bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vertebral Number of Young Herring in Southern British Columbia
Authors: McHugh J. L.
Published: April 2011

Statistical treatment of vertebral counts of young herring taken along the southeast coast of Vancouver island demonstrates significant differences between localities in the same year and in the same locality in different years. These differences are probably largely due to the effects of environment. The larger fish in a sample tend to have higher vertebral counts. This increase is somewhat greater in the caudal than in the abdominal region, and is accompanied by a disproportionate increase in mean number of tail vertebrae. Between samples, variation in total count is reflected mainly in the abdominal vertebrae, and significant differences in mean tail count may occur where no difference in total count exists.
Studies on Salt Fish.: VIII. Effects of Various Salts on Preservation
Authors: Hess Ernest
Published: April 2011

Spoilage, as measured by rise in trimethylamine and bacterial content, of cod press-juice containing 21.0 g. salt per 100 ml. (approximately 80 per cent saturated) is delayed longest with pure sodium chloride, and increasingly less with mined evaporated, mined crude, Mediterranean and Turk's Island solar salts. This order corresponds to decreasing percentages of sodium chloride and increasing percentages of impurities in these salts. The differences in the salt action increase with lower temperatures.
Studies on Salt Fish.: IX. Effect of Environment upon Growth of Red Halophilic Bacteria
Authors: Hess Ernest
Published: April 2011

Growth of 25 strains of red halophiles stopped below 15° and above 55°; heat resistance is less than two minutes at 98 °C. in 24 per cent saline. Range of relative humidity necessary for growth lies between 70 and 85 per cent. They have high resistance to ultra-violet light, surviving 120 minutes' exposure. Range of salt tolerance can be increased in both directions by gradual adaptation. Replacement of the Na ion by other cations inhibits growth.
The Effect of Sodium Nitrite on Experimental Animals
Authors: Tarr H. L. A. , Carter N. M.
Published: April 2011

Incorporation of sodium nitrite in the diet of cats and white rats on the basis of an average sized man consuming 1 lb. (454 g.) of fish containing 0.2 per cent (908 mg.) of this salt daily for six days each week does not appear to affect their growth rate nor the development (weight) of their thyroid, heart, lungs, spleen, liver, kidneys or adrenals. The fecundity of white rats as judged by their ability to breed and raise normal litters is apparently not affected thereby. The lethal dose of sodium nitrite by oral route is about 1.1 to 2.0 g./kg. for healthy male rats, 0.46 to 1.2 g./kg. for healthy female rats and 0.073 g./kg. for cats (one animal). The lethal dose by subcutaneous route is about 0.19 to 0.20 g./kg. for healthy male rats and 0.057 to 0.13 g./kg. for healthy female rats.
Bottom Fauna of Portions of the Cowichan River, B.C.
Authors: Idyll Clarence Purvis
Published: April 2011

The yields per sq. m. computed as (1) av. wet wt. and (2) no. of organisms were: pool—36.91 g., 745; riffles—14.60 g., 1061; creek—8.25 g., 536. Vegetation is the most productive type of habitat, followed by mud, rubble, gravel bottom. The river may be designated as a "Trichoptera stream". No close correlation was found between no. of organisms in bottom fauna and no. in trout stomachs, thus suggesting discrimination among trout for food organisms.
Tagging Experiments on British Columbia Pilchards
Authors: Hart John Lawson
Published: April 2011

Internal iron tags recovered by magnets demonstrate general movements of pilchards (Sardinops caerulea (Girard)) from Canadian to California fishing grounds. Consideration of recoveries in respect to tonnages of fish landed, size of fish landed, and efficiency of recovery show that in the first year after tagging, tagged fish are more concentrated on northern fishing grounds than on those of California. After the first year the reverse is true. Canadian tags during their first year are more concentrated on the fishing grounds off San Pedro than off central California. Later this condition is not observed. Fish of the 1939 year-class present in California waters in 1940 were taken by the Canadian fishery in 1941. The dates of recovery of first year tags on the United States coast indicate a rather orderly migration. Minimum estimate of the fastest rate of migration indicated gave 14.3 km. per day. In contrast to the inferred condition on major migrations, pilchard movements on northern fishing grounds are very confused. Definite movements from the Washington coast to the Canadian coast are demonstrated. Fish taken in the inlets of Vancouver island during the winter months are part of the general pilchard population. The total mortality rate of the large pilchards tagged in connection with Canadian fishing operations is about 71% per annum.
Action of Nitrates and Nitrites on Bacteria
Authors: Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

The amount of NaNO2 formed by reduction of NaNO3 by growing heterotrophic fish spoilage bacteria depended largely on the pH of the culture medium used. Thus NaNO2 formation was strongly inhibited in media controlled at acid pH, but amounts as high as 6,950 p.p.m. were formed when the pH was permitted to rise unchecked. NaNO3, in presence or absence of 200 p.p.m. of NaNO2, had either a very trivial effect, or no effect, on the growth of fish spoilage bacteria in broth medium or fish muscle, and it was either not, or but feebly, reduced in fish muscle under the experimental conditions.
Reduction of Trimethylamine Oxide by Bacteria:2. The Micrococcaceae
Authors: Baird Elizabeth A. , Wood A. J.
Published: April 2011

None of the recognized Micrococcaceae examined reduce trimethylamine oxide, although unidentified Micrococci from fish do so.
Heat Stroke in Canadian Maritime Stream Fishes
Authors: Huntsman A. G.
Published: April 2011

On June 13, 1942, after a warm period, Alosa, Catostomus, Pomolobus, Salmo, Salvelinus and other fishes died in parts of the Petitcodiac, Shubenacadie, French, Waugh and John rivers. The streams affected were moderately rapid, broad, shallow and long, with spring sources. They were low from slight rainfall and in districts with relatively cloudless skies during the period. These streams showed daily minimal and maximal temperatures rising steadily (to 88½° F. or 31.4 °C.) under warm moist air conditions, which evidently reduced radiation at night more than insolation during the day.
Restocking Depleted Sockeye Salmon Areas by Transfer of Eggs
Authors: Foerster R. E.
Published: April 2011

Eggs from Cultus lake, a lower Fraser river tributary, and from Adams river, in the Shuswap lake region, were transferred to Eagle river, a formerly important sockeye salmon stream at the head of Shuswap lake. The resulting fingerlings were marked, prior to liberation into Eagle river, by removal of certain fins for subsequent identification. Recovery of surviving adults—few in the commercial fishery, few, if any, in the original native spawning areas, none at Eagle river from the Cultus lake egg transfers and very few from the Adams river shipments—indicates that restoration of depleted sockeye areas cannot be achieved merely by introducing eggs from any outside well-populated areas.
Thiaminase in Aquatic Animals of Nova Scotia
Authors: Neilands J. B.
Published: April 2011

The muscle and viscera of a number of fresh water and marine animals have been tested for thiaminase activity. Residual thiamine was determined by chemical and yeast methods. The enzyme was found in a greater proportion of fresh water species and invertebrates.
Control of Rancidity in Fish Flesh: I. Chemical Antioxidants
Authors: Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

The development of rancidity in the naturally occurring fats of frozen fish was retarded by treatment with ascorbic acid (0.05%), ethyl, n-propyl, n-butyl or hexyl gallates (0.01 to 0.05%), and cysteine hydrochloride (0.05%). Ethanol ammonium gallate (0.02%), dodecyl thiodipropionate (0.05%), thiourea (0.05%), citric and tartaric acids (0.02%) were ineffective. The loss of surface red colour which occurred during storage of coho and red spring salmon was largely prevented by pre-treatment with 0.02% of ethyl or propyl gallate. Both NaCl and NaNO2 acted as pro-oxidants in frozen fish. In unfrozen salmon flesh stored at 0 °C. both ethyl gallate and NaNO2 retarded fat oxidation and bacterial increase.
A Snail Commensal with the Soft-shell Clam
Authors: Medcof J. C.
Published: April 2011

In gulf of St. Lawrence areas Odostomia trifida Totten lives commensally the year round on the siphon ends of the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria L.
Action of Sulpha Compounds, Antibiotics and Nitrite on Growth of Bacteria in Fish Flesh
Authors: Tarr H. L. A. , Deas Catherine P.
Published: April 2011

Sodium nitrite (0.02%) inhibited growth more than sulphathiazole (0.001–0.002%) or sulphanilamide (0.002%), but penicillin G (5–75 I.U. per 100 g.) and streptomycin (100–10,000 "S" units per 100 g.) had no important effect.
Odontosyllis at Bermuda and Lunar Periodicity
Authors: Huntsman A. G.
Published: April 2011

At Bermuda, the polychaete worm, Odontosyllis enopla, approaches the surface and luminesces in connection with spawning monthly after full moon, beginning about 55 minutes after sunset and lasting half an hour. In mid-winter this display was correlated with no moon at that time after sunset irrespective of clouds which did not seem to affect visibility. Response only to decrease in light intensity from sunlight to starlight gives lunar periodicity. There is similar behaviour in other species of Odontosyllis and also in Platynereis and Nereis. Apart from spawning, the prawns Anchistioides and Penaeopsis swarm at the surface in similar fashion, and salmon parr approach the surface most nearly when sunlight decreases to starlight.
Changes in the Palatability of Cod Fillets
Authors: Dyer F. E. , Dyer W. J.
Published: April 2011

A comparison has been made of the assessment of quality by taste panels and by the level of trimethylamine in cod fillets stored at 0 °C. and 5 °C. The correlation was good, indicating that a trimethylamine level of about 15 mg. N per 100 g. tissue is on the borderline between acceptance and rejection. There is no ripening process as in meat, the quality falling off before there is chemical evidence of spoilage.
The Physical Limnology of Great Slave Lake
Authors: Rawson D. S.
Published: April 2011

not available
Fertility of Salmonoid Eggs and Sperm after Storage
Authors: Barrett I.
Published: April 2011

The effects of storage on the fertility of salmonoid eggs and sperm have been studied. In these experiments mature eggs and sperm were stripped into dry sterile jars and stored for varying periods at low temperatures before testing their fertility with fresh genital products. The methods have been used and found to be feasible under field conditions. Eggs of the chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta, were stored at temperatures of 2.5° to 5.8 °C. for 108 hours with an average infertility of less than 20%. The sperm of this species show a wide variation in their reaction to storage but may be retained for 36 hours in sterile jars with an average of less than 10% infertility. Data for the Kamloops (Salmo gairdnerii Kamloops) and cutthroat (Salmo clarkii lewisi) trout are confirmatory. Preliminary experiments indicate the feasibility of transporting eggs and sperm stored together in the absence of water.
The Relation of Digging Frequency to Productivity of the Butter Clam, Saxidomus giganteus Deshayes
Authors: Quayle D. B.
Published: April 2011

The effect of frequency of digging butter clams, Saxidomus giganteus, on production was tested by the Latin square method in five different localities of Southern British Columbia. Digging once in 7 years appeared somewhat less productive than digging every 1/2, 1, 2 or 3 years. Among the latter four frequencies there were no detectable differences.
Re-discovery of the Polychaete Worm Trypanosyllis ingens Johnson
Authors: Berkeley E. , Berkeley C.
Published: April 2011

Discovery of Trypanosyllis ingens Johnson off the west coast of Vancouver island is described. The species has hitherto been known from a single specimen collected at Pacific Grove, California, and described some fifty years ago. It is notable for its large size and the possession of a unique form of prostomium.
Improved Medium for Red Halophilic Bacteria from Salt Fish
Authors: Dussault H. P. , Lachance R. A.
Published: April 2011

The relatively slow development of red halophilic bacteria on laboratory culture media has long been noticed to cause distinct disadvantages in the cultural studies of the types responsible for the reddening of salt fish. Thus, routine analyses of salt and salt fish samples for the presence of red bacteria and also disinfectant studies leading to the elimination of the resulting contamination are seriously delayed. Lochhead's skim milk-salt agar medium has been modified by the addition of MgSO4∙7H2O, 5 g.; Mg(NO3)2∙6H2O, 1 g.; FeCl3∙7H2O, 0.025 g.; Proteose Peptone No. 3, 5 g.; and glycerol C.P., 10 g. to 1000 ml. of medium. In addition/to technical improvements, definite stimulation of growth has been obtained; the incubation time being cut in half and the volume of growth several times increased.
The Distribution of Vitamin B12-Active Substances in some Marine Invertebrates of British Columbia
Authors: Maxwell B. E.
Published: April 2011

Quantitative estimation of the amounts of vitamin B12-active substances in some marine invertebrates was made using a microbiological assay technique. In general, species from phylum Mollusca were found to be richer in these substances than were species from phyla Echinodermata and Annelida and class Crustacea. No definite relationship was found to exist between the content of vitamin B12-active substances in an animal and its phylogeny.
Surface Temperatures of the Great Lakes
Authors: Millar F. Graham
Published: April 2011

Thermographs were installed on the condenser intakes of several steamships on the Great Lakes, with which the water temperature was recorded for five to ten years. Averages are presented in tables, maps, and diagrams. The temperature varies considerably over a lake surface in a manner determined by the depths and currents. Standard deviations and serial correlations are found for some of the data.
The Survival of Red Halophiles in Water and in Brines
Authors: Castell C. H. , Mapplebeck E. G.
Published: April 2011

The survival time of red halophiles in solutions of sodium chloride is greatest in saturated solutions and decreases with reductions in the concentration of salt. At 25 °C. heavy inoculations may survive for months in saturated brines, rarely over 24 hours in 10 per cent solutions, and for 2 to 6 hours in tap water free from salt. Increased temperature and decreased pH reduced the survival time in all of the salt concentrations tested. Various protein materials, but not sugar, had a protective action against the destructive action of decreased salt concentrations.
A Study of the "Lipoxidase" in the Flesh of British Columbia Herring
Authors: Khan M. M. R.
Published: April 2011

From the dark muscle of British Columbia herring a highly active enzyme capable of peroxidizing non-conjugated unsaturated fatty acids was isolated. This "lipoxidase", which was shown to be a nitrogenous complex possessing no heavy metals or sulphydryl group as the active centre, is heat-labile and can act only in presence of activators such as certain iron-containing organic nitrogenous compounds. Two such compounds, namely haemoglobin and cytochrome "c" were isolated. The enzyme exhibits optimal activity at 15 °C. and pH 6.9. There is also an optimal concentration of enzyme, substrate, and of the activators for maximal enzyme activity. The presence of the activators appears to change the kinetics, of the reactions. The inhibition of the enzymic reaction brought about by cyanide and azide is possibly due to the inactivation of the iron-containing activators rather than of the enzyme itself.
Principles Affecting the Size of Pink and Chum Salmon Populations in British Columbia
Authors: Neave Ferris
Published: April 2011

In pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) the survival during the freshwater phases of the life-cycle has been found to vary from about 1 to 24 per cent of available eggs. Natural survival during marine existence is considered to average about 5 per cent. In the central region of the British Columbia coast the annual catch averages about 60 per cent of the adult fish. Populations maturing in "even" and "odd" years vary in size independently. Fluctuations in level of stock originate mainly in fresh water.Population levels and changes are determined by the combined effects of three types of mortality: (a) mortality which becomes relatively heavier as populations increase in density (compensatory); (b) mortality which becomes relatively heavier as populations decrease in density (depensatory); (c) mortality which is independent of density (extrapensatory). Compensatory mortality is especially identified with the, period of spawning and incubation. Depensatory mortality is considered to occur mainly during the period of fry migration and to be due to predation. Extrapensatory mortality may occur at any stage; it is most variable during the period between entrance of the adults into fresh water and emergence of the free-swimming fry.Populations of chum salmon (O. keta) are controlled by similar influences. Effects are modified by higher egg-production and a less rigid life-span than in the pink salmon.
The St. Lawrence Spring Run-Off and Summer Salinities in the Magdalen Shallows
Authors: Lauzier Louis
Published: April 2011

not available
Theory of Growth and Competition in Natural Populations
Authors: Riley Gordon A.
Published: April 2011

Classical theories of population growth and inter-species relations are briefly reviewed. It is shown how variations in feeding habits, reproductive patterns, and other aspects of population behaviour have required modifications of the basic theory in order to make it applicable to particular species. The role of the environment in population theory is also discussed, and this opens the way to a consideration of theoretical aspects of the ecology of natural populations. The latter are admittedly too complex to encourage the application of theory in its purest and most complete form. Practical attempts along these lines have simplified the problem by dealing with ecological groups—phytoplankton, zooplankton, etc.—rather than individual species. A review is presented of the methods, aims, and results of theoretical ecological investigations of the last few years. The significance of such work with respect to higher members of the food chain is discussed, and the paper concludes with remarks on some of the unsolved problems of theoretical analysis.
Colour Pattern of Humpback Whales from the Coast of British Columbia
Authors: Pike Gordon C.
Published: April 2011

The colour of 184 humpback whales (Megaptera nodosa), was studied at the Coal Harbour whaling station on Vancouver Island during the summers of 1949, 1950 and 1951. The colour of the throat region, the flippers and the flukes were classified separately, according to the amount of white present in each of these three regions. Humpback whales from the coast of British Columbia differ from those taken at South Georgia, South Africa, New Zealand and Madagascar in being darker in colour. Males are lighter in colour than females, on the average. No definite change in colour occurs with increase in length.
Growth, Maturity, Fecundity and Mortality in the Relatively Unexploited Whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis, of Great Slave Lake
Authors: Kennedy W. A.
Published: April 2011

Ages were determined of 6,571 whitefish for which sizes were recorded. A length-weight relationship, the percentage of both sexes mature at each age, the sex ratio, the proportion of mature females that spawn annually and the relationship between size of fish and number of eggs were determined from smaller samples.Growth rate is difficult to assess because of net selection, but it seems to be slower than in more southerly lakes. Growth appears to be limited to the period June to September inclusive.The total annual mortality rate of 61 per cent represents the unexploited condition—four years of commercial fishing with 51/2-inch mesh gill-nets produced no obvious change. A moderate mortality rate acting at all ages will easily account for thousands of eggs being produced for every whitefish that survives to maturity—it is unnecessary to assume a low percentage of eggs fertilized or excessive mortality among fertilized eggs or among young fish.A more intensive fishery would probably increase sustained yield.
Preliminary Experiments Using Lights and Bubbles to Deflect Migrating Young Spring Salmon
Authors: Brett J. R. , MacKinnon D.
Published: April 2011

Experiments to deflect young spring salmon during their night-time migration by means of a beam of light and/or a "wall" of bubbles were conducted in a canal near Courtenay, B.C. By use of hoop nets it was discovered that under natural conditions no significant difference existed in the respective catches of the spring salmon underyearlings moving downstream on either side of the canal. A significant difference was obtained, however, when a narrow beam of light was directed into the water at a downstream angle in front of one net. A reduction to about one-third the expected catch resulted with either continuous or flashing light. The "wall" of bubbles, in a similar position, did not reduce the catch.Cut-throat trout fry and hatchery-reared Kamloops trout fingerlings were not deflected under these conditions.
A Study of the Proteolytic Enzyme Activity of the Pyloric Caeca of Redfish
Authors: Stern Joseph A. , Lockhart Ernest E.
Published: April 2011

The proteolytic activity of an enzyme preparation from the pyloric caeca of redfish (Sebastes marinus) was studied and measured colorimetrically by the biuret reaction. The optimum temperature of this preparation was found to be 51–52 °C. A statistical study of the data showed the optimum pH to be 8.75, or slightly higher than the optimum pH of trypsin. A comparison of the actions of a commercial leather bate, hog intestinal mucosa, papain, pancreatin, trypsin and the caecal enzyme of redfish on casein led to the conclusion that the pyloric caeca of redfish would furnish a suitable material from which to prepare a leather bate.
European Ling—First Record from North American Waters
Authors: Templeman Wilfred , Fleming A. M.
Published: April 2011

A European ling, 137 cm. long, caught on the Grand Bank, February, 1953, is identified as Molva molva. This is the first substantiated record from North American waters south of Greenland.
Surface Tidal Currents in Juan de Fuca Strait
Authors: Herlinveaux R. H.
Published: April 2011

Surface-current measurements were made at half-hour intervals throughout thirty-hour periods at three positions in Juan de Fuca Strait. These were repeated during spring and neap ranges of the tide in spring, summer and late autumn during 1952. The currents are linear functions of the difference of sea level between the Pacific Ocean and the Strait of Georgia. A rule is given for predicting the currents from data in the Tide Tables.
Adaptation of the "Drop Plate" Method for the Enumeration of Red Halophilic Bacteria
Authors: Dussault H. P.
Published: April 2011

The quantitative determination of total numbers of red halophilic bacteria in contaminated solar salts and discoloured salt fish has been made possible through the successful adaptation of the "drop plate" method. The maximum number of colonies is reached after eight days for pure strains of Ps. salinaria, and after 14 days for the red halophiles present in contaminated solar salts. A brief statistical study has shown that a fair degree of reliability can be obtained with the method. From series of counts, the total error expressed as coefficient of variation is shown to vary from 3.34 to 8.72 per cent. Good reproducibility is also obtained when random samples are taken from stocks of contaminated salt.
The Rockfish Sebastodes rubrivinctus in British Columbia Waters
Authors: Ketchen K. S.
Published: April 2011

The "Spanish flag" or "flag snapper" (Sebastodes rubrivinctus) is of common occurrence in the long-line catches from deep water adjacent to the British Columbia coast, but has not previously received formal recognition. It is recognizable by the four wide, bright red vertical bands on the sides of the body, the background being white or pale pink. About 100,000 pounds were landed by Canadian fishermen in 1952.
Migrations of Spiny Dogfish Tagged in Newfoundland Waters
Authors: Templeman Wilfred
Published: April 2011

Tagging of 279 spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) near St. John's, Newfoundland, July 9 to 23, 1942, gave 5 per cent recaptures: 4 returns in 1942, 5 in 1943 and, apart from 1946, one in each successive year until 1949. Eight recaptures were from Newfoundland, 3 from the Maritime Provinces, 2 from Gloucester, Massachusetts, and one from Virginia.
Additions to the Polychaete Fauna of Canada, with Comments on Some Older Records
Authors: Berkeley E. , Berkeley C.
Published: April 2011

Descriptions are given of the new genera Neopygospio (type N. laminifera, nov.) and Novobranchus (type N. pacificus, nov.); of the new species Nereis (Eunereis) wailesi, Spio butleri, Neopygospio laminifera, Novobranchus pacificus; and of the new variety pacificus of Distylia volutacornis (Montagu). All are from the Pacific coast of Canada. Synonymy is proposed of Lepidonotus caelorus Moore with L. squamatus (Linné), and of Goniada eximia Ehlers with Ophioglycera gigantea Verrill. In addition to the new species and variety, records of three species new to western Canada are presented, and notes on others. Thirteen species and a variety new to eastern Canada are recorded, one of them new to North America.
Stock and Recruitment
Authors: Ricker W. E.
Published: April 2011

Plotting net reproduction (reproductive potential of the adults obtained) against the density of stock which produced them, for a number of fish and invertebrate populations, gives a domed curve whose apex lies above the line representing replacement reproduction. At stock densities beyond the apex, reproduction declines either gradually or abruptly. This decline gives a population a tendency to oscillate in numbers; however, the oscillations are damped, not permanent, unless reproduction decreases quite rapidly and there is not too much mixing of generations in the breeding population. Removal of part of the adult stock reduces the amplitude of oscillations that may be in progress and, up to a point, increases reproduction.
The Relative Growth of Hybrid Char (Salvelinus fontinalis × Cristivomer namaycush)
Authors: Slastenenko E. P.
Published: April 2011

Hybrid char from Banff were intermediate between the two parental species, lake trout and eastern book trout, in respect to relative growth of some characters; in others they approximated one or other of the parent species. However it was not possible to make comparisons with parent-species material of the same stock as the hybrids' parents and reared under the same conditions.
The Amphipod Crustacea of Ungava Bay, Canadian Eastern Arctic
Authors: Dunbar M. J.
Published: April 2011

One hundred and fourteen species of amphipods are recorded from Ungava Bay, most of them for the first time from that area; 21 are new for North America, 5 new to science. Many of them show variations from the types, the types having been described from European or Greenland material. Such variations are to be expected in the Ungava Bay material since it represents a large extension in the known distribution of most of the species, and especially in groups such as the Gammarid and Caprellid amphipods which have no pelagic larvae.In two cases (Westwoodilla megalops and Haploops setosa) pairs of amphipod forms known from Europe as separate species are represented in Ungava Bay by forms which cannot without qualification be referred to either European form, showing characteristics of both, and the two species have therefore been brought into synonymy in each case, since the situation does not warrant the establishment of new species for the Ungava Bay specimens. Since in both cases the European forms were very close together in the first place, each of the two species now exists as three geographic variants; subspecific names have not been given to the variants. Evidence is produced in favour of bringing three species of Ischyrocerus (I. latipes, I. assimilis and I. pachtusovi) together into a similar species complex.The distribution of the Ungava Bay amphipods is analysed. They can be divided into (1) an Atlantic group, possibly endemic to the Atlantic, (2) a group whose distribution lies within the subarctic marine zone as here defined, (3) a large group which does not appear to extend south of the subarctic on the western side of the Atlantic but which is widely distributed in the boreal on the eastern side, in the North Sea area, (4) a small number of arctic forms which become less abundant in the subarctic, and (5) species probably of Pacific origin which are not known east of Greenland nor west of the Kara Sea.
Economic Factors in Catch Fluctuations
Authors: Gordon H. Scott
Published: April 2011

Correlation methods were employed in a statistical analysis of the relation between catch fluctuations and economic factors for the principal Canadian commercial species of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The results indicate that the major part of catch fluctuations are ascribable to economic factors in the cases of Atlantic herring, "sardines", and cod (tentative), and Pacific herring. Economic factors appear to have had no significant effect on the catches of Atlanta lobsters and Pacific halibut and salmon.
Notes on the Morphology, Taxonomy and Synonymy of Several Species of Whale-lice (Cyamidae: Amphipoda)
Authors: Margolis Leo
Published: April 2011

Maxilliped palps are present in adult Cyamus ceti, C. scammoni and C. ovalis; absent in adult C. boopis, C. nodosus and C. gracilis; their presence is variable in C. erraticus and C. catodontis. The genus Paracyamus is considered a direct synonym of Cyamus. Neocyamus n. gen. is created for the acceptance of Cyamus physeteris Pouchet. Cyamus elongatus Hiro is shown to be a synonym of C. boopis Lütken and C. boopis var. physeteris Pouchet is a synonym of C. catodontis Margolis. Further notes on the morphology of several species of cyamids are presented.
The Resistance to Salt Water Corrosion of Various Types of Metal Wire Used in the Tagging of Flatfish
Authors: Forrester C. R. , Ketchen K. S.
Published: April 2011

Observations on the metal used as pins for Petersen-type tags on Parophrys vetulus showed manufactured nickel pins to be most subject to corrosion or wear, with pins of silver wire, nickel and stainless steel wire successively less liable. Tagging wounds were worst with nickel pins and least with stainless steel wire. A correction factor of approximately 1.7 for each year the tag is out is necessary to bring results with nickel pins on a par with those of stainless steel wire.
Some Observations on the Movement of Pacific Salmon Fry through a Small Impounded Water Basin
Authors: MacKinnon D. , Brett J. R.
Published: April 2011

A small-scale field experiment was conducted to investigate the migration of Pacific salmon fry through an impounded water basin, 2.4 acres in area. Pink, chum, coho, spring and sockeye fry were released at the upstream end. During nine days of operating a trap placed below the outlet dam, only pink and chum fry appeared. One-quarter of the total of these latter species moved through the impoundment and were recaptured. The migration of the fry was mainly confined to a period 11/2 hours after sunset to 11/2 hours before sunrise. The rate of migration of fry through the impoundment differed significantly from the movement of floats also released above the basin.
Notes on the Seaward Migration of Pink and Chum Salmon Fry
Authors: Neave Ferris
Published: April 2011

The seaward migration of pink and chum salmon fry takes place at night. Strong light is avoided. In pink salmon negative rheotaxis (swimming with a current) is strongly developed and migration is not primarily effected by random swimming and passive displacement. Downstream movement is mainly at or close to the surface. In slack water vertical distribution is more uniform. In the shortest streams examined, each night's migrants appeared to reach the sea before daybreak. In a longer stream, fry were seen to bury themselves at the onset of daylight. After being held in fresh water for an undetermined period, fry show positive rheotaxis and schooling behaviour and no longer avoid light. Behaviour of fry after reaching the sea also differs from that shown during actual migration. Changes in behaviour may coincide with commencement of feeding.
On the Ecology of Skeena River Whitefishes, Coregonus and Prosopium
Authors: Godfrey H.
Published: April 2011

Incidental information on the ecology of the common (Eastern) whitefish, Coregonus clupeaformis, and the Rocky Mountain whitefish, Prosopium williamsoni, was collected in the course of the Skeena River Salmon Investigation of 1944–1948. The common whitefish has been found in only four Skeena lakes, which have characteristics that are mainly oligotrophic. Rocky Mountain whitefish were taken in all the lakes where netting was done, which included warm and shallow, as well as deep and cold, bodies of water. The bottom fauna of Lakelse, Babine and Morrison Lakes was described. During the summer common whitefish were most abundant in depths of 10–15 m., and Rocky Mountain whitefish at 5–10 m. The food of the two species was very similar, and consisted mostly of bottom organisms. An exception was that of common whitefish in Morrison Lake, which had fed almost wholly upon plankton crustaceans. This situation was associated with the paucity of bottom fauna in the lake. The important competitors for food of the whitefishes, identified on the basis of common food and habitat, were peamouth chub, Mylocheilus caurinum, and squawfish, Ptychocheilus oregonense. Chief predators of the whitefish were lake trout, Cristivomer namaycush, and ling, Lota lota. However, there was no evidence that predation upon either whitefish was particularly serious. The oldest common whitefish were X years of age (473 mm. fork length), and Rocky Mountain whitefish IX years (365 mm. fork length). No food organisms occur in the Skeena lakes in such abundance as do certain amphipods in other Canadian lakes where the common whitefish is fished commercially. This scarcity of suitable food is considered to be the main condition limiting the abundance of the Skeena populations of common whitefish.
The Standing Crop of Fish in Lakes
Authors: Carlander Kenneth D.
Published: April 2011

To determine whether certain environmental factors may affect standing crop, an analysis was made, primarily by regression methods, of the published estimates of standing crops of fish in lakes and ponds. Standing crop estimates derived by draining and those by poisoning appear to be equally accurate, but marking and recovery estimates may not be directly comparable with the other two. Average standing crops in river backwaters and oxbows were almost 500 pounds per acre; in midwestern reservoirs, almost 400 pounds per acre; in other reservoirs and ponds, 200 to 300; in warm-water lakes, 125 to 150; and in trout lakes, less than 50 pounds per acre.No correlation could be shown between areas of lakes or ponds and their standing crops per acre. There was a tendency for standing crop per acre to decrease with increase in maximum depth of trout lakes, of warm-water lakes, and probably of reservoirs. Significant increase in standing crop per acre with increase in carbonate content of the water was found in trout lakes, warm-water lakes and midwestern reservoirs.Elton's pyramid of numbers was demonstrated in an analysis of standing crop per acre by species. Competition between species at the same food level may be mitigated by habitat segregation. Standing crop per acre increases as the number of species increases or as the niches are filled. However, standing crops of given species were usually highest when only one or two species were present. Regressions of the standing crops of one species upon those of other species may give clues as to the degree of competition or of protocooperation, but these clues must be critically evaluated since the regressions may be due to factors other than the presence of the other species.
Extracts and Enzymic Hydrolysates from Fish Liver and Mammalian Liver
Authors: Guttmann A.
Published: April 2011

Extracts and enzymic hydrolysates were prepared from cod, haddock, salmon, whale, seal, beef and pork livers. Extraction was carried out with water at pH 5; enzymic hydrolysis was effected by papain at pH 5.5 and at 65 °C. followed by pancreatin at pH 7.5 and at 50 °c. The proper digestion times were established. Extracts, as well as hydrolysates, were concentrated by distillation in vacuo to the consistency of syrup and then dried at a low temperature in vacuo. The preparations were analysed for a large number of inorganic and organic constituents. Comparisons of the results for preparations from fish livers with corresponding products from mammalian livers lead to the conclusion that fish livers are useful raw materials for the production of extracts and enzymic hydrolysates for use in foods or in medicinal preparations.
Atlantic Cod Populations along the Southern Canadian Mainland as shown by Vertebral Count Studies
Authors: McKenzie R. A. , Smith G. F. M.
Published: April 2011

Analysis of vertebral counts of 28,097 cod (Gadus callarias L.) in 184 samples from the Canadian mainland coast demonstrates some segregation of inshore and offshore populations and little mixing between the cod on various sections of the coast. Four populations are recognized in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Three offshore populations and at least four inshore populations are also recognized along the south coast of Nova Scotia. Seasonal migrations northward in summer and southward in winter are indicated by changes in vertebral numbers. Small cod (less than 21/2 lb.) exhibit less variability in vertebral number than larger ones, suggesting increased mixing with growth.
The Inconnu (Stenodus leucichthys mackenziei) in Great Slave Lake and Adjoining Waters
Authors: Fuller W. A.
Published: April 2011

Material for this study was gathered by field parties of the Fisheries Research Board in the summers of 1944, 1945 and 1946. A description of the subspecies is given, based on measurements of 26 specimens. The distribution of Stenodus in Great Slave Lake, and in northern North America is outlined. The rate of growth was determined from an examination of scale samples from 298 fish, and it was found that the inconnu has a rapid growth rate, even in this highly oligotrophic lake. Inconnu spawn mainly in the rivers which enter Great Slave Lake from the Mackenzie Lowlands. The upstream run apparently occupies most of the summer but evidence is presented which indicates a major movement in late August. The post-spawning, downstream run takes place in late September or early October. Residents take advantage of it to put up inconnu for winter dog feed. The food of young inconnu in the spawning streams was found to be mainly invertebrates, whereas in Great Slave Lake the species is almost entirely piscivorous. A list of parasites is given, among which Triaenophorus crassus is considered of major importance. The rate of infestation with the larvae of this worm is high—88 per cent of 49 fish examined, at a rate of 64 cysts per 100 pounds. At present the major use of the inconnu is in the domestic fishery where it serves local trappers, and others, as dog feed.
The Planktonic Copepods (Calanoida, Cyclopoida, Monstrilloida) of Ungava Bay, with Special Reference to the Biology of Pseudocalanus minutus and Calanus finmarchicus
Authors: Fontaine Marion
Published: April 2011

Collections of planktonic copepods of Ungava Bay and central Hudson Strait were made during late June, July and August of 1947, 1949 and 1950. The following 22 species have been identified: Calanus finmarchicus, C. hyperboreus, C. helgolandicus, Pseudocalanus minutus, Microcalanus pygmaeus, Gaidius tenuispinus, Aetideopsis rostrata, Pareuchaeta norvegica, P. glacialis, Eurytemora americana, Metridia longa, Pleuromamma robusta, Heterorhabdus norvegicus, Acartia longiremis, A. bifilosa, Oithona similis, Oncaea borealis, Cyclopina gracilis, C. schneideri, Monstrilla dubia, M. helgolandica and M. canadensis. The last 5 species have not previously been recorded from the western North Atlantic. Males of Cyclopina Schneideri are described for the first time. The two most abundant species, Calanus finmarchicus and Pseudocalanus minutus, have one generation a year. A small part of the population of Pseudocalanus minutus breeds a second time in the autumn. The next most common species, Acartia longiremis and Oithona similis, probably breed and spawn in July. The population dynamics of all the species are discussed.
Movements of Drift Cards in Georgian Bay in 1953
Authors: Fry F. E. J.
Published: April 2011

Recoveries of drift cards indicate a generally easterly drift of surface water across Georgian Bay, corresponding to prevailing winds. No cards were recovered on the western side of the bay, suggesting persistent upwelling there.
Spoilage of Fish in the Vessels at Sea: 2. Treatment on the Deck and in the Hold
Authors: Castell C. H. , MacCallum W. A. , Power H. E.
Published: April 2011

A study has been made of some of the factors affecting the spoilage rate of fish in the trawlers at sea. It was found that two conditions were major causes of accelerated spoilage: (1) Treatments that resulted in very heavy initial contamination such as storing the fish directly against the slimy wooden pen boards, and (2) Treatments that resulted in a rise in the temperature of the fish. This latter may be a larger increase in temperature for a short period, such as exposure of the fish on the deck during warm summer weather, or a smaller increase over a longer period, such as results from inadequate or inefficient icing.Other types of carelessness and unsanitary conditions did not have any significant effect on the fish until at least 6 or 7 days, as long as they were well iced during the subsequent storage period in the hold.
Study of Red Halophilic Bacteria in Solar Salt and Salted Fish: II. Bacto-oxgall as a Selective Agent for Differentiation
Authors: Dussault H. P.
Published: April 2011

A simple method, based on oxgall tolerance, is proposed for differentiating red halophilic bacteria commonly found in solar salt and discoloured salted codfish. Tests carried out on 18 strains isolated from various sources have shown that the rod forms are inhibited by low concentrations of Bacto-oxgall and that the coccus forms tolerate relatively high ones. Bacto-oxgall can thus be used as the basis of a simple selective medium. This test has been found useful for the isolation, purification and partial identification of unidentified strains and also for determining the relative proportions of the two main types of red halophilic bacteria present in solar salt and salted fish samples.
Ionic Ratios of Some of the Major Components in River-Diluted Sea Water in Bute and Knight Inlets, British Columbia
Authors: Kirsch Milton
Published: April 2011

The variation in the K+/Na+ and Ca++/Na+ ratios in highly diluted sea waters near the heads of two British Columbia inlets has been determined flame photometrically. Although the values agree in general with those calculated from the effect of dilution, discrepancies larger than the analytical error appear. These discrepancies may be explained by cation exchange processes taking place where the silt suspended in the river meets the sea.
Spoilage of Fish in the Vessels at Sea: 4. Effect of Removal of Gills on Rate of Spoilage
Authors: Castell C. H. , Greenough Maxine F.
Published: April 2011

Removal of the gills from Atlantic cod and haddock definitely retarded the development of off odours and spoilage when the fish were examined as whole gutted fish. It did not make any observable or measurable difference in the quality of fillets cut from these fish.
Chemical Changes in Nitrite-Treated Atlantic Cod Fillets in Relation to Spoilage Assessment
Authors: Vaisey E. B.
Published: April 2011

Results are reported from preliminary studies using various analytical methods to detect spoilage in nitrite-treated Atlantic cod. In a more intensive study of one method, it was found that fresh fillets could be separated from spoiling fillets by their gains in tyrosine value after 3-hour incubation at room temperature.
Surface and Bottom Currents in the Strait of Georgia
Authors: Pickard G. L.
Published: April 2011

Measurements of the currents close to the bottom and at the surface have been made at six stations along a section across the Strait of Georgia from Point Roberts to Galiano Island, and at two stations in Trincomali Channel. After adjusting to the maximum tidal range the mean bottom currents were about 0.3 knot with a maximum of 1 knot. At the surface the mean flood current was 0.45 knot and the mean ebb 0.85 knot, with maxima up to 2 knots. The bottom currents were periodic and appeared to be essentially tidal in character, while the surface currents were a combination of tidal and river run-off flows.
Some Temperature and Salinity Records from the Canadian Arctic during 1954 and 1955
Authors: Ellis D. V.
Published: April 2011

A series of fourteen oceanographic stations were occupied from May 1954 to August 1955 in the Canadian Arctic. Temperatures and salinities were usually recorded at six levels down to 100 m. Low salinities, less than 30‰, were recorded at all depths at two stations in Coronation Gulf and near Cambridge Bay during the summer of 1954. Data from eight stations in the vicinity of the northern coast of Baffin Island during the winter 1954–55 and the following summer revealed some of the seasonal changes in temperature and salinity.
Factors influencing the survival of the lemon sole (Parophrys vetulus) in Hecate Strait, British Columbia
Authors: Ketchen K. S.
Published: April 2011

Evidence of fluctuations in the strengths of lemon sole year-classes in Hecate Strait has been obtained from analysis of the age composition of the adult stock during a ten year period. These fluctuations are correlated inversely with sea surface temperatures at the time in the life-cycle when the young are in the pelagic stage. Explanation of this relationship is based on evidence that the young are transported by a northward moving current, from a spawning ground somewhere in southern Hecate Strait to a restricted nursery area lying along the northeastern shores of the Queen Charlotte Islands.From the results of laboratory experiments on the effect of temperature on the rate of growth of lemon sole embryos, it is concluded that small annual differences in sea temperature produce marked differences in the duration of the pelagic stage. Hence, in years when temperatures are below average, the larvae are carried for a longer period by the northward moving currents. It is maintained that this results in a greater deposition of young on the nursery ground.
Spoilage of Fish in the Vessels at Sea: 5. Bilgy Fish
Authors: McLean Norma L. , Castell C. H.
Published: April 2011

Offensive "bilgy" odours develop when fish are stored in contact with slime-soaked wooden surfaces. Anaerobic bacteria develop in the slime layer between the surfaces of the fish and the wood.The muscle of bilgy fish has a higher hydrogen sulphide and a lower mercaptan content than that of similar fish spoiling in ice but not in contact with wood. The trimethylamine and volatile acid values are usually, but not consistently, high in bilgy fish.In the observations described in this paper, the fillets of fish stored in contact with dirty pen boards acquired a distinct bilgy odour when the anaerobic bacteria on the skin exceeded 106 per cm.2, at which point the hydrogen sulphide content of the muscle was 0.05 mg. or more per 100 g. of fish.