bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desdobramento da qualidade no desenvolvimento de filmes flexíveis para embalagens
Authors: Miguel Paulo A. Cauchick , Telfser Mônica , Maruca Alexandre , Gallonetti Antônio , Saracura Aquiles , Martins Luis , Hori Mário , Ribeiro Paulo , Campos Roni de , Marconato Tanyze , Mora Valmir
Published: April 2005

Um dos métodos atuais importantes para o desenvolvimento de produtos é o QFD (Quality Function Deployment ou Desdobramento da Função Qualidade). O QFD consiste em um processo sistemático para traduzir a opinião do cliente em requisitos técnicos e operacionais, mostrando e documentando as informações na forma de matrizes. O método objetiva enfocar os itens mais importantes, proporcionando um mecanismo para alcançar vantagens competitivas no processo de desenvolvimento. Este trabalho destaca o conceito do QFD, citando uma aplicação em uma empresa que produz filmes flexíveis de polipropileno (BOPP). O trabalho apresenta alguns aspectos da introdução do método na empresa, apontando as dificuldades encontradas, resultados e benefícios decorrentes da implantação. Dentre os benefícios gerados, destacam-se a importância do papel do QFD como um método para sistematizar o processo de desenvolvimento, bem como outros benefícios para a equipe, tais como melhoria nas habilidades de planejamento, disseminação do conhecimento e melhoria de comunicação entre as áreas funcionais.
Blendas de poliamida 6/elastômero: propriedades e influência da adição de agente compatibilizante
Authors: Barra Guilherme M. O. , Roeder Jerusa , Soldi Valdir , Pires Alfredo T. N. , Agnelli José A. M.
Published: April 2005

Neste trabalho foram estudadas as propriedades micro e macroscópicas de misturas físicas binárias de poliamida 6 [PA6] com copolímero poli(etileno-co-propileno-co-dieno) [EPDM] e em presença de pequenas quantidades de EPDM ou EPM enxertados com anidrido maleico, atuando como agentes compatibilizantes. Os componentes puros (poliamida 6 e EPDM) e as blendas poliméricas em diferentes composições foram analisados por calorimetria diferencial de varredura (DSC) e espectroscopia de infravermelho (FTIR). Os resultados indicaram a imiscibilidade dos componentes da mistura em toda a faixa de composição estudada. A utilização das técnicas de análise elementar, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e propriedades mecânicas permitiu avaliar a homogeneidade da mistura, a redução do tamanho dos domínios do elastômero e o aumento da força de impacto da matriz de PA6 com a adição do agente compatibilizante à mistura binária de PA6/EPDM.
Cinética de vulcanização de composições de borracha natural com incorporação de cinza de casca de arroz
Authors: Costa Helson M. da , Visconte Leila L. Y. , Nunes Regina C. R. , Furtado Cristina R. G.
Published: April 2005

Cinza da casca de arroz foi incorporada em borracha natural (NR) utilizando-se um misturador de cilindros. O sistema de vulcanização convencional (CV) foi escolhido e os estudos sobre a cura das composições foram conduzidos em um Curômetro TI-100. As curvas de torque foram obtidas em 150, 160, 170 e 180 °C. A velocidade global e a energia de ativação aparente para o processo de vulcanização foram calculadas para cada composição, assumindo que a vulcanização segue uma cinética de primeira ordem. Para fins de comparação, duas cargas comerciais, sílica precipitada (Zeosil-175) e negro de fumo (N762), foram também usadas. Foi observado que a adição da cinza da casca de arroz às composições de NR, em comparação às outras cargas utilizadas, aumentou a velocidade de reticulação e diminuiu a energia de ativação aparente de modo mais marcante.
Polímeros e a indústria automobilística
Authors: Hemais Carlos A.
Published: April 2005

Gradativamente, devido a razões econômicas e tecnológicas, nos últimos trinta anos, os plásticos passaram a ocupar um lugar de destaque como um dos materiais mais utilizados pela indústria automobilística. Este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar a intensidade do uso de polímeros pela indústria automobilística brasileira. Inicialmente é apresentada uma classificação dos polímeros, de acordo com suas características técnicas e econômicas. Em seguida, é feita uma breve explanação sobre a indústria de polímeros no Brasil, bem como sobre a indústria automobilística, com seu grande potencial de atrair inovações tecnológicas. São apresentados, também, os principais polímeros com aplicação no automóvel. Por último, é discutida a questão da inovação tecnológica na indústria brasileira de polímeros, tendo como fator catalisador a indústria automobilística.
A confiabilidade dos dados de mortalidade e morbidade por doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis
Authors: Laurenti Ruy , Mello Jorge Maria Helena P. de , Gotlieb Sabina Léa D.
Published: April 2005

As estatísticas de mortalidade constituem- se em importante subsídio para o conhecimento do perfil epidemiológico de uma população, elaboração de indicadores de saúde e conseqüente planejamento de ações desse setor. No Brasil, esses dados são rotineiramente elaborados, desde 1975, pelo Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade do Ministério da Saúde, que tem cobertura estimada em torno de 82%, com variações nas regiões do país. Quanto à confiabilidade dos dados, está ocorrendo uma melhora gradativa, mas há, ainda, cerca de 14% de mortes classificadas como mal definidas. O objetivo deste trabalho é mostrar a confiabilidade dos dados de mortalidade e morbidade por doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis. A partir de investigações levadas a efeito por pesquisadores nacionais e internacionais, são feitos comentários e críticas, sendo possível concluir que, embora ainda não totalmente exatos ou confiáveis, esses dados são relevantes para numerosas avaliações epidemiológicas. É bom ressaltar que os dados brasileiros de mortalidade, do ponto de vista qualitativo, têm exatidão e fidedignidade semelhantes aos de qualquer outro país de longa tradição na elaboração dessas estatísticas.
Cobertura de planos privados de saúde e doenças crônicas: notas sobre utilização de procedimentos de alto custo
Authors: Bahia Ligia , Simmer Elaine , Oliveira Daniel Canavese de
Published: April 2005

Com o objetivo de contribuir para especificar a origem das fontes de remuneração dos procedimentos de alto custo, relacionados com a assistência a doenças crônicas, o presente trabalho examina a utilização de procedimentos médicos selecionados por clientes vinculados a planos privados de saúde e pelos segmentos populacionais cobertos exclusivamente pelo SUS. O estudo se baseia na comparação entre taxas de utilização dos procedimentos selecionados, obtidos por meio de informações solicitadas a empresas de planos de saúde, consultas às fontes oficiais e estimativas fornecidas por informantes-chave. Apesar de possíveis problemas de classificação, as taxas de utilização dos clientes de planos privados de saúde para revascularização do miocárdio, angioplastia, artroplastia de quadril, e cirurgia de obesidade mórbida são mais elevadas do que as estimadas para os segmentos populacionais exclusivamente cobertos pelo SUS. Por outro lado, as proporções de transplantes hepáticos e terapias renais substitutivas remuneradas diretamente pelo SUS variam de 89% a 96%. Tais resultados sinalizam uma divisão de atribuições entre as esferas pública e privada no que se refere às fontes de remuneração dos procedimentos de alta complexidade.
Doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis no Brasil: um desafio para a complexa tarefa da vigilância
Authors: Lessa Ines
Published: April 2005

A literatura na área da saúde pública é pobre em textos sobre vigilância epidemiológica (VE) para DCNT, mas contém várias propostas de programas e várias redes em andamento nos 5 continentes. O tema encontra-se em destaque mundial, não só pela liderança das doenças cardiovasculares na mortalidade na grande maioria dos países, como pela já considerada pandemia da obesidade, inclusive em crianças e adolescentes. A endemia do diabetes é esperada. No Brasil a situação é grave. O envelhecimento populacional é rápido, com expectativa de aumento real das freqüências da obesidade e o diabetes como problema populacional sem concomitantes estratégias de proteção e promoção da saúde no contexto das DCNT. Predomina maciçamente a prática clínica, mas sem assegurar o tratamento ininterrupto para as DCNT na rede básica de saúde. O texto apresentado aborda sumariamente a VE para DCNT de modo geral e comenta o Método Progressivo de VE para DCNT proposto pela OMS, no caso do Brasil. Para aceitá-la é imprescindível uma análise crítica dos dados secundários nacionais disponíveis e mencionados na proposta. É também necessário produzir, a curto prazo, dados primários metodologicamente padronizados com enfoque para fatores de risco.
Entre quatro paredes: atendimento fonoaudiológico a crianças e adolescentes vítimas de violência
Authors: Noguchi Milica Satake , Assis Simone Gonçalves de , Santos Nilton Cesar dos
Published: April 2005

Buscou-se levantar o conhecimento e a experiência de fonoaudiólogos da cidade do Rio de Janeiro sobre o problema da violência familiar contra a criança e o adolescente. Foi efetuado um survey via correio, com duplo envio de questionários, a uma amostra de profissionais registrados no Conselho Regional de Fonoaudiologia. Foram enviados 500 questionários sendo obtidas 224 respostas. Os resultados indicam que, dos 71% dos entrevistados que trabalham em consultório ou clínica particular, 25,8% já tiveram clientes infanto-juvenis que sofreram violência familiar. Apesar de somente 12,9% dos fonoaudiólogos trabalharem em centro/posto de saúde, quase a metade desses profissionais já atendeu vítimas de violência familiar (48,3%). Dos fonoaudiólogos que atenderam pelo menos um caso de violência, 88,9% indicaram o Conselho Tutelar para encaminhamento dos casos, mas somente quatro fonoaudiólogos afirmaram ter efetuado a notificação. Os resultados sugerem que, além da falta de informação sobre o tema, a configuração do trabalho deste profissional, em que predomina a atuação em consultórios particulares, dificulta a realização da notificação, já que não contam com um apoio institucional no enfrentamento deste grave problema.
O uso de medicamentos na gravidez
Authors: Osorio-de-Castro Claudia Garcia Serpa , Paumgartten Francisco José Roma , Silver Lynn Dee
Published: April 2005

O uso de medicamentos na gravidez é cada vez mais intenso, enquanto a prática médica volta-se para a incorporação do conceito de risco. Embora a tragédia da talidomida tenha marcado o início da reflexão sobre a ocorrência de efeitos adversos de medicamentos usados durante a gestação, as percepções dos prescritores, no âmbito da terapêutica medicamentosa na gravidez, ainda oscilam entre a certeza de que tudo é nocivo e a relativa crença de que tudo é seguro até que se prove o contrário. Faz-se necessária a produção de evidências que substanciem as condutas clínicas. O ensaio clínico randomizado é considerado a pedra angular do paradigma da medicina baseada em evidências. Sugerem-se os contextos nos quais a aplicação dos diversos tipos de pesquisa clínica seriam apropriados na gestação e ainda o emprego ampliado da farmacoepidemiologia para a construção de evidências nessa população, por meio de estudos analíticos, em especial a coorte. Entende-se que estes estudos, desde que executados com rigor metodológico, possam oferecer informação balizada, geradora de hipóteses, essenciais para a prática clínica.
Organização do currículo: plataforma Lattes
Authors: Amorin Cristiane V.
Published: April 2005

Curriculum vitae é uma expressão latina significando carreira ou curso de vida. Isto é, conjunto de dados concernentes ao nome, idade, estado civil, situação, estudos, diplomas, obras publicadas e outras atividades de um estudante, candidato a um cargo, exame, concurso, e outros. Em suma, é o documento que fornece uma visão ampla e geral da pessoa como indivíduo, por isso, este deve ser especialmente elaborado quanto ao conteúdo preciso e verdadeiro, à apresentação e à redação.
Desafios na publicação científica
Authors: Volpato Gilson Luiz , Freitas Eliane Gonçalves de
Published: April 2005

Discutimos os principais problemas que fazem com que um texto científico não seja encontrado, lido ou aceito pelos leitores. Um texto científico é considerado um argumento lógico. Portanto, métodos, resultados e dados da literatura são considerados premissas que suportam as conclusões do trabalho; e na sessão "Introdução", as justificativas corroboram o objetivo do estudo. Esta concepção torna o texto uma estrutura hermeticamente coerente onde somente dados necessários devem ser incluídos (algumas controvérsias são pertinentes). Num segundo passo, mostramos equívocos formais na redação científica, os quais tornam os textos menos atrativos. Assim, damos exemplos de erros e inadequações formais na apresentação de títulos, resumos, resultados (figuras e tabelas) e erros gramaticais em português (também válidos para a gramática inglesa). Posteriormente, enfatizamos a necessidade para redações em língua internacional (inglês) e publicação em periódicos com impacto na comunidade científica internacional. Finalmente, consideramos aspectos para melhora dos periódicos brasileiros na área biológica.
Estruturação de um Banco de Dentes Humanos
Authors: Nassif Alessandra Cristina da Silva , Tieri Fabio , Ana Patricia Aparecida da , Botta Sérgio Brossi , Imparato José Carlos Pettorossi
Published: April 2005

Um Banco de Dentes Humanos (BDH) é uma instituição sem fins lucrativos, vinculada a uma faculdade, universidade ou outra instituição. Seu propósito é suprir as necessidades acadêmicas, fornecendo dentes humanos para pesquisa ou para treinamento laboratorial pré-clínico dos alunos, dessa forma eliminando o comércio ilegal de dentes que ainda existe nas faculdades de Odontologia. Cabe também ao BDH zelar pela eliminação da infecção cruzada que existe no manuseio indiscriminado de dentes extraídos. Para o bom funcionamento de um BDH, é fundamental um controle severo de seus procedimentos internos, que incluem a separação e o estoque de dentes, assim como o cadastro e o arquivamento das fichas dos doadores ou beneficiários. Aqui, abordaremos as funções que um BDH pode desempenhar e a forma pela qual hoje o Banco de Dentes Humanos da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo (FOUSP) funciona e organiza-se.
A "lei da vida": confirmação, evasão escolar e reinvenção da identidade entre os pomeranos
Authors: Bahia Joana
Published: April 2005

O artigo analisa o significado do índice de evasão escolar na vida de uma comunidade de pequenos produtores rurais, imigrantes vindos da região da Pomerânia, norte da Alemanha. A população do município escolhido é composta por 90% de descendentes de pomeranos, que lá chegaram no ano de 1847. Embora o Espírito Santo não receba mais alemães desde a década de 1870, essas comunidades mantiveram o uso de seu dialeto, suas festas, seus costumes culturais e maritais, a continuidade da narrativa da tradição oral camponesa, enfim, o modo de vida camponês. No contexto da imigração brasileira, nenhuma outra etnia se concentrou tanto em áreas homogêneas e compactas como esta, concorrendo para modificar a estrutura fundiária e a vida rural dos estados onde se estabeleceu. Este trabalho aborda a relação entre o uso de várias línguas (portuguesa, alemã e pomerana) e a religiosidade luterana no cotidiano do grupo, os padrões de transmissão da herança da terra e a consequente valorização destes elementos no ensino confirmatório empreendido pela igrejas Luterana e Missouri, como pontos que permitem compreender os valores sociais e educacionais mais importantes para o grupo na reprodução da sua condição campesina. São examinadas as representações do grupo acerca do papel social desempenhado pela escola, pelo professor e pelo pastor, e sua relação com os elementos mantenedores de seu ethos camponês: a obediência às regras de reciprocidade, a conformidade com os princípios de hierarquia (autoridade paterna e pastoral) e a solidariedade com parentes e vizinhos.
Areas of Discharge Agreement and Disagreement Between Older Adult Patients and Nurses
Authors: Joosten Dawn , Potts Marilyn
Published: April 2005

The objectives of this study were to identify areas of agreement and disagreement between nursing staff and older adult patients about discharge needs, and to explore relationships between hospitalized older adults’ perceived postdischarge Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) dependency, social networks, and quality of life. Differences between patients and nurses for the ADL scale showed that patients perceived themselves as being more independent with respect to ADLs upon discharge than did their nurses. Agreement between patients and nurses for the Quality of Life Index indicated high agreement about patients’ general well-being upon discharge. Positive relationships between overall IADL and both overall Social Network and Friend subscale scores were indicative of the positive effects of social support on patients’ perceptions of IADL independence. Implications for case management practice were suggested.
Dreams as an Unappreciated Therapeutic Avenue for Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists
Authors: Doweiko Harold E.
Published: April 2005

Modern neurobiological findings demonstrate that the theaory at the heart of psychoanalysis is not viable; indeed, modern neurobiology argues that dreams are nothing more than “noise” created by the brain during the process of neuronal activation and suppression. Modern thinking, therefore, calls into question the utility of any dream theory that rests on psychoanalytic principles. Cognitive-behavior therapists can nonetheless build on contemporary neurobiological theories of dreams in their clinical work. This article argues that, while the dreaming process itself lies outside of the range of cognitive-behavior therapy, the dreamer’s recall and interpretation of the dream occurs in the normal waking state. The individual’s reported memories of the dream are therefore subject to the same cognitive distortions apparent in other dimensions of their cognitive lives.
The Hill Cognitive-Experiential Model of Dream Interpretation
Authors: Hill Clara E. , Rochlen Aaron B.
Published: April 2005

We describe the three stages (exploration, insight, action) of the Hill cognitive-experiential model of dream interpretation, discuss clinical issues related to using dream interpretation in therapy, and provide a brief overview of the research and suggestions for further research.
Understanding Revictimization Among Childhood Sexual Abuse Survivors: An Interpersonal Schema Approach
Authors: Cloitre Marylene , Cohen Lisa R. , Scarvalone Polly
Published: April 2005

Revictimization among women with a history of childhood sexual abuse was investigated within the context of a developmental model of interpersonal schemas. Data from the Interpersonal Schema Questionnaire (ISQ) revealed contrasting schema characteristics among sexually revictimized women (those sexually abused in childhood and sexually assaulted in adulthood) (n = 26), compared to those only abused in childhood (n = 18), and those never abused or assaulted (n = 25). Both revictimized women and never victimized women significantly generalized their predominant parental schemas to current relationships and differed only in the content of the schemas. The generalized parental schema of revictimized women viewed others as hostile and controlling while that of never victimized women viewed others as warm and noncontrolling. Women who had only been abused in childhood held schemas of parents as hostile but not controlling and did not generalize from parental to current schemas. The tendency to generalize observed in the first two groups suggest that “repetition compulsion” is not limited to those who were traumatized and are psychologically distressed. In this article, reasons for the absence of generalization among the childhood abuse only group are explored and implications for the treatment of childhood trauma survivors are discussed.
CFD predictions for flow‐regime transitions in bubble columns
Authors: Monahan Sarah M. , Vitankar Vivek S. , Fox Rodney O.
Published: April 2005

This work evaluates the ability of multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models to predict known flow regimes in air–water bubble columns. An initial grid‐resolution study shows that grid spacing of 0.25 cm or smaller must be used for adequate resolution. The ability of the two‐fluid model to predict homogeneous‐ and transitional‐flow behavior is analyzed next, and the flow predictions are found to be highly dependent on the model formulation (that is, bubble‐induced turbulence, drag, virtual mass, lift, rotation, and strain). At low gas velocities, homogeneous flow is observed for only a particular set of force models. At higher gas velocities, the same set of models yields reasonable predictions of transitional flow for small columns. Bubble size and liquid coflow also affect flow structures and flow stability at high gas flow rates. Scale‐up to larger column diameters is studied for both the homogeneous‐ and transitional‐flow regimes. In the homogeneous regime, the flow behavior is found to be independent of column diameter. However, because of neglect of coalescence, transition to churn‐turbulent flow is not observed at high gas velocities for large column diameters. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2005
Two‐Photon Absorption Properties of 2,6‐Bis(styryl)anthracene Derivatives: Effects of Donor–Acceptor Substituents and the π Center
Authors: Yang Wen Jun , Kim Dae Young , Jeong Mi‐Yun , Kim Hwan Myung , Lee Yun Kyoung , Fang Xingzhong , Jeon Seung‐Joon , Cho Bong Rae
Published: April 2005

A series of 2,6‐ and 2,7‐bis(styryl)anthracene derivatives with the donors at the styryl group and acceptors at the 9,10‐positions have been synthesized, and their two‐photon cross sections (Φδmax) were determined. These compounds exhibit a peak two‐photon absorptivity (δmax) in the range of 700–2500 GM at 780–1030 nm. Values of λmax and Stokes shifts increase as the acceptor is changed to a stronger one. There is also a parallel increase in ${\lambda {{(2)\hfill \atop {\rm max}\hfill}}}$ and δmax with the same variation of the chromophore structure. Both ${\lambda {{(2)\hfill \atop {\rm max}\hfill}}}$ and Φδmax have been optimized by introducing donor‐substituted styryl groups at the 2,6‐positions and p‐cyanophenyl groups at the 9,10‐positions, respectively. The effect of a π center on the two‐photon absorption properties has been assessed by comparing the existing data for a variety of D–π–D derivatives.
Synthesis of Enantiomerically Pure Cyclohex‐2‐en‐1‐ols: Development of Novel Multicomponent Reactions
Authors: Strübing Dirk , Kirschner Anett , Neumann Helfried , Hübner Sandra , Klaus Stefan , Bornscheuer Uwe T. , Beller Matthias
Published: April 2005

Multicomponent reactions of aldehydes, dienophiles, and alcohols or carboxylic acid anhydrides have been developed for the first time. In situ generation of 1‐acyloxy‐ and 1‐alkoxy‐1,3‐butadiene derivatives in toluene in the presence of electron‐deficient dienophiles provides selective and efficient access to functionalized cyclohex‐2‐ene‐1‐ols in good yields. Subsequent enzyme‐catalyzed kinetic resolution gave the corresponding enantiomers with high enantioselectivity.
Inhibition of Mitosis by Glycopeptide Dendrimer Conjugates of Colchicine
Authors: Lagnoux David , Darbre Tamis , Schmitz M. Lienhard , Reymond Jean‐Louis
Published: April 2005

Glycopeptide dendrimers have been prepared bearing four or eight identical glycoside moieties at their surface (β‐glucose, α‐galactose, α‐N‐acetyl‐galactose, or lactose), natural amino acids within the branches (Ser, Thr, His, Asp, Glu, Leu, Val, Phe), 2,3‐diaminopropionic acid as the branching unit, and a cysteine residue at the core. These dendrimers have been used as drug‐delivery devices for colchicine. Colchicine was attached to the dendrimers at the cysteine thiol group through a disulfide or thioether linkage. The biological activities of the glycopeptide dendrimer conjugates were evaluated in HeLa tumor cells and non‐transformed mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). The concentrations of glycopeptide dendrimer drug conjugates required to achieve inhibition of cell proliferation by interference with the tubulin system were found to be higher (IC50 > 1 μM) compared to the required colchicine concentration. On the other hand, the glycopeptide dendrimer conjugates inhibited the proliferation of HeLa cells 20–100 times more effectively than the proliferation of MEFs. In comparison, non‐glycosylated dendrimers and colchicine itself showed a selectivity of 10‐fold or less for HeLa cells.
Lipid classes, fatty acid composition and triacylglycerol molecular species of kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Authors: Yoshida Hiromi , Tomiyama Yuka , Kita Sayaka , Mizushina Yoshiyuki
Published: April 2005

Seed oils from five legume cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris, grown in Japan, were extracted and classified by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) into seven fractions: hydrocarbons (HC; 0.7–1.4 wt‐%), steryl esters (SE; 1.7–3.3 wt‐%), triacylglycerols (TAG; 33.8–45.9 wt‐%), free fatty acids (FFA; 0.6–1.5 wt‐%), sn‐1,3‐diacylglycerols (1,3‐DAG; 0.3–1.0 wt‐%), sn‐1,2‐diacylglycerols (1,2‐DAG; 0.4–1.2 wt‐%) and phospholipids (PL; 49.4–58.8 wt‐%). Fatty acids derivatized as methyl esters were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and a flame ionization detector. Molecular species and the fatty acid distribution of TAG isolated from the total lipids in the beans were analyzed by a combination of argentation‐TLC and GC. A modified argentation‐TLC procedure, developed to optimize the separation of the complex mixture of total TAG, provided 18 different groups of TAG, based on both the degree of unsaturation and the total length of the three acyl chains of fatty acid groups. SDT (3.2–4.2 wt‐%), M2T (3.8–5.0 wt‐%), D3 (4.8–5.9 wt‐%), MDT (8.0–13.9 wt‐%), D2T (12.5–15.8 wt‐%), MT2 (19.4–22.7 wt‐%), DT2 (17.8–23.5 wt‐%) and T3 (9.2–13.0 wt‐%) were the main TAG components. The dominant fatty acids of TAG were α‐linolenic (48.5–57.8 wt‐%) and linoleic (16.7–25.8 wt‐%) acids, with appreciable amounts of palmitic (8.3–13.2 wt‐%) and oleic (7.8–13.8 wt‐%) acids. The high content of α‐linolenic acid in the cultivars of P. vulgaris could very likely play a beneficial role in reducing the risk of coronary heart disease among the large populations consuming them in Japan.
Mathematical expressions for calculation of oil‐polymer blends
Authors: Dutt Nidamarthy V. K. , Sreekumar Gudipati , Ravikumar Yerrapragada V. L. , Chalapathi Rao Mannava G. V.
Published: April 2005

A study of the recent literature emphasized the importance of blending polymers with oils for improving the performance characteristics (like flexibility, corrosion resistance, etc.) of adhesives, coatings and laminates. Investigation of the available data revealed that several properties of such oil‐polymer blends could be correlated by molar refraction (RM), with reasonable accuracies. The properties of the linseed oil‐polystyrene (PS) and linseed oil‐polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) blends studied are iodine value (IV), hydroxyl value (HV), inherent viscosity (η), melting temperature (TM), and glass transition temperature (Tg). In the case of safflower, palm and peanut oil‐sucrose polyester formulations, the viscosity at 40 °C (η40) and the melting point TM have been correlated by RM with the average absolute deviations (ē) of 17.8% and 3.0%, respectively. Using the orientation polarization PO (to represent polarity) in addition to RM, η40 and TM of oil‐polyester formulations could be calculated with ē values of 8.9% and 1.7%, compared to 17.8% and 3.0% using RM alone. The results indicated the importance of PO in improving the accuracy of predictions for properties.
Solvent and structural effects on the kinetics of the reactions of cycloalkenylcarboxylic and cycloalkenylacetic acids with diazodiphenylmethane
Authors: Nikolić J. B. , Ušćumlić G. S. , Krstić V. V.
Published: April 2005

The rate constants for the reaction of different cycloalkenylcarboxylic, cycloalkenylacetic acids, and phenylacetic acid with diazodiphenylmethane were determined in 12 aprotic solvents at 30°C. In order to explain the kinetic results through solvent effects, the second‐order rate constant of the examined acids was correlated using the Kamlet–Taft solvatochromic equation. The correlations of the kinetic data were carried out by means of multiple linear regression analysis, and the solvent effects on the reaction rates were analyzed in terms of initial and transition state contributions. The opposite signs of the electrophilic and the nucleophilic parameters are in agreement with the well‐known mechanism of the reaction of carboxylic acids with diazodiphenylmethane. The quantitative relationship between the molecular structure and the chemical reactivity is also discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 361–367, 2005
Kinetics and mechanisms of gas phase elimination of ethyl 1‐piperidine carboxylate, ethyl pipecolinate, and (revisited) ethyl 1‐methyl pipecolinate
Authors: Rosas Felix , Monsalve Angiebelk , Tosta María , Herize Armando , Domínguez Rosa M. , Brusco Doris , Chuchani Gabriel
Published: April 2005

The kinetics of the gas‐phase elimination of the title compounds has been determined in a static reaction system over the temperature range of 340–420°C and pressure range of 45–96 Torr. The reactions proved to be homogeneous, unimolecular, and obey a first‐order rate law. The estimated rate coefficients are represented by the following Arrhenius expressions: Ethyl 1‐piperidine carboxylate

Ethyl pipecolinate

Ethyl 1‐methyl pipecolinate

The first step of decomposition of these esters is the formation of the corresponding carboxylic acids and ethylene. The acid intermediate undergoes a very fast decarboxylation process. The mechanism of this elimination reactions is suggested on the basis of the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 383–389, 2005
Multidentate ligand exchange kinetics: Substitution reaction of polyaminocarboxylatoferrate (III) complex, [FeHPDTA(OH)]2− with 4‐(2‐pyridylazo)resorcinol
Authors: Naik R. M.
Published: April 2005

The kinetic study of ligand substitution reaction of 2‐hydroxy 1,3‐diamino propane N,N′N′‐tetraacetatoiron(III) ([FeHPDTA(OH)]2−) complex with 4‐(2‐pyridylazo)resorcinol (Par) has been followed spectrophotometrically at pH = 9.00 ± 0.02, I = 0.1 M (NaClO4), and temperature = 25.0 ± 0.1°C. The forward and reverse reactions have been studied at 496 nm, the λmax of [Fe(Par)2]− which is identified as the final product of above reaction. The second‐order rate constants for the reaction of [FeHPDTA(OH)]2− with Par were determined in a wide pH range viz. 8.0–11.5. It is observed from pH dependence of reaction that rate of reaction increases initially with pH and then levels off. In the case of reverse reaction between [Fe(Par)2]− and HPDTA4−, the pseudo‐first‐order rate constant does not change with concentration at extremely low concentration of [HPDTA]4− and shows zero‐order dependence in [HPDTA]4−. At relatively higher concentration of [HPDTA]4−, the order of reaction with respect to [HPDTA]4− is found to be 1. An inverse first‐order dependence is also observed with respect to added [Par]2−. The activation parameters were evaluated for forward and reverse reactions, which further supported the proposed mechanistic scheme. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 333–340, 2005
Hydrolytic Degradation of Double Crystalline PPDX‐b‐PCL Diblock Copolymers
Authors: Albuerne Julio , Marquez Leni , Müller Alejandro J. , Raquez Jean‐Marie , Degée Philippe , Dubois Philippe
Published: April 2005

Summary: The degradation behavior of the diblock copolymers PPDX‐b‐PCL was studied under in vitro conditions, in samples with high PPDX content. Molded films were immersed in phosphate buffer solution at pH = 7.4 and 37 °C for 9 months. The samples were periodically extracted, dried and evaluated by weighing, SEC, 1H NMR, DSC, and POM. The results point out that an increase in PCL content reduced the weight loss in the diblock copolymers. 1H NMR and DSC analysis showed that degradation occurred almost exclusively in the PPDX block during the first 9 months of hydrolysis. POM results for the diblock copolymer with high PPDX content (77%) indicated the presence of some typical homo‐PPDX spherulites in the 0.8 months degraded sample when no weight loss was detected. This result demonstrated that random chain scission during the early stages of degradation can produce homo‐PPDX chains that cannot be dissolved in the hydrolysis medium because their molecular weight is still too high. It was found that a small increase in PCL content in the diblock copolymers produced a synergistic increase in the PPDX block degradation stability. This is a direct result of the inter‐digitized lamellar morphology present in the copolymers where PCL and PPDX lamellae are alternated within mixed spherulites. In view of its much higher resistance to hydrolysis, the PCL lamellae offer a barrier‐type protection to the PPDX within the copolymer. A schematic morphological model is proposed to explain the observed changes during the different degradation stages encountered by the diblock copolymers.

Proposed scheme for the hydrolytic degradation process of PPDX‐b‐PCL diblock copolymers.

image

Proposed scheme for the hydrolytic degradation process of PPDX‐b‐PCL diblock copolymers.
Tautomerism and 1H, 13C and 15N NMR spectral assignments of some nitro derivatives of malonic acid diamide
Authors: Sebban Muriel , Guillard Jérome , Palmas Pascal , Poullain Didier
Published: April 2005

Because of its reactivity, malonic acid diamide (1) was initially identified as an alternative precursor for the development of a new class of high‐density insensitive energetic materials possessing low sensitivity to thermal decomposition and detonation by impact. Nitration of 1 was studied under different conditions and led to three different tautomeric forms (2–4) of nitromalonic acid diamine. Using stronger oxidation conditions the oxadiazole 5 was generated in one step. We report the full 1H, 13C and 15N NMR structural characterization of these compounds in DMSO together with thermal, infrared, mass spectrometric and x‐ray analysis. Experimental data obtained for 4 are compatible with an enol‐imine form. Our interpretation is consistent with calculated 1H and 13C NMR spectra (ACD). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concerning the origin of 19F19F NMR COSY and NOESY connections in the spectra of perfluorooctanoic acid, RF‐palmitic acid‐F13 and diethyl perfluorosuberate
Authors: Buchanan Gerald W. , Munteanu Elena , Dawson Brian A. , Hodgson Derek
Published: April 2005

A combination of 19F nuclear Overhauser effects (NOE) and molecular mechanics calculations are presented for delineating the spatial origin of the well‐known four‐bond 19F19F COSY connections which are generally observed in the 19F NMR spectra of compounds containing perfluorinated chains. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), RF‐palmitic acid‐F13 and diethyl perfluorosuberate were used as test cases. Spin–lattice relaxation times (T1) are included and NOESY correlations through three and four bonds occur. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acid/base Micropatterned Devices for pH‐Dependent Biosensors
Authors: Valsesia Andrea , Manso Silvan Miguel , Ceccone Giacomo , Gilliland Douglas , Colpo Pascal , Rossi François
Published: April 2005

Summary: Micropatterned surfaces of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and poly(allylamine) (PAL) were prepared by the combination of plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PE‐CVD) and physical masking techniques. The deposition process for both polymers was optimized in order to obtain a good compromise between the stability and the specific chemical functionality of the surface. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and secondary ion mass spectrometry were used to determine the chemical characteristics of the surfaces. The use of the imaging mode provided a determination of the chemical contrasts at the micrometre scale. The evaluation of the specific interaction forces, acting between the surfaces and the COOH‐functionalized tips, as a function of the pH, was performed by chemical force microscopy. The force‐distance curves provided the basis for a semi‐quantitative calculation of the interaction forces between the tip and the surfaces. The repulsive or attractive nature of the interaction forces is due to the variation in the charge concentration on the surfaces. This allowed the determination of pH‐dependent force maps where the PAA and PAL show a contrast in the adhesion force.

Optical image of the investigated area on the micropatterned PAA/PAL surface.

magnified image

Optical image of the investigated area on the micropatterned PAA/PAL surface.
Some Important Aspects of Plasma Polymerization
Authors: Yasuda Hirotsugu K.
Published: April 2005

Summary: Some important aspects of the processing of plasma polymerization coating, which are not well known or well practiced, are discussed in a brief topical overview. Those aspects are the following: 1) power input parameters for diffuse luminous gas phase polymerization, DC cathodic polymerization, and low pressure cascade arc torch (LPCAT) polymerization, 2) ionization in negative glow versus molecular dissociation in dissociation glow (cathode glow), 3) influence of the deposition plasma on the substrate polymer, 4) types of plasma polymers, 5) importance of the amorphous nature of plasma polymers, 6) chemical reactions in beams versus in the gas phase, and 7) onion‐layered structure of the luminous gas phase and operation scale‐up.

Glow discharges of Ar (left) and of an organic molecule (right).

magnified image

Glow discharges of Ar (left) and of an organic molecule (right).
8th International Workshop on Plasma‐Based Ion Implantation and Deposition
Authors: Chu Paul K.
Published: April 2005

Plasma News: This section contains news of the plasma community all over the world. Articles about, for example, people, projects, and market trends are welcome. Suggestions should be sent to the editorial office of Plasma Processes and Polymers, preferably by E‐mail to plasma@wiley‐vch.de. The editorial office decides which articles will be published.
Response to fire of concrete structures that incorporate FRP
Authors: Bisby Luke A , Green Mark F , Kodur Venkatesh K R
Published: April 2005

After more than twenty years of research investigating fibre‐reinforced polymers (FRPs) for reinforcing and strengthening concrete structures, FRPs are now widely recognized as useful materials in the ongoing struggle against infrastructure deterioration. However, applications of FRPs in the field have been limited primarily to bridges, where fire is not a primary consideration during design. Because FRP materials are combustible and susceptible to deterioration of mechanical and bond properties at only modestly elevated temperatures, there is legitimate concern that FRP reinforcing and strengthening systems for concrete will perform poorly in fire. This paper presents a review of research conducted to investigate the fire performance of FRP materials for infrastructure applications. Also presented is an overview of an ongoing research program that is currently underway at Queen's University and the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) to investigate the performance in fire of FRP‐strengthened reinforced concrete slabs, beams, and columns. This work has demonstrated that FRP strengthened concrete structures can be protected to provide sufficient fire endurance. Recommendations for future research are provided. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The longin domain regulates subcellular targeting of VAMP7 in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Uemura Tomohiro , Sato Masa H. , Takeyasu Kunio
Published: April 2005

SNAREs (soluble N‐ethyl‐maleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) which locate on the specific organelle membrane assure the correct vesicular transport by mediating specific membrane fusions. SNAREs are referred to as R‐ or Q‐SNAREs on the basis of the amino acid sequence similarities and specific conserved residues. All of the Arabidopsis R‐SNAREs have a N‐terminal domain, called the longin domain (LD). In this study, we investigated the vacuolar targeting mechanism of Arabidopsis R‐SNAREs. The vacuolar localized AtVAMP711 was used as the mother protein of GFP‐tagged chimeric proteins joined to several domains such as the LD, the SNARE motif (SNM) and the transmembrane domain (TMD) of other organelle‐localized R‐SNAREs. The results showed that, whereas the TMD is not relevant for the vacuolar targeting, a complete LD is essential for the vacuolar and subcellular targeting.
Adaptor usage and Toll‐like receptor signaling specificity
Authors: Dunne Aisling , O‧Neill Luke A.J.
Published: April 2005

It is now well established that Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) act as primary sensors of microbial compounds. Details of the molecular mechanisms governing TLR responses are emerging steadily and our understanding of the signaling pathways activated these receptors has improved greatly over the last few years. Differences in adaptor usage, cellular localisation and signaling cascades have been elucidated. In this review we will summarize the current understanding of TLR signaling and its regulation.
Zinc ions selectively inhibit steps associated with binding and release of NADP(H) during turnover of proton‐translocating transhydrogenase
Authors: Whitehead Simon J. , Rossington Karen E. , Hafiz Abdul , Cotton Nick P.J. , Jackson J. Baz
Published: April 2005

Transhydrogenase couples the redox reaction between NAD(H) and NADP(H) to proton translocation across a membrane. In membrane vesicles from Escherichia coli and Rhodospirillum rubrum, the transhydrogenase reaction (measured in the direction driving inward proton translocation) was inhibited by Zn2+ and Cd2+. However, depending on pH, the metal ions either had no effect on, or stimulated, “cyclic” transhydrogenation. They must, therefore, interfere specifically with steps involving binding/release of NADP+/NADPH: the steps thought to be associated with proton translocation. It is suggested that Zn2+ and Cd2+ bind in the proton‐transfer pathway and block inter‐conversion of states responsible for changing NADP+/NADPH binding energy.
The death domain‐associated protein modulates activity of the transcription co‐factor Skip/NcoA62
Authors: Tang Jun , Chang Howard Y. , Yang Xiaolu
Published: April 2005

Death domain‐associated protein (Daxx) regulates both transcription and apoptosis. The role of Daxx in transcription is not well understood. Here, we show that Daxx interacts with Skip/NcoA62, a transcription cofactor that modulates the activity of oncoproteins including Ski and NotchIC. Daxx strongly binds with Skip both in vitro and in mammalian cells. This interaction is mediated by the PAH2 domain of Daxx and the highly conserved SNW domain of Skip. Daxx partially co‐localizes with Skip in vivo and changes the cellular distribution of Skip. In addition, Skip represses transcription when tethered to a promoter, and Daxx antagonizes this activity. Furthermore, Skip is phosphorylated at serine 224 in its SNW domain. These results suggest a novel function of Daxx in transcription regulation through alteration of the cellular localization of Skip.
An NMR‐based docking model for the physiological transient complex between cytochrome f and cytochrome c6
Authors: Díaz-Moreno Irene , Díaz-Quintana Antonio , Ubbink Marcellus , De la Rosa Miguel A.
Published: April 2005

The physiological transient complex between cytochrome f (Cf) and cytochrome c
6 (Cc
6) from the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. PCC 7119 has been analysed by NMR spectroscopy. The binding constant at low ionic strength is 8 ± 2 mM−1, and the binding site of Cc
6 for Cf is localized around its exposed haem edge. On the basis of the experimental data, the resulting docking simulations suggest that Cc
6 binds to Cf in a fashion that is analogous to that of plastocyanin but differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Alpha‐hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activity in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
Authors: Wojcicka J. , Sienko J. , Smolarczyk R. , Romejko E. , Grymowicz M. , Czajkowski K.
Published: April 2005

Objectives

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) is associated with increased perinatal mortality and morbidity. Alpha‐hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (α‐HBDH) is an enzyme that originates in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes and can be detected in the serum. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of α‐HBDH activity in ICP.

Methods

The study included 100 women in their third trimester of pregnancy, 58 of whom had ICP (the study group) and 42 were healthy (the control group); another group, 26 nonpregnant women, was also analyzed to follow changes in α‐HBDH activity during pregnancy. The concentrations or activity of fractionated bilirubin; bile acids; total alkaline phosphatase; alanine and aspartate aminotransferases; total high‐density and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; triglycerides; total protein; and α‐HBDH were assessed.

Results

The activity of serum α‐HBDH is increased during the third trimester of pregnancies complicated by ICP, and it correlates positively with total and direct bilirubin concentration and total alkaline phosphatase activity.

Conclusions

Alpha‐hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase serum activity seems to be another biochemical parameter useful in the assessment of ICP severity.
HEIGHTS AND WEIGHTS OF DA-AN BOYS: DID SISTERS REALLY MAKE A DIFFERENCE?
Authors: FLOYD B.
Published: April 2005

This study further examined the negative association between boys’ growth and the presence of sisters within a relatively affluent community in Taipei, Taiwan. Among 596 boys born in 1976–77, differences in height and log-transformed weight were judged using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with measurement age as a covariate, and parental education level (four levels), number of sisters (0, 1, 2 or 3+) and number of brothers (0, 1, 2+) as predictors. The relative importance of birth order and sibling sex was examined among the near majority of boys with one sibling (47%, 278/596). The sibling composition variable was defined using mutually exclusive categories representing individuals with one sibling: either one older or younger brother or sister. All boys contributed information before leaving middle school at a mean age of 14·9±0·4 years SD. The results were compared with similar analyses of data for 154 of these same boys for whom measurements were available from primary school entry at a mean age of 6·4±0·3 years SD onward. Results were also compared with data for a cohort of 153 boys who entered primary school later in 1986. Results confirm that boys from the Da-an area born in the mid-1970s who did not have sisters were significantly taller (2·2–2·5 cm, p≤0·008) and heavier (3·0–3·9 kg, p≤0·016) than those with one or two sisters. However, the 26 boys with three or more sisters, most of whom were last-born, were somewhat taller than those with one or two sisters. The same curvilinear relationships in height and weight appeared both among boys as they prepared to leave middle school and among the subset also measured just after entering primary school. When numbers of sisters were statistically controlled, the presence of two or more brothers was also significantly negatively associated with mean stature, but not weight, among middle school boys. Analyses among boys with one sibling revealed that birth order was associated with mean stature, but only if the sibling was female; an older sister was associated with a greater deficit in mean stature than a younger sister. Evidence of rising educational expectations, continued declines in family size with fewer gender-related differences in numbers of siblings, and a clear secular increase in body size in this community among children entering primary school from 1982 to 1986 suggest a possible explanatory model.