bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tofacitinib versus etanercept or placebo in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis: patient‐reported outcomes from a Phase 3 study
Authors: Valenzuela F. , Paul C. , Mallbris L. , Tan H. , Papacharalambous J. , Valdez H. , Mamolo C.
Published: June 2016

Background

Tofacitinib is an oral Janus kinase inhibitor that is being investigated for psoriasis. Psoriasis impacts on physical and psychological well‐being; improvements in health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) with etanercept in psoriasis are well documented.

Objective

To evaluate HRQoL with tofacitinib, vs. placebo or etanercept, in the Phase 3, randomized, placebo‐controlled, non‐inferiority, Oral‐treatment Psoriasis Trial (OPT) Compare Study (NCT01241591).

Methods

Adults with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis were randomized 3:3:3:1 to tofacitinib 10 or 5 mg twice daily (BID), etanercept 50 mg twice weekly or placebo, for 12 weeks. Patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) included Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), Itch Severity Item and Patient Global Assessment of psoriasis.

Results

At baseline, 83.4% (911/1092) of patients had a DLQI score ranging between 6 and 30, indicating a substantial burden of disease. By Week 12, 47.3%, 43.6% and 30.9% of patients in the tofacitinib 10 mg BID, etanercept and tofacitinib 5 mg BID groups, respectively, had a DLQI score of 0 or 1 (no effect of psoriasis on QoL) vs. 7.8% for placebo (all P < 0.0001). Tofacitinib significantly reduced itch vs. placebo (P < 0.05 both doses) and etanercept (P < 0.0001 both doses) within 1 day of starting treatment. Furthermore, reductions in itch were greater with tofacitinib 10 mg BID, vs. etanercept, at Weeks 2–12 (all time points P < 0.05). At Week 2, an Itch Severity Item score of ‘little or no itch’ was more frequent with tofacitinib 10 mg (68.6%) vs. etanercept (57.4%) and placebo (12.2%), and the PtGA response rate was significantly greater with tofacitinib 10 mg vs. placebo (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Oral tofacitinib provided significant improvements across multiple PROs by Week 12. Improvements with tofacitinib 10 mg BID were comparable to etanercept, and improvements in itch were greater and more rapid with tofacitinib 10 mg BID.
Recovery from hybrid breakdown in a marine invertebrate is faster, stronger and more repeatable under environmental stress
Authors: Hwang A. S. , Pritchard V. L. , Edmands S.
Published: June 2016

Understanding how environmental stress alters the consequences of hybridization is important, because the rate of hybridization and the likelihood of hybrid speciation both appear elevated in harsh, disturbed or marginal habitats. We assessed fitness, morphometrics and molecular genetic composition over 14 generations of hybridization between two highly divergent populations of the marine copepod Tigriopus californicus. Replicated, experimental hybrid populations in both control and high‐salinity conditions showed a decline in fitness, followed by a recovery. Recovery was faster in the salinity stress treatment, returning to parental levels up to two generations earlier than in the control. This recovery was stable in the high‐salinity treatment, whereas in the control treatment, fitness dropped back below parental levels at the final time point. Recovery in the high‐salinity treatment was also stronger in terms of competitive fitness and heat‐shock tolerance. Finally, consequences of hybridization were more repeatable under salinity stress, where among‐replicate variance for survivorship and molecular genetic composition was lower than in the control treatment. In a system with low effective population sizes (estimates ranged from 17 to 63), where genetic drift might be expected to be the predominate force, strong selection under harsh environmental conditions apparently promoted faster, stronger and more repeatable recovery from depressed hybrid fitness.
Survival after pathogen exposure in group‐living insects: don't forget the stress of social isolation!
Authors: Kohlmeier P. , Holländer K. , Meunier J.
Published: June 2016

A major cost of group‐living is its inherent risk of pathogen infection. To limit this risk, many group‐living animals have developed the capability to prophylactically boost their immune system in the presence of group members and/or to mount collective defences against pathogens. These two phenomena, called density‐dependent prophylaxis and social immunity, respectively, are often used to explain why, in group‐living species, individuals survive better in groups than in isolation. However, this survival difference may also reflect an alternative and often overlooked process: a cost of social isolation on individuals’ capability to fight against infections. Here, we disentangled the effects of density‐dependent prophylaxis, social immunity and stress of social isolation on the survival after pathogen exposure in group‐living adults of the European earwigForficula auricularia. By manipulating the presence of group members both before and after pathogen exposure, we demonstrated that the cost of being isolated after infection, but not the benefits of social immunity or density‐dependent prophylaxis, explained the survival of females. Specifically, females kept constantly in groups or constantly isolated had higher survival rates than females that were first in groups and then isolated after infection. Our results also showed that this cost of social isolation was absent in males and that social isolation did not reduce the survival of noninfected individuals. Overall, this study gives a new perspective on the role of pathogens in social evolution, as it suggests that an apparently nonadaptive, personal immune process may promote the maintenance of group‐living under pathogenic environments.
Modified PEEK Resin Bonded Fixed Dental Prosthesis for a Young Cleft Lip and Palate Patient
Authors: Andrikopoulou Efstathia , Zoidis Panagiotis , Artopoulou Ioli‐Ioanna , Doukoudakis Asterios
Published: June 2016

Objective

This clinical report presents the use of a modified poly ether–ether ketone material as an alternative material for the fabrication of resin‐bonded fixed dental prosthesis (RBFDP) framework. This new material can be used for patients allergic to metals, maintaining the same high esthetic demand of ceramics, presenting light weightness and a flexibility similar to bone as a distinct advantage over ceramic materials.

Conclusions

The use of a BioHPP RBFDP framework could be considered as an alternative restoration for the replacement of missing lateral incisors in young patients with cleft palate defects.

Clinical Significance

This modified PEEK material known as BioHPP, is a biocompatible, non allergic, rigid material with good mechanical properties, wear resistance, chemical stability, high polishing and low absorption properties. BioHPP frameworks can be manufactured either via CAD/CAM or via the conventional lost wax technique. The low modulus of elasticity, combined with the use of indirect composite resin as a veneering material, provide a distinct advantage over ceramics or metal ceramics on dampening the occlusal forces, reducing the risk of debonding. (J Esthet Restor Dent 28:201–207, 2016)
Ontogenetic shifts in fishes between vegetated and unvegetated tidepools: assessing the effect of physical structure on fish habitat selection
Authors: Oliveira R. R. de S. , Macieira R. M. , Giarrizzo T.
Published: June 2016

The aim of this study of tidepool fishes was analyse variation in their use of intertidal habitats (rocky shore, mangrove and salt marsh). Specimens were collected during wet and dry periods from 18 tidepools in the three habitats. A total of 7690 specimens, belonging to 19 families and 30 species, was captured. The fish assemblage in rocky shore pools was clearly distinct from that of vegetated habitats (mangrove and salt marshes). The rocky shore fauna was dominated by permanent resident species, whereas pools in mangrove and salt marsh habitats were inhabited primarily by opportunistic and transient species. Habitat segregation by ontogenetic stage (e.g. smaller individuals in mangroves, intermediate size classes in salt marsh and sub‐adults/adults on rocky shores) indicates age‐related migration in response to the physical structure of these habitats and to the natural history of each fish species. These findings are important for the development of effective conservation and management plans for intertidal fishes.
Lipid Oxidation Kinetics of Pistachio Powder During Different Storage Conditions
Authors: Tavakolipour Hamid , Mokhtarian Mohsen , Kalbasi‐Ashtari Ahmad
Published: June 2016

The effects of storage temperatures (15, 25, 35, and 40°C) and relative humidity (11, 33, 73 and 87%) on peroxide value, lipid oxidation and shelf life of stored pistachio powder studied in this project. Results showed that the changes in lipid oxidation follow zero‐order reaction kinetic. Additionally, the highest inhibition (or activation) energy (Ea) for oxidation of fatty acid molecules and forming hydro‐peroxides reached to ∼50 kJ/mol at relative humidity of 33%, which corresponds to monolayer moisture content of pistachio powder. Thermodynamic analysis of these reactions indicated that these reactions are endothermic (ΔH++ > 0) and nonspontaneous (ΔG++ > 0) processes.

Practical Applications

Pistachio nut (Pistachia vera L.) is one of the most popular nuts in the world with its high nutritional value and unique flavor as a snack and a food ingredient (as powder or kernel). It is also used as a main part of many traditional Persian foods such as Gaz, Baghlava and Ghotab. Fat oxidation is one of the main factors for quality loss in pistachio, i.e., changes in nutritional and organoleptic properties of this product during storage period. The main object of this research is the kinetic effects of different storage temperature and RH on auto‐oxidation of pistachio powder's lipid during storage period. Generally, the results are applicable by pistachio powder's workstations and their producing factories during processing and storage for controlling the shelf life.
Development and Application of a One‐Tube Multiplex Real‐Time PCR with Melting Curve Analysis for Simultaneous Detection of Five Foodborne Pathogens in Food Samples
Authors: He Peiyan , Zhu Guoying , Luo Jianyong , Wang Henghui , Yan Yong , Chen Lixia , Gao Wenjie , Chen Zhongwen
Published: June 2016

This study was aimed at developing a one‐tube multiplex real‐time PCR system for simultaneous detection of five major foodborne pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Shigella spp.) in food samples. The newly developed multiplex real‐time PCR was performed using fluorescent dye EvaGreen and melting curve analysis for pathogen discrimination. The specificity of the PCR method was evaluated by testing with DNA extracted from different strains. The detection limits of genomic DNA per reaction for the five pathogens ranged from 0.39 pg (Shigella spp.) to 40 pg (Listeria monocytogenes). Sensitivity and specificity of this multiplex real‐time PCR were further confirmed using artificially and naturally contaminated samples. The newly developed multiplex real‐time PCR was useful for rapid, specific and cost‐effective detection of the five target pathogens in contaminated food samples.

Practical Applications

The newly developed multiplex real‐time PCR assay could detect five major foodborne pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Shigella spp.) in food samples in a single reaction tube. This method is simple, cost‐effective, specific, sensitive and is capable of high‐throughput detection for five foodborne pathogens simultaneously. Therefore, it has a potential application as a useful tool in food testing laboratories for quick identification of foodborne pathogens.
Reproductive coercion, sexual risk behaviours and mental health symptoms among young low‐income behaviourally bisexual women: implications for nursing practice
Authors: Alexander Kamila A , Volpe Ellen M , Abboud Sarah , Campbell Jacquelyn C
Published: June 2016

Aims and objectives

To describe prevalence of reproductive coercion, sexual risk behaviours and mental health symptoms among women reporting lifetime sexual experiences with men and women compared to peers reporting sex exclusively with men.

Background

Reproductive coercion, a global public health problem, is understudied among sexual minority women. Violence against women remains high among women who have sex with women and men. Rates of sexual and physical violence among this population are higher than women reporting exclusive sexual partnerships with either men or women. Nurses and other healthcare providers often do not conduct comprehensive sexual histories; assumptions related to a sex partner's gender may provide indications of broader health implications.

Design

Cross‐sectional survey of low‐income Black women ages 18–25 recruited from six community‐based sites for a parent study focused on intimate partner violence and health.

Methods

We analysed survey data from participants who reported lifetime sexual experiences with men and women (N = 42) and compared their outcomes to those of women reporting sexual experiences with men only (N = 107).

Results

A greater proportion of women who have sex with women and men reported experiencing reproductive coercion. Women who have sex with women and men also reported a greater number of lifetime intimate partner physical and sexual violence experiences, traded sex for resources, and had post‐traumatic stress disorder symptoms.

Conclusions

Findings provide vital information that can inform nursing clinical practice, specifically related to history‐taking, screening protocols and counselling strategies for intimate partner violence and mental health among women who have sex with women and men.

Relevance to clinical practice

Strategies for addressing reproductive coercion and intimate partner violence as well as the health consequences among women who have sex with women and men in clinical and community‐based settings should include a longitudinal understanding of sexual behaviour and gender of sex partners.
Barriers and facilitators for implementing a new screening tool in an emergency department: A qualitative study applying the Theoretical Domains Framework
Authors: Kirk Jeanette W , Sivertsen Ditte M , Petersen Janne , Nilsen Per , Petersen Helle V
Published: June 2016

Aim

The aim was to identify the factors that were perceived as most important as facilitators or barriers to the introduction and intended use of a new tool in the emergency department among nurses and a geriatric team.

Background

A high incidence of functional decline after hospitalisation for acute medical illness has been shown in the oldest patients and those who are physically frail. In Denmark, more than 35% of older medical patients acutely admitted to the emergency department are readmitted within 90 days after discharge. A new screening tool for use in the emergency department aiming to identify patients at particularly high risk of functional decline and readmission was developed.

Design

Qualitative study based on semistructured interviews with nurses and a geriatric team in the emergency department and semistructured single interviews with their managers.

Methods

The Theoretical Domains Framework guided data collection and analysis. Content analysis was performed whereby new themes and themes already existing within each domain were described.

Results

Six predominant domains were identified: (1) professional role and identity; (2) beliefs about consequences; (3) goals; (4) knowledge; (5) optimism and (6) environmental context and resources. The content analysis identified three themes, each containing two subthemes. The themes were professional role and identity, beliefs about consequences and preconditions for a successful implementation.

Conclusions

Two different cultures were identified in the emergency department. These cultures applied to different professional roles and identity, different actions and sense making and identified how barriers and facilitators linked to the new screening tool were perceived.

Relevance for clinical practice

The results show that different cultures exist in the same local context and influence the perception of barriers and facilitators differently. These cultures must be identified and addressed when implementation is planned.
District nurses' perspectives on detecting mental health problems and promoting mental health among community‐dwelling seniors with multimorbidity
Authors: Grundberg Åke , Hansson Anna , Hillerås Pernilla , Religa Dorota
Published: June 2016

Aims and objectives

To describe district nurses' perspectives on detecting mental health problems and promoting mental health among homebound older people with multimorbidity.

Background

Mental health problems among older people with multiple chronic conditions, that is, multimorbidity, are challenging issues. These patients' homes often serve as arenas in which district nurses can promote health. Mental health promotion must be studied in greater depth within primary care because older people with multimorbidity are particularly prone to developing poor mental health, which can go undetected and untreated.

Design

A descriptive, qualitative study using semi‐structured interviews and content analysis.

Methods

Twenty‐five district nurses completed individual or focus group interviews. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis.

Results

Most district nurses stated that detecting mental health problems and promoting mental health were important tasks but that they typically focused on more practical home health care tasks. The findings revealed that district nurses focused on assessment, collaboration and social support as means of detecting mental health problems and promoting mental health.

Conclusions

The district nurses described various factors and actions that appeared to be important prerequisites for their involvement in primary mental health care. Nevertheless, there were no established goals for mental health promotion, and district nurses often seemed to depend on their collaboration with other actors. Our findings indicated that district nurses cannot bear the primary responsibility for the early detection of mental health problems and early interventions to promote mental health within this population.

Relevance to clinical practice

The findings of this study indicated that workforce training and collaboration between different care providers are important elements in the future development of this field. Early detection and early treatment of mental health‐related issues should also be stated as explicit objectives in the provision of care to community‐dwelling older people with multimorbidity.
Per capita increase in hospital presentations and admissions among children since the 1990s
Authors: Hardy Andrew , Fuller David G , Forrester Mike , Anderson Kym P , Cooper Chris , Jenner Bernard , Marshall Isaac , Mccloskey Kate , Sanderson Christine , Standish Jane , Vuillermin Peter
Published: June 2016

Aim

Data regarding temporal trends in per capita paediatric hospital presentations and admissions are required to inform health system and workforce planning.

Methods

Emergency Department (ED) presentations and admissions to the University Hospital Geelong among patients aged 0 to 16 years over a 12‐month period (2012–2013) were determined by review of hospital records and then compared with similar data collected during 1996/1997.1 During each period, the Geelong region was serviced by a single ED, enabling us to estimate per capita presentation and admission rates.

Results

Since 1996/1997, per capita paediatric presentations to the ED increased from 643 to 1837 per 10 000 (186%; 95% confidence interval 181% to 191%). Moreover, the proportion of paediatric ED presentations resulting in hospital admission increased from 12.3% to 18.3% (49%; 95% confidence interval 39% to 59%).

Conclusions

There has been a substantial absolute and per capita increase in paediatric ED presentations and hospital admissions since the 1990s. These trends place an increasing burden on the public hospital system, and strategies are required to promote paediatric acute care in the ambulatory setting.
OIL FAMILY TYPING, BIODEGRADATION AND SOURCE ROCK AFFINITY OF LIQUID PETROLEUM IN THE DANISH NORTH SEA
Authors: Petersen H. I. , Hertle M. , Juhasz A. , Krabbe H.
Published: June 2016

Variations in liquid petroleum compositions in the Danish Central Graben and Siri Fairway, North Sea, demonstrate the presence of several active source rock facies. To address this issue in detail, a total of 213 samples of liquid petroleum from the Danish Central Graben and the Siri Fairway were typed to eight main oil families and three sub‐families based on characteristic geochemical properties and principal component analysis (PCA). Comparison with source rock extract data made it possible to suggest correlative source rocks for each oil family together with the source rock depositional environments. The main oil families are: 1(B), 2(B), 3a(B), 3b(B), 4(B‐D/E), 5(D/E‐B), 6(D/E‐F) and 7(A), where the capital letters in brackets refer to the organofacies types of Pepper and Corvi (1995), thus directly linking the oil family type to the source rock facies. Oil families 1(B), 2(B), 3a(B) and 3b(B) were charged from marine shales (principally the Upper Jurassic Farsund Formation); oil families 4(B‐D/E) and 5(D/E‐B) are mixed petroleums with both terrigenous and marine components; oil family 6(D/E‐F) was charged from Middle Jurassic coaly units; whereas oil family 7(A) was charged from a carbonate source (Zechstein dolomites). Family 7(A) has only been documented in the form of oil stains. The most widespread oil family is 3a(B), sourced from Upper Jurassic marine shales. Charging from different organofacies is indicated by oil family 3b(B), which was derived from parts of the same shale succession which were more terrigenous‐influenced and possibly slightly more oxic; and families 2(B) and 1(B), which were sourced from more organic‐rich, anoxic parts of the shales. Mildly biodegraded oils (Level 1 to 2) appear mainly to occur in the central to southern parts of the Danish Central Graben.
PETROLEUM SYSTEMS OF THE WEST IBERIAN MARGIN: A REVIEW OF THE LUSITANIAN BASIN AND THE DEEP OFFSHORE PENICHE BASIN
Authors: Pimentel N. , Pena dos Reis R.
Published: June 2016

The relatively well‐studied Lusitanian Basin in coastal west‐central Portugal can be used as an analogue for the less well‐known Peniche Basin in the deep offshore. In this paper the Lusitanian Basin is reviewed in terms of stratigraphy, sedimentology, evolution and petroleum systems. Data comes from published papers and technical reports as well as original research and field observations. The integration and interpretation of these data is used to build up an updated petroleum systems analysis of the basin. Petroleum systems elements include Palaeozoic and Mesozoic source rocks, siliciclastic and carbonate reservoir rocks, and Mesozoic and Tertiary seals. Traps are in general controlled by diapiric movement of Hettangian clays and evaporites during the Late Jurassic, Late Cretaceous and Late Miocene. Organic matter maturation, mainly due to Late Jurassic rift‐related subsidence and burial, is described together with hydrocarbon migration and trapping. Three main petroleum systems may be defined, sourced respectively by Palaeozoic shales, Early Jurassic marly shales and Late Jurassic marls. These elements and systems can tentatively be extrapolated offshore into the deep‐water Peniche Basin, where no exploration wells have so far been drilled. There are both similarities and differences between the Lusitanian and Peniche Basins, the differences being mainly related to the more distal position of the Peniche Basin and the later onset of the main rift phase which was accompanied by Early Cretaceous subsidence and burial. The main exploration risks are related to overburden and maturation timing versus trap formation associated both with diapiric movement of Hettangian salt and Cenozoic inversion.
The History of Emotions and Middle English Literature
Authors: Downes Stephanie , McNamara Rebecca F.
Published: June 2016

Critics have long addressed questions of affect, feeling and emotional expression in Middle English literature, but only in recent years has their interest begun to take theoretical form under the rubric of the ‘history of emotions’. Current critical attitudes to the study of emotions in the past have been shaped substantially by the work of historians, whose focus on emotion in documentary sources has been influenced in turn by research in the fields of sociology, anthropology, psychology, linguistics and, increasingly, the cognitive sciences. How might existing methodologies situating emotions historically drive new approaches in Middle English literary studies? This article contends that existing analyses of Middle English literature relating to affective discourses might fruitfully be brought into conversation with new multidisciplinary forms of research into past emotions. We survey current critical trends in both the history of emotions and in Middle English literature. Case studies of two late Middle English literary texts, the anonymousSir Orfeoand Geoffrey Chaucer'sTroilus and Criseyde, show how the last fifty years of scholarship has addressed emotions in Middle English literature. We conclude by suggesting future directions that might be taken up by critics of medieval English literary texts and genres to develop further the relationship between literary studies and the history of emotions.
The Object of His Heart: Subjectivity and Affect in Mystic Texts
Authors: Libby Christine
Published: June 2016

This essay examines how attention to affect in mystic texts complicates notions of subjectivity by highlighting the relational effects of affect. Noting that recent pre‐modern scholarship has favored the history of emotion over affect studies, this essay turns instead to an investigation of the ways that affect can be discerned in historical and literary texts. Shifting attention to the way affect travels between author, text, and reader allows me to problematize the formulation of the mystic/woman as a hyper‐emotional subject and move towards an investigation of how the cultivation and repetition of affect contribute to the formation of relational communities.
Evangelic Provocation: Location of Anger in Medieval Conversion Narratives
Authors: Malegam Jehangir Yezdi
Published: June 2016

This article explores the range of cultural scripts made available to medieval hagiographers when they depicted anger in accounts of mission and conversion. The focus is communities with prominent “lapsed” Christians, who then become targets of re‐conversion. By reconstructing templates of emotional change and redemption associated with anger in these narratives, we are better able to see how mission hagiographers reconciled extended, politicized and violent Christianization processes with sudden, dramatic conversions. The use of these emotional templates can also be located in the immediate circumstances and longstanding communal pressures of the monastic communities that produced these conversion narratives.
A novel approach to field identification of cryptic Apodemus wood mice: calls differ more than morphology
Authors: Ancillotto Leonardo , Mori Emiliano , Sozio Giulia , Solano Emanuela , Bertolino Sandro , Russo Danilo
Published: June 2016

Field identification of European wood mice Apodemus spp. is challenging due to their morphological resemblance and frequent sympatry. We developed discriminant functions based on body mass and acoustic variables of distress calls to identify three cryptic species of wood mice (Apodemus alpicola, Apodemus flavicollis and Apodemus sylvaticus) in Italy. We achieved an overall correct classification rate of 86–98%; the best results (100% correct classification) were obtained for Apodemus sylvaticus calls. This minimally invasive, effective and low‐cost method highlights the potential role of bioacoustics as a powerful tool for field discrimination of cryptic species of terrestrial mammals.
Microscopic Models and Network Transformations for Automated Railway Traffic Planning
Authors: Bešinović Nikola , Goverde Rob M.P. , Quaglietta Egidio
Published: June 2016

This article tackles the real‐world planning problem of railway operations. Improving the timetable planning process will result in more reliable product plans and a higher quality of service for passengers and freight operators. We focus on the microscopic models for computing accurate track blocking times for guaranteeing feasibility and stability of railway timetables. A conflict detection and resolution model manages feasibility by identifying conflicts and computing minimum headway times that provide conflict‐free services. The timetable compression method is used for computing capacity consumption and verifying the stability according to the UIC Capacity Code 406. Furthermore, the microscopic models have been incorporated in a multilevel timetabling framework for completely automated generation of timetables. The approach is demonstrated in a real‐world case study from the Dutch railway network. Practitioners can use these microscopic timetabling models as an important component in the timetabling process to improve the general quality of timetables.
III. TESTING FOR QUALITY THRESHOLDS AND FEATURES IN EARLY CARE AND EDUCATION
Authors: Burchinal Margaret , Xue Yange , Auger Anamarie , Tien Hsiao‐Chuan , Mashburn Andrew , Peisner‐Feinberg Ellen , Cavadel Elizabeth W. , Zaslow Martha , Tarullo Louisa
Published: June 2016

In this chapter, we report on the analyses focusing on both quality thresholds and quality features. First, we address questions about quality thresholds, using two analytic approaches. The analyses ask whether there is evidence suggesting thresholds in the association between a specific quality measure and a specific child outcome. Second, we extend these analyses to ask whether each child outcome is more strongly related to global quality measures or to quality measures that measure teacher–child interactions or quality of instruction in a given content area. The research to date provides the basis for the articulation of two hypotheses related to quality thresholds and features: (1) the quality of ECE is a stronger predictor of residualized gains in child outcomes in classrooms with higher quality than in classrooms with lower quality and (2) more specific measures of quality are stronger predictors of residualized gains in child outcomes than are global measures. We turn now to analyses intended to address these hypotheses by using data from several data sets.
Study of the Atopic March: Development of Atopic Comorbidities
Authors: Schneider Lynda , Hanifin Jon , Boguniewicz Mark , Eichenfield Lawrence F. , Spergel Jonathan M. , Dakovic Rada , Paller Amy S.
Published: June 2016

Background

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is often the first step in the atopic march leading to the development of asthma or allergic rhinitis. The goal of this study was to determine whether early intervention with pimecrolimus limits the atopic march in infants with AD and to evaluate its efficacy and safety.

Methods

This was a 3‐year double‐blind study in which patients were randomized to pimecrolimus or vehicle and then open‐label pimecrolimus for a planned further 3 years. Rescue topical corticosteroid was permitted if 3 days of study medication led to no improvement; investigators made decisions on rescue medication until week 14 and caregivers thereafter. Efficacy assessments included disease‐free days, Eczema Area and Severity Index, and body surface area affected.

Results

Infants ages 3 to 18 months with recent‐onset AD (≤3 months) were observed for a mean of 2.8 years (N = 1,091). No significant differences between pimecrolimus‐ and placebo‐treated groups were found in the percentage of patients with AD who developed asthma (10.7%) or other allergic conditions (allergic rhinitis, 22.4%; food allergy, 15.9%; allergic conjunctivitis, 14.1%; one or more atopic comorbidities, 37.0%) by study end. Allergic rhinitis, food allergy, and having one or more atopic comorbidities (but not asthma or allergic conjunctivitis alone) developed significantly more often in infants with greater AD severity at baseline. Pimecrolimus was significantly more effective than vehicle for AD treatment at week 14. Adverse event incidences were similar.

Conclusions

This longitudinal observation of infants with AD provides evidence of the atopic march. Pimecrolimus was safe and effective in infants with mild to moderate AD.
Needs assessment for collaborative network in pediatric clinical research and education
Authors: Ishiguro Akira , Sasaki Hatoko , Yahagi Naohisa , Kato Hitoshi , Kure Shigeo , Mori Rintaro
Published: June 2016

Background

A collaborative network for pediatric research has not been fully established in Japan. To identify the network infrastructure, we conducted a survey on the support and education for clinical research currently available in children's hospitals.

Methods

In November 2014, a 27‐question survey was distributed to 31 hospitals belonging to the Japanese Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions (JACHRI) to assess clinical research support, research education, research achievements, and their expectations.

Results

All the hospitals responded to the survey. Overall, 74.2% of hospitals had clinical research support divisions. Although all hospitals had ethics committees, <30% of the hospitals had a data manager, intellectual property management unit, biostatistician, and English‐language editor. Seven hospitals had education programs for clinical research. The number of seminars and workshops for clinical research had significant correlations with the number of physicians (r = 0.927), pediatricians (r = 0.922), and clinical trial management physicians (r = 0.962). There was a significant difference in the number of clinical trials initiated by physicians between hospitals with research education programs and those without (P < 0.01). The number of education programs was significantly correlated with the number of original articles and case reports in English (r = 0.788), and the number of publications in Japanese (r = 0.648). All hospitals recognized the need for a leader to establish a collaborative network for clinical research.

Conclusions

Important factors for creating a collaborative system for pediatric research in Japan were identified. Human resources to support clinical research are a key factor to improve clinical research education and research achievements.
Social Support and Exclusive Breast feeding among Canadian Women
Authors: Laugen Chris M. , Islam Nazrul , Janssen Patricia A.
Published: June 2016

Background

The World Health Organization recommendation for exclusive breast feeding for 6 months has been endorsed by Health Canada, the Canadian Pediatric Society, Dietitians of Canada, and the Breastfeeding Committee for Canada as of 2012. This study examines whether social support is associated with exclusive breast feeding up to 6 months among Canadian mothers.

Methods

We utilised data from the Canadian Community Health Survey and limited our sample to mothers who gave birth in the 5 years prior to the 2009–2010 survey (n = 2133). Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between exclusive breast feeding and four dimensions of social support: (i) tangible, (ii) affectionate, (iii) positive social interaction, and (iv) emotional and informational, based on the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Scale. Absolute and relative differences in the probability of breast feeding exclusively and their 95% confidence intervals were calculated.

Results

In adjusted models, differences in the probability of exclusive breast feeding for 6 months were not different among women with high vs. low social support. The association between social support and breastfeeding exclusively was modified by education level, with significantly higher probability of breast feeding exclusively among women with lower education and high vs. low levels of tangible and affectionate support.

Conclusions

Among women with education below a high school level, high tangible and affectionate support significantly increased probability of exclusive breast feeding for 6 months in this study. Efforts to encourage exclusive breast feeding need to address social support for mothers, especially those with lower education.
Alternative Testing Strategies for Nanomaterials: State of the Science and Considerations for Risk Analysis
Authors: Shatkin J. A. , Ong K. J.
Published: June 2016

The rapid growth of the nanotechnology industry has warranted equal progress in the nanotoxicology and risk assessment fields. In vivo models have traditionally been used to determine human and environmental risk for chemicals; however, the use of these tests has limitations, and there are global appeals to develop reliable alternatives to animal testing. Many have investigated the use of alternative (nonanimal) testing methods and strategies have quickly developed and resulted in the generation of large toxicological data sets for numerous nanomaterials (NMs). Due to the novel physicochemical properties of NMs that are related to surface characteristics, the approach toward toxicity test development has distinct considerations from traditional chemicals, bringing new requirements for adapting these approaches for NMs. The methodical development of strategies that combine multiple alternative tests can be useful for predictive NM risk assessment and help screening‐level decision making. This article provides an overview of the main developments in alternative methods and strategies for reducing uncertainty in NM risk assessment, including advantages and disadvantages of in vitro, ex vivo, and in silico methods, and examples of existing comprehensive strategies. In addition, knowledge gaps are identified toward improvements for experimental and strategy design, specifically highlighting the need to represent realistic exposure scenarios and to consider NM‐specific concerns such as characterization, assay interferences, and standardization. Overall, this article aims to improve the reliability and utility of alternative testing methods and strategies for risk assessment of manufactured NMs.
Trauma‐Related Guilt Mediates the Relationship between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Suicidal Ideation in OEF/OIF/OND Veterans
Authors: Tripp Jessica C. , McDevitt‐Murphy Meghan E.
Published: June 2016

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and trauma‐related guilt are risk factors for suicidal ideation (SI) in veterans. Components of trauma‐related guilt were examined as serial mediators of the relationship between PTSD and SI. In a sample of 53 OEF/OIF/OND combat veterans, PTSD had an indirect effect on SI through a serial mediation chain of guilt cognitions, distress, and global guilt, suggesting that trauma‐related guilt via cognitions, distress, and global guilt is a pathway from PTSD to SI. Attention should be given to assessing and addressing trauma‐related guilt in veterans experiencing PTSD to prevent SI.
The Role of Sleep Disturbance in Suicidal and Nonsuicidal Self‐Injurious Behavior among Adolescents
Authors: McGlinchey Eleanor L. , Courtney‐Seidler Elizabeth A. , German Miguelina , Miller Alec L.
Published: June 2016

The relationship between different sleep disturbances and self‐harm thoughts and behaviors was examined among 223 adolescents presenting to a community clinic for mood disorders and suicidal and nonsuicidal self‐injurious behaviors. Two‐thirds of the adolescents reported nightly, severe sleep complaints. Relative to adolescents without significant sleep complaints, patients with severe sleep complaints at the time of clinic entry endorsed significantly more engagement in nonsuicidal self‐injury. Middle insomnia and circadian reversal were both significant predictors of suicide attempts. Terminal insomnia was significantly associated with suicidal ideation. Results support the importance of assessing sleep difficulties among adolescents at risk for suicide.
Publication Rate and Evidence‐Based Evaluation of Abstracts Presented at the American College of Veterinary Surgeon's Annual Meeting
Authors: Torres Bryan T. , Dover Ryan K. , Sapora Joseph A. , Sandberg Gabriella S. , Budsberg Steven C.
Published: June 2016

Objective

To document the publication rate of abstracts presented at 10 ACVS conferences and report the time required for publication and level of evidence.

Study Design

Literature review.

Methods

All scientific abstracts published in the ACVS proceedings from 2001 to 2010 were reviewed. The level of evidence of each abstract was evaluated and scored (1–4). Publication information was determined after a broad bibliographic search through multiple online databases.

Results

The overall publication rate for ACVS abstracts (n=1,395) was 66% and 11% were published before conference presentation. The majority of abstracts focused on the dog (35%) or the horse (33%). Most (90%) abstracts were submitted to veterinary‐based journals. The median time (interquartile range [IQR]) from abstract presentation to journal submission was 222 days (107–541), from journal submission to acceptance for publication was 122 days (89–185), and from acceptance to publication in a journal was 208 days (151–289). The time from abstract presentation to final publication took 449 days (238–794). Of the abstracts, 4% were of level 1 evidence, 9% level 2, 66% level 3, and 21% level 4. Studies with a higher level of evidence were submitted, accepted, and published quicker than ones with a lower level of evidence. The publication rate was 61%, 71%, 68%, and 65% for level 1, 2, 3, 4 evidence, respectively.

Conclusion

The publication rate of scientific abstracts presented at the ACVS conferences is comparable to other biomedical conferences. The subject matter is limited in scope and focused mainly on dogs or horses. Most abstracts contained lower level of evidence. Studies with higher levels of evidence were submitted, accepted, and published more timely. However, the publication rate was similar for abstracts of all levels of evidence.
Environmental Performance Evaluation of a Fast Mask Image Projection Stereolithography Process Through Time and Energy Modeling
Authors: Nagarajan Hari P. N. , Malshe Harsha A. , Haapala Karl R. , Pan Yayue
Published: June 2016

The emergence of additive manufacturing (AM) has potential for dramatic changes in labor productivity and economic welfare. With the growth of AM, understanding of the sustainability performance of relevant technologies is required. Toward that goal, an environmental impact assessment (EIA) approach is undertaken to evaluate an AM process. A novel fast mask image projection stereolithography (MIP-SL) process is investigated for the production of six functional test parts. The materials, energy, and wastes are documented for parts fabricated using this process. The EIA is completed for human health, ecosystem diversity, and resource costs using the ReCiPe 2008 impact assessment method. It is noted that process energy, in the form of electricity, is the key contributor for all three damage types. The results are used to depict the underlying relationship between energy consumed and the environmental impact of the process. Thus, to facilitate prediction of process energy utilization, a mathematical model relating shape complexity and dimensional size of the part with respect to part build time and washing time is developed. The effectiveness of this model is validated using data from real-time process energy monitoring. This work quantifies the elemental influence of design features on AM process energy consumption and environmental impacts. While focused on the environmental performance of the fast MIP-SL process, the developed approach can be extended to evaluate other AM processes and can encompass a triple bottom line analysis approach for sustainable design by predicting environmental, economic, and social performance of products.
A Review on Electromechanical Devices Fabricated by Additive Manufacturing
Authors: O'Donnell John , Kim Myungsun , Yoon Hwan-Sik
Published: June 2016

Additive manufacturing (AM) for mechanical devices and electronic components has been actively researched recently. While manufacturing of those mechanical and electronic devices has their own merits, combining them into a single form is expected to grow by creating new applications in the future. The so-called all-printed electromechanical devices have potential applications in mechanical, electrical, and biomedical engineering. In this paper, the recent advancement in all-printed electromechanical devices is reviewed. A brief introduction to various AM techniques is presented first. Then, various examples of sensors, electronics, and electromechanical devices created by AM are reviewed.
Comparison of Ductile Tearing Simulation With Complex Cracked Pipe Test Data
Authors: Bae Kyung-Dong , Ryu Ho-Wan , Kim Yun-Jae , Kim Jong-Sung
Published: June 2016

This paper presents numerical ductile tearing simulation results of four complex cracked pipes made of two materials, performed at Battelle, Columbus, OH. In ductile tearing simulation, stress-modified fracture strain model is used, which is determined from tensile test results and fracture toughness test data. Overall good agreement is found in comparing simulation results with experimental load, crack length, and crack mouth opening displacements versus load-line displacement (LLD) data. The effect of the complex crack on J–resistance curves is discussed.
Effects of Crosshead Speed on the Quasi-Static Stress–Strain Relationship of Polyethylene Pipes
Authors: Zhang Yi , Ben Jar P.-Y.
Published: June 2016

Quasi-static stress–strain relationship of polyethylene (PE) pressure pipe that plays an important role on its long-term performance has been established by removing the viscous stress component from the experimentally measured total stress. Work reported here is focused on the influence of crosshead speed on the notched pipe ring (NPR) specimens that are prepared from PE pressure pipe of 2 in. in diameter. Viscous component of the stress–strain relationship was determined using a spring–damper–plastic element model, calibrated using results from stress relaxation tests. Crosshead speeds considered for the initial stretch of the stress relaxation tests are 0.01, 1, and 10 mm/min which due to the relatively uniform deformation in the gauge section generate the same order of difference in the strain rates. Results from the study suggest that the quasi-static stress–strain relationship is affected by the crosshead speed used to generate the deformation, and the trend of change is opposite to the total stress counterpart that includes the viscous component.
Reliability Model of Gear With Correlated Failure Modes Based on Joint Distribution
Authors: Yue-Hua Lai , Hai-Ping Dong , Xiao-Jian Yi , Juan Ding , Hua-Jin Lei
Published: June 2016

In this paper, a precise reliability model for gear with correlated failure modes is presented. Firstly, physical models of stress and strength are set up against two main failure modes of a gear respectively. Then, the corresponding performance functions to the two failure modes are obtained according to stress-strength interference theory regarding randomness of variables in physical models of stress and strength. Furthermore, joint distribution of the two performance functions is deduced by Total Probability Theorem considering the correlation of random variables. So, reliability of a gear with correlated failure modes can be computed based on the joint distribution. Finally, an example is given and in this example the precise reliability model based on joint distribution and the traditional reliability model without considering the correlation of failure modes, are respectively adopted to calculate reliability of a gear. The calculation results are compared with that by Monte Carlo simulation and the compared results show that the gear’s reliability obtained by considering correlation of failure modes based on joint distribution is more accurate than that by the traditional model without considering the correlation of failure modes.