bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Topical Areas of Interest for Promoting Health: From the Perspective of a Nurse
Authors: Broering Jeanette M
Published: November 2023

In reading these chapters, which reflect various topical areas of interest for health promotion, I am impressed with the researchers’ ability to clarify and describe comprehensive approaches within individual domains such as positive mental health, sexual well-being, or optimal oral health. Yet, across these diverse areas, integration is not complete. In addition, the various disciplines lack the necessary consensus to formulate a master strategy for optimal, comprehensive, and develop­ mentally focused health promotion programs for youth. In particular, we see a need for programs that are practice oriented and incorporate essential life experiences.
Kaspar Hauser and the Wolf-Children
Authors: Candland Douglas Keith
Published: November 2023

Ifitard fell short of achieving his stated goal to civilize Victor, Victor taught Itard what Itard needed to know to forever change the lives of the blind and deaf It is comforting to think that our failures may become successes; less so that probable or seeming successes may become failures. Itard’s hope to show the influence of education on a human being previously untrained and unaccustomed to human ways was not met. Victor was not to become socialized as a human being, despite Itard’s teaching and Madame Guerin’s life-long care. Itard worked for five years at the project, and Madame Guerin cared for Victor as boy and man for thirty; however, neither enabled Victor to enter the socialized and civilized activities of humankind. What Itard and Victor accomplished would serve as an example and a promise of what might be done for those born with sensory and mental defects. Victor did not change society’s attitude toward these unfortunates, to be sure, any more than Itard singlehandedly invented Braille, sign language, and ways for the sensory-deprived to communicate both with one another and with those with frill capacity for speech, seeing, and hearing. Yet Itard and Victor inspired later generations to take seriously the problem of how to communicate with those unable to do so in usual ways. Even more than this, the recent work that teaches apes communication owes much to Itard, and he, in turn, to the example of Peter, the wild-boy.
The Interior Organization of a Bookstore
Authors: Zboray Ronald J
Published: November 2023

A fragmented array of institutions surrounded the literary life of antebellum Americans. Under the rapidly changing conditions of economic development, publishers scrambled to get books to readers near and far.. That quintessential image of antebellum growth, the railroad, had a great impact upon local communities; down the rails came books that salved some of the dilemmas with which the transportation revolution presented people. And as individuals moved down the pathway to literacy they often stumbled upon the contradictions inherent in the wide range of institutions of literary socialization, themselves adjusting to the intensification of economic activity. But do the inevitable dislocations of sweeping and dramatic material socioeconomic transformation perforce result in a culture with the same fragmentation? Could not the underlying culture remain relatively stable, almost necessarily so, in order to help Americans preserve a sense of continuity in a time of change?
Grammatical Structure and Distributed Representations
Authors: Elman Jeffrey L
Published: November 2023

Neural networks have a number of properties which make them attractive computational systems for modelling cognitive behaviour (McClelland, Rumelhart, and Hinton 1986; Rumelhart and McClelland 1986). One of the useful characteristics is their sensitivity to contextual factors, and another is their ability to seek a solution which satisfies multiple constraints. For example, work by Kawamoto and McClelland (1986) and by St. John and McClelland (in press) has shown how grammatical cues can be combined with context information to make inferences about events. Elman (1990) demonstrated that sequential context can provide the basis for adducing the category structure of internal representations of lexical items. Mikkulainen and Dyer (in press) showed how a similar effect could be achieved for external representations (i.e., forms which could then be used by other processing modules).
Introduction
Authors: Taylor Marjorie
Published: November 2023

Imaginary companions often get bad press. In movies and novels, they tend to be equated with psychological disturbance. Look what happens to Danny Torrance, the child character in the movie based on Stephen King’s novel The Shining. Near the beginning of the story, Danny describes Tony, a small invisible boy who lives in his mouth and gives him advice whenever he needs it. This movie is filled with shots of a haunted hotel, an elevator filled with blood, and violent deaths, yet one of the most psychologically chilling scenes occurs when Danny becomes so traumatized by the unfolding events that he is no longer able to function. In this scene, Danny’s mother finds him in a trancelike state and tries to rouse him by shaking him, repeating his name, and telling him to wake up. When the boy responds, it is in the distinctive monotonic voice of Tony saying, “Danny can’t wake up, Mrs. Torrance … Danny’s gone away, Mrs. Torrance.——
What Are Imaginary Companions Like?
Authors: Taylor Marjorie
Published: November 2023

One 4-year-old who participated in our research told us about two invisible birds named Nutsy and Nutsy (a male and a female) who lived in a tree outside her bedroom window. According to the child, the two Nutsys had brightly colored feathers, were about 12 inches tall, and talked incessantly. Sometimes the little girl was irritated by the clumsy and generally raucous behavior of these birds, but usually their silliness made her laugh. The child’s parents were well aware of the Nutsys; they regularly observed their daughter talking and playing with them, and they were frequently informed about the Nutsys’ opinions and activities. In fact, Nutsy and Nutsy were al¬ most like part of the family. The birds went along on outings by riding on top of the car, they had their own places set at the dinner table, and their antics were enjoyed by all. I met the Nutsys myself one day when they accompanied the little girl to my lab. I provided a chair for them, and the little girl laughed at how funny they looked as they stood on tiptoe to peer over the table at her. Two years after she first told us about Nutsy and Nutsy, the child still remembered them, and her mother reported that she and her daughter sometimes reminisced about their exploits.
Do Children Think Their Imaginary Companions Are Real?
Authors: Taylor Marjorie
Published: November 2023

A Colleague recently told me about an incident involving her 6- year-old son and his constant companion, a small stuffed dog. On the first leg of a family trip, the boy inadvertently left his toy dog behind at a picnic site. The family had traveled many miles before the absence was noted, so the parents vetoed the child’s request to go back immediately to retrieve the toy. The little boy handled this decision pretty well, but over the course of the weekend, he was preoccupied with thoughts about what the dog might be doing to pass the time while waiting for the family’s return. It was clear that the fate of his toy dog was weighing on his mind. Two days later, the family embarked on the return journey home. As they neared the location of the picnic, the boy’s excitement and the parents’
The Politics Of National Security
Authors: Blechman Barry M , Ellis W Philip
Published: November 2023

Over the past twenty years, controversy has raged over the greatly expanded role of Congress in the formulation of US national defence policy. Barry Blechman, who served as Assistant Director to the US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency and as a consultant to the Pentagon and numerous congressional committees, here analyses this fundamental shift in US policy-making. Based in part on interviews with Congress members and their staff, the book explains how and why these changes came about and what their consequences have been for the defence of American interests.
Imagery and Intuition in Creative Scientific Thinking: Albert Einstein’s Invention of the Special Theory of Relativity
Authors: Miller Arthur I
Published: November 2023

Albert Einstein’s (1879–1955) special theory of relativity, a monumental achievement, was the reaction of a single scientist, working alone and out of the academic mainstream, to the frontier problems of 1905, the year he published his discovery. How did this come about? What was the situation in physics in 1905? What feats of imagination did it take to make this advance? The basic problems in cognitive studies-How is knowledge acquired? and How are new ideas produced?-are essentially the same as a basic problem in the philosophy of science–How are the statements of a scientific theory obtained from data? Thus, for example, our understanding of the invention of special relativity is incomplete unless we can unlock the black box of the mind that made it, that is, explore Einstein’s thinking itself. A valuable clue for how to proceed is to take seriously an observation made by Einstein, whose research led him to investigate the process of thinking itself: “scientific thought is a development of pre-scientific thought” (1934).
Wavelets
Authors: Smith Justin R
Published: November 2023

The semantics of this language are somewhat simpler and clearer than C*, and it is well-suited to both SIMD and MIMD parallel programming. This language has been developed in conjunction with a MIMD-SIMD hybrid computer - the Triton system, being developed at the University of Karlsruhe. They have implemented Modula* on the CM-2 Connection Machine, and the MasPar MP-1, and intend to implement it upon their MIMD-SIMD hybrid computer, the Triton/1, when it is complete. The discussion in this section follows the treatment of Modula* in [68], by Christian Herter and Walter Tichy.
Watershed Cases:Brown v. Board of Education)1954
Authors: Schwartz Bernard
Published: November 2023

‘‘This is the first indication that I have ever had that there is a God.” This caustic comment to two former law clerks was Justice Frankfurter’s reac tion to ChiefJustice Vinson’s death in September 1953, just before reargu ment was scheduled in the Brown school segregation case. Had Vinson presided over the Court that decided Brown) the result would have been a divided decision. In a May 20, 1954, letter to his colleague Stanley Reed, three days after the unanimous Brown decision was announced, Frank furter wrote, “I have no doubt that if the Segregation cases had reached decision last Term there would have been four dissenters-Vinson, Reed, Jackson and Clark-and certainly several opinions for the majority view. That would have been catastrophic.”
The Frontal Lobes
Authors: Damasio Antonio R , Anderson, Steven W , Tranel Daniel
Published: November 2023

Although this is a time of unprecedented progress in cognitive neuroscience, clinicians who evaluate and treat frontal lobe dysfunction still face many of the frustrations encountered by prior generations. Damage to the frontal lobes can disrupt in various ways a set of very complex neuroanatomical and functional systems, which for the most part remain incompletely understood. The frontal lobes make up over one-third of the human cerebral cortex and have diverse anatomical units, each with distinct connections to other cortical and subcortical regions and to each other. Although progress has been made in elucidating the connectional pattern and physiology of some of its subregions in nonhuman primates (see below), the means have not existed to map equivalent complexity in the human brain. Paralleling the challenges presented by the anatomical complexity of the frontal lobes are those that stem from the nature of the signs and symptoms of frontal damage, and most saliently, the fact that such signs and symptoms do not lend themselves easily to quantitative analysis in a laboratory setting. Nonetheless, new findings on frontal lobe dysfunction are appearing regularly and have provided support for some longheld suppositions, as well as new ideas regarding the operations of the frontal lobes. For example, the central role of the frontal lobes in higher cognitive activities is not in question, and there is also growing evidence that frontal dysfunction may contribute to certain psychiatric disorders.
Creativity
Authors: Drago Valeria , Miller, Bruce , Heilman Kenneth M
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we will review the concept of creativity, how the brain might mediate creativity, and how neurological diseases can affect creativity. Creativity is a very important human attribute, and the construct of creativity has interested people in a variety of disciplines, including educators, psychologists, and neuroscientists. However, creativity is difficult to study—there is little agreement even about its definition—and it therefore remains poorly understood.
Members
Authors: Prigatano George P
Published: November 2023

Psychotherapy can be one of the most practical types of assistance to offer another human being, or it can be an incredible waste of time, energy, and money. In some cases, it can even affect a patient negatively (Mohr, 1995); in others, it can produce modest to significant benefits. In the context of this book and a previous one (Prigatano, et al., 1986), I have argued that psychotherapy can be a useful component of neuro psychological rehabilitation for some patients after brain injury (i.e., Principle 7). The purpose of this chapter is to develop this theme more fully and to discuss my own interpretation of approaches that have been useful in this work. This chapter also describes how and why psychotherapy has emerged as a potentially useful treatment in the rehabilitation of brain-injured patients. The essential ingredients of psychotherapy and various forms of psychotherapeutic interventions are considered. These observations are related specifically to the problem of lost normality after brain injury.
Editor’s Note
Authors: Rusch Frederik L
Published: November 2023

In August 1920, Toomer had met Frank at a party in New York City given by Lola Ridge, an editor of Broom, a small literary magazine. Their friendship grew intense by 1922, with a mutual fascination and respect for each other’s ideas about life and literature, and Frank, the successful, established author, encouraging Toomer to write and publish. In the fall of 1922, while Toomer was working on Cane, and Frank was writing his novel Holiday, set in the South, the two authors traveled to Spartanburg, South Carolina. At this point in their careers, both deeply immersed in their work, Toomer and Frank were intellectually and emotionally close to each other. However, this intense relationship ended in 1923 when Toomer and Margaret Naumburg, Frank’s wife, fell in love. Toomer wrote his letter to Frank of July 19,  1922, inanticipation of their traveling together in the South, the trip that brought them to Spartanburg. The references to Georgia reflect Toomer’s sojourn in Sparta, where he was a substitute principal of Sparta Agricultural and Industrial Institute for two months in 1921. “Murder” is part of City Block, a novel by Frank, privately printed in 1922.  Double Dealer was a little magazine from New Orleans, edited by John McClure. Gilbert Seldes was an editor of Dial. The Liberator was a magazine based in New York City, edited by Floyd Dell, Max Eastman, Michael Gold, and Claude McKay, among others.
Post-Cane
Authors: Rusch Frederik L
Published: November 2023

For two weeks I have worked steadily at it. The book is done. From three angles, CANE’S design is a circle. Aesthetically, from simple forms to complex ones, and back to simple forms. Regionally, from the South up into the North, and back into the South again. Or, From [sic] the North down into the South, and then a return North. From the point of view of the spiritual entity behind the work, the curve really starts with Bona and Paul (awakening), plunges into Kabnis, emerges in Karintha etc. swings upward into Theatre [sic] and Box Seat, and ends (pauses) in Harvest Song..
Introduction
Authors: Rusch Frederik L
Published: November 2023

It is a mistake to believe that most of those who feel prejudice do not want to feel it. On the contrary. They want to feel it. It serves their ends. If to change, they must change so that they desire ends, other ends, in relation to which prejudice will be seen and recognized as an impediment. Weapons will be discarded for tools only when we cease desiring the ends that weapons attain and begin desiring the ends that only tools can achieve. Words were the original germ carriers of the majority of our prejudices. Without words it is doubtful that we would contract the prejudices-or that they ever would have started and multiplied. How without words could prejudices be passed on and worked up from generation to generation? Seal the mouths of all of us, prohibit writing, destroy all printed matter, and when those who are now infants come of age they would have acquired from us only those antagonisms communicable by gestures. (Much else too would be lost, but this is another matter.)
Parasites and the Behavior of Animals
Authors: Moore Janice
Published: November 2023

This volume presents ecological consequences and evolutionary mechanisms that may be associated with behavioral alterations in parasitized hosts. Alterations may result from natural selection favoring the host or parasite, or there may be side effects of physiological changes associated with symbiosis. This book summarizes the literature in this area, showing that reports of alteration may frequently be consistent with more than one evolutionary explanation and that rigorous tests are needed before the phenomenon can be understood and placed in a predictive framework. Such understanding is important, because these behavioral alterations have been shown to have the potential to affect the distribution of animals in nature and their interactions with predators and competitors, and the alterations may have implications for vector biology.
Behavioral Alterations and Parasite Transmission
Authors: Moore Janice
Published: November 2023

As we have seen, parasites are transmitted in a variety of ways, and almost all major transmission modes offer examples of transmission-enhancing behavioral alterations that are associated with parasitism. In May and Anderson’s (1992, and references therein) Basic Model, an increase in transmission rate results in an increase in reproductive ratio if everything else is equal. Thus, when parasites induce such behavioral alterations, not only may they be favored by natural selection, but several aspects of parasite epidemiology, including host population levels necessary for their establishment, also diverge from those predicted by models that do not assume such enhancements.
Isolated Invariant Sets and Isolating Blocks
Authors: Easton Robert W
Published: November 2023

It is easy to see that an isolating block is an isolating region and that not all isolating regions are isolating blocks. We will show that each isolated invariant set is the maximal invariant set contained inside an associated isolating block. One can use the topology of a block and the way it maps across itself to prove that it isolates a nonempty invariant set. Further properties of this isolated invariant set can sometimes be deduced using symbolic dynamics. We give a general construction of isolating blocks using epsilon chains. Isolating blocks are stable with respect to perturbations of the map and therefore properties of the dynamics which can be deduced from blocks persist.
A Bestiary
Authors: Holman J Alan
Published: November 2023

This chapter consists of synoptic remarks about all the Pleistocene orders, families, and genera of amphibians and reptiles from mainland North America (excluding Mexico) with references to regions delineated in this book in which their species occur. The precise localities of these Pleistocene species will be found in the regional accounts in Chapter 5.The arrangement of taxonomic groups and nomenclature mainly follows the widely distributed checklist of Banks, McDiarmid, and Gardner (1987). Exceptions include changes in the spelling of several scientific names since the 1987 publication (e.g., Conant and Collins, 1991); the fact that snakes, lizards, and amphisbaenians are considered orders rather than suborders following Estes (1983) and Rage (1984); and the fact that the Rhinuridae is considered a separate family (Estes, 1983).
Identification Of North American Pleistocene Herpetological Fossils
Authors: Holman J Alan
Published: November 2023

Most North American Pleistocene herpetological fossils occur as scattered postcranial bones or parts of bones or as broken pieces of skulls and jaws. Occasionally, more complete fossils may be found, such as complete turtle shells (Figs. 42, 43) or even skulls of various tax but these occurrences are rare. Individual bones that are used for the identification and study of amphibians and reptiles generally must satisfy two criteria: (1) they must be of common occurrence, and (2) they must have useful characters for the identification of the animals that bore them.
Introduction
Authors: Winch Julie
Published: November 2023

Ona Blustery Sunday afternoon early in March 1842 a funeral cortege set off from a house on Third and Lombard in Philadelphia’s New Market Ward. It wound its way up Lombard to Fifth and then along Fifth to a church on Adelphi Street, within sight of Independence Hall. Behind the hearse walked the family of the deceased, his servants, his apprentices, his journeymen, and his closest friends. Behind them walked hundreds of ordinary citizens. Several thousand more stood in the streets and on the side­ walks to watch the solemn procession pass by.

Such public displays of respect were hardly commonplace in Philadelphia. They were reserved for those individuals who had distinguished themselves in one way or another and won the admiration of their fellow citizens. Financier and city benefactor Stephen Girard had received this mark of honor, as had Episcopal bishop William White. And when Benjamin Franklin’s funeral took place the entire city had come to a halt. But this funeral procession was different. Girard, White, Franklin, and the other Philadelphians who had been ac­ corded a public funeral like this were all white men.
Mr. Bridges’s Apprentice
Authors: Winch Julie
Published: November 2023

With His Release from the Jersey and his painful trek back to Philadelphia, the war came to an end for James Forten. Once the joy of reunion was over, Margaret and Abigail must have taken a good look at him and been shocked at what they saw. He was pitifully thin. Great clumps of his hair had fallen out as a result of scurvy; his skin was ashy and unhealthy-looking, his feet cracked and swollen. The care and affection his mother and sister lavished on him, decent food, rest, and his own robust constitution combined to repair the ravages of sickness and malnutrition. His recovery had to be a speedy one. Money was as scarce as ever in the Forten household. James Forten was soon back at work, most likely sewing and repairing canvas in Robert Bridges’s sail loft, and learning more of the sailmaker’s craft.

The next major event for the family was Abigail’s marriage. Her husband’s name was William Dunbar, he was a sailor, and he was described in the marriage register as a “Free African.” The records reveal nothing about where and when he had been born, whether or not he had been a slave, and how he met Abigail.
“Our Happy Family Circle”
Authors: Winch Julie
Published: November 2023

By The Standards of his contemporaries,James Forten delayed marriage a long time. There was no reluctance on his part to marry, nor was there any shortage of potential partners. The delay was forced upon him. Becoming a master craftsman and setting up in business on his own account left precious little money or time to spare for a wife and children. And then there were his existing obligations. Margaret Forten had been haunted by the specter of poverty most of her life. She had labored long and hard when Thomas was alive, supplementing his modest income by doing domestic work. After she was widowed, the burden on her had become much greater. But for her, the family would have been destitute. Her son would certainly have received no formal education and would probably have spent the rest of his life among the ranks of the laboring poor. As James Forten prospered, he was concerned to make sure his mother had the security she had struggled to provide for him and his sister.
Southern Democrats
Authors: Rae Nicol C
Published: November 2023

Rae’s book analyses southern Democrats as a force in American politics since the 1960s. Drawing on interviews with many southern politicians, Rae traces the history of southern Democrats from the erosion of their national influence in the early 1960s to the 1992 election of Clinton and Gore.
Migration
Authors: Dingle Hugh
Published: November 2023

Migration is a wonderfully diverse biological phenomenon that has fascinated scientist and layman alike for centuries. Most attention has focused on the “charismatic megafauna” of the larger and more spectacular animals that undertake it, but it is not limited to these. Enormous numbers of tiny, fragile, and inconspicuous ous animals migrate as well, and-as I shall argue in this book-so do many plants and fungi when, as propagules, they move to new germination sites. In spite of the diversity of migratory phenomena, however, most books on the subject are confined to a particular taxon. Thus we have a plethora of excellent single-authored books and symposium volumes on bird migration, several on the movements of fish, some on mammals, some on butterflies, a few on insects in general, and a smattering of others, including books that cover a range of taxa. Although there have recently been some first-rate, very attractive popular books on migration that are not taxon limited, the past two decades have seen only two major scientific publications with broad taxonomic perspective. R. R. Baker’s huge 1978 work is not only dated now, but its highly eclectic approach has had limited acceptance among biologists. The outstanding volume edited by M. A. Rankin (1985), that derived from a 1983 symposium at Port Aransas, Texas, revealed clearly that the important “how” and “why” questions concerning migration transcended taxonomic boundaries, but its papers are based on information that is now more than 10 years old.
Migration: A Definition
Authors: Dingle Hugh
Published: November 2023

Perhaps no other behavior has suffered so much from confusion of definition as migration. What types of movement should be considered migration and how these types relate to one another are complex questions that have resulted in a definition barrier impeding synthesis and generalization across systems (Rankin 1985b). To a great extent this is because students of the phenomenon have tended to focus on a single taxon and its peculiarities, with the result that definitions depended very much on the particular group under study (Baker 1978; Taylor 1986a,b; Stenseth and Lidicker 1992a, b). Ornithologists paid little attention to the work of entomology gists and vice versa and neither paid much attention to the movements of aquatic organisms. There has also been a strong tendency to concentrate effort on the readily observed and often spectacular movements of long distance to-and-fro migrants among birds, butterflies, large mammals, or fish. Return movements were established early on by vertebrate biologists as the criterion for “true migration” (Thomson 1926; Heape 1931). Thomson described such “true” migrations as “changes of habitat, periodically recurring and alternating in direction, which tend to secure optimal environmental conditions at all times” (1926, p. 3). Because return movements were unknown, with but few exceptions, among insects and most mammals, most of these animals were specifically excluded. Later authors, summarizing the movements of various vertebrates, adopted similar definitions and often emphasized a distinction between migration and other movements that, although sometimes extensive, did not involve to-and-fro passage (Heape 1931; Dorst 1962; Harden Jones, 1968; Orr 1970; Stenseth and Lidicker 1992a,b; for an exception, see Gaines and Mc Clenaghan 1980). These latter were referred to as “emigration,” “nomadism,” or in the case of the many small organisms such as parachuting seeds, aphids, spiders, and marine plankton that were transported by wind or currents, “passive dispersal” (Heape 1931; Hardy 1958; Williams 1958).
The Physiology of Migration
Authors: Dingle Hugh
Published: November 2023

There are two major aspects to the physiology of migration. The first is the central nervous system (CNS) control of migratory behavior by means of interactions between migration and “settling” responses. This aspect was discussed in Chapter 2, where migration is defined. The nervous control of migratory behavior by the CNS was analyzed for the aphid, Aphisfabae,by J. S. Kennedy, as we have seen, and it involves not only the enhancement of locomotory behavior but also the reciprocal inhibition of “vegetative” responses such as feeding and reproduction, even in the face of stimuli that would usually trigger those responses. Although there is strong suggestion of reciprocal interaction between migratory and vegetative behaviors in other animals, many songbirds, for example, migrate at night when they would otherwise be sleeping (a vegetative response) and other examples occur throughout this book, Kennedy’s aphid study is virtually the only one in which the action of the CNS has been explicitly considered. Analagous reciprocal mechanisms occur in the migratory physiology of plants, but they, too, have been little studied from a perspective of promoting migration (see Chapter 2). Even though CNS control is so fundamental to migratory and indeed all behavior in animals, the lack of understanding of the CNS function and role in migration, and the almost total lack of studies investigating that role, is undoubtedly the single biggest lacuna in our entire conception of the migration phenomenon. Unfortunately there is little one can do at this point except plead that the conceptual foundation established by Kennedy for aphids be followed up in studies of migratory behavior in other organisms.
Migration to Special Habitats
Authors: Dingle Hugh
Published: November 2023

There are a number of migratory phenomena that involve movements to sites that provide specific requirements. Among the more familiar examples are the migrations to restricted breeding locations by marine vertebrates of terrestrial origin. Thus albatrosses and marine turtles wander widely over the world’s oceans but return to breed on islands or beaches that are mere specks on the surface of the globe, driven by the needs of their young to hatch on land. The opposite need occurs in amphibians, whose young require water. This demand for water leads to migrations that take breeding adults to a range of aquatic habitats, some ordinary like temperate ponds, others exquisitely exotic like the bromeliad nursery pools of certain tropical tree frogs. Bromeliads may also serve as nurseries for crabs (Hartnoll 1963), of which many, like amphibians, spend their adult stages in terrestrial habitats but, with some notable exceptions, must return to water to release their eggs. The most studied of migrations to restricted breeding sites are those of diadromous salmonid fishes, as we have seen already at several places in this book. The origin and evolution of diadromy will also be taken up in this chapter.
Adaptive Optics for Astronomical Telescopes
Authors: Hardy John W
Published: November 2023

This book by one of the leaders in adaptive optics covers the fundamental theory and then describes in detail how this technology can be applied to large ground-based telescopes to compensate for the effects of atmospheric turbulence. It includes information on basic adaptive optics components and technology, and has chapters devoted to atmospheric turbulence, optical image structure, laser beacons, and overall system design. The chapter on system design is particularly detailed and includes performance estimation and optimization. Combining a clear discussion of physical principles with numerous real-world examples, this book will be a valuabe resource for all graduate students and researchers in astronomy and optics.
The Short, Eventful History of Adaptive Optics
Authors: Hardy John W
Published: November 2023

Earth’s atmosphere is our window on the universe. This fragile, translucent shell of gases nurtures life on Earth, providing essential air and moisture, as well as giving protection from harmful radiation and the destructive impact of meteoric debris. Its transparency allows us tantalizing glimpses of the cosmos from the security of our planet, but the atmosphere is in constant motion and is far from being a perfect window. Light rays that have traveled unchanged over vast distances, bringing information from the distant reaches of the universe, are distorted in the final moments of their long journey through space.
The Neuropsychology of Dementia
Authors: Bondi Mark W , Salmon David P , Kaszniak Alfred W
Published: November 2023

As increasing numbers of individuals are surviving into older age in most developed countries (Myers, 1990), the prevalence of dementing illness has risen (Manton, 1990). Accordingly, clinical and research efforts in the neuropsychology of dementia have also expanded, particularly over the past two decades (La Rue, 1992; Poon et al., 1992). From a clinical perspective, neuropsychological assessment has come to play a critical role in identifying the presence of dementia and in contributing to the differential diagnosis of its myriad causes. Clinical neuropsychological assessment of the person with known or suspected dementia may be performed to address any or all of the following aims (see Bayles and Kaszniak, 1987; Albert and Moss, 1988; La Rue, 1992; Zee, 1993; Lezak, 1995): (1) to identify the presence of cognitive impairment and contribute to diagnosis, particularly where the degree of impairment is mild, where the patient is of high premorbid intellectual ability, or where there is an unusual combination of cognitive impairments; (2) to provide information to patients, family members, and health care providers about the specific nature of strengths and weaknesses in the patient’s cognitive functioning; (3) to contribute to recommendations for treatment and management of cognitive and behavior problems; and (4) to provide a baseline measurement against which treatment effects or disease progression can be judged.
Phylogenetic Lability and Rates of Evolution: A Comparison of Behavioral, Morphological and Life History Traits
Authors: Gittleman John L , Anderson C Gregory , Kot Mark , Luh Hang-Kwang
Published: November 2023

“How fast, as a matter of fact, do animals evolve in nature?” Fifty years ago Simpson (1944) posed this deceptively simple question. Even though it lies at the heart of evolutionary biology, many conceptual, methodological, and theoretical problems remain unstudied in our understanding of the lability and rate of trait evolution. Many advances have arisen as the result of direct estimates of evolutionary rates from the fossil record.
Neuroscience Perspectives on Emotion in Psychopathology
Authors: Taitano Keolani , Miller Gregory A
Published: November 2023

Many opportunities exist to bring neuroscience to bear in studies of the role of emotion in psychopathology. Unfortunately, psychological approaches to psychopathology often seem to ignore compelling biological issues and findings, and biological approaches to psychopathology are often equally parochial with respect to psychology (Churchland, 1986). The divide that often separates biological and psychological approaches to both emotion and psychopathology fosters a variety of philosophical errors, barriers to collaboration, and even competitive pressures among sub disciplines. A consideration of the range of available measures of biological phenomena, however, provides encouragement. Such measures may of course take the form of direct recording of biological events, such as heart rate changes, brainwave patterns, cortisol levels, or regional metabolic rate, but they may also take the form of direct recording of behavioral events used as a basis for inference about biological events, such as overt performance on a neuropsychological test. Thus, the distinction between “biological” and “psychological” measures is less clear than it may appear.
Cavitation And Bubble Dynamics
Authors: Brennen Christopher E
Published: November 2023

The book describes and explains the fundamental physical processes involved in bubbly dynamics and the phenomenon of cavitation. The study of cavitation and bubbly flow applies to many areas of interest; from valve damage in hydroelectric equipment, ship propellors and internal combustion engines to the performance of turbines and pumps of all sizes,to physiological phenomena such as the cracking of joints and the “bends”
Phase Change, Nucleation, And Cavitation
Authors: Brennen Christopher E
Published: November 2023

This first chapter will focus on the mechanisms of formation of two-phase mixtures of vapor and liquid. Particular attention will be given to the process of the creation of vapor bubbles in a liquid. In doing so we will attempt to meld together several overlapping areas of research activity. First, there are the studies of the fundamental physics of nucleation as epitomized by the books of Frenkel (1955) and Skripov (1974). These deal largely with very pure liquids and clean environments in order to isolate the behavior of pure liquids. On the other hand, most engineering systems are impure or contaminated ih ways that have important effects on the process of nucleation. The later part of the chapter will deal with the physics of nucleation in such engineering environments.
The Elusive Truth About Women and Men
Authors: Aries Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

The popular press and scholarly journals are filled with accounts of differences between men and women, in their verbal, mathematical, and perceptual abilities, their personalities, and their patterns of communication. One of the areas of particular interest to the general public is verbal interaction, as evidenced by the popularity of two recent bestsellers: Deborah Tannen’s You Just Don’t Understand: Women and Men in Conversation and John Gray’s Men Are from Mars, Women Are from Venus. A very clear and polarized depiction of men and women has emerged from these works. Deborah Tannen has argued that men and women approach conversation with a distinct set of rules and interpretations of talk. Men focus on status and independence; women focus on intimacy and connection-a difference that makes communication between the sexes problematic. John Gray goes even further in his claims: “Not only do men and women communicate differently but they think, feel, perceive, react, respond, love, need, and appreciate differently. They almost seem to be from different planets, speaking different languages.”
Applications of Allozyme Electrophoresis in Conservation Biology
Authors: Leberg Paul L
Published: November 2023

The influence of allozyme electrophoresis on our understanding of the genetic structure of natural populations is difficult to overstate. Since it was first applied to population genetics in the mid 1960s, allozyme electrophoresis has been widely used in systematics, evolution, ecology, and conservation biology. A survey of recent papers indicates that allozyme electrophoresis is still the predominant tool used to address questions in conservation genetics (Figure 6-1). As other molecular approaches become more readily available, the relative importance of allozyme electrophoresis will decrease. However, because of its relatively low cost and ease of application, this technique will continue to be used in many studies.
Genetic Structure of Natural Taxus Populations in Western North America
Authors: Scher Stanley
Published: November 2023

Recent field surveys and other supporting data provide evidence that most if not all natural populations of yew (Taxus) are in decline (Farjon et al., 1993). A compilation of threatened conifer taxa lists the status of Pacific yew (T. brevifolia) as rare, Florida yew (Taxusjloridana) as endangered, and the Mexican yew (Taxus globosa) and Chinese yew (Taxus yunnanensis) as vulnerable. Although the Pacific yew is identified as rare, it occurs over a wide geographic range and a variety of habitats, but is sparsely distributed and never abundant.
The Evolutionary Roots of Correspondence Competence
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

We cannot recreate our earliest ancestors and examine their cognitive activity: thoughts do not “fossilize.” We can only extract highly presumptive evidence about their judgments from archeological and anthropological research and look at the way in which other species make judgments, particularly in regard to their choice of mates. Darwin’s 1871 observations are the starting point for the latter research strategy (although he also devoted a few pages of his 1859 Origin of Species to this matter).
Reducing Tension Through Complementarity
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Tension exists between the coherence and the correspondence approaches to judgment and decision making largely because of differences in conclusions regarding the cognitive competence of Homo sapiens. Coherence theorists have encouraged the conclusion that human beings suffer from cognitive illusions and are thus incompetent in their judgments under uncertainty. But many researchers have disputed that conclusion. S. Epstein, for example, conducted a review that led him to emphasize the positive contributions of intuitive cognition, which the coherence theorists denigrate. He asserted that “the experiential system [as opposed to the intellectual, analytical system] is generally adaptive in concretive, natural situations, and therefore [italics added] people are unlikely to make CEs [cognitive errors] in situations that arise in everyday living”—exactly opposite from the conclusions drawn by coherence theorists.
Is It Possible to Learn from Representing?
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

Several academic disciplines—ecology, geology, geography, history, and paleontology, among others—are based on representing what has been observed. Indeed, that was Darwin’s method. Some of the most significant additions to our knowledge come from representing social, ecological, and physical phenomena.

Sometimes representation is easy; for example, we have discovered that the population of the world is growing rapidly. But sometimes it is hard. The ongoing debate about the health care system in the United States provides an example. Speeches are regularly given in which we are told that “U.S. citizens have the best health care in the world,” but with equal regularity we are told that the “system is broken and needs to be fixed.” Worse still, the representation of the true situation—whatever it is—is of doubtful validity because its representation is closely linked to the political affiliation of the speaker. In short, as is the case with intervening, some modes of representation are more trustworthy than others. I begin with the best—Mode 4.
The Possible Future of Cognitive Competence
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

The search for wisdom has led us to an examination of our faith in the wisdom of our elders. That examination has in turn brought us to a recognition of change in the nature of cognitive competence. In the past, wisdom was based on the use of multiple fallible indicators and the correspondence theory of truth. However useful in the past this form of cognitive competence was, it is diminishing in value. This change parallels the change in the relative importance of the natural and the artificial environments. Because of it, there has been a sharp increase in the demand for analytical, coherent cognition. Will that continue? With what consequences? In this chapter I briefly reexamine the past and present, then make predictions of the future.
Rivalry, Tension—Forever?
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

The rivalry between intuition and analysis, and the tension between coherence and correspondence, developed in the course of coping with irreducible uncertainty, duality of error, and injustice. These circumstances are as old as humankind, are they not? Why should we not expect them to continue? There are no signs of their disappearance. Nor is there any indication that the system that responds to all this—the brain of Homo sapiens—has changed since we first appeared.
Natural hybridization and species concepts
Authors: Arnold Michael L
Published: November 2023

Is not the species concept that the species includes all individuals that together are capable of producing completely fertile offspring, and must we not then consider groups whose individuals can produce new species by hybridization as partial groups of one species? (Hennig, 1966) Although the definition of hybridization used in this book is independent of species concepts, most studies of natural hybridization have used frameworks that reflect certain concepts. Even a cursory examination of the relevant scientific literature reveals a close association between these studies and debates concerning the nature of species and the process of speciation. Indeed, natural hybridization has alternatively been described as unimportant or of profound importance in plant and animal evolution based largely on the researcher’s underlying definition of species (Mayr, 1963; Wagner, 1970; Anderson and Stebbins, 1954; Arnold, 1992; Dowling and DeMarais, 1993). For example, it has been argued that the formation of new evolutionary lineages through hetero-specific hybridization is insignificant (or nonexistent) because species are completely reproductively isolated (“Biological Species Concept”; Mayr, 1963) or because new lineages cannot be polyphyletic in origin (“Phylogenetic Species Concept”; Hennig, 1966; Mishler and Donoghue, 1982; Cracraft, 1989; see Nixon and Wheeler, 1990, for another variant of the PSC). In contrast, it has been estimated that from 30% to 70% of all angiosperm species are polyploid relative to one of their ancestral lineages (Grant, 1981; Ehrlich and Wilson, 1991; Whitham et al., 1991; Masterson, 1994). Furthermore, it has been suggested that most of the occurrences of polyploidy in angiosperms reflect allo-polyploidy (Fig. 2.1) and that the allopolyploid derivatives have originated largely from crosses between different species or genera (Whitham et al., 1991).
Duration of Sympatry and Coevolution between the Great Spotted Cuckoo (Clamator glandarius) and Its Primary Host, the Magpie (Pica pica)
Authors: Soler M , Soler J J , Martinez J G
Published: November 2023

Avian brood parasitism is an excellent system for studies of coevolution, as the interacting species are few, and often only two (Rothstein 1990). Parasites exploit hosts by laying eggs in their nests, and leaving parental care of the parasitic offspring to the host. The fitness cost of parasitism to hosts is often high because: (1) parasite females, before laying, usually remove or damage at least one host egg; (ii) the parasite young ejects all host offspring or outcompetes most of them for food during the nestling period; and (iii) the host often provides extensive parental care for considerably longer than when hosts provide care for conspecific young (Payne 1977; Rothstein 1990).