bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The 2021 eruption of the Cumbre Vieja Volcanic Ridge on La Palma, Canary Islands
Authors: Carracedo Juan Carlos , Troll Valentin , Day James , Aulinas Junca Meritxell , Soler Vicente , Deegan Frances , Pérez Torrado Francisco José , Pinto Guillem Gisbert , Gazel Esteban , Rodríguez González Alejandro , Albert Minguez Helena
Published: February 2022

Almost exactly half a century after the eruption of the Teneguía Volcano on La Palma (26 October to 28 November 1971), a new eruption occurred on the island and lasted for 85 days from 19 September until 13 December 2021. This new eruption opened a volcanic vent complex on the western flank of the Cumbre Vieja rift zone, the N-S elongated polygenetic volcanic ridge that has developed on La Palma over the last c. 125 ka. The Cumbre Vieja ridge is the volcanically active region of the island and the most active one of the Canary Islands, hosting half of all the historically recorded eruptive events in the archipelago. The 2021 La Palma eruption has seen no direct loss of human life, thanks to efficient early detection and sensible management of the volcanic crisis by the authorities, but more than 2800 buildings and almost 1000 hectares of plantations and farmland were destroyed. Satellite surveillance enabled accurate mapping of the progressive buildup of the extensive and complex basaltic lava field, which together with monitoring of gas emissions informed the timely evacuation of local populations from affected areas. Lava flows that reached the sea constructed an extensive system of lava platforms, similar to events during earlier historical eruptions, such as in 1712, 1949 and 1971. Long-term challenges in the aftermath of the eruption include protection of drainage systems from potential redistribution of tephra during high rainfall events, the use of the large surplus quantities of ash in reconstruction of buildings and in agriculture, and the crucial concerns of where and how rebuilding should and could occur in the aftermath of the eruption. Finally, there remains strong financial concerns over insurance for properties consumed or damaged by the eruption in light of future volcanic hazards from the Cumbre Vieja volcanic ridge.
Early evolution of the Adelaide Superbasin
Authors: Lloyd Jarred , Collins Alan , Blades Morgan , Gilbert Sarah , Amos Kathryn
Published: February 2022

Continental rifts have a significant role in supercontinent breakup, and the development of sedimentary basins. The Australian Adelaide Superbasin is one of the largest and best-preserved rift systems that initiated during the breakup of Rodinia, yet substantial challenges still hinder our understanding of its early evolution and place within the Rodinian supercontinent. In the past decade, our understanding of rift and passive margin development, mantle plumes and their role in tectonics, geodynamics of supercontinent breakup, and sequence stratigraphy in tectonic settings has advanced significantly, however literature on the early evolution of the Adelaide Superbasin has not been updated to reflect these advancements. Using new detrital zircon age data for provenance, combined with existing literature, we examine the earliest tectonic evolution of the Adelaide Superbasin in the context of our modern understanding of rift system development. A new maximum depositional age of 893 ± 9 Ma from the lowermost stratigraphic unit provides a revised limit on the initiation of sedimentation and rifting within the basin. Our model suggests that the basin evolved through an initial pulse of extension exploiting pre-existing crustal weakness to form half-grabens. Tectonic quiescence and stable subsidence followed, with deposition of a sourceward-shifting facies tract. Emplacement and extrusion of the Willouran Large Igneous Province occurred at c. 830 Ma initiating a new phase of rifting. This rift renewal led to widespread extension and subsidence with deposition of the Curdimurka Subgroup, which constitutes the main cyclic rift sequence in the Adelaide Superbasin. Our model suggests that the Adelaide Superbasin formed through rift propagation an apparent triple junction, rather than apical extension outwards from this point. Additionally, we provide evidence suggesting a late Mesoproterozoic zircon source to the east of the basin, and show that the lowermost stratigraphy of the Centralian Superbasin, which is thought to be deposited coevally, had different primary detrital sources.
Association between Decentering and Reductions in Relapse/Recurrence in Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression in Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Moore Michael Thomas , Lau Mark A. , Haigh Emily , Willett Brandilyn R. , Bosma Colin Maxwell , Fresco David Marc
Published: February 2022

Objective: “Decentering” is defined as the ability to observe one’s thoughts and feelings as temporary, objective events in the mind (Safran & Segal, 1990), and is increasingly regarded as a candidate mechanism in mindfulness-based interventions. The current study sought to examine the role of decentering, and other related variables, in the efficacy of Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) as compared to two active comparison conditions. Method: Formerly depressed individuals (N = 227), randomly assigned to MBCT (n = 74), relaxation group therapy (RGT; n = 77) or treatment-as-usual (TAU; n = 76), completed self-report measures of decentering and symptoms of depression at pre-, mid-, and post-treatment, and relapse was assessed at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months, post-treatment. Results: With regard to the acute treatment phase, results indicated that, whereas levels of depression increased in both RGT and TAU, MBCT patients remained free from symptom gains. Moreover, gains in decentering from mid- to post-treatment predicted reductions in depression from pre- to post-treatment for MBCT and TAU, but not for RGT. Participants who experienced increases in decentering, measured from mid- to post-treatment, generally evidenced the lowest levels of relapse/recurrence (during the four follow-up assessments), largely irrespective of treatment group. However, results related to change in decentering should be considered exploratory due to small cell sizes among participants who did not experience gains in decentering.Conclusions: Taken together, these results suggest that decentering is a potent mechanism for reduction of relapse in major depression, albeit one that is non-specific to MBCT.
Attention towards Facial Regions Varies between Emotion Types but not between Attachment Styles
Authors: Türk Dilara Deniz , Yildirim Funda
Published: February 2022

Both a viewer’s internal state and the specific emotion being reflected will affect how well facial emotional expressions are understood. Certain facial regions may be informative about particular emotions. Studies suggest that attachment styles are highly influential on our reactions or attentional processes towards emotional stimuli. We investigated the effect of attachment styles on attention to emotional expressions and the role of facial regions on analyzing the emotional expressions by using a facial change detection task. While attachment style did not substantially affect detection performance for facial regions, viewing sad and angry faces led to the highest lowest detection performances respectively. Emotion type only affected the performances around the eye and the nose regions. While neutral and sad expressions drew attention to the eye region, neutral and angry expressions drew attention to the nose region. We conclude that while emotion types influence face viewing strategies, attachment styles do not. Although attachment styles affect information processes such as attention, recognition or recall of emotional stimuli, evaluating facial emotions may be involved in lower-level information processes. Our results also indicate that facial emotions that evoke emphatic or averting feelings influence people’s dwell time on expressions and how thoroughly they examine faces.
Is this my foot? Experimentally induced disownership in individuals with Body Integrity Dysphoria
Authors: Weijs Marieke Lieve , Ho Jasmine Tian-He , Roel Lesur Marte , Lenggenhager Bigna
Published: February 2022

In a common variant of body integrity dysphoria (BID), otherwise healthy individuals feel like a part of their physical body does not belong to them despite normal sensorimotor functioning, often leading to the desire of amputation for the affected body part. While underlying mechanisms are far from understood, theoretical and empirical evidence suggested a weakened integration of the affected body part into higher-order multisensory cortical body networks. Here, we used a multisensory stimulation paradigm in mixed reality to specifically modulate and investigate multisensory processing underlying body (dis)ownership in 20 patients with BID of the lower limb. Various delays between the visual and the tactile information of viewed stroking applied to affected and unaffected body parts were introduced. Delay perception and the sense of ownership were assessed. Increasing delays led to a reduced sense of ownership, but for the affected limb specifically, ownership was overall lower and more strongly modulated by delay which might be in line with the idea of a weakened body representation and a stronger dependency on online bottom up sensory signals. Delay perception was, however, unlike predicted, not different between the two body parts.
Do toddlers preferentially transmit generalizable information? A Registered Report.
Authors: Karadağ Didar , Bazhydai Marina , Westermann Gert
Published: February 2022

Children actively and selectively transmit information to others based on the type of information and the context during learning. Four- to 7-year-old children preferentially transmit generalizable information in teaching-like contexts. Although 2-year-old children are able to distinguish between generalizable and non-generalizable information, it is not known whether they likewise transmit generalizable information selectively. We designed a behavioral study to address this question. Two-year-old children will be presented with three novel boxes, identical except their color. In each box, one of two equally salient actions will lead to a generalizable outcome (e.g., playing a (different) tune in each box), whereas the other will lead to a non-generalizable outcome (e.g., turning on a light, vibrating the box, or making a noise). In a discovery phase, children will have a chance to discover the functions of each box presented one-by-one. Then, in an exploration phase, they will be given the opportunity to independently explore all three boxes presented together. Finally, in a transmission phase, an ignorant recipient will enter the room and ask the child to show them how these toys work. We will measure whether children will preferentially transmit either generalizable or non-generalizable information when they are asked to demonstrate the function of the toys to a naïve adult. The findings of this study will not only inform us about toddlers’ selectivity in transmitting information but also about the development of sensitivity to information generalizability.
Variability in Caregiver Attention Bias to Threat: A Goldilocks Effect in Infant Emotional Development?
Authors: Gunther Kelley , Anaya Berenice , Myruski Sarah , LoBue Vanessa , Buss Kristin A. , Perez-Edgar Koraly
Published: February 2022

Attention biases to threat are considered part of the etiology of anxiety disorders. Attention bias variability (ABV) quantifies intraindividual fluctuations in attention biases, and may better capture the relation between attention biases and psychopathology risk versus mean levels of attention bias. ABV to threat has been associated with attentional control and emotion regulation, which may impact how caregivers interact with their child. In a relatively diverse sample of infants (50% white, 50.7% female), we asked how caregiver ABV to threat related to trajectories of infant negative affect across the first two years of life. Families were part of a multi-site longitudinal study, and data were collected from 4 to 24 months of age. Multilevel modeling examined the effect of average caregiver attention biases on changes in negative affect. We found a significant interaction between infant age and caregiver ABV to threat. Probing this interaction revealed that infants of caregivers with high ABV showed decreases in negative affect over time, while infants of caregivers with low-to-average ABV showed potentiated increases in negative affect. We discuss how both high and extreme patterns of ABV may relate to deviations in developmental trajectories.
Cognitive and cultural models in psychological science: A tutorial on modeling free-list data as a dependent variable in Bayesian regression
Authors: Bendixen Theiss , Purzycki Benjamin Grant
Published: February 2022

Assessing relationships between culture and cognition is central to psychological science. To this end, free-listing is a useful methodological instrument. To facilitate its wider use, we here present the free-list method along with some of its many applications and offer a tutorial on how to prepare and statistically model free-list data as a dependent variable in Bayesian regression using openly available data and code. We further demonstrate the real-world utility of the outlined workflow by modeling within-subject agreement between a free-list task and a corollary item response scale on religious beliefs with a cross-culturally diverse sample. Overall, we fail to find a reliable statistical association between these two instruments, an original empirical finding that calls for further inquiry into identifying the cognitive processes that item response scales and free-list tasks tap into. Throughout, we argue that free-listing is an unambiguous measure of cognitive and cultural information and that the free-list method therefore has broad potential across the social sciences aiming to measure and model individual-level and cross-cultural variation in mental representations.
Language Development in Infants with Hearing Loss: Benefits of Infant-Directed Speech
Authors: Lovcevic Irena , Burnham Denis , Kalashnikova Marina
Published: February 2022

The majority of infants with permanent congenital hearing loss fall significantly behind their normal hearing peers in the development of receptive and expressive oral communication skills. Independent of any prosthetic intervention (“hardware”) for infants with hearing loss, the social and linguistic environment (“software”) can still be optimal or sub-optimal and so can exert significant positive or negative effects on speech and language acquisition, with far-reaching beneficial or adverse effects, respectively. This review focusses on the nature of the social and linguistic environment of infants with hearing loss, in particular others’ speech to infants. The nature of this “infant-directed speech” and its effects on language development has been studied extensively in hearing infants but far less comprehensively in infants with hearing loss. Here, literature on the nature of infant-directed speech and its impact on the speech perception and language acquisition in infants with hearing loss is reviewed. The review brings together evidence on the little-studied effects of infant-directed speech on speech and language development in infants with hearing loss, and provides suggestions, over and above early screening and external treatment, for a natural intervention at the level of the carer-infant microcosm that may well optimize the early linguistic experiences and mitigate later adverse effects for infants born with hearing loss.
Rethinking Vision and Action
Authors: Nakayama Ken , Moher Jeff , Song Joo-Hyun
Published: February 2022

Action is an important arbitrator as to whether an individual or a species will survive. Yet, action has not been well integrated into the study of psychology. Action or motor behavior is almost a field apart. This is traditional science with its need for specialization. The sequence in a typical laboratory experiment of see–>decide->act provides the rationale for broad disciplinary categorizations. With renewed interest in action itself, surprising and exciting anomalous findings at odds with this simplified caricature have emerged. They reveal a much more intimate coupling of vision and action which we describe. In turn, this prompts us to consider some broader, more integrative ideas. ----- We thus conclude by placing these anomalous results in the context of three theoretical perspectives. Ideo-motor theory, attributed to William James (1890), Bjorn Merker’s (2005) theory on the motor origins of consciousness, and Paul Cisek’s (2009) Affordance Competition hypothesis.
White-matter microstructure of the splenium modulates right hemisphere ERP correlates of syntactic processing in older adults
Authors: Chen Po-Heng , Lin Wan-Ting , Wong Jen-Shiang , Tseng Wen-Yih Isaac , Goh Joshua Oon Soo , Lee Chia-lin
Published: February 2022

The present study investigated how increased right-hemisphere (RH) responses in healthy older adults during syntactic processing, a highly left-lateralized function in younger adults, are modulated by callosal integrity. Syntactic phrase violations in Taiwan Mandarin were presented to either the left or right visual field with event-related potentials (ERPs) measured. Individual participant’s microstructural tissue integrity of the corpus callosum was measured with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Younger and older adults elicited left-hemisphere (LH) P600 responses to grammatical violations, but only older adults additionally elicited a RH P600 grammaticality effect. Larger RH P600 effects in older adults were associated with larger fractional anisotropy (FA) values of the splenium. This association was not observed for the genu, which evinced significantly lower FA in older relative to younger adults. These results highlight that LH-similar syntactic responses are recruited in older adult RH even for the Mandarin language where syntactic information is routinely accessible via semantic cues. Critically, splenium integrity modulates how older individuals engage inter-hemispheric coordination for syntactic information processing.
I Am Not Just a Body But Also a Soul: The Power of Erasure Amidst Hypervisibility on a Faculty Search Committee (Accepted Manuscript Version)
Authors: Gómez Jennifer M.
Published: February 2022

In this book chapter, I describe my experiences of erasure in the context of hypervisibility as a Black woman on a faculty search committee at an R1 university.
Tracking probability unconsciously
Authors: Hung Shao-Min , Wu Daw-an , Hsieh Po-Jang , Shimojo Shinsuke
Published: February 2022

Extracting statistical regularities from the environment is crucial for survival. It allows us to learn cues for where and when future events will occur. Can we learn these associations even when the cues are not consciously perceived? Can these unconscious processes integrate information over long periods of time? Here we show that human visual system can track the probability of location contingency between an unconscious prime and a conscious target over a period of time on the order of minutes. In a series of psychophysical experiments, we adopted an exogenous priming paradigm and manipulated the location contingency between a masked prime and a visible target (i.e., how likely the prime location predicted the target location). The prime’s invisibility was verified both subjectively and objectively. Although the participants were unaware of both the existence of the prime and the prime-target contingency, our results showed that the probability of location contingency was tracked, and manifested in the subsequent priming effect. When participants were first entrained into the fully predictive prime-target probability, they exhibited faster responses to the more predictive location. On the contrary, when no contingency existed between the prime and target initially, participants showed faster responses to the less predictive location. These results were replicated in two more experiments with increased statistical power and a fine-grained delineation of prime awareness. Together, we report that human visual system is capable of tracking unconscious contingency over a period of time, extending the known flexibility of unconscious processing.
Cutting the Crap: The Perceived Prevalence of Pseudoscientific Bullshit in Sport Science and Coaching
Authors: Stoszkowski John , Littrell Shane , Collins Dave
Published: February 2022

Recent literature has identified and examined the construct of bullshit as a notable threat to the promulgation and use of accurate information. The parallel challenges posed by increasing availability of unfiltered online information have been identified as further exacerbating factors. Accordingly, the present paper adds to this perspective by examining susceptibility to and perceived frequency of bullshit in the sport science and coaching domain. Participants (N = 280) completed several validated instruments examining susceptibility, tendency to engage in and perceived experience of bullshit in their professional environments. Data suggest similar ratings to more general population samples, with educational level acting as a key moderating factor. Implications for practice and psychosocial approaches to bullshit are discussed, in tandem with recommendations for refinements to communication.
Design of serious games based on cognitive bias modification and learned helplessness paradigms for treatment of depression.
Authors: Ghosh Arka , Agnihotri Jagriti , Bhalotia Sradha , Sati Bharat Kumar , Goyal Latika , A Akash , Tandon Swastika , Meena Komal , Raj Shreyash , Azad Yatin , Gupta Silky , Gupta Nitin
Published: February 2022

Background: Depression is a debilitating mental health disorder with a huge treatment gap. Recent years have seen a surge of digital interventions to bridge this treatment gap. Most of these interventions are based on computerized Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (cCBT). Despite the efficacy of cCBT-based interventions, their uptake is low, and dropout rates are high. Cognitive bias modification (CBM) paradigms provide a complementary approach for digital interventions for depression. However, interventions based on CBM paradigms have been reported to be repetitive and boring.Objectives: In this paper, we describe the conceptualization, design, and acceptability of serious games based on CBM paradigms and the learned helplessness paradigm. Methods: We searched the literature for CBM paradigms that have been shown to be effective in reducing depressive symptoms. For each of the CBM paradigms, we ideated on how to create a game so that the gameplay is engaging while the active therapeutic component remains unchanged.Results: We developed 5 serious games based on CBM paradigms and the learned helplessness paradigm. The games include various core elements of gamification, including goals, challenges, feedback, rewards, progress, and fun. Overall, the games received positive acceptability ratings from 15 users.Conclusions: These games may help in improving the effectiveness and engagement levels of computerized interventions for depression.
Perception of Linguistic and Non-Linguistic Visual Stimuli among Dyslexic and Non-Dyslexic Readers
Authors: Gilad-Gutnick Sharon , Breznitz Zvia
Published: February 2022

Research on language perception involves a study of the visual attributes that distinguish written language from other types of visual input. Such studies further our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for language perception, and how these mechanisms differ from those used in other visual domains. Here, we re-examined the hypothesis that difficulties experienced by dyslexic readers are linked to a deficit in processing visual patterns. We compared the performance of dyslexic versus skilled readers on a pattern-completion task consisting of both linguistic and non-linguistic visual inputs. Our results show that while dyslexic subjects need more visual information than skilled readers to successfully recognize patterns of letters and words (linguistic input), the two groups perform equally well on patterns depicting familiar objects (non-linguistic input). Our findings support the idea that dyslexia involves a visual pattern-processing deficit, and suggest that this deficit is not domain-general, but rather targets visual language-processing exclusively.
Politics can be bad for your health: Trumpism and COVID-19 Outcomes
Authors: Hicks Brian M. , Clark D. Angus , Vitro Catherine , Johnson Elizabeth , Roberts Hannah A. , Sherman Carter , Heitzeg Mary
Published: February 2022

The political rise of Donald Trump and the ideology of Trumpism has had a major impact on American politics, culture, and its response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We began the process of validating a psychometric model of Trumpism using three waves (~1000 participants per wave) of data from national online surveys of adults conducted in the United States from June 2020 to February 2021 as part of the COVID-19 Adjustment and Behaviors Survey. We found that the covariance among measures of Trump approval and attitudes about race, immigration, policing, guns, and media bias were best accounted for by a single Trumpism factor, and that this factor was strongly related to attitudes about a rigged 2020 Presidential election, the Insurrection of January 6, 2021, and Trump idolatry. Trumpism was also associated with Republican party affiliation and White race, but had only small associations with age, sex, income, and education. Trumpism was associated with increased odds of a positive COVID-19 diagnosis, skepticism about the seriousness of COVID-19, lack of support for government restrictions to reduce the spread of COVID-19, less adherence to social distancing and mask wearing guidelines, anti-vax attitudes, and hesitancy to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Results indicate these measures provide a valid assessment of Trumpism which is likely to continue to play a major role in American political and cultural life for the foreseeable future.
NeuroGym: An open resource for developing and sharing neuroscience tasks
Authors: Molano-Mazon Manuel , Barbosa Joao , Pastor-Ciurana Jordi , Fradera Marta , ZHANG RU-YUAN , Forest Jeremy , del Pozo Lerida Jorge , Ji-An Li , Cueva Christopher J , de la Rocha Jaime , Narain Devika , Yang Guangyu Robert
Published: February 2022

Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) trained on specific cognitive tasks have re-emerged as a useful tool to study the brain. However, ANNs would better aid cognitive neuroscience if a given network could be easily trained on a wide range of tasks for which neural recordings are available. Moreover, unintentional divergent implementations of cognitive tasks can produce variable results, which limits their interpretability. Towards this goal, we present NeuroGym, an open-source Python package that provides a large collection of customizable neuroscience tasks to test and compare network models. Building upon the OpenAI Gym toolbox, NeuroGym tasks (1) are written in a high-level flexible Python framework; (2) possess a shared interface tailored to common needs of neuroscience tasks that facilitates their design and usage; (3) support the training of ANNs using both Reinforcement and Supervised Learning techniques. The toolbox allows easy assembly of new tasks by modifying existing ones in a hierarchical and modular fashion. These design features make it straightforward to take a network designed for one task and train it on many other tasks. NeuroGym is a community-driven effort that contributes to a rapidly evolving open ecosystem of neural network development, data analysis, and model-data comparison.
Event-related brain oscillations in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Michelini Giorgia , Salmastyan Gevork , Vera Juan Diego , Lenartowicz Agatha
Published: February 2022

Previous studies have associated attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with several alterations in electroencephalographic (EEG) activity. Time-frequency analyses capturing event-related power modulations are becoming an increasingly popular approach, but a systematic synthesis of the time-frequency literature in ADHD is currently lacking. We conducted the first systematic review and meta-analysis of time-frequency studies of children and adults with ADHD in comparison to neurotypical controls. Searches via Medline, Embase, and Web of Science, as well as reference lists, identified 28 eligible articles published until March 2021. Of these, 13 articles with relevant data were included in a multi-level meta-analysis. Most studies examined power modulations of alpha, theta and/or beta frequencies (N=21/28), and focused on children (N=17/28). Meta-analyses showed significantly weaker theta increases (Cohen’s d=-0.25, p=0.039; NADHD=346, NCONTROL=327), alpha decreases (d=0.44, p<0.001; NADHD=564, NCONTROL=450), and beta increases (Cohen’s d=-0.33, p<0.001; NADHD=222, NCONTROL=263) in individuals with ADHD relative to controls. These patterns indicate broad brain-oscillatory alterations in individuals with ADHD with small (theta) and small-to-moderate (alpha and beta) effect sizes. These group differences were partly consistent when repeating analyses by age group (<18 and 18+ years) and task type (cognitive control, working memory, and simple attention tasks). Overall, our findings identify widespread event-related brain-oscillatory alterations in individuals with ADHD during a range of neurocognitive functions. Future research requires larger samples, a broader range of frequency bands (including delta and gamma) during a wider type of cognitive-affective processes, and should clarify whether atypical event-related power profiles are ADHD-specific or shared with other neuropsychiatric conditions.
Cultural Relevance: A Moderator of Psychic Numbing?
Authors: Lennox Juliette
Published: February 2022

The term “psychic numbing” describes a paradoxical observation in human behaviour research: as the number of victims in a tragedy rises, people’s emotional response to that tragedy diminishes. Correspondingly, research has demonstrated the presence of the “singularity effect,” whereby our concern for a tragic event or social issue is increased when focus is narrowed onto fewer victims and more vivid victim information is made available. While these phenomena are supported by ample research, studies on the subject repeatedly overlook the impact that the cultural relevance of a particular tragic event or issue has on an individual’s degree of psychic numbing. To address this caveat, the present study proposes an online survey method to gather information from a diverse sample on individuals’ concern for the issue of police brutality (known to disproportionately affect Black Americans), based on both the level of victim information presented and participants’ ethnocultural identification with Black American cultures. Participants will be randomly assigned to either the one-victim (vivid victim information) or multiple-victims (low victim information) condition. We predict that for less (or non) ethno-culturally identifying individuals in particular, concern for police brutality, which is measured by willingness to donate and affective response, will be significantly higher in the one-victim condition versus the multiple-victims condition. Conversely, we predict that for strongly ethno- culturally identifying individuals, the psychic numbing effect will be diminished and concern will be similarly high regardless of the number of victims shown. This alludes to the importance of cultural relevance on an individual’s degree of psychic numbing.
How do People Judge the Immorality of Artificial Intelligence versus Humans Committing Moral Wrongs in Real-World Situations?
Authors: Wilson Abigail , Stefanik Courtney , Shank Daniel B.
Published: February 2022

In general, people will judge a morally wrong behavior when perpetrated by an artificial intelligence (AI) as still being wrong. But moral judgements are complex, and therefore we explore how moral judgements made about AIs differ from those made about humans in real- world situations. In contrast to much of the current research on the morality of AIs, we examine real-world encounters where an AI commits a moral wrong as reported by participants in previous research. We adapt these to create nearly identical scenarios with human perpetrators. In Study 1, across scenarios, humans are perceived as more wrong, intentional, and to blame compared to AIs. In Study 2, we replicate those results and find that by showing the participants the contrasting scenario – showing the AI scenario when one is rating the human scenario or vice versa – does not have a significant effect on moral judgements. An exploratory word-frequency analysis and illustrative quotes from participants’ open-ended explanations show that AIs are more often denied agency and perceived as programmed and therefore unintentional in producing the moral outcome. In contrast, humans are perceived as highly agentic and intentional, either fully responsible for the wrongdoing or not morally culpable because the behavior was perceived as a mistake.
Mitigating cybersecurity insider threat in the hiring stage of the employee lifecycle
Authors: Ayodele Catherine
Published: February 2022

Cybersecurity insider threat is costly to organisations and due to the amount of privilege the attacker possesses, detection is typically difficult. This has created a need for early prevention by reducing risks through a comprehensive recruitment process. This paper explores human-focused mitigation techniques by evaluating findings from researchers in cybersecurity personnel management. It analysed the effect ofhuman resource practices such as hiring policies, employment practices and employee screening in protecting organisations from insider threats which would subsequently reduce risks and overall costs in organisations
White Matter Microstructural Correlates of Associative Learning in the Oldest-Old
Authors: Merenstein Jenna , Corrada María M. , Kawas Claudia H , Bennett Ilana J.
Published: February 2022

The ability to learn associations between events is critical for everyday functioning (e.g., decision making, social interactions) and has been attributed to structural differences in white matter tracts connecting cortical regions to the hippocampus (e.g., fornix) and striatum (e.g., internal capsule) in younger-old adults (ages 65-85 years). However, evidence of associative learning has not been assessed within oldest-old adults (ages 90+ years), despite its relevance to other extensively characterized cognitive abilities in the oldest-old and the relatively large effect of advanced age on the microstructural composition of these white matter tracts. We acquired multicompartment diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging data from 22 oldest-old adults without dementia (mean age = 92.91 ± 1.44 years) who also completed an associative learning task. Behavioral results revealed significantly better associative learning performance during later task stages, as expected if participants incidentally learned the cue-cue-target associations for frequently occurring event triplets. Moreover, better learning performance was significantly predicted by better microstructure of cortico-striatal white matter (posterior limb of the internal capsule). Finding that associative learning abilities in the 10th decade of life are supported by better microstructure of white matter tracts connecting the cortex to the striatum underscores their importance to learning performance across the entire lifespan.
The impact of Developmental Language Disorder in a defendant’s description on mock jurors’ perceptions and judgements
Authors: Hobson Hannah , Woodley Jemma , Gamblen Samantha , Brackely Joanna , O'Neill Fiona , Miles Danielle , Westwood Claire
Published: February 2022

Background: While it has been posited that young people with language needs may be viewed more negatively (e.g. as more rude, less cooperative) than those without language needs, the impact of knowing about a person’s language needs on others’ perceptions has yet to experimentally tested. Aims: This study sought to examine whether the presence of a Developmental Language Disorder (DLD) diagnosis in a defendant’s information would affect mock jury ratings of guilt, sentence length, credibility and blameworthiness. Methods & Procedures: 143 jury eligible participants read a vignette of a non-violent crime. Half of the participants (N= 73) were told the defendant has a diagnosis of DLD, while half (N= 70) were not told. Outcomes & Results: Preregistered analyses found that DLD information affected ratings of credibility and blameworthiness, though not judgements of guilt or sentence length. Unregistered content analyses were applied to the justifications participants gave for their ratings: these suggested that participants who did not have the DLD information judged the defendant more on his personality and attitude, and drew more links to his (perceived) background, while participants who received the DLD information condition made more reference to him having cognitive problems. Conclusions & implications: Unlike in previous studies of the impact of autism information, information about a defendant’s DLD did not affect mock jurors’ likelihood of finding them guilty, or lead participants to give longer sentence. However, our findings suggest knowing a person has DLD does affect others’ perceptions of credibility and blameworthiness.
Cardiac Interoception in Infants: Behavioral and Neurophysiological Measures in Various Emotional and Self-Related Contexts
Authors: Weijs Marieke Lieve , Daum Moritz M. , Lenggenhager Bigna
Published: February 2022

Interoception, the perception of internal bodily signals, is fundamental to our sense of self. Even though theoretical accounts suggest an important role for interoception in the development of the self, empirical investigations are limited, particularly in infancy. Previous studies used preferential-looking paradigms to assess the detection of sensorimotor and multisensory contingencies in infancy, usually related to proprioception and touch. So far, only one recent study reported that infants discriminated between audiovisual stimuli presented synchronously or asynchronously with their heartbeat. This discrimination was related to the amplitude of the infant’s heartbeat evoked potentials (HEP), a neural correlate of interoception. In the current study, we measured looking preferences between synchronous and asynchronous visuocardiac (bimodal), and audiovisuocardiac (trimodal) stimuli as well as the HEP in conditions of different emotional contexts and with different degrees of self-relatedness in a mirror-like setup. While the infants preferred trimodal to bimodal stimuli, we did not observe the predicted differences between synchronous and asynchronous stimulation. Furthermore, the HEP was not modulated by emotional context or self-relatedness. These findings do not support previously published results and highlight the need for further studies on the early development of interoception in relation to the development of the self.
The impassable gap between experiential and symbolic values
Authors: Garcia Basile , Lebreton Maël , Bourgeois-Gironde Sacha , Palminteri Stefano
Published: February 2022

To choose between options of different natures, standard decision models presume that a single representational system ultimately indexes their subjective values on a common scale, regardless of how they are constructed. To challenge this assumption, we systematically investigated hybrid decisions between experiential options, whose value is built from past outcomes experience, and symbolic options which describe probabilistic outcomes. We show that participants' choices exhibited a pattern consistent with a systematic neglect of the experiential values. This normatively irrational decision strategy held after accounting for alternative explanations, and persisted when it bore an economic cost. Overall, our results demonstrate that experiential and symbolic values are not symmetrically considered in hybrid decisions, suggesting that they are not commensurable and recruit different representational systems which may be assigned different priority levels in the decision process. These findings challenge the dominant models commonly used in value-based decision-making research.
“Who could help me? There was nothing. I brought it on myself”: A qualitative study exploring UK university student experiences of sexual violence
Authors: Higson-Sweeney Nina , Meyrick Jane
Published: February 2022

Research suggests that university students are disproportionately affected by sexual violence and that most incidents remain unreported. Little qualitative research has been conducted to explore this further in the context of the UK. The current study used qualitative semi-structured interviews to explore the lived experiences of 11 university students currently studying at UK institutions, with data analysed used reflexive thematic analysis. Three key themes were generated, which collectively narrate the decision-making progress students navigate after experiencing sexual violence: (1) Making sense of sexual violence; (2) Barriers to disclosure; and (3) Navigating support. Three key take-home messages are outlined.
Social touch in the age of computational ethology: Embracing as a multidimensional and complex behaviour
Authors: Ocklenburg Sebastian , Packheiser Julian , Gadea Guillermo Hidalgo
Published: February 2022

Social affective touch is an important aspect of close relationships in humans. It has been also observed in many non-human primate species. Despite the high relevance of behaviours like embraces for personal wellbeing and mental health, they remain vastly under-investigated in behavioural neuroscience. This may be because human neuroscience often relies on a limited repertoire of behavioural measurements such as error rates and reaction time measurements. These are, however, insufficient to capture the multidimensional complexity of highly interactive dyadic behaviours like embraces. Based on recent advances in computational ethology in animal models, the rapidly emerging field of human computational ethology utilizes an accessible repertoire of machine learning methods to track and quantify complex natural behaviours. We highlight how such techniques can be utilized to investigate social touch and which preliminary conditions, motor aspects and higher-level interactions need to be considered. Ultimately, integration of computational ethology with mobile neuroscience techniques such as ultraportable EEG systems will allow for an ecologically valid investigation of social touch in humans that will advance affective behavioural neuroscience.
How an Individual’s Mind Works. Attention Centers on the Best Discrimination between Present and Past
Authors: Booth David A.
Published: February 2022

Recognizing matches aspects of the circumstances to previous situations. It is proposed that an individual’s mind uses such similarities between present and past as discrimination-scaled dimensions within a hierarchy of manifolds. The content of attention is the most effective combination of these causal processes across the mind – that is, the instantaneous category structure best distinguished by the current action.
Stage 1 RR: An experimental investigation into the effect of negative affect on the behavioral economic demand for alcohol
Authors: Dora Jonas , Kuczynski Adam M. , Schultz Megan Elizabeth , Acuff Samuel , Murphy James , King Kevin Michael
Published: February 2022

Objective: Influential theoretical models hypothesize that alcohol use is an especially potent reinforcer when used as a strategy to cope with negative affect. Although the evidence for this idea in observational data is weak, some experimental evidence suggests that the behavioral economic demand for alcohol increases immediately following a negative emotional event.Because existing studies testing the effect of negative mood inductions on the demand for alcohol have several methodological limitations and do not take inter- and intraindividual variability into account, we developed an improved experimental design to increase our confidence in any potential within-person effect of negative mood inductions on alcohol demand as well as to test whether this effect exhibits systematic inter- and intraindividual variability. We hypothesize that people will show a higher demand for alcohol following negative compared to neutral mood inductions and that this effect is stronger in heavy compared to light drinkers as well as stronger on days characterized by higher coping motives and negative urgency. Methods: 320 college students will complete the alcohol purchase task after being subjected to twelve mood inductions (six negative, six neutral) on twelve separate days. Results:Conclusions:
Revealing the self in a digital world: a systematic review of adolescent online and offline self-disclosure
Authors: Towner Emily , Grint Jennifer , Levy Tallulah , Blakemore Sarah-Jayne , Tomova Livia
Published: February 2022

Adolescence is an important stage of social development. While adolescents are prominent adopters of social media, little is known about whether digital interactions can fulfil the social needs of this age group. Here, we focus on one component of social interaction: self-disclosure. In a systematic review, we investigate the role of self-disclosure in adolescent relationships and the differences between online and offline self-disclosure. The results suggest that self-disclosure is associated with higher relationship quality and well-being. Online self-disclosure appears to be less fulfilling and beneficial for relationship quality than face-to-face self-disclosure. However, certain populations appear to benefit more from online than offline self-disclosure - such as highly anxious adolescents and boys aged 12-13 years, who prefer to first self-disclose online before engaging in offline self-disclosure. This suggests that both online and offline self-disclosure can play a role in fulfilling adolescent social needs.
Comparing Automated and Manual Scoring Modalities for Core Lexicon Analysis
Authors: Dalton Sarah Grace , Stark Brielle C , Fromm Davida , Apple Kristen , MacWhinney Brian , Rensch Amanda , Rowedder Madyson
Published: February 2022

Purpose: To advance the use of structured, monologic discourse analysis by demonstrating the reliability and accuracy of an automated scoring procedure for core lexicon.Method: 49 transcripts from persons with aphasia and 48 transcripts from persons not brain injured were retrieved from the AphasiaBank database. Five structured monologic discourse tasks were scored manually by trained scorers and via automation using a newly developed CLAN command based upon previously published lists for core lexicons. Point-to-point (or word-by-word) accuracy and reliability of the two methods were calculated. Scoring discrepancies were examined to identify errors. Time estimates for each method were calculated to determine if automated scoring improved efficiency.Results: Intra-class correlation coefficients for the tasks ranged from .998 to .978, indicating excellent inter-method reliability. Automated scoring using CLAN represented a significant time savings for an experienced CLAN user and for inexperienced CLAN users following step-by-step instructions.Conclusions: Automated scoring of core lexicon is a valid and reliable alternative to the current gold standard of manually scoring core lexicon from transcribed monologic discourse samples. The downstream time saving of an automated analysis may allow for better clinical utilization of discourse measures. To further encourage the use of this method, go to https://aphasia.talkbank.org/discourse/CoreLexicon/ for materials and the step-by-step instructions utilized in this project.