bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subnational Fiscal Consolidation: The Hungarian Path from Crisis to Fiscal Sustainability in Light of International Experiences
Authors: Bethlendi András , Lentner Csaba
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this study is to broaden the literature on the factors that contribute to the over-indebtedness of the subnational sector and the related crisis management tools based on the experience of Hungary. In addition to the phenomena known from the literature (vertical imbalance, the fiscal tightening of the central government, the weakness of central control and transparency, and local government-owned companies), non-standard factors also contributed to the evolution of a subnational fiscal crisis in Hungary. The Hungarian municipalities had, in practice, built up a carry trade position for speculative purposes, mostly from Swiss Franc funding. The other relevant observation based on experience is that, when significant amounts of central development funds fail to form a carefully considered development policy, over the long term they could undermine local fiscal stability. In addition to extraordinary fiscal transfer and full assignment of debts, the Hungarian subnational fiscal consolidation also involved a novel technique: the obligations were transferred to the state through the assumption of duties. In Hungary, in line with international experiences, central financial assistance was accompanied by increased fiscal control and by a tightening of the requirements for budgetary transparency and data reporting. Central approval for the assumption of new debts became an important element of fiscal sustainability. In addition to the above, this study argues that in political, social, and legal terms, credible no-bailout regimes do not offer an optimum solution for the subnational sector.
Critical Success Factors of a Design Startup Business
Authors: Kim Boyoung , Kim Hyojin , Jeon Youngok
Published: August 2018

Recent trends of new venture startups have paved the way for the expansion of the design industry and opened new windows of opportunity for the traditionally small and non-specialized design business. In this environment, design startups are rapidly growing in modern society, and thus meeting the needs of consumers through the development of innovative products, processes, and services. This study aims to determine the critical success factors affecting design startups. To this end, the concept and success variables of startup businesses were studied based on previous research, and then key success factors of design startups were identified. A total of 24 experts, from 12 design-based small venture startups and 12 technology-based small and medium startups, were surveyed regarding their priorities related to these factors, using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP). The results suggest that idea commercialization is the most important success factor as an innovation criterion among the four success criteria of design startups. Hence, entrepreneurial conditions, such as goal-orientation and entrepreneurs’ competence, are important success factors for design startups.
Application of Bayesian Approach to Dynamic Assessment of Flood in Urban Underground Spaces
Authors: Wu Jiansong , Fang Weipeng , Hu Zhuqiang , Hong Bangzhao
Published: August 2018

Urban underground facilities tend to be vulnerable to flood that is generated by the breaking of a dam or a levee, or a flash flood after an exceptional rainfall. Rapid and dynamic assessment of underground flood evolution process is of great significance for safety evacuation and disaster reduction. Taking advantage of the Delphi method to determine the Bayesian conditional probabilities collected by expert knowledge, this paper proposes an integrated Bayesian Network (BN) framework for rapidly and dynamically assessing the flood evolution process and consequences in underground spaces. The proposed BN framework, including seventeen nodes, can represent the flood disaster drivers, flood disaster bearers, flood mitigation actions, and on-site feedback information. Given evidences to specific nodes, the risk distribution of typical flood scenarios can be quantitatively estimated. The results indicate that the proposed framework can be useful for dynamically evaluating underground flood evolution process and identifying the critical influencing factors. This BN-based framework is helpful for “Scenario-Response”-based predictive analyses to support decision that is related to flood disaster emergency response.
Vulnerability Assessment of Dam Water Supply Capacity Based on Bivariate Frequency Analysis Using Copula
Authors: Yoo Chulsang , Cho Eunsaem
Published: August 2018

The vulnerability of the water supply capacity of a dam is defined as the expected deficit volume from a typical water deficit event. In this study, a water deficit event was assumed to be a rectangle composed of the deficit duration and deficit intensity whose occurrence probability was then estimated by the bivariate frequency analysis based on the copula method. This approach is different from the conventional one based on the assumption of the same occurrence probability for all events. This proposed method was applied to the Namgang dam in Korea as an example and the resulting estimate of the vulnerability was compared with the conventional method. First, the ‘OR’ concept was found to be better than the ‘AND’ concept in the calculation of the occurrence probability. Additionally, based on the consideration of multicollinearity, it could be concluded that the occurrence probability should be estimated by considering the water deficit intensity and duration. For the Namgang dam, the vulnerability was determined to be 9.11 × 106 m3, which is about 3% of the total storage capacity. This estimated vulnerability is also about 70% of the amount estimated by applying the conventional method with the same occurrence probability for all water deficit events.
Optimization of the optical coupling in nanowire-based integrated photonic platforms by FDTD simulation
Authors: Guan Nan , Babichev Andrey , Foldyna Martin , Denisov Dmitry , Julien François H , Tchernycheva Maria
Published: August 2018

The optimized design of a photonic platform based on a nanowire light emitting diode (LED) and a nanowire photodetector connected with a waveguide is proposed. The light coupling efficiency from the LED to the detector is optimized as a function of the geometrical parameters of the system using the finite difference time domain simulation tool Lumerical. Starting from a design reported in the literature with a coupling efficiency of only 8.7%, we propose an optimized photonic platform with efficiency reaching 65.5%.
Detectability of Biosignatures in Anoxic Atmospheres with the James Webb Space Telescope: A TRAPPIST-1e Case Study
Authors: Krissansen-Totton Joshua , Garland Ryan , Irwin Patrick , Catling David C.
Published: August 2018

The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) may be capable of finding biogenic gases in the atmospheres of habitable exoplanets around low-mass stars. Considerable attention has been given to the detectability of biogenic oxygen, which could be found using an ozone proxy, but ozone detection with JWST will be extremely challenging, even for the most favorable targets. Here, we investigate the detectability of biosignatures in anoxic atmospheres analogous to those that likely existed on the early Earth. Arguably, such anoxic biosignatures could be more prevalent than oxygen biosignatures if life exists elsewhere. Specifically, we simulate JWST retrievals of TRAPPIST-1e to determine whether the methane plus carbon dioxide disequilibrium biosignature pair is detectable in transit transmission. We find that ∼10 transits using the Near InfraRed Spectrograph prism instrument may be sufficient to detect carbon dioxide and constrain methane abundances sufficiently well to rule out known, nonbiological CH4 production scenarios to ∼90% confidence. Furthermore, it might be possible to put an upper limit on carbon monoxide abundances that would help rule out nonbiological methane-production scenarios, assuming the surface biosphere would efficiently draw down atmospheric CO. Our results are relatively insensitive to high-altitude clouds and instrument noise floor assumptions, although stellar heterogeneity and variability may present challenges.
A Planetary Microlensing Event with an Unusually Red Source Star: MOA-2011-BLG-291
Authors: Bennett David P. , Udalski Andrzej , Bond Ian A. , Suzuki Daisuke , Ryu Yoon-Hyun , Abe Fumio , Barry Richard K. , Bhattacharya Aparna , Donachie Martin , Fukui Akihiko , Hirao Yuki , Kawasaki Kohei , Kondo Iona , Koshimoto Naoki , Li Man Cheung Alex , Matsubara Yutaka , Miyazaki Shota , Muraki Yasushi , Nagakane Masayuki , Ohnishi Koji , Ranc Clément , Rattenbury Nicholas J. , Suematsu Haruno , Sumi Takahiro , Tristram Paul J. , Yonehara Atsunori ,   (The MOA Collaboration), Szymański Michał K. , Soszyński Igor , Wyrzykowski Łukasz , Ulaczyk Krzysztof , Poleski Radek , Kozłowski Szymon , Pietrukowicz Paweł , Skowron Jan ,   (The OGLE Collaboration), Shvartzvald Yossi , Maoz Dan , Kaspi Shai , Friedmann Matan ,   (The Wise Group), Batista Virginie , DePoy Darren , Dong Subo , Gaudi B. Scott , Gould Andrew , Han Cheongho , Pogge Richard W. , Tan Thiam-Guan , Yee Jennifer C. ,   (The μFUN Collaboration)
Published: August 2018

We present the analysis of the planetary microlensing event MOA-2011-BLG-291, which has a mass ratio of q = (3.8 ± 0.7) × 10−4 and a source star that is redder (or brighter) than the bulge main sequence. This event is located at a low Galactic latitude in the survey area that is currently planned for NASA’s Wide Field Infrared Survey Telescope (WFIRST) exoplanet microlensing survey. This unusual color for a microlensed source star implies that we cannot assume that the source star is in the Galactic bulge. The favored interpretation is that the source star is a lower main-sequence star at a distance of D

S
 = 4.9 ± 1.3 kpc in the Galactic disk. However, the source could also be a turn-off star on the far side of the bulge or a subgiant in the far side of the Galactic disk if it experiences significantly more reddening than the bulge red clump stars. However, these possibilities have only a small effect on our mass estimates for the host star and planet. We find host star and planet masses of

and

from a Bayesian analysis with a standard Galactic model, under the assumption that the planet hosting probability does not depend on the host mass or distance. However, if we attempt to measure the host and planet masses with host star brightness measurements from high angular resolution follow-up imaging, the implied masses will be sensitive to the host star distance. The WFIRST exoplanet microlensing survey is expected to use this method to determine the masses for many of the planetary systems that it discovers, so this issue has important design implications for the WFIRST exoplanet microlensing survey.
Bihelical Spectrum of Solar Magnetic Helicity and Its Evolution
Authors: Singh Nishant K. , Käpylä Maarit J. , Brandenburg Axel , Käpylä Petri J. , Lagg Andreas , Virtanen Ilpo
Published: August 2018

Using a recently developed two-scale formalism to determine the magnetic helicity spectrum, we analyze synoptic vector magnetograms built with data from the Vector Spectromagnetograph instrument on the Synoptic Optical Long-term Investigations of the Sun telescope during 2010 January–2016 July. In contrast to an earlier study using only three Carrington rotations (CRs), our analysis includes 74 synoptic CR maps. We recover here bihelical spectra at different phases of solar cycle 24, where the net magnetic helicity in the majority of the data is consistent with a large-scale dynamo with helical turbulence operating in the Sun. More than 20% of the analyzed maps, however, show violations of the expected sign rule.
Formation of an Active Region Filament Driven By a Series of Jets
Authors: Wang Jincheng , Yan Xiaoli , Qu Zhongquan , UeNo Satoru , Ichimoto Kiyoshi , Deng Linhua , Cao Wenda , Liu Zhong
Published: August 2018

We present a formation process of a filament in active region NOAA 12574 during the period from 2016 August 11 to 12. Combining the observations of the Global Oscillation Network Group Hα, the Hida spectrum, and the Solar Dynamics Observatory/AIA 304 Å, the formation process of the filament is studied. It is found that cool material (T ∼ 104 K) is ejected by a series of jets originating from the western footpoint of the filament. Simultaneously, the magnetic flux emerged from the photosphere in the vicinity of the western footpoint of the filament. These observations suggest that cool material in the low atmosphere can be directly injected into the upper atmosphere and the jets are triggered by the magnetic reconnection between pre-existing magnetic fields and new emerging magnetic fields. A detailed study of a jet at 18:02 UT on August 11 with GST/BBSO TiO observations revealed that some dark threads appeared in the vicinity of the western footpoint after the jet and the projection velocity of plasma along the filament axis was about 162.6 ± 5.4 km s−1. Using these observations of the Domeless Solar Telescope/Hida, we find that the injected plasma by a jet at 00:42 UT on August 12 was rotating. Therefore, we conclude that the jets not only supplied the material for the filament, but also injected the helicity into the filament simultaneously. Comparing the quantity of mass injection by the jets with the mass of the filament, we conclude that the estimated mass loading by the jets is sufficient to account for the mass in the filament.
On the Efficiency of Thermal Conduction in Galaxy Clusters
Authors: Fang Xiang-Er , Guo Fulai , Yuan Ye-Fei , Mou Guobin
Published: August 2018

Galaxy clusters host a large reservoir of diffuse plasma with radially varying temperature profiles. The efficiency of thermal conduction in the intracluster medium (ICM) is complicated by the existence of turbulence and magnetic fields, and has received a lot of attention in the literature. Previous studies suggest that the magnetothermal instability developed in outer regions of galaxy clusters would drive magnetic field lines to be preferentially radial, resulting in efficient conduction along the radial direction. Using a series of spherically symmetric simulations, here we investigate the impact of thermal conduction on the observed temperature distributions in the outer regions of three massive clusters, and find that thermal conduction substantially modifies the ICM temperature profile. Within 3 Gyr, the gas temperature at a representative radius of 0.3r
500 typically decreases by ∼10%–20% and the average temperature slope between 0.3r
500 and r
500 drops by ∼30%–40%, indicating that the observed ICM would not stay in a long-term equilibrium state in the presence of thermal conduction. However, X-ray observations show that the outer regions of massive clusters have remarkably similar radially declining temperature profiles, suggesting that they should be quite stable. Our study thus suggests that the effective conductivity along the radial direction must be suppressed below the Spitzer value by a factor of 10 or more, unless additional heating sources offset conductive cooling and maintain the observed temperature distributions. Our study provides smoking-gun evidence for the suppression of parallel conduction along magnetic field lines in low-collisionality plasmas by kinetic mirror or whistler instabilities.
Verification of the Flow Regimes Based on High-fidelity Observations of Bright Meteors
Authors: Moreno-Ibáñez Manuel , Silber Elizabeth A. , Gritsevich Maria , Trigo-Rodríguez Josep M.
Published: August 2018

Infrasound monitoring has proved to be effective in detection of meteor-generated shock waves. When combined with optical observations of meteors, this technique is also reliable for detecting centimeter-sized meteoroids that usually ablate at high altitudes, thus offering relevant clues that open the exploration of the meteoroid flight regimes. Since a shock wave is formed as a result of a passage of the meteoroid through the atmosphere, the knowledge of the physical parameters of the surrounding gas around the meteoroid surface can be used to determine the meteor flow regime. This study analyzes the flow regimes of a data set of 24 centimeter-sized meteoroids for which well-constrained infrasound and photometric information is available. This is the first time that the flow regimes for meteoroids in this size range are validated from observations. From our approach, the Knudsen and Reynolds numbers are calculated, and two different flow regime evaluation approaches are compared in order to validate the theoretical formulation. The results demonstrate that a combination of fluid dynamic dimensionless parameters is needed to allow a better inclusion of the local physical processes of the phenomena.
Statistics of Coronal Dimmings Associated with Coronal Mass Ejections. I. Characteristic Dimming Properties and Flare Association
Authors: Dissauer K. , Veronig A. M. , Temmer M. , Podladchikova T. , Vanninathan K.
Published: August 2018

Coronal dimmings, localized regions of reduced emission in the extreme-ultraviolet and soft X-rays (SXRs), are interpreted as density depletions due to mass loss during the coronal mass ejection (CME) expansion. They contain crucial information on the early evolution of CMEs low in the corona. For 62 dimming events, characteristic parameters are derived, statistically analyzed, and compared with basic flare quantities. On average, coronal dimmings have a size of 2.15 × 1010 km2, contain a total unsigned magnetic flux of 1.75 × 1021 Mx, and show a total brightness decrease of −1.91 × 106 DN, which results in a relative decrease of ∼60% compared to the pre-eruption intensity level. Their main evacuation phase lasts for ∼50 minutes. The dimming area, the total dimming brightness, and the total unsigned magnetic flux show the highest correlation with the flare SXR fluence (c ≳ 0.7). Their corresponding time derivatives, describing the dimming dynamics, strongly correlate with the GOES flare class (c ≳ 0.6). For 60% of the events we identified core dimmings, i.e., signatures of an erupting flux rope. They contain 20% of the magnetic flux covering only 5% of the total dimming area. Secondary dimmings map overlying fields that are stretched during the eruption and closed down by magnetic reconnection, thus adding flux to the erupting flux rope via magnetic reconnection. This interpretation is supported by the strong correlation between the magnetic fluxes of secondary dimmings and flare reconnection fluxes (c = 0.63 ± 0.08), the balance between positive and negative magnetic fluxes (c = 0.83 ± 0.04) within the total dimmings, and the fact that for strong flares (>M1.0) the reconnection and secondary dimming fluxes are roughly equal.
Revisiting the Iron Abundance in the Hyper Iron-poor Star HE 1327–2326 with UV COS/HST Data*
Authors: Ezzeddine Rana , Frebel Anna
Published: August 2018

We present a new iron abundance analysis of the hyper metal-poor star HE 1327−2326, based on Fe ii lines detected in its UV spectral range for the first time. In a Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) spectrum, five new Fe ii lines could be measured. A Si i line was also detected for the first time. We determine a 1D local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) Fe ii abundance of [Fe ii/H] = −5.99 ± 0.25. We also investigate departures from LTE for both Fe i and Fe ii lines. Guided by 3D non-LTE (NLTE) analyses of other well-studied metal-poor stars, we identify potential “residual” 3D effects in HE 1327−2326 arising from the absence of full 3D NLTE Fe calculations. Accordingly, we employ measurements of 10 weak Fe i lines previously detected in an optical spectrum of HE 1327−2326, as no Fe i lines are detectable in our UV spectrum. Following our previous work, we adopt the 1D NLTE Fe i abundance of

 = −5.20 ± 0.12 for HE 1327−2326. Adopting a value based on the optical Fe i rather than UV lines was heavily informed by our extensive investigation of model atmosphere and radiative transfer effects on different lines across the entire UV–optical wavelength range. An iron abundance of

 = −5.20 ± 0.12 is only 0.2 dex higher than what was used in previous studies. Accordingly, no previous conclusions regarding the nature of the star are affected.
Evolution of the Transverse Density Structure of Oscillating Coronal Loops Inferred by Forward Modeling of EUV Intensity
Authors: Goddard C. R. , Antolin P. , Pascoe D. J.
Published: August 2018

Recent developments in the observation and modeling of kink oscillations of coronal loops have led to heightened interest over the last few years. The modification of the Transverse Density Profile (TDP) of oscillating coronal loops by nonlinear effects, particularly the Kelvin–Helmholtz Instability (KHI), is investigated. How this evolution may be detected is established, in particular, when the KHI vortices may not be observed directly. A model for the loop’s TDP is used that includes a finite inhomogeneous layer and homogeneous core, with a linear transition between them. The evolution of the loop’s transverse intensity profile from numerical simulations of kink oscillations is analyzed. Bayesian inference and forward modeling techniques are applied to infer the evolution of the TDP from the intensity profiles, in a manner that may be applied to observations. The strongest observational evidence for the development of the KHI is found to be a widening of the loop’s inhomogeneous layer, which may be inferred for sufficiently well resolved loops, i.e., >15 data points across the loop. The main signatures when observing the core of the loop (for this specific loop model) during the oscillation are a widening inhomogeneous layer, decreasing intensity, an unchanged radius, and visible fine transverse structuring when the resolution is sufficient. The appearance of these signatures are delayed for loops with wider inhomogeneous layers, and quicker for loops oscillating at higher amplitudes. These cases should also result in stronger observational signatures, with visible transverse structuring appearing for wide loops observed at the resolution of current instruments.
Suppression of Dielectronic Recombination Due to Finite Density Effects. II. Analytical Refinement and Application to Density-dependent Ionization Balances and AGN Broad-line Emission
Authors: Nikolić D. , Gorczyca T. W. , Korista K. T. , Chatzikos M. , Ferland G. J. , Guzmán F. , van Hoof P A. M. , Williams R. J. R. , Badnell N. R.
Published: August 2018

We present improved fits to our treatment of suppression of dielectronic recombination at intermediate densities. At low densities, most recombined excited states eventually decay to the ground state, and therefore the total dielectronic recombination rate to all levels is preserved. At intermediate densities, on the other hand, collisions can lead to ionization of higher-lying excited states, thereby suppressing the dielectronic recombination rate. The improved suppression factors presented here, although highly approximate, allow summed recombination rate coefficients to be used to intermediate densities. There have been several technical improvements to our previously presented fits. For H- through B-like ions the activation log densities have been adjusted to better reproduce existing data. For B-, C-, Al-, and Si-like ions secondary autoionization is now included. The treatment of density discontinuity in electron excitations out of ground state H-, He-, and Ne-like ions has been improved. These refined dielectronic recombination suppression factors are used in the most recent version of the plasma simulation code Cloudy. We show how the ionization and emission spectrum change when this physics is included. Although these suppression factors improve the treatment of intermediate densities, they are highly approximate and are not a substitution for a complete collisional-radiative model of the ionization balance.
A Modern Census of the Broadest Diffuse Interstellar Bands
Authors: Sonnentrucker P. , York B. , Hobbs L. M. , Welty D. E. , Friedman S. D. , Dahlstrom J. , Snow T. P. , York D. G.
Published: August 2018

We present the results of a ground-based observing campaign designed to produce the first homogeneous census of the population of the broadest (FWHM ≥ 6 Å) diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) in the Galaxy. New low-resolution optical spectra for 21 sightlines spanning a reddening range of three magnitudes, using stars of spectral types O7 through A3, were examined together with corresponding higher-resolution echelle spectra. A new pipeline developed for the reduction and analysis of the low-resolution spectra is presented. Of the 34 broad features reported in the literature, 22 are covered in this survey. Of those 22, 9 are confirmed as broad DIBs, 2 are rejected, and the remaining 11 are uncertain, due to severe blending with stellar and/or telluric lines. No new broad DIBs are identified. New homogeneous measurements of the strength of the broad 6177 Å DIB are compared with the corresponding strengths of five narrower DIBs known to trace different phases of the diffuse ISM: the 4963 Å C2-DIB (which can reside in diffuse molecular gas) and the 5780, 5797, 6284, and 6613 Å DIBs (which primarily trace atomic gas). The 6177 Å DIB correlates quite well with the 5780 and 6284 Å DIBs but shows no correlation with the 4963 Å C2-DIB—suggesting that its carrier is found primarily in the atomic gas.
The Second Data Release of the Beijing–Arizona Sky Survey
Authors: Zou Hu , Zhang Tianmeng , Zhou Zhimin , Peng Xiyan , Nie Jundan , Zhou Xu , Fan Xiaohui , Jiang Linhua , McGreer Ian , Dey Arjun , Fan Dongwei , Findlay Joseph R. , Gao Jinhua , Gu Yizhou , Guo Yucheng , He Boliang , Jin Junjie , Kong Xu , Lang Dustin , Lei Fengjie , Lesser Michael , Li Feng , Ma Jun , Meng Xiaolei , Maxwell Moe , Myers Adam D. , Rui Liming , Schlegel David , Sun Fengwu , Wu Hong , Wang Jiali , Yuan Qirong
Published: August 2018

This paper describes the second data release (DR2) of the Beijing–Arizona Sky Survey (BASS). BASS is an imaging survey covering a 5400 deg2 footprint in the g and r bands using the 2.3 m Bok telescope. DR2 includes the observations through 2017 July obtained by BASS and by the Mayall z-band Legacy Survey (MzLS), which used the 4 m Mayall telescope to observe the same footprint. BASS and MzLS have completed 72% and 76% of their observations. The two surveys will be served for the spectroscopic targeting of the upcoming Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument. Both BASS and MzLS data are reduced by the same pipeline. We have updated the basic data reduction and photometric calibrations in DR2. In particular, source detections are performed on stacked images, and photometric measurements are co-added from single-epoch images based on these sources. The median 5σ point-source depths after Galactic extinction corrections are 24.05, 23.61, and 23.10 mag for the g, r, and z bands, respectively. The DR2 data products include stacked images, co-added catalogs, and single-epoch images and catalogs. The BASS website (http://batc.bao.ac.cn/BASS/) provides detailed information and links to download the data.
A Catalog of Merging Dwarf Galaxies in the Local Universe
Authors: Paudel Sanjaya , Smith Rory , Yoon Suk Jin , Calderón-Castillo Paula , Duc Pierre-Alain
Published: August 2018

We present the largest publicly available catalog of interacting dwarf galaxies. It includes 177 nearby merging dwarf galaxies of stellar mass M
* < 1010
M
⊙ and redshifts z < 0.02. These galaxies are selected by visual inspection of publicly available archival imaging from two wide-field optical surveys (SDSS-III and the Legacy Survey), and they possess low-surface-brightness features that are likely the result of an interaction between dwarf galaxies. We list UV and optical photometric data that we use to estimate stellar masses and star formation rates. So far, the study of interacting dwarf galaxies has largely been done on an individual basis, and lacks a sufficiently large catalog to give statistics on the properties of interacting dwarf galaxies, and their role in the evolution of low-mass galaxies. We expect that this public catalog can be used as a reference sample to investigate the effects of the tidal interaction on the evolution of star formation, and the morphology/structure of dwarf galaxies. Our sample is overwhelmingly dominated by star-forming galaxies, and they are generally found significantly below the red sequence in the color–magnitude relation. The number of early-type galaxies is only 3 out of 177. We classify them, according to observed low-surface-brightness features, into various categories including shells, stellar streams, loops, antennae, or simply interacting. We find that dwarf–dwarf interactions tend to prefer the low-density environment. Only 41 out of the 177 candidate dwarf–dwarf interaction systems have giant neighbors within a sky-projected distance of 700 kpc and a line-of-sight radial velocity range ±700 km s−1, and compared to the LMC–SMC, they are generally located at much larger sky-projected distances from their nearest giant neighbors.
Choice of DNA extraction method affects DNA metabarcoding of unsorted invertebrate bulk samples
Authors: Majaneva Markus , Diserud Ola H. , Eagle Shannon H.C. , Hajibabaei Mehrdad , Ekrem Torbjørn
Published: August 2018

Characterisation of freshwater benthic biodiversity using DNA metabarcoding may allow more cost-effective environmental assessments than the current morphological-based assessment methods. DNA metabarcoding methods where sorting or pre-sorting of samples are avoided altogether are especially interesting, since the time between sampling and taxonomic identification is reduced. Due to the presence of non-target material like plants and sediments in crude samples, DNA extraction protocols become important for maximising DNA recovery and sample replicability. We sampled freshwater invertebrates from six river and lake sites and extracted DNA from homogenised bulk samples in quadruplicate subsamples, using a published method and two commercially available kits: HotSHOT approach, Qiagen DNeasy Blood & Tissue Kit and Qiagen DNeasy PowerPlant Pro Kit. The performance of the selected extraction methods was evaluated by measuring DNA yield and applying DNA metabarcoding to see if the choice of DNA extraction method affects DNA yield and metazoan diversity results. The PowerPlant Kit extractions resulted in the highest DNA yield and a strong significant correlation between sample weight and DNA yield, while the DNA yields of the Blood & Tissue Kit and HotSHOT method did not correlate with the sample weights. Metazoan diversity measures were more repeatable in samples extracted with the PowerPlant Kit compared to those extracted with the HotSHOT method or the Blood & Tissue Kit. Subsampling using Blood & Tissue Kit and HotSHOT extraction failed to describe the same community in the lake samples. Our study exemplifies that the choice of DNA extraction protocol influences the DNA yield as well as the subsequent community analysis. Based on our results, low specimen abundance samples will likely provide more stable results if specimens are sorted prior to DNA extraction and DNA metabarcoding, but the repeatability of the DNA extraction and DNA metabarcoding results was close to ideal in high specimen abundance samples.
Sang des bâtards, sang de la noblesse : à propos des « contextes durables » en anthropologie historique de la parenté
Authors: Steinberg Sylvie
Published: August 2018

Dans un article publié en 2015 dans les Annales HSS sous le titre « La France profonde. Relations de parenté et alliances matrimoniales (xvie-xviiie siècle) », Gérard Delille proposait de considérer les figures « structurantes » de la parenté qu’il observait à partir de données massives et denses recueillies sur les alliances conclues au fil de plusieurs générations de provinciaux sous l’Ancien Régime comme des « contextes durables ». Ce faisant, il répondait à la critique classique adressée à l’anthropologie structurale de la parenté que celle-ci ne prenait pas suffisamment en compte les dynamiques diachroniques en privilégiant l’observation des structures pérennes et des faits immuables. Cet article reprend cette notion de « contexte durable » pour éclairer les permanences dans la condition des bâtards de la noblesse entre le xvie et le xviie siècle. Si les bâtards continuent d’être si importants dans les lignages nobles du début de l’époque moderne, n’est-ce pas imputable à l’inflexion patrilinéaire de la transmission de la noblesse ainsi qu’à l’exaltation du sang qui semble caractériser la noblesse sur la longue durée ? Au regard des recherches récentes sur l’histoire de la filiation et sur l’histoire du sang, cette hypothèse est ici discutée par une historicisation des liens de filiation et de l’imaginaire du sang en tant que supposé « substrat » biologique de la filiation depuis la fin du Moyen Âge jusqu’à la fin du xviie siècle. À un autre niveau d’analyse, la substitution du terme « contexte durable » au terme « structure » ouvre sur d’autres questionnements : questionnement historiographique sur le « jeu d’échelles » des temporalités où prennent place les faits historiques, questionnement sur les attendus, les questionnaires et les horizons de l’anthropologie historique de la parenté.
Généalogie, parenté et histoire sociale. Composition et re-compositions des familles en milieu colonial, Santiago du Chili (mi-XVIe-fin XVIIe siècles)
Authors: Zuñiga Jean-Paul
Published: August 2018

Cette contribution cherche à mettre le concept de « système de famille européen » à l’épreuve du contexte colonial hispano-américain au xviie siècle. Le cas hispano-américain se singularise à cet égard par une grande diversité de situations, montrant la coexistence de modèles d’élite contrastant fortement avec ceux des autres groupes sociaux. Face à la centralité de la question patrimoniale comme moteur de l’alliance pour les premiers, les groupes plus modestes déploient en effet une grande diversité de pratiques et de grammaires de l’emparentement. Le « faire famille » se décline ainsi socialement. Cet article met en question la pertinence de fonder cette divergence sur la différence ethnoculturelle – c’est-à-dire de la coprésence, dans les mondes coloniaux, de modèles européens et extra-européens – et s’interroge sur la validité même de la notion de modèle, aussi bien dans le contexte américain qu’européen
Système de parenté et histoire sociale : éléments pour un débat
Authors: Haddad Elie
Published: August 2018

Parmi les travaux récents en histoire de la parenté, celui de Gérard Delille se distingue par son ambition : comprendre le système européen de la parenté et de l’alliance entre Moyen Âge et époque moderne, à la croisée de l’histoire et de l’anthropologie. Cet article revient sur les principaux éléments de ce système et sur la conception de la parenté qui le fonde, avant de présenter les grandes figures de l’alliance – bouclages consanguins, échanges entre lignées alternées, renchaînements d’alliances – qui y sont à l’œuvre, et ce pour interroger la relation entre ce système d’alliance et le système de parenté plus général, qui n’est pas exempte de tensions. L’article discute alors la place de la parenté par rapport aux autres structures sociales et les manières d’envisager les relations entre structures et contextes.
Researching With Children of the Anthropocene
Authors: Somerville Margaret , Powell Sarah
Published: August 2018

This chapter takes the age of Anthropocene as the time of human entanglement in the fate of the planet, dated by some from the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. We propose, however, that the full awareness of the consequences of this entanglement will only be felt by children born in the twenty-first century into an entirely different world than the one we know and understand. Interestingly, in the light of this contention, early childhood leads the field of educational research in posthuman scholarship, which we associate with the rise of scholarly work galvanised around the notion of the Anthropocene. These approaches draw variously on Haraway's common worlds, Barad's new materialism, and Deleuze and Guatarri's nomadic philosophies.
Assessing Public Sector Learning Following a Natural Disaster
Authors: Bryer Thomas A. , Öztaş Nail , Myrtle Robert C.
Published: August 2018

Disasters are extreme events that usually requirg01e multiple stakeholders' involvement. Public, private, and third-sector actors; local, national, and international parties need to form a well-functioning multilevel network of disaster management and rescue to be able to cope with large and unexpected disasters. The lack of well-coordinated efforts, well-coordinated staff, and well-coordinated organizations is generally one of the main causes of failure to cope with major disasters. This chapter describes disaster management as a multilevel governance activity. It will illustrate the practical side of multilevel governance by emphasizing specifically the multilevel learning process of multilevel governance actors during times of crises. The authors review literature on organizational learning and network learning, both in normal times and during crises, and they assess learning following two major earthquakes that struck Turkey in 1999, separated in time by only 89 days. Five propositions are made regarding multilevel learning in times of crises: 1) Level of learning: there are three levels of learning (organizational, interorganizational network, and policy) during and after a crisis that are relevant to improved interorganizational network performance in future crises; 2) Depth of learning: the depth of learning (single-loop or double-loop) varies based on the stage of the crisis or disaster faced by network actors; 3) Method of learning: the methods of knowledge acquisition will vary based on the role or function of the organization or organizations within a network prior to the crisis event; 4) Learning dependency: learning at one level may be highly dependent on factors at other levels; and 5) Learning environment: there are a set of conditions that need to be met in an environment in order for a crisis to trigger learning in organizations, networks, and at the policy level.
Rectennas for Microwave-Based Wireless Power Transfer (WPT)
Authors: Khandelwal Mukesh Kumar
Published: August 2018

Electromagnetics has an important role in power and energy industry. In this chapter, the concept of rectenna is reviewed. The history of rectenna for wireless energy harvesting and transmission is discussed. Finally, examples are employed to illustrate some rectenna design and measurement issues such as rectenna impedance matching and its conversion efficiency. It is also shown that rectennas can harvest wireless energy efficiently under certain conditions and have the potential to become a power supplier for some special applications.
Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID)
Authors: Khandelwal Mukesh Kumar
Published: August 2018

RFID technology has been widely adapted in industries for uses in logistical tracking, highway tolling, building access, and transportation ticketing. These applications have generally been limited to the original intended use of RFID, that is identification and a replacement for bar codes. Research in this area focuses on increasing the read rate, range, and reliability of their RF tags. The WPT is the enabling technology for realizing a true internet of things. Broad sensor networks capable of monitoring environmental pollutants, health-related biological data, and building utility usage are just a small fraction of the applications which are part of an ever-evolving ubiquitous lifestyle. Realizing these systems requires a means of powering their electronics sans batteries. Removing the batteries from the trillions of these envisioned devices not only reduces their size and lowers their cost, but also avoids an ecological catastrophe. This chapter discusses new theoretical models of RFID, communication standards, radio channel characteristics, RFID readers and tags.
An Insight on Current and Imminent Research Issues in EDM
Authors: Equbal Azhar , Equbal Md. Israr , Equbal Md. Asif , Sood Anoop Kumar
Published: August 2018

Electrical discharge machining (EDM) is an important unconventional manufacturing process which machines the workpieces by a series of recurring electrical discharges between tool and workpiece completely immersed in a dielectric. A power supply establishes an electric field between tool and workpiece while a proper gap is maintained between them by a servo controller. Electrostatic force causes electrons to get plucked out from tool and workpiece forming a channel called plasma having low dielectric strength which easily ionizes producing sparks responsible for machining the workpiece. When the power supply is withdrawn, the continuous flushing of dielectric removes the debris from machined cavity in workpiece. EDM is used in machining of dies, molds, parts of aerospace, automotive industry, and surgical components. The study presents an insight on various research issues in EDM which would help the research community to establish their research objective to investigate. Based on current research trends and need of EDM study, the chapter also proposes some important future research issues.
An Investigation Into Non-Conventional Machining of Metal Matrix Composites
Authors: Zindani Divya , Kumar Kaushik
Published: August 2018

One of the recently developing fields is that of non-traditional machining of particle reinforced metal matrix composites. The complexity associated with traditional machining of particle reinforced metal matrix composite is very high, and therefore, the researchers have begun to show more focus towards non-traditional machining. In the present work, the investigation has been carried out for non-traditional machining such as laser beam machining, electro-chemical machining, abrasive water jet machining, and electro-chemical discharge. Material removal rate, surface finish, and the mechanism of machining has been studied for each of the aforementioned processes. The main material removal mechanisms as has been identified are melting, mechanical erosion, vaporization, and chemical dissolution. The investigation reveals that the major reasons for the damage of the machined surface are the presence of reinforcement particles and thermal degradation.
Finite Element Analysis of Tool Wear in Hot Machining Process
Authors: Parida Asit Kumar
Published: August 2018

Super alloys have been used widely in all sectors (e.g., automobile, aerospace, biomedical, etc.) for their properties like high hardness, high wear, and corrosion resistance. A central challenge is the significantly higher temperature and pressure on the cutting tool, hence rapid tool wear and bad surface finish. In the present study, a FEM analysis has been developed to calculate the effect of preheating temperature on the surface of the workpiece on tool wear on machining Inconel 718. Usui's tool wear model has been implemented in DEFORM software. In order to validate the results, an experimental investigation has been carried out with same cutting conditions. The evaluated results were also compared with the room temperature machining condition. It was observed that the heating temperature increased the tool life by reducing tool wear, tool temperature compared to room temperature machining condition. The predicted tool wear, tool temperature, and chip morphology have been compared with the experimental results and good correlation was found.
Histopathological Image Analysis in Medical Decision Making
Authors: Prakash R. Meena , Shantha Selva Kumari R.
Published: August 2018

Digital pathology is one of the significant methods in the medicine field to diagnose and treat cancer. The cell morphology and architecture distribution of biopsies are analyzed to diagnose the spread and severity of the disease. Manual analyses are time-consuming and subjected to intra- and inter-observer variability. Digital pathology and computer-aided analysis aids in enormous applications including nuclei detection, segmentation, and classification. The major challenges in nuclei segmentation are high variability in images due to differences in preparation of slides, heterogeneous structure, overlapping clusters, artifacts, and noise. The structure of the proposed chapter is as follows. First, an introduction about digital pathology and significance of digital pathology techniques in cancer diagnosis based on literature survey is given. Then, the method of classification of histopathological images using deep learning for different datasets is proposed with experimental results.
Enablers for Advancement of Women into Leadership Position
Authors: Bhattacharya Shubhasheesh , Bhattacharya Sonali , Mohapatra Sweta
Published: August 2018

Women in a leadership position has been a matter of concern the world over especially in information technology (IT)/ information technology enabled services (ITES). However, for the advancement of women in leadership positions, individual characteristics are not enough. Besides individual factors, it is the detection of organizational factors that enable the advancement of women into leadership positions. The present article develops a multidimensional scale on the perceived enablers for the advancement of women in leadership position in the IT/ITES sector. The scale considers both individual factors (characteristics) and organizational factors, such as welfare schemes, career development support, and training. The article also reveals that individual factors, such as self-confidence, ambition, and perceived competency are also enablers of advancing women to leadership positions. Researchers could examine the considered dimensions of the proposed scale in other sectors and with respect to other constructs related to women's work-life balance.
A Gaming Perspective on Mathematics Education
Authors: Yong Su-Ting , Gates Peter , Chan Andy Tak-Yee
Published: August 2018

This article explores how motivation in computer games could be integrated into mathematics education. The scope of the study was confined to four motivation dimensions, namely challenge, control, complexity and collaboration. A phenomenology study was conducted with the purpose to obtain a common understanding of nine teachers and 11 students about mathematics education, particularly focusing on teaching practices and learning difficulties in mathematical problem-solving. Qualitative interviews have revealed that the existing mathematics education is built on drill-and-practice approach with Polya's problem-solving technique, i.e. exam-oriented, rote memorization and the use of predefined strategies. This approach to learning has failed to motivate students to learn (affective) and failed to develop an understanding and creativity (cognitive/metacognitive). Looking from a gaming perspective, mathematics problems should be challenging and complex, and students should be given control to carry out a plan. And finally, collaboration should be encouraged to enable reflective learning.