bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proteção do solo por plantas de cobertura de ciclo hibernal na região Sul do Brasil
Authors: Ziech Ana Regina Dahlem , Conceição Paulo Cesar , Luchese Augusto Vaghetti , Balin Nilson Marcos , Candiotto Gilvanei , Garmus Taís Gabriele
Published: May 2015

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de plantas de cobertura de ciclo hibernal na proteção do solo, na região Sudoeste do Paraná, em função da taxa de cobertura, da produção de matéria seca (MS), da relação C/N e da manutenção da MS remanescente dos resíduos vegetais na superfície do solo. Foram utilizados como cobertura do solo: aveia-preta (Avena strigosa), azevém (Lolium multiflorum), centeio (Secale cereale), tremoço-branco (Lupinus albus), ervilhaca comum (Vicia sativa), nabo forrageiro (Raphanus sativus) e consórcios entre aveia-preta + ervilhaca comum (A+E) e aveia-preta + ervilhaca comum + nabo forrageiro (A+E+N). O experimento foi avaliado durante os anos agrícolas 2010/2011 e 2011/2012. A decomposição das plantas de cobertura foi determinada com uso de bolsas de decomposição ("litter bags"). A aveia-preta e os consórcios proporcionaram maiores taxas de cobertura do solo aos primeiros 50 dias após a semeadura, com aporte de MS superior a 2.600 kg ha-1 na superfície do solo. O consórcio entre A+E+N apresentou relação C/N equilibrada e decomposição intermediária em relação ao cultivo solteiro, tendo promovido 1.045 kg ha-1 de palhada sobre o solo, 120 dias após seu manejo. Gramíneas puras e consórcios com gramíneas apresentam maior potencial de proteção do solo
Genetic control of iron concentration in Mesoamerican and Andean common bean seeds
Authors: Possobom Micheli Thaise Della Flora , Ribeiro Nerinéia Dalfollo , Domingues Lucas da Silva , Casagrande Cleiton Renato
Published: May 2015

The objective of this work was to evaluate the main differences in the genetic control of the iron concentration in Mesoamerican and Andean common bean seeds, in early generations, and to select recombinants with a high iron concentration in the seeds. F1, F1 reciprocal, F2, F2 reciprocal, and backcross (BC11 and BC12) generations were produced by crosses between Mesoamerican (CNFP 10104 x CHC 01-175) and Andean (Cal 96 x Hooter) inbred lines. The expression of significant maternal effect was observed for the Mesoamerican gene pool. Iron concentration was higher in the seed coat of Mesoamerican common bean seeds (54.61 to 67.92%) and in the embryo of Andean common bean seeds (69.40 to 73.44%). High broad-sense heritability was obtained for iron concentration in Mesoamerican and Andean common bean seeds. Gains with the selection of higher magnitude, from 20.39 to 24.58%, are expected in Mesoamerican common bean seeds. Iron concentration in common bean seeds showed a continuous distribution in F2, which is characteristic of quantitative inheritance in Mesoamerican and Andean common bean seeds. Recombinants with high iron concentration in seeds can be selected in both Mesoamerican and Andean common bean hybrids.
Potencial de genótipos de feijão-caupi para o mercado de vagens e grãos verdes
Authors: Sousa Jaqueline Luz Moura , Rocha Maurisrael de Moura , Silva Kaesel Jackson Damasceno e , Neves Adão Cabral das , Sousa Raylson Rodrigues de
Published: May 2015

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a variabilidade de genótipos de feijão-caupi e selecionar aqueles com potencial para o mercado de vagens e grãos verdes. Em 2012, foram avaliados 16 genótipos em dois experimentos (sequeiro e irrigado), em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados os caracteres: número de dias para o início da floração, comprimento de vagem verde, número de grãos por vagem verde, massa de cem grãos verdes, produtividade de vagens verdes, produtividade de grãos verdes e índice de grãos verdes. A maioria dos caracteres apresentou diferenças quanto ao ambiente de cultivo, mas a resposta dos genótipos às variações ambientais foi similar. Os genótipos, sob irrigação, apresentaram produtividade de vagens e grãos verdes similar à das testemunhas. A cultivar Azulão-MS, em sequeiro, apresentou alto potencial para a produção de vagens verdes, no entanto, com baixa relação grão verde/vagem verde. A cultivar BRS Tumucumaque apresenta potencial para a produtividade de grãos verdes em sequeiro, enquanto a linhagem MNC00-595F-27 produz mais em condições de irrigação.
Flight movement and spatial distribution of immunomarked thrips in onion, potato, and tomato
Authors: Fernandes Flávio Lemes , Fernandes Maria Elisa de Sena
Published: May 2015

The objective of this work was to evaluate the spatial distribution of thrips in different crops, and the correlation between meterological parameters and the flight movements of this pest, using immunomarking. The experiment was conducted in cultivated areas, with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), potato (Solanum tuberosum), and onion (Allium cepa); and non-cultivated areas, with weedy plants. The areas with tomato (100 days), potato (20 days), and weeds were sprayed with casein, albumin, and soy milk, respectively, to mark adult thrips; however, the areas with onion (50 days) and tomato (10 days) were not sprayed. Thrips were captured with georeferenced blue sticky traps, transferred into tubes, and identified by treatment area with the Elisa test. The dependence between the samples and the capture distance was determined using geostatistics. Meteorlogical parameters were correlated with thrips density in each area. The three protein types used for immunomarking were detected in different proportions in the thrips. There was a correlation between casein-marked thrips and wind speed. The thrips flew a maximum distance of 3.5 km and dispersed from the older (tomato) to the younger crops (potato). The immunomarking method is efficient to mark large quantities of thrips.
Mineralização e efeitos de biocarvão de cama de frangosobre a capacidade de troca catiônica do solo
Authors: Andrade Cristiano Alberto de , Bibar Maria Paula Silveira , Coscione Aline Reneé , Pires Adriana Marlene Moreno , Soares Álvaro Guedes
Published: May 2015

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o processo de mineralização do C em amostras de cama de frango e de seu respectivo biocarvão, além de determinar a capacidade de troca catiônica (CTC) e as taxas de mineralização do C nos solos tratados com cama de frango e biocarvão. A mineralização do C foi avaliada em experimento com quantificação do C-CO2 liberado a partir de incubação (64 dias) de misturas de solo com cama de frango e de solo com biocarvão, em doses equivalentes a 0, 1.000, 2.000, 4.000 e 8.000 mg kg-1 de C. Ao final da incubação, determinaram-se, nas amostras de solo, o teor de C, o pH e a CTC. A mineralização do C dos materiais obedeceu à cinética química de primeira ordem. Os fluxos de C-CO2 foram mais intensos dos 20 aos 40 dias de incubação, seguidos da redução desses fluxos até a estabilização no tempo. As taxas de mineralização do C da cama de frango e de seu biocarvão foram respectivamente de 49,7 e 5,1%. Incrementos da CTC foram observados nos tratamentos com biocarvão, em consequência da elevação do pH, e, em ambos os materiais, em consequência de alterações do teor de C no solo.
Imunocastração e ractopamina na qualidade de lombos suínos processados com sal e tripolifosfato
Authors: Iocca Andréia Fernanda Silva , Lucas Daniel Silva , Fausto Daiane Aparecida , Delgado Eduardo Francisquine , Pértile Simone Fernanda Nedel , Janzantti Natália Soares
Published: May 2015

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da imunocastração e da suplementação com ractopamina na qualidade do lombo suíno processado com sal e tripolifosfato de sódio. Os tratamentos consistiram de condição sexual dos suínos (fêmeas, machos castrados fisicamente e imunocastrados) e suplementação ou não com ractopamina na dieta de terminação. Os cortes de lombos submetidos ao processamento com tripolifosfato de sódio e sal foram avaliados quanto aos parâmetros físico-químicos, microbiológicos e sensoriais. Não houve interação entre condição sexual e ractopamina nas características do lombo cru. A adição de ractopamina na dieta aumentou a força de cisalhamento dos lombos crus. Também não houve efeito da condição sexual nem da ractopamina na perda de peso por exsudação e no teor proteico dos lombos. Lombos de animais imunocastrados apresentaram menor perda de peso por cocção, enquanto lombos de animais não suplementados com ractopamina apresentaram maior umidade do que os dos suplementados. O processamento diminuiu a força de cisalhamento dos cortes, que foi menor nos animais imunocastrados sem suplementação com ractopamina. A imunocastração proporcionou lombos com altos valores de a* e L*. Diferenças na aparência e na textura dos lombos suínos, independentemente da condição sexual e da ractopamina, não são percebidas pelos consumidores, o que mostra que o processamento padroniza os cortes.
In vitro maintenance, under slow-growth conditions, of oil palm germplasm obtained by embryo rescue
Authors: Camillo Julcéia , Scherwinski-Pereira Jonny Everson
Published: May 2015

The objective of this work was to evaluate the in vitro maintenance of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis and E. oleifera) accessions under slow-growth conditions. Plants produced by embryo rescue were subject to 1/2MS culture medium supplemented with the carbohydrates sucrose, mannitol, and sorbitol at 1, 2, and 3% under 20 and 25±2ºC. After 12 months, the temperature of 20°C reduced plant growth. Sucrose is the most appropriate carbohydrate for maintaining the quality of the plants, whereas mannitol and sorbitol result in a reduced plant survival.
A “MÍSTICA DO LOGOS” E O FUNDAMENTO DA FILOSOFIA DA LINGUAGEM DE NICOLAU DE CUSA
Authors: Teixeira Neto José
Published: May 2015

Partimos da afirmação de K.-O. Apel, repetida por João Maria André (1986, p. 400), de que "[...] é na ‘mística' do ‘logos' e na teologia negativa do Pseudo-Dionísio que, de modo determinante, Nicolau de Cusa irá beber os traços fundamentais da sua filosofia da linguagem". Com base no De filiatione Dei (1450) propomo-nos refletir sobre a relação fundamental e constitutiva entre o verbo mental humano e o Verbo ou Logos eterno. A importância desse texto, no âmbito do problema da linguagem em Nicolau de Cusa, é reconhecida por Casarella (1992) justamente por sua inflexão cristológica em relação aos primeiros sermões, pois, em oposição à reflexão intratrinitária dos sermões, a imagem humanamente visível de Cristo torna-se o espelho da linguagem, ou seja, em Cristo, vemos de modo perfeito o que pode ser expresso por meio da linguagem. O texto cusano é uma meditação sobre Jo, I, 12: "Mas a todos que o receberam deu o poder de se tornarem filhos de Deus: aos que creem em seu nome". Interessa-nos principalmente a meditação sobre os exemplos aduzidos por Nicolau de Cusa para explicitar de que modo colhemos a unidade divina intelectualmente, pois serão nesses exemplos ou enigmas que o autor pensará a relação constitutiva entre o verbo mental humano e o verbo mental inefável.
GIROLAMO SAVONAROLA E AS FORMAS DE GOVERNO
Authors: Salatini Rafael
Published: May 2015

O trabalho apresenta um estudo analítico do tema das formas de governo, no pensamento político de Girolamo Savonarola, a partir de Tratatto circa il regimento e governo dela città di Firenze (1498). Parte-se da metodologia bobbiana, analisando-se o tema sob três perspectivas simultâneas: sistemática, axiológica e teleológica.
DROIT ET DÉMOCRATIE CHEZ HANS KELSEN. LA CRITIQUE KELSÉNIENNE DE LA PERSONNALISATION DE L’ÉTAT
Authors: Sckell Soraya Nour
Published: May 2015

Cette étude analyse comment Kelsen, pour libérer le droit et la démocratie des traces de ce qu'il appelle les hypostases collectives ou la mythologie de l'âme collective, prend position face aux grandes théories de la sociologie et de la psychologie sociale de son temps (Durkheim, Simmel, Weber et Freud). D'abord, il s'agira de montrer comment Kelsen critique les métaphores de l'âme collective ; ensuite, de montrer comment la pensée kelsénienne sur le droit et la démocratie essaie d'échapper aux problèmes liés à la métaphore de l'âme collective. Cela peut laisser entrevoir quelques points communs entre la théorie de Kelsen et les théories contemporaines sur le droit et la démocratie libérées des prémisses de l'idée d'une communauté homogène.
LA NOZIONE DI ALTRO NELLA TEORIA KIERKEGAARDIANA DEGLI STADI ESISTENZIALI
Authors: Crubellate João Marcelo
Published: May 2015

Partendo dalla nozione kierkegaardiana dell'Io come un rapportarsi propongo discutere in questo testo il concetto di altro nei diversi stadi esistenziali: l'estetico, l'etico ed il religioso. Cerco prima di descrivire il problema dell'Io nella filosofia di Kierkegaard rispetto alla questione da lui enunciata fin dall'inizio del saggio sulla Malattia Mortale (KIERKEGAARD, 2013a), ossia che la coscienza possa porre a se stesso o debba esser posta da un altro. Poi la mia ricerca appunta verso la nozione dell'altro nell'estetico come occasione per il godere del se stesso e appunta anche verso la nozione dell'altro come immagine dell'Io, un secondo Io, nello stadio etico. Alla fine arrivo al religioso dove, per il teologo danese, l'altro prende il senso di un altro come altro, una realtà in sé, dato che nel religioso l'altro è, prima di tutto, il Dio – la vera fonte della realtà dell'Io stesso – ed è ancora il prossimo, tutte le altre persone che, insieme all'Io, devono nella sua singolarità diventare spirito, coscienza coesa nella esistenza. Quest'altro religioso è pertanto il punto centrale della filosofia sociale kierkegaardiana, giacché nella posizione del prossimo egli è infatti il primo Tu (KIERKEGAARD, 2003).
NIKLAS LUHMANN E RICHARD RORTY: CONTINGÊNCIAS E INCONSISTÊNCIAS
Authors: Leal Edilene Maria Carvalho
Published: May 2015

Rorty enfrentou as contingências do mundo contemporâneo apostando no partilhamento da “retórica das democracias liberais”, como a mais aceita e mais adequada em uma sociedade caracterizada pelo fim das metanarrativas e das condutas de moral absoluta. Mas essa aposta resvala claramente num pragmatismo moral mal disfarçado. Luhmann, ao contrário, levou até o fim a preocupação, abandonada por Rorty, de elaborar uma teoria antimetafísica e despida de um projeto normativo para a sociedade contemporânea. Sua teoria dos sistemas enfrenta as contingências do mundo, excluindo tudo que for externo ao sistema, ou seja, tudo que não possa se tornar um mecanismo de manutenção da identidade dos sistemas face à complexidade do mundo.
O DIREITO E A ÉTICA EM BENTHAM E KANT: UMA COMPARAÇÃO
Authors: Dias Maria Cristina Longo Cardoso
Published: May 2015

Este trabalho tem como objetivo formular comparação entre as concepções de ética e direito dos autores Bentham e Kant. A posição assumida neste artigo ressalta que tanto para Kant quanto para Bentham o direito se baseia nos mesmos princípios que fundamentam a ética. No caso de Kant, é o imperativo categórico que fundamenta a ética e o direito e, no caso de Bentham, é o princípio de utilidade. Embora ambos os autores possuam apenas um princípio para fundamentar a ética e o direito, há inúmeras diferenças entre ambos os campos do pensamento, bem como entre as teorias, que se pretende apresentar neste artigo. Entre elas estão a origem epistemológica dos princípios e o que cada um deles prescreve.
RELIABILITY AND SOCIAL KNOWLEDGERELEVANT RESPONSIBILITY
Authors: Brasi Leandro De
Published: May 2015

Knowledge seems to need the admixture of de facto reliability and epistemic responsibility. But philosophers have had a hard time in attempting to combine them in order to achieve a satisfactory account of knowledge. In this paper I attempt to find a solution by capitalizing on the real and ubiquitous human phenomenon that is the social dispersal of epistemic labour through time. More precisely, the central objective of the paper is to deliver a novel and plausible social account of knowledge-relevant responsibility and to consider the merits of the proposed combination of reliability and responsibility with respect to certain cases of unreflective epistemic subjects.
Imaging Radiation Doses and Associated Risks and Benefits in Subjects Participating in Breast Cancer Clinical Trials
Authors: Fresco Rodrigo , Spera Gonzalo , Meyer Carlos , Cabral Pablo , Mackey John R.
Published: May 2015

Background.

Medical imaging is commonly required in breast cancer (BC) clinical trials to assess the efficacy and/or safety of study interventions. Despite the lack of definitive epidemiological data linking imaging radiation with cancer development in adults, concerns exist about the risks of imaging radiation-induced malignancies (IRIMs) in subjects exposed to repetitive imaging. We estimated the imaging radiation dose and IRIM risk in subjects participating in BC trials.

Materials and Methods.

The imaging protocol requirements in 10 phase III trials in the adjuvant and advanced settings were assessed to estimate the effective radiation dose received by a typical and fully compliant subject in each trial. For each study, the excess lifetime attributable cancer risk (LAR) was calculated using the National Cancer Institute's Radiation Risk Assessment Tool, version 3.7.1. Dose and risk calculations were performed for both imaging intensive and nonintensive approaches to reflect the variability in imaging performed within the studies.

Results.

The total effective imaging radiation dose was 0.4–262.2 mSv in adjuvant trials and 26–241.3 mSv in metastatic studies. The dose variability resulted from differing protocol requirements and imaging intensity approaches, with computed tomography, multigated acquisition scans, and bone scans as the major contributors. The mean LAR was 1.87–2,410/100,000 in adjuvant trials (IRIM: 0.0002%–2.41% of randomized subjects) and 6.9–67.3/100,000 in metastatic studies (IRIM: 0.007%–0.067% of subjects).

Conclusion.

IRIMs are infrequent events. In adjuvant trials, aligning the protocol requirements with the clinical guidelines’ surveillance recommendations and substituting radiating procedures with equivalent nonradiating ones would reduce IRIM risk. No significant risk has been observed in metastatic trials, and potential concerns on IRIMs are not justified.

Implications for Practice:

Medical imaging is key in breast cancer (BC) clinical trials. Most of these procedures expose patients to ionizing radiation, and the risk of second cancer development after imaging has prompted recent concerns and controversy. Using accepted calculation models, the number of malignancies were estimated that were potentially attributable to the imaging procedures performed during a patient's participation in BC clinical trials. The results show that for patients participating in metastatic trials, the risk of imaging radiation-induced malignancies is negligible. In adjuvant trials, some second cancers due to imaging could be expected, and measures can be taken to reduce their risk.
Molecular Targets in Biliary Carcinogenesis and Implications for Therapy
Authors: Oyasiji Tolutope , Zhang Jianliang , Kuvshinoff Boris , Iyer Renuka , Hochwald Steven N.
Published: May 2015

Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) encompass a group of invasive carcinomas, including cholangiocarcinoma (intrahepatic, perihilar, or extrahepatic), and gallbladder carcinoma. Approximately 90% of patients present with advanced, unresectable disease and have a poor prognosis. The latest recommendation is to treat advanced or metastatic disease with gemcitabine and cisplatin, although chemotherapy has recorded modest survival benefits. Comprehension of the molecular basis of biliary carcinogenesis has resulted in experimental trials of targeted therapies in BTCs, with promising results. This review addresses the emerging role of targeted therapy in the treatment of BTCs. Findings from preclinical studies were reviewed and correlated with the outcomes of clinical trials that were undertaken to translate the laboratory discoveries.

Implications for Practice:

Biliary tract cancers are rare. Approximately 90% of patients present with advanced, unresectable disease and have a poor prognosis. Median overall and progression-free survival are 12 and 8 months, respectively. Because chemotherapy has recorded modest survival benefits, targeted therapies are being explored for personalized treatment of these cancers. A comprehensive review of targeted therapies in biliary tract cancers was undertaken to present emerging evidence from laboratory and/or molecular studies as they translate to clinical trials and outcomes. The latest evidence on this topic is presented to clinicians and practitioners to guide decisions on treatment of this disease.
Phase II Trial of Upfront Bevacizumab, Irinotecan, and Temozolomide for Unresectable Glioblastoma
Authors: Peters Katherine B. , Lou Emil , Desjardins Annick , Reardon David A. , Lipp Eric S. , Miller Elizabeth , Herndon James E. , McSherry Frances , Friedman Henry S. , Vredenburgh James J.
Published: May 2015

Lessons Learned

Trials focusing on unresectable multifocal glioblastoma are needed because of the extremely poor prognosis and challenges in receiving standard therapy, such as concurrent radiation and chemotherapy. Developing a strategy to chemically debulk tumors before radiation and/or surgery is warranted.

Background.

Extent of resection remains a key prognostic factor in glioblastoma (GBM), with gross total resection providing a better prognosis than biopsy or subtotal resection. We conducted a phase II trial of upfront therapy with bevacizumab (BV), irinotecan (CPT-11), and temozolomide (TMZ) prior to chemoradiation in patients with unresectable, subtotally resected, and/or multifocal GBM.

Methods.

Patients received up to 4 cycles of TMZ at 200 mg/m2 per day on days 1–5 (standard dosing) and BV at 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks on a 28-day cycle. CPT-11 was given every 2 weeks on a 28-day cycle at 125 mg/m2 or 340 mg/m2 depending on antiepileptic drugs. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain was done every 4 weeks, and treatment continued as long as there was no tumor progression or unmanageable toxicity. The primary endpoint was tumor response rate, with a goal of 26% or greater.

Results.

Forty-one patients were enrolled from December 2009 to November 2010. Radiographic responses were as follows: 9 patients (22.0%) had partial respons!e, 25 (61.0%) had stable disease, and 2 (4.9%) had progression; 5 patients were not assessed. Cumulative response rate was 22%. Median overall survival was 12 months (95% confidence interval: 7.2–13.5 months).

Conclusion.

Upfront treatment with BV, TMZ, and CPT-11 is tolerable and can lead to radiographic response in unresectable and/or subtotally resected GBM.
Session report: dams, embankments and slope stability
Authors: Bezuijen Adam
Published: May 2015

This session report discusses 13 papers that were presented at the 8th International Conference on Physical Modelling in Geotechnics 2014 in the session ‘Dams, Embankments and Slope Protection’. It concentrates on whether scaling is possible and what the consequences of scaling are in the various papers. Some tests do not really appear to be scaled model tests, because it is difficult to define a prototype that behaves as the model. However, such models can still be useful to study mechanisms that are relevant in prototype.
Punching shear strength of RC flat slabs at interior connections to columns
Authors: Bompa Dan V. , Oneţ Traian
Published: May 2015

A method to evaluate the punching shear strength of reinforced concrete (RC) flat slabs without shear reinforcement at the connection to interior columns is proposed. The method is based on the assumption that the punching shear strength is controlled by the inclination of a unique punching shear crack that produces a conical failure surface. The inclination angle of the crack is variable. It follows that the location of the critical section is not established in advance, but changes with crack angle. Its location depends on the reinforcement ratio, material strengths and effective depth. According to the proposed method, the punching shear strength is a function of the inclination angle of the governing crack that controls the amount of shear carried by the compression zone and the flexural reinforcement crossing the potential punching cone by accounting for its slenderness and concrete size effect. The method describes the behaviour observed in tests and numerical and analytical investigations. The novel premise that the punching shear strength of flat slabs at connections to interior columns is controlled by the inclination of the failure surface shows remarkable agreement with the results of 209 tests on isolated specimens reported in the literature. This paper also assesses the adequacy of strength predictions obtained using the proposed method and the methods adopted in the codified provisions.
Greywater quality changes in a permeable pavement reservoir
Authors: Chowdhury Rezaul K. , Sharvelle Sybil E. , Beecham Simon
Published: May 2015

Greywater reuse is becoming popular in water scarce regions, but the key challenges are collection, appropriate treatment and storage. Conceptually, an aggregate base course in permeable pavements can provide both treatment and storage facilities for greywater, particularly in arid regions where urban runoff is not an abundant water resource. A prototype permeable pavement unit was constructed to evaluate this concept. The unit was filled with supply water, ablution greywater and laundry greywater, and various water quality parameters were monitored daily. While most parameters showed an improvement in quality after 1 d of storage, pH and sodium ions were found in excessive amounts in the laundry greywater. In addition, the unit was found to be inefficient in reducing total aerobic and total coliform bacteria. The study revealed that permeable pavements can serve as a treatment and storage unit in greywater reuse schemes subject to the inclusion of appropriate disinfection and sodium ion reduction measures.
Impacts of biological activities on erosion of sewer sediments
Authors: Zhou Yongchao , Ma Yan , Fang Lei , Guo Yiping
Published: May 2015

Experimental studies were conducted to investigate the influences of biological processes on the erosion behaviour of organic-rich sanitary sewer sediments. The results show that biological activities can make sediments expand and their bulk densities decrease. The experimental results also illustrate that sewer sediment erosion is a very complex process influenced by gravitational consolidation and biostabilisation. Aerobic biological processes can weaken a sediment bed and affect the erosion patterns for sediments rich in volatile solids, whereas the same processes can increase the resistance to erosion of sediments with lower volatile solid contents. Under anaerobic conditions, two sediment layers with different physical properties and erosion-resistance capabilities would form as a result of biological activities. Under low temperature and aerobic conditions, however, gravitational consolidation was identified as the major factor controlling the erosion behaviour of sediments.
Helechos y licófitos de la Reserva de la Biosfera Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, México
Authors: Acebey Amparo R. , Krömer Thorsten , Vázquez-Torres Mario , Tejero-Díez J. Daniel
Published: May 2015

Se presenta un listado actualizado de los helechos y licófitos de la Reserva de la Biosfera Los Tuxtlas, producto tanto de trabajo de campo como de la revisión de 1,380 ejemplares de herbario y literatura. Se registraron 246 taxones, distribuidos en 73 géneros y 24 familias, los cuales representan el 43 y 24% de la pteridoflora del estado de Veracruz y de México respectivamente. Se encontraron 35 nuevos registros para la Reserva, incluyendo dos para Veracruz ( Elaphoglossum glabellum y E. pringlei ). Las familias más numerosas fueron Polypodiaceae (39 especies), Dryopteridaceae (32) y Pteridaceae (31), mientras que los géneros más numerosos fueron Asplenium (22), Thelypteris (18), Trichomanes (13) y Elaphoglossum (12). Se registró un bajo porcentaje de especies de amplia distribución (7%), el 58% crecen de México hasta Sudámerica, el 23% en México y Centroamérica y el 7% son endémicas de México. La distribución altitudinal muestra una mayor riqueza entre 760 y 1,200 m; los tipos de vegetación con mayor número de especies fueron el bosque mesófilo de montaña (134) y la selva alta perennifolia (115); la alta riqueza de especies en esta última formación vegetal destaca su valor para la conservación. La Reserva presenta un alto nivel de epifitismo (37.4%), particularmente en el bosque mesófilo de montaña. Se considera que el 65% de los taxones son raros o muy raros, probablemente por la especificidad de su hábitat.
Novelties on the distribution of Lepechinia flammea (Lamiaceae), rediscovery of L. glomerata in Jalisco, Mexico, and their phylogenetic position within Lepechinia
Authors: González-Gallegos Jesús Guadalupe , Drew Bryan , Cuevas-Guzmán Ramón
Published: May 2015

The recently described Lepechinia flammea was originally known only from the Sierra Madre del Sur in Guerrero, Mexico. However, a new population of this species was uncovered in Jalisco during recent botanical explorations. Additionally, it was more recently described in Oaxaca as L. oaxacana , a name that in this work is synonymized with L. flammea . Meanwhile, L. glomerata , the most morphologically similar species to L. flammea , was rediscovered in Jalisco. Morphological notes on L. flammea , an extended description of L. glomerata , and photographs and distribution maps for the two species are provided. We also explore the relationships of these two species within Lepechinia , and show they are closely related to the more broadly distributed L. nelsonii .
Organogénesis y embriogénesis somática de Beaucarnea inermis (Asparagaceae), una especie amenazada del noreste de México
Authors: Guillén Susana , Martínez-Palacios Alejandro , Martínez Herlinda , Martínez-Ávalos José Guadalupe
Published: May 2015

Cinco tipos de explantes de plantas de 90 días de Beaucarnea inermis generadas a partir de la germinación in vitro de semillas, fueron utilizadas para la propagación in vitro a través de la organogénesis y embriogénesis somática. Para la embriogénesis somática, se utilizó medio B5 en segmento basal de hoja y en callo derivado de ápice de brote, generando una media de 2.2 y 3.6 embriones, respectivamente; ambos en presencia de 0.5 mg L-1 cinetina + 2 mg L-1 de ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético. En ápice de tallo se generaron 6.8 embriones en promedio, con 0.5 mg L-1 cinetina + 4 mg L-1 de ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético. La presencia de luz y ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético en callo derivó a la producción de raíz. Para la organogénesis se usó el medio MS; en segmento basal de hoja se generaron 2.8 brotes adventicios en presencia de 6 mg L-1 de 6-benciladenina + 0.5 mg L-1 de ácido naftalen-acético. El explante de callo y ápice de tallo generó 11.3 y 15.7 brotes, respectivamente; ambos en presencia de 2 mg L-1 de 6-benciladenina. Los embriones somáticos germinaron y se desarrollaron en MS basal. La formación de raíz in vitro en brotes individualizados se incrementó cuando al medio MS se adicionó mg L-1 de ácido indol-3-butírico. Se registró hasta 100% de supervivencia 90 días después del trasplante bajo condiciones de invernadero. Las dos vías generaron el engrosamiento típico de la base del tallo. En este estudio se establece un sistema eficiente de micropropagación por diversas vías y herramientas para generar plantas comerciales e indirectamente reducir la presión de la sobre colecta en poblaciones silvestres.
La membrana de la punteadura en dos especies de Cacteae, Cactaceae
Authors: Grego-Valencia Dalia , Terrazas Teresa , Lara-Martínez Reyna , Jiménez-García Luis Felipe
Published: May 2015

En este trabajo se caracterizan y comparan las punteaduras, la pared secundaria y la membrana de la punteadura en elementos traqueales en dos especies de Cactaceae con madera contrastante. Se recolectaron individuos adultos de Echinocactus grusonii (madera dimorfa) y Mammillaria compressa (madera no fibrosa) pertenecientes a la tribu Cacteae y se procesaron utilizando diferentes métodos para su observación por microscopía fotónica, electrónica de barrido y de transmisión. Los elementos de vaso tienen placas de perforación simples con un reborde, así como diferentes grados de acumulación de la pared secundaria desde anulares y helicoidales hasta punteaduras pseudoescalariformes y alternas. En M. compressa la pared secundaria en algunos elementos de vaso puede acumularse tanto en forma anular como helicoidal. En E. grusonii , la membrana de las punteaduras alternas en los elementos de vaso tiene poros muy pequeños, apreciables con aumentos altos exclusivamente con microscopia electrónica. En las fibras se observaron organelos núcleo y mitocondrias y un material electrodenso; además el par de punteaduras fibra-fibra tiene un pequeño reborde visto con microscopia electrónica de transmisión no descrito para la familia. Las diferencias en la membrana de la punteadura entre ambas especies posiblemente están relacionadas con su capacidad de evitar embolismos lo que se podrá demostrar con trabajo empírico.
Una nueva especie de Loeselia (Polemoniaceae) de Campeche, México
Authors: Gutiérrez-Báez Celso , Duno de Stefano Rodrigo
Published: May 2015

Se describe e ilustra a Loeselia campechiana Gutiérrez-Báez & R. Duno, una nueva especie de Polemoniaceae del estado de Campeche, México. Es la primera vez que se registra la familia para el estado. La nueva especie es muy rara y hasta la fecha se conoce de una localidad caracterizada por la presencia de una selva mediana subcaducifolia. Es morfológicamente similar a L. glandulosa (Cav.) G. Don, pero puede ser distinguida por tener brácteas más cortas, el tubo de la corola más corto y recto, los filamentos más cortos y también el estilo más corto.
Almacenamiento de semillas y germinación de Stenocereus thurberi , una cactácea con viviparidad facultativa
Authors: Pérez-González Santos Bersaín , Reyes-Olivas Alvaro , García-Moya Edmundo , Romero-Manzanares Angélica , García-Nava José Rodolfo , Lugo-García Gabriel A. , Sánchez-Soto Bardo
Published: May 2015

La estrategia de germinación es fundamental para asegurar la supervivencia de las poblaciones naturales, mientras que el almacenamiento y la viabilidad de las semillas son importantes en programas de repoblación y cultivo. Ambos aspectos están poco estudiados en cactáceas arborescentes vivíparas del Desierto Sonorense. Esta investigación evaluó la germinación de Stenocereus thurberi en plantas no vivíparas y vivíparas; también se estudió el efecto del almacenamiento en semillas remanentes de frutos que presentaron viviparidad, comparada con el comportamiento de la semilla de progenitores no vivíparos. La respuesta en tiempo de inicio (Ti) y tiempo medio de germinación (T50), así como el potencial germinativo (PG) de las semillas, fueron analizados bajo un diseño de bloques al azar con cuatro repeticiones, en cajas bomboneras (bloques) con unidades experimentales de 50 semillas. Los resultados confirmaron mayor velocidad de germinación y alta tolerancia al almacenamiento en las semillas de frutos caracterizados por viviparidad, a la vez que mostraron variación y reducción del porcentaje de germinación con respecto a las semillas de plantas no vivíparas. La germinación precoz combinada con la alta tolerancia del embrión a la desecación son condiciones extraordinarias y muy raras en el reino vegetal, que favorecen el establecimiento de las plantas al permitir que las plántulas ganen vigor desde antes de que ocurra la dispersión.
Historia natural y cosecha de corteza de quina amarilla Hintonia latiflora (Rubiaceae)
Authors: Beltrán-Rodríguez Leonardo , Romero-Manzanares Angelica , Luna-Cavazos Mario , Vibrans Heike , Manzo-Ramos Fernando , Cuevas-Sánchez Jesús , García-Moya Edmundo
Published: May 2015

Hintonia latiflora (Sessé & Moc. ex DC.) Bullock, la “quina amarilla”, es un árbol americano propio del bosque tropical caducifolio, valioso, debido a que la corteza tiene propiedades medicinales. La principal zona de abasto comercial de quina amarilla está al norte del estado de Guerrero, México. Esta contribución aporta información bibliográfica en torno a la historia natural y del aprovechamiento de H. latiflora en toda su área de distribución. Además, incorpora datos de campo originales acerca del hábitat, densidad, fenología, dispersión, arquitectura, comercialización e intensidad en el aprovechamiento de algunas poblaciones de quina amarilla de la cuenca alta del Río Balsas. Se encontraron factores biofísicos importantes para el establecimiento, crecimiento y supervivencia de la especie. La fenología consiste en la floración en la primavera-verano, foliación en el verano, fructificación a finales del verano y dispersión durante el invierno. La dispersión es anemócora y barócora. La arquitectura arbórea se relaciona con factores ambientales y la cosecha de corteza. Se observó que la densidad y disponibilidad de la especie cambian con las características de los sitios y con la intensidad de recolección. La comercialización de la quina implica a tres actores: los recolectores, los acopiadores locales y los compradores regionales. Los precios históricos de la corteza al consumidor han aumentado pero al considerar los precios sin inflación, realmente han bajado. Se destaca que la mayor amenaza para las poblaciones es la intensidad de aprovechamiento y la práctica descuidada de la cosecha.
Plasticidad fenotípica de poblaciones de chile silvestre ( Capsicum annuum var. glabriusculum ) en respuesta a disponibilidad de luz
Authors: Hernández-Verdugo Sergio , González-Sánchez Ramón A. , Porras Flor , Parra-Terraza Saúl , Valdez-Ortiz Angel , Pacheco-Olvera Antonio , López-España Ricardo Guillermo
Published: May 2015

La plasticidad fenotípica permite a las plantas lidiar con ambientes heterogéneos. Capsicum annuum silvestre es un valioso recurso genético que habita en sitios que difieren en la disponibilidad de luz. Evaluamos la variación genética entre poblaciones, la plasticidad fenotípica y su variación en respuesta a tres niveles de luz (alto, 100%; medio, 50%; y bajo, 25% de luz solar) de cinco poblaciones de Capsicum annuum silvestre del noroeste de México. Las características medidas fueron: altura de la planta, diámetro del tallo, longitud de la hoja, ancho de la hoja, número de frutos por planta, número de semillas por fruto, número de semillas por planta y peso de la semilla. Las poblaciones difirieron significativamente en todas las características medidas. Todas las características mostraron un efecto significativo de los tratamientos y todas, excepto el diámetro del tallo, mostraron un efecto significativo de la interacción población por tratamiento, indicando niveles altos de plasticidad y variación de la plasticidad de las características medidas. Este alto número de interacciones significativas sugiere que las poblaciones de Capsicum annuum silvestre tienen el potencial para responder a ambientes variables en la disponibilidad de luz. Además se probó la respuesta adaptativa a la luz estimando la relación entre las características fenotípicas y el número de semillas por planta como una medida de la adecuación. En el tratamiento medio de luz, la selección favoreció un aumento en la longitud y ancho de la hoja y una disminución en el diámetro del tallo. En el tratamiento bajo de luz, la selección favoreció una disminución del diámetro del tallo. Estos resultados indican que la selección y la deriva génica pueden ser responsables de los patrones de variación en la plasticidad observados en las poblaciones de Capsicum annuum silvestre.
Las colectas botánicas de Thomas Baillie MacDougall (1895-1973); legado para la biodiversidad en México
Authors: Rico Arce Maria de Lourdes , Moreno Gutiérrez Elizabeth , Nuñez Merchand Alejandra , Colín López Julian Javier , Muñoz López Enrique , Rodriguez Amparo
Published: May 2015

Thomas MacDougall “Don Tomás”, horticultor y antropólogo de origen escocés, apasionado por la naturaleza, que de 1930 a 1973 realizó en México exploraciones científicas, principalmente en los estados de Oaxaca y Chiapas. Algunas de las plantas colectadas por él no se han vuelto a encontrar. MacDougall fue autor o coautor de géneros y de especies de plantas y animales, asimismo, al menos 21 especies de plantas se describieron en su honor. Sus colectas botánicas, incluyendo numerosos tipos, están depositadas principalmente en el Herbario del Jardín Botánico de Nueva York y en el Herbario Nacional del Instituto de Biología. La Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad cuenta por el momento con una base de datos de 2,601 registros, en su mayoría tomados de sus libretas de campo depositadas en Rare Book Collection del Museo de Historia Natural, de Nueva York. Debido a la alta diversidad de los lugares que visitó y a la necesidad de la conservación de su biota, se consideró importante tratar de reconstruir su itinerario botánico, ubicando y georreferenciando las localidades de sus colectas botánicas, además de realizar un análisis espacial con la vegetación primaria y el modelo digital de elevación. Como resultado, se georreferenciaron 483 sitios. Las familias mejor representadas en sus colectas en Oaxaca, Chiapas, Veracruz y Puebla, fueron: Begoniaceae, Cactaceae, Crassulaceae, Orchidaceae y Gesneriaceae. Un poco menos de 50% del total corresponden a especies de diversas familias del bosque mesófilo de montaña en México, en el resto del porcentaje destacan principalmente aquellas del bosque de pino, pino-encino y selva baja caducifolia. La información aquí presentada es de importancia para el conocimiento, uso, y evaluación de la biodiversidad.
Composition, structure and diversity of shrublands in central Nuevo Leon, Mexico
Authors: Alanís-Rodríguez Eduardo , Jimenez-Pérez Javier , González-Rodríguez Humberto , Canizales-Velázquez Pamela A. , Mora-Olivo Arturo , Mata Balderas Jose M. , Hernandez Salas Javier
Published: May 2015

The aim of this study was to carry out a comparative analysis at the plant community level of the five most common types of shrublands (semithorn shrubland, microphyllous desert shrubland, rosetophyllous desert shrubland, piedmont scrub, and tamaulipan thornscrub) in the state of Nuevo Leon (northeastern Mexico). Twenty-five sampling sites (100 m2 each one) were established in each shrubland type (25 in total) to evaluate the vegetation structure. At each sampling site, we estimated the plant density (N ha-1), plant coverage (m2 ha-1), specific richness ( S ), and alpha diversity index ( H’ ). One way-analysis of variance was used to compare plant attributes between the plant communities. In the studied five plant communities, a total of 85 vascular plant species were registered, belonging to approximately 65 genera and 28 families. The most representative families were Cactaceae (18 species), Fabaceae (16 species), Asteraceae (six species), and Agavaceae (five species). Analysis of variance showed highly significant differences between the shrublands in terms of the studied plant attributes. The microphyllous desert shrubland showed the lowest plant density (1,868 N ha-1) and plant coverage (2,637 m2 ha-1) and the piedmont scrub the highest (4,512 N ha-1 and 17,931 m2 ha-1, respectively). With respect to specific richness and the alpha diversity index, the lowest values ( S = 3.72 and H’ = 0.91, respectively) were presented by the microphyllous desert shrubland, whereas the semithorn shrubland exhibited the highest values ( S = 11.56 and H’ = 2.15). This study provides valuable information about the composition, structure and diversity of shrublands in the state of Nuevo Leon.
Alvaradoa amorphoides germination at low water potential and the role of the antioxidant system
Authors: Hernández-Pérez Verónica , Márquez Guzmán Judith , Sánchez-Nieto Sobeida , Cruz-Ortega Rocio
Published: May 2015

Tropical dry forests are characterized by a high diversity of tree communities and extremely heterogeneous water availability. The tree Alvaradoa amorphoides is a pioneer species of the tropical dry forest found in Xochicalco, Morelos, Mexico. To determine the water requirements for this species to germinate, we evaluated the seed germination rates under field and laboratory conditions. In the field, the seeds had an overall mean germination rate of 42%, but the rate varied between the different sites independent of the soil relative humidity and landscape. Alvaradoa amorphoides seeds exposed to a water potential of -0.5 MPa delayed germination, extending Phase II. At the -1.0 and -1.5 MPa water potentials, germination was inhibited by 80 and 100%, respectively, but the seeds remained viable. Although, the oxygen consumption did not differ between the treatments, the respiration profiles did not show the same triphasic curve as the control. The H2O2 and O2- levels were not significantly different in the seeds at the evaluated low-water potentials (-0.5 and -1.0 MPa), nor were the catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione reductase activity. Only ascorbate peroxidase activity was inhibited at these two water potentials. Our data showed that the A. amorphoides seeds remained in phase II during low water potentials without high levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) production and continued to be viable; this latter fact might explain the low influence of the humidity and landscape on the germination performance in the field.
Ethnobotany in the Folksongs of Castilla y León (Spain)
Authors: Herrero Baudilio , Cardaño Mario
Published: May 2015

In this study we present the results of analyzing 7,012 traditional songs from Castilla y León, compiled in songbooks published between the years 1931 and 2008. Thirty-three publications were reviewed. Plant species were mentioned in 18.7% of the songs listed, which corresponds to 1,316 songs. On average, 2.1 plants were mentioned in each song. 59% of the songs only mentioned one plant species. A total of 2,756 botanical citations were recorded. The total number of plant species mentioned was 150, corresponding to 46 plant families. The most mentioned plants were: rose (12.7%), grape (7.1%), carnation (6.3%), wheat (5.1%), olive (4.1%), laurel (2.8%), apple (2.6%), pine (2.6%), and orange (2.3%). The families with the highest number of citations were: Rosaceae, Poaceae, Vitaceae, and Caryophyllaceae. Of all the plant citations in this study of the folk songs of Castilla y León, 55% relate to plants that are cultivated. Of all the songs, 76.1% were categorized into a musical genre and 1,853 plant citations were registered in these songs. The largest numbers of botanical quotes were found in the songs of dancing, marriage, serenade, and romance. The songs of supplication most frequently cited the Poaceae; and Christmas songs, the Rosaceae. About the botanical citations, 33.6% refer to the symbolic value of the plants. In 50.7% of cases, the symbolism alluded to beauty, and in 6.9% of cases, a love proposition. The plants used most frequently to symbolize beauty were the rose and the carnation. The romantic proposal was often represented by the rose and laurel. The higher social class was symbolized by wheat, flax, and walnut. The lower social class was linked to quotes about rye or legumes.