bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Density from pellet groups: Comparing methods for estimating dung persistence time
Authors: Delisle Zackary J. , Swihart Robert K. , Quinby Brandon M. , Sample Richard D. , Kinser‐Mcbee Kevin J. , Tauber Emily K. , Flaherty Elizabeth A.
Published: July 2022

Effective wildlife management often relies on estimates of animal density, and cue counting is a viable estimation strategy. A key component of density estimation from dung, a form of cue counting, is estimation of the persistence time, , of dung piles. However, differences between observers on what constitutes a dung pile may alter subsequent density estimates. Additionally, many researchers studying white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) have substituted for the number of days between the date in which 98% of deciduous trees shed leaves in autumn and field sampling. To address these 2 concerns, we compared 3 methods for estimating of white‐tailed deer pellet groups: (1) a common modelling approach based on observations from a single observer (single‐observer method), (2) a method that accommodates interobserver variation on the status of dung during field surveys (interobserver method), and (3) the days elapsed since 98% of deciduous trees shed autumn leaves (leaf‐off method). We then applied these 3 estimates to distance‐sampling data on pellet groups from white‐tailed deer that we collected along transects during 3 sampling seasons from 2019–2021 in west‐central Indiana. We estimated habitat‐ and year‐specific deer densities. Persistence probability of pellet groups varied across habitats and years, positively with age and number of pellets, and negatively with precipitation and temperature. In several instances, we found strong or marginal differences between densities estimated using the leaf‐off method and the other 2 methods. The densities using the interobserver and single‐observer methods were similar, with the latter being larger by an average of 8.0% (SE = 1.71). The latter also yielded coefficients of variation (CV) that averaged 16.6% (SE = 4.8) larger, attributable to interobserver discrepancies in scoring dung persistence. Density estimates from the leaf‐off method were 32.6% (SE = 15.3) and 37.8% (SE = 13.0) less than the density estimates from the interobserver and single‐observer methods, respectively. We encourage future researchers estimating density using multiple observers and dung sampling techniques to incorporate interobserver variation. We advocate that biologists relying on dung‐based estimation of density for white‐tailed deer abandon the conventional leaf‐off method and adopt other modelling approaches.
Geographically Weighted Methods to Validate Land Use Cover Maps
Authors: Molinero-Parejo Ramón
Published: July 2022

One of the most commonly used techniques for validating Land Use Cover (LUC) maps are the accuracy assessment statistics derived from the cross-tabulation matrix. However, although these accuracy metrics are applied to spatial data, this does not mean that they produce spatial results. The overall, user’s and producer’s accuracy metrics provide global information for the entire area analysed, but shed no light on possible variations in accuracy at different points within this area, a shortcoming that has been widely criticized. To address this issue, a series of techniques have been developed to integrate a spatial component into these accuracy assessment statistics for the analysis and validation of LUC maps. Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) is a local technique for estimating the relationship between a dependent variable with respect to one or more independent variables or explanatory factors. However, unlike traditional regression techniques, it considers the distance between data points when estimating the coefficients of the regression points using a moving window. Hence, it assumes that geographic data are non-stationary i.e., they vary over space. Geographically weighted methods provide a non-stationary analysis, which can reveal the spatial relationships between reference data obtained from a LUC map and classified data. Specifically, logistic GWR is used in this chapter to estimate the accuracy of each LUC data point, so allowing us to observe the spatial variation in overall, user’s and producer’s accuracies. A specific tool (Local accuracy assessment statistics) was specially developed for this practical exercise, aimed at validating a Land Use Cover map. The Marqués de Comillas region was selected as the study area for implementing this tool and demonstrating its applicability. For the calculation of the user’s and producer’s accuracy metrics, we selected the tropical rain forest category [50] as an example. Furthermore, a series of maps were obtained by interpolating the results of the tool, so enabling a visual interpretation and a description of the spatial distribution of error and accuracy.
General Land Use Cover Datasets for Europe
Authors: García-Álvarez David , Lara Hinojosa Javier , Jurado Pérez Francisco José , Quintero Villaraso Jaime
Published: July 2022

The land uses and covers of Europe are the most systematically mapped in the world today, and their associated datasets offer the greatest spatial and thematic detail. Thanks to the work done within the Copernicus Land Monitoring programme run by the European Environmental Agency (EEA) and the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission, there are many general LUC datasets covering most of the European continent. These general datasets map all land uses and covers on the ground, without focusing on any specific type. However, whereas some cover the whole of Europe, others only map specific local areas of interest, such as urban or coastal areas, riparian zones or spaces protected under the Nature 2000 network. CORINE Land Cover (CLC) is the flagship European LUC mapping programme and a reference worldwide. It has provided consistent LUC information at a detailed scale (1:100,000) every 6 years since 1990. This is the result of a high degree of coordination between many different organizations and institutions across Europe. The Copernicus programme also includes other European datasets such as Urban Atlas, N2K, Riparian Zones and Coastal Zones, which provide very detailed LUC information at higher levels of spatial detail (scale 1:10,000) for specific geographical area types: Functional Urban Areas, the Natura 2000 network, riparian zones from Strahler level 2–8 rivers and areas 10 km away from the coastline. However, these projects do not cover the same long timeframe as CLC. In addition, their long-term future is far from clear in that updates are only planned for Urban Atlas and Coastal Zones. PELCOM, GlobCorine and the Annual Land Cover Product are the European projects that most resemble the LUC maps available at global and supra-national scales for other parts of the world. They were obtained through classification of satellite imagery. PELCOM and GlobCorine are only available for a few dates and at quite coarse spatial resolutions: 1 km and 300 m respectively. The Annual Land Cover Product consists of a series of LUC maps for the period 2000–2019 at a highly detailed spatial resolution (30 m). It offers information for a large number of different points in time. However, it makes a separate classification of land uses each year, which means that change analysis with this dataset is more uncertain than with CLC or other Copernicus Land Monitoring products. HILDA and S2GLC 2017 are LUC datasets produced within the framework of different research projects, which can be considered reference products in their respective fields. HILDA provides one of the largest time series of LUC maps currently available, spanning the period from 1900 to 2010. S2GLC 2017 is one of the most spatially detailed LUC mapping experiences at a supra-national scale, with a spatial resolution of 10 m.
General Land Use Cover Datasets for America and Asia
Authors: García-Álvarez David , Lara Hinojosa Javier
Published: July 2022

In this chapter we review some examples of general Land Use Cover (LUC) mapping at a supra-national level in America and Asia. These datasets provide a general overview of the land uses and covers in specific American or Asian regions, without focusing on any particular land use or cover. For Asia, we have only identified one dataset mapping the Himalayan region, whereas for America five different datasets were identified. Only three of these are reviewed here, as the other two (SERENA, South America 30 m) are not available for download. The most ambitious project of all those reviewed is NALCMS, which coordinates the production of a LUC map for the whole of North America (Canada, Mexico, USA) at detailed scales (30–250 m) and using the same classification legend. It is the only dataset of all those reviewed that provides a time series of LUC maps (2005, 2010 and 2015). The Himalaya Regional Land Cover database is a vector-based map that provides information on LUC changes over the period 1970/80–2007 at a scale of 1:350,000. The other two American datasets—LBA-ECO LC-08 (1 km, 1987/91) and MERISAM2009 (300 m, 2008/10)—are raster-based and only available for one date, therefore making change detection impossible.
Global Thematic Land Use Cover Datasets Characterizing Agricultural Covers
Authors: García-Álvarez David , Lara Hinojosa Javier
Published: July 2022

There is a wide variety of global thematic Land Use Cover (LUC) datasets characterizing agricultural covers. Most of them focus on cropland areas, providing information on their extent or the percentage of cropland cover on the ground. In some cases, the focus is more specific and they provide information on cropland irrigation practices. In other cases, specific maps charting the extension of different crops are also available. In this chapter, we review 8 different datasets with a spatial resolution of at least 1 km. There are many other datasets characterizing agricultural covers at coarser resolutions, such as the Historic Croplands Dataset, GMRCA or GIAM. Their coarse resolution hampers their potential application in practice, which is why they are not described in detail in this chapter. Nor do we analyse FROM-GC, a dataset mapping the extent of global cropland at 30 m, because it is not currently accessible. GFSAD30 has the highest resolution of all the datasets reviewed (30 m). It also provides some of the most up-to-date information (2015). However, it only charts the extent of cropland. As part of an associated project, GFSAD1KCD and GFSAD1KCM characterize cropland areas in 9 and 7 categories respectively at 1 km for 2010. They provide information on the irrigation status of the crops. GFSAD1KCD and GFSAD1KCM were obtained from data fusion. This method is commonly used in the production of many of the cropland datasets reviewed: IIASA-IFPRI cropland map, Global Synergy Cropland Map, Unified Cropland Layer (UCL) and ASAP Land Cover Masks. The IIASA-IFPRI (2005) and ASAP maps provide information on the proportion of cropland at a spatial resolution of 1 km. ASAP also includes a map on rangeland covers, and as such is the only dataset described in this chapter that maps a cover other than croplands. The Global Synergy Cropland Map (2010) and the Unified Cropland Layer (2014) also map cropland proportions, although they have been produced at higher spatial resolutions: 500 and 250 m respectively. The Global Cropland Extent product maps the extent of cropland at 250 m based on imagery from 2000-2008. Although thematically limited, this dataset is less affected by time variability, as it is based on imagery taken over a long period (8 years). Finally, GRIPC maps the extent of three types of cropland area (irrigated, rainfed and paddy crops) at 500 m for 2005.
Supra-National Thematic Land Use Cover Datasets
Authors: García-Álvarez David , Jurado Pérez Francisco José , Lara Hinojosa Javier
Published: July 2022

Supra-national thematic Land Use Cover (LUC) datasets are not very common. While there are several general datasets mapping all the land uses or covers in different supra-national areas across the world, LUC datasets with a similar extent that focus on the mapping of specific land covers in greater thematic detail are scarce. In this chapter, we review six different supra-national thematic LUC datasets. Three others were also found in the literature, but are not fully available for download, namely the TREES Vegetation Map of Tropical South America, the Central Africa—Vegetation map and FACET. The Circumpolar Arctic Region Vegetation dataset was also excluded from this review because of its specificity and coarse scale (1:7,500,000). Europe is the continent with the most relevant, most updated and most detailed LUC thematic datasets at supra-national scales. This is due to the work being done by the European Commission through its Joint Research Centre (JRC) and the Copernicus Land Monitoring Programme. The High-Resolution Layers (HRL) provide very detailed information, both thematically and spatially (from 10 m), for five different themes: imperviousness, tree cover, grasslands, water and wet covers, and small woody features. The European Settlement Map also provides information on built-up areas at very detailed scales (from 2.5 m). HRL and ESM are recently launched datasets which, therefore, do not provide a long series of historical data. In addition, ESM is an experimental dataset produced within the framework of a research project funded by the European Commission and no updates are expected. The datasets reviewed in this chapter for other parts of the world focus on vegetation covers of tropical forests and other relevant areas in terms of biodiversity and environmental studies. These datasets were produced within projects funded by the European Commission and the United States Agency for International Development. Unlike the previous datasets for Europe, they are already outdated and are usually produced at coarser spatial resolutions: Insular Southeast Asia—Forest Cover Map (1 km, 1998/00); Continental Southeast Asia—Forest Cover Map (1 km, 1998/02). For its part, the Congo Basin Monitoring dataset, although outdated, provides information at a higher resolution (57 m) for two different dates: 1990, 2000. The Joint Research Centre of the European Commission also produced an African cropland mask as a source of information for policy-makers. Of all the datasets reviewed in this chapter, it is the only one to focus on agricultural covers. It was obtained from data fusion at 250 m. Consequently, it does not show the cropland areas of Africa for a specific date across the whole continent.
Land Use Cover Datasets: A Review
Authors: García-Álvarez David , Nanu Sabina Florina
Published: July 2022

This chapter presents a review of Land Use Cover (LUC) datasets at global and supranational scales. To this end, we differentiate between LUC maps (Sect. 3) and reference LUC datasets (Sect. 4). The former map how different land uses or covers are distributed across the Earth’s surface. The latter provides a sample of LUC data for specific points on Earth and are normally used in LUC mapping and modelling calibration and validation exercises. We also include a brief presentation of the main producers of LUC datasets (Sect. 2). The LUC maps reviewed here are classified according to different criteria. First, we differentiate between general LUC maps (Sect. 3.2), which provide information about all land uses and covers on Earth, and thematic LUC maps (Sect. 3.3), which focus on the mapping of a specific land use or cover. Second, we classify general and thematic LUC maps according to their extent, distinguishing between global and supra-national LUC maps. The general maps are classified according to the continent for which they provide information, either fully or partially, while the thematic maps are classified according to the type of land use or cover they focus on. Most of the datasets reviewed in this chapter are characterized in detail in Part IV of this book, to which this chapter acts as an introduction. This chapter includes a series of tables with all the datasets, indicating those for which a detailed description is provided in Part IV.
Pontius Jr. Methods Based on a Cross-Tabulation Matrix to Validate Land Use Cover Maps
Authors: Paegelow Martin , Mas Jean-François , Gallardo Marta , Camacho Olmedo María Teresa , García-Álvarez David
Published: July 2022

Several validation techniques based on the cross-tabulation matrix can be applied to validate Land Use Cover (LUC) maps. The exercises in this chapter focus, in particular, on the cross-tabulation techniques proposed by Robert Gilmore Pontius Jr., who has developed many indices and techniques in this field. Given his major contribution to this family of validation techniques, we have associated his name here with cross-tabulation techniques without this in any way implying that his scientific activity is limited to this field. The null model (Sect. 1) is especially useful for validating simulations, comparing the modelled map to a reference map with full persistence. LUCC budget (Sect. 2) only focusses on changes, which it splits into different components. This method can be used to compare the changes we want to validate with a reference set of changes, so providing interesting information as to how well our maps capture the dynamics of the landscape. Quantity and allocation disagreement (Sect. 3) analyse the differences between the reference map and the map being validated using two indices: disagreement in quantity and disagreement in allocation. The Figure of Merit (FoM) (Sect. 4) technique is used to validate a set of LUC changes by comparing them with a reference, distinguishing between different components of agreement: correctly simulated change, wrongly simulated or missing change. Incidents and States (Sect. 5) allows us to identify illogical transitions in a time series of maps by providing the number of states and transitions that a cell undergoes over the course of the series. Intensity analysis (Sect. 6) and Flow matrix (Sect. 7) also enable us to validate the logic of LUC changes in a time series of maps. Intensity analysis provides information on the speed of changes, identifying those transitions or changes that do not follow a logical trend, while the flow matrix enables us to spot unstable changes in a series of maps. In this chapter, we present examples of how these techniques can be used in different cases: to validate single LUC maps, to validate a series of maps with two or more time points, to validate simulated changes against a reference map of changes and to validate changes simulated by various models. All these techniques are illustrated by exercises using datasets from the Asturias Central Area and the Ariège Valley.
Policy Framework for Hydropower Mitigation
Authors: Kampa Eleftheria
Published: July 2022

Hydropower is at the cross-road of different policies on renewable energy, climate change, water and nature. Knowledge of current policies and regulations at different levels is crucial for understanding the framework conditions for more sustainable hydropower. This chapter examines the role of policy in planning and implementing mitigation actions for European hydropower. The overarching framework is set by European Union legislation in particular the Water Framework Directive, EU policies on nature/biodiversity and the EU agenda for energy and climate. All these different policies should be taken into account in a balanced way considering synergies and trade-offs. EU policies are complemented by national legislation that sets the regulatory framework for hydropower mitigation measures in each country. The impacts of hydropower for which mitigation is most commonly required by legislation are the disruption of upstream fish migration and the modification of flow conditions. Supported by a policy analysis of eight European countries, this chapter shows that recent changes in environmental legislation and societal pressure have reduced permit duration for hydropower plants. Further, the Water Framework Directive and national policy revisions have triggered modifications in authorisation procedures for hydropower at the benefit of implementing mitigation measures.
Impacts and Risks of Hydropower
Authors: van Treeck Ruben , Geist Juergen , Pander Joachim , Tuhtan Jeffrey , Wolter Christian
Published: July 2022

This chapter very briefly outlines site and constellation specific direct and indirect impacts of a hydropower scheme primarily on fishes. It describes potential effects of single elements of a hydropower scheme, such as available migration routes up- and downstream, impoundment, hydraulic head, turbine type and mode of operation. It summarises the state of knowledge, points out knowledge gaps and indicates potential mitigation options.
Academic Achievement and Subjective Well-being: A Representative Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Wollschläger Rachel , Esch Pascale , Keller Ulrich , Fischbach Antoine , Pit-ten Cate Ineke M.
Published: July 2022

Formal education is a very important, time-intensive, and highly consequential aspect of adolescents’ everyday life. School as well as education can influence adolescents’ well-being in both the short- and long-term. In return, adolescents’ well-being in- and outside school may affect their educational achievement. The objective of the present study is to investigate how self-reported dimensions of adolescents’ subjective well-being (SWB) in an educational context (i.e., academic self-concept, school anxiety, social and emotional inclusion) relate to educational pathways (regular vs. irregular school transitions; attendance of more vs. less prestigious secondary school tracks) and standardized assessment scores in key academic areas (i.e., mathematics and languages). Drawing on representative data emerging from the Luxembourg School Monitoring Programme “Épreuves Standardisées” (academic year 2018/2019), the relationship between academic achievement and students’ self-reported well-being was analysed cross-sectionally for the entire student cohorts of 5th and 9th graders. Result indicated that grades and educational pathways affect SWB, whereby in general lower ratings of SWB were observed in older students, students that experienced grade retention and students in lower secondary school tracks. Furthermore, ratings of SWB explained a significant proportion of variance in academic achievement in bot Grade 5 and Grade 9. These findings highlight the importance of student´ SWB in education. SWB may not only affect academic achievement, but also impact motivation and engagement and hence long-term educational success. Implications of the findings for research and educational debate are discussed.
Ungleichheiten in schulischen Gesundheitsproblemen und subjektivem Wohlbefinden bei luxemburgischen Grund- und Sekundarschüler/innen
Authors: Hadjar Andreas , de Moll Frederick
Published: July 2022

Subjektives Wohlbefinden und Gesundheit sind grundlegende Voraussetzungen für erfolgreiche Bildungsprozesse in der Schule. Inwieweit gesundheitliche Probleme und mangelndes Wohlbefinden im Zuge der Schullaufbahn bei bestimmten Risikogruppen wie Schülerinnen und Schülern aus benachteiligten Schichten und Einwanderungsgruppen gehäuft auftreten, ist speziell für Luxemburg vergleichsweise wenig erforscht. Gerade im Vergleich zu sozialen Differenzen hinsichtlich kognitiver Variablen und Schulleistungen geraten Ungleichheiten im Wohlbefinden häufig aus dem Blick. Im Beitrag begegnen wir dieser Forschungslücke, indem Gesundheitsprobleme, allgemeine Lebenszufriedenheit und Wohlbefinden in der Grund- und Sekundarschule in Abhängigkeit von sozialer Schicht, Migrationshintergrund und Geschlecht analysiert werden. Im Ergebnis zeigen sich differenzielle Effekte für die unterschiedlichen Risikogruppen. So ist ein Migrationshintergrund mit einer geringeren Lebenszufriedenheit assoziiert, Jungen fühlen sich jahrgangsunabhängig in der Schule weniger wohl als Mädchen, und Schüler/innen aus privilegierten Verhältnissen berichten tendenziell weniger Gesundheitsprobleme in Zusammenhang mit der Schule.
KJT ein „Seismograf“ für das Wohlbefinden von Kindern und Jugendlichen in Luxemburg
Authors: Gorges-Wagner Barbara , Hartz Aline , Reuter Cathy , Stephany Sally
Published: July 2022

Der Artikel beschreibt die Aufgaben, Arbeitsweisen und Konzepte des KJT. Er zeigt die spezifischen Sorgen und Probleme auf, mit denen Kinder und Jugendliche, die die Angebote des KJT in Anspruch nehmen, konfrontiert sind. Darüber hinaus richtet der Beitrag den Blick auf die Coronakrise 2020 und stellt heraus, mit welchen Themen die betroffenen Kinder und Jugendliche sich in dieser Zeit beschäftigt haben. Der Beitrag schließt mit einer Diskussion über die zukünftigen Herausforderungen.
„Was wollt ihr von mir?“ – Wohlbefinden und Gesundheit von Jugendlichen im stationären Kontext
Authors: Hansen Viviane , Özen Nabila , Kohll Claude
Published: July 2022

In der stationären Kinder- und Jugendhilfe spielt das subjektive Wohlbefinden der jungen Menschen eine wichtige Rolle in Bezug auf ihr eigenes Gesundheitsverhalten im Alltag. In der Regel befinden sich die Jugendlichen während ihres Aufenthaltes im Heim in einer Lebensphase, welche geprägt ist durch Veränderungen, neue Entwicklungsaufgaben und Unsicherheiten. Im stationären Kontext kommen jedoch häufig erschwerende Ausgangsbedingungen durch die Heimunterbringung selbst, zerrüttete Familienverhältnisse oder traumatische Erlebnisse aus der eigenen Biografie für die zu bewältigenden Veränderungen hinzu. Die begleitenden Fachkräfte befinden sich dabei häufig in einer ambivalenten Rollensituation. Einerseits müssen sie, insbesondere bei Risikoverhalten, eine Schutzfunktion gegenüber den Jugendlichen wahrnehmen. Gleichzeitig müssen sie jedoch auch versuchen, an das Lebensgefühl, die subjektive Wahrnehmung und den aktuellen Lebenskontext der Jugendlichen anzuknüpfen, mit dem Ziel, das Gefühl der Selbstwirksamkeit bei den Heranwachsenden zu fördern. Im zweiten Teil des Beitrags wird anhand von drei Fallbeispielen aus dem Praxisalltag stationärer Einrichtungen das Thema „Wohlbefinden und Gesundheit“ aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven und mit verschiedenen thematischen Schwerpunkten beleuchtet. Abschließend werden präventive und gesundheitsfördernde Ansätze, die sich sowohl in der Praxis mit den Jugendlichen als auch im Sinne der Handlungssicherheit von Erzieherinnen positiv bewährt haben, dargestellt. Die Ansätze favorisieren eine ganzheitliche und ressourcenorientierte Herangehensweise, die eng mit den Grundprinzipien der Partizipation und Aushandlung verknüpft sind.
Economic Perspectives on Individual Well-being
Authors: Borga Liyousew , D’Ambrosio Conchita , Lepinteur Anthony
Published: July 2022

The concept of individual well-being is central in Economics. This Chapter opens with a presentation of the various measures of “subjective” well-being used by economists. It is followed by a discussion describing the extent to which empirical measures of subjective well-being produce a better understanding of the determinants of the theoretical concept of “utility”. Most of the remainder of the Chapter reviews the empirical findings based on subjective well-being data in the field of Economics. The relationship between income and well-being is discussed at length through the Easterlin Paradox and the concept of relative utility. Findings from both seminal work and recent articles about the influence of a variety of individual socio-economic variables such as unemployment, health and marital status are reviewed. The last Section of the Chapter presents “objective” individual measure of well-being.
Psychische Gesundheit und Anpassung bei chronisch-körperlicher Erkrankung
Authors: Noeker Meinolf
Published: July 2022

Die Forschung zur psychischen Anpassung an eine chronisch-somatische Erkrankung stellt ein besonders aufschlussreiches Forschungsfeld auch für die Weiterentwicklung theoretischer Modellkonzeptionen zu den grundlegenden Wirkungsbeziehungen zwischen körperlichem Gesundheitszustand und psychischem Wohlbefindlichen dar. Eine chronische Erkrankung bewirkt über assoziierte körperliche Beschwerden und Schmerzen, Beeinträchtigungen der Funktionsfähigkeit, psychosoziale Folgebelastungen, Beeinträchtigungen von Körperbild und Selbstwert sowie die notwendige Adhärenz mit Therapieanforderungen gravierende Effekte auf den psychischen Status (Wohlbefinden, Lebensqualität, psychopathologische Komorbidität). Forschungsbefunde zeigen, dass die Regulation dieser vielschichtigen Herausforderungen weniger von biomedizinischen Merkmalen der individuell vorliegenden Erkrankung (Zeitpunkt des Erkrankungsbeginns, Prognose, Auftreten hochakuter Exazerbationen, vitale Lebensbedrohung, verfügbare Therapieoptionen) abhängt, sondern vielmehr von psychosozialen Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren beim betroffenen Kind und in der Familie. Zentral sind erkrankungsangepasste, kognitiv-emotionale Bewertungsprozesse und Skills bei der Emotionsregulation, Problemlösung und dem möglichst eigen verantwortlichen Krankheitsmanagement. Diese können im Rahmen klinisch-psychologischer Intervention gestärkt werden (Familienberatung, Patientenschulung, Verhaltenstrainings). Je nach Verfügbarkeit adaptiver Bewältigungskompetenzen reicht das Spektrum der Entwicklungsverläufe und -ergebnisse von der Herausbildung einer komorbiden psychischen Störung im ungünstigen Fall bis hin zu einem umfassenden Kompetenzaufbau mit Reifungsakzeleration und Resilienz im günstigen Fall. Der Beitrag integriert das komplexe Zusammenwirken solcher Entwicklungsfaktoren in ein übergeordnetes Prozessmodell.
Bedeutung von Peerbeziehungen im Zusammenhang mit der Entwicklung von Gesundheit und Wohlbefinden von Jugendlichen
Authors: Eschenbeck Heike , Lohaus Arnold
Published: July 2022

Gleichaltrige beeinflussen die Entwicklung Jugendlicher. Dabei können Beziehungen zu Gleichaltrigen als Schutzfaktoren für die Bewältigung der Anforderungen, aber auch als Risikofaktoren aufgefasst werden. Zudem stellt der Aufbau von Peerbeziehungen als Entwicklungsaufgabe selbst eine Anforderung dar. Ausgehend von Entwicklungsanforderungen im Jugendalter thematisiert dieser Beitrag die Rolle von Peerbeziehungen für Gesundheit und Wohlbefinden. Vorgestellt werden zunächst bedeutsame Entwicklungsdimensionen, auf die Peerbeziehungen Einfluss nehmen können, sowie Mechanismen, über die Gleichaltrige die Entwicklung von Jugendlichen beeinflussen. Dies sind Selbstkonzept, Werte und Normen, soziale Kompetenzen und soziale Integration als Entwicklungsdimensionen, Modelllernen und soziale Verstärkung, Gruppendruck und sozialer Einfluss, soziale und emotionale Unterstützung, Ausgrenzung und Bullying als potenzielle Mechanismen. Anknüpfend folgt eine Darstellung des Forschungsstands zu förderlichen und problematischen Einflüssen durch Peers auf Gesundheit und Wohlbefinden (internalisierende und externalisierende Auffälligkeiten, diverse Gesundheitsverhaltensweisen und Schulleistung). Der Beitrag schließt mit Überlegungen zu reziproken Effekten, der Bedeutung der Eltern-Kind-Beziehung und der Relevanz von Peerbeziehungen und Freundschaften im Kontext von Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung im Jugendalter.
It’s a Family Affair: Family Health and Child Well-being
Authors: Borga Liyousew , D’Ambrosio Conchita , Lepinteur Anthony
Published: July 2022

While the relationship between own health and subjective well-being is well documented, evidence is limited regarding the relationship of the latter with respect to the health of a family member. Recent models of human capital formation link human development to the stability of the home environment and to parental health. Using a unique longitudinal data from four developing countries, we extend this strand of the literature by investigating the role of family health on the well-being of adolescents. Our results show that family illness negatively affects subjective well-being. This effect is stronger for health problems of siblings than parents. We explore potential mechanisms and find that the most significant transmission channel for parental health is the shared social environment. The effect of the illness of siblings appears to be mostly driven by psychological factors.
Child Deprivation and Well-being in Luxembourg
Authors: Guio Anne-Catherine
Published: July 2022

Child poverty features on the agenda of the European Union (EU) since many years. In 2013, a Recommendation on “Investing in children: breaking the cycle of disadvantage” argued that “preventing the transmission of disadvantage across generations is a crucial investment in Europe’s future” (European Commission, 2013). Most recently, the Recommendation on the European Child Guarantee proposed by the European Commission in March 2021 confirmed the importance of the fight against child poverty at the EU level.

In terms of the monitoring of child poverty, the EU made a step forward in March 2018 by adopting a child-specific deprivation indicator. This allowed to go beyond the simple age group breakdowns of social indicators to monitor children’s living conditions and to capture the actual living conditions of children, which may differ from that of their parents.

This chapter analyses the determinants of child deprivation in Luxembourg, using this new child deprivation indicator adopted at European Union level in March 2018 and highlights differences with neighbouring countries and key political challenges.
Negative complexity of formation: the compact dimensions strike back
Authors: Engelhardt Netta , Folkestad Åsmund
Published: July 2022

Abstract

We show that the vacuum-subtracted maximal volume, the proposed holographic dual to complexity of formation, can be negative when contributions from compact directions are included. We construct explicit solutions with arbitrarily negative complexity of formation in asymptotically AdS4 × S7 SUGRA. These examples rely critically on the compact directions, specifically the fact that the full eleven-dimensional spacetime is not asymptotically AdS11. While there is some ambiguity in the extension of the holographic complexity proposal to the compact directions, we show that the two natural candidates can both have arbitrarily negative complexity of formation in SUGRA solutions. We further find examples in which complexity can even decrease at late times, including cases of both single-sided geometries and two-sided wormholes. In particular, we construct a cosmological wormhole with simultaneously negative and decreasing complexity of formation (as computed by volume) at late times. We find a distinguished role for relevant primaries in these constructions and comment on possible interpretations.
Degenerate operators on the half-line
Authors: Metafune G. , Negro L. , Spina C.
Published: July 2022

We study elliptic and parabolic problems governed by the singular elliptic operators $$\begin{aligned} y^{\alpha }\left( D_{yy}+\frac{c}{y}D_y\right) -V(y),\quad \alpha \in {\mathbb {R}}\end{aligned}$$

y
α

D

yy

+

c
y

D
y

-
V

(
y
)

,

α
∈
R

in $${\mathbb {R}}_+$$

R
+

, where V is a potential having nonnegative real part.
Systems of Fully Nonlinear Parabolic Obstacle Problems with Neumann Boundary Conditions
Authors: Lundström Niklas L. P. , Olofsson Marcus
Published: July 2022

We prove the existence of a unique viscosity solution to certain systems of fully nonlinear parabolic partial differential equations with interconnected obstacles in the setting of Neumann boundary conditions. The method of proof builds on the classical viscosity solution technique adapted to the setting of interconnected obstacles and construction of explicit viscosity sub- and supersolutions as bounds for Perron’s method. Our motivation stems from so called optimal switching problems on bounded domains.
Anatomical variants of the acromioclavicular joint influence its visibility in the standard MRI protocol in patients aged 18–31 years
Authors: Helleberg Fredrik , Sobecki Piotr , Józwiak Rafał , Szaro Paweł
Published: July 2022

Purpose

Visualization of a structure in orthogonal planes is essential for correct radiological assessment. The aim was to assess the utility of the standard MRI protocol for the shoulder in the assessment of the acromioclavicular joint (ACJ).

Methods

A total of 204 MRI scans of the shoulder were re-reviewed. Visibility of the ACJ in orthogonal planes was assessed, and the type of acromion and the angle between the ACJ and the glenoid cavity were assessed by two observers.

Results

Agreement in the assessment of ACJ visibility was moderate to substantial. The ACJ was visible in the three anatomical views in 48% (confidence interval [CI] 95% = [41–54%]) of the examinations, and no significant difference regarding gender or age was noticed. The mean angle between the ACJ and the glenoid cavity was 41.12 deg. CI95% = (39.72, 42.53) in the axial plane, 33.39 deg. CI95% = (31.33, 35.45) in the coronal plane and 52.49 deg. CI95% = (50.10, 54.86) in the sagittal plane. When the ACJ was visible in the sagittal and axial planes, significant differences were noticed in the remaining planes (p < .05).

Conclusion

Anatomical variations of the ACJ influence its visibility in the standard MRI protocol for examining the shoulder, making this protocol insufficient for ACJ assessment in the examined population.
An imaging technique for determining the volume fraction of two-component droplets of immiscible fluids
Authors: Stumpf Bastian , Ruesch Jonas H. , Roisman Ilia V. , Tropea Cameron , Hussong Jeanette
Published: July 2022

Droplets within droplets occur in numerous situations in which two immiscible liquids interact, for instance, binary drop collisions or when a drop of one liquid impacts onto a film of a different liquid, ejecting secondary droplets containing both liquids. In the present study, an imaging technique for determining the volume fraction of each liquid component in such two-component droplets is introduced, in which multiple images of the same droplet at different times are used. The processing of these images is supported by a machine learning algorithm, which is taught using synthetically generated images and validated on droplets with known mixture fractions placed in an acoustic levitator. The application of the technique is demonstrated by measuring the volume fraction in splashed secondary droplets following the impact of a drop of one liquid onto a film of a different liquid.

Graphical abstract
Downhill running affects the late but not the early phase of the rate of force development
Authors: Varesco Giorgio , Coratella Giuseppe , Rozand Vianney , Cuinet Benjamin , Lombardi Giovanni , Mourot Laurent , Vernillo Gianluca
Published: July 2022

Purpose

This study aimed to evaluate the acute changes in the knee extensors maximum voluntary isometric contraction force (MVIC), rate of force development (RFD), and rate of EMG rise (RER) following a bout of downhill running.

Methods

MVIC and RFD at 0–50, 50–100, 100–200, and 0–200 ms were determined in thirteen men (22 ± 2 yr) before and after 30 min of downhill running (speed: 10 km h−1; slope: − 20%). Vastus lateralis maximum EMG (EMGmax) and RER at 0–30, 0–50, and 0–75 ms were also recorded.

Results

MVIC, RFD0–200, and EMGmax decreased by ~ 25% [Cohen’s d = − 1.09 (95% confidence interval: − 1.88/− 0.24)], ~ 15% [d = − 0.50 (− 1.26/0.30)], and ~ 22% [d = − 0.37 (− 1.13/0.42)] (all P < 0.05), respectively. RFD100–200 was also reduced [− 25%; d = − 0.70 (− 1.47/0.11); P < 0.001]. No change was observed at 0–50 ms and 50–100 ms (P ≥ 0.05). RER values were similar at each time interval (all P > 0.05).

Conclusion

Downhill running impairs the muscle capacity to produce maximum force and the overall ability to rapidly develop force. No change was observed for the early phase of the RFD and the absolute RER, suggesting no alterations in the neural mechanisms underlying RFD. RFD100–200 reduction suggests that impairments in the rapid force-generating capacity are located within the skeletal muscle, likely due to a reduction in muscle–tendon stiffness and/or impairments in the muscle contractile apparatus. These findings may help explain evidence of neuromuscular alterations in trail runners and following prolonged duration races wherein cumulative eccentric loading is high.
“These Girls Have a Chance to be the Future Generation of HIV Negative”: Experiences of Implementing a PrEP Programme for Adolescent Girls and Young Women in South Africa
Authors: Duby Zoe , Bunce Brittany , Fowler Chantal , Jonas Kim , Bergh Kate , Govindasamy Darshini , Wagner Colleen , Mathews Catherine
Published: July 2022

Daily oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is highly efficacious for HIV prevention. Adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) have been prioritised for PrEP delivery in South Africa. A combination HIV prevention intervention providing integrated biomedical, behavioural and structural interventions for AGYW aged 15–24 in twelve districts in South Africa characterised by high HIV prevalence, was implemented 2019–2022. We conducted qualitative interviews to explore PrEP implementation experiences with 38 individuals involved in the implementation of the combination HIV prevention programme, including programme managers and project coordinators, health care providers / nurses, social workers, counsellors, peer group trainers and outreach workers. Narratives included various challenges associated with PrEP uptake, adherence and acceptability experienced by implementers. Barriers to PrEP acceptability included AGYW fears of side effects and preference for injectable versus daily oral PrEP; resistance towards PrEP from AGYW, communities and parents due to a lack of accurate information; PrEP stigma linked to associations with antiretrovirals and assumptions of promiscuity; and issues pertaining to parental consent. Additionally, implementers faced logistical challenges related to procurement, stockouts, and supply of PrEP. Findings highlighted the critical role of parental and community acceptability of PrEP for successful implementation. Overall, PrEP was perceived by implementers as a valuable HIV prevention tool. In order to ensure the accessibility of PrEP for AGYW in South Africa, efforts to reduce stigma and foster social support for PrEP use, campaigns to raise awareness, ensure positive framing of PrEP, and build community acceptability of PrEP, are needed.
Using an extended technology acceptance model to predict enterprise architecture adoption in making cities smarter
Authors: Jnr Bokolo Anthony , Petersen Sobah Abbas
Published: July 2022

Presently cities are undergoing changes and transformations due to the adoption of information and communications technology. Enterprise Architecture (EA) is one of the approaches adopted by practitioners and researchers to facilitate smart city development as it can enhance the effectiveness of cities’ digital resources and sustainability capabilities. But, despite several literature on EA, studies on the adoption of EA to improve the sustainability of cities are still at the early stage. Besides, there are fewer studies that provided evidence on the adoption of EA to make cities sustainable grounded on established theoretical models and quantitative data. Therefore, this study aims to provide an understanding on the adoption of EA by different practitioners involved in a smart city project. Knowledge transfer and support services are integrated as new external variables needed to improve practitioners’ behavior intention and actual adoption of EA in making cities smarter. A model is developed grounded on an extension of Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), and data were collected via a cross-country survey. Partial least squares-structural equation modeling was employed to analyze the data. Findings from this study offer implications for research and practice and provide opportunities for future research.
Does the Weekly Practice of Recalling and Elaborating Episodes Raise Well-Being in University Students?
Authors: Moè Angelica
Published: July 2022

Increasing well-being is a prominent worldwide goal that can be achieved primarily through social support and environmental factors. However, in times of social distancing or isolation, it is important to also rely on self-managed activities. This study aimed to (a) test the effectiveness of a seven-week well-being intervention, in increasing need satisfaction, self-compassion, emotion regulation, and grateful disposition by curbing need frustration, self-derogation, and emotional suppression, and (b) examine the maintenance and long-term effects of the practices based on recall, elaboration, and writing. One hundred and twenty university students weekly recalled and elaborated for seven consecutive weeks on three recent episodes of gratitude, self-affirmation, goal setting, or meaningful things, according to the group to which they were assigned. Before the intervention, immediately after and one month later, they filled in questionnaires to assess need satisfaction/frustration, self-compassion/derogation, emotion regulation and grateful disposition. The results confirmed an increase in well-being and a decrease in ill-being for all groups (Cohen d for the significant differences ranging from 0.18 to 0.53). The effects were maintained one month later and even increased for self-compassion, self-derogation, need frustration, and emotional reappraisal. A follow-up assessment revealed that a third of the participants continued with the well-being practices. Implications and suggestions for future well-being interventions are discussed.
Predictors of nadir serum creatinine after drainage of bilaterally obstructed kidneys due to different etiologies
Authors: Gadelkareem Rabea Ahmed , Abdelraouf Ahmed Mahmoud , El-Taher Ahmed Mohammed , Ahmed Abdelfattah Ibrahim , Mohammed Nasreldin
Published: July 2022

Purpose

To identify the predictors of nadir serum creatinine (SCr) after drainage of bilaterally obstructed kidneys (BOKs) by different modes: double-J stent (JJ) versus percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) and unilateral versus bilateral drainage.

Methods

A prospective non-randomized study was performed on patients with BOKs and raised SCr during December 2019–November 2021. Relevant variables were studied for improvement and non-improvement and for benign and malignant underlying obstructions (BUO and MUO).

Results

This study included 107 patients with BOKs including 68 (63.6%) males and 39 (36.4%) females. After drainage, 86 (80.4%) patients get improved, while 21 (19.6%) patients failed to reach a nadir SCr. Drainage by PCN was significantly higher in MUO, while JJ was significantly higher in BUO (p < 0.001). Also, bilateral drainage was a significant predictor of improvement in MUO (p = 0.03). In contrast, mode of drainage had no significant effect on improvement in BUO (p = 0.84), but bilateral drainage was a significant factor of rapid time to nadir (p = 0.02). Univariate analyses revealed no significant effects on the improvement in SCr from the studied variables, except the male gender (p = 0.01), old age (p < 0.001), MUO (p = 0.01), unilateral drainage (p < 0.001), and use of PCN for drainage (p < 0.001). By multivariate analysis, unilateral drainage (p = 0.01) and MUO (p < 0.001) were independent predictors of non-improvement in patients with BOKs.

Conclusions

Male gender, old age, MUO, unilateral drainage, and drainage by PCN were significant predictors of non-improvement in SCr after drainage of BOKs. However, unilateral drainage and MUO were the only independent predictors of non-improvement.