bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
UNDERSTANDING REACTIONS TO JOB REDESIGN: A QUASI‐EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE MODERATING EFFECTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CONTEXT ON PERCEPTIONS OF PERFORMANCE BEHAVIOR
Authors: MORGESON FREDERICK P. , JOHNSON MICHAEL D. , CAMPION MICHAEL A. , MEDSKER GINA J. , MUMFORD TROY V.
Published: April 2006

Redesigning jobs from a traditional workgroup structure to a semi‐autonomous team structure has become increasingly popular, but the impact of such redesigns on employee effectiveness criteria has been mixed. The present longitudinal quasi‐experimental study showed that although such a redesign had positive effects on 3 performance behaviors (effort, skill usage, and problem solving), its effectiveness also depended on aspects of the organizational context. In conditions where the organizational reward and feedback and information systems were effective, redesigning work into a semi‐autonomous team structure had no discernible effect on performance behaviors. In conditions where these systems were poor, however, such a redesign produced large positive benefits. This suggests that work redesigns that enhance worker autonomy are most effective in contexts where other supportive management systems are absent.
Ignorance of the law
Authors: Furmston M. P.
Published: April 2006

It is the purpose of this lecture to suggest that ignorance of the law is a serious social problem in this country and to consider ways in which this problem might be cured or, at least, alleviated. It is proper to start however with a disclaimer. The first half of this lecture will contain many examples of ignorance of the law and might give the impression that I am concerned to attack the ignorant. This is not so. Though some of the examples of ignorance may well be culpable, my predominant concern is with defective institutional arrangements which are the primary source of the ignorance.
David Hume and the eighteenth-century conception of natural law
Authors: Milton Philip
Published: April 2006

Natural law is discussed by almost every modern writer on jurisprudence; but with a few exceptions - of which John Finnis' Natural Law and Natural Rights is the most substantial - the impression given is that it is of historical interest only, that it has in some way been discredited, or at least superseded, by legal positivism. The implicit idea - and here legal positivism borrows from Comte - is that natural law represented some earlier ‘metaphysical’ stage which was then followed by ‘scientific’ legal positivism. This account requires the existence of a natural law theory that dominated juristic and philosophical thinking until the eighteenth century, when it was overthrown by Hume and Bentham. Hume, the story goes, found the decisive argument against the natural law theory; while Bentham created the new theory oflegal positivism. The argument Hume discovered was that ought cannot be derived from is; and this, it is widely supposed, is fatal to all varieties of natural law.
Liability for inchoate crime in commonwealth law
Authors: Peiris G. L.
Published: April 2006

Throughout the spectrum of inchoate crime spanning the concepts of attempt, conspiracy and solicitation or incitement, the most notorious and intractable problems have arisen in the area of attempts. A court in Zimbabwe, echoing the despondency characteristic of current academic writing, has made the comment: ‘There is, perhaps, a no more unsatisfactory branch of our criminal law than the law relating to attempt, and there is not the slightest prospect that with the passage of time it will become less unsatisfactory.’ Sporadic suggestions by Commonwealth courts that the complexity and incoherence of the common law should be rectified at least in part by legislative intervention, has been acted upon in England and New Zealand.
More concern for cause
Authors: Fraser J.D. , Howarth D.R.
Published: April 2006

The tangled, intertwined concepts of the law of negligence are a constant source of fascination for lawyers, and also a source of despair. The one produces an almost endless stream of comment on the intricacies of ‘duty’, ‘remoteness’, ‘causation’ and ‘foreseeability’, while the other forces many to conclude their remarks with an exasperated, ‘but it's all policy anyway’. Yet ‘policy’ is the beginning not the end of wisdom in the law. The crucial question is exactly what these policies consist of. The legal method, as opposed to the economic or the sociological, approaches the task by tearing up and reconstructing legal ‘concepts’.
Remoteness of damage: the duty-interest theory and the re-interpretation or the Wagon Mound
Authors: Kidner Richard
Published: April 2006

‘The principle of elegance’ means that the law should be internally consistent with itself, and while it is in no sense an overriding principle it is preferable that rules should be logical rather than illogical within the parameters of the system. The principle cannot of course be an absolute one for there is nothing wrong with inelegance if the state ofaffairs comes about for good reasons of pragmatism or policy. However a consequence of the principle is that where in practical terms the rules of law become inelegant or dislocated, the situation should not be resolved by covering up the disjunction that has occurred by a bland generalisation which hides what is truly happening. The situation arises because of the continual struggle between principle and practical justice, and where a gap opens between the two, the principle of elegance suggests (but does not require) that the problem should be resolved, usually by refining principle to take account of variations of practice and developments of theory. In this way the cases and principles derived from them are re-interpreted or re-defined so as to re-establish a consistent system.
Surreptitious takings of confidential information
Authors: Wei George
Published: April 2006

There has been considerable litigation concerning the law of confidence in recent years. This includes claims brought by private individuals to restrain the disclosure of medical information and personal secrets, actions by employers against employees to restrain unauthorised use of trade secrets and actions by the government in respect of state secrets. Unfortunately, although the existence of a jurisdiction to restrain breaches of confidence has long been established, there still remains some uncertainty as to the conceptual basis of the action. The conceptual uncertainty has not, however, prevented the courts from recognising the existence of the jurisdiction and establishing the basic criterion of the action.
Interfering with gaol mail; prisoners' legal letters and the courts
Authors: Cram Ian
Published: April 2006

In 1983, a report by the organisation JUSTICE into the state of prisons considered that the ability of convicted prisoners to communicate with those outside prison, by letters or visits was, as prison regulations then stood, ‘severely restricted’. Recent years have, however, witnessed a relaxation in the controls imposed on prisoners’ legal and non-legal correspondence, including the abolition of the prior and simultaneous ventilation rules and many restrictions affecting those convicted of less serious offences. Despite this fact, a number of restrictions remain, and the practices of prison authorities in opening, examining, reading and stopping legal mail continue to occupy domestic and international courts.
Judicial review and environmental law —is there a coherent view of standing?
Authors: Hilson Chris , Cram Ian
Published: April 2006

In this article we examine the issue of the standing of individuals and pressure groups in judicial review proceedings, with particular emphasis on standing in planning and environmental law litigation. We begin by developing a particular conception of liberalism to justify a broad, ‘citizen action’ model of standing. The article then proceeds to examine English domestic law on access to the courts against the background of this liberal model.

It is right to say at the outset that the choice of planning and environmental materials is not intended to point up issues in standing which are exclusive to that context. Instead, our purpose is to make some more general arguments about standing in public law and then, through an examination of case law in planning/environmental litigation–which features relatively frequently in the law reports–to test for coherence and contradiction in the judicial reasoning there encountered
Firm handling: the litigation strategies of defence lawyers in personal injury cases
Authors: Dingwall Robert , Durkin Tom , Pleasence Pascoe , Felstiner W L F , Bowles Roger
Published: April 2006

The work of defence lawyers in civil litigation has been neglected by law and society studies. Research on personal injury cases, in particular, has usually focused on the alleged failure of legal systems to compensate plaintiffs as fully and as quickly as they believe proper. The defence lawyer is conventionally portrayed as a pettifogger in the classic sense, one who seeks points of detail on which to argue, delay and confuse issues until the plaintiff reduces their demands, dies, loses heart or otherwise goes away. Recent work has been widely taken as proposing that the most effective plaintiff response is to harry defendants in an aggressive and uncompromising fashion–so-called ‘hard bargaining’. This paper combines data from two studies of personal injury litigation carried out in the late 1980s and the mid 1990s to question this conclusion. Although the procedural environment has changed in England since the implementation of the Civil Justice Reforms in April 1999, it is argued that the general points on methodology and on the starting assumptions of socio-legal research remain valid.
Judicial review and codification
Authors: Jones Timothy H.
Published: April 2006

This article addresses the potential advantages and disadvantages of codifying the grounds of judicial review of administrative action. The four principal legal values associated with codification are described: certainty; clarity; democratic legitimacy; and rationality. The extent to which codification might further these values is considered in the light of two comparative models: the United States Administrative Procedure Act 1946 and the Australian Administrative Decisions (Judicial Review) Act 1977 (Cth). It is concluded that codification offers no solution to the practical and theoretical problems of judicial review. Codification places the content of the principles of judicial review in the hands of politicians. Australian legislation limiting the grounds of review available in migration cases shows the danger to the separation of powers inherent in codification. If it is thought desirable to foster the further development of the principles of judicial review, this can best be achieved by leaving the task to the judiciary.
Direct action, Convention values and the Human Rights Act
Authors: Fenwick Helen , Phillipson Gavin
Published: April 2006

The direct action form of protest is becoming an increasingly significant form of political expression. This paper considers such protest in relation to the guarantees of free expression and peaceful assembly under arts 10 and 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights, now binding on United Kingdom public authorities under the Human Rights Act 1998. Its aim is to set out a framework of principle which would guide and underpin judicial approaches to the application of the Convention to domestic criminal law aimed at such protest, specifically ss 68 and 69 of the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994. It argues that, because of the deficiencies of the Strasbourg case law in this area, an activist judicial stance, one reliant on underlying Convention values, will be required if there is to be any significant change to the traditional, illiberal domestic approach to direct action.
In defence of breach: a critique of restitution and the performance interest
Authors: Campbell David , Harris Donald
Published: April 2006

The modern argument that the law of obligations should be recast in restitutionary terms appears to have achieved its victory over contract in A-G v Blake. Although ritual obeisance to compensatory damages is made, Blake recognises a general restitutionary remedy for breach of contract the logic of which must be to undermine completely the expectation interest. The general effect of restitutionary rather than expectation-based remedies will be to furnish a greater deterrent against breach, a result welcomed by advocates of the ‘performance interest’. All this would be well were all breaches ‘wrongs’ which should be deterred. This, however, is not so. Breach has a positive, indeed essential, role in the operation of the law of contract as the legal institution regulating economic exchange and pursuit of its general prevention is inconsistent with the operation of a market economy. The victory of restitution therefore is illusory: it is impossible that the position established in Blake can be sustained.
The office of Lord Chancellor: time to abandon the judicial role – the rest will follow
Authors: Woodhouse Diana
Published: April 2006

This paper considers the viability of the office of Lord Chancellor. It focuses on the Lord Chancellor's judicial role and argues that a number of factors, most notably the dominance of his executive responsibilities, the political influence and style of the current incumbent, Lord Irvine, and the incorporation of the European Convention on Human Rights through the Human Rights Act 1998, make its retention unsustainable. It therefore concludes that the Lord Chancellor should relinquish the role and no longer sit as judge. In the light of this conclusion, it moves on to look at the Lord Chancellor's responsibility for judicial appointments, his role as head of the judiciary, his position as a departmental minister in Cabinet and his function as Speaker in the House of Lords, and suggests that the nature of the office of Lord Chancellor is such that once the judicial role is relinquished, justifications for these other roles also disappear. The office should therefore be consigned to history, with other institutions assuming its responsibilities.
Estimation of Ribonucleic Acid with Orcinol
Authors: Lusena C. V.
Published: April 2006

not available
Completing the Picture: Women and the Female Principle in the Mithraic Cult
Authors: Griffith Alison
Published: April 2006

In the recently revived debate on the possible involvement of women in the Mithraic cult the main points of contention are the value and reliability of limited archaeological and epigraphic evidence and of two passing references to women's involvement in works by Porphyry and Tertullian. At one end of the spectrum, Richard Gordon proposed an alternate "Mithraic" world that not only excluded women but also subverted the female principle entirely. At the other end, Jonathan David challenged the claim that women were excluded from the Mithraic cult and proposed the possibility of lea and mater grades. The first part of this paper tackles the vexed issue of "evidence" by conducting a more thorough and stringent review of the physical evidence than that offered by David on this subject. The conclusion that none of this evidence is unequivocally Mithraic is hardly new; the aim is to put the debate to rest. The second part of this paper explores Porphyry's distinct but ambiguous reference to women as "hyenas" in the context of the Mithraic cult. In this section Gordon's theory of an alternate Mithraic reality is modified in order to reconcile numerous female sex and gender associations apparent in the iconography of the tauroctony scene.
Whose cloak did Ahijah seize and tear? A note on 1 Kings xi 29-30
Authors: Chun S. Min
Published: April 2006

This note argues that it is Jeroboam's not Ahijah's cloak that Ahijah seized and tore in 1 Kings xi 29-30; the pronoun hw' in xi 29 refers to Jeroboam.
The Folk Concepts of Intention and Intentional Action: A Cross-Cultural Study
Authors: Knobe Joshua , Burra Arudra
Published: April 2006

Recent studies point to a surprising divergence between people's use of the concept of intention and their use of the concept of acting intentionally. It seems that people's application of the concept of intention is determined by their beliefs about the agent's psychological states whereas their use of the concept of acting intentionally is determined at least in part by their beliefs about the moral status of the behavior itself (i.e., by their beliefs about whether the behavior is morally good or morally bad). These findings raise a number of difficult questions about the relationship between the concept of intention and the concept of acting intentionally. The present paper addresses those questions using a variety of different methods, including conceptual analysis, psychological experimentation, and an examination of people's use of certain expressions in other languages.
Folk Intuitions on Free Will
Authors: Nichols Shaun
Published: April 2006

This paper relies on experimental methods to explore the psychological underpinnings of folk intuitions about free will and responsibility. In different conditions, people give conflicting responses about agency and responsibility. In some contexts, people treat agency as indeterminist; in other contexts, they treat agency as determinist. Furthermore, in some contexts people treat responsibility as incompatible with determinism, and in other contexts people treat responsibility as compatible with determinism. The paper considers possible accounts of the psychological mechanisms that underlie these conflicting responses.
Theoretical Visions versus Policymaking Realities? Searching for the Logical Grounds of Expansion and Retrenchment Arguments in Studies on Nordic Social Policy Models from the 1960s to the 2000s
Authors: Lin Ka , Carroll Eero
Published: April 2006

Theoretical welfare analyses emphasising the Nordic welfare regimes' structural stability have increasingly clashed, above all since the late 1980s, with policy analyses emphasising that Nordic welfare benefits should be cut back. This study analyses the ideological, political and broader institutional reasons for why this disjuncture increased. We argue that theory and policy analyses may be reconciled by "talking past one another" on definitions of universalism, on assessments of whether crisis and systemic change are actually happening, as well as on whether or how citizens' opinions should inform policymaking. Such an analysis enables us to more dispassionately assess the veracity of "resilience analyses" of Nordic welfare regimes, as well as to more critically assess the feasibility of retrenchment policies actually pursued.
Collectio repetitionum tholosana (ca. 1280)
Authors: Maffei Paola
Published: April 2006

Ms. Seu d'Urgell, Biblioteca Capitular 2042, ff. 105ra–123va, holds a collection of repetitiones, regarding trial, which were given in the University of Toulouse around 1280 (or even in the seventies of that century): it is the oldest collection of repetitiones known for Toulouse, and in any case one of the very first testimonies of that remarkable University's activity. Through the analysis of the collection the author aims to prove their origin, age, cultural influence, and suggests the likely identity of its author with the well-known Toulouse master Guillaume de Ferrières.
Pontiff, praetor, and iurisdictio in the Roman republic
Authors: Tellegen-Couperus Olga
Published: April 2006

It is generally assumed that from 367 BC the praetor was charged with iurisdictio, i.e. the supervision of civil litigation, and that, before that time, this task was performed by some other magistrate. Pontiffs were legal experts who served as advisers. However, new research has shown that the praetor originally had military duties and that it was only around 200 BC that he became involved in administering the law. In this paper the author suggests that, up to 200 BC, it was the College of Pontiffs which was responsible for supervising civil litigation. Mitchell put forward a similar hypothesis a few years ago, but so far he failed to convince his readers. In the author's view, close reading of Pomp. D. 1,2,2,6 and appreciating the fact that around 200 BC the relationship between pontiffs and magistrates changed fundamentally indicate that, before that year, the pontiffs were directly involved in civil litigation and were more than simply advisers.
'Neque id sine magna Servii laude…', Historisierung der Rechtswissenschaft und Genese von System und Methode bei Donellus
Authors: Avenarius Martin
Published: April 2006

In recent literature, the French humanist Hugo Donellus (1527–1591) is generally acknowledged as the creator of a civil law system. His system is generally understood as devised to present and explain Roman law. But in fact, Donellus does not organize the legal rules with the help of systematic elements from outside the law. He tries to reach back to the roots of classical Roman law, i.e. the ars iuris of Servius Sulpicius Rufus. Based on structural elements of the ars iuris that are preserved by the sources, Donellus tries to reorganize the law. He anticipates a methodological strategy that would prove to be successful in the 19th century: to understand law as the result of a long-term development. On the basis of this perspective he tries to reach back to the historical origins of law in order to make further dogmatical development possible. Thus, Donellus appears as a predecessor of the historical school of law.
Some remarks concerning the Disputationum libri XXI of Tryphoninus
Authors: Hallebeek Jan
Published: April 2006

This contribution discusses the recently published book Die libri disputationum des Claudius Tryphoninus, Eine spätklassische Juristenschrift of Kathrin Fildhaut and more specifically the question, dealt with in the book, whether the fragments of Tryphoninus' Libri disputationum, as preserved in the Digest, have been elaborated in post-classical times or by the compilers. Special attention is paid to the interpretation of Tryph. D. 23,2,67,3.
Trunk performance after stroke and the relationship with balance, gait and functional ability
Authors: Verheyden Geert , Vereeck Luc , Truijen Steven , Troch Mark , Herregodts Iris , Lafosse Cristophe , Nieuwboer Alice , De Weerdt Willy
Published: April 2006

Objective: To evaluate trunk performance in non-acute and chronic stroke patients by means of the Trunk Control Test and Trunk Impairment Scale and to compare the Trunk Control Test with the Trunk Impairment Scale and its subscales in relation to balance, gait and functional ability after stroke.

Subjects: Fifty-one stroke patients, attending a rehabilitation programme, participated in the study.

Main measures: Subjects were evaluated with the Trunk Control Test, Trunk Impairment Scale, Tinetti balance and gait subscales, Functional Ambulation Category, 10-m walk test, Timed Up and Go Test and motor part of the Functional Independence Measure.

Results: Participants obtained a median score of 61 out of 100 on the Trunk Control Test and 11 out of 23 for the Trunk Impairment Scale. Twelve participants (24%) obtained the maximum score on the Trunk Control Test; no subject reached the maximum score on the Trunk Impairment Scale. Measures of trunk performance were significantly related with values of balance, gait and functional ability. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed an additional, significant contribution of the dynamic sitting balance subscale of the Trunk Impairment Scale in addition to the Trunk Control Test total score for measures of gait and functional ability (model R2 = 0.55-0.62).

Conclusions: This study clearly indicates that trunk performance is still impaired in non-acute and chronic stroke patients. When planning future follow-up studies, use of the Trunk Impairment Scale has the advantage that it has no ceiling effect.
Does clinic-measured gait speed differ from gait speed measured in the community in people with stroke?
Authors: Taylor Denise , Stretton Caroline M , Mudge Suzie , Garrett Nick
Published: April 2006

Objective: To compare the extent to which gait speed measured in the clinic setting differs from that measured in the community.

Design: Participants completed the 10-m walk test at a self-selected speed in a clinic setting. Following this they completed a 300-m community-based walking circuit that covered a variety of environmental conditions. Gait velocity was sampled at different points in the circuit. The same circuit and sampling points were used for all participants. Clinic gait velocity was compared to gait velocity measured on five occasions during the community-based circuit.

Setting: Physiotherapy clinic and local shopping mall.

Participants: Twenty-eight chronic stroke patients who regularly accessed the community divided into two groups based on their gait velocity in the clinic.

Main outcome measures: Walking velocity.

Results: Spearman rank correlation coefficient indicated that there was a strong correlation between the total time taken to walk the 300-m course and the clinic-based gait velocity (r=-0.88, P<0.0001). A linear mixed model with repeated measures analysis revealed significant interaction between community measures for group A versus group B (F4,26=4.49, P=0.0068) and significant differences across community conditions (F4,26=7.12, P=0.0005).

Conclusion: The clinic-based 10-m walk test is able to predict walking velocity in a community setting in chronic stroke patients who score 0.8 m/s or faster. However, for those who score less than 0.8 m/s in the clinic test, gait velocity in the community may be overestimated.
Psychometric properties of the modified Emory Functional Ambulation Profile in stroke patients
Authors: Liaw Lih-Jiun , Hsieh Ching-Lin , Lo Sing-Kai , Lee Su , Huang Mao-Hsiung , Lin Jau-Hong
Published: April 2006

Objective: To examine the test-retest reliability, convergent and predictive validity and responsiveness of the modified Emory Functional Ambulation Profile (mEFAP) in assessing gait function in stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation.

Subjects: Forty subacute stroke inpatients were enrolled in the validity and responsiveness study. Twenty chronic patients participated in the reliability study.

Setting: Rehabilitation department of a medical centre.

Design: In the validity and responsiveness study, patients were tested using the mEFAP, 10-m walking speed test, Barthel Index and Rivermead Mobility Index at admission and at discharge. For the reliability study, the patients completed the mEFAP twice one week apart.

Results: The patients' performances on the mEFAP were moderately to highly correlated with results of the 10-m walking speed test and Rivermead Mobility Index (absolute correlation coefficients ≥0.67), indicating good convergent validity. Patients' performance on the mEFAP at admission was moderately correlated with the Barthel Index and Rivermead Mobility Index scores at discharge (Spearman's rank correlation coefficients=-0.52 and-0.78, respectively), indicating good predictive validity. The standardized response mean of the mEFAP was 1.1 (P<0.0001), suggesting good responsiveness. The intraclass correlation coefficient ICC(3,1) for the mEFAP was 0.997, indicating excellent test-retest reliability.

Conclusions: Our results provide strong evidence that the mEFAP has good reliability, validity and responsiveness for assessing stroke patients undergoing rehabilitation. The mEFAP is a useful scale for measuring walking function and recovery in stroke patients.
Using the Timed Up and Go Test to stratify elderly inpatients at risk of falls
Authors: Large Julienne , Gan Neesha , Basic David , Jennings Natalie
Published: April 2006

Objective: To determine whether the Timed Up and Go Test is useful at stratifying acutely unwell elderly inpatients according to their risk for subsequent falls.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: Multidisciplinary acute care unit for the elderly at Liverpool Hospital, in Sydney, Australia.

Participants: A total of 2388 consecutive admissions to the unit of mean age 82 years.

Intervention: The Timed Up and Go, administered on admission to the unit, and two modifications (an ordinal scale and a dichotomous scale, both incorporating patients unable to complete the Timed Up and Go) were evaluated.

Main outcome measures: Number of falls, and reasons for the inability to complete the Timed Up and Go.

Results: During a median length of stay of nine days, 180 patients had at least one fall. The Timed Up and Go was unable to identify those patients who subsequently fell (P=0.78). When the Timed Up and Go was modified to include the majority of patients unable to complete the test, both the ordinal (range of values 1-8, odds ratio (OR) 1.12, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.03-1.21, P=0.01) and dichotomous (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.09-2.32, P=0.02) modifications significantly predicted falls in multivariate analyses. Patients unable to do the Timed Up and Go due to non-physical disability had the highest fall rate (11%), followed by those with physical disability (9%), while those able to do the Timed Up and Go had the lowest fall rate (6%) (P<0.001). Acutely unwell, immobile patients with dementia and delirium were not at excessive risk of falls.

Conclusion: In the acute care setting, the value of the Timed Up and Go lies in the inability to complete the test, and the reasons for this inability, rather than the time recorded.
Distinguishing theories of dysfunction, treatment and care. Reflections on ‘Describing rehabilitation interventions’
Authors: Lettinga Ant T , van Twillert Sacha , Poels Bas JJ , Postema Klaas
Published: April 2006

Background: An editorial by Wade (Clinical Rehabilitation 2005; 19: 811-18. suggested a method for describing rehabilitation interventions.

Objective: To review the editorial critically, and to suggest a more complete theory.

Editorial: The editorial develops a model identifying factors that should be considered when analysing a complex rehabilitation problem, and provides a high-level description of the rehabilitation process. It explicitly does not address theories of behaviour change.

New ideas: Three additional theoretical models are needed. The first considers the mechanisms that link the factors identified in Wade's model. For example how does self-esteem (in personal context) actually influence activity performance? This is a theory of dysfunction. The second needs to discuss how treatments alter their target. For example how does cognitive behavioural therapy alter pain perception and/or alter activity performance? This is a theory of treatment. It may be related to the theory of dysfunction. The third, which is less certain, needs to consider the process of giving support (maintaining the status quo). For example, how should one offer continuing opportunities for meaningful social role performance to someone with major cognitive losses? This is a theory of care.

Conclusion: The two models that Wade integrated in his conceptual framework (the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning (WHO ICF) and the rehabilitation process) should primarily be considered as descriptive in character. Theories are still needed to understand how activity limitation arises and how treatments alter activity limitation, and possibly how a patient is supported to maintain a certain level of activity.
Urinary mononuclear cell and disease activity of systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Chan R W-Y , Lai F M-M , Li E K-M , Tam L-S , Chung K-Y , Chow K-M , Li P K-T , Szeto C-C
Published: April 2006

Mononuclear cells play a cardinal role in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). A high urine cytology score has been reported to be associated with lupus nephritis in relapse. The objective of this study was to examine the urinary mononuclear cell population of patients with lupus nephritis, and explore its correlation with lupus disease activity. We studied 12 patients with active lupus nephritis, 17 patients with lupus nephritis in remission, 12 SLE patients with no history of renal disease and 13 healthy subjects. Clinical disease activity was quantified by the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). Mononuclear cell species in the urinary sediment were examined by immunocytochemistry. Patients with active lupus nephritis had significantly more mononuclear cells in the urinary sediment. The number of + cell was significantly elevated in the active lupus nephritis than the others ( P < 0.001), while there was no significant difference in the number of + and + cell among patient groups. The total urinary mononuclear cell correlated significantly with the overall SLEDAI score ( r = 0.58, P < 0.001) as well as the renal score ( r = 0.57, P < 0.001). The number of urinary +, but not + or +, cell significantly correlated with the overall SLEDAI score ( r = 0.46, P = 0.003) as well as the renal score ( r = 0.40, p < 0.011). In nine patients with renal biopsy, the histological activity index correlated with the total urinary mononuclear cell ( r = 0.75, P = 0.02), + ( r = 0.69, P = 0.04) and + cell ( r = 0.69, P = 0.04). We conclude that urinary mononuclear cell was markedly elevated in patients with active lupus, and the urinary mononuclear cell count correlated significantly with the SLEDAI score and histological activity. + and + cells are the major component of urinary mononuclear cell in SLE patients and their number correlates with lupus disease activity.
The role of epithelial cells in the initiation and perpetuation of autoimmune lesions: lessons from Sjögren’s syndrome (autoimmune epithelitis)
Authors: Mitsias D I , Kapsogeorgou E K , Moutsopoulos H M
Published: April 2006

Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting epithelial tissues. Exocrine glands are the primary target and their functional impairment comes as a result of immune attack of epithelial cells of the affected organs (autoimmune epithelitis). In this interplay, the role of the epithelial cell is pivotal. Extensive data point to an intrinsically activated status. Moreover, the epithelial cells possess all the features needed in order to act as non-professional antigen presenting cells. Through apoptosis and exosomes release endocellular antigens contributing to tolerance breakdown. In addition, produce cytokines and chemokines that recruit lymphocytes in the immunopathogenic lesion. Herein, we review all the aforementioned aspects of the epithelial activity that lead to the perpetuation of the lesion as well as the probable viral factors for the intrinsic activation. Finally, we propose a model for SS pathogenesis that integrates the knowledge accumulated during the last decade.
Lupus erythematosus tumidus: an underestimated entity
Authors: Teixeira M , Ferreira M , Alves R , Selores M
Published: April 2006

There have been few reports of lupus erythematosus tumidus (LET) in the literature. Most of textbooks of dermatology or dermatopathology mention this entity only briefly, if at all. The authors describe an additional case of this underdiagnosed disorder that further supports its existence as a separate entity in the spectrum of the variants of chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Although most cases are reported in the European countries, to our knowledge, this is the first case documented in Portugal. The clinical, photobiological and histological features as well as differential diagnosis, treatment and prognosis are also discussed.
Chloroquine treatment influences proinflammatory cytokine levels in systemic lupus erythematosus patients
Authors: Wozniacka A , Lesiak A , Narbutt J , McCauliffe D P , Sysa-Jedrzejowska A
Published: April 2006

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with a complex pathogenesis. Published data have revealed that serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines are increased in SLE patients.

The aim of our study was to evaluate whether monotherapy with chloroquine phosphate affects IL- 1β, IL-6, IL-18 and TNF-α serum levels in SLE patients. The study group consisted of 25 SLE patients with mild or moderate disease activity and 25 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects. In SLE patients the cytokine levels were measured just before and three months after starting chloroquine treatment at a dose of 125 mg twice daily.

Although the majority of SLE patients had a low systemic lupus activity measure (SLAM) index, the levels of IL-6, IL-18 and TNF-α were significantly higher than in the control group. After three-months of chloroquine therapy the mean level of IL-6, IL-18 and TNF-α decreased significantly. Minimal erythema doses (MEDs) were significantly increased in SLE patients after three months of chloroquine therapy.

The results indicate that chloroquine treatment lowers some proinflammatory cytokines and may provide a photoprotective effect.
Multifocal avascular necrosis after liver transplantation: an unusual presentation of the antiphospholipid syndrome
Authors: Mundo J , Peris P , Monegal A , Navasa M , Cervera R , Guañabens N
Published: April 2006

We describe the case of a 31-year old man who presented with an antiphospholipid syndrome (APS), which manifested as multifocal avascular necrosis (AVN) one year after orthotopic liver transplantation. The patient developed multiple AVN affecting hips, left knee, humerus and tarsal bones just after withdrawal of corticosteroid therapy. Three years later when lupus anticoagulant was detected, he began anticoagulant treatment and no further AVN episodes were observed. It is important to be aware of this clinical manifestation of APS, especially in these cases where it can be easily overlooked because of corticosteroid therapy.
Localized chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus masquerading as pigmented lesions: a new clinical subset?
Authors: Boyd A S
Published: April 2006

Isolated, hyperpigmented lesions arising on the skin of the head and neck in the elderly rarely prompt consideration of connective tissue diseases. Histologic evaluation, however, may reveal changes compatible with chronic cutaneous lupus erythematosus (CCLE). A retrospective review of cutaneous biopsies compatible with CCLE evaluated by the Vanderbilt University Division of Dermatopathology over a five-year period (1998-2002) was undertaken. Cases with isolated lesions arising on the head and neck in patients 40 years or older were selected and the histopathology was confirmed. Patients were interviewed by phone and their charts were reviewed. A total of 11 cases were found, including nine women and two men. These patients averaged 68 years of age and presented with single, hyperpigmented macular lesions. Photosensitivity was rare and no associated stigmata of lupus erythematosus were noted. Response to topical application of corticosteroid preparations was excellent.
Epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus: a comparison of worldwide disease burden
Authors: Danchenko N , Satia J A , Anthony M S
Published: April 2006

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a disease of multifactorial etiology. Quantifying the burden of SLE across different countries can clarify the role of genetic, environmental and other causative factors in the natural history of the disease, and to understand its clinical and societal consequences. The aim of this study is to summarize data on SLE incidence and prevalence in the USA, Europe, Asia, and Australia. An extensive review of electronic resources (PubMed and MedLine) and medical journals was conducted to identify published studies on SLE incidence and prevalence over the period of 1950-early 2006. Researchers in the countries of interest provided additional information on the epidemiology of SLE. The incidence and prevalence of SLE varies considerably across the countries. The burden of the disease is considerably elevated among non-white racial groups. There is a trend towards higher incidence and prevalence of SLE in Europe and Australia compared to the USA. In Europe, the highest prevalence was reported in Sweden, Iceland and Spain. There are marked disparities in SLE rates worldwide. This variability may reflect true differences across populations, or result from methodological differences of studies. The true geographic, racial, and temporal differences in SLE incidence and prevalence may yield important clues to the etiology of disease.
Predicting Student Attitudes and Grades from Perceptions of Instructors' Attitudes
Authors: Wilson Janie H.
Published: April 2006

Psychological availability to students defines immediacy, a concept traditionally measured using ratings of instructor behaviors. However, students' perceptions of their professor's attitude toward them may serve as a more parsimonious measure of psychological availability. In fact, ratings of a professor's attitude toward students are positively related to student motivation, learning, and ratings of the instructor. In this study, prediction of student outcomes was analyzed in a 2-step regression: First, students' perceptions of their instructor's attitude entered into the equation, followed by immediacy scores. Instructor's attitudes predicted student outcomes well. Although some immediacy components increased variability explained, the increases were small.
Behind the Facts: Helping Students Evaluate Media Reports of Psychological Research
Authors: Hall Scott S. , Seery Brenda L.
Published: April 2006

This article describes an activity that can help students (a) understand how the research process influences the outcomes of that research and (b) appreciate the media's limitations of reporting research findings. Students read about research reported in an online newspaper and in a scholarly journal and responded to questions that guided their critique of the research methods and their comparison of the 2 sources. Quantitative and qualitative evaluations suggested that this activity can help students understand the impact of research procedures on a study's findings and to appreciate the limitations in the reporting of such findings from mainstream media sources.
Incorporating Multiculturalism into Undergraduate Psychology Courses: Three Simple Active Learning Activities
Authors: Warren Cortney S.
Published: April 2006

Many scholars agree that educators must incorporate multiculturalism into the curriculum of all undergraduate psychology students. I designed 3 easy-to-use activities that reinforce why multicultural factors are critical to consider in psychology. Using intelligence testing as a platform, these activities highlight issues of language, cultural loading of test items, and cultural loading of assessment methods. Outcome data from participants in 2 large undergraduate introductory psychology classrooms (N = 301) indicated that students were significantly more knowledgeable about multiculturalism and believed multicultural factors to be more important after completing these activities.
Benefits of Prelecture Quizzes
Authors: Narloch Rodger , Garbin Calvin P. , Turnage Kimberly D.
Published: April 2006

We investigated the use of quizzes administered prior to lecture (i.e., prelecture quizzes) and compared them to no-quiz control groups. In previous research, the success of administering quizzes after covering a topic (i.e., postlecture quizzes) was contingent on the quizzes and the subsequent exams being of similar level and content. However, our study revealed that such contingencies were not true of prelecture quizzes. Students who received either matching or fill-in-the-blank prelecture quizzes, as compared to no quiz, performed better on both multiple-choice and essay exam questions. They also rated the lectures as a better preparation for exams and as more clear and organized. Finally, the quizzed students asked more high-level questions.
Why Does Technology Transfer Fail? Two Technology Transfer Projects from Peronist Argentina
Authors: Hagood Jonathan D
Published: April 2006

Despite the vast research on the effectiveness of technology transfer or the adsorptive capacity of the nation, society, or firm receiving the technology, little is known about the nature of the failure of technology transfer. When failure does occur, it is too often diagnosed in absolute terms, without delving into the possibilities of particular instances of success obscured by the overall disappointment. As a step toward examining failure more fully, this study explores two examples of technology transfer from post–World War II Peronist Argentina (1946–1955): the development of the Pulqui II jet fighter and the atomic fusion research project known as el Proyecto Huemul. An analysis of the complex historical contexts in which these cases of failure took place and the individual components of technology transfer—people, knowledge, institutions, and machines—yields three main conclusions. First, one historical context in particular, Argentina's policy of import-substitution industrialization, clearly contributed to the short-term failure of these projects. Second, the reliance of the national innovation system on state-sponsored research and development made implementation of technical success unachievable. Finally, the lack of knowledge transfer from the German scientists, engineers, and technicians involved with these projects to Argentine personnel ensured the long-term failure of the transfer of this technology. Overall, this study helps us to understand that the complexities of technology transfer projects found in historical contexts and technology components drive the difficult task of determining the triumph or disappointment of technology transfer. In addition, this analysis refines our understanding of the nature of failure itself.
"The sound of bamboo planted deep inside them:" Reclaiming Filipino American History and Identity in Lakas and the Manilatown Fish
Authors: De Jesus Melinda L.
Published: April 2006

This essay analyzes the significance of Children's Book Press' Lakas and the Manilatown Fish/Si Lakas at ang Isdang Manilatown, the first English-Tagalog picture book. This zany story about a "Pilipino" boy and a magic fish who race through the urban landscape of what was once San Francisco's Manilatown counters the continuing erasure of Filipino America through its invocation of an important but forgotten community. The two narratives are intertwined seamlessly, melding the whimsical and the sociohistorical. The author maintains that Lakas and the Manilatown Fish should be regarded as an act of decolonization and resistance that uncovers, reclaims, and celebrates Filipino American history and identity.
Paying with Shadows
Authors: Yep Laurence
Published: April 2006

This personal essay describes Yep's fascination with dreams and illustrates how the symbolic aspects of dreams mark the Chinese American experience, as well as his own trajectory as a writer. Noting that dreaming is characteristic of the human condition, Yep traces the ways in which visions of America have defined the history of the Chinese in the United States and have shaped his own writing. He then describes in detail the genesis of many of his work—fantasy and science fiction, realist stories and historical novels—linking them to his own experiences. By writing these texts, he explains, he discovered a mirror for his dreams of finding a niche in which he could fit.