bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROTEINASE PRODUCTION IN RELATION TO GROWTH OF A MICROCOCCUS SPECIES
Authors: McDonald I. J.
Published: February 2010

Production of proteinase(s) by a Micrococcus sp. (A.T.C.C. No. 407) in general was related to the amount of growth. However, addition of 2% sodium chloride to tryptone yeast extract broth resulted in an apparent stimulation of proteinase production without an increase in growth. The salt apparently protected the enzyme since it was found that proteinase preparations were inactivated less rapidly in the presence than in the absence of salt. Although the organism did not require carbohydrate for growth, it utilized maltose but not glucose or other carbohydrates. In the presence of maltose, growth and proteinase production were stimulated. The organism produced proteinase on a minimal synthetic medium containing glutamic acid as the sole source of carbon and nitrogen.
PREPARATION OF NON-INFECTIVE SOLUBLE ANTIGENS WITH GAMMA RADIATION
Authors: Polley John R.
Published: February 2010

The use of gamma radiation from a cobalt-60 cell for the preparation of non-infective diagnostic antigens for influenza A, influenza B, mumps, smallpox, and herpes simplex has been investigated. It was found possible to destroy the infectivity while retaining most of the complement-fixing activity of all these antigens. The degree of purity of the antigen had no apparent effect on the rate of inactivation, as is the case when formaldehyde is used. Under the experimental conditions described, the degree of inactivation depended on the total amount of radiation applied and not on the dose rate. The kinetics of virus inactivation make it possible to calculate the amount of radiation required to destroy infectivity completely and yet retain most of the antigenicity. If necessary it is possible to apply an additional calculated amount of radiation to destroy residual infectivity without causing loss of antigenicity. Gamma radiation appears to be superior to formaldehyde treatment for the preparation of the herpes simplex antigen which is particularly sensitive to heat and to formaldehyde.
MALIC ENZYME INDUCTION BY LACTIC ACID BACTERIA: I. A METHOD FOR THE STUDY OF NUTRITIONAL INTERACTIONS
Authors: Deal S. J. , Lichstein Herman C.
Published: February 2010

The nutritional requirements for the induction of malic enzyme by washed cellular suspensions of Lactobacillus arabinosus 17-5 have been found to be quite similar to the growth requirements for this organism. This similarity permits the use of the measure of rate and extent of malic enzyme synthesis as a tool for studying amino acid interactions and vitamin function.
THE EFFECT OF PLANT ROOTS ON THE NEMATODE POPULATION OF THE SOIL
Authors: Henderson V. E. , Katznelson H.
Published: February 2010

The number of nematodes in the rhizosphere of wheat, barley, oats, soybeans, and peas is greater than in the adjacent root-free soil. Pratylenchus sp. is present in the rhizosphere of grains in greater numbers than in the rhizosphere of legumes; Paratylenchus sp. on the other hand showed a preference for legumes. Other genera identified were more abundant in the rhizosphere than in root-free soil, but were not as numerous as Pratylenchus or Paratylenchus, nor did they show a preference for any of the plants tested. One nematode species (Tylenchorhynchus) was present in small numbers and was equally abundant in the rhizosphere and in root-free soil. The consistent distribution pattern of nematodes in the rhizosphere of wheat and of soybeans, observed at high levels of illumination (1200 foot-candles), was not maintained when the illumination was reduced to 300 ft-c or less.
THE INFLUENCE OF OXYGEN ON THE FORMATION OF NITRATASE IN PSEUDOMONAS DENITRIFICANS
Authors: Skerman V. B. D. , MacRae I. C.
Published: February 2010

Cells of Pseudomonas denitrificans which had been grown anaerobically in the presence of nitrate were resuspended in the same medium and grown at constant density with controlled aeration. It was found that whilst an adequate supply of oxygen was maintained no nitratase was formed.
THE OCCURRENCE IN THE HOST PLANT OF PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE GUMS PRODUCED BY CORYNEBACTERIUM INSIDIOSUM AND CORYNEBACTERIUM SEPEDONICUM
Authors: Spencer J. F. T. , Gorin P. A. J.
Published: February 2010

Corynebacterium insidiosum and Corynebacterium sepedonicum, the causative agents of bacterial wilt of alfalfa and of potato ring rot, produce viscous polysaccharide solutions when grown in shaken culture. These substances contain fucose, a sugar rarely found in polysaccharides of land plants. Hydrolyzates of polysaccharides extracted from alfalfa and potato plants infected with these organisms also contained fucose, while extracts of healthy plants did not. Alfalfa cuttings placed in dilute polysaccharide solutions wilted rapidly. These findings suggest that these polysaccharides are probably formed in the vascular systems of infected plants and that if such is the case they contribute to the development of the disease in these plants.
STUDIES ON THE IRRADIATION OF MICROORGANISMS IN RELATION TO FOOD PRESERVATION: II. IRRADIATION RESISTANT MUTANTS
Authors: Erdman I. E. , Thatcher F. S. , MacQueen K. F.
Published: February 2010

Using a Co60source, repeated irradiation of survivors of bacterial cultures at a level initially destroying a high proportion of cells gave rise to strains which were more resistant to irradiation than the original cultures. Development of resistance was shown in single strains of Escherichia coli, Streptococcus faecalis, and Clostridium botulinum type A, and in one of three strains of Staphylococcus aureus, but not in two strains of C. botulinum type E nor in Salmonella gallinarum. Changes were noted in phage patterns of the staphylococci, biochemical characteristics of E. coli, and toxin production of C. botulinum in response to repeated irradiation.Irradiation of parent and resistant cultures at −78 °C did not change their comparative resistance, though each was afforded some protection at this temperature. These findings suggest that the induced resistance is an expression of resistance to the primary effect of irradiation and not to possible toxic substances formed by free-radical interaction.
THE METABOLISM OF GIBBERELLA FUJIKUROI IN STIRRED CULTURE
Authors: Borrow A. , Jefferys E. G. , Kessell R. H. J. , Lloyd Eithne C. , Lloyd P. B. , Nixon I. S.
Published: February 2010

The growth of Gibberella fujikuroi in stirred culture was studied. Media were designed in which the initial concentrations of glucose (G), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and magnesium (M) were varied so that the first nutrient was exhausted at a selected dry weight, and the remaining nutrients in all available sequences thereafter. Distinct phases of growth, related to the changing nutritional status of the mold, have been defined.The balanced phase was a period of proliferation in the presence of all nutrients, during which a unit increase in dry mycelium was accompanied by constant uptakes of G, N, P, M, and potassium (K). The morphology remained virtually unchanged, and the dry mycelium contained ca. 6% fat, ca. 16% carbohydrate, and ca. 13% phosphorus-containing compounds, and the fractions of each remained constant. This phase continued until the first nutrient was exhausted. Proliferation, indicated by increases in fat- and carbohydrate-free dry weight, then ceased in N- and G-limited fermentations. In P- and M-limited fermentations, proliferation continued until the subsequent exhaustion of either G or N, and during this transition phase the carbohydrate content of the mycelium increased, while in M-limited fermentations the fat content also increased. In P-limited fermentations the uptake of both M and K ceased, and reserves of metaphosphate were used.At the exhaustion of N in N-, P-, or M-limited fermentations, proliferation ceased but the dry weight continued to increase due to increases in carbohydrate and triglyceride. In the presence of sufficient glucose, maximum amounts of 45% fat, visible as oil globules, and 32% carbohydrate were formed, but in the presence of less G these ceased to increase when G was exhausted before these maxima were reached. In either case the maintenance phase followed, during which all mycelial components remained constant except the triglycerides, which decreased when exhaustion of G had initiated the maintenance phase; otherwise they also remained constant until G was subsequently exhausted, and then decreased. The terminal phase began when the triglycerides were exhausted, and also when G was exhausted in G-limited fermentations, or in P- and M-limited fermentations in which G was exhausted before N. This phase was characterized by hyphal breakdown, a decrease in dry weight, and the liberation of mycelial components into the medium.
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES ON STAPHYLOCOCCAL PENICILLINASES
Authors: Rhodes Harriett K. , Goldner M. , Wilson R. J.
Published: February 2010

Antistaphylococcal penicillinase sera were prepared using cell-free staphylococcal penicillinase concentrates as antigens in rabbits. Antisera to a purified Bacillus cereus penicillinase preparation were also prepared. Neutralizing antibodies were demonstrated in the immune sera by a microbiological assay method and precipitating antibodies demonstrated by agar diffusion.A significant difference in the neutralizing ability of anti-B. cereus penicillinase serum against Staphylococcus aureus and B. cereus penicillinases was found. With the anti-S. aureus penicillinase serum, the difference was less marked. The neutralization titers of both antisera against S. aureus penicillinase were of the same order. Neutralization experiments suggested that there might be immunological differences in the penicillinases from different S. aureus strains.Precipitation bands were obtained with purified preparations of staphylococcal and B. cereus penicillinases and homologous antisera, but no cross-precipitation was observed.
FORMATION OF TWO TYPES OF OSMOTICALLY FRAGILE BODIES FROM STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS VAR. LIQUEFACIENS
Authors: Bleiweis Arnold S. , Zimmerman Leonard N.
Published: February 2010

Osmotically fragile bodies which may be true protoplasts of the group D Streptococcus faecalis var. liquefaciens have been produced by use of a lytic enzyme derived from phage-infected cultures of the group D S. faecalis var. zymogenes. These bodies may be held in 1.1 M sucrose and are lysed almost quantitatively upon removal into water at room temperature or at 37 °C. The phage-associated lysin, in the presence of 0.7 M cysteine, causes almost complete lysis of the sensitive organism by the end of 1 hour at 37 °C and effects complete removal of cell-wall materials (rhamnose-containing moieties and phage-receptor sites) in that time.Osmotically fragile bodies which may be termed spheroplasts of S. faecalis var. liquefaciens have been produced by the use of lysozyme on cells previously grown in penicillin (5 units/ml). Lysis to the extent of 50% in 1 hour at 37 °C occurs in the aqueous suspensions, whereas 17% sucrose with 0.2% MgSO4∙7H2O or 0.2% MgSO4∙7H2O alone effects almost complete stabilization. The stabilized bodies are lysed almost quantitatively upon removal to water at 56 °C. Cell-wall material containing rhamnose remains on these forms, indicating that they are spheroplasts rather than protoplasts.
THE EFFECT OF SALINITY ON GROWTH AND CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT IN REPRESENTATIVE CLASSES OF UNICELLULAR MARINE ALGAE
Authors: McLachlan Jack
Published: February 2010

Growth and relative chlorophyll content per cell of Platymonas sp., Syracos-phaera carterae, Monochrysis lutheri, Olisthodiscus sp., Thalassiosira decipiens, Cyclotella sp., Cryptomonas sp., Amphidinium carteri, and Porphyridium sp. were determined at various salinities from 2.5 to 35 parts per thousand in an enriched sea-water medium.All of these organisms grew well in a wide range of salinities, and when growth was completely suppressed it was at the lower salinities. Thalassiosira, Cyclotella, Syracosphaera, Cryptomonas, and Monochrysis did not show a definite salinity optimum for growth, and the chlorophyll content per cell was approximately the same at all salinities. Olisthodiscus and Amphidinium showed a salinity optimum for growth, and the chlorophyll content per cell was also higher at the optimum salinity for growth. Growth of Platymonas and Porphyridium was little influenced by changes in salinity, but the chlorophyll content per cell was affected by changes in salinity.
EFFECT OF ANAEROBIOSIS ON THE EMERGENCE OF STREPTOMYCIN-RESISTANT BACTERIA
Authors: Farkas-Himsley H.
Published: February 2010

This paper deals with the increase in numbers of streptomycin-resistant mutants of V. comma and E. coli B in a so-called streptomycin-sensitive population, when grown under anaerobic conditions. This increase is demonstrated in presence and even in absence of SM. Experiments of a qualitative and quantitative nature are described and a statistical evaluation of the results is given. A relation between the degree of anaerobiosis and SM resistance is demonstrated and the time required for streptomycin resistance to become apparent is shown.Former observations of SM inactivation under anaerobic conditions are discussed in view of the present findings, and a different interpretation suggested.
STUDIES ON THE INTERACTION OF PLANTS AND FREE-LIVING NITROGEN-FIXING MICROORGANISMS:I. OCCURRENCE OF AZOTOBACTER IN THE RHIZOSPHERE OF CROP PLANTS
Authors: Katznelson H. , Strzelczyk E.
Published: February 2010

The occurrence of Azotobacter in the rhizosphere of 17 crop plants grown in different types of soil in the field and in the greenhouse has been studied as part of a program of work on the interaction of plants and free-living nitrogen-fixing microorganisms. Azotobacter counts were very low in both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil from the field; they varied with the type and age of the plant and with the type of soil. The organism was usually absent from acidic and poor soils. I n the greenhouse experiments, soil counts of these bacteria were found to be somewhat higher than in the corresponding soil in the field (Granby sandy loam). The root effect was greater with both radish and wheat in the poor soil (Upland sand) than in the fertile Granby soil. Onion exerted no obvious influence on the Azotobacter population in either soil. However, even under optimum conditions of plant growth, numbers of these organisms were very low in comparison with those of other bacteria normally present in soil and in the root zone.
SUBMERGED CITRIC ACID FERMENTATION OF SUGAR BEET MOLASSES: EFFECT OF PRESSURE AND RECIRCULATION OF OXYGEN
Authors: Clark D. S. , Lentz C. P.
Published: February 2010

Recirculation of oxygen during submerged citric acid fermentation of ferrocyanide-treated beet molasses by Aspergillus niger was successful. Results obtained in 36-liter glass tower fermenters showed that neither rate of production nor total yield of citric acid was affected. No treatment of the recirculated gas other than carbon dioxide removal was required. At both low and high oxygen flow rates, increased oxygen pressure (up to 1.7 atm) markedly increased initial rate of production and total yield of citric acid. Oxygen pressure above 1.7 atm decreased citric acid yield. Within the limits tested, the effect of oxygen pressure was independent of total pressure.
ÉTUDE DU VIRUS DE L'INFLUENZA: ANTIGÉNICITÉ DE SOUCHES GRIPPALES ADAPTÉES À DES CULTURES DE TISSUS
Authors: Boudreault A. , Pavilanis V.
Published: February 2010

This paper deals with a study of the antigenic properties of influenza strains adapted to tissue cultures. When adapted to chick embryonic tissue, influenza strains lose most of their antigenicity; when adapted to monkey kidney cultures under the same conditions, influenza strains maintain their antigenic value to a high level.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE ANTIGENS OF TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS: I. IDENTIFICATION AND ENUMERATION OF ANTIGENS
Authors: Tanner Charles E. , Gregory Judith
Published: February 2010

Antigenic analyses of extracts of Trichinella spiralis larvae were done using Immunoelectrophoresis as the principal analytical method. Eleven electrophoretically distinct antigens were identified in buffered saline extracts. Different numbers of antigens (but not more than 11) were found in other preparations, but these gave reactions of complete immunological identity with antigens in the saline extract.
RELATION OF TEMPERATURE AND SODIUM CHLORIDE CONCENTRATION TO GROWTH AND MORPHOLOGY OF SOME HALOPHILIC BACTERIA
Authors: Gibbons N. E. , Payne John I.
Published: February 2010

The red halophiles, Halobacterium salinarium, H. cutirubrum, H. halobium, and Sarcina litoralis, grew most rapidly at salt concentrations of 20–25% and temperatures of 40–45 °C. Maximum turbidity was obtained at similar salt concentrations but at 35–40 °C. An unidentified colorless rod grew most rapidly at salt concentrations of 17.5–20% and temperatures of 40–50 °C, but produced maximum yield at 30 °C. The rod forms changed from long slender rods through irregular shapes to spheres as the salt concentration was decreased. At temperatures above the optimum, cells were very irregular, but otherwise temperature at any one salt concentration had little or no effect on the morphology.
BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES OCCURRING IN A MINIMAL MEDIUM DURING GROWTH AND SPORULATION: COMPARISON OF SPOROGENIC BACILLUS CEREUS WITH ASPOROGENIC MUTANTS
Authors: Beskid G. , Lundgren D. G.
Published: February 2010

Chemical changes in a minimal synthetic medium were studied during growth and sporulation of normal and temperature-sensitive mutant cultures of B. cereus at 28 °C. Similar chemical studies were made when the cultures were grown at 37 °C; the mutants were asporogenic (nonsporulating) at this temperature.Concurrent events, essentially the relationships between spore formation, the consumption of zinc, and consumption of manganese, were noted in sporulating and nonsporulating cultures. Other components of the medium also investigated included: glucose, amino-N, inorganic-P, potassium, iron, and magnesium. Metabolic products detected in the medium included: diaminopimelic acid, dipicolinic acid, ammonia-N, amide-N, peptide-N, and organic-P.
TORULOPSIS VARTIOVAARAI SP. NOV. A NEW YEAST ISOLATED FROM FINNISH SOIL
Authors: Capriotti Augusto
Published: February 2010

A new species of Tondopsis which was isolated from Finnish soil is described. This species is named Tondopsis vartiovaarai.
GROWTH OF ENTAMOEBA INVADENS IN ORGANOTYPIC CULTURES OF EMBRYONIC CHICK INTESTINE
Authors: Meerovitch E.
Published: February 2010

Entamoeba invadens from axenic and monoxenic cultures was inoculated into expiants of embryonic chick intestine, which were then cultured in perfusion chambers at 30 °C. The growth and metabolic activity of the explants in cultures were evaluated in terms of fibroblastic outgrowth and extent of liquefaction of the plasma clots in which they were embedded. The effects of several media used to fill the perfusion chambers on the survival of the explants were studied. It was found that amoebae developed best in those explants which themselves showed most vitality; this was in turn related to the kind of fluid medium used in the culture. Amoebae in the explants fed on mucous secretion and on dead cells and penetrated into intact tissue without apparent histolytic activity. It is suggested that the living explants provided the amoebae with certain enzymes which the latter were unable to produce at the temperature of incubation. Approximately 40% of all cultures made became positive for amoebae. This is attributed to the fact that not all explants retained the amoebae injected into them, before they were placed in culture.
INDUCTION AND CHARACTERISTICS OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL L FORMS
Authors: Mattman L. H. , Tunstall L. H. , Rossmoore H. W.
Published: February 2010

Staphylococcal L forms revealed characteristics not observed previously. The ability to produce coagulase was retained by the variant. In the presence of blood, many L forms were found within red cells, comparable with the intraerythrocytic stages reported for streptococci. Agar lysis was a unique characteristic of the mature L form.Inhibitors were not required to initiate the L stage and the variant and classical form grew commensally on enriched media. As nutrition was simplified, the L stage was supported, whereas the classical form did not reproduce. A small inoculum resulted in exclusive growth of L forms even in media containing special growth factors. The relative ease with which the L forms are produced experimentally suggests that this phase of growth may occur in vivo.
NEW COMPLEMENT FIXING ANTIGEN FOR SERODIAGNOSIS OF GONORRHOEA
Authors: Labzoffsky N. A. , Kelen A. E.
Published: February 2010

A new method of preparing gonococcal antigen for use in the complement fixation test is presented. Briefly, the procedure consists of extracting Neisseria gonorrhoeae cells with pyridine and then exposing the washed sediment to ultrasonic treatment.The new method is superior to that of Price by yielding highly potent, genus-specific and stable antigens, which are free of anticomplementary properties and possess a broader antigenic valence and a longer range of working antigenic power. It is simpler and more practical than Torrey's modification of the Price method since the lengthy and laborious procedure of strain selection is eliminated.In routine use for the past several years, the new antigen has proved to be specific and reliable in the complement fixation test. The test itself provides a useful supplementary aid to the laboratory diagnosis of gonorrhoea.
COLIFORM BACTERIA IN SEA WATER AND SHELLFISH: I. LACTOSE FERMENTATION AT 35.5° AND 44 °C
Authors: Tennant A. D. , Reid J. E.
Published: February 2010

Of 6452 coliform strains isolated from sea water and shellfish specimens by membrane filtration (MF) and Violet Red Bile (VRB) agar techniques, 4728 (73.3 per cent) fermented lactose with the production of acid and gas within 48 hours at 35.5 °C; these cultures were incubated in Eijkman medium, in a water-bath at 44 °C, for 48 hours. Gas-positive tests were recorded for 94.6 per cent of Escherichia coli type I strains and 37.7 per cent of E. coli type II strains; 6.7 per cent of the "non-faecal" strains (represented by 10 coliform biotypes) were also gas-positive at 44 °C. The capacity of selected strains to ferment lactose at higher temperatures (44.5° to 46.0 °C) was also studied.A total of 1724 (26.7 per cent) of the cultures produced completely typical coliform colonies on MF membranes or VRB agar plates but were incapable of rapid lactose fermentation at 35.5 °C on subsequent isolation. Aerobacter biotypes were predominant (77 per cent), and 47.4 per cent of the cultures liquefied gelatin. The probable effect of lactose-degraded coliform bacteria on coliform density estimates made by the MF technique is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF CHLORIDES OF MONOVALENT CATIONS, UREA, DETERGENTS, AND HEAT ON MORPHOLOGY AND THE TURBIDITY OF SUSPENSIONS OF RED HALOPHILIC BACTERIA
Authors: Abram Dinah , Gibbons N. E.
Published: February 2010

Suspensions of Halobacterium cutirubrum, grown and suspended in 4.0 M sodium chloride, showed on transfer to increasingly lower concentrations of sodium chloride an increase in turbidity followed by an abrupt decrease. When the suspensions were placed in potassium, rubidium, cesium, lithium, or ammonium chlorides, there was no increase in turbidity but usually a gradual decrease as the concentration of the salt is decreased. In potassium, rubidium, and cesium chlorides these changes were correlated with a change in morphology from rods, through transition forms, to spheres, similar to changes in NaCl, except that transition forms were found even at concentrations of 4.0 M. In lithium and ammonium chlorides there was an immediate change at 5.0 and 4.5 M respectively and two to five small spheres were formed from each rod. In mixtures of sodium and potassium chlorides the morphology of the cells depended on the ionic strength and concentration of sodium. Spheres were also produced by heating the cells to 60–70 °C, the time required for the conversion increasing with increasing salt concentration. In urea solutions the cells lysed, although at certain concentrations of urea and NaCl a change to small spheres was observed. Ionic detergents caused the cells to disintegrate gradually. These observations are taken as further evidence that sodium is required to maintain the cell wall of the red halophilic rods.
THE EFFECT OF FATTY ACIDS ON GROWTH AND ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION BY STREPTOMYCES
Authors: Perry Jerome J.
Published: February 2010

The ability of lipid materials to enhance the growth of Streptomyces has been demonstrated. The addition of corn oil or unsaturated fatty acids not only increases the total growth in the presence of carbohydrate but also provides a readily utilizable source of carbon and energy in the absence of carbohydrate. For most antibiotic-producing cultures investigated, the antibiotic produced was enhanced in direct proportion to the increase in growth. Organisms producing Cycloheximide or polyene-type antibiotics were disproportionately stimulated in the production of antibiotic.
MICROBES AND NITRATES IN SOILS FROM VIRGIN AND YOUNG-GROWTH FORESTS
Authors: Bollen W. B. , Wright Ernest
Published: February 2010

Penicillium spp. predominated in samples of forest soils except occasionally at depths of more than three inches, when Mucor and Aspergillus spp. sometimes were more abundant. Incubation for 30 days at 28 °C and 50 per cent water-holding capacity frequently increased the percentage of Mucor spp. as well as Penicillium spp. Mucor spp. were consistently more prominent in soils associated with alder than for other coastal soils. Mucor and Aspergillus spp. also appeared often in soil from stands of ponderosa pine growing east of the Cascades.The greatest concentration of nitrogen as NO3− in unincubated soils was found in a young red alder stand. Samples of soil from stands of virgin coastal redwood showed no nitrate nitrogen. Soils from stands of virgin Sitka spruce, however, showed considerable nitrate content, which increased markedly with incubation.With few exceptions, bacteria and actinomycetes were most numerous in F layers of soil. Incubation greatly increased these populations in most soils.
DEATH OF ESCHERICHIA COLI FROZEN ON CELLOPHANE AND ON MEMBRANE FILTERS
Authors: Bretz Harold W.
Published: February 2010

Because Escherichia coli stored at −9 °C on cellophane or membrane filter disks die similarly to cells in frozen suspensions, it seems unlikely that mechanical crushing or concentrated solute is responsible for the major part of freezing death. Increased survival of high concentrations of cells regardless of the method of storing implies an interaction between cells prior to freezing. The age of the cells plays a part. The results may be interpreted in terms of an exchange or loss of stimulatory or inhibitory substances in small amounts from individual cells either before or after frozen storage.
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN MICROCOCCUS RADIODURANS
Authors: Duryee Frances L. , Raj Harkisan D. , Wang Chih H. , Anderson Arthur W. , Elliker Paul R.
Published: February 2010

The essential characteristics of the primary and secondary pathways of carbohydrate catabolism in a radiation-resistant micrococcus were studied by means of the radiorespirometric tracer method. Measurements of relative rates and total percentage of C14O2produced from different carbon atoms of specifically labelled acetate, pyruvate, glucose, and gluconate, together with determination of the C14incorporation into cells, indicated that glucose was utilized mainly by the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas glycolytic pathway in conjunction with the tricarboxylic acid cycle.Approximately 14 per cent of the glucose appeared to be catabolized via phosphogluconate decarboxylation.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF TIPULA IRIDESCENT VIRUS IN THE CRANE FLY, TIPULA PALUDOSA MEIG., AND THE WAX MOTH, GALLERIA MELLONELLA L.
Authors: Bird F. T.
Published: February 2010

Patches of material rich in desoxyribonucleic acid form in the cytoplasm of cells of the silk gland, fat body, epidermis, tracheal epithelium, and muscles of the crane fly, Tipula paludosa Meig., and the wax moth, Galleria mellonella L., infected with Tipula iridescent virus. The development of virus particles appears to be associated with strands of dense material in the cytoplasm of susceptible cells. Each particle consists of a central core surrounded by a membrane. After their formation many of the particles appear to become surrounded by protein.
A NODULATION-INHIBITING ROOT EXCRETION FROM A NON-NODULATING SOYBEAN STRAIN
Authors: Elkan Gerald H.
Published: February 2010

A non-nodulating, near-isogenic soybean strain has been shown to release, during growth, a substance that inhibits nodulation of its normally nodulating sister strain. In greenhouse experiments, inoculated seedlings of both strains were transferred to vessels containing aerated, nitrogen-free, Hoagland's nutrient solution. Two plants per vessel were established in the following combinations: one nodulating and one non-nodulating, two nodulating, or two non-nodulating. Root excretions from the mutant resulted in highly significant decreases in nodulation of the normal plants. In addition, presence of the mutant also resulted in decreased total nodule weight, total dry weight, and total nitrogen per nodulating plant. Nodulation in ladino clover, when grown in nutrient solution, was also significantly inhibited by the presence of the mutant soybean. The excretion apparently does not inhibit growth of Rhizobium japonicum.
LYSOGENY IN ENTEROPATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI: I. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BACTERIOPHAGES ISOLATED FROM O26:B6 AND O111:B4 SEROTYPES
Authors: Bailey W. Robert , Glynn John P.
Published: February 2010

Twenty strains each of Escherichia coli O26:B6 and O111:B4 were tested for lysogeny. Of these, 30% of the former were lysogenic but none of the latter showed this characteristic when tested by the same criteria. Colicin-like activity was initially mistaken for phage activity when O26:B6 phage preparations were tested on O111:B4 strains. The activity of the O26:B6 phages appeared to be restricted to this particular somatic group. High titers of phage could not be obtained by orthodox methods.
LYSOGENY IN ENTEROPATHOGENIC ESCHERICHIA COLI: III. THE EFFECTS OF TEMPERATURE AND CHLORAMPHENICOL ON THE LYSOGENY OF D-1 PHAGE-INFECTED CELLS
Authors: Glynn John P. , Bailey W. Robert
Published: February 2010

Evidence is presented to show that cells of Escherichia coli O26:B6 infected with E. coli O111 phage D-1 exhibited a greater lysogenic response if the temperature, shortly after infection, was lowered from 37 °C. Under the same conditions, lysogeny among survivors was reduced markedly at 45 °C. Cooling the system to 20 °C prior to infection increased both the survival rate and lysogenic response among phage-infected survivors. Appropriate treatment with chloramphenicol increased both survival rate and lysogenic frequency.
DEGRADATION OF RUTIN BY ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS. PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF RUTINASE
Authors: Hay G. W. , Westlake D. W. S. , Simpson F. J.
Published: February 2010

Aspergillus flavus produces an adaptive glycosidase (rutinase) that hydrolyzes rutin to quercetin and rutinose. Production of rutinase occurs when the mold is grown on the glycosides rutin, hyperosid, and naringin, and on the aglycones quercetin, kaempferol, rhamnetin, 2,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, but not when grown on glucose, galactose, rhamnose, or rutinose. Rutinase, after partial purification, is relatively stable when stored at −20 °C, and is most stable and most active at pH 5.6. The enzyme is quite specific, hydrolyzing the 5-glucoside of sakuranetin, the 3-rutinoside and 3-galactoside of quercetin, but not the 3-L-rhamnoside nor any of the common glycosides. The hydrolysis of rutin is carried to completion aided by the insolubility of the aglycone quercetin in water.
EFFECTS OF LEUCOCYTES ON PHAGE SYNTHESIS
Authors: Taussig A. , Quastel J. H.
Published: February 2010

Free virus (T1) particles are not taken up by guinea pig polymorphonuclear leucocytes, but they are destroyed or inactivated by heated leucocytes. When infected Escherichia coli is added to leucocytes an increase in the number of phage particles takes place. This increase is abolished if the leucocytes are previously exposed to phage-resistant E. coli but not if they are previously exposed to heat- or formalin-inactivated E. coli. The results seem to indicate that the leucocyte suspension acts as a source of nutrients necessary for phage reproduction. Whether phage synthesis by the infected bacteria takes place inside or outside the leucocytes is not entirely clear. However, the experiments suggest that phagocytosis of E. coli infected with T1occurs.
PREPARATION OF TYPHOID SOMATIC-ANTIGEN VACCINE: II. SEROLOGICAL STUDIES OF SALMONELLA TYPHI LYSATES
Authors: Diena B. B. , Wallace R. , Greenberg L.
Published: February 2010

Serological studies performed with experimental lysates of Salmonella typhi revealed that the antigens H, O, and Vi are not destroyed by sonic oscillation or dornase treatment and that pyridine extraction affects only the H antigen. Differences were found among the various antigens with haemagglutination and sensitization studies. A haemagglutination technique, using SOD-typhi as sensitizing antigen, was employed to test the potency relationship of two typhoid vaccines, "K" and "L".
STUDIES ON THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF PYOCYANINE
Authors: Ingram J. M. , Blackwood A. C.
Published: February 2010

The biosynthesis of pyocyanine, the blue phenazine pigment produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was studied by the addition of radioactive substrates to a culture growing on a complete medium. The distribution of labelled carbon from radioactive substrates in the pyocyanine was examined by degrading the pigment to 1-hydroxyphenazine, quinoxaline dicarboxylic acid, quinoxaline, and pyrazine tetracarboxylic acid dipotassium salt, and thus 7 of the 13 carbons were assayed separately or in pairs.Glycerol-1,3-C14 is the principal donor of radioactivity to the pyocyanine carbon, but not all the carbon atoms tested were labeled. Alanine-U-C14 contributed carbon to pyocyanine also, but not to all carbons, and at a much lower level of efficiency than glycerol. However, with leucine-U-C14, all carbon atoms tested were labeled to a slight extent. These amino acids, when labeled specifically, and glutamate-U-C14, oxalic acid-C14, and sodium formate-C14 did not contribute significantly to pyocyanine carbon.The distribution of radioactivity from glycerol in the pyocyanine molecule suggests the pigment is formed from glycerol or a product closely related to it by the condensation of two carbon units or the condensation of four and two carbon units.
A SOIL SUSPENSION - PLATING METHOD OF ESTIMATING POPULATIONS OF FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM F. MELONIS IN MUSKMELON WILT SOILS
Authors: Wensley R. N. , McKeen C. D.
Published: February 2010

A soil suspension – plating method, applicable to the estimation of populations of Fusarium oxysporum and the muskmelon wilt pathogen, F. oxysporum f. melonis, in wilt-infested soils has been evaluated. By this method populations of F. oxysporum f. melonis varying from 20 to 1000 propagules per gram of soil have been obtained. The problem of identifying the muskmelon wilt fungus among morphologically similar formae of F. oxysporum is dealt with.
COMPOSITION OF PURIFIED MUCOPEPTIDE FROM THE WALL OF AEROBACTER CLOACAE
Authors: Schocher A. J. , Bayley S. T. , Watson R. W.
Published: February 2010

Molecular proportions of glucosamine, muramic acid, alanine, glutamic acid, and diaminopimelic acid in purified mucopeptide (MP) from the wall of Aerobacter cloacae NRC 492 have been estimated. Crude walls, obtained by fractional centrifugation of disintegrated log-phase cells, were treated with trypsin, ribonuclease, and pepsin to remove cytoplasmic contaminants. Of a number of protein solvents tested on the isolated walls, saturated aqueous sodium lauryl sulphate gave the purest MP in the highest yield. Molar ratios of glucosamine, muramic acid, alanine, glutamic acid, and diaminopimelic acid in hydrolyzates of the MP, corrected for the loss of hexosamines under the conditions of acid hydrolysis, were 2:2:3:2:2 respectively. These ratios indicate the presence of two types of peptide, with one peptide chain attached to each disaccharide unit. Analysis showed the absence of phosphate and therefore of teichoic acid from the purified MP.
CULTURAL STUDIES ON STREPTOCOCCUS DIACETILACTIS AND OTHER MEMBERS OF THE LACTIC STREPTOCOCCUS GROUP
Authors: Sandine W. E. , Elliker P. R. , Hays Helen
Published: February 2010

Cultural information about Streptococcus diacetilactis strains is tabulated along with similar data on Streptococcus lactis, Streptococcus cremoris, and certain Leuconostoc species. These data facilitate comparisons of bacteria commonly found in mixed-strain lactic starter cultures. Characteristic reactions which indicate simple means of differentiating between these organisms may be observed. The data are used to justify the recognition of S. diacetilactis as a third species of the lactic streptococcus group. Leuconostoc organisms are separated into two groups on the basis of dextran production on a sucrose medium.Details of a manometric method for measuring CO2production by single and mixed-strain starter cultures are given. The Warburg Respirometer was employed for this purpose and possible application of the method in the design of mixed-strain starter cultures for use in the dairy industry is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF PROFLAVINE ON THE HEMAGGLUTINATING ACTIVITY OF REO AND ECHO VIRUSES
Authors: Zalan E. , Lesiak J. , Labzoffsky N. A.
Published: February 2010

The inhibitory effect of proflavine on the hemagglutinins of Reo and ECHO viruses has been investigated. It was found that proflavine inhibited the hemagglutination of Reo viruses and ECHO 6′, but not the other ECHO viruses. Hemagglutination tests performed under different experimental conditions indicated that proflavine, as inhibitor, acted on the virus rather than on the receptors of erythrocytes and suggested a mutual inhibition phenomenon between the erythrocyte-agglutinating activity of proflavine and that of Reo viruses and ECHO 6′.
VIABILITY OF THERMOPHILES AND COLIFORM BACTERIA IN ARCTIC SOILS AND WATER
Authors: Boyd William L. , Boyd Josephine W.
Published: February 2010

Thermophiles and coliforra bacteria were present in the intestinal tract of certain arctic animals and were sometimes found in soil and water. Thermophiles survived for a longer period than coliform bacteria when they were inoculated into soil and water simultaneously, and therefore, under natural conditions, some of the thermophiles found in these materials may originate from animal and human feces even though a sample may give a negative test for the presence of coliform bacteria.
NUTRITIONAL AND METABOLIC STUDIES OF DEBARYOMYCES HANSENII
Authors: Merdinger Emanuel , Shair Salem
Published: February 2010

The growth of strain NRRL Y-1448 of Debaryomyces hansenii was studied by using various growth media. A sodium chloride concentration of 2% to 3% and a pH of 5.5 were optimal for growth. No growth occurred below pH 4 and above pH 8. Either thiamine or biotin was required for normal growth. Growth occurred in media containing asparagine plus sodium acetate or asparagine plus citric acid but not citric acid plus acetate. Urea or ammonium sulphate were satisfactory nitrogen sources. The logarithmic phase of growth was reached twice as fast in media containing fructose as in media containing glucose. The metabolic products of growth were alcohol, acetic acid, pyruvic acid, and both free and esterified sterols.
PRODUCTION OF POLY-β-HYDROXYBUTYRIC ACID GRANULES IN MICROCOCCUS HALODENITRIFICANS
Authors: Sierra G. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: February 2010

Refractile granules of poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid are produced by Micrococcus halodenitrificans during the exponential growth phase in a nitrogenous medium. The amount produced varied from about 1% of the salt-free dry weight during vigorous aeration to as much as 28% with less vigorous aeration. If glycerol, pyruvate, or acetate was added to the medium, the polymer level increased to 40–60%. The polymer was not found in a number of other halophilic bacteria.
THE PRODUCTION OF IMMUNO-CONGLUTININ: II. THE INFLUENCE OF THE ROUTE OF INOCULATION ON THE IMMUNO-CONGLUTININ RESPONSE OF RABBITS TO HETEROSTIMULATION
Authors: Ingram D. G.
Published: February 2010

The inoculation of rabbits with kaolin coated with fresh horse serum results in the production of immuno-conglutinin. However, kaolin alone or kaolin coated with heat-inactivated horse serum fails to stimulate the production of immuno-conglutinin. These results are consistent with the hypothesis proposed by Coombs and Coombs (2) that immuno-conglutinin is an antibody against adsorbed complement.The data demonstrate that the intravenous route of inoculation is the most effective in stimulating the production of immuno-conglutinin in rabbits. The intramuscular and intraperitoneal routes are next in efficacy in that order. The subcutaneous route of injection was the least effective of the routes tested in stimulating an immuno-conglutinin (heterostimulation) response.
THE AMINO-ACID REQUIREMENTS OF CORYNEBACTERIUM SEPEDONICUM (SPIEK. & KOTT.) SKAPT. & BURKH.
Authors: Lachance Robert-A.
Published: February 2010

The amino-acid requirements of Corynebacterium sepedonicum (Spiek. & Kott.) Skapt. & Burkh. were studied in a medium containing vitamins, glucose, and mineral salts. Seven amino acids, asparagine, methionine, leucine, histidine, alanine, arginine, and proline, were found to be required to obtain growth equivalent to that obtained with casein hydrolyzate, though asparagine and methionine are of major nutritional importance: no absolute requirement for a specific amino acid could be demonstrated. Tryptophane, tyrosine, phenylalanine, cystine, and cysteine were found to be inhibitory.
THE PRODUCTION OF IMMUNO-CONGLUTININ: IV. FACTORS AFFECTING THF RESPONSE OF RABBITS TO AUTOSTIMULATION
Authors: Ingram D. G.
Published: February 2010

Immuno-conglutinin is produced in the serum of rabbits in response to the injection of a variety of antigens. Particulate antigens are more effective in stimulating immuno-conglutinin production than soluble antigens. Multiple injections of antigen result in a greater immuno-conglutinin response than single injections and rabbits which are immune to the antigen injected respond more markedly than non-immune animals. The intravenous route of inoculation causes the highest production of immuno-conglutinin (autostimulation) in rabbits.The data demonstrate that high titers of immuno-conglutinin can be produced regularly in rabbits by the repeated intravenous injection of large doses of killed bacteria into immune animals.
THALASSIOMYCETES: III. THE GENUS ZALERION
Authors: Moore Royall T. , Meyers Samuel P.
Published: February 2010

On the basis of morphological and physiological studies, including analyses of cellulolytic activity, the thalassic deuteromycete genus Zalerion, an abundant taxon in northern and temperate marine areas, is erected. Included in this genus are four heretofore undescribed species. Different colonial morphologies and levels of cellulolytic activity, the latter characterized on CMC 50 T and Walseth cellulose, are evident among these taxa.
FORMATION OF FOLIC ACID RELATED COMPOUNDS BY BACILLUS SUBTILIS
Authors: Zygmunt W. A. , Conrad H. E. , Tavormina P. A. , Haley E. E. , Sarett Herbert P. , Stavely Homer E.
Published: February 2010

Bacillus subtilis elaborates a series of PGA-related compounds apparently similar to those synthesized by Lactobacillus plantarum, but in larger quantities.Paper chromatography of the broth, or of concentrates derived by ion exchange and carbon treatment of the broth, reveals the presence of six factors having activity for Lactobacillus casei, Streptococcus faecalis, or Pediococcus cerevisiae.Separation of the six active components by standard isolation techniques permitted the identification of four known folic acid related compounds and of two materials not previously reported and presumed therefore to be novel.The four known compounds are pteroic, folic, folinic, and N10-formylfolic acids. Pteroic and folic acids are not produced per se by B. subtilis but arise as degradation products. Both of the novel compounds are unstable. One of these has an Rfvalue of 0.35 in 5% aqueous Na2HPO4and is active for S. faecalis but not for L. casei. This compound decomposes to yield pteroic acid. The second novel material has an Rfvalue of 0.55 and is active for both S. faecalis and L. casei. Decomposition of this material yields folic acid.
STUDIES OF MARINE PLANKTONIC DIATOMS:II. USE OF CYCLOTELLA NANA HUSTEDT FOR ASSAYS OF VITAMIN B12 IN SEA WATER
Authors: Ryther J. H. , Guillard R. R. L.
Published: February 2010

Cyclotella nana Hustedt, a small centric diatom requiring vitamin B12, was tested as a potential assay organism for that vitamin. Dose–response curves, measured by optical density and cell count, showed a linear relation between growth and B12 concentration between 0 and at least 2 μμg/ml of the vitamin. Since the diatom is hardy, grows rapidly under a variety of conditions, and may be preserved for later examination, it represents a useful assay organism for certain applications such as oceanographic exploration.
THE PRODUCTION OF IMMUNO-CONGLUTININ: V. THE STIMULUS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF IMMUNO-CONGLUTININ BY AUTOSTIMULATION
Authors: Ingram D. G.
Published: February 2010

Experiments were conducted to investigate the in vivo activity of conglutinin and the production of immuno-conglutinin (autostimulation). The evidence indicates that, following the injection of an antigen into immune animals, an in vivo fixation of complement and conglutinin occurs. It is shown that the decrease of complement, in the primary stage of the reaction of the body against an antigenic stimulus, is proportioned to the amount of immuno-conglutinin subsequently produced.
BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY OF THE BLOOD OF ACTIVELY IMMUNIZED WAX MOTH LARVAE
Authors: Stephens June M.
Published: February 2010

The blood of normal wax moth larvae is not bactericidal for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The blood becomes moderately bactericidal when larvae are actively immunized against P. aeruginosa. This activity was measured by a modification of Nagington's technique for the estimation of typhoid antibody. Bactericidal activity appears to be the only measurable type of antibody response against P. aeruginosa. Cell-free blood was as active as whole blood; 0.02 ml of immune serum kills about 1000 organisms. The blood of normal wax moth larvae is bactericidal for Shigella dysenteriae but the blood of insects immunized against either this organism or P. aeruginosa shows no increase in activity against S. dysenteriae. A number of non-specific agents, both protein and non-protein, did not stimulate bactericidal activity in serum after their injection into normal larvae. Immune sera prepared against some strains of P. aeruginosa were not active against other strains. Storage at 37 °C or absorption with zymosan both result in blackening of immune blood and loss of bactericidal activity. Bactericidal activity is evident only during the immune state of the insect, i.e. from about 18 hours until the third day after vaccination; it develops at the same time that inhibition of melanization was observed in the blood from vaccinated larvae.