bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Problems Regarding the Oriental Road of Revolution
Authors: Shuming Pan
Published: May 2006

This article examines Marx′s theoretical exploration of the
oriental road of revolution. After three development stages of his
theory of continuing revolution. Marx began to study the problems of the
oriental revolution. His exploration makes clear that the reasons for
collapse of clans of various nationalities were different. There
appeared a multi‐thread development of history in the background of
extending genealogy by clan societies of different regions and
nationalities, which embodied the different formations of social
structure and the foundations of different historical development. Marx
stood for distinguishing oriental village communes from the feudal
society in Western Europe, thus opening the study of the theories of the
historical press of oriental society. Marx opposed the theory of
historical philosophy that thoroughly turns the historical summary of
the origin of capitalism in Western Europe into a general development
road. Under the influence of the Narodnits, Marx concentrated more
attention on the transformation of a village commune economic formation.
He demonstrated that the duality of the village commune did not
necessarily lead to a transition from public ownership to private
ownership; it could absorb all the positive results the capitalist
system had obtained without passing the Caudine Forks of the capitalist
system. The author points to the world history of the continuing
revolution of socialism, which is determined by the world history of
capitalism. In China, this problem was solved with the theories of a
continuing new democratic revolution and revolutionary development
phase. The grounds of productive force for carrying out the socialist
revolution should be distinguished from the criteria of productive
forces for the realisation of socialism. In a certain sense, the
qualitative stipulation on the criteria of socialist productive forces
is “anthropological” rather than “economic”.
Perestroika, Economic Freedom and Moral Agency: Marxism, Economics and Legality
Authors: Armour Leslie
Published: May 2006

Changes in Eastern Europe raise two sorts of questions: What is the relation between political, economic and moral autonomy? And is the economic system basic in that a change in it will bring about the necessary reforms, or does change depend on political or legal reform? One can abolish central planning and not create systems prey to the objection that market economies turn labour into a commodity, exclude too many people from effective participation in the system, and threaten the world through their endless expansion? It is argued that legal systems provide basic and necessary conditions which exert a profound influence on the shape of economic systems, that failure of legality in the Soviet Union made economic disaster inevitable, and that the rise of capitalism itself depended on legal forms. Some ideas of property and legality in early modern European thought are explored. Francisco Suárez grounded claims to freedom on the fact that each of us possesses a will before we ever come into contact with the law. We therefore have a right to freedom which is more fundamental than any system. But Suárez limited intrusions on freedom to the promulgated laws of abona fidejuridical community. He thus helped shape notions of private property. By developing such notions we may see how an economy can be efficient without doing violence to morality.
China: Economic Development and Evolution of Socialist
Public Ownership
Authors: Haiyan Gao
Published: May 2006

For any developing countries in the 20th century, there exists a
problem of how to choose the economic development route –
socialist or capitalist; which means how to compare different social and
economic benefits and make different value judgements in economic
development. Socialism is not a pure political and ideological question,
certainly not just a political question. It is a way for developing
countries, particularly large agricultural countries, to realise their
industrialisation and modern commercial economy. Essentially, it is a
focus of development economics. For economically backward countries the
aim of socialism is not to fight against the capitalist world, but first
to develop their own economy. Socialist public ownership connected with
the stage of economic development involves inner contradictions in its
own development from the very beginning. We cannot make socialist public
ownership perfect without overcoming those contradictions. Public
ownership cannot improve social productivity without coming across its
own historical limitation. Economic reforms now being practised in China
are an effort to improve socialist public ownership: to reform
traditional forms of public ownership which have not satisfied the
development of productivity. Socialism and public ownership are not
features for economically backward countries to flaunt. Neither are they
historical trends. They are a way to get rid of poverty, and to realise
a modern commercial economy, a way different from the development route
of capitalism. There are historical necessity and economic rationality
for that kind of socialist public ownership connected with economic
development of backward countries. And, of course, socialist public
ownership has its own inner contradictions and historical limitations,
just like any other kind of ownership in history. It changes and
develops continually. Socialist public ownership needs to improve
itself, to realise its own development and evolution, and finally to
make assets of public ownership the social capital satisfying the demand
of highly socialised productivity.
Management Development Policies and Practices
Authors: Margerison Charles
Published: May 2006

Many organisations are only now beginning to realise that they do
not have an integrated view of what management development is. This
article presents a checklist against which a company can assess the way
in which management development is carried out within its own
organisation.
Information Systems and Management Training
Authors: Curry B. , Smith D.G.
Published: May 2006

This article stems from work carried out by the authors at a
manufacturing company in South Wales. There are two main themes. The
first concerns the need for companies to adopt an integrated IT
strategy. The second is concerned with management training and
development. The main conclusion of the article is that lack of training
can have a crippling influence on system development and the general
health of a company. Some suggestions are put forward as to how to
rectify the problem.
What is Empowerment Anyway?
Authors: Burdett John O.
Published: May 2006

The term empowerment has come into common usage but is open not
only to ambiguous interpretation but to misuse. What is needed is not
only a common framework of understanding (a model) but insight into the
nature of power in the organisation and essential supervisory and
managerial learning in an empowered environment. At the heart of the
challenge lies a need to define the power vacuum that supervisors must
move into, a need to understand better the issues inherent in managing
job boundaries, and a need to establish the context and support for
change by developing what can best be described as a learning culture.
The article is based on the practical experience of a large organisation
and focuses on several development models that, in particular, outline
the stages of supervisory growth from administration to coach; define a
matrix of the supervisor′s potential power base; explore the difference
between traditional and empowered thinking in job design; and explain
the organisation′s “learning net”.
Cross‐cultural Differences: Implications for Management
Education and Training
Authors: Johnson Helen
Published: May 2006

Management theory taught to non‐Western students is often
culture‐bound and ignores cross‐cultural differences. The inference is
that what is relevant in the West is relevant everywhere. This
assumption impacts adversely on the effectiveness of any training. The
article argues for a greater awareness of these issues among
lecturers/trainers and students. In particular, it is suggested that
lecturers/trainers should design and develop their learning strategies
to encourage the open discussion of these differences. The overall
objective should be to establish a classroom climate where one set of
values is not automatically given precedence over another.
Characterising Stress. Part 1: The Range of Stress
Reactions
Authors: Stuart Roger
Published: May 2006

This two‐part article starts by summarising the “story of
stress” as developed in the training and development literature
and presented on courses for stress management. The story is viewed as
helpful but incomplete, for it is only in its simplicity that it
accounts for individuals′ similarities, and only in its vagueness does
it account for their differences. A need is identified to embellish the
story of stress with a comprehensive framework which describes and
provides a rationale for both the diversity and similarity of
individuals′ stress reactions. In particular, a framework is required
which goes beyond “fight or flight” and illuminates how
people are physically, behaviourally, mentally and emotionally under
stress. What is needed is a coherent and holistic account of personal
character in stress. One such characterisation of stress is described,
based on stress continuum. At one end of the continuum is located the
variety of temporary startle reactions of individuals to
transient stressors; towards the middle is the range of stressed
responses displayed by individuals experiencing continuing,
strengthening and cumulating stressors; and at the other end comes the
emergence of stress characters which have cemented habitual and
enduring stressed behaviours into characteristic ways of being in the
world. Parts 1 and 2 expand upon this continuum. Part 1 provides a
holistic description of the full range of individuals′ startle reactions
and stressed responses. Part 2 describes the emergence of stress
characters, links these characters to the stressors that prompt them and
the effects they produce, and considers the methodological implications
of the frameworks for those wishing to help alleviate individuals′
stress. Overall, the article develops the original stress story towards
one which matches, and beyond that serves to integrate and provide a
rationale for, the full qualitative diversity of individuals′ stress.
Characterising Stress: Part 2. The Emergence and Loosening
of Stress Characters
Authors: Stuart Roger
Published: May 2006

This is the second of a two‐part article describing a
characterisation of stress based on a stress continuum. Part 1 provided
a holistic description of the full range of individuals′ startle
reactions and stressed responses. Part 2 describes the emergence of
stress characters, links these characters to the stressors that prompt
them and the effects they produce, and considers the methodological
implications of the frameworks for those wishing to help alleviate
individuals′ stress. Overall, the article develops the original stress
story towards one which matches, and beyond that serves to integrate and
provide a rationale for, the full qualitative diversity of individuals′
stress.
The Missing Element in Training the Trainers: Integrating
Theory with Practice
Authors: Canning Roy
Published: May 2006

Research at Roffey Park has shown that few trainers have a coherent
theory base to underpin their practice. Trainers spend most of their
time “delivering” training products which are theoretically
often superficial and learned in an ad hoc and “seat of
the pants” way. Sets out how trainers can strengthen their theory
base and integrate it with best practice. Explores the different levels
of theory and gives guidelines on how to select
“appropriate” theory and, finally, methods on how to build
up theory knowledge.
Opening Both Eyes on Leadership Training
Authors: van Maurik John
Published: May 2006

Examines different approaches to leadership training currently
being practised and assesses whether they meet participants′ needs.
Discusses the ideas of leading writers on leadership, strategy and the
challenges of the approaching millenium. Asks whether these thoughts can
be synthesized into a new type of course and describes the author′s
attempts to construct such a course.
Evaluation and Validation: A Mixed Approach
Authors: Talbot Colin
Published: May 2006

Evaluation of training is observed more in theory than in practice.
The literature contains a great deal of confusion over terminology, with
differing approaches to training and development resulting in differing
approaches to evaluation and protagonists of alternative schools
claiming mutual incompatibility. Reviews the training evaluation
literature to clarify concepts and options and argues for a mixed
approach. Reports a case study of applying a mixture of evaluation
methods drawn different paradigms. Finally, suggests that, while
competence‐based approaches offer some advantages in evaluation, they
will not resolve the issues addressed.
The Australian Training Guarantee Levy and Award
Restructuring
Authors: Jennings Leonie E.
Published: May 2006

Provides a descriptive account of workplace reform in Australia,
focusing on award restructuring and the question of who should pay.
Competence‐based Qualifications: The Case for Established
Methodologies
Authors: Stewart Jim , Hamlin Bob
Published: May 2006

The second in a series of three articles which provide a
contribution to the debate in the UK on the appropriateness of
competence‐based qualifications. Identifies and emphasizes some of the
particular strengths of established qualification methodologies which
provide clear advantage over the competence philosophy. Draws attention
to a number of false assumptions about current practices which premise
the competency case.
Training and Employment of the Underprivileged: The Role of
Social Partners
Authors: Pollet Ignace
Published: May 2006

Examines the intentions and implementation of the Belgian
“0.18 rule” through interviews with a number of key actors.
The rule was a measure introduced in 1989 to ensure that training and
employment initiatives for at‐risk groups among the unemployed would be
funded by releasing money from industry. Goes on to discuss the question
of whether a place can be made for the underprivileged in industrial
training.
Cause marketing: a new direction in the marketing of corporate responsibility
Authors: Smith Scott M. , Alcorn David S.
Published: May 2006

Reports on recent marketing strategies that simultaneously
demonstrate a sense of social responsibility and satisfies shareholders′
demands for increased profits and market share, also known as cause
marketing. Discusses the implementation of cause marketing through three
forms of corporate sponsorship and examines consumer motivations and
cause marketing strategies. Presents a study on consumer attitudes
towards altruism and cause marketing segmentation with coupons. Provides
managerial implications and recommendations for implementing strategies.
Marketing to older adults
Authors: Moschis George P.
Published: May 2006

Presents a current overview of the issues and available knowledge
regarding marketers understanding of how to reach older consumers.
Presents contradictory beliefs about older consumers and various methods
for marketing to them. Offers reasons for these contradictions, and
presents a blueprint to help decision makers evaluate information in the
field and formulate effective strategies.
Television program involvement and advertising response: some unsettling implications for copy research
Authors: Lloyd David W. , Clancy Kevin J.
Published: May 2006

Considers the long‐standing debate over media effects on
advertising performance, in particular the effects of television
advertising material. Argues that the attentiveness towards involving
programme material, rather than immediately dissipating with the onset
of commercial breaks, remains activated to some extent, producing a
positive effect on commercial performance. Provides a summary of the
evidence and reports on research findings.
Buyer and Seller Psychographics in Industrial Purchase
Decisions
Authors: Fine Seymour H
Published: May 2006

Explores the rationale and a method for psychographic segmentation
of industrial marketers generally and in particular those performing the
buying and selling functions. Discusses how buyers and sellers compare
and what benefits might be obtained from a deeper understanding of each
other′s personalities. Describes an empirical study in which industrial
buyers and salespeople were segregated first into two groups and then
into a four‐segment schema. Suggestions are given for real‐world
applicability of the results of such investigations.
Benefiting from Structural Similarities Among Personal
Services
Authors: Solomon Michael R. , Solomon Michael R.
Published: May 2006

Argues that all service encounters can be thought of as sharing
common elements and common problems. Considers some common issues faced
by a variety of personal service providers, maintaining that researchers
and managers can understand consumer classification and evaluation of
services by comparing functionally dissimilar services. Analyses data
from a consumer survey on attitudes to 16different household and
personal services. Uses cluster analysis of these services, showing two
dimensions, Service Locus and Service Instigation. Examines the relative
importance of service attributes across these clusters.
Expert Systems for Services Marketing – Prospects and
Payoffs
Authors: Sisodia Rajendra S.
Published: May 2006

Explores the application of expert systems in the field of services
marketing. Describes the basics of the technology along with several
hypothetical systems. Concludes with a brief examination of costs versus
benefits, system design and implementation issues, together with the
potential for other artificial intelligence technologies to contribute
to the management of services marketing. Notes that advanced
applications such as expert systems will dramatically change the
competitive landscape of the future.
Some Caveats Regarding the Interpretation of Data from 800
Number Callers
Authors: Gardner Chadwick Kathy
Published: May 2006

Notes how more and more companies are using information from their
800 number callers as a substitute for conventional survey research,
analysing the monthly volume of complaints in a quantitative way.
Assesses the merits of such practices based on the evidence available to
date, considering representativeness and data recording problems for
example. Offers managerial recommendations as well as suggestions for
improving procedures. Concludes that the quantitative interpretation of
data derived from 800 numbers is generally problematic and sometimes
wholly inappropriate.
What′s Different About Services Marketing?
Authors: Fryar Carolyn R.
Published: May 2006

Describes the differences between the marketing of services and
that of products. States that thesedifferences can affect marketing and
also communications, in relation to the perception of quality,
positioning and competitive difference. Offers examples of how such
differences can impact on a firm. Develops a communications plan aiding
effective marketing communications.
The Industrial Educational Ravine
Authors: Lee‐Ross Darren
Published: May 2006

There are many anecdotes emanating from the hospitality industry
which express, albeit vaguely, a vote of limited confidence in
contemporary City and Guilds craft courses on offer in catering colleges
in the United Kingdom. These anecdotes provided a starting‐point from
which to begin a survey (undertaken in both catering colleges and
industry) in search of information which would either lend support to
these feelings or suggest that they were unfounded. It was concluded
that criticism directed specifically at unrealistic conditions existing
in colleges especially in food production and service areas was
justified and many industrialists felt the need to provide their own
training for new employees from colleges.
Guessing in the Dark: Competitive Tendering in
Institutional Management
Authors: McVicar Malcolm
Published: May 2006

This is the second in a series of three linked articles describing
the major changes which are taking place in English public sector higher
education as a result of the Education Reform Act 1988. The new
Polytechnics and Colleges Funding Council had introduced a radically
different system of competitive tendering, which although it was being
brought in incrementally, was already having a significant impact on
institutional management. This article examines the tasks facing such
managers, trying to compile crucially important bids against a
background of changing ground rules, insufficient and inadequate
information and very little market knowledge.
Academic Appraisal: Practise What We Preach?
Authors: Blum Albert A.
Published: May 2006

The article argues for a reappraisal of the appraisal system for
University teachers. It is not adequate to review progress on the basis
of publications only. This is a short, topical but controversial article
about the appraisal process in the US.
University Strategic Management: A Businessman′s View
Authors: Boldt Donald B.
Published: May 2006

The basic concepts of strategic management from
the business world are of great value to university
administrators in responding to serious threats in
their environment. Although there are strong
similarities between business and university
strategic management, the differences make
university strategic management, and particularly
the university chief executive′s role in it, much more
difficult for the following reasons: (1) the profit
motive in business in not present in universities;
(2) faculty tenure restricts universities′ freedom to
reallocate resources; (3) faculty governance limits
the authority of university administrators; (4)
universities are more political than business; (5)
state university systems impose many constraints
on strategic management. Despite these difficulties
in implementing these business concepts in
universities, strategic management is important for
the success or even survival of a university.
The Professional Development of School Administrators: A New Zealand Initiative
Authors: Edwards Wayne L.
Published: May 2006

A pilot project which aimed to develop the
management and leadership abilities of 51 senior
staff members from 17 secondary schools in the
Aoraki region of New Zealand is described. The
action research approach was used to identify local
hopes and needs and as a basis for developing and
testing a programme model for staff development
based on a set of relevant elements such as
regular sessions, interschool interaction, freedom
from responsibilities, enjoyment of learning and
exploration of the central concept of school
culture. The project was led by a consultant‐co‐ordinator
team. Participants examined issues
related to management, leadership and change and
they developed strategies for increasing the
management effectiveness of their schools. The
aim shared by all participants was to develop
management and leadership skills in order better
to support teachers and learners. The background
to the project and its underpinning professional
development model are described.
Accountancy Graduates in Hong Kong: The Different
Perceptions of Students and Accountancy Firms
Authors: Yam Stephen C. , Yam Phoebe W.
Published: May 2006

It is a well‐known fact that Hong Kong needs more accountants. It
is also true that the question of 1997, when Hong Kong returns to China,
scares many accountants away from the territory. However, there are not
enough university accounting graduates interested in joining the
auditing professions. Reports on a study showing that there are
significant differences between the perceptions of students and the
actual requirements of certified public accounting firms on working
conditions, which may discourage graduates joining the profession.
Teacher Mobility in Europe
Authors: Le Metais Joanna
Published: May 2006

Summarizes the implications of teacher recruitment in the light of
the EC Directive 89/48, which provides a framework for the recognition
of professional qualifications, in the single market objective of the
free movement of persons. Points to the difficulties of integration and
the need for effective programmes, following on from effective and
carefully planned interview and induction of candidates.
Assessing Instructional Leadership Effectiveness with “G”
Theory
Authors: Marcoulides George A. , Heck Ronald H.
Published: May 2006

Discusses current methodological problems with principal
performance appraisal and evaluation methods which have received
considerable attention in the literature. Suggests that administrative
performance appraisals can be conducted using a measurement technique
called generalizability theory (”G” theory). Introduces
“G” theory as a method for improving the dependability of
principal performance appraisals.
Institutional Theory and Examining Leadership in Schools
Authors: Ogawa Rodney T.
Published: May 2006

Examines the implications of institutional theory in the study of
instructional leadership within the school organization. Outlines the
implementation of this theory with the school, at the boundary between
the school and the environment and also the organization of the
institutional environment to which schools respond. Claims that theory
enhances the administration of the school by the adoption of structures
embodying cultural rules, and that it helps teachers to precipitate
work‐related activity.
Assessment‐based Licensing of School Principals
Authors: Chester Mitchell D. , Pecheone Raymond L.
Published: May 2006

Aims to present a framework for licensing school principals in the United States, specifically the state of Connecticut. Contains three elements that depart substantially from other initiatives to reform preparation and licensure. (1) Pre‐service preparation of principals will focus on the knowledge base for teaching and learning. As currently conceived, it is possible for a candidate to qualify for initial certification without taking formal coursework in educational administration. (2) Study of educational administration will occur during the beginning years of administrative service. (3) Licensure will be performance‐based. Candidates for initial certification will need to demonstrate their knowledge of teaching and learning and their ability to evaluate and supervise teaching. Prior to professional certification, principals will be required to show that they fostered a school culture that focused on teaching and learning and where all students achieved. Begins with discussion of the role of licensing and recent calls for reform of principal preparation and licensure. Following a review of the literature that supports Connecticut′s reform strategy, presents five postulates it is believed will advance the revision of preparation and licensure. Follows a hypothetical candidate from pre‐service through to professional certification to explain how Connecticut′s proposal is implemented. Includes a consideration of licensing in countries other than the United States in the summary.
Implementing TQM in Higher Education
Authors: Taylor Andrew , Hill Frances M.
Published: May 2006

Examines the emerging paradigm of total quality management and
summarizes its implications for higher education. Rather than
prescribing a set of generic implementation steps, suggests that there
are other, more significant, factors to be considered related to the
timing of the initiative rather than where it should begin. Discusses
four necessary issues: the removal of abstraction from the concept of
quality in higher education; organization‐wide understanding of the
customer; the importance of assessing the current quality level; and the
need for strategic quality planning. Also cites classical organizational
facets such as structure, culture, human resource management and
leadership as being among the determinants of TQM success –
concentration on these key matters attenuates the importance of the
method of implementation. Argues that to disregard these harbingers of
success is to risk long‐term damage to the organization and considerably
reduce the likelihood of sustained and self‐generating organizational
improvement.
Discipline in Response to Unacceptable Performance:
Barriers to Access in Academic Organizations
Authors: Eugene Hughes R. , Tomkiewicz Joseph M.
Published: May 2006

It is generally accepted that irrespective of training,
motivational programmes, and the development of positive work
environments, not all personnel will perform at acceptable levels. In an
effort to change behaviour, many organizations attempt to develop formal
disciplinary procedures that include a number of possible disciplinary
actions, with each disciplinary action identified as a reasonable
response to defined levels of unsatisfactory performance. Unfortunately,
few academic organizations have developed or implemented
“appropriate‐response” disciplinary procedures or
programmes. Without such reasoned disciplinary procedures,
organizational responses to unacceptable performance may take on many of
the characteristics of punishment rather than discipline. Explores the
barriers to such disciplinary programmes in academic organizations.
Intercampus Collaboration: Reframing the Education of
School Leaders
Authors: Papalewis Rosemary , Minnis Douglas L.
Published: May 2006

Describes the newly established California State University, Fresno
and University of California, Davis, joint doctoral programme in
educational leadership which prepares students to conduct and interpret
enquiries for which sound educational policy and practice are anchored.
The unique features of this programme are: (1) an intercampus
“graduate group” of faculty that offers group membership to
qualified faculty from several campuses of the University of California
and California State University, Fresno. Graduate groups follow the
University of California tradition of faculty governance in matters of
group membership, student admission and curriculum; (2) no other joint
doctorates in the state of California are multi‐campus; (3) the planners
of this doctoral programme recognized that admitted students would
probably be full‐time employed, experienced leaders. This programme
requires the employers of applicants to commit to release time as a
condition of admission; and (4) all core courses are co‐written and
co‐taught by UC and CSU, Fresno faculty. Notes the benefits of this
programme to the institutions, faculty and students.
Leadership as Design in School Restructuring
Authors: Maxcy S.J. , Crow G.M. , Roy S. , Cormier S.
Published: May 2006

Examines leadership and school restructuring. Drawing upon
postmodern/poststructural theory, argues that a new conception of
educational leadership is required as reformers contemplate educational
reconfiguration. Argues that the metaphorical notion of leadership as
design is appropriate and valuable as reformers seek to consider plans
to restructure schools. Traces the likely practical bearings of
leadership as design upon the roles, rules, relationships, and results
attached to present‐day school restructuring efforts.
Strategic Management in Public Sector Research
Organisations: A Critical Review
Authors: Galloway Ian D.
Published: May 2006

The application of the strategic management concept to research
organisations operating in the public sector is reviewed. The unique
characteristics of such organisations are discussed in terms of
strategic management and the need to tailor this process to suit the
organisations′ particular requirements.
Managerial Skills for Senior Managers
Authors: Analoui Farhad
Published: May 2006

Recently there has been a growing awareness in the Western world
that to be effective senior managers need to acquire people‐related
skills. In contrast, in developing countries management educators and
trainers still seem to be preoccupied with traditional task‐related
management training. To discover which topics senior managers in
developing countries believed should be incorporated into a management
course, a survey of senior officials in Zimbabwe′s public sector was
carried out. A combination of questionnaire and semi‐structured
interviews as a means of data collection proved to be productive. The
results revealed that a suitable management training programme should
provide senior managers with a balance of people and task‐related
managerial skills, and with an opportunity for self‐development. It is
concluded that if management training programmes for senior managers
were designed accordingly, this would lead to increased job satisfaction
and managerial effectiveness.
The Lagos Plan: Nigeria’s Readiness to Implement the
Delinking Strategy for Economic Development
Authors: Ejigiri Damien
Published: May 2006

The article reviews the Lagos Plan of Action (LPA) towards economic
development in Africa by the year 2000 and examines the level of
preparedness in African countries to implement the Plan. Nigeria is used
as a case study. The Lagos Plan of Action approved a strategy to
de‐emphasise external links with the West and East. This calls for the
development and full utilisation of Africa′s basic human resource and
African‐driven technology. The article examines the internal resources
and structure in Nigeria such as education, management, finance, work
ethics – the building blocks upon which the success of the
delinking depends.
The Strategic Management Model: A Prescription (Rx) for the CEO
Authors: Appelbaum Steven H.
Published: May 2006

This article develops a strategic management model which is intended to serve as a prescription for any CEO involved in strategic planning. The model was developed as a result of interviews with CEOs of mostly public and some private organisations and ultimately redirected to benefit CEOs in examining major elements/ processes within their own organisations. The nine components of the model which are inextricably interwoven in the planning process examined in this article include: mission and strategy, Board of Governors, organisational and managerial performance, strategic planning, goals/objectives, communicating goals and decentralisation, commitment, rewards/resources, culture and communication, participation management, role of CEO and changes in the environment.
Management Accounting in the Public Sector
Authors: Kang Hong Han
Published: May 2006

The article defines the public sector, contending that concepts,
techniques and models applicable here are also applicable in the private
sector. Operational auditing and internal control within a dual
accounting system are advocated. The article ends with a brief account
of public sector accounting in Singapore.
Management Appraisal at Yorkshire Television
Authors: Miles Brent
Published: May 2006

Identifies 13 uses of performance appraisal. Describes the system
in use at Yorkshire Television as an open document shared between
appraisee and appraiser. Discusses performance related pay and lists
some of the concerns including the possible emphasis on end result
rather than quality of work. Concludes that human resource development
and planning is not only affected by, but also greatly contributes to,
corporate strategy.
How to manage the unthinkable
Authors: Regester Michael
Published: May 2006

Agrees that the key to crisis management is crisis prevention but
suggests strategies on how to cope if the unthinkable were to happen.
Notes the need for effective communication and the involvement of the
media. Concludes that a policy of open and truthful communication can
minimize damage to corporate and individual reputations.
How to build a business network
Authors: Burdett John O.
Published: May 2006

Suggests that building a network of business contacts can help
achieve managerial success. Focuses on counterparts in other
organisations, informal relations with customers and meeting with
superstars in the industry. Comments on how to identify and approach
potential contacts including friends, social organisations and via
personal presentations. Concludes that networking effectively may not
guarantee success, but it can certainly help.
Developing Women Managers at British Telecom
Authors: Cotter Sandy , James Kim , Lucas Donna , Vinnicombe Susan
Published: May 2006

Describes a management development programme for women, run by
Cranfield School of Management for British Telecom. Focuses on four main
themes: values and philosophy underpinning the work carried out by the
tutors, context in which BT asked the authors to develop the programme,
how the programme works and formal evaluation. Based around
bioenergetics the programme had greatest impact on delegates′ personal
development, career planning and managerial effectiveness.
Team building through training at SC Johnson Wax
Authors: Jewers Jan
Published: May 2006

Reports on a programme designed to produce an effective,
successful, action‐orientated team from a group of long serving
individuals representing a variety of departments. Describes the
involvement of the managers in creating the programme using work‐related
examples in customer care. Personal learning agreement results where
evaluated and training was seen as a pivot to teambuilding, not an end
in itself.
Taking the initiative
Authors: Jones Malcom
Published: May 2006

Describes a personal experience of the Management Charter
Initiative and the Accreditation of Prior Learning course. Notes what
benefits accrued, how difficult it was and the help available. Concludes
that the MCI meets the needs of managers who have experience without
qualification.
Communication and the professional image
Authors: Youdale Peter
Published: May 2006

Suggests that poor communication gives rise to more management and
human relations problems than all other causes put together. Offers
practical steps to improve abilities. Recognises the need to ask
questions, project a clear and positive image and make sure people know
the why, how and by when answers. Concludes that British middle
management is criticised for its lack of professionalism but this could
be corrected by improving all levels of communication.
The Two Chinas
Authors: Peters Tom
Published: May 2006

In this article, the author tries to discover the real China.
Having conducted seminars in different regions of the country, he
recounts his thoughts and experiences. From a typical grimy, industrial
city like Datong near Beijing, he flies just two hours south to the
province of Guangdong and is greeted by a totally different world. Near
here are world‐class hotels, Western clothes instead of the dull
“Mao suits” and the streets teeming with thousands of small
businesses. So which is the real China? The answer, it appears, is that
right now there are two Chinas. However, while cities such as Guangdong
are China′s aspiration at this point, the Datongs are still China′s
reality.
Bradford′s Two Revolutions: Political, Organisational and
Human Resource Management Change in a Large Local Authority
Authors: Storey John , Fenwick Neil
Published: May 2006

Local Authorities, like many other large organisations in Britain,
are currently experimenting with new approaches to the way in which they
manage themselves. As with other public sector employers this process
has involved an importation of ideas drawn from the private sector, and,
most significantly, has entailed an approach which is modelled on human
resource management concepts. In this article a case study of one large
local authority is used to explore the comparisons and contrasts in the
new management approach under markedly different political regimes.
Changing Entrepreneurship Education: Finding the Right
Entrepreneur for the Job
Authors: Hopkins Thomas , Feldman Howard
Published: May 2006

As entrepreneurship courses become more popular, an increasing
number of institutions are turning to practising entrepreneurs as a
source of classroom instructors. Bringing such people into the
classroom, however, generates an entirely new set of questions for a
college and its faculty. Four issues that schools should consider in
attempting to recruit qualified entrepreneurs are identified: motives,
entrepreneurial experiences, academic knowledge and teaching skills. To
attract and retain these individuals, schools should offer adequate
rewards, support and commitment, and should assign the entrepreneur a
faculty “host”.
Burnout among Dual Career and Single Career Families
Authors: Elloy David , Anderson Kenneth S.
Published: May 2006

The organisation may suffer when
individuals face problems in meeting
the demands both of family and
workplace. A survey in a heavy
industry plant revealed differences
between married workers and non‐married
workers in three components
of burnout. The results are analysed.
The Evolution of Leadership Theory
Authors: Van Seters David A. , Field Richard H.G.
Published: May 2006

Leadership is one of the most complex
and multifaceted phenomena to which
organisational and psychological
research has been applied. An
evolutionary developmental perspective
is used to create an evolutionary
tree of leadership theory and reveal the
path along which it has evolved. Nine
evolutionary eras are identified, and
requirements for a tenth era of
leadership theory are discussed.
These eras provide a broad framework
for researchers and practising
managers to categorise existing, and
evaluate future, theories.
Using Technology to Improve our Management of Labour Market Trends
Authors: Herold David M.
Published: May 2006

A framework is presented for the
strategic use of technology choices as
potential solutions for human resources
problems arising from demographic
trends and labour market conditions.
Rather than having technology choice
decisions driven by largely financial or
engineering concerns, the framework
starts with the availability of human
resources as its major consideration in
choosing technologies which will
eliminate jobs which organisations may
not be able to fill, and augment or
capitalise on skills the workforce does
possess. Combining human resource
planning and technology planning can
thus help organisations achieve a
strategic advantage.
A quest for quality
Authors: Lee‐Mortimer Andrew , Casbourne Bryan
Published: May 2006

Examines through a series of interview questions how telecommunications company GPT has used TQM to help overcome cultural difficulties from the merger that created the company. Highlights GPT′s own TQM process and quality education package, Quest, and looks at GPT′s long‐term quality aims, with TQM an integral part of the business process.
Investing in people
Authors: Davies Paul
Published: May 2006

Suggests that despite the recession, cut‐backs in employee development and customer service are ill‐advised. Some “savings” end up causing poorer overall performance, including damaging the ability to assess that performance. Asks if savings have, in fact, reduced the frequency of goods deliveries to customers, resulted in longer queues, aggravated customer call waiting or made loyal customers pay for disloyal customers. Concludes that reducing quality is costly and the recession can be viewed as an opportunity to improve the whole organization.
Managing Information
Authors: Lee‐Mortimer Andrew
Published: May 2006

Argues that the amount and complexity of paperwork is increasing, yet investment in replacing manual record‐keeping systems is often a low priority. Highlights the experience of Presswork (Metals) Ltd, which has invested in IT as part of an integrated TQM strategy. Quotes senior managers and charts the progress of the company′s TQM approach, including employee involvement, training and customer/supplier relationships. Concludes that what the company is doing is nothing new, but simply adopting to best advantage the benefits of IT.
A testing time for software
Authors: Hankinson Tom
Published: May 2006

Suggests, with statistics, that a substantial part of any software development budget is spent on revisions and maintenance. Argues that systems are long overdue to measure the quality of software applications rather than focusing on the quality of the procedures and management approach. Feels the quest for software quality must not be held up by standards debates or management philosophies and that investment in CASE tools or 4GLs, though valuable, simply puts the majority of software budgets into areas where the smallest productivity improvements are to be made. Arguest that as only a tiny percentage of the money spent on software tools is devoted to products for application testing, yet test and maintenance consume over half the development effort, it is time this imbalance was rectified.
Australian TQM model
Authors: Turnell Chris , Washbourne Malcolm
Published: May 2006

Suggests that TQM is a mystery for many Australian companies and proposes a framework that is both consistent with the objectives of TQM and applicable within the Australian culture. Argues that Australians are different and unique, so US and Japanese examples of TQM in action are not accurate for Australia. Highlights strengths and weaknesses of the Australian character then describes a suitable model with its various phases: strategy, structure and action. Concludes by restating the aims of TQM compared to “old” ways of working and interrelating.
Chasing perfection
Authors: Price Frank
Published: May 2006

Suggests that aiming for zero defects, though admirable, is not always attainable nor appropriate in certain areas. Outlines a “playful” approach to TQM that postulates that a “zero defect” approach is, in many, ways, abnormal ‐ nature is full of seeming imperfections, for example. The author gives examples in fables and personal experience of the paradox of aiming at zero defects. He suggests that appreciating the kind of defect, on a sliding scale, is more important and to be too serious about removing all defects as an end in itself is, in the end, self‐defeating.
Attention to detail
Authors: Creelman James
Published: May 2006

Exploration of the American Express Company′s experience of integrating TQM within its organisation. The article briefly charts the history of the company, relating its long‐standing goals to those of TQM. Charts the work of training network TMI for American Express with its “putting people first” programme of courses for employees worldwide. A senior AE manager offers opinions of the continuing programme, including employee and customer feedback and the importance of team‐related projects. Relates the TQM work to the AE process of staff appraisal with illustrations of activity to discover how well AE staff are performing. Concludes with a list of future challenges for AE regarding customer service.
A window of opportunity
Authors: Finlow‐Bates Terry
Published: May 2006

Argues that a TQM programme can reduce the COPQ (cost of poor quality) by between 20% and 40 per cent. Suggests benchmarking is the first step to estimate an organisation′s minimum level of waste by comparing itself with the market leader in its sector, then to examine long‐term performance indicators, bringing in intangibles such as training and skills. Uses graphs to portray the evolution of the window of opportunity for TQM and examines the consequences of non‐optimum strategies. In a series of relatively complex examples, it concludes that waste is waiting to be retrieved by a quality programme.