bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: KINETIC STUDIES OF THE DECOMPOSITION OF NORBORNAN‐2‐ONE AND NORBORN‐5‐EN‐2‐ONE TOSYLHYDRAZONE SODIUM SALTS
Authors: LIU M. T. H. , JENNINGS B. M. , YAMAMOTO Y. , MARUYAMA K.
Published: April 2016

Während die Thermolyse des Hydrazons (I) vorwiegend Nortricyclen (II) liefert, wird bei der entsprechenden Reaktion des Hydrazons (III) ausschließlich das Dien (IV) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: ALLYLOXY KETONE ENOL ETHER‐CLAISEN REARRANGEMENT. REGIOSPECIFIC SYNTHESIS OF ALLYL KETONES FROM ALLYL ALCOHOLS
Authors: KACHINSKI J. L. C. , SALOMON R. G.
Published: April 2016

Allylalkohol (I) liefert nach bekannten Verfahren die Keto‐äther (II), die nach Umwandlung in Enolsilyläther (III) einer Umlagerung zu (IV) unterworfen werden.
ChemInform Abstract: PRODUCTION OF HIGHER OLEFINS
Authors: ISLENT'EV G. V. , KLIMENKO V. L. , KOLESOV M. L.
Published: April 2016

In der Arbeit werden Fragen der Produktion und des Verbrauches höherer Olefine (C6‐C22) in der UdSSR diskutiert.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF HEXAFLUOROACETONE OXIME NITRITE WITH SOME DERIVATIVES OF PHOSPHORUS(III)
Authors: ISAEV V. L. , TRUSKANOVA T. D. , STERLIN R. N. , KNUNYANTS I. L.
Published: April 2016

Die Umsetzung des Oximnitrits (I) mit Triäthylphosphit (II), Triphenylphosphin (VII) und dem gemischten Anhydrid (IX) verläuft über unbeständige Phosphorane und verschiedene reaktive Zwischenstufen unter Abspaltung von Stickstoff.
ChemInform Abstract: PRIMARY AMIDES OF BIS(2‐CARBOXYPHENYL) DISULFIDE WITH ANTIMYCOTIC ACTIVITY
Authors: MONTANARI L. , MAZZA M. , PAVANETTO F.
Published: April 2016

Durch Kondensation des Dichlorids (I) mit Aminen werden Amide (II) erhalten, die auf fungicide Wirkung (Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Trichophyton mentagrophytes) geprüft wurden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES OF MONO‐, BIS‐, AND TRIS(DIISOPROPYLAMINO)TRIPHENYLCYCLOPROPENIUM IONS. CYCLOPROPENYL ANALOGS OF TRIPHENYLMETHANE DYES
Authors: KOMATSU K. , WEST R. , STANISLAWSKI D.
Published: April 2016

Das Trichlorcyclopropenium‐ ion, das aus dem Cyclopropen (I) mit AlCl3 dargestellt wird, reagiert mit 1 bzw. 2 Mol Benzol bei 50°C inChloroform zu den Chlorcyclopropeniumionen (II).
ChemInform Abstract: ALKYLIDENEDIQUINOCYCLOPROPANES. SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES
Authors: KOMATSU K. , WEST R. , BEYER D.
Published: April 2016

Die mehrstündige Umsetzung des Ketons (I) mit aktiven Methylenverbindungen wie z.B. (II) in siedendem Acetanhydrid in Gegenwart von β‐Alanin ergibt Kondensationsprodukte wie (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND ENZYMIC FORMATION OF A C‐GLUCURONIDE OF Δ6‐TETRAHYDROCANNABINOL
Authors: YAGEN B. , LEVY S. , MECHOULAM R. , BEN‐ZVI Z.
Published: April 2016

Verfasser zeigen, daß die bei der enzymatischen Konjugation von AÖ‐Tetrahydrocannabinol (I) mit Glucuronsäure erhaltenen beiden Produkte das Acetat der Ausgangs‐ Verbindung und das Acetat des C‐4′‐Glucuronidmethylesters (III) ist.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND ANALYTICAL STUDY OF AZO COMPOUNDS BASED ON THIAZANE‐2,4‐DITHIONE
Authors: ROZOVSKII YU. G. , BASARGIN N. N.
Published: April 2016

Aus β‐Chlorpropionsäure (I) werden über die Stufen des Thiazandions (III) und des Thiazandithions (IV) durch Azoderivate des Thiazandithions (VI) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND STRUCTURAL STUDIES OF SOME TETRATHIOCYANATE AND TETRASELENOCYANATE BINUCLEAR MIXED‐METAL COMPLEXES
Authors: SINGH P. P. , YADAV S. P. , SHARMA S. B.
Published: April 2016

Durch Reaktion der Metallnitrate mit K‐ thiocyanat oder K‐selenocyanat in Methanol werden die entsprechenden Metalldithiocyanate und ‐selenocyanate hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: NICKEL(II) COMPLEXES WITH TRIDENTATE DIBASIC ONO DONOR AND BIDENTATE MONOBASIC ON DONOR SCHIFF BASES
Authors: SYAMAL A.
Published: April 2016

Die durch 1:1‐molare Umsetzung von Salicylaldehyd und entsprechenden Alkanolaminen in siedendem Äthanol gebildeten Schiffschen Basen reagieren als zweibasische ONO‐Donatoren mit Ni(II)‐acetattetrahydrat im stöchiometrischen Verhältnis unter Bildung der oktaedrischen Komplexe (Ia).
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROPHILIC FLUORINATION OF ACTIVATED OLEFINS‐ THE SYNTHESIS OF 6‐FLUOROCORTICOSTEROIDS
Authors: BARON D. H. R. , DANKS L. J. , HESSE R. H. , PECHET M. M. , WILSHIRE C.
Published: April 2016

Das aus Dexamethason (I) durch Oxidation erhaltene Diketon (II) reagiert über seine Natrium‐ oder Lithiumenolate mit Säureanhydriden zu Enolestern (III), die in 6‐Stellung zu dem Fluor‐corticoid (IV) fluoriert werden können.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW COMPOUNDS‐ SYNTHESIS OF D‐ARABINOFURANOSYLUREA DERIVATIVES
Authors: FLEISCHNER A. M. , CROSS J. M. , SEGELMAN A. B. , VAN ES T.
Published: April 2016

Ausgehend von 2′,3′,5′‐Tri‐(O‐benzyI)‐D‐arabinofuranose und verschiedenen Harnstoffen werden die D‐Arabinofuranosylharnstoffen (I) synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: A METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF FURANOID GLYCALS
Authors: EITELMAN S. J. , JORDAA A.
Published: April 2016

Aus 2,3:5,6‐Di‐O‐isopropylidena‐D‐mannofuranosylbromid erhält man mit überschüssigem Natrium in Tetrahydrofuran bei 20°C in 59%iger Ausbeute das Glycal (Ia) und mit Natrium in Toluol bei 75°C in 9%iger Ausbeute das Glycal (Ia) und in l l%iger Ausbeute die Verbindung (Ib), von denen sich letztere bei der Chromatographie an Kieselgel zum Isomeren (II) umlagert.
ChemInform Abstract: INSECT PHEROMONES. SYNTHESIS OF CHIRAL SEX PHEROMONE COMPONENTS OF SEVERAL SPECIES OF TROGODERMA (COLEOPTERA‐ DERMESTIDAE)
Authors: ROSSI R. , CARPITA A.
Published: April 2016

Die Darstellung der Titelverbindungen (V), (VI), (VIIa) und (VIIb) erfolgt ausgehend von dem [ nach bekannter Methode aus dem (S)‐Alkohol (Ia) erhältlichen] optisch aktiven Olefin (Ib) über die Stufen (II) und (III); der so gewonnene acetylenische Alkohol (IV) wird unter verschiedenen Bedingungen zum Z‐Olefin (V) bzw. dessen E‐Isomerem (VI) reduziert.
ChemInform Abstract: KINETICS OF THE OXIDATION OF HYPOPHOSPHOROUS AND PHOSPHOROUS ACIDS BY MANGANESE(III) SULFATE
Authors: SEN GUPTA K. K. , BASU B. , SARKAR T.
Published: April 2016

Die Kinetik der Oxidationsreaktionen von H3PO2 zu H3PO3 und von H3PO3 zu H3PO4 durch Mn(III) (→Mn(II)) wird spektrophotometrisch bei 25, 30, 35 und 40°C verfolgt.
ChemInform Abstract: INELASTIC ELECTRON TUNNELING SPECTROSCOPY OF A CHEMICALLY MODIFIED SURFACE
Authors: DIAZ A. F. , HETZLER U. , KAY E.
Published: April 2016

Untersucht werden die Spektren der Metall/Insulator/Metall‐Sandwich‐Verbindungen (I) und (II) bei 4,2 K. Dabei erfolgt Silylierung der Aluminiumoxidoberflächen mit den Ausgangsprodukten Triäthoxyvinyl‐ und ‐3‐aminopropylsilan.
ChemInform Abstract: AROMATIC SOLVENT INDUCED NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SHIFT (ASIS) BEHAVIOR AND CHARGE DISTRIBUTION IN CAGE BORON COMPOUNDS
Authors: ONAK T. , INMAN W. , ROSENDO H. , WAN DISTEFANO E. , NURSE J.
Published: April 2016

Aromatic Solvent Induced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Shift (ASIS) Behavior and Charge Distribution in Cage Boron Compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: STABILIZATION OF HIGH OXIDATION STATES BY STRONG ELECTRON‐DONATING LIGANDS. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OF TETRA‐N‐BUTYLAMMONIUM O‐PHENYLENEBIS(BIURETATO)CUPRATE(III)‐CHLOROFORM, (N‐C4H9)4NCU(O‐C6H4(NCONHCONH)2).CHCL3
Authors: BIRKER P. J. M. W. L.
Published: April 2016

Der quadratisch‐planare Cu(III)‐Titelkomplex wurde aus CuCl2 und 0‐Phenylen‐bis‐ [biuret] durch Oxidation mit Jod dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: POLYBISMUTH ANIONS. SYNTHESIS AND CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF A SALT OF THE TETRABISMUTHIDE(2‐) ION, BI42‐. A BASIS FOR THE INTERPRETATION OF THE STRUCTURE OF SOME COMPLEX INTERMETALLIC PHASES
Authors: CISAR A. , CORBETT J. D.
Published: April 2016

Die intermetallischen Verbindungen K5Bi4 und K3Bi2 reagieren mit Äthylendiaminlösungen von 4,7,13,16,21,24‐Hexaoxa‐l ,lO‐diazabicyclo‐ [8,8,8]hexacosan zu einem einfach positiven ionischen K‐Kryptat‐Komplex mit Biä′ als Gegenion.
ChemInform Abstract: AN INTRAMOLECULAR CYCLOADDITION
Authors: DEYRUP C. L. , DEYRUP J. A. , HAMILTON M.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Behandlung mit Natrium‐bis‐trimethylsilylamid (II) erhält man aus dem Aldiminiumsalz (I) ein dimeres Cyclisierungsprodukt (III).
ChemInform Abstract: NONSTEREOSPECIFIC 1,2‐PHOTOCYCLOADDITION OF METHYL ACRYLATE AND METHYL METHACRYLATE TO BENZENE
Authors: ATKINS R. J. , FRAY G. I. , GILBERT A. , SAMSUDIN M. W.
Published: April 2016

Acrylsäure‐ und Methacrylsäuremethylester (II) reagieren bei einer Bestrahlung in Benzol (I) zu den 1:1‐Addukten (III) als Hauptprodukt neben weiteren Addukten.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTODEHYDROCYCLIZATIONS OF STILBENES AND STILBENE‐LIKE COMPOUNDS IN THE PRESENCE OF Π‐ACCEPTORS
Authors: BENDIG J. , BEYERMANN M. , KREYSIG D.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Photolyse von Stilbenen (I) in Gegenwart von π‐Donoren entstehen über (II) Cyclisierungsprodukte wie Phenanthren (III).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF DIHALOCARBENES WITH AROMATIC AZOMETHINES
Authors: KOSTIKOV R. R. , KHLEBNIKOV A. F. , OGLOBLIN K. A.
Published: April 2016

Die Kinetik der Additionen von Dihalogencarbenen an die Azomethine (I) wird vergleichend untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: FRAGMENTATION OF OXYALKYL RADICALS‐ A NEW GENERAL ROUTE TO NITROGEN RADICALS
Authors: FORRESTER A. R. , GILL M. , JOHANSSON E. M. , MEYER C. J. , THOMSON R. H.
Published: April 2016

Zersetzungsreaktionen an neuen N‐Radikalen werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: Explosion with NaBH4/AlCl3.
Authors: DE JONGH H. A. P.
Published: April 2016

Eine heftige Explosion trat ein, nachdem zu einer 4%igen Lösung von NaBH4 in Diglyme etwa 100 ml einer Lösung von 330 g AlCl3 in 1200 ml Diglyme zugetropft wurden.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDY OF POLYFUNCTIONAL OXIRANES. COMMUNICATION 12. SOME REACTIONS OF SUBSTITUTED AMIDES OF 4,5‐EPOXY‐2‐HEXENOIC ACID
Authors: MALINOVSKII M. S. , GLUSHKO L. P. , BOCHKAREV V. N. , MALINOVSKAYA T. M.
Published: April 2016

Die im Titel genannte Verbindung (I) reagiert mit Methanol zum Alkohol (II), der katalytisch zum Amid (III) hydriert werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: HYDRAZONES. LVI. STUDY OF THE REACTION OF 1‐PHENYL‐3‐(4‐NITROPHENYL) NITRILIMINE WITH 1,1‐DIPHENYLHYDRAZINE
Authors: BUZYKIN B. I. , GAZETDINOVA N. G. , FLEGONTOV S. A. , STOLYAROV A. P. , KITAEV YU. P.
Published: April 2016

Das Benzhydrazidin (III) tritt in zwei polymorphen Formen auf.
ChemInform Abstract: 1H‐INDENO(1,2‐C)THIOPHENES AND 1H‐INDENO(1,2‐C)FURANS
Authors: HARRISON P. A. , RUSSELL R. A. , WARRENER R. N. , PADDON‐ROW M. N.
Published: April 2016

Beim Erhitzen von 7‐Isopropyliden‐ und 7‐Diphenylmethylen‐benzonorbornadien (Ia) und (Ib) in Gegenwart von 3,6‐Di‐(2‐pyridyl)‐symm.‐tetrazin (II) und Thiophosgen (IV) erhält man unter Annahme der Zwischenstufe (III) zunächst die Addukte (V), die sich beim Behandeln mit schwachen Säuren zu den Indenothiophenen (VIa) und (VIb) umlagern.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOINDUCED REACTIONS. XXVII. PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF THE PHTHALIMIDE SYSTEM. XIV. PHOTOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF A PYRIDOPYRROLO(2,1‐A)ISOINDOLE SYSTEM BY CYCLIZATION OF N‐METHYLPYRIDYLPHTHALIMIDES
Authors: TERASHIMA M. , SEKI K. , KOYAMA K. , KANAOKA Y.
Published: April 2016

Bestrahlungder N‐Methylpyridylphthalimide (I) (III) und (VI) in Aceton mit einer 5OOW‐Quecksilberhochdrucklampe führt zu den in den Formeln wiedergegebenen Produkten, wobei nur aus den Verbindungen (III) bzw. (VI) die erwarteten Cyclisierungsprodukte (V) bzw. (VII) entstehen.
ChemInform Abstract: POLAR ETHYLENES. I. THE SYNTHESIS OF 4‐NITROPYRIDAZINES
Authors: HAMBERGER H. , REINSHAGEN H. , SCHULZ G. , SIGMUND G.
Published: April 2016

Aus den Nitro‐ äthylenen (I) erhält man mit Hydrazin die Hydrazone (III), die mit den Glyoxalen (IV) zu den Pyrazinen (Va)‐(Vc) cyclisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: INHIBITORS OF BACILLUS SUBTILIS DNA POLYMERASE III. 6‐(ARYLALKYLAMINO)URACILS AND 6‐ANILINOURACILS
Authors: BROWN N. C. , GAMBINO J. , WRIGHT G. E.
Published: April 2016

Zahlreiche bekannte, tabellarisch aufgeführte 6‐Aralkylaminound 6‐Anilino‐uracile werden auf Inhibitorwirkung der DNA Polymerase III bei verschiedenen Bakterien untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: THE CHEMISTRY OF VINYLPHOSPHINE CHALCOGENIDES. PART 2. SOME NUCLEOPHILIC AND ELECTROPHILIC ADDITIONS
Authors: POSTLE S. R. , WHITHAM G. H.
Published: April 2016

Das durch Dehydrochlorierung aus dem Chloräthylphosphinoxid (I) dargestellte Vinylphosphinoxid (II) ist gegenüber Peroxysäuren inert, läßt sich jedoch mit N‐Bromacetamid in das 1‐Brom‐2‐hydroxyäthylphosphinoxid (III) umwandeln.
ChemInform Abstract: NIDO‐PENTABORANYL COMPLEXES OF CADMIUM
Authors: GREENWOOD N. N. , STAVES J.
Published: April 2016

Die Komplexe (I) werden durch die Umsetzung von Dichloro‐bis‐[triphenylphosphin]‐Cd mit den K‐Salzen der entsprechenden Pentaboran‐Anionen dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: MIXED VALENCE INTERACTIONS IN DI‐μ‐OXO BRIDGED MANGANESE COMPLEXES
Authors: COOPER ST. R. , CALVIN M.
Published: April 2016

Die IR‐ und elektronenspektroskopische Untersuchung der aus Mn(II)‐acetat und den Ligan‐ den in Gegenwart von Permanganat erhaltenen Mn(III), Mn(IV)‐Komplexe (Ia) zeigt, daß sie ‐ im Vergleich zu (Ib) ‐ zu der Klasse II der Komplexe von Metallen mit‐gemischter Wertigkeit nach der Klassifizierung von Robin und Day gehören, die schwache Wechselwirkungen zwischen den Ionen aufweisen.
ChemInform Abstract: ALKALI‐METAL SALT ADDUCTS OF NICKEL(II) COMPLEXES OF QUADRIDENTATE SCHIFF‐BASE LIGANDS. THE X‐RAY STRUCTURE OF NN′‐ETHYLENEBIS(ACETYLACETONEIMINATO)NICKEL(II)
Authors: ARMSTRONG L. G. , LIP H. C. , LINDOY L. F. , MCPARTLIN M. , TASKER P. A.
Published: April 2016

Die Schiffschen‐Basen‐Ni(II)‐Komplexe von N,N′‐Bis‐[salicyliden]‐ und N,N′‐Bis‐ [4‐oxopentyliden‐(2)]‐äthylendiamin bilden mit Na‐perchlorat, NaSCN oder Li‐perchlorat die 2:1‐Addukte (I), die IR‐spektroskopisch und durch Elementaranalyse charakterisiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF (3,3‐(PH3P)2‐3‐H‐4‐(POLYSTYRYLMETHYL)‐3,1,2‐RHC2B9H10). A POLYMER‐BOUND METALLOCARBORANE CATALYST
Authors: SOSINSKY B. A. , KALB W. C. , GREY R. A. , USKI V. A. , HAWTHORNE M. F.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion des Dicarbolliddianions (I) mit dem chlormethylierten Polystyrolpolymer (II) in Gegenwart des Kronenäthers liefert das in B‐9‐alkylierte Derivat (III), das als Na‐ oder K‐Salz isoliert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF LOW‐VALENT METAL COMPLEX
Authors: SMART L. E. , BROWNING J. , GREEN M. , LAGUNA A. , SPENCER J. L. , GORDON F. , STONE A.
Published: April 2016

Bis‐[cyclooctadien( 1 ,5)]‐Pt (I) setzt sich mit Hexafluorbutin‐(2) zu dem Pt(II)‐Komplex (III) um, der mit weiterem Butin den Dreikernkomplex (IV) bildet.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOSPHORYLATED SUGARS. PART 21. SYNTHESIS OF 3‐DEOXY‐D‐MANNO‐ AND 3‐DEOXY‐D‐GLUCO‐OCT‐2‐ULOSONIC ACID 5‐(DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATES)
Authors: SARFATI R. S. , MONDANGE M. , SZABO L.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindungen (IVa) und (IVb) werden durch basen‐katalysierte Kondensation der nach aufgezeigtem Schema aus dem Benzyl‐β‐D‐arabinosid (I) dargestellten 2‐O‐Phosphoryl‐D‐arabinose (II) mit Oxalessigsäure (III) synthetisiert, als Trilithium‐Salze isoliert und mittels Ionenaustauscherchromatographie getrennt.
ChemInform Abstract: ICACINE, A NEW DITERPENE ALKALOID FROM ICACINA GUSSFELDTII
Authors: ON'OKOKO P. , HANS M. , COLAU B. , HOOTELE C. , DECLERCQ J. P. , GERMAIN G. , VAN MEERSSCHE M.
Published: April 2016

Die Struktur des neu isolierten Alkaloids (I) wurde durch Röntgenbeugungsanalyse bestimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES OF PHOSPHORYLATION. V. 8‐QUINOLYL DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE AS A PHOSPHORYLATING REAGENT IN NUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS
Authors: TAKAKU H.
Published: April 2016

Durch Phosphorylierung von Nucleosiden (II) mit 8‐Chinolyldihydrogenphosphat (I), dessen Synthese beschrieben wird, in Gegenwart von Kupfer(II)‐chlorid in wasserfreiem Pyridin erhält man in 59 ‐ 76%iger Ausbeute die Nucleosid‐5′‐phosphate (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SELECTIVE O‐BENZOYLATION IN AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS
Authors: SAEKI H. , HAYASHI T. , SHIMADA Y. , TAKEDA N. , OHKI E.
Published: April 2016

Durch Benzoylierung des Butirosin A‐Derivates (Ia) mit Benzoylchlorid in wäßrigem Aceton in Gegenwart von K2CO3 entsteht in 95%iger Ausbeute das Dibenzoat (Ib), das sich ′mit 1,1‐Dimethoxycyclohexan direkt zum Di‐O‐cyclohexylidenderivat (Ic) umsetzen läßt. Verseifung dieser Verbindung führt in guter Ausbeute zum Butirosin A‐Derivat (Id).
ChemInform Abstract: DEOXYSUGAR SYNTHESIS. III. REMOVAL OF VICINAL MESYLOXY GROUPS WITH NAPHTHALENE‐SODIUM
Authors: HAYASHI T. , TAKEDA N. , SAEKI H. , OHKI E.
Published: April 2016

Durch Behandlung der 3,4‐Dimesylate (I) von N‐geschützten 2,6‐Diamino‐ 2,6‐dideoxy‐a‐D‐glykosiden mit Naphthalin‐natrium entstehen in guter Ausbeute die 3‐En‐Verbindungen (II).
Developing Spiritual Competencies in Counseling: A Guide for Supervisors
Authors: Hull Christopher E. , Suarez Elisabeth C. , Hartman David
Published: April 2016

The recently established competencies for addressing spiritual and religious issues in counseling (Association of Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling, ) provide guidelines for counselors to implement in conjunction with evidence‐based counseling practices. These spiritual competencies complement the ethics code established by the American Counseling Association () in promoting increased cross‐cultural sensitivity and proficiency in counseling. Supervisory tools that promote the ethical and spiritual development of counseling trainees are identified and described.
Parental Predictors of Adolescent Alcohol Use and Alcohol‐Related Consequences
Authors: Hausheer Robin , Doumas Diana M. , Esp Susan , Cuffee Courtney
Published: April 2016

This study examined parental predictors of alcohol use and alcohol‐related consequences among 9th‐grade students (N = 296). Parental disapproval of teen drinking and quality of parent–child general communication were significant predictors of drinking behaviors. Implications for counselors are discussed.
Given What I Know: Seeing the Past as a Portal to an Intentional Future
Authors: Clauss‐Ehlers Caroline S. , Parham William D.
Published: April 2016

Dr. Terrence Roberts is our second guest for the Hearing Our Elders series. Dr. Roberts is one of the Little Rock Nine, the first group of African American students to attend Little Rock Central High School in 1957. Interview segments are woven into the article, providing a historical and political context from which to understand the current national climate with regard to social justice and multicultural responsiveness. Dr. Roberts's interview revealed 6 critical themes: resilience, understanding context in the face of the status quo, reimagining language, choice as key to good mental health, use of the self as an intervention tool, and the importance of being historical in one's thinking. Intentionality is identified as a metatheme that asks the question of where one falls on the status quo versus change agent continuum.

Dr. Terrence Roberts es nuestro segundo invitado en la serie Escuchar a Nuestros Mayores. El Dr. Roberts es uno de los Little Rock Nine, el primer grupo de estudiantes afroamericanos que estudiaron en la escuela Little Rock Central High School en 1957. Se insertan fragmentos de la entrevista en el artículo, lo que proporciona un contexto histórico y político desde el que se puede comprender el clima nacional actual respecto a la justicia social y la sensibilidad multicultural. La entrevista con el Dr. Roberts reveló 6 temas críticos: la resiliencia, comprender el contexto frente al status quo, reimaginar el lenguaje, la capacidad de elección como clave para una buena salud mental, el uso del autoconcepto como herramienta de intervención y la importancia de ser histórico en el pensamiento personal. La intencionalidad se identifica como un metatema que formula la pregunta de dónde se sitúa uno mismo a lo largo del continuo entre status quo y agente de cambio.
Evaluation of Service‐Learning‐Infused Courses With Refugee Families
Authors: Midgett Aida , Doumas Diana M.
Published: April 2016

This study evaluated the impact of service‐learning‐infused courses on multicultural competence and social justice advocacy skills among counseling students. The project, in which students acted as job coaches for refugee families, was integrated into 1st‐ and 2nd‐year counseling courses. Results indicated an increase in multicultural knowledge and advocacy skills, with greater changes reported among 1st‐year students. Implications for counselor training, including placement of service‐learning projects within the counseling curriculum, are discussed.

Este estudio evaluó el impacto de cursos con elementos de aprendizaje por medio del servicio en la competencia multicultural y las habilidades de defensoría de justicia social entre estudiantes de consejería. El projecto, en el cual los estudiantes proporcionaron orientación laboral a familias de refugiados, estaba integrado en cursos de consejería de primer y segundo año. Los resultados indicaron un aumento del conocimiento multicultural y las habilidades de defensoría, con mayores cambios comunicados por los estudiantes de primer año. Se discuten las implicaciones para la formación de consejeros, incluyendo la inserción de projectos de aprendizaje por medio del servicio en el currículum de consejería.
Effects of Relational Authenticity on Adjustment to College
Authors: Lenz A. Stephen , Holman Rachel L. , Lancaster Chloe , Gotay Stephanie G.
Published: April 2016

The authors examined the association between relational health and student adjustment to college. Data were collected from 138 undergraduate students completing their 1st semester at a large university in the mid‐southern United States. Regression analysis indicated that higher levels of relational authenticity were a predictor of success during the 1st semester; no significant findings were detected for relationships between relational empowerment and engagement constructs and adjustment. Suggestions for promoting relational development are provided.
Attachment, Acculturation, and Psychosomatic Complaints Among Hispanic American University Students
Authors: Wang Chiachih D. C. , Scalise Dominick A. , Barajas‐Munoz I. Alejandro , Julio Kathy , Gomez Ayleen
Published: April 2016

This study investigated adult attachment and acculturation frameworks of reported psychosomatic complaints related to perceived discrimination among a sample of Latino/Hispanic university students (N = 160). The model supported by the data suggests that attachment anxiety, acculturation toward the dominant cultural norms, and adherence to Latino/Hispanic cultural beliefs are important factors for perceived discrimination and psychosomatic complaints experienced by Latino/Hispanic students. Counseling implications and future research directions are discussed.
New Horizons in Counselor Pedagogy: The Intersection of Constructivist Concepts and Phenomenological Awareness
Authors: WILKINSON BRETT D. , HANNA FRED J.
Published: April 2016

This article explores how distinct epistemological assumptions in constructivism and phenomenology influence pedagogical approaches in counselor education. Ideological parallels akin to the humanist tradition are drawn, as are irreconcilable distinctions. Practical implications of each are discussed in relation to 3 important counselor training areas: theoretical orientation, psychological concepts, and self‐awareness.
Empathy and Advocacy: Successfully Serving Communities of Color
Authors: HIPOLITO‐DELGADO CARLOS P. , PHARAOH TIANKA , HERMOSILLO JUDITH
Published: April 2016

On the basis of the results of a grounded theory study, the authors propose that empathy with and advocacy on behalf of communities of color are necessary for providing culturally responsive counseling services. Recommendations for academic and professional experiences that promote empathy and advocacy in counselor education are provided.
Using Humanistic and Positive Psychology to Understand Mexican American Adolescents' Subjective Happiness
Authors: CAVAZOS VELA JAVIER , LENZ A. STEPHEN , SPARROW GREGORY SCOTT , GONZALEZ STACEY LEE
Published: April 2016

Mexican American adolescents (N = 131) provided perceptions of presence of meaning in life, search for meaning in life, hope, family importance, and subjective happiness. Perceptions of meaning in life and family importance were significant predictors of subjective happiness. A discussion regarding the importance of these findings and implications for counselors are provided.
Application of genetics and genomics to wildlife epidemiology
Authors: Blanchong Julie A. , Robinson Stacie J. , Samuel Michael D. , Foster Jeffrey T.
Published: April 2016

Wildlife diseases can have significant impacts on wildlife conservation and management. Many of the pathogens that affect wildlife also have important implications for domestic animal and human health. However, management interventions to prevent or control wildlife disease are hampered by uncertainties about the complex interactions between pathogens and free‐ranging wildlife. We often lack crucial knowledge about host ecology, pathogen characteristics, and host–pathogen dynamics. The purpose of this review is to familiarize wildlife biologists and managers with the application of genetic and genomic methodologies for investigating pathogen and host biology to better understand and manage wildlife diseases. The genesis of this review was a symposium at the 2013 annual Wildlife Society Conference. We reviewed the scientific literature and used our personal experiences to identify studies that illustrate the application of genetic and genomic methods to advance our understanding of wildlife epidemiology, focusing on recent research, new techniques, and innovative approaches. Using examples from a variety of pathogen types and a broad array of vertebrate taxa, we describe how genetics and genomics can provide tools to detect and characterize pathogens, uncover routes of disease transmission and spread, shed light on the ways that disease susceptibility is influenced by both host and pathogen attributes, and elucidate the impacts of disease on wildlife populations. Genetic and increasingly genomic methodologies will continue to contribute important insights into pathogen and host biology that will aid efforts to assess and mitigate the impacts of wildlife diseases on global health and conservation of biodiversity. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Femtosecond Lasers in Ophthalmology
Authors: Matthias Ben , Krüger Alexander , Ripken Tammo , Oberheide Uwe , Lubatschowski Holger
Published: April 2016

Presbyopia is the most common visual defect of the human eye. Beginning with the age of 45 years, most people lose the ability to focus on near objects due to the loss of accommodation ability of the crystalline lens. Within the research network IKARUS, a femtosecond laser system has been realized, which is able to generate microscopic sliding into the crystalline lens, to restore the accommodative capacity of the eye. The surgical procedure only takes a few seconds and is non‐invasive. As a consequence, there is no risk of infection for the patient and the pro cedure can be carried out in non‐sterile environment. In addition, other clinical applications with extremely high market potential were evaluated in the context of ex vivo investigations. It could be shown that, using adaptive optics, it is possible to create precise cuts even in the posterior segment of the eye (retina) and thus open up a multitude of new treatment options.
Optical Diffraction Gratings for Spectroscopic Instruments
Authors: Triebel Peter , Moeller Tobias , Diehl Torsten , Burkhardt Matthias , Erdmann Lars , Gatto Alexandre
Published: April 2016

Diffraction gratings are an essential part of a spectrometer. The optical properties of a grating with respect to high grating efficiency, low polarization sensitivity and low stray light level improve the signal to noise ratio and the spectral resolution of a spectrometer, thus enabling further applications of spectroscopy. The production of gratings with a highest level of optical performance is therefore a prerequisite for high‐resolution spectrometers. The complete process of grating production is established on an industrial scale based on holography or mechanical ruling, the subsequent step of replication will be used for the production of higher quantities.
Monitoring High Temperatures in Industrial Applications
Authors: Schiewe Christian
Published: April 2016

State of the art IR cameras in the near infrared spectral range for monitoring high temperatures in industrial applications are characterized by a number of small measurement ranges. Scenes with a high temperature contrast require several measures switching between these ranges and result in pictures with under‐ or overexposed parts, respectively.

New developed high temperature IR cameras with high‐dynamic silicon detectors are using a spectral range in the near infrared and a very special signal processing. A continuous temperature measurement range from 600 up to 1,500 °C or optional 1,400 to 3,000 °C is realized with a resolution of 512 × 384 or 768 × 576 pixels and a measuring frequency of 60 or 50 Hz. Using a InGaAs high‐dynamic detector with 320 × 256 pixels, a continuous temperature measurement range from 300 to 1,200 °C is realized (measuring frequency 100 Hz). Each resulting image contains the full dynamic range and is transmitted via a Gigabit‐Ethernet interface in real time.
Get the Picture!
Authors: Briggs Stephan
Published: April 2016

The power of today's high‐resolution fluorescence imaging brings new capabilities to bear on everything from serum analysis to water quality inspection. Fluorescence filter cubes help scientists and engineers develop and create powerful new systems. Tight control over chromatic bands and optical wavefront, coupled with infinity‐corrected optical train design, brings unprecedented interchangeability and performance to new form factors for analytical instrumentation.
Two‐Photon Polymerization — A Versatile Microfabrication Tool
Authors: Niesler Fabian , Hermatschweiler Martin
Published: April 2016

With additive manufacturing entering the consumer market and exciting the stock market, “3D printing” has become fashionable in society. Freedom in design as well as easy workflows are positive attributes associated with this umbrella terminology for a variety of fabrication techniques. 3D printing, or additive manufacturing, gives designers previously unknown flexibilities and eliminates one of the most cost‐, time‐ and labour‐intensive stages of the product development process in industrial manufacturing, the production of tools. 3D printing is more precise, faster and mostly less expensive than traditional forms of manufacturing, especially in respect of rapid prototyping of individual parts. 3D objects of almost any shape can be printed from a virtual model in a variety of materials.
Impact of varying outcomes and definitions of suicidality on the associations of antiepileptic drugs and suicidality: comparisons from UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) and Danish national registries (DNR)
Authors: Schuerch Markus , Gasse Christiane , Robinson Noah Jamie , Alvarez Yolanda , Walls Robert , Mors Ole , Christensen Jakob , Hesse Ulrik , de Groot Mark , Schlienger Raymond , Reynolds Robert , Klungel Olaf , de Vries Frank
Published: April 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to quantify the impact of the different outcomes and definitions of suicidality on the association between antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and suicidality.

Methods

Retrospective cohort studies of selected AEDs (carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, phenytoin, pregabalin, topiramate and valproate) using data from UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) alone and linked to UK Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) and UK Office of National Statistics (ONS), and from Danish national registries (DNR). Follow‐up started at initiation of one of the study AEDs, divided into exposure periods, a maximum 90‐day post‐exposure period, and the reference period starting the day after the 90‐day post‐exposure period ended. Primary outcomes were completed suicide (SUI)/suicide attempt (SA) for CPRD and SUI/deliberate self‐harm (DSH) for DNR. We applied adjusted Cox regression analyses and sensitivity analyses with varying outcome definitions.

Results

We analyzed 84 524 AED users from CPRD‐HES‐ONS (1188 SUI/SA; 96 SUI) and 258 180 users from DNR (7561 SUI/DSH; 781 SUI). The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) on SUI/SA ranged between 1.3 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.84–2.00) for lamotrigine and 2.7 (1.24–5.81) for phenytoin in CPRD‐HES‐ONS, and between 0.9 (0.78–1.00) for valproate and 1.8 (1.10–3.07) for phenytoin on SUI/DSH in DNR. HRs for the primary outcomes varied consistently across exposure periods and data sources. HRs for SUI were in general lower, more stable and similar for periods of exposure and the 90‐day post‐exposure period.

Conclusion

Applying different outcomes and definitions of suicidality had an impact on the relative risks of suicidality associated with the investigated AEDs with results for SUI being most consistent and reliable. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐centre, multi‐database studies with common protocols: lessons learnt from the IMI PROTECT project
Authors: Klungel Olaf H. , Kurz Xavier , de Groot Mark C. H. , Schlienger Raymond G. , Tcherny‐Lessenot Stephanie , Grimaldi Lamiae , Ibáñez Luisa , Groenwold Rolf H. H. , Reynolds Robert F.
Published: April 2016

Purpose

To assess the impact of a variety of methodological parameters on the association between six drug classes and five key adverse events in multiple databases.

Methods

The selection of Drug–Adverse Event pairs was based on public health impact, regulatory relevance, and the possibility to study a broad range of methodological issues. Common protocols and data analytical specifications were jointly developed and independently and blindly executed in different databases in Europe with replications in the same and different databases.

Results

The association between antibiotics and acute liver injury, benzodiazepines and hip fracture, antidepressants and hip fracture, inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonists and acute myocardial infarction was consistent in direction across multiple designs, databases and methods to control for confounding. Some variation in magnitude of the associations was observed depending on design, exposure and outcome definitions, but none of the differences were statistically significant. The association between anti‐epileptics and suicidality was inconsistent across the UK CPRD, Danish National registries and the French PGRx system. Calcium channel blockers were not associated with the risk of cancer in the UK CPRD, and this was consistent across different classes of calcium channel blockers, cumulative durations of use up to >10 years and different types of cancer.

Conclusions

A network for observational drug effect studies allowing the execution of common protocols in multiple databases was created. Increased consistency of findings across multiple designs and databases in different countries will increase confidence in findings from observational drug research and benefit/risk assessment of medicines. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modifying the tumor microenvironment using nanoparticle therapeutics
Authors: Roy Aniruddha , Li Shyh‐Dar
Published: April 2016

Treatment of cancer has come a long way from the initial ‘radical surgeries’ to the multimodality treatments. For the major part of the last century, cancer was considered as a monocellular disorder, and treatment strategies were designed according to that hypothesis. However, the mortality rate from cancer continued to be high and a comprehensive treatment remained elusive. Recent progress in research has demonstrated that tumors are a complex network of neoplastic and non‐neoplastic cells. The non‐neoplastic cells, which are collectively called stroma, assist in tumor survival and progression. It has been shown that disrupting the tumor‐stromal balance leads to significant effects on the tumor survival, and effective treatment can be achieved by targeting one or more of the stromal components. In this review, we summarize the roles of various stromal components in promoting tumor progression, and discuss innovative nanoparticle‐mediated drug targeting strategies for stromal depletion and the subsequent effects on the tumors. Perspectives and the future directions are also provided. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2016, 8:891–908. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1406

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
The Prevalence of Incidentally Detected Idiopathic Misty Mesentery on Multidetector Computed Tomography: Can Obesity be the Triggering Cause?
Authors: Unlu Ebru , Okur Nazan , Acay Mehtap Beker , Kacar Emre , Ozdinc Serife , Balcik Cinar , Tokgoz Ozlem Turksoy
Published: April 2016

Purpose

Misty mesentery appearance is commonly reported in daily practice, usually as a secondary finding of various pathological entities, but sometimes it is encountered as an isolated finding that cannot be attributed to any other disease entity. We aimed to assess the prevalence of cases with incidentally detected idiopathic misty mesentery on computed tomography (CT) and to summarize the pathologies leading to this appearance.

Methods

Medical records and initial and follow-up CT features of patients with misty mesentery appearance between January 2011 and January 2013 were analysed. The study included cases with no known cause of misty mesentery according to associated CT findings, clinical history, or biochemical manifestations, and excluded patients with diseases known to cause misty mesentery, lymph nodes greater than a short-axis diameter of 5 mm, discrete mesenteric masses, or bowel wall thickening.

Results

There were a total of 561 patients in whom misty mesentery appearance was depicted on abdominopelvic CT scans. A total of 80 cases were found to have isolated incidental idiopathic misty mesentery, giving a prevalence of 7%. The common indication for CT examination was abdominal pain. There was a slight female predominance (51.3%). 67.5% of all patients were classified as obese and 17.5% as overweight.

Conclusions

The results of the present study show that idiopathic incidental misty mesentery appearance has a significant prevalence. Also, the high body mass index of these patients and the growing evidence of obesity-induced inflammatory changes in adipose tissue are suggestive of an association between obesity and misty mesentery appearance on CT.
Microstructure and oxidation behaviour of Fe–Cr–silicide coating on a niobium alloy
Authors: Alam Md. Z. , Sarin S. , Kumawat M. K. , Das D. K.
Published: April 2016

The cyclic oxidation performance of a Fe–Cr-modified silicide coating on Nb-alloy C-103 was evaluated in air at temperatures between 1100 and 1500°C and the microstructural changes examined. The coating was oxidation resistant and the duration of protection increased from 60 minutes at 1100°C to 255 minutes at 1500°C. The formation of the surface glassy silica layer and its ability to heal the cracks in the coating enhanced the oxidation performance at high temperatures. The outer NbSi2 layer served as a reservoir of Si and sustained the formation of the protective silica scale. Spallation of the silica scale and the concomitant depletion of the NbSi2 layer towards the regeneration of the silica scale limit the oxidation life of the coating.
Ilias Latina
Authors: Green Steven J.
Published: April 2016

The Ilias Latina is a short poem composed in Latin hexameter that retells Homer’s Iliad. It is generally attributed to Baebius Italicus and dated to c. 54–65 ce. The analysis of the poem reveals how the Homeric Iliadic material has been reimagined to fit Roman, post-Virgilian and Neronian sensibilities, and to showcase the human emotions underlying the Trojan War.
Irenaeus
Authors: Briggman Anthony
Published: April 2016

Irenaeus (b. c. 135) was installed as bishop of Lyons after a severe persecution of the churches of Lyons and Vienne took the life of his episcopal predecessor, Pothinus. He was not a native of Roman Gaul, but rather migrated from Asia Minor, where in his younger days he heard the Apostle John teach. Irenaeus’ opposition to Valentinian and Marcionite theologies often casts him as one of the great polemicists of the early Church, but he was also one of the great theologians of the early tradition. Eusebius of Caesarea credits Irenaeus with various treatises, but only two have come down to us: a short work entitled Proof of the Apostolic Preaching, and the work for which he is best known, A Refutation and Overthrow of Knowledge Falsely So-Called—more commonly referred to as Against Heresies. His death is usually dated to the early years of the 3rd century. He is commemorated as a martyr, but evidence for his martyrdom is late.
Jerusalem
Authors: Ecker Avner
Published: April 2016

After the Babylonian exile, Jews returned to their city under Cyrus I and rebuilt their temple in Jerusalem in 539 bce. Jerusalem eventually became the only monotheistic centre within the Greco-Roman world. Most Jews regarded their temple as the only temple to Yahweh. Three annual pilgrimages from the entire Mediterranean basin marked the city’s life cycle. The temple grew rich through donations, tithes, and a voluntary tax given by Jews. The city of the Second Temple Period was run according to a set of Jewish religious laws. Antiochus IV attempted to mould it into a Greek-style polis and instigated the Maccabean revolt (167–160 bce). The riches of the temple allured Hellenistic and Roman rulers alike, whereas the unique religious character of Jewish Jerusalem posed continuous political challenges. Indeed, the city was besieged, and the temple occasionally plundered by a succession of Hellenistic and Roman conquerors. Jerusalem and the temple flourished under Herod and his dynasts (Plin. HN 5.70). It was the physical and social setting of New Testament. Titus destroyed it in 70 ce, and the destruction was commemorated in Rome itself (arch of Titus: CIL VI 31211; and in the circus maximus: CIL VI 944). Jerusalem then became the camp of the Legio X Fretensis. In 130 ce Hadrian turned the city into the Colonia Aelia Capitolina, and after the ensuing Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–136 ce) he banned Jews from the city. Helena and Constantine I revived the city as an imperial centre for Christianity by constructing the Church of the Holy Sepulchre (335 ce). Late Antique Jerusalem was a flourishing religious centre until the conquest of Caliph Omar ibn Al-Khattāb in 638 ce.
slavery, Roman
Authors: Roth Ulrike
Published: April 2016

Slavery, a destiny that could affect anyone in the ancient world, had a defining role in Roman society. Sanctioned by law and never seriously challenged in thought or action, Roman slavery ordinarily subjected the enslaved to another’s powers of ownership (dominium), regularly for the purpose of labour exploitation, despite the law’s simultaneous recognition of the shared humanity of enslaved and enslaver; consequently, enslavement was defined according to the law of nations (ius gentium) rather than—and in fact against—natural law (ius naturalis) (Dig. 1.5.4.1). Slavery (servitus) signalled the antithesis to freedom (libertas), including in the wider civic context: being free meant to be in one’s own power (in potestate sua), privileging an androcentric notion of freedom focused on patria potestas. Freedom from slavery was often, but not necessarily, related to the enjoyment of Roman citizenship (civitas), and Romans were not normally enslaved within the civic community. Contrarily, there existed no bar to the subjection to Roman slavery of non-Romans of any legal or civic status. Accordingly, individuals of all ages and sexes, born both within and outside the Roman sphere of influence, were reduced to slavery under Rome, whether from birth or through subsequent enslavement. Release from slavery was built into the Romans’ slaving system in the form of manumission, a practice that is widely attested in the surviving evidence, including the profuse documentation of successful social integration of Roman freedpersons that contrasts sharply with the profound misery and pain that characterize the numerous forms of exploitation imposed on the enslaved. Subject to multiple changes over time, slavery was a fixture of Roman society over the more than one thousand years of its existence, constituting a fundamental element of Rome’s increasing domination of the Mediterranean world. While Roman slavery coexisted throughout this period with other forms of dependence and exploitation, as well as with slaveries that operated under non-Roman conventions, it produced a historical record that merits concentrated study in its own right.
exploration
Authors: Roller Duane W.
Published: April 2016

Exploration in antiquity was largely the result of commercial or military endeavours, rather than any pure quest for knowledge or scholarship. Nevertheless, from the first efforts of Greeks to move beyond the Greek heartland into the Black Sea and western Mediterranean, which began as early as the end of the Bronze Age, Greeks and Romans steadily explored around and beyond their world. By the late Roman period, almost all of the Eastern Hemisphere was known, with the exception of interior southern Africa and the far northeastern portions of Asia, and it was suggested that there might be other continents across the ocean. Despite an emphasis on trade and commercial contacts, there was also an increase in scientific and other scholarly knowledge.

The beginnings of Greek exploration are apparent in the Odyssey of Homer and may go back to the latter part of the Bronze Age. By the latter 7th century bce, Greeks were moving outside of the Mediterranean to the Phoenician (later Carthaginian) trading cities such as Gadeira on the Atlantic. With the rise of the Persians, they began to learn about what lay to their east, and Alexander the Great created awareness of a world stretching as far as India. At the same time, Pytheas of Massalia explored the northern Atlantic as far as Iceland.

The discipline of geography was invented by Eratosthenes of Cyrene in the latter 3rd century bce, and in the following century the explorer Polybius reached the Equator. Roman military operations in the north of Europe and the British Isles and trade journeys into central Africa meant those regions were brought into the sphere of knowledge of the Mediterranean world. Realization that the inhabited world, however vast, was only a small part of the total surface of the Earth led to theorization about other lands across the ocean, but there is no solid evidence that anyone from the ancient Mediterranean reached them and was able to report on them.

By the latter 1st century bce traders became aware of Southeast Asia and China, and there were occasional contacts during the Roman period, but by the 2nd century ce the era of ancient exploration was at an end, and there was little further expansion of geographical knowledge until the Islamic period.