bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MOVEMENT OF SALTS IN AGRICULTURAL SOILS OF SASKATCHEWAN 1964 TO 1975
Authors: BALLANTYNE A. K.
Published: March 2010

The salt concentration in the upper 122 cm of moderately saline Chernozemic soils at 64 sites in central Saskatchewan fluctuated from year to year. The yearly change in salinity of a site ranged from near zero to 35%. There were always changes in the salt concentrations at some sites in the opposite direction to the average change in the area. Fluctuations in water-soluble salts occur below the depth of apparent soil profile development of many Saskatchewan soils. Salt change is a complex phenomenon. Yearly variations are not related to any single factor such as cropping practice, topography or profile type. Ca or Mg or Na can be shown to have the greatest yearly net change in concentration depending on the selection of a specific site and depth. The highest chloride content of any sampling depth or year was 88.4 meq/ℓ of saturation extract and was equivalent to 42% of the cations present.
L’EFFET DU TEMPS DE L’ECHANTILLONNAGE ET DE L’HETEROGENEITE DU CHAMP SUR LES ANALYSES DE FERTILITE DU SOL
Authors: MARTEL Y. A. , ZIZKA J.
Published: March 2010

The objective of this work was to determine the effect of sampling time and field heterogeneity on the soil fertility tests (pH, organic matter, N, P, K, Ca, Mg). The sampling on Ap horizons was repeated in May, July and October of 1976 at 25 locations of a clay loam soil (Kamouraska Series) and a sandy soil (Vien Series). The results indicated that the coefficients of variation were lower than 7% for the pH analyses but exceeded 30% for the other analyses. For the latter, sampling time showed a significant decrease in the P, K and Mg values from May to October on the sandy soil but showed no effect on the clay loam soil. Field heterogeneity was found to be a greater factor of variation than sampling time. It explained an average of 26% of the variation obtained on the sandy soil and 74% on the clay loam soil where the cultural practice of raising the center of the field, for better surface drainage, caused great variations in the depth of the Ap horizons in relation to the width of the field.
OCCURRENCE AND DETERMINATION OF LEPIDOCROCITE IN CANADIAN SOILS
Authors: ROSS G. J. , MILES N. M. , KODAMA H.
Published: March 2010

Lepidocrocite occurred in B and C horizons of several poorly drained, acid soils; it was determined by X-ray diffraction, electron optical, and chemical dissolution methods. A comparison of X-ray diffraction results obtained by diffractometer, Debye-Scherrer and Guinier-de Wolff methods showed the latter method to be superior in providing the more distinct and complete evidence of lepidocrocite in soil clays. Dithionite-soluble aggregates commonly had a dumbbell-like shape characteristic of lepidocrocite but their electron diffraction patterns were similar to those of maghemite. This suggested the topotactic dehydroxylation of lepidocrocite in the electron microscope. Amounts of lepidocrocite estimated from X-ray diffraction intensities agreed fairly well (within 2.5%) with amounts calculated from iron dissolved by dithionite and oxalate treatments. Lepidocrocite concentrations in soil clays of 1–2% gave distinct X-ray diffraction evidence.
INFLOW-OUTFLOW OF NUTRIENTS AND SEDIMENT FOR A FLOOD- AND A SPRINKLER-IRRIGATED WATERSHED IN ALBERTA
Authors: OOSTERVELD MARTIN , McMULLIN RONALD W.
Published: March 2010

Nutrients and sediment were monitored in irrigation supply and in the drainage waters associated with a flood- and a sprinkler-irrigated watershed. NO3-N concentrations in runoff from the flood-irrigated farm ranged from 1.38 mg/liter in 1975 to 1.60 mg/liter in 1976. Rapid transformations in a drain channel reduced these by 90% after the water travelled 2.5 km in the drain. P concentrations were also reduced in the runoff water in the drain channel. At the basin outlets, the concentrations were only marginally higher than in the supply water. NO3-N discharged at the basin outlet represented 0.5 kg/ha/yr for flood-irrigated land and 0.7 kg/ha/yr for sprinkler-irrigated land. Corresponding total-P exports computed from the persulfate digestion method were 0.2 and 0.3 kg/ha/hr. Exports represented about 1.5% of fertilizer-applied N and 1.0% of the applied P in each basin. Sprinkler irrigation resulted in a net inflow of suspended sediment whereas on flood irrigation, sediment inflow and outflow were about equal. Total-P concentrations by the perchloric digestion method were about twice as high as those determined by the persulfate method, confirming that the persulfate method does not remove all the P adsorbed to sediment.
EFFECT OF METHODS OF APPLICATION AND RESIDUAL EFFECT OF MOLYBDENUM ON THE MOLYBDENUM CONCENTRATION AND YIELD OF FORAGES ON PODZOL SOILS
Authors: GUPTA UMESH C.
Published: March 2010

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. ’Saranac’), red clover (Trifolium pratense L. ’Lakeland’), and timothy (Phleum pratense L. ’Climax’) were grown at two locations on Charlottetown fine sandy loam soils in Prince Edward Island. The pH values of the soils were 5.6 and 5.7, respectively. The three levels of lime were 0, 2.24 and 4.48 metric tonnes/ha and the Mo treatments included no Mo, Mo added as foliar spray and Mo added to the soils. In the first sampling, applications of 0.44 kg Mo/ha as foliar spray to soil limed to pH 5.9 and 6.3 in the three crops resulted in tissue Mo concentrations of greater than 10 ppm which when fed to livestock could produce Mo toxicity. With soil applications of 0.88 kg Mo/ha, tissue Mo concentrations of greater than 10 ppm occurred only in alfalfa and red clover limed to soil pH 5.6, 5.9 and 6.3. The tissue Mo levels in the second sampling decreased sharply when compared to those in the first sampling. The differences in Mo concentrations in second, third and fourth samplings were very small. There was a significant interaction (Mo × lime) because the increases of Mo concentration in red clover due to liming were much greater at higher rates of Mo than at lower rates of Mo. In the case of a suspected Mo deficiency, addition of about 0.2 kg Mo/ha as foliar spray or of 0.4 kg Mo/ha applied to the soil should alleviate a Mo deficiency problem. Residual effects at these levels of Mo should last for 2–3 yr from the crop sufficiency point of view. Molybdenum applied as foliar spray increased timothy yields by 15–17% at one location.
SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE DETERMINATION OF HOT-WATER-SOLUBLE BORON FROM PODZOL SOILS USING AZOMETHINE-H
Authors: GUPTA UMESH C.
Published: March 2010

A study was conducted on some factors affecting the colorimetric determination of B using the azomethine-H reagent on soils from Prince Edward Island. Two fine sandy loam soils (A and B) were used for the main study and additional soil samples varying in organic matter (OM) were used to assess the role of OM. Soils containing less than 3.0% OM and 3.1–4.1% OM required 0.4 g and 0.8 g charcoal per 25 g soil, respectively, to produce clear hot-water extracts. Quantities of greater than 0.8 g charcoal were necessary to produce clear extracts from soils containing more than 4.1% OM. Colored hot-water extracts of soil resulted in higher absorbance than those hot-water extracts treated with charcoal as measured at 430 mμ. Additions of 0.8 and 1.6 g charcoal or greater to the soils (A and B) resulted in considerably lower recoveries of B as noted by comparing the absorbance obtained using 0.4 and 0.8 g, respectively. Storage of azomethine-H up to 7 days did not affect the absorbance of the B-azomethine-H complex. One hour after the addition of azomethine-H, a maximum absorbance was found which persisted for up to 4 h. The percent recovery of B added to the two soils was about 10–12% less using azomethine-H as compared to those obtained using the carmine method. However, the mean hot-water-soluble B contents of 10 soils as measured using the carmine and azomethine-H reagents were 0.70 and 0.66 ppm. Pure B solutions when boiled with charcoal resulted in losses of B added. Such losses of B increased with increasing rates of charcoal.
LES EFFETS DU pH ET DES ENGRAIS SUR LA COMPOSITION CHIMIQUE DU TABAC A CIGARETTE
Authors: LAMARRE MICHEL
Published: March 2010

A 3-yr study was made of the effect of pH and fertilizer on the chemical composition of cigarette tobacco. The experiment comprised three pH treatments ranging from pH 4.5 to 7.0 and three rates of fertilizer application (673 kg/ha, 1346 kg/ha and 2018 kg/ha of 2-12-12T) and was carried out at Lavaltrie on an Uplands series sand. The leaf samples were analyzed to determine 12 parameters: ash, silica, nicotine, total nitrogen, reducing sugars, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, manganese and iron. In general, when the pH of the soil was high (6.5–7.0), the leaves contained heavier concentrations of the above-mentioned elements. Manganese and iron levels were lower, however, for plants on neutral soils than those on acid soils. The application of fertilizer raised the percentage of ash, nicotine, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and manganese. Concentrations of the other elements declined when fertilizer was applied.
CHANGES IN THE AMOUNT OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS IN THE SOIL BETWEEN FALL AND SPRING SAMPLING
Authors: READ D. W. L. , CAMERON D. R.
Published: March 2010

Soils were sampled to 120-cm depths in the fall and again in the spring to determine the NO3N, NH4N and NaHCO3 extractable P content. The change in nutrient content of the soil between fall and spring was measured and related to the fall sampling values and to climatic conditions between samplings. The samples were taken for each 10 yr at several sites on different soil types. The average of all sites showed little change in the P content of the soil from fall to spring. There was some increase in NO3-N, particularly in the 0- to 60-cm depth but there was a larger decrease in NH4-N, resulting in a net decrease of N (NO3-N + NH4-N) or total available mineral nitrogen from fall to spring. The amount of change in NO3-N, NH4-N and the combination of these two (N) was inversely related to the amount of that form of nitrogen present in the soil in the fall. Weather also affected the amount of change. Consideration of the amount of nitrogen present in the fall and the weather from fall to spring will improve the accuracy of predicting the amount that will be present at seeding time.
COMPARISON OF SOIL TEMPERATURES UNDER DIFFERENT VEGETATIVE COVERS AT EDMONTON
Authors: TOOGOOD J. A.
Published: March 2010

While air temperatures at Edmonton fluctuate widely, especially during winter, soil temperatures under varying types of cover fluctuate much less, and about the same throughout the year. Temperatures at 20 cm under different types of cover differ normally by less than 3 °C and at 100 cm less than 2 °C.
WATER AND SALT MOVEMENT IN A SALINE-SODIC SOIL IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: SOMMERFELDT THERON G. , CHANG CHI
Published: March 2010

The internal drainage of a saline-sodic soil having till at 51 cm from the surface was studied in the field and laboratory. Average water intake (infiltration) for the profile was 3.76 cm/day. The Btj could be a limiting factor for vertical flow. The horizontal hydraulic conductivity indicated that lateral flow of water in the C horizon (36 cm/day) and surface of the till (22 cm/day) could be as much as five times greater than that of the Ah (5 cm/day) and Btj (8 cm/day) horizons. Salts were leached from the profile by the 22 cm of water that had been applied. It was concluded that the internal drainage of the soil was sufficient to accommodate infiltrated water under normal conditions, and that the buildup of a water table and salinization of the soil were probably due to lateral flow of water from canal seepage and irrigation mismanagement.
STUDIES ON THE DYNAMICS OF "RECENTLY" CLAY-FIXED NH4+ USING 15N
Authors: KOWALENKO C. G. , ROSS G. J.
Published: March 2010

The dynamics of fixation and release of NH4+ in soils were studied using tracer N under field and laboratory conditions. Field data showed that release of fixed NH4+ was relatively slow after an initial moderately fast release. Forty months of field weathering of Bainsville soil left 3.48 kg 15N/ha in the 75-cm profile of the 13.5 kg 15N/ha applied and most (76%) of this recovered 15N was fixed NH4+–N. The relative quantitative importance of recently fixed NH4+ in the various particle size fractions was not in the same order as the native fixed NH4+. The fine silt fraction (2–5 μm) fixed a larger amount (whole soil basis) than the fine clay fraction (< 0.2 μm). The coarse clay fraction (0.2–2 μm) fixed the most NH4+ added as well as being the fraction containing the most native fixed NH4+. Sand size fractions were shown to contain native fixed NH4+ and were capable of fixing a small amount of added NH4+. Measurements of recently fixed NH4+–N in various particle sizes covering four time intervals (up to 40 mo) of field weathering under fallow showed that the 0.2 to 2-μm fraction was quantitatively most important, the < 0.2-μm fraction most readily released recently fixed NH4+ and the 2 to 5-μm fraction was the most stable with respect to recently fixed NH4+. Plant growth affected the relative stability of the recently fixed NH4+ in the various particle size fractions. Laboratory studies of three Brookston soil samples revealed higher estimates of fixation of NH4+ by direct tracer methods than by indirect extraction methods. This discrepancy was assumed to have been caused by some exchange of added NH4+ with native fixed NH4+ and by some NH4+ being fixed on other sites. The relationship between mineralogical and related analyses to fixation of NH4+ was discussed.
DECOMPOSITION OF ORGANIC RESIDUES AS AFFECTED BY VARIOUS DRYLAND SPRING WHEAT-FALLOW ROTATIONS
Authors: DORMAAR J. F. , PITTMAN U. J.
Published: March 2010

Three non-replicated, non-fertilized, dryland grain rotations — continuous wheat, wheat-fallow, and wheat-wheat-fallow — were established in 1912 on a Dark Brown Chernozemic soil. In 1967, the rotations were altered to include an annual application of 45 kg N/ha to a portion of each field. Above- and below-ground organic residue and soil were sampled in September 1975, April and August 1976, and April 1977 from both the fertilized and non-fertilized treatments of each rotation to measure the effects of the rotations on a number of chemical characteristics. The soil samples were analyzed for pH and contents of C, N, ethanol/benzene- and resin-extractable C, polysaccharides, and waterstable aggregates. The organic residues were analyzed for contents of C, N, ethanol/benzene-extractable C, lignin, and methoxyl groups, and for caloric content. The soils of the continuous wheat rotation contained the most C, total N, and polysaccharides, whereas the soils of the wheat-fallow rotation were about 12 percentage points higher in resin-extractable C than those of the continuous wheat or wheat-wheat-fallow rotations. The cultivated soils contained 47% less C, 46% less N, 53% less polysaccharides, 100% more solvent-extractable C, 49% more resin extractable C, and a slightly higher pH than the soils from the proximate native grassland. Individual rotations had little effect on the chemical composition of organic residues on the soil surface but did affect the decomposition and nature of subsurface plant residues.
PROPRIETES PHYSICO-CHIMIQUES ET MINERALOGIQUES DES SOLS BRUNS CALCAIRES DE L’IRAN, RETROGRADATION DU POTASSIUM
Authors: RAFAHI H.
Published: March 2010

These calcareous brown soils are low in organic matter. The clay and carbonate content increase with depth. Carbonate percentage ranges from 1.7 to 27.5% and the accumulation is found between 45 and 105 cm from the soil surface. Sulfate exceeds chloride ions in the soil extract. The exchange capacity, varying from 8.2 to 27.9 meq/100 g of soil, increases with depth. The major clay mineral is vermiculite and the maximum percentage is found in the lower horizons, while illite, which is the second clay mineral in these soils, decreases with depth. There was a relationship between K+ fixation and the content in clay and vermiculite. K+ fixation, which represents 7–11% of the cation exchange, is also enhanced by the drying of the soil.
THE DESCRIPTION, CHRONOLOGY AND CORRELATION OF BURIED SOILS AND CULTURAL LAYERS IN A TERRACE SECTION, PEACE RIVER VALLEY, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: VALENTINE K. W. G. , FLADMARK K. R. , SPURLING B. E.
Published: March 2010

A terrace section in the Peace River Valley of British Columbia contained seven buried paleosols developed in eolian material. Chemical, physical and micromorpholgical data showed the soils to be Chernozemic. The main soil-forming processes have been the leaching and reprecipitation of carbonates, the formation of mull aggregates, the weathering of primary minerals and the weak physical translocation of soil fabric. Five cultural components or levels had been identified in nearby archaeological excavations and these were correlated with the Ah horizons of five of the paleosols. However, none of these Ah horizons contained large amounts of organic P as have been found in cultural layers of other archaeological sections. The cultural components contained tools, flakes, shell beads, bones and projectile points. Radiocarbon dates from charcoal ranged from 5830 ± 80 yr B.P. in the second lowest paleosol to 1530 ± 70 yr B.P. in the second highest paleosol. They showed that most of the eolian material had been deposited on the terrace by about 4500 yr B.P.; that is, by the end of the Hypsithermal. The chronology of soil development and eolian deposition are discussed by applying a previously published system of horizon designations that combines and describes the gradational and pedomorphic features in soils.
THE DEOXY-SUGARS AND OTHER NEUTRAL MONOSACCHARIDES DERIVED FROM RIVERTON, MANITOBA ORGANIC SOIL PROFILES
Authors: MORITA H. , LEVESQUE M. , MILLS G. F.
Published: March 2010

The distribution of eight neutral monosaccharides in the 19 horizons of three organic soil profiles from the Riverton Peatland, Manitoba has been studied. The amounts of the monosaccharides have been found to be related to several characteristic physical, chemical and morphological properties of the horizons. Some horizons afforded appreciable amounts of deoxy-sugars relative to glucose, the predominant monosaccharide. This finding suggested that monosaccharides other than glucose may be useful chemical markers with which to differentiate peats.
EFFECTS OF VESICULAR-ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZA ON 14C AND 15N DISTRIBUTION IN NODULATED FABABEANS
Authors: PANG P. C. , PAUL E. A.
Published: March 2010

A two-compartment growth chamber in which the aboveground plant materials were exposed to 14CO2 and the belowground portion was exposed to 15N2 under normal atmospheric pressure was designed for carbon and nitrogen transfer studies. Vicia faba infected with vesicular-arbuscular fungus Glomus mossae and non-mycorrhizal plants fixed similar quantities of N2 at an age of 6½ wk. Approximately 0.10 mg N was fixed∙g−1 dry plant materials∙day−1 and 40 mg C∙g−1 dry matter day−1 were synthesized by mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal fababeans during 48 h exposure to 14CO2 at 6½ wk with no apparent difference in yield of dry matter. The non-mycorrhizal plants transferred 37% of the fixed 14C beneath ground. The mycorrhizal ones transferred 47% of the fixed 14C beneath ground. Most of the difference could be accounted for in the belowground respiration. The 14CO2 produced by root-microbial systems of the mycorrhizal fababeans was twice as great as that of the nonmycorrhizal; both contained active rhizobium.
PROPRIETES DE QUELQUES SOLS RICHES EN GRAVIERS DANS LA REGION DE QUEBEC
Authors: RIVARD R. , KIMPE C. R. DE
Published: March 2010

Twelve soil profiles, developed on gravelly parent material, have been sampled in the region of Quebec City and analyzed. Six profiles are developed on sandstones and shales whilst the six other profiles are formed on shales and mudstones. The shales, and to a lesser extent the sandstones, weathered readily to produce a large percentage of clay. Because of this, many B horizons with significant pyrophosphate-extractable Fe and Al do not meet the criteria for a Podzol B. The coarser than 2 mm material, which ranges in individual horizons from 14 to 82% in the first group of soils and from 0 to 84% in the second group, cannot be ignored as it contributes up to 69% of the total exchange capacity of the soil and therefore is important for the natural fertility of the soils. The differences between the stability of the gravel in air and in water also explain some of the problems in classifying these soils.
VARIATIONS OF pH WITH ANNUAL CUMULATIVE PRECIPITATION IN ACID FOREST SOILS
Authors: CRAMPTON C. B.
Published: March 2010

Colorimetric soil pH measurements made systematically across Belcarra Mountain in the rain-forest of British Columbia over the 4-yr period 1975 to 1978 showed summer (June or July) values to increase somewhat with total cumulative precipitation (previous November to July). After dry winters, lower pH values in both A and B horizons were recorded, the increase in acidification being so marked on the sandy Podzols as compared to the less light-textured Brunisols that the normal increase in pH down the profile was reversed. The causes of such variations are discussed along with their significance when characterizing Orthic Humo-Ferric Podzols of the region.
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF CULTIVATION AND LAND USE ON SOIL QUALITY IN QUEBEC
Authors: MARTEL Y.A. , MACKENZIE A.F.
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this work is to assess the effects of different land-use practices on the quality of agricultural soils in Quebec. Studies done on three dairy farms, using the traditional rotation of 1 yr of cereals and 4 yr of hay, showed that the conversion of forest soils into agricultural soils caused a drop in nitrogen of 8% for a clay loam soil, but 21 and 31% for the sandy and silty loam soils, while the loss of organic matter was near 33% for the three soils. The decrease in water-stable aggregate was 84% on the clay loam soil and 50% on the two lighter soils. Work done on continuous meadows of 5 yr or longer showed significant increases in organic matter content and water-aggregate stability. Conversion from typical dairy-farm rotations to continuous corn and cereal rotations reduced structural stability and soil organic matter, as well as soil productivity, even when nutrient levels were improved by use of fertilizers. Other preliminary data indicate that soil compaction by heavy farm machinery, and drainage of organic soils may further reduce soil quality.
LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF INTENSIVE CULTIVATION ON SOIL QUALITY IN THE POTATO-GROWING AREAS OF NEW BRUNSWICK (CANADA) AND MAINE (U.S.A.)
Authors: SAINI G. R. , GRANT W. J.
Published: March 2010

Reviewing the research conducted in New Brunswick (Canada) and Maine (U.S.A.), this paper discusses the unfavorable effects of stone removal on potato yield, soil temperature, moisture, compaction and erodibility of soil. Data presented also show that continuous cropping of potatoes is detrimental to soil structure and soil fertility.
SPRING SOIL WATER, PRECIPITATION, AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER: EFFECT ON BARLEY YIELD
Authors: BOLE J. B. , PITTMAN U. J.
Published: March 2010

Results of a 5-yr field experiment were used to develop a regression model (R = 0.94) describing barley yield as a function of available soil water in the spring (Ws), growing season precipitation (GSP), and N fertilizer. Yields on independent fertility plots having Ws and GSP levels within the scope of the data used in deriving the equation were in close agreement with those predicted by the model. Equations were developed for Ws defined as soil water on either 15 May or 1 June and GSP from then until 31 July. Including rainfall received after 31 July in GSP decreased the accuracy of the model. At the levels of GSP occurring in the study, GSP and Ws affected yield to a similar degree, but with the long-term average GSP and Ws levels at Lethbridge, Ws was only about half as effective as GSP on stubble and one-third as effective on summer fallow. Growing season precipitation had a three times greater effect on barley response to N fertilizer than Ws. The model would allow a producer to base his fertilizer N rate on a gravimetrically determined Ws level at seeding and use the GSP probability as his risk level. Using the current cost:price ratio of N fertilizer and barley, he can optimize his N fertilizer level based on the measured Ws.
SPRING SOIL WATER, PRECIPITATION, AND NITROGEN FERTILIZER: EFFECT ON BARLEY GRAIN PROTEIN CONTENT AND NITROGEN YIELD
Authors: BOLE J. B. , PITTMAN U. J.
Published: March 2010

Available soil water before seeding (Ws), growing season precipitation (GSP), and fertilizer N level (N) were used to describe the protein content and N yield of barley grain. The regression models were developed from 5 yr of field data where various Ws levels were achieved by fall irrigation or by covering plots with PVC sheet to exclude fall and winter precipitation and snowmelt. Protein content was increased greatly by N rates especially when Ws was low (< 100 mm). Protein contents of 15–19% were obtained with 100–180 kg N/ha and Ws less than 100 mm. Although protein content could only be maintained below the maximum level for malting barley by restricting N rates to 20–50 kg/ha if Ws was less than 100 mm, N rates greater than 100 kg/ha could be used if Ws was high (> 150 mm). The protein content was relatively insensitive to GSP levels in this study. Although N yield in the barley grain ranged from negligible levels to more than 100 kg/ha, the incremental N yield was generally less than 30% of the rate of fertilizer N applied.
MAP UNITS IN CONTROLLED AND UNCONTROLLED LEGENDS ON SOME CANADIAN SOIL MAPS
Authors: VALENTINE K. W. G. , CHANG D.
Published: March 2010

The map index linkages (from CanSIS cartographic file) of seven soil maps were analyzed to find out how many map delineations represented each map unit and what proportion of the map they covered. Many map units were represented by only one or two delineations. This was more true for uncontrolled than controlled legends (51–85% of map units in uncontrolled legends versus 27–37% of map units in controlled legends). In both types of map the map units that had only one or two delineations covered only a small proportion of the land area. On the other hand, only a small proportion of the map units (between 14 and 31%) was needed to cover 75% of the land area in both types of maps. It proved possible to reduce the number of map units in one map with an uncontrolled legend from 193 to 91. This was done, firstly, by combining map units that represented only very small areas (or were represented by only one delineation) with larger map units that were very similar for the purpose of the survey. Secondly, map units were combined when more than 85% of the soils within them were the same. Controlled legends need not be very long and need not omit significant information.
PODZOL DEVELOPMENT NORTH OF LAKE HURON IN RELATION TO GEOLOGY AND VEGETATION
Authors: EVANS L. J.
Published: March 2010

The morphological expression of podzolization in four Humo-Ferric Podzols increased in a northerly direction over a distance of approximately 74 km from the north shore of Lake Huron. The transect coincided with changes in both geology and vegetation. All the soils were developed in coarse-textured acid tills whose composition was not significantly different to explain the observed variations in soil morphology. Using quartz as an internal standard, the order of mobility from surface horizons was found to be Mg > Fe = Ca > Na = Al > K > Ti. Pyroxenes, amphiboles, chlorite and albite were the most easily weathered minerals. Protocatechuic, p-coumaric, gentisic and gallic acids were found to be the major phenolic acids in water extracts of soil surface horizons. The content of both phenolic acids and carbohydrates in surface horizons increased as the morphological expression of podzolization increased.
EFFECT OF PERACETIC ACID OXIDATION ON N-CONTAINING COMPONENTS OF HUMIC MATERIALS
Authors: SCHNITZER M. , HINDLE D. A.
Published: March 2010

Three humic and one fulvic acid were degraded by mild chemical oxidation with peracetic acid, with special emphasis on the effects of this type of oxidation on N-containing components. The different types of N that were considered were NH4+-N, amino acid-N, amino sugar-N, NO2−-N + NO3−-N, and by difference from total N, "unknown" N. The behaviour toward mild chemical oxidation of all four preparations was essentially similar: there were decreases in mino acid-N, amino sugar-N and "unknown" N, increases in NH4+-N, NO2−-N + NO3−-N with one material, and in N-gases. The "unknown" N was not inert. Between 16.6 and 59.1% of the latter appeared to be converted, as a result of mild chemical oxidation, to NH3 and N-gases which were expelled from the systems. The results presented provide an insight into what happens to N-containing humic components as a result of mild oxidation.
SUBALPINE CRYOSOLIC SOILS IN BANFF AND JASPER NATIONAL PARKS
Authors: ACHUFF P. L. , COEN G. M.
Published: March 2010

Cryosolic soils have been identified on forested, upper subalpine, north facing slopes in eastern Banff and Jasper National Parks. Soil morphology and soil and air temperatures all confirm the presence of permafrost.
ORGANIC MATTER DISTRIBUTION WITH PARTICLE-SIZE IN SURFACE HORIZONS OF SOME SOMBRIC SOILS IN VANCOUVER ISLAND
Authors: BROERSMA K. , LAVKULICH L. M.
Published: March 2010

The surface horizons of some Sombric Brunisols and Podzols were fractionated to determine the distribution of the organo-mineral complexes. The soils were dispersed in water using ultrasonics and fractionated by wet sieving and the continuous flow supercentrifuge. The amounts of organic matter and the surface area of each fraction were determined. The weight of organic matter per unit of surface area increased with increasing size of soil separates. A considerable amount of organic matter is associated with the coarser fractions, with 5, 12 and 49% of the total organic matter being associated with the sand, coarse silt and fine silt fractions, respectively.
TRANSPIRATION RATE OF DOUGLAS FIR TREES IN THINNED AND UNTHINNED STANDS
Authors: BLACK T. A. , NNYAMAH U. , TAN C. S.
Published: March 2010

A procedure is described for estimating the transpiration rate of trees in stands with understory vegetation. The procedure combines soil water balance measurements of stand evapotranspiration rate with a simple vapor diffusion model that requires occasional intensive measurements of stomatal conductance of the trees and understory vegetation. Weekly average transpiration rates of 22-yr-old Douglas fir trees in a thinned stand during sunny weather in July ranged from 23.6 L∙tree−1∙d−1 when θe the fraction of extractable soil water remaining in the root zone, was 0.79 to 4.9 L∙tree−1∙d−1 when θe was 0.20. The transpiration rate of trees in the thinned stand, which contained a salal understory, was very similar to that in a nearby unthinned stand with virtually no understory vegetation. As θe decreased from slightly more than 0.8 to slightly less than 0.2, the fraction of evapotranspiration from the thinned stand due to the salal understory increased from approximately 40 to 65%. Competition for soil water by the understory was considered to be a contributing reason why tree diameter growth in the thinned stand was only slightly greater than in the unthinned stand.
DISTRIBUTION OF LIPID SULPHUR AND TOTAL LIPIDS IN SOILS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: CHAE YEH MOON , LOWE L. E.
Published: March 2010

The distribution of lipid S (sulpholipids) in 27 soils was examined in relation to factors which influence its abundance in different soil environments. Lipid S was found in all soils examined, but at levels varying from 1.6 to 291 ppm S. Lipid S content was higher in organic horizons than in mineral horizons, and poorly drained soils had higher lipid S than freely drained soils. Highest levels were observed in poorly drained organic soils. Lipid S accounted for a small proportion of total S (0.5–3.5%) and of total lipid (0.03–1.7%). Lipid S levels were on average three times higher than lipid P. Lipid S was significantly correlated with total S, HI-reducible S and organic C. In a regression analysis, 89% of the variation in soil content of lipid S was accounted for by total lipid and total S contents. The distribution of total lipids confirmed previous reports that higher levels were associated with soils having restricted biological activity.
FUNGICIDAL ACTIVITY OF VORLEX AND ACCUMULATION OF LINURON IN A VORLEX-LINURON TREATED SOIL
Authors: ROSLYCKY E. B.
Published: March 2010

Recommended concentrations of Vorlex and linuron exerted little initial effect on bacterial and actinomycete populations in a muck, whereas Vorlex caused drastic reduction in that of the fungi. This resulted in linuron accumulation in the soil which was deleterious to growth of Lactuca sativa L. New fungal population produced by the survivors was resistant to subsequent Vorlex treatments, but was linuron passive. Proliferation of the surviving fungi was accompanied by appreciable and lasting increases in the bacterial and actinomycete populations. Absence of pathogenic symptoms on lettuce plants due to any of these organisms precluded selection or enrichment of pathogens potentially present in the soil. The findings demonstrated the consequence of this pesticide combination on non-target microbiota, the accumulation of linuron, and plant growth.
OCCURRENCE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF FERROMANGANIFEROUS CONCRETIONS IN SOME SASKATCHEWAN SOILS
Authors: ARSHAD M. A. , ST. ARNAUD R. J.
Published: March 2010

The distribution, composition and nature of concretions occurring in some moderately well-drained to poorly drained soils of Saskatchewan were investigated. The soils selected were: Gleyed Humo-Ferric Podzol, Orthic Luvic Gleysol, Orthic Gray Luvisol and Gleyed Gray Luvisol. The concretions range from < 0.1 to > 15 mm in diameter and are distributed throughout the sola with maximum concentrations of about 8% in Aeg and Bf horizons. The data indicate that the concretions from Gleysolic and Gray Luvisolic soils are markedly higher in Fe, Mn and P than the surrounding soil matrix; concretions from the Podzol are high in Fe but very low in Mn and P. Mn is directly related to the size of concretions whereas Fe and P contents generally increase with decreasing size of concretions. The formation of concretions and their significance in soil genesis are discussed.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TWO CULTIVATED AND FORESTED ORTHIC PODZOLS
Authors: MILLETTE G. J. F. , LEGER R. G. , BAILEY R. E.
Published: March 2010

Soils cultivated for 60 yr were compared with uncultivated forested soils at 10 sites in Appalachian Quebec. All soils belonged to the Humo-Ferric Podzol Great Group, five sets of comparisons being located on the Ascot soil series and five on the Greensboro. Comparisons were made between corresponding soil horizons, analytical data being derived from the bulking and analysis of six sample cores per horizon. Cultivation increased weight of soil in the solum and in the whole profile of both the Greensboro and the two soil series combined; bulk density was slightly affected. Field capacity, permanent wilting point and available water of the surface and sub-surface layers, in the solum and in the whole profile, were significantly increased by cultivation. The increase of available water was accompanied by a corresponding decrease in gravitational water. The content fine clay was significantly decreased in the surface layer and in the solum, while it was increased significantly in the C horizon by cultivation which also decreased the acidity of the surface and sub-surface in both series. There was a marked increase in organic matter content, but the level of fulvic acid was relatively unaffected by cultivation, indicating that the increased H/F ratio was primarily due to an increase in humic acid. Generally, Al content was not significantly changed, while significant increases in Fe and Mn were observed in the surface and solum of cultivated profiles. A deduction is made that cultivation has regraded podzol profiles into Dystric Brunisol ones which have started to evolve already toward kinds of Luvisolic profiles.
HORIZON MIXING IN SOLONETZIC AND ASSOCIATED SOILS: EFFECT ON DROUGHT-STRESSED BARLEY AND WHEAT
Authors: KROGMAN K. K. , MacKAY D. C.
Published: March 2010

Seven placements ranging from natural sequence to complete mixing of the genetic soil horizons in soil columns were applied to six Dark Brown Chernozemic and Solonetzic soils. Two cultivars of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and one of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were grown in the greenhouse on the columns without watering after initial moistening to field capacity. Soil horizon mixing enhanced crop growth on the three Solonetzic soils but not on the Solodic or the two Chernozemic soils. With horizon placement in the natural sequence, almost half of the roots were contained in the upper 12.5 cm of the column. With complete horizon mixing, root distribution with depth was almost uniform. Maturity and senescence of the plants were delayed on the saline soils compared to the normal stils. The results agree with the known beneficial effects of soil horizon-mixing by deep plowing on some dryland Solonetzic soils and indicate that after such drastic landscape disturbance as occurs in strip mining, the solum should be stockpiled and replaced on the spoil but may be mixed without serious depression of crop productivity. The glacial till subsoils, which were of relatively low salinity in this study, were found to be superior to B and C horizon materials when placed beneath A horizon soil and within the rooting zone of the crop.
DISTRIBUTION OF CARBON, NITROGEN, SULPHUR AND PHOSPHORUS IN PARTICLE-SIZE SEPARATES FROM GLEYSOLIC SOILS
Authors: HINDS A. A. , LOWE L. E.
Published: March 2010

Levels of C, N, S and organic P (Po) were determined in fine, medium and coarse clay- and silt-size separates obtained from five Gleysolic soils by an ultrasonic dispersion method. Contents of C, N, S and Po increased with decreasing particle size, with average C values increasing from 3.7% in the silt to 10.1% in fine clay fractions. The corresponding increases for N, S and Po were 0.26–1.17%, 0.037–0.178% and 0.043–0.172%, respectively. C/N and C/S ratios decreased with decreasing particle size, indicating a relative enrichment of N and S in the finer particle-size fractions. N/S showed little variation with particle size, while C/Po ratios were erratic. The three clay fractions accounted on average for 31.3% of the soil material, and for 39.1% of soil carbon. In contrast, the clay fractions together accounted on average for 52–59% of soil N, S and Po.
Convergence and sharp thresholds for propagation in nonlinear diffusion problems
Authors: Du Yihong , Matano Hiroshi
Published: March 2010

We study the Cauchy problem

u_t = u_{xx} + f(u)\ (t > 0,\ x\in ℝ^1),\ u(0, x) = u_0(x)\ (x\in ℝ^1),

where

f(u)

is a locally Lipschitz continuous function satisfying

f(0) = 0

. We show that any nonnegative bounded solution with compactly supported initial data converges to a stationary solution as

t → ∞

. Moreover, the limit is either a constant or a symmetrically decreasing stationary solution. We also consider the special case where

f

is a bistable nonlinearity and the case where

f

is a combustion type nonlinearity. Examining the behavior of a parameter-dependent solution

u_λ

, we show the existence of a sharp threshold between extinction (i.e., convergence to

0

) and propagation (i.e., convergence to

1

). The result holds even if

f

has a jumping discontinuity at

u = 1

.
Compactness for embedded pseudoholomorphic curves in 3-manifolds
Authors: Wendl Chris
Published: March 2010

We prove a compactness theorem for holomorphic curves in 4-dimensional symplectizations that have embedded projections to the underlying 3-manifold. It strengthens the cylindrical case of the SFT compactness theorem [BEH+ 03] by using intersection theory to show that degenerations of such sequences never give rise to multiple covers or nodes, so transversality is easily achieved. This has application to the theory of stable ﬁnite energy foliations introduced in [HWZ03], and also suggests a new approach to deﬁning SFT-type invariants for contact 3manifolds, or more generally, 3-manifolds with stable Hamiltonian structures.
The genera, reflexibility and simplicity of regular maps
Authors: Conder Marston D. E. , Širáň Jozef , Tucker Thomas W.
Published: March 2010

This paper uses combinatorial group theory to help answer some long-standing questions about the genera of orientable surfaces that carry particular kinds of regular maps. By classifying all orientably-regular maps whose automorphism group has order coprime to

g −1

, where

g

is the genus, all orientably-regular maps of genus

p+1

for

p

prime are determined. As a consequence, it is shown that orientable surfaces of inﬁnitely many genera carry no regular map that is chiral (irreﬂexible), and that orientable surfaces of inﬁnitely many genera carry no reﬂexible regular map with simple underlying graph. Another consequence is a simpler proof of the Breda–Nedela–Širáň classiﬁcation of non-orientable regular maps of Euler characteristic

−p

where

p

is prime.
Isolation of Platelet Granules
Authors: Nießen Juliane , Jedlitschky Gabriele , Greinacher Andreas , Kroemer Heyo K.
Published: March 2010

Functional analysis of platelet intracellular structures requires isolation and purification of these cellular compartments. With regard to the function of platelets, both, dense (delta) and alpha granules are relevant target structures. However, the availability of sufficient purification protocols for these structures is rather limited. This unit describes two protocols for isolation and purification of platelet granule structures. The Basic Protocol describes a new technique based on immunolabeling with target‐specific antibodies followed by magnetic sorting, whereas the Alternate Protocol describes the more traditional procedure based on differential centrifugation and density‐based sedimentation. For both methods, the degree of granule purification can be most easily determined by immunoblotting using various antibodies that recognize structure‐specific proteins. The immunomagnetic sorting method is especially good for studies requiring highly purified material (e.g., for the identification of specific transporters and receptors). Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 46:3.35.1‐3.35.14. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Biosensors for Characterizing the Dynamics of Rho Family GTPases in Living Cells
Authors: Hodgson Louis , Shen Feimo , Hahn Klaus
Published: March 2010

The biosensors developed in the authors' laboratory have been based on different designs, each imparting specific strengths and weaknesses. Here we describe detailed protocols for the application of three biosensors exemplifying different designs—first, a design in which an environmentally sensitive dye is used to report the activation of endogenous Cdc42, followed by two biosensors based on FRET, one using intramolecular and the other intermolecular FRET. The design differences lead to the need for different approaches in imaging and image analysis. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 46:14.11.1‐14.11.26. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Documenting GLUT4 Exocytosis and Endocytosis in Muscle Cell Monolayers
Authors: Ishikura Shuhei , Antonescu Costin N. , Klip Amira
Published: March 2010

The elevated blood glucose following a meal is cleared by insulin‐stimulated glucose entry into muscle and fat cells. The hormone increases the amount of the glucose transporter GLUT4 at the plasma membrane in these tissues at the expense of preformed intracellular pools. In addition, muscle contraction also increases glucose uptake via a gain in GLUT4 at the plasma membrane. Regulation of GLUT4 levels at the cell surface could arise from alterations in the rate of its exocytosis, endocytosis, or both. Hence, methods that can independently measure these traffic parameters for GLUT4 are essential to understanding the mechanism of regulation of membrane traffic of the transporter. Here, we describe cell population–based assays to measure the steady‐state levels of GLUT4 at the cell surface, as well as to separately measure the rates of GLUT4 endocytosis and endocytosis. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 46:15.15.1‐15.15.19. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Methods for Monitoring Dynamics of Pulmonary RSV Replication by Viral Culture and by Real‐Time Reverse Transcription–PCR In Vivo: Detection of Abortive Viral Replication
Authors: Boukhvalova Marina S. , Yim Kevin C. , Prince Gregory A. , Blanco Jorge C.G.
Published: March 2010

Viral infection is normally detected either by viral culture or by PCR methods. Rarely is a combination of the two techniques used in the same study. Yet, when applied simultaneously, viral culture and PCR may reveal important features of viral biology, such as an abortive replication, as in the case of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. In this unit, we describe methods for detecting abortive RSV replication in a cotton rat model by using the plaque‐forming unit assay and the real‐time reverse‐transcription PCR (qRT‐PCR) assay. All steps of the process of monitoring viral replication in vivo are described, starting from the design of animal infection protocols. We continue on to the methods for extracting and processing lung samples for viral culture and RNA extraction, and finish with the actual methods of viral titration by the qRT‐PCR and the plaque‐forming unit assays. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 46:26.6.1‐26.6.19. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Tilt vibratory exercise and the dynamic balance in fibromyalgia: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Gusi Narcis , Parraca Jose A. , Olivares Pedro R. , Leal Alejo , Adsuar Jose C.
Published: March 2010

Objective

To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of tilt whole‐body vibration (WBV) for improving dynamic balance in women with fibromyalgia (FM).

Methods

Forty‐one women (ages 41–65 years) were randomly assigned to either a vibration (n = 21) or control (n = 20) group. The vibration intervention consisted of a 30‐minute session of instruction plus 3 sessions of WBV per week over a period of 12 weeks. Each vibration session consisted of 6 repetitions of a 45–60‐second 12.5‐Hz vibration. The posture of the patient was lateral. Dynamic balance was assessed with a balance platform, and the level of stability could be controlled. We performed intent‐to‐treat (ITT) analysis and efficacy analysis in participants who completed the study (vibration, n = 18; control, n = 18).

Results

Based on ITT analysis, the dynamic balance of the vibration group improved by 36% as compared with baseline, whereas that of the control group was unchanged. Differences in the dynamic balance index were predicted (61%; P < 0.001) by the following linear model: (0.027 × body weight) − (0.800 × dynamic balance at baseline) − (0.632 × group).

Conclusion

The vibration program was useful and feasible for improving dynamic balance in women with FM. These novel results support further research aimed at the development of physical therapy programs that utilize controlled vibration.