bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Ascending-Dose, Randomized Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Effects on Cognition of AL-108 after 12 Weeks of Intranasal Administration in Subjects with Mild Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Morimoto Bruce H. , Schmechel Don , Hirman Joe , Blackwell Andrew , Keith Julian , Gold Michael ,   on behalf of the AL-108-211 Study Investigators
Published: April 2013

Background/Aims: AL-108-211 was a placebo-controlled, ascending-dose study that explored the safety, tolerability and efficacy of 12 weeks of treatment with AL-108 in subjects with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Methods: A total of 144 subjects were randomized in a 2:1 drug:placebo ratio. Subjects were enrolled into the low-dose group or placebo and then to the high-dose group or placebo. Pooling of the placebo groups yielded 3 groups (approx. 48/group) whose baseline demographics and disease characteristics were well matched. Results: AL-108 was generally safe and well tolerated. Analyses of efficacy data failed to detect a statistically significant difference between the treatment groups on the composite cognitive memory score. Analyses of the individual cognitive tasks identified signals of potential efficacy in 2 tests of memory and attention. Conclusion: These data suggest that AL-108 was generally safe, well tolerated and merits additional investigation as a treatment for Alzheimer's disease.
Effect of Linoleic Acids on the Release of β-Carotene from Carotenoid-Producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae into Sunflower Oil
Authors: Sonntag Frank , Schmidt Isabell , Buchhaupt Markus , Schrader Jens
Published: April 2013

In situ extraction is important for highly productive and cost-efficient processes in industrial biotechnology, but it is difficult to establish for intracellularly accumulating carotenoids like β-carotene. In this study, the organic solvent used in aqueous-organic two-phase media exerted a strong effect on the release of β-carotene from recombinant yeast cells. The carotenoid-synthesizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain YB/I/E was cultivated in two-liquid-phase media with 20% dodecane or 20% sunflower oil. Up to 0.6 µg/ml β-carotene was released into sunflower oil, but less than 0.1 µg/ml into dodecane, although biocompatibility and solubility of β-carotene is appropriate for both solvents. Addition of linoleic acid, the main component of sunflower oil, to the dodecane phase increased the amount of β-carotene released, indicating that linoleic acid is the component responsible for the β-carotene release into sunflower oil. These findings demonstrate that the effect of the organic solvent should be taken into consideration for further research on in situ extraction of carotenoids.
Nomenclatural studies toward a world catalog of Diptera genus-group names. III. Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann
Authors: EVENHUIS NEAL L. , PONT ADRIAN C.
Published: April 2013

The Diptera genus-group names of Christian Rudolph Wilhelm Wiedemann are reviewed and annotated. A total of 50 available genus-group names in 25 families of Diptera are listed alphabetically for each name giving author, year and page of original publication, originally included species, type species and method of fixation, current status of the name, family placement, and a list of any emendations of it that have been found in the literature. Remarks are given to clarify nomen­clatural or taxonomic information. A biography of Wiedemann is given with discussion of his works and his relationships with contemporaries. In addition, an index is given to all the species-group names of Diptera proposed by Wiedemann (1,775 of which 1,698 are available) with bibliographic reference to each original citation. An appendix gives a complete bibliography of all the known writings by Wiedemann, non-zoological as well as zoological.The following type species is designated herein: Eristalis chrysopygus Wiedemann, 1819 for Pachycephalus Wie­demann, 1830, by present designation [Syrphidae].Corrected or clarified type-species and methods of typification are given for: Colax Wiedemann, 1824 [Nemestrin­idae]; Cyphomyia Wiedemann, 1819 [Stratiomyidae]; Philoliche Wiedemann, 1821 [Tabanidae]; Ropalomera Wiede­mann, 1820 [Ropalomeridae]; Timia Wiedemann, 1824 [Ulidiidae].Acting as First Reviser, the following correct original spelling for multiple original spellings is selected: Maeki­stocera Wiedemann, 1820 [Tipulidae]. A previous First Reviser action for multiple original spellings missed by other workers is given for the following: Rhaphiorhynchus Wiedemann, 1821 [Pantophthalmidae].The following nominal genera enter into new synonymies: Ceratophyia Osten Sacken, 1858 of Ceratophya Wie­demann, 1824, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Epopter Wiedemann, 1830 of Sphecomyia Le Peletier & Serville, 1825, n. syn. [Syr­phidae]; Melophaga Wiedemann, 1830 of Melophagus Latreille, 1802, n. syn. [Hippoboscidae]; Midas Latreille, 1797 of Mydas Fabricius, 1794, n. syn. [Mydidae]; Nemestrina Latreille, 1809 of Nemestrinus Latreille, 1802, n. syn. [Nemestri­nidae]; Pangonia Latreille, 1809 of Pangonius Latreille, 1802, n. syn. [Tabanidae]; Scatophaga Wiedemann, 1828 of Sca­thophaga Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Scathophagidae]; Threneste Wiedemann, 1830 of Penthetria Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Bibionidae].
Influence of Convective Momentum Transport on Mixed Rossby–Gravity Waves: A Contribution to Tropical 2-Day Waves
Authors: Zhou Lei , Kang In-Sik
Published: April 2013

Influences of convective momentum transport (CMT) on tropical waves are analytically studied with an idealized model, which captures the first-order baroclinic structure in the vertical. The CMT has significant influence on the mixed Rossby–gravity (MRG) waves, especially over the Indo-Pacific warm pool. The westward-propagating MRG wave with a small wavenumber becomes unstable because of the CMT. The convergence and geopotential are no longer in a quadrature phase relation, which is different from the classical MRG wave. As a result, there is a net source of mechanical energy within one wave period and there is an upscale momentum transfer that can have impacts on slow variabilities in the tropics, such as the Madden–Julian oscillation. The unstable MRG wave mimics the temporal and spatial features of the observed 2-day waves in tropics. Within this framework, the asymmetric structure of the MRG waves and the 2-day waves with respect to the equator are well captured by both the idealized model and observations. In addition, the CMT is found to be critical for determining the meridional scale of tropical waves. The meridional scale in the two-layer model is wider than the Rossby radius of deformation RL over the Indo-Pacific warm pool, but narrower than RL from the central to the eastern Pacific Ocean and over the Atlantic Ocean. Such variation is consistent with observations.
Oxide contributions on arc plasma in tungsten inert gas welding of magnesium alloy
Authors: Zhang Z D , Fan F Q , Liu L M
Published: April 2013

To study the effects of oxide activating flux on the arc plasma, the investigation is carried out in tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding on magnesium alloy. In this study, five oxides, ZnO, MnO2, Cr2O3, CeO2 and CdO, are selected to study the roles of activating flux on the plasma characteristics (shape, electron temperature and electron density) and the arc voltage. The mechanism is also discussed by comparisons between single TIG welding processes with and without fluxes. Results reveal that the electron temperature of arc plasma decreases sharply under the influence of oxide; however, the electron density and the arc voltage get enhanced. The reasons for the increase in arc voltage are the greater electricity resistances that result from the improved welding current density and the constriction of conduction channel.
The significance of alternative transcripts for Caenorhabditis eleganstranscription factor genes, based on expression pattern analysis
Authors: Craig Hannah L , Wirtz Julia , Bamps Sophie , Dolphin Colin T , Hope Ian A
Published: April 2013

Background

Sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins, with their paramount importance in the regulation of expression of the genetic material, are encoded by approximately 5% of the genes in an animal’s genome. But it is unclear to what extent alternative transcripts from these genes may further increase the complexity of the transcription factor complement.

Results

Of the 938 potential C. elegans transcription factor genes, 197 were annotated in WormBase as encoding at least two distinct isoforms. Evaluation of prior evidence identified, with different levels of confidence, 50 genes with alternative transcript starts, 23 with alternative transcript ends, 35 with alternative splicing and 34 with alternative transcripts generated by a combination of mechanisms, leaving 55 that were discounted. Expression patterns were determined for transcripts for a sample of 29 transcription factor genes, concentrating on those with alternative transcript starts for which the evidence was strongest. Seamless fosmid recombineering was used to generate reporter gene fusions with minimal modification to assay expression of specific transcripts while maintaining the broad genomic DNA context and alternative transcript production. Alternative transcription factor gene transcripts were typically expressed with identical or substantially overlapping distributions rather than in distinct domains.

Conclusions

Increasingly sensitive sequencing technologies will reveal rare transcripts but many of these are clearly non-productive. The majority of the transcription factor gene alternative transcripts that are productive may represent tolerable noise rather than encoding functionally distinct isoforms.
High expression of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2C (UBE2C) correlates with nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression
Authors: Shen Zhihua , Jiang Xiaofan , Zeng Chao , Zheng Shaojiang , Luo Botao , Zeng Yumei , Ding Ranran , Jiang Hanguo , He Qiyi , Guo Junli , Jie Wei
Published: April 2013

Background

Overexpression of ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme 2C (UBE2C) has been detected in many types of human cancers, and is correlated with tumor malignancy. However, the role of UBE2C in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of aberrant UBE2C expression in the progression of human NPC.

Methods

Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to detect UBE2C protein in clinical samples of NPC and benign nasopharyngeal tissues, and the association of UBE2C expression with patient clinicopathological characteristics was analyzed. UBEC2 expression profiles were evaluated in cell lines representing varying differentiated stages of NPC and immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelia NP-69 cells using quantitative RT-PCR, western blotting and fluorescent staining. Furthermore, UBE2C was knocked down using RNA interference in these cell lines and proliferation and cell cycle distribution was investigated.

Results

Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that UBE2C protein expression levels were higher in NPC tissues than in benign nasopharyngeal tissues (P<0.001). Moreover, high UBE2C protein expression was positively correlated with tumor size (P=0.017), lymph node metastasis (P=0.016) and distant metastasis (P=0.015) in NPC patients. In vitro experiments demonstrated that UBE2C expression levels were inversely correlated with the degree of differentiation of NPC cell lines, whereas UBE2C displayed low level of expression in NP-69 cells. Knockdown of UBE2C led to significant arrest at the S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle, and decreased cell proliferation was observed in poorly-differentiated CNE2Z NPC cells and undifferentiated C666-1 cells, but not in well-differentiated CNE1 and immortalized NP-69 cells.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that high expression of UBE2C in human NPC is closely related to tumor malignancy, and may be a potential marker for NPC progression.
Determinants of sexual health knowledge in adolescent girls in schools of Riyadh-Saudi Arabia: a cross sectional study
Authors: AlQuaiz AlJohara M , Kazi Ambreen , Al Muneef Maha
Published: April 2013

Background

There are many social and cultural factors affecting the sexual knowledge of adolescents. This study measured the sexual health knowledge level of adolescents and identified its association with role of parents, friends and school environment in adolescent girls in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Methods

Four hundred and nineteen Saudi female students belonging to intermediate and secondary grades were randomly selected from four public and private girl schools. 255 (69.8%) students were ≤15 years and 164 (39.2%) were >15 years. A self-administered structured questionnaire comprising of socio-demographic information, role of parents and teachers, availability of school curriculum on sexual health was used. Sexual health knowledge was assessed through questions on identification of physical changes during puberty for ≤15 years and separate questions on sexually transmitted infections for >15 years.

Results

54% of ≤15years and 70.7% of >15 years had poor sexual health knowledge. Multivariate analysis found determinants for poor sexual health education in ≤15years are: lower education level of both parents (OR 10.87; 95% CI 2.44–48.38), second birth order or more (OR 2.32; 95% CI 1.24–4.33) and absence of school curriculum on sexual health (OR 0.56; 95% CI 0.33–0.95). Determinants for >15 years of age are : mothers with low literacy (OR 3.08, 95% CI 1.42–6.71), as for sources of poor sexual knowledge : parents (OR 10.10; 95% CI 2.70–37.74), schools (OR 6.95; 95% CI 1.95–24.78) maids (OR 4.57; 95% CI 1.26–16.59) and media (OR 5.12; 95% CI 1.29–20.07) were statistically significant factors.

Conclusion

Government agencies with collaboration of all stake holders should develop policies and programs for implementing and evaluating integrated and comprehensive sexual educational programs for adolescents in Saudi Arabia.
Gene expression profiles in canine mammary carcinomas of various grades of malignancy
Authors: Pawłowski Karol M , Maciejewski Henryk , Dolka Izabella , Mol Jan A , Motyl Tomasz , Król Magdalena
Published: April 2013

Background

The frequency of mammary malignancies in canine patients is even three times over than in human. In various types of cancer different intracellular signalling pathways are perturbed, thus the patients with pathologically the same type of cancer often have dissimilar genetic defects in their tumours and respond in a heterogeneous manner to anticancer treatment. That is why the objective of the hereby study was to assess the gene expression profiles in canine mammary carcinomas (in unsupervised manner) classified by pathologists as grade 1 (well differentiated), grade 2 (moderately differentiated) and grade 3 (poorly differentiated) and compare their molecular and pathological classifications.

Results

Our unsupervised analysis classified the examined tissues into three groups. The first one significantly differed from the others and consisted of four carcinomas of grade 3 and one carcinoma of grade 2. The second group consisted of four grade 1 carcinomas. The very heterogeneous (based on their pathological parameters) group was the last one which consisted of two grade 1 carcinomas, two grade 3 carcinomas and five grade 2 carcinomas. Hierarchical dendrogram showed that the most malignant tumour group had significantly distinct gene expression.

Conclusions

Molecular classification of canine mammary tumours is not identical with pathological classification. In our opinion molecular and pathological characterization of canine mammary malignancy can complement one another. However, furthers studies in this field are required.
Gene expression profiling of the anti-glioma effect of Cilengitide
Authors: Onishi Manabu , Kurozumi Kazuhiko , Ichikawa Tomotsugu , Michiue Hiroyuki , Fujii Kentaro , Ishida Joji , Shimazu Yosuke , Chiocca E Antonio , Kaur Balveen , Date Isao
Published: April 2013

Cilengitide (EMD121974), an inhibitor of the adhesive function of integrins, demonstrated preclinical efficacy against malignant glioma. It is speculated that cilengitide can inhibit tumor growth, invasion, and angiogenesis. However, the effects of cilengitide on these processes have not been sufficiently examined. In this study, we investigated the anti-glioma effect of cilengitide using DNA microarray analysis. U87ΔEGFR cells (human malignant glioma cell line) were used for this experiment. The cells were harvested after 16 h of cilengitide treatment, and mRNA was extracted. Gene expression and pathway analyses were performed using a DNA microarray (CodeLink™Human Whole Genome Bioarray). The expression of 265 genes was changed with cilengitide treatment. The expression of 214 genes was up-regulated by more than 4-fold and the expression of 51 genes was down-regulated by more than 4-fold compared to the controls. In pathway analysis, “apoptotic cleavage of cellular proteins” and “TNF receptor signaling pathway” were over-represented. Apoptotic-associated genes such as caspase 8 were up-regulated. Gene expression profiling revealed more detailed mechanism of the anti-glioma effect of cilengitide. Genes associated with apoptosis were over-represented following cilengitide treatment.
Editors' preface
Authors: Lotman Mihhail , Lotman Maria-Kristiina
Published: April 2013

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The derivatives of hexameter in Estonian poetry and their link with the traditional hexameter
Authors: Lotman Maria-Kristiina , Lotman Mihhail
Published: April 2013

The sources of the theory of the Estonian hexameter can be traced back to 17th century Germany, where the long syllables of ancient hexameter were replaced with stressed ones, and short syllables with unstressed ones. Although such understanding is clearly inadequate, to a great extent it still holds ground in contemporary approaches. Hexameter, like any other verse metre, can be treated from two angles. First, as an abstract scheme which is realized in different texts, while the degree of realization can vary. Second, hexameter can be viewed as a prototype and actual texts create a certain space further from or closer to the prototype. In both cases questions arise, first, about the limits of hexameter, and second, whether a given text has features of a random hexameter or reflects the author's conscious intent.
Verse semantics of some metres in Uku Masing's poetry
Authors: Tooming Aile
Published: April 2013

The article introduces the results of a semantic analysis of Uku Masing's (1909– 1985) early poetry (1926–1943). The metres analyzed are syllabic-accentual trochaic tetrameter, trochaic pentameter, iambic pentameter and dactylic, logaoedic and polymetric hexameters. In each text the textual communicative perspective as well as motifs and tropes of each verse line were examined. The semantic differences and colourings of the metres are most evident in the way of expression, in the viewpoint.
On the functions of metrical dualism in M. Tsvetayeva's verse on the basis on the poem "How perfectly deceitful life is …." (1922)
Authors: Semenov Vadim
Published: April 2013

The article discusses the notion of metrical dualism as a phenomenon of the reader's perception of verse. The author analyzes the prosody and metrics of Marina Tsvetayeva's poems "Неподражаемо лжет жизнь" ("How perfectly deceitful life is ….", 1922). However, the aim of this study is not to interpret the metre of Tsvetayeva's verse, but rather to obtain a model of reading verse and thus show how the reader's perception of metre changes. Thus, the author consciously has not considered the metric or the logaoedic interpretations of this poem, while approaching the text from the point of view of the reader's perception which is always aimed at the revealing of symmetric structures. This approach makes it possible to take into account such aspects as the variety of metric interpretations, the dynamic development of verse metre, the internal and external metrical boundaries in text, etc. The analysis of Tsvetayeva's verse reveals the interaction of two rhythmic patterns in the text, which is connected to the general meaning of the poem that tells the reader about the deceitfulness of life.
Semiotico-translation-theoretical reverberations revisited
Authors: Hartama-Heinonen Ritva
Published: April 2013

This article examines translating and translations primarily from a sem(e)iotic viewpoint. The focus is, on the one hand, on a semiotic re-reading of certain translationtheoretical suggestions (such as the idea of translation being an inherently semiotic category), and on the other hand, on a translation-theoretical re-reading of certain semiotic suggestions (such as what signs can be used for representing). Other proposals that receive a revisiting discussion include, for instance, Roman Jakobson’s translation typology and Umberto Eco’s notion of semiotics as a theory of the lie. The approach adopted in the present article advocates a serious re-reading and attitude, but even more, a literal reading and sometimes, a less serious attitude as well.
Challenging identity: Lotman's "translation of the untranslatable" and Derrida's différance
Authors: Monticelli Daniele
Published: April 2013

The concept of "cultural identity" has gradually replaced such discredited concepts as "race", "ethnicity", even "nationality" in the conservative political discourse of recent decades which conceives, represents and performs culture as a closed system with clear-cut boundaries which must be defended from contamination.The article employs the theories of Derrida and Lotman as useful tools for deconstructing this understanding of cultural identity, which has recently become an ideological justification for socio-political conflicts. In fact, their theories spring from a thorough critique of the kind of internalizing self-enclosure which allowed Saussure to delimit and describe langue as the object of linguistics. The article identifies and compares the elements of this critique, focusing on Derrida's and Lotman's concepts of "mirror structure", "binarism", "numerousness", "textuality" and "semiosphere". An understanding of mediation emerges which is not reducible to any kind of definitive acquisition, thereby frustrating the pretences of identity, constantly dislocating and deferring any attempt at semiotic self-enclosure. My comparison suggests that Lotman's "translation of the untranslatable" (or "dialogue") and Derrida's différance can be considered analogous descriptions of this problematic kind of mediation. The (de)constructive nature of culture, as described by Lotman and Derrida, challenges any attempt to view cultural formations as sources of rigid and irreducible identities or differences.
Equiprosodic translation method in Estonian poetry
Authors: Lotman Maria-Kristiina
Published: April 2013

Equimetrical translation of verse, which conveys the metre of the source text, should be distinguished from equiprosodic translation of verse, which conveys the versification system of the source text. Equiprosodic translation of verse can rely on the possibilities of natural language (for instance, when presumably Publius Baebius Italicus created the Ilias Latina, he made use of the quantitative structure in Latin), but it can also employ an artificial system (cf., for example, the quantitative verse in Church Slavonic or English). The Estonian language makes it possible to convey the syllabic (based on the number of syllables), accentual (based on the number and configuration of accents) and quantitative (based on the configuration of durations) versification systems. In practice, combined types are most frequent, for instance, the ones in which both the syllable count and the configuration of accents is relevant; in Estonian, versification systems with the participation of all three principles are possible as well. Despite the contrast of quantity in Estonian, the transmission of the quantitative structure of ancient metrics still involves a number of difficulties which result from differences in the prosodic structures. The transmission of purely syllabic versification system has also been problematic: it is hard to perceive such structure as verse in Estonian and therefore it has often been conveyed with the help of different syllabic-accentual or accentual-syllabic verse metres. Although equiprosodic translation is not necessarily equimetrical, in actual translation practice it usually is so.
On the semiotic description of autogenesis in culture
Authors: Huttunen Tomi
Published: April 2013

The article is devoted to the notion of autogenesis and mechanism of unpredictable emergence in culture. The notion is treated in the context of the semiotics of culture and the theory of semiosphere. The examples are drawn mainly from Russian avant-garde culture.
The city as a mediating device and as a symbol in Finnish poetry of the 1960s
Authors: Veivo Harri
Published: April 2013

In Finnish poetry of the 1960s, the city, and above all the capital Helsinki, is the scene where the metamorphosis of Finland from an agrarian into an urban society is staged, analysed and commented. It is also a symbol that serves to situate the country in the global context, with all the contradictions that were characteristic of the position of Finland in the cold war system. Writing about the city was a means to reflect on the transformations of social and political reality and of the physical environment, a means to represent the confusion these transformations produced or to work towards understanding them. The article analyses the city in texts belonging to the "new poetry" of the 1960s, as well as in texts representing the modernist poetics of the 1950s, arguing that the very co-existence of two contrasting poetic discourses was crucial for the semiotic development of Finnish culture in the period of time in question.
A Novel Multi-Point Scan Architecture for a High Frame Rate Multi-Spectral Confocal Microendoscope
Authors: Gmitro Arthur F. , Rynes Anthony West , Makhlouf Houssine , Rouse Andrew R.
Published: April 2013

A new architecture for a confocal microscope is presented. The approach
is a hybrid multi-point scanning system that allows real-time
grayscale and multi-spectral imaging and is being developed for
confocal microendoscopy.
A sensorless fuzzy-based maximum power point tracker for micro and small wind energy conversion systems
Authors: Ippolito Lucio
Published: April 2013

This paper deals with a small wind energy conversion system (WECS), equipped with a variable-speed wind turbine and a fuzzy Takagi-Sugeno-Kang (TSK) wind estimator is proposed for the maximum power extraction. Using the estimated wind speed, which is usually obtained employing anemometers, a fuzzy-based control system is able to determine and regulate rotor speed for the maximum power extraction. The adoption of a sensorless strategy, especially for small size wind generation systems, leads to lower costs and improved reliability of the overall system.
Process for integral use of blueberry
Authors: Pizzolato Sofía , Andrada Matías , Rinaldoni Ana Noelia , Campderros Mercedes
Published: April 2013

Blueberries, rich in anthocyanins, have long been recognized for their health benefits as antioxidant, besides they have been studied for their potential as natural colourants for food or cosmetics. A flow sheet which includes several methods for processing blueberry were performed to obtain different products. Membrane technology was applied, as a non thermal alternative for obtaining a clarified juice in the permeate stream and a blueberry concentrate in the other stream. An inorganic microfiltration membrane Carbosep® was used into a tubular Plexiglas module. The concentrate was dried by freeze-drying at -40°C and 1 bar. With the solids obtained in the pre-treatment and during the filtration of the fruit, jams were elaborated following the usual procedure. Different jam formulations were assayed: i) common grade with the addition of sugar, and ii) reduced calories, using Stevia (rebaudiana Bertoni) as a natural sweetener. The polysaccharide has many healthy properties in treating obesity and high blood pressure. A physical-chemical and sensory analysis of fruits and products has been carried out. The results showed that blueberries’ clarified juice, presented colour, flavor and pleasing appearance, the presence of anthocyanins could be determined. The freeze-dried concentrate was stable, retaining a bright colour similar to the fruit and can be quickly re-hydrated. The manufactured jams showed similar characteristics to commercial products (pH: 3.5; soluble solids: 67.5 °Brix; ash: 7.4 % w/w). The sensory analysis indicated that the formulation with sugar /Stevia: 50-50%, was rated significantly better than mixtures 25-75% or 100% Stevia. The process allows an integrated use of the fruit obtaining products with high nutritional quality.
On the derivative cones of polyhedral cones
Authors: Sanyal Raman
Published: April 2013

Hyperbolic polynomials elegantly encode a rich class of convex cones that includes polyhedral and spectrahedral cones. Hyperbolic polynomials are closed under taking polars and the corresponding cones-the derivative cones-yield relaxations for the associated optimization problem and exhibit interesting facial properties. While it is unknown if every hyperbolicity cone is a section of the positive semidefinite cone, it is natural to ask whether spectrahedral cones are closed under taking derivative cones. In this note we give an affirmative answer for polyhedral cones by exhibiting an explicit spectrahedral representation for the first derivative cone. We also prove that higher polars do not have a determinantal representation which shows that the problem for general spectrahedral cones is considerably more difficult
Biaffine polar spaces
Authors: McInroy Justin
Published: April 2013

Let Π be a thick polar space of rank n ≥ 3. Pick a hyperplane F of Π and Η of Π. Define the elements of a biaffine polar space Γ to be those elements of Π which are not contained in F, or dually in Η. We show that Γ is a simply connected geometry, except for a few small exceptions for Π. We give a construction that leads to flag-transitive examples.
Manufacturing of a precision 3D microlens array on a steep curved substrate by injection molding process
Authors: Zhang Hao , Scheiding Sebastian , Li Lei , Gebhardt Andreas , Risse Stefan , Eberhardt Ramona , Tünnermann Andreas , Yi Allen Y.
Published: April 2013

In this study, a high volume low cost manufacturing method for microoptical microlens arrays on steep curved substrates using a microinjection molding technique was investigated. The design of the individual lenslets was performed using ZEMAX. This 3D microlens array in this study contains 1219 microlenses that are evenly distributed on its concave surface with a high fill factor. The overall field of view of this microlens array on curved substrates is more than 104°. To complete the manufacturing process, first the mold inserts were machined using a voice coil based fast tool servo technique, then the 3D microlens arrays were injection molded. The injection molding process parameters were evaluated using both experiments and numerical simulation for best molding results. In addition, both geometrical errors and optical performance tests showed that the molded polymer microlens arrays can be used in wide angle imaging applications. This study demonstrated that this combined process is capable of fabricating high precision microlens arrays at steep curved substrates at low cost. The microlens arrays created in this study have broad applications in optical, medical and biomedical domains. The success of this study provided a feasible solution for mass production of 3D microlens arrays on arbitrary substrates.
Camera-based driver assistance systems
Authors: Grimm Michael
Published: April 2013

In recent years, camera-based driver assistance systems have taken an important step: from laboratory setup to series production. This tutorial gives a brief overview on the technology behind driver assistance systems, presents the most significant functionalities and focuses on the processes of developing camera-based systems for series production. We highlight the critical points which need to be addressed when camera-based driver assistance systems are sold in their thousands, worldwide – and the benefit in terms of safety which results from it.
Eight considerations when evaluating a smart camera
Authors: Heard Carlton
Published: April 2013

With the increase in performance and decrease in cost, smart cameras have become increasingly more accessible over the past decade. Given this trend, how do you determine which smart camera best meets your needs or decide if a smart camera is appropriate for your application? Learn about the top eight considerations you do not want to forget when selecting a smart camera, including application examples and alternative solutions.
Thüringer Bibliotheksgesetz/ DDR
Authors: Soilihi Mzé Hassan
Published: April 2013

Die Erforschung und kritische Dokumentation des Bibliothekswesens der Sowjetischen Besatzungszone (SBZ) und späteren DDR ist ein verhältnismäßig junges Teilgebiet der Zeitgeschichtsforschung, das aufgrund der bisher fehlenden Editionsarbeit auf zentrale Texte – insbesondere rechtsrelevante Quellen – nur bedingt zurückgreifen kann. Die vorliegende Kurzedition macht in diesem Zusammenhang zwei bibliotheksrechtliche Zeugnisse der SBZ wieder verfügbar: den Entwurf zu einem Gesetz zur Demokratisierung des Büchereiwesens sowie den zu einem eigenständigen Thüringischen Büchereigesetz.
1994–2012? Die Entwicklung der Koordinierungsstelle Magdeburg als Serviceeinrichtung auch für Bibliotheken
Authors: Franz Michael
Published: April 2013

Dieser Beitrag informiert über die Entwicklung der Koordinierungsstelle seit 1994 und ihre in diesem Zusammenhang gerade auch für Bibliotheken entwickelten Serviceleistungen.
Papain-like peptidases: structure, function, and evolution
Authors: Novinec Marko , Lenarčič Brigita
Published: April 2013

Papain-like cysteine peptidases are a diverse family of peptidases found in most known organisms. In eukaryotes, they are divided into multiple evolutionary groups, which can be clearly distinguished on the basis of the structural characteristics of the proenzymes. Most of them are endopeptidases; some, however, evolved into exopeptidases by obtaining additional structural elements that restrict the binding of substrate into the active site. In humans, papain-like peptidases, also called cysteine cathepsins, act both as non-specific hydrolases and as specific processing enzymes. They are involved in numerous physiological processes, such as antigen presentation, extracellular matrix remodeling, and hormone processing. Their activity is tightly regulated and dysregulation of one or more cysteine cathepsins can result in severe pathological conditions, such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Other organisms can utilize papain-like peptidases for different purposes and they are often part of host-pathogen interactions. Numerous parasites, such asPlasmodiumand flukes, utilize papain-like peptidases for host invasion, whereas plants, in contrast, use these enzymes for host defense. This review presents a state-of-the-art description of the structure and phylogeny of papain-like peptidases as well as an overview of their physiological and pathological functions in humans and in other organisms.
Programmed cell death with a necrotic-like phenotype
Authors: Morgan Michael J. , Liu Zheng-gang
Published: April 2013

Programmed cell death is the process by which an individual cell in a multicellular organism commits cellular ‘suicide’ to provide a long-term benefit to the organism. Thus, programmed cell death is important for physiological processes such as development, cellular homeostasis, and immunity. Importantly, in this process, the cell is not eliminated in response to random events but in response to an intricate and genetically defined set of internal cellular molecular events or ‘program’. Although the apoptotic process is generally very well understood, programmed cell death that occurs with a necrotic-like phenotype has been much less studied, and it is only within the past few years that the necrotic program has begun to be elucidated. Originally, programmed necrosis was somewhat dismissed as a nonphysiological phenomenon that occurs in vitro. Recent in vivo studies, however, suggest that regulated necrosis is an authentic classification of cell death that is important in mammalian development and other physiological processes, and programmed necrosis is now considered a significant therapeutic target in major pathological processes as well. Although the RIP1-RIP3-dependent necrosome complex is recognized as being essential for the execution of many instances of programmed necrosis, other downstream and related necrotic molecules and pathways are now being characterized. One of the current challenges is understanding how and under what conditions these pathways are linked together.
Problems in determining thalassemia carrier status in a program for prevention and control of severe thalassemia syndromes: a lesson from Thailand
Authors: Viprakasit Vip , Limwongse Chanin , Sukpanichnant Sathein , Ruangvutilert Pornpimol , Kanjanakorn Chompunut , Glomglao Waraporn , Sirikong Monchan , Utto Witayakarn , Tanphaichitr Voravarn S.
Published: April 2013

Background: Prevention and control of severe β thalassemia by carrier detection and identification of couples at risk in developed countries is one of the most successful stories in modern medicine. Similar programs in developing countries especially Southeast Asia, are more problematic because both α and β thalassemias are highly prevalent. In Thailand, there are limited data on whether we could determine, based on hematological phenotypes, the mutation severity and/or coinheritance of α thalassemia in β thalassemia traits.

Methods: Comprehensive molecular, hematology and hemoglobin analyses of the α and β globin genes were performed in 141 healthy individuals identified as β thalassemia carriers.

Results: Seventeen different β globin mutations were successfully identified out of all cases analyzed. Although the majority of the mutations identified were the β0 or severe β+ thalassemia alleles, a high proportion of mild mutations (25%) was observed. Of these β thalassemia traits, 22.3% were found to co-inherit the α thalassemias. Milder hematological phenotypes were noted in β+ compared with β0 thalassemia traits when the α globin genes were intact. Although co-inheritance of α0 thalassemia might be suspected in cases with skewed profiles, due to the overlapping values, it remains difficult to apply these parameters for reliable carrier determination.

Conclusions: A combination of hemoglobin analysis and DNA testing seems to be the best way to confirm carrier status in a region with high frequency for both α and β thalassemias. Underdiagnoses of carrier status could hamper the effectiveness of a thalassemia prevention and control program.
The Abel–Jacobi isomorphism for one-cycles on Kirwan's log resolution of the moduli space
𝒮𝒰
C
(2,𝒪
C
)
Authors: Iyer Jaya N. , Lewis James D.
Published: April 2013

In this paper, we consider the moduli space

𝒮

𝒰
C

(
r
,

𝒪
C

)

$\mathcal {S\hspace{-1.0pt}U}_C(r,\mathcal {O}_C)$

of rank r semistable vector bundles with trivial determinant on a smooth projective curve C of genus g.
For r = 2, F. Kirwan constructed a smooth log resolution

X
¯

→
𝒮

𝒰
C

(
2
,

𝒪
C

)

$\overline{X}\rightarrow \mathcal {S\hspace{-1.0pt}U}_C(2,\mathcal {O}_C)$

. Based on earlier
work of M. Kerr and J. Lewis, Lewis explains in the Appendix the notion of a relative Chow
group (w.r.t. the normal crossing divisor), and a subsequent
Abel–Jacobi map on the relative Chow group of null-homologous one-cycles (tensored
with ℚ). This map takes values in the intermediate Jacobian of the compactly supported cohomology of the stable locus. We show that this is an isomorphism and since the intermediate Jacobian is identified with the Jacobian

Jac
(
C
)
⊗
ℚ

$\operatorname{Jac}(C)\otimes \mathbb {Q}$

, this can be thought of as a weak-representability result for open smooth varieties. A hard Lefschetz theorem is also proved for the odd degree bottom weight cohomology of the moduli space

𝒮

𝒰
C
s

(
2
,

𝒪
C

)

$\mathcal {S\hspace{-1.0pt}U}_C^s(2,\mathcal {O}_C)$

. When r ≥ 2, we compute the codimension two rational Chow groups of

𝒮

𝒰
C

(
r
,

𝒪
C

)

$\mathcal {S\hspace{-1.0pt}U}_C(r,\mathcal {O}_C)$

.
Geometric analysis aspects of infinite semiplanar graphs with nonnegative curvature
Authors: Hua Bobo , Jost Jürgen , Liu Shiping
Published: April 2013

We apply Alexandrov geometry
methods to study geometric analysis aspects of infinite semiplanar
graphs with nonnegative combinatorial curvature. We obtain the metric classification of these
graphs and construct the graphs embedded in the projective plane
minus one point. Moreover, we show the volume doubling property and
the Poincaré inequality on such graphs. The quadratic volume
growth of these graphs implies the parabolicity. Finally,
we prove the polynomial growth harmonic function theorem analogous to
the case of Riemannian manifolds.
Expressing local identity through radio discourse
Authors: Valh Lopert Alenka , Koletnik Mihaela
Published: April 2013

This article presents the linguistic analysis of a humorous program broadcast on the Maribor commercial radio station Radio City. The program is deliberately recorded in the Maribor colloquial language variety and as such reflects the diversification of media language. The aim of our present research is to confirm the stratification of media speech as a manifestation of the need for identification with the speech of the environment, i.e. the intended public, and at the same time point out the need of public speech as a national language for the achievement and reflection of a collective identity. We believe that in the realization of the multilingual strategy in the integrational and globalizational processes in Europe, the preservation of such linguistic and cultural diversity should present a source of strength rather than a weakness.
Automatic detection of radial structures in dialect maps: determining diffusion centers
Authors: Meschenmoser Daniel , Pröll Simon
Published: April 2013

To manually detect geometric structures in large quantities of dialect maps is a tedious and error-prone (if not impossible) task. Methods from stochastic image analysis and pattern recognition can help to automate, objectify and thus facilitate this process. This paper presents a quantitative method for detection of ellipsoid patterns and their centers in dialect maps using the Randomized Hough Transform. It will outline the necessary parameters, which are fully customizable, thus making the method adaptable to any kind of map. The centers of these structures can be divided into two types, a geographic and a linguistic one. Previous approaches were unable to make such a distinction. It will be argued that the aggregations of such linguistic centers could best be described as attractors of a dynamic system.
Mapping The Existing Phonology of English Dialects
Authors: Maguire Warren
Published: April 2013

Given its early date, breadth of coverage (geographical and linguistic) and the huge amount of data it contains, Alexander Ellis's The Existing Phonology of English
Dialects marks an extremely significant episode in British dialectology. Despite this, there has been very little in the way of detailed linguistic analysis of Ellis’s survey, and no attempt has been made to construct a linguistic atlas from the data it contains, although several studies have included a few preliminary maps based on it. Why is this so, and what might we discover if we did investigate this early survey of the dialects of English and Scots in more detail? The aim of this paper is to begin such an investigation and, in particular, to demonstrate that there is considerable mileage (and benefit) in mapping the data in Ellis (1889).
Synthesis of new heterocyclic compounds containing benzimidazole moiety as inhibitors of breast cancer cell growth
Authors: Tantawy Atif , Barghash Alaa-eldin , Badr Sahar , Gomaa Rania
Published: April 2013

A series of new benzimidazole derivatives, namely 2-acylbenzimidazoles 2–9, a dihydroquinoxaline 10, a benzoxazine 11, quinolines 13–15 and fused 1,2,4-triazines 17–24 were synthesized. Structure elucidation of the compounds was conducted using IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, mass spectral data and elemental analysis. These products were evaluated for in vitro antitumor activity against MCF7 cell line (human breast cancer). Compounds 13–15 and 24 manifested significant antitumor activity.
Alkali consumption of aliphatic carboxylic acids during alkaline pulping of wood and nonwood feedstocks
Authors: Pakkanen Hannu , Alén Raimo
Published: April 2013

The carbohydrate degradation products have been examined, which are formed during the conventional kraft pulping of a softwood, hardwoods, bamboo, and wheat straw as well as soda and soda-anthraquinone pulping of wheat straw. The focus was on “volatile” acids such as formic and acetic acids and “nonvolatile” hydroxy monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids. The different consumption profiles were obtained for the charged alkali required for the neutralization of these aliphatic acids depending on the feedstock and the cooking method. The relative composition of the acid fraction in the black liquors of softwood and hardwood and nonwood feedstocks showed characteristic variations. However, in the case of wood kraft pulping, the variations in cooking conditions (effective alkali 19–21% and cooking temperature 155–170°C) had no significant effect on the acid composition. The total amount of volatile and hydroxy acids formed during pulping at a typical target κ number level for each feedstock ranged from 78 to 174 kg ton-1 based on o.d. feedstock. It was highest in birch kraft pulping and lowest in wheat soda-anthraquinone pulping.
Menopausal status, adipose tissue, and breast cancer risk: impact of estrogen replacement therapy
Authors: Eden John A.
Published: April 2013

The seeds of breast cancer are likely sown in the first two or three decades of life. Rapid weight gain and height in infancy predict breast cancer risk in later life. The age at first pregnancy is also a strong predictor for breast cancer; the earlier the first full-term pregnancy, then the lower the risk of breast cancer in later life. It has been postulated that the breast stem cell number may be the factor linking these observations together. Menopause, per se, is associated with an increase in central adiposity, which is reversed by hormone replacement usage. Breast and nonbreast fat both produce estrogens and cytokines that may promote the growth of small breast cancers making them appear earlier. Obesity also is associated with metabolic syndrome, which is a risk factor for breast cancer. The breast cancer stem cells make up only around 1%–2% of the tumor mass and, yet, are the likely driver for much of a breast cancer’s behavior. Future research into breast cancer biology, especially into the cancer stem cells is likely to translate into novel methods of treatment and prevention of this common cancer.
Lysine-specific histone demethylase LSD1 and the dynamic control of chromatin
Authors: Rudolph Thomas , Beuch Stefanie , Reuter Gunter
Published: April 2013

The flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent amine oxidase LSD1 is the first molecularly defined histone demethylase, which specifically demethylates H3K4me1/me2. The enzyme dynamically controls a large variety of biological processes and is associated with protein complexes controlling transcriptional repression and activation. Molecular analysis of the Drosophila LSD1 homolog revealed new insights into the epigenetic control of heterochromatin formation during early embryogenesis, the establishment of transcriptional gene silencing and the epigenetic mechanisms associated with the maintenance of stem cell identity in primordial germline cells. This review summarizes our recent knowledge about the control of enzymatic activity and molecular function of LSD1 enzyme complexes in different model organisms including Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Drosophila and mammals. Finally, new developments in applied cancer research based on molecular analysis of LSD1 in cancer cells are discussed.