bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Challenges of Innovative Development Within the National Economy
Authors: Fayzulloev Mashrab , Komilov Sirojiddin
Published: October 2018

The paper clarifies the main problems of innovative development taking into account social and economic conditions of innovative business, mechanisms to expand innovative processes within the national economy. The theory of innovative infrastructure formation within innovative development based on research-scientific and innovative structures is developed. Innovative infrastructure is considered the mechanism representing a set of interconnected and complementary scientific and technological systems, organizations, firms ensuring efficient implementation of innovative activity and innovations as such. It is specified that innovative processes in Tajikistan are characterized by relatively low activity and efficiency, which is substantially caused by lack of corresponding scientific and technological potential of innovative development and problems of creating favourable conditions for the development of small forms of innovative business in various industries of the national economy. There is a need to develop a national innovative system allowing defining areas of expanding the innovative activity and innovative business alongside with implementing organizational and institutional approaches to economic policy in the field of innovative processes expansion through various industries of the national economy. The tasks of the state policy in the field of innovative business development in Tajikistan taking into account state support at initial stages of innovative business formation and expansion of innovative activity are specified. The principles of establishing small innovative enterprises based on innovative activity of higher educational institutions and research centres are suggested and specified.
Gogol’s Vestmental Term “Shinel (The Overcoat)” as “Daguerreotype” of Mediocrity
Authors: Ozer Saiana
Published: October 2018

In the first half of the 19th century, the theme of ‘a small’ man, an ordinary and inconspicuous person, appeared in the literature. Different writers described the daily unremarkable life of mediocre people in detail. Such writers as Anton Chekhov, Alexander Kuprin, Maxim Gorky, Leonid Andreyev, Fyodor Sologub, Arkady Averchenko, Konstantin Trenyov, Ivan Shmelyov, Semyon Yushkevich, etc. dwelled later on the same topic. Under the guise of criticism of philistine life, Mikhail Zoshchenko, Mikhail Bulgakov, Vladimir Voinovich continued the tradition of “the small man’s menology” during the era of socialist realism. Despite numerous literary attempts to describe small men’s expectations, “The Shinel (Overcoat)” by Nikolai Gogol undoubtedly is the cornerstone of those works. Fyodor Dostoyevsky stated, “We all come out from Gogol’s ‘Overcoat’.” Literary critics are fascinated by this story because of its scale, multi-layered conception, hidden spirituality and a prophetic encoded message. Characteristics of the protagonist change from positive to completely opposite, depending on the ideological mood of the reader. The only thing that can scare any sensible person is the rebellion of a small wrathful man who becomes merciless. The offended person easily turns from a harmless creature into a scoundrel, destroying everything to achieve his ephemeral goal.
Bewegungsberatung für Ältere in der hausärztlichen Versorgung: zwei Praxishilfen
Authors: Peters Stefan , Schwab Michael , Faller Hermann , Meng Karin
Published: October 2018

Hintergrund Beratung durch Ärzte in Bezug auf Lebensstil im Allgemeinen und das Bewegungsverhalten im Speziellen steht seit dem Inkrafttreten des Präventionsgesetzes in Deutschland wieder vermehrt im Fokus. Auch für die Bewegungstherapie spielt die Anknüpfung an ärztliche Beratung eine wichtige Rolle. Die Erwartungen an ärztliche Beratung sind dabei durchaus hoch, wohingegen es eine Vielzahl an Barrieren zu geben scheint. In einem Projekt (PATEN im Rahmen vom Forschungsverbund Capital4Health) zur Bewegungsförderung im Seniorenwohnstift wurde ein Informations- bzw. Schulungsangebot erprobt. Dabei wurden Praxishilfen entwickelt, die es Ärzten erleichtern sollen, das Thema Bewegung im zeitlich begrenzten Rahmen strukturiert anzusprechen.

Konzeption Die beiden Praxishilfen (Tischvorlagen) beinhalten ein potenzielles Ablaufschema für eine Kurzberatung nach den so genannten 5 A‘s sowie eine grafische Darstellung von gängigen Bewegungsempfehlungen für Ältere. Letztere beziehen sich vornehmlich auf die deutschen Nationalen Empfehlungen für Bewegung und Bewegungsförderung. Die 5A-Methode (Ask / Assess, Agree, Advise, Assist, Arrange) ist evidenzbasiert, eignet sich für die primäre Gesundheitsversorgung und wird von gängigen Leitlinien empfohlen.

Diskussion Interventionen zur Bewegungsförderung in der Arztpraxis können von unterschiedlichster Dauer und inhaltlicher Ausrichtung sein. Die vorliegenden Praxishilfen können zur flexiblen Umsetzung genutzt werden. Sie sind dabei auch von Bewegungsfachleuten und evtl. anderen Berufsgruppen einsetzbar.
Kräftigung wider das Altern
Authors: Köppel Maximilian , Hamacher Dennis
Published: October 2018

Mit der steigenden Lebenserwartung und dem demografischen Wandel ist auch ein Panoramawandel in der Gesundheitslandschaft zu verzeichnen. Diese äußert sich in einem Anstieg der Prävalenz von altersassoziierten Erkrankungen, aber auch von Multi-morbidität. Körperliche Aktivität im Allgemeinen, aber auch körperliches Training im Speziellen stellt hierbei ein immens wichtiger protektiver Faktor dar, welcher auch die Selbstständigkeit und körperliche wie geistige Funktion im höheren Alter sichert. In der vorliegenden Übersichtsarbeit wird ein Einblick in die verschiedenen Wirkbereiche von körperlicher Aktivität mit Blick auf die älter werdende Gesellschaft gegeben.
Knee and Hip TEP Surgery: The Surgeonsʼ Obligation to Give Information
Authors: Thielmann Tobias , Tuzhikov Artem
Published: October 2018

The German Civil Code (BGB) establishes in § 630e BGB formal and content-related requirements to provide the patient with a solid fundament of information. This is necessary for a valid informed consent. Without it, the physician is liable for the violation of the patientsʼ physical integrity and his right to self-determination. According to German jurisprudence, this shall even apply when the treatment was conducted duly and without any complications. Therefore, it is astonishing that the correct way of giving information is neither taught in medical school nor in the residency. In practice, supervisors expect that young assistant doctors will be familiar with the correct procedure. As a result, many mistakes are made, even though these are easy to avoid. In this article, we point out all relevant information and the correct way of presenting this, using the example of hip/knee TEP operations.
Bone Mineral Density is Unaltered in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Ganie Mohd , Chakraborty Semanti , Sehgal Ashish , Sreejith M. , Kandasamy Devasenathipathy , Jana Manisha , Rashid Aafia
Published: October 2018

Context The effects of endocrine aberrations associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) on bone mineral density (BMD) in young women is a matter of debate.

Objectives To compare BMD in young women with PCOS to age and body mass index (BMI) matched controls and to elucidate its correlation to BMI, insulin resistance and serum testosterone.

Design and Methods We recruited 60 women with PCOS aged 14-24 years, diagnosed based on Rotterdam 2003 criteria, and 58 age matched controls. BMD was measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. In addition, these subjects underwent biochemical and hormonal analysis including oral glucose tolerance test, calculation of Homeostatic Model Assessment–Insulin Resistance Index, measurement of serum thyroxine, thyrotropin, prolactin, total testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, follicular phase luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone.

Results There was no difference of BMD between women with PCOS and control women (1.103±0.08 vs 1.126±0.083 g/cm2; p=0.122). In subgroup analysis based on BMI, BMD in obese women with PCOS was significantly higher than their overweight and lean counterparts at lumbar spine (p<0.001), neck of femur (p=0.005) and total hip (p<0.001). BMD was not different at any site between oligomenorrheic and non-oligomenorrheic women with PCOS. It positively correlated with BMI, waist and hip circumference in women with PCOS. No correlation was found with HOMA-IR or Testosterone.

Conclusions BMI is the most important determinant of BMD in women with PCOS. BMD is not different between healthy young women and those with PCOS.
Risk of Malignancy in Thyroid Nodules Using the American College of Radiology Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System in the NIFTP Era
Authors: Rosario Pedro , da Silva Alexandre , Nunes Maurício , Borges Michelle
Published: October 2018

Recently, the American College of Radiology (ACR) proposed a Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) for thyroid nodules based on ultrasonographic features. It is important to validate this classification in different centres. The present study evaluated the risk of malignancy in solid nodules>1 cm using ACR TI-RADS. The risk of malignancy was defined including noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) and after its exclusion from malignant tumours. For the present study, the original images were revised, and each nodule was assigned to one of the TI-RADS levels proposed for solid nodules: TR3, TR4, or TR5. This risk of malignancy was significantly different for the three levels: 1.7%, 11.2%, and 60.6% for TR3, TR4, and TR5, respectively, when NIFTP was included, and 0.6%, 7.9%, and 60.2% for TR3, TR4, and TR5, respectively, when NIFTP was excluded from malignant tumours. The nodules corresponding to NIFTP were classified according to ACR as TR3 in 28.5% of cases, TR4 in 67.8%, and TR5 in only 3.5%. The nodules corresponding to cancer were classified according to ACR as TR3 in only 2.3% of cases, TR4 in 27%, and TR5 in 70.5%. In conclusion, this study shows the validity of the ACR TI-RADS for solid thyroid nodules, even after the exclusion of NIFTP from malignant tumours.
Fighting Liver Fibrosis with Naturally Occurring Antioxidants
Authors: Lin Ligen , Zhou Fayang , Shen Shengnan , Zhang Tian
Published: October 2018

Liver fibrosis is a wound-healing response characterized by the accumulation of extracellular matrix following various liver injuries, which results in the deformation of the normal liver architecture and the development of liver cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that oxidative stress mediates the initiation and progression of liver fibrosis. Overaccumulation of reactive oxygen species disrupts macromolecules, induces necrosis and apoptosis of hepatocytes, stimulates the production of pro-fibrogenic mediators, and directly activates hepatic stellate cells, thereby resulting in liver damage and initiating liver fibrosis. Ameliorating oxidative stress is a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of liver fibrosis. Natural antioxidants have attracted increasing attention in treating liver fibrosis due to their safety and efficacy. In this review, the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and the role of oxidative stress in liver fibrosis were discussed. Naturally occurring antioxidants that can treat and prevent liver fibrosis were summarized. Advances in clinical trials were also presented. The main purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date knowledge from the biological importance of oxidative stress in liver fibrosis to representative antioxidants for treating liver fibrosis. Naturally occurring antioxidants show a potential for further investigations as lead compounds in fighting liver fibrosis.
Synthesis of Functional Carbo-benzenes with Functional Properties: The C2 Tether Key
Authors: Maraval Valérie , Chauvin Remi , Cocq Kévin , Barthes Cécile , Rives Arnaud
Published: October 2018

Beyond demonstration of conceptual relevance and synthetic feasibility of aryl/alkyl-substituted representatives, carbo-benzene molecules started to gain prospects of broader impact through the emergence of alkynyl derivatives. This is first illustrated by examples of di- and hexaalkynyl-carbo-benzenes, a carbo-naphthalene, a carbo-biphenyl, and two carbo-terphenyls. A focus is then given to dialkynyl derivatives by reference to the peripherally C2-extruded parents. In the centro­symmetric quadrupolar series, the C2 expansion or ethynylogation effect is more particularly considered for 9H-fluoren-2-yl, tris(O-n-­alkyl)pyrogallyl, indol-3-yl, 4-anilinyl, and tetraphenyl-carbo-phenyl substituents on the following respective properties: two-photon absorption, chemical stability, columnar mesogenicity, on-surface photo­induced charge separation vs single-molecule conductance, and reduction potential. Topical results and prospects of application are discussed on the basis of crystallographic, spectroscopic, and electrochemical analyses vs DFT-calculated nuclear and electronic structures. For the sake of the discussion consistency, complementary experimental and computational results are disclosed in the dianilinyl series. Overall, it is shown that combined advances in strategy, protocols, and substrate scope of acetylenic synthesis remain crucial for the development of yet poorly explored but promising types of molecular materials.

1 Introduction

2 Hexaalkynyl-carbo-benzene

3 ortho-Dialkynyl-carbo-benzene

4 para-Dialkynyl-carbo-benzenes

4.1 Bistrimethylsilylethynyl-carbo-benzene

4.2 Bisfluorenylethynyl-carbo-benzene

4.3 Bistrialkoxyarylethynyl-carbo-benzenes

4.4 Bisindolylethynyl-carbo-benzene

4.5 Bisanilinylethynyl-carbo-benzene

5 Carbo-oligo(phenyleneethynylene)s

6 Conclusions
Determinants of Significant Out-Of-Hospital Bleeding in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Sorrentino Sabato , Baber Usman , Claessen Bimmer , Camaj Anton , Vogel Birgit , Sartori Samantha , Guedeney Paul , Chandrasekhar Jaya , Farhan Serdar , Barman Nitin , Sweeny Joseph , Giustino Gennaro , Dangas George , Kini Annapoorna , Sharma Samin , Mehran Roxana
Published: October 2018

Background Although several variables have been identified as bleeding determinants (BDs), their occurrence and predictive value in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in the real world remain unclear. We aimed to characterize the rate of BDs in patients undergoing PCI with stent implantation in a large volume tertiary centre.

Methods We included patients undergoing coronary stenting at our institution from January 2012 to December 2016, and defined post-discharge bleeding (PDB) as bleeding requiring hospitalization or transfusion. Several BDs, identified by the PARIS bleeding and PRECISE-DAPT scores and inclusion criteria of the LEADERS FREE trial, were analysed.

Results In a population of 10,406 subjects who underwent PCI, 2,938 patients (28.2%) had 1, 2,367 (22.8%) had 2 and 2,913 (28.0%) had ≥3 pre-specified BD. Compared with patients without PDB, subjects who experienced PDB were older (70.43 ± 11.94 vs. 65.90 ± 11.54 years, p < 0.0001) with a higher prevalence of common cardiovascular risk factors. One-year PDB occurred in 177 patients (2.4%), and consistently increased according to the number of BDs involved (1.12, 2.11 and 4.35%, respectively; p < 0.0001). Analogously, 1-year rates of post-discharge myocardial infarction or stent thrombosis increased according to the number of BDs (2.44, 3.38 and 4.87%, respectively; p < 0.0001). Only 7 BDs remained independently associated with PDB at 1 year, with anaemia, oral anticoagulant at discharge and malignancy representing the strongest predictors of such risk.

Conclusion Many risk factors predispose to PDB; they were often clustered together and conferred additive PDB risk at 1-year of follow-up.
Volume and surface mode coupling experiments in periodic surface structures for use in mm-THz high power radiation sources
Authors: MacLachlan A. J. , Robertson C. W. , Cross A. W. , Phelps A. D. R.
Published: October 2018

Planar Periodic Surface Lattice (PSL) structures of different configurations have been designed, fabricated and measured in the 140-220 GHz frequency band. Surface mode resonances are observed in ‘mesh’ PSL structures. We establish that, when mounted on suitable metal-backed dielectric substrates, PSLs exhibit ‘mode-locked’ coherent cavity eigenmodes formed from coupled volume and surface modes. The ‘proof-of-principle’ coupling of volume and surface modes and concept of mode selection in a large cavity, which can lead to the innovation of high power mm-THz radiation sources, is demonstrated. Evidence of coupled eigenmode formation in a 0.64 mm planar PSL measured at 325-500 GHz is presented, verifying the scalability of this work. Excellent agreement between numerical modelling and experiment is reported.
High resolution, high signal-to-noise crystal spectrometer for measurements of line shifts in high-density plasmas
Authors: Beiersdorfer P. , Magee E. W. , Brown G. V. , Hell N. , McKelvey A. , Shepherd R. , Hoarty D. J. , Brown C. R. D. , Hill M. P. , Hobbs L. M. R. , James S. F. , Wilson L.
Published: October 2018

The Orion high-resolution x-ray (OHREX) spectrometer has been a successful tool for measuring the shapes of density-broadened spectral lines produced in short-pulse heated plasmas at the Orion laser facility. We have recently outfitted the instrument with a charge-couple device (CCD) camera, which greatly increased the accuracy with which we can perform line-shift measurements. Because OHREX is located on the outside of the Orion target chamber, no provisions for the shielding of electromagnetic pulses are required. With the CCD, we obtained a higher signal-to-noise ratio than we previously obtained with an image-plate detector. This allowed us to observe structure in the image produced by the diffraction from the two OHREX crystals, which was highly reproducible from shot to shot. This structure will ultimately limit the accuracy of our spectroscopic measurements.
Magnetic characteristics of RPd2Si2 (R = Rare earth)
Authors: Uchima Kiyoharu , Uwatoko Yoshiya , Shigeoka Toru
Published: October 2018

Magnetic characteristics of HoPd2Si2 and ErPd2Si2 with the ThCr2Si2-type crystal structure have been studied from measurements of magnetic susceptibility χ(T) and magnetization M(B) on the single crystals. The compound HoPd2Si2 orders antiferromagnetically below TN = 5.1 K with the magnetic easy direction of [110]. The [110] magnetization process is a three-step metamagnetic one; metamagnetic transitions at B1 = 0.9 T, B2 = 1.5 T and B3 = 3.4 T. The [100] process is a two-step one. Between [110] and [100], strong magnetic anisotropy is seen for high magnetic fields. ErPd2Si2 shows an antiferromagnetic behavior with the magnetic easy direction of [001] below TN=3.9 K. The χ(T) shows four anomalies, which may come from magnetic transitions, at Tmax = 5.1 K, TN = T1 = 3.9 K, T2 = 3.1 K and T3 = 2.2 K. The [001] magnetization process at 2 K is a three-step metamagnetic process; metamagnetic transitions at B1 = 0.5 T, B2 = 1.0 T and B3 = 1.3 T. In the basal plane magnetization processes, a very small metamagnetic transition is at 1.9 T. Crystalline electric field (CEF) analysis was performed, and anisotropic magnetic behaviors are explained. The magnetic data of the RPd2Si2 compound series are summarized.
Thickness and grain-size dependence of ferroelectric properties in columnar-grained BaTiO3 thin films
Authors: Zhang Qingnan , Su Yu
Published: October 2018

In this work, we investigated the association between the microstructural characteristics and the size-dependent properties in columnar-grained BaTiO3 thin films. Based on the phase-field method, we devised a two-dimensional thin-film model with vertically aligned columnar grains and low-permittivity grain boundaries in between. The size dependence is referring to two aspects: the grain-size dependence and the film-thickness dependence. The calculations for the grain-size dependence (200 down to 20 nm) with a constant thickness of 160 nm showed that the reduction of the grain size results in a continuous decrease in the coercive field, remnant polarization, dielectric constant, and piezoelectric constant. With a constant grain size of 60 nm, the reduction of the film thickness (380 down to 80 nm) leads to decreasing coercive field, remnant polarization, piezoelectric constant, and actuation strain as well as an increasing dielectric constant. We found that the presence of the low-permittivity grain boundaries plays a crucial role in the observed size dependence. The dilution effect due to its low permittivity is the leading cause for the grain-size dependence, whereas the underlying domain-switching dynamics affected by the grain boundaries takes the lead for the film-thickness dependence. The relation between the grain-boundary influence and the observed size dependence of ferroelectric properties was discussed.
Pressure-induced quantum critical behavior in LaFeAsO1-xHx studied via NMR
Authors: Fujiwara Naoki , Takeuchi Masayoshi , Kuwayama Takanori , Nakagawa Satoshi , Iimura Soshi , Matsuishi Satoru , Hosono Hideo
Published: October 2018

LaFeAsO1-xHx is a prototypical iron-based superconductor. However, its phase diagram presents unique properties compared to conventional iron-based superconductors: (1) the superconducting phase is sandwiched between two antiferromagnetic (AF) phases appearing in lightly (x ≤ 0.05) and heavily (0.49 ≤ x) H-doped regimes. (2) The AF phase (0.49 ≤ x) is strongly suppressed when applying pressure. We measured the relaxation time T1 at 75As sites for x=0.6 under pressures up to 3.7 GPa to investigate the behavior near the quantum critical point (QCP). The relaxation rate divided by temperature (T) 1/T1T exhibited a peak at the AF transition temperature (TN) followed by Curie-Weiss behavior at low temperatures below TN.. The result demonstrates that the gapped excitation originating from the spin-density-wave state and the gapless excitation characteristic to the QCP coexist near the pressure-induced QCP.
“DistorX” program for analysis of structural distortions affecting X-ray diffraction patterns
Authors: Kalinowski L. , Goraus J. , Ślebarski A.
Published: October 2018

For the purposes of research on strongly correlated electronic systems (SCES), a computer program, DistorX (Distortion or X-ray diffraction patterns), was created. The program is an interactive Jupyter notebook for simulating the effects of structural distortions on X-ray diffraction patterns. The program is designed to be universal, in that it may be successfully applied to a variety of structures. In previous reports, a structural transition from a cubic phase of Yb3Rh4Sn13 – type to the superlattice variant was been observed at 160 K for a series of skutterudite-related Ce3M4Sn13 compounds, where M = Co, Ru or Rh. In this work, we use a specialized build of DistorX to simulate the low-temperature X-ray diffraction patterns of a distorted unit cell. The method described here obtains simulated XRD patterns from the atomic positions and permits investigation of crystal structure without imposed symmetry operations. We further indicate the crystallographic plane in which the distortion occurs, and explain the possible origin of CDW in these materials.
Deviation from the Kohler’s rule and Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations in type-II Weyl semimetal WTe2: High magnetic field study up to 56 T
Authors: Onishi Shota , Jha Rajveer , Miyake Atsushi , Higashinaka Ryuji , Matsuda Tatsuma D. , Tokunaga Masashi , Aoki Yuji
Published: October 2018

We have measured magnetoresistance of type-II Weyl semimetal WTe2 in high magnetic fields of B//c up to B = 56 T using a high quality single crystal with the residual resistivity ratio 1330. A Kohler plot demonstrates the existence of a deviation from the B2 dependence. Significant deviation from Kohler’s rule appears with increasing temperature, indicating wave-vector k dependent anisotropic carrier scattering, which develops with increasing temperature. The fast-Fourier-transform spectra of the observed large-amplitude Shubnikov–de Haas oscillations confirm the existence of four fundamental and one additional (cyclotron frequency of 255 T) peaks. The amplitude of the latter one increases anomalously with increasing field, confirming this oscillation being due to magnetic breakdown (or magnetic breakthrough) between the two cyclotron orbits of the adjacent hole pockets.
Divalent ion substitution effect on Yb-site in Kondo insulator YbB12
Authors: Matsuhra W. , Yokomichi K. , Hirano W. , Kikuchi S. , Uematsu N. , Nakayama H. , Kondo A. , Kindo K. , Iga F.
Published: October 2018

YbB12 has been investigated energetically as a typical Kondo insulator. To study detailed formation mechanism of Kondo energy gap, we have investigated transport and magnetic properties of Yb1-xR3+xB12 (R3+ = non-magnetic trivalent ions). Recently, we have recently succeeded in substitution of Ca2+ for Yb site in YbB12 by high-pressure synthesis. In Ca- and Lu-substituted alloys both of magnetic susceptibility and specific heat C/T at low temperatures, remarkably show larger increase than those of powdered YbB12. These increases are due to giant increase of density of state in an in-gap state.
Cavity ring-down spectroscopy to measure negative ion density in a helicon plasma source for fusion neutral beams
Authors: Agnello R. , Barbisan M. , Furno I. , Guittienne Ph. , Howling A. A. , Jacquier R. , Pasqualotto R. , Plyushchev G. , Andrebe Y. , Béchu S. , Morgal I. , Simonin A.
Published: October 2018

Cavity Ring Down Spectroscopy (CRDS) is used to measure the D− absolute density produced in the helicon plasma reactor RAID (Resonant Antenna Ion Device) at the Swiss Plasma Center. The birdcage geometry of the helicon antenna produces a homogeneous, high-density plasma column (ne ≅ 1.5 × 1018 m−3 in H2 and D2 at 0.3 Pa and 3 kW of input power) 1.4 m long. We present the CRDS experimental setup, its positioning on the RAID reactor, and how the mechanical and thermal effects of the plasma affect the measurement. First results in deuterium plasma confirm the production of negative ions (D−) with a significant density: an average value of 3.0 × 1016 m−3 of D− is obtained at 0.3 Pa and 5 kW of power input in Cs-free plasma. This result is in good agreement with calculations performed with the collisional radiative code YACORA.
Nonreciprocity of backward volume spin wave beams excited by the curved focusing transducer
Authors: Madami M. , Khivintsev Y. , Gubbiotti G. , Dudko G. , Kozhevnikov A. , Sakharov V. , Stal'makhov A. , Khitun A. , Filimonov Y.
Published: October 2018

The focusing effect for spin waves excited by a curved micrometer-sized coplanar waveguide transducer on top of a 5-μm-thick epitaxial yttrium iron garnet film is studied by means of the micro-focused Mandelstam-Brillouin light scattering technique and micromagnetic simulations. The curvilinear transducer is designed to focus the backward volume spin waves on the in-plane bias magnetic field applied along the symmetry axis of the transducer. We show that two-dimensional maps of spin wave intensity exhibit nonreciprocal properties without mirror symmetry with respect to the magnetic field direction and the focusing effect. The observed effects are the consequence of nonreciprocity of the backward volume spin waves travelling at an angle toward the bias field direction.
Alleviating catastrophic forgetting using context-dependent gating and synaptic stabilization
Authors: Masse Nicolas Y. , Grant Gregory D. , Freedman David J.
Published: October 2018

Significance

Artificial neural networks can suffer from catastrophic forgetting, in which learning a new task causes the network to forget how to perform previous tasks. While previous studies have proposed various methods that can alleviate forgetting over small numbers (

⩽

10) of tasks, it is uncertain whether they can prevent forgetting across larger numbers of tasks. In this study, we propose a neuroscience-inspired scheme, called “context-dependent gating,” in which mostly nonoverlapping sets of units are active for any one task. Importantly, context-dependent gating has a straightforward implementation, requires little extra computational overhead, and when combined with previous methods to stabilize connection weights, can allow networks to maintain high performance across large numbers of sequentially presented tasks.
Disputing with patients in person-centered care
Authors: Munthe Christian , El-Alti Leila , Hartvigsson Thomas , Nijsingh Niels
Published: October 2018

This article explores ethical aspects of using open argumentation in person-centered care (PCC), where health professionals (HPs)
openly criticize or contradict factual claims, assumptions, preferences, or value commitments of patients. We argue that such
disputing may be claimed to have an important place in advanced versions of PCC, but that it actualizes
important clinical ethical aspects of doing such disputation well. This may prompt caution in the implementation of PCC, but also
inspire educational and organizational reform. We also probe the notion of openly disputing with patients when PCC is applied in
less standard settings (where it is nevertheless advocated), using the cases of children, psychiatry, and public health
interventions, such as antibiotic stewardship programs, as examples. These contexts offer new reasons for why PCC may or should
include open disputing with patients, but also introduce new ethical complications. Some of these may transform either to
arguments against PCC implementation in these areas, or to a more open view of the extent a HP may seek to dominate patients in a
PCC setting. We are especially skeptical of the meaningfulness of applying advanced PCC in areas of psychiatry with high levels of
compulsory elements, such as forensic psychiatric detention.
The potential of argumentation theory in enhancing patient-centered care in breaking bad news
encounters
Authors: Karnieli-Miller Orit , Neufeld-Kroszynski Galit
Published: October 2018

Recent research on medical communication discusses the role of argumentation in building physician-patient consensus to enhance
shared decision-making. This paper focuses on the potential of using argumentation to establish the preliminary step of shared
understanding of the diagnosis. This understanding is important in helping patients accept the disease and in increasing their
involvement in care. We conducted an in-depth analysis of an observation of a medical encounter, triangulated with interviews with
all participants, to illustrate how the lack of clear information and argumentation concerning the disease hindered the patient’s
understanding and acceptance of it. This in turn led to difficulties in building a trusting relationship and in reaching treatment
decisions. We discuss how using argumentation focused on the disease can allow a fruitful patient-centered discussion about the
medical condition and treatment options.
The role of argumentative strategies in the construction of emergent common ground in a patient-centered approach to
the medical encounter
Authors: Bigi Sarah
Published: October 2018

In this paper, argumentation practices will be discussed in view of their potential for favoring effective information sharing and
the creation of ‘emergent common ground’, i.e. the common ground that is sought, created and co-constructed in the process of
communication. Argumentation is usually tightly knit with information sharing: if the parties have not previously shared a
sufficient amount of relevant knowledge, it is difficult for them to produce effective argumentation. Based on these premises, in
this paper the argumentation stages of medical encounters will be viewed as opportunities to reveal and integrate insufficient
common ground between clinicians and patients. By relying on the analysis of a corpus of real life encounters in a chronic care
setting, the interaction between information sharing and argumentation will be shown, along with problematic cases of
misunderstandings or ineffective argumentation due to lack of common ground. Implications for the clinical practice will be
discussed.
Implicit persuasion in medical decision-making
Authors: Engelhardt Ellen G. , Pieterse Arwen H. , Stiggelbout Anne M.
Published: October 2018

If the arguments to support a recommendation are partly implicit, the free exchange of ideas between discussants
can be hampered. In this paper, we will focus on the potential pitfall for clinicians when informing patients about treatment
options: implicit persuasion. We will describe a set of implicitly persuasive behaviors observed
during decision-making consultations, and reflect on how these behaviors could undermine efforts to stimulate patient
participation in decision-making. We will also reflect on possible explanations for why clinicians exhibit such behaviors.
Associated motion in Manchu in typological perspective
Authors: Jacques Guillaume , Alonso de la Fuente José Andrés
Published: October 2018

The present paper presents a detailed description of the Associated Motion system of Classical Manchu, on the basis of original texts from the 17–18th centuries. It shows that despite superﬁcial similarities, Classical Manchu diﬀers in many ways from previously described AM systems only comprising translocative vs. cislocative markers, such as that of Japhug. This paper provides a basic framework for further research on the typology of simple AM systems.
Identifying lexical bundles in Chinese
Authors: Hsu Chan-Chia , Hsieh Shu-Kai
Published: October 2018

Recurrent word sequences, referred to as “lexical bundles”, may be structurally incomplete, but they serve important communicative functions. Despite the essential roles of lexical bundles in discourse, many methodological issues have been raised in the process of identifying lexical bundles, which is generally frequency-based. The present study identifies three-word and four-word bundles in Chinese conversation and news, and efforts are made to respond to methodological challenges encountered in previous studies. We employ a more sensitive dispersion measure, DP, and an internal association measure, G, which help filter out high-frequency word sequences with no identifiable function and reduce the workload of further manual interventions. An exploratory data analysis is then conducted to compare the distributional patterns of lexical bundles in Chinese conversation and news. In Chinese, both the type number and the density of lexical bundles are higher in conversation than in news. This appears to be a strong cross-linguistic tendency that reflects the real-time pressure speakers face in spontaneous speech. The exploratory data analysis also shows that the elements in Chinese bundles are closely associated with each other. This suggests that lexical bundles are useful phrasal units in Chinese discourse, and thus invites further investigations of how lexical bundles are used in Chinese.
Metaphor in Hakka proverbs
Authors: Lai Huei-ling
Published: October 2018

This paper investigates metaphor in Hakka proverbs by examining a corpus of 933 couplets based on a refined analytic framework fromLakoff & Turner (1989). For the source domain, the being of the state of affairs and the rhetorical relations of the two chunks are identified. For the target domain, the projected theme and the connotative tendency are examined. The results show that source domains significantly correlate with the rhetorical relations and target domains, respectively. Four metaphorical mapping mechanisms based on thegeneric is specificmetaphor are proposed for the operation of the global construal. A mirror image mapping is demonstrated: whole-for-part metonymy in the source domain and part-for-whole metonymy in the target domain. Both the evoked knowledge schemas, encompassing real-life Hakka folk experiences, and the projected themes, including family values, individual characters, and evaluations or standards of life, are found to be culturally constrained. A coalescence of linguistic, cultural, and affective forces is claimed to represent the metaphors in Hakka proverbs. The study contributes to a better understanding of metaphors in proverbs by establishing a solid ground from their linguistic and cultural features, and to expanding the conceptual metaphor theory by building the conceptual universality with specific cultural information.
The role of discourse strategies in the grammaticalization of the Japanese discourse markerdakara
Authors: Tanno Koji
Published: October 2018

The present study examines the diachronic development of the Japanese discourse markerdakara‘so’ from the perspective of grammaticalization with a special focus on the role of discursive strategy in its semantic-pragmatic meaning change. Stemming from the adverbial phrasesoredakara‘because it is so’,dakaraoriginally emerged as a causal connective that introduces a consequence. Subsequently, it gained several non-causal uses, i.e. the point-making use that refers back to what has been said or inferable in the discourse to stress the point that the speaker has been trying to make, the point-clarification use that points out that the preceding interlocutor’s statements need more elaboration, and the point-denying use that indicates the speaker’s opposition to the interlocutor’s claim. Among the new non-causal uses, it is found that the point-making use emerged from the retrospective use of causality as a result of employing the discourse strategy of justification in argumentative discourse, while the point-clarification and the point-denying uses arose due to its use as a device for delaying disagreement. It is argued that these new uses developed because the expression was repeatedly used for these two discourse strategies and over time the readings associated with these contexts became conventionalized and turned into the expression’s encoded meaning. This low-level generalization seems to better explain the process of grammaticalization than the high-level generalization of (inter)subjectivity for the developments ofdakara.
Reading and embodying the script during the theatrical rehearsal
Authors: Lefebvre Augustin
Published: October 2018

The paper develops an ethnomethodological, conversation-analytic and multimodal approach of the theatrical rehearsal, examining how
participants collaboratively read, understand and embody the script. After examining the spatial organization of the setting, the
paper focuses on the following interactional practices: (1) from the participants’ perspective, the script appears as a written
sequence of lines to connect with their knowledge of social interaction; (2) participants understand the script through their
sequential and contextual readings; (3) they collaboratively connect the utterance of written lines with embodied behavior through
the check-reading, and (4) by coordinating the lines with pauses and gaze directions. The analysis relies on video-recordings in
French and Japanese collected at an Art center in Japan.
Dialogism is an integrationism
Authors: Linell Per
Published: October 2018

InLanguage and Dialogue8:1 (2018), Peter Jones wrote a critical article dealing with dialogical theory in the context of language and communication. His article covered several theoretical and methodological frameworks dealing with concepts of dialogue, here interpreted from the point-of-view of Roy Harris’s integrationism. Edda Weigand (this issue) has written a comprehensive discussion article which mainly focuses onPablé (2018)andOrman (2018)as well as Harris’s original work. In my present response to Jones I deal almost exclusively with my own version of “extended dialogism”, which was included among his targets. I argue that extended dialogism is actually a form of moderate integrationism. I demonstrate that Jones’s contribution has several interesting points, but that it also contains a number of misguided interpretations.
Study-abroad students’ identity and social integration
Authors: Goldoni Federica
Published: October 2018

Students’ experiences abroad can vary a great deal and their identity plays a critical role in shaping their experiences. This study employed sociocultural theory, Critical Race Theory and Bourdieu’s notions of habitus and capital to explore the experiences of four groups of US undergraduates enrolled in four study abroad programs in Spain sponsored by a large US university located in the South East. Findings showed how students’ identity intersected and shaped their journey and impacted their social integration. The examples of Albert, Theresa, and Rebecca, three focal students, allowed forthe analysis of how differently students’ identity, notably gender, race, ethnicity, age, social class, and nationality, affected their interactions with locals and perceptions of the target language, culture, and society. Important implications are discussed, including the importance of training study abroad participants before, during and after the trip, and selecting activities that facilitate greater and more sustained social integration.
Translating/ed selves and voices
Authors: Tipton Rebecca
Published: October 2018

This article addresses issues of multilingualism in domestic violence support services, building on Tipton (2017a) and findings from a small qualitative study involving an organization in the North West of England. The aim is to shed light on how organizations construct multilingual spaces, the role played by language service provisions in the mediation of such spaces, and how interpreters handle the specificities of working with victims given the lack of available specialist training. The concept of communicative repertoire (following Blommaert and Backus 2011) is introduced to support analysis of supported and autonomous forms of communication in relation to the semiotic practices of survival in their broadest sense, casting new light on the organization’s handling of multilingual service delivery and the role of interpreter mediation.
BulkVis: a graphical viewer for Oxford nanopore bulk FAST5 files
Authors: Payne Alexander , Holmes Nadine , Rakyan Vardhman , Loose Matthew
Published: October 2018

Motivation

The Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) MinION is used for sequencing a wide variety of sample types with diverse methods of sample extraction. Nanopore sequencers output FAST5 files containing signal data subsequently base called to FASTQ format. Optionally, ONT devices can collect data from all sequencing channels simultaneously in a bulk FAST5 file enabling inspection of signal in any channel at any point. We sought to visualize this signal to inspect challenging or difficult to sequence samples.

Results

The BulkVis tool can load a bulk FAST5 file and overlays MinKNOW (the software that controls ONT sequencers) classifications on the signal trace and can show mappings to a reference. Users can navigate to a channel and time or, given a FASTQ header from a read, jump to its specific position. BulkVis can export regions as Nanopore base caller compatible reads. Using BulkVis, we find long reads can be incorrectly divided by MinKNOW resulting in single DNA molecules being split into two or more reads. The longest seen to date is 2 272 580 bases in length and reported in eleven consecutive reads. We provide helper scripts that identify and reconstruct split reads given a sequencing summary file and alignment to a reference. We note that incorrect read splitting appears to vary according to input sample type and is more common in ’ultra-long’ read preparations.

Availability and implementation

The software is available freely under an MIT license at https://github.com/LooseLab/bulkvis.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Diagnostic methods for uncovering outcome dependent visit processes
Authors: McCulloch Charles E , Neuhaus John M
Published: October 2018

With the advent of electronic health records, information collected in the course of regular health care is increasingly being used for clinical research. The hope is that the wealth of clinical data and the realistic setting (compared with information derived from highly controlled experiments like randomized trials) will aid in the investigation of determinants of disease and understanding of which treatments are effective in regular practice and for which patients. The availability of information in such databases is often driven by how a patient feels and may therefore be associated with the health outcomes being considered. We call this an outcome dependent visit process and recent work has shown that ignoring the outcome dependence can produce significant bias in the regression coefficients when fitting longitudinal data models. It is therefore important to have tools to recognize datasets exhibiting outcome dependence. We develop a score statistic to motivate the form of diagnostic test statistics, suggest a variety of approaches for diagnosing such situations, and evaluate their performance. Simple diagnostic tests achieve high power for diagnosing outcome dependent visit processes. This occurs when generalized estimating equations methods begin to be exhibit bias in estimating regression coefficients and before likelihood based methods are substantially biased.
Youngsters’ Perspectives on Continuity in Their Contacts with Youth-Care Services
Authors: Naert Jan , Roets Griet , Roose Rudi , Vanderplasschen Wouter
Published: October 2018

Continuity is seen as an important aim for the quality of youth-care services. However, views on continuity are predominantly guided by experts, without much attention to user perspectives. This paper focuses on youngsters’ experienced continuity in relation to youth-care services. Twenty-five youngsters, who were in residential care or reached by low-threshold youth services, were interviewed about their experiences in and out of care. In thematically exploring the biographical narratives for important experiences of continuity, three major themes emerged: (i) the need for footholds in moments of existential chaos, (ii) the importance of timing of interventions to match the youngsters’ perspectives and (iii) the importance of the youngsters’ impact on their own care pathways. This study shows the need for support that is imbedded in a relational network within the context of youngsters in vulnerable situations. Rethinking youth services towards a better connection with these contexts is essential. Furthermore, the amount of control youngsters experience in their care interventions seems to be beneficial to the experience of continuity. It is argued that continuity should be seen as a process, in order to leave more space for negotiation and flexibility throughout the youngsters’ experiences in youth-care services.