bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methods for designing and assessing biorefineries: Review
Authors: Aristizábal‐Marulanda Valentina , Cardona Alzate Carlos A.
Published: December 2018

This is a review of work on the potential of biorefineries. First, it considers the concept of a refinery, the differences between biomass and oil, and the advantages of a biorefinery over a refinery. It goes on to describe the bio‐based economy and biorefinery concepts, and to discuss its origin as a promising alternative to dependence on non‐renewable feedstocks. It provides an exhaustive description of the classification of biorefineries, considering aspects such as systems, technological implementation status, size, feedstocks, platforms, products, and conversion processes. It outlines the main methodologies for designing biorefineries – conceptual design, optimization, and the ‘early stage’ method. Methodologies for the economic, environmental, and social assessment of a biorefinery are presented. Finally, challenges linked to the implementation of biorefinery projects at industrial level are discussed. The authors conclude that the methodologies of conceptual design and optimization must complement each other to achieve a robust design from a conceptual and mathematical point of view. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New trends in application of nanotechnology for the pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass
Authors: Ingle Avinash P. , Chandel Anuj K. , Antunes Felipe A. F. , Rai Mahendra , da Silva Silvio S.
Published: December 2018

Pretreatment is an inevitable step in the bioethanol / biochemicals production process in which lignocellulosic biomass (LB) is converted to fermentable sugars. It has a large impact on

process cost, constituting approximately 40% of total processing cost of bioethanol or biochemical

production. Several physical, chemical, physicochemical, and biological pretreatment approaches are available but there are certain limitations to the use of all of these methods on a large scale, which mainly include high processing costs, the generation of toxic inhibitors, and the detoxification of the inhibitors generated. These limitations collectively restrict the use of the existing methods and

warrants for the development of a novel, efficient, cost‐effective, and ecofriendly approach for the pretreatment of LB. In this context, nanotechnology‐based pretreatment methods, involving the use of various nanomaterials, have been proposed. The smaller size of nanomaterials makes them more efficient in penetrating the cell walls of LB and hence such nanomaterials can readily interact with the lignocellulosic components at low severity to release carbohydrates to be used for bioethanol and / or biochemical production.

This review provides a brief description of various existing pretreatment methods and their advantages and disadvantages. It also presents a critical overview of the application of various nanotechnological methods in the pretreatment of different lignocellulosic substrates. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Effect of early tirofiban administration on N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide level in patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Fabris Enrico , Ottervanger Jan Paul , Hermanides Renicus S. , ten Berg Jurrien M. , Sinagra Gianfranco , Koopmans Petra C. , Giannitsis Evangelos , Hamm Christian , van ‘t Hof Arnoud W. J.
Published: December 2018

Objectives

To investigate the potential association between early tirofiban treatment and N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) level after primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Background

Whether the use of adjunctive early glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (GPIs) therapy, may affect the level of NT‐proBNP after primary PCI is poorly studied.

Methods

Nine hundred and eighty four ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergoing primary PCI were randomized to either pre‐hospital tirofiban administration or placebo. NT‐proBNP levels were evaluated on admission before angiography (baseline) and 18–96 hr after PCI.

Results

There were 918 (93.3%) patients with NT‐proBNP values available at baseline and 865 (87.9%) post‐PCI. Post‐PCI NT‐proBNP level dichotomized with median value as cut‐off (968.8 pg/mL, IQR 430.9–1970.0) was significantly lower in patients treated with early tirofiban as compared to placebo (45.5% vs. 54.2% P = 0.011). At multivariate logistic regression analysis, independent predictors of post‐PCI NT‐proBNP level above the median were: NT‐proBNP baseline level (OR 5.19; 95% CI, 2.92–9.25, P < 0.001), Killip class>I (OR 4.07; 95% CI 1.24–13.36, P = 0.021), anterior infarct location (OR 2.61; 95% CI 1.84–3.70, P < 0.001), age (years) (OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.03–1.06, P < 0.001), male gender (OR 0.38; 95% CI 0.26–0.57, P < 0.001), prior PCI (OR 0.49; 95% CI 0.27–0.90, P = 0.021) and tirofiban administration (OR 0.71; 95% CI 0.51–0.99; P = 0.045).

Conclusions

In a large cohort of STEMI patients, pre‐hospital tirofiban administration was independently associate with a lower risk of high NT‐proBNP level after primary PCI, supporting the potential benefit of early antithrombotic treatment administration in STEMI patients.

The trial is registered under No. ISRCTN06195297.
Meta‐analysis of drug eluting stents compared with bare metal stents in high bleeding risk patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions
Authors: Neupane Saroj , Khawaja Owais , Edla Sushruth , Singh Hemindermeet , Othman Hussein , Bossone Eduardo , Yamasaki Hiroshi , Rosman Howard S. , Eggebrecht Holger , Mehta Rajendra H.
Published: December 2018

Objectives

To determine the efficacy and safety of drug‐eluting stents (DESs) and bare metal stents (BMSs) when used with short or tailored dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) in high bleeding risk (HBR) patients.

Background

DES have been shown to reduce target lesion revascularization (TLR) as well as stent thrombosis (ST) compared to BMS in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). However, patients at HBR continue to receive BMS given the fear of bleeding or ST from premature discontinuation of DAPT in patients receiving DES.

Methods

We performed a meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials by performing systematic search for studies comparing DES with BMS in HBR patients using PUBMED, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Central, reported until March 1, 2018.

Results

Three randomized controlled studies met the inclusion criteria with total of 4,460 patients; 50% received DES. Major adverse cardiovascular event (MACE); composite of death, myocardial infarction (MI), and TLR, at 1 year was significantly lower (RR = 0.63, 95% CI 0.50–0.80) in DES group compared to BMS. This difference was primarily driven by lower TLR (RR = 0.46, 95% CI 0.35–0.61) in DES group. Definite or probable ST (RR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.32–1.08) and major (RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.74–1.20) bleeding were similar.

Conclusions

DES was associated with lower MACE without increased risk of bleeding or ST compared to BMS when used with short or tailored DAPT in patients with HBR.
Multiresponse and multiobjective latent variable optimization of modern analytical instrumentation for the quantification of chemically related families of compounds: Case study—Solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) applied to the quantification of analytes with impact on wine aroma
Authors: Reis Marco S. , Pereira Ana C. , Leça João M. , Rodrigues Pedro M. , Marques José C.
Published: December 2018

The optimized operation of modern analytical instrumentation is a critical but complex task. It involves the simultaneous consideration of a large number of factors, both qualitative and quantitative, where multiple responses should be quantified and several goals need to be adequately pondered, such as global quantification performance, selectivity, and cost. Furthermore, the problem is highly case specific, depending on the type of instrument, target analytes, and media where they are dispersed. Therefore, an optimization procedure should be conducted frequently, which implies that it should be efficient (requiring a low number of experiments), as simple as possible (from experimental design to data analysis) and informative (interpretable and conclusive). The success of this task is fundamental for achieving the scientific goals and to justify, in the long run, the high economic investments made and significant costs of operation. In this article, we present a systematic optimization procedure for the prevalent class of situations where multiple responses are available regarding a family of chemical compounds (instead of a single analyte). This class of problems conducts to responses exhibiting mutual correlations, for which, furthermore, several goals need to be simultaneously considered. Our approach explores the latent variable structure of the responses created by the chemical affinities of the compounds under analysis and the orthogonality of the interpretable extracted components to conduct their simultaneous optimization with respect to different analysis goals. The proposed methodology was applied to a real case study involving the quantification of a family of analytes with impact on wine aroma.
Chemical Intervention on Staphylococcus aureus Virulence
Authors: Zhou Lin‐Lin , Yang Cai‐Guang
Published: December 2018

Resistance to conventional antibiotics has raised worldwide attention. Notably, Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become one of the most life‐threatening health concerns. Although effective against bacterial infections, conventional antibiotics have also showed a series of side effects such as gut microbiota imbalance. An alternative is in urgent need in order to combat bacterial infections. Antivirulence represents a new approach to circumvent these shortcomings, which focuses on disarming the “weapons” for pathogenicity without much selective pressure on bacterial survival. In this review, we place emphasis on the chemical modulation of biosynthesis, assembly, function and the regulation of some major virulence factors in S. aureus, which we hope will help the development of antivirulence modulators.
Recent Advances in Fullerene‐free Polymer Solar Cells: Materials and Devices
Authors: Xu Ye , Yao Huifeng , Hou Jianhui
Published: December 2018

What is the most favorite and original chemistry developed in your research group?

We focus on developing new organic photovoltaic materials and exploring their applications in photovoltaic devices. Based on the new materials, we can figure out the correlations among chemical strictures, optoelectronic properties, and photovoltaic behaviors. Our group originally demonstrated quite a few build blocks for making conjugated polymers for photovoltaic applications, some of them have been broadly used by the researchers in the field.

How do you get into this specific field? Could you please share some experiences with our readers?

I got into this field when I was a graduate student in 2002, just because my supervisor gave me a research topic for synthesis of new conjugated polymers. At that moment, as a fresh graduate student, I had no chance to say yes or no, but to do it.

The field of organic solar cells is oriented by the new organic photovoltaic materials. In the past decades, the materials have been updated for a few generations, which promoted the device performance to be higher and closer to practical applications. We have to concentrate on the fundamental problems but also need to follow the pace of the filed.

How do you supervise your students?

In my opinion, the students need more specific projects to get into the field so as to be well trained at the beginning. In the later stage, I prefer to encourage them to find and creatively figure out the real fundamental problems. I used to give them a few questions: Why do you need to do this project? How to make a clear definition for the problem? Can you suggest a new and better approach to solve it?

What is the most important personality for scientific research?

Passion, perseverance and sense of innovation.

What is your favorite journal(s)?

The journals publishing the latest and/or systematic research works in chemistry and material science.
Efficacy and Safety Exposure‐Response Analyses of Olaparib Capsule and Tablet Formulations in Oncology Patients
Authors: Zhou Diansong , Li Jianguo , Learoyd Maria , Bui Khanh , Berges Alienor , Milenkova Tsveta , Al‐Huniti Nidal , Tomkinson Helen , Xu Hongmei
Published: December 2018

Olaparib is a poly ADP‐ribose polymerase inhibitor that induces synthetic lethality in tumors with deficient homologous recombination repair. Population exposure‐response analyses were performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of olaparib exposure in patients with cancer. Data from multiple phase I/II/III clinical studies from both capsule and tablet formulations were combined for efficacy (N = 410) and safety (N = 757) analyses. Exposure‐progression‐free survival (Cox proportional hazards model indicated that a 300 mg b.i.d. tablet was statistically superior to the 200 mg b.i.d. tablet dose (hazard ratio of 0.96), although the difference was small. Exposure‐safety logistic regression models and hemoglobin models predicted similar probability of safety events or hemoglobin decrease with largely overlapping 95% confidence intervals at 300 mg b.i.d. tablet, 200 mg b.i.d. tablet, and 400 mg b.i.d. capsule. The analyses provided key assessments to support the approval of olaparib 300 mg tablet therapeutic dose in patients with ovarian and breast cancer, regardless of their breast cancer (BRCA) mutation status.
Prospective comparison of cytological specimen adequacy assessment by different rapid staining techniques for rapid on‐site evaluation in fine needle aspiration cytology and their cost‐effectiveness
Authors: Agarwal Priyanjali , Toi Pampa Ch , Subramaniam Hema , Apoorva Lakshmi S.
Published: December 2018

Objective

Rapid on‐site evaluation (ROSE) is a technique beneficial in determining the adequacy of the samples, thereby increasing the diagnostic yield, useful in triage of specimens for ancillary studies and can also help determine a preliminary diagnosis in emergency cases. The different rapid stains for on‐site evaluation described in the literature are diff quik, toluidine blue (TB), brilliant cresyl blue (BCB), ultra‐fast Pap stains, and rapid hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). This study was undertaken as there is sparse literature regarding the best and the most cost‐effective rapid stain.

Method

Fine needle aspiration samples from 200 patients with palpable swellings in easily accessible regions were taken. Smears stained by rapid and routine stains were assessed based on four parameters, with provisional diagnosis on the rapid stained smears. A comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of the rapid stains was carried out with appropriate statistical tests with the routinely stained smears as gold standard.

Results

There was adequate material in 100% of ROSE smears. rapid pap stained smears showed well preserved cytoplasmic details, nuclear details, and background details. The time taken was least with TB and BCB being 5 s each. The most cost‐effective was found to be TB.

Conclusions

We conclude that TB is the most cost‐effective, quick, least labor‐intensive, and reliable rapid stain for ROSE especially in resource‐poor settings.
Adaptive variation, including local adaptation, requires decades to become evident in common gardens
Authors: Germino Matthew J. , Moser Ann M. , Sands Alan R.
Published: December 2018

Population‐level adaptation to spatial variation in factors such as climate and soils is critical for climate‐vulnerability assessments, restoration seeding, and other ecological applications in species management, and the underlying information is typically based on common‐garden studies that are short duration. Here, we show >20 yr were required for adaptive differences to emerge among 13 populations of a widespread shrub (sagebrush, Artemisia tridentata ssp wyomingensis) collected from around the western United States and planted into common gardens. Additionally, >10 yr were required for greater survival of local populations, that is, local adaptation, to become evident. Variation in survival was best explained by the combination of populations’ home ecoregion combined with grouping of minimum temperature and aridity. Additional reductions in survival were explained by ungrouped (i.e., continuous) measures of garden‐to‐population‐origin separation in geographic distance (5% decrease in survival per 100 km increase in separation; R2 = 0.22) and especially in minimum temperature in younger plants (−4% per + °C difference, R2 = 0.56 vs. 0.29 in the 14th vs. 27th post‐planting years, respectively). Longer‐term common garden studies are needed. While we await them, uncertainty in adaptive variation resulting from short‐term observations could be quantitatively estimated and reported with seed‐transfer guidelines to reduce risks of introducing maladapted provenances in restoration.
Biogeography of functional trait diversity in the Taiwanese reef fish fauna
Authors: Denis Vianney , Chen Jian‐Wen , Chen Qi , Hsieh Yunli Eric , Lin Yuting Vicky , Wang Ching‐Wei , Wang Hui‐Yu , Sturaro Nicolas
Published: December 2018

The richness of Taiwanese reef fish species is inversely correlated to latitude as a direct consequence of the abiotic environment and its effects on benthic habitats. However, to date, no studies have investigated the variations in the diversity of traits (FD) linked with the role of these fishes in the ecosystem. FD is usually considered more sensitive than species richness in detecting early changes in response to disturbances, and therefore could serve as an indicator of ecological resilience to environmental changes. Here, we aim to characterize FD in the Taiwanese reef fish fauna and to document its regional variations. Six traits were used to categorize the 1,484 reef fish species occurring in four environmentally contrasted regions around Taiwan. The number of unique trait combinations (FEs), their richness (FRic), their redundancy (FR), their over‐redundancy (FOR), and their vulnerability (FV) were compared among these regions. Overall, 416 FEs were identified. Their number decreased from south to north in step with regional species richness but FRic remained similar among regions. FR and FOR were higher to the south. At the local scale, variations in FEs and FRic are in concordance with the worldwide pattern of FD. High‐latitude, impoverished fish assemblages, offer a range of trait combinations similar to diversified tropical assemblages. Increasing diversity in the latter mainly contributes to raising FR and supports already over‐redundant entities. High vulnerability makes many combinations highly sensitive to species loss, and was higher at intermediate latitudes when using a fine resolution in trait categories. It suggests that the loss of FEs may first be characterized by an increase in their vulnerability, a pattern that could have been overlooked in previous global scale analyses. Overall, this study provides new insights into reef fish trait biogeography with potential ramifications for ecosystem functioning.
Life cycle assessment of electricity from biogas: A systematic literature review
Authors: Salvador Rodrigo , Barros Murillo Vetroni , Rosário José Guilherme De Paula Do , Piekarski Cassiano Moro , da Luz Leila Mendes , de Francisco Antonio Carlos
Published: December 2018

Cleaner energy sources have been one increasing research topic in electricity generation. In that regard, (organic) waste of production processes can be object of anaerobic digestion, generating biogas; it can environmentally benefit by means of waste treatment (and consequent avoided environmental impacts) and electricity production. Additionally, the life cycle assessment (LCA) is the most comprehensive tool for environmental assessment. Therefore, the present study aims to conduct a systematic literature review of high impact research on LCA of electricity from biogas to investigate trends in this body of literature. To that end, the Methodi Ordinatio was applied to the raw portfolio to identify the most relevant, high impact, studies in the area. EndNote and VOSviewer were used, respectively, for reference management and clustering topics and researchers. The results show the main trends in the referred body of literature, possible LCA‐biogas‐electricity nexus, as well as the main researchers conducting studies on the topic and what their results draw on. Yet, it can be seen the main institutions housing high impact studies on the approached themes and their locations. Furthermore, this study gives an overview on the use of LCA of electricity generation from biogas and sheds light on possibilities for future research. Future opportunities for biogas should be drawn in terms of circular economy practices. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13133, 2019
Information‐centric routing in MSN based on community detection
Authors: Shi Junling , Wang Xingwei , Huang Min , Lv Jianhui , Li Keqin , Li Jie
Published: December 2018

Mobile social network (MSN) offers a new perspective on mobile ad hoc communication since its routing principle is based on the human social relations. Although social‐based routing can improve routing efficiency considerably, obtaining such social information is difficult to be achieved. In information‐centric networking (ICN), content names reveal useful social information among users. In addition, each node stores and caches the received content to satisfy the forthcoming content requests in ICN due to in‐network caching. In this work, the proposed MSN routing relies on named data networking, which is a well‐known ICN paradigm. By the communities, which are detected based on users' interest preferences, an interest packet is delivered to the content provider based on the interest similarities among mobile users. Then, by communities, which are detected based on the nodes' encounter regularities, a data packet is returned to the interest requester according to the social relationships among mobile users. The content is cached at nodes according to both social and interest communities. Experiments and performance evaluations show that the proposed scheme has better message delivery ratio and lower network overhead than the other existing ones.
Fiber Bragg grating‐based experimental and numerical investigations of CO2 migration front in saturated sandstone under subcritical and supercritical conditions
Authors: Fan Chengkai , Li Qi , Ma Jianli , Yang Duoxing
Published: December 2018

Carbon dioxide (CO2) can be at risk of leakage during its storage in deep saline aquifers due to stress field changes in the reservoir. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of CO2 injection pressure on dynamic strain response of the reservoir and the CO2 migration process. A series of core flooding experiments was performed with the‐state‐of‐art fiber Bragg grating sensors. The results show that the surface strain response was linearly correlated with CO2 injection pressure. Carbon dioxide migration velocity can be estimated from the strain response time differences among three gratings. The migration velocity of supercritical CO2 is higher than that of liquid CO2 but lower than gaseous CO2. Finally, numerical simulation was applied to model the CO2 migration process and the simulated values were compatible with those of experiments. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low sulfated heparins target multiple proteins for central nervous system repair
Authors: McCanney George A. , McGrath Michael A. , Otto Thomas D. , Burchmore Richard , Yates Edwin A. , Bavington Charles D. , Willison Hugh J. , Turnbull Jeremy E. , Barnett Susan C.
Published: December 2018

The lack of endogenous repair following spinal cord injury (SCI) accounts for the frequent permanent deficits for which effective treatments are absent. Previously, we demonstrated that low sulfated modified heparin mimetics (LS‐mHeps) attenuate astrocytosis, suggesting they may represent a novel therapeutic approach. mHeps are glycomolecules with structural similarities to resident heparan sulfates (HS), which modulate cell signaling by both sequestering ligands, and acting as cofactors in the formation of ligand–receptor complexes. To explore whether mHeps can affect the myelination and neurite outgrowth necessary for repair after SCI, we created lesioned or demyelinated neural cell co‐cultures and exposed them with a panel of mHeps with varying degrees and positions of their sulfate moieties. LS‐mHep7 enhanced neurite outgrowth and myelination, whereas highly sulfated mHeps (HS‐mHeps) had attenuating effects. LS‐mHeps had no effects on myelination or neurite extension in developing, uninjured myelinating cultures, suggesting they might exert their proregenerating effects by modulating or sequestering inhibitory factors secreted after injury. To investigate this, we examined conditioned media from cultures using chemokine arrays and conducted an unbiased proteomics approach by applying TMT‐LC/MS to mHep7 affinity purified conditioned media from these cultures. Multiple protein factors reported to play a role in damage or repair mechanisms were identified, including amyloid betaA4. Amyloid beta peptide (1–42) was validated as an important candidate by treating myelination cultures and shown to inhibit myelination. Thus, we propose that LS‐mHeps exert multiple beneficial effects on mechanisms supporting enhanced repair, and represent novel candidates as therapeutics for CNS damage.
Regional and functional heterogeneity of antigen presenting cells in the mouse brain and meninges
Authors: Dando Samantha J. , Kazanis Renee , Chinnery Holly R. , McMenamin Paul G.
Published: December 2018

The central nervous system (CNS) is considered to be immune privileged, owing in part to the absence of major histocompatibility (MHC) class II+ cells in the healthy brain parenchyma. However, systemic inflammation can activate microglia to express MHC class II, suggesting that systemic inflammation may be sufficient to mature microglia into functional antigen presenting cells (APCs). We examined the effects of systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammation on the phenotype and function of putative APCs within the mouse brain parenchyma, as well as its supporting tissues—the choroid plexus and meninges. Microglia isolated from different regions of the brain demonstrated significant heterogeneity in their ability to present antigen to naïve OT‐II CD4+ T cells following exposure to systemic LPS. Olfactory bulb microglia (but not cortical microglia) intimately interacted with T cells in vivo and stimulated T cell proliferation in vitro, albeit in the absence of co‐stimulation. In contrast, myeloid cells within the choroid plexus and meninges were immunogenic and upregulated the co‐stimulatory molecule CD80 following systemic inflammation. Dural APCs, which clustered around LYVE‐1+ lymphatics, were more efficient at stimulating naïve T cell proliferation than choroid plexus APCs, suggesting that the dura may be an under‐appreciated site for immune interactions. This study has highlighted the functional diversity of myeloid cells within the sub‐compartments of the CNS and its supporting tissues. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate that systemic inflammation can mature selected microglia populations and choroid plexus/meningeal myeloid cells into functional APCs, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases.
The Social Value Requirement in Research: From the Transactional to the Basic Structure Model of Stakeholder Obligations
Authors: Wenner Danielle M.
Published: December 2018

The history of research ethics includes ethical norms that do not neatly fit into a rubric of “human subjects protections” but that are nevertheless seen as fundamental ethical dictates. Among these norms is the so‐called social value requirement for clinical research. Recently, however, the ethical foundation for the social value requirement has come under criticism. I seek to clarify the terms of this foundational debate. I contend that much of this discussion—both critiques of the social value requirement as well as recent defenses—is predicated on a framework of research ethics that I refer to as the “transactional model of stakeholder obligations.” I argue that this model does not fully capture the ethical considerations that ought to inform the design and conduct of clinical research, and I introduce and defend an alternative framework that I call the “basic structure model of stakeholder obligations.” The basic structure model is grounded in a claim that clinical research plays a direct role in establishing the justice or injustice of our social organization and should therefore be governed more explicitly by justice‐based considerations. As such, the model explicitly accounts for the fundamentally social nature of the research enterprise itself. In addition to defending the basic structure model, I show how it provides a more stable foundation for the social value requirement, and I consider some worries about whether the model may be too demanding in practice.
Difficulties with Applying a Strong Social Value Requirement to Clinical Research
Authors: Resnik David B.
Published: December 2018

In an insightful article published in this issue of the Hastings Center Report, Danielle Wenner criticizes what she describes as transactional approaches to the social value requirement in clinical research and defends a “basic structure approach.” Transactional approaches understand social value obligations as arising from transactions (or relationships) between research subjects, investigators, sponsors, and other parties. The basic structure approach, by contrast, understands social value obligations as stemming from the demands of Rawlsian social justice. According to Wenner, “The primary justification for the social value requirement lies not in the ethics of free and fair transactions but rather in the goals of the clinical research enterprise and the nature of its impacts on society. The requirement is justified because it ensures that biomedical progress occurs in a manner constrained by considerations of justice.” In this commentary, I will not critique the basic structure approach per se but will raise some concerns that arise when oversight committees, such as institutional reviews boards, attempt to apply it to proposed studies involving human subjects.
White matter during concussion recovery: Comparing diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI)
Authors: Churchill Nathan W. , Caverzasi Eduardo , Graham Simon J. , Hutchison Michael G. , Schweizer Tom A.
Published: December 2018

Concussion pathophysiology in humans remains incompletely understood. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has identified microstructural abnormalities in otherwise normal appearing brain tissue, using measures of fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD). The results of prior DTI studies suggest that acute alterations in microstructure persist beyond medical clearance to return to play (RTP), but these measures lack specificity. To better understand the observed effects, this study combined DTI with neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging (NODDI), which employs a more sophisticated description of water diffusion in the brain. A total of 66 athletes were recruited, including 33 concussed athletes, scanned within 7 days after concussion and at RTP, along with 33 matched controls. Both univariate and multivariate methods identified DTI and NODDI parameters showing effects of concussion on white matter. Spatially extensive decreases in FA and increases in AD and RD were associated with reduced intra‐neurite water volume, at both the symptomatic phase of injury and RTP, indicating that effects persist beyond medical clearance. Subsequent analyses also demonstrated that concussed athletes with higher symptom burden and a longer recovery time had greater reductions in FA and increased AD, RD, along with increased neurite dispersion. This study provides the first longitudinal evaluation of concussion from acute injury to RTP using combined DTI and NODDI, significantly enhancing our understanding of the effects of concussion on white matter microstructure.
A Student's Perspective on Literacy Teaching and Learning: Starting a Conversation Through Six Suggestions
Authors: Frankel Katherine K. , Robateau Myiesha
Published: December 2018

The authors featured in this department column share instructional practices that support transformative literacy teaching and disrupt “struggling reader” and “struggling writer” labels.
Exploring Identity Through Literacy Practice and Practitioner Research
Authors: Marsh Josephine Peyton , Gonzalez Deborah
Published: December 2018

This forum highlights research that literacy teachers, students, and others can explore, use, or adapt as they provide literacy instruction and develop related programs and research agendas.
Guiding Teachers to Flow With the Translanguaging Corriente: A Review of The Translanguaging Classroom: Leveraging Student Bilingualism for Learning
Authors: Montero M. Kristiina , Newmaster Sharon
Published: December 2018

This forum reviews a mix of resources to inform pedagogy and related educational practices that foreground representations of youths and their literacy practices within and outside of school.
A robust ex vivo method to evaluate the diffusion properties of agents in biological tissues
Authors: Carneiro Isa , Carvalho Sónia , Henrique Rui , Oliveira Luís M. , Tuchin Valery V.
Published: December 2018

A robust method is presented for evaluating the diffusion properties of chemicals in ex vivo biological tissues. Using this method that relies only on thickness and collimated transmittance measurements, the diffusion properties of glycerol, fructose, polypropylene glycol and water in muscle tissues were evaluated. Amongst other results, the diffusion coefficient of glycerol in colorectal muscle was estimated with a value of 3.3 × 10−7 cm2/s. Due to the robustness and simplicity of the method, it can be used in other fields of biomedical engineering, namely in organ cryoprotection and food industry.
Polyelectrolyte membrane scaffold sustains growth of neuronal cells
Authors: Grzeczkowicz A. , Gruszczynska‐Biegala J. , Czeredys M. , Kwiatkowska A. , Strawski M. , Szklarczyk M. , Koźbiał M. , Kuźnicki J. , Granicka L. H.
Published: December 2018

Cell immobilization within nano‐thin polymeric shells can provide an optimal concentration of biological material in a defined space and facilitate its directional growth. Herein, polyelectrolyte membrane scaffolds were constructed using a layer‐by‐layer approach to determine the possibility of promoting improved growth of rat cortical neuronal cells. Membrane presence was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Zeta potential, and atomic force and scanning electron microscopy. Scaffold performance toward neuronal cell growth was assessed in vitro during a 14‐day culture. Cell conditions were analyzed immunocytochemically. Furthermore, western blot and real‐time PCR analyses were used to validate the presence of neuronal and glial cells on the scaffolds. We observed that alginate/chitosan, alginate/polylysine, and polyethyleneimine/chitosan scaffolds promote neuronal growth similarly to the control, poly‐d‐lysine/laminin. We conclude that membranes maintaining cell viability, integrity and immobilization in systems supporting neuronal regeneration can be applied in neurological disease or wound healing treatment. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 107A: 839–850, 2019.
Treatment and Prevention of CMV Disease in Transplant Recipients: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives
Authors: Hodowanec Aimee C. , Pikis Andreas , Komatsu Takashi E. , Sampson Mario R. , Younis Islam R. , O'Rear Julian J. , Singer Mary E.
Published: December 2018

This review summarizes the significant impact of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection on solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. A discussion of the various CMV prevention and treatment strategies is provided, including a detailed description of each of the available CMV antiviral drugs.
Synthesis and Anticancer Activity Study of Some Novel Substituted and Fused Pyridotriazepine Derivatives
Authors: El‐Deeb Moshira A. , El‐Zoghbi Mona S.
Published: December 2018

Various new substituted and fused pyridotriazepine analogues have been synthesized via different synthetic pathways. Among which are different heterocyclic compounds consisting of the pyridotriazepine backbone fused to different heterocyclic systems comprising either substituted pyrimidine nucleus such as compounds 3–9 or substituted 4‐aminopyridine nucleus such as compounds 10–16. Besides, the tetrahydroquinoline derivative 17, [1,2,4]triazolopyrimidine derivative 18, thienodiazocine derivative 19, dihydrobenzofuropyridine derivative 20, and the substituted pyrrole derivative 21 were synthesized. In addition, different substituted pyridotriazepine derivatives as indicated in compounds 22–25 were designed and synthesized. Twenty‐five of the newly synthesized compounds were subjected to in vitro anticancer screening against mammalian colon carcinoma HCT‐116 cell line using Cisplatin as a reference drug. The anticancer activity screening results revealed that among the tested compounds, the tetrahydropyrido[1,2‐b]pyrimido[4,5‐e][1,2,4]triazepine derivative 4 substituted at C2 and C4 positions with S‐methyl and amino moieties, respectively, and the 2,4‐dithioxo analogue 9 and the 2‐thioxodipyrido[1,2‐b:2′,3′‐e][1,2,4]triazepine derivative 11 substituted at C3 and C4 with a cyano and amino moieties, respectively, exhibited moderate to strong anticancer activity against mammalian colon carcinoma HCT‐116 cell line.
Quantitative 3T multiparametric MRI of benign and malignant prostatic tissue in patients with and without local recurrent prostate cancer after external‐beam radiation therapy
Authors: Dinis Fernandes Catarina , van Houdt Petra J. , Heijmink Stijn W.T.P.J. , Walraven Iris , Keesman Rick , Smolic Milena , Ghobadi Ghazaleh , van der Poel Henk G. , Schoots Ivo G. , Pos Floris J. , van der Heide Uulke A.
Published: December 2018

Background

Post‐radiotherapy locally recurrent prostate cancer (PCa) patients are candidates for focal salvage treatment. Multiparametric MRI (mp‐MRI) is attractive for tumor localization. However, radiotherapy‐induced tissue changes complicate image interpretation. To develop focal salvage strategies, accurate tumor localization and distinction from benign tissue is necessary.

Purpose

To quantitatively characterize radio‐recurrent tumor and benign radiation‐induced changes using mp‐MRI, and investigate which sequences optimize the distinction between tumor and benign surroundings.

Study Type

Prospective case–control.

Subjects

Thirty‐three patients with biochemical failure after external‐beam radiotherapy (cases), 35 patients without post‐radiotherapy recurrent disease (controls), and 13 patients with primary PCa (untreated).

Field Strength/Sequences

3T; quantitative mp‐MRI: T2‐mapping, ADC, and Ktrans and kep maps.

Assessment

Quantitative image‐analysis of prostatic regions, within and between cases, controls, and untreated patients.

Statistical Tests

Within‐groups: nonparametric Friedman analysis of variance with post‐hoc Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests; between‐groups: Mann–Whitney tests. All with Bonferroni corrections. Generalized linear mixed modeling to ascertain the contribution of each map and location to tumor likelihood.

Results

Benign imaging values were comparable between cases and controls (P = 0.15 for ADC in the central gland up to 0.91 for kep in the peripheral zone), both with similarly high peri‐urethral Ktrans and kep values (min−1) (median [range]: Ktrans = 0.22 [0.14–0.43] and 0.22 [0.14–0.36], P = 0.60, kep = 0.43 [0.24–0.57] and 0.48 [0.32–0.67], P = 0.05). After radiotherapy, benign central gland values were significantly decreased for all maps (P ≤ 0.001) as well as T2, Ktrans, and kep of benign peripheral zone (all with P ≤ 0.002). All imaging maps distinguished recurrent tumor from benign peripheral zone, but only ADC, Ktrans, and kep were able to distinguish it from benign central gland. Recurrent tumor and peri‐urethral Ktrans values were not significantly different (P = 0.81), but kep values were (P < 0.001). Combining all quantitative maps and voxel location resulted in an optimal distinction between tumor and benign voxels.

Data Conclusion

Mp‐MRI can distinguish recurrent tumor from benign tissue.

Level of Evidence: 2

Technical Efficacy Stage: 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:269–278.
Intraductal carcinoma of the prostate (IDC‐P) lowers apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values among intermediate risk prostate cancers
Authors: Currin Stephen , Flood Trevor A. , Krishna Satheesh , Ansari Afshin , McInnes Matthew D.F. , Schieda Nicola
Published: December 2018

Background

Prostatic intraductal carcinoma (IDC‐P) is an aggressive variant of prostate cancer (PCa) characterized by proliferation of malignant cells within prostatic ducts/acini and nucleomegaly.

Purpose/Hypothesis

To compare apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and Prostate Imaging and Data Reporting System (PI‐RADS) v. 2 scores in intermediate risk (International Society of Urological Pathology [ISUP] Grade Group [GG] 2 and 3) PCa with/without IDC‐P to determine if IDC‐P alters the MRI appearance of PCa.

Study Type

Retrospective, case–control.

Population

Fifteen consecutive men with ISUP GG 2/3 (Gleason score 3+4 = 7 [N = 4], 4+3 = 7 [N = 11]) PCa with IDC‐P diagnosed at radical prostatectomy were compared with: 1) ISUP GG 2/3 PCa without IDC‐P (matched for percentage Gleason pattern 4), and 2) ISUP GG 4 and 5 (Gleason score 8/9) PCa without IDC‐P.

Field Strength/Sequence

3T multiparametric MRI.

Assessment

Two blinded radiologists (R1/R2) measured mean ADC, ADC.ratio (ADC.tumor/ADC.normal peripheral zone) and assigned PI‐RADS v2 scores.

Statistical Tests: Chi‐square and analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results

There were no differences in age, prostate serum antigen, tumor size, or stage between groups (P = 0.063‐0.912). Tumors with IDC‐P had lower mean ADC and ADC.ratio (0.741 ± 0.152 mm2/sec and 0.44 ± 0.07) compared with ISUP GG 2/3 tumors without IDC‐P (0.888 ± 0.167 mm2/sec and 0.62 ± 0.14), P = 0.012 and <0.001; and did not differ compared with ISUP GG 4/5 tumors (0.705 ± 0.141 mm2/sec and 0.44 ± 0.08), P = 0.509 and 0.868. Tumors with IDC‐P were nearly all PI‐RADS v2 score 5 (14/15) compared with ISUP GG 2/3 tumors without IDC‐P (10/15 R1, 8/15 R2) and GG 4/5 tumors (9/15), (P = 0.040 = 0.092). Agreement in PI‐RADS v2 scoring was moderate (K = 0.68).

Data Conclusion

ISUP GG 2 and 3 (intermediate risk, Gleason score 7) PCa with IDC‐P have lower ADC compared with tumors without IDC‐P with a similar percentage of Gleason pattern 4 and resemble ISUP GG 4 and 5 high risk tumors on MRI. IDC‐P lowers ADC values among intermediate risk prostate cancers.

Level of Evidence: 3

Technical Efficacy Stage: 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:279–287.
How does the social context fuel the proactive fire? A multilevel review and theoretical synthesis
Authors: Cai Zijun , Parker Sharon K. , Chen Zhijun , Lam Wing
Published: December 2018

The role of social context (e.g., leadership, team climate, and organizational support) in shaping employee proactive behavior has received considerable attention and has been investigated across multiple forms of proactive behavior. However, the research has not been well integrated. In this review, we adopt a multilevel approach to synthesize what is known about how social context factors influence employees' proactive behavior, as well as what mechanisms underpin these effects. Our analyses show that leader‐, team‐, and organization‐related social context factors mainly influence employee proactivity through shaping “reason to,” “can do,” and “energized to” states (i.e., proactive motivational states) via individual‐, team‐, and cross‐level processes. That has been most frequently investigated is the effect of the discretionary social context, particularly leadership, on proactive behavior. We also review the interaction effects between social context factors and other factors on employee proactive behavior and found inconsistent support for the motivational‐fit perspective that stimuli with the same directions enhance each other's effect. We offer a research agenda to advance theoretical insights on this important topic.
Grizzly bear depredation on grazing allotments in the Yellowstone Ecosystem
Authors: Wells Smith L. , McNew Lance B. , Tyers Daniel B. , Van Manen Frank T. , Thompson Daniel J.
Published: December 2018

Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) conflicts with humans, including livestock depredation on public land grazing allotments, have increased during the last several decades within the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE) in the western United States as the grizzly bear population has grown in number and occupied range. Minimizing conflicts and improving conservation efficacy requires information on the relationships between livestock depredations, allotment management, grizzly bear habitat conditions, and their interactions. We used generalized linear mixed models to evaluate spatio‐temporal relationships between grizzly bear depredation of livestock and the characteristics of 316 United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service and National Park Service grazing allotments in the GYE during 1992–2014. We evaluated relationships at 2 spatial extents, representing daily and annual grizzly bear activity areas. During the study period, more grazing allotments became occupied by grizzly bears and most livestock depredations were associated with these areas of population expansion. Number of livestock (β = 1.15 ± 0.19 [SE]) and grizzly bear density index (β = 1.13 ± 0.10) had the greatest effects on the number of livestock depredation events relative to other allotment attributes. Estimated number of depredation events increased by approximately 20% when cow‐calf pairs increased by 100 pairs and grizzly bear density index increased by 1 bear/196 km2 (the average annual home‐range size of a female grizzly bear in the GYE). Additionally, grazing allotment size was positively related to the number of depredation events (β = 0.56 ± 0.16), whereas the presence of bull cattle or horses was associated with an approximately 50% reduction in depredations (β = −0.71 ± 0.37). Livestock depredation events were greater for allotments with lower road density (β = −0.89 ± 0.28), less rugged terrain (β = −0.57 ± 0.25), higher vegetative primary productivity (β = 0.33 ± 0.16), and more whitebark pine coverage (β = 0.30 ± 0.15). Relationships between depredations and grizzly bear habitat conditions varied across spatial extents. As the grizzly bear population continues to expand, natural resource managers and livestock producers could focus efforts on allotments with a higher density of grizzly bears, fewer roads, and quality grizzly bear habitat, including higher vegetative productivity, when developing cooperative management plans and preventative measures to reduce the likelihood of depredation. The perspectives gained from our analysis provide context for long‐term, landscape‐level planning to accommodate livestock production on public lands while meeting conservation goals for grizzly bears. © 2018 The Wildlife Society.