bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adipose‐derived stem cell: a better stem cell than BMSC
Authors: Zhu Yanxia , Liu Tianqing , Song Kedong , Fan Xiubo , Ma Xuehu , Cui Zhanfeng
Published: July 2008

To further study the proliferation and multi‐differentiation potentials of adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs), the cells were isolated with improved methods and their growth curves were achieved with cck‐8. Surface protein expression was analyzed by flow cytometry to characterize the cell phenotype. The multi‐lineage potential of ADSCs was testified by differentiating cells with adipogenic, chondrogenic, osteogenic, and myogenic inducers. The results showed that about 5 × 105 stem cells could be obtained from 400 to 600 mg adipose tissue. The ADSCs can be continuously cultured in vitro for up to 1 month without passage and they have several logarithmic growth phases during the culture period. Also, the flow cytometry analysis showed that ADSCs expressed high levels of stem cell‐related antigens (CD13, CD29, CD44, CD105, and CD166), while did not express hematopoiesis‐related antigens CD34 and CD45, and human leukocyte antigen HLA‐DR was also negative. Moreover, stem cell‐related transcription factors, Nanog, Oct‐4, Sox‐2, and Rex‐1 were positively expressed in ADSCs. The expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was detected in the early osteogenic induction and the calcified nodules were observed by von Kossa staining. Intracellular lipid droplets could be observed by Oil Red staining. Differentiated cardiomyocytes were observed by connexin43 fluorescent staining. In order to obtain more stem cells, we can subculture ADSCs every 14 days instead of the normal 5 days. ADSCs still keep strong proliferation ability, maintain their phenotypes, and have stronger multi‐differentiation potential after 25 passages. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of endurance training upon lipid metabolism in the liver of cachectic tumour‐bearing rats
Authors: Lira F. S. , Tavares F. L. , Yamashita A. S. , Koyama C. H. , Alves M. J. , Caperuto E. C. , Batista M. L. , Seelaender M.
Published: July 2008

The syndrome of cancer cachexia is accompanied by several alterations in lipid metabolism, and the liver is markedly affected. Previous studies showed that moderate exercise training may prevent liver fat accumulation through diminished delivery of lipids to the liver, increased hepatic oxidation and increased incorporation of triacylglycerol (TAG) into very low density lipoprotein (VLDL). Our aim was to examine the influence of moderate intensity training (8 weeks) upon TAG content, VLDL assembly and secretion, apolipoprotein B (apoB) and microsomal transfer protein (MTP) gene expression in the liver of cachectic tumour‐bearing rats. Animals were randomly assigned to a sedentary control (SC), sedentary tumour‐bearing (ST) or exercise‐trained control (EC) or to an exercise trained tumour‐bearing (ET) group. Trained rats ran on a treadmill (60% VO2max) for 60 min day−1, 5 day week−1, for 8 weeks. TAG content and the rate of VLDL secretion (followed for 3 h), as well as mRNA expression of apoB and MTP, and total cholesterol, VLDL‐TAG, VLDL‐cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐cholesterol) and tumour weight were evaluated. VLDL‐cholesterol showed a decrease in ST (p < 0.05) in relation to SC. Serum TAG, VLDL‐TAG and tissue TAG content were all increased in ST (p < 0.01), when compared with SC. ST showed a lower rate of VLDL secretion (p < 0.05) and reduced expression of apoB (p < 0.001) and MTP (p < 0.001), when compared with SC. These parameters were restored to control values (p < 0.05) when the animals were submitted to the exercise training protocol. Tumour weight decreased 10‐fold after training (p < 0.001). It is possible to affirm, therefore, that endurance training promoted the re‐establishment of lipid metabolism in cachectic tumour‐bearing animals, especially in relation to VLDL secretion and assembly. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three single nucleotide polymorphisms leading to non‐synonymous amino acid substitution in the human ribonuclease 2 and angiogenin genes exhibit markedly less genetic heterogeneity in six populations
Authors: Ueki Misuzu , Takeshita Haruo , Fujihara Junko , Takatsuka Hisakazu , Yuasa Isao , Iida Reiko , Yasuda Toshihiro
Published: July 2008

Angiogenin and ribonuclease 2 (RNase 2) are members of the human RNase superfamily. Although three potential single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these genes, which could give rise to an amino acid substitution in the protein, have been identified, relevant population data are not available, and accordingly they have not been applied to clinical–genetic analysis. For this purpose, a novel genotyping method for each SNP using the mismatched PCR‐restriction fragment length polymorphism technique has been developed. Using this method, the genotype distribution of each SNP was investigated in six populations: Japanese (n = 167), Korean (n = 90), Mongolian (n = 92), Ovambos (n = 86), Turkish (n = 87), and German (n = 70). In all the populations, only one genotype was found in each SNP. Irrespective of differences in ethnic groups, the angiogenin and RNase 2 genes appear to exhibit markedly less genetic heterogeneity with regard to these SNPs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antioxidant status and lipid peroxidation in the blood of breast cancer patients of different ages
Authors: Kasapović Jelena , Pejić Snežana , Todorović Ana , Stojiljković Vesna , Pajović Snežana B.
Published: July 2008

Oxidative stress is considered to be implicated in the pathophysiology of breast cancers. In this study we investigated the level of oxidative stress and antioxidant (AO) status in the blood of breast cancer patients of different ages. The level of lipid hydroperoxides (LP) was measured in blood plasma and the activities of copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) enzymes, as well as the level of total glutathione (GSH) and CuZnSOD protein were measured in blood cells of breast cancer patients and age‐matched healthy subjects. Our results showed that breast carcinoma is related to increase of lipid peroxidation in plasma with concomitant decrease of AO defense capacity in blood cells, which becomes more pronounced during aging of the patients. Suppression of CuZnSOD activity related to breast cancer is most likely caused by decreased de novo synthesis of this enzyme. Similar patterns of suppression in CuZnSOD and CAT activities related to aging were recorded both in controls and patients. Age‐related decrease in CuZnSOD activity seems not to be caused by altered protein levels of this enzyme. Suppression of AO enzymes associated with breast cancer and aging is most likely the cause of increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Our results indicate significant role of oxidative‐induced injury in the breast carcinogenesis, particularly during the later stages of aging. Overall, our data support the importance of endogenous AOs in the etiology of breast cancer across all levels of predicted risk. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced glycation end products serve as ligands for lectin‐like oxidized low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐1(LOX‐1): biochemical and binding characterizations assay
Authors: Chen Xiuping , Zhang Tiantai , Du Guanhua
Published: July 2008

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a class of complex heterogeneous compounds which accumulate with age and is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of several diseases from diabetes to atherosclerosis. AGEs serve as ligands for multiple receptors including scavenger receptor (SR‐A), CD36, and SR‐BI. Lectin‐like oxidized low‐density lipoprotein receptor‐1 (LOX‐1) plays an important role in both atherosclerosis and is found to be an endothelial cell receptor for AGEs. To explore the binding characterization of AGEs to LOX‐1, AGEs were prepared by three different reducing sugars (d‐glucose, d‐fructose, and d‐ribose) and the biochemical characterization including, free amino groups, free amine content, fructosamine residues, carbonyl content, fluorescence, and absorbance were determined. The binding activity was determined by FITC labeled AGEs using Chinese hamster ovary‐K1 cells stably transfected with human LOX‐1 gene. The obtained AGEs showed significant differences in the extent of side chain modifications, carbonyl content, fluorescence, and absorption models. All of the AGEs showed specific and saturable binding to hLOX‐1‐CHO‐K1 cells. Furthermore, dose‐dependent binding processes were observed. However, the maximal cellular binding of AGEs differs between the sugars (glucose > ribose > fructose). In addition, oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL) could significantly inhibit the binding of AGEs to LOX‐1 with different inhibitory efficiency. LOX‐1 serves as receptor for AGEs which may give some insight into the role of LOX‐1 in the pathogenesis of diabetes and related disorders. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Virtual Patients to Improve Cardiac Examination Competency in Medical Students
Authors: Vukanovic‐Criley Jasminka M. , Boker John R. , Criley Stuart R. , Rajagopalan Shobita , Criley John Michael
Published: July 2008

Background

Cardiac examination (CE) skills are in decline. Most prior studies employed audio recordings, evaluating only one aspect of CE (i.e., auscultation) that precluded correlation with visible observations. To address these deficiencies, we developed a curriculum using virtual patient examinations (VPEs); bedside recordings of patients with visible and audible cardiovascular findings presented as interactive multimedia.

Hypothesis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether VPEs improve CE skills, and whether any improvements are retained. We assessed CE competency overall and in 4 categories: inspection, auscultation, knowledge, and integration of audio and visual skills.

Methods

Students (n = 24) undergoing the 8‐wk Internal Medicine (IM) clerkship rotation and receiving supervised instruction with VPEs (intervention group) were compared with students (n = 58) undergoing IM clerkship rotation without supplemental CE instruction (control group). The groups were tested at the beginning and the end of their rotations.

Results

The Intervention group improved significantly in overall mean scores: from 58.7 to 73.5 (p = 0.0001). The Control group did not improve: from 60.1 to 59.5 (p = 0.788). The Intervention group improved inspection, auscultation, and knowledge (all p ≤0.02); control group showed no improvement. Fourteen months after the study, 8 students from the intervention group were re‐tested and mean scores improved further to 83.6 without additional intervention (p = 0.004); controls showed improvement on re‐testing, but it was not significant: 65.0 (p = 0.464).

Conclusions

Cardiac examination inspection, auscultation, and knowledge improved by using VPEs to the level of cardiology fellows. These skills were retained 1 y later. The teaching and testing tools emphasizing the bedside use of both sight and sound, identify which CE skills needed improvement and additional training. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Variable order secant matrix technique applied to the elastic postbuckling of arches
Authors: Jayachandran Arul , White Donald W.
Published: July 2008

This paper presents the implementation of Reissner's (J. Appl. Math. Phys. 1972; 23:795–804) strain–displacement relations for a planar beam using a variable order secant matrix (VOSM) technique. The secant matrices are formed using a Taylor expansion of the strain energy and hence the order of the secant and tangent matrices to be included in the nonlinear analysis can be varied depending upon the degree of nonlinearity involved in the problem. Nevertheless, a maximum of 24 matrices is sufficient to obtain predicted internal stress resultants to within 0.2% of the converged solution in all the problems tested. Using a three‐noded isoparametric beam element, the accuracy of the VOSM method is demonstrated for the elastic postbuckling of arches. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some invariant sums of higher‐order sensitivities
Authors: Izydorczyk Jacek , Chojcan Jan
Published: July 2008

In this paper, a new class of invariant sensitivity sums of higher‐order sensitivities is given. Sensitivity sums considered are relevant to a network function of general lumped time‐invariant circuits containing passive and active elements. It is assumed that the circuit is linear and consists of one‐port elements and two‐port elements only. A part of the one‐port elements is described by admittance parameters and the other part by impedance parameters. The rest of the one‐port elements are independent sources. Two‐port elements are only controlled sources. Hybrid matrix should describe functional relationships of the elements. Formulas for invariant sums of sensitivities of first, second, third, and fourth order are presented. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Input mapping algorithm for parallel transistor structures
Authors: Nikolaidis Spiridon
Published: July 2008

A new algorithm for mapping every possible input pattern of a parallel transistor structure to an equivalent set of normalized inputs (having the same starting and ending point) is introduced. This algorithm is based on the analysis of the operation of the transistor structure and can be used for the development of analytical timing models for CMOS circuits. Simulation results show a very good accuracy of the algorithm. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FATT‐CTL assay for detection of antigen‐specific cell‐mediated cytotoxicity
Authors: van Baalen Carel A. , Gruters Rob A. , Berkhoff Eufemia G. M. , Osterhaus Albert D. M. E. , Rimmelzwaan Guus F.
Published: July 2008

Here we describe a flowcytometric assay that measures the defining function of virus‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), i.e., killing viral protein expressing cells. The fluorescent antigen‐transfected target cell (FATT)‐CTL assay requires no viruses, recombinant viral vectors, or radioactive isotopes to generate CTL target cells that present naturally processed epitopes. It facilitates developing standardized applications in clinical trial settings. Plasmid vectors encoding antigen‐green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion proteins were used directly to nucleofect immortalized B cells or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Elimination of antigen‐GFP expressing cells by cloned CTL, in vitro sensitized PBMC, or ex vivo PBMC was quantified following a 4–18‐h coculture period by flowcytometry. This technology successfully detected cell‐mediated cytotoxicity in studies involving human PBMC and various viral antigens, including structural proteins of influenza A virus, and structural and nonstructural HIV proteins. Standardized protocols are currently being developed in the framework of a clinical immunotherapy trial in HIV‐infected individuals. The FATT‐CTL assay principles facilitate standardized flowcytometric detection of antigenic protein‐specific cell‐mediated cytotoxicity in many different basic research and clinical trial settings. By measuring their defining function, the FATT‐CTL assay contributes to a more complete assessment of antigen‐specific CTL responses to infection and vaccination. © 2008 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Dyslexia and developmental co‐ordination disorder in further and higher education—similarities and differences. Does the ‘Label’ influence the support given?
Authors: Kirby Amanda , Sugden David , Beveridge Sally , Edwards Lisa , Edwards Rachel
Published: July 2008

Developmental co‐ordination disorder (DCD) is a developmental disorder affecting motor co‐ordination. TheDiagnostics Statistics Manual—IV classification for DCD describes difficulties across a range of activities of daily living, impacting on everyday skills and academic performance in school. Recent evidence has shown that difficulties persist into adulthood. As a consequence, increasing numbers of students are arriving at university and colleges in the UK with a diagnosis of DCD and requesting Disabled Students' Allowance (DSA) to gain support. This preliminary study examined a cohort of 115 students currently in further or higher education in order to compare and contrast similarities and differences in three subgroups: those with a diagnosis of DCD, a second group with DCD and dyslexia and a third group with dyslexia only. It examines how students were supported in the past and now as students. Additionally it identifies differences in reported strengths and difficulties. A higher percentage of those with dyslexia receive DSA. All students have similar types of support not dependent on their diagnosis. The DCD only group lives at home with parents more and has a significantly greater reported motor and executive functioning difficulty than the other two groups. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Residual DC charge leakage mechanism of a transmission line under fine and dry weather conditions
Authors: Murase Hiroshi , Yoda Masayuki , Sawa Goro , Kaneko Eiji
Published: July 2008

The decay time of residual DC charge in 500‐kV transmission line was measured during five fine and dry days of winter. The results showed a large scattering not dependent on the simultaneously observed weather conditions, such as temperature or relative humidity. The authors performed an additional experiment in a laboratory to discuss the factors that affect the residual DC charge leakage in dry conditions focusing on the moisture in the air and the dust floating in the atmosphere. It is shown that absolute humidity alone decides the decay time without scattering under clean and calm condition. The floating dust blown up by the wind, however, reduces the decay time and brings a large scattering. The dust should be a charge carrier moving freely in the atmosphere. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(2): 45–52, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20417
Statistical analysis of lightning surges on distribution lines based on the observation
Authors: Miyazaki Teru , Okabe Shigemitsu , Aiba Kiyoshi , Hirai Takao
Published: July 2008

Probability distribution of surge discharging current of arresters provided a basis for conventional theory of grounding systems. In order to rationalize the grounding systems, it is necessary to grasp the statistical data of lightning surges on distribution lines caused by direct lightning strokes and indirect lightning strokes. Lightning phenomena on TEPCO's distribution lines had been continuously observed for the rationalization of lightning protection design of distribution lines. The observation had been carried out with still cameras and monitoring sensors of lightning surges. This makes it possible to discover new interesting facts that can be useful for rationalization of lightning protection design of distribution lines. Cumulative frequency distribution of conventional data is close to that of ZnO discharging current in the case of direct strokes and indirect strokes through TEPCO's observation. Moreover, to verify the cumulative current distribution in concrete poles, the authors have compared the cumulative distribution of current through ground lines with that of current through ground lines and concrete poles. The results show that the distribution of current through ground lines and concrete poles is larger than that of current through only ground lines for high currents exceeding 1 kA. This fact suggests that lightning surge current flows not only in ground lines but also in concrete poles. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(2): 36–44, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20468
Self‐generation vibration sensor using levitated magnet
Authors: Nishimura Kazuhiro , Inoue Mitsuteru
Published: July 2008

This paper introduces the self‐generation vibration sensor using levitated magnet. We have verified experimentally and theoretically that this sensor is available in frequencies of 5 to 25 Hz. The frequency response of sensitivity shows the maximal value at certain frequency. These sensitivities obtained 3.9 V/G at 11 Hz for levitated magnet of neodymium and 3.0 V/G at 10 Hz for the magnet of samarium cobalt. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(2): 1–8, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20525
Self‐sensing active magnetic bearings with zero‐bias‐current control
Authors: Kato Yuki , Yoshida Toshiya , Ohniwa Katsumi
Published: July 2008

A zero‐bias‐current self‐sensing active magnetic bearing is proposed. One degree‐of‐freedom (DOF) of the rotor is controlled by a pair of electromagnets which are alternatively energized by the proposed circuit. The rotor position of the one DOF is measured by using both electromagnets: the nonenergized electromagnet also contributes to the position sensing. The proposed method gives good linearity in the position estimation. The controller of the magnetic levitation consists of a digital signal processor, DSP, which compensates the nonlinearity of the magnetic force and achieves good damping. In the experiment, the rotor can run at 45,000 min‐1. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 165(2): 69–76, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20616
Space–time modeling of 20 years of daily air temperature in the Chicago metropolitan region
Authors: Im Hae‐Kyung , Rathouz Paul J. , Frederick John E.
Published: July 2008

We analyze 20 years of daily minimum and maximum air temperature data in the Chicago metropolitan region and propose a parsimonious model that describes their mean function and the space–time covariance structure. The mean function contains a long‐term trend, annual and semiannual harmonics, and physical covariates such as latitude, distance to the Lake Michigan, and winds, each interacted with the harmonic terms, thus allowing the effects of physical covariates to vary smoothly over time. The temporal correlation at a given location is described using an ARMA(1,2) model. The residuals (innovations) from this models are treated as independent replications of a spatial process with covariance structure in the Matérn class. The space–time covariance structure parameters are allowed to vary seasonally. Using the estimated covariance structure, we interpolate the temperature to a fine grid in the Chicago metropolitan region. This procedure borrows information from temporally and spatially adjacent data. The methods presented in this paper should be useful to approach other environmental problems where the data are discrete and regular in time but irregular in space. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling nasal airflow using a Fourier descriptor representation of geometry
Authors: Gambaruto A. M. , Taylor D. J. , Doorly D. J.
Published: July 2008

Procedures capable of providing both compact representations and rational simplifications of complex anatomical flow conduits are essential to explore how form and function are related in the respiratory, cardiovascular and other physiological flow systems. This study focuses on flow in the human nasal cavity. Methods to derive the cavity wall boundary from medical images are first outlined. Anisotropic smoothing of the boundary surface is shown to provide less geometric distortion in regions of high curvature, such as at the ends of the narrow nasal passages. A reversible decomposition of the surface into a stack of planar contours is then effected using an implicit function formulation. Fourier descriptors provide a continuous representation of each contour as a modal expansion and permit simplification of the geometry by retaining only dominant modes via filtering.

Computations of the steady inspiratory flow field are performed for replica and reduced geometries, where reduced geometry is derived by retaining only the first 15 modes in the expansion of each slice contour. The overall pressure drop and integrated wall shear are shown to be virtually unaffected by simplification. More sensitive measures, such as the Lagrangian particle trajectories and residence time distributions, show slight changes as discussed.

Comparison of the Fourier descriptor method applied to three different patient data sets indicates the potential of the technique as a means to characterize complex flow conduit geometry, and the scope for further work is outlined. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐stage analysis for gene‐environment interaction utilizing both case‐only and family‐based analysis
Authors: Chen Yi‐Hau , Lin Hui‐Wen , Liu Huimei
Published: July 2008

The case‐only study and family‐based study are two popular study designs for detecting gene‐environment interactions. It is well known that the case‐only analysis is efficient, but its validity relies crucially on the assumption of gene‐environment independence in the study population. In contrast, the family‐based analysis is robust to the violation of such an assumption, but is less efficient. We propose a two‐stage study design for detecting gene‐environment interactions, where a case‐only study is performed at the first stage, and a case‐parent/case‐sibling study is performed at the second stage on a random subsample of the first‐stage case sample as well as their parents/unaffected siblings. Statistical inference procedures are developed for the proposed two‐stage study designs, which not only preserve the robustness property of the family‐based analysis, but also utilize information from the case‐only analysis to enhance estimation efficiency and testing power. Simulation results reveal both the robustness and efficiency of the proposed strategies. Genet. Epidemiol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Haplotype associations with quantitative traits in the presence of complex multilocus and heterogeneous effects
Authors: Shibata Kyoko , Diatchenko Luda , Zaykin Dmitri V.
Published: July 2008

In genetic mapping of complex traits, scored haplotypes are likely to represent only a subset of all causal polymorphisms. At the extreme of this scenario, observed polymorphisms are not themselves functional, and only linked to causal ones via linkage disequilibrium (LD). We will demonstrate that due to such incomplete knowledge regarding the underlying genetic mechanism, the variance of a trait may become different between the scored haplotypes. Thus, unequal variances between haplotypes may be indicative of additional functional polymorphisms affecting the trait. Methods accounting for such haplotype‐specific variance may also provide an increased power to detect complex associations. We suggest ways to estimate and test these haplotypic variance contrasts, and incorporate them into the haplotypic tests for association. We further extend this approach to data with unknown gametic phase via likelihood‐based simultaneous estimation of haplotypic effects and their frequencies. We find our approach to provide additional power, especially under the following types of models: (a) where scored and unobserved variants are epistatically interacting with each other; and (b) under heterogeneity models, where multiple unobserved mutations are linked to non‐functional observed polymorphisms via LD. An illustrative example of usefulness of the method is discussed, utilizing analysis of multilocus effects within the catechol‐O‐methyltransferase gene.Genet. Epidemiol. 2008. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Common genetic influences underlie comorbidity of migraine and endometriosis
Authors: Nyholt Dale R. , Gillespie Nathan G. , Merikangas Kathleen R. , Treloar Susan A. , Martin Nicholas G. , Montgomery Grant W.
Published: July 2008

We examined the co‐occurrence of migraine and endometriosis within the largest known collection of families containing multiple women with surgically confirmed endometriosis and in an independent sample of 815 monozygotic and 457 dizygotic female twin pairs. Within the endometriosis families, a significantly increased risk of migrainous headache was observed in women with endometriosis compared to women without endometriosis (odds ratio [OR] 1.57, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12–2.21, P=0.009). Bivariate heritability analyses indicated no evidence for common environmental factors influencing either migraine or endometriosis but significant genetic components for both traits, with heritability estimates of 69 and 49%, respectively. Importantly, a significant additive genetic correlation (rG = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.06–0.47) and bivariate heritability (h2=0.17, 95% CI: 0.08–0.27) was observed between migraine and endometriosis. Controlling for the personality trait neuroticism made little impact on this association. These results confirm the previously reported comorbidity between migraine and endometriosis and indicate common genetic influences completely explain their co‐occurrence within individuals. Given pharmacological treatments for endometriosis typically target hormonal pathways and a number of findings provide support for a relationship between hormonal variations and migraine, hormone‐related genes and pathways are highly plausible candidates for both migraine and endometriosis. Therefore, taking into account the status of both migraine and endometriosis may provide a novel opportunity to identify the genes underlying them. Finally, we propose that the analysis of such genetically correlated comorbid traits can increase power to detect genetic risk loci through the use of more specific, homogenous and heritable phenotypes. Genet. Epidemiol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Geochemistry and K‐Ar cooling ages of the Ilıca, Çataldağ (Balıkesir) and Kozak (İzmir) granitoids, west Anatolia, Turkey
Authors: Boztuğ D. , Harlavan Y. , Jonckheere R. , Can İ. , Sari R.
Published: July 2008

The Ilıca, Çataldağ and Kozak granitoids, cropping out in the northern part of the İzmir‐Ankara (İA) suture zone in west Anatolia, Turkey, intrude metamorphic rocks of the Sakarya continent (SC) and Karakaya complex, and are unconformably overlain by Miocene volcanic and sedimentary rocks. The Ilıca and Kozak granitoids comprised granodioritic and granitic rocks and include mafic microgranular enclaves. The Çataldağ granitoid massif is subdivided into three lithological units: the Bozenköy granodiorite, Çataltepe biotite granite and Turfaldağ biotite granodiorite. Hornblende separates from the Ilıca granitoid yield K‐Ar cooling ages that range from Oligocene (29 Ma) to Early Miocene (21 Ma). Biotite separates from subunits of the Çataldağ granitoid massif yield K‐Ar cooling ages of 21−22 Ma. The Kozak granitoid possesses hornblende and biotite K‐Ar cooling ages ranging from 17 to 21 Ma. Fractional crystallization (FC), assimilation‐combined FC, magma mixing and crustal contamination were the main processes which modified the compositions of magmas during crystallization. The Ilıca, Çataldağ and Kozak granitoids were derived from different magma sources generated by the partial melting of various sources such as metasomatized mantle and crustal material in a post‐collisional extensional setting following continent–continent collision between the SC and Taurus‐Menderes Massif along the İA suture zone in west Anatolia, Turkey. Oligo−Miocene K‐Ar hornblende/biotite cooling ages seem to be driven with a rapid cooling and fast exhumation of a mid‐crustal section that can be resulted from a regional extensional geodynamic setting related to the subduction roll‐back of the present‐day Mediterranean oceanic lithosphere in the Aegean region in west and northwest Anatolia, Turkey. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of lesions in patients with unilateral tactile agnosia using cytoarchitectonic probabilistic maps
Authors: Hömke Lars , Amunts Katrin , Bönig Lutz , Fretz Christian , Binkofski Ferdinand , Zilles Karl , Weder Bruno
Published: July 2008

We propose a novel methodical approach to lesion analyses involving high‐resolution MR images in combination with probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps. 3D‐MR images of the whole brain and the manually segmented lesion mask are spatially normalized to the reference brain of a stereotaxic probabilistic cytoarchitectonic atlas using a multiscale registration algorithm based on an elastic model. The procedure is demonstrated in three patients suffering from aperceptive tactile agnosia of the right hand due to chronic infarction of the left parietal cortex. Patient 1 presents a lesion in areas of the postcentral sulcus, Patient 3 in areas of the superior parietal lobule and adjacent intraparietal sulcus, and Patient 2 lesions in both regions. On the basis of neurobehavioral data, we conjectured degradation of sequential elementary sensory information processing within the postcentral gyrus, impeding texture recognition in Patients 1 and 2, and disturbed kinaesthetic information processing in the posterior parietal lobe, causing degraded shape recognition in the patients 2 and 3. The involvement of Brodmann areas 4a, 4p, 3a, 3b, 1, 2, and areas IP1 and IP2 of the intraparietal sulcus was assessed in terms of the voxel overlap between the spatially transformed lesion masks and the 50%‐isocontours of the cytoarchitectonic maps. The disruption of the critical cytoarchitectonic areas and the impaired subfunctions, texture and shape recognition, relate as conjectured above. We conclude that the proposed method represents a promising approach to hypothesis‐driven lesion analyses, yielding lesion‐function correlates based on a cytoarchitectonic model. Finally, the lesion‐function correlates are validated by functional imaging reference data. Hum Brain Mapp 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infant mortality and child nutrition in Bangladesh
Authors: Dancer Diane , Rammohan Anu , Smith Murray D.
Published: July 2008

The excess female infant mortality observed in South Asia has typically been attributed to gender discrimination in the intra‐household allocation of food and medical care. However, studies on child nutrition find no evidence of gender differences. A natural explanation could be that in environments of high infant mortality of females, the surviving children are healthier, so that child nutrition cannot be studied independently of mortality. In this paper, we use data from the 2004 Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey to investigate if there are any gender differences in survival probabilities and whether this leads to differences in child nutrition. We argue the importance of establishing whether or not there exists a dependence relationship between the two random variables – infant mortality and child nutrition – and in order to detect this we employ a copula approach to model specification. The results suggest, for example, that while male children have a significantly lower likelihood of surviving their first year relative to female children, should they survive they have significantly better height‐for‐age Z‐scores. From a policy perspective, household wealth and public health interventions such as vaccinations are found to be important predictors of better nutritional outcomes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hedgerow impacts on soil‐water transfer due to rainfall interception and root‐water uptake
Authors: Ghazavi G. , Thomas Z. , Hamon Y. , Marie J. C. , Corson M. , Merot P.
Published: July 2008

Hedgerow is one of the most important rural landscapes in the world, especially in Europe. Knowledge about the hydrological role of hedgerows is useful in many fields of study, such as hydrological modelling and rural landscape management. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a hedgerow on rainfall distribution, soil‐water potential gradient, lateral water transfer and water balance. A hillslope with a hedgerow perpendicular to the slope was monitored. To evaluate hedgerow rainfall interception, rainfall was measured (hourly, daily, and by rainfall event) both next to and up to 16 m upslope and 12 m downslope perpendicularly away from the hedgerow. The strongest correlation between rainfall next to the hedgerow and rainfall at more distant points was obtained using data measured per rainfall event. The average percentage of rainfall intercepted equalled 28% for the leafed period and 12% for the leafless period. The impact of the hedgerow on spatial rainfall distribution was related to distance from the hedgerow and rainfall amount. Annual distribution of soil‐water potential showed that the hedgerow influenced it up to 9 m upslope and 6 m downslope, the area in which most of the hedgerow's roots were observed. The soil was driest at the end of summer, which delayed soil rewetting during autumn in areas surrounding the hedgerow. Annual groundwater dynamics exhibited three distinct periods due to temporal rainfall distribution and, especially at the end of summer, root‐water uptake. In addition, the total potential gradient showed that unsaturated flow was directed towards the hedgerow in summer and autumn. These results indicate that at the local scale hedgerows influences (1) spatial rainfall distribution, (2) soil rewetting, and (3) groundwater recharge, often at distances well beyond the hedgerow's drip line. Consequently, the processes involved in soil‐water dynamics around hedgerows should be integrated into relevant hydrological models, especially for catchments with a dense hedgerow network. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interpretation of homogeneity in δ18O signatures of stream water in a nested sub‐catchment system in north‐east Scotland
Authors: Dunn S. M. , Bacon J. R. , Soulsby C. , Tetzlaff D. , Stutter M. I. , Waldron S. , Malcolm I. A.
Published: July 2008

The isotope hydrology of a set of nested sub‐catchments in the north‐east of Scotland has been studied to examine the mixing processes and residence times of water in the catchments. The measured δ18O in stream waters was found to be exceptionally uniform both temporally and spatially. Hydrochemical mixing analyses showed that groundwater contributes between 62 and 90% of the stream flow in all sub‐catchments. Model analysis indicated that the δ18O in stream water is indicative of a highly mixed system in which near surface runoff appears to be mixed with groundwater, within the soil profile, before being released from the catchment. Small fluctuations in the stream water δ18O response are generated by a small proportion (<10%) of less‐well mixed water in infiltration excess runoff during storm events. A comparative application of the model to a nearby catchment, which has a lower proportion of groundwater runoff, demonstrated contrasting behaviour, with significantly less mixing of waters occurring and a more distinct difference in the age of runoff generated by different flow paths. This highlighted that standard methods for characterization of mixing mechanisms are often insufficient and may not discriminate between systems that have retained quite distinct flow paths throughout catchment transit, and those which have been mixed at some stage. Model sensitivity analysis also indicated that the simulated mean residence time of water varies most strongly in response to different parameters compared with the δ18O response. This has implications for estimating water residence times from isotope data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do both heterocyclic amines and omega‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids contribute to the incidence of breast cancer in postmenopausal women of the Malmö diet and cancer cohort?
Authors: Sonestedt Emily , Ericson Ulrika , Gullberg Bo , Skog Kerstin , Olsson Håkan , Wirfält Elisabet
Published: July 2008

Heterocyclic amines (HAs), formed when meat and fish are cooked at high temperatures, have been linked to mammary gland cancer in rats, and some epidemiological studies indicate increased breast cancer risk by consumption of well‐done meat. The epidemiological evidence linking HAs per se to breast cancer is however sparse, especially from prospective studies. Moreover, high‐fat diets rich in omega‐6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have produced higher frequencies of HA‐induced mammary gland tumors in rats compared to those fed low‐fat diets. The aim was to evaluate prospectively if intake of HAs is associated with breast cancer incidence, and if the association is independent of omega‐6 PUFA intakes. Among women 50 years or older at baseline from the population‐based prospective Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort (n = 11,699), 430 women were diagnosed with incident invasive breast cancer during a mean follow‐up of 10.4 years. Information on dietary habits was collected by a modified diet history method. Cox proportional hazards regression estimated hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of breast cancer associated with energy‐adjusted intakes of HAs and omega‐6 PUFA. Intakes of HAs were not associated with breast cancer incidence (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.69–1.28, for highest compared to lowest quintile). In individuals with low HA intakes, a significant increased risk was observed among those with high intakes of omega‐6 PUFAs. In conclusion, intakes of HAs are not associated with breast cancer incidence in this Swedish cohort, but dietary patterns very high in omega‐6 PUFA may promote breast cancer development. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The predicted impact of vaccination on human papillomavirus infections in Australia
Authors: Smith Megan A. , Canfell Karen , Brotherton Julia M.L. , Lew Jie‐Bin , Barnabas Ruanne V.
Published: July 2008

Vaccines based on human papillomavirus (HPV) 16 and 18 virus‐like particles have the potential to prevent ∼70% of cervical cancers. In Australia, public vaccination against HPV commenced in April 2007, and includes routine vaccination of females aged 12–13 years, and a 2‐year school and GP‐based catch‐up in females aged 12–26 years. The objectives of this study were to estimate initial vaccination coverage rates, to describe current patterns of sexual behavior in young females, and to predict the impact of vaccination on HPV16 infections. We reviewed early coverage data, estimating that coverage in 2007/2008 will reach 86% (feasible range 67–90%) for 12‐ to 13‐year‐old girls, with lower rates attained in older females. A review of survey data found that the median age of first intercourse in Australian females is 16 years, with ∼90% of women sexually active at 22 years. Using these data, we performed an analysis of HPV transmission to predict the impact of vaccination on HPV infection rates. The public program is predicted to result in a reduction in the age‐standardized incidence of HPV16 infections of 56% by 2010 (feasible range 48–61%), and 92% by 2050 (feasible range 76–95%). Elective vaccination of older women and vaccination of males may provide some incremental gains, but the benefits to women of vaccinating males will be less if coverage of females remains high. In conclusion, the current vaccination program is expected to result in a substantial and rapid reduction in the incidence of HPV16 in Australia. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The new tumor suppressor genes ING: Genomic structure and status in cancer
Authors: Ythier Damien , Larrieu Delphine , Brambilla Christian , Brambilla Elisabeth , Pedeux Rémy
Published: July 2008

The Inhibitor of Growth 1 (ING1) gene has been identified and characterized as a Type‐II tumor suppressor gene (TSG). Subsequently, 4 additional members of the family were identified by homology search. ING proteins contain a nuclear localization sequence (NLS) and a plant homeo domain (PHD) finger motif in their C‐terminus. These proteins are involved in numerous signaling pathways especially in 2 tumor suppressor pathways: apoptosis and senescence. In human tumors, several studies have shown that the expression of ING1 is frequently lost or downregulated. It occurs most frequently at the RNA level, and thus epigenetics mechanism could be involved. We summarize the current knowledge on ING proteins functions and their involvement in various signaling pathways. We also review the studies that have investigated the ING protein status in human tumors. The interest of ING proteins as biomarkers and their role in tumor initiation and progression is discussed. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thioredoxin and thioredoxin binding protein 2 in the liver
Authors: Okuyama Hiroaki , Son Aoi , Ahsan Md. Kaimul , Masutani Hiroshi , Nakamura Hajime , Yodoi Junji
Published: July 2008

Thioredoxin (TRX) is a 12‐kDa protein with redox‐active dithiol in the active site ‐Cys‐Gly‐Pro‐Cys‐ and constitutes a major thiol reducing system. TRX protects cells from stress‐induced damage through antioxidative, antiapoptotic, and anti‐inflammatory effect. In animal models, thioacetamide (TAA)‐induced acute hepatitis and TAA‐induced liver fibrosis was attenuated in TRX transgenic (TRXTG) mice. Plasma level of TRX is a good marker for hepatitis and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in human patients. Recently, we identified TRX binding protein 2 (TBP2) in a yeast two‐hybrid screening. TBP2 regulates both the expression and reducing activity of TRX as well as cell growth. TBP2 knockout (TBP2KO) mice showed disorder in lipid metabolism. TBP2 plays a multiple role on cell growth and lipid and glucose metabolism. Thus, TRX and TBP2 play important roles in the pathophysiology of liver diseases, including NASH, indicating that ratio of TRX and TBP2 expression could be a novel marker of liver diseases like NASH. © 2008 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 60(10): 656–660, 2008
The proteasome and its role in the degradation of oxidized proteins
Authors: Jung Tobias , Grune Tilman
Published: July 2008

The generation of free radicals and the resulting oxidative modification of cell structures are omnipresent in mammalian cells. This includes the permanent oxidation of proteins leading to the disruption of the protein structure and an impaired functionality. In consequence, these oxidized proteins have to be removed in order to prevent serious metabolic disturbances. The most important cellular proteolytic system responsible for the removal of oxidized proteins is the proteasomal system. For normal functioning, the proteasomal system needs the coordinated interaction of numerous components. This review describes the fundamental functions of the 20S “core” proteasome, its regulators, and the roles of the proteasomal system beyond the removal of oxidized proteins in mammalian cells. © 2008 IUBMB IUBMB Life, 60(11): 743–752, 2008
Blockage of NF‐κB by IKKβ‐ or RelA‐siRNA rather than the NF‐κB super‐suppressor IκBα mutant potentiates adriamycin‐induced cytotoxicity in lung cancer cells
Authors: Chen Wenshu , Wang Xia , Bai Lang , Liang Xiaomin , Zhuang Jianguo , Lin Yong
Published: July 2008

Ambiguous roles of genotoxic anticancer therapeutic‐induced NF‐κB activation in regulating gene expression (activation or suppression) and apoptosis (anti‐ or pro‐apoptosis) have recently been suggested. In order to clarify this controversy and determine the usefulness of NF‐κB blockage for sensitizing anticancer therapy, we have systematically investigated the effect of distinct NF‐κB‐blocking approaches on lung cancer cells' responses to Adriamycin‐induced cytotoxicity. The results show that Adriamycin‐induced NF‐κB activation functions as a transcriptional activator triggering the expression of anti‐apoptotic genes. Blocking NF‐κB with IKKβ‐ or RelA siRNA substantially sensitized Adriamycin‐induced cytotoxicity, suggesting that the NF‐κB pathway could be a target for sensitizing lung cancer cells to Adriamycin's anticancer effect. Surprisingly, although it effectively blocks NF‐κB activation, the IκBα super‐suppressor (IκBαAA) antagonized Adriamycin‐induced cell death. Additionally, the induction of death receptor 5 (DR5), which contributes to Adriamycin‐induced cytotoxicity, was not affected by NF‐κB blockage. Thus, our results suggest that Adriamycin‐induced NF‐κB is a transcriptional activator that protects lung cancer cells against apoptosis, and IKKβ‐ or RelA siRNA rather than IκBαAA is an appropriate NF‐κB blocking approach for sensitizing lung cancer cells to Adriamycin‐induced cytotoxicity. J. Cell. Biochem. 105: 554–561, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.