bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EVOLUTION OR REVOLUTION? UNFAIR TERMS IN CONSUMER CONTRACTS
Authors: MacMillan Catharine
Published: October 2002

DIRECTORGeneral of Fair Trading v. First National Bank plc [2001] 1 UKHL 52, [2001] 3 W.L.R. 1297 marks the beginning of an evolution in the common law of contract. The House of Lords considered for the first time whether a contractual term was an unfair term under the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1994, S.I. 1994/3159 (which implemented Council Directive (EEC) 93/13, now implemented by the Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999, S.I. 1999/2083). The case arose when the Director General sought injunctive relief, pursuant to regulation 8(2), to restrain the use of a contractual term.
ENFORCING A POSSESSORY TITLE TO A STOLEN CAR
Authors: Fox David
Published: October 2002

JASON Costello, who made “something of a living” by doing up and selling cars, was found by the Police in possession of a turbo-charged Ford Escort. Although he was the car’s registered keeper, the Police (rightly) suspected that it was stolen. They seized it under section 19 of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (“PACE”). In this they acted lawfully. They questioned Costello but never actually prosecuted him—despite the original vehicle identification and engine numbers’ having been ground off; Costello’s having acquired the car through a “friend” with multiple convictions for handling stolen cars; and his keeping a “car ringing kit” for forging registration numbers under the back seat.
OF FAST FOOD AND FIR TREES
Authors: Tee Louise
Published: October 2002

OCCASIONALLY, the report of a case provides a disturbing depiction of a particular aspect of contemporary life, a narrative which is all the more powerful because of the scrupulously neutral language which is used to describe the relevant details. Uratemp Ventures Ltd. v. Collins [2001] UKHL 43, 3 W.L.R. 806 is one such case. It deals with legal issues surrounding the bleak world of residential private hotels and such other spartan accommodation as is available in city centres for the single and rootless. In Uratemp, the House of Lords adopted a purposive construction of the Housing Act 1988 in a well-intentioned attempt to protect those on the precarious bottom rungs of the housing ladder. The result of the case will no doubt be beneficial in the short-term to those individuals clinging on to their meagre accommodation, but the long-term effects of the judgment are, as ever, more uncertain.
COMMERCIAL EXPECTATIONS AND THE ROME CONVENTION
Authors: Fentiman Richard
Published: October 2002

WHICH law governs a contract where none has been chosen by the parties? The solution lies in Articles 3 and 4 of the 1980 Rome Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations. Article 3 allows a court to infer the parties’ intentions from the circumstances. But such intentions must be “real”, not presumed, and in the absence of genuine consent, Article 4 provides that the applicable law is that most closely connected with the contract. Under Article 4(2) this is (in effect) the law in force where the supplier of goods or services is located, or (if relevant) has a branch—for the supplier’s performance is invariably “characteristic” of a contract, in the sense intended by the Convention. But any clarity thereby won is immediately lost because the presumption is rebuttable under Article 4(5) whenever a contract is better connected with another law, exposing Article 4(2) to the risk of constant challenge. The presumption is especially vulnerable because it will so seldom be appropriate to apply the supplier’s law, the law of the place of performance frequently having a stronger claim to govern. Perplexingly, it is a presumption more apt to be rebutted than applied.
The Restoration of Sino-Indian Comity following India's Nuclear Tests
Authors: Garver John W.
Published: October 2002

Indian justification of its May 1998 nuclear tests in terms of Chinese threats to India prompted a multifacited Chinese campaign pressuring New Delhi to retract its offensive statements. One significant element of Chinese concerns with Indian statements was apprehension over an Indian drift toward alignment with the United States. Beijing's efforts were successful and within two years New Delhi had given Beijing the requisite assurances and the normal state of Sino-Indian amity was restored. Sino-Indian interactions in the period after India's May 1998 tests demonstrates the extreme sensitivity of both powers to the other's alignment with the United States in the post-Cold War world.
Not All Currency Traders Believe in Unfettered Free Markets: Currency Speculation and Market Intervention in Hong Kong
Authors: Liew Leong H. , Wu Harry X.
Published: October 2002

Expectations and beliefs are important forces that can influence financial markets. Using results from a survey, this article examines the beliefs of currency traders in Hong Kong's financial institutions regarding the RMB and HK$/US$ pegs. In particular, it examines the attitudes of these currency traders towards the intervention by the Hong Kong Monetary Authority (HKMA) in Hong Kong's stock and futures markets to defend the HK$/US$ peg during the Asian crisis in 1998. Contrary to expectation, not all currency traders in Hong Kong were diehard devotees of the free market and more were in support of the intervention than against. Degree of identification with Hong Kong was found to be important, influencing attitudes towards government intervention. An inference from the survey is that the intervention was popular with Hong Kong residents and that future intervention by the HKMA is likely if faced with similar speculative attacks on the HK$.
Chinese Urban Life under Reform: The Changing Social Contract. By Wenfang Tang and William L. Parish. [Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 308pp. £15.99. ISBN 0-521-77865-4.]
Authors: Beynon Louise
Published: October 2002

As state enterprise reform in China gathers pace, this book provides a timely description of urban life between the late 1980s and early 1990s, and the transformations wrought by the emergence of a market economy. The authors, a political scientist and a sociologist, explore two central issues: the systemic consequences of socialist and market social contracts, and the winners and losers in the politics of transition.
The Salt Merchants of Tianjin: State-Making and Civil Society in Late Imperial China. By Kwan Man Bun. [Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2001. viii+239 pp. $42.00. ISBN 0-8248-2275-7.]
Authors: Hung Chang-tai
Published: October 2002

Salt merchants, despite their critical role in the traditional Chinese economy, have largely been ignored by historians. Indeed, Ping-ti Ho's pioneering article on the Yangzhou salt merchants was published nearly 50 years ago. With The Salt Merchants of Tianjin – a revision of his 1999 Chinese book – Kwan Man Bun intends to help fill this gap.
China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950–1975. By Qiang Zhai. [Chapel Hill, NC and London: University of North Carolina Press, 2000. £14.95. 304 pp. ISBN 0-8078-4842-5.]
Authors: Garver John
Published: October 2002

This is a pathbreaking, in-depth account of China's role in Vietnam's wars against France and the United States. It is a meticulously documented, carefully balanced, and well-written work, which will stand for some time as the definitive work on the subject. Zhai draws on wide range of Chinese sources made available during the 1980s and 1990s. These include documents Zhai personally collected at the Jiangsu provincial archives, including reports on Vietnam conveyed to Jiangsu by the Foreign Affairs Office of the State Council at annual conferences between 1958 and 1966.
A Paradise Lost: The Imperial Garden Yuanming Yuan. By Young-tsu Wong. [Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2001. 226 pp. Hard cover $60.00, ISBN 0-8248-2226-9; paperback ISBN 0-8248-2328-1.]
Authors: Forêt Philippe
Published: October 2002

Yuanming Yuan has become the most famous garden of imperial China thanks to its well-documented and tragic history. The nationalism of Chinese historians and the enthusiastic endorsement of Westerners – Victor Hugo used to compare Yuamming Yuan to the Parthenon – have combined to turn the ruins of the Yuanming Yuan into a major tourist attraction today. At the very beginning of the 18th century the Kangxi emperor (r. 1662–1722) supervised the simultaneous construction of two new garden complexes, the court's principal residence of Yuanming Yuan in Haidian (Beijing) and the summer residence of Bishu Shanhuang in Chengde.
PARSING GOD: CONVERSATIONS ABOUT THE
MEANING OF WORDS AND METAPHORS IN
NINETEENTH-CENTURY SOUTHERN AFRICA
Authors: WORGER WILLIAM H.
Published: October 2002

During the first half of the nineteenth century, European missionaries
in southern Africa sought to establish their intellectual and moral authority over
Africans and propagate the tenets of Christianity. Men like Jacob Döhne, Robert
Moffat, John Colenso, Henry Callaway and others viewed a knowledge of African
languages as key to disclosing ‘the secrets of national character’, to the translation
and transmittal of ideas about the Christian ‘God’, and to accepting the ‘literal
truth’ of the Bible. Africans, especially the Zulu king, Dingane, disputed these
teachings in discussions about the existence of God, suitable indigenous names for
such a being (including uThixo, modimo, and unkulunkulu), and his attributes
(all-powerful, or merely old), arguing for the significance of metaphor rather than
literalness in understanding the world.
COLONIAL GOVERNMENT, SOCIAL CONFLICT AND STATE INVOLVEMENT IN AFRICA’S OPEN ECONOMIES: THE ORIGINS OF THE GHANA COCOA MARKETING BOARD, 1939–46
Authors: ALENCE ROD
Published: October 2002

State-controlled cocoa marketing was introduced in the Gold Coast during the Second World War and has had lasting impact. Most accounts of this change have emphasized the influence of metropolitan interests and ideas more conducive to state involvement in colonial economies. Although they explain the new found metropolitan willingness to ‘supply’ financial and administrative backing for state-controlled economic institutions, they neglect the sources of the Gold Coast government’s ‘demand’ for those institutions. I argue that pressures on the government to mitigate domestic social conflict caused by volatility in the world economy are crucial to understanding the shift to controlled cocoa marketing.
ADMINISTRATORS' KNOWLEDGE AND STATE CONTROL IN COLONIAL ZIMBABWE: THE INVENTION OF THE RURAL–URBAN DIVIDE IN BUHERA DISTRICT, 1912–80
Authors: ANDERSSON JENS A.
Published: October 2002

The power of the state to impose its self-produced categories of thought poses a major problem to Zimbabwe historiography which has often taken as unproblematic the relation between knowledge about, and control over, African societies as presented in the state's archives. This article challenges this hegemonic view of the colonial state, presenting an alternative interpretation of administrative reports on Buhera district. It shows how Buhera society became increasingly represented as the traditional, rural end of a rural-urban divide in colonial policy discourse, while, in reality, social life in the area became intimately linked to the urban economy of Salisbury.
THE PATH IS EASY AND THE BENEFITS LARGE: THE NĀS˙IRIYYA, SOCIAL NETWORKS AND ECONOMIC CHANGE IN MOROCCO, 1640–1830
Authors: GUTELIUS DAVID P. V.
Published: October 2002

This essay traces economic and social change in early modern Morocco from the perspective of the leaders and followers of the Nās˙iriyya, one of the largest sufi orders in North Africa. It suggests that people's social strategies for gaining access to productive resources acted as an important locus of change. Donations to the order provided clients access to mediation, protection, enforcement, credit, supernatural power and political influence, but also made them increasingly dependent on Nās˙iri leaders. Major shifts in Morocco's political economy, however, refocused strategies of resource access and social mobility. Growing international trade encouraged commercialization, specialization and competition between groups for access to markets, political favors and tax breaks.
CONSTRUCTIONS OF COMMUNITY AND IDENTITY AMONG INDIANS IN COLONIAL NATAL, 1860–1910: THE ROLE OF THE MUHARRAM FESTIVAL
Authors: VAHED GOOLAM
Published: October 2002

This article is concerned with the historical construction of communities, cultures and identities in colonial Natal, in this case an Indian grouping that emerged from the heterogeneous collection of indentured workers imported between 1860 and 1911. Despite the difficulties of indenture, Indians set about re-establishing their culture and religion in Durban. The most visible and public expression of ritual was the festival of Muhurram, which played an important role in forging a pan-Indian ‘Indianness’ within a white and African colonial society. This was significant when one considers that the nationalist movement was in its formative stages and there was no national identity when indentured workers had left India.
From Lizzie Borden to Lorena Bobbitt: Violent Women and Gendered Justice
Authors: FILETTI JEAN S.
Published: October 2002

On the morning of 4 August 1892, between the hours of 9:00 a.m. and
11:00 a.m., Abby Durfee Borden and Andrew Jackson Borden were
murdered with an axe in their home in Fall River, Massachusetts. Why did
the case spark so much interest at the time? Why did throngs of people
literally block the street gawking at the Borden residence? Why did the
country’s leading newspaper devour and report the daily happenings in
this small New England town? Why, a century later, are ‘‘whodunit?’’
novels, plays, and films still being made about this gruesome double
murder?
Kenneth Burke: Pioneer of Ecocriticism
Authors: COUPE LAURENCE
Published: October 2002

Nearly every handbook of critical theory acknowledges Kenneth Burke
(1897–1993) to be the twentieth-century North American critic who was
most ahead of his time. Yet he seems to have been so ambitious that we
still do not know how to place him. Indeed, it would require the space of
a whole book to trace the extensive but scarcely documented impact
which he has had. Concepts for which many other critics became famous
may be traced back to him: ‘‘the order of words’’ (Frye); ‘‘the rhetoric
of fiction’’ (Booth); ‘‘blindness and insight’’ (De Man); ‘‘narrative as a
socially symbolic act’’ (Jameson); ‘‘the anxiety of influence’’ (Bloom).
Indeed, it may well be that very anxiety which has led so many
contemporary critics to repress his memory. But there is a change in the
critical climate, corresponding to the global. This article is written in the
hope that Burke will shortly be recognized as the first critic systematically
to analyse culture and literature from an ecological perspective. As the
dating of our epigraph indicates, he initiated this project over half a
century before the rise of ecocriticism in the United States. Moreover, this
was no passing phase for him; his whole career may be understood as a
profound experiment in green thinking.
Marianne Moore, Kenneth Burke and the Poetics of Literary Labour
Authors: BAZIN VICTORIA
Published: October 2002

Writing to Morton Zabel in 1932, Marianne Moore praised Zabel’s review
of Emily Dickinson for Poetry magazine but also took the opportunity to
remind her addressee that ‘‘Emily Dickinson cared about events that
mattered to the nation.’’ In his review, Zabel had repeatedly insisted
upon Dickinson’s ‘‘fast seclusion’’ from her community, locked as she
was within an ‘‘asylum of the spirit.’’ This emphasis upon ‘‘isolation’’
and ‘‘introspection’’ represented the woman poet as being oddly detached
from the ‘‘real’’ and implicitly masculine world of political and social
change, a critical strategy Moore would have been all too familiar with,
her own work having been repeatedly constructed in terms of aesthetic
‘‘purity.’’ Moore’s defence of Dickinson as a poet fully engaged with the
political and social issues of her day is also, implicitly, a reminder to Zabel
that women’s poetry need not be confined by critical interpretation to the
private and feminized sphere of ‘‘introspection’’ but could be related to
public affairs of national importance.
Henry Blake Fuller and the Cliff Dwellers: Appropriations and Misappropriations
Authors: MASSA ANN
Published: October 2002

The relative obscurity of Chicago's Henry Blake Fuller (1857–1929), a
prolific essayist, journalist, reviewer and novelist, with collections of
plays, poems and short stories to his name, in part derives from the
difficulty of placing him: the work resists classification. His early fiction,
for instance, reflects, debates and sometimes satirises the alternating
influences of Howells and James. The Cliff-Dwellers (1893) and With the
Procession (1895), “American” novels, are framed by such “European”
fictions as The Chevalier of Pensieri-Vani (1890) and Waldo Trench and
Others: Stories of Americans in Italy (1908). His closet homosexual novel
Bertram's Cope's Year (1919), a translation of Goldoni's The Fan (1925) and
the non-fictional Gardens of this World (1929) testify to an incremental
diversity. Characteristically, his last work, the posthumously published
novel Not on the Screen (1930), which projects the interactive mimicry of
“real” life and cinema, saw Fuller exploring fresh thematic and formal
territory.
The actively controlled jet in crossflow
Authors: M’CLOSKEY R. T. , KING J. M. , CORTELEZZI L. , KARAGOZIAN A. R.
Published: October 2002

This study quantifies the dynamics of actuation for the temporally forced, round gas jet
injected transversely into a crossflow, and incorporates these dynamics in developing
a methodology for open loop jet control. A linear model for the dynamics of the
forced jet actuation is used to develop a dynamic compensator for the actuator. When
the compensator is applied, it allows the jet to be forced in a manner which results
in a more precisely prescribed, temporally varying exit velocity, the RMS amplitude
of perturbation of which can be made independent of the forcing frequency. Use of
the compensator allows straightforward comparisons among different conditions for
jet excitation. Clear identification can be made of specific excitation frequencies and
characteristic temporal pulse widths which optimize transverse jet penetration and
spread through the formation of distinct, deeply penetrating vortex structures.
Analysis of drag and virtual mass forces
in bubbly suspensions using an implicit
formulation of the lattice Boltzmann method
Authors: SANKARANARAYANAN K. , SHAN X. , KEVREKIDIS I. G. , SUNDARESAN S.
Published: October 2002

We present closures for the drag and virtual mass force terms appearing in a two-fluid model for flow of a mixture consisting of uniformly sized gas bubbles dispersed
in a liquid. These closures were deduced through computational experiments
performed using an implicit formulation of the lattice Boltzmann method with a BGK
collision model. Unlike the explicit schemes described in the literature, this implicit
implementation requires iterative calculations, which, however, are local in nature.
While the computational cost per time step is modestly increased, the implicit scheme
dramatically expands the parameter space in multiphase flow calculations which can
be simulated economically. The closure relations obtained in our study are limited
to a regular array of uniformly sized bubbles and were obtained by simulating the
rise behaviour of a single bubble in a periodic box. The effect of volume fraction on
the rise characteristics was probed by changing the size of the box relative to that of
the bubble. While spherical bubbles exhibited the expected hindered rise behaviour,
highly distorted bubbles tended to rise cooperatively. The closure for the drag force,
obtained in our study through computational experiments, captured both hindered
and cooperative rise. A simple model for the virtual mass coefficient, applicable to
both spherical and distorted bubbles, was also obtained by fitting simulation results.
The virtual mass coefficient for isolated bubbles could be correlated with the aspect
ratio of the bubbles.
Inertially driven inhomogeneities in violently
collapsing bubbles: the validity of the
Rayleigh–Plesset equation
Authors: LIN HAO , STOREY BRIAN D. , SZERI ANDREW J.
Published: October 2002

When a bubble collapses mildly the interior pressure field is spatially uniform; this is
an assumption often made to close the Rayleigh–Plesset equation of bubble dynamics.
The present work is a study of the self-consistency of this assumption, particularly
in the case of violent collapses. To begin, an approximation is developed for a
spatially non-uniform pressure field, which in a violent collapse is inertially driven.
Comparisons of this approximation show good agreement with direct numerical
solutions of the compressible Navier–Stokes equations with heat and mass transfer.
With knowledge of the departures from pressure uniformity in strongly forced bubbles,
one is in a position to develop criteria to assess when pressure uniformity is a
physically valid assumption, as well as the significance of wave motion in the gas.
An examination of the Rayleigh–Plesset equation reveals that its solutions are quite
accurate even in the case of significant inertially driven spatial inhomogeneity in the
pressure field, and even when wave-like motions in the gas are present. This extends
the range of utility of the Rayleigh–Plesset equation well into the regime where the
Mach number is no longer small; at the same time the theory sheds light on the
interior of a strongly forced bubble.
On stationary solutions for free quasi-parallel
mixing layers with a longitudinal magnetic field
Authors: SHUKHMAN I. G.
Published: October 2002

The paper is devoted to the theoretical investigation of the possible existence of
stationary mixing layers and of their structure in nearly perfectly conducting, nearly
inviscid fluids with a longitudinal magnetic field. A system of two equations is used,
which generalizes the well-known Blasius equation (for flow around a semi-infinite
plate) to the case under consideration. The system depends on the magnetic Prandtl
number, Pm=ν/νm, where ν and νm are the usual and the magnetic viscosities,
respectively.

For the existence of stationary flows the ratio between the flow velocity vx and
the Alfvén velocity cA=Hx/(4πρ)1/2 (ρ being the fluid density) plays a critical role.
Super-Alfvén (vx>cA) flows are possible at any value of Pm and for any values of vx
and Hx on the layer boundaries. Sub-Alfvén (vx<cA) stationary flows are impossible
at any value of Pm and for any values of the differences in vx and Hx across the
layer, except for two cases: Pm=0 and Pm=1. When Pm=0, i.e. when the fluid is
strictly inviscid, ν=0, flow is possible in both the super- and sub-Alfvén regimes;
however, the magnetic field must be uniform, Hx=const, Hy=0 in this case. For
Pm=1 both flow regimes are also possible; however, the sub-Alfvén flow is possible
only for a definite relationship between the magnetic field and velocity differences:
ΔHx=−δvx (in corresponding units). For the case where the relative differences in
vx and Hx across the layer are small, Δvx[Lt ]vx, ΔHx[Lt ]Hx, solutions are obtained in
explicit form for arbitrary Pm (here vx and Hx are averaged over the layer). For the
specific case Pm=1, exact analytical solutions of basic system are found and studied
in detail.
Gravitaxis in motile micro-organisms:
the role of fore–aft body asymmetry
Authors: ROBERTS A. M. , DEACON F. M.
Published: October 2002

Scale model experiments on axially symmetric bodies exhibiting fore–aft asymmetry
are described. Body shapes are specified by a three parameter equation: two of the
parameters (a and b) describe the length and breadth of the body and the third (c)
the degree of asymmetry. Objects of this shape orientate as they sediment downwards
under gravity until the narrower end lies uppermost, after which they fall vertically
downward with no further change in orientation. For the range of parameters
investigated the sedimentation velocities, both when vertical and horizontal, are governed
principally by a and b, while the rate of orientation is determined by c. The
sedimentation characteristics of bodies which cannot be described exactly by the equation
can be predicted approximately using best-fit values for a, b and c. These results
are applied to consider the role of front–rear asymmetry in ciliated free-swimming
micro-organisms. The shape asymmetry is probably sufficient to account for the observed
orientation rates in the ciliated protozoan Paramecium. It is suggested that
these results may be used to deduce the sedimentation behaviour of ciliates from
microscope images of individual cells. In small flagellates such as Chlamydomonas the
orientating effects of the protruding flagella are much larger than the effects of cell
body asymmetry. The extreme sensitivity of the orientation rate to slight changes in
body shape and flagellar beat patterns may explain why experiments to distinguish
between various orientational mechanisms involved in gravitaxis have in the past
produced equivocal results.
Electrohydrodynamic stability: Taylor–Melcher
theory for a liquid bridge suspended in a
dielectric gas
Authors: BURCHAM C. L. , SAVILLE D. A.
Published: October 2002

A liquid bridge is a column of liquid, pinned at each end. Here we analyse the
stability of a bridge pinned between planar electrodes held at different potentials
and surrounded by a non-conducting, dielectric gas. In the absence of electric fields,
surface tension destabilizes bridges with aspect ratios (length/diameter) greater than
π. Here we describe how electrical forces counteract surface tension, using a linearized
model. When the liquid is treated as an Ohmic conductor, the specific conductivity
level is irrelevant and only the dielectric properties of the bridge and the surrounding
gas are involved. Fourier series and a biharmonic, biorthogonal set of Papkovich–Fadle
functions are used to formulate an eigenvalue problem. Numerical solutions
disclose that the most unstable axisymmetric deformation is antisymmetric with
respect to the bridge’s midplane. It is shown that whilst a bridge whose length
exceeds its circumference may be unstable, a sufficiently strong axial field provides
stability if the dielectric constant of the bridge exceeds that of the surrounding fluid.
Conversely, a field destabilizes a bridge whose dielectric constant is lower than that
of its surroundings, even when its aspect ratio is less than π. Bridge behaviour is
sensitive to the presence of conduction along the surface and much higher fields are
required for stability when surface transport is present. The theoretical results are
compared with experimental work (Burcham & Saville 2000) that demonstrated how a
field stabilizes an otherwise unstable configuration. According to the experiments, the
bridge undergoes two asymmetric transitions (cylinder-to-amphora and pinch-off) as
the field is reduced. Agreement between theory and experiment for the field strength
at the pinch-off transition is excellent, but less so for the change from cylinder to
amphora. Using surface conductivity as an adjustable parameter brings theory and
experiment into agreement.
Friction law for dense granular flows:
application to the motion of a mass down a
rough inclined plane
Authors: POULIQUEN OLIVIER , FORTERRE YOËL
Published: October 2002

The problem of the spreading of a granular mass released at the top of a rough inclined
plane was investigated. The evolution of the avalanche was measured experimentally
from the initiation up to the deposit using a Moiré image-processing technique.
The results are quantitatively compared with the prediction of an hydrodynamic
model based on depth-averaged equations. In the model, the interaction between
the flowing layer and the rough bottom is described by a non-trivial friction force
whose expression is derived from measurements on steady uniform flows. We show
that the spreading of the mass is quantitatively predicted by the model when the
mass is released on a plane free of particles. When an avalanche is triggered on an
initially static layer, the model fails in quantitatively predicting the propagation but
qualitatively captures the evolution.
Rayleigh–Taylor instability of viscoelastic drops at high Weber numbers
Authors: JOSEPH D. D. , BEAVERS G. S. , FUNADA T.
Published: October 2002

Movies of the breakup of viscous and viscoelastic drops in the high-speed airstream
behind a shock wave in a shock tube have been reported by Joseph, Belanger &
Beavers (1999). They performed a Rayleigh–Taylor stability analysis for the initial
breakup of a drop of Newtonian liquid and found that the most unstable Rayleigh–Taylor
wave fits nearly perfectly with waves measured on enhanced images of drops
from the movies, but the effects of viscosity cannot be neglected. Here we construct
a Rayleigh–Taylor stability analysis for an Oldroyd-B fluid using measured data for
acceleration, density, viscosity and relaxation time λ1. The most unstable wave is a
sensitive function of the retardation time λ2 which fits experiments when λ2/λ1 =
O(10-3). The growth rates for the most unstable wave are much larger than for the
comparable viscous drop, which agrees with the surprising fact that the breakup
times for viscoelastic drops are shorter. We construct an approximate analysis of
Rayleigh–Taylor instability based on viscoelastic potential flow which gives rise to
nearly the same dispersion relation as the unapproximated analysis.
Long-wave instabilities of non-uniformly heated
falling films
Authors: MILADINOVA SVETLA , SLAVTCHEV SLAVTCHO , LEBON GEORGY , LEGROS JEAN-CLAUDE
Published: October 2002

We consider the problem of a thin liquid layer falling down an inclined plate that
is subjected to non-uniform heating. The plate temperature is assumed to be linearly
distributed and both directions of the temperature gradient with respect to the flow
are investigated. The film flow is not only influenced by gravity and mean surface
tension, but in addition by the thermocapillary force acting along the free surface. The
coupling of thermocapillary instability and surface-wave instabilities is studied for
two-dimensional disturbances. Applying the long-wave theory, a nonlinear evolution
equation is derived. When the plate temperature is decreasing in the downstream
direction, linear stability analysis exhibits a film stabilization, compared to a uniformly
heated film. In contrast, for increasing temperature along the plate, the film becomes
less stable. Numerical solution of the evolution equation indicates the existence of
permanent finite-amplitude waves of different kinds. The shape of the waves depends
mainly on the mean flow and the mean surface tension, but their amplitudes and
phase speeds are influenced by thermocapillarity.
Generation of sound and instability waves due to
unsteady suction and injection
Authors: WU XUESONG
Published: October 2002

This paper analyses the generation of sound and Tollmien–Schlichting (T–S) waves
in a compressible boundary layer that is subject to unsteady suction and injection.
An asymptotic approach based on the triple-deck formulation has been developed
to calculate the sound field. It is shown that in addition to the three familiar
asymptotic regions that govern the near-field hydrodynamic motion, an extra outer
region controlling the sound radiation must be introduced. The near-field solution
is sought via an asymptotic expansion in ascending powers of ε = R−1/8, where R
is the global Reynolds number. The first three terms in the asymptotic series are
found to act as quadrupole, dipole and monopole sources respectively, and make
equal order-of-magnitude contributions to the acoustic far field. The analysis also
allows the amplitude of the excited T–S waves to be determined to O(ε) accuracy.
It is believed that the flow structure and solution procedure may be used to solve a
range of aeroacoustic problems.
Transport enhancement mechanisms in open
cavities
Authors: HORNER MARC , METCALFE GUY , WIGGINS S. , OTTINO J. M.
Published: October 2002

By experiments and supporting computations we investigate two methods of transport
enhancement in two-dimensional open cellular flows with inertia. First, we introduce
a spatial dependence in the velocity field by periodic modulation of the shape of
the wall driving the flow; this perturbs the steady-state streamlines in the direction
perpendicular to the main flow. Second, we introduce a time dependence through
transient acceleration–deceleration of a flat wall driving the flow; surprisingly, even
though the streamline portrait changes very little during the transient, there is still
significant transport enhancement. The range of Reynolds and Reynolds–Strouhal
numbers studied is 7.7[les ]Re[les ]46.5 and 0.52[les ]ReSr[les ]12.55 in the spatially dependent
mode and 12[les ]Re[les ]93 and 0.26[les ]ReSr[les ]5.02 in the time-dependent mode.
The transport is described theoretically via lobe dynamics. For both modifications, a
curve with one maximum characterizes the various transport enhancement measures
when plotted as a function of the forcing frequency. A qualitative analysis suggests
that the exchange first increases linearly with the forcing frequency and then decreases
as 1/Sr for large frequencies.
Shocks in sand flowing in a silo
Authors: SAMADANI AZADEH , MAHADEVAN L. , KUDROLLI A.
Published: October 2002

We study the formation of shocks on the surface of a granular material draining
through an orifice at the bottom of a quasi-two-dimensional silo. At high flow rates,
the surface is observed to deviate strongly from a smooth linear inclined profile,
giving way to a sharp discontinuity in the height of the surface near the bottom
of the incline, the typical response of a choking flow such as encountered in a
hydraulic jump in a Newtonian fluid like water. We present experimental results that
characterize the conditions for the existence of such a jump, describe its structure and
give an explanation for its occurrence.
The propagation of a gravity current into a
linearly stratified fluid
Authors: MAXWORTHY T. , LEILICH J. , SIMPSON J. E. , MEIBURG E. H.
Published: October 2002

The constant initial speed of propagation (V) of heavy gravity currents, of density ρC,
released from behind a lock and along the bottom boundary of a tank containing a
linearly stratified fluid has been measured experimentally and calculated numerically.
The density difference, bottom to top, of the stratification is (ρb−ρ0) and its intrinsic
frequency is N. For a given ratio of the depth of released fluid (h) to total depth (H)
it has been found that the dimensionless internal Froude number, Fr = V/NH, is
independent of the length of the lock and is a logarithmic function of a parameter
R = (ρC−ρ0)/(ρb−ρ0), except at small values of h/H and R close to unity. This
parameter, R, is one possible measure of the relative strength of the current (ρC−ρ0)
and stratification (ρb−ρ0). The distance propagated by the current before this constant
velocity regime ended (Xtr), scaled by h, has been found to be a unique function of
Fr for all states tested. After this phase of the motion, for subcritical values of Fr, i.e.
less than 1/π, internal wave interactions with the current resulted in an oscillation of
the velocity of its leading edge. For supercritical values, velocity decay was monotonic
for the geometries tested. A two-dimensional numerical model incorporating a no-slip
bottom boundary condition has been found to agree with the experimental velocity
magnitudes to within ±1:5%.
Coalescence of sessile drops
Authors: ANDRIEU C. , BEYSENS D. A. , NIKOLAYEV V. S. , POMEAU Y.
Published: October 2002

We present an experimental and theoretical description of the kinetics of coalescence
of two water drops on a plane solid surface. The case of partial wetting is considered.
The drops are in an atmosphere of nitrogen saturated with water where they grow by
condensation and eventually touch each other and coalesce. A new convex composite
drop is rapidly formed that then exponentially and slowly relaxes to an equilibrium
hemispherical cap. The characteristic relaxation time is proportional to the drop
radius R* at final equilibrium. This relaxation time appears to be nearly 107 times
larger than the bulk capillary relaxation time tb = R*η/σ, where σ is the gas–liquid
surface tension and η is the liquid shear viscosity.

In order to explain this extremely large relaxation time, we consider a model that
involves an Arrhenius kinetic factor resulting from a liquid–vapour phase change in
the vicinity of the contact line. The model results in a large relaxation time of order
tb exp(L/[Rscr ]T) where L is the molar latent heat of vaporization, [Rscr ] is the gas constant
and T is the temperature. We model the late time relaxation for a near spherical cap
and find an exponential relaxation whose typical time scale agrees reasonably well
with the experiment.
Vortex breakdown in a three-dimensional swirling flow
Authors: SERRE E. , BONTOUX P.
Published: October 2002

Time-dependent swirling flows inside an enclosed cylindrical rotor–stator cavity with
aspect ratio H/R = 4, larger than the ones usually considered in the literature,
are studied. Within a certain range of governing parameters, vortex breakdown
phenomena can arise along the axis. Very recent papers exhibiting some particular
three-dimensional effects have stimulated new interest in this topic. The study is carried
out by a numerical resolution of the three-dimensional Navier–Stokes equations, based
on high-order spectral approximations in order to ensure very high accuracy of the
solutions.

The first transition to an oscillatory regime occurs through an axisymmetric bifurcation
(a supercritical Hopf bifurcation) at Re = 3500. The oscillatory regime is caused
by an axisymmetric mode of centrifugal instability of the vertical boundary layer and
the vortex breakdown is axisymmetric, being composed of two stationary bubbles.
For Reynolds numbers up to Re = 3500, different three-dimensional solutions are
identified. At Re = 4000, the flow supports the k = 5 mode of centrifugal instability.
By increasing the rotation speed to Re = 4500, the vortex breakdown evolves to
an S-shaped type after a long computational time. The structure is asymmetric and
gyrates around the axis inducing a new time-dependent regime. At Re = 5500, the
structure of the vortex breakdown is more complex: the upper part of the structure
takes a spiral form. The maximum rotation speed is reached at Re = 10000 and the
flow behaviour is now chaotic. The upper structure of the breakdown can be related
to the spiral-type. Asymmetric flow separation on the container wall in the form of
spiral arms of different angles is also prominent.
Powder flow down a vertical pipe: the effect of air flow
Authors: BERTHO Y. , GIORGIUTTI-DAUPHINÉ F. , RAAFAT T. , HINCH E. J. , HERRMANN H. J. , HULIN J. P.
Published: October 2002

The dynamics of dry granular flows down a vertical glass pipe of small diameter have
been studied experimentally. Simultaneous measurements of pressure profiles, air and
grain flow rates and volume fractions of particles have been realized together with
spatio-temporal diagrams of the grain distribution down the tube. At large grain flow
rates, one observes a stationary flow characterized by high particle velocities, low
particle fractions and a downflow of air resulting in an underpressure in the upper
part of the pipe. A simple model assuming a free fall of the particles slowed down by
air friction and taking into account finite particle fraction effects through Richardson–Zaki's
law has been developed: it reproduces pressure and particle fraction variations
with distance and estimates friction forces with the wall. At lower flow rates, sequences
of high-density plugs separated by low-density bubbles moving down at a constant
velocity are observed. The pressure is larger than outside the tube and its gradient
reflects closely the weight of the grains. Writing mass and momentum conservation
equations for the air and for the grains allows one to estimate the wall friction, which
is less than 10% of the weight for grains with a clean smooth surface but up to
30% for grains with a rougher surface. At lower flow rates, oscillating-wave regimes
resulting in large pressure fluctuations are observed and their frequency is predicted.
The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade in 1850: Historiography, Slave Agency and Statesmanship
Authors: NEEDELL JEFFREY D.
Published: October 2002

In 1970 Leslie Bethell argued that the Brazilian slave trade was ended by British pressure. Since then others have pointed to slaveholders’ fears of insurrection and of yellow fever. This article addresses the issue by reviewing Brazilian slavery, the African trade and yellow fever. Its analysis of sources and context leads it to question revisionist arguments. Moreover, while it supports Bethell on the centrality of British pressure, it goes beyond his appreciation of internal Brazilian political affairs. It provides greater specificity, clarifying the key importance of political history, the structure of state-society relations and the significance of the Brazilian leadership of the time.
Raízes de Gilberto Freyre
Authors: SKIDMORE THOMAS E.
Published: October 2002

The centenary in 2000 of Gilbert Freyre's birth occasioned a number of retrospectives on his place in Brazil's history. This article focuses on Freyre up to 1933, the year in which Casa Grande & Senzala was published. Emphasis is given to such formative influences as his undergraduate study at Baylor University, his graduate study at Columbia University and his subsequent travels in Europe. In these years Freyre rejected an invitation to stay in the USA and strengthened his resolve to return to Brazil and make his career as a writer. The theme he soon adopted was Brazil's viability as a modern nation, notwithstanding its supposed defects of race and climate.
The Siege of the Hotel Nacional, Cuba, 1933: A Reassessment
Authors: KAPCIA ANTONI
Published: October 2002

The Hotel Nacional battle occurred during the decisive 1933 revolution, when the siege of the deposed military reached its bloody finale. Overall, historians have downplayed the incident or disagreed about the details and its significance. Such neglect and disagreement can be explained by contemporary confusion and the urge of those subsequently seeking to legitimise the revolution to hide the unpalatable and rewrite history. However, the siege may in fact have decisively changed moderate left political opinion, thus shaping the character of post-1934 politics by contributing to Batista's subsequent rise to power.
Myths and the prehistory of grammars
Authors: LIGHTFOOT DAVID W.
Published: October 2002

Only a small number of the world's languages have any kind of recorded
history over more than a few generations, and in no case do records go back
more than a few thousand years. From some perspectives, this doesn't
matter. There are plenty of grammars to write and plenty of changes to
describe accurately and then to explain in these recorded histories.
Explanations for structural changes may be grounded in grammatical theory,
and careful examination of historical changes, where the goal is explanation
for how and why they happened, sometimes leads to innovations in
grammatical theory, illuminating the nature of grammatical categories or the
conditions for movement operations, for example. That has been the focus
of some work on language change and data from changes have been used to
argue for claims not only about grammatical theory but also about language
acquisition, that children learn only from simple structures (DEGREE-0
COMPLEX) and that acquisition is cue-based (Lightfoot 1991, 1999). That is
not to say, of course, that these propositions could not have been based on
other kinds of data, but the fact is that they were based on analyses of
historical change. From analyses of historical changes, we have learned
things about the nature of the language faculty and about how it develops in
children, unhampered by the limited inventory of changes.
A review of the global conservation status of bats
Authors: Mickleburgh Simon P. , Hutson Anthony M. , Racey Paul A.
Published: October 2002

There are 1,001 species of bats, almost a quarter of which are globally threatened. The Chiroptera Specialist Group of IUCN's Species Survival Commission has produced two Action Plans examining conservation issues for all species and detailing recommendations for action to conserve the most threatened species and habitats. These Plans are aimed principally at key decision makers as well as organisations and individuals who are promoting bat conservation issues. The underlying threat to bats is pressure on resources from increasing human populations that leads to the loss or modification of foraging habitats and roosts. Bats frequently have a negative public image that influences the response to the problems of rabies and vampire bats in Latin America and conflicts between bats and commercial fruit growers in other areas of the world. In some areas bats are persecuted because people are ignorant of the life history of bats and their role in ecosystems, while in other areas bats are overexploited for food. There is also a general lack of information about the distribution, status, biology and ecology of many species. This review examines some of the more general issues relating to bat conservation. It provides information on bat faunas of all countries worldwide, and on the most threatened species. It highlights the priority areas where action is needed immediately at a global, regional or national level. It highlights in particular the global importance of islands and caves for bats.
Forest buffalo prefer clearings to closed-canopy forest in the primary forest of northern Congo
Authors: Blake Stephen
Published: October 2002

During 1993–2000 the conservation status of forest buffalo Syncerus caffer was investigated in the Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park region, northern Congo. Data from dung counts collected during a number of ecological reconnaissance surveys in and around the National Park showed that the preferred buffalo habitat was open canopy swamps and forest clearings associated with watercourses. Buffalo abundance was very low in terra firma forest more than 250 m from water, and signs were restricted to large elephant trails connecting watercourses and clearings. The clumped distribution of the buffalo appeared to be a result of the highly patchy distribution of their food resources. In terra firma forest preferred food species were poorly represented, whereas in open swamp and sedge clearings they were more abundant. Low overall numbers, highly patchy distribution, small group size, and low effort-high return for hunters, including sport hunters, mean that buffalo must be considered a conservation priority in this environment.
Assessment of genetic and environmental influences on differential ratings of within-family experiences and relationships in twins
Authors: CARBONNEAU R. , RUTTER M. , SILBERG J. L. , SIMONOFF E. , EAVES L. J.
Published: October 2002

Background. Although there is evidence that genetic factors influence individual differences in environmental risk exposure, there are few findings on genetic effects on differential parenting. The present study sought to examine this issue.

Methods. The sample comprised 1117 pairs of like-sex male and female twins, aged 8–16 years, and their parents, recruited from the school population of Virginia. Differential ratings of the within-family experiences were provided by the Twin Inventory of Relationships and Experiences (TIRE).

Results. Dimensions describing the within-family environment based on differential ratings contrasting the twins with one another, were influenced, to an approximately equal extent, by both genetic and environmental factors.

Conclusions. The findings suggest that genetic differences between like-sex siblings lead them to experience their family environment differently, but also that environmental influences significantly affect interactions within the family.