bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF PHEROMONE PERMEATION ON SUSTAINED FLIGHT OF MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM
Authors: Sanders C.
Published: November 2009

Flight durations of male spruce budworm moths, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), that were locked-on to pheromone plumes from female moths were measured in a wind tunnel. Flight was sustained by use of a movable patterned ceiling. The longest sustained flight was 53 min. The effects of different background concentrations of synthetic pheromone were tested by surrounding the female moths with rubber septa loaded with synthetic pheromone. The duration of sustained flights decreased as the concentration of background synthetic pheromone increased, but at all concentrations some males persisted in orientated flight for 10 min or longer.
REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION IN ARCTIC SPECIES OFGYNAEPHORAHÜBNER (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Morewood Wm. Dean
Published: November 2009

The genusGynaephoraHübner (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) is represented in North America by two closely related species,Gynaephora groenlandica(Wocke) andGynaephora rossii(Curtis), whose geographic distributions overlap broadly across the Canadian arctic archipelago (Ferguson 1978; Møllgaard and Morewood 1996). Like other lymantriid moths, females of these species fly little, if at all, whereas males are strong fliers and apparently rely on pheromones to locate mates. Cross-attraction has been observed but there is no confirmed evidence that the two species interbreed. This report describes experiments designed to document reproductive isolation ofG. groenlandicaandG. rossiiat Alexandra Fiord, Ellesmere Island (78°53′N, 75°55′W).
HOW DO LADYBIRDS [COLEOMEGILLA MACULATA LENGI (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE)] FEED ON GREEN LACEWING EGGS [CHRYSOPERLA RUFILABRIS (NEUROPTERA: CHRYSOPIDAE)]?
Authors: Lucas Éric
Published: November 2009

Intraguild predation, a common interaction among arthropods (Polis et al. 1989), has been investigated recently in aphidophages (Rosenheim et al. 1993; Lucas et al. 1998). Sessile stages of coccinellids, gall midges, and lacewings (eggs, moulting individuals, and pupae) were shown to be highly vulnerable to intraguild predators (Lucas et al. 1998). Several defensive mechanisms have already been described for eggs of aphidophages, including chemical protection (Eisner et al. 1996), structural protection (Canard and Duelli 1984), and behavioural avoidance through the selection by females of protected oviposition sites (E. Lucas, and J. Brodeur, unpublished data).
SEASONAL ACTIVITY OF THE BIRCH SKELETONIZER, BUCCULATRIX CANADENSISELLA CHAMBERS (LEPIDOPTERA: LYONETIIDAE), IN ALBERTA
Authors: Digweed Scott C.
Published: November 2009

The birch skeletonizer Bucculatrix canadensisella Chambers was univoltine in central Alberta in 1992 and 1993. Adults occurred from early June until the end of July, and larvae were present from early July on, co-occurring with larvae of the ambermarked birch leafminer, Profenusa thomsoni (Konow). Larval B. canadensisella densities were higher in 1992 than in 1993, and were higher on rural trees at George Lake than on urban ones in Edmonton.
INCIDENCE OF LEIDYANA CANADENSIS (APICOMPLEXA: EUGREGARINIDA) IN LAMBDINA FISCELLARIA FISCELLARIA LARVAE (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE)
Authors: Lucarotti C.J. , Leclerc T.L. , Clopton R.E.
Published: November 2009

The gregarine, Leidyana canadensis Clopton and Lucarotti was found infecting the guts of larvae in a declining population of the hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria (Guenée), in Charlotte County, New Brunswick. Total mortality, in rearing, of field-collected larvae and pupae was 75.5% in 1993 and 89.2% in 1994. Leidyana canadensis infections were present in 60.1 and 80.5% of these dead insects in the two respective years. The incidence of L. canadensis in larvae that died in rearing was greater than 50% for all instars except those collected in the fifth instar, where the incidence was below 30%. Gregarine infections were present in first-instar larvae on the first days of collection for both years and, in 1994, 74% of all first-instar larvae collected were infected with L. canadensis. Of 678 larvae collected in 1994, 73 survived to adults and, of these, 44 had harbored L. canadensis as larvae. The incidence of other microbes and parasitoids in dead larvae and pupae is also reported.
FLORAL USE BY TWO SYMPATRIC BUMBLE BEE SPECIES (BOMBUS TERRICOLA AND BOMBUS TERNARIUS): EFFICIENCY CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: Plowright C.M.S. , Plowright R.C.
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this study was to explain a peculiarity of resource use by two sympatric bumble bee species. In one study area, pronounced resource partitioning was observed: Bombus terricola Kirby was confined to Asclepias syriaca L. and Bombus ternarius Say to Apocynum androsaemifolium L., and yet in another area both species frequented Apocynum. Measurements of floral characteristics and forager behaviour on Apocynum led to an hypothesis regarding floral use by two bumble bee species: B. terricola is relatively inefficient at flying between flowers, and so tends to visit Apocynum only in areas where the plants are closely spaced. Half of the patch of Apocynum was clipped so as to decrease flower density, with the expectation that, as a result, the frequency of B. terricola relative to B. ternarius would be reduced. The prediction was confirmed. The results underscore the role of context in floral use by bees.
A REVISION OF THE NEOTROPICAL GENUS BDELYRUS HAROLD (COLEOPTERA: SCARABAEIDAE)
Authors: Cook Joyce
Published: November 2009

The genus Bdelyrus Harold is revised. Twenty new species are described: B. amazonensis, B. apaporisae, B. boliviensis, B. braziliensis, B. bromeliatilis, B. genieri, B. gilli, B. grandis, B. howdeni, B. iauaretensis, B. laplanadae, B. leptomerus, B. lobatus, B. metaensis, B. paraensis, B. parvoculus, B. parvus, B. pecki, B. peruviensis, and B. triangulus. Separate keys are given for males and females. Descriptions, illustrations, and range maps are provided, and a phylogenetic analysis is included.
A LATE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY OCCURRENCE OF PHYLLOTRETA STRIOLATA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Bain Allison , LeSage Laurent
Published: November 2009

Preserved Coleopteran remains dating to the last quarter of the 17th century were recovered from historical latrine or privy contents in Boston, Massachusetts. This analysis yielded 15 individuals of the striped flea beetle, Phyllotreta striolata (Fabricius). Its presence represents the earliest known record of this species in North America and demonstrates that it was introduced at least a century earlier than previously thought. The species history and possible modes of introduction are discussed.
MATING BEHAVIOR OF TWO PSEUDOXYCHILA BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CICINDELIDAE)
Authors: Rodríguez S. Rafael Lucas
Published: November 2009

Copulations of Pseudoxychila tarsalis Bates and Pseudoxychila bipustulata Latreille consisted of 1–20 intromissions. The male performed four different genitalic movements: prying, thrusts, small thrusts, and pulls. The male also courted the female during copulation by rubbing her with his middle legs. The observed male behavior does not fit previous hypotheses concerning the phases of copulation in tiger beetles. The female sometimes ejected 1 or 2 spermatophores during or after copulation. There were geographic differences in quantitative aspects of P. tarsalis male copulatory behavior, and more pronounced differences between P. tarsalis and P. bipustulata. This variation could result from sexual selection by cryptic female choice on male copulatory behavior.
TACHINIDAE (DIPTERA): NOMENCLATURAL REVIEW AND CHANGES, PRIMARILY FOR AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO
Authors: O’Hara James E. , Wood D. Monty
Published: November 2009

The Tachinidae of America north of Mexico have undergone extensive changes in nomenclature since the last catalogue was produced in 1965. Many of these changes were published in the Tachinidae chapter ofManual of Nearctic Diptera, but few of the changes in that work were explicitly stated and none was recorded inZoological Record. These changes, which included a new genus, new records for America north of Mexico, new generic synonymies, and hundreds of new combinations (including extralimital species), are documented here. This paper also includes more than 30 nomenclatural changes proposed as new herein by the junior author (primarily for America north of Mexico), representing new generic and specific synonymies and new combinations. A new record for America north of Mexico is reported.
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE DOUGLAS-FIR SEED CHALCID, MEGASTIGMUS SPERMOTROPHUS (HYMENOPTERA: TORYMIDAE), AND THE WESTERN CONIFER SEED BUG, LEPTOGLOSSUS OCCIDENTALIS (HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE)
Authors: Blatt S.E. , Borden J.H.
Published: November 2009

In two laboratory experiments, adult western conifer seed bugs, Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann, did not feed on seed infested by the Douglas-fir seed chalcid, Megastigmus spermotrophus Wachtl. When presented with seed lots containing 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, or 100% chalcid-infested seed, seed bugs fed on uninfested seed only when the percent chalcid infestation was ≤ 40% (Exp. 1), ≤ 20% (Exp. 2, females), or ≤ 60% (Exp. 2, males). In a third experiment, nymphs exposed to similar seed lots did not feed on M. spermotrophus when sound seeds were present. However, when exposed to 100% chalcid-infested seed, nymphs in two of 10 replicates fed on M. spermotrophus. Feeding by seed bugs caused seeds to lose 51% of their weight on average, but 18% of 43 test seeds on which seed bugs had fed germinated. In three Douglas-fir orchards surveyed, both species exhibited a clonal preference, but the ranking of clones preferred by each species was not the same. These results suggest that the impacts of L. occidentalis and M. spermotrophus are segregated and additive.
LIFE HISTORY AND HABITS OF THE WHITE PINE CONE BORER, EUCOSMA TOCULLIONANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: de Groot Peter
Published: November 2009

The life history of the white pine cone borer, Eucosma tocullionana Heinrich, was studied from 1992 to 1994 in an eastern white pine seed orchard in Ontario. Adults flew from late May to early July, and egg laying commenced in mid-June. Oviposition coincided with the onset of white pine pollen release. Eggs were laid singly or in clusters on cones, with most of the eggs laid on the basal third of the cone. Head capsule measurements indicated five instars. Larvae fed in cones from mid-June to the end of August. Mature larvae exited the cones and dropped to the ground to pupate. The insect is univoltine. Parasitism by the Hymenoptera, Trichogramma and Apanteles, accounted for 5% of the eggs and 1% of the larvae, respectively. About 40% of the larvae died from being entrapped in resin. There were no significant differences in attack rates by E. tocullionana within the tree except in the middle level, where the south quadrant had significantly higher rates than the north quadrant.
A NEW SPECIES OF APHELINUS (HYMENOPTERA: APHELINIDAE) FROM NORTHEASTERN CHINA
Authors: Li Chengde , Langor David W.
Published: November 2009

Aphelinus daqingensis sp.nov. from northeastern China is described. This species was reared from Aphis sp. feeding on Phragmites communis L. in Heilongjiang Province.
ECONOMIC THRESHOLD FOR PLANT BUGS, LYGUS SPP. (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE), IN CANOLA
Authors: Wise I.L. , Lamb R.J.
Published: November 2009

Plant bugs in the genus Lygus infest canola (Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L.) when the crop is producing buds, flowers, and pods. Field studies in cages and open plots show that plant bugs can reduce yield by 20% or more, but have little effect on seed size. A single application of a foliar insecticide when the crop has finished flowering and is beginning to produce pods will prevent most or all of the yield loss. The yield loss of canola that can be prevented by control is 0.007 t/ha per plant bug per 10 sweeps sampled at the end of flowering or the beginning of pod formation. The yield loss that can be prevented by a later application drops to 0.005 t/ha. When precipitation is greater than 100 mm from the onset of bud formation to the end of flowering, the crop may partially compensate for plant bug damage. The economic threshold for control of plant bugs in canola at the end of flowering or at the beginning of pod formation is 15 plant bugs per 10 sweeps, based on crop prices and control costs from 1989 to 1992. If plant bugs are present but control is not warranted when most flowering is complete, plant bug densities should be assessed again 5–7 days later as pods develop, but at this stage the threshold is 20 plant bugs per 10 sweeps. The use of economic thresholds for chemical control of plant bugs will maximize seed yield and minimize unnecessary or ineffectively timed insecticide applications.
FOLIAGE SUITABILITY OF SAPLINGS GROWN UNDER CONTRASTING WATER REGIMES TO THE GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR
Authors: Naidoo Robin , Lechowicz Martin J.
Published: November 2009

We assessed the robustness of a standard classification of foliage suitability of North American tree species to the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) for tree species of southern Quebec grown under contrasting water regimes. Dispersal trials for 1st-instar larvae and feeding trials for 4th-instar larvae were conducted to determine whether water regime and (or) maternal effects influenced the preference or avoidance of gypsy moth larvae for foliage from saplings of native tree species of Quebec. We found no effect of water regime on the suitability of foliage to 1st-instar larvae and no effect of water regime and maternal effects for 4th-instar larvae. The standard classification scheme used by U.S. Department of Agriculture researchers in the United States was generally robust to the above factors, and thus suitable for use in southern Quebec.
THE EFFECT OF A NEEM (AZIDIRACHTA INDICA) BASED INSECTICIDE ON SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF JUVENILE WESTERN CHERRY FRUIT FLY (RHAGOLETIS INDIFFERENS) (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
Authors: vanRanden E.J. , Roitberg B.D.
Published: November 2009

In the laboratory a proprietary, neem-based insecticide formulation (NBI) was evaluated as a potential pest management tool for the western cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis indifferens Curran (WCFF). NBI was tested for its potential effects on survival and development of juvenile WCFF. Incorporation of NBI into an artificial larval diet resulted in a decrease in the formation of pupae and subsequent adult emergence. Late third instar larvae exposed to NBI in sand were able to form puparia; however, the numbers of adults and pupae developing inside the puparia were decreased at concentrations as low as 0.05% NBI. Well-timed root drenches with NBI could control R. indifferens by disrupting pupation. Applied in this manner, NBI may provide cherry orchardists with an effective, new control tactic.
DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVA OF REMARTINIA SECRETA AND NOTES ON THE LARVA OF REMARTINIA LUTEIPENNIS FLORIDA (ODONATA: AESHNIDAE)
Authors: Novelo-Gutiérrez Rodolfo
Published: November 2009

A detailed description and illustrations of the larva of Remartinia secreta (Calvert) are provided. The main features that distinguish the larva of this species are dark brown coloration; prementum 0.25 times longer than its widest part, with a dorsal row of small spiniform setae close to the lateral margins; length of the lateral spine on abdominal segment six 0.4–0.5 mm; lateral valvae of female gonapophyses shorter than central ones; and female epiproct longer than cerci. Larvae were found living in a lagoon densely covered by aquatic phanerogams such as Eichhornia sp. (Pontedereaceae) and Typha sp. (Thyphaceae). Larva of R. secreta is compared to that of Remartinia luteipennis florida (Hagen), its only sympatric congener.
SPRUCE BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) SURVIVAL IN STUMPS AND WINDFALL
Authors: Safranyik L. , Linton D.A.
Published: November 2009

Survival of the spruce beetle, Dendroctonus rufipennis Kirby, from egg to adult, proportion of 1- and 2-year-cycle adults, and egg and egg gallery production per attack were investigated over five generations in stumps and windfall in central British Columbia. Densities of attacks, egg gallery lengths, and brood in various stages of development were obtained by repeated sampling throughout the life cycle. Spruce beetle populations remained at suboutbreak levels throughout the duration of the study. There were generally no differences by area, host type, or infestation year in any of the measured variables. The mean numbers (±SD) of eggs per attack and eggs per centimetre of egg gallery were 80.8 (54.3) and 5.4 (4.6), respectively. Brood survival from egg to adult averaged 6.8%. The lowest and highest survival from egg to adult occurred in the same years as when the lowest and highest percentage of 1-year-cycle adults were produced, respectively. On average, 51.8% of the beetles in stumps and 19.1% of beetles in windfall developed on a 1-year cycle.
A REVIEW OF THE DISSOCHAETUS (COLEOPTERA: LEIODIDAE: CHOLEVINAE) OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA
Authors: Peck Stewart B.
Published: November 2009

Descriptions, a key to species, and distribution maps are presented for the three species of Dissochaetus Reitter 1884 known from America north of Mexico. A lectotype is designated for Dissochaetus oblitus LeConte, which occurs in the eastern deciduous forest biome of the eastern United States and southern Ontario. Dissochaetus arizonensis Hatch occurs in mountain forests from Arizona, New Mexico, and west Texas north to Wyoming. Dissochaetus mexicanus Jeannel is reported for the first time in the United States from montane forests in Big Bend, Texas. All are carrion scavengers. Each species represents a separate northwards colonization from Neotropical ancestors.
TWO RELATED SPECIES OF PARAGUS (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE), ONE FROM THE NEARCTIC AND ONE FROM THE PALAEARCTIC
Authors: VujiĆ Ante , ŠimiĆ Smiljka , RadenkoviĆ Sneśana
Published: November 2009

This paper describes two related species of the subgenus Paragus (Paragus) Latreille 1804 from two remote regions. The study of material from the Bohart Museum (Davis, California, United States) resulted in the discovery of an undescribed Nearctic species, P. vockerothi sp.nov. Simultaneously, one similar new European species, P. glumaci sp.nov., is reported among material collected from the Balkan Peninsula. The description of both species, with figures of male genitalia and diagnostic characters, is given. The zoogeographical significance of the discovery of these species is emphasized.
DEVELOPMENT OFTIPHODYTES GERRIPHAGUS(HYMENOPTERA: SCELIONIDAE) INLIMNOPORUS DISSORTISEGGS (HEMIPTERA: GERRIDAE)
Authors: Sousa João M.
Published: November 2009

Investigations of preimaginal development inTiphodytes gerriphagusMarchal reveal two larval instars, based on counting exuviae and comparing mandible length during development withinLimnoporus dissortisDrake & Harris eggs.Tiphodytes gerriphaguseggs are stalked, as is typical of scelionids, and are 282.6 ± 3.48 μm (mean ±SE) long. The chorion ruptures at 8–9 h postoviposition and releases a nonfeeding embryo into the host. Feeding begins at 18–20 h postoviposition, after the embryonic cuticle is shed and a fully differentiated and active larva is released. The first larval stage is teleaform and lasted up to 5 days postoviposition, and its total length increased from 183.6 ± 3.35 to 517.0 ± 14.67 μm. The second larval stage is hymenopteriform and lasted from 5 to 13 days postoviposition, and grew from 920.2 ± 24.65 to 1352.4 ± 11.89 μm total length before pupating. The pupal period lasted about 11 days, with male pupae being shorter and thinner than female pupae. These findings differ from previous descriptions ofT. gerriphagus, and it is suspected that the first instar was mistakenly divided into two stadia. The sex ratio under laboratory conditions was female biased (22% males), and males were smaller but did not emerge significantly earlier than females.
FEEDING MENTHOL TO HONEYBEES (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE): ENTRY AND PERSISTENCE IN HAEMOLYMPH WITHOUT CAUSING MORTALITY
Authors: Kevan S.D. , Nasr M.E. , Kevan P.G.
Published: November 2009

Tracheal mites, Acarapis woodi (Rennie) (Acari: Tarsonemidae), are important parasites of honeybees, Apis mellifera L. (Morse and Flottum 1997). They enter the prothoracic tracheae and feed through the walls on haemolymph. Currently, these mites are controlled by applying 50 g of menthol crystals in a perforated bag per hive when ambient temperatures are 15°C or more. Even then, it takes 2 weeks for the menthol to perfuse the hive (Herbert et al. 1988; Wilson et al. 1990). In cold climates, sublimation of menthol is too slow to be effective in controlling mites, especially in spring and fall when control is most needed (Scott-Dupree and Otis 1992).

Because menthol fumes enter the bees' trachea and kill the mites therein, it may be possible to kill the mites with menthol that is delivered to them via the haemolymph. Therefore, finding if menthol could become systemic when ingested by bees and it could kill tracheal mites by that route, an ingestible menthol medicament for the bees would hold potential for mite control (Kevan and Kevan 1997).
REVISION OF THE TRIBE AGRIOPOCORINI (HEMIPTERA: COREIDAE: COREINAE)
Authors: Brailovsky Harry , Cassis Gerasimos
Published: November 2009

The subfamily Agriopocorinae Miller 1954 is reduced to tribal rank, with the new status Agriopocorini Miller. The tribe Agriopocorini is redefined, and three new genera (Agriopocostella gen.nov., Agriopocoscelis gen.nov., and Agriopocodemus gen.nov.) and four new species (Agriopocoris dollingi sp.nov., Agriopocostella rugulosa sp.nov., Agriopocoscelis elongatus sp.nov., and Agriopocodemus inexspectatus sp.nov.) are described and illustrated; Agriopocoris dimorphus Stys is synonymized under Agriopocoris froggatti Miller, and Agriopocoris macilentus Miller under Agriopocoris porcellus Miller. New distributional data and trophic preferences for plants of the family Leguminosae are included. Dorsal habitus, antennal segments, head, pronotum, male genital capsule, and parameres are illustrated, and a checklist and key to the known genera and species are provided.
CHEMICAL ACARICIDES IN APIS MELLIFERA (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE) COLONIES; DO THEY CAUSE NONLETHAL EFFECTS?
Authors: Westcott Lynn C. , Winston Mark L.
Published: November 2009

Colonies of the honey bee, Apis mellifera Linnaeus, infested with the parasitic mites Acarapis woodi (Rennie) (Acari: Tarsonemidae) or Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans (Acari: Varroidae) require acaricidal treatment to control infestations that could affect colony growth and honey production. We investigated the effects of three acaricides, fluvalinate (formulated as Apistan®), formic acid, and menthol, on honey bee colony population growth, foraging activity, adult worker longevity, and honey production. Effects of in-hive treatments of Apistan® and formic acid were measured by examining colony weight gain, brood survival, sealed-brood area, emerged-bee weight, number of returning foragers, pollen-load weight, and worker longevity. These characteristics were not different between fluvalinate-treated colonies, formic-acid-treated colonies, and control colonies. Adult bee population, brood survival, number of returning foragers, and honey production did not vary among menthol-treated colonies, formic-acid-treated colonies, and control colonies. Sealed-brood area was lower in formic-acid-treated colonies than control colonies, but not different from menthol-treated colonies. Although not statistically significant, formic-acid-treated colonies experienced lower honey production than both menthol-treated and control colonies. Numbers of workers attending the queen in the retinue and queen behaviour patterns were not different after colonies were treated with formic acid.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FOLIAR CHEMISTRY AND SUSCEPTIBILITY OF NORWAY SPRUCE (PINACEAE) TOPRISTIPHORA ABIETINA(HYMENOPTERA: TENTHREDINIDAE)
Authors: Schafellner Christa , Berger Roland , Dermutz Arno , Führer Erwin , Mattanovich Jutta
Published: November 2009

Following a 3-year period of high populations of the little spruce sawfly,Pristiphora abietinaChrist, a monophagous species infesting Norway spruce,Picea abiesKarst., we compared variations in foliar nutrients (nitrogen, water, soluble carbohydrates, starch) and potential defensive compounds (fiber, quinic and shikimic acids, tannins) of trees that had been subjected to high or very low levels of defoliation. During the time of needle expansion a substantial decline in leaf quality occurred: nitrogen, water, and carbohydrate levels decreased, whereas fiber and starch concentrations increased. Allelochemicals such as tannins and organic acids, however, peaked at bud break and then rapidly declined. More heavily attacked trees had higher nitrogen, water, and fiber contents but lower starch and organic acid concentrations than lightly attacked trees. The needle tannin content was significantly lower in heavily attacked trees throughout the period of larval feeding. Needle tannin levels and the nitrogen to tannin ratios seem to be the most probable traits to distinguish sawfly-resistant from sawfly-susceptible Norway spruce trees.
PARASITOIDS REARED FROM THE OBLIQUEBANDED LEAFROLLER (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) INFESTING RASPBERRIES
Authors: Li S.Y. , Fitzpatrick S.M. , Troubridge J.T. , Sharkey M.J. , Barron J.R. , O’Hara J.E.
Published: November 2009

Fourteen species of parasitoids (13 hymenopterans, 1 dipteran) were reared from larvae or pupae of the obliquebanded leafroller,Choristoneura rosaceana(Harris), collected from commercial raspberry fields in the Fraser Valley, British Columbia, Canada, over 3 years. Levels of parasitism ranged from 5 to 15%. Among these 14 species, five represent new host records. A polyembryonic wasp,Macrocentrus nigridorsisViereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), was the most abundant parasitoid. External feeding on the final host instar is obligatory forM.nigridorsisto complete development. On average, each parasitized host larva produced about 36M.nigridorsis, in either unisexual or mixed-gender groups. Overall male to female sex ratio was 1:4. Head capsules of mature parasitized host larvae were significantly larger than those of unparasitized ones, suggesting thatC.rosaceanalarvae parasitized byM.nigridorsismight have an extra larval stage.
RESISTANCE OF TRANSGENIC POTATOES TO ATTACK BY EPITRIX CUCUMERIS (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Stewart Jeff G. , Feldman Jennifer , LeBlanc Debby A.
Published: November 2009

Potato plants (Solanum tuberosum, cv. Russet Burbank) genetically altered to produce the CryIIIA protein from Bacillus thuringiensis var tenebrionis were tested for susceptibility to attack by the potato flea beetle, Epitrix cucumeris (Harris), on Prince Edward Island, Canada, from 1993 to 1996. Average weekly damage to the fourth terminal leaf of transgenic potato plants was 31% lower in 1993 and 20% lower in 1994 compared with nontransgenic plants. Transgenic plants had 29% fewer potato flea beetle adults when compared with nontransgenic plants in 1994, although no difference was detected between the two plant types in 1993. Recovery of potato flea beetle pupae in the soil was noticeably lower from transgenic plants expressing the CryIIIA protein in all parts of the plant (Construct No. RBBT02-10Y1) than from either the transgenic plants that expressed the CryIIIA protein primarily in the green foliage (Construct No. RBBT04-01) or the nontransgenic plants. Adult potato flea beetles, when given a choice between transgenic and nontransgenic leaf material, fed preferentially on nontransgenic material. In contrast, when adults were not given a choice, feeding damage was similar between treatments. These results suggest that the reason for reduced feeding on transgenic potato plants by the potato flea beetle is, at least in part, due to some toxicity of the plants to immature growth stages and a preference for adults to feed on nontransgenic material when it is available.
MONITORING FOR RESISTANCE TO ORGANOPHOSPHORUS, CARBAMATE, AND PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES IN THE ORIENTAL FRUIT MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Kanga L.H.B. , Pree D.J. , van Lier J.L. , Walker G.M.
Published: November 2009

Development of resistance to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides by the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), has caused great concern regarding the sustainability of peach production in Ontario, Canada. Thus, a resistance management program was implemented and a procedure was developed to monitor for resistance to insecticides in adult moths. Diagnostic concentrations needed to distinguish susceptible genotypes from resistant individuals were determined to be carbofuran (0.1 μg per vial), carbaryl (1.0 μg per vial), malathion (0.5 μg per vial), and cypermethrin (2.5 μg per vial). Significant survival of field-collected moths to diagnostic concentrations of cypermethrin suggested that resistance to pyrethroids might be widespread. The seasonal patterns of resistance of several Oriental fruit moth populations from the Niagara Peninsula of Ontario indicated a decrease in frequencies of resistance to all insecticides tested from 1996 through 1998. Resistance levels were unstable, thus suggesting that resistance could be successfully managed. Our data confirmed the usefulness of the vial test to monitor for resistance to insecticides in the adult Oriental fruit moth, and provided the basis for the development of a resistance management strategy designed to extend the efficacy of all classes of insecticides used for control.
FEEDING STIMULANT ADDED TO BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BASED INSECTICIDES ENHANCES ACTIVITY AGAINST CHORISTONEURA ROSACEANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Li S.Y. , Fitzpatrick S.M.
Published: November 2009

Additions of feeding stimulants have been reported to increase the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis based insecticides (Bartelt et al. 1990). pheast™ (Miller Chemical and Fertilizer Corp., Hanover, Pennsylvania), which derives its trade name from yeast constituents, is one of the most effective feeding stimulants (Farrar and Ridgway 1994). Li and Fitzpatrick (1997) found that the addition of 5% Pheast to B. thuringiensis based insecticides increased the mortality of Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris) larvae fed leaves of raspberry plants, Rubus idaeus L. (Rosaceae), treated with these insecticides in the laboratory. We report results from a test of the effectiveness of Pheast when exposed to field conditions and fed to larvae in the laboratory.
PARASITOID COMPLEX OF ZEIRAPHERA CANADENSIS (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) AND EVALUATION OF TYCHERUS OSCULATOR (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) AS A BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT
Authors: West R.J. , Kenis M. , Butt G.W. , Bennett S.M.
Published: November 2009

A survey of larval and pupal populations of the spruce bud moth, Zeiraphera canadensis Mutuura and Freeman (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), conducted from 1994 to 1996 in eastern Newfoundland, disclosed that the incidence of endemic parasitism by Hymenoptera was up to 50% for Tycherus osculator (Thünberg) (Ichneumonidae), up to 15% for Earinus zeirapherae (Walley), under 3% for Ascogaster (Wesmael 1835) sp. and Clinocentrus (Haliday 1833) sp. (Braconidae), and under 1% for Lamachus (Foerster 1868) sp. and Triclistus (Foerster 1868) sp. (Ichneumonidae). Tycherus osculator, E. zeirapherae, Ascogaster sp., and Clinocentrus sp. represent new distributional range extensions to Newfoundland, and to the nearctic region in the case of T. osculator. The biology of European populations of T. osculator was studied on a natural host, Zeiraphera diniana (Guenée). Only females overwintered and ovarian maturation did not occur until after several months of exposure to near-freezing temperatures. Tycherus osculator successfully parasitized prepupae and pupae of Z. diniana of all ages but, in the laboratory, appeared to prefer pupae. Host feeding by T. osculator was common but not necessary for ovarian maturation. Tycherus osculator imported from Europe attacked and successfully developed within the spruce bud moth host in laboratory screenings. Morphological comparisons indicated that T. osculator reared from Z. canadensis were smaller than those reared from Z. diniana. Tycherus osculator obtained from either Newfoundland or Europe may have potential as a biological control of Z. canadensis in mainland Canada, where it is presently absent.
STAGE-SPECIFIC SURVIVAL OF STROBILOMYIA APPALACHENSIS (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Fidgen L.L. , Sweeney J.D. , Quiring D.T.
Published: November 2009

A 2-year field study was carried out to determine densities and stage-specific survival of eggs, second- and third-instar larvae, prepupae, pupae, and adults of Strobilomyia appalachensis Michelsen in a black spruce, Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P. (Pinaceae), seed orchard located in New Brunswick, Canada. Trends in stage-specific survival were similar for both years. Most individuals died during the second-instar stage, we suspect mostly because of failure to establish. The lowest stage survival occurred during the prepupal and pupal stages, due primarily to predation by ground-dwelling invertebrates.
DESCRIPTION OF THREE NEW SPECIES OF TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE (HYMENOPTERA) FROM CHILE
Authors: Pintureau Bernard , Gerding Marcos , Cisternas Ernesto
Published: November 2009

South American Trichogrammatidae are poorly known. In this paper we describe a new species ofTrichogrammaand two new species ofUscanafrom Chile. TheTrichogrammaspecies belongs to theperkinsigroup and parasitizes the eggs ofRhyacionia buoliana(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). OneUscanaspecies belongs to thesenexgroup (new name proposed for the B group) and parasitizes eggs ofPseudopachymerina spinipes(Coleoptera: Bruchidae), and the otherUscanaspecies belongs to thefumipennisgroup (new name proposed for the C group) and parasitizes eggs ofBruchus pisorum(Coleoptera: Bruchidae). These new species might be useful in biological control, especially againstR.buolianaandB.pisorum, important pests of pines and peas, respectively, in Chile.
MATING ABILITY OF COLORADO POTATO BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) MALES FED TRANSGENIC POTATO (SOLANACEAE) FOLIAGE
Authors: Alyokhin Andrei V. , Ferro David N.
Published: November 2009

Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), is an important pest of potatoes Solanum tuberosum L. worldwide. To control this insect, commercial growers in North America may increasingly rely on planting transgenic potatoes that express the Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) subsp. tenebrionis Cry3A toxin in their foliage (Whalon and Ferro 1998). Because persistence and distribution of the toxin in these plants are maximized (Perlak et al. 1993), there is strong selection pressure towards development of resistance to the Cry3A toxin in beetle populations (Ferro 1993). One strategy proposed to delay development of resistance is to provide spatial refugia of nontransgenic potatoes to support populations of susceptible individuals sufficient to curtail matings between resistant individuals (Whalon and Ferro 1998). Therefore, it is important that susceptible beetles moving into the transgenic crop from refugia can successfully mate with local resistant beetles. Wierenga et al. (1996) reported that adult beetles that fed continuously on transgenic potatoes since eclosion from pupae did not display any reproductive activity, but that successful reproduction was eventually observed if beetles fed on nontransgenic foliage later. Under field conditions, however, it is more likely that susceptible beetles emerging from pupae in refugia will feed on nontransgenic potatoes before, not after, moving onto transgenic plants. We have recently discovered that under such circumstances female beetles remain reproductive, but with significantly reduced fecundity relative to control females continuously fed on nontransgenic foliage (Alyokhin and Ferro 1999). No such data are currently available for male beetles.
ESTABLISHMENT OF ACERIA MALHERBAE (ACARI: ERIOPHYIDAE) AS A BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENT FOR FIELD BINDWEED (CONVOLVULACEAE) IN THE NORTHERN GREAT PLAINS
Authors: McClay A.S. , Littlefield J.L. , Kashefi J.
Published: November 2009

A European gall mite, Aceria malherbae Nuzzaci, was released and established in southern Alberta and Montana as a biological control agent for field bindweed, Convolvulus arvensis L. (Convolvulaceae). Populations of the mite survived for up to 4 years at some sites and caused slight to severe damage to the weed. The establishment of A. malherbae in these areas suggests that it could be established throughout the North American range of field bindweed.
OVIPOSITION TRAP TO SAMPLE EGGS OF OPEROPHTERA BRUCEATA (LEPIDOPTERA: GEOMETRIDAE) AND OTHER WINGLESS GEOMETRID SPECIES
Authors: Hébert Christian , St-Antoine Luc
Published: November 2009

For the last 50 years, populations of the Bruce spanworm, Operophtera bruceata Hulst, and other wingless geometrid species have been sampled using sticky bands placed around host-tree trunks to catch wingless females in search of oviposition sites. This method is tedious and, because of trap saturation by males, may underestimate female populations at moderate to high levels. A standard oviposition trap was developed to sample eggs of the Bruce spanworm and other wingless geometrid species. A small polyurethane foam band placed on a post covered by a Multi-Pher® plate detected low populations and was almost unsaturable during outbreaks. Sub-sampling can be easily done in such situations. Egg density on oviposition traps was higher than female density on sticky bands for both the Bruce spanworm and the fall cankerworm, Alsophila pometaria Harris. This suggests that the oviposition trap might be useful to sample other wingless geometrid species. Operating this system was easy and could involve woodlot owners and companies to reduce the traveling costs necessary to collect samples.
DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF TWO AGROECOSYSTEM PREDATORS,PTEROSTICHUS MELANARIUS(COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) ANDCOCCINELLA SEPTEMPUNCTATA(COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE), TO HABITAT-COMPOSITION AND FRAGMENTATION-SCALE MANIPULATIONS
Authors: Banks John E.
Published: November 2009

Using alternating patches of weeds and crop [broccoli,Brassica oleracea(L.) (Brassicaceae)], vegetation composition and the spatial scale at which the vegetation was fragmented were manipulated in a factorial design field experiment. The effects of these manipulations were different for two common agroecosystem predators sampled. Sevenspotted lady beetles,Coccinella septempunctata(L.), were unaffected by vegetation-composition treatments but responded strongly to fragmentation-scale manipulations. The beetlePterostichus melanarius(Illiger) was unaffected by both fragmentation-scale and vegetation-composition manipulations. These findings highlight the challenge of developing a predictive theory of the effects of vegetation diversification on assemblages of predators in agroecosystems.
ATTACK BY BARK BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) FOLLOWING SPACING OF MATURE LODGEPOLE PINE (PINACEAE) STANDS
Authors: Safranyik L. , Shore T.L. , Linton D.A.
Published: November 2009

Variation in bark beetle attack following spacing of mature lodgepole pine stands in the East Kootenays of British Columbia was analyzed in relation to stand location (site), spacing treatment, and harvesting injury. Observations were made on three sites, each having three treatments: 4 × 4 m spacing, 5 × 5 m spacing, and untreated control. There was no statistically significant difference in the numbers of attacked trees among sites or treatments. However, in the spaced plots 94.3% of the attacked trees sustained harvesting injury or were located adjacent to skid trails. Dendroctonus valens LeConte was the dominant species attacking trees on the two drier sites, and Dendroctonus murrayanae Hopkins was the dominant species on the third site. There was no statistically significant variation in the percentage of attacked stumps among sites or spacing treatments. On average, 80.7% of the stumps were attacked; attacked stumps had larger diameters than unattacked stumps. Thirteen species of bark beetles were found attacking stumps. Hylurgops porosus LeConte was the most numerous species at all three sites. Based on the fit of the Michaelis–Menten equations to species accumulation curves, an estimated 76–90% of the number of species attacking stumps at the three sites were observed in bark samples. Margalef’s index of diversity for the two drier sites (Cranbrook = 1.15, Parson = 1.13) was nearly identical and higher than at the moist site (Elkford = 0.89). Pairs of sites had five to six species in common, and the Sorensen coefficient of similarity ranged from 0.52 to 0.71, indicating moderate similarity in species composition. The abundance versus species rank relationship was fitted by three models: the MacArthur broken stick model, the geometric series, and the Zeta distribution. The latter gave good fit to data from two sites, but none of the fitted models gave satisfactory fit to data from the third site, mainly because of the high abundance of the second ranked species (Orthotomicus caelatus Eichhoff). Our results indicated that stand characteristics affected species assemblages and abundances of bark beetle species that attacked stumps. Management practices that minimize injury to trees during the spacing operations are emphasized to reduce attack by bark beetles.
EVALUATION OF ICE-NUCLEATING MICROORGANISMS FOR REDUCING THE SUPERCOOLING CAPACITY AND COLD-HARDINESS OF CACOPSYLLA PYRICOLA (HEMIPTERA: PSYLLIDAE)
Authors: Lee Richard E. , Litzgus Jacqueline D. , Mugnano John A. , Lee Marcia R. , Horton David R. , Dunley John
Published: November 2009

In laboratory studies, suspensions of killed and live ice-nucleating microorganisms were used to decrease the supercooling capacity of the winter form of pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyricola (Foerster) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae). Dry, untreated adults supercooled extensively before they froze at −22.7 °C. Application of 1000 ppm of a preparation of the killed ice-nucleating bacterium, Pseudomonas syringae Van Hall 1902 (Pseudomonadaceae), significantly decreased the adults’ supercooling capacity causing some individuals to freeze at temperatures as high as −3.9 °C. Topical application of several live microorganisms also reduced the supercooling capacity of adults significantly; Pseudomonas putida (Trevisan 1989) was the most effective, causing more than 80% of C. pyricola adults to freeze at −15 °C or higher. Furthermore, the temperature of crystallization of adults treated with P. putida remained significantly higher than controls for at least lid post-treatment. Application of ice-nucleating microorganisms also reduced the capacity of adults to survive short-term exposure to high subzero temperatures comparable to a mild frost. Realization of this approach for biological control of pear psylla will require the development of methods for the delivery of microorganisms to overwintering adults under field conditions.
PATHOGENICITY OF A GRANULOVIRUS TOWARDS CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Forté André J. , Guertin Claude , Cabana Jean
Published: November 2009

The spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) is the most damaging insect of the balsam fir Abies balsema (L.) Mill. (Pinaceae) and the white spruce Picea glauca (Moench) Voss (Pinaceae) throughout eastern North America. In outbreak conditions, close to 100% tree mortality can occur in untreated mature fir stands (MacLean 1980). Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (Bacillaceae) is currently used to reduce spruce budworm damage (Van Frankenhuyzen and Payne 1993). Other possible biological control agents, such as baculoviruses, are also investigated to complement the use of B. thuringiensis. Baculoviruses are advantageous because they occur naturally in several insect species and are generally host specific (Federici 1993).
SELF-SUPERPARASITISM IN THE SOLITARY PARASITOID MONOCTONUS PAULENSIS (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE, APHIDIINAE): PROXIMATE MECHANISMS
Authors: Chau Amanda , Mackauer Manfred
Published: November 2009

Monoctonus paulensis (Ashmead) was reared in the laboratory on the four nymphal instars of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera: Aphidoidea: Aphididae). Females frequently laid clutches of two eggs during a single ovipositor probe; however, clutches of more than two eggs were rare. The time needed to capture and position an aphid for oviposition increased with aphid instar but was independent of the number of eggs laid. Oviposition time was proportional to egg number, which shows that eggs were laid one at a time rather than clumped together as a package. Intensity of parasitism (i.e., number of eggs per parasitized host) increased with host instar but declined with the number of hosts attacked in quick succession. Our results suggest that clutch size in M. paulensis is not accidental but controlled by the female.
DIAPAUSE INDUCTION AND OVERWINTERING STAGE IN THE FIR CONEWORM (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Trudel Richard , Bauce Éric , Guertin Claude , Cabana Jean
Published: November 2009

A laboratory experiment was conducted to identify the overwintering stage of the fir coneworm,Dioryctria abietivorella(Grote), in eastern Canada and determine the influence of photoperiod on diapause induction. In another experiment, different developmental stages were exposed to field conditions to evaluate their capacity to survive the overwintering period. Insects were either placed in the duff or exposed to ambient (above ground) conditions to assess the importance of overwintering site on winter survival. Exposure of the fir coneworm to constant short-days or a daily decreasing photoperiod during larval development induced almost all insects to initiate diapause at the fifth instar. Third-, fourth-, and fifth-instar larvae survived the overwintering period when placed in the duff. Because the fir coneworm must leave its host tree and drop to the ground to avoid rigorous winter conditions, we concluded that only fifth-instar larvae could resume development in spring using such a strategy.
PHENOLOGY OF THE NATIVE PARASITOID SINOPHORUS MEGALODONTIS (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) RELATIVE TO ITS INTRODUCED HOST, THE PINE FALSE WEBWORM (HYMENOPTERA: PAMPHILIIDAE)
Authors: Lyons D. Barry
Published: November 2009

The parasitoid Sinophorus megalodontis Sanborne is a univoltine endoparasitoid that attacks larvae of the pine false webworm, Acantholyda erythrocephala (L.). The morphologies of the egg, instar 1, and cocoon are described. Adult-emergence and Malaise traps were used to examine the patterns of adult activity in Ontario. Adults emerged from the soil over 17 d, in late May and early June, and the median emergence of males preceded that of females by 3.5 d. The sex ratio of emerging adults was approximately 1:1. Malaise traps collected more adults than did emergence traps and also provided information on adult flight period, but collections were biased towards captures of males. Dissections indicated that S. megalodontis oviposited in all instars of the host and that temporal and spatial variations occurred in coincidence with host instars. Encapsulation and superparasitism limited effectiveness of the parasitoids in reducing host populations. At the end of the larval period, the parasitism rate was 17.1%, but encapsulation reduced the effective rate to 9.0%. Superparasitism was observed in 4.8% of the host larvae. There was some indication that parasitism resulted in retardation of host development. Later-dropping host larvae had a significantly greater incidence of parasitism. The host is an introduced insect from Europe, whereas the parasitoid is likely endemic to North America. Few North American parasitoids attack this introduced species, and S. megalodontis appears limited in its ability to reduce the size of pine false webworm populations. Consequently, pine false webworm is a suitable candidate for classical biological control attempts with introduced parasitoids from Europe.