bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Papillomavirus and the Stroma: Bidirectional Crosstalk during the Virus Life Cycle and Carcinogenesis
Authors: Spurgeon Megan , Lambert Paul
Published: August 2017

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) tumor viruses that are causally associated with human cancers of the anogenital tract, skin, and oral cavity. Despite the availability of prophylactic vaccines, HPVs remain a major global health issue due to inadequate vaccine availability and vaccination coverage. The HPV life cycle is established and completed in the terminally differentiating stratified epithelia, and decades of research using in vitro organotypic raft cultures and in vivo genetically engineered mouse models have contributed to our understanding of the interactions between HPVs and the epithelium. More recently, important and emerging roles for the underlying stroma, or microenvironment, during the HPV life cycle and HPV-induced disease have become clear. This review discusses the current understanding of the bidirectional communication and relationship between HPV-infected epithelia and the surrounding microenvironment. As is the case with other human cancers, evidence suggests that the stroma functions as a significant partner in tumorigenesis and helps facilitate the oncogenic potential of HPVs in the stratified epithelium.
Comparison of different Aethalometer correction schemes and a reference multi-wavelength absorption technique for ambient aerosol data
Authors: Saturno Jorge , Pöhlker Christopher , Massabò Dario , Brito Joel , Carbone Samara , Cheng Yafang , Chi Xuguang , Ditas Florian , Hrabě de Angelis Isabella , Morán-Zuloaga Daniel , Pöhlker Mira L. , Rizzo Luciana V. , Walter David , Wang Qiaoqiao , Artaxo Paulo , Prati Paolo , Andreae Meinrat O.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Deriving absorption coefficients from Aethalometer attenuation data requires different corrections to compensate for artifacts related to filter-loading effects, scattering by filter fibers, and scattering by aerosol particles. In this study, two different correction schemes were applied to seven-wavelength Aethalometer data, using multi-angle absorption photometer (MAAP) data as a reference absorption measurement at 637 nm. The compensation algorithms were compared to five-wavelength offline absorption measurements obtained with a multi-wavelength absorbance analyzer (MWAA), which serves as a multiple-wavelength reference measurement. The online measurements took place in the Amazon rainforest, from the wet-to-dry transition season to the dry season (June–September 2014). The mean absorption coefficient (at 637 nm) during this period was 1.8 ± 2.1 Mm−1, with a maximum of 15.9 Mm−1. Under these conditions, the filter-loading compensation was negligible. One of the correction schemes was found to artificially increase the short-wavelength absorption coefficients. It was found that accounting for the aerosol optical properties in the scattering compensation significantly affects the absorption Ångström exponent (åABS) retrievals. Proper Aethalometer data compensation schemes are crucial to retrieve the correct åABS, which is commonly implemented in brown carbon contribution calculations. Additionally, we found that the wavelength dependence of uncompensated Aethalometer attenuation data significantly correlates with the åABS retrieved from offline MWAA measurements.
Closing the gap on lower cost air quality monitoring: machine learning calibration models to improve low-cost sensor performance
Authors: Zimmerman Naomi , Presto Albert A. , Kumar Sriniwasa P. N. , Gu Jason , Hauryliuk Aliaksei , Robinson Ellis S. , Robinson Allen L. , Subramanian Ramachandran
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Low-cost sensing strategies hold the promise of denser air quality monitoring networks, which could significantly improve our understanding of personal air pollution exposure. Additionally, low-cost air quality sensors could be deployed to areas where limited monitoring exists. However, low-cost sensors are frequently sensitive to environmental conditions and pollutant cross-sensitivities, which have historically been poorly addressed by laboratory calibrations, limiting their utility for monitoring. In this study, we investigated different calibration models for the Real-time Affordable Multi-Pollutant (RAMP) sensor package, which measures CO, NO2, O3, and CO2. We explored three methods: 1) laboratory univariate linear regression, 2) empirical multivariate linear regression and 3) machine-learning based calibration models using random forests (RF). Calibration models were developed for 19 RAMP monitors using training and testing windows spanning August 2016 through February 2017 in Pittsburgh, PA. The random forest models matched (CO) or significantly outperformed (NO2, CO2, O3) the other calibration models, and their accuracy and precision was robust over time for testing windows of up to 16 weeks. Following calibration, average mean absolute error on the testing dataset from the random forest models was 38 ppb for CO (14 % relative error), 10 ppm for CO2 (2 % relative error), 3.5 ppb for NO2 (29 % relative error) and 3.4 ppb for O3 (15 % relative error), and Pearson r versus the reference monitors exceeded 0.8 for most units. Model performance is explored in detail, including a quantification of model variable importance, accuracy across different concentration ranges, and performance in a range of monitoring contexts including the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), and the US EPA Air Sensors Guidebook recommendations of minimum data quality for personal exposure measurement. A key strength of the RF approach is that it accounts for pollutant cross sensitivities. This highlights the importance of developing multipollutant sensor packages (as opposed to single pollutant monitors); we determined this is especially critical for NO2 and CO2. The evaluation reveals that only the RF-calibrated sensors meet the US EPA Air Sensors Guidebook recommendations of minimum data quality for personal exposure measurement. We also demonstrate that the RF model calibrated sensors could detect differences in NO2 concentrations between a near-road site and a suburban site less than 1.5 km away. From this study, we conclude that combining RF models with the RAMP monitors appears to be a very promising approach to address the poor performance that has plagued low cost air quality sensors.
Ensemble modeling of stochastic unsteady open-channel flow in terms of its time-space evolutionary probability distribution: numerical application
Authors: Dib Alain , Kavvas M. Levent
Published: August 2017

Abstract. The characteristic form of the Saint–Venant equations was solved in a stochastic setting by using a newly proposed Fokker–Planck Equation (FPE) methodology. This methodology computes the ensemble behavior and variability of a system by directly solving for its time-space evolutionary probability distribution. The new methodology was tested on a stochastic unsteady open-channel flow problem, with an uncertainty arising from the channel’s roughness coefficient. The computed statistical descriptions of the flow variables were compared to the results obtained through Monte Carlo (MC) simulations in order to evaluate the performance of the FPE methodology. The comparisons showed that the proposed methodology can adequately predict the results of the considered stochastic flow problem, including the ensemble averages, variances, and probability density functions in time and space. However, unlike the large number of simulations performed by the MC approach, only one simulation was required by the FPE methodology. Moreover, the total simulation period of the FPE methodology was significantly smaller than that of the MC approach. As such, the results obtained in this study indicate that the proposed FPE methodology is a powerful and time-efficient approach for predicting the ensemble average and variance behavior, in both space and time, for an open-channel flow process under an uncertain roughness coefficient.
Transformational Leadership Plans
Authors: Aguas Pedro P , Zapata Liliana Valle , Arellano Danilsa Lorduy
Published: August 2017

Higher education institutions are aware of the need to incorporate learning-driven assessment artifacts into theirdoctoral programs to ensure successful leadership development. However, in attempting to integrate learning intostudents’ future performance, it appears that there is no general agreement upon the most effective assignments. Theplethora of leadership tasks makes it difficult for scholars and instructors to guarantee that doctoral learners will usetheir leadership skills in their current or future workplaces. One way to incorporate current learning into professionalperformance is to translate course learning into personal leadership development plans. This article describes ashort-term transformational leadership development plan rooted in the Scholar/Practitioner/ Leader Model,University of Phoenix, U.S.A., educational model. The plan is a culminating learning task of a TransformationalLeadership and Innovation course. Upon completion of this course, doctoral learners would be prepared toincorporate the principles of transformational leadership into their leadership plans when completing them in specificacademic contexts. The plan proposed defines a strategy for maximizing leadership effectiveness and spells outlearning from doctoral courses.
Uma reflexão acerca da tese gauchetiana da saída da religião
Authors: Vieira José Álvaro Campos
Published: August 2017

No presente artigo procuramos refletir e problematizar a tese de Marcel Gauchet alusiva à saída da religião. No primeiro momento discorremos acerca da concepção gauchetiana de religião. Na obra do filósofo o termo religião remonta às sociedades primitivas. Nessas sociedades a coesão social advém de um poder absoluto e heterônomo. A essência da religião caracteriza-se, assim, pelo máximo da heteronomia. No segundo momento examinamos o significado da máxima saída da religião. Segundo Gauchet, a saída da religião ocorre quando a heteronomia dá lugar à autonomia no desenvolvimento das sociedades humanas, ou seja, quando a religião abandona o lugar que ocupava em seus primórdios. A era da religião findou, contudo o religioso não desaparecerá. A religião subsistirá no âmbito individual. No terceiro e último momento do artigo problematizamos o teor da tese de Gauchet a partir da leitura de alguns autores acerca de religião na contemporaneidade e da realidade sociorreligiosa brasileira. Indagamos que a religião não pode ser pensada unicamente a partir do vínculo com a política. Ela interage, também, com outros elementos da vida humana, como a cultura. E quando a religião é ainda um componente cultural vigoroso, a tese saída da religião se envolve de ambiguidade.
Benthic prey quantity and quality in the main mudflat feeding areas of the Tagus Estuary: Implications for bird and fish populations
Authors: Cardoso I , Granadeiro JP , Cabral H
Published: August 2017

Estuaries are among the most productive environments in the coastal zone that may act as sink of pollutants. In this study we evaluated how levels of heavy metal contamination can be reflected in the macroinvertebrate communities of six Tagus Estuary mudflats, inferring their consequences to upper trophic levels. We used Shannon-Wiener’s diversity, Pielou’s evenness and Simpson’s dominance indices, and macroinvertebrate densities to characterize benthic communities at the sites that presented different metal contamination loads. Those stations with high levels of contamination presented a lower diversity but also the highest prey density. This study indicated that unhealthy areas can still perform their ecosystem function with costs that remain to be evaluated. The biodiversity can be impoverished compared with other less contaminated sites, but with regard to their utilization as feeding areas by birds and fishes this is not a limiting factor. For this particular function of the mudflats, prey availability is the main characteristic determining the choice of one particular site as a bird and fish feeding area that may not be affected by heavy metal contamination.
Are we near the predictability limit of tropical Indo‐Pacific sea surface temperatures?
Authors: Newman Matthew , Sardeshmukh Prashant D.
Published: August 2017

The predictability of seasonal anomalies worldwide rests largely on the predictability of tropical sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies. Tropical forecast skill is also a key metric of climate models. We find, however, that despite extensive model development, the tropical SST forecast skill of the operational North American Multi‐Model Ensemble (NMME) of eight coupled atmosphere‐ocean models remains close both regionally and temporally to that of a vastly simpler linear inverse model (LIM) derived from observed covariances of SST, sea surface height, and wind fields. The LIM clearly captures the essence of the predictable SST dynamics. The NMME and LIM skills also closely track and are only slightly lower than the potential skill estimated using the LIM's forecast signal‐to‐noise ratios. This suggests that the scope for further skill improvement is small in most regions, except in the western equatorial Pacific where the NMME skill is currently much lower than the LIM skill.
Constraining Jupiter's internal flows using Juno magnetic and gravity measurements
Authors: Galanti E. , Cao H. , Kaspi Y.
Published: August 2017

Deciphering the flow below the cloud‐level of Jupiter remains a critical milestone in understanding Jupiter's internal structure and dynamics. The expected high‐precision Juno measurements of both the gravity field and the magnetic field might help to reach this goal. Here we propose a method that combines both fields to constrain the depth‐dependent flow field inside Jupiter. This method is based on a mean‐field electrodynamic balance that relates the flow field to the anomalous magnetic field, and geostrophic balance that relates the flow field to the anomalous gravity field. We find that the flow field has two distinct regions of influence: an upper region in which the flow affects mostly the gravity field and a lower region in which the flow affects mostly the magnetic field. An optimization procedure allows to reach a unified flow structure that is consistent with both the gravity and the magnetic fields.
Proton Conduction in a Tyrosine‐Rich Peptide/Manganese Oxide Hybrid Nanofilm
Authors: Lee Jaehun , Choe Ik Rang , Kim Young‐O , Namgung Seok Daniel , Jin Kyoungsuk , Ahn Hyo‐Yong , Sung Taehoon , Kwon Jang‐Yeon , Lee Yoon‐Sik , Nam Ki Tae
Published: August 2017

Proton conduction is an essential process that regulates an integral part of several enzymatic catalyses and bioenergetics. Proton flows in biological entities are sensitively controlled by several mechanisms. To understand and manipulate proton conduction in biosystems, several studies have investigated bulk proton conduction in biomaterials such as polyaspartic acid, collagen, reflectin, serum albumin mats, and eumelanin. However, little is known about the bulk proton conductivity of short peptides and their sequence‐dependent behavior. Here, this paper focuses on a short tyrosine‐rich peptide that has redox‐active and cross‐linkable phenol groups. The spin‐coated peptide nanofilm is immersed in potassium permanganate solution to induce cross‐linking and oxidation, simultaneously leading to hybridization with manganese oxide (MnOx). The peptide/MnOx hybrid nanofilm can efficiently transport protons, and its proton conductivity is ≈18.6 mS cm−1 at room temperature. This value is much higher than that of biomaterials and comparable to those of other synthetic proton‐conducting materials. These results suggest that peptide‐based hybrid materials can be a promising new class of proton conductor.
High‐Performance Wearable Micro‐Supercapacitors Based on Microfluidic‐Directed Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene Fiber Electrodes
Authors: Wu Guan , Tan Pengfeng , Wu Xingjiang , Peng Lu , Cheng Hengyang , Wang Cai‐Feng , Chen Wei , Yu Ziyi , Chen Su
Published: August 2017

Fiber‐shaped micro‐supercapacitors (micro‐SCs) have attracted enormous interest in wearable electronics due to high flexibility and weavability. However, they usually present a low energy density because of inhomogeneity and less pores. Here, we demonstrate a microfluidic‐directed strategy to synthesize homogeneous nitrogen‐doped porous graphene fibers. The porous fibers‐based micro‐SCs utilize solid‐state phosphoric acid/polyvinyl alcohol (H3PO4/PVA) and 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate/poly(vinylidenefluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (EMIBF4/PVDF‐HFP) electrolytes, which show significant improvements in electrochemical performances. Ultralarge capacitance (1132 mF cm−2), high cycling‐stability, and long‐term bending‐durability are achieved based on H3PO4/PVA. Additionally, high energy densities of 95.7–46.9 µWh cm−2 at power densities of 1.5–15 W cm−2 are obtained in EMIBF4/PVDF‐HFP. The key to higher performances stems from microfluidic‐controlled fibers with a uniformly porous network, large specific surface area (388.6 m2 g−1), optimal pyridinic nitrogen (2.44%), and high electric conductivity (30785 S m−1) for faster ion diffusion and flooding accommodation. By taking advantage of these remarkable merits, this study integrates micro‐SCs into flexible and fabric substrates to power audio–visual electronics. The main aim is to clarify the important role of microfluidic techniques toward the architecture of electrodes and promote development of wearable electronics.
Multifunctional Electrode Design Consisting of 3D Porous Separator Modulated with Patterned Anode for High‐Performance Dual‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Songquan , Wang Meng , Zhou Zhiming , Tang Yongbing
Published: August 2017

Searching for low‐cost and high‐capacity electrode materials such as metal anodes is of important significance for the development of new generation rechargeable batteries. However, metal anodes always suffer from severe volume expansion/contraction during a repeated electrochemical alloying/dealloying process. In this study, a novel concept about modifying metal‐anodes‐based battery construction with a multifunctional electrode (ME) design is provided. The ME consists of a 3D porous separator that is modulated with a patterned aluminum anode, which simultaneously works as a current collector, anode material, and separator in a dual‐ion battery (DIB). The 3D porous separator not only enables the ME to possess significantly improved electrolyte uptake and retention capabilities, but also acts as a protecting layer to restrict the surface pulverization of the Al anode. The ME‐DIB displays remarkably enhanced cell performances, including excellent cycling stability with 92.4% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at a current density of 2 C, and superior rate performance with 80.7% capacity retention at 10 C.
Novel p–p Heterojunctions Self‐Powered Broadband Photodetectors with Ultrafast Speed and High Responsivity
Authors: Yu Pingping , Hu Kai , Chen Hongyu , Zheng Lingxia , Fang Xiaosheng
Published: August 2017

Novel inorganic/organic self‐powered UV–vis photodetectors based on single Se microtube and conducting polymers—polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), and poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)—are fabricated. The conducting polymers are directly coated on the surface of a single Se microtube via a facile and low‐cost in situ polymerization method. The integrated Se/PANI photodetector with 45‐nm‐thick PANI layer shows excellent self‐powered behavior under UV–vis light illumination. In particular, it exhibits high on/off ratio of 1.1 × 103, responsivity (120 mA W−1), large detectivity (3.78 × 1011 Jones), and ultrafast response speed (rise time of 4.5 µs and fall time of 2.84 ms) at zero bias at 610 nm (0.434 mW cm−2)‐light illumination. Moreover, the individual Se/PPy and Se/PEDOT self‐powered photodetectors also exhibit fast and stable responses, including responsivity of 70 and 5.5 mA W−1, rise time of 0.35 and 1.00 ms, fall time of 16.97 and 9.78 ms, respectively. Given the simple device architecture and low cost fabrication process, this work provides a promising way to fabricate inorganic/organic, high‐performance, self‐powered photodetectors.
SIRT1 activates the expression of fetal hemoglobin genes
Authors: Dai Yan , Chen Tyngwei , Ijaz Heba , Cho Elizabeth H. , Steinberg Martin H.
Published: August 2017

High fetal hemoglobin (HbF, α2γ2) levels ameliorate the clinical manifestations of sickle cell disease and β thalassemia. The mechanisms that repress HbF expression and silence γ‐globin genes in adults are incompletely characterized and only a single HbF inducer, hydroxyurea, is approved for treatment, and only in patients with sickle cell disease. We identified SIRT1, a protein deacetylase, as a new inducer of γ‐globin. SIRT1 knockdown decreased, while SIRT1 ectopic expression upregulated γ‐globin gene (HBG) expression in primary human erythroid cells and in K562 cells. The small molecule SIRT1 activators SRT2104 and SRT1720 enhanced HBG expression in cord blood human erythroblasts and reactivated silenced HBG in adult human erythroblasts. Furthermore, SIRT1 binds in the β‐globin gene cluster locus control region (LCR) and HBG promoters, promotes the looping of the LCR to HBG promoter, and increases the binding of RNA polymerase II and H4K16Ac in the HBG promoter. SIRT1 suppressed the expression of the HBG suppressors BCL11A, KLF1, HDAC1 and HDAC2. Lastly, SIRT1 did not change the proliferation of human erythroid progenitor cells or the expression of differentiation marker CD235a. These data suggest that SIRT1 activates HBG expression through facilitating LCR looping to the HBG promoter, inhibiting the expression of transcriptional suppressors of HBG, and indirectly increasing histone acetylation in the HBG promoter. SIRT1 is a potential therapeutic target for γ‐globin gene induction, and small molecule SIRT1 activators might serve as a lead compound for the development of new HbF inducers.
A novel genetic syndrome with STARD9 mutation and abnormal spindle morphology
Authors: Okamoto Nobuhiko , Tsuchiya Yuki , Miya Fuyuki , Tsunoda Tatsuhiko , Yamashita Kumiko , Boroevich Keith A. , Kato Mitsuhiro , Saitoh Shinji , Yamasaki Mami , Kanemura Yonehiro , Kosaki Kenjiro , Kitagawa Daiju
Published: August 2017

Intellectual disability (ID) is one of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by serious defects in both intelligence and adaptive behavior. Although it has been suggested that genetic aberrations associated with the process of cell division underlie ID, the cytological evidence for mitotic defects in actual patient's cells is rarely reported. Here, we report a novel mutation in the STARD9 (also known as KIF16A) gene found in a patient with severe ID, characteristic features, epilepsy, acquired microcephaly, and blindness. Using whole‐exome sequence analysis, we sequenced potential candidate genes in the patient. We identified a homozygous single‐nucleotide deletion creating a premature stop codon in the STARD9 gene. STARD9 encodes a 4,700 amino acid protein belonging to the kinesin superfamily. Depletion of STARD9 or overexpression of C‐terminally truncated STARD9 mutants were known to induce spindle assembly defects in human culture cells. To determine cytological features in the patient cells, we isolated lymphoblast cells from the patient, and performed immunofluorescence analysis. Remarkably, mitotic defects, including multipolar spindle formation, fragmentation of pericentriolar materials and centrosome amplification, were observed in the cells. Taken together, our findings raise the possibility that controlled expression of full‐length STARD9 is necessary for proper spindle assembly in cell division during human development. We propose that mutations in STARD9 result in abnormal spindle morphology and cause a novel genetic syndrome with ID.
Large‐Scale Syntheses of Zinc Sulfide⋅(Diethylenetriamine)0.5 Hybrids as Precursors for Sulfur Nanocomposite Cathodes
Authors: Ma Tao , Zhou Fei , Zhang Tian‐Wen , Yao Hong‐Bin , Su Ting‐Yu , Yu Zhi‐Long , Li Yi , Lu Lei‐Lei , Yu Shu‐Hong
Published: August 2017

Nanostructured metal sulfide–amine hybrid materials have attracted attention because of their unique properties and versatility as precursors for functional inorganic nanomaterials. However, large‐scale synthesis of metal sulfide–amine hybrid nanomaterials is limited by hydrothermal and solvothermal preparative reaction conditions; consequently, incorporation of such materials into functional nanomaterials is hindered. An amine molecule‐assisted refluxing method was used to synthesize highly uniform zinc sulfide⋅(diethylenetriamine)0.5 (ZnS⋅(DETA)0.5) hybrid nanosheets and nanobelts in a large scale. The obtained ZnS⋅(DETA)0.5 hybrid nanomaterials can be used as efficient precursors to fabricate functional ZnS nanomaterials and carbon encapsulated sulfur (S@C) nanocomposite cathodes for Li–S batteries.
Observation and Identification of an Atomic Oxygen Structure on Catalytic Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Liu Kai , Chen Tao , He Shuyue , Robbins Jason P. , Podkolzin Simon G. , Tian Fei
Published: August 2017

Interactions between oxygen and gold surfaces are fundamentally important in diverse areas of science and technology. In this work, an oxygen dimer structure was observed and identified on gold nanoparticles in catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and water. This structure, which is different from isolated atomic or molecular oxygen surface structures, was observed with in situ surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopic measurements and identified with density functional theory calculations. The experimental measurements were performed using monodisperse 5, 50 and 400 nm gold particles supported on silica with liquid‐phase hydrogen and deuterium peroxides at multiple pH values. The calculations show that on surfaces with coordinatively unsaturated gold atoms, two oxygen atoms preferentially share a gold atom with a bond distance of 0.194–0.196 nm and additionally bind to two other surface gold atoms with a larger bond distance of 0.203–0.213 nm, forming an Au‐O‐Au‐O‐Au structure. The formation of this structure depends on reaction rates and conditions.
Calciumhydrid‐Kation [CaH]+ stabilisiert durch einen makrocyclischen NNNN‐Liganden: ein selektiver Katalysator für die Hydrierung von Olefinen
Authors: Schuhknecht Danny , Lhotzky Carolin , Spaniol Thomas P. , Maron Laurent , Okuda Jun
Published: August 2017

Die Reaktion des Dibenzylcalcium‐Komplexes [Ca(Me4TACD)(CH2Ph)2], stabilisiert durch den neutralen, makrocyclischen Liganden 1,4,7,10‐Tetramethyl‐1,4,7,10‐tetra<‐azacyclododecan (Me4TACD), mit Triphenylsilan führte zu dem kationischen, zweikernigen Calciumhydrid [Ca2H2(Me4TACD)2](PhCHSiPh3)2, das mithilfe von NMR‐Spektroskopie und Einkristallstrukturanalyse charakterisiert wurde. Das Kation kann als eine durch Liganden stabilisierte, dimere Form des hypothetischen [CaH]+ angesehen werden. Die Hydrierung des Benzylcalcium‐Kations [Ca(Me4TACD)(CH2Ph)(thf)]+ führte zu dikationischen Calciumhydriden [Ca2H2(Me4TACD)2][BAr4]2 (Ar=C6H4‐4‐tBu; C6H3‐3,5‐Me2) mit schwach koordinierenden Anionen. In THF katalysierten die Komplexe den Isotopenaustausch zwischen H2 und D2 zu HD sowie die Hydrierung von 1‐Alkenen.
Electro‐kinetic Separation of Rare Earth Elements Using a Redox‐Active Ligand
Authors: Fang Huayi , Cole Bren E. , Qiao Yusen , Bogart Justin A. , Cheisson Thibault , Manor Brian C. , Carroll Patrick J. , Schelter Eric J.
Published: August 2017

Purification of rare earth elements is challenging due to their chemical similarities. All of the deployed separation methods rely on thermodynamic properties, such as distribution equilibria in solvent extraction. Rare‐earth‐metal separations based on kinetic differences have not been examined. Herein, we demonstrate a new approach for rare‐earth‐element separations by exploiting differences in the oxidation rates within a series of rare earth compounds containing the redox‐active ligand [{2‐(tBuN(O))C6H4CH2}3N]3−. Using this method, a single‐step separation factor up to 261 was obtained for the separation of a 50:50 yttrium–lutetium mixture.
Enantioselective Crossed Photocycloadditions of Styrenic Olefins by Lewis Acid Catalyzed Triplet Sensitization
Authors: Miller Zachary D. , Lee Byung Joo , Yoon Tehshik P.
Published: August 2017

The synthesis of unsymmetrical cyclobutanes by controlled heterodimerization of olefins remains a substantial challenge, particularly in an enantiocontrolled fashion. Shown herein is that chiral Lewis acid catalyzed triplet sensitization enables the synthesis of highly enantioenriched diarylcyclobutanes by photocycloaddition of structurally varied 2′‐hydroxychalcones with a range of styrene coupling partners. The utility of this reaction is demonstrated through the direct synthesis of a representative norlignan cyclobutane natural product.
Qualitative analysis of Psoraleae Fructus by HPLC‐DAD/TOF‐MS fingerprint and quantitative analysis of multiple components by single marker
Authors: Luan Lianjun , Shen Xiaoyu , Liu Xuesong , Wu Yongjiang , Tan Manliang
Published: August 2017

A variety of bioactive substances may account for the recognized efficacy and wide clinical application of Psoraleae Fructus in China. A high‐performance liquid chromatography–diode array detector (HPLC‐DAD) fingerprint method was developed to present the comprehensive phytochemical profile of the crude drug. Thirteen major compounds were separated and identified by HPLC coupled with time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (HPLC/TOF‐MS), namely psoralenoside (PO), isopsoralenoside (IPO), psoralen (PS), isopsoralen (IPS), neobavaisoflavone (NBF), bavachin (BC), corylin (CN), bavachromene (BCM), psoralidin (PD), isobavachalcone (IBC), bacachinin (BCN), corylifol A (CA) and bakuchiol (BK). Then quantitative analysis of multiple components by single marker (QAMS) was applied in content determination of PO, IPO, PS, IPS, BC, IBC, BCN, CA and BK, with NBF as the internal standard. The calculation results indicated no significant difference from the traditional external standard method (p > 0.05, RSD < 2.62%), suggesting that QAMS is a reliable and convenient method for content determination of multiple chemical compositions, especially when there is a shortage of reference substances. In conclusion, simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of Psoraleae Fructus may be fulfilled through the newly proposed method of QAMS combined with HPLC‐DAD/TOF‐MS fingerprint.
Unusual C2h‐Symmetric trans‐1‐(Bis‐pyrrolidine)‐tetra‐malonate Hexa‐Adducts of C60: The Unexpected Regio‐ and Stereocontrol Mediated by Malonate–Pyrrolidine Interaction
Authors: Castro Edison , Azmani Khalid , Garcia Andrea Hernandez , Aghabali Amineh , Liu Shuming , Metta‐Magana Alejandro J. , Olmstead Marilyn M. , Rodríguez‐Fortea Antonio , Poblet Josep M. , Echegoyen Luis
Published: August 2017

A totally unanticipated regio‐ and stereoisomerically pure C2h‐symmetric trans‐1‐(bis‐pyrrolidine)‐tetra‐malonate hexa‐adduct of C60 was obtained via a topologically controlled method, followed by a 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reaction. The structures of the products were elucidated by 1H and 13C NMR and by X‐ray crystallography. The unexpected regio‐ and stereoselectivity observed, supported by theoretical calculations, was found to be a consequence of malonate–pyrrolidine interactions.
Rule extraction from autoencoder‐based connectionist computational models
Authors: Yang Juan , Thomas Michael S. C. , Liu Hongtao
Published: August 2017

Mapping problems are typical research topics related to natural language learning, and they include not only classification mappings but also nonclassification mappings, such as verbs and their past tenses. Connectionist computational models are one of the most popular approaches for simulating those mapping problems; however, their lack of explanatory ability has prevented them from being further used to understand the language learning process. Therefore, the work of extracting rational rules from a connectionist model is as important as simulating the mapping behaviors. Unfortunately, there is no available technique that can be directly applied in those computational models to simulate nonclassification problems. In this paper, an autoencoder‐based connectionist computational model is proposed to derive a rule extraction method that can construct “If‐Then” rational relations with high fidelity for nonclassification mapping problems. To demonstrate its generalizability, this computational model is extended to a modified version to address a multi‐label classification mapping problem related to cognitive style prediction. Experiments prove this computational model's simulation ability and its explanatory ability on nonclassification problems by comparing its fidelity performances with those of the classical connectionist computational model (multilayer perceptron artificial neural network), and its similar ability on a multi‐label classification problem (Felder‐Silverman learning style classification) by comparing its prediction accuracy with those of other rule induction techniques.
Contributions of the intestinal microbiome in lung immunity
Authors: McAleer Jeremy P. , Kolls Jay K.
Published: August 2017

The intestine is a critical site of immune cell development that not only controls intestinal immunity but extra‐intestinal immunity as well. Recent findings have highlighted important roles for gut microbiota in shaping lung inflammation. Here, we discuss interactions between the microbiota and immune system including T cells, protective effects of microbiota on lung infections, the role of diet in shaping the composition of gut microbiota and susceptibility to asthma, epidemiologic evidence implicating antibiotic use and microbiota in asthma and clinical trials investigating probiotics as potential treatments for atopy and asthma. The systemic effects of gut microbiota are partially attributed to their generating metabolites including short chain fatty acids, which can suppress lung inflammation through the activation of G protein‐coupled receptors. Thus, studying the interactions between microbiota and immune cells can lead to the identification of therapeutic targets for chronic lower respiratory diseases.
Access to Some C5‐Cyclised 2‐Pyrones and 2‐Pyridones via Direct Arylation; Retention of Chloride as a Synthetic Handle
Authors: Prendergast Aisling M. , Pardo Leticia M. , Fairlamb Ian J. S. , McGlacken Gerard P.
Published: August 2017

The synthetic effort towards the functionalisation of C–H bonds on 2‐pyrones and 2‐pyridones has been enabled by the preferential reactivity of the C‐3 position. Herein, we report a direct arylation protocol for the intramolecular coupling of 2‐pyrones and 2‐pyridones, allowing access to a previously unavailable class of C‐5 cyclised products with an unstudied biological profile. A C–Cl bond was retained at C‐3 during the direct arylation process allowing further derivatisation at C‐3, using a Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction.
Utility of functioning measures in the prediction of independent living status in older adults with serious mental illness
Authors: Fortuna Karen L. , Lohman Matthew C. , Bruce Martha L. , Bartels Stephen J.
Published: August 2017

Objective

The objective of the study was to compare the predictive utility of three commonly used functioning measures for people with serious mental illness in the prediction of independent living status.

Methods

We conducted a secondary data analysis from the Helping Older People Experience Success study with adults aged 50 years and older with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, or major depressive disorder (N = 183).

Results

Total scores for the Independent Living Skills Survey, Multnomah Community Ability Scale, and UCSD Performance‐Based Skills Assessment were modestly inter‐correlated. For the overall sample, greater independent living status at baseline and 1‐year follow‐up was predicted by higher baseline functioning scores on both the self‐reported Independent Living Skills Survey and the UCSD Performance‐Based Skills Assessment. However, by diagnostic subgroup, independent living status at 1‐year follow‐up was only predicted by the Independent Living Skills Survey for affective disorders and by the UCSD Performance‐Based Skills Assessment for schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders. For the total sample, the Independent Living Skills Survey was associated with self‐efficacy and employment status. Neither the Independent Living Skills Survey nor UCSD Performance‐Based Skills Assessment was associated with medical or psychiatric hospitalizations or with subjective physical or mental health status.

Conclusions

These commonly used functioning measures for people with serious mental illness examine different aspects of functioning. The choice of functional measurement should be based on the population under study and intervention goals. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sarcopenia in hiding: The risk and consequence of underestimating muscle dysfunction in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Bhanji Rahima A. , Narayanan Praveena , Allen Alina M. , Malhi Harmeet , Watt Kymberly D.
Published: August 2017

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease worldwide. Up to one third of individuals with NAFLD will develop nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which is associated with progression to cirrhosis and is rapidly becoming the leading indication for liver transplantation. Sarcopenia is defined as a progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and function. It is observed in up to 60% of patients with end‐stage liver disease and portends a poor prognosis. Recent studies have shown that sarcopenia is a novel risk factor for developing NAFLD. Pathophysiological mechanisms relating sarcopenia and NASH may include insulin resistance (IR) and increased inflammation. IR leads to accumulation of triglycerides in both muscle tissue and the liver. It also exacerbates proteolysis and leads to muscle depletion. Chronic inflammation leads to liver injury and progression of fibrosis. The inflammatory milieu also stimulates protein catabolism. Viewing skeletal muscle as an endocrine organ that secretes various salutary myokines may help us understand its role in the development of steatosis. A better understanding of the pathophysiology will aid in developing physical and pharmacological therapeutic interventions. In this review, we will explore the complex inter‐relationships between sarcopenia and NASH. We will discuss the impact of sarcopenia in patients with NASH and therapeutic options for the management of sarcopenia. (Hepatology 2017;66:2055–2065)
5‐Azacytidine specifically inhibits the NIH‐3T3 PCD process induced by TNF‐alpha and cycloheximide via affecting BCL‐XL
Authors: Wang Qing , Wang Pu , Zhou Hong , Hu Yan , Xie Chengshen , Gao Fei , Ma Ningjie , Hou Haoli , Zhang Hao , Li Lijia
Published: August 2017

DNA methylation plays a crucial role in lots of biological processes and cancer. 5‐azacytidine (5‐AC), a DNA methylation inhibitor, has been used as a potential chemotherapeutic agent for cancer. In this study, we used 5‐AC treatment to investigate whether DNA methylation was involved in regulation of programmed cell death (PCD) in mouse embryo fibroblast NIH‐3T3 cells which could undergo PCD after treatment with TNF‐α and cycloheximide (CHX). The results showed that the genomic DNA of NIH‐3T3 cells was hypermethylated during PCD induced by TNF‐α and CHX, and 5‐AC might prevent this PCD process. However, treatment with the other three DNA methylation inhibitors, 5‐aza‐deoxycytidine, 6‐thioguanine and RG108, did not interfere with the NIH‐3T3 cell PCD process. Additionally, knockdown of DNMT1 did not affect the apoptosis process. The present results and observations indicated that 5‐AC specifically inhibited the NIH‐3T3 apoptosis process via a genomic DNA methylation‐independent pathway. During the TNF‐α and CHX‐inducing apoptosis process, the PCD related BCL‐2 family proteins were significantly down‐regulated. Furthermore, after the small interference RNA‐mediated knockdown of BCL‐XL, one of the BCL‐2 family proteins, 5‐AC did not inhibit the apoptosis process, suggesting that 5‐AC inhibited the PCD process induced by TNF‐α and CHX by affecting the anti‐apoptotic protein BCL‐XL.
Retracted: Synergistic effect of siRNA‐mediated silencing of TGF‐β R1 and TGF‐β R2 genes on the proliferation and apoptosis of penile urethral epithelial cells in hypospadiac male rats
Authors: Wang Chao , Qiao Yan‐Yan
Published: August 2017

The study elucidated the effects associated with silencing growth factor‐β R1 (TGF‐β R1) and TGF‐β R2 genes on the proliferation and apoptosis of penile urethral epithelial cells (UECs) in hypospadiac male rats. Seventy‐five male rats were distributed into the normal, model, TGF‐β R1/2‐siRNA, TGF‐β R1‐siRNA and TGF‐β R2‐siRNA groups. The UECs of the rats included in the study were cultured in vitro and subsequently divided into the control, blank, TGF‐β R1/2‐siRNA, TGF‐β R1‐siRNA and TGF‐β R2‐siRNA groups. The mRNA and protein expressions of TGF‐β R1/R2 were measured by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and western blotting. Cell proliferation and apoptosis were evaluated by cell counting kit‐8 (CCK‐8) assay as well as by flow cytometry. Compared with the normal group, the apoptotic rate of the UECs in the model, TGF‐β R1/2‐siRNA, TGF‐β R1‐siRNA and TGF‐β R2‐siRNA groups displayed remarkable increases; compared with the model group, the apoptotic rate of the UECs in the TGF‐β R1/2‐siRNA, TGF‐β R1‐siRNA and TGF‐β R2‐siRNA groups displayed significant decreases, similar observations were made regarding mRNA and protein expressions of TGF‐β R1 and TGF‐β R2. Compared with the TGF‐β R1/2‐siRNA group, the apoptotic rates of the UECs in the TGF‐β R1‐siRNA and TGF‐β R2‐siRNA groups were up regulated, while cell proliferation in the TGF‐β R1‐siRNA and TGF‐β R2‐siRNA groups decreased accompanied by an increased rate of apoptosis. This study ultimately demonstrated that the silencing of TGF‐β R1 and TGF‐β R2 genes could promote cell proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of penile UECs in hypospadiac male rats.
Inhibition of human mesenchymal stem cell proliferation via Wnt signaling activation
Authors: Moon Jung‐Sun , Ko Hyun‐Mi , Park Ji‐Il , Kim Jae‐Hyung , Kim Sun‐Hun , Kim Min‐Seok
Published: August 2017

Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), characterized by rapid in vitro expandability and multi‐differentiation potential, have been widely used in the clinical field of tissue engineering. Recent studies have shown that various signaling networks are involved in the growth and differentiation of hMSCs. Although Wnts and their downstream signaling components have been implicated in the regulation of hMSCs, the role of Wnt signaling in hMSC self‐renewal is still controversial. Here, it was observed that activation of endogenous canonical Wnt signaling with LiCl, which decreased β‐catenin phosphorylation, leads to a decrease in hMSC proliferation. The fact that this growth arrest is not linked to apoptosis was verified by annexin V‐FITC/propidium iodide assay. It was associated with sealing off of the cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle accompanied by changes in expression of cell cycle‐associated genes such as cyclin A and D. In addition, activation of Wnt signaling during hMSC proliferation seemed to reduce their clonogenic potential. On the contrary, Wnt signaling activation during hMSC proliferation had little effect on the osteogenic differentiation capability of cells. These findings show that canonical Wnt signaling is a critical regulator of hMSC proliferation and clonogenicity.
The bonding picture in hypervalent XF3 (X = Cl, Br, I, At) fluorides revisited with quantum chemical topology
Authors: Amaouch Mohamed , Sergentu Dumitru‐Claudiu , Steinmetz David , Maurice Rémi , Galland Nicolas , Pilmé Julien
Published: August 2017

Hypervalent XF3 (X = Cl, Br, I, At) fluorides exhibit T‐shaped C2V equilibrium structures with the heavier of them, AtF3, also revealing an almost isoenergetic planar D3h structure. Factors explaining this behavior based on simple “chemical intuition” are currently missing. In this work, we combine non‐relativistic (ClF3), scalar‐relativistic and two‐component (X = Br − At) density functional theory calculations, and bonding analyses based on the electron localization function and the quantum theory of atoms in molecules. Typical signatures of charge‐shift bonding have been identified at the bent T‐shaped structures of ClF3 and BrF3, while the bonds of the other structures exhibit a dominant ionic character. With the aim of explaining the D3h structure of AtF3, we extend the multipole expansion analysis to the framework of two‐component single‐reference calculations. This methodological advance enables us to rationalize the relative stability of the T‐shaped C2v and the planar D3h structures: the Coulomb repulsions between the two lone‐pairs of the central atom and between each lone‐pair and each fluorine ligand are found significantly larger at the D3h structures than at the C2v ones for X = Cl − I, but not with X = At. This comes with the increasing stabilization, along the XF3 series, of the planar D3h structure with respect to the global T‐shaped C2v minima. Hence, we show that the careful use of principles that are at the heart of the valence shell electron pair repulsion model provides reasonable justifications for stable planar D3h structures in AX3E2 systems. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Case conceptualization research in cognitive behavior therapy: A state of the science review
Authors: Easden Michael H. , Kazantzis Nikolaos
Published: August 2017

Objective

Prominent models of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) assert that case conceptualization is crucial for tailoring interventions to adequately address the needs of the individual client. We aimed to review the research on case conceptualization in CBT.

Method

We conducted a systematic search of PsychINFO, MEDLINE, Psychology and Behavioral Science Collection, and CINAHL databases to February 2016.

Results

A total of 24 studies that met inclusion criteria were identified. It was notable that studies (a) focused on the assessment function of case conceptualization, (b) employed diverse methodologies, and, overall, (c) there remains a paucity of studies examining the in‐session process of using case conceptualization or examining relations with outcome.

Conclusion

Results from the existing studies suggest that experienced therapists can reliably construct some elements of case conceptualizations, but importance for the efficacy of case conceptualization in CBT has yet to be demonstrated. Research that involves direct observation of therapist competence in case conceptualization as a predictor of CBT outcomes is recommended as a focus for future hypothesis testing.