bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coupling plant litter quantity to a novel metric for litter quality explains C storage changes in a thawing permafrost peatland
Authors: Hough Moira , McCabe Samantha , Vining S. Rose , Pickering Pedersen Emily , Wilson Rachel M. , Lawrence Ryan , Chang Kuang‐Yu , Bohrer Gil ,   The IsoGenie Coordinators, Riley William J. , Crill Patrick M. , Varner Ruth K. , Blazewicz Steven J. , Dorrepaal Ellen , Tfaily Malak M. , Saleska Scott R. , Rich Virginia I.
Published: November 2021

Permafrost thaw is a major potential feedback source to climate change as it can drive the increased release of greenhouse gases carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4). This carbon release from the decomposition of thawing soil organic material can be mitigated by increased net primary productivity (NPP) caused by warming, increasing atmospheric CO2, and plant community transition. However, the net effect on C storage also depends on how these plant community changes alter plant litter quantity, quality, and decomposition rates. Predicting decomposition rates based on litter quality remains challenging, but a promising new way forward is to incorporate measures of the energetic favorability to soil microbes of plant biomass decomposition. We asked how the variation in one such measure, the nominal oxidation state of carbon (NOSC), interacts with changing quantities of plant material inputs to influence the net C balance of a thawing permafrost peatland. We found: (1) Plant productivity (NPP) increased post‐thaw, but instead of contributing to increased standing biomass, it increased plant biomass turnover via increased litter inputs to soil; (2) Plant litter thermodynamic favorability (NOSC) and decomposition rate both increased post‐thaw, despite limited changes in bulk C:N ratios; (3) these increases caused the higher NPP to cycle more rapidly through both plants and soil, contributing to higher CO2 and CH4 fluxes from decomposition. Thus, the increased C‐storage expected from higher productivity was limited and the high global warming potential of CH4 contributed a net positive warming effect. Although post‐thaw peatlands are currently C sinks due to high NPP offsetting high CO2 release, this status is very sensitive to the plant community's litter input rate and quality. Integration of novel bioavailability metrics based on litter chemistry, including NOSC, into studies of ecosystem dynamics, is needed to improve the understanding of controls on arctic C stocks under continued ecosystem transition.
Variable Selection for Interval‐censored Failure Time Data
Authors: Du Mingyue , Sun Jianguo
Published: November 2021

Variable selection for interval‐censored failure time data has recently attracted a great deal of attention along with the analysis of interval‐censored data in both method developments and practical applications. Interval‐censored data are a general type of time‐to‐event or failure time data where the failure time of interest is known or observed only to lie in an interval instead of being observed exactly. They often occur in different forms and in many fields, including demographical studies, epidemiological studies, medical or public health researches and social sciences. This paper will discuss and review the existing methods for variable selection based on interval‐censored data, a relatively new but important topic, along with some directions or issues that need more research.
Exosomal ANXA2 derived from ovarian cancer cells regulates epithelial‐mesenchymal plasticity of human peritoneal mesothelial cells
Authors: Gao Lingling , Nie Xin , Gou Rui , Hu Yuexin , Dong Hui , Li Xiao , Lin Bei
Published: November 2021

Ovarian cancer, one of the malignant gynaecological tumours with the highest mortality rate among female reproductive system, is prone to metastasis, recurrence and chemotherapy resistance, causing a poor prognosis. Exosomes can regulate the epithelial‐mesenchymal plasticity of tumour cells, remodel surrounding tumour microenvironment, and affect tumour cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis. However, the function and mechanism of exosomes in the intraperitoneal implantation of ovarian cancer remain unclear. In this study, exosomal annexin A2 (ANXA2) derived from ovarian cancer cells was co‐cultured with human peritoneal mesothelial (HMrSV5) cells; functional experiments were conducted to explore the effects of exosomal ANXA2 on the biological behaviour of HMrSV5 and the related mechanisms. This study showed that ANXA2 in ovarian cancer cells can be transferred to HMrSV5 cells through exosomes, exosomal ANXA2 can not only promote the migration, invasion and apoptosis of HMrSV5 cells, but also regulates morphological changes and fibrosis of HMrSV5 cells. Furthermore, ANXA2 promotes the mesothelial‐mesenchymal transition (MMT) and degradation of the extracellular matrix of HMrSV5 cells through PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, finally affects pre‐metastasis microenvironment of ovarian cancer, which provides a new theoretical basis for the mechanism of intraperitoneal implantation and metastasis of ovarian cancer.
Relationship between hemoglobin A1c level and flow‐mediated vasodilation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus receiving antidiabetic drugs
Authors: Yamaji Takayuki , Harada Takahiro , Hashimoto Yu , Nakano Yukiko , Kajikawa Masato , Yoshimura Kenichi , Aoki Gaku , Chayama Kazuaki , Goto Chikara , Mizobuchi Aya , Han Yiming , Yusoff Farina Mohamad , Kishimoto Shinji , Maruhashi Tatsuya , Nakashima Ayumu , Higashi Yukihito
Published: November 2021

Aims/Introduction

Diabetes mellitus is associated with endothelial dysfunction. However, it is still controversial as to whether antidiabetic drug treatment affects endothelial function. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationships of the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) level with flow‐mediated vasodilation (FMD) and nitroglycerine‐induced vasodilation (NID) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are receiving antidiabetic drugs.

Materials and Methods

The FMD was measured in 866 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were receiving antidiabetic drugs (625 men and 241 women; mean age: 62 ± 10 years). The patients were divided into four groups according to HbA1c levels: <6.5, 6.5–6.9, 7.0–7.9, and ≥8.0%.

Results

There was an inverted U‐shaped pattern of association of the HbA1c level with the FMD at an HbA1c level of about 7% of the peak of FMD in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were receiving antidiabetic drugs. The FMD was significantly smaller in the HbA1c <6.5% group than in the HbA1c 6.5–6.9% group and the HbA1c 7.0–7.9% group (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). The FMD values were similar in the HbA1c <6.5% group and HbA1c ≥8.0% group (P = 0.10). There were no significant differences in NID among the four groups (P = 0.98).

Conclusions

These findings suggest that a low HbA1c <6.5% as well as a high HbA1c ≥8.0% is associated with endothelial dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are receiving antidiabetic drugs and that vascular smooth muscle function is similar in such patients regardless of the HbA1c level.
Engaging parents in preventive programs for adolescent mental health: A socio‐ecological framework
Authors: Finan Samantha Jane , Yap Marie B. H.
Published: November 2021

Preventive parenting programs have been demonstrated to decrease the risk of adolescent mental health problems. Despite this, recruitment and engagement rates in these programs are low, which could lead to an underreporting of the effectiveness of these programs and parents not adequately developing the key skills required to prevent mental health problems in their adolescent. We propose a framework for understanding parental initial engagement using a socio‐ecological lens, by considering a variety of factors that apply across several levels: intrapersonal, interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy. Implications of this conceptual framework and future directions for research and practice are then discussed.
Non‐Deal Roadshows, Informed Trading, and Analyst Conflicts of Interest
Authors: BRADLEY DANIEL , JAME RUSSELL , WILLIAMS JARED
Published: November 2021

Non‐deal roadshows (NDRs) are private meetings between management and institutional investors, typically organized by sell‐side analysts. We find that around NDRs, local institutional investors trade heavily and profitably, while retail trading is significantly less informed. Analysts who sponsor NDRs issue significantly more optimistic recommendations and target prices, together with more “beatable” earnings forecasts, consistent with analysts issuing strategically biased forecasts to win NDR business. Our results suggest that NDRs result in a substantial information advantage for institutional investors and create significant conflicts of interests for the analysts who organize them.
Violence among State House Candidates during the COVID‐19 Pandemic
Authors: Herrick Rebekah , Thomas Sue
Published: November 2021

Although there is an established comparative literature addressing electoral violence, and an emerging literature on violence against US officeholders, research has not examined levels of violence perpetrated by constituents against US candidates, nor how a crisis, such as the COVID‐19 pandemic, including the political polarization connected to it, may affect violence. This note presents findings from a survey of state house candidates from 18 US states in the 2020 electoral cycle. The findings focus on psychological violence and suggest that it is a common occurrence, and that the COVID‐19 pandemic and polarization may have affected it. Specifically, most candidates reported that: they believe that the pandemic led to violence; those in states with larger increases in COVID‐19 cases and those running in states with higher levels of COVID‐19 public political events reported more violence. In addition, candidates running in more polarized states experienced more violence.
Multi‐disciplinary management of an unusual presentation of bilateral mandibular dentigerous cysts in a non‐syndromic child
Authors: Keogh Aoife , Besi Eleni , Ulhaq Aman
Published: November 2021

Aim

Bilateral dentigerous cysts of the mandible are extremely rare in non‐syndromic patients with <30 cases reported in the literature with only one involving successful orthodontic alignment of the affected teeth. This case aims to highlight a rare bilateral presentation of dentigerous cysts in a non‐syndromic child in addition to encouraging clinicians to consider multi‐disciplinary care for the management of cysts not only for successful resolution of the cystic spaces but also for subsequent successful orthodontic alignment of severely displaced teeth.

Material and Methods

A 12‐year old boy was referred to the paediatric dental department at the Edinburgh Dental Institute regarding partially erupted mandibular first permanent molars with suppuration and periodontal pocketing of 12mm. Radiographic examination revealed bilateral unilocular radiolucencies of the mandible associated with the partially erupted first and unerupted second permanent molars. The treatment to date includes oral hygiene advice, bilateral incisional biopsies and marsupialisation of the lesions under general anaesthetic, expose and bond procedures of the impacted mandibular second permanent molars and maxillary and mandibular fixed appliances.

Results

Both the first and second lower permanent molars have been successfully aligned within the arch. Histological analysis has confirmed the diagnosis of bilateral dentigerous cysts of the mandible although provisional diagnosis included bilateral keratocysts.

This patient has had both clinical and radiographic follow‐up in the paediatric dental, oral surgery and orthodontic departments over a 4‐year period.

Conclusion

This is a highly unusual presentation of bilateral mandibular dentigerous cysts in a non‐syndromic child. Successful multi‐disciplinary care between the paediatric, oral surgery and orthodontic departments yielded an extremely favourable outcome for this challenging case. Paediatric dentists should be aware of this unusual presentation, the subsequent appropriate referral pathway and the promising feasibility of successful orthodontic alignment of the affected teeth.
Dermatologic manifestations of pediatric cardiovascular diseases: Skin as a reflection of the heart
Authors: Jones Virginia A. , Patel Payal M. , Valikodath Tom , Ashack Kurt A.
Published: November 2021

Cutaneous disease can often be an initial clue of an underlying cardiovascular disease. Many congenital conditions (ie, Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines, Carney complex, and Fabry disease) and acquired conditions may present initially with specific cutaneous features that should prompt clinicians to conduct a full cardiac workup. Given the extensive number of conditions with both cardiovascular and cutaneous findings, this review will focus on diseases with cardiocutaneous pathology with hopes of raising clinician awareness of these associations to decrease morbidity and mortality, as several of these diseases often result in fatal outcomes.
Simultaneous occurrence of idiopathic trachyonychia in dizygotic twins
Authors: Bibb Lorin A. , Chang Mary Wu
Published: November 2021

Trachyonychia (or twenty‐nail dystrophy) is an uncommon chronic disorder manifesting as thin, flattened, brittle nails with excessive longitudinal ridging and loss of luster creating a “sandpaper‐like” texture that most commonly presents spontaneously in childhood as an isolated phenomenon; however, it has been historically associated with numerous dermatoses. Rarely, trachyonychia has been reported to occur in families, suggesting a potential hereditary predisposition. We report trachyonychia occurring simultaneously in dizygotic twins, further supporting a possible underlying genetic basis of this idiopathic nail disorder.
Impact of a clinical pathway on acute kidney injury in patients undergoing heart transplant
Authors: Algaze Claudia A. , Margetson Tristan D. , Sutherland Scott M. , Kwiatkowski David M. , Maeda Katsuhide , Navaratnam Manchula , Samreth Sarah P. , Price Elizabeth P. , Zook Nina B. , Yang Jeffrey K. , Hollander Seth A.
Published: November 2021

Background

To evaluate the impact of a clinical pathway on the incidence and severity of acute kidney injury in patients undergoing heart transplant.

Methods

This was a 2.5‐year retrospective evaluation using 3 years of historical controls within a cardiac intensive care unit in an academic children's hospital. Patients undergoing heart transplant between May 27, 2014, and April 5, 2017 (pre‐pathway) and May 1, 2017, and November 30, 2019 (pathway) were included. The clinical pathway focused on supporting renal perfusion through hemodynamic management, avoiding or delaying nephrotoxic medications, and providing pharmacoprophylaxis against AKI.

Results

There were 57 consecutive patients included. There was an unadjusted 20% reduction in incidence of any acute kidney injury (p = .05) and a 17% reduction in Stage 2/3 acute kidney injury (p = .09). In multivariable adjusted analysis, avoidance of Stage 2/3 acute kidney injury was independently associated with the clinical pathway era (AOR −1.3 [95% CI −2.5 to −0.2]; p = .03), achieving a central venous pressure of or less than 12 mmHg (AOR −1.3 [95% CI −2.4 to −0.2]; p = .03) and mean arterial pressure above 60 mmHg (AOR −1.6 [95% CI −3.1 to −0.01]; p = .05) in the first 48 h post‐transplant, and older age at transplant (AOR ‐ 0.2 [95% CI −0.2 to −0.06]; p = .002).

Conclusions

This report describes a renal protection clinical pathway associated with a reduction in perioperative acute kidney injury in patients undergoing heart transplant and highlights the importance of normalizing perioperative central venous pressure and mean arterial blood pressure to support optimal renal perfusion.
AID is a poor prognostic marker of high‐grade B‐cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 rearrangements
Authors: Miyaoka Masashi , Kikuti Yara Yukie , Carreras Joaquim , Itou Atsushi , Ikoma Haruka , Tomita Sakura , Shiraiwa Sawako , Ando Kiyoshi , Nakamura Naoya
Published: November 2021

Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma with MYC rearrangement is defined as double/triple‐hit lymphoma (DHL/THL) or single‐hit lymphoma (SHL) by the inclusion of the BCL2 and BCL6 rearrangements status. DHL/THL is called as “high‐grade B‐cell lymphoma with MYC and BCL2 and/or BCL6 rearrangements” in the World Health Organization 2017 Classification of Tumors of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. To find a prognostic biomarker of DHL/THL, we firstly examined 19 cases (molecular analysis series;10 cases of DHL/THL and 9 cases of SHL) with gene expression profile analysis. The gene expression profile analysis showed that the high expression of AICDA was associated with an adverse prognosis in DHL/THL, but not in SHL. Then, we evaluated immunohistochemical expression of AID, the protein product of AICDA, in 50 cases (molecular analysis series of 19 cases and additional immunohistochemistry series of 31 cases; 12 cases of DHL/THL and 19 cases of SHL) and confirmed that its expression was also associated with an adverse prognosis in DHL/THL. Therefore, AICDA and AID can be a predictor of an adverse clinical outcome in DHL/THL and immunohistochemistry of AID is useful to find DHL/THL‐adverse prognosis group.
High‐flow arteriovenous fistula and hemodynamic consequences at 1 year after kidney transplantation
Authors: Keller Nicolas , Monnier Alexandra , Caillard Sophie , Cognard Noëlle , Geny Bernard , Moulin Bruno , Talha Samy
Published: November 2021

Introduction

There are only scarce data regarding the cardiovascular impact of arteriovenous fistula after kidney transplantation depending on fistula flow.

Methods

We performed a single‐center, prospective, cohort study including 49 patients with a functional fistula at 1 year from kidney transplantation. Patients were convened for a clinical work‐up, a biological analysis, a fistula's Doppler ultrasonography and an echocardiography. Main judgment criterion was comparison of echocardiography parameters between patients with relative (fistula flow >1 L/min and a fistula flow/cardiac output ratio >20%), absolute high‐flow fistula (fistula flow >2 L/min) and normal‐flow fistula.

Results

High‐flow fistula frequency was 69%. Significantly higher left ventricular end‐diastolic and systolic diameters were observed in this group compared with the normal‐flow fistula group (53 ± 6 vs. 48 ± 7 mm; p = 0.04 and 33 ± 6 vs. 28 ± 8 mm; p = 0.02) and between the absolute and relative high‐flow fistula subgroups (56 ± 6 vs. 51 ± 6 mm; p = 0.009 and 35 ± 6 vs. 31 ± 5 mm; p = 0.01). The study showed no other significant differences.

Conclusions

This study showed a significantly higher but not pathological left ventricular end‐diastolic and systolic diameters values in patients with high‐flow fistula compared with patients with normal‐flow fistula and between patients with respectively absolute and relative high‐flow fistula.
Race and the Financial Toolkit: Bridging Cultural Theories to Understand Behavior and Decision Making in the Racial Wealth Gap
Authors: Rucks‐Ahidiana Zawadi
Published: November 2021

In this article, I theorize the “financial toolkit” or the repertoires that inform financial decision‐making processes and explain why and what racial differences we should expect. I argue that while prior literature has focused on financial repertoires with large racial differences, we should expect both similar and distinct financial repertoires by race given that social networks and neighborhoods of residences are racially segregated, but mainstream media sources and national narratives create common financial discourses. Using data from the 2019 Survey of Consumer Finances, I show that while Black, Latinx, and White respondents all draw on social network and media sources for information about finances, that the financial practices they identify as ideal are only similar when articulated as broad, vague practices. Racial differences emerge among specific financial behaviors about how to engage with money. These findings contribute to our understandings of how culture contributes to the racial wealth gap, how institutions contribute to cultural toolkits, and how race informs behavior and decision‐making.
Semantic Roles or Syntactic Functions: The Effects of Annotation Scheme on the Results of Dependency Measures
Authors: Yan Jianwei , Liu Haitao
Published: November 2021

The annotation scheme of dependency treebanks might have an impact on the results of linguistic analysis, thus leading to different interpretations of linguistic phenomena. This study compares the results of two widely used dependency measures, i.e., dependency direction and dependency distance, based on 18 parallel Universal Dependencies (UD) annotated treebanks and 18 corresponding Surface‐Syntactic Universal Dependencies (SUD) annotated treebanks. The results show that (1) Based on the semantic UD and syntactic SUD, dependency relations between function words and content words share the opposite dependency directions but similar dependency distances; (2) Annotation scheme has a significant impact on dependency direction, though the effect size is small. We find that the proportions of head‐final dependencies based on the syntactic SUD can better group language families than those based on semantic UD; (3) Annotation scheme also affects dependency distance significantly, though its effect size is small. Mean dependency distances (MDDs) based on UD are always higher than those based on SUD. However, the MDDs based on both annotation schemes are within a certain threshold, which shows that the linguistic universal of dependency distance minimization is independent of annotation schemes.
Glucuronidation of type II arabinogalactan polysaccharides function in sexual reproduction of Arabidopsis
Authors: Ajayi Oyeyemi O. , Held Michael A. , Showalter Allan M.
Published: November 2021

Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are complex, hyperglycosylated plant cell wall proteins with little known about the biological roles of their glycan moieties in sexual reproduction. Here, we report that GLCAT14A, GLCAT14B, and GLCAT14C, three enzymes responsible for the addition of glucuronic acid residues to AGPs, function in pollen development, polytubey block, and normal embryo development in Arabidopsis. Using biochemical and immunolabeling techniques, we demonstrated that the loss of function of the GLCAT14A, GLCAT14B, and GLCAT14C genes resulted in disorganization of the reticulate structure of the exine wall, abnormal development of the intine layer, and collapse of pollen grains in glcat14a/b and glcat14a/b/c mutants. Synchronous development between locules within the same anther was also lost in some glcat14a/b/c stamens. In addition, we observed excessive attraction of pollen tubes targeting glcat14a/b/c ovules, indicating that the polytubey block mechanism was compromised. Monosaccharide composition analysis revealed significant reductions in all sugars in glcat14a/b and glcat14a/b/c mutants except for arabinose and galactose, while immunolabeling showed decreased amounts of AGP sugar epitopes recognized by glcat14a/b and glcat14a/b/c mutants compared with the wild type. This work demonstrates the important roles that AG glucuronidation plays in Arabidopsis sexual reproduction and reproductive development.
A comparison between liquid group A plasma and thawed group A plasma for massive transfusion activation in trauma patients
Authors: Fadeyi Emmanuel A. , Saha Amit K. , Soltani Sohaila , Naal Tawfeq , Palmer Robert , Bakht Azad , Warren Christina S. , Simmons Julie H. , Pomper Gregory J.
Published: November 2021

Background and Objectives

The use of group A thawed 24‐h plasma when resuscitating haemorrhagic shock patients has become more common; however, limited data exist on the clinical use of liquid plasma (LP). Our aim is to determine whether LP is of clinical benefit to patients requiring massive transfusion.

Materials and Methods

The objective of this retrospective study was to detect any difference in 24‐h survival between patients receiving liquid or thawed plasma (TP) during their massive transfusion activation. Other objectives were to report any difference in hospital length of stay (LOS), intensive care unit (ICU) LOS and in‐hospital survival. Data collected included gender, age, mechanism of injury, Injury Severity Score, Revised Trauma Score and Trauma Injury Severity Score.

Results

A total of 178 patients received 1283 units of LP, median 4 and range (1–56), whereas 270 patients received 2031 units of TP, median 5 and range (1–87). The two study groups were comparable in terms of gender, age, mechanism of injury, whole blood, red blood cells, platelets and cryoprecipitate transfused. The use of LP during the massive transfusion activation in traumatically injured patients was not associated with increased 24‐h survival compared to when using TP, p = 0.553.

Conclusion

Our study did not show a difference in 24‐h or 30‐day survival between the use of LP compared to TP in trauma patients. LP should be considered an alternative to TP in trauma patients requiring immediate plasma resuscitation.
English and regional identity in ASEAN
Authors: Lee Huan Yik , Hamid M. Obaidul , Hardy Ian
Published: November 2021

The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has deployed English not only as its sole working language but also as a tool for forging regional identity, unity and solidarity among its ten member‐states. Drawing on the concept of ‘imagined communities’ and, by extension, ‘imagined identity regionalism’, this article provides a critical examination of this policy desire and asks the question whether the desire should be read as a form of political rhetoric or an achievable goal for ASEAN. We argue that the unifying potential of English language as an imagined regional community and identity has yet to be realised. At best, English can be seen as contributing to ASEAN's ‘functional identity’, rather than a more substantive ‘socio‐cultural identity’. It is suggested that although the birth of a distinct hybridised variety of ASEAN English may facilitate a bottom‐up linguistic identity imagination for ASEAN, such an ideal appears utopian at this time.
Interferon-Lambda Intranasal Protection and Differential Sex Pathology in a Murine Model of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Authors: Sohn Sook-Young , Hearing Janet , Mugavero JoAnn , Kirillov Varvara , Gorbunova Elena , Helminiak Luke , Mishra Smruti , Mackow Erich , Hearing Patrick , Reich Nancy C. , Kim Hwan Keun
Published: November 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has claimed millions of lives worldwide. In this report, we used a preclinical mouse model to investigate the prophylactic and therapeutic value of intranasal IFN-λ for this acute respiratory disease.
Dietary Modulation Alters Susceptibility to Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium with or without a Gut Microbiota
Authors: Wolter Mathis , Steimle Alex , Parrish Amy , Zimmer Jacques , Desai Mahesh S.
Published: November 2021

The human enteric pathogens
Listeria monocytogenes
and
Salmonella
Typhimurium are employed as classical models in rodent hosts to understand the pathogenesis mechanisms of foodborne pathogens. Research in the past decade has stressed the importance of the gut microbial composition in modulating susceptibility to these pathogens.
The Two-Component System RstA/RstB Regulates Expression of Multiple Efflux Pumps and Influences Anaerobic Nitrate Respiration in Pseudomonas fluorescens
Authors: Li Di-Yin , Han Jian-Ting , Zhang Meng-Yuan , Yan Xu , Zhang Nannan , Ge Honghua , Wang Zhiping , He Yong-Xing
Published: November 2021

Microenvironmental hypoxia typically increases bacterial multidrug resistance by elevating expression of multidrug efflux pumps, but the precise mechanism is currently not well understood. Here, we showed that the two-component system RstA/RstB not only positively regulated expression of several efflux pumps involved in multidrug resistance, but also promoted expression of enzymes involved in anaerobic nitrate respiration and pyoverdine biosynthesis.
Interactions of the Intracellular Bacterium
Cardinium
with Its Host, the House Dust Mite
Dermatophagoides farinae
, Based on Gene Expression Data
Authors: Hubert Jan , Nesvorna Marta , Klimov Pavel B. , Erban Tomas , Sopko Bruno , Dowd Scot E. , Scully Erin D.
Published: November 2021

The molecular mechanisms of mite-symbiont interactions and their impacts on human health are largely unknown. Astigmatid mites, such as house dust and stored-product mites, are among the most significant allergen sources worldwide.
Crustal fluids cause strong Lu-Hf fractionation and Hf-Nd-Li isotopic provinciality in the mantle of continental subduction zones
Authors: Gudelius Dominik , Aulbach Sonja , Seitz Hans-Michael , Braga Roberto
Published: November 2021

Metasomatized mantle wedge peridotites exhumed within high-pressure terranes of continental collision zones provide unique insights into crust-mantle interaction and attendant mass transfer, which are critical to our understanding of terrestrial element cycles. Such peridotites occur in high-grade gneisses of the Ulten Zone in the European Alps and record metasomatism by crustal fluids at 330 Ma and high-pressure conditions (2.0 GPa, 850 °C) that caused a transition from coarse-grained, garnet-bearing to fine-grained, amphibole-rich rocks. We explored the effects of crustal fluids on canonically robust Lu-Hf peridotite isotope signatures in comparison with fluid-sensitive trace elements and Nd-Li isotopes. Notably, we found that a Lu-Hf pseudo-isochron is created by a decrease in bulk-rock 176Lu/177Hf from coarse- to fine-grained peridotite that is demonstrably caused by heavy rare earth element (HREE) loss during fluid-assisted, garnet-consuming, amphibole-forming reactions accompanied by enrichment in fluid-mobile elements and the addition of unradiogenic Nd. Despite close spatial relationships, some peridotite lenses record more intense fluid activity that causes complete garnet breakdown and high field strength element (HFSE) addition along with the addition of crust-derived unradiogenic Hf, as well as distinct chromatographic light REE (LREE) fractionation. We suggest that the observed geochemical and isotopic provinciality between peridotite lenses reflects different positions relative to the crustal fluid source at depth. This interpretation is supported by Li isotopes: inferred proximal peridotites show light δ7Li due to strong kinetic Li isotope fractionation (−4.7–2.0‰) that accompanies Li enrichment, whereas distal peridotites show Li contents and δ7Li similar to those of the depleted mantle (1.0–7.2‰). Thus, Earth's mantle can acquire significant Hf-Nd-Li-isotopic heterogeneity during locally variable ingress of crustal fluids in continental subduction zones.
Widespread glasses generated by cometary fireballs during the late Pleistocene in the Atacama Desert, Chile
Authors: Schultz Peter H. , Harris R. Scott , Perroud Sebastián , Blanco Nicolas , Tomlinson Andrew J.
Published: November 2021

Twisted and folded silicate glasses (up to 50 cm across) concentrated in certain areas across the Atacama Desert near Pica (northern Chile) indicate nearly simultaneous (seconds to minutes) intense airbursts close to Earth's surface near the end of the Pleistocene. The evidence includes mineral decompositions that require ultrahigh temperatures, dynamic modes of emplacement for the glasses, and entrained meteoritic dust. Thousands of identical meteoritic grains trapped in these glasses show compositions and assemblages that resemble those found exclusively in comets and CI group primitive chondrites. Combined with the broad distribution of the glasses, the Pica glasses provide the first clear evidence for a cometary body (or bodies) exploding at a low altitude. This occurred soon after the arrival of proto-Archaic hunter-gatherers and around the time of rapid climate change in the Southern Hemisphere.
Supplemental Material: Numerical models of Farallon plate subduction: Creating and removing a flat slab
Authors: Currie Claire A. , Copeland Peter
Published: November 2021

Additional model figures S1–S7.
Supplemental Material: Geochronology and geochemistry of the Huntington Formation, Olds Ferry terrane, Blue Mountains province, northern U.S. Cordillera: Implications for accreted terrane correlation and assembly
Authors: Ware Bryant , al. et
Published: November 2021

Table S1: U-Pb isotopic data.
Supplemental Material: Late Quaternary active faulting on the inherited Baoertu basement fault within the eastern Tian Shan orogenic belt: Implications for regional tectonic deformation and slip partitioning, NW China
Authors: Wu Chuanyong , al. et
Published: November 2021

Figure S1: Profile of velocity components normal to structure striking (E-W components) across the eastern Tian Shan (profile from (85.3°, 41.0°) to (85.3°, 45.0°) with a width of 240 km.
Critical COVID-19 in a pregnant patient who presented in starvation ketoacidosis with a background history of acrorenal syndrome
Authors: Brady Aoife , Aglan Ahmed
Published: November 2021

A primiparous woman in her late 30s at 28+1 weeks’ gestation presented with a 3-day history of abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea and vomiting and was diagnosed with starvation ketoacidosis. A routine admission swab returned positive for COVID-19. She had been diagnosed with acrorenal syndrome from birth. Three days post admission, she deteriorated rapidly into respiratory failure requiring intubation and ventilation. She was treated with dexamethasone, prophylactic enoxaparin, a course of piperacillin/tazobactam followed by meropenem and fluconazole and 8 cycles of proning. An emergency caesarean section was performed on day 12 of hospital admission at 29+5 weeks’ gestation to improve maternal oxygenation and ventilation. The baby had deformities consistent with acrorenal syndrome but no evidence of COVID-19. She spent 23 days in the intensive care unit. Our case describes an unusual presentation of COVID-19, the challenges in managing critically ill pregnant patients along with a rare background history of acrorenal syndrome.
Painful skin lesion in a patient on haemodialysis: a diagnosis not to miss
Authors: Killeen Emily , Traynor Carol , O'Seaghdha Conall
Published: November 2021

An 81-year-old man was admitted under the care of a plastic surgery team with a 10-day history of a painful left lower leg skin lesion after a punch biopsy of a naevus. His background history includes end-stage kidney disease secondary to hypertensive nephropathy, on intermittent haemodialysis via fistula. Other significant background history includes stroke, hypertension and ischaemic heart disease with coronary artery stents. There was no history of warfarin use. He was initially treated with a 5-day course of oral antibiotics with no improvement. He was referred to the hospital where he was admitted under the plastic surgery team who had completed the punch biopsy for intravenous antibiotics for presumed cellulitis. During his admission, the nephrology service were consulted to prescribe routine inpatient haemodialysis. Further history taking and wound review identified a 10-day history of an extremely painful skin lesion with an eschar and surrounding dusky, purpuric skin. Given the disproportionate pain and black eschar which are not in keeping with cellulitis, a diagnosis of calciphylaxis was made. He was commenced sodium thiosulfate on haemodialysis.
Mortality estimates for WHO SEAR countries: problems and prospects
Authors: Rao Chalapati , Bundhamcharoen Kanitta , Kelly Matthew , Tangcharoensathien Viroj
Published: November 2021

Cause-specific mortality estimates for 11 countries located in the WHO’s South East Asia Region (WHO SEAR) are generated periodically by the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) and the WHO Global Health Estimates (GHE) analyses. A comparison of GBD and GHE estimates for 2019 for 11 specific causes of epidemiological importance to South East Asia was undertaken. An index of relative difference (RD) between the estimated numbers of deaths by sex for each cause from the two sources for each country was calculated, and categorised as marginal (RD=±0%–9%), moderate (RD=±10%–19%), high (RD=±20%–39%) and extreme (RD>±40%). The comparison identified that the RD was >10% in two-thirds of all instances. The RD was ‘high’ or ‘extreme’ for deaths from tuberculosis, diarrhoea, road injuries and suicide for most SEAR countries, and for deaths from most of the 11 causes in Bangladesh, DPR Korea, Myanmar, Nepal and Sri Lanka. For all WHO SEAR countries, mortality estimates from both sources are based on statistical models developed from an international historical cause-specific mortality data series that included very limited empirical data from the region. Also, there is no scientific rationale available to justify the reliability of one set of estimates over the other. The characteristics of national mortality statistics systems for each WHO SEAR country were analysed, to understand the reasons for weaknesses in empirical data. The systems analysis identified specific limitations in structure, organisation and implementation that affect data completeness, validity of causes of death and vital statistics production, which vary across countries. Therefore, customised national strategies are required to strengthen mortality statistics systems to meet immediate and long-term data needs for health policy and research, and reduce dependence on current unreliable modelled estimates.
COVID-19 in children in Odisha state, India: a retrospective review
Authors: Dash Girish Chandra , Subhadra Subhra , Turuk Jyotirmayee , Parai Debaprasad , Rout Usha Kiran , Rath Sonalika , Sabat Jyotsnamayee , Nanda Rashmi Ranjan , Choudhary Hari Ram , Pati Sanghamitra , Bhattacharya Debdutta
Published: November 2021

We retrospectively analysed the swab samples tested for COVID-19 from 7 March 2020 to 17 August 2021 at the Indian Council of Medical Research-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha. 553 763 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from individuals suspected with COVID-19 in Odisha state. 75 190 (13.6%) samples were positive by reverse transcription-PCR. There were 5988 (8%) cases in children and young people under 18 years old. Odisha reported 996 153 COVID-19 cases which resulted in 6985 deaths in adults and 36 in children and young people under 18 years old.
Investigations intoSCAMP5,a candidate lupus risk gene expressed in plasmacytoid dendritic cells
Authors: Ghanem Mustafa H , Shih Andrew J , Vashistha Himanshu , Coke Latanya N , Li Wentian , Kim Sun Jung , Simpfendorfer Kim R , Gregersen Peter K
Published: November 2021

Objective

We have investigated the molecular function ofSCAMP5, a candidate risk gene for SLE exclusively expressed in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) among peripheral leucocytes.

Methods

We tested the independence of the association inSCAMP5with SLE by performing conditional analyses. We profiled the expression pattern ofSCAMP5among circulating leucocytes at the transcript and protein levels. Using lentiviral vectors, we localised the subcellular distribution of SCAMP5 alongside the interferon secretory pathway. We analysed pDCs for the expression ofSCAMP5and interferon production capacity bySCAMP5genotype. Finally, we examined pDC-specificSCAMP5isoforms by total RNAseq analysis and examined for genotype-associated quantitative differences therein.

Results

A conditional analysis revealed evidence of an independent genetic association ofSCAMP5with SLE. Among circulating leucocytes,SCAMP5is uniquely expressed in pDCs at the transcript and protein levels, with main presence in the Golgi apparatus and minor presence at the cell periphery. In live cells, SCAMP5 displayed dynamic Golgi-cell surface trafficking and localised with the interferon secretory pathway.SCAMP5did not differ in expression levels in pDCs between genotyped donors; however, a transient interferon secretory defect was noted in pDCs from donors carrying the risk genotype.

Conclusions

SCAMP5constitutes a novel SLE risk gene on the basis of genomic data and expression in a cell type widely implicated in SLE pathogenesis. While we could not find evidence of quantitative expression differences inSCAMP5between genotyped donors,SCAMP5remains an attractive gene to explore given its highly restricted expression pattern and colocalisation with interferon secretion.
All-cause mortality in systemic rheumatic diseases under treatment compared with the general population, 2015–2019
Authors: Bournia Vasiliki-Kalliopi , Fragoulis George E , Mitrou Panagiota , Mathioudakis Konstantinos , Tsolakidis Anastasios , Konstantonis George , Vourli Georgia , Paraskevis Dimitrios , Tektonidou Maria G , Sfikakis Petros P
Published: November 2021

Objectives

To compare current all-cause mortality rates in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and systemic sclerosis (SSc) versus general population.

Methods

In this population-based, retrospective cohort study, anonymised data on 11 186 586 citizens, including all patients with RA (42 735, 79% female), AS (9707, 43% female), PsA (13 779, 55% female), SLE (10 440, 89% female) and SSc (2277, 88% female), (median age of 64/47/54/53/59 years at study entry, respectively), under prescribed treatment between 2015 and 2019, were extracted from the electronic database covering nearly 99% of the Greek population.

Results

After 1:5 (patients:general population) matching for gender/age, we found that survival was worse in SSc, followed by SLE and inflammatory arthritis. Compared with the general population HRs for death increased from the first 3 years to 5 years of observation possibly due to increases in disease duration: RA (from 0.63 to 1.13 (95% CI: 1.05 to 1.22), AS (from 0.62 to 1.01, (95% CI: 0.76 to 1.33)), PsA (from 0.68 to 1.06, (95% CI: 0.88 to 1.28)), SLE (from 1.52 to 1.98, (95% CI: 1.67 to 2.33)) and SSc (from 2.27 to 4.24, (95% CI: 3.19 to 5.63)). In both SLE and SSc mortality was increased in men than women and in patients younger than 50 years.

Conclusions

Survival rates over 5 years in inflammatory arthritis under treatment are currently becoming comparable (AS/PsA) or slightly higher (RA) than those of the general population. However, all-cause mortality is almost twofold and fourfold higher in SLE and SSc, respectively, being even higher for male and younger patients.
An 82 bp tandem repeat family typical of 3′ non-coding end of Gypsy/TAT LTR retrotransposons is conserved in Coffea spp. pericentromeres
Authors: Cintra Leonardo Adabo , Souza Thaíssa Boldieri de , Parteka Letícia Maria , Barreto Lucas Mesquita , Pereira Luiz Filipe Protasio , Gaeta Marcos Letaif , Guyot Romain , Vanzela André Luís Laforga
Published: November 2021

Coffea spp. chromosomes are very small and accumulate a variety of repetitive DNA families around the centromeres. However, the proximal regions of Coffea chromosomes remain poorly understood, especially regarding the nature and organisation of the sequences. Taking advantage of the genome sequences of C. arabica (2n = 44), C. canephora, and C. eugenioides (C. arabica progenitors with 2n = 22) and good coverage genome sequencing of dozens of other wild Coffea spp., repetitive DNA sequences were identified, and the genomes were compared to decipher particularities of pericentromeric structures. The searches revealed a short tandem repeat (82 bp length) typical of Gypsy/TAT LTR retrotransposons, named Coffea_sat11. This repeat organises clusters with fragments of other transposable elements, comprising regions of non-coding RNA production. Cytogenomic analyses showed that Coffea_sat11 extends from the pericentromeres towards the middle of the chromosomal arms. This arrangement was observed in the allotetraploid C. arabica chromosomes, as well as in its progenitors. This study improves our understanding of the role of the Gypsy/TAT LTR retrotransposon lineage in the organisation of Coffea pericentromeres, as well as the conservation of Coffea_sat11 within the genus. The relationships between fragments of other transposable elements and the functional aspects of these sequences on the pericentromere chromatin were also evaluated. Highlights: A scattered short tandem repeat, typical of Gypsy/TAT LTR retrotransposons, associated with several fragments of other transposable elements, accumulates in the pericentromeres of Coffea chromosomes. This arrangement is preserved in all clades of the genus and appears to have a strong regulatory role in the organisation of chromatin around centromeres.
Charge conservation, entropy current and gravitation
Authors: Aoki Sinya , Onogi Tetsuya , Yokoyama Shuichi
Published: November 2021

We propose a new class of vector fields to construct a conserved charge in a general field theory whose energy–momentum tensor is covariantly conserved. We show that there always exists such a vector field in a given field theory even without global symmetry. We also argue that the conserved current constructed from the (asymptotically) timelike vector field can be identified with the entropy current of the system. As a piece of evidence we show that the conserved charge defined therefrom satisfies the first law of thermodynamics for an isotropic system with a suitable definition of temperature. We apply our formulation to several gravitational systems such as the expanding universe, Schwarzschild and Banãdos, Teitelboim and Zanelli (BTZ) black holes, and gravitational plane waves. We confirm the conservation of the proposed entropy density under any homogeneous and isotropic expansion of the universe, the precise reproduction of the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy incorporating the first law of thermodynamics, and the existence of gravitational plane wave carrying no charge, respectively. We also comment on the energy conservation during gravitational collapse in simple models.
A Transformer-Based Approach to Multilingual Fake News Detection in Low-Resource Languages
Authors: De Arkadipta , Bandyopadhyay Dibyanayan , Gain Baban , Ekbal Asif
Published: November 2021

Fake news classification is one of the most interesting problems that has attracted huge attention to the researchers of artificial intelligence, natural language processing, and machine learning (ML). Most of the current works on fake news detection are in the English language, and hence this has limited its widespread usability, especially outside the English literate population. Although there has been a growth in multilingual web content, fake news classification in low-resource languages is still a challenge due to the non-availability of an annotated corpus and tools. This article proposes an effective neural model based on the multilingual Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformer (BERT) for domain-agnostic multilingual fake news classification. Large varieties of experiments, including language-specific and domain-specific settings, are conducted. The proposed model achieves high accuracy in domain-specific and domain-agnostic experiments, and it also outperforms the current state-of-the-art models. We perform experiments on zero-shot settings to assess the effectiveness of language-agnostic feature transfer across different languages, showing encouraging results. Cross-domain transfer experiments are also performed to assess language-independent feature transfer of the model. We also offer a multilingual multidomain fake news detection dataset of five languages and seven different domains that could be useful for the research and development in resource-scarce scenarios.