bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A method for dynamical characterization and high resolution H1-NMR in dipolar coupled systems: Application to liquid crystals
Authors: Chattah Ana K. , Levstein Patricia R.
Published: March 2006

We study the variation of C13 spectra as function of off-resonances in protons during decoupling, for continous wave (cw) and small phase incremental alternation with 64-step (SPINAL-64) schemes in the liquid crystals 4-n-octyl-4′-cyanobiphenyl (8CB) and 4-n-pentyl-4′-cyanobiphenyl (5CB). The self-decoupling mechanism induced by the strong homonuclear dipolar interactions provides a method to study the dynamics of the proton system through the C13 spectra. In the n-cyanobiphenyl (nCB) liquid crystals each nonquaternary carbon is coupled through dipolar interactions to more than one proton constituting a SIN group (with N⩾2). We extend the analytical treatment of the variation of the C13 spectrum with the off-resonance, described for SI groups, to SIN under cw decoupling. The dependence of the maxima of the C13 spectra as a function of proton off-resonance follows a Lorentzian line that depends on the rate of exchange among proton spin states. From the fitting parameters of this curve and the heteronuclear interaction measured in cross-polarization experiments, we extract dynamical information of the intramolecular H1–H1 interactions. In the case of SPINAL-64 we experimentally observe the same behavior. Under both kinds of decouplings, we characterize the chemical shift of the protons through the NMR spectra of carbons. The resulting values are in very good agreement with those obtained by other methods.
Ab initio interpolated potential energy surface and classical reaction dynamics for HCO++H, HOC++H, and deuterated analogues
Authors: Moyano Gloria E. , Jones Seth A. , Collins Michael A.
Published: March 2006

Classical simulations of the reactions between HCO+∕COH+ and hydrogen atoms, as well as their deuterated variants, have been carried out on an ab initio interpolated potential energy surface. The surface is constructed at the quadratic configuration interaction with single and double excitation level of ab initio calculation. At low energies we observe reaction channels associated with the isomerization of the cation, hydrogen/deuterium exchange, and the combination of isomerization with exchange. The HCO+∕DCO+ ions only undergo exchange, and deuteration is more facile than the release of deuterium. The COH+∕COD+ ions undergo isomerization or isomerization combined with exchange, the latter being the dominant reaction channel. Deuteration is again more facile than the release of deuterium, in combination with isomerization. These results are consistent with experimental measurements and with hypotheses on the deuteration of molecules in the interstellar medium.
Grid-based Thomas-Fermi-Amaldi equation with the molecular cusp condition
Authors: Kim Min Sung , Youn Sung-Kie , Kang Jeung Ku
Published: March 2006

First, the Thomas-Fermi-Amaldi (TFA) equation was formulated with a newly derived condition to remove the singularities at the nuclei, which coincided with the molecular cusp condition. Next, the collocation method was applied to the TFA equation using the grid-based density functional theory. In this paper, the electron densities and the radial probabilities for specific atoms (He, Be, Ne, Mg, Ar, Ca) were found to agree with those from the Thomas-Fermi-Dirac (TFD) method. Total energies for specific atoms (He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn) and molecules (H2,CH4) were also found to be close to those from the Hartree-Fock method using the Pople basis set 6-311G relative to the TFD method. In addition, the computational expense to determine the electron density and its corresponding energy for a large scale structure, such as a carbon nanotube, is shown to be much more efficient compared to the conventional Hartree-Fock method using the 6-31G Pople basis set.
Colloidal phase transition driven by alternating electric field
Authors: Liu Yu , Narayanan Janaky , Liu Xiang-Yang
Published: March 2006

The transverse two-dimensional assembly of colloidal particles near an electrode surface subjected to ac polarization is studied by varying the frequency and field strength in the absence and presence of an added electrolyte. The variation of the translational and bond-orientational correlation functions with frequency suggests the existence of a hexatic phase in which the particles retain the remnants of the crystalline long-range orientational order, but has a liquidlike translational order. The electrohydrodynamic (EHD) flow is analyzed in the light of the existing theoretical models. The equilibrium distribution of particles is considered to be the resultant of the two opposing forces—Stoke’s force due to EHD flow and the screened Coulomb interaction between the colloidal particles. Several features of the experimental results are discussed, such as the role played by the EHD flow in the particle aggregation, the dependence of the equilibrium interparticle separation on ionic strength, ζ potential, and particle size.
Novel pulse calorimetry taking nonuniform temperature distribution into account
Authors: Watanabe Hiromichi
Published: March 2006

A novel method for measuring the specific heat capacity by pulse heating has been developed to avoid the uncertainty due to nonuniform temperature distribution across a whole effective sample during the cooling period. This method restricts determining the heat capacity to the value corresponding to the peak temperature of the sample and uses the sample itself as a resistance thermometer to measure the effective temperature of the cooling sample. To measure the resistance of the cooling sample, a low current is applied to the sample even during the cooling by using field-effect transistors as the switching device of the pulse circuit. The specific heat capacity and electrical resistivity of molybdenum at temperatures above 1700K have been measured. Electrical resistivity measurements can also be corrected by a simple uncertainty estimation that involves comparing the resistivities measured at the end of heating and at the beginning of cooling, a further advantage of this method.
Formation of capillary bridges in two-dimensional atomic force microscope-like geometry
Authors: Dutka F. , Napiórkowski M.
Published: March 2006

We discuss the phase diagram of a fluid confined in a two-dimensional atomic force microscope-like geometry which allows the formation of liquid bridges connecting the opposite walls. The corresponding phase behavior of the fluid is influenced by the phenomenon of complete filling of a wedge.
Invasive growth of Co on (2×22)R45° reconstructed O∕Cu(001)
Authors: Liu Xiangdong , Iimori Takushi , Nakatsuji Kan , Komori Fumio
Published: March 2006

Submonolayer growth of Co on the reconstructed Cu(001)(2×22)R45°–O surface has been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy. Cu atoms are displaced from the Cu(001)(2×22)R45°–O structure by incoming Co atoms and subsequently aggregate into elongated islands. The deposited Co atoms are randomly distributed in the oxygen adsorbed surface as individual atoms and clusters at low coverages [⩽0.4 monolayers (ML)]. For larger coverages (⩾0.5 ML), compact fcc Co patches are formed. The adsorbed oxygen acts as a surfactant. Interfacial intermixing is reduced when Co is deposited on the Cu(001)(2×22)R45°–O surface.
Atomically resolved dynamic force microscopy operating at 4.7MHz
Authors: Kawai Shigeki , Kawakatsu Hideki
Published: March 2006

We demonstrate atomically resolved frequency modulation dynamic force microscopy operating at 4.7MHz using the third flexural mode of a silicon cantilever. A high spring constant due to the higher mode realized stable imaging with an amplitude of 2Å, which was calculated to be a favorable value for high-resolution imaging. Although excessive stiffness decreases the sensitivity of the detection, a stable imaging was realized with a low noise heterodyne laser Doppler interferometer and a narrow bandwidth feedback circuit. An atomically resolved constant frequency shift images of the Si(111)-7×7 were obtained with the exposed and terminated dangling bonds at the tip apex.
Comparison of structural and optical properties of InAs quantum dots grown by migration-enhanced molecular-beam epitaxy and conventional molecular-beam epitaxy
Authors: Cho N. K. , Ryu S. P. , Song J. D. , Choi W. J. , Lee J. I. , Jeon Heonsu
Published: March 2006

We strongly support Guryanov’s speculation—that a thinner wetting layer is expected with quantum dots (QDs) grown by migration-enhanced epitaxy—with structural and optical measurements. InAs QDs grown by migration-enhanced molecular-beam epitaxy showed a larger size, lower density, ∼40% enhanced uniformity, ∼2 times larger aspect ratio, and a measurement temperature insensitivity of the photoluminescence linewidth compared to QDs grown by conventional molecular-beam epitaxy. The thickness of the wetting layer for the migration-enhanced epitaxial InAs QD (2.1nm) was thinner than that of the counterpart (4.0nm).
Investigations on electroresistance effect in epitaxial manganite films using field effect configurations
Authors: Hu F. X. , Gao J.
Published: March 2006

The influence of static electric field on the transport properties in La0.7A0.3MnO3 (A=Ca,Ba) epitaxial thin films was investigated by using field effect configurations (FEC). A single layer manganite film was deposited on LaAlO3 (LAO) substrate by pulsed laser deposition technique, and then a simple FEC was formed on it using the lithography technique, in which the manganite film was used as a channel, and the LAO substrate as a gate. Surprising results were achieved by employing such a FEC. The transport resistance increases with a positive gate voltage but decreases with a negative bias, which means the electroresistance (ER) effect changes sign with the field direction. The observed reduction of resistivity for the La0.7Ca0.3MnO3 and La0.7Ba0.3MnO3 channels reaches ∼32% and ∼34% upon a bias of −80 and −300V, respectively. The films could completely return to their pristine state after the bias was removed and the ER effect could be fully reproduced.
Enhanced ferroelectric properties of Cr-doped BiFeO3 thin films grown by chemical solution deposition
Authors: Kim Jong Kuk , Kim Sang Su , Kim Won-Jeong , Bhalla Amar S. , Guo Ruyan
Published: March 2006

Multiferroic Cr-doped BiFeO3 (BFO) thin films were prepared on Pt∕TiO2∕SiO2∕Si(100) substrates by a chemical solution deposition method. From the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, it was observed that the valence number of Fe ion in undoped and Cr-doped BFO thin films was found to be almost 3+. It was found that Cr-doped BFO thin films exhibited good ferroelectric properties, such as improved leakage-current density and P-E hysteresis characteristics. The 3mol% Cr-doped BFO thin film showed a leakage-current density of 9.2×10−7A∕cm2 at 100kV∕cm and a large remanent polarization (Pr) of 61μC∕cm2 at room temperature.
Enhancement and suppression of spontaneous emission by temperature tuning InAs quantum dots to photonic crystal cavities
Authors: Gevaux D. G. , Bennett A. J. , Stevenson R. M. , Shields A. J. , Atkinson P. , Griffiths J. , Anderson D. , Jones G. A. C. , Ritchie D. A.
Published: March 2006

We report on the control of the spontaneous emission rates in InAs self-assembled quantum dots weakly coupled to the mode of a modified H1 defect cavity in a two-dimensional photonic crystal slab. Changes in sample temperature are used to spectrally tune the exciton emission from a single quantum dot to the monopole mode of the microcavity. A Purcell enhancement of the spontaneous emission rate of up to a factor of 11.4 is seen on-resonance, while suppression by up to a factor of 4.4 is seen off-resonance. Also, a two orders of magnitude increase in the intensity of light detected from the exciton is measured when compared to a quantum dot in bulk GaAs.
Molecular beam epitaxy of YMnO3 on c-plane GaN
Authors: Chye Y. , Liu T. , Li D. , Lee K. , Lederman D. , Myers T. H.
Published: March 2006

Epitaxial YMnO3 films were grown on (0001) GaN-on-sapphire templates using molecular beam epitaxy. The YMnO3 maintained the (0001) orientation with an in-plane YMnO3∕GaN epitaxial relationship of (0001)‖(0001); [11¯00]‖[112¯0]. The YMnO3 was ferroelectric at room temperature with a remanent polarization of ∼3.2μC∕cm2 and a saturation polarization of ∼12μC∕cm2. This heterostructure is a promising candidate for multifunctional structures that integrate ferroelectrics with GaN-based high-power and short-wavelength light-emitting devices.
Observation of field-induced reverse transformation in ferromagnetic shape memory alloy Ni50Mn36Sn14
Authors: Koyama Keiichi , Watanabe Kazuo , Kanomata Takeshi , Kainuma Ryosuke , Oikawa Katsunari , Ishida Kiyohito
Published: March 2006

The structural and magnetic properties of the ferromagnetic Heusler alloy Ni50Mn36Sn14 were studied by magnetization and x-ray powder diffraction measurements in fields up to 5T. The alloy undergoes the martensitic transformation from the L21-type cubic structure with the lattice parameter ac=0.5988nm into an orthorhombic structure with the lattice parameters ao=0.8617nm, bo=0.5702nm and co=0.4359nm at Ms=220K with a thermal hysteresis of 40K. The cell volume contracts by 0.37% and the magnetic moment decreases by 50% at Ms. Furthermore, we directly observed the field-induced reverse martensitic transformation.
New phase transition associated with configuration of oxygen vacancies in VO1.965 nanometer ceramics
Authors: Xiong X. M. , Chen L. , Zhang L. L. , Wu X. Y. , Zheng C. M. , Zhang J. X.
Published: March 2006

Little attention was paid to the effect of oxygen vacancy configuration, although it is well known that oxygen vacancy plays a key role in determining the electrical and optical properties of VO2. By means of different heat treatments, the oxygen vacancy configuration in VO1.965 nanometer ceramic is controlled and its behavior is investigated in detail. It is found that VO1.965 ceramic aged at 60°C for a day displays a new first order phase transformation at about 30°C, which is associated with the oxygen vacancy distribution. An explanation based on the symmetry conforming principle is tentatively presented.
Discovery of the deep level related to hydrogen in anatase TiO2
Authors: Miyagi Takahira , Kamei Masayuki , Mitsuhashi Takefumi , Yamazaki Atsushi
Published: March 2006

Deep level transient spectroscopy was carried out to investigate the origin of the deep levels in the band gap of anatase TiO2. The epitaxial anatase-TiO2 film grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition possessed a deep level whose activation energy was 0.52eV. In contrast, this deep level at 0.5eV was not observed in the films grown by sputtering. However, by adding CH4 or H2 to the sputtering gas, the deep level at 0.5eV was observed in the sputter-grown films. Furthermore, the density of this deep level increased with increasing hydrogen gas, suggesting that this deep level originated from hydrogen doping.
Participatory Methods for Water Resources Planning
Authors: Kallis Giorgos , Videira Nuno , Antunes Paula , Pereira Ângela Guimarães , Spash Clive L , Coccossis Harry , Quintana Serafin Corral , del Moral Leandro , Hatzilacou Dionisia , Lobo Gonçalo , Mexa Alexandra , Paneque Pilar , Mateos Belen Pedregal , Santos Rui
Published: March 2006

The Water Framework Directive institutionalises participatory processes in river basin planning across the European Union. This paper reports on three case studies from southern Europe where conflicts over water exist. In each a different method for participation was experimentally employed: scenario workshops, mediated modelling, and social multicriteria evaluation. Scenario workshops and mediated modelling proved well suited to the early stages of a planning process (problem solving and identification of goals and alternatives) and to be good at educating participants and supporting capacity building. Their performance was less satisfactory with respect to resolving long-standing conflicts and achieving consensus. In comparison, social multicriteria evaluation was better able to address the evaluation of alternatives, reveal trade-offs, and aid convergence between divergent stakeholders' views, but it relied more heavily on experts and allowed less participation and deliberation in goal-setting than the other two methods. These results show complementarities amongst methods which imply that hybrid or combined approaches would be best for aiding the water planning process. They also reveal problems confronting the use of participatory approaches and constraints which prevent theoretical promise from being converted into practical results.
Consistency of the Results of Different MCA Methods: A Critical Review
Authors: Myšiak Jaroslav
Published: March 2006

Multiple criteria decision analysis (MCA) has become an indispensable tool for dealing with complex and unstructured decision problems in environmental and natural resource management which involve a number of conflicting objectives and a variety of stakeholders. Despite their popularity, choosing which of the many multicriteria methods to use is tricky. Different methods may yield different results and therefore the decision may depend on the method selected. In this paper we review a number of experiments conducted to compare the results of different MCA methods when applied to the same decision problem. I compare and critically examine the hypotheses postulated and the results obtained from these experiments. Despite the equivocal results yielded in some experiments, many authors recommend applying two or more MCA methods, especially in the case of unstructured decision problems. This multimethod MCA application may be regarded as a type of validation which is more extensive than standard sensitivity analysis and which enables the decisionmaker to review the preferences and judgments previously elicited by a single method.
Path Dependency and the Allocation of Public Investment in Mexico
Authors: Costa-Font Joan , Rodríguez-Oreggia Eduardo
Published: March 2006

The distribution of public investment within federal states is often subject to significant political discretion. Yet one of the possible consequences of such discretion is the appearance of path dependency in the way in which public investment is distributed. Mexico offers a unique example of the effect of path dependency in resource allocation, as there has been no political competition over more than seventy years. The authors seek to examine the dynamic structure of the regional distribution of public investment empirically, to test for the existence of path dependency and the influence of the different federal governments in Mexico. They use time-series intervention analysis methodology to study the structure of, and the influence of government change in the allocation of, public investment in Mexico between 1971 and 1999. Findings suggest the existence of path dependency in the distribution of public investment in Mexico during all except for the most recent governments. In other words, federal government change made little difference to the way in which public investment was allocated. Path dependency was only broken in the 1990s, coinciding with the setting up of the North American economic integration process, which in turn led to the loss of public support for the single political party, the Partido Revolitcionario Institucional or PRI, which had been in power in Mexico over the last seventy years.
Deliberative Multicriteria Evaluation
Authors: Proctor Wendy , Drechsler Martin
Published: March 2006

Multicriteria evaluation (MCE) is a well-tried and effective procedure for structuring and aiding complex decisionmaking processes, especially those involving environmental considerations. Formal deliberative processes have also been successful in aiding understanding and meeting consensus in complex and difficult decision problems which involve more than one decisionmaker. Here, both approaches are combined in a new technique called ‘deliberative multicriteria evaluation’ to assist a group of natural resource managers to decide on a suitable option for recreation and tourism activities in the upper Goulburn–Broken Catchment of Victoria, Australia. This approach is an attempt to combine the advantages of MCE, providing structure and integration in complex decision problems, with the advantages of deliberation and stakeholder interaction provided by a ‘citizens' jury’. An important outcome of the process was the discovery of some crucial aspects of the decision problem that required deeper understanding and assessment if that preferred strategy were to have the desired results. Some suggestions for improving the process are provided but, in general, the stakeholder jury was regarded as a helpful and useful procedure by the decisionmakers and one which aided them in their understanding of the issues of a complex decisionmaking problem.
Devolution and the Welfare State: Lessons from Early Childhood Education and Care Policy in Wales
Authors: Wincott Daniel
Published: March 2006

The author analyses the scope and limits of the policy autonomy devolved to the Welsh Assembly Government (WAG). He engages with James Mitchell's application of Ted Lowi's seminal analysis of ‘policy types’ to Scottish devolution. These concepts are used to frame a case study of Welsh early childhood education and care (ECEC), demonstrating extensive innovation in Wales concerning the form of ECEC and its impact on compulsory schooling. However, there is some evidence that innovation in the form of ECEC has not been matched by sufficient increases in spending. Although echoing Mitchell's account of the fiscal limits to devolution, the author suggests a greater scope for policy innovation than Mitchell detects. The discrepancy suggests that there is room for refinement of the ‘policy-types’ framework, to draw attention to ‘regulatory’ aspects of public service provision; it may also hint that, although formally weaker, the WAG has more potential for policy innovation than the Scottish Executive.
Simultaneous Lightness Contrast on Plain and Articulated Surrounds
Authors: Bressan Paola , Actis-Grosso Rossana
Published: March 2006

Simultaneous lightness contrast is stronger when the dark and light backgrounds of the classic display (where one of the targets is an increment and the other is a decrement) are replaced by articulated fields of equivalent average luminances. Although routinely attributed to articulation per se, this effect may simply result from the increase in highest luminance in the light articulated, vs plain, background; by locally darkening the decremental target, such an increase would amplify the difference between the targets. We disentangled the effects of highest luminance and articulation by measuring, separately, the magnitude of lightness contrast on dark and light plain and articulated backgrounds. We found that highest luminance and articulation contribute separately to the final illusion.
‘Squaring’ is Better at Predicting Plaid Motion than the Vector Average or Intersection of Constraints
Authors: Bowns Linda
Published: March 2006

How do humans combine the velocity information from two moving gratings (plaids) to detect pattern motion direction? We are still unable to answer this question. The ‘intersection of constraints’ rule (IOC—Adelson and Movshon, 1982 Nature300 523–525), and the ‘vector average’ rule (VA—Wilson et al, 1992 Visual Neuroscience9 79–97) have both been supported by results in the plaid literature, but could these results be predicted by a ‘squaring’ nonlinearity that now forms part of several influential spatiotemporal energy models (Wilson et al 1992, loco cit.; Lu and Sperling, 1995 Vision Research35 2697–2722; Simoncelli and Heeger, 1998 Vision Research38 743–761)? Spatiotemporal energy in these models predicts directions other than those predicted by standard spatiotemporal energy models and may underlie the results that support the combination rules. The two combination rules and predictions from ‘squaring’ were tested under identical conditions. In the first three experiments a plaid was randomly presented in one of 45 different orientations, and observers were asked to remember the direction. The stimulus was then replaced by an oriented line indicating the direction predicted by one of the hypotheses. The observer was unaware which hypothesis had generated the line and was asked to make a same/different judgment. Results showed that the ‘squaring’ hypothesis was better at predicting perceived direction than either the IOC or VA.
Lightness and Perceptual Transparency
Authors: Albert Marc K
Published: March 2006

To estimate intrinsic descriptors of objects in the environment, effective biological vision systems must ‘discount’ extrinsic image properties that arise from changes in viewing conditions. In particular, to estimate the reflectance of surfaces, human vision must discount, or ‘take account of’, likely differences in the illumination of surfaces between one image region and another. If human vision possesses any significant degree of lightness constancy, then we would expect a target perceived to be in low illumination to appear lighter than an identical target perceived to be in higher illumination. In this paper, I present lightness illusions that run directly counter to this expectation. I suggest that mid-level and higher-level factors such as image junction structure and perceived illumination and transparency, are ineffective for generating strong lightness illusions on their own, and that these factors are not ‘stronger’ than luminance contrast in determining lightness. I discuss the implications of these results for current models of lightness perception. I also suggest a statistical justification for the highest-luminance anchoring rule for lightness.
Structural Similarity and Spatiotemporal Noise Effects on Learning Dynamic Novel Objects
Authors: Vuong Quoc C , Tarr Michael J
Published: March 2006

The spatiotemporal pattern projected by a moving object is specific to that object, as it depends on both the shape and the dynamics of the object. Previous research has shown that observers learn to make use of this spatiotemporal signature to recognize dynamic faces and objects. In two experiments, we assessed the extent to which the structural similarity of the objects and the presence of spatiotemporal noise affect how these signatures are learned and subsequently used in recognition. Observers first learned to identify novel, structurally distinctive or structurally similar objects that rotated with a particular motion. At test, each learned object moved with its studied motion or with a non-studied motion. In the non-studied motion condition we manipulated either dynamic information alone (experiment 1) or both static and dynamic information (experiment 2). Across both experiments we found that changing the learned motion of an object impaired recognition performance when 3-D shape was similar or when the visual input was noisy during learning. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that observers use learned spatiotemporal signatures and that such information becomes progressively more important as shape information becomes less reliable.
A pulse radiolysis study of the reactions of hydrogen atoms with dimethyl-, tetramethyl- and hexamethyl-substituted viologens
Authors: McAskill NA
Published: March 2006

The reactions of ·H, ·OH and
e-aq with four viologens
in aqueous solution were studied by spectrophotometry.
With 1,1'-dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride, the main transient species
caused by H reaction is the viologen radical cation
formed by an electron-transfer reaction. Smaller amounts of a
hydrogen-deficient radical are also formed by an abstraction reaction at one of
the methyl groups together with a radical formed by addition of ·H to one of the
rings. There is no evidence that a protonated radical
cation species was formed. A similar pattern of reactivity is seen with
1,1',2,2'-tetra-methyl-4,4'-bipyridinium diperchlorate. However, the
electron-transfer reaction is either absent in the case of
1,1',3,3'-tetramethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium diperchlorate or less important in 1,1',2,2',6,6'-
hexamethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dichloride, and the main initial transient is
assigned to a hydrogen-deficient radical formed by an abstraction reaction at
one of the ring methyl groups. The possible role of the hydrogen-deficient
radical in reducing the loss of viologen observed in
the photochemical splitting of water is discussed.
Reaction with acetic anhydride as a method for estimating the basicity of exocyclic amino groups in nitrogen heterocycles
Authors: Deady LW , Finlayson WL
Published: March 2006

Relative rates for
acetylation of various anilines and amino heterocycles
with acetic anhydride in pyridine were determined by a competition method. From
a Bronsted plot of reactivity against basicity for the anilines, and by considering the heterocycles as substituted anilines, pKa
values for the amino group in a variety of heterocycles
have been obtained.
Organophosphorus chemistry. IV. Synthesis and reactions of 2-Ethoxy-6-oxo-1,2-azaphosphinane 2-oxide
Authors: Hewitt DG , Teese MW
Published: March 2006

2-Ethoxy-6-oxo-1,2-azaphosphinane
2-oxide (3) has been prepared by cyclocondensation of
ethyl 4-(P-amino-P-ethoxyphosphinoyl)butanoate
(17). N-Alkylated derivatives of (3) were prepared by
cyclocondensation of (17) in the presence of methyl
iodide, allyl bromide and benzyl chloride. These derivatives reacted with organometallic reagents and bases to yield acyclic
products.
Reactions of iodine(I) acetate with alkenes and vicinal diols
Authors: Cambie RC , Rutledge PS , Stewart GM , Woodgate PD , Woodgate SD
Published: March 2006

The chemoselectivities
of the reactions of iodine(1) acetate and iodine(1) acetate-thallium(1) acetate
with cis-cyclooct-5-ene-1,2-diol have
been investigated. The addition of iodine(1) acetate to cyclo-octa-1,5-diene,
for a number of reagent systems, results in products arising from both
1,2-addition and transannular pathways.
Anthracyclines. X. The enantiospecific synthesis of ( - )-(7R)-7-Acetyl-7-hydroxy- 4,4-dimethoxy-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1(4H)-one; a type I chiral dienone for the synthesis of 7-Deoxydaunomycinone
Authors: Russell RA , Gee PS , Irvine RW , Warrener RN
Published: March 2006

8-Benzyloxy-5-methoxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalene-2-carboxylic
acid (34) has been prepared by a four-step sequence from
5-methoxy-8-hydroxy-3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one. Condensation of the
unsaturated acid (34) with ethyl (S)-prolinate in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
afforded the amide (35) which was enantioselectively cyclized to the bromo
lactone (37). Debromination with tributyltin hydride and subsequent reaction of
the lactone with methyllithium afforded (-)-(2R)-2-acetyl-8-benzyloxy-5-methoxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol. Removal of the
benzyl ether by catalytic hydrogenation and oxidation of the resulting phenol
with thallium(III) nitrate afforded the title chiral dienone.
Anthracyclines. XI. A short, site-specific synthesis of unsymmetrical 3-Acetyl-5,8-dialkoxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalenes; key precursors to daunomycinone AB-synthons
Authors: Russell RA , Collin GJ , Crane MP , Gee PS , Krauss AS , Warrener RN
Published: March 2006

5,8-Dihydronaphthalene-1,4-diol,
readily available from benzoquinone and buta-1,3-diene, is isomerized
by heating with strong sodium hydroxide, and acetylated (Ac2O), in situ, to form 5,8-diacetoxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene.
Catalysed (AlCl3) addition of acetyl chloride followed by dehydrochlorination (LiCI/HCONMe2) yielded
5,8-diacetoxy-3-acetyl-1,2-dihydronaphthalene (11) in 82% overall yield. Base
hydrolysis of (11), followed by methylation (Me2SO4)
gives 3-acetyl-5,8-dimethoxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene in 94% yield, the most
direct route to this product so far described. More importantly, the diacetate (11) is selectively deacetylated
at C5 (Cs2CO3 in tetrahydrofuran, or K2CO3
in Me2SO) to form the related phenol, alkylation
of which produces the 5-alkoxy compound. Further hydrolysis followed
by alkylation yields the unsymmetrically,
but regiospecifically substituted, 3-acetyl-5,8-dialkoxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalenes.
This method is specifically illustrated by the production of
3-acetyl-5-benzyloxy-8-methoxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene which is formed in a
short, cost effective synthesis in a moderate overall yield (25%) based upon
benzoquinone as starting material;significantly, no
chromatographic separations are required.
Metal complexes of dicamba. II. The crystal structure of catena-m-[Diaquabis-(3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoato(O,O')]-calcium(II)
Authors: Kennard CHL , Kerr B , O'Reilly EJ , Smith G
Published: March 2006

The crystal structure of a
calcium complex of the herbicide dicamba
(3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid) has been determined by single-crystal
X-ray diffraction and refined by least squares to a final residual of 0.045.
[Ca(dicamba)2(H2O)2]n
is orthorhombic, space group Pbcn, Z
4, with a cell a 15.844(3), b 16.833(2), c 7.751(1) �. The MO8 coordination polyhedron about the
calcium ion is a distorted Archimedes antiprism which
has twofold rotational symmetry. There are two waters [Ca-O, 2.414(3) �] and
six carboxylate oxygens from two bidentate chelate groups [Ca-O, 2.516,
2.517(3) �] and two bridging carboxyls [2.372(3) �].
This results in an infinite linear polymer structure.
Fluorine magnetic resonance studies. VII. Fluorine-fluorine coupling over five bonds in 1-Fluoro-2-(2'-fluorophenyl)ethanes
Authors: Burgess DA , Finn MF , Jordan D , Rae ID , Walters D
Published: March 2006

Spin-spin coupling between
an aromatic fluorine and fluorines in an adjacent
side chain (Ar-C-C-F), with J values in the range 2-5 Hz, is reported for four new compounds.
The coupling probably arises from through-space interactions taking place when
rotation of the side chain brings the two types of fluorine into close
proximity. In a Diels-Alder adduct of fluoranil and
1-fluoro-4-methyl- anthracene, this proximity is denied the fluorines
and no coupling is observed.
Synthesis and structure of a stegane from dimethylmatairesinol
Authors: Cambie RC , Clark GR , Craw PA , Rutledge PS , Woodgate PD
Published: March 2006

Oxidative coupling of dimethylmatairesinol with thallium tristrifluoroacetate
(prepared in situ from thallium(III)
oxide and trifluoroacetic acid) and boron trifluoride
etherate gives a high yield of an isostegane
which has been isomerized thermally to a stegane. Stereochemical assignments have been confirmed by
X-ray diffraction studies.
Transgenic
Hydra
allow
in vivo
tracking of individual stem cells during morphogenesis
Authors: Wittlieb Jörg , Khalturin Konstantin , Lohmann Jan U. , Anton-Erxleben Friederike , Bosch Thomas C. G.
Published: March 2006

Understanding the evolution of development in large part relies on the study of phylogenetically old organisms. Cnidarians, such as
Hydra
, have become attractive model organisms for these studies. However, despite long-term efforts, stably transgenic animals could not be generated, severely limiting the functional analysis of genes. Here we report the efficient generation of transgenic
Hydra
lines by embryo microinjection. One of these transgenic lines expressing EGFP revealed remarkably high motility of individual endodermal epithelial cells during morphogenesis. We expect that transgenic
Hydra
will become important tools to dissect the molecular mechanisms of development at the base of the Metazoan tree.
Controlling the False Discovery Rate: A New Application to Account for Multiple and Dependent Tests in Local Statistics of Spatial Association
Authors: Caldas de Castro Marcia , Singer Burton H.
Published: March 2006

Assessing the significance of multiple and dependent comparisons is an important, and often ignored, issue that becomes more critical as the size of data sets increases. If not accounted for, false‐positive differences are very likely to be identified. The need to address this issue has led to the development of a myriad of procedures to account for multiple testing. The simplest and most widely used technique is the Bonferroni method, which controls the probability that a true null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected. However, it is a very conservative procedure. As a result, the larger the data set the greater the chances that truly significant differences will be missed. In 1995, a new criterion, the false discovery rate (FDR), was proposed to control the proportion of false declarations of significance among those individual deviations from null hypotheses considered to be significant. It is more powerful than all previously proposed methods. Multiple and dependent comparisons are also fundamental in spatial analysis. As the number of locations increases, assessing the significance of local statistics of spatial association becomes a complex matter. In this article we use empirical and simulated data to evaluate the use of the FDR approach in appraising the occurrence of clusters detected by local indicators of spatial association. Results show a significant gain in identification of meaningful clusters when controlling the FDR, in comparison to more conservative approaches. When no control is adopted, false clusters are likely to be identified. If a conservative approach is used, clusters are only partially identified and true clusters are largely missed. In contrast, when the FDR approach is adopted, clusters are fully identified. Incorporating a correction for spatial dependence to conservative methods improves the results, but not enough to match those obtained by the FDR approach.
A Supplemental Indicator of High‐Value or Low‐Value Spatial Clustering
Authors: Zhang Tonglin , Lin Ge
Published: March 2006

Most test statistics for detecting spatial clustering cannot distinguish between low‐value spatial clustering and high‐value spatial clustering, and none is designed to explicitly detect high‐value clustering, low‐value clustering, or both. To fill this void in practice, we introduce an adjustment procedure that can supplement common two‐sided spatial clustering tests so that a one‐sided conclusion can be reached. The procedure is applied to Moran'sIand Tango'sCGin both simulated and real‐world spatial patterns. The results show that the adjustment procedure can account for the influence of low‐value clusters on high‐value clustering and vice versa. The procedure has little effect on the original global testing methods when there is no clustering. When there is a clustering tendency, the procedure can unambiguously distinguish the existence of high‐value clusters or low‐value clusters or both.
Through the Iron Curtain: analytical space in post‐Soviet Russia
Authors: Connolly Angela
Published: March 2006

This paper discusses the experience of working as an analyst in post‐totalitarian Russia in order to explore some of the general theoretical and clinical issues involved in working in a different cultural and linguistic context, and the particular problems encountered in the Russian cultural context. It describes how the Soviet regime worked actively to create a new totally collective mentality through the destruction of individual differences and the collectivization of private space, and the effects this produced in the individual and collective psyche.

It examines the difficulties encountered when working with Russian analysands in creating and maintaining the setting, in preserving boundaries, in creating analytical space, and in working with certain particular transference‐countertransference dynamics. It focuses on the contrast between my own Western experience of space and the spatial experience of the analysands, and describes the process of helping them use analytical space to interiorize and create a new experience of psychic space. The paper uses dreams to illustrate some of these dynamics, and the particular psychic problems associated with the traumas created by totalitarian regimes.
‘Held in mind’ or ‘Hell in mind’: group therapy in Poland
Authors: Mathers Dale , Palmer Barnes Fiona , Noack Amélie
Published: March 2006

This paper describes observations and experiences gathered whilst conducting group therapy with trainees in analytical psychology in Poland. The challenges and conflicts around language and translation reflect challenges common to analysis everywhere: accuracy of interpretation, agreements on permission to interpret and the acceptability of interpretation. The way in which archetypal patterns developed and matured suggests this approach to work with trainees may have wider application.
Who's afraid of the Wolfe couple: the interlocking traumatic scene
Authors: Pickering Judith
Published: March 2006

Fulfilling intimate relationships require a constant emotional and psychological struggle to disentangle strangleholds created by the interpenetration of unresolved complexes stemming from previous disappointing relational experiences. These complexes may manifest as an encrypted pattern of engagement that each partner brings to the marriage, like a ‘malignant dowry’. The dowry box, once opened, releases its nefarious contents to create an extremely complex and entangled drama I call the ‘interlocking traumatic scene’.

Partners unconsciously entrap each other to play a part in such a scene with double (sometimes multiple) roles for each antagonist. The imaginal space between the two characters can be seen as a projection screen, upon which are superimposed two separate shadow plays, one on each side of the screen. A third play, which is a co‐created product of these two individual traumatic scenes, can also be observed. Three plays are performed simultaneously.

The defensive systems that the two individuals bring to the equation dovetail together, but the actual interlocking mechanism itself deadlocks in such a way that it seems to have its own malignant presence, a ‘malevolent third’ (after Ogden 1994). I outline therapeutic interventions using the metaphor of the therapist as ‘anti‐director’ and I introduce my concept of the conjoint selected fact (after Bion 1963 after Poincaré 1952).
How the mind understands other minds: cognitive psychology, attachment and reflective function
Authors: Giannoni Massimo , Corradi Marina
Published: March 2006

Jung's epistemological relativistic attitude was very advanced for his time and very much in line with the contemporary philosophy of science. Further, Jung states that the patient's unconscious has the capacity to represent itself by creating metaphors which give the therapist all the help he might need in treating his patient. As such, Jungian analysts have not been encouraged to embark on theoretical work and as a result, the Jungian movement has been lacking those theories that connect general psychological principles with clinical practices.

In an attempt to enlarge our ‘middle‐range theories’, we shall discuss Peter Fonagy's concept of reflective function. In our opinion, the theoretical hypothesis regarding the instinct of reading the mind (Baron‐Cohen 1995) and Fonagy's idea of reflective function are extremely useful in our Jungian clinical practice and these concepts are utilizable because they are not at odds with analytical psychology's general epistemological and theoretical framework.
A Chinese–Japanese boy with black dot ringworm due to Trichophyton violaceum
Authors: KONDO Maho , NAKANO Naomi , SHIRAKI Yumi , HIRUMA Masataro , IKEDA Shigaku , SUGITA Takashi
Published: March 2006

A 4‐year and 8‐month‐old Chinese‐Japanese boy, who had been visiting Dalian, China frequently, developed multiple alopecia lesions 1 year previously. At his initial visit to our department, multiple patchy alopecia with black dots was observed in the parietal scalp area. Multiple erythematous macules were also seen on the face, nape and right dorsum of the hand. A diagnosis of tinea capitis and tinea corporis was obtained on the basis of potassium hydroxide (KOH) microscopic examination of hair and scales from the lesions. Colonies grown on Sabouraud cycloheximide‐chloramphenicol agar culture were examined using Fungi‐Tape and MycoPerm‐blue, and numerous microconidia and a small number of macroconidia were observed. Trichophyton violaceum was identified as the causative organism on the basis of colony morphology, microscopic morphology and molecular biology technique. As T. violaceum infection is not often seen in Japan, we suspected that the patient was infected by T. violaceum during his stay in Dalian. Conidia formation is rarely observed with T. violaceum, and only five cases with T. violaceum macroconidia formation have been reported in Japan (including this case). We also report the method for visualizing conidia formation of T. violaceum using Fungi‐tape and MycoPerm‐blue.
Calcifying aponeurotic fibroma of the knee: A case report with radiological findings
Authors: HASEGAWA Hiromi K. , PARK Susam , HAMAZAKI Minoru
Published: March 2006

Calcifying aponeurotic fibroma is a rare type of benign tumor that occurs most commonly in the distal extremities of young children. Due to its infiltrative growth, it has a high tendency of recurrence. Although the clinicopathological features of over 100 cases of this rare disease have been reported, its clinical and radiological features have yet to be described in detail. We present a case of calcifying aponeurotic fibroma of the knee from birth with radiological images, that demonstrate the peculiar features of this uncommon benign tumor and discuss its clinicopathological features based on computed tomography and magnetic resonance images.
Cross‐reactivity among shrimp, crab and scallops in a patient with a seafood allergy
Authors: ZHANG Yan , MATSUO Hiroaki , MORITA Eishin
Published: March 2006

Shrimp is known to be the most common causative agent in seafood allergy. Patients with shrimp allergy often exhibit allergic symptoms to a variety of seafoods such as crabs and clams. We experienced a 14‐year‐old girl with shrimp allergy who developed oral swelling and pain accompanied with an uncomfortable feeling after ingestion of scallops followed by intensive exercise. Laboratory investigation showed that she had serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E molecules reacting with several kinds of crustaceans and mollusks, including shrimp, crab and scallops. Immunoblotting revealed that her serum IgE reacted with the 38 kDa bands for shrimp, crab and scallops, suggesting that tropomyosin was the major allergen. Dot‐blot inhibition analysis showed a cross‐reactivity among shrimp, crab and scallops. We conclude that the cross‐reactivity of IgE in this patient resulted from the high homology of tropomyosins.
Transient acantholytic dermatosis (Grover's disease) in a renal transplant patient
Authors: BOUTLI Fotini , VOYATZI Maria , LEFAKI Ioanna , CHAIDEMENOS Giorgos , KANITAKIS Jean
Published: March 2006

Grover's disease (“transient acantholytic dermatosis”) is a transient dermatosis of unknown cause manifesting clinically as a papular skin eruption located usually on the anterior chest and abdomen and histologically with dyskeratosis and acantholysis. Grover's disease has occasionally been reported in patients with chronic renal failure, HIV infection, hematological malignancies and bone‐marrow allotransplantation. We report herein a new case of Grover's disease that developed in a renal transplant patient. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first observation of Grover's disease developing in the setting of solid organ transplantation.