bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Being Evangelical is Complicated: How Students’ Identities and Experiences Moderate Their Perceptions of Campus Climate
Authors: Riggers-Piehl Tiffani , Dahl Laura S. , Staples B. Ashley , Selznick Benjamin S. , Mayhew Matthew J. , Rockenbach Alyssa N.
Published: September 2021

Background

Evangelical Christian college students navigate campus buoyed by Christian privilege but may encounter silencing or othering tied to their religious beliefs, a feeling of incompatibility with their campus climate, and conflations of their religious and political beliefs that are inaccurate and discouraging. Unsupportive campus climates can discourage evangelical students from having productive exchanges across difference and deepening their own worldview commitments, which is concerning due to their general lack of interfaith participation that challenges stereotypes and unnuanced assumptions.

Purpose

This study explores how evangelical Christians perceive their campus climates and whether those perceptions are different based on other social identity intersections with gender, race, sexuality, and political affiliation. In addition to individual characteristics, how the campus environment and various curricular and co-curricular experiences moderate evangelical students’ perceptions of the worldview climate is examined.

Methods

A sample of 1235 evangelical college students was examined via means, standard deviations, and ranges for six campus climate measures, one-way ANOVAs to examine whether those measures differed by different identity dimensions, and then multilevel modeling to better understand the role of campus experiences in evangelicals’ perceptions of their campus climate.

Results

Evangelical students’ campus climate perceptions were generally positive; more provocative encounters were reported by women than men and evangelical Asian students indicated more divisiveness, more insensitivity, and less space for support than their peers. Political affiliation also revealed several significant differences in perceived campus climate. Interfaith engagement through pre-college activities, formal and informal activities, and friendships were connected to perceptions of campus climate, with those reporting more engagement being more likely to have productive encounters across difference and to report insensitivity or divisiveness. Religious affiliation was the most significant institutional characteristic.

Conclusions and Implications

This study illuminates how collegiate experiences and campus environments exacerbate or attenuate evangelical Christian students’ perceptions of the campus climate, and the results indicate that effective teaching practices where true interfaith experiences happen and that create inclusive space for evangelical students in the classroom are key to fostering development, especially in light of the social status ambiguity evangelical college students may be experiencing during their college years.
Evaluation and characterisation of metal sorption and retention by drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs) for environmental remediation
Authors: Arab K. A. H. , Thompson D. F. , Oliver I. W.
Published: September 2021

Drinking water treatment residuals (WTRs) are wastes generated when water is clarified using aluminium or iron salts. They are increasingly being considered as a resource with potential reuse value, particularly in relation to soil or water remediation. Adsorption–desorption capacity of Al-based (Al-WTR) and Fe-based (Fe-WTR) materials was investigated here for Pb and Zn, both separately and in combination, as a preliminary trial to assess their utility for immobilising contaminant metals in environmental settings. Maximum adsorption observed at the highest test solution concentrations imposed (400 mg/L) was similar for each WTR type and each metal; Al-WTRs sorbed Zn at 3579 mg/kg and Pb at 4025 mg/kg, while Fe-WTRs sorbed Zn and Pb at 3579 mg/kg and 3980 mg/kg, respectively. Equilibrium adsorption data were tested against Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models, which indicated a substantial reserve capacity for further Pb sorption and that multiple sorption mechanisms were involved. Subsequent desorption tests with 0.001 M CaCl2 solution indicated that > 89.76% of sorbed metal remained sorbed. When in solution together, both metals were strongly sorbed by WTRs, but a slight preference for Pb was observed. The results indicate that WTRs would be very effective immobilising agents if placed in contaminated soil or if used to treat contaminated waters.
On the Maurer-Cartan simplicial set of a complete curved $$A_\infty $$-algebra
Authors: de Kleijn Niek , Wierstra Felix
Published: September 2021

In this paper, we develop the$$A_\infty $$A∞-analog of the Maurer-Cartan simplicial set associated to an$$L_\infty $$L∞-algebra and show how we can use this to study the deformation theory of$$\infty $$∞-morphisms of algebras over non-symmetric operads. More precisely, we first recall and prove some of the main properties of$$A_\infty $$A∞-algebras like the Maurer-Cartan equation and twist. One of our main innovations here is the emphasis on the importance of the shuffle product. Then, we define a functor from the category of complete (curved)$$A_\infty $$A∞-algebras to simplicial sets, which sends a complete curved$$A_\infty $$A∞-algebra to the associated simplicial set of Maurer-Cartan elements. This functor has the property that it gives a Kan complex. In all of this, we do not require any assumptions on the field we are working over. We also show that this functor can be used to study deformation problems over a field of characteristic greater than or equal to 0. As a specific example of such a deformation problem, we study the deformation theory of$$\infty $$∞-morphisms of algebras over non-symmetric operads.
Efficacy and safety of semaglutide in glycemic control, body weight management, lipid profiles and other biomarkers among obese type 2 diabetes patients initiated or switched to semaglutide from other GLP-1 receptor agonists
Authors: Okamoto Aki , Yokokawa Hirohide , Nagamine Tomoko , Fukuda Hiroshi , Hisaoka Teruhiko , Naito Toshio
Published: September 2021

Purpose

Evidence of the efficacy and safety of semaglutide among patients with type 2 diabetes who were initiated on or were switched to semaglutide from other GLP-1 RAs remains limited. The objective of this study was to investigate the short-term effects of switching to semaglutide from other GLP-1 RAs.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study evaluated patients with type 2 diabetes who were initiated on or were switched to semaglutide due to poor diabetes control with other GLP-1 RAs or other medications, or obesity. HbA1c, body weight, serum creatinine, serum uric acid, parameters of lipid metabolism, and parameters of liver function were measured before and 6 months after administration of semaglutide.

Results

A total of 50 patients were registered in the study. After switching to semaglutide (n = 43), HbA1c and body weight significantly decreased (p < 0.01, p < 0.01), respectively. The same findings were observed in semaglutide-naïve patients (p = 0.04, p < 0.02) (n = 7). Serum uric acid, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and urinary albumin-creatinine ratio decreased significantly as well (p = 0.04, p = 0.04, p = 0.02, p = 0.04), whereas serum creatinine did not change significantly (p = 0.51).

Conclusions

Semaglutide showed excellent efficacy, even in patients switched from other GLP-1 RAs. Semaglutide appears to be a promising agent for blood glucose and body weight control in obese type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and could be more potent in treating type 2 diabetes than existing GLP-1 RAs.
Machine learning-driven automatic storage space recommendation for object-based cloud storage system
Authors: Mondal Anindita Sarkar , Mukhopadhyay Anirban , Chattopadhyay Samiran
Published: September 2021

An object-based cloud storage system is a storage platform where big data is managed through the internet and data is considered as an object. A smart storage system should be able to handle the big data variety property by recommending the storage space for each data type automatically. Machine learning can help make a storage system automatic. This article proposes a classification engine framework for this purpose by utilizing a machine learning strategy. A feature selection approach wrapped with a classifier is proposed to automatically predict the proper storage space for the incoming big data. It helps build an automatic storage space recommendation system for an object-based cloud storage platform. To find out a suitable combination of feature selection algorithms and classifiers for the proposed classification engine, a comparative study of different supervised feature selection algorithms (i.e., Fisher score, F-score, Lll21) from three categories (similarity, statistical, sparse learning) associated with various classifiers (i.e., SVM,K-NN, Neural Network) is performed. We illustrate our study using RSoS system as it provides a cloud storage platform for the healthcare data as experimental big data by considering its variety property. The experiments confirm that Lll21 feature selection combined withK-NN classifier provides better performance than the others.
Learnings from the Adult Religious Education and Faith Development (AREFD) project for initial teacher education of religious educators
Authors: Sweetman Bernadette
Published: September 2021

Since October 2018, researchers at the Mater Dei Centre for Catholic Education at Dublin City University have been engaged in the Adult Religious Education and Faith Development (AREFD) project. The overarching aim of the project was to facilitate a re-energising of adult religious education and faith development in Ireland. Working amongst local faith communities with an academic research focus, an area of interest that has emerged is how the insights gained from AREFD project can contribute to initial teacher education, particularly involving students preparing for employment as post-primary religious educators. This paper will outline some of the key themes that emerged from the data gathered in phase two of the AREFD project as it pertains to the initial teacher education (ITE) of religious educators. In phase two, a total of fourteen semi-structured interviews/focus groups were conducted between December 2019 and April 2021, featuring twenty-two people from across the island of Ireland who have a wealth of experience in AREFD across diverse contexts. The purpose of these interviews was to gather together the rich insights from the depth of experience of the interviewees on practicalities and possibilities central to adult religious education. The contexts in which they have worked are all pertinent to both the post-primary Religious Education curriculum in the Republic of Ireland and wider related learning experiences, in Ireland and beyond. Four key findings from this phase of the AREFD project are reported upon in this paper: the specific realm of AREFD as distinct from school-based religious education and catechesis; the need for intentional investment in AREFD; the physicality of religion; collaboration, communication and connection. These findings may contribute to the reflections of and course development by initial teacher education providers as they seek to offer the highest quality opportunities to their students, in the understanding that their students are adults themselves and that education is a lifelong endeavour.
A generalized fuzzy k-nearest neighbor regression model based on Minkowski distance
Authors: Mailagaha Kumbure Mahinda , Luukka Pasi
Published: September 2021

The fuzzy k-nearest neighbor (FKNN) algorithm, one of the most well-known and effective supervised learning techniques, has often been used in data classification problems but rarely in regression settings. This paper introduces a new, more general fuzzy k-nearest neighbor regression model. Generalization is based on the usage of the Minkowski distance instead of the usual Euclidean distance. The Euclidean distance is often not the optimal choice for practical problems, and better results can be obtained by generalizing this. Using the Minkowski distance allows the proposed method to obtain more reasonable nearest neighbors to the target sample. Another key advantage of this method is that the nearest neighbors are weighted by fuzzy weights based on their similarity to the target sample, leading to the most accurate prediction through a weighted average. The performance of the proposed method is tested with eight real-world datasets from different fields and benchmarked to thek-nearest neighbor and three other state-of-the-art regression methods. The Manhattan distance- and Euclidean distance-based FKNNreg methods are also implemented, and the results are compared. The empirical results show that the proposed Minkowski distance-based fuzzy regression (Md-FKNNreg) method outperforms the benchmarks and can be a good algorithm for regression problems. In particular, the Md-FKNNreg model gave the significantly lowest overall average root mean square error (0.0769) of all other regression methods used. As a special case of the Minkowski distance, the Manhattan distance yielded the optimal conditions for Md-FKNNreg and achieved the best performance for most of the datasets.
What’s Wrong with Automated Influence
Authors: Benn Claire , Lazar Seth
Published: September 2021

Automated Influenceis the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to collect, integrate, and analyse people’s data in order to deliver targeted interventions that shape their behaviour. We consider three central objections against Automated Influence, focusing on privacy, exploitation, and manipulation, showing in each case how a structural version of that objection has more purchase than its interactional counterpart. By rejecting the interactional focus of “AI Ethics” in favour of a more structural,politicalphilosophy of AI, we show that the real problem with Automated Influence is the crisis of legitimacy that it precipitates.
Scale-dependent anisotropy, energy transfer and intermittency in bubble-laden turbulent flows
Authors: Ma Tian , Ott Bernhard , Fröhlich Jochen , Bragg Andrew D.
Published: September 2021

Data from direct numerical simulations of disperse bubbly flows in a vertical channel are used to study the effect of the bubbles on the carrier-phase turbulence. We developed a new method, based on an extension of the barycentric map approach, that allows us to quantify and visualize the anisotropy and componentiality of the flow at any scale. Using this we found that the bubbles significantly enhance anisotropy in the flow at all scales compared with the unladen case, and that for some bubble cases, very strong anisotropy persists down to the smallest scales of the flow. The strongest anisotropy observed was for the cases involving small bubbles. Concerning the energy transfer among the scales of the flow, our results indicate that for the bubble-laden cases, the energy transfer is from large to small scales, just as for the unladen case. However, there is evidence of an upscale transfer when considering the transfer of energy associated with particular components of the velocity field. Although the direction of the energy transfer is the same with and without the bubbles, the behaviour of the energy transfer is significantly modified by the bubbles, suggesting that the bubbles play a strong role in altering the activity of the nonlinear term in the flow. The skewness of the velocity increments also reveals a strong effect of the bubbles on the flow, changing both its sign and magnitude compared with the single-phase case. We also consider the normalized forms of the fourth-order structure functions, and the results reveal that the introduction of bubbles into the flow strongly enhances intermittency in the dissipation range, but suppresses it at larger scales. This strong enhancement of the dissipation-scale intermittency has significant implications for understanding how the bubbles might modify the mixing properties of turbulent flows.
Entrainment and growth of vortical disturbances in the channel-entrance region
Authors: Ricco Pierre , Alvarenga Claudia
Published: September 2021

The entrainment of free-stream unsteady three-dimensional vortical disturbances in the entry region of a channel is studied via matched asymptotic expansions and by numerical means. The interest is in flows at Reynolds numbers where experimental studies have documented the occurrence of intense transient growth, despite the flow being stable according to classical stability analysis. The analytical description of the vortical perturbations at the channel mouth reveals how the oncoming disturbances penetrate into the wall-attached shear layers and amplify downstream. The effects of the channel confinement, the streamwise pressure gradient and the viscous/inviscid interplay between the oncoming disturbances and the boundary-layer perturbations are discussed. The composite perturbation velocity profiles are employed as initial conditions for the unsteady boundary-region perturbation equations. At a short distance from the channel mouth, the disturbance flow is mostly confined within the shear layers and assumes the form of streamwise-elongated streaks, while farther downstream the viscous disturbances permeate the whole channel although the base flow is still mostly inviscid in the core. Symmetrical disturbances exhibit a more significant growth than anti-symmetrical disturbances, the latter maintaining a nearly constant amplitude for several channel heights downstream before growing transiently, a unique feature not reported in open boundary layers. The disturbances are more intense as the frequency decreases or the bulk Reynolds number increases. We compute the spanwise wavelengths that cause the most intense downstream growth and the threshold wall-normal wavelengths below which the perturbations are damped through viscous dissipation.
Hydraulic fracture induced by water injection in weak rock
Authors: Gao Yue , Detournay Emmanuel
Published: September 2021

A two-dimensional model of a hydraulic fracture propagating in a weakly consolidated, highly permeable reservoir rock during a waterflooding operation is described in this paper. The model recognizes the essential differences that exist between this class of fractures and conventional hydraulic fracturing treatments of oil and gas wells, namely: (i) the large-scale perturbations of pore pressure and the associated poroelastic effects caused by extended injection time; (ii) the extremely small volume of fluid stored in the fracture compared with the injected volume; and (iii) the leakage of water from both the borehole and the propagating fracture. The model consists of a set of equations encompassing linear elastic fracture mechanics, porous media flow and lubrication theory. Three asymptotic solutions applicable at different time regimes are found theoretically, and numerical results are obtained from the discretized governing equations. The solution reveals that the injection pressure does not evolve monotonically, as it increases with time in the early time radial-flow regime but decreases in the late time fracture-flow regime. Thus, the peak injection pressure does not correspond to a breakdown of the formation, as usually assumed, but rather to a transition between two regimes of porous media flow. However, this problem exhibits an extreme sensitivity of the time scales on a dimensionless injection rate

$\mathcal {I}$

. If

$\mathcal {I} \lessapprox 1$

, the time to reach the peak pressure could become so large that it cannot be observed in field operations, i.e. the fracture remains hydraulically invisible. Finally, it is found that poroelasticity significantly affects the response of the system, by increasing the injection pressure and delaying the time at which the peak pressure takes place.
Anchoring and migration of balloon in REBOA
Authors: Mei C.C. , Li Y.L. , Michele S. , Sammarco P. , McBeth P.B.
Published: September 2021

A mechanical theory is described for a phenomenon in the surgical procedure of resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta (REBOA). In this procedure a balloon is pushed into the aorta by a catheter and then inflated in order to stop haemorrhage. One of the hazards of this procedure is the tendency for the balloon to migrate away from its intended position. This work examines the mechanics of balloon anchoring and migration by analysing the effects of pressure waves, the sheet flow and solid friction in the thin gap between the walls of the aorta and balloon. A viscoelastic model is adopted for the aorta wall for pressure waves between the left ventricle and the balloon. The lubrication approximation is used for blood flow in the thin gap between the walls of the balloon and aorta. Samples of quantitative predictions are discussed on how the inflation pressure and balloon characteristics affect the balloon anchoring and migration. The crucial roles of solid friction and balloon placement are pointed out, which should help in guiding the manufacturing of balloons and their usage in the field.
The 2020 Presidential Election in Belarus: Erosion of Authoritarian Stability and Re-politicization of Society
Authors: Bedford Sofie
Published: September 2021

On August 9, 2020, presidential elections were held in Belarus. Despite blatant electoral fraud and procedural violations, the official results declared Aleksandr Lukashenka reelected for a sixth term. While in the past, even the most obviously fraudulent election results have been followed by an atmosphere of resigned acceptance, this time countless Belarusians took to the streets to contest the results. What made this election different? This analysis of current affairs looks at the 2020 events through the lens of authoritarian consolidation theory, suggesting the unprecedented political mobilization was enabled by erosion in the three pillars of authoritarian stability: repression, cooptation, and legitimation. A majority of the population had been accepting the political status quo out of fear, for social and monetary security provided in exchange for loyalty, or a general understanding that there were no alternatives. Lukashenka did not realize this had largely changed. Nine months later, the foundation of the authoritarian regime is in an even worse shape. The regime’s reliance on repression further counteracts the legitimacy of the system. As a result, it seems it will be difficult for the authorities to re-consolidate authoritarianism, at least in the near future, no matter how the ‘revolution’ unfolds.
EARLY AND MIDDLE BRONZE AGE CHRONOLOGY OF THE CARPATHIAN BASIN REVISITED: QUESTIONS ANSWERED OR PERSISTENT CHALLENGES?
Authors: Staniuk Robert
Published: September 2021

The Early and Middle Bronze Age in the Carpathian Basin is often viewed as a long period of transition from a dispersed form of land occupation to one of increasing aggregation, ultimately resulting in the formation of tell settlements and large cemeteries. This developmental trajectory remains a legacy of early 20th century archaeology, where the similarity of material culture recovered from cemeteries and settlements was used to develop a multi-linear scheme of progression of regional chronologies tied to specific archaeological cultures. While typologically conclusive, the recent increase in the availability of radiocarbon determinations suggests that these sequences representa prioriinterpretation of social development rather than empirically verified observations. In order to do so, it is necessary to re-evaluate the existing dataset in order to determine whether the formation of tells was a chronologically contemporary development and whether the regional chronological sequences are supported by independent dating.
Competing Prose Psalters and Their Elizabethan Readers
Authors: Specland Jeremy
Published: September 2021

Layouts and paratexts of Elizabethan prose psalters advocate two competing reading methods: reading sequentially according to the church calendar or selecting psalms by occasion. Marked psalters and bibles, however, show that Elizabethan readers often disregarded printed prescription, practicing either method, or both, as they chose. To capitalize on reader independence, printers eventually produced texts that encouraged comparative reading across multiple translations, culminating in the two-text psalter of the 1578 Geneva Bible. This episode in the history of devotional reading demonstrates the tendency of Elizabethans to slip the confessional categories into which their own texts, and later historiography, would place them.
Japan Dramas and Shakespeare at St. Omers English Jesuit College
Authors: Keener Andrew S.
Published: September 2021

This essay examines how Catholics at the English Jesuit College at Saint-Omer reflected on Japanese religious politics during the 1620s and 1630s, both through translated mission reports and drama. This analysis expands scholars’ view of English encounters with Japan; it also decenters predominantly Eurocentric approaches to early modern Jesuit education and theater. The essay concludes with a discussion of Shakespeare and George Wilkins's “Pericles,” a quarto playbook of which was possessed by St. Omers and which, through the generic elements of romance it shared with the Japan material, provided further opportunities for the college's Catholics to consider transcontinental religious politics.
Is alcohol a tropical medicine? Scientific understandings of climate, stimulants and bodies in Victorian and Edwardian tropical travel
Authors: Armston-Sheret Edward , Walker Kim
Published: September 2021

This paper offers a new perspective on historical understandings of the relationship between alcohol, climate and the body, by studying the way that British explorers of tropical Africa drank alcohol and wrote about drink between c.1850 and c.1910. We demonstrate that alcohol was simultaneously classified as a medicinal, a preventative and a pleasurable drink, shaped by competing medical theories, but that distinctions between these different roles were highly blurred. We also show how many explorers thought certain drinks helped to protect white bodies from the effects of tropical diseases. While popular amongst travellers, these views came under growing scrutiny in the latter part of the nineteenth century, reflecting both changing scientific views about the relationship between alcohol, climate and the body and the development of a much larger European presence in tropical Africa. However, even those who opposed tropical drinking often supported the use of other stimulants and viewed the tropics as uniquely dangerous. As such, the paper challenges the idea that the late nineteenth century marked a paradigm shift in scientific attitudes towards tropical environments, as much previous scholarship has suggested. At the same time, our examinations of explorers’ descriptions of drinking by African people demonstrates how ideas about racial difference played an important role within medical understandings of alcohol. Overall, this paper examines the heterogeny of attitudes to alcohol to be found within tropical medicine and documents the continuities in approach shown between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
Assessment of phytoplankton group composition in the Golden Horn Estuary (Sea of Marmara, Turkey) determined with pigments measured by HPLC-CHEMTAX analyses and microscopy
Authors: Dursun Fuat , Tas Seyfettin , Ediger Dilek
Published: September 2021

Phtytoplankton group composition determined by microscopy was compared with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) derived from pigment signatures in surface water samples taken bi-weekly and monthly between October 2018 and September 2019 in the Golden Horn Estuary (Sea of Marmara). A total of 80 eukaryotic phytoplankton taxa belonging to eight algal classes were identified in surface water during the study period. Forty-three taxa (54%) were diatoms, 29 taxa (36%) were dinoflagellates and eight taxa (10%) were other phytoflagellates. The average contribution of diatoms to total phytoplankton abundance decreased considerably (41 to 25%), while the average contribution of dinoflagellates and other phytoflagellates increased markedly (59 to 75%) from the lower to the middle estuary. Chlorophyll-a and seven other group-specific pigments, including fucoxanthin, peridinin, chlorophyll-c1 + c2, alloxanthin, 19′-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, 19′-butanoyloxyfucoxanthin and divinyl chlorophyll-a were identified in the study area. The relative contribution of the major phytoplankton groups to chlorophyll-a was estimated on three different initial ratio matrices by CHEMTAX. The results obtained were compared with those from microscopic examination. It was concluded that the CHEMTAX method was not accurate enough to characterize the phytoplankton community in the Golden Horn Estuary ecosystem and microscopic analysis was essential to determine the major contributing species to chlorophyll-a.
ATTENTION TO FORM AND MEANING REVISITED
Authors: Son Myeongeun , Lee Jongbong , Godfroid Aline
Published: September 2021

Motivated by a series of interconnected studies on simultaneous attention to form and meaning, we revisit L2 learners’ real-time processing of text by using eye-tracking as an unobtrusive method to provide concurrent data on attention allocation. Seventy-five L2 Spanish learners were instructed to attend to an assigned form in a reading passage and to press a button when they noticed it. After reading the passage, the learners answered 10 multiple-choice comprehension questions. The participants’ responses to the comprehension questions and their reading behaviors reflected in eye-movement data suggest that attention to grammatical form may hinder L2 learners’ simultaneous attention to form and meaning. However, individual differences in global text processing contributed to the differences in the participants’ text-comprehension scores over and above the task instruction to attend to form: Slower L2 readers who read the passage more carefully showed better text comprehension.
Planning with Incomplete Information in Quantified Answer Set Programming
Authors: FANDINNO JORGE , LAFERRIERE FRANCOIS , ROMERO JAVIER , SCHAUB TORSTEN , SON TRAN CAO
Published: September 2021

We present a general approach to planning with incomplete information in Answer Set Programming (ASP). More precisely, we consider the problems of conformant and conditional planning with sensing actions and assumptions. We represent planning problems using a simple formalism where logic programs describe the transition function between states, the initial states and the goal states. For solving planning problems, we use Quantified Answer Set Programming (QASP), an extension of ASP with existential and universal quantifiers over atoms that is analogous to Quantified Boolean Formulas (QBFs). We define the language of quantified logic programs and use it to represent the solutions different variants of conformant and conditional planning. On the practical side, we present a translation-based QASP solver that converts quantified logic programs into QBFs and then executes a QBF solver, and we evaluate experimentally the approach on conformant and conditional planning benchmarks.
An ASP-based Solution to the Chemotherapy Treatment Scheduling problem
Authors: DODARO CARMINE , GALATÁ GIUSEPPE , GRIONI ANDREA , MARATEA MARCO , MOCHI MARCO , PORRO IVAN
Published: September 2021

The problem of scheduling chemotherapy treatments in oncology clinics is a complex problem, given that the solution has to satisfy (as much as possible) several requirements such as the cyclic nature of chemotherapy treatment plans, maintaining a constant number of patients, and the availability of resources, for example, treatment time, nurses, and drugs. At the same time, realizing a satisfying schedule is of upmost importance for obtaining the best health outcomes. In this paper we first consider a specific instance of the problem which is employed in the San Martino Hospital in Genova, Italy, and present a solution to the problem based on Answer Set Programming (ASP). Then, we enrich the problem and the related ASP encoding considering further features often employed in other hospitals, desirable also in S. Martino, and/or considered in related papers. Results of an experimental analysis, conducted on the real data provided by the San Martino Hospital, show that ASP is an effective solving methodology also for this important scheduling problem.
Cryo-Confocal Imaging for CLEM Mapping in Brain Tissues
Authors: Thomas Connon I. , Urban Nicolai T. , Sun Ye , Colgan Lesley A. , Tu Xun , Yasuda Ryohei , Kamasawa Naomi
Published: September 2021

In correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) workflows, identifying the same sub-cellular features in tissue by both light (LM) and electron microscopy (EM) remains a challenge. Furthermore, use of cryo-fixation for EM is desirable to capture rapid biological phenomena. Here, we describe a workflow that incorporates cryo-confocal laser scanning microscopy into the CLEM process, mapping cells in brain slices to re-image them with serial section scanning electron microscopy (ssSEM) array tomography. The addition of Airyscan detection increased the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), allowing individual spines in thick frozen tissue to be visualized at a sufficient spatial resolution, providing a new tool for a CLEM approach to capture biological dynamics.
Artificial Intelligence-Powered Automated Holotomographic Microscopy Enables Label-Free Quantitative Biology
Authors: Moreno Hugo , Archetti Lorenzo , Gibbin Emma , Grandchamp Alexandre E. , Fréchin Mathieu
Published: September 2021

Holotomographic microscopy (HTM) measures the refractive index (RI) tomograms of living cells and tissues in three dimensions. The ability to observe biological processes at high spatial and temporal resolution opens uncharted territories for cell biologists, however, current HTM devices have a limited throughput. We show here the first automated multi-well plate-compatible HTM device, the CX-A. Thanks to state-of-the-art environment control and a new type of autofocus, the CX-A can record multiple conditions in parallel over large fields of view, while its software EVE supports automated single-cell segmentation and quantification. This opens the door to new applications for HTM, from drug screening to systems biology.
Ultrafast Transmission Electron Microscopy: Techniques and
Applications
Authors: Montgomery Eric , Leonhardt Darrin , Roehling John
Published: September 2021

With the growing applications of temporally resolved electron microscopy for
probing basic phenomena and reducing beam-induced damage, a multifaceted
introduction to the field of ultrafast transmission electron microscopy is
provided. This primer includes techniques and equipment as well as
implementation perspectives. Historical developments and recent technical
advances will provide insight into ultrafast capabilities for research as well
as educate electron microscopists on the general techniques. This technology
review also includes applications enabled by ultrafast techniques using various
sample stimuli from multidisciplinary fields.
Cenozoic Tectono‐Geomorphologic Evolution of the Pamir‐Tian Shan Convergence Zone: Evidence From Detrital Zircon U‐Pb Provenance Analyses
Authors: Jia Yingying , Glotzbach Christoph , Lü Lixing , Ehlers Todd A.
Published: September 2021

The Pamir is the northwestward continuation of the Tibet‐Himalaya orogen and translated ∼50–300 km northward toward the Tian Shan in Mesozoic‐Cenozoic times. Although this region has been studied extensively over the past few decades, our knowledge of the timing of mountain building in the Pamir is incomplete. In this study, we applied provenance analyses of Cretaceous‐Pliocene sediments from the Tierekesazi section in the Pamir‐Tian Shan corridor to reconstruct the Cenozoic evolution of the Pamir‐Tian Shan orogens. Provenance data from new detrital zircon U‐Pb ages and paleocurrent measurements indicate that the main source area of sediments in the studied section shifted from the Tian Shan to the Northern Pamir at ∼41–40 Ma. When combined with published provenance data, eastward decreasing sediment transport distances suggest that the Pamir was characterized by an asymmetric drainage system with larger drainage basins developed in the western Pamir than the eastern Pamir since the late Eocene. This resulted from either eastward decrease in precipitation rate caused by the uplift of the Pamir orocline or relatively low topography of the western Pamir. Furthermore, observed east and south directed paleocurrents and a dominance of Paleozoic detrital zircon U‐Pb ages in the upper Miocene‐Pliocene sediments suggest the SW Tian Shan was uplifted and became the primary provenance of the Tierekesazi section in the late Miocene. Simultaneously, the thrust belt of the Pamir propagated into its northern foreland and the present‐day east flowing drainage system in the eastern Pamir‐Tian Shan convergence zone was established in the late Miocene.
The Influence of Weather Forecast Resolution on the Circulation of Lake George, NY
Authors: Auger Guillaume A. R. , Watson Campbell D. , Kolar Harry R.
Published: September 2021

Global warming is expected to greatly impact the thermal conditions of inland water bodies. Publicly available weather forecasts sufficiently resolve weather patterns above large lakes to satisfactorily force a lake hydrodynamics model, we suspect this is not the case for smaller lakes. We address this issue using weather outputs from a numerical weather prediction model at three different resolutions (3 km, 1 and 0.33 km) to force a hydrodynamics model of Lake George, NY for the month of June 2017. We find that increasing the resolution of the weather model improves the accuracy of the simulation, in part through a significant increase in total heat content of the lake. This warming is linked to an increase in downward heat transfer from the atmosphere in the higher resolution experiment, especially in the northern part of the lake where the lake is less than 2 km wide and the simulated surface winds are stronger. Interrogation of the weather model shows the stronger winds originate from a better representation of the land‐lake interface (and thereby surface roughness length) at higher resolution. At the end of the one month simulation, we find the hypolimnetic volume of Lake George has reduced by 15% in the 0.33 km experiment compared to the 3 km experiment. If this discrepancy were systemic it would have obvious consequences for predicting the ecoysystem function over an extended period of small‐to‐medium sized lakes.
How the Ski Industry Stopped Worrying and Learned to Love Climate Activism
Authors: Duncombe Jenessa
Published: September 2021

A cultural shift is underway to transform outdoor buffs into stalwarts for climate action. Will it come soon enough to save their sport?
Processes in Earth’s Mantle and Surface Connections
Authors: Marquardt Hauke , Ballmer Maxim , Cottaar Sanne , Konter Jasper
Published: September 2021

A new AGU book presents a multidisciplinary perspective on the dynamic processes occurring in Earth's mantle.
Observations of an Electron‐Cold Ion Component Reconnection at the Edge of an Ion‐Scale Antiparallel Reconnection at the Dayside Magnetopause
Authors: Zhao S. Q. , Zhang H. , Liu Terry Z. , Yan Huirong , Xiao C. J. , Liu Mingzhe , Zong Q.‐G. , Wang Xiaogang , Shi Mijie , Teng Shangchun , Wang Huizi , Rankin R. , Pollock C. , Le G.
Published: September 2021

Solar wind parameters play a dominant role in reconnection rate, which controls the solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling efficiency at Earth's magnetopause. Besides, low‐energy ions from the ionosphere, frequently detected on the magnetospheric side of the magnetopause, also affect magnetic reconnection. However, the specific role of low‐energy ions in reconnection is still an open question under active discussion. In the present work, we report in situ observations of a multiscale, multi‐type magnetopause reconnection in the presence of low‐energy ions using NASA's Magnetospheric Multiscale data on September 11, 2015. This study divides ions into cold (10–500 eV) and hot (500–30,000 eV) populations. The observations can be interpreted as a secondary reconnection dominated by electrons and cold ions (mainly in plane) located at the edge of an ion‐scale reconnection (mainly in plane). This analysis demonstrates a dominant role of cold ions in the secondary reconnection without hot ions' response. Cold ions and electrons are accelerated and heated by the secondary process. The case study provides observational evidence for the simultaneous operation of antiparallel and component reconnection. Our results imply that the pre‐accelerated and heated cold ions and electrons in the secondary reconnection may participate in the primary ion‐scale reconnection affecting the solar wind‐magnetopause coupling and the complicated magnetic field topology could affect the reconnection rate.
Periodicities and Colors of Pulsating Auroras: DSLR Camera Observations From the International Space Station
Authors: Nanjo Sota , Hozumi Yuta , Hosokawa Keisuke , Kataoka Ryuho , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Oyama Shin‐ichiro , Ozaki Mitsunori , Shiokawa Kazuo , Kurita Satoshi
Published: September 2021

We investigated the spatial characteristics of pulsating auroras (PsA) using digital camera measurements from the International Space Station. These measurements covered PsAs in 5‐h wide regions in the magnetic local time (MLT) direction in short time intervals (10 min). Analyses of two events suggested that the periodicity of the main pulsation of a PsA does not exhibit any clear dependence on the magnetic latitude (63–) and MLT (00–05). These results suggest that the periods are not controlled by the bounce time of trapped electrons but by local conditions such as gradients of temperature and/or density of electrons near the magnetospheric source region. We also analyzed the colors of PsAs as proxies for the energies of precipitating electrons. The blue and green channels of the digital camera are sensitive to the band emission of molecular nitrogen ions and the green line of oxygen atoms, respectively. Because the energy bands of precipitating electrons producing those two emissions are different, ratios of blue to green (B/G ratios) can be used as proxies for the energies of PsA electrons. The B/G ratio tends to be higher in the morning sector than in the midnight sector, which is consistent with the results of previous studies showing the MLT dependence of the energies of PsA electrons. This capability of estimating the energies of auroral electrons from digital camera images is expected to provide more opportunities for citizen scientists to contribute more deeply to auroral science.
Dancing Sprites Above a Lightning Mapping Array—An Analysis of the Storm and Flash/Sprite Developments
Authors: Tomicic Maja , Soula Serge , Defer Eric , Prieur Serge , Mlynarczyk Janusz , Farges Thomas , Chanrion Olivier , Köhn Christoph , Neubert Torsten
Published: September 2021

One of the most enigmatic types of sprites is the dancing sprite which appears to dance above the storm as sequential luminous emissions a few 100 ms or less apart. Dancing sprites occur in relatively small proportion and many aspects of their generation remain unknown. We present a multi‐instrumental analysis of a 20‐hr duration Mesoscale Convective System (MCS) over the northwestern Mediterranean Sea on September 21, 2019, that produced 21 sprites recorded with a video camera, of which 19 (90) were dancing sprites. The asymmetric trailing stratiform MCS developed in strong convective conditions having a CAPE of 3,500 J . It formed several convective cores (up to 2,900 with cloud top temperature −C) and exhibited a bow echo structure during the sprite production period. Using Lightning Mapping Array data, we show that the sprite producing positive cloud‐to‐ground (SP + CG) flashes mainly initiated at the edge of the convective line on the side of the stratiform region. The flashes propagated 100–200 km across it, producing both positive and negative CG strokes. The 19 dancing sprite events included 49 sequences, of which 46 were associated with distinct SP + CG strokes and 3 with surges during the continuing current. An especially bright and wide sprite sequence was produced by three distinct SP + CG strokes that occurred within 3 ms and spread over 54 km. This sprite sequence could be classified as a new sprite category resembling a "wall" but structured in three groups, each associated with one of the +CG strokes.
Circling in on Convective Self‐Aggregation
Authors: Nissen Silas Boye , Haerter Jan O.
Published: September 2021

In radiative‐convective equilibrium simulations, convective self‐aggregation (CSA) is the spontaneous organization into segregated cloudy and cloud‐free regions. Evidence exists for how CSA is stabilized, but how it arises favorably on large domains is not settled. Using large‐eddy simulations, we link the spatial organization emerging from the interaction of cold pools (CPs) to CSA. We systematically weaken simulated rain evaporation to reduce maximal CP radii, , and find reducing causes CSA to occur earlier. We further identify a typical rain cell generation time and a minimum radius, , around a given rain cell, within which the formation of subsequent rain cells is suppressed. Incorporating and , we propose a toy model that captures how CSA arises earlier on large domains: when two CPs of radii collide, they form a new convective event. These findings imply that interactions between CPs may explain the initial stages of CSA.
Dynamic Observations of the Densification of Polar Firn Under Compression Using a Micro‐Computed Tomograph
Authors: Li Yuan , Baker Ian
Published: September 2021

The present work is the first to undertake systematicin situobservations of the microstructural changes on samples taken at ∼10‐m intervals along the length of a 80‐m firn core, extracted at Summit, Greenland (72°35’ N, 38°25’ W) in June, 2017, under interrupted load and at a strain rate of ∼8 × 10−5s−1at −10°C, using a X‐ray micro‐computed tomograph. Several noteworthy features of the densification were found: the ice particle size increases, while the specific surface area, the total porosity, the pore size, and the structure model index (a measure of convexity/concavity of ice surface) decreases. The results were used to formulate semi‐empirical models (valid in the stress range of ∼0.05–2.15 MPa) that can be used to quantitatively assess the relative contributions of lattice diffusion (LD) and grain boundary diffusion (GBD) to the densification of polar firn. We found that 0.28 and 2.15 MPa are two critical stresses, which represent the start and end of LD as the dominant deformation mechanism to the densification of polar firn under the interrupted increasing loads. This bimodality when LD dominates implies that stress is not the only factor governing the densification of polar firn. On the other hand, GBD dominates the densification of polar firn both for stresses lower than 0.28 MPa and greater than 2.15 MPa. At stresses greater than 2.41 MPa, the firn specimens either fractured or other deformation mechanisms dominated, e.g., grain boundary sliding or power‐law dislocation creep.