bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remembering RIC Pfeffer, Celebrating His Work
Authors: Navarro Vicente
Published: May 2005

This speech was given in a homage celebration to Ric Pfeffer on the occasion of his retirement. The article pays tribute to Ric's life and work, showing how his commitment to improve the life and working conditions of the population of the United States led him to stand up to many powerful forces that determined the nature of awards and visibility in this country. The article concludes that it is because of people like Ric Pfeffer that the quality of life improves for working people, even though the Establishment of this country, responsible for most of what is wrong, marginalizes and ignores them.
Runners' Cognitive Strategies and Motivations: Absorption, Fantasy Style, and Dissociative Experiences
Authors: Ogles Benjamin M. , Lynn Steven Jay , Masters Kevin S. , Hoefel Thomas D. , Marsden Kimberly A.
Published: May 2005

Numerous studies have investigated the relationship of attentional focus during running to performance and training variables, including, endurance, injuries, speed, and perception of pain. However, no research has investigated the relation between runners' cognitive strategies during running and their day-to-day dissociative experiences. We investigated the relation among attentional focus during running, motives for running, and absorption, imaginal processing, and dissociative experiences. Runners reported focusing more on external stimuli during training when compared to racing. Runners who endorsed psychological motives for running (e.g., to get away from it all, to solve problems, to distract self from daily worries) were more likely to endorse dissociative experiences on the Bliss dissociation scale. Attentional focus during running was not correlated with absorption, imaginal processing, and dissociative experiences.
Bicode, An Environment for the Development of Bilingual Audio Courseware
Authors: Zhu Zhi-Ting
Published: May 2005

Implemented on the Apple II, BICODE is a courseware development environment intended for Chinese authors and consisting of the BICODE language, an execution program, and an utility package. Featuring the functions of bilingual text presentation, speech output, and dynamic graphic display, BICODE has proved to be an effective authoring aid suitable for Chinese educators. The construction, the functional features, and the applications of the BICODE system are described in this article.
Higher Education for Public Health Leadership
Authors: Roemer Milton I.
Published: May 2005

The primary health care approach to public health stresses recognition of economic, political, and social determinants of health. In practice, briefly trained community health workers provide people with education and health care, but they require sound supervision. Such tasks of leadership require higher education. This demands more schools of public health of independent status, as well as stronger departments of community medicine within schools of medicine. Independent schools of public health throughout the world are much stronger than preventive medicine departments in medical schools, as measured by full-time faculty, scope of teaching and research, and candidates enrolled. To train properly for leadership, such independent schools in the developing world should be multiplied by 12 times to meet the needs. Leadership requires basic preparation in the full scope of public health knowledge, along with skills of effective management.
Repressor Personality Styles and EEG Patterns Associated with Affective Memory and Thought Suppression
Authors: Lorig Tyler S. , Singer Jerome L. , Bonanno George A. , Davis Penelope , Schwartz Gary E.
Published: May 2005

Repressive personality style has often been identified as an important variable governing a variety of individual differences. There is debate, however, concerning the mechanisms by which this style is expressed. One hypothesis suggests that threatening information, after encoding, is suppressed from awareness. Another theory maintains that threatening information is diverted from awareness at a “preconscious” level. The experiment described here attempted to address this debate. Twenty undergraduate subjects selected on the basis of their scores on the Taylor Manifest Anxiety scale and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability scale participated. The subjects represented four personality groups based on the intersection of high and low scores on the two tests. Individuals showing low anxiousness-high social desirability were identified as repressors. EEG, cardiovascular, and self-report data were recorded form subjects as they engaged in recall, elaboration, and suppression of positive and negative memories. Results of the analyses of these data indicated that the personality groups differed widely in EEG theta, alpha and beta activity during the completion of these tasks. The pattern of these findings suggest that subjects using a repressive coping style exhibit EEG activity associated with anxiety and also an absence of cognitive activity when faced with the recall of negative memories.
Race as a Factor in Teachers' Responses to Children's Grief
Authors: Atkinson Trudie L.
Published: May 2005

A study of 605 elementary school personnel in metropolitan New Orleans, one third of them black, was designed to investigate how teachers respond to children in death-related situations. When black and nonblack teachers were compared, no differences were evident in attitudes toward death or belief in an afterlife. However, significant differences appeared in the responses they chose to children's grief. Possible reasons for the observed differences and guidelines for future research are offered.
Organizational Change through Metaphorical Expression of Values
Authors: Karathanos Patricia Hager , Vonne Huter La
Published: May 2005

Organizational values, as a subset of organizational culture, provide behavioral guidelines for employees in organizations. This article proposes that metaphorical imagery can heighten the usefulness of corporate values as guideposts for behavior. The concepts which govern thought also govern everyday action. Metaphor can dominate thought by positioning perception, causing individuals to see some things to the exclusion of others. Managerial implications for the implementation of change are noted, and a process for change is suggested.
Prenatal Care in Finland: From Primary to Tertiary Health Care?
Authors: Hemminki Elina , Malin Maili , Kojo-Austin Hellevi
Published: May 2005

Traditionally, the Finnish prenatal care system has been based on special maternity centers outside hospitals. In recent years, however, the use of hospital outpatient clinics has increased. The purpose of this study was to describe the use of the clinics and to see whether clinics serve as an addition or as an alternative to maternity centers. We used several different data sources (statistics, documents, interviews, questionnaires). The main source was data on visits for all women who gave birth in Helsinki in a five-week period in 1987. The content of care and means of care delivery differ between clinics and maternity centers. Clinics are technologically and provider-oriented without continuity of care. Clinics are not just referral centers for high-risk mothers; at least half of pregnant women visit them. Ultrasound screening is an important reason for use of the clinic. Background characteristics as well as the outcome of pregnancy were similar among women visiting a hospital clinic a maximum of one time (low users), two to three times, or four times or more (high users). Standardizing for the length of gestation, high users made fewer visits to maternity centers than did low users. Hospital clinic care now seems to replace care in maternity centers, and we found a weak trend toward a pluralistic prenatal care.
Sex Discrimination after Death: A Seventeenth-Century English Study
Authors: Doebler Bettie Anne , Warnicke Retha M.
Published: May 2005

Funeral sermons published in England during a three-decade period (1601–1630) were examined for possible sex bias. Because London dominated the publishing business, all but four, regardless of where they were preached, were issued in that city. A clear pattern of male preference was found. A lower number of funeral sermons for women was published. Interestingly, the number of times these sermons were reprinted or reissued did not strongly reinforce this pattern of discrimination. In the text of the sermons, laudatory and idealized comments about the deceased reflected and helped to perpetuate the sex differences in society.
Funerals of the Unaffiliated
Authors: Garces-Foley Kathleen
Published: May 2005

Over one-third of Americans do not claim membership in a religious congregation, but the vast majority of the “congregationally unaffiliated” continue to mark major life events, such as death, through communal rituals officiated by religious professionals. If bereaved families do not have a clergyperson or a religious tradition to guide them in planning a funeral, to whom and to what do they turn? This article presents findings from an ethnographic study that explored four dimensions of unaffiliated funerals: creativity versus standardization, the process of ritual creation, lay participation, and shared meaning. The findings suggest that despite their informal character and emphasis on spontaneous sharing, unaffiliated funerals utilize a highly standardized ritual structure. Furthermore, though unaffiliated services focus on the life of the deceased rather than a theological interpretation of death, they articulate shared meaning by emphasizing belief in God, personal immortality, and the importance of ethical living.
A Visible Ideology: A Document Series in a Women's Clothing Company
Authors: Cronn-Mills Kirstin
Published: May 2005

Studying corporate documents provides clues to the larger philosophy of the organization. This article explores a sales document redesign that indicates a subtle shift in ideology for a women's clothing company. The corporation uses direct sales to market clothes to a variety of women. In one season, the documents change from relatively outdated designs to more updated, professional layouts. However, the content of the documents changes very little. The author contends that the document redesign indicates a move to a more feminist outlook for the company and uses the concept of ethos to describe how the document design represents a slowly changing ethos for the corporation. A specific content shift towards feminism is, however, less apparent.
Rating the Incidence of an Altered State of Consciousness as a Function of the Rater's Own Absorption Score
Authors: Glicksohn Joseph
Published: May 2005

Why is it that raters differ in their assessment of subjective experience? Assuming that the rater's personal involvement or experience with the subject matter would determine the location of a diagnostic threshold, individual differences in rating would be indexed by the former. In this study, independent judges were asked to assess introspective reports for the appearance of an altered state of consciousness. The rater's own absorption score was determined, and a negative correlation ( r = −0.48) was found between the number of instances of an altered state of consciousness (ASC) assessed and absorption score. Interrater disagreement regarding subjective experience may therefore be a function of variability in absorption.
A Blueprint for Using the World Wide Web as an Interactive Teaching Tool
Authors: Lightfoot Jay M.
Published: May 2005

The combination of the World Wide Web and instructional software tools has the potential to create an educational environment that supports the knowledge building approach to learning. This article develops a blueprint for teaching a college-level class using the World Wide Web and a prototype hypermedia software package. The details of the approach are described and its potential and impact are discussed. While the discussion is specific to a particular software tool, the general method is applicable to any tool with the same basic capabilities.
Nonritual Alcohol Drinking Practices among High School Students from the Kibbutz Movement in Israel: Implications for Prevention
Authors: Weiss Shoshana , Moore Michael
Published: May 2005

This article describes the Kibbutzim part of a survey conducted in the north of Israel during spring 1990, in order to investigate alcohol drinking habits of Jewish students from Kibbutzim and urban areas, as well as those of Moslem and Druze students, and to draw conclusions for designing alcohol abuse prevention activities. Of the general sample of 2763 students, 572 subjects were drawn from eleven schools which belong to sixty-two Kibbutzim. Exactly 435 students were Kibbutzim-born and 137 were outsiders living and being educated in the Kibbutzim. Kibbutzim-born youth showed the highest rate of involvement with alcohol in Israel, and a striking difference concerning the rates of alcohol consumption was revealed between the above mentioned two groups. This article explains this gap, as well as the high prevalence of alcohol use among Kibbutzim-born youth, and discusses implications for prevention.
Impact of Adulthood and Adolescent Rape Experiences on Subsequent Sexual Fantasies
Authors: Pihlgren Eric M. , Gidycz Christine A. , Lynn Steven J.
Published: May 2005

This study represents the first investigation of adolescent and adulthood rape experiences on the sexual fantasies of female college student victims. Although students who reported being adulthood rape victims ( N = 44; not victimized in childhood) reported being more depressed than nonvictims who had experienced intercourse ( N = 83) and than nonvictims with no intercourse history ( N = 40), victims' sexual fantasies were generally indistinguishable from nonvictims in terms of multiple indices of fantasy [1]. Even when data analyses were restricted to only those subjects who perceived themselves as victims, significant differences did not emerge, although a number of suggestive trends were discerned. Across all subjects, fantasies were more elaborate in response to the first of two reported fantasies. Victims were generally indistinguishable from nonvictims in terms of demographic characteristics, previous sexual experiences, sex drive, sexual satisfaction, and sex guilt. In summary, the effects of sexual victimization in this sample were neither pervasive nor enduring.
Paleo-Indian Occupations in Northeastern Minnesota: How Early?
Authors: Mulholland Susan C. , Mulholland Stephen L. , Peters Gordon R. , Huber James K. , Mooers Howard D.
Published: May 2005

Environmental factors influenced Paleo-Indian occupation in northern portions of North America. Glacial features posed physical restrictions while revegetation on the post-glacial landscape limited available resources. Areas of northern Minnesota were ice-free by 13,500 B.P. with lake formation and revegetation at 12,000 to 11,000 B.P. By 11,200 B.P. northeastern Minnesota was probably habitable. However, archaeological evidence for early Paleo-Indian occupation in the area is sparse. Fluted and Holcombe-like projectile points have only been reported from three localities; well-dated sites are lacking at present, in contrast to the evidence for Late Paleo-Indian occupation. However, rugged terrain and thick vegetation hamper survey and bias the record toward accessible locations—those on modern waterways. A survey strategy based on the immediate post-glacial landscape needs to be implemented to address the question of earliest occupation. In addition, the problem of charcoal dates that are widely divergent from associated cultural remains must be addressed.
Patterns of Adjustment to Partner Loss in Old Age: The Widowhood Adaptation Longitudinal Study
Authors: Van Baarsen Berna , Van Duijn Marijtje A. J. , Smit Johannes H. , Snijders Tom A. B. , Knipscheer Kees P. M.
Published: May 2005

The present longitudinal study aims to explain emotional and social loneliness experienced by older adults ( N=99) during two-and-a-half years of widowhood. Utilization of multilevel analysis and a “visual” cluster analysis with prescribed classification criteria enabled us to search for average adaptational developments as well as individual variability in the adjustment process. Results were interpreted within the theory of mental incongruity. Adjustment to loneliness appears to develop along different individual-specific curves. About 30 percent of the bereaved had not adapted in two-and-a-half years to their loss in terms of emotional loneliness. Presence of favorable opportunities such as good health and high self-esteem as well as coping efforts like social behavior resulted in lower levels of emotional and social loneliness. It is concluded that the adjustment process among older bereaved does not exist. Moreover, including measures of cognitions and attitudes that are related to the relational needs and desires of widow(er)s may enlarge our knowledge of how older adults adapt to partner death.
Gender Differentials in School Computer Technology Support Roles: An Analysis
Authors: Hawkes Mark , Brockmueller Brad
Published: May 2005

Previous research on the attitudes of girls and women toward information technology indicates that they hold negative perceptions about their own computer use capabilities. These beliefs, combined with media influences predominantly portraying men in technology roles, often persuade women to choose non-technology related careers. This study looks at the presence and role of women in school technology support roles by surveying technology coordinators ( n = 129) from the upper plains region of the United States. Data on job responsibilities, professional training, training quality, and task proficiency are gathered. Analysis shows that women are disproportionately underrepresented in school technology support roles. Where equivalent training, experience, and job expectations exist, women are also under-compensated. A discussion follows suggesting that more women in the very visible school technology support role can be extremely influential in building beliefs among school-age girls that information technology careers are within their reach.
Self-Representations and Negative Affect in Cocaine-Dependent Individuals
Authors: Avants S. Kelly , Singer Jerome L. , Margolin Arthur
Published: May 2005

In an application of self-discrepancy theory to addiction, the self-representations of cocaine users ( n = 29) were compared to those of methadone-maintained patients ( n = 30) and non-drug-users ( n = 27). Cocaine users had higher Beck depression scores than non-users, and the content of their self-representations was more dysphoric than either non-users or methadone patients. They also reported being most vulnerable to cocaine use when depressed. Given the predominance of dejection-related emotions experienced by cocaine users, self-discrepancy theory would hypothesize that these patients would have higher actual:ideal self-discrepancies than either of the other two groups, and that they would have higher actual:ideal than actual:ought self-discrepancies. Both of these hypotheses were supported. Furthermore, cocaine use was found to be positively related to actual:ideal self-discrepancy scores and to Beck depression scores. Additional drug-related self-representations were also explored using a modified version of the Selves Questionnaire.
The Cepa Project: A New Model for Community-Based Program Planning
Authors: Buchanan David , Apostol Edna , Balfour Dalila , Claudio Carmen , Marinoff Joani , O'Hare Nancy , Rodriguez Maria , Santiago Carlos
Published: May 2005

The article describes a new model of community-based program planning developed by the Centro de Educacion, Prevencion y Accion (CEPA) project, an HIV prevention program for Puerto Ricans located in Holyoke, Massachusetts. Based on models of critical thinking, empowerment and participatory education, the basic philosophy of the CEPA project is to narrow the gap between program developers and program recipients to the greatest extent possible. The article discusses the successes and challenges encountered in approaching this ideal. The article concludes with recommendations for public health professionals considering the use of community-based approaches to address public health issues.
Sex Education in Cuba: An Interview with Dr. Celestino Alvarez Lajonchere
Authors: Fee Elizabeth
Published: May 2005

This article is an interview with Dr. Celestino Alvarez Lajonchere, Director of the National Institute of Sex Education in Havana, Cuba. The topics of discussion include reproductive rights issues, contraception, and abortion law; sex education in Cuba, homosexuality, and national policy on AIDS.
Specification and Design Procedures, Functions, and Issues in Developing Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Authors: Livergood Norman D.
Published: May 2005

Intelligent tutoring systems comprise an important new technology within the field of artificial intelligence. This article explores specification and design procedures, functions, and issues in developing intelligent tutoring systems-those features which are necessary to consider when designing or developing intelligent computer-assisted instruction (ICAI) systems. Instead of developing a specific ITS in a particular domain, this article explores generic procedures for developing intelligent tutoring systems. The unstructured proliferation of intelligent instruction systems with a variety of functionality makes this effort particularly important.
The University of Mid-America: A New Applied Learning System
Authors: McBride Jack G.
Published: May 2005

As a new applied learning system, the University of Mid-America (UMA) is developing as a major national experiment in the use of instructional technology in an open learning system at the postsecondary level. A consortial effort of nine major state universities in six Midwestern states, UMA develops mediated credit and non-credit courses for use off-campus in teaching-at-a-distance programs; conducts research into formal adult teaching and learning; assists its consortium members in their development of statewide open learning delivery mechanisms, and disseminates courses and research products nationwide. UMA itself has no campus or faculty; offers no credits or degrees. Rather, it acts as a central agency offering course development and evaluation services to its consortium members.

To ensure the most successful test possible of this applied open learning system, several professional development recommendations should be considered. First, there is a need for restraining of traditional faculty members in innovative methods of developing instructional materials for the media. Second, more attention should be given to the training of professionals who understand the instructional capabilities and limitations of media. Third, we need a new brand of practitioners who are able to harness new technologies for instructional purposes. Finally, we need curriculum specialists who are trained to think in nontraditional ways and who recognize the real educational needs of adult learners.
The Nature and Treatment of Professional Engineering Problems—The Technical Writing Teacher's Responsibility
Authors: Barton Ben F. , Barton Marthalee S.
Published: May 2005

Rhetoric teachers often defer responsibility for technical-problem treatment to either the technical student or the technical instructor. But these technical persons are trained largely in academic problems and treatments, which are shown to differ profoundly from their professional counterparts. For engineering students are traditionally trained in a discipline dissociated from a professional base at its very origins, enrolled in a science-oriented curriculum, and taught by technical instructors lacking professional experience. Rhetoric instructors should not, therefore, consider engineering students experts in the articulation and treatment of typical problems addressed by professionals. This paper describes representative student difficulties in the selection and treatment of technical problems in simulated professional reports. Based on results obtained with questionnaires and in-depth interviews, these difficulties are traced to the use of academic materials as sources. Representative case histories are used to illustrate typical student pitfalls in adapting academic source materials. Pedagogical suggestions are offered.
Development of Acute Psychotic Disorders and HIV-1 Infection
Authors: De Ronchi Diana , Faranca Irma , Forti Paola , Ravaglia Giovanni , Borderi Marco , Manfredi Roberto , Volterra Vittorio
Published: May 2005

Objective:

To gain more understanding about the relationship between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and new-onset psychosis, we compared clinical and immunological findings, psychiatric symptoms, global cognitive performance and, when available, computerized tomography (CT) findings between HIV-1-seropositive patients with new-onset psychosis and well-matched nonpsychotic HIV-1-seropositives.

Methods:

Two groups of subjects: HIV-1-seropositives with new-onset psychosis ( n = 12) and HIV-1-seropositives without psychosis ( n = 15) were recruited through outpatient departments. Organic Delusional Syndrome and Organic Hallucinosis were clinically diagnosed using DSM-III-R diagnostic criteria. Of the baseline participants, twenty-two participated in the two-year follow-up examination.

Results:

The prevalence of new-onset psychosis in HIV-1-infected subjects was 3.7 per 100 (95% C.I. = 1.6–5.7). HIV-1-seropositive persons with new-onset psychosis had more frequently a positive past psychiatric history, no antiretroviral therapy, and a lower global cognitive performance than did the nonpsychotic HIV-1-seropositives. CT was positive, showing generalized brain atrophy, in three out of nine patients. Remission of psychotic symptoms was observed only in two HIV-1-seropositive persons with new-onset psychosis. Death occurred in two psychotic HIV-1-seropositives with simple loosely held delusions. Autopsy results showed that cortical sulci and ventricle size were graded as with moderate/severe enlargement.

Conclusions:

New-onset psychosis in HIV infected patients could raise considerable problems in deciding whether a presentation is organic or functional. An interaction of the disease or of psychologically “having” the disease with the presence of a psychotic reaction should also be considered. Interestingly, a protective effect of antiretroviral therapy for new-onset psychosis is suggested.
Psychiatric Manifestations of Olivo-Ponto-Cerebellar Atrophy and Treatment with Clozapine
Authors: Parsa Mahmoud A. , Simon Michelle , Dubrow Carol , Ramirez Luis F. , Meltzer Herbert Y.
Published: May 2005

Patients with multiple system atrophy, a neurodegenerative disease entity, have a high incidence of associated mental disturbances such as a mood disorder with or without psychotic features. Treatment of the psychiatric symptoms, without compromising neurological status, is often complicated and unsuccessful. This article describes a patient with olivo-ponto-cerebellar atrophy and treatment-resistant psychotic depression whose psychiatric symptoms were successfully treated with clozapine without aggravating the neurological disabilities.
Instructional Computing: In Search of Better Methods for the Production of CAI Lessons
Authors: Kontos George
Published: May 2005

Today, CAI lessons are being prepared mostly by educators alone or by computer professionals alone. Experience shows that while teachers alone or computer programmers alone can do the job, the resulting CAI lesson will not, on the average, be a very good product. This is reflected in the fact that the market today is full of inferior CAI products. This article considers the investigating of alternate methods and concludes that a team effort of experienced educators and highly skilled computer professionals is essential for the production of “better” CAI lessons. A model illustrating such a team effort for the development and production of high quality CAI material is presented and analyzed.
Memory for Pictures and Words following Literal and Metaphorical Decisions
Authors: Endestad Tor , Magnussen Svein , Helstrup Tore
Published: May 2005

The recognition memory of words and pictures was tested following a study session where the stimuli entered metaphorical or literal decision tasks. The results confirmed a picture superiority effect in the sense that the memory for pictures under all conditions was better than the memory for words. However, a metaphorical task at study had opposite effects on the long-term memory for pictures and words, producing better memory for words and poorer memory for pictures compared to a literal decision task at study. The results are interpreted within the concept of dual coding.
Writing Disturbances: An Indicator for Postoperative Delirium
Authors: Aakerlund Lars Peter , Rosenberg Jacob
Published: May 2005

Objective:

To study the writing ability pre- and postoperatively in patients undergoing major surgery.

Method:

In an open study twenty-four consecutive patients undergoing thoracotomy for pulmonary malignancy were monitored for postoperative delirium throughout their stay in the hospital. The writing ability was tested on a preoperative day and on the third day after the operation. Main outcome measures were delirium according to the DSM-III-R criteria and writing ability assessed on items such as reluctance to write and motor-, spatial-, syntactical- and spelling disorders.

Results:

Five patients (21%) developed delirium according to the DSM-III-R criteria. The writing of all patients with delirium was severely impaired with features like reluctance to write, motor disability and spatial disturbances. No patient without delirium developed these disturbances.

Conclusions:

These results suggest that testing of writing ability may be useful in the diagnosis of delirium. The Delirium Writing Test is proposed as a diagnostic tool.
Design and Delivery of Integrated Learning Systems: Their Impact on Student Achievement and Attitudes
Authors: Brush Thomas A. , Armstrong John , Barbrow Dan , Ulintz Lois
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this research was to determine if providing teachers with a wider variety of computer-based resources to integrate with the instructional activities for their students would have a positive effect on student achievement and attitudes. In this study, two variations of Integrated Learning System (ILS) software were available to teachers and students. One type of software (“foundations”) was designed to provide students with an individualized learning environment whereby students could complete computer-based reading activities at their own pace, receive feedback from the computer, and move on to the next set of activities. The other type of software (“explorations”) was designed as a more open-ended environment, where teachers selected specific activities for students (or groups of students) to complete. Results of the study indicate that the students of teachers who used either the explorations software or a combination of the foundations and explorations software in their instructional activities performed significantly better on standardized achievement measures than students of teachers who used the foundations software. In addition, students who used the explorations software had more positive attitudes toward reading than students who used the foundations software.
The Pharmaceutical Industry: A Further Study in Corporate Power
Authors: McCraine Ned , Murray Martin J.
Published: May 2005

This article represents an updated version of previous research conducted on the United States pharmaceutical industry. The unstated purpose of this article is to present new findings which supplement the earlier research. This article describes three aspects of the United States pharmaceutical industry: its strategy and structure within the world market, its global expansion beyond the territorial boundaries of the United States, and its interlocking directorates with banking institutions. The thesis presented here is twofold: first, the United States pharmaceutical industry has become increasingly integrated into larger and more heterogeneous production units operating on the world market; and second, the United States pharmaceutical industry has become increasingly linked to large United States banking firms through interlocking directorates.
Towards the Scientific Study of Imagination
Authors: Singer Jerome L.
Published: May 2005

Imagination was chiefly explored by armchair, self-reflective procedures of Enlightenment philosophers such as Hobbes and Leibniz or the Romantic poets such as Wordsworth and Coleridge and by the literary genre of the stream of consciousness. Although William James put it at the center of psychology it was Freud's development of the psychoanalytic method that opened the way for a more systematic consideration of ongoing thought and waking fantasy processes. After a hiatus during the period of behaviorist domination, the exploration of the functions and dimensions of imaginative thought through increasingly precise psychometric and laboratory procedures has again become a major task for psychology. Specific research questions relating to imagery and styles of imagination as well as clinical applications of imaginative thought are reviewed.
Cabins on Ontario Iroquois Sites
Authors: Kapches Mima
Published: May 2005

With the increased excavation of Ontario Iroquois sites more data are available on structural variability within the village. Cabins, distinct from short longhouses, have been identified on four sites. Their presence leads to an examination of architectural details, use, frequency, and distribution and the identification of their occupants. The results of this study indicate that the cabins are an alternative house type in the village which were built and used by the Iroquois.
The Effects of Microcomputers on Young Children: An Examination of Free-Play Choices, Sex Differences, and Social Interactions
Authors: Lipinski Judith M. , Nida Robert E. , Shade Daniel D. , Watson J. Allen
Published: May 2005

A microcomputer was inserted into two preschool classrooms—one large and one small—to examine the effects on children's free-play choices and social interactions. Sex differences were also examined. In both classrooms, the introduction of the microcomputer initially disrupted free-play activity patterns; over time, however, most free-play areas returned to baseline levels. Sex differences were apparent in both classrooms. In the large classroom, boys spent significantly more time at the microcomputer than girls. In the small classroom, there was a trend for girls to spend more time at the microcomputer than boys. Social interactions at the microcomputer were similar to interactions in other play areas of the two classrooms. Higher levels of positive social behaviors at the microcomputer compared to other play areas were not found in either classroom.
Sex Differences in Technical Communication: A Perspective from Social Role Theory
Authors: Thompson Isabelle
Published: May 2005

This article interprets technical communication research about sex differences according to social role theory, which argues that sex differences are enculturated through experiences associated with social positions in the family and the workplace. It reevaluates technical communication research about sex differences in communicative and collaborative styles in the classroom and the workplace and about the effects of the double bind that women experience in the workplace. The article concludes with a recommendation that theoretical frameworks explaining sex differences remain flexible and able to account for social change.
Extension of List Criteria: Rectifying Logical Flaws in Text
Authors: Mandersloot Wim G. B. , Bruckmann Clive G.
Published: May 2005

The detection of flaws in a list provides an opportunity to widen the perspective on the list content [1]. An additional opportunity occurs when the list heading has two distinct meanings. The list may then be represented better by a two-dimensional array. The case considered is that of the term function used in a list heading. Split into its most common meanings, objective and means used, it provides a new view on the list content. It produced, for instance, a two-dimensional structure for the main functions of language.
Framework for Computer Assisted Instruction Courseware: A Case Study
Authors: Betlach Judith A.
Published: May 2005

This article systematically investigates, defines, and organizes variables related to production of Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) courseware for the U.S. Army Logistics Management Systems Activity (ALMSA), St. Louis. Initial decisions regarding selection of analysis and design methodology, hardware, software and authoring languages were strongly influenced by availability within the ALMSA user community. Subsequent refinements may be required, but prototype boundaries have now been delineated for this prototype effort.
Sir William Osler: Humanistic Thanatologist
Authors: Golden Richard L.
Published: May 2005

Sir William Osler (1849–1919) is the best known and most beloved physician of our time. His career spanned three nations and two continents and he exerted a truly global influence. Osler's interest in thanatology resulted in a pioneering investigation ( A Study of Death) dealing with the physical and psychological elements of dying. He showed that in general there was little mental anguish or physical pain associated with death and he took issue with those, like Maeterlinck, who spoke to the contrary. Osler was a great humanist, who together with his intuitive grasp of thanatology, sought to compassionately ameliorate fear and suffering among terminally-ill patients. As a “humanistic thanatologist” he dealt with issues of death, euthanasia, suicide, and bereavement, and had advanced ideas unusual for a physician of his era. In a reference to Anthony Trollope's novel. The Fixed Period, he jokingly suggested chloroform at age sixty and precipitated a storm of protest. The effect of death and grieving in Osler's own life is analyzed, with particular reference to the loss of his only son, Revere, killed in the carnage of the first World War. His approach to his own final illness and death is examined in the light of the principles that he espoused.
Assessing Organizational Effectiveness in Higher Education Drug Prevention Consortia
Authors: Sheldon-Keller A. E. , Lloyd-McGarvey E. , Canterbury R. J.
Published: May 2005

Eighty-three consortia of institutions of higher education, organized under funding from the Fund for the Improvement of Post-Secondary Education (FIPSE) Drug Prevention Programs of the Department of Education, were surveyed to measure organizational effectiveness. Generalized satisfaction with the functioning of the consortia was related to the number of active members, the average miles traveled to meetings, satisfaction with performance of task functions, members' roles, the level of trust among members and the level of creativity and innovation in problem-solving. Satisfaction with goal attainment was significantly related to the presence of at least one “internal” goal for the consortium.
The Doctor's Role in Rural Health Care
Authors: Taylor Carl E.
Published: May 2005

A new pattern of health care in developing countries promises to meet the needs of rural people and still provide reasonable gratification for health workers. The service must have mutually strengthening linkages between all levels of the health care system. Reallocating roles in the health team requires turning routine medical care over to auxiliaries so that professionals can concentrate on more complex problems, such as community diagnosis and therapy. Young doctors are reasonable and willing to undertake a rural rotation early in their medical careers. This will help to identify those few who will provide leadership in improving rural services.
Narrowing the Gap in Treatment of Depression
Authors: Harman Jeffrey S. , Mulsant Benoit H. , Kelleher Kelly J. , Schulberg Herbert C. , Kupfer David J. , Reynolds Charles F.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

Although effective treatments for depression exist, under or non-treatment of depression is common. Efforts were made in the early 1990s to improve recognition and treatment of depression, with many of those efforts targeted at groups most vulnerable to under-treatment. The purpose of this study is to assess treatment rates in 1993–1994 and 1996–1997.

Method:

Using nationally representative surveys of office-based practice covering the years 1993, 1994, 1996, and 1997, we obtained estimates of visits by adults in which depression was diagnosed and a prescription for antidepressant medication and/or psychotherapy was provided or ordered.

Results:

The proportion of physician office visits in which a depression diagnosis was recorded did not change from 1993–1994 (3.48 percent) to 1996–1997 (3.40 percent). However, the rate of antidepressant prescription or psychotherapy rose from 74.2 percent of visits with a depression diagnosis in 1993–1994 to 82.3 percent of these visits in 1996–1997. Significantly lower rates of treatment for depression during office visits made by African American patients, elderly patients, and patients on Medicaid occurred in 1993–1994, but were not evident in 1996–1997, reflecting improved rates of depression treatment in these populations.

Conclusions:

Although rates of diagnosis of depression during office visits have not increased, treatment rates for depression are improving among those who are diagnosed, including groups of people who historically were less likely to be offered treatment. Additional efforts to improve recognition and diagnosis of depression in ambulatory medical practice and to improve dissemination of treatment are needed.
Causes of Health and Safety Hazards in Canadian Agriculture
Authors: Denis Wilfrid B.
Published: May 2005

Agriculture remains one of the most hazardous occupations in the world, even in industrialized countries. One of the major differences between Canadian agriculture and most other sectors of the economy is that the vast majority of farmers are self-employed. Consequently their particular relations of production are expected to have an impact on the issue of work health and safety. After a review of the nature and extent of work accidents, deaths, illness, and injuries in farmers and farm workers, the article focuses on the causes of such hazards. These causes are analyzed with reference to individual, institutional, and structural factors. The author argues that institutional and structural factors seem to be of paramount importance in explaining the severity of farm health hazards.
“No Glove, No Love”: Cultural Beliefs of African-American Women regarding Influencing Strategies for Condom Use
Authors: Bird Sheryl Thorburn , Harvey S. Marie
Published: May 2005

Interviews were conducted with 22 young African-American women at risk of HIV/STDs and unintended pregnancy and their male partners regarding the strategies that they would use to get their partners to use condoms. Content analysis indicated that participants would use verbal (unilateral and bilateral) and non-verbal strategies to get their partners to use condoms. Subsequently, interviews were conducted with an additional 40 women to explore and identify cultural beliefs regarding women's influencing strategies for condom use. Cultural consensus analysis was performed and results indicated that the participants comprise a cultural group with shared beliefs about influencing strategies for condom use. Participants believed that to get their partners to use condoms women: 1) use strong, direct strategies such as threatening to withhold sex; 2) actively participate in condom use by making condoms available and initiating their use; and 3) use interactive strategies such as offering reasons for condom use.
Methodological Issues in the Recruitment of Primary Care Patients with Depression
Authors: Nazemi Hamid , Larkin Adelpha Abrahamson , Sullivan Mark D. , Katon Wayne
Published: May 2005

Objective:

To compare two strategies of patient recruitment, waiting room (WR) screening and screening after physician referral (PR), for participation in a treatment-outcome study of minor depression and dysthymia in primary care. The influence of demographic factors on patients' refusal to participate in WR screening was also examined.

Method:

Of a convenience sample of 3,344 first stage patients, a total of 609 patients were evaluated in a semi-structured manner using a two-stage screening procedure from the mood module of the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders (PRIME-MD).

Results:

Male and older patients were more likely to refuse participation in screening than female and younger patients. Waiting room screens yielded a higher number of qualified patients compared to PR screens, but PR screens yielded a higher percentage of patients who qualified for further participation.

Conclusions:

The recruitment of male and older primary care patients is complicated by their tendency to refuse participation in WR screening for a treatment-outcome study of milder depression. Although each recruitment strategy offers advantages and disadvantages, the simultaneous use of both is recommended to recruit the most patients in the least amount of time.
Hypopituitarism Presenting as Delirium
Authors: Khanna Sumant , Ammini A. , Saxena Shekhar , Mohan D.
Published: May 2005

A case of hypopituitarism following childbirth (Sheehan's Syndrome) presenting with delirium is described. Diagnosis was confirmed with pituitary stimulation tests and the patient remains symptom-free for the last three years on maintenance hormonal therapy.
The Munchausen Syndrome: A Report of Four New Cases and a Review of Psychodynamic Considerations
Authors: Ford Charles V.
Published: May 2005

Four new cases of Munchausen syndrome are described and compared to prior reports in the literature. Remarkable is the high frequency of childhood histories which include rejecting or sadistic parents, exposure to death or chronic illness and institutional placement. It is proposed that the symptoms comprising the syndrome are a defense against psychosis or infantile anxiety and are precipitated by either real or threatened separations from ambivalently regarded object relations. Hospitalization allows gratification of dependency wishes while the pseudologia and malingering serve to deny the feelings of impotence.
Attitudes Toward Physician Assisted Suicide: Poland and the United States
Authors: Domino George
Published: May 2005

A scale to measure attitudes toward physician assisted suicide was administered to a sample ( N=246) of Polish citizens and a sample ( N=246) of U.S. citizens equated on gender, marital status, religion, and socioeconomic level. In both samples the reliability was substantial (Cronbach's alphas of .93 and .89), and the factor structure identical (one major factor). Significant ethnic differences were found for 10 of the 12 scale items, but no differences related to demographic variables. The obtained differences appear to parallel a conservative-liberal dimension, though this will need to be assessed in future studies.
Research Commentary: Technical Writers as Part-Time Teachers in Two-Year Colleges
Authors: Angelo Faye , Pickett Nell Ann
Published: May 2005

Part-time technical writing teachers who responded to a 1986–87 survey of two-year college technical writing teachers were found to be committed to teaching, well-qualified, experienced, personally involved, and typically employed full time as technical writers or editors. This finding calls into question the unfavorable stereotypical view of part-timers held by individuals and professional organizations. Because of their unique position as full-time practitioners of the skills they teach, part-time technical writing teachers can serve as an important link between teaching technical writing and business/industry.