bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peel Test for Determining the Adhesion of Electrodeposits on Metallic Substrates
Authors: Klingenmaier OJ , Dobrash SM
Published: March 2009

The applicability of the Jacquet peel test for determining the adhesion of plated coatings on metallic substrates was investigated. A procedure was developed to permit testing of various plated coatings without the need for elaborate equipment, and conditions were optimized for determining the peel strength on different metallic substrates. Use of the peel test was demonstrated on a production part. The influence of some pre- or post-plating treatments on adhesion was examined using the peel test. A relationship was established between the tensile strength of the substrate and the possible maximum peel strength.
Mechanical Testing Methods
Authors: Groeneveld TP , Elsea AR
Published: March 2009

An experimental approach and experimental procedures for evaluating the hydrogen-stress cracking (HSC) of steels as a result of hydrogen absorbed during processing or service are described. The procedures involve sustained loading of specimens while they are being charged with hydrogen under conditions that provide hydrogen-entry rates or result in hydrogen contents representative of those obtained from processing or service environments. The procedures can be used to evaluate the relative susceptibilities of various steels to HSC or to evaluate the tendencies for processing or service environments to cause HSC in steels.
Electrochemical Techniques
Authors: Dull DL , Raymond L
Published: March 2009

An electrochemical test method is proposed for determination of the susceptibility of materials to internal hydrogen embrittlement (IHE). The method is based on the assumption that the relative susceptibility of a material depends both on the specific aqueous environment to which the material is exposed and to the dissimilar materials to which it is coupled. Potentiostatic techniques are employed to impress potential on sustained loaded notched round-bar specimens. The result is a plot of impressed potential versus time to failure; superpositioning of the resultant curves provides a basis for rating the relative susceptibility of various materials to IHE.
Disk Pressure Technique
Authors: Fidelle JP , Broudeur R , Pirrovani C , Roux C
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a method of evaluating the embrittling effect of hydrogen on metals by measuring the pressure required to burst a small metal disk. The metal disks are clamped, and the system is pressurized until failure occurs. Embrittlement is expressed by the inverse ratio of the rupture pressures of a hydrogen charged disk and the rupture pressure of an uncharged disk of the same material and processing procedures.

The disk pressure test (DPT) provides evidence of other causes of embrittlement and any synergistic effects with internal hydrogen embrittlement (IHE). Other advantages of the DPT are sensitivity, versatility, rapidity, simplicity, and low cost of specimens and equipment.
Notched Bar-Bending Test
Authors: Movich RC
Published: March 2009

A new method of testing for hydrogen embrittlement of high-strength steels is described. Results of tests conducted to compare the ability of the new method and the stress-rupture machine to detect detrimental absorbed hydrogen are given. The new method was found to provide reliability, simplicity, and low cost for hydrogen embrittlement testing and compared directly with the stress-rupture machine in both sensitivity and variability. Results of tests conducted to determine the ability of the new method to detect varying amounts of hydrogen obtained by cadmium plating using three different processes with and without baking are given. The new method is well suited for periodic quality control tests of cadmium plating processes, selective plating tests, testing of cleaners and paint strippers, and stress corrosion testing.
Hydrogen Detection Gage
Authors: Lawrence SC
Published: March 2009

Hydrogen measurement systems for monitoring plating and corrosion embrittlement hazards are described, as is the new sensor for measuring molecular hydrogen levels at low partial pressures. Correlation between the first two and embrittlement thresholds of 260 to 280 ksi 4340 sustained load specimens of varying geometry are presented. Correlation measurements with the latter type have been shown feasible with salt spray, seawater acetic acid tests, field exposure, as well as exfoliation corrosion susceptability. Test procedures for both types of sensors and discussion of correlation data are given.
Testing for Hydrogen Environment Embrittlement: Experimental Variables
Authors: Gray HR
Published: March 2009

Hydrogen embrittlement is classified into three types: internal reversible hydrogen embrittlement, hydrogen reaction embrittlement, and hydrogen environment embrittlement. Characteristics of and materials embrittled by these types of hydrogen embrittlement are discussed. Hydrogen environment embrittlement is reviewed in detail. Factors involved in standardizing test methods for detecting the occurrence of and evaluating the severity of hydrogen environment embrittlement are considered. The effects of test technique, hydrogen pressure, gas purity, strain rate, stress concentration factor, and test temperature are discussed. Additional research is required to determine whether hydrogen environment embrittlement and internal reversible hydrogen embrittlement are similar or distinct types of embrittlement.
Testing for Hydrogen Environment Embrittlement: Primary and Secondary Influences
Authors: Nelson HG
Published: March 2009

The deleterious consequences of hydrogen on an engineering structure come about through an influence on either the crack initiation or the slow crack growth stage of fracture. Whether or not these two stages of fracture are affected by hydrogen will depend on a number of primary and secondary influences which severely complicate the embrittlement process. In this review we present a somewhat phenomonological overview of the hydrogen embrittlement process, both internal as well as external, in an effort to make more clear the type of parameters which must be considered in the selection of a test method and test procedure such that the resulting data may be meaningfully applied to real engineering structures. We consider what are believed to be the three primary influences on the embrittlement process: (1) the original location and form of the hydrogen, (2) the transport reactions involved in the transport of hydrogen from its origin to some point where it can interact with the metal to cause embrittlement, and (3) the embrittlement interaction itself. Additionally, a few of the large number of secondary influences on the embrittlement process are discussed, for example, the influence of impurity species in the environment, surface hydride films, and surface oxide films. Finally, specific test procedures are discussed in order to further elucidate the parameters which must be considered in the development of a standardized test method.
Effects of Irradiation and Oxygen on Hydrogen Environment Embrittlement of Selected Alloys
Authors: Kesterson RL
Published: March 2009

Testing in 10-MPa (1500-psi) hydrogen did not reduce the notched strength of irradiated Inconel 718 or A286; however, irradiated Ti-5Al-2.5Sn suffered reductions in notched strength of 6.9 percent. Likewise, irradiated CW 301 stainless steel lost 81 percent of the notched strength in 10-MPa (1500-psi) hydrogen. For hydrogen pressures of 175 KPa (25 psi), impurity levels of 15-ppm oxygen do not seriously inhibit embrittlement of CW 301 stainless steel and a loss of 42 percent of notched strength is observed. With 150-ppm oxygen, the notched strength is reduced only 7.5 percent. Both Inconel 625 and molybdenum TZM were found to be subject to hydrogen embrittlement.
Standardization of Mooney Viscometer and Oscillating-Disk Cure Meter
Authors: Decker GE , Stiehler RD
Published: March 2009

The Mooney viscometer has been the principal instrument used to control the processability of synthetic rubber production for the past 30 years. The oscillating-disk cure meter is now becoming the principal instrument for determining the vulcanization characteristics of standard compounds of raw rubbers and compounding materials and of factory compounds used for rubber products. Therefore, a large amount of effort has been expended in their standardization. Nevertheless, both instruments which have certain similarities are affected by the following factors that still cause variability among instruments: 1. temperature of the rubber in the die cavity, 2. friction between the oscillating or rotating stem and the stationary lower die, 3. slippage at the rubber-metal interfaces, 4. the pressure on the rubber during test, and 5. scale calibration.

This paper summarizes past and recent studies on these factors and indicates from recent findings the direction for further standardization.

Measurements of the disk temperature in the oscillating-disk cure meter were made. These measurements indicated that the clearance between the oscillating or rotating stem and the lower die is critical for temperature uniformity. Also, the present design of the upper die in ASTM Measurement of Curing Characteristics with the Oscillating Disk Cure Meter (D 2084-71T) substantially reduces the rate of heat transfer to the specimen. However, the design is reasonably effective for applying pressure on the specimen which reduces slippage at the rubber-metal interfaces. Other means of applying pressure may be used. Slippage also depends on the torque at the rubber-metal interfaces. In the Mooney viscometer, torque can be reduced by decreasing the speed of the rotor or by increasing the temperature. In the cure meter, torque is most effectively reduced by keeping the amplitude of oscillation as small as practical.
Plasticity Retention Index — Its Measurement and Significance for Natural Rubber
Authors: Loke KM
Published: March 2009

Plasticity Retention Index (PRI) of raw natural rubber is expressed as a percentage ratio of aged plasticity over unaged plasticity of raw natural rubber, the plasticities being measured on standard samples before and after the samples have been subjected to standard conditions (140°C, 30 min) of oven aging. A parallel-plate plastimeter is used in the measurement of plasticities.

This paper describes the measurement of PRI and discusses the various experimental conditions which are important to the accuracy and reproducibility of testing.

The various factors which are known to have an adverse effect on PRI are surveyed as this property of raw natural rubber is somewhat subject to change with time.

A brief outline is then given on the technological importance of PRI of raw natural rubber to the consumer.
Standards and Standardization
Authors: Stiehler RD
Published: March 2009

Standards are practices established by authority, custom, or common consent. The practices embrace all activities of society including social, religious, educational, and technical practices. This paper deals with technical practices embodied in national or international engineering standards. A good engineering standard should: (1) stimulate competition and not restrict trade; (2) prescribe practices which conserve natural resources; (3) be abreast of technology and not be a deterrent to desirable change arising from new knowledge, new capabilities, or new environment; (4) be concise, explicit, and limited to essential provisions and requirements; and (5) be effective in achieving its purpose.

Due to the rapid increase in the number of standards both domestically and internationally, there is a movement to control proliferation through the development and use of international standards, primarily under the aegis of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Standards developed by ISO and IEC have now become sufficient in number to be a significant factor in international trade.

Standards development has varied considerably from one industry to another, and U. S. participation in ISO and IEC has also varied from industry to industry. ISO Technical Committee 45 on Rubber and Rubber Products has been among the ten most active committees, and U. S. participation has been exceptionally effective in it. Nearly 80 percent of the 102 standards developed by ISO/TC 45 through 1972 are in accord with ASTM Standards.

Recently, there has been a growing interest in standards for consumer products, both nationally and internationally. Eight of the 20 ISO committees most recently established deal with consumer products. There has also been a growing interest in ascertaining the ability of laboratories to obtain consistent results using standard methods, both nationally and internationally. The Standard Reference Materials issued by NBS and the NBS interlaboratory programs for testing were established for this purpose. Laboratory performance, international standardization, and the development of standards for consumer products are likely to become increasingly important in future standardization efforts.
A Review of Recent Developments in Forced Vibration Dynamic Testing of Elastomers
Authors: Hillberry BM
Published: March 2009

The dynamic behavior of elastomers is usually characterized by linear viscoelastic models consisting of various combinations of linear springs and linear, viscous damping elements. The most commonly used model consists of a linear spring and a linear dashpot in parallel. The stiffness of the spring and the damping coefficient describe the dynamic behavior of the model. These properties are determined for a material under dynamic test conditions. Because the material is inherently nonlinear, it is not completely described by this model which compounds the testing problems. Furthermore, it is difficult to measure dynamic properties accurately. Any compliance in the test machine will usually affect the measured spring rate, and damping in the test machine will usually add to the measured damping coefficient. A recent analytical study of the resonant-beam test machine has quantified these effects. These results have prompted the move toward transmitted force methods for testing in which the force transmitted through the sample and motion across the sample are the measured signals. From these signals the dynamic properties are then computed; however this places very strict requirements on the instrumentation and computation system. The principles of measurement systems applicable to dynamic testing are presented. Test equipment along with recent developments in instrumentation and test methods are described. The test conditions which influence the results are also reviewed. The present state of the art of forced vibration dynamic testing of elastomers is presented.
Computerized Physical Testing of Elastomers
Authors: Stanton JL
Published: March 2009

A small, stored-program, parallel-mode digital computer is used to process data from four tensile testing machines. Each tester is equipped with a stress encoder, strain detection system, keyboard, and teletype printer. The necessary parameters are entered on the keyboard and the specimen is positioned in the tester. A key is then depressed to start the tester and to activate the computer. The translation and transmission of the data are performed by the stress encoder and strain detection system. At the completion of the test, the data is printed in an easy-to-read tabulated format.

There are ten on-line computerized tests performed on the tensile testers. Five of the tests have alternate program routines by which the data may be processed. In addition to the on-line program routines, there are eighteen off-line routines that are used. These off-line routines are primarily performed on remote stations consisting of a keyboard and teletype printer.

The computer has decreased the chemist's data analysis time, increased the accuracy of the data, and decreased the amount of subjective data interpretation, thus resulting in greater efficiency.
Selection of Continuous Sulfur Dioxide Monitors for Ambient and Source Concentration Levels
Authors: Neuscheler RC
Published: March 2009

Each SO2 monitoring situation possesses characteristics which may imply the selection of a particular sulfur dioxide (SO2) detection principle. Total sample concentration, SO2 concentration range, measurement accuracy, and available manpower to operate and maintain equipment are used as criteria to select a general method of detection from which a specific monitor may be chosen. A table is included, listing principle methods of continuous SO2 detection, their basic characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. Technical problems of source level SO2 monitoring are discussed and the concept of a complete source sampling and analyzing system is proposed.
Monitoring Sulfur Compounds by Flame Photometry
Authors: Lucero DP , Paljug JW
Published: March 2009

The operation of a sulfur flame photometric detector (FPD) is based on the chemiluminescence of an activated molecular sulfur species produced by a hydrogen hyper-ventilated diffusion flame. A predictable detector response is obtained from a gas molecule in proportion to the number of sulfur atoms it contains. An FPD sulfur analyzer is comprised of an FPD and photomultiplier tube assembly, a pneumatic sampling and flow control network, and a signal conditioning and electronic subsystem. The analyzer output can assume three basic forms which provide sensitivity for parts per billion level analysis, broad dynamic range, or convenient readability. FPD analyzers are used extensively for laboratory analysis and ambient and area monitoring. By a continuous sample conditioning procedure, the analyzer can be used for source monitoring and on-stream process analysis.
Instrumentation for the Measurement of Nitrogen Dioxide
Authors: Stevens RK , Clarke T , Baumgardner R , Hodgeson JA
Published: March 2009

A comparative discussion is given on the operational and response characteristics of colorimetric, chemiluminescent, and electrochemical monitors for ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Recent studies have demonstrated that ozone (O3) is a significant negative interference with the automated colorimetric technique, and details of these studies are given. The latest technology for the conversion of NO2 to nitric oxide (NO) for subsequent chemiluminescent detection is discussed. The mechanism of operation and the chemistry involved with newly developed electrochemical monitors for NO2are described.
Plumbing Problems — Gases for 6800 Hydrocarbon Analyzers
Authors: Kaplan H
Published: March 2009

This paper is an operator's guide to the installation of compressed gases required by hydrogen flame hydrocarbon analyzers.
Review of Commercial Ozone Measurement Instrumentation
Authors: Chamberlin D , Sanders RE
Published: March 2009

Methods used for the quantitative measurement of ozone (O3) in commercial instrumentation are reviewed. The limits of specificity, sensitivity, accuracy, repeatability, and response time are discussed. Characteristics of the ozone-ethylene (O3-CH2:CH2) chemiluminescent reaction which make it the preferred method are examined. Major subsystems of the chemiluminescent analyzer are presented, with consideration of the important parameter variations associated with each. Basic specifications, operating conditions, and typical maintenance tasks are summarized. Finally, a brief look at recent developments and future trends is given.
Introductory Statement
Authors: Byrne FP
Published: March 2009

The symposium, on which this book is based, was organized to present the basic fundamentals of analytical chemistry for those who, because of the recent de-emphasis on the teaching of analytical chemistry, never learned them and for those who would like a review. In addition to the technical fundamentals there is a human element. This takes the form of a syndrome on Standard Reference Materials (SRM) and a syndrome on replicate analysis. In the former only a value within one or two integers of the certified value is reported. In the latter syndrome all of the replicate values tend to be the same, even in some cases, to the last significant integer.
Gravimetric Analysis—General Theoretical and Applied Concepts in the Preparation of Standard Methods for Metals
Authors: McKaveney JP
Published: March 2009

The present status of gravimetric analysis as a specialty within analytical chemistry is discussed at both the academic and industrial levels. This background is then related to the present American Society for Testing and Materials' standard methods for metals and alloys which use gravimetric procedures for 16 elements. Theoretical considerations for gravimetry include: (a) solubility of the precipitate, (b) purity and ease of filtration of the precipitate, and (c) stoichiometric composition of the dried or ignited precipitate.

Applied concepts mostly dealing with the prior separation of interferences must be considered before application can be made using theoretical principles. selected gravimetric procedures are discussed to illustrate these concepts for two of the more common elements (carbon and silicon), as well as two of the more difficult (rare earths and tungsten). In the carbon method using evolution gravimetry (CO2 absorption on ascarite) the principal items include: induction versus resistance heating, reagents for the removal of interferences, sample preparation, and lower scope limits for acceptable gravimetric results. The silicon procedure using volatilization as SiF4 treats: the choice of acid for coagulation and partial dehydration, the advantages and precautions with perchloric acid, and occlusion of possible interferences with the coagulated silica. The rare earth method encompasses preseparation of interferences, comparison of the oxalate and fluoride gravimetric finishes, and instrumental treatment of the gravimetric residues to determine individual rare earths. Tungsten is determined by separation as a hydrolytic oxide. The obtained oxide is usually impure and the method is evaluated on the basis of the analysis of occluded impurities—principally molybdenum.
Atomic Absorption Spectrometry— General Considerations for the Application of Experimental Techniques
Authors: Rains TC
Published: March 2009

In applying atomic absorption spectrometry to an analytical problem, the analyst must have an understanding of the basic instrumental components. The essential components of an atomic absorption instrument consist of a primary source of radiation, a means of producing atomic vapor from the analyte, wavelength selection, signal detection, and readout. While several types of radiation sources are available, hollow cathode lamps are the primary choice for most workers in the field.

The production of atomic vapor of the analyte is probably the most important parameter in atomic absorption spectrometry. The selection of the oxidant-fuel or nonflame method of producing neutral atoms will depend upon the concentration of analyte and the matrices. While the analyst has a wide choice of methods at his disposal, an understanding of the problems related to the production of atomic vapor is essential to obtain the maximum precision and accuracy. Also, interferences, sample preparation, and methods for evaluation of data are discussed.
The Purity of Reagents
Authors: French CL , Tuthill SM
Published: March 2009

The purity of reagents in this country is closely allied with the activities of the American Chemical Society's (ACS) Committee on Analytical Reagents. For over 50 years ACS Committees have been working on specifications for analytical reagents. Many reagents used by chemists bear the designation “Meets ACS Specifications. ” These specifications are developed by the ACS Committee on Analytical Reagents and are published periodically in the book, Reagent Chemicals—ACS Specifications. The Committee which develops these specifications, and its mode of operation, is described. The role of the Committee and its work in a period of rapid technical progress is examined, and the need for reagents of higher purity than those presently defined by ACS specifications is discussed.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Sulfide in Water
Authors: Armstrong FAJ
Published: March 2009

The hydrosulfide ion HS- has high absorbance in the ultra violet. It predominates in solution at pH above 8, but is negligible below pH 5. Sulfide up to 5 mg S2-/liter in water can be determined by the difference between absorbance measurements at 228 nm, first on the sample made alkaline with sodium hydroxide, and then after acidification. Samples can be stabilized for some hours if made alkaline when collected, and then kept in the dark. Interference may be caused if calcium and magnesium are precipitated by alkali, and difficulty may be found with colored waters with high ultraviolet absorbance. Standard deviation was ±0.1 at the 4 mg S2-/liter level.
Electrochemical Detection of NH4+-NH3 Systems in Water
Authors: Barica J
Published: March 2009

Two methods for determining the forms of ammonia nitrogen in water are described. A univalent cation electrode can be used to detect ionized ammonium if potassium and sodium concentrations of the solution are constant. At pH values less than 7.5 this will correspond to the total ammonia concentration in a water sample. Another approach is to employ a membrane electrode, which is sensitive to unionized ammonia and subject to fewer interferences. It involves an alkalization of a sample to pH 12 and subsequent measurement of liberated unionized ammonia (total ammonia). A direct measurement of free ammonia can be made without alkalization. Suitability of both methods for determination of high ammonia concentrations (above 0.2 to 0.5 mg/liter N) in water samples, mainly fish tanks, is discussed. There is no upper limit of detection, and samples therefore do not require any dilution.
Trace Elements in Molluscs in the Kingston Basin
Authors: Lord DA , Breck WG , Wheeler RC
Published: March 2009

Freshwater molluscs (UNIONACAE) have been sampled extensively in the Kingston Basin area of the Lake Ontario/St. Lawrence River system. Soft tissue of the animals were homogenized and freezedried, and then analyzed for specific trace elements.

An analytical procedure was developed whereby the elements cobalt, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc were determined directly on the freezedried solid material by atomic absorption spectroscopy, using a heated graphite furnace. Prior to analysis, samples were “diluted,” using naphthalene as an inert solid diluent. In the species Lampsilis radiate, cobalt, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc levels of approximately 1.1, 19, 36, 4.7, and 225 ppm (on dry weight), respectively, were found. In addition, samples of seston material were separated from water samples collected in the Kingston Basin, by dialysis and freezedrying, and subsequently also directly analyzed for some of these trace elements. Chromium and copper levels of 41 and 594 ppm (on dry weight) were found.

Due to the high trace element levels found in the seston material, it is postulated that trace element enrichment in bivalve molluscs takes place by an essentially two-step mechanism, the first being the prior preconcentration (complexing, inclusion, precipitation) of trace elements into the particulate material in the water column, followed by ingestion of this particulate material by the organism. The use of such sedentary particulate feeding organisms, such as fresh water mussels (which are easily collected), is recommended as a suitable method for long-term in situ monitoring of water quality with respect to specific chemical species present in the aquatic environment.
Analysis of Total Mercury in Biological and Water Samples by an Ultrasensitive Kinetic Method
Authors: Ke PJ , Thibert RJ
Published: March 2009

A wet digestion has been developed to prepare biological and water samples for a kinetic determination of total mercury using an iodide-catalyzed reaction between cerium (IV) and arsenite (III). A mercury-free control, prepared using ion-exchange with a selective chelating resin, was used by adding mercury standards to make a calibration curve. Both inorganic and organic mercury can be determined by the method described either in biological or water samples containing mercury in the range of 0.05 to 2.0 µg per ml. The procedure can be used satisfactorily down to the 0.05-ppm level for urine and fresh water with an overall error of less than 5 percent. The method can also be employed for the determination of mercury in blood serum or seawater with an error of 10 percent or less and gives results which compare favorably with other procedures.
Rapid Determination of Fluoride in Hydrochloric Acid, Pickle Liquor, and Gaseous Emissions
Authors: Bhargava OP , Schuldt AA , Hines WG
Published: March 2009

Rapid methods for the determination of fluoride in hydrochloric acid, pickle liquor for hydrochloric acid regeneration systems, and gaseous emissions from steelmaking slags, using a fluoride ion-selective electrode, are presented. A single determination down to 1 ppm including standardization can be completed in hydrochloric acid in about 5 min permitting easy monitoring of incoming shipments. Fluoride contents in the gaseous emissions down to 0.01 ppm are readily determined after absorption in sodium hydroxide solution.
Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis of Nuclear Reactor Corrosion Particles
Authors: Wikjord AG , Mayor GH , Doern FE
Published: March 2009

The nature and origin of particulates in the heat transport system of CANDU water-cooled nuclear reactors are relevant to the operation of these stations. The analysis of corrosion particles is difficult because of their small size and low concentration. A scanning electron microscope equipped with an X-ray analyzer has been used successfully for the simultaneous characterization of the morphology, size, and elemental composition of these particles.

The good resolution and the large depth of field of the scanning electron microscope are suited for the examination of micron-sized particles. Also, the solid state Si (Li) detection system is readily amenable to automated data manipulation and thus permits a rapid qualitative assay of a representative number of particles from any given sample.

In this study, individual particles having masses as low as 10-15 g have been analyzed and X-rays arising from electron capture decay of 55Fe have been observed in some of the samples. The techniques discussed are potentially applicable to a variety of problems related to the quality of environmental waters.
Preservation of Wastewater Effluent Samples for Forms of Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Authors: Krawczyk DF
Published: March 2009

Samples of water containing concentrations of total organic carbon at levels greater than 20 mg/liter when preserved with 40 mg/liter of mercuric chloride did not provide a complete inhibition of microbiological growth. A complete inhibition was noted at a preservation level of 400 mg/liter of mercuric chloride.

A study was conducted on chemical changes of forms of nitrogen and phosphorus in wastewater effluents preserved with 400 mg/liter of mercuric chloride.

A variety of wastewater treatment plant effluent samples was combined into one composite. The composite was then divided into ten equal samples. Each sample was analyzed separately for Kjeldahl nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, orthophosphate phosphorus, and total phosphate phosphorus after 10, 30, 60, 80, and 100 days. Due to a logistical handling problem, the samples were usually processed in order in batches. An analysis for total organic carbon, total inorganic carbon, and dissolved inorganic mercury was conducted after 100 days.

Small but measurable differences were observed for all constituents from one period to another. The ammonia, nitrite, nitrate nitrogen system was most susceptible to change. The Kjeldahl nitrogen analysis showed the greatest variation among replicates and sets.

The study indicated that wastewater samples can be stored at room temperature after preservation with 400 mg/liter of mercuric chloride for periods of up to 100 days with only minimal changes in the form of nitrogen and phosphorus.
Some Factors Affecting the Recovery of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB's) from Water and Bottom Samples
Authors: Bellar TA , Lichtenberg JJ
Published: March 2009

During studies on analytical methods for PCB's in water and bottom samples, variable recoveries from dosed samples and apparent decreasing recoveries with the age of the sample were observed. Losses from dosed river waters as high as 10 percent in one day and greater than 40 percent in one week were common. Recoveries from bottom samples varied widely with the sample pretreatment and the method of extraction. In an effort to define some of the factors affecting the recovery of PCB's from water, the following parameters and conditions were studied: sample container, extremes of pH, aging under ambient conditions, and several preservation techniques. Several methods of sample preparation and extraction of bottom samples were studied. Environmentally contaminated water and lake bottom samples and dosed natural samples were studied.

The separatory funnel liquid-liquid extraction method was found to be the most efficient for the extraction of PCB's from natural waters. The air-dried, moisture-added soxhlet extraction procedure proved to be the most efficient for recovery of PBC's from environmentally contaminated lake bottom samples. Formaldehyde was found to be effective for preserving PCB's in dosed natural waters for at least two weeks.
Liquid Chromatography of Carbamate Pesticides
Authors: Thruston AD
Published: March 2009

A commercial liquid chromatograph was evaluated and found useful for analysis of carbamate pesticides. Liquid chromatography retention times for 23 carbamate pesticides are given. The ultraviolet detector required 20 to 1500 ng for the pesticides studied to give a 25 percent full-scale recorder response.
Applications of Direct Aqueous Injection Gas Chromatography and Freeze Concentration for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Water and Waste Waters
Authors: Fox ME
Published: March 2009

Direct aqueous injection gas chromatography is shown to have practical applications in the analysis of low molecular weight volatile organic compounds in water and waste waters. Many such compounds cannot be extracted or concentrated by more conventional solvent methods due to evaporation losses. Detection limits below 1 mg/ liter are possible. Freeze concentration may be used to lower this limit by a factor of 10 to 20 for more dilute solutions. Applications are described including the analysis of methanol and aircraft deicer components in domestic sewage.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Lake Waters and Associated Sediments: Analytical Determination by Gas Chromatography—Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Strosher MT , Hodgson GW
Published: March 2009

Marine and fresh water sediments exhibit a wide variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These range from the two-ringed biphenyl and naphthalene species to the seven-ringed coronene member, and include a variety of intermediate aromatics exhibiting isomeric differences as well as alkylated derivatives. Analytical methods were developed for this spectrum of aromatics involving extraction and purification techniques followed by a gas chromatographic separation combined with mass spectrometry for identification. In this manner, a total of 27 polycyclic aromatics were detected in Great Lakes sediments along with three aromatics and three dicarboxylic acid esters in waters of the Great Lakes. Limits of detection for aromatics were: 1 ng/liter in water, based on 30-liter water samples and 2 ng/g of dry sediment when extracted from 100 g of wet sediment.
A Gas Liquid-Gas Solid Chromatographic Method for the Identification of Sources of Oil Pollution
Authors: George AE , Smiley GT , Montgomery DS , Sawatzky H
Published: March 2009

A two-step gas chromatographic fingerprinting technique has been developed for the identification of petroleum that may be conveniently applied to oil spills. The first step consists of a gas chromatographic separation on nonpolar silicone rubber (SE-30) which separates according to boiling point. Five arbitrary 20° cuts are made, then further separated by gas chromatography on columns of lithium chloride supported on diatomaceous silica (Chromosorb A). The advantage of this inorganic packing is its high thermal stability that permits the separation of high-boiling oil components not readily affected by weathering. It also has the added advantage of causing no “bleeding” problems that can complicate further analyses involving mass spectroscopy. The simultaneous use of the flame ionization detector and the Melpar sulfur detector provides highly characteristic fingerprints, some of which are shown. This method has been applied to two heavy crude oils, and two fuel oils involved in oil spills from the Arrow and Irving Whale to demonstrate the potential of the method.
Quantitative Analysis of Petroleum Oil Pollutants by Infrared Spectrophotometry
Authors: Gruenfeld M
Published: March 2009

The accuracy and sensitivity of infrared spectrophotometry are evaluated for the quantitative analysis of water dispersed oils, by single point analysis. Absorbance versus concentration (Beer-Bouguer Law) plots are prepared for viscous and nonviscous crude and processed oils in Freon 113, carbon tetrachloride, and in a mixture of these solvents. Absorbances at 2930/cm are measured in 10 and 100-mm path length cells, with and without ordinate scale expansion. Solution concentrations in the range 0.5 to 40 mg/100 ml oil in solvent yield linear plots that pass through the origin. The concentration 0.05 mg/100 ml oil in solvent yields a recognizable absorption band at approximately 2930/cm when measured in 100-mm path length cells with ordinate scale expansion X5. This is considered the practical detection limit of these oils by the infrared (IR) technique. Stability of oil absorptivities following solution storage, and use of IR absorptivities for oil identification are also examined briefly.
Heavy Metal Toxicity and Algal Bioassays
Authors: Hutchinson TC , Stokes PM
Published: March 2009

Algal bioassays for heavy metals can detect low levels in the environment, for example, 0.01 ppm for silver. Algae respond to increasing levels of heavy metals such as copper, nickel, mercury, silver, or cadmium by reduction of growth rate. Occasionally, the response to nontoxic metals is an increase in growth rate. At very low concentrations some potentially toxic metals may be necessary micronutrients. Algal species differ quite markedly in their sensitivity to heavy metals.

Combined effects of two or more metals at toxic concentrations may be synergistic (for example, copper-nickel) or antagonistic (for example, cadmium-selenium). The critical concentrations for toxicity of a particular metal may be different at different times during the growth of an algal culture, as well as being dependent upon other chemical and physical conditions. Algal cells appear to markedly concentrate metals from solution, even at concentrations of these metals in the medium which do not apparently inhibit cell division. Bioassays provide the only direct method for assessing the biological availability of metals in solution. Algae isolated from metal-polluted lakes appear to have evolved specific metal tolerances. These “tolerant” algae actually accumulate more of the metals concerned than do their “nontolerant” relatives. Correlations between fish toxicity tests and algal bioassays may allow the relatively expensive fish testing schemes to be replaced by simple and cheaper algal bioassays.
Underwater Probing with Laser Radar
Authors: Sizgoric S , Carswell AI
Published: March 2009

Recent advances in laser and electro-optics technology have greatly enhanced the feasibility of active optical probing techniques aimed at the remote sensing of water parameters. This paper describes a lidar (laser radar) that has been designed and constructed for underwater probing. The influence of the optical properties of water on the general design parameters of a lidar system is considered. Discussion of the specific details in the choice of the constructed lidar is given. This system utilizes a cavity-dumped argon-ion laser transmitter capable of 50-W peak powers, 10 ns pulses, and megahertz pulse repetition rates at 10 different wavelengths in the blue-green (450 to 520 nm) region of the spectrum. The performance of the system, in probing various types of water, is demonstrated by summarizing the results of initial laboratory and field experiments.
Fast Kinetic Spectrometry and Automated Trace Analysis
Authors: Langford CH
Published: March 2009

Mixtures of species may be analyzed by a method where differing rates of reaction with a common reagent serve to differentiate components. The rate constants are usefully regarded as the reciprocals of frequencies and the method may be called “kinetic spectrometry.” Literature on the stopped flow technique reports analyses of mixtures of metal ions and of mixtures of amino-polycarboxylates using convenient instrumentation. The prospects for automated direct analyses of metal complex species present in natural waters are discussed.
A Remote Sensing Laser Fluorometer
Authors: O'Neil RA , Davis AR , Gross HG , Kruus J
Published: March 2009

A variety of water quality parameters are accessible to measurement using the technique of fluorescence spectroscopy. These include such measurements as oil, chlorophyll, lignin sulfonate, and dye tracing. The availability of reliable lasers has opened up the possibility of using the fluorescence technique as a water quality analytical tool without being in direct contact with the body of water. For instance, it is possible to monitor oil on water from such remote locations as a bridge, boat, or aircraft. A system based on a helium cadmium laser is described and some experimental results on different materials from various locations are discussed.
Utilization of Data from Continuous Monitoring Networks
Authors: Gunnerson GC
Published: March 2009

A large data system is one which is hard to turn off. This inertia is directly proportional to the amount of money invested in hardware and facilities, to the number of careers involved, and to the length of record.

Large data systems are concerned with the collection of time series. What eventually will become a data management problem in a large data system using manual techniques quickly becomes a crisis with automatic equipment. It is accordingly essential in the design of continuous monitoring networks that the utilization of the data be adequately considered and optimized.

The arguments for optimization of time-series collection, analysis, and utilization apply equally to space fields. In either case, the problem is to match the resolution of the data collection system to that of the response system. For example, the digitizing or averaging period used for pollution detection should be consistent with the time constant for pollution control or abatement measures.

The institutional value of monitoring programs may be equally important, but is more difficult to predict. In any event, the analysis and interpretation of the data must correspond to the real world use to which it will be put.
Investigation of the Weathering of a Selected Crude Oil in a Cold Environment
Authors: Scott BF
Published: March 2009

In large ponds, two test oil spills using crude oil were made near Ottawa during the winter of 1972 through 1973. The first spill was carried out on water under ice-forming conditions, and the second was carried out on ice. While these spills were allowed to age naturally, the weather parameters of precipitation, wind speed, temperature, and light were monitored. The results of the monitoring were then correlated with the composition of the residues of the spills. In addition, the effects of precipitation and wind were correlated with the behavior and movement of the oil in the ponds.
Interlaboratory Study of the Cold Vapor Technique for Total Mercury in Water
Authors: Winter JA , Clements HA
Published: March 2009

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) conducted a joint study of the cold vapor technique for total mercury in water, before formal acceptance of the method by each organization. The method employs an acid-permanganate-persulfate oxidation step with heat.

Following Youden's design, samples were prepared in pairs as similar yet different concentrates in sealed glass ampuls. Analysts added an aliquot of each to distilled water and to a natural water of choice. Single analyses were made on each sample and recoveries compared. Results from 90 analysts showed a positive bias of 53 to 99 percent and a relative deviation of 67 to 79 percent at the minimum detectable level of 0.2 µg/liter. At the 0.5 µg/liter level, the bias was still positive but reduced to 18 to 32 percent whereas the relative deviation held at 55 to 80 percent. At the 3 to 10 µg/liter level, the bias was small (-7 to +4 percent) and the relative deviation was reduced to a 30 to 40 percent level. Natural waters exerted little effect on the precision or accuracy of the method.
Pavement Texture Measurement by Laser: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Gee S , King WL , Hegmon RR
Published: March 2009

The objective was to investigate whether laser light depolarization can serve as a unique descriptor of pavement textural charcteristics. Measurements were made on 20 pavement samples. Test results were compared with skid numbers, British Pendulum Numbers, and data obtained by three other texture measurement methods. Additional tests were conducted to study the dependence of light depolarization on fine and coarse texture, color, and material properties. The effects of simulated vehicle dynamics on the detected signal characteristics were also investigated.

The test results show that light depolarization responds effectively to different surface characteristics and compares well with both textural and frictional data. A rank correlation was performed among the different data sets. Correlation between coarse texture and friction was found to be weak, as expected, since texture is only one of many factors affecting friction. Depolarization data on the other hand correlated comparatively well with all three sets of coarse texture data and also with the frictional data. The influence of simulated vehicle bounce on test results was found to be negligible.
Mathematical Analysis for Pneumatic Tire Hydroplaning
Authors: Browne AL
Published: March 2009

Hydroplaning in its pure sense occurs infrequently. Thus, many feel that this fact implies that the study of hydroplaning can be of little practical importance. The error in this argument is revealed by demonstrating the applicability of results gained in the study of hydroplaning to the understanding of the general problem of wet traction. A description is given of the mathematical techniques that have recently been developed to assist in the study of hydroplaning (and wet traction). It is shown that these allow a unified theory to be presented for the major forms of hydroplaning — viscous and dynamic. A review of current research techniques including the use of moirÉ fringes to measure the fluid film thickness distribution under a hydroplaning tire is given, and directions are indicated for needed future research.
Estimation of Skid Numbers from Surface Texture Parameters in the Rational Design of Standard Reference Pavements for Test Equipment Calibration
Authors: Britton SC , Ledbetter WB , Gallaway BM
Published: March 2009

Accurate measurement of highway skid resistance has required the application of appropriate reference standards for the calibration of locked wheel skid trailers [ASTM Test for Skid Resistance of Paved Surfaces Using a Full-Scale Tire (E 274-70)] used as test equipment. This investigation was concerned with the development of criteria needed for the design of primary standard reference pavement surfaces.

A parametric study of the effect of pavement texture on skid number, comprising laboratory experiments with model pavement surfaces, offers new insight into a solution of the problem.