bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Harnessing the power of molecular imaging for drug discovery and development
Authors: Luo Xiangning , Tan Boyu , Zhao Xuanyan , Zhang Ziyang , Wang Gang , Wang Tao , Xing Bengang , Song Aiguo
Published: December 2023

Non‐invasive, real‐time, dynamic, and quantitative molecular imaging has been developed to facilitate disease diagnosis, drug development, and pathological analysis at the molecular level. Qualitative and quantitative analysis and imaging of physiological processes at the molecular level can be achieved with advanced molecular imaging by employing imaging contrast agents in combination with traditional imaging modalities, such as optical imaging, ultrasound imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, single‐photon emission computed tomography, and positron emission tomography. With the aid of molecular imaging, absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and other processes of drugs in various animals can be monitored quantitatively, and in vivo pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics can be simulated before clinical trials, which significantly shorten the period for drug development and reduce the number of animals participating in various tests. Here, the role of molecular imaging in drug target validation, drug screening, drug sensitivity analysis, pharmacokinetics research, drug efficacy evaluation, and other processes of chemical and biological drug research and development is summarized. Molecular imaging has become a powerful and effective tool in the research and development of various drugs for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Advanced molecular imaging can provide important support for disease and drug research, which will accelerate drug discovery and development.
Best practices for supporting and improving pharmacy resident research and quality improvement projects
Authors: Murphy John E. , Azad Aniqa , Barreto Jason N. , Coons Eric M. , Coons James C. , Drury Anna Sahlstrom , Goodlet Kellie J. , Hennessey Erin K. , Jennings Douglas , Kane‐Gill Sandra L. , Morbitzer Kathryn , Pluckrose Dawn M. , Sikand Harminder , Weant Kyle A.
Published: December 2023

The 2023 ACCP Research Affairs Committee was charged with developing a commentary to address best practices in pharmacy resident research and quality improvement projects and to consider methods to overcome the challenges encountered in conducting these projects. Literature regarding best practices was evaluated, and approaches were recommended that might help (1) advance the value of the projects to stakeholders; (2) overcome limited preparation for research by residents and mentors, including writing skills and dissemination experience; (3) overcome challenges related to resources (e.g., time and mentors); and (4) avoid burnout among residents and mentors. Although there are many challenges to completing projects and disseminating the results, studies have provided useful recommendations to help circumvent the barriers.
Characterization and in‐vitro assessment of silicon‐based apatite microspheres for bone tissue engineering applications
Authors: Wee Chien Yi , Lim Quentin Ray Tjieh , Xu Xin , Yang Zhijie , Wang Dong , Thian Eng San
Published: December 2023

In the field of bone tissue engineering, silicon (Si) has been found as an essential element for bone growth. However, the use of silicon in bioceramics microspheres remains limited. In this work, different weight percentages (0.8, 1.6, and 2.4 wt %) of silicon was incorporated into hydroxyapatite and fabricated into microspheres. 2.4 wt % of Si incorporated into HAp microspheres (2.4 SiHAp) were found to enhance functional properties of the microspheres which resulted in improved cell viability of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), demonstrating rapid cell proliferation rates resulting in high cell density accumulated on the surface of the microspheres which in turn permitted better hMSCs differentiation into osteoblasts when validated by bone marker assays (Type I collagen, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and osteopontin) compared to apatite microspheres of lower wt % of Si incorporated and non‐substituted HAp (2.4 SiHAp >1.6 SiHAp >0.8 SiHAp > HAp). SEM images displayed the densest cell population on 2.4 SiHAp surfaces with the greatest degree of cell stretching and bridging between neighboring microspheres. Incorporation of silicon into apatite microspheres was found to accelerate the rate and number of apatite nucleation sites formed when subjected to physiological conditions improving the interface between the microsphere scaffolds and bone forming cells, facilitating better adhesion and proliferation.
Loss of Dja2 accompanies pH deviation in lysosomes and lysosome‐related organelles
Authors: Terada Kazutoyo , Endo Motoyoshi , Kiyonari Hiroshi , Takeda Naoki , Oike Yuichi
Published: December 2023

The Dja2 knockout (Dja2−/−) mice had respiratory distress, and >60% died within 2 days after birth. The surviving adult Dja2−/− mice were infertile and the lungs of Dja2−/− mice showed several abnormalities, including the processing defect of prosurfactant protein C in the alveolar epithelial type II cells and the accumulation of glycolipids in enlarged alveolar macrophages. The luminal pH of acidic organelles in Dja2−/− cells was shifted to pH 5.37–5.45. This deviated pH was immediately restored to control levels (pH 4.56–4.65) by the addition of a diuretic, ethyl isopropyl amiloride (EIPA). Although the role of DJA2 in maintaining the pH homeostasis of lysosome‐related organelles is currently obscure, this rapid and remarkable pH resilience is best explained by an EIPA‐sensitive proton efflux machinery that is disorganized and overactivated due to the loss of Dja2.
Ultrahigh capacitive performance of O andMgself‐dual‐doped activated carbon fromAnanas comosusleaf fiber using a redox additive‐based electrolyte
Authors: Awitdrus Awitdrus , Agustino Agustino , Farma Rakhmawati , Iwantono Iwantono , Deraman Mohamad
Published: December 2023

BACKGROUND

The capacitive behavior of a supercapacitor (SC) based on activated carbon derived from biomass is enhanced when a halogenated iodide (in this case, iodide, Iˉ) is added to the acidic aqueous electrolyte. In this work, we prepared ultrahigh capacitive performance of O and Mg self‐dual‐doped activated carbon (AC) fromAnanas comosusleaf fiber (ACLF) via chemical activation at high temperature, followed by activation under the protection of CO2to produce commercially feasible electrodes for commercial‐scale SC devices. The prepared ACLFs were characterized through SEM–EDX, XRD, adsorption/desorption of N2. Moreover, in a 2‐electrode setup, the capacitive activity of the prepared ACLFs were evaluated using cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge/discharge techniques in a redox additive electrolyte (1 M H2SO4 + 0.05 M KI).

RESULT

The pairs 3Iˉ/I3ˉ, 2Iˉ/I2, 2I3ˉ/3I2, and I2/IO3ˉ generate reduction–oxidation (redox) peaks in the CV curves and a significant Faradaic plateau in the GCD curves. The ACLF samples delivered an outstanding gravimetric capacitance and energy density as high as 581 F g−1and 80.69 Wh kg−1at a power density of 346.14 W kg−1, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The enhanced capacitive activity is a result of the Faradaic pseudocapacitance associated with the redox‐active ions present in the acidic electrolyte solution. This work describes a facile and economical approach to acquiring a potential candidate of electrode materials for SC devices with exceptional performance, achieved via a redox additive‐based electrolyte system. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Advanced purification of isopropanol and acetone from syngas fermentation
Authors: Janković Tamara , Straathof Adrie JJ , Kiss Anton A
Published: December 2023

BACKGROUND

Isopropanol and acetone production by syngas fermentation is a promising alternative to conventional fossil carbon‐dependent production. However, this alternative technology has not yet been scaled up to an industrial level owing to the relatively low product concentrations (about 5 wt% in total). This original research aims to develop cost‐effective and energy‐efficient processes for the recovery of isopropanol and acetone from highly dilute fermentation broth (>94 wt% water) for large‐scale production (about 100 ktIPA+AC y−1).

RESULTS

Vacuum distillation and pass‐through distillation enhanced with heat pumps or multi‐effect distillation were efficiently coupled with regular atmospheric distillation and extractive distillation in several innovative intensified downstream processes. Over 99.2% of isopropanol and 100% of acetone were recovered as high‐purity end‐products (>99.8 wt%). Advanced heat pumping (mechanical vapor recompression) and heat integration techniques were implemented to decrease total annual costs (0.109–0.137 USD kgIPA+AC−1), reduce energy requirements (1.348–2.043 kWth h kgIPA+AC−1) and lower CO2 emissions (0.067–0.191 kgCO2 kgIPA+AC−1), resulting in highly competitive recovery processes.

CONCLUSION

The proposed three novel isopropanol and acetone recovery processes from dilute broth significantly contribute to the expansion of sustainable industrial fermentation. Furthermore, this original research is the first one to develop novel pass‐through distillation technology for the complex isopropanol–acetone–water system. All the designed processes are highly economically competitive and environmentally viable. In addition to recovering efficiently both isopropanol and acetone, the designed downstream processes offer the possibility to enhance the fermentation process by recycling all the present microorganisms and reducing fresh‐water requirements. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Revealing the intricate microcosm: Advancing invasive species pollen analysis through scanning microscopy of ultra sculpture
Authors: Al‐Qahtani Wahidah H.
Published: December 2023

Micromorphological visualization of plant surface peculiarities provides valuable characters for the precise identification of plant species. Invasive alien species, introduced outside their native range, pose significant ecological, and health challenges. This study focuses on micromorphological investigations of selected invasive plant species belonging to the families Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Moraceae, Crassulaceae, Cannabaceae, Fabaceae, Commelinaceae, and Oxalidaceae. The study employs scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze the species micromorphology of pollen structure in depth to characterize the sculpturing patterns. Additionally, the study examines the pollen characteristics of these invasive plants, including shape, size, and fertility, along with exine sculpturing. The maximum polar diameter was observed for Senna tora (41.2 μm). The spines in Achillea fragrantissima were measured to have dimensions of approximately 1.91 μm in length and 2.11 μm in width. The findings shed light on the allergy‐causing potential of these invasive species, providing crucial information for accurate identification and effective management strategies to safeguard the indigenous flora of the region. The study contributes to the knowledge base for botanists, taxonomists, policy makers, climate experts, and biodiversity specialists.

Research Highlights

Integrating SEM to analyze the pollen of invasive species.

Unveiling pollen micromorphology of invasive species.

Exploring the microscopic realm of invasive pollen to accurately identify the species.
Mixed ensiling plus nitrate destroy fiber structure of rape straw, increase degradation, and reduce methanogenesis through in vitro ruminal fermentation
Authors: Pu Xuanxuan , Zhang Xiumin , Yi Siyu , Wang Rong , Li Qiushuang , Zhang Wanqian , Qu Jiajing , Huo Jiabin , Lin Bo , Tan Bie , Tan Zhiliang , Wang Min
Published: December 2023

BACKGROUND

Better utilization of rape straw can provide alternative strategies for sustainable ruminant and food production. The research reported here investigated changes in the carbohydrate composition of rape straw as a result of mixed ensiling with whole‐crop corn or inoculated with nitrate, and the consequent effects on ruminal fermentation through in vitro batch culture. The three treatments included: rape straw and corn silage (RSTC), and ensiling treatment of rape straw with whole‐crop corn (RSIC) or with calcium nitrate inoculation (RSICN).

RESULTS

Ensiling treatment of rape straw and whole‐crop corn or plus nitrate enriched lactic acid bacteria and lactate. The treatments broke the fiber surface connections of rape straw, leading to higher neutral detergent soluble (NDS) content and lower fiber content. Ensiling treatments led to greater (P < 0.05) dry matter degradation (DMD), molar proportions of propionate and butyrate, relative abundance of the phylum Bacteroidetes and genus Prevotella, and lower (P < 0.05) methane production in terms of g kg−1 DMD, molar proportions of acetate, and lower acetate to propionate ratio than the RSTC treatment. The RSICN treatment led to the lowest (P < 0.05) hydrogen concentration and methane production among the three treatments.

CONCLUSION

Ensiling treatments of rape straw and whole‐crop corn destroy the micro‐structure of rape straw, promote substrate degradation by enriching the phylum Bacteroidetes and the genus Prevotella, and decrease methane production by favoring propionate and butyrate production. Nitrate inoculation in the ensiling treatment of rape straw and whole‐crop corn further decreases methane production without influencing substrate degradation by providing an additional hydrogen sink. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Large‐scale separation of alkaloids from Corydalis decumbens by pH‐zone‐refining centrifugal partition chromatography and their anticomplement activity
Authors: Xie Xin‐Xin , Chen Zhong‐Jian , Zhu Quan‐Gang , Yu Qin , Lian Tian‐Yan , Xu Xue‐Lian , Chen Ya , Song Wei‐Hua
Published: December 2023

Centrifugal partition chromatography in the pH‐zone‐refining mode was successfully applied to the separation of alkaloids from the crude extract of Corydalis decumbens. The experiment was performed with a two‐phase solvent system composed of petroleum ether‐ethyl acetate‐ethanol‐water (5:5:3:7, v/v/v/v) where triethylamine (10 mM) was added to the stationary phase and hydrochloric acid (10 mM) to the mobile phase. From 1.6 g of the crude extract, 43 mg protopine, 189 mg (+)‐egenine, and 158 mg tetrahydropalmatine were obtained with a purity of 98.2%, 94.6%, and 96.7%, respectively. Tetrahydropalmatine showed an interesting anticomplement effect with CH50 0.11 and AP50 0.25 mg/mL, respectively. In a mechanistic study, tetrahydropalmatine interacted with C1, C3, C4, and C5 components in the complement activation cascade.
Partial‐depth search and search pattern comparisons
Authors: Liu Lin , Wang X. Henry , Shen Tongyuan
Published: December 2023

This paper compares consumers' optimal search behaviors and firms' strategic reactions in prices under two modes of search: parallel search and sequential search, with the incorporation of partial search depth that measures the amount of information to evaluate a product. Our analysis shows a series of new results: when products are partially evaluated, search depth is greater under sequential search than under parallel search; consumers search for (on average) more products either under parallel search or sequential search, depending on whether partial‐depth search is chosen; the equilibrium price is higher under parallel (sequential) search when search costs are high (low). Interestingly, parallel search might yield higher equilibrium prices with more products searched, compared with sequential search. This challenges the conventional wisdom in the search literature that more products searched lower prices because of the intensified competition.
Quantifying seasonal variations in space use within the home range of Burbot
Authors: Robinson Tyler J. , Hafs Andrew W. , Fisher Shannon J. , Ueland Jeffrey S.
Published: December 2023

Objective

Advances in acoustic telemetry have assisted biologists in understanding migration patterns, space use, survival, and the effects of human influences on aquatic species. Using fine-scale positioning, fisheries managers can quantify home range size fluctuations throughout the year and even identify spawning areas. Burbot Lota lota population dynamics have been studied across their range, while movement dynamics have been briefly investigated. Our objective was to assess seasonal variations of Burbot space use using estimations of home range size with an attempt to infer spawn timing.

Methods

Thirty-two acoustic-tagged Burbot were used to study home range size in Bad Medicine Lake, Minnesota, from April 2019 to June 2020.

Result

Female estimated home range size was significantly larger than that of males. Estimated home range size increased following ice formation in December and continued through March. Average home range estimates were largest in the middle of March and smallest in April, assumed to be caused by spawning and postspawn behaviors, respectively.

Conclusion

The results suggest that Burbot movement increased during the winter months, which may cause potential increases in vulnerability during spawning. High exploitation rates are possible in situations where spawning and feeding Burbot encounter elevated angling pressure. Future research should continue to assess the movement dynamics and potential site fidelity of Burbot populations by monitoring spawning grounds and if the same areas are used year after year. The results of this study improve the knowledge of areas used by Burbot in lakes, which can assist with management of Burbot in Bad Medicine Lake. Furthermore, we highlighted how Burbot movement increased during spawn timing, which could contribute to increased encounters with anglers.
An observational, patient‐reported outcome study of sleep quality and depression among individuals with overactive bladder syndrome
Authors: Jensen Sally , Walker David , Elsouda Dina , Lockefeer Amy , Kenton Kimberly , Peipert John Devin , Jackson Kathryn L. , Helfand Brian T. , Glaser Alexander P. , Cella David
Published: December 2023

Introduction

Overactive bladder (OAB) can adversely affect health‐related quality‐of‐life (HRQoL) and adherence to treatments; however, the extent of their association is unknown. This study sought to characterize Sleep Disturbance, Depression, Fatigue, and patient‐reported medication adherence among adults with OAB in the United States.

Materials and Methods

In this descriptive, observational study, patients completed patient‐reported outcome (PRO) measures of urinary symptoms, anxiety, depression, fatigue, sleep quality, and medication adherence. PRO scores were compared across age, sex, body mass index, and sleep and antidepressant medication‐taking subgroups. Exploratory analyses compared PRO scores between groups and estimated the effect size of differences.

Results

Of 1013 patients contacted, 159 completed the assessments (female: 67.3%; ≥65 years of age: 53.5%; most severe OAB symptom: nocturia). Scale scores for Sleep Disturbance, Fatigue, and Depression were consistent with US population norms. No correlations of moderate or greater magnitude were observed between the severity of lower urinary tract symptoms and Sleep Disturbance, Fatigue, or Depression. When comparing individuals receiving antidepressants with those who were not, almost all outcomes including urinary symptoms, anxiety, and depression were significantly worse. Patients taking antidepressants also had poorer adherence to their OAB medications.

Conclusion

In this cohort of individuals with OAB, Sleep Disturbance, Fatigue, and Depression scores were in line with general population reference values; however, among the subgroups analyzed, patients on antidepressants had worse HRQoL and more substantial impacts on medication adherence, highlighting the importance of the assessment and management of depression in this population.
Validation of remote child weight and height measurements within a weight management trial
Authors: Button Alyssa M. , Staiano Amanda E. , Beyl Robbie A. , Stein Richard I. , Newton Robert L. , Baker Alison , Lima Angela , Lindros Jeanne , Conn Anne‐Marie , Welch R. Robinson , Cook Stephen R. , Wilfley Denise E.
Published: December 2023

Objective

The aim of this substudy within the Treatment Efforts Addressing Child Weight Management by Unifying Patients, Parents, and Providers (TEAM UP) pragmatic clinical trial was to compare the validity of anthropometric measurements collected remotely versus in person (≤7 days apart) among youth with obesity who were 6 to 15 years of age.

Methods

Child (n = 37) weight and height were measured in person by a trained data assessor. These were compared with measurements taken remotely by the child's parent with live videoconferencing observation by a study data assessor. In‐person and remote measurements were compared using Bland–Altman plots, Pearson correlations, and two one‐sided paired t tests. A priori bounds of acceptability were set at ±0.68 kg to allow for typical weight fluctuations within the 7‐day comparison period.

Results

Measurements were highly correlated (height: r = 0.991, p < 0.0001; weight: r = 0.999; p = 0.03). For height, two one‐sided t tests for upper, t(36) = 3.95, and lower, t(36) = −2.63, bounds (−1, 1) revealed an overall p = 0.006; absolute error was 3.5 cm. For weight, two one‐sided t tests for upper, t(36) = 1.93, and lower, t(36) = −7.91, bounds (−0.68, 0.68) revealed an overall p = 0.03; absolute error was 1.7 kg.

Conclusions

The present findings support the utility and interpretation of remotely assessed weight management outcomes for both research and clinical purposes. These procedures may offer greater accessibility to evidence‐based measurement.
High‐dielectric PVDF/MXene composite dielectric materials for energy storage preparation and performance study
Authors: Meng Shuo , Zhao Tong , Wang Xiaosong , Wang Xiaolong , Zhang Yuantao
Published: December 2023

Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) has broad application prospects in the field of dielectric capacitors. However, the low dielectric constant of the polymer greatly limits the improvement of its energy storage density. In this paper, a highly conductive two‐dimensional transition metal carbide (MXene) is utilized to modify PVDF by doping to prepare PVDF/MXene composite dielectrics, and a PVDF/MXene model is established based on molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the microscopic mechanism of improvement in the dielectric properties of the PVDF matrix upon doping. Finally, the effect of the MXene on the thermal conductivity and the mechanical and insulating properties of PVDF was investigated. The experimental results show that the relative dielectric constant of the PVDF/MXene‐1.0 wt% system at 100 Hz reached 14.54, which is 55.96% higher than that of pure PVDF, and this doping amount or lower can reduce the dielectric loss of PVDF. In addition, MXene doping improved the mechanical and thermal properties of the composite material to a certain degree. When the doping amount of MXene was lower than 1.0 wt%, the electric breakdown strength of the composite system was maintained above 245 MV/m, which is sufficient to achieve good insulation strength under most conditions.

Highlights

The low dielectric constant of polymers limits the improvement of their energy storage density.

The doping of polymers with small amounts of conductive fillers can effectively increase the dielectric constant of the polymer matrix.

A two‐dimensional nanomaterial MXene is used to improve the dielectric properties of PVDF matrix and the micromechanisms are analyzed by molecular dynamics simulations.

The key properties of PVDF/MXene, such as the mechanical properties, thermal conductivity and insulation, are characterized.
Utilizing a multi‐layer structure to regulate the thermal conductivity of an advanced BN + EP composite insulation material: Effects of content, number of layers, and curing temperature on composites
Authors: Guo Ning , Wang Mingfeng , Wang Jiawen , Wu Zijian , Gao Junguo
Published: December 2023

By blending materials such as boron nitride nanosheets (BNNSs), S‐BN and EP, hot pressing is used to realize the layered distribution of BNNSs and S‐BN fillers in the composite material, thereby forming a composite material with a sandwich structure, a horizontal and vertical heat conduction network, and improving performance of composite materials. In this paper, in order to explore the regulation of the influence of the change of objective factor variables on the thermal conductivity and electrical insulation properties of composite materials, BNNSs and S‐BN are used as the thermally conductive fillers of each layer, and EP is used as the matrix to realize the preparation of multilayer composites by high temperature and hot pressing. By changing the content of S‐BN filler in the middle layer, the number of layers of the composite material and the curing temperature of the composite material, the effects of the changes of the three objective factors on the microstructure, thermal conductivity, variable temperature conductance, dielectric, breakdown, DSC and infrared thermal imaging of composite materials are explored respectively. The results show that the multilayer structure ensures good bonding. As the content, number of layers and curing temperature increase, the thermal conductivity gradually raises to 2.64 W/(m·K), which is also proved by DSC and infrared thermal imaging. Composite materials also ensure considerable breakdown strength, control the preparation cost, reduce the preparation difficulty and expand the practicability of thermal insulation materials in the thermal conductivity field.

Highlights

Form a composite material with a sandwich structure, a horizontal and vertical heat conduction network.

By changing three objective factors on the microstructure, Properties of composite materials are explored respectively.

The thermal conductivity gradually raises to 2.64 W/(m·K).

Composite materials also ensure considerable breakdown strength (insulation), control the preparation cost.

Expand the practicability of thermal insulation materials in the thermal conductivity field.
Non‐linear viscoelasticity of carbon black–fluoroether rubber mixture studied by large amplitude oscillatory shear tests
Authors: Song Rong‐Hao , Yang Rui , Wang Chen , Su Zheng‐Tao
Published: December 2023

Non‐linear viscoelastic characteristics of carbon black (CB)‐filled fluoroether rubber mixture samples are investigated by large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) tests. Three analysis approaches based on LAOS tests are then used to discuss correlations between rheological behavior and CB‐filling amount. Each non‐linear viscoelastic parameter of the mixture presents a three‐stage characteristic with increasing CB content, which are attributed to the alteration of CB–elastomer network structure, corresponding to the state where gum continuous phase, CB–elastomer mesophase, and excessive CB agglomerates predominate in the mixture compound, respectively. According to the findings in engineering experiments, a CB content of 35–40 phr is recommended, taking into account tensile, hardness, and aging properties. Excessive CB agglomerates are found to reinforce CB–elastomer networks at elevated temperatures. For cold‐resistance properties, structural changes in CB–elastomer network are proven to exert little effect on Tg, but a higher CB content was found to slightly enhance the cold‐resistance coefficient, probably due to the decrease in velocity fraction of gum rubber.

Highlights

LAOS tests were utilized to study the influences of CB on fluoroelastomer;

Three‐stage alteration was observed in the mixture with increasing CB content;

Correlation between CB content and the engineering properties was discussed.
Introduction of end groups into cyclic poly(ether sulfone) by means of transetherification with bis(aryloxyphenyl) sulfone
Authors: Okabayashi Ryouichi , Shirai Ken‐ichiro , Ohba Ryo , Katoh Takayoshi , Ohta Yoshihiro , Yokozawa Tsutomu
Published: December 2023

End‐functionalized linear poly(ether sulfone) (PES) free from cyclic PES (CPES) was obtained by reversible transetherification of CPES with bis(aryloxyphenyl) sulfone 1 in the presence of base catalyst. Initially, transetherification of CPES with bis(phenoxyphenyl) sulfone 1a in the presence of a catalytic amount of CsF in N‐methylpyrrolidone (NMP) at 145 °C afforded not the desired linear PES (LPES), but CPES with decreased molecular weight. However, when PhOSiMe3/K2CO3 was used instead of CsF at 180 °C, the desired LPES with a phenoxy group derived from 1a at both ends was obtained. Under the established conditions, the transetherification of CPES with bis(bromophenoxyphenyl) sulfone 1b instead of 1a afforded not only LPES with a bromophenoxy group at both ends, but also LPES with a bromophenoxy group at one end and a phenoxy group at the other. Since the phenoxy group might be introduced from PhOSiMe3, the reaction was conducted with BrPhOSiMe3 instead of PhOSiMe3 along with K2CO3 as a catalyst, and in this case, the desired LPES with a bromophemoxy group at both ends was obtained.
Nymphstar: An accurate high‐throughput quantitative method for whitefly (Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar) resistance phenotyping in cassava
Authors: Bohorquez‐Chaux Adriana , Gómez‐Jiménez María Isabel , Leiva‐Sandoval Luisa Fernanda , Lopez‐Lavalle Luis Augusto Becerra
Published: December 2023

Whitefly (Aleurotrachelus socialis Bondar) is a major pest causing significant economic losses in cassava production systems in North South America. It diminishes cassava's photosynthesis by colonizing leaves, directly feeding on phloem sap, or excreting substances that foster sooty mold growth, reducing the photosynthetic area. The most effective pest management approach is deploying natural resistance in the crop. Identifying germplasm with superior whitefly‐resistance (WFR) through phenotypic evaluation distinguishing it from whitefly‐susceptible responses requires an accurate, high‐throughput, quantitative phenotyping method. We developed Nymphstar, an image‐based phenotyping tool, as an ImageJ plugin, quantifying third‐ and fourth‐instar nymphs and their leaf area they occupy through red, green, and blue color space analysis. Using Nymphstar, we tested 19 cassava genotypes and classified their resistance to A. socialis. The plugin proved efficient, completing the analysis in 25.56 min on average for the entire dataset. In contrast, manual counting for the same set of images took 425.23 min on average averaging around 6.29 min/image. Nymphstar was ∼17 times faster showcasing its efficiency. To assess WFR in cassava germplasm, we conducted a full‐bench caging free‐choice assay. This approach enhanced whitefly colonization on each cassava genotype, providing an accurate representation of resistance/susceptible while reducing operator bias. Nymphstar is a rapid, precise tool for automated nymphs counting and leaf area quantification. It facilitates the large‐scale assessment of cassava resistance to whitefly, eliminating bias associated with field assessment and manual counting.
Computer‐aided design of insect‐repellent formulation with inherent safety assessment
Authors: Lawrence Maxwell Judd , Raslan Rafeqah , Ab Aziz Nur Shahidah
Published: December 2023

Insect repellents are one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of diseases such as dengue, malaria, and yellow fever. However, most insect repellents contain ingredients that pose a significant risk to consumers. Therefore, this research aims to design a safer and less harmful insect‐repellent formulation based on the formulated product design methodology. Computer‐aided molecular design (CAMD) methodology was employed to design an insect‐repellent solvent that exhibits minimum safety and health risks. The safety and health hazards of all the selected ingredients were then assessed using an inherent safety and health index known as the Product Ingredient Safety and Health Index (PISHI). As a result, the proposed insect‐repellent formulation with minimum safety and health risks may consist of picaridin, 1,5‐pentanediol, and linalool. This research contributed to an inherently safer formulation design, where the identification and elimination of hazardous ingredients has been done at the early design stage. The safer and less harmful ingredients used in the insect‐repellent formulation may reduce the significant risk to consumers.
Structure, electronic, and magnetic properties of 3d transition metal intercalated borophene/BP heterostructures
Authors: Zhang Huiqin , Sun Yi , Wang Ziyu , Liu Yujie , Chen Anjie , Yang Guang , Yao Xiaojing
Published: December 2023

The intercalation of various atoms or molecules has become one promising way to manipulate the electronic and magnetic properties of layered materials. Using density functional calculations, we explored the 3d transition metal (TM) intercalated α‐borophene/black phosphorus (α‐B/BP) heterostructure, TM@(α‐B/BP) (TM = Sc‐Ni), on their structure, electronic and magnetic properties. Our results demonstrate that TM@(α‐B/BP)s can be ferromagnetic (FM), antiferromagnetic (AFM) and nonmagnetic depending on the choice of TM atoms, and most systems have large magnetic anisotropic energy. Particularly, Ti@(α‐B/BP) is AFM semiconductor with Néel temperature of 470 K, which is much higher than room temperature. Moreover, the electronic and magnetic properties of TM@(α‐B/BP)s can be further altered by the TM intercalation concentration. Our results provide a feasible way to design promising candidates for applications in electronic and information storage devices.
A Universal Approach for Controllable Synthesis of Homogeneously Alloyed PtM Nanoflowers toward Enhanced Methanol Oxidation
Authors: Qiao Meng , Wei Yan , Dong Yan‐jun , Wang Jie‐Xin , Chen Jian‐Feng
Published: December 2023

Platinum (Pt)‐based alloys have received considerable attention due to their compositional variability and unique electrochemical properties. However, homogeneous element distribution at the nanoscale, which is beneficial to various electrocatalytic reactions, is still a great challenge. Herein, a universal approach is proposed to synthesize homogeneously alloyed and size‐tunable Pt‐based nanoflowers utilizing high gravity technology. Owing to the significant intensification of micro‐mixing and mass transfer in unique high gravity shearing surroundings, five typical binary/ternary Pt‐based nanoflowers are instantaneously achieved at room temperature. As a proof‐of‐concept, as‐synthesized Platinum‐Silver nanoflowers (PtAg NFs) demonstrate excellent catalytic performance and anti‐CO poisoning ability for anodic methanol oxidation reaction with high mass activity of 1830 mA mgPt−1, 3.5 and 3.2 times higher than those of conventional beaker products and commercial Pt/C, respectively. The experiment in combination with theory calculations suggest that the enhanced performance is due to additional electronic transmission and optimized d‐band center of Pt caused by high alloying degree.
Insights into the SiO2 Stress Effect on the Electrochemical Performance of Si anode
Authors: Wei Yanbin , Xiao Zhexi , Huang Yudai , Zhu Yukang , Zhu Zhenxing , Zhang Qi , Jia Dianzeng , Zhang Shijun , Wei Fei
Published: December 2023

Silicon (Si) is regarded as the most potential anode material for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). However, huge volume expansion hinders its commercial application. Here, a yolk‐shell structural nitrogen‐doped carbon coated Si@SiO2 is prepared by SiO2 template and HF etching method. The as‐prepared composite exhibits superior cycling stability with a high reversible capacity of 577 mA h g−1 at 1 A g−1 after 1000 cycles. The stress effect of SiO2 on stabilizing the electrochemical performance of Si anode is systematically investigated for the first time. In situ thickness measurement reveals that the volume expansion thickness of Si@SiO2 upon charge–discharge is obviously smaller than Si, demonstrating the electrode expansion can be effectively inhibited to improve the cyclability. The density functional theory (DFT) calculation further demonstrates the moderate young's modulus and enhanced hardness after SiO2 coating contribute significantly to the mechanical reinforcement of overall Si@SiO2@void@NC composite. Various post‐cycling electrode analyses also address the positive effects of inner stress from the Si core on effectively relieving the damage to electrode structure, facilitating the formation of a more stable inorganic‐rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer. This study provides new insights for mechanical stability and excellent electrochemical performance of Si‐based anode materials.
Significance of modes in the torus by topological data analysis
Authors: Yu Changjo , Jung Sungkyu , Kim Jisu
Published: December 2023

This paper addresses the problem of identifying modes or density bumps in multivariate angular or circular data, which have diverse applications in fields like medicine, biology and physics. We focus on the use of topological data analysis and persistent homology for this task. Specifically, we extend the methods for uncertainty quantification in the context of a torus sample space, where circular data lie. To achieve this, we employ two types of density estimators, namely, the von Mises kernel density estimator and the von Mises mixture model, to compute persistent homology, and propose a scale‐space view for searching significant bumps in the density. The results of bump hunting are summarised and visualised through a scale‐space diagram. Our approach using the mixture model for persistent homology offers advantages over conventional methods, allowing for dendrogram visualisation of components and identification of mode locations. For testing whether a detected mode is really there, we propose several inference tools based on bootstrap resampling and concentration inequalities, establishing their theoretical applicability. Experimental results on SARS‐CoV‐2 spike glycoprotein torsion angle data demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed methods in practice.
Effect of dietary lysophospholipid supplementation on growth performance, serum lipids, small intestine morphology and caeca microflora in broiler chickens
Authors: Salari AliAkbar , Golian Abolghasem , Hassanabadi Ahmad
Published: December 2023

Background

The digestibility of animal fats and oils is limited by a reduction in the production and secretion of lipase and bile salts in young chickens. The addition of a natural emulsifier (lysophospholipids [LPL]) in poultry diet may increase the emulsification of lipids and their digestibility.

Objectives

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of feed LPLs supplementation with different fat sources on performance, serum lipid composition, small intestine morphology and caeca microflora in broiler chickens.

Methods

A completely randomized factorial design (2 × 3 × 2) was used to evaluate the effect of LPL supplementation (0 and 0.25 g/kg) and three different fat sources (soybean oil, tallow and a 50:50 mixture of the two) in corn and soybean meal diets containing two levels of fat (1.5 and 3%), providing 12 isocaloric and isonitrogenous grower diets. Each experimental diet was fed to six replications of 10 birds from 15 to 28 days of age. Average growth performance during this period and small intestine morphology, serum lipid composition and caeca microflora were evaluated on day 28.

Results

The interaction effects of LPL supplementation, source and/or level of fats were not significant for the performance parameters measured during the 15 to 28 days. The treatment effects were significant for the villus width and crypt depth measured in the jejunum on day 28. The LPL supplementation significantly increased crypt depth. The interaction effect of fat source and level of fat were significant for villus width. The addition of a 3% blend of soybean oil/tallow (50/50) reduced the serum low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) level. The Lactobacillus population was increased by the addition of LPL, or a 1.5% blend of soybean oil and tallow, to the diet.

Conclusions

Our study showed that LPL supplementation of diet containing a 1.5% blend of soybean oil and tallow can improve serum lipid indices and caeca Lactobacillus populations in broiler chickens.
Investigation of Erying–Powell fluid flow in the elliptical multi‐stenosed artery: Application of perturbation method via polynomial solutions
Authors: Awan Aziz Ullah , Fathima Dowlath , Shahzad Muhammad Hasnain , Alqarni Manal Mohammed , Nadeem Sohail , Hamam Haneen
Published: December 2023

In the current work, we analyzed the non‐Newtonian rheology of blood through a multi‐stenosed artery with a cross‐section of elliptical shape. The blood is regarded as Erying–Powell fluid, and flow is considered to have no slip at the stenotic wall. The mathematical model is processed to a non‐dimensional form, and conditions of mild stenosis are utilized to decrease its nonlinearity. The resulting equations are solved by applying the perturbation technique by considering the fluid characteristic parameter as the perturbation parameter. The solution is completed by using the polynomial of degree four. The solutions of mathematical equations are deeply examined by graphical analysis. The non‐Newtonian impacts are predominant in the surrounding of the stenosed wall along the minor axis of the elliptical artery. The height of stenosis affects the pressure rise and flow resistance. The shear stress at the arterial wall is very high in the stenotic region and has more potent effects in the neighboring boundary point on the minor axis. Progressive stenosis causes a reduction in the blood flow velocity surrounding the arterial wall due to higher resistance to the flow. However, the velocity improves near the center line of the artery. Further, the fluid's velocity is very high in the constricted (stenotic zone) region.
Phenotyping for Resistance to Striga Asiatica in Rice and Maize Mutant Populations in Madagascar
Authors: Rakotoarisoa Noronirina Victorine , Rabefiraisana Harimialimalala Jhonny , Rasoamampionona Berthe , Rakotonjanahary Xavier , Ghanim Abdelbagi Mukhtar Ali
Published: December 2023

Striga asiatica is a major constraint to rain-fed rice (Oryza sativa L.) and maize (Zea mays L.) production in the Middle West and South regions of Madagascar. This work aims to establish a robust and efficient field and glasshouse screening protocol for identification of rice and maize mutants having resistance/tolerance to Striga asiatica by assessing the host plant phenotypic response under severe S. asiatica infestation in soil. Our screening strategy involved field and glasshouse experiments where soils were artificially infested with S. asiatica seeds under fertilizer-free growing conditions. Two maize (Plata and IRAT200), and two rice (B22 and F154), farmer-preferred Striga susceptible varieties, gamma irradiated at different doses were screened in a Striga endemic area of the Middle West and compared to their respective unmutagenized lines. Rice M3 to M5 progenies were also screened in Striga infested pots in a glasshouse. Developed protocols enabled the production of promising new Striga resistant/tolerant varieties in both maize and rice adapted to Malagasy agriculture.
Diagnose und Differenzierung von kutanen Zysten mit optischer Kohärenztomographie: eine Fallserie
Authors: Hobelsberger Sarah , Gellrich Frank Friedrich , Steininger Julian , Beissert Stefan , Laske Jörg
Published: December 2023

Kutane zystische Läsionen (n = 35) wurden mit optischer Kohärenztomographie untersucht. Zysten waren sichtbar als hyporeflektive rundliche Raumforderung mit klarer Abgrenzung unter teils verdünnter Epidermis. Epidermalzysten, trichilemmale Zysten und Hidrozystome hatten einen linearen Rand, der das Zystenepithel darstellt, während mukoide Pseudozysten keinen linearen Rand aufwiesen. Trichilemmal- und Epidermoidzysten wiesen zudem einen hyperreflektiven Inhalt auf, welcher Keratin entspricht. Durch die Visualisierung des Randsaums und des Inhalts der Zyste war es möglich, zwischen verschiedenen Entitäten von Zysten zu differenzieren.
Protracted metallogenic and magmatic evolution of the Kirazlı epithermal Au-Ag and porphyry Cu deposits, Biga Peninsula, NW Turkey: evidence from zircon U-Pb, muscovite 40Ar/39Ar, and molybdenite Re-Os geochronology
Authors: Aluç Ali , Kuşcu İlkay , Ulyanov Alexey , Selby David , Antoine Clémentine , Spikings Richard , Moritz Robert
Published: December 2023

The Kirazlı deposit is located at the center of the Biga Peninsula metallogenic province, in a geological setting characterized by an extensional tectonic environment. A NNW-SSE trending high-sulfidation (HS) orebody with a total reserve of 33.86 Mt @ 0.69 g/t Au and 9.42 g/t Ag lies beneath the Kirazlı Main zone. A porphyry Cu orebody hosted by Eocene intrusive and volcanic rocks has been intersected by drilling within its vicinity. The HS epithermal deposit is hosted by a partly silicified and brecciated Oligocene volcanic and volcaniclastic sequence consisting mainly of basaltic andesite lava flow and lithic/crystal tuff. Lithogeochemistry and zircon U-Pb radiometric ages allow us to distinguish three distinct high-K calc-alkaline magmatic events at ca. 41, 38, and 32 Ma, sourced by metasomatized mantle melts, which have interacted with the crust during their ascent. Porphyry Cu mineralization took place at 36.7 ± 0.4 Ma (muscovite 40Ar/39Ar age) with subsequent re-opening and base metal deposition. Crosscutting quartz-pyrite-molybdenite veins were emplaced at 33.6 ± 0.2 Ma (molybdenite Re-Os age), and followed by the HS epithermal Au-Ag event at ca. 31 Ma, based on a previous study. Our radiometric data indicate that the Kirazlı deposit has recorded a long-lasting Cenozoic magmatic and metallogenic evolution during about 10 Myr. Our study demonstrates that successive, independent, and overprinting, but genetically unrelated, HS epithermal precious metal, hydrothermal Mo, base metal, and porphyry Cu systems have been active at the same location during protracted extensional tectonics of the Biga Peninsula.
eCerto—versatile software for interlaboratory data evaluation and documentation during reference material production
Authors: Lisec Jan , Recknagel Sebastian , Prinz Carsten , Vogel Kristin , Koch Matthias , Becker Roland
Published: December 2023

The statistical tool eCerto was developed for the evaluation of measurement data to assign property values and associated uncertainties of reference materials. The analysis is based on collaborative studies of expert laboratories and was implemented using the R software environment. Emphasis was put on comparability of eCerto with SoftCRM, a statistical tool based on the certification strategy of the former Community Bureau of Reference. Additionally, special attention was directed towards easy usability from data collection through processing, archiving, and reporting. While the effects of outlier removal can be flexibly explored, eCerto always retains the original data set and any manipulation such as outlier removal is (graphically and tabularly) documented adequately in the report. As a major reference materials producer, the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) developed and will maintain a tool to meet the needs of modern data processing, documentation requirements, and emerging fields of RM activity. The main features of eCerto are discussed using previously certified reference materials.

Graphical Abstract