bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
REHABILITATION- DETERIORATED FARMS IN THE KING COUNTRY
Authors: Jordan A. B.
Published: October 2021

The first ballot for Crown Lands held in the Te Kuiti District was on the 30,/6/96 for the Paemako Settlement.
WAIKATO PASTURES
Authors: Annett H.E.
Published: October 2021

It would be difficult to find anywhere else in the world -an area more favoured by nature for pasture development than the Waikato
GRASSING GUMLANDS OF NORTH AUCKLAND
Authors: Glanville E.B.
Published: October 2021

In past ages the kauri pine flnurished in many parts of North Auckland, It is estimated that the kauri took hundreds of years -50 mature, the trees stood closely together and were of huge dimensions.
INTENSIVE GRASSLAND PRODUCTION ON A DAIRY FARM
Authors: Long Mr W.S.
Published: October 2021

The farm is approximately 100 acres, practically all level; it is a light free soil with a well drained, sandy, clay subsoil
THE GROWTH OF, CLOVERS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF SOIL ACIDITY
Authors: Mcneur A.J.
Published: October 2021

The popular belief among many is that clovers will not grow in acid soils, and for this reason large quantities of lime are often used to make soil less acid in an attempt to increase clover growth. At the Grasslands Division of the Department of Scientific and Industrial, Research at Palmerston North there have been a number of .experiments over the past few years which serve to raise doubts about the truth of some statements normally accepted as axiomatic as far as clover growth and soil acidity are concerned. Our experiments have been conducted in a number of ways, and some of these will be dealt with in detail.
SPECIAL PURPOSE PASTURES ON LIGHT LAND
Authors: Bevin R.H.
Published: October 2021

The all-year-round feeding of stock on pasture without ,the aid of supplementary feed is an end greatly desired by New Zealand grass farmers. In some of the milder areas of the north this end is often achieved, but throughout the Dominion various factors operate against twelve months grazing. These factors are climatic, geographic, and edaphic.
SHORT-ROTATION RYEGRASS IN OTAGO AND SOUTHLAND
Authors: Elliott A.G.
Published: October 2021

The data presented cover results from shortrotation ryegrass established over a very wide range of climate, soil, and farming conditions, Reports are based on sowings commenced in 1943 under annual rainfalls from 15 inches ,in Central Otago to 40 inches in Southland, and on soil types varying from light gravels of relatively low fertility, to highly productive deep alluvial deposits.
SOILS OF THE ROTORUA DISTRICT
Authors: Baumgart I.L.
Published: October 2021

Over the whole of the Central North Island there is a mantle of volcanic ash deposited as a series of showers, each one generally only a few feet thick. Except on the steepest slopes the underlying rock is completely buried, and it is on the ash showers that the soils are formed.
DEVELOPMENT OF CROWN LAND IN THE ROTORUA DISTRICT
Authors: Brown G.P.
Published: October 2021

The objective of land settlement operations of the Lands and Survey Department is to promote the settlement of unoccupied Crown lands. In carrying out this-objective it is our job to grass, fence, drain, water, erect' buildings, stock, and finally sub-divide and settle areas into economic farming units. S u c h improveme.nts are expected to be sufficient only to allow the units to "tick."
TUSSOCK GRASSLAND ASSOCIATIONS
Authors: Saxby S.H.
Published: October 2021

At the time colonisation commenced in New Zealand, about one hundred years ago, there were two main and distinct types of ve,getation. First, there was the tall-growing association of forest trees, shrubs, and fern, which was confined in the main to the North Island and to the higher rainfall areas of the South Island. Second, there was the xerophytic grass-dominated association, which was present in the lower rainfall areas on the eastern side of the main divide of the South Island. This association was able to survive under the conditions of low rainfall, high summer temperatures, and low winter temperatures, and the constant desiccating winds. This grass association extended from high altitudes to sea level and was, in general, present in all areas where forest was unable to survive. A similar association was also present in the high altitudes of the central plateau of the North Island.
EARTHWORMS AND THE FERTILITY OF PASTURE
Authors: Waters R.A.S.
Published: October 2021

Research at Grasslands into earthworm activities dates from September 1947, when Sears and staff did a determination of the weight and number of earthworms per square foot in a series of 24 grass and clover plots at Palmerston North. Since then these; 24 plots under mowing have been sampled twice more, a series of 36 similar plots under grazing once, a corresponding 24-plot series at Gore once, and a corresponding 36-plot series at Gore once.
DRAINAGE AS A FACTOR IN INCREASING PRODUCTION
Authors: Hudson A.W.
Published: October 2021

When I was asked to give a paper on farm drainage at the 1951 Grassland Conference my first thought was that Taranaki, with its pervious volcanic soils, was hardly the place in which such a paper would be of interest. I have since changed my mind in this connection after having had a quick visit to the Uruti district to inspect draina.ge carried out by Mr Butler near Inglewood, to see some excellent results of drainage by Mr Fox (Okahu Rd., Okato), whose herd has been increased from 35 cows to 130 over the past 26 years, largely, and basically, as a result of drainage, and also to inspect, somewhat hurriedly, a very large area on the western side of Mt. Egmont where drainage is the key to the development of country which, in its present condition is contributing little or nothing to production.
RESULTS OF RECENT EXPERIMENTS ON SURFACE SOWING
Authors: Suckling F.E.T.
Published: October 2021

Surface 'sowing of hill-country pastures with clovers has been practised in New .Zealand for many years and it is undisputed that the introduction of new and improved strains of clovers will assist in pasture improvement and increased production. Today with new facilities, such as the aeroplane and blower, available for topdressing and oversowing an enormous -increase is taking place in the area of hill country topdressed with phosphate. To achieve the maximum benefit from this topdressing it is essential that sufficient clover,is present in the sward to utilise the added phosphate. On large areas of hill country where topdressing is practised clovers are sparse, and under these conditions little response and benefit is derived from phosphate applications. With this fact in view considerable interest has been aroused regarding the most satisfactory methods of introducing clovers into unploughable pastures.
THE DAY AND NIGHT GRAZING SYSTEM
Authors: Goodall V.C.
Published: October 2021

The influence of the grazing animal on the composition and productivity of the pasture sward has been a major subject for investigation by Grasslands Division over the past 10 to 12 years (l), (2), (3). In particular we have been interested in the effect of dung and urine on pasture growth, and at previous conferences of this association (4) papers have been presented to show that the quantities of plant nutrients returned to high-producing pastures are . equivalent in nitrogen to over a ton of sulphate of ammonia per acre per year, in phosphorus to over 6cwt. of superphosphate, and in potash to nearly a ton of 30 per cent. potash salts.
SOIL FERTILITY PROBLEMS OF TARANAKI
Authors: Burgess A.C. , Davies E.B.
Published: October 2021

A description of the soils of the district was given in the first p&er of the Conference and here it is necessary only to repeat that the soils of Taranaki can be divided into the following groups:- (a) The volcanic soils of the easy, rolling and hilly country in the western part of the district. (b) The steep hilly soils of the eastern part of the district, coniposed of papa and sandstone. (c) The swampy soils in the Rahotu-Oaonui, Pihama- Kapuni, and Tariki-Inglewood areas. (d) The peaty loams at Ngarere, Stratford, and Ratapiko. (e) The recent soils of the river flats.
GROWTH HABITS OF SHORT-ROTATION AND PERENNIAL RYEGRASS
Authors: Mitchell K.J.
Published: October 2021

In this paper there will be no attempt to give answers to immediate field problems. ,Rather it is hoped to indicate the lines of approach which are being used in studying the physiology of growth of our pasture species
MOLYBDENUM AND LEGUMES
Authors: Adams A.F.R.
Published: October 2021

In.1930 Bortels published a paper entitled "Molybdenum as a Catalyst in the Biological Fixation of Nitrogen." Using Azotobacter chroococcurn, a freeliving nitrogen-fixing bacterium, he showed that if grown in a nitrogen-free nutrient solution, its growth was stimulated by the addition of a very small amount of sodium molybdate. In another paper in 1933 he reported loo-fold increase in the fixation of nitrogen by this and other species of bacteria when supplied with molybdenum. Portels was thus the first to establish the biological importance of molybdenum.
TUSSOCK GRASSLAND INVESTIGATIONS
Authors: Sewell T.G.
Published: October 2021

This paper deals with investigations in the Waimakariri River Basin. It is an area of moderate rainfall between 35 and 50in. Soils there are low in lime and phosphate and rabbits are practically non-existent.
DOWNLANDS FARMING
Authors: Hurst J.A.
Published: October 2021

Since 1945 I have farmed the property of 868 acres known as "Braeside" in the Waihaorunga district 21 miles inland from Waimate. This property was farmed for the previous 25 years by Mr Sidney Hurst, who was largely responsible for its development and is still interested in it. When I discuss farming policy in connection with this property I can truthfully use the pronoun we, as most decisions are arrived at after a good deal of discussion.
DOWNLANDs FARMING
Authors: Stafford W.C.
Published: October 2021

Just as I am convinced that only by the full development of the downlands under a system of mixed arable farming can South Canterbury achieve the fullest production, so I am convinced that arable farming can only be built around good pasture. The world today is covered with examples of the failure to recognise this latter fact. Under conditions of suitable climate, contour, and soil, grass and crop with the grazing animal are complementary ; if any one should dominate, it is freely admitted that it should be grass. On the other hand, the fact that through the downlands climatic conditions the fullest production under an extensive grassland system cannot be achieved must also be recognised. These climatic conditions make the truly permanent high-producing pasture an impossibility. It has been found on the South Canterbury downs that the maximum effective life of a pasture under good maintenance and management is 8 years. If left longer than that, it rapidly deteriorates in carrying capacity. The basis of downs farming must therefore be, as far as we know at present, that no pasture on the downs should be, over the age of 8 -years. Under present conditions, of course, this presents to the established farmer, provided he. holds sufficient land, less difficulty without crop than it does with crop. Nevertheless, all-grass farming under the downs climatic conditions does not give maximum pr+ duction, because built-up fertility through grass and animal cannot be used.
PUWERA FARM VISIT
Authors: Smallfield P.W.
Published: October 2021

Few now realise the problems of marginal land development which confronted land improvers 30 years ago. Now we are only half satisfied if we can establish productive pastures of perennial ryegrass and white clover; we look for something better. Then the problem was whether perennial ryegrass was worth trying for or should pastures on gumland be confined to species which appeared likely to thrive, such as browntop, chewings fescue, paspalum, kikuyu, and Lotus nzajor and white clover. If the pastures were confined to this latter group of species, there was little chance of economic, large-scale development, for production costs would not be matched by revenue.
RECORDS OF PRODUCTION FROM KIKUYU GRASS
Authors: Ballinger C.E.
Published: October 2021

The ability of kikuyu grass to produce a high quantity of palatable feed and to do so in association with white clover, perennial ryegrass, and other grasses has been observed on numerous farms in Northland
SOME SUB-TROPICAL AND OTHER GRASSES IN NORTHLAND
Authors: Arnold E.H.
Published: October 2021

Situated close to subtropical regions, Northland is subjected to the climatical high-pressure belt of the sub-tropics. The rainfall year is broadly divided into a dry summer season and a wet winter season, giving a contrast which 'decreases southward from Auckland City away from the high-pressure belt. Heavy rains of short duration and sometimes with little lasting effects occur during summer when sub-tropical lows suddenly come down over .the area. Temperatures are generally and consistently higher than further south, and light frosts are infrequently experienced in certain localities
POSSIBILITIES OF DRAINAGE BY MECHANICAL MEANS IN NORTHLAND
Authors: Scott D.F.
Published: October 2021

Progress in any industry is accelerated by the availability of suitable machinery to do the work. Farming, and particularly farm drainage, is no exception. I would suggest that, with the increasing availability of such drainage machinery as this paper m,entions, there are great possibilities for farm drainage in Northland. In fact, the stage is set for rapid improvements in farm drainage, which offer: great opportunities for increasing production. This applies not only on what is now undeveloped land, but also, and to a far greater extent, on land that is being farmed today and is already cleared, fenced, and supplied with the necessary buildings. There is a big future for mechanised farm drainage in North Auckland partly because there is no alternative if farming is to be fully developed, and partly because of the recent developments in machinery to do this work. Because of the large areas involved,there is no possibility of doing the work by hand, so machinery offers. the only solution.
CHEMICAL CONTROL OF WEEDS IN PASTURES
Authors: Matthews L.J.
Published: October 2021

I intend reviewing the progress made to date with chemicals for pasture weed control and to place the use of chemical weedkillers in their right perspective among other farming practices.
LAMB FATTENING OFF WHITE CLOVER IN POVERTY BAY
Authors: Sinclair D.P. , Simpson J.E.V.
Published: October 2021

The Poverty Bay-east coast area is one of the major sources of store sheep in the North Island. Some 1,200,OOO breeding ewes are carried within the area and between 80 per cent. and 90 per cent. of lambs are tailed each year, which should give approximately 500,000 wether lambs available for disposal annually.
VALUE OF PASTURE SPECIES IN TARANAKI
Authors: Knowles F.L.
Published: October 2021

It would, be a serious omission on my part if I did not begin this paper with a shot of Mt. Egmont (8260ft.), which by the even spread of rainfall which it encourages playslsuch an important part in the success or'otherwise of the different pasture species in Taranaki. Bainfal l ranges from approximately 100in. at the reserve; to 40 to 50in. on the coastal farms. The area that comes within the s@ope of this paper' extends approximately 15 to 20 miles on the northern, southern, and western slopes of Mt. Egmont and approximately 20 to 30 miles on the eastern slopes to the more marginal lands east of Stratford. I would emphasise that my paper concerns Taranaki only and dairy pastures.
FUNCTION OF PEDIGREE STRAINS OF PASTURE PLANTS
Authors: Corkill L.
Published: October 2021

As an introduction to this general discussion on the performance of pasture plants in different regions I propose to point out what pedigree strains are supposed to do. Those who follow me will show what they actually do. It remains to be seen what correlation there is between our stories. What these plants are supposed to do and what they actually do will depend very largely on the management they are given, so the function and performance of bred strains must necessarily be considered in relation to pasture management.
VALUE OF PASTURE SPECIES IN OTAGO AND SOUTHLAND
Authors: Lambert J.P.
Published: October 2021

We learn from the Agricultural and Pastoral Statistics for 1949-50,that though the total number of cattle per 100 sheep shorn in North and South Auckland combined was 57, in Otago and Southland land districts combined there were 4. Pastures in this area, then, are more likely to be grazed by sheep than by cattle.
TRACE ELEMENT TRIALS AT INVERMAY RESEARCH STATION
Authors: Cullen N.A.
Published: October 2021

During the past six years trials have been carried out at Invermay Research Station with the trace elements molybdenum, vanadium, boron, copper and cobalt.
TRACE ELEMENTS FOR PASTURES AND LUCERNE
Authors: During C.
Published: October 2021

Of the recent developments in agricultural science few have been more important than those following the discovery of the essential nature of certain trace ele- .ments for plants and animals. This is particularly true of Australasia where large areas of land have been found to be deficient in one or more of these essential trace elements.
THE MANAGEMENT AND UTILIZATION OF PASTURE BY PIGS
Authors: Smith D.M.
Published: October 2021

The New Zealand farmer who breeds pigs tends to place either too much emphasis upon the value of pasture, with rather dire effects, or too little, with the result that he deprives himself of a valuable addition to his basic feed supply. In this paper an attempt will be made to assess the value of pasture in the New Zealand pig keeping economy over the whole production cycle from the mating of the sow to the marketing of the finished product.
RUAKURA STUDIES ON THE GRAZING BEHAVIOUR OF DAIRY CATTLE
Authors: Brumby P.
Published: October 2021

At the outset it must be made clear that this paper is largely based on John Hancock's extensive grazing behaviour studies at Ruakura. More recently I have had the opportunity of carrying out further observations on grazing cattle. A brief review of these, of Hancock's earlier work, and a number of related overseas reports form the basis of this paper.
OVINE RICKETS
Authors: Grant A.B.
Published: October 2021

Rickets is common in New Zealand lambs which are grazing on winter greenfeeds, the incidence being highest on cereal crops, lowest on brassicas, while ryegrasies appear to lie between these extremes in rachitogenic potency. The disease is more common in the milder seasons which favour good growth during late autumn find early winter. The presence of a rachitogenie substance in greenfeeds was first postulated by Fitch, and the results of subsequent work has not only confirmed his opinion but indicated that carotene, the main plant carotenoid precursor of vitamin A, is the main factor involved. The rachitogenic properties of vitamin A or its precursors have been described recently, and it is apparent that the higher the vitamin A uptake the greater will be the vitamin D requirement of the animal.
BLOAT INVESTIGATIONS
Authors: Reid C.S.W.
Published: October 2021

Frothy bloat may occur in cattle on a wide variety of feeds. It has been observed on green feeds, including clovers, lucerne and other legumes, ryegrass, young green corn, chou moellier and cabbages. It also occurs in grain fed animals under American "dry-lot" con- 'ditions. In this country, where the great majority of cases of bloat occur on rapidly growing clover, frothy bloat appears to be the prevalent form.
GRAZING MANAGEMENT ON HILL COUNTRY
Authors: Hamblyn C.J.
Published: October 2021

At the 1947 Conference of the 'New Zealand Grassland Association at Palmerston North a considerable amount of interest was shown in a short paper by a young Manawatu hill country farmer as part of a symposium on "Pasture Grazing Management." In the paper a system of sheep grazing management very different from that commonly practised on our hill country by sheep farmers was described, and the results in increased carrying capacity of the farm for the comparatively short time the new grazing method had been in operation were given. The possibilities of the change in grazing management in promoting the improvement of hill country' pastures, both in production and in composition, in the control and suppression of weeds, and the better and easier management of a hill country ewe flock, were also discussed. It is now proposed to briefly review the new grazing management as applied to this same farm over the past eleven years and give also the experience and results of a few only. of the many younger hill country farmers wha have adopted the same or similar methods of grazing management. These latter without exception have been influenced and assisted by the methods and results of the .Manawatu farmer; which have been brought to them through the extension service of the Department of Agriculture.
STRIP VERSUS PADDOCK (ROTATIONAL) GRAZING OF DAIRY COWS
Authors: Wallace L.R.
Published: October 2021

Dr. McMeekan was to have given this paper, but has not been able to do so owing to his absence overseas. It has fallen upon me to describe the work he has been carrying out at Ruakura to obtain factual information on the relative merits of the break and paddock systems of grazing dairy cows during the main growing season.
HIGH COUNTRY GRAZING IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES
Authors: Love R.Merton
Published: October 2021

Between the deserts and the forests are vast expanses of basins, plateaux, and grasslands with a plant cover of grasses, broadleaved herbs, shrubs, and open, arid woodlands. The semi-arid grassland, the open woods, and the desert shrubland constitute the domain of the huge western livestock industry in the 17 states lying roughly west of the 100th meridian. These are known as the range states and they are likely to remain predominantly range states because of the low precipitation, rough topography, and shallow, rocky and saline soils.
PROBLEMS OF IRRIGATING GRASSLAND IN CANTERBURY
Authors: Hilgendorf C.
Published: October 2021

There are four irrigation schemes at present in Canterbury: two small ones at Redcliffe and Levels and two larger ones at Mayfield-Hinds and Ashburton- Lyndhurst. The latter two cover 48,000 and 58,000 acres. I intend to restrict my discussion of the problems of irrigating grassland in Canterbury to that part of the province covered by the Lismore silt loam with a water table seldom rising above 50ft, and with a 25 to 35in. rainfall, relatively well distributed, though with a high summer evaporation. This does not take in all the present schemes which contain some more fertile land, but it and similar soil types cover by far the greater part of both present and suggested schemes.
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF FARMING LIGHT LANDS IN CANTERBURY
Authors: Scott R.H. , Stuart R.C.
Published: October 2021

This afternoon you will be visiting Ashley Dene, the College light land farm, approximately 70 per cent of the area of which is typical of the light lands of the Canterbury Plains. The term "light" when applied to soils may have many meanings, but Canterbury farmers know only too well what they mean by the term; they think immediately of that considerable area of approximately 850,000 acres on the plains where shingle is to be found within 18 inches of the soil surface and in some cases right to the surface.
PROBLEMS OF MANAGEMENT OF GRASSLAND UNDER LOW RAINFALL CONDITIONS IN THE UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Scott J.D.
Published: October 2021

It was originally suggested that this paper should deal with problems associated with the management of grazings under low rainfall conditions and the title submitted was "Problems of management of grassland under low rainfall conditions in South Africa." It was decided, however, that as much of the veld under low rainfall conditions was not grassland, it would be better to deal with the main veld regions in areas of low rainfall. The next decision to be made was what was to be considered as "low rainfall" and, after a careful study of the main veld types, it was decided that low rainfall areas would include those which enjoyed an annual rainfall of 20 inches or less.
TECHNIQUES OF LAND DEVELOPMENT IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Smallfield P.W.
Published: October 2021

Land development in New Zealand is essentially a matter of pasture establishment, and for the work to be economic. pastures of the perennial ryegrass-white clover type .-have generally been essential. These demand fairly exacting seed-bed and soil fertility conditions for establishment and sustained, production, and the practices that have been adopted to secure suitable conditions will form the major part of my discussion of land development
WEEDKILLERS AS AN AID TO PASTURE AND CROP ESTABLISHMENT
Authors: Matthews L.J.
Published: October 2021

Most agriculturists are familiar with the use of selective wcedkillers for the control of weeds in crops and newly sown pasture established in conjunction with conventional methods of cultivation. For cultivation mechanical aids are used to reduce interplant competition and to prepare a seed-bed. In this paper I propose to establish the concept of using weedkillers as a method of reducing inter-plant competition in place of mechanical aids. The concept is based on using one or two specific weedkilling chemicals to kill the existing vegetation in situ. Pasture mixtures are then sown into the dead turf or crops are drilled directly into the chemically destroyed turf. The paper is based on the work of the Extension Division of the Department of Agriculture.
RATES OF GRASS SEEDING AND TOPDRESSING OF NEW PASTURES SOWN DOWN UNDER VARYING CONDITIONS OF SOIL FERTILLTY AND FARM MANAGEMENT
Authors: Allo A.V. , Jordan B.T.
Published: October 2021

In the past twenty or thirty years there have been many changes in farming techniques, brought about through increased knowledge of the science and practice of agriculture. The puru paper is not so much to dogmatise on methods of pasture establishment as to throw the subject open to discussion from which all of us may benefit.
THE USE OF SHORT-ROTATION RYECRASS AT LINCOLN COLLEGE
Authors: Iversen C.E.
Published: October 2021

Apart from pedigree white clover no pasture species has had more impact on the College farm than short-rotation ryegrass. Equally spectacular has been the decreasing dependence on swards based on perennial ryegrass.
METHODS OF MANUFACTURE AND CONTROL OF LEGUME INOCULANTS PREPARED IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Callaghan J.R.
Published: October 2021

Prior to 1955 nearly all legume inoculants used in this country were supplied by the Plant Diseases Division of the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research. This service, which was mainly for lucerne, was introduced and controlled by Dr W. D. Reid and it was due to the retirement of Dr Reid and also because the large demand for cultures was proving an embarrassment to the Division that it was suggested that my company might undertake this service.
FARMING IN OTAGO
Authors: Elliott A.G.
Published: October 2021

The land district of Otago, comprising the counties of Waitaki, Waihemo, Waikouaiti, Taieri, Peninsula, Bruce, Clutha, Tuapeka, Lake, Vincent, and Maniototo, contains the greatest variations in climatic conditions, topography, and soil types. Consequently, a detailed description of. the farming systems practised in each of the many categories into which land use may be subdivided is beyond the scope of this paper, which will deal broadly with a description of farming in the principal areas of the region. The fascinating story of settlement, which commenced over 100 years ago, has been published in several books freely available to all interested and some of the results from earlier practices, now recognised to be damaging to soil fertility and stability, will be discussed in a later section. The total acreage in occupation is over 8 million and this extends from the intensively farmed alluvial plains at sea level to the summer grazed natural grasslands at altitudes of over 5,000 ft.
PASTURE IMPROVEMENT AT INVERMAY
Authors: Holmes G.A.
Published: October 2021

Invermay Research Station has a total area of 1,300 acres and may be divided, like Gaul, into three parts: First-class Soil: About 200 acres flat, fertile, recent alluvium. Second-ciass Soil: About 400 acres undulating, yellow-grey earth, shallow, overlying clay derived from phonolite. T h i r d - c l a s s S o i l : About 700 acres, ridgy, some as above, some more recent and more basic volcanic soil, usually with boulders. About 400 acres of the last-mentioned have been reclaimed from gorse and scrub, mainly by use of the swamp plough wherever it could be taken, leaving the steepest gullies in manuka and the stony outcrops in gorse.
PASTURES AND SOIL FERTILITY
Authors: Sears P.D.
Published: October 2021

The papers that follow in this symposium will present, details of soil and pasture improvement in several nearby regiotis. The part given to me is to offer a general, background to our pasture improvement philosophy and to compare this with other countries,. Even the most casual study of our economy will shoiv.how gieat has been the contribution of pasture to our high living standards. I think, too, that no one here will deny that improved pastures and animal and crop husbandry will continue to be our best basic national aim. Indeed if continued and extended widely enough, good farming in New Zealand may even be strong enough to carry the great weight of protected secondary industry and our other social services.
THE SOILS OF OTAGO AND THEIR PROBLEMS
Authors: Raeside J.D. , Cutler E.J.B.
Published: October 2021

The soil resources of Otago present a challenge to agriculture, for, although much has already been done to promote their development through the efforts of the Department of Agriculture and the imaginative and enterprising work of many farmers, their potentialities are still far from exhausted. Hitherto only the best soils of Otago have been developed to a high productive level, and most of the soils are at a stage of development far below their capacity. As agricultural development expands and becomes more diverse limitations imposed by the nature of the soils will become of overriding importance, and the pattern of agriculture will have to be more carefully adjusted to the soil pattern of the province.
PASTURE PRODUCTION ESTIMATES BY MEASURES OTHER THAN CUTTING
Authors: Lynch P.B. , Mountier N.S.
Published: October 2021

We can distinguish two basic items about grassland that require measurement or assessment, namely (1) production and (2) botanical composition. Each has its own problems of evaluation. For the purposes of this paper we are concerned with production rather than with the species composition of pastures, although it may be difficult at times to consider one without the other. Production obviously depends to a considerable degree on the species present. Methods of assessing changes in production also assess the effect of changes in composition.
SOIL CONSERVATION IN THE GISBORNE-EAST COAST DISTRICT
Authors: Todd A.D.
Published: October 2021

To understand soil conservation problems in this district it will be necessary to note at the outset that our problems differ in many respects from those elsewhere in New Zealand, and particularly from those in the U.S.A. and Australia. The literature of soil conservation for the most part reports conditions in the U.S.A. and consequently to most people "soil conservation" conjures up pictures of gently rolling cropping land troubled by sheet and wind erosion and by minor gullying, all of which are brought under control mainly by measures which can be conveniently described as contour farming.
REPORTS BY SPONSORED DELEGATES TO THE 8th INTERNATIONAL GRASSLAND CONGRESS
Authors: Various A.
Published: October 2021

Some of the Association's sponsored delegates to the Congress presented reports to the conference and expressed thanks for the privilege of attending the Congress
TRACE ELEMENTS IN RELATION TO ANIMAL HEALTH IN SOUTHLAND
Authors: Andrews E.D.
Published: October 2021

In the "New Zealand Meat Producer" for May 1960 R. H. Bcvin discusses the remarkable development of the sheep industry in Southland. As he puts it, "40 years ago there were roughly 1 t million sheep in the Southland Land District. Today there are 53 million". He goes on to trace the change from a farm economy-which-in-l~9~~~d~pendcd~ largelym oat crops and dairying to one which is now predominantly concerned with the production of fat lambs for export. The Southland-Wallace Plain carries one of the greatest sheep concentrations in the world. Lambs killed at the four Southland freezing works each year now top the 3 million mark
TRENDS IN PASTURE CONSERVATION
Authors: Murray J.R.
Published: October 2021

Problems of storing pasture from periods of ample growth to periods of little or no growth, whether it be in winter or a droughty summer, have always been with farming communities all over the world. Haymaking, for example, goes back to antiquity when the origin of natural drying has been lost in the mists of the past; maybe in the same way as it is often lost in the mists of today.
The Effect of Institutional Ownership and Audit Committee on Audit Quality with Financial Distress as Moderation: On Manufacturing Sector Companies Listed on The Indonesia Stock Exchange Period 2016-2020
Authors: Jombrik Mr , Tamami Vika Alifta
Published: October 2021

This study aims to analyze the effect of institutional ownership and audit committee on audit quality with financial difficulties as a moderation. This research was conducted on Manufacturing Companies in the Consumer and Industrial Goods Sector Listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for 2016-2020. The quantitative research method uses secondary data, namely the company's annual report that is the object of research. Analysis of the data used is logistic regression analysis. The results show that the direction of the influence of the institutional ownership variable on audit quality is positive, where institutional ownership has a significant effect on audit quality. Likewise, the direction of the impact of the audit committee on audit quality is positive but does not significantly affect audit quality. The results of the moderation show that Financial Distress can moderate institutional ownership in influencing audit quality. In contrast, after being moderated with the financial distress variable, the audit committee has a negative and significant direction, which means it can moderate the audit committee in influencing audit quality but in the opposite direction.
A Party Built on Bigotry Alone? The Scottish Board of Dissenters and Edinburgh Liberalism, 1834–56
Authors: Mallon Ryan
Published: November 2021

By assessing the Central Board of Dissenters, arguably the most influential liberal-voluntary group of the mid-nineteenth century and the political wing of Scottish dissent, this article questions whether the Liberal party in Edinburgh was indeed built on ‘bigotry alone’, and asks whether the groups that would later form the backbone of Scottish Liberalism until the Great War were, as John Brown claimed, the enemies of all oppressions and monopolies, or simply the products of sectarian strife. The Central Board of Dissenters acted as the conduit for ecclesiastical and political organisation for Edinburgh's radical voluntaries during the bitter conflict of the pre-Disruption period, and utilised this organisational strength after 1843 to create a pan-dissenting alliance based on the anti-Maynooth campaign. Despite their foundations in the intra-Presbyterian strife of Victorian Scotland, the electoral successes of this period created a base both in Edinburgh and across Scotland for a Liberal party, once it threw off the ideological shackles of these denominational struggles, which would dominate Scottish politics until the Great War.
Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in London's Streets
Authors: Cooke Catherine
Published: November 2021

One of the attractions of the Sherlock Holmes stories is their location in real, if somewhat disguised locations. Sherlock Holmes's address in Baker Street is one of the most famous in literature. This article sketches the history of the street and looks at the attempts made over the years to identify the exact location of Holmes's apartment. Conan Doyle first came to London to set up a specialist medical practice not far from Harley Street in 1891, though he had made a number of visits to relatives in London during his youth. He did not stay long, moving to the suburbs when he gave medical practice up in favour of full-time writing. In later life he maintained a London flat and owned and ran his own bookshop and museum nearby to further his Spiritualist crusade. These links with London are examined, highlighting the various addresses in which he and his family lived or did business.
Current issues in treatment of patients with combination of rosacea subtypes
Authors: Kruglova L. S. , Matushevskaya Yu. I.
Published: November 2021

Актуальность. Розацеа – хронический воспалительный дерматоз преимущественно центрофациальной локализации. Для клинической картины характерны разнообразные симптомы сосудистого и воспалительного характера, часто отмечается их сочетание. Терапия пациентов проводится с учетом преимущественной клинической симптоматики. Основным препаратом лечения папуло-пустулезного подтипа является ивермектин. Учитывая наличие сосудистого компонента при папуло-пустулезном подтипе, актуальным является изучение эффективности и безопасности комбинированного применения фототехнологий и ивермектина.

Материал и методы. В зависимости от терапии пациенты с сочетанием эритемато-телеангиэктатического и папуло-пустулезного подтипов розацеа были распределены на три группы: 1-я группа (33 больных) получала процедуры ИЛК и топическую терапию ивермектином, 2-я группа (32 больных) –процедуры c неодимовым лазером и ивермектином наружно, 3-я группа (21 пациент) –процедуры широкополосным некогерентным светом и ивермектин. Оценка эффективности проводилась с использованием визиосканирования, с учетом дерматологического индекса GSS (Global Severity Sсore), дерматологического индекса шкалы симптомов (ДИШС).

Результаты исследования. По данным суммарного индекса ДИШС, наибольшая эффективность в купировании и воспаления, и сосудистого компонента наблюдалась во 2-й (89,6%) и 3-й (93,8%) группах, несколько ниже – в 1-й группе (73,2%). Совокупная оценка эффективности комбинированных методов показала, что положительный результат был получен у всех пациентов, при этом в соответствии с показателем GSS клиническая ремиссия (снижение ДИШС на 100%) отмечалась у 51,5, 78,1 и 76,2% в 1-й, 2-й и 3-й группах соответственно. Значительное улучшение (снижение ДИШС на 90%) – у 42,4, 18,8 и 23,8% в 1-й, 2-й и 3-й группах соответственно.

Выводы. Комбинированное применение ивермектина и различных видов фототехнологий является высокоэффективным и безопасным.
TEACHING READING COMPREHENSION THROUGH TASK BASED LANGUAGE TEACHING
Authors: Mufabar Kamba Janna , Hanafi Hilaluddin , Aderlaepe Aderlaepe
Published: November 2021

This study attempted to find out: (1) Whether the Task Based Language Teaching (TBLT) affects students’ reading comprehension or not, (2) The application of task based language teaching towards students’ reading motivation. This study employed quasi experimental design to scrutinize the applicability of TBLT which involving 2nd grade students of Junior High School 7 Kendari registered in academic year 2019/2020. To this end, 62 participants (including an experimental group and a control class ones) were selected through purposive sampling from among 180 students. Task Based Language Teaching was applied in teaching reading comprehension in experimental group while in control group ones was applied conventional. Both groups were taught the same topic. The test was administered before treatment (pre-test) to examine the students’ previous reading comprehension and it was then compared with their post-test to examine their reading comprehension after being taught using TBLT. Reading test and questionnaire as the instruments of this study. The data from reading test was used to figure out the students’ reading comprehension by using t-test while the data from questionnaire was to figure out the students’ reading motivation. All collected data were computed and analysed by using SPSS 24. The results of reading comprehension test revealed that TBLT significantly effects students’ reading comprehension. Moreover, the result of questionnaire displayed that the students became more motivated to read through Task Based Language Teaching (TBLT).   Keywords: Reading Comprehension, Task Based Language Teaching.
INTERNALISASI NILAI KARAKTER DEMOKRATIS MELALUI PEMBELAJARAN PKn DI SMAN 1 TIWORO KEPULAUAN
Authors: Elyang Elyang , T Mursidin
Published: November 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis: (1) Pelaksanaan internalisasi nilai karakter demokratis melalui pembelajaran PKn di SMAN 1 Tiworo Kepulauan, (2) Faktor penghambat internalisasi nilai karakter demokratis melalui pembelajaran PKn pada siswa di SMAN 1 Tiworo Kepulauan, (3) Upaya yang dilakukan oleh guru untuk mengatasi hambatan dalam internalisasi nilai karakter demokratis melalui pembelajaran PKn pada siswa di SMAN 1 Tiworo Kepulauan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Informan dalam penelitian ini adalah guru PKn dan siswa di SMAN 1 Tiworo Kepulauan. Pengumpulan data menggunakan angket, dokumentasi dan pedoman wawancara. Data dianalisis menggunakan langkah – langkah pengumpulan data, reduksi data, display data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Teknik pemeriksaan keabsahan data menggunakan member check, triangulasi sumber dan teknik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa internalisasi karakter demokratis di SMAN 1 Tiworo Kepulauan dilakukan melalui program pengembangan diri (kegiatan rutin, kegiatan spontan, keteladanan dan pengkondisian ), pengintegrasian dalam mata pelajaran, dan budaya kelas. Faktor penghambat dalam internalisasi nilai karakter demokratis adalah siswa kurang antusias terhadap pembelajaran PKn, kurangnya percaya diri pada siswa dan sikap egois siswa yang masih tinggi. Upaya yang dilakukan dalam mengatasi hambatan tersebut adalah guru memberikan motivasi dan pemahaman tentang pentinnya nilai – niai karakter demokratis bagi siswa, meningkatkan rasa percaya diri siswa agar lebih aktif dalam kegiatan diskusi dan melakukan konsultasi dan pendekatan kepada siswa yang merasa kurang percaya diri dan malu
СОЦИОЛОГИЯ ИНВАЛИДНОСТИ КАК НАУЧНОЕ НАПРАВЛЕНИЕ
Authors: Янева-Балабанска Илияна
Published: October 2021

Читателям представлется краткий обзор нового значимого труда профессора Б.С. Ивкова, в котором он обосновал необходимость выделения особого научного направления социология инвалидности. Оно является междисциплинарным полем работы специалистов по Disability Studies и отделяется автором от социологии медицины и социологии здравоохранения. В монографии речь идет о том, что феномен инвалидности и социальную категорию людей с ограниченными возможностями следует изучать, прежде всего, как социально-медицинский и/или биосоциальный конструкт с акцентом на социальное, не исключая биологической и психологической компоненты инвалидности. Автор рецензии характеризует содержание монографии, делая вывод о значимости этого научного труда для болгарской и международной науки.
COVID-19: О ВЛИЯНИИ ПАНДЕМИИ НА ПРОДОВОЛЬСТВЕННОЕ СНАБЖЕНИЕ И ПИТАНИЕ РОССИЯН
Authors: Воронина Татьяна Андреевна
Published: October 2021

В статье говорится о влиянии пандемии коронавирусной инфекции на питание россиян в рамках строгих антивирусных ограничений и формы приобретения продуктов питания в условиях длительного пребывания дома, когда посещение магазинов было ограничено, и в период ослабления режима самоизоляции, когда разрешалось посещать магазины и предприятия общепита. Представлялось важным рассмотреть, как сказалось повышение цен на расходы и домашний рацион питания россиян, какие народные средства были использованы для профилактики и укрепления иммунитета. Поскольку пандемия нанесла удар по системе общепита, была поставлена задача изучить деятельность предприятий общественного питания в связи с их временным закрытием и после снятия ограничений. В качестве основных источников были использованы такие средства массовой информации как программы каналов российского телевидения, а также сеть Интернет, наиболее оперативно предоставлявшие информацию об изменениях и угрозах, которые повлекла за собой пандемия коронавирусной инфекции в период с декабря 2019 г. по июль 2020 г.
Assessment of In Vitro and In Vivo Bioremediation Potentials of Orally Supplemented Free and Microencapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus KLDS Strains to Mitigate the Chronic Lead Toxicity
Authors: Muhammad Zafarullah , Ramzan Rabia , Zhang Ruifen , Zhao Dong , Gul Mehak , Dong Lihong , Zhang Mingwei
Published: November 2021

Lead (Pb) is a pestilent and relatively nonbiodegradable heavy metal, which causes severe health effects by inducing inflammation and oxidative stress in animal and human tissues. This is because of its significant tolerance and capability to bind Pb (430 mg/L) and thermodynamic fitness to sequester Pb in the Freundlich model (R2= 0.98421)in vitro.Lactobacillus acidophilusKLDS1.1003 was selected for furtherin vivostudy both in free and maize resistant starch (MRS)–based microencapsulated forms to assess its bioremediation aptitude against chronic Pb lethality using adult female BALB/c mice as a model animal. Orally administered free and microencapsulated KLDS 1.1003 provided significant protection by reducing Pb levels in the blood (127.92 ± 5.220 and 101.47 ± 4.142 µg/L), kidneys (19.86 ± 0.810 and 18.02 ± 0.735 µg/g), and liver (7.27 ± 0.296 and 6.42 ± 0.262 µg/g). MRS-microencapsulated KLDS 1.0344 improved the antioxidant index and inhibited changes in blood and serum enzyme concentrations and relieved the Pb-induced renal and hepatic pathological damages. SEM and EDS microscopy showed that the Pb covered the surfaces of cells and was chiefly bound due to the involvement of the carbon and oxygen elements. Similarly, FTIR showed that the amino, amide, phosphoryl, carboxyl, and hydroxyl functional groups of bacteria and MRS were mainly involved in Pb biosorption. Based on these findings, free and microencapsulatedL. acidophilusKLDS 1.0344 could be considered a potential dietetic stratagem in alleviating chronic Pb toxicity.
Enzyme-Responsive Materials as Carriers for Improving Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Liu Houhe , Yang Fanwen , Chen Wenjie , Gong Teng , Zhou Yi , Dai Xiaoyan , Leung Wingnang , Xu Chuanshan
Published: November 2021

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a mini-invasive therapy on malignancies via reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by photosenitizer (PS) upon light irradiation. However, poor target of PS to tumor limits the clinical application of PDT. Compared with normal tissues, tumor tissues have a unique enzymatic environment. The unique enzymatic environment in tumor tissues has been widely used as a target for developing smart materials to improve the targetability of drugs to tumor. Enzyme-responsive materials (ERM) as a smart material can respond to the enzymes in tumor tissues to specifically deliver drugs. In PDT, ERM was designed to react with the enzymes highly expressed in tumor tissues to deliver PS in the target site to prevent therapeutic effects and avoid its side-effects. In the present paper, we will review the application of ERM in PDT and discuss the challenges of ERM as carriers to deliver PS for further boosting the development of PDT in the management of malignancies.