bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correcting aethalometer black carbon data for measurement artifacts by using inter-comparison methodology based on two different light attenuation increasing rates
Authors: Cheng Y.-H. , Yang L.-S.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. In black carbon (BC) measurements obtained using the filter-based optical technique, artifacts are a major problem. Recently, it has become possible to correct these artifacts to a certain extent by using numerical methods. Nevertheless, all correction schemes have their advantages and disadvantages under field conditions. In this study, a new correction model that can be used for determining artifact effects on BC measurements was proposed; the model is based on two different light attenuation (ATN) increasing rates. Two aethalometers were used to measure ATN values in parallel at aerosol sampling flow rates of 6 and 2 L min−1. In the absence of sampling artifacts, the ratio of ATN values measured by the two aethalometers should be equal to the ratio of the sampling flow rates (or aerosol deposition rates) of these two aethalometers. In practice, the ratio of ATN values measured by the two aethalometers was not the same as the ratio of the sampling flow rates of the aethalometers because the aerosol loading effects varied with the aerosol deposition rate. If the true ATN value can be found, then BC measurements can be corrected for artifacts by using the true ATN change rate. Therefore, determining the true ATN value was the primary objective of this study. The proposed correction algorithm can be used to obtain the true ATN value from ATN values acquired at different sampling flow rates, and the actual BC mass concentrations can be determined from the true ATN change rate. Before BC correction, the BC concentration measured at the sampling flow rate of 6 L min−1 was smaller than that measured at 2 L min−1 by approximately 13 and 9% in summer and winter seasons, respectively. After BC correction by using the true ATN value, the corrected BC for 6 L min−1 can be exactly equal to the corrected BC for 2 L min−1. Field test results demonstrated that loading effects on BC measurements could be corrected accurately by using the proposed model. Additionally, the problem of enhanced light ATN caused by light scattering at the unloaded filter can be overcome without using any light scattering coefficient. Therefore, the correction algorithm can be applied to a newly designed instrument to determine actual real-time BC concentrations by using two sampling spots for different aerosol deposition rates. Moreover, a simple empirical correction scheme for post-processing for correcting the existed aethalometer BC data is also presented. While this simple correction scheme is dependent on the aerosol type, it can be used to correct BC data when the primary source of BC and the weather conditions are similar to those in this study. Furthermore, two existed aethalometers with appropriate flow control can be used to create correction schemes suitable for different environments.
Comparison of ozone retrievals from the Pandora spectrometer system and Dobson spectrophotometer in Boulder, Colorado
Authors: Herman J. , Evans R. , Cede A. , Abuhassan N. , Petropavlovskikh I. , McConville G.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. A comparison of retrieved total column ozone amounts TCO between the Pandora #34 spectrometer system and the Dobson #061 spectrophotometer from direct-sun observations was performed on the roof of the Boulder, Colorado NOAA building. This paper, part of an ongoing study, covers a one-year period starting on 17 December 2013. Both the standard Dobson and Pandora total column ozone TCO retrievals required a correction TCOcorr = TCO (1+C(T)) using the effective climatology derived ozone temperature T to remove a seasonal difference caused by using a fixed temperature in each retrieval algorithm. The respective corrections C(T) are CPandora = 0.00333(T−225) and CDobson = −0.0013 (T−226.7) per K. After the applied corrections removed the seasonal retrieval dependence on ozone temperature, TCO agreement between the instruments was within 1% for clear-sky conditions. For clear-sky observations, both co-located instruments tracked the day-to-day variation in total column ozone amounts with a correlation of r2 = 0.97 and an average offset of 1.1 ± 5.8 DU. In addition, the Pandora data showed 0.3% annual average agreement with satellite overpass data from AURA/OMI (Ozone Monitoring Instrument) and 1% annual average offset with Suomi-NPP/OMPS (Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership, the nadir viewing portion of the Ozone Mapper Profiler Suite).
Tidal controls on trace gas dynamics in a seagrass meadow of the Ria Formosa lagoon (southern Portugal)
Authors: Bahlmann E. , Weinberg I. , Lavrič J. V. , Eckhardt T. , Michaelis W. , Santos R. , Seifert R.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Coastal zones are important source regions for a variety of trace gases, including halocarbons and sulfur-bearing species. While salt marshes, macroalgae and phytoplankton communities have been intensively studied, little is known about trace gas fluxes in seagrass meadows. Here we report results of a newly developed dynamic flux chamber system that can be deployed in intertidal areas over full tidal cycles allowing for highly time-resolved measurements. The fluxes of CO2, methane (CH4) and a range of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) showed a complex dynamic mediated by tide and light. In contrast to most previous studies, our data indicate significantly enhanced fluxes during tidal immersion relative to periods of air exposure. Short emission peaks occurred with onset of the feeder current at the sampling site. We suggest an overall strong effect of advective transport processes to explain the elevated fluxes during tidal immersion. Many emission estimates from tidally influenced coastal areas still rely on measurements carried out during low tide only. Hence, our results may have significant implications for budgeting trace gases in coastal areas. This dynamic flux chamber system provides intensive time series data of community respiration (at night) and net community production (during the day) of shallow coastal systems.
Global climate simulations at 3000-year intervals for the last 21 000 years with the GENMOM coupled atmosphere–ocean model
Authors: Alder J. R. , Hostetler S. W.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. We apply GENMOM, a coupled atmosphere–ocean climate model, to simulate eight equilibrium time slices at 3000-year intervals for the past 21 000 years forced by changes in Earth–Sun geometry, atmospheric greenhouse gases (GHGs), continental ice sheets, and sea level. Simulated global cooling during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is 3.8 °C and the rate of post-glacial warming is in overall agreement with recently published temperature reconstructions. The greatest rate of warming occurs between 15 and 12 ka (2.4 °C over land, 0.7 °C over oceans, and 1.4 °C globally) in response to changes in radiative forcing from the diminished extent of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) ice sheets and increases in GHGs and NH summer insolation. The modeled LGM and 6 ka temperature and precipitation climatologies are generally consistent with proxy reconstructions, the PMIP2 and PMIP3 simulations, and other paleoclimate data–model analyses. The model does not capture the mid-Holocene "thermal maximum" and gradual cooling to preindustrial (PI) global temperature found in the data. Simulated monsoonal precipitation in North Africa peaks between 12 and 9 ka at values ~ 50% greater than those of the PI, and Indian monsoonal precipitation peaks at 12 and 9 ka at values ~ 45% greater than the PI. GENMOM captures the reconstructed LGM extent of NH and Southern Hemisphere (SH) sea ice. The simulated present-day Antarctica Circumpolar Current (ACC) is ~ 48% weaker than the observed (62 versus 119 Sv). The simulated present-day Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) of 19.3 ± 1.4 Sv on the Bermuda Rise (33° N) is comparable with observed value of 18.7 ± 4.8 Sv. AMOC at 33° N is reduced by ~ 15% during the LGM, and the largest post-glacial increase (~ 11%) occurs during the 15 ka time slice.
Alkali element background reduction in laser ICP-MS
Authors: Magee Jr. C. W. , Norris C. A.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Alkali backgrounds in laser ablation ICP-MS analyses can be enhanced by electron-induced ionisation of alkali contamination on the skimmer cone, reducing effective detection limits for these elements. Traditionally, this problem is addressed by isolating analyses of high-alkali materials onto a designated cone set, or by operating the ICP-MS in a "soft extraction" mode, which reduces the energy of electrons repelled into the potentially contaminated sampling cone by the extraction field. Here we present a novel approach, where we replace the traditional alkali glass tuning standards with synthetic low-alkali glass reference materials. Using this vitreous tuning solution, we find that this approach reduces the amount of alkali contamination produced, halving backgrounds for the heavy alkali elements without any change to analytical procedures. Using segregated cones is still the most effective method for reducing lithium backgrounds, but since the procedures are complimentary, both can easily be applied to the routine operations of an analytical lab.
Comparing ice discharge through West Antarctic Gateways: Weddell vs. Amundsen Sea warming
Authors: Martin M. A. , Levermann A. , Winkelmann R.
Published: March 2015

Abstract. Future changes in Antarctic ice discharge will be largely controlled by the fate of the floating ice shelves, which exert a back-stress onto Antarctica's marine outlet glaciers. Ice loss in response to warming of the Amundsen Sea has been observed and investigated as a potential trigger for the marine ice-sheet instability. Recent observations and simulations suggest that the Amundsen Sea Sector might already be unstable which would have strong implications for global sea-level rise. At the same time, regional ocean projections show much stronger warm-water intrusion into ice-shelf cavities in the Weddell Sea compared to the observed Amundsen warming. Here we present results of numerical ice sheet modelling with the Parallel Ice Sheet Model (PISM) which show that idealized, step-function type ocean warming in the Weddell Sea leads to more immediate ice discharge with a higher sensitivity to small warming levels than the same warming in the Amundsen Sea. This is consistent with the specific combination of bedrock and ice topography in the Weddell Sea Sector which results in an ice sheet close to floatation. In response to even slight ocean warming, ice loss increases rapidly, peaks and declines within one century. While the cumulative ice loss in the Amundsen Sea Sector is of similar magnitude after five centuries of continued warming, ice loss increases at a slower pace and only for significantly higher warming levels. Although there is more marine ice stored above sea level in close vicinity of the grounding line compared to the Weddell Sea Sector, the ice sheet is farther from floatation and the grounding line initially retreats more slowly.
Navegando pelos sitios dos arquivos estaduais brasileiros
Authors: Melo de Souza Katia Isabelli , De Oliveira Cândido Fernanda
Published: March 2015

A adoção de páginas web pelos arquivos públicos estaduais brasileiros apresentou um acréscimo significativo nos últimos anos, e tem-se revelado como mais um meio de aproximação com os seus usuários. Com a aprovação da Lei de Acesso a Informação, Lei 12.527/2011, buscar-se-á analisar como tem sido a adequação das páginas às diretrizes emanadas pelo ato normativo. Para isso, o trabalho foi realizado por meio de pesquisa nas páginas web, apontando os recursos utilizados, ferramentas e serviços disponíveis.
Prevalence of dental anomalies in a Mexican population
Authors: Herrera-Atoche Jose Ruben , Diaz-Morales Silvia , Colome-Ruiz Gabriel , Escoffie-Ramirez Mauricio , Orellana Maria Fernanda
Published: March 2015

Background: Data on dental anomaly prevalence is instrumental to diagnosis and treatment in different populations. A retrospective study was done to determine dental anomaly prevalence and associations in a group of orthodontic patients in a Mexican population. Methods: Number, shape, eruption and structural dental anomalies were assessed from the records of 670 subjects. Prevalence, distribution, and associations between the different anomalies were calculated. Chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests (p<0.05) were used to identify significant differences by sex, and to establish associations among the studied anomalies. Results: Twenty-eight percent of the sample exhibited at least one dental anomaly. Statistical analysis identified no differences by gender. The most common anomaly was impacted teeth (13.58%), followed by microdontic upper lateral incisors (6.26%). These two anomalies also had the highest number of significant associations with other anomalies. Conclusions: The dental anomalies prevalence documented here differ from those reported in the literature for other populations in the world. Dental anomalies are normally associated with each other and occur in groups linked to ethnic origin. The present results indicate the presence of differing suites of anomalies between the studied Mexican population and other populations in the world. This variation highlights the need for further research on dental anomalies in Latin America to aid in their diagnosis and treatment.
Working-Class Women’s Literature: An Introduction to Study
Authors: Lauter Paul
Published: March 2015

Writing ‒ and indeed thinking ‒ about working-class literature presents a number of unique problems. To begin with, what do we mean by “working-class literature”? Literature about working-class people, literature by them, or literature addressed to them? If we use the first definition, should we include works that are ignorant of or hostile to the working-class people they write about like some turn of-the-century “industrial” novels? If we focus on writing by working people, do we include pieces that do not deal with their lives or even with their real concerns, like some “popular” songs? Should we include, say, literature by people of working-class origins, like D. H. Lawrence?
He Defies You Still: The Memoirs of a Sissy
Authors: Avicolli Tommi
Published: March 2015

SCENE ONE: A home room in a Catholic High School in South Philadelphia. The boy sits quietly in the first aisle, third desk, reading a book. He does not look up, not even for a moment. He is hoping no one will remember he is sitting there. He wishes he were invisible. The teacher is not yet in the classroom so the other boys are talking and laughing loudly.
Tribute to the Life and Work of Elizabeth Powell (1930-2007)
Authors: Thorkelson Nick
Published: March 2015

Elizabeth Powell was a master cartoonist, though virtually unknown as such to anybody who didn’t read this journal. With no tools at hand but her own perceptiveness, passion and drawing skill, she could conjure up a zany alterkocker lifting hourglasses instead of weights (figure 1), a daydreaming bag lady (figure 2), a low-income mother attempting to bear her burdens with dignity, an arrogant pastor or president, or an entire cast of random characters engaged in an impromptu discussion of media and politics.
What Does Neoliberalism Have to Do with Teaching Research Writing?
Authors: Downing David B.
Published: March 2015

Ask any progressive educator the question posed by my title, and you won’t have to wait long for an answer: everything.  From the size of the class, to the quality of the computer lab, to the costs of textbooks, to the demographics and the class schedules of the students, to the workload and the compensation of faculty assigned to teach them—it is just so easy to name a few of the obvious material factors signaling the neoliberal economy’s effect on how we teach required service classes like research writing (or any course, for that matter).  By and large, we share basic understandings about that history, so I am not going to rehearse it here.
Intermezzo I: City labs in Rotterdam
Authors: Nijboer Gerard
Published: March 2015

Intermezzo I: Living labs in Rotterdam

In this contribution, Gerard Nijboer of Rotterdam municipality describes several living labs in his hometown.
Criminaliteit onder Marokkaanse jongemannen in Nederland: speelt regionale herkomst een rol?
Authors: Bovenkerk Frank , Fokkema Tineke
Published: March 2015

Crime among young Moroccan men in the Netherlands: does regional origin matter?

High crime rates among second-generation immigrants are usually attributed to the ethnic group’s social disorganisation and weak socio-economic position in the host society. According to the import theory, the causes of crime can however also be sought in their native countries or regions. Due to a lack of empirical data, this has rarely been tested, with Moroccan immigrants in the Netherlands as exception. Ethnographic research among small groups of delinquent boys in Dutch cities suggests that the rural background or the character of the Rif area of its Moroccan immigrants may explain their high crime rate. In this article we examine whether this holds true when all young Moroccan migrants in the Netherlands are taken into account. Crime data from a Police Identification Service System (HKS) at the individual level are linked with personal data from the Social Statistical Database (SSB) of Statistics Netherlands, including their (parents’) regional descent. Logistic regression analysis shows that the current socio-economic position in the Netherlands is a strong predictor of criminal conduct, while the impact of geographic descent, directly or indirectly via socio-economic position in the Netherlands, is negligible. Based on this study, there is no reason to revise the common explanation of the immigrant-crime nexus.
Terugblikken op de aanloop
Authors: Joosen Katharina , Slotboom Anne-Marie
Published: March 2015

The prelude in retrospect. Dynamic predictors of periods of incarceration across the life course of female prisoners in the Netherlands

Dynamic predictors of periods of incarceration across the life course of female prisoners in the Netherlands were examined, inspired by a Gendered Pathways to Offending framework. Through life course calendars and surveys 397 female prisoners were interviewed. Women who were employed, received benefits, experienced childbirth, or were involved with substance abusing partners were less likely to be incarcerated one year later. Women whose parents had divorced, were addicted to hard drugs, worked as prostitutes, were homeless, had debts, had income from crime or a criminal partner, or received treatment for psychological problems were at increased risk for incarceration one year later.
Ferramenta para Análise e Avaliação de Riscos no Planejamento de Projetos de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento
Authors: Vencato Marta Fatima
Published: March 2015

Este trabalho é parte da dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Desenvolvimento de Tecnologia, dos Institutos LACTEC, em parceria com o Instituto de Engenharia do Paraná – PRODETEC. A pesquisa teve como objetivo desenvolver um modelo para análise e avaliação de riscos inerentes em projetos de pesquisa e desenvolvimento (P&D), bem como classificar os riscos baseando-se na metodologia do Project Management Institute (PMI). A coleta de dados foi por meio da aplicação de questionário eletrônico para pesquisadores voluntários, vinculados a (1) uma instituição pública de ensino, a (2) uma instituição privada de ensino e a (3) uma instituição pública de pesquisa. Foi também objetivo deste trabalho elaborar uma ferramenta informatizada para análise e avaliação dos riscos durante o planejamento de projetos de P&D, identificando custos mínimos e máximos do projeto a partir da análise das ameaças e das oportunidades identificadas. Foi proposto ainda um índice de risco para apoio na análise das propostas de projetos pelas instituições de pesquisa como requisito para sua avaliação. A ferramenta informatizada foi validada por pesquisadores por meio de uma ficha de avaliação.
The Differences Between an Internal and External Project Manager
Authors: Yamasaki Sato Carlos Eduardo , Gnanaratnam Ajantha Samuel
Published: March 2015

The differences between an Internal and External Project Manager (IPM & EPM) are usually overlooked in the project management literature. However these differences may have a significant importance when selecting a project manager, having possible adverse impact on the overall project performance if these differences are not properly considered. This paper elaborates a framework for the differences between an IPM and EPM and tests it against three organisations using quantitative (survey) and qualitative (semi-structured interviews) research methods. The research concludes that both types of PMs should not be viewed within the same light, as they each have a different role, skillset, issue management style and project success rate. In particular, IPMs tend to deploy a more ‘reactive’, whereas EPMs tend to use a more ‘proactive’ management style. Also, moving from IPM to EPM is frequently seen as a career progression. These differences may have major implications on how project managers are selected, promoted and recruited.
Dermatoscopic imaging of skin lesions by high school students: a cross-sectional pilot study
Authors: Marchetti Michael A. , Fonseca Maira , Dusza Stephen W. , Scope Alon , Geller Alan C. , Bishop Marilyn , Marghoob Ashfaq A. , Oliveria Susan A. , Halpern Allan C.
Published: March 2015

Background: The ability of novices to perform imaging of skin lesions is not well studied.

Objectives: To determine the ability of 12th grade high school students without formal training to take clinical and dermatoscopic images of skin lesions on patient-actors.

Patients/Methods: Nineteen participants were divided into 11 gender-specific groups of 1-2 students. Groups were provided written instructions and assessed in their ability to (a) identify 8 pre-specified skin lesions, (b) take overview clinical images, and (c) take contact, polarized dermatoscopic images. Groups captured the same images twice using two different cameras [NikonTM 1 J1 / VEOS HD1 and a VEOS DS3 (Canfield Scientific, Inc.)]. The sequence of camera use was determined using block randomization. If students made visibly poor skin contact during dermatoscopic imaging using their first camera, study investigators provided verbal instructions to place the second camera directly onto the skin. Students completed anonymous surveys before and after the imaging activity.

Results: Students were proficient at identifying the correct pre-specified skin lesions (86/88, 98%), capturing sufficient quality overview clinical images of the back and legs (41/42, 98%), and taking dermatoscopic images of the entire skin lesion (174/176, 99%). Regarding dermatoscopic image quality, 116 of 175 (66%) images were in focus. Out of focus images were attributed to poor skin contact. Groups that received feedback (n=4) were able to obtain a significantly higher proportion of in focus dermatoscopic images using their second camera compared to their first camera (16% to 72%, P<0.001).

Conclusions: We identified several barriers that exist for participant-acquired dermatoscopic imaging. Instructions emphasizing the importance of skin contact are useful. Our results may help guide future patient-acquired teledermatoscopy efforts.
Multiple painful brownish plaques associated with local hyperphidrosis
Authors: Duman Nilay , Erkin Gül , Atakan Nilgün , Gököz Özay
Published: March 2015

Eccrine angiomatous hamartoma is a rare hamartomatous lesion characterized by proliferation of eccrine glands and small blood vessels, and occasionally other elements. It generally arises congenitally or later in childhood, as solitary or multiple lesions on the distal extremities. Adult-onset multiple lesions are very rare. Herein we describe a 33-year-old male with symptomatic multiple eccrine angiomatous hamartoma lesions.
L’autochtonie dans l’art actuel québécois. Une question partagée
Authors: Uzel Jean-Philippe
Published: March 2015

À l’heure où les artistes visuels autochtones (Premières Nations, Inuits et Métis) se détachent de la « politique de l’identité », les artistes allochtones (d’ascendance européenne) font de plus en plus souvent référence dans leurs oeuvres à des questions en lien avec l’autochtonie. Cet article examine certaines de ces questions en établissant trois dialogues entre le travail d’un artiste autochtone et d’un artiste allochtone vivant au Québec : l’exploitation industrielle des territoires autochtones dans le Nord du Québec, par l’Algonquine Nadia Myre et l’artiste d’origine suisse Thomas Kneubühler ; les nouvelles attitudes et comportements générés par la société d’hyperconsommation, par l’artiste laich-kwil-tach Sonny Assu et le collectif BGL ; les relations entre Autochtones et colons durant le régime colonial français, chez l’artiste innue Sonia Robertson et l’artiste montréalaise Cynthia Girard. Bien que l’autochtonie, à travers ces trois dialogues, apparaisse comme une question partagée par les artistes actuels autochtones et allochtones, à aucun moment il n’est possible d’établir une équivalence entre les uns et les autres. Alors que chez les artistes allochtones l’autochtonie est traitée comme un motif secondaire, passant parfois inaperçue aux yeux des critiques d’art, elle constitue toujours le thème central des artistes autochtones chez qui elle s’ancre dans le destin, souvent tragique, de leur communauté.
Documentaire et jeux de fiction. Le cas du cinéma québécois1
Authors: Thériault Mélissa
Published: March 2015

Ce texte propose d’étudier, du point de vue de la philosophie contemporaine, les rapports qu’entretiennent fiction et non-fiction à l’aide de quelques exemples choisis de la cinématographie québécoise des cinquante dernières années. L’examen de ce va-et-vient entre les genres (c’est-à-dire du jeu de brouillage volontairement opéré sur la frontière), qui est une tendance persistante au sein du cinéma québécois, permettra d’identifier et de discuter les problèmes théoriques posés par toute tentative de démarcation. Cela permettra également d’observer ce qui distingue et rapproche la fiction du documentaire dans l’expression d’une réalité sociale singulière, rapport constamment (re)négocié à mesure que les genres se développent et remettent en question leurs frontières habituelles, au gré des tendances artistiques, des modes et des expérimentations. Il s’agira d’abord d’esquisser quelques remarques sur les concepts de fiction et de documentaire à l’aide des récentes propositions des philosophes Gregory Currie et Noel Carroll. Nous fournirons ensuite quelques exemples issus du corpus qui nous intéresse, ce qui nous permettra d’exposer les motifs qui sous-tendent cette tendance marquée aux « jeux de fictions ». Ce regard contemporain sur l’histoire du cinéma québécois permettra enfin d’esquisser quelques remarques générales sur l’ontologie du septième art.
Creating and Maintaining Innovative Space — A Framework for Unraveling the Complexities of Entrepreneurial Systems
Authors: Marshall Kevin
Published: March 2015

This article proposes a theoretical framework for analyzing, designing, and managing innovative institutional space. Innovative spaces generate macro-level, emergent outcomes. A fundamental challenge of the administrative and managerial sciences is to promulgate, adopt and enforce rules relevant and appropriate to specific goal-oriented spaces, while fostering spatial conditions that nurture the emergent, entrepreneurial properties of complex systems. Emphasizing the revelations of complexity theory, this article argues that differentiation and integration are essential components of an adaptive, progressive space, and that administrative and managerial rules not only define the parameters of space in question, but also influence the innovative, progressive nature of the space. The proposed theoretical framework suggests a two-part analytical process germane to the creation and maintenance of innovative space consisting of 1) the identification and comprehension of the space to be administered or managed, and 2) the identification and analysis of relevant rules (existing or proposed) that positively or negatively impact the emergent properties of such space.
Defining the Entropy of Hierarchical Organizations
Authors: Chappell David , Dewey T. Gregory
Published: March 2015

A measure of the order within a hierarchical organizational structure is proposed based on an analogy with the thermodynamic entropy of physical sciences. Organizational entropy is defined in a manner that readily allows for practical calculations. This calculation could be used to relate the order or entropy of an organization to its functional role. Additionally, it could be used to monitor the change in entropy over time and provide an impetus for periodic restructuring. This theory gives two general contributions to the entropy of an organizational structure: horizontal entropy due to changes within a level of the hierarchy and vertical entropy due to changes between levels along reporting lines within the organization. In addition to employing the thermodynamic entropy analog, identical theoretical results are obtained when calculating the Kolmogorov entropy or algorithmic complexity of an organizational hierarchy and establishes the generality of the approach. Computer simulations on model hierarchical structures show the boundaries of the vertical and horizontal contribution to entropy. It is postulated that each organization will have a specific entropy that optimizes organizational functions.
Sonographic Evaluation of Hydronephrosis in the Pediatric Population
Authors: Walker Marc R. , Babikian Sarkis , Ernest Alexander J. , Koch Troy S. , Lustik Michael B. , Rooks Veronica J. , McMann Leah P.
Published: March 2015

Objectives

Standardized protocols exist for diuretic renography. There are no specific guidelines regarding hydration before renal sonography. This study assessed the importance of the hydration status by sonographic measurements of the anteroposterior diameter and its effect on Society for Fetal Urology (SFU) hydronephrosis grading.

Methods

Children aged 6 weeks to 16 years (mean age, 22 months) with unilateral SFU grade 3 or 4 hydronephrosis requiring diuretic renal scintigraphy were recruited to undergo prehydration and posthydration renal sonography. Hydrated diuretic renal scintigraphy, or “well‐tempered” renography, was then performed. Renal sonograms were reviewed by a blinded pediatric radiologist and pediatric urologist. Two‐sided statistical tests assessed whether SFU grades and the anteroposterior diameter changed significantly after hydration.

Results

Among 67 kidneys, the pediatric urologist (L.P.M.) and pediatric radiologist (V.J.R.) reported no SFU grade change in 45 (67%) and 52 (78%) kidneys after hydration. In kidneys that changed, the posthydration grade was more likely to be higher. This difference was statistically significant (14 of 22 and 13 of 15 differences were higher grades after hydration for L.P.M. and V.J.R., respectively; P= .06; P= .007). Most kidneys that changed with hydration differed by only 1 SFU grade. Differences greater than 1 grade were seen in 5 control kidneys, which increased from SFU grade 0 to 2. The mean anteroposterior diameter increased significantly between prehydration and posthydration sonography for both hydronephrotic kidneys (1.46 versus 1.72 cm; P< .001) and control kidneys (0.22 versus 0.39 cm; P= .019), but did not correlate with increased SFU grades.

Conclusions

Hydration does have a substantial effect on the anteroposterior diameter, but it does not correlate with a substantial effect on the SFU grade; therefore, well‐tempered sonography seems unnecessary.
Real‐time Sonoelastography of the Quadriceps Tendon in Patients Undergoing Chronic Hemodialysis
Authors: Teber Mehmet A. , Oğur Törel , Bozkurt Alper , Er Bülent , Turan Aynur , Gülbay Mutlu , Akdağ İbrahim
Published: March 2015

Objectives

This study aimed to compare sonoelastographic findings for the quadriceps tendon in patients with chronic renal failure who were in a dialysis program to findings in a control group.

Methods

Fifty‐three randomly allocated patients (mean age, 54.3 years; range, 27–86 years) with chronic renal failure who were in a dialysis program 3 days a week between January and May 2012 were included. The measurements were performed in both knees of 53 patients undergoing dialysis and 25 individuals in the control group. The tendons were classified as follows: type 1, very stiff tissue (blue); type 2, stiff tissue (blue‐green); and type 3, intermediate tissue (green‐yellow) according to color mapping.

Results

The mean quadriceps tendon thicknesses in the patient group were 4.9 mm (range, 1.9–6.5 mm) for the right knee and 4.9 mm (1.4–6.5 mm) for the left knee; the values in the control group were 5.4 mm (3.6–7.0 mm) for the right knee and 5.4 mm (3.4–7.0 mm) for the left knee. The mean elasticity scores in the patient group were 3.14 (1.03–5.23) for the right knee and 3.33 (1.29–5.00) for the left knee; in the control group, the values were 3.79 (1.73–5.23) and 3.69 (1.23–5.53) for the right and left knees, respectively (right knee,P= .025; left knee,P= .018; Mann‐WhitneyUtest). The quadriceps tendons were significantly thinner in the patient group (right knee,P= .054; left knee,P= .015; Mann‐WhitneyUtest).

Conclusions

Quadriceps tendons in patients with chronic renal failure are thinner and have lower elasticity scores compared to controls.
2D Nanovaristors at Grain Boundaries Account for Memristive Switching in Polycrystalline BiFeO3
Authors: Shen Xiao , Yin Kuibo , Puzyrev Yevgeniy S. , Liu Yiwei , Sun Litao , Li Run‐Wei , Pantelides Sokrates T.
Published: March 2015

Memristive switching in polycrystalline materials is widely attributed to the formation and rupture of conducting filaments, believed to be mediated by oxygen‐vacancy redistribution. The underlying atomic‐scale processes are still unknown, however, which limits device modeling and design. Here, experimental data are combined with multiscale calculations to elucidate the entire atomic‐scale cycle in undoped polycrystalline BiFeO3. Conductive atomic force microscopy reveals that the grain boundaries behave like 2D nanovaristors, while on the return part of the cycle, the decreasing current is through the grains. Using density‐functional‐theory and Monte Carlo calculations, the atomic‐scale mechanism of the observed phenomena is deduced. Oxygen vacancies in nonequilibrium concentrations are initially distributed relatively uniformly, but they are swept into the grain boundaries by an increasing voltage. A critical voltage, the SET voltage, then eliminates the barrier for hopping conduction through vacancy energy levels in grain boundaries. On the return part of the cycle, the grain boundaries are again nonconductive, but the grains show nonzero conductivity by virtue of remote doping by oxygen vacancies. The RESET voltage amounts to a heat pulse that redistributes the vacancies. The realization that nanovaristors are at the heart of memristive switching in polycrystalline materials may open possibilities for novel devices and circuits.
Impact of occupational cadmium exposure on spirometry, sputum leukocyte count, and lung cell DNA damage among Indian goldsmiths
Authors: Moitra Subhabrata , Chakraborty Kaustav , Bhattacharyya Arindam , Sahu Subhashis
Published: March 2015

Background

Cadmium is frequently used in manual jewelry industries. Although its toxicity on lung function is well‐known, the mechanism is not well‐understood.

Methods

Among 26 goldsmiths exposed to cadmium (mean age 35.9 ± 5.0 years) and 17 referent workers without direct exposure (36.6 ± 6.6 years), we measured blood and urinary cadmium concentration and performed spirometry and quantified leukocytes and comet formation in the cells from spontaneously expectorated sputum samples.

Results

The goldsmiths had higher cadmium concentration in urine (mean 6.14 ± 1.63 vs. 0.47 ± 0.17 μg/dl) and blood (0.90 ± 0.23 vs. 0.02 ± 0.007 μg/dl) than the referents, which were inversely associated with FEV1/FVC. Cadmium exposure also resulted in higher neutrophils (%) and lower macrophage (%) prevalence in the sputum and also caused substantial DNA damage in the lung cells among the goldsmiths than the referents (69 vs. 14%).

Conclusion

Altered lung function among cadmium‐exposed goldsmiths was associated with enhanced inflammatory response and increased cellular DNA damage in the lungs. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:617–624, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Combined Geophysical Approach in a Complex Arctic Archaeological Environment: A Case Study from the LdFa‐1 Site, Southern Baffin Island, Nunavut
Authors: Landry David B. , Ferguson Ian J. , Milne S. Brooke , Park Robert W.
Published: March 2015

In 2014, we mapped the complex landscape of component Area 5 at LdFa‐1, a 3000‐year‐old Palaeoeskimo site located in the deep interior of southern Baffin Island, using a combined magnetic and electromagnetic approach to define the physical characteristics of any large‐ or small‐scale anthropogenic anomalies. Measurements were made using a GEM Systems Overhauser magnetometer‐gradiometer and Geonics EM31 instrument, and a survey configuration designed to map in high resolution the total magnetic field, magnetic susceptibility and electrical conductivity responses of the underlying soils. Data‐reduction methods were used for each survey, including, for example, removal of temporal drift, to produce final responses related closely to the subsurface physical properties. Six geophysical responses are presented in the results: total magnetic field, vertical magnetic gradient, horizontal‐ and vertical‐dipole‐mode apparent susceptibility, and horizontal‐ and vertical‐dipole‐mode apparent conductivity. Spatial assemblages of small‐scale (<2 m) anomalies, correlated between the magnetic and magnetic susceptibility results and interpreted to be associated with groupings of igneous boulders in the shallow subsurface, define three areas of archaeological interest. One grouping is a roughly circular arrangement of anomalies with a diameter of 4 m. Its spatial correlation with a productive excavation unit at the site suggests an anthropogenic origin. The complementarity of data acquired at this site reduces the chances of misidentifying anomalies, for example, the apparent conductivity results support interpretation of larger‐scale anomalies observed at the site as being of lithogenic origin. This archaeogeophyiscal case study demonstrates the value of geophysical investigation in a complex Arctic archaeological environment and its role in providing information on subsurface archaeological features. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adaptive Fuzzy PD+ Control for Attitude Maneuver of Rigid Spacecraft
Authors: Chen Zhen , Zhong Li , Liu Xiangdong , Cong Binglong
Published: March 2015

In this paper, an adaptive fuzzy PD+ controller is proposed for the attitude maneuver of rigid spacecraft. The novel controller adjusts the gains of the PD+ attitude controller online according to attitude errors and angular velocity errors during the maneuver procedure. Therefore, quick response and avoidance of actuator saturation can be achieved simultaneously. Furthermore, the adaptation mechanism is designed, based on Lyapunov theory, to guarantee the stability of the closed‐loop system. To achieve good performance of the closed‐loop system under the constraint of actuator saturation, controller parameter optimization is developed on the basis of a genetic algorithm. Simulation results show that the transient performance and robustness against parametric uncertainty and environmental disturbance of the adaptive fuzzy PD+ controller are better than those of a constant PD+ controller.
Understanding the Construct of Maximizing Tendency: A Theoretical and Empirical Evaluation
Authors: Dalal Dev K. , Diab Dalia L. , Zhu Xiaoyuan ( Susan) , Hwang Timothy
Published: March 2015

More attention is being given to the stable, dispositional tendency to maximize when making decisions. Within the growing body of research has been an exchange regarding the appropriate means of measuring maximizing tendency. Guided primarily by psychometric and statistical analyses, these studies have critiqued and revised existing maximizing tendency scales and/or introduced new measures. Importantly, many of these discussions seem to ignore theoretical considerations of the construct of maximizing. In this article, we revisit the original work of Herbert Simon, from where the theory of maximizing tendency was developed, and provide a theoretical account for how maximizers can be distinguished from satisficers and the implications therein for the measurement of maximizing tendency. Across two studies, we provide an updated psychometric, correlational, and behavioral comparison of the two most popular maximizing tendency scales: the Maximization Scale and the Maximizing Tendency Scale. Results demonstrate that the Maximizing Tendency Scale is more theoretically and psychometrically valid than the Maximization Scale. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Positive Use of Negative Language
Authors: Hull Ted
Published: March 2015

Policy Governance® consultant and practitioner, Ted Hull, ponders the benefits of using negative language for effective delegation.
Aligning CEO Compensation
Authors: Stringham Richard
Published: March 2015

Getting CEO compensation right is a perennial source of board concern. Richard Stringham has been exploring CEO compensation approaches and issues and recently attended a webinar1 on the topic. Here, he reviews his learning through his lens as a consultant to boards implementing the Policy Governance system.
For Your Bookshelf …
Authors: Moore Jannice
Published: March 2015

Jannice Moore specializes in coaching boards to apply Policy Governance principles for optimum effectiveness. Here, she reviews a recent book that proposes key questions that can propel a board to good governance.
Learn how to develop your personal brand to achieve greater career success
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: March 2015

You've probably heard about the important role personal branding plays in career success. But do you know how to develop a personal brand? Branding is an important key to career success even for those who work in areas like campus safety, not just those in high‐powered corporate jobs.
Understand final regs for VAWA amendments to Clery
Authors: Gomez Cynthia
Published: March 2015

Recent allegations that the University of Virginia was made aware of the gang rape of a student during a fraternity party but did nothing about it have caused irreparable harm to its image and placed it in a legally precarious position. But the allegations also highlight the need to ensure your campus safety department's policies and procedures for dealing with sexual violence are exemplary. And that requires ensuring compliance with the Violence Against Women Act.
Adding Only One Priority Rule Allows Extending CIP Rules to Supramolecular Systems
Authors: Alkorta Ibon , Elguero José , Cintas Pedro
Published: March 2015

There are frequent situations both in supramolecular chemistry and in crystallography that result in stereogenic centers, whose absolute configuration needs to be specified. With this aim we propose the inclusion of one simple additional rule to the Cahn‐Ingold‐Prelog (CIP) system of priority rules stating that noncovalent interactions have a fictitious number between 0 and 1. Chirality 27:339–343, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Can Silicon Make an Excellent Drug Even Better? An in vitro and in vivo Head‐to‐Head Comparison between Loperamide and Its Silicon Analogue Sila‐Loperamide
Authors: Geyer Marcel , Wellner Eric , Jurva Ulrik , Saloman Sebastian , Armstrong Duncan , Tacke Reinhold
Published: March 2015

Loperamide (1a), an opioid receptor agonist, is in clinical use as an antidiarrheal agent. Carbon/silicon exchange (sila‐substitution) at the 4‐position of the piperidine ring of 1a (R3COH→R3SiOH) leads to sila‐loperamide (1b). Sila‐loperamide was synthesized in a multistep procedure, starting from triethoxyvinylsilane and taking advantage of the 4‐methoxyphenyl (MOP) unit as a protecting group for silicon. The in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) properties of the C/Si analogues 1a and 1b were determined and compared. Despite significant differences in the in vitro PK properties of loperamide and sila‐loperamide regarding clearance, permeability, and efflux, both compounds exhibited nearly identical in vivo PK profiles. The increase in metabolic stability of the silicon compound 1b observed in vitro seems to be counterbalanced by an increase in efflux and diminished permeability compared to the parent carbon compound 1a. Overall, sila‐loperamide exhibits high unbound clearance (CLu), leading to a significant decrease in unbound concentration (Cu) and unbound area under the curve (AUCu) after oral exposure, compared to loperamide. In vitro and in vivo metabolic studies showed an altered profile of biotransformation for the silicon compound 1b, leading to the formation of a more polar and quickly cleared metabolite and preventing the formation of the silicon analogue of the neurotoxic metabolite observed for the parent carbon compound 1a. These differences can be correlated with the different chemical properties of the C/Si analogues 1a and 1b. This study provides some of the most detailed insights into the effects of a carbon/silicon switch and how this carbon/silicon exchange affects overall drug properties.
Dependency‐based collaborative design: a comparison of modeling methods
Authors: Drabble Brian
Published: March 2015

The ability to provide support to a group of designers, analysts and other users who are collaborating on an evolving design requires the dual capabilities of managing options for an individual designer while at the same time managing the dependencies between different sets of designer's options. For example, if designer A is creating a design for a helicopters hydraulics system and this is dependent on electrical power (EP) from a sub‐system from designer B then how can the workflows, decisions and options of the two designers be managed so that each can understand the implications of their own design decisions and more importantly the implications and design decisions they force on others? The proposed CAPS system employs two dependency reasoning engines: one handles quantitative values and other qualitative ones. The quantitative engine can identify that a motor with an output of 3000 rpm allows a generator to output 100 V or that a hydraulic pump is dependent on the 240v output of the motor. Alternatively, the qualitative engine could rule out several motors options if the overall design state that the weight of a helicopter's transmission needs to be comparable to that of the engine or the positioning of a sensor makes it susceptible to an EM process that could affect its function. A mapping capability is provided allowing analysis to be passed between the two engines. Three different types of dependency‐based quantitative engine designs have been developed and evaluated. The first quantitative engine design focuses on modeling components at their output level and propagating level values from component to component, component to sub‐system, etc. The second quantitative engine design focuses on modeling components at the node level so as to identify key components, sub‐systems, etc. in terms of their overall dependency to the design. The third engine employs a hybrid of the previous two approaches and was identified through feedback from designers. These engines are designed to be complimentary with the node‐based and hybrid approaches being used to identify the key capabilities and dependencies of the design. The output‐based approach is then used to explore in greater detail the outputs and dependencies of the components and sub‐systems identified as key via the node/hybrid‐based approach. The proposed CAPS architecture has been initially evaluated against a large collaborative design task involving the design of a helicopter's electrical, hydraulic, structural and mechanical systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.