bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antidiabetic Drugs (A10)
Authors: Ritter Kurt
Published: June 2018

The article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.A10A Insulins and Analogues3.A10B Blood Glucose‐Lowering Drugs, Excl. Insulins3.1.A10BA Biguanides3.2.A10BB Sulfonylureas3.3.A10BC Sulfonamides (Heterocyclic)3.4.A10BD Combinations of Oral Blood Glucose‐Lowering Drugs3.5.A10BF Alpha‐Glucosidase Inhibitors3.6.A10BG Thiazolidinediones3.7.A10BH Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP‐4) Inhibitors3.8.A10BJ Glucagon‐Like Peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) Analogues3.9.A10BK Sodium‐Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors3.10.A10BX Other Blood Glucose‐Lowering Drugs, Excl. Insulins4.A10X Other Drugs Used in Diabetes
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Directed sp2 C−H Acetoxylation of Arenes Employing Mn(OAc)3 ⋅ 2H2O as Acetoxy Source
Authors: Sarkar Writhabrata , Bhowmik Arup , Mishra Aniket , Vats Tripta Kumari , Deb Indubhusan
Published: June 2018

A cobalt‐catalyzed sp2 C−H acetoxylation of amides having 8‐aminoquinoline as a directing group has been achieved using manganese(III) acetate both as an oxidant and an acetoxy source. Operational simplicity, broad range of functional group tolerance, use of an earth abundant first row transition metal, and, most importantly, exploitation of an unprecedented acetoxy source are the key features. The method is scalable and does not require any additive. The mechanism of the reaction has been established by conducting a series of experiments.

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Endocannabinoid receptor CB2R is significantly expressed in aspirin‐exacerbated respiratory disease: a pilot study
Authors: Corrado Alessia , Battle Monica , Wise Sarah K. , Lee F. Eun‐Hyung , Guidot David M. , DelGaudio John M. , Molina Samuel A. , Levy Joshua M.
Published: June 2018

Background

The endocannabinoid system represents a highly conserved, innate signaling network with direct and indirect control of eicosanoid‐mediated inflammation. Activation of the type 2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) leads to decreased type 2 inflammation and reduced production of arachidonic acid (AA). Given that altered AA metabolism is associated with aspirin‐exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), we hypothesized that expression of the CB2R gene CNR2 is increased in AERD.

Methods

Nasal polyps from consecutive patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery for AERD or allergic fungal rhinosinusitis (AFRS) were prospectively evaluated. Control sphenoid mucosa was collected from patients undergoing endoscopic skull base procedures. Expression and localization of endocannabinoid receptors were evaluated by quantitative reverse transcript–polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and immunohistochemistry. A 2‐group unpaired t test with unequal variances was used to evaluate group differences.

Results

Thirteen subjects were included in this pilot study, including 5 controls, 5 AFRS patients, and 3 AERD patients. Upregulated expression of CNR2 was detected in subjects with AERD vs both AFRS (p = 0.049) and controls (p = 0.047), with a mean increase of 5.2‐fold. No significant differences in expression of the CB1R gene CNR1 were detected between control and AFRS groups. Immunohistochemistry predominantly localized CB1R and CB2R expression to the surface epithelium in all subjects.

Conclusion

The endocannabinoid system is an emerging immunomodulatory network that may be involved in AERD. This is the first study of CB2R in sinonasal disease, showing significantly increased transcription in nasal polyps from subjects with AERD. Additional study is warranted to further evaluate the contribution and therapeutic potential of this novel finding in chronic rhinosinusitis.
Purchase, protect, resell, repeat: an effective process for conserving biodiversity on private land?
Authors: Hardy Mathew J , Fitzsimons James A , Bekessy Sarah A , Gordon Ascelin
Published: June 2018

Global conservation efforts are increasingly focused on expanding the amount of permanently protected private land, with the aim of preserving biodiversity. These efforts are often constrained by financial resources, particularly where land acquisition is expensive, or where landowners are reluctant to enter into conservation agreements. Purchase–protect–resale (PPR) programs are used by conservation organizations in a number of countries to facilitate the purchase, resale, and protection of private land. We conducted the first systematic review of the literature on PPR and collated information on its use around the world. In total, we found that funds exceeding US$384 million were available for PPR, and over 684,000 ha have been protected to date. We identify the unique attributes of this approach and the challenges of its implementation, and discuss its potential for protecting land unsuitable for other conservation approaches. Our analysis highlights the importance of selecting appropriate properties, and we suggest that insights from the economics literature could help to improve the effectiveness of PPR programs.
Automated Control Systems—The Operators' Viewpoint
Authors: Garrett Jerry W.
Published: June 2018

Automation and its integration into an existing water supply system are the topics of this article. Automated system operation, design, and maintenance are covered.
Now It's Time To Rethink Sludge Disposal Ideas
Authors: Doe Peter W.
Published: June 2018

This article was a paper presented to the AWWA Chesapeake Section in September 1976. The separation, collection, concentration, treatment, and ultimate disposal of sludge are discussed. Sludge generated from water treatment plants is the focus of this article.
Fiberglass Aerators in Florida
Authors: Hartenstein Alan
Published: June 2018

Most utilities in Florida use a wooden slat tray‐type aerator for raw water aeration. However, the wood aerators are difficult to clean and require continual replacement of slats, and the threat of midge fly larvae growing in the deteriorating wood is a constant problem. To overcome these problems, fiberglass aerators were installed. These units are easy to clean, require minimal maintenance and eliminate the midge fly larvae problem.
Some Do's and Don't's When Dealing With the News Media
Authors: Hedley Ronald
Published: June 2018

One of the key aspects to the Safe Drinking Water Act is public notification if the maximum contaminant level is reached. Such information will be published in the newspaper and broadcast on the radio and television. Establishing a good working relationship with the press will be essential and guidelines of do's and don'ts are provided.
Disinfecting Mains and Storage Tanks—Part II
Authors: Stevens Robert L. , Dice Jack C.
Published: June 2018

The use and method of applying chlorine tablets to the tops of water main pipes for disinfection and several ways to undertake emergency or maintenance disinfection are presented. Also included are several ways of disinfecting storage facilities to prevent any health dangers to the consumer.
Elevated Storage vs Ground Storage
Authors: Hudson W.D.
Published: June 2018

The purpose of storage, storage requirements, and benefits of ground storage and elevated storage are discussed. Before deciding which storage system to select, complete field data on the existing system's flow measurements and carrying capacity must be collected and used for hydraulic analyses.
Can Organic Polymers Help Reduce the Total Volume of Sludge for Disposal?
Authors: Streicher Lee
Published: June 2018

The disposal of sludge is becoming a problem for many water utilities. Clarification with organic polymers is one way to reduce the amount of sludge produced. Several methods for disposal of sludge are also discussed, including sludge lagoons, landfills, wastewater systems, and incineration. In addition to polymer use, alum or sodium aluminate recovery and freezing and thawing may help reduce the volume of sludge produced.
Spring S&M of Storage Tanks
Authors: Miller Al
Published: June 2018

Basic recommendations for an adequate service and maintenance program for water storage tanks are made. Draining and flushing of debris, spot cleaning and touch‐up of the existing coating or lining, inspection reports prepared by the contractor, and contract details should be components of the program.
Leak Detecton: Two Methods That Work—Part II
Authors: Cole G. Brewster
Published: June 2018

This two‐part article is the second of several to be chosen for publication from over 30 papers presented at the first Distribution System Symposium (Feb. 24–27, 1980) in Los Angeles. OpFlow presents this and subsequent articles as examples of the high quality of material presented at the DSS.

Part I presented last month (May) pointed out why the interest in leak detection has risen dramatically in the past few years, and noted that the approaches to the problem clustered around two basic methods of leak detection: (1) listening and (2) a combination of flow measurements and listening that is sometimes referred to as a “water audit.” The listening method, equipment, and procedure were discussed thoroughly in Part I.

Part II of the article covers the audit method, and then gives advantages and disadvantages of both methods, and summarizes both Parts I and II.
Automotive Points Adapted to Meter Head
Authors: Olson W. Erik
Published: June 2018

The water department of the Water, Gas and Light Commission of Albany, Georgia uses a remote telemetry system for reading the large water meters at all their wells. A set of automotive points was adapted to the meter head assembly as a more economical and durable alternative to traditional pulse transmitters.
A Perspective on Leak Detection—Part I
Authors: Laverty Gordon L.
Published: June 2018

Planning a leak detection program involves at least six major aspects. Program components include forecasting program costs and benefits, determining what data the utility has, determining what data the utility wants to acquire, determining priorities and program direction, implementing the program, and allocating resources.
Inspect and maintain all fire service lines
Authors: Lindblom Michael H.
Published: June 2018

National interest was directed to tragedies when fires broke out in public buildings in Nevada and New York state recently. This article, from a paper presented at the Distribution System Symposium (Feb. 24–27. 1980) in Los Angeles, points out the importance of inspection and maintenance of the fire service lines that provide protection for large public buildings.
Gimmicks and gadgets
Authors: Spiers Jack , Rousselle Ricky
Published: June 2018

A fast, simple, and inexpensive means for replacement of leaking plastic service lines is described. The procedure eliminates digging and replacement of streets, sidewalks, and driveways, and so avoids accidental severing of existing utility lines.
From nearly nothing to really something
Authors: Skeels Jerry
Published: June 2018

The Spring Valley Mutual Water Association is a very small system located northwest of Boulder, Colorado. The approach of the SVMWA to installing meters, using wells, probing and monitoring wells, disinfecting with chlorine, inspecting water quality and undertaking leak detection are covered.
Butterfly Valves for Distribution System Defense
Authors: Haviland B.F.
Published: June 2018

This article briefly describes the design of butterfly valves and the role they play in distribution systems. Also discussed are operation and maintenance procedures for butterfly valves.
Water Metering Accuracy Vital to Water Industry
Authors: Young Michael B.
Published: June 2018

The accurate measurement of water flow is one of the most crucial and vital elements in water operations. This article discusses types of meters, their accuracy, design, and use. Attention is given to positive displacement meters and inference meters.
Prepared vs Do‐lt‐Yourself Reagents
Authors: Boyd Josephine W.
Published: June 2018

Using chlorine as an example, this article compares the costs of using prepared and do‐it‐yourself reagents. The analysis considers kit prices, as well as labor, compared to purchasing chemicals, mixing them in‐house, and labor costs involved. Prices from four respected and established chemical companies are used for this evaluation. Based on the cost comparison presented in this article, it is apparent that cost, convenience, and reagent stability and quality favor the use of prepared reagents from reliable companies. However, it should be noted that inaccurate results often occur when one manufacturer's prepared reagents are used with another manufacturer's test kits or precalibrated meter scales.
Ratchet Handle Valve Key Makes Job Easier
Authors: Pirino John J.
Published: June 2018

This ratchet handle, variable‐height valve key was designed to prevent back injuries and other strains that often occur while using a conventional valve key. Construction details are provided.
In‐Plant Polymer Trials
Authors: Woosley Donald A.
Published: June 2018

The Bowling Green (Kentucky) Municipal Utilities treatment plant conducted a series of in‐plant polymer trials to determine the effectiveness of these chemicals as coagulant aids. Prospective polymer suppliers were allowed to test their products mat the plant during scheduled time periods. Besides allowing the utility to cut costs in coagulants, the trials elicited the following information: location of the feed system is vital; decrease in total volume of sludge is obvious; increase in filter runs and decrease in wash water needed to clean filters is achieved; and an immediate buffer for the NTU changes is provided.
Selecting Lubricants for Plant Equipment
Authors: Anderson Donald
Published: June 2018

This article stresses the importance of regular inspection and lubrication of bearings used in water treatment plants. Viscosity ratings for lubricating oils and hardness ratings for greases are explained and applications to water and wastewater plants are discussed.
Inspection Plate for Viewing Inside Water Mains
Authors: Parker Raymond T.
Published: June 2018

This article describes the use of a clear acrylic inspection plate to view the inside of water mains. Construction details are included.
Handling Sludge From Water Treatment Plants
Authors: Calkins Donald C.
Published: June 2018

This article is part one of a two‐part article on handling water treatment plant sludge. Characteristics of sludge are addressed. Dewatering methods including thickening, spray application, freeze conditioning, chemical conditioning, coagulant recovery, centrifugation, and filtration are discussed. Part two of the article appears in the September 1985 issue of OpFlow.
Quick‐Action Valve Cleans Encrusted Service Lines
Authors: Hill John E.
Published: June 2018

This article describes a device which may be used to remove the incrustation that forms in water service lines. A quick‐action solenoid valve is inserted after the meter is removed, and, by turning the valve off and on, a vibration is created in the line, which loosens the incrustations.
Chlorine Cylinder Retaining Ring and Rack
Authors: Billington Junior R.
Published: June 2018

Details for constructing a chlorine cylinder retaining ring and rack system are provided.
Adjustable Valve Lifter Fits Any Size Valve
Authors: Harts Rodger J.
Published: June 2018

Details for constructing a valve lifter designed to aid workers in lifting valves that are being installed, removed, or replaced are provided. No stress is placed on the valve stem because chains act as slings and do all the lifting.
Developing a Water Treatment Plant Data Base
Authors: Morford Rick
Published: June 2018

A database has been developed in Fort Collins, Colorado, to keep track of daily water treatment plant log sheets. After the log sheets are checked by an operations foreman, the data is entered into the database as a record. The database is updated on a weekly basis. The database enables the plant supervisor to retrieve daily, monthly, or annual reports or to check on any combination of plant functions. This paper outlines the development of the database and describes the forms and records used with it.
Chlorine Cylinder Demonstrator Saves Lives
Authors: Brow Martin N.
Published: June 2018

This article describes a chlorine cylinder demonstrator that was developed by the City of Boca Raton, Florida, to train personnel in the handling of chlorine leaks. Instructions for building the tank are given, and costs for labor and material are listed.
Reducing Power Costs for Pumping Water
Authors: Clark Tom
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the adjustment of pumping procedures as water usage rates change as a method of reducing power costs for pumping water. In general treated water is stored in ground‐storage tanks and then transferred to elevated storage tanks, by pumping, when the water level in the elevated storage tank falls below a preset point. The key idea in the cost‐cutting procedure is to lower the preset points during periods of low water consumption so that the pump is activated fewer times but runs longer. Research shows that it is more expensive to have the pump activated frequently for short periods of time than it is to have it activated less often but run longer.
Tool Simplifies Repair of Service Boxes
Authors: Brink Carl B.
Published: June 2018

This article describes a tool which makes the repairing of service boxes much easier. Rather than having to dig a large hole in order to rethread the pipe or install an extension unit this tool can be used in a hole as small as 4 in.
Simple Self‐Cleaning Valve Key Saves Time
Authors: Martinez John
Published: June 2018

This article describes a modified valve key with openings between the shaft and key that allow mud and trash to pass through without plugging it. Construction details are provided. This device was the first place winner of the 1987 Gimmicks and Gadgets contest. Other prize winners are listed.
Riser Set Monitors Distribution Line Pressure
Authors: Waller David G.
Published: June 2018

Operators in Macon, Missouri, have designed a gadget that can be used as a pressure monitor or as a portable air relief valve. Materials for the riser set‐up they devised are detailed.
Preventing Contamination in Storage Facilities and Wells
Authors: Lay Trudie
Published: June 2018

Sample contamination can be a serious problem for water utilities, particularly as government regulations become more stringent. This article discusses contamination that may occur in steel reservoirs, underground concrete tanks, or wells.
Use Bypass Wire to Help Prevent Electric Shock
Authors: Bennett Michael
Published: June 2018

Water meters often become electrically charged because electricians ground wires to water pipes. Many types of electrical failure, including malfunctioning appliances or deteriorating insulation, can charge the meter. Installing a copper bypass wire is suggested as a precautionary measure against electric shock. Materials, costs, and instructions are presented.
Clamp‐On Signs Point Way to Chlorine Cylinders
Authors: Cummings Craig M.
Published: June 2018

In a large water treatment plant, several chlorine cylinders may be stored in the same storage area. At times, it may be difficult to determine which cylinders are empty and which are full. Clamp‐on signs can mark the division between full and empty cylinders. Materials, costs and instructions for constructing the signs are presented.
Safety's Big Three: Sprains, Bruises, Wounds
Authors: Lehr Ray
Published: June 2018

Prevention of sprains, bruises and wounds is discussed. Also stressed in the article is the importance of reporting an accident and learning the necessary first‐aid procedures.
Six Things You Can Do Now to Prevent Violations
Authors: Von Huben Harry
Published: June 2018

Surface water systems that are covered by the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) should start thinking about how to meet the rule's requirements. Whether the system filters or not, steps can be taken to avoid violations and their costly consequences. The article lists steps to be taken by system that do not filter, systems that filter, and suggestions for all systems to meet requirements for disinfection residual.
Circular Rasping Tool Stops Spray in Face When Fixing Leaks
Authors: Garney Brian R.
Published: June 2018

This tool allows a pipe to be rasped quickly and at the same time prevents the operator using it from being sprayed with water from the leak. Materials and instructions for construction are included.
New Surface‐Wash Nozzle Improves Pump Performance
Authors: Franklin Terry
Published: June 2018

While in the process of replacing pumps at the city of Grand Junction's water treatment plant, it was discovered that the old pump supplying water for surface washing was only part of the performance problem. The most serious problem was the surface‐wash nozzles. The treatment plant operators manufactured their own nozzles for 90% less than retail. Materials and instructions for assembly are included in the article.
Don't Throw Away Plastic Containers — Recycle Them!
Authors: Pehrson Carl
Published: June 2018

Old plastic squeezable containers or spray bottles can be ideal for storing small amounts of certain fluids that need to be carried into small or confined spaces to work on machines.
Hopper Stops Messy Lime Spills, Saves Cleanup Time
Authors: Duchsherer Roger
Published: June 2018

The water treatment plant in Minot, North Dakota, uses an underground auger‐elevator system to transfer pebble lime to the storage tanks. When lime haulers unload lime at the plant, they back their hopper bottom trailers over the auger opening, and then place the slide gate over the opening, which is used to control feed rate. The lime is then dumped on the ground over the opening. When the unloading of the lime is complete, the lime remaining on the ground is shoveled up. If it rains, snows, or is windy, a considerable mess is left behind. The lime hopper described here improves conditions for lime haulers and operators. By reducing the amount of wasted lime, there is less wet lime to be thrown away and less lime dust blowing around on windy days. In addition, the lime hopper makes it easier to control the feed rate going into the auger. The article discusses material and construction of the lime hopper.
Working Funny Hours … Where's the Punchline?
Authors: Post Dallas
Published: June 2018

The US Department of Labor reports that about one of four Americans now works a schedule other than the traditional nine to five. The number is expected to increase during coming years, in part because the computerization of jobs allows facilities to operate round‐the‐clock with fewer workers. This article lists different aspects of shift work, including management concerns, safety, employee concerns, and resetting the biological clock.
Dechlorination Unit Improves Safety, Efficiency
Authors: Singleton James
Published: June 2018

In many cases, it is necessary to dechlorinate water discharged after disinfection operations in order to protect the environment and be in compliance with federal and state regulations. The self‐contained, portable dechlorination trailer described in this article can be put into service in a moment's notice and can accomplish both goals efficiently and safely.
SWTR Disinfection Standards for Filtered Systems
Authors: Pontius Frederick W.
Published: June 2018

The Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) sets disinfection standards for water systems that use filtration. The new standards take effect in June 1993. In many states, water systems (even small systems) have been required to filter when starting to use surface water. The SWTR places additional requirements on these systems. Together with new filter performance standards, implementation of the disinfection standards prevent harmful, disease‐causing organisms from entering the water distribution system. This is one in a series of five articles about the Surface Water Treatment Rule. Other articles discuss “Surface Water Treatment Rule Targets Microbials” (May 1993); “SWTR – C x T Values Indicate Disinfection Applied” (July 1993); “Configuration, Operation of System Affects C x T Values” (August 1993); and “SWTR Conditions to Avoid Filtration Are Demanding (September 1993).
Pull Swab Keeps Pipe Clean During Installation
Authors: Terrell Rodger
Published: June 2018

Keeping foreign matter, water, and dirt out of a pipeline during installation improves disinfection and sampling results. The Little Rock, Arkansas, Municipal Water Works constructed a bare foam pig to swab piping clean when installing new water mains.
Rates: Consider Conservation Water Pricing
Authors: Jordan Jeffrey L.
Published: June 2018

Pricing for water conservation can save water resources and increase system revenues. That's why the Spalding County Water Authority voted unanimously for a new increasing rate structure. This article discusses uniform rate and increasing rate structures and outlines the results of implementing an increasing rate structure.
Is Your Groundwater Under the Influence of Surface Water?
Authors: Pontius Frederick W.
Published: June 2018

Groundwater sources under direct influence of surface water must comply with the Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR). Groundwater sources that are not directly influenced by surface water are not subject to the rule. When is groundwater influenced by surface water, and when is it “directly” influenced? These are key questions for water suppliers that use groundwater from an aquifer that is recharged by a surface water source. This brief article clarifies “direct influence.”
Rock ‘n’ Roll Routine Scrubs Drums Clean
Authors: Fantino Peter , Smith Walter
Published: June 2018

Over time, a calcium‐type buildup, called struvite, formed on the drums of our belt filter presses. Struvite, a bond of calcium, fatty oils, and polymer, plugged drum holes and decreased press dewatering capability. We tried many methods to remove the struvite buildup from our three belt filter presses. To solve this problem, we developed an easy procedure to clean the drums. We simply place a small amount of 1‐in. river rock inside the drum. As the rocks rotate in the drum, the drum is cleaned of excess struvite buildup.
Prevent Crypto—Optimize Water Treatment Process
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks whether Cryptosporidium from a surface water supply could pass through conventional treatment filters and into the distribution system while turbidity levels were maintained well below 0.5, and while remaining in compliance with microbiological requirements. The article discusses how traditional measures of water purity do not apply to Crypto. It discusses protective measures and operational goals to minimize the Crypto threat.
Reach Out for Conservation's Maximum Effect
Authors: Rothenberg Mark D.
Published: June 2018

United Water New York is in a unique water supply situation in the southeastern part of New York State. The utility, which provides water service to about 250,000 people in Rockland County, employs a network of 68 wells and two surface water sources to supply an average demand of 28 million gallons per day. It also receives an average of 43 inches of precipitation each year to replenish its water resources. This hardly paints a gloomy picture of a company in dire need of strict water conservation measures. Conservation, though, has been the backbone of United Water's demand‐side management program. In an effort to forestall the need for an additional water supply in the future, which could have costly impacts for customers, United Water and its regulatory agencies, the New York State Public Service Commission and the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, embarked on an aggressive water conservation initiative. The major components of the program are: conservation device distribution; evapotranspiration (ET)‐based lawn watering education; citizen and commercial advisory groups; conservation curriculum for K‐6 school children; audit and retrofit of company facilities; leak detection study; operations water audit; and monitoring program to gauge effectiveness.
1995 Second Place Winner: Measure Filter Freeboard Safety, Effectively
Authors: Witmeyer Gary
Published: June 2018

In the past, we measured the filter freeboard (the measurement from the top of the filter media to the top of the washwater trough) quarterly. To accomplish this task, we had to first drain the filter, then, standing on top of the washwater troughs, measure at various places to get an average. This practice was obviously hazardous because someone had to straddle the washwater troughs and enter a confined space to take the measurements. Adding to our difficulties, we did not have a good way to measure filter bed expansion during a filter backwash. We constructed a gadget to perform this task in a safer, more efficient manner. A list of materials and construction information is provided.
Opportunities for Networking, Training, Growth
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks if it would be helpful for an entry‐level operator to attend a regional conference to learn more about the drinking water industry. The answer urges the attendance of conferences for reasons that include: networking with professional peers; new answers/solutions to old questions/problems on topics such as water treatment, distribution, water quality, regulations and compliance, benchmarking, partnerships for managing small systems, etc., etc. The article provides an inset on Electronic Help Resources Available on Line.
Building on Rollers Protects Pumps in Texas
Authors: Erickson Brent
Published: June 2018

In order to protect pumps from exposure to weather and provide operator convenience for pump and valve maintenance, a “building on rollers” was designed. One wall of the building is stationary and two walls have rollers which sit on angle iron much like railroad tracks. The light‐weight structure can be moved by one person with little effort and provides excellent work space utilization.
Flood Training a Safe Bet in Reno
Authors: Canning Sandy
Published: June 2018

On New Year's Day in 1997, Reno, Nevada, was inundated with flood waters when the normally tranquil Truckee River recorded its highest level since the flood of 1950. Storm waters rose quickly as a series of warm storms brought unusually heavy and extensive rain on top of an above‐average snow pack in the Sierra Nevada. This article discusses the means by which the staff of the Chalk Bluff Water Treatment Facility, built in 1996, trained in the months preceding the flood. At the pilot plant, the operators received hands on training in treating increasingly turbid water. This article talks about the lessons the operators learned through training, including the value of pretreatment and the use of soda ash as an effective tool. Also discussed is how staff handled the actual flood, including blending water, jar testing, handling fluctuations, and coliform sampling. Finally, the consequences of the flood and the lessons learned are discussed.
SDWA Mandates Consumer Confidence Reports
Authors: Pontius Nancy L.
Published: June 2018

With the passage of the 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act amendments, the US Environmental Protection Agency will require each community water system to provide customers with a consumer confidence report at least once a year. This article lists what, at a minimum, is to be included in the reports and discusses who is encumbered with the financial burden of production. Also touched upon are distribution requisites based on utility size, a basic timetable of USEPA actions, and a listing of the National Drinking Water Advisory Council Consumer Confidence Working Group members.
Small Systems Have Big ‘ACE’ up Their Sleeves
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

This month's question asks how a small water system can benefit from sending their staff to AWWA's Annual Conference and Exhibition. The answer tells how to register early for the Small System Program and get a discount on the registration fee. The fee includes two days of sessions and admission into the exhibits hall. The article mentions special programs geared toward small water systems, and urges attendance at the conference to gain a wealth of information not available anywhere else.
Source Water Protection Takes Center Stage
Authors: Pontius Frederick W.
Published: June 2018

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) amendments of 1996 are replete with provisions expanding current efforts to protect sources of drinking water. As a result of these amendments, source water protection has become a national priority. The US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has set a goal to have local source water protection programs in place by 2005 to protect water supplies in 30,000 communities that serve 60 percent of the US population. In this article, six major programs relating to source water protection under the SDWA are discussed: underground injection control (UIC); sole source aquifer (SSA); wellhead protection; source water assessment; source water petition; and, comprehensive groundwater protection grants. Although each of these programs is administered by USEPA, the article stresses that state and local involvement are key to their success. Also listed are the members of the National Drinking Water Advisory Council Source Water Protection Working Group, whose mission is to provide recommendations and advice to USEPA on the coordinated implementation of source water protection related provisions of the 1996 SDWA amendments.
Ready or Not, Here Comes Peak Demand Season
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

This article discusses methods by which a small utility can meet seasonal peak demand. Topics include: additional burdens that increased consumption can place on a system; the importance of proper staff scheduling and safety; production and storage; and, the need for a conservation plan.
Microbial–Disinfection By‐products Rules on Expedited Schedule
Authors: Pontius Frederick W.
Published: June 2018

The US Environmental Protection Agency has been working to develop new regulations for microbials and disinfection byproducts since the early 1980s. The agency's drinking water program redirection effort in 1995 elevated the control of high risk microbial contaminants and resulted in the M/DBP cluster of rules becoming a top agency priority. The 1996 Safe Drinking Water Act amendments require the agency to meet aggressive deadlines, which are listed and discussed in the article, for regulation of M/DBPs.
Educating the Customer—the Responsibility Is Ours
Authors: Richardson Dave
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the advantages of educating water utility customers about the hazards of cross connections. The author gives examples of his experiences with customers, and describes a simple demonstration that can be used to assist in the education process.
Can Small‐System Operators Take the Heat?
Authors: McDonald Joe
Published: June 2018

This article discusses whether there is a future for small water systems in light of the Groundwater Disinfection Rule, Microbial/Disinfection Byproducts Rule, and Capacity Development Provisions. The following topics are addressed: the changing role of small systems; the importance of adaptation; consumer confidence in water quality; and, the Safe Drinking Water Act amendments as they relate to small water systems. “Elements of a Water System Plan for Very Small Systems” are listed.
Developing Successful Regional Water Systems
Authors: O'Malley Anthony P.
Published: June 2018

This article discusses collaboration to establish a regional water supply system, along with the benefits of establishing such systems, and the seven stages of development.
How to Take the Bite Out of Meter Reading
Authors: Robinson Mitzi
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the hazards meter readers endure, being at the mercy of neighborhood dogs. General guidelines are given as to how to protect yourself from and deal with an aggressive dog.
Removable Chemical Feed Injector Prevents Shutdown
Authors: Marshall John
Published: June 2018

Charlotte‐Mecklenburg Utility Department found it a nuisance to have to shut down a plant when lime built up in the lime injectors. The Removable Chemical Feed Injector, which can be installed and removed “live” with minimum leakage, was developed to address this problem.
Using Presure Filters to Remove Metals
Authors: Swanger Donald E. , Nelson Raymond E.
Published: June 2018

This article describes the experience Warren County Water and Sewer Department had with three horizontal pressure filters, each 10 feet in diameter by 10 feet long and containing two separate cells above a common effluent chamber. Each cell is backwashed separately, and sand is the only filter media.
Selecting a Valve and Pipe Locator
Authors: Von Huben Harry
Published: June 2018

This article discusses the four basic types of locators that include metal detectors, ferromagnetic locators, radio transmission locators, and nonmetallic pipe locators.
The Right Stuff: Chemical Accident Prevention
Authors: White Wynn L.
Published: June 2018

In this month's column, a question was asked by a small water system concerning precautions to be taken when storing and transporting chlorine cylinders. The response states that all water systems with hazardous substances must comply with the General Duty provisions of the Clean Air Act, and also calls out for compliance with the Risk Management Program/Chemical Accident Prevention Program for water systems with quantities of chemicals over the threshold quantity. Steps are given for beginning and completing a chemical accident prevention program.
Safeguard Your Utility Against Attack
Authors: Brown Randy
Published: June 2018

This article discusses potential terrorism in water systems. Water systems have been and will be targeted by terrorists because water supply is critical to a community. Steps to take and resources for help in safeguarding a water system from a terrorist attack are presented.
Will Ergonomics Rule Affect the Water Industry?
Authors: Brown Randy
Published: June 2018

This article discusses major points from the Occupational Health and Safety Administration's abbreviated summary of the 312‐page ergonomics rule.
A Brief History of Drinking Water
Authors: Hall Ellen L. , Dietrich Andrea M.
Published: June 2018

This article outlines the history of water treatment, starting with the use of alum to remove suspended solids in Egypt and by the Mayan civilization. It moves down through the centuries, highlighting different treatment practices used and developed through the ages.
Process Optimization and the O&M Manual
Authors: Peterson Timothy
Published: June 2018

Process optimization is an important facet of maximizing efficiency in the water treatment industry. One of the most basic, yet often overlooked, optimization tools is proper process documentation. The most critical document is a complete operations and maintenance (O&M) manual, including standard operating procedures for all aspects of the process. This article discusses the value of an O&M manual, the processes involved in creating or evaluating a manual, which stakeholders need to be involved, and what the manual should and should not contain.
Causes and Cures of Distribution System Corrosion
Authors: Ripp Kevin M.
Published: June 2018

The article offers an overview of corrosion in the distribution system and discusses ways of detecting corrosion, the cost of corrosion, classifying water, factors affecting corrosion, measuring corrosion rates and possible inhibitors. Color and taste and odor are telltale signs of distribution system corrosion. Costs must be counted in terms of both health and dollars. Water may be classified into three categories: scaling, neutral, and corrosive‐but water that is corrosive in the distribution system may become scaling in a consumer's home or vice versa. Factors affecting corrosion include low flow, temperature, alkalinity, hardness, dissolved oxygen, and the presence of chemicals (sulfates or chlorides) or biological agents (iron or sulfate‐reducing bacteria). The Langelier index is recommended as a means of measuring the corrosivity of water; a Baylis curve shows the relationship between pH values and alkalinity. Measuring rates of corrosion can be done using coupons or by testing the water. Corrosion may be inhibited by adjusting pH or introducing chemical inhibitors, which form a film on the inside of piping and sequester minerals or buffer water to help stabilize pH changes.
Stem/Seat Removing Tool Ties for Third
Authors: Haugen Paul , Wojtanowski Bill
Published: June 2018

The water utility crew in Fox Point, Wisconsin, was having a hard time removing Milwaukee‐style hydrant stems that had not been taken apart in 40 to 50 years. The normal procedure for removing a tight stem was to have four men with two pipe wrenches and two long extension pipes push on the hydrant stem/seat until it broke loose. About five years ago, one man suffered whiplash from this procedure. The utility crew could not get enough torque out of the wrenches to break the stems out. More torque was needed or they would have to dig up the hydrants and replace them. This handy stem‐ and seat‐removing tool solved the problem.
What About On‐site NaOCl Generation?
Authors: Angers Jim
Published: June 2018

This month's question concerns the feasibility of generating sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) at a remote well site; specifically, what the required concentrations of feed solutions are, the life of the generated product, and any disposal issues. On‐site sodium hypochlorite generation (SHG) systems are premanufactured and can be purchased as a skid‐mounted package or assembled at the facility. The process is discussed, along with the components and how the system is sized. Key factors to consider are the purity of the salt and the water hardness, and the cell‐cleaning requirements. The water softener recharge waste, residual acid waste from the cell cleaning, and any waste generated from tank cleaning are discussed as the disposal issues. The proper storage tank requirements are given, and criteria is listed for consideration when determining which method is better suited to your needs: the on‐site generation of sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite, or purchasing bulk NaOCl.
Detective Story: The Airborne Solvent That Contaminated a Water Supply
Authors: Carter Chris , Cohen Mark , Hilliard Aaron
Published: June 2018

This investigation demonstrates how a human population can be exposed to a public drinking water supply contaminated by a compound‐specific intermedia transport event. Late in January 2000, customers of a medium‐sized public utility in Duval County, Florida, complained to the utility that their drinking water smelled like “PVC glue,” “bug spray,” “paint remover,” “insecticide,” and “pesticide.” The investigation that followed produced surprising results: the public drinking water supply was contaminated by ethylbenzene vapors transmitted through the aeration tower of an online ground storage water tank.
What's the Deal with Coupons?
Authors: Angers Jim
Published: June 2018

This question of the month discusses a pipe loop or coupon rack, sometimes referred to as a coupon rig. A coupon is a test specimen made of copper, lead, mild steel, or other metal that can measure by weight material what is lost to corrosion. If the corrosion is occurring in copper pipe, copper would be the appropriate material to use.
Locating Leaks in Plastic Water Pipes
Authors: Lange Gösta
Published: June 2018

This article discusses locating leaks in plastic water pipes using listening or acoustic devices. The different acoustic properties of plastic v. metal pipes are discussed, along with an approach that makes use of the amplitude difference between leak noise and background noise by relying on human senses to help discern typical leak sounds in the presence of a noisy background. Hydrophones and accelerometers are compared and instructions for using hydrophones are given.
Treating Recycle Streams to Remove Contaminants
Authors: MacPhee Michael J. , Cornwell David A. , McTigue Nancy E. , Hardy David K. , LeChevallier Mark
Published: June 2018

This article reports on a recent research project that demonstrated the addition of very low doses of the correct polymer can significantly enhance sedimentation efficiency, thereby allowing for increased residuals treatment system overflow rates and improved solids removal without expanding existing facilities. The 80‐mgh Utah Valley Water Treatment Plant of the Central Utah Water Conservancy District in Orem, Utah, was the site of the study.
In the Pipeline and at the Bottom Line
Authors: Dawson David , Fields Cindy
Published: June 2018

The Washington County Service Authority (WCSA), a rural water and wastewater utility in Virginia, serves a population of approximately 45,000. In order to operate and maintain its system, provide the level of service its customers expected, and revise its rate structure, WCSA needed to improve its performance. This article describes the QualServe program used by the utility, which employs the tools of self‐assessment and peer review to help develop a four‐part approach to performance improvement that included developing an agenda for improvement, implementing the agenda, measuring the utility's progress, and refining the agenda.
Fire Hose Roller Scoops Second Place
Authors: Meyer Paul
Published: June 2018

The Fire Hose Roller is a device that is attached to the back of the service truck or the water trailer used by construction crews for jetting trench lines. It minimizes the need to bend over while rolling a hose or lifting the hose from the ground after distribution system flushing. The primary benefit of the hose roller is back safety. The device eliminates stooping and bending and walking in a crouching position for an extended period while the hose is being rolled up.
Exposure Puts Utility Workers at Risk
Authors: DeNileon Gay Porter
Published: June 2018

This article states that the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) particularly singles out water utility employees as a class of workers who are at “increased risk” for workplace violence because they deliver services, often work alone or in small groups (sometimes in high‐crime areas), and may exchange money with the public. The article says that billing service staff, meter readers, and field staff who make house calls to investigate customer complaints or install services are all vulnerable to irate customers, and that staff responsible for shutting off water services are the most likely to enter a hostile environment. Statistics on workplace violence are given, along with a list of warning signs of violence‐prone behavior for co‐workers to be aware of. Suggestions on how to handle volatile situations are given, along with recommendations from OSHA on how to decrease the potential for problem situations.
Effective Options to Reduce Risk
Authors: Avis Paul
Published: June 2018

This article discusses electronic surveillance as an option for meeting federal security mandates. It recommends that the first step in selecting an electronic surveillance system is to decide its purpose, and then decide what entry points it will monitor and how it will monitor them, how to program an alarm, the manner in which an alarm transmits its signal, how the alarm is received and responded to, and finally, justifying the cost of an electronic surveillance system.
How to Mine Your Lead and Copper Data
Authors: Burlingame Gary A. , Sandvig Anne
Published: June 2018

This article discusses optimized corrosion control treatment and how to understand lead and copper data. The article discusses three case studies that demonstrate the usefulness of using frequency of distributions, along with the 50th and 90th percentiles to make a more detailed evaluation of lead and copper data. For this evaluation, the authors selected seven frequency‐of‐distribution categories for lead and five categories for copper as detailed in the tables that are given in the article.
New Treatment Technologies Driven by Demand
Authors: Hines Wm. Bart
Published: June 2018

This article discusses new treatment technologies for meeting the more stringent regulations concerning contaminants and water quality, and the reuse of wastewater as an alternative source of drinking water. The technologies discussed in this article include membrane filtration and disposal, oxidation options, and disinfection without chemicals.