bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Affordances of Plurilingual Instruction in Higher Education: A Mixed Methods Study with a Quasi-experiment in an English Language Program
Authors: Galante Angelica
Published: July 2021

While calls have been made for a multi/plural turn in Applied Linguistics, there remains a paucity of research investigating instruction that addresses the turn and its effects on student learning compared with monolingual one-language-only instruction. This study examines the effects of plurilingual instruction on students’ plurilingual and pluricultural competence (PPC) relative to monolingual English-only instruction. Moreover, it investigates potential additional affordances. Seven teachers in an English for Academic Purposes (EAP) program in a Canadian university taught two intact groups for four months: treatment (plurilingual instruction, n = 79) and comparison (monolingual instruction, n = 50) groups. Results from pre- and post-tests of the PPC scale show that students in the treatment group had higher PPC levels over time relative to students in the comparison group. Moreover, analyses of diaries and focus groups with students in the treatment group show that plurilingual instruction offers affordances such as cognition, empathy, and criticality. These results are significant as they suggest that plurilingual instruction may be more effective than monolingual instruction in the development of PPC and it offers several additional affordances.
Kaempferol ameliorates symptoms of metabolic syndrome by improving blood lipid profile and glucose tolerance
Authors: Ochiai Ayasa , Othman Mahmoud Ben , Sakamoto Kazuichi
Published: July 2021

Kaempferol (KPF) is a dietary polyphenol reported to have various beneficial effects on human health. However, its molecular mechanisms in regulating lipid and glucose metabolism are not fully understood. This study examined the effects of KPF on obesity, dyslipidemia, and diabetes in Tsumura, Suzuki, Obese Diabetes mice. The 6-week administration of KPF decreased fat weight, serum total cholesterol, and low-density lipoproteins (LDLs); increased high-density lipoproteins (HDLs); and improved glucose tolerance. Additionally, KPF increased LDL receptor (LDLR) and apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1) gene expression and decreased serum resistin levels. These findings suggest that the decrease in LDL and the increase in HDL caused by KPF may be due to increases in hepatic LDLR and ApoA1 expression, respectively. Furthermore, it is possible that the improvement in glucose tolerance by KPF may occur via resistin reduction. These mechanisms may be parts of complex mechanism by which KPF improves metabolic syndrome.
Shared Representational Formats for Information Maintained in Working Memory and Information Retrieved from Long-Term Memory
Authors: Vo Vy A , Sutterer David W , Foster Joshua J , Sprague Thomas C , Awh Edward , Serences John T
Published: July 2021

Current theories propose that the short-term retention of information in working memory (WM) and the recall of information from long-term memory (LTM) are supported by overlapping neural mechanisms in occipital and parietal cortex. However, the extent of the shared representations between WM and LTM is unclear. We designed a spatial memory task that allowed us to directly compare the representations of remembered spatial information in WM and LTM with carefully matched behavioral response precision between tasks. Using multivariate pattern analyses on functional magnetic resonance imaging data, we show that visual memories were represented in a sensory-like code in both memory tasks across retinotopic regions in occipital and parietal cortex. Regions in lateral parietal cortex also encoded remembered locations in both tasks, but in a format that differed from sensory-evoked activity. These results suggest a striking correspondence in the format of representations maintained in WM and retrieved from LTM across occipital and parietal cortex. On the other hand, we also show that activity patterns in nearly all parietal regions, but not occipital regions, contained information that could discriminate between WM and LTM trials. Our data provide new evidence for theories of memory systems and the representation of mnemonic content.
Identifying and Characterizing Trans Women in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study as an Epidemiologically Distinct Risk Group
Authors: Nguyen Huyen , Hampel Benjamin , Garcia Nuñez David , Battegay Manuel , Hachfeld Anna , Bernasconi Enos , Calmy Alexandra , Cavassini Matthias , Vernazza Pietro , Fellay Jacques , Rudolph Hannes , Huber Michael , Leuzinger Karoline , Perreau Matthieu , Scherrer Alexandra , Ramette Alban Nicolas , Yerly Sabine , Günthard Huldrych F , Kouyos Roger D , Kusejko Katharina ,   Swiss HIV Cohort Study, Anagnostopoulos A , Battegay M , Bernasconi E , Böni J , Braun D L , Bucher H C , Calmy A , Cavassini M , Ciuffi A , Dollenmaier G , Egger M , Elzi L , Fehr J , Fellay J , Furrer H , Fuc C A , Günthard H F , Haerry D , Hasse B , Hirsch H H , Hoffmann M , Hösli I , Huber M , Kahlert C , Kaiser L , Keiser O , Klimkait T , Kouyos R D , Kovari H , Ledergerber B , Martinetti G , Martinez de Tejada B , Marzolini C , Metzner K J , Müller N , Nicca D , Paioni P , Pantaleo G , Perreau M , Rauch A , Rudin C , Kusejko K , Schmid P , Speck R , Stöckle M , Tarr P , Trkola A , Vernazza P , Wandeler G , Weber R , Yerly S
Published: July 2021

Background

As trans women are disproportionately affected by the HIV epidemic, and are still understudied, we aimed to identify and characterize the trans women in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study (SHCS).

Methods

A combination of criteria from pre-existing cohort data was used to identify trans women. Information on socioeconomic factors, clinical data, risk behaviors, and mental health was collected. We also described their phylogenetic patterns within HIV transmission networks in relation to other risk groups.

Results

We identified 89 trans women of a total 20 925 cohort participants. Trans women were much more likely to be Asian (30.3%) and Hispanic (15.7%) than men who have sex with men (MSM) (2.5% and 4.1%; P < .001) and cis heterosexual (HET) women (7.0% and 3.3%; P < .001). Trans women were more similar to cis HET women in some measures like educational level (postsecondary education attainment: 22.6% and 20.7% [P = .574] vs 46.5% for MSM [P < .001]), while being more similar to MSM for measures like prior syphilis diagnosis (36.0% and 44.0% [P = .170] vs 6.7% for cis HET women [P < .001]). 11.2% of trans women have been previously hospitalized for psychological reasons compared with 4.2% of MSM (P = .004) and 5.1% of cis HET women (P = .025). Analysis of transmission clusters containing trans women suggested greater affinity within the transmission networks to MSM compared with cis HET women.

Conclusions

Trans women are epidemiologically distinct in the setting of the Swiss HIV epidemic, warranting better identification and study to better serve this underserved risk group.
Association of Adverse Events With Antibiotic Treatment for Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Butler Anne M , Durkin Michael J , Keller Matthew R , Ma Yinjiao , Powderly William G , Olsen Margaret A
Published: July 2021

Background

Little is known about the relative harms of different antibiotic regimens prescribed to treat uncomplicated urinary tract infection (UTI). We sought to compare the risk of adverse events associated with commonly used oral antibiotic regimens for the outpatient treatment of uncomplicated UTI.

Methods

Using data from the IBM® MarketScan® Commercial Database, we identified 1 169 033 otherwise healthy, nonpregnant women aged 18–44 years with uncomplicated UTI who initiated an oral antibiotic with activity against common uropathogens from 1 July 2006 to 30 September 2015. We used propensity score–weighted Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox proportional hazards regression models to estimate the association between antibiotic agent and adverse events.

Results

Of 2 first-line agents, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (vs nitrofurantoin) was associated with higher risk of several adverse drug events including hypersensitivity reaction (hazard ratio, 2.62; 95% confidence interval, 2.30–2.98), acute renal failure (2.56; 1.55–4.25), skin rash (2.42; 2.13–2.75), urticaria (1.37; 1.19–1.57), abdominal pain (1.14; 1.09–1.19), and nausea/vomiting (1.18; 1.10–1.28), but a similar risk of potential microbiome-related adverse events. Compared with nitrofurantoin, non–first-line agents were associated with higher risk of several adverse drug events and potential microbiome-related adverse events including non–Clostridium difficile diarrhea, C. difficile infection, vaginitis/vulvovaginal candidiasis, and pneumonia. Treatment duration modified the risk of potential microbiome-related adverse events.

Conclusions

The risks of adverse drug events and potential microbiome-related events differ widely by antibiotic agent and duration. These findings underscore the utility of using real-world data to fill evidentiary gaps related to antibiotic safety.
Warming Temperatures, Yield Risk and Crop Insurance Participation
Authors: Wang Ruixue , Rejesus Roderick M , Aglasan Serkan
Published: July 2021

Previous literature have shown that warming temperatures due to climate change are likely to decrease mean crop yields and increase crop yield risk. However, there is limited understanding of how crop insurance participation can potentially affect the adverse crop yield impacts of warming (or extreme heat). This study specifically examines whether crop insurance participation influences the impact of extreme heat on yield risk (i.e. yield variance, skewness and kurtosis). We utilise a parametric moment-based method and county-level panel data to evaluate how crop insurance participation affects the relationship between warming temperatures and the moments of crop yield distributions. Our results indicate that the yield risk increasing effect of warming is further magnified under high levels of crop insurance participation. This result still holds even when allowing for long-run adaptation (although the crop insurance effect tends to be weaker in this case). In general, our results indicate that not only does crop insurance participation adversely impact mean yields under climate change, it also influences the extent by which warming affects yield variability over time. This supports the notion that crop insurance can serve as a disincentive for climate change adaptation in agriculture.
Household availability of dietary fats and cardiovascular disease and mortality: prospective evidence from Russia
Authors: Stefler Denes , Landstra Elvire , Bobak Martin
Published: July 2021

Background

The aim of this analysis was to examine the prospective association between household availability of lard, butter, margarine and vegetable oil with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence in a general population sample in Russia.

Methods

Data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey were used. 6618 adult individuals with no previous CVD who were recruited for the study in 1994 and followed-up in subsequent years were included in the analysis. Household availability of lard, butter, margarine and vegetable oil were assessed at baseline with questions on whether these food items were purchased by the participants’ family. Self-reported information on heart attack or stroke (CVD) and death reported by another household member were used as outcome.

Results

Over the median follow-up of 11 years, 1787 participants died or reported incident CVD. In the multivariable adjusted survival models, household availability of lard was significantly associated with the combined outcome of CVD incidence and/or death (OR in the high vs. no availability categories: 1.31; 95% CI: 1.05–1.62). The associations with butter (1.06; 0.93–1.20), margarine (1.18; 0.94–1.47) and vegetable oil (0.92; 0.80–1.06) were not statistically significant. When self-reported CVD and mortality were examined separately, the association regarding lard was particularly strong for CVD (1.52; 1.11–2.09).

Conclusion

Our results suggest that lard, a dietary fat of animal origin traditionally used in Eastern European cooking, is of a particular concern regarding CVD risk. Replacing it with plant-based oils in cooking practices is strongly recommended.
Positive Selection of Transcription Factors Is a Prominent Feature of the Evolution of a Plant Pathogenic Genus Originating in the Miocene
Authors: Derbyshire Mark C , Harper Lincoln A , Lopez-Ruiz Francisco J
Published: July 2021

Tests based on the dN/dS statistic are used to identify positive selection of nonsynonymous polymorphisms. Using these tests on alignments of all orthologs from related species can provide insights into which gene categories have been most frequently positively selected. However, longer alignments have more power to detect positive selection, creating a detection bias that could create misleading results from functional enrichment tests. Most studies of positive selection in plant pathogens focus on genes with specific virulence functions, with little emphasis on broader molecular processes. Furthermore, no studies in plant pathogens have accounted for detection bias due to alignment length when performing functional enrichment tests. To address these research gaps, we analyze 12 genomes of the phytopathogenic fungal genus Botrytis, including two sequenced in this study. To establish a temporal context, we estimated fossil-calibrated divergence times for the genus. We find that Botrytis likely originated 16–18 Ma in the Miocene and underwent continuous radiation ending in the Pliocene. An untargeted scan of Botrytis single-copy orthologs for positive selection with three different statistical tests uncovered evidence for positive selection among proteases, signaling proteins, CAZymes, and secreted proteins. There was also a strong overrepresentation of transcription factors among positively selected genes. This overrepresentation was still apparent after two complementary controls for detection bias due to sequence length. Positively selected sites were depleted within DNA-binding domains, suggesting changes in transcriptional responses to internal and external cues or protein–protein interactions have undergone positive selection more frequently than changes in promoter fidelity.
What makes a good quality indicator set? A systematic review of criteria
Authors: Schang Laura , Blotenberg Iris , Boywitt Dennis
Published: July 2021

Background

While single indicators measure a specific aspect of quality (e.g. timely support during labour), users of these indicators, such as patients, providers and policy-makers, are typically interested in some broader construct (e.g. quality of maternity care) whose measurement requires a set of indicators. However, guidance on desirable properties of indicator sets is lacking.

Objective

Based on the premise that a set of valid indicators does not guarantee a valid set of indicators, the aim of this review is 2-fold: First, we introduce content validity as a desirable property of indicator sets and review the extent to which studies in the peer-reviewed health care quality literature address this criterion. Second, to obtain a complete inventory of criteria, we examine what additional criteria of quality indicator sets were used so far.

Methods

We searched the databases Web of Science, Medline, Cinahl and PsycInfo from inception to May 2021 and the reference lists of included studies. English- or German-language, peer-reviewed studies concerned with desirable characteristics of quality indicator sets were included. Applying qualitative content analysis, two authors independently coded the articles using a structured coding scheme and discussed conflicting codes until consensus was reached.

Results

Of 366 studies screened, 62 were included in the review. Eighty-five per cent (53/62) of studies addressed at least one of the component criteria of content validity (content coverage, proportional representation and contamination) and 15% (9/62) addressed all component criteria. Studies used various content domains to structure the targeted construct (e.g. quality dimensions, elements of the care pathway and policy priorities), providing a framework to assess content validity. The review revealed four additional substantive criteria for indicator sets: cost of measurement (21% [13/62] of the included studies), prioritization of ‘essential’ indicators (21% [13/62]), avoidance of redundancy (13% [8/62]) and size of the set (15% [9/62]). Additionally, four procedural criteria were identified: stakeholder involvement (69% [43/62]), using a conceptual framework (44% [27/62]), defining the purpose of measurement (26% [16/62]) and transparency of the development process (8% [5/62]).

Conclusion

The concept of content validity and its component criteria help assessing whether conclusions based on a set of indicators are valid conclusions about the targeted construct. To develop a valid indicator set, careful definition of the targeted construct including its (sub-)domains is paramount. Developers of quality indicators should specify the purpose of measurement and consider trade-offs with other criteria for indicator sets whose application may reduce content validity (e.g. costs of measurement) in light thereof.
Variations in pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic target values across MICs and their potential impact on determination of susceptibility test interpretive criteria
Authors: Waack Ursula , Joshi Abhay , Jang Seong H , Reynolds Kellie S
Published: July 2021

Background

An antibacterial drug’s susceptibility test interpretive criteria (STIC) are determined by integrating clinical, microbiological and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) data. PTA analysis plays a pivotal or supportive role in STIC determination and is heavily dependent on the PK-PD target values determined from animal PK-PD studies. Therefore, variations in PK-PD target values may impact STIC determination. Factors contributing to variation in the PK-PD target values include the number of and MICs for bacterial isolates used in animal PK-PD studies.

Objectives

To analyse the relationship between PK-PD target values and MICs, describe the variations in PK-PD target values of isolates and evaluate whether the proposed/target STICs were within the ranges of the MICs for isolates used in animal PK-PD studies.

Methods

A database was compiled for this research by screening animal PK-PD study reports submitted to the FDA from 10 new drug applications (NDAs).

Results

A relationship evaluation between PK-PD target values and MICs for tested isolates for seven drugs (that used AUC/MIC ratio as the PK-PD index) showed that, generally, the AUC/MIC values decreased with an increase in MIC. These target values were highly variable, with the percentage coefficient of variation ranging between 1% and 132% for isolates having the same MIC. For 16/27 (59%) drug/bacteria combinations from all 10 drugs, the proposed/target STICs were higher than the highest MIC for bacteria isolates evaluated, while 6/27 (22.5%) were lower.

Conclusions

This research suggests that careful considerations related to selection of bacterial isolates for animal PK-PD studies could strengthen the STIC determination process.
A Problematic Biomarker Trial Design
Authors: Freidlin Boris , Korn Edward L
Published: July 2021

Efficient biomarker-driven randomized clinical trials are a key tool for implementing precision oncology. A commonly used biomarker phase III design is focused on testing the treatment effect in biomarker-positive and overall study populations. This approach may result in recommending new treatments to biomarker-negative patients when these treatments have no benefit for these patients.
Ruptured metastatic liver tumor secondary to a thymoma: a case report
Authors: Utsunomiya Takeshi , Sakamoto Katsunori , Tsukamoto Daiki , Shine Mikiya , Nishi Yusuke , Matsui Takashi , Tamura Kei , Inoue Hitoshi , Takai Akihiro , Ogawa Kohei , Sunago Kotaro , Hiasa Yoichi , Sakao Nobuhiko , Shigematsu Hisayuki , Sano Yoshifumi , Kurata Mie , Fukushima Mana , Kitazawa Riko , Kitazawa Sohei , Takada Yasutsugu
Published: July 2021

We report a case of rupture of a synchronous metastatic liver tumor secondary to a thymoma. A 56-year-old woman was referred to our hospital with acute abdomen. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a 10 cm diameter tumor in the left lateral segment of the liver, together with ascites, which was suggestive of intra-abdominal bleeding. She was in stable condition and hemostasis was confirmed by angiography. CT also revealed a mass in the anterior mediastinum. Elective laparoscopic left lateral segmentectomy was performed to make a pathological diagnosis and for radical resection. No peritoneal dissemination was observed and the liver tumor was curatively resected. The patient subsequently underwent thymectomy. The pathological diagnoses were thymoma with the liver metastasis. Currently, at 30 months post-treatment, she has had no tumor recurrence. Rupture of a metastatic liver tumor secondary to a thymoma is a rare condition; careful preoperative management and aggressive treatment might improve the patient’s prognosis.
Galaxy zoo: stronger bars facilitate quenching in star-forming galaxies
Authors: Géron Tobias , Smethurst R J , Lintott Chris , Kruk Sandor , Masters Karen L , Simmons Brooke , Stark David V
Published: July 2021

We have used Galaxy Zoo DECaLS (GZD) to study strong and weak bars in disc galaxies. Out of the 314 000 galaxies in GZD, we created a volume-limited sample (0.01 < z < 0.05, Mr < − 18.96) which contains 1867 galaxies with reliable volunteer bar classifications in the ALFALFA footprint. In keeping with previous Galaxy Zoo surveys (such as GZ2), the morphological classifications from GZD agree well with previous morphological surveys. GZD considers galaxies to either have a strong bar (15.5 per cent), a weak bar (28.1 per cent) or no bar (56.4 per cent), based on volunteer classifications on images obtained from the DECaLS survey. This places GZD in a unique position to assess differences between strong and weak bars. We find that the strong bar fraction is typically higher in quiescent galaxies than in star-forming galaxies, while the weak bar fraction is similar. Moreover, we have found that strong bars facilitate the quenching process in star-forming galaxies, finding higher fibre star formation rates (SFRs), lower gas masses, and shorter depletion time-scales in these galaxies compared to unbarred galaxies. However, we also found that any differences between strong and weak bars disappear when controlling for bar length. Based on this, we conclude that weak and strong bars are not fundamentally different phenomena. Instead, we propose that there is a continuum of bar types, which varies from ‘weakest’ to ‘strongest’.
A survey for variable young stars with small telescopes – IV. Rotation periods of YSOs in IC 5070
Authors: Froebrich Dirk , Derezea Efthymia , Scholz Aleks , Eislöffel Jochen , Vanaverbeke Siegfried , Kume Alfred , Herbert Carys , Campbell-White Justyn , Miller Niall , Stecklum Bringfried , Makin Sally V , Urtly Thomas , Soldán Alfaro Francisco C , Schwendeman Erik , Stone Geoffrey , Phillips Mark , Fleming George , Gonzalez Farfán Rafael , Vanmunster Tonny , Heald Michael A , Fernández Mañanes Esteban , Nelson Tim , Eggenstein Heinz-Bernd , Dubois Franky , Logie Ludwig , Rau Steve , Wiersema Klaas , Quinn Nick , Rodriguez Diego , Castillo García Rafael , Killestein Thomas , Vale Tony , Licchelli Domenico , Deldem Marc , Piehler Georg , Moździerski Dawid , Kotysz Krzysztof , Kowalska Katarzyna , Mikołajczyk Przemysław , Futcher Stephen R L , Long Timothy P , Morales Aimar Mario , Merrikin Barry , Johnstone Stephen , Dubovský Pavol A , Kudzej Igor , Pickard Roger , Billington Samuel J , Dover Lord , Zegmott Tarik , Evitts Jack J , Traspas Munia Alejandra , Price Mark C
Published: July 2021

Studying rotational variability of young stars is enabling us to investigate a multitude of properties of young star-disc systems. We utilize high cadence, multiwavelength optical time series data from the Hunting Outbursting Young Stars citizen science project to identify periodic variables in the Pelican Nebula (IC 5070). A double blind study using nine different period-finding algorithms was conducted and a sample of 59 periodic variables was identified. We find that a combination of four period finding algorithms can achieve a completeness of 85 per cent and a contamination of 30 per cent in identifying periods in inhomogeneous data sets. The best performing methods are periodograms that rely on fitting a sine curve. Utilizing Gaia EDR3 data, we have identified an unbiased sample of 40 periodic young stellar objects (YSOs), without using any colour or magnitude selections. With a 98.9 per cent probability, we can exclude a homogeneous YSO period distribution. Instead, we find a bi-modal distribution with peaks at 3 and 8 d. The sample has a disc fraction of 50 per cent, and its statistical properties are in agreement with other similarly aged YSOs populations. In particular, we confirm that the presence of the disc is linked to predominantly slow rotation and find a probability of 4.8 × 10−3 that the observed relation between period and presence of a disc has occurred by chance. In our sample of periodic variables, we also find pulsating giants, an eclipsing binary, and potential YSOs in the foreground of IC 5070.
Whole-Genome Sequencing Reveals Lactase Persistence Adaptation in European Dogs
Authors: Liu Yan-Hu , Wang Lu , Zhang Zhiguo , Otecko Newton O , Khederzadeh Saber , Dai Yongqin , Liang Bin , Wang Guo-Dong , Zhang Ya-Ping
Published: July 2021

Coexistence and cooperation between dogs and humans over thousands of years have supported convergent evolutionary processes in the two species. Previous studies found that Eurasian dogs evolved into a distinct geographic cluster. In this study, we used the genomes of 242 European dogs, 38 Southeast Asian indigenous (SEAI) dogs, and 41 gray wolves to identify adaptation of European dogs . We report 86 unique positively selected genes in European dogs, among which is LCT (lactase). LCT encodes lactase, which is fundamental for the digestion of lactose. We found that an A-to-G mutation (chr19:38,609,592) is almost fixed in Middle Eastern and European dogs. The results of two-dimensional site frequency spectrum (2D SFS) support that the mutation is under soft sweep . We inferred that the onset of positive selection of the mutation is shorter than 6,535 years and behind the well-developed dairy economy in central Europe. It increases the expression of LCT by reducing its binding with ZEB1, which would enhance dog’s ability to digest milk-based diets. Our study uncovers the genetic basis of convergent evolution between humans and dogs with respect to diet, emphasizing the import of the dog as a biomedical model for studying mechanisms of the digestive system.
Calling differentially methylated regions from whole genome bisulphite sequencing with DMRcate
Authors: Peters Timothy J , Buckley Michael J , Chen Yunshun , Smyth Gordon K , Goodnow Christopher C , Clark Susan J
Published: July 2021

Whole genome bisulphite sequencing (WGBS) permits the genome-wide study of single molecule methylation patterns. One of the key goals of mammalian cell-type identity studies, in both normal differentiation and disease, is to locate differential methylation patterns across the genome. We discuss the most desirable characteristics for DML (differentially methylated locus) and DMR (differentially methylated region) detection tools in a genome-wide context and choose a set of statistical methods that fully or partially satisfy these considerations to compare for benchmarking. Our data simulation strategy is both biologically informed—employing distribution parameters derived from large-scale consortium datasets—and thorough. We report DML detection ability with respect to coverage, group methylation difference, sample size, variability and covariate size, both marginally and jointly, and exhaustively with respect to parameter combination. We also benchmark these methods on FDR control and computational time. We use this result to backend and introduce an expanded version of DMRcate: an existing DMR detection tool for microarray data that we have extended to now call DMRs from WGBS data. We compare DMRcate to a set of alternative DMR callers using a similarly realistic simulation strategy. We find DMRcate and RADmeth are the best predictors of DMRs, and conclusively find DMRcate the fastest.
Decadent Theater
Authors: Eltis Sos
Published: July 2021

Decadence, an unhealthy deviation from an undefined norm, is necessarily in the eye of the beholder, and this was never more apparent than in theatrical representations of the modern woman. Through analyzing the performance history and reception of two fin-de-siècle plays centered on a rebellious woman—Ibsen’s Hedda Gabler (1891) and Sudermann’s Magda (1893)—this article examines the instability of the notion of decadence as applied to the heroines of avant-garde drama. As professionals, themselves negotiating assumptions about their sexual and moral status as public performers, the actresses who chose to perform these roles were well aware of the artistic and moral debates that surrounded them. Their performances can thus be understood as active interventions in debates about literary, cultural, and social notions of decadence and the role of women within them.
Ecology
Authors: Denisoff Dennis
Published: July 2021

The modern decadent tradition began to form around the same time that ecology emerged as a recognized scientific field. The essentialist biologism at the historical root of decadence meshed with the interest that cultural theorists and artists of the nineteenth century had in models of society as an organically coherent, self-regulating system. Turning to conceptions of decay in Charles Baudelaire’s poetry and Oscar Wilde’s novel The Picture of Dorian Gray (1890/1891), this article addresses the authors’ ecological understanding of themselves as humans and as artists, and of the place of decadent aesthetics within the biological world itself. This essay foregrounds not the scientific knowledge the authors had regarding decay, fungi, or rot, but the ontological perspective through which ecological models of engagement and influence permeate their decadent works.
Turkey
Authors: Dolcerocca Özen Nergis
Published: July 2021

This article considers late nineteenth-century Ottoman literature, concentrating specifically on the tension between the poetics of the avant-garde “New Literature” (1896–1901) and the poetics of conservative modernizers, spearheaded by the prominent Tanzimat author Ahmet Midhat. In calling for experimentation with traditional Ottoman poetic forms and a new mode of composition using an uncompromisingly elaborate style, the avant-gardists sought to capture the fin-de-siècle spirit in the Ottoman Empire, overwhelmed by the sense of decline and urgency for modernization. What unites the different decadent practices of the time is the objective to challenge the communicative language of systematic modernization by pursuing aesthetic autonomy. The conservative modernizers, politically committed to social and cultural reforms, attacked these authors for being decadent and excessively influenced by French literature, initiating what later came to be known as the “decadence controversy,” which became part of the larger historical question of modernization and westernization.
Blackness, Jazz, and Globalization
Authors: Johnson Bruce
Published: July 2021

The globalization of jazz was also the globalization of black US popular culture. This essay discloses, and provides a model for, the ambiguous dynamics of popular music migrations and the race politics that frame them. In diasporic destinations, those politics are generated by cultural histories very different from that of the United States, and which also exhibit their own synchronic and diachronic heterogeneities, thus introducing distinctive local complexities. In the context of the black-centered jazz canon, these circumstances have produced regional jazz narratives that are derived from the US model, but with often radically different inflections from place to place, and over time. Apart from documenting the perennial ubiquity of the blackness/jazz nexus, the study identifies a broad historical trajectory, in which the focus shifted from African American blackness to a pan-African model that anticipated the World Music phenomenon.
Rock Art Modification and its Ritualized and Relational Contexts
Authors: Brady Liam M. , Gunn Robert G. , Goldhahn Joakim
Published: July 2021

Australia has some of the most complex and extensive examples of modified rock art (e.g., superimposed, re-painted, re-drawn, re-pecked) in the world. Typically used to document style-based chronological sequences and address questions of meaning and intention, less well known are the relational networks within which these ritual modification practices are embedded. In this article we explore the ritual rock art modification relationship to further highlight the value of a ritual-based approach to access and enhance understanding of modified rock art. Central to this approach is the idea that modified motifs do not exist in isolation—their placement, the actions, rules, and structures linked to the modification process, along with the surrounding landscape, are all part of relational networks that extend across multiple social and cultural realms. By identifying key themes associated with this ritual practice, we explore relational qualities to further understand the ritual rock art relationship to broaden archaeological and ethnographic understanding of rock art.
Sexual Stigma: Markedness, Taboo, Containment, and Emergence
Authors: Black Steven P.
Published: July 2021

This chapter provides an overview of research on language and sexual stigma. Sexual stigma is defined as the sociolinguistic and psychological process by which a person or group’s physiological characteristics, cultural and linguistic practices, and/or identities become marked as polluted or taboo. The chapter suggests that sexual stigma tends to target those people or groups associated with practices felt to threaten ideologically normative social reproduction, which is encoded in conventions of linguistic markedness. Sexual stigma is linked to the fluid boundaries between grammatically encoded markedness and discursive indexicality as normative categories emerge in interpersonal encounters. The chapter addresses four key topics in the study of language and sexual stigma: sociolinguistic markedness; taboo and threats to ideologies of social reproduction; avoidance and indirection as strategies of linguistic containment of threats; and emergent sexualities.
Categorization and Indexicality in Language and Sexuality Research
Authors: Canakis Costas
Published: July 2021

While categorization and indexicality have been a recurring theme in language and sexuality research, and forms of talk are understood as indexically related to social practices and categories in specific contexts, the dynamic character of categorization is less often acknowledged. Although few, if any, linguists would subscribe to an Aristotelian, static view of categorization, language and sexuality research has rarely engaged with the insights provided by prototype theory into linguistic categorization. This chapter intends to show that although categories are motivated, binding, and potentially wounding, they are flexible and subject to change, as are their indexical relations. Categorization is inevitable, but the specific categories we employ are historical constructs and thereby negotiable and redefinable. It is argued that understanding categorization and indexicality as dynamic can contribute to language and sexuality research, especially to the queer linguistic critique of categories with respect to the normative discourses sustaining them.
Deuteronomy and the Pentateuch
Authors: Bautch Richard J.
Published: July 2021

This diachronic study of Deuteronomy and the Pentateuch begins in the seventh century and extends to the fourth century, or the late Persian period. It explores four distinct phases of textualization, during which existing blocks of Deuteronomic tradition were developed further and integrated with other materials. The inflection point came when Deuteronomic and Priestly texts were merged, first as a Hexateuch and shortly thereafter as a literary collection of five books with a distinctive theology as well as claims to authority. Scholars describe this final stage of textualization as the Pentateuchal Redaction, with its focus the last chapter of Deuteronomy.
The Socioeconomic World of Deuteronomy
Authors: Richter Sandra Lynn
Published: July 2021

The question of the social location(s) of the book of Deuteronomy remains critical to the academic discussion of the book. The thesis of this chapter is that the economic features embedded in the book have much to contribute to the discussion. Toward this end, this chapter surveys the archaeologically reconstructed economies of Israel in the Iron Age and the Persian period, identifying diagnostic features of each in rural and urban areas, and juxtaposes those features to the contents of Urdeuteronomium (defined as Deut 4:44–27:26). There is particular attention to issues involving currency. The objective is to further refine the Sitz im Leben from which the book emerges.
Ethnomusicology of the Creative Process
Authors: Olivier Emmanuelle
Published: July 2021

This chapter provides a critical history of ethnomusicology of the creative process, from the first works on oral-tradition societies and their “instinct of variation” to the most recent reflections on transcultural music and digital audio production. It shows that the question of creative process extends throughout the history of ethnomusicology and reflects the vitality of debate within the discipline. The chapter includes references from different ethnomusicological currents or schools of thought, both English- and French-speaking, from countries of the North as well as countries of the South. All these references are situated within the major social science research paradigms that have nourished ethnomusicology throughout its history.
Development of Dementia, Including Assessment and Interventions
Authors: Startin Carla M. , Zaman Shahid H. , Strydom André
Published: July 2021

Adults with Down syndrome show premature aging with a high risk of developing dementia, specifically Alzheimer’s disease. Dementia in people with Down syndrome develops in addition to pre-existing intellectual disability, which poses difficulties in its diagnosis. Determining baseline function and conducting regular assessments are essential to detecting cognitive and functional decline. Comorbid conditions such as epilepsy and depression may also affect dementia presentation. As there is little evidence for effective pharmacological treatment of dementia in adults with Down syndrome, the identification of novel treatment targets is vital. In addition, a better understanding of the time course of the development of dementia will aid in better detection and monitoring of individuals showing early signs of cognitive decline. Early dementia-related changes may include prominent declines in behavior, personality disturbance, and early impairments in memory. Advances in neuroimaging and biomarker detection will further assist in understanding the time course of dementia development in people with Down syndrome.
Labor XI
Authors: Salapata Gina
Published: July 2021

The Apples of the Hesperides is the most complex and fascinating Labor of Heracles. Because it is well attested in both literary and visual sources, we can follow its evolution and transformations through the centuries from a narrative to a more symbolic representation of the myth. Heracles had to fetch the golden apples from the divine garden of the Hesperides, situated beyond the limits of the known world and assimilated in popular belief with Elysion and the Isles of the Blessed. There are two main versions of how Heracles managed to obtain the apples, equally well attested in literature and art, and apparently running parallel to each other: he either picked them himself after slaying the guarding serpent; or he was helped by the sky-bearing Titan Atlas, who fetched them for him while Heracles relieved him from the burden of heavens. In other variants, known through the iconographic tradition, Heracles either deceives or is helped by the Hesperides. Even though no sources specify that the golden apples conferred immortality or youth, their divine associations and location in the paradise-like garden of the gods relate to Heracles’ attainment of immortality and the pleasures of a blessed afterlife.
The Argonauts
Authors: Hunter Richard
Published: July 2021

This chapter considers the representation of Heracles in the Argonautic narratives of Apollonius Rhodius and Theocritus, Idyll 13. Particular attention is paid to the importance to the subsequent tradition of the divine Heracles of Odyssey 11 and to how the model of Heracles became important for ruler cult and Ptolemaic ideology. The chapter considers Heracles’ relations with Hylas, both of them being lost to the Argonautic expedition on the outward voyage, and to Heracles’ difference from the other Argonauts; whereas the expedition is presented as a model of Greek solidarity and homonoia, Heracles is both a civilizer and benefactor of mankind and a difficult, solitary hero who does not easily embody communal values.
Auge and Telephus
Authors: Griffiths Emma
Published: July 2021

Heracles’ role as the father of Telephus involves significant elements for our understanding of the wider myth. The conception of Telephus is variously depicted as a “rape” or a “seduction” of Auge and starts a chain of events that portray Heracles as a caring father who rescues his abandoned child, providing a model for the Roman foundation myth. It also projects Heracles’ role in the First Trojan War into the Second. The story unfolds across several different locations in the Mediterranean, from Arcadia to king Teuthras’ kingdom in Mysia, and indicates Heracles’ role as a connecting figure for historical and cultural societies.
Tragedy
Authors: Lloyd Michael
Published: July 2021

Heracles is the central character in Sophocles’ Trachiniae and Euripides’ Heracles, and a secondary character in Euripides’ Alcestis and Sophocles’ Philoctetes. This chapter discusses these plays in detail, as well as summarizing references to Heracles in other surviving Greek tragedies and discussing what is known of his roles in lost plays. It also briefly discusses Seneca’s Hercules Furens and Hercules Oetaeus. It takes issue with Michael Silk’s argument that Heracles’ anomalous (god-man) status made him unsuitable for tragedy. The two great tragic moments in Heracles’ story were his madness and the end of his life. Euripides offers a comprehensive account of his career up to the killing of his family, while Sophocles’ focus on the sack of Oechalia and its consequences gave him the opportunity to portray another of the mighty but ambiguous heroes who feature in all his surviving plays.
Comedy
Authors: Wilkins John
Published: July 2021

Heracles appeared in Greek and Roman comedy from the early fifth to the second century BC, and beyond. Comedy drew on myths from his birth to his apotheosis, featuring the Labors, among them the journey to the Underworld. Rich comic material was drawn from Heracles as a man of violence and as a master of sacrifice, the latter leading to themes of massive meat consumption, appetite, and ultimately the comic stock figure of the hungry parasite. The comic imagination also exploited his large sexual appetite, extending his fecundity from tragic myth to human sexual encounters in later comedy. Tragic myth often lurks explicitly behind comic versions of Heracles.
Classical Art
Authors: Smith Amy C.
Published: July 2021

As Panhellenic and local hero, semidivinity or god, Heracles received reverence across Greece and served as patron divinity in many locales. The frequency and survival of his images from across the Greek and Roman worlds unsurprisingly surpasses that of all other mythic figures. After all, he appealed to all genders and strata of society, ranging from slaves to rulers, for example, Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens; the kings of Pontus; and Caracalla. While Heracles’ role in Classical art (archaic Greece through the Roman Empire) is therefore immense, this chapter surveys his appearances in three diverse spheres of activity, namely sport, politics, and the private realm, including music and sexuality.
Hercules, Caesar, and the Roman Emperors
Authors: Loar Matthew P.
Published: July 2021

This chapter schematizes the different ways that Roman emperors, their surrogates, and their detractors deployed Hercules as a way of framing, authorizing, or delegitimizing imperial rule. In looking at the evidence from Augustus to the Tetrarchs, it identifies three primary relationships that Roman emperors occupied or were seen to occupy relative to Hercules: like Augustus, they could be viewed as similar to Hercules; like Commodus, they could claim to be identical with Hercules; or, like the Tetrarchs, they could self-fashion as simply associated with Hercules. The best emperors therefore merely sought a connection with Hercules, while the worst longed to collapse the distinction between emperor and hero to become Hercules himself.
The Early Christian Heracles
Authors: Eppinger Alexandra
Published: July 2021

This chapter is a summary of the role of Hercules in late antique art and literature, with a special focus on how Christian clergy and laypersons perceived the hero. Using literary texts and archaeological finds as source material, it shows that Hercules was still ubiquitous in late antiquity, even though there was a quantitative decline of depictions of the hero in comparison with earlier periods. Both daily life and the sepulchral sphere are considered; examples of relevant archaeological finds include the mosaics from the Roman villa at Piazza Armerina, the cycle of reliefs of Hercules’ deeds from the villa of Chiragan (France), and the wall paintings in the catacomb on the Via Latina in Rome. Additionally, the late antique stage as a space where people were confronted with the Hercules myth in the form of highly popular pantomimes is addressed. The chapter concludes with a section on the treatment of Hercules in apologetic literature, with a focus on Lactantius and Tertullian; in this context, the topos of the hero’s effeminate behavior at Omphale’s court in particular is considered.
Labor VII
Authors: Ogden Daniel
Published: July 2021

The tradition of Heracles’ Cretan Bull Labor is reviewed, with attention to literary and iconographic sources, and the richest of the former supplied in quotation. After capturing the marauding fiery bull, Heracles rides it across the ocean back to Argos. As a fire-breather, the bull is aligned with others of Heracles’ Labor-animals, the Mares of Diomede and the Hydra, and also with the creatures faced by other quest-heroes, the fiery bulls of Colchis encountered by Jason, and the Lycian Chimaera encountered by Bellerophon. The tradition’s principal means of elaborating this Labor came via the bull’s identification with other great mythological bulls, namely those of Europa and Pasiphae, both variously associated with Crete, and also with the Marathonian bull captured by Theseus.
Labor IV
Authors: Ogden Daniel
Published: July 2021

The tradition of Heracles’ Erymanthian Boar Labor is reviewed, with attention to literary and iconographic sources, and the richest of the former supplied in quotation. Having cornered the Boar in a snowdrift, Heracles brings it back to Argos, either by trundling it or carrying it supine over his shoulder. When he arrives with it, Eurystheus, terrified by the creature, hides in a bronze storage jar (pithos) buried in the ground. In art, Heracles threatens to dump the animal on top of Eurystheus in his jar. The Labor serves as the insertion-point in Heracles’ cycle both for his brief Argonautic adventure and for his encounter with Pholus, his wine, and the ensuing battle with the centaurs. The Pholus episode also contains the striking motif of a storage-jar buried in the earth.