bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation and Characterization of Self-Assembled Monolayers on Germanium Surfaces
Authors: Lommel Martin , Hönicke Philipp , Kolbe Michael , Müller Matthias , Reinhardt Falk , Möbus Pit , Mankel Eric , Beckhoff Burkhard , Kolbesen Bernd O.
Published: March 2009

The formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) by specific organic molecules with appropriate anchor groups on semiconductor surfaces may be used to probe the chemical state and quality of the surface or to achieve surface passivation. Molecules with thiol anchor groups are able to bond to hydrogen-terminated germanium surfaces (Ge-S bond). We have prepared SAMs of alkylthiols with different head groups on germanium. Since the surface preparation of germanium is neither well understood nor developed, the controlled preparation of an oxide-free completely H-terminated surface which is a prerequisite for SAM formation of alkylthiols turned out to be a major challenge. Several approaches have been studied. The characterization of the germanium surface prior to and after SAMs formation has been performed by AFM, XPS, Synchrotron-TXRF and -NEXAFS.
Impact of Galvanic Corrosion on Metal Gate Stacks
Authors: Wada Masayuki , Garaud Sylvain , Ferain I. , Collaert Nadine , Sano Kenichi , Snow James , Vos Rita , Leunissens L.H.A. , Mertens Paul W. , Eitoku Atsuro
Published: March 2009

High-k gate dielectrics (HK), such as HfO2 or HfSiON, are being considered as the gate dielectric option for the 45nm node and beyond. In order to alleviate the Fermi-level pinning issue and to enhance the CET (Capacitive Effective Thickness) by generating the depletion layer in poly-Silicon gate, metal gate electrodes with proper work functions (WF) have to be used on the high-k dielectrics.
Post Extension Ion Implant Photo Resist Strip for 32 nm Technology and beyond
Authors: Mannaert G. , Witters L. , Shamiryan Denis , Boullart Werner , Han K. , Luo S. , Falepin A. , Sonnemans R. , Berry Ivan L. , Waldfried Carlo
Published: March 2009

The most advanced technology nodes require ultra shallow extension implants (low energy) which are very vulnerable to ash related substrate oxidation, silicon and dopant loss, which can result in a dramatic increase of the source/drain resistance and shifted transistor threshold voltages. A robust post extension ion implant ash process is required in order to meet cleanliness, near zero Si loss and dopant loss specifications. This paper discusses a performance comparison between fluorine-free, reducing and oxidizing, ash chemistries and “as implanted – no strip” process conditions, for both state-of-the-art nMOS and pMOS implanted fin resistors. Fluorine-free processes were chosen since earlier experiments with fluorine containing plasma strips exhibited almost a 10x increase in sheet resistance in the worse case.
Shortening of Plasma Strip Process Resulting in Better Removal of Photo Resist after High Dose Implantation
Authors: Zakharov Andrey , Lenski Markus , Metzger Sven , Krüger Christian
Published: March 2009

A layer of hardened material (crust) forms on the surface of photo resist (PR) during the implantation. This crust can be described as highly cross-linked polymer [1, 2]. Its thickness and composition depends on the type of PR, implant species, energy, dose, temperature during implantation and other factors. The crust is very resistant against chemical attack. Its chemical resistance tends to increase with the continuous shrink of technology nodes as implant doses increase. Moreover, even small residues of PR, left after cleaning, become more critical with shrinking device geometry. The usual process sequence for stripping a PR after high dose implantation (HDI) is a plasma strip (PS) followed by a wet clean. The drawback of plasma ashing is increased substrate loss and dopant bleach [3]. Plasma strip or plasma ash stand in this paper for the approach of complete PR consumption in the plasma process. Wet stripping alone often is not sufficient for stripping PR after implant doses of ≥ 1x1015 ions/cm2.
All Wet Photoresist Strip by Solvent Aerosol Spray
Authors: Wada Masayuki , Sano Kenichi , Snow James , Vos Rita , Leunissens L.H.A. , Mertens Paul W. , Eitoku Atsuro
Published: March 2009

The introduction of metal gates and high-k dielectrics in FEOL and porous ULK dielectrics in BEOL presents severe issues [1] and leads to the requirement of new chemistries and processes. A major challenge in cleaning is the removal of photoresist (PR) in both FEOL and BEOL.
In current semiconductor device fabrication flow, the photoresist strip process in FEOL is mostly achieved by applying a sequence of plasma ashing followed by a wet-clean step with sulfuric-peroxide mixture (SPM). But in general, ashing leads to strong oxidation or etching of silicon substrate. Hence, several approaches for ashless PR strip have been reported, such as hot SPM [2] and the combination of a pre-treatment using high velocity CO2 aerosol [3].
Photoresist Removal Using Alternative Chemistries and Pressures
Authors: Song In Gu , Timmons Christopher , Levitin Galit , Hess Dennis W.
Published: March 2009

Approximately 20% of the processing steps in integrated circuit (IC) fabrication involve surface cleaning and removal of photoresist and plasma etch residues. Continuous device minimization requires the use of thin films (<20 nm), closely spaced features, and ultra shallow junctions (<50nm); as a result, the challenges associated with effective surface cleaning are intensified. In addition, to insure high device performance, incorporation of alternate materials such as copper, ruthenium, and molybdenum, porous low dielectric constant SiO2-based insulators, and hafnium or zirconium oxides or silicates into device structures is taking place. Integration of these materials into working devices requires precise control of surface properties. In order to eliminate damage to films or substrates, avoid modification of surfaces, promote contaminant removal rates and enhance process control, approaches such as use of downstream plasmas, liquid cleaning with low concentrations of reactive chemicals, mechanical agitation, and liquid or particle jets have been implemented [1].
Ozone Chemistry for BEOL Resist Stripping – A Systematic Analytical Attempt to Understand the Interaction of O3 with Modern DUV-Resists
Authors: Guder Mathias , Pellowska Maren , Pohland Maximilian , Dalmer Michael , Kolbesen Bernd O.
Published: March 2009

This work deals with the application of ozonated water for the BEOL stripping of DUV-resists. For this purpose analytical techniques for the quantification of molecular O3 in the water as well as methods for the non-destructive analysis of resists on wafers have been studied. The aim is to be able to determine the concentrations of O3, its decomposition, under the influence of various parameters, and to correlate these data with the polymer structure of the resist on the wafer and the efficiency of resist removal.
The Interaction of Sublimed Iminodiacetic Acid with a Cu{110} Surface
Authors: Tee D.W. , Francis S.M. , Richardson N.V. , Reid Chris , McGhee Larry
Published: March 2009

Iminodiacetic acid (IMDA), NH(CH2CO2H)2, whose molecular structure is shown in figure 1, is a small molecule but has a very large scope for interacting with copper due to its two carboxylic acid and imine functionalities, which have been shown to bind strongly to copper [1,2,3]. The electronegative oxygen and nitrogen atoms present also make this a good candidate for hydrogen bonding, which often leads to very stable ordered two dimensional (2D) structures being formed across surfaces.
A Novel Copper Interconnection Cleaning by Atomic Hydrogen Using Diluted Hydrogen Gas
Authors: Abe Kazuki , Izumi Akira
Published: March 2009

Cu has been used as interconnection and lead frame in ULSIs. However, the oxidation and contamination of Cu are not easily avoided. As a result, a thin layer of Cu2O, CuO and carbon contaminations are formed at the Cu surface and these resistances are increased. Therefore, Cu cleaning is necessary. There are some reports to remove Cu oxide layers. Chemical processes such as H2 and NH3 plasma reduction are being investigated [1-5]. These methods have the problem of the plasma damage. Lee et al. proposed Cu oxide reduction using vacuum annealing [6]. However, it seems not suitable for the ULSI process, because the heat-treatment of 400oC is necessary. Therefore, low temperature Cu cleaning without plasma assist is strongly desired. In our previous work, we proposed novel low temperature atomic hydrogen or NH3 decomposed species cleaning generated by heated catalyzer [7,8]. However, in the method it is used 100% hydrogen gas. From the view point of safety, hydrogen gas diluted below explosion limit is preferred to use. In this paper we proposed a novel Cu cleaning method by atomic hydrogen generated on a heated tungsten catalyzer using diluted hydrogen as a cleaning gas.
A Low-Cost Hexa Platform for Efficient Force Control Systems Using Industrial Manipulators
Authors: Osypiuk Rafal , Kröger Torsten
Published: March 2009

This contribution presents a new force control concept for industrial six-degree of freedom (DOF) manipulators, which uses a Hexa platform that provides an active environmental stiffness for all six DOFs. The paper focuses on the Hexa platform and is split into two essential parts: (i) parallel platform construction, and (ii) application of force control with industrial manipulators using a six-DOF environmental stiffness. This mechatronic solution almost gives one hundred percent robustness for stiffness changes in the environment, what guaranties a significant shortening of execution time.
Analysis of Polar Positioning System in Laser Device for Glass Engraving
Authors: Trochimczuk Roman , Gawrysiak Marek
Published: March 2009

In the work the new concept of polar positioning system, alternative for Cartesian one, is presented. The mathematical model which allows calculation of the rotation angle of polar positioning system is considered. The Cartesian coordinates of formed points of object structure, received after discretization process of object are the inputs data to calculation. Output data however are rotation angles i.e. both working arm and rotation table angles. The influence of the stiffness of mechanical parts on the precision of instrument positioning and productivity of the presented polar device is defined.
Dependency of the Quality of the Active Vibration Damping on the Sensor and Actuator Location – Simulation and Experiment
Authors: Kovářová Jana , Schlegel Miloš , Dupal Jan
Published: March 2009

The paper deals with the vibration suppressing of cantilever beam. The state feedback control law is used, where the controller and observer are designed by pole assignment method. First two natural frequencies are considered for design of the control law. The analysis of the location of actuator and sensor are investigated. Experimental results obtained from the closed loop system with incomplete pole assignment are compared with uncontrolled system.
Human-Robot Interaction Controller Based on CMOS Stereo Vision and FPGA Chip
Authors: Huang Shiuh Jer , Wu Chie Yi
Published: March 2009

A stereo visual servo robotic system is developed on Nios II SOPC developing board with ALTERA FPGA chip to manipulate a retrofitted Mitsubishi RV-M2 robotic system. The 3-D position information between the target and stereo vision system can be extracted by low cost CMOS stereo vision algorithm first. Then, the relative motion between the robotic end-effector and the target can be planned to guide robot arm to catch the object. The fuzzy sliding mode control algorithm is employed to monitor the trajectory motion of each joint. The experimental results show that this visual servo robotic system can track and catch a moving target in 3D space and execute some interaction functions with player.
Hybrid Supervisory Control for Biomechatronic Systems for Non-Invasive Surgery
Authors: Chauhan Sunita , Swandito  , Seet Gerald Gim Lee
Published: March 2009

Several factors affect the safe operation of a bio-mechatronic system such as design limitations of the robots to do complex surgical manoeuvres, malfunction of the system’s components, unpredictability of the working envelope to name a few. One measure that can be taken in order to improve the safe performance is to implement a reliable control system. In our research, an optimal control hierarchy and strategy is considered for implementation for non-invasive surgical applications. A control strategy is proposed for supervisory hybrid control using PID and model-based robust control as the parameterized controllers and its implementation for FUSBOTBS (a custom designed robotic system using Focused Ultrasound Surgery for Breast Surgery) is demonstrated. Mechanical feasibility tests and in-vitro experimental trials supported the results with a positioning accuracy within 0.5mm.
Multibody and Electromechanical Modelling in Dynamic Balancing of Mechanisms for Mechanical and Electromechanical Systems
Authors: Lipiński Krzysztof
Published: March 2009

The paper focuses on dynamics of an electromechanical system composed of a DC motor and a planar four-bar mechanism. Minimization of mechanism/frame interactions is considered. Simultaneous elimination of frame shaking forces and torques is requested. The employed balancing method is counterweights allocation. Their parameters are found with a numerical modelling and a numerical optimization. They depend on shape of the mechanism’s velocity. Three alternative drives are tested in the paper: constant velocity drive; constant torque drive; and DC motor. The optimal counterweight’s parameters are derived for all these drives. Obtained results approved necessity of precise electromechanical modelling.
Control Algorithms for the Mobile Robot “MAX” on a Task of Line Following Provided by Intelligent Image Processing
Authors: Kaliukhovich Dzmitry , Golovko Vladimir , Paczynski Andreas
Published: March 2009

In the paper, we present the mobile robot “MAX” developed at the Systems Engineering Laboratory, Hochschule Ravensburg-Weingarten, which serves as a mock-up of an automated guided vehicle intended for transportation of materials, and connection between different parts of a production line in industry. The subject of the paper is autonomous robot motion along a specified track formed with a one-colored insulation tape marked on the surface, on which the robot moves. The paper focuses on track detection provided by real-time processing of the video stream from an installed on the front of the robot web-camera that is the key feature of this work. In the paper, brief overview on the construction of the mobile robot “MAX” is introduced, the task of line following and motion criteria are formulated, some approaches to track detection and its presentation with mean points are proposed. Three motion control algorithms which are ensued are also presented and verified with experiments on the mobile robot “MAX” to show their real appropriateness.
Control System for an All-Terrain Mobile Robot
Authors: Ziemniak Paweł , Uciński Dariusz , Paczynski Andreas
Published: March 2009

An idea of a control system architecture for a new wheeled mobile robot is proposed. The robot construction is characterized by an original drive mechanism and constitutes an extension of the previous research performed in Hochschule Ravensburg-Weingarten. In the new construction, the robot is given the ability to rise or lower its chassis. No complicated additional hardware is required as the level of the chassis can be changed by means of torque differences on the wheels. A modular approach is adopted to develop a hierarchical two-level and layered control system. Low and high levels correspond to local and global vehicle control. The low level is described in more detail, defining the layers and providing appropriate justification.
Stability of Jeffcott Rotor Operating in Tilting 3-Pad Journal Bearings with Turbulent Oil Film
Authors: Strzelecki Stanislaw , Ghoneam Sobhy M.
Published: March 2009

This paper introduces the results of theoretical investigation on the dynamic characteristics of tilting 3-pad journal bearing that operates with turbulent oil film. The Reynolds, energy, viscosity and geometry equations determine the oil film pressure, temperature distributions, and oil film resultant force that are the grounds for the dynamic characteristics of bearing. These equations were solved simultaneously on the assumption of adiabatic laminar or adiabatic turbulent oil flow in the bearing gap. The stability and system damping of Jeffcott rotor operating in tilting 3-pad journal bearing was determined.
Static Model of a Rail Launcher
Authors: Gosiewski Zdzisław , Kłoskowski Piotr
Published: March 2009

The paper presents the analytic and simulation model of the rail launcher in a static state. The force acting on the projectile and the magnetic flux density were investigated. The mathematical description of the force acting on the projectile was derived. The simulation model was build with help of the COMSOL Multiphysics software. The computer simulation results were compared with the results obtained in the analytic way.
Improving the Efficiency of Diagnosing of Leaks from Liquid Transmission Pipelines by Using the New Diagnostic Information – The Signals of Weak Interactions between Objects
Authors: Ostapkowicz Paweł
Published: March 2009

A new method for the diagnosing of leaks from liquid transmission pipelines is proposed in this paper. The solution consists in the acquiring of the new diagnostic information (i.e. the new diagnostic signals). These signals result from the operation of special testing objects joined to
a tested pipeline. This paper presents the results of the application of the proposed method upon the laboratory pipeline. During experimental tests it has been determined that thanks to the use of these new diagnostic signals improving the efficiency of diagnosing of leaks is possible.
Possibilities of Assessment of the Control Potential of Aircraft Engines
Authors: Lindstedt Paweł
Published: March 2009

While an aircraft engine is being used, its wear takes place. Its gain coefficients decrease and at the same time its time constants increase (engine becomes „weak“ and „slow“). Therefore, the rigorously definite adjustment of engine according to the principles of automatics and manufacturer recommendations is carried out periodically during the ground service of engine. The practice shows that during ground tests an engine works in „easy“ surrounding, however, during flight an engine works in „difficult“ surrounding. After good adjustment of an engine from changing the set value w during the ground service, this engine may not meet requirements of the work quality by variable disturbances z during the flight. Therefore arises a problem of the synthesis of quantification of the control possibility of engine which will result in connecting the operation status of engine (automatics) with the maintenance status of engine (diagnostic). The measure of this relationship can be named „the control potential“ of the engine. The control potential can be determined from the equation of state: , where: y – operational signal of engine, u – diagnostic signal of engine, b – coefficient of intensity of influence of the maintenance status of engine on its control possibilities, a – control potential of engine,  - operation time (Bergson’s time). The parameter „a“ calculated with help of static and dynamic identification methods will permit to estimate the functional value of engine during its ground tests.
Presentations in FAM-C And FDM-A Methods and Some Problems of a Signals Theory
Authors: Gębura Andrzej , Markiewicz Włodzimierz
Published: March 2009

The FDM-A diagnostic method [2, 4] based on a frequency modulation measurement of a pulsation component as well as the FAM-C method of an alternating current frequency have been elaborated in Air Force Institute of Technology. These methods to define a level of an assembly abrasive wear as well as its localization during a normal work of a power unit. A diagnostic signal is derived from onboard generators or alternators. Each damaged part of the generator’s or alternator’s power unit is a vibration generator or modulator. The vibration is turned into oscillation in onboard generators or alternators. After many years of the FAM-C and FDM-A methods’ using it is possible to localize and define value of many faults of power units: a coupling eccentricity, a shaft skew, extender longitudinal clearances of turbine engine’s rotor assembly, a frictional resistance of bearings, a smoothness of bearing’s rolling and a bearing cage, a break of rolling bearing’s separator, a misalignment of a rotor assembly’s support, etc. In FAM-C and FDM-A methods two kinds of presentations are used: first a presentation as characteristic patterns (analogous to Fourier spectrum lines but providing to observe periodical and stochastical phenomena) as well as the presentation of the frequency versus time. From the point of view of authors in many cases they are similar to presentations known from a theory of a radio signals transmission. It is possible to find carrier wale and side spectrum lines, beats caused by summation of two signals with approximate frequencies as well as many others. If analogy is so univocal, it is possible to use many systems and dependences used in telecommunication. For example: coherence demodulation (synchronous), which authors intend to use for separation characteristic patterns of two different mechanical assemblies with approximate vibration frequencies. At the end there are presented authors’ considerations, related to superposition of signals and beats as well as reflection of these phenomena in observed power units.
Analysis of Dynamic Method of Line Scales Detection
Authors: Barakauskas A. , Kasparaitis Albinas , Kausinis Saulius , Lazdinas R.
Published: March 2009

The main causes of uncertainty in measurement regarding long-stroke line scales are line detection errors and external factors, especially temperature effects. The number of calibration errors of this sort increases with the extension of calibration time. Therefore, a dynamic method of line scale detection for modern long-stroke line scale comparators is used [1, 2, 3].
The article discusses the dynamic method of line scale detection by means of an optical microscope equipped with a photosensitive cell matrix and a line scale detection algorithm. Advantages of the dynamic method of scale calibration in terms of rate, accuracy and throughput are presented. The method’s error (detection parameters) correlations with detection rate, number of nominal lines, measuring rate, exposition delay are analyzed and mathematical models are described. The optimal values of these parameters are estimated.
We are particularly interested in the improvement of the dynamic calibration program algorithm and minimization of uncertainty in measurement.
The method was implemented and tested on the long-stroke line scale comparator, which has been developed and realized by JSC Precizika Metrology [3, 4, 5] in cooperation with VGTU and KUT.
Data Mining in Analysis of Biomechanical Signals
Authors: Derlatka Marcin , Pauk Jolanta
Published: March 2009

In the paper the procedure of processing biomechanical data has been proposed. It consists of selecting proper noiseless data, preprocessing data by means of model’s identification and Kernel Principal Component Analysis and next classification using decision tree. The obtained results of classification into groups (normal and two selected pathology of gait: Spina Bifida and Cerebral Palsy) were very good.
Parametric Description of Vibration Using the Autocorrelation Function
Authors: Kotowski Adam
Published: March 2009

The paper presents the use of the autocorrelation function for the description of vibrations and the problems connected with. The proposed method is based on the analysis of vibration signal recorded for machine during its operations using an analytic form of the autocorrelation function. The parameters are obtained using a curve fitting procedure. To keep a quality of parametric representation of considered vibration, only the curve fitting causes a determination coefficient over 0.90 is taken into consideration. Therefore, the autocorrelation functions are submitted for the fast Fourier transform to be helped, in determination of number of the dominant harmonic components. Also, the analytic form and parameters of power spectral density has been also calculated. Finally, the set of parameters has been collected to describe the selected fragment of vibration of the simple rotating machine. The influence of duration of analyzed vibration on the parameters values is also examined in this work.
Synthesis of a Sequential Model of Muscles of a Man during Drop Landing on a Hard Platform
Authors: Książek Marek A. , Ziemiański Daniel , Nosiadek Leszek
Published: March 2009

The objective of this paper is to identify the parameters of a new plane biodynamic model of a man
jumping down on a hard base. In the modelling of this kind of dynamic phenomena, with dominant
directions of human body motion and reactions, many simple and complex models have already
been applied. Some of them were lumped parameter and unidirectional [Książek, 1999], [Fritz,
2001] or plane [Pandy, 1990], [Farley, 1998]. There are also spatial models, applied in the sport and
medical investigations of the kinematics and dynamics of the human body [Morecki, 1990], [A.
Nagano and col., 2005]. The presented approach has been founded on the results of experiments
described in [Nosiadek, 2006] where body motions of 40 men volunteers were registered during
drop jumping and landing from several assumed heights. By means of video cameras in 3D space
and a dynamic platform linear and angular displacements of participants’ bodies and three mutually
perpendicular components of the dynamical reactions between the feet and platform were measured.
The numerical results of the displacements were numerically remodelled by the authors of the
present paper and used for synthesis of models of muscles of a man during drop landing. Similar
investigations can be found in [Pain and Challis, 2006].
Vibration Data Analysis in Presence of Distorting Pulses
Authors: Antropov O.S. , Borulko V.F. , Dolgov V.M. , Drobakhin O.O. , Vovk S.M.
Published: March 2009

A new approach for solving sinusoid extraction problem in presence of distortions is proposed. Formulation of considered problem contains assumptions that sinusoidal signal is single and pulses are strictly finite in the time, but parameters of sinusoid as well as locations, durations and amplitudes of pulses are unknown a priori. We show that standard least squares criterion, based on the minimization of approximation error square, is inapplicable for parameter determination problem in presence of distorting pulses. The criterion of the minimum of the "duration" of approximation error is used to effectively solve the considered problem. Results of numerical simulations of the proposed method are presented. Developed approach is applied afterwards for the problem of restoration of distorted vibration data signal, collected by microwave measurement facility.
Microtopography Model of Rough Surface
Authors: Kumermanis Maris , Rudzitis Janis
Published: March 2009

For perfect surface roughness description is not enough to know characteristics of surface profile. It is necessary to use topography methods, so called microtopography.
Thereby, surface roughness in microtopographycal understanding must be described with three coordinates, whose in Cartesian coordinates system compose point under consideration height h, abscissa and ordinate, determines point position in the plane. Most efficient methods in irregular surface roughness research are random function theory methods. Therefore, microtopography, analogically to profile, may consider as random function, but two dimensional function, i.e. two variable x and y random field h(x,y).
From analogy with random process, random field can be normal – ordinates are distributed by normal (Gaussian) distribution. Moreover, random field can be homogeneous and heterogeneous. Random field is deemed homogeneous if its mean value is discretionary and correlation function depends only from distance between surface points.
Important characteristic of random field is correlation function, whose depends of two variables t1 and t2 – orthogonal Cartesian coordinates of vector t.
Random field is homogeneous and isotropic when its characteristics are equivalent in any direction. There are three types of surface anisotropy:
• General event of surface anisotropy. Characteristics of this event roughness parameters are depend of surface split direction.
• Surface roughness with direct anisotropy. Those surfaces are with typical traces of tool and they proper two mutually perpendicular surface roughness directions.
• Extended anisotropy area – special event of anisotropy roughness. Of analytical opinion, gainfully anisotropy roughness see as extended occasional isotropy area. This let easy cross from anisotropy surface to isotropy and contrariwise, thereby embrace amount class of surface roughness.
Let’s formulate microtopography model of rough surface [1]. Surface roughness is described with homogeneous normal random field h(x,y) that has uninterrupted correlation function and uninterrupted deriviates. We may consider that E{h(x,y)}=0. The mean random field value is plane called mean plane.
For describing random field we must know mathematical expectation and field correlation function, what in fact reduces on determining dispersion and rationed correlation function r(t1, t2).
Homogeneous random field dispersion D{h} doesn’t depends of direction and can be founded in any surface split.
Given model of rough surface let inspect surfaces produced by abrasive instruments and friction surfaces after wear-in period.
The Effect of High Temperature on the Degradation of Heat-Resistant and High-Temperature Alloys
Authors: Błachnio Józef
Published: March 2009

Heat-resistant and high-temperature materials are used to manufacture components, devices, and systems operated at high temperatures, i.e. under severe heat loads. Gas turbines used in the power industry, the traction, marine, and aircraft engines, the aerospace technology, etc. are good examples of such systems. Generally, as the temperature increases, the mechanical strength of materials decreases. While making such materials, there is a tendency to keep possibly low thermal weakening. In the course of operating gas turbines, various kinds of failures/defects/ damages may occur to components thereof, in particular, to blades. Predominating failures/damages are those attributable to the material overheating and thermal fatigue, all of them resulting in the loss of mechanical strength.
The paper has been intended to present findings on changes in the microstructure of blades made of nickel-base alloy due to high temperature. The material gets overheated, which results in the deterioration of the microstructure’s condition. The material being in such condition presents low high-temperature creep resistance. Any component, within which such an effect occurs,
is exposed to a failure/damage usually resulting in the malfunctioning of the turbine, and sometimes (as with aero-engines) in a fatal accident. Failures/damages of this kind always need major repairs, which are very expensive.
Influence of Ageing on Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Coatings
Authors: Kotnarowska Danuta , Wojtyniak Małgorzata
Published: March 2009

The paper presents results of investigation on physico-chemical (among others – mechanical) properties of epoxy coatings subjected to the ageing with ultraviolet radiation and such aggressive media as 20% aqueous solutions of: sodium chloride, potassium hydroxide and sulfuric acid (for 1080 h).
Vitreous Enamel Coating on Steel Substrates
Authors: Hrabovská Kamila , Podjuklová Jitka , Barčová Karla , Dobrovodská Lenka , Pelikánová Katerina
Published: March 2009

Vitreous enamel is a glassy coating formed on a metal substrate by firing at temperatures above 800 °C. The quality of vitreous enamel coating depends on the pre-treatment of the steel substrate surface and the quality of enamel slip. The main aim of this study was to characterize the composition of the steel substrate surface after firing with double finish, to explain the effect of steel substrate surface pre-treatment (blasting, acid pickling) on forming the phase interface of the steel substrate – vitreous coating system, and on its final microhardness, fracture strength and the adhesive properties of the coating. To achieve these aims, the following experimental methods were used: Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, electron analyzer, and EDAX. Based on the chemical composition of the initial enamel slip and the firing technology, the metal - enamel system interface exhibited various ratios of layers of magnetite, hematite, nonstoichiometric wüstite, and crystals of faylite. The measuring results indicate that the quality and age of enamel slip influences the brittle fracture properties of vitreous enamel coating.
Sintering of Y-SiALON Ceramic
Authors: Atasoy Ahmet , Ersoy Ahmet
Published: March 2009

In this study, two different starting compositions were prepared according to two cation values, and then the mixture was compacted uniaxially in a die and the green compacts were subjected to cold isostatic pressing. They were sintered at 1700 °C and 1750 °C for 30 and 120 min under nitrogen atmosphere. The sintered compacts were analyzed for hardness, densification phase and microstructure. The compacts were analyzed using X-Ray, SEM-EDS techniques. The density of the samples was measured by the Archimedes method. The results showed that starting composition was suitable for manufacturing of Y- SiALON ceramics. The addition of Y2O3 and Al2O3 were resulted in the formation of liquid phase, but alumina was increased the hardness and densification of the compacts. It was also suggested that, for the densification of the Y-SiALON compacts at 1700 °C, is suitable. Above 1700 °C, a shorter sintering time should be used since there was weight loss in the compacts, as a result of the vaporization of nitrogen from the nitrides and oxides structures.
Role of the Machine Design Courses in the Mechatronic Faculty
Authors: Banaś Michal , Stryczek Jarosław
Published: March 2009

General assumptions of educational faculties at universities are specified by the instructions of the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education. In this paper, educational standards with the focus on the design subjects for the Mechatronic Faculty have been presented. Taking the instructions of the Ministry into account, the Mechanical Faculty of Wroclaw University of Technology has started the faculty. The studies general timetable has been created and discussed, indicating the position and scope of the design subjects in it. A curriculum of the subject concerning mechanical systems design for the studies has been suggested.
A Model for “Work Integrated Learning” in Mechatronic Education
Authors: Gücüyener İsmet , Kus Abdil , Arslan Ridvan
Published: March 2009

Developing technology is leading to cause the new vocational brands. Mechatronic technician is one of the new vocational brands. To find a job for the mechatronic technicians have been taken the most valuable education that comprises knowledge and skill. It is obvious that school-based education is not enough for industry. University-industry collaboration is inevitable for the mechatronic technician. In this study a work-integrated learning (WIL) project between Uludag University Vocational School of Technical Sciences (UUVSTS) and FIAT&TOFAS Co. that is one of the leading automotive companies in Turkey has been carried out in the frame of university-industry collaboration. The main objective of this project is to train technicians in the real working area and in this way to get them vocational qualification meets the industry requirements. In this study a WIL program which is applied in UUVSTS is discussed with technical and social contributions to students and introduced from viewpoint of making an ideal mechatronic program and cooperative education model for vocational schools.
The Digital System of the Position Measurement
Authors: Dzierżek Kazimierz
Published: March 2009

In the paper there is shown the way of increasing the accuracy of the Digital System of Position Measurement with the method of extrapolation. There is also shown the modified algorithm of the program of Digital Position Reading Device.
Localization of Mobile Robot Using Radio Waves
Authors: Nowacki Jakub , Dąbkowski Mariusz , Niklas Piotr , Redlarski Grzegorz
Published: March 2009

In this paper the authors present the localization system which uses triangulation and trilateration to position mobile robot in the two-dimensional space. Distance was measured with the strength of radio signal emitted by devices of existing communication network, which were constructed by the authors. To get the actual distance in the function of radio signal strength the calibration curve, which was set empirically, made from the spline of linear functions was used.
Research in this paper can be divided into two parts: the quality tests of communication and the localization using radio waves. Quantity measure of the correctly transmitted frames showed that the communication network works with the credibility of 80%, which is good result for the radio waves. Outcome of the localization quality showed that the position error did not surpass 1.7 m, which is a good result compared to the error of a typical GPS receiver is 15 m.
Summing up, the localization system proposed by the authors is working well. Furthermore the test showed that triangulation and trilateration are universal methods of positioning and they can be used in other systems. Additionally the test indicated that the accuracy can by increased by using devices with a better signal strength measure.
Quantum Mechanical Design of Molecular Computers Elements Suitable for Self-Assembling to Quantum Computing Living Systems
Authors: Tamulis Arvydas , Tamulis Vykintas , Ziriakoviene Aiste
Published: March 2009

There are presented logic gates of molecular electronics digital computers. Maximal length of these molecular electronics digital logic gates are no more than four nanometers and maximal width 2.5 nm. The results of light induced internal molecular motions in azo-dyes molecules have been used for the design of light driven logically controlled (OR, AND) molecular machines composed from organic photoactive electron donor dithieno[3,2-b:2',3'-d]thiophene and ferrocene molecules, electron accepting tetracyano-indane molecule, and moving azo-benzene molecular fragment. Density functional theory (DFT) B3PW91/6-311G model calculations were performed for the geometry optimization of these molecular electronics logical gates. Applied DFT time dependent (DFT-TD/B3PW91) method and our visualization program give absorption spectra of designed molecular gates and show from which fragments electrons are hopping in various excited states. Quantum mechanical investigations of proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) values of Cu, Co, Zn, Mn and Fe biliverdin derivatives and their dimers using ab initio Hartree-Fock (HF) and DFT methods indicate that these modified derivatives should generate from one to twelve Quantum Bits (QuBits). The chemical shifts are obtained as the difference of the values of the tetramethylsilane (Si(CH3)4) molecule Gauge-Independent Atomic Orbital (GIAO) nuclear magnetic shielding tensor on the hydrogen atoms and that of the magnetically active molecules. There are designed several single supermolecule and supramolecular devices containing molecular electronics digital logic gates, photoactive molecular machines and elements of molecular NMR quantum computers that allowed to design several supramolecular Control NOT NMR quantum computing gates. Self-assembling simulations of these molecular quantum computing gates induced idea of self-assembled molecular quantum supercomputer and molecular quantum computing life.
Basic Self-Formation Processes in the Technologies of the Integrated Circuits
Authors: Navickas R. , Kirvaitis R.
Published: March 2009

The analysis for basic processes of self-formation microstructure in technologies of
manufacturing semiconductor devices and integrated circuits (IC) have been made and the requirements have been formulated. The results of the implementation of self-formation processes for creating new technologies of manufacturing semiconductor devices and IC have been presented.
Intelligent Stock Trading Systems Using Fuzzy-Neural Networks and Evolutionary Programming Methods
Authors: Simutis Rimvydas , Masteika Saulius
Published: March 2009

The goal of this study was to analyze the possibilities of fuzzy neural networks and
evolutionary programming methods for creating the human skill based stock trading systems. In stock exchange markets, the relationships between market variables are generally too complex to make rightful trading decisions and to earn stabile profits using classical system theory approach. On the other hand, there are a lot of trading experts-practicians that successfully trade stocks and achieve good results in the stock exchange markets. A useful technique for expert-knowledge extraction is the supervised learning methods, where human-experts actions are mapped using
fuzzy-neural networks. In this paper we outline this procedure. Also we discuss the possibilities for improvement the proposed human skill based stock trading systems. An efficient biological system evolves slowly over the course of hundreds and housands of generations of individuals. Later generations have more fit and are more capable than earlier ones. Similarly, we have used evolutionary techniques to .evolve. the fuzzy-neural network based stock trading system, which is capable to solve the stock trading task more efficiently. Proposed procedure was tested using virtual trading system that uses historical data from US stock markets. The first results confirmed the good opportunities of the proposed approach.
Self-Formation, Development and Reproduction of the Artificial System
Authors: Ulbikas Juras , Leonas Liudas , Ulbikienė Daiva , Janušonis Stepas
Published: March 2009

Self-formation as a concept for irreversible evolution of the artificial object with complexity increase was introduced for understanding of the processes existing in microelectronics technology [1]. The concept of self-formation by itself was to some extend influenced by principles existing in biological world therefore from the very beginning there was an open question about limits of self-formation application: are we limited to the understanding of some technological processes or we can think about predicting new technological applications by applying selfformation concept. Recently developed tools for simulation of technological processes for Solar Cells manufacturing [2] clearly indicates that self-formation is becoming interesting tool for technologists trying to create and optimize microelectronic devices. The next step exploring selfformation application boundaries can be analysis of possibilities of the self-formation to demonstrate usual in biological life development and reproduction of the object. This presentation will be dedicated to the analysis of the conditions and possibilities by applying self-formation present self-formation, development and reproduction of artificial object.
Microstructural Characterisation of RF Magnetron Sputtered ZnO Thin Films on SiC
Authors: Trinchi A. , Wlodarski W. , Santucci Sandro , Di Claudio D. , Passacantando Maurizio , Cantalini C. , Rout B. , Ippolito S.J. , Kalantar-Zadeh K. , Sberveglieri G.
Published: March 2009

The microstructural characterization of r.f. magnetron sputtered ZnO thin films deposited on 6H-SiC is presented with a comprehensive investigation of their properties as a function of annealing temperature and film thickness. These structures, with some modifications, are utilised as Schottky diode hydrogen gas sensors and Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) devices.
Oxygen Plasma Processing of Silicon and Silica Substrates for Thin Films of Polymer Blends
Authors: Tamulevičius Sigitas , Prosyčevas I. , Guobienė Asta , Puišo J.
Published: March 2009

The influence of plasma processing of silica and crystalline silicon substrates on the
formation of polymeric layers of PS/PMMA blends by sorption from 50 vol. % concentration toluene solutions was analyzed. The morphology dependence of PS/ PMMA blend films on the type and condition of substrate processing was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was shown that reduction of carbon and oxygen
components from the surface contaminants as well as the existence of a nonstoichiometric SiOx layer on the Si surface contributed to the hydrophilicity of the substrate. These processes can be used to produce thin nanostructured polymer blend films.
Morphology Control of PbS Nanocrystals by a Novel Hydrothermal Process
Authors: Ji Yujie , Yang De Ren , Zhang Hui , Ma Xiang Yang , Xu Jin , Que Duan Ling
Published: March 2009

Star-shaped and rod-like PbS crystals have been successfully prepared by a novel thioglycolic acid (TGA) assisted hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) reveals that the PbS crystals are of the cubic rock-salt structure and well formed. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations show that the morphology of PbS nanocrystals is easily controlled according to sulphur source, lead source, and pH value. Furthermore, the paper gives a preliminary presntation of the mechanism and the critical role of the TGA-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of PbS nanorods
Nanolevel Structuring – Design of Novel Functional Highly-Organized Solids and Materials
Authors: Osmolowskaia O. , Smirnov V. , Semenov V.
Published: March 2009

The perspectives of synthesis of highly-organized nanostructured solids and materials with various levels of microscopic organization are discussed. The synthesis and the magnetic properties of mixed Fe-Eu-oxygen groups on silica surface are given as an example. It is shown that spin arrangement ions and the appearance of two-dimensional magnetic ordering are defined to the structural induced effects of sublayer as well as the first layer composition.
Ion Implanted Nanolayers in AlN for Direct Bonding with Copper
Authors: Piekoszewski J. , Olesińska Wieslawa , Jagielski J. , Kaliński D. , Chmielewski M. , Werner Z. , Barlak M. , Szymczyk Wiesław
Published: March 2009

Experiments to directly bond AlN with Cu were conducted for different pre-treatments of the bonded components. AlN substrates were implanted either with oxygen, or titanium or iron ions at low (15 keV) or high (70 keV) energy, or thermally oxidized. Some Ti-implanted samples were also thermally oxidized. The copper component was annealed and thermally oxidized. The best results, with respect to the bond shear strength, were obtained for low-energy implantation of oxygen and titanium.