bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fuzzy Risk Graph Model for Determining Safety Integrity Level
Authors: Nait-Said R. , Zidani F. , Ouzraoui N.
Published: April 2008

The risk graph is one of the most popular methods used to determine the safety integrity level for safety instrumented functions. However, conventional risk graph as described in the IEC 61508 standard is subjective and suffers from an interpretation problem of risk parameters. Thus, it can lead to inconsistent outcomes that may result in conservative SIL's. To overcome this difficulty, a modified risk graph using fuzzy rule-based system is proposed. This novel version of risk graph uses fuzzy scales to assess risk parameters, and calibration may be made by varying risk parameter values. Furthermore, the outcomes which are numerical values of risk reduction factor (the inverse of the probability of failure on demand) can be compared directly with those given by quantitative and semiquantitative methods such as fault tree analysis (FTA), quantitative risk assessment (QRA), and layers of protection analysis (LOPA).
Effects of Nebivolol on Endothelial Gene Expression during Oxidative Stress in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
Authors: Garbin Ulisse , Fratta Pasini Anna , Stranieri Chiara , Manfro Stefania , Mozzini Chiara , Boccioletti Veronica , Pasini Andrea , Cominacini Mattia , Evangelista Stefano , Cominacini Luciano
Published: April 2008

The endothelium plays a key role in the development of atherogenesis and its inflammatory and proliferative status influences the progression of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of two beta blockers such as nebivolol and atenolol on gene expression in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) following an oxidant stimulus.
HUVECs were incubated with nebivolol or atenolol (10 micromol/L) for 24 hours and oxidative stress was induced by the addition of oxidized (ox)‐LDL. Ox‐LDL upregulated adhesion molecules (ICAM‐1, ICAM‐2, ICAM‐3, E‐selectin, and P‐selectin); proteins linked to inflammation (IL‐6 and TNFalpha), thrombotic state (tissue factor, PAI‐1 and uPA), hypertension such as endothelin‐1 (ET‐1), and vascular remodeling such as metalloproteinases (MMP‐2, MMP‐9) and protease inhibitor (TIMP‐1). The exposure of HUVECs to nebivolol, but not to atenolol, reduced these genes upregulated by oxidative stress both in terms of protein and RNA expression. The known antioxidant properties of the third generation beta blocker nebivolol seem to account to the observed differences seen when compared to atenolol and support the specific potential protective role of this beta blocker on the expression of a number of genes involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis.
On a Periodic Time‐Dependent Model of Population Dynamics with Stage Structure and Impulsive Effects
Authors: Liu Kaiyuan , Chen Lansun
Published: April 2008

We consider a periodic time‐dependent predator‐prey system with stage structure and impulsive harvesting, in which the prey has a life history that takes them through two stages, immature and mature. A set of sufficient and necessary conditions which guarantee the permanence of the system are obtained. Finally, we give a brief discussion of our results.
Primary Malignant Tumours of Bone Following Previous Malignancy
Authors: Patton J. T. , Sommerville S. M. M. , Grimer R. J.
Published: April 2008

Destructive bone lesions occurring in patients who have previously had a malignancy are generally assumed to be a metastasis from that malignancy. We reviewed 60 patients with a previous history of malignancy, who presented with a solitary bone lesion that was subsequently found to be a new and different primary sarcoma of bone. These second malignancies occurred in three distinct groups of patients: (1) patients with original tumours well known to be associated with second malignancies (5%); (2) patients whose second malignancies were likely to be due to the previous treatment of their primary malignancy (40%); (3) patients in whom there was no clearly defined association between malignancies (55%). The purpose of this study is to emphasise the necessity for caution in assuming the diagnosis of a metastasis when a solitary bone lesion is identified following a prior malignancy. Inappropriate biopsy and treatment of primary bone sarcomas compromises limb salvage surgery and can affect patient mortality.
Effect of Rare Earth Y on Properties of Nanosized 90W‐7Ni‐3Fe Composite Powder Fabricated by Spray Drying‐Hydrogen Reduction
Authors: Ma Y.-Z. , Wensheng Liu , Baiyun Huang , Jinglian Fan
Published: April 2008

(W,Ni,Fe) composite oxide powder synthesized by spray drying was reduced at 700 ∘C for 90 minutes in H2 atmosphere. The effect of rare earth Y on H2 reduction of (W,Ni,Fe) composite oxide powder was studied. Phase composition, crystalline size, and particle morphology of the reduced powder have been measured by X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fsss particle size and special surface area of the reduced powder were also measured and analyzed. The result showed that new phase Y(Ni0.75W0.25)O3
appeared in the reduced powder and particle morphology was nearly spherical or polyhedron by Y additions. The higher the rare earth element content was, the bigger the influencing on particle morphology was. When the rare earth Y content was under 0.8%, with the increase of the rare earth element content, dBET, Fsss, and crystal sizes of the reduced powder decreased greatly.
A Study of Factors that Change the Wettability of Titania Films
Authors: Mills Andrew , Crow Matthew
Published: April 2008

The effect of several pretreatment methods on the wettability of polycrystalline titania‐coated glass (Pilkington Activ) and plain glass are investigated. UV/ozone, immersion in aqua regia, and heating (T > 500∘C) render both substrates superhydrophilic (i.e., water contact angle (CA)<5∘). The dark recovery of the contact angles of these superhydrophilic substrates, monitored after treatment in either an evacuated or an ambient atmosphere, led to marked increases in CA. Ultrasound treatment of superhydrophilic Activ and glass samples produced only small increases in CA for both substrates, but rubbing the samples with a cloth produced much larger increases. The results of this study are discussed in the context of the current debate over the mechanism of the photo‐induced superhydrophilic effect.
A Landscape Approach for Detecting and Assessing Changes in an Area Prone to Desertification in Sardinia (Italy)
Authors: Giordano Francesca , Marini Alberto
Published: April 2008

Land degradation and desertification processes represent a serious problem in many areas of Sardinia (Italy), as in the Nurra region where urbanization, overgrazing, and fires have induced environmental degradation and rapid land‐use change. In this study, using satellite remote sensing and geographical information system, landcover and landscape change dynamics were investigated. Comparing two Landsat‐5 Thematic Mapper, it was possible to assess landcover transformations, and with the FRAGSTATS software it was possible to quantify the changes of landscape characteristics in the Nurra region over a 10‐years period. The images were classified into seven landcover types, and a stepwise indicator approach was adopted. The results show a decrease in cropland and an increase of forestland and urban areas. The overall change was estimated to be about 2.5% of the total study area, with two most frequent landcover conversion types: cropland to urban areas and cropland to forestland.
Design of a CPW‐Fed Band‐Notched UWB Antenna Using a Feeder‐Embedded Slotline Resonator
Authors: Abbosh Amin M.
Published: April 2008

A complete design method for a compact uniplanar ultra‐wideband antenna with subband rejection capability is presented. A slotline resonator is incorporated in the coplanar waveguide feeder of the antenna to act as a bandstop filter, hence enabling the rejection of any undesired band within the passband of the antenna. Two samples of the proposed antenna were designed and manufactured. One of the developed antennas does not contain a resonator, whereas the other contains a slotline resonator. The designed antennas feature a compact size of 27 mm × 27 mm. Results of the simulation and measurement show that the designed antennas have a bandwidth from 3 GHz to more than 11 GHz. The results also reveal that the use of the resonator in the feeder of the antenna efficiently rejects any undesired subband, such as the 4.9–5.9 GHz band assigned for IEEE802.11a and HIPERLAN/2. The gain of the antennas with the resonator is about 2.2 dBi at the passband, while it is less than −8 dBi at the rejected subband.
The Solvability of a Class of General Nonlinear Implicit Variational Inequalities Based on Perturbed Three-Step Iterative Processes with Errors
Authors: Liu Zeqing , Kang Shin Min , Ume Jeong Sheok
Published: April 2008

We introduce and study a new class of general nonlinear implicit variational inequalities, which includes several classes of variational inequalities and variational inclusions as special cases. By applying the resolvent operator technique and fixed point theorem, we suggest a new perturbed three-step iterative algorithm with errors for solving the class of variational inequalities. Several existence and uniqueness results of solutions for the general nonlinear implicit variational inequalities, and convergence and stability results of the sequence generated by the algorithm are obtained. The results presented in this paper extend, improve, and unify a host of results in recent literatures.
An Antithrombin-Heparin Complex Increases the Anticoagulant Activity of Fibrin Clots
Authors: Smith Lesley J. , Mewhort-Buist Tracy Anne , Berry Leslie R. , Chan Anthony K. C.
Published: April 2008

Clotting blood contains fibrin-bound thrombin, which is a major source of procoagulant activity leading to clot extension and further activation of coagulation. When bound to fibrin, thrombin is protected from inhibition by antithrombin (AT) + heparin but is neutralized when AT and heparin are covalently linked (ATH). Here, we report the surprising observation that, rather than yielding an inert complex, thrombin-ATH formation converts clots into anticoagulant surfaces that effectively catalyze inhibition of thrombin in the surrounding environment.
Weak Convergence Theorems of Three Iterative Methods for Strictly Pseudocontractive Mappings of Browder-Petryshyn Type
Authors: Zhang Ying , Guo Yan
Published: April 2008

Let "Equation missing" be a real "Equation missing"-uniformly smooth Banach space which is also uniformly convex (e.g., "Equation missing" or "Equation missing" spaces "Equation missing", and "Equation missing" a nonempty closed convex subset of "Equation missing". By constructing nonexpansive mappings, we elicit the weak convergence of Mann's algorithm for a "Equation missing"-strictly pseudocontractive mapping of Browder-Petryshyn type on "Equation missing" in condition thet the control sequence "Equation missing" is chosen so that (i) "Equation missing" (ii) "Equation missing", where "Equation missing". Moreover, we consider to find a common fixed point of a finite family of strictly pseudocontractive mappings and consider the parallel and cyclic algorithms for solving this problem. We will prove the weak convergence of these algorithms.
Numerical Stability Test of Neutral Delay Differential Equations
Authors: Wang Z. H.
Published: April 2008

The stability of a delay differential equation can be investigated
on the basis of the root location of the characteristic function. Though a number of stability
criteria are available, they usually do not provide any information about the characteristic root
with maximal real part, which is useful in justifying the stability and in understanding the system
performances. Because the characteristic function is a transcendental function that has an infinite
number of roots with no closed form, the roots can be found out numerically only. While some
iterative methods work effectively in finding a root of a nonlinear equation for a properly chosen
initial guess, they do not work in finding the rightmost root directly from the characteristic function.
On the basis of Lambert W function, this paper presents an effective iterative algorithm for the calculation
of the rightmost roots of neutral delay differential equations so that the stability of the delay equations
can be determined directly, illustrated with
two examples.
International Course to Support Nuclear Licensing by User Training in the Areas of Scaling, Uncertainty, and 3D Thermal-Hydraulics/Neutron-Kinetics Coupled Codes: 3D S.UN.COP Seminars
Authors: Petruzzi Alessandro , D'Auria Francesco , Bajs Tomislav , Reventos Francesc , Hassan Yassin
Published: April 2008

Thermal-hydraulic system computer codes are extensively used worldwide for analysis of nuclear facilities by utilities, regulatory bodies, nuclear power plant designers, vendors, and research organizations. The computer code user represents a source of uncertainty that can influence the results of system code calculations. This influence is commonly known as the “user effect” and stems from the limitations embedded in the codes as well as from the limited capability of the analysts to use the codes. Code user training and qualification represent an effective means for reducing the variation of results caused by the application of the codes by different users. This paper describes a systematic approach to training code users who, upon completion of the training, should be able to perform calculations making the best possible use of the capabilities of best estimate codes. In other words, the program aims at contributing towards solving the problem of user effect. In addition, this paper presents the organization and the main features of the 3D S.UN.COP (scaling, uncertainty, and 3D coupled code calculations) seminars during which particular emphasis is given to the areas of the scaling, uncertainty, and 3D coupled code analysis.
Toward a Detailed Understanding of Si(111)‐7 × 7 Surface and Adsorbed Ge Nanostructures: Fabrications, Structures, and Calculations
Authors: Wang Ye-Liang , Guo Hai-Ming , Qin Zhi-Hui , Ma Hai-Feng , Gao Hong-Jun
Published: April 2008

Firstly, both the rest atoms and the adatoms of Si(111)‐7 × 7 surface are observed simultaneously by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) when the sample bias voltages are kept less than − 0.7 V. The visibility of the rest atoms is rationalized by first‐principle calculations and a very sharper tip can resolve them. Secondly, the behaviors of various Ge nanostructures fabricated on Si(111)‐7 × 7, ranging from the initial adsorption
sites of individual Ge atoms to the aggregation patterns of Ge
nanoclusters, and then to 2D extended Ge islands, are
comprehensively investigated by STM. The individual Ge atoms
tend to substitute for Si adatoms at
Si(111)‐7 × 7 with the preference of corner adatoms in the faulted half unit when keeping substrate at 150∘C. With increasing Ge coverage, individual Ge atoms and Ge nanoclusters coexist on the substrate. Subsequently, the density of Ge nanoclusters increase and cluster‐distribution becomes gradually regular with the formation of final 2D extended hexagonal configuration. When keeping the substrate at 300∘C, Ge islands consisting of more complicated reconstructions with intermixing Ge/Si components are present on the substrate. The detail structural characterizations and the bonding nature of the observed Ge nanostructures are enunciated by the first‐principle calculations.
Disruption of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) Induces Regression of the Seminal Vesicle in Aged Male Mice
Authors: Baba T. , Shima Y. , Owaki A. , Mimura J. , Oshima M. , Fujii-Kuriyama Y. , Morohashi K.-i.
Published: April 2008

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates diverse dioxin toxicities. Despite mediating the adverse effects, the AhR gene is conserved among animal species, suggesting important physiological functions for AhR. In fact, a recent study revealed that AhR has an intrinsic function in female reproduction, though its role in male reproduction is largely unknown. In this study, we show age-dependent regression of the seminal vesicles, probably together with the coagulating gland, in AhR(–/–) male mice. Knockout mice had abnormal vaginal plugs, low sperm counts in the epididymis, and low fertility. Moreover, serum testosterone concentrations and expression of steroidogenic 3βhydroxysteroiddehydrogenase (3βHsd) and steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) in testicular Leydig cells were decreased in AhR(–/–) males. Taken together, our results suggest that impaired testosterone synthesis in aged mice induces regression of seminal vesicles and the coagulating glands. Such tissue disappearance likely resulted in abnormal vaginal plug formation, and eventually in low fertility. Together with previous findings demonstrating AhR function in female reproduction, AhR has essential functions in animal reproduction in both sexes.
Lymphoma and Leukemia Cells Possess Fractal Dimensions That Correlate with Their Biological Features
Authors: Mashiah Adi , Wolach Ofir , Sandbank Judith , Uziel Orit , Raanani Pia , Lahav Meir
Published: April 2008

Background: Living cells can be viewed as complex adaptive systems that exhibit non-linear dynamics and fractal features. We investigated the fractal qualities of normal and malignant hematological cells and their potential as a tool for characterizing cell phenotype and clinical behavior. Methods: A mathematical algorithm and an optic tool for fractal analysis of nuclei were developed. A total of 4,713 lymphoid cells derived from 66 patients of five distinct diagnostic groups (normal and reactive lymphocytes, low-grade lymphomas and an aggressive lymphoma) were assessed for their fractal dimension. In addition, in 19 patients fractal analysis of leukemia cells was compared to clinical endpoints. Results: After validating our method, hematological cells possessed fractal dimensions corresponding to their clinical entity. There was a highly significant overall difference in fractal dimensions between various types of hematological malignancies. A preliminary correlation was found between the fractal dimension and the clinical outcome of leukemia patients. Conclusions: Hematological cells possess fractal dimensions that correlate with their biological properties. Measurement of fractal dimension seems to be a sensitive method to assess the hematological cell phenotype and to define a clinical group. This tool may be potentially useful for the evaluation of clinical behavior of hematological diseases.
Management of Factitious Disorders: A Systematic Review
Authors: Eastwood Sarah , Bisson Jonathan I.
Published: April 2008

Background: The literature regarding the management of factitious disorder (FD) is diverse and generally of case reports or case series. To date there has been no systematic review of the effectiveness of management techniques. Methods: Systematic review of all evidence reporting the management and subsequent outcome in FD. Data were extracted and outcomes were assessed using an adaptation of the Global Improvement Scale. Results were analysed by parametric statistical tests; a meta-analysis was not possible. Results: Thirty-two case reports and 13 case series were eligible for inclusion. Analysis of the case reports found no significant difference in outcomes between confrontational and non-confrontational approaches [t(29) = 0.72, p = 0.48], between treatment with psychotherapy compared to no psychotherapy [t(30) = 0.69, p = 0.48], and when psychiatric medication had been prescribed compared with not [t(30) = 0.35, p = 0.73]. A trend was observed that a longer length of treatment lead to better outcomes, but this was not significant [F(5, 26) = 1.17, p = 0.35]. The consecutive case series demonstrated that many FD sufferers were not engaged in treatment and were lost to follow-up but did not provide any strong evidence regarding the effectiveness of different management approaches. Conclusions: There is an absence of sufficient robust research to determine the effectiveness of any management technique for FD. The establishment of a central reporting register to facilitate the development of evidence-based guidelines is recommended.
Efficacy and (Pharmaco)Kinetics of One Single Dose of Rasburicase in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Sestigiani E. , Mandreoli M. , Guardigli M. , Roda A. , Ramazzotti E. , Boni P. , Santoro A.
Published: April 2008

Aims: Hyperuricemia is a risk factor associated with cardiovascular and renal disease. Recently, rasburicase, a recombinant urate oxidase, has been developed for the treatment of hyperuricemia in patients with primarily hematological malignancies. We studied the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of rasburicase in the treatment of chronic asymptomatic hyperuricemia in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Materials and Methods: We studied 9 CKD patients with hyperuricemia, whose mean serum acid concentration was 10.2 (range 8.3–15.8) mg/dl. No study subject was taking allopurinol (3/9 are allopurinol intolerant). Patients were treated with rasburicase (0.2 mg/kg/day) in single dose by intravenous infusion over a 30-min period. Serum samples were collected after 1, 4, 8, 24, 48 and 72 h, after 1 week, and after 1 month. To evaluate the efficacy of rasburicase, plasma and urinary concentrations of uric acid were determined by the standard method; the plasma activity of rasburicase was determined using a new assay developed by our laboratory (chromatography-mass method, a colorimetric 96-well microtiter plate assay). Results: All the treated patients experienced a rapid reduction in their plasma uric acid concentration. Data showed an undetectable value within 1 h of treatment. The rasburicase effect ended after 50 h, with a slow increase in the plasma level of uric acid. Conclusion: A single dose of rasburicase is highly effective and well tolerated in the treatment of hyperuricemia in selected CKD patients.
Danqi Piantan Jiaonang Does Not Modify Hemostasis, Hematology, and Biochemistry in Normal Subjects and Stroke Patients
Authors: Gan Robert , Lambert Caroline , Lianting Jiao , Chan Edwin S.Y. , Venketasubramanian N. , Chen Christopher , Chan Bernard P.L. , Meyer Samama Michel , Bousser Marie Germaine
Published: April 2008

Background and Objective: Previous studies on Danqi Piantan Jiaonang (DPJ, NeuroAid®), a traditional Chinese medicine, in stroke patients showed promising results. Our aim was to determine the safety of DPJ in normal subjects and stroke patients through a series of studies assessing its immediate and long-term effects, alone and in combination with aspirin, on hematological, hemostatic, and biochemical parameters. Methods: We conducted 3 studies from December 2004 to May 2006. Study 1 was a case series which recruited 32 healthy volunteers who were given 2 oral doses of 4 DPJ capsules (0.4 g/capsule) 6 h apart. Study 2 was a randomized controlled trial of 22 healthy volunteers who received either 1 oral dose of aspirin 300 mg alone or a combination of 1 dose of aspirin 300 mg and 2 doses of 4 DPJ capsules taken 6 h apart. For both studies 1 and 2, hemostatic parameters (prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, platelet aggregation, D-dimer) were tested at baseline, and after 2 and 8 h. Study 3 was a case series which recruited 10 patients with recent ischemic stroke (within 7 days) who were given 4 DPJ capsules taken orally 3 times a day for 1 month. Blood tests for hemostatic, hematological (complete blood count), and biochemical parameters (glucose, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate transaminase, C-reactive protein) were performed at baseline, and after 1 and 4 weeks. Results: Apart from the expected changes in platelet aggregation in subjects taking aspirin, no significant differences were detected in hemostatic parameters at baseline, and 2 and 8 h after oral intake of DPJ alone or in combination with aspirin. Likewise, no significant differences were observed in hematological, hemostatic, and biochemical parameters at baseline, and after 1 and 4 weeks of oral intake of DPJ. Conclusion: DPJ does not significantly modify hematological, hemostatic, and biochemical parameters in normal subjects and stroke patients.
Preoperative Treatment Combining Capecitabine with Radiation Therapy in Rectal Cancer: A GERCOR Phase II Study
Authors: Dupuis Olivier , Vie Brigitte , Lledo Gérard , Hennequin Christophe , Noirclerc Monique , Bennamoun Mohamed , Jacob Jacques H.
Published: April 2008

Objective(s): To assess efficacy and tolerability of preoperative capecitabine chemoradiation in rectal cancer. Methods: Patients received radiotherapy 45 Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks and capecitabine 825 mg/m2 twice daily throughout radiotherapy. Surgery was performed 5–7 weeks after radiotherapy. The primary endpoint was pathological complete response, secondary endpoints were downstaging and tolerability. Results: Fifty-one patients were enrolled in a phase II study, median age 62 years (range 35–78). Sixty-three percent of tumours involved the lower third of the rectum, 45% were fixed. The median delivered radiotherapy dose was 44.8 Gy (range 39.6–45.0 Gy) over 33–49 days. The treatment-related grade 3 adverse events were diarrhoea (12%), skin reactions (8%) and asthenia (8%), with no grade 4 toxicity. Fifty patients underwent surgery (29 conservative) and 1 patient refused. The pathological complete response rate was 20% and a further 10% of patients had minimal residual disease. Additional tumour downstaging was seen in 28% of patients and the sphincter preservation rate was 58%. Conclusions: Preoperative capecitabine chemoradiation is well tolerated and its efficacy supports further exploration, both as a single agent and as part of new therapeutic strategies.
The Baseline Ratio of Neutrophils to Lymphocytes Is Associated with Patient Prognosis in Advanced Gastric Cancer
Authors: Yamanaka Takeharu , Matsumoto Shigemi , Teramukai Satoshi , Ishiwata Ryota , Nagai Yoji , Fukushima Masanori
Published: April 2008

Objective: In cancer patients, the balance between neutrophil (N) and lymphocyte (L) cell counts fluctuates with advancing disease. The objective of our study was to determine the prognostic implications of the N/L ratio in the peripheral blood of gastric cancer patients. Methods: Study participants were identified from a prospective cohort of patients with advanced gastric cancer in Japan (n = 1,220). Results: The median baseline N/L was 2.58 (range, 0.63–12.7). Univariate analysis revealed that patients with an N/L ≧2.5 (n = 644) had a significantly poorer prognosis than those with an N/L <2.5 (n = 576; log rank test, p = 0.019 × 10–12). The median survival times for these two groups were 239 (95% confidence interval, CI, 217–251 days) and 363 days (95% CI, 334–406 days), respectively, while the 1-year survival rates were 30 (95% CI, 26–34%) and 50% (95% CI, 45–54%), respectively. A multivariate Cox model established a significant relationship between the N/L ratio and survival (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.52; 95% CI, 1.32–1.75; p = 0.077 × 10–8). Conclusions: These results suggest that the N/L ratio is an independent prognostic factor in advanced gastric cancer. Measurement of this ratio may serve as a clinically accessible and useful biomarker for patient survival.
Pulmonary Fibrosis after Chemotherapy with Oxaliplatin and 5-Fluorouracil for Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Mundt Pamela , Mochmann Hans-Christian , Ebhardt Harald , Zeitz Martin , Duchmann Rainer , Pauschinger Matthias
Published: April 2008

Background: Chemotherapy with oxaliplatin and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/folinic acid is the standard first-line therapy of metastatic colorectal carcinoma and has shown activity in several other malignancies. This regimen is mostly well tolerated. Known side effects include myelosuppression, nausea/vomiting and neuropathies; acute pulmonary toxicity has only been described in very few reports. Case Report: A 66-year-old male with metastatic rectal adenocarcinoma treated with 12 cycles of oxaliplatin and 5-FU/folinic acid developed bilateral pulmonary infiltrates and respiratory failure. Broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy did not improve his condition and extended microbiological diagnostics did not show an infectious etiology. Therapy with corticosteroids led to a short improvement, however the patient died 1 week after the initiation of corticosteroid treatment due to respiratory insufficiency. The clinical and histopathological data as well as the lack of an infectious cause indicate that pulmonary fibrosis was induced by oxaliplatin and 5-FU/folinic acid. Conclusion: This case demonstrates that treatment with oxaliplatin and 5-FU/folinic acid can cause acute pulmonary fibrosis. Even though pulmonary toxicity is rare in patients treated with this chemotherapy regimen compared to infectious pulmonary complications, it should be considered early in the clinical course of otherwise unexplained pulmonary infiltrates hopefully leading to a better outcome.
Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and the Prevalence of Peripheral Arterial Disease
Authors: Melamed Michal L. , Muntner Paul , Michos Erin D. , Uribarri Jaime , Weber Collin , Sharma Jyotirmay , Raggi Paolo
Published: April 2008

Objective—

The purpose of this study was to determine the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) in the general United States population.

Methods and Results—

We analyzed data from 4839 participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001 to 2004 to evaluate the relationship between 25(OH)D and PAD (defined as an ankle-brachial index <0.9). Across quartiles of 25(OH)D, from lowest to highest, the prevalence of PAD was 8.1%, 5.4%, 4.9%, and 3.7% (
P
trend <0.001). After multivariable adjustment for demographics, comorbidities, physical activity level, and laboratory measures, the prevalence ratio of PAD for the lowest, compared to the highest, 25(OH)D quartile (<17.8 and ≥29.2 ng/mL, respectively) was 1.80 (95% confidence interval: 1.19, 2.74). For each 10 ng/mL lower 25(OH)D level, the multivariable-adjusted prevalence ratio of PAD was 1.35 (95% confidence interval: 1.15, 1.59).

Conclusions—

Low serum 25(OH)D levels are associated with a higher prevalence of PAD. Several mechanisms have been invoked in the literature to support a potential antiatherosclerotic activity of vitamin D. Prospective cohort and mechanistic studies should be designed to confirm this association.
Transparency Under Scrutiny: Information Disclosure in Global Environmental Governance
Authors: Gupta Aarti
Published: April 2008

Although transparency is a key concept of our times, it remains a relatively understudied phenomenon in global environmental politics. The link between transparency and accountable, legitimate and effective governance is assumed, yet the nature and workings of this link require further scrutiny. Transparency via information disclosure is increasingly at the heart of a number of global environmental governance initiatives, termed “governance-by-disclosure” here. The article identifies two assumptions that underpin such governance-by-disclosure initiatives, and calls for comparative analysis of the workings of such assumptions in practice, as a way to illuminate the nature and implications of a transparency turn in global environmental governance and its link to accountable, legitimate and effective governance.
HIV and Aids: Mapping Theological Responses in Africa
Authors: Frederiks Martha
Published: April 2008

The HIV and Aids epidemic has had an enormous impact on the African continent: millions of people are infected by HIV and ten thousands of people are dying of Aids. The epidemic has challenged secular as well as religious leaders to speak in the context of HIV and Aids. This article maps African Christian theological responses to HIV and Aids. Its aim is to give an overview (however defunct) of the abundance of material that is being published on HIV and Aids and theology and to highlight some of the trends within the African theological reflections on HIV and Aids.
On the Verification and Comparison of Extreme Rainfall Indices from Climate Models
Authors: Chen Cheng-Ta , Knutson Thomas
Published: April 2008

The interpretation of model precipitation output (e.g., as a gridpoint estimate versus as an areal mean) has a large impact on the evaluation and comparison of simulated daily extreme rainfall indices from climate models. It is first argued that interpretation as a gridpoint estimate (i.e., corresponding to station data) is incorrect. The impacts of this interpretation versus the areal mean interpretation in the context of rainfall extremes are then illustrated. A high-resolution (0.25° × 0.25° grid) daily observed precipitation dataset for the United States [from Climate Prediction Center (CPC)] is used as idealized perfect model gridded data. Both 30-yr return levels of daily precipitation (P30) and a simple daily intensity index are substantially reduced in these data when estimated at coarser resolution compared to the estimation at finer resolution. The reduction of P30 averaged over the conterminous United States is about 9%, 15%, 28%, 33%, and 43% when the data were first interpolated to 0.5° × 0.5°, 1° × 1°, 2° × 2°, 3° × 3°, and 4° × 4° grid boxes, respectively, before the calculation of extremes. The differences resulting from the point estimate versus areal mean interpretation are sensitive to both the data grid size and to the particular extreme rainfall index analyzed. The differences are not as sensitive to the magnitude and regional distribution of the indices. Almost all Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) models underestimate U.S. mean P30 if it is compared directly with P30 estimated from the high-resolution CPC daily rainfall observation. On the other hand, if CPC daily data are first interpolated to various model resolutions before calculating the P30 (a more correct procedure in our view), about half of the models show good agreement with observations while most of the remaining models tend to overestimate the mean intensity of heavy rainfall events. A further implication of interpreting model precipitation output as an areal mean is that use of either simple multimodel ensemble averages of extreme rainfall or of intermodel variability measures of extreme rainfall to assess the common characteristics and range of uncertainties in current climate models is not appropriate if simulated extreme rainfall is analyzed at a model’s native resolution. Owing to the large sensitivity to the assumption used, the authors recommend that for analysis of precipitation extremes, investigators interpret model precipitation output as an area average as opposed to a point estimate and then ensure that various analysis steps remain consistent with that interpretation.
Giant Sea-Salt Aerosols and Warm Rain Formation in Marine Stratocumulus
Authors: Jensen Jørgen B. , Lee Sunhee
Published: April 2008

The concentrations and sizes of smaller aerosols (radius smaller than 0.5 μm) in the marine atmosphere vary owing to natural and anthropogenic factors. The concentrations and sizes of giant and ultragiant aerosols vary primarily due to wind-speed-dependent wave breaking. In climate models the formation of warm rain from marine stratocumulus clouds is usually parameterized based on the drops that form on the smaller aerosols. The present process study, using a stochastic Monte Carlo cloud model, shows that the variability of giant sea-salt aerosols and the variability of smaller aerosol cloud condensation nuclei are equally important in determining precipitation flux in marine stratocumulus. This strongly suggests that the effects of giant sea-salt aerosols should be included in the parameterization of warm rain formation in climate and other large-scale models.

The above results are based on highly detailed calculations of droplet growth in an idealized marine stratocumulus cloud; the authors believe that other marine stratus cloud conditions may change the calculated rain rates but that the conclusions regarding the relative importance of small and giant aerosols are robust.
Opportunities, Rational Choice, and Self-Control
Authors: Seipel Christian , Eifler Stefanie
Published: April 2008

In this article, deviant action is analyzed on the basis of ideas derived from Gottfredson and Hirschi’s self-control theory. Presumedly, self-control in interaction with opportunities can explain deviant action. This assumption is elaborated using the concept of high- and low-cost situations from rational choice theory. From this point of view, the hypotheses are that self-control predicts deviant action in low-cost situations, whereas utility predicts deviant action in high-cost situations. Two test strategies are employed in an empirical examination of these hypotheses. A standardized questionnaire was presented to a sample of 494 German adults aged 18 to 80. The results of both test strategies show that the assumptions of an interaction effect between self-control and opportunities are fundamentally supported.
Self-Determination and Access to the General Education Curriculum
Authors: Lee Suk-Hyang , Wehmeyer Michael L. , Palmer Susan B. , Soukup Jane H. , Little Todd D.
Published: April 2008

Addressing federal mandates regarding both the delivery of transition services and access to the general education curriculum has been a challenge for secondary special educators. A practice common to both initiatives, however, has been efforts to promote self-determination. This study examined the impact of promoting self-determination as an instructional strategy to examine (a) the relationship between self-determination and access to the general education curriculum and (b) the impact of promoting self-determination as a curriculum augmentation on access to the general education curriculum for high school students with disabilities. The study implemented a randomized trial control group design in which classroom observations were conducted to determine student access to the general education curriculum before and after the implementation of an instructional model to enable students to self-regulate learning. Analyses were conducted using multilevel model methods. The findings indicated the potential positive impact of promoting self-determination on access to the general education curriculum for students with disabilities as well as the degree to which curriculum modifications and other supports are needed to further access and student progress.
“I'm Learning the Trade”
Authors: Dingus Jeannine E.
Published: April 2008

Teacher mentoring in the era of educational reform is used to address teacher retention, teacher professionalism, and teacher leadership, particularly among teachers of color. This qualitative study examines mentoring networks of Black women teachers. Informed by a womanist framework, study findings point to culturally based orientations of mentoring networks in themes of Black women teachers' standpoints, modeling for leadership, and racism within the ranks. The study holds implications for developing culturally based models of teacher mentoring and understanding how race and culture inform professional development and enhancement.
Imperfectivity and Transience
Authors: Broccias Cristiano
Published: April 2008

Recent research into simultaneity as- and while-clauses has shown that they tend to be used differently. As-clauses usually code events with a high degree of susceptibility to change, whereas while-clauses tend to evoke more stable temporal configurations. Following this insight, the present article studies the interaction between the progressive aspect and as- and while-clauses. It is claimed that the progressive aspect in as-clauses is prototypically used as a slowing-down/stretching device (i.e., an imperfectivization mechanism). It is used to establish an aspectual contrast between a prolonged as-event and a (relatively) punctual main event. By contrast, progressive while -clauses seem to behave more similarly to main clauses. The progressive is primarily used as a transience marker, that is, to signal that the (relatively) stable event coded by a while-clause is a temporary state.
Positive Behavior Support and Applied Behavior Analysis
Authors: Dunlap Glen , Carr Edward G. , Horner Robert H. , Zarcone Jennifer R. , Schwartz Ilene
Published: April 2008

Positive behavior support (PBS) emerged in the mid-1980s as an approach for understanding and addressing problem behaviors. PBS was derived primarily from applied behavior analysis (ABA). Over time, however, PBS research and practice has incorporated evaluative methods, assessment and intervention procedures, and conceptual perspectives associated with a number of additional disciplines. Recently, there has been some confusion regarding the definition of PBS and, in particular, its relationship to ABA. In this article, it was noted that the practice of PBS and ABA, in some instances, can be indistinguishable but that important differences in definitions and emphases mandate an explicit distinction. The purpose of this article is to address some of the key points of confusion, identify areas of overlap and distinction, and facilitate a constructive and collegial dialog between proponents of the PBS and ABA perspectives.
Why Do Rape Survivors Volunteer for Face-to-Face Interviews?
Authors: Campbell Rebecca , Adams Adrienne E.
Published: April 2008

There is growing interest in understanding how different research methods are perceived by victims of violence and what survivors will reveal to researchers (termed meta-research or meta-studies). The purpose of this project was to conduct a qualitative meta-study on why rape survivors chose to participate in community-based, face-to-face interviews. Participants mentioned four primary reasons for why they decided to participate in this study: (a) to help other survivors, (b) to help themselves, (c) to support research on rape/sexual assault, and (d) to receive financial compensation. Implications for designing research recruitment protocols are discussed.
Social Policy in the Czech “Republic”: The Past and the Future of Reforms
Authors: Večerník Jiří
Published: April 2008

The article describes the development of Czech policy after 1989 and the controversies it caused. It first looks at the ambiguous nature of the communist welfare state and then proceeds to outline the theoretical alternatives. After early and energetic changes in the system, stagnation set in around the mid-1990s. Despite some problems, the current performance of the system is satisfactory, but its outlook in terms of long-term efficiency is unsatisfactory, as it will generate a rising debt into the future. In particular, the disadvantaged situation for families, the insufficient work motivation, and the frozen pension system are all causes for concern. The political shift to the right after 2006 ushered in reform measures and new reform plans. While reforms are necessary, their feasibility is uncertain owing to the fragility of the Czech political scene.
The Visegrád Group in the Expanded European Union: From Preaccession to Postaccession Cooperation
Authors: Dangerfield Martin
Published: April 2008

This article investigates whether the Visegrád Group (VG) is proving capable of a successful transition from preaccession to postaccession cooperation in the expanded European Union (EU). Prior to EU accession, the VG agenda mainly emphasised political cooperation around strategic goals of EU and NATO membership, acting as an incubation chamber and the organising framework for joint policies and actions. The article finds that pessimistic prognoses for postaccession VG cooperation in circulation around the time of EU entry rather underestimated the VG's staying power and its usefulness as a vehicle for serving some of the requirements and challenges of the actuality of the “return to Europe.” The postaccession agenda seems to have opened up many new avenues for cooperation on both intra-VG and external affairs, including towards the EU, and seems to have given rise to the kind of substantial practical cooperation agenda that eluded the VG during the preaccession period.
Gender and Work during Transition
Authors: Glass Christy M.
Published: April 2008

Did gender affect access to jobs during the transition from state socialism to market capitalism in Eastern Europe and Russia? Using cross-national survey data from 1993 and 2000, this analysis tests several competing hypotheses regarding labor force participation during periods of economic restructuring and recession. In 1993, women, those with service sector experience, and those with high levels of education enjoyed a degree of protection from job loss. By 2000, however, sizeable and significant penalties existed for many women, particularly those with young children. These findings are consistent with the short-term predictions of segmentation theory, which center on differences between men and women's ability to hold onto jobs during periods of economic restructuring. As economies restructured and recovered from major economic losses, women became increasingly vulnerable in the nascent capitalist labor markets.
Carl Schmitt as a Resource for Democratic Consolidation Studies
Authors: Norkus Zenonas
Published: April 2008

This article is a case study of the recent impeachment of President Paksas of Lithuania, exploring the heuristic value of Carl Schmitt's extremalist methodology for research on the institutional dimension of democratic consolidation. This methodology considers the performance of the democratic regime under extreme or exceptional conditions as the test of its consolidation. As presidential and semipresidential regimes are predisposed to evolve into authoritarian regimes and delegative democracies, effective use of the impeachment procedure can be considered to be the positive Schmittean test of the state of democratic consolidation for a political system involved in democratic transition.
Developing Theory From Complexity: Reflections on a Collaborative Mixed Method Participatory Action Research Study
Authors: Westhues Anne , Ochocka Joanna , Jacobson Nora , Simich Laura , Maiter Sarah , Janzen Rich , Fleras Augie
Published: April 2008

Research studies are increasingly complex: They draw on multiple methods to gather data, generate both qualitative and quantitative data, and frequently represent the perspectives of more than one stakeholder. The teams that generate them are increasingly multidisciplinary. A commitment to engaging community members in the research process often adds a further layer of complexity. How to approach a synthesizing analysis of these multiple and varied data sources with a large research team requires considerable reflection and dialogue. In this article, we outline the strategies used by one multidisciplinary team committed to a participatory action research (PAR) approach and engaged in a mixed method program of research to synthesize the findings from four subprojects into a conceptual framework that could guide practice in community mental health organizations. We also summarize factors that hold promise for increasing productivity when managing complex research projects.