bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Imperial or a Personal Legacy?: The Rivalry of W. E. Maxwell and F. A. Swettenham in British Malaya
Authors: Pakri Mohamad Rashidi
Published: February 2012

This paper draws together and evaluates a number of historical events that took place during the early period of British rule in Malaya, especially those involving the official duties and the personal lives of the two colonial officers under study, Frank Athelstane Swettenham and William Edward Maxwell. Information from H. S. Barlow’s book entitled Swettenham for Frank Swettenham and my own interviews and research on Maxwell’s background contribute towards an understanding and assessment of their legacies. Both wished to establish the superiority of Western culture and civilization (as part of the imperial agenda), yet they were obliged to make compromises to achieve their personal ambitions in colonial Malaya.
Violence, Reason, and Enclosure in Defoe’s Tour
Authors: Speller Trevor
Published: February 2012

Daniel Defoe’s Tour thro’ the Whole Island of Great Britain (1724– 26) is a text that trumpets a Whiggish and rational view of the nation, a view echoed by some of its critics. Despite the Tour ’s self-projection, anomalous territories and populations trouble its pages. These pockets of disorder and irrationality, often occurring in excurses and illustrations, are controlled through fantasies of armed enclosure, whose terms are derived from John Locke. Rather than a homogeneous imagined community, the Tour ’s ideological and stylistic ruptures suggest a more fractured nation where dissent requires violent, rational containment.
Dreaming the Present: The Tempest , Bulgaria, ca. 2005
Authors: Stavreva Kirilka
Published: February 2012

In and around 2005, even as the economic and political transition in post-communist Bulgaria stabilized its course, a cluster of productions of Shakespeare's "tempest-tossed" plays captured strong cultural anxieties regarding the construction of a reputable and convincing new national identity. The two productions analyzed, Petar Pashov's puppet theater Tempest (which premiered in October 2004 in Varna, Bulgaria) and Javor Gardev's international production of the play (which opened in November 2004 in Adana, Turkey), focus on the storm survivors' reckless re-definitions of identity as they face their past and their political ambitions for the future. The faint glimmer of hope in Pashov's surreal and self-referentially Bulgarian production is contrasted to the grim warning in Gardev's post-Brechtian rendition of the play regarding the dire need for forgiveness and recognition of the Other. Pashov portrays the native spirits of the island as constrained and craving social harmony with a naturalized and frankly incompetent Prospero. Gardev develops the revenge-tragedy potential of the play to show storm-makers and survivors headed for self-inflicted destruction.
Magic Storms on Polish Television: The Case of The Tempest
Authors: Fabiszak Jacek , Brzozowska Natalia
Published: February 2012

The aim of this paper is to look at the representation of the storm in selected television versions of Shakespeare's The Tempest . Special attention will be paid to Polish TV productions in the context of other film and telegenic renderings of the play. Of course, the specific nature of the tragicomedy and the position of the sea storm and shipwreck in particular will be a starting point for the discussion of how television aesthetics shapes the representation of storms on the small screen. The following questions will be posited: whether the teleplay draws more on the filmic codes or theatre-oriented ones; what the place of television genres is and how they inform the framing of storms; how the genres relate to the nature of the storms in Shakespeare's (Last) plays. Consequently, one needs to address the unnatural, supernatural and oneiric nature of Shakespeare's Last Plays as well as the status of Prospero's art that make the storm a magic phenomenon, yet one which - in the eyes of Miranda as well as the characters aboard the ship - appears a most realistic, indeed tangibly real element. This leads to the problem of realism in the triad of stage-television-film which will need to be addressed, too: how the producers managed to render this double nature of the reception of the storm by the characters in the play.
Behind the Scenes: Penn & Teller, Taymor and the Tempest Divide Shakespeare's Globe, London
Authors: Quarmby Kevin A.
Published: February 2012

In 2010, Julie Taymor's film  The Tempest  was given limited art-house release. Starring Helen Mirren as the re-gendered Prospera, this version relied heavily on computer generated imagery to imagine Shakespeare's complex narrative. The resulting hyperrealism juxtaposed seamlessly with the expressionistic reality of the film's Hawaiian island locations. For its audience, Taymor's  Tempest  was decidedly twenty-first century in technical and visual appeal. In the film's accompanying glossy book, Taymor references her earliest foray into  Tempest  direction, her New York City production of 1986. No visual record of this production remains. In 1992, however, a children's television program, fronted by the comedy magicians Penn and Teller, records a one-off reworking of this New York production. Evident in a selection of key scenes, Taymor's artistic vision, with her regular use of masks, magic, and international puppetry techniques, is revealed. Significant for our appreciation of Taymor's development as a  Tempest   director is that this low-quality, low-budget video demonstrates how many 2010 filmic innovations already manifested in her original theatrical staging. The storm-tossed shipwreck, now computer generated, mirrored its New York counterpart. Most noticeable, however, is Taymor's 1980s decision to represent Caliban as an oppressed African slave, emerging from the physical structure of the island. Taymor's overtly postcolonial reading of Caliban, strikingly imagined in her 2010 film, reproduces in surprising detail her earliest creative choices. Prospero becomes Prospera, who transitions into a pseudo-bondage dominatrix, but the film still reproduces Taymor's earlier envisioning of the play's racial tensions, as evidenced by an obscure 1980s televisual experience.
The Jacobeans on Television: The Duchess of Malfi and 'Tis Pity She's a Whore at Chastleton House
Authors: Greenhalgh Susanne
Published: February 2012

Despite Shakespeare's domination of televised early modern drama, critics have argued that the small screen is particularly well-suited to the psychological and spatial interiority of other Jacobean and Caroline tragedians. To test the claim, this essay examines two BBC productions filmed on location at Jacobean Chastleton House: Webster's Duchess of Malfi, directed by James MacTaggart (1972), and Ford's 'Tis Pity She's a Whore , directed by Roland Joffé (1980). While the films' use of Chastleton resembles the type of conservative 'heritage' programming that would rise to prominence in the 1980s, their narratives undermine and scrutinise such 'country house' values. MacTaggart's Malfi is shot studio-style, evoking simultaneously the theatre and the claustrophobic environments called for in Webster's text. The interiority of the characters' suffering is conveyed in a smoothly naturalistic style that re-envisions the play, previously thought of as an 'absurdist, savage farce'. Meanwhile, Joffé's more cinematic 'Tis Pity exploits Ford's vagueness of setting to stage its disruptive violence among the stiff domesticity of a Victorian estate. Where Malfi looks inward to produce a coherent Jacobean vision, 'Tis Pity turns its Caroline heritage outwards to destabilise the upper-class society of both the Victorians and the ascendant Thatcherism of 1980.
Jarman's Renaissance Cinema
Authors: Maccabe Colin
Published: February 2012

This article traces the development of Derek Jarman's interest in the Renaissance and its articulation in five of his films:  Jubilee (1977),  The Tempest  (1980),  The Angelic Conversation  (1985), Caravaggio  (1986), and  Edward II  (1991). It considers the impact of his formative education at King's College, London, on his later cinematic work, emphasising his long-held contemporary, rather than antiquarian, fascination with the Renaissance and its relation to art and sexuality in the modern world. The article's analysis of the continuous and complex links between past and present in Jarman's oeuvre focuses largely on his overriding concerns with the treatment of homosexuality, and the extent to which these are centralised in  Edward II  in particular, where Marlowe's text is significantly distorted to further the director's political agenda. In his continued interest in the transition from the medieval to the modern, Jarman, the article argues, remains central to the project of screening Elizabethan drama, even twenty years after his death.
Vincent OGé Jeune (1757-91): Social Class and Free Colored Mobilization on the Eve of the Haitian Revolution
Authors: Garrigus John D.
Published: February 2012

Vincent Ogé jeune (the younger) was one of the wealthiest free men of color in Saint-Domingue, but his behavior in the year before the Haitian revolution (1791-1804) was a puzzling anomaly. Returning to the colony from Paris in October 1790, Ogé quickly emerged at the head of a group of free colored militiamen demanding voting rights. Colonists labeled this a “revolt” and four months later they executed Ogé and three of his colleagues, breaking their bodies bone by bone in a public square and mounting their severed heads on posts.
Fidel's Child: A Half-Century Doing Latin American History
Authors: Graham Richard
Published: February 2012

By no fault of my own I have lived long enough to see many changes in the historical profession, and it may be useful today at this luncheon to look backward a bit over the last half-century and see where we have been. My first thought was that we have moved from carbon copies on onionskin paper and no Xerox machines to the laptop computer. Our writing has not necessarily improved. And mine has not even gotten faster, perhaps because rewriting has become seductively easy. But changes inhowwe do history andwhodoes history dwarf the importance of such technologies.
Monstrous Births and Creole Patriotism in Late Colonial Mexico
Authors: Jaffary Nora E.
Published: February 2012

On February 8, 1785, the Gazeta de Mxico, one of New Spain's first news periodicals, published an announcement from the city of Guanajuato celebrating the recent birth of a pair of conjoined twins:

Doa Rafaela Corts has delivered two children from one birth, joined together at the back of their heads by the skull. They received the holy waters of baptism and were christened Joseph Nepomuceno Guadalupe and Joseph Ignacio Guadalupe Many people, admiring these rare effects of nature, have visited them, and there has been no record in these twins of any deformity or defect in their separate and agile bodies The few doctors and surgeons residing in the city have considered separating them, but have not found it advisable because of the manner in which they are united, and every day more news circulates about their existence and longevity, causing ever more admiration for them given that the first one was born foot-first, and in delivering him, the midwife discovered the knot that joined the two heads.
Teaching Materials and the Fate of Dynamic Biology in American Classrooms after Sputnik
Authors: Rudolph John L.
Published: February 2012

The technologies of classroom instruction have received scant attention from historians of technology. Yet schools, in particular science classrooms, abound with laboratory and instructional apparatus that play an important role in how students (and ultimately members of the public at large) learn about how science and scientists generate knowledge in a given disciplinary field. This article uses the post-Sputnik reforms in United States high school biology education as a case study to examine the way that the materials and technologies of biology teaching shaped ideas about the epistemology of life-science research during the cold war. It compares the experimental vision and materials produced by the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study, a National Science Foundation-funded, scientist-led reform project, with the materials developed by Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, a longstanding scientific supply company with deep roots in the more established, natural history epistemological tradition.
Expression of Passive, Active, and Middle Voice in Central Languedocian
Authors: Dansereau Diane
Published: February 2012

As in the other Romance languages, the concept of passive voice can be expressed in modern Central Languedocian by means of an analytic construction, made from a conjugated form of the verb 'to be' plus a past participle. Use of this morphologically passive verb form is rare, however, in Central Languedocian, as in all dialects of modern Occitan. Instead, two other constructions with impersonal subjects are used: 1) third person plural verb forms with or without an impersonal subject, and 2) pronominal verbs. Of these, the second construction is found more commonly than the first. It is found with all transitive verbs (not just those marked [-animate] as in French), as well as with intransitive verbs. The pronominal verb may precede or follow a direct object and may agree in gender and number with that object. It may also agree in number with its real subject, when the agent, although indefinite or sometimes even unexpressed, is known to be plural and the verb is intransitive. Of particular interest is the apparent survival of a "middle voice" in Central Languedocian, an active, not passive voice, which is expressed by means of the pronominal construction in transitive verbs and which remains fossilized in a small group of intransitive verbs. The Occitan pronoun òm (corresponding morphologically to French on ) is personal, including the speaker, so verbs with this subject are active in voice. When the pronoun se is used in otherwise active constructions (i.e., with the subject pronoun òm ), it conveys a sense of vagueness with respect to the subject, which nevertheless includes the speaker, but does not change the active connotation of the verb.
Amazing Show in Manila: "Fantasy-Production" and Filipino Labor in a Transnational, Transcultural, Transgendered Theatre Enterprise
Authors: Peterson William
Published: February 2012

Amazing Show , staged in Manila and at a resort near Cebu, features beautiful, transgendered performers in a lavish transnational stage spectacle offered to an audience composed largely of Korean tourists. Over 350,000 people have seen this East–West cultural show since it premiered in 2001, marking it as perhaps the country's most influential ongoing performance event and one whose complexity challenges the efficacy of much contemporary intercultural theory. The show's featured performers, known locally as bakla —variously translated as "third sex" or "gay"—disrupt any simple reading of the production as a transvestite or drag show, requiring a more detailed and nuanced consideration of the complex ways in which bakla identity is contained and expressed through performance. Equally important are the ways in which this feminized workforce mirrors the position of Filipina labor in transnational and intra-Asian labor markets.
Affirmative action and disability in South Africa
Authors: Schneider Marguerite , Nkoli Motsoakgomo I ‘Papi’
Published: February 2012

Disability is the Cinderella of the historically disadvantaged groups targeted by affirmative action (AA) in South Africa. The Employment Equity Act identifies people with disabilities as one of the targets of the act. Government set the numerical goal as 2 per cent – a goal not yet achieved. Within the achievements so far, the trends noted for the general population of working age hold for the disabled population of working age. Proportionately, more disabled men are employed than disabled women, more disabled white people than disabled black people, and more disabled white men in the more senior positions. The focus of the paper is thus on understanding this lag in achieving the numerical quota and how to move forward.

People with disabilities experience significant disadvantage in the area of employment, which, in turn, has significant repercussions on their psychological, social and economic wellbeing. It is, therefore, important to look further at the barriers that hinder the employment of people with disabilities. These include physical accessibility of the environment and information, transport, attitudes of others (e.g. employers and co-workers) and additional costs of managing one’s disability. The factors such as levels of employment, political will, policies and provision of services (eg health, welfare and employment) are those that create more context specific experiences. The lack of skills and basic education were reported by many South African disabled respondents as being a major factor in their status as unemployed. The delivery, nature and structure of the education that one receives is one of the initial formative steps determining one’s socialisation into society. There is a complex interplay between poverty, disability and social assistance programmes which can have a significant impact on the employment of and job seeking by people with disabilities. South Africa is unusual in combining high unemployment rates with good social assistance programmes. There is a strong business, social, psychological and political case in increasing employment of people with disabilities.

The policy of affirmative action is good but we are not meeting the targets. The situation in South Africa is a complex interaction including a number of confounding factors – high unemployment, good social assistance, and people with disabilities with low levels of skills. Pro-active and constructive approaches need to be adopted to ensure that people with disabilities are fully included in the labour market. It is the right and good thing to do, not only for disabled people but for all people.
Moving from the letter of the law to the spirit of the law: the challenges of realising the intent of employment equity and affirmative action
Authors: Nkomo Stella
Published: February 2012

The letter of the law versus the spirit of the law is an idiomatic antithesis which suggests that in interpreting a law there are two choices. One can approach a law literally or one can instead focus on its intent . The relevance of this idiomatic opposition to the Employment Equity Act and its provision for affirmative action is interrogated through the presentation of two case studies demonstrating the obstacles to fully embracing equity and valuing the diversity of South African society.
The Fat Man on Snow Dome: Surprise and Sense of Place (or, Reading Laurie Ricou’s David Wagoner)
Authors: Bradley Nicholas
Published: February 2012

Laurie Ricou’s A Field Guide to “A Guide to Dungeness Spit” (1997) is an idiosyncratic critical account of “A Guide to Dungeness Spit” (1962), a poem by David Wagoner that depicts a coastal landscape on the Olympic Peninsula in western Washington. This essay suggests that the sense of place in Wagoner’s poem depends upon a representation of surprise. Ricou’s study in turn takes surprise as a critical trope, emulating the poem and linking explication of the text to autobiographical writing and a survey of the poem’s contexts. The essay contends that the resultant critical mode is at once highly attentive to textual detail yet cognizant of the degree to which individual experience shapes interpretation. The essay places Wagoner’s poem and Ricou’s book in the context of ecocriticism. It pays particular attention to the depiction and shaping of a literary region that extends across the border between Canada and the United States.
The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance Inhabits Film Noir
Authors: Barr Alan P.
Published: February 2012

In The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance, John Ford , the grand master of the genre, has infused his Western with the conventions of the previous decade’s noir style, almost reconceiving it. Shot in constricted, uncomfortably dark and angular interior settings, this decidedly black and white film used the familiar hallmarks of film noir to subvert the openness and even the optimism characteristically associated with Westerns. Shinbone may be at the river’s edge and now on the train line, but its ethos is as dark and anxious as that of noir films. Civilization, which was usually a dubious prospect in Westerns, is here undermined both by the compromises it requires and the prospects it offers. The energetic past is past and the present is without appeal. The paranoia and claustrophobia of film noir has infected the robustness of the larger host genre, more comprehensively and effectively than in any other major Western.
Rescue of Dopamine Transporter Function in Hypoinsulinemic Rats by a D2Receptor–ERK-Dependent Mechanism
Authors: Owens W. Anthony , Williams Jason M. , Saunders Christine , Avison Malcolm J. , Galli Aurelio , Daws Lynette C.
Published: February 2012

The dopamine (DA) transporter (DAT) is a major target for abused drugs and a key regulator of extracellular DA. A rapidly growing literature implicates insulin as an important regulator of DAT function. We showed previously that amphetamine (AMPH)-evoked DA release is markedly impaired in rats depleted of insulin with the diabetogenic agent streptozotocin (STZ). Similarly, functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments revealed that the blood oxygenation level-dependent signal following acute AMPH administration in STZ-treated rats is reduced. Here, we report that these deficits are restored by repeated, systemic administration of AMPH (1.78 mg/kg, every other day for 8 d). AMPH stimulates DA D2receptors indirectly by increasing extracellular DA. Supporting a role for D2receptors in mediating this “rescue,” the effect was completely blocked by pre-treatment of STZ-treated rats with the D2receptor antagonist raclopride before systemic AMPH. D2receptors regulate DAT cell surface expression through ERK1/2 signaling. Inex vivostriatal preparations, repeated AMPH injections increased immunoreactivity of phosphorylated ERK1/2 (p-ERK1/2) in STZ-treated but not control rats. These data suggest that repeated exposure to AMPH can rescue, by activating D2receptors and p-ERK signaling, deficits in DAT function that result from hypoinsulinemia. Our data confirm the idea that disorders influencing insulin levels and/or signaling, such as diabetes and anorexia, can degrade DAT function and that insulin-independent pathways are present that may be exploited as potential therapeutic targets to restore normal DAT function.
Neurabin Scaffolding of Adenosine Receptor and RGS4 Regulates Anti-Seizure Effect of Endogenous Adenosine
Authors: Chen Yunjia , Liu Yin , Cottingham Christopher , McMahon Lori , Jiao Kai , Greengard Paul , Wang Qin
Published: February 2012

Endogenous adenosine is an essential protective agent against neural damage by various insults to the brain. However, the therapeutic potential of adenosine receptor-directed ligands for neuroprotection is offset by side effects in peripheral tissues and organs. An increase in adenosine receptor responsiveness to endogenous adenosine would enhance neuroprotection while avoiding the confounding effects of exogenous ligands. Here we report novel regulation of adenosine-evoked responses by a neural tissue-specific protein, neurabin. Neurabin attenuated adenosine A1receptor (A1R) signaling by assembling a complex between the A1R and the regulator of G-protein signaling 4 (RGS4), a protein known to turn off G-protein signaling. Inactivation of the neurabin gene enhanced A1R signaling and promoted the protective effect of adenosine against excitotoxic seizure and neuronal death in mice. Furthermore, administration of a small molecule inhibitor of RGS4 significantly attenuated seizure severity in mice. Notably, the dose of kainate capable of inducing an ∼50% rate of death in wild-type (WT) mice did not affect neurabin-null mice or WT mice cotreated with an RGS4 inhibitor. The enhanced anti-seizure and neuroprotective effect achieved by disruption of the A1R/neurabin/RGS4 complex is elicited by the on-site and on-demand release of endogenous adenosine, and does not require administration of A1R ligands. These data identify neurabin-RGS4 as a novel tissue-selective regulatory mechanism for fine-tuning adenosine receptor function in the nervous system. Moreover, these findings implicate the A1R/neurabin/RGS4 complex as a valid therapeutic target for specifically manipulating the neuroprotective effects of endogenous adenosine.
Spontaneous Olfactory Receptor Neuron Activity Determines Follower Cell Response Properties
Authors: Joseph Joby , Dunn Felice A. , Stopfer Mark
Published: February 2012

Noisy or spontaneous activity is common in neural systems and poses a challenge to detecting and discriminating signals. Here we use the locust to answer fundamental questions about noise in the olfactory system: Where does spontaneous activity originate? How is this activity propagated or reduced throughout multiple stages of neural processing? What mechanisms favor the detection of signals despite the presence of spontaneous activity? We found that spontaneous activity long observed in the secondary projection neurons (PNs) originates almost entirely from the primary olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) rather than from spontaneous circuit interactions in the antennal lobe, and that spontaneous activity in ORNs tonically depolarizes the resting membrane potentials of their target PNs and local neurons (LNs) and indirectly tonically depolarizes tertiary Kenyon cells (KCs). However, because these neurons have different response thresholds, in the absence of odor stimulation, ORNs and PNs display a high spontaneous firing rate but KCs are nearly silent. Finally, we used a simulation of the olfactory network to show that discrimination of signal and noise in the KCs is best when threshold levels are set so that baseline activity in PNs persists. Our results show how the olfactory system benefits from making a signal detection decision after a point of maximal information convergence, e.g., after KCs pool inputs from many PNs.
Structural features in fluorite compounds relevant for nuclear applications
Authors: Baldinozzi Gianguido , Desgranges Lionel , Simeone David , Gosset Dominique , Luneville Laurence
Published: February 2012

Oxides with fluorite (or fluorite related) structures form a large class of compounds with a high radiation tolerance, somewhat related to their peculiar ability to accommodate a variety of defects and to form nonstoichiometric compounds with a large homogeneity range. Structural modifications are generally observed when the departure from the ideal composition is large. We discuss these structural features using an approach based on the crystal symmetry analysis based on the phase transition mechanisms in compounds relevant for nuclear applications.
The effect of rapid solidification and grain size on the transformation temperatures of Ni-44,8wt%Ti melt spun alloy
Authors: Anselmo G. C. S. , de Castro W. B. , de Araújo C. J.
Published: February 2012

Ribbons of the Ni-44.8wt%Ti shape memory alloy are prepared through the melt spinning technique. The study is focused on investigating the effect of the rapid solidification and grain size at characteristic start martensitic (Ms), final martensitic (Mf), start austenite (As) and final austenite (Af) transformation temperatures. Changes on martensitic transformation temperatures in Ti45Ni55 melt spun ribbons are observed as grain size is reduced. Results of optical microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are used to associate grain size with transformation temperatures.
A New Era for the Systemic Therapy of Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Eads Jennifer R. , Meropol Neal J.
Published: February 2012

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the underlying biology of neuroendocrine tumors including pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) and carcinoids and the importance of these biologic features in the evolution of new drugs for these diseases.Cite the historical data regarding the use of cytotoxic agents in the treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and carcinoids.Explain the significance of recent clinical trials utilizing biologic agents, in particular octreotide, the small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor, sunitinib and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor, everolimus, and how these medications have altered the natural history of both pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and carcinoids.

CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Carcinoids and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors are becoming increasingly common, with the majority of patients presenting with either lymph node involvement or metastatic disease. An improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in these tumors has implicated several pathways that have led to new therapeutic approaches. In this manuscript, we describe the biology of neuroendocrine tumors and approaches to systemic therapy. We review early data regarding the use of cytotoxics and several recent studies employing more targeted approaches that promise to change the standard of care. Specifically, phase III studies indicate that pharmacologic inhibition of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway with sunitinib, and of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway with everolimus, appears to have altered the natural history of these diseases. These successes set the stage for further advances in the management of patients with neuroendocrine tumors.
Wax Deposition in Crude Oil Pipelines
Authors: Bern Peter A. , Withers Vincent R. , Cairns Roger J. R.
Published: February 2012

The presence of wax in crude oil can lead to the formation of wax deposits on the walls of pipelines and as a consequence significant increases in pumping pressure caused mainly by an increase in the pipewall roughness. This can be particularly pronounced with the high cooling rates typical of submarine pipelines and is not restricted just to very waxy crudes.

Using an extension of standard molecular diffusion theory the parameters influencing wax deposition rates are identified, and from simple laboratory tests on stabilized crude the rate of deposition in full scale pipelines can be predicted. Further, these principles and test methods can be applied to evaluate the effectiveness of the many available deposit-inhibiting additives under conditions appropriate to pipeline operations.
The Pearls and Pitfalls of Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Upper Extremity
Authors: Strudwick Mark W. , Anderson Suzanne E. , Dimmick Simon , Saltzman Matthew D. , Hsu Wellington K.
Published: February 2012

Synopsis

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is capable of producing images in any anatomical plane, visualizing and analyzing a variety of tissue characteristics, as well as quantifying blood flow and metabolic functions. Although MRI details of compact bone and calcium are poor when compared to those taken with plain radiography or computed tomography, its high soft tissue contrast discrimination and multiplanar imaging capabilities are significant advantages. Musculoskeletal anatomy and neurovascular bundles are well delineated. The advent of MRI has revolutionized the clinician's ability to confirm a proper diagnosis for musculoskeletal problems, which has led to more directed, specific rehabilitative protocols. However, the value of MRI to rehabilitative professionals has been even greater in its ability to identify serious, more uncommon pathologies, such as in those with underlying infection, fracture, or tumor, that require immediate care and are considered to be beyond their scope of practice. Furthermore, MRI, with its precise delineation of fat, muscle, and bone, is an ideal candidate for imaging of muscle disease or injury and has emerged as the method of choice for the detection of early cartilage wear in young patients, such as osteoarthritis. Finally, this imaging modality can avoid radiation exposure in a predominantly younger patient cohort commonly affected by musculoskeletal diseases. The aim of this paper is to consider how physical therapists may take advantage of the diagnostic value of MRI of the upper limb, while avoiding the pitfalls of misinterpretation of images as a result of technical issues, pathological changes, or normal variants. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2011;41(11):861–872. doi:10.2519/jospt.2011.3833
Preparation and Physical Properties of Chitosan Benzoic Acid Derivatives Using a Phosphoryl Mixed Anhydride System
Authors: Lee Duckhee , Quan Zhe Shan , Lu Chichong , Jeong Jin Ah , Song Changhyun , Song Mi-Sun , Chai Kyu Yun
Published: February 2012

Direct benzoylation of the two hydroxyl groups on chitosan was achieved using a phosphoryl mixed anhydride system, derived from trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA), benzoic acids (BAs), and phosphoric acid (PA). The reaction is operated as a one pot process under mild conditions that does not require neither an inert atmosphere nor dry solvents. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by NMR and IR spectroscopy. Solubility tests on the products revealed that they were soluble in organic solvents such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and acetone. In the meantime, a morphological study by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evidently indicated that the chitosan benzoates underwent significant structural changes after the benzoylation.
Health Care Partnerships: A Literature Review of Interdisciplinary Education
Authors: Dufrene Claudine
Published: February 2012

Interdisciplinary education is an excellent teaching model for nursing and other health care professions students. When one considers that nurses, physicians, and other health care professionals must work together in the same environment, it seems feasible that learning together through allocated learning activities as an interdisciplinary group might enhance educational outcomes. According to the literature, interdisciplinary education fosters collaboration and teamwork among the health care team. In addition, anecdotal comments from nursing students indicate that they feel unprepared to communicate with other health care disciplines. Although there is an abundance of articles related to interdisciplinary education, few studies of student outcomes have been conducted. This article provides an overview of interdisciplinary education studies with nursing and other health professions students.
EDM310
Authors: Strange John Hadley
Published: February 2012

This case study of EDM310 at the University of South Alabama covers the transition of the class from a group of face to face courses, which covered Microsoft Office, to face to face classes of 20 students taught by different teachers, which emphasized, to varying degrees, the use of Web 2.0 tools, blogging, commenting on blogs; then to a set of face to face courses all delivering instruction using Web 2.0 tools, blogs, and commenting on blogs. Finally the chapter discusses a course of 170 students taught by one faculty member with assistance from graduate and undergraduate students’ course almost entirely on the Internet and in an open lab conducted by undergraduate assistants. A detailed description is provided, showing how projects are used as a central learning tool; how blogging and comments on blogs play a critical role in the course; how students react to these new instructional approaches. The case study also contains specific suggestions on how to organize such a course, and how it was implemented at the University of South Alabama with great success.
ePortfolio Integration in Teacher Education Programs
Authors: Ritzhaupt Albert D. , Parker Michele A. , Ndoye Abdou
Published: February 2012

Though ePortfolios have grown in acceptance by teacher education programs across the United States, there still remain many questions regarding whether the tools are meeting student and teacher education program needs. This chapter will address this concern by first describing ePortfolios within teacher education. Next, the chapter will present a stakeholder interaction model and identify the individuals involved in an ePortfolio system. Then, a series of integration questions will be highlighted from a teacher education perspective. Two teacher education programs’ ePortfolio initiatives are evaluated using the Electronic Portfolio Student Perspective Instrument (EPSPI) (Ritzhaupt, Singh, Seyferth, & Dedrick, 2008) in relation to several integration characteristics. Finally, recommendations to teacher education programs are made.
Gendering Professionalism in the Internationalization of Information Work
Authors: Ben Esther Ruiz
Published: February 2012

Professionalism as a particular form of organizing work has been challenged by internationalization dynamics, globalization, and the development of information and communication technologies. Mixed forms of organisational professionalism adopting managerialism principles with a global customer scope beyond national boundaries and combining different control sources of work and knowledge are being adopted by large enterprises to confront international organisational challenges. The structures and dynamics of internationally operating organizations must be adapted to the emerging transnational work requirements, and strictly locally situated institutions are compared with each other in international and transnational arenas. Moreover, due to the rapid internationalization and standardization of working processes that facilitate the transfer of tasks to lower-wage-countries,1 the definition of technical areas and tasks changes, and with it, their connotations of prestige and power. Thus, the development of mixed professionalism could be seen as a kind of institutional work and as a new form of organizing international work. It can also represent an opportunity for women to enter in emerging occupations and to establish in particular jurisdictional fields through the control of educational and training resources and the opportunity of configuring governance claims.
Framework for Developing and Assessing Business Education Wikis
Authors: Hazari Sunil , Penland Tiffany
Published: February 2012

The use of Web 2.0 tools is becoming widespread in business education and educators are increasingly exploring the use of Blogs, Wikis, and Podcasts in their courses. For teaching and learning to be effective in new technology-based environments, there is a need to research and design Web 2.0 learning systems that are effective platforms for incorporating interactive tools to engage students in learning. Although Web 2.0 assignments are usually tailored to meet specific learning objectives of courses and instructions can be made available to students to address the technical nature of the environment, development and assessment of Web 2.0 assignments remains a challenge for most business educators. Using the context of wikis, this article proposes a framework for development and assessment of business education wikis to assist educators who want to explore the use of wikis in their courses.
Supporting the Interconnection of Communities of Practice
Authors: Lavoué Élise , George Sébastien
Published: February 2012

In this paper, a general model for the Interconnection of Communities of Practice (ICP) is proposed. This model creates links between local Communities of Practice (CoPs) and global Communities of Practice on the Web. To hit the target platform specifications to support an ICP are first of all proposed, soon after the TE-Cap 2 (Tutoring Experience Capitalisation) platform for an ICP of tutors is made up to support people working on it. This platform allows the capitalisation of tutors’ contextualised knowledge by making it easily retrievable from all the tutors in their daily practice. At last a descriptive investigation over a four-month period and forty-two users registered on the platform is conducted. Results presented in this paper concern the usability of the platform and the relevance of the model with regard to tutors’ needs.
The Automatic Evaluation of Website Metrics and State
Authors: Alsmadi Izzat
Published: February 2012

This paper focuses on studying website structural and related metrics that can be used as indicators of the complexity of the website and predict maintainability requirements. The second goal of the study is to evaluate possible correlations between structural metrics and popularity (particularly in-links) metrics. Examples of some of the structural metrics evaluated in this paper include: size, complexity, and speed of page loading.While results showed that structural metrics are not good indicators of websites’ popularity, they may influence indirectly the popularity through their impact on the performance or the usability of those websites. A method is developed to evaluate the state of the website automatically and evaluate any change in that state. The study points to certain requirements that educational or higher institutes’ websites should have. Those websites should combine somewhat conflicting requirements of: high performance, particularly web page loading and speed of transaction, reliability; current, correct and up to-date information, navigability, visibility and popularity where website information should be visible internally and externally and should be easily indexed and searched for.
Assessing Science Inquiry
Authors: Clarke-Midura Jody , Code Jillianne , Zap Nick , Dede Chris
Published: February 2012

Science inquiry is a cognitive process that depends upon the active engagement of students and is something that students do and is minds-on. However, given its active nature, assessing science inquiry process skills remains a challenge for educators. In this chapter, the authors describe research being carried out to develop Virtual Performance Assessments (VPAs) that measure science inquiry practices. They provide a case study of how VPAs are being used to design summative assessments that measure middle school students’ scientific inquiry aligned with national standards. The goal is to provide educators with a model of how they can assess science inquiry skills in their classrooms.
Cultivating Student-Teachers’ Problem-Solving Abilities by Promoting Utilization of Various Ways of Thinking through E-Learning and E-Portfolio Systems
Authors: Matsuda Toshiki
Published: February 2012

This chapter presents a teacher training program that promotes the use of various views and ways of thinking in each subject area (e.g., analogy and quantify in mathematics, and 5W1H in Japanese language courses) to cultivate problem-solving abilities. Although these views and ways of thinking are currently objectives in the Japanese National Course of Studies, teachers have not been instructed on how to teach them. The program was part of the Exercise of Integrated Learning, which is a compulsory course according to the Japanese national standards for teacher preparation programs. The course consisted of five three-hour lessons devoted to practice. Two additional sessions, each seven and a half hours long, were conducted with presentations on problem-solving exercises and a workshop on lesson plan revisions, respectively. The content of each practice lesson focused on one of the two following goals: (1) providing experience with problem-solving-related learning and (2) ensuring that teachers are able to create lesson plans for this type of learning activity. The program proposed in this chapter falls into the former category. In the program, students received homework assignments on the e-learning system after each lesson. In these e-learning materials, they practiced applying what they had learned during the lessons, such as problem-solving methodologies and views and ways of thinking in various subject areas. After the five practice lessons, there was a two-week gap before students gave presentations during a presentation session. The learners completed problem-solving exercises using the e-portfolio system the team developed. This e-portfolio system allowed learners to conduct collaborative problem-solving exercises while utilizing the aforementioned views and ways of thinking. Furthermore, learners automatically shared their performance records and outcomes after completing the tasks, and they were able to perform self-evaluations by following a rubric. Finally, the teacher analyzed the effectiveness of the course and revised the program.
Contrasting IT Capability and Organizational Types
Authors: Byrd Terry A. , Byrd Linda W.
Published: February 2012

The Resource-Based View (RBV) has become one of the most popular ways to examine the impact of IT on firm performance. An increasing number of researchers are using the theoretical underpinning of the RBV to ground their research in investigating this relationship. This paper follows in this tradition by developing multidimensional measures for two dimensions of IT capability, inside-out IT capability and spanning IT capability. In this regard, the authors relate these dimensions to firm performance as profit ratios and cost ratios. Inside-out capability is the IT resources deployed from inside the firm in response to market requirements and opportunities. However, spanning IT capability involves both internal and external analysis and is needed to integrate the firm’s inside-out and outside-in IT competences. This study also makes an exploratory comparative assessment of the relative impact of inside-out IT capability and spanning IT capability, while analyzing the differences on the impact of IT capability in diverse types of organizations. Finally, the authors give evidence that different dimensions of IT capability may have different effects on performance measures.
Mutual Development
Authors: Mørch Anders I. , Andersen Renate
Published: February 2012

The article presents and analyzes data from a case study in customer-initiated software product development. We have observed and participated in system development activities in a commercial software house (company) over a period of two years. The company produces project-planning tools for the oil and gas industry, and relies on interaction with customers for further development of its products. Our main research question is how customers and professional developers engage in mutual development mediated by shared software tools (products and support systems). We have used interviews with developers and customers as our main source of data, and identified the activities (from use to development) where customers have contributed to development. We analyze our findings in terms of co-configuration, meta-design and modding to name and compare the various stages of development (adaptation, generalization, improvement request, specialization, and tailoring).
Mapping UK Eportfolio Developments within a European Context
Authors: Joyes Gordon , Hartnell-Young Elizabeth
Published: February 2012

This chapter outlines the European context of lifelong learning and educational cooperation across member states and the relationship of eportfolios to current development. It focuses specifically on the priority given to portfolio developments in higher education in the UK through reports and policy documents and particularly through the extensive funding distributed via the Joint Information Systems Committee of the Higher Education and Further Education Funding Councils (JISC). A model is presented that was developed by analyzing current practice and a matrix for identifying eportfolio developments in relation to purposes and learning processes, useful also for mapping key areas for future work.