bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Persistent increase in carbon burial in the Gulf of Mannar, during the Meghalayan Age: Influence of primary productivity and better preservation
Authors: Saraswat Rajeev , Rajput Karan Rampal , Bandodkar Sripad Rohidas , Bhadra Sudhir Ranjan , Kurtarkar Sujata Raikar , Maria Joäo Hilda , Suokhrie Thejasino , Kumar Pankaj
Published: January 2023

The oceans store a substantial fraction of carbon as calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and organic carbon (Corg) and constitute a significant component of the global carbon cycle. The Corgand CaCO3flux depends on productivity and is strongly modulated by the Asian monsoon in the tropics. Anthropogenic activities are likely to influence the monsoon and thus it is imperative to understand its implications on carbon burial in the oceans. We have reconstructed multi-decadal CaCO3and Corgburial changes and associated processes during the last 4.9 ky, including the Meghalayan Age, from the Gulf of Mannar. The influence of monsoon on carbon burial is reconstructed from the absolute abundance of planktic foraminifera and relative abundance ofGlobigerina bulloides. Both Corgand CaCO3increased throughout the Meghalayan Age, except between 3.0–3.5 ka and the last millennium. The increase in Corgburial during the Meghalayan Age was observed throughout the eastern Arabian Sea. The concomitant decrease in the Corgto nitrogen ratio suggests increased contribution of marine organic matter. Although the upwelling was intense until 1.5 ka, the lack of a definite increasing trend suggests that the persistent increase in Corgand CaCO3during the early Meghalayan Age was mainly driven by higher productivity during the winter season coupled with better preservation in the sediments. Both the intervals (3.0–3.5 ka and the last millennium) of nearly constant carbon burial coincide with a steady sea-level. The low carbon burial during the last millennium is attributed to the weaker-upwelling-induced lower productivity.
Yield, dry matter and water productivity simulation for surface and subsurface drip-irrigated bell pepper using the SALTMED model
Authors: Yazar A. , İnce Kaya Ç. , Çolak Y. Bozkurt , Tekin S. , Alghory A.
Published: January 2023

SALTMED model performance was evaluated by comparing simulated and observed soil water content, dry matter (DM) yield, yield and water productivity (WP) data of field-grown bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) under Mediterranean climatic conditions irrigated with surface and subsurface drip systems. Simulation data were obtained from field experiments performed in 2016 and 2017. Treatments were full irrigation (I100), conventional deficit irrigation at 75 and 50% actual crop evapotranspiration (ETa; I75 and I50), regulated-deficit irrigation (RDI) and partial root-zone drying (PRD) at 50% ETa using surface (SfDI) and subsurface drip systems (SbDI) on a clay-loam soil, in a split-plot with four replications. Results showed that 56 and 29 mm less irrigation water was applied to SdDI100 in 2016 and 2017, respectively, than SfDI100; RDI used 27 and 77 mm less irrigation water than SfDI100 in experimental years, respectively. SbDI and SfDI performed similarly for bell pepper yield, DM and WP. However, the effect of irrigation treatments on yield, DM and WP was significant. I100 showed the highest yield (74.9 and 71.1 t/ha in 2016 and 2017, respectively), followed by RDI in 2016; I100, RDI and I75 produced greater yield than other treatments in 2017. PRD50 and I50 produced the least yield (49.8 and 45.9 t/ha in 2016 and 2017, respectively). SbPRD50 and SbI50 had the greatest WP value under SbDI in the experimental years. Results showed that the SALTMED model simulated yield, DM, soil water content and WP reasonably well (R2 = 0.95, 0.97, 0.98 and 0.74, respectively).
No effect of nearby natural reef existence on fish assemblages at shipwrecks in the Aegean Sea
Authors: Şensurat-Genç Tuğçe , Lök Altan , Özgül Aytaç , Oruç Adnan Çağlar
Published: January 2023

Deployment of artificial wreck reefs (AWRs) near natural reefs can influence fish assemblages on both reefs. Here, we assessed fish attitudes (abundances, biomass and species richness) according to different level complexity areas of wrecks, feeding guilds of fish and body size of fish of two identical AWRs deployed at the same depth (36.6 m) and different distances from natural reefs. Scuba divers used visual census method to sample fish communities at wrecks for two years. An average of 2346 individuals per dive belonging to 52 species were observed on wrecks combined. Both mean fish abundance and mean biomass did not differ significantly between wrecks. Mean species richness was significantly greater at9 EylülthanAlaybey. Planktivore was the most abundant feeding guild on wrecks, and its abundance statistically differed between AWRs. The comparisons of fish assemblages at the different level complexity areas of the wrecks show differences, the highest mean abundances were recorded at the areas of low complexity of the wrecks. The results of this study show that although deploying artificial wreck reefs near to natural rocky reefs catalyses fish colonization, it does not present an exact influence on the fish communities of AWRs. We have not known yet how creating an artificial wreck reef affects fish community of natural reefs. With giving extra importance to the choice of deployment area, AWR applications may transform to win-win projects for both the marine environment and recreational users, such as divers and anglers.
Antidepressant medications in dementia: evidence and potential mechanisms of treatment-resistance
Authors: Costello Harry , Roiser Jonathan P. , Howard Robert
Published: January 2023

Depression in dementia is common, disabling and causes significant distress to patients and carers. Despite widespread use of antidepressants for depression in dementia, there is no evidence of therapeutic efficacy, and their use is potentially harmful in this patient group. Depression in dementia has poor outcomes and effective treatments are urgently needed. Understanding why antidepressants are ineffective in depression in dementia could provide insight into their mechanism of action and aid identification of new therapeutic targets. In this review we discuss why depression in dementia may be a distinct entity, current theories of how antidepressants work and how these mechanisms of action may be affected by disease processes in dementia. We also consider why clinicians continue to prescribe antidepressants in dementia, and novel approaches to understand and identify effective treatments for patients living with depression and dementia.
Forum Introduction: Gender, Intimate Networks, and Global Commerce in the Early Modern Period
Authors: Laursen Brock Aske , Ewen Misha , Haasis Lucas , Hunt Margaret R. , Raapke Annika
Published: January 2023

In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, new patterns of knowledge, credit, and capital were created by global expansion. These, in turn, created new opportunities for groups of people who previously had little access to global trade. These individuals—women as well as men—increasingly engaged in commercial transactions, some of them relatively autonomous, others challenged and hindered by various forms of institutional control and constraint. Emphasising the intimate nature of networks means examining the quality rather than the quantity of certain networks, which ultimately facilitates a shift away from well-known historical agents such as influential merchants, powerful politicians, and various nobility and royals. The Gender, Intimate Networks, and Global Commerce in the Early Modern Period forum seeks to add to our knowledge of the diverse ways that intimate economic networks developed in both the Atlantic and Indian Ocean worlds, in Europe as well as en route elsewhere, among the well-off as well as the relatively poor, and among free people as well as the enslaved.
Design and position control of a robotic brace dedicated to the treatment of scoliosis
Authors: Ray Rahul , Nouaille Laurence , Colobert Briac , Calistri Laurine , Poisson Gérard
Published: January 2023

This paper’s content focuses on designing and prototyping a robotic brace dedicated to treating scoliosis. Scoliosis is an abnormal spinal curvature affecting 1–3% of children and constitutes a major therapeutic problem. In moderate cases of deformity, passive brace treatment is performed. However, this approach can lead to important patient discomfort. So, we propose a robotic solution providing greater mobility and the possibility of adapting the procedure to each patient. The robotic brace we built and tested is composed of three specific rings adapted to the patient’s torso. Each independent module of two consecutive rings is movable through a Stewart–Gough platform-type mechanism. As the robotic brace is lightweight, it brings better portability and improves the patient’s comfort.

The first part of the paper shows the state of the art of bracing techniques: from passive to active orthoses. Next, the mechatronics of the device is detailed, and the robot’s kinematic models are developed. The motion control principle is given. In the last part, motion tests were administered with a healthy human to validate the brace architecture choice and its position and motion control strategies.
Persisting while changing over time: modelling the historical biogeographic of cave crickets (Orthoptera, Grylloidea) in Neotropics
Authors: Castro-Souza Rodrigo Antônio , Sobral-Souza Thadeu , Rabelo Lucas Mendes , Zefa Edison , Ferreira Rodrigo Lopes
Published: January 2023

Using species distribution modelling (SDMs) techniques, we predicted the biogeographic history of crickets commonly found in Neotropical caves as a way to detect potential long-term environmental refuges in South America. Our models were built based on a thorough investigation of existing database regarding the genus Endecous Saussure, 1878 (Ensifera: Phalangopsidae) occurrences. The predictions of their distribution were obtained for two paleoclimate scenarios (LGM — 21 ka and Mid-Holocene — 6 ka), the current climate scenario (0 ka) and one future global warming climate scenario (RCP8.5, 2080–2100). Our findings suggest that in the past, the potential distribution of the crickets was wider, with potential forest corridors connecting different karst areas with caves within their occupancy area. The future prediction indicates a drastic reduction in their spatial distribution with an increased potential for isolation in subterranean ecosystems. Atlantic humid forest patches and caves represent the main environmental refuges for these crickets. Considering the ongoing impacts on surface environments and future climate change, the conservation of caves and karst landscapes has become one of the main strategies for the maintenance of these crickets and all the correlated subterranean communities.
Crystal structure of oxibendazole, C12H15N3O3
Authors: Kaduk James A. , Gates-Rector Stacy , Blanton Thomas N.
Published: January 2023

The crystal structure of oxibendazole has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional theory techniques. Oxibendazole crystallizes in space group C2/c (#15) with a = 23.18673(22), b = 5.35136(5), c = 19.88932(13) Å, β = 97.0876(9)°, V = 2449.018(17) Å3, and Z = 8. The structure consists of hydrogen-bonded layers of planar molecules parallel to the bc-plane. Strong N–H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the molecules into dimers, with a graph set R2,2(8). N–H⋯O hydrogen bonds further link these dimers into layers parallel to the bc-plane. The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™ (PDF®).
Crystal structure of deracoxib, C17H14F3N3O3S
Authors: Kaduk James A. , Gindhart Amy M. , Gates-Rector Stacy , Blanton Thomas N.
Published: January 2023

The crystal structure of deracoxib has been solved and refined using synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data, and optimized using density functional theory techniques. Deracoxib crystallizes in space group Pbca (#61) with a = 9.68338(11), b = 9.50690(5), c = 38.2934(4) Å, V = 3525.25(3) Å3, and Z = 8. The molecules stack in layers parallel to the ab-plane. N–H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the molecules along the b-axis, in chains with the graph set C1,1(4), as well as more-complex patterns. N–H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the layers. The powder pattern has been submitted to ICDD for inclusion in the Powder Diffraction File™ (PDF®).
Environmental predictors of seed germination in two Halocnemum species from Mediterranean (Balearic, Tyrrenic and Adriatic) and Red Sea coastal salt marshes
Authors: Soriano Pilar , Estrelles Elena , Martínez-Nieto M. Isabel , Doménech-Carbó Antonio , Galiè Marco , Biondi Edoardo
Published: January 2023

Reproductive strategies for specific populations are closely related to environmental factors. Consequently, they are fundamental for conservation plans and the management of threatened habitats like salt marshes. From this viewpoint, germination strategy under different temperatures and salt conditions, voltammetric parameters and molecular analysis were performed and compared in six Halocnemum populations (four of H. cruciatum and two of H. strobilaceum) growing on Mediterranean (Balearic, Tyrrenic and Adriatic) and Red Sea coasts to establish the relation to environmental variables. Significant interpopulation differences were found in all the evaluated parameters. The Mediterranean populations showed a variable opportunistic germination strategy that was directly related to the drought period length at the studied sites. Consequently, potential environmental predictors of seed response were identified. The most noteworthy were bioclimate, soil texture, continentality index, winter temperatures and summer precipitations. Additionally, voltammetric parameters were evidenced as indicators of maternal plant stress levels and, thus, as potential determinants of future seed responses. The phylogenetic analyses showed a split into two species that did not correspond to germination response. The phylogeographic analyses showed interpopulation differences in haplotype composition for H. cruciatum, but not for H. strobilaceum. In conclusion, the tight connection between seed responses and the ecological parameters of natural populations as an adaptation for successful seedling emergence was proved regardless of its phylogenetic relations.
Anarchy and Its Overlooked Role in Health and Healthcare
Authors: Essex Ryan
Published: January 2023

In this paper, I will argue that a number of well-known health interventions or initiatives could be considered anarchist, or at the very least are consistent with anarchist thinking and principles. In doing this I have two aims: First, anarchism is a misunderstood term—by way of example, I hope to first sketch out what anarchist solutions in health and healthcare could look like; second, I hope to show how anarchist thought could stand as a means to improve the health of many, remedying health inequalities acting as a buffer for the many harms that threaten health and well-being. On this second point, I will argue that there are a number of theoretical and instrumental reasons why greater engagement with anarchism and anarchist thinking is needed, along with how this could contribute to health and in addressing broader injustices that create and perpetuate poor health.
Alternative Approaches to Chinese Imagery: Audiovisual aesthetics in A Reflection in the Brook
Authors: Xiaoyu Zhao , Zhenwei Sun
Published: January 2023

The importance that Chinese composers attach to their nation’s cultural traditions in their electronic music compositions has become a dominant trend in Chinese electronic music. This has generally led to a ‘Chinese imagery’ in Chinese electronic music compositions. Among China-inspired electroacoustic music, the interactive multimedia work A Reflection in the Brook (小青, 2013) shows a unique expression. The author explores how the composer recreated a controversial female figure in Chinese history through a completely real-time audiovisual language: Feng Xiaoqing, thereby presenting Chinese imagery in electroacoustic music through an alternative approach. The audiovisual relationship in A Reflection in the Brook will be analysed through the lens of Michel Chion’s audiovisual theory and the perspective of musical composition techniques, further presenting the audiovisual aesthetics of multimedia electronic music.
Predictors of stunting among children aged 6–59 months, Zimbabwe
Authors: Marume Anesu , Archary Moherndran , Mahomed Saajida
Published: January 2023

Objective:

Stunted children have an increased risk of diminished cognitive development, diabetes, degenerative and CVD later in life. Numerous modifiable factors decrease the risk of stunting in children. This study aimed to assess the role of the individual, household and social factors on stunting in Zimbabwean children.

Design:

A 1:2 unmatched case–control study.

Setting:

This study was conducted in two predominantly rural provinces (one with the highest national prevalence of stunting and one with the lowest prevalence) in Zimbabwe.

Participants:

Data were obtained from the caregivers of 150 children aged between 6 and 59 months with stunting and from the caregivers of 300 children without stunting.

Results:

Multiple (39) correlates of stunting were identified. Child’s age, birth length, birth weight, and weight-for-age outcome (child-related factors), caregiver’s age, maternal HIV status, occupation, and education (parental factors), breast-feeding status, number of meals, and dietary quality (dietary factors), child’s appetite, diarrhoeal and worm infection (childhood illnesses), income status, access to safe water, access to a toilet, health clubs and maternal support in infant feeding (household, socio-cultural factors) were all found to be significant predictors of childhood stunting.

Conclusion:

Nearly all aspects under review from the individual-, household- to social-level factors were significantly associated with childhood stunting. These findings add to the growing body of evidence supporting the WHO stunting framework and strengthen the need to focus interventions on a multi-sectoral approach to effectively address stunting in high prevalence countries.
Burnout in primary healthcare physicians and nurses in Turkey during COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Ayaslıer Ata Arda , Albayrak Beyza , Çelik Esra , Özdemir Özgür , Özgür Özlem , Kırımlı Emrah , Kayı İlker , Sakarya Sibel
Published: January 2023

Background:

Due to additional responsibilities and uncertainties during the COVID-19 pandemic, primary healthcare (PHC) workers are at increased risk of burnout.

Aim:

To determine and compare the burnout levels and related factors in PHC nurses and family physicians (FPs) during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods:

An online survey was delivered to PHC workers. Non-random sampling method was used. To evaluate burnout, the Maslach Burnout Inventory was used, which investigates burnout in three categories: emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP) and reduced personal accomplishment (PA). Multivariate linear regression was used to analyze factors associated with burnout for FPs and nurses separately.

Findings:

Among the participants, 55.7% were nurses, the mean age was 42.34. FPs and nurses experienced similar levels of burnout in terms of EE. Family physicians had higher levels of low PA and DP. Based on the results of the multivariate analysis, while higher EE levels were significantly associated with unequal distribution of workload and communication problems within the Family Health Center for physicians, the unequal distribution of PPE, lack of appreciation by patients or colleagues and restrictions on work-related rights were relevant factors for nurses. Lack of appreciation and restrictions of the rights were associated with increased DP scores in both groups. Unequal distribution of workload was also associated with reduced PA among FPs.

Conclusion:

PHC physicians and nurses are affected by burnout in different ways under the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic based on gender, socioeconomic status and working conditions. To protect the mental health of PHC workers in the next public health emergency, clarification in the organization of services, empowering PHC workers in emergency risk communication and provision of timely, adequate and free PPE is essential. It is also crucial to ensure the rights of health workers through macro policy changes especially during emergencies.
Primary care trainee nursing associates in England: a qualitative study of higher education institution perspectives
Authors: Robertson Steve , King Rachel , Taylor Bethany , Laker Sara , Wood Emily , Senek Michaela , Tod Angela , Ryan Tony
Published: January 2023

Aim:

To explore higher education institution (HEI) perspectives on the development and implementation of trainee nursing associates (NAs) in the primary care workforce in England.

Background:

Current shortages of primary health care staff have led to innovative skill mix approaches in attempts to maintain safe and effective care. In England, a new level of nursing practice, NAs, was introduced and joined the workforce in 2019. This role was envisaged as a way of bridging the skills gap between health care assistants and registered nurses and as an alternative route into registered nursing. However, there is limited evidence on programme development and implementation of trainee NAs within primary care settings and HEI perspectives on this.

Methods:

This paper draws from a larger qualitative study of HEI perspectives on the trainee NA programme. Twenty-seven staff involved in training NAs, from five HEIs across England, were interviewed from June to September 2021. The interview schedule specifically included questions relating to primary care. Data relating to primary care were extracted and analysed using a combined framework and thematic analysis approach.

Findings:

Three themes were developed: ‘Understanding the trainee role and requirements’, ‘Trainee support in primary care’ and ‘Skills and scope of practice’. It is apparent that a more limited understanding of the NA programme requirements can lead to difficulties in accessing the right support for trainees in primary care. This can create challenges for trainees in gaining the required competencies and uncertainty in understanding what constitutes a safe scope of practice within the role for both employers and trainees. It might be anticipated that as this new programme becomes more embedded in primary care, a greater understanding will develop, support will improve and the nature and scope of this new level of practice will become clearer.
A Statistical Study of Longitudinal Extent of Pc1 Pulsations Using Seven PWING Ground Stations at Subauroral Latitudes
Authors: Liu Jie , Shiokawa Kazuo , Oyama Shin‐Ichiro , Otsuka Yuichi , Jun Chae‐Woo , Nosé Masahito , Nagatsuma Tsutomu , Sakaguchi Kaori , Kadokura Akira , Ozaki Mitsunori , Connors Martin , Baishev Dmitry , Nishitani Nozomu , Oinats Alexey , Kurkin Vladimir , Raita Tero
Published: January 2023

Pc1 geomagnetic pulsations correspond to electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves in the magnetosphere and are excited there with frequencies of 0.2–5 Hz. The instantaneous longitudinal extent of Pc1 waves on the ground has not been estimated yet. In this study, we analyze the Pc1 pulsations observed at seven longitudinally‐distributed ground stations at subauroral latitudes at ∼60° magnetic latitude for 1 year from July 2018 to June 2019. The hourly occurrence rates of Pc1 pulsations at all 7 stations have a peak (14%–39.6%) in the post‐noon sector and a local minimum (4.1%–8.1%) at midnight. The average frequencies become highest (0.6–1.1 Hz) after midnight and lowest (0.3–0.5 Hz) after noon at all 7 stations. An increasing tendency of total Pc1 occurrence with respect to magnetic latitude was observed. Based on these observations, we obtained a peak of probability distribution of the instantaneous Pc1 longitudinal extent as ∼82.5° with a half maximum at ∼114°, though this probability distribution can be affected by the limitation of the number of the stations. We also made model calculations on the possible longitudinal extent using artificial random Pc1 waves with fixed extents. The comparison of the model results with the observation suggests longitudinal extent of 70°–86° comparable to the peak of probability distribution (∼82.5°). A superposed epoch analysis shows that the longitudinal extent of Pc1 waves tends to increase during recovery phase of geomagnetic storms.
Biological, Physical, and Atmospheric Controls on the Distribution of Cadmium and Its Isotopes in the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Sieber Matthias , Lanning Nathan T. , Bunnell Zachary B. , Bian Xiaopeng , Yang Shun‐Chung , Marsay Chris M. , Landing William M. , Buck Clifton S. , Fitzsimmons Jessica N. , John Seth G. , Conway Tim M.
Published: January 2023

Despite the Pacific being the location of the earliest seawater Cd studies, the processes which control Cd distributions in this region remain incompletely understood, largely due to the sparsity of data. Here, we present dissolved Cd and δ114Cd data from the US GEOTRACES GP15 meridional transect along 152°W from the Alaskan margin to the equatorial Pacific. Our examination of this region's surface ocean Cd isotope systematics is consistent with previous observations, showing a stark disparity between northern Cd‐rich high‐nutrient low‐chlorophyll waters and Cd‐depleted waters of the subtropical and equatorial Pacific. Away from the margin, an open system model ably describes data in Cd‐depleted surface waters, but atmospheric inputs of isotopically light Cd likely play an important role in setting surface Cd isotope ratios (δ114Cd) at the lowest Cd concentrations. Below the surface, Southern Ocean processes and water mass mixing are the dominant control on Pacific Cd and δ114Cd distributions. Cd‐depleted Antarctic Intermediate Water has a far‐reaching effect on North Pacific intermediate waters as far as 47°N, contrasting with northern‐sourced Cd signatures in North Pacific Intermediate Water. Finally, we show that the previously identified negative Cd* signal at depth in the North Pacific is associated with the PO4 maximum and is thus a consequence of an integrated regeneration signal of Cd and PO4 at a slightly lower Cd:P ratio than the deep ocean ratio (0.35 mmol mol−1), rather than being related to in situ removal processes in low‐oxygen waters.
New Detections of Feldspar‐Bearing Volcanic Rocks in the Walls of Valles Marineris, Mars
Authors: Flahaut Jessica , Payet Vincent , Fueten Frank , Guitreau Martin , Barthez Marie , Ito Gen , Allemand Pascal
Published: January 2023

Plagioclase‐bearing rocks were first detected in the vicinity of large impact basins on Mars using visible/near‐infrared (VNIR) data. The geologic context is consistent with excavated plutons or ancient crustal outcrops. Our analyses reveal plagioclase outcrops exposed in a 200 m thick, sub‐horizontal layer in the 8 km deep walls of the Valles Marineris canyon. These plagioclase‐bearing rocks are consistent with either a sill, a volcano‐clastic layer, or a porphyritic lava flow, in contrast with the previous understanding that plagioclase feldspar signatures must be indicative of nearly pure, anorthositic rocks inherited from a primary flotation crust or granitoids from either plutonic activity or ancient continental crust. We present here evidence of possibly effusive, volcanic rocks bearing plagioclase VNIR spectral signatures, expanding the geologic setting of these unique and uncommon martian rocks to include multiple lithologies. This has direct implications for Mars magmatic processes and for the nature of its crust.
Muon Imaging of Volcanic Conduit Explains Link Between Eruption Frequency and Ground Deformation
Authors: Oláh László , Gallo Giuseppe , Hamar Gergő , Kamoshida Osamu , Leone Giovanni , Llewellin Edward W. , Lo Presti Domenico , Nyitrai Gábor , Ohminato Takao , Ohno Shouhei , Tanaka Hiroyuki K. M. , Varga Dezső
Published: January 2023

Understanding the physical mechanism of ground deformation at a volcano supports the use of deformation data as a monitoring tool. An inverse correlation was observed between eruption frequency and ground deformation of Sakurajima volcano from November 2018 to April 2021. Over the same period, the mass density of magma in the conduit was monitored via muography. Mass density increased during inflation, when eruption frequency was low, and decreased during deflation, when eruption frequency was high. Periods of low eruption frequency are associated with the formation of a dense plug in the conduit, which we infer caused the inflation of the edifice by trapping pressurized magmatic gas. Conversely, periods of high eruption frequency are associated with the absence of the plug, which we infer allows gas to escape, leading to deflation. Muography thus reveals the in‐conduit physical mechanism for the observed correlation, with implications for interpretation of deformation at other volcanoes.
Modeling the Time‐Dependent Magnetic Fields That BepiColombo Will Use to Probe Down Into Mercury's Mantle
Authors: Zomerdijk‐Russell S. , Masters A. , Korth H. , Heyner D.
Published: January 2023

External solar wind variability causes motion of the magnetopause and changes of this boundary's current structure, and the resulting inductive processes, may be exploited to determine the interior structure of magnetized planets. In preparation for the arrival of the BepiColombo spacecraft at Mercury, we here assess solar wind ram pressure forcing in this planet's environment, through analysis of data acquired by the Helios spacecraft, and the impact on the magnetopause's inducing field. These measurements suggest that BepiColombo will see highly unpredictable solar wind conditions and that the inducing field generated in response to variable solar wind ram pressure is non‐uniform across the planet's surface. The inducing magnetic field spectrum, with frequencies in the range of , suggests that the transfer functions derived from the two BepiColombo spacecraft could allow us to obtain a profile of conductivity through Mercury's crust and mantle.
The 2013 Slab‐Wide Kamchatka Earthquake Sequence
Authors: Rousset B. , Campillo M. , Shapiro N. M. , Walpersdorf A. , Titkov N. , Chebrov D. V.
Published: January 2023

Studies of initiation of large earthquakes are usually focused on frictional instabilities occurring in the near vicinity of the future rupture. Possible contributions of long‐distance interactions with large‐scale tectonic instabilities remain unknown. Here we analyze seismic catalogs and geodetic time series during a few months preceding the 2013 M = 8.3 deep‐focus Okhotsk earthquake. This deep‐focus event is preceded by four intense seismic clusters in the seismogenic zone. GNSS time series in Kamchatka revealed a transient landward motion episode 1 month prior to the mainshock, consistent with an increase of seismogenic zone loading. This transient loading episode is accompanied by a doubling of the intermediate depth seismicity rate suggesting a transient slab pull as the origin. These observations question the constant subducting velocity hypotheses and may have implications in the understanding of the long‐distance along‐slab stress interactions and in their contribution to initiation of large deep‐focus earthquakes.
Adiabatic Evolution of Cloud Droplet Spectral Width: A New Look at an Old Problem
Authors: Grabowski Wojciech W. , Pawlowska Hanna
Published: January 2023

Spectral width of the cloud droplet spectrum is important for radiative properties and drizzle/rain development in warm ice‐free clouds. We use an adiabatic rising parcel model to study activation and diffusional growth of cloud droplets, focusing on the spectral width evolution, and contrasting clean and polluted environments. A comprehensive droplet growth equation is used that includes kinetic, solute, and surface tension effects. We show that those effects have an appreciable impact on the spectral width evolution above the cloud base. Without those effects, the droplet area standard deviation should not change once activation is completed. In contrast, simulation results show that the area standard deviation does increase with height, especially for weak updrafts and polluted environments. Implications of those results for cloud modeling, especially applying conventional bin microphysics, are discussed.
Long‐Term Slowdown of Ocean Carbon Uptake by Alkalinity Dynamics
Authors: Chikamoto Megumi O. , DiNezio Pedro , Lovenduski Nicole
Published: January 2023

Oceanic absorption of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) is expected to slow down under increasing anthropogenic emissions; however, the driving mechanisms and rates of change remain uncertain, limiting our ability to project long‐term changes in climate. Using an Earth system simulation, we show that the uptake of anthropogenic carbon will slow in the next three centuries via reductions in surface alkalinity. Warming and associated changes in precipitation and evaporation intensify density stratification of the upper ocean, inhibiting the transport of alkaline water from the deep. The effect of these changes is amplified threefold by reduced carbonate buffering, making alkalinity a dominant control on CO2 uptake on multi‐century timescales. Our simulation reveals a previously unknown alkalinity‐climate feedback loop, amplifying multi‐century warming under high emission trajectories.
A 3D Magnetospheric CT Reconstruction Method Based on 3D GAN and Supplementary Limited‐Angle 2D Soft X‐Ray Images
Authors: Wang R. C. , Li Dalin , Sun Tianran , Peng Xiaodong , Yang Zhen , Wang J. Q.
Published: January 2023

Soft X‐ray imaging is a new method used to observe the structure of the Earth's magnetosphere. Reconstruction of the Earth's three‐dimensional (3‐D) magnetospheric structure from 2‐D soft X‐ray images is an important research topic in astronomical imaging and exploration. In this study, computed tomography (CT) is investigated for application to the planned Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer (SMILE), where resulting images are collected at varying small angles. The restricted geometry of SMILE results in sparse projection data and reduced reconstruction quality. As such, a new algorithm is proposed, based on cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) and utilizing 3‐D generative adversarial networks (GAN) to supplement the 2‐D soft X‐ray images and increase the angular coverage of the projections. A complement optimization backpropagation network (COBN) is then used to reconstruct high‐quality 3‐D X‐ray emissivity profiles in the magnetosphere. A series of validation experiments were conducted in which the reconstructions were compared with synthetic results generated by the PPMLR‐MHD (an extended LagRangian version of the Piecewise Parabolic Method –MagnetoHydroDynamic) model under varying solar wind conditions. Results showed the supplemented profiles were more complete and accurate than the direct reconstructions, as measured by the peak signal‐to‐noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity (SSIM). This suggests the proposed technique could be a viable approach to observing magnetosphere structure and variability.
Double‐Difference Adjoint Tomography of the Crust and Uppermost Mantle Beneath Alaska
Authors: Chen Guoxu , Chen Jing , Tape Carl , Wu Hao , Tong Ping
Published: January 2023

We perform adjoint waveform tomography to reveal the P‐wave velocity structure of the crust and uppermost mantle in Alaska by using common‐source double‐difference traveltime data. Our underlying forward modeling tool is a 3D seismic‐wave solver called SPECFEM3D_GLOBE. We select ∼13,000 high‐quality P‐wave arrivals from 147 earthquakes recorded by more than 600 stations. The waveforms are filtered between 15 and 8 s and used to generate about 100,000 differential traveltimes via the cross‐correlation technique. We invert these common‐source differential traveltimes for a P‐wave velocity model down to 150 km depth in Alaska. In the upper mantle, a high‐velocity zone is imaged along the Aleutian volcanic arc, which represents the Pacific plate subducting beneath the North America plate. On the eastern edge of the subducting Pacific plate, the imaged high‐velocity anomaly extends distinctly beyond the Wadati–Benioff zone, indicating an aseismic slab edge. We observe an absence of a low‐velocity mantle wedge beneath the Denali Volcanic Gap (DVG) in our tomographic model. This finding suggests that minimal melt accumulation exists beneath the DVG, which may explain the cessation of magmatism there. Our model also reveals a high‐velocity anomaly near the Wrangell Volcanic Field (WVF), suggesting the possible existence of the Wrangell slab or the high‐velocity slab edge of the Yakutat slab. A potential slab gap shown as a low‐velocity body is detected at 95–125 km depth near the WVF, which could act as a channel to transport mantle materials to feed the cluster of volcanoes in the WVF.
Potential Weakening of the June 2012 North American Derecho Under Future Warming Conditions
Authors: Li Jianfeng , Qian Yun , Leung L. Ruby , Chen Xiaodong , Yang Zhao , Feng Zhe
Published: January 2023

Derechos are widespread and long‐lived straight‐line windstorms associated with fast‐moving mesoscale convective systems that cause severe life and property loss. This study investigates how the June 2012 North American derecho could unfold in the future with global warming. Convection‐permitting regional model ensemble simulations of the derecho as observed are compared with simulations under a pseudo‐global warming scenario of the future environments by the end of the 21st century following the Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP5‐8.5). The control simulations can well reproduce the observed derecho features, including storm evolution, surface wind, and precipitation, except for a 2‐hr delay relative to observations. Compared to the control simulations, the derecho shrinks and decays earlier in the future environments, with much less destructive impacts on the Mid‐Atlantic coastal areas. The derecho shrinkage is attributed to lower relative humidity on both sides of the derecho propagation path under global warming, which suppresses updraft and strengthens downdraft, impeding the spatial extent of the derecho. The premature decay is due to the intensification of an isolated deep convection (IDC) event that develops ahead of the derecho. The meridional gradient of future warming strengthens the synoptic environments, enhancing convergence in a corridor of higher instability that facilitates intensification and continuous development of the IDC. By consuming energy and moisture on the derecho propagation path, the IDC hinders the derecho development in the Mid‐Atlantic coastal areas. Focusing on a single derecho, this study reveals how changes in the thermodynamic environment with warming could induce complex changes in the derecho.
Mechanism Analysis of a Wintertime Extreme Persistent Heavy Rainfall Event in Hainan Island
Authors: Liu Haisheng , Huang Xiaogang , Fei Jianfang , Cheng Xiaoping , Zhang Chi
Published: January 2023

Extremely persistent heavy rainfall (EPHR) events frequently occur in southern China, but its mechanisms of initiation and maintenance are not well understood, leading to difficulties in accurately forecasting. Thus, we investigated a typical EPHR case that occurred on Hainan Island on 14 December 2013 (UTC) using convection‐resolving WRF simulation and multi‐source observations. Results revealed that the intrusion of the cold surge, the formation of the quasi‐stationary mesoscale perturbed vortex (MPV) caused by deflected southerly winds and northeasterly winds, and local topographic forcing are three crucial factors for this EPHR event. Firstly, the invasion of cold surge provides a favorable thermal condition for strong convection, as the CAPE around Wanning city substantially increases during the invasion, greatly enhancing atmospheric instability. Secondly, the event is triggered around 06:00 UTC due to the low‐level convergence of easterly and northeasterly winds. The confrontation of easterly and northeasterly winds forms an MPV in the middle boundary layer, which plays an important role in the maintenance of strong convection. In the following hours, the easterly airflow is continuously deflected northward, but its southerly wind components are largely balanced by the northerly counterpart from the cold surge, so the MPV remained quasi‐stationary until 18:00 UTC, resulting in persistent heavy rainfall in Wanning city. Finally, the sensitivity experiments show that topographic blocking and friction effects also play a decisive role in this EPHR process. Overall, this study fully illustrates the special formation mechanism of a wintertime EPHR event, deepening the mechanistic understanding of EPHR events.
High-fidelity and clean nanotransfer lithography using structure-embedded and electrostatic-adhesive carriers
Authors: Gan Zhuofei , Cai Jingxuan , Sun Zhao , Chen Liyang , Sun Chuying , Yu Junyi , Liang Zeyu , Min Siyi , Han Fei , Liu Yu , Cheng Xing , Yu Shuhui , Cui Dehu , Li Wen-Di
Published: January 2023

Metallic nanostructures are becoming increasingly important for both fundamental research and practical devices. Many emerging applications employing metallic nanostructures often involve unconventional substrates that are flexible or nonplanar, making direct lithographic fabrication very difficult. An alternative approach is to transfer prefabricated structures from a conventional substrate; however, it is still challenging to maintain high fidelity and a high yield in the transfer process. In this paper, we propose a high-fidelity, clean nanotransfer lithography method that addresses the above challenges by employing a polyvinyl acetate (PVA) film as the transferring carrier and promoting electrostatic adhesion through triboelectric charging. The PVA film embeds the transferred metallic nanostructures and maintains their spacing with a remarkably low variation of <1%. When separating the PVA film from the donor substrate, electrostatic charges are generated due to triboelectric charging and facilitate adhesion to the receiver substrate, resulting in a high large-area transfer yield of up to 99.93%. We successfully transferred the metallic structures of a variety of materials (Au, Cu, Pd, etc.) with different geometries with a <50-nm spacing, high aspect ratio (>2), and complex 3D structures. Moreover, the thin and flexible carrier film enables transfer on highly curved surfaces, such as a single-mode optical fiber with a curvature radius of 62.5 μm. With this strategy, we demonstrate the transfer of metallic nanostructures for a compact spectrometer with Cu nanogratings transferred on a convex lens and for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) characterization on graphene with reliable responsiveness.
Right to left ventricular volume ratio is associated with mortality in congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Toyoshima Katsuaki , Saito Tomoko , Shimokaze Tomoyuki , Katsumata Kaoru , Ohmura Junya , Kimura Sasagu , Aoki Hirosato , Takahashi Megumi , Shibasaki Jun , Kawataki Motoyoshi , Kim Ki-Sung , Shinkai Masato , Ishikawa Hiroshi , Saito Naka , Masutani Satoshi
Published: January 2023

Background

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is associated with high neonatal mortality. We performed this study to test the hypothesis that left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes assessed by three-dimensional echocardiography may be associated with mortality in CDH.

Methods

This study was a single-center retrospective cohort study involving 35 infants with CDH. RV and LV end-diastolic volume (RVEDV and LVEDV, respectively) were measured by three-dimensional echocardiography and were corrected by birth body weight (BBW) on day 1. RVEDV/BBW, LVEDV/BBW, and LVEDV/RVEDV were compared between CDH survivors and non-survivors. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to assess the predictive ability for mortality of the echocardiographic parameters.

Results

Comparing CDH non-survivors (n = 6) with survivors (n = 29), respectively, RVEDV/BBW was significantly larger (2.54 ± 0.33 vs 1.86 ± 0.35 ml/kg; P < 0.01), LVEDV/BBW was significantly smaller (0.86 ± 0.21 vs 1.22 ± 0.33 ml/kg; P < 0.001), and LVEDV/RVEDV was significantly lower (0.34 ± 0.06 vs 0.66 ± 0.18; P < 0.001). The area under the curve for LVEDV/RVEDV was the largest (0.98).

Conclusions

Three-dimensional echocardiographic volume imbalance between the RV and LV was remarkable in CDH non-survivors. The LVEDV/RVEDV ratio may be associated with mortality in CDH.

Impact

Mortality with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is high, and evaluating left and right ventricular structures and functions may be helpful in assessing the prognosis.

Three-dimensional (3D) echocardiography indicated that the left ventricular end-diastolic volume/right ventricular end-diastolic volume ratio within 24 h after birth was associated with mortality in CDH infants.

The usefulness of this ratio should be validated in prospective multicenter studies involving larger numbers of patients.
Blockade of NMT1 enzymatic activity inhibits N-myristoylation of VILIP3 protein and suppresses liver cancer progression
Authors: Tan Xiang-Peng , He Yan , Yang Jing , Wei Xian , Fan You-Long , Zhang Guo-Geng , Zhu Yi-Dong , Li Zheng-Qiu , Liao Hua-Xin , Qin Da-Jiang , Guan Xin-Yuan , Li Bin
Published: January 2023

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors. Identification of the underlying mechanism of HCC progression and exploration of new therapeutic drugs are urgently needed. Here, a compound library consisting of 419 FDA-approved drugs was taken to screen potential anticancer drugs. A series of functional assays showed that desloratadine, an antiallergic drug, can repress proliferation in HCC cell lines, cell-derived xenograft (CDX), patient-derived organoid (PDO) and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models. N-myristoyl transferase 1 (NMT1) was identified as a target protein of desloratadine by drug affinity responsive target stability (DARTS) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assays. Upregulation of NMT1 expression enhanced but NMT1 knockdown suppressed tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Metabolic labeling and mass spectrometry analyses revealed that Visinin-like protein 3 (VILIP3) was a new substrate of NMT1 in protein N-myristoylation modification, and high NMT1 or VILIP3 expression was associated with advanced stages and poor survival in HCC. Mechanistically, desloratadine binds to Asn-246 in NMT1 and inhibits its enzymatic activity, disrupting the NMT1-mediated myristoylation of the VILIP3 protein and subsequent NFκB/Bcl-2 signaling. Conclusively, this study demonstrates that desloratadine may be a novel anticancer drug and that NMT1-mediated myristoylation contributes to HCC progression and is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in HCC.