bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fundamental and practical aspects of machine learning for the peak picking of biomolecular NMR spectra
Authors: Li Da-Wei , Hansen Alexandar L. , Bruschweiler-Li Lei , Yuan Chunhua , Brüschweiler Rafael
Published: April 2022

Rapid progress in machine learning offers new opportunities for the automated analysis of multidimensional NMR spectra ranging from protein NMR to metabolomics applications. Most recently, it has been demonstrated how deep neural networks (DNN) designed for spectral peak picking are capable of deconvoluting highly crowded NMR spectra rivaling the facilities of human experts. Superior DNN-based peak picking is one of a series of critical steps during NMR spectral processing, analysis, and interpretation where machine learning is expected to have a major impact. In this perspective, we lay out some of the unique strengths as well as challenges of machine learning approaches in this new era of automated NMR spectral analysis. Such a discussion seems timely and should help define common goals for the NMR community, the sharing of software tools, standardization of protocols, and calibrate expectations. It will also help prepare for an NMR future where machine learning and artificial intelligence tools will be common place.
Coupling Adsorption-Photocatalytic Degradation of Methylene Blue and Maxilon Red
Authors: Farouq Rania
Published: April 2022

The MB and MR removal process by two mechanisms of adsorption using rice straw (absence of UV light) and photodegradation on TiO2 surfaces was investigated. MB and MR removal efficiency were further intensified upon the sequential operation of adsorption followed by photocatalytic degradation over TiO2 under visible light irradiation. The TiO2 was used to remove methylene blue (MB) and Maxilon Red (MR) dye from aqueous media by continuous mode at 25 ± 2 °C, at pH 6.8 ± 0.2. Photo-illumination study revealed 75.81 and 65.51% MB and MR removal with the dose of 1 g/L TiO2 with an initial concentration of 5 mg/L within 120 min. This study can be deemed of potential applications for the removal of MB and MR dyes on an industrial level using the synergistic adsorption-photocatalytic oxidation approach. A probable photodegradation mechanism was proposed.
A Scalable Space-Time Domain Decomposition Approach for Solving Large Scale Nonlinear Regularized Inverse Ill Posed Problems in 4D Variational Data Assimilation
Authors: D’Amore Luisa , Constantinescu Emil , Carracciuolo Luisa
Published: April 2022

We address the development of innovative algorithms designed to solve the strong-constraint Four Dimensional Variational Data Assimilation (4DVar DA) problems in large scale applications. We present a space-time decomposition approach which employs the whole domain decomposition, i.e. both along the spacial and temporal direction in the overlapping case, and the partitioning of both the solution and the operator. Starting from the global functional defined on the entire domain, we get to a sort of regularized local functionals on the set of sub domains providing the order reduction of both the predictive and the Data Assimilation models. The algorithm convergence is developed. Performance in terms of reduction of time complexity and algorithmic scalability is discussed on the Shallow Water Equations on the sphere. The number of state variables in the model, the number of observations in an assimilation cycle, as well as numerical parameters as the discretization step in time and in space domain are defined on the basis of discretization grid used by data available at repository Ocean Synthesis/Reanalysis Directory of Hamburg University.
Recyclable and Biodegradable Ag@Chitosan Nanocomposite Beads Synthesized in One-step for Catalytic Hydrogenation of 4-Nitrophenol
Authors: Ali Heba , Ismail A. M.
Published: April 2022

The study presents the in-situ synthesis of recyclable bio-nanocomposite beads based on chitosan (Cs) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles for utilization in catalytic processes. For the first time, alkaline ethanol solution was used as a physical crosslinking and reducing agent to synthesize cross-linked Ag@Cs biocomposite hydro-gel beads in one-step. The catalytic activity of the prepared beads was evaluated before and after the integration of various Ag contents through hydrogenation of toxic nitrophenol to amino-phenol, as a safer configuration. XRD, SEM, EDX, BET, UV-Vis, HRTEM, FT-IR, and TGA analyses were used to characterize the resulted samples. XRD, EDX, and optical measurements confirmed the successful immobilization of Ag into Cs beads. The grown Ag atoms are well dispersed in the Cs, with an average diameter of around 6.7 nm, according to HRTEM. Because of the synergistic effect of Ag sensitization and large surface area, the optumium Ag@Cs composite beads have high catalytic activity with a kinetic rate constant of 0.143 min− 1, compared to 0.0001 min− 1 for pure Cs beads. Furthermore, regeneration studies were performed to ensure its catalytic stability in the removal of nitrophenol. Finally, the mechanism of Ag@Cs biocomposite hydrogel beads fabrication in a single pot was thoroughly discussed.
Linear bosonic quantum field theories arising from causal variational principles
Authors: Dappiaggi Claudio , Finster Felix , Oppio Marco
Published: April 2022

It is shown that the linearized fields of causal variational principles give rise to linear bosonic quantum field theories. The properties of these field theories are studied and compared with the axioms of local quantum physics. Distinguished quasi-free states are constructed.
On Some Distributional Properties of Subordinated Gaussian Random Fields
Authors: Merkle Robin , Barth Andrea
Published: April 2022

Motivated by the subordinated Brownian motion, we define a new class of (in general discontinuous) random fields on higher-dimensional parameter domains: the subordinated Gaussian random field. We investigate the pointwise marginal distribution of the constructed random fields, derive a Lévy-Khinchin-type formula and semi-explicit formulas for the covariance function. Further, we study the pointwise stochastic regularity and present various numerical examples.
A meta-indexing method for fast probably approximately correct nearest neighbor searches
Authors: Santini Simone
Published: April 2022

In this paper we present an indexing method for probably approximately correct nearest neighbor queries in high dimensional spaces capable of improving the performance of any index whose performance degrades with the increased dimensionality of the query space. The basic idea of the method is quite simple: we use SVD to concentrate the variance of the inter-element distance in a lower dimensional space, Ξ. We do a nearest neighbor query in this space and then we “peek” forward from the nearest neighbor by gathering all the elements whose distance from the query is less than $d_{\Xi }(1+\zeta \sigma _{\Xi }^{2})$

d

Ξ

(
1
+
ζ

σ

Ξ

2

)
, where dΞ is the distance from the nearest neighbor in Ξ, $\sigma _{\Xi }^{2}$

σ

Ξ

2

is the variance of the data in Ξ, and ζ a parameter. All the data thus collected form a tentative set T, in which we do a scan using the complete feature space to find the point closest to the query. The advantages of the method are that (1) it can be built on top of virtually any indexing method and (2) we can build a model of the distribution of the error precise enough to allow designing a compromise between error and speed. We show the improvement that we can obtain using data from the SUN data base.
Data fitting with signomial programming compatible difference of convex functions
Authors: Karcher Cody J.
Published: April 2022

Signomial Programming (SP) has proven to be a powerful tool for engineering design optimization, striking a balance between the computational efficiency of Geometric Programming (GP) and the extensibility of more general methods for optimization. While techniques exist for fitting GP compatible models to data, no models have been proposed that take advantage of the increased modeling flexibility available in SP. Here, a new Difference of Softmax Affine function is constructed by utilizing existing methods of GP compatible fitting in Difference of Convex (DC) functions. This new function class is fit to data in log–log space and becomes either a signomial or a set of signomials upon inverse transformation. Examples presented here include simple test cases in 1D and 2D, and a fit to the performance data of the NACA 24xx family of airfoils. In each case, RMS error is driven to less than 1%.
Distance measurement by delayed optical feedback in a ring laser
Authors: Lombardi L. , Annovazzi-Lodi V. , Aromataris G. , Scirè A.
Published: April 2022

We numerically study the behavior of a semiconductor ring laser subject to bidirectional delayed optical feedback, when the isolated laser is in the quasi-unidirectional regime. The optical feedback, provided by two external reflectors located in front of the ring output waveguides, can modify the laser regime produced by the cross-saturation between the clockwise and the counter-clockwise mode. Thus, the system exhibits new different regimes, most of which are asymmetric and bidirectional, with alternating dominant mode. Two of these regimes are of special interest in view of applications, because the laser switching period, between the clockwise and the counter-clockwise mode, is linearly related to the time of flight from the laser to one or both reflectors. In these operating conditions, the laser is thus suitable to implement a telemeter. A convenient electrical output signal is obtained by a photodiode located behind one (partially reflecting) fixed mirror, or by measuring the voltage drop across the laser junction. Simulations are performed by mathematical models based on rate-equations, assuming typical literature parameters for a 1 mW ring laser.
A Novel Faster-Acting, Dry Powder-Based, Naloxone Intranasal Formulation for Opioid Overdose
Authors: Lapidot Tair , Bouhajib Mohammed , Faulknor Janice , Khan Shabaz , Krayz Galia Temtsin , Abrutzky Carolina , Megiddo Dalia
Published: April 2022

Objective

To examine the pharmacokinetics and safety of FMXIN001, a new intranasal powder-based naloxone formulation, in comparison to Narcan® nasal liquid spray.

Methods

FMXIN001, was developed by blending drug microspheres with larger lactose monohydrate particles, that serve as diluent and carrier, as well as a disaggregating agent. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray were used to characterize the formulation and in vitro deposition was investigated using a nasal cast.

We compared the pharmacokinetics and safety of FMXIN001 versus Narcan® in two clinical trials: a pilot study with 14 healthy adults and a pivotal trial in 42 healthy adults (NCT04713709). The studies were open-label, single-dose, randomized, two-period, two-treatment, two-sequence crossover studies to assess the pharmacokinetics and safety of FMXIN001 versus Narcan® nasal spray.

Results

FMXIN001 comprises naloxone microspheres (5-30 μM) and lactose particles (40–240 μM). Upon in vitro testing, naloxone deposits mainly to the middle turbinates region and the upper part of the nasal cavity of a nasal cast. In human subjects, FMXIN001 produced significantly higher exposure at the initial time points of 4, 10, and 30 min, post-administration, compared to Narcan®. Both treatments were safe and well tolerated. FMXIN001, powder-based spray, results in similar overall exposure to Narcan®, but with more rapid absorption in the first 30 min.

Conclusions

FMXIN001 is expected to have a shorter onset of action for a more effective therapeutic intervention to manage opioid overdose. Rapid administration of naloxone in cases of opioid overdose is imperative, given the alarming increase in mortality rates.
A Modal View on Resource-Bounded Propositional Logics
Authors: Pardo Pere
Published: April 2022

Classical propositional logic plays a prominent role in industrial applications, and yet the complexity of this logic is presumed to be non-feasible. Tractable systems such as depth-bounded boolean logics approximate classical logic and can be seen as a model for resource-bounded agents whose reasoning style is nonetheless classical. In this paper we first study a hierarchy of tractable logics that is not defined by depth. Then we extend it into a modal logic where modalities make explicit the assumptions discharged in propositional proofs, thereby expressing blueprints for proofs. A natural deduction system is provided that permits to reason about and manage such proof blueprints.
Lightweight and heavyweight anti-physicalism
Authors: Aleksiev Damian
Published: April 2022

I define two metaphysical positions that anti-physicalists can take in response to Jonathan Schaffer’s ground functionalism. Ground functionalism is a version of physicalism where explanatory gaps are everywhere. If ground functionalism is true, arguments against physicalism based on the explanatory gap between the physical and experiential facts fail. In response, first, I argue that some anti-physicalists are already safe from Schaffer’s challenge. These anti-physicalists reject an underlying assumption of ground functionalism: the assumption that macrophysical entities are something over and above the fundamental entities. I call their position “lightweight anti-physicalism.” Second, I go on to argue that even if anti-physicalists accept Schaffer’s underlying assumption, they can still argue that the consciousness explanatory gap is especially mysterious and thus requires a special explanation. I call the resulting position “heavyweight anti-physicalism.” In both cases, the consciousness explanatory gap is a good way to argue against physicalism.
Investigating the Influence of Friction and Material Wear on Triboelectric Charge Transfer in Metal–Polymer Contacts
Authors: Armitage J. L. , Ghanbarzadeh A. , Bryant M. G. , Neville A.
Published: April 2022

A reciprocating tribometer has been modified with a high-impedance electronic measurement circuit for the purpose of addressing the question of how tribology influences triboelectric charging. This measurement circuit allows for the accurate measurement of potential difference, induced current, and total triboelectric charge generated within the tribometer contact. These electronic properties can now be effectively compared with tribological parameters such as contact force, relative sample velocity, and friction coefficient ($$\mu$$
μ
) for varying contacts. In this study we present our apparatus, alongside our findings regarding the influence of material wear mechanisms and friction on the accumulation and dissipation of triboelectric contact charges.
Tweeting in the ‘Expert Bubble’: Social Media Engagement of German Private Environmental Foundations
Authors: Selivanova Galina
Published: April 2022

This paper explores Twitter adoption and social media engagement of private German environmental foundations. The study follows Lovejoy and Saxton’s (2012) approach to the hierarchy of social media engagement. It demonstrates the domination of an information provision role on Twitter and the almost equal relevance of action mobilizations and community building posts. At the same time, the study supplements the existing typology with the additional dimension of communication partners addressed in each type of tweet. Finally, using data from interviews, the study interprets and explains the role of social media tweets and patterns of engagement with different groups. In-depth analysis of tweets and interviews with the foundation representatives confirmed a limited use of social media as a means for dialogue and community development. Simultaneously, analysis shows that tweets posted by foundations predominantly address a professional community of other civil society actors, experts and politicians, creating an online expert bubble. Interviews confirmed that such online connections mirror offline cooperation networks that are perceived to be more important for successful communication and project development by the investigated organizations.
The dilemma of routine testing for calcitonin thyroid nodule’s patients to detect or exclude medullary carcinoma: one single negative test should be valuable as rule-out strategy to avoid further calcitonin measurements over time
Authors: Trimboli Pierpaolo , Camponovo Chiara , Ruinelli Lorenzo
Published: April 2022

Purpose

While calcitonin (CT) measurement is recognized as the most accurate tool to diagnose medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), its routine use in patients with thyroid nodule (TN) is not universally accepted. The present study raised the question whether a TN patient with an initial normal CT can have suspicious CT levels (i.e., at least >20 pg/ml) later during his follow-up.

Methods

The historical database of our institution was searched to select TN patients undergone multiple CT tests, having an initial normal CT, and clinically followed up for years. The event of a CT above 20 pg/ml (mild-to-moderate suspicion) and 100 pg/ml (high suspicion) was searched in the follow-up of the included patients.

Results

According to the study design, the study sample encompassed 170 patients (131 female, 39 male) with initial CT value ≤10 pg/ml. On the first CT test, patients were 54.8 years and median CT was 2.1 pg/ml in both females and males. Over a period of 14.5 years and a median clinical follow-up of patients of 53.0 (23.9–102.5) months, MTC could be excluded by histology or cytology in 109 (64%) and clinically in the remaining ones. On the follow-up over time, no patients had CT >20 pg/ml and only two cases had CT just above 10 pg/ml.

Conclusion

According to the present results, one single CT testing with normal value could be reasonably used as a rule-out strategy in patients with TN to avoid further CT measurements.
Ruimte voor ontmoeting
Authors: Bussemaker M. , ’S Jongers Tim , Schot Evert J. J. , Joosten Milou
Published: April 2022

Samenvatting

In het Nederlandse zorgbeleid staat een beweging naar meer zorg ‘thuis’ centraal. Daarbij is er echter weinig aandacht voor een goede thuisomgeving. Terwijl juist de leefomgeving van groot belang is voor gezondheid en welzijn. In een gezamenlijk adviestraject pleiten de Raad voor Volksgezondheid & Samenleving en het Atelier Rijksbouwmeester voor meer aandacht voor de sociale waarde van de leefomgeving door het faciliteren van ontmoeting en onderlinge verbondenheid. Dat is wel een weerbarstige opgave: ontmoeting laat zich niet zomaar ‘sturen’ of ‘ontwerpen’. Toch zien we een rol voor nationale en lokale overheden: door betere verbindingen te maken met andere beleidsopgaven en door de kracht van de verbeelding te benutten bij het vormgeven van ruimte voor ontmoeting en het proces daarnaartoe. In een gezamenlijk adviestraject werken we dit thema komend jaar verder uit.
Regionale verschillen in zorgkosten nader verklaard
Authors: Meisters Rachelle , Westra Daan , Putrik Polina , Bosma Hans , Ruwaard Dirk , Jansen Maria
Published: April 2022

Samenvatting

Zorgkosten nemen toe en variëren sterk tussen Nederlandse regio’s. Het verklaren van deze regionale verschillen kan beleidsmakers helpen om gericht te interveniëren en verdere stijgingen in zorgkosten te beperken. Bij het verklaren van regionale verschillen in zorgkosten wordt veelal gekeken naar regionale verschillen in demografische opbouw en sociaaleconomische status (SES). Gezondheid, leefstijl, eenzaamheid en zelfregie zouden echter ook met zorgkosten samenhangen. Daarom analyseert dit onderzoek, naast demografie en SES, wat gezondheid, leefstijl (BMI, alcoholconsumptie, roken en bewegen), eenzaamheid en zelfregie bijdragen aan de verklaring van regionale verschillen in zorgkosten. We analyseren gekoppelde data van de GGD, het CBS, het RIVM en Vektis (n = 334.721) met Poisson- en zero-inflated binomial regressies. Uit de resultaten blijkt dat gezondheid, leefstijl, eenzaamheid en zelfregie op verschillende wijzen bijdragen aan het verklaren van regionale verschillen in de diverse kostensoorten. Voor huisartsconsultkosten houden regionale verschillen na inclusie van alle verklarende factoren stand. De regionale verschillen wat betreft geestelijke gezondheidszorg-, farmacie- en medisch specialistische kosten komen minder vaak voor dan voor huisartsconsultkosten, en kunnen deels worden verklaard door leefstijl, eenzaamheid en zelfregie. Voor totale zorgkosten kunnen regionale verschillen grotendeels verklaard worden door gezondheid en leefstijl. Leefstijl, eenzaamheid en zelfregie kunnen beleidsmatige aanknopingspunten bieden om verdere stijgingen in zorgkosten tegen te gaan. In dit artikel is de regio Zuid-Limburg de referentieregio. Met de Regiovergelijker gezondheid en zorgkosten kunnen alle regio’s als referentieregio worden gekozen.
Numerical analysis of geomechanical behavior of fractures and faults in a deformable porous medium
Authors: Ranjbar Ali , Izadpanahi Amin , Ebrahimi Arash
Published: April 2022

In this study, geomechanical behavior of fractures and faults in rocks as a saturated deformable discrete fracture-porous medium has been evaluated using coupled fluid flow-geomechanics numerical modeling. The purpose of this paper is to observe and evaluate the effects of fractures and faults on the pore pressures during fluid flow through reservoirs. This issue involves solving the equations that have been derived from the Biot consolidation theory such as fluid mass balance equation, Darcy law and momentum balance equations. Govern coupled equations were solved using the standard Galerkin finite element method for continuous porous medium. Elements called "zero-thickness elements” were also used to discretize the fault as a discontinuous part of the porous medium. In compared with the previous and similar methods, the method introduced in this paper, made modifications in either the choice of the element and the method of solving the governing equations. The main advantage of this paper is providing clear precise formulations of the double node zero-thickness element in hydro-mechanical modeling of fractures and faults. Verification of the proposed process and models presented in this paper were done by providing three index problems which their analytical and numerical solutions are available. The results of our model provide a good agreement to these reference solutions which indicates the accuracy of the method presented in this paper.
The essential norm of multiplication operators on $$L_p(\mu )$$
Authors: Voigt Jürgen
Published: April 2022

We show that the formula for the essential norm of a multiplication operator on$$L_p$$Lp, for$$1<p<\infty $$1<p<∞, also holds for$$p=1$$p=1. We also provide a proof for the formula which works simultaneously for all$$p\in [1,\infty )$$p∈[1,∞).
Exploring emotional and social competencies in undergraduate students: Perspectives from CALD and non-CALD students
Authors: Yu Mong-Lin , Brown Ted , Hewitt Alana , Cousland Robert , Lyons Carissa , Etherington Jamie
Published: April 2022

With the internationalisation of higher education, students from culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) backgrounds represent a significant proportion of the university student body in Australia. Research literature indicates that the unique cultural and linguistic challenges experienced by these students may adversely impact their academic performance and social integration in university settings. However, less is known about how the socio-emotional competencies of undergraduate CALD and non-CALD domestic English-speaking students compare. This cross-sectional quantitative study compares the emotional and social competencies in a cohort of CALD and non-CALD occupational therapy undergraduates. Data were collected at one Australian university from a group of 360 students enrolled in the Bachelor of Occupational Therapy (Honours) course. Participants completed the Emotional and Social Competency Inventory– University edition (ESCI-U). Multivariate regression analyses were used to compare between CALD and non-CALD students, controlling for students’ year level of study, age, and gender. Key findings from the regression analysis included the observation of indicate that non-CALD students having significant higher scores than CALD students on all the ESCI-U socio-emotional subscales, especially the Emotional Self-control, Achievement Orientation, Empathy and Teamwork from western perspectives. No difference was found between CALD and non-CALD student on two cognitive competencies- systems thinking and pattern recognition. These findings should be interpreted with caution considering CALD students may interpret the questions differently and demonstrate the competencies in different ways. Specific emotional and social competencies that need to be strengthened in students are discussed and recommendations are made to inform the preparation of evidence-based curricula.
Re-imagining transdisciplinary education work through liminality: creative third space in liminal times
Authors: Kligyte Giedre , Buck Adrian , Le Hunte Bem , Ulis Sabrina , McGregor Amanda , Wilson Beth
Published: April 2022

This study draws on the tradition of transdisciplinarity to extend the boundaries of interdisciplinary educational work. In this paper, we apply the concepts of liminality and third space to examine a case of a professional immersive experience (PIEx), designed in response to the catastrophic disruption of work-integrated learning opportunities by the COVID-19 pandemic. The study uses a participatory reflexive methodology to interrogate the range of ways liminality was manifest in PIEx. First, we examine liminal learning in the virtual environment, which facilitated the unfolding of connections between different spaces, locations and people. Second, we seek to understand the PIEx experience through the concept of third space, highlighting the fluidity of roles, where educators, students and industry partners generate new knowledge and practices together. Lastly, we examine the experience through the boundary-crossing lens of transdisciplinarity. We conclude by gesturing towards a new understanding of work integrated learning, as it could take place in the future, well beyond the walls of the university.
Inorganic ligands-mediated hole attraction and surface structural reorganization in InP/ZnS QD photocatalysts studied via ultrafast visible and midinfrared spectroscopies
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhou Ying , Abdellah Mohamed , Lin Weihua , Meng Jie , Zhao Qian , Yu Shan , Xie Zhanghui , Pan Qinying , Zhang Fengying , Pullerits Tonu , Zheng Kaibo
Published: April 2022

Photoinduced carrier dynamical processes dominate the optical excitation properties of photocatalysts and further determine the photocatalytic performance. In addition, as the electrons generally possess a faster transfer rate than holes, hole transfer and accumulation are critical, and they play the key efficiency-limiting step during the photocatalytic process. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics of photogenerated holes and their determining factors in the photocatalytic system is highly essential to rationalize the full catalytic mechanism and develop highly efficient photocatalysts, which have not yet been revealed. In this work, the photoinduced charge carrier dynamics in InP/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) capped with long-chain L-typed ligands (oleylamine) and inorganic ligands (sulfide ion (S2−)) were explored. Time-resolved photoluminescence and femtosecond transient-absorption spectroscopy unambiguously confirmed the ultrafast hole transfer from the InP core to S2− ligands. Moreover, by probing the bleach of vibrational stretching of the ligands with transient midinfrared absorption spectroscopy, the hole transfer time was determined to be 4.2 ps. The injected holes are long-lived at the S2− ligands (>4.5 ns), and they can remove electrostatically attached surfactants to compensate for the spatial charge redistribution. Finally, compared with other inorganic ligands such as Cl− and PO43−, S2− balances the ionic radii and net charge to ensure the optimal condition for charge transfer. Such observation rationalizes the excellent photocatalytic H2 evolution (213.6 µmol mg−1 within 10 h) in InP/ZnS QDs capped with S2− compared with those capped with other ligands and elucidates the role of surface ligands in the photocatalytic activity of colloidal QDs.
Differenzierungen und Klassifikationen entlang von Religion und Migration in der Schule. Symbolische Grenzziehung als pädagogische Praxis
Authors: Kahle Lena
Published: April 2022

Schulen geben nicht nur Wissen an Schüler*innen weiter, sondern sind auch Orte, an denen Gruppenidentitäten gebildet werden und an denen gesellschaftliche Einstellungen, Konflikte und Diversität reproduziert werden. Ebenso finden in Schulen Unterscheidungen statt, die zu Ungleichheiten und Ausgrenzungen führen können. Das Konzept der symbolischen Grenzziehung ist für die Analyse dieser Gruppenidentitäten und der sie trennenden Grenzen fruchtbar. Bisherige Forschungen haben gezeigt, dass in von Migration geprägten Gesellschaften Religion zu einer zentralen Kategorie für solche Grenzziehungen geworden ist. Der vorliegende Beitrag fokussiert auf Konflikte und Kontroversen im Bildungskontext – in deutschen Schulen – entlang religiöser Zugehörigkeiten von Schülern. Dabei analysiert der Artikel Interviews mit Lehrkräften, in denen pädagogische Praktiken als eine Form der Grenzziehung zum Ausdruck kommen. Es wird der Frage nachgegangen, was Aspekte der Grenzziehung in pädagogischen Unterrichtspraktiken sind (wenn Religion und Migration im Unterricht impliziert werden).

Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine Übersetzung der schwierigen Lehrkraft-Schüler*in-Interaktion versucht, den Raum für didaktische Prinzipien zu öffnen, aber auch in manifeste Grenzziehung umschlägt, um Autorität zu erlangen. Das Material wurde in zwei Schritten analysiert: Zunächst wurden halboffene Experteninterviews nach der Qualitativen Inhaltsanalyse kodiert, welchem sich eine Tiefenanalyse ausgewählter Interviewsegmente anschließt.
Autonomous Overtaking for Intelligent Vehicles Considering Social Preference Based on Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Lu Hongliang , Lu Chao , Yu Yang , Xiong Guangming , Gong Jianwei
Published: April 2022

As intelligent vehicles usually have complex overtaking process, a safe and efficient automated overtaking system (AOS) is vital to avoid accidents caused by wrong operation of drivers. Existing AOSs rarely consider longitudinal reactions of the overtaken vehicle (OV) during overtaking. This paper proposed a novel AOS based on hierarchical reinforcement learning, where the longitudinal reaction is given by a data-driven social preference estimation. This AOS incorporates two modules that can function in different overtaking phases. The first module based on semi-Markov decision process and motion primitives is built for motion planning and control. The second module based on Markov decision process is designed to enable vehicles to make proper decisions according to the social preference of OV. Based on realistic overtaking data, the proposed AOS and its modules are verified experimentally. The results of the tests show that the proposed AOS can realize safe and effective overtaking in scenes built by realistic data, and has the ability to flexibly adjust lateral driving behavior and lane changing position when the OVs have different social preferences.
Biogas residue biochar integrated with phosphate from its ash for the effective recovery of nutrients from piggery biogas slurry
Authors: Luo Zifeng , Wen Hongping , Zhang Haotian , Li Yunliang , Mai Xueyi , Zhang Yulong , Wang Jinjin , Li Yongtao , Zhang Zhen
Published: April 2022

Magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) precipitation generally requires an external phosphorus source to increase the recovery of NH4+-N from biogas slurry. However, P-rich piggery biogas residue has been ignored as a phosphorus source. In this study, biogas residue was carbonized into biogas residue biochar (BRC), followed by acid leaching to synthesize functionalized BRC and release PO43−-P from its ash as the phosphorus source. The effects of different acids on the leaching efficiency and morphological changes of P in BRC were investigated, and NH4+-N and PO43−-P in the biogas slurry were recovered with functionalized BRC and MAP precipitation. The results showed that oxalic acid-hydrochloric acid mixed acid could leach more than 96% of P in BRC, while weakening the inhibitory effect of Ca2+ on MAP precipitation. The BRC was mainly composed of inorganic P, and most nonapatite IP and apatite P (Ca3(PO4)2) were leached during acid leaching, with the latter more easily leached. Under optimal recovery conditions, the method had a significant recovery effect on NH4+-N (96.4%) and PO43−-P (99.3%) in biogas slurry. The recovery of NH4+-N and PO43−-P by functionalized BRC was mainly through chemical precipitation (forming NH4MgPO4·H2O precipitate) while bonding with -OH, C = O and C-H functional groups. The final recovery product was also a BRC-based slow-release N-P fertilizer rich in struvite. This study solved the disposal problems of P-rich biogas residue and N-rich biogas slurry while providing an innovative technology for the resource utilization of faecal sewage at pig farms.

Graphical Abstract
UCE sequencing-derived mitogenomes reveal the timing of mitochondrial replacement in Malagasy shrew tenrecs (Afrosoricida, Tenrecidae, Microgale)
Authors: Arnold Patrick , Rutschmann Sereina
Published: April 2022

Malagasy shrew tenrecs (Microgale) have increasingly been used to study speciation genetics over the last years. A previous study recently uncovered gene flow between the Shrew-toothed shrew tenrec (M. soricoides) and sympatric southern population of the Pale shrew tenrec (M. fotsifotsy). This gene flow has been suggested to be accompanied by complete mitochondrial replacement in M. fotsifotsy. To explore the temporal framework of this replacement, we assembled mitogenomes from publicly available sequencing data of ultra-conserved elements. We were able to assemble complete and partial mitogenomes for 19 specimens from five species of shrew tenrecs, which represents a multifold increase in mitogenomic resources available for all tenrecs. Phylogenetic inferences and sequence simulations support the close relationship between the mitochondrial lineages of M. soricoides and the southern population of M. fotsifotsy. Based on the nuclear divergence of northern and southern populations of M. fotsifotsy and the mitochondrial divergence between the latter and M. soricoides, there was a mean time window for replacement of ~ 350,000 years. This timeframe implies that the effective size of the ancestral M. fotsifotsy southern population was less 70,000.
Recent advances in nanoparticle-based targeting tactics for antibacterial photodynamic therapy
Authors: Thomas-Moore Brydie A. , del Valle Carla Arnau , Field Robert A. , Marín María J.
Published: April 2022

The rise of antibacterial drug resistance means treatment options are becoming increasingly limited. We must find ways to tackle these hard-to-treat drug-resistant and biofilm infections. With the lack of new antibacterial drugs (such as antibiotics) reaching the clinics, research has switched focus to exploring alternative strategies. One such strategy is antibacterial photodynamic therapy (aPDT), a system that relies on light, oxygen, and a non-toxic dye (photosensitiser) to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. This technique has already been shown capable of handling both drug-resistant and biofilm infections but has limited clinical approval to date, which is in part due to the low bioavailability and selectivity of hydrophobic photosensitisers. Nanotechnology-based techniques have the potential to address the limitations of current aPDT, as already well-documented in anti-cancer PDT. Here, we review recent advances in nanoparticle-based targeting tactics for aPDT.

Graphical Abstract
Role of gender and political connectedness after extreme events in coastal Bangladesh
Authors: Sultana Zakia , Mallick Bishawjit , Biswas Bangkim , Swarnokar Sadhon Chandra , Biswas Dipika , Brahma Partha Pratim , Kaizer Abdullah Bin , Roy Tapati , Tamim Md. Yahya
Published: April 2022

This study focuses on how gender and political engagement contribute to disaster management in Bangladesh, specifically in disaster relief and rehabilitation. It is based on empirical evidence from southwest coastal Bangladesh, particularly in Dacope Upazila, and applies a mixed-method approach. Results show that gender has a significant influence on the acquisition of post-disaster relief and rehabilitation supports. Females, including those widowed and divorced, get more relief than males. Nevertheless, older women are not given priority for aftermath disaster relief. Moreover, gender plays a vital role in the household’s overall economic strength and is crucial for disaster resilience. Furthermore, respondents’ families who were, in some way, closely connected with local social and political leaders, obtained more relief and aids. The results indicate that socio-political connectedness, irrespective of gender, still dominates local decision-making processes in disaster recovery. Alongside women’s empowerment, regular monitoring and evaluation of relief and rehabilitation programs must improve, to reduce the traditional barriers to effective disaster management (arising from (dis)connectedness to local social power) in the face of climate change.
The EU and law in context: the context
Authors: Harlow Carol
Published: April 2022

It is widely acknowledged that the contextual study of European Community law, later European Union law, has contributed to a richer understanding of EC/EU law. This review proposes a contextual reconstruction and analysis of EC/EU law in context, or what is the same, it considers the institutions, milieus and debates which fostered the analysis and assessment of EC and EU law as ‘an intricate web of politics, economics and law’, at the same time that facilitated the development of critical self-consciousness about the underlying assumptions that scholars (including contextual scholars) bring to their study of law. This is done by engaging with the work of Francis Snyder, and in particular, with his groundbreaking collection “New Directions in European Community law”.
Protein detection by fluorescence of manually cleaned high-speed dental handpieces
Authors: Souza Fábio B. , Bruna Camila Q.M. , Mesiano Rosa A.B. , Cicarelli Regina M.B. , Perrett David , Graziano Kazuko U.
Published: April 2022

We analyzed the effectiveness of manual cleaning protocols performed on high-speed dental handpieces, using protein identification by fluorescence. Although one protocol was able to able to lower the amount of protein, >40% of the handpieces showed amounts of residual protein at unacceptable levels.
Restrictive interventions on a psychiatric admission ward before and after COVID-19
Authors: Feeney L. , Bonner N. , McAndrew J.
Published: April 2022

Objectives:

Restrictive interventions (seclusion, restraint and special observations) are used on psychiatric wards when there are no other means available to keep a patient or others safe. These measures can be traumatic, and the Mental Health Commission and the Health Service Executive are focused on minimising their use. We set out to determine whether, following a COVID related reduction in bed numbers on a high dependency psychiatric ward in St John of God Hospital in Dublin, there was a change in their incidence.

Methods:

Data on restrictive interventions and challenging behaviours were gathered for 9-month periods before and after March 2020 when COVID related ward changes took place. Figures were also collected on seclusion and restraint for the previous 18 months for a longer-term view. Ward and hospital occupancy levels were also recorded.

Results:

Between the two time periods, episodes of seclusion fell by 53% and episodes of restraint by 56%. The hours devoted to special observation declined by 30% and incidents of challenging behaviours fell by 26%. Ward occupancy levels fell by only 5%. The longer-term comparison of figures for seclusion and restraint point towards a downward trend from mid-2019 that was accentuated in the post-COVID period.

Conclusions:

The changes found may relate to reduced crowding on the ward or other COVID related factors such as the emphasis on social distancing and a shared sense of purpose on the ward. The longer-term trend points towards an emerging cultural shift. The challenge now is to sustain and build upon these changes.
Between Nationalism, Exoticism, and Social Distinction: The Spanish Lyric Drama in the 19th Century
Authors: Andreu-Miralles Xavier
Published: April 2022

Attempts to create a national opera in Spain repeatedly failed throughout the 19th century. Some authors have attributed this phenomenon to a deficit in the nationalization process. Others, to the contrary, have proved that there was a strong sense of Spanish national musicality from the middle of the 19th century onward. This article tries to explain this paradox underlining some essential elements that are not always attended by specialists: the importance of transnational, social, and economic dynamics that interfered in the process of the cultural construction of modern national identities. The projects of the Spanish nationalist intellectuals of the 19th century in relation to the definition of a national music were marked by the Romantic construction of Spanish musical exoticism, the new industry of entertainment, the existential situation of Spanish musicians, the formation of new artistic and musical fields, and the appearance of new forms of social distinction in the aftermath of the Spanish Liberal Revolution of the 1830s.
Constructing the Collective Trauma of “The Hard 1990s” as a Disregarded Tool of Legitimation for Putin’s Authority
Authors: Malinova Olga
Published: April 2022

The book The Red Mirror: Putin’s Leadership and Russia’s Insecure Identity by Gulnaz Sharafutdinova is a valuable contribution to the literature on post-Soviet Russian politics, as well as to identity studies. Scholars of international relations largely succeeded in demonstrating the relevance of national identities for foreign affairs. However, there are not so many works exploring their effects for domestic political regimes. Sharafutdinova explains Putin’s lasting popular support by his contribution to the “sense of national identity and collective purpose that Russian citizens relate and value” (19–20). She relies on the social identity theory that posits a sense of belonging, pride, and self-esteem, provided to individuals by their respective groups, as an important driver of social behavior. According to Sharafutdinova, Putin’s leadership rested upon a crafty exploitation of group emotions associated with “two central pillars of the Soviet collective identity, including a sense of exceptionalism … and a sense of a foreign threat to the state and its people” (18). Such manipulations were facilitated by using the state-controlled media to broadcast the proper messages, on the one hand, and “the contextual variables” that made the Russian population sensitive to them, on the other (35). Among such variables, the author particularly emphasizes “the Russian citizen’s collective experience of the Soviet collapse and the ensuing transition” (35). Of course, this is not the first work exploring the political outcomes of the national identity construction in Russia (e.g., Morozov 2009) or pointing to the contrast between the hardships of the early years of Russia’s
Housing assessment in farms in the Northwest of Spain: main facility weaknesses and strengths
Authors: Verdes Sonia , Yáñez Uxía , Trillo Yolanda , Herradón Pedro G. , Peña Ana I. , Becerra Juan J. , Quintela Luis A.
Published: April 2022

The aim of this research communication was to examine and report the current situation of dairy farms in the province of Lugo (Galicia, Spain) regarding facility problems. We assessed the facilities of 168 free-stall dairy farms, housing in total 9228 Holstein cows in milk. Housing factors related to the resting area, circulation area, feeding area, ventilation area and milking area, as well as animal-handling features, were evaluated. Distance measurements were performed using a laser metre or a roll metric tape. A survey was conducted to gather information about cleaning and preventive protocols. Our results showed that most farms do not comply with the objective for cubicle measurements, width of the crossovers, type of flooring and presence of a quarantine pen, which may have a negative impact on the health and productivity of the animals. Therefore, to maximise the profits of the farm, the recommendations given in this study may be useful as a guide when building a new farm or remodelling the existing ones.
Learning speaker- and addressee-centered demonstratives in Ticuna
Authors: SKILTON Amalia
Published: April 2022

This study investigated the acquisition of demonstratives (e.g., this/that, here/there) by 45 children (1;0 – 4;11) learning Ticuna, an Indigenous Amazonian language with an unusually complex demonstrative system. I analyzed 89 10-minute samples from video recordings of child-caregiver interaction, examining how often children and caregivers produced each demonstrative type, as well as relationships among children’s age, children’s demonstrative production, and caregivers’ production. Caregivers’ demonstrative production displayed few relationships with children’s age or production. Children produced speaker-proximal and speaker-distal demonstratives (this near me, that far from me) earlier in developmental time than addressee-proximal demonstratives (that near you), and nominal (this/that) demonstratives earlier than locative (here/there) ones. Compared to caregivers, children overused speaker-proximal demonstratives, but used other demonstrative types with adult-like frequency beginning at 2;0. These results support the view that cognitive biases toward egocentric, proximal, and semantically simpler items substantially influence children’s acquisition of demonstratives.
Can gesture input support toddlers’ fast mapping?
Authors: FORAN Lori G. , BEVERLY Brenda L. , SHELLEY-TREMBLAY John , ESTIS Julie M.
Published: April 2022

Forty-eight toddlers participated in a word-learning task to assess gesture input on mapping nonce words to unfamiliar objects. Receptive fast mapping and expressive naming for target object-word pairs were tested in three conditions – with a point, with a shape gesture, and in a no-gesture, word-only condition. No statistically significant effect of gesture for receptive fast-mapping was found but age was a factor. Two year olds outperformed one year olds for both measures. Only one girl in the one-year-old group correctly named any items. There was a significant interaction between gesture and gender for expressive naming. Two-year-old girls were six times more likely than two-year-old boys to correctly name items given point and shape gestures; whereas, boys named more items taught with the word only than with a point or shape gesture. The role of gesture input remains unclear, particularly for children under two years and for toddler boys.
‘Like Father, Like Son’: Willy Brandt and Felipe González: Democracy, Social Democracy and Internationalism in Motion in the Late Cold War
Authors: Pérez de Arcos Marina
Published: April 2022

The article sheds light on the significant and understudied bond between West German Chancellor and Nobel Peace Laureate Willy Brandt and Spanish President Felipe González. It is based on interviews with senior policy makers; archival material from the Ebert Foundation in Bonn; fresh material from Austria, Spain, Sweden, Portugal and the United States, and exclusive additional private papers. Drawing on these sources, the article identifies the three key political-intellectual pillars – democracy, social democracy and internationalism – that sustained their special ‘father–son’ relationship and discusses their shared desire to project their brand of socialism across Europe and the world. In doing so, it also sheds light on how personal guidance, assistance and exchange, linked with institutional support, contributed to the expansion of democracy and social democracy in the late Cold War.