bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decompressive Surgery in Cerebrovenous Thrombosis
Authors: Ferro José M. , Crassard Isabelle , Coutinho Jonathan M. , Canhão Patrícia , Barinagarrementeria Fernando , Cucchiara Brett , Derex Laurent , Lichy Christoph , Masjuan Jaime , Massaro Ayrton , Matamala Gonzalo , Poli Sven , Saadatnia Mohammad , Stolz Erwin , Viana-Baptista Miguel , Stam Jan , Bousser Marie-Germaine ,   Second International Study on Cerebral Vein and Dural Sinus Thrombosis (ISCVT 2) Investigators
Published: July 2011

Background and Purpose—

Herniation attributable to unilateral mass effect is the major cause of death in cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT). Decompressive surgery may be lifesaving in these patients.

Methods—

Retrospective registry of cases of acute CVT treated with decompressive surgery (craniectomy or hematoma evacuation) in 22 centers and systematic review of all published cases of CVT treated with decompressive surgery. The primary outcome was the score on the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score at last follow-up, dichotomized between favorable (mRS score, 0–4) and unfavorable outcome (mRS score, 5 or death). Secondary outcomes were complete recovery (mRS score 0–1), independence (mRS score, 0–2), severe dependence (mRS score, 4–5), and death at last available follow-up.

Results—

Sixty-nine patients were included and 38 were from the registry. Decompressive craniectomy was performed in 45 patients, hematoma evacuation was performed in 7, and both interventions were performed in 17 patients. At last follow-up (median, 12 months) only 12 (17.4%) had un unfavorable outcome. Twenty-six (37.7%) had mRS score 0 to 1, 39 (56.5%) had mRS score 0 to 2, 4 (5.8%) were alive with mRS score 4 to 5, and 11 (15.9%) patients died. Three of the 9 patients with bilateral fixed pupils recovered completely. Comatose patients were less likely to be independent (mRS score 0–2) than noncomatose patients (45% versus 84%;
P
=0.003). Patients with bilateral lesions were more likely to have unfavorable outcomes (50% versus 11%;
P
=0.004) and to die (42% versus 11%;
P
=0.025).

Conclusions—

In CVT patients with large parenchymal lesions causing herniation, decompressive surgery was lifesaving and often resulted in good functional outcome, even in patients with severe clinical conditions.
Safety and Functional Outcome of Thrombolysis in Dissection-Related Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Zinkstok Sanne M. , Vergouwen Mervyn D.I. , Engelter Stefan T. , Lyrer Philippe A. , Bonati Leo H. , Arnold Marcel , Mattle Heinrich P. , Fischer Urs , Sarikaya Hakan , Baumgartner Ralf W. , Georgiadis Dimitrios , Odier Céline , Michel Patrik , Putaala Jukka , Griebe Martin , Wahlgren Nils , Ahmed Niaz , van Geloven Nan , de Haan Rob J. , Nederkoorn Paul J.
Published: July 2011

Background and Purpose—

The safety and efficacy of thrombolysis in cervical artery dissection (CAD) are controversial. The aim of this meta-analysis was to pool all individual patient data and provide a valid estimate of safety and outcome of thrombolysis in CAD.

Methods—

We performed a systematic literature search on intravenous and intra-arterial thrombolysis in CAD. We calculated the rates of pooled symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and mortality and indirectly compared them with matched controls from the Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke–International Stroke Thrombolysis Register. We applied multivariate regression models to identify predictors of excellent (modified Rankin Scale=0 to 1) and favorable (modified Rankin Scale=0 to 2) outcome.

Results—

We obtained individual patient data of 180 patients from 14 retrospective series and 22 case reports. Patients were predominantly female (68%), with a mean±SD age of 46±11 years. Most patients presented with severe stroke (median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score=16). Treatment was intravenous thrombolysis in 67% and intra-arterial thrombolysis in 33%. Median follow-up was 3 months. The pooled symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage rate was 3.1% (95% CI, 1.3 to 7.2). Overall mortality was 8.1% (95% CI, 4.9 to 13.2), and 41.0% (95% CI, 31.4 to 51.4) had an excellent outcome. Stroke severity was a strong predictor of outcome. Overlapping confidence intervals of end points indicated no relevant differences with matched controls from the Safe Implementation of Thrombolysis in Stroke–International Stroke Thrombolysis Register.

Conclusions—

Safety and outcome of thrombolysis in patients with CAD-related stroke appear similar to those for stroke from all causes. Based on our findings, thrombolysis should not be withheld in patients with CAD.
Dietary Potassium Intake and Risk of Stroke
Authors: Larsson Susanna C. , Orsini Nicola , Wolk Alicja
Published: July 2011

Background and Purpose—

Potassium intake has been inconsistently associated with risk of stroke. Our aim was to conduct a meta-analysis of prospective studies to assess the relation between potassium intake and stroke risk.

Methods—

Pertinent studies were identified by a search of PubMed from January 1966 through March 2011 and by reviewing the reference lists of retrieved articles. We included prospective studies that reported relative risks with 95% CIs of stroke for ≥3 categories of potassium intake or for potassium intake analyzed as a continuous variable. Study-specific results were pooled using a random-effects model.

Results—

Ten independent prospective studies, with a total of 8695 stroke cases and 268 276 participants, were included in the meta-analysis. We observed a statistically significant inverse association between potassium intake and risk of stroke. For every 1000-mg/day increase in potassium intake, the risk of stroke decreased by 11% (pooled relative risk, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.83 to 0.97). In the 5 studies that reported results for stroke subtypes, the pooled relative risks were 0.89 (95% CI, 0.81 to 0.97) for ischemic stroke, 0.95 (95% CI, 0.83 to 1.09) for intracerebral hemorrhage, and 1.08 (95% CI, 0.92 to 1.27) for subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Conclusions—

Dietary potassium intake is inversely associated with risk of stroke, in particular ischemic stroke.
The Bonds of Brotherhood: New Evidence on Sino-North Korean Exchanges, 1950–1954
Authors: Cathcart Adam , Kraus Charles
Published: July 2011

Drawing on recently declassified documents from the archive of the Foreign Ministry of the People's Republic of China (PRC), this article looks at China's relationship with North Korea during and immediately after the Korean War. Although previous scholarship has touched on PRC-North Korean military ties during the war, this article is the first in-depth analysis of issues that are less well understood, notably China's efforts to cope with a huge influx of refugees from North Korea, the PRC's economic assistance during the war and in the early postwar reconstruction, and Chinese educational and ideological support for North Korean professionals and party cadres. The article shows that the extensive military coordination between Beijing and Pyongyang was only one way in which the war brought North Korea and the PRC into a closer relationship.
Skepticism and Stability: Reevaluating U.S. Policy during Poland's Democratic Transformation in 1989
Authors: Domber Gregory F.
Published: July 2011

This article evaluates the U.S. role in the revolutions of 1989, specifically the claim that the U.S. government was a catalyst, accelerating the pace of change in Eastern Europe. Drawing from memoirs, declassified U.S. cables, Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs reports, and underground literature from the Polish opposition, the article shows that the policy of George H. W. Bush's administration was not a “catalyst” and did not even “grease the skids” to remove Communist governments from power during the first ten months of 1989. Rather, the United States pursued a much more cautious policy that actively sought to impede the pace of change. The evidence indicates that U.S. policy was much more fixated on promoting stability in Eastern Europe, preferring evolutionary change to revolutionary transformation. The article concludes by placing these findings in the context of the emerging scholarship on the revolutions of 1989 and the Bush administration's foreign policy
From Enigma to Enemy: Paul-Henri Spaak, the Belgian Diplomatic Elite, and the Soviet Union, 1944–1945
Authors: Alstein Maarten Van
Published: July 2011

This article draws on recently declassified documents from the Belgian archives to assess the division within the Belgian diplomatic service about Soviet intentions at the start of the Cold War. The diplomatic corps was divided between those who viewed the Soviet Union favorably and believed that continued close cooperation after the war was both feasible and essential, and those who were wary of Soviet intentions in Eastern Europe and believed that Western democracies would have to be united in opposing Soviet encroachments. Paul-Henri Spaak, the long-time Belgian foreign minister, was initially in the former camp, but events at the close of the war and soon thereafter brought him and Belgian foreign policy much closer to the latter's position.
Littering in Context
Authors: Schultz P. Wesley , Bator Renée J. , Large Lori Brown , Bruni Coral M. , Tabanico Jennifer J.
Published: July 2011

This article reports the results from a large-scale study of littering behavior. Findings are reported from coded observations of the littering behavior among 9,757 individuals at 130 outdoor public locations in the United States. The focus was on littering behavior of any item, but a separate sample is also reported on the littering behavior of only smokers. For smokers, the observed littering rate for cigarette butts was 65%. Results from the general littering observations showed that of all the disposal behaviors observed, 17% resulted in litter. Statistical analyses using multilevel modeling showed that age (negatively) was predictive of individual littering. At the level of the site, the presence of existing litter (positively) and the availability of trash receptacles (negatively) predicted littering. Supplemental analyses showed that among individuals who disposed of an item, distance to the receptacle was positively predictive of littering. Implications for litter prevention strategies are discussed.
Edward Said and Interfaith Attitudes of Christian Missionaries
Authors: Newberg Eric N.
Published: July 2011

Negative interfaith attitudes are a major stumbling block to interfaith relations. This article raises awareness of stereotypical attitudes that commonly occur in Christian missionary discourse. The author utilizes Edward Said’s critique of Western concepts of the Orient as a touchstone for evaluating contrasting interfaith attitudes among Christian missionaries at the turn of the 20th century. Although ideally situated for interfaith contacts, the Pentecostal missionaries in Palestine espoused negative attitudes toward Jews and Arab Christians and Muslims. In contrast, W.T. Gairdner, an Anglican missionary in Egypt, took an irenic approach by focusing on aspects of Islam that are worthy of respect. In closing, strategies are suggested for overcoming negative interfaith attitudes today.
An Assessment of Bone Fluoride and Osteosarcoma
Authors: Kim F.M. , Hayes C. , Williams P.L. , Whitford G.M. , Joshipura K.J. , Hoover R.N. , Douglass C.W. ,   the National Osteosarcoma Etiology Group, Gebhardt M.C. , Scarborough M.T. , Gitelis S. , Eckardt J.J. , Neff J.R. , Joyce M.J. , Malawer M. , McGuire M. , Anderson H.C.
Published: July 2011

The association between fluoride and risk for osteosarcoma is controversial. The purpose of this study was to determine if bone fluoride levels are higher in individuals with osteosarcoma. Incident cases of osteosarcoma (N = 137) and tumor controls (N = 51) were identified by orthopedic physicians, and segments of tumor-adjacent bone and iliac crest bone were analyzed for fluoride content. Logistic regression adjusted for age and sex and potential confounders of osteosarcoma was used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). There was no significant difference in bone fluoride levels between cases and controls. The OR adjusted for age, gender, and a history of broken bones was 1.33 (95% CI: 0.56-3.15). No significant association between bone fluoride levels and osteosarcoma risk was detected in our case-control study, based on controls with other tumor diagnoses.
Characterization of Posthospital Bloodstream Infections in Children Requiring Home Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Mohammed Aminu , Grant Frederick K. , Zhao Vivian M. , Shane Andi L. , Ziegler Thomas R. , Cole Conrad R.
Published: July 2011

Background: Home parenteral nutrition (HPN) is lifesaving for children with intestinal failure. Catheter‐associated bloodstream infections (CA‐BSI) are common in hospitalized patients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN), but data evaluating CA‐BSI in children receiving HPN are limited. Objective: To determine the incidence and characteristics of CA‐BSI in children receiving HPN. Methods: Medical records of 44 children receiving HPN during a 3‐year period were reviewed. End points were CA‐BSI during the initial 6 months after discharge. CA‐BSI was defined as isolation of pathogens from blood requiring antimicrobial therapy. Results: The primary indication for HPN was short bowel syndrome (46%), and 59 BSI were documented during the initial 6 months of HPN in 29 (66%) children. Of CA‐BSI, polymicrobial infections accounted for 52%; gram‐positive, 29%; gram‐negative, 17%; and fungal, 2%. CA‐BSI incidence per 1000 catheter‐days was highest during the first month posthospital discharge (72 episodes; 95% confidence interval [CI], 45.4–109.6). CA‐BSI incidence density ratio for children receiving HPN for >90 days compared with those receiving HPN for <30 days was 2.2 (P < .05). Logistic regression revealed that Medicaid insurance and age <1 year were associated with increased risk for CA‐BSI (odds ratio [OR], 4.4 [95% CI, 1.13–16.99] and 6.6 [1.50–28.49], respectively; P < .05). Conclusions: The incidence of CA‐BSI in children receiving HPN is highest during the first month posthospital discharge. Strategies to address care in the immediate posthospital discharge period may reduce the burden of infectious complications of HPN.
The Use of Prealbumin and C‐Reactive Protein for Monitoring Nutrition Support in Adult Patients Receiving Enteral Nutrition in an Urban Medical Center
Authors: Davis Cassie Jo , Sowa Diane , Keim Kathryn S. , Kinnare Kelly , Peterson Sarah
Published: July 2011

Background: Serum prealbumin (PAB) is commonly used to assess protein status and is often used to monitor the response to nutrition support. However, during inflammation, the liver synthesizes acute‐phase proteins such as C‐reactive protein (CRP) at the expense of PAB.Objective: The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine whether changes in PAB reflect the delivery of adequate nutrients or changes in inflammatory status in hospitalized adults (≥18 years) receiving enteral nutrition (n = 154).Methods: Protein and energy intake were compared to changes in PAB, assessed at baseline and twice weekly. C‐reactive protein was assessed when PAB was <18 mg/dL to determine the presence and severity of inflammation.Results: In a sample of mostly critically ill patients, there was no significant difference in change in PAB for those receiving ≥60% of calorie needs (2.74 ± 9.50 mg/dL) compared to <60% of calorie needs (2.48 ± 9.36 mg/dL;P= .86). Changes in PAB correlated only with changes in CRP (r= ‐0.544,P< .001). In a subgroup analysis of 62 patients with repeated measures of PAB and CRP, PAB increased significantly only in the bottom 2 tertiles for calorie delivery and the lowest tertile for protein delivery.Conclusions: These results indicate that PAB may not be a sensitive marker for evaluating the adequacy of nutrition support in critically ill patients with inflammation. Only change in CRP was able to significantly predict changes in PAB, suggesting that an improvement in inflammation, rather than nutrient intake, was responsible for the increases in PAB levels.
Pulmonary Complications of 9931 Narrow‐Bore Nasoenteric Tubes During Blind Placement
Authors: Sparks Dorothy A. , Chase Daniel M. , Coughlin Lisa M. , Perry Earnest
Published: July 2011

Introduction: A critical review of the pulmonary complications associated with blind placement of narrow‐bore nasoenteric tubes (NETs) is discussed. Preventive measures and placement techniques are addressed to decrease patient morbidity and mortality. Methods: A thorough database review was conducted to identify all randomized controlled and retrospective trials specifically addressing pulmonary complications from narrow‐bore NET placement. Five unique studies, comprising more than 9900 NET placements, were identified. On the basis of the literature reviewed, the authors identified 3 major complications associated with blind NET placement: patient mortality directly resulting from NET misplacement, incidence of tracheopulmonary malpositioning, and correlation between NET misplacement and mechanical ventilation. Results: Of the 9931 NET placements reviewed, there were 187 total improper tube placements in the tracheobronchial tree, which translates to a 1.9% mean overall malposition rate. Of these 187 misplacements, there were 35 (18.7%) reported pneumothoraces, at least 5 of which resulted in patient death. NET malpositioning was reported in 13%–32% of subsequent repositioning attempts. This increased risk exposes the patient population to a cumulative mortality from tracheobronchial malpositioning approaching >20%. Unexpectedly, of the 187 total misplacements, 113 (60.4%) of the patients were mechanically ventilated. Conclusions: Practitioners need to be aware of the potential for pulmonary complications associated with blind NET placement. Changes in institutional protocol should be considered to minimize unnecessary risks. As with any procedure, experienced personnel should be primarily used for tube placement and responsible for assisting others with less familiarity to learn the proper methods.
Motivating Knowledge Sharing in Knowledge Management Systems
Authors: Wang Sheng , Noe Raymond A. , Wang Zhong-Ming
Published: July 2011

Many organizations are using knowledge management systems (KMSs) to facilitate knowledge sharing. However, few studies have empirically investigated how individual characteristics and organizational work practices influence knowledge sharing. Based on accountability theory, the person–situation interactional psychology perspective, and the five-factor model of personality, this study uses a quasi-experimental design to investigate how two accountability-inducing management practices—evaluation and evaluation plus reward—and their interactions with personality characteristics influence knowledge sharing using a KMS. One hundred employees from a Chinese software company participated in the study. The authors found that both evaluation and evaluation plus reward had a positive relationship with knowledge sharing. Greater levels of knowledge sharing occurred in the evaluation-plus-reward condition compared with the evaluation condition. Also, knowledge sharing was influenced by the interaction between evaluation plus reward and conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience. Implications of the study results for research and practice are discussed.
Together or separate in the fight against oppression? Liberals in Peru and Spain in the 1820s
Authors: Ricketts Mónica
Published: July 2011

Following the new avenues of research opened by historians of the Atlantic world, this study analyzes key ideological writings in the press to illustrate some thematic and ideological interconnections between liberals in Spain and Peru in the 1810s and early 1820s. Liberalism emerged in the Spanish world as an ideology-in-the-making that was both Peninsular and American. Liberalism was conceived in broad and abstract terms as a struggle for the overthrow of absolutism and the implementation of liberties and constitutionalism. Soon it evolved into a protest against the oppression of Ferdinand VII’s despotic rule as well as military despotism in Spanish America. Although by the 1820s independence movements prevailed in most parts of Spanish America, many liberals on both sides of the Atlantic continued to envision their struggle as a common one. These circumstances have often been overlooked in the historiography of both Spain and Spanish America, but they are key to understanding the breakdown of the Spanish empire in central areas of Spanish dominion, such as the viceroyalty of Peru.
Spain and Portugal and the Loss of their Continental American Territories in the 1820s: An Examination of the Issues
Authors: Hamnett Brian
Published: July 2011

The least studied aspect of Ibero-American Independence is the impact on Spain and Portugal. Many complex issues were involved, including the nature of the economic impact, the degree of political readjustment, and the international position of the former metropoles. The 1820s exposed the contradictions in Iberian responses to the loss of continental American territories. Spanish merchants turned towards the domestic and Caribbean markets, and Portuguese policy shifted away from Brazil to the southern-African territories. Although the monarchy survived in both Spain and Portugal, each experienced dynastic convulsions of differing dimensions. The survival of empire beyond continental America complicated the development of European identities and of specifically Spanish and Portuguese national sentiment.
From Europe to the Andes and back: Becoming ‘Los Ayacuchos’
Authors: Sobrevilla Perea Natalia
Published: July 2011

This article studies the trajectories of the officers defeated at the battle of Ayacucho who upon their return to Spain had prominent political careers. It follows them before, during and after the Wars of Independence in the Andes in an attempt to discern a certain pattern of relationship between Europe and America during the crucial decade of the 1820s, and beyond. It enquires on the far-reaching consequences of prolonged mobilization on both sides of the Atlantic, and the degree to which the histories of Europe and America were intertwined during this period. The disintegration of empire and the reactions to the Cádiz Constitution led to similar situations with confrontations between liberals, radicals and conservatives as well as the military irrupting onto the political world. It became possible, both in Spain and America, for capable and ambitious men of humble origins to reach the highest echelons of power.
The Persistence of Mutual Influence: Europe and Latin America in the 1820s
Authors: Brown Matthew , Paquette Gabriel
Published: July 2011

The independence of Latin America from colonial rule in the first decades of the nineteenth century is generally held to have broken the bonds which had linked Europe to the Americas for three centuries. This article contends that a re-examination of the decade of the 1820s reveals the persistence, as well as the reconfiguration, of connections between the Old World and the New after the dissolution of the Iberian Atlantic monarchies. Some of these multi-faceted connections are introduced and explored, most notably commercial ties, intellectual and cultural influences, immigration, financial obligations, the slave trade and its suppression, and diplomatic negotiations. Recognition and appreciation of these connections has important consequences for our understandings of the history of the Atlantic World, the ‘Age of Revolutions’, and Latin American Independence itself.
Rural migrants in urban China: Characteristics and challenges to public policy
Authors: Chen Yu
Published: July 2011

China has witnessed the largest migration wave in human history, following the initiation of economic reforms in 1978. Around 150 million peasants have moved to cities for job opportunities and better lives. This article reviews studies on rural migrants in Chinese cities, to provide an overview of their characteristics, spatial distribution, reasons for migration, and working and living conditions. Challenges to public policy and areas for future research are then outlined.
From planned to market economy: The rise and fall of the City of Textiles, Xi’an
Authors: Cheng Zhiming
Published: July 2011

Urban change in north-western China, an important region in economic history terms, has received relatively scant attention in the existing literature. To help fill this gap, this article examines the evolution of a state-owned industrial area called the City of Textiles, in Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, from its establishment and rise during the planned economy to its decline, deterioration, and redevelopment in the new market economy. The article focuses particularly on the roles played by the state and other factors relevant in the transformation, as well as exploring the experiences of local residents and businesses.
The big China sell: UK cities need to hitch our supply to their demand to turn genteel decline into spurred growth
Authors: Frankal Baron , Chan Li-Hsia
Published: July 2011

This article reflects on how UK cities are very slowly adapting themselves to the changing world where growth economies, and particularly China, the world’s second largest economy, have become the focus of global policy attention. Most UK cities, accustomed to a highly centralized state, are poor at any consistent international targeting, and especially poor out of their traditional US and Western European comfort zone, where the great majority of their exports still go. However, the China challenge—whether a city can hitch its particular supply to their particular demand—is probably the single most important economic challenge of the decade, and will determine whether a city experiences genteel decline or spurred growth.
Strategies for the economic transformation of a port city: A case study of Ningbo
Authors: Huang Yejun , Bao Weike
Published: July 2011

This article describes the development of a long-term economic strategy for Ningbo, which is the largest non-container and fourth-largest container port in China. During the period of ‘reform and opening up’, the port expanded rapidly and there was large-scale growth of port-related industries. Since the turn of the century there has been a move to a more diversified economy emphasizing service industries. Following a review of the experience of other first- and second-tier port cities around the world, a strategy for Ningbo’s economic transformation has been drawn up, with three main strands: achieving industrial transformation (the core objective), advancing the regional position of Ningbo among adjacent cities (the major programmes), and urbanization (the driving force).
Part-time: Beyond second best? Access to part-time employment: The cases of education and local government in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom
Authors: Ibanez Zyab
Published: July 2011

Where working-time options are favourable to part-time ‘mummies’, part-time employment (PT) is likely to expand among other workers. The article adopts a case-oriented comparative approach in the UK and the Netherlands. Efforts to promote PT in the UK are hindered by segmentation and the long-hours culture, but job sharing is promoting an increase in the number of good PT jobs. In the Netherlands, PT is also gendered and segmented; however, access to PT is easier in a context of regulatory support where organizations, already facing short full-time employment and a high rate of PT, are learning to decouple business hours from employees’ shifts.
‘We’ll always stay with a live, until we have something better to go to … ’: The chronograms of 24-hour television news
Authors: Hemmingway Emma , van Loon Joost
Published: July 2011

Drawing on Latour’s (1987) concepts of the sociogram and the technogram, this paper develops the concept of what we term the chronogram, a third axis along which each network actor is mapped so as to analyse its specific temporal network position and stability. The paper uses an empirical example of the television ‘live’ broadcast within the genre of 24-hour rolling news which relies so heavily upon the ‘live’ event, to argue that such an occasion enables actors to construct various simultaneous and sometimes conflicting chronograms which are performed or enacted within network space alongside ‘Newtonian time frames’. The theoretical intervention being explored here is that such an event as the extended ‘live’ news coverage of a particular story – here the release of the BBC journalist Alan Johnston from having been held hostage in the Middle East – is best explored through the lens of the chronogram, to reveal how the mechanics of the production of the television ‘live’ constructs or enacts various fluid temporal zones that exist alongside one another within networked space and that many of these zones remain deliberately and crucially concealed from the television audience.
Untimely politics avant la lettre: The temporality of social formations
Authors: Chambers Samuel A
Published: July 2011

A number of contemporary political theorists have recently called for a turn toward a more radical thinking of temporality that would prove more appropriate to, and more robust in thinking through, contemporary politics. This work marks an important turn in contemporary theory. However, in order to advance the very enterprise on radical temporality and politics to which these works are committed requires viewing them from a perspective that reveals a set of commonalities, commonalities which may also mark the limits of this project as currently formulated. In particular, contemporary theorists try to reconceptualize temporality in a manner more suitable to politics by starting with different experiences of temporality. Here I argue for a thinking of time that goes beyond experience. I start to make sense of this claim, first, by suggesting that the recent turn toward untimeliness might itself be considered untimely in the sense of arriving on the scene late, since contained within Louis Althusser’s project of rereading Marx we can find both a theory of untimeliness prior to the coining of the term and a thoroughgoing rejection of linear and everyday time. Althusser thinks time differently and more deeply precisely because he makes the crucial move of linking temporality to the social formation. Rather than conceive of temporal alternatives (duration vs clock time, for example) that human subjects might experience or invoke, we must grasp temporality as emanating from society, and a theory of time must therefore be linked to a theory of the social formation.
The time of politics: Pathological effects of social differentiation
Authors: Laux Henning
Published: July 2011

On the basis of a temporal-sociological perspective, the article observes the progressive erosion of political standards of rationality. Drawing on empirical evidence from the recent world financial crisis, the paper seeks to demonstrate that western democracies are increasingly helpless when facing the challenges of rising social, political and technological complexity. By consequence, politics loses its capacity to steer social developments, instead, it is confined to reacting to events and decisions made by faster social subsystems (such as science, economy, the media). One last resort seems to be the acceleration of democratic decision-making itself. However, this strategy only leads to an experimental, decisionist and post-democratic form of politics.
Local time policies in Europe
Authors: Mückenberger Ulrich
Published: July 2011

Urban temporal policies – policies intended to coordinate working times, public and private service times, and the urban time schedules to the needs of human beings, individuals, families, communities – seem to gain ground across Europe. They stem from new time compression experiences in everyday working, leisure and family life of citizens, but particularly among women. They focus on different local policy areas – like transport, school, child- and elderly-care, security, services, urban planning, work-life balance, etc. – and tend to restructure these areas in a humane, time-aware mode. Local time policies are necessarily participative policies including stakeholders as the subjects of change.

Since the early 1990s this new type of policy has spread over West Europe – starting from Italy (‘tempi della città’) and extending to Germany, France, Spain, Ireland, and Finland. Now, time policies are becoming more influential in central and eastern Europe as well. Recently, on 28 October 2010, the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities of the Council of Europe adopted a recommendation (Rec 295(2010)) and a resolution (Res 313 (2010)) addressed to its 47 member states favouring local time policies. In 2009, the Congress’s Committee for Social Cohesion had taken up the issue. The political reporter, Clotilde Tascon-Mennetrier, and the scientific commentator, Professor Ulrich Mückenberger, submitted a proposal of recommendations to the Committee. After two extensive deliberations, supported by both reporter and commentator, the Committee unanimously adopted these recommendations on 16 March 2010 (CPL/SOC(17)2). In October 2010, after a slight redraft, the docu-ment was passed by the Congress implementing large parts of the opinion of Professor Mückenberger. Now it is up to the Committee of Ministers to deliberate the resolution and to take measures accordingly.

In the following, two texts from this process are documented. When taking up the subject of local time policies, the Committee of Social Cohesion asked Professor Mückenberger to be the general commentator for Europe and to submit a general report with policy recommendations for the Council of Europe.1 The following article basically corresponds to this report; the policy recommendations are left aside because they have been mainly integrated into both the Congress of Local and Regional Authorities’ recommendation 295(2010) (see Appendix 1 below) and the Congress resolution 313 (2010) (see Appendix 2 below).
Silent Rage and the Politics of Resistance: Countering Seductions of Whiteness and the Road to Politicization and Empowerment
Authors: Rodriguez Dalia
Published: July 2011

Feminist theorists of color (Lorde, hooks, Collins) have provided a framework for addressing how rage can serve as a tool of empowerment. These authors focus explicitly on expressed rage. Instead, in this article, I ask, what happens to that silent rage—rage that remains unspoken? I define silent rage as a space . . . that inside space in which women of color define the self . . . a place in which we make ourselves subject, determining who we are spiritually, emotionally . . . a space in which rage can work to decolonize ourselves . . . a space in which we refuse to concede to White dominance. By addressing the use of how silent rage serves as a path to empowerment for women of color, I envision this work to be an intervention in much of the educational discourse that valorizes speech as the primary means of empowerment. It is my goal to reinscribe the potential of silence as a strategy of resistance, particularly for women of color in the academy. Through narrative, I complicate rage in a modest way, by conducting a self-excavation of sorts. I address how silent rage has served the following purposes for me: as a possible road to empowerment/transformation; it has helped me gain clarity as to making sense of racism; and has served as a reminder of the need to re(politicize) self, essentially being a catalyst for social change. However, I also warn that while silence may serve as a source of empowerment, there are also several dangers of remaining silent, which may occur when being seduced by whiteness, and hegemonic ideology overall.
Leaving
Authors: Jones Robyn L.
Published: July 2011

Within this article, the author presents a personal story, “Leaving,” which highlights the problematic experience of opposing established practice. The tale tells of the difficulty faced by creative agency when confronted by a constraining structural hegemony. Specifically, it draws attention to the professionalization of academic life through a cult of managerialism. Although the narrative is presented without extensive framing theory allowing multiple readings, the task is sociological as opposed to literary. Consequently, following the story, a discussion of its purpose, and a rationale for engaging in creative writing as a form of academic representation, two possible, though connected, theoretical sense-making lenses are offered: Foucault’s concept of the “discourse of right” through which power is both created and exercised, and Habermas’s cautionary note related to the power of systematic rationality to usurp the human “lifeworld.”
Cyborgization: Deaf Education for Young Children in the Cochlear Implantation Era
Authors: Valente Joseph Michael
Published: July 2011

The author, who was raised oral deaf himself, recounts a visit to a school for young deaf children and discovers that young d/Deaf children and their rights are subverted by the cochlear implantation empire. The hypercapitalist, techno-manic times of cochlear implantation has wreaked havoc to the lives of not only young children with deafness but also the parents themselves are indoctrinated into a system that first strips them of their competency through the diagnosing ritual to finally stripping the parents of their own rights to make fully informed choices for their children. The genre of this exposé is DeafCrit, drawing on journalistic traditions of muckraking and the methods of new journalism to report on, deconstruct, and critique the involvement of audist/ableist medical, business, welfare, and education stakeholders in the rise of cochlear implants in young children and how this operation is altering the landscape of deaf education.
Performing Mythic Identity: An Analysis and Critique of “The Ethnogs”
Authors: The Ethnogs  , Fem Nogs  , Tupp Rip
Published: July 2011

This article describes and critically examines the process of creating and performing alternative identities associated with a mythic band called “The Ethnogs.” Specifically, the authors tell individual narratives regarding their performances as rock stars, groupies, roadies, and security, and reveal the value of and the personal and institutional risks associated with these performances. The authors conclude by describing a line of scholarship represented by their project that they call “automythography,” the excavation of cultural myths through the critical reading of narrative accounts about a particular period or set of events.
Perceived Family Resources Based on Number of Members With ADHD
Authors: Corwin Melinda , Mulsow Miriam , Feng Du
Published: July 2011

Objective:

This study examines how the number of family members with ADHD affects other family members’ perceived resources.

Method:

A total of 40 adolescents diagnosed with ADHD and their mothers, fathers, and adolescent siblings living in the household participated. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze family-level data from a total of 130 participants.

Results:

Mothers reported more resources when only the target adolescent had ADHD and more nonsupportive factors when more than one member of the family had ADHD. Fathers reported more supportive factors when only one member of the family had ADHD.

Conclusion:

Parents reported greater resources and strengths when only one adolescent family member had ADHD; however, family members had varying viewpoints. The ADHD Family Scale examined issues specific to ADHD, compared with general family stress and resource scales, and may be a useful tool for examining the impact of ADHD on all members of a family.
Open-Trial Pilot of Mind Reading and In Vivo Rehearsal for Children With HFASD
Authors: Thomeer Marcus L. , Rodgers Jonathan D. , Lopata Christopher , McDonald Christin A. , Volker Martin A. , Toomey Jennifer A. , Smith Rachael A. , Gullo Gaetano
Published: July 2011

In this pilot study, the authors evaluated a manualized administration of the Mind Reading (MR) program with in vivo rehearsal to determine the effects on emotion recognition and autism features of eleven 7- to 12-year-old children with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders (HFASD), and to determine the overall feasibility of the intervention. Following 12 sessions of MR over 6 weeks ( M = 15.87 hr per child), emotion recognition and ability to display emotion were rated to be significantly higher than pretest. Significant reductions were found on ratings of autism-associated symptoms on a standardized rating scale completed by parents. Assessment of feasibility indicated high levels of treatment fidelity and high levels of parent- and child-reported satisfaction. Effect size estimates were medium to large for scales on which significant changes were observed. Implications for more controlled studies are proposed.
The empty rhetoric of poverty reduction at the base of the pyramid
Authors: Arora Saurabh , Romijn Henny
Published: July 2011

This article criticizes recent Bottom (or, Base) of the Pyramid (BoP) approaches for ‘cancelling out politics’ by obscuring unequal power relations at different societal levels and painting an optimistic picture of win-win outcomes that will make (some of) the world’s biggest corporations richer while simultaneously adding a few crucial pennies to the pockets of the poor. The article is thus positioned within a growing stream of literature critical of BoP ideas, but it goes further than existing critiques by arguing that the current BoP discourse serves an important ideological function for global capital, specifically producing a discursive depoliticization of its corporate interventions in the lives of the world’s poor. We argue that the poverty-reduction outcome of a BoP venture is contingent on its practice on the ground, which will inevitably be shaped by local and global power relations. In particular, we point to three cultural-political issues overlooked by the BoP discourse, which are vital in understanding the practice of business ventures at the BoP: adverse power relationships within poor communities; social-epistemological hierarchies between the poor and outsiders who administer poverty-reduction interventions; and local vulnerabilities induced by global currents in products, services, information and ideologies.
Performing a crisis: Institutional politics and the construction of (ir)responsibility
Authors: Bar-Lev Shirly , Vitner Gadi
Published: July 2011

The article adopts a performative perspective to examine how tangible spaces are produced through publicly contrived performances, with the intention of shaping organizational practices, mindsets and politics. We focused on the deliberate and consensual production of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) as a crisis zone—one that is ruled by turbulence and uncertainty. Severe shortage of funds and a public policy of abstention turned the NICU into a liminal space. Consequently, a new domain for the operation of power came into existence—one where life is put ‘in question’ and can be both protected and eliminated. By way of paradox, operating under a continuing state of emergency created degrees of freedom for all involved, especially regarding the outcomes of care.
Adapting a Generic Coping Skills Programme for Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Serlachius A. , Northam E. , Frydenberg E. , Cameron F.
Published: July 2011

Few qualitative studies have examined the views of adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) regarding psychosocial programme development and content. We conducted focus groups with 13 adolescents with T1DM to explore stressors and gain feedback on adapting a generic coping skills programme. The following prevalent stressors were identified: parental/adolescent conflict, balancing self-management and daily life, and health concerns. Prevalent views on programme adaptation included enhancing social support and adding diabetes-specific information and skills. Based on these data, the programme was adapted to address stressors and support self-management, thus better meeting the needs of, and appeal to, adolescents with T1DM.
From archive to awards ceremony: An approach for engaging students in historical research
Authors: Erekson Keith A.
Published: July 2011

Recent literature on history teaching has emphasized ‘doing history’ – whether as ‘active learning’, cognitive science, or with simple photocopies of primary sources. This article extends the discussion of a ‘signature pedagogy’ of history to include all aspects of the work of historians, from archival research through public presentation. It presents an approach for engaging undergraduates in historical research by identifying a public need, introducing the tasks to the students, teaching them to research and write historical work, and guiding them in the planning and execution of a public poster session and awards ceremony. Evidence for increased student engagement and understanding comes from classroom assessment and observation and both formal and informal student feedback gathered in upper-level college classes taught in Indiana (fall 2007) and Texas (spring 2009). By placing student learning outside of the context of the classroom, the approach promotes deep engagement with historical knowledge and the research process.
Hemodynamic and clinical onset in patients with hereditary pulmonary arterial hypertension and BMPR2 mutations
Authors: Pfarr Nicole , Szamalek-Hoegel Justyna , Fischer Christine , Hinderhofer Katrin , Nagel Christian , Ehlken Nicola , Tiede Henning , Olschewski Horst , Reichenberger Frank , Ghofrani Ardeschir HA , Seeger Werner , Grünig Ekkehard
Published: July 2011

Background

Mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) gene can lead to idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). This study prospectively screened for BMPR2 mutations in a large cohort of PAH-patients and compared clinical features between BMPR2 mutation carriers and non-carriers.

Methods

Patients have been assessed by right heart catheterization and genetic testing. In all patients a detailed family history and pedigree analysis have been obtained. We compared age at diagnosis and hemodynamic parameters between carriers and non-carriers of BMPR2 mutations. In non-carriers with familial aggregation of PAH further genes/gene regions as the BMPR2 promoter region, the ACVRL1, Endoglin, and SMAD8 genes have been analysed.

Results

Of the 231 index patients 22 revealed a confirmed familial aggregation of the disease (HPAH), 209 patients had sporadic IPAH. In 49 patients (86.3% of patients with familial aggregation and 14.3% of sporadic IPAH) mutations of the BMPR2 gene have been identified. Twelve BMPR2 mutations and 3 unclassified sequence variants have not yet been described before. Mutation carriers were significantly younger at diagnosis than non-carriers (38.53 ± 12.38 vs. 45.78 ± 11.32 years, p < 0.001) and had a more severe hemodynamic compromise. No gene defects have been detected in 3 patients with HPAH.

Conclusion

This study identified in a large prospectively assessed cohort of PAH- patients new BMPR2 mutations, which have not been described before and confirmed previous findings that mutation carriers are younger at diagnosis with a more severe hemodynamic compromise. Thus, screening for BMPR2 mutations may be clinically useful.