bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cross-field electron transport induced by a rotating spoke in a cylindrical Hall thruster
Authors: Ellison C. L. , Raitses Y. , Fisch N. J.
Published: January 2012

Rotating spoke phenomena have been observed in a variety of Hall thruster and other E × B devices. It has been suggested that the spoke may be associated with the enhancement of the electron cross-field transport. In this paper, the current conducted across the magnetic field via a rotating spoke has been directly measured for the first time in the E × B discharge of a cylindrical Hall thruster. The spoke current was measured using a segmented anode. Synchronized measurements with a high speed camera and a four-segment anode allow observation of the current as a function of time and azimuthal position. Upwards of 50% of the total current is conducted through the spoke, which occupies a quarter of the Hall thruster channel area. To determine the transport mechanism, emissive and Langmuir probes were installed to measure fluctuating plasma potential, electron density, and temperature. A perturbed, azimuthal electric field and density are observed to oscillate in-phase with the rotating spoke. The resulting drift current is found to enhance electron transport with a magnitude equal to the spoke current to within margins of error.
Large enhancement of magnetostriction due to compaction hydrostatic pressure and magnetic annealing in CoFe2O4
Authors: Muhammad Atif , Sato-Turtelli Reiko , Kriegisch Martin , Grössinger Roland , Kubel Frank , Konegger Thomas
Published: January 2012

Polycrystalline CoFe2O4 was produced by a ceramic method. The heat-treated powder was pressed, varying the hydrostatic pressure between 87 and 278 MPa, and was heat-treated again at 1350 °C for 24 h. All magnetic parameters showed a clear dependence on this hydrostatic pressure. The saturation magnetization showed a minimum, and the coercivity, the anisotropy, and the magnetostriction showed a maximum at compaction pressures around 150 MPa. This pressure dependence of the magnetic parameters can be explained by a cation redistribution due to the hydrostatic pressure and heat treatment. Additionally, all samples were field-annealed in an external field of 10 T (at 300 °C for 3 h). The field-annealing process causes an induced uniaxial anisotropy, which results in a reduction of the coercivity (in the easy axis) as well as a dramatic increase in the magnitude of the magnetostriction along the hard axis. Maximum magnetostriction value of -400×10-6 was obtained. Additionally, dλ/dH is increased within a factor of three with magnetic heat treatment.
Quantitative evaluation of blinking in surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering and fluorescence by electromagnetic mechanism
Authors: Itoh Tamitake , Iga Mitsuhiro , Tamaru Hiroharu , Yoshida Ken-ichi , Biju Vasudevanpillai , Ishikawa Mitsuru
Published: January 2012

We analyze blinking in surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) and surface enhanced fluorescence (SEF) of rhodamine 6G molecules as intensity and spectral instability by electromagnetic (EM) mechanism. We find that irradiation of intense NIR laser pulses induces blinking in SERRS and SEF. Thanks to the finding, we systematically analyze SERRS and SEF from stable to unstable using single Ag nanoparticle (NP) dimers. The analysis reveals two physical insights into blinking as follows. (1) The intensity instability is inversely proportional to the enhancement factors of decay rate of molecules. The estimation using the proportionality suggests that separation of the molecules from Ag NP surfaces is several angstroms. (2) The spectral instability is induced by blueshifts in EM enhancement factors, which have spectral shapes similar to the plasmon resonance. This analysis provides us with a quantitative picture for intensity and spectral instability in SERRS and SEF within the framework of EM mechanism.
Full configuration interaction calculations of the second hyperpolarizabilities of the H4 model compound: Summation-over-states analysis and interplay with diradical characters
Authors: Nakano Masayoshi , Minami Takuya , Fukui Hitoshi , Kishi Ryohei , Shigeta Yasuteru , Champagne Benoît
Published: January 2012

The second hyperpolarizability (γ) of the one-dimensional H4 model compound has been calculated at the full configuration interaction level to describe its relationships with the diradical characters yi [the occupation numbers of the lowest unoccupied natural orbital (LUNO) + i] and the geometry. It is found that the system with intermediate y0 ( = 0.527) and small y1 ( = 0.178) exhibits the largest γ value [enhanced by a factor of 9 compared to that of a nearly closed-shell H4 analog (y0 = 0.099, y1 = 0.029)], where both the outer H–H distances are slightly larger than the inner one. These results provide a molecular design guideline for enhancing and controlling the third-order nonlinear optical properties of singlet multiradical linear molecular systems such as multiradical organic aggregates, supermolecular systems, and extended metal atom chains.
Communication: Beyond Boltzmann's H-theorem: Demonstration of the relaxation theorem for a non-monotonic approach to equilibrium
Authors: Reid James C. , Evans Denis J. , Searles Debra J.
Published: January 2012

Relaxation of a system to equilibrium is as ubiquitous, essential, and as poorly quantified as any phenomena in physics. For over a century, the most precise description of relaxation has been Boltzmann's H-theorem, predicting that a uniform ideal gas will relax monotonically. Recently, the relaxation theorem has shown that the approach to equilibrium can be quantified in terms of the dissipation function first defined in the proof of the Evans-Searles fluctuation theorem. Here, we provide the first demonstration of the relaxation theorem through simulation of a simple fluid system that generates a non-monotonic relaxation to equilibrium.
Depth measurements of drilled holes in bone by laser triangulation for the field of oral implantology
Authors: Quest D. , Gayer C. , Hering P.
Published: January 2012

Laser osteotomy is one possible method of preparing beds for dental implants in the human jaw. A major problem in using this contactless treatment modality is the lack of haptic feedback to control the depth while drilling the implant bed. A contactless measurement system called laser triangulation is presented as a new procedure to overcome this problem. Together with a tomographic picture the actual position of the laser ablation in the bone can be calculated. Furthermore, the laser response is sufficiently fast as to pose little risk to surrounding sensitive areas such as nerves and blood vessels. In the jaw two different bone structures exist, namely the cancellous bone and the compact bone. Samples of both bone structures were examined with test drillings performed either by laser osteotomy or by a conventional rotating drilling tool. The depth of these holes was measured using laser triangulation. The results and the setup are reported in this study.
Simulation of laser-generated longitudinal and shear ultrasonic waves in a diamond anvil cell by the finite element method
Authors: Feng Wen , Yang Dexing , Zhu Xiangchao , Guo Yuning , Liao Wei
Published: January 2012

Based on the thermoelastic theory, a numerical model of ultrasonic displacement field induced by a vertical incident pulsed laser in an aluminum film in a diamond anvil cell (DAC) is established by using the finite element method (FEM). After precisely calculating the transient temperature field distributions, the bulk ultrasonic waveforms on the rear surface of the film and the characteristics of ultrasonic displacement field with time are obtained. Then directivity patterns of laser-generated longitudinal and shear ultrasonic waves are analyzed in details. The numerical results indicate that the thermoelastic force source and the characteristics of ultrasonic directivity are strongly affected by the diamond window. The energy of longitudinal wave is concentrated near the laser incident direction, and the one of shear wave is concentrated between 30° and 60° that deflected from the laser incident direction to the excited source. These characteristics in DAC system are different from the results of free surface in thermoelastic effect, while are similar to the results of free surface in ablation effect.
Numerical simulation of runaway electrons generation in sulfur hexafluoride
Authors: Levko D. , Krasik Ya. E.
Published: January 2012

The results of the numerical simulation of the generation of runaway electrons in sulfur hexafluoride are presented. It is shown that the emission of the runaway electrons occurs from the cathode and its vicinity. The generation of these electrons is terminated because of the formation primarily by negative ions of a virtual cathode which causes the field emission to be screened. The simulations showed that the virtual cathode consists mainly of negative ions and cannot be an effective source of runaway electrons. In addition, the results of the simulations showed that the parameters of the runaway electrons depend on the amplitude and rise-time high-voltage pulse and gas pressure.
Near-constant resistivity in 4.2-360 K in a B2 Al2.08CoCrFeNi
Authors: Chen Swe-Kai , Kao Yih-Farn
Published: January 2012

Near-constant electrical resistivity over 4.2 to 360 K in a pseudo-B2 Al2.08CoCrFeNi is reported. Absolute values of coefficients in electrical resistivity equation as a function of temperature, ρ(T) = ρ0 + Aln(T) + BT2 + CT3 + DT, decrease as temperature rises, manifesting that they gradually become less while temperature increases. Overall average temperature coefficient of resistivity (TCR) in 4.2 to 360 K is 72 ppm/K, with a half-parabolic shape in its resistivity-temperature curve that is similar to Manganin. It shows that the phonon effect on this alloy keeps nearly the same through this temperature range.
Growth and surface potential characterization of Bi2Te3 nanoplates
Authors: Hao Guolin , Qi Xiang , Yang Liwen , Liu Yundan , Li Jun , Ren Long , Sun Fu , Zhong Jianxin
Published: January 2012

Topological insulator Bi2Te3 nanoplates with hexagonal, triangular and truncated triangular nanostructures have been fabricated with thickness of ∼10 nm by vacuum vapor phase deposition method. The possible formation mechanism of Bi2Te3 nanoplates with different nanostructures has been proposed. We have examined the surface potentials of Bi2Te3 nanoplates using Kelvin probe force microscopy. The surface potential of Bi2Te3 nanoplates is determined to be about 482 mV on the SiO2/Si substrate, 88 mV and -112 mV on the n-doped and p-doped Si (111) substrates, respectively. The surface potential information provides insight into understanding electronic properties of Bi2Te3 nanoplates, which may open a new door to the exploration of the topological insulators.
Canopy conundrums: building on the Biosphere 2 experience to scale measurements of inner and outer canopy photoprotection from the leaf to the landscape
Authors: Nichol Caroline J. , Pieruschka Roland , Takayama Kotaro , Förster Britta , Kolber Zbigniew , Rascher Uwe , Grace John , Robinson Sharon A. , Pogson Barry , Osmond Barry
Published: January 2012

Recognising that plant leaves are the fundamental productive units of terrestrial vegetation and the complexity of different environments in which they must function, this review considers a few of the ways in which these functions may be measured and potentially scaled to the canopy. Although canopy photosynthetic productivity is clearly the sum of all leaves in the canopy, we focus on the quest for ‘economical insights’ from measurements that might facilitate integration of leaf photosynthetic activities into canopy performance, to better inform modelling based on the ‘insights of economics’. It is focussed on the reversible downregulation of photosynthetic efficiency in response to light environment and stress and summarises various xanthophyll-independent and dependent forms of photoprotection within the inner and outer canopy of woody plants. Two main themes are developed. First, we review experiments showing the retention of leaves that grow old in the shade may involve more than the ‘payback times’ required to recover the costs of their construction and maintenance. In some cases at least, retention of these leaves may reflect selection for distinctive properties that contribute to canopy photosynthesis through utilisation of sun flecks or provide ‘back up’ capacity following damage to the outer canopy. Second, we report experiments offering hope that remote sensing of photosynthetic properties in the outer canopy (using chlorophyll fluorescence and spectral reflectance technologies) may overcome problems of access and provide integrated measurements of these properties in the canopy as a whole. Finding appropriate tools to scale photosynthesis from the leaf to the landscape still presents a challenge but this synthesis identifies some measurements and criteria in the laboratory and the field that improve our understanding of inner and outer canopy processes.
Differences between men and women with a dismissing attachment style regarding their attitudes and behaviour in romantic relationships
Authors: Monteoliva Adelaida , García‐Martínez J. Miguel A. , Calvo‐Salguero Antonia , Aguilar‐Luzón Maria‐del‐Carmen
Published: January 2012

Research to date has revealed that the association between gender, attachment and the quality and functioning of intimate relationships is complex. This study examined the relationship between gender and attachment styles in attitudes to communication with one's partner and in the number of past relationships in a sample of 746 Spanish undergraduates. The Relationship Questionnaire was administered to them to determine the adult attachment style. The results revealed the existence of differences according to the adult attachment style and gender with regard to the two measured variables, and a significant effect of the interaction between gender and attachment. Dismissing men reported the highest average scores in the number of past relationships, with significant differences appearing when they were compared with secure and preoccupied men. However, dismissing women did not differ from the rest of the women with other attachment styles. When men and women with the same attachment styles were compared in this variable, the only significant differences were found between dismissing men and women (with the latter reporting fewer partners). In the case of attitudes to expressing feelings to one's partner, dismissing men reported the most negative attitudes, compared with secure and preoccupied men. Dismissing women, unlike the men, did not differ in their attitudes either from preoccupied or fearful women. Moreover, clear differences were shown between dismissing men and women in these attitudes (more negative in the case of men).
Is an elevated submaximal heart rate associated with psychomotor slowness in young elite soccer players?
Authors: Brink Michel S. , Visscher Chris , Schmikli Sandor L. , Nederhof E. , Lemmink Koen A. P. M.
Published: January 2012

The aim of the present study was to find early markers for overreaching that are applicable in sport practice. In a group of elite soccer players aged 15–18, the stress–recovery balance and reaction times before and after exercise were assessed. Overreaching was indicated by an elevated submaximal heart rate during a sport‐specific field test. Submaximal changes in heart rate were prospectively monitored by means of monthly Interval Shuttle Run Tests during two competitive seasons. Out of 94 players, seven players with an elevated heart rate of at least one month could be included in the study, together with seven controls, matched for age, body composition, training and performance level. The stress–recovery balance was assessed with the Dutch version of the Recovery Stress Questionnaire (RESTQ‐Sport). The soccer players with an elevated heart rate reported a disturbed stress–recovery balance (Mann–Whitney test, P<0.05). An ANOVA for repeated measures of reaction times revealed a significant main effect of time (F 1,12=13.87, P<0.01) indicating an improvement of psychomotor speed. No differences between groups were found. We conclude that soccer players with an elevated submaximal heart rate of at least one month share a disturbed stress–recovery balance, but they could not be distinguished from controls based on reaction time after strenuous exercise.
UV Photolysis of N2O Isotopomers: Isotopic Fractionations and Product Rotational Quantum State Distributions
Authors: Daud Mohammad Noh
Published: January 2012

The time-dependent quantum wave packet method is used to study the dynamics of the photodissociation processes for the isotopomers 14N14N16O, 14N15N16O, 15N14N16O, 15N15N16O, 14N14N17O, and 14N14N18O. In general, the computed isotopic fractionation factors derived from the absorption cross sections of five heavy isotopomers are in good agreement with the experimental results. Relative to the 14N14N16O isotopomer, the N2 rotational state distributions for the isotopically nitrogen substituted N2O are found to be entirely shifted to higher rotational states. Similar to its isotopic fractionation factors, the N2 rotational state distributions for the asymmetric isotopomers 14N15N16O and 15N14N16O are found to be observably different.
Proposal of an Amide-Directed Carbocupration Mechanism for Copper-Catalyzedmeta-Selective C—H Arylation of Acetanilides by Diaryliodonium Salts
Authors: Zhang Song-lin , Ding Yu-qiang
Published: January 2012

We examined the puzzling mechanism for Cu-catalyzed meta-C—H arylation reaction of anilides by diaryliodonium salts through systematic theoretical analysis. The previously proposed anti-oxy-cupration mechanism featuring anti-1,2- or anti-1,4-addition of cuprate and oxygen to the phenyl ring generating a meta-cuprated intermediate was excluded due to the large activation barriers. Alternatively, a new amide-directed carbocupration mechanism was proposed which involves a critical rate- and regio-determining step of amide-directed addition of the Cu(III)-aryl bond across the phenyl C2=C3 double bond to form an ortho-cuprated, meta-arylated intermediate. This mechanism is kinetically the most favored among several possible mechanisms such as ortho- or para-cupration/migration mechanism, direct meta C—H bond cleavage mediated by Cu(III) or Cu(I), and Cu(III)-catalyzed ortho-directed C—H bond activation mechanism. Furthermore, the predicted regioselectivity based on this mechanism has been shown to favor the meta-arylation that is consistent with the experimental observations.
Comparative Investigation of Mo(CO)6 Adsorption on Clean and Oxidized Si(111) Surfaces
Authors: Jiang Zhi-quan , Huang Wei-xin
Published: January 2012

Mo(CO)6 adsorption on the clean, oxygen-precovered and deeply oxidized Si(111) surfaces was comparatively investigated by high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy. The downward vibrational frequency shift of the C-O stretching mode in adsorbed Mo(CO)6 illustrates that different interactions of adsorbed Mo(CO)6 occur on clean Si(111) and SiO2/Si(111) surfaces, weak on the former and strong on the latter. The strong interaction on SiO2/Si(111) might lead to the partial dissociation of Mo(CO)6, consequently the formation of molybdenum subcarbonyls. Therefore, employing Mo(CO)6 as the precursor, metallic molybdenum could be successfully deposited on the SiO2/Si(111) surface but not on the clean Si(111) surface. A portion of the deposited metallic molybdenum is transformed into the MoO3 on the SiO2/Si(111) surface upon heating, and the evolved MoO3 finally desorbs from the substrate upon annealing at elevated temperatures.
Desmoplakin controls microvilli length but not cell adhesion or keratin organization in the intestinal epithelium
Authors: Sumigray Kaelyn D. , Lechler Terry
Published: January 2012

Maintaining proper cell–cell adhesion in the intestine is essential for tissue homeostasis and barrier function. This adhesion is thought to be mediated by cell adhesion structures, including tight junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes, which concentrate in the apical junctional region. While clear roles for adherens and tight junctions have been established in simple epithelia, the function of desmosomes has not been addressed. In stratified epithelia, desmosomes impart mechanical strength to tissues by organizing and anchoring the keratin filament network. In this paper, we report that the desmosomal protein desmoplakin (DP) is not essential for cell adhesion in the intestinal epithelium. Surprisingly, when DP is lacking, keratin filament localization is also unperturbed, although keratin filaments no longer anchor at desmosomes. Unexpectedly, DP is important for proper microvillus structure. Our study highlights the tissue-specific functions of desmosomes and reveals that the canonical functions for these structures are not conserved in simple epithelium.
CHROMATRA: a Galaxy tool for visualizing genome-wide chromatin signatures
Authors: Hentrich Thomas , Schulze Julia M. , Emberly Eldon , Kobor Michael S.
Published: January 2012

Summary: CHROMATRA (CHROmatin Mapping Across TRAnscripts) is a visualization tool available as plug-in for the Galaxy platform. It allows detailed yet concise presentations of data derived from ChIP-chip or ChIP-seq experiments by visualizing enrichment scores across genes or other genomic features while accounting for their length and additional characteristics such as gene expression. It integrates into typical analysis workflows and enables rapid graphical assessment and comparison of genome-wide data at a glance.

Availability:  https://github.com/cmmt/chromatra

Contact:  msk@cmmt.ubc.ca; eemberly@sfu.ca
MSY-orientated management of Baltic Sea herring (Clupea harengus) during different ecosystem regimes
Authors: Holmgren Noel M. A. , Norrström Niclas , Aps Robert , Kuikka Sakari
Published: January 2012

Holmgren, N. M. A., Norrström, N., Aps, R., and Kuikka, S. 2012. MSY-orientated management of Baltic Sea herring (Clupea harengus) during different ecosystem regimes. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 69: 257–266. The Baltic Sea ecosystem has undergone dramatic changes, so-called ecosystem regime shifts, during the past four decades. Baltic Sea herring (Clupea harengus) spawning-stock biomass has declined to a third, and weight-at-age has halved as a result of food shortages and competition with sprat (Sprattus sprattus). The management objective for the herring stock is currently in transition from precautionary to maximum sustainable yield (MSY). The main basin Baltic Sea herring was modelled under the current ecosystem regime and the effect of a recovery of the cod (Gadus morhua) stock and the availability of planktonic food to levels found in the early 1980s analysed. A target of FMSY = 0.16 for herring, which should decline to FMSY = 0.10 with recovery of the cod stock, is proposed. An increase in the availability of planktonic food is estimated to more than double the yield at FMSY = 0.27, overriding the negative effects of cod predation should there be a simultaneous increase in both cod and availability of planktonic food. The estimated net increase in yield is 40% at FMSY = 0.20. Functions are presented to calculate FMSY and to estimate the expected yield depending on the abundance of cod and food availability. Retrospective application of the functions is indicative of overfishing of herring in the 1990s and early 2000s, and a net loss in yield, with a landing value of some €440 million.
Beyond the God/Man Duo: Globalization, Feminist Theology, and Religious Subjectivity
Authors: Armour Ellen T.
Published: January 2012

This chapter considers analyses offered by three important feminist scholars, working in different religious traditions, who attend to specific forms of women's religiosity. In Changing the Subject: Women's Discourses and Feminist Theology, Mary McClintock Fulkerson attempts to carve out a place within feminist theology for Christian women who do not consider themselves feminist. In The Hammer and the Flute: Women, Power and Spirit Possession, Mary Keller's analysis of the phenomenon of spirit possession, which affects many more women than men, becomes a site in which to reflect anew on questions of gender and religious subjectivity. In Politics of Piety: The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject, anthropologist Saba Mahmood finds that the issues raised by her study of Egyptian women involved in an Islamic renewal movement challenge certain feminist orthodoxies. Taking each author in turn, the chapter first traces the particular contours of the religious phenomenon each analyzes and shows how they reframe religious subjectivity. The final section brings the three essays together and describes what avenues they open up for constructive feminist theology in a global context.
Doing a Theology from Disappeared Bodies: Theology, Sexuality, and the Excluded Bodies of the Discourses of Latin American Liberation Theology
Authors: Althaus‐Reid Marcella
Published: January 2012

This chapter begins by considering the contributions of feminist theologies. It then discusses Liberation Theology, a theology reflecting on the concrete site of bodies in suffering, and looks at what a Queer Liberation Theology, concerned with issues of politics and sexuality, can contribute both to the Liberation Theology project and to the Feminist Liberation Theology movement. This is followed by a discussion of bisexuality and Latin American liberation spirituality, and the so-called “the postcolonial queer twist.” It is argued that the unveiling of ideology in theology also applies to Feminist Liberation Theology itself, and to its own ideological presuppositions. If our theological projects are nurtured by the understanding that theology is a second act, then Feminist Liberation Theology needs to take more seriously the fact that a critical reflection on women's material lives and experiences is the starting point and the only valid agenda of our theological reflections; this includes women's sexualities. Feminist Liberation Theology's own poiesis (or sense of creation) should come from that. In a way, this is the kind of theology that allows God to be God, by allowing people “to come as they are,” too, beyond the politics of ideal theological constructions.
Wittgenstein and Infinity
Authors: Moore Adrian W.
Published: January 2012

The aim of this paper is to give an overview of Wittgenstein’s conception of the infinite. One focus of the paper is Wittgenstein’s rejection of what is dubbed a ‘realist’ model of our idea of the infinite. On this model our idea is the source of beliefs that we have about an independent reality. Another focus is the way in which Wittgenstein’s rejection of this model leads him to reject the idea of the infinite itself as it appears in certain mathematical contexts. I argue that these two rejections can be uncoupled: abandonment of the realist model of our idea of the infinite is consonant with full endorsement of the use to which mathematicians put the idea. There remains scope for Wittgenstein to take issue, if not with the use to which mathematicians put the idea, then with their choice of language in doing so, something that he has reason to do precisely because this choice encourages adoption of the realist model.
Logical Atomism in Russell and Wittgenstein
Authors: Proops Ian
Published: January 2012

Bertrand Russell and Ludwig Wittgenstein developed different, though closely related, versions of logical atomism. Wittgenstein's version is presented in Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus, and discussed in the various pre-Tractatus manuscripts. For Russell, analytical realism is a form of atomism because it maintains that the existence of the complex depends on the existence of the simple and not vice versa, and that the atomic entities in its ontology (universals and particulars) have their nature quite independently of the relations they bear to one another. The core tenets of Wittgenstein's logical atomism may be summarised as follows: Every proposition has a unique final analysis that reveals it to be a truth-function of elementary propositions; These elementary propositions assert the existence of atomic states of affairs; Elementary propositions are mutually independent — each one can be true or false independently of the truth or falsity of the others; Elementary propositions are immediate combinations of semantically simple symbols or ‘names’; Names refer to items wholly devoid of complexity, so-called ‘objects’; Atomic states of affairs are combinations of these simple objects.
Private Language
Authors: Stern David
Published: January 2012

Ludwig Wittgenstein's treatment of private language has received more attention than any other aspect of his philosophy. Yet, for more than fifty years, a remarkably self-contained exegetical tradition has defined the terms of debate and the principal positions that are discussed. Orthodox interpreters hold that the proof that a private language is impossible turns on showing it is ruled out by some set of systematic philosophical commitments about logic, meaning, and knowledge. Leading candidates for this ground on which the argument depends have included the analysis of concepts, the grammar of our everyday language, the logic of criteria, or the nature of our rule-following, practical activity, or form of life. This article introduces an alternative interpretive tradition, which not only rejects the orthodox methodology, but also rejects the presupposition that Wittgenstein's principal aim is to provide a deductive proof that the idea of a private language leads to contradiction. Finally, it examines some of the leading readings of Philosophical Investigations §258, the passage most frequently discussed by orthodox interpreters.
Wittgenstein's Methods
Authors: Conant James
Published: January 2012

This article explores the relation between the philosophies of the early and the later Ludwig Wittgenstein as they are standardly distinguished, with the aim of raising some questions about whether that standard distinction might not obstruct our view of certain significant aspects of the development of Wittgenstein's thought. Drawing on the work of Marie McGinn and Warren Goldfarb, it also distinguishes two senses in which these two commentators have been moved to call upon the expression ‘piecemeal’ in their respective attempts to characterise an important feature of Wittgenstein's conception of philosophical method. In August 1936, Wittgenstein withdrew to a tiny hut in Skjolden, Norway, in order to be able to continue his work on the Philosophical Investigations in complete solitude. His conception of method in philosophy underwent more than one Kehre, more than one revolution. It therefore precludes the possibility that his conception of philosophy itself could have undergone significant further metamorphosis while he was in Norway in 1937.
Wittgenstein's Use of Examples
Authors: Savickey Beth
Published: January 2012

As Ludwig Wittgenstein moves from Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus to Philosophical Investigations, he dramatically alters his use of examples. His early work, almost entirely devoid of examples, gives way to later writings that could be described (with little exaggeration) as nothing but examples. Tractatus becomes an important example in the later writings, which Wittgenstein characterises as the description of ‘a field of varying examples by means of centers of variation’. The dramatic shift in Wittgenstein's use of examples expresses a new understanding of language, and enacts a new method of philosophical investigation. The use of examples becomes an important method of conceptual imagination. There are approximately three dozen examples in the Notebooks and Tractatus. These include examples of propositions and examples of systems of representation. In his later writings, Wittgenstein's focus shifts from logic to grammar. This is evident in remarks concerning ‘essence’.
Egg phenotype matching by cuckoos in relation to discrimination by hosts and climatic conditions
Authors: Avilés Jesús M. , Vikan Johan R. , Fossøy Frode , Antonov Anton , Moksnes Arne , Røskaft Eivin , Shykoff Jacqui A. , Møller Anders P. , Stokke Bård G.
Published: January 2012

Although parasites and their hosts often coexist in a set of environmentally differentiated populations connected by gene flow, few empirical studies have considered a role of environmental variation in shaping correlations between traits of hosts and parasites. Here, we studied for the first time the association between the frequency of adaptive parasitic common cuckooCuculus canorusphenotypes in terms of egg matching and level of defences exhibited by its reed warblerAcrocephalus scirpaceushosts across seven geographically distant populations in Europe. We also explored the influence of spring climatic conditions experienced by cuckoos and hosts on cuckoo–host egg matching. We found that between-population differences in host defences against cuckoos (i.e. rejection rate) covaried with between-population differences in degree of matching. Between-population differences in host egg phenotype were associated with between-population differences in parasitism rate and spring climatic conditions, but not with host level of defences. Between-population differences in cuckoo egg phenotype covaried with between-population differences in host defences and spring climatic conditions. However, differences in host defences still explained differences in mimicry once differences in climatic conditions were controlled, suggesting that selection exerted by host defences must be strong relative to selection imposed by climatic factors on egg phenotypes.
Learn and live: predator experience and feeding history determines prey behaviour and survival
Authors: Lönnstedt Oona M. , McCormick Mark I. , Meekan Mark G. , Ferrari Maud C. O. , Chivers Douglas P.
Published: January 2012

Determining how prey learn the identity of predators and match their vigilance with current levels of threat is central to understanding the dynamics of predator–prey systems and the determinants of fitness. Our study explores how feeding history influences the relative importance of olfactory and visual sensory modes of learning, and how the experience gained through these sensory modes influences behaviour and survival in the field for a juvenile coral reef damselfish. We collected young fish immediately prior to their settlement to benthic habitats. In the laboratory, these predator-naïve fish were exposed to a high- or low-food ration and then conditioned to recognize the olfactory cues (odours) and/or visual cues from two common benthic predators. Fish were then allowed to settle on reefs in the field, and their behaviour and survival over 70 h were recorded. Feeding history strongly influenced their willingness to take risks in the natural environment. Conditioning in the laboratory with visual, olfactory or both cues from predators led fish in the field to display risk-averse behaviour compared with fish conditioned with sea water alone. Well-fed fish that were conditioned with visual, chemical or a combination of predator cues survived eight times better over the first 48 h on reefs than those with no experience of benthic predator cues. This experiment highlights the importance of a flexible and rapid mechanism of learning the identity of predators for survival of young fish during the critical life-history transition between pelagic and benthic habitats.
Structure of the dengue virus glycoprotein non-structural protein 1 by electron microscopy and single-particle analysis
Authors: Muller David A. , Landsberg Michael J. , Bletchly Cheryl , Rothnagel Rosalba , Waddington Lynne , Hankamer Ben , Young Paul R.
Published: January 2012

The flavivirus non-structural protein 1 (NS1) is a glycoprotein that is secreted as a soluble hexameric complex during the course of natural infection. Growing evidence indicates that this secreted form of NS1 (sNS1) plays a significant role in immune evasion and modulation during infection. Attempts to determine the crystal structure of NS1 have been unsuccessful to date and relatively little is known about the macromolecular organization of the sNS1 hexamer. Here, we have applied single-particle analysis to images of baculovirus-derived recombinant dengue 2 virus NS1 obtained by electron microscopy to determine its 3D structure to a resolution of 23 Å. This structure reveals a barrel-like organization of the three dimeric units that comprise the hexamer and provides further insights into the overall organization of oligomeric sNS1.
Direct interaction of ligand–receptor pairs specifying stomatal patterning
Authors: Lee Jin Suk , Kuroha Takeshi , Hnilova Marketa , Khatayevich Dmitriy , Kanaoka Masahiro M. , McAbee Jessica M. , Sarikaya Mehmet , Tamerler Candan , Torii Keiko U.
Published: January 2012

Valves on the plant epidermis called stomata develop according to positional cues, which likely involve putative ligands (EPIDERMAL PATTERNING FACTORS [EPFs]) and putative receptors (ERECTA family receptor kinases and TOO MANY MOUTHS [TMM]) in Arabidopsis. Here we report the direct, robust, and saturable binding of bioactive EPF peptides to the ERECTA family. In contrast, TMM exhibits negligible binding to EPF1 but binding to EPF2. The ERECTA family forms receptor homomers in vivo. On the other hand, TMM associates with the ERECTA family but not with itself. While ERECTA family receptor kinases exhibit complex redundancy, blocking ERECTA and ERECTA-LIKE1 (ERL1) signaling confers specific insensitivity to EPF2 and EPF1, respectively. Our results place the ERECTA family as the primary receptors for EPFs with TMM as a signal modulator and establish EPF2–ERECTA and EPF1–ERL1 as ligand–receptor pairs specifying two steps of stomatal development: initiation and spacing divisions.
In situlattice strain mapping during tensile loading using the neutron transmission and diffraction methods
Authors: Iwase Kenji , Sato Hirotaka , Harjo Stefanus , Kamiyama Takashi , Ito Takayoshi , Takata Shinichi , Aizawa Kazuya , Kiyanagi Yoshiaki
Published: January 2012

In this study, the change in internal lattice strain in an iron plate during tensile deformation was investigated by performingin situmeasurements under applied force. The lattice strain was evaluated by neutron diffraction and Bragg-edge transmission. The neutron diffraction results showed that the averaged 110 lattice strain along the direction perpendicular to the applied force was between −422 and −109 × 10−6. The position dependence of the lattice strain and the change in the distribution of elastic strain in an iron plate with notches during tensile deformation was obtained by Bragg-edge transmission. It was also observed that, when the load increased over 30 kN, the area of plastic deformation increased around the positions of the notches.
Working the ‘spaces’ between policy and practice: the contributions offered by resilience theory and action research
Authors: Hendrick Antonia S. , Young Susan
Published: January 2012

The policy‐practice dimension often presents challenges particularly in the policy arena of child well‐being. Policy designers identify risk factors and design programmes intended to develop protective factors in areas of need. The 2004 Australian Communities for Children (CfC) initiative aimed to improve the social, health and educational outcomes for young children living in socio‐economically disadvantaged localities. Its method was to engage local community members to contribute towards developing protective factors. Rather than considering this national–local arrangement, an unworkable alliance, we examine the performance of CfC through three examples and demonstrate how resilience theory and action research can assist this programme achieve its social inclusion aims and well‐being outcomes. We choose not to disregard policy programmes like CfC, rather we emphasize the possibilities offered when working these complex spaces involving multiple and inherent contradictions. The spaces that often exist between the policy and its implementation are rethought to allow a greater opportunity for the growth of innovation and change.
Daphnia in tadpole mesocosms: trophic links and interactions with Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
Authors: HAMILTON PHINEAS T. , RICHARDSON JEAN M. L. , ANHOLT BRADLEY R.
Published: January 2012

1. Amphibians are in decline, and the disease chytridiomycosis, caused by the chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), has been repeatedly implicated throughout the world. This chytrid reproduces via an infectious, motile zoospore stage that remains viable for weeks in the water column.

2. Daphnia is a keystone zooplankton grazer in intact freshwater ecosystems, whose importance to amphibians may be overlooked. As an efficient grazer, Daphnia can suppress chytrid epidemics by consuming zoospores and may therefore play a role in Bd infection dynamics. Daphnia may also have important effects on tadpoles by mediating the properties of pond food webs. We tested the role of Daphnia in outdoor mesocosms containing the tadpoles of red‐legged frogs (Rana aurora) infected with Bd. We also tested the ability of Daphnia to filter Bd from the water column in laboratory microcosms.

3. In the water of microcosms, Daphnia dramatically decreased the number of Bd genomic equivalents detectable using quantitative PCR. Bd genomic equivalents fell below the limit of detection at very high (>1 Daphnia mL−1) Daphnia densities.

4. In mesocosms, Daphnia was critical to the development of tadpoles: in the presence of Daphnia, tadpoles were twofold heavier at metamorphosis than in their absence. Daphnia and Bd interacted to affect the tadpole survival: survival was highest in the presence of Daphnia and in the absence of Bd. We were unable to detect an effect of Daphnia on the transmission of Bd in mesocosms. However, Bd transmission among the tadpoles in mesocosms was unexpectedly low, limiting our power to detect an effect of Daphnia on transmission.

5. Tadpole dissection showed that tadpoles also consumed large numbers of Daphnia. Current models of mesocosm food webs that assume no predation by tadpoles on zooplankton therefore probably overlook important features of both natural and experimental systems.
Increased interleukin‐1β levels are associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and remodelling following acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Ørn S. , Ueland T. , Manhenke C. , Sandanger Ø. , Godang K. , Yndestad A. , Mollnes T. E. , Dickstein K. , Aukrust P.
Published: January 2012

Abstract.  Ørn S, Ueland T, Manhenke C, Sandanger Ø, Godang K, Yndestad A, Mollnes TE, Dickstein K, Aukrust P (Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger; Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet; University of Bergen, Bergen; University of Oslo; Oslo; Norway). Increased interleukin‐1β levels are associated with left ventricular hypertrophy and remodelling following acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention. J Intern Med 2012; 272: 267–276.

Objectives.  To assess the relationship between interleukin (IL)‐1‐related molecules, infarct size and left ventricular (LV) remodelling following acute myocardial infarction (MI).

Methods.  Forty‐two patients with first‐time diagnosis of ST segment elevation MI (STEMI), with a single occluded vessel successfully revascularized by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), were recruited to this observational study conducted at a university teaching hospital and followed for 1 year.

Main outcome measures.  Plasma levels of IL‐1β, IL‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1Ra), IL‐18 and caspase‐1 were analysed before and 2 days, 1 week and 2 months after PCI. Serial cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) was used for the assessment of infarct size and LV remodelling. CMR findings at 1 year was the primary outcome variable.

Results.  Univariate analysis showed that IL‐1‐related mediators were strongly (IL‐1 β), moderately (caspase‐1) and weakly (IL‐1Ra) associated with impaired myocardial function and noninfarct mass, but not infarct size, 1 year after reperfused STEMI. In multivariate analyses, troponin T predicted LV ejection fraction (LVEF), infarct size and LV end‐diastolic (LVEDVi) and end‐systolic volume index (LVESVi). However, significant additional variance was explained by IL‐1β, IL‐18 and caspase‐1. IL‐1β levels at 2 months, IL‐18 at 2 days and pre‐PCI caspase‐1 were predictors of LVEF. Caspase‐1 and in particular IL‐1β at 2 days were the only predictors of noninfarct mass. IL‐1β and IL‐18 at 2 days were predictors of LVEDVi, whilst pre‐PCI levels of IL‐1β contributed to prediction of LVESVi. By contrast, pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide, C‐reactive protein, IL‐6 and transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) had no or only a weak (TGF‐β1) association with these CMR parameters in multivariate analyses.

Conclusions.  IL‐1β levels after STEMI were strongly associated with impaired myocardial function and noninfarct LV mass after 1 year, suggesting a potential role for IL‐1β as a predictor of maladaptive myocardial remodelling following reperfused MI.
Comparison of UMAT scores and GPA in prediction of performance in medical school: a national study
Authors: Poole Phillippa , Shulruf Boaz , Rudland Joy , Wilkinson Tim
Published: January 2012

Medical Education 2012:

46

: 163–171

Context  Medical schools continue to seek robust ways to select students with the greatest aptitude for medical education, training and practice. Tests of general cognition are used in combination with markers of prior academic achievement and other tools, although their predictive validity is unknown. This study compared the predictive validity of the Undergraduate Medicine and Health Sciences Admission Test (UMAT), the admission grade point average (GPA), and a combination of both, on outcomes in all years of two medical programmes.

Methods  Subjects were students (n = 1346) selected since 2003 using UMAT scores and attending either of New Zealand’s two medical schools. Regression models incorporated demographic data, UMAT scores, admission GPA and performance on routine assessments.

Results  Despite the different weightings of UMAT used in selection at the two institutions and minor variations in student demographics and programmes, results across institutions were similar. The net predictive power of admission GPA was highest for outcomes in Years 2 and 5 of the 6‐year programme, accounting for 17–35% of the variance; UMAT score accounted for < 10%. The highest predictive power of the UMAT score was 9.9% for a Year 5 written examination. Combining UMAT score with admission GPA improved predictive power slightly across all outcomes. Neither UMAT score nor admission GPA predicted outcomes in the final trainee intern year well, although grading bands for this year were broad and numbers smaller.

Conclusions  The ability of the general cognitive test UMAT to predict outcomes in major assessments within medical programmes is relatively minor in comparison with that of the admission GPA, but the UMAT score adds a small amount of predictive power when it is used in combination with the GPA. However, UMAT scores may predict outcomes not studied here, which underscores the need for further validation studies in a range of settings.