bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Iwulite Obodo Site N’ezi Ọzọzọ Ụmụaka Na NdỊ NtorobỊa Gladys Ifeoma Udechukwu
Authors: Udechukwu Gladys Ifeoma
Published: September 2016

In the world today, it is very difficult to govern and develop a country, because of the selfish attitudes of most people in government which may be atributed to lack of proper upbringing. Every tribe of the world has well planned ways in which they train and bring up their young ones so that they will be useful in their homes and society in future. Surfice it to  say therefore that the Igbo people have well structured and special ways in which they bring up their young ones. The realities of contemporary living have openned vistas for members of the society to neglect the old ways in which they brought up their children which empowered them morally to become good citizens. This research is propagating for a return to cultural and traditional education as a panacea for good leadership and sustainable national development.
Film as an agent of Human Rights Advancement in Nigeria: A study of Bloody Night and Somewhere in Africa
Authors: Ebekue Emmanuel Onyeka , Arinze-Umobi Somtoo
Published: September 2016

Human rights are those inalienable rights that are basically accruable to every human person or citizen of a country. In Nigeria, the human rights situation is worrisome to say the least, as the nation goes on pursuing her phantom democratisation objectives. Against the background of a vibrant and popular film culture in Nigeria, this study has investigated the role of film in the advancement of human rights ideals. Using two films produced in Nigeria's vibrant film industry Nollywood,- Charles Offor's Bloody Night and Kwame Boadu & Frank Rajah Arase's Somewhere in Africa; the study paradigmatically interrogates issues of human rights portrayed in the films. The study is qualitative in approach, combining both textual analysis and focus group discussion (FGD). The films under study were subjected to textual analysis while two FGD sessions were conducted among randomly selected students of Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria - six discussants for each session. The data from the textual analysis and FGSD were separately analysed. Findings show that the two films are able to project the systemic inadequacies of human rights culture in Nigeria and offer an ideological alternative, and that the audience understood the film's message in the context of the quest for human rights in Nigeria and were able to relate the situations portrayed in the films to their own real life situations as Nigerians.Keywords: Film, human rights, human rights culture, human rights situation
An analysis of the auxiliary structure of basic Nigerian pidgin sentences
Authors: Akaruese Christopher Ufuoma
Published: September 2016

Studies have shown that many Nigerians do not recognize pidgin as a “language” but this is a social factor. The existence of pidgin as a language should not depend on “social” recognition or “social” approval. The basis for accepting Nigerian pidgin (and perhaps all pidgins) as a language should be in the facility of its usage by all its speakers and in the possible identity of syntactic forms that manifest in the usage by all. Premised on the foregoing, this study strives to illustratively analyse the auxiliary structure of basic Nigerian pidgin sentences since the issue of basic word order is one of the universals of human language. It is believed that the outcome of this study will change the opinions of some stakeholders in the world of communication towards pidgin as a language in Nigeria.
The fading phase of Igbo language and culture: path to its revitalisation
Authors: Onwudiwe George E.
Published: September 2016

In recent times, some concerned linguists, lovers of the Igbo language and indeed, owners of the language have been asking questions about possible strategies to be adopted in resuscitating the Igbo language and culture which critics and observers have warned are depreciating in value and usage. The Igbo of South East Nigeria, as well as various governments in the Igbo region have in their own various ways jumped into action to revive and save the situation through the organisation of cultural activities and forums for the promotion of Igbo language and culture and legislations. Commendable as these attempts may be, the issue which does not yet appear properly addressed is the need to identify the factors responsible for the present state of Igbo language and culture and the possibilities of workable strategies to remedy the situation. This paper therefore, is an attempt to interrogate the receding utilization of Igbo language and culture using UNESCO’s 2002 and 2003 nine-point criteria of the Ad Hoc Expert Group on Endangered Languages as bases for our study and recommendations. The study has attempted to get at the root of what the author considers the crux of the matter through the study of the philosophy of the Igbo man towards himself, his environment and his personal effects, and has discovered that the bane of Igbo language and culture is the Igbo man’s attitude towards that which is his, and his easy enchantment with foreign cultures. The paper then recommends a total reorientation of the Igbo man’s core philosophy as a panacea to the problem, among others. The revelations of this paper will benefit linguists, the Igbo, and indeed scholars.
Protocol: A literature review about the use of crowdsourcing in educational environments
Authors: Estellés Arolas Enrique
Published: September 2016

The objective with the protocol described in this paper is to review the existing literature in relation to the implementation of crowdsourcing in educational environments. It seeks to give answer to 4 questions. First, it seeks to answer the question of which kind of crowdsourcing initiatives are more appropriate to be used for educational activities. In second place it’s important to find out whether there is any particular discipline in which crowdsourcing, by its nature, can be applied more naturally. Third, it seeks to identify which factors influence both positively and negatively in the teaching/learning experience using crowdsourcing. Finally, the last question to answer, that implies the mentioned before, is interested in finding out whether crowdsourcing is an appropriate instrument to facilitate the teaching / learning.
3D GEOMARKETING SEGMENTATION: A HIGHER SPATIAL DIMENSION PLANNING PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Suhaibah A. , Uznir U. , Rahman A. A. , Anton F. , Mioc D.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Geomarketing is a discipline which uses geographic information in the process of planning and implementation of marketing activities. It can be used in any aspect of the marketing such as price, promotion or geo targeting. The analysis of geomarketing data use a huge data pool such as location residential areas, topography, it also analyzes demographic information such as age, genre, annual income and lifestyle. This information can help users to develop successful promotional campaigns in order to achieve marketing goals. One of the common activities in geomarketing is market segmentation. The segmentation clusters the data into several groups based on its geographic criteria. To refine the search operation during analysis, we proposed an approach to cluster the data using a clustering algorithm. However, with the huge data pool, overlap among clusters may happen and leads to inefficient analysis. Moreover, geomarketing is usually active in urban areas and requires clusters to be organized in a three-dimensional (3D) way (i.e. multi-level shop lots, residential apartments). This is a constraint with the current Geographic Information System (GIS) framework. To avoid this issue, we proposed a combination of market segmentation based on geographic criteria and clustering algorithm for 3D geomarketing data management. The proposed approach is capable in minimizing the overlap region during market segmentation. In this paper, geomarketing in urban area is used as a case study. Based on the case study, several locations of customers and stores in 3D are used in the test. The experiments demonstrated in this paper substantiated that the proposed approach is capable of minimizing overlapping segmentation and reducing repetitive data entries. The structure is also tested for retrieving the spatial records from the database. For marketing purposes, certain radius of point is used to analyzing marketing targets. Based on the presented tests in this paper, we strongly believe that the structure is capable in handling and managing huge pool of geomarketing data. For future outlook, this paper also discusses the possibilities of expanding the structure.
APPLYING AN INTEGRATED ROUTE OPTIMIZATION METHOD AS A SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF WASTE COLLECTION
Authors: Salleh A. H. , Ahamad M. S. S. , Yusoff M. S.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Solid waste management (SWM) is very subjective to budget control where the utmost expenses are devoted to the waste collection’s travel route. The common understanding of the travel route in SWM is that shorter route is cheaper. However, in reality it is not necessarily true as the SWM compactor truck is affected by various aspects which leads to higher fuel consumption. Thus, this ongoing research introduces a solution to the problem using multiple criteria route optimization process integrated with AHP/GIS as its main analysis tools. With the criteria obtained from the idea that leads to higher fuel consumption based on road factors, road networks and human factors. The weightage of criteria is obtained from the combination of AHP with the distance of multiple shortest routes obtained from GIS. A solution of most optimum routes is achievable and comparative analysis with the currently used route by the SWM compactor truck can be compared. It is expected that the decision model will be able to solve the global and local travel route problem in MSW.
DEVELOPMENT OF A TIME-DEPENDENT 3-PARAMETER HELMERT DATUM TRANSFORMATION MODEL: A CASE STUDY FOR MALAYSIA
Authors: Gill J. , Shariff N. S. , Omar K. M. , Din A. H. M. , Amin Z. M.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. This paper aims to develop a time-dependent 3-parameter Helmert datum transformation model for Malaysia as a proposed solution to the current non-geocentric issue of the Geocentric Datum of Malaysia 2000 (GDM2000). Methodologically, the datum transformation models is categorised into three parts; firstly, the time-dependent aspect of the datum transformation model is determined using the tectonic motion velocities computed from linear least squares regression of the long-term time series of MyRTKnet stations positions from year December 2004 to 2014; whereby the station positions are obtained from high-precision daily double-difference processing of MyRTKnet and IGS stations via Bernese 5.0. Secondly, the 3 Helmert translation-only parameters, are derived between the original GDM2000 and GDM2000@2013 – the new datum coordinates which refers to ITRF2008 at epoch 3/7/2013 – via Bernese 5.0 software. Thirdly, a distortion model is computed in order to minimise the coordinate residuals between the ‘processed’ and ‘transformed’ new datum. The datum transformation model is then validated to determine the reliability of the model. The validation results show that the datum transformation model is within centimetre-level accuracy, i.e., below 3 cm, over Malaysia for forward transformations to year 2014 and 2015. Therefore, this study anticipates that it will contribute as a feasible solution for the GDM2000 issue with consideration of the core concern: the complex tectonic motion of Malaysia.
THE RELEVANCE OF USING THE MOON’S AGE AS AN ALTERNATIVE IN IMKANUR RUKYAH CRITERIA
Authors: Anwar S. , Omar K. M. , Che Awang M. S.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The Imkanur rukyah criteria can be defined as the minimum limit in expecting the new moon’s visibility in determining the beginning of Hijri months. It has been used in the development of Hijri calendar in Malaysia since 1992. Based on the criteria, the new moon is considered visible if the altitude at sunset is at least 2° and the elongation between the moon and the sun is at least 3°, or at moonset, the age of the moon is at least 8 hours. The altitude limit of 2° and the elongation limit of 3° indeed were determined according to the data of new moon visibility observed in Indonesia, whereas for the 8-hour moon’s age, there is no written rule regarding to it. The use of the moon’s age criterion as an alternative to the geometric criteria can lead to confusion if both conditions provide different results. Therefore, this study was performed to assess the relevance of using moon’s age as an alternative in Imkanur rukyah criteria used in Malaysia. The study utilised the data of the sun and the moon’s positions, the time of sunset, the time of moonset and the time of conjunction (new moon). The data for the sun were calculated based on VSOP87 theory, while for the moon, using ELP2000-82b. Based on the analysis, in determining Hijri dates from 1996 to 2015, there are 22 discrepancies found between the moon’s age and the geometric criteria, in which, 5 of them occur in the month of Ramadan, Syawal and Zulhijjah. These conditions show that the moon’s age criterion is not always consistent with the geometric criteria. Therefore, the use of moon’s age as an alternate criterion in determining the beginning of Hijri month is considered irrelevant and should be further reviewed.
ESTIMATION OF AERODYNAMIC ROUGHNESS AND ZERO PLANE DISPLACEMENT USING MEDIUM DENSITY OF AIRBORNE LIDAR DATA
Authors: Mohd Salleh M. R. , Abdul Rahman M. Z. , Abu Bakar M. A. , Rasib A. W. , Omar H.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. This paper presents a framework to estimate aerodynamic roughness over specific height (zo/H) and zero plane displacement (d/H) over various landscapes in Kelantan State using airborne LiDAR data. The study begins with the filtering of airborne LiDAR, which produced ground and non-ground points. The ground points were used to generate digital terrain model (DTM) while the non-ground points were used for digital surface model (DSM) generation. Canopy height model (CHM) was generated by subtracting DTM from DSM. Individual trees in the study area were delineated by applying the Inverse Watershed segmentation method on the CHM. Forest structural parameters including tree height, height to crown base (HCB) and diameter at breast height (DBH) were estimated using existing allometric equations. The airborne LiDAR data was divided into smaller areas, which correspond to the size of the zo/H and d/H maps i.e. 50 m and 100 m. For each area individual tree were reconstructed based on the tree properties, which accounts overlapping between crowns and trunks. The individual tree models were used to estimate individual tree frontal area and the total frontal area over a specific ground surface. Finally, three roughness models were used to estimate zo/H and d/H for different wind directions, which were assumed from North/South and East/West directions. The results were shows good agreements with previous studies that based on the wind tunnel experiments.
THE IMPACT OF SEA LEVEL RISE ON GEODETIC VERTICAL DATUM OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
Authors: Din A. H. M. , Abazu I. C. , Pa’suya M. F. , Omar K. M. , Hamid A. I. A.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Sea level rise is rapidly turning into major issues among our community and all levels of the government are working to develop responses to ensure these matters are given the uttermost attention in all facets of planning. It is more interesting to understand and investigate the present day sea level variation due its potential impact, particularly on our national geodetic vertical datum. To determine present day sea level variation, it is vital to consider both in-situ tide gauge and remote sensing measurements. This study presents an effort to quantify the sea level rise rate and magnitude over Peninsular Malaysia using tide gauge and multi-mission satellite altimeter. The time periods taken for both techniques are 32 years (from 1984 to 2015) for tidal data and 23 years (from 1993 to 2015) for altimetry data. Subsequently, the impact of sea level rise on Peninsular Malaysia Geodetic Vertical Datum (PMGVD) is evaluated in this study. the difference between MSL computed from 10 years (1984 – 1993) and 32 years (1984 – 2015) tidal data at Port Kelang showed that the increment of sea level is about 27mm. The computed magnitude showed an estimate of the long-term effect a change in MSL has on the geodetic vertical datum of Port Kelang tide gauge station. This will help give a new insight on the establishment of national geodetic vertical datum based on mean sea level data. Besides, this information can be used for a wide variety of climatic applications to study environmental issues related to flood and global warming in Malaysia.
ACCELERATION OF SEA LEVEL RISE OVER MALAYSIAN SEAS FROM SATELLITE ALTIMETER
Authors: Hamid A. I. A. , Din A. H. M. , Khalid N. F. , Omar K. M.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Sea level rise becomes our concern nowadays as a result of variously contribution of climate change that cause by the anthropogenic effects. Global sea levels have been rising through the past century and are projected to rise at an accelerated rate throughout the 21st century. Due to this change, sea level is now constantly rising and eventually will threaten many low-lying and unprotected coastal areas in many ways. This paper is proposing a significant effort to quantify the sea level trend over Malaysian seas based on the combination of multi-mission satellite altimeters over a period of 23 years. Eight altimeter missions are used to derive the absolute sea level from Radar Altimeter Database System (RADS). Data verification is then carried out to verify the satellite derived sea level rise data with tidal data. Eight selected tide gauge stations from Peninsular Malaysia, Sabah and Sarawak are chosen for this data verification. The pattern and correlation of both measurements of sea level anomalies (SLA) are evaluated over the same period in each area in order to produce comparable results. Afterwards, the time series of the sea level trend is quantified using robust fit regression analysis. The findings clearly show that the absolute sea level trend is rising and varying over the Malaysian seas with the rate of sea level varies and gradually increase from east to west of Malaysia. Highly confident and correlation level of the 23 years measurement data with an astonishing root mean square difference permits the absolute sea level trend of the Malaysian seas has raised at the rate 3.14 ± 0.12 mm yr-1 to 4.81 ± 0.15 mm yr-1 for the chosen sub-areas, with an overall mean of 4.09 ± 0.12 mm yr-1. This study hopefully offers a beneficial sea level information to be applied in a wide range of related environmental and climatology issue such as flood and global warming.
INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY TREE INVENTORY: ASSESSMENT OF DATA QUALITY
Authors: Fauzi M. F. , Idris N. H. , Din A. H. M. , Osman M. J. , Idris N. H. , Ishak M. H. I.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The citizen science program to supplement authoritative data in tree inventory has been well implemented in various countries. However, there is a lack of study that assesses correctness and accuracy of tree data supplied by citizens. This paper addresses the issue of tree data quality supplied by semi-literate indigenous group. The aim of this paper is to assess the correctness of attributes (tree species name, height and diameter at breast height) and the accuracy of tree horizontal positioning data supplied by indigenous people. The accuracy of the tree horizontal position recorded by GNSS-enable smart phone was found to have a RMSE value of ± 8m which is not suitable to accurately locate individual tree position in tropical rainforest such as the Royal Belum State Park. Consequently, the tree species names contributed by indigenous people were only 20 to 30 percent correct as compared with the reference data. However, the combination of indigenous respondents comprising of different ages, experience and knowledge working in a group influence less attribute error in data entry and increase the use of free text rather than audio methods. The indigenous community has a big potential to engage with scientific study due to their local knowledge with the research area, however intensive training must be given to empower their skills and several challenges need to be addressed.
GEOSPATIAL DATABASE FOR STRATA OBJECTS BASED ON LAND ADMINISTRATION DOMAIN MODEL (LADM)
Authors: Nasorudin N. N. , Hassan M. I. , Zulkifli N. A. , Abdul Rahman A.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Recently in our country, the construction of buildings become more complex and it seems that strata objects database becomes more important in registering the real world as people now own and use multilevel of spaces. Furthermore, strata title was increasingly important and need to be well-managed. LADM is a standard model for land administration and it allows integrated 2D and 3D representation of spatial units. LADM also known as ISO 19152. The aim of this paper is to develop a strata objects database using LADM. This paper discusses the current 2D geospatial database and needs for 3D geospatial database in future. This paper also attempts to develop a strata objects database using a standard data model (LADM) and to analyze the developed strata objects database using LADM data model. The current cadastre system in Malaysia includes the strata title is discussed in this paper. The problems in the 2D geospatial database were listed and the needs for 3D geospatial database in future also is discussed. The processes to design a strata objects database are conceptual, logical and physical database design. The strata objects database will allow us to find the information on both non-spatial and spatial strata title information thus shows the location of the strata unit. This development of strata objects database may help to handle the strata title and information.
THE STUDY ON THE DURABILITY OF SUBMERGED STRUCTURE DISPLACEMENT DUE TO CONCRETE FAILURE
Authors: Mohd M. , Zainon O. , Rasib A. W. , Majid Z.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Concrete structures that exposed to marine environments are subjected to multiple deterioration mechanisms. An overview of the existing technology for submerged concrete, pressure resistant, concrete structures which related such as cracks, debonds, and delamination are discussed. Basic knowledge related to drowning durability such as submerged concrete structures in the maritime environment are the durability of a concrete and the ability to resist to weathering, chemical attack, abrasion or other deterioration processes. The measuring techniques and instrumentation for geometrical monitoring of submerged structural displacements have traditionally been categorized into two groups according to the two main groups, namely as geodetic surveying and geotechnical structural measurements of local displacements. This paper aims to study the durability of submerged concrete displacement and harmful effects of submerged concrete structures.
GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS OF URBAN LAND USE PATTERN ANALYSIS FOR HEMORRHAGIC FEVER RISK – A REVIEW
Authors: Izzah L. N. , Majid Z. , Ariff M. A. M. , Fook C. K.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Human modification of the natural environment continues to create habitats in which vectors of a wide variety of human and animal pathogens (such as Plasmodium, Aedes aegypti, Arenavirus etc.) thrive if unabated with an enormous potential to negatively affect public health. Typical examples of these modifications include impoundments, dams, irrigation systems, landfills and so on that provide enabled environment for the transmission of Hemorrhagic fever such as malaria, dengue, avian flu, Lassa fever etc. Furthermore, contemporary urban dwelling pattern appears to be associated with the prevalence of Hemorrhagic diseases in recent years. These observations are not peculiar to the developing world, as urban expansion also contributes significantly to mosquito and other vectors habitats. This habitats offer breeding ground to some vector virus populations. The key to disease control is developing an understanding of the contribution of human landscape modification to vector-borne pathogen transmission and how a balance may be achieved between human development, public health, and responsible urban land use. A comprehensive review of urban land use Pattern Analysis for Hemorrhagic fever risk has been conducted in this paper. The study found that most of the available literatures dwell more on the impact of urban land use on malaria and dengue fevers; however, studies are yet to be found discussing the implications of urban land use on the risk of Ebola, Lassa and other non-mosquito borne VHFs. A relational model for investigating the influence of urban land use change pattern on the risk of Hemorrhagic fever has been proposed in this study.
GIS DATA COLLECTION FOR PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES AND FURNITURE USING MAPINR FOR ANDROID
Authors: Naharudin N. , Ahamad M. S. S. , Sadullah A. F. M.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Mobile GIS is introduced to reduce the time taken in completing the field data collection procedure. With the expansion of technology today, mobile GIS is not far behind. It can be integrated with the high-end innovation tools like smartphones. Spatial data capture which deemed to be the toughest stage of a GIS project is made simple with this method. Many studies had demonstrated the usage of mobile GIS in collecting spatial data and this paper discusses how it can be applied in capturing the GPS location of pedestrian furniture and facilities. Although some of the spatial data are available from local agencies, still a more detailed data is needed to create a better data model for this study. This study uses a free android application, MAPinr, which is available on the Google PlayStore to collect spatial data on site. It adopted the GNSS and cellular network positioning to locate the position of the required data. As the application allows the captured data to be exported to a GIS platform, the geometric error of the data was improved. In the end, an authenticated spatial dataset comprising pedestrian facilities and furniture in point and line form will be produced and later be used in a pedestrian network analysis study.
The Role of Transfer in the Use of English Articles by Moroccan Learners
Authors: Trimasse Naima
Published: September 2016

This study investigates the acquisition of the English article system by Moroccan EFL learners. More specifically, the focus is on transfer and the extent to which it accounts for errors in the use of these articles by Moroccan university students.  The study purports to investigate: 1- the effect of proficiency level on transfer errors by Moroccan learners in the use of articles, 2- the difference between transfer errors made in comprehension and in production in using articles and 3- the difference in transfer errors according to the three English articles. In order to answer the aforementioned questions, data was collected from university students (40 in first year and 40 in third year) through their performance on a grammaticality judgment test and an essay. The findings of the study show that: 1- proficiency level has an effect on transfer errors made in article usage. This effect is clear in comprehension but not in production, 2- subjects made more transfer errors in comprehension than in production, 3- the effect of transfer differs according to the three English articles. The findings of the study have some important implications for the methodology of teaching articles.
Community Participation as a Strategy to Address Water Shortage: A Tale of Bigwa and Lukuyu Wards in Morogoro
Authors: Swai Idda Lyatonga
Published: September 2016

The efforts to involve the community in determining their own destination in terms of needs and resources can only be achieved when citizens play an active role and at some degree demonstrate significant power and influence on decisions. Community power and influence are key elements embedded in the governance circle. Community participation in the governance, ceteris Paribas, enhances citizens’ skills and capacity to support their own projects. Therefore, the notion of community participation cannot be overemphasized. The thorough examination of it at its initial stage is imperative. In that regard, this article examines how local community members of Bigwa and Lukuyu wards participated in MABILU water project. Data were collected from ordinary members of the respective wards, Ward Executive Officers (WEOs), neighbourhood chairpersons and water project representatives. Interview and Content analysis were used to collect and analyse the data respectively.The results indicate that the successfulness of MABILU water project was attributed by the fact that the citizens were involved from the initial stage of decision making to implementation stage. While 63% of the participants confirmed to have participated in initiating and decision making about the project, 80% of total respondents confirmed to have participated in the implementation stage. The findings show that community members participated in digging and burying trench, contributing money to facilitate the implementation, carrying building materials and cleaning the project area. Some community members participated by encouraging other members to support the project, managing and supervising the projects and supervising the construction of water kiosk.
Reconocimiento de tipos e individuos geomorfológicos regionales en la costa de Chile
Authors: Araya Vergara José F.
Published: September 2016

An approach on the regional coastal geomorphology of Chile is presented here. The used taxonomy is based partly on the H. Valentin,s ideas. A determinate regional unit is defined by her uniform character, configuration and similiar dynamics (genetic aspect), using the notion of common coasts. Each unit integrates regional individuals and regional types, based on coastal key individuals.
La evolución regresiva de la vegetación en la cuenca de Quillota, curso medio río Aconcagua
Authors: Quintanilla P. V. Guillermo
Published: September 2016

The antrophic action upon the landscape of the mid valley of the Aconcagua river in Central Chille, dates from the pre-incasic period (to the end of 14 th. century.Due to the mildness of the weather, the fertility of the soil, the great contributionof the hydric resources, the road net connected with the main economical centers of the country end, because of the geographic-administradive importance that Chile always had in this zone, the deep valley of Quillota has experimented, apoximatly a rational and diversified explotation of its renewable natural resources through its history.For that reason the natural vegetation of the region (the formation of sclerophileforest and shrub by steppe) has not suffered in these six centuries, a considerable retrocession neither a hard colonization impact of foreign plants.The felling of trees searching terrains fw tho cultivation and cattle the necessityof the habitat building and combustible, the mining acticities have been the plincipal factors responsable of the reduction of the vegetal biomass generating mining erosive process on some mountains.That is why conclued that the autochthomous vegetation of this deep valley hasnot suffered a great dissapearence of native species, it has suffered a regression in its geogaphic areas of dispersion (or growing) and a lost of its density such as closed primitive formations that today constitute semi closed or open communities such as the case of the steppe formation of the Acacia caven.
El escalonamiento vegetal de Los Andes occidentales a la latitud de Valparaíso (33° S.)
Authors: Quintanilla Victor G.
Published: September 2016

Approximately in the 33 degree of southern latitude, the occidental Andes mountains shows an altitudinal vegetation distribution from the 800 to the 3500 meters.The local -ecologycal conditions and the effects of the altitude don't permit observe a clear sucession in the vegetable-level-represented in this area. In a general way speaking, the MOUNTAIN-LEVEL still conserve a number of sclerophyllous evergreen trees representatives typicall from valley and lowlands (Lithraea caustica, Quillaja saponaria, Maytenus boaria).By the other side, the SUBANDINE LEVEL presents a number of new exponents with an high-adaptability characteristic (Colliguaya, Kageneckia, Escallonia).Over 200 meters of altitude, the ANDINE_LEVEL shows a low and disperse shrub associated with grass and perennial gramineous (Adesmia, Calceolaria, Berberis, Laretia, Stipa), short grassland with andine meadows. Usually moist much of the summer due to melt water. A little bovine and caprine grazing is practiced in the fertile plains sectors.In a general way speaking, must be said that this region is being exposed to the degradation done by the felling of trees, grazing and tourism effects
Términos de referencia para las investigaciones en climatología
Authors: Peña Alvarez Orlando
Published: September 2016

The scientific condition of the Geography is analysed, as a function of the treatment of the climatic phenomena. Particularly, reference is made to the aplication of the general scientific method in geography and his importance in the solution of the society problems is established. By considering specifically the case of the Climatology, the researches are articulated with the paradigm on the gestation of environmental decisions and localization in complex systems. So, it is possible to explain the energetic and genetic double base of the climatic phenomena, behind which there is a serious attempt for a new definition of the discipline and her study object. By making references to the principles and processes of climatologic classification, allusion is made to the systemic character of the climate, and the corresponding justification and limitation are detached.
Observaciones fitogeográficas en un valle transversal del semiárido chileno
Authors: Quintanilla Victor G.
Published: September 2016

The altitudinal distribution of the vegetation aproximately in the 30 degree of the southern latitude, namely that of the basin of the river Elqui between 100 and 3.000 meters has been analysed.Three different principal altitudinal zones can be recognised: the mountain, the subandine and the andine level. Each zone has characteristic species. The physiognomy is strongly adapted to the environmental conditions of each zone.The mountain level still conserve a number of sclerophyllous evergreen trees representatives tipics from valleys and lowland (Lithraea caustica, Quillaja saponaria and Geoffroea decorticans, Prosopis Chilenis).In the subandine level the trees are the predominent plants occuring in groups and present a number of new exponents (Kageneckia spp., Colliguaya spp. Adesnia spp. etc.).In the andine level scrubs and herbs asociated with grass and perennial gramineus are predominant, forming small patches.It is worth noting at present, the anthropological action zone by the felling of trees, mining, grazing and agricultural effects.
El Pantanal: un ejemplo del impacto geomorfológico sobre el ambiente
Authors: Tricart Jean
Published: September 2016

The Pantanal trough is located at the border line of the "couverture tabulaire"at Mato Grosso Plateau, under control of faults and Precambrian metamorphic andcrystalline continental crust with Apalachian Eocambrian sedimentary landforms.Modern alluvial formations have been formed at least 200 m below present sealevel, having around 300 m thickness. Thus, the Pantanal is a tectonic trough,completely bordered by the 200 m contour line. Subsidence explains gentleslopes, which are lesser than 1%. At the sheet flood fan axe. River floods arerunning slowly from neighbor mountains areas, allowing a grassland support formore than 5.000.000 of cattle.Pantanal alluvial deposits have built enormous coalescent sheet flood fans.The largest one is Taquari, which cross over residual mountain chains at theright hand border of the Paraguay, covering "glacis" (bahadas) lying at its ground.On the contact between this sheet flood fans and the "glacis" there is aseries of receptacle lakes, which are by the Paraguay floods. Some lakesrestore water to the Paraguay River during its low level after floods.During recent Quatemary dry periods the high Paraguay basin was endorreic.So, a number of Pantanal sheet flood fans are digged by wind erosion, formingtroughs. These troughs are partly covered by lagoons and partly by amphibiousvegetation, thus increasing runoff deficit. Therefore, the Pantanal plays an importantrole on the Paraguay hidrology, emphasizing floods but increasing runoffdeficit.It has been suggested to build large dams to regulate water flow in the rivers,near their entrances into the Pantanal. However, this radical change inenvironmental management needs a lot of knowledge, specially on this very complexand feeble environment, where, as a consequence, investments are very expensive.
Topoclimatología de la cuenca del Río Mapocho
Authors: Romero Hugo , Vinagre José
Published: September 2016

Particular geographic morphology of the country is responsible by the great climatic especificity of Central Chile basins, such as Santiago, where orographic and the dynamic of the atmosphere relationship, regulates the distribution of climate elements, !.e. mean temperatures, rainfall, relative humidity, winds, solar radiation, evapotranspiration and the lenght of vegetative development. Using annual long term averages, regression lines have been calculated between climatic data and some causal factors, selected according to a trend surface analysis. So, regression coefficients express relative weight of height, distance to Maipo valley and distance to main contour lines. From those equations isa-rithmic maps have being drawing and from their overla ying, five climatic areas are distinguished: Leeward of coastal mountain chain; Windward of the Andes chain, piedmont and hight andes valleys; Continental central sector; an area under maritime influence inland Maipo Valley and the N. W. sector. Residuals of estimate values are particularly lows in temperatures and rainfall. Coastal and Andes mountain landscapes present two thermal gradients, one positive below inversion layer and one negative, above this layer: at the piedmont, temperature increases since 15 to 17•‹C between 700 and 1.000 m and there, decreases to g•‹C at 2.000 height. The main climatic difference between both slopes is the coastal rainshadow effect which decreases rainfall from 600 mm at windward to 300 mm at leeward and the Andes windward rainshooter effect wich increases yearly precipitation since 450 mm at 900 m to 850 mm at2.000 m. This last area, because seasonality of rainfall, strong South winds blowing above 1.000 m height, IOW relative humidity (annual mean is 50%) and the presence of the PC isotherm, explains the arid environment lasting most of the year (mean annual ETP is between 110 and 155 mm). The most continental areas are located at the Central section of the basin and its extension towards N. W. In both cases the extreme orographic confinement determines a steady air, with large thermal oscilation, resultlng from high mean maximun values (over 3PC) in summer and mean minimum under 3OC in winter. The last area is under oceanic influences throught Maipo Valley, with minimun temperatures over5OC and maximals between 0,5 and 1,F C lower, both respect to the rest of the basin. Rainfall is, on the other hand, 125 mm in annual average larger and, as a consequence, allows minors values in ETP and vegetative development. In al1 the basin, solar exposition and rainfall are variables and, therefore ETP. A large amount of small and big valleys control the behaviour of local winds, changing regular climatic patterns.
Análisis de la vegetación en cronosecuencias dunares Campo de Dunas Santo Domingo - El Yali
Authors: Caldichoury Rodriguez Raúl
Published: September 2016

En este trabajo se analizó el grado de similitud en la estructura de las comunidades de plantas entre dunas de distintos tipos y generaciones en el campo de dunas Santo Domingo-El Yali en la costa de Chile central. Las formas analizadas son correspondientes con distintas fases de una cronosecuencia dunar. El patrón general para los valores de riqueza y cobertura de especies aumenta conforme se avanza en la cronosecuencia. El análisis de agrupamiento, utilizando el coeficiente de similitud de la estructura comunitaria, separa las comunidades de plantas del sistema dunario en dos grandes grupos. El primer grupo reúne las microdunas y cordón paralelo actual con un 50 % desimilitud y los cordones paralelos modernos y medios con un 90 % de similitud. El segundo grupo reúne comunidades con coeficientes de similitud inferiores a un 40 %, definiendose tres subgrupos correspondientes a dunas parabólicas medias y antiguas, dunas upsiloidales y cordón de gravas de generación antigua. En general, los valores de similitud son decrecientes en el sentido de lacronosecuencia. Considerando estos resultados, es posible concluir que existen comunidades particulares a los diferentes estadios de la cronosecuencia, particularmente en las fases de evolución de secundarias, es decir, de dunas parabólicas y upsiloidales. Sucesiones del tipo primarias ocurrenen dunas primarias, con especies pioneras como Ambrossia chamissonis y Carpobrotus aequilaterus que facilitan el establecimiento de especies más tardías. Las sucesiones secundarias en dunas de tipo secundarias evidencian la influencia de la morfogénesis en el curso de la sucesión.
Variaciones recientes de glaciares en Chile
Authors: Rivera Andrés , Casassa Gino , Acuña César , Lange Heiner
Published: September 2016

Se presenta una síntesis de la investigación glaciológica realizada en Chile durante las últimas décadas, incluyendo los inventarios existentes, los balances de masa y las variaciones de glaciares, todo lo cual se analiza con relación a los cambios climáticos que han afectado el país. En Chile se han medido variacionesfrontales históricas para casi 100 glaciares, que representan el 5,6% del total de glaciares inventariados hasta ahora en el país. De ellos, sólo el 6% ha presentado un estado neto de avance en los períodos estudiados,destacando el del glaciar Pio XI con un promedio de +206 m a-1 para el período 1945-1997. Un 7 % de los glaciares estudiados no han experimentado un cambio significativo, mientras que cerca de un 87 %, han tenido tasas de variación negativas, desde pocos metros por año, hasta un máximo de -278 m a-1 en el glaciar Amalia para el período 1945-1986.No obstante existir comportamientos de glaciares que obedecen a factores no climáticos, se confirma que la mayoría de las fluctuaciones de los glaciares son generadas por los aumentos de temperatura detectados en numerosas estaciones de Chile, algunas de las cuales muestran para las últimas tres decadas, aumentos de casi el doble de la tendencia secular. También han incidido significativamente en las variaciones de los glaciares, los ciclos interanuales con anomalías pluviométricas extremas y la tendencia de algunas estaciones que han experimentado un descenso de los montos totales anuales de precipitación. Finalmente, la mayor frecuencia de fenómenos El Niño / Oscilacion del Sur (ENOS), han tenido un rol significativo en la variabilidad interanual de las precipitaciones y temperaturas, generando respuestas distintas a nivel regional.Frente a dichas tendencias climáticas, se espera que el retroceso de glaciares continúe, que los balances de masa mantengan sus tendencias negativas y que los adelgazamientos aumenten, todo lo cual impactará la dotación y disponibilidad de recursos hídricos en el país.
Mediciones de espesor en glaciares de Chile centro-sur
Authors: Rivera Andrés , Casassa Gino , Acuña Cesar
Published: September 2016

Se presentan resultados de mediciones de espesor de hielo realizadas en Chile centro-sur (30-41°S) durante los últimos años. La información fue obtenida mediante radar en cinco glaciares. En todos los casos, las señales de radar fueron levemente atenuadas permitiendo la penetración de la totalidad delhielo, lo que implica que la presencia de agua supra, intra y subglacial no afectó significativamente las señales. El sistema se probó tanto en glaciares descubiertos, así como en glaciares con cubierta detrítica, la que si bien generó cierto nivel de ruido en los registros, no impidió la penetración de las señales hasta el fondo subglacial, obteniéndose espesores máximos de 230 m en la zona de ablación del glaciar Juncal Norte. El análisis de la potencia de reflexión interna y de fondo, permitió caracterizar una condición fría para el glaciar Tapado (sin deslizamiento basal), mientras que para el glaciar Juncal Norte, se corroborósu condición temperada. Las mediciones de espesor de hielo realizadas con este sistema de radar tienen una precisión bastante mejor que otros métodos de prospección geofísica empleados en Chile (1-6 %), permitiendo un cálculo más confiable y preciso del volumen equivalente en agua existente en estadosólido en la cordillera. Un programa de medición de espesores en glaciares representativos de las distintas cuencas del país, podría mejorar la evaluación del recurso hídrico, permitiendo un seguimiento en el tiempo de las variaciones y respuestas glaciales frente a los cambios climáticos que están afectandoactualmente el país.
Morfodinámica moderna de vertientes periglaciales de alta montaña, la cuenca del Rio Cachapoal, Chile Central
Authors: Soto Bäuerle María Victoria , Castro Correa Carmen Paz
Published: September 2016

Se estudia los tipos de vertientes y las formas depositacionales basales correlativas en un valle alto andino de Chile Central, analizando la potencialidad de aporte de sedimentos de las vertientes y su actual condición de estabilidad. El dominio morfotéctonico del área estudiada se caracteriza por la presenciade formaciones detrítico volcánicas y sedimentanas continentales y marinas, muy tectonizadas y fuertemente plegadas. Consecuentemente, las vertientes han sido estudiadas como sistemas ligados a la estructura plegada, con variaciones en cuanto al estilo y arreglo de los estratos en una estructura monoclinal. Las formas basales de contacto correlativas a las vertientes corresponden a conos de gravedad y taludes, en diferentes estados relativos de estabilización por la vegetación. Sólo en las partes media y más alta del valle se observan depósitos gravitacionales puros actuales totalmente inconsolidados. Las diferencias encontradas en el estado actual de los depositos de vertientes pueden ser explicadas por las diferencias de altitud y principalmente por el grado de fallamiento y de máximo plegamiento de los estratos, no siendo posible encontrar una relación clara con la litología. Los procesos de avalanchadisectan, activan y retrabajan los depósitos basales con una marcada dinámica estacional.