bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subjective and Objective Evaluation of Noncultured Epidermal Cellular Grafting for Repigmenting Vitiligo
Authors: van Geel Nanny , Ongenae Katia , Vander Haeghen Yves , Vervaet Chris , Naeyaert Jean Marie
Published: June 2006

Background: Noncultured epidermal cell transplantation in vitiligo permits the coverage of relatively large areas without culturing cells. Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of noncultured epidermal cell transplantation in treating stabilized vitiligo using objective and subjective evaluation methods. Methods: Noncultured autologous melanocytes and keratinocytes were grafted in a hyaluronic-acid-enriched suspension on superficially laser-abraded vitiligo lesions in 40 patients with refractory stable vitiligo (30 with generalized and 10 with localized vitiligo). The repigmentation was evaluated 3–12 months after grafting using a digital image analysis system. Furthermore the treatment was evaluated from the patients’ point of view with the DLQI (Dermatology Life Quality Index) and a ‘global assessment’. Results: The mean percentage of repigmentation, evaluated at the last follow-up visit, was 72% (median 84%), and a repigmentation of ≧70% was observed in 62% of patients. The best results were achieved in the neck and the presternal region. A subjective evaluation was performed in half of the subjects. The mean DLQI score at inclusion (6.95, SD = 6.68, n = 20) was significantly decreased after treatment (p = 0.013, mean 3.85, SD = 4.13, n = 20). The patients were satisfied with the achieved result, found it worthwhile to undergo the treatment and would choose it again. Conclusion: According to both subjective and objective evaluation methods, noncultured epidermal cell transplantation is promising in patients with stable vitiligo.
Grover’s Disease Induced by Cetuximab
Authors: Tscharner G.G. , Bühler S. , Borner M. , Hunziker T.
Published: June 2006

A 71-year-old man exhibited an acute acneiform rash affecting the face and the upper trunk about 2 weeks after starting cetuximab, an epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor antagonist treatment for metastatic colon cancer. The skin eruption faded after stopping cetuximab and applying topical corticosteroids. The reexposure to cetuximab 3 weeks later provoked a more extended relapse of the skin rash, which then clinically and histologically corresponded to transient acantholytic dermatosis . While the acneiform cutaneous side effects of the EGF receptor antagonists are interpreted as a result of the direct interference with pilosebaceous follicle homeostasis, in this case an acrosyringium-related pathogenesis might be postulated. Applying topical corticosteroids and emollients, the cetuximab therapy could be pursued.
Path Analytical Study of the Short Version of the WHO Quality of Life Instrument
Authors: Ohaeri Jude U. , Olusina Adewunmi K. , Al-Abassi Abdul-Hamid M.
Published: June 2006

Background: Using confirmatory factor analysis, we have shown that the 8 factors we derived from the responses of 118 Nigerian psychiatric patients to the short version of the WHO Quality of Life Instrument had greater structural integrity than the 4- and 6-domain models of the WHO. Objectives: Using path analysis to assess the structural integrity of the model we generated from the relationships among the 8 factors, we proposed a model of QOL from which targets for subjective QOL interventions could be delineated. Method: The model was generated by multiple regression analysis with the item on overall QOL (OQOL) as dependent variable and the 8 domains as predictors. Path analysis was done by Analysis of Moment Structures, with a maximum likelihood ratio as method of estimation. Results: Our model had high Cronbach’s alphas and met the criteria for the following fit indices: relative χ2 (1.9), goodness of fit (0.92) and comparative fit index (0.91). Hence, we propose that subjective QOL is primarily mediated by satisfaction with life, informational need, opportunity for experience, and instrumental need. Conclusion: Subjective QOL encompasses satisfaction with life circumstances, fulfillment of needs, and opportunity for experience, which should be targets for QOL interventions.
Dynamics of Skin Barrier Repair following Topical Applications of Miconazole Nitrate
Authors: Xhauflaire-Uhoda E. , Vroome V. , Cauwenbergh G. , Piérard G.E.
Published: June 2006

The skin barrier function (SBF) is an important aspect of skin biology, particularly in the elicitation of inflammation. The SBF recovery rate after tape stripping and surfactant challenge can be assessed by measuring the transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Previous clinical studies have shown some inflammatory effect after topical applications of miconazole. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of pastes (petrolatum and 15% zinc oxide) containing or not miconazole nitrate on controlled impaired SBF. Fifteen volunteers were enrolled. In each subject, successive cyanoacrylate skin surface strippings were harvested from 5 sites of the volar forearm until TEWL raised above 15 g/cm2/h on all test sites. In addition, one daily soak session with a 0.2% dishwashing liquid further damaged the SBF. Each of the test formulations was applied twice daily for 5 days at two dosages, namely 1 and 2 mg/cm2, on randomized test sites. Another site remained untreated. TEWL was measured daily for 5 days. A fastened SBF repair was observed on all treated sites, particularly where the largest amount of the products had been applied. A faster SBF recovery rate was obtained at the site receiving the miconazole nitrate paste. We conclude that the occlusive effect of a paste helped mitigate SBF defect. The adjunction of miconazole nitrate improved the efficacy.
Selective Activation of Nuclear Phospholipase D-1 by G Protein–Coupled Receptor Agonists in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Gayral Stéphanie , Déléris Paul , Laulagnier Karine , Laffargue Muriel , Salles Jean-Pierre , Perret Bertrand , Record Michel , Breton-Douillon Monique
Published: June 2006

Recent studies highlight the existence of an autonomous nuclear lipid metabolism related to cellular proliferation. However, the importance of nuclear phosphatidylcholine (PC) metabolism is poorly understood. Therefore, we were interested in nuclear PCs as a source of second messengers and, particularly, nuclear phospholipase D (PLD) identification in membrane-free nuclei isolated from pig aorta vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Using immunoblot experiment, in vitro PLD assay with fluorescent substrate and confocal microscopy analysis, we demonstrated that only PLD1 is expressed in VSMC nucleus, whereas PLD1 and PLD2 are present in VSMC. Inhibition of RhoA and protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ) by C3-exoenzyme and PKCζ pseudosubstrate inhibitor, respectively, conducted a decrease of phosphatidylethanol production. On the other hand, treatment of intact VSMCs, but not nuclei, with phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors prevented partially nuclear PLD1 activity, indicating for the first time that PI3K may have a role in nuclear PLD regulation. In addition, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) or angiotensin II treatment of VSMCs resulted in an increase of intranuclear PLD activity, whereas platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor have no significant effect. Moreover, pertussis toxin induced a decrease of LPA-stimulated nuclear PLD1 activity, suggesting that heterotrimeric G
i
/G
0
protein involvement in intranuclear PLD1 regulation. We also show that LPA-induced nuclear PLD1 activation implied PI3K/PKCζ pathway activation and PKCζ nuclear translocation as well as nuclear RhoA activation. Thus, the characterization of an endogenous PLD1 that could regulate PC metabolism inside VSMC nucleus provides a new role for this enzyme in control of vascular fibroproliferative disorders.
Haplotypes of the Caspase-1 Gene, Plasma Caspase-1 Levels, and Cardiovascular Risk
Authors: Blankenberg Stefan , Godefroy Tiphaine , Poirier Odette , Rupprecht Hans J. , Barbaux Sandrine , Bickel Christoph , Nicaud Viviane , Schnabel Renate , Kee Frank , Morrison Caroline , Evans Alun , Lackner Karl J. , Cambien François , Münzel Thomas , Tiret Laurence
Published: June 2006

Caspase-1 processes the interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 inactive precursors to the biologically active cytokines that are known to have proatherogenic effects. The present study investigated the genetic variability of the
CASP1
gene and plasma levels of caspase-1 in relation to cardiovascular risk. In Europeans, 3 tag SNPs captured 4 common haplotypes of the
CASP1
gene. Among these, the A
in6
allele of the G+7/in6A polymorphism was less frequent in 246 cases with myocardial infarction and a parental history of disease than in 253 controls free of familial history of disease (0.13±0.02 versus 0.20±0.02;
P
=0.005). However, in a larger case/control study (n=1774), these effects are borderline restricted to the UK population. In a prospective cohort of 1168 patients with coronary artery disease followed up during a median period of 6.0 years, the A
in6
allele exhibited a borderline association with future cardiovascular death (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.64, 0.41 to 1.01;
P
=0.053) and was associated with lower serum IL-18 levels (
P
=0.014). Baseline caspase-1 levels in the top quartile of the distribution were predictive of cardiovascular deaths (HR=3.62, 1.81 to 7.27;
P
=0.0003 compared with the bottom quartile). Finally, in vitro assays of allelic imbalance showed that the
CASP1
haplotype carrying the A
in6
allele was associated with a lower mRNA expression. These results indicate that caspase-1 levels are predictive of future cardiovascular death in patients with coronary artery disease. The role of
CASP1
genetic variations in the susceptibility to myocardial infarction requires further investigation.
The Role of an Advanced Land Model in Seasonal Dynamical Downscaling for Crop Model Application
Authors: Shin D. W. , Bellow J. G. , LaRow T. E. , Cocke S. , O'Brien James J.
Published: June 2006

An advanced land model [the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Land Model, version 2 (CLM2)] is coupled to the Florida State University (FSU) regional spectral model to improve seasonal surface climate outlooks at very high spatial and temporal resolution and to examine its potential for crop yield estimation. The regional model domain is over the southeast United States and is run at 20-km resolution, roughly resolving the county level. Warm-season (March–September) simulations from the regional model coupled to the CLM2 are compared with those from the model with a simple land surface scheme (i.e., the original FSU model). In this comparison, two convective schemes are also used to evaluate their roles in simulating seasonal climate, primarily for rainfall. It is shown that the inclusion of the CLM2 produces consistently better seasonal climate scenarios of surface maximum and minimum temperatures, precipitation, and shortwave radiation, and hence provides superior inputs to a site-based crop model to simulate crop yields. The FSU regional model with the CLM2 exhibits some capability in the simulation of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yields, depending upon the convective scheme employed and the site selected.
Consequences of Structural Adjustment on Economic and Social Domains: Two Decades in the Life of Peru
Authors: Plaza Orlando , Stromquist Nelly P.
Published: June 2006

This article examines the impact of structural adjustment in Peru by asking what seems to be a simple question: did the situation of small producers improve following implementation of structural adjustment measures? Though improvement is seen as economic growth, the criteria used to determine that are not uniform. This study focuses on a comprehensive set of indicators of production, diffusion of the cash economy, and revenue, exploring trends among different types of producers, classified according to what they produce and how the production is organized. It focuses on the period 1980 to 2000 and, whenever possible, presents data from 1970 for comparison purposes. The authors conclude that the key is not so much integrating agricultural producers into the market or opening rural markets but rather improving the conditions under which small producers and subsistence farmers become integrated into the market, which will require a deep understanding of how the production system of the rural poor functions.
Mitigating Myths about Policy Effectiveness: Evaluation of Mexico’s Antipoverty and Human Resource Investment Program
Authors: Behrman Jere R. , Skoufias Emmanuel
Published: June 2006

What is known about the effectiveness of many policies is dominated by prior beliefs or myths rather than by careful analyses. This article discusses an important exception to this generalization in which, in sharp contrast to most previous and much concurrent and subsequent practice, serious efforts at evaluation were implemented from the start: the Mexican PROGRESA/Oportunidades antipoverty and human resource investment program, initiated in 1997. The article begins by introducing the program and providing relevant background material and then summarizes initial evaluation results in rural areas, where both of the authors were extensively involved in the evaluation, and then turns more briefly to the current evaluation of Oportunidades in urban areas and the longer-run evaluation of PROGRESA/Oportunidades in rural areas. This program has been an important model not only in terms of using conditional cash transfers to induce human resource investments but also in being serious about policy evaluation.
Haptoglobin-related protein is a high-affinity hemoglobin-binding plasma protein
Authors: Nielsen Marianne Jensby , Petersen Steen Vang , Jacobsen Christian , Oxvig Claus , Rees David , Møller Holger Jon , Moestrup Søren Kragh
Published: June 2006

Haptoglobin-related protein (Hpr) is a primate-specific plasma protein associated with apolipoprotein L-I (apoL-I)-containing high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles shown to be a part of the innate immune defense. Despite the assumption hitherto that Hpr does not bind to hemoglobin, the present study revealed that recombinant Hpr binds hemoglobin as efficiently as haptoglobin (Hp). However, in contrast to Hp, Hpr did not promote any high-affinity binding to the scavenger receptor CD163. Binding of hemoglobin to circulating native Hpr incorporated into the HDL fraction was indicated by hemoglobin-affinity precipitation of plasma Hpr together with apoL-I. In conclusion, plasma has 2 high-affinity hemoglobin-binding haptoglobins instead of one, but only Hp-hemoglobin complexes are efficiently recognized by CD163. Circulating Hpr-bound hemoglobin should therefore be taken into consideration when measuring “free” plasma hemoglobin. Furthermore, Hpr-bound hemoglobin might contribute to the biologic activity of the circulating apoL-I/Hpr-containing HDL particles.
Insulated piggyBac vectors for insect transgenesis
Authors: Sarkar Abhimanyu , Atapattu Asela , Belikoff Esther J , Heinrich Jörg C , Li Xuelei , Horn Carsten , Wimmer Ernst A , Scott Maxwell J
Published: June 2006

Background

Germ-line transformation of insects is now a widely used method for analyzing gene function and for the development of genetically modified strains suitable for pest control programs. The most widely used transposable element for the germ-line transformation of insects is piggyBac. The site of integration of the transgene can influence gene expression due to the effects of nearby transcription enhancers or silent heterochromatic regions. Position effects can be minimized by flanking a transgene with insulator elements. The scs/scs' and gypsy insulators from Drosophila melanogaster as well as the chicken β-globin HS4 insulator function in both Drosophila and mammalian cells.

Results

To minimize position effects we have created a set of piggyBac transformation vectors that contain either the scs/scs', gypsy or chicken β-globin HS4 insulators. The vectors contain either fluorescent protein or eye color marker genes and have been successfully used for germ-line transformation of Drosophila melanogaster. A set of the scs/scs' vectors contains the coral reef fluorescent protein marker genes AmCyan, ZsGreen and DsRed that have not been optimized for translation in human cells. These marker genes are controlled by a combined GMR-3xP3 enhancer/promoter that gives particularly strong expression in the eyes. This is also the first report of the use of the ZsGreen and AmCyan reef fluorescent proteins as transformation markers in insects.

Conclusion

The insulated piggyBac vectors should protect transgenes against position effects and thus facilitate fine control of gene expression in a wide spectrum of insect species. These vectors may also be used for transgenesis in other invertebrate species.
Utility of Computed Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Staging Before Completion Lymphadenectomy in Patients With Sentinel Lymph Node–Positive Melanoma
Authors: Aloia Thomas A. , Gershenwald Jeffrey E. , Andtbacka Robert H. , Johnson Marcella M. , Schacherer Christopher W. , Ng Chaan S. , Cormier Janice N. , Lee Jeffrey E. , Ross Merrick I. , Mansfield Paul F.
Published: June 2006

Purpose

Although melanoma patients with regional nodal metastases are frequently imaged with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, the efficacy of routine radiologic staging in asymptomatic patients with microscopic nodal involvement has not been established. To determine the utility of this approach, we analyzed the incidence of synchronous distant metastases (SDM) detected by CT or MRI of the head, chest, and abdomen in a large group of patients with sentinel lymph node (SLN) –positive melanoma.

Patients and Methods

Positive SLNs were identified in 314 (16.2%) of the 1,934 melanoma patients who underwent sentinel lymphadenectomy at our institution from 1996 to 2003. Within 3 months of sentinel lymphadenectomy, 270 (86.0%) of the 314 SLN-positive patients were radiologically staged. To determine which prognostic factors were associated with SDM, associations between final staging outcomes and clinicopathologic variables, including SLN tumor burden, were analyzed.

Results

CT and/or MRI scans identified lesions that were suspicious for SDM in 23 (8.6%) of the 270 patients who underwent staging. In eight of these patients, further diagnostic studies determined that these abnormalities were benign. The remaining 15 suspicious lesions were percutaneously biopsied (10 negative and five positive), yielding a radiologically detectable SDM rate of 1.9%. Detection of SDM was associated with primary tumor thickness (P = .011), ulceration (P = .018), and SLN tumor burden (P = .018).

Conclusion

These data suggest that the vast majority of asymptomatic patients with a new diagnosis of microscopic SLN-positive melanoma do not harbor radiologically detectable SDM and can proceed to completion lymph node dissection without immediate CT or MRI staging.
Peroxisomal Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Agonists Induce Partial Reversion of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer Cells
Authors: Aiello Aurora , Pandini Giuseppe , Frasca Francesco , Conte Enrico , Murabito Antonella , Sacco Antonella , Genua Marco , Vigneri Riccardo , Belfiore Antonino
Published: June 2006

Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is an extremely aggressive tumor characterized by marked epithelial mesenchymal transition, which leads, almost invariably, to death. Peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonists have recently emerged as potential antineoplastic drugs. To establish whether ATC could be a target of PPARγ agonists, we first examined PPARγ protein expression in a panel of six ATC cell lines and then studied the biologic effects of two PPARγ agonists, ciglitazone and rosiglitazone, that belong to the class of thiazolidonediones. PPARγ protein was present and functional in all ATC cell lines. Both ciglitazone and rosiglitazone showed complex biological effects in ATC cells, including inhibition of anchorage-dependent and -independent growth and migration, and increased apoptosis rate. Rosiglitazone-induced growth inhibition was associated with cell cycle arrest and changes in cell cycle regulators, such as an increase of cyclin-dependent kinases inhibitors p21cip1 and p27kip1, a decrease of cyclin D1, and inactivation of Rb protein. Rosiglitazone-induced apoptosis was associated with a decrease of Bcl-XL expression and caspase-3 and -7 activation. Moreover, rosiglitazone antagonized IGF-I biological effects by up-regulating phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted from chromosome 10 with subsequent inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt signaling pathway. Finally, rosiglitazone increased the expression of thyroid-specific differentiation markers. In conclusions, these data suggest that PPARγ agonists induce a partial reversion of the epithelial mesenchymal transition in ATC cells by multiple mechanisms. PPARγ agonists may, therefore, have a role in the multimodal therapy currently used to slow down ATC growth and dissemination.
Elevated plasma homocysteine levels in L-dopa-treated Parkinson's disease patients with dyskinesias
Authors: Zoccolella Stefano , Lamberti Paolo , Iliceto Giovanni , Dell'Aquila Claudia , Diroma Cosimo , Fraddosio Angela , Lamberti Simona V. , Armenise Elio , Defazio Giovanni , Mari Michele de , Livrea Paolo
Published: June 2006

Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44:863–6.
Lack of association between α2B-adrenergic receptor polymorphism and risk of restenosis following coronary angioplasty and stent implantation – preliminary report
Authors: Manolis Antonis S. , Patsouras Nikolaos , Ilias Ioannis , Constantakopoulos John , Pyriohou Anastasia , Lymperopoulos Anastasios , Spathas Dionysios H. , Flordellis Christodoulos S.
Published: June 2006

Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44:807–12.
The Hog Cycle and the Cobweb Theorem
Authors: Harlow Arthur A.
Published: June 2006

A surprisingly regular four year cycle in hogs has become apparent in the past ten years. This regularity presents an unusual opportunity to study the mechanism of the cycle because it suggests the cycle may be inherent within the industry rather than the result of lagged responses to outside influences. The cobweb theorem is often mentioned as a theoretical tool for explaining the hog cycle, although a two year cycle is usually predicted. When the nature of the hog industry is examined, certain factors become apparent which enable the cobweb theorem to serve as a theoretical basis for the present four year cycle.
Negative Pollution Taxes for Controlling Wind Erosion
Authors: Bunn Julie A.
Published: June 2006

This article explores the use of a negative pollution tax to control erosion in semiarid agriculture. This tax operates on the setting of either one or two threshold levels. With two threshold levels, T‐max identifies the maximum acceptable limit of pollution and T‐min identifies the desirable or target level. Above T‐max, fines or penalties are imposed; below T‐min, the farm, county, or state is paid for their superior achievement. Although from a theoretical perspective the negative pollution tax has several attractive features, from an operational and political point of view many obstacles to its implementation must be surmounted.
Market Efficiency and Marketing to Enhance Income of Crop Producers
Authors: Zulauf Carl R. , Irwin Scott H.
Published: June 2006

Recent changes in farm policy have renewed interest in using marketing strategies based on futures and options markets to enhance the income of field crop producers. This article reviews the main concepts and associated empirical research of the dominant academic theory concerning the behavior of futures and options markets, namely, the efficient market hypothesis. This rich conceptual and empirical base provides several important insights. One is that, although individuals can beat the market, few can consistently do so. This insight is consistent with Grossman and Stiglitz's model of market efficiency, in which individuals who consistently earn trading returns have superior access to information or superior analytical ability. One implication is that, with few exceptions, the crop producers who survive will be those with the lowest cost of production because efforts to improve revenue through better marketing will have limited success. Some successful marketing strategies do appear to exist, but generally they are based on using the market as a source of information. One example is to base storage decisions on whether the current basis exceeds the cost of storage and then to use hedging to ensure an expected positive return.
The influence of tin compounds on the dynamic properties of liposome membranes: A study using the ESR method
Authors: Man Dariusz , Podolak Marian , Engel Grzegorz
Published: June 2006

The influence of organic and inorganic compounds of tin on the dynamic properties of liposome membranes obtained in the process of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) sonication in distilled water was investigated. This was carried out by means of the spin ESR probe method. The probes were selected in such a way as to penetrate different areas of the membrane (a TEMPO probe, 5-DOXYL stearic acid, 16-DOXYL stearic acid). Four compounds of tin were chosen: three organic ones, (CH3)4Sn, (C2H5)4Sn and (C3H7)3SnCl, and one inorganic one, SnCl2. The investigated compounds were added to a liposome dispersion, which was prepared prior to that. The concentration of the admixture was changed within the values from 0 to 10%-mole in proportion to DPPC. The studies indicated that the chlorides of tin display the highest activity in their interaction with liposome membranes. Since these compounds have ionic form in a water solution, the obtained result can mean that this form of admixture has a considerable influence on its activity. Furthermore, it was found that there is a slightly stronger influence of tin compounds with a longer hydrocarbon chain on changes in the probes’ spectroscopic parameters.
Participatory Action Research as a Model for Conducting Family Research
Authors: Turnbull Ann P. , Friesen Barbara J. , Ramirez Carmen
Published: June 2006

We discuss a participatory action research (PAR) approach to conducting family research. We conceptualize participatory action research as a collaborative process among researchers and stakeholders throughout the entire research sequence. Based on our five years of implementing PAR, we describe potential PAR advantages and challenges that need to be documented in future research. We propose a model of PAR implementation levels including the options of family members as research leaders and researchers as ongoing advisors, researchers and family members as coresearchers, and researchers as leaders, and family members as ongoing advisors. Finally, we discuss key implementation issues (i.e., defining stakeholders to include in the PAR process, maximizing benefits and minimizing drawbacks of diverse expertise, and addressing logistical considerations) with suggestions for effectively addressing them.
Participatory Action Research: Reflections on Critical Incidents in a PAR Project
Authors: Santelli Betsy , Singer George H. S. , DiVenere Nancy , Ginsberg Connie , Powers Laurie E.
Published: June 2006

This article describes a participatory action research (PAR) project designed to evaluate Parent to Parent programs in five states in the United States. The PAR team consisted of two groups: 1) parent leaders of programs that create one-to-one matches between help-seeking parents of children with disabilities and volunteer supporting parents and 2) university-based researchers. Based on a narrative record of the project, critical incidents are presented along with reflections of factors that contributed to the success of the project overall. The project successfully gathered evaluative data about Parent to Parent self-help programs. Results of both the PAR project and the study it created are presented. A process of developing a shared understanding of the programs and of the purposes for evaluating them, along with an on-going willingness of parents and researchers to compromise, led to creative solutions to difficulties that arose in meeting the needs of researchers and parents. As a result of the project, published data from a controlled experimental study are now available showing that Parent to Parent assisted parents in developing more positive views of their circumstances and a stronger sense of efficacy in coping with family and child challenges. Interviews indicated some of the reasons why Parent to Parent succeeds and fails. The study also revealed operational problems in the programs that were previously unrecognized. As a result of the project, the participating programs have made several changes to improve their services and they have begun to use the research data to support their legitimacy to funders and to expand their services to new populations.
A Validation Study of the Performance Indicators and Learner Outcomes of Kentucky's Alternate Assessment for Students with Significant Disabilities
Authors: Kleinert Harold L. , Kearns Jacqui Farmer
Published: June 2006

The purpose of this study was to conduct an expert validation of Kentucky's alternate assessment for students with significant disabilities. Since 1992, this has been the only fully operational, statewide alternate assessment system in the nation. A total of 44 national authorities in best practices for students with moderate and severe cognitive disabilities responded to this validation. This study revealed a high degree of professional congruence on the core of best practices embodied in the performance criteria for Kentucky's alternate assessment. However, respondents raised concerns about the extent to which more limited learner outcomes had been identified for students with significant disabilities, and whether the alternate assessment was sufficiently aligned to the general curricular expectations for all students. Finally, we present considerations for other states and local school districts in the design of alternate assessments, as well as the specific revisions in content and scoring standards Kentucky has made to more clearly address the relationship of its alternate assessment to the state's learning outcomes for all students.
“Say Just One Word at First”: The Emergence of Reliable Speech in a Student Labeled with Autism
Authors: Broderick Alicia A. , Kasa-Hendrickson Christi
Published: June 2006

This article presents a qualitative, interpretivist research study that documents the emergence, in the context of typed expression, of increasingly useful and reliable speech for a young person labeled with autism. The authors construct a descriptive narrative of the process of this young man's emergent speech development and organize the data around four components of this complex, dynamic, and nonlinear process: (a) echolalia or “unreliable” speech, (b) reading out loud, (c) using reliable speech, and (d) integrating speaking and typing. Additionally, the authors identify three categories of supports that this young man and his family experienced and interpreted as being supportive of his emergent speech. These categories include (a) the importance of taking risks, (b) the importance of seeing and hearing words together, and (c) the importance of an inclusive academic education including rich literacy experiences. Throughout, this inductive analysis constructs an understanding of how this young man and his family have experienced and interpreted his emergence as a reliable speaker.
Teacher Engagement with Students with Disabilities: Differences between Paraprofessional Service Delivery Models
Authors: Giangreco Michael F. , Broer Stephen M. , Edelman Susan W.
Published: June 2006

The level of engagement that general education teachers have with students with disabilities in their classrooms has been identified in the literature as a key factor effecting the success of inclusive educational experiences. This study describes differences in teacher engagement identified within two approaches to providing paraprofessional supports in general education classrooms; program-based and one-on-one. Findings were based on the observed and reported experiences of 103 school personnel (e.g., teachers, special educators, paraprofessionals, administrators) from four schools (Grades K-12). The study describes characteristics of teacher engagement and disengagement, the involvement of special educators, and phenomena associated with teacher disengagement when one-on-one paraprofessional service delivery was used. The discussion presents implications of these data for school improvement.
Preparing Teachers to Meet the Needs of Students with Severe Disabilities: Program Configuration and Expertise
Authors: Ryndak Diane Lea , Clark Denise , Conroy Maureen , Stuart Christy Holthaus
Published: June 2006

A lack of empirical information exists regarding the skills and experiences necessary for teachers with specialized expertise in severe disabilities. The purpose of this study was to provide information (a) on the configuration of nationally recognized masters programs designed to prepare teachers with expertise specifically in severe disabilities and (b) on areas of expertise considered essential for teachers to work with teams and meet the needs of students with severe disabilities. The results are discussed according to the population of students, content courses, field experiences, credit hours, and resulting certifications. In addition, we discuss areas of expertise in the area of severe disabilities. We also examine whether participants perceived items within each area of expertise to be required of at least one team member with expertise in severe disabilities and whether these items are addressed in their programs. We present conclusions and recommendations for guiding teacher education programs in the area of severe disabilities as faculty evaluate and/or reform their programs.
Considerations for Changing Populations: Supporting Nontraditional Students in Acquiring Special Education Licensure
Authors: Ornelles Cecily , Goetz Lori
Published: June 2006

The need for qualified special educators with diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds is being experienced nationwide. Minority institutions of higher education are defined by the U.S. Department of Education's Office of Special Education (OSEP) as having 25% or more racially/ethnically diverse students in its enrollment. These institutions can serve as an important source for recruiting and training teachers to meet the increasing demand for professionals in the field of special education. This article provides a specific example of one program, the Post Baccalaureate Program in Special Education (PBSE), which is based at the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Individuals recruited for this program represent an important segment of the potential pool of special education teacher candidates because they had relevant prior field experiences. Details are provided regarding the inception and implementation of this pilot program. Program features including strategies for aligning course and field requirements and the infusion of cultural and linguistic considerations of the school population are highlighted. Specific recommendations for future program development are included.
An Intensive Onsite Technical Assistance Model to Promote Inclusive Educational Practices for Students with Disabilities in Middle School and High School
Authors: Clark Nitasha M. , Cushing Lisa S. , Kennedy Craig H.
Published: June 2006

The authors examined the effects of an intensive onsite technical assistance (IOTA) model on the inclusive practices of special educators. Three special educators received technical assistance that included performance assessments, workshops on inclusive practices, and intensive onsite follow-up support. Inclusive practices were measured using direct observations and interviews to document (a) the use of informal assessment, (b) development and implementation of quality individualized education plans, and (c) access to the general education curriculum. These results showed that the IOTA model was effective in improving the inclusive practices of special educators and the quality of instruction received by students. These findings offer an empirically validated approach to delivering technical assistance to improve the inclusive teaching practices of special educators.
Effect of wall properties on the behavior of bench‐scale reverse flow reactors
Authors: Hevia Miguel A. G. , Ordóñez Salvador , Díez Fernando V.
Published: June 2006

Although in big‐sized industrial fixed bed combustors the effect of the reactor wall in heat transfer phenomena can often be neglected, this is not so for smaller reactors. This article focuses on the study of the wall influence (especially the effect of the wall physical properties, such as thickness, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity) in the performance of bench scale reverse flow reactors. The reaction considered is the combustion of methane lean mixtures, very relevant for environmental applications, and useful as a model for VOC combustion. The study was carried out both experimentally (in a bench‐scale apparatus, equipped with a temperature control system that minimizes the heat exchange between the reactor and the surroundings) and by simulations (using a heterogeneous one‐dimensional model). The results confirm the importance of the wall effects on the performance of reverse flow reactors, and the influence of the physical properties of the wall is reported. So, higher wall thermal conductivity leads to a decrease in the reactor stability range. High wall heat capacity is also detrimental for the reactor performance, although its effect depends strongly on the range of the wall thermal conductivity considered. Finally, the stability range of reverse flow reactors is less affected by wall effects as the surface velocity increases. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Three‐dimensional atlas of lymph node topography based on the visible human data set
Authors: Qatarneh Sharif M. , Kiricuta Ion‐Christian , Brahme Anders , Tiede Ulf , Lind Bengt K.
Published: June 2006

Comprehensive atlases of lymph node topography are necessary tools to provide a detailed description of the lymphatic distribution in relation to other organs and structures. Despite the recent developments of atlases and guidelines focusing on definitions of lymphatic regions, a comprehensive and detailed description of the three‐dimensional (3D) nodal distribution is lacking. This article describes a new 3D atlas of lymph node topography based on the digital images of the Visible Human Male Anatomical (VHMA) data set. About 1,200 lymph nodes were localized in the data set and their distribution was compared with data from current cross‐sectional lymphatic atlases. The identified nodes were delineated and then labeled with different colors that corresponded to their anatomical locations. A series of 2D illustrations, showing discrete locations, description, and distribution of major lymph nodes, was compiled to form a cross‐sectional atlas. The resultant contours of all localized nodes in the VHMA data set were superimposed to develop a volumetric model. A 3D reconstruction was generated for the lymph nodes and surrounding structures. The volumetric lymph node topography was also integrated into the existing VOXEL‐MAN digital atlas to obtain an interactive and photo‐realistic visualization of the lymph nodes showing their proximity to blood vessels and surrounding organs. The lymph node topography forms part of our whole body atlas database, which includes organs, definitions, and parameters that are related to radiation therapy. The lymph node topography atlas could be utilized for visualization and exploration of the 3D lymphatic distribution to assist in defining the target volume for treatment based on the lymphatic spread surrounding the primary tumor. Anat Rec (Part B: New Anat) 289B:98–111, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prospective randomized trial of clips versus subcuticular polydioxanone for neck wound closure
Authors: Reed M R , Lennard T W J
Published: June 2006

Seventy-three questionnaires were returned, of which 68 were assessable: 34 for polydioxanone and 34 for clips.

Pain score and length of stay (from hospital computer records) were compared with the two-sample t test. Cosmetic score results were not normally distributed (skewed towards a good result), so these were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney U test.
Colour flow duplex imaging of occlusive arterial disease of the lower limb
Authors: Pemberton M , London N J M
Published: June 2006

Background

The development of duplex ultrasonography and colour flow imaging has greatly extended the scope of non-invasive assessment of lower limb arterial disease. This review questions whether recent advances might allow colour duplex imaging to displace arteriography as the primary imaging modality for native vessel occlusive disease.

Methods

A literature review was carried out based predominantly on a Medline database search of English language publications from 1985 to 1996.

Results

In creasing evidence indicates that colour duplex ultrasonography can accurately image the lower limb native arterial tree, and that colour duplex imaging can replace diagnostic arteriography in a large proportion of patients.

Conclusion

Arteriography should no longer be considered the gold standard of imaging of peripheral arterial occlusive disease. Future studies should concentrate on the efficacy of colour duplex sonography in guiding clinical decision making.
Annales de chirurgie
Authors: Castaing D
Published: June 2006

For this quarter's digest, Dr Denis Castaing, Editor of Annales de Chirurgie, chooses the best from issues nine and ten of 1996 and issue one of 1997. A reciprocal digest written by our European Editor, Mr Colin Johnson, appears in the French journal.
Role of endotoxin and nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of renal failure in obstructive jaundice
Authors: Inan M , Sayek I , Tel B C , Sahin-Erdemli I
Published: June 2006

Background

There is an increased incidence of postoperative renal failure in patients with obstructive jaundice. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of endotoxaemia and nitric oxide in this association.

Methods

In bile duct-ligated, sham-operated and control rats, plasma total bilirubin levels, creatinine clearance and plasma endotoxin were determined. Endothelium-dependent vasodilatation to acetylcholine, and endothelium-independent vasodilatation to nitroglycerine and forskolin were evaluated in isolated perfused rat kidney.

Results

Twenty-one of 27 bile-duct ligated rats had endotoxaemia. Plasma bilirubin levels were higher and creatinine clearance was significantly reduced in the bile duct-ligated endotoxin-positive group compared with values in the other groups. Furthermore, in the isolated perfused rat kidney from rats with endotoxaemia, basal perfusion pressure and renal vascular relaxation to acetylcholine and nitroglycerine which is mediated by guanosine cyclic 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) were significantly reduced, but relaxation to forskolin mediated by adenosine cyclic 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate did not change.

Conclusion

Endotoxaemia in obstructive jaundice may induce overproduction of nitric oxide that may lead to impairment of cGMP-associated vasodilatation and disrupt autoregulation of the renal vascular bed. This may contribute to renal failure in obstructive jaundice.
Local resection or pancreaticoduodenectomy for villous adenoma of the ampulla of Vater diagnosed before operation
Authors: Cahen D L , Fockens P , de Wit L Th , Offerhaus G J A , Obertop H , Gouma D J
Published: June 2006

Background

Treatment of ampullary adenoma is complicated by difficult preoperative staging, malignant potential and a high recurrence rate. This study was designed to assess the accuracy of diagnosis and staging by endoscopic biopsy and endosonography, and to compare the results of local resection and pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple procedure).

Methods

All 23 patients, diagnosed by endoscopic biopsy and surgically treated by local resection (n = 12) or pancreaticoduodenectomy (n = 11) between 1984 and 1994, were analysed retrospectively.

Results

Pancreaticoduodenectomy was associated with more complications (seven of 11 patients versus three of 12) and a longer hospital stay (36 versus 18 days) than local resection. After local resection tumour excision was incomplete in half of the patients. One patient died after a Whipple procedure. Endoscopic biopsy did not identify infiltrating carcinoma in seven of the 23 patients. Endoscopic ultrasonography had a 44 per cent accuracy rate for tumour invasion and was false positive for lymph node metastases in five of 16 patients. After local resection one recurrence was observed during follow-up and one possibly died from turnour recurrence.

Conclusion

Diagnosis and staging of ampullary adenomas by endoscopic biopsy and endosonography ws unreliable. Local resection seems a viable alternative for patients whose general condition does not allow a Whipple procedure.
Hepatolithiasis associated with cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Su C-H , Shyr Y-M , Lui W-Y , P'Eng F-K
Published: June 2006

Background

Intrahepatic stone is common in East Asia. Hepatolithiasis is a risk factor for cholangiocarcinoma but it is difficult to make an accurate diagnosis before operation. The effect of intrahepatic stone on diagnosis, treatment and survival in patients with coexistent cholangiocarcinoma was investigated.

Methods

Between 1981 and 1994, 33 patients with hepatolithiasis and associated cholangiocarcinoma were identified and compared respectively to 18 patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma alone.

Results

Patients with intrahepatic stones had a significantly longer duration of symptoms, a higher frequency of previous biliary surgery but a lower rate of preoperative diagnosis. Surgical resection was the treatment of choice and was performed in 18 of 33 patients with cholangiocarcinoma and stones and in nine of 18 with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma alone. Significantly inferior 5-year survival rates were found in patients with hepatolithiasis: two of 32 versus four of 14 for all cases and two of 17 versus four of nine for resectable cases (P<0·05).

Conclusion

These survival differences may be attributed to delayed diagnosis, lower diagnostic rate and relatively fewer curative resections in the patients with stone-containing cholangiocarcinoma.
Long-term survival following resection of colorectal hepatic metastases
Authors: Jaeck D , Bachellier P , Guiguet M , Boudjema K , Vaillant J C , Balladur P , Nordlinger B , de Chirurgie Française
Published: June 2006

Aim

The aim of this study was to analyse characteristics of patients who survived more than 5 years after liver resection of colorectal metastases.

Methods

A multicentre retrospective study collected 1818 patients who underwent curative resection of hepatic metastases between 1959 and 1991. Among the 747 patients operated on before 1987, 102 survived longer than 5 years, and were compared with patients who survived less than 5 years.

Results

Three risk factors proved independently significant in multivariate analysis between the two groups: serosa infiltration (P = 0·003), involvement of peritumoral lymph nodes around the primary colorectal tumour (P = 0·04), and a liver resection margin of less than 1 cm (P = 0·02). There was no significant difference for other parameters studied (location of primary tumour, location, number and size of metastases, type of resection). A trend towards a shorter survival of patients with increased carcinoembryonic antigen serum level was observed.

Conclusion

Resection of colorectal hepatic metastases can provide long-term survival even in patients with poor prognostic factors. It seems justified to undertake resection of colorectal liver metastases whenever it may be performed safely as a curative treatment.