bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Near‐bed stratification controls bottom hypoxia in ice‐covered alpine lakes
Authors: Perga Marie‐Elodie , Minaudo Camille , Doda Tomy , Arthaud Florent , Beria Harsh , Chmiel Hannah E. , Escoffier Nicolas , Lambert Thibault , Napolleoni Raphaelle , Obrador Biel , Perolo Pascal , Rüegg Janine , Ulloa Hugo , Bouffard Damien
Published: March 2023

In ice‐covered lakes, near‐bottom oxygen concentration decreases for most of the wintertime, sometimes down to the point that bottom waters become hypoxic. Studies insofar have reached divergent conclusions on whether climate change limits or reinforces the extent and duration of hypoxia under ice, raising the need for a comprehensive understanding of the drivers of the dissolved oxygen (DO) dynamics under lake ice. Using high‐temporal resolution time series of DO concentration and temperature across 14 mountain lakes, we showed that the duration of bottom hypoxia under ice varies from 0 to 236 d within lakes and among years. The variability of hypoxia duration was primarily explained by changes in the decay rate of DO above the lake bottom rather than by differences in DO concentration at the ice onset or in the ice‐cover duration. We observed that the DO decay rate was primarily linked to physical controls (i.e., deep‐water warming) rather than biogeochemical drivers (i.e., proxies for lake or catchment productivity). Using a simple numerical model, we provided a proof‐of‐concept that the near‐bed stratification can be the mechanism tying the DO decay rate to the sediment heat release under the ice. We ultimately showed that the DO decay rate and hypoxia duration are driven by the summer light climate, with faster oxygen decline found under the ice of clearer cryostratified alpine lakes. We derived a framework theorizing how the hypoxia duration might change under the ice of alpine lakes in a warmer climate.
Large Cation Engineering in Organic Antimony Halides for Low‐Loss Active Waveguide
Authors: Deng Yongjing , Liang Xin , Li Feiyang , Wang Mengzhu , Zhou Zijian , Zhao Jianwei , Wang Feng , Liu Shujuan , Zhao Qiang
Published: March 2023

Active waveguides have attracted growing attention as a basic component of miniaturized and integrated photonic devices. However, most optical waveguide materials suffer from severe self‐absorption, which greatly increases the optical loss. Therefore, developing highly efficient red‐emitting materials with large Stokes shift and negligible self‐absorption is of great interest. Herein, this work proposes a strategy to achieve both large Stokes shifts and high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) in organic metal halide via large cation engineering. Two zero‐dimensional antimony(III) chlorides, (TMA)2SbCl5 and (TMAA)2SbCl5, are designed and synthesized by screening the ligands with different cationic volumes. Experimental and theoretical results reveal that the large cation can promote the self‐trapped excitons emission and improve stability. Benefiting from the large Stokes shift (291 nm) and high PLQY (98.3%), the as‐prepared (TMAA)2SbCl5 microplate exhibits efficient active waveguide with low loss coefficient of 6.07 × 10−3 dB µm−1. This work not only develops a novel active waveguide material, but also provides insights into the role of organic cation, which will provide new inspiration for the exploitation of excellent luminescent metal halides and photonic devices.
Metabolic reprogramming in cancer: Mechanisms and therapeutics
Authors: Nong Shiqi , Han Xiaoyue , Xiang Yu , Qian Yuran , Wei Yuhao , Zhang Tingyue , Tian Keyue , Shen Kai , Yang Jing , Ma Xuelei
Published: March 2023

Cancer cells characterized by uncontrolled growth and proliferation require altered metabolic processes to maintain this characteristic. Metabolic reprogramming is a process mediated by various factors, including oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, changes in growth factors, and tumor–host cell interactions, which help to meet the needs of cancer cell anabolism and promote tumor development. Metabolic reprogramming in tumor cells is dynamically variable, depending on the tumor type and microenvironment, and reprogramming involves multiple metabolic pathways. These metabolic pathways have complex mechanisms and involve the coordination of various signaling molecules, proteins, and enzymes, which increases the resistance of tumor cells to traditional antitumor therapies. With the development of cancer therapies, metabolic reprogramming has been recognized as a new therapeutic target for metabolic changes in tumor cells. Therefore, understanding how multiple metabolic pathways in cancer cells change can provide a reference for the development of new therapies for tumor treatment. Here, we systemically reviewed the metabolic changes and their alteration factors, together with the current tumor regulation treatments and other possible treatments that are still under investigation. Continuous efforts are needed to further explore the mechanism of cancer metabolism reprogramming and corresponding metabolic treatments.
A wideband and low‐profile omnidirectional circularly polarized antenna
Authors: Xu Chen‐Chen , Duan Zhu
Published: March 2023

This article presents a wideband and low‐profile omnidirectional circularly polarized antenna. It consists of a circular slotted top patch connected with a circular ground plane by four shorting vias and eight extended curved branches. These curved branches are introduced around both the patch and the ground plane with proper angle separation, achieving a 90‐degree phase difference between the vertical and horizontal radiating parts. In this way, the wideband circularly polarized characteristic is realized. The final optimized structure is very compact, with a dimension of only 322 × π × 6 mm3(0.372 × π × 0.07 = 0.03 λ03). Besides, the measured results agree well with the simulated ones, with a simulated/measured impedance bandwidth of 28.4/32.2% and an axial ratio bandwidth of 46.7/42.3% being obtained. And the maximum realized gain is 1.1 dBic, with a gain variation of less than 1.0 dB.
Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) of flammable organic chemicals in radioactive high‐level supernatant waste at the Savannah River Site (SRS)
Authors: Fondeur Fernando , White Thomas L. , Coleman Charles J. , Diprete David P. , Nash Charles A. , Looney Brian B.
Published: March 2023

The Savannah River Site stores approximately 36 million gallons of radioactive and hazardous waste that contains approximately 245 million curies. The waste is sent through various chemical processes to reduce its volume and to separate various components. The facility plans to replace formic acid (a chemical used to reduce soluble mercury) with glycolic acid. Recycle solution with glycolate may flow back to the tank farm, where the glycolate can generate hydrogen gas by thermal and radiolytic mechanisms. The current analytical method for detecting glycolate (ion chromatography) in supernatant requires a large dilution to reduce interference from the nitrate anions. Hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance is an analytical method that requires less sample dilution. It takes advantage of the CH2 group in glycolate. Liquid samples were spiked with four different levels of glycolate to build a calibration line, as it is recommended in the standard addition method. The detection and quantitation limits determined were 1 and 5 ppm, respectively, for 32 scans, which is well below the process limit of 10 ppm. In one test, 800 scans of a supernatant spiked with 1 ppm glycolate resulted in a ‐CH2 peak with a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 36.
Efficient Synthesis of 3‐Mercaptoindoles via HI‐Promoted Sulfenylation of Indoles with Sodium Sulfinates
Authors: Sun Shengnan , Ye Hexia , Liu Haibo , Guo Yongbiao , Gao Zhenhua , Pan Li , Li Junchen , Bi Xiaojing
Published: March 2023

A new direct sulfenylation method of indoles by sodium sulfinates and hydroiodic acid was developed giving variety of 3‐sulfenylindoles in high yields under mild conditions without using any catalysts or other additives. In situ‐generated RS‐I species are supposed to be mainly responsible for the key electrophilic alkyl‐ or aryl‐thiolation process.
The prognostic value of IKZF1plus in B‐cell progenitor acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Results from the EORTC 58951 trial
Authors: Kicinski Michal , Arfeuille Chloé , Grardel Nathalie , Bakkus Marleen , Caye‐Eude Aurélie , Plat Geneviève , Ferster Alina , Uyttebroeck Anne , De Moerloose Barbara , Rohrlich Pierre , Suciu Stefan , Bertrand Yves , Cavé Hélène
Published: March 2023

Background

IKZF1 gene deletion is an indicator of poor prognosis in childhood B‐cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP‐ALL). The AEIOP/BFM group proposed that the prognostic strength of IKZF1 deletion could be remarkably improved by taking into account additional genetic deletions and reported that among patients with an IKZF1 deletion those with deletions in CDKN2A/2B, PAX5, or PAR1 in the absence of ERG deletion, grouped as IKZF1plus, had the worst outcome.

Procedure

Between 1998 and 2008, 1636 patients under 18 years of age with previously untreated BCP‐ALL were registered in the EORTC 58951 trial. Those with multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification data were included in this analysis. Unadjusted and adjusted Cox model was used to investigate the additional prognostic value of IKZF1plus.

Results

Among 1200 patients included in the analysis, 1039 (87%) had no IKZF1 deletion (IKZF1WT), 87 (7%) had an IKZF1 deletion but not IKZF1plus (IKZF1del) and 74 (6%) had IKZF1plus. In the unadjusted analysis, both patients with IKZF1del (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.10, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.34–3.31) and IKZF1plus (HR = 3.07, 95% CI: 2.01–4.67) had a shorter event‐free survival compared with IKZF1WT. However, although the IKZF1plus status was associated with patients’ characteristics indicating poor prognosis, the difference between IKZF1plus and IKZF1del was not statistically significant (HR = 1.46, 95% CI: 0.83–2.57, p = .19). The results of the adjusted analysis were similar to the unadjusted analysis.

Conclusions

In patients with BCP‐ALL from the EORTC 58951 trial, the improvement of the prognostic importance of IKZF1 by considering IKZF1plus was not statistically significant.
Influence of injection molding parameters, melt flow rate, and reinforcing material on the weld‐line characteristics of polypropylene
Authors: Purgleitner Bianca , Viljoen David , Kühnert Ines , Burgstaller Christoph
Published: March 2023

In this work, the relation of injection molding parameters to the mechanical properties of various polypropylene grades is investigated to find the optimal processing parameters to minimize weld‐line effects like reduced mechanical and/or optical performance. Injection molded test specimens of five polypropylene grades with different melt flow rates were characterized for their mechanical behavior and compared with equal‐shaped specimens with a colliding weld line in the middle of the specimen. For the production of these weld‐line specimens, a special mold was used and injection molding parameters were systematically varied, tensile (ISO 527‐2) and impact (ISO 179‐1/1eU) properties were measured, and statistical analyses were performed to gain insight on the correlation between melt flow rate and weld‐line behavior. It showed that mechanical properties of specimens with weld lines can be influenced by the processing parameters, but the effect is limited. Positive correlations were found between tool temperature and tensile modulus and strength. Polypropylene grades with low melt flow indexes seem to be more susceptible to weld‐line‐induced property reductions. In a second test series similar to the pure PP investigations, glass‐fiber‐ and talc‐filled PP were used to gain insight into the weld‐line behavior of PP composites. In addition to mechanical characterization, optical and scanning electron micrographs were taken of the weld‐line areas. It was found that the reinforcing particles align along the melt flow front in the weld‐line area. As a result, the mechanical performance of weld‐line specimens is poor. Injection molding parameters were found to have only a small effect.
Using environmental factors to predict Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (Acari: Ixodidae) mortality
Authors: Tian Yuexun , Lord Cynthia C. , Taylor Caitlin E. , Kaufman Phillip E.
Published: March 2023

Background

Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. (Latreille, 1806) can establish indoor populations, which increases the risk of pathogen transmission to humans and companion dogs. Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. ticks spend most of their life cycle off the host, which subjects developmental timescale to abiotic factors. Previous studies showed that both temperature and relative humidity (RH) influenced Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. survival time across all life stages. However, quantified relationships between environmental factors and Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. mortality is not currently available. Here, three Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. strains were evaluated for mortality under 20 combinations of five temperatures and four RHs. The data obtained were analyzed to quantify the relationship between environmental factors and Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. survival.

Results

Mortality probabilities did not show a consistent pattern between the three tick strains. Temperature, RH, and their interaction influenced Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. mortality probabilities across all life stages, with mortality probability generally increasing with temperature but decreasing with RH. With 50% and lower RH, larvae cannot survive for more than 1 week. However, mortality probabilities in all strains and stages were more sensitive to temperature than to RH.

Conclusion

This study identified the predictive relationship between environmental factors and Rhipicephalus sanguineus s.l. survival, which enables estimations of tick survival time under varied residential situations, allows parameterization of population models, and provides guidance for pest control professionals to develop efficient management strategies. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Statistical methods for handling missing data to align with treatment policy strategy
Authors: Wang Yun , Tu Wenda , Kim Yoonhee , Sinks Susie , He Jiwei , Cambon Alex , Crackel Roberto , Hamilton Kiya , Kettermann Anna , Clark Jennifer
Published: March 2023

The International Council for Harmonization (ICH) E9(R1) addendum recommends choosing an appropriate estimand based on the study objectives in advance of trial design. One defining attribute of an estimand is the intercurrent event, specifically what is considered an intercurrent event and how it should be handled. The primary objective of a clinical study is usually to assess a product's effectiveness and safety based on the planned treatment regimen instead of the actual treatment received. The estimand using the treatment policy strategy, which collects and analyzes data regardless of the occurrence of intercurrent events, is usually utilized. In this article, we explain how missing data can be handled using the treatment policy strategy from the authors' viewpoint in connection with antihyperglycemic product development programs. The article discusses five statistical methods to impute missing data occurring after intercurrent events. All five methods are applied within the framework of the treatment policy strategy. The article compares the five methods via Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulations and showcases how three of these five methods have been applied to estimate the treatment effects published in the labels for three antihyperglycemic agents currently on the market.
Pyisotopomer: A Python package for obtaining intramolecular isotope ratio differences from mass spectrometric analysis of nitrous oxide isotopocules
Authors: Kelly Colette L. , Manning Cara , Frey Claudia , Kaiser Jan , Gluschankoff Noah , Casciotti Karen L.
Published: March 2023

Rationale

Obtaining nitrous oxide isotopocule measurements with isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) involves analyzing the ion current ratios of the nitrous oxide parent ion (N2O+) as well as those of the NO+ fragment ion. The data analysis requires correcting for “scrambling” in the ion source, whereby the NO+ fragment ion obtains the outer N atom from the N2O molecule. While descriptions exist for this correction, and interlaboratory intercalibration efforts have been made, there has yet to be published a package of code for implementing isotopomer calibrations.

Methods

We developed a user‐friendly Python package (pyisotopomer) to determine two coefficients (γ and κ) that describe scrambling in the IRMS ion source, and then used this calibration to obtain intramolecular isotope deltas in N2O samples.

Results

With two appropriate reference materials, γ and κ can be determined robustly and accurately for a given IRMS system. An additional third reference material is needed to define the zero‐point of the delta scale. We show that IRMS scrambling behavior can vary with time, necessitating regular calibrations. Finally, we present an intercalibration between two IRMS laboratories, using pyisotopomer to calculate γ and κ, and to obtain intramolecular N2O isotope deltas in lake water unknowns.

Conclusions

Given these considerations, we discuss how to use pyisotopomer to obtain high‐quality N2O isotopocule data from IRMS systems, including the use of appropriate reference materials and frequency of calibration.
A new method for calculating time‐varying torsional stiffness of RV reducers with variable loads and tooth modifications
Authors: Song Wenlei , Yang Xiao , Liu Huan , Gao Xuanyu , Lei Yaguo , Cao Junyi
Published: March 2023

Rotate vector (RV) reducers have advantages of high torque ratio, and extremely reliable functioning under dynamic load conditions, and so forth, and they are extensively used in precision transmissions, such as industrial robots. The torsional stiffness of RV reducers is a main parameter affecting the meshing vibration and transmission performance. In addition, the variable loads and tooth modifications have significant influence on the torsional stiffness of RV reducers. In this paper, a new method of calculating torsional stiffness for RV reducers considering variable loads and tooth modifications is presented. The dynamic stress and deformation of meshing teeth are calculated based on Hertz formulation, and the number of meshing teeth is determined by analyzing the dynamic stress of meshing teeth. Then, the torsional stiffness of RV reducers is obtained. Finite element method is applied to calculate the deformation of cycloidal‐pin gear in the maximum force position δmax. The influence of variable applied loads and different tooth modifications of cycloidal‐pin gear transmission on torsional stiffness are also studied. The results show that variable applied loads and different tooth modifications influence the torsional stiffness of RV reducers by changing teeth deformation and clearance, respectively.
Aromatic Zipper Topology Dictates Water‐Responsive Actuation in Phenylalanine‐Based Crystals
Authors: Sheehan Fahmeed K. , Wang Haozhen , Podbevšek Darjan , Naranjo Elma , Rivera‐Cancel Janel , Moran Cooper , Ulijn Rein V. , Chen Xi
Published: March 2023

Water‐responsive (WR) materials that reversibly deform in response to relative humidity (RH) changes are gaining increasing interest for their potential in energy harvesting and soft robotics applications. Despite progress, there are significant gaps in the understanding of how supramolecular structure underpins the reconfiguration and performance of WR materials. Here, three crystals are compared based on the amino acid phenylalanine (F) that contain water channels and F packing domains that are either layered (F), continuously connected (phenylalanyl‐phenylalanine, FF), or isolated (histidyl‐tyrosyl‐phenylalanine, HYF). Hydration‐induced reconfiguration is analyzed through changes in hydrogen‐bond interactions and aromatic zipper topology. F crystals show the greatest WR deformation (WR energy density of 19.8 MJ m−3) followed by HYF (6.5 MJ m−3), while FF exhibits no observable response. The difference in water‐responsiveness strongly correlates to the deformability of aromatic regions, with FF crystals being too stiff to deform, whereas HYF is too soft to efficiently transfer water tension to external loads.  These findings reveal aromatic topology design rules for WR crystals and provide insight into general mechanisms of high‐performance WR actuation. Moreover, the best‐performing crystal, F emerges as an efficient WR material for applications at scale and low cost.
Smart Nanosystems for Overcoming Multiple Biological Barriers in Cancer Nanomedicines Transport: Design Principles, Progress, and Challenges
Authors: Lin Gan , Zhou Jiajing , Cheng Hongwei , Liu Gang
Published: March 2023

The development of smart nanosystems, which could overcome diverse biological barriers of nanomedicine transport, has received intense scientific interest in improving the therapeutic efficacies of traditional nanomedicines. However, the reported nanosystems generally hold disparate structures and functions, and the knowledge of involved biological barriers is usually scattered. There is an imperative need for a summary of biological barriers and how these smart nanosystems conquer biological barriers, to guide the rational design of the new‐generation nanomedicines. This review starts from the discussion of major biological barriers existing in nanomedicine transport, including blood circulation, tumoral accumulation and penetration, cellular uptake, drug release, and response. Design principles and recent progress of smart nanosystems in overcoming the biological barriers are overviewed. The designated physicochemical properties of nanosystems can dictate their functions in biological environments, such as protein absorption inhibition, tumor accumulation, penetration, cellular internalization, endosomal escape, and controlled release, as well as modulation of tumor cells and their resident tumor microenvironment. The challenges facing smart nanosystems on the road heading to clinical approval are discussed, followed by the proposals that could further advance the nanomedicine field. It is expected that this review will provide guidelines for the rational design of the new‐generation nanomedicines for clinical use.
Manipulating the Dynamic Self‐Reconstruction of CoP Electrocatalyst Driven by Charge Transport and Ion Leaching
Authors: Xu Dexin , Liu Sirui , Zhang Mingyi , Xu Lingling , Gao Hong , Yao Jing
Published: March 2023

Surface reconstruction of electrocatalysts is very important to clarify the structure–component–activity relationship. In this work, in situ Raman and ex situ technologies are used to capture the surface structure evolution of F–Fe–CoP during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The results reveal that the leaching of F accelerates the dynamic reconstruction response of CoP to rapidly convert into active (oxy)hydroxide species. The further introduction of Fe can accelerate the charge transfer rate and alleviate the structural stacking caused by insufficient kinetics. The introduction of F and Fe increases the electron occupation states of cobalt sites and promotes the adsorption of OH− ions on the CoP catalyst, which significantly improves the OER performance. F–Fe–CoP exhibits excellent OER performance with an overpotential of 259 mV at 20 mA cm−2. This finding enriches the OER mechanism associated with the surface reconstruction of CoP and provides a reference for the rational design of efficient electrocatalysts.
Controllable Architecture of ZnO/FeNi Composites Derived from Trimetallic ZnFeNi Layered Double Hydroxides for High‐Performance Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers
Authors: Gan Fangyu , Rao Qingrong , Deng Jianqiu , Cheng Lichun , Zhong Yan , Lu Zhao , Wang Feng , Wang Jiang , Zhou Huaiying , Rao Guanghui
Published: March 2023

The optimization design of micro‐structure and composition is an important strategy to obtain high‐performance metal‐based electromagnetic (EM) wave absorption materials. In this work, ZnO/FeNi composites derived from ZnFeNi layered double hydroxides are prepared by a one‐step hydrothermal method and subsequent pyrolysis process, and can be employed as an effective alternative for high‐performance EM wave absorber. A series of ZnO/FeNi composites with different structures are obtained by varying the molar ratios of Zn2+/Fe3+/Ni2+, and the ZnO/FeNi composites with a Zn2+/Fe3+/Ni2+ molar ratio of 6:1:3 show a hierarchical flower‐like structure. Owing to the strong synergistic loss mechanism of dielectric‐magnetic components and favorable structural features, this hierarchical flower‐like ZnO/FeNi sample supplies the optimal EM wave absorption performance with the highest reflection loss of −52.08 dB and the widest effective absorption bandwidth of 6.56 GHz. The EM simulation further demonstrates that impedance matching plays a determining role in EM wave absorption performance. This work provides a new way for the fabrication of a high‐performance metal‐based EM wave absorber.
Phase Segregation in Cu0.5Ni0.5 Alloy Boosting Urea‐Assisted Hydrogen Production in Alkaline Media
Authors: Zhang Kuanjian , Wang Shaoxia , Li Xinyue , Li Huihui , Ni Yonghong
Published: March 2023

Coupling urea oxidation reaction (UOR) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is promising for energy‐efficient hydrogen production. However, developing cheap and highly active bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall urea electrolysis remains challenging. In this work, a metastable Cu0.5Ni0.5 alloy is synthesized by a one‐step electrodeposition method. It only requires the potentials of 1.33 and −28 mV to obtain the current density of ±10 mA cm−2 for UOR and HER, respectively. The metastable alloy is considered to be the main reason causing the above excellent performances. In the alkaline medium, the as‐prepared Cu0.5Ni0.5 alloy exhibits good stability for HER; and conversely, NiOOH species can be rapidly formed during the UOR due to the phase segregation of Cu0.5Ni0.5 alloy. In particular, for the energy‐saving hydrogen generation system coupled with HER and UOR, only 1.38 V of voltage is needed at 10 mA cm−2; and at 100 mA cm−2, the voltage decreases by ≈305 mV compared with that of the routine water electrolysis system (HER || OER). Compared with some catalysts reported recently, the Cu0.5Ni0.5 catalyst owns superior electrocatalytic activity and durability. Furthermore, this work provides a simple, mild, and rapid method for designing highly active bifunctional electrocatalysts toward urea‐supporting overall water splitting.
Proximity Coupling of Graphene to a Submonolayer 2D Magnet
Authors: Sokolov Ivan S. , Averyanov Dmitry V. , Parfenov Oleg E. , Taldenkov Alexander N. , Rybin Maxim G. , Tokmachev Andrey M. , Storchak Vyacheslav G.
Published: March 2023

Imprinting magnetism into graphene may lead to unconventional electron states and enable the design of spin logic devices with low power consumption. The ongoing active development of 2D magnets suggests their coupling with graphene to induce spin‐dependent properties via proximity effects. In particular, the recent discovery of submonolayer 2D magnets on surfaces of industrial semiconductors provides an opportunity to magnetize graphene coupled with silicon. Here, synthesis and characterization of large‐area graphene/Eu/Si(001) heterostructures combining graphene with a submonolayer magnetic superstructure of Eu on silicon are reported. Eu intercalation at the interface of the graphene/Si(001) system results in a Eu superstructure different from those formed on pristine Si in terms of symmetry. The resulting system graphene/Eu/Si(001) exhibits 2D magnetism with the transition temperature controlled by low magnetic fields. Negative magnetoresistance and the anomalous Hall effect in the graphene layer provide evidence for spin polarization of the carriers. Most importantly, the graphene/Eu/Si system seeds a class of graphene heterostructures based on submonolayer magnets aiming at applications in graphene spintronics.
Microcrack Arrays in Dense Graphene Films for Fast‐Ion‐Diffusion Supercapacitors
Authors: Li Congming , Li Xiangming , Liu Gangqiang , Yu Wei , Yang Zhengjie , Wang Liang , Wang Chao , Yang Qingzhen , Xiao Ronglin , Huang Fei , Tian Hongmiao , Wang Chunhui , Chen Xiaoliang , Shao Jinyou
Published: March 2023

Laminated graphene film has great potential in compact high‐power capacitive energy storage owing to the high bulk density and opened architecture. However, the high‐power capability is usually limited by tortuous cross‐layer ion diffusion. Herein, microcrack arrays are fabricated in graphene films as fast ion diffusion channels, converting tortuous diffusion into straightforward diffusion while maintaining a high bulk density of 0.92 g cm−3. Films with optimized microcrack arrays exhibit sixfold improved ion diffusion coefficient and high volumetric capacitance of 221 F cm−3 (240 F g−1), representing a critical breakthrough in optimizing ion diffusion toward compact energy storage. This microcrack design is also efficient for signal filtering. Microcracked graphene‐based supercapacitor with 30 µg cm−2 mass loading exhibits characteristic frequency up to 200 Hz with voltage window up to 4 V, showing high promise for compact, high‐capacitance alternating current (AC) filtering. Moreover, a renewable energy system is conducted using microcrack‐arrayed graphene supercapacitors as filter‐capacitor and energy buffer, filtering and storing the 50 Hz AC electricity from a wind generator into the constant direct current, stably powering 74 LEDs, demonstrating enormous potential in practical applications. More importantly, this microcracking approach is roll‐to‐roll producible, which is cost‐effective and highly promising for large‐scale manufacture.
Layer‐by‐Layer‐Processed Organic Solar Cells with 18.02% Efficiency Enabled by Regulating the Aggregation of Bottom Polymers
Authors: Wu Xing , Wu Yixuan , Peng Shichu , Xiao Liangang , Xiao Zijie , Zhang Wei , Ren Guoxing , Min Yonggang , Liu Yi
Published: March 2023

The fabrication of organic solar cells (OSCs) by a layer‐by‐layer (LBL) method has attracted growing attention in recent years. As already known, the pre‐aggregates of conjugated polymers in solution have a profound impact on their microstructure morphology in films. Herein, by simply controlling the solution temperature and annealing processes, the pre‐aggregation behavior of D18 polymer in solution can be fine‐tuned and the microstructure of D18 bottom layer is well manipulated. The optimized D18 bottom layer can effectively regulate L8‐BO upper‐layer‐forming suitable networks for efficient charge transportation. In addition, a vertical phase separation with a special D/D:A/A structure (P‐i‐N‐type component distribution) is also formed. As a result, compared to the 16.43% power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the bulk heterojunction devices, such control enables bilayer OSC devices based on the polymer D18 and L8‐BO to deliver an enhanced PCE of 18.02% with simultaneously improved short‐circuit current density, open‐circuit voltage, and fill factor. It is also demonstrated in these results that the LBL deposition process utilizing the pre‐aggregation of polymer and its fiber‐network‐forming ability is a very promising approach to improve charge dynamics, suppress carrier recombination, and fabricate highly efficient OSCs.
MHD chemical reactive flow with velocity slip temperature and concentration jump conditions
Authors: Khan Nargis , Hashmi Muhammad Sadiq , Ghaffar Abdul , Ullah Hameed , Inc Mustafa
Published: March 2023

The main purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of velocity slip on the magneto hydrodynamics (MHD) axi‐symmetric viscous fluid flow between two disks having different stretching ratio. The flow takes place in the presence of temperature and concentration jumps. In the presence of joule heating and viscous dissipation, the investigation is carried out. The MHD flows are of utmost importance in industrial and engineering sectors because such flows can control the fluid flows with the help of Lorentz force. MHD flows are also helpful in biological fields such as wound treatments, surgeries, cancer therapy and in diagnosing diseases. The resulting system of PDE's is converted into ODE's by suitable similarity transformation. The HAM is used to solve the resulting non‐linear governing equations. The behavior of velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are observed graphically. When the stretching rate of lower disk is greater than the upper disk then the velocity rises due to increase in stretching ratio. The radial and axial components of velocity increase when the value of magnetic field increases. The temperature profile enhances for Eckert number while converse behavior is seen for stretching ratio parameters. The concentration profile increases when the value of Schmidt number is enhanced.
Perturbations of general relativity to all orders and the general nth order terms
Authors: Cho Kyoungho , Kim Kwangeon , Lee Kanghoon
Published: March 2023

Abstract

We derive all-order expressions for perturbations of the Einstein-Hilbert action and the Einstein equation with the general n-th order terms. To this end, we employ Cheung and Remmen’s perturbation conventions both in tensor density and the usual metric tensor formalisms, including the Einstein-dilaton theory. Remarkably, we find minimal building blocks that generate the entire perturbations for each of our formulations. We show that the number of terms of perturbations grows linearly as the order of perturbations increases. We regard our results as the reference and discuss how to derive perturbations in other conventions from the reference. As a consistency check, we compute graviton scattering amplitudes using the perturbiner method based on the perturbative Einstein equation. Finally we discuss how to generalise the results to curved backgrounds and incorporate additional matter.
On the three-point order parameters of chiral symmetry breaking
Authors: Kadavý Tomáš , Kampf Karol , Novotný Jiří
Published: March 2023

Abstract

The nonlocal order parameters of the QCD chiral symmetry breaking, namely the nonanomalous three-point Green functions of the quark bilinears belonging to the odd intrinsic parity sector, are studied within the framework of the Resonance chiral theory. The general form of these correlators is then matched with various high energy constraints: the leading and sub-leading OPE for all three momenta simultaneously large, the leading OPE for two momenta large and the leading and sub-leading Brodsky-Lepage limit for the corresponding transition form factor. In order to satisfy these constraints, the Resonance chiral theory has to be enlarged with additional resonance multiplets and with higher derivative operators as well. We discuss a minimal extension of this kind in detail and present corresponding correlators in a closed form. The remaining free parameters are then constrained from lattice data. As a phenomenological application, we discuss the pion-pole contribution to the muon g − 2 and the decay π0→ e+e−.
Partition functions on squashed seven-spheres and holography
Authors: Zhang Xuao
Published: March 2023

Abstract

Our paper presents two main results. First, we study the renormalized free energies of Euclidean Einstein gravity in asymptotically AdS8 and various field theories on a squashed seven sphere. In the gravity theory, we demonstrate the absence of the Hawking-Page transition, while in the field theory, we focus on the O(N) vector model and the massless free fermion model. The conformal symmetry governs the universal behaviors of the free energies for small and large squashings, which we confirm numerically and analytically. Second, we evaluate the second-order derivative of CFT free energy with respect to the squashing parameter, finding universal results that hold for generic conformal field theories. We examine two different squashings, one with an SU(2) bundle, which is the primary focus of our paper, and another with a U(1) bundle, where our results align with the conjectured formula from the gravity side in the literature.
Development of a scale for capturing psychological aspects of physical–digital integration: relationships with psychosocial functioning and facial emotion recognition
Authors: Colledani Daiana , Anselmi Pasquale , Robusto Egidio
Published: March 2023

The present work aims at developing a scale for the assessment of a construct that we called “physical–digital integration”, which refers to the tendency of some individuals not to perceive a clear differentiation between feelings and perceptions that pertain to the physical or digital environment. The construct is articulated in four facets: identity, social relationships, time–space perception, and sensory perception. Data from a sample of 369 participants were collected to evaluate factor structure (unidimensional model, bifactor model, correlated four-factor model), internal consistency (Cronbach’s α, McDonald’s ω), and correlations of the physical–digital integration scale with other measures. Results showed that the scale is valid and internally consistent, and that both the total score and the scores at its four subscales are worthy of consideration. The physical–digital integration scores were found to be differently associated with digital and non-digital behaviors, individuals’ ability to read emotions in the facial expressions of others, and indicators of psychosocial functioning (anxiety, depression, and satisfaction with social relationships). The paper proposes a new measure whose scores are associated with several variables that may have relevant consequences at both individual and social levels.
Development and testing of novel mineral oil- and biocide-free glycerol- and propanediol-based fluids for drilling and tapping aluminium alloys
Authors: Leiden Alexander , Arafat Robar , Callegari Marcel , Kolb Marit , Herrmann Christoph , Wichmann Hubertus
Published: March 2023

This research covers the development of novel metalworking fluids for machining of aluminium alloys which are based on renewable raw materials and do not contain mineral oil and conventional biocides. Glycerol/water and propanediol/water solutions were used as base fluids. The formulations were systematically optimized by the addition of performance enhancing additives. Thereby, the optimization steps were guided through laboratory investigations, like determinations of viscosities, corrosion protection properties, foaming characteristics, and microbiological stabilities. Furthermore, the fluids were investigated using tribological Brugger and tapping-torque tests. Finally, the metalworking fluids were applied in experiments on an industrial production machine with the processing routines deep drilling and thread forming. Two Al-alloys were used for the investigations: EN AW 6060 as a soft and EN AW 7075 as a hard alloy. For comparison purposes, a commercially available metalworking fluid for Al-machining, a mineral oil emulsion, was tested in parallel. As a result, a glycerol/water-based metalworking fluid was obtained that had a similar performance to the reference fluid. It is therefore already well suited for machining the Al-alloys. The propanediol/water-based metalworking fluid however was superior to the reference, especially concerning the surface qualities of the workpieces. No toxicological relevant emissions from the novel metalworking fluids were found by air samplings and measurements at the test machine. The concentrations of some identified carbonylic compounds were significantly below the occupational limit values, at least by a factor of 800.
Influence of substrate type and magnetic anisotropy on the spin Seebeck effect in ZnFe2O4 thin films
Authors: Gil-Monsalve J. , Santos E. , Neto J. E. Abrão , Azevedo A. , Arnache O.
Published: March 2023

The longitudinal spin Seebeck effect (LSSE) has been investigated in ZnFe2O4 (ZFO) thin films on different substrates, such as Si (111), MgO (100), and SrTiO3 (100). The LSSE voltage signal exhibited a linear dependence on the temperature difference between both sides of the samples. The spin Seebeck coefficients were highly sensitive to the thermal conductivities of the magnetic layer and substrate, with values from 3 nV/k to 110 nV/K. Charge currents ($${J}_{\mathrm{c}}$$

J
c

) and spin currents ($${J}_{\mathrm{s}}$$

J
s

) densities were estimated. $${J}_{\mathrm{s}}$$

J
s

values are similar for the samples deposited on MgO and STO. The saturation magnetic field for the LSSE signal was reached with a magnetic field lower than its bulk counterpart. These results were related to the lattice mismatch between the ZFO films and the substrate, the magnetic response, and the anisotropies present in the samples since a twofold in-plane anisotropy was observed for the sample deposited on Si, while the samples deposited on MgO and SrTiO3 showed a fourfold in-plane anisotropy. Moreover, the presence of a notable perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in the thin films may be a consequence of the lattice mismatch and at the same time, it can cause the saturation in the LSSE voltage hysteresis loop measured as a function of the external magnetic be reached with a low magnetic field.
Effect of ground state charge transfer and photoinduced charge separation on the energy level alignment at metal halide perovskite/organic charge transport layer interfaces
Authors: Frohloff Lennart , Zu Fengshuo , Shin Dongguen , Koch Norbert
Published: March 2023

One of the most promising routes for the future fabrication of solution-processable high-performance solar cells is to employ metal halide perovskites as photoactive material combined with organic semiconductors as charge extraction layers. An essential requirement to obtain high device performance is a proper energy level alignment across the device interfaces. Here, we investigate the interface between a triple cation perovskite and a prototypical electron acceptor molecule. Photoemission spectroscopy reveals a ground state charge transfer induced band bending on either side of the junction, which significantly alters the charge extraction barriers as compared to assumed vacuum level alignment and flat-band conditions. In addition, we demonstrate that upon white light illumination, the energy levels of the organic layer exhibit rigid shifts by up to 0.26 eV with respect to those of the perovskite, revealing a non-constant energy offset between the frontier energy levels of the two materials. Such level shifts of the organic transport layer are fully reversible upon switching on/off the light, indicating an electrostatic origin of this phenomenon caused by unbalanced distribution of photogenerated charge carriers. We therefore stress the importance of determining the energy level alignment at perovskite-based interfaces not only in the electronic ground state (dark) but also under device operating conditions (operando) to enable for a reliable correlation with the device performance.
The clinical outcome of total knee arthroplasty is compromised by a previously implanted medial unicondylar knee arthroplasty
Authors: Liebensteiner M. C. , Ruzicka A. , Hinz M. , Leitner H. , Harrasser A. , Dammerer D. , Krismer M.
Published: March 2023

Objective

To investigate the clinical outcome of patients that underwent conversion of a medial unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA) to a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and to compare that outcome to patients that underwent primary TKA. It was hypothesized that those groups would significantly differ in terms of knee score outcome and implant survival.

Methods

A retrospective-comparative study was conducted utilizing data from the Federal state’s arthroplasty registry. Included were patients from our department that undergone a conversion of a medial UKA to a TKA (UKA-TKA group). The Western Ontario and MacMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) from preoperative and 1-year postoperative was used. Moreover, the implant survival was analyzed.

Results

In the UKA-TKA group, there were 51 cases (age 67 ± 10, 74% women), and in the TKA group, there were 2247 cases (age 69 ± 9, 66% women). The one-year postoperative WOMAC total score was 33 in the UKA-TKA group und 21 in the TKA group (p < 0.001). Similarly, the WOMAC pain, WOMAC stiffness, and WOMAC function scores were significantly worse in the UKA-TKA. After 5 years, the survival rates were 82% and 95% (p = 0.001). The 10-years prosthesis survival was 74% and 91% in the UKA-TKA and TKA groups, respectively (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

Based on our findings it is concluded that patients who received a TKA after UKA have inferior results than those that directly receive a TKA. This is true for both patient-reported knee outcome and prosthesis survival. Converting UKA to TKA should not be seen as an easy operation, but should rather be done by surgeons with considerable experience in both primary and revision knee arthroplasty.
Does access through the pronator quadratus influence pronation strength in palmar plate fixation of distal radius fractures in elderly patients?
Authors: Falk Steffi S. I. , Maksimow Anna , Mittlmeier Thomas , Gradl Georg
Published: March 2023

Introduction

Palmar plate fixation of the distal radius fracture involves dissecting the pronator quadratus (PQ). This is regardless of whether the approach is radial or ulnar to the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) tendon. It is not yet clear whether and to what extent this dissection leads to a functional loss of pronation or pronation strength. The aim of this study was to investigate the functional recovery of pronation and pronation strength after dissection of the PQ without suturing.

Materials and methods

From October 2010 to November 2011, patients aged over 65 with fracture were prospectively enrolled in this study. Fracture stabilisation was performed via the FCR approach without suturing the PQ. Follow-up examinations took place 8 weeks and 12 months postoperatively, and pronation and supination strength were analysed by means of an especially developed measuring device.

Results

212 patients were initially screened and 107 were enrolled. The range of motion compared to the healthy opposite side was Ext/Flex 75/66% 8 weeks postoperatively. Pronation was 97% with a pronation strength of 59%. After 1 year, the scores improved to Ext/Flex 83/80%. Pronation recovered to 99% and pronation strength to 78%.

Conclusion

The present study can show a recovery of pronation as well as pronation strength in a large patient population. At the same time, the pronation strength is still significantly lower 1 year after the operation than on the opposing healthy side. As the pronation strength recovers as the grip strength and is at all times on a par with the supination strength, we believe that we can continue to refrain from re-fixating the pronator quadratus.