bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Induction et uniformité : la critique peircienne de Mill
Authors: Chevalier Jean-Marie
Published: March 2017

Les contributions de Mill à la logique ont exercé une influence décisive sur la deuxième moitié du XIX e siècle. La discussion de sa théorie de l’induction a servi de repoussoir à la constitution de la pensée de nombreux philosophes et logiciens, de William Whewell à Charles Peirce. Au nom d’une conception de la loi comme habitude, ce dernier rejette le principe d’uniformité du cours de la nature, se distinguant fermement du nominalisme millien. Le présent article entend montrer que paradoxalement, via une discussion de la sémiotique épicurienne, Peirce se trouve en définitive reconduit à une conception fondée sur les classes naturelles qui n’est guère éloignée de la solution de Mill lui-même.
Renforcer l’efficacité de la convergence macroéconomique dans la CEMAC
Authors: Avom Désiré , Bobbo Amadou , Mignamissi Dieudonné
Published: March 2017

La CEMAC expérimente depuis 1994, dans le cadre de la surveillance multilatérale, la convergence macroéconomique. L’objectif de ce papier est d’évaluer si ce processus a été favorable à la croissance économique. Pour y parvenir, nous nous appuyons sur un modèle de croissance de Solow augmenté. Nos résultats montrent que la mise en place des critères de convergence n’a pas eu un impact significatif sur la croissance économique dans la CEMAC, en raison de la forte hétérogénéité des économies. Nous suggérons une refonte du dispositif de surveillance multilatérale afin d’optimiser son impact sur la croissance économique.
L’adoption des technologies agricoles : quelles leçons tirer des expérimentations de terrain ?
Authors: de Janvry Alain , Sadoulet Elisabeth , Kyle Emerick , Dar Manzoor
Published: March 2017

La révolution verte , qui consiste en l’utilisation de variétés à haut rendement (VHR) et de doses élevées d’engrais, a été largement adoptée dans les zones de production irriguées mais généralement pas dans les régions de production pluviale, exposées à des aléas tels que la sécheresse et les inondations. Ce surprenant décalage dans l’adoption des technologies compromet la contribution de l’agriculture au développement de vastes régions du monde telles que l’Afrique subsaharienne et l’Inde de l’Est, avec en conséquence un coût global élevé tant en termes de croissance économique que de bien-être humain. Des expérimentations sur le terrain ont été particulièrement utiles pour mieux cerner cette problématique que constitue l’adoption des technologies. Des enseignements importants en ont été tirés sur le comportement des agriculteurs ainsi que sur l’incidence de facteurs tels que le crédit, l’assurance, les marchés et les politiques sur l’adoption des technologies agricoles. En partant de nos études expérimentales de terrain dans les régions est de l’Inde, nous montrons que l’agriculture pluviale pâtit en général d’un manque d’offre effective en VHR adaptées, ce manque compromettant l’adoption des technologies et en conséquence le recours à l’engrais. Un approvisionnement efficace suppose l’existence de VHR appropriées (issues de la recherche), l’information des agriculteurs sur ces technologies (par le biais des services de vulgarisation agricole et du tissu social) ainsi que leur mise à disposition à l’échelle locale (provenant de la participation des agents privés aux chaînes de valeur). Nous estimons en conséquence que résoudre la problématique de l’adoption en zones non irriguées exigerait des gouvernements et des donateurs internationaux qu’ils renforcent leurs investissements en recherche agricole, qu’ils soutiennent l’amélioration des services de vulgarisation et qu’ils veillent à promouvoir le rôle des agents privés dans les chaînes de valeur. Une telle approche exige des donateurs qu’ils résolvent un problème général d’action collective dans la fourniture des biens publics internationaux.
Le statut normatif des comportements de citoyenneté organisationnelle
Authors: Gangloff Bernard
Published: March 2017

Les CCO constituent un élément régulièrement examiné par les responsables hiérarchiques lors de l’évaluation de leurs subordonnés. Nous faisons ici l’hypothèse que les salariés manifestant des CCO vont être valorisés par leurs supérieurs hiérarchiques, et que cette valorisation, qui rappelle la notion de norme sociale, permet d’attribuer aux CCO un statut normatif. Trois populations (des cadres hiérarchiques, des salariés non cadres et des étudiants) ont répondu à un questionnaire de citoyenneté organisationnelle. Les cadres devaient indiquer, pour chaque item, si ils apprécieraient (ou non) qu’un salarié adopte le comportement présenté dans l’item ; les non cadres cochaient le degré selon lequel chaque proposition correspondait à une conduite qu’ils avaient coutume d’adopter, et les étudiants indiquaient les items à cocher par un salarié pour être bien vu (vs mal vu) de son supérieur hiérarchique. Notre hypothèse est confirmée : les cadres valorisent significativement les conduites de citoyenneté. On remarque aussi que l’adoption de ces conduites est effective chez les non cadres, ce qui signifie, considérant que l’auto-présentation sous consigne neutre est souvent productrice de désirabilité sociale, une clairvoyance des salariés quant à cette valorisation. On constate aussi que cette clairvoyance est directement confirmée par le fait que les étudiants, futurs salariés, sont effectivement conscients de cette valorisation. Il est enfin observé que certaines dimensions des CCO sont davantage appréciées que d’autres, avec quelques variations selon la population examinée. Ces données sont discutées sous un angle conceptuel et appliqué.
Impact de la réputation classique et de l’e-réputation sur l’attractivité des entreprises en tant qu’employeurs
Authors: Benraïss-Noailles Laïla , Lhajji Dhiba , Benraïss Amina , Benraïss Bouchra
Published: March 2017

L’image de marque de l’entreprise ainsi que sa réputation passent par plusieurs canaux de communication. Désormais, la réputation d’une marque ou d’une personne ne se fait plus seulement par le bouche-à-oreille traditionnel, elle se joue aussi en ligne. On parle dès lors de la « e-réputation ». L’objectif de ce papier est de répondre aux questions suivantes : est-ce que la réputation de l’entreprise impacte l’attitude des candidats potentiels ? Peut-elle également influencer l’attractivité de l’entreprise ? Pour cela, nous avons élaboré un modèle de recherche que nous avons testé auprès d’un échantillon de 370 futurs diplômés en gestion. Cette recherche conclut à deux résultats particulièrement intéressants. La réputation de l’entreprise est bi-dimensionnelle : elle se compose de la « e-réputation » véhiculée par les réseaux sociaux et Internet et de la « réputation classique » véhiculée par les moyens traditionnels de communication notamment par le « bouche-à-oreille ». Les résultats montrent aussi que l’e-réputation de l’entreprise (sur les réseaux sociaux et sur Internet) impacte significativement l’attitude globale envers l’entreprise en tant qu’employeur mais moins l’attractivité de l’entreprise en tant qu’employeur. Par ailleurs, l’impact du « bouche-àoreille » traditionnel sur l’attractivité de l’entreprise en tant qu’employeur est relativement fort par rapport à l’impact de la « e-réputation ».
Amour, famille et entreprise : la transmission du patrimoine au sein de l’entreprise familiale
Authors: Droz Yvan
Published: March 2017

Ce texte montre que le destin des très petites entreprises familiales dynastiques reste ordonné par la logique patrimoniale, véritable axe autour duquel tournent les autres principes. D’une part, la complémentarité fonctionnelle et la logique économique du profit expliquent le fonctionnement de l’entreprise ; d’autre part, les prescripts de genre offrent des représentations idéales de la masculinité et de la féminité auxquelles se rattachent l’amour romantique et la famille « classique ». Les sentiments amoureux ancrent dans les corps ces représentations entremêlées. L’éthos de l’amour romantique et son idéal familial offrent un moyen de rendre acceptables aux yeux d’un monde extérieur – fasciné par l’accomplissement personnel et l’épanouissement de soi – les exigences qu’impose la transmission patrimoniale d’une entreprise. Aujourd’hui, dans les très petites entreprises familiales dynastiques, le mariage d’amour – ou le divorce – et les émotions qu’il suscite n’échappent pas à la logique patrimoniale et la rendent prosaïquement légitime au nom d’un idéal de l’amour romantique ou du respect du bien de ses enfants en garantissant la transmission du patrimoine.
Endettement problématique des jeunes et solidarité familiale
Authors: Henchoz Caroline , Coste Tristan
Published: March 2017

Pourquoi certains jeunes s’enlisent-ils dans un endettement chronique et problématique, bien qu’ils disposent de ressources extérieures qui les aideraient à y faire face ? Comment expliquer que le recours à l’entraide familiale n’aille pas de soi, alors même qu’il peut faciliter la gestion, voire la sortie des dettes ? Cet article porte plus particulièrement sur le rôle des parents dans le parcours d’endettement problématique de jeunes hommes et femmes de Suisse romande de moins de 30 ans. Il apporte un nouvel éclairage sur les processus d’activation de la solidarité familiale et, dans notre cas, sur la manière dont ces processus dépendent de la situation économique de celui qui en est l’initiateur et de la manière dont il la perçoit. Non maîtrisé, l’endettement est en effet vécu et perçu comme le signe d’une immaturité économique et d’un échec personnel qu’il s’agit alors de cacher. Dès lors, le passage du secret concernant sa situation économique à son dévoilement intervient à une phase particulière du parcours d’endettement. Cette étape, nécessaire à l’activation de la solidarité parentale, va toutefois prendre des formes qui garantissent aux jeunes leur indépendance financière et leur autonomie nouvellement acquises contribuant ainsi à transformer l’expérience de l’endettement : d’échec, elle devient épreuve de passage au statut adulte.
« Venues pour les plages, restées pour les garçons » ? du tourisme à l’expatriation amoureuse des femmes occidentales à Zanzibar
Authors: Despres Altaïr
Published: March 2017

Alors que les mobilités des femmes occidentales dans les pays du Sud sont souvent associées au « tourisme sexuel » et aux relations éphémères ou intéressées avec les populations locales, l’article rappelle, d’abord, que les pratiques et espaces touristiques constituent aussi le cadre de rencontres amoureuses et conjugales durables. Centré sur les trajectoires de femmes occidentales expatriées à Zanzibar, vivant en couple mixte avec un homme africain qu’elles ont rencontré en vacances dans l’archipel, l’article s’intéresse, ensuite, aux conditions sociales qui rendent possible et intéressante l’expatriation en Afrique. En l’espèce, il faut considérer l’expatriation de ces femmes à l’aune des rétributions affectives – retrouver un conjoint – et des rétributions professionnelles – se reclasser sur le marché de l’emploi local – qu’elle offre. Enfin, l’article insiste sur le rôle que joue la mixité conjugale dans les opportunités de mobilité sociale que connaissent les expatriées occidentales à Zanzibar.
Mériter la paternité : sur les discours et les stratégies des pères célibataires par choix en Espagne
Authors: Lores Masip Fernando , Ayala Rubio Ariadna
Published: March 2017

Cet article souhaite contribuer à une réflexion sur les relations de genre et sur les expériences de la paternité auprès des hommes. Elle interpelle également la dimension biographique « d’autodéfinition » de ces hommes en apportant un regard critique autour des critères techniques et moraux utilisés à ce jour, tout en mettant en discussion les procédures d’évaluation des professionnels de la petite enfance appliquées au domaine de la famille et plus particulièrement aux nouveaux modèles de familles proposés par les pères célibataires par choix (PCPC). Nous présenterons dans un premier temps, les différents procédés que ces hommes mettent en œuvre afin de concevoir leurs projets familiaux en solo et, en particulier, les différents sens qu’ils donnent au « couple » comme condition à la création d’une famille en fonction de leur orientation sexuelle. Ensuite, nous analyserons les discours qu’ils élaborent afin de légitimer les « motivations » qui sont à l’origine de leur projet familial, en présentant leurs représentations sur le « désir d’être père » et sur la valeur de la « solidarité » associée à cette envie de conformer une famille. Ce sont ces représentations qui donnent un sens à leurs aspirations en termes de parentalité et à la constitution d’une famille monoparentale. Enfin, nous mettrons en exergue certaines des stratégies qu’ils mettent en pratique afin de lutter contre les discriminations sociales et institutionnelles auxquelles ils sont confrontés lors du processus d’expertise en vue de l’adoption et/ou de l’accueil d’un enfant.
La barrière cognitive des e-business modèles : le cas de cadres du secteur des agences média
Authors: Hamiot Jean-Yves
Published: March 2017

À la suite des travaux de R. Amit et C. Zott (2001) sur la différence entre les e-business modèles et les stratégies produit-marché, une revue de littérature suggère que ces marchés virtuels confèrent des propriétés contre-intuitives à la valeur. Dans ce contexte, H. Chesbrough (2010) explique que les managers font face à une barrière cognitive, générant de la confusion. Une étude a été menée auprès d’un échantillon de 26 cadres du secteur des agences média. Un des buts était de tester l’hypothèse selon laquelle cette barrière cognitive se trouve corrélée à leur mode d’appréhension de la valeur. Le recours à l’analyse cognitivo-discursive suggère, en effet, qu’ils l’appréhendent à travers un schéma cognitif caractéristique d’une stratégie produit-marché.
Stellar Mass Black Hole for Engineering Optimization
Authors: Kandhasamy Premalatha , R Balamurugan , S Kannimuthu
Published: March 2017

In recent years, nature-inspired algorithms have been popular due to the fact that many real-world optimization problems are increasingly large, complex and dynamic. By reasons of the size and complexity of the problems, it is necessary to develop an optimization method whose efficiency is measured by finding the near optimal solution within a reasonable amount of time. A black hole is an object that has enough masses in a small enough volume that its gravitational force is strong enough to prevent light or anything else from escaping. Stellar mass Black hole Optimization (SBO) is a novel optimization algorithm inspired from the property of the gravity's relentless pull of black holes which are presented in the Universe. In this paper SBO algorithm is tested on benchmark optimization test functions and compared with the Cuckoo Search, Particle Swarm Optimization and Artificial Bee Colony systems. The experiment results show that the SBO outperforms the existing methods.
Automatic Generation Control of Hydro-Hydro Interconnected Power System Based on Ant Colony Optimization
Authors: Kaliannan Jagatheesan , B Anand , Nhu Nguyen Gia , Dey Nilanjan , Ashour Amira S. , Balas Valentina E.
Published: March 2017

Each hydropower system incorporates with appropriate hydro turbine, and hydro governor unit. In the current work, an Automatic Generation Control (AGC) of two equal hydropower systems with Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller was investigated. The gain values of the PID controllers were tuned using Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) technique with one percent Step Load Perturbation (1% SLP) in area 1. The Integral Square Error (ISE), Integral Time Square Error (ITSE), Integral Absolute Error (IAE) and Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE) were chosen as the objective function in order to optimize the controller's gain values. The experimental results reported that the IAE based PID controller improved the system performance compared to other objective functions during sudden load disturbance.
Antibody-Independent Function of Human B Cells Contributes to Antifungal T Cell Responses
Authors: Li Rui , Rezk Ayman , Li Hulun , Gommerman Jennifer L. , Prat Alexandre , Bar-Or Amit ,   on behalf of the Canadian B Cells in MS Team
Published: March 2017

Fungal infections (e.g., Candida albicans) can manifest as serious medical illnesses, especially in the elderly and immune-compromised hosts. T cells are important for Candida control. Whether and how B cells are involved in antifungal immunity has been less clear. Although patients with agammaglobulinemia exhibit normal antifungal immunity, increased fungal infections are reported following B cell–depleting therapy, together pointing to Ab-independent roles of B cells in controlling such infections. To test how human B cells may contribute to fungal-associated human T cell responses, we developed a novel Ag-specific human T cell/B cell in vitro coculture system and found that human B cells could induce C. albicans–associated, MHC class II–restricted responses of naive T cells. Activated B cells significantly enhanced C. albicans–mediated Th1 and Th17 T cell responses, which were both strongly induced by CD80/CD86 costimulation. IL-6+GM-CSF+ B cells were the major responding B cell subpopulation to C. albicans and provided efficient costimulatory signals to the T cells. In vivo B cell depletion in humans resulted in reduced C. albicans–associated T responses. Of note, the decreased Th17, but not Th1, responses could be reversed by soluble factors from B cells prior to depletion, in an IL-6–dependent manner. Taken together, our results implicate an Ab-independent cytokine-defined B cell role in human antifungal T cell responses. These findings may be particularly relevant given the prospects of chronic B cell depletion therapy use in lymphoma and autoimmune disease, as patients age and are exposed to serial combination therapies.
The use of autologous platelet rich plasma gel in bulbar and penile buccal mucosa urethroplasty: Preliminary report of our first series
Authors: Scarcia Marcello , Maselli Francesco Paolo , Cardo Giuseppe , Ludovico Giuseppe Mario
Published: March 2017

Objective: The Buccal Mucosa (BM) UrethroPlasty (UP) is one of the preferred treatments for long or compli-cated urethral strictures. We propose the use of autologous Platelet Rich Plasma gel (aPRPg) in order to enhance to vascularization of BM graft and reduce the fibrous spongy. We report the outcome of our ten cases of bulbar and penile UP and the safety of this technique. Materials and metods: Ten patients underwent to BM UP with use of aPRP gel. Median age was 46. Stricture etiology was idiopathic, failed hypospadias and flogistic. Average stricture length was 3.7 cm. All patient were preoperatively evaluated with uroflowmetry , retrograde urethrography, cystoscopy and questionnaire. The harvesting of the aPRP was performed in blood bank from peripheral venous sample. Catheter was usually removed after 3 weeks and urethrography was performed after 6 weeks. Results: All patients reported no problem on the donor site. At time of follow-up (median 20 month, 12-34) all patients refer no problem and a good uroflowmetry. No re-strictures at the anastomotic sites were demonstrated in any of the patients. Conclusion: However in our experience the follow-up is limited and no definitive conclusion or comparison can be made with the original BM UP. The use of aPRP gel seems feasible and safe. In our opinion it is important to continue investigating this procedure for its advantages in case of complex urethral strictures complicated by fibrous spongy, above all in penile urethral strictures post hypospadia repair.
Analysis of MYO-Inositol effect on spermatozoa motility, in hyper viscous ejaculates and in patients with grades II and III varicocele
Authors: Scarselli Filomena , Lobascio Anna Maria , Terribile Mario , Casciani Valentina , Greco Pierfrancesco , Franco Giorgio , Minasi Maria Giulia , Greco Ermanno
Published: March 2017

The goal of this study is to evaluate MYOInositol effects on spermatozoa motility, in patients’ ejaculates with severe varicocele or hyper viscosity. The study included normal viscosity ejaculate from 30 patients affected by varicocele and hyper viscosity ejaculate from 33 patients without any testicular pathologies. All selected samples showed sperm concentration > 2 million/ml and progressive motility < 32%. In both groups, the pellet obtained after centrifugation in buffered medium, was divided in two aliquots, both incubated for 15 minutes at 37°C: one with MYO-Inositol and the other one, as control, only in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). Afterwards, the sperm progressive motility was assessed using Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA system). Incubation with MYO-Inositol improved sperm progressive motility in high viscosity samples compared to control group (38.9% ± 3.0 vs 24.35% ± 2.41, respectively; p ≤ 0.0001). Conversely, no statistically significant difference was observed in total sperm progressive motility in varicocele samples compared with control group (22.7% ± 2.07 vs 26.7% ± 3.31, respectively; p = 0.085). The MYO-Inositol positive effect on spermatozoa motility may depend on the type of sperm damage: heavy structural and biochemical defects which typically affects patients with varicocele are not restored by Inositol. On the contrary, MYOInositol is able to improve sperm motility in semen samples with high viscosity, since those samples show no substantial structural sperm defects.
Verruciform xanthoma of the penis: A rare benign lesion that simulates carcinoma
Authors: De Rose Aldo Franco , Tosi Mattia , Mantica Guglielmo , Piol Nataniele , Toncini Carlo , Terrone Carlo
Published: March 2017

Verruciform xanthoma is a rare and benign condition predominantly affecting the oral cavity, but also skin and female anogenital mucosa. It can be flat, papular-warty or crateriform-cystic. Furthermore it can simulate HPV viral lesion such as condyloma and malignant neoplasia such as verrucous squamous cell carcinoma. An accurate diagnosis is important to avoid overtreatment, considering it is a benign lesion that does not require any radical treatment. We present an extremely rare case of a 64 year-old man with a small, slighty raised, gray reddish-dotted lesion on the left portion of the ventral side of his glans.
Detection rate for significant cancer at confirmatory biopsy in men enrolled in Active Surveillance protocol: 20 cores vs 30 cores vs MRI/TRUS fusion prostate biopsy
Authors: Pepe Pietro , Cimino Sebastiano , Garufi Antonio , Priolo Giandomenico , Russo Giorgio Ivan , Giardina Raimondo , Reale Giulio , Barbera Michele , Panella Paolo , Pennisi Michele , Morgia Giuseppe
Published: March 2017

Introduction: The detection rate for significant prostate cancer of extended vs saturation vs mMRI/TRUS fusion biopsy was prospectively evaluated in men enrolled in active surveillance (AS) protocol. Mterials and methods: From May 2013 to September 2016 75 men aged 66 years (median) with very low risk PCa were enrolled in an AS protocol and elegible criteria were: life expectancy greater than 10 years, cT1C, PSA below 10 ng/ml, PSA density < 0.20, 2 < unilateral positive biopsy cores, Gleason score (GS) equal to 6, greatest percentage of cancer (GPC) in a core < 50%. All patients underwent 3.0 Tesla pelvic mpMRI before confirmatory transperineal extended (20 cores) or saturation biopsy (SPBx; 30 cores) combined with mpMRI/TRUS fusion targeted biopsy (4 cores) of suspicious lesions (PI-RADS 3-5). Results: 21/75 (28%) patients were reclassified by SPBx based on upgraded GS ≥ 7; mpMRI lesions PI-RADS 4-5 vs PI-RADS 3-5 diagnosed 9/21 (42.8%) vs 16/21 (76.2%) significant PCa with 2 false positives (6.5%). The detection rate for significant PCa was equal to 76.2% (mpMRI/TRUS fusion biopsy) vs 81% (extended) vs 100% (SPBx) (p = 0.001); mpMRI/TRUS targeted biopsy and extended biopsy missed 5/21 (23.8%) and 4/21 (19%) significant PCa which were found by SPBx (p = 0.001) being characterised by the presence of a single positive core of GS ≥ 7 with GPC < 10%. Conclusions: Although mpMRI improve the diagnosis of clinically significant PCa, SPBx is provided of the best detection rate for PCa in men enrolled in AS protocols who underwent confirmatory biopsy.
Prostatic calculi detected in peripheral zone of the gland during a transrectal ultrasound biopsy can be significant predictors of prostate cancer
Authors: Dell’Atti Lucio , Galosi Andrea B. , Ippolito Carmelo
Published: March 2017

Purpose: Prostatic calculi (PC) are usually associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia or chronic inflammation. However, in several studies prostatic inflammation and calcification have been implicated in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer (CaP). We evaluated the prevalence of PC during transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) and correlate the ultrasonographic patterns with histological findings. Methods: A prospective study of 664 patients undergoing TRUS and prostate biopsy was planned. A standardized reproducible technique was used with using a GE Logiq 7 machine equipped with a 5-9MHz multi-frequency convex probe “end-fire”. We defined marked presence of PC as multiple hyperechoic foci with significant area (≥ 3 mm in the largest diameter). PC were classified according to zone distribution into the gland: transitional zone (TZ), central zone (CZ), and peripheral zone (PZ). Results: No significant difference was noted between the patients with PC and without PC, when comparing age, preoperative PSA level, prostate volume, and biopsy number, except for DRE findings. 168 patients (25.3%) had marked presence of PC on TRUS: 50.6% in TZ, 20.2% in CZ, and 29.2% in PZ. 31 patients (63.3%) with presence of PC in PZ had CaP on biopsy. The correlation observed between CaP and the presence of PC in PZ was statistically significant (p < 0.001). However, among patients in the CaP group there was no statistical association between PC and moderate or high Gleason grade. Conclusions: This study suggests that chronic prostatic inflammation and PC have a role in the biogenesis of cancer. CaP was more frequent in patients with PC in PZ of the gland, but was not associated with higher Gleason grade among these patients (p < 0.001).
Vegetation Response to Burn Severity, Native Grass Seeding, and Salvage Logging
Authors: Morgan Penelope , Moy Marshell , Droske Christine A. , Lewis Sarah A. , Lentile Leigh B. , Robichaud Peter R. , Hudak Andrew T. , Williams Christopher J.
Published: March 2017

As the size and extent of wildfires has increased in recent decades, so has the cost and extent of post-fire management, including seeding and salvage logging. However, we know little about how burn severity, salvage logging, and post-fire seeding interact to influence vegetation recovery long-term. We sampled understory plant species richness, diversity, and canopy cover one to six years post fire (2006 to 2009, and 2011) on 72 permanent plots selected in a stratified random sample to define post-fire vegetation response to burn severity, post-fire seeding with native grasses, and salvage logging on the 2005 School Fire in eastern Washington. Understory vegetation responded rapidly post fire due, in part, to ample low intensity rainfall events in the first post-fire growing season. Vegetation was more diverse with greater plant species richness and diversity (Shannon-Wiener index) in low and moderate burn severity plots in 2006 (species richness 18; diversity 2.3) compared to high burn severity plots (species richness 10; diversity 1.8), with species richness on the high severity plots reaching 19 in the sixth post-fire year, similar to the initial values on the low and moderate burn severity plots. Plants that commonly resprout from rhizomes, bulbs, and other surviving belowground sources were abundant post fire, while those establishing from off-site seed sources, including non-native species, were present but not abundant. Plots seeded with native grass post fire and not salvage logged had the highest canopy cover of graminoid species: more than 30 % six years after the fire (in 2011), with low forb (15 %) and shrub (1 %) canopy cover and species richness. For comparison, high severity plots that were not seeded and not salvage logged had 3 % graminoid cover, 14 % forb cover, and 26 % shrub cover. Plots that had been salvage logged from one to three years after the fire produced less canopy cover of shrubs and forbs, but three times more canopy cover of graminoids on the high burn severity plots by 2011. High severity plots that were salvage logged and not seeded with native grasses had the lowest species richness, diversity, and cover. Very few non-native species were found, regardless of salvage logging and seeding. Rapid post-fire growth dominated by native plants of high diversity suggests that this forest’s vegetation and soils are highly resilient to disturbance. Overall, burn severity and post-fire seeding with native grasses were more influential than salvage logging on understory plant abundance one to six years after fire.
Pile Burning Effects on Soil Water Repellency, Infiltration, and Downslope Water Chemistry in the Lake Tahoe Basin, USA
Authors: Hubbert Ken R. , Busse Matt , Overby Steve , Shestak Carol , Gerrard Ross
Published: March 2017

Thinning of conifers followed by pile burning has become a popular treatment to reduce fuel loads in the Lake Tahoe Basin, USA. However, concern has been voiced about burning within or near riparian areas because of the potential effect on nutrient release and, ultimately, lake water quality. Our objective was to quantify the effects of pile burning on soil physical and chemical properties and resulting near-stream surface and subsurface water chemistry. Twenty-seven hand-built piles of three contrasting fuelbed types (large wood, mixed-diameter slash, small-diameter slash) were burned. Burn sites were located throughout the basin and included both granitic and volcanic parent materials as well as glacial outwash. We suspected that post-fire changes in soil physical and chemical properties would ensue as maximum soil surface temperatures averaged 400 °C for all pile types and exceeded 200 °C for >30 h beneath large-wood piles. Post-fire soil water repellency was greatest for large-wood piles, yet increased for all pile types when soil moisture content fell below a threshold of 7 % to 10 % during the dry summer season. Soil bulk density increased moderately whereas water infiltration rates decreased more than fourfold after burning of large-wood piles and mixed-slash piles. Surface runoff and subsurface flow concentrations of nitrate, phosphate, and sulfate were measured downslope from the piles at 6 mo and 18 mo after burning. Mean NO3, ortho-PO4, and SO4 concentrations were low (<10 mg L−1) at both sampling dates and typically declined downslope from the pile edge. The results showed that pile burning—regardless of fuel composition—had a limited effect on downslope water quality despite associated changes in soil physicochemical properties.
Faunal Responses to Fire in Chaparral and Sage Scrub in California, USA
Authors: van Mantgem Elizabeth F. , Keeley Jon E. , Witter Marti
Published: March 2017

Impact of fire on California shrublands has been well studied but nearly all of this work has focused on plant communities. Impact on and recovery of the chaparral fauna has received only scattered attention; this paper synthesizes what is known in this regard for the diversity of animal taxa associated with California shrublands and outlines the primary differences between plant and animal responses to fire. We evaluated the primary faunal modes of resisting fire effects in three categories: 1) endogenous survival in a diapause or diapause-like stage, 2) sheltering in place within unburned refugia, or 3) fleeing and recolonizing. Utilizing these patterns in chaparral and sage scrub, as well as some studies on animals in other mediterranean-climate ecosystems, we derived generalizations about how plants and animals differ in their responses to fire impacts and their postfire recovery. One consequence of these differences is that variation in fire behavior has a much greater potential to affect animals than plants. For example, plants recover from fire endogenously from soil-stored seeds and resprouts, so fire size plays a limited role in determining recovery patterns. However, animals that depend on recolonization of burned sites from metapopulations may be greatly affected by fire size. Animal recolonization may also be greatly affected by regional land use patterns that affect colonization corridors, whereas such regional factors play a minimal role in plant community recovery. Fire characteristics such as rate of spread and fire intensity do not appear to play an important role in determining patterns of chaparral and sage scrub plant recovery after fire. However, these fire behavior characteristics may have a profound role in determining survivorship of some animal populations as slow-moving, smoldering combustion may limit survivorship of animals in burrows, whereas fast-moving, high intensity fires may affect survivorship of animals in aboveground refugia or those attempting to flee. Thus, fire regime characteristics may have a much greater effect on postfire recovery of animal communities than plant communities in these shrubland ecosystems.
Interpreting the 13C  ∕ 12C ratio of carbon dioxide in an urban airshed in the Yangtze River Delta, China
Authors: Xu Jiaping , Lee Xuhui , Xiao Wei , Cao Chang , Liu Shoudong , Wen Xuefa , Xu Jingzheng , Zhang Zhen , Zhao Jiayu
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Observations of atmospheric CO2 mole fraction and the 13C ∕ 12C ratio (expressed as δ13C) in urban airsheds provide constraints on the roles of anthropogenic and natural sources and sinks in local and regional carbon cycles. In this study, we report observations of these quantities in Nanjing at hourly intervals from March 2013 to August 2015, using a laser-based optical instrument. Nanjing is the second largest city located in the highly industrialized Yangtze River Delta (YRD), eastern China. The mean CO2 mole fraction and δ13C were (439.7 ± 7.5) µmol mol−1 and (−8.48 ± 0.56) ‰ over this observational period. The peak monthly mean δ13C (−7.44 ‰, July 2013) was 0.74 ‰ higher than that observed at Mount Waliguan, a WMO (World Meteorological Organization) baseline site on the Tibetan Plateau and upwind of the YRD region. The highly 13C-enriched signal was partly attributed to the influence of cement production in the region. By applying the Miller–Tans method to nighttime and daytime observations to represent signals from the city of Nanjing and the YRD, respectively, we showed that the 13C ∕ 12C ratio of CO2 sources in the Nanjing municipality was (0.21 ± 0.53) ‰ lower than that in the YRD. Flux partitioning calculations revealed that natural ecosystems in the YRD were a negligibly small source of atmospheric CO2.
Flux calculation of short turbulent events – comparison of three methods
Authors: Schaller Carsten , Göckede Mathias , Foken Thomas
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The eddy covariance method is commonly used to calculate vertical turbulent exchange fluxes between ecosystems and the atmosphere. Besides other assumptions, it requires steady-state flow conditions. If this requirement is not fulfilled over the averaging interval of, for example, 30 min, the fluxes might be miscalculated. Here two further calculation methods, conditional sampling and wavelet analysis, which do not need the steady-state assumption, were implemented and compared to eddy covariance. All fluxes were calculated for 30 min averaging periods, while the wavelet method – using both the Mexican hat and the Morlet wavelet – additionally allowed us to obtain a 1 min averaged flux. The results of all three methods were compared against each other for times with best steady-state conditions and well-developed turbulence. An excellent agreement of the wavelet results to the eddy covariance reference was found, where the deviations to eddy covariance were of the order of  < 2 % for Morlet as well as  < 7 % for Mexican hat and thus within the typical error range of eddy covariance measurements. The conditional sampling flux also showed a very good agreement to the eddy covariance reference, but the occurrence of outliers and the necessary condition of a zero mean vertical wind velocity reduced its general reliability. Using the Mexican hat wavelet flux in a case study, it was possible to locate a nightly short time turbulent event exactly in time, while the Morlet wavelet gave a trustworthy flux over a longer period, e.g. 30 min, under consideration of this short-time event. At a glance, the Mexican hat wavelet flux offers the possibility of a detailed analysis of non-stationary times, where the classical eddy covariance method fails. Additionally, the Morlet wavelet should be used to provide a trustworthy flux in those 30 min periods where the eddy covariance method provides low-quality data due to instationarities.
Aerosol optical depth determination in the UV using a four-channel precision filter radiometer
Authors: Carlund Thomas , Kouremeti Natalia , Kazadzis Stelios , Gröbner Julian
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The determination of aerosol properties, especially the aerosol optical depth (AOD) in the ultraviolet (UV) wavelength region, is of great importance for understanding the climatological variability of UV radiation. However, operational retrievals of AOD at the biologically most harmful wavelengths in the UVB are currently only made at very few places. This paper reports on the UVPFR (UV precision filter radiometer) sunphotometer, a stable and robust instrument that can be used for AOD retrievals at four UV wavelengths. Instrument characteristics and results of Langley calibrations at a high-altitude site were presented. It was shown that due to the relatively wide spectral response functions of the UVPFR, the calibration constants (V0) derived from Langley plot calibrations underestimate the true extraterrestrial signals. Accordingly, correction factors were introduced. In addition, the instrument's spectral response functions also result in an apparent air-mass-dependent decrease in ozone optical depth used in the AOD determinations. An adjusted formula for the calculation of AOD, with a correction term dependent on total column ozone amount and ozone air mass, was therefore introduced. Langley calibrations performed 13–14 months apart resulted in sensitivity changes of ≤ 1.1 %, indicating good instrument stability. Comparison with a high-accuracy standard precision filter radiometer, measuring AOD at 368–862 nm wavelengths, showed consistent results. Also, very good agreement was achieved by comparing the UVPFR with AOD at UVB wavelengths derived with a Brewer spectrophotometer, which was calibrated against the UVPFR at an earlier date. Mainly due to non-instrumental uncertainties connected with ozone optical depth, the total uncertainty of AOD in the UVB is higher than that reported from AOD instruments measuring in UVA and visible ranges. However, the precision can be high among instruments using harmonized algorithms for ozone and Rayleigh optical depth as well as for air mass terms. For 4 months of comparison measurements with the UVPFR and a Brewer, the root mean squared AOD differences were found < 0.01 at all the 306–320 nm Brewer wavelengths.
Manganese in the west Atlantic Ocean in the context of the first global ocean circulation model of manganese
Authors: van Hulten Marco , Middag Rob , Dutay Jean-Claude , de Baar Hein , Roy-Barman Matthieu , Gehlen Marion , Tagliabue Alessandro , Sterl Andreas
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Dissolved manganese (Mn) is a biologically essential element. Moreover, its oxidised form is involved in removing itself and several other trace elements from ocean waters. Here we report the longest thus far (17 500 km length) full-depth ocean section of dissolved Mn in the west Atlantic Ocean, comprising 1320 data values of high accuracy. This is the GA02 transect that is part of the GEOTRACES programme, which aims to understand trace element distributions. The goal of this study is to combine these new observations with new, state-of-the-art, modelling to give a first assessment of the main sources and redistribution of Mn throughout the ocean. To this end, we simulate the distribution of dissolved Mn using a global-scale circulation model. This first model includes simple parameterisations to account for the sources, processes and sinks of Mn in the ocean. Oxidation and (photo)reduction, aggregation and settling, as well as biological uptake and remineralisation by plankton are included in the model. Our model provides, together with the observations, the following insights: – The high surface concentrations of manganese are caused by the combination of photoreduction and sources contributing to the upper ocean. The most important sources are sediments, dust, and, more locally, rivers. – Observations and model simulations suggest that surface Mn in the Atlantic Ocean moves downwards into the southward-flowing North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW), but because of strong removal rates there is no elevated concentration of Mn visible any more in the NADW south of 40° N. – The model predicts lower dissolved Mn in surface waters of the Pacific Ocean than the observed concentrations. The intense oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) in subsurface waters is deemed to be a major source of dissolved Mn also mixing upwards into surface waters, but the OMZ is not well represented by the model. Improved high-resolution simulation of the OMZ may solve this problem. – There is a mainly homogeneous background concentration of dissolved Mn of about 0.10–0.15 nM throughout most of the deep ocean. The model reproduces this by means of a threshold on particulate manganese oxides of 25 pM, suggesting that a minimal concentration of particulate Mn is needed before aggregation and removal become efficient. – The observed distinct hydrothermal signals are produced by assuming both a strong source and a strong removal of Mn near hydrothermal vents.
Flow dynamics in hyper-saline aquifers: hydro-geophysical monitoring and modeling
Authors: Haaken Klaus , Deidda Gian Piero , Cassiani Giorgio , Deiana Rita , Putti Mario , Paniconi Claudio , Scudeler Carlotta , Kemna Andreas
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Saline–freshwater interaction in porous media is a phenomenon of practical interest particularly for the management of water resources in arid and semi-arid environments, where precious freshwater resources are threatened by seawater intrusion and where storage of freshwater in saline aquifers can be a viable option. Saline–freshwater interactions are controlled by physico-chemical processes that need to be accurately modeled. This in turn requires monitoring of these systems, a non-trivial task for which spatially extensive, high-resolution non-invasive techniques can provide key information. In this paper we present the field monitoring and numerical modeling components of an approach aimed at understanding complex saline–freshwater systems. The approach is applied to a freshwater injection experiment carried out in a hyper-saline aquifer near Cagliari (Sardinia, Italy). The experiment was monitored using time-lapse cross-hole electrical resistivity tomography (ERT). To investigate the flow dynamics, coupled numerical flow and transport modeling of the experiment was carried out using an advanced three-dimensional (3-D) density-driven flow-transport simulator. The simulation results were used to produce synthetic ERT inversion results to be compared against real field ERT results. This exercise demonstrates that the evolution of the freshwater bulb is strongly influenced by the system's (even mild) hydraulic heterogeneities. The example also highlights how the joint use of ERT imaging and gravity-dependent flow and transport modeling give fundamental information for this type of study.
Deformation in cemented mudrock (Callovo–Oxfordian Clay) by microcracking, granular flow and phyllosilicate plasticity: insights from triaxial deformation, broad ion beam polishing and scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Desbois Guillaume , Höhne Nadine , Urai Janos L. , Bésuelle Pierre , Viggiani Gioacchino
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The macroscopic description of deformation and fluid flow in mudrocks can be improved by a better understanding of microphysical deformation mechanisms. Here we use a combination of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and broad ion beam (BIB) polishing to study the evolution of microstructure in samples of triaxially deformed Callovo–Oxfordian Clay. Digital image correlation (DIC) was used to measure strain field in the samples and as a guide to select regions of interest in the sample for BIB–SEM analysis. Microstructures show evidence for dominantly cataclastic and minor crystal plastic mechanisms (intergranular, transgranular, intragranular cracking, grain rotation, clay particle bending) down to the nanometre scale. At low strain, the dilatant fabric contains individually recognisable open fractures, while at high strain the reworked clay gouge also contains broken non-clay grains and smaller pores than the undeformed material, resealing the initial fracture porosity.
PRADINIŲ KLASIŲ MOKINIŲ MITYBOS YPATUMŲ POKYČIAI.
PALYGINAMASIS 2010 IR 2014 METŲ TYRIMAS
Authors: Žandaras Žymantas , Stukas Rimantas
Published: March 2017

Tyrimo medžiaga ir metodai. 2010 metais dviejose
Vilniaus miesto pradinėse mokyklose anoniminės
anketinės apklausos būdu apklausti 460 1-4 klasių
mokinių tėvai. 2014 metais tose pačiose mokyklose
analogiškai apklausti 346 tėvai. Duomenys analizuoti
SPSS 22.0 programa. Kokybinių duomenų
analizei naudotas Pearson‘o chi kvadratas (χ²). Duomenų
skirtumas laikytas statistiškai reikšmingu, kai
p≤0,05.
Rezultatai. 2010 metais sveikos mitybos rekomendacijų
laikėsi 73,3% pradinukų tėvų, 2014 metais
– 84,8%, atitinkamai kasdien pusryčiaudavo 65,7%
ir 73,7% vaikų, prieš miegą valgantys vaikai 2010
metais sudarė 55,2%, o 2014 metais – 45,7%. 3 ir
daugiau kartų per dieną daržoves 2010 metais valgė
12,2% respondentų vaikų, 2014 metais – 11,9%, atitinkamai
vaisius 22,9% ir 25,0%, duoną ir grūdinius
produktus – 28,5% ir 24,3%. Maisto papildus 2010
metais vartojo 44,4% pradinių klasių mokinių, 2014
metais – 52,6%.
Išvados. Padaugėjo besilaikančių sveikos mitybos
rekomendacijų tėvų, kasdien pusryčiaujančių, taip
pat vartojančių maisto papildus vaikų. Reikšmingai
sumažėjo prieš miegą valgančių vaikų.
NAUDOJAMŲ KLUBO SĄNARIO IMPLANTŲ IŠLIKIMAS BEI PASISKIRSTYMAS PAGAL FIKSACIJOS KAULE PRINCIPĄ TARP SKIRTINGO AMŽIAUS PACIENTŲ GRUPIŲ
Authors: Čebatorius Algimantas , Lebedev Aleksej , Stučinskas Justinas , Senkanec Donatas , Stasiulis Andrius
Published: March 2017

Kasmet Lietuvoje atliekama apie 4000 klubo sąnario endoprotezavimo operacijų. Tai yra vienas iš pagrindinių klubo sąnario osteoartrozės gydymo metodų. Lietuvoje 2011 metais įkurtas endoprotezavimo registras, kurio veikla nukreipta vertinti endoprotezavimo operacijų rezultatus bei pakartrotinių endoprotezavimų priežastis. Šio darbo tikslas buvo įvertinti naudojamų klubo sąnario implantų pasiskirstymą bei išlikimą tarp skirtingo amžiaus pacientų grupių. Į tyrimą įtraukti visi LSER registruoti pirminiai klubo sąnario endoprotezavimo atvejai nuo 2011 m. sausio 1 d. iki 2013 m. gruodžio 31 d. Pacientų sekimo periodas prasidėdavo po atliktos operacijos ir tęsdavosi iki paciento mirties arba stebėjimo periodo pabaigos (2014 metų gruodžio 31 diena). Taip pat registruotos pakartotinės endoprotezavimo operacijos(revizijos) bei jų data. Tyrimo duomenimis, 2011–2013 metais atlikta iš viso 8850 klubo sąnario endoprotezavimo operacijų. Bendras implantų išlikimas praėjus vidutiniškai 30 mėn. po pirminės operacijos siekė 97,3 proc. Reikšmingo skirtumo tarp mechaninio ir cementinio tvirtinimo implantų išlikimo pacientams vyresniems kaip 60 metų ir pacientams iki 60 metų nenustatyta.