bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of Saharan dust and black carbon on albedo and long-term mass balance of an Alpine glacier
Authors: Gabbi J. , Huss M. , Bauder A. , Cao F. , Schwikowski M.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Light-absorbing impurities in snow and ice control glacier melt as shortwave radiation represents the main component of the surface energy balance. Here, we investigate the long-term effect of snow impurities, i.e., mineral dust and black carbon (BC), on albedo and glacier mass balance. The analysis was performed over the period 1914–2014 for two sites on Claridenfirn, Swiss Alps, where an outstanding 100-year record of seasonal mass balance measurements is available. Information on atmospheric deposition of mineral dust and BC over the last century was retrieved from two firn/ice cores of high-alpine sites. A combined mass balance and snow/firn layer model was employed to assess the effects of melt and accumulation processes on the impurity concentration at the surface and thus on albedo and glacier mass balance. Compared to pure snow conditions, the presence of Saharan dust and BC lowered the mean annual albedo by 0.04–0.06 depending on the location on the glacier. Consequently, annual melt was increased by 15–19 %, and the mean annual mass balance was reduced by about 280–490 mm w.e. BC clearly dominated absorption which is about 3 times higher than that of mineral dust. The upper site has experienced mainly positive mass balances and impurity layers were continuously buried whereas at the lower site, surface albedo was more strongly influenced by re-exposure of dust and BC-enriched layers due to frequent years with negative mass balances.
DESMISTIFICANDO A NEUROFIBROMATOSE TIPO 1 NA INFÂNCIA: ARTIGO DE REVISÃO
Authors: Marques Mayara Silva , Veronez Djanira Aparecida da Luz
Published: July 2015

A neurofibromatose do tipo 1 (NF1) é uma doença multissistêmica autossômica dominante, que acomete cerca de uma criança a cada 2.600/3.000 nascidos vivos. A doença ocorre como resultado da mutação no cromossomo 17q11.2, levando a uma diversificada expressividade clínica mesmo entre indivíduos dentro de uma mesma família. O diagnóstico é clinico e baseado na presença de características como as manchas café com leite, nódulos de Lisch, neurofibromas, as efélides inguinais e axilares, neurofibromas plexiformes, glioma óptico, alterações ósseas, endócrinas, do sistema nervoso central e dificuldades de cognição e aprendizado, característicos da NF1. Crianças e adolescentes ainda hoje sofrem não só com as dificuldades biológicas e complicações próprias da doença, mas também com os estigmas e preconceitos devido ao modo como ela se manifesta externamente, muitas vezes deformando fisicamente o indivíduo.
EDITORIAL DA SEÇÃO TEMÁTICA PSICOLOGIA E RELIGIÃO
Authors: Oliveira Vladimir Luís de
Published: July 2015

EDITORIAL
EXU: UM TRICKSTER SOLTO NO “TERREIRO” PSÍQUICO
Authors: Gabani Michelle Suzana de Almeida , Serbena Carlos Augusto
Published: July 2015

O Exu, marginalizado ou idolatrado, gera temor e fascínio ao ser personificado tanto em terreiros de prática religiosa afro-brasileira quanto nos “terreiros” psíquicos de indivíduos não praticantes. Embora personifique o Diabo ou uma miríade de demônios para o senso comum, no entendimento da psicologia analítica, o Exu pode ser interpretado como uma manifestação imagética do arquétipo do Trickster. Quando um conteúdo inconsciente é substituído por uma imagem projetada que gera terror como o Exu, deixa de exercer sua função de formação da consciência, revelando uma tendência à regressão a conteúdos mais arcaicos e gera uma projeção religiosa que leva seu emissor à ilusão de que o mal vem do exterior. A conscientização da projeção sombria permite a transcendência, a aceitação de potências arquetípicas interiores desconhecidas e sua regulação, revelando um potencial oculto construtivo e não mais sombrio e amedrontador.
An inflammatory link in atherosclerosis and obesity
Authors: Lutgens E. , Zirlik A.
Published: July 2015

Atherosclerosis and obesity-induced metabolic dysfunction are lipid-driven inflammatory pathologies responsible for a major part of cardiovascular complications. Immune cell activation as well as interactions between the different immune cells is dependent on and controlled by a variety of co-stimulatory signals. These co-stimulatory signals can either aggravate or ameliorate the disease depending on the stage of the disease, the cell-types involved and the signal transduction cascades initiated. This review focuses on the diverse roles of the most established co-stimulatory molecules of the B7 and Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor (TNFR) families, ie the CD28/CTLA4-CD80/CD86 and CD40L/CD40 dyads in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and obesity. In addition, we will explore their potential as therapeutic targets in both atherosclerosis and obesity.
MOVEMENT ANALYSIS OF COOPERATING RAILWAY BUFFER HEADS
Authors: Gamon Wojciech
Published: July 2015

The paper presents movement analysis of railway buffer heads. The analysis was based on recorded video of cooperating railway buffers during operation. In this paper is presented displacement of operating railway buffer heads in horizontal and vertical plane. Furthermore in paper is specified buffer stroke during operation with maximum speed of 40 km/h. Relating these values to the static characteristic of analyzed buffer it was possible to determine the values of longitudinal forces acting on buffer under determined conditions.
Decision-making model for supporting supply chain efficiency evaluation
Authors: Jacyna-Gołda Ilona
Published: July 2015

This paper presents some approach for the formulation of the decision-making model in supporting the assessment of supply chain efficiency. Were presented factors affecting the efficiency of the functioning of individual links of supply chain. Was pointed out the technical, economic, organizational and reliability aspects affecting the efficiency and reliability of functioning of the supply chain both in terms of supply and distribution. Having regard to a comprehensive approach to assessing efficiency of the functioning of supply chains were proposed indicators for assessing the quality of functioning. Were distinguished technical, economic and quality indicators for which also were presented a formal record.
LASER SCATTEROMETRY FOR DETECTION OF SQUAT DEFECTS IN RAILWAY RAILS
Authors: Lesiak Piotr , Szumiata Tadeusz , Wlazło Marek
Published: July 2015

The paper concerns a defectoscopy of squats occurring on the surface of the rail head. Disadvantages of traditional methods being used in detection of such defects were also presented. Authors proposed a new method based on simplified laser scatterometry to detect these defects. Physical model of the laser beam scattering by edges of such defects and simulation results were given. An experimental set-up for practical testing of this method was designed and constructed. This system enabled measurements of squat defects occurring in the section of the rail extracted from the track. The analysis of obtained results was performed. Authors also indicated directions of further research and development.
MODEL-BASED INVESTIGATIONS ON DYNAMIC SHIP HEELS IN RELATION TO MARITIME TRANSPORT SAFETY
Authors: Mironiuk Waldemar
Published: July 2015

The paper has been presented criteria of similarity between of liquid motion. Results of initial research on air flow’s dynamic impact on a ship model of 888 project type are presented in the elaboration as well. The research has been executed at a test stand located in the Polish Naval Academy. The ship model of 888 project type has been an object of the tests. Results of executed measurements have been compared with theoretical calculations for an angle of dynamic heel. Input parameters for the tests and calculations have been defined in accordance with recommendations of Polish Register of Shipping (PRS) and IMO (IMO Instruments). Determination of a heeling moment by wind operation has been a key issue.
DEVELOPMENT OF MODELS FOR DETERMINING THE TRAFFIC VOLUME FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ROADS EFFICIENCY
Authors: Spławińska Malwina
Published: July 2015

The article presents different methods of estimating DHV, including traditional Factor Approach, developed Regression Models and Artificial Neural Networks models. As explanatory variables: quantitative variables (AADT and the share of heavy vehicles) as well as qualitative variables (the cross-section, roads class, nature of the area, the profile of seasonal variations, region of Poland and the nature of traffic patterns) were used. In addition, the results of preliminary analyses of the DHV estimates based on the maximum hourly volume derived from a few hours traffic measurement on weekdays where there is the greatest share of hours with the highest traffic volume in the year were presented. On the basis of comparisons of the presented methods, Multiple Regression Model was identified as the most useful.
Parallel k nearest neighbor graph construction using tree-based data structures
Authors: Rajani Nazneen , McArdle Kate , Dhillon Inderjit S.
Published: July 2015

Construction of a nearest neighbor graph is often a neces-

sary step in many machine learning applications. However,

constructing such a graph is computationally expensive, es-

pecially when the data is high dimensional. Python's open

source machine learning library Scikit-learn uses k-d trees

and ball trees to implement nearest neighbor graph construc-

tion. However, this implementation is ine cient for large

datasets. In this work, we focus on exploiting these under-

lying tree-based data structures to optimize parallel execu-

tion of the nearest neighbor algorithm. We present parallel

implementations of nearest neighbor graph construction us-

ing such tree structures, with parallelism provided by the

OpenMP and the Galois framework. We empirically show

that our parallel and exact approach is e cient as well as

scalable, compared to the Scikit-learn implementation. We

present the rst implementation of k-d trees and ball trees

using Galois. Our results show that k-d trees are faster when

the number of dimensions is small (2d N); ball trees on

the other hand scale well with the number of dimensions.

Our implementation of ball trees in Galois has almost linear

speedup on a number of datasets irrespective of the size and

dimensionality of the data.
Fast, exact graph diameter computation with vertex programming
Authors: Pennycuff Corey , Weninger Tim
Published: July 2015

In graph theory the diameter is an important topological

metric for understanding size and density of a graph. Unfortunately,

the graph diameter is computationally di cult

to measure for even moderately-sized graphs, insomuch that

approximation algorithms are commonly used instead of exact

measurements. In this paper, we present a new algorithm

to measure the exact diameter of unweighted graphs

using vertex programming, which is easily distributed. We

also show the practical performance of the algorithm in

comparison to other, widely available algorithms and implementations,

as well as the unreliability in accuracy of some

pseudo-diameter estimators.
A welfare assessment of methods used for harvesting, hunting and population control of kangaroos and wallabies
Authors: Descovich KA , McDonald IJ , Tribe A , Phillips CJC
Published: July 2015

In Australia, several macropod species are subjected to commercial harvesting, recreational hunting and population management, using both lethal and non-lethal measures. Some techniques for killing macropods can cause prolonged and/or severe suffering, and of particular concern is the welfare of remaining pouch young or young-at-foot, when females with dependent young are killed. Non-lethal methods are more widely supported by the general public and include reproductive control and relocation. These methods, however, also have significant associated welfare challenges. This review outlines the welfare concerns for each current method, and concludes that an accurate head-shot by an experienced shooter is least likely to inflict suffering. However, this assumes best practice shooting, which may not be representative of field conditions. Furthermore, many aspects of macropod control and killing still require significant research. These include, but are not limited to: accurate statistics for pouch young and young-at-foot mortality and morbidity in Australian states; data on field-based compliance with National Codes of Practice; safe and remote administration of reproductive control measures; and the impact of using dogs and trapping in wallaby destruction and hunting.
C-Well: The development of a welfare assessment index for captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus)
Authors: Clegg ILK , Borger-Turner JL , Eskelinen HC
Published: July 2015

The field of welfare science and public concern for animal welfare is growing, with the focus broadening from animals on farms to those in zoos and aquaria. Bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are the most common captive cetaceans, and relevant regulatory standards are principally resource-based and regarded as minimum requirements. In this study, the farm animal Welfare Quality® assessment was adapted to measure the welfare of bottlenose dolphins, with a similar proportion of animal-based measures (58.3%). The ‘C-Well® ‘ assessment included eleven criterion and 36 species-specific measures developedin situat three marine mammal zoological facilities, tested for feasibility and accuracy, and substantiated by published literature on wild and captive dolphins and veterinary and professional expertise. C-Well® scores can be calculated for each measure or combined to achieve an overall score, which allows for the comparison of welfare among individuals, demographics, and facilities. This work represents a first step in quantifying and systematically measuring welfare among captive cetaceans and can be used as a model for future development in zoos and aquaria, as well as a means to support benchmarking, industry best practices, and certification.
A simple quantitative method for assessing animal welfare outcomes in terrestrial wildlife shooting: the European rabbit as a case study
Authors: Hampton JO , Forsyth DM , Mackenzie DI , Stuart IG
Published: July 2015

Shooting is widely used to reduce the abundances of terrestrial wildlife populations, but there is concern about the animal welfare outcomes (‘humaneness’) of these programmes. Management agencies require methods for assessing the animal welfare outcomes of terrestrial wildlife shooting programmes. We identified four key issues in previous studies assessing the animal welfare outcomes of shooting programmes: (i) biased sampling strategies; (ii) no direct ante mortem observations; (iii) absence of quantifiable parameters for benchmarking; and (iv) no evaluation of explanatory variables that may cause adverse welfare outcomes. We used methods that address these issues to assess the welfare outcomes of a European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) shooting programme in south-eastern Australia. An independent observer collected ante mortem (distance, timing and outcome of each shot fired) and post mortem (locations of bullet wounds) data. The ante mortem data were used to estimate three critical animal welfare parameters: apparent time to death (ATTD); instantaneous death rate (IDR); and wounding rate (WR). The post mortem data were used to evaluate the location of bullet wounds relative to the Australian national standard operating procedure (SOP). For rabbits, the mean IDR was 0.60, ATTD was 12 s and WR was 0.12. A large proportion of rabbits (0.75) were shot in the cranium or thorax, as required by the SOP. Logistic regression indicated that the proportion of rabbits wounded and missed increased with shooting distance. Hence, reducing shooting distances would increase the humaneness of European rabbit shooting programmes. Our approach enables the animal welfare outcomes of terrestrial shooting programmes to be independently quantified.
Summertime use of natural versus artificial shelter by cattle in nature reserves
Authors: Van laer E , Moons CPH , Ampe B , Sonck B , Vangeyte J , Tuyttens FAM
Published: July 2015

Whether cattle grazing in nature reserves in temperate summers ought to be provided with artificial shelter (man-made), in addition to natural shelter (vegetation), is a topic of debate. We have investigated the effect of heat-load on the use of natural versus artificial shelter (with a roof and three walls) by cattle in eight nature reserves in Belgium. GPS collars were used to monitor use of open area, natural and artificial shelter during one or two summers (per 30 min). Cattle location data were coupled to same-time values of climatic ‘heat-stress indices’ calculated from local weather stations’ measurements of air temperature, air humidity, solar radiation and wind speed. Use of open area decreased as heat-load increased. The strength of the effect, and whether the cattle sought natural or artificial shelter, were associated with the amount and spatial distribution of natural shelter in the reserve. When natural shelter was sparse, a more scattered distribution tempered the increased use of shelter with increasing heat-load. If sufficiently available, cattle preferred natural to artificial shelter. When little natural shelter was available, cattle did use the artificial shelter and especially so with increasing heat-load. Microclimatic measurements indicated that solar radiation was blocked by vegetation at least as well as by artificial shelter, and allowed more evaporative cooling. In conclusion, we found no evidence for the added value of additional artificial shelter to protect cattle from heat-load in temperate nature reserves, as long as adequate natural shelter is available.
Catálogo da fauna terrestre de importância médica na Bahia
Authors: Kobler Brazil Tania
Published: July 2015

Este livro expõe, de maneira sintética e padronizada, os principais animais terrestres de importância médica que ocorrem no Estado da Bahia, sendo organizado como uma obra de referência direcionada aos profissionais da área da saúde dos seus diversos municípios. Constam, neste catálogo, 28 espécies de animais peçonhentos, 13 de animais vetores e 19 de animais reservatório. Foram estruturadas fichas com textos em linguagem adequada ao público-alvo, porém cientificamente correta, para cada animal ou grupo de animais.
Parameters of Variation in the Syntax of Homophones
Authors: Steriopolo Olga
Published: July 2015

This paper argues that homophonous linguistic objects differ in their syntactic structures. A case study of Russian homophonous suffixes shows that homophonous objects belong to two distinct syntactic types: heads vs. modifiers. The question remains if it is also true cross-linguistically.
Four Ways to Get Tangled Up in Russian
Authors: Nordrum Maria
Published: July 2015

In this paper I will analyze the four Natural Perfectives of the simplex verb путатьipf ‘tangle up’, namely впутатьpf, спутатьpf, перепутатьpf and запутатьpf. According to Janda et al. (2013:103), “prefix variation” is a phenomenon that applies to 27% of all Russian verbs and is caused by the ability of prefixes to “focus the meanings of a simplex verb in different ways” (op. cit.:162). My question is: Is it possible to predict the choice of prefix when there is prefix variation? And, if yes: How? My hypothesis is that the choice of prefix largely depends on the construction in which the verb appears and the semantics of its internal argument. Thus, I consider two factors in my analysis: Factor 1 Constructions and Factor 2 Semantics of the Internal Argument. My findings indicate that both factors are vital and, more specifically, that the choice of prefix for this verb to a large extent can be predicted by six tendencies that I will discuss thoroughly.I will argue that these six tendencies are of great relevance to second language learners, like myself, who often find themselves confused at the number of prefixes and, more specifically, Natural Perfectives available for a given verb. The topic of this paper has been born from a desire to gain insight with practical value in second language learning.
Eficácia e fitotoxicidade de herbicidas aplicados para o manejo de plantas daninhas em cevada
Authors: Galon Leandro , Forte César Tiago , Kujawiski Renato , Radunz André Luiz , David Felipe Adelio de , Perin Gismael Francisco , Castoldi Camile Thais , Radunz Lauri Lourenço
Published: July 2015

O azevém é uma das principais plantas daninhas que infesta a cultura da cevada, ocasionando elevadas perdas de produtividade e da qualidade dos grãos dessa cultura. Diante disso, objetivou-se com o trabalho, identificar possíveis alternativas para o manejo químico de azevém infestante da cevada, bem como verificar a fitotoxicidade de herbicidas sobre os componentes de rendimento da cultura. Para tanto foi instalado um experimento, a campo, em blocos casualizados, arranjados em esquema fatorial 2 x 12, com quatro repetições. O fator A foi constituído pelos genótipos de cevada (MN610 e Crioula) e o B pelos herbicidas (iodosulfuron; imazethapyr + imazapic; clomazone; propanil; oxyfluorfen; metsulfuron-methyl; 2,4-D; cyhalofop-p-butil; penoxsulam e pyroxsulam), mais duas testemunhas uma capinada e outra sem capina. O genótipo MN610 apresentou elevada sensibilidade ao clomazone e ao imazethapyr + imazapic, tendo seus componentes de rendimento de grãos afetados negativamente na presença desses produtos. Já o genótipo Crioula, apresentou-se mais tolerante ao iodosulfuron, propanil, pyroxsulam, imazethapyr + imazapic, clomazone e oxyfluorfen, com menor redução nos componentes do rendimento da cevada. Os herbicidas aplicados podem, dependendo do genótipo, reduzir os componentes de rendimento da cultura, o que consequentemente afetará a produtividade de grãos da cevada. O iodosulfuron apresentou a melhor resposta para o controle de azevém, mantendo a cevada livre de planta daninha, aliado a uma menor fitotoxicidade a cultura.
Removal of terrestrial DOC in aquatic ecosystems of a temperate river network
Authors: Wollheim W. M. , Stewart R. J. , Aiken G. R. , Butler K. D. , Morse N. B. , Salisbury J.
Published: July 2015

Surface waters play a potentially important role in the global carbon balance. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) fluxes are a major transfer of terrestrial carbon to river systems, and the fate of DOC in aquatic systems is poorly constrained. We used a unique combination of spatially distributed sampling of three DOC fractions throughout a river network and modeling to quantify the net removal of terrestrial DOC during a summer base flow period. We found that aquatic reactivity of terrestrial DOC leading to net loss is low, closer to conservative chloride than to reactive nitrogen. Net removal occurred mainly from the hydrophobic organic acid fraction, while hydrophilic and transphilic acids showed no net change, indicating that partitioning of bulk DOC into different fractions is critical for understanding terrestrial DOC removal. These findings suggest that river systems may have only a modest ability to alter the amounts of terrestrial DOC delivered to coastal zones.
A formulation for vertically integrated groundwater flow in a stratified coastal aquifer
Authors: Strack O. D. L. , Ausk B. K.
Published: July 2015

We present the comprehensive discharge potential for steady three‐dimensional flow in horizontally stratified coastal aquifers with a horizontal base and a vertical coastline. The gradient of this comprehensive potential gives the vertically integrated discharge throughout the aquifer, i.e., the specific discharge vector as a function of three‐dimensional space integrated over the saturated portion of the aquifer. The boundary values of the comprehensive potential along the coast can be computed precisely, given the geometry of the aquifer: the hydraulic conductivities of the strata, the elevations of the horizontal planes that separate the strata, and the elevation of the impermeable base of the aquifer relative to sea level. Boundary conditions of the comprehensive potential may either be given in terms of its gradient, or computed from given heads along the boundaries. The governing equation of the comprehensive potential is the Poisson equation in areas of infiltration and the Laplace equation elsewhere. The computation of interface elevations, piezometric heads, and the vertical distribution of flow requires that an assumption be made regarding the relation between the comprehensive potential and piezometric heads. We adopt the Dupuit‐Forchheimer approximation for this purpose and make use of the Ghyben‐Herzberg equation. We present several applications of the approach and find that the stratification may have a significant effect on the boundary value of the comprehensive potential, and thus on the flow rates in the aquifer.
Potential for real‐time understanding of coupled hydrologic and biogeochemical processes in stream ecosystems: Future integration of telemetered data with process models for glacial meltwater streams
Authors: McKnight Diane M. , Cozzetto Karen , Cullis James D. S. , Gooseff Michael N. , Jaros Christopher , Koch Joshua C. , Lyons W. Berry , Neupauer Roseanna , Wlostowski Adam
Published: July 2015

While continuous monitoring of streamflow and temperature has been common for some time, there is great potential to expand continuous monitoring to include water quality parameters such as nutrients, turbidity, oxygen, and dissolved organic material. In many systems, distinguishing between watershed and stream ecosystem controls can be challenging. The usefulness of such monitoring can be enhanced by the application of quantitative models to interpret observed patterns in real time. Examples are discussed primarily from the glacial meltwater streams of the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Although the Dry Valley landscape is barren of plants, many streams harbor thriving cyanobacterial mats. Whereas a daily cycle of streamflow is controlled by the surface energy balance on the glaciers and the temporal pattern of solar exposure, the daily signal for biogeochemical processes controlling water quality is generated along the stream. These features result in an excellent outdoor laboratory for investigating fundamental ecosystem process and the development and validation of process‐based models. As part of the McMurdo Dry Valleys Long‐Term Ecological Research project, we have conducted field experiments and developed coupled biogeochemical transport models for the role of hyporheic exchange in controlling weathering reactions, microbial nitrogen cycling, and stream temperature regulation. We have adapted modeling approaches from sediment transport to understand mobilization of stream biomass with increasing flows. These models help to elucidate the role of in‐stream processes in systems where watershed processes also contribute to observed patterns, and may serve as a test case for applying real‐time stream ecosystem models.
Vertical Orientation of Nanodomains on Versatile Substrates through Self‐Neutralization Induced by Star‐Shaped Block Copolymers
Authors: Jang Sangshin , Lee Kyuseong , Moon Hong Chul , Kwak Jongheon , Park Jicheol , Jeon Gumhye , Lee Won Bo , Kim Jin Kon
Published: July 2015

Vertical orientation of lamellar and cylindrical nanodomains of block copolymers on substrates is one of the most promising means for developing nanopatterns of next‐generation microelectronics and storage media. However, parallel orientation of lamellar and cylindrical nanodomains is generally preferred due to different affinity between two block segments in a block copolymer toward the substrate and/or air. Thus, vertical orientation of the nanodomains is only obtained under various pre‐ or post‐treatments such as surface neutralization by random copolymers, solvent annealing, and electric or magnetic field. Here, a novel self‐neutralization concept is introduced by designing molecular architecture of a block copolymer. Star‐shaped 18 arm poly(methyl methacrylate)‐block‐polystyrene copolymers ((PMMA‐b‐PS)18) exhibiting lamellar and PMMA cylindrical nanodomains are synthesized. When a thin film of (PMMA‐b‐PS)18 is spin‐coated on a substrate, vertically aligned lamellar and cylindrical nanodomains are obtained without any pre‐ or post‐treatment, although thermal annealing for a short time (less than 30 min) is required to improve the spatial array of vertically aligned nanodomains. This result is attributed to the star‐shaped molecular architecture that overcomes the difference in the surface affinity between PS and PMMA chains. Moreover, vertical orientations are observed on versatile substrates, for instance, semiconductor (Si, SiOx), metal (Au), PS or PMMA‐brushed substrate, and a flexible polymer sheet of polyethylene naphthalate.
High‐resolution microendoscope imaging of inverted papilloma and normal sinonasal mucosa: evaluation of interobserver concordance
Authors: Parasher Arjun K. , Kidwai Sarah M. , Schorn Victor J. , Goljo Erden , Weinberg Alan D. , Richards‐Kortum Rebecca , Sikora Andrew G. , Iloreta Alfred Marc , Govindaraj Satish , Miles Brett A.
Published: July 2015

Background

High‐resolution microendoscopy (HRME) enables real‐time imaging of epithelial tissue. The utility of this novel imaging modality for inverted papilloma has not been previously described. This study examines the ability of otolaryngologists to differentiate between images of inverted papilloma and normal sinonasal mucosa obtained with a HRME.

Methods

Inverted papilloma and normal sinonasal mucosa specimens were stained with a contrast agent, proflavine. HRME images were subsequently captured. Histopathological diagnosis was obtained for each sample. Quality‐controlled images were used to assemble a training set. After reviewing the training images, 6 otolaryngologists without prior HRME experience reviewed and classified test images.

Results

Five samples of inverted papilloma and 2 normal sinonasal mucosa samples were collected. Four representative images from each specimen were used for the 28‐image test set. The mean accuracy among all reviewers was 89.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 84.3% to 94.0%). The sensitivity to correctly identify inverted papilloma was 86.7% (95% CI, 79.2% to 92.2%), and the specificity was 92.9% (95% CI, 89.0% to 100.0%). The Fleiss kappa interrater reliability score was 0.80 (95% CI, 0.70 to 0.89).

Conclusion

Inverted papilloma and normal sinonasal mucosa have distinct HRME imaging characteristics. Otolaryngologists can be successfully trained to distinguish between inverted papilloma and normal sinonasal mucosa. HRME is a feasible tool for identification of inverted papilloma. By conducting future in vivo trials, HRME potentially may enable real‐time surgical margin determination during surgical excision of inverted papilloma.
The Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test–22 as a tool to identify chronic rhinosinusitis in adults with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Habib Al‐Rahim R. , Quon Bradley S. , Buxton Jane A. , Alsaleh Saad , Singer Joel , Manji Jamil , Wicox Pearce G. , Javer Amin R.
Published: July 2015

Background

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is becoming increasingly prevalent in adults with cystic fibrosis (CF), as the median age of survival rises for these individuals. Delayed identification of CRS may contribute to worsening health‐related quality of life and increased treatment burden. Our objective was to investigate the utility of the 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) as a tool to identify CRS in adults with CF.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study, participants were sampled from an adult‐specific CF clinic in Vancouver, Canada, between September 2013 and April 2014. CRS was determined by use of standardized diagnostic guidelines. Participants completed the SNOT‐22 and medical charts were reviewed for additional predictor variables. Logistic regression was used to compare the SNOT‐22 as a univariable predictor variable to a multivariable prediction model, in order to best differentiate CRS and non‐CRS participants.

Results

Ninety‐three of 101 adults provided written informed consent. The prevalence of CRS was 56.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 45.9% to 66.3%). Individuals with CRS reported significantly higher SNOT‐22 scores than non‐CRS participants (mean difference: 13.9; 95% CI, 6.1 to 21.7). The optimal SNOT‐22 score to differentiate CRS was 21 out of 110 (sensitivity: 76%, specificity: 61%, positive predictive value: 71%, likelihood ratio: 1.9).

Conclusion

Compared to the current diagnostic gold standard, SNOT‐22 scores greater than 21 sufficiently identified adults with CF presenting with concomitant CRS. The SNOT‐22 is a simple instrument that can easily be implemented in adult CF clinics to assist care providers identify individuals requiring more detailed assessment or referral to a sinus clinic.
TAR DNA‐binding protein 43 and pathological subtype of Alzheimer's disease impact clinical features
Authors: Josephs Keith A. , Whitwell Jennifer L. , Tosakulwong Nirubol , Weigand Stephen D. , Murray Melissa E. , Liesinger Amanda M. , Petrucelli Leonard , Senjem Matthew L. , Ivnik Robert J. , Parisi Joseph E. , Petersen Ronald C. , Dickson Dennis W.
Published: July 2015

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine whether the frequency of TAR DNA‐binding protein 43 (TDP‐43) deposition in Alzheimer's disease (AD) differs across pathologically defined AD subtypes (hippocampal sparing [HpSp]; typical and limbic) and further examine the relationship between TDP‐43, pathological subtype, and clinical features in AD.

Methods

We identified all cases with pathologically confirmed AD (NIA‐Reagan intermediate‐high probability, Braak stage IV–VI) independent of cognitive status (n = 188). Neurofibrillary tangle counts were performed using thioflavin‐S microscopy in hippocampus and three neocortical regions, and all cases were subtyped: HpSp AD pathology (n = 19); typical AD pathology (n = 136); and limbic AD pathology (n = 33). TDP‐43 immunoreactivity was performed in multiple brain regions to assess for the presence of TDP‐43 and TDP‐43 stage. All cases were clinically subclassified at presentation as amnestic AD dementia versus atypical AD dementia. Statistical analysis was performed using linear and penalized logistic regression to assess associations with pathological subtype, and the effects of TDP‐43, accounting for possible interactions between pathological subtype and TDP‐43.

Results

TDP‐43 deposition was frequent in typical (59%) and limbic AD pathologies (67%), but not HpSp AD pathology (21%; p = 0.003). The observed associations of TDP‐43 with greater memory loss, naming and functional decline, and smaller hippocampal volumes, closest to death, did not differ across AD pathological subtype. Clinical presentation was associated with pathological subtype (p = 0.01), but not TDP‐43 (p = 0.69).

Interpretation

Although the frequency of TDP‐43 deposition in AD varies by pathological subtype, the observed effects of TDP‐43 on clinical/magnetic resonance imaging features are consistent across pathological subtypes. Clinical presentation in AD is driven by pathological subtype, not by TDP‐43. Ann Neurol 2015;78:Ann Neurol 2015;78:679–696
Femtosecond laser ablation of polystyrene: A molecular dynamics study
Authors: Huang Yanhua , Song Chengwei , Zhang Junjie , Sun Tao
Published: July 2015

In this work we perform molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the thermodynamic mechanisms of amorphous polystyrene ablated by a femtosecond laser pulse. The utilized width and fluence of the laser pulse are 10 fs and 1012 W/cm2, respectively. Furthermore, the effect of chain length on the microscopic material removal mechanisms and related macroscopic evolutions of system quantities is studied. Simulations results indicate that the ultra‐short laser pulse irradiation introduces significant instabilities into the target material because of the lattice perturbation, which leads to the relaxation of lattice destabilizations after the pulse through evaporation from the top surface and expansion within the bulk. It is found that the competition between the two mechanisms of evaporation and expansion is strongly influenced by the chain length. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 42713.
Lower Limits and Nonlinearity of Calibration in Suppressed Ion Chromatography with Strong Acid Eluent
Authors: Eom Jiwon , Kim Mi‐Young , Lee Bokyoung , Lee Dong Soo
Published: July 2015

Theoretical and experimental studies on nonlinearity of calibration in suppressed ion chromatography have been conducted. In suppressed cation chromatography with a strong acid as an eluent, nonlinear response in conductivity detection caused by water dissociation equilibrium shift has not been of concern in general. However, this issue can be of great consequence for analysis at the µg/L level. Theoretical calculation shows that the calibration curves at µg/L level are highly curvatured and a negative response range exists, making it impossible to make a determination. The extent of this phenomenon highly depends on the types and concentrations of ionic impurities present in the eluent. The presence of nonlinearity of calibration at the µg/L level is demonstrated experimentally. In order that linear calibrations are assured and negative response is eliminated, an addition of small amount of cation impurities into the eluent is recommended, as excessive amount tends to increase background conductance and their detection limits.
Microsurgical anatomy of the trochlear nerve
Authors: Joo Wonil , Rhoton Albert L.
Published: July 2015

The trochlear nerve is the cranial nerve with the longest intracranial course, but also the thinnest. It is the only nerve that arises from the dorsal surface of the brainstem and decussates in the superior medullary velum. After leaving the dorsal surface of the brainstem, it courses anterolaterally around the lateral surface of the brainstem and then passes anteriorly just beneath the free edge of the tentorium. It passes forward to enter the cavernous sinus, traverses the superior orbital fissure and terminates in the superior oblique muscle in the orbit. Because of its small diameter and its long course, the trochlear nerve can easily be injured during surgical procedures. Therefore, precise knowledge of its surgical anatomy and its neurovascular relationships is essential for approaching and removing complex lesions of the orbit and the middle and posterior fossae safely. This review describes the microsurgical anatomy of the trochlear nerve and is illustrated with pictures involving the nerve and its surrounding connective and neurovascular structures. Clin. Anat. 28:857–864, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Surface Segregated AgAu Tadpole‐Shaped Nanoparticles Synthesized Via a Single Step Combined Galvanic and Citrate Reduction Reaction
Authors: da Silva Anderson G. M. , Lewis Edward A. , Rodrigues Thenner S. , Slater Thomas J. A. , Alves Rafael S. , Haigh Sarah J. , Camargo Pedro H. C.
Published: July 2015

New AgAu tadpole nanocrystals were synthesized in a one‐step reaction involving simultaneous galvanic replacement between Ag nanospheres and AuCl4−(aq.) and AuCl4−(aq.) reduction to Au in the presence of citrate. The AgAu tadpoles display nodular polycrystalline hollow heads, while their undulating tails are single crystals. The unusual morphology suggests an oriented attachment growth mechanism. Remarkably, a 1 nm thick Ag layer was found to segregate so as to cover the entire surface of the tadpoles. By varying the nature of the seeds (Au NPs), double‐headed Au tadpoles could also be obtained. The effect of a number of reaction parameters on product morphology were explored, leading to new insights into the growth mechanisms and surface segregation behavior involved in the synthesis of bimetallic and anisotropic nanomaterials.
Facile Microwave‐Assisted Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Highly Fluorescent Nitrogen–Sulfur‐Codoped Carbon Quantum Dots for Cellular Imaging Applications
Authors: Wang Yong , Zhuang Qianfen , Ni Yongnian
Published: July 2015

Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have recently attracted significant attention for both their fundamental science and technological applications as a new class of fluorescent zero‐dimensional nanomaterials with a size below 10 nm. However, the reported methods of synthesis were generally less suitable for the large‐scale production of the CQDs with high‐fluorescent quantum yield (QY). In the paper, a novel one‐pot microwave‐assisted drying synthesis approach was presented to prepare CQDs with high QY of 61.3 % for the first time. The production yield of CQDs was 35±3 % in weight. The as‐prepared CQDs were characterized by various techniques such as TEM, AFM, XRD, XPS, FTIR spectroscopy, UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results showed that the high QY of CQDs was largely attributed to the dual doping of nitrogen and sulphur into CQDs. Such CQDs were then used as live‐cell imaging reagents due to their high QY, good water dispersibility, fine biocompatibility, high photostability, and low cytotoxicity.
The Quest for Polysulfides in Lithium–Sulfur Battery Electrolytes: An Operando Confocal Raman Spectroscopy Study
Authors: Hannauer Julien , Scheers Johan , Fullenwarth Julien , Fraisse Bernard , Stievano Lorenzo , Johansson Patrik
Published: July 2015

Confocal Raman spectra of a lithium–sulfur battery electrolyte are recorded operando in a depth‐of‐discharge resolved manner for an electrochemical cell with a realistic electrolyte/sulfur loading ratio. The evolution of various possible polysulfides is unambiguously identified by combining Raman spectroscopy data with DFT simulations.
Molecular characterization of HCMV‐specific immune responses: Parallels between CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and NK cells
Authors: Vieira Braga Felipe A. , Hertoghs Kirsten M. L. , van Lier René A.W. , van Gisbergen Klaas P. J. M.
Published: July 2015

CD8+ T cells are important for immunity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). The HCMV‐specific CD8+ T‐cell response is characterized by the accumulation of terminally differentiated effector cells that have downregulated the costimulatory molecules CD27 and CD28. These HCMV‐specific CD8+ T cells maintain high levels of cytotoxic molecules such as granzyme B and rapidly produce the inflammatory cytokine IFN‐γ upon activation. Remarkably, HCMV‐specific CD8+ T cells are able to persist long term as fully functional effector cells, suggesting a unique differentiation pathway that is distinct from the formation of memory CD8+ T cells after infection with acute viruses. In this review, we aim to highlight the most recent developments in HCMV‐specific CD8+ T‐cell differentiation, maintenance, tissue distribution, metabolism and function. HCMV also induces the differentiation of effector CD4+ T cells and NK cells, which share characteristics with HCMV‐specific CD8+ T cells. We propose that the overlap in differentiation of NK cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells after HCMV infection may be regulated by a shared transcriptional machinery. A better understanding of the molecular framework of HCMV‐specific CD8+ T‐cell responses may benefit vaccine design, as these cells uniquely combine the capacity to rapidly respond to infection with long‐term survival.
Photoinduced DNA Crosslink Formation by Dichloridooxidovanadium(IV) Complexes of Polypyridyl Bases
Authors: Banerjee Samya , Dixit Akanksha , Kumar Arun , Mukherjee Sanjoy , Karande Anjali A. , Chakravarty Akhil R.
Published: July 2015

Oxidovanadium(IV) complexes [VO(pyphen)Cl2] (1) and [VO(pydppz)Cl2] (2), where pyphen is 2‐(2′‐pyridyl)‐1,10‐phenanthroline and pydppz is 3‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)dipyrido[3,2‐a:2′,3′‐c]phenazine, show remarkable photoinduced DNA crosslinking ability and photocytotoxicity. The complexes are non‐electrolytes in DMF, 1:1 electrolytes in 20 % aqueous DMF, and 1:2 electrolytes in 20 % aqueous DMF upon photoirradiation with visible light of 400–700 nm. The paramagnetic complexes, which have one unpaired electron, show a d–d band near 780 nm in aqueous DMF. The IR data suggest a V=O moiety trans to a V–N bond. Complex [VO(pydppz)Cl2] (2), as a novel photoinducible nuclear ds‐DNA crosslinking agent, shows visible‐light‐induced cytotoxicity in HeLa and MCF‐7 cancer cells by an apoptotic pathway, giving IC50 values of 0.87 ± 0.07 and 1.4 ± 0.2 μM, respectively, while being essentially nontoxic (IC50 > 40 μM) in the dark and less toxic in normal MCF‐10A cells.
A One‐Pot Synthesis of Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Dipeptide Ureas
Authors: Fayad Antoine Abou , Pubill‐Ulldemolins Cristina , Sharma Sunil V. , Day David , Goss Rebecca J. M.
Published: July 2015

We describe a flexible and high yielding synthesis of 1,3‐disubstituted ureas that allows for the construction of both symmetrical and unsymmetrical dipeptide ureas, including easy access to 13C‐labelled ureas, from amino acids and carbon dioxide at atmospheric pressure.
Prolinamide‐Derived Ionic‐Liquid‐Supported Organocatalyst for Asymmetric Mono‐ and Bis‐Aldol Reactions in the Presence of Water
Authors: Kucherenko Aleksander S. , Gerasimchuk Vasiliy V. , Lisnyak Vladislav G. , Nelyubina Yulia V. , Zlotin Sergei G.
Published: July 2015

A novel recyclable prolinamide‐derived ionic‐liquid‐supported organocatalyst of asymmetric cross‐aldol reactions in aqueous medium has been developed. In its presence, aromatic aldehydes react with cyclic or linear ketones to afford chiral aldol adducts in moderate to high yields and with excellent dr (anti/syn up to 96:4) and ee (81–99 %) values that do not tend to decline over ten recycles of the catalyst. Furthermore, it allows a highly enantioselective catalytic synthesis of linear bis‐aldols in aqueous medium.
Determination of vitamins, minerals, and microbial loads of fortified nonalcoholic beverage (kunun zaki) produced from millet
Authors: Olaoye Olusegun A. , Ubbor Stella C. , Uduma Ebere A.
Published: July 2015

The objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of fortifying kunun zaki with tigernut milk extract due to nutritional deficiency of the former. Kunun zaki and tigernut milk extract (TME) were produced using traditional methods, with little modification. They were mixed in respective percentages of 90:10 (KN10), 80:20 (KN20), and 70:30 (KN30) while whole kunun zaki without addition of tigernut milk extract (KN00) served as control. The resulting kunun zaki samples were analyzed for proximate composition, vitamins, minerals, microbial loads, and sensory evaluation. Results showed improvement in thiamine and riboflavin contents of the fortified samples over the unfortified counterparts, with the KN30 sample having highest values of 1.05 and 0.56 mg/kg thiamine and riboflavin, respectively. Minerals were higher in the samples containing TME than their KN00 counterparts; the KN30 sample had highest values of 23.5, 8.8, 148.9, 63.7, 6.7, and 18.6 mg/100 mL for respective Na, Ca, K, Mg, P, and Fe while lowest values were recorded for the KN00 sample. Microbial analysis indicated that total viable bacteria and yeast and molds were in the range 2.2–2.6 and 2.1–2.7 log CFU/g, respectively, while there was no detection of coliforms and Staphylococcus in the samples. The sensory evaluation of the kunun zaki samples indicated that higher mean scores were recorded for samples containing TME than those without it in most of the attributes tested. The KN30 sample was most preferred, having highest mean scores of 7.2, 7.8, 6.9, and 7.4 in the attributes of appearance, flavor, taste, and acceptability, respectively. The study concluded that inclusion of tigernut extract in kunun zaki resulted in improved nutritional and sensory qualities.