Integrated characterization of subsurface media from locations up- and down-gradient of a uranium-contaminated aquifer
Authors: Moon Ji-Won , Paradis Charles J. , Joyner Dominique C. , von Netzer Frederick , Majumder Erica L. , Dixon Emma R. , Podar Mircea , Ge Xiaoxuan , Walian Peter J. , Smith Heidi J. , Wu Xiaoqin , Zane Grant M. , Walker Kathleen F. , Thorgersen Michael P. , Poole Farris L. , Lui Lauren M. , Adams Benjamin G. , De León Kara B. , Brewer Sheridan S. , Williams Daniel E. , Lowe Kenneth A. , Rodriguez Miguel , Mehlhorn Tonia L. , Pfiffner Susan M. , Chakraborty Romy , Arkin Adam P. , Wall Judy D. , Fields Matthew W. , Adams Michael W. W. , Stahl David A. , Elias Dwayne A. , Hazen Terry C. 
Published: July 2019

The processing of sediment to accurately characterize the spatially-resolved depth profiles of geophysical and geochemical properties along with signatures of microbial density and activity remains a challenge especially in complex contaminated environments. To provide site assessment for a larger study, we processed cores from two sediment boreholes from background and contaminated core sediments and surrounding groundwater from the ENIGMA Field Research Site at the United States Department of Energy (DOE) Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR). We compared fresh core sediments by depth to capture the changes in sediment structure, sediment minerals, biomass, and pore water geochemistry in terms of major and trace elements including contaminants, cations, anions, and organic acids. Soil porewater samples were matched to groundwater level, flow rate, and preferential flows and compared to homogenized groundwater-only samples from neighboring monitoring wells. This environmental systems approach provided detailed site-specific biogeochemical information from the various properties of subsurface media to reveal the influences of solid, liquid, and gas phases. Groundwater analysis of nearby wells only revealed high sulfate and nitrate concentrations while the same analysis using sediment pore water samples with depth was able to suggest areas high in sulfate- and nitrate- reducing bacteria based on their decreased concentration and production of reduced by-products that could not be seen in the groundwater samples. Positive correlations among porewater content, total organic carbon, trace metals and clay minerals revealed a more complicated relationship among contaminant, sediment texture, groundwater table, and biomass. This suggested that groundwater predominantly flowed through preferential paths with high flux and little mixing with water in the interstices of sediment particles, which could impact microbial activity. The abundant clay minerals with high surface area and high water-holding capacity of micro-pores of the fine clay rich layer suggest suppression of nutrient supply to microbes from the surface. The fluctuating capillary interface had high concentrations of Fe and Mn-oxides combined with trace elements including U, Th, Sr, Ba, Cu, and Co. This suggests the mobility of highly toxic elements, sediment structure, and biogeochemical factors are all linked together to impact microbial communities, emphasizing that solid interfaces play an important role in determining the abundance of bacteria in the sediments.