bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fiebre por virus chikungunya en neonatos y lactantes con manifestaciones mucocutáneas atípicas, municipios de Cúcuta, Los Patios y Villa del Rosario, Norte de Santander, Colombia, 2014
Authors: Muñoz Claudia Marcela , Castillo José Orlando , Salas Daniela , Valderrama Milena Alexandra , Rangel Claudia Teresa , Vargas Heiddy Patricia , Silva Diana Carolina
Published: August 2016

Introducción. Se han observado manifestaciones clínicas atípicas en recién nacidos y lactantes que presentan fiebre del virus chikungunya.

Objetivo. Describir los casos de fiebre causada por el virus chikungunya en recién nacidos y lactantes con lesiones mucocutáneas atípicas.

Materiales y métodos. Revisión de casos de recién nacidos y lactantes diagnosticados con el virus chikungunya que presentaron lesiones mucocutáneas atípicas. Se revisaron en tres hospitales regionales, los registros clínicos y los resultados de laboratorio y patología. Además, se realizó búsqueda activa comunitaria en los barrios de residencia de los casos.

Resultados. De un total de 18 casos sospechosos de chikungunya en recién nacidos y lactantes, 11 tenían un diagnóstico positivo de chikungunya con manifestaciones mucocutáneas atípicas; 54,5% (06/11) de los casos confirmados eran niños menores de cinco meses de edad. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron fiebre, eritema, irritabilidad y diarrea. Tres de los casos estaban infectados con dengue y chikungunya. Las úlceras se presentaron en cuero cabelludo, abdomen, región genital y perianal. En las búsquedas activas comunitarias se encontraron altas tasas de ataque para la enfermedad. Conclusiones. Este es el primer informe de manifestaciones mucocutáneas en recién nacidos y lactantes diagnosticados con fiebre por el virus chikungunya en Colombia. El rápido desarrollo de las úlceras se presenta probablemente consecuencia de la respuesta inmune al virus. Es necesario priorizar la atención de las embarazadas  que presenten síntomas una semana antes del parto y realizar seguimiento a los recién nacidos para un diagnóstico temprano de chikungunya y evitar posibles complicaciones.
Áreas de alta mortalidad perinatal debida a anomalías congénitas: análisis de estadísticas vitales, Colombia, 1999-2008
Authors: Misnaza Sandra Patricia , Roncancio Claudia Patricia , Peña Isabel Cristina , Prieto Franklin Edwin
Published: August 2016

Introducción. Las anomalías congénitas son enfermedades de alta mortalidad. En 2012 causaron 13% de todas las muertes en menores de 28 días a nivel mundial y en Colombia fueron la segunda causa de muerte infantil.

Objetivo. Determinar la situación geográfica de la mortalidad perinatal por anomalías congénitas en Colombia entre 1999 y 2008.

Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo revisando certificados de defunción de Colombia. La muerte perinatal fue definida como: muerte fetal y no fetal con peso ≥500g, edad ≤28 días y anomalías congénita como causa básica de muerte (CIE10: Q000 - Q999). Las proyecciones nacionales de nacimientos se tomaron como denominadores de las tasas específicas. Se calcularon los percentiles para analizar áreas de alta mortalidad (≥percentil 90).

Resultados. Se encontraron 22.361 muertes perinatales por anomalías congénitas. A nivel departamental, Antioquia, Caldas, Risaralda, Huila, Quindío, Bogotá, Valle del Cauca y Guainía superaron en promedio el percentil 90 durante los diez años de estudio. Los municipios con mayores tasas de mortalidad fueron: Archipiélago de San Andrés, Inírida (Guainía), Liborina, Giraldo, Sopetrán y Ciudad Bolívar (Antioquia), La Dorada y Chinchiná (Caldas) y Pitalito y Garzón (Huila) oscilando entre 1.337,52 y 944,13 por 10.000 nacimientos. Las tasas de mortalidad perinatal por 10.000 nacidos vivos fueron de 7,93 para el grupo de malformaciones del sistema circulatorio, 2,54 para anomalías del sistema nervioso central, y 0,39 para las anomalías cromosómicas.

Conclusión. La alta mortalidad perinatal por anomalías congénitas en la región Andina indica que se requieren acciones urgentes de investigación de posibles riesgos y prevención de anomalías congénitas en la región.
Factores relacionados con la adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes con tuberculosis. Pereira, Colombia 2012-2013
Authors: Dueñes Magally , Cardona Dora
Published: August 2016

Introducción. Según la Organización Mundial de Salud, la adherencia al tratamiento de tuberculosis puede definirse como el grado en que los antecedentes del paciente sobre toma del medicamento terapéutico coinciden con el tratamiento prescrito. La suma de los pacientes curados y que finalizaron el tratamiento (estrategia de observación directa), son indicadores pragmáticos de adherencia al tratamiento. Los pacientes que no finalizan el tratamiento corresponden a los no adherentes.

Objetivos. Determinar la relación entre adherencia al tratamiento anti tuberculosis y factores sociodemográficos, económicos, clínicos, medicamentosos, objetivos y subjetivos en pacientes mayores de 18 años.

Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo, transversal de 174 registros de pacientes del Programa de Control de Tuberculosis y de 15 entrevistas semiestructuradas, realizadas a los pacientes que no adhirieron al tratamiento durante el periodo comprendido entre junio de 2012 a junio de 2013.

Resultados. La adherencia en pacientes con tuberculosis pulmonar fue del 94,8%. Fue mayor en pacientes del régimen contributivo (p=0,035). La no adherencia fue de 5,2%. La intolerancia medicamentosa fue mayor en el grupo de no adherentes.La falta de apoyo familiar, abandono del trabajo, afectación económica e insatisfacción con la oportunidad en la atención en la institución de salud, fueron importantes en la decisión de no adherencia.

Conclusiones. El régimen de afiliación al sistema de salud y la tolerancia medicamentosa, fueron factores objetivos relacionados con adherencia al tratamiento. La carga social y económica de la enfermedad, fueron factores subjetivos relacionados con la decisión de no adherir al tratamiento.
Evaluación de la accesibilidad espacial a la campaña de vacunación antirrábica de Bogotá, Colombia
Authors: Monsalve Stefany , Rucinque Santiago , Polo Luis , Polo Gina
Published: August 2016

Introducción. En Bogotá se desconoce el acceso que los habitantes tienen a los diferentes servicios de salud, lo que dificulta la planeación de diferentes estrategias de prevención.

Objetivo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar la accesibilidad espacial a los puestos de vacunación de la campaña antirrábica realizada en 2011 en Bogotá, Colombia y comparar su eficiencia respecto a dos metodologías de cobertura espacial.

Materiales y métodos. La accesibilidad espacial se determinó mediante el uso del modelo de dos pasos de área influencia fluctuante (2SFCA). La cobertura espacial fue calculada mediante la creación de 1) zonas buffer circulares utilizando distancias Euclidianas y 2) zonas irregulares usando el algoritmo de Dijkstra a través de las vías de la ciudad.

Resultados. La cobertura espacial del programa fue 78,4% usando las zonas buffer circulares y 60,2% utilizando el algoritmo de Dijsktra. El análisis de accesibilidad espacial, reveló que la zona norte de la ciudad y algunas zonas de la periferia presentan la menor accesibilidad al programa. Esta área periférica es una zona crítica por tratarse de una interface entre las zonas rural y urbana, lo que representa un riesgo para la re-introducción de rabia en la ciudad.

Conclusiones. El modelo de accesibilidad espacial 2SFCA es una herramienta eficaz para identificar áreas aisladas, evaluar de forma más precisa el uso y proporcionar bases para la localización estratégica de servicios de salud. Los resultados del análisis enfatizan la necesidad de vigilancia e intervención en las áreas con bajo acceso al servicio.
Cuantificación en tiempo real de un conjunto de muestras colombianas de relevancia histórica basado en la detección de un fragmento corto de la región hipervariable II del ADN mitocondrial
Authors: Pérez Luz Adriana , Rodríguez Freddy , Langebaek Carl Henrik , Groot Helena
Published: August 2016

Introducción. El análisis de ADN antiguo (ADNa) a diferencia de otro tipo de investigaciones, requiere de la implementación de condiciones de infraestructura y metodológicas especializadas que garanticen la autenticidad de los resultados. Uno de los criterios de autenticidad para este tipo de muestras, corresponde a la cuantificación del material genético, en la cual es común el uso de la PCR cuantitativa en tiempo real dada su sensibilidad y especificidad. La implementación de estas metodologías y condiciones necesarias para el cumplimiento de los requisitos de autenticidad hace dispendioso y costoso este tipo de investigación.
Objetivo. Generar una estrategia de cuantificación del ADN mitocondrial de muestras altamente degradadas mediante un sistema sencillo y de fácil implementación
Materiales y métodos. El sistema está basado en el uso de primers que permiten la amplificación especifica de fragmentos cortos del ADN mitocondrial. La posterior purificación de este fragmento permite generar una curva estándar con concentraciones acordes al estado de degradación de la muestra.
Resultados. Se detectó ADN antiguo proveniente de restos óseos y tejidos momificados datados de diferente cronología. Adicionalmente el sistema permitió detectar la presencia de agentes inhibidores del ADN.
Conclusión. La estrategia aquí planteada no solo es sencilla de implementar sino que puede reducir los costos de la investigación, adicionalmente permite la detección de ADNa en muestras altamente degradadas y la discriminación de muestras que no poseen material genético de aquellas que poseen agente inhibidores.
Análisis de los niveles de adiposidad y condición física en jóvenes escolares colombianos
Authors: Palomino-Devia Constanza , Otero-Saborido Fernando Manuel , González-Jurado José Antonio
Published: August 2016

Introducción. El índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la condición física son indicadores de un estilo de vida saludable.

Objetivo. Analizar los niveles de adiposidad y condición física en jóvenes colombianos y estudiar las diferencias por sexo y edad.

Materiales y métodos. Participaron 1.150 estudiantes. Hombres 46,6% (n= 536) y mujeres 53,4% (n= 614), rango de edad 10-20 años (15,45 ± 2,52). Los test de condición física aplicados fueron Course-Navette, Salto Horizontal y carrera de 20 m. También se evaluó el IMC y el porcentaje de grasa.

Resultados. Las mujeres tenían mayor adiposidad que los hombres, IMC (20,4 vs. 19,5) y porcentaje de grasa (23% vs. 11%). En la condición física los hombres registraron mejor rendimiento en todas las variables estudiadas con diferencias significativas (p <0,001), excepto en la flexibilidad, donde las mujeres alcanzaron mejores resultados (3,1cm vs. 1,3 cm; p = 0,003). En ambos sexos el IMC aumentaba con la edad (p<0,001), mientras el porcentaje de grasa disminuyó con la edad en los hombres (p<0,0001) y aumentó en las mujeres (p<0,001). En los hombres la condición física mejora con la edad en todas las variables, mientras que en las mujeres no hubo diferencias significativas entre grupos de edad, salvo en VO2max. (p<0.001).

Discusión. La adiposidad es significativamente mayor en las mujeres que en los hombres. Los hombres muestran mejores niveles de condición física en todas las cualidades excepto en la flexibilidad. La condición física mejora significativamente en los hombres con la edad, sin embargo en las mujeres no cambia.

 
Mortalidad por suicidios en Colombia y México: tendencias e impacto entre 2000 y 2013
Authors: Dávila Claudio Alberto , Pardo Ana Melisa
Published: August 2016

Introducción. Los suicidios son uno de los principales problemas de salud pública a nivel mundial.

Objetivo. Analizar la tendencia e impacto de la mortalidad por suicidios en Colombia y México entre 2000 y 2013 a escala nacional, por sexo y grupos de edad.

Materiales y métodos. Los datos se obtuvieron de las estadísticas de mortalidad del DANE (Colombia) y del INEGI (México). Estudio descriptivo y transversal para el cual se calcularon tasas estandarizadas de mortalidad y años de vida perdidos en menores a 100 años de edad.

Resultados. En Colombia, la tasa de mortalidad por suicidios disminuyó entre 2000 y 2013 en ambos sexos (28% en hombres y 38% para mujeres); en México se presentó una tendencia opuesta (un incremento de 34% en hombres y 67% para mujeres). Los años de vida perdidos en Colombia alcanzaron 0,32 años en 2013 para hombres y 0,15 en mujeres, con una tendencia decreciente desde 2000; en México se situaron en 0,42 años para hombres y 0,2 años para mujeres, con una tendencia creciente desde 2000. Los grupos de edad con mayor impacto fueron de 15-49 años para hombres en ambos países; para mujeres se distribuyeron relativamente uniforme entre los 15-84 años.

Conclusiones. La mortalidad por suicidios se incrementó de manera constante en México, mientras que en Colombia se observó una tendencia opuesta. Los suicidios son prevenibles, por lo que es fundamental implementar políticas públicas en salud a través de acciones de identificación oportuna, estrategias integrales de prevención y el estudio de los factores de riesgo asociados.

 
Stereotactically-navigated percutaneous Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) compared to conventional IRE: a prospective trial
Authors: Beyer Lukas P. , Pregler Benedikt , Nießen Christoph , Schicho Andreas , Haimerl Michael , Jung Ernst Michael , Stroszczynski Christian , Wiggermann Philipp
Published: August 2016

Purpose.The purpose of this study was to compare CT-navigated stereotactic IRE (SIRE) needle placement to non-navigated conventional IRE (CIRE) for percutaneous ablation of liver malignancies.

Materials and Methods.A prospective trial including a total of 20 patients was conducted with 10 patients in each arm of the study. IRE procedures were guided using either CT fluoroscopy (CIRE) or a stereotactic planning and navigation system (SIRE). Primary endpoint was procedure time. Secondary endpoints were accuracy of needle placement, technical success rate, complication rate and dose-length product (DLP).

Results.A total of 20 IRE procedures were performed to ablate hepatic malignancies (16 HCC, 4 liver metastases), 10 procedures in each arm. Mean time for placement of IRE electrodes in SIRE was significantly shorter with 27 ± 8 min compared to 87 ± 30 min for CIRE (p< 0.001). Accuracy of needle placement for SIRE was higher than CIRE (2.2 mm vs. 3.3 mm mean deviation,p< 0.001). The total DLP and the fluoroscopy DLP were significantly lower in SIRE compared to CIRE. Technical success rate and complication rates were equal in both arms.

Conclusion.SIRE demonstrated a significant reduction of procedure length and higher accuracy compared to CIRE. Stereotactic navigation has the potential to reduce radiation dose for the patient and the radiologist without increasing the risk of complications or impaired technical success compared to CIRE.
Prediction of pKa values using the PM6 semiempirical method
Authors: Kromann Jimmy C. , Larsen Frej , Moustafa Hadeel , Jensen Jan H.
Published: August 2016

The PM6 semiempirical method and the dispersion and hydrogen bond-corrected PM6-D3H+ method are used together with the SMD and COSMO continuum solvation models to predict pKa values of pyridines, alcohols, phenols, benzoic acids, carboxylic acids, and phenols using isodesmic reactions and compared to published ab initio results. The pKa values of pyridines, alcohols, phenols, and benzoic acids considered in this study can generally be predicted with PM6 and ab initio methods to within the same overall accuracy, with average mean absolute differences (MADs) of 0.6–0.7 pH units. For carboxylic acids, the accuracy (0.7–1.0 pH units) is also comparable to ab initio results if a single outlier is removed. For primary, secondary, and tertiary amines the accuracy is, respectively, similar (0.5–0.6), slightly worse (0.5–1.0), and worse (1.0–2.5), provided that di- and tri-ethylamine are used as reference molecules for secondary and tertiary amines. When applied to a drug-like molecule where an empirical pKa predictor exhibits a large (4.9 pH unit) error, we find that the errors for PM6-based predictions are roughly the same in magnitude but opposite in sign. As a result, most of the PM6-based methods predict the correct protonation state at physiological pH, while the empirical predictor does not. The computational cost is around 2–5 min per conformer per core processor, making PM6-based pKa prediction computationally efficient enough to be used for high-throughput screening using on the order of 100 core processors.
Understanding Pacific Ocean influence on interannual precipitation variability in the Sahel
Authors: Pomposi Catherine , Giannini Alessandra , Kushnir Yochanan , Lee Dong Eun
Published: August 2016

Moisture budget decomposition is performed for the Sahel (10°–20°N and 20°W–40°E) in order to understand the processes that govern regional hydroclimate variability on interannual time scales and frame them in the context of their primary ocean driver. Results show that warm conditions in the Eastern Tropical Pacific remotely force anomalously dry conditions primarily through affecting the low‐troposphere mass divergence field. This behavior is related to increased subsidence over the tropical Atlantic and into the Sahel and an anomalous westward flow of moisture from the continent, both resulting in a coherent drying pattern. Understanding the physical processes relating remote sea surface temperature anomalies to atmospheric circulation changes and the resulting complex local convergence patterns is important for advancing seasonal prediction of precipitation over West Africa.
Laser‐Driven Shape Memory Effect for Transfer Printing Combining Parallelism with Individual Object Control
Authors: Eisenhaure Jeffrey , Kim Seok
Published: August 2016

Transfer printing, a method to transfer microobjects using polymeric stamps, has been demonstrated either as a parallel process with high throughput, or as a low throughput process allowing individual manipulation of microobjects. This work presents a unique transfer printing approach which enables arbitrary pattern transfer from an array of microobjects via localized control of adhesion. This approach relies on thermally induced shape change of shape memory polymer (SMP) stamp arrays with carbon black‐composite (CBSMP) microstructuring. Heat is delivered first globally by a resistive heater, facilitating parallel microobject pickup, then locally by laser illumination absorbed within the CBSMP during printing, enabling precise and selective microobject release with packing density only limited by the spot size of the accompanying laser system. The thermal response of the CBSMP system is investigated computationally using experimentally measured laser power absorption within the CBSMP system and compared with high speed photography. Several transfer printing demonstrations are provided to indicate the robust microassembly capabilities of the approach. This work provides transfer printing‐based material integration with a path toward high process scalability and flexibility.
Thermodynamic analysis and optimization of RWGS processes for solar syngas production from CO2
Authors: Wenzel Marcus , Rihko‐Struckmann Liisa , Sundmacher Kai
Published: August 2016

Process systems were investigated for syngas production from CO2 and renewable energy (solar) by the reverse water‐gas shift (RWGS) and the reverse water‐gas shift chemical looping (RWGS‐CL) process. Thermodynamic analysis and optimization was performed to maximize the solar‐to‐syngas (StS) efficiency ηStS. Special emphasis was laid on product gas separation. For RWGS‐CL, maximum StS efficiencies of 14.2 and 14.4% were achieved without and with heat integration, respectively. The StS efficiency is dictated by the low overall efficiency of H2 production. RWGS‐CL is most beneficial for the production of pure CO, where the StS efficiency is one percent point higher compared to that of the RWGS process with heat integration. Heat integration leads to significant reductions in external heat demand since most of the gas phase process heat can be integrated. The StS efficiencies for RWGS and RWGS‐CL achieve the same level as the reported values for solar thermochemical syngas production. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 15–22, 2017
Vielseitige Reaktivität eines elektrophilen Phosphasilens gegenüber anionischen Nukleophilen: Substitution oder Metall‐Amino‐Austausch
Authors: Willmes Philipp , Junk Lukas , Huch Volker , Yildiz Cem B. , Scheschkewitz David
Published: August 2016

Die Reaktion von MesLi (Mes=2,4,6‐Trimethylphenyl) mit dem elektrophilen Phosphasilen R2(NMe2)Si‐RSi=PNMe2(2, R=Tip=2,4,6‐Triisopropylphenyl) liefert glatt R2(NMe2)Si‐RSi=PMes und stellt somit das erste Beispiel einer Substitutionsreaktion an einer unbeeinträchtigten Si=P‐Bindung dar. In Toluol verläuft die Reaktion von2mit Lithium‐Disilenid, R2Si=Si(R)Li (1) offensichtlich ebenfalls zunächst über einen nukleophilen Substitutionsschritt (wie DFT‐Rechnungen nahelegen), ergibt aber ein gesättigtes Bicyclo[1.1.0]butan‐Analogon als endgültiges Produkt, das in Form des Fe(CO)4‐Komplex weiter charakterisiert wurde. Dagegen führt die Reaktion von1mit2in 1,2‐Dimethoxyethan zu einer präzedenzlosen Metall‐Amino‐Austauschreaktion.
Effiziente, thermische Aktivierung von Methan durch TaN+ unter C‐N‐Kupplung
Authors: Zhou Shaodong , Li Jilai , Schlangen Maria , Schwarz Helmut
Published: August 2016

Die thermische Reaktion des zweiatomigen Tantalnitridkations [TaN]+ mit Methan ist mittels FT‐ICR‐Massenspektrometrie und genauen quantenchemischen Rechnungen untersucht worden. Durch diesen experimentell‐theoretischen Ansatz konnten mechanistische Details einer hocheffizienten C‐N‐Kupplung aufgeklärt werden. Im Unterschied zu [TaN]+ sind die leichteren Nitride [VN]+ und [NbN]+ unter thermischen Bedingungen gegenüber Methan inert. Die Ursachen dieser deutlich unterschiedlichen Effizienzen der drei Nitride konnten durch CCSD(T)‐Rechnungen aufgeklärt werden.
Iodinated (Perfluoro)alkyl Quinoxalines by Atom Transfer Radical Addition Using ortho‐Diisocyanoarenes as Radical Acceptors
Authors: Leifert Dirk , Studer Armido
Published: August 2016

A simple method for the preparation of functionalized quinoxalines is reported. Starting from readily accessible ortho‐diisocyanoarenes and (perfluoro)alkyl iodides, the quinoxaline core is constructed during (perfluoro)alkylation by atom transfer radical addition (ATRA), resulting in 2‐iodo‐3‐(perfluoro)alkylquinoxalines. The radical cascades are readily initiated either with visible light or by using α,α′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). The heteroarene products are obtained in high yields (up to 94 %), and the method can be readily scaled up. Useful follow‐up chemistry documents the value of the novel radical quinoxaline synthesis.
Biorefineries in Sweden: Perspectives on the opportunities, challenges and future
Authors: Palgan Yuliya Voytenko , McCormick Kes
Published: August 2016

A growing political interest in the development of biorefineries is being shaped by climate change and a need to develop economically viable substitutes (i.e., fuels, products and chemicals) to those produced in traditional oil refineries. The pulp and paper industry in Sweden has been stagnating and it is therefore potentially promising to integrate biorefining into its activities as one way of diversifying its business. Sweden has good prerequisites for a transition to a bioeconomy due to its natural geographic conditions, industry, and infrastructure. It has developed a bioeconomy strategy and piloted several biorefinery projects. At the same time, the deployment of biorefineries has been slow, and they have not reached commercial scale. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the current and future development of biorefineries in the context of the emerging bioeconomy in Sweden. It is based on a literature review, policy analysis, and ten interviews with bioeconomy experts. It maps key political and legal aspects, economic and raw material aspects, social and cognitive aspects, and technology and infrastructure aspects that facilitate and hinder the development and deployment of biorefineries in Sweden. This paper identifies four action points important to the development of biorefineries and the bioeconomy: (i) commitments – establish targets and policies that drive the transition; (ii) contradictions – improve alignment on visions, goals, and activities; (iii) capacity – build up infrastructure and competences to harness the potential; and (iv) collaboration – develop cooperation across sectors and between actors. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: New Insights into an Old Class of Reactions
Authors: Galabov Boris , Nalbantova Didi , Schleyer Paul von R. , Schaefer Henry F.
Published: August 2016

Review: 68 refs.
The Risk of Atrial Fibrillation With Ivabradine Treatment: A Meta‐analysis With Trial Sequential Analysis of More Than 40000 Patients
Authors: Tanboğa İbrahim Halil , Topçu Selim , Aksakal Enbiya , Gulcu Oktay , Aksakal Emrah , Aksu Uğur , Oduncu Vecih , Ulusoy Fatih Rıfat , Sevimli Serdar , Kaymaz Cihangir
Published: August 2016

Recent trials reported that risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) is increased in patients using ivabradine compared with controls. We performed this meta‐analysis to investigate the risk of AF association with ivabradine treatment on the basis of data obtained from randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library for RCTs that comprised >100 patients. The incidence of AF was assessed. We obtained data from European Medicines Agency (EMA) scientific reports for the RCTs in which the incidence of AF was not reported. We used trial sequential analysis (TSA) to provide information on when we had reached firm evidence of new AF based on a 15% relative risk increase (RRI) in ivabradine treatment. Three RCTs and 1 EMA overall oral safety set (OOSS) pooled analysis (included 5 RCTs) were included in the meta‐analysis (N = 40 437). The incidence of AF was 5.34% in patients using ivabradine and 4.56% in placebo. There was significantly higher incidence of AF (24% RRI) in the ivabradine group when compared with placebo before (RR: 1.24, 95% confidence interval: 1.08‐1.42, P = 0.003, I 1980 = 53%) and after excluding OOSS (RR: 1.24, 95% confidence interval: 1.06‐1.44, P = 0.008). In the TSA, the cumulative z‐curve crossed both the traditional boundary (P = 0.05) and the trial sequential monitoring boundary, indicating firm evidence for ≥15% increase in ivabradine treatment when compared with placebo. Study results indicate that AF is more common in the ivabradine group (24% RRI) than in controls.
Magnesium‐doped Zinc Oxide as Electron Selective Contact Layers for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Song Jiaxing , Zheng Enqiang , Liu Leijing , Wang Xiao‐Feng , Chen Gang , Tian Wenjing , Miyasaka Tsutomu
Published: August 2016

The electron‐selective contact layer (ESL) in organometal halide‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) determines not only the power conversion efficiency (PCE) but also the thermostability of PSCs. To improve the thermostability of ZnO‐based PSCs, we developed Mg‐doped ZnO [Zn1−xMgxO (ZMO)] as a high optical transmittance ESL for the methylammonium lead trihalide perovskite absorber [CH3NH3PbI3]. We further investigated the optical and electrical properties of the ESL films with Mg contents of 0–30 mol % and the corresponding devices. We achieved a maximum PCE of 16.5 % with improved thermal stability of CH3NH3PbI3 on ESL with the optimal ZMO (0.4 m) containing 10 mol % Mg. Moreover, this optimized ZMO PSC exhibited significantly improved durability and photostability owing to the improved chemical/photochemical stability of the wider optical bandgap ZMO.
Synthesis of AuI‐ and AuIII‐Bis(NHC) Complexes: Ligand Influence on Oxidative Addition to AuI Species
Authors: Collado Alba , Bohnenberger Jan , Oliva‐Madrid María‐José , Nun Pierrick , Cordes David B. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Nolan Steven P.
Published: August 2016

The oxidation chemistry of a range of AuI‐bis(NHC) (NHC = N‐heterocyclic carbene) complexes with hypervalent iodine(III) oxidants has been explored. AuI‐bis(NHC) precursors have been synthesised by treatment of the corresponding [Au(NHC)Cl] derivatives with imidazol(idin)ium salts in the presence of K2CO3. The reactivity of the AuI complexes towards PhICl2 has revealed an influence of the nature of the NHC ligands present in the complex on the outcome of the oxidation reaction: small and more strongly electron‐donating NHC ligands favoured the formation of a AuIII species. On the basis of these results, a AuI complex bearing two 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazol‐2‐ylidene (BMIM) ligands has been synthesised. This complex reacted with PhICl2 and also – for the first time in Au‐NHC systems – with PhI(OAc)2 and PhI(OAcF)2 (OAcF = trifluoroacetate), affording stable AuIII‐(NHC)2 complexes bearing acetate ligands.
Phenyl vs. Ferrocenyl Cyclometallation Selectivity: Diastereoselective Synthesis of an Enantiopure Iridacycle
Authors: Arthurs Ross A. , Horton Peter N. , Coles Simon J. , Richards Christopher J.
Published: August 2016

Ferrocenyl (Fc) and phenyl (Ph) containing imines FcCH=NCH(R)Ph and FcCH(R)N=CHPh (R = H and Me) were cycloiridated using [Cp*IrCl2]2 with NaOAc in CH2Cl2. All resulted in the formation of neutral chloride ligated half‐sandwich iridacycles as a result of ortho‐phenyl and not alpha‐ferrocenyl C–H activation. The complexes derived from FcCH=NCH(R)Ph (R = H, Me) were obtained as a mixture of E and Z imine isomers, and with R = Me the product obtained from the (S)‐imine was isolated by recrystallisation as a single diastereoisomer. The configuration was determined by an X‐ray crystal structure analysis as SC,RIr,E.
Long‐term Effects of Managed Care
Authors: Kauer Lukas
Published: August 2016

Managed care (MC) plans have been introduced to curb the ever increasing health care costs. Many previous studies on effectiveness lacked a long‐term perspective; hence, the sustainability of (possible) savings remains unclear. Moreover, because of their incentives, MC plans are susceptible to under‐provision of care. Most of these possibly negative effects can only be observed in the long‐term. This paper analyzes the long‐term effects of MC plans on cost savings, mortality, and the use of service, using administrative data from a large Swiss health insurer. The identification is based on a propensity‐score matching approach, where individuals who enter an MC plan are compared over 10 years to individuals who remain in a standard fee‐for‐service plan. Cost savings are substantial and sustainable, and the mortality rate is lower in MC plans. Cost savings are driven by fewer consultations and fewer days in hospital care, although the probability of visiting a provider at least once per year is similar or even higher for persons in MC plans. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Novel Magnetism‐assisted Electrochemical Immunosensor with Sub‐Picomolar Sensitivity
Authors: Li Pengli , Zhang Hongfang
Published: August 2016

A novel electrochemical immunosensor based on a magnetic glassy carbon electrode (MGCE) was developed for the quantitative determination of human immunoglobulin G (IgG). The immunosensing interface was fabricated by initially depositing silver nanoparticles on the MGCE surface and then immobilizing anti‐human IgG antibodies via the magnetic force between MGCE and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. The antibodies were covalently bonded to the amine‐functionalized Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Under optimal conditions, the magnetism‐assisted immunosensor exhibited a wide linear range from 0.1 pg/mL to 1.0 µg/mL with the detection limit of 0.05 pg/mL. Furthermore, the immunosensor displayed the advantages of good reproducibility and satisfactory stability.
Sarcopenia among patients receiving hemodialysis: weighing the evidence
Authors: Kittiskulnam Piyawan , Carrero Juan J. , Chertow Glenn M. , Kaysen George A. , Delgado Cynthia , Johansen Kirsten L.
Published: August 2016

Background

There is no consensus on how best to define low muscle mass in patients with end‐stage renal disease. Use of muscle mass normalized to height‐squared has been suggested by geriatric societies but may underestimate sarcopenia, particularly in the setting of excess adiposity. We compared four definitions of low muscle mass in a prevalent hemodialysis cohort.

Methods

ACTIVE/ADIPOSE enrolled prevalent patients receiving hemodialysis from the San Francisco and Atlanta areas from June 2009 to August 2011. Whole‐body muscle mass was estimated using bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy, performed before a midweek dialysis session (n = 645; age 56.7 ± 14.5 years, 41% women). We defined low muscle mass as muscle mass of 2SD or more below sex‐specific bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy‐derived means for young adults (18–49 years) from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and indexed to height2, body weight (percentage), body surface area (BSA) by the DuBois formula, or Quételet's body mass index (BMI). We compared prevalence of low muscle mass among the four methods and assessed their correlation with strength and physical performance.

Results

The prevalence of low muscle mass ranged from 8 to 32%. Muscle mass indexed to height2 classified the smallest percentage of patients as having low muscle mass, particularly among women, whereas indexing by BSA classified the largest percentage. Low muscle mass/height2 was present almost exclusively among normal or underweight patients, whereas indexing to body weight and BMI classified more overweight and obese patients as having low muscle mass. Handgrip strength was lower among those with low muscle mass by all methods except height2. Handgrip strength was directly and modestly correlated with muscle mass normalized by percentage of body weight, BSA, and BMI (ρ = 0.43, 0.56, and, 0.64, respectively) and less so with muscle/height2 (ρ = 0.31, P < 0.001). The difference in grip strength among patients with low vs. normal muscle mass was largest according to muscle/BMI (−6.84 kg, 95% CI −8.66 to −5.02, P < 0.001). There were significant direct correlations of gait speed with muscle mass indexed to percentage of body weight, BSA, and BMI but not with muscle mass indexed to height2.

Conclusions

Skeletal muscle mass normalized to height2 may underestimate the prevalence of low muscle mass, particularly among overweight and obese patients on hemodialysis. Valid detection of sarcopenia among obese patients receiving hemodialysis requires adjustment for body size.
Quantitative fat and R2* mapping in vivo to measure lipid‐rich necrotic core and intraplaque hemorrhage in carotid atherosclerosis
Authors: Koppal Sandeep , Warntjes Marcel , Swann Jeremy , Dyverfeldt Petter , Kihlberg Johan , Moreno Rodrigo , Magee Derek , Roberts Nicholas , Zachrisson Helene , Forssell Claes , Länne Toste , Treanor Darren , de Muinck Ebo D
Published: August 2016

Purpose

The aim of this work was to quantify the extent of lipid‐rich necrotic core (LRNC) and intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) in atherosclerotic plaques.

Methods

Patients scheduled for carotid endarterectomy underwent four‐point Dixon and T1‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3 Tesla. Fat and R2* maps were generated from the Dixon sequence at the acquired spatial resolution of 0.60 × 0.60 × 0.70 mm voxel size. MRI and three‐dimensional (3D) histology volumes of plaques were registered. The registration matrix was applied to segmentations denoting LRNC and IPH in 3D histology to split plaque volumes in regions with and without LRNC and IPH.

Results

Five patients were included. Regarding volumes of LRNC identified by 3D histology, the average fat fraction by MRI was significantly higher inside LRNC than outside: 12.64 ± 0.2737% versus 9.294 ± 0.1762% (mean ± standard error of the mean [SEM]; P < 0.001). The same was true for IPH identified by 3D histology, R2* inside versus outside IPH was: 71.81 ± 1.276 s−1 versus 56.94 ± 0.9095 s−1 (mean ± SEM; P < 0.001). There was a strong correlation between the cumulative fat and the volume of LRNC from 3D histology (R2 = 0.92) as well as between cumulative R2* and IPH (R2 = 0.94).

Conclusion

Quantitative mapping of fat and R2* from Dixon MRI reliably quantifies the extent of LRNC and IPH. Magn Reson Med 78:285–296, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Modeling functional decline over time in sporadic inclusion body myositis
Authors: Alfano Lindsay N. , Yin Han , Dvorchik Igor , Maus Elizabeth G. , Flanigan Kevin M. , Mendell Jerry R. , Lowes Linda P.
Published: August 2016

Introduction: The ability to individualize recommendations or expectations of disease progression based on a patient's unique characteristics has merit for use in sporadic inclusion body myositis (sIBM). Methods: Fifty‐five subjects with sIBM completed a battery of strength and functional outcomes at 2 study visits. These were used to develop mathematical models of disease progression in patients with sIBM for use in clinical and research settings. Results: The 6‐minute walk test (6MWT) distance declined by an average of 27.5 meters (12%) per year. Significant factors that predict 6MWT were knee extension and plantarflexion strength and body weight, whereas the ability to stand from a chair was impacted by elbow extension strength. Stepping up on a curb was influenced by the patient's age at diagnosis and by knee extension. Statistical models to predict functional decline in sIBM were developed. Conclusion: Statistical models help explain the complex factors that influence decreased walking ability and other functional activities in sIBM. Muscle Nerve 55: 526–531, 2017
Finite Element Methods for Arc Discharge Simulation
Authors: Trelles Juan Pablo
Published: August 2016

The numerical simulation of industrial arc discharge processes, such as plasma spraying, cutting, and welding, faces severe challenges that include resolution of multiscale features, multiphysics coupling, and robustness in the presence of large gradients. A review of Finite Element Methods (FEMs), particularly the Variational Multiscale (VMS) method, applied to arc discharge simulation is presented. The plasma is modeled as a compressible electromagnetic fluid in chemical equilibrium and thermodynamic nonequilibrium (NLTE). The effectiveness of the NLTE model and the VMS‐FEM is demonstrated with the simulation of canonical and industrially relevant arc discharges, namely the plasma flow in transferred and non‐transferred arc plasma torches and the free‐burning arc.
The protein inventory of Clostridium difficile grown in complex and minimal medium
Authors: Otto Andreas , Maaß Sandra , Lassek Christian , Becher Dörte , Hecker Michael , Riedel Katharina , Sievers Susanne
Published: August 2016

The intestinal pathogen Clostridium difficile is causing an increasing number of infections often characterized by severity and high relapse rates. Profound knowledge of the physiology of the pathogen could help to develop new treatment strategies. Proteomics, a valuable tool to study bacterial physiology, was used in this work to establish a benchmark proteome of reference strain C. difficile 630Δerm with MS‐based details on all identified proteins. Our elaborate annotation and visualization of C. difficile 630Δerm 3764 ORFs will serve as a valuable base for researchers having to evaluate global expression studies. To exemplify expression variability, protein expression of late exponentially growing cells in complex brain–heart infusion medium and C. difficile minimal medium was compared. Noteworthy results of this comparison are as follows: (i) the higher expression of enzymes for the biosynthesis of some vitamins and purine and (ii) downregulation of proteins involved in butanoate fermentation in C. difficile minimal medium. However, the abundance of proteins involved in DNA metabolism, protein synthesis, and the cell envelope showed no variation between the two growth media.
Development and Validation of a Rapid Method for Identification and Quantitation of Benzophenone and Related 17 Derivatives in Paper and Cardboard Packaging Materials by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Altuntaş Umit , Hitay Volkan , Özçelik Beraat
Published: August 2016

Benzophenone (BP) and its derivates are photoinitiators widely used in food packaging to cure inks or lacquers with ultraviolet light on cardboards and papers. Although there is no specific European legislation covering printing inks for food contact use, the European Food Safety Authority published recommendations of a limit of 0.6 mg/kg for the sum of BP and 4‐methylbenzophenone. In this study, a method has been devised to test migration levels of BP and BP derivates in foodstuffs. Eleven different paper or cardboard materials were analysed for their BP and derivative contents. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of BP and other 17 derivatives for the first time were performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry system. The method was evaluated by validation parameters such as linearity, repeatability, accuracy and precision values. According to results, maximum values by specific migration test (at 40°C for 10 days, using TENAX) were 10.83 mg/l for BP, 0.53 mg/l for 1‐hydrocyclohexylphenylketone, 0.47 mg/l for 4‐methylbenzophenone, 0.22 mg/l for 2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenylacetophenone and 0.4 mg/l for methyl‐2‐benzoylbenzoate.
Robust static output feedback synthesis for platoons under leader and predecessor feedback
Authors: Köroğlu Hakan , Falcone Paolo
Published: August 2016

A multi‐objective static output feedback synthesis problem is considered for the control of vehicle platoons under leader and predecessor feedback. Sufficient linear matrix inequality conditions are derived for the solvability of the problem in a way to facilitate static feed‐forward as well. A novel velocity‐dependent spacing policy is integrated into the control scheme together with a platoon model in which the emphasis on the predecessor information can be adjusted by a normalized scalar weight. It is shown that the string stability of the spacing errors and the acceleration signals can always be guaranteed by choosing this weight sufficiently small. Moreover, provided that the time headway is chosen sufficiently large, the synthesis can be performed in a way to avoid the amplification of acceleration energies if compared with the leader. As a particularly convenient feature, the target spacing between the vehicles becomes smaller when moving backward along the platoon. The total increase in the platoon length caused by the introduction of the velocity‐dependent scheme is shown to be bounded and decreasing with decreasing predecessor weight. It is also established that the predecessor weight can be adjusted smoothly over time without endangering the formation stability. In addition to the optimization of the parameters of common fixed‐structure controllers for general vehicle models, the proposed synthesis procedure provides various tools for improving robustness against measurement noise, communication delay, and model uncertainty. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling of complex interfaces for pendant drop experiments
Authors: Balemans Caroline , Hulsen Martien A. , Anderson Patrick D.
Published: August 2016

Interfaces of fluid-fluid systems play an important role in the stability of foams and emulsions in chemistry, biology, consumer products, and foods. For most applications, surface active agents are added and adsorbed onto the interface to enhance stability, making the rheological behavior of the interface more complex. To understand the phenomena of these complex interfaces, various techniques are used to determine the interfacial properties. One of the most popular methods is the pendant drop technique. From the equilibrium state of the pendant drop, the interfacial tension of a system can be obtained quite easily in the absence of surface active agents. But when complex viscoelastic interfacial characteristics are considered, in particular in oscillatory measurements, interfacial constitutive relations need to be defined. Interfaces containing proteins, particles or Langmuir monolayers formed by insoluble low weight surfactants appear to act like viscoelastic solid membranes. In this work, a two-dimensional axisymmetric finite element model is designed to study the behavior of complex interfaces in pendant drop experiments. The bulk fluid consists of a Newtonian fluid, while the interface behaves according to the Kelvin-Voigt model as elastic interfacial forces dominate. To be able to capture large deformations, the Kelvin-Voigt constitutive model is made quasi-linear by using a combination of two non-linear strain tensors. A parameter study is performed to investigate the influence of the five model parameters of the quasi-linear Kelvin-Voigt equation. To demonstrate the applicability of the numerical model, a small amplitude oscillatory measurement is simulated.
Significance of oxygen carriers and role of liquid paraffin in improving validamycin A production
Authors: Feng Jinsong , Jiang Jing , Liu Yan , Li Wei , Azat Ramila , Zheng Xiaodong , Zhou Wen-Wen
Published: August 2016

Validamycin A (Val-A) synthesized by Streptomyces hygroscopicus 5008 is widely used as a high-efficient antibiotic to protect plants from sheath blight disease. A novel fermentation strategy was introduced to stimulate Val-A production by adding oxygen carriers. About 58 % increase in Val-A production was achieved using liquid paraffin. Further, biomass, carbon source, metabolic genes, and metabolic enzymes were studied. It was also found that the supplementation of liquid paraffin increased the medium dissolved oxygen and intracellular oxidative stress level. The expression of the global regulators afsR and soxR sensitive to ROS, ugp catalyzing synthesis of Val-A precursor, and Val-A structural genes was enhanced. The change of the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase was observed, which reflected the redirection of carbon metabolic flux. Based on these results, liquid paraffin addition as an oxygen carrier could be a useful technique in industrial production of Val-A and our study revealed a redox-based secondary metabolic regulation in S. hygroscopicus 5008, which provided a new insight into the regulation of the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.
A morpheme-based analysis of lexical bundles in Korean
Authors: Nam Kilim , Song Hyun-ju , Choi Jun
Published: August 2016

This study proposes a new methodology for morpheme-based analysis designed to identify multi-word patterns in Korean, which is a typical example of agglutinative languages. The need for a new approach in corpus linguistics, which takes language typological characteristics into consideration, is also a crucial point of this paper. In Korean, functional words like prepositions or conjunctions arerealized as bound morphemes (emi or cosa) that function as ‘minimal grammatical units’. When formulaic expressions in Korean are analyzed according to the morpheme unit, as it is the case in our study, the findings yielded show significant differences from those of previous studies. Based on this methodology, our results provide supporting evidence for the following: (1) lexical bundles are prevalent inKorean, just as in English; (2) computer-defined formulaicity might be languageuniversal; (3) finally, differences in distributions or discourse functions of morphemic bundles in various genres or registers can be language-specific. The external and internal language factors that may influence these differences are discussed.
Deliberative Democracy and the JapaneseSaiban-in(Lay Judge) Trial System
Authors: YANASE Noboru
Published: August 2016

Since May 2009, public participation in the criminal justice system, known assaiban-in seido(trial system by lay judges), has been implemented in Japan. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the law-making process of thesaiban-insystem and present an evaluation of the system from the perspective of deliberative democracy. This paper concludes that, contrary to criticism from those who want to introduce a purer form of jury trial dominated by lay jurors, the currentsaiban-insystem, which mixes three professional judges with sixsaiban-ins, should be viewed positively from the perspective of deliberative democracy.