bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Performance-Based Representation for Engineering Design
Authors: Zhu Liang , Kazmer David
Published: February 2021

A performance-based representation is presented, which uses the Performance Orientation Chart (POC) to aid the designer throughout an interactive design process. Assuming that all performance attributes can be expressed as functions of the design parameters, three types of graphical matrix are shown in the POC: 1) The design form depicts the performance attributes varying with the correspondent design parameters; 2) The performance dependency addresses the trade-off information among the multiple specifications based on Pareto optimal solutions; 3) The parameter constraint space defines the feasible region of the design, parameters within the, active specification limits. Guided by these graphical matrices, the designer can interactively develop the design solution to satisfy multiple specifications. The methodology was applied to a practical design problem to explicate how the POC can help the designer acquire a satisfying design solution with extensive confidence. Finally, the discussion, indicates that the performance-based representation is significantly compatible with other current engineering design methodologies.
A Method for the Study of Information Use Profiles for Design Engineers
Authors: Lowe Alistair , McMahon Chris , Shah Tulan , Culley Steve
Published: February 2021

This paper reports on an investigation into the way in which designers from two aerospace companies organise and use information in their work. There remains relatively poor understanding of what the technical information requirements for engineers are. However, such an understanding is essential for the successful development of computer based design information systems. The concept of Design Information Profiles (DIPs) is proposed as a means of identifying these information requirements for a range of engineers working in different design contexts. These different contexts are characterised by the stage of the design life-cycle and also the social environment in which the engineers work. Profiles have been collected through structured interviews and observations of the participants at work. The results of the information profiles indicate important differences in the extent to which personal, local group and company-wide information is used by designers from different design contexts. An ‘audit’ of the participants’ personal and local group information stores is also reported. These results are likely to have implications for the future development of computer based design information systems.
The Relationships Between Data, Information and Knowledge Based on a Preliminary Study of Engineering Designers
Authors: Ahmed Saeema , Blessing Luciënne , Wallace Ken
Published: February 2021

The aerospace industry, along with other industries, has acknowledged the need to bridge the experience gap between novice and experienced designers [Moore, 1997]. The research aims to identify the support a novice designer requires to gain experience faster. The focus of this paper is to present some initial results of a study of novice and experienced designers.

This initial study highlighted the difficulty in establishing consistent and precise usage for the terms data, information and knowledge. It is concluded that data, information and knowledge are relative concepts that cannot be defined in absolute terms. As relative concepts, these help differentiate experts and novices, and different types of novices. The relationships between data, information and knowledge are examined with the aim of prompting a discussion.
Product Architecture Development With Quantitative Functional Models
Authors: Stone Robert B. , Wood Kristin L. , Crawford Richard H.
Published: February 2021

A key phase in product design and development processes is the establishment of product architectures. During this phase, functional models are transformed into alternative product layouts. In this paper, we introduce a methodology for representing a functional model of a product in a quantitative manner. The quantitative functional model captures product functionality and customer need information. Repositories can be created which house product design knowledge for a vast number of products using this novel representation. Numerical manipulations of such a repository assist in developing product architectures. In particular, product families and aggregate customer need ratings for modules are easily computed. Also, the quantitative functional model provides a mechanism to archive and transmit design knowledge across time and space. Prior to presentation of the methodology, a review of customer needs gathering techniques and module identification methods is given. Results from a repository of 70 consumer products are presented to illustrate the utility of the quantitative functional model.
Backward Mapping Methodology for Design Synthesis
Authors: Lu Stephen C.-Y. , Bukkapatnam Satish T. S. , Ge Ping , Wang Nanxin
Published: February 2021

Design efficiency and robustness at early stage of parametric engineering design play a critical role in reducing cycle time and improving product quality in the overall product development process. Usually, the “forward mapping” approach, is used to find designs, where the desirable performances are satisfied through large iterations of analysis and evaluation from design space to performance space. However, these approaches are time-consuming and involve blind search if the engineering system simulation models and/or initial conditions are not appropriately selected. On the other hand, common “reverse engineering” methods use domain-specific assumptions and are not effective in generic scenarios where the presumed conditions are violated. In this paper, a Backward Mapping Methodology for Design Synthesis (BMDS) is presented that can help conduct design synthesis rapidly and robustly at early stage of parametric engineering design. BMDS is a surrogate model-based approach that combines the strengths of metamodeling and statistics. It can help designers explicitly identify the robust design solutions that satisfy the designer-specified performance requirements through a “backward mapping” from the performance space directly to the design space. Preliminary case studies show its effectiveness and potential to be used as a generic early stage parametric design synthesis methodology in the future.
A Design Theory Based Approach Towards Including QFD Data in Product Models
Authors: Malmqvist Johan , Svensson Daniel
Published: February 2021

This paper describes how the information associated with the Quality Function Deployment method (QFD) can be included in a product model based on design theory — the chromosome model. It is shown that the chromosome model can manage the data used in QFD if the definition of the requirements objects is modified and if the data of the process planning and operations planning houses is included in a life-phase process model of the manufacturing system. The most important benefit is the possibility to use the QFD matrices for interacting with a product model that is based on a formal, consistent design theory.
Algebraic Reduction for Mechanical Design
Authors: Waskow Thomas Robert , Tesar Delbert
Published: February 2021

The computational resources to support the development of a science of design based on analytical formulations using clean geometric and material parameters (other properties may come into play) has exploded in recent years. Unfortunately, most design problems result in highly coupled/nonlinear equations which resolve into very high ordered algebraic determinants, making their solution increasingly difficult. Hence, perhaps the most important part of the design process will be the judicious choice of these parameters to reduce the coupling and make the algebraic elimination of parameters feasible. The progress of kinematic synthesis was dependent on this realization. Here, we wish to take a nominal step in that direction for the physical design of the structure of a precision manipulator to illustrate what the future for this “science of design” might be.
Shifting the View in Systems Development: Technology Development at the Fuzzy Front End As a Key to Success
Authors: Schulz Armin P. , Clausing Don P. , Negele Herbert , Fricke Ernst
Published: February 2021

Technologies have become a critical issue within product development, since superior technologies are the foundation for successful products. Technology development until now has suffered from a fuzzy innovation process based on trial and error in a high-pressure product development environment, often leaving no time for real innovation. Technologies developed under these circumstances seldom become superior, robust, mature and flexible, which are the criteria considered to be critical for technologies to provide competitive advantage.

In this paper the idea of separating technology development from product development into a steady technology stream is evolved. This enables companies to supply their product development programs with winning technologies at the right time. A four-phase process framework to support and catalyze the technology development cycle is introduced, discussing the first and second phase in depth. The proposed framework is based on an integration of five major development methodologies and aims at providing competitive advantage to companies by emphasizing superior, robust, mature, and flexible technologies.
Collaborative Design of Modular Electromechanical Systems With Distributed Controls
Authors: Rai Sudhendu , Jackson Warren B.
Published: February 2021

This paper describes a case-study in the design of electromechanical systems with distributed actuators and sensors. A hierarchical mechanical architecture and the corresponding control system architecture is described with specific reference to paper handling systems within copiers and printers. General issues pertaining to the design of such systems are highlighted along with specific solutions. The paper concludes with a discussion of the lessons learnt from the design experience and its applicability to the general problem of concurrent mechanical and control system design of modular electromechanical systems.
Distribution in Product Design and Development Processes
Authors: Gierhardt Heiko , Gaul Hans-Dieter , Ott Thomas
Published: February 2021

In order to meet the increasing requirements of costs, lead time and quality in global distributed product design and development processes a basis is process optimization through purposeful distribution as well as minimizing distribution disadvantages.

Based on this the project “Distributed Product Design and Development Processes at BMW AG” wants to elaborate methods and tools for early recognition of distribution problems as well as possible solutions for these problems.

This paper primarily presents the elaborated methodical basis of distribution regarding the conclusions of process analysis.

A main result of this is the Taxonomy System as a tool and method for process optimization.
LearnIT: A System That Can Learn and Reuse Design Strategies
Authors: Stahovich Thomas F.
Published: February 2021

We describe a system called LearnIT that can observe an iterative solution to a parametric design problem and learn the design strategy employed. The program represents the strategy as a set of rules, which it then uses to automatically generate new design solutions when the design requirements change. Because the rules are learned from the original designer, these new solutions reflect the original designer’s engineering judgment and knowledge of implicit constraints. LearnIT’s approach is based on the observation that often iterative design is actually a form of debugging: each iteration is an attempt to repair a particular flaw in the design. Thus, a program can learn the designer’s strategy by observing what actions are taken in response to each kind of flaw. We have found that the state of the design constraints (satisfied or not satisfied) is a good indicator of what flaws are being addressed at any given time. Because of its ability to capture and reuse the original designer’s understanding of the problem, LearnIT’s primary use is as a design documentation system. However, because it can learn and reuse a design strategy, it can also be considered a design automation tool.
Design Process Elicitation Through the Evaluation of Integrated Model Structures
Authors: Wallace David R. , Abrahamson Shaun M. , Borland Nicholas P.
Published: February 2021

Refinement of product design processes is recognized as a means for organizations to impact lead times, cost, and quality. Although methods such as the design structure matrix (DSM) exist to analyze design processes, their applications have been limited by overhead in collecting data and maintaining accurate representations. Representation timeliness and resolution issues have typically led to static, high-level process views. In this work, the design process is derived dynamically from an evolving network of design resources inter-related by service dependencies. This network is created to simulate the state of a product design. Through the analysis of resulting dependencies, high-resolution networks of task and parameter interdependency can be extracted. A software module is developed to provide the service of automatically extracting and analyzing the structure of service exchanges in integrated design models. The module provides a matrix or DSM visualization of service relationships and mechanisms to sort resources according to service priority. This allows for realtime evaluation of design processes as models of the product evolve, providing information to guide the strategic addition of resources.
Systems Engineering Design Projects in Freshmen Engineering Courses
Authors: Frise Peter R.
Published: February 2021

The first year of most engineering programs: does not normally include much material in engineering practice or design, nor are professionalism, human factors or the concept of an engineering system solution to design problems emphasized. This lack of engineering content has been found to be a factor in the relatively high failure rate in the first year due to students not becoming interested in, and energized by, their studies.

The author has developed a number of open-ended design problems which have been successful in teaching the engineering method to freshmen students while at the same time not over-taxing their relatively undeveloped engineering analysis skills. The projects are described and examples are available upon request from the author to allow interested readers to use them in their own programs.

The other benefit of these projects has been in identifying students who have difficulty with written communications. Using the design project reports as a diagnostic tool we have been able to refer these students to assistance with their writing skills from the on-campus writing tutorial service.
A Team-Based Undergraduate Module in Embodiment Design
Authors: Henson Brian W.
Published: February 2021

This paper describes a new module in embodiment design that updates the teaching of engineering design at Level 2 in the School of Mechanical Engineering at the University of Leeds. The new module is team-based, uses a 3D solid modeling system and emphasizes the process over the product of the design process. The module replaces one in which students worked alone to produce a detailed drawing of a sub-assembly at a drafting board. The development and content of the module, and the congruency of the learning outcomes with the level objectives, are described. Problems associated with the reliability and validity of assessing process-oriented team-based projects are considered.
A Design Process Model for Multiview Behavior Simulations of Complex Products
Authors: Andersson Kjell
Published: February 2021

Mechanical engineering today often have to deal with products having complex relations between subsystems. This means that it is harder or in certain cases impossible to get an overall holistic view of the products behavior. This can be supported by CAE tools where a single component or in some cases the whole system (or product) can be modeled and the behavior or performance can be estimated. Modern CAD and CAE tools allows for associativity between them and thus supports integration of data on the component level. However, when dealing with systems (products) composed of subsystems and components, the integration of data is not yet enough developed and thus restricting engineers in their efforts to simulate the systems behavior.

This paper presents an approach to behavior modeling of complex products which is related as an activity in a general design process model. This design process model allows for different views within each design phase which can correspond to different behavior analysis that can be needed during this phase. The approach to behavior modeling is based on treating the product as a system consisting of subsystem models that can be composed and configured for simulation of different types of physical behavior. The concept of mating features and interface features are introduced as modeling elements for configuration of system models. A modeling framework, based on commercial CAD/CAE/PDM software and a rough methodology is introduced. Finally, the approach is illustrated on an industrial case.
Intelligent Product Data Exchange
Authors: Grote Karl-H. , Schumann Soeren
Published: February 2021

The computer based engineering design process today is characterized by a large variety of (specialized) systems. This and the ongoing globalization and outsourcing of engineering services and competencies causes an increased need for data exchange over the borders of the numerous CAx-systems.

Under these circumstances, data exchange has been playing an important role for time and cost sensitive development and manufacturing in every field of industry.

This paper presents actual problems and solutions of data exchange over the borders of modern software platforms. It includes the description of possible influences on a product data model and introduces the latest data exchange concepts.
Flexible Computer Support of Systematic Design Processes: A View Back
Authors: Tegel Oliver
Published: February 2021

A cradle for systematic approaches to product development processes, the Institute for Engineering Design at Technical University Berlin, Germany was one of the first trying to achieve a continuous and flexible computer support throughout the whole product development process. The history of the development of concepts and implementations is presented in this paper, and the major lessons learned during 15 years of research are presented.
A Comprehensive Study of Instance-As-Type Phenomenon in Product Date Modelling
Authors: Zhang W. J. , Li Q. , Tso S. K.
Published: February 2021

This paper presents a comprehensive discussion of the Instance-As-Type (IAT) phenomenon that is observed in the development of complex engineering/product design databases. Basically, IAT reflects a kind of data dependency in databases; in particular it means that a data object appears both in the form of a type and in the form of an instance. As it is well known, uncontrolled data dependencies may lead to information inconsistency and thus severely affect the effectiveness of the product development process. It is therefore very important to develop strategies to cope with IAT in the design of complex engineering databases. The contributions of this paper lie in several aspects. It has provided a more comprehensive description of IAT, including an argument that IAT is in fact not a kind of data redundancy but data dependency. It has also clarified the two and only two feasible strategies for dealing with IAT, i.e., one making IAT absent in a database (strategy 1) and the other preserving IAT by providing a means to control it (strategy 2). The advantages and disadvantages associated with these two strategies have been discussed. Finally, this paper has pointed out that the implementation of strategy 2 can be realized by using general-purpose database management systems (DBMSs) by developing an enhanced program module. A general way to implement this module has also been outlined.
A Study for Process Representation Using STEP
Authors: Hwang Ho-Jin , Lee Soo-Hong
Published: February 2021

This study proposes a process information model which can integrate various activities during the product development process, and develops the system which can manage the process. Development process information will allow designers and managers to access previous tasks readily arid utilize the information in making decisions at hand. While developing products in heterogeneous and distributed environments, concurrent and collaborative designs can be achieved by STEP. The process model in this study divides the. task of product development into two fundamental parts, Specific Process (SP) and Normal Process (NP). SP includes the specific information and refer to those defined by prior STEP. NP is routine process excluded from being defined as SP. Due date information can be added to manage development pace and to show delayed tasks. As two or more different processes can be linked to show the entire development flow, static STEP information can be dynamically interlaced. Remote location operations cm be incorporated on the Internet using STEP, and information can be shared. The system has been built upon a process model schema so that task stage, design history, and different development style can be managed and accessed for each component. The system has been proven efficient in information management and exchange by several scenario testings.
Representation of Burr Information in CAD Models
Authors: Jayaram Uma , Cramer David , Mathrubutham Narayanan
Published: February 2021

Burr removal and deburring can often account for as much as one-third the cost of producing a part. Much attention is being focussed on integrating the deburring process into the product and manufacturing processes. Consequently there is a need for a system which can represent burr information in the CAD model as part of the product “master” model. In this paper, we present a method to capture burr information from the physical part and integrate that information with the CAD model of the part. Burr location and size information were recorded for the physical part. Methods were developed to encapsulate this information automatically in the CAD model through the applications program interface. This information was used to automatically create NC operations and sequences for downstream deburring.
A Design Knowledge Management Framework for Active Design Support
Authors: Pahng Gundong Francis , Ha Sungdo , Park Sehyung
Published: February 2021

Product design is a knowledge-intensive activity. Many product development companies have recognized that design knowledge obtained by individual designers is a valuable asset to a company for enhancing the competitiveness of products the company designs and produces. Therefore, companies are becoming more concerned with the effective use of design knowledge accumulated over previous design practices and the qualitative and quantitative utilization of the knowledge toward the rapidly changing market.

This paper presents a design knowledge management framework called Active Design Support (ADS). ADS framework is aimed to provide designers with critical design knowledge and guide them toward rational design decisions based upon relevant design errors and successful design decisions in the past during product development processes. Based upon a formal information modeling for managing design information, ADS framework determines and proactively provides the critical design knowledge for designers. To provide an intuitive starting point for retrieving design knowledge, ADS framework also provides a set of different viewpoint, called Knowledge Perspective, for browsing the knowledge base of ADS framework.
The Use of XML for Describing Functions and Taxonomies in Computer-Based Design
Authors: Szykman Simon , Senfaute Jocelyn , Sriram Ram D.
Published: February 2021

A standardized representation of engineering function has been developed, consisting of schemata for functions and associated flows along with taxonomies of generic functions and flows. This paper presents a mapping of this representation into the Extensible Markup Language (XML), a language similar in appearance to HTML but which allows the development of user-defined tags, various kinds of references, and other mechanisms. The formal representation provides the means for representing functions that have multiple input and output flows, properties and parameters associated with these flows, and the decomposition of functions into subfunctions each potentially having its own distinct flows. This mapping has been developed in order to support representation of artifact function models in software systems, as well as to provide a neutral format for exchange of function-based information among software systems.
Experimental Investigation of Vibration Suppression Control for Flexible Robot Arm
Authors: Inoue Kengo , Kobayashi Nobuyuki
Published: February 2021

Experimental evaluation of the vibration suppression control performance about the output feedback sliding mode controller for the two-link flexible robot arm is presented. The reduce-order controller is designed based on a kind of the component mode synthesis modeling methodology, and is also designed by the combination of the suboptimal output feedback control and the sliding mode control algorithm. From the experiments of the two-link flexible robot arm model, the good agreement between the numerical simulation results and the experimental ones are obtained not only the motion of the joints but also the arm vibration. And it is verified that the presented output feedback sliding mode controller suppresses the vibration of the flexible arm quit well for various attitude.
A Design Method of TDOF Controller for Sampled-Data Control System: A Method Using Dynamical Model of Feedback Controller
Authors: Hirata Mitsuo , Murase Akiyo , Atsumi Takenori , Nonami Kenzo
Published: February 2021

It has been proposed the design method of the two-degree-of-freedom (TDOF) controller which use the dynamical model of the feedback controller. In this study, we apply this design method to the sampled-data control system. The TDOF controller is obtained so that the output of the TDOF system follows the output of the model transfer function considering the intersample behaviors.
Adaptive Seeking Control for Magnetic Disk Drives
Authors: Kobayashi Masahito , Yamaguchi Takashi , Hirai Hiromu
Published: February 2021

The digital servo system of a magnetic disk drive has to overcome poor seek control performance caused by the mechanical gain variations and force disturbance variations in each disk. This paper presents an adaptive seek control strategy which adjusts the acceleration feedforward gain to minimize the square of the velocity error. The adaptive seek control is implemented using a digital signal processor and its control performance is good.
Design of Centrifugal Type Artificial Blood Pump Using Combined Motor-Bearing
Authors: Okada Yohji , Masuzawa Toru , Kita Toshiyuki , Matsuda Ken-ichi , Ohishi Tetsuo , Taenaka Yoshiyuki , Yamane Takashi , Chen Chen
Published: February 2021

Application of non-contact, rotary pump for use in artificial heart is highly efficient and prevent thrombosis formation. This paper introduces two types of test design; one is using radial type combined motor-bearing with centrifugal pump. The water pumping test is carried out to confirm the performance. The other one is using axial type combined motor-bearing. The axial type motor controls only one degree-of-freedom in z direction. To control two tilt directions a hybrid (HB) type tilt magnetic bearings are attached on the other surface. Hence it has three active control degrees. Experimental results of the proposed rotary pumps show high potential for its application in artificial heart.
Energy Regenerative Damper Using Pulse Width Modulated (PWM) Step-up Chopper
Authors: Kim Sang-Soo , Okada Yohji
Published: February 2021

This paper describes a new technique of improving the efficiency of an energy regenerative damper. It is intended for an electro-dynamic type vibration damper to regenerate vibration energy efficiently. Normally regenerative damper can regenerate vibration energy only at high speed motion. For low speed motion, the damper has nonlinear characteristics with dead zone and the energy is not regenerated. In order to overcome the problem of dead zone, a step-up chopper is introduced between the actuator and the charging circuit. The energy is regenerated from the low speed and low voltage actuator to high voltage charging circuit. This paper also proposes a new control technique to the step-up chopper by using pulse width modulated (PWM) signal. The proposed damper is applied to a dynamic damper system and is simulated on a computer. A simple experiment is performed to confirm the proposed technique. The results show an improvement in performance than the usual regenerative damper.
Response Control of Structures With Hysteretic Restoring Force
Authors: Iba Daisuke , Sone Akira
Published: February 2021

Recently, in order to enhance the habitable amenities, passive and active control of structures subjected to weak earthquake and wind response by using tuned mass damper (TMD) has been proposed and has been applied. However, the ordinary tuned mass damper is difficult to control the response of structures under the strong earthquake. This paper deals with the response control of a structure by a tuned mass damper with lever and pendulum mechanism (LP-TMD) under the strong earthquake. We applied sliding mode control method to control the response of the four-degree-of-freedom structure with hysteretic restoring force, and we compared the performance of the sliding mode control system with that of the LQ control system.
Identification of Structural Parameters by Wavelet Transform of Acceleration Response
Authors: Sone Akira , Segawa Ryutaro , Yamamoto Shizuo , Masuda Arata , Hata Hiroaki
Published: February 2021

The method to identify structural parameters of multi-degree of freedom structures by the wavelet transform of displacement response is previously proposed However, the vibration of structure is measured by the accelerometers. Therefore, if it is possible to identify structural parameters by the wavelet transform of only acceleration responses, it is very useful. In this paper, the method to identify structural parameters such as stiffness and damping by wavelet transform of acceleration responses is presented. To verify the applicability of the proposed method, numerical simulations using the single degree of freedom structure and the four-degree-of-freedom structure and the experiments using simple structural model are conducted. From both results, it has been clear that the proposed method can give the good estimation for the structural parameters.
Design and Control of a Linear Electrostrictive Motor
Authors: Hu Min , Du Hejun , Ling Shihfu , Li Yong , Zhou Zhaoying
Published: February 2021

This paper presents a novel linear electrostrictive motor with high resolution and large stroke for ultra-precision motion control. High thrust force is obtained by taking use an electromagnetic clamping mechanism with force magnifying structure in the motor design. An operator alterable P-type iterative learning control algorithm is proposed for the digital control of the motor. A prototype of the motor, which is 60mm in diameter and 120mm in length, is designed, built and tested. Experimental results show that the prototype has a mechanical resolution of 0.02μm, less than 2μm yawing error and maximum thrust force of 30N. Applications of the motor include producing the servo feed motions required in micro electrical discharge machining (micro-EDM) system or as a precision motion device for other micro machining systems.
Active Compensation Control of Wind Force and Wire Roughness for Current Collector Using Optical Fiber Sensor
Authors: Yoshida Kazuo , Ukita Masaaki , Makino Toshiaki
Published: February 2021

For railways speed up such as 350km/h, it is particularly important to reduce noise caused by current collector for environmental problem. For a solution, a diamond shaped low-noise current collector has been developed. However, it becomes difficult for the current collector to maintain the predetermined contact force between the contact strip and the trolley-wire. Therefore, it is necessary to apply the active control to keep the contact force uniform. However, there is a serious problem for the active control that it is difficult to put sensors in high voltage region. In this paper, an application of plastic optical fiber sensor is devised and it is applied to the control system. In the experiment, the usefulness of the proposed sensor and control system is demonstrated.
Simultaneous Control of Vertical and Horizontal Vibrations of Base-Isolated Buildings Using Bidirectional Active Dynamic Vibration Absorber
Authors: Watanabe Toru , Yoshida Kazuo , Fukunishi Yasuyuki
Published: February 2021

In this paper, active simultaneous control of vertical and horizontal vibrations of base-isolated buildings is dealt with. Bidirectional active dynamic vibration absorber is introduced as the vibration reduction equipment, while the feedforward augmented linear optimal control law is adopted to obtain controller. Numerical calculations and control experiments are carried out and the effectiveness of presented vibration reduction system is confirmed.
Sensorless Positioning Control for Two-Link Robot Arm by Means of Adaptive Identification and Sliding Mode Control
Authors: Ito Takayuki , Nonami Kenzo , Naruke Alberto S. , Fujimoto Takuma
Published: February 2021

In this study, we propose the sensorless positioning control of a two-link robot arm. In order to realize a good sensorless control, we propose to use the parameter adaptive identifier to system with the uncertainties of the coil in the actuator. Also, we use sliding mode control theory to remove the terms of the nonlinear parameters generated by the links mechanism, the nonlinear friction in the gear trains in the joints and the parameter variations caused by handle loads. The proposed control strategy has a good robust performance against these uncertainties. As these results, we have verified the effectiveness of sensorless positioning control by simulations and experiments.
Sound Radiation Sensor: A Neural Net Approach
Authors: Preumont André , François Arnaud , Dubru Sylvie
Published: February 2021

This paper proposes a noise radiation sensor consisting of an array of independent PVDF patches connected to an artificial neural net. The neural net is trained to reconstruct the volume displacement (or velocity) with either numerical or experimental data. A numerical study is conducted, to analyse the influence of the size of the PVDF array on the reconstructed volume velocity.
Integrated Structure-Control Design of a Three-Axis Milling Machine
Authors: De Fonseca P. , Van Brussel H. , Sas P. , Swevers J.
Published: February 2021

The paper discusses the development of an integrated simulation model of the mechanical structure and the control system of a three-axis milling machine for the super-finishing of moulds and dies. This integration encompasses the automatic reduction of a detailed finite element model of the machine tool into a low-order state-space model, appropriate for control system design. It is shown that a multi-stage component mode reduction and synthesis procedure allows a cheap analysis of the machine tool in different spatial configurations. The subsequent development of the motion and vibration control system fully exploits the knowledge of the dynamic behaviour of the machine for all possible tool positions, by a judicious selection of robustness weighting functions in an H∞ control theory framework. The idea of integrating the model of the mechanical structure and of the control system for a simultaneous optimisation of the machine tool performance is essential in the mechatronic design approach.
Adaptive Decentralized Vibration Control of a Cable-Stayed Bridge in the Presence of Seismic Excitation
Authors: Luo Ningsu , Rodellar Jose , De la Sen Manuel , Vehi Josep
Published: February 2021

In this paper, an adaptive decentralized controller is presented to attenuate the transversal vibration of a flexible cable-stayed bridge induced by seismic excitation, in which only local sensor information has been used to generate the control signal that is sent to the actuator. The dynamic behavior of the beam structure is characterized by a nonlinear mathematical model with interconnection terms, which was obtained by using technique of finite element. The controller design is made based on the principle of sliding mode such that a priori knowledge on the exact value of system parameters, structural disturbances and the seismic excitation is not required. In particular, it is assumed that the upper and lower bounds for the seismic excitation are also unknown. The closed-loop robust stability has been achieved through the generation of a sliding motion in the system. Numerical simulation is done to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme for a scaled model of the bridge subject to the Taft earthquake.
An Approach to Reliability Analysis Using the Response Surface Method and Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Kaymaz Irfan , McMahon Chris A.
Published: February 2021

It is important in reliability evaluation to take an approach in which the required calculations can be performed efficiently in terms of time and cost. In this study, an approach is proposed whereby reliability analysis is carried out by means of Monte Carlo simulation in which the actual performance function is replaced by a function obtained using the response surface method (RSM). The common approach in the conventional RSM is to use a second-degree polynomial for the response surface function, but in many reliability problems this may not be the best choice. This paper first reviews the approaches and limitations of reliability methods, and then goes on to discuss a method of modelling error when using the response surface method for reliability analysis. It shows the errors obtained for different response functions under different circumstances, and then describes the application of a network-based analysis system to reliability problems.
Estimation of Power Density in VLSI Circuits Using Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Valenti Mario , Delalic Z. J. , Jahanian S.
Published: February 2021

CMOS technology in the past twenty years has followed the path of device scaling for achieving density, speed, and power improvements. The advancement of lithographic techniques propelled the scaling also of the fine lines to 1 urn width and below. Since the integration density on chip level is constantly increasing there is need to study power dissipation and resulting heat propagation between circuit components. This research studies different methods to analyze the power dissipations and temperature distributions of a full CMOS adder. Through examining many methods, STEPS method was selected for determination of the power dissipation in a VLSI CMOS chip. An experiment was developed for the dynamic power dissipation since static power dissipation is negligible in case of CMOS devices. Using this method one can look at each circuit node individually as signals are propagated through the chip and determine power distribution in the form of heat. Therefore, it is possible to construct a 3-dimensional diagram of the actual distribution of the heat across the chip.
Removal of Cadmium From Contaminated Water
Authors: Jahanian Shariar , Rostami Hossein
Published: February 2021

Over the past 15 years, about one half million sites with potential contamination have been reported to federal or state authorities. Of these, about 217,000 sites still need remediation (1) and new contaminated sites continue to appear each year. The most common type of contaminants are metals, solvents and petroleum products. Heavy metals are present in two thirds of DOD and superfund sites and about 50% of DOE and RCRA sites.

AAM is a new material that possesses the ability to remove heavy metal from conaminated water. AAM consists of fly ash activating chemicals and fillers. AAM barrier material was used to remove Cd from contamination water. Fly ash from three different sources were used to produce reactive barrier of different permeability. AAM materials with permeability 10−2 to 10−1 was created. Only highest permeability proved to be viable for reactive barrier material. AAM barrier from three ash sources with permeability of 10−1 was produced and crushed into pelletized form. To determine effectiveness of the various barriers batch test was performed, based on that result the column test was conducted.

In this work contamination barrier with controled permeabilty was tested to determine its ability to remove Cd from contaminated water. AAM barrier material was used in column test to remove Cd from 1000 ppm and 10 ppm solution. The results show that AAM barrier is very effective in removing Cd from highly contaminated water (up 99% efficiency).
Possible Advantage of Nonlinear Over Linear Analyses for Design
Authors: Liu Longjun
Published: February 2021

Many metal stress-strain curves show “tiny” difference between linear approximation and real curves around yield strength. But actually it can be very large. It could produce smaller or much smaller stress when the real curves are applied in nonlinear stress analysis, comparing to linear one. The output difference is larger when product (e.g. plate) deflection is comparable to its thickness or bigger. The theoretical curves based on minimum guaranteed strength and elongation seem to be able to provide conservative design for both stress and deflection control, if they can accurately represent the real curves. Application of nonlinear analysis might have significant impact on product competitiveness. A lot more research is needed beyond this introductory report, including physical tests, to further explore the possibility and develop the methodology if possible, before any actual application for real product design can be started.
Vehicle Lifts: The Hyperstatic Problem
Authors: Barnett Ralph L. , Poczynok Peter J.
Published: February 2021

Occasionally, vehicles topple off of structurally sound automobile lifts, even when they are properly supported at their lift points. This happens with a family of lifts that use four arms to position lifting pads under the vehicle chassis. The arms operate in a horizontal plane and are positioned by swinging and telescoping. Gravity loading of the pads and the attendant horizontal friction resistance cannot be relied upon to maintain the set-up position of the pads. There is a non-obvious structural phenomena called hyperstatic behavior that may easily lead to minimal, or even zero, pad loading with the attendant loss of resistance to horizontal pad movement. Unless otherwise restrained, the bumping and jostling associated with vehicle maintenance can produce random forces that will push a pad from beneath the vehicle. The resulting three-point support almost always leads to toppling of the vehicle from the lift.
Analytical Investigation of Strongly Nonlinear Dynamical Systems
Authors: Andrianov Igor V. , Awrejcewicz Jan
Published: February 2021

A new asymptotic approach to the analytical investigation of strongly nonlinear dynamical systems is presented. First, periodic oscillations of the systems governed by homogeneous dynamical equations with a polynomial nonlinearity are considered. Then, a period of strong nonlinear oscillations of the mathematical pendulum is estimated analytically. Finally, a construction of periodic solutions to the partial differential equations with nonlinear boundary conditions is outlined.
Analytical Stability Improvement of the Periodic Vibro-Impact Processes
Authors: Awrejcewicz Jan , Tomczak Krzysztof
Published: February 2021

In this paper an attention is focused on stabilisation improvement of periodic orbits of a one- and two-degree-of-freedom nonautonomous vibro-impact systems. This approach, among others, includes two problems. 1. A possibility of a sufficient stability improvement of the considered vibro-impact periodic motion using a feedback loop control is presented. 2. An original analytical averaging technique applied to a one-degree-of-freedom system is demonstrated. It enables to predict the efficient delay loop coefficients in order to achieve the desired stabilisation. In addition, an efficient delay loop control applied to two-degree-of-freedom system is proposed and illustrated.
A Wavelet Based Procedure to Study Vibrations and Stability
Authors: Pernot S. , Lamarque C. H.
Published: February 2021

A Wavelet-Galerkin procedure is introduced in order to obtain periodic solutions of multidegrees-of-freedom dynamical systems with periodic time-varying coefficients. The procedure is then used to study the vibrations of parametrically excited mechanical systems. As problems of stability analysis of nonlinear systems are often reduced after linearization to problems involving linear differential systems with time-varying coefficients, we demonstrate the method provides efficient practical computations of Floquet exponents and consequently allows to give estimators for stability/instability levels. A few academic examples illustrate the relevance of the method.
Energy Shaping Control of Electrostatic Membrane Vibrations
Authors: Kugi Andreas , Schlacher Kurt , Kaltenbacher Manfred , Lerch Reinhard
Published: February 2021

A strong analytical mathematical formulation of electrostatic transducers is the necessary prerequisite for the design of feedback controllers. Based on the theory of Hamiltonian systems the mathematical model of a typical electrostatic transducer configuration with a moving membrane electrode and a rigid backplate electrode is derived. It is a well known fact that an increase in the sensitivity of the transducer often brings about also an increase in the nonlinear distortion and may occur a sticking of the membrane to the backplate electrode. In this paper, we propose a concept that gives a possible solution for these undesirable effects by using a controlled voltage source for the supply voltage of the transducer. The controller is designed by shaping the potential energy of the closed loop system. The change of the capacity of the transducer due to the motion of the membrane is considered as the sensor output.
Vibration Control of Plates Using Electromagnetic Compressional Damping Treatment
Authors: Omer A. , Baz A.
Published: February 2021

A new class of structural damping treatments is introduced. This class is the Electromagnetic Compressional Damping Treatment (ECDT) which relies in its operation on a viscoelastic damping layer sandwiched between an electromagnet and a permanent magnet. Interaction between the magnets generates magnetic forces that enhance the compressional damping mechanism of the viscoelastic layer. With proper tuning of the magnetic forces, in response to the structural vibration, undesirable resonances and catastrophic failures can be avoided. The fundamentals and the underlying phenomena associated with the ECDT are investigated theoretically and experimentally.

A finite element model is developed to describe the interaction between the dynamics of flexible plates, the visco-elastic damping layer and the electro-magnetic actuators. The validity of the developed finite element model is checked experimentally using aluminum plates treated with single and multi-ECDT patches. The plate/ECDT system is subjected to sinusoidal excitations and its multi-mode response is monitored when the electro-magnetic actuator is activated or not. Several control strategies are considered to activate the electro-magnetic actuator including simple PD controllers. The performance of the uncontrolled and controlled system is determined at various operating conditions. Comparisons with conventional Passive Constrained Layer Damping (PCLD) treatments emphasize the potential of the ECDT treatment as an effective means for controlling structural vibrations.