bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Hypothesis Regarding the Pathogenesis and Epileptogenesis of Pediatric Cortical Dysplasia and Hemimegalencephaly Based on MRI Cerebral Volumes and NeuN Cortical Cell Densities
Authors: Mathern Gary W. , Andres Marissa , Salamon Noriko , Chandra P. Sarat , Andre Veronique M. , Cepeda Carlos , Levine Michael S. , Leite Joao P. , Neder Luciano , Vinters Harry V.
Published: October 2007

Summary:  This study compared MRI cerebral volumes and Neuronal‐Nuclei (NeuN) cell densities in pediatric epilepsy surgery patients with cortical dysplasia (CD; n = 25) and hemimegalencephaly (HME; n = 14). Our purpose was to deduce possible mechanisms of pathogenesis and epileptogenesis based on an understanding of normal developmental corticoneurogenesis. We used MRI to measured cerebral hemisphere volumes, and NeuN staining to determine grey and white matter cell densities and cell sizes in the molecular layer, grey, and white matter. CD and HME surgical cases were compared with autopsy or non‐CD cases (n = 20). Total MRI brain volumes were similar between non‐CD, CD, and HME cases. However, in HME patients, the affected cerebral hemisphere was larger and the nonaffected side smaller than non‐CD cases. Compared with autopsy cases, NeuN cell densities and cell sizes in CD and HME patients were increased in the molecular layer, upper grey matter, and white matter. In CD and HME cases, total cerebral hemisphere volumes were normal in size and there were more cortical neurons in upper layers than expected. The increase in cortical neuronal densities is consistent with the hypothesis that CD and HME pathogenesis involves increased neurogenesis in the late (not early) phases of cortical formation. In addition, more neurons in the molecular layer and white matter supports the concept that CD and HME pathogenesis also involves incomplete programmed cell death in the remnant cells occupying the preplate and subplate regions. Based on our anatomical and previous electrophysiological findings, we propose that in CD and HME seizure generation is the consequence of incomplete cerebral development with abnormal interactions between immature and mature cells and cellular networks.
The Amygdala Regulates the Antianxiety Sensitization Effect of Flumazenil During Repeated Chronic Ethanol or Repeated Stress
Authors: Knapp Darin J. , Overstreet David H. , Angel Robert A. , Navarro Montserrat , Breese George R.
Published: October 2007

Background: The benzodiazepine receptor antagonist flumazenil reduces anxiety‐like behavior and sensitization of anxiety‐like behavior in various models of ethanol withdrawal in rodents. The mechanism and brain region(s) that account for this action of flumazenil remain unknown. This investigation explored the potential role of several brain regions (amygdala, raphe, inferior colliculus, nucleus accumbens, and paraventricular hypothalamus) for these actions of flumazenil.

Methods: Rats were surgically implanted with guide cannulae directed over the brain region of interest and then treated with an ethanol diet for three 7‐day dietary cycles (5 days on ethanol diet followed by 2 days on control diet). At approximately 4 hours, flumazenil was administered intracranially into each of the first 2 withdrawals. Examinations of anxiety‐like behavior followed 1 week later during a third withdrawal. In other animals, restraint stress sessions or intra‐amygdala DMCM (methyl‐6,7‐dimethoxy‐4‐ethyl‐β‐carboline‐3‐carboxylate) injections, preceded by intraperitoneal flumazenil injections, were substituted for the first 2 ethanol treatment cycles to assess the potential anxiety‐sensitizing action of stress or a benzodiazepine receptor inverse agonist, respectively.

Results: Flumazenil treatment of the amygdala during the first 2 withdrawals blocked the development of sensitized anxiety seen during a third withdrawal. Similar actions of flumazenil were found when stress sessions substituted for the first 2 cycles of ethanol exposure and withdrawal. Amygdala treatment with DMCM magnified the anxiety response to the single subthreshold chronic ethanol treatment, and prophylactic flumazenil blocked this effect.

Conclusions: Intra‐amygdala flumazenil inhibits the development of anxiety sensitized by repeated ethanol withdrawal, stress/ethanol withdrawal, or DMCM/ethanol withdrawal. These actions suggest that site‐specific and persistent effects of flumazenil on γ‐aminobutyric acid‐modulatory processes in this brain region are relevant to sensitized behavioral effects seen in alcoholism.
Introduction to the Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders‐3 Quality Indicator Measurement Set
Authors: Wenger Neil S. , Roth Carol P. , Shekelle Paul ,   the ACOVE Investigators
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVES: To update and increase the comprehensiveness of the Assessing Care of Vulnerable Elders (ACOVE) set of process‐of‐care quality indicators (QIs) for the medical care provided to vulnerable elders and to keep up with the constantly changing medical literature, the QIs were revised and expanded.

DESIGN: The ACOVE Clinical Committee expanded the number of measured conditions to 26 in the revised (ACOVE‐3) set. For each condition, a content expert created potential QIs and, based on systematic reviews, developed a peer‐reviewed monograph detailing each QI and its supporting evidence. Using these literature reviews, multidisciplinary panels of clinical experts participated in two rounds of anonymous ratings and a face‐to‐face group discussion to evaluate whether the QIs were valid measures of quality of care using a process that is an explicit combination of scientific evidence and professional consensus. The Clinical Committee evaluated the coherence of the complete set of QIs that the expert panels rated as valid.

RESULTS: ACOVE‐3 contains 392 QIs covering 14 different types of care processes (e.g., taking a medical history, performing a physical examination) and all four domains of care: screening and prevention (31% of QIs), diagnosis (20%), treatment (35%), and follow‐up and continuity (14%). All QIs also apply to community‐dwelling patients aged 75 and older.

CONCLUSION: ACOVE‐3 contains a set of QIs to comprehensively measure the care provided to vulnerable older persons at the level of the health system, health plan, or medical group. These QIs can be applied to identify areas of care in need of improvement and can form the basis of interventions to improve care.
Depressive Symptoms, Inflammation, and Ischemic Stroke in Older Adults: A Prospective Analysis in the Cardiovascular Health Study
Authors: Arbelaez Jose J. , Ariyo Abraham A. , Crum Rosa M. , Fried Linda P. , Ford Daniel E.
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the mediator role of inflammation in any relationship between depressive symptoms and ischemic stroke.

DESIGN: Longitudinal prospective study.

SETTING: Review of medical records, death certificates, and the Medicare healthcare utilization database for hospitalizations.

PARTICIPANTS: Total of 5,525 elderly men and women aged 65 and older who were prospectively followed from 1989 to 2000 as participants in the Cardiovascular Health Study.

MEASUREMENTS: Depression symptom scores, inflammatory markers.

RESULTS: Greater depressive symptoms were associated with risk of ischemic stroke (unadjusted hazard ratio (HR)=1.32, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.09–1.59; HR=1.26, 95% CI=1.03–1.54, adjusted for traditional risk factors). When a term for inflammation (C‐reactive protein (CRP)) was introduced in the model, the HRs were not appreciably altered (unadjusted HR=1.31, 95% CI=1.08–1.58; adjusted HR=1.25, 95% CI=1.02–1.53), indicating that CRP at baseline was not a mediator in this relationship. In analyses stratified according to CRP levels, a J‐shaped relationship between depressive symptoms and stroke was evident in the unadjusted analyses; in the fully adjusted model, only CRP in the highest tertile was associated with a higher risk for stroke in the presence of higher depressive symptoms scores.

CONCLUSION: The analyses from this prospective study provide evidence of a positive association between depressive symptoms and risk of incident stroke. Inflammation, as measured according to CRP at baseline, did not appear to mediate the relationship between depressive symptoms and stroke.
Improvement in Usual Gait Speed Predicts Better Survival in Older Adults
Authors: Hardy Susan E. , Perera Subashan , Roumani Yazan F. , Chandler Julie M. , Studenski Stephanie A.
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVES: To estimate the relationship between 1‐year improvement in measures of health and physical function and 8‐year survival.

DESIGN: Prospective cohort study.

SETTING: Medicare health maintenance organization and Veterans Affairs primary care programs.

PARTICIPANTS: Persons aged 65 and older (N=439).

MEASUREMENTS: Six measures of health and function assessed at baseline and quarterly over 1 year. Participants were classified as improved at 1 year, transiently improved, or never improved for each measure using a priori definitions of meaningful change: gait speed (usual walking pace over 4 m), 0.1 m/s; Short Physical Performance Battery, 1 point; Medical Outcomes Study 36‐item Short Form Health Survey physical function, 10 points; EuroQol, 0.1 point; National Health Interview activity of daily living scale, 2 points; and global health change, two levels or reaching the ceiling. Mortality was ascertained from the National Death Index. Covariates included demographics, comorbidity, cognitive function, and hospitalization.

RESULTS: Of the six measures, only improved gait speed was associated with survival. Mortality after 8 years was 31.6%, 41.2%, and 49.3% for those with improved, transiently improved, and never improved gait speed, respectively. The survival benefit for improvement at 1 year persisted after adjustment for covariates (hazard ratio=0.42, 95% confidence interval=0.29–0.61, P<.001) and was consistent across subgroups based on age, sex, ethnicity, initial gait speed, healthcare system, and hospitalization.

CONCLUSION: Improvement in usual gait speed predicts a substantial reduction in mortality. Because gait speed is easily measured, clinically interpretable, and potentially modifiable, it may be a useful “vital sign” for older adults. Further research is needed to determine whether interventions to improve gait speed affect survival.
Has Mortality After a Hip Fracture Increased?
Authors: Vestergaard Peter , Rejnmark Lars , Mosekilde Leif
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVES: To study changes in mortality and causes of death in patients suffering a hip fracture between 1981 and 2001.

DESIGN: Historic, register‐based cohort study.

SETTING: Nationwide cohort study in Denmark.

PARTICIPANTS: All 163,313 patients suffering a hip fracture between 1981 and 2001 in Denmark and 505,960 age‐ and sex‐matched controls.

INTERVENTIONS: Osteosynthesis, arthroplasty, or other management for the hip fracture.

MEASUREMENTS: Mortality and cause of death at 30 days and 1 year.

RESULTS: The mean age of the patients with hip fracture increased (from 75.8 in 1981 to 78.1 in 2001, P<.01), and the proportion of men with hip fracture also increased (from 25.5% to 29.8%, P<.01). A statistically significant decrease was observed in crude 1‐year survival. Mortality increased in subjects with a hip fracture from 1981/85 to 1986/2001, whereas it decreased among controls. There was significantly greater mortality in patients undergoing arthroplasty (relative risk=1.05, 95% confidence interval=1.03–1.07) than in those undergoing osteosynthesis. Causes of death related to the trauma that caused the fracture explained most of the deaths (68–76%) within the first 30 days after the fracture.

CONCLUSION: Significant demographic changes took place, with older people and more men experiencing hip fracture. After adjustment for age, sex, and comorbidity, survival was poorer in patients suffering a hip fracture than in controls. This calls for measures to improve survival.
International Institutions and Compliance with Agreements
Authors: McLaughlin Mitchell Sara , Hensel Paul R.
Published: October 2007

The ultimate litmus test of compliance theories occurs in situations where states' interests are directly opposed, such as competing interstate claims over territory, maritime areas, and cross‐border rivers. This article considers the extent to which the involvement of international institutions in the settlement of contentious issues between states bolsters compliance with agreements that are struck. Institutions may influence the prospects for compliance actively and passively. Active institutional involvement in the conflict management process increases the chances for compliance with agreements, particularly for binding institutional activities, relative to the active involvement of noninstitutional third parties. More passively, joint membership in peace‐promoting institutions enhances the likelihood that states will comply with peaceful agreements to resolve contentious issues. Empirical analyses demonstrate the relevance of international institutions for resolving contentious interstate issues both actively and passively, although the results suggest that institutions are more effective conflict managers when they choose binding settlement techniques.
Regulatory Competition and Environmental Enforcement: Is There a Race to the Bottom?
Authors: Konisky David M.
Published: October 2007

This article examines several of the key hypotheses suggested by the race to the bottom theory in environmental regulation. The research studies annual state‐level enforcement of federal air, water, and hazardous waste pollution control regulation, covering the period from 1985 to 2000. Specifically, the study estimates a series of strategic interaction models to examine whether a state's environmental regulatory behavior is influenced by the regulatory behavior of the states with which it competes for economic investment. While there is clear evidence of strategic interaction in state environmental regulatory behavior, states do not respond in the asymmetric manner suggested by the race to the bottom theory.
Slackers and Zealots: Civil Service, Policy Discretion, and Bureaucratic Expertise
Authors: Gailmard Sean , Patty John W.
Published: October 2007

We investigate how aspects of “civil service” systems of personnel management interact with bureaucratic discretion to create expert bureaucracies populated by policy‐motivated agents. We construct a dynamic model in which bureaucrats may invest in (relationship‐specific) policy expertise and may or may not be interested in policy choices per se. The legislature makes sequentially rational grants of discretion, which serve as incentives for expertise investment and continued service only for policy‐motivated bureaucrats. Bureaucratic policy preferences and the legislature's agency problem vis‐à‐vis bureaucracies develop endogenously in the model. Bureaucratic expertise can be supported in equilibrium only at a cost of its politicization; “neutral competence” is inconsistent with strategic incentives of bureaucrats. We identify several conditions that support the development of an expert bureaucracy in equilibrium, including security of job tenure and control over policy issues for policy‐motivated bureaucrats.
Estimating the Effect of Elite Communications on Public Opinion Using Instrumental Variables
Authors: Gabel Matthew , Scheve Kenneth
Published: October 2007

A central question in the study of democratic polities is the extent to which elite opinion about policy shapes public opinion. Estimating the impact of elites on mass opinion is difficult because of endogeneity, omitted variables, and measurement error. This article proposes an identification strategy for estimating the causal effect of elite messages on public support for European integration employing changes in political institutions as instrumental variables. We find that more negative elite messages about European integration do indeed decrease public support for Europe. Our analysis suggests that OLS estimates are biased, underestimating the magnitude of the effect of elite messages by 50%. We also find no evidence that this effect varies for more politically aware individuals, and our estimates are inconsistent with a mainstreaming effect in which political awareness increases support for Europe in those settings in which elites have a favorable consensus on the benefits of integration.
Science as Goad and Guide for Theology
Authors: Murphy George L.
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  The influence of science (including science‐based technology) on theology is discussed here within the framework of two assumptions. First, the basic purpose of theology is to serve the mission of the church. In today's world this means that theology must take science seriously in the ways in which it equips the church to do its work. Second, the theology which is most adequate for this purpose is a version of the theology of the cross which emphasizes the concept of divine kenosis. Within this framework, science can be seen as a goad to theology in several areas. Concerns about the environment encourage an ecological emphasis in theology. The interpretation of biblical creation texts is influenced by our knowledge of cosmic and biological history. Awareness of the scientific limitations of some biblical texts encourages us to consider the kenotic character of the inspiration of scripture. Evolution through natural selection seems to demand the kind of divine participation in the sufferings of the world to which a theology of the cross points, and human evolution in particular has implications for theological anthropology. Finally, the ability of science to explain phenomena in the world without reference to God needs to be taken into account when we speak of God's action in the world. These and other topics should be given adequate attention in Christian education at all levels and in preaching, pastoral care and public advocacy by the church.
From “Religion and Science” to “Kalam and Science”
Authors: Koshul Basit Bilal
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  While there is very little material in the Muslim world dealing directly with the topic of “theology and science”, one can still discuss the topic fruitfully. Beginning with the vibrant discussion in the area of “religion and science” one can infer what types of relationship are possible between “kalam and science”. Most of the inferred positions do not see any positive relationship between kalam and science; and one of them would see such a relationship to be actually detrimental to kalam. In the work of Muhammad Iqbal, we have an example of a Muslim thinker who envisions the possibility of a mutually enriching exchange between kalam and modern science. Drawing upon the resources in the Qur'an and work done by Gerald Holton in the history of science, this article demonstrates that Iqbal's vision is scripturally and historically grounded.
Theology's Need for a New Interpretation of Nature: Correlate of the Doctrine of Grace
Authors: Trost Lou Ann
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  Important aspects of contemporary life—from increasing dependence on technology to climate change, from changing views of human nature to global interactions among varied cultures and religions—demand that theologians consider the best understandings of the world that the sciences can offer. To help support a fully relational trinitarian concept of God, namely, one that offers a richer interpretation of God's relationship with the world, theology needs truth about the world, humans, and our place in relation to the rest of nature. Lutheran theological foci have a built‐in thirst that only dialogue with science can quench. Too narrow an approach to anthropology and justification by faith focuses on God's activity on behalf of humans as if apart from nature. We need a more comprehensive vision of God's activity in creation, redemption and sanctification by grace. To explicate this, we turn to Luther's emphasis on God's incarnation in human flesh and blood—thus also in the cells, molecules, and subatomic activity of the world; the communication of attributes; and the indwelling Christ. For a deeper understanding of God as triune and of redemption, we need a renewed emphasis on the connection between creation, incarnation and redemption, and between nature and grace. An increased knowledge of science contributes to a healthier approach to the church's mission by giving a theological basis for ethical action in relation to the (natural) world.
Word of God or Dialog with Science? Overcoming a False Dilemma Through Missional Encounter
Authors: Padgett Alan G.
Published: October 2007

Abstract:  Why would a theology grounded in God's word engage with the sciences? After laying out two alternative approaches to revelation—constructive theology (general revelation) and Logos theology (special revelation)—I advocate an evangel theology grounded in mission, worship and the gospel of Jesus Christ. This approach engages both culture (including science and technology) and God's word from a critical missional basis. An evangel theology engages the sciences through apologetics, cultural critique, hermeneutics, and the cooperative task of developing a Christian worldview.
Electrophysiologic and Anatomic Characterization of Sites Resistant to Electrical Isolation During Circumferential Pulmonary Vein Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation: A Prospective Study
Authors: KISTLER PETER M. , HO SIEW YEN , RAJAPPAN KIM , MORPER MICHAEL , HARRIS STUART , ABRAMS DOMINIC , SPORTON SIMON C. , SCHILLING RICHARD J.
Published: October 2007

Background: Catheter ablation (CA) by wide encirclement of pulmonary veins (WEPV) restores sinus rhythm in up to 95%. Complex PV–left atrial (LA) connections make achieving electrical isolation (EI) challenging. We examined anatomical and technical features associated with resistance to EI during WEPV in a prospective study.

Methods: One hundred one consecutive patients with symptomatic AF underwent first‐time CA guided by electroanatomic mapping and CT integration (Cartomerge™). Following double‐transseptal access, WEPV was performed. After completion of PV encirclement, the line was mapped and where no signal could be obtained, CA was performed inside the WE line at the site of earliest PV breakthrough on the circular mapping catheter. Sites of EI were tagged. Anatomic studies of corresponding regions of the venoatrial junction in 24 adult hearts were performed.

Results: Sites resistant to EI were located at the inferior quadrant (P < 0.001) for the RSPV, superior quadrant (P < 0.001) for the RIPV, and the inferior and anterior quadrants (P < 0.001) for the LSPV. EI was significantly less frequent at the posterior quadrant (P < 0.001) for the LIPV. To achieve EI, CA was necessary inside the WE on the intervenous ridge on the right in 51% and on the left in 41%. The LPV/LAA ridge was investigated by anatomic studies that demonstrated considerable variation in the narrowest width (3–23.7 mm) and transmural thickness (1–5 mm).

Conclusion: Sites of EI after WEPV have a preferential distribution determined by anatomic features. CA on the intervenous ridge is required in a significant proportion of patients to achieve EI. Atrial folds and ridges increase myocardial thickness creating technical and anatomic challenges for achieving transmural lesions.
Azimilide for the Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation, Atrial Flutter, and Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia: Results of a Randomized Trial and Insights on the Concordance of Symptoms and Recurrent Arrhythmias
Authors: PAGE RICHARD L. , PRITCHETT EDWARD L.C. , CONNOLLY STUART , WILKINSON WILLIAM E. ,   For the SVA‐4 Investigators
Published: October 2007

Introduction: Azimilide hydrochloride is an investigational antiarrhythmic medication that had shown evidence of efficacy in prolonging the time to recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF) or atrial flutter (AFL) and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT). This study was designed to confirm efficacy of 125 mg daily azimilide.

Methods and Results: The primary endpoint was ECG‐documented recurrence of AF, AFL, or PSVT, followed for a maximum of 180 days. Four hundred eighty‐two patients were enrolled in the United States and Canada (422 with AF or AFL and 60 with PSVT). The primary efficacy analysis included 402 patients with AF‐AFL and 56 patients with PSVT. There was no significant difference in the time to first recurrence of symptomatic supraventricular arrhythmia in the AF‐AFL stratum (median of 38 days for azimilide versus 27 days for placebo; hazard ratio [HR] of 1.14, P = 0.29). Similarly, there was no difference in time to recurrence in the PSVT stratum (>180 days for azimilide versus 135 days for placebo; HR = 1.28, P = 0.55). There were three deaths in the azimilide group and one in the placebo group. Four patients had nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (one torsades de pointes), all in the azimilide group. Asymptomatic recurrence was frequent in the AF‐AFL group (8% with azimilide and 11% with placebo), but was absent in the PSVT group. False recurrence was common in both groups.

Conclusion: Azimilide 125 mg daily was not associated with significant prolongation of the time to recurrent symptomatic supraventricular arrhythmias. There was substantial discordance between symptoms and recurrence.
Role Ambiguity and Intra‐Team Communication in Interdependent Sport Teams
Authors: Cunningham Ian J. , Eys Mark A.
Published: October 2007

This study explored relationships between perceptions of intra‐team communication and role ambiguity within an interdependent team sport environment. Participants were 116 intercollegiate‐level team sport athletes (Mage = 20.6 years). For males, the intra‐team communication dimension of acceptance was found to predict the majority of role ambiguity dimensions for both performance contexts of offense and defense (.09 ≤ R2adj. ≤ .16). However, limited support for this relationship was found for females, as acceptance communication predicted only one role ambiguity dimension (evaluation of role performance on defense). These findings have implications for applied practice in terms of reducing group members’ perceptions of role ambiguity in interdependent team sport.
Directed Thinking and Readiness to Change Self‐Beneficial Behaviors: Are You Ready for Some Studying?
Authors: Labansat Heather A. , Ten Eyck Laura L. , Gresky Dana M. , Dansereau Donald F. , Lord Charles G.
Published: October 2007

Previous research has suggested that intentions to engage in studying and other self‐beneficial activities might be promoted more by thinking about actions one could take than by thinking about reasons for doing so. The present experiments assessed whether the relative efficacy of actions vs. reasons might depend on individuals' readiness to change. Consistent with previous findings on the processes of change most relevant in different stages, the benefits of self‐generated actions were more pronounced for participants who were in the later stages of change. This “matching‐to‐stage” relationship occurred in 2 experiments that differed in stage measurement, how thinking was directed, and which outcomes were measured. The results have both practical and theoretical implications for attempts to change self‐beneficial behaviors.
Prime, Frame, and Source Factors: Semantic Valence in Message Judgment
Authors: Siu Wanda Luen‐Wun
Published: October 2007

Healthcare communication is an area that offers great benefits in the promotion of preventive health behavior. Given that physical activity can significantly reduce risk factors that are associated with major chronic diseases, it is paramount to examine the promotion of physical activity through appropriate message designs. This study employs priming theory, the framing postulate of prospect theory, and the source factor to examine effective message design in the promotion of exercise. Overall, it shows that semantic consistencies between prime and frame, as well as frame and source, are more conducive to message persuasion. Hence, the contention of framing by the type of health behavior (Rothman & Salovey, 1997) is moderated by prime and source factors.
A case of nodular sclerosis Hodgkin’s lymphoma repeatedly relapsing in the context of composite plasma cell‐hyaline vascular Castleman’s disease: successful response to rituximab and radiotherapy
Authors: Falchi Lorenzo , Capello Daniela , Palumbo Barbara , Rauco Annamaria , Emili Rita , Cianciulli Michele , Pace Roberta , Capparella Vincenzo , Liberati Fabrizio , Liberati Anna Marina
Published: October 2007

We report the case of an Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV)‐ and human immunodeficiency virus‐serum negative patient suffering from repeatedly relapsing classical Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (cHL) associated with a histological picture of plasma cell‐hyaline vascular (PC‐HV) form of Castleman’s disease (CD). The CD30‐ and CD15‐ positive, Reed‐Sternberg/Hodgkin cells, only occasionally expressed the CD20 molecule, but not leukocyte common antigen and latent membrane protein‐1. Single‐strand polymerase chain reaction failed to detect human herpesvirus 8 or EBV in the involved tissues. At the time of second relapse in July 2005, the clinical picture was characterized by a palpable right hypogastric mass, disclosed at physical exam, in the absence of other enlarged peripheral lymph nodes, subjective symptoms or laboratory profile alterations. Combined hybrid‐(18)F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission‐computerized tomography (18F‐FDG PET/CT) showed increased radionuclide uptake in multiple external iliac lymph nodes [standardized uptake value (SUV) of 7.4] and non‐palpable left supraclavicular lymph nodes (SUV of 5.8). Relapsing cHL in the context of mixed PC‐HV CD was documented in two of three surgically excised abdominal lymph nodes never previously enlarged or involved by any lymphoproliferative disease. Because of the limited disease extension and failure to induce continuous remission with previous conventional chemoradiotherapy, the patient was treated with six rituximab injections. This immunotherapy induced significant reduction in size of supraclavicular lymph nodes as evident at ultrasound (US) scan (<1 vs. 2.5 cm, post‐ vs. pretherapy), which was confirmed by the 18F‐FDG PET/CT in October 2005, despite no modification in SUV of 4.2. 18F‐FDG PET/CT also disclosed no radionuclide uptake by abdominal lymph nodes. Thus, a second course of four additional rituximab injections was given and subsequent 18F‐FDG PET/CT indicated persistent, but reduced incorporation of radionuclide compared to the pretherapy value (SUV of 2.7) in the supraclavicular area and confirmed a normal metabolic activity in the iliac external lymph nodes. Because of uncertain persistent disease in the supraclavicular nodal site, involved‐field radiotherapy (RT) was delivered in that area as consolidation treatment. After completion of rituximab and RT for 16 and 14 months respectively, US and 18F‐FDG PET/CT exams were indicative of complete remission. This case is in concordance with previously published data suggesting that rituximab immunotherapy might be a valid option in the treatment of CD and also have a role in the management of relapsing cHL.
Low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound accelerates periodontal wound healing after flap surgery
Authors: Ikai H. , Tamura T. , Watanabe T. , Itou M. , Sugaya A. , Iwabuchi S. , Mikuni‐Takagaki Y. , Deguchi S.
Published: October 2007

Background and Objective:  A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound on wound healing in periodontal tissues after mucoperiosteal flap surgery.

Material and Methods:  Bony defects were surgically produced bilaterally at the mesial roots of the mandibular fourth premolars in four beagle dogs. The flaps were repositioned to cover the defects and sutured after scaling and planing of the root surface to remove cementum. The affected area in the experimental group was exposed to low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound, daily for 20 min, for a period of 4 wk from postoperative day 1 using a probe, 13 mm in diameter. On the control side, no ultrasound was emitted from the probe placed contralaterally. After the experiment, tissue samples were dissected out and fixed in 10% formalin for histological and immunohistochemical analyses.

Results:  The experimental group showed that the processes in regeneration of both cementum and mandibular bone were accelerated by low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound compared with the control group. In addition, the expression level of heat shock protein 70 was higher in the gingival epithelial cells of the low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound‐treated tooth.

Conclusion:  Our results suggest that osteoblasts, as well as cells in periodontal ligament and gingival epithelium, respond to mechanical stress loaded by low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound, and that ultrasound accelerates periodontal wound healing and bone repair.
Amygdala protein kinase C epsilon regulates corticotropin‐releasing factor and anxiety‐like behavior
Authors: Lesscher H. M. B. , McMahon T. , Lasek A. W. , Chou W.‐H. , Connolly J. , Kharazia V. , Messing R. O.
Published: October 2007

Corticotropin‐releasing factor (CRF), its receptors, and signaling pathways that regulate CRF expression and responses are areas of intense investigation for new drugs to treat affective disorders. Here, we report that protein kinase C epsilon (PKCɛ) null mutant mice, which show reduced anxiety‐like behavior, have reduced levels of CRF messenger RNA and peptide in the amygdala. In primary amygdala neurons, a selective PKCɛ activator, ψɛRACK, increased levels of pro‐CRF, whereas reducing PKCɛ levels through RNA interference blocked phorbol ester‐stimulated increases in CRF. Local knockdown of amygdala PKCɛ by RNA interference reduced anxiety‐like behavior in wild‐type mice. Furthermore, local infusion of CRF into the amygdala of PKCɛ−/− mice increased their anxiety‐like behavior. These results are consistent with a novel mechanism of PKCɛ control over anxiety‐like behavior through regulation of CRF in the amygdala.
Abnormal social behaviors in mice lacking Fgf17
Authors: Scearce‐Levie K. , Roberson E. D. , Gerstein H. , Cholfin J. A. , Mandiyan V. S. , Shah N. M. , Rubenstein J. L. R. , Mucke L.
Published: October 2007

The fibroblast growth factor family of secreted signaling molecules is essential for patterning in the central nervous system. Fibroblast growth factor 17 (Fgf17) has been shown to contribute to regionalization of the rodent frontal cortex. To determine how Fgf17 signaling modulates behavior, both during development and in adulthood, we studied mice lacking one or two copies of the Fgf17 gene. Fgf17‐deficient mice showed no abnormalities in overall physical growth, activity level, exploration, anxiety‐like behaviors, motor co‐ordination, motor learning, acoustic startle, prepulse inhibition, feeding, fear conditioning, aggression and olfactory exploration. However, they displayed striking deficits in several behaviors involving specific social interactions. Fgf17‐deficient pups vocalized less than wild‐type controls when separated from their mother and siblings. Elimination of Fgf17 also decreased the interaction of adult males with a novel ovariectomized female in a social recognition test and reduced the amount of time opposite‐sex pairs spent engaged in prolonged, affiliative interactions during exploration of a novel environment. After social exploration of a novel environment, Fgf17‐deficient mice showed less activation of the immediate‐early gene Fos in the frontal cortex than wild‐type controls. Our findings show that Fgf17 is required for several complex social behaviors and suggest that disturbances in Fgf17 signaling may contribute to neuropsychiatric diseases that affect such behaviors.
Dermoscopic features of actinic keratosis
Authors: Peris Ketty , Micantonio Tamara , Piccolo Domenico , Concetta Maria
Published: October 2007

Actinic keratosis (AK) is a keratinocytic neoplasm that typically develops on sun‐damaged skin of elderly individuals. Only a few reports so far have described the dermoscopic diagnostic features of AK, mainly focusing on facial non‐pigmented AKs. A typical feature of facial non‐pigmented AK is a composite pattern named “strawberry pattern”, characterized by a background erythema/red pseudonetwork consisting of unfocused, large vessels located between the hair follicles, associated with prominent follicular openings surrounded by a white halo. Dermoscopic characteristics of pigmented AK on the face include multiple slate‐gray to dark‐brown dots and globules around the follicular ostia, annular‐granular pattern and brown to gray pseudonetwork. Recognizing specific dermoscopic features of AK can be useful in guiding the clinician in the differential diagnosis of AK with melanocytic skin lesions such as LM and non‐melanocytic lesions. Histopathologic examination should be performed whenever clinical and/or dermoscopic differential diagnosis is inconclusive.
Relationship of Dyadic Closeness With Work‐Related Stress: A Daily Diary Study
Authors: Lavee Yoav , Ben‐Ari Adital
Published: October 2007

We examined the association between work‐related stress of both spouses and daily fluctuations in their affective states and dyadic closeness. Daily diary data from 169 Israeli dual‐earner couples were analyzed using multilevel modeling. The findings indicate that work stress has no direct effect on dyadic closeness but rather is mediated by the spouses’ negative mood. Evidence was found for spillover of stress from work to mood at home, as well as negative crossover among couples with higher marital quality, resulting in greater distance on stressful days. Such increased distance may reflect either a deleterious effect of work stress on marital relationships or a protective mechanism used by couples in times of stress.
Effect of five diatomaceous earth formulations against Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (Coleoptera: Silvanidae) and Rhyzopertha dominica (Coleoptera: Bostrychidae)
Authors: ZIAEE MASUMEH , KHASHAVEH ADEL
Published: October 2007

Laboratory bioassays were conducted to determine the effect of food source on the survival of Tribolium castaneum Herbst, Oryzaephilus surinamensis L. and Rhyzopertha dominica F., after exposure to five diatomaceous earth (DE) formulations: Protect‐It®, Insecto®, Perma‐Guard™, Dryacide® and SilicoSec®. Adults of these species were exposed to DEs at the rate of 0.5 mg/cm2 for 1 day on filter paper inside plastic Petri dishes. After exposure, the initial mortality was counted and live individuals of the three species were held for a week in glass vials containing 50 mg wheat flour, rice and whole wheat, respectively. In the second experiment, after 1 day exposure to DEs, beetles were transferred to Petri dishes without food and held for a week to determine if the presence of food source would decrease the mortality of beetles. Experiments were carried out at 27°C and 55% RH in the dark. The initial mortality in both of the experiments reached 100% for the three species exposed to Protect‐It® and in the case of R. dominica and O. surinamensis exposed to Dryacide®. In contrast, low level of mortality (< 10%) was observed for T. castaneum exposed to Perma‐Guard™ and Insecto®. The mortality after the post‐treatment period on food was decreased for the three species exposed to Perma‐Guard™ and in the case of T. castaneum and R. dominica exposed to Insecto® and SilicoSec®. Adults of O. surinamensis were the most susceptible followed by R. dominica and 100% adult mortality was obtained, whereas T. castaneum were the least susceptible beetles to DEs. Protect‐It® and Dryacide® were the most efficient DE formulations and can be used effectively in a stored grain integrated pest management program.
Incidence and management of white grub, Schizonycha ruficollis on seedlings of teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.)
Authors: KULKARNI NITIN , CHANDRA KAILASH , WAGH PRAFULLA NARAHAR , JOSHI KAILASH CHANDRA , SINGH RAM BHAJAN
Published: October 2007

An investigation was conducted annually from 2002 to 2005 between the second week of May and the end of September on the incidence of scarab beetle, Schizonycha ruficollis (Fabricius) in a teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) nursery at Ramdongari, Nagpur, India. The immature stages, that is white grubs of the scarab beetle damaged 14%‐52% of teak seedlings in the nursery beds, whereas the adult of the species, that is scarab beetles, were recorded on three new host trees (Ziziphus xylopyra, Acacia catechu and A. leucophloea) in addition to the reported hosts such as ziziphus (Z. jujuba and Z. mauritiana). Beetles of the S. ruficollis started emerging from the nursery beds just after the pre‐monsoon showers and continued for 10‐18 days. While beetle of S. ruficollis defoliated tree hosts available in the surroundings, the immature stages of the beetle caused major damage by feeding on root systems of teak seedlings with symptoms of wilting and mortality in forest nursery beds. The result of chemical and biological treatments for the management of grubs of S. ruficollis in nursery beds indicated phorate 10% granular at the rate of 20 g/m2 and chlorpyriphos 20% emulsifiable concentrate at the rate of 5.0 mL/m2 to be effective. Grubs of S. ruficollis have not been recorded previously as a major pest of teak (T. grandis). This is also the first report on occurrence of S. ruficollis adults on tree hosts such as Z. xylopyra, A. catechu and A. leucophloea. White grubs being pests of economic importance and the toughest insects to manage, information given in this paper on incidence, pest status and management of Schizonycha ruficollis is of importance to researchers and forest nursery managers.
EFFECT OF MARINATION WITH GINGER RHIZOME EXTRACT ON PROPERTIES OF RAW AND COOKED CHEVON
Authors: PAWAR V.D. , MULE B.D. , MACHEWAD G.M.
Published: October 2007

The biceps femoris muscles of 12‐month‐old Osmanabadi goat in prerigor state were chilled for 24 h at 4 ± 1C and then cut into 3 × 3 cm chunks; these were randomly divided into five groups and marinated in ginger rhizome extract (GRE) at 1, 3, 5, and 7% along with 600 ppm of ascorbic acid, 2% sodium chloride and 0.5% sodium tripolyphosphate. The samples were packed in low‐density polyethylene bags and stored at a refrigerated condition of 4 ± 1C for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. The physicochemical characteristics of the marinated raw chevon, and the cooking, textural and sensory quality characteristics of patties were studied. The marination of chevon and storage at 4 ± 1C resulted in increase in moisture and thus water‐holding capacity. The myofibrillar and sarcoplasmic proteins were degraded at all levels of marination to a significant (P < 0.05) extent. The collagen solubility was significantly (P < 0.05) increased, as was tenderness. The cooking characteristics were found significantly (P < 0.05) improved. The GRE‐treated chevon patties received a higher score for color, tenderness, flavor, juiciness, springiness and overall acceptability. The study revealed that GRE can be used as a potential source of additive in ground, comminuted chevon products because of its antioxidant, proteolytic and antimicrobial properties, and may be used as an effective alternative to many other plant enzymes.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This study investigates which level of marination with ginger rhizome extract (GRE) along with 600 ppm of ascorbic acid, 2% sodium chloride and 0.5% sodium tripolyphosphate is best to improve physicochemical characteristics, cooking, textural and sensory qualities of patties made from the biceps femoris muscles of 12‐month‐old Osmanabadi goat chevon packed and stored at 4 ± 1C at different levels. This study also includes useful information for solubility of proteins and water‐holding capacity and instructional presentation to benefit the people who eat the chevon regularly as a staple diet. This research is important for food industry, food service and research dieticians who can use GRE as a potential source of additives for its antioxidant, proteolytic and antimicrobial properties.
QUALITY CHANGES OF HOT SMOKED CATFISH (CLARIAS GARIEPINUS) DURING REFRIGERATED STORAGE
Authors: YANAR YASEMEN
Published: October 2007

Changes in the quality of hot smoked catfish were determined just after smoking and during refrigerated storage. Chemical, sensory and microbiological analyses of the samples were carried out during the storage to test their shelf life and quality. Total viable count, total volatile basic nitrogen, peroxide values and thiobarbituric acid values increased, while sensory scores decreased during storage. The pH values were slightly increased by storage time. It was found that hot smoked catfish samples were unfit for human consumption at day 24 according to microbiological and sensory analyses.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Results of this study can be applied to improve the existing methods of catfish processing. The findings exemplify the storage ability of hot smoked catfish for a period of as long as 24 days under refrigerated storage. These findings can be well utilized by researchers as well as manufacturers in the economic preparation of hot smoked fish products and for long‐term storage. Based on these results, suitable methods of preservation and packaging techniques can be developed for improving the shelf life of hot smoked catfish.
INFLUENCE OF pH AT 24 H POSTMORTEM ON QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF PORK LOINS AGED 45 DAYS POSTMORTEM
Authors: ANDREWS B.S. , HUTCHISON S. , UNRUH J.A. , HUNT M.C. , BOYER J.E. , JOHNSON R.C.
Published: October 2007

Boneless pork loins (n = 81) were used to determine the influence of pH and chop location on longissimus muscle (LM) quality characteristics of loins aged until 45 days postmortem. Loins were grouped into five pH categories from 24‐h pH measurements. Chop L* and b* values linearly decreased with increasing pH. Visual scores for LM chops linearly increased (deteriorated in color) with days of display. Chops with pH values from 5.6 to 5.9 were the most color stable. Percentage of purge and cooking loss linearly decreased with increasing pH. Bacterial population increased as pH increased. Chops with a pH of 5.5 or lower had the highest L* and b* values, most cooking loss and most total moisture loss, compared with all other pH groups. Therefore, pH measurements at 24 h postmortem can be used to predict color and other quality characteristics of pork loins aged until 45 days postmortem.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Twenty‐four hour pH can be used to predict quality characteristics and retail display color stability of chops from loins after prolonged periods of storage. Therefore, loins can be sorted and selected for prolonged storage conditions required by transportation using 24‐h pH. Loins with pH values from 5.6 to 5.9 can be selected for extended retail display color stability, while low and high pH chops may need to be sold more rapidly or further processed earlier to maintain value.
Forward Model Nonlinearity versus Inverse Model Nonlinearity
Authors: Mehl Steffen
Published: October 2007

The issue of concern is the impact of forward model nonlinearity on the nonlinearity of the inverse model. The question posed is, “Does increased nonlinearity in the head solution (forward model) always result in increased nonlinearity in the inverse solution (estimation of hydraulic conductivity)?” It is shown that the two nonlinearities are separate, and it is not universally true that increased forward model nonlinearity increases inverse model nonlinearity.