bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Induction of eosinophil‐ and Th2‐attracting epidermal chemokines and cutaneous late‐phase reaction in tape‐stripped skin
Authors: Onoue Ayako , Kabashima Kenji , Kobayashi Miwa , Mori Tomoko , Tokura Yoshiki
Published: June 2009

Abstract:  Skin barrier damage induces various harmful or even protective reactions in the skin, as represented by enhancement of keratinocyte cytokine production. To investigate whether acute removal of stratum corneum modulates the production of chemokines by epidermal cells, we treated ears of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice by tape‐stripping, or acetone‐rubbing as a control of acute barrier disruption procedure. There was no difference between the tape‐stripped and acetone‐rubbed skin sites in the increased and recovered levels of transepidermal water loss. The mRNA expression levels of all the chemokines tested, including Th1 chemokines (CXCL10, CXCL9 and CXCL11), Th2 chemokines (CCL17 and CCL22) and eosinophil chemoattractant (CCL5), were higher in the epidermal cells from BALB/c than in those of C57BL/6 mice. In particular, CCL17, CCL22 and CCL5 were remarkably elevated in BALB/c mice and augmented by tape‐stripping more markedly than acetone‐rubbing, whereas Th1 chemokines were enhanced by acetone‐rubbing more remarkably. Tape‐stripping induced dermal infiltration of eosinophils in BALB/c but not C57BL/6 mice. In a contact hypersensitivity model, where BALB/c mice were sensitized on the abdomen and challenged on the ears with fluorescein isothiocyanate, mice exhibited higher ear swelling responses at the late‐phase as well as delayed‐type reactions, when challenged via the tape‐stripped skin. The challenge via tape‐stripped skin augmented the expression of IL‐4 and CCR4 in the skin homogenated samples, indicating infiltration of Th2 cells. These findings suggest that acute barrier removal induces the expression of Th2 and eosinophil chemokines by epidermal cells and easily evokes the late phase reaction upon challenge with antigen.
Fullerene nanomaterials inhibit phorbol myristate acetate‐induced inflammation
Authors: Dellinger Anthony , Zhou Zhiguo , Lenk Robert , MacFarland Darren , Kepley Christopher L.
Published: June 2009

Abstract:  Inflammation is a natural biological response that occurs when vascular tissues are subjected to harmful stimuli. This process may be beneficial to the host during wound healing and infections but can be detrimental if left unchecked. Oxidative stress, the generation of reactive oxygen species, is thought to be one component of this response. Fullerenes can counteract reactive oxygen species due to their potent antioxidant capabilities. Thus, we hypothesized that these molecules may inhibit inflammation. To test this hypothesis we used an in vivo model of phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA)‐induced inflammation and examined the effects fullerenes have on mitigating this response. We show that PMA‐induced inflammation and oedema is dramatically inhibited when fullerenes are given prior to challenge. Thus, fullerene derivatives may be a novel way to blunt certain inflammatory conditions and facilitate faster recovery of damaged tissue.
Skin and heart: une liaison dangereuse
Authors: Bolling Maria C. , Jonkman Marcel F.
Published: June 2009

Abstract:  Both skin and heart are subject to shear mechanical stress and need to be stress‐resistant in a flexible way. The intercellular connecting structures in skin and heart, the desmosomes, that have to resist these forces show remarkable resemblance in epidermis and myocardium. Mutations in desmosomal proteins lead to inherited desmosomal cardiocutaneous syndromes (DCCS): une liaison dangereuse. This article will critically review the cutaneous and cardiac features as well as the molecular background of DCCS, such as Naxos disease and Carvajal syndrome caused by deficiencies of plakoglobin and desmoplakin respectively. In addition, potential other desmosomal gene candidates for an involvement in cardiocutaneous syndromes are considered. The skin features in these syndromes may be the hallmark for the presence of progressive and ultimately lethal cardiac disease. Knowledge of these skin features and early recognition of such a syndrome may provide opportunities to halt or slow down cardiac disease progression, treat arrhythmias and even prevent sudden death.
Proliferative defects in dyskeratosis congenita skin keratinocytes are corrected by expression of the telomerase reverse transcriptase, TERT, or by activation of endogenous telomerase through expression of papillomavirus E6/E7 or the telomerase RNA component, TERC
Authors: Gourronc Francoise A. , Robertson Mckaylee M. , Herrig Annie K. , Lansdorp Peter M. , Goldman Frederick D. , Klingelhutz Aloysius J.
Published: June 2009

Please cite this paper as: Proliferative defects in dyskeratosis congenita skin keratinocytes are corrected by expression of the telomerase reverse transcriptase, TERT, or by activation of endogenous telomerase through expression of papillomavirus E6/E7 or the telomerase RNA component, TERC. Experimental Dermatology 2010; 19: 279–288.

Abstract:  Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is characterized by the triad of reticulate skin pigmentation, nail dystrophy and leukoplakia. Epidermal atrophy, hair growth defects, bone marrow failure and increased risk of cancer are also common in DC patients. DC is caused by mutations in genes encoding for telomerase complex factors. Although there is an association of epidermal abnormalities with DC, epidermal cells from DC donors have not been previously characterized. We have isolated skin keratinocytes from affected members of a family with an autosomal dominant form of DC that is caused by a mutation in the RNA component of telomerase, TERC. Here, we demonstrate that, similar to DC fibroblasts from these donors, DC keratinocytes have short telomeres and a short lifespan. DC keratinocytes also exhibited impaired colony forming efficiency (CFE) and migration capacity. Exogenous expression of the reverse transcriptase (RT) component of telomerase, TERT, activated telomerase levels to half that of TERT expressing normal cells and maintained telomeres at a short length with concomitant extension of lifespan. Unlike fibroblasts, transduction of human papillomavirus type 16 E6/E7 genes into DC keratinocytes activated telomerase to half that of E6/E7 expressing normal cells, and robust proliferation was observed. While expression of TERC has no measurable effect on telomerase in fibroblasts, expression of TERC in keratinocytes upregulated telomerase activity and, rarely, allowed rescue of proliferative defects. Our results point to important differences between DC fibroblasts and keratinocytes and show, for the first time, that expression of TERC can increase the lifespan of primary human epithelial cells.
Melatonin exerts differential actions on X‐ray radiation‐induced apoptosis in normal mice splenocytes and Jurkat leukemia cells
Authors: Jang Seong Soon , Kim Won Dong , Park Woo‐Yoon
Published: June 2009

Abstract:  The ability of melatonin as a potent antioxidant was used as a rationale for testing its antiapoptotic ability in normal cells. Recently, melatonin was shown to possess proapoptotic action by increasing reactive oxygen species in certain cancer cells. The modification of radiation‐induced apoptosis by melatonin and the expression of apoptosis‐associated upstream regulators were studied in normal mice splenocytes and Jurkat T leukemia cells. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to a single whole body X‐ray radiation dose of 2 Gy with or without 250 mg/kg melatonin pretreatment. The Jurkat cells were divided into four groups of control, 1 mm melatonin alone, 4 Gy irradiation‐only and melatonin pretreatment before irradiation. The highest level of apoptosis in the normal splenic white pulp was detected by TUNEL assay at 8 hr after irradiation. At this time, the apoptotic index of irradiation‐only and melatonin pretreatment groups were 35.6% and 20.7%, respectively. This reduced apoptosis by melatonin was associated with the increase of Bcl‐2 expression and a reduction of Bax/Bcl‐2 ratio through a relative decrease of p53 mRNA and protein. In the Jurkat cells treated with a combination of melatonin and radiation, both Annexin V‐FITC(+)/PI(−) and Annexin V‐FITC(+) cells were increased at 48 hr after irradiation when compared with irradiation‐only or melatonin alone. The expressions of p53 between groups were well correlated with the results of Annexin V binding. The irradiation or melatonin did not influence the JNK1 expression in Jurkat cells. The present results suggest that melatonin enhances radiation‐induced apoptosis in Jurkat leukemia cells, while reducing radiation‐induced apoptosis in normal mice splenocytes. These differential effects on radiation‐induced apoptosis by melatonin might involve the regulation of p53 expression.
Validation of a protocol for the assessment of skin temperature and blood flow in childhood localised scleroderma
Authors: Howell Kevin J. , Lavorato Antonia , Visentin María Teresa , Smith Roy E. , Schaefer Gerald , Jones Carl D. , Weibel Lisa , Denton Christopher P. , Harper John I. , Woo Patricia
Published: June 2009

Background/purpose: Localised scleroderma (LS) is the most common form of scleroderma seen in children, and usually presents unilaterally. Infrared thermography (IRT) and laser Doppler (LD) have both been reported to be useful in assessing the active, inflammatory stage of LS. We developed and validated a protocol using these techniques for the assessment of unilateral LS activity in children.

Method: We investigated the spatial variability and repeatability of LD measurements from adult control forearm skin, and the inter‐ and intra‐operator reproducibility of both LD blood flow trace analysis and IRT skin temperature analysis. Software was developed to produce overlay images of thermograms onto digital photographs of skin sites. In a group of seven adult control subjects, we established the normal range for skin temperature and LD blood flow at six standardised sites (forehead, cheek, abdomen, back, arm and leg), and measured contralateral differences in readings. In a group of 34 children with LS, we investigated the skin temperature and LD blood flow in unaffected skin at the same six sites.

Results: In adults, physiological variability in LD blood flow and skin temperature between the two sides of the body was found to be greater than the uncertainty introduced into the measurements by (inter alia) limited intra‐ or inter‐operator reproducibility. The cheek displayed the highest mean asymmetry in both skin temperature (0.5 °C) and LD blood flow (40%).

Conclusion: Our protocol combines IRT, LD and photography for LS assessment in children, and establishes a normal range of readings in line with other authors.
The effect of prebiotics in the management of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia
Authors: Bisceglia M , Indrio F , Riezzo G , Poerio V , Corapi U , Raimondi F
Published: June 2009

Background:  Breast milk oligosaccharides such as galacto‐oligosaccharides (scGOS) and fructo‐oligosaccharides (lcFOS) can influence the intestinal microbial flora. The latter, in turn, can modulate several intestinal and extraintestinal functions, including bilirubin metabolism. Supplementing infant formula with a prebiotic mixture might then be a novel and safe intervention to manage mild neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia.

Aim:  To investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with prebiotics on moderate hyperbilirubinaemia in healthy, term infants.

Methods:  A prospective, double‐blind, clinical trial was performed on seventy‐six consecutive newborns who were randomly assigned to receive a formula containing 0.8 g/dL of a mixture from scGOS and lcFOS (ratio 9:1), or maltodextrines as placebo for 28 days. Bilirubin levels were determined by the transcutaneous bilirubin measurement within 2 h after birth (T1), at 24, 48 and 72 h and at 5, 7, 10 and 28 days of life. The number of stool per day was also recorded.

Results:  Neonates receiving prebiotics showed a larger number of stools over all the duration of dietary intervention compared to that of those on placebo (Repeated Measures ANOVA p < 0.001; day 28 3.4 ± 0.0.9 vs 1.7 ± 0.9, respectively; Dunn test p < 0.05). Neonates whose formula was supplemented with prebiotics showed a lower transcutaneous bilirubin that was statistically significant from 72 h of life (5.46 ± 1.6 vs 7.07 ± 2.49, post hoc Dunn test, p < 0.05) throughout the duration of the dietary intervention (day 28 2.41 ± 0.4 vs 2.85 ± 0.5, post hoc Dunn test, p < 0.05).

Conclusion:  The addition of prebiotics to standard infant diet might represent a novel strategy to help control neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia.
Modified TWINSPAN classification in which the hierarchy respects cluster heterogeneity
Authors: Roleček Jan , Tichý Lubomír , Zelený David , Chytrý Milan
Published: June 2009

Aim: To propose a modification of the TWINSPAN algorithm that enables production of divisive classifications that better respect the structure of the data.

Methods: The proposed modification combines the classical TWINSPAN algorithm with analysis of heterogeneity of the clusters prior to each division. Four different heterogeneity measures are involved: Whittaker's beta, total inertia, average Sørensen dissimilarity and average Jaccard dissimilarity. Their performance was evaluated using empirical vegetation datasets with different numbers of plots and different levels of heterogeneity.

Results: While the classical TWINSPAN algorithm divides each cluster coming from the previous division step, the modified algorithm divides only the most heterogeneous cluster in each step. The four tested heterogeneity measures may produce identical or very similar results. However, average Jaccard and Sørensen dissimilarities may reach extreme values in clusters of small size and may produce classifications with a highly unbalanced cluster size.

Conclusions: The proposed modification does not alter the logic of the TWINSPAN classification, but it may change the hierarchy of divisions in the final classification. Thus, unsubstantiated divisions of homogeneous clusters are prevented, and classifications with any number of terminal clusters can be created, which increases the flexibility of TWINSPAN.
Variations in mountain vegetation use by reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) affects dry heath but not grass heath
Authors: Moen Jon , Boogerd Coen , Skarin Anna
Published: June 2009

Question: Are differences in landscape use of semi‐domesticated reindeer reflected in the vegetation of summer grazing grounds?

Location: Alpine heaths, central east Sweden.

Methods: Dry heath and grass heath vegetation plots with inferred grazing intensities (high, intermediate and low) were selected a priori from an interpolated pellet count map compiled in 2002. In each plot, faecal pellets were counted, environmental variables measured and vegetation sampled by listing presence and absence. Species composition was compared with a detrended correspondence analysis, and a canonical correspondence analysis was used to infer relations between species composition and environmental variables. Plots were also clustered to provide groupings for an indicator species analysis.

Results: Significant differences in faecal pellet count were present between the highest and lowest grazing intensities for both vegetation types, showing that the pattern in the interpolated pellet maps was robust. Differences in species composition between grazing intensities were found for the dry heath only. Here, there was an apparent grazing gradient, with lichens and mosses in the low‐use plots and grasses and herbs in the high‐use plots. No such gradient was found for the grass heath.

Conclusions: Within the dry heath vegetation type, grazing levels had a subtle effect on the vegetation, while no effects were seen in the grass heath, probably as a result of the dominance of more grazing‐tolerant graminoids. Even in the dry heath, species richness did not differ between grazing levels, but the relative abundances of species differed.
Vegetation and seed bank dynamics in a tidal freshwater marsh
Authors: Hopfensperger K.N. , Engelhardt K.A.M. , Lookingbill T.R.
Published: June 2009

Questions: What are the feedbacks among the seed bank, parent vegetation, and landscape structure that control plant species turnover in space and time in a tidal freshwater marsh? How can these feedbacks be used to better understand marsh community dynamics and to establish restoration practices that seek to restore vegetation diversity of this important and widely distributed ecosystem?

Location: Potomac River, Virginia, United States (15 km south of Washington, DC).

Methods: We sampled the seed bank and standing vegetation in a tidal freshwater marsh and explored similarities between seed bank and vegetation composition through space and time. We then investigated marsh surface elevation, distance to nearest tidal channels, and life history of component species as potential explanations for the observed vegetation patterns.

Results: The composition of individual plots changed considerably from year to year; however, the composition at broader spatial (whole marsh) and temporal (4 years) scales was relatively stable. Species composition of the seed bank was dissimilar to both the previous and current year's standing vegetation, and similarity to standing vegetation was particularly low in plots dominated by annual species. Landscape structure and life history characteristics of individual species best explained the spatiotemporal variability in marsh vegetation.

Conclusions: Restoration designs should be landscape‐dependent and explicitly incorporate spatially structured elements such as elevation gradients to maximize community diversity in reconstructed tidal freshwater marshes. Optimal designs include areas of high seed input, areas of high species turnover, as well as other areas of greater stability.
RADIOGRAPHIC AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FINDINGS IN BELGIAN SHEPHERD DOGS WITH MILD ELBOW DYSPLASIA
Authors: LAPPALAINEN ANU K. , MÖLSÄ SARI , LIMAN ANNIE , LAITINEN‐VAPAAVUORI OUTI , SNELLMAN MARJATTA
Published: June 2009

We compared computed tomography (CT) and radiographic findings of Belgian shepherds with grade 1 or borderline elbow dysplasia to determine whether the radiopaque area dorsal to the anconeal process and seen in mediolateral 45° flexed radiographs is formed by osteophytes, or whether it is an anatomic variation. Eighteen dogs with screening results 0/1, 1/0, or one or both elbows graded as borderline were studied. The radiographs were evaluated according to International Elbow Working Group guidelines and compared with CT images. A fragmented medial coronoid process was seen in five joints, and remaining 31 joints were considered free of dysplasia based on CT images. In radiographs, height of the radiopaque area on the anconeal process was 0–2.7 mm in dysplastic and 0–3.0 mm in other joints. Sensitivity of this sign as dysplasia indicator was 40% and specificity 29%. All dysplastic joints and three of the other joints had blurring of the cranial edge of the medial coronoid process. Subtrochlear sclerosis was seen in four dysplastic joints and in three other joints. Both changes were significant indicators of dysplasia (P<0.001). Sensitivity and specificity of these phenomena as dysplasia indicators were 80% and 90%, respectively. We conclude that the radiopaque area on the anconeal process might not always be osteophyte formation in Belgian shepherds and should not be used as the sole criterion for dysplasia. Blurring of the medial coronoid process cranial edge and ulnar trochlear notch sclerosis are reliable signs of elbow dysplasia and may be beneficial in screening protocols.
ANATOMIC STUDY OF CRANIAL NERVE EMERGENCE AND ASSOCIATED SKULL FORAMINA IN CATS USING CT AND MRI
Authors: GOMES EYMERIC , DEGUEURCE CHRISTOPHE , RUEL YANNICK , DENNIS RUTH , BEGON DOMINIQUE
Published: June 2009

Magnetic resonance (MR) images of the brain of four normal cats were reviewed retrospectively to assess the emergence and course of the cranial nerves (CNs). Two‐millimeter‐thick images were obtained in transverse, sagittal, and dorsal planes using a 1.5 T unit. CN skull foramina, as anatomic landmarks for MR imaging, were identified by computed tomography performed on an isolated cat skull using thin wire within each skull foramen. Thin slice (1 mm slice thickness) images were obtained with a high‐resolution bone filter scan protocol. The origins of CNs II, V, VII, and VIII and the group of IX, X, XI, and XII could be identified. The pathway and proximal divisions of CNs V were described. CNs III, IV, and VI were not distinguished from each other but could be seen together in the orbital fissure. CN V was characterized by slight contrast enhancement.
COMPARATIVE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE CANINE FEMORAL HEAD IN LEGG‐CALVÉ‐PERTHES DISEASE
Authors: SCHERZER CORNELIA , WINDHAGEN HENNING , NELLESEN JENS , CROSTAK HORST‐ARTUR , ROHN KARL , WITTE FRANK , THOREY FRITZ , FEHR MICHAEL , HAUSCHILD GREGOR
Published: June 2009

The goal of this study was to examine the microarchitecture of the trabecular bone of the canine femoral head using microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) technology. Specifically, we assessed changes seen in the femoral head in dogs with Legg‐Calvé‐Perthes disease and compared this with changes seen in dogs with hip dysplasia and coxofemoral luxation. Femoral heads from healthy animals were examined as a control. In total, 38 femoral heads were studied. Rules for defining spherical volumes (region of interest) for determination of the structural parameters within the trabecular structure were established using micro‐CT images. The following parameters were determined directly in three dimensions: bone volume fraction, surface volume fraction, trabecula thickness, trabecular count, trabecular spacing, and connectivity. Characteristic femoral head changes were found for each condition. An unexpected result was found that contradicts the prevailing understanding of Legg‐Calvé‐Perthes disease. Instead of observing a thickening of the bone trabeculae caused by layering of new bone matrix on top of necrotic trabeculae, we observed an increase in trabecular count and a smaller trabecular thickness. From this it may be concluded that trabecular regeneration is more prominent or prevails over the characteristically described layering processes in the revascularization and repair processes occurring in this illness.
ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF 537 DOGS WITH MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE AND LEAFLET INVOLVEMENT
Authors: TERZO ELOISA , DI MARCELLO MARCO , McALLISTER HESTER , GLAZIER BRENDAN , LO COCO DANIELE , LOCATELLI CHIARA , PALERMO VALENTINA , BRAMBILLA PAOLA GIUSEPPINA
Published: June 2009

In this work we investigated which mitral valve leaflet was most often involved in mitral valve prolapse with degenerative mitral valve disease and whether there was an association with breed, age, gender, or weight. Five hundred and thirty‐seven dogs with mitral valve prolapse‐degenerative mitral valve disease were assessed; the cross‐breed dog was the most represented breed (248 dogs, 46.2%). Mitral valve prolapse was more common in male dogs, and the average age was 11.3±2.8 years. Prolapse of the anterior leaflet was present in 48.4% of dogs, prolapse of the the posterior leaflet in 7.1%, and bileaflet prolapse was present in 44.5%; this distribution is different than that typically found in humans. There was a significant correlation between severity of mitral regurgitation and severity of mitral valve prolapse or ISACHC class, and between severity of mitral valve prolapse and ISACHC class. There was no relationship between the particular affected leaflet(s) and severity of mitral regurgitation, severity of mitral valve prolapse, or ISACHC class. Our findings suggest that the susceptibility to the mitral valve prolapse‐degenerative mitral valve disease is not confined to a specific breeds and that the specific leaflet prolapsing is different in dogs compared with humans.
TRANSCUTANEOUS ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE AIR‐FILLED EQUINE STOMACH AND DUODENUM FOLLOWING GASTROSCOPY
Authors: KIHURANI DAVID O. G. , CARSTENS ANN , SAULEZ MONTAGUE N. , DONNELLAN CYNTHIA M. B.
Published: June 2009

Gastroscopy with air insufflation was performed in 10 ponies, after which a transcutaneous ultrasound examination of the stomach and duodenum was performed immediately and at 1, 2, and 4 h postgastroscopy, and 24 h after feeding. Stomach measurements included the dorsoventral and craniocaudal dimensions, as well as the stomach depth from the skin surface and stomach wall thickness at the different time periods. Gastric wall folding was observed in one pony, becoming most distinct 2–4 h postgastroscopy. An undulating stomach wall was noted in eight other ponies postgastroscopy. These observations appeared to be a response to the deflation of the stomach as the insufflated air was released gradually. Gas was detected in the duodenum after the gastroscopy. The parameters measured were noted to be useful to evaluate the extent of stomach distension due to air or feed. The ultrasonographic appearance of the stomach can, therefore, be altered by gastroscopy and this should be borne in mind when examining horses with suspected gastric disease.
NORMAL THORACIC AND ABDOMINAL DISTRIBUTION OF 2‐DEOXY‐2‐[18F]FLUORO‐d‐GLUCOSE (18FDG) IN ADULT CATS
Authors: LEBLANC AMY K. , WALL JON S. , MORANDI FEDERICA , KENNEl STEPHEN J. , STUCKEY ALAN , JAKOBY BJOERN , TOWNSEND DAVID W. , DANIEL GREGORY B.
Published: June 2009

Positron emission tomography (PET) with 2‐deoxy‐2‐[18F]fluoro‐d‐glucose (18FDG) is an important imaging modality for diagnosis and staging of human neoplastic disease. The purpose of this study is to describe the normal 18FDG uptake in adult cats. Six adult healthy female cats were used. Cats were sedated and then injected intravenously with 74.0±13.0 (mean±SD) MBq of 18FDG. General anesthesia was induced and cats were placed in ventral recumbancy on the PET scanner's bed. Static images using multiple bed positions were acquired approximately 60–90 min after injection. A transmission scan was acquired at each bed position utilizing a 57Co point source to perform attenuation and scatter correction. Regions of interest (ROIs) were drawn over the liver, right and left renal cortices, left ventricular wall, and wall of ascending and descending colonic segments. Standardized uptake values (SUV) were calculated using an established formula. Kidneys and intestinal tract had relatively intense uptake of 18FDG; liver activity was intermediate; the spleen was not identified in any of the cats. Cardiac activity was variable but intense activity was noted in the left ventricular myocardium in most cats. No appreciable lung uptake was noted. Mean±SD SUV values were calculated. This study established the normal pattern of uptake of 18FDG in adult cats and provided baseline data for comparison with future studies evaluating a variety of neoplastic and nonneoplastic diseases.
The ‘good’ parent in relation to early childhood literacy: symbolic terrain and lived practice
Authors: Nichols Sue , Nixon Helen , Rowsell Jennifer
Published: June 2009

In this paper we consider the place of early childhood literacy in the discursive construction of the identity(ies) of ‘proper’ parents. Our analysis crosses between representations of parenting in texts produced by commercial and government/public institutional interests and the self‐representations of individual parents in interviews with the researchers. The argument is made that there are commonalities and disjunctures in represented and lived parenting identities as they relate to early literacy. In commercial texts that advertise educational and other products, parents are largely absent from representations and the parent's position is one of consumer on behalf of the child. In government‐sanctioned texts, parents are very much present and are positioned as both learners about and important facilitators of early learning when they ‘interact’ with their children around language and books. The problem for which both, in their different ways, offer a solution is the “not‐yet‐ready” child precipitated into the evaluative environment of school without the initial competence seen as necessary to avoid falling behind right from the start. Both kinds of producers promise a smooth induction of children into mainstream literacy and learning practices if the ‘good parent’ plays her/his part. Finally, we use two parent cases to illustrate how parents' lived practice involves multiple discursive practices and identities as they manage young children's literacy and learning in family contexts in which they also need to negotiate relations with their partners and with paid and domestic work.
Mainstream versus ethno‐specific community aged care services: It's not an ‘either or’
Authors: Radermacher Harriet , Feldman Susan , Browning Colette
Published: June 2009

Approximately 16% of the Australian population speak a language other than English at home. Older people from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds face many barriers to accessing services which may explain their under‐utilisation of community aged care services. The aim of this review is to critique the literature related to the delivery of community aged care services to people from CALD backgrounds. The merits of a partnership model approach are highlighted, in addition to key points for future policy and planning. Understanding the complexities of delivering services to older people from CALD backgrounds is challenging, and requires a stronger empirical base.
Efficacy of a self‐management education program for people with type 2 diabetes: Results of a 12 month trial
Authors: MORIYAMA Michiko , NAKANO Masumi , KUROE Yuriko , NIN Kazuko , NIITANI Mayumi , NAKAYA Takashi
Published: June 2009

Aim:  Patient education that enhances one's self‐management ability is of utmost importance for improving patient outcomes in chronic diseases. We developed a 12 month self‐management education program for type 2 diabetes, based on a previous 6 month program, and examined its efficacy.

Methods:  A randomized controlled trial was carried out on outpatients with type 2 diabetes from two hospitals who met the criteria and gave consent to participate. They were randomly divided into an intervention group that followed the program and a control group that followed usual clinical practise. The intervention group received <30 min of monthly interviews based on the program's textbook and biweekly telephone calls from a nurse educator throughout the 12 months.

Results:  Of the 50 participants in the intervention group and the 25 participants in the control group, 42 and 23, respectively, completed the program (a completion rate of 84.0%). The body weight, HbA1c, self‐efficacy, dietary and exercise stages, quality of life, diastolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol level were significant by two‐way repeated‐measures anova. As for changes over time within the groups, only the intervention group showed significant differences by Friedman's test. The complication prevention behaviors showed a high implementation rate in the intervention group. The overall evaluation of this program by the participants was very high and, therefore, they highly recognized the need for this type of program.

Conclusions:  Self‐management education works successfully in relation to patients' behavior modification skills, degree of goal attainment, and self‐efficacy, consequently improving their health outcomes.
Factors associated with late post‐partum depression in Japan
Authors: SATOH Atsuko , KITAMIYA Chiaki , KUDOH Hisashi , WATANABE Mayuko , MENZAWA Kazuko , SASAKI Hidetada
Published: June 2009

Aim:  Postnatal depression is one of the life‐threatening events faced by women. As the factors associated with postnatal depression have not been investigated fully in Japan, we studied the factors associated with postnatal depression.

Methods:  One‐hundred‐and‐sixty‐nine women who visited the health center of a city in Aomori Prefecture, Japan, at 4 months after childbirth for regular examination fulfilled the selection criteria and completed self‐reporting questionnaires on postnatal depression using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and a life and social events scale.

Results:  The primiparas showed a significantly higher EPDS score than the multiparas. The EPDS score decreased with the frequency of delivery in the groups of mothers in their twenties and thirties. For the multiparas, the number of participants who suffered obstetric events was lower, the number of participants who went back to their home was higher, and the number of participants who were taken care of by their mother was lower than for the primiparas. General health abnormalities, sociability, and worries about baby care were significantly associated with the EPDS for both the primiparas and multiparas. The cooperation of the husband was associated with a decreased EPDS score, both for the primiparas and multiparas, irrespective of the family structure.

Conclusion:  The EPDS score decreased with an increased frequency of delivery, suggesting that the experience of delivery would impact on postnatal depression, partly because of decreased obstetric events. However, a social assistance system is needed for women with general health abnormalities, less sociability, worries about baby care, and limited cooperation of the husband for both primiparas and multiparas.
Continuing Medical Education: 2009 Update on Phosphodiesterase Type 5 Inhibitor Therapy Part 1: Recent Studies on Routine Dosing for Penile Rehabilitation, Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms, and Other Indications (CME)
Authors: Shindel Alan W.
Published: June 2009

Introduction

Highly selective inhibitors of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5I) have been commercially available for over a decade. Our knowledge of these drugs continues to expand.

Aims

To review developments within the past 18 months on the utilization of PDE5I in preclinical studies and clinical practice. The focus of this article is on updates on regular dosing regimens of PDE5I other than the newly approved daily dose tadalafil.

Methods

PubMed search utilizing the terms “phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor,” PDE5 inhibitor,”“sildenafil,”“vardenafil,” and “tadalafil.” Articles were screened based on whether or not they addressed issues of routine dosing of PDE5I. Manuscripts on the newly approved daily dose tadalafil for erectile dysfunction (ED) were deferred for analysis in a separate manuscript in this series.

Main Outcome Measures

Peer reviewed publications on routine dosing of PDE5I published in the medical literature since 2007.

Results

There have been numerous publications in the past 2 years regarding routine dosing of PDE5I for three major urological indications; penile rehabilitation, stuttering priapism, and management of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). Evidence from basic science investigations has indicated that daily dose PDE5I may improve erectile function and exert a number of beneficial tissue effects on the penis. Unfortunately, data from human series of routine dose PDE5I for penile rehabilitation after radical prostatectomy are conflicting, with the two largest studies showing no benefit to daily dose therapy in the post-radical prostatectomy and the general ED populations. PDE5I are generally helpful at reducing symptoms of LUTS, particularly when given in conjunction with alpha blockers. Routine dosing of PDE5I has also been utilized successfully for management of stuttering ischemic priapism and several other medical indications.

Conclusions

PDE5I given as routine doses have clinical promise. Further research is required to clarify their safety and efficacy for various indications.
EFFECT OF SODIUM ALGINATE COATING WITH PRESERVATIVES ON THE QUALITY OF MEAT PATTIES DURING REFRIGERATED (4 ± 1C) STORAGE
Authors: CHIDANANDAIAH  , KESHRI R.C. , SANYAL M.K.
Published: June 2009

Edible coatings are the substances that are used to preserve and enhance food quality. An attempt was made to improve the quality of buffalo meat patties (BMPs) by method of alginate coating involving dipping BMPs during the end of the broiling process in alginate solution with preservatives for 30 s, followed by dipping in calcium chloride solution for 30 s, followed by draining for 30 s. The coated BMPs were kept at refrigeration (4 ± 1C) temperature in a polyethylene bag. They were analyzed for quality changes at regular intervals. Alginate coating significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased the overall shear force values, thiobarbituric acid and tyrosine value, total plate count, psychrophilic count, and yeast and mold count. The enterobacteriaceae count could not be detected. The coating at 2% level significantly (P ≤ 0.05) improved the overall appearance and color, juiciness, flavor, texture and overall palatability of the product. During storage, the overall values for shear force, TBA, pH, tyrosine and count for total plate, psychrophilic, yeast and mold, and staphylococcal, increased linearly. The overall sensory scores of the products decreased linearly with storage time.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Edible coating of meat products provides better protection against oxidative and microbiological deterioration. It can also significantly enhance the sensory qualities of meat products. The freshness of meat products is comparatively prolonged.
REALIMENTATION OF CULL BEEF COWS. II. MEAT QUALITY OF MUSCLES FROM THE CHUCK, LOIN AND ROUND IN RESPONSE TO DIET AND ENHANCEMENT
Authors: HOLMER S.F. , HOMM J.W. , BERGER L.L. , STETZER A.J. , BREWER M.S. , MCKEITH F.K. , KILLEFER J.
Published: June 2009

From an experiment in which 60 beef cull cows were assigned to one of three feeding treatments, forage fed, high concentrate or high concentrate plus ractopamine, 10 muscles were removed from both sides of the carcass. Muscles from one side of the carcass were enhanced with a solution to target 0.3% salt and 0.3% phosphate in the final product. Minimal to no differences were observed in color, pH, sensory characteristics or shear force as a result of dietary treatment. Enhancement resulted in muscles with higher (P ≤ 0.05) pH and darker color. Sensory scores for juiciness and tenderness were improved (P ≤ 0.05) with enhancement. The Adductor was the only muscle not exhibiting lower shear values due to enhancement (P > 0.05). To add further value to meat from cull cows, enhancement could be utilized, independent of feeding regimen prior to slaughter.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The use of enhancement in the beef industry has become common practice, particularly in beef from lower grading cattle. However, research examining the improvement in palatability with enhancement has focused mainly on younger cattle. Our research demonstrates that enhancement is able to improve the sensory characteristics of meat from cull cows.

Thus, in meat from older animals, which is usually characterized as being less palatable, enhancement could be used to improve the organoleptic traits. This practice may assist the beef industry in capturing further value from cull cows.
COMPARISON OF METHODS TO VERIFY END POINT COOKING TEMPERATURE OF CHANNEL CATFISH (ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS) FILLETS
Authors: TOKARSKYY OLEKSANDR , MARSHALL DOUGLAS L. , SCHILLING M. WES , WILLEFORD KENNETH O.
Published: June 2009

Cooking to 63C for 15 s remains an important step to ensure safe fish for human consumption. Methods for heat process verification have not been validated for channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). The present research compared extractable protein quantification, lactate dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and catalase activity assays for verification of internal cooking temperature of channel catfish fillets. Ground raw catfish fillet samples (fresh and frozen) were cooked to 55, 60, 62, 63, 64 and 66C. Extractable protein, acid phosphatase and catalase activities decreased as internal cooking temperature increased, but lactate dehydrogenase activity remained unchanged. Samples cooked to 63C had extractable protein concentrations between 9.11 and 10.02 mg/g (95% confidence). Catalase was rapidly inactivated between 55 and 60C and may be suitable for identification of severely undercooked product. Acid phosphatase activity was influenced by method of storage (fresh versus frozen). A method based on total extractable protein appeared to be the most promising for determining the end point cooking temperature of catfish.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The most precise and reliable method to verify maximum cooking temperature attained during heat treatment of catfish fillets was total extractable protein. This finding may be useful for critical control point verification and may be valuable where claims of foodborne illness associated with catfish consumption are being litigated or investigated. To confirm gross undercooking, an easier test would be to measure catalase activity.
Advanced practice nursing: A principle‐based concept analysis
Authors: Ruel Jennifer , Motyka Carrie
Published: June 2009

Purpose: To analyze and clarify the conceptual basis of advanced practice nursing to determine the state of the knowledge from the perspective of four overarching principles derived from the philosophy of science: epistemological, pragmatic, linguistic, and logical.

Data sources: Written discourse regarding advanced practice nursing from refereed journals published between 2000 and 2007.

Conclusions: Conceptualization of a core definition of advanced practice nursing will enhance external legitimacy and recognition; understanding advanced practice nurse (APN) roles, sub‐roles, and competencies will enhance internal cohesion. The outcome of this concept analysis is a greater understanding of the conceptual basis of advanced practice nursing and a current best estimate of the probable truth surrounding advanced practice nursing.

Implications for practice: A greater understanding of the conceptual basis of advanced practice nursing will help to gain clarity, internal cohesion, external legitimacy, and acceptance of APN roles by society and other healthcare professions.
What do you mean you want me to teach, do research, engage in service, and clinical practice? Views from the trenches: The novice, the expert
Authors: Hawkins Joellen W. , Fontenot Holly
Published: June 2009

The purpose of this column is to explicate two points of view—the novice and the expert nurse practitioner (NP) faculty member, highlighting the importance of mentoring new faculty NP members into the diverse faculty roles relating to both general academic requirements and those particular roles related to NP education. For example, arranging clinical placements is one of the most important and time‐consuming responsibilities of NP faculty. Learning to juggle all the roles is a challenge to new faculty members. Such mentoring may help alleviate the phenomenon of young faculty members leaving academia and returning to full‐time clinical practice. Mentoring is crucial to integrating new NP faculty members into academic life.
The Neurochemistry of Fairness
Authors: Crockett Molly J.
Published: June 2009

Decades of research have linked the neurotransmitter serotonin (5‐HT) to prosocial behavior. However, the precise mechanisms through which 5‐HT influences social interactions remain unclear. A neuroeconomics approach may help clarify these mechanisms. In a recent study, lowering 5‐HT levels in healthy volunteers enhanced their reactions to unfair treatment in the ultimatum game. Other studies investigating the neural mechanisms of social decision making have implicated brain regions that are modulated by 5‐HT. Here, I review the evidence for the role of 5‐HT in modulating social decision making and discuss the implications for understanding how prosocial behavior varies between individuals and across social contexts.
The Development of Adolescent Social Cognition
Authors: Burnett Stephanie , Blakemore Sarah‐Jayne
Published: June 2009

Adolescence has long been considered a turbulent time; beginning with large changes in hormonal levels and consequent bodily changes, as well as changes in behavior. Recently, neuroscience studies have contributed to this picture of turbulence. We now know that the brain undergoes profound transformation during the teenage years. This paper focuses on how the social brain—the network of brain regions involved in understanding other people and self‐awareness—develops during adolescence.
Empathy in Early Childhood
Authors: Knafo Ariel , Zahn‐Waxler Carolyn , Davidov Maayan , Van Hulle Carol , Robinson JoAnn L. , Rhee Soo Hyun
Published: June 2009

We investigated the genetic and environmental origins of children's empathy toward a distress victim and its correlates with emotional symptoms and affective knowledge. The cognitive (hypothesis testing) and affective (empathic concern) empathy of 122 twin pairs in response to simulated pain by an adult examiner was observed at 3.5 years of age. Moderate (0.19 to 0.44) heritabilities were estimated for individual differences in empathy, and the nonshared environment and error accounted for the rest of the variance. Hypothesis testing and empathic concern were moderately correlated, mainly through overlapping genetic effects. Although children's affective knowledge did not correlate with their empathy, affective knowledge interacted with mother‐rated emotional symptoms in predicting empathy; knowledge about emotions was associated with greater empathy in children low in emotional symptoms. In contrast, among children with high degrees of emotional symptoms, those with better affective knowledge tended to show lower empathy.
Intralocus Sexual Conflict
Authors: Van Doorn G. Sander
Published: June 2009

Intralocus sexual conflict arises when there are sex‐specific optima for a trait that is expressed in both sexes and when the constraint of a shared gene pool prevents males and females from reaching their optima independently. This situation may result in a negative intersexual correlation for fitness. Here I first discuss key differences between intra‐ and interlocus conflict, the type of sexual conflict that arises in mating interactions between males and females. I then review the experimental evidence for the existence of genomewide sexually antagonistic variation and discuss how intralocus conflict can be resolved. Substantial genomewide sexually antagonistic variation exists in Drosophila melanogaster lab populations. Yet, in the same species, sex‐specific gene regulation appears to evolve rapidly, suggesting that the obstacles to the resolution of intralocus conflict are minor. The fact that negative intersexual correlations for fitness are observed even if sexual dimorphism can evolve rapidly suggests that intralocus conflict is highly dynamic. The final part of this review examines the evolutionary consequences of intralocus sexual conflict for the evolution of the sex chromosomes, sexual selection, and sex determination. Intralocus conflict helps to explain many of the peculiar features of the sex chromosomes and has shaped the functional bias and expression biases of sex‐linked genes. The genomic distribution of sexually selected genes, in particular, affects sexual selection in various ways. The presence of sexually antagonistic variation can strongly interfere with the good genes’ process of sexual selection and erode the genetic benefits of mate choice. Regarding sex determination, this review concentrates on evolutionary transitions between different sex determination mechanisms. Such transitions have occurred frequently in several taxa. Theory and empirical data suggest an important role for intralocus conflict in triggering switches between sex determination systems.