bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fair Share: Equitable Distribution of Deep Sea Mining Proceeds
Authors: Willaert Klaas
Published: February 2022

One of the vital principles within the international regime governing the deep seabed is the status of the Area (comprising the seabed and subsoil beyond national jurisdiction) and its mineral resources as the common heritage of mankind. This abstract concept encompasses a wide array of interrelated components, though one of the most crucial premises is that activities in the Area must be carried out for the benefit of mankind as a whole, entailing equitable sharing of financial and other economic benefits derived from deep sea mining operations. As a result, the International Seabed Authority (ISA) is tasked with developing a suitable payment and distribution mechanism, which takes the needs and interests of developing States into particular consideration. This article analyses the overarching rules and principles, assesses the available options and offers insightful thoughts on the way forward.
Tafsir Studies and the Conundrum of Normativity
Authors: Coppens Pieter
Published: February 2022

Tafsir studies, due to its focus on reception history and tradition rather than on the origins of Islam, may be a locus of fruitful cooperation between the new field of Islamic theology and ‘regular’ Islamic studies that transcends the problematic dichotomy of insider/outsider perspectives. Redefining normativity as negotiating the future of Islam’s discursive tradition, arguably a shared concern of Islamic theologians and Islamicists, although their motivations differ, may be a way to further neutralise the conundrum of normativity in Islamic studies. I argue that ‘historically and sociologically informed normativity’ is the way forward for Islamic theology, and will make the field relevant beyond its own disciplinary boundaries.
Mniejszości kulturowe i językowe we współczesnym świecie – w stronę animacji kultury
Authors: Dołowy-Rybińska Nicole
Published: February 2022

Cultural and Linguistic Minorities in the Modern World – Towards Cultural AnimationThe situation of cultural and linguistic minorities in the 21st century demands reflection about their status and the way of existing in relation to dominant cultures. Even defining the criteria of belonging to the minority is problematic. The objective criteria, i.e. the usage of the ethnic language, the way of dressing, the lifestyle – are now insufficient. Nowadays, to survive in the modern world the minorities adapt the techniques developed by the dominant cultures. The obliteration of cultural differences does not have to mean disappearance of minority cultures. They can find for themselves such niches where they have a chance to exist and to develop. But not all cultural activists accept the modernization of such cultures. They are afraid that they would lose their character and uniqueness. It seems, nevertheless, that the process is inevitable, yet it does not have to have negative consequences. In order to secure their existence the minority cultures need specific actions aimed at their survival. The financial and institutional help from the state seems not to be sufficient to mobilize ordinary people to become involved in the culture of their ancestors. The most efficient way – because directed at the needs and desires of people – is cultural animation. Thanks to the work of cultural animators many people can arouse in themselves the need and wish to join the struggle for survival of minority cultures and languages in the modern world.
Przemiany narodowościowe w Kraju Kłajpedzkim w XX wieku
Authors: Eberhardt Piotr
Published: February 2022

Population Transformations in the Klaipeda Region in the 20th CenturyThe Klaipeda Region is now an integral part of Lithuania. This was not, however, always the case; the region has a strong German history. (Its historical German name was Memelland, while in Lithuanian it was called Klaipedos Krastas.) Until 1525, the Klaipeda Region belonged to the Teutonic Order, but later changed hands several times. Initially, it belonged to the Duchy of Prussia (until 1701; and until 1657 was dependent as a fief of Poland), was later controlled by the Kingdom of Prussia (until 1871), and then finally became part of the German Empire (until 1919). For Germans, the province was a historical part of Eastern Prussia until 1945. For Lithuanians, the Klaipeda Region, as well as the area located along the north-eastern part of East Prussia on the south bank of the Neman River, was known as Little Lithuania (Lithuania Minor). The Lithuanians considered this territory to be their own ethnic land, which was wrongfully subjected to gradual Germanization. Before World War II this area was inhabited by Protestants who spoke Lithuanian or German. The 1920 census lists the territory’s population at 150,700, of which 71,000 declared German to be their first language, while 67,000 declared Lithuanian.The article first discusses the historical and political background of events in the Klaipeda Region in the first half of the 20th century. Next the author analyzes in a dynamic approach the demographic and ethnic structure of the population. His attention is later focused on the period of World War II when the province was incorporated into the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. In the Soviet period, a major part of the local population was expelled to Germany, while the remaining residents were identified as either Lithuanians or Russians such that the province was no longer dominated by the Protestant and German speaking population. The final part of the article deals with the present demographic and ethnic situation. As a result of the postwar political and economic migrations, a majority of the people in the province now identify themselves as Lithuanian and Catholic. Lithuania, owing to the port of Klaipeda, has now an unrestricted access to sea.
Krzyż w szkole publicznej w orzecznictwie europejskim
Authors: Falski Jacek
Published: February 2022

The Crucifix in the Public School Classroom in European Court RulingsLautsi v. Italy was an important court case that was brought before the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. The subsequent ruling on 3 November 2009 noted that the display of religious symbols (i.e. the crucifix in Italian public school classrooms) is contrary to Article 2 of the 1st Protocol of the European Convention on Human Rights. This decision, which went against Italy, is in line with other judgments in similar cases, and seems to be promoting the European public school as a place of confessional neutrality, where the goal is to cultivate secular values of a democratic society in pupils.The European Court of Human Rights thus clearly supports the idea and principles of secularism and the impartiality of the state. However, the ruling did not impose any obligation to undertake adequate legal solutions or verify the existing law, leaving each member state a level of freedom to make opinions and final decisions on their own. The Lautsi v. Italy judgment had an indirect influence on the entire public service sphere, of which the public school is just one link of a chain. Yet Italy filed an appeal and the case was referred to the Court’s Grand Chamber. Its hearing is to be held on 30 June 2010. The legal ramifications of this ruling therefore remain an important debate in Europe.
About the Theory of Assimilation Processes: Construction of Slovak Minority Communities
Authors: Michalík Boris
Published: February 2022

About the Theory of Assimilation Processes: Construction of Slovak Minority CommunitiesThis contribution focuses on the problems of ethnic identity and assimilation processes in minority background, and concentrates on the problems of Slovak minorities. The author presents the classification of assimilation factors, which he designed on the basis of theoretical aspects of ethnicity. These assimilation factors have a vast influence on members of a minority in minority communities. This approach is guided by the results of the author’s field research and review of relevant literature, especially in the areas of the Republic of Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Serbia and Croatia. The paper contains new information that can contribute to the theory of assimilation processes. The research of these issues and the outlined factors of ethnic assimilation and their contexts certainly cannot be considered definitive. O teorii procesów asymilacyjnych: Kształtowanie się Słowackiej mniejszości narodowejArtykuł koncentruje się na problematyce tożsamości etnicznej i procesów asymilacyjnych zachodzących na gruncie wspólnot mniejszościowych, skupiając uwagę na mniejszości słowackiej. Autor przedstawia swoją klasyfikację czynników asymilacyjnych, opierającą się na teorii etniczności. Pokazuje, jak sprzyjające czynniki asymilacji oddziałują na członków wspólnot mniejszościowych. W swoim ujęciu zagadnienia uwzględnia wyniki przeprowadzonych przez siebie badań terenowych oraz literaturę przedmiotu, zwłaszcza w odniesieniu do Słowacji, Węgier, Rumunii, Serbii i Chorwacji. Artykuł zawiera nowe dane, które mogą przyczynić się do poszerzenia teorii procesów asymilacyjnych. Badania autora oraz przedstawiony w artykule zarys czynników asymilacji etnicznej i ich kontekstów z całą pewnością nie mogą zostać uznane za definitywne.
Założenia, cele i działalność Seminarium Narodowościowego przy Instytucie Badań Spraw Narodowościowych (1931–1939)
Authors: Grott Olgierd
Published: February 2022

Aims and Goals of the Seminar for the Study of Nationalities in Warsaw, 1931–1939In 1931, the Institute for the Study of Nationalities (Polish: Instytut Badań Spraw Narodowościowych, IBSN) established the Seminar for the Study of Nationalities (Seminarium Narodowościowe, SN) within the framework of this institution. It was believed that starting an educational programme would make it possible to quickly create a group of young specialists, scholars and broadly defined administrative officers who would understand and be open to national minorities issues in Poland, both in the national and Promethean approach.The one-year curriculum included lectures and seminars, during which the participants were required to present papers on the results of their own inquiries carried out with support from the lecturers. In 1938, the SN Graduates’ Society was set up to enable former SN students to con­tinue their ethnic research.
Kto ty jesteś? – mniejszości narodowe i etniczne we współczesnej Polsce
Authors: Jawor Anna
Published: February 2022

Who are You? National and Ethnic Minorities in Contemporary PolandReview of: Stefan Dudra, Bernadetta Nitschke (eds.), Mniejszości narodowe i etniczne w Polsce po II wojnie światowej [National and Ethnic Minorities in Poland after the Second World War], Kraków: Nomos 2010. Kto ty jesteś? – mniejszości narodowe i etniczne we współczesnej PolsceRecenzja: Stefan Dudra, Bernadetta Nitschke (red.), Mniejszości narodowe i etniczne w Polsce po II wojnie światowej, Kraków: Nomos 2010.
Portret antropologiczny rdzennych mieszkańców pogranicza polsko-niemieckiego urodzonych przed 1945 rokiem
Authors: Pokrzyńska Magdalena , Zielińska Anna
Published: February 2022

An Anthropological Portrayal of the Native Inhabitants of the Polish-German Borderland Born Before 1945The article presents the results of field research carried out among the native inhabitants of the Lubusz Voivodship who were born in the former eastern territory of the then German state before 1945. Between 2009 and 2011, the authors conducted in-depth anthropological interviews with 28 informants in 17 localities in the Voivodship. These informants are the last remaining representatives of the former populace in this area, since the majority of the local inhabitants left Poland: some were evacuated or fled in the face of the advancing Red Army in 1945, others were victims of the so-called “wild” expulsions as well as resettlements, and still others emigrated under family reunification programs. One more factor was economic emigration, which has continued up to the present day. Thus, those inhabitants who remained are the last witnesses to the history of life experiences which began here already in pre-World War II times. This makes them special as they have a unique sense of rootedness in the region, unlike other inhabitants, who are newcomers there.The external identity of the interviewees, that is, the identity given to them by others, is often different from their internal, subjective identity, which is felt and expressed in narratives. In the period following World War II the native populace was termed “autochtons”. The category of “autochton” was constructed from the outside, taking into consideration only elements of Polish culture, and completely ignored any ties with German culture. The presence of the “autochtons” officially served the purpose of legitimizing the so-called “recovered territories”, that is, the territories incorporated into Poland in 1945. On the other hand, the autochtons were ascribed a German identity by new settlers who arrived in the Lubusz land from different regions of Poland, and who labeled the locals “Germans” or “Nazis”. The internal identity of the interviewees is characterized by Polish-German cultural bivalence, which shows most of all in their active bilingualism and often in denominational conversions or bivalent (Catholic-Evangelical) faith as well as a lack of a univocal acceptance of just one national option.
Narodowe w formie, autorytarne w treści. Budowanie państwa w Azji Centralnej
Authors: Shukuralieva Nartsiss
Published: February 2022

National in Form, Authoritarian in Content: State Building in Central AsiaAfter the collapse of the Soviet Union the new states of Central Asia faced a challenging task of building a new country, its symbols, relations between institutional power and the sovereign and imaginary geopolitical landscape. The grassroots processes of national awakening were coupled with deliberate activities of the dominant political actors striving to shape them in a way conducive to their power claims. Thus the monuments of great ancestors and the billboards presenting the image of incumbent presidents became a very common element of the symbolic landscape of Central Asia's new republics. The official speeches of the governing presidents have frequently referred to great historical figures, constructed historical analogies, praised the thousand years old traditions of the fatherland and adduced historical evidence testifying ancient roots of the countries.This article is focused on the mechanisms of ethnocentric reinterpretation of the past. For the newly constituted republics of Central Asia, the evidence of the past power status and glorious moments or, conversely, the past tragedies has been an equally strong legitimizing factor both internally and externally. No matter whether invented or constructed, the propagated national values have played a key role in justifying the power claims and international position of the new countries. Additionally, the paper’s objective is to analyze how state structures and institutions implement national solutions and how the authoritarian logic of the state institutions performed its power under the guise of national forms.
Cuius regio, eius historia – macedońska historiografia i narracje tożsamościowe w latach 1944–2011
Authors: Majewski Piotr
Published: February 2022

Cuius regio, eius historia – Macedonian Historiography and Identity Narratives, 1944–2011Macedonian historians – by calling upon certain past events perceived as traumatic and mobilizing deep-rooted stereotypes and prejudices against the neighboring countries – sought to manipulate public opinion. It seems that also today many representatives of the Macedonian elite still see the fight for position in the historical culture as a primary aim of their existence in the public sphere. They linked the current political and social situation to the so-called historical traditions and saw Macedonian national identity threatened by Albanian, Bulgarian, Greek, and Serbian nationalists. Past and current events are explained in such a way that they became part of mythological narrations.
Społeczne i kulturowe uwarunkowania i ograniczenia procesu pokojowego w Irlandii Północnej
Authors: Szczecińska-Musielak Ewa
Published: February 2022

Social and Cultural Conditions and Limitations of the Northern Ireland Peace ProcessThe conflict in Northern Ireland, sometimes called “the Troubles” (by British government), sometimes called “war” (by nationalists), has lasted since 1921. The article presents the historical, structural and cultural background of the conflict in Ulster. Two main communities – Catholic and Protestant – are divided because of lots of reasons: one of them is different interpretation of history (“imagined histories”). On the social level the dominant position of the Protestant community was supported by a system of discrimination. The two conflicted communities are integrated around different sets of values, symbols and norms, and their sense of belonging and group membership is connected with different ethnic identities.The peace process started in 1998 (Good Friday Agreement). Since then considerable changes have been implemented in order to end the political, social and cultural discrimination of the minority Catholic community. Changes (reforms) at the governmental level, like establishing the new Northern Ireland Assembly and the Police Service of Northern Ireland, are very important. But equally important are changes on cultural and symbolic levels because they create space to re-defining ethnic identities. A good example of this could be the Re-Imaging Communities Programme, an initiative launched in 2006 by the Arts Council of Northern Ireland. The idea of the programme is to change – in cooperation with local people and artists – sectarian and militant murals into neutral ones and create more friendly public space.
Oblicza ormiańsko-azerbejdżańskiego konfliktu o Górski Karabach
Authors: Patlewicz Barbara
Published: February 2022

Faces of the Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict in Nagorno-KarabakhThe territory of Nagorno-Karabakh had become the matter of Armenian-Azerbaijani disputes long before the establishment of the Soviet power in the Caucasus. Armenian colonization of Muslim territories intensified after each conflict which the Russian Empire was involved in, especially after the Crimean War and the Russo-Turkish War of 1876–1878. Following the conflicts which took place between 1905–1907 and 1918–1920, Karabakh became part of the Armenian national myth. The establishment of the Soviet power in November 1920 resulted in the recognition of Karabakh as part of Armenia, but the decision was reversed the following year and the region was transferred to Azerbaijan. The claim that during the times of the Soviet Union the conflict did not exist can only refer to the military state of affairs. The beginning of its current phase occurred in 1987. The Armenian Supreme Council’s decision of 10 January 1990 to cover Nagorno-Karabakh in the republican budget and grant its citizens the right to vote in Armenian general elections was another step leading to the escalation of the conflict. The authorities in Baku insist that it can only be solved according to the principle of territorial integrity, which means that the solution must assume that Nagorno-Karabakh is part of Azerbaijan. On the other hand, the Armenians invoke the right to self-determination, which, according to them, makes Karabakh’s declaration of independence legitimate. The dispute is still one of the key problems destabilizing the situation in the South Caucasus.
Japonia i Zachód – spotkania w globalnej wiosce
Authors: Grüner Zuzanna
Published: February 2022

Japan and the West – Meetings in the Global VillageJapan is one of the most fascinating economic powers in the world. Over the whole of its history, even in the strong isolationist periods, it has imported foreign ideas which were later adjusted to suit its own needs and developed in compliance with its own views. At the beginning, Japan’s main mentor was China, often through the countries of the Korean Peninsula, but the West started to take China’s place as the culturally dominant Alien, the basic supplier of goods. The Japanese became aware that they would probably be unable to chase away the western barbarians and, under the circumstances, they should start to learn from them. “Japan would pass away, turn empty, waste, colourless; it would turn cunning and rich”. But will it indeed be so? “The world is a global village” – the sentence that was once a daring statement is now a cliche, and it is no longer amazing that we get into contact with people from the other hemisphere or that so many students enrol in programmes connected with distant civilizations. Japan is among the countries whose names frequently appear in the surrounding reality and sound less and less exotic.
The Problem of Divided Ethnonational Groups in Contemporary Russia and Poland
Authors: Barash Raisa
Published: February 2022

The Problem of Divided Ethnonational Groups in Contemporary Russia and PolandBoth Russia and Poland – to varying degrees – tend to maintain ties with “compatriots” living abroad, but these two groups are distinct in their essence. Poles living outside Poland can be rather qualified as part/parts of a divided people, whereas Russian-backed compatriots form a divided nation, and moreover, form not a divided nation of the Russian Federation, but a post-Soviet one.The Government of the Russian Federation used to claim maintaining ties with “Russian compatriots” living abroad. The theme of the rights of Russians living abroad is among the most popular ones in Russian media. The groups of Russian-speaking people who live in the former Soviet republics have often been subjects or objects of conflict situations in the last 20 years because of their desire to live in accordance with their identity. But the essence of this group of so-called Russians, living in the post-Soviet space, is very complex. Russian-backed compatriots form not a divided people – in an ethnic sense – but a divided nation (a cultural or historical, non-ethnic group). And moreover, such groups form not a divided nation of Russian Federation, but a post-Soviet divided nation. Problem podzielonych grup etniczno-narodowych we współczesnej Rosji i PolsceZarówno Rosja jak i Polska dążą, choć w niejednakowym stopniu, do zachowania więzi z rodakami zamieszkałymi poza granicami kraju, jednakże te dwie zbiorowości de facto są zupełnie od siebie odmienne. Polaków żyjących za granicą można zaliczyć do tej części ludności polskiej, którą określamy mianem Polonii, podczas gdy zamieszkali poza krajem Rosjanie stanowią podzielony naród i, co więcej, tworzą nie tyle diasporę narodową Federacji Rosyjskiej, ile postsowiecką.Rząd Federacji Rosyjskiej utrzymuje, że zależy mu na zachowaniu więzi z Rosjanami mieszkającymi za granicą. Temat praw Rosjan z zagranicy jest jedną z najbardziej popularnych pośród podejmowanych przez rosyjskie media kwestii. Rosyjskojęzyczna ludność żyjąca w byłych republikach Związku Sowieckiego była często w minionych 20 latach przedmiotem i podmiotem sytuacji konfliktowych spowodowanych tym, że wykazywała wolę, aby żyć w zgodzie ze swą tożsamością. Jednak z samej swej istoty charakter tej grupy ludzi, w Rosji nazywanych Russkie, zamieszkujących w przestrzeni postsowieckiej, jest nad wyraz skomplikowany i złożony. Osoby mające rosyjskie korzenie tworzą „naród podzielony“ nie w sensie etnicznym, ale w znaczeniu nieetnicznej grupy kulturowej bądź historycznej stanowiącej narodową diasporę, którą należałoby uznać za postsowiecką.
Słowiańska jedność?
Authors: Gucka Agnieszka
Published: February 2022

Slavic Unity?Review of: Lilla Moroz-Grzelak, Bracia Słowianie: Wizje wspólnoty a rzeczywistość [Slavic Brothers: Visions of Community and Reality], Warszawa: Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk (SOW) 2011. Słowiańska jedność?Recenzja: Lilla Moroz-Grzelak, Bracia Słowianie: Wizje wspólnoty a rzeczywistość, Warszawa: Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk (SOW) 2011.
Spacesuit Center of Gravity Assessments for Partial Gravity EVA Simulation in an Underwater Environment
Authors: Vu Linh Q. , Shaw James H. , Kim K. Han , Benson Elizabeth , Rajulu Sudhakar L.
Published: February 2022

Objective

The objective is to analytically determine the expected CG and build hardware to measure and verify the suited subject’s CG for lunar extravehicular activity (EVA) training in an underwater environment.

Background

For lunar EVAs, it is necessary for astronauts to train with a spacesuit in a simulated partial gravity environment. NASA’s Neutral Buoyancy Laboratory (NBL) can provide these conditions by producing negative buoyancy for a submerged suited subject. However, it is critical that the center of gravity (CG) for the human-spacesuit system to be accurate for conditions expected during planetary EVAs.

Methods

An underwater force-transducer system and individualized human-spacesuit model was created to provide real-time measurement of CG, including recommendations for weight placement locations and quantity of weight needed on the spacesuit to achieve a realistic lunar spacesuit CG. This method was tested with four suited subjects.

Results

Across tested weighout configurations, it was observed that an aft and high CG location will have large postural differences when compared to low and fore CG locations, highlighting the importance of having a proper CG. The system had an accuracy of ±5lbs of the total lunar weight and within ± 15 cm for fore-aft and left-right CG directions of the model predictions.

Conclusion

The developed method offers analytical verification of the suited subject’s CG and improves simulation quality of lunar EVAs. Future suit design can also benefit by recommending hardware changes to create ideal CG locations that improve balance and mobility.

Application

The developed methodology can be used to verify a proper CG location in future planetary EVA simulations such as different reduced gravity training analogs (e.g. active cable offloading systems).
Would It Kill You to Retire? Testing Short/Long Term/Recurrent Effects of Retirement on All-Cause Mortality Risk
Authors: Oi Katsuya
Published: February 2022

This study traced all-cause mortality risk over the course of retirement and tested whether re-retirement impacts mortality risk differently than the first time. The study differentiated retirement on whether prompted by health (health retirement) or not (non-health retirement). Based on data from 1992 to 2016 Health and Retirement Study (HRS), the sample consists of 7747 women and 7958 men who were working at the baseline. Adjusting for physical health before/after retirement, the discrete-time logit model found increased mortality risk within the first year of non-health retirement only for men, regardless of physical health changes. Re-retirement did not raise mortality risk further. Furthermore, health retirement increased mortality for men and women but substantially less after their surviving the first year. The findings urge future study to explore non-physical pathways of an immediate mortality increase for men in retirement, as well as the monitoring of population trends in health retirement and its antecedents.
Progressive constitutional deliberation: Political equality, social inequalities and democracy’s legitimacy challenge
Authors: Trantidis Aris
Published: February 2022

Social inequalities fuel a debate about the meaning of political equality. Formal procedural equality is criticised for reproducing discriminatory outcomes against disadvantaged groups but affirmative action, particularly in the form of group quotas, is also contested. When opposing conceptions of substantive equality support divergent views about which procedural rule genuinely respects political equality, democracies cannot identify a standard or rule of procedural fairness to be widely accepted as fair. This dispute over procedural fairness can carry on indefinitely and could challenge democracy’s legitimacy claim. I argue that democracies can renew their legitimacy claim by embracing this debate and by accommodating it through constitutional deliberation that must be as impartial and meaningful as possible. Impartiality ideally requires the presence of every citizen in this process because each of them has a unique and evolving experience of inequality. Meaningful deliberation is about offering periodic opportunities for constitutional reform, allowing for continuous feedback, reflection, and learning.
Finite element analysis, prediction, and optimization of residual stresses in multi-pass arc welding with experimental evaluation
Authors: Amirsalari Behzad , Golabi Sa’id
Published: February 2022

Prediction and reduction of unwanted tensile Residual Stress of welded stainless-steel plates is presented in this paper. Validated finite element analysis and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is employed to simulate and mathematically model the process, respectively. Taguchi design of experiments tool is utilized to generate input data for finite element analyses and also to choose the most accurate ANN structures. RSs are minimized using three methods: Taguchi suggestion, Comprehensive factorial search, and Particle Swarm Optimization, whose accuracy and response pace increases and decreases respectively in this order. Furthermore, adding and removing extra weld lines was proposed to reduce unwanted residual stresses by up to 50%. Finally, the shapes and amounts of results are experimentally verified using contour method and proposed novel application of roughness testing. Micro-grain structures of the welded samples were also investigated, and RSs were discussed considering metallography images.
Random grant allocation from the researchers’ perspective: Introducing the distinction into legitimate and illegitimate problems in Bourdieu’s field theory
Authors: Barlösius Eva , Philipps Axel
Published: February 2022

Discussions about funding research grants by lottery have centered on weighing the pros and cons of peer review, but this focus does not fully account for how an idea comes across in the field of science to those researchers directly dependent on research funding. Not only do researchers have personal perspectives, but they are also shaped by their experiences and the positions they occupy in the field of science. Applying Bourdieu’s field theory, the authors explore the question of which field-specific problems and conflicts scientists identify and for which they could imagine using a grant lottery in the allocation of research funding. Under what conditions does such a solution, which is external to the field of science, seem justified to them? The results show that different areas of application are conceivable for a lottery mechanism in the field of science but that its use seems justifiable only for legitimate field-specific quandaries.
Review of the Evidence Base for Peer Network Interventions for Students With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Biggs Elizabeth E. , Robison Sarah E.
Published: February 2022

A systematic literature review was conducted to examine the evidence for peer network interventions for students with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). Fifteen studies were identified and evaluated for methodological rigor using the quality indicators published by the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) and by examining the risk of bias. Relying only on the guidelines from the CEC, peer network interventions are an evidence-based practice for increasing the communication and interaction of students with IDD with their peers without disabilities. However, risk of bias assessment revealed several methodological issues, outcome measurement was generally restricted to being context-bound rather than generalized, and there is a need for further research at the middle school level, with students with intellectual disability who do not have an autism diagnosis, and with students who use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). Implications are provided about training and supporting school personnel to implement peer network interventions.
Understanding Discussions of Sexual Assault in Young Women on a Peer Support Mental Health App: A Content Analysis
Authors: Collaton Joanna , Barata Paula , Lewis Stephen P.
Published: February 2022

Trauma narratives may have been influenced by the Me Too movement, with thousands of individuals disclosing sexual violence stories online. Youth, the largest demographic of online users, may prefer the anonymity of the Internet to discuss experiences of sexual assault. Understanding the ways that young women, especially those experiencing mental health difficulties, discuss their experiences is important as they are at higher risk of revictimization and continued poor mental health. We searched for terms related to acts of sexual assault on a mental health peer-support app, TalkLife, and compared the number of posts during the initial wave of the Me Too movement (October 2017–March 2018) to the same time period in the previous year (October 2016–March 2017). We found a significant increase in posts related to sexual assault of 49.7% between the Pre and Post Me Too time periods ( p < .001), controlling for a general increase in posts. A content analysis of 700 randomly selected posts found that a substantial number of young women used TalkLife to discuss their experiences of sexual assault, and these self-disclosures were mostly hopeless or depressing in tone. Additionally, neither the nature nor the number of self-disclosures varied across time points. The negative tone of the self-disclosures in the current study is worrying because the way women talk about their trauma can shape how they understand it, which could lead to negative self-appraisal and continued mental health difficulties. Online spaces have the potential to support young women and facilitate help-seeking, but we must be attentive to how they are used.
Standardized Spiritual Screening Increases Chaplain Referrals Through the EMR: A Nurse-Chaplain Collaboration for Holistic Acute Healthcare
Authors: Campbell Duane , Robison Jeanene (Gigi) , Godsey Judi Allyn
Published: February 2022

The use of a concise standardized spiritual screening process to identify spiritual practices and needs of patients is essential for holistic nursing care. This interprofessional initiative resulted in the development of a spiritual screening tool that substantially increased Pastoral Services referrals to the patients who needed them and represents a significant opportunity in the delivery of holistic nursing care. Acute care settings may benefit from the adoption of a standardized chaplain referral process housed in the EMR and completed on the frontlines by trusted nursing staff providing patient and family centered care. This standardized spiritual screening process not only triggered essential services of Pastoral Services, but also helped identify and address important spiritual needs of hospitalized patients.

The ability to design a tool responsive to the evolving, spiritual needs of patients can be challenging. Through collaboration with chaplains, nurses can be instrumental in creating instruments informed by available evidence in the empirical literature. Furthermore, engaging patients as a source of data during instrument design helps to ensure the content validity and practical usefulness of an instrument. Healthcare organizations might choose to implement and further evaluate/refine the new Spiritual Screening Tool and referral process developed as a result of this initiative.
Environmental impact of fiscal decentralization, green technology innovation and institution’s efficiency in developed countries using advance panel modelling
Authors: Wang Feng , Rani Tayyaba , Razzaq Asif
Published: February 2022

The debate regarding mitigation of carbon dioxide emissions and fiscal decentralization has gained extreme attention, but only a little evidence supports this issue. Therefore, this study adopts fiscal decentralization, green technology innovation, and institutional efficiency that reduce environmental degradation and help to create a sustainable environment in seventeen developed countries. This study applies a novel Methods of Moment's Quantiles Regression (MMQR) which helps to deal with asymmetricity, structural change and non-normality. The overall results exhibit emissions mitigating effect of fiscal decentralization, green technology innovation and institutional efficiency. However, the emissions mitigating effects of fiscal decentralization is the lowest for lower quantiles and the highest for higher emissions quantiles. In contrast, emission reduction effect of green technology innovation and institutional efficiency is higher for lowest quantiles and lower for highest quantiles. These results confirm the asymmetric effect of fiscal decentralization, green technology innovation, and institutional efficiency on carbon emissions, and validating that their effect is not alike across all distribution, rather significantly varied at lower, medium, and higher quantiles. These results offer valuable suggestions to improve the environmental sustainability.
Gallic acid ameliorates di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-induced testicular injury in adult mice
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Azam , Mehrzadi Saeed , Siahpoosh Amir , Basir Zahra , Bahrami Nosrat , Goudarzi Mehdi
Published: February 2022

Background: Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a well-known endocrine-disrupting compound inducing degeneration of testes. Gallic acid (GA) is a polyphenol with various pharmacological properties, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

Purpose: This research evaluated effects of different doses of GA on DEHP-induced testicular injury in adult mice.

Research Design: Male mice were randomly divided into five groups and treated with agents for two weeks; group (I) received normal saline and corn oil (5 mL/kg/day, p. o.), group (II) received DEHP (2 g/kg/day, dissolved in corn oil, p. o.), groups (III, IV, and V) received DEHP + GA (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day, p. o.). Body and testes weights, serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were evaluated. The number of sperms and sperm motility and viability were analyzed in the cauda epididymis. Histological changes, oxidative/nitrosative stress markers, and inflammatory cytokines levels were examined in testes.

Results: Body and testes weights, the number of spermatogonia, primary spermatocyte and early spermatid, and late spermatid and sperm vitality, and progressive motility were significantly reduced in mice exposed to DEHP. Serum testosterone level decreased and serum LH and FSH levels increased in DEHP-exposed mice. These alterations were associated with the increased oxidative stress level and inflammatory responses in testicular tissue. Treatment with GA (50 and 100 mg/kg/day) attenuated DEHP-induced alterations in oxidative stress markers and inflammatory cytokines and reversed abnormality in sperm characteristic and number, tissue structure, and serum hormones levels.

Conclusions: Results indicated that GA might be a promising agent against male gonadal toxicity induced by endocrine disrupting chemicals including DEHP.
Family Engagement in Child Welfare System-Level Change: A Review of Current Models
Authors: Augsberger Astraea , Collins Mary Elizabeth , Levine Benjamin Frank
Published: February 2022

Family engagement is a critical component of child welfare practice. Studies report improved experiences and outcomes when families are involved in decision making. Robust engagement may also serve as a culturally responsive approach to improving outcomes for families. Although practice-level interventions have received attention in the literature, there is a dearth of research on program- and system-level family models. The present study contributes to the emerging literature by analyzing publicly available data to document U.S. state efforts to engage families. Findings describe the origin, membership, and activities of four macro-level practice models. Similarities and differences among states as well as implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Historical and Legal Considerations in Development of a For-Credit Internship Program
Authors: Zumbach Harken Nichole , Price-Williams Shelley
Published: February 2022

Background: This research outlines important factors in the development of a for-credit internship program by providing a historical context of internship work dating back to the original case of Walling v. Portland Terminal (1947), which outlined acceptable non-paid work of trainees, to more current applications of these labor laws in Wang v. Hearst (2016) and Glatt v. Foxlight Pictures (2016) then connects those legal precedents with current research in best practices. Purpose: The purpose of this research was to examine legal implications on for-credit internship programs and create recommendations based on United States law. Methodology/Approach: This work uses peer-reviewed research to support recommendation in internship development, implementation, and evaluation. Findings/Conclusions: Recommendations for programmatic implementation are made to avoid potential litigation against higher education institutions, faculty, staff, students, and internship placement organizations. Implications: These legal cases inform higher education and considerations in change to organizational policies and practices as it relates to fair labor, program development, and oversight of experiential education.
Opportunities and challenges when using record linkage of routinely collected electronic health care data to evaluate outcomes of systemic anti-cancer treatment in clinical practice
Authors: Mueller Tanja , Laskey Jennifer , Baillie Kelly , Clarke Julie , Crearie Christine , Kavanagh Kimberley , Graham Janet , Graham Kathryn , Waterson Ashita , Jones Robert , Kurdi Amanj , Morrison David , Bennie Marion
Published: February 2022

The efficacy and safety of cancer medicines as reported from randomised clinical trials do not always translate into similar benefits in routine clinical practice; hence, post-marketing studies are a useful addition to the evidence base. With recent advances in digital infrastructure and the advent of electronically available health records, linkage of routinely collected data has emerged as a promising evaluation method for these studies. This paper discusses the opportunities and challenges when applying an electronic record linkage methodology with respect to systemic anti-cancer therapy by showcasing exemplar studies conducted over a three-year period in Scotland, and highlights some of the potential pitfalls spanning the entire breadth and depth of the research process. Our experiences as an interdisciplinary team indicate that there is scope to conduct large cohort studies to generate results from routine clinical practice within a reasonable time frame; however, close collaboration between researchers, data controllers and clinicians is required in order to obtain valid and meaningful results.
Combining Conceptual Frameworks on Maternal Health in Indigenous Communities—Fuzzy Cognitive Mapping Using Participant and Operator-independent Weighting
Authors: Sarmiento Iván , Cockcroft Anne , Dion Anna , Paredes-Solís Sergio , De Jesús-García Abraham , Melendez David , Marie Chomat Anne , Zuluaga Germán , Meneses-Rentería Alba , Andersson Neil
Published: February 2022

A recurring issue in intercultural research is whose knowledge informs conceptualization and design of projects or interventions. Fuzzy cognitive mapping uses arrows and weights to represent stakeholder knowledge on causal relationships and can generate composite theories to inform research and action. Cognitive mapping is accessible across different cultures, but participant weighting is not always straightforward. We describe a procedure to combine and condense maps from different stakeholders and an alternative operator-independent weighting procedure adapted from Harris’s discourse analysis.
Evaluation of the drug utilization of biosimilar medicinal products containing monoclonal antibodies: A systematic review
Authors: Yordanov Emanuil , Parvova Iva , Hristov Emil , Petkova Valentina
Published: February 2022

Aim: The objective is to study the availability and affordability of biosimilar medicinal products containing monoclonal antibodies, measure their drug utilization, and evaluate the rational drug use globally through analysis and systematic review of scientific articles published in the scientific literature.

Materials and methods: The documentary analysis of scientific publications was carried out by specific keywords in MEDLINE database, Central Medical Library, and national peer-reviewed scientific journals in Bulgaria for the period from January 2008 to May 2020. 100 scientific publications have been found for a period of 12 years. Articles were selected according to PRISMA. Analyses include 17 articles that fully meet the preset criteria. Descriptive and variational analyses were carried out as basic statistical analyses. Mean values, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, and 95% confidence intervals have been determined.

Results and discussion: Studies on this topic in EU Member States are obviously of interest, but publication activity is not high—only 17 scientific publications over a 12-year period. All 17 studies reflect cost savings after switching from a reference biological medicinal product to a biosimilar medicinal product, and the reduction in budgetary costs as a weighted average is about 30% of the total budgetary costs of biological therapies for the first 5 years. All 17 studies have reported that the use of biosimilar medicinal products is rather low. Although the quality, safety, and efficacy of biosimilar medicinal products have been unequivocally established, their introduction to the market is still insufficient.
A Long-Term Evaluation of Facebook for Recruitment and Retention in the ENDIA Type 1 Diabetes Pregnancy-Birth Cohort Study
Authors: McGorm Kelly J. , Brown James D. , Thomson Rebecca L. , Oakey Helena , Moore Belinda , Hendry Alexandra , Colman Peter G. , Craig Maria E. , Davis Elizabeth A. , Harris Mark , Harrison Leonard C. , Haynes Aveni , Soldatos Georgia , Vuillermin Peter , Wentworth John M. , Couper Jennifer J. , Penno Megan A. S. ,   The ENDIA Study Group
Published: February 2022

Background:

The Environmental Determinants of Islet Autoimmunity (ENDIA) study is an Australia-wide pregnancy-birth cohort study following children who have a first-degree relative with type 1 diabetes (ACTRN1261300794707). A dedicated ENDIA Facebook page was established in 2013 with the aim of enhancing recruitment and supporting participant retention through dissemination of study information. To measure the impact of Facebook, we evaluated the sources of referral to the study, cohort demographics, and withdrawal rates. We also investigated whether engagement with Facebook content was associated with specific post themes.

Methods:

Characteristics of Facebook versus conventional recruits were compared using linear, logistic, and multinomial logistic regression models. Logistic regression was used to determine the risk of study withdrawal. Data pertaining to 794 Facebook posts over 7.5 years were included in the analysis.

Results:

Facebook was the third largest source of referral (300/1511; 19.9%). Facebook recruits were more frequently Australian-born ( P < .001) enrolling postnatally ( P = .01) and withdrew from the study at a significantly lower rate compared with conventional recruits (4.7% vs 12.3%; P < .001) after a median of follow-up of 3.3 years. Facebook content featuring stories and images of participants received the highest engagement even though <20% of the 2337 Facebook followers were enrolled in the study.

Conclusions:

Facebook was a valuable recruitment tool for ENDIA. Compared with conventional recruits, Facebook recruits were three times less likely to withdraw during long-term follow-up and had different sociodemographic characteristics. Facebook content featuring participants was the most engaging. These findings inform social media strategies for future cohort and type 1 diabetes studies.

Trial Registration:

Australia New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN1261300794707.