bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis: clinical and histopathological study of 10 cases from Lebanon
Authors: Tamraz H. , Raffoul M. , Kurban M. , Kibbi A.‐G. , Abbas O.
Published: November 2011

Background  Confluent and reticulate papillomatosis (CRP) is a rare disorder that has mostly been described in case reports and limited case series. Studies on this condition from our region are lacking.

Objective/methods  To describe the clinical and histopathological findings, as well as response to treatment of all patients diagnosed with CRP at the American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUB‐MC) between 1999 and 2009, and to compare our findings with those published in the literature.

Results  Confluent and reticulate papillomatosis was diagnosed in 10 patients (five men, five women). Mean age at diagnosis was 19 years. Duration of lesions ranged from few months to several years. Skin lesions mainly consisted of reticulated, pigmented macules, patches and plaques. The most common area of involvement was the chest in five cases. The rash was asymptomatic in eight patients. Skin biopsy specimens from all patients revealed hyperkeratosis, papillomatosis and variable acanthosis. Whereas follicular plugging was observed in nine cases, anastomosis of the rete ridges was noted in three. Periodic acid Schiff stains highlighted yeast forms in six cases.

Conclusion  The clinical and histopathological features of the CRP patients in our study are generally comparable to those published in the literature, with minor differences. Clinically, one case had an atypical clinical presentation, and microscopically follicular plugging was seen in the majority of cases. Yeast‐like spores were seen in six cases further supporting a role of Malassezia furfur in the pathogenesis of CRP.
Top predators as biodiversity regulators: the dingo Canis lupus dingo as a case study
Authors: Letnic Mike , Ritchie Euan G. , Dickman Christopher R.
Published: November 2011

Top‐order predators often have positive effects on biological diversity owing to their key functional roles in regulating trophic cascades and other ecological processes. Their loss has been identified as a major factor contributing to the decline of biodiversity in both aquatic and terrestrial systems. Consequently, restoring and maintaining the ecological function of top predators is a critical global imperative. Here we review studies of the ecological effects of the dingo Canis lupus dingo, Australia's largest land predator, using this as a case study to explore the influence of a top predator on biodiversity at a continental scale. The dingo was introduced to Australia by people at least 3500 years ago and has an ambiguous status owing to its brief history on the continent, its adverse impacts on livestock production and its role as an ecosystem architect. A large body of research now indicates that dingoes regulate ecological cascades, particularly in arid Australia, and that the removal of dingoes results in an increase in the abundances and impacts of herbivores and invasive mesopredators, most notably the red fox Vulpes vulpes. The loss of dingoes has been linked to widespread losses of small and medium‐sized native mammals, the depletion of plant biomass due to the effects of irrupting herbivore populations and increased predation rates by red foxes. We outline a suite of conceptual models to describe the effects of dingoes on vertebrate populations across different Australian environments. Finally, we discuss key issues that require consideration or warrant research before the ecological effects of dingoes can be incorporated formally into biodiversity conservation programs.
Optimisation of probiotic yoghurt production containing Zedo gum
Authors: GHASEMPOUR ZAHRA , ALIZADEH MOHAMMAD , BARI MAHMOUD R
Published: November 2011

A Box‐Behnken design was applied to optimise the viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum in probiotic yoghurt containing a novel exudative Zedo gum. The effect of incubation temperature, probiotic inoculation rate, storage time and Zedo gum concentration on quality indices of the yoghurt were explored. With respect to probiotics viability, probiotic inoculation rate was the most important factor followed by the storage time. Zedo gum did not show any significant effect on probiotics viability. The optimum conditions of probiotic yoghurt production were as follows: probiotic inoculation level, 12.8 g/100 kg of milk; incubation temperature, 41.6 °C; and Zedo gum concentration, 0.13%.
What type of leader am I?: a training needs analysis of health library and information managers
Authors: Sutton Anthea , Booth Andrew
Published: November 2011

Background:  Leadership is a necessary facet of professional practice for health library and information managers (HLIMs). Several training needs analyses (TNA) in the health library and information services field have been conducted in recent years, all identifying a need for professional development in leadership skills. However, these previous TNAs have not focused on specific elements of leadership skills required by health library and information managers.

Objectives:  The National Library for Health (NLH) commissioned the School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR) at the University of Sheffield to conduct a TNA where HLIMs assess their current leadership skills and identify any future development needs in this area. The results would inform a programme of influencing skills workshops.

Methods:  HLIMs in the UK were invited to complete a self‐assessment online questionnaire. The questionnaire utilised items from Manning and Robertson’s Influencing Skills Style Profile (ISSP). This allowed the results to be characterised by influencing ‘style’.

Results:  HLIMs considered themselves to have strengths in the leadership areas of influencing, negotiating, managing change and delivering presentations to decision‐makers. They identified significant development needs in communicating with stakeholders, conflict resolution, using body language and being assertive. Most HLIMs demonstrated two collaborative styles identified by the ISSP, namely strategic collaborator and opportunistic collaborator.

Conclusions:  In difficult times, HLIMs may need to adapt to more of an ‘opportunistic‐battler’ influencing style. It is important that HLIMs not only assess their own leadership skills but also that they take opportunities to employ 360° feedback, comprising assessment from subordinates, peers and supervisors.
Adsorption characteristics of CI Basic Blue 3 from aqueous solution onto Aleppo pine‐tree sawdust
Authors: Ouazene Naima , Lounis Azzedine
Published: November 2011

Aleppo pine‐tree sawdust, a forest waste abundantly available in Algeria, was used for the adsorption of CI Basic Blue 3 from an aqueous solution. The effects of adsorbent dosage, pH, adsorbate concentration and contact time were studied. The equilibrium adsorption data were analysed by Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherm models. It was found that the Langmuir isotherm fitted well to the observed data for CI Basic Blue 3 adsorption onto Aleppo pine‐tree sawdust based on the correlation coefficient R2 and four different error functions for the non‐linear regression. The adsorption capacity of Aleppo pine‐tree sawdust for CI Basic Blue 3 was determined with the Langmuir model and was found to be 65.36 mg g−1 at 293 K. The adsorption kinetic data were modelled using the pseudo‐first‐order, pseudo‐second‐order and intraparticle diffusion kinetic equations. It was seen that the pseudo‐second‐order equation could describe the adsorption kinetics and intraparticle diffusion was not the sole rate‐controlling factor. The results indicated that Aleppo pine‐tree sawdust is an attractive alternative for removing cationic dyes from wastewater.
Dyeing wool with a sulphur black dye using a sodium borohydride /sodium bisulphite reducing system
Authors: Cai Jackie Y , Rippon John A , McDonnell Jill , Parnell Anne E
Published: November 2011

Sulphur dyes have been traditionally used for dyeing cellulosic materials, in particular for dark navy and black shades on cotton. This study investigates the feasibility of using the dyestuff CI Sulphur Black 1 as a cost‐effective, metal‐free alternative to reactive and chrome dyes, to produce deep black shades on wool with high fastness levels. The new wool dyeing procedure uses sodium borohydride and sodium bisulphite as the reducing system for the sulphur dyes. Results are presented on the colour parameters, fastness to washing, alkaline perspiration, light, dry and wet rubbing, and wet burst strength of wool fabrics after dyeing with the sulphur dye. The results have been compared with those of wool dyed by conventional methods with a chrome black and a reactive black dye. It has been shown that the sulphur dye can be used to produce a deep black shade on wool that is comparable with that obtained with either a reactive or chrome black dyestuff. With the exception of wet rubbing, the fastness properties are generally similar, or better than, those of the reactive and chrome dyes, but fibre damage is greater. Some further work is therefore required to overcome these two disadvantages.
The Right Ventricular Septum Presents the Optimum Site for Maximal Electrical Separation During Left Ventricular Pacing
Authors: MIRANDA RODRIGO I. , NAULT MICHAEL , SIMPSON CHRISTOPHER S. , MICHAEL KEVIN A. , ABDOLLAH HOSHIAR , BARANCHUK ADRIAN , REDFEARN DAMIAN P.
Published: November 2011

Septum Presents the Optimum Site for Maximal Electrical Separation.

Cardiac
resynchronization therapy (CRT) benefits selected heart failure (HF) patients. The optimal placement of the right ventricle (RV) lead during biventricular pacing has not been assessed. Greater electrical separation (ES) between left ventricle (LV) and RV leads has been associated with better clinical outcomes. The site of maximal electrical separation(MES) in the RV is unknown.

Methods:
Prospective study of 50 CRT patients. The LV lead was placed in a postero‐lateral branch of the coronary sinus. ES was recorded at 6 sites within the RV during LV pacing at 600 milliseconds cycle length (CL). The median ES was recorded with a roving deflectable catheter at the RV outflow tract (RVOT), high septum, inflow septum, mid‐septum, apical septum and apex.

Results:
Mean age was 67 ± 7 years, 39 were male (78%). Thirty had ischemic etiology (60%). Mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was 25 ± 7%, QRS duration pre and post was 165 ± 26 milliseconds and 138.5 ± 15.6 milliseconds (P  <  0.001). Mapping ES showed a difference between 20 and 50 milliseconds distributed across the RV in the majority of patients (40/49). However, 7 subjects demonstrated delay distribution of between 50 and 82 milliseconds. ES was significant greater in the RV mid‐septum (161.2 ± 23.7 milliseconds) compared with RVOT (154.1 ± 20.8 milliseconds) and apex (148.0 ± 25.5 milliseconds; P < 0.001). The site of Maximal ES was most commonly found at the mid‐septum (40 patients, 80%) and only rarely at the RVOT (5, 10%) and apex (5, 10%; P  <  0.01).

Conclusion:
MES was observed most commonly at the RV septum and rarely at the RV apex. Better correction of electrical and mechanical dyssynchrony by CRT may be achieved by placing the RV lead in a site outside of the apex in the majority of patients. Clinical studies exploring RV septal pacing in CRT seem warranted.
Some Alternatives to Asymptotic Tests for the Analysis of Pharmacogenetic Data Using Nonlinear Mixed Effects Models
Authors: Bertrand Julie , Comets Emmanuelle , Chenel Marylore , Mentré France
Published: November 2011

Summary Nonlinear mixed effects models allow investigating individual differences in drug concentration profiles (pharmacokinetics) and responses. Pharmacogenetics focuses on the genetic component of this variability. Two tests often used to detect a gene effect on a pharmacokinetic parameter are (1) the Wald test, assessing whether estimates for the gene effect are significantly different from 0 and (2) the likelihood ratio test comparing models with and without the genetic effect. Because those asymptotic tests show inflated type I error on small sample size and/or with unevenly distributed genotypes, we develop two alternatives and evaluate them by means of a simulation study. First, we assess the performance of the permutation test using the Wald and the likelihood ratio statistics. Second, for the Wald test we propose the use of the F‐distribution with four different values for the denominator degrees of freedom. We also explore the influence of the estimation algorithm using both the first‐order conditional estimation with interaction linearization‐based algorithm and the stochastic approximation expectation maximization algorithm. We apply these methods to the analysis of the pharmacogenetics of indinavir in HIV patients recruited in the COPHAR2‐ANRS 111 trial. Results of the simulation study show that the permutation test seems appropriate but at the cost of an additional computational burden. One of the four F‐distribution‐based approaches provides a correct type I error estimate for the Wald test and should be further investigated.
Combining Multiple Imputation and Inverse‐Probability Weighting
Authors: Seaman Shaun R. , White Ian R. , Copas Andrew J. , Li Leah
Published: November 2011

Summary Two approaches commonly used to deal with missing data are multiple imputation (MI) and inverse‐probability weighting (IPW). IPW is also used to adjust for unequal sampling fractions. MI is generally more efficient than IPW but more complex. Whereas IPW requires only a model for the probability that an individual has complete data (a univariate outcome), MI needs a model for the joint distribution of the missing data (a multivariate outcome) given the observed data. Inadequacies in either model may lead to important bias if large amounts of data are missing. A third approach combines MI and IPW to give a doubly robust estimator. A fourth approach (IPW/MI) combines MI and IPW but, unlike doubly robust methods, imputes only isolated missing values and uses weights to account for remaining larger blocks of unimputed missing data, such as would arise, e.g., in a cohort study subject to sample attrition, and/or unequal sampling fractions. In this article, we examine the performance, in terms of bias and efficiency, of IPW/MI relative to MI and IPW alone and investigate whether the Rubin’s rules variance estimator is valid for IPW/MI. We prove that the Rubin’s rules variance estimator is valid for IPW/MI for linear regression with an imputed outcome, we present simulations supporting the use of this variance estimator in more general settings, and we demonstrate that IPW/MI can have advantages over alternatives. IPW/MI is applied to data from the National Child Development Study.
Modeling Functional Data with Spatially Heterogeneous Shape Characteristics
Authors: Staicu Ana‐Maria , Crainiceanu Ciprian M. , Reich Daniel S. , Ruppert David
Published: November 2011

Summary We propose a novel class of models for functional data exhibiting skewness or other shape characteristics that vary with spatial or temporal location. We use copulas so that the marginal distributions and the dependence structure can be modeled independently. Dependence is modeled with a Gaussian or t‐copula, so that there is an underlying latent Gaussian process. We model the marginal distributions using the skew t family. The mean, variance, and shape parameters are modeled nonparametrically as functions of location. A computationally tractable inferential framework for estimating heterogeneous asymmetric or heavy‐tailed marginal distributions is introduced. This framework provides a new set of tools for increasingly complex data collected in medical and public health studies. Our methods were motivated by and are illustrated with a state‐of‐the‐art study of neuronal tracts in multiple sclerosis patients and healthy controls. Using the tools we have developed, we were able to find those locations along the tract most affected by the disease. However, our methods are general and highly relevant to many functional data sets. In addition to the application to one‐dimensional tract profiles illustrated here, higher‐dimensional extensions of the methodology could have direct applications to other biological data including functional and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Misconceived Causal Explanations for Emergent Processes
Authors: Chi Michelene T. H. , Roscoe Rod D. , Slotta James D. , Roy Marguerite , Chase Catherine C.
Published: November 2011

Studies exploring how students learn and understand science processes such as diffusion and natural selection typically find that students provide misconceived explanations of how the patterns of such processes arise (such as why giraffes’ necks get longer over generations, or how ink dropped into water appears to “flow”). Instead of explaining the patterns of these processes as emerging from the collective interactions of all the agents (e.g., both the water and the ink molecules), students often explain the pattern as being caused by controlling agents with intentional goals, as well as express a variety of many other misconceived notions. In this article, we provide a hypothesis for what constitutes a misconceived explanation; why misconceived explanations are so prevalent, robust, and resistant to instruction; and offer one approach of how they may be overcome. In particular, we hypothesize that students misunderstand many science processes because they rely on a generalized version of narrative schemas and scripts (referred to here as a Direct‐causal Schema) to interpret them. For science processes that are sequential and stage‐like, such as cycles of moon, circulation of blood, stages of mitosis, and photosynthesis, a Direct‐causal Schema is adequate for correct understanding. However, for science processes that are non‐sequential (or emergent), such as diffusion, natural selection, osmosis, and heat flow, using a Direct Schema to understand these processes will lead to robust misconceptions. Instead, a different type of general schema may be required to interpret non‐sequential processes, which we refer to as an Emergent‐causal Schema. We propose that students lack this Emergent Schema and teaching it to them may help them learn and understand emergent kinds of science processes such as diffusion. Our study found that directly teaching students this Emergent Schema led to increased learning of the process of diffusion. This article presents a fine‐grained characterization of each type of Schema, our instructional intervention, the successes we have achieved, and the lessons we have learned.
Localized colonic stem cell transplantation enhances tissue regeneration in murine colitis
Authors: Zhou QiQi , Price Donald D. , Dreher Kara L. , Pronold Barry , Callam Christopher S. , Sharma Jay , Verne G. Nicholas
Published: November 2011

Many patients suffer from chronic gastrointestinal diseases characterized by chronic inflammation, increased intestinal permeability and visceral pain in which there is no definitive treatment. Adult stem cells have recently been used in various disease states to contribute wound‐healing processes. In the current study we investigated the ability of intra‐colonic adult stem cells application to heal colonic inflammation in IL‐10−/− mice with active colitis. The aims of this study were to determine whether intra‐colonic infusion of adult colonic stem cells (CSCs) (local stem cell transplantation): (i) restores intestinal permeability; (ii) attenuates visceral hypersensitivity; (iii) heals murine colitis. IL‐10−/− mice with active colitis were transplanted with adult stem cells. Mice received either a single intracolonic infusion of CSCs or colonic epithelial cells. Two weeks after transplantation, we measured visceral hypersensitivity and intestinal permeability and correlated these with histological improvement of colitis. IL‐10−/− mice that received stem cell transplantation showed histopathologic evidence of recovery from colitis. Improvement in colitis as graded by pathology scores correlated with restoration of intestinal permeability and decreased visceral hypersensitivity. Intra‐colonic administration of CSCs is a potential therapeutic method for treating refractory symptoms in patients with chronic gastrointestinal diseases associated with chronic inflammation and visceral hypersensitivity. This method may be safer and should have far fewer side effects than systemic stem cell administration.
Common and novel transcriptional routes to behavioral maturation in worker and male honey bees
Authors: Zayed A. , Naeger N. L. , Rodriguez‐Zas S. L. , Robinson G. E.
Published: November 2011

Worker honey bees (Apis mellifera) undergo a process of behavioral maturation leading to their transition from in‐hive tasks to foraging – a process which is associated with profound transcriptional changes in the brain. Changes in brain gene expression observed during worker behavioral maturation could represent either a derived program underlying division of labor or a general program unrelated to sociality. Male bees (drones) undergo a process of behavioral maturation associated with the onset of mating flights, but do not partake in division of labor. Drones thus provide an excellent reference point for polarizing transcriptional changes associated with behavioral maturation in honey bees. We assayed the brain transcriptomes of adult drones and workers to compare and contrast differences associated with behavioral maturation in the two sexes. Both behavioral maturation and sex were associated with changes in expression of thousands of genes in the brain. Many genes involved in neuronal development, behavior, and the biosynthesis of neurotransmitters regulating the perception of reward showed sex‐biased gene expression. Furthermore, most of the transcriptional changes associated with behavioral maturation were common to drones and workers, consistent with common genetic and physiological regulation. Our study suggests that there is a common behavioral maturation program that has been co‐opted and modified to yield the different behavioral and cognitive phenotypes of worker and drone bees.
Biological pathways to adaptability – interactions between genome, epigenome, nervous system and environment for adaptive behavior
Authors: Wolf C. , Linden D. E. J.
Published: November 2011

Because living systems depend on their environment, the evolution of environmental adaptability is inseparable from the evolution of life itself (Pross 2003). In animals and humans, environmental adaptability extends further to adaptive behavior. It has recently emerged that individual adaptability depends on the interaction of adaptation mechanisms at diverse functional levels. This interaction enables the integration of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors for coordinated regulation of adaptations. In this review, we first present the basis for the regulation of adaptation mechanisms across functional levels. We then focus on neuronal activity‐regulated adaptation mechanisms that involve the regulation of genes, noncoding DNA (ncDNA), ncRNAs and proteins to change the structural and functional properties of neurons. Finally, we discuss a selection of these important neuronal activity‐regulated molecules and their effects on brain structure and function and on behavior. Most of the evidence so far is based on sampling of animal tissue or post‐mortem studies in humans. However, we also present techniques that combine genetic with behavioral and neurophysiological measures in humans (e.g. genetic imaging) and discuss their potential and limitations. We argue that we need to understand how neuronal activity‐dependent adaptation mechanisms integrate genetic, epigenetic and experience‐dependent signals in order to explain individual variations in behavior and cognitive performance.
Self‐reported dry mouth in Swedish population samples aged 50, 65 and 75 years
Authors: Johansson Ann‐Katrin , Johansson Anders , Unell Lennart , Ekbäck Gunnar , Ordell Sven , Carlsson Gunnar E.
Published: November 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2010.00420.x

Self‐reported dry mouth in Swedish population samples aged 50, 65 and 75 years

Background:  Reduced salivary flow may have a negative impact on general well‐being, quality of life and oral health.

Objectives:  To examine xerostomia in 50‐, 65‐ and 75‐year‐olds, background factors and effect on Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (OIDP).

Methods:  In 1992, a questionnaire was sent to all 50‐year‐old persons (n = 8888) in two Swedish counties. In 2007, the same questionnaire was sent to all 65‐year‐olds (n = 8313) in the two counties and to all 75‐year‐olds (n = 5195). Response rate was for the 50, 65 and 75 year olds 71.4, 73.1 and 71.9%, respectively.

Results:  Xerostomia was higher in women than in men in all age groups. There was higher prevalence of xerostomia with increasing age in both sexes and it was more frequent at night than during daytime. ‘Often mouth dryness’ was 2.6–3.4 times more prevalent in those who reported an impact from OIDP. The highest odd ratios were for daytime xerostomia and for the variables burning mouth (17.1), not feeling healthy (4.5), daily smoking (4.4), and medication (4.1).

Conclusions:  The dramatic increase of xerostomia between age 50 and 75, especially amongst women, needs to be considered in the management of this age group.
A preliminary assessment of the periodontal status of elderly pensioners in Benin City, Nigeria
Authors: Okeigbemen Sunny A. , Jeboda Sonny O. , Umweni Alice A.
Published: November 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00466.x

A preliminary assessment of the periodontal status of elderly pensioners in Benin City, Nigeria

Aim:  This study was to assess the periodontal status of pensioners in Benin City and obtain baseline data.

Materials and methods:  The cross‐sectional descriptive study involved 250 subjects selected by systematic random sampling from three clusters of general, university and teaching hospital pensioners examined using the Community Periodontal Index index in four locations within Benin City.

Results:  The percentages of the dentate subjects with healthy gingiva, bleeding on probing, calculus, shallow pockets and deep pockets were 2.4, 5.2, 46.8, 38.8 and 6.8%, respectively. Only 2% needed no periodontal treatment; those requiring oral hygiene instructions, scaling and polishing and complex treatment were 52, 39 and 7%, respectively. There were no significant differences in the periodontal status of the pensioners by gender, age or tooth brushing habits.

Conclusion:  The presence of calculus accounted for the most prevalent periodontal condition among the elderly pensioners followed by shallow periodontal pocketing apparently owing to poor dental attendance or lack of access to care. A comprehensive pensioner’s oral health programme is recommended.
6‐mercaptopurine transport in human lymphocytes: Correlation with drug‐induced cytotoxicity
Authors: CONKLIN Laurie S. , CUFFARI Carmen , OKAZAKI Toshihiko , MIAO Yinglei , SAATIAN Bahman , CHEN Tian‐E. , TSE Ming , BRANT Steven R. , LI Xuhang
Published: November 2011

OBJECTIVE: 6‐mercaptopurine (6‐MP) is efficacious in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, about one‐third of patients respond poorly to therapy. This study aimed to characterize the inherent differences in 6‐MP transport that may cotribute to the differences in treatment responses.

METHODS: Intracellular 6‐MP accumulation was assayed in Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐transformed lymphocytes from IBD patients, using14C‐radiolabeled 6‐MP. Cell proliferation was determined by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Apoptosis was assayed based on the activation of caspase 3. The expressions of 15 potential 6‐MP transporters were evaluated by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR).

RESULTS: Intracellular 6‐MP accumulation, varying significantly among patients, was carrier‐dependent and partially sodium‐dependent. 6‐MP cytotoxicity was, at least in part, due to apoptosis and correlated with intracellular drug accumulation. The efflux transporters did not appear to contribute to the variability of intracellular drug accumulation between patients, since none correlated with drug accumulation or cytotoxicity. Rather, differential expression of five influx/uptake transporters might be a key contributor to the difference in the accumulation of and susceptibility to the drug.

CONCLUSIONS: The heterogeneity of the drug transporters may be the reason for the therapeutic sensitivity of 6‐MP in IBD patients. As the 6‐MP uptake is a carrier‐mediated and partially sodium‐dependent process, future studies are necessary to evaluate the role of the putative transporters and their correlation with drug sensitivity in patients.
Influence of in vitro hemolysis on hematological testing on Advia 2120
Authors: LIPPI G. , MUSA R. , AVANZINI P. , ALOE R. , PIPITONE S. , SANDEI F.
Published: November 2011

Introduction:  Although there is broad knowledge on the effect of several preanalytical errors on laboratory hematology, there is no information on the reliability of routine hematological testing on hemolyzed specimens.

Methods:  K2EDTA‐anticoagulated blood collected from 13 healthy volunteers was divided in three aliquots. Aliquot A did not undergo further manipulation, while the second and third aliquots (B and C, respectively) were passed 5 and 10 times through a small‐gauge needle to produce scalar amounts of hemolysis. Hematological testing was first performed on Advia 2120. The plasma was then separated by centrifugation and tested for lactate dehydrogenase and hemolysis index (HI).

Results:  As compared with the nonhemolyzed aliquot, analytically and clinically significant variations were recorded in both mildly and frankly hemolyzed specimens for lactate dehydrogenase, HI, red blood cells count, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean hemoglobin content, lymphocytes, basophils, and large unstained cells. Both the platelets count and the mean platelet volume were also dramatically affected. The other parameters tested (hemoglobin, red blood cell distribution width, neutrophils, and eosinophils) did not vary significantly.

Conclusion:  The results of routine hematological testing on mildly to frankly hemolyzed specimens might be unreliable.
Intravenous injection of autologous amniotic fluid induces transient thrombocytopenia in a gravid rabbit model of amniotic fluid embolism
Authors: Rannou B. , Rivard G.‐E. , Gains M. J. , Bédard C.
Published: November 2011

Background

Amniotic fluid embolism (AFE) is a rare but catastrophic complication of pregnancy characterized by severe hypotension, cardiovascular collapse, and massive consumptive coagulopathy. Several animal models of this syndrome have been proposed, but most have yielded inconclusive results.

Objectives

The objective of this study was to develop a suitable animal model of AFE.

Methods

Twelve rabbits in late gestation (25 days) were used. Amniotic fluid was collected from the fetal amniotic sacs after laparotomy, and autologous fluid was injected into 6 rabbits via the left auricular vein. Six other rabbits received saline (control group). Blood pressure, platelet counts, and coagulation variables were measured at baseline and at various intervals for 60 minutes after injection. The in vitro effect of amniotic fluid on coagulation was assessed by thrombelastographic (TEG) analysis.

Results

Injection of amniotic fluid did not reproduce clinical signs of AFE and had no effect on activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), or Factor VIII activity. However, significant thrombocytopenia was observed 5 minutes after administration of amniotic fluid and resolved by 60 minutes. In vitro addition of amniotic fluid to blood resulted in accelerated clotting on TEG tracings.

Conclusions

The syndrome of AFE was not reproduced in this rabbit model. However, injection of autologous amniotic fluid induced a transient and severe thrombocytopenia. Moreover, TEG analysis indicated that amniotic fluid could initiate the coagulation cascade. Other factors such as the presence of meconium in amniotic fluid may be needed to provoke more severe clinical signs.
Frequencies of blood typesA, B, andABin non‐pedigree domestic cats inBeijing
Authors: Zheng Lan , Zhong Yougang , Shi Zhensheng , Giger Urs
Published: November 2011

Background

Frequencies of blood types A, B, and AB in domestic cats vary geographically and among breeds and have not been reported in China.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to survey the frequency of blood types in domestic cats in theBeijing area.

Methods

A total of 262 cats from the city ofBeijing were blood‐typed using a standard tube agglutination assay. All cats were nonpedigree domestic shorthaired and longhaired cats; purebred cats were excluded. Serum obtained from type‐B cats and a lectin (Triticum vulgaris) solution served as anti‐Aand anti‐Breagents, respectively. The presence of alloantibodies was also determined in some cats.

Results

The frequency of blood types was 88.2% typeA, 11.4% typeB, and 0.4% typeAB. The tube assay resulted in 3+ to 4+ agglutination reactions with either the anti‐Aor anti‐Breagents. The 1 typeABsample showed 3+ agglutination with both anti‐Aand anti‐Breagents; the plasma of that sample did not react with either type‐Aor type‐B RBCs. Tested type‐Bcats had strong anti‐Aantibodies.

Conclusions

The frequency of blood typeBin theBeijing area was relatively high and similar to that reported for otherAsian countries andAustralia. Blood‐typing is recommended to match donors and recipients before transfusion therapy and planned matings to avoid hemolytic transfusion and neonatal isoerythrolysis reactions, respectively, due to blood‐type incompatibility.
Endocrine disorders and laminitis
Authors: Tadros E. M. , Frank N.
Published: November 2011

Two common endocrine disorders, pituitarypars intermediadysfunction and equine metabolic syndrome, predispose horses and ponies to laminitis and may even induce the condition. The exact mechanisms involved in endocrinopathic laminitis have not been elucidated but hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance are currently being investigated. Obesity and regional adiposity may also contribute to laminitis susceptibility through the release of inflammatory cytokines and adipokines. In the case of pituitarypars intermediadysfunction, glucocorticoid excess is likely to weaken hoof structures, alter vascular dynamics within the foot and induce or exacerbate insulin resistance. This review will summarise current theories regarding the pathophysiology of endocrinopathic laminitis and provide recommendations for the diagnosis and management of these common equine endocrine disorders.
A questionnaire study on parasite control practices on UK breeding Thoroughbred studs
Authors: RELF V. E. , MORGAN E. R. , HODGKINSON J. E. , MATTHEWS J. B.
Published: November 2011

Reasons for performing study:Improved education of veterinarians and equine owners/managers is essential in implementing parasite control strategies that are less reliant on chemicals.

Methods:This questionnaire study, conducted on 61 UK Thoroughbred (TB) establishments during 2009 and 2010, was designed to obtain an understanding of current helminth control practices on studs. To our knowledge, this is the first occasion that statements obtained from TB studs via questionnaire have been supported by statistical analysis.

Results:Despite many respondents indicating high levels of concern regarding anthelmintic resistance, 56% of these establishments that received visiting equines co‐grazed these animals with permanent stock and <74% administered anthelmintics prior to integration. In the 12 months preceding the study, most respondents administered frequent macrocyclic lactone (ML) treatments, with none appearing to leave any animals in groups untreated at each administration. Indiscriminate whole group treatments with MLs and movement of animals to ‘clean grazing’ post treatment (reported by >25% of respondents), indicates that many stud owners/managers are not aware of the strong risk factors for the development of anthelmintic resistance. Few studs had conducted faecal egg count (FEC) analysis in the past and only 22% indicated that they considered this form of analysis beneficial in determining anthelmintic choice.

Conclusions and potential relevance:The challenge now is to convince stud owners/managers to deviate from their current practices to control strategies that are more likely to preserve anthelmintic efficacy. Veterinarians need to get more involved in implementing these control strategies, with better emphasis placed on the role of diagnostic tests in facilitating targeted treatments and in investigating anthelmintic sensitivity in the associated nematode populations.
A Novel Sensor Concept for Optimization of Loosening Diagnostics in Total Hip Replacement
Authors: Ruther Cathérine , Ewald Hartmut , Mittelmeier Wolfram , Fritsche Andreas , Bader Rainer , Kluess Daniel
Published: November 2011

The main reason for the revision of total hip replacements is aseptic loosening, caused by stress shielding and wear particle induced osteolysis. In order to detect an implant loosening early, the osseointegration of endoprosthetic implants must be measured exactly. Currently applied diagnostic methods, such as standard radiographs and clinical symptomatology, often result in an imprecise diagnosis. A novel radiation-free method to improve the diagnostic investigation of implant loosening is presented. The osseointegration of an implant can be identified using mechanical magnetic sensors (oscillators), which impinge on small membranes inside an implant component, e.g., the femoral hip stem. The maximum velocity after impingement of the oscillator depends on the osseointegration of the implant. Excitation of the oscillator is realized by a coil outside the human body. Another external coil is used to detect the velocity of the oscillator. To demonstrate the principle of the novel loosening sensor, an overdimensioned test device was designed to measure simulated loosening phases in the first experimental tests with different material layers. The overdimensioned test device of the loosening sensor showed significant differences in the various phases of fixation. Analysis of the membrane without any material layer in the case of advanced loosening resulted in a 23% higher maximum velocity compared to an attached artificial bone layer. Based on these preliminary results, the sensor system shows potential for the detection of implant loosening. Moreover, the proposed system could be used in experimental applications to determine the quality of bioactive coatings and new implant materials.
Impact of electrode roughness on metal-insulator-metal tunnel diodes with atomic layer deposited Al2O3 tunnel barriers
Authors: Alimardani Nasir , William Cowell E. , Wager John F. , Conley John F. , Evans David R. , Chin Matthew , Kilpatrick Stephen J. , Dubey Madan
Published: November 2011

Metal-insulator-metal (MIM) tunnel diodes on a variety of high and low work function metals with various levels of root-mean-square roughness are fabricated using high quality atomic layer deposited Al2O3 as the insulating tunnel barrier. It is found that electrode surface roughness can dominate the current versus voltage characteristics of MIM diodes, even overwhelming the impact of metal work function. Devices with smoother bottom electrodes are found to produce current versus voltage behavior with higher asymmetry and better agreement with Fowler-Nordheim tunneling theory, as well as a greater percentage of functioning devices.
Thermal chemistry of copper(I)-N,N ′-di-sec-butylacetamidinate on Cu(110) single-crystal surfaces
Authors: Ma Qiang , Zaera Francisco , Gordon Roy G.
Published: November 2011

The surface chemistry of copper(I)-N,N′-di-sec-butylacetamidinate on Cu(110) single-crystal surfaces has been characterized under ultrahigh vacuum by temperature programmed desorption (TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. A series of thermal stepwise conversions were identified, starting with the partial dissociative adsorption of the copper acetamidinate dimers into a mixture of monomers and dimers on the surface. An early dissociation of a C–N bond leads to the production of N-sec-butylacetamidine, which is detected in TPD experiments in three temperature regimes, the last one centered around 480 K. Butene, and a small amount of butane, is also detected above approximately 500 K, and hydrogen production, an indication of dehydrogenation of surface fragments, is observed at 460, 550 and 670 K. In total, only about 10% of the initial copper(I)-N,N′-di-sec-butylacetamidinate adsorbed monolayer decomposes, and only about ∼3% of carbon is left behind on the surface after heating to high temperatures. The implications of this surface chemistry to the design of chemical film growth processes using copper acetamidinates as precursors are discussed.
RNAP II CTD Phosphorylated on Threonine-4 Is Required for Histone mRNA 3′ End Processing
Authors: Hsin Jing-Ping , Sheth Amit , Manley James L.
Published: November 2011

Phosphorylation of a single conserved amino acid in higher eukaryotes plays a specific role in processing histone messenger RNA genes.
mTORC1 Senses Lysosomal Amino Acids Through an Inside-Out Mechanism That Requires the Vacuolar H
+
-ATPase
Authors: Zoncu Roberto , Bar-Peled Liron , Efeyan Alejo , Wang Shuyu , Sancak Yasemin , Sabatini David M.
Published: November 2011

Cellular sensing of amino acids occurs at the lysosome and is mediated by the vacuolar proton pump.
Porphyrin-Sensitized Solar Cells with Cobalt (II/III)–Based Redox Electrolyte Exceed 12 Percent Efficiency
Authors: Yella Aswani , Lee Hsuan-Wei , Tsao Hoi Nok , Yi Chenyi , Chandiran Aravind Kumar , Nazeeruddin Md.Khaja , Diau Eric Wei-Guang , Yeh Chen-Yu , Zakeeruddin Shaik M , Grätzel Michael
Published: November 2011

Simultaneous modification of the dye and redox shuttle boosts the efficiency of a dye-sensitized solar cell.
Social Network Size Affects Neural Circuits in Macaques
Authors: Sallet J. , Mars R. B. , Noonan M. P. , Andersson J. L. , O’Reilly J. X. , Jbabdi S. , Croxson P. L. , Jenkinson M. , Miller K. L. , Rushworth M. F. S.
Published: November 2011

Executing social cognition successfully requires more brain power.
Long-Term Change in the Nitrogen Cycle of Tropical Forests
Authors: Hietz Peter , Turner Benjamin L. , Wanek Wolfgang , Richter Andreas , Nock Charles A. , Wright S. Joseph
Published: November 2011

The ratio of stable isotopes in leaves and wood reveals an increase in nitrogen availability in Panamanian and Thai tropical forests.
Exercise and Genetic Rescue of SCA1 via the Transcriptional Repressor Capicua
Authors: Fryer John D. , Yu Peng , Kang Hyojin , Mandel-Brehm Caleigh , Carter Angela N. , Crespo-Barreto Juan , Gao Yan , Flora Adriano , Shaw Chad , Orr Harry T. , Zoghbi Huda Y.
Published: November 2011

Gentle exercise can ameliorate disease severity in a mouse model of a fatal neurodegenerative disease.
Drosophila
Microbiome Modulates Host Developmental and Metabolic Homeostasis via Insulin Signaling
Authors: Shin Seung Chul , Kim Sung-Hee , You Hyejin , Kim Boram , Kim Aeri C. , Lee Kyung-Ah , Yoon Joo-Heon , Ryu Ji-Hwan , Lee Won-Jae
Published: November 2011

Successful development of fruit flies depends on a gut bacterium that interacts with its host’s insulin-signaling pathway.
Running Out of Climate Space
Authors: Ohlemüller Ralf
Published: November 2011

Mapping the speed of climate change helps to explain and predict biodiversity patterns on land and in the sea.
Tumour-infiltrating macrophages and clinical outcome in breast cancer
Authors: Mahmoud S M A , Lee A H S , Paish E C , Macmillan R D , Ellis I O , Green A R
Published: November 2011

Background

Macrophages constitute a major component of the leucocytic infiltrate of tumours. Human studies show an association between tumour-associated macrophages and tumours with poor prognostic features. In breast cancer, the presence of macrophages has been correlated with increased angiogenesis and poor prognosis but little information is available about the independent prognostic role of macrophages infiltrating breast carcinomas.

Aims and methods

This study used immunohistochemistry and tissue microarrays to assess the density and localisation of CD68 macrophages infiltrating 1322 breast tumours and to identify any relationship with clinicopathological factors and patient outcome.

Results

Tumour-infiltrating macrophages were present in the majority of tumours with a predominantly diffuse pattern. The density of distant stromal macrophages (infiltrating stroma away from the carcinoma, median count 14 cells) was higher than intratumoural (median zero cells) and adjacent stromal macrophages (median three cells). Higher total macrophage number was associated with higher tumour grade (rs=0.39, p<0.001), ER and PgR negativity, HER-2 positivity and basal phenotype (p<0.001). In univariate survival analysis, higher numbers of CD68 macrophages were significantly associated with worse breast cancer-specific survival (p<0.001) and shorter disease-free interval (p=0.004). However in multivariate model analysis, the CD68 macrophage count was not an independent prognostic marker.

Conclusions

Macrophages are heterogeneous with different subsets having different functions. The present study suggests that overall macrophage numbers are not related to prognosis in breast cancer. However, further studies are needed to investigate the potential role of different subsets of macrophages.
Predicting clinical behaviour of breast phyllodes tumours: a nomogram based on histological criteria and surgical margins
Authors: Tan Puay Hoon , Thike Aye Aye , Tan Wai Jin , Thu Minn Minn Myint , Busmanis Inny , Li HuiHua , Chay Wen Yee , Tan Min‐Han ,   The Phyllodes Tumour Network Singapore
Published: November 2011

Aim

To define a predictive model for clinical behaviour of breast phyllodes tumours (PT) using histological parameters and surgical margin status.

Methods

Cases of breast PT diagnosed in the Department of Pathology Singapore General Hospital between January 1992 and December 2010 were stratified into benign, borderline and malignant grades based on a combination of histological parameters (stromal atypia, hypercellularity, mitoses, overgrowth and nature of tumour borders). Surgical margin status was assessed. Clinical follow-up and biostatistical modelling were accomplished.

Results

Of 605 PT, 440 (72.7%) were benign, 111 (18.4%) borderline and 54 (8.9%) malignant. Recurrences, which were predominantly local, were documented in 80 (13.2%) women. Deaths from PT occurred in 12 (2%) women. Multivariate analysis revealed stromal atypia, overgrowth and surgical margins to be independently predictive of clinical behaviour, with mitoses achieving near significance. Stromal hypercellularity and tumour borders were not independently useful. A nomogram developed based on atypia, mitoses, overgrowth and surgical margins (AMOS criteria) could predict recurrence-free survival at 1, 3, 5 and 10 years. This nomogram was superior to a total histological score derived from adding values assigned to each of five histological parameters.

Conclusion

A predictive nomogram based on three histological criteria and surgical margin status can be used to calculate recurrence-free survival of an individual woman diagnosed with PT. This can be applied for patient counselling and clinical management.