bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Determination of Streptococcal Antiproteinase Titers in Sera of Patients with Rheumatic Fever and Streptococcal Infection
Authors: Ogburn Clifton A. , Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna
Published: January 2023

Procedures have been described for the measurement by complement fixation and adsorption-hemagglutination of antibodies to streptococcal proteinase, which had been partially purified from concentrates of supernates of steady-state cultures of hemolytic streptococci. Antiproteinase titers of a number of sera as obtained by each of these two procedures were compared with titers of these sera obtained by neutralization of enzymatic activity of the proteinase (inhibition of milk-clotting). The ratios of titers by either of the other procedures to that obtained by milk clotting inhibition fell in a fairly narrow range, those by adsorption hemagglutination being 16–32 times as high as the neutralization titers.

In 101 sera of presumably normal children streptococcal antiproteinase titers by hemagglutination showed a wide distribution, 39% of these being below 12, with the remainder distributed up to 384. Children convalescing from miscellaneous viral infections showed approximately similar distributions, except for the occurrence of some higher titers, up to 1536.

Sera were obtained from 100 patients with an acute streptococcal infection, at the onset and in the convalescent stage. In ½ of these pairs of sera, the antiproteinase titers were not found to be different in the two stages of the disease. Increases in titer of 1 or 1 ½ powers of 2 were found in 19%, the remainder showing greater increases in titer in the course of the infection.

Patients with acute rheumatic fever showed streptococcal antiproteinase titers in the range of 16-8192, with a geometric mean of 420. In comparison, the convalescents from scarlet fever showed a range of 12-2000 with a geometric mean titer of 42, and patients with rheumatic fever in the inactive state showed a range of <12-512, with a geometric mean of 66.
Cytopathogenicity and Propagation of Variola Virus in Tissue Culture
Authors: Hahon Nicholas
Published: January 2023

Variola virus has been shown to induce cytologic changes and to propagate in a variety of human and animal cell strains derived from both normal and malignant tissue. One exception occurred in which the L cell strain was agglutinated by large virus quantities. The cytologic changes and agglutination were prevented by specific immune serum. A linear logarithmic relationship existed between the quantity of virus used and the quantity of serum required to neutralize the virus in a tissue culture neutralization test.
Immunization with an Induced Avirulent Auxotrophic Mutant of Pseudomonas Pseudomallei
Authors: Levine H. B. , Maurer R. L.
Published: January 2023

A virulent strain of Pseudomonas pseudomallei was subjected to ultraviolet irradiation and a mutant clone requiring preformed adenine or hypoxanthine for growth was isolated. The imposition of auxotrophism was associated with a striking decline in virulence for mice which could be restored by permitting the strain to revert to purine independence in vitro. The mutant persisted in mice without detected reversions or or untoward effects for approximately 20 days following inoculation of 107 cells. After repeated inoculations, a significant immune response was demonstrated by parenteral challenge with diverse strains of this species. However, animals so immunized remained susceptible to lethal respiratory infection.
Immunologic Study of Vipera Xanthina Palestinae Venom and Preparation of Potent Antivenin in Rabbits
Authors: Kochwa Shaul , Gitter Simon , Strauss Amalia , de Vries Andre , Leffkowitz Max
Published: January 2023

Specific horse and rabbit antisera against Vipera xanthina palestinae venom were studied by neutralization tests in mice and by the double gel diffusion technique of Ouchterlony. Specific antivenom horse and rabbit sera had antihemorrhagic activity but no antineurotoxic activity when tested in mice. No correlation was found between the neutralizing potency of these antisera and the number of precipitation lines obtained when tested against whole venom and electrophorctically separated venom fractions. When rabbits immunized with whole venom were subsequently immunized with a mixture of the two electrophoretically separated neurotoxic fractions, a scrum was obtained which had antineurotoxic as well as antihemorrhagic activity and which protected mice against death even when high venom doses were used. This enriched serum showed in Ouchterlony plates two additional precipitation lines, each line with an antigen located in one of the two neurotoxic fractions.
Some Considerations in Agar Column Diffusion Analyses
Authors: Glenn William G.
Published: January 2023

By direct photometry the zone density of human serum albumin homologous systems diffusing in agar columns varied inversely with the initial antigen concentrations up to 150 hr reaction time. Such observation is a corollary to the general rule that the antibody concentration alone governs the zone density. Nonspecific substances added to human serum albumin increased the zone densities; whereas the removal of albumin from rabbit antiserum decreased zone densities. This effect is probably due to altered solubilization of the precipitates. Micro-Kjeldahl analyses of whole diffusion patterns containing several zones will provide an absolute measure for indicating the reactivity of a complex precipitin system. Such measure is not presently obtainable by the classic quantitative precipitin method.
A Quantitative Photometric Method for Studying the Reaction between Cypridina Luciferase and Specific Antibody
Authors: Tsuji Frederick I. , Davis David L.
Published: January 2023

A method is described for studying an antigenantibody reaction involving the interaction of specific antibody with luciferase, the enzyme responsible for the blue luminescence of the marine ostracod crustacean, Cypridina, hilgendorfii. The interaction leads to inactivation of the enzyme. Residual luciferase activity is determined during the course of the interaction by measuring the initial light intensity or the initial velocity of the luminescent reaction catalyzed by the enzyme. Data on the time-course of inactivation are also presented, indicating that under dilute, homogenous conditions the rate may be relatively slow.
Immune Hemolysis at 0°
Authors: McVickar David L. , Weinfeld Gertrude R.
Published: January 2023

Immune hemolysis at 0° takes place when the concentration of amboceptor used to sensitize erythrocytes is greater than optimal (optimal as determined by the usual amboceptor titration at 37°.) In the presence of an excess of C′, the following relationships between amboceptor concentration and maximal velocity of hemolysis hold: a) below optimal concentration the maximal velocity of hemolysis falls precipitously to zero; b) from optimal to 10 × optimal amboceptor concentration the maximal velocity of hemolysis is directly proportional to amboceptor concentration; c) the maximal velocity does not increase further when amboceptor concentration is increased beyond about 10 × optimal. The curve relating time required for 50% hemolysis to amboceptor concentration is a hyperbolic one, with asymptotic values of approximately 40–50 min and 0.6–0.8 optimal amboceptor concentration, respectively. A 100-fold increase in C′ concentration (from 1:200 to 1:2) will not cause appreciable hemolysis of erythrocytes sensitized at amboceptor concentrations lower than 0.6–0.8 optimal. With erythrocytes sensitized at 10 times optimal amboceptor concentration, the following relationships between C′ concentration and maximal velocity of hemolysis hold: a) as C′ concentration is increased from zero to about 1:200, a gradual increase in the maximal velocity occurs, not proportional to the C′ concentration; b) from C′ concentrations of about 1:200 to 1:20, the maximal velocity of hemolysis is a linear function of the C′ concentration; c) the maximal velocity does not increase further when C′ concentration is increased beyond about 1:20. The curve relating the time required for 50% hemolysis to C′ concentration is hyperbolic, with an asymptotic value of about 40–50 min for the former, and close to zero for the latter. The significance of these results is discussed with particular reference to a) the possibility that the requirement for increased amboceptor concentration reflects the fact that two (or more) amboceptor sites, each with its quota of C′1,4,2, must cooperate to initiate the terminal step through reaction with C′3; and b) the suggestion that the inability of increased concentrations of amboceptor and C′ to increase the maximal velocity of hemolysis, or decrease the time required for 50% hemolysis, beyond a certain point, indicates that at this point the terminal step is limiting the hemolytic reaction. The suggestion is made that much useful information may be obtained by further study of immune hemolysis at 0°, primarily because of the comparative slowness of the reaction, and the negligible amount of nonproductive deterioration of intermediate complexes of C′ and sensitized erythrocytes.
Behavior of Intravenously Administered I131 Diphtheria Toxin in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Masouredis S. P. , Ferguson Elizabeth , Norwall Faye
Published: January 2023

The behavior of intravenously administered trace labeled I131 diphtheria toxin was studied in nonimmune guinea pigs. The loss of I131 from the plasma could be attributed to two exponential components. One component had a rate of 46% per hr (T½ = 1.5 hr) and involved about 80% of the plasma I131. The remaining 20% of the I131 left the plasma at the rate of 3.5–2.3% per hr (T½ = 20–30 hr). Zone electrophoresis and toxicity studies indicate that the serum I131 was associated with intact diphtheria toxin. The excretory loss of I131 from the guinea pigs was exponential with a rate of 3.63% per hr (T½ = 19.1 hr). The I131 in the urine was not bound to protein and was free of toxicity. Tissue analyses for I131 and balance studies indicate that there is localization of I131 in the tissues from 2–12 hr after administration of the toxin. I131 was distributed uniformly throughout all the tissues studied except for the kidney which had an unusually high concentration of I131. Although the response of guinea pigs to I131 diphtheria toxin differs strikingly from that found with I131 heterologous plasma proteins, further work will be required to ascertain whether these differences are caused solely by differences in the antigen nature of these two classes of proteins.
Toxin Production and Virulence of Inaba and Ogawa Vibrios
Authors: Mukherji A.
Published: January 2023

Rabbits receiving the same number of Vibrio cholerae organisms intravenously showed a mortality of 65.5% when injected with the Ogawa subtype, and 15% on injection with the Inaba subtype. With lower doses of Ogawa than of Inaba vibrios, 50% mortality in mice was obtained. Shredding of the intestinal mucosa of the guinea pig was more marked after the application of Ogawa than of Inaba filtrates. Tryptophane enhanced the production of toxic filtrates. Cholera filtrates prepared from 16-hr-old cultures had a higher toxicity than those from growth incubated for 10 days. The toxic component in cholera filtrates can be preserved for months at -10°C.
Blood Group Studies on the Antigenic Structure of Human Red Cells and its Relation to the So-Called Secretor and Nonsecretor with Special Reference to Its Heredity
Authors: Ueno Shokichi , Matsuzawa Shigetaka , Kitamura Shinji , Mishima Heizaemon
Published: January 2023

The quantity of each partial antigen of A and B blood groups in the carbohydrate fraction of human red cells show a great variability indicating a marked individual difference and this coincides with that in the saliva of the same individual. Thus the composition ratio of the partial antigens is, in the authors' concept, characteristic to each individual. The secretor and nonsecretor are defined as the character bound to the red cells in general in which the blood group substances with their characteristic composition ratio are contained abundantly or scantily.

The composition ratio of partial antigens seems to be a factor inherited along with the A and B gene. However, the quantity of the partial antigens, which is also an inheritable characteristic, is determined by the already known S and s genes. The significance of the results is discussed with particular reference to the possibility of practical application of the authors' genetic theory in the exclusion of paternity.
Application of Agar-Gel Diffusion Analysis to a Study of the Antigenic Structure of Inactivated Vaccines Prepared from the Virus of Foot-and-Mouth Disease
Authors: Brown F. , Crick Joan
Published: January 2023

Fractionation of the virus of foot-and-mouth disease by ultracentrifugation has shown that the 20-mμ component is responsible for the immunogenicity of vaccines prepared from the virus. A comparison has been made of the action of formaldehyde and acetylethylenimine on the infectivity and antigenicity of the virus. The antigenic structure, as examined by agar-gel diffusion, is unaltered by acetylethylenimine but markedly altered by formaldehyde during the inactivation process. Vaccines prepared by the use of these agents have been compared, the formalinized vaccine being inferior to that prepared by use of the imine.
Fractionation of Short-Ragweed Pollen Extracts on Diethylaminoethyl-Cellulose
Authors: Robbins Kenneth C. , Hecht Roy A. , Taub Samuel J. , Shields Jane
Published: January 2023

A method is described for fractionation of extracts of short-ragweed pollen using column chromatography with DEAE-cellulose. There appear to be at least seven distinct allergens; four major and three minor, in the phosphate extract of short-ragweed pollen. Practically all patients react to one major allergen but only about 50% react with three other major allergens. The reaction patterns of different patients differ. The patients react to one or more (up to five) of the allergen fractions, but in multiple reactions the fractions are not always the same. The importance of these findings in the treatment of the ragweed sensitive patient is discussed.
Passive Anaphylaxis in the Guinea Pig and Its Inhibition by an Extraneous Antigen-Antibody Reaction
Authors: Pruzansky Jacob J. , Feinberg Samuel M. , Kenniebrew Alonzo
Published: January 2023

Relationships of antigen and antibody concentration have been studied in passive anaphylaxis of the guinea pig challenged by aerosol. Inhibition of anaphylaxis in sensitized animals by an unrelated antigen and antibody has been found to be dependent on concentration. Injection of washed aggregates of the unrelated system was ineffective although the same small reduction of serum complement was produced as with the effective method of separately injecting antigen and antibody. Administration of serum previously treated in vitro with extraneous antigen and antibody also produced refractoriness to challenge. The kinetic relationships of antigen and antibody and the possible role of serum factors in anaphylaxis and in the inhibition of anaphylaxis have been discussed.
Specific Hemagglutinins in X-Irradiated, Bone-Marrow Treated Mice Following Differential Immunization of Host and Donor
Authors: Garver Richard M. , Santos George W. , Cole Leonard J.
Published: January 2023

Groups of sensitized mice were irradiated (870 r) and injected with mouse or rat bone marrow from donors previously sensitized with the other antigen. In other experiments, lethally irradiated mice were injected with isologous bone marrow only, and either the host or the bone marrow donor was sensitized; or neither one was sensitized. Groups from each experiment were given “booster” injections of antigen at various times subsequent to irradiation and bone marrow protection. Anti-sheep-erythrocyte and antihuman-erythrocyte agglutinin titers were determined on all groups periodically after irradiation.

The results were as follows: a) All marrow-treated irradiated mice continued to produce antibodies if sensitized prior to irradiation; b) The isologous bone marrow treated, presensitized mice reacted to a “booster” with a secondary response; the heterologous bone marrow treated mice did not; c) The isologous bone marrow treated mice were capable of a primary response but the heterologous bone marrow treated mice were not.

The results may be interpreted as evidence that: a) The primary response is radiosensitive; antibody production is relatively insensitive; b) The secondary immune response is relatively radioresistant; c) treatment with isologous bone marrow leads to recovery of essentially normal immune response in the “isologous chimera.” In the heterologous chimera, the immune response, is at all times, at a very low level.
Antigenic Stimuli for Transplantation Immunity to Rat Bone Marrow Heterografts in Lethally X-Irradiated Mice
Authors: Santos George W. , Cole Leonard J. , Garver Richard M.
Published: January 2023

It is known that the preirradication injection of rat bone marrow cell suspensions into mice accompanying protection against radiation death. Since it has been reported by Billingham et al. that the antigenic stimuli for rejection of skin homografts in mice are confined to nuclear fractions and further that transplantation immunity to skin homografts cannot be transferred with specific sera, it was of interest in the present context to ascertain whether or not the antigens for rat bone marrow rejection by mice, similarly, were confined to the nuclear fractions. The passive transfer of transplantation immunity to rat marrow heterografts in irradiated mice was also studied with various antisera.

The results of the present study indicate that rat erythrocytes (non-nucleated cells) and rat leukocytes (nucleated cells) both contain antigens that can, when injected into mice prior to lethal irradiation, induce a state of transplantation immunity. Under appropriate conditions transplantation immunity can be passively transferred to irradiated mice by means of specific rat erythrocyte or rat leukocyte antisera.

It is suggested that in the heterologous system studied here, there may be a multiplicity of antigens (of non-nuclear as well as of nuclear origin) any one of which might elicit effective transplantation immunity.
The Effect of Chlortetracycline on the Immune Response
Authors: Cooper M. S. , Allen G. A.
Published: January 2023

Chlortetracylcine was incorporated in the diet of mice preceding immunization with an avirulent live culture of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, an organism susceptible to the antibiotic. The antibiotic was fed continuously for 2 weeks, and was removed from the ration 1 week prior to challenge. It was shown in two studies that a definite interference with development of immunity occurred. The quantitative nature of this interference was calculated by dose-effect determinations. Implications of this interference in some current methods of livestock vaccination were discussed.
Measurement of Herpes Simplex Virus by the Plaque Technique in Human Amnion Cells
Authors: Osterhout Suydam , Tamm Igor
Published: January 2023

A plaque technique is described for enumeration of infective units of herpes simplex virus in primary cultures of human amnion cells. Sharply defined plaques which measured 3–4 mm in diameter formed in infected amnion cell monolayers under an agar overlay in 4 days. The number of plaques was directly proportional to virus concentration.

In replicate cultures from the same amnion simultaneously inoculated determinations of herpes virus concentration were highly reproducible. In determinations in cultures of variable age obtained from different amnions considerable variation was encountered. This was due largely to two factors: a) Different amnions vary in sensitivity to herpes virus in tissue culture, and b) sensitivity of amnion cells diminishes with age of cultures. Procedures for the control of these variables are discussed.
Homotransplantation Immunity and Tolerance in the Bullfrog
Authors: Hildemann W. H. , Haas R.
Published: January 2023

The bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, is capable of giving a vigorous isoimmune response to skin homografts, both as a larva and as an adult. First-set skin homografts showed the same median survival times (11.8 ± 0.6 to 13.6 ± 1.0 days) at 25°C on animals ranging in age from 2 months to 2 years. There was likewise no significant difference in MST's of grafts to larvae at progressive stages of development from stage 25 to maturity. Thus the isoimmune response capacity once developed remains essentially unchanged whatever the age or stage of development, despite the fact that profound physiologic changes occur during metamorphosis. Second-set homografts among these larvae evoked an anamnestic reaction evidenced by an MST of only 5.1 ± 0.3 days at 25°C. Homografts survived about three times as long at 15°C, revealing the temperature dependence of the homograft reaction in this poikilothermic species.

Many newly-hatched larvae at stage 24 and up to 36 days of age were sufficiently immature to become partially or completely tolerant toward homografts. A 68 days-old group of larvae at stage 25 showed a diminished homograft reaction, possibly associated with a transition from the tolerance to immune type of response. Beyond this age and stage complete immunologic maturity was manifest.

Immunologic specificity in rejection and tolerance was determined by the responses to homografts from different second donors. The finding that nine skin homografts showed prolonged survival as a result of a previous tailbud homograft from a different donor is evidence that the current concept of strict individual specificity in tolerance may be erroneous.
Electrophoretic Studies on the Serum Protein Pattern of the Germfree Rat and Its Changes upon Exposure to a Conventional Bacterial Flora
Authors: Wostmann Bernard S. , Gordon Helmuth A.
Published: January 2023

Germfree rats were taken out of the Reyniers germfree system and the electrophoretic pattern of the serum studied directly after removal and after exposure to a conventional environment and contact with conventional rats for various lengths of time. Compared to the values found in conventional rats, the germfree animals show lower α-2, β- and γ-globulin values, but higher albumin levels. After 1 week of exposure the exgermfree rats demonstrated an increase of the serum α-2 fraction followed in the second week by an increase in the β fraction. Only after more than 2 weeks of exposure the serum 7gg-globulin fraction was found to increase. As the globulin content increased, a concomitant decrease of the serum albumin fraction occurred causing the total serum protein content of germfree, “transition” and conventional animals to be approximately the same.
Studies of a Complement-Fixing Antigen from Group A Streptococcal l Forms
Authors: Crawford York E.
Published: January 2023

Extracts of L forms of a type 19 strain of group A streptococcus were found to react against certain animal and human sera in the Kolmer complement-fixation test. Sera from human subjects with presumably recent streptococcal experience were more often reactive than that from control groups. Antisera from rabbits immunized with group A and group C streptococci and with homologous group A L forms uniformly exhibited significant reactivity, whereas control rabbits and those immunized with other species and genera of Gram-positive cocci did not. Complement-fixing antigen was not extractable from the whole streptococcal cell by the same procedures, nor could the anti-L titer be reduced or removed from a human serum by adsorption with streptococci or cell wall preparations.
The Response to Influenza Vaccines as Determined by Levels of Complement-Fixing Antibody in the Acute-phase Sera of Patients with Respiratory Disease
Authors: Culver James O. , Lennette Edwin H. , Navarre George , Kempe C. Henry
Published: January 2023

Sera examined within 4 days of the onset of a respiratory illness showed no effect on CF antibody titers to influenza virus even though many of the cases were influenza A. The effect of preceding influenza A infections was detectable, but after, not during, the peak of an outbreak of influenza.

In men who had received type-specific influenza vaccines, an approximate evaluation of the CF antibody response to the vaccines could be obtained. An A′ vaccine, containing two strains, was shown to stimulate CF antibody 7–8 days after vaccination, and a probable peak response at 9–10 days. The effect persisted for 1 month and was equivocally present for 2 more months.

An influenza B vaccine of the same chick cell agglutination (CCA) unitage but containing only one strain, produced a greater and apparently less sharply peaked response, which lasted longer.
Incorporation of Amino Acids into Antibody during the Secondary Response
Authors: Richter Maxwell , Haurowitz Felix
Published: January 2023

Rabbits were injected with S35-yeast protein hydrolysate during a primary response to ovalbumin (OA). Two to eight weeks later, a secondary response to OA and a simultaneous primary response to bovine serum albumin (BSA) were elicited. The S35 content of the immune precipitates formed by OA were found to be very similar to those formed by BSA. We conclude that very little of the antibody formed in the interval between the primary and secondary response was stored to be released during the anamnestic reaction, and that the bulk of antibody present in the circulation during the secondary response was formed after the second stimulation with the antigen.
Agar Diffusion Studies in the Dextran-Antidextran System
Authors: Finger Irving , Kabat Elvin A. , Bezer Ada E. , Kidd Amy
Published: January 2023

Under suitable conditions in the dextran-antidextran system, mixtures of two dextran fractions have been found to give two bands. The significance of these findings in relation to dextran structure is discussed.
Steric Relationships of Aldopentoses and Aldohexoses
Authors: Boyd William C.
Published: January 2023

The relationships between the aldopentoses and aldohexoses, based on possible synthetic paths in the laboratory, embodied in the nomenclature, and shown in the straight chain formulas used in elementary presentations of sugar chemistry, do not allow easy visualization of the actual spatial relationships of the ring forms, although the (pyranose) ring forms are probably the ones mainly important in serologic reactions. For example, the close similarity in specific inhibitory power of l-arabinose and d-galactose for various plant agglutinins (lectins) (1, 2), or the similarity of action of l-mannose and d-gulose, would hardly be predicted from the straight chain formulas. From these formulas one might conclude that the pentose most resembling d-glucose in its serologic behavior would be d-arabinose; actually it is d-xylose. The hexoses corresponding to d-arabinose are the “unnatural” sugars, d-altrose and l-galactose. Modern textbooks of biochemistry make considerable use of the ring formulas, but apparently none of them point out these and other consequences of the actual structures, and there would seem to be room for a brief discussion of the subject.
Melioidosis: Pathogenesis and Immunity in Mice and Hamsters
Authors: Dannenberg Arthur M. , Scott Eva M.
Published: January 2023

The resistance of mice and hamsters to the establishment of respiratory melioidosis by virulent Pseudomonas pseudomallei, strain 103–67, was increased 4- to 17-fold by subcutaneous (or respiratory) vaccination with certain live avirulent strains of this organism. Such vaccination had only a small effect on the resistance of mice to the progress of this disease once it was established, and even less effect in hamsters. The index of resistance to the establishment of respiratory melioidosis was the number of inhaled bacteria required to generate a single primary lesion. The indices of resistance to the progress of respiratory melioidosis were the rate of growth of bacteria in the tissues, their spread from their primary site, the pathologic character of the lesions, and the survival time of the host. The interrelationship of resistance to the establishment and resistance to the progress of infectious diseases, as well as their relative independence, is discussed with respect to both the native and acquired immunity of the host. No significant difference was found between the number of early primary microscopic lesions and the number of subsequent, grossly visible lesions formed in mice following the inhalation of this virulent strain of P. pseudomallei. Cultural data were also consistent with the concept that the bacteria either were destroyed or inhibited soon after their inhalation, or produced continuously progressive lesions. This type of respiratory melioidosis in mice seems, therefore, to be an all-or-none disease; that of hamsters appears similar. The most virulent strains of this micro-organism that affect man may also cause a disease of this character.
Studies on Antibacterial Factors in Mammalian Tissues and Fluids
Authors: Myrvik Quentin N. , Leake Eva Soto
Published: January 2023

The bactericidal system for B. subtilis occurring in rabbit and human sera has been characterized further by demonstrating that two nondialyzable components participate in this system. Component I from rabbit has been purified approximately 90-fold. Component I from rabbit will form a full bactericidal system with component II from human serum. Component II activity was demonstrated in guinea pig, sheep and dog sera. Lysozyme has been excluded as a participant in this system.
Phosphate Metabolism of Spleen Cells in Antibody Formation
Authors: Dutton Richard W. , Dutton Anne H. , George Mariam , Marston Robert Q. , Vaughan John H.
Published: January 2023

The phosphate metabolism of spleen cell preparations has been measured by the uptake of P32 phosphate into acid soluble, fat soluble, ribonucleic acid and desoxyribonucleic acid phosphate fractions. Spleen cell preparations making antibody in vitro, after anamnestic in vivo stimulation with alum precipitated Ea, showed markedly raised uptake into all fractions, compared with nonantibody forming cells. The significance of these findings is discussed.
A Study of the Mechanism of the Anticomplementary Activity of γ-Globulin
Authors: Marcus Donald M.
Published: January 2023

Human γ-globulin causes a marked decrease in the C′1 and C′4 activity of guinea pig complement. This anticomplementary activity is enhanced by heating the γ-globulin at 56–60°C or by adsorbing it to bentonite. The inactivation of C′4 in serum occurs only in the presence of C′1. Following incubation with a source of C′1, a suspension of bentonite with adsorbed γ-globulin is capable of inactivating C′4 in serum fractions lacking C′1. This ability is abolished by the treatment of the suspension with diisopropyl-fluorophosphate. It is suggested that the reaction of γ-globulin with complement is similar to the first steps of complement fixation by an antigen-antibody complex.
Some Kinetic Aspects of the Combination of Antigen and Antibody in Vivo
Authors: Pruzansky Jacob J. , Feinberg Samuel M. , Harris Mildred
Published: January 2023

Passively sensitized guinea pigs challenged intravenously with sublethal amounts of antigen are protected against subsequent lethal challenge. Desensitization is not instantaneous but proceeds at a rate which is directly related to the quantity of antigen injected. In the production of anaphylaxis, excess antigen may be required to develop an adequate rate of diffusion of antigen into the shock organ.
Immunochemical Studies on Cross-Reactions of Antipneumococcal Sera
Authors: Goodman Joel W. , Kabat Elvin A.
Published: January 2023

A variety of dextrans cross-react with Types IX and XII antipneumococcal sera and, to the extent of their cross-reactivity, remove the same fraction of anti-SIX or anti-SXII. Dextrans with high proportions of 1,6 linkages cross-react poorly with anti-SIX whereas some dextrans with high proportions of 1,3-like linkages precipitate the largest quantitites of antibody N and three dextrans with high proportions of 1,2 linkages precipitate about two-thirds of this cross-reacting antibody. Inhibition studies of the cross-reaction of anti-SIX with a dextran with 38% 1,2 linkages and 12% 1,4 linkages (B1299-S-3) show that a trisaccharide, 4-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-3-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-d-glucopyranose (T2), was the best inhibitor tested; maltose, kojibiose and nigerose were the best disaccharide inhibitors of this cross-reaction, all three being poorer than T2 and about equal to one another. Inhibition studies of the cross-reaction of anti-SIX with a dextran with a high proportion of 1,3-like linkages (B1355-S-4) show that nigerose is a much more effective inhibitor than either maltose or kojibiose and as good, on a molar basis, as either T2 or 3-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-4-O-α-d-glucopyranosyl-d-glucopyranose, indicating a heterogeneity in the specificity of the anti-SIX involved in the cross-reactions.

Dextrans with high proportions of 1,2 linkages precipitate the most antibody N from anti-SXII whereas dextrans with high proportions of 1,6 linkages precipitate the least and kojibiose was found to be the best inhibitor of the cross-reaction of anti-SXII with a dextran with a high proportion of 1,2 linkages (B1299-S-3). Trehalose was almost as effective as kojibiose in inhibiting the cross-reaction of anti-SXII with B1355-S-4 (no 1,2 linkages), also indicating heterogeneity in the specificity of the cross-reacting fraction of anti-SXII. The results of the dextran-anti SXII cross-reaction closely parallel findings in the reaction of dextran with human antidextran of specificity involving the 1,2 linkage.

The data are discussed in relation to the information provided concerning the structural units on SIX and SXII involved in the cross-reactions. N-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic acid may be involved in the specificity of the cross-reacting fraction of anti-SIX and N-acetylglucosamine may be involved in the specificity of the cross-reacting fraction of anti-SXII.
Transfer of Delayed Hypersensitivity to Coccidioidin in Man
Authors: Rapaport F. T. , Lawrence H. S. , Millar J. W. , Pappagianis D. , Smith C. E.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Generalized delayed sensitivity to coccidioidin can be transferred in human subjects with DNase-treated leukocyte extracts obtained from sensitive donors. This has been accomplished in 23 out of 27 consecutive attempts with leukocyte extracts obtained from moderately to markedly sensitive donors, and in 5 out of 8 consecutive attempts with leukocytes obtained from minimally to moderately sensitive donors. Attempts to transfer coccidioidin sensitivity with leukocyte extracts obtained from a negative donor were unsuccessful in 8 out of 9 consecutive trials. Sensitivity to coccidioidin after transfer may persist up to 15 months, in the absence of exposure to Coccidioides immitis or repeated skin testing. The results of transfer of coccidioidin sensitivity by this means generally parallel those obtained in man following the transfer of bacterial hypersensitivity using extracts of specifically sensitive donor leukocytes.
The Electrophoretic Behavior of Circulating Antigen-Antibody Complexes
Authors: Weigle William O. , Deichmiller Maria P.
Published: January 2023

Circulating I*BSA-anti-BSA complexes can be detected in the sera of rabbits during an immune response to I*BSA by measuring the globulin (antibody) bound I* activity by either precipitation with ammonium sulfate or electrophoretic analysis. The I* activity associated with globulin represented I*BSA bound to anti-BSA, rather than an I* contaminant bound to its homologous antibody. The level of I*BSA-anti-BSA complexes in the sera was greater when observed with precipitation by ammonium sulfate than when observed with electrophoresis.

As a result of the iodination procedure, small amounts of I*BSA preparations were altered in their electrophoretic behavior but not in their ability to be precipitated by anti-BSA. The larger part of this altered material was cleared from the sera, by the second day, following injection into rabbits. During the initial formation of circulating antibody, the portions of the I*BSA which migrated with globulin upon electrophoresis, appeared in the γ-, β- and α-fractions.
Delayed Hypersensitivity and the Anamnestic Response
Authors: Salvin S. B. , Smith R. F. , Nishio Jane , Chitwood L. A.
Published: January 2023

Delayed hypersensitivity developed in the absence of detectable antibody in guinea pigs injected in the footpads with either 0.1 Lf diphtheria toxoid or 0.5 μg egg albumin in physiologic saline. A secondary injection of specific antigen into animals with delayed hypersensitivity but no circulating antibody produced an anamnestic response. The anamnestic response, as determined by the length of the induction period, was at its peak about the time delayed hypersensitivity was at a maximum. Injection of only 0.0001 Lf induced slight, questionable delayed hypersensitivity, and a slight anamnestic response after a secondary injection of toxoid. Total body irradiation with 200 r 18 hr before either primary or secondary sensitization did not inhibit the anamnestic response.
Studies on Antibody Formation. Effects of X-Irradiation on Adaptation for the Secondary Response of Rabbits to Bovine γ-Globulin
Authors: Porter Richard J.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The effects of whole-body x-radiation of rabbits on the adaptation for a secondary antibody response have been studied under various conditions. X-ray in a dose of 550 r 24 hr before a first injection of bovine γ-globulin prevented both adaptation and antibody formation, as measured by hemagglutination of coated tanned erythrocytes. X-ray during the latent period between the first and second injections destroyed or markedly depressed adaptation. However, when x-radiation in this period was followed 24 hr later by an injection of antigen, adaptation for a later “secondary” response was either preserved or re-established.

These results are interpreted to mean that during a secondary response at least part of the adaptation for subsequent “secondary” responses arises from the interaction of antigen with an adapted system. This suggests that the individual cells which produce antibody may later become adapted for a secondary response.
Extraction and Counting of Vaccinia Virus Particles from Calf Lymph Vaccine
Authors: Sharp D. Gordon
Published: January 2023

Calf lymph vaccine, as prepared for smallpox vaccination, contains so much foreign matter that its virus content cannot be counted by the direct sedimentation methods. Extraction of the virus with fluorocarbon is described. In the miniature extraction apparatus, quantities as small as a few milligrams of vaccine are sufficient to yield enough virus for ready recognition and counting in the electron microscope. The method is applicable also to small bits of tissue whose virus particle content must be counted.

Two lots of calf lymph vaccine have been studied. Their virus particle counts were 1.2 and 7.1 × 1010/ml. Both had met the minimum potency requirements of the National Institutes of Health.
Interference between Polyoma and Vesicular Stomatitis Viruses in Tissue Culture
Authors: Deinhardt Friedrich , Henle Gertrude
Published: January 2023

Following infection with polyoma virus cultures of mouse embryo cells acquire resistance to the virus of vesicular stomatitis just before or at the time hemagglutinins become detectable but well in advance of cytopathic effects. Propagation of the challenge virus may be completely prevented but the polyoma virus is not affected by the superinfection. Interference with VSV is established in from 2 days to more than 10 days depending upon the dose of polyoma virus initially inoculated.
Inhibition of Complement Fixation by Rabbit Serum
Authors: Adler Frank L.
Published: January 2023

The fixation of guinea pig complement by aggregates of rabbit antibody against ovalbumin and ovalbumin is impeded by normal rabbit serum. The inhibitory effect of rabbit serum is a function of the γ-globulin fraction. Prolonged storage in the cold, or heating at 56–65°C for 1 hr or less have no significant effect on this activity of rabbit serum or its γ-globulin; exposure to 85°C results in the loss of activity within 30 min. The inhibitor can be removed from serum by absorption with bentonite, celite or Zymosan, or by “decomplementation” with large doses of specific precipitate. Preliminary kinetic studies show that the inhibitor retards the rate of complement fixation and that its action can be overcome, in part or entirely, by suitable extension of the incubation period.

The mode of action of the inhibitor has been discussed in terms of two hypotheses, namely: a) the possibility that the inhibitor combines with the antigen-antibody aggregates in a manner which blocks fixation of complement, or b) that it combines reversibly with complement.
Blood Clearance of P32-Labeled Vesicular Stomatitis and Newcastle Disease Viruses by the Reticuloendothelial System in Mice
Authors: Brunner K. T. , Hurez D. , McCluskey R. T. , Benacerraf B.
Published: January 2023

Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) were grown with P32-containing media. P32-labeled VSV was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and differential centrifugation, and NDV by the adsorption-elution technique with erythrocytes. Both virus preparations were shown to be cleared from the blood by the reticuloendothelial cells of the liver when injected intravenously. In the case of NDV, it was observed that previous blockade with Thorotrast slowed the rate of clearance of the virus, whereas treatment with specific antiserum increased the rate of clearance significantly.
Effects of γ-Rays on the Serologic Properties of Ovalbumin
Authors: Leone Charles A.
Published: January 2023

Lyophilized ovalbumin was irradiated by means of γ-rays over a wide range of dosages. From measurements of the displacement of the precipitin curve of irradiated ovalbumins from the position of the curve for native ovalbumin the loss of activity due to primary ionizations was determined. The loss of activity was exponentially related to radiation dosage and yielded a G value of 0.88. The ionizing mechanisms of γ-rays cause serologic changes similar to those reported by other workers for larger ionizing particles.
The Inhibition of Labeled Antigen Precipitation as a Measure of Serum γ-Globulin
Authors: Weiler Robert J. , Hofstra Diana , Szentivanyi Andor , Blaisdell Richard , Talmage David W.
Published: January 2023

By comparing the amount of inhibition of precipitation produced by human serum in a rabbit antihuman globulin-labeled γ-globulin system with the amount of inhibition produced in the same system by a known amount of purified γ-globulin, human serum levels of γ-globulin can be determined precisely. When this method was applied to eluates obtained from conventional starch fractionation, only those proteins which migrated electrophoretically as γ-globulins exerted a significant inhibitory effect.
A Cytopathogenic Effect of Influenza Virus (PR-8 Strain) for Mouse Fibroblastic (L) Cells In Vitro
Authors: Smith David H. , Morgan Herbert R.
Published: January 2023

A lytic action of influenza A virus (PR-8) for L cells in vitro has been demonstrated which occurs only with large amounts of infectious virus. This action of the virus involves attachment, penetration, and a limited form of viral replication which results in the production of relatively large amounts of viral hemagglutinin but very small quantities of infectious virus which manifests no increased ability to replicate in L cells. This lytic action shows a close relationship in its sensitivity to ultraviolet light to the infectious property of the virus.
The Reaction Between Dextrans and the Properdin-Complement System
Authors: Leon Myron A. , Ransby Arnold
Published: January 2023

The reaction between dextran B1254-FrL and the properdin-complement system of both guinea pig and human serum has been studied kinetically as a function of temperature, serum concentration and dextran concentration. Optimal reaction rates are obtained over the range of 20–143 γ of dextran/ml reaction mixture. Increasing the concentration of dextran markedly inhibits the formation of the dextran-properdin complex. Practical considerations are discussed in regard to the screening of dextrans for reactivity in the properdin-complement system.
The Effect of Antigen Concentration on the Initiation of Detectable Antibody Synthesis in Rabbits
Authors: Farr Richard Studley , Dixon Frank J.
Published: January 2023

The concentration of BSA and not the total dose appeared to be the critical factor in eliciting an antibody response to small amounts of BSA given in water-in-oil emulsions: a) While holding the concentration of antigen in the aqueous phase of the adjuvant constant, it was possible to reduce the total amount of BSA injected by a factor of 10 without significantly reducing the proportion of animals responding with antibody synthesis: b) While holding the total amount of antigen injected constant, it was possible to decrease the proportion of animals responding with detectable antibody synthesis by employing larger volumes of adjuvant and a lower concentration in the aqucous phase.

The minimal amount of BSA required to initiate synthesis of detectable amounts of antibody was approximately 6 μg when intravenously administered and 1/100 this amount or 0.05–0.1 μg when given in water-in-oil emulsion. However, if one compares these two methods of immunization in terms of the maximum concentration of antigen to which the tissues of the host were exposed, they are quite similar. Thus, if concentration of the antigen as it exists in the tissues is a determining factor in eliciting an antibody response, it may be that the emulsion adjuvant enhances the immunizing capacity of small amounts of antigen by maintaining them undiluted until they are released from the oil.

Bovine γ-globulin (BGG) was found to be a more effective antigen than BSA with respect to the minimal amount of antigen required to initiate antibody synthesis following intravenous injection.
Determination of Relative Concentrations of Soluble Antigens in Sea Urchin Eggs by Means of Graded Antiserum Absorptions Combined with Agar Diffusion Techniques
Authors: Perlmann Peter , Couffer-Kaltenbach Jane , Perlmann Hedvig
Published: January 2023

Graded absorptions of antiserum in combination with Oudin's single diffusion technique (6) were used for assaying soluble antigens present in homogenates or extracts of unfertilized eggs and two developmental stages of the sera urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Aliquots of antiserum were absorbed with graded amounts of lyophilized extracts or unextracted total homogenates of the antigenic material. When subsequently tested in Oudin tubes with an antigenic standard as the external reagent, the migration rates of the various antigen-antibody precipitates increased linearly with the amount of absorbant added. From the slopes of the absorption curves so obtained the concentration of antigen in the extracts could be calculated relative to that in the homogenates. Moreover, the content of antigen could be determined in homogenates of different origin (unfertilized eggs and developmental stages). The accuracy and validity of this method were evaluated statistically with regard to one of the antigens. The method proved to be of value for a) checking the efficacy of the extraction of soluble antigens from homogenates, and b) for determining concentrations of antigens in various homogenates without preliminary quantitive extraction.