The structured vacuum theory
Authors: Axelrod Alexander 
Published: June 2023

The novel physical model sheds light on the matter spatiotemporal organization of the universe. It makes an attempt to create a basis for revealing the hidden mechanisms underlying all the laws of modern physics. In addition to explaining mechanisms of well-known phenomena, the model claims to explain the origin of such basic phenomena as inertial and gravitational masses, electrical charge, and magnetic moment. The model may be briefly summarized in the following conclusions:

- the energy of the universe is stored in a perpetual motion of superfluid substance. The substance flows are shaped as double-helical streamlines and vortices;

- structure of each stable physical object supports resonant oscillation in which are involved equal amounts of kinetic and potential energies. The energy content of any physical object or physical event can be represented by Fourier spectral decomposition of inner resonant oscillations;

- at any frequency (or wavelength) component of this Fourier expansion, the physical object tends to perform the steepest descent of its free energy content, namely, to balance the kinetic and potential energies of its inner oscillations. The free energy descent appears to be equivalent to the maximization of the ratio between the reactive power of inner oscillations and the object’s active losses. We shall name this ratio as a quality factor. At locations where the available energy density of the superfluid flows is sufficiently large, the optimization process leads to the generation of a _continuous_ lattice composed of identical contours involved in coherent oscillation. The lattice occupies the continuous 3D areas of the universe. The lattice generation may occur at any frequency/wavelength of the spectral continuum. The lattices are similar structures belonging to a variety of spatial scales.

- Each elementary cell of each continuous lattice and at any spatial scale has a hexagonal shape. The sides of the hexagons are comprised of straight double-helical filament streams, while the hexagon corners (the lattice nodes) are occupied by double vortices. The double-helices are composed of clockwise and counterclockwise vortices forming double-helical flows curled to a torus. Vortices are multiple-frequency resonant structures, and they energetically couple coherent lattices occupying a continuum of spatial scales.

- At any spatial scale, the lattice of double-helical flows and vortices supports two types of self-oscillations: anti-symmetric (identified with gravitational energy modality), and symmetrical (electromagnetic energy modality).

- There is a discrete plurality of lattices in which full exchange occurs between the energy of gravitational and the energy of electromagnetic modalities. Such exchange may take place only if the gravitational modality belongs to the lattice of a much smaller spatial scale. Such special lattices are efficient energy attractors. The vacuum lattice is the last in the chain of such special lattices. Formation of the vacuum lattice exhausts the density of free universe energy in a given location. The perimeter of hexagon cells of this lattice equals Planck length, and all cells are involved in coherent inner oscillations at the Planck frequency;

- If the available energy density is insufficient for the generation of continuous lattice, the remnant after the vacuum formation energy generates massive particles, the discrete isolated physical objects with closed-contour structures supporting self-oscillations at the object‘s resonance De Broglie frequency.

- The stability of each physical object may be characterized by its quality factor. The most important for our physical reality object is the Planck-scale vacuum lattice, the last in the lattice continuum, exhausting the universe‘s energy. The vacuum lattice is the most stable among detectable objects. The lattice provides mechanisms for all observable to us energy transformations and gives birth to all elementary particles in the form of their own phononic excitations. The energy remnant after the vacuum lattice generation is stored within the massive particles and is redistributed to long ranges mainly by means of zero-mass particles, like photons and their analogs carrying gravitational energy. Massive particles and zero-mass particles are phononic modulations of the same Planck-frequency carrier. Massive particles are phononic excitations generated by amplitude modulation of the Planck frequency oscillations in elementary cells of the vacuum lattice. Photons and their gravitational analogs are zero-mass phononic excitations generated by phase modulation of the vacuum lattice oscillations at the Planck frequency.

- The matter organization within the frequency band below the Planck frequency is fractal. The fractal is a hierarchy of nested structures of different spatial scales. Energy exchange between the _kinetic_ energy modality of one scale with the _potential_ energy of the other scale creates a phenomenon of _spatial resonance_. Structures generated by spatial resonance are the most stable ones, from quarks and up to objects of cosmic scales. The entire universe appears to be such a fractal. Each spatial resonance within the fractal serves as an energy attractor and is relatively densely populated by a variety of stable physical objects of similar spatial frequency scales. Zones of spatial resonance are separated by wide not populated spectral gaps. Each spatial resonance is due to the energy exchange of kinetic/potential electromagnetic energy and an equal amount of potential/kinetic gravitational energy. The energy exchange is between electromagnetic (symmetrical mode) oscillations and gravitational (anti-symmetric) oscillations of much higher frequency. Ratios of gravity-to-electromagnetic oscillation frequencies involved in the same spatial resonance are a universal constant and take the same value for all spatial scales. Hence the De Broglie frequencies of the nested spatial resonances constitute geometrical progression.

The model exposition is culminated by a short description of quarks agglomeration to proton and neutron forming massive structures of enhanced stability. It is also shown how free (not compensated) quark’s energy of inert and gravity masses, electric charge and magnetic moment generate the phenomenon of bonded electrons. The electrically neutral atomic structure is presented as a plurality of vortex structures produced by several spatial resonances. Each spatial resonator is a conically shaped vortex and exists due to energy exchange between a single nuclide and two associated with its bonded electrons belonging to the same stationary orbit.