bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A fault detection method based on horizontal visibility graph‐integrated complex networks: Application to complex chemical processes
Authors: Geng Zhiqiang , Wang Zun , Hu Haixia , Han Yongming , Lin Xiaoyong , Zhong Yanhua
Published: July 2018

With the trend towards large‐scale structure and complexity in modern chemical processes, it is difficult to describe the system operating status and fault conditions via traditional approaches. In addition, there are obstacles to fault detection research in complex chemical processes due to the characteristics of the equipment hardware used in chemical systems, data collection and handling, strong internal correlations in chemical systems, factors affecting transmission, and randomness and cascade in process failures. Therefore, this paper presents a fault detection method based on horizontal visibility graph (HVG) analysis‐integrated complex networks. The data for each variable in the system are regarded as a time series, each time series is modelled into a network by the horizontal visibility algorithm, and each single‐layer network corresponding to a time series is abstracted as a node. Meanwhile, the correlation between two single‐layer networks is used to characterize the correlation between the corresponding nodes. Moreover, a complex network structure representing the chemical system can be constructed from the correlations. In addition, according to the correlation ratio matrix obtained from the fault state and the normal state, the variance of each node determines the faulty node. Finally, we verify the validity and the effectiveness of the proposed method by applying it to the Tennessee Eastman (TE) process.
The Light‐Driven Isomerization of Aqueous Nitrate: A Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Mewes Jan‐Michael , Jerabek Paul , Bohle D. Scott , Schwerdtfeger Peter
Published: July 2018

The front cover artwork is provided by the CTCP group at Massey University. The image shows the potential energy hypersurface for the NO3− to ONOO− rearrangement. The water and shining light symbolize the photochemical process in aqueous solution. Read the full text of the Article at10.1002/cptc.201800022.
Highly Efficient Base‐Free Dehydrogenation of Formic Acid at Low Temperature
Authors: Prichatz Christoph , Trincado Monica , Tan Lilin , Casas Fernando , Kammer Anja , Junge Henrik , Beller Matthias , Grützmacher Hansjörg
Published: July 2018

The ruthenium complex [RuH2(PPh3)4] is a competent catalyst for the selective dehydrogenation of formic acid (FA) at low temperature. It tolerates water and shows excellent performance (TOF up to 36 000 h−1 at 60 °C). Remarkably, no basic additives are necessary to obtain such high activity and the defined complex is stable for up to 120 days, making this system one of the most effective formic acid dehydrogenation catalysts known to date.
Riverine regime shifts through reservoir dams reveal options for ecological management
Authors: Meißner T. , Schütt M. , Sures B. , Feld C. K.
Published: July 2018

Worldwide, dams are a main threat reducing river ecological functioning and biodiversity by severely altering water temperature, flow, and sediment regimes up‐ and downstream. Sustainable dam management therefore has a key role in achieving ecological targets. Here, we present an analysis of the effects of reservoir dams and resulting regime shifts on community structure and function of lotic macroinvertebrates. Our study derived management options to improve ecological integrity of affected streams. To do this, we contrasted time series data for water temperature (15‐min intervals over one year), discharge (daily means over 10 yr), and records of deposited fine sediments against macroinvertebrate samples from pairs of river reaches downstream of dams and of comparable tributaries not affected by dams in the German low mountain range. We observed a decline in the density and diversity of disturbance‐sensitive macroinvertebrates (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) and a correlation between hydrologic metrics and macroinvertebrate deterioration downstream of the dams. Typical “rhithral” (flow‐adapted) species changed to “littoral” (flow‐avoiding) species below dams, thus indicating a hydrologic regime shift. Increased fine sediment accumulations and deficits of pebbles and small cobbles below dams indicated a severe habitat loss below dams. Additional comparison with undisturbed reference streams allowed us to derive management options that could mitigate the negative impact of hydrologic alterations and accumulations of fine sediments downstream of dams. These options are conditional on the season and in particular address the frequency and duration of low and high flow events.
Impact of lake‐catchment processes on phytoplankton community structure in temperate shallow lakes
Authors: Toporowska Magdalena , Ferencz Beata , Dawidek Jarosław
Published: July 2018

Research on lake‐catchment and biological processes is still innovative. Few reports on this topic exist in the scientific literature. This paper presents species richness, diversity, biomass composition of phytoplankton, and occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms in relation to complex lake‐catchment processes in four shallow lakes. The results revealed that phytoplankton species richness increased with increasing lake trophic state, whereas the opposite relationship was observed for phytoplankton biodiversity. In less eutrophic and deeper lakes, the majority of dominant taxa were representatives of mixed, meso to eutrophic small‐ and medium‐sized lakes. In highly eutrophic lakes, the dominant taxa were common representatives of shallow, very rich in nutrients, turbid, mix layers, and eu‐hypertrophic environments. Redundancy analysis showed that lake depth, flushing time, and conductivity were the most significant factors for phytoplankton development and composition. The hypertrophic, polimictic, and flow‐through Lake Syczyńskie was the most dynamic ecosystem among the lakes. Water mixing and high concentrations of P‐PO4 were beneficial for heavy blooms of the cyanobacterium Planktothrix agardhii observed in Lake Syczyńskie despite the high rate of water exchange. Contrary to the findings of some previous studies, P. agardhii seems to be resistant to flushing at very high loads and concentrations of nutrients (mostly of P‐PO4 and N‐NO3). Phytoplankton assemblages reflected the lakes' habitats, trophic status, and lake‐catchment processes and revealed complex factors that influenced the lakes' functioning. The use of phytoplankton as an indicator of lake‐catchment processes may help understand ecosystem dynamics, essential for the proper selection of management practices protecting aquatic systems against eutrophication.
Vestiges of older greenstone in Mesoarchaean Chakradharpur granite gneiss, Singhbhum Craton, India: Implications for plume‐lithosphere interaction at rifted cratonic margin
Authors: Ghose Naresh C. , Saha Abhishek
Published: July 2018

The Chakradharpur granite gneiss (CGG) represents an uplifted Archaean basement within the North Singhbhum Orogen (NSO) of Singhbhum‐Orissa Craton in the eastern Indian shield and shares a Mesoarchaean 3.12 Ga age equivalent to the emplacement of Singhbhum granite (SBG) phase III. The CGG hosts numerous enclaves of tonalitic gneisses, metamorphosed ultramafic and mafic volcanics, metagabbros, metasediments, and conglomerates that collectively represent vestiges of an older greenstone belt preserved within it. The mineralogical composition of the ultramafic volcanic enclaves of CGG has been overprinted by greenschist facies metamorphism presenting a talc‐tremolite‐phlogopite‐actinolite assemblage with prominent development of crenulation cleavage, pressure solutions and relict spinifex texture. These are characterised by restricted low SiO2 (39.7–46.8 wt.%) at consistently high MgO (20.7–28 wt.%) contents, and geochemically classified as: (a) subalkaline (Na2O + K2O < 2) komatiite and meimechite and (b) an alkaline (Na2O + K2O > 2) type picrobasalt‐foidite‐basanite assemblage. Depleted LILE and LREE chemistry, Al2O3/TiO2 versus (Gd/Yb)N and HFSE abundances suggest that the studied Al‐undepleted Munro‐type komatiite and meimechite were derived by high degree (30%–50%), shallow level (<90 km) partial melting of a hot, anhydrous mantle plume carrying depleted components. It is suggested that the komatiite‐meimechite melts were deflected by an Archaean cratonic keel and erupted through thinned continental lithosphere at a rifted cratonic margin. Geochemical evidence of crustal contamination preserved in these komatiites are equated with minor input from reworking of older continental materials and interaction between plume‐derived asthenospheric melts and metasomatized subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM). Zr/Hf, Zr/Sm, Nb/Ta, Zr/Nb, and Nb/Th ratios for the picrobasalt, high Mg basalt, foidite and basanite rocks corroborate their generation through variable degrees of partial melting of a heterogeneous lithospheric mantle source carrying depleted plume‐derived melts and enriched components from metasomatized lithosphere. Mantle processes involved assimilation of metasomatic components of SCLM by ascending melts of plume incubating at the base of lithosphere ensued by melt generation at different mantle depths extending from garnet to spinel peridotite domains. Therefore, the geochemical signatures of ultramafic enclaves in CGG invoke distinct magmatic episodes during plume‐craton interaction, melt generation at thinned craton margin to rifted continental interior and melting of metasomatized continental lithosphere that collectively contributed to the evolution of Archaean mantle lithosphere system, volcanism with diverse chemical compositions and greenstone generation in the Singhbhum Craton.
Structural evolution of two‐stage rifting in the northern East China Sea Shelf Basin
Authors: Lee Changyoon , Shinn Young Jae , Han Hyun‐Chul , Ryu In‐Chang
Published: July 2018

This study focuses on the stratigraphic correlation and structural evolution of the Ieodo and Jeju basins in the northern East China Sea Shelf Basin (ECSSB), which are compared to the Changjiang and Xihu depressions, respectively. Based on multi‐channel seismic reflection data, Cenozoic sedimentary successions resting on the acoustic basement in both basins can be divided into multiple syn‐ and post‐rift units. Basement‐involved structures exhibit different orientations, that is, E–W (ENE–WSW) and NE–SW trending structures in the Ieodo and Jeju basins, respectively. They represent the development of two‐stage rifting. The first rift stage began in the Palaeocene and was only restricted to the Ieodo Basin located west of the Hupijiao Rise. The second rift stage subsequently occurred in the Jeju Basin located east of the Hupijiao Rise during the late Eocene to Miocene. The Eocene post‐rift unit of the Ieodo Basin was uplifted while the Jeju Basin was subsided by bounding faults. The sequential development of rift structures in the basins suggests eastward migration of the Cenozoic rifting in the northern ECSSB. The NE‐trending rift structure of the Jeju Basin parallel to the subduction zone of the Pacific Plate suggests that the second rift stage possibly evolved under the influence of the back‐arc extensional regime. The Hupijiao Rise between the Ieodo and Jeju basins was possibly a geologic basement in the Palaeocene and was an uplifted remnant caused by footwall exhumation during the second rift stage of the Jeju Basin.
Altered white matter microstructure mediates the relationship between hemoglobin levels and cognitive control deficits in end‐stage renal disease patients
Authors: Mu Junya , Chen Tao , Li Peng , Ding Dun , Ma Xueying , Zhang Ming , Liu Jixin
Published: July 2018

The brain–kidney crosstalk theory suggested that the brain and kidneys may be considered end organs on parallel trajectories and subject to shared risk factors, which are receiving increasing attention. Cognitive control deficits were frequently presented in patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). Whether or not cognitive control impairment is concerned with brain–kidney crosstalk is in need of further research. To detect the relationship between ESRD and cognitive control impairment, diffusion tensor imaging was collected in 64 healthy controls (HCs) and 64 patients with ESRD. Tract‐based spatial statistics and fixel‐based analysis were used to detect the difference of white matter (WM) microstructure and morphology between ESRD patients and HCs in the whole brain. Tractography atlas‐based analysis was also used to investigate the difference of diffusional characteristics along fiber bundles of interest between the two groups. For the whole‐brain analysis, ESRD patients showed WM microstructural alteration and fiber density variation in the cingulum. In addition, ESRD patients exhibited higher MD and RD than HCs along the anterior cingulum. Among all of the blood biochemistry tests that represent kidney disease to a degree, the stepwise regression analysis showed that only hemoglobin significantly contributed to the cognitive control deficits in ESRD patients. Mediation analysis proved that the relationship between hemoglobin and cognitive control deficits of ESRD patients was mediated by WM microstructural alteration of the cingulum. Our results indicated that the anterior cingulum was correlated with cognitive control deficits and mediated the impact of hemoglobin on cognitive control.
Does size affect the relation between option compensation and managerial risk taking? Evidence from Canadian listed companies
Authors: Chakraborty Atreya , Gao Lucia Silva , Sheikh Shahbaz
Published: July 2018

We examine the effect of CEO option compensation on firm risk in Canadian firms listed on the S&P/TSX index. Results show that there is a robust size effect. Option compensation has a positive and significant effect on firm risk only in small firms and no significant effect in large firms. Moreover, option compensation has no significant effect on firm risk in cross‐listed firms, but within the sample of cross‐listed firms option compensation has a positive and significant effect in small firms only. Overall, our results suggest that CEO compensation is more effective in encouraging risk taking in small Canadian firms.
A compact high‐speed full‐field optical coherence microscope for high‐resolution in vivo skin imaging
Authors: Ogien Jonas , Dubois Arnaud
Published: July 2018

A compact high‐speed full‐field optical coherence microscope has been developed for high‐resolution in vivo imaging of biological tissues. The interferometer, in the Linnik configuration, has a size of 11 × 11 × 5 cm3 and a weight of 210 g. Full‐field illumination with low‐coherence light is achieved with a high‐brightness broadband light‐emitting diode. High‐speed full‐field detection is achieved by using part of the image sensor of a high‐dynamic range CMOS camera. En face tomographic images are acquired at a rate of 50 Hz, with an integration time of 0.9 ms. The image spatial resolution is 0.9 μm × 1.2 μm (axial × transverse), over a field of view of 245 × 245 μm2. Images of human skin, revealing in‐depth cellular‐level structures, were obtained in vivo and in real‐time without the need for stabilization of the subject. The system can image larger fields, up to 1 × 1 mm2, but at a reduced depth.
Identification of optimized rod shapes to guide anatomical spinal reconstruction for adolescent thoracic idiopathic scoliosis
Authors: Kokabu Terufumi , Kanai Satoshi , Abe Yuichiro , Iwasaki Norimasa , Sudo Hideki
Published: July 2018

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), the most common pediatric musculoskeletal disorder, causes a three‐dimensional deformity of the spine. Although rod curvature could play an important role in anatomical spinal reconstruction in patients with thoracic AIS, intraoperative contouring of the straight rod induces notches into the rod, leading to decreased fatigue strength. Here, we analyzed pre‐bent rod geometries from 46 intraoperative tracings of the rod geometry, which can provide anatomical spinal reconstruction in patients with thoracic AIS. The center point clouds of the rod shapes were extracted and approximated as arcs and straight lines. The difference between the center point clouds were evaluated using the iterative closest point methods. When the rod shapes were divided into six groups based on length followed by hierarchical cluster analysis, 10 representative rod shapes were obtained with a difference value of 5 mm. Thus, we identified optimized rod shapes to guide anatomical spinal reconstruction for thoracic AIS, which will reduce not only the risk of rod breakage but also operation time, leading to decreased patient burden. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:3219–3224, 2018.
Cover Image, Volume 98, Issue 12
Authors: Yan Jia‐wei , Ban Zhao‐jun , Lu Hong‐yan , Li Dong , Poverenov Elena , Luo Zi‐sheng , Li Li
Published: July 2018

The cover image, by Jia‐wei Yan et al., is based on the Review The aroma volatile repertoire in strawberry fruit: a review, DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9039.

image
“Single‐pot” approach towards the preparation of alkyl and polyfluoroalkyl organo‐silica monolithic capillaries for reversed‐phase liquid chromatography
Authors: Narciso Meirelles Lucas , Silva Campos Thales , Rodriguez Zulema , Hernandez Rebecca , Svec Frantisek , Zajickova Zuzana
Published: July 2018

Organo‐silica monolithic capillary columns were prepared using thermally initiated polymerization of mixtures containing 3‐(methacryloyloxy)propyltrimethoxysilane as the silicon‐containing monomer, an aqueous acid catalyst, ethylene dimethacrylate as the cross‐linker, a functional monomer selected from the group comprising octadecyl methacrylate, trifluoroethyl methacrylate, pentafluoropropyl methacrylate, and heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate, toluene as the porogen, and 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator. The permeability of the monoliths was controlled by varying the composition of the polymerization mixture. Chromatographic properties of resulting monolithic 100 μm i.d. capillaries were evaluated utilizing four sets of probe compounds under isocratic elution conditions in the reversed‐phase mode. Baseline separation of alkylbenzenes and the best steric selectivity were achieved using the octadecyl methacrylate monolithic column verifying that its surface was the most hydrophobic. In contrast, separation of a mixture containing polar compounds was observed using columns prepared in the absence of the functional monomer due to the presence of residual surface silanols at the pore surface. Polyfluoroalkyl stationary phases, especially those with a high number of fluorine atoms, exhibited the highest selectivity towards fluorine‐containing analytes.
Synthesis and Characterization of Shell‐Cross‐Linked Glycopolymer Bilayer Vesicles
Authors: Nishimura Tomoki , Toh Wei‐Lun , Akiyoshi Kazunari
Published: July 2018

Vesicles composed of self‐assembled lipids or amphiphilic polymers have significant potential in applications such as delivery of cargo for therapeutics. However, they are fragile under physiological conditions such as inside living cells or the bloodstream, in which a vast number of other molecules are present in high concentrations. This is because vesicles are in dynamic equilibrium between unimers and vesicles. Therefore, the development of more robust vesicles by covalent cross‐linking of the shell was focused on. Cross‐linked polymer vesicles were prepared by the self‐assembly of maltopentaose‐b‐poly(propylene glycol) followed by the reaction between divinyl sulfone and the hydroxyl group in a maltopentaose unit. It was found that two equivalents of DVS to the polymer is an optimal condition for the cross‐linking without changing in size. The bilayer structures were retained after the cross‐linking reactions. Importantly, the cross‐linked polymer vesicles retained their size and polydispersity even in 50:50 v/v methanol/water solution. This work highlights the potential of the divinyl sulfone shell cross‐link as a promising tool for stabilization of glycopolymer vesicles.
Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (ATRP) Catalyzed by Visible Light‐Absorbed Small Molecule Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Wang Lei , Li Run , Zhang Kai. A.I.
Published: July 2018

Atom transfer radical polymerization is successfully conducted with an organic semiconductor (OS)‐based visible light activated photocatalyst via a precisely designed catalytic cycle. The living nature of the polymerization by the OS type photocatalyst is proved by the linearly‐increasing molecular weight with consumption of the monomer, the expected molecular weight from MALDI‐TOF measurements, and the chain extending reaction, as well as block copolymer synthesis. Benefitting from clear and measurable reductive potential as well as the oxidative potential of the OS‐type photocatalyst, the intrinsic demand for “living radical polymerization” is discussed and examined, which indicates the diversity and great potential of OS‐type photocatalysts for organic synthesis.
Nickel exposure reduces enterobactin production in Escherichia coli
Authors: Washington – Hughes Clorissa L. , Ford Geoffrey T. , Jones Alsten D. , McRae Kimberly , Outten F. Wayne
Published: July 2018

Escherichia coli is a well‐studied bacterium that can be found in many niches, such as industrial wastewater, where the concentration of nickel can rise to low‐millimolar levels. Recent studies show that nickel exposure can repress pyochelin or induce pyoverdine siderophore production in Pseudomonas aueroginosa. Understanding the molecular cross‐talk between siderophore production, metal homeostasis, and metal toxicity in microorganisms is critical for designing bioremediation strategies for metal‐contaminated sites. Here, we show that high‐nickel exposure prolongs lag phase duration as a result of low‐intracellular iron levels in E. coli. Although E. coli cells respond to low‐intracellular iron during nickel stress by maintaining high expression of iron uptake systems such as fepA, the demand for iron is not met due to a lack of siderophores in the extracellular medium during nickel stress. Taken together, these results indicate that nickel inhibits iron accumulation in E. coli by reducing the presence of enterobactin in the extracellular medium.
A new approach to design asymptotically stabilizing control and adaptive control
Authors: Noori Skandari Mohammad Hadi , Nazemi Alireza
Published: July 2018

In this paper, we propose a new approach to design the asymptotically stabilizing control and adaptive control for nonlinear systems. We first propose an infinite‐horizon optimal control (OC) problem according to the nonlinear control system. We prove that its OC can be an asymptotically stabilizing control or adaptive control for the original nonlinear system. Then, we convert the infinite‐horizon OC problem into an equivalent finite‐horizon OC problem. Moreover, we utilize the Legendre pseudospectral method to solve the proposed problem. Finally, several examples are given to illustrate the efficiency of the approach.
A deep insight into the intrinsic healing mechanism in ureido‐pyrimidinone copolymers
Authors: Suriano Raffaella , Brambilla Luigi , Tommasini Matteo , Turri Stefano
Published: July 2018

Self‐repairing polymers are gaining ever‐increasing attention and are becoming very appealing for future sustainable societies because they can enhance the durability of materials. A route to develop intrinsically self‐repairing materials is the design of self‐assembling supramolecular polymers, such as those bearing self‐complementary hydrogen bonding 2‐ureido‐4[1H]‐pyrimidinone (UPy) motifs. A deeper understanding of the self‐assembly dynamics of UPy groups in supramolecular polymers is essential for controlling and exploiting their self‐healing behavior. Here, two model copolymers with different molecular weights, made of butyl acrylate (BA) and a methacrylate comonomer bearing UPy groups, are synthesized. The copolymer molecular weight has an effect on glass transition temperatures, thermo‐mechanical properties, and self‐healing abilities. A lower polymer molecular weight increases chain mobility and decreases the glass transition temperature, thus improving self‐repairing capabilities. Fourier‐transform Infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy analysis performed on UPy‐BA copolymers with a more efficient self‐healing behavior indicates the presence of specific markers for the formation of UPy‐UPy dimers and for the breakage of multiple hydrogen bonds between UPy units. The results first demonstrate the possibility to monitor the supramolecular UPy assembly by vibrational spectroscopy during heat‐triggered healing. This study enables self‐healing properties of UPy‐based copolymers at the macroscopic scale to be directly linked with the formation of UPy‐UPy dimers acting as physical cross‐links at the nanoscale.
Dimensional impact of nanofillers on the micromorphology and rheology of PP/PS composites under continuous elongation flow
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐qiu , Tan Yong‐bin , Chen Rong‐yuan , Zhang Gui‐zhen , Qu Jin‐ping
Published: July 2018

Three kinds of nanoscaled fillers, namely, zero‐dimensional nanosphere titanium dioxide (TiO2), one‐dimensional multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and two‐dimensional nanoplate montmorillonite (MMT), were added to the representative polypropylene (PP)/polystyrene (PS) blends by eccentric rotor extruder based on elongation flow. Confirmed from images of transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, three kinds of nanofillers were uniformly dispersed in the blends under continuous elongation flow and the presence of nanofillers led to a marked decrease of dispersed phase size of PS. The dispersed PS particles were turned into spherical status in matrix with the addition of TiO2 and MWCNTs and showed irregular shapes in the composites with MMT. The PS particle size of PP/PS/MMT was decreased most obviously, dropping from 4.44 to 1.42 μm, which resulted in obvious improvements in storage modulus and complex viscosity of the composites. The results of wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and dynamic mechanical analysis indicated that MMT nanoparticles were highly intercalated in PP/PS blends, which obviously improved compatibility of PP and PS. Our work certified that the two‐dimensional nanoplate MMT are better compatibilizers compared with the zero‐dimensional nanosphere TiO2 and one‐dimensional MWCNTs for PP/PS composites.
Isocyanate crosslinking in two‐component waterborne coatings
Authors: Nabuurs Tijs , Soer Willem‐Jan , Peters Ron
Published: July 2018

Two‐component isocyanate curing films (2C NCO) yield a unique combination of properties, such as excellent mechanical and chemical resistances and very good film formation. For waterborne 2C NCO curing applications, dedicated polyols and polyisocyanates have been developed. Film properties such as drying rate, hardness development and conversion of isocyanate groups were found to depend strongly on the hydroxyl group content of the polyol, and with that the amount of polyisocyanate crosslinker which is added to a formulation. Tack‐free time of a film does not, however, correlate to the conversion of isocyanate groups and, hence, to crosslink density. The crosslink density and chemical resistances increase with hydroxyl group content, although not all chemical resistances increase (coffee resistance) along this trend. This is explained with hydrolysis of isocyanates resulting in more hydrophilic urea links. Due to early vitrification of the curing film, diffusion of crosslinker and, hence, mixing of polyol and crosslinker are impaired. As a result, with increasing hydroxyl group concentration, an increasing part of the crosslinker cannot react with hydroxyl groups and can only undergo hydrolysis. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Prolonged respiratory support of any type impacts outcomes of extremely low birth weight infants
Authors: Zhang Huayan , Dysart Kevin , Kendrick Douglas E. , Li Lei , Das Abhik , Hintz Susan R. , Vohr Betty R. , Stoll Barbara J. , Higgins Rosemary D. , Nelin Leif , Carlton David P. , Walsh Michele C. , Kirpalani Haresh ,   On behalf of the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network
Published: July 2018

Objectives

This study tested the hypothesis that longer duration of any type of respiratory support is associated with an increased rate of death or neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) at 18‐22 months.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study using the Generic Database of NICHD Neonatal Research Network from 2006 to 2010. Infants were born at <27 weeks gestational age with birth weights of 401‐1000 g. Respiratory support received during initial hospitalization from birth was characterized as follows: no support, only invasive support, only non‐invasive support or mixed invasive, and non‐invasive support. The primary outcome was death after 24 h of life or NDI at 18‐22 months corrected age.

Results

In a cohort of 3651 infants, 1494 (40.9%) died or had NDI. Cumulative respiratory support of any type beyond 60 days was associated with the likelihood of death or NDI. Infants who only received invasive support had the highest rate (89.1%), followed by those received mixed support (26.1%). Infants who received only non‐invasive support had the lowest rate (7.7%). When compared to the only non‐invasive support group, both invasive [OR 62.7 (95%CI 25.7, 152.6)] and mixed [OR 6.1 (95%CI 2.6, 14.4)] support groups were significantly more likely to die or have NDI.

Conclusion

Prolonged respiratory support, whether invasive or non‐invasive, is associated with increased odds of a poor outcome. The proportion of infants with a poor outcome increased in a dose dependent manner by two factors: the cumulative duration of respiratory support beyond 60 days, and the extent to which invasive support is provided.
Increased severity of respiratory syncytial virus airway infection due to passive smoke exposure
Authors: Maedel Clemens , Kainz Katharina , Frischer Thomas , Reinweber Matthias , Zacharasiewicz Angela
Published: July 2018

Objective

Aim of this study was to analyze whether children with objectively measured second‐hand cigarette smoke (SHS) exposure suffer from a more severe course of disease when hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

Methods

This prospective study was conducted at the Department of Pediatrics, Wilhelminen‐Hospital, Vienna, Austria in children aged below 1 year without a history of preceding lung disease and with acute symptoms of LRTI and a positive nasopharyngeal swab for RSV. On admission, urinary cotinine was measured as a marker of recent SHS and clinical severity of LRTI was assessed by oxygen saturation SpO2 and the “admission clinical severity score” (CSSA). Parents/caregivers were asked to complete a customized questionnaire assessing risks for SHS and demographic characteristics.

Results

After inclusion of 217 patients, data of 185 patients with a mean (SD) age of 106 days (80) were analyzed. Twenty‐five patients (13.5%) were “cotinine‐positive” (COT+) defined as a urinary cotinine level of ≥7 μg/L. SpO2 on admission was significantly lower in children recently exposed to SHS defined objectively by COT+ (94.8%  ±2.0) in urine on admission compared to children not recently exposed (COT−) (96.8% ±3.0; P < 0.01). Disease severity, assessed via mean clinical severity score on admission (CSSA) for COT+ and COT− was 2.56 and 1.71, respectively (P = 0.03).

Conclusions

Recent exposure to SHS was associated with lower O2 saturation and higher clinical severity score, measured by urine cotinine levels in children hospitalized for RSV infection under 1 year of age.
Mutations in voltage‐gated sodium channels from pyrethroid resistant salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis)
Authors: Carmona‐Antoñanzas Greta , Helgesen Kari O , Humble Joseph L , Tschesche Claudia , Bakke Marit J , Gamble Louise , Bekaert Michaël , Bassett David I , Horsberg Tor E , Bron James E , Sturm Armin
Published: July 2018

BACKGROUND

Parasitic salmon lice (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) cause high economic losses in Atlantic salmon farming. Pyrethroids, which block arthropod voltage‐gated sodium channels (Nav1), are used for salmon delousing. However, pyrethroid resistance is common in L. salmonis. The present study characterized Nav1 homologues in L. salmonis in order to identify channel mutations associated to resistance, called kdr (knockdown) mutations.

RESULTS

Genome scans identified three L. salmonis Nav1 homologues, LsNav1.1, LsNav1.2 and LsNav1.3. Arthropod kdr mutations map to specific Nav1 regions within domains DI‐III, namely segments S5 and S6 and the linker helix connecting S4 and S5. The above channel regions were amplified by RT‐PCR and sequenced in deltamethrin‐susceptible and deltamethrin‐resistant L. salmonis. While LsNav1.1 and LsNav1.2 lacked nucleotide polymorphisms showing association to resistance, LsNav1.3 showed a non‐synonymous mutation in S5 of DII occurring in deltamethrin‐resistant parasites. The mutation is homologous to a previously described kdr mutation (I936V, numbering according to Musca domestica Vssc1) and was present in two pyrethroid‐resistant L. salmonis strains (allele frequencies of 0.800 and 0.357), but absent in two pyrethroid‐susceptible strains.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study indicates that a kdr‐mutation in LsNaV 1.3 may contribute to deltamethrin resistance in L. salmonis. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Osmolytes modulate polyglutamine aggregation in a sequence dependent manner
Authors: Saha Itika , Singh Virender , Burra Gunasekhar , Thakur Ashwani Kumar
Published: July 2018

Osmolytes stabilize protein structure and suppress protein aggregation. The mechanism of how osmolytes impact polyglutamine (polyQ) aggregation implicated in Huntington's disease was studied. By using a reverse‐phase chromatography assay, we show that methylamines‐trimethylamine N‐oxide and betaine are generic in enhancing polyQ aggregation, while a disaccharide trehalose and an amino acid citrulline moderately retard polyQ aggregation in a sequence specific manner. Despite the altered kinetics, the fundamental nucleation mechanism of polyQ aggregation and the nature of end stage aggregates remains unaffected. These results highlight the importance of using osmolytes as modulatory agents of polyQ aggregation.
scCVD Diamond Membrane based Microdosimeter for Hadron Therapy
Authors: Zahradnik Izabella A. , Pomorski Michal T. , De Marzi Ludovic , Tromson Dominique , Barberet Philippe , Skukan Natko , Bergonzo Philippe , Devès Guillaume , Herault Joël , Kada Wataru , Pourcher Thierry , Saada Samuel
Published: July 2018

Hadron therapy is an innovative mode of radiotherapy (RT) for cancer treatment which enables tumor cells to be more effectively destroyed than conventional RT using photons. The precise knowledge of the lineal energy of particles is used in the field of microdosimetry (MKM model) as a fundamental parameter in the prediction of the relative biological efficiency (RBE) of clinical beams. Based on single‐crystal CVD (scCVD) super‐thin diamond membranes obtained using deep Ar/O2 plasma etching, prototypes of solid‐state microdosimeters for lineal energy measurements are produced at the Diamond Sensors Laboratory of CEA‐LIST. The response of a diamond membrane microdosimeter to single projectiles is investigated in ion microbeams. The microdosimeter is irradiated using a raster scanning method and the charge transport properties of the device are determined with sub‐micron precision by measuring the charge collection efficiency (CCE), the μSVs 3D spatial definition and the pulse‐height spectra. A prototype of this novel microdosimeter is then tested in a 100 MeV therapeutic proton beam at the Institute Curie − Proton Therapy Centre in Orsay. All results effectively demonstrate the great potential for this device to be used for studies of the RBE in clinical applications.
The effects of quercetin supplementation on metabolic and hormonal parameters as well as plasma concentration and gene expression of resistin in overweight or obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Khorshidi Masoud , Moini Ashraf , Alipoor Elham , Rezvan Neda , Gorgani‐Firuzjaee Sattar , Yaseri Mehdi , Hosseinzadeh‐Attar Mohammad Javad
Published: July 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of quercetin on metabolic and hormonal parameters as well as plasma concentration and gene expression of resistin in overweight or obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In this randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial, 78 overweight or obese women (25 ≤ BMI ≤ 40 kg/m2, 20–40 years) with PCOS were recruited. Patients were randomized to receive 1,000 mg/day quercetin or placebo for 12 weeks. Resistin plasma concentration and gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, parameters of glucose homeostasis, circulatory testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and sex hormone‐binding globulin, and anthropometries were assessed at baseline and at the end of the study. Following supplementation, quercetin significantly decreased resistin concentration (2.07 ± 0.23 vs. 2.88 ± 0.40 ng/ml, p < 0.001) and mRNA level (0.64 ± 0.58 vs. 1 ± 0.56 fold change, p = 0.008), compared with placebo group. Moreover, testosterone (0.72 ± 0.15 vs. 0.76 ± 0.12 ng/ml, p = 0.001) and LH (8.05 ± 2.88 vs. 8.77 ± 1.99 mIU/ml, p = 0.035) concentrations were significantly lower in quercetin compared with placebo group. Fasting blood glucose (p < 0.001), insulin (p = 0.02), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (p = 0.009) decreased within the quercetin group; however, no significant differences were observed compared with the placebo group (p = 0.074, p = 0.226, p = 0.22, respectively). Quercetin supplementation decreased resistin plasma levels and gene expression, and testosterone and LH concentration in overweight or obese women with PCOS.
Fixed‐time output stabilization and fixed‐time estimation of a chain of integrators
Authors: Lopez‐Ramirez Francisco , Efimov Denis , Polyakov Andrey , Perruquetti Wilfrid
Published: July 2018

A solution to the problem of global fixed‐time output stabilization and estimation of a chain of integrators is proposed. A nonlinear scheme comprising a state feedback controller and a dynamic observer are designed to guarantee both fixed‐time estimation and fixed‐time control. Robustness with respect to exogenous disturbances and measurement noises is established, and a parameter optimization algorithm is provided. The performance of the obtained control and estimation algorithms are illustrated by numeric experiments.
Biotic and abiotic determinants of the ascent behaviour of adult Atlantic salmon transiting passable waterfalls
Authors: Lennox Robert J. , Thorstad Eva B. , Diserud Ola H. , Økland Finn , Cooke Steven J. , Aasestad Ingar , Forseth Torbjørn
Published: July 2018

The spawning migration of Atlantic salmon has been characterized by tracking salmon carrying electronic tags as they ascend rivers, but still little is known about how natural obstacles such as waterfalls influence migratory behaviour and how such behaviours are mediated by various biotic (e.g., fish size) and abiotic (e.g., discharge, water temperature, and barometric pressure) factors. The Norwegian river Numedalslågen is interrupted by natural waterfalls ranging in height from 2 to 6 m. We tagged 113 Atlantic salmon with radio transmitters in the estuary and used stationary radio telemetry stations to track fish. Ninety‐one salmon were recorded in Numedalslågen, 39 of which remained in the river for spawning. Large salmon moved farther and faster upriver but also delayed longer and had lower daily probability to pass the second waterfall. Delay below and passage probability at the final, largest waterfall was affected by water discharge, wherein passage occurred when discharge was declining. Barometric pressure also influenced daily probability of ascent, albeit in opposite directions for each waterfall. Importantly, we also found that salmon with surgically implanted radio transmitters moved farther upriver on average and delayed less time below one of the waterfalls than those with externally attached transmitters. Although there is variance in timing arising from individual decision‐making, we showed that natural waterfalls delay progress of Atlantic salmon on their spawning migration and that both biotic (i.e., size) and abiotic (i.e., barometric pressure and discharge) factors influenced the salmon's decisions to pass waterfalls that they encounter.
Small‐Scale Biological and Artificial Multidimensional Sensors for 3D Sensing
Authors: Agarwal Kriti , Hwang Sehyun , Bartnik Aaron , Buchele Nicholas , Mishra Avishek , Cho Jeong‐Hyun
Published: July 2018

A vast majority of existing sub‐millimeter‐scale sensors have a planar, 2D geometry as a result of conventional top‐down lithographic procedures. However, 2D sensors often suffer from restricted sensing capability, allowing only partial measurements of 3D quantities. Here, nano/microscale sensors with different geometric (1D, 2D, and 3D) configurations are reviewed to introduce their advantages and limitations when sensing changes in quantities in 3D space. This Review categorizes sensors based on their geometric configuration and sensing capabilities. Among the sensors reviewed here, the 3D configuration sensors defined on polyhedral structures are especially advantageous when sensing spatially distributed 3D quantities. The nano‐ and microscale vertex configuration forming polyhedral structures enable full 3D spatial sensing due to orthogonally aligned sensing elements. Particularly, the cubic configuration leveraged in 3D sensors offers an array of diverse applications in the field of biosensing for micro‐organisms and proteins, optical metamaterials for invisibility cloaking, 3D imaging, and low‐power remote sensing of position and angular momentum for use in microbots. Here, various 3D sensors are compared to assess the advantages of their geometry and its impact on sensing mechanisms. 3D biosensors in nature are also explored to provide vital clues for the development of novel 3D sensors.
To What Extent Does Long‐Term Foreign Language Education Help Improve Spoken Second Language Lexical Proficiency?
Authors: Saito Kazuya
Published: July 2018

The current study examined lexical aspects of second language (L2) speech attainment in the foreign language (FL) classroom setting (i.e., several hours of target language input per week). A total of 72 second‐year university students with 7 years of FL study and no experience abroad participated in the study. Their spontaneous speech was analyzed via a set of lexical measures and then compared to that of experienced, naturalistic Japanese L2 learners of English. According to the results, their lexical proficiency was factored into three dimensions—appropriateness (global, semantic, morphosyntactic accuracy), specificity (frequency, range), and abstractness (concreteness, meaningfulness, imageability, hypernymy). Overall, extensive FL education led many participants’ specificity performance to reach proficiency levels comparable to the baseline group. Approximately half of participants achieved such satisfactory proficiency in abstractness. The participants’ lexical appropriateness demonstrated a great deal of individual variability and was linked to the extent to which they had recently practiced the target language.
The Use of Three‐Dimensional Printing Model in the Training of Choledochoscopy Techniques
Authors: Li Ang , Tang Rui , Rong Zhixia , Zeng Jianping , Xiang Canhong , Yu Lihan , Zhao Wenping , Dong Jiahong
Published: July 2018

Aim

To evaluate the application value of a three‐dimensional (3D) printing model in the training of choledochoscopy techniques.

Materials and methods

Imaging data from two patients with biliary dilatation were used to produce two 3D reconstruction models which were subsequently constructed into 3D printing models (No. 1 and No. 2). Four hepatobiliary surgeons evaluated the anatomical accuracy and academic teaching value of the printed models. Twenty resident trainees with no prior experience in any kind of endoscopic techniques were randomly and symmetrically divided into two groups. The training group (A) used the 3D model No. 1 in the learning of biliary tract anatomy and practice techniques of choledochoscopy. The control group (B) got the virtual 3D image of the same model on computer for learning. After 4 weeks, the model No. 2 was used to reassess the trainees’ subjective and objective progress in anatomy familiarity and choledochoscopy manipulations.

Results

All consulted surgeons agreed that the 3D models realistically reproduced the anatomy of the biliary system. All trainees in group A agreed or strongly agreed that the 3D models provided good anatomical realism, enhanced their experience in the training of choledochoscopy techniques, and aided in their learning of biliary anatomy. With the practice went on, they increased the accuracy and showed a reduction in operation time on the model No. 1. During final examination with model No. 2, the rate of correct anatomical structure identification in training group was significantly higher than group B (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The 3D printed biliary tract model is an excellent teaching tool in the training of choledochoscopy techniques. The 3D model is anatomically realistic and can improve the trainee’s anatomical knowledge and endoscopic skills.
SINGLE- AND MULTI-PIECE MANUSCRIPTS IN EARLY IMPERIAL CHINA: ON THE BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE OF A TERMINOLOGICAL DISTINCTION
Authors: Staack Thies
Published: July 2018

Received and excavated sources from early imperial China employ various terms for pieces of bamboo or wood that served as writing support. In many cases, neither the exact meanings nor diachronic differences in usage of these terms are sufficiently clear. What kinds of concrete objects the terms actually referred to in a certain period accordingly turns out to be quite an intricate question. This article focuses on the termsdu牘 anddie牒, which not only occur most frequently in the sources, but can also be considered as a complementary pair. Investigating differences in form and function that can be gathered from the way the terms are employed in both administrative documents and legal prescriptions of the Qin and Han period (including a newly published Qin ordinance) it argues thatduanddiewere connected to two conceptually different types of manuscripts, namely single- and multi-piece manuscripts. It shows that these two types also entailed differences in how the manuscripts were kept for storage and transport, which were likewise reflected by special terminology. Finally, it proposes that the increasing use of multi-piece manuscripts instead of single-piece ones, especially since the time of Emperor Wu of Han 漢武帝 (r. 141–87b.c.e.), probably had both pragmatic and economic reasons, which fit well into the setting of a gradually consolidating empire with an ever-growing volume of bureaucratic record keeping.
On the origin of the circular hydraulic jump in a thin liquid film
Authors: Bhagat Rajesh K. , Jha N. K. , Linden P. F. , Wilson D. Ian
Published: July 2018

This study explores the formation of circular thin-film hydraulic jumps caused by the normal impact of a jet on an infinite planar surface. For more than a century, it has been believed that all hydraulic jumps are created due to gravity. However, we show that these thin-film hydraulic jumps result from energy loss due to surface tension and viscous forces alone. We show that, at the jump, surface tension and viscous forces balance the momentum in the liquid film and gravity plays no significant role. Experiments show no dependence on the orientation of the surface and a scaling relation balancing viscous forces and surface tension collapses the experimental data. A theoretical analysis shows that the downstream transport of surface energy is the previously neglected critical ingredient in these flows, and that capillary waves play the role of gravity waves in a traditional jump in demarcating the transition from the supercritical to subcritical flow associated with these jumps.