bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Calculating scheme for ground freezing depth variations and its application in different landscapes
Authors: Frolov D.M.
Published: February 2022

Snow study is important because snow, after the ocean, is the second largest interface between the atmosphere and Earth's surface and it covers considerable part of the land during winter. Changes in snow cover extent and snowpack properties in recent decades in response to warming are ongoing and will likely continue in future. Ground thermal regime, despite the simplicity of measuring the ground temperature, remains an insufficiently studied field of landscapes. For determination of air-temperature influence, snow cover thickness, absolute values and the dynamics on the depth of ground freezing and thawing, a number of ground freezing models have been developed. In this work, the calculation is done with calculating scheme for ground freez-ing constructed on the basis of three-layer media heat conductivity problem (snow cover, frozen and thawed ground) with phase transition on the boundary of frozen and unfrozen ground. The heat balance equation includes phase transition energy, inflow of heat from unfrozen ground and outflow to frozen ground, snow cov-er and atmosphere. The heat flux is calculated on basis of Fourier law as a product of heat conductivity and temperature gradient. It is supposed that temperature changes linearly in each media. The calculations of ground freezing depth variations are done for plain and mountain regions. The ground freezing depth calcula-tion results correspond to the observed values. Hence, the influence of the recent climate and weather con-trasts and snow cover spatial and temporal variations on underlying ground freezing depth variations are investigated and reviled. This is vital, although climatic norms between 1961–1990 and 1991–2020 did not illustrate significant changes, but some strong weather variation extremes and contrasts (such as hotness in last 2020 year and weather anomalies of this 2020/2021 winter) are present in recent decades causing danger and risks for population and economics.
Stability of phytomass dynamics in protected low mountain-steppe landscapes and pastures in the Southern Urals
Authors: Khoroshev A.V.
Published: February 2022

In the steppe zone, the high sensitivity of plant cover to humidity contrasts raises the question of what landscape conditions provide a stable predictable phytoproductivity. Authors of the article tested the hypothesis about the inequality of the spatial factors of variability of functioning under the conditions of the reserved regime and anthropogenic impact on the example of the Aytuarskaya steppe. Based on the deviations of the intraseasonal increments of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) for 33 pairs of terms from the mean values, the measure of instability of the types of dynamics of green phytomass (Shannon's index) was calculated. To identify the clusters of high and low phytoproductivity, the Hot Spot Analysis was applied based on Getis–Ord statistics. On grazed areas, the background type of dynamics of green phytomass is not dominant in area in contrast to protected areas. The reserve regime stabilizes the dynamics of phytomass due to a higher subordination to landscapescale processes. Summer loss of phytomass outside the reserve occurs over a larger relative area than in the reserve. Zones of the most unstable phyto-production functioning with high variability of the shape of spots of increased phytomass are characteristic of catchment depressions, lower parts of slopes, and narrowed sectors of gullies.
Ландшафты Тигирекского заповедника: прошлое, настоящее, будущее
Authors: Черных Д.В.
Published: February 2022

Заповедники были полигонами, где происходило формирование основ ландшафтного картографирования. В статье охарактеризованы основные особенности ландшафтной структуры Тигирекского государственного заповедника (Русский Алтай). Многие ландшафтные границы обусловлены тектоникой. Высотная поясность является основной закономерностью ландшафтной дифференциации. В за-поведнике представлены разнообразные горные породы, создающие контрастные условия для биоты и почвообразования. Относительно теплый и влажный климат Северо-Западного Алтая, в сочетании с плоским рельефом долин вполне благоприятствуют накоплению торфа. Представлена карта на уровне видов ландшафтов. Карта сопровождается подробной легендой. Несмотря на высокое ландшафтное разнообразие Тигирекского заповедника, занимаемой им площади явно недостаточно для горных условий, чтобы он мог в полной мере выполнять функции по сохранению биоты. Расширение заповедника необходимо и для большего охвата охранным режимом высокогорий и верхней части лесного пояса. Отмечено, что ландшафтно-картографический анализ может иметь ключевое значение для экологического мониторинга и оценки культурных, регулирующих и поддерживающих экосистемных услуг на заповедных территориях. Большой научный интерес ландшафты Тигирекского заповедника представляют в контексте их реакции на глобальные климатические изменения и имевшие место в прошлом антропогенные воздействия.
Geosystems of the Primorsky ridge (Baikal region) — classification and mapping
Authors: Solodyankina S.V. , Vanteeva Yu.V.
Published: February 2022

In this article, the application of landscape approach for geosystem classification and mapping was discussed on the example of the landscapes of the Primorsky ridge (Baikal region). Authors of this study used the geosystem concept formulated by V. Sochava and method of factorialdynamical series of facies developed by A. Krauklis for modeling landscape structure of study area. The basis for the development of a hierarchical classification of geosystems was the data of fieldwork at 70 plots. The ordination of the plots by three parameters (topographic wetness index, slope steepness and humus thickness) was carried out using the method of ternary plots to group geosystems into classes and determine their dynamic state. The landscape map was compiled at the local scale (1:50 000) based on fieldwork, DEM, and remote sensing data. As a result, 14 groups of facies were identified in the study area. They were represented by both climax and succession stages, as well as anthropogenic modifications. The main classes of facies formed under the influence of local environmental factors were revealed using factor-dynamic analysis. They are represented by the following dynamic series: sublithomorphic, subhydromorphic, and subxerolithomorphic. The 66 % of the study area is occupied by landscapes of the sublitomorphic series.
Current state and future development potential of the oak forests in the floodplain of the Ural River (West Kazakhstan)
Authors: Kirillov V.Yu. , Aleka V.P. , Ivashchenko A.A. , Rakhimzhanov A.N. , Kelgenbayev N.S. , Auezov D.U. , Aitekov G.S. , Stikhareva T.N.
Published: February 2022

The article provides information on the current state of the oak forests of the Ural River floodplain (West Kazakhstan) based on the analysis of forest inventory materials (as of 01.01.1992 and 01.01.2016) and field surveys. The study of the dynamics of the oak forests (Quercus roburL.) is timely and relevant due to the important ecological role of the oak forests as the most resilient among floodplain forests, and the need to preserve their biological diversity near the south-eastern limit of the natural distribution range. Over a 24-year period, the area of the oak forests decreased by 98.7 hectares (4 %). During the study there has been a decrease in the stand density and site productivity, as well as the predominance of mature stands reproduced through re-sprouting. Pure oak forests or oak forest with an insignificant admixture of Ulmus laevis Pall., Populus alba L. and Acer negundo L. are the most common oak forest types. Natural regeneration of Q. robur is unsatisfactory or absent altogether. The total projective cover of the grass layer is up to 90 %, however, its floristic diversity is low. Authors of the article present estimates of the carbon balance of the oak forests under various management scenarios, obtained by using the EX-ACT tool. We stress the need to develop measures aimed at preserving these unique forests, including promotion of the natural regeneration of Q. robur and the creation of sustainable forest plantations. To reduce the impact of anthropogenic factors on oak forests (felling, grazing, recreation, etc.), we propose to create a specially protected area in the region.
Influence of zinc nanoparticles on the development of sprouts of Avena sativaand Pisum sativumplants
Authors: Serikbai A.T. , Aitkulov A.M. , Zeinidenov A.К. , Pusz W.
Published: February 2022

The research aim is to study the effect of zinc nanoparticles on morphological parameters of sprouts of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants (Avena sativa, Pisum sativum) during its accumulation in the environment. In laboratorial conditions of the experiment, it was found peculiar features of various concentrations of nanoparticles. It was specified the multidirectional effect of zinc macro- and nanoparticles onto growth rate, green weight of both aboveground and underground parts, as well as species related effect. Authors of the article identified concentrations of macro- and nanoparticles trigger permanent biological response on the experimental plants. A stable stimulating effect of zinc nanoparticles on all indicators of growth and development of pea seedlings at the concentration of 20 mg per 100 ml was revealed. A similar effect was found in oat seedlings which were exposed to zinc nanoparticles at the concentration of 5 mg per 100 ml. The effects of zinc macro- and nano-particles on plants were manifested differently.
The isolation of fungi from lichens of the Magadan region and biological activity of their extracts
Authors: Suleimen Ye.M. , Zheludeva E.V. , Bazarkhankyzy A. , Tekebayeva Zh.B. , Basne Buddha Bahadur , Nayekova S.K. , Sarmurzina Z.S.
Published: February 2022

The study aims to isolate fungi from lichens of the Magadan region (Russia) and evaluate their antibacterial and antifungal activity. Fourteen species of lichen from the Magadan region (Russia) were selected for the study. Antibacterial activity was determined based on gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli). Antifungal activity was identified by using strains of Aspergillus terreus and Candida albicans. According to the results of the study, fungi isolated from lichens Peltigera leucophlebia (CD), Hypogymnia sachalinensis(CD) showed antifungal activity, and fungi from Peltigera leucophlebia(CD),Peltigera aphthosa(CD), Melanohalea olivacea(PDA, CD), displayed antibacterial activity. As a result of studying the biological activity, the fungi isolated from the lichen Peltigera leucophlebia(CD) have both antibacterial and antifungal activity.
Anti-inflammatory activity of a dental gel based on Origanum vulgareraw material
Authors: Akhmetova S.B. , Badekova K.Zh. , Atazhanova G.A. , Levaya Ya.K. , Smagulov M.K.
Published: February 2022

Inflammatory and destructive diseases of parodontosis are one of the most complex and common forms of the teeth diseases of human population. Search of the herbal preparation with anti-inflammatory activity is a prospect way for development of new drugs on the base of local raw material. A prerequisite for this study has been the presence of a high antimicrobial and anti-caries activity of the essential oil of medicinal plant Origanum vulgare. The article presents for the first time the results on the anti-inflammatory activity of dental anti-caries gel with essential oil and ethanol extract of oregano. A sample of dental gel at a dose of 25 mg / kg has anti-inflammatory activity, which was expressed in a significant decrease by 41.4 % in the amount of inflammatory lymph in the abdominal teeth in rats compared to controls. The anti-inflammatory activity of this sample is comparable to the reference drug diclofenac sodium.
Analysis of Millennial Muslims Preferences on the Crowdfunding Platform
Authors: Dzulfikar Muhammad Zacky , Santosa Purbayu Budi , Gunanto Eddy Yusuf Agung
Published: February 2022

The potential for collecting alms funds in Indonesia is very large, the trend of increasing the collection of Zakat Infaq Alms (ZIS) funds until 2019, as well as the increasing trend of collecting donations through digital crowdfunding platforms. In fact, the potential for collecting ZIS is only 4.91% of the existing potential, besides that there are still many donations from crowdfunding platforms that have not yet reached the target, then millennials as the majority generation and close to technology in the digital era 4.0, are faced with the choice of giving traditional or traditional charity. through a crowdfunding platform. The research analyzes the preferences of millennial Muslims in giving charity on the crowdfunding platform. The population in this research, millennial Muslims in Semarang City. The sampling technique of non-probability sampling is purposive sampling, taking this samples from populations that must have certain requirements. Sampling of data was done by distributing questionnaires to 384 millennial Muslim respondents in the city of Semarang. The research method uses binary logistic regression analysis. The results of the research simultaneously show the influence of millennial Muslim decisions to give alms on the crowdfunding platform. Partially there is a positive and significant influence on the motivational variables of religiosity, effort expectancy, sense of trust, social influence, and lifestyle on the decision of millennial Muslims to give alms on the crowdfunding platform. The income variable has no effect on the decision of millennial Muslims to give alms on the crowdfunding platform.
Os conteúdos de Educação Física nos anos finais do Ensino Fundamental
Authors: Araújo Luaneudo Pereira , Jucá Luan Gonçalves , Pinheiro Maria Rosângela Dias
Published: February 2022

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar como os professores de Educação Física do município de Icó-CE selecionam os conteúdos para suas aulas. O estudo caracteriza-se de cunho qualitativo do tipo descritivo, realizado com seis professores de Educação Física que atuam nas escolas públicas e privadas da zona urbana da cidade de Icó-CE. O instrumento utilizado foi um questionário semiestruturado contendo seis questões abertas. Os resultados mostram que os conteúdos de Educação Física são determinados por documentos elaborados pelo Ministério da Educação e agrupados em blocos. Sobre os conteúdos aplicados nas aulas, observa-se que as aulas são ministradas de forma teórica e prática, tendo como objeto de estudo os esportes, jogos e brincadeiras, lutas, ginástica, dança, conhecimento sobre o corpo. Concluímos que os professores utilizam os documentos elaborados por órgãos competentes como suporte na escolha dos conteúdos a serem trabalhados em sala de aula.
Tomb Families: Private Tomb Distribution in the New Kingdom Theban Necropolis
Authors: Slinger Katherine
Published: February 2022

Tomb Families investigates the apparently random distribution of New Kingdom private tombs in the Theban Necropolis by focusing on factors which may have influenced tomb location. The Theban Necropolis contains hundreds of tombs belonging to elite individuals, dating from the end of the Old Kingdom through to the Ptolemaic Period, with the vast majority dating to the New Kingdom (c.1550-1077 BC). These tombs are scattered across the landscape at the edge of the desert between the Valley of the Kings to the west, and the row of royal mortuary temples along the edge of the cultivation to the east. GPS surveying has enabled the spatial analysis of these tombs, demonstrating that specific areas of the necropolis were popular at different times and among particular groups of people. Clusters and patterns can be identified between tombs built during the same reign(s), as well as between tomb owners with similar titles and familial connections. The orientation of specific tombs towards Karnak temple, royal mortuary temples and festival processional routes reveals their significance to certain individuals. This research provides a deeper understanding of the necropolis, and how private tombs linked to the wider sacred landscape of Thebes.
Formative Assessment and Motivation in ESP: A Case Study
Authors: Kereković Snježana
Published: February 2022

The paper presents a case study of an ESP course illustrating the implementation of formative assessment to increase students’ participation and motivation. Formative assessment is an ongoing process teachers and students engage in while focusing on the learning goals and taking action to achieve them. It refers to monitoring students’ learning and the in-process evaluation of student performance by the teacher and by peers providing ongoing feedback to both the teacher and the students. The Business English for Engineers course, designed for graduate students of mechanical engineering, focuses on developing the presentation skills of future mechanical engineers. The students enrolled on the course prepare presentations on engineering topics planned by the syllabus, thus taking direct responsibility for learning. The presentations are followed by questions and group discussions on the presented topics and are subsequently assessed by the rest of the students, the presenters themselves and the teacher. Apart from presentations, students are also assigned smaller tasks to do in class in pairs or groups. A grade in the form of points is attached to the delivered presentations and completed tasks, contributing to the student’s final grade. The results of the questionnaire completed by the students at the end of the course show that such formative activities and assessment increased the students’ motivation and participation in class.
Current treatment of traumatic brachial plexus and peripheral nerve injuries
Authors: Armas E. , Sanz E. , Jover J.J. , Alarcón M.F. , Martín S. , Cristóbal L. , Maldonado A.A.
Published: February 2022

Brachial plexus and peripheral nerve injuries are complex and suppose a great functional deficit. An early diagnostic and surgical exploration and reconstruction is essential in some cases. Muscular atrophy generated by the chronic denervation limits surgical treatments that can not be performed once overcoming a specific time frame.
Radiologic and neurophysiological tests are essential to perform a correct diagnostic and follow-up of these injuries, and rehabilitation is crucial to achieve a good postsurgical outcome. Surgical treatments include primary nerve repair, repair with nerve grafts, nerve transfers, free functional muscle transfers and tendon transfers. Each technique should be adequate to the clinic and evolution time of the injury. Once muscle atrophy is established, nerve repair and nerve transfers do not achieve a good functional result.
Due to the high complexity of these injuries and the need for different medical specialists, these patients must be treated in multidisciplinary units to achieve the best possible result.
Microflora Responsible for Failure of RCT : A Review
Authors: Tomer Anil K , Saini Nivedita , Jain Shivangi , Sabharwal Geetika , Guin Ayan
Published: February 2022

Endodontic treatment failure can be caused by a variety of factors, including bacterial persistence, improperly cleaned and obturated root canals, faulty coronal seal (leakage), and untreated canals (missed canals). The presence of bacteria such as Enterococcus (E.) faecalis inside the root canal system is the most common cause of endodontic failure. These bacteria are more resistant to disinfectants, resulting in an infection that persists intra-radicularly or extra-radicularly. Many other microorganism are also responsible for failure of root canal treatment, resulting in endodontic flare-up .

This review article will discuss about the causes of failure of root canal treatment ,pathogenesis and strategies by which microbes persist in root canal, method of eradication of such microorganism and management of such cases.

Keywords: Enterococcus, Enterococcus
With Renewables for Energy Security
Authors: Hauber György , Honvári Patrícia
Published: February 2022

Taking into account the possible future exhaustion of fossil energy sources, the actual and near danger of climate change, the drastic increase of the greenhouse gases in the last 200 years, as well as the growing need for sustainable development, consumption and liveable environment, the increasing necessity of renewable energy sources becomes clear. Utilization of these energy sources have to acquire a bigger role in the field of energy supply, in order to enhance the energy security of Hungary, to decline the energy import dependence, to reduce the negative environmental impacts, and to recover the economy. The world’s hunger for energy is growing exponentially; this is why it is crucial to establish feasibility scenarios in the next decades, which are able to meet these expectations, and to increase the safety of the energy supply.
Why Can Russia “Divide and Rule” Central and Eastern Europe in Energy Policy?
Authors: Berta Szilárd
Published: February 2022

The strategic challenge of the dependence of Central European countries in terms of hydrocarbon import, specifically natural gas, has not been resolved in the past 25 years. Despite repeated calls for joint action – developing common policies, designing joint frameworks, supporting the launch of major European energy infrastructure projects together – 25 years after the change of regime period the region still stands vulnerable to Russian economic penetration and political influence stemming from our large-scale dependence on Russian gas import. The paper investigates the roots and causes of this deficiency in order to answer the question: “Why and how can Russia still ‘Divide and Rule’ Central-Eastern Europe in energy policy?” Since we have witnessed the failure of the Nabucco and Southern Stream pipeline projects in recent years, facing the current challenges of the Ukraine crisis, making transit unpredictable, and perceiving a certain dissent among the Visegrád Four (V4) in this regard, the paper is to identify the particular interests and negotiation techniques of the parties in order to explain the reasons of failure.
SWOT Analyses of Mapping Activities at the Ministry of Defence Zrínyi Mapping and Communication Servicing Non-Profit Limited Company
Authors: Kulcsár Gábor
Published: February 2022

The Ministry of Defence (MoD) Zrínyi Mapping and Communication Non-profit Limited Company (Ltd) belonging to the Ministry of Defence was founded 1st January2013, by uniting the MoD Zrínyi Communication and MoD Mapping Non-profit Limited Company. In order to ensure the most economical operation, the primary aim of the integration defined by the founder was the revision and possible merger of the capabilities existing in parallel in the two companies. The two predecessor firms would now work as one company, preserving all capabilities, on separate premises, as separate branches perform the mapping and communication tasks within the company. The mapping tasks, given their nature, cannot be accomplished market and profit based, therefore state funding is necessary. The support rate needed for the operation changes from year to year and often during the year, which makes the planning of mapping task procedures rather difficult and as a result the fulfilment of tasks is less efficient.The Ltd basically fulfils state tasks, however, in its spare capacity, business activities are also carried out. These business activities partly provide coverage for public tasks performed by the company, with which the amount of state funding can be lessened. The aim of my research was to examine the significant factors and effects determining the company’s mapping activity and to elaborate the suggestions for the solution of the revealed problems through a Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) analyses.
Analysis of the Legal and Institution-Building Experiences Related to the Supervision of Dangerous Shipment
Authors: Kátai-Urbán Lajos
Published: February 2022

The development of the Hungarian system for industrial safety has a history of 15 years. The aim of this article is to overview the measures related to the develop- ment of the legislative area for industrial safety in the field of dangerous goods transportation and draw upon the potential experiences of this progress.
The European Union’s First Support Operation on the African Continent: Darfur
Authors: Besenyő János
Published: February 2022

The Darfur Operation is much disputed, often times it is called unsuccessful. The operation started ten years ago, and in addition to other donors, the EU took an important role in the advocacy, not to mention the fact that it launched its own support operation. This was the second operation of the EU in Africa. It worked with less people than the Artemis Operation did, but it lasted for nearly three years. Although the operation had to face several challenges, it can be called effective from the perspective of the European Union and its member states. They could utilize the lessons learned from the mission related to further operations. However, several pieces of research have been made on the European Union’s activity in Darfur, but the participants of the mission did not share their experiences except for one or two conferences and articles. I (the author) served for six months in the operation in 2005. After coming home, I followed the events in the area. This research is based on my subjective experiences, other peacekeeper’s knowledge, archived and open sources.
Analysis of Resupply of Energy for Workforce Accomplishing Long Term Damage Cleanup Duties
Authors: Molnár Judit , Molnár Rita , Kóródi Gyula
Published: February 2022

There are a growing number of disasters in Hungary, and throughout the world, that have had devastating effects, and the activities related to prevention, protection and damage cleanup last for a long time. The defence activities are accomplished by professional organizations responsible for remedial actions, namely the National Directorate General for Disaster Management, Ministry of the Interior (NDGDM) and the Hungarian Defence Forces (HDF). Working for a long period of time at the site of damage cleanup works is a heavy burden and effort. Therefore, maintenance of the appropriate physical condition of the official staff intervening in disasters and carrying out demanding physical duties is essential for effective work activities. Catering, providing food and drink supply for organizations carrying out intervention is one of the basic responsibilities of the professional organizations. With the aid and application of the methods of modern food science the energy need of the human body accomplishing demanding activities can be determined by taking body weight and parameters of weather into account. In this work, we aim to analyse the impacts physical workers’ bodies are exposed to. We also define and through examples present the amount, quality and form of the required nutrient and fluid intakes. Through our research, we would like to assist medical and logistic professionals responsible for catering the intervening organization.
The Environmental Impact of Plastic Waste Incineration
Authors: Nagy Ágnes , Kuti Rajmund
Published: February 2022

According to environmental and safety-conscious behaviour in the 21th century, it is necessary to strive to reduce all those activities that cause environmental damage in every aspect of life. More emphasis should be placed on recycling, waste-handling and environmental-friendly solutions, due to the increased amount of waste caused by the penetration of plastics. Plastic manufacture is a constantly growing industry – especially the production of packaging – so the amount of plastic waste generated is also growing steadily. Only a part of the accumulated waste is recycled, another part is destroyed and the remaining amount will continue to pollute the environment. One form of destruction may be energy recovery or incineration. Destruction is a form of energy recovery or incineration which is subject to strict legal requirements in addition to other possible activities. It could pose a serious burden on the human and natural environment if the process is not properly controlled and monitored. This article writes of the situation that seemingly a growing amount of plastic waste is used in residential combustion appliances, of which adverse environmental and health effects the majority of citizens are not aware, so these will be shown in particular. In this article, we examine the environmental and health effects and harm caused by the burning of plastics in detail. We write this study with the purpose of drawing people’s attention to the importance of reducing the quantities of plastic waste and thus the environmental impact they cause as well as the human and environmental risks of incineration.
Structuration Theory and Strategic Alignment in Information Security Management: Introduction of a Comprehensive Research Approach and Program
Authors: Kovács László , Nemeslaki András , Orbók Ákos , Szabó András
Published: February 2022

Information communication technology (ICT) has changed our life and it has a determinant role in our everyday activities; over the last years it has created a constantly changing, developing and complex ecosystem. In this paper, we argue, that this newly formed environment, requires new approaches for exploring technology and society relationships, and we pose the general question how pervasive ICT ecosystem shape interactions and relationships between humans and technology on different levels. This question is pivotal for understanding challenges of information security; in our contribution, we present a four-phase comprehensive research program systematically analysing a) our new smart environment, b) various dimensions of information security awareness, c) the role of leadership and finally d) the importance of strategic alignment.
Remuneration of the Defence Sector Employees in the Context of Legislative Changes
Authors: Davidová Monika , Flachbart Alojz , Jílek Libor
Published: February 2022

This paper focuses on the remuneration of employees of the defence sector in the context of legislative changes. Its target are the periods between 1999–2006 and 30. 6. 2015–2007. In a chronological survey, there are indicated the legislative changes and related ministerial regulations.
Impact of Leaders : The Impact of the Engagement of Local Government Leaders’ on the Effectiveness of Participatory Planning as Found in the Local Community Academy Program (2014–2015)
Authors: Számadó Róza
Published: February 2022

The relevance of the above quotation from an excellent author and economist, adapted to present day Hungarian local governments, is unquestionable. At the beginning of the 21st century, in a globalizing world, the demand for the direct inclusion of independent social groups and individuals and the maintenance of the communities within geographical localities have become a primary issue as opposed to the conditions under the alienating, technocratic, impersonalizing and centralized political regimes of the Europe of the second half of the past century. For this reason, the importance of the role of local leadership is magnified.The program included training for the local governments in the convergence regions, and had three pillars. The first pillar includes 6 post graduate e-learning training programs studied by approximately twenty thousand public officers. The second pillar is the network of the so-called Local Community Academies, comprising the elaboration of strategic methodologies by local participants to be recommended to local governments. The third pillar supported the traditional classroom training for three hundred local government employees.The program of the Local Community Academies (LCA) aimed to support the social inclusion, and the ability of strategy-making. This study aims to answer the following research question: “How did the engagement and involvement of local government leaders, affect participatory planning during implementation of the LCA program?” The relevant research method is an empirical analysis of survey data and final reports.
Seismic Risk and Disaster Management Perspectives in Hungary, Presented on a Case Study Performed in Győr
Authors: Kegyes-Brassai Orsolya , Ray Richard P. , Kuti Rajmund
Published: February 2022

Recent earthquakes with high number of casualties and enormous devastation have recently pushed engineers and designers to adopt preventive approaches to seismic safety. Vulnerability to earthquakes has increased due to extending urban areas. Seismicity in the Pannonian Basin is moderate compared to seismicity of surrounding areas, nonetheless, based on the recent high quality of earthquake observations, epicentre determinations have shown specific regions where earthquakes occur repeatedly. Moderate seismicity does not necessarily equate to moderate damage from earthquakes. Reports of major earthquakes often refer to heavy building damage and liquefaction (e.g. 1763 Komárom eq.). To reduce the potential damage, a comprehensive assessment of the seismic risk followed by a package of relevant remedial measures is needed. This paper presents the case study for the city of Győr, focusing on the local soil effects performing response analysis with more than 6,000 realizations and visual screening of more than 5,000 buildings to determine the vulnerability and the overall seismic risk. Based on the results engineers can plan improvements of the infrastructure easier, and authorities are able to make better plans for emergency activities in case of a seismic event.
Further Ethical Challenges in Military Science from the Perspective of the Catholic Church : Reflection on the Use of Drones
Authors: Ujházi Lóránd
Published: February 2022

The ethical assessment of the appropriate forms of offensive military action have been one of the most significant areas in this respect over the past few years. In the teachings of many religions military weapons and procedures are traditionally evaluated and the limits assessed as to what is appropriate in a war situation. In the Catholic Church quite an elaborate system has been evolved, beginning with the teaching on what constitutes a just war, followed by the medieval criminal law procedures as determined by the councils of the Church, and in the 20th century the various declarations on atomic weapons and weapons of mass-destruction. The Catholic Church still has no established and official position on offensive action in war in the light of the UAV systems. Different opinions and views have been expressed, but it is still far from being a definitive teaching. Research institutes in the Vatican, in the different Episcopal Conferences, and in Military Ordinariate are working on an overall assessment of the problem. However, a comprehensive and correct position has to take political considerations into account, as well as the advantages brought about by technical advances and an assessment of security factors. This way a position can evolve that is faithful to the Catholic Church’s tradition, a doctrine what is acceptable to the political leadership, too.
The Effect of High Oxygen Level (Kaqun) Water and the Ability to Use It to Maintain Military Combat Tone
Authors: Szalkai Iván
Published: February 2022

In the last decade, the nature and purpose of wars have changed, along with the rules and methods of conducting military activities. The problem of chronic stress has come to be a significant factor in foreign peacekeeping and policing missions. Physical training and psychological methods have been covered so far in the preparation and management of the stock in extreme environments. Our examination of the neurobiological side concerns the process. We assume that the biological state of the 60-year-old healthy population is closest to the situation of younger, distressed people.We studied the effect of water with high oxygen content (Kaqun water) on cardiovascular and mental functions of elderly people in a randomized, doubleblind, control group study. We have examined the plethysmogram, the standard deviation of the pulse in relaxed state and under load with the tools of heart rate variability (HRV) analysis, the speed of vasodilation (flexibility), blood pressure (systolic and diastolic), oxygen saturation, simple reaction time (SRT) and cognitive reaction time (CRT). We experienced significant changes in the reduction of systolic blood pressure, reflex time and cognitive time, stress index. These are early signs of changes in chronic stress. The use of Kaqun water has normalized the status of test subjects. Based on this—as well as our experience—the use of Kaqun water is also recommended in operational conditions to increase combat ability, regeneration and rehabilitation.
Decisive Change or Determined Continuity? : The Trump Administration’s Foreign and Security Policy Viewed from Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Csizmazia Gábor
Published: February 2022

The election of Donald J. Trump as President of the United States may be viewed as a watershed in American foreign policy. The Trump team entered the White House with several controversial views on America’s relation with the outside world, thus raising the question of whether the Trump Presidency will introduce decisive changes or will it follow the tradition of continuity in U.S. foreign policy. Due to some of his provocative remarks on NATO or Russia, President Trump’s actual performance is particularly important for Central and Eastern Europeans who have their own respective views on transatlantic relations. The Trump Administration’s principle of “America First” has indeed re-evaluated America’s responsibilities in the world but has not brought fundamental changes so far. In fact, Central and Eastern Europe may experience U.S. foreign policy continuity in a narrower or wider context alike.
Warfare and Society
Authors: Bakos Csaba A.
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this research paper is to provide a better understanding of the challenges that a modern state faces in the current security environment. Given the emerging threat environment with innovative state and non-state actors willing to confront a modern state across a spectrum of activities, it is of vital importance to provide a clear picture for civil servants/employees of the state to best use the tools of good governance. Without a more robust employment of the whole-of-government resources and a holistic approach of the national security the modern state will not be able to counter such threats and seize, retain or exploit the strategic initiative.
Comparison of Fastening Methods of Military Vehicles on Railway Freight Wagons Using Fastening Straps
Authors: Vlkovský Martin
Published: February 2022

The paper identifies possible ways of fastening military vehicles on rail freight wagons using textile fastening straps and then compares particular methods. The comparison includes, besides used methods—diagonal lashing and V-shape diagonal lashing, the previously used method of lashing—slope lashing, which is currently not allowed to use. To calculate the inertia forces affecting the cargo, respectively the fastening straps, appropriate methods in accordance with EN 12195–1 have been chosen. In the discussion part, recommendations in relation to the fastening of military vehicles on rail freight wagons are introduced.
Correlation Between the Relation to Work and Social Intelligence Among the Mayors in the Slovak Republic
Authors: Župová Eliška
Published: February 2022

The aim was to identify the relationship between the relation to work and social intelligence according to its individual factors. The subject of the research was the mayors of municipalities in Slovakia. The survey was attended by 787 mayors from a total of 2,753 (28.5%). To obtain the empirical data, a standardized social intelligence questionnaire based on MESI’s psychometric approach was used, and the questionnaire finds a relationship with Job Satisfaction Instrument (JSI). The results of the research were processed using the SPSS 21 statistical software. To test the nature of relationships and dependencies between variables and to test the tightness of the relationship between the studied variables, a correlation analysis was used using the Pearson correlation coefficient, which expresses the degree of tightness of the linear relationship between the two (interval) variables.Research has found that the higher the rate of social irritability the mayor has,the more positive is his relationship to the job.
Fire, Rescue, Disaster Management : Experiences from Different Countries
Authors: Pántya Péter
Published: February 2022

On international level we can find various methods in the field of fire and disaster management interventions. Individual nations are trying to manage the activities related to firefighting, technical rescue, and, in some cases, healthcare on the basis of international trends but individually and at the highest quality possible. In this article, the author intends to present some syntheses of information that have already been published about the differences and some good practices of rescue organisations applying common, basically similar tools by taking an international outlook and studying various countries—including Hungary. The target countries are in Europe: Poland, Germany, the United Kingdom and Italy.
The Relationship Between Multiple Dimensions of Schizotypy and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms: The Mediating Role of Inferential Confusion
Authors:   Department of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran., Ghorbali Akram
Published: February 2022

Objective: The relationship between obsessive-compulsive and schizotypal symptoms has been repeatedly mentioned in various studies, but the exact pattern of this relationship is still unclear. Recently, the Inference-Based Approach (IBA) tries to explain this relationship through Inferential Confusion (IC). This study aimed to determine the mediating role of inferential confusion in the relationship between different dimensions of schizotypy and Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms (OCS). Methods: The study sample consisted of 341 (158 men and 183 women) university students of Shahed University, Tehran, Iran. Participants were randomly selected by cluster sampling method and completed Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire-Brief (SPQ-B), Inferential Confusion Questionnaire-Expanded Version (ICQ-EV), and Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory-Revised (OCI-R). The proposed model was examined by Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). Results: Model fit indices (GFI=0.91, RMSEA=0.04, X2/df=1.54) indicated good fit. Results showed that among the three dimensions of schizotypy, only the direct effect of positive schizotypy on obsessive-compulsive symptoms (β=0.60, P<0.001) and inferential confusion (β=0.64, P<0.001) were statistically significant. Also, Bootstrap method showed that only the indirect effect of positive schizotypy on OCS was statistically significant [CI(95%)= 0.01-0.25]. Conclusion: Consistent with previous findings, it seems that the relationship between OCS and schizotypy is meaningful along the positive dimension of schizotypy and inferential confusion can explain this relationship to some extent.
Investigating the Role of Childhood Trauma, Emotion Dysregulation, and Self-criticism in Predicting Self-harming Behaviors
Authors:   Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Shahmoradi Hesam , Masjedi-Arani Abbas ,   Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Bakhtiari Maryam ,   Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Abasi Imaneh ,   Department of Clinical Psychology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Published: February 2022

Objective: Self-harming behavior is a major clinical issue in adolescenc. Childhood trauma, emotion dysregulation, and Self-criticism are the main concerns associated with self-harming behavior. In this study, we investigated the relationship between childhood trauma, emotion dysregulation, and Self-criticism with self-harming behaviors among adolescents in Iran. Methods: A sample of 558 (263 girls and 295 boys) middle school-aged adolescents (aged 13–17) was recruited. Participants had at least one self-harming behavior in their clinical records. Self-harm Inventory (SHI), Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), and Levels of Self-criticism questionnaire (LOSC) were completed online. Results: Findings of step by step regression revealed a significant relationship between childhood trauma, emotion dysregulation, and Self-criticism with self-harming behaviors. More specifically, childhood trauma (β=0.253, t=6.42), emotion dysregulation (β=0.135, t=2.77), and Self-criticism (β=0.345, t=8.67) predicted self-harming behaviors. Conclusion: Our findings provided a therapeutic insight to prevent suicide and other related destructive behaviors among adolescents.
Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Anxiety, Cognitive Avoidance, and Empathy of Couples Visiting Counseling Centers in Ahvaz City, Iran
Authors:   Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran., Mohammadian Shabnam , Asgari Parviz ,   Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran., Makvandi Behnam ,   Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran., Naderi Farah ,   Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.
Published: February 2022

Background: Anxiety can reduce the couples’ self-confidence and damage their mental health. The present study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) on anxiety, cognitive avoidance, and empathy among couples visiting counseling centers in Ahvaz City, Iran, in 2020. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test design, follow-up, and a control group. The statistical population consisted of all couples with low marital adjustment who were referred to the psychological centers of Ahvaz in 2019. Using a convenience sampling method, 30 participants were selected and randomly divided into experimental and control groups (n=15 per group). The research instruments included the symptom checklist-90-revised, the cognitive avoidance questionnaire, and the basic empathy scale. The experimental group underwent eight 90-min sessions (one session per week) of ACT, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The follow-up was performed after 45 days. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to analyze the data in SPSS. Results: ACT effectively decreased anxiety and cognitive avoidance and increased empathy among couples in the experimental group (P<0.001). The Mean±SD pre-test and post-test scores of anxiety in the experimental group were 23.33±2.89 and 18.93±3.36, respectively, which decreased compared to the post-test mean score (24.27±2.96) of the control group. Conclusion: ACT decreased anxiety and cognitive avoidance and significantly increased empathy in married individuals. ACT can improve empathy in couples involved in marital conflicts.