bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cryptosporidiosis in patients with diarrhea and chronic liver diseases
Authors: Mousa Nasser , Abdel-Razik Ahmed , El-Nahas Hala , El-Shazly Atef , Abdelaziz Mohammad , Nabih Marwa , Hamed Magdy , Eissa Mohammad , Effat Narmin , Eldars Walled
Published: December 2014

Introduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiology and clinical significance of Cryptosporidium in patients with diarrhea and chronic liver diseases. Methodology: The study included 150 patients with chronic liver diseases and diarrhea, and 50 subjects with diarrhea as a control group. Stool samples were screened for the presence of Cryptosporidium by microscopic examination after modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining and detection of Cryptosporidium coproantigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in patients with chronic liver diseases was 30% (45/150) versus 14% (7/50) in controls. Cryptosporidium infection increased with the progression of chronic liver diseases from Child-Pugh class A to Child-Pugh class C (p<  0.001) and from model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) score ≤ 9 to MELD score > 9 (p< 0.031). Nine patients in Child-Pugh class C with diarrhea associated with Cryptosporidium infection developed hepatic encephalopathy, and only diarrhea was identified as a precipitating factor for hepatic encephalopathy. Conclusions: Cryptosporidium is one of the important causes of diarrhea in patients with chronic liver diseases. The infection significantly increased with the progression of chronic liver diseases. In patients with advanced chronic liver diseases, Cryptosporidium infection may be a precipitating factor of hepatic encephalopathy.
Presence of neutralizing antibodies to Orthopoxvirus in Capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) in Brazil
Authors: Barbosa André Victor , Medaglia Maria Luiza G , Soares Herbert S , Quixabeira-Santos Jociane C , Gennari Solange M , Damaso Clarissa R
Published: December 2014

Cantagalo virus is a strain of vaccinia virus (genus Orthopoxvirus) and the etiological agent of an important vesicopustular disease that affects dairy cows and milkers in Brazil. The reservoirs involved in the maintenance of this virus in nature are unknown. In the present work, the detection of neutralizing antibodies to Orthopoxvirus in capybaras collected in São Paulo state is reported. Capybaras are the largest rodent species native to South America and have already been reported as putative reservoirs of other pathogenic microorganisms. Thirteen out of thirty-three serum samples were found positive in plaque-reduction neutralization tests, some of them showing high titers compared to positive controls. These results suggest that capybaras may play a role in the infection cycle of vaccinia virus in Brazil.
Similarities between Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from humans and captive wild animals in South Africa
Authors: Smith Anthony Marius , Ismail Husna , Henton Maryke M , Keddy Karen H , Surveillance Network GERMS-SA
Published: December 2014

Introduction: Salmonella is well recognized as an aetiological agent of gastrointestinal and diarrhoeal disease. Salmonella enterica serotype Enteritidis (Salmonella Enteritidis) is one of the commonest serotypes associated with foodborne illness. In South Africa, we compared Salmonella Enteritidis strains isolated from humans with gastroenteritis and strains isolated from captive wild animals, between June 2011 and July 2012. Methodology: Bacteria were phenotypically characterized using standard microbiological techniques. Genotypic relatedness of isolates was investigated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis. Results: a diversity of 27 PFGE patterns amongst 196 human non-invasive isolates was shown; two PFGE patterns predominated and accounted for 74% of all human isolates. Human isolates showed a 12% prevalence rate for nalidixic acid resistance. Animal isolates from 5 different sources were investigated. With the exception of an isolate from a ground hornbill, all animal isolates (jaguar, crocodile, lion and poultry) showed PFGE pattern matches to a human isolate. Animal isolates showed susceptibility to all antimicrobial agents tested, with the exception of nalidixic acid resistance in isolates from the lion and poultry source. Conclusions: Our data showed similarities between Salmonella Enteritidis strains isolated from humans and captive wild animals, suggesting a probable common source for strains from humans and animals.
Switching from Intravenous to Subcutaneous Formulation of Abatacept: A Single-center Italian Experience on Efficacy and Safety
Authors: Reggia Rossella , Franceschini Franco , Tincani Angela , Cavazzana Ilaria
Published: December 2014

Objective.

Subcutaneous (SC) abatacept (ABA) is comparable to intravenous (IV) formulation in terms of efficacy and safety profile. Our work analyzed the switch to SC formulation from IV administration in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Methods.

Fifty-one patients treated with SC ABA were included. Clinical data were obtained from clinical charts.

Results.

Fourteen patients relapsed and needed to return to the IV administration. Neither clinical and laboratory features nor the previous therapies were identified as risk factors for SC formulation inefficacy. Disease activity decreased after the return to IV infusions.

Conclusion.

SC ABA showed a risk of relapse in 27% of cases. The reinsertion of the IV administration quickly reinstated disease control.
Travail, chômage et stigmatisation
Authors: Herman Ginette , Bourguignon David , Stinglhamber Florence , Jourdan Dany
Published: December 2014

Résumé Bien que son impact soit fondamentalement délétère (voir le chapitre 2), le chômage n’agit pas de la même manière sur tous les individus : certains semblent mieux préservés – ou plus atteints – que d’autres sur le plan de la santé mentale. Ce chapitre étudie les stratégies que les chômeurs mettent en place pour faire face à la situation. Deux stratégies ont été prises en considération dans le cadre d’une étude longitudinale portant sur 420 jeunes sans emploi, récemment sortis de l’enseignement secondaire et habitant dans un territoire fortement marqué par un repli économique. La première est relative à l’identité sociale que le jeune se forge de lui-même, sachant que, s’il n’est plus étudiant, il n’est pas encore travailleur, mais plutôt chômeur. La deuxième stratégie concerne le soutien dont il peut bénéficier, en particulier celui apporté par l’organisme d’insertion socioprofessionnelle dont il dépend. Les résultats montrent que si se sentir membre du groupe de chômeurs a un impact négatif, par contre le fait de l’apprécier (ou du moins, de ne pas le mépriser), de même que le fait de ressentir une aide de la part du conseiller en accompagnement professionnel a un effet positif sur la santé mentale et sur les attitudes au regard du travail. Une brève conclusion est proposée, qui avance quelques pistes de réflexion destinées aux organismes d’insertion socioprofessionnelle.
Famille, culture et handicap
Authors: Vaginay Denis , Warnier Jean-Pierre , Yaméogo Désiré
Published: December 2014

La différence liée au handicap provoque chez toute personne qui s’y trouve confrontée un malaise qui nécessite un travail psychique particulier visant à la faire disparaitre, à la réduire ou à lui donner sens, notamment dans le domaine de la transmission intergénérationnelle. Cette différence induit une dissymétrie relationnelle disproportionnée qui dure souvent au-delà du nécessaire, en maintenant la personne handicapée en position infantile, position confondue avec son état de dépendance. Ainsi, le cadre dans lequel se situent les interactions des transmetteurs non handicapés avec le récepteur handicapé présente des conditions perturbées quant aux références œdipiennes et aux modalités d’intégration de la castration, traçant la voie aux indentifications possibles, et indiquant, plus ou moins fortement, celles qui sont déconseillées ou interdites. La dette symbolique dont est traditionnellement chargé l’enfant au cours du processus de transmission (ses parents, associés à leur génération, lui ont donné la vie et la parole, c’est-à-dire l’accès au Symbolique) s’en trouve modifiée, au point, parfois, d’être écrasante pour l’enfant ou l’adulte handicapé, surtout lorsqu’on voudrait l’en exonérer, ou détournée à d’autres fins. Le travail psychique, la manière d’appréhender la dette, les options identitaires possibles s’inscrivent dans des productions culturelles plus ou moins prédéfinies et contraintes. C’est ce que les trois auteurs, psychologues ou ethnologue, tentent de préciser en comparant trois sociétés qui diffèrent par la manière dont elles s’appuient sur le Symbolique. Dans la première, celui-ci est très prégnant, dans la dernière, la nôtre, il est fortement dévalué, dans la deuxième, il perdure dans les traditions tout en étant attaqué par un désir de réduire l’allégeance à la loi du père. Nous verrons comment les personnes handicapées sont, dans chacune de ces sociétés, aux prises avec la dette.
Famille, culture et handicap
Authors: Hoffet-Gachelin Marie-Ève
Published: December 2014

Dans le versant bouddhique de la culture vietnamienne, le karma est un outil précieux encore en vigueur pour aider les familles dont un membre est soit malade, soit handicapé. Une conception des souffrances familiales est partagée par beaucoup de cultures et se retrouve dans les pratiques : il s’agit de déplacer le sentiment de culpabilité sur l’extérieur, c’est-à-dire de déculpabiliser totalement le malade et sa famille. Ils peuvent alors l’un et l’autre accepter de prendre leur vie en main et de participer activement aux rituels de soins. Dans le karma, cette culpabilité est déplacée sur la lignée familiale : par ses actions passées, un ancêtre à fait souffrir d’autres membres de la famille. Celui qui est malade ou handicapé accepte de porter cette souffrance. Toute la famille a la mission d’en rechercher la cause pour réparer par des prières et des offrandes les souffrances subies par les victimes. La souffrance s’apaise, le malade s’améliore, le handicapé trouve une place dans sa famille. À travers deux récits d’enfants autistes dont les soins associent les pratiques traditionnelles et les méthodes occidentales, nous pouvons voir à l’œuvre l’apport thérapeutique de ce concept qui d’une certaine façon ne nous est pas totalement étranger.
Jouer, classer, comprendre : défendre l'œuvre d'orgue de Boëly aujourd'hui
Authors: Lebrun Éric
Published: December 2014

L’œuvre de Boëly pose à l’interprète moderne de nombreux problèmes : Choix des instruments  : lequel choisir : piano, piano à claviers de pédales, piano à trois mains, orgue (mais quel orgue ?), orgue expressif (de quoi s’agit-il ?). Choix d’interprétation  : faut-il jouer strictement legato certaines pages polyphoniques et plus articulées d’autres morceaux inspirées par le piano ou le clavecin ? Quels tempi choisir ? Comment envisager les adaptations pour orgue pensées d’abord pour le quatuor ou le piano ? Classer  : l’ œuvre de Boëly a été publiée en grande partie à titre posthume et dans un ordre aléatoire. Une part importante est restée manuscrite. Il incombe à l’exécutant d’élaborer un classement cohérent, spécialement des pièces à inspiration liturgique. Ces dernières sont conçues pour être alternées avec des mélodies de plain-chant dont l’origine ne nous est pas toujours familière (rituel parisien). Comprendre  : Ce compositeur occupe une place particulière dans le paysage organistique du xix e siècle. Il convient de relire son œuvre en la situant à sa juste place, bien avant les premières grandes pièces de César Franck et de Saint-Saëns. Défendre cette musique magnifique et plurielle (plus de 600 pièces pour clavier d’une grande variété stylistique) exige une parfaite connaissance des sources et de l’environnement musical de Boëly, mais surtout une véritable conviction, un attachement personnel à ce compositeur.
La participation citoyenne – un facteur de démocratie durable en Afrique du Sud
Authors: Lues Liezel
Published: December 2014

Le monde universitaire soutient que la démocratie ne peut être efficace en soi, mais que son maintien est tributaire du gouvernement et des citoyens. Afin d’assurer le maintien de la démocratie sud-africaine, les fonctions de l’État et des citoyens doivent être intégrées afin d’assurer l’imputabilité, la transparence, l’efficacité et une prestation de services publics de qualité. La présente étude a pour objectif de déterminer ce que les étudiants considèrent comme étant le rôle de l’État, de même que des citoyens, dans le renforcement de la démocratie sud-africaine. Des informations ont été recueillies à cette fin au moyen d’une enquête destinée aux étudiants inscrits à des modules d’administration et de gestion publiques dans une université sud-africaine. Il ressort de cette enquête que les répondants estimaient qu’il était important de se renseigner sur la démocratie ainsi que de surveiller le comportement des politiciens. Les observations indiquent en outre que les répondants considéraient des questions telles que l’éducation, la santé, l’ordre public et, dans une moindre mesure, la création d’emplois, comme des fonctions essentielles de l’État. Dans notre conclusion, nous verrons que l’information des citoyens joue un rôle important dans le renforcement de la démocratie sud-africaine, notamment eu égard au Cadre stratégique à moyen terme adopté par l’Afrique du Sud et à ses douze objectifs. Remarques à l’intention des praticiens Dans le présent article, nous nous intéressons à la démocratie sud-africaine actuelle eu égard aux différentes fonctions de l’État, d’une part, et des citoyens, d’autre part. Notre étude s’intéresse aux opinions des étudiants inscrits à des modules d’administration et de gestion publiques dans une université sud-africaine en ce qui concerne le rôle de l’État et des citoyens dans la création d’une démocratie durable. Nous présenterons en outre des informations générales sur la trajectoire suivie par l’Afrique du Sud sur la voie de la démocratie et de l’égalité.
A survey of training regimes used by top trainers of the Icelandic pace racing horse
Authors: Jansson A. , Hedenström U. , Ragnarsson S.
Published: December 2014

The aim of this study was to document training strategies used by experienced trainers of the Icelandic pace racing horse. Data were obtained using a questionnaire, to which responses were received from nine trainers on the world ranking list in 250 m pace races and with a minimum of 12 years of experience of pace training. Training was commenced at an age of 5.4±1.0 years and the average time to achieve competitive condition was estimated to be 1.9±0.8 years. Horses were trained almost every day and the trainers described a variety of training methods. Interval training appeared to be common, while training at pace was performed less than twice per week. Mental aspects seemed to be a challenge for performance.
The Accreditation Process: A Site Visit Encounter
Authors: DeSilets Lynore D.
Published: December 2014

This column provides an overview of the process of a site visit by appraisers from the American Nurses Credentialing Center Commission on Accreditation. Various components of the accreditation process are discussed.
Competence Development Among Nurses: The Process of Constant Interaction
Authors: Tabari-Khomeiran Rasoul , Kiger Alice , Parsa-Yekta Zohre , Ahmadi Fazlollah
Published: December 2014

Background:

The importance of competence to nursing practice was the motivation for this study, which explored nurses’ experience in developing their competence as they progress through their careers.

Methods:

In accordance with grounded theory method, data collection and data analysis were performed simultaneously using the constant comparative method.

Results:

Data revealed that nurses developed competence through an iterative process called “the process of constant interaction.” This five-stage process was found to be a complex, ongoing interpersonal dynamic between the nurse and the surrounding world.

Conclusions:

Although the nurse is the key player in the process of his or her own competence development, employers have a pivotal responsibility in facilitating the nurse’s progress toward ongoing professional competence, which is a key element of the quality of care.
Machine Learning from Garden Path Sentences: The Application of Computational Linguistics
Authors: Du Jiali , Yu Pingfang , Li Minglin
Published: December 2014

This paper discusses the application of computational linguistics in the machine learning (ML) system for the processing of garden path sentences. ML is closely related to artificial intelligence and linguistic cognition. The rapid and efficient processing of the complex structures is an effective method to test the system. By means of parsing the garden path sentence, we draw a conclusion that the integration of theoretical and statistical methods is helpful for the development of ML system.
Mechanisms of Jak/STAT Signaling in Immunity and Disease
Authors: Villarino Alejandro V. , Kanno Yuka , Ferdinand John R. , O’Shea John J.
Published: December 2014

More than two decades ago, experiments on the antiviral mechanisms of IFNs led to the discovery of JAKs and their downstream effectors, the STAT proteins. This pathway has since become a paradigm for membrane-to-nucleus signaling and explains how a broad range of soluble factors, including cytokines and hormones, mediate their diverse functions. Jak/STAT research has not only impacted basic science, particularly in the context of intercellular communication and cell-extrinsic control of gene expression, it also has become a prototype for transition from bench to bedside, culminating in the development and clinical implementation of pathway-specific therapeutics. This brief review synthesizes our current understanding of Jak/STAT biology while taking stock of the lessons learned and the challenges that lie ahead.
Blood on their hands: How heroines in biblical and Apocryphal literature differ from those in ancient literature regarding violence
Authors: Branch Robin Gallaher
Published: December 2014

Deborah and Jael, Esther, and Judith are four biblical and Apocryphal heroines with blood on their hands. Their stories figure in the following passages: Judges 4–5, when Jael killed the Canaanite commander Sisera; Esther 8, when Esther pleaded with Xerxes to allow her people to defend themselves; and Judith 8–16, when Judith devised and fulfilled a plan to assassinate the Assyrian general, Holofernes. These texts exonerate them. A study of selected heroines in mythology and in classical works by Herodotus, Homer and Tacitus reveals interesting comparisons. This article includes character studies of stories about the Amazons, women warriors who mutilated their bodies to better aim a bow; Tomyris, who won a battle against Cyrus and put his head in a sack of human blood; Anchita, a Spartan mother who sanctioned sealing her son alive in the temple of Minerva; and Boadicea, who led a rebellion against Romein which 80 000 Britons perished. The article finds that, in contrast to the women of other cultures, Deborah and Jael, Esther, and Judith responded with violence to crises only when their people were threatened. Their successful actions are limited to the aggressors, within atime limit, and, arguably, tempered with mercy.Met bloed aan die hande: Hoe heldinne uit die bybelse en Apokriewe literatuur verskil van dié uit die klassieke literatuur ten opsigte van geweldpleging. Debora en Jael, Ester, en Judit verteenwoordig vier heldinne uit die Bybelse en Apokriewe literatuur met bloed aan die hande. Hulle verhale word in Rigters 4–5 weergegee, waar Jael vir Sisera, ’n Kanaänitiese kommandant, vermoor het; in Ester 8, waar Ester by Xerxes 1 gepleit het omhaar volk toe te laat om hulleself te verdedig; en in Judit 8–16, waar Judit ’n plan beraam én uitgevoer het om die Assiriese generaal, Holofernes te vermoor. Hulle word egter in hierdie teksgedeeltes onthef van skuld. ’n Studie van heldinne uit die mitologie en die klassieke werke van Herodotus, Homeros en Tacitus onthul interessante ooreenkomste. Hierdie artikel bespreek karakterstudies uit die verhaal van die Amasone – vrouekrygers wat nie geskroom het om hulle eie liggame te skend ter wille van die beter hantering van hulle wapens nie; die verhaal van Tomyris, wat ’n geveg teen Cyrus wen en sy kop in ’n sak, gevul met menslike bloed, geplaas het; Anchita, ’n Spartaanse moeder wat haar goedkeuring gee om haar seun lewend in tempel van Minerva af te seël; en Boadicea, wat ’n rebellie teen Rome aangevoer het waarin 80 000 Britte omgekom het. Die slotsom van hierdie artikelis dat Debora en Jael, Ester, en Judit, in teenstelling met vroue uit ander kulture, hulle inkrisistye tot geweldpleging gewend het slegs wanneer hulle volksgenote bedreig is. Hulle eenmalige dade is net tot die aggressors beperk en word waarskynlik deur ’n gevoel van erbarming getemper.
Genetic polymorphisms associated with sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine drug resistance among Plasmodium falciparum field isolates in malaria endemic areas of Assam
Authors: Sharma J , Dutta P , Khan SA , Soni M , Dey D , Mahanta J
Published: December 2014

Background:

The emergence of antimalarial drug resistance malaria parasite is widespread in North eastern region of India. During January 2012-December 2013, we conducted active surveillance for detection of antifolate resistance-associated genetic polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasite from different malaria endemic areas of Assam.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 281 field samples were collected from suspected malaria patients of which 106 malaria P. falciparum positive cases were detected in microscopic slide examination. A nested PCR was done for amplification of a 648 bp portion of the dhfr gene and 710 bp portion of the dhps gene.

Results:

Mutation analysis revealed existence of three different haplotypes of the P. falciparum dhfr gene of which ANRNI was highly prevalent (90%). Triple mutant haplotypes AIRNI (N51I + C59R + S108N) of the dhfr gene associated with pyrimethamine resistance were prevalent in Chirang district of Assam. Whereas, dhps mutation study revealed that triple mutant haplotype AGEAA (S436A + A437G + K540E) associated with Sulphadoxine resistance was found among 26% of P. falciparum field isolates. However, P. falciparum dhfr-dhps two locus mutation analysis showed that there were a total of nine dhfr-dhps genotypes.

Conclusion:

It was noticed that 93.62% (88/94) isolates had mutations in the sequences of both enzymes, which is an indication of prevalence of high grade of Sulphadoxine - pyrimethamine resistance in P. falciparum malaria parasites in Assam.
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis secondary to Epstein Barr virus and Leishmania co-infection in a toddler
Authors: Domínguez-Pinilla N , Baro-Fernández M , González-Granado LI
Published: December 2014

This is the report of an EBV + Leishmanial co-infection. The patient developed hemophagocytic syndrome (HLH) and was treated with the standard HLH-2004 protocol. However, PCR in bone marrow discovered this secondary cause for HLH. In endemic countries, visceral leishmaniasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis even in EBV-related HLH, as chemotherapy toxicity may be avoided.
Isometries and Hermitian Operators on Zygmund Spaces
Authors: Botelho Fernanda
Published: December 2014

In this paper we characterize the isometries of subspaces of the little Zygmund space. We show that the isometries of these spaces are surjective and represented as integral operators. We also show that all hermitian operators on these settings are bounded
Clinical Skills Assessment: The Effects of Moving Certification Requirements Into Neurology, Child Neurology, and Psychiatry Residency Training
Authors: Juul Dorthea , Brooks Beth Ann , Jozefowicz Ralph , Jibson Michael , Faulkner Larry
Published: December 2014

Background

A few years ago, when the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology decided to phase out the patient-based oral examinations in its 3 primary specialties, requirements for assessing clinical skills during residency training were instituted.

Objective

The purpose of this report is to describe the experiences of training program directors and graduates with these new credentialing requirements (labeled CSEs) as well as other effects on the specialties.

Methods

Surveys were administered electronically in 2012 to all current neurology, child neurology, and psychiatry program directors, and to a convenience sample of graduates who applied for the 2012 certification examinations.

Results

Response rates for graduates were similar across the 3 specialties but low (28%–33%). Response rates were higher for program directors (53%–62%) and were similar across the 3 specialties. The results indicated that the CSEs were usually administered early in training, were completed toward the end, were often passed on first attempt, generally took place during routine clinical assignments, were used to assess additional competencies, almost always included feedback to the residents, and did not often lead to remediation. Furthermore, the CSEs were perceived to be useful components in the assessment of clinical skills.

Conclusions

The results obtained from the early implementation of the CSEs suggest that they provide an opportunity to assess clinical skills with the additional benefit of feedback to trainees. Other effects included eventual incorporation into training program requirements, milestones, and related faculty development and research efforts.
Why ‘state of the art’ monetary theory was unable to anticipate the global financial crisis: a child's guide
Authors: Rogers Colin
Published: December 2014

‘State of the art’ monetary theory was unable to anticipate or understand the global financial crisis because it rested on microeconomic foundations that precluded any meaningful role for money, finance or banking. These analytical and conceptual flaws have been known for a long time. But many either ignored or misunderstood their implications. This note provides a largely non-technical explanation of the conceptual flaws in ‘state of the art’ monetary theory that rendered it unable to anticipate, or understand, the global financial crisis of 2007–2008; and rendered it thereafter effectively useless as a guide to what should be done.
Inside shadow banking: understanding the doomsday machine
Authors: Marshall Wesley C.
Published: December 2014

This article will argue that the shadow banking system has been at the heart of the Great Crisis since its first manifestations in the summer of 2007. This system has been purposefully misunderstood, as it is essentially a complex machine of too-big-to-fail banks designed to make large private profits while creating infinitely larger amounts of public debt. Years into the crisis, the shadow banking system still presents the greatest threat to global financial stability. As the fundamental operational conditions of this system gradually become clearer, and the understanding of the risks greater, a proper understanding of shadow banking is essential if the enormous problems of this doomsday machine are to be resolved.
Overview of the Focused Isoprene eXperiment at the California Institute of Technology (FIXCIT): mechanistic chamber studies on the oxidation of biogenic compounds
Authors: Nguyen T. B. , Crounse J. D. , Schwantes R. H. , Teng A. P. , Bates K. H. , Zhang X. , St. Clair J. M. , Brune W. H. , Tyndall G. S. , Keutsch F. N. , Seinfeld J. H. , Wennberg P. O.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. The Focused Isoprene eXperiment at the California Institute of Technology (FIXCIT) was a collaborative atmospheric chamber campaign that occurred during January 2014. FIXCIT is the laboratory component of a synergistic field and laboratory effort aimed toward (1) better understanding the chemical details behind ambient observations relevant to the southeastern United States, (2) advancing the knowledge of atmospheric oxidation mechanisms of important biogenic hydrocarbons, and (3) characterizing the behavior of field instrumentation using authentic standards. Approximately 20 principal scientists from 14 academic and government institutions performed parallel measurements at a forested site in Alabama and at the atmospheric chambers at Caltech. During the 4 week campaign period, a series of chamber experiments was conducted to investigate the dark- and photo-induced oxidation of isoprene, α-pinene, methacrolein, pinonaldehyde, acylperoxy nitrates, isoprene hydroxy nitrates (ISOPN), isoprene hydroxy hydroperoxides (ISOPOOH), and isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX) in a highly controlled and atmospherically relevant manner. Pinonaldehyde and isomer-specific standards of ISOPN, ISOPOOH, and IEPOX were synthesized and contributed by campaign participants, which enabled explicit exploration into the oxidation mechanisms and instrument responses for these important atmospheric compounds. The present overview describes the goals, experimental design, instrumental techniques, and preliminary observations from the campaign. This work provides context for forthcoming publications affiliated with the FIXCIT campaign. Insights from FIXCIT are anticipated to aid significantly in interpretation of field data and the revision of mechanisms currently implemented in regional and global atmospheric models.
Collection efficiency of the soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) for internally mixed particulate black carbon
Authors: Willis M. D. , Lee A. K. Y. , Onasch T. B. , Fortner E. C. , Williams L. R. , Lambe A. T. , Worsnop D. R. , Abbatt J. P. D.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. The soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) uses an intra-cavity infrared laser to vaporize refractory black carbon (rBC) containing particles, making the particle beam–laser beam overlap critical in determining the collection efficiency (CE) for rBC and associated non-refractory particulate matter (NR-PM). This work evaluates the ability of the SP-AMS to quantify rBC and NR-PM mass in internally mixed particles with different thicknesses of organic coating. Using apparent relative ionization efficiencies for uncoated and thickly coated rBC particles, we report measurements of SP-AMS sensitivity to NR-PM and rBC, for Regal Black, the recommended particulate calibration material. Beam width probe (BWP) measurements are used to illustrate an increase in sensitivity for highly coated particles due to narrowing of the particle beam, which enhances the CE of the SP-AMS by increasing the laser beam–particle beam overlap. Assuming complete overlap for thick coatings, we estimate CE for bare Regal Black particles of 0.6 ± 0.1, which suggests that previously measured SP-AMS sensitivities to Regal Black were underestimated by up to a factor of 2. The efficacy of the BWP measurements is highlighted by studies at a busy road in downtown Toronto and at a non-roadside location, which show particle beam widths similar to, but greater than that of bare Regal Black and coated Regal Black, respectively. Further BWP measurements at field locations will help to constrain the range of CE for fresh and aged rBC-containing particles. The ability of the SP-AMS to quantitatively assess the composition of internally mixed particles is validated through measurements of laboratory-generated organic coated particles, which demonstrate that the SP-AMS can quantify rBC and NR-PM over a wide range of particle compositions and rBC core sizes.
Potential of the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) onboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor for the monitoring of terrestrial chlorophyll fluorescence
Authors: Guanter L. , Aben I. , Tol P. , Krijger J. M. , Hollstein A. , Köhler P. , Damm A. , Joiner J. , Frankenberg C. , Landgraf J.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Global monitoring of sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) can improve our knowledge about the photosynthetic functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. The feasibility of SIF retrievals from spaceborne atmospheric spectrometers has been demonstrated by a number of studies in the last years. In this work, we investigate the potential of the upcoming TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) onboard the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite mission for SIF retrieval. TROPOMI will sample the 675–775 nm spectral window with a spectral resolution of 0.5 nm and a pixel size of 7 km × 7 km. We use an extensive set of simulated TROPOMI data in order to assess the uncertainty of single SIF retrievals and subsequent spatio-temporal composites. Our results illustrate the enormous improvement in SIF monitoring achievable with TROPOMI with respect to comparable spectrometers currently in-flight, such as the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) instrument. We find that TROPOMI can reduce global uncertainties in SIF mapping by more than a factor 2 with respect to GOME-2, which comes together with an about 5-fold improvement in spatial sampling. Finally, we discuss the potential of TROPOMI to accurately map other important vegetation parameters, such as leaf photosynthetic pigments and proxies for canopy structure, which will complement SIF retrievals for a self-contained description of vegetation condition and functioning.
FATORES DE RISCOS PARA INFECÇÃO NO PUERPÉRIO CIRÚRGICO
Authors: Lima Daniele Moreira , Wall Marilene Loewen , Hey Albimara , Falcade Ana Cristina , Chaves Andréa Cristina De Morais , Souza Marli Aparecida Rocha de
Published: December 2014

O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar os fatores de risco de infecção no puerpério cirúrgico pelaaplicação do modelo de Cuidado de Carraro. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva com abordagem qualitativa,conduzida no primeiro semestre de 2013. Participaram nove puérperas cuja via de parto foi à cesariana. Paraidentificação dos fatores de risco de infeção puerperal, aos quais as mulheres estavam expostas, utilizou-se deum instrumento proposto pela autora do referido modelo de Cuidado. Os fatores de riscos identificados foram:obesidade, estado psicológico alterado, lesão da pele e/ou mucosas, imunidade deficiente, insuficiência emum ou mais órgãos e o uso de próteses. Considera-se que este instrumento sistematizado se constitui em umaferramenta importante para profissionais atuantes na área de saúde, por possibilitar a identificação de fatoresde risco de infecção puerperal, realizar a intervenção, refletindo-se na minimização das taxas de morbidade emortalidade por esse agravo.
HIPERMÍDIA EDUCACIONAL SOBRE PUNÇÃO VENOSA PERIFÉRICA: PERSPECTIVA DE ACADÊMICOS DE ENFERMAGEM
Authors: Frota Natasha , Barros Lívia Moreira , Costa Amanda , Santos Zélia Maria , Caetano Joselany Afio
Published: December 2014

Estudo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa, com objetivo de identificar a opinião de estudantesquanto à utilização de uma hipermídia educacional sobre Punção Venosa Periférica no ensino de enfermagem.Foram entrevistados 12 estudantes de enfermagem de uma universidade pública durante o primeiro semestre de2013. As entrevistas permitiram a identificação dos núcleos de sentido e de categorização pela análise de conteúdoe originou quatro categorias: influência da hipermídia no aprendizado, tecnologia educacional como suporteao ensino presencial, relação da hipermídia com a prática profissional e dificuldades de acesso. A hipermídiaapresentou resultados positivos, pois a maioria dos acadêmicos relatou que o material ajudou na aprendizageme gerou autonomia e interatividade no momento de estudar. Entretanto alguns referiram dificuldade de acessoa hipermídia relacionado principalmente ao servidor utilizado. Assim a hipermídia mostrou-se uma ferramentaválida para uso, uma vez que favoreceu o aprendizado e despertou o interesse e a curiosidade dos estudantes.
ANÁLISE QUANTITATIVA SOBRE GRAVIDEZ NA ADOLESCÊNCIA EM UM MUNICÍPIO MINEIRO
Authors: Carmo Suelen Souza do , Livramento Darlan Einstein do , Ferreira Neto Hipólito Paulino , Mariutti Zeferino Mariana Gondim
Published: December 2014

Estudo quantitativo e descritivo, que objetivou verificar frequência, causas e consequências dagravidez na adolescência. Foram entrevistadas 104 adolescentes cadastradas no Sistema de Informações sobreNascidos Vivos em 2010, que se encontravam na faixa etária dos 15 aos 21 anos; a maioria apresentava baixaescolaridade; 60% não trabalhavam; todas realizaram pré-natal; foram observadas alterações no estado conjugalapós a gestação e aumento no conhecimento e uso dos métodos contraceptivos; 74% não planejaram a gravidez;relataram mudanças após a gravidez como maior responsabilidade (26%) e perda da liberdade (23%). Concluiuseser necessária a aproximação com as adolescentes para esclarecer dúvidas, desprender-se de preconceitos,realizar assistência holística com orientações objetivas, corretas e claras, respeitando crenças e individualidades.
ACOLHIMENTO COM CLASSIFICAÇÃO DE RISCO: UM INDICADOR DA DEMANDA EMERGENCIAL DE UM SERVIÇO HOSPITALAR
Authors: Souza Thaise Honorato de , Andrade Selma Regina de
Published: December 2014

Este estudo objetivou caracterizar e analisar a porta de entrada e possíveis estratégias para organizaçãodo Serviço de Emergência de um Hospital Universitário, considerando o acolhimento com classificação de risco,a Rede de Atenção às Urgências e a Rede de Atenção à Saúde do Sistema Único de Saúde. Estudo descritivo,transversal, realizado entre nove de abril e oito de junho de 2012. Obteve-se um total de 3.078 casos deacolhimento. Os dados foram coletados por meio de observação participante e de consulta documental, analisadospor temática e estatística descritiva. Os resultados mostraram que 63,55% dos acolhidos acessaram o referidoserviço devido a casos não emergenciais. Após caracterização, discutiram-se alguns elementos para organizaçãoda demanda emergencial na perspectiva de rede de atenção. O estudo mostrou que apesar da classificação derisco ser uma estratégia inovadora, por si só não soluciona os problemas de excesso de demanda não emergencial.
EDUCAÇÃO ABERTA: UM IDEAL OU UMA REALIDADE POSSÍVEL?
Authors: Meier Marineli Joaquim , Silva Henrique Oliveira da
Published: December 2014

Editorial
POTENCIAL DE HÍBRIDOS DE Populusxeuramericana NA OBTENÇÃO DE POLPA CELULÓSICA
Authors: Mariani Silvana A. , Torres Marco U.
Published: December 2014

Três clones de Populusxeuramericana (cv.I-72, cv.I-161 e cv.I-488) cultivados no sul do Chile foram submetidos à análise química e posteriormente a polpações kraft e soda-antraquinona. Estudou-se ainda a influência da umidade dos cavacos sobre a polpação kraft. A composição química entre os três híbridos não apresenta diferenças significativas e a polpação kraft promove o maior rendimento, menor percentagem de rejeitos e menor teor de lignina residual na polpa. O efeito do teor de umidade dos cavacos na polpação kraft exerce influência sobre o rendimento depurado, rejeito e teor de lignina residual na polpa. Um aumento na umidade dos cavacos causa um maior rendimento, menor percentagem de rejeito e menor número Kappa na polpa. Os híbridos estudados possuem um potencial favorável para a obtenção de polpa kraft, segundo os rendimentos e número Kappa similares, obtidos em espécies de Pinus spp e Eucalyptus spp. POTENTIALITY OF HYBRIDS OF Populusxeuramericana FOR CELULOSE PULPING Abstract Three cultivated clones of Populusxeuramericana (cv.I-72, cv.I-161 and cv.I-488) in southern Chile were submitted to chemical analysis and to kraft and soda-antraquinone pulping. It was still studied the influence of the chip moisture on the kraft pulping. There were no significant differences on the wood chemical composition among the three hybrids. Kraft pulping promoted the highest yield on the pulp, the lowest percentage of rejects and the lowest rate of residual lignin on the pulp. The effect of the chip moisture on the kraft pulp influences on the screened yield, percentage of rejects and the rate of residual lignin. An increase on the moisture content of chips reaches a higer yield, lower percentage of reject and lower Kappa number. According to similar yield of pulp and Kappa number reached on Pinus spp and Eucalyptus spp species pulping, the hybrids studied at these experiments own a favorable potential for obtaining kraft pulp.
Chronology and Canonicity in Jocasta’s Intercessions in Statius’ Thebaid
Authors: Simms Robert C.
Published: December 2014

This article argues that Statius manipulates constituent features of narrative in Jocasta’s efforts to forestall the conflict between Eteocles and Polynices, which creates a breach in the episode’s reception and the uncertainty necessary for suspense. Statius’ description of Jocasta’s efforts to prevent the conflict between her sons, one of many canonical action sequences in the Thebaid, invites comparison with antecedent versions found in the Lille fragments of Stesichorus as well as the Phoenissae of Euripides and Seneca. Judged against his predecessors, however, Statius’ treatment is unique because his Jocasta never stands between her sons as in Euripides and Seneca. Rather than a sheepish surrender to the productions of his predecessors, this deft occlusion of a canonical scene invalidates the anticipation of events the reader would enjoy from familiarity with the story’s plot. Moreover, in this breach of a traditional narrative sequence Statius achieves the uncertainty needed to make his revision of the events leading to the duel suspenseful and compelling.
Effect of Frozen Storage on Biochemical Changes and Fatty Acid Composition of Mackerel (Scomber japonicus) Muscle
Authors: Paola Agustinelli Silvina , Isabel Yeannes Maria
Published: December 2014

The aim of the present work was to analyze the effect of frozen storage on biochemical characteristics in mackerel (Scomber japonicus). Fresh mackerel captured from Southwest Atlantic Ocean was frozen and then stored at -19 ± 1 ºC for one year. Biochemical analyses were done at established sampling times: total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), fatty acid profile, thiobarbituric acid values (TBA-RS) and colour determinations. After twelve months TVB-N increase correlated (R2: 0.888) with storage time indicating the effect of enzymatic activity. Lipid content presented high degree of unsaturation, EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid; C20:5 w-3) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid; C22:6 w-3) acids prevail among total w-3 acids. During frozen storage, polyunsaturated fatty acids, w-3 and Polyene Index (EPA + DHA ? C16) contents decreased. Frozen storage of whole mackerel caused important changes in fatty acid composition simultaneously with an increase in lipid oxidation in fillets, measured as TBA-RS. Dark muscle was more sensitive to lipid oxidation than the light muscle. Color analysis showed that L* value was the parameter which presented more changes during frozen storage indicating loss of lightness in the dorsal and ventral fish fillet areas. The increase in b* value on the ventral zone indicated the presence of yellow pigments as result of lipid oxidation. Although the frozen storage technique represents important changes in mackerel samples, the high values of PUFA in muscle are still high over other fish species making mackerel an important nutritional resource.
Effect of Inuline and Oatmeal Addition on Fat and Dietary Fiber Content in Hot Press Wheat Flour Tortilla
Authors: Heredia-Olea Erick , Martinez-Martinez Alejandra , Payan-Tamez Sylvia , Palomera-Santandreu Isabel , Guajardo-Flores Sara , Perez-Carrillo Esther
Published: December 2014

Reduced fat wheat tortilla was formulated A formulation reduced in shortening with the fiber dietary properties of the whole grain has been proposed. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of the replacement of wheat flour by oatmeal and shortening by inuline, on some physical characteristics and fat and dietary content of wheat tortillas. Three treatments of tortilla were tested: refined, whole and a 4:3:3 refined: whole flour: oatmeal plus 9:1 shortening: inuline. Analysis of dietary fiber, fat, texture, diameter, thickness and color were performed. Results showed that this oatmeal-inuline tortillas had similar texture and thickness and lower diameter that conventional wheat tortillas. Oatmeal-inuline tortillas are redder than refined wheat tortilla. Oatmeal-inuline substitution tortilla had 45% less fat and 71% more dietary fiber than refined flour tortilla with same textural characteristics.
Future Climate Effects on Thermal Stratification in the Wachusett Reservoir
Authors: Jeznach Lillian C. , Tobiason John E.
Published: December 2014

A two‐dimensional hydrodynamic and water quality model, CE‐QUAL‐W2, was used to simulate the effects of increasing future air temperatures on water temperature, stratification timing and duration, as well as changes in winter ice cover in the Wachusett Reservoir, a major drinking water supply for metropolitan Boston, Mass. Historic model years 2003–2012 provided a framework to evaluate the sensitivity of reservoir thermal processes to future synthetic climate scenarios over a 100‐year span. Average epilimnion and hypolimnion temperatures increased by about 12 and 7%, respectively, after 100 years of increasing air temperatures. Stratification duration increased by one to two weeks, beginning earlier and ending later than the historical stratification period. Additionally, the average number of days with ice cover decreased 18–57% by the end of all scenarios. Results provide insight into the sensitivity of Wachusett Reservoir water temperatures and the potential effects of increasing air temperatures caused by climate change.
Speech and Language Issues in Children with Prader-Willi Syndrome
Authors: Miller Jennifer L. , Plager Sara S.
Published: December 2014

Background: Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder caused by the lack of the paternal contribution of Chromosome 15q11.2-q13.2 region. It is associated with global developmental delays, including speech and language delay. There is no information regarding the prevalence of apraxia of speech in this syndrome, despite the fact that it is often recognized clinically. In this study, we sought to investigate the prevalence of apraxia in children with PWS and speech and language delay.
Methods: Thirty children with genetically confirmed PWS, ages 22 months to 9 years of age, were evaluated by a certified speech-language pathologist due to physician concerns about speech and language development. Children were assessed by a variety of tests based on their age.
Results: Sixteen children had receptive language deficits and 18 had expressive language deficits. Fourteen of the thirty children (47%) had results on evaluation that were consistent with apraxia, of which 57% were male, and 71% (p<0.001) had deletion-type PWS.
Conclusion: As expected, children with PWS who are referred for concerns about speech and language development are commonly found to have receptive and expressive language deficits. However, there was a high prevalence of apraxia in our patients, which has not previously been reported in this population. We recommend that children with PWS be evaluated for apraxia by a speech-language pathologist once their expressive language skills are developed enough for speech assessment. The diagnosis of apraxia will necessitate specific speech therapy techniques which may not otherwise be used for individuals with this syndrome, thus resulting in more severe and prolonged speech delays.
Developmental Profiling - The Tool of Choice to Measure Deficit, Plan Intervention and Monitor Outcome in Children with Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Karanth Prathibha , Dash Tanya , Saxena-Chandhok Tanushree
Published: December 2014

This article highlights the transition from a more traditional IQ measure to a profile based approach of assessment, in children with developmental disabilities. Clinically, developmental disorders are heterogeneous conditions, which have made uniformity of assessments across settings, centers and countries elusive. A decade ago, intelligence tests were given priority for assessing children. However, IQ scores had little direct bearing for the planning of intervention. This article highlights an assessment tool that, not only provides a quick understanding of the child’s overall skill across eight essential developmental domains, but also offers guidance for intervention planning on the basis of assessment.