bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Co(II) Optical Absorption in Spinels: Infrared and Ligand‐FieldSpectroscopic Study of the Ionicity of the bond. MagneticStructure and Co2+→Fe3+MMCT inFerrites. Correlation with the Magneto‐Optical Properties
Authors: Hochu F. , Lenglet M.
Published: April 2008

The analysis of the infrared and ligand field spectra of COM2O4 spinels reveals that the
ionicity of these compounds varies in the following order aluminate > gallate > ferrite
and chromite > rhodite and cobaltite. A linear relation has been established between
the Δ(LO‐TO)1 splitting, Racah parameter and the ionic‐covalent parameter SSp = ΣICPtetra +∑ICPocta. The influence of strong superexchange interactions on
the optical spectrum of cobalt ferrites has been studied. The cation distribution has been
established by EXAFS and XANES measurements. The cluster (CoFeO10)15– is
characterized by a large MMCT transition Co2+→Fe3+ at 1.65–1.7 eV (FWMH:
1.35–1.95 eV). The  4A2 →  4T1 (P) tetrahedral cobalt(II) in ferrimagnetic compounds is
overlapped by the MMCT band. This study and the reinvestigation of the iron(III)
electronic spectrum is ferrites may explain the magneto‐optical properties of mixed
cobalt‐ferrites.
A New and Simple Method for Manufacturing Electrochromic TungstenOxide Films
Authors: Park N. G. , Kim B. W. , Poquet A. , Campet G. , Portier J. , Choy J. H. , Kim Y. I.
Published: April 2008

A new and simple method for the preparation of electrochromic tungsten oxide film is
presented. This novel approach can be realized by introducing a nanoporous textured
polyacrylic acid (PAA) layer between tungsten oxide layer and indium tin oxide (ITO)
one by dip‐coating process. Homogeneous film with a thickness of about 0.8 μm is made
by single dipping a PAA‐coated ITO glass in the WO3‐NH4OH solution and shows an
X‐ray amorphous structure. During the cathodic and anodic processes by chronopotentiometry,
the present films exhibit highly reversible electrochemical insertion of
lithium ions; the corresponding inserted charge of 12.5 mC/cm2 gives rise to a marked
blue color yielding the change in optical density (AOD) of 0.65 at 550 nm and a
coloration efficiency (η) of 51.8 cm2/C.
A Short Theoretical Note on Optical Absorption of AmorphousGallium Arsenide in the Infrared Range
Authors: Grado-Caffaro M. A. , Grado-Caffaro M.
Published: April 2008

An approach to determine the optical absorption coefficient of amorphous GaAs in
the far infrared range is developed. Results from this approach are compared
with experiment and with other theoretical results. In our formulation, contributions
corresponding to both dynamical and structural disorders are taken into consideration.
A Small Cluster Approach for the Electronic Density of States inAmorphous Germanium
Authors: Grado-Caffaro M. A. , Grado-Caffaro M.
Published: April 2008

The electronic density of states for very small clusters of amorphous germanium is
calculated by using bonding orbitals. In this context, the Born model is considered as
well as Pauling‐type hybridized sp3 orbitals.
Universal Current‐Controlled Current‐Mode Filter with Threeinputsand One‐Output Using the Current Controlled Conveyor
Authors: Abuelma′atti Muhammad Taher , Al-Qahtani Muhammad All
Published: April 2008

A new current‐mode universal filter is proposed. The filter uses five current‐controlled
current‐conveyors (CCCII) and can realise lowpass, highpass, bandpass, notch and
allpass responses. The parameters ω0, (ω0/Q0) can be controlled by adjusting the bias
currents of the CCCIIs. The proposed circuit enjoys low sensitivities.
Trigonometric Approximations for Some Bessel Functions
Authors: Abuelma′atti Muhammad Taher
Published: April 2008

Formulas are obtained for approximating the tabulated Bessel functions Jn(x), n = 0–9
in terms of trigonometric functions. These formulas can be easily integrated and differentiated
and are convenient for personal computers and pocket calculators.
Pseudo‐Period of Distorted Lattices in Disordered Solids
Authors: Grado-Caffaro M. A. , Grado-Caffaro M.
Published: April 2008

Disordered lattices are discussed in terms of the spacing between adjacent atoms. This
discussion is based on the randomness of the above spacing and on the crystalline potential
by assuming a one‐dimensional solid. Our theoretical considerations are useful to
study certain aspects of amorphous semiconductors.
PLR (Plastic Lithium Rechargeable) Batteries Using Nanoscale Materials: A Convenient Electrical Energy Power for the Future?
Authors: Campet G. , Treuil N. , Poquet A. , Hwang S. Y. , Labrugere C. , Deshayes A. , Frison J. C. , Portier J. , Reau J. M. , Choy J. H.
Published: April 2008

This communication describes the synthesis of: (i) non toxic and low cost nanocrystalline
electrode materials which can be advantageously prepared at low temperature; (ii) highly
conductive electrolyte membranes formed by the nano‐encapsulation within a poly
(acrylonitrile)‐based polymer matrix of a solution of LiPF6 in organic solvants. The
performances of rechargeable PLR (Plastic Lithium Rechargeable) batteries using the
above mentioned components are presented.
Evaluation of Meshed ReferencePlanes for High PerformanceApplications
Authors: Codreanu N. D. , Svasta P. , Golumbeanu V. , Gál L.
Published: April 2008

The actual generations of integrated circuits are characterized, inter alia, by very high
frequencies or very high speeds. The dramatic evolution ofthe semiconductor′s technology
establishes a greater “pressure” to the design and the manufacturing of the passive interconnection
structure from PCB/MCM electronic modules. In these conditions the reference
planes (power and ground planes) have a more and more important contribution. The
paper intents to present the effect of different configuration reference planes on the characteristics
of the high speed/high frequency interconnection lines. The first part deals with
modeling and simulation of usual practical interconnection geometries. A computer modeling
of meshed structures was realized and Spice models for a good compatibility with
circuit simulators were obtained. S‐, Y‐, Z‐ parameters and radiation patterns were calculated,
too. The second part contains measurements made by a vector network analyzer
as regards to different practical configurations manufactured at Technical University of
Budapest.
Veterinary cytogenetics: past and perspective
Authors: Basrur P.K. , Stranzinger G.
Published: April 2008

Cytogenetics was conceived in the late 1800s and nurtured through the early 1900s by discoveries pointing to the chromosomal basis of inheritance. The relevance of chromosomes to human health and disease was realized more than half a century later when improvements in techniques facilitated unequivocal chromosome delineation. Veterinary cytogenetics has benefited from the information generated in human cytogenetics which, in turn, owes its theoretical and technical advancement to data gathered from plants, insects and laboratory mammals. The scope of this science has moved from the structure and number of chromosomes to molecular cytogenetics for use in research or for diagnostic and prognostic purposes including comparative genomic hybridization arrays, single nucleotide polymorphism array-based karyotyping and automated systems for counting the results of standard FISH preparations. Even though the counterparts to a variety of human diseases and disorders are seen in domestic animals, clinical applications of veterinary cytogenetics will be less well exploited mainly because of the cost-driven nature of demand on diagnosis and treatment which often out-weigh emotional and sentimental attachments. An area where the potential of veterinary cytogenetics will be fully exploited is reproduction since an inherited aberration that impacts on reproductive efficiency can compromise the success achieved over the years in animal breeding. It is gratifying to note that such aberrations can now be tracked and tackled using sophisticated cytogenetic tools already commercially available for RNA expression analysis, chromatin immunoprecipitation, or comparative genomic hybridization using custom-made microarray platforms that allow the construction of microarrays that match veterinary cytogenetic needs, be it for research or for clinical applications. Judging from the technical refinements already accomplished in veterinary cytogenetics since the 1960s, it is clear that the importance of the achievements to date are bound to be matched or out-weighed by what awaits to be accomplished in the not-too-far future.
Cytogenetic screening of livestock populations in Europe: an overview
Authors: Ducos A. , Revay T. , Kovacs A. , Hidas A. , Pinton A. , Bonnet-Garnier A. , Molteni L , Slota E. , Switonski M. , Arruga M.V. , van Haeringen W.A. , Nicolae I. , Chaves R. , Guedes-Pinto H. , Andersson M. , Iannuzzi L.
Published: April 2008

Clinical animal cytogenetics development began in the 1960’s, almost at the same time as human cytogenetics. However, the development of the two disciplines has been very different during the last four decades. Clinical animal cytogenetics reached its ‘Golden Age’ at the end of the 1980’s. The majority of the laboratories, as well as the main screening programs in farm animal species, presented in this review, were implemented during that period, under the guidance of some historical leaders, the first of whom was Ingemar Gustavsson. Over the past 40 years, hundreds of scientific publications reporting original chromosomal abnormalities generally associated with clinical disorders (mainly fertility impairment) have been published. Since the 1980’s, the number of scientists involved in clinical animal cytogenetics has drastically decreased for different reasons and the activities in that field are now concentrated in only a few laboratories (10 to 15, mainly in Europe), some of which have become highly specialized. Currently between 8,000 and 10,000 chromosomal analyses are carried out each year worldwide, mainly in cattle, pigs, and horses. About half of these analyses are performed in one French laboratory. Accurate estimates of the prevalence of chromosomal abnormalities in some populations are now available. For instance, one phenotypically normal pig in 200 controlled in France carries a structural chromosomal rearrangement. The frequency of the widespread 1;29 Robertsonian translocation in cattle has greatly decreased in most countries, but remains rather high in certain breeds (up to 20–25% in large beef cattle populations, even higher in some local breeds). The continuation, and in some instances the development of the chromosomal screening programs in farm animal populations allowed the implementation of new and original scientific projects, aimed at exploring some basic questions in the fields of chromosome and/or cell biology, thanks to easier access to interesting biological materials (germ cells, gametes, embryos ...).
Chromosomal abnormalities, meiotic behavior and fertility in domestic animals
Authors: Villagómez D.A.F. , Pinton A.
Published: April 2008

Since the advent of the surface microspreading technique for synaptonemal complex analysis, increasing interest in describing the synapsis patterns of chromosome abnormalities associated with fertility of domestic animals has been noticed during the past three decades. In spite of the number of scientific reports describing the occurrence of structural chromosome abnormalities, their meiotic behavior and gametic products, little is known in domestic animal species about the functional effects of such chromosome aberrations in the germ cell line of carriers. However, some interesting facts gained from recent and previous studies on the meiotic behavior of chromosome abnormalities of domestic animals permit us to discuss, in the frame of recent knowledge emerging from mouse and human investigations, the possible mechanism implicated in the well known association between meiotic disruption and chromosome pairing failure. New cytogenetic techniques, based on molecular and immunofluorescent analyses, are allowing a better description of meiotic processes, including gamete production. The present communication reviews the knowledge of the meiotic consequences of chromosome abnormalities in domestic animals.
Meiotic recombination in normal and clone bulls and their offspring
Authors: Hart E.J. , Pinton A. , Powell A. , Wall R. , King W.A.
Published: April 2008

Homologous chromosome pairing and recombination are essential components of meiosis and sexual reproduction. The reshuffling of genetic material through breakage and reunion of chromatids ensure proper segregation of homologous chromosomes in reduction division and genetic diversity in the progeny. The advent of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) as a reproductive biotechnology for use in livestock industry has made it easy to bypass these vital steps. However, few studies have been carried out on the impact of SCNT on the reproductive characteristics of cloned animals and, none to date, on the meiotic processes in animals, which were created by circumventing meiosis. In an attempt to assess the impact of cloning by SCNT on the meiotic processes, we undertook an immunocytological comparison of recombination in normal and clone bulls using antibodies raised against the synaptonemal complex protein 3 (SCP3) to label the lateral elements and the mismatch repair protein 1 (MLH1) foci on bivalents as indicators of recombination events. Our studies involving five normal bulls of proven fertility, two SCNT-derived bulls, and four mature offspring of SCNT bulls showed that the mean number of crossing over per spermatocyte for normal bulls (42 ± 4 SD; ranging from 33 to 56), was not significantly different from that of SCNT-derived bulls (43 ± 5 SD; ranging from 35 to 56), and the offspring of SCNT-derived bulls (43 ± 5 SD; ranging from 37 to 58). It would appear that circumventing meiosis to produce these animals does not influence the meiotic processes revealed by MLH1 foci detected in spermatocytes.
Extensive nonhomologous meiotic synapsis between normal chromosome axes of an rcp(3;6)(p14;q21) translocation in a hairless Mexican boar
Authors: Villagómez D.A.F. , Ayala-Valdovinos M.A. , Galindo-García J. , Sánchez-Chipres D.R. , Mora-Galindo J. , Taylor-Preciado J.J.
Published: April 2008

Due to its low fertility, expressed as small litter size, a Mexican hairless boar was subjected to cytogenetic investigation. Analysis of G-banded mitotic chromosomes revealed a reciprocal chromosome translocation, rcp(3;6) (p14;q21). Synaptonemal complex analysis showed a regular pairing behavior of the translocation chromosome axes, always resulting in a quadrivalent configuration. However, due to extensive nonhomologous pairing between the axes of nonderivative chromosomes 3 and 6, the quadrivalent mostly had an asymmetrical cross-shaped morphology. The nonhomologous pairing occurred not only at mid and late pachytene, but also at the earliest stage of pachytene. It seems that early pachytene heterosynapsis is a common phenomenon in the pairing behavior of pig reciprocal translocations. Therefore, heterosynapsis may reduce apoptosis of germ cells due to partial absence of homologous synapsis during the pairing phase of meiosis. The frequency of spermatocytes showing quadrivalent configurations with unpaired axial segments apparently did not affect germ cell progression in the boar, since fairly normal testicular histology was noticed.
Sex chromosome abnormalities and sterility in river buffalo
Authors: Di Meo G.P. , Perucatti A. , Di Palo R. , Iannuzzi A. , Ciotola F. , Peretti V. , Neglia G. , Campanile G. , Zicarelli L. , Iannuzzi L.
Published: April 2008

Thirteen male river buffaloes, 119 females with reproductive problems (which had reached reproductive age but had failed to become pregnant in the presence of bulls) and two male co-twins underwent both clinical and cytogenetic investigation. Clinical analyses performed by veterinary practitioners revealed normal body conformation and external genitalia for most females. However, some subjects showed some slight male traits such as large base horn circumference, prominent withers and tight pelvis. Rectal palpation revealed damage to internal sex adducts varying between atrophy of Mullerian ducts to complete lack of internal sex adducts (with closed vagina). All bulls had normal karyotypes at high resolution banding, while 25 animals (23 females and 2 male co-twins) (20.7%) with reproductive problems were found to carry the following sex chromosome abnormalities: X monosomy (2 females); X trisomy (1 female); sex reversal syndrome (2 females); and free-martinism (18 females and 2 males). All female carriers were sterile.
Sex chromosome chimerism and the freemartin syndrome in Rideau Arcott sheep
Authors: Brace M.D. , Peters O. , Menzies P. , King W.A. , Nino-Soto M.I.
Published: April 2008

In cattle, nearly all heifers born co-twin to a male are freemartins, XX/XY chimeras that exhibit a characteristic masculinized phenotype. However, in sheep, while litters containing males and females are common, freemartins are relatively rare. The primary aim of this study was to determine the frequency and features of XX/XY chimerism in female Rideau Arcott sheep. Also, breeding records were used to investigate the effect of litter size and sex ratios, as well as the genetic basis of the condition. Finally, the migration and transcriptional competence of cells of the opposite sex in the XX/XY female and male chimeras was explored. Genomic DNA (gDNA) from peripheral blood cells of ewes was screened by PCR for the male-specific SRY gene. Of 230 lambs screened, 10 were identified as chimeras. Litter size and sex ratio showed no statistically significant effect on the frequency of chimerism. PCR and FISH analysis confirmed the presence of opposite sex cells in female and male chimeras, and in the case of ewes, their migration to tissues other than blood. Transcriptional activity of SRY and AMH was detected in gonads of ewes, whereas XIST expression was detected in white blood cells of chimeric rams. It was concluded that the frequency of sex chromosome chimerism in Rideau Arcott sheep is estimated at 4.35%, with no significant effect of litter size and sex ratio. Moreover, as it was shown that opposite sex cells can migrate to tissues other than blood and be transcriptionally active in chimeric sheep, we speculate on the role they can play in these animals.
Clinical, cytogenetic and molecular evaluation in a dog with bilateral cryptorchidism and hypospadias
Authors: Cassata R. , Iannuzzi A. , Parma P. , De Lorenzi L. , Peretti V. , Perucatti A. , Iannuzzi L. , Di Meo G.P.
Published: April 2008

The aim of this study was to estimate prognostic factors in a Dalmatian dog with bilateral cryptorchidism and hypospadias. Cytogenetic and molecular analyses revealed a normal karyotype (2n = 78,XY) and the presence of SRY, INSL3 and RXFP2 genes with a normal DNA sequence for SRY and RXFP2, while the INSL3 sequence differed slightly from the normal one due to a heterozygous nucleotide change involving amino acid 22 of the INSL3 dog precursor protein. Levels of plasmatic testosterone were only 0.01 ng/ml, while FSH and LH serum levels were not detectable. After the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) test, the serum testosterone level was 0.01 ng/ml. Therefore, the phenotypic aetiology of this subject can not be well-defined because cryptorchidism and hypospadias were frequent clinical features with high genetic heterogeneity.
Frequency and distribution of rob(1;29) in eight Portuguese cattle breeds
Authors: Iannuzzi A. , Di Meo G.P. , Caputi Jambrenghi A. , Vonghia G. , Iannuzzi L. , Rangel-Figueiredo T.
Published: April 2008

Cytogenetic investigations performed in eight Portuguese cattle breeds revealed the presence of rob(1;29) in both heterozygous and homozygous conditions in all, and five breeds, respectively, with variable percentages of carriers as follows: 41.0% in Arouquesa, 69.9% in Barrosa, 39.4% in Maronesa, 2.8% in Mirandesa, 8.5% in Marinhoa, 1.8% in Mertolenga, 21.3% in Raca Brava and 21.5% in Alentejana. CBA- and RBA-banding were performed to ascertain the chromosomes involved in the chromosome abnormality. A total of 1,626 animals were investigated. Reproductive parameters (number of calves per 100 cows) were higher in Mirandesa (80%) when compared with both Maronesa (75%) and Barrosa (70%) breeds, underlining that rob(1;29) reduces fertility in the carriers.
A BAC contig map over the proximal ∼3.3 Mb region of horse chromosome 21
Authors: Brinkmeyer-Langford C. , Raudsepp T. , Gustafson-Seabury A. , Chowdhary B.P.
Published: April 2008

A total of 207 BAC clones containing 155 loci were isolated and arranged into a map of linearly ordered overlapping clones over the proximal part of horse chromosome 21 (ECA21), which corresponds to the proximal half of the short arm of human chromosome 19 (HSA19p) and part of HSA5. The clones form two contigs – each corresponding to the respective human chromosomes – that are estimated to be separated by a gap of ∼200 kb. Of the 155 markers present in the two contigs, 141 (33 genes and 108 STS) were generated and mapped in this study. The BACs provide a 4–5× coverage of the region and span an estimated length of ∼3.3 Mb. The region presently contains one mapped marker per 22 kb on average, which represents a major improvement over the previous resolution of one marker per 380 kb obtained through the generation of a dense RH map for this segment. Dual color fluorescence in situ hybridization on metaphase and interphase chromosomes verified the relative order of some of the BACs and helped to orient them accurately in the contigs. Despite having similar gene order and content, the equine region covered by the contigs appears to be distinctly smaller than the corresponding region in human (3.3 Mb vs. 5.5–6 Mb) because the latter harbors a host of repetitive elements and gene families unique to humans/primates. Considering limited representation of the region in the latest version of the horse whole genome sequence EquCab2, the dense map developed in this study will prove useful for the assembly and annotation of the sequence data on ECA21 and will be instrumental in rapid search and isolation of candidate genes for traits mapped to this region.
Mycosis Fungoides in a Lung Transplant Recipient with Advanced Ciclosporin Nephropathy: Management with Mechlorethamine and Subsequent Renal Transplantation
Authors: Laffitte Emmanuel , Venetz Jean-Pierre , Aubert John-David , Duchosal Michel A. , Panizzon Renato G. , Pascual Manuel
Published: April 2008

Posttransplant cutaneous T cell lymphomas are rare and have been reported to have a poor prognosis. We report the case of a follicular mycosis fungoides in a lung transplant recipient who was successfully treated with topical mechlorethamine, prior to subsequent renal transplantation.
Rapid Prenatal Diagnosis of Common Aneuploidies in Amniotic Fluid Using Quantitative Fluorescent Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Onay Huseyin , Ugurlu Timur , Aykut Ayca , Pehlivan Sacide , Inal Murat , Tinar Sivekar , Ozkinay Cihangir , Ozkinay Ferda
Published: April 2008

Background/Aims: Quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (QF-PCR) is a successful prenatal diagnostic method which has been regularly used for the diagnosis of common chromosomal abnormalities in recent years. This method provides diagnosis of common aneuploidies in a few hours after sampling with a high throughput, very low error rates and low cost. Methods: In this study, 576 amniotic fluid samples were analyzed for trisomies 13, 18, and 21 and sex chromosome aneuploidies using different commercial QF-PCR kits (ChromoQuant™ version 1, Aneufast™, ChromoQuant™ version 2). Test results were compared with those obtained by conventional cytogenetic analyses. Results: Nine cases of trisomy 21 (1.6%), 1 case of trisomy 13 (0.17%), 3 cases of trisomy 18 (0.52%), 1 case of Turner syndrome (0.17%), 2 cases of Klinefelter’s syndrome (0.34%), 2 cases of triploidy (0.34%) and 1 case of XXX (0.17%) were detected by QF-PCR. The results obtained by QF-PCR were consistent with the results of cytogenetic studies (except for 2 samples which had structural chromosomal abnormalities which could not be detected by QF-PCR). Conclusion: The QF-PCR method is an appropriate choice for rapid aneuploidy testing in our as well as in other populations.
Successful Use of Balloon Ablation to Treat Menorrhagia Complicating Aplastic Anemia
Authors: Kim Nancy , Donohue Theresa , Sloand Elaine , Stratton Pamela
Published: April 2008

Background: Aplastic anemia (AA) complicated by menorrhagia is treated with transfusion and hormonal therapy. When bleeding is life-threatening, balloon endometrial ablation can safely be used to treat menorrhagia in selected patients. Case: A 56-year-old postmenopausal woman was diagnosed with AA after several weeks of menorrhagia and pancytopenia. She became heavily alloimmunized after extensive platelet transfusion. During treatment with antithymocyte globulin, vaginal bleeding increased and the platelet count fell to 1,000/µl on supportive measures. After bleeding stopped with use of intravenous Premarin, she was examined in the operating room. There, a clot was removed and appeared to be a uterine caste; hemostasis continued. Transvaginal ultrasound revealed a normal endometrial contour and thin endometrium; endometrial histology was benign. After she completed antithymocyte globulin and her platelet count could be maintained over 30,000/µl with matched platelets, endometrial ablation was performed without any complications. Conclusion: Thermal balloon endometrial ablation is an effective alternative to hysterectomy for women with persistent menorrhagia and AA when supportive measures fail. Prior to endometrial ablation, evaluation should ensure normal endometrial contour and histology, and that sufficient blood products are available to maintain platelet counts above 30,000/µl during the healing process.
Abnormal Length of Chromosomes 21 and 22 in Four Patients with Marfan’s Syndrome
Authors: Källén B. , Levan A.
Published: April 2008

The chromosomes were studied in four patients with Marfan’s syndrome, three male and one female, and, for comparison, in ten normal males. The karyotypes of the patients with Marfan’s syndrome were normal in their general features, but systematic analysis of the lengths of chromosomes 1–2, the Y, and 21–22 revealed that the chromosomes 21–22 of the patients were relatively shorter than those of normal persons (Table I). The Y of the three male patients with Marfan’s syndrome also varied, in one it was longer (Fig. 1), and in another shorter, than in the controls. The statistical significance of these findings was tested (Tables II–VII). It was concluded that, at least in the cases of chromosomes 21–22, genotypic control of chromosome length, rather than structural variation, was underlying the differences observed between the patients with Marfan’s syndrome and the normal controls.
A Familial Chromosome Abnormality Associated with Repeated Abortions
Authors: Schmid W.
Published: April 2008

A search for familial visible chromosome markers has been initiated among couples who have lost several children by spontaneous abortion. Because the great majority of genetically unbalanced offspring of translocation heterozygotcs die during intrauterine development, repeated spontaneous abortions of unknown etiology, intermittent with successful normal pregnancies, can suggest a reciprocal translocation in the genome of one of the parents. Among the first ten couples studied, one abnormal karyotype was found in the male of a young couple. His wife had lost two children in the third month of pregnancy and has now an apparently successful pregnancy in advanced stage. The abnormal karyotype contained a chromosome of the 21 to 22 group which had an extra chromatin piece, of undetermined origin, translocated to its short arm. This chromosome was also found in the man’s father.
Cytological Confirmation of Female Heterogamety in the African Water Frog (Xenopus laevis)
Authors: Weiler C. , Ohno S.
Published: April 2008

Generally, male and female heterogamety of amphibians and reptiles cannot be determined cytologically, as the X and Y or the Z and W appear morphologically identical. However, female heterogamety of the African water frog, Xenopus laevis, has been proven by the sex reversal experiments of Chang and Witschi. The present report describes the cytological identification of the sex chromosomes in this species. The Z-chromosome is the smallest element in the complement with a subterminal kinetochore, while the submediocentric W exceeds the largest autosome in size. Thus a distinct heteromorphism exists between the Z and W in this primitive anuran.
Possible Germ Cell Chimeras Among Newborn Dizygotic Twin Calves (Bos taurus)
Authors: Ohno S. , Trujillo J.M. , Stenius C. , Christian L.C. , Teplitz R.L.
Published: April 2008

In the chromosome complement of Bos taurus, the large X and small Y are both metacentric while the remaining 29 autosomal pairs are all acrocentric, a karyological characteristic which permits unequivocal differentiation of 2 A-XX cells from 2A-XY cells at mitotic metaphase. In this study, seven Holstein-Freisian calves less than one day old were utilized. One bull and one heifer, normal and single-born, served as controls. In the remaining three freemartins and two bull twins, blood chimerism was determined cytologically. In the testes of the two bull twins, 2 A-XX cells were also detected. In fact, twice as many 2 A-XX as 2A-XY cells were found in the histologically normal testis of one animal. Whether or not these 2 A-XX cells were germ cells capable of functioning as spermatogonia could not be ascertained. In the free-martin gonads, there was no evidence of propagation of 2 A-XY cells.
Changes of Somatic Chromosomes of the Horse in Serial in vitro Transfers
Authors: Sasaki M.S. , Sasaki M.
Published: April 2008

In two tissue culture lines, HS and HF, which originated from foetal horse tissues, the changes of chromosomes were studied in the course of serial in vitro transfers. It was found that the two cell lines under consideration were characterized by specific changes in chromosome pattern different from each other. HS underwent transformation from diploidy to hyperdiploidy. HF may have been in a process of transformation from diploidy to tetraploidy. Evidence derived from this study indicates that several courses for chromosome transformation exist, and that generalizations predicting a single pattern of transformation are incorrect.
Karyotypic Studies of two Species of South American Snakes (Boa constrictor amarali and Bothrops jararaca)
Authors: Beçak W. , Beçak M.L. , Nazareth H.R.S.
Published: April 2008

Karyotypic studies have been made of two species of South American snakes, Boa constrictor amarali and Bothrops jararaca. Both have 36 chromosomes; 16 macrochromosomes and 20 microchromosomes. While no morphological difference is discernible between the mitotic chromosome complements of the male and the female Boa constrictor amarali, a heteromorphic pair is evident in the female jararaca, in which the subterminal W is distinctly smaller than the mediocentric Z. Thus female heterogamety of the ZZ-ZW type is cytologically recognizable in Bothrops jararaca.
The Sites and Relative Frequencies of Secondary Constrictions in Human Somatic Chromosomes
Authors: Ferguson-Smith M.A. , Ferguson-Smith Marie E. , Ellis Patricia M. , Dickson Marion
Published: April 2008

Karyotype analyses made from photomicrographs of 1303 human somatic cells derived mainly from peripheral leucocyte cultures obtained during the investigation of patients for chromosome aberrations, have been re-examined in order to determine the sites and relative frequencies of secondary constrictions. It has been confirmed that the chromosomes showing secondary constrictions most frequently in this material are chromosomes 13, 14, 15, 21 and 22. In these five pairs, a secondary constriction in the short arm separates a terminal mass, the satellite, from the rest of the chromosome arm. Secondary constrictions were also observed at specific sites in other chromosomes, although less frequently. In chromosomes 1, 6, 9 and 17 the constriction peculiar to each appeared in over 20% of the available chromosomes of the respective chromosome pair. Examples of secondary constrictions in these and other chromosomes are illustrated. Our observations provide evidence of at least fifteen sites, where constrictions are visible at a definite point with sufficient frequency to exclude any explanation other than that they are a distinct entity, characteristic for each chromosome. For each of these 15 constrictions, 10 chromosomes have been measured and the distance from the centromere to the constriction determined. The characteristic site of each constriction is indicated in a “normal human idiogram” constructed from chromosome measurements in 10 selected male cells. The value of secondary constrictions in the identification of human chromosomes is discussed, and the importance of recognising their location and variable appearance is stressed in view of the possibility that they may on occasions be interpreted as evidence of chromosome aberration.
Non-Random Distribution of Chromosomes in Metaphase Figures from Cultured Human Leucocytes I. The Peripheral Location of the Y Chromosome
Authors: Miller O.J. , Mukherjee B.B. , Breg W.R. , Van N. Gamble A.
Published: April 2008

Flattened metaphase figures were obtained by squashing or air-drying cells from human leucocyte cultures that had been treated with colchicine and hypotonic sodium citrate prior to fixation. In such metaphase figures the Y chromosome was at the periphery of the figure more often than chance expectation and more often than the chromosome pairs 1, 2, or 16 or the chromosome groups 13–15, 17–18, 19–20, or 21–22. The Y chromosome was further from the center of circular metaphase figures than the mean value of all the chromosomes or the chromosome pairs 1, 2, or 3 or the chromosome groups 4–5, 6–12+X, 19–20 or 21–22.
The Incidence of Drumsticks in Patients with Three X Chromosomes
Authors: Mittwoch Ursula
Published: April 2008

The incidence of drumsticks and of sessile nodules as well as the lobe counts of the neutrophil nuclei have been studied in three patients with XXX and three patients with XXXY chromosomes. Three patients with XXY Kline-felter’s syndrome, six apparently normal women and one male were used as controls. The patients with chromosomal abnormalities had on an average a lower incidence of drumsticks and a lower mean lobe count than the controls with normal chromosomes. The incidence of sessile nodules appeared to be increased in the patients with XXX and XXXY chromosomes, but not in those with XXY Klinefelter’s syndrome. It is suggested that in patients with three X chromosomes, the additional X, although unable to form more drumsticks owing to an inhibition of nuclear segmentation, may express itself in a higher incidence of sessile nodules. It is further suggested that an inhibition of segmentation of the neutrophil nuclei associated with a lowering in the number of drumsticks may be a common feature in patients with chromosomal abnormalities.
An Aberrant Autosome (13–15) in a Human Female and Her Father, both Apparently Normal
Authors: Chandra H.S. , Hungerford D.A.
Published: April 2008

A satellited submetacentric chromosome, replacing one of the acrocentric members of the 13–15 group, was found in an apparently normal human female and her father; their karyotypes were otherwise normal. The aberrant chromosome is interpreted as likely to have arisen as a result of a pericentric inversion in one of the long acrocentrics. A small duplication is possibly also involved since the altered chromosome is larger than any of the normal long acrocentrics in the complement. Since the proposita was discovered in a survey of karyotypes of apparently normal individuals, the frequency of autosomal aberrations in “normal” human populations is discussed with respect to our own observations and those of other investigators.
A Case of a Mentally Defective Male with XXYY Sex Chromosome Constitution
Authors: Laurence K.M. , Ishmael J. , Davies S.
Published: April 2008

A case of a chromatin positive, mentally deficient 51 year old male who is clinically an example of Klinefelter’s syndrome and has a sex chromosome constitution of XXYY is described. He has some of the features of the four cases previously described by Muldal et al. (1962), Carr et al. (1961), Ellis et al. (1961) and Vague et al. (1961), but also has abnormalities of the serum mucoproteins and the urine chondroitin sulphate levels and very prominent frontal sinuses. The possible aetiology of the chromosome, biochemical and x-ray abnormalities are discussed.
Microtechnique for Culturing Leukocytes from Whole Blood
Authors: Arakaki D.T. , Sparkes R.S.
Published: April 2008

By culturing heparinized whole blood, satisfactory chromosome preparations have been obtained easily and efficiently from blood samples as small as 0.05 ml. This technique eliminates any special treatment of the blood prior to initiating culture and minimizes the loss of leukocytes from the sample. It is particularly useful in those situations where separation of the leukocytes from other blood cells is difficult. Chromosomes from humans and deer mice have been studied using this technique.
XO/XX Mosaicism in a Pair of Presumably Monozygotic Twins with Different Phenotypes
Authors: Mikkelsen Margareta , Frøland A. , Ellebjerg J.
Published: April 2008

Blood grouping of a pair of twin sisters rendered it probable that they are monozygotic twins. One was severely mentally retarded and had a number of signs of Turner’s syndrome. This twin later died. Autopsy revealed normal ovaries. The other twin is phenotypically normal. In both twins XO/XX sex chromosome mosaicism was demonstrated.
Sex Chromatin in Living Human Cells In vitro
Authors: Schwarzacher H.G.
Published: April 2008

Cultured human cells from 3 females and 1 male were studied both in the living state in phase contrast and after fixation and Feulgen or thionin staining. A dense particle, the size of sex chromatin, is found lying adjacent to the nuclear membrane in 46% of living female cells. This particle is identical with the sex chromatin seen in the same cells after Feulgen or thionin staining. In 10% of living female cells the sex chromatin is very faint but becomes dense and distinct after fixation. In about 30% of female cells sex chromatin cannot be seen in the living state but can be clearly identified after fixation and Feulgen staining. In 10% of female nuclei no sex chromatin at all is found in Feulgen-stained preparations. A particle similar to sex chromatin is found only very rarely in living male cells. The fine structure of sex chromatin suggests that it consists of a folded thread, ½–1 µmthick and 3–5 µm long.It is concluded that the density or state of condensation of the sex chromatin is not the same in all nuclei in a particular culture at one time. No marked changes in structure and density of the sex chromatin occurred during the observation on single cells for periods up to 52 hours, except in one case, where a sex chromatin appeared in the hitherto homogeneous nucleus shortly before prophase.
Enlarged Short Arm or Satellite Region – A Heritable Trait Probably Unassociated with Developmental Disorder
Authors: De La Chapelle A. , Aula P. , Kivalo E.
Published: April 2008

In the family described here, the grandmother, father, and 3 of his 9 children had an apparently abnormal chromosome of group 21–22. The abnormality was similar in morphology in all the affected subjects and was found in metaphases from cultures of leukocytes, and skin and bone marrow. The short arm of the abnormal chromosome seemed longer than normal; it was not possible to ascertain whether the satellite itself or the short arm, or both, were enlarged. Of the 5 subjects affected, 4 were clinically normal. The fifth, a girl, had severe abnormalities of the central nervous system. One of her brothers, who was cytogenetically normal, had a similar syndrome of unknown origin. From these data, and from those published by others, it was postulated that an apparently enlarged satellite region is compatible with normal development. Such an abnormality does not necessarily imply an association with developmental disorder in the offspring of carrier subjects.
The Somatic Chromosomes of the Hominoidea
Authors: Hamerton J.L. , Klinger H.P. , Mutton D.E. , Lang E.M.
Published: April 2008

Chromosome counts and karyotype data are presented for three species and two subspecies of the Hominoidea and two species of gibbon (Hylobates). The results are compared with the human chromosome set. Pongo pygmaeus (the orangutan), Gorilla gorilla gorilla and Gorilla gorilla beringei (the lowland and mountain gorillas); Pan troglodytes troglodytes and Pan troglodytes paniscus (the northern and pygmy chimpanzees) all have 48 chromosomes while man (Homo sapiens) has 46. The karyotypes differ most widely in the relative number of long acrocentric and metacentric chromosomes. Hylobates lar (Lar gibbon) and Hylobates moloch (Sunda Island gibbon) have 44 chromosomes all of which are metacentric. These findings support the suggestion that the African great apes (Gorilla and Pan) are more closely related to man than the Asiatic apes (Pongo and Hylobates). It can be further suggested on the grounds of karyotype morphology that the gibbons (Hylobates and Symphalangus) should be classified in a separate family placed perhaps either in the Cercopithecoidea or Hominoidea.
The Chromosomes of the Tasmanian Rat-Kangaroo (Potorous tridactylis apicalis)
Authors: Shaw Margery W. , Krooth R.S.
Published: April 2008

The 13 somatic chromosomes of a male marsupial rat-kangaroo (Potorous tridactylis apicalis) are described and measurements are given. Each of the five pairs of autosomes and the three unpaired sex chromosomes are morphologically distinct. During pachytene there are five autosomal bivalents and one sex-chromosome trivalent. In early subcultutes of muscle fibroblasts a large proportion of the cells were polyploid and there were a number of cells with extra and/or missing Y chromosomes. Because of the simplicity of its karyotype, this mammal should prove extremely useful in studies of chromosome evolution in cultured cells and experimental studies involving changes in chromosome number and structure.
Barr Bodies and their Relation to Nuclear Size
Authors: Mittwoch Ursula
Published: April 2008

Nuclear sizes were measured in 1000 cells each of four human fibroblast cultures, two of which were of normal XX-, and two of normal XY-karyotype. In the XX-cultures, the nuclei containing a Barr body were significantly smaller than those lacking a Barr body. The difference in size was of the order of 6%. It is suggested that the smaller nuclear size is partly a direct effect of the condensation of one X-chromosome and partly an indirect effect, Barr bodies being present mainly at those stages of the mitotic cycle when the nucleus is not at its maximum size.
The Sites of Nucleolus Formation in Human Pachytene Chromosomes
Authors: Ferguson-Smith M.A.
Published: April 2008

Studies of the pachytene stage of human meiosis in young adult males show that the principal nucleoli are associated with the terminal chromomeres of certain bivalents. These findings are reconcilable with earlier observations on the principal nucleolar chromosome on the basis of the association of bivalents by their nucleolus-forming regions. The pattern of multiple associations suggests that three long and two short bivalents are capable of forming terminal nucleoli. The evidence suggests that these five bivalents are the five pairs of satellited chromosomes in the human mitotic idiogram.
Meiosis in the Human Male
Authors: Böök J.A. , Kjessler B.
Published: April 2008

An improved technique for the preparation of meiotic chromosomes from human testicular biopsy specimens for microscopic examination is described. The results are exemplified by a description of the observations of the chromosomes at various stages of the first and second meiotic divisions in a normal male.
A Patient with Trisomy 21 and a Reciprocal Translocation in the 13 – 15 Group
Authors: Zergollern Ljiljana , Hoefnagel D. , Benirschke K. , Corcoran Patricia A.
Published: April 2008

A patient with Down’s syndrome was found to have a modal number of 46 with a trisomy 21 and a reciprocal translocation in the 13–15 group. Several members of his immediate family were phenotypically normal carriers of a similar reciprocal translocation in the 13–15 group. Extensive blood grouping studies gave the very tentative suggestion of a possible linkage between the Gm-locus and the translocation chromosome.
Cytological Differentiation of Fetal Bovine Gonads
Authors: Rajakoski E. , Hafez E.S.E.
Published: April 2008

Cytological and histological characteristics of normal and freemartin gonads have been studied in 45-, 60-, and 90-day bovine fetuses during gonadotropin-induced multiple pregnancy. In both sexes of 45-day fetuses the second proliferation of germinal epithelium was not developed whereas the primary tunica albuginea was well developed. Fetal testes showed higher cell activity than fetal ovaries. Mitotic activity seemed slower in 60-day freemartin gonads than in normal fetal ovaries. The chromosomal stages prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase corresponding to oogonia were less numerous than in normal fetal ovaries. The cytological appearance of freemartin gonads in 60-day fetuses was unaffected by the ratio of male: female fetuses. The freemartin gonad was characterized by an irregular distribution of cortex and primary tunica albuginea. In the ovaries of 90-day fetuses the last chromosomal stage observed in the oocytes was the pachytene stage. The first establishment of primordial follicles was observed.
Sterile Male with the Chromosome Constitution 46 XX
Authors: Therkelsen A.J.
Published: April 2008

A sterile male had slightly hypoplastic penis and testes but no other clinical symptoms of abnormal sexual development. An apparently normal female karyotype was observed in cultures from peripheral blood, skin and both testes. The Sertoli cells in both testes were shown to be sex chromatin negative, whereas all other cells examined were sex chromatin positive. The findings are discussed.
An Air-Drying Method for Meiotic Preparations from Mammalian Testes
Authors: Evans E.P. , Breckon G. , Ford C.E.
Published: April 2008

A suspension is made in isotonic (2.2%) sodium citrate solution from the contents of the tubules from a whole testis or a testicular biopsy specimen. The germinal cells are sedimented by centrifuging, leaving most of the sperm in the supernatant fluid, which is discarded. The cells are resuspended in hypo-tonic (1%) sodium citrate solution and left to stand at room temperature for 12 minutes, after which they are sedimented again and fixed as a concentrated suspension in a mixture of 3 parts absolute ethyl alcohol to 1 part glacial acetic acid plus a trace of chloroform. Two quick changes into fresh fixative follow. Air-dried preparations are made from the final fixed suspension and stained in lactic-acetic-orcein. The method is suitable for stages of male meiosis in which the chromosomes are condensed. Its principle advantage is the separation of the clumps of spermatogonia and spermatocytes into individual cells which are randomly dispersed over the preparations. Compared with squash techniques, the air-drying method gives improved spreading of the chromosomes and less cell breakage.