bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Literatura de viajes: reporte de un terremoto en Honduras en 1856
Authors: Erazo Doris , Barahona Miguel
Published: October 2021

Introducción. Los libros de viajes decimonónicos publicados en inglés, francés y alemán son el resultado de las experiencias vividas por aquellas personas que por motivos variados se lanzaron a la exploración de lugares desconocidos o poco conocidos. Estos libros retratan la época en la cual fueron escritos y publicados, mostrando al mismo tiempo la diversidad del mundo y un caleidoscopio de las culturas. Presentación de caso. Se realizó una traducción libre del capítulo del libro Les tremblements de terre publicado en francés en 1885, el cual describe los acontecimientos del terremoto acaecido en la zona costera caribeña de la República de Honduras en el año de 1856 y cuya vivencia fue publicada en una sola entrega en la revista estadounidense Harpers New Monthly Magazine, con el título de Apuntes del cuaderno de un artista. Discusión. En la traducción se trató de cuidar desde la originalidad la doble articulación escritural: la íntima desde la óptica de la descripción y la segunda que parte desde la perspectiva del contacto cultural que tiene el autor-narrador al visitar la región atlántica y de paso vivir el gran acontecimiento telúrico.  Conclusión. Resulta evidente desde el punto de vista literario, que en esta traducción existe un entramado recurrente donde sitúa al autor-narrador en una constante de espacio y tiempo, en el cual se va articulando una fascinación por lo descubierto en lejanas tierras del trópico, además, de la descripción detallada de la experiencia que logró atestiguar de primera mano el artista viajero.
COVID-19 mortality rates for persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities
Authors: Mark D. Davis  , Scott Spreat  , Ryan Cox  , Matthew Holder  , Kathryn M. Burke  , Donna M. Martin
Published: October 2021

People with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) appear to have an increased probability of death from COVID-19 once infected. We report infection and mortality rates for people with IDD compared to the general population of eight states at two time points during the COVID-19 pandemic. Note that these eight states contain approximately 1/3 of the population of the United States. These data suggest individuals with IDD are less likely to be infected with the COVID-19 virus (5.62%) than the general public (7.57%). However, while mortality rates for both groups have declined over time, people with IDD are over twice as likely (2.29) to die from the infection as members of the general public.
The impact of the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic on mental health- A short review article
Authors: Alia Amiri  , Abhishek S. Lachyan  , Somya Gautam  , Kumud Kaushik  , Aishwarya Potnis  , Prachi Gangurde  , Manal Moeej Ibji
Published: October 2021

The people have been informed about the physical repercussions of SARS-CoV-2 infection across the world, as well as how to avoid exposure to the coronavirus and the treatment of COVID-19 symptoms if they arise. The consequences of the pandemic on one's mental health, on the other hand, have not been well investigated and are yet unknown. Because all efforts have been concentrated on studying the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, transmission patterns, and management of the COVID-19 pandemic, little concern has been raised about the consequences on one's mental health or methods to avoid stigmatization. Various psychological issues and significant mental health effects, such as stress, worry, sadness, frustration, and uncertainty, developed gradually throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. The goal of this study was to conduct a thorough assessment of the available research on the effects of COVID-19 infection on mental health in the general population.
Anxiety and change in eating habits and health behaviors among adult women during COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in Alexandria, Egypt
Authors: Heba Ahmed Abdel Aziz  , Doaa Tawfik Mohamed
Published: October 2021

Background: COVID-19 pandemic is the major health problem facing the world recently, causing variable effects on mental health and eating behavior. Aim of the study: Identifying changes in eating pattern and other health behaviors in relation to the anxiety caused by the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in adult females in Alexandria, Egypt. Method: 344 adult females (20+ years old), were included in online self-administered questionnaire. Results: Severe anxiety symptoms was among 34.6% of the studied females especially; those aged 25-40 years, married, non-working or student females, females who had change in their work routine (half or full time from home). Homemade pastries and bakery product then beverages followed by fresh fruits and vegetables were frequently consumed by the studied females than before lockdown while fast foods were decreased during lockdown. Overweight and obesity were high among most of the participants with different grades of anxiety symptoms. Females with moderate and severe anxiety symptoms reported increase in appetite and body weight with irregular sleeping during lockdown. Conclusion: The current study concluded that stressful situations like lockdown due to COVID-19 pandemic is associated with anxiety (severe, moderate, mild then minimal, respectively) along with changes in eating habits, physical activity, sleeping pattern and smoking.
Pengaruh Kualitas Produk Dan Pelayanan Terhadap Kepuasan Komsumen Harian Surat Kabar Lahat Pos
Authors: Nindyawati
Published: October 2021

Newspapers are one source of information for the public that is actual and factual, so that various kinds of information presented in it. Lahat Pos is one of the media companies in the form of community newspapers in Lahat District precisely located in Lahat City which produces the daily newspaper of Lahat Pos circulating every day and distributed throughout the Regency of Lahat, Empat Lawang, and Kota Pagaralam. This study was conducted to determine the Influence of Product Quality and Service to Satisfaction of Daily Consumer of Newspaper Lahat Pos. The sample used is 40 customers. The analysis method is Multiple Linear Regression Analysis, T-Test, and F-Test. The resulting regression equation is Y = 64.319 + -0.488 X.1 + 0.055X.2 + e. The t-test results suggest that product quality has no significant effect on customer satisfaction, while service has positive significant effect on customer satisfaction. F-test results show that both independent variables do not affect simultaneously to customer satisfaction. The result of determination coefficient analysis (R2) can be obtained Adjusted R Square (R2) of 0.013 which means that variable of Product Quality and Service to Consumer Satisfaction equal to 13%. While the rest of 87% explained by other factors outside of research such as place and facilities, already have a loyal customer, and so forth.
Penyelesaian Sengketa Akibat Skimming pada Sektor Perbankan
Authors: Titie Syahnaz Natalia
Published: October 2021

This research has purposed to discover the legal protection for a customers which is using ATM card in Indonesia banking systems and to discover the dispute resolution against skimming system in banking sector. This research used normative research method. The conclusion from this study that is the legal protection for customers who is using ATM cards is based Act Number 8 of 1999 concerning Customer Protections and Act Number 21 of 1999 concerning Financial Services Authority especially on The regulation of Financial Services Authority Number 1/POJK.07/2013 concerning Customers Legal Protection on Financial Services. The dispute resolutions for skimming system problems can be resolved by litigation and non litigation.
Pengaruh Konflik Dan Stress Kerja Terhadap Produktivitas Kerja Karyawan Pada PT. Indomarco Prismatama (Studi Kasus Pada Indomaret Baturaja)
Authors: Darman Syafei  , Hilmi Wiranawata
Published: October 2021

This study aims to determine the effect of conflict and work stress on employee productivity at PT Indomaret Prismatama Data used secondary data. The analysis used is a classic assumption, multiple linear regression analysis, t test, F test and coefficient of determination analysis. T test results show that conflict (X1) affects the work productivity of employees and work stress also (X2) affects the work productivity of employees (Y) employees at PT Indomarco Prismatama Baturaja. The F test results found that work conflict and stress jointly affect the work productivity of employees (Y) at PT Indomarco Prismatama Baturaja. The magnitude of the contribution of conflict (X1) and work stress (X2) of 88.5% on the ups and downs of employee work productivity (Y) while the remaining 11.5% is influenced by other variables not included in the research model.
Pengaruh Pengungkapan Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Terhadap Kinerja Keuangan Perusahaan (Studi Kasus Perusahaan Manufaktur Sub Sektor Plastik Dan Kemasan Yang Terdaftar Di BEI Tahun 2011-2015)
Authors: Syukri
Published: October 2021

The research aim is to influence and prove the impact of the disclosure of corporate social responsibility on the financial performance of plastic and packaging manufacturing sub sector companies are listed on the indonesian stock exchange (IDX) in 2011-2015. Company’s financial performance was measured by return on asset and return on equity. The population used in this study were all manufacturing companies plastic and packaging sub sector are listed on the IDX  in 2011-2015. The research samples consist of 6 companies by observing 30 and then selected by using purposive sampling. The method of analysis being use in this research was sample linier regression and statistical tests t. The result showed that there are influence variable the disclosure of CSR to financial performance ( was measured by return on asset), known from the P-Value 0,030 ≤ 0,05 and there are no influence variable the disclosure of CSR to financial performance (was measured by return on equity) known from the P-Value 0,287 ≥ 0,05
MENGATASI KETIDAK SELARASAN DALAM JEMAAT
Authors: Terok Jevri
Published: October 2021

Keselarasan sangat dirindukan oleh setiap orang secara khusus dalam berjemaat. Ketidak selarasan dalam jemaat bisa berdampak buruk bagi perkembangan jemaat itu sendiri. Jemaat yang hidup dalam keselarasan karena jemaat sudah menjadikan Kristus sebagai Tuhan dan Juruselamat dalam kehidupan jemaat, sehingga dalam berjemaat ada kebersamaan seperti dalam melakukan doa bersama, jemaat juga melakukan ibadah secara bersama-sama. Untuk mencapai keselarasan dalam jemaat bukan hanya peranan gembala sidang atau pendeta saja namun semua jemaat harus ikut terlibat dalam melakukan kegiatan-kegiatan pelayanan dalam gereja. Kalau jemaat ingin merindukan suatu keharmonisan atau keselarasan dalam berjemaat, maka setiap anggota gereja atau anggota jemaat harus terlibat aktif dalam pelayanan yang telah dipercayakan Allah berdasarkan talentanya masing-masing, begitu pula dalam berjemaat. Apabila setiap anggota jemaat menyadari akan pentingnya tanggung jawab dalam pelayanan, maka keselarasan persatuan yang indah akan terbangun secara bersama-sama untuk melayani Tuhan dengan tujuan agar terjadi suatu pertumbuhan dalam jemaat.
POLA KADERISASI DALAM KEPEMIMPINAN MUSA TERHADAP KEPEMIMPINAN KRISTEN MASA KINI
Authors: Salabai Bastian
Published: October 2021

Setiap orang ingin jadi pemimpin, dan setiap pemimpin yang baik harus bisa menyiapkan para pemimpin yang baru dengan cara mengkaderkan orang-orang yang dapat dipersiapkan menjadi pemimpin masa depan. Sebab pemimpin tidak bersifat kekal, karena itu diperlukan para kader-kader terbaik untuk dipersiapkan dengan baik untuk menjadi pemimpin di kemudian hari. Seorang pemimpin juga harus mempunyai visi dan misi yang jelas dengan tujuan agar sebagai pemimpin dapat mencapai suatu tujuan yang jelas dalam masa kepemimpinannya. Dalam Perjanjian Lama Musa telah mempersiapkan Yosua sebagai pemimpin masa depan yang kelak akan menggantikan Musa bilamana Musa tidak lagi menjadi pemimpin. Demikian juga dalam Perjanjian Baru Yesus Kristus telah mempersiapkan murid-murid-Nya sebagai pemimpin masa depan yang siap menggantikan Yesus Kristus bilamana Yesus Kristus tidak lagi menjadi pemimpin dan bersama-sama dengan murid-murid Yesus lagi.
The Differentiated Parent Support Model: Enhancing the Involvement of Parents Who Do Not Speak the School Language
Authors: MacPhee Mary
Published: October 2021

Despite 40 years of research indicating that parent involvement is important for student achievement, schools have done little to engage parents across Canada. This study and model recommend strategies to enhance the probability of educational involvement for parents who do not speak the school language. The mixed methods research with surveys (N = 86) and interviews (N = 38) identified the successes and challenges of non-francophone parents with children in French minority-language schools. Parents wanted to help but struggled with French schoolwork and school-community involvement. Parents’ low French proficiency and low school effort to facilitate parent communication and comprehension were some of the barriers that led to a decreased sense of parent autonomy and competency. Policy and practices by educators and parent-groups can encourage involvement and support parents in a French minority-language population as they overcome language and insecurity barriers at home or school. The findings can be generalized to support parent involvement in other multilingual contexts.

Keywords: parent involvement, minority-language education, French minority language, differentiated parent support model, enhancing parent engagement
Évaluation de la qualité de l’environnement physique et psychologique au regard de l’émergence de l’écrit dans des classes d’éducation préscolaire
Authors: Drainville Roxane , Charron Annie
Published: October 2021

Cette recherche quantitative descriptive vise à évaluer la qualité de l’environnement physique et psychologique au regard de l’émergence de l’écrit de 30 classes d’éducation préscolaire québécoises 4 ans observées avec l’outil ELLCO (Smith et al., 2008). Les résultats révèlent que les classes participantes présentent un environnement peu enrichi d’écrits et de matériel d’écriture, et que le soutien offert en émergence de l’écrit est de qualité considérée faible à de base. Cette étude soulève l’importance d’améliorer l’environnement physique en maternelle et les pratiques éducatives mises en œuvre par l’enseignante afin de favoriser l’émergence de l’écrit des enfants de quatre ans.

Mots-clés : éducation préscolaire, émergence de l’écrit, qualité de l’environnement physique, qualité de l’environnement psychologique, pratiques éducatives, milieu défavorisé
Déconstruire la recherche en éducation en contextes de racialisation : Débusquer le racisme épistémologique
Authors: Thésée Gina
Published: October 2021

Tenant compte de la Décennie internationale des personnes d’ascendance africaine (2015–2024 ; DI-PAA) déclarée par l’ONU et de la médiatisation en 2020, à l’échelle mondiale, d’événements racistes anti-Noir[e]s, l’auteure de cet article a choisi d’aborder « la réussite éducative des Afro-Canadiens », le thème de ce numéro spécial de la Revue canadienne de l’éducation, en posant le Canada et le Québec comme des contextes de racialisation, et non uniquement comme des contextes d’immigration. Les contextes de racialisation et, leur corollaire, le racisme écosystémique, systématique et chronique, constituent des parcours de vie tissés d’obstacles et de freins à la justice, au développement et à la reconnaissance des personnes d’ascendance africaine, les thèmes centraux de la DI-PAA. Au Canada, incluant le Québec francophone, les parcours scolaires des PPA (personnes afro-canadiennes), de l’éducation préscolaire à l’éducation universitaire, se révèlent un véritable parcours à obstacles qui les amène à trébucher, à douter, à échouer. Paradoxalement, leur réussite est accompagnée de doute de soi, de honte de soi, de repli sur soi, de conformisme au système hégémonique et d’acceptation de leur musellement ; la lutte contre le racisme systémique est ainsi évitée, souvent par peur des conséquences. C’est de la « méséducation » et du racisme institutionnel. Dans ce contexte, comment aborder la notion de « réussite éducative » des personnes afro-canadiennes ? À partir de la théorie raciale critique, cet article propose une réflexion théorico-conceptuelle qui interpelle la recherche en éducation en mettant en évidence le racisme épistémologique.

Mots-clés : contexte de racialisation, Décennie internationale des personnes d’ascendance africaine (DI-PAA), méséducation, iceberg du racisme, racisme épistémologique, éducation émancipatoire, éducation transformatoire
A Call for Change in the Public Education System in Nova Scotia
Authors: Hamilton-Hinch Barbara-Ann , McIsaac Jessie-Lee D. , Harkins Mary-Jane , Jarvis Sherry , LeBlanc John C.
Published: October 2021

The United Nation’s International Decade for People of African Descent and Nova Scotia’s Ministry of African Nova Scotian Affairs recognize that students of African descent continue to experience inequities. As previous studies indicate, parents of Black learners identified that many educators lack knowledge and experience in understanding students of African descent.This study explored student achievement from the perspective of parents of children of African descent attending public schools in Nova Scotia. Participants included individual interviews and focus groups with parents from rural and urban areas. Based on Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory framework, a thematic analysis of the data was conducted, a dominant storyline related to the families’ experiences in school and subsequent themes emerged: we are treated differently; we don’t feel connected; we know there are challenges: the resistance of parents; and we deal with injustices but persevere. These findings provide recommendations to improve the educational success for Black learners.

Keywords: African Canadian, academic achievement and success, Black students, education, schooling challenges, students of African descent
L' L’engagement affectif dans les tâches de production orale : l’apport du portfolio numérique d’apprentissage et de la vidéo
Authors: Paquet Maxime
Published: October 2021

Cet article décrit et analyse l’apport du portfolio numérique d’apprentissage et de la vidéo sur l’engagement affectif d’élèves du deuxième cycle du secondaire au Québec dans des tâches de production orale. Une analyse de contenu d’autoévaluations et d’entrevues individuelles, ainsi que des données issues de questionnaires montre que l’utilisation du portfolio, grâce aux activités métacognitives qui le caractérisent, soutient les apprentissages des élèves de troisième secondaire en permettant une prise de conscience des performances en oral, ce qui assure une meilleure gestion de la dimension affective des tâches associées.

Mots-clés : portfolio numérique, autoscopie, engagement affectif, production orale
Survey of Nunavut Post-Secondary Students: Determinants of School Completion, Post-Secondary Education, and Education Success
Authors: Sallaffie Moriah , Cherba Maria , Healey Akearok Gwen K. , Penney Jessica
Published: October 2021

Little is known about Nunavut students’ experiences in high school and post-secondary education, in particular their self-defined determinants of success. This study aimed to understand factors that influence secondary school completion, post-secondary education, and education success for students from Nunavut. An online survey was conducted with 91 current post-secondary students in 2018–19. Results found that students articulated complex support needs that influence their success, with roles for parents, teachers, and the community. Students identified support needs gaps, primarily in the form of funding distribution and delivery. Recommendations include increased financial, counselling, and mental health support for Nunavut students.

Keywords: Inuit education, Nunavut education, Indigenous post-secondary students
Changing Scenarios of Public Open Space in a British Colonial City: The Case of the Ramna Area, Dhaka
Authors: Begum Salma
Published: October 2021

Dhaka is considered as one of the fastest growing megacity with a population of 15 million ranking 9th among the world. In the process of urbanization, throughout the history, many part of Dhaka has gone through many physical and functional transformations. Ramna area which was produced as a pleasure garden during Mughal period is one of those parts that has gone through consecutive manipulations. This has become one of the major public open space due to its uniqueness. This paper attempts to unfold the changing scenario of present Ramna Area.
CULTURING, IDENTIFICATION AND DRUG RESISTANCE OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS IN SPUTUM SPECIMEN
Authors: Amir B , Javed Y , Hanif S , Tahir M , Rana MA , Hafeez MM
Published: October 2021

The development of low-cost, fast, and reliable methods for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection and drug susceptibility is critical for tuberculosis control. The new microscopic examination of liquid drug susceptibility assay (MODS) examines early MTB colonies in a liquid medium, which permits for more convenient diagnosis and testing of drug susceptibility. The sensitivity of MODS (91%) was superior as compared to the sensitivity of different culture methods (92%). The MGIT and MODS were used to monitor tuberculosis-positive sputum samples for isoniazid and rifampin susceptibility. Concordance between MODS and MGIT was found in 89 percent of cases. MODS are the fastest method used for diagnostic and susceptibility testing (median, 10.0 or 9 days). MODS is a fast, low-cost, responsive, and particular method for detecting and testing MTB susceptibility; it is specifically well-suited utilize in growing countries with high infection rates and a growing number of multidrug-resistant cases.
Niche Markets and Small Business Strategies: Shifting the Focus of International Business Education
Authors: Scarborough Jack
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this paper is to propose a shift in the emphasis of international businesseducation, both teaching and research, in favor of small and mid-sized firms. Two established,mutually reinforcing trends suggest the need for this shift; (a) the continuing role ofsmall business as the engine of innovation, and growth in output, export and employmentcreation, and (b) the continuing reluctance of many small businesses to explore exportopportunities. To the extent business education serves the nation, the economy as a whole,and our international competitiveness, and what promises to be an important avenue ofgrowth in employment opportunities for our students, we should be doing more to help smalland mid-sized businesses, and let the large, capital and job exporting multinational corporations(MNCs) fend more for themselves.
The Audit Committee’s Role Regarding the Provisions of The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
Authors: Reinstein Alan , Spalding Jr. Albert
Published: October 2021

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) of 1977, as amended in 1988, prohibits individuals and corporations from using bribes and kickbacks to enhance foreign commerce. Imposing stiff penalties for noncompliance, the FCPA includes internal control and accounting and recordkeeping provisions. Several studies show that corporate codes of conduct and other formal ethical policies help assure compliance with ethical policies, including the provision of the FCPA. Congress, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), the courts, the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (A/CPA), and many other financial statement users and preparers have endorsed the audit committee concept as a means to oversee the audit function and otherwise strengthen the financial reporting process. As such, audit committees should ascertain the effectiveness of the entity's internal control structure and compliance with the provisions of the FCPA. After highlighting the provisions of the FCPA, this study examines the extent of the audit committees' involvement in corporate compliance with the FCPA-focusing on corporate codes of conduct-based on a study of 152 audit committees whose securities are traded on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE). Recommendations for strengthening the committees' and companies' roles in this area are also presented.
Integrating Employee Benefits and Competitive Strategy
Authors: Lucero Margaret , White Marion
Published: October 2021

As the costs of employee benefits have escalated, labor cost control to enhance product market competitiveness has become a more critical organizational concern. However, benefits which are an element of compensation have remained a relatively neglected topic in the area of strategic human resource management. This paper explores the role of employee benefits in effective strategy implementation. Three core characteristics of employee benefits practices: timing, benefit level and employee-employer relationship, are described on continuum of choices. Examples of various employee benefits practices are linked to low-cost leadership and differentiation strategies.
The Impact of Managerial Discretion on Firm Performance
Authors: Thomas Anisya , Peyrefitte Joseph
Published: October 2021

Theoretical arguments from two distinct literatures are integrated to develop a model which attempts to shed further light on the determinants of performance in multinational corporations. It is suggested that the ambiguity of results in prior investigations could be attributed to variations in managerial discretion. Building on the concept of managerial discretion, it is hypothesized that in high discretion settings, organizational and leadership factors will be associated with performance. In contrast, in low discretion settings, where environmental factors predominate, managers have limited latitude; therefore, the impact of these factors on performance will be limited. These hypotheses are tested in two different industry settings. The results largely confirm the theoretical contentions.
The Relationship Between Minority Business Enterprises and Corporate Purchasing Personnel: Perceptions from Both Sides of The Table
Authors: Wimbush James , Dollinger Marc , Dalton Dan , Enz Cathy , Daily Catherine
Published: October 2021

This paper addresses the nature of the difficulties MBEs face when conducting business with large companies through MBE purchasing programs. Data collected from MBEs and purchasing personnel were analyzed with logistic regression to demonstrate that MBEs and their corporate purchasing counterparts have different perceptions across human, environmental, and organizational dimensions of transaction cost economics. These differences help to explain the problems: (1) that MBEs have in selling to large companies and the problems that MBEs and purchasing personnel have in implementing MBE purchasing programs; (2) of reaching agreement in the marketplace; and, (3) of collectively pursuing the economic development of the minority business community. We offer recommendations for improving the relationship between these parties.
A Simple Export Country-Market Screening Technique for Small Us Businesses: A Packaged Good Illustration
Authors: Medina Jose , Saegert Joel , Merrifield John
Published: October 2021

US small businesses are in need of processes and techniques that help them alleviate the difficult experience of choosing foreign markets. Using a generic screening process, this paper explains the stages, the screening criteria, and the ranking techniques for selecting country-markets. The paper illustrates the application of Shift-Share Analysis (SSA) as a simple technique to rank country-market potentials. Results from an analysis of a packaged good show that SSA is an adequate ranking technique to identify preliminary country prospects. Implications for small businesses and future research are given.
Organizational Performance: Strategic Persistence Versus Strategic Change
Authors: Dixon Rolf , Boal Kimberly
Published: October 2021

The relationship of strategy to organizational performance has been of great interest to strategic management scholars. However, the relative contribution to organizational performance of the content of strategic decisions as opposed to the implementation of strategic decisions is not agreed upon in the literature. If it is primarily what strategy you select that leads to higher performance, then strategic change is good. On the other hand, if it is primarily how well you implement any given strategy that leads to higher performance, then strategic persistence is good. This study considers the relative contribution of strategic change versus strategic persistence as they relate to organizational performance in the banking industry.
Tax Code Revision and The Value of Tax-Deductible Debt
Authors: Randolph William
Published: October 2021

This paper examines a tax policy change that would eliminate the interest expense as a tax-deductible item for businesses. We analyze this change using a tax revenue neutral setting in a Modigliani-Miller world. The analysis uses two scenarios to compare the change to the present U.S. Tax Code. Scenario one assumes a non-competitive environment with sticky prices. Scenario two assumes that companies or industries with low leverage would cut prices instead of realizing excess profits. The reduction in prices will redistribute the present value of the corporate tax shield from the stockholder to the consumer. Using the Modigliani-Miller methodology for valuation, the maximum value (equivalent to theoretical value in this case) of the tax shield is approximately $712 billion. The actual value is probably less than half the theoretical amount. Under either scenario, the weighted average cost of capital increases for levered firms.
The Lights Used to Be Brighter There: Market-Driven Strategies for Rehabilitating the Retail Trading Areas of Mid-Sized Cities
Authors: Rawwas Mohammed , Strutton David
Published: October 2021

The wellbeing of downtowns is an important issue. Yet key decision makers throughout the U.S. may have reached the point where they are ready to bid farewell to these historical focal points of commerce, entertainment, and political activity. Such an outcome would be quite unfortunate: in fact, some suggest the decline of city cores is one of the most pressing issues facing America today. In this study, a theoretical framework is developed incorporating supply- and demand- related factors that are likely to influence consumers' decision to shop or not shop downtown. The framework is then tested, using a consumer sample taken from three midsized American cities. Actionable recommendations regarding how downtown retail trading areas of midsized U.S. cities may be renewed are then developed and discussed.
Psychological Type and Sales Orientation-Customer Orientation
Authors: Bass Kenneth , Hebert Frederic
Published: October 2021

A business firm expects that salespersons' degree of customer orientation will be compatible with the extent to which the firm itself has adopted the marketing concept. Customer orientation is an important behavior on the part of salespersons, yet it has received relatively little attention from organizational researchers. Differing psychological types show promise as a tool by which a salesperson S performance can be predicted. This exploratory research was designed to evaluate the relationships between individuals' psychological type preferences and their customer orientation. This study found Jungian psychological types to be significantly related to salespersons' customer orientation. These findings suggest that personality types can play a supplemental role in salesperson selection and training. Managerial implications and suggestions for future research are also presented.
Value of Shareholders in The Turnaround Process: A Signaling Theory Perspective
Authors: Dibrell Clay , Francis John , Van Ness Robert
Published: October 2021

This paper provides an exploratory examination of market reaction to announcements of turnaround strategies from firms involved in the turnaround process. The findings of this paper suggest the market reacts positively to announced turnaround strategies. Interestingly, nonturnaround firms posted higher positive abnormal returns than firms that eventually were able to successfully complete a turnaround.
Intrafirm Technical Knowledge and Competitive Advantage: A Framework and Exploratory Study
Authors: Ghingold Morry , Hall Ernest , Johnson Bruce
Published: October 2021

The ability of managers to monitor; acquire, and manage new technologies may be a critical resource in developing a sustainable competitive advantage (Barney, J99J). Expanding on recent work by Day (1994), this paper develops a conceptual framework that links intrafirm technical knowledge with the ability to develop and maintain a sustainable competitive advantage. Focusing on a sample of production/operation managers, a key industrial buying constituency, an exploratory study was undertaken that examined the linkage between managers' technical knowledge and their decision-making styles and outcomes. Results of the present study suggest strong relationships among technical knowledge, decision making styles and outcomes. Based on these findings, it is argued that firms with managers who possess greater technical knowledge will be better equipped to develop and maintain a competitive advantage.
Reclaiming the Environment-Organization Fit: Matching Turnaround Strategies to Environmental Exigencies
Authors: Mukherji Amanda , Desai Ashay , Francis John
Published: October 2021

This paper discusses the relationship a firm has with its total environment in the context of decline. We dimensionalize the total environment to exist at the (J) organization, (2) industry, and (3) macro levels. These levels impact the firm directly, and indirectly through interactions of the different levels. Each level of the environment or combination of levels has forces acting in similar or in different directions which results in uniquely different and complex conditions for firms facing decline. We suggest that the firm has to assess its environment carefully, establish the nature of environmental impact, and develop turnaround strategies to match the pressures of its multilayered environment in order to become competitive.
Improving Bank Market Performance
Authors: Frohlich Cheryl , Kavan C. Bruce , Samli A. Coskun
Published: October 2021

The primary assertion of this paper is that banks need to redirect and balance the focus of their business strategy from that of an internal (efficiency oriented) to an external (effectiveness oriented) marketing research program in order to achieve full profit potential. The return on assets (ROA) of banks has only fluctuated from 0.93% in 1992 to 1.24% in 1997. As one alternative to the flat ROA, the industry has engaged in a merger mania and invested in internal, transaction-oriented information systems in order to reduce costs and increase the current net income (efficiency driven). However, this business strategy results in short-run profits to the exclusion of opportunities that may result in long-run profits. It is obvious from this flat ROA that banks have not been effective. Therefore, in order to avoid the danger of banks becoming atrophied, the organizational effectiveness component must be brought into the overall architecture of the bank's information system rather than the simple current emphasis on processing efficiency. This change in business strategy requires a fundamental paradigm shift in the manner in which banking executives view their industry. The business strategy must change from the narrow "provider of financial service" orientation to the broader "fulfiller of financial needs" orientation. A marketing information research system facilitating such a major shift in orientation is presented.
Small Is Beautiful: The Re-Emergence of The Convenience Strategy
Authors: Metters Richard , Ketzenberg Michael
Published: October 2021

For much of the last few decades it has appeared canonical that "bigger is better"in the physical size of retail stores. In practice, the grocery and general merchandisecategories have seen tremendous increases in average store size. Academic literaturepoints to many benefits of size. Advances in information technology and logistics,however, have provided a platform for a cost and quality competitive small storeformat. The viability and strategic functional choices of the small store, "convenience"strategy is explored.
A Systems-Based Framework For Continuous Improvement: A Service Sector Application
Authors: Reid Richard , Koljonen Elsa
Published: October 2021

Based on the Deming Cycle and the Jointer 7 Step Method, a new systems basedframework for performing continuous improvement has been developed.This new conceptual framework embodies the systems concepts of leverage,synergy, and sensitivity analysis. This paper demonstrates how these systemsconcepts could be applied to improve customer satisfaction in a small, recently established,law firm. The resultant customer-focused action plan is designed toavoid any negative effects associated potential suboptimization that might occurwhen an improvement team focuses on a single organizational process.
The Impact of Strategy, Industry and Culture On Forecasting The Performance of Global Competitors: A Strategic Perspective
Authors: Katz Jeffrey , Zarzeski Marilyn , Hall H. John
Published: October 2021

This study examines how business strategy, industry competitive environmentand national culture affect the accuracy and level of agreement among financialanalysts who predict the future earnings of international competitors. Recentresearch has reported the increasing importance played by financial analystsregarding the stock price and market value of firms. Analysts' forecasts ofpeiformance have been found to significantly affect the cost of capital, valuationand stock price changes of firms. As the incidence of cross-national mergers andacquisitions continues to escalate, understanding factors that systematically affectperformance predictions becomes increasingly important, especially for firmsemploying cross-national merger or acquisition strategies. We find that businessstrategies affect the accuracy of analysts' performance estimates while nationalculture plays an important role in determining the level of agreement amonganalysts' predictions. Implications and plans of action for internationalmanagement practitioners and researchers are discussed.
Consumer Learning and The Creation of Primacy Advantages For Followers
Authors: Engelland Brian , Alford Bruce
Published: October 2021

This paper examines the basis for the primacy advantages that pioneersenjoy, then applies it to the strategic plight of followers. The authors developand test a Model of Innovation Learning that shows how individuals relatetheir understanding of new products to those with which they've had previousexposure. In an application of the model to the introduction of a new packagedgood, three factors - relative advantage, expertise, and familiarity arefound to have statistically significant effects on perceived distinctiveness;and perceived distinctiveness is found to be a predictor of perceptual separationand primacy advantage. Suggestions are given to assist in strategy formulationdecisions for followers.
Intangible Strategic Assets and Firm Performance: A Multi-Industry Study of The Resource-Based View
Authors: Michalisin Michael , Kline Douglas , Smith Robert
Published: October 2021

According to the Resource-Based View (RBV), firms achieve a sustainablecompetitive advantage and earn superior profits by owning or controlling strategicassets. The RBV literature, Hall's empirical findings (1992, 1993), and othercorroborating literature indicate that certain intangible resources, such asreputation, know how, and organizational culture, possess the characteristics ofstrategic assets. This study empirically tests the relationship between theseintangible strategic assets and relative return on shareholders' equity using 100randomly selected Fortune 500 and Service 500 firms. The results are statisticallysignificant and strongly support RBV.
Determinants of Governance Structure For The Electronic Value Chain: Resource Dependency and Transaction Costs Perspectives
Authors: Rasheed Howard , Geiger Scott
Published: October 2021

This paper investigates boundary decisions that determine governance structures,particularly intermediaries and external contractors, for executing theprimary functions of procurement, sales, and information technology supportfunctions in the value chain model. Utilizing data from 113 firms doing businesson the Internet, the findings indicate that firm resources have a significantimpact on decisions to outsource or internalize electronic value chain functions.Specifically, firms with a greater reliance on sales intermediaries were found todeploy fewer technical e-commerce resources than firms less dependent on salesintermediaries. Moreover, the number of intermediary procurement functionswas positively related to investment in web-based human resources. The resultsalso suggest that firms experiencing lower levels of transaction frequency utilizemore types of Internet sales methods.
Employee Perceptions of The Relationship Between Strategy, Rewards, and Organizational Performance
Authors: Allen Richard , Helms Marilyn
Published: October 2021

This study explores the relationship between organizational strategy, rewardpractices, and firm performance. Researchers have not extensively investigatedthis potentially important topic. This paper presents some initial empiricalevidence that supports the notion that different types of reward practicesmore closely complement different generic strategies and are significantly relatedto higher levels of perceived organizational performance.
Impact of Internet Aided Self-Managed Teams On Quality of Work-Life and Performance
Authors: Elmuti Dean
Published: October 2021

The impact of participation in an Internet aided self-managed (IASM) teamsprogram on employee quality of work life attitudes, and on performance was studiedamong employees in a manufacturing firm for a 36-month period. The attitudinalresults indicate that IASM teams improved participants' quality of work life. Theperformance results document a positive and substantial impact on employeeproductivity, efficiency, quality, and overall performance. However, implementationof IASM teams is a complex task that requires time and commitment of resources toreap potential rewards. In addition, the research findings suggest that using thisprogram gives employees the authority to act and make decisions on their own, makingtheir jobs more demanding and challenging at the same time.
Testing The Applicability of Porter's Generic Strategies In The Digital Age: A Study of Korean Cyber Malls
Authors: Kim Eonsoo , Nam Dae-il , Stimpert J. L.
Published: October 2021

Although traditional strategic management theory evolved in the context ofbrick and mortar firms operating in a physical space, we propose that Porter's(1980) generic strategy framework is still applicable, albeit in need of somemodification, to competition in the digital age. This study tests that assertionin a sample of Korean online shopping malls. In particular, it explores the followingresearch question: Do Porter's (1980) generic strategies explain performancedifferences across business-to-consumer (B2C) firms?Our results suggest that Porter's generic strategies are applicable to e-businessand that they indeed explain performance differences across firms.Contrary to conventional wisdom, but consistent with the logic of business inthe digital realm, the cost leadership strategy exhibited the lowest performance.Firms pursuing a hybrid cost leadership/differentiation strategy exhibited thehighest performance. Interestingly, when a sub-sample of all firms pursuing thehybrid strategy was analyzed for performance differences by firm type (pureplays vs. clicks-and-bricks), pure plays exhibited superior performance. Ourfindings suggest that cost leadership and differentiation can be combined at thesame time, and must be combined to be successful in e-business.
International Acquisitions From A Network Perspective and Market Based Competencies
Authors: Kiessling Timothy , Richey Glenn
Published: October 2021

Trillions of dollars are spent annually on international acquisitions and oftenthese acquisitions are considered a failure in regard to performance. The importanceof valuation of an international target firm cannot be underestimated,especially in the global market where networks of strategic alliances are requiredto compete. For international acquisitions - the value of the firm is often itsnetwork of relationships. Thus, the valuation by the acquiring firm takes on new- more complex - dimensions than simply reviewing the Balance Sheet andIncome Statement results. This manuscript explores the valuation of internationaltarget acquisitions when the intangible value is its network of strategic alliances.Additionally, the manuscript employs theory and grounded examples to developa theoretical model for future examination.
Driving Forces of International Pharmaceutical Firms' FDI Into China
Authors: Jiang Fuming
Published: October 2021

This paper presents the results of an exploratory investigation into the factorsthat drove the international pharmaceutical firms to make foreign direct investment(FDI) into the Chinese pharmaceutical manufacturing industry during the periodfrom 1980 to 1998. Research results show that international pharmaceutical firms'FDI into China was predominantly motivated by China's specific location factors.China's market size, with its great potential, played the most important role. Thefactors of rapid economic development and growth, China's open-door policy,and relatively stable political conditions were also found to be important factors.The incentive policies provided by China had limited impact on pharmaceuticalfirms FDI decisions. The results suggest that FDI decisions of early entrantswho started FDI before 1992 were more likely to consider the open-door policyas the second most important factor, whereas late entrants whose FDI startedsince 1992 seemed more likely to consider the Chinese economic developmentand growth as the second most important factor. The results also suggest thatrelatively stable political conditions in China have had a stronger positiveinfluence on the FDI decisions of the late entrants. Low labor and establishmentcosts in China as well as cultural related factors were not found to be significantfactors/or international pharmaceutical investors.
The Engagement of Employees In The Strategy Process and Firm Performance: The Role of Strategic Goals and Environment
Authors: Tegarden Linda , Sarason Yolanda , Childers Stephen , Hatfield Donald
Published: October 2021

Despite the call to engage employees in strategy making processes, empiricalevidence that ties this engagement to financial performance has not been forthcoming.This study fills this gap by investigating whether involving employeesin the strategy making process leads to a higher achievement of strategic goalsand subsequently increased financial performance. Our findings suggest thatthe link between strategy making processes and financial performance may beunderestimated unless strategic goals are included as a mediator. We also findenvironmental dynamism moderates the relationships we investigate. Under conditionsof low dynamism, there is a stronger relationship between the engagementof employees and strategic goals related to innovation than under conditions ofhigh dynamism. Conversely, strategic goals related to quality have a strongerrelationship with engagement of employees under conditions of high dynamismwhen compared to conditions of low dynamism.