bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of cation disorder and size on metamagnetism in A-site substituted Pr0.5Ca0.5MnO3 system
Authors: Mavani K. R. , Paulose P. L.
Published: April 2005

The effects of A-site cation disorder and size on metamagnetism of ABO3 type charge and orbital ordered Pr0.5Ca0.5MnO3 system have been studied by substituting Ba+2 for Ca+2 or La+3 for Pr+3. Substitution of 5% Ba+2 or 5% La+3 drastically reduces the critical magnetic field (Hc) for metamagnetism and induces successive steplike metamagnetic transitions at low temperatures. Interestingly, with further increase in substitution, Hc rises. We find that there is a sharp decrease in electrical resistivity corresponding to the metamagnetic transitions, which is indicative of strongly correlated magnetic and electronic transitions in these manganites.
Electron spin interferometry using a semiconductor ring structure
Authors: Kato Y. K. , Myers R. C. , Gossard A. C. , Awschalom D. D.
Published: April 2005

A ring structure fabricated from GaAs is used to achieve interference of the net spin polarization of conduction band electrons. Optically polarized spins are split into two packets by passing through two arms of the ring in the diffusive transport regime. Optical pumping with circularly polarized light on one arm establishes dynamic nuclear polarization which acts as a local effective magnetic field on electron spins due to the hyperfine interaction. This local field causes one spin packet to precess faster than the other, thereby controlling the spin interference when the two packets are combined.
Kowmungia (Diptera : Dolichopodidae), a new genus from Australia
Authors: Bickel DJ
Published: April 2005

Kowmungia, gen. nov. is described from Australia, with four included new species: K. nigrifemorata, K. angustifrons, and K. crassitarsus from New South Wales; K. flaviseta from Queensland. The genus does not fit readily into any of the previously described dolichopodid subfamilies and is regarded as incertae sedis.
The Australian species of Paralimna and Notiphila (Diptera : Ephydridae)
Authors: Bock IR
Published: April 2005

The genus Paralimna Loew includes nine Australian species fjavana van der Wulp, lineata de Meijere, millepuncta Malloch, stirlingi Malloch, uniseta Malloch, spatiosa, sp. nov., pilosa, sp. nov., calva, sp. nov. and fusca, sp. nov.). P. atrimana Malloch is synonymised with P. javan. The genus Notiphila Fallen includes three Australian species (fuscimana Malloch, impunctata de Meijere and bicornuta, sp. nov.). Greater numbers of species of each genus occur in South-east Asia.
A synopsis of the marine triclads of Australia and New Zealand (Platyhelminthes : Tricladida : Maricola)
Authors: Sluys R , Ball IR
Published: April 2005

An account is given of the 16 species of marine triclads now known from Australia and New Zealand and their subantarctic territories. These include five here newly described, three not previously recorded from the region, and one problematic species. A key to the species is provided and descriptions of the previously known species are corrected and/or supplemented. Two new genera are established, one – Jugatovaria – for a new species and another one – Obrimoposthia – to contain the new species O. acuminata together with three former members of the genus Procerodes. Procerodes hallezi, reported by Nurse (1964) from Macquarie I., is conspecific with O. ohlini. The species Miava ernesti is transferred to the genus Synsiphonium, and Palombiella macquari is established as its junior synonym.
Species of Australonura (Collembola : Neanuridae) from the Solomon Islands
Authors: Deharveng L , Greenslade P
Published: April 2005

Four species of Australonura are recorded from the Solomon Is, of which three are new: A. popamanasiu, A. rennellensis and A. lawrencei. The fourth, here referred to as Australonura sp. cf. cirrata, is widespread and is probably a species that is already known from Australia. A key to species is given and the biogeography of the genus is described.
A revision of the genus Epipsychidion Kirkaldy (Homoptera : Cicadelloidea : Cicadellidae)
Authors: Stevens MM
Published: April 2005

The Australian cicadellid genus Epipsychidion Kirkaldy is revised. Two species are recognised: E. epipyropis Kirkaldy (the type species) and E. whitteni Evans. E. fides Evans is synonymised with E. epipyropis, and a lectotype designated for the latter. A key is provided to the males of the genus, and the known distributions of both species are mapped.
The genus Notalina (Trichoptera : Leptoceridae : Triplectidinae) in southeastern Australia, with descriptions of the larvae and pupae
Authors: St Clair RM
Published: April 2005

Adult males and females of four new species, Notalina spira, N. salina, N. ordina and N. arena, are described. These are compared with N. fulva Kimmins (which is redescribed), N. moselyi Kimmins, N. tillyardi Kimmins, N. parkeri Mosely and N. bifaria Neboiss. The female of N. bifaria is described for the first time. The larvae and pupae of N. fulva, N. spira, sp. nov., N. salina, sp. nov., N. moselyi, N. ordina, sp. nov., N. arena, sp. nov., and N. bifaria are described for the first time. Keys are provided for the separation of adult males and larvae.
The cockroach genera Beybienkoa, gen. nov., Escala Shelford, Eowilsonia, gen. nov., Hensaussurea Princis, Parasigmoidella Hanitsch and Robshelfordia Princis (Dictyoptera : Blattaria : Blattellidae)
Authors: Roth LM
Published: April 2005

Diagnostic characters are given for the following 6 blattellid genera: Beybienkoa, gen. nov. (33 species: 22 sp. nov., 11 comb. nov.), Escala Shelford (12 species: 10 sp. nov., 1 comb. nov.), Eowilsonia, gen. nov. (3 sp. nov.), Hensaussurea Princis (11 species: 7 sp. nov., 1 comb. nov.), Parasigmoidella Hanitsch (9 species: 4 sp. nov., 4 comb. nov.) and Robshelfordia Princis (12 species: 8 sp. nov.). The following are new synonymies: Parajacobsonina Hanitsch is Escala, Papuablatta Bruijning is Parasigmoidella, and Loboptera duodecimsignata Tepper is Robshelfordia anastamosa (Tepper). The species are described, many are redescribed, and generic and species keys are given. Eowilsonia, Escala, Hensaussurea and Robshelfordia are found only in Australia. Beybienkoa occurs in Australia and New Guinea. Parasigmoidella is predominantly from New Guinea, with 1 species in Australia.
Poecilosclerida (Porifera : Demospongiae) from the New Caledonia lagoon
Authors: Hooper JNA , Levi C
Published: April 2005

Twenty species of shallow-water poecilosclerid demosponges are described from the lagoon and reefs of New Caledonia, including thirteen new species and six new locality records, belonging to five families and eight genera {Myxillidae (1, Acarnus), Desmacellidae (1, Neofibularia), Crellidae (1, Crella), Microcionidae 113, Clathria (Clathriopsamma), C. (Clathria), C. (Thalysias), Echinochalina (Echinochalina), E. (Protophlitaspongia)] and Raspailiidae [4 species, Raspailia (Raspailia), Ceratopsion, Aulospongus]}. The shallow-water fauna contained a mixture of endemic species (65%) and those with affinities to both northern and southern Australia, in contrast to the deeper-water fauna which was previously found to have high endemism (70%) and ancestral affinities to northern New Zealand. The non-endemic shallow-water fauna represents the easternmost extent of species' distributions in the Indo-west Pacific, and the endemic component was also usually immediately recognisable as (transformed) sister-species from Australian tropical and temperate provinces.
Taxonomy, cladistics and biogeography of the Australian genus Putoniessa Kirkaldy (Hemiptera : Cicadelloidea : Cicadellidae)
Authors: Stevens MM
Published: April 2005

The morphology of Putoniessa Kirkaldy is reviewed and the genus revised. In total, 28 species are recognised: the type species, P. dignissima Kirkaldy, which is removed from synonymy; one new combination, P. dorsalis (Walker); eight previously described species, P. nigra (Walker), P. minima Evans, P. mackei Evans, P. draba Evans, P. taradalensis Evans, P. sordida Evans, P. nigrella Evans and P. turneri Evans; and 18 new species, P. rieki, P, brisbanensis, P. hickmani, P, neboissi, P. stanthorpensis, P. woodwardi, P. striata, P. evansi, P. variegata, P. tasmaniensis, P. grossi, P. serrata, P. northamensis, P. bifurcata, P. kiataensis, P. watsoni, P. fusca and P. aroka. P. nota Evans is excluded from the genus, and P. maculata Evans is synonymised under P. dorsalis (Walker). P. rivularis (Walker), originally described under Bythoscopus Germar, and P. galliensis Evans are considered as species of uncertain identity. The genus is shown to have a disjunct Bassian distribution with some eastern species extending northwards into the south-east of the Tomesian province. A consensus cladogram for Putoniessa, based on morphological characters, is presented. Large areas of the cladogram remain unresolved because of high levels of homoplasy among the limited number of reliable ingroup characters available. The cladogram does not support a purely vicariant biogeographic hypothesis. Theories that receive qualified support involve an eastern origin for the group followed by either an east-to-west dispersal or a vicariance event affecting a single taxon subsequent to initial speciation. A western origin for the group is strongly refuted.
Classification, reconstructed phylogeny and geographical history of genera of Pilipalpinae (Coleoptera : Tenebrionoidea : Pyrochroidae)
Authors: Pollock DA
Published: April 2005

The 12 genera of Pilipalpinae are classified on the basis of characters of larvae and adults. Three new genera and six new species are here described: Malagaethes, gen. nov. (type species M. lawrencei, sp. nov.); Ranomafana, gen. nov. (type species R. steineri, sp. nov.); Binburrum, gen. nov. (type species Techmessa ruficollis Champion); Binburrum angusticollis, sp. nov.; Binburrum concavifrons, sp. nov.; Cycloderus immaculicollis, sp. nov. and Cycloderus hirsutus, sp. nov. The following new synonymies of specific names are proposed (with valid names given first): Paromarteon constans Lea, 1917 = Eucistela cyanea Carter, 1922; Paromarteon mutabile Blackburn, 1897 = Paromarteon mutabile var. nigripenne Lea, 1920; Temnopalpus bicolor Blackburn, 1888 = Temnopalpus tricolor Lea, 1920; Pilipalpus dasytoides Fairmaire, 1876 = Copobaenus maculicollis Pic, 1942 and Pilipalpus danvini Abdullah, 19646; Exocalopus pectinatus Broun, 1893 = Exocalopus antennalis Broun, 1903. The following subspecies have been elevated to species rank: Paromarteon apicale Lea, Paromarteon fasciatum Lea and Paromarteon parvum Lea. Phylogenetic analysis of 30 structural characters of larvae and adults yielded the following set of incompletely resolved relationships among genera of Pilipalpinae: (((Paromarteon + ((Temnopalpus + Malagaethes) + Pilipalpus + (Ranomafana + (Incollogenius + ((Exocalopus + (Binburrum + (Cycloderus + Morpholycus)) + Techmessodes) + Techmessa))))). The data set contained much homoplasy and several reversals. The historical geographical relationships inferred from the reconstructed phylogeny were compared with geological evidence for the break-up of Pangaea and Gondwanaland. The ancestral stock of Pilipalpinae was widespread on Gondwanaland, and differentiated through its fragmentation. Remnant relict genera persisted on Madagascar, New Zealand, southern South America (Magellanica), and Australia. Brooks Parsimony Analysis was conducted on the data resulting in the following area relationships: (Holarctic + (Madagascar + (New Zealand + (Australia + Chile)))). This agrees generally with accepted geological evidence and is considered support for they hypothesised phylogeny. A single clade (Temnopalpus + Malagaethes) was in disagreement (homoplasous) with the area cladogram, indicating possible incongruence in the data. The area relationships of other Southern Hemisphere groups were compared with Pilipalpinae.
The species of Phaenomerus Schönherr (Coleoptera : Curculionidae : Zygopinae) of the Australian region
Authors: Thompson RT
Published: April 2005

Problems of defining the genus Phaenomerus Schönherr and the family group Campyloscelini to which it belongs are discussed. To the three previously described species of Phaenomerus from the Australian region are added 22 new species:P. ambonensis, P. cavipectus, P. contrarius, P. conturbator, P. excelsior, P. densleonis, P. fuliginosus, P. hornabrooki, P. kalamanus, P. laminifer, P. minutus, P. occultus, P. okapicus, P. peregrinator, P. pertenuis, P. riedeli, P. teretirostris, spp. nov., and three new subspecies: P. cavipectus insularis, P. peregrinator salomonicus, P. peregrinator terraereginae, subspp. nov. Lectotypes are designated for P. exilis Pascoe and P. lineatus Pascoe. A key to speciesgroup taxa is provided, together with figures of the male genitalia. A new structure, the flagellum guide, is described and figured. The ecological relations existing between some Phaenomerus species and species of Cyphagogus (Curculionoidea : Brentidae), including saprophagy by the former and predation by the latter on ambrosia beetles (Curculionoidea : Platypodidae), are described.
Ontogenetic dietary shifts of fishes in an Australian floodplain river
Authors: King A. J.
Published: April 2005

The early life of fishes is marked by rapid development when individuals are thought to optimise their success through ontogeny by altering ecological niches and resources. Since most fish larvae are thought to require small prey items at first feeding, competition for potentially limiting food resources may occur between species creating a juvenile bottleneck, which may, in turn, influence future recruitment strength. The diets of the early life stages of most Australian freshwater fish are poorly known. The present study investigated the ontogenetic dietary patterns of six species of fish in an Australian floodplain river. A large proportion of first-feeding larvae of three species (Murray cod, Australian smelt and carp) were able to feed externally while still retaining their yolk sac. All species demonstrated major dietary shifts from newly hatched larvae through development into juvenile stages and adulthood. Only a few minor overlaps in diet were found, with greater overlaps commonly occurring between sequential stages of the same species, reflecting subtle ontogenetic changes. Despite two co-occurrences of an introduced and a native species using the same rearing habitat as larvae, dietary preferences did not significantly overlap, suggesting that a recruitment bottleneck caused by competition for food resources is unlikely for these species.
Subtidal assemblages associated with a geotextile reef in south-east Queensland, Australia
Authors: Edwards Rhys A. , Smith Stephen D. A.
Published: April 2005

In marine habitats, the use of geotextile materials as a ‘soft-engineering’ solution is increasingly being considered as an alternative to hard structures. However, very little is known about biological assemblages that develop on geotextile structures. This study provides the first ecological comparison of subtidal assemblages between Narrowneck Artificial Reef (NAR), a geotextile reef in south-east Queensland, Australia, and three nearby natural reefs. Benthic community structure, fish assemblages and habitat complexity were compared between reef types using an asymmetrical design. Although natural reefs supported distinct biotic assemblages, as a class, these reefs differed significantly from NAR. The artificial reef was dominated by macroalgae and supported fewer benthic categories, whereas the natural reefs were characterised by a diverse range of sessile invertebrates. Benthic and demersal fish assemblages were less diverse on NAR, but pelagic fish assemblages were similar on both reef types. The substratum of NAR was less complex than that of the natural reefs; this physical variable was correlated with some of the differences in benthic communities and benthic and demersal fish assemblages. It is likely that the key determinants of the biotic patterns observed in this study are interactions between the age of NAR and the physical properties of geotextile substratum.
A phytoplankton community in a temperate reservoir in New South Wales, Australia: relationships between similarity and diversity indices and measures of hydrological disturbance
Authors: Kobayashi Tsuyoshi , Sanderson Brian G. , Gordon Geoff N. G.
Published: April 2005

Temporal changes in diversity and similarity of a phytoplankton community were investigated in relation to external hydrological disturbance in the Ben Chifley reservoir from September 1998 to January 2002. Species richness varied by a factor of 4–5 at each of three sites studied during the period (n = 53 at each site). Species diversity (measured using Simpson’s D and Shannon–Wiener’s H, based on primarily genus or species number and cell densities) varied by a factor of 8–10, whereas similarity between two consecutive sampling dates (measured using Hurlbert’s index and Pinkham and Pearson’s B) varied by a factor of 10–46. When diversity was measured with H, it had an approximate quadratic (convex) relationship with similarity, as measured with Hurlbert’s index. However, diversity was seldom related to external hydrological disturbance (measured as intensity and variability of daily inflow rates between two consecutive sampling dates). Similarity was significantly and negatively related to disturbance variability. These results suggest that the mechanisms that regulate diversity and similarity may differ from each other, and question the usefulness of observed approximate quadratic relationships between similarity and diversity indices when assessing the effect of disturbance on diversity. Such relationships may therefore not provide support for Connell’s (1978) intermediate disturbance hypothesis.
An endemic mangrove species, Avicennia integra sp. nov. (Avicenniaceae), in northern Australia*
Authors: Duke NC
Published: April 2005

This taxon was recognised in Australian mangrove assemblages as Avicennia oficinalis L., which is commonly found in Indo-Malesia and southern New Guinea. However, it is morphologically distinct, and the major distinguishing character of entire margins for calyx and bracts is unique in the genus. This species, described here as A. integra, occurs only in the Northern Territory of Australia. It therefore has the dual distinction for an Australian mangrove species of not only being endemic, but also being absent from the floristically rich tidal forests of north-eastern Queensland. Notes on its floral phenology, distribution and ecology are also given.* Aust. Inst. Marine Sci. Contrib. No. 417.
Uromyces appendiculatus var. crassitunicatus, var. nov. from Macroptilium atropurpureum
Authors: Irwin JAG
Published: April 2005

Morphological studies on the rust fungi of Macroptilium, Phaseolus and Vigna show that three taxa can be distinguished. The Vigna rust, Uromyces vignae, is maintained as a species distinct from the bean rust, U. appendiculatus var. appendiculatus. A new variety, Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger var. crassitunicatus J. Irwin, is described from Macroptilium atropurpureum. It differs from var. appendiculatus in having urediniospores with thicker side walls and more closely spaced echinulae. The teliospores are similar to those of var. appendiculatus, except that the side walls are thicker; the side walls are darker, with lineal rows of warts over the entire surface, and a conspicuous channel in the base; the hyaline apical thickening is thinner; and pedicels are more broadly attached.
The panaeoloideae (Fungi, Basidiomycetes) of Australia
Authors: Young AM
Published: April 2005

The Panaeoloideae Singer of Australia are examined and four genera are admitted: Panaeolopsis, Copelandia, Panaeolina and Panaeolus. Eleven of the taxa are recorded for Australia of which two, Panaeolus bernicii and Panaeolus fimbriatus, are new species. Keys, descriptions and line drawings are provided to facilitate identifications. A short review of the history of the subfamily in Australia is included.
The genus Ceratium (Dinophyceae) in Bass Strait and adjoining waters, southern Australia
Authors: Huisman JM
Published: April 2005

Thirty-two species of the dinoflagellate genus Ceratium Schrank (Dinophyceae, Peridiniales) are reported and described from the Bass Strait and adjoining waters, southern Australia. Ten of these species (C. setaceum, C. kofoidii, C. longirostrum, C. falcatiforme, C. contortum, C. gibberum, C. paradoxides, C. ranipes, C. vultur, C. carriense var. carriense) represent new records for the area. A new combination, Ceratium carriense var. massiliense (Gourret) Huisman, is proposed. Descriptions and illustrations are provided for all species.
The role of isozyme studies in molecular systematics
Authors: Brown AHD
Published: April 2005

The recent emergence of molecular techniques for obtaining evidence from DNA sequences to use in systematic studies raises the question of whether the isozyme approach is now superseded. When should the experimental taxonomist spend the limited research dollar on isozymes and when on DNA techniques? The clearest advantages of the latter are the fundamental quality of the data (being directly at the DNA level), and their potential use at all levels of the taxonomic hierarchy. The relative advantages of isozyme techniques are their lower cost, ease and rapidity. Isozymes are most suited to addressing questions at the level of populations, subspecies and species, and only of limited use at higher levels. Yet it is precisely the species level where the systematist is often seeking a variety of evidence to support taxonomic concepts. The capacity to handle a large number of samples, in a directly comparative fashion, means that isozymes are ideal for studying microevolutionary processes such as mating system, migration, local differentiation and hybridisation. These processes act on all kinds of variation, and knowing about them will assist a taxonomist's approach to other levels of evidence. Finally isozyme analysis is useful in the design of sampling strategies and the choice of samples for in-depth molecular analysis. These points are illustrated by a study of variation in Glycine canescens and polyploid origins within the G. tomentella complex, and of partial cleistogamy in G. argyrea.
Eucalyptus elaeophloia: a new species from the Nunniong Plateau, Victoria
Authors: Chappill JA , Crisp MD , Prober SM
Published: April 2005

A new species of Eucalyptus, E. elaeophlioa, is described from the Nunniong Plateau in the far east of Victoria. It is classified in informal subgenus Symphyomyrtus, section Maidenaria and is sister species to E. imlayensis.
A revision of the genera Kelleria and Drapetes (Thymelaeaceae)
Authors: Heads MJ
Published: April 2005

The generic delimitation of Kelleria Endlicher and Drapetes Banks ex Lamarck has remained controversial for 140 years. Data from taxonomic history, morphology and biogeography are reported here and the two genera are maintained as distinct. Eleven species and one variety of Kelleria are recognised, including the following new taxa: K. paludosa, K. tessellata, K. villosa var. barbata, K. croizatii and K. childii. K. multiflora (Cheesem.) Heads is a new combination, and K. patula Merr. & Perry is reinstated. Drapetes tasrnanicus Hook. f. is treated as a new synonym of K. dieffenbachii. In Drapetes one species, D. muscosus Lam., is recognised.
Three additional species in Calytrix (including the reduction of Calythropsis), and notes on Calytrix exstipulata (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Craven LA
Published: April 2005

Two new species of Calytrix Labill., C. oncophylla Craven and C. uncinata Craven, are described from recent collections of the genus made in Western Australia. The monotypic genus Calythropsis C. Gardner is found to be congeneric with Calytrix, with the following new name provided for the species concerned: Calytrix ecalycata Craven. The sympatry of entities of C. exstipulata DC. in the Kimberley region of Western Australia and the western Northern Territory and its taxonomic implications are discussed.
Fuchsia pollen from the tertiary of Australia
Authors: Berry PE , Skvarla JJ , PartridgeA D , Macphail MK
Published: April 2005

Pollen of Diporites aspis, corresponding to the extant genus Fuchsia, is reported from Late Oligocene to Early Miocene strata in two new localities in Australia. They extend the range of Diporites pollen in Australia from the Otway Basin in Victoria to the Capricorn Basin offshore Queensland, and they bring to six the number of Diporites specimens in Australia, from five different sites. These reports establish the presence of Fuchsia in Australasia from at least the Early Oligocene, when mesic forests were widespread across Australia. Fuchsia reached New Zealand by the Late Oligocene and has survived there until the present, but is not known to have survived in Australia past the late Miocene. These results support the hypothesis of an early Tertiary origin of the genus in southern temperate forests.
Occurence of the 'Cyperaceae-type' phytolith in dicotyledons
Authors: Hart DM
Published: April 2005

A conical hat-shaped phytolith previously identified as being specific to the Cyperaceae, has been found to occur in species belonging to three dicotyledonous families; the Mimosaceae, Proteaceae and Casuarinaceae, growing in a humid coastal area near Sydney. This phytolith has been used to identify the former presence of sedgeland vegetation. However, its presence in non-sedge vegetation indicates that a greater knowledge of phytolith production in plants is required before they can be used as indicators of past vegetation.
Asian and south-western Pacific continental terranes derived from Gondwana, and their biogeographic significance
Authors: Burrett C , Duhid N , Berry R , Varne R
Published: April 2005

The recent recognition of numerous small geological terranes in the Indo-Pacific region has revolutionised our understanding of geological and biogeographic processes. Most of these terranes rifted from Gondwana. The Shan-Thai terrane rifted from Australia in the Permian and collided with Indo-China in the Triassic. Parts of Sumatra and Kalimantan may have rifted from Australia in the Cretaceous and carried an angiosperm flora north. Other terranes, now dispersed in South-East Asia and in the Pacific were, at various times in the Cenozoic, part of the Australian continent. Faunal and floral mobilism to Fiji via the Solomons and Vanuatu was probably not difficult up to the late Miocene.
Standard assumptions for biogeographica analysis
Authors: Nelson G , Ladiges P
Published: April 2005

Reanalysis of Mayden's data on distribution and relationships of North American freshwater fishes reveals weaknesses of the analytical protocol termed Brooks' Parsimony Analysis (BPA). Standard assumptions 2, 1, and 0 are explored with reference to suites of 3-area statements contained in cladograms of species. Component analysis proved effective for all assumptions for the freshwater fish data whereas BPA yielded results not optimal for any assumption. For Rosen's data on Heterandria and Xiphophoms, component analysis proved effective for assumption 2 whereas results from other methods proved effective for assumptions 1 and 0. Analysis of widespread species indicates that, when they are used to build area cladograms, they cause spurious results. Assumptions 1 and 0 are sensitive to these spurious effects.
Corrigenda — standard assumptions for biogeographica analysis
Authors: Nelson G , Ladiges P
Published: April 2005

Reanalysis of Mayden's data on distribution and relationships of North American freshwater fishes reveals weaknesses of the analytical protocol termed Brooks' Parsimony Analysis (BPA). Standard assumptions 2, 1, and 0 are explored with reference to suites of 3-area statements contained in cladograms of species. Component analysis proved effective for all assumptions for the freshwater fish data whereas BPA yielded results not optimal for any assumption. For Rosen's data on Heterandria and Xiphophoms, component analysis proved effective for assumption 2 whereas results from other methods proved effective for assumptions 1 and 0. Analysis of widespread species indicates that, when they are used to build area cladograms, they cause spurious results. Assumptions 1 and 0 are sensitive to these spurious effects.
Biogeography without area?
Authors: Henderson IM
Published: April 2005

Recent methodological developments in historical biogeography generally treat biogeographic distribution as synonymous with occupancy of 'areas'. The aim of biogeographic analysis has been to determine the historical relationships of these areas using information from the distributions and phylogenetic relationships of animals and plants. While this may be of interest to geologists, it is of little interest to most biologists since it offers no direct insight into the historical processes that generate biogeographic patterns. Attempts to use relationships of areas (obtained from biogeographic patterns) to understand biogeographic processes can involve circularity. Focusing on relationships of areas relegates biology to a minor consideration in biogeography. This has resulted in the unfortunate dichotomy between 'ecological' and 'historical' biogeography. A biogeography of areas also limits the information potentially available from biogeographic distributions. Choice of areas for biogeographic analysis can be problematical and analysis is sensitive to this choice. Problems in identifying and analysing biogeographic areas are illustrated with trans-oceanic and local examples of austral biogeography.
Application of evidence from molecular biology to the biogeography of angiosperms
Authors: Martin PG , Dowd JM
Published: April 2005

Previously published sequence data from species, whose ancestors are thought to have been separated during the break-up of Gondwanaland, yield mean number of inferred nucleotide differences (i.n.d.) for two comparisons, Africa versus Australia and New Zealand versus Australia. In the geophysical literature, the dating of these separations appears to be uncontroversial, viz. 130 Ma and 80 Ma respectively. The mean rates for the two comparisons are one i.n.d. in 11.7 Ma and 11.9 Ma. The similarity of these estimates encouraged us to deduce the dates of other events for which we present new data. The deepest division detected within the angiosperms corresponds to 244 Ma (Triassic). This is compared with recent equivalent datings. The division between representatives of northern primitive families (Magnoliaceae, Calycanthaceae) and southern primitive families (Winteraceae, Idiospermataceae) corresponds to 162 Ma (Upper Jurassic). This is discussed briefly in relation to geophysical information. Although there is considerable scope for error in this approach, it is considered to be worth pursuing in the light of the imminence of more and longer sequences from nucleic acids and of the interest and difficulty of such biogeographical problems.
Cladistic biogeography of marine water striders (Insecta, Hemiptera) in the Indo-Pacific
Authors: Moller Andersen N
Published: April 2005

More than 120 species of marine water striders (Hemiptera, Gerromorpha), representing three families and eight genera, are distributed throughout the lndo-Pacific region. They live in marine habitats such as mangroves, intertidal coral reef flats and the sea surface near coral and rocky coasts. Five species of sea skaters, Halobates (Gerridae), have colonised the surface of the open ocean. Adult marine water striders are wingless but may disperse along coasts, chains of islands and possibly across wider stretches of open sea. Although some species of coral bugs, Halovelia (Veliidae) and Halobates are widespread, most species of marine water striders have rather restricted distributions. Cladistic hypotheses are now available for the genera Halovelia, Xenobates (Veliidae) and Halobates. Based upon distributional data for about 110 species, a number of areas of endemism can be delimited within the Indo-Pacific region. The results of component analyses of taxon-area cladograms for several monophyletic species-groups of marine water striders are presented. The faunas of northern New Guinea, the Bismarck and Solomon Islands (Papuasia) are closely related and show much greater affinity with Maluku, Sulawesi and the Philippines than with the fauna of northern Australia. Relationships between the faunas of Papuasia + Sulawesi + the Philippines and those of Borneo + Jawa + Malaya are relatively weak. Marine water striders endemic to islands of the western Pacific show relationships among themselves and with Australia. Most marine water striders from the Indian Ocean (East Africa, Madagascar, Mauritius, Seychelles and Maldives) can be derived from the Indian-South-east Asian fauna. Composite faunas of marine water striders (either of different age or origin) are found in New Guinea, New Caledonia, Fiji Islands, the Philippines, tropical Australia and East Africa. The biogeography of marine water striders does not support the traditional division of the Indo- Pacific into the Ethiopian, Oriental and Australian regions. The distributional patterns are more compatible with a set of hierarchical relationships between more restricted areas of endemism.
Patterns of diversification within continental biotas: Hierarchical congruence among the areas of endemism of Australian vertebrates
Authors: Cracraft J
Published: April 2005

This paper investigates the extent to which there is hierarchical information about area-relationships contained in the distributions of Australian vertebrates. Distributions of genera, their included species, and their included subspecies (when appropriate) were coded present/absent for 14 areas of endemism. The data were then analysed cladistically and most parsimonious area-cladograms constructed; bootstrap consensus trees were used to assess the strength of the cladistic signal. Distributions of birds and mammals were found to be nearly identical in their hierarchical pattern, and snakes shared the same general pattern of area-relationships. Frogs and lizards exhibited greater differences but were still congruent in some respects. This congruence calls for a general explanation. It is proposed that either the pattern can be explained in terms of (1) true area-relationships (vicariance), in which case biogeographic noise, including redundant distributions and widespread taxa do not disturb historical signal; (2) constraints on processes or events that lead to congruent histories of cosmopolitanism; or (3) a combination of both.
A systematic revision of the mangrove genus Avicennia (Avicenniaceae) in Australasia*
Authors: Duke NC
Published: April 2005

In Australasia (including Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea and other islands in the south-western Pacific) the mangrove genus Avicennia L. consists of five species: A. alba Bl., A. integra N. C. Duke, A. marina (Forsk.) Vierh., A. oficinalis L. and A. rumphiana Hallier f. Based on morphological characters and supported by allele patterns in isozyme studies (reported elsewhere), A. marina is divided into three varieties. Keys, descriptions, brief synonymy, descriptive figures and distribution maps are provided for each of the seven taxa.* Aust. Inst. Marine Sci. Contrib. No. 520.
A taxonomic revision of Gymnanthere R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae: Perplocoideae) in Australia
Authors: Forster PI
Published: April 2005

The genus Gymnanthera R. Br. is revised for Australia. Two species are recognised and the relationship between them discussed. G. nitida R. Br. is widely distributed in coastal areas of tropical Australia and Malesia. G. cunninghamii comb. nov. (Wrightia cunninghamii Benth.) has a disjunct distribution in arid central Australia. A lectotype for G. nitida R. Br. is designated and G. fruticosa K. L. Wilson is placed in the synonymy of G. cunninghamii.
The families of angiosperms: Automated descriptions, with interactive identification and information retrieval
Authors: Watson L , Dallwitz MJ
Published: April 2005

A database containing automated descriptions of the angiosperm families, organised under the DELTA system, is described and illustrated with reference to its present capabilities and its potential. All 558 families are described in terms of certain basic information, including synonyms, geographical distributions, numbers of species and genera and classification according to four recent, influential classifications. Data on certain features have been widely or extensively incorporated (for example, with comprehensive coverage of variation in photosynthetic pathways, including source references); and 320 families (including all those represented in Australia) are described in sufficient morphological detail for multiple-entry, interactive identification. The interactive identification/information retrieval package is available in a form suitable for MS-DOS microcomputers.
A taxonomic revision of Sarcolobus (Asclepidaceae: Marsdenieae) in Fiji
Authors: Forster PI
Published: April 2005

The genus Sarcolobus R. Br. (Asclepiadaceae: Marsdenieae) is newly recorded for Fiji. Three species are present, namely Sarcolobus stenophyllus comb. nov. (Gymnema stenophylla A. Gray), S. venulosus comb. nov. (Tylophora venulosa A. C. Smith) and S. subnudus comb. nov. (Gymnema subnudum A. Gray). All species are fully described and a key to distinguish them is given.
Re-appraisal of the taxonomy of Acacia holosericea, including the description of a new species, A. Colei, and the reinstatement of A. Neurocarpa
Authors: Maslin BR , Thomson LAJ
Published: April 2005

The taxonomic status of Acacia holosericea A. CUM. ex Don is re-appraised in the light of recent isozyme, chromosome and field studies, as well as from a critical examination of specimens at BM, BRI, K, DNA and PERTH. Accordingly, A. holosericea, as traditionally defined, is now regarded as comprising three distinct species, each corresponding to a dierent level of ploidy. Acacia holosericea A. Cum. ex Don (tetraploid) is widespread, principally in tropical/subtropical areas of Western Australia, the Northern Territory and Queensland. Acacia neurocarpa A. Cunn. ex Hook. (diploid), occurs in tropical/subtropical Western Australia and the Northern Temtory and until now has been regarded as conspecific with A. holosericea. Acacia colei Mash & Thomson (hexaploid) is described as a new species which appears to have evolved as an allopolyploid hybrid between A. neurocarpa and A. cowleana (tetraploid). It is widespread and common in subtropical/arid Western Australia, the Northern Territory and Queensland. These four species are illustrated, mapped and their principal discriminating features given in tabular form and in a key. Acacia holosericea is neotypified to exclude A. neurocarpa, and A. neurocarpa is lectotypified to exclude A. dunnii (Maiden) Turrill.
Oligocene leaves, fruit and flowers of the Cunoniaceae from Cethana, Tasmania
Authors: Carpenter RJ , Buchanan AM
Published: April 2005

At least five species in five genera from the Cunoniaceae occur in the Oligocene Cethana deposit. A Callicoma leaf and infructescence are indistinguishable from those of C. serratifolia, the only extant species, and are therefore assigned to that species. Schizonzeria tasmaniensis sp. nov. and Acsmithia grandiflora sp. nov. are represented by flowers and Vesselowskya aff. rubifolia by a leaf or leaflet. Compound leaves of Weinmailrlia/Cunonia so far collected lack cuticular preservation, but their distinctive morphology enables confident placement in this group. Since these genera are only segregable on reproductive features a new genus, Weinmanniaphyllum, is proposed. The fossil data confirm that eastern Australia has been a centre of diversity for the family since at least the Early Tertiary. Modem representatives of the fossil taxa now occur in New South Wales, Queensland, New Guinea, Pacific Islands and South and Central America. None occurs in Tasmania. The evidence is further support for the presence of floristically diverse, microthermal rainforests and disturbed oligotrophic habitats in the Early Tertiary of Tasmania.
The evolutionary history of Nothofagus (Nothofagaceae)
Authors: Hill RS , Jordan GJ
Published: April 2005

A cladistic analysis of Nothofagus is presented. Comparison of potential outgroups (Fagus and Betulaceae) suggests that Fagus is most satisfactory, but clear morphological differences between it and Nothofagus support the placement of the latter in the monogeneric family Nothofagaceae. The cladistic analysis supports the four subgenera and four extant pollen groups proposed in the most recent revisions and is consistent with the extensive fossil record, although not especially supported by it. The evolution of the deciduous or evergreen habit. so long considered a singular event of importance in Nothofagus, probably occurred several times, and is an example of parallel evolution. Resolution within subgenera is not high in most cases, but subgenus Lophozonia offers a particularly interesting insight into the relationship among extant species and the role of rare long distance dispersal across significant ocean barriers in Nothofagus biogeography. More data are required to refine the phylogeny.
Thaleropia, a New Genus for Metrosideros queenslandica (Myrtaceae) and its Allies
Authors: Wilson PG
Published: April 2005

The taxonomic status of Metrosideros queenslandica, and related species from New Guinea, is reassessed on the basis of fundamental morphological and anatomical characters and these species are found to be more closely allied to Tristanin sens. str. than to Metrosideros sens. lat. The current classification of this group of species as Metrosideros subg. Mearnsia sect. Adnatae J. W. Dawson is rejected and a new genus, Thaleropia, is described and the new combinations T. queeirslandica, T. iteophylla and T. hypargyrea made.
New Names for Verrucispora and its Species
Authors: Shaw DE , Alcorn JL
Published: April 2005

The generic name Verrucispora Shaw & Alcorn (Deuteromycotina) differs from that of Verrucispora E. Horak (Basidiomycotina) by only one letter, and the latter has precedence. Therefore, in accordance with requirements of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, the following changes have been made: Verrucispora becomes Verrucisporota nom. nov., based on Verrucisporota proteacearum comb. nov. Four other species of Verrucispora described by various authors become Verrucisporota brideliae comb. nov., Stenella smilacicola nom. nov., Sirosporim inclicum comb. nov., and Pseudocercospora luculiae comb. nov.
Epiphyllous Microorganisms as Palaeoclimate Estimators: The Developmental Sequence of Fungal 'Germlings' on their Living Host
Authors: Wells AK , Hill RS
Published: April 2005

It is known that epiphyllous microorganisms have the potential to provide important information about palaeoclimates and palaeohabitats. Previous studies have shown one of the major candidates, fungal 'germlings', to be possibly climatically sensitive. In this study we demonstrate that at least two organisms are present as germlings, one an epiphyte and the other a saprophyte. While there is some evidence to support the hypothesis that grades of germlings represent a sequence of developmental steps, most data either refute this hypothesis or neither refute nor support it. We show that grade 1 and 2 germlings are unlikely to be reliable for predictive purposes, since their presence is not consistent among host species, and they may represent saprophytes as well as epiphytes. The ecology and life history of germlings is complex, and more data are required on these factors before they can be used for predictive purposes.
Using Sequences of rbcL to Study Phylogeny and Biogeography of Nothofagus Species
Authors: Martin PG , Dowd JM
Published: April 2005

Sequences of rbcL for 23 species of Nothofagus and three of Fagus have been determined and analysed to form phylogenetic trees. The two genera are well separated. The species of Nothofagus separate into lineages which correspond exactly with the subgenera recently defined on morphological grounds. The rate of evolution of the four subgenera is shown to be statistically the same and, using a reference date from palaeobotany, is found to be one nucleotide change in 6 Ma. This rate is used to derive the ages of the common ancestors of species in subgenera and it is tentatively concluded that intercontinental dispersal was possible in the early stages of the evolution of the genus.
A new species of Oxalis section Corniculatae (Oxalidaceae) from Australasia
Authors: Conn BJ , Richards PG
Published: April 2005

The Australasian species informally known as 'Oxalis sp. A' in New South Wales is here formally named Oxalis thompsoniae Conn & Richards (Oxalis section Corniculatae). A full description and illustrations of it, together with relevant notes on the morphological characters which are taxonomically useful in Oxalis section Corniculatae are provided.
Variation within Eriostemon angustifolius (Rutaceae) and the recognition of a new species, E. sporadicus
Authors: Bayly MJ
Published: April 2005

Queensland populations of Eriostemon angustifolius P.G. Wilson subsp. angustifolius are recognised as a new species, E. sporadicus. This taxon is characterised by the sporadic pattern of cork formation on branchlets, shortly clavate leaves with rounded, glandular apices, and solitary, shortly pedicellate flowers not subtended by basal bracts. Illustrations, photographs and photomicrographs of the new taxon are included.
An accoount of southern Australian species of Lithothamnion (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Wilks KM , Woelkerling WJ
Published: April 2005

Lithothamnion (Corallinaceae, Rhodophyta) is represented in southern Australia by at least two species: L. muelleri, the type species of the genus, and L. indicum. Detailed accounts are provided along with a key to the species, and information on distribution, seasonality and habitat, nomenclature and synonymy, and infraspecific taxonomy. Two characters associated with tetrasporangial conceptacle roof anatomy are considered diagnostic of the two southern Australian species. Twenty-five characters used by other authors to separate species of Lithothamnion were examined; none were found to be diagnostic of L. muelleri or L. indicum, and only one (plant habit) was sometimes found to be useful as an ancillary character. None of the measured characters assessed could be used in a diagnostic or ancillary manner. The status and disposition of 22 other specific and infraspecific taxa ascribed to Lithothamnion and reported from southern Australia are summarised; 3 are considered synonyms of L. indicum or L. muelleri, 12 are referable to other genera, 6 are considered to be of uncertain status, and 1 constitutes an unconfirmed record.
New names and combinations in Marsdenia (Asclepiadaceae: Marsdenieae) from Asia and Malesia (excluding Papusia)
Authors: Forster PI
Published: April 2005

Nomenclatural notes are provided for 13 species of Marsdenia R.Br. including a number of taxa formerly included in Gymnema R.Br., Bidaria (Endl.) Decne. and Jasminanthes Blume. New names provided in Marsdenia are M. jasminoides P.I.Forst. (Jasminanthes suaveolens Blume), M. ridleyi P.I.Forst. (Stephanotis parviflora Ridley) and M. vajanicum P.I.Forst. (Gymnema javanicum Blume). New combinations made in Marsdenia are M. chinensis (Champ.) P.I.Forst. (Stephanotis chinensis Champ.), M. chunii (Tsiang) P.I.Forst. (Stephanotis chunii Tsiang), M. dissitiflora (Ridley) P.I.Forst. (Gymnema dissitiflorum Ridley), M. hirta (Ridley) P.I.Forst. (Gymnema hirtum Ridley), M. littoralis (Blume) P.I.Forst. (Gymnema littorale Blume), M. maingayi (Hook.f.) P.I.Forst. (Stephanotis maingayi Hook.f.), M. pachyglossa (Schltr.) P.I.Forst. (Gymnema pachyglossa Schltr.), M. pilosa (Kerr) P.I.Forst. (Stephanotis pilosa Kerr), M. sylvestris (Retz.) P.I.Forst. (Periploca sylvestre Retz.) and M. tingens (Roxb.) P.I.Forst. (Asclepias tingens Roxb.). A lectotype is selected for Stephanotis parviflora. Detailed descriptions are provided for Marsdenia tingens, M. littoralis, M. tinctoria and M. jasminoides.