bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rescue Screens with Secreted Proteins Reveal Compensatory Potential of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases in Driving Cancer Growth
Authors: Harbinski Fred , Craig Vanessa J. , Sanghavi Sneha , Jeffery Douglas , Liu Lijuan , Sheppard Kelly Ann , Wagner Sabrina , Stamm Christelle , Buness Andreas , Chatenay-Rivauday Christian , Yao Yao , He Feng , Lu Chris X. , Guagnano Vito , Metz Thomas , Finan Peter M. , Hofmann Francesco , Sellers William R. , Porter Jeffrey A. , Myer Vic E. , Graus-Porta Diana , Wilson Christopher J. , Buckler Alan , Tiedt Ralph
Published: August 2012

The overall power of kinase inhibitors is substantially overshadowed by the acquisition of drug resistance. To address this issue, we systematically assessed the potential of secreted proteins to induce resistance to kinase inhibitors. To this end, we developed a high-throughput platform for screening a cDNA library encoding 3,432 secreted proteins in cellular assays. Using cancer cells originally dependent on either MET, FGFR2, or FGFR3, we observed a bypass of dependence through ligand-mediated activation of alternative receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK). Our findings indicate a broad and versatile potential for RTKs from the HER and FGFR families as well as MET to compensate for loss of each other. We further provide evidence that combined inhibition of simultaneously active RTKs can lead to an added anticancer effect.

Significance: Although initial tumor responses to kinase inhibitors can be significant, therapeutic benefit is often limited by the emergence of resistance (e.g., as a consequence of mutations in the drug target or through activation of alternative pathways to bypass dependence on the original target). Because the activation of alternative growth-promoting kinases by stimulation with their cognate ligands can constitute such a bypass mechanism, the identification of growth factors as possible mediators of resistance to kinase inhibitors is of clinical interest. Cancer Discov; 2(10); 948–59. ©2012 AACR.

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 857.
Distribution of Mean, Systolic and Diastolic Ocular Perfusion Pressure in Telemedical Homemonitoring of Glaucoma Patients
Authors: Jürgens Clemens , Grossjohann Rico , Tost Frank
Published: August 2012

Background: To analyze the relation and distribution of mean, systolic and diastolic ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) in telemedical homemonitoring of patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). Methods: 70 patients with POAG measured intraocular pressure (IOP) and blood pressure at home for a period of 6 months with the Goldmann applanation self-tonometer Ocuton S and the blood pressure device boso medicus PC. Twenty-four-hour profiles were taken every 4 weeks in addition to single measurements in the morning and evening once a week. All measured values were transmitted to an electronic patient record, which calculated OPP by taking systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure and subtracting IOP. Results: We analyzed 3,282 values of mean, systolic and diastolic OPP. The quantity of values below the risk levels of the Barbados Eye Studies was calculated. We found values lower than the risk levels for LE: 49 (1.5%)/RE: 60 (1.8%) systolic OPP, LE: 1,623 (49.5%)/RE: 1,761 (53.7%) diastolic OPP and LE: 687 (20.9%)/RE: 794 (24.2%) mean OPP. The individual average OPP levels of all 70 patients below the risk levels showed the following distribution: LE: 4 (5.7%)/RE: 6 (8.6%) systolic OPP, LE: 19 (27.1%)/RE: 20 (28.6%) diastolic OPP and LE: 10 (14.3%)/RE: 10 (14.3%) mean OPP. Conclusion: The individual distribution of different OPP values in POAG patients is not easy to interpret for clinical ophthalmologists. Precise practicable guidelines for clinical use still have to be determined.
Oral Glucose Loading Modulates Plasma β-Amyloid Level in Alzheimer’s Disease Patients: Potential Diagnostic Method for Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Takeda Shuko , Sato Naoyuki , Uchio-Yamada Kozue , Yu Hisahiro , Moriguchi Atsushi , Rakugi Hiromi , Morishita Ryuichi
Published: August 2012

Background: Although plasma β-amyloid (Aβ) has been suggested to be a noninvasive diagnostic biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), its significance and validity have been inconclusive. Thus, it is quite important to establish a novel diagnostic method related to plasma Aβ. Methods: As our previous animal studies demonstrated a relation of glucose with plasma Aβ, we examined the effect of glucose loading on plasma Aβ levels in AD patients. After fasting, an oral glucose load was administered to AD patients and non-AD dementia patients, and subsequently, blood glucose, plasma insulin, and plasma Aβ levels were measured. Results: The plasma levels of baseline blood glucose, plasma insulin, and plasma Aβ were not different between the two groups. However, immediately after glucose loading, a significant increase in plasma Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels was observed in AD patients, whereas a mild decrease in plasma Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels was detected in non-AD dementia patients. Conclusion: The present study clearly demonstrated a different response in plasma Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels after glucose loading between AD and non-AD dementia patients, which is consistent with our previous animal studies. These findings suggest a novel diagnostic tool for AD using the elevation of plasma Aβ level after glucose loading, although further studies are necessary.
Urinary Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity in Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Potential Marker of Disease Progression
Authors: Altemtam Nagi , El Nahas Meguid , Johnson Tim
Published: August 2012

Background: Progressive kidney fibrosis, associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD), results from an imbalance in extracellular matrix (ECM) homeostasis. Reduced matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) activity causing lower clearance of ECM proteins has been implicated mainly through an overproduction of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP), but also by reduced MMP synthesis. We tested the hypothesis that MMP activity can be measured in human urine and can be used as a potential biomarker of the progression of diabetic kidney disease (DKD). Methods: An observational prospective study was performed on 102 DKD patients using 21 diabetic patients without kidney disease and 21 healthy volunteers as controls. The Molecular Probes EnzChek Gelatinase/Collagenase Assay Kit were used to determine urinary MMP activity using DQ™ Gelatin (total MMPs), DQ™ Collagen I (interstitial collagenases) and DQ™ Collagen IV (gelatinises) substrates. A broad-spectrum synthetic inhibitor of all MMP, 1,10-phenanthroline, was used to confirm that the proteolytic activity is due to MMP activity. All MMP values were expressed per unit of urine creatinine. Results: Overall urinary MMP activity (DQ Gelatin substrate) was significantly elevated in DKD patients (14.76 ± 3.65 Δ fl/h/mmol creatinine) compared to diabetes mellitus controls (7.09 ± 2.12 Δ fl/h/mmol creatinine) and healthy volunteers (1.87 ± 0.74 Δ fl/h/mmol creatinine) (ANOVA p = 0.01). Within the DKD cohort, there was an approximate threefold higher urinary MMP activity in nonprogressive DKD patients compared to those with progressive disease (p = 0.002). The urinary MMP activity:creatinine ratio was significantly higher in normoalbuminuric and microalbuminuric DKD compared to macroalbuminuric DKD. Positive correlations were observed between the rate of total MMP activity and interstitial collagenases (r = 0.75, p < 0.0001) and gelatinases (r = 0.59, p = 0.0001). The accuracy of MMP activity to predict the rate of annual eGFR decline (ROC analysis) was 77% compared to 64% for albuminuria. Conclusions: Total MMP activity can be easily measured in human urine. Surprisingly and in contrast to MMP activity in the kidney, urine MMP activity is elevated in DKD. However, there is a significantly lower MMP activity in patients with progressive DKD. ROC analysis demonstrates that single urine MMP activity estimation is superior to albuminuria in predicting DKD patients with progressive disease.
Surgical Treatment of Mixed and Urge Urinary Incontinence in Women
Authors: Jäger Wolfram , Mirenska Olga , Brügge Sabine
Published: August 2012

Background/Aims: The etiology of urge urinary incontinence is unknown. Pharmacological treatments are disappointing, since they are only slightly more effective than a placebo. In this study, we analyzed whether the surgical replacement of the uterosacral ligaments by an alloplastic tape can cure patients with mixed and urge urinary incontinence. Methods: This study was a nonrandomized clinical trial. The study was performed in the Department of Gynecology of a general hospital and a university clinic. 135 women with urge or mixed urinary incontinence were operated on. The utero-sacral ligaments as well as the pubo-urethral ligaments – if necessary – were replaced by alloplastic tapes. Clinical outcome was evaluated immediately after surgery, 3 months later and 1 year later. Outcome was classified as cure, improvement or failure and recurrences. Results: 102 patients (77%) were cured and a further 24 patients (18%) showed improvement after surgery. 19 patients developed a recurrence between 5 and 33 months after surgery. Conclusion: We therefore conclude that most patients with urge and mixed urinary incontinence can be cured by surgery.
Prognostic Value of Right Ventricular Longitudinal Peak Systolic Strain in Patients With Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Haeck Marlieke L.A. , Scherptong Roderick W.C. , Marsan Nina Ajmone , Holman Eduard R. , Schalij Martin J. , Bax Jeroen J. , Vliegen Hubert W. , Delgado Victoria
Published: August 2012

Background—

Right ventricular (RV) function is an important prognostic marker in patients with pulmonary hypertension. The present evaluation assessed the prognostic value of RV longitudinal peak systolic strain (LPSS) in patients with pulmonary hypertension.

Methods and Results—

A total of 150 patients with pulmonary hypertension of different etiologies (mean age, 59±15 years; 37.3% male) were evaluated. RV fractional area change and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion index were evaluated with 2-dimensional echocardiography. RV LPSS was assessed with speckle-tracking echocardiography. The patient population was categorized according to a RV LPSS value of –19%. Among several clinical and echocardiographic parameters, the significant determinants of all-cause mortality were evaluated. There were no significant differences in age, sex, pulmonary hypertension cause and left ventricular ejection fraction between patients with RV LPSS <−19% and patients with RV LPSS ≥−19%. However, patients with RV LPSS ≥−19% had significantly worse New York Heart Association functional class (2.7±0.6 versus 2.3±0.8;
P
=0.003) and lower tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (16±4 mm versus 18±3 mm;
P
<0.001) than their counterparts. During a median follow-up of 2.6 years, 37 patients died. RV LPSS was a significant determinant of all-cause mortality (HR, 3.40; 95% CI, 1.19–9.72;
P
=0.02).

Conclusions—

In patients with pulmonary hypertension, RV LPSS is significantly associated with all-cause mortality. RV LPSS may be a valuable parameter for risk stratification of these patients. Future studies are needed to confirm these results in the pulmonary hypertension subgroups.
IRF-1 and miRNA126 Modulate VCAM-1 Expression in Response to a High-Fat Meal
Authors: Sun Chongxiu , Alkhoury Kenan , Wang Ying I. , Foster Greg A. , Radecke Christopher E. , Tam Kayan , Edwards Christina M. , Facciotti Marc T. , Armstrong Ehrin J. , Knowlton Anne A. , Newman John W. , Passerini Anthony G. , Simon Scott I.
Published: August 2012

Rationale:

A high-fat diet accompanied by hypertriglyceridemia increases an individual’s risk for development of atherosclerosis. An early event in this process is monocyte recruitment through binding to vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) upregulated on inflamed arterial endothelium. Diets high in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may provide athero-protection by ameliorating this effect.

Objective:

We investigated the acute regulation of VCAM-1 expression in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) in response to triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TGRL) isolated from subjects after consumption of a high-fat meal.

Methods and Results:

Postprandial TGRL isolated from 38 subjects were categorized as proatherogenic or antiatherogenic according to their capacity to alter the inflammatory response of HAEC. Proatherogenic TGRL increased expression of VCAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and E-selectin by ≈20% compared with stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-α alone, whereas antiatherogenic TGRL decreased VCAM-1 expression by ≈20% while still upregulating ICAM-1. The relative atherogenicity of TGRL positively correlated with particle density of TG, apolipoprotein (Apo)CIII, ApoE, and cholesterol. Ω3-PUFA mimicked the effect of antiatherogenic TGRL by downregulating VCAM-1 expression. TGRL exerted this differential regulation of VCAM-1 by reciprocally modulating expression and activity of the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) and expression of microRNA 126 (miR-126). Overexpression or silencing of IRF-1 or miR-126 expression recapitulated the proatherogenic or antiatherogenic regulation of VCAM-1.

Conclusions:

In response to a high-fat meal, TGRL bias the inflammatory response of endothelium via transcriptional and posttranscriptional editing of VCAM-1. Subjects with an anti-inflammatory response to a meal produced TGRL that was enriched in nonesterified fatty acids, decreased IRF-1 expression, increased miR-126 activity, and diminished monocyte arrest.
Ascending-Ramp Biphasic Waveform Has a Lower Defibrillation Threshold and Releases Less Troponin I Than a Truncated Exponential Biphasic Waveform
Authors: Huang Jian , Walcott Gregory P. , Ruse Richard B. , Bohanan Scott J. , Killingsworth Cheryl R. , Ideker Raymond E.
Published: August 2012

Background—

We tested the hypothesis that the shape of the shock waveform affects not only the defibrillation threshold but also the amount of cardiac damage.

Methods and Results—

Defibrillation thresholds were determined for 11 waveforms—3 ascending-ramp waveforms, 3 descending-ramp waveforms, 3 rectilinear first-phase biphasic waveforms, a Gurvich waveform, and a truncated exponential biphasic waveform—in 6 pigs with electrodes in the right ventricular apex and superior vena cava. The ascending, descending, and rectilinear waveforms had 4-, 8-, and 16-millisecond first phases and a 3.5-millisecond rectilinear second phase that was half the voltage of the first phase. The exponential biphasic waveform had a 60% first-phase and a 50% second-phase tilt. In a second study, we attempted to defibrillate after 10 seconds of ventricular fibrillation with a single ≈30-J shock (6 pigs successfully defibrillated with 8-millisecond ascending, 8-millisecond rectilinear, and truncated exponential biphasic waveforms). Troponin I blood levels were determined before and 2 to 10 hours after the shock. The lowest-energy defibrillation threshold was for the 8-milliseconds ascending ramp (14.6±7.3 J [mean±SD]), which was significantly less than for the truncated exponential (19.6±6.3 J). Six hours after shock, troponin I was significantly less for the ascending-ramp waveform (0.80±0.54 ng/mL) than for the truncated exponential (1.92±0.47 ng/mL) or the rectilinear waveform (1.17±0.45 ng/mL).

Conclusions—

The ascending ramp has a significantly lower defibrillation threshold and at ≈30 J causes 58% less troponin I release than the truncated exponential biphasic shock. Therefore, the shock waveform affects both the defibrillation threshold and the amount of cardiac damage.
John Jenkins and The Art of Writing: Handwriting and Identity in the Early American Republic
Authors: Christen Richard S.
Published: August 2012

Author of the first truly American handwriting book (1791), John Jenkins introduced an innovative pedagogy that, he promised, would make elegant handwriting “plain and easy” for all. Fusing old with new, he argued that synthesis–gentility with opportunity, aesthetics with utility, hand with mind–would come to define American identity in the early republic.
Climate Variability and Trends in Bolivia
Authors: Seiler Christian , Hutjes Ronald W. A. , Kabat Pavel
Published: August 2012

Climate-related disasters in Bolivia are frequent, severe, and manifold and affect large parts of the population, economy, and ecosystems. Potentially amplified through climate change, natural hazards are of growing concern. To better understand these events, homogenized daily observations of temperature (29 stations) and precipitation (68 stations) from 1960 to 2009 were analyzed in this study. The impact of the positive (+) and negative (−) phases of the three climate modes (i) Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), (ii) El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) with El Niño (EN) and La Niña (LN) events, and (iii) Antarctic Oscillation (AAO) were assessed. Temperatures were found to be higher during PDO(+), EN, and AAO(+) in the Andes. Total amounts of rainfall, as well as the number of extreme events, were higher during PDO(+), EN, and LN in the lowlands. During austral summer [December–February (DJF)], EN led to drier conditions in the Andes with more variable precipitation. Temperatures increased at a rate of 0.1°C per decade, with stronger increases in the Andes and in the dry season. Rainfall totals increased from 1965 to 1984 [12% in DJF and 18% in June–August (JJA)] and decreased afterward (−4% in DJF and −10% in JJA), following roughly the pattern of PDO. Trends of climate extremes generally corresponded to trends of climate means. Findings suggest that Bolivia’s climate will be warmer and drier than average in the near-term future. Having entered PDO(−) in 2007, droughts and LN-related floods can be expected in the lowlands, while increasing temperatures suggest higher risks of drought in the Andes.
Underwater Radiance Distributions Measured with Miniaturized Multispectral Radiance Cameras
Authors: Antoine David , Morel André , Leymarie Edouard , Houyou Amel , Gentili Bernard , Victori Stéphane , Buis Jean-Pierre , Buis Nicolas , Meunier Sylvain , Canini Marius , Crozel Didier , Fougnie Bertrand , Henry Patrice
Published: August 2012

Miniaturized radiance cameras measuring underwater multispectral radiances in all directions at high-radiometric accuracy (CE600) are presented. The camera design is described, as well as the main steps of its optical and radiometric characterization and calibration. The results show the excellent optical quality of the specifically designed fish-eye objective. They also show the low noise and excellent linearity of the complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) detector array that is used. Initial results obtained in various oceanic environments demonstrate the potential of this instrument to provide new measurements of the underwater radiance distribution from the sea surface to dimly lit layers at depth. Excellent agreement is obtained between nadir radiances measured with the camera and commercial radiometers. Comparison of the upwelling radiance distributions measured with the CE600 and those obtained with another radiance camera also shows a very close agreement. The CE600 measurements allow all apparent optical properties (AOPs) to be determined from integration of the radiance distributions and inherent optical properties (IOPs) to be determined from inversion of the AOPs. This possibility represents a significant advance for marine optics by tying all optical properties to the radiometric standard and avoiding the deployment of complex instrument packages to collect AOPs and IOPs simultaneously (except when it comes to partitioning IOPs into their component parts).
Taking Care of Unfinished Business and the Business of the 21st Century
Authors: Stanfield John H.
Published: August 2012

This article examines the work of an imaginary Institute for Advanced Study in Civil Rights as a model of changed oriented knowledge production, preferably in a major research university in the Deep South. The work of this Institute covers the span of the finished and unfinished business and unanticipated consequences in both respects for the 1940s–1960s sociological generation of African American civil rights leaders and their non–African American allies, as well as post-1960s issues this generation was unable to see or comprehend.
Sociology as Knowledge
Authors: Sieh Dawn M.
Published: August 2012

Contemplate the nature, relevance, and limitations of traditional systems analysis in understanding virtual systems as work communities. Considering herself from the perspective of a system personified, the author, herself a member of many virtual teams, feels drawn to augmenting the body of virtual team knowledge by reflecting on some foundational systems thinkers and relating their ideas to such organizations. She selects a few points from the writings of Durkheim, Parsons, Blau and Scott, and Wilber and tries to apply them to virtual communities. The primary focus originates with Blau and Scott’s Formal Organizations, its content, some concerns, and how it might be relevant on a point-by-point basis to organizations in a virtual world. It is acknowledged that there are many types of virtual groups with different organizational attributes, and any inferences must be made with that in mind. The discussion covers social and formal organizations, psychological processes, organizational attributes, communications, and leadership. Where appropriate, the author proposes some virtual team extensions to the thoughts of Blau and Scott and suggests some ideas for empirical investigations to produce data in support of those modifications.
Supervision
Authors: Westefeld John S. , Rasmussen Wendy
Published: August 2012

The authors provide reaction to the Major Contribution (MC) “Multicultural Clinical Supervision and Benchmarks: Empirical Support Informing Supervision Practice and Supervisor Training.” The article begins with an overview reaction to the MC. Following this, each of the four articles that compose the MC are discussed. The reactions provide both a contextual response to the articles as well a response to the central theme of the MC—that is, the intersection of supervision, multiculturalism, and the competency benchmarks.
Bullying in childhood and religious/spiritual status in adulthood among internal medicine outpatients
Authors: Sansone Randy A , Kelley Amy R , Forbis Jeremy S
Published: August 2012

Background:

Bullying in childhood is ubiquitous and associated with a number of identified negative outcomes in both childhood and adulthood. However, the relationship between being bullied in childhood and religious/spiritual status in adulthood has never been explored.

Method:

Using a cross-sectional sample of 324 consecutive internal medicine outpatients and a survey methodology, we examined relationships between ‘When you were growing up, were you ever a victim of bullying?’ and (1) self-perceived extent of religiosity/spirituality and (2) religiosity/spirituality as assessed by scores on the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-Being Scale (FACIT-Sp-12).

Results:

While bullying status in childhood was not related to either the self-perceived extent of religiosity or spirituality, it did evidence negative statistically significant relationships with seven of 12 FACIT-Sp-12 scales, as well as the overall composite score.

Conclusions:

According to these data, bullying in childhood is associated with lower religious/spiritual well-being in adulthood; however, this study was not designed to examine a causal relationship.
Ecological, Psychological, and Cognitive Components of Reading Difficulties
Authors: Chiu Ming Ming , McBride-Chang Catherine , Lin Dan
Published: August 2012

The authors tested the component model of reading (CMR) among 186,725 fourth grade students from 38 countries (45 regions) on five continents by analyzing the 2006 Progress in International Reading Literacy Study data using measures of ecological (country, family, school, teacher), psychological, and cognitive components. More than 91% of the differences in student difficulty occurred at the country (61%) and classroom (30%) levels (ecological), with less than 9% at the student level (cognitive and psychological). All three components were negatively associated with reading difficulties: cognitive (student’s early literacy skills), ecological (family characteristics [socioeconomic status, number of books at home, and attitudes about reading], school characteristics [school climate and resources]), and psychological (students’ attitudes about reading, reading self-concept, and being a girl). These results extend the CMR by demonstrating the importance of multiple levels of factors for reading deficits across diverse cultures.
USEIRS model for the contagion of individual aggressive behavior under emergencies
Authors: Zhao Laijun , Cheng Jingjing , Qian Ying , Wang Qin
Published: August 2012

Individual aggressive behavior under emergencies is contagious, and often leads to collective aggressive behavior. In this paper, we apply the epidemic model to investigate the contagion of individual aggressive behavior under emergencies, extending the SEIRS (Susceptible–Exposed–Infected–Recovered–Susceptible) model by adding a new group of people – uninducible individuals. Thus, a new dynamic model USEIRS (Uninducible–Susceptible–Exposed–Infected–Recovered–Susceptible) is developed. The threshold of individual aggressive behavior contagion is deduced from the USEIRS model through the analysis of the eliminating and prevailing stabilities and equilibrium of aggressive behavior contagion. The numerical solutions of the USEIRS model show that a higher number of initial uninducible individuals can reduce the number of people with aggressive behavior. However, the decrease in the number of aggressive individuals will be insignificant if the uninducible individuals have little influence on the public. A higher uninducible rate can reduce the number of individuals with aggressive behavior. However, some people will still inevitably behave aggressively at the beginning. The effect of higher uninducible rate has an accelerating feature, which becomes more obvious with the development of emergency. Providing information and education to increase the uninducible population, or more communication between experts, government officials and the general public to increase the uninducible rate are strategies for reducing individual aggressive behavior.
Motivated Independence? Implicit Party Identity Predicts Political Judgments Among Self-Proclaimed Independents
Authors: Hawkins Carlee Beth , Nosek Brian A.
Published: August 2012

Reporting an Independent political identity does not guarantee the absence of partisanship. Independents demonstrated considerable variability in relative identification with Republicans versus Democrats as measured by an Implicit Association Test (IAT; M = 0.10, SD = 0.47). To test whether this variation predicted political judgment, participants read a newspaper article describing two competing welfare (Study 1) or special education (Study 2) policies. The authors manipulated which policy was proposed by which party. Among self-proclaimed Independents, those who were implicitly Democratic preferred the liberal welfare plan, and those who were implicitly Republican preferred the conservative welfare plan. Regardless of the policy details, these implicit partisans preferred the policy proposed by “their” party, and this effect occurred more strongly for implicit than explicit plan preference. The authors suggest that implicitly partisan Independents may consciously override some partisan influence when making explicit political judgments, and Independents may identify as such to appear objective even when they are not.
Toward a Deeper Understanding of the Meaning of Marriage Among Black Men
Authors: Hurt Tera R.
Published: August 2012

Black men benefit from healthy, satisfying marriages in domains of physical, psychological, and financial well-being. Yet marriage among Black men has declined and remains elusive for many. One gap in the research concerns the positive meaning that Black men find in their marriages. Prior research has failed to collect in-depth accounts of Black men’s experiences of marriage. The purpose of this qualitative study is to explore the meaning of marriage among 52 Black men, using interview data. Findings highlight four themes in the meaning of marriage—secure emotional support, lifelong commitment, enhanced life success, and secure attachment. Two themes emerged from the data related to important influences on the construction of meaning relative to marriage—faith, and the dynamics of give and take. Responses among the men concerning the change in marriage over time related to transitions in American marriages and a deepened respect for marriage. Implications are discussed.
Child-Rearing Values in Southern Brazil
Authors: Tudge Jonathan R. H. , Lopes Rita S. C. , Piccinini Cesar A. , Sperb Tania M. , Chipenda-Dansokho Selma , Marin Angela H. , Vivian Aline G. , de Oliveira Débora S. , Frizzo Giana B. , Freitas Lia B. L.
Published: August 2012

The authors examine social-class differences in parents’ child-rearing values for autonomy, self-direction, and conformity and the extent to which their values are influenced by their perceptions of their developing children’s characteristics. Parents from 25 middle-class or working-class families in a Brazilian city participated in interviews, observations, and completed Kohn’s Q-Sort measure when their children were 3, 36, and 72 months of age. Parents’ child-rearing values differed significantly by social class: middle-class parents were more likely to value autonomy and self-direction in their children, whereas working-class parents were more likely to value conformity. In addition, the strength and direction of parental values changed significantly as their children developed. Parents were less likely to value autonomy and self-direction when their children were 36 months than when they were either 3 or 72 months. Middle-class parents were more likely to value conformity when their children were 36 than when they were younger or older.
The Socioemotional Outcomes of Young Children of Teenage Mothers by Paternal Coresidence
Authors: Martin Anne , Brazil Adam , Brooks-Gunn Jeanne
Published: August 2012

To date, no study has examined the implications of biological fathers’ coresidence for the socioemotional development of children of teenage mothers. Previous research suggests competing hypotheses. Men who father children with teenage women have low education and earnings and are disproportionately likely to be antisocial. However, teenage mothers are less distressed when fathers are more involved caregivers. The current study follows a multicity sample of children born to teenage women ( n = 509) for their first 3 years of life in the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Children whose biological father coresided continuously (20%) were more likely to be securely attached to their mother and had fewer externalizing problems than other children at age 3. Paternal coresidence did not increase household income, and it only marginally lowered maternal parenting stress.
Culturally Responsive Leadership in a Diverse School
Authors: Madhlangobe Lewis , Gordon Stephen P.
Published: August 2012

This study describes how a culturally responsive school leader promoted equity in a racially and linguistically diverse school. The authors shadowed Faith, an assistant principal, and did follow-up interviews with her after each day of shadowing. They observed teachers in their classrooms, conducted multiple interviews with teachers and parents, and gathered artifacts from administrative offices, classrooms, and common areas. The authors found that Faith practiced culturally responsive leadership on three levels: personal, environmental, and curricular. Faith’s culturally responsive leadership included six themes: caring, building relationships, being persistent and persuasive, being present and communicating, modeling cultural responsiveness, and fostering cultural responsiveness among others.
Science studies in physical geography
Authors: Wainwright Steven P.
Published: August 2012

Science studies perspectives are largely absent in research on the making of physical geography. In this paper I outline literature from the history and sociology of science that may prove useful both in filling this gap, and in ‘bridging the divide’ between human and physical geography. I begin with an overview of work that argues for science studies in human geography, physical geography and the history of geology. I then discuss a series of science studies approaches that address questions such as the following. How are the social worlds of science constituted? How do new scientific disciplines emerge and change? How do different groups in a discipline view/contest research? How are scientific identities and careers formed? How does laboratory culture shape the practice of science? How is science distinguished from non-science? How do scientific biographies reflect and change the ‘spirit of the age’? Drawing on a biographical science studies approach, I examine key aspects of the life and work of the eminent river scientist Luna Leopold (1915–2006). This then leads to a discussion of the geographical imagination, and particularly how this is grounded in the sociological imagination – where history and biography are entwined. I argue that Leopold’s life and writings provide valuable insights into developing ‘the geographical imagination’. In conclusion, my aim is to encourage students and researchers in the three fields of human geography, physical geography and science studies to use the ‘view from the river’ of science studies in research on the making and shaping of physical geography.
Second-Look Arthroscopic Assessment of Arthroscopic Single-Bundle Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Yang Jae-Hyuk , Yoon Jung-Ro , Jeong Hyeon-Il , Hwang Dae-Hee , Woo Sung-Jong , Kwon Jae-Ho , Nha Kyung-Wook
Published: August 2012

Background:

Although controversy continues over the choice of graft tissue, including autografts, allografts, and synthetic ligaments, for posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction, the use of a mixed graft consisting of a hamstring (semitendinosus and gracilis) autograft plus tibialis anterior allograft tendon has not been studied in detail.

Hypothesis:

Outcomes of PCL reconstructions performed with a mixed graft would be superior to those using solely an Achilles tendon allograft in terms of functional knee scores, posterior stability, and the graft appearance.

Study design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

Fifty-eight patients who underwent isolated single-bundle PCL reconstruction using an arthroscopic trans-septal portal with remnant preservation technique were evaluated. They were divided into group A (mixed tendon; n = 30) and group B (Achilles tendon; n = 28). Knee function was evaluated using the Lysholm knee score, Tegner activity score, and the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) grading scale. Anteroposterior stability was measured using the Telos stress view. Twenty patients (66.7%) from group A and 21 patients (75.0%) from group B underwent hardware removal and a second-look arthroscopic examination.

Results:

The Lysholm knee scores in groups A and B increased from a respective average of 43 and 50 preoperatively to 90 and 88 at follow-up. The IKDC grade and Tegner activity scores were also significantly improved in both groups. Stability was improved in both groups, with an average posterior laxity of 3.0 mm (group A) and 3.3 mm (group B) at follow-up ( P > .05). However, there were 4 intraoperative complications in group B: 2 bone fractures and 2 graft pullouts during precyclic tensioning. Second-look arthroscopy revealed a partial tear in 8 cases (40%) from group A and 15 cases (71.4%) from group B ( P = .03). All of the partial tears were located in the femoral aperture area. Complete synovial coverage was demonstrated in 10 patients (50%) from group A and 5 patients (23.8%) from group B ( P = .04). However, clinical outcomes and stability were not affected by the arthroscopic graft appearance.

Conclusion:

Satisfactory results were obtained for groups A and B in patients who underwent reconstruction for isolated PCL injury. However, 4 intraoperative complications (14.3%) were encountered with use of the Achilles tendon allograft (group B), with a relative higher rate of partial tear and less synovialization in the femoral aperture area.
Arthroscopic Accessibility of the Talus Quantified by Computed Tomography Simulation
Authors: van Bergen Christiaan J.A. , Tuijthof Gabriëlle J.M. , Maas Mario , Sierevelt Inger N. , van Dijk C. Niek
Published: August 2012

Background:

Anterior ankle arthroscopy is the preferred surgical approach for the treatment of osteochondral defects of the talus (OCDs). However, the ankle is a congruent joint with limited surgical access.

Purpose:

The dual purpose of this study was (1) to quantify the anterior arthroscopic reach (defined as the proportion of the talar dome articular surface located anterior to the anterior distal tibial rim) with the ankle in full plantar flexion and (2) to identify predictive factors of the arthroscopic reach.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Computed tomography scans were obtained of 59 ankles (57 patients aged 33 ± 11 years) in full plantar flexion in a nonmetallic 3-dimensional footplate. The arthroscopic reach of both the medial and lateral talar domes was assessed on sagittal reconstructions using a custom-made software routine. Intraobserver and interobserver reliability were calculated by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Various predictive factors of the arthroscopic reach were analyzed by multivariate linear regression analysis.

Results:

The arthroscopic reach was 48.2% ± 6.7% (range, 26.7%-60.7%) of the medial talar dome and 47.8% ± 6.5% (range, 31.2%-65.1%) of the lateral talar dome ( P = .62). The intraobserver and interobserver reliability of both measurements were excellent (ICC, .99). The clinical plantarflexion angle was a statistically significant predictive factor of both the medial and lateral arthroscopic reaches (ie, increased plantar flexion corresponded to increased area of access), while joint laxity, gender, and age were not predictive.

Conclusion:

Almost half of the talar dome is accessible anterior to the anterior distal tibial rim. The plantarflexion angle is an independent predictive factor of the arthroscopic reach both medially and laterally.

Clinical Relevance:

These results may facilitate preoperative planning of the surgical approach for OCDs.
Hybrids, Political Economy, and Macroeconomics
Authors: Braunstein Elissa
Published: August 2012

In this piece I comment on Nancy’s Folbre’s David Gordon Memorial Lecture for the 2012 Allied Social Science Associations meetings, focusing on the strengths of how she combines Marxian sensibilities with neoclasscial analytical tools, the advantages of her proposed definition of political economy, and extending her call for developing a macroeconomic approach to human capital.

JEL codes: B50; E11; E24
Supramolecular polycaprolactone nanocomposite based on functionalized hydroxyapatite
Authors: Mehmanchi Mohammad , Shokrollahi Parvin , Atai Mohammad , Omidian Hossein , Bagheri Reza
Published: August 2012

Arms bearing ureido-pyrimidinone functional groups with self-association capability (through quadruple hydrogen bonds) were successfully grafted onto hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. The supramolecularly modified nanoparticles (nHApUPy) exhibited enhanced colloidal stability compared to the original hydroxyapatite nanoparticles and were uniformly dispersed in supramolecular polycaprolactone in PCL(UPy)2/HApUPy nanocomposites at different filler loadings. The combined atomic force microscopy, mechanical, and rheological analyses confirmed a high degree of compatibility of HApUPy nanoparticles with the polymer matrix. The temperature dependence of the supramolecular structure in PCL(UPy)2/HApUPy nanocomposites was determined from dynamic rheological measurements at two different temperatures, 60°C and 85°C. The osteocompatibility of the nanocomposite containing HApUPy nanoparticles was compared to the pure polymer. The preliminary cell results clearly confirm that the supramolecular nanocomposites are nontoxic and biocompatible. Therefore, it is postulated that supramolecular nanocomposites provide a new way of tuning the mechanical properties of the supramolecular polymers, particularly supramolecular polycaprolactones.
Understanding the Properties of Common Dietary Supplements
Authors: Zelig Rena , Rigassio Radler Diane
Published: August 2012

Background: Dietary supplement usage in the United States continues to increase. This article explores the background of dietary supplements and their regulations, discusses trends in usage patterns highlighting the properties of 10 popular dietary supplements, addresses safety concerns and drug‐nutrient interactions, and discusses the role of the healthcare professional in assessing and recommending usage of dietary supplements. Methods: The authors reviewed the literature on dietary supplementation. Government websites were used to obtain background and regulatory information. Evidence‐based databases were used to summarize popular dietary supplements in terms of their common uses, mechanisms of action, and clinical implications. The related literature was reviewed to discuss important factors for the healthcare professional to consider as well as the role of the healthcare professional in integrating dietary supplement use within patient care. Conclusion: Healthcare professionals need to be prepared to evaluate dietary supplement usage and make appropriate recommendations for an individualized plan of care. Clinical Implications: As the popularity of dietary supplements continues to grow, healthcare professionals will need to communicate with patients about their usage; educate themselves on their potential benefits, interactions, and contraindications; evaluate the literature; make recommendations; and document appropriately in a comprehensive and integrated plan of care.
Mixture designs to assess composition–structure–property relationships in SiO2–CaO–ZnO–La2O3–TiO2–MgO–SrO–Na2O glasses: Potential materials for embolization
Authors: Kehoe Sharon , Langman Maxine , Werner-Zwanziger Ulli , Abraham Robert J , Boyd Daniel
Published: August 2012

Embolization with micron-sized particulates is widely applied to treat uterine fibroids. The objective of this work was to develop mixture designs to predict materials composition–structure–property relationships for the SiO2–CaO–ZnO–La2O3–TiO2–MgO–SrO–Na2O glass system and compare its fundamental materials properties (density and cytocompatibility), against a state-of-the-art embolic agent (contour polyvinyl alcohol) to assess the potential of these materials for embolization therapies. The glass structures were evaluated using 29Si MAS NMR to identify chemical shift and line width; the particulate densities were determined using helium pycnometry and the cell viabilities were assessed via MTT assay. 29Si MAS NMR results indicated peak maxima for each glass in the range of −82.3 ppm to −89.9 ppm; associated with Q2 to Q3 units in silicate glasses. All experimental embolic compositions showed enhanced in vitro compatibility in comparison to Contour PVA with the exceptions of ORP9 and ORP11 (containing no TiO2). In this study, optimal compositions for cell viability were obtained for the following compositional ranges: 0.095–0.188 mole fraction ZnO; 0.068–0.159 mole fraction La2O3; 0.545–0.562 mole fraction SiO2 and 0.042–0.050 mole fraction TiO2. To ensure ease of producibility in obtaining good melts, a maximum loading of 0.068 mole fraction La2O3 is required. This is confirmed by the desirability approach, for which the only experimental composition (ORP5) of the materials evaluated was presented as an optimum composition; combining high cell viability with ease of production (0.188 mole fraction ZnO; 0.068 mole fraction La2O3; 0.562 mole fraction SiO2 and 0.042 mole fraction TiO2).
Improved Lesson Planning With Universal Design for Learning (UDL)
Authors: Courey Susan Joan , Tappe Phyllis , Siker Jody , LePage Pam
Published: August 2012

Efficient lesson planning with universal design for learning (UDL) enables teachers to more effectively meet students’ individual needs. In this study, a comparison of lesson plans by teacher candidates in a teacher preparation program before and after UDL training is presented. After training, teachers ( n = 45) incorporated more differentiated options and varied teacher strategies based on UDL principles into their lesson plans, so that the content was more accessible to all students. A variety of changes and options was examined, and examples of commonly occurring choices selected by the teacher candidates were provided. The improved multiplicity of options in lesson planning demonstrates a better understanding of UDL principles; however, teachers need more experience in actually implementing the UDL principles in their classrooms.
Women’s Perceptions of Childbirth “Choices”
Authors: Malacrida Claudia , Boulton Tiffany
Published: August 2012

Women in North America have many childbirth options. However, they must make these choices within a complex culture of birthing discourse characterized by competing knowledges and claims regarding the “ideal birth” as medicalized, natural, or woman centered. We interviewed 21 childless women and 22 new mothers to explore their perceptions of choice and birthing. The women’s interviews indicated that their birthing choices are reflective of tensions embedded in normative femininity; conflicting ideas relating to purity, dignity, and the messiness of birth; and contradictions about women’s bodies as heteronormative sites of pleasure and sexuality on one hand and of asexual, selfless sources of maternal nurturance on the other. Finally, the women’s views reflected understandings of moral and normative constructs about selflessness as a core attribute of femininity and motherhood, particularly in terms of enduring pain as the “proper” means of accomplishing the rite of passage to motherhood. Although all the women described tensions between femininity and motherhood, childless women were more likely than mothers to be worried about achieving ideal, heteronormative sexuality and femininity. Likewise, women who have not yet had children and women who have experienced unplanned C-sections were more likely than those who experienced vaginal births to express that C-section births fail to fully accomplish women’s rite of passage to motherhood.
Working Class Self-Fashioning in Swing Time (1936)
Authors: Cassano Graham
Published: August 2012

This article argues that the Depression era musical, Swing Time (1936), provides access to understanding some of the forms of socially constructed desire that shaped working class solidarity in the 1930s. In the first part of this article, I explore the roots of Swing Time’s critique of vested forms of desire in Thorstein Veblen’s The Theory of the Leisure Class. I argue that Swing Time offers an extension of Veblen’s theory by analyzing the power of mass communication to rewire social circuits of desire. I then explore the meaning of the stylistic realism and the language of protest operating in Swing Time’s narrative. From this I conclude Swing Time offers a critique of capitalism precisely in order to affiliate itself with a new, working class oppositional culture. But in affiliating itself with this oppositional community, Swing Time accepts and reinforces the language of racial privilege circulating within the ‘white’ working class. With a final critical act, however, Swing Time symptomatically reveals the invidious character of white privilege, as well as the fact that the cultural heritage of the (white) working class (swing music itself) comes from the theft and plunder of African American originality.