bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LUCK: EVOLUTIONARY AND EPISTEMIC
Authors: Dunaway Billy
Published: June 2016

This paper advances two theses about evolutionary debunking arguments in ethics. The first is that, while such arguments are often motivated with the rhetoric of ‘luck', proponents of these arguments have not distinguished between the kinds of luck that might lead to the formation of a true belief. Once we make the needed distinctions, the relevance of the kind of luck which can be derived from broadly evolutionary explanations to the epistemological conclusions debunkers draw is suspect. The second thesis is that debunkers might successfully show that epistemic luck is relevant to their concerns. But they will need to include specific premises about the kind of evolutionary mechanism that explains the beliefs that the debunker targets. Proponents of debunking arguments, if they continue to insist on using luck-based considerations, are then hostage to empirical fortune in a way not previously recognized.
Generation of spectrally stable 6.5-fs visible pulses via filamentation in krypton
Authors: Kaneshima Keisuke , Takeuchi Kengo , Ishii Nobuhisa , Itatani Jiro
Published: June 2016

We produced

$5\text{-}{\rm\mu}\text{J}$

, 6.5-fs visible pulses at a repetition rate of 1 kHz using filamentation in a gas cell filled with krypton followed by spectral selection and phase compensation by a combination of dielectric mirrors. The visible pulses have a smooth spectrum from 520 to 650 nm with a shot-to-shot stability in each spectral component of better than 2% (standard deviation). This pulse compression scheme is simple and robust, and can be easily integrated into intense ultrashort-pulse laser systems.
Plasma-mirror frequency-resolved optical gating for simultaneous retrieval of a chirped vacuum-ultraviolet waveform and time-dependent reflectivity
Authors: Itakura Ryuji , Kumada Takayuki , Nakano Motoyoshi , Akagi Hiroshi
Published: June 2016

We demonstrate that the methodology of frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG) is applicable to time-resolved reflection spectroscopy of a plasma mirror in the vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) region. Our recent study [R. Itakuraet al. Opt. Express23, 10914 (2015)] has shown that a VUV waveform can be retrieved from a VUV reflection spectrogram of a plasma mirror formed on a fused silica (FS) surface by irradiation with an intense femtosecond laser pulse. Simultaneously, the increase in the reflectivity with respect to the Fresnel reflection of the unexcited FS surface can be obtained as a time-dependent reflectivity of the plasma mirror. In this study, we update the FROG analysis procedure using the least-square generalized projections algorithm. This procedure can reach convergence much faster than the previous one and has no aliasing problem. It is demonstrated that a significantly chirped VUV pulse as long as 1 ps can be precisely characterized.
On the effects of vertical offset and core structure in streamwise-oriented vortex–wing interactions
Authors: Barnes C. J. , Visbal M. R. , Huang P. G.
Published: June 2016

This article explores the three-dimensional flow structure of a streamwise-oriented vortex incident on a finite aspect-ratio wing. The vertical positioning of the incident vortex relative to the wing is shown to have a significant impact on the unsteady flow structure. A direct impingement of the streamwise vortex produces a spiralling instability in the vortex just upstream of the leading edge, reminiscent of the helical instability modes of a Batchelor vortex. A small negative vertical offset develops a more pronounced instability while a positive vertical offset removes the instability altogether. These differences in vertical position are a consequence of the upstream influence of pressure gradients provided by the wing. Direct impingement or a negative vertical offset subject the vortex to an adverse pressure gradient that leads to a reduced axial velocity and diminished swirl conducive to hydrodynamic instability. Conversely, a positive vertical offset removes instability by placing the streamwise vortex in line with a favourable pressure gradient, thereby enhancing swirl and inhibiting the growth of unstable modes. In every case, the helical instability only occurs when the properties of the incident vortex fall within the instability threshold predicted by linear stability theory. The influence of pressure gradients associated with separation and stall downstream also have the potential to introduce suction-side instabilities for a positive vertical offset. The influence of the wing is more severe for larger vortices and diminishes with vortex size due to weaker interaction and increased viscous stability. Helical instability is not the only possible outcome in a direct impingement. Jet-like vortices and a higher swirl ratio in wake-like vortices can retain stability upon impact, resulting in the laminar vortex splitting over either side of the wing.
Convective plumes in rotating systems
Authors: Deremble Bruno
Published: June 2016

Convective plumes emanating from fixed buoyant sources such as volcanoes, hot springs and oil spills are common in the atmosphere and the ocean. Most of what we know about their dynamics comes from scaling laws, laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. A plume grows laterally during its ascent mainly due to the process of turbulent entrainment of fluid from the environment into the plume. In an unstratified system, nothing hampers the vertical motion of the plume. By contrast, in a stratified system, as the plume rises, it reaches and overshoots the neutral buoyancy height – due to the non-zero momentum at that height. This rising fluid is then dense relative to the environment and slows down, ceases to rise and falls back to the height of the intrusion. For buoyant plumes occurring in the ocean or atmosphere, the rotation of the Earth adds an additional constraint via the conservation of angular momentum. In fact, the effect of rotation is still not well understood, and we addressed this issue in the study reported here. We looked for the steady states of an axisymmetric model in both the rotating and non-rotating cases. At the non-rotating limit, we isolated two regimes of convection depending on the buoyancy flux/momentum flux ratio at the base of the plume, in agreement with scaling laws. However, the inclusion of rotation in the model strongly affects these classical convection patterns: the lateral extension of the plume is confined at the intrusion level by the establishment of a geostrophic balance, and non-trivial swirl speed develops in and around the plume.
Effect of confinement in wall-bounded non-colloidal suspensions
Authors: Gallier Stany , Lemaire Elisabeth , Lobry Laurent , Peters Francois
Published: June 2016

This paper presents three-dimensional numerical simulations of non-colloidal dense suspensions in a wall-bounded shear flow at zero Reynolds number. Simulations rely on a fictitious domain method with a detailed modelling of particle–particle and wall–particle lubrication forces, as well as contact forces including particle roughness and friction. This study emphasizes the effect of walls on the structure, velocity and rheology of a moderately confined suspension (channel gap to particle radius ratio of 20) for a volume fraction range $0.1\leqslant {\it\phi}\leqslant 0.5$. The wall region shows particle layers with a hexagonal structure. The size of this layered zone depends on volume fraction and is only weakly affected by friction. This structure implies a wall slip which is in good accordance with empirical models. Simulations show that this wall slip can be mitigated by reducing particle roughness. For ${\it\phi}\lessapprox 0.4$, wall-induced layering has a moderate impact on the viscosity and second normal stress difference $N_{2}$. Conversely, it significantly alters the first normal stress difference $N_{1}$ and can result in positive $N_{1}$, in better agreement with some experiments. Friction enhances this effect, which is shown to be due to a substantial decrease in the contact normal stress $|{\it\Sigma}_{xx}^{c}|$ (where $x$ is the velocity direction) because of particle layering in the wall region.
Three-dimensional organisation of primary and secondary crossflow instability
Authors: Serpieri Jacopo , Kotsonis Marios
Published: June 2016

An experimental investigation of primary and secondary crossflow instability developing in the boundary layer of a $45^{\circ }$ swept wing at a chord Reynolds number of $2.17\times 10^{6}$ is presented. Linear stability theory is applied for preliminary estimation of the flow stability while surface flow visualisation using fluorescent oil is employed to inspect the topological features of the transition region. Hot-wire anemometry is extensively used for the investigation of the developing boundary layer and identification of the statistical and spectral characteristics of the instability modes. Primary stationary, as well as unsteady type-I (z-mode), type-II (y-mode) and type-III modes are detected and quantified. Finally, three-component, three-dimensional measurements of the transitional boundary layer are performed using tomographic particle image velocimetry. This research presents the first application of an optical experimental technique for this type of flow. Among the optical techniques, tomographic velocimetry represents, to date, the most advanced approach allowing the investigation of spatially correlated flow structures in three-dimensional fields. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis of the captured flow fields is applied to this goal. The first POD mode features a newly reported structure related to low-frequency oscillatory motion of the stationary vortices along the spanwise direction. The cause of this phenomenon is only conjectured. Its effect on transition is considered negligible but, given the related high energy level, it needs to be accounted for in experimental investigations. Secondary instability mechanisms are captured as well. The type-III mode corresponds to low-frequency primary travelling crossflow waves interacting with the stationary ones. It appears in the inner upwelling region of the stationary crossflow vortices and is characterised by elongated structures approximately aligned with the axis of the stationary waves. The type-I secondary instability consists instead of significantly inclined structures located at the outer upwelling region of the stationary vortices. The much narrower wavelength and higher advection velocity of these structures correlate with the higher-frequency content of this mode. The results of the investigation of both primary and secondary instability from the exploited techniques agree with and complement each other and are in line with existing literature. Finally, they present the first experimental observation of the secondary instability structures under natural flow conditions.
Linear instability analysis of low- incompressible flow over a long rectangular finite-span open cavity
Authors: Liu Qiong , Gómez Francisco , Theofilis Vassilios
Published: June 2016

TriGlobal linear instability analysis and direct numerical simulations have been performed to unravel the mechanisms ultimately responsible for transition of steady laminar flow over a long rectangular finite-span open cavity with dimensions $L$ : $D$ : $W$$=$ 6 : 1 : 2 to unsteadiness. The steady laminar three-dimensional flow loses stability at $\mathit{Re}_{D,cr}\approx 1080$ as a consequence of linear amplification of a travelling eigenmode that is qualitatively analogous to the shear-layer mode known from analyses of flow in spanwise-periodic cavities, but has a three-dimensional structure which is strongly influenced by the cavity lateral walls. Differences in the eigenspectrum of the present and the spanwise homogeneous flow configuration are documented. Topological changes exerted on the steady laminar flow by linear amplification of the unstable shear-layer mode are reminiscent of observations in experiments at an order of magnitude higher Reynolds number.
Turbulent Taylor–Couette flow with stationary inner cylinder
Authors: Ostilla-Mónico R. , Verzicco R. , Lohse D.
Published: June 2016

A series of direct numerical simulations were performed of Taylor–Couette (TC) flow, the flow between two coaxial cylinders, with the outer cylinder rotating and the inner one fixed. Three cases were considered, where the Reynolds number of the outer cylinder was $Re_{o}=5.5\times 10^{4}$, $Re_{o}=1.1\times 10^{5}$ and $Re_{o}=2.2\times 10^{5}$. The ratio of radii ${\it\eta}=r_{i}/r_{o}$ was fixed to ${\it\eta}=0.909$ to mitigate the effects of curvature. Axially periodic boundary conditions were used, with the aspect ratio of vertical periodicity ${\it\Gamma}$ fixed to ${\it\Gamma}=2.09$. Being linearly stable, TC flow with outer cylinder rotation is known to have very different behaviour than TC flow with pure inner cylinder rotation. Here, we find that the flow nonetheless becomes turbulent, but the torque required to drive the cylinders and level of velocity fluctuations was found to be smaller than those for pure inner cylinder rotation at comparable Reynolds numbers. The mean angular momentum profiles showed a large gradient in the bulk, instead of the constant angular momentum profiles of pure inner cylinder rotation. The near-wall mean and fluctuation velocity profiles were found to coincide only very close to the wall, showing large deviations from both pure inner cylinder rotation profiles and the classic von Karman law of the wall elsewhere. Finally, transport of angular velocity was found to occur mainly through intermittent bursts, and not through wall-attached large-scale structures as is the case for pure inner cylinder rotation.
Is Only Fair Lovely in Indian Politics? Consequences of Skin Color in a Survey Experiment in Delhi
Authors: Ahuja Amit , Ostermann Susan L. , Mehta Aashish
Published: June 2016

Adoration for fair skin color and bias against dark skin color are strong in Indian society. The theory of colorism suggests that, irrespective of a voter’s own phenotype, voters prefer lighter- to darker-skinned candidates. And yet, a substantial number of dark-skinned politicians get elected into office in India. In the first systematic study of voter preferences for candidate skin color in India, we conducted a survey experiment in which respondents were randomly administered one of three treatments based upon candidate skin tone: fair, wheatish (medium-brown), and dark. We find only weak evidence for colorism in the sample as a whole—the fair candidate is supported more than the dark and wheatish candidates, but at only marginal significance levels. This is because color preferences are heterogeneous amongst respondent groups. Dalits and the poor, groups that are darker relative to other groups and have been politically mobilized, exhibit much stronger support for dark candidates than other groups, consistent with a desire for descriptive representation. Amongst those who do not belong to these two groups, including dark respondents, the fair candidate finds more support than the dark candidate. This shows that even in the absence of skin color-based electoral appeals, skin color can emerge as an implicit marker of politically mobilized identities, and that this mobilization can undercut colorism.
Forbearance
Authors: HOLLAND ALISHA C.
Published: June 2016

Particularly in developing countries, there is a gap between written law and behavior. Comparative research emphasizes that laws go unenforced due to resource constraints or inadequate control of the bureaucracy. I instead introduce the concept offorbearance, or the intentional and revocable nonenforcement of law, and argue that politicians often withhold sanctions to maximize votes as well as rents. Drawing on tools from price theory and distributive politics, I present several methods to separate situations when politicians are unable versus unwilling to enforce the law. I demonstrate the identification strategies with original data on the enforcement of laws against street vending and squatting in urban Latin America. In contexts of inadequate social policy, politicians use forbearance to mobilize voters and signal their distributive commitments. These illustrations thus suggest the rich, and largely neglected, distributive politics behind apparent institutional weakness.
Travancore's magnetic crusade: geomagnetism and the geography of scientific production in a princely state
Authors: RATCLIFF JESSICA
Published: June 2016

In 1840 the raja of Travancore, Swathi Thirunal, would offer his government's assistance to the British Association for the Advancement of Science and its plan for a global system of magnetic observations. Over the next thirty years, the two directors of this princely state's observatory, John Caldecott and John Allan Broun, would pursue fundamental terrestrial magnetic research. Their efforts would culminate in the Trivandrum [Trevandrum] Magnetical Observations (1874). In what follows, the history of this publication is used to shed light on how and why a semi-autonomous princely state such as Travancore would engage the scientific community in Europe at this time. The article focuses in particular on the work of turning observation data into a published report and on how that labour would be distributed between the Indian subcontinent and Europe. Because the production of such reports required dozens of hands and decades of labour, its history can reveal much about the concrete working relationship between informal colony and imperial metropole within the British Empire. The Trivandrum Magnetic Observations were produced within a global economy of science in which Travancore sometimes had the upper hand. At the same time, data and scientific productions tended to accumulate in Europe (at least for a time), where ultimately the consumers of scientific products and the arbiters of ‘scientific value’ also largely remained. Within the sprawling economic, political and cultural infrastructures that linked geomagnetic research in Travancore and Europe, the relative strengths and weaknesses of each region would cut in different directions. The history of the production of the Trivandrum Observations brings to light this robustly interconnected geography of scientific production within the British Empire. It also reveals some of the processes by which ‘centres’ and ‘peripheries’ in the sciences were then becoming differentiated.
INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AND UNINTENDED PREGNANCY AMONG ADOLESCENT AND YOUNG ADULT MARRIED WOMEN IN SOUTH ASIA
Authors: Anand Enu , Unisa Sayeed , Singh Jayakant
Published: June 2016

This study examined the relationship between Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) and unintended pregnancy among young women in South Asia using Demographic and Health Survey data from India (2005–2006), Bangladesh (2007) and Nepal (2011). The respondents were adolescent and young adult married women aged 15–24 years who had at least one childbirth in the five years preceding the survey. Bivariate and stepwise multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the relationship between IPV and unintended pregnancy. Thirty-eight per cent of the respondents in India, 52% in Bangladesh and 28% in Nepal reported having experienced physical or sexual IPV. Those who reported physical or sexual IPV had higher odds of unintended pregnancy (1.36 in India and 1.99 in Bangladesh). The findings indicate that IPV is a risk factor for unintended pregnancy among adolescent and young adult married women. Along with violence prevention programmes, a more responsive and youth-friendly health system needs to be in place to provide health care services to young women in these countries.
Afterthoughts in Greek: Gender mismatches under a dynamic framework
Authors: CHATZIKYRIAKIDIS STERGIOS
Published: June 2016

This paper deals with the syntax of afterthoughts in Greek under a parsing-oriented perspective. The main claim is that afterthoughts can receive a straightforward explanation once we make the assumption that afterthoughts can be seen as answers to implicit questions. A formal syntactic account based on this assumption is put forth, and its ability to deal with gender mismatches exhibited in Greek afterthoughts is shown. Afterthoughts are further discussed in a more general perspective, arguing that once we turn into a dynamic model where context re-use and update are taken to be core components of syntax, a number of issues regarding afterthoughts like connectivity effects, locality constraints, freedom of positioning and reconstruction effects can receive a straightforward explanation.
Mongolian Gobi supports the world's largest populations of khulanEquus hemionusand goitered gazellesGazella subgutturosa
Authors: Buuveibaatar B. , Strindberg S. , Kaczensky P. , Payne J. , Chimeddorj B. , Naranbaatar G. , Amarsaikhan S. , Dashnyam B. , Munkhzul T. , Purevsuren T. , Hosack D.A. , Fuller T.K.
Published: June 2016

Mongolia's Gobi Desert ecosystem, a stronghold for populations of the Asiatic wild ass (khulan)Equus hemionusand the goitered gazelleGazella subgutturosa, faces conservation challenges as a result of rapid economic development, including mining-related infrastructure projects. There is a paucity of reliable data on population abundance for these ungulates in the region, which makes it difficult to assess how they are responding to increasing anthropogenic pressure. Our aim was to obtain abundance estimates for khulan and goitered gazelles to inform their management and form the basis of a long-term monitoring programme. Each year during 2012–2015 we surveyed a total of 64 line transects spaced 20 km apart, with a total of 3,464 km of survey effort across 78,717 km2. Distance sampling analysis provided annual estimates of density and abundance, which were cross-referenced with the results of an aerial survey conducted in 2013. Overall, we observed 784 groups (14,608 individuals) of khulan and 1,033 groups (3,955 individuals) of goitered gazelles during the four surveys. The abundance estimates for 2013 were 35,899 (95% CI 22,680–40,537) khulan and 28,462 (95% CI 21,326–37,987) goitered gazelles. These estimates were congruent with the results from the aerial survey, which overlapped spatially and temporally with our ground-based survey. Our findings confirm that Mongolia's Gobi Desert supports the largest population of khulan and goitered gazelles in the world, and we provide a critical update on the status of the two species.
Challenging hegemonic femininities? The discourse of trailing spouses in Hong Kong
Authors: Schnurr Stephanie , Zayts Olga , Hopkins Catherine
Published: June 2016

While the notion of hegemonic masculinity has received a lot of attention in recent scholarship, hegemonic femininity remains largely underdeveloped. We aim to address this gap by illustrating the benefits of using the concept of hegemonic femininities in sociolinguistic scholarship. Conducting a case study on the discourse of trailing spouses in Hong Kong, we analyse hegemonic femininities at the local, regional, and global level and explore how they are interlinked with each other. Findings show how these trailing spouses often challenge and reject hegemonic femininities on the local level, but largely accept and reinforce them on the regional and global level. The specific femininities that are considered to be hegemonic are highly context-dependent, and, unlike masculinities, the hegemony of femininities is a matter of internal degree—that is, certain femininities take hegemonic status compared to other femininities but do not take a dominant position in the gender order. (Hegemonic femininities, hegemonic masculinities, trailing spouses, Hong Kong, gender order)*
Emission and tuning of harmonics in a planar two-frequency undulator with account for broadening
Authors: Zhukovsky K.
Published: June 2016

We analyze the undulator radiation from planar bi-harmonic undulators with account for all principle losses in real devices. The exact analytical expressions for the UR spectrum, intensity, and the line shape are obtained in terms of special functions. The interplay of various broadening contribution is elucidated and their role is explored. Suspension and boost of certain harmonics by fine tuning the undulator parameters is demonstrated. The constant non-periodic magnetic constituents are studied to compensate the divergency of the electronic beam. The examples of harmonic generation in various undulator schemes with single and double period magnetic field are explored. Influence of inhomogeneous and homogeneous broadening on these harmonics is demonstrated. The analysis is applied to evaluate the harmonics in self-amplified spontaneous emission free electron laser.
Thirty Years of English Language and English Education in Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Nhan Trong
Published: June 2016

In Vietnam, the history of the English language and English education has a direct bearing on politics, economy and social affairs (Wright, 2002), and is particularly tied up with the reform policy known as Doi Moi, which was adopted by the sixth National Congress of the Communist Party in 1986. Doi Moi has brought about huge achievements in terms of gross domestic product growth and foreign direct investment attraction (Thanh & Duong, 2009). These achievements have had a profound impact on the development of English as a foreign language (EFL) in Vietnam.
The differences behind the similarities, or: why Americans and Britons don't know what the other is talking about
Authors: Murphy M. Lynne
Published: June 2016

In the first article in this series (Murphy 2016), I recounted Geoff Pullum's (2014) dismissal of British-American linguistic differences as ‘mostly nouns’. From a theoretical linguist's position, nouns can seem simpler and less interesting than other parts of speech, since concrete noun senses are fairly self-contained. Compare a noun likecupto an adjective likebig. You can picture a cup in and of itself, but in imaginingbigwe need to think about things that could be big. And what we mean bybigchanges depending on which thing we are talking about. Since the meaning ofcupdoes not have to interact with other words in order to get its meaning, investigating concrete nouns is a low priority for many linguistic semanticists. It can be ‘difficult to distinguish where the discussion of a noun's sense stops and where discussion of its extension (the things it refers to) begins’ (Murphy 2010: 149), and so that aspect of meaning is often left to philosophers and psychologists:What doeslovemean, really? orHow do you know which things to callgreen?
Learning words from speakers with false beliefs
Authors: PAPAFRAGOU ANNA , FAIRCHILD SARAH , COHEN MATTHEW L. , FRIEDBERG CARLYN
Published: June 2016

During communication, hearers try to infer the speaker's intentions to be able to understand what the speaker means. Nevertheless, whether (and how early) preschoolers track their interlocutors' mental states is still a matter of debate. Furthermore, there is disagreement about how children's ability to consult a speaker's belief in communicative contexts relates to their ability to track someone's belief in non-communicative contexts. Here, we study young children's ability to successfully acquire a word from a speaker with a false belief; we also assess the same children's success on a traditional false belief attribution task. We show that the ability to consult the epistemic state of a speaker during word learning develops between the ages of three and five. We also show that false belief understanding in word-learning contexts proceeds similarly to standard belief-attribution contexts when the tasks are equated. Our data offer evidence for the development of mind-reading abilities during language acquisition.
II.—Notices of Fellows, Honorary and Ordinary, recently deceased
Authors:   The General Secretary
Published: June 2016

Emile-Hilaire Amagat was born in 1840. When Professor of Physics at l'Ecole Normale at Cluny, he began in 1867 his investigations of gases under high pressures. Later at Lyons, where he was Professor at the Catholic University, he utilised the tower of one of the churches as the site for a manometer giving pressures up to 80 atmospheres, and later constructed in one of the coal mines of St Etienne a Boylean tube measuring up to 430 atmospheres. In some of his experiments he applied with great success a suggestion of Tait's for recording volumes by means of mercury coming in contact with platinum wires at different heights in the tube. His results in the gaseous laws for hydrogen, nitrogen, and carbonic acid and other vapours are recognised as the most authoritative we have.
III.—The Torsional Vibration of Beams of Commercial Section
Authors: Ritchie Ernest G.
Published: June 2016

When an elastic body is constrained in any manner whatsoever, it is susceptible to vibration, by virtue of its elasticity, when disturbed from its position of equilibrium by an externally applied force. The period and amplitude of such vibration are dependent upon the mass and inertia of the system, the rigidity of the constraints, and upon the nature of thedisturbing force.

When a beam of commercial section is loaded centrally, and subjected to vibrations, the frequency of transverse vibration can be readily determined from a knowledge of the dimensions of the beam, its modulus of elasticity, and the conditions of loading. On the other hand, where the loading is eccentric, the transverse vibration is accompanied by a torsional vibration the frequency of which is very much lower than is indicated by the ordinary elastic theory, due to the inefficiency in torsion of beam sections other than circular. In practice it is not always possible to eliminate the eccentric loading of beams, as for instancewhere power is transmitted through countershafts supported from structural steel-work, and it is with the problem of the torsional vibration of such eccentrically loaded beams that itis proposed here to deal.
IV.—The Origin of Oil-Shale
Authors: Cunningham-Craig E. H.
Published: June 2016

Geologists who have made a special study of petroleum and the conditions under which it occurs have not infrequently to deal with the kindred subject of oil-shales. These subjects, it is true, have always been considered as entirely separate and different, and for all practical purposes they are so, since the mining of oil-shale and the drilling for oil have nothing in common from the engineering point of view; yet the final products of the distillation of natural petroleum and oil-shale are to some extent identical, and it has more than once been suggested that some relation may exist between an oil-rock and an oil-shale.
V.—The “Geometria Organica” of Colin Maclaurin: A Historical and Critical Survey
Authors: Tweedie Charles
Published: June 2016

Colin Maclaurin, the celebrated mathematician, was born in 1698 at Kilmodan in Argyllshire, where his father was minister of the parish. In 1709 he entered Glasgow University, where his mathematical talent rapidly developed under the fostering care of Professor Robert Simson. In 1717 he successfully competed for the Chair of Mathematics in the Marischal College of Aberdeen University. In 1719 he came directly under the personal influence of Newton, when on a visit to London, bearing with him the manuscript of the Geometria Organica, published in quarto in 1720. The publication of this work immediately brought him into prominence in the scientific world. In 1725 he was, on the recommendation of Newton, elected to the Chair of Mathematics in Edinburgh University, which he occupied until his death in 1746.
VI.—The Theory of Circulants from 1880 to 1900
Authors: Muir Thomas
Published: June 2016

My last paper on the “Theory of Circulants” appeared four years ago (Proc. Roy. Soc. Edin., xxxii, pp. 136–149), and brought up the history of the subject to 1880. I have now completed the research up to the close of the nineteenth century—the goal originally aimed at. It is considered that from the beginning of the present century the indexing of mathematical writings is sufficiently full and detailed to make it comparatively easy for a worker to follow up for himself the recent lines of development.
VII.—The Dynamics of Cyclones and Anticyclones. Part III
Authors: Aitken John
Published: June 2016

In 1900 I communicated to this Society a paper on the above subject. Since that date a great deal of information has been obtained by means of free balloons carrying instruments which recorded the temperature, humidity, and pressure of the air up to great elevations. Much of this new knowledge seems to contradict our previous ideas, and does not seem to fit into the old convectional theory that cyclones are formed by the rising of the hot, moist air from the surface of the earth; their energy being due to their temperature and to the heat liberated by the condensation of the water vapour in them. We are told by those who have studied the bearing of the new knowledge on our atmospheric circulation that the old theory is “utterly untenable.” Their reasons for this conclusion are, first, that the recent investigations show that the air is colder in cyclones than in anticyclones; second, that the isothermal layer is lower than the mean over cyclones, while it is higher than the mean over anticyclones. At first sight these discoveries seem to shatter the convectional theory, but before we come to any conclusion I should like to present certain facts which it appears to me will require to be considered before we scrap our old ideas.
VIII.—Clinical Methods of Estimation of Sugar in the Blood
Authors: Rainy Harry , Hawick Christina M.
Published: June 2016

The variation in the sugar content of the blood in certain pathological conditions has created the need for modes of estimation which require only a small amount of blood and at the same time give sufficiently reliable results. The more recent methods of estimation fall under three types: (1) those in which the method of Rona and Michaelis for the precipitation of the protein is combined with Bertrand's method for sugar estimation, (2) MacLean's more recent method, and (3) the “micro-method” of Ivar Bang.
Note on Two Rock Basins in the Alps
Authors: Collet Léon W. , Murray John
Published: June 2016

True rock basins are not rare at the head of many small mountain valleys or corries of France and Switzerland. Many flat alluvial plains above gorges in Switzerland, as well as in the Highlands of Scotland, were without doubt at one time glen lakes, as they are called by Sir Archibald Geikic, or true rock basins which have been filled up by the sand and the mud brought into them by their tributary streams.

I propose in this short note to describe two of these interesting rock basins situated at an elevation of about 5500 feet on the mountains called by Swiss geologists “Hautes Alpes Calcaires” (high calcareous Alps).
Median Eigenvalues of Bipartite Subcubic Graphs
Authors: MOHAR BOJAN
Published: June 2016

It is proved that the median eigenvalues of every connected bipartite graph G of maximum degree at most three belong to the interval [−1, 1] with a single exception of the Heawood graph, whose median eigenvalues are $\pm\sqrt{2}$. Moreover, if G is not isomorphic to the Heawood graph, then a positive fraction of its median eigenvalues lie in the interval [−1, 1]. This surprising result has been motivated by the problem about HOMO-LUMO separation that arises in mathematical chemistry.
Reassessing the ‘Social Investment Perspective’ for ‘Inclusive Growth’: Where do Older Workers Fit?
Authors: Deeming Christopher , Smyth Paul
Published: June 2016

The notion of building welfare around work poses fresh challenges from a life-course perspective, where the situation of older workers has largely been neglected by policymakers committed to the ‘social investment perspective’ – typically constructed as a policy paradigm for ‘human capital’ development in children and young adults (Esping-Andersen, 2002). This article seeks to re-focus attention on the policy challenges relating to the needs of older workers within the new ‘inclusive growth’ agendas that seek to advance equitable opportunities for all. Social investment policies pose a range of issues and challenges for ageing populations that are discussed and examined in detail in this article. If social investment policy is to succeed in ageing OECD societies, it will mean broadening the investment perspective to include the (neglected) education and training needs of older workers to ensure that everyone can contribute to and share in economic prosperity.
Ethical dilemmas faced by hospice nurses when administering palliative sedation to patients with terminal cancer
Authors: De Vries Kay , Plaskota Marek
Published: June 2016

Objective:

Palliative sedation is a method of symptom management frequently used in hospices to treat uncontrolled symptoms at the end of life. There is a substantial body of literature on this subject; however, there has been little research into the experiences of hospice nurses when administering palliative sedation in an attempt to manage the terminal restlessness experienced by cancer patients.

Method:

Semistructured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of seven hospice nurses who had cared for at least one patient who had undergone palliative sedation within the past year in a hospice in the south of England in the United Kingdom. A phenomenological approach and Colaizzi's stages of analysis were employed to develop themes from the data.

Results:

Facilitating a “peaceful death” was the primary goal of the nurses, where through the administration of palliative sedation they sought to enable and support patients to be “comfortable,” “relaxed,” and “calm” at the terminal stage of their illness. Ethical dilemmas related to decision making were a factor in achieving this. These were: medication decisions, “juggling the drugs,” “causing the death,” sedating young people, the family “requesting” sedation, and believing that hospice is a place where death is hastened.

Significance of results:

Hospice nurses in the U.K. frequently encounter ethical and emotional dilemmas when administering palliative sedation. Making such decisions about using palliative sedation causes general discomfort for them. Undertaking this aspect of care requires confidence and competence on the part of nurses, and working within a supportive hospice team is of fundamental importance in supporting this practice.
Quality of life and satisfaction with care among palliative cancer patients in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Aboshaiqah Ahmad , Al-Saedi Turki Suwaylim B. , Abu-Al-Ruyhaylah Mohammed Munawir M. , Aloufi Abdulrahman Abed , Alharbi Muteb Omtairan , Alharbi Saad Saud R. , Al-Saedi Ahmad Salem , Al-Erwi Abdulrahman Fahd
Published: June 2016

Objective:

This study aimed to determine the relationship between quality of life and satisfaction with care among cancer patients in palliative care in Saudi Arabia.

Methods:

A total of 130 palliative cancer patients were invited to participate in our cross-sectional study. Patients were recruited from a large tertiary hospital within the Ministry of Health in Saudi Arabia. All eligible participants answered a three-part questionnaire that included demographic data and the validated European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC QLQ–C15–PAL) and (EORTC IN-PATSAT32) questionnaires.

Results:

Participants were mostly female (103/130, 79%) and married (93/130, 71%), and more than half had breast cancer (69/130, 53%). They were between 17 and 86 years of age (mean = 46.7, SD = 16.50). The correlation test showed that the relationship with physical function was weak, while emotional function and global health status had a moderate relationship with general satisfaction (r = 0.21, p < 0.01; r = 0.32, p < 0.001; r = 0.26, p < 0.01, respectively). Our results suggest that emotional function is the more important factor in predicting satisfaction with care among palliative cancer patients. An increase in emotional function leads to increased general satisfaction.

Significance of results:

The emotional function of palliative cancer patients was more closely associated with overall satisfaction with care than physical function or global health status. All palliative care team members are thus required to provide adequate psychosocial support. It is recommended that interdisciplinary and collaborative approaches be integrated in palliative care of cancer patients.
Parents with cancer: Searching for the right balance between telling the truth and protecting children
Authors: Meriggi Fausto , Andreis Federica , Liborio Nadia , Codignola Claudio , Rizzi Anna , Prochilo Tiziana , Rota Luigina , Di Biasi Brunella , Bertocchi Paola , Abeni Chiara , Ogliosi Chiara , Aroldi Francesca , Zaniboni Alberto
Published: June 2016

Objective:

Recent scientific approaches to cancer patients draw attention to the psychological aspects of the disease and the involvement of their families, who are forced to reorganize themselves in order to manage the patient's illness. Functional responses to a stressful event facilitate open communication between family members and empathy for the patient's children, who need to be involved and informed about the illness in a clear and open fashion. The primary goal of this observational study was to explore the communication styles used by cancer-stricken parents with their children and to identify a correlation with the patient's levels of anxiety and depression and their ability to cope. We also sought to understand whether location, severity, and time from diagnosis influenced communication, coping, anxiety, or depression.

Method:

From September of 2011 to July of 2015, 151 questionnaires were given to patients who had received at least one course of chemotherapy. The instruments that we employed were the Openness to Discuss Cancer in the Nuclear Family Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the Mini-Mental Adjustment to Cancer Scale. Our sample included patients with children aged from 3 to 18 years. The patients had different types of cancer, mainly gastrointestinal and breast cancer. Their disease was at the metastatic stage in approximately 20% of patients.

Results:

Our results showed statistically significant correlations between higher levels of anxiety and depression and more closed communication styles. The coping styles “hopelessness/helplessness,” “cognitive avoidance,” and “anxious preoccupation” were associated with a closed communication style that is correlated with higher levels of anxiety and depression. Tumor location, time from diagnosis, and stage of disease did not show statistically significant correlations with anxiety, depression, coping mechanisms, or communication styles.

Significance of results:

Our study confirmed what has been reported in the literature: high levels of anxiety and depression affect communication among family members. Not surprisingly, the “fighting spirit” coping style engenders open communication.
Exploring the Foundations of US State-Level Anti-Sharia Initiatives
Authors: Mitchell Joshua L. , Toner Brendan
Published: June 2016

In recent years, measures have been taken to ban the use of international legal principles in state courts. While these international laws vary in terms of the specific restrictions they place on state legal practices, many of these laws have been aimed implicitly or explicitly at banning Sharia law practices. While dozens of states have attempted to pass anti-Sharia policies, thus far, only eight have been successful. In this article, we apply a policy diffusion framework to help explain the agenda placement and adoption of these measures. We find that both internal state determinants and external regional diffusion factors influence the interstate agenda placement and adoption of anti-Sharia practices. However, the regional effect is negative, meaning that these policies follow an atypical diffusion pattern. This study adds to the growing body of literature that examines the diffusion of controversial morality policies.
Ocean Observatories Initiative Expands Coastal Ocean Research
Authors: Fulweiler Robinson , Gawakiewicz Glen , Davis Kristen
Published: June 2016

OOI Coastal Arrays Community Workshop; Washington, D. C., 5–7 January 2016
Regulation of the divalent metal ion transporter via membrane budding
Authors: Mackenzie KimberlyD , Foot Natalie J , Anand Sushma , Dalton Hazel E , Chaudhary Natasha , Collins Brett M , Mathivanan Suresh , Kumar Sharad
Published: June 2016

The release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is important for both normal physiology and disease. However, a basic understanding of the targeting of EV cargoes, composition and mechanism of release is lacking. Here we present evidence that the divalent metal ion transporter (DMT1) is unexpectedly regulated through release in EVs. This process involves the Nedd4-2 ubiquitin ligase, and the adaptor proteins Arrdc1 and Arrdc4 via different budding mechanisms. We show that mouse gut explants release endogenous DMT1 in EVs. Although we observed no change in the relative amount of DMT1 released in EVs from gut explants in Arrdc1 or Arrdc4 deficient mice, the extent of EVs released was significantly reduced indicating an adaptor role in biogenesis. Furthermore, using Arrdc1 or Arrdc4 knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts, we show that both Arrdc1 and Arrdc4 are non-redundant positive regulators of EV release. Our results suggest that DMT1 release from the plasma membrane into EVs may represent a novel mechanism for the maintenance of iron homeostasis, which may also be important for the regulation of other membrane proteins.
FOXO3 is differentially required for CD8+ T‐cell death during tolerance versus immunity
Authors: Wagle Mayura V , Parish Ian A
Published: June 2016

Peripheral tolerance mechanisms limit autoimmunity by constitutively eliminating self‐reactive CD8+ T cells from the periphery in a process called deletion. Previous work has demonstrated that this deletion process is mediated by BIM‐dependent apoptotic death due to transcriptional induction of the Bim gene. Currently, the transcriptional pathways responsible for Bim induction during peripheral deletion remain unclear. We speculated that the transcriptional regulator FOXO3 may induce BIM‐dependent death during peripheral deletion, as it has been implicated in Bim induction and cell death during effector CD8+ T‐cell differentiation. Despite observing less Akt‐dependent inactivation of FOXO transcription factors in tolerised cells relative to effector cells, we demonstrate that FOXO3‐deficient CD8+ T cells induce Bim and die normally during peripheral deletion. These data thus demonstrate that BIM‐dependent death during CD8+ T‐cell deletion is FOXO3 independent. Furthermore, these data provide the first evidence that the pathways responsible for Bim induction and cell death during effector differentiation versus tolerance of CD8+ T cells are molecularly distinct.