discussed .
Yersina enterocolitica in adults with gastrointestinal disturbances need for cold enrichment
Authors: Muhammed Al–Araji K.
Published: April 2022

In a survey of hospitalized adult, cold environment of feces resulted in an incidence rate of Yersina enterocolitica equal of Salmonella species, Yersina enterocolitica was not recovered by routine procedures.
Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of Histidine Cinnamaldehyde Schiff base containing structural feature of 1, 3, 4-thiadiazole heterocyclic moiety
Authors: Ibrahim Doaa Mahmood , Ali Karima Fadhil , Abd_alwahab Mayada Hadi
Published: April 2022

Reaction of aqueous solution of amino acid Histidine with ethanolic solution Cinnamaldehyde to synthesize the desired Schiff base. Then, the derivative of 1, 3, 4-thiadiazole ring have been synthesized by reaction of the imine derivative with Thiosemicarbazide in presence of POCL3.

The entire intermediate and final compound characterized and identified by elemental microanalysis as melting point, FT-IR spectra, 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Agar Well Diffusion method evaluated the antimicrobial activity on gram positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumonia and gram-negative bacteria such as E coli & Acinetobacter species and also antifungal activity had been studied on one type of fungi (candida albicans).
Liraglutide Drug Loading with Double Layered Hydroxide- Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Doshan Sevan Adeeb , Alabassi Mustafa Ghazi , Dawood Ashuor Hamood
Published: April 2022

The liraglutide, antidiabetic drug, was loaded with layered double hydroxide nanoparticles  for selective ions such as Fe+3, Fe+2, Ni+2 and Al+3, the LDH were prepared through the titration method by adding 2M of NaOH to the mixture of trivalent, divalent ions and 0.5M HCl, the   drug   liraglutide   was   added    to Prepared layered. The compounds were characterized by SEM, AFM, FT-IR, XRD and Zeta potential technique.