bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
X.—A Further Account of the Armour preserved in the Sanctuary of the Madonna delle Grazie near Mantua
Authors: Mann James G.
Published: July 2011

On the 27th February 1930 I gave to this Society a preliminary account of the armour which had for centuries passed unrecognized in the Sanctuary church of the Madonna delle Grazie near Mantua. My observations on that occasion were based on notes made from the top of a ladder, and the illustrations were from photographs of the figures taken in situ in the niches of the gallery which runs round the nave of the church. The true appearance of the armour was at that time concealed under a thick coating of paint and accumulated layers of dust. Component parts of individual suits were distributed among different figures, often quite incongruously and mixed with supplementary parts supplied in papier mâché. The neglected and shambling appearance of the figures went far to explain why the true character of the armour that clothed them had not previously been realized. In summing up I ventured to predict that ‘if the armour at Grazie were cleaned and well set up, it would present a very different appearance from what it does at present, and would almost certainly reveal some interesting armourers' marks. Nine of the seventeen suits include Gothic pieces, in some cases virtually complete’
I.—Classification and Nomenclature of Beads and Pendants
Authors: Beck Horace C.
Published: July 2011

This paper is written in the hope that it may assist in getting more uniformity in the description of beads. At the present time there is no general agreement between different archaeologists as to how a bead should be described. For my own work I have found it essential to have some classification and nomenclature, and I have endeavoured in this paper to work out a system applicable to the beads of all countries. I will give two instances showing the necessity for some definitions. The first is that I consulted two well-known archaeologists, working on the beads of different countries, as to what they considered a disc bead. They did not agree, in fact the only point on which they did agree was that no bead called a disc bead by the other should be called a disc bead. The second instance is taken from the Antiquaries Journal for July 1925, where it is stated that a coloured Anglo-Saxon bead of the usual type was found.
IV.—An Account of the Expenses of Eleanor, sister of Edward III, on the occasion of her marriage to Reynald, Count of Guelders
Authors: Safford E.W.
Published: July 2011

It may appear strange to many that a sister of Edward III should be practically unknown, not only to historians and students of the present time, but also to most of the chroniclers of her own period. The children of Edward II were but four in number, of whom one, John of Eltham, died in his youth. Of the remaining three, Eleanor alone has missed that close attention which her birth and position would seem to warrant. Yet the fact remains that although Mrs. M. A. E. Green in her Lives of the Princesses of England devotes a chapter to Eleanor, her list of authorities is a comparatively short one; and the Historia Gelriae of Pontanus seems to be the only work which contains sufficient material for compiling a coherent story of Eleanor's life.
VI.—Post-Reformation Ecclesiastical Seals of Durham
Authors: Blair C.H. Hunter
Published: July 2011

This Society published in vol. lxxii of Archaeologia an illustrated description of the almost complete series of the seals of the bishops of Durham, from William of St. Calais (1081) to Cuthbert Tunstall (1559), preserved in the treasury of the dean and chapter of Durham. This paper with the ensuing catalogue is an attempt to record the seals of later date belonging to the see and to the cathedral church of Durham, up to the abolition of what remained of the palatinate powers of the bishops in 1836. The writer thought that this would be a comparatively easy task but it has not been so, for after an exhaustive search in all likely places, the result has been disappointing; examples have been difficult to find, some of the bishops are not represented at all and others only by their great seals in chancery. The only examples of episcopal seals of dignity which have been found later than that of Barnes (pi. xiv, no. 2) are that of Cosin (pi. xvi, no. 3) and those of Trevor, Egerton, and Barrington (pi. xvii).
VII.—Pre-Roman Remains at Scarborough
Authors: Smith Reginald A.
Published: July 2011

At the eastward extremity of Castle Hill, Scarborough, below medieval and Anglo-Saxon chapels and the foundations of a Roman signal-station, have been found several filled-up pits containing pottery fragments of a date long anterior to the work of about a.d. 370, as the Roman walls had been carried over some of them with no precautions against settlement, and the contents showed no admixture of Roman date. In fact there must have been an interval of several centuries, as the potsherds can hardly be later than La Tène I, and belong more probably to the first part of the Early Iron Age, generally named after Hallstatt, the typical site in Upper Austria. About half an acre has been excavated by Mr. F. G. Simpson, now Director of Romano-British Field-studies at Durham University, on behalf of the Scarborough Corporation, with the active co-operation of H. M. Office of Works; and a preliminary report on the Roman building has been written by our Fellow Mr. R. G. Collingwood for the Corporation (see also Archaeological Journal, lxxix, 390).
IX. The Carved Stones at Breedon on the Hill, Leicestershire, and their position in the history of English Art
Authors: Clapham A.W.
Published: July 2011

The series of carved and sculptured stones built into the walls of the church of Breedon on the Hill, Leicestershire, has long attracted attention, not only by reason of the unusual excellence and delicacy of the carving but also from the remarkable forms that the carving itself assumes. The fact that, in spite of some timid opposition in the past, the theory that these carvings are the work of late twelfth-century craftsmen has hitherto held the field, is sufficient excuse for my bringing the subject before the Society, believing as I do that an entirely wrong date has been assigned. The alternative date—the latter part of the eighth century—which I shall put forward, will, if established, at once place the series in a foremost position in the history of English art, and supply an entirely new chapter in its development.
X. Reculver: its Saxon Church and Cross
Authors: Peers C.R.
Published: July 2011

The history of the monastery of Reculver is short and scanty. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle records that in 669 Egbert, king of Kent, gave ‘Raculf’ to Bassa, the mass priest, mynster to tymbrianne. Ten years later there occurs a grant by King Lothair of Kent to Brihtwald, abbot of the monastery of ‘Raculf’, showing that the monastery was then in being. In 692 abbot Brihtwald was made Archbishop of Canterbury, a promotion unlikely to have come to the head of a small and obscure house. In 747 King Eadberht of Kent granted to Abbot Denebach the toll of one ship in Fordwich, and in 761 was himself buried in the abbey church. After that no record survives, except that in 949 King Edred granted Reculver and its possessions to the archbishopric of Canterbury. The abbey may have been laid waste by the Danes; at any rate it had evidently ceased to exist as a monastic house by the tenth century. It continued thenceforward as a parish church, and remained in use till 1805, when on account of its distance from the houses of parishioners it was abandoned and partly pulled down. Its western towers, with their wooden spires, were left standing as a seamark, and came under the control of the Trinity House. Finally in 1925 the church and its site were placed in the charge of the Commissioners of Works under the terms of the Ancient Monuments Act of 1913.
XI.—Some Clocks and Jacks, with Notes on the History of Horology
Authors: Howgrave-Graham R.P.
Published: July 2011

Ancient Horology is a fascinating but most difficult study, hampered by imperfect observation, the repetition of gross errors, and the free acceptance of mere tradition; so wide and deep is the confusion that careful students have now become cautious and sceptical even in accepting fairly admissible evidence. A contributory factor has been the undue separation of mechanical and artistic considerations, for mechanicians have attempted to form judgements based solely upon technical peculiarities, while artistic antiquaries have perhaps shunned the dark and oily wheels and levers hidden away in the dusty clock-chamber or tower. Certain types of clockwork cannot be dated unless there is ornament, but due attention to records, to mechanism, and to ornament, makes it at least possible to correct many erroneous traditions and false theories.
XII.—The Decoration of the Beauchamp Chapel, Warwick, with special reference to the Sculptures
Authors: Chatwin Philip B.
Published: July 2011

So much has been written about the Beauchamp Chapel that it is impossible to give any description without repeating more or less well-known facts, but with the exception of the glass, which in part was dealt with very fully by Dr. Hardy in 1909, writers have been content to generalize with regard to its detail; though J. G. Waller, writing on Christian Iconography in the Gentleman's Magazine in 1850 and 1851, used figures from the mullions of the east window to illustrate his subject.
I.—The Seals of the Religious Houses of Yorkshire
Authors: Clay Charles
Published: July 2011

The ensuing catalogue contains descriptions of seals, for which evidence is available, used by or in the religious houses of Yorkshire, excluding those of the city of York, and omitting the hospitals and collegiate churches. It is to be hoped that the list can be materially increased, as further collections of documents, especially those in private hands, are examined.
II.—Notes on the Origin of the Doric Style of Architecture
Authors: Jeffery George
Published: July 2011

The adjective ‘Doric’, as applied to a certain well-defined style of art, has become a convention of such long standing, and so widely spread, that to question its appropriateness would be both meticulous and embarrassing. At the same time its origin affords considerable ground for speculation. It may, as Mitford suggested in the eighteenth century, have expressed to the ancients the idea of an out-of-date, old-fashioned style, at a time when the Athenians were introducing the Ionic or Asia Minor fashions on the Acropolis. At the same time it is difficult to imagine or explain why the Dorians, always regarded as a rude or rustic element in the formation of the conglomerate Greek world of the first millennium b.c., should be credited with the invention of the most refined form of architecture ever known, or how Phidias came to select it for enshrining his sculpture at the Parthenon. We must, perhaps, presume that the unintentional honour conferred upon the Dorians may have been due to some phase of that inter-racial and political antagonism between different factions which constitutes so much of the history of ancient Greece. The term ‘Doric Art’ must have originated long after the erection of the Parthenon, if it was used in any sense as an expression of reproach or contempt, and its connexion with the people from the north who invaded the Peloponnesus c. 1100 B.C. can only be of the very vaguest.
III.—Armour from the Rotunda, Woolwich, transferred to the Armouries of the Tower, 1927
Authors: Ffoulkes Charles
Published: July 2011

In the year 1814, when the Allied Sovereigns visited London, a tent-like building was erected in Carlton House Gardens on the north side of St. James's Park, wherein the Prince Regent entertained his royal guests. The structure of this building is, I believe, of interest to architects, as it embodies structural details which, although common to-day in factories and exhibition buildings, were considered to be somewhat of a tour de force in the early nineteenth century. The building is circular, 116 ft. in diameter, enclosing about 10,600 sq. ft, the roof being composed of girder ribs meeting in the centre and resting on brick walls. It was originally covered with thin boarding and painted canvas, but in recent years the roof has been covered with lead and a central supporting pillar has been added. In 1819 the Rotunda was removed, by the order of the Prince Regent, to Woolwich Common, near the Royal Artillery barracks, to serve as a model room, or store, for examples of artillery. A small contemporary model of this building is exhibited in the London Museum.
VII.—The Sheldon Tapestry Weavers and their Work
Authors: Barnard E.A.B. , Wace A.J.B.
Published: July 2011

In the course of the paper on ‘Elizabethan Sheldon Tapestries’ (Archaeologia, vol. lxxiv), which Mr. John Humphreys read before the Society on 3 April 1924, he dealt principally with the historical and topographical interests of many of the then known examples of Sheldon tapestry-work. In the persons of Mr. Humphreys, Colonel Howard, and Mr. A. F. Kendrick we indeed salute pioneers in research concerning this subject. The object of this present paper is to deal as far as possible with the results of my recent documentary researches concerning William Sheldon's scheme and those who were associated with it. I should at once add that these researches have only been made possible by the financial support of our Fellow, Mr. Rees Price, of Broadway, Worcestershire, who himself has done so much similar work concerning the history of the Sheldon family.
III.—The Roof-bosses in Canterbury Cathedral
Authors: Cave C.J.P.
Published: July 2011

The heraldry of the bosses in the cloisters at Canterbury has been very fully dealt with by our Fellow Mr. Ralph Griffin in Archaeologia, lxvi, 447 ff.; under his direction photographs were taken of every severy and of a great number of the separate bosses, both the heraldic and the non-heraldic. About 120 out of some 800 were reproduced in Archaeologia and a complete set of the prints is in our library. The heraldic bosses in the Chichele porch were described by the same author in Archaeologia, lxxi, 125, where photographs are given of the twenty-nine shields ot arms that appear on the vaulting.
II.—Excavations at Viroconium, 1936–7
Authors: Kenyon K. M.
Published: July 2011

The city of Viroconium, with an area of about 170 acres, was the fourth largest city in Britain, and the largest one which owed its importance purely to the fact that it was a cantonal centre. It lies to-day almost entirely beneath farmlands, only a small part being covered by the modern village of Wroxeter. In spite of these facts, so encouraging and favourable to excavation, many of the problems of its history have not yet been solved. Only one series of excavations on the site have so far been scientifically executed and published, those carried out by Mr. J. P. Bushe-Fox, F.S.A. for the Society of Antiquaries in 1912–14, but these unfortunately did not reach any of the principal buildings of the city. The earlier excavations, in the middle of the nineteenth century, which located the well-known Bath Buildings, like all excavations of that date, did not produce any reliable evidence of the history of the site. The excavations carried out by Professor Donald Atkinson in 1924–6, which identified the Forum, have not yet been published.
III.–Luristān Bronzes in the Collection of Mr. Frank Savery, British Consul-General at Warsaw
Authors: Przeworski Stefan
Published: July 2011

The collection of fifty-three Luristān bronzes in the possession of Mr. Frank Savery, British Consul-General at Warsaw, is among the largest private collections of its kind, and surpasses in number and choice even those of some museums. It includes several hitherto unknown types and varieties, and I should like to express my sincere thanks to the owner for his kindness in allowing me to study it and to publish the results. I am no less indebted to Professor Ellis H. Minns, Cambridge, for his valuable assistance in arranging my manuscript for the press and reading the proofs, and to the Society of Antiquaries of London, who kindly accepted the paper for publication inArchaeologia.
I.—Armorials upon English Seals from the Twelfth to the Sixteenth Centuries
Authors: Blair C. H. Hunter
Published: July 2011

The purpose of this paper is to discuss and illustrate the development of shields of arms and their accessories upon the seals of English men and women from the simple devices of the later twelfth century to the complicated armorials and complete achievements of later times. The great seal of William the Norman, like that of Edward the Confessor, had two sides. On one William was shown seated in majesty as king of the English; on the other, unlike Edward, he appeared fully armed upon horseback as duke of the Normans. This equestrian representation of a knight fully equipped with the arms and armour of his time was the type of seal adopted by the greater barons in the early twelfth century. It was upon the shields borne by these horsemen that armorial charges first appear. Part I of this paper deals with this equestrian type.
II.—The Saxon Monastery of Whitby
Authors: Peers Charles , Radford C. A. Ralegh
Published: July 2011

It is not necessary, by way of introduction to the story of Whitby Abbey, to repeat the history of the conversion of Northumbria to Christianity in the seventh century, but the immediate causes of the foundation of the monastery may be shortly set down.
III.—A Bronze Age Barrow (Sutton 268′) in Llandow Parish, Glamorganshire
Authors: Fox Cyril
Published: July 2011

The Lias peneplain of the Vale of Glamorgan west of the Thaw valley forms an undulating plateau dissected by streams, the higher portions being from 250 to 300 ft. above sea level. One of the larger of these upland areas, that on which Wick village is sited, is some four miles in length by two in breadth. An outlier on the north-east extends this upland nearly to Cowbridge.
VI.—Medieval Figure Sculpture in Winchester Cathedral
Authors: Atkinson T. D.
Published: July 2011

Until within the last few years there lay about on the floor of the north transept of Winchester Cathedral, along with other relics of a miscellaneous character, a considerable number of fragments of medieval sculpture. They had presumably been collected gradually, but no doubt comparatively recently, from various parts of the Cathedral Close. Soon after his installation, however, the present Dean took steps to have these fragments cared for, and he entrusted me with the task of arranging and cataloguing them. They are now, with one or two exceptions, housed in that interesting south triforium of the south transept. It is with this collection of fragments that I deal in this paper, to the exclusion of other sculpture, such as monumental effigies. I am able to illustrate my notes by photographs of several individual pieces kindly taken for me by our friends and your Fellows Mr. C. J. P. Cave and Mr. Arthur Gardner, and by four general views (pls. XLV, XLVI) by my fellow citizen Mr. Salmon, showing the collection as at present arranged. I have been much helped by discussion with friends.
VIII.—Faience Beads of the British Bronze Age
Authors: Beck H. C. , Stone J. F. S.
Published: July 2011

Of the many objects of the Bronze Age which have defied decay in these Islands, few can rank in interest and importance with a number of small coloured beads which have been found associated with barrow burials and in other contexts. So well known are they, that it seems almost needless to add that their importance lies in the possibility of using them as datum points in the Absolute Chronology of this period. The question of their origin is thus one of extreme importance and one which we propose here to examine.
Part I. The Third Kilometre Cemetery
Authors: Wace A.J.B.
Published: July 2011

In 1899 during his excavations Tsountas found three rock-cut chamber tombs (Tomb 102, the Fig Tree Tomb, and another, fig. 1) on the west side of the carriage road just to the south of the Treasury of Atreus. In 1904 Bosanquet published the goldwork and other small objects from Tomb 102, together with one of the vases. It is to be hoped that Tsountas will soon be able to publish the rest of the pottery of that tomb and the contents of the others. In 1921 we made trial trenches on the slopes on both sides of the road, and found three similar rock-cut chamber tombs, the positions of which are shown on the accompanying sketch plan, fig. 1. As these tombs lie on either side of the third kilometre stone of the road, we have for the sake of convenience called this the Third Kilometre Cemetery to distinguish it from the other groups of tombs that surround Mycenae. Tombs 502 and 504 were both excavated in 1921; Tomb 505 was begun in 1921 but, owing to difficulties caused by the dangerous state of the doorway, the chamber was not completely cleared till 1922.
Part II. The Kalkani Cemetery
Authors: Wace A.J.B.
Published: July 2011

By following the path that leads northwards from the modern village of Mycenae (Charvati) across the ridges, one reaches in about ten minutes the Upper Well (Epano Pegadi), which seems to date from prehistoric times. Hence a small ravine runs down westwards dividing the northern ridge, Phourno Diaselo, on which lie the Cyclopean Tomb and the Tomb of Genii, from the southern ridge called Kalkani. On the northern bank of this ravine Steffen in his map marks a small cave which he calls ‘Busioti Spilia’. This was explored by Tsountas, who found it to be a small plundered chamber tomb and also discovered two other tombs near by. We examined this slope between the north bank of the ravine and the path, and found six more tombs on this side, Tombs 520, 521, 522, 523, 524, and 531 (fig. 9). Our attention, however, had been specially directed to the southern side of the ravine, which is formed by the rather steep northern slope of the Kalkani hill. This had never before been explored for tombs, and we were fortunate enough to find fourteen Late Helladic chamber tombs, Tombs 513–19, 525–30, 532, and 533 (see frontispiece and the plan fig. 9). We had begun our search for tombs in the hope of finding some of L.H. I or L.H. II date, and, as will be seen in the account of them given below, we were not disappointed. We have every reason to believe that there are more tombs still to be excavated here on the Kalkani hill. For the successful excavation in 1921 and 1922 of those we found we owe much to the skill of our foreman, Georgios Alexopoulos, whose experience and local knowledge were extremely valuable.
I.—Excavations at Kusura near Afyon Karahisar
Authors: Lamb Winifred
Published: July 2011

The progress of archaeology in Anatolia during the last few years has enabled us to distinguish certain cultural areas of which the chief are (i) the western and south-western, and (ii) the central and eastern (fig. l). Troy belongs to the first group, though its position, its importance, and its foreign elements prevent us from considering it a type-site; Alişar and Bogazköy represent the second group. The differences between east and west, manifested in architecture, ceramics and the smaller utensils, though most conspicuous in the second millennium, exist to a certain extent in the third. Less characteristically Anatolian is the country south-east of the Taurus, whither alien influences from Syria and the east could penetrate easily; while the developments in the extreme north-east are still too obscure to make discussion profitable.
II.—The Astrolabe of Queen Elizabeth
Authors: Gunther R. T.
Published: July 2011

During the past summer a number of parts of ancient English astronomical instruments were found in the University Observatory at Oxford, during the refitting of certain rooms for the new programme of work of Professor Plaskett, the Savilian Professor of Astronomy. Professor Plaskett was kind enough to draw my attention to the find, and, on my expressing the opinion that it was of historic value, was gracious enough to present the instruments to the Oxford Museum of the History of Science in the Old Ashmolean.
III.—The Crowns of England
Authors: Holmes M. R.
Published: July 2011

At only one period in English history was it thought that the country had no further use for crowns, and that brief seventeenth-century heresy led to an act which has since been deplored for nearly three hundred years—the destruction of the Regalia. The significance of this destruction is worth emphasizing at the outset, as it meant a real break in the history of the development of the crowns themselves. A general popular belief is that, up to this time, all the sovereigns from William the Conqueror onwards had been crowned with the crown of St. Edward the Confessor, and all those after the Rebellion used the new St. Edward's Crown made at the Restoration. But the matter is hardly as simple as that. Not only do we find references to, and pictures of, various other crowns, but the coronation crown in some descriptions sounds very unlike a Saxon diadem, and we find, besides, that the present St. Edward's Crown has by no means been used at every coronation since it was made.
IV.—An Ancient Box-Wood Casket
Authors: Nelson Philip
Published: July 2011

The ancient box-wood casket of western origin which forms the subject of this paper measures 6 in. in length, 2¾ in. in width, and has a total height of 3½ in. It consists of two parts—the remarkably well-preserved box and its somewhat damaged lid; both are ‘dug out’, from the solid, not ‘built up’, as was the method employed in making contemporary ivory or bone caskets. The lower portion is brick-shaped, whilst the lid is ridged, somewhat like the roof of a house, the gable-ends however being set back, as is the case with the earlier bone casket, of Anglo-Saxon workmanship, preserved in the Brunswick Museum.
I.—A Bronze Cauldron front the River Cherwell, Oxfordshire, with notes on cauldrons and other bronze vessels of allied types
Authors: Leeds E. Thurlow
Published: July 2011

The bronze cauldron here illustrated (pl. 1) has recently been added to the British prehistoric collections in the Ashmolean Museum. It was acquired from the person into whose hands it passed almost immediately after discovery, but of the conditions of discovery it has been impossible to ascertain more than that it was found by some bathers in the bed of the River Cherwell at Shipton-on-Cherwell. Chance was indeed kind when it allowed a vessel of a highly interesting class to be rescued from the mud in which it had lain in a comparatively shallow stream for over two thousand years, in what must, in view of the extreme fragility in relation to its size, be regarded as a quite remarkable state of preservation.
II.—Romano-Celtic Art in Northumbria
Authors: Collingwood R. G.
Published: July 2011

It is a commonplace that before the Romans conquered Britain, its inhabitants had reached a high level of achievement in decorative art, and that one result of the conquest was the destruction of this art and the imposition of an inartistic though materially comfortable culture. With this view I do not propose to quarrel; but in certain ways I think it may with advantage be qualified. My present concern is with one such qualification.
IV.—The Eucharistic Reed or Calamus
Authors: Borenius Tancred
Published: July 2011

Although it is in the nature of things that all liturgies should be characterized by great conservatism, yet there are plenty of instances of liturgical usages which in the course of time have become obsolete or nearly so; and one of the most interesting of these is, I venture to think, that which concerns the object with which the present paper deals, namely, the Eucharistic Reed, or, as it is more frequently called, the Calamus or Fistula.
VI.—The Monastery of Cluny, 910–1155
Authors: Graham Rose , Clapham A. W.
Published: July 2011

In 1075 William de Warenne, who came from Normandy to England with William the Conqueror, set out with his wife Gundrada on a pilgrimage to Rome. Travellers from the north of France and England to Italy then usually took the Roman road, the Via Agrippa, which led from Boulogne, through Burgundy, by Avallon, Autun and Mâcon, to Lyons. ‘We went to many monasteries in France and Burgundy to offer our prayers,’ wrote William de Warenne, ‘and when we had come to Burgundy we learnt that we could not safely travel through it on account of the war between the pope and the emperor, so we turned aside to the monastery of Cluny, a great and holy abbey in honour of St. Peter, and there we adored and besought St. Peter.’
VIII.—The Castles of the Bosporus
Authors: Toy Sidney
Published: July 2011

When Constantine the Great transferred the seat of his empire from Rome to Byzantium he not only preserved that empire from destruction, but he established it at a centre from whence it derived new life and energy. Menaced by the barbarians from the north and the Persians from the east, the empire was in constant danger of overthrow. Now it is often of the greatest importance rather to anticipate an attack than to await its onslaught, rather to be ready for your enemy near his gates than to await his arrival at yours. Constantine therefore removed his base of operations nearer to the source of danger and established himself at the very gate of his enemies. At New Rome new conditions of life had to be faced; new methods of building, suitable to the climate, the skilled labour, and to the materials available, had to be devised. But in the very solution of these difficulties lay the germs of salvation. By his bold and sagacious action a new life and vigour was infused into his people, a new force which not only preserved the empire for over eleven hundred years, but maintained a progressive civilization during what was probably one of the darkest periods in the history of the world. But it was in the selection of the particular site that the emperor showed the greatest prescience. At Byzantium he commanded the great line of communication between east and west through Asia Minor and Thrace, and also controlled the maritime passage between the Euxine and the Propontis, the Straits of Bosporus. He secured at once the most potentially wealthy and the most strongly situated position in Eastern Europe.
IX.—Further Excavations at Caerwent, Monmouthshire, 1923–5
Authors: Nash-Williams V. E.
Published: July 2011

In 1923, in consequence of a change in the ownership of the land, a large part of the area within the Roman walls at Caerwent came into the market, including certain sites not explored during the excavations of 1899–1913. Among the latter was the orchard adjoining the main road immediately to the north of St. Stephen's Church. This orchard was acquired for building purposes, and, in order to recover something of the history of the site before the work of destruction began, the National Museum of Wales secured the permission of the new owner, Mr. Moses Adams, to cut trenches across it. The excavations were carried out by the writer in consultation with Dr. R. E. M. Wheeler, F.S.A. A generous grant towards the cost was made by the Haverfield Bequest Committee, and thanks are also due to the owner of the site, to the vicar of Caerwent (the Rev. W. Coleman Williams), and to the churchwardens for courteous assistance during the work.
Hyperglycaemia is negatively associated with systemic and cerebral oxygen transport in neonates after the Norwood procedure
Authors: Zhang Gencheng , Cai Sally , Li Jia
Published: July 2011

Objective

Hyperglycaemia has been identified as a risk factor for adverse outcomes in critically ill patients, including those who have undergone cardiopulmonary bypass. Tight glucose control with insulin therapy has been shown to improve outcomes, but is not common practice for children following cardiopulmonary bypass. We examined the relationship between blood glucose level and systemic and cerebral oxygen transport in a uniform group of neonates after the Norwood procedure.

Methods

Systemic oxygen consumption was measured using respiratory mass spectrometry in 17 neonates for 72 hours postoperatively. Cardiac output, systemic and total pulmonary vascular resistances – including the Blalock–Taussig shunt, systemic oxygen delivery and oxygen extraction ratio, as well as arterial lactate and glucose, were measured at 2- to 4-hour intervals. Cerebral oxygen saturation was measured by near-infrared spectroscopy.

Results

Blood glucose levels ranged from 2.8 to 24.6 millimoles per litre. Elevated glucose level showed a significant negative correlation with cardiac output (p = 0.02) and cerebral oxygen saturation (p = 0.03), and a positive correlation with oxygen extraction ratio (p = 0.03). It tended to correlate positively with systemic vascular resistance (p = 0.09) and negatively with oxygen delivery (p = 0.09), but did not correlate with oxygen consumption (p = 0.13).

Conclusions

Hyperglycaemia is negatively associated with systemic haemodynamics, oxygen transport, and cerebral oxygenation status in neonates after the Norwood procedure. Further study is warranted to examine tight glucose control with insulin therapy on postoperative systemic and cerebral oxygen transport and functional outcomes in neonates after cardiopulmonary bypass.
Cardiovascular considerations of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications: a report of the European Network on Hyperactivity Disorders work group, European Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Guidelines Group on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder drug safety meeting
Authors: Hamilton Robert M. , Rosenthal Eric , Hulpke-Wette Martin , Graham John G. I. , Sergeant Joseph
Published: July 2011

Regulatory decisions regarding attention deficit hyperactivity disorder drug licensing and labelling, along with recent statements from professional associations, raise questions of practice regarding the evaluation and treatment of patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. To address these issues for the European community, the European Network for Hyperkinetic Disorders, through its European Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Guidelines Group, organised a meeting between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder specialists, paediatric cardiovascular specialists, and representatives of the major market authorisation holders for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications. This manuscript represents their consensus on cardiovascular aspects of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medications. Although sudden death has been identified in multiple young individuals on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medication causing regulatory concern, when analysed for exposure using currently available data, sudden death does not appear to exceed that of the general population. There is no current evidence to suggest an incremental benefit to electrocardiography assessment of the general attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patient. Congenital heart disease patients have an increased prevalence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and can benefit from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder therapies, including medication. The attention deficit hyperactivity disorder specialist is the appropriate individual to evaluate benefit and risk and recommend therapy in all patients, although discussion with a heart specialist is reasonable for congenital heart disease patients. For attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patients with suspected heart disease or risk factor/s for sudden death, assessment by a heart specialist is recommended, as would also be the case for a non-attention deficit hyperactivity disorder patient. The identification of risk factors for sudden death should not automatically exclude the use of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder medication.
The sinister course of an intramural right coronary artery
Authors: Yim Deane L. S. , Hamilton Mark C. K. , Tulloh Robert M. R.
Published: July 2011

We report the case of an adolescent who was presented with long-standing exertional symptoms, and was diagnosed with an anomalous right coronary arterial origin arising above the commissural junction between the left and right aortic sinus, with inter-arterial and intramural compression. The precise origin of this lesion outside the aortic sinuses is unusual, and multi-detector computed tomography gave excellent definition and spatial resolution of the anomalous origin and course. It is crucial to have a high index of suspicion of exertional symptoms, as sudden death may be the first manifestation of an anomalous coronary artery.
The acquisition of speech rhythm by three-year-old bilingual and monolingual children: Cantonese and English
Authors: MOK PEGGY P. K.
Published: July 2011

This study investigates the acquisition of speech rhythm by Cantonese–English bilingual children and their age-matched monolingual peers. Languages can be classified in terms of rhythmic characteristics that define English as stress-timed and Cantonese as syllable-timed. Few studies have examined the concurrent acquisition of rhythmically different languages in bilingual children. This study uses data of six Cantonese–English bilingual children around age 3;0 and compares them with six monolingual children in each language using recently developed acoustic rhythmic metrics on consonantal, vocalic and syllabic intervals. Qualitative data on syllable structure complexity and vowel quality are also included. Results on syllable duration show that monolingual children display distinct rhythmic patterns while the differences between the two languages of the bilingual children are less distinct. Bilingual English has less durational variability than monolingual English. Bilingual children have a distinct phonological developmental trajectory from monolingual children, which is manifested in acquisition delay and is influenced by language dominance. This shows that the two phonologies interact at the prosodic level.
Semantic competitor priming within and across languages: The interplay of vocabulary knowledge, learning experience and working memory capacity
Authors: HONG LI , MACWHINNEY BRIAN
Published: July 2011

This paper reports three studies of bilingual lexical processing, using the semantic competitor priming (SCP) method of Lee and Williams (2001). Study 1 found a trend of within-language SCP effect for Chinese–English bilinguals with both higher and lower levels of vocabulary knowledge. There was also a cross-language SCP effect, but this was restricted to bilinguals with a lower level of vocabulary knowledge. Study 2 found a cross-language SCP effect for Chinese learners of English in the classroom context. Study 3 found both within- and cross-language SCP effects for bilinguals with study-abroad experience as well as Chinese–English classroom learners who had a higher working memory capacity. Those findings are interpreted in terms of a dynamic view of bilingual language selection.
INVARIANT EINSTEIN METRICS ON GENERALIZED FLAG MANIFOLDS WITH TWO ISOTROPY SUMMANDS
Authors: ARVANITOYEORGOS ANDREAS , CHRYSIKOS IOANNIS
Published: July 2011

Let M=G/K be a generalized flag manifold, that is, an adjoint orbit of a compact, connected and semisimple Lie group G. We use a variational approach to find non-Kähler homogeneous Einstein metrics for flag manifolds with two isotropy summands. We also determine the nature of these Einstein metrics as critical points of the scalar curvature functional under fixed volume.
Good Things Don’t Come Easy (to Mind)
Authors: Hilbig Benjamin E.
Published: July 2011

Recently, the general phenomenon of a positive-negative-asymmetry was extended to judgments of truth. That is, negatively framed statements were shown to receive substantially higher truth ratings than formally equivalent statements framed positively. However, the cognitive mechanisms underlying this effect are unknown, so far. In the current work, two potential accounts are introduced and tested against each other in three experiments: On the one hand, negative framing may induce increased elaboration and thereby persuasion. Alternatively, negative framing could yield faster retrieval or generation of evidence and thus influence subjective veracity via experiential fluency. Two experiments drawing on response latencies and one manipulating the delay between information acquisition and judgment provide support for the fluency-based account. Overall, results replicate and extend the negatively-biased framing effect in truth judgments and show that processing fluency may account for it.
Flow and mixing in Ascension, a steep, narrow canyon
Authors: Gregg M. C. , Hall R. A. , Carter G. S. , Alford M. H. , Lien R.‐C. , Winkel D. P. , Wain D. J.
Published: July 2011

A thin gash in the continental slope northwest of Monterey Bay, Ascension Canyon, is steep, with sides and axis both strongly supercritical to M2 internal tides. A hydrostatic model forced with eight tidal constituents shows no major sources feeding energy into the canyon, but significant energy is exchanged between barotropic and baroclinic flows along the tops of the sides, where slopes are critical. Average turbulent dissipation rates observed near spring tide during April are half as large as a two week average measured during August in Monterey Canyon. Owing to Ascension's weaker stratification, however, its average diapycnal diffusivity, 3.9 × 10−3 m2 s−1, exceeded the 2.5 × 10−3 m2 s−1 found in Monterey. Most of the dissipation occurred near the bottom, apparently associated with an internal bore, and just below the rim, where sustained cross‐canyon flow may have been generating lee waves or rotors. The near‐bottom mixing decreased sharply around Ascension's one bend, as did vertically integrated baroclinic energy fluxes. Dissipation had a minor effect on energetics, which were controlled by flux divergences and convergences and temporal changes in energy density. In Ascension, the observed dissipation rate near spring tide was 2.1 times that predicted from a simulation using eight tidal constituents averaged over a fortnightly period. The same observation was 1.5 times the average of an M2‐only prediction. In Monterey, the previous observed average was 4.9 times the average of an M2‐only prediction.
Subtropical to subpolar pathways in the North Atlantic: Deductions from Lagrangian trajectories
Authors: Burkholder Kristin C. , Lozier M. Susan
Published: July 2011

Surface waters of the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Current are thought to replenish deep water formation sites at high latitudes with warm and salty subtropical waters, thereby closing the large‐scale meridional overturning circulation. In recent studies of this subtropical to subpolar throughput, far fewer surface drifters were transported from the subtropical to subpolar gyre than expected on the basis of Eulerian estimates of intergyre exchange. Here, in an attempt to reconcile these Lagrangian observations with the Eulerian‐based expectation of significant surface throughput, synthetic drifters launched within an eddy‐resolving ocean general circulation model are used to examine Lagrangian pathways from the subtropical to subpolar gyre. The results of this study indicate that drifters in the observational record are limited in their ability to measure intergyre exchange and its temporal variability by their short lifetimes, their variable launch locations, and, importantly, their inability to follow the 3‐D flow field. Synthetic floats launched within the ocean model and advected with the 3‐D flow field indicate that subtropical to subpolar exchange in the North Atlantic is primarily located subsurface; while less than 5% of floats launched at 15 m reach the eastern subpolar gyre within 4 years, close to 30% of drifters launched at 700 m do so. The transport of subsurface waters to high latitudes is shown to occur primarily along density surfaces as they shoal northward toward subpolar latitudes.
Relating climatic attributes and water resources allocation: A study using surface water supply and soil moisture indices in the Snake River basin, Idaho
Authors: Hoekema David J. , Sridhar Venkataramana
Published: July 2011

Climate change forced by anthropogenic activities has been ongoing since at least the beginning of the industrial revolution. Part of the recent warming in the western United States has been attributed to anthropogenic climate change. This research seeks to answer the basic question of how declining streamflow, increasing temperatures, and fluctuation in precipitation have impacted water resource allocation in the Snake River Plain over the past 35 years (1971–2005). Understanding how changes in climatic attributes have historically impacted water allocation should help water managers better understand how projected climate change may influence allocation. Annual and monthly diversion trends from 62 locations in the Snake River Plain were compared to temperature and precipitation trends at 10 climate stations across the basin. We found a strong trend of declining annual surface water diversions across the study area. Of the 62 diversion points examined, 45 have highly significant decreasing annual diversion trends, while an additional 8 have significant decreasing trends. Despite the annual decline in surface water diversions, April diversions have increased at more than half of the diversion points, with 15 locations showing highly significant trends and an additional 17 showing significant increasing diversion trends. A comparison of diversions to the Surface Water Supply Index indicates that the decline in midseason and late season diversions is mostly caused by decreasing supply in the study period, while a comparison of diversions to Palmer's Z index and the Standardized Precipitation Index indicates that early season diversions are highly correlated to early season moisture anomalies.
Catchment travel time distributions and water flow in soils
Authors: Rinaldo A. , Beven K. J. , Bertuzzo E. , Nicotina L. , Davies J. , Fiori A. , Russo D. , Botter G.
Published: July 2011

Many details about the flow of water in soils in a hillslope are unknowable given current technologies. One way of learning about the bulk effects of water velocity distributions on hillslopes is through the use of tracers. However, this paper will demonstrate that the interpretation of tracer information needs to become more sophisticated. The paper reviews, and complements with mathematical arguments and specific examples, theory and practice of the distribution(s) of the times water particles injected through rainfall spend traveling through a catchment up to a control section (i.e., “catchment” travel times). The relevance of the work is perceived to lie in the importance of the characterization of travel time distributions as fundamental descriptors of catchment water storage, flow pathway heterogeneity, sources of water in a catchment, and the chemistry of water flows through the control section. The paper aims to correct some common misconceptions used in analyses of travel time distributions. In particular, it stresses the conceptual and practical differences between the travel time distribution conditional on a given injection time (needed for rainfall‐runoff transformations) and that conditional on a given sampling time at the outlet (as provided by isotopic dating techniques or tracer measurements), jointly with the differences of both with the residence time distributions of water particles in storage within the catchment at any time. These differences are defined precisely here, either through the results of different models or theoretically by using an extension of a classic theorem of dynamic controls. Specifically, we address different model results to highlight the features of travel times seen from different assumptions, in this case, exact solutions to a lumped model and numerical solutions of the 3‐D flow and transport equations in variably saturated, physically heterogeneous catchment domains. Our results stress the individual characters of the relevant distributions and their general nonstationarity yielding their legitimate interchange only in very particular conditions rarely achieved in the field. We also briefly discuss the impact of oversimple assumptions commonly used in analyses of tracer data.