bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Knowledge Framework Underlying Process Management*
Authors: Linderman Kevin , Schroeder Roger G. , Sanders Janine
Published: November 2010

Organizations are increasingly implementing process‐improvement techniques like Six Sigma, total quality management, lean, and business process re‐engineering to improve organizational performance. These techniques are part of a process management system that includes the organizational infrastructure to support the improvement techniques. The knowledge‐based view of a firm argues that organizational knowledge is the source of competitive advantage. To the extent that the process management system enables knowledge creation it should be a source of competitive advantage. This study investigates the underlying framework and factors of a process management system that lead to organizational knowledge creation. Prior studies have considered knowledge creation in process improvement, but none have considered the role of the process management system. Specifically, the study uses the case study method to investigate multiple levels (organization level and project level) of two firms using Six Sigma as their chosen process management system. Analysis of the cases reveals that the leadership creates a supportive infrastructure enabling process‐improvement techniques to effectively create organizational knowledge. Interestingly, focusing on decision‐making tools and methods may not be effective without developing a supportive infrastructure. The proposed framework provides a basis for organizational leaders to think about how to design and implement a process management system to better enable knowledge creation in organizations.
Toward a Theory of Whistleblowing Intentions: A Benefit‐to‐Cost Differential Perspective*
Authors: Keil Mark , Tiwana Amrit , Sainsbury Robert , Sneha Sweta
Published: November 2010

In order to rescue information technology (IT) projects when they go awry, it is critical to understand the factors that affect bad news reporting. Whistleblowing theory holds promise in this regard and a number of salient factors that may influence whistleblowing intentions have been identified. However, an integrative theory that explains how they influence whistleblowing intentions has been conspicuously absent. In this research, we introduce and test a middle‐range theory of whistleblowing that can explain how and why a variety of factors may influence an individual's whistleblowing intentions. Drawing on the social information processing perspective, we propose that individuals holistically weigh the perceived “benefit‐to‐cost differential” and that this mediates the relationship between whistleblowing factors and whistleblowing intentions. Tests using data collected from 159 experienced IT project managers largely support our theoretical perspective, in which the central explanatory variable (benefit‐to‐cost differential) significantly mediates a majority of the proposed relationships. Implications of these findings for research and practice are discussed.
Maximizing Efficiency of Alternation Algorithms for Hemodynamic Optimization of the AV Delay of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Authors: WHINNETT ZACHARY I. , NOTT GEMMA , DAVIES JUSTIN E. R. , WILLSON KEITH , MANISTY CHARLOTTE H. , KANAGARATNAM PRAPA , PETERS NICHOLAS S. , DAVIES D. WYN , HUGHES ALUN D. , MAYET JAMIL , FRANCIS DARREL P.
Published: November 2010

Background:
 During optimization of the atrioventricular (AV) delay of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), it is not known exactly which windows of time around the transition are most informative for identification of the optimum.

Method and Results:
 In 22 patients with CRT, we performed AV delay optimization using continuous noninvasive hemodynamics. We used signal‐to‐noise ratio to determine the most efficient averaging window location and width.

We found that it is most efficient to position the averaging windows immediately before and immediately after the transition in AV delay. For example, skipping five beats after the transition decreases signal‐to‐noise ratio by 17.5% (P < 0.0001). Similarly, skipping five beats immediately before the transition reduces signal‐to‐noise ratio by 11.7% (P < 0.0001).

The best choice of “fixed” averaging window width was found to be six beats, with signal‐to‐noise ratio falling by, for example, 41% for a one‐beat window (P = 0.0002). However, even better was to set the window width for each patient to match one respiratory cycle.

We observed that the pre‐ and posttransition signal‐to‐noise ratio traces begin to diverge three beats after the transition in AV delay. We believe this represents the time taken for the peripheral response to pacing‐induced changes in stroke volume to occur.

Conclusions:
 The most efficient way to use alternating transitions for the hemodynamic optimization of CRT is to use an averaging window of one respiratory cycle, and not to skip any beats between the pretransition and posttransition averaging windows. (PACE 2011; 34:217–225)
Continuing Medical Education Program in Echocardiography
Authors: Fan Pohoey , Belkin Robert N. , Kupersmith Andrew C. , Khalique Omar , Aronow Wilbert S. , Chilappa Kiran , Palaniswamy Chandrasekar , Rosenblum Warren D. , Gass Alan , Ahmed Tauseef , Katta Umadevi S.
Published: November 2010

Article Title: A Novel Two‐Dimensional Echocardiographic Finding in Cardiac Amyloidosis (Echocardiography 2010;27:1170)
Water‐soluble vitamin levels in extended hours hemodialysis
Authors: COVENEY Natalie , POLKINGHORNE Kevan R. , LINEHAN Leanne , CORRADINI AnnMarie , KERR Peter G.
Published: November 2010

Patients on extended hours (>15 h/week) hemodialysis may be at a higher risk of deficiency of water‐soluble vitamins than conventional (≤15 h/week) hemodialysis patients due to their increased weekly hours of dialysis. We compared serum levels of the water‐soluble vitamins in a group of extended and conventional hours hemodialysis patients. Predialysis serum levels of vitamin C, vitamin B12, thiamine, pyridoxine, and folate were measured in 52 patients: 26 extended group and 26 conventional group. Information on patient's intake of vitamin supplements and dialysis regimen was obtained. Data were log transformed due to the skewed distribution of the results. Median vitamin C levels were significantly lower in the extended group (0.30 vs. 1.14 mg/dL, P<0.001), with 7 patients having a level <0.18 mg/dL. Thiamine levels were also lower in the extended group (median 211 vs. 438.5 nmol/L, P=0.0005). However, extended patients had higher levels of pyridoxine (23.2 vs. 11.1 ng/mL, P=0.03). Vitamin B12 and folate levels were not significantly different between the groups. There was significant variability in vitamin supplement prescription in both groups, and dietary data were not obtained. This study showed a high incidence of vitamin C deficiency in extended hours hemodialysis patients, suggesting that supplementation is warranted. It also supports an ongoing role for multivitamin supplementation in conventional hemodialysis patients.
The Continuing Incidence of Natural Decrease in American Counties
Authors: Johnson Kenneth M.
Published: November 2010

Abstract

In 2002, more American counties (985) experienced natural decrease than at any time in the nation's history. The incidence of natural decrease has diminished since then, but remains near record levels. It is most common in rural areas remote from metropolitan centers. Spatial concentrations exist in the Great Plains, Corn Belt, and East Texas, with scattered pockets in the Ozark‐Ouachita Uplands, Upper Great Lakes, and Florida. A multivariate spatial‐error regression model demonstrates that natural decrease is a consequence of the complex interaction between fertility, mortality, and migration over a protracted period and is symptomatic of fundamental changes in the demographic structure of an area. Age‐structure changes resulting from protracted, age‐specific migration are a primary cause of natural decrease. Temporal variations in fertility also have a significant impact, but counties experiencing natural decrease do not have fertility levels below the national average.
Migration of Retirement‐Age Blacks to Nonmetropolitan Areas in the 1990s
Authors: Beale Calvin L. , Fuguitt Glenn V.
Published: November 2010

Abstract

Older blacks migrated to nonmetropolitan (nonmetro) communities in the 1990s to a degree not true of the past. Some of the nonmetro counties that attracted them are well‐known retirement areas also favored by other retirees, mostly whites. Two‐thirds of black retirement counties, however, are areas in the Old South that are not attracting other retirees at a substantial rate, if at all. Although the data indicate significant rates of retirement‐age blacks migrating to 85 nonmetro counties, most migration by older blacks is to metro destinations.
“Profoundly Ungrateful”: The Paradoxes of Thatcherism in Northern Ireland
Authors: Curtis Jennifer
Published: November 2010

In the 1980s, the Thatcher governments increased funding for nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in Northern Ireland. This was partly a consequence of neoliberal policies that subcontracted public services to private bodies; as a result, NGOs became more firmly incorporated into the welfare state. However, increased entanglements of NGOs and state did not create passive state subjects. Instead, NGO activity remained rooted in local communities, animated by a common ethic of welfare as entitlement and changing nationalist and loyalist orientations to the state. When the government attempted to redirect NGO funding, cross‐community opposition emerged, despite long‐standing political polarization between nationalists and loyalists. This article describes how NGOs were driven by a local ethic and how their alliance successfully framed state subsidy as social justice. This example supports a broader argument that NGO practices are not neatly determined by a logic of global, universal neoliberalism but are profoundly shaped by local ethical regimes.
Negotiating Ambivalence: The Social Power of Muslim Community‐Based Health Organizations in America
Authors: Laird Lance D. , Cadge Wendy
Published: November 2010

This article analyzes three ways in which groups of socially and politically marginalized first‐generation Muslim immigrants used the power of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) to advance their interests in the United States. Specifically we examine the founding of nine Muslim community‐based health organizations (MCBHOs) in Chicago, Detroit, Houston, and Los Angeles. We argue that MCBHOs (1) offer a vehicle for the expression and enactment of personal piety and self‐fulfillment in ways that link traditional Islamic charitable values with American voluntarism, (2) mobilize middle‐class Muslim values in American civil society in ways that normalize the difference of being Muslim in an Islamophobic environment, and (3) enable founders to mobilize the social and cultural capital of faith‐based organizations to defensively enact American Muslim citizenship and belonging. Muslims, particularly those of immigrant origins, strategically deploy positively valued faith‐based charitable and professional group identities through these NGOs to counteract their publicly stigmatized religious group identities.
Constructing the “Needy Subject”: NGO Discourses of Roma Need
Authors: Timmer Andria D.
Published: November 2010

Due to high rates of poverty, violence, and discrimination, the Roma (or Gypsy) population in Hungary is clearly seen as a “problem population.” As such, in recent years, there has been a great proliferation of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) working with and for this subordinated minority. In their work, NGOs use specific discursive strategies that clearly maintain the Roma as problems in need of solutions. In this article, I focus specifically on the manner in which well‐meaning organizations, due to constraints from external forces, rely upon stories of discrimination and an overemphasis on poverty. In doing so, they construct the Roma as “needy subjects.” Such a construction is problematic because (1) it often deprives the aid recipient of agency, (2) it obscures in‐group differentiation and projects a homogenized identity focused on the most marginalized members of the group, and (3) it does not solve a double bind facing the agencies, whose continued funding and recognition rely upon continued reinforcement of differentiated rather than integrated status for those they try to serve. Given NGOs’ growing role in delivering services and serving as a voice for marginalized people such as the Roma, recognizing and resolving this double bind is a critical task for European NGOs – and for the funding sources that support them –if they want to be effective in achieving their stated goals.
WADA, the Promises of Law and the Landscapes of Antidoping Regulation
Authors: Henne Kathryn
Published: November 2010

The World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) spearheads the international campaign against doping in sport, working within and across nongovernmental and legal spheres. This article examines WADA's organizational structure as a hybrid entity that operates between formal law and informal regulation. It analyzes the events that led to WADA's establishment, the rhetoric in which policy makers have lobbied for more legalistic measures, and the unforeseen side effects of pursuing these aims. The rhetoric deployed characterizes events in terms of a contextually specific framing of time, space, and social orientation (kairos) designed to reach and shape a particular audience. In this case, images of imminent danger pervade an antidoping rhetoric that envisions criminal law as a necessary antidote. Ironically, the success of WADA's rhetorical reframing could well undermine its stated goals, demonstrating the double bind created for hybrid NGOs that operate between formal and informal sectors in global arenas.
The Citizen‐Soldier: Masculinity, War, and Sacrifice at an Emerging Church in Seattle, Washington
Authors: Johnson Jessica
Published: November 2010

Based on two years of research on the same‐sex marriage debate in Seattle, Washington, this article examines the cultural politics of Mars Hill Church, a prominent conservative evangelical church that is training men to become “citizen‐soldiers.” Mars Hill serves as an institutional resource and home to young pastors disenchanted with attempts to influence electoral politics; instead, these pastors are shifting their attention to affecting local cultures on a global scale. My study investigates how this movement of emerging churches is multiplying through outreach to an unlikely demographic: 18‐ to 30‐year‐old men living in urban centers. I explore how Mars Hill is seeking to reform mainstream culture and institutional Christianity by using multinational corporate models, neoliberal logics of governance, and calls to war and sacrifice – in the process also regionally, nationally, and globally expanding its church network. Specifically, this article examines how Mars Hill uses the figure of the citizen‐soldier to inspire men to volunteer for church service in accordance with notions of sacrifice and responsibility that simultaneously mobilize and refute ideologies of self. Biblical masculinity is thereby linked to the discipline and deployment of citizen‐soldiers who serve as a vanguard to oversee, cultivate, and protect Mars Hill's church planting network. Through investigations of dynamics surrounding marriage equality politics, neoliberal technologies of governance, and militarization post‐9/11, this study explores how crises of masculinity and security are articulated in tandem with culture war discourses; this permits us to analyze the effects of the same‐sex marriage debate beyond single issue identity politics.
IM/MIGRATION AND HEALTH: CONCEPTUAL, METHODOLOGICAL, AND THEORETICAL PROPOSITIONS FOR APPLIED ANTHROPOLOGY
Authors: Castañeda Heide
Published: November 2010

This article provides an overview of some of the major topical areas in the study of im/migrant health relevant for applied and practicing anthropologists. It illustrates the conceptual, methodological, and theoretical insights they have contributed to the discipline as a whole. Topics include the intersection of health care and immigration policy; access to services; charity care and free clinics; cultural competency; medical pluralism; reproductive health and citizenship; communicable disease; the acculturation concept; and “illegal” status as a form of health disparity. These issues are highlighted using both U.S. and comparative international research literature, with a special focus on unauthorized im/migrants. Finally, this article suggests an agenda for future work in the field of im/migrant health for applied and practicing anthropologists.
A LATINO ORAL HEALTH PARADOX? USING ETHNOGRAPHY TO SPECIFY THE BIOCULTURAL FACTORS BEHIND EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MODELS
Authors: Horton Sarah B. , Barker Judith C.
Published: November 2010

This article presents evidence of a “Latino oral health paradox,” in which Mexican immigrant parents in California's Central Valley report having had better oral health status as children in Mexico than their U.S.‐born children. Yet little research has explored the specific environmental, social, and cultural factors that mediate the much‐discussed “Latino health paradox,” in which foreign‐born Latinos paradoxically enjoy better health status than their children, U.S.‐born Latinos, and whites. Through ethnography, we explore the dietary and environmental factors that ameliorated immigrant parents’ oral health status in rural Mexico, while ill preparing them for the more cariogenic diets and environments their children face in the United States. We argue that studies on the “Latino health paradox” neglect a binational analysis, ignoring the different health status of Latino populations in their sending countries. We use the issue of immigrant children's high incidence of oral disease to initiate a fuller dialogue between U.S.‐based studies of the “health paradox” and non‐U.S.‐based studies of the “epidemiological transition.” We show that both models rely on a static opposition between “traditional” and “modern” health practices, and argue that a binational analysis of the processes that affect immigrant children's health can help redress the shortcomings of epidemiological generalizations.
SAVORING THE TASTE OF HOME: THE PERVASIVENESS OF LEAD POISONING FROM CERAMIC AND ITS IMPLICATIONS IN TRANSNATIONAL CARE PACKAGES
Authors: Pérez Ramona L. , Handley Margaret A. , Grieshop James
Published: November 2010

The Mexican State has known for decades that its rural ceramic producing communities have had to increase the lead content of their glaze in response to lower grade fuel supplies for their adobe kilns. This has resulted in increased Blood Lead Levels (BLLs) among their poorer populations who not only produce the ceramic but also depend on it as their primary source of cookware. Lead is a subtle crippler that produces many health maladies that mimic those resulting from poverty. The close correlation has allowed lead toxicity to be obscured and the state to defer or minimize its role in prevention and treatment. This same ceramic ware is used to produce foodstuffs that are sent to families across the globe as gifts from home and appears to be the greatest source of lead toxicity among Mexican migrant communities in California. This research reviews an interdisciplinary applied anthropology project that integrated the three communities who formed the triadic sphere of ceramic production, ceramic use, and food consumption across two nations to address the problem of lead in their lives from a local level.
FORCED MIGRATION: COMPLEXITIES IN FOOD AND HEALTH FOR REFUGEES RESETTLED IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Patil Crystal L. , McGown Molly , Nahayo Perpetue Djona , Hadley Craig
Published: November 2010

Each year the United States accepts 40,000–70,000 refugees. Refugees face many unique challenges and opportunities as they, very often, transition from nonindustrialized contexts (low‐income, low‐reliance on processed foods, high mortality rate) to industrialized settings (high‐income, high‐reliance on processed foods, low mortality rate). This article contributes to the existing literature on migration health and acculturation by underscoring how refugees’ daily life interactions and activities are at work in the social production of health inequalities in the United States. In the voice of refugee participants, we present and summarize the numerous individual and structural factors that directly or indirectly relate to refugee diet and mental and physical well‐being after resettlement.
OVERCOMING SOCIOECONOMIC STRUGGLE AND ENCOUNTERING RISK: LIVED EXPERIENCES OF SOUTH AFRICAN FEMALE MIGRANTS
Authors: Akileswaran Chitra , Lurie Mark
Published: November 2010

This article employs ethnographic methods to study the motivations and sexual behaviors of migrant women between the ages of 15 and 45 living in informal settlements near Rustenberg, South Africa. We build on the prior literature on female mobility in South Africa, which describes a history of women who, under coercion to maintain the rural homestead in order to support the formal male migrant labor system, used migration as a means to escape. Our informants were not only driven by a desire to flee their destitute rural communities, but also by a need for autonomy that would enable them to provide for their families back home. Guided by women who had made the journey before them, our informants’ arrival was marked by a realization that their economic security rested solely on their ability to establish relationships with men, who served both as long‐term lovers as well as shorter‐term transactional pursuits. This article dissects the complex nature of these relationships, which cannot simply be reduced to prostitution. The varying power dynamics are especially evidence in the case of condom use, and suggest that while women exhibit instances of empowerment, they are highly vulnerable to sexually transmitted diseases, particularly HIV.
RISK PERCEPTIONS AND KNOWLEDGE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIs) AND HIV AMONG UNDOCUMENTED NICARAGUAN MIGRANT WOMEN IN COSTA RICA
Authors: Goldade Kate , Nichter Mark A.
Published: November 2010

This article describes STI and HIV transmission knowledge and risk perception for undocumented Nicaraguan labor migrant women in semirural Costa Rica. Within all of Latin America, HIV prevalence is highest in the subregion of Central America; in rural areas it is increasing among heterosexual women. The mixed methods study included semistructured questionnaires administered in face‐to‐face interviews with 43 undocumented Nicaraguan migrant women in a three‐interview series. Questionnaire items included sociodemographic variables and general knowledge about STIs and HIV modes’ of transmission and sources of education. Risk vignettes and follow‐up questions were administered to assess culturally available prevention strategies as well as STI and HIV risk perception. As a mode of prevention, condom use is not culturally available to this population because of symbolic meanings behind requests to use them. Ethnographic results revealed that condom use is not culturally available to heterosexual women migrants in marital unions, there is a general knowledge of modes of transmission and prevention, yet communication between partners could be improved. Future interventions must address cultural concepts that shape risk perception as well as social risks perceived in the prevention of STI and HIV transmission.
A comprehensive meta‐analysis of the risk of suicide in eating disorders
Authors: Preti A. , Rocchi M. B. L. , Sisti D. , Camboni M. V. , Miotto P.
Published: November 2010

Preti A, Rocchi MBL, Sisti D, Camboni MV, Miotto P. A comprehensive meta‐analysis of the risk of suicide in eating disorders.

Objective:  Past meta‐analyses on suicide in eating disorders included few available studies.

Method:  PubMed/Medline search for papers including sample n ≥ 40 and follow‐up ≥5 years: 40 studies on anorexia nervosa (AN), 16 studies on bulimia nervosa (BN), and three studies on binge eating disorder (BED) were included.

Results:  Of 16 342 patients with AN, 245 suicides occurred over a mean follow‐up of 11.1 years (suicide rate = 0.124 per 100 person‐years). Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) was 31.0 (Poisson 95% CI = 21.0–44.0); a clear decrease in suicide risk over time was observed in recent decades. Of 1768 patients with BN, four suicides occurred over a mean follow‐up of 7.5 years (suicide rate = 0.030 per 100 person‐years): SMR was 7.5 (1.6–11.6). No suicide occurred among 246 patients with BED (mean follow‐up = 5.3 years).

Conclusion:  AN and BN share many risk factors for suicide: the factors causing lower suicide rates per person‐year in BN compared to AN should be investigated.
SENSORY STUDY OF A NEW FORMULATION OF AZELASTINE NASAL SPRAY WITH REDUCED BITTERNESS
Authors: RUTLEDGE KATHLEEN PILLSBURY , D'ANDREA CARRIE , WHEELER WILLIAM J. , SACKS HARRY J.
Published: November 2010

Two formulations of azelastine nasal spray, the original (Astelin®; Meda Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Somerset, NJ) and a reformulated nasal spray (Astepro®; Meda Pharmaceuticals, Inc.), are currently indicated for treatment of seasonal allergic rhinitis. This randomized, double‐blind study, conducted among professionally trained expert panelists in Sensory Descriptive Analysis, compared the original azelastine in a saline vehicle with the reformulated nasal spray in a sorbitol‐based vehicle, focusing on bitterness of the two formulations. A total of 12 panelists were randomized to both doses (one or two sprays/nostril twice daily) of each azelastine formulation. The primary endpoint was the direct comparison of the bitterness of reformulated azelastine to original azelastine on a 15‐point scale. At a dose of two sprays/nostril, there was a statistically significant 71% reduction in bitterness with reformulated azelastine versus original azelastine (P < 0.05). In addition, nasal discomfort was less frequent with reformulated azelastine versus original azelastine.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The development of a new azelastine nasal spray formulation with less bitterness began with studies that used an electronic sensing device (Alpha M.O.S. America, Hillsborough, NJ) to evaluate the degree of bitterness of several investigational formulations. These studies tested a number of different combinations of vehicles and taste‐masking agents to produce a formulation with the stability and isotonicity of the original azelastine formulation, with a reduction in bitter taste. The electronic sensing device identified candidate formulations for testing in humans. The formulations with the potential for improved tolerability were administered orally and then intranasally. Historically, the pharmaceutical industry has relied on taste analysis via in vitro methods, such as the electronic sensor, as well as human taste panels to evaluate liquid samples. Based on our current study, these methodologies appear appropriate for intranasal preparations as well.
EFFECT OF MICROWAVE HEATING ON THE VISCOELASTIC PROPERTY AND MICROSTRUCTURE OF SOY PROTEIN ISOLATE GEL
Authors: LIU HSIAO‐HUI , KUO MENG‐I
Published: November 2010

The effect of microwave heating on the viscoelastic property and microstructure of soy protein isolate (SPI) gel was investigated by using a dynamic rheometer and a scanning electron microscope. SPI suspension was either heated in a boiling water bath for 10 min or microwaved for different lengths of time, and then was coagulated by adding glucono‐δ‐lactone (GDL) or calcium sulfate to form an SPI gel. The gelation mechanism of SPI suspension was affected by heating method and coagulant type. GDL was more appropriate for SPI gel formation when the microwave heating was used for protein denaturation. It was clearly observed that applying a moderate microwave heating time on SPI suspension could produce a gel with distinct viscoelastic properties and microstructure.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Soy protein isolate (SPI) is widely utilized as an ingredient in many food systems. The heating condition and the coagulant type affect the gelation of SPI, leading to a wide range of gel texture. Microwave heating is an efficient and energy‐saving thermal processing. It can preserve more nutrients in the product and is widely accepted by the food industry. The viscoelastic property and microstructure are important parameters for evaluation of the gel texture. To the best of our knowledge, the application of microwave heating on soy processing has not been studied before. Findings in this research can be used for further applications of microwave heating on tofu processing.
TEXTURAL CHANGES OF GREEN GRAM (PHASEOLUS AUREUS) AND HORSE GRAM (DOLICHOS BIFLORUS) AS AFFECTED BY SOAKING AND COOKING
Authors: SASIKALA V.B. , RAVI R. , NARASIMHA H.V.
Published: November 2010

The soaking and cooking effects on the texture of whole as well as dehulled split green gram and horse gram were studied using universal texture machine and scanning electron microscopy. The hardness values of raw whole legumes of green gram (67.5–69.9 N) and horse gram (186.5–245 N) decreased to 45.3–57.4 N and 137.8–207.8 N, respectively, after 1 h soaking. At respective cooking times (CTs), the force required to 50% compression was 1.4–3.5 and 8.1–11.7 N for the whole legumes, and 3.8–5.3 and 13.1–13.8 N fordhal(dehulled split cotyledon). Bothdhalsshowed higher hardness values in raw form compared with whole legumes. Materials leached out from the whole grains of green gram and horse gram accounted for 19.09–21.53% and 18.98–21.15%, whereas for dehulled split cotyledons they were 20.59–26.34% and 17.85–20.33%, at their respective CTs. Texture values for legumes under various experimental conditions were modeled using central composite rotatable design coupled with response surface methodology.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The cooking quality of legumes which is dependent upon textural softness is very important in terms of consumer acceptance. This information on the effect of soaking and cooking on the texture of the two legume cultivars studied using universal texture machine will be useful in understanding the basic differences in genotypes and inherent properties. The models presented here will be of help to demonstrate the relation of force–deformation curves and textural changes of grains during various processing steps. This study on legume structural changes will also lead to good knowledge base, which could be utilized by food industries to aim at new and innovative products.
EFFECTS OF PHOSPHATES ON THE PASTING PROPERTIES OF RICE FLOUR FROM WAXY AND NON‐WAXY VARIETIES
Authors: WU W.S. , CHANG Y.H. , SUN PAN B. , HUANG T.C.
Published: November 2010

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of phosphates on the pasting properties of rice flour. Taisen 2 and Taisen waxy 2 (TSW2) were selected as rice material. Different phosphates including sodium phosphate dibasic, sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium trimetaphosphate were added to the rice flour at 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5% (w/w, dry basis) levels and cooked in Rapid Visco Analyser at 95C for 12.5 min. Results showed that the addition of the phosphates significantly (P < 0.05) changed pasting properties that relate to the native rice flour. Addition of phosphates significantly (P < 0.05) decreased overall viscosities (except for breakdown) of the non‐waxy rice flour compared with those of the control. Hardness and adhesiveness of the non‐waxy rice flour gel was also significantly (P < 0.05) reduced with addition of the phosphates. For waxy rice flour, TSW2 showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in overall viscosity parameters compared with the control due to addition of phosphates. The texture of waxy and non‐waxy rice flour gel was different with the addition of phosphates.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Rice flour is widely used in the rice food industry. Phosphates are widely used in traditional rice products, i.e., rice noodle, rice vermicelli and bamboo‐leaves‐wrapped alkaline waxy rice dumpling (alkaline tsong‐tsu) to improve pasting properties and texture of these products. The use of phosphates in tsong‐tsu has replaced the illegal uses of borax for the improvement of pasting properties and texture of the product. Rice flour is usually used along with other ingredients such as salts, sugar, lipids, emulsifiers and phosphates. The presence of phosphates may cause interactions with other food ingredients and influence the rice flour pasting properties and rice product texture differently. Because very little information on this area is available, the effects of phosphates on the pasting behaviors and texture of rice flour need to be examined. Such investigations are of importance to rice food industries and especially to the rice consuming peoples.
TEXTURAL CHANGES IN FRESH EGG NOODLES FORMULATED WITH SEAWEED POWDER AND FULL OR PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CUTTLEFISH PASTE
Authors: CHANG HUNG‐CHIA , CHEN HUA‐HAN , HU HUNG‐HSI
Published: November 2010

The changes in quality of fresh noodles prepared with seaweed (SW) and cuttlefish paste (CP) were studied. SW was incorporated in proportions of 0, 3 and 6% in noodles, and liquid eggs were substituted by CP in 0, one‐third, two‐third and full replacement. Higher cooking yields were found in noodles made with 6% SW, because of water absorption during cooking by the fibers and polysaccharides in the SW. The additional SW produced samples with less tensile strength, but the higher CP replacement showed the firmer noodles. Noodles with the highest level of additional SW and replacing CP showed the lowest extensibility. Results from Pearson's correlation analysis indicated that textural parameters were influenced not only by CP replacement and additional SW, but also by cooking properties. Higher water absorption by the SW led to softer and spongier textural intensities in the noodles.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Texture is the most important property for consumer acceptance in cooked noodles. It is seldom explored the alteration of textural characteristics of foods that use marine polysaccharides and/or proteins as ingredients in food systems. This study evaluated the potential application of marine resources in noodle manufacture. The results suggested that seaweed and cuttlefish paste significantly affected qualities of the Chinese fresh noodles. Correlation analysis revealed that the textural properties influenced with the cooking yields in noodles. The study presented here may encourage that explore more under developed marine resources applying in noodles or other food categories.
Substance Abuse is a Disease of the Human Brain: Focus on Alcohol
Authors: Anton Raymond
Published: November 2010

It is useful in an article of this kind to inform the reader of the author’s background, biases, and rationale for the format and content. As a clinically trained psychiatrist and addiction specialist/researcher, my training and experience have led me to best understand the “clinical side” of alcoholism and substance abuse. A large part of my career has been devoted to treating individuals with alcohol use disorders, especially in the context of clinical trials devoted to finding new medications to reduce craving, drinking, and preventing relapse. I also teach professionals about the diagnosis and treatment of alcohol and other substance abuse disorders. While my focus has been mainly on alcohol use disorders, much of what is known about the neuroscience of addiction is applicable to many, if not all, substances of abuse. I have seen the ravages of these diseases, including death, but I more commonly see the milder forms of these diseases that make people’s lives just plain miserable and/or less enjoyable or productive than they would have been without their addiction.
Physicians Must Honor Refusal of Treatment to Restore Competency by Non-Dangerous Inmates on Death Row
Authors: Zonana Howard
Published: November 2010

The vignette described in the introduction of this symposium raises a number of ethical and legal problems for physicians who work for correctional institutions and death row inmates. They are not confined to correctional physicians, however, as states have requested aid from practicing physicians in the community, and even from other states, when conflicts have arisen in the treatment of death row inmates as they near the date of execution. As outlined, the case involves a 48-year-old man with a long history of schizophrenia, initially diagnosed at age 19. Compliant with medication, he remained generally free from positive symptoms-delusions and hallucinations. Nonetheless, he committed two murders during a robbery and was sentenced to death. Since his incarceration, the defendant has consistently refused psychotropic medications and has been forcibly medicated on several occasions when he exhibited violent outbursts and was overtly psychotic.
Non-Consensual Treatment is (Nearly Always) Morally Impermissible
Authors: Cherry Mark J.
Published: November 2010

The goal of my comments regarding the case study of Eve Hyde — presented in the introduction of this symposium — is not first and foremost to resolve the conflict between individual autonomy and medical paternalism regarding non-consensual psychiatric treatment. Instead, the goal is to step back far enough from what is generally accepted as the morally appropriate basis for non-consensual psychiatric treatment, including involuntary hospitalization and medication, and to ask very basic questions about when patients may permissibly be treated without their consent. My goal, in short, is Socratic — to explore aspects of what we take for granted in order better to determine whether we ought to take them for granted. Commentators routinely urge that it is morally permissible forcibly to treat psychiatric patients, such as Eve Hyde, in order to preserve the patient’s best interests and restore the patient’s autonomy. Such arguments typically specify duties of beneficence toward others, while appreciating personal autonomy as a positive value to be weighed against other factors.
Coercing Future Freedom: Consent and Capacities for Autonomous Choice
Authors: Epright M. Carmela
Published: November 2010

In this paper I examine some of the significant moral concerns inherent in cases of treatment refusal involving patients with psychotic disorders. In particular, I explore the relevance of the principle of autonomy in such situations. After exploring the concept of autonomy and explaining its current and historical significance in a health care setting, I argue that because autonomous choice depends for its existence upon certain human functions such as the ability to reason, judge, and assess consequences, patients cannot be said to be making free and autonomous decisions if these capacities are compromised. I contend further that because psychotic disorders have the potential to compromise these functions in the future, it is appropriate, in some limited cases, to coerce patients with psychotic disorders to undergo treatment in order to preserve their future decisionmaking capacities and to protect their ability to recognize and respect the autonomy of others.
Insuring Against Infertility: Expanding State Infertility Mandates to Include Fertility Preservation Technology for Cancer Patients
Authors: Basco Daniel , Campo-Engelstein Lisa , Rodriguez Sarah
Published: November 2010

Melanie was 29-years-old, married, and hoping to start a family when she discovered a lump in her pelvis. She was diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. But one of her biggest fears upon learning of her diagnosis was the possibility of loosing her ability to have children. When Melanie asked her oncologist and radiation oncologist about the risk cancer treatment posed to her fertility, they told her it was small, as only one ovary would be destroyed during the radiation. Deciding to ask for another opinion, she sought out a reproductive endocrinologist, who told her, contrary to what her oncologists had said, that women like her typically did have problems conceiving after radiation treatment on their pelvis. One of the hardest parts of dealing with her dual diagnosis, Melanie later recalled, was the unknown: “I didn't know if my treatment would definitely render me infertile.”
The Inalienable Right to Withdraw from Research
Authors: McConnell Terrance
Published: November 2010

Consent forms given to potential subjects in research protocols typically contain a sentence like this: “You have a right to withdraw from this study at any time without penalty.” If you have ever served on an institutional review board (IRB) or a research ethics committee, you have no doubt read such a sentence often. Moreover, codes of ethics governing medical research endorse such a right. For example, paragraph 24 of the Declaration of Helsinki says, “The subject should be informed of the right… to withdraw consent to participate at any time without reprisal.” Similarly, section C of the Belmont Report says that subjects must be informed that they have the right “to withdraw at any time from the research.” And in section 46.116 of the Common Rule (issued by the United States Department of Health and Human Services), it says that one of the elements of informed consentmustinclude a statement that “the subject may discontinue participation at any time without penalty or loss of benefit to which the subject is otherwise entitled.”
Teaching Health Law
Authors: Kapp Marshall B.
Published: November 2010

Thirty years ago when I, an attorney, took a tenure-track faculty position at an innovative, newly opened medical school, I was an oddity — truly, a stranger in a strange land. Today it is not uncommon for American medical schools to employ an attorney as a tenured or tenure-track member of its faculty. Over these last three decades, the educational roles and responsibilities of health law faculty who teach in law schools have become increasingly well defined, with numerous health law courses and textbooks now generally accepted as part of the typical law school curriculum. However, the roles and responsibilities of attorney faculty members who teach in medical schools remain less clearly defined and likely are more individualized to the particular medical schools in which they teach. This essay explores some of the challenges and the opportunities which are given to attorney faculty members who teach in medical schools.
Probiotics: From Bench to Market
Authors: Klein Marguerite , Sanders Mary Ellen , Duong Tri , Young Howard A.
Published: November 2010

“Probiotics: From Bench to Market” was a one‐day conference convened by the New York Academy of Sciences on June 11, 2010, with the goal of stimulating discussion of the physiological effects of probiotics on the gastrointestinal, nervous, and immune systems. The program included speakers from academia, industry, and government to give conference participants a full understanding of the state of the field of probiotics. The overall goal of the program was to increase communication and collaboration among these groups to advance probiotic research and probiotic contributions to public health. The conference was divided into three sessions and included both oral and visual presentations as well as panel discussions.
The Champagne of Cadiovascular Risk Reduction
Authors: Kuritzky Louis , Michaudet Charlie
Published: November 2010

Observations of a French Primary Care Physician Doing Further Training in America and an American Primary Care Physician in a Training Institution
Wirtschaftliche Sicherheitsvorkehrungen im Kontext der alternden Bevölkerung in Indien
Authors: Bloom David E. , Mahal Ajay , Rosenberg Larry , Sevilla Jaypee
Published: November 2010

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Die rasche Alterung von Indiens Bevölkerung in Verbindung mit der Abwanderung aus ländlichen Gebieten und der anhaltenden Konzentration der Erwerbsbevölkerung im informellen Sektor hat die Notwendigkeit besserer Vorkehrungen zur wirtschaftlichen Absicherung älterer Menschen unterstrichen. Traditionelle Familienbindungen, die bisher wesentlich waren für die Gewährleistung eines Minimums an Sicherheit, beginnen sich aufzulösen, und die höhere Lebenserwartung verteuert die Betreuung der Alten. Daher sind ältere Menschen einem höheren Risiko der Armut oder Verarmung ausgesetzt. Parallel zu ihren Bemühungen in diesem Bereich haben die Regierung von Indien und einige indische Bundesstaaten eine Reihe von Programmen gestartet, die der großen Mehrheit der Inder, die sonst keinen ausreichenden Zugang hätten, einen gewissen Zutritt zur Gesundheitsversorgung oder Krankenversicherung gewährleisten sollen. Arbeitnehmer im formellen Sektor haben mehr soziale Sicherheit als Personen im informellen Sektor, aber sie machen nur einen kleinen Anteil der Gesamtarbeitnehmerschaft aus. Frauen sind wirtschaftlich ganz besonders starker Unsicherheit ausgesetzt. Indiens Erfahrung bietet Interessantes für andere Länder. Obwohl es im Bereich der sozialen Sicherheit Raum für Privatinitiativen gibt, ist klar, dass die meisten dieser Bemühungen über Steuern finanziert werden müssen. Die Rolle, die private Anbieter spielen können, ist erheblich, selbst wenn ein Großteil der Finanzierung aus staatlichen Quellen kommt; die damit einhergehenden Herausforderungen werden gar noch steigen, da mehr Personen Leistungen in Anspruch nehmen wollen. Indien hat auch gezeigt, dass die Umsetzung gut mit Mitteln von der Zentralregierung auf einzelstaatlicher Ebene erfolgen kann; mit einer Reihe von Vor‐ und Nachteilen, die eine solche Dezentralisierung mit sich bringt. Schließlich kann Indiens Erfahrung, was die Umsetzung angeht, Orientierung in Fragen wie Erfassung der Zielgruppen, Einsatz von Informationstechnologie in Systemen der sozialen Sicherheit und Verwaltung von Humanressourcen bieten.
Eine alternde Erwerbsbevölkerung und strategisches Personalmanagement: Personalprobleme für die Behörden der sozialen Sicherheit
Authors: McKinnon Roddy
Published: November 2010

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In den Ländern mit hohem Einkommen wurde die Beschäftigung im öffentlichen Dienst während der 1970er‐Jahre und noch zu Beginn der 1980er‐Jahre rasch ausgeweitet. In dieser Phase war der Sozialschutzsektor einer der Bereiche mit dem größten Personalzuwachs. Viele der in diesen Jahren eingestellten Beschäftigten im öffentlichen Dienst sind bereits in den Ruhestand getreten oder werden dies bald tun. Infolgedessen werden die Behörden der sozialen Sicherheit im gesamten OECD‐Gebiet in einem relativ kurzen Zeitraum beträchtliche Anteile ihres gegenwärtigen Personals aller Besoldungsstufen verlieren. Trotz Appellen zu einer stärkeren Nutzung der strategischen Personalplanung und eines wachsenden Bewusstseins für die problematischen Folgen der Personalalterung im öffentlichen Dienst haben die Organisationen im öffentlichen Dienst, einschließlich der Behörden der sozialen Sicherheit, bislang nur langsam reagiert. Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit den Personalmanagementproblemen der Behörden der sozialen Sicherheit infolge der Alterung der Beschäftigten im öffentlichen Sektor, skizziert im Raum stehende politische Antworten und benennt die Hindernisse, die ihrer erfolgreichen systematischen Umsetzung im Weg stehen.
Die Fähigkeit von Institutionen der sozialen Sicherheit und Gesundheitsinstitutionen zur Anpassung an eine alternde Welt
Authors: Harper Sarah
Published: November 2010

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In vielen Ländern Europas, Nordamerikas und darüber hinaus ist die Bevölkerung seit einer Reihe von Jahrzehnten gealtert. Erst seit relativ kurzer Zeit jedoch werden die Schnelligkeit, das Ausmaß und die globale Reichweite dieser Alterung anerkannt und die weitreichenden Konsequenzen untersucht. Die Bevölkerungsalterung bedeutet eine große grundsatzpolitische Herausforderung für die Systeme der sozialen Sicherheit und die Gesundheitssysteme weltweit. Die verschiedenen Regierungen widmen sich diesem Problem vor dem Hintergrund sehr unterschiedlicher demografischer Profile, Wohlfahrtssysteme und institutioneller Strukturen sowie kultureller Systeme. Der zukünftige Erfolg von Gesellschaften bei ihren Bemühungen, solchen demografischen Veränderungen Rechnung zu tragen, wird zu einem großen Teil von der Fähigkeit der Institutionen der sozialen Sicherheit und der Gesundheitsinstitutionen abhängen, sich an eine zunehmend alternde Welt anzupassen.