bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations: Unique Artifact of a Bygone Era
Authors: Kincaid John
Published: March 2011

The U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations (ACIR) befitted an era marked by low party polarization, bipartisanship, and cooperative federalism. Although the ACIR’s work was valuable, the growth of federal power, rise of party polarization, and the decline of bipartisanship, along with many other political, governmental, and social changes during its 37‐year life (1959–96), marginalized the ACIR to the point of political vulnerability. These historic changes make it unlikely that the ACIR will be resurrected in a comparable or partial form.
The Current Status and Roles of State Advisory Commissions on Intergovernmental Relations in the U.S. Federal System
Authors: Cole Richard L.
Published: March 2011

During the 1970s and 1980s, a number of states created entities commonly called advisory commissions on intergovernmental relations (ACIRs). Although as many as half the states at one time or another supported an ACIR, only about 10 do so today. Relying on face‐to‐face and telephone interviews, e‐mail correspondence, website analysis, and mailed surveys of directors and other staff members of active and terminated ACIRs, this study reports on the organization and structure, staffing and finances, and activities and performance characteristics of the state ACIRs still viable today. The study attempts to identify factors that seem most related to successful performance of these agencies, as well as to the termination of the agencies. In conclusion, it speculates on the continued role of state ACIRs.
Accountability in Governance Networks: An Assessment of Public, Private, and Nonprofit Emergency Management Practices Following Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Koliba Christopher J. , Mills Russell M. , Zia Asim
Published: March 2011

What is the most effective framework for analyzing complex accountability challenges within governing networks? Recognizing the multiscale and intersector (public, private, and nonprofit) characteristics of these networks, an accountability model is advanced organized around democratic (elected representatives, citizens, and the legal system), market (owners and consumers), as well as administrative (bureaucratic, professional and collaborative) relationships. This concept draws from 2005 events following Hurricane Katrina. Multiple failures of governing networks to plan for and respond to Katrina include a breakdown in democratic, market, and administrative accountability as well as a pervasive confusion over trade‐offs between accountability types emerging from crises. This essay offers several useful recommendations for emergency management planners as well as for those who teach and research.
Strengthening Efforts to Engage the Hispanic Community in Citizen‐Driven Governance: An Assessment of Efforts in Utah
Authors: de Lancer Julnes Patria , Johnson Derek
Published: March 2011

How can the Hispanic community in Utah strengthen its active engagement in government? Interviews by the authors with key government and community‐based organization representatives offer evidence on (1) who is being engaged in the Hispanic community, (2) what are the barriers to engagement, and (3) which modes of engagement are likely to be effective and under what conditions. Findings indicate that only a small elite in the Hispanic community is currently involved. Even for the elite, engagement is fairly superficial. Historical patterns characterize the Hispanic community limited interaction. The peculiar nature of Utah government also reduces their participation. Pragmatic lessons are drawn to enhance substantially improved partnerships, build comprehensive action plans, and strengthen government commitment to civic inclusion that transcend Utah and apply to diverse minority communities everywhere.
Aligning Ideologies and Institutions: Reorganization in the HIV/AIDS Services Administration of New York City
Authors: Isett Kimberley R. , Sparer Michael , Glied Sherry A. M. , Brown Lawrence D.
Published: March 2011

How effective was organizational reform implemented inside one critical New York City health agency? Specifically, we examine the extent to which the reorganization of the HIV/AIDS Services Administration (HASA) into the Medical Insurance Services Administration (MICSA) achieved three goals: (1) realizing synergies among the component MICSA programs; (2) cross‐fertilizing ideas among MICSA agencies; and (3) facilitating HASA operations through the lens of organization change theory. Qualitative methods including interviews, site visits, and document analysis triangulate the effects of the reorganization. Implications for organization change literature are explored, especially highlighting where more theoretical and empirical studies are needed.
Development of Purchasing Groups during Their Life Cycle: From Infancy to Maturity
Authors: Schotanus Fredo , Bakker Elmer , Walker Helen , Essig Michael
Published: March 2011

Increasingly, public sector organizations collaborate to buy products and services. They collectively form purchasing groups to deliver more value for money. What is the progress of these small‐scale developments of public sector purchasing groups to date, in the early phases of their life cycle? Although previous research provides general descriptions of life‐cycle phases, little attention has been paid to detailed small‐scale developments that take place within each life‐cycle phase. As a result, little knowledge is available about small‐scale developments of purchasing groups. More insight is important in order to better understand how purchasing groups can develop over time from one life‐cycle phase into another. Three in‐depth case studies from different countries offer a unique comparative overview of small‐scale developments in these early life‐cycle phases for their five dimensions. Most small‐scale problems follow a predictable path, but the way in which the purchasing groups deal with such problems differs depending on the specific situation of the group.
Prosecuting Nazi Collaborators and Terrorists: Eli Rosenbaum and Managing the Office of Special Investigations
Authors: Legge Jerome S.
Published: March 2011

This Administrative Profile charts the remarkable career of Eli Rosenbaum, currently the director of human rights enforcement strategy and policy in the Human Rights and Special Prosecution Section of the Criminal Division in the United States Department of Justice. Until very recently he served as the director of the DOJ’s Office of Special Investigations (OSI)that was recently merged into Human Rights and Special Prosecutions. He held the OSI Directorship since 1995 and this essay focuses on his accomplishments as the OSI director. The prosecution of Nazi collaborators now is situated in Human Rights and Special Prosecutions. During the OSI directorship, he successfully targeted and prosecuted Nazi collaborators as well as global terrorists. Mission‐specific recruitment and team building by Rosenbaum were key factors in his effective leadership at OSI. Managing this unique agency required affective (emotional) skills in addition to cognitive and technical expertise.
A Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm: More Complicated Than Imagined
Authors: Tuluce Kamil , Posacioglu Hakan , Ceylan Naim , Tuluce Selcen Yakar , Gurgun Cemil , Nalbantgil Sanem
Published: March 2011

Sinus of Valsalva aneurysms mostly remain silent. Here, we report a case with sinus of Valsalva aneurysm which caused right ventricular outflow obstruction and ruptured into the main pulmonary artery in the setting of DeBakey type I aortic dissection (Echocardiography 2011;28:E60‐E63)
“Carcinoid‐Like” Tricuspid Valvulopathy Associated with Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis
Authors: Gharacholou S. Michael , Maleszewski Joseph J. , Borlaug Barry A. , Cosio Fernando G. , Dearani Joseph A. , Kushwaha Sudhir S. , Ammash Naser M.
Published: March 2011

We present a case of a patient with end‐stage renal disease and nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy (NFD) whose echocardiogram demonstrated rare tricuspid valve abnormality with malcoaptation due to tethering and restricted motion of the leaflets causing severe tricuspid regurgitation. The cardiac abnormalities developed 3 years after her initial diagnosis of NFD was made by skin biopsy. The echocardiographic appearance of the tricuspid valve resembled that seen in patients with carcinoid heart disease; however, an evaluation for carcinoid tumor in our patient was negative. Myocardial biopsy performed at the time of right heart catheterization demonstrated trace gadolinium within the lysosomes of one cardiac fibroblast. This report is the first to describe the association between nephrogenic systemic fibrosis and severe valvular heart disease requiring valve replacement. (Echocardiography 2011;28:E46‐E49)
Family Process 1962–1969
Authors: BEELS CHRISTIAN
Published: March 2011

This is a personal recollection of the first 8 years of Family Process, the volumes published under the first Editor, Jay Haley, and strongly influenced by the Mental Research Institute at Palo Alto, of which Haley was a member. The later influence of the group's “double bind” hypothesis of schizophrenia is explored. Some ideas about the influence of theory on practice are suggested. Several examples of experiments in the social setting of family work are picked out of these volumes because of their influence on later programs. Finally, the essay offers a retrospective appreciation of the influence of Gregory Bateson on the mood of “revolution” forecast in the opening years of Family Process.
Virtualizing Intimacy: Information Communication Technologies and Transnational Families in Therapy
Authors: BACIGALUPE GONZALO , LAMBE SUSAN
Published: March 2011

Information communication technologies (ICTs) are a ubiquitous feature of immigrant family life. Affordable, widely accessible, and highly adaptable ICTs have transformed the immigrant experience into a transnational process with family networks redesigned but not lost. Being a transnational family is not a new phenomenon. Transnationalism, however, has historically been reserved for the wealthier professional and political immigrant class who were able to freely travel and use expensive forms of communication before the emergence of accessible technologies. This paper systematically reviews the research literature to investigate the potential impact of ICTs on the lives of transnational families and how these families utilize them. The wide penetration of ICTs also puts into question some of the ways in which scholars have conceptualized the immigrant experience. The appropriate use of technology in family therapy should strengthen culturally competent and equity‐based approaches to address the needs of these families. A family therapy with a transnational family illuminates some of the potential that these technologies introduce in the practice of relational clinicians.
Secondary Migration and Relocation Among African Refugee Families in the United States
Authors: WEINE STEVAN MERRILL , HOFFMAN YAEL , WARE NORMA , TUGENBERG TONI , HAKIZIMANA LEONCE , DAHNWEIGH GONWO , CURRIE MADELEINE , WAGNER MAUREEN
Published: March 2011

The purpose of this study was to understand the secondary migration and relocation of African refugees resettled in the United States. Secondary migration refers to moves out of state, while relocation refers to moves within state. Of 73 recently resettled refugee families from Burundi and Liberia followed for 1 year through ethnographic interviews and observations, 13 instances of secondary migration and 9 instances of relocation were identified. A family ecodevelopmental framework was applied to address: Who moved again, why, and with what consequences? How did moving again impact family risk and protective factors? How might policies, researchers, and practitioners better manage refugees moving again? Findings indicated that families undertook secondary migration principally for employment, affordable housing, family reunification, and to feel more at home. Families relocated primarily for affordable housing. Parents reported that secondary migration and relocation enhanced family stability. Youth reported disruption to both schooling and attachments with peers and community. In conclusion, secondary migration and relocation were family efforts to enhance family and community protective resources and to mitigate shortcomings in resettlement conditions. Policymakers could provide newly resettled refugees jobs, better housing and family reunification. Practitioners could devise ways to better engage and support those families who consider moving.
A Fugue in Four Voices: Sounding Themes and Variations on the Reflecting Team
Authors: SPARKS JIM , ARIEL JANE , PULLEYBLANK COFFEY ELLEN , TABACHNIK SAMUEL
Published: March 2011

In this account of an on‐going reflecting team, a group of 4 therapists describe how they preserve multiple perspectives, yet join their voices to create coherent, meaningful reflections. This reflecting approach emphasizes developing a theme and creating variations on this theme, in a manner resembling a musical fugue. In addition, the practicalities of creating and sustaining a reflecting team in a private practice context are described.
Fewer bone disease events, improvement in bone remodeling, and evidence of bone healing with bortezomib plus melphalan–prednisone vs. melphalan–prednisone in the phase III VISTA trial in multiple myeloma
Authors: Delforge Michel , Terpos Evangelos , Richardson Paul G. , Shpilberg Ofer , Khuageva Nuriet K. , Schlag Rudolf , Dimopoulos Meletios A. , Kropff Martin , Spicka Ivan , Petrucci Maria T. , Samoilova Olga S. , Mateos Maria‐Victoria , Magen‐Nativ Hila , Goldschmidt Hartmut , Esseltine Dixie‐Lee , Ricci Deborah S. , Liu Kevin , Deraedt William , Cakana Andrew , van de Velde Helgi , San Miguel Jesús F.
Published: March 2011

Objectives:  Bone disease is a key presenting feature of myeloma. This post hoc analysis of the phase III VISTA trial of bortezomib plus melphalan–prednisone (VMP) vs. MP in previously untreated myeloma patients assessed clinical bone disease events and changes in alkaline phosphatase (ALP), a marker for osteoblast activation, and serum Dickkopf‐1 (DKK‐1), an inhibitor of osteoblast differentiation, during treatment.

Methods:  Patients received nine 6‐wk cycles of VMP (bortezomib 1.3 mg/m2, days 1, 4, 8, 11, 22, 25, 29, 32, cycles 1–4, days 1, 8, 22, 29, cycles 5–9, plus melphalan 9 mg/m2 and prednisone 60 mg/m2, days 1–4, cycles 1–9; N = 344) or MP alone (N = 338).

Results:  Rates of bisphosphonates use during treatment (73% vs. 82%), progression because of worsening bone disease (3% vs. 11%), and requirement for subsequent radiotherapy (3% vs. 8%) were lower with VMP vs. MP. Median maximum ALP increase was significantly higher with VMP vs. MP overall (49.7% vs. 30.3%, P = 0.029), and higher by response group (complete response [CR]: 68.7% vs. 43.9%; partial response [PR]: 41.5% vs. 31.2%). Greater maximum ALP increase was strongly associated with achievement of CR (P ≤ 0.0001) and CR/PR (P ≤ 0.01). Median DKK‐1 decreased with VMP by 694.4 pg/mL and increased with MP by 1273.3 pg/mL from baseline to day 4 (P = 0.0069). Available radiologic data revealed evidence of bone healing in 6/11 VMP‐treated patients, who achieved best responses of three CR, one PR, and two stable disease.

Conclusions:  These results suggest a positive effect of bortezomib on bone metabolism and potentially bone healing in myeloma.
Effects of parenteral soybean oil lipid emulsion on the long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid profile in very‐low‐birth‐weight infants
Authors: Shoji Hiromichi , Hisata Ken , Suzuki Mitsuyoshi , Yoshikawa Naomi , Suganuma Hiroki , Ohkawa Natsuki , Shimizu Toshiaki
Published: March 2011

Aim:  Conventional soybean lipid emulsions contain no docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or arachidonic acid (AA). We investigated the relationship between blood DHA and AA status in 27 very‐low‐birth‐weight (VLBW) infants with or without parenteral lipid emulsion.

Methods:  Sixteen infants received parenteral lipid emulsion, and 11 infants were control group. The fatty acid composition of the erythrocyte membrane was analysed at birth and at 2 weeks of age.

Results:  No significant difference in AA levels was observed in the lipid emulsion group between the two time points, whereas the AA levels at 2 weeks were significantly lower than at birth in the control group. The DHA levels in both groups at 2 weeks were significantly lower than at birth, but no group differences were observed at both time points.

Conclusion:  The use of parenteral soybean oil lipid emulsions in VLBW infants in the postnatal period may prevent the decline in the AA level but does not appear to influence the DHA level.
Contemporary Revision Penile Prosthesis Surgery Is Not Associated with a High Risk of Implant Colonization or Infection: A Single-Surgeon Series
Authors: Kava Bruce R. , Kanagarajah Prashanth , Ayyathurai Rajinikanth
Published: March 2011

Introduction

Revision penile prosthesis surgery has traditionally been associated with a greater risk of postoperative infection than primary implant placement. This has been attributed to the high prevalence of asymptomatic bacteria found surrounding the implant at the time of revision surgery.

Aim

To validate whether contemporary revision surgery remains associated with a high risk of asymptomatic colonization and postoperative infection.

Methods

A comprehensive, prospective database consisting of consecutive patients undergoing primary and revision penile prosthesis surgery at our center was analyzed.

Main Outcome Measures

The infection risk in primary and revision implant surgery was compared. The prevalence of asymptomatic implant colonization during revision surgery, and whether this was associated with clinical infection was evaluated. The spectrum of bacterial species causing infection in this contemporary single-surgeon series was described.

Results

One hundred seventeen primary and 72 revision implant recipients were studied. Infection developed in four (3.4%) patients undergoing primary implants, two (4.3%) patients undergoing removal and replacement for mechanical malfunction, and three (12%) patients undergoing rerouting for extrusion (P  = 0.26). Intraoperative cultures were positive in 5 (9.8%) of 51 revision patients, none of whom developed infections. Organisms causing infection included Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter aerogenes. Unexpectedly, an adjuvant, alcohol-based skin prep in our last 83 patients reduced the infection risk to 1.2%.

Conclusions

In our series, the infection risk associated with revision of malfunctioning devices was no greater than primary implant placement. Rerouting was associated with a higher infection risk, likely due to technical factors, and not implant colonization. Less than 10% of our revision implants were colonized, and this had no bearing on the development of a postoperative infection. S. epidermidis was not the most common organism implicated in device infections. Finally, our experience with an adjuvant, alcohol-based skin prep warrants further randomized prospective evaluation.
New Classification of Anomalous Venous Drainage Using Caverno-Computed Tomography in Men with Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Virag Ronald , Paul Jean François
Published: March 2011

Introduction

Venous leak evaluation remains a challenge in many ED patients. Adequate anatomical evaluation may help with optimizing therapeutic strategies.

Aim

Propose a new classification of venous leakage using multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) cavernography, after contrast media intracavernous injection (ICI), under pharmacological stimulation.

Methods

Thirty-eight patients gave informed consent for the study: 34 complained of ED, unsatisfied with treatment and suspected to have cavernovenous leak; four having morphological anomalies and needing surgery. Patient's clinical history, including age, vascular risk factors, penile nitric oxide release test, Doppler ultrasound and previous treatments were evaluated. MDCT consisted in: 1-ICI of 1 mL of vasoactive medications containing papaverine, chlorydrate (20 mg), urapidil chlorydrate (2.75 mg) and alprostadil (10 mcg); 2-ICI of 20–60 cc of diluted contrast media (1/3) using 20 cc of Ioprimide (300 mg/mL); 3-Spiral MDCT acquisition and three-dimensional volume rendering.

Main Outcomes Measures

Erection degree was assessed using the erection hardness score (EHS); venous drainage was analyzed and deep, superficial veins (SVs), and caverno-spongious communications identified. MDCT findings were compared with clinical data.

Results

The deep dorsal vein (DDV) was opacified in 58% of patients and the SV in 50%. Cavernospongious communications were visible in 18.4%. Sixteen percent presented no visible drainage. A new classification of venous drainage anomalies is proposed: A—No visible drainage (N = 8); B—DDV and preprostatic plexus opacification (N = 11); C—Exclusive SV opacification (N = 10); D—Opacification of both SV and DDV (N = 9). All patients (with one exception) in group A quoted 4 at the EHS vs. none in the others groups (P  < 0.0001, exact Fisher test). One patient in group A needed venous drainage due to prolonged erection.

Conclusions

MDCT after ICI contrast media was able to differentiate between various venous pathways in men with venous origin ED, leading to a new anatomical classification. Absence of leakage was associated with normal erection under pharmacological stimulation.
Developing Breast Health Messages for Women in Rural Populations
Authors: HALEY ERIC , AVERY ELIZABETH J. , McMILLAN SALLY J.
Published: March 2011

In an effort at developing messages that are sensitive to societal determinants and expectations about probreast health behaviors for an underserved population, a qualitative approach was driven by the research question, “What message strategies will motivate Appalachian women to attend to breast health issues and become actively involved in their own breast health?” Based on group interviews with 77 women, two types of messages were found to be particularly motivating: messages that reflect the women's roles as care givers and the self‐perceived reality that the women in this population cannot depend on anyone but themselves.
Nutrition Information and Children's Fast Food Menu Choices
Authors: STUTTS MARY ANN , ZANK GAIL M. , SMITH KAREN H. , WILLIAMS SALLY A.
Published: March 2011

An experiment with 236 children, ages 6 to 11, tested whether providing nutrition information (calories and fat grams) or healthy heart symbol on fast food menus influenced the calories and fat content of the items they chose to order. There was evidence that children exposed to menus with heart symbols chose healthier meals than children exposed to menus with calories and fat content or menus with no nutrition information. Children of parents with inaccurate perceptions of their child's weight tended to make poorer food choices, as did children who visited fast food restaurants more frequently.
The Public as the Problem for Public Health
Authors: ROTFELD HERBERT JACK
Published: March 2011

The enigma of public health is that while corporate marketing tools are blamed for many problems, those same tools seem impotent in correcting them. People are fat and they remain fat even in the face of efforts to restrict the marketing of carbonated soft drinks, fast food and candy. Despite restrictions on cigarette sales to young people under 18 years, a national ban on television advertising and decades of antismoking campaigns, significant numbers of people still smoke. The realization is that decisions are personal and that success rates will never be as complete as the national eradication of smallpox, because with education for public health as with other forms of education, many people just do not want to think about it.
Preliminary results of 2009 pandemic influenza surveillance in the United States using the Aggregate Hospitalization and Death Reporting Activity
Authors: Jhung Michael A. , Davidson Heidi , McIntyre Anne , Gregg William J. , Dasgupta Sharoda , D’Mello Tiffany , White Victoria , Fowlkes Ashley , Brammer Lynnette , Finelli Lyn
Published: March 2011

Please cite this paper as: Jhung et al. (2011) Preliminary results of 2009 pandemic influenza surveillance in the United States using the Aggregate Hospitalization and Death Reporting Activity. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 5(5), 321–327.

Background  To augment established influenza surveillance systems in the United States, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists implemented the Aggregate Hospitalization and Death Reporting Activity (AHDRA) in August 2009. The AHDRA was designed to meet increased demands for timely and detailed information describing illness severity during the 2009 H1N1 influenza A (pH1N1) pandemic response.

Objectives  We describe the implementation of AHDRA and provide preliminary results from this new surveillance activity.

Methods  All 50 US states were asked to report influenza‐associated hospitalizations and deaths to AHDRA each week using either a laboratory‐confirmed or syndromic surveillance definition. Aggregate counts were used to calculate age‐specific weekly and cumulative rates per 100 000, and laboratory‐confirmed reports were used to estimate the age distribution of pH1N1 influenza‐associated hospitalizations and deaths.

Results  From August 30, 2009, through April 6, 2010, AHDRA identified 41 689 laboratory‐confirmed influenza‐associated hospitalizations and 2096 laboratory‐confirmed influenza‐associated deaths. Aggregate Hospitalization and Death Reporting Activity rates peaked earlier than hospitalization and death rates seen in previous influenza seasons with other surveillance systems, and the age distribution of cases revealed a tendency for hospitalizations and deaths to occur in persons <65 years for age.

Conclusions  Aggregate Hospitalization and Death Reporting Activity laboratory‐confirmed reports provided important information during the 2009 pandemic response. Aggregate Hospitalization and Death Reporting Activity syndromic reports were marked by low representativeness and specificity and were therefore less useful. The AHDRA was implemented quickly and may be a useful surveillance system to monitor severe illness during future influenza pandemics.
Ascorbic Acid Degradation in a Model Apple Juice System and in Apple Juice during Ultraviolet Processing and Storage
Authors: Tikekar Rohan V. , Anantheswaran Ramaswamy C. , LaBorde Luke F.
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Ultraviolet radiation induced degradation of ascorbic acid in a model apple juice system and in apple juice was studied using a collimated beam batch UV reactor. In the model system, ascorbic acid degradation was more rapid at higher dose levels and the reaction accelerated with increasing exposure time. Ascorbic acid degradation significantly (P < 0.05) increased as the pH was raised from 2.4 to 5.5, although no difference was observed between 2.4 and 3.3. Increasing malic acid concentration between 0.1 and 1%, increased ascorbic acid degradation (P < 0.05) although there was no difference between 0.5 and 1.0%. Solution absorbance, varied by addition of tannic acid, decreased ascorbic acid degradation with increasing concentration due to absorption of UV radiation. Fructose at levels found in apple juice significantly increased ascorbic acid degradation while glucose and sucrose did not. Factors identified that accelerate ascorbic acid degradation may at least partially explain why ascorbic acid degradation occurred more rapidly in UV‐treated apple juice than in the 0.5% malic acid model system. Ascorbic acid degradation continued after UV treatments during dark storage. Storage decreases were faster at higher initial UV dose levels and higher storage temperature.

Practical Application:  The present study shows the effect of UV processing on ascorbic acid, a key vitamin found in many fruit juices. Process developers and researchers can use this study as a model for designing experiments to identify factors that influence the stability of vitamin C and other bioactive compounds during UV processing.
Physical and Structural Changes in Liquid Whole Egg Treated with High‐Intensity Pulsed Electric Fields
Authors: Marco‐Molés Raquel , Rojas‐Graü María A. , Hernando Isabel , Pérez‐Munuera Isabel , Soliva‐Fortuny Robert , Martín‐Belloso Olga
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Liquid whole egg (LWE) is currently pasteurized through the application of heat; however, this treatment entails deleterious effects against some of the functional and technological properties of the product. In this study, the effect of high‐intensity pulsed electric fields (HIPEF) processing (field strength: 19, 32, and 37 kV/cm) was compared to the traditional heat pasteurization (66 °C for 4.5 min). Different physical and structural characteristics of LWE, subjected or not to homogenization, were evaluated and compared, having the untreated LWE as a reference. Thermal treatment caused an increase in the viscosity of LWE, especially in nonhomogenized samples. HIPEF treatments did not modify the original color of LWE, whereas thermally treated samples developed an opaque appearance. LWE treated at 19 and 32 kV/cm exhibited a similar foaming capacity as fresh untreated egg, whereas thermal processing and PEF treatments of 37 kV/cm caused a substantial decrease in the foaming capacity of untreated liquid egg. Regarding the microstructure, the lipoprotein matrix appeared to be less affected by the HIPEF than by heat treatment if compared to the control. In addition, heat pasteurization had a significant impact on both the water‐soluble protein content of the LWE samples (19.5% to 23.6% decrease) and the mechanical properties of the egg gels (up to 21.3% and 14.5% increase in hardness and cohesiveness, respectively). On the other hand, these parameters were not substantially affected in the HIPEF‐treated samples. Heat‐induced gels obtained from HIPEF‐treated samples did not exhibit remarkable differences in the water‐holding capacity (WHC) with respect to heat‐pasteurized samples.

Practical Application:  The impact of high‐intensity pulsed electric fields (HIPEF) processing on technological properties of liquid‐whole egg was investigated and compared to that of thermal processing. Heat treatments cause a severe impact on the foaming capacity, the water‐soluble protein content, and the rheological properties of liquid egg samples, whereas HIPEF treatments better preserved the food matrix structure. Microscopic observations support these results, thus suggesting that HIPEF‐processing has potential application for the preservation of liquid egg through nonthermal means.
First Investigation on Ultrasound‐Assisted Preparation of Food Products: Sensory and Physicochemical Characteristics
Authors: Pingret Daniella , Fabiano‐Tixier Anne‐Sylvie , Petitcolas Emmanuel , Canselier Jean‐Paul , Chemat Farid
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  This paper presents a comparison between manufactured food products using conventional and ultrasound‐assisted procedures. Three different foam‐type products, chocolate Genoise, basic sponge cake, and chocolate mousse were prepared using both methods with subsequent evaluation of the samples using both sensory and physicochemical methods. Ultrasound‐assisted preparations were considered superior according to the sensory analysis, and physicochemical data confirmed this finding. This approach of applying an emerging piece of equipment, with potential industrial application to assist food preparation, consists of a new technique that could be of great interest for the development of not only other food products created by molecular gastronomy but also for practical work carried out by students.
Preparation and Mechanical Properties of Edible Rapeseed Protein Films
Authors: Jang Sung‐Ae , Lim Geum‐Ok , Song Kyung Bin
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Edible films were manufactured from rapeseed oil extraction residues. To prepare rapeseed protein (RP) films, various concentrations of plasticizers and emulsifiers were incorporated into the preparation of a film‐forming solution. The optimal conditions for the preparation of the RP film were 2% sorbitol/0.5% sucrose as plasticizer and 1.5% polysorbate 20 as an emulsifier. In addition, RP blend films were prepared. Gelidium corneum or gelatin was added to improve the physical properties of the RP film, and the highest tensile strength value of the films was 53.45 MPa for the 3% RP/4% gelatin film. Our results suggest that the RP‐gelatin blend film is suitable for applications in food packaging.

Practical Application:  Edible RP films prepared in the present investigation can be applied in food packaging.
The Role of Oral Processing in Dynamic Sensory Perception
Authors: Foster Kylie D. , Grigor John M.V. , Cheong Jean Ne , Yoo Michelle J.Y. , Bronlund John E. , Morgenstern Marco P.
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Food oral processing is not only important for the ingestion and digestion of food, but also plays an important role in the perception of texture and flavor. This overall sensory perception is dynamic and occurs during all stages of oral processing. However, the relationships between oral operations and sensory perception are not yet fully understood. This article reviews recent progress and research findings on oral food processing, with a focus on the dynamic character of sensory perception of solid foods. The reviewed studies are discussed in terms of both physiology and food properties, and cover first bite, mastication, and swallowing. Little is known about the dynamics of texture and flavor perception during mastication and the importance on overall perception. Novel approaches use time intensity and temporal dominance techniques, and these will be valuable tools for future research on the dynamics of texture and flavor perception.
Characterization of a Wild Strain of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris: Heat Resistance and Implications for Tomato Juice
Authors: Bevilacqua Antonio , Corbo Maria R.
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  This article reports the characterization of a wild strain of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris and describes the implications of the heat resistance of this microorganism in tomato juice. The strain (labeled as A. acidoterrestrisγ4) showed pH and temperature ranges for growth typical of the species (3.0 to 6.0 for the pH and 35 to 60 °C for the temperature); heat resistance in tomato juice was as follows: DT values of 40.65, 9.47, and 1.5 min (at 85, 90, and 95 °C, respectively) and z‐value of 7 °C. A treatment at 70 °C for 15 min was found to be optimal for spore activation, whereas Malt Extract Agar, acidified to pH 4.5, showed good results for spore recovery. Concerning the implications of heat resistance of A. acidoterrestris on tomato juice, high temperatures required for spore inactivation determined a general decrease of the antioxidant activity (increase of the redox potential and reduction of the chain‐breaking activity), but not the formation of brown compounds (namely, hydroxymethylfurfural), thus suggesting an effect on the secondary antioxidants (carotenoids and ascorbic acid) rather than on lycopene.

Practical Application:  Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris is an emerging spore‐forming microorganism, capable of causing spoilage in tomato juice. Due to their high thermal resistance, spores could be used as targets for the optimization of heat processing; this article reports on the assessment of thermal resistance of a wild strain of A. acidoterrestris, then focusing on the effect of the thermal treatment necessary to inactivate spores on the quality of tomato juice.
Rutin Inhibits Oleic Acid Induced Lipid Accumulation via Reducing Lipogenesis and Oxidative Stress in Hepatocarcinoma Cells
Authors: Wu Cheng‐Hsun , Lin Ming‐Cheng , Wang Hsueh‐Chun , Yang Mon‐Yuan , Jou Ming‐Jia , Wang Chau‐Jong
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Excessive lipid accumulation within liver has been proposed to cause obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and fatty liver disease. Rutin, a common dietary flavonoid that is consumed in fruits, vegetables, and plant‐derived beverages, has various biological functions, including antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and anticancer effects. However, a hypolipidemic effect of rutin on fatty liver disease has not been reported. In this study, we examined the effect of rutin on reducing lipid accumulation in hepatic cells. Hepatocytes were treated with oleic acid (OA) containing with or without rutin to observe the lipid accumulation by Nile red stain. The result showed rutin suppressed OA‐induced lipid accumulation and increased adenosine 5′‐monophosphate (AMP)‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity in hepatocytes. The expression of critical molecule involved in lipid synthesis, sterol regulatory element binding proteins‐1 (SREBP‐1), was attenuated in rutin‐treated cells. Moreover, long‐term incubation of rutin inhibited the transcriptions of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme A (HMG‐CoA) reductase (HMGCR), glycerol‐3‐phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and acetyl‐coenzyme carboxylase (ACC). Besides, we also found out the antioxidative effect of rutin by increasing the expression of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)‐α and antioxidative enzymes. Taken together, our findings suggest rutin could attenuate lipid accumulation by decreasing lipogenesis and oxidative stress in hepatocyte.
Discrimination of Alicyclobacillus Strains Using Nitrocellulose Membrane Filter and Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Jun , Yue Tianli , Yuan Yahong , Lu Xiaonan , Shin Joong‐Han , Rasco Barbara
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Alicyclobacillus spp. are thermoacidophilic, spore‐forming bacteria, some of which cause spoilage in pasteurized and heat‐treated apple juice products through the production of guaiacol. It would be helpful if a rapid method to detect and discriminate Alicyclobacillus strains was available. A simple and rapid sample preparation method using nitrocellulose membrane filter (NMF) and a single reflection horizontal attenuated total reflection (HATR) accessory with Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) was developed here. Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy was used and tested on 8 Alicyclobacillus strains (KF, WAC, NWN‐13501, NWN‐12697, NWN‐12654, NWN‐10682, 1016, 1101). A linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was established to discriminate Alicyclobacillus strains. The sample preparation method could successfully separated strains into different groups by principal component analysis (PCA). High identification accuracy (95%) was achieved with the LDA model.

Practical Application:  The method developed in the paper can be used to discriminate different Alicyclobacillus strains from each other making it possible to easily determine whether the strain of Alicyclobacillus present is associated with juice spoilage.
Role of β‐Conglycinin and Glycinin Subunits in the pH‐Shifting‐Induced Structural and Physicochemical Changes of Soy Protein Isolate
Authors: Jiang Jiang , Xiong Youling L. , Chen Jie
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Soy β‐conglycinin (7S) and glycinin (11S) were incubated up to 4 h in acidic (pH 1.5 to 3.5) or alkaline (pH 10 to 12) solutions to induce protein structural unfolding followed by refolding 1 h at pH 7.0, a process known as pH‐shifting. The pH‐shifting markedly increased (P < 0.05) emulsifying activity of 11S and to a lesser extent 7S; the former also produced more uniform oil droplets. The emulsifying activity improvements were accompanied by a significant rise in protein surface hydrophobicity, slight loss of the secondary structure (circular dichroism), and substantial dissociation of disulfide‐linked basic and acidic 11S subunits. The findings suggested that 11S globulins of soy protein isolate (SPI) were more responsive to pH‐shifting treatments than were 7S globulins, and the resulting emulsifying activity enhancements of 11S, in parallel with that of SPI, were indicative of its determinant role in the overall emulsifying properties of pH‐shifting‐treated SPI.

Practical Application:  Extreme alkaline (pH 12) and acidic (pH 1.5) medium treatments can significantly modify the structure and enhance the emulsifying properties of both β‐conglycinin and glycinin components of SPI. The functionality improvement by the pH processes is more remarkable for the glycinin protein fraction. Therefore, SPI enriched with glycinin seems to be particularly suitable for extreme acidic or alkaline processes to produce surface‐active functional ingredients for food applications.
Effect of Rapid Thawing on the Meat Quality Attributes of USDA Select Beef Strip Loin Steaks
Authors: Eastridge Janet S. , Bowker Brian C.
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  The objective was to determine the meat quality effects of rapidly thawing beef steaks in a water bath. Frozen beef strip loins (n= 24) were cut into steaks sequentially from the rib end and identified by anatomical location (anterior, middle, posterior) within the loin. Within location, steaks were randomly assigned to conventional (C; 18 to 20 h, 4 °C) or rapid thawing methods. Rapid thawing methods, fast (20 min, 20 °C) or very fast (11 min, 39 °C), were conducted in a circulating water bath. The physical, thawing, cooking, color, and texture characteristics of each steak were recorded. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with a 3 thawing treatments × 3 locations factorial analysis with loin as a block. No location by thawing method interaction was detected (P > 0.05) for the measured variables. Compared to C steaks, rapidly thawed steaks exhibited lower thaw drip loss (P < 0.001) and higher a* values (P < 0.001). Thawing treatment did not influence L*, b*, cook yield, or shear force. Steaks from the posterior end had higher (P < 0.001) surface to volume ratios that may have contributed to the higher thaw loss (P < 0.01), longer cooking time (P < 0.001), lower cooking yield (P < 0.001), and higher shear force (P < 0.02) compared to steaks from the anterior and middle portions of the loins. These data indicate that beef steaks taken from the entire length of the loin can be rapidly thawed in a water bath following food safety guidelines with minimal impact on meat quality.

Practical Application:  Freezing rate and frozen storage effects on meat quality have been well documented; however, there is comparatively little information on the meat quality effects of rapid thawing within food safety guidelines. This study demonstrates that beef strip loin steaks can be rapidly thawed in as few as 11 min without affecting texture or cooking yield, while reducing thaw drip loss. Thus, rapid thawing may enhance the apparent juiciness of steaks for consumers and provide an effective method for maintaining consistent control of experimental conditions for researchers.
Comparison of Lipid Content and Fatty Acid Composition and Their Distribution within Seeds of 5 Small Grain Species
Authors: Liu KeShun
Published: March 2011

Abstract:  Barley, oats, rice, sorghum, and wheat, each with two genotypes, were sequentially abraded by an electric seed scarifier. The pearling fines (PF) and pearled kernels (PK) at each cycle were analyzed for lipid (mostly nonpolar) content and fatty acid (FA) composition. The oil content in whole or dehulled grains ranged from 2.18% of a wheat variety to 6.38% of an oat line. Compared with barley and wheat, rice, oat, and sorghum had higher relative % of C18:1 (31.60 to 36.64 compared with 12.15 to 15.61) and lower % of C18:2 (35.69 to 45.44 compared with 50.79 to 61.50). The relationship between oil content in PF and the cumulative level of surface removal essentially describes the distribution pattern of oil content within a seed. Barley, rice, and sorghum had a similar distribution pattern, characterized by a rapid rate of decreasing for the first few outer layers and then by gradual decrease to a flat value toward the inner core. In contrast, distribution within oats was characterized by a gradual reduction in oil content across the seed. The distribution of oil within wheat fell between the former 2 types. For all 10 grains, from seed surface to inner core, C16:0 and C18:0 increased, C18:1 and C18:3 decreased, and C18:2 changed slightly, providing a new reason for improved oxidative stability for pearled kernels. The differences in the changing intensity of FA composition among grain species correspond to those in oil distribution within a seed, while varietal difference in distribution patterns of content and FA composition of lipids within a species was insignificant.

Practical Application:  This study was the first to document fatty acid distribution across a grain seed. Results provide 2 major reasons for improved oxidative stability of pearled grains: reduced oil content and shift of fatty acids toward more saturated and less unsaturated composition.
MUTUAL FUND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION – APPLICATION OF SYSTEM BCC MODEL
Authors: Chen Yu‐chuan , Chiu Yung‐ho , Li Meng‐chen
Published: March 2011

For the first time, this research adopts the system BCC model in data envelopment analysis in order to evaluate mutual fund performance and compares the results between the BCC model and the system BCC model. This study is based on the sample of stock funds and balanced funds in Taiwan, with the empirical results summarised as follows. (i) Under the system BCC model, the average score of balanced funds is greater than the average score of stock funds. (ii) There is a significant difference in efficiency scores between the BCC model and the system BCC model, and it is proper to adopt the system BCC model. (iii) The number of major reference sets that have been referenced under the BCC model is larger than under the system BCC model. (iv) If we neglect the distinctions between stock funds and balanced funds, there will be errors on performance assessment. Ultimately, the results reveal that there is a significant difference between the two models. Provided no consideration is made for the funds belonging to two different systems, errors in performance evaluation are inevitable. This research provides investors with both a more accurate and comprehensive evaluation method.
Clinical, Bronchoscopic, Histopathologic, Diagnostic Imaging, and Arterial Oxygenation Findings in West Highland White Terriers with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Heikkilä H.P. , Lappalainen A.K. , Day M.J. , Clercx C. , Rajamäki M.M.
Published: March 2011

Background: Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, interstitial lung disease primarily affecting West Highland White Terriers (WHWTs).

Objective: To describe the clinicopathological and diagnostic imaging features in WHWTs with IPF.

Animals: Twelve WHWTs with IPF and 14 healthy control WHWTs.

Method: Prospective study. Clinical signs and findings of physical examination, blood and arterial blood gas analyses, radiography, high‐resolution computed tomography (HRCT), bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) of IPF dogs were obtained and compared with controls. Histopathologic changes in IPF dogs were evaluated.

Results: Mean partial pressure of oxygen was significantly lower in IPF (mean ± SD, 65.5 ± 15.4 mmHg) than in controls (99.1 ± 7.8 mmHg, P<.001). The alveolar‐arterial oxygen gradient was significantly higher in IPF (50.1 ± 17.3 mmHg) than in controls (17.5 ± 4.9 mmHg, P<.001). In HRCT, ground glass opacity (GGO) was detected in all IPF dogs, traction bronchiectasis in 4, and honeycombing in 1. Bronchoscopic airway changes were noted in all IPF dogs. On BAL fluid (BALF) cytology, the total cell count (TCC) was higher in IPF dogs, and the numbers but not the percentages of macrophages, neutrophils, and mast cells were increased. On histopathology, multifocal or diffuse interstitial fibrosis, type II pneumocyte hyperplasia, prominent intraalveolar macrophages, distortion of alveolar architecture, and emphysematous change were detected.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance: IPF causes substantial hypoxemia. In HRCT, GGO is a consistent finding. IPF dogs have concurrent airway changes and an increase in BALF TCC.