bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen‐Doped Nickel Oxide as Hole Transport Layer for High‐Efficiency Inverted Planar Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Zhou Pengcheng , Li Bairu , Fang Zhimin , Zhou Weiran , Zhang Mengmeng , Hu Wanpei , Chen Tao , Xiao Zhengguo , Yang Shangfeng
Published: May 2019

Nickel oxide (NiOx) is commonly used as a hole transport layer (HTL) in inverted‐structure (p‐i‐n) planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs), playing a critical role in the device performance. However, a solution‐processed NiOx HTL usually suffers from low electrical conductivity, consequently resulting in an inefficient interfacial charge transport. Herein, a facile method is developed to prepare nitrogen‐doped NiOx (N:NiOx), which is applied as a novel HTL in inverted PSCs for the first time, achieving a decent improvement in average power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 15.28% to 17.02%. The effects of nitrogen doping on the electrical conductivity and the energy band structure of NiOx as well as the quality of CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite layer atop are studied by a series of characterizations, revealing that nitrogen doping leads to increased electrical conductivity and lowered valence band energy of the NiOx film, which are beneficial to interfacial hole transport. In addition, the trap density of the CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite film atop N:NiOx layer is reduced, prohibiting unfavorable charge recombination.
Using Stack Overflow content to assist in code review
Authors: Sharma Shipra , Sodhi Balwinder
Published: May 2019

An essential goal for programmers is to minimize the cost of identifying and correcting defects in source code. Code review is commonly used for identifying programming defects. However, manual code review has some shortcomings: (1) it is time‐consuming and (2) outcomes are subjective and depend on the skills of reviewers. An automated approach for assisting in code reviews is thus highly desirable. We present a tool for assisting in code review and results from our experiments evaluating the tool in different scenarios. The tool leveraged content available from professional programmer support forums (eg, StackOverflow.com) to determine potential defectiveness of a given piece of source code. The defectiveness is expressed on the scale of {Likely defective, neutral, unlikely to be defective}. The basic idea employed in the tool is (1) to identify a set P of discussion posts on Stack Overflow such that each p∈P contains source code fragment(s), which sufficiently resemble the input code C being reviewed, and (2) to determine the likelihood of C being defective by considering all p∈P. A novel aspect of our approach is to use document fingerprinting for comparing two pieces of source code. Our choice of document fingerprinting technique is inspired by source code plagiarism detection tools where it has proven to be very successful. In the experiments that we performed to verify the effectiveness of our approach, source code samples from more than 300 GitHub open‐source repositories were taken as input. An F1 score of 0.94 has been achieved in identifying correct/relevant results.
ProNGF Is a Cell-Type-Specific Mitogen for Adult Hippocampal and for Induced Neural Stem Cells
Authors: Corvaglia Valerio , Cilli Domenica , Scopa Chiara , Brandi Rossella , Arisi Ivan , Malerba Francesca , La Regina Federico , Scardigli Raffaella , Cattaneo Antonino
Published: May 2019

The role of proNGF, the precursor of nerve growth factor (NGF), in the biology of adult neural stem cells (aNSCs) is still unclear. Here, we analyzed adult hippocampal neurogenesis in AD11 transgenic mice, in which the constitutive expression of anti-NGF antibody leads to an imbalance of proNGF over mature NGF. We found increased proliferation of progenitors but a reduced neurogenesis in the AD11 dentate gyrus (DG)-hippocampus (HP). Also in vitro, AD11 hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs) proliferated more, but were unable to differentiate into morphologically mature neurons. By treating wild-type hippocampal progenitors with the uncleavable form of proNGF (proNGF-KR), we demonstrated that proNGF acts as mitogen on aNSCs at low concentration. The mitogenic effect of proNGF was specifically addressed to the radial glia-like (RGL) stem cells through the induction of cyclin D1 expression. These cells express high levels of p75NTR, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence analyses performed ex vivo on RGL cells isolated from freshly dissociated HP-DG or selected in vitro from NSCs by leukemia inhibitory factor. Clonogenic assay performed in the absence of mitogens showed that RGLs respond to proNGF-KR by reactivating their proliferation and thus leading to neurospheres formation. The mitogenic effect of proNGF was further exploited in the expansion of mouse-induced neural stem cells (iNSCs). Chronic exposure of iNSCs to proNGF-KR increased their proliferation. Altogether, we demonstrated that proNGF acts as mitogen on hippocampal and iNSCs. Stem Cells  2019;37:1223–1237
Combination model for conventional pushover analysis considering higher mode vibration effects
Authors: Guan Minsheng , Liu Wenting , Du Hongbiao , Cui Jie , Wang Jun
Published: May 2019

This paper aims to propose a combination model for conventional pushover analysis with invariant lateral load patterns to consider the effects of higher mode vibrations on the seismic responses of high‐rise buildings. Rectangular concrete‐filled steel tubular (RCFT) structures having two types of deformation, namely, shear type RCFT frame structures and shear‐flexural type RCFT frame‐shear wall structures, are selected and investigated. Finite element models are created using Perform‐3D. Both pushover analysis with three conventional lateral loading patterns, namely, uniformly distributed loading, first‐mode vibration loading, and concentrated loading at the vertex, and time‐history analysis with 15–21 earthquake records chosen for each RCFT structure are performed. Regression analysis is used to fit the interstory drift ratios obtained by the pushover analysis with those from the time‐history analysis. Further, the relations between the partial regression coefficients and the structural fundamental periods under certain lateral loading patterns are analyzed. On this basis, using these conventional lateral loading patterns, combination models for high‐rise buildings with two types of deformation are proposed and verified. The results demonstrate that the proposed method can estimate the seismic responses of high‐rise buildings with a high accuracy and has the advantages of ease of implementation and operation.
Causative classification of river flood events
Authors: Tarasova Larisa , Merz Ralf , Kiss Andrea , Basso Stefano , Blöschl Günter , Merz Bruno , Viglione Alberto , Plötner Stefan , Guse Björn , Schumann Andreas , Fischer Svenja , Ahrens Bodo , Anwar Faizan , Bárdossy András , Bühler Philipp , Haberlandt Uwe , Kreibich Heidi , Krug Amelie , Lun David , Müller‐Thomy Hannes , Pidoto Ross , Primo Cristina , Seidel Jochen , Vorogushyn Sergiy , Wietzke Luzie
Published: May 2019

A wide variety of processes controls the time of occurrence, duration, extent, and severity of river floods. Classifying flood events by their causative processes may assist in enhancing the accuracy of local and regional flood frequency estimates and support the detection and interpretation of any changes in flood occurrence and magnitudes. This paper provides a critical review of existing causative classifications of instrumental and preinstrumental series of flood events, discusses their validity and applications, and identifies opportunities for moving toward more comprehensive approaches. So far no unified definition of causative mechanisms of flood events exists. Existing frameworks for classification of instrumental and preinstrumental series of flood events adopt different perspectives: hydroclimatic (large‐scale circulation patterns and atmospheric state at the time of the event), hydrological (catchment scale precipitation patterns and antecedent catchment state), and hydrograph‐based (indirectly considering generating mechanisms through their effects on hydrograph characteristics). All of these approaches intend to capture the flood generating mechanisms and are useful for characterizing the flood processes at various spatial and temporal scales. However, uncertainty analyses with respect to indicators, classification methods, and data to assess the robustness of the classification are rarely performed which limits the transferability across different geographic regions. It is argued that more rigorous testing is needed. There are opportunities for extending classification methods to include indicators of space–time dynamics of rainfall, antecedent wetness, and routing effects, which will make the classification schemes even more useful for understanding and estimating floods.

This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Water Extremes

Science of Water > Hydrological Processes

Science of Water > Methods
The climate of the past millennium and online public engagement in a scientific debate
Authors: Zorita Eduardo
Published: May 2019

After the publication in 1999 of a reconstruction of the Northern Hemisphere temperature popularly known as “the hockey‐stick,” climate scientists and Internet bloggers engaged in a heated and often stalemated public debate on the validity of paleoclimate reconstructions and on their implications for the wider question of anthropogenic climate change. The Internet emerged as an important medium for channeling the direct participation of the public almost at the same level as the professional climate scientist. It also allowed dissemination of largely unfiltered information. I argue that, although paleoclimate research did benefit in some technical aspects, the public debate around the hockey‐stick focused on issues that were not scientifically central, like the existence of the Medieval Warm Period or the characterization of 1998 as the warmest year of the millennium. In contrast, much more relevant points, such as constraining the value of climate sensitivity using reconstructions of past climate, remained restricted within purely academic circles. The public resonance of the hockey‐stick debate was also clearly framed by the politicization of climate science and the impacts of the series of IPCC reports, in particular the Third Assessment Report, published in 2001. This resonance was amplified by the expanding use of the Internet. The Internet represented a new bidirectional channel through which the public and academia could interact to achieve a transparent, democratic, and participative evaluation of science. I argue that, although we could have hoped for a positive outcome of the hockey‐stick controversy, this opportunity for a new constructive public engagement in scientific debates was missed.

This article is categorized under:

Paleoclimates and Current Trends > Paleoclimate

Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Sociology/Anthropology of Climate Knowledge
Using cerium chloride to control soluble orthophosphate concentration and improve the dewaterability of sludge: Part II. A case study
Authors: Zhang Dian , Angelotti Bob , Schlosser Erick , Wang Zhi‐Wu
Published: May 2019

High concentration of orthophosphate ion (OP) in anaerobically digested sludge can lead to struvite crystallization, deterioration of sludge dewaterability, and elevated mainstream OP loading through centrate recirculation. The Upper Occoquan Service Authority (UOSA) has observed seasonally high OP levels in its dewatering blend tank, which was found in this study to be a consequence of unwanted biological phosphorus accumulation during the intensified winter denitrification operation and the subsequent OP release in the course of anaerobic digestion. In order to control the nuisance struvite scaling issues, a bench study was conducted and cerium chloride (CeCl3) was dosed as an effective OP precipitant. The results of this study demonstrated that CeCl3 dosing showed higher OP removal efficiency than other commonly used OP precipitants. In addition, bench‐scale simulations indicated sludge dewaterability improvements which were used to predict lower polymer and dewatering energy demands at the full scale. The economic analysis conducted in this case study showed that the seasonal dosing of CeCl3 at UOSA has the potential to provide a net annual saving of US $47,000.

Practitioner points

Biological phosphorus accumulation during the intensified denitrification operation caused seasonally high sludge OP and struvite scaling issues at UOSA.

CeCl3 was evaluated as an effective OP precipitant for struvite control and dewaterability improvement when aluminum and iron were determined to be unfavorable.

Seasonal dosing of CeCl3 at UOSA projected a net annual saving of US $47,000.
Decomposition of Feynman integrals on the maximal cut by intersection numbers
Authors: Frellesvig Hjalte , Gasparotto Federico , Laporta Stefano , Mandal Manoj K. , Mastrolia Pierpaolo , Mattiazzi Luca , Mizera Sebastian
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We elaborate on the recent idea of a direct decomposition of Feynman integrals onto a basis of master integrals on maximal cuts using intersection numbers. We begin by showing an application of the method to the derivation of contiguity relations for special functions, such as the Euler beta function, the Gauss 2
F
1 hypergeometric function, and the Appell F
1 function. Then, we apply the new method to decompose Feynman integrals whose maximal cuts admit 1-form integral representations, including examples that have from two to an arbitrary number of loops, and/or from zero to an arbitrary number of legs. Direct constructions of differential equations and dimensional recurrence relations for Feynman integrals are also discussed. We present two novel approaches to decomposition-by-intersections in cases where the maximal cuts admit a 2-form integral representation, with a view towards the extension of the formalism to n-form representations. The decomposition formulae computed through the use of intersection numbers are directly verified to agree with the ones obtained using integration-by-parts identities.
Isolation of a novel platform bacterium for lignin valorization and its application in glucose-free cis,cis-muconate production
Authors: Shinoda Eri , Takahashi Kenji , Abe Nanase , Kamimura Naofumi , Sonoki Tomonori , Masai Eiji
Published: May 2019

Microbial production of cis,cis-muconate (ccMA) from phenolic compounds obtained by chemical depolymerization of lignin is a promising approach to valorize lignin. Because microbial production requires a large amount of carbon and energy source, it is desirable to establish a ccMA-producing strain that utilizes lignin-derived phenols instead of general sources like glucose. We isolated Pseudomonas sp. strain NGC7 that grows well on various phenolic compounds derived from p-hydroxyphenyl, guaiacyl, and syringyl units of lignin. An NGC7 mutant of protocatechuate (PCA) 3,4-dioxygenase and ccMA cycloisomerase genes (NGC703) lost the ability to grow on vanillate and p-hydroxybenzoate but grew normally on syringate. Introduction of a plasmid carrying genes encoding PCA decarboxylase, flavin prenyltransferase, vanillate O-demethylase, and catechol 1,2-dioxygenase into NGC703 enabled production of 3.2 g/L ccMA from vanillate with a yield of 75% while growing on syringate. This strain also produced ccMA from birch lignin-derived phenols. All these results indicate the utility of NGC7 in glucose-free ccMA production.
The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF)—A Systematic Review of Measurement Properties
Authors: Neijenhuijs Koen I. , Holtmaat Karen , Aaronson Neil K. , Holzner Bernhard , Terwee Caroline B. , Cuijpers Pim , Verdonck-de Leeuw Irma M.
Published: May 2019

Introduction

The International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) is a patient-reported outcome measure to evaluate erectile dysfunction and other sexual problems in men.

Aim

To perform a systematic review of the measurement properties of the 15-item patient-reported outcome measure (IIEF-15) and the shortened 5-item version (IIEF-5).

Methods

A systematic search of scientific literature up to April 2018 was performed. Data were extracted and analyzed according to COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) guidelines for structural validity, internal consistency, reliability, measurement error, hypothesis testing for construct validity, and responsiveness. Evidence of measurement properties was categorized into sufficient, insufficient, inconsistent, or indeterminate, and quality of evidence as very high, high, moderate, or low.

Results

40 studies were included. The evidence for criterion validity (of the Erectile Function subscale), and responsiveness of the IIEF-15 was sufficient (high quality), but inconsistent (moderate quality) for structural validity, internal consistency, construct validity, and test-retest reliability. Evidence for structural validity, test-retest reliability, construct validity, and criterion validity of the IIEF-5 was sufficient (moderate quality) but indeterminate for internal consistency, measurement error, and responsiveness.

Clinical Implications

Lack of evidence for and evidence not supporting some of the measurement properties of the IIEF-15 and IIEF-5 shows the importance of further research on the validity of these questionnaires in clinical research and clinical practice.

Strengths & Limitations

A strength of the current review is the use of predefined guidelines (COSMIN). A limitation of this review is the use of a precise rather than a sensitive search filter regarding measurement properties to identify studies to be included.

Conclusion

The IIEF requires more research on structural validity (IIEF-15), internal consistency (IIEF-15 and IIEF-5), construct validity (IIEF-15), measurement error (IIEF-15 and IIEF-5), and responsiveness (IIEF-5). The most pressing matter for future research is determining the unidimensionality of the IIEF-5 and the exact factor structure of the IIEF-15.
The Role of Institutions in Generating Successful Legal Transplants: A Comparative Analysis of the Adoption of Competition Laws in India and Pakistan
Authors: DARR Amber
Published: May 2019

In recent years, several developing countries have adopted regulatory laws to remain relevant in an increasingly globalized world and to make a successful transition from protected to market economies. Whilst developing countries and multilateral organizations supporting them are aware that in order to succeed adopted laws must be compatible with the context for which they are intended, there is less clarity as to the processes through which compatibility is generated. This article draws upon comparative law and development economics literature to argue that the compatibility of a transplant is shaped by the interplay of institutions through which it is adopted. The article also argues that in addition to compatibility, a transplant must enjoy a degree of legitimacy to be effective in the adopting country and the institutions which generate compatibility may also enhance such legitimacy. In order to understand the compatibility and legitimacy-generating potential of the interplay of adopting institutions in developing countries, the article examines and compares the adoption of competition laws by India and Pakistan in 2002 and 2007 respectively. The article also examines the impact of legitimacy on the post-adoption interpretation of competition law transplants and its significance for their implementation in either country.
A Comparative Survival Analysis Between Evacuees and Nonevacuees Among Dialysis Patients in Fukushima Prefecture After Japan’s 2011 Fukushima Nuclear Incident
Authors: Nomura Shuhei , Matsuzaki Yukie , Sato Yuko , Takasaki Jyunko , Sonoda Yuki , Shimmura Hiroaki , Kodama Yuko
Published: May 2019

Objective:

There has been little research on the health consequences of evacuation in the disaster context. A comparative analysis of survival between evacuated and nonevacuated hospital dialysis patients was conducted following Japan’s Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant incident, which occurred on March 11, 2011.

Methods:

The study included 554 patients (mean age: 70.9) receiving dialysis therapy at one of the Tokiwakai Group hospitals—all of which are located in and around Iwaki City, approximately 50 km from the Fukushima nuclear plant—as of the incident date. The patients’ survival after the incident was tracked until March 3, 2017. Significant differences in mortality rates between postincident evacuees and nonevacuees were tested using the Bayesian survival analysis with Weibull multivariate regression.

Results:

Out of 554 dialysis patients, 418 (75.5%) were evacuated after the incident. The postincident mortality rate (adjusted for covariates) of evacuees was not statistically significantly different from that of nonevacuees. The hazard ratio was 1.17 (95% credible intervals: 0.77-1.74).

Conclusions:

If performed in a well-planned manner with satisfactory arrangements for appropriate selection of evacuees and their transportation, evacuation could be a reasonable option, which might save more lives of vulnerable people.
Designing Empire for the Civilized East: Colonialism, Polish Nationhood, and German War Aims in the First World War
Authors: Kettler Mark T.
Published: May 2019

This article critically reexamines how Germans understood Polish national identity during World War I, and how their perceptions affected German proposals for ruling Polish territory. Recent historiography has emphasized the impact of colonial ideologies and experiences on Germans’ imperial ambitions in Poland. It has portrayed Germans as viewing Poland through a colonial lens, or favoring colonial methods to rule over Polish space. Using the wartime publications of prominent left liberal, Catholic, and conservative thinkers, this article demonstrates that many influential Germans, even those who supported colonialism in Africa, considered Poland to be a civilized nation for which colonial strategies of rule would be wholly inappropriate. These thinkers instead proposed multinational strategies of imperialism in Poland, which relied on collaboration with Polish nationalists. Specifically, they argued that Berlin should establish an autonomous Polish state, and bind it in permanent military and political union with the German Empire. The perception of Poland as a civilized nation ultimately structured Germany’s occupation policy and objectives in Poland throughout the war, much more than stereotypes of Polish primitivity.
Revisiting the status-legitimacy hypothesis: Concepts, boundary conditions, and psychological mechanisms
Authors: Yang Shen-Long , Xu Bu-Xiao , Yu Feng , Guo Yong-Yu
Published: May 2019

The status-legitimacy hypothesis proposes that low-status groups are more inclined to justify the status quo as fair and legitimate than high-status groups. Although there are some research evidences for this hypothesis, many studies have found the opposite result, that disadvantaged groups are more dissatisfied with the social system. To resolve this disagreement, this article integrates relevant ideas and empirical research in three aspects. First, the conceptual approach emphasises that the controversy is a result of different operational definitions of social status and system justification in previous studies. The second approach, focusing on moderator variables, proposes that the disputes over past studies are probably due to moderator variables, which can influence the relationship between status and system justification. The third approach, based on psychological mechanisms, proposes that system justification theory cannot completely explain the psychological underpinnings of status differences in system justification, and in order to clarify this, it is necessary to explore other psychological processes. Future studies should continue to examine the mediation mechanisms and boundary conditions of the status-legitimacy hypothesis and may try to establish a nonlinear hypothesis. Moreover, researchers should also pay attention to the application of experimental methods and big-data methods.
Wall Interference Effects of Static Pressure Probes in an Incompressible Turbulent Boundary Layer
Authors: Vagt J-D , Fernholz H H
Published: May 2019

Measurements of static pressure across the boundary layer on the wall of a circular cylinder with flow parallel to its axis display wall-interference effects which exceed corrections due to turbulence by almost an order of magnitude. Two different types of static pressure probe were investigated and gave different pressure distributions in the same boundary layer.
DIVIDED POWER ALGEBRAS OVER AN OPERAD
Authors: IKONICOFF SACHA
Published: May 2019

The purpose of this paper is to give a characterisation of divided power algebras over a reduced operad. Such a characterisation is given in terms of polynomial operations, following the classical example of divided power algebras. We describe these polynomial operations in two different ways: one way uses invariant elements under the action of the symmetric group and the other coinvariant elements. Our results are then applied to the case of level algebras, which are (non-associative) commutative algebras satisfying the exchange law.
Albrecht Ritschl and the Unfinished Reformation
Authors: Lotz David W.
Published: May 2019

On 10 November 1883, addressing his Göttingen colleagues and students in academic celebration of the quadricentennial of Luther's birth, Albrecht Ritschl (1822–89) delivered this remarkable verdict: “The genuine ideas of the Reformation were more concealed than disclosed in the theological works of Luther and Melanchthon.” The Wittenberg reformers themselves, not merely their epigones, had failed to systematize and safeguard those original epoch-making ideas by which they had effected their dramatic reform of religious life within the late medieval church.
Original Sin as the Evil Inclination–A Polemicist's Appreciation of Human Nature
Authors: Cohen Jeremy
Published: May 2019

Studies on the essence and development of the concept of original sin abound. Not only has this fundamental tenet of Christian theology played an important role in the history of Western religious thought, but it continues to command the attention of scholars and theologians even today. Given this great interest, one is occasionally surprised at the narrowness of the historical and religious framework to which many have confined their discussions of original sin. All too often, scholars have overlooked the significance which events within the community they are examining or parallel developments in other religious communities might have for explicating a new direction in the history of this doctrine. While the present study can hope neither to reformulate the findings of the voluminous literature on original sin nor to compensate in large measure for this methodological shortcoming at times inherent in it, it will attempt to demonstrate by example how the notion of original sin did not evolve in a historical vacuum. It both drew from and contributed to prevalent philosophical and political theory, and it even interacted significantly with non-Christian religious concepts.
Science, Religion, and Psychical Research: The Monistic Thought of Sir Oliver Lodge
Authors: Root John D.
Published: May 2019

In his long and distinguished career which bridged two centuries, Sir Oliver Lodge (1851–1940) was one of the most versatile intellectual figures in England. His discoveries in physics placed him in the first rank of British science. For his work in electricity, radio, and wave theory Lodge was awarded the Rumford and Alfred medals by the Royal Society. He also was a Romanes Lecturer at Oxford, a president of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, and the first Principal of the University of Birmingham. Lodge's publication record is breathtaking: more than 1,200 items, including nearly forty books, over a sixty-year period. While more than half of these were purely scientific or technical, it is significant that more than 100 pieces dealt with psychical research and an additional 170 books and articles dealt with topics in philosophy and religion. More than half of Lodge's writings in this latter category appeared between 1896 and 1914.
The Whiteboy movement, 1761-5
Authors: Donnelly James S.
Published: May 2019

The great tradition of the Buachailli Bána in the south of Ireland had its small beginnings on the Tipperary side of the Knockmealdown mountains during the closing months of 1761. ‘ Their first rise was in October last,’ a Youghal gentleman told his son in London in April 1762, ‘ and they have ever since been increasing;… they always assembled in the night with their shirts over their clothes, which caused them to be called Whiteboys. ’ The exactions of tithe-farmers and the enclosure of commonage sparked the initial oath-bound combination in the district between Clogheen and Ballyporeen. A recently installed tithe-farmer named Dobbyn, who kept an inn at Ballyporeen, issued the novel demand that local catholic couples pay him a fee of 5s. when they married before a priest. Among those who vehemently denounced this new tax was Fr Nicholas Sheehy, the outspoken, socially committed young parish priest of Shanrahan; Fr Sheehy had already attracted the disapproving notice of local protestant ministers and magistrates by opposing the collection of church rates when he was stationed in the parish of Newcastle, and by proclaiming the excommunication of the inhabitants of the town of Mitchelstown and the parish of Brigown Fant, who was later convicted of riot and trespass and sentenced to a fine of £50 and two years in prison, seemed a rather pathetic and improbable leader of an agrarian movement. But the action of the crowd he had harangued at Kilmallock proved contagious. From there the disturbances spread northwards to the districts of Bruff, Hospital, and Caherconlish. Bodies of Levellers, collected by the blowing of horns, mobilised ‘ in great numbers ’ and fired guns as they marched along in their white shirts, ‘ demolishing in the night time the fences of the inclosures ’ of many persons and ‘ swearing fidelity to each other and secrecy ’.
Governmental Regulation of the Press: A Study of Israels Press Ordinance
Authors: Lahav Pnina
Published: May 2019

Israel's press plays a distinctive role in the country's political structure. Comprised of 27 dailies and 135 magazines, some with distinctive partisan affiliation and others committed to political neutrality, it has wide circulation and enjoys considerable political influence.

Israeli newspapers were not always as independent as they are today. During the struggle for liberation, the press placed itself at the disposal of theYishuv(Jewish community) leadership, to be used as a political tool for promoting the objectives of the Jewish population in Palestine. Only in the fifties, after the establishment of the sovereign state of Israel, did the press begin to develop consciousness of its distinct and autonomous role in the political process.

Several institutions founded by the press itself have moulded it into a politically viable establishment: the Editors' Committee, the Press Council, the National Union of Journalists and the Union of the Daily Papers. The Editors' Committee is the most powerful and long standing of the four. Organised in 1948 by the chief editors of the Hebrew dailies, it functions as an intermediary between the Government and the public in matters concerning important policy decisions.
Public Lawyers, Political Trials and the Neutrality of the Legal Profession
Authors: Denti Vittorio
Published: May 2019

A discussion on the neutrality of the lawyer requires some preliminary elucidation. Indeed, as concerns the judge's function, the term “neutrality” is generally used in connection with diverse principles such as: (a) the judge's impartiality with regard to parties, a basic element characterizing the adversary process, according to a tradition dating back to classical liberalism; (b) the judge's neutrality with regard to the law, typical of codified law systems where political choices are entrusted to the legislative power, the judge being a mere interpreter of the law, according to objective criteria; (c) the judge's independence of the other public powers, and thus his autonomy with regard to the aims pursued by the legislative and executive powers.

We will not dwell here on the fact that the principle of the judge's neutrality, according to the liberal tradition, is now undergoing a crisis, in connection with the evolution of modern states. Together with the principle of the judge's neutrality, this same tradition also developed, though in a markedly different sense, the principle of the lawyer's neutrality, which became deeply rooted in the conception of the legal profession; the common inheritance of all liberal states up to the social revolutions of the 20th century. This “neutrality” encompasses different aspects of the legal profession, whose common matrix can be found, on the one hand, in the social composition of lawyers as a class and in the viewing of the legal profession as a “liberal” profession; and on the other, in the characteristics of legal education in the 19th century law schools.
Marriage and Cohabitation in Israeli law
Authors: Shifman Pinhas
Published: May 2019

In Israel, in the field of the law of personal status, at the center of which stand the laws of marriage, the law is not territorial but personal, and the law applying to an individual changes in accordance with his religious affiliation. Consequently, any discussion of thecomprehensiveposition of Israeli law on the institution of marriage would seem to be impossible, for Israeli law lacks its own, independent regulations on matters of marriage. The law of the State on these matters has been likened to a mirror, having no image of its own and serving only to reflect the religious law. In this mirror, various laws are reflected, and it is difficult to find in them a common denominator of the differing and contradictory conceptions they express towards the institution of marriage.
Jacob Robinson — In Memoriam
Authors: Rosenne Shabtai
Published: May 2019

Jacob, son of David and Bluma Robinson and the eldest of seven brothers, was born in the little Lithuanian village of Serijai, near Suwalk on the German frontier, then part of the Czarist Empire. Among his distinguished forebears was Rabbi Yom Tov Lipmann Heller, author of the Mishna commentary Tosephot Yom Tov. His father, a well-known scholar, teacher and maskil of Wistyten (Vishtinetz) and a prominent member of the Jewish community, had been its spokesman on several occasions, and had represented it in meetings both with the Czar and with the Kaiser. A sense of Jewish public service was natural in the Robinson household.

In the summer of 1914, as the war-clouds were gathering, Jacob graduated in the Faculty of Law of the University of Warsaw. He went there not so much from choice, but because Czarist anti-Jewish legislation prevented him from studying at the great Russian centres of higher learning. Shortly after the outbreak of the First World War on 1 August 1914 (in the East), he enlisted in the Russian Army under special recruitment plans for university graduates (universanti). He served for about a year, and then was taken prisoner by the Germans after Vilna fell to them, in 1915. He was to remain in captivity in German Prisoner of War camps until the end of the War. There he had a hard time of it, and during a period of about 30 months he was in no less that eight different POW camps, where he established himself as an unofficial leader and spokesman of the Jewish POW's and of the Russian POW's as well, no doubt an early manifestation of his sense of universal humanism which was to show itself on so many occasions later.
Exemption Clauses and Third Parties in English and Israeli Law
Authors: Shalev Gabriela
Published: May 2019

An exemption clause which purports to affect the rights and liabilities of a stranger to the contract raises the question of the connection between privity and exemption clauses. It is usual to regard the denial of validity to an exemption clause referring to the liability of a stranger as deriving from privity. Let us therefore commence by clarifying the meaning of privity and its relationship to exemption clauses and then go on to explain our view that such clauses should operate in favour or against a stranger in accordance with general principles of the positive contract law. Since privity has two aspects — denying a contract the capacity neither to benefit nor to harm a stranger — our treatment of the influence of privity upon exemption clauses will likewise deal with exempting a stranger and fettering him. After describing the situation in English law, we will turn to Israeli law which is no longer identical with English law, regarding the relationship between privity and exemption clauses.
Effect of royal jelly on milk composition and blood biochemical parameters in lactating ewes
Authors: El-Tarabany Mahmoud S. , El-Tarabany Akram A. , Atta Mostafa A. , Ahmed-Farid Omar A. , Mostafa Mohamed M.
Published: May 2019

Use of antibiotics as feed additives has been reduced to avoid the hazard of drug residues, and consequently, the search for alternative natural additives has developed. Thus, the aim was to evaluate the influence of royal jelly (RJ) supplementation on milk composition, blood biochemical and antioxidant parameters of lactating ewes. Thirty-six Ossimi ewes were divided randomly into two groups (18 animals each). For a period of 4 weeks, the control group (CON) was fed a basal diet only, while the other group was fed the basal diet and supplemented with a single bolus of RJ (1000 mg/head). The RJ-supplemented ewes produced significantly higher milk protein, fat and total solids than the CON group. The RJ group had a significantly higher red blood cell count, haemoglobin content, haematocrit value and total leucocyte counts, but lower neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio when compared with the control treatment. The RJ group showed significantly higher concentrations of total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione in the serum compared with the control treatment. In conclusion, RJ supplements can improve the nutritive value of milk fat and the serum antioxidant activities in lactating ewes.
Cytochemical characteristics of the neurosecretory cells ofCeylonocotyle scoliocoelium(Trematoda: Digenea)
Authors: Sharma P. N. , Sharma A. N.
Published: May 2019

Two types of neurosecretory cells (NSC), large a cells and small β cells were detected on the basis of their size and characteristics as shown by aldehyde fuchsin and chrome haematoxylin-phloxin staining. A histochemical survey of the neurosecretory material indicates that it is a glycoprotein. Phosphatases and esterases present in NSC probably help in the transfer of metabolites and their hydrolysis and in the control of secretory material produced in a NSC, while SDH provides the necessary energy for the synthetic activity of the latter. The role of neurosecretion in governing the reproduction of this parasite is discussed.
MSMA for Weed Control in Wheat (Triticum Aestivum)
Authors: Miller S. D. , Nalewaja J. D. , Pacholak E.
Published: May 2019

Postemergence applications of MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) for weed control in spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) were evaluated in the field, greenhouse, and controlled environmental chamber. MSMA controlled weeds better when applied to wheat at the four- to five-leaf stage than when applied at the two- to three-leaf stage. MSMA, tank mixed with barban (4-chloro-2-butynyl-m-chlorocarbanilate) or diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid}, controlled wild oat (Avena fatuaL.), green foxtail, [Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.] and broadleaf weeds better than did MSMA applied alone. Wild oat control with tank-mix applications of MSMA and difenzoquat (1,2-dimethyl-3,5-diphenyl-1H-pyrazolium) was variable. Weed control with MSMA was enhanced by 30 C air temperatures, 90% relative humidity, and adequate soil moisture. A simulated rainfall of 0.5 mm within 0.5 h or 4 mm with 4 hr after application reduced wild oat control with MSMA.
A Method for Identification of Triazine Resistant and Susceptible Biotypes of Several Weeds
Authors: Hensley J. R.
Published: May 2019

A simple and quick method is described for identifying biotypes of common groundsel (Senecio vulgarisL.), common lambsquarters (Chenopodium albumL.), and smooth pigweed (Amaranthus hybridusL.) that are resistant or susceptible to triazine herbicides. Leaf discs (3 mm diam) from the tested plants were vacuum infiltrated with a phosphate medium and exposed to a 3-klux light source. When 1.0 × 10−5M and higher levels of atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-s-triazine) were present, the leaf discs from susceptible biotypes failed to float to the surface, whereas the leaf discs from resistant biotypes floated within 1 h. The urea herbicide, fluometuron [1,1-dimethyl-3-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea] inhibited the floating of leaf discs from both the triazine-susceptible and triazine-resistant biotypes. This method can be used to evaluate large numbers of plants to determine if they are resistant or susceptible to triazines without destroying the plants or preventing seed production.
Effect of Temperature and Relative Humidity on Translocation of14C-Metriflufen in Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) and Soybean (Glycine max)
Authors: McWhorter C. G.
Published: May 2019

Absorption and translocation of14C-metriflufen {2-[4-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} in johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.] and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Lee 68’] were evaluated under different environmental conditions. At 40% relative humidity (RH), an increase in air temperature from 18 to 35 C increased translocation of the14C in johnsongrass more than four-fold following application of14C-metriflufen to an area on the third leaf. At 100% RH, translocation of the14C was twice as great at 27 C as at 18 C, but translocation at 35 C was intermediate. In the combined analysis, translocation in johnsongrass was no better at 100% RH than at 40% RH. Regardless of level of RH, most translocation in johnsongrass at 18 and 27 C was toward the distal half of the treated leaf, but at 35 C most translocation was toward the proximal half of the treated leaf. Translocation of14C in soybeans increased more than four-fold as air temperature was increased from 18 C to 35 C, and more translocation occurred at 100% RH than at 40% RH at 18, 27, and 35 C. More than 80% of the14C-metriflufen remained in the treated leaf or on the surface of treated soybean leaves 48 h after application. More of the applied radioactivity was recovered from soybean plants than from johnsongrass plants.
Cultural and Chemical Weed Control Systems in Soybeans (Glycine max)
Authors: Gebhardt M. R.
Published: May 2019

Combinations of herbicides applied preemergence and postemergence, with and without cultivation, were evaluated for their effectiveness for controlling weeds in soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Williams’]. Annual weeds were controlled best when a sequential treatment of a mixture of alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] + linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methoxy-1-methylurea] was applied preemergence, and glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] was applied postemergence, followed by one cultivation. The largest soybean yields were obtained when alachlor + linuron applied preemergence was followed by a cultivation, bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide] applied postemergence, bentazon applied postemergence and a cultivation, or glyphosate applied postemergence and a cultivation. Regression analysis of the soybean yield vs. weed control data for all treatments indicated that soybean yields were suppressed an average of 180 kg/ha when glyphosate was applied postemergence. A cultivation in addition to the preemergence and postemergence treatments improved both weed control and soybean yield.
Johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense) Control in Soybeans (Glycine max) with Metriflufen Applied Postemergence
Authors: Azlin W. R. , McWhorter C. G.
Published: May 2019

Over-the-top applications of metriflufen {2-[4-(4-trifluoromethylphenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} at 0.6 to 2.2 kg/ha were highly toxic to johnsongrass [Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.], but caused little visual injury to soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Hill’]. Directed applications of metriflufen at 0.8 to 3.4 kg/ha provided equal and, in a few comparisons, better control of johnsongrass than did some rates of the herbicide applied over-the-top. Application of metriflufen at 0.8 and 1.7 kg/ha in directed sprays resulted in higher soybean yields than did comparable treatments applied over-the-top; yields of directed vs. over-the-top applications of metriflufen at 3.4 kg/ha resulted in statistically equal soybean yields. The research suggested that metriflufen entered johnsongrass plants through shoots and leaves and also through roots. Johnsongrass control was excellent following applications of metriflufen at 1.7 and 2.2 kg/ha without soybean injury and with greatly increased soybean yields. Results following over-the-top applications of metriflufen at 1.1 kg/ha to ‘Hill’, ‘Tracy’, ‘Lee 68’, ‘Bragg’, and ‘Forrest’ soybeans at three different stages of morphological development did not demonstrate any appreciable differences in the response of the cultivars to the herbicide.
Evaluation of Substituted Dinitrobenzamine Herbicides in Cotton(Gossypium Lirsutum)Plantings
Authors: Miller J. H. , Carter C. H.
Published: May 2019

Seven substituted dinitrobenzamine herbicides were evaluated at two rates as preplant soil-incorporated treatments for 2 yr. Herbicides were applied broadcast and incorporated 7 cm deep into a sandy loam with a power-driven rototiller before the preplanting irrigation and 3 weeks before crop planting. Cotton(Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Acala SJ-1’) stands were reduced by the higher rate of nitralin [4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline], dinitramine(N4,N4-diethyl-a,a,a-trifluoro-3,5-dinitrotoluene-2,4-diamine), fluchloralin [N-(2-chloroethyl)-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline], and AN 56477 [N,N-di-(2-chloroethyl)-2,6-dinitro-4-methylaniline]. Cotton yields were reduced by the higher rate of nitralin, dinitramine, and AN 56477. The poorest weed control was obtained with the lower rate of nitralin, AN 56477, and butralin [4-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-N-(1-methylpropyl)-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine]. A bioassay with Japanese millet [Echinochloa crus-galli(L.) Beauv. var.frumentacea(Roxb.) Wight] and grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench] was used to evaluate herbicides remaining in soil sampled 1, 120, and 240 days after application. Residual herbicide phytotoxicity at 240 days indicated dinitramine < trifluralin(a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) = butralin < profluralin [N-(cyclopropylmethyl)-a,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N-propyl-p-toluidine] = AN 56477 < nitralin < fluchloralin. In greenhouse experiments, cotton taproot elongation was retarded by both rates of nitralin, dinitramine, and AN 56477 and by the higher rate of fluchloralin. All herbicides inhibited lateral roots of cotton in the herbicide-treated zone of soil, but butralin and profluralin caused the least inhibition.
Monitoring Photosynthesis to Measure Translocation of Bentazon in Common Cocklebur
Authors: Potter J.R.
Published: May 2019

The movement of biologically active levels of bentazon [3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-(4) 3H-one 2,2-dioxide] was followed by monitoring photosynthetic activity of plant parts after application of the herbicide. Bentazon was applied to roots, stems, petioles, portions of the canopy, and portions of individual leaves of 4- to 24-day-old common cocklebur (Xanthium pensylvanicumWallr.) at rates comparable to field application rates. Application of bentazon anywhere on the plant either slowed or stopped photosynthesis in leaves acropetal to the point of application. Contact of bentazon with stems, petioles or roots contributed to the phytotoxicity of the herbicide.