bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increased risk of leukaemia in children with Down syndrome: a somatic evolutionary view
Authors: Hasaart K. A. L. , Bertrums E. J. M. , Manders F. , Goemans B. F. , van Boxtel R.
Published: April 2021

Children show a higher incidence of leukaemia compared with young adolescents, yet their cells are less damaged because of their young age. Children with Down syndrome (DS) have an even higher risk of developing leukaemia during the first years of life. The presence of a constitutive trisomy of chromosome 21 (T21) in DS acts as a genetic driver for leukaemia development, however, additional oncogenic mutations are required. Therefore, T21 provides the opportunity to better understand leukaemogenesis in children. Here, we describe the increased risk of leukaemia in DS during childhood from a somatic evolutionary view. According to this idea, cancer is caused by a variation in inheritable phenotypes within cell populations that are subjected to selective forces within the tissue context. We propose a model in which the increased risk of leukaemia in DS children derives from higher rates of mutation accumulation, already present during fetal development, which is further enhanced by changes in selection dynamics within the fetal liver niche. This model could possibly be used to understand the rate-limiting steps of leukaemogenesis early in life.
Implementation of a pilot community-based psychosocial intervention for patients with psychoses in Chile and Brazil: a comparative analysis of users' perspectives
Authors: Dev Saloni , Kankan Tanvi , Blasco Drew , Le PhuongThao D. , Agrest Martin , Dishy Gabriella , Mascayano Franco , Schilling Sara , Jorquera María José , Dahl Catarina , Cavalcanti Maria Tavares , Price LeShawndra , Conover Sarah , Yang Lawrence H. , Alvarado Rubén , Susser Ezra S.
Published: April 2021

Background

Few studies provide clear rationale for and the reception of adaptations of evidence-based interventions. To address this gap, we describe the context-dependent adaptations in critical time intervention-task shifting (CTI-TS), a manualized recovery program for individuals with psychosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil and Santiago, Chile. Implications of the adaptations – incorporating a task-shifting approach and modifying the mode of community-based service delivery – are examined from users' perspectives.

Methods

A secondary analysis of in-depth interviews with CTI-TS users (n = 9 in Brazil; n = 15 in Chile) was conducted. Using the framework method, we thematically compared how participants from each site perceived the main adapted components of CTI-TS.

Results

Users of both sites appreciated the task-shifting worker pair to provide personalized, flexible, and relatable support. They wanted CTI-TS to be longer and experienced difficulty maintaining intervention benefits in the long-term. In Chile, stigma and a perceived professional hierarchy toward the task-shifting providers were more profound than in Brazil. Engagement with community-based services delivery in homes and neighborhoods (Chile), and at community mental health centers (Brazil) were influenced by various personal, familial, financial, and social factors. Uniquely, community violence was a significant barrier to engagement in Brazil.

Conclusion

CTI-TS’ major adaptations were informed by the distinct mental health systems and social context of Santiago and Rio. Evaluation of user experiences with these adaptations provides insights into implementing and scaling-up task-shifting and community-oriented interventions in the region through the creation of specialized roles for the worker pair, targeting sustained intervention effects, and addressing socio-cultural barriers.
Policy Dialogue: The Rise and Decline of Catholic Education, 1500-Present
Authors: Grendler Paul , MacGregor Carol Ann
Published: April 2021

Catholic schools have faced a number of hurdles in recent decades, including the sharp decline of vocations among religious sisters who have worked in schools (as much as 90 percent in the last four decades), rising tuition prices for families, the sexual abuse crisis, and questions about institutional commitment to maintaining schools in light of these challenges. These changes affect all students and families, but have special significance for those of lower socioeconomic status, who historically used Catholic schools as an engine of upward mobility.

For this policy dialogue, the editors of HEQ asked Paul Grendler and Carol Ann MacGregor to reflect on the benefits, challenges, and turning points of Catholic-sponsored education from the sixteenth century to the present. Grendler is Professor Emeritus of History at the University of Toronto, the former president of the Renaissance Society of America and the American Catholic Historical Association, and a recipient of the Galileo Galilei Prize. The author of eleven books, he has published widely on education in the Renaissance. His recent work concentrates on Jesuit universities and Jesuit schools, especially in Italy. MacGregor is Associate Professor of Sociology and current Vice Provost at Loyola University New Orleans. She has also been named an Associate Fellow of the Institute for Advanced Studies in Culture at the University of Virginia. Her publications, which have appeared in American Catholic Studies and American Sociological Review (among others), focus on Catholic education policy and practice, and religion and public life.

HEQ Policy Dialogues are, by design, intended to promote an informal, free exchange of ideas between scholars. At the end of the exchange, we offer a list of references to readers who wish to follow up on sources relevant to the discussion.
Women's Education and Literacy in England, 1066–1540
Authors: Hall Megan J.
Published: April 2021

This essay provides a holistic review of what girls and young women learned, and the settings in which they learned, in the Middle Ages in England between the Norman Conquest (1066) and the Dissolution of the Monasteries (late 1530s). Education of girls was carried out in households, elementary schools, and nunneries, as well as through employment and apprenticeship. Girls were taught a wide range of subjects, depending on their socioeconomic status, including practical skills, reading comprehension, and social accomplishments. This essay also provides a review to date of the scholarship on the topic.
A Duchess “given to contemplation”: The Education of Margaret Cavendish
Authors: Spencer E Mariah
Published: April 2021

Margaret Cavendish was an unusually public figure in early modern England. She published widely under her own name on several secular subjects, including natural philosophy, inequality of the sexes, and educational theory. This article explores the development of Cavendish's educational theories through a detailed account of her life, which took place in three discrete stages. First, it examines her youth, when she was informally educated by family members and private tutors. It then follows her education as she traveled to Europe with her embattled queen and met her husband, William Cavendish. And finally, it shows that with William's support and patronage, Cavendish returned to England at the Restoration as a confident and mature female author. In doing so, this article addresses questions related to Cavendish's pedagogical beliefs, why those beliefs sometimes differed from her own experiences, and how she communicated these ideas through her literature.
Twitch user perceptions, attitudes and behaviours in relation to food and beverage marketing on Twitch compared with YouTube
Authors: Pollack Catherine C. , Gilbert-Diamond Diane , Emond Jennifer A. , Eschholz Alec , Evans Rebecca K. , Boyland Emma J. , Masterson Travis D.
Published: April 2021

Influencer marketing may be amplified on livestreaming platforms (e.g., Twitch) compared with asynchronous social media (e.g., YouTube). However, food and beverage marketing on Twitch has not been evaluated at a user level. The present study aimed to compare users’ self-reported exposure to food marketing and associated attitudes, consumption and purchasing behaviours on Twitch compared with YouTube. A survey administered via social media was completed by 621 Twitch users (90 % male, 64 % white, 69 % under 25 years old). Of respondents, 72 % recalled observing at least one food or beverage advertisement on Twitch. There were significant differences in the recall of specific brands advertised on Twitch (P < 0⋅01). After observing advertised products, 14 % reported craving the product and 8 % reported purchasing one. In chat rooms, 56 % observed conversations related to food and 25 % participated in such conversations. There were significant differences in the number of users who consumed various products while watching Twitch (P < 0⋅01). Of users who frequented YouTube (n 273), 65 % reported negative emotions when encountering advertising on YouTube compared with 40 % on Twitch (P < 0⋅01). A higher proportion felt Twitch's advertising primarily supported content creators (79 v. 54 %, P < 0⋅01), while a higher proportion felt that YouTube's advertising primarily supported the platform (49 v. 66 %, P < 0⋅01). The findings support that food marketing exposures on Twitch are noticeable, less bothersome to users and influence consumption and purchasing behaviours. Future studies are needed to examine how the livestreaming environment may enhance advertising effectiveness relative to asynchronous platforms.
Persistent level of mental distress in PTSD patients is not reflected in cytokine levels 1 year after the treatment
Authors: Toft Helge , Bramness Jørgen , Tilden Terje , Bolstad Ingeborg , Lien Lars
Published: April 2021

Objective:

Cross-sectional data show that post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) patients often have increased levels of circulating inflammatory markers. There is, however, still a paucity of longitudinal studies with long follow-up times on levels of cytokines in such patients. The current study assesses patients with and without PTSD diagnosis 1 year after discharge from inpatient treatment.

Methods:

Patients in treatment for serious non-psychotic mental disorders were recruited at the beginning of their treatment stay at a psychiatric centre in Norway. Ninety patients submitted serum samples and filled out the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-90 Revised Global Severity Index (HSCL-90R GSI) questionnaire during their mainstay and at a follow-up stay 1 year after discharge. Of these patients, 33 were diagnosed with PTSD, 48 with anxiety, depression, or eating disorder, while 9 patients had missing data. The patients were diagnosed using the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI).

Results:

At the follow-up stay (T3), PTSD patients had higher levels of GSI scores than non-PTSD patients (p = 0.048). These levels were unchanged from the year before (T2) in both groups. The levels of circulating cytokines/chemokine did not differ between the PTSD and non-PTSD patients at T3. At T2, however, the PTSD and non-PTSD groups exhibited different levels of interleukin 1β (IL-1β) (p = 0.053), IL-1RA (p = 0.042), and TNF-α (p = 0.037), with the PTSD patients having the higher levels.

Conclusion:

Despite exhibiting different mental distress scores, the PTSD and non-PTSD patients did not differ regarding levels of circulating inflammatory markers at 1-year follow-up.
The effects of different temperatures of post-exercise protein-containing drink on gastric motility and energy intake in healthy young men
Authors: Fujihira Kyoko , Hamada Yuka , Haramura Miki , Suzuki Katsuhiko , Miyashita Masashi
Published: April 2021

The present study examined the effects of different temperatures of protein-containing drink after exercise on subsequent gastric motility and energy intake in healthy young men. Twelve healthy young men completed three, 1-d trials in a random order. In all trials, the subjects ran on a treadmill for 30 min at 80% of maximum heart rate. In exercise + cold drink (2°C) and exercise + hot drink (60°C) trials, the subjects consumed 300 ml of protein-containing drink (0·34 MJ) at 2°C or 60°C over a 5-min period after exercise. In the exercise (i.e. no preload) trial, the subjects sat on a chair for 5 min after exercise. Then, the subjects sat on a chair for 30 min to measure their gastric motility with an ultrasound imaging system in all trials. Thereafter, the subjects consumed a test meal until they felt comfortably full. Energy intake in the exercise + hot drink trial was 14 % and 15 % higher than the exercise (P = 0·046, 95% CI 4·010, 482·538) trial and exercise + cold drink (P = 0·001, 95% CI 160·089, 517·111) trial, respectively. The frequency of the gastric contractions in the exercise + hot drink trial was higher than the exercise (P = 0·023) trial and exercise + cold drink (P = 0·007) trial. The total frequency of gastric contractions was positively related to energy intake (r = 0·386, P = 0·022). These findings demonstrate that consuming protein-containing drink after exercise at 60°C increases energy intake and that this increase may be related to the modulation of the gastric motility.
The Cuyano proto-ocean between the Chilenia and Cuyania terranes: rifting and plume interaction during the Neoproterozoic – early Palaeozoic evolution of the SW Gondwana margin
Authors: Pérez Luján Sofía B. , Boedo Florencia L. , Ariza Juan P. , Vujovich Graciela I. , Alvarado Patricia , Kay Suzanne M.
Published: April 2021

The Precordillera mafic–ultramafic belt (PMUB), located in central-western Argentina, comprises mafic and ultramafic bodies interlayered and/or in tectonic contact with marine siliciclastic units. Whole-rock, mineral geochemistry and Nd–Sr isotope analyses performed in magmatic rocks suggest a relatively different spatial and temporal evolution along the belt. The southern PMUB (south of 32° S) evolved as an intra-continental rifted margin with an enriched mid-ocean-ridge basalt (E-MORB) tholeiitic to alkaline magmatism, to a proto-ocean basin (the Cuyano proto-ocean) with tholeiitic normal-MORB geochemical signature. Based on neodymium model ages (TDM), the magmatic activity started during the late Neoproterozoic Era and continued into the early Palaeozoic Era. Instead, the northern PMUB (28–32° S) evolved as an intra-continental rifted margin with dominant tholeiitic E-MORB to continental flood basalt (CFB) magmatism during the early Palaeozoic Era. ϵNd values (+3.4 to +8.4), rare earth element trends and high-field-strength element systematics, together with an estimated potential mantle temperature of c. 50–100°C above ambient mantle, suggest the PMUB magmatism derived from an enriched mantle source related to the effect of a rising plume linked to the Iapetus Ocean opening. In particular, TDM estimations of 600–550 Ma agree with reported magmatism in central to southern Appalachians. The magmatism in the PMUB, and those registered in the Neoproterozoic Catoctin Formation and in the Southern Oklahoma Aulacogen in the conjugated Laurentian margin, seem to be contemporaneous, sharing a similar plume-enriched mantle source. In this context, the E-MORB signature identified along the PMUB can be described as a plume-distal ridge tectonic setting over an extended margin.
NEW DATA ON SOUTHERN EUBOEAN LANDSCAPES: RESULTS OF THE NORWEGIAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN THE KARYSTIA
Authors: Tankosić Žarko , Laftsidis Alexandros , Psoma Aikaterini , Seifried Rebecca M. , Garyfallopoulos Apostolos
Published: April 2021

We present the results of a diachronic survey of the Katsaronio plain in the Karystia, southern Euboea, Greece. The project was organised under the aegis of the Norwegian Institute at Athens with a permit from the Hellenic Ministry of Culture under the official name of the Norwegian Archaeological Survey in the Karystia. Five years of fieldwork (2012–16) covered an area of 20km2in a large agricultural plain located about 5km north-west of the town of Karystos. The survey identified 99 new findspots with a range of dates spanning from the Final Neolithic to Early Modern times. Here we present the collected prehistoric through Roman data, which represent the bulk of the acquired evidence. One of the notable features of the assemblage is the vast quantity of lithics that were recovered, numbering over 9000 and consisting mainly of obsidian. Certain periods were absent from the evidence, such as post-Early Bronze Age prehistoric and Geometric, while others were represented with varying intensity. We offer an initial interpretation of the patterns observable in the evidence in an attempt to reconstruct the past use and habitation of this part of Euboea.
The Church of England: Some Personal Reflections on Structure and Mission
Authors: Nye William
Published: April 2021

I embark on this subject tentatively. With trepidation, because I am neither a missiologist nor an ecclesiologist. Nor did I know, when I agreed to the invitation which Mark Hill put so persuasively over a year ago, what would be happening in the Church in the autumn of 2020. Yet it is in many ways a good time to be having a discussion about mission and structure. As I am sure you know, there is work under way on both these questions within the House of Bishops and beyond. Archbishop Stephen Cottrell is leading some work on a vision and strategy for the Church of England for the 2020s. Bishop Nick Baines is leading a group looking at the governance of the national church institutions, in support of that work.
October 2020–January 2021
Authors: Cranmer Frank
Published: April 2021

The period under review continued to be dominated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The Westminster Government and the devolved administrations issued a joint statement on 16 December 2020 outlining a series of relaxations on social contacts between 23 and 27 December but even so it seemed that there were mixed feelings about any relaxation. The Scottish First Minister, Nicola Sturgeon, continued to stress that the Scottish Government's recommendation was to celebrate Christmas at home and to keep interactions with other households to a minimum. The Welsh Government decided that social interactions should be limited to two households only, to be followed by a further lockdown from 28 December.
General Synod of the Church of Ireland
Authors: Turner Cate
Published: April 2021

Like so much else, this year's Synod was very different from what had been planned. As the Church of Ireland marks 150 years since disestablishment, this last Synod of the current triennium was to be held in May in Croke Park, the home of the Gaelic Athletic Association and a politically significant venue. Instead, pursuant to section 30 of the Civil Law and Criminal Law (Miscellaneous Provisions Act) 2020, which provides for the validity of remote meetings of an unincorporated body, notice was given that an ordinary meeting of the General Synod would be held by electronic communication technology on 1, 2 and, if necessary, 3 December 2020. It was the first Synod for its new President, Archbishop John McDowell, following his translation to Archbishop of Armagh on 28 April 2020.
The Lyrical Drama
Authors: Macfarren G. A.
Published: April 2021

When the subject of this address was decided upon, I had an idea that I might bring before the attention of this meeting many unfamiliar facts in connection with a most important, possibly the most important, branch of musical composition; but in the interim there has appeared the beginning of an article in Mr. Grove's Dictionary—which, although it is not yet signed, I guess from internal evidence to be the production of Mr. Rockstro—which anticipates many of the novelties I might have advanced, and sets those forth in the most clear, in the most interesting, and (I can say nothing short of the highest terms of eulogy) the most satisfactory and instructive light.
Sources of information about gestational weight gain, diet and exercise among Brazilian immigrant women living in the USA: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Lindsay Ana Cristina , Le Qun , Nogueira Denise L , Machado Márcia MT , Greaney Mary L
Published: April 2021

Objective:

The objective of this study was to assess sources of information about gestational weight gain (GWG), diet and exercise among first-time pregnant Brazilian women in the USA.

Design:

Cross-sectional survey.

Setting:

Massachusetts, USA.

Participants:

First-time pregnant Brazilian women.

Results:

Eighty-six women, the majority of whom were immigrants (96·5 %) classified as having low acculturation levels (68 %), participated in the study. Approximately two-thirds of respondents had sought information about GWG (72·1 %), diet (79·1 %) and exercise (74·4 %) via the internet. Women classified as having low acculturation levels were more likely to seek information about GWG via the internet (OR = 7·55; 95 % CI 1·41, 40·26) than those with high acculturation levels after adjusting for age and receiving information about GWG from healthcare provider (doctor or midwife). Moreover, many respondents reported seeking information about GWG (67 %), diet (71 %) and exercise (52 %) from family and friends. Women who self-identified as being overweight pre-pregnancy were less likely to seek information about diet (OR = 0·32; 95 % CI 0·11, 0·93) and exercise (OR = 0·33; 95 % CI 0·11, 0·96) from family and friends than those who self-identified being normal-weight pre-pregnancy.

Conclusions:

This is the first study to assess sources of information about GWG, diet and exercise among pregnant Brazilian immigrants in the USA. Findings have implications for the design of interventions and suggest the potential of mHealth intervention as low-cost, easy access option for delivering culturally and linguistically tailored evidence-based information about GWG incorporating behavioural change practices to this growing immigrant group.
A useful and simple tool to evaluate and compare the intake of total dietary polyphenols in different populations
Authors: Hinojosa-Nogueira Daniel , Pérez-Burillo Sergio , García-Rincón Inés , Rufián-Henares José A , Pastoriza Silvia
Published: April 2021

Objective:

Polyphenols are antioxidant compounds with an impact on different health factors. Thus, it is important to have precise tools to estimate the intake of polyphenols. This study focuses on the development of an intuitive tool to estimating the intake of dietary total polyphenols.

Design:

The tool was developed in a spreadsheet to improve accessibility and use. It is divided into six different meals for each of the 7 d with a similar format to 24-h diet recalls. The total polyphenol values of 302 foods were included and the possibility of own values.

Setting:

Framework of the European project Stance4Health, Granada, Spain.

Participants:

This tool was tested on 90 participants in different stages of life (girls, women and pregnant women). Ages ranged from 10 to 35 years.

Results:

The total polyphenol intake obtained was of 1790 ± 629 mg polyphenols/d. The highest consumption of polyphenols was observed in pregnant women (2064 mg/d). Polyphenols intake during the weekend was lower for the three groups compared to the days of the week. The results were comparable with those of other studies.

Conclusions:

The current tool allows the estimation of the total intake of polyphenols in the diet in a fast and easy way. The tool will be used as a basis for a future mobile application.
A comprehensive evaluation of the quality and complexity of prostate IMRT and VMAT plans generated by an automated inverse planning tool
Authors: Wilkinson Dean , Mackie Kelly , Novy Dean , Beaven Frances , McNamara Joanne , Bailey Renee , Currie Michael , Nasser Elias
Published: April 2021

Introduction:

The Pinnacle3 Auto-Planning (AP) package is an automated inverse planning tool employing a multi-sequence optimisation algorithm. The nature of the optimisation aims to improve the overall quality of radiotherapy plans but at the same time may produce higher modulation, increasing plan complexity and challenging linear accelerator delivery capability.

Methods and materials:

Thirty patients previously treated with intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) to the prostate with or without pelvic lymph node irradiation were replanned with locally developed AP techniques for step-and-shoot IMRT (AP-IMRT) and volumetric-modulated arc therapy (AP-VMAT). Each case was also planned with VMAT using conventional inverse planning. The patient cohort was separated into two groups, those with a single primary target volume (PTV) and those with dual PTVs of differing prescription dose levels. Plan complexity was assessed using the modulation complexity score.

Results:

Plans produced with AP provided equivalent or better dose coverage to target volumes whilst effectively reducing organ at risk (OAR) doses. For IMRT plans, the use of AP resulted in a mean reduction in bladder V50Gy by 4·2 and 4·7 % (p ≤ 0·01) and V40Gy by 4·8 and 11·3 % (p < 0·01) in the single and dual dose level cohorts, respectively. For the rectum, V70Gy, V60Gy and V40Gy were all reduced in the dual dose level AP-VMAT plans by an average of 2·0, 2·7 and 7·3 % (p < 0·01), respectively. A small increase in plan complexity was observed only in dual dose level AP plans.

Findings:

The automated nature of AP led to high quality treatment plans with improvement in OAR sparing and minimised the variation in achievable dose planning metrics when compared to the conventional inverse planning approach.
Analysis of phenotypic diversity of apricot (Prunus armeniacaL.) accessions from Jammu and Kashmir, India
Authors: Zargar Showkat A. , Wani Aijaz A. , Saggoo M. I. S.
Published: April 2021

Apricot (Prunus armeniacaL.) is a world-wide highly appreciated fruit, with its attractive colour, soft texture and typical flavour. In the current investigation, 68 apricot accessions collected from Jammu and Kashmir, India were analysed to determine the measure of variation using 12 qualitative and 16 quantitative traits with an aim to identify superior apricot accessions with excellent fruit quality traits. High phenotypic variability was observed among the studied apricot accessions with significant differences among most of the qualitative and quantitative traits. Fruit-related characteristics including fruit weight, fruit length, fruit ratio, fruit firmness, fruit shape, fruit suture, stone weight, kernel weight and stone shape were the most diverse with a high coefficient of variation (>30%). One way analysis of variance showed significant differences (P< 0.0001) among all the quantitative traits. Significant positive and negative correlations were observed between all the agronomically important fruit quality traits. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that 75.34% of the variability was defined by the first eight components. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram, based on all traits measured grouped the accessions into two main clusters with several sub-clusters. Both UPGMA dendrogram and PCA scatter plot formed a cluster of 14 accessions, having the highest values regarding most important fruit quality traits such as fruit weight, fruit length and width, fruit ratio, stone weight and kernel weight can be treated as potentially superior accessions. These accessions can be used directly for cultivation and in future apricot breeding programmes. The present findings are promising for genetic resource management, cultivar improvement and commercial applications of apricot in Jammu and Kashmir, India.
Evidence-informed teaching and practice-informed research
Authors: Ferguson Leila E.
Published: April 2021

Abstract. In this commentary, I seek to join the ongoing conversation about evidence-informed educational practice that has been threaded through this special issue. I do so by drawing on related insights from the fields of teachers' beliefs and epistemic cognition and considering the roles of teacher education and educational research in improving (preservice) teachers' use of educational research. In particular, I focus on the merits of explicit research-based practice in teacher educators' teaching and ways that they can encourage preservice teachers' interactions with educational research in class, and methods of changing the beliefs that may underlie (preservice) teachers' engagement with educational research evidence, and finally, the need for clearly communicated research, including details of implementation.
Early Inhabitants of the Bahamas Radically Altered the Environment
Authors: Supriya Lakshmi
Published: April 2021

Clues in sediments show that once humans arrived on Great Abaco Island, they hunted large reptiles to extinction and burned the old hardwoods and palms, leading to new pine- and mangrove-dominated lands.
Escape dynamics of active particles in multistable potentials
Authors: Militaru A. , Innerbichler M. , Frimmer M. , Tebbenjohanns F. , Novotny L. , Dellago C.
Published: April 2021

Rare transitions between long-lived metastable states underlie a great variety of physical, chemical and biological processes. Our quantitative understanding of reactive mechanisms has been driven forward by the insights of transition state theory and in particular by Kramers’ dynamical framework. Its predictions, however, do not apply to systems that feature non-conservative forces or correlated noise histories. An important class of such systems are active particles, prominent in both biology and nanotechnology. Here, we study the active escape dynamics of a silica nanoparticle trapped in a bistable potential. We introduce activity by applying an engineered stochastic force that emulates self-propulsion. Our experiments, supported by a theoretical analysis, reveal the existence of an optimal correlation time that maximises the transition rate. We discuss the origins of this active turnover, reminiscent of the much celebrated Kramers turnover. Our work establishes a versatile experimental platform to study single particle dynamics in non-equilibrium settings.
Sight of parasitoid wasps accelerates sexual behavior and upregulates a micropeptide gene in Drosophila
Authors: Ebrahim Shimaa A. M. , Talross Gaëlle J. S. , Carlson John R.
Published: April 2021

Parasitoid wasps inflict widespread death upon the insect world. Hundreds of thousands of parasitoid wasp species kill a vast range of insect species. Insects have evolved defensive responses to the threat of wasps, some cellular and some behavioral. Here we find an unexpected response of adult Drosophila to the presence of certain parasitoid wasps: accelerated mating behavior. Flies exposed to certain wasp species begin mating more quickly. The effect is mediated via changes in the behavior of the female fly and depends on visual perception. The sight of wasps induces the dramatic upregulation in the fly nervous system of a gene that encodes a 41-amino acid micropeptide. Mutational analysis reveals that the gene is essential to the behavioral response of the fly. Our work provides a foundation for further exploration of how the activation of visual circuits by the sight of a wasp alters both sexual behavior and gene expression.
The neural bases of tactile vitality forms and their modulation by social context
Authors: Rizzolatti G. , D’Alessio A. , Marchi M. , Di Cesare G.
Published: April 2021

People communicate using speech, gestures, and, less frequently, touches. An example of tactile communication is represented by handshake. Customs surrounding handshake vary in different cultures. In Western societies is mostly used when meeting, parting, as a sign of congratulations or at the end of a successful business. Despite its importance in social life, the neural mechanism underlying the affective components conveyed by handshake (“tactile vitality forms”) is unknown. Here we combined functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electromyography (EMG), to investigate the neural affective activations during handshakes. We demonstrated that handshake conveying gentle or aggressive tactile vitality forms produces a stronger activation of the dorso-central insula. The simultaneous presence of emotional facial expressions modulates the activation of this insular sector. Finally, we provide evidence that the cingulate cortex is involved in the processing of facial expressions conveying different vitality forms.
Comorbidity burden may explain adiponectin’s paradox as a marker of increased mortality risk in hemodialysis patients
Authors: Beberashvili Ilia , Cohen-Cesla Tamar , Khatib Amin , Hamad Ramzia Abu , Azar Ada , Stav Kobi , Efrati Shai
Published: April 2021

Despite experimental evidence of beneficial metabolic, antiatherosclerotic and antiinflammatory effects of the 30 kDa adipokine, adiponectin, maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients with high adiponectin blood levels have paradoxically high mortality rates. We aimed to examine the direction of the associations between adiponectin and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality as well as with markers of oxidative stress, inflammation and nutrition in MHD patients with varying degrees of comorbidities. A cohort of 261 MHD patients (mean age 68.6 ± 13.6 years, 38.7% women), grouped according to baseline comorbidity index (CI) and serum adiponectin levels, were followed prospectively for six years. High and low concentrations were established according to median CI and adiponectin levels and cross-classified. Across the four CI-adiponectin categories, the group with low comorbidities and high adiponectin exhibited the best outcomes. Conversely, the high comorbidity group with high adiponectin levels had the lowest survival rate in both all-cause mortality (log rankχ2 = 23.74, p < 0.001) and cardiovascular mortality (log rankχ2 = 34.16, p < 0.001). Further data adjustment for case-mix covariates including fat mass index did not substantially affect these results. In conclusion, the direction of adiponectin’s prognostic associations in MHD patients is inverse in those with few comorbidities and direct in those with many comorbidities.
The influence of different liquid environments on the atomic force microscopy detection of living bEnd.3 cells
Authors: Yan Jin , Sun Baishun , Xie Chenchen , Liu Yan , Song Zhengxun , Xu Hongmei , Wang Zuobin
Published: April 2021

Influence of different liquid environments on AFM detection and viability of bEnd.3 cells was investigated.
Sterically hindered phenanthroimidazole ligands drive the structural flexibility and facile ligand exchange in cyclometalated iridium(iii) complexes
Authors: Tatarin Sergei V. , Kalle Paulina , Taydakov Ilya V. , Varaksina Evgenia A. , Korshunov Vladislav M. , Bezzubov Stanislav I.
Published: April 2021

Cyclometalated Ir(iii) complexes with bulky 2-arylphenanthroimidazole ligands possess tunable optical properties and demonstrate unusually high reactivity.
Fluorescent sensors for aldehydes based on luminescent metal–organic frameworks
Authors: Li Jing , Yao Shu-Li , Liu Sui-Jun , Chen Yong-Qiang
Published: April 2021

The recent progress of luminescent metal–organic frameworks for sensing formaldehyde, benzaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and other aldehydes has been reviewed.
Mechanistic insights into the dearomative diborylation of pyrazines: a radical or non-radical process?
Authors: Gao Liuzhou , Zhang Hanyin , Liu Xueting , Wang Guoqiang , Li Shuhua
Published: April 2021

The mechanisms of the dearomative diborylation of pyrazines were investigated via a combination of density functional theory calculations and experimental studies.
Emerging flat bands in large-angle twisted bi-layer graphene under pressure
Authors: Ge Liangbing , Ni Kun , Wu Xiaojun , Fu Zhengping , Lu Yalin , Zhu Yanwu
Published: April 2021

We have demonstrated that applying external pressure induces the appearance of flat bands and Van Hove singularities near the Fermi level in large-angle twisted bi-layer graphene.
Ultrasonically-prepared copper-doped cesium halide nanocrystals with bright and stable emission
Authors: Xu Jingkun , Guo Shiming , Qu Junfeng , Xu Shuhong , Wang Chunlei , Ban Dayan , Cui Yiping
Published: April 2021

Lead-free copper-doped cesium halide nanocrystals with excellent stability and bright tunable emission are synthesized via simple single-step ultrasonic method.
Bio-inspired semi-infused adaptive surface with reconfigurable topography for on-demand droplet manipulation
Authors: Xiong Xinhong , Xue Lulu , Yang Li , Dong Shihua , Cui Jiaxi
Published: April 2021

The topography of magnetoresponsive semi-infused adaptive surface is reversibly switched between semi-infused and oil-accumulated states for stimuli-free pinning of droplets in a tilted state and on-demand motion of liquid droplets.
Sequential deposition enables high-performance nonfullerene organic solar cells
Authors: Li Miaomiao , Wang Qi , Liu Junwei , Geng Yanhou , Ye Long
Published: April 2021

The morphology optimization strategies and great potentials in constructing stable and large-area organic solar cells via sequential deposition are discussed.
Substitution effect on carbazole-centered donors for tuning exciplex systems as cohost for highly efficient yellow and red OLEDs
Authors: Chen Li-Ming , Lin I-Hung , You Yu-Chi , Wei Wei-Chih , Tsai Meng-Ju , Hung Wen-Yi , Wong Ken-Tsung
Published: April 2021

Three new carbazole-based materials were designed for exciplex formation with PO-T2T. Then, the selected exciplex cohost two D–A–D-configurated fluorescent emitters, iCzPNT and iCzBTh2CN, to produce high efficiency OLEDs.
Elucidating the nature of Mo species on ZSM-5 and its role in the methane aromatization reaction
Authors: López-Martín Ángeles , Platero Francisco , Colón Gerardo , Caballero Alfonso
Published: April 2021

The valorization of methane is one of the most important goals during the transition period to the general use of renewable energies.
Synthesis of 1,3-disubstituted bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes via directed bridgehead functionalization
Authors: McNamee Ryan E. , Haugland Marius M. , Nugent Jeremy , Chan Rachel , Christensen Kirsten E. , Anderson Edward A.
Published: April 2021

Bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes (BCBs) are valuable precursors to four-membered rings and bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes, and useful bioconjugation agents. We describe a versatile approach to access 1,3-disubstituted BCBs, which are otherwise challenging to prepare.
Therapeutische Wirkfaktoren in der Behandlung von Straftätern: ein systematisches Literaturreview
Authors: Fontao Maria , Schorer Leila , Ross Thomas
Published: April 2021

Anhand eines systematischen Literaturreviews nach den PRISMA-Kriterien wurden therapeutische Wirkfaktoren für die Behandlung von Straftätern untersucht. Recherchiert wurde in den Datenbanken PsycINFO und PSYNDEX, weitere relevante Studien wurden den Literaturverzeichnissen von Studien, die die Selektionskriterien erfüllten, entnommen. Es wurden nur quantitative empirische Studien für den Zeitraum 1990–2018 eingeschlossen. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden Befunde aus 19 Papers zu allgemeinen Wirkfaktoren (therapeutische Allianz, soziales Klima, Feedback) und Therapeutenfaktoren (zwischenmenschliche Fähigkeiten/Eigenschaften, Persönlichkeit, Therapieerwartung) referiert. Die Evidenz für das Vorliegen allgemeiner Wirk- und Therapeutenfaktoren ist nicht einheitlich, aber es zeigen sich Tendenzen. Diese Schwierigkeit der Evidenzbestimmung liegt insbesondere an methodischen Mängeln der Primärstudien, an heterogenen Outcomevariablen und an der geringen Zahl von Studien, die diese Faktoren untersuchten. Ein bedeutender Zusammenhang zwischen allgemeinen Wirk- und Therapeutenfaktoren und einem (positiven) Therapieergebnis in der Therapie von Straftätern ist wahrscheinlich, aber noch liegen zu wenige kontrollierte Studien vor, um ihn zweifelsfrei zu untermauern.
Synthesis of Functionalized Bicyclic Pyridones Containing the Dithiocarbamate Group Using Thioazlactones, Diamines, and Nitroketene Dithioacetal
Authors: Taheri Salman , Ziyaei Halimehjani Azim , Saeedi Marziyeh , Khoshdoun Maryam , Mohammadi Aliasghar , Halvagar Mohammad Reza , Amani Vahid
Published: April 2021

An efficient method for the synthesis of highly substituted bicyclic pyridone derivatives containing the dithiocarbamate group is reported via a one-pot three-component reaction of 2-(alkylthio)thio­azlactones, diamines, and nitroketene dithioacetal in EtOH under catalyst-free conditions. The reaction proceeds via a domino amidation–­intramolecular 1,4-addition-type Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction to afford the corresponding fused bicyclic pyridones with high yields and diastereoselectivity.
Porous TiNO solar-driven interfacial evaporator for high-efficiency seawater desalination
Authors: Chang Chao , Liu Min , Pei Lilin , Chen Guowei , Wang Zongyu , Ji Yulong
Published: April 2021

Freshwater scarcity, one of the most serious global challenges, has threatened the development of society in many regions. Solar-driven interfacial evaporation localizing solar-to-thermal energy conversion at the vapor–liquid interface provides a new approach for seawater desalination. In this work, we reported a high-efficiency porous TiNO solar absorber for a solar-driven interfacial evaporation system. The solar absorber was prepared by depositing a solar absorbing coating of TiNO on air-laid paper. Hydrophilicity and porosity of the absorber provide sufficient capillary force to absorb water to the evaporation region, thus resulting in rapid replenishment of water and simultaneously avoiding salt precipitation. Based on the TiNO solar absorber, the interfacial evaporation system achieves a high evaporation rate of 1.33 kg m−2 h−1 with an evaporation efficiency of 84.05% under 1 sun illumination and has good durability under long-time solar irradiation. Such a low-cost, high-efficiency solar-driven seawater desalination system holds the potential for rapid deployment in remote areas or isolated islands to collect freshwater.
Design, modeling, and analysis of giant magnetostrictive injector
Authors: Xu Bin , Wang Chuanli , Wang Liping , Cheng Yingsong , Yang Xiumiao
Published: April 2021

In view of the shortcomings of the traditional high-pressure common rail electronically controlled injector in needle valve driving mode and driving components, a direct-drive type giant magnetostrictive injector (GMI) is designed. Based on the working principle of the GMI, the magnetic field model, hysteresis nonlinear model, and magnetostrictive model are established. The magnetic field model and hysteresis nonlinear model are simulated and analyzed, and the GMA magnetostrictive model is solved numerically and verified experimentally. Finally, COMSOL Multiphysics software is used to conduct electro-magnetic-mechanical coupling simulation analysis on the whole GMI output model, and the relationship between the needle valve lift of the injector and the output displacement of the actuator was obtained. The research results show that the displacement curve calculated using the GMA magnetostrictive model is basically consistent with the displacement curve measured by experiment, which proves that the established model can reflect the actual situation and verify the correctness of the model. The magnitude and direction of the GMI needle valve lift are determined by the magnitude and direction of GMA output displacement. The two directions are opposite, and the size ratio is 4, so when the current is 6 A, the GMA output displacement is 0.12 mm, and the needle valve lift is 0.48 mm, which meets the requirements of the injector needle valve lift, verifies the feasibility of GMI structure design, and has good theoretical and practical guiding values.
Corrigendum to: Therapeutics for COVID-19: established and in development
Authors: Singh Kasha P , Sasadeusz Joe , Lewin Sharon R , Audsley Jennifer
Published: April 2021

COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first recognised in late 2019, with over 30 000 000 cases and over 1 000 000 deaths reported by the end of September 2020. SARS-CoV-2 infection is usually associated with fever, cough, coryza, dyspnoea, anosmia, headache and fatigue and may cause pneumonia and hypoxemia. An excessive/dysregulated inflammatory response may lead to lung damage including acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), coagulopathy and other complications. Mortality amongst hospitalised patients is higher in those needing intensive care. In Australia over 27 000 cases with 882 deaths had been reported by 30 September, most in Victoria. Two therapies have proven beneficial in treatment of hospitalised patients in expedited randomised placebo-controlled trials and are now in widespread use. Dexamethasone improved survival of those requiring respiratory support and the antiviral agent remdesivir decreased time to recovery in mild-moderate disease. Remdesivir was authorised by the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration in July 2020. Over 200 other therapeutics are being tested for COVID-19 in more than 2000 clinical trials, and many more agents are in preclinical development. We review the evidence for some of the candidates for therapy in COVID-19.
Mapping drought declaration areas from 1936 to 1964 for Queensland, Australia
Authors: Irvine S. A.
Published: April 2021

Since 1964, maps showing areas of drought declaration in Queensland, Australia were created or updated as drought declarations changed. Prior to 1964, drought declarations were based on railway lines rather than specific areas. By using a railway distance buffer, drought declaration areas based on local government areas could be mapped. A literature review of the history of Queensland drought declarations, enabled mapping of the extent and duration of drought declarations for the period 1936–1964. Analysis of the changes in these areas enabled the duration of each drought episode to be determined. These data and information were then combined with the mapped drought declarations areas (1964–2020) to enable an assessment of drought area and duration in Queensland since 1936. There were 13 drought episodes of differing durations. Calculating the area percentage of Queensland that was drought declared from 1936 to the present (2020) identified an increasing duration of drought declaration. This increase appears to be due to the changes in the administration process to remove a drought declaration area (revocation) which have occurred since 1982.
Pilot study of pharyngeal
Authors: Samarasekara Keshinie , Fitzpatrick Colin , Finnerty Fionnuala , Richardson Daniel
Published: April 2021

Unlike pharyngeal Neisseria gonorrhoeae, less is known about pharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis in men who have sex with men (MSM). We reviewed cases of pharyngeal chlamydia in MSM from January to December 2019. The overall prevalence of pharyngeal chlamydia was 75/6613 (1.13%; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.9–1.14). The median number of sexual partners was three, four (5%) reported throat symptoms and 20 (26%) were HIV positive. Multi-site and concomitant infection was common: rectal chlamydia [39 (52%)], urethral chlamydia [12 (16%)], early syphilis [2 (3%)] and gonorrhoea [14 (19%)]. HIV-positive MSM with pharyngeal chlamydia were older (P = 0.02) and more likely to have had previous syphilis (odds ratio = 4.9; 95% CI = 1.6–14.7; P = 0.005). Further research is needed to explore the characteristics of pharyngeal chlamydia and benefits of increased screening for asymptomatic pharyngeal chlamydia in MSM.