bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1. Demographic, social and clinical characteristics of the sample
Authors: Sturt E. , Wykes T. , Creer C.
Published: October 2009

The exploratory survey to be described in this series of papers was designed in order to make a preliminary estimate of the service needs of people in prolonged contact with high dependence community services in Camberwell, including a spell in day or residential care. Patients who had been resident in hospital for a year or more were excluded, but the sampling scheme was otherwise directed towards generating a group who would formerly have been at high risk of staying in hospital for a prolonged period.
2. Practices of day and residential units in relation to the social behaviour of attenders
Authors: Wykes T. , Sturt E. , Creer C.
Published: October 2009

There is a considerable variation in the amount and type of care and supervision provided for people in the survey population. At one end of the spectrum, the in-patient ward provides skilled 24-hour medical and nursing care; at the other extreme, some homes are simply providing sheltered housing for ex-patients who would find it very difficult to obtain private rented accommodation in London. Although the sample is defined in terms of service utilization, it covers a broad range of types of treatment, care and social support.
Perioperatives Management der Thrombozytenaggregationshemmung nach koronarer Stentimplantation
Authors: Chatterjee  , Akin  , Rehders  , Chatterjee  , Schüpfer  , Nienaber  , Ince
Published: October 2009

Die am meisten gefürchtete Komplikation nach koronarer Stentimplantation ist die akute Stentthrombose, welche meist zum Herzinfarkt mit entsprechender Mortalität führt. Die Thrombozytenaggregationshemmer Acetylsalicylsäure und Clopidogrel werden bei Patienten nach koronaren Stentimplantation routinemässig eingesetzt und führen zu akzeptablen Stentthromboseraten <1%. Das präoperative Absetzen der dualen Thrombozytenaggregationshemmer erhöht das Risiko einer Stentthrombose, ihre Weiterführung das einer relevanten Blutung. Dieser Artikel soll eine Übersicht über die aktuellen Daten des präoperativen Managements der Thrombozytenaggregationshemmung bei Patienten mit koronaren Stents geben.
Notfall – News 2009
Authors: Heer
Published: October 2009

Die Notfallmedizin ist ein äusserst dynamisches Gebiet der Medizin. Das zeigt sich auch in der Fülle von Publikationen, welche jedes Jahr zu diesem Thema erscheint. Diese Mini-Review enthält eine Auswahl von wegweisenden Arbeiten über die Themen Lungenemboliediagnostik, Schockklassifikation, Betablockade bei akuter Herzinsuffizienz, Reanimation, Subarachnoidalblutung, Inhalationstherapie bei COPD, Pneumonie, Divertikulose, Gicht und Pankreatitis. Daneben werden diverse Ansätze von prophylaktischen Massnahmen erwähnt. Die ausgewählten Publikationen und Statements sollen Ihnen schon bei Ihrem nächsten Notfalldienst eine Hilfe zur Lösung von alltäglichen Fragen und Problemen bieten.
Multisite seasonal forecast of arid river flows using a dynamic model combination approach
Authors: Chowdhury Shahadat , Sharma Ashish
Published: October 2009

This paper dynamically combines three independent forecasts of multiple river flow volumes a season in advance for arid catchments. The case study considers five inflow locations in the upper Namoi Catchment of eastern Australia. The seasonal flows are predicted on the basis of concurrent sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs), which are predicted a season forward using a dynamic combination of three SSTA forecasts. The river flows are predicted using three statistical forecasting models: (1) a mixture of generalized lognormal and multinomial logit models, (2) the local regression of independent components of five inflows, and (3) the weighted nearest neighbor method, where each of these models use the forecasted SSTA along with prior lags of the flow as the main driving variables. The study demonstrates that improved SSTA forecast (due to dynamic combination) in turn improves all three flow forecasts, while the dynamic combination of the three flow forecasts results in further, although smaller, improvements.
Two‐dimensional hybrid simulations of superdiffusion at the magnetopause driven by Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability
Authors: Cowee M. M. , Winske D. , Gary S. P.
Published: October 2009

This paper describes the self‐consistent simulation of plasma transport across the magnetic field at the magnetopause driven by Kelvin‐Helmholtz (KH) instability. Two‐dimensional hybrid (kinetic ions, fluid electrons) simulations of the most KH‐unstable configuration where the shear flow is oriented perpendicular to the uniform magnetic field are carried out. The motion of the simulation particles is tracked during the run in order to calculate their mean‐square displacement normal to the initial magnetopause surface, from which diffusion coefficients may be determined. The diffusion coefficients are found to be time dependent, with D ∝ tα, where α > 0. Additionally, the probability distribution functions (PDF) of the “jump lengths” the particles make over time are found to be non‐Gaussian. Such time‐dependent diffusion coefficients and non‐Gaussian PDFs have been associated with so‐called “superdiffusion,” in which diffusive mixing of particles is enhanced over classical diffusion. The results indicate that while smaller‐scale turbulence associated with the breakdown of vortices contributes to this enhanced diffusion, the growth of large‐scale, coherent vortices is the more important process in facilitating it.
Limit on stably trapped particle fluxes in planetary magnetospheres
Authors: Summers Danny , Tang Rongxin , Thorne Richard M.
Published: October 2009

We reexamine the Kennel‐Petschek concept of self‐limitation of stably trapped particle fluxes in a planetary magnetosphere. In contrast to the original Kennel‐Petschek formulation, we carry out a fully relativistic analysis. In addition, we replace the wave reflection criterion in the Kennel‐Petschek theory by the condition that the limit on the stably trapped particle flux is attained in the steady state condition of marginal stability when electromagnetic waves generated at the magnetic equator acquire a specified gain over a given convective growth length. We derive relativistic formulae for the limiting electron integral and differential fluxes for a general planetary radiation belt at a given L shell. The formulae depend explicitly on the spectral index and pitch angle index of the assumed particle distribution and on the ratio of the electron gyrofrequency to the electron plasma frequency. We compare the theoretical limits on the trapped flux with observed energetic electron fluxes at Earth, Jupiter, and Uranus.
Critical condensed mass for activation of black carbon as cloud condensation nuclei in Tokyo
Authors: Kuwata Mikinori , Kondo Yutaka , Takegawa Nobuyuki
Published: October 2009

In the global modeling of black carbon (BC) particles, BC is categorized into hydrophobic (cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)‐inactive) and hydrophilic (CCN‐active) groups to represent wet removal process. However, the criteria separating these two types of BC have not been quantified. We investigate the dependence of CCN activity of atmospheric BC particles on the mass of condensed compounds (Δm) in Tokyo in April 2007. In order to measure Δm, we developed a volatility tandem aerosol particle mass analyzer (VTAPM), which consisted of two aerosol particle mass analyzers (APMs) connected in tandem and a heater placed between them. The heater temperature was set at 400°C for the quantitative extraction of BC. Δm was quantified as the difference in the particle masses measured by the two APMs. CCN were measured simultaneously with Δm. We found that the critical values of Δm required for the CCN activation of BC particles were 0.18 fg (supersaturation (S) = 0.9%) and 0.07 fg (S = 1.3%) for 100‐nm particles. The chemical compositions of condensed compounds were inferred by changing the heater temperature and by employing Köhler theory. It is concluded that organic compounds constituted the dominant mass fraction of the condensed compounds and that (NH4)2SO4 was a minor component. The present results give a measure of the critical parameter separating the two types (hydrophobic and hydrophilic) of BC.
HIF‐dependent induction of adenosine receptor A2b skews human dendritic cells to a Th2‐stimulating phenotype under hypoxia
Authors: Yang Meixiang , Ma Chunhong , Liu Shuxun , Shao Qianqian , Gao Wenjuan , Song Bingfeng , Sun Jintang , Xie Qi , Zhang Yun , Feng Alei , Liu Yanguo , Hu Weixu , Qu Xun
Published: October 2009

Hypoxia is a common characteristic of many pathological and physiological conditions that can markedly change cellular metabolism and cause the accumulation of extracellular adenosine. Recent studies have shown that adenosine can modulate the function of certain immune cell types through binding with different adenosine receptors. Our previous studies have shown that hypoxia has an effect on the biological activity of dendritic cells (DCs) by inducing their differentiation towards a Th2 polarising phenotype. However, the mechanisms underlying this suppression remain unclear. In this study, we have demonstrated that hypoxic mDCs predominantly express adenosine receptor A2b. The A2b receptor antagonist MRS1754 was able to increase the production of IL‐12p70 and TNF‐α by hypoxic mDCs and elevate the amount of Th1 cytokine IFN‐γ production in a mDCs‐T‐cell co‐culture system. We also found that the effect of hypoxia on IL‐12p70 production was mediated via increased intracellular cAMP levels through the up‐regulation of A2b adenosine receptor and the preferential expression of adenosine A2b receptors in hypoxic mDCs was HIF‐1α dependent. Therefore, the hypoxic mDCs could provide a useful tool for researching the function of A2bR in human DCs. Our results offer new insights into understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the biological activities of DCs in local‐tissue hypoxic microenvironments.
Onset of the α-relaxation in the glass-forming solution LiCl–6H2O revealed by Brillouin scattering techniques
Authors: Santucci S. C. , Comez L. , Scarponi F. , Monaco G. , Verbeni R. , Legrand J.-F. , Masciovecchio C. , Gessini A. , Fioretto D.
Published: October 2009

We measured the dynamic structure factor of the liquid and glassy phases of the LiCl–6H2O solution by means of inelastic scattering of radiation in the visible, UV, and x-ray range, between 1 GHz and 10 THz, and by means of photon-correlation spectroscopy, between 0.01 Hz and 20 kHz. The measurements were performed in the temperature range between 353 and 80 K. Our data show that a single-relaxation process exists at high temperature, which has features similar to those of the single relaxation of pure water. Upon cooling the system below ∼220 K, this single mode starts to differentiate two processes, a structural (α−) and a secondary (β−) relaxation. As the temperature is decreased, the β-relaxation is the vanishing continuation of the single, high-temperature process, while the onset of the α-relaxation occurs at the expense of the β-process.
Three-dimensional imaging of carbon nanostructures by scanning confocal electron microscopy
Authors: Hashimoto Ayako , Shimojo Masayuki , Mitsuishi Kazutaka , Takeguchi Masaki
Published: October 2009

Although scanning confocal electron microscopy (SCEM) shows a promise for optical depth sectioning with high resolution, practical and theoretical problems have prevented its application to three-dimensional (3D) imaging. We employed a stage-scanning system in which only the specimen is moved three dimensionally under a fixed lens configuration, and an annular dark-field (ADF) aperture which blocks direct beams and selects only the scattered electrons. This ADF-SCEM improved depth resolution sufficiently to perform optical depth sectioning. Finally, we succeeded in demonstrating the 3D reconstruction of carbon nanocoils using ADF-SCEM.
The impact of risk-averse operation on the likelihood of extreme events in a simple model of infrastructure
Authors: Carreras B. A. , Newman D. E. , Dobson Ian , Zeidenberg Matthew
Published: October 2009

A simple dynamic model of agent operation of an infrastructure system is presented. This system evolves over a long time scale by a daily increase in consumer demand that raises the overall load on the system and an engineering response to failures that involves upgrading of the components. The system is controlled by adjusting the upgrading rate of the components and the replacement time of the components. Two agents operate the system. Their behavior is characterized by their risk-averse and risk-taking attitudes while operating the system, their response to large events, and the effect of learning time on adapting to new conditions. A risk-averse operation causes a reduction in the frequency of failures and in the number of failures per unit time. However, risk aversion brings an increase in the probability of extreme events.
Dielectric investigation of some woven fabrics
Authors: Cerovic Dragana D. , Dojcilovic Jablan R. , Asanovic Koviljka A. , Mihajlidi Tatjana A.
Published: October 2009

In this paper, we have investigated the temperature dependence of dielectric properties (relative dielectric permeabilities and dielectric tangents of losses) for woven fabrics of hemp, jute, flax, cotton, polyester (PES), cotton-PES mixture, and wool. The measurements have been carried out at a temperature range from −50 to 50 °C in the electric periodic field at a frequency 1 MHz in vacuum. For the same specimens, the values of the dielectric properties have also been measured at an air temperature of 21 °C and at relative humidities of 40%, 60%, and 80%. At different frequencies from 80 kHz to 5 MHz, the dielectric properties have been measured at a relative humidity of 40% and at a temperature of 21 °C. An investigation of the dielectric properties of woven fabrics can provide a better understanding of the relation between the dielectric properties of woven fabrics and the different raw material compositions, temperatures, relative air humidities, and frequencies for specimens. Hence, this investigation helps to improve textile material properties.
Adiabatic approximation with exponential accuracy for many-body systems and quantum computation
Authors: Lidar Daniel A. , Rezakhani Ali T. , Hamma Alioscia
Published: October 2009

We derive a version of the adiabatic theorem that is especially suited for applications in adiabatic quantum computation, where it is reasonable to assume that the adiabatic interpolation between the initial and final Hamiltonians is controllable. Assuming that the Hamiltonian is analytic in a finite strip around the real-time axis, that some number of its time derivatives vanish at the initial and final times, and that the target adiabatic eigenstate is nondegenerate and separated by a gap from the rest of the spectrum, we show that one can obtain an error between the final adiabatic eigenstate and the actual time-evolved state which is exponentially small in the evolution time, where this time itself scales as the square of the norm of the time derivative of the Hamiltonian divided by the cube of the minimal gap.
Broad-frequency dielectric behaviors in multiwalled carbon nanotube/rubber nanocomposites
Authors: Jiang Mei-Juan , Dang Zhi-Min , Bozlar Michael , Miomandre Fabien , Bai Jinbo
Published: October 2009

Broad-frequency dielectric behaviors of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) embedded in room temperature vulcanization silicone rubber (RT-SR) matrix were studied by analyzing alternating current (ac) impedance spectra, which would make a remarkable contribution for understanding some fundamental electrical properties in the MWCNT/RT-SR nanocomposites. Equivalent circuits of the MWCNT/RT-SR nanocomposites were built, and the law of polarization and mechanism of electric conductance under the ac field were acquired. Two parallel RC circuits in series are the equivalent circuits of the MWCNT/RT-SR composites. At different frequency ranges, dielectric parameters including conductivity, dielectric permittivity, dielectric loss, impedance phase, and magnitude present different behaviors.
A Fresnel-reflection-based fiber sensor for simultaneous measurement of liquid concentration and temperature
Authors: Zhao Jia Rong , Huang Xu Guang , Chen Ji Huan
Published: October 2009

We present a quasidistributed fiber sensor for simultaneous measurement of liquid concentration and temperature based on Fresnel reflection. Thin-film filters combined with an arrayed waveguide grating are utilized to achieve wavelength-division-multiplexing distributed sensing. By measuring the Fresnel-reflection signals from the sensing heads, each of which consists of two fiber sensing tips, simultaneous measurement of liquid concentration and temperature is obtained. The experimental results reveal that the sensing system can discriminate the concentration and temperature of a NaCl–H2O liquid with high concentration and temperature accuracies of ±0.07 % and ±0.35 °C, respectively.
Highly ordered, half-metallic Co2FeSi single crystals
Authors: Blum C. G. F. , Jenkins C. A. , Barth J. , Felser C. , Wurmehl S. , Friemel G. , Hess C. , Behr G. , Büchner B. , Reller A. , Riegg S. , Ebbinghaus S. G. , Ellis T. , Jacobs P. J. , Kohlhepp J. T. , Swagten H. J. M.
Published: October 2009

A wide variety of properties such as half-metallicity is found among Heusler compounds. In order to separate intrinsic and extrinsic properties, high quality single crystals are required. Here, we report on differently grown crystals of the half-metallic ferromagnet Co2FeSi. All crystals show excellent ordering, resulting in outstanding electrical behavior with low residual resistivity and high residual-resistivity-ratio. All Co2FeSi crystals show a plateau in the resistivity below 50 K, which might point to half-metallic ferromagnetism. The cross-over from this unusual to more conventional transport (T2 dependence) around 50 K indicates the onset of spin flip scattering and thus is indispensable for understanding the strong temperature dependence of Co2FeSi tunneling magnetoresistance-devices.
The irradiation of ammonia ice studied by near edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Parent Ph. , Bournel F. , Lasne J. , Lacombe S. , Strazzulla G. , Gardonio S. , Lizzit S. , Kappler J.-P. , Joly L. , Laffon C. , Carniato S.
Published: October 2009

A vapor-deposited NH3 ice film irradiated at 20 K with 150 eV photons has been studied with near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy at the nitrogen K-edge. Irradiation leads to the formation of high amounts (12%) of molecular nitrogen N2, whose concentration as a function of the absorbed energy has been quantified to 0.13 molecule/eV. The stability of N2 in solid NH3 has been also studied, showing that N2 continuously desorbs between 20 and 95 K from the irradiated ammonia ice film. Weak concentrations (<1%) of other photoproducts are also detected. Our NEXAFS simulations show that these features own to NH2, N2H2, and N3−.
Electrical resistance switching in Ti added amorphous SiOx
Authors: Lin Ting-Yi , Chen Li-Ming , Chang Shih-Ching , Chin Tsung-Shune
Published: October 2009

Unipolar switching in electrical resistivity is demonstrated in Ti-doped amorphous SiOx with suitable electrodes. We studied stacks of Al(30 nm)/SiOx/Pt, Cu/SiOx/Pt, Cu/Al(2 nm)/SiOx/Pt, and Pt/SiOx/TiN grown on Ti/SiO2/Si(100) wafer to investigate the effect of metal electrodes. The nature of interface oxides between top electrodes and SiOx, as elucidated by x-ray photoelectron and Auger-electron spectra, was found to manifestly influence switching-ability. A 30 nm Al top electrode leads to thick interfacial Al2O3, which frustrates resistivity switching, while an ultrathin Al between Cu and SiOx alleviates this problem. The Pt/SiOx/TiN stack, designed to avoid interface oxides, is the best showing narrower distribution in operation voltage and cycling more than 500 times.
Optical and structural properties of Eu-implanted InxAl1−xN
Authors: Roqan I. S. , O’Donnell K. P. , Martin R. W. , Trager-Cowan C. , Matias V. , Vantomme A. , Lorenz K. , Alves E. , Watson I. M.
Published: October 2009

Off-axis implantation of 80 keV Eu ions into epitaxial c-plane InAlN/GaN bilayers confines rare-earth (RE) doping largely to the InAlN layer. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and x-ray diffraction show good correlations between the Eu3+ emission linewidth and key structural parameters of InxAl1−xN films on GaN in the composition range near lattice matching (x∼0.17). In contrast to GaN:Eu, selectively excited photoluminescence (PL) and PL excitation spectra reveal the presence of a single dominant optical center in InAlN. Eu3+ emission from In0.13Al0.87N:Eu also shows significantly less thermal quenching than GaN:Eu. InAlN films are therefore superior to GaN for RE optical doping.
Thermal history dependent photoconductivity in Pr0.5Sr0.5MnO3 thin film
Authors: Hu L. , Sun Y. P. , Wang B. , Sheng Z. G. , Luo X. , Zhu X. B. , Yang Z. R. , Song W. H. , Dai J. M. , Yin Z. Z. , Wu W. B.
Published: October 2009

Thermal history dependent photoconductivity has been observed in the thermal hysteresis region of Pr0.5Sr0.5MnO3 thin film. In the cooling process, the film shows an upward resistance relaxation in darkness. Under light illumination, the transient photoconductivity effect is observed. However, it exhibits a downward resistance relaxation without illumination and persistent photoconductivity (PPC) behavior with light illumination in the warming process. The PPC ratio is 18.1% at 110 K with a light density of 1.25 mW mm−2. It is found that the external magnetic field plays a similar role as the light illumination. The persistent magnetoresistance ratio reaches 44.4% at 110 K with a low magnetic field of 0.25 T. The underlying mechanism is discussed based on phase competition and phase stability switch between ferromagnetic metal and charge- and orbital-ordered insulator states. The results may be important for practical applications in photo-/magnetic field sensitive and memory devices.
High level coupled cluster determination of the structure, frequencies, and heat of formation of water
Authors: Feller David , Peterson Kirk A.
Published: October 2009

The molecular structure, harmonic and anharmonic frequencies and atomization energy of the water monomer have been re-examined with high level electronic structure methods. We estimate the uncertainties in our final, best values as ΣDe±0.09 kcal/mol, re(OH)±0.000 05 Å, ∡HOH±0.007°, (ωi,νi)±0.2 cm−1 (stretches), and ±0.3 cm−1 (bend). These findings serve as a useful benchmark for more approximate techniques, and a careful breakdown of the component pieces illustrates some of the difficulties encountered in trying to achieve tightly converged properties.
Local hybrids as a perturbation to global hybrid functionals
Authors: Haunschild Robin , Janesko Benjamin G. , Scuseria Gustavo E.
Published: October 2009

We present new local hybrids of generalized gradient approximation exchange, designed to be small perturbations to the corresponding global hybrid. In general, local hybrids include a position-dependent admixture of nonlocal Hartree–Fock exchange. These new local hybrids incorporate a constant fraction of nonlocal exchange, plus additional nonlocal exchange contributions near nuclei. These functionals predict molecular thermochemistry and reaction barriers on average more accurately than their “parent” global hybrid.
A time-resolved spectroscopic diagnostic based on fast scintillator and optical fiber array for z-pinch plasmas
Authors: Ye Fan , Qin Yi , Jiang Shuqing , Xue Feibiao , Li Zhenghong , Yang Jianlun , Xu Rongkun , Anan'ev S. S. , Dan'ko S. A. , Kalinin Yu. G.
Published: October 2009

We report a specially designed type of temporal resolved x-ray spectroscopic diagnostic using a spherically bent quartz crystal for z-pinch plasmas. Registration of time-resolved spectra was accomplished by coupling fast plastic scintillator, an optical fiber array, an optical streak camera, and a charge coupled device as the recording medium of this diagnostic. The diagnostic has been tested in imploding wire array experiments on S-300 pulsed power facility. Time-resolved K-shell lines were successfully obtained for aluminum wire array implosion plasmas.
Linear arrays of stable atmospheric pressure microplasmas
Authors: Zhang Zhi-Bo , Hopwood Jeffrey
Published: October 2009

Microdischarges produce cold atmospheric plasma when the discharge current is limited by the quenching of a microwave resonator. A quarter-wavelength microstripline resonator is shown to support stable atmospheric microplasma in pure argon. Electrical characterization of the microplasma shows that its impedance is resistive and capacitive (Zp=500−j900 Ω). An array of these linear resonators generates a stable, line-shaped microplasma operating from a single power source due to close-coupling among adjacent resonators. Both simulations and experiments confirm that coupled-mode theory describes the collective behavior of linear microplasma arrays.
Stimulated emission at 340 nm from AlGaN multiple quantum well grown using high temperature AlN buffer technologies on sapphire
Authors: Wang Q. , Gong Y. P. , Zhang J. F. , Bai J. , Ranalli F. , Wang T.
Published: October 2009

It is necessary to further improve crystal quality of AlGaN multiple quantum well (MQW) structures on sapphire in order to achieve ultraviolet (UV) laser diodes. Two buffer technologies have been introduced based on our high temperature AlN buffer technology: modified “GaN interlayer” and “multiple porous AlN buffer.” The Al0.16Ga0.84N/Al0.05Ga0.95N MQWs have been grown on top of the two kinds of buffers on sapphire. High resolution x-ray diffraction measurements have confirmed that the crystal quality has been massively improved. As a result, an UV stimulated emission at 340 nm has been observed via optical pumping with a low threshold power of ∼6.6 kW/cm2 at room temperature. The developed approaches potentially provide a simple way for achieving electrical injection UV (including deep UV) laser.
Macroevolutionary patterns of defense and pollination inDalechampiavines: Adaptation, exaptation, and evolutionary novelty
Authors: Armbruster W. Scott , Lee Joongku , Baldwin Bruce G.
Published: October 2009

We conducted phylogenetically informed comparative analyses of 81 taxa ofDalechampia(Euphorbiaceae) vines and shrubs to assess the roles of historical contingency and trait interaction in the evolution of plant-defense and pollinator-attraction systems. We asked whether defenses can originate by exaptation from preexisting pollinator attractants, or vice versa, whether plant defenses show escalation, and if so, whether by enhancing one line of defense or by adding new lines of defense. Two major patterns emerged: (i) correlated evolution of several complementary lines of defense of flowers, seeds, and leaves, and (ii) 5 to 6 losses of the resin reward, followed by redeployment of resin for defense of male flowers in 3 to 4 lineages, apparently in response to herbivore-mediated selection for defense of staminate flowers upon relaxation of pollinator-mediated selection on resin. In all cases, redeployment of resin involved reversion to the inferred ancestral arrangement of flowers and resiniferous bractlets. Triterpene resin has also been deployed for defense of leaves and developing seeds. Other unique defenses against florivores include nocturnal closure of large involucral bracts around receptive flowers and permanent closure around developing fruits (until opening again upon dehiscence). Escalation in one major clade occurred through an early dramatic increase in the number of lines of defense and in the other major clade by more limited increases throughout the group's evolution. We conclude that preaptations played important roles in the evolution of unique defense and attraction systems, and that the evolution of interactions with herbivores can be influenced by adaptations for pollination, and vice versa.
Water- and nutrient-dependent effects of dietary restriction on Drosophila lifespan
Authors: Ja William W. , Carvalho Gil B. , Zid Brian M. , Mak Elizabeth M. , Brummel Ted , Benzer Seymour
Published: October 2009

Dietary restriction (DR) is a widely conserved intervention leading to lifespan extension. Despite considerable effort, the mechanisms underlying DR remain poorly understood. In particular, it remains unclear whether DR prolongs life through conserved mechanisms in different species. Here, we show that, in the most common experimental conditions, lifespan extension by DR is abolished by providing
Drosophila
with ad libitum water, without altering food intake, indicating that DR, as conventionally studied in flies, is fundamentally different from the phenomenon studied in mammals. We characterize an alternative dietary paradigm that elicits robust lifespan extension irrespective of water availability, and thus likely represents a more relevant model for mammalian DR. Our results support the view that protein:carbohydrate ratio is the main dietary determinant of fly lifespan. These findings have broad implications for the study of lifespan and nutrition.
Long-lived states to sustain hyperpolarized magnetization
Authors: Vasos P. R. , Comment A. , Sarkar R. , Ahuja P. , Jannin S. , Ansermet J.-P. , Konter J. A. , Hautle P. , van den Brandt B. , Bodenhausen G.
Published: October 2009

Major breakthroughs have recently been reported that can help overcome two inherent drawbacks of NMR: the lack of sensitivity and the limited memory of longitudinal magnetization. Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) couples nuclear spins to the large reservoir of electrons, thus making it possible to detect dilute endogenous substances in magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We have designed a method to preserve enhanced (“hyperpolarized”) magnetization by conversion into long-lived states (LLS). It is shown that these enhanced long-lived states can be generated for proton spins, which afford sensitive detection. Even in complex molecules such as peptides, long-lived proton states can be sustained effectively over time intervals on the order of tens of seconds, thus allowing hyperpolarized substrates to reach target areas and affording access to slow metabolic pathways. The natural abundance carbon-13 polarization has been enhanced ex situ by almost four orders of magnitude in the dipeptide Ala-Gly. The sample was transferred by the dissolution process to a high-resolution magnet where the carbon-13 polarization was converted into a long-lived state associated with a pair of protons. In Ala-Gly, the lifetimeTLLSassociated with the two nonequivalent Hαglycine protons, sustained by suitable radio-frequency irradiation, was found to be seven times longer than their spin-lattice relaxation time constant (TLLS/T1= 7). At desired intervals, small fractions of the populations of long-lived states were converted into observable magnetization. This opens the way to observing slow chemical reactions and slow transport phenomena such as diffusion by enhanced magnetic resonance.
F
1
-dependent translation of mitochondrially encoded Atp6p and Atp8p subunits of yeast ATP synthase
Authors: Rak Malgorzata , Tzagoloff Alexander
Published: October 2009

The ATP synthase of yeast mitochondria is composed of 17 different subunit polypeptides. We have screened a panel of ATP synthase mutants for impaired expression of Atp6p, Atp8p, and Atp9p, the only mitochondrially encoded subunits of ATP synthase. Our results show that translation of Atp6p and Atp8p is activated by F
1
ATPase (or assembly intermediates thereof). Mutants lacking the α or β subunits of F
1
, or the Atp11p and Atp12p chaperones that promote F
1
assembly, have normal levels of the bicistronic
ATP8
/
ATP6
mRNAs but fail to synthesize Atp6p and Atp8p. F
1
mutants are also unable to express

ARG8
m

when this normally nuclear gene is substituted for
ATP6
or
ATP8
in mitochondrial DNA. Translational activation by F
1
is also supported by the ability of
ATP22
, an Atp6p-specific translation factor, to restore Atp6p and to a lesser degree Atp8p synthesis in the absence of F
1
. These results establish a mechanism by which expression of
ATP6
and
ATP8
is translationally regulated by F
1
to achieve a balanced output of two compartmentally separated sets of ATP synthase genes.
An amantadine-sensitive chimeric BM2 ion channel of influenza B virus has implications for the mechanism of drug inhibition
Authors: Ohigashi Yuki , Ma Chunlong , Jing Xianghong , Balannick Victoria , Pinto Lawrence H. , Lamb Robert A.
Published: October 2009

Influenza A virus M2 (A/M2) and the influenza B virus BM2 are both small integral membrane proteins that form proton-selective ion channels. Influenza A virus A/M2 channel is the target of the antiviral drug amantadine (and its methyl derivative rimantadine), whereas BM2 channel activity is not affected by the drug. The atomic structure of the pore–transmembrane (TM) domain peptide has been determined by x-ray crystallography [Stouffer et al. (2008)
Nature
451:596–599] and of a larger M2 peptide by NMR methods [Schnell and Chou (2008)
Nature
451:591–595]. The crystallographic data show electron density (at 3.5 Å resolution) in the channel pore, consistent with amantadine blocking the pore of the channel. In contrast, the NMR data show 4 rimantadine molecules bound on the outside of the helices toward the cytoplasmic side of the membrane. Drug binding includes interactions with residues 40–45 and a polar hydrogen bond between rimantadine and aspartic acid residue 44 (D44). These 2 distinct drug-binding sites led to 2 incompatible drug inhibition mechanisms. We have generated chimeric channels between amantadine-sensitive A/M2 and amantadine-insensitive BM2 designed to define the drug-binding site. Two chimeras containing 5 residues of the A/M2 ectodomain and residues 24–36 of the A/M2 TM domain show 85% amantadine/rimantadine sensitivity and specific activity comparable to that of WT BM2. These functional data suggest that the amantadine/rimantadine binding site identified on the outside of the 4 helices is not the primary site associated with the pharmacologic inhibition of the A/M2 ion channel.
Dependence of proliferative vascular smooth muscle cells on CD98hc (4F2hc, SLC3A2)
Authors: Fogelstrand Per , Féral Chloé C. , Zargham Ramin , Ginsberg Mark H.
Published: October 2009

Activation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to migrate and proliferate is essential for the formation of intimal hyperplasia. Hence, selectively targeting activated VSMCs is a potential strategy against vaso-occlusive disorders such as in-stent restenosis, vein-graft stenosis, and transplant vasculopathy. We show that CD98 heavy chain (CD98hc) is markedly up-regulated in neointimal and cultured VSMCs, and that activated but not quiescent VSMCs require CD98hc for survival. CD98hc mediates integrin signaling and localizes amino acid transporters to the plasma membrane. SMC-specific deletion of CD98hc did not affect normal vessel morphology, indicating that CD98hc was not required for the maintenance of resident quiescent VSMCs; however, CD98hc deletion reduced intimal hyperplasia after arterial injury. Ex vivo and in vitro, loss of CD98hc suppressed proliferation and induced apoptosis in VSMCs. Furthermore, reconstitution with CD98hc mutants showed that CD98hc interaction with integrins was necessary for the survival of VSMCs. These studies establish the importance of CD98hc in VSMC proliferation and survival. Furthermore, loss of CD98hc was selectively deleterious to activated VSMCs while sparing resident quiescent VSMCs, suggesting that activated VSMCs are physiologically dependent on CD98hc, and hence, CD98hc is a potential therapeutic target in vaso-occlusive disorders.
In vivo bioimaging tracks conditionally replicative adenoviral replication and provides an early indication of viral antitumor efficacy
Authors: Davydova Julia , Gavrikova Tatyana , Brown Eric J. , Luo Xianghua , Curiel David T. , Vickers Selwyn M. , Yamamoto Masato
Published: October 2009

In vivo monitoring of conditionally replicative adenovirus (CRAd) replication and assessing its correlation to CRAd biological effects are necessary for the clinical development of gene therapy. Noninvasive bioimaging is one current approach which can monitor in vivo CRAd replication and functional effect. Here we describe a novel cyclooxygenase‐2 (Cox2) promoter‐controlled CRAd that was modified to contain firefly luciferase in its E3 region; this modification permitted serial bioluminescence imaging of viral replication in vitro and in vivo. In vitro luciferase expression correlated with viral replication and cytolytic effect. In vivo bioluminescence imaging showed dynamic representation of the viral replication level in athymic nude mice bearing subcutaneous tumor xenografts. Importantly, in vivo luciferase bioluminescence measured 6 days after viral administration significantly correlated with CRAd antitumor effect at day 36. Thus, our system could detect viral replication and predict in vivo therapeutic outcome based on early imaging. Further development of this approach may improve patient safety, enhance clinical trial conduct, and provide mechanistic insight into CRAd function in vivo. (Cancer Sci 2009; 00: 000–000)
Analysis of inhibition of topoisomerase IIα and cancer cell proliferation by ingenolEZ
Authors: Yoshida Chisato , Hishiyama Kazsuyoshi , Miyazaki Khosuke , Watanabe Manami , Kanbe Masahiro , Yamada Yuta , Matsuzaki Keiithi , Miyashita Kiichi , Kitanaka Susumu , Miyata Shohei
Published: October 2009

We previously reported that many ingenol compounds derived from Euphorbia kansui exhibit topoisomerase inhibitory activity and/or inhibitory activity of cell proliferation. The inhibitory effects of 20‐O‐(2′E,4′Z‐decadienoyl) ingenol and 3‐O‐(2′E,4′Z‐decadienoyl)‐ingenol among these compounds on topoisomerase II activity and on the cell proliferative activity and arrest phase of the cell cycle were studied using a mouse breast cancer (MMT) cell line. Although 20‐O‐ingenolEZ exerted inhibitory effects on both topoisomerase II activity and cell proliferative activity, 3‐O‐ingenolEZ exerted inhibitory activity on neither. The 20‐O‐ingenolEZ‐induced cell arrest of MMT‐cell proliferation led to a cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Topoisomerase II inhibition can be divided into the poison and catalytic inhibitor types. A checkpoint mechanism is activated when cells are treated with these topoisomerase II inhibitors. Poison‐type inhibition occurs via induction of the DNA damage checkpoint and the catalytic‐type inhibition occurs via induction of the DNA‐decatenation checkpoint, suggestive of distinct checkpoint reactions. 20‐O‐ingenolEZ inhibited topoisomerase IIα activity through inhibition of ATPase, and induced DNA‐decatenation checkpoint without signaling for phosphorylation of H2AX. (Cancer Sci 2010; 101: 374–378)
Conditionally replicating adenovirus improves gene replication efficiency and anticancer effect of E1‐deleted adenovirus carrying TRAIL in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Shim Seon‐Hui , Lee Choon‐Taek , Hun Hah J. , Lee Jae‐Jung , Park Seok‐Woo , Heo Dae Seog , Sung Myung‐Whun
Published: October 2009

To overcome the low efficiency of gene therapy, we combined a conditionally replicating adenovirus (CRAd) and an adenoviral vector with a therapeutic gene. CRAd has an oncolytic activity in cancer cells with abnormal Rb activity and helps the replication of therapeutic genes incorporated in the E1‐deleted adenovirus. We investigated the anticancer effect of a combination of CRAd and adenovirus carrying tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis inducing ligand (ad‐TRAIL). We expected to see increased gene expression in cancer cells as well as an antitumor effect. With the combined application of CRAd and ad‐luciferase in head and neck cancer cell lines, we observed considerably increased luciferase activity that was 10‐ to 50‐fold greater than with ad‐luciferase alone. The combination of CRAd and ad‐TRAIL showed significant suppression of growth in cell lines and increased the sub‐G1 portion of cells 30‐fold compared to any single treatment. The expression of TRAIL was highly amplified by the combined treatment and was accompanied by expression of molecules related to apoptosis. In a xenograft animal model, mice treated with CRAd and ad‐TRAIL showed complete regression of established tumors, whereas mice treated with CRAd or ad‐TRAIL alone did not. In conclusion, this combined strategy using CRAd and adenovirus carrying a therapeutic gene increased the gene transfer rate and enhanced antitumor effects. We expect that this combination strategy could be extended to a multitarget cancer gene therapy by combining multiple adenoviruses and CRAd. (Cancer Sci 2009)
Land use changes and conservation threats in the eastern Selous–Niassa wildlife corridor, Nachingwea, Tanzania
Authors: Ntongani Wilbard A. , Munishi Pantaleo K. T. , Mbilinyi Bonifas P.
Published: October 2009

Selous–Niassa miombo woodland ecosystem has been and continues to face conservation threats. Understanding of changes happening in such ecosystem overtime is important for establishing management baseline data. This study identified land use changes, socio‐economic factors and conservation threats to the Selous–Niassa wildlife corridor across Nachingwea district, Tanzania. Landsat images of 1978, 1993 and 2000 were used to assess land use changes. Household survey was conducted to obtain socio‐economic data; logistic regression model was used to analyse the data. In 15 years (1978–1993) cultivated land only increased by 131% while forestlands decreased by 8.7%. In 12 years (1993–2005) cultivated land increased by 65.6% while forestland decreased by 10.7%. Land cover change per year has been found 0.54% relatively low compared to national land cover change of 45%per year. Land tenure, shifting cultivation and crops prices were major factors influencing land use changes while wildfires, farm encroachment and illegal timber harvesting were major conservation threats. Basing on the results, it was recommended that there is a need for a government to introduce community‐based natural resource management plans to improve natural resource utilization and reduce human stress to the corridor.
Tree diversity drives abundance and spatiotemporal β‐diversity of true bugs (Heteroptera)
Authors: SOBEK STEPHANIE , GOßNER MARTIN M. , SCHERBER CHRISTOPH , STEFFAN‐DEWENTER INGOLF , TSCHARNTKE TEJA
Published: October 2009

1. Spatiotemporal patterns of canopy true bug diversity in forests of different tree species diversity have not yet been disentangled, although plant diversity has been shown to strongly impact the diversity and distribution of many insect communities.

2. Here we compare species richness of canopy true bugs across a tree diversity gradient ranging from simple beech to mixed forest stands. We analyse changes in community composition by additive partitioning of species diversity, for communities on various tree species, as well as for communities dwelling on beech alone.

3. Total species richness (γ‐diversity) and α‐diversity, and abundance of true bugs increased across the tree diversity gradient, while diversity changes were mediated by increased true bug abundance in the highly diverse forest stands. The same pattern was found for γ‐diversity in most functional guilds (e.g. forest specialists, herbivores, predators). Temporal and even more, spatial turnover (β‐diversity) among trees was closely related to tree diversity and accounted for ∼90% of total γ‐diversity.

4. Results for beech alone were similar, but species turnover could not be related to the tree diversity gradient, and monthly turnover was higher compared to turnover among trees.

5. Our findings support the hypothesis that with increasing tree diversity and thereby increasing habitat heterogeneity, enhanced resource availability supports a greater number of individuals and species of true bugs. Tree species identity and the dissimilarity of true bug communities from tree to tree determine community patterns.

6. In conclusion, understanding diversity and distribution of insect communities in deciduous forests needs a perspective on patterns of spatiotemporal turnover. Heterogeneity among sites, tree species, as well as tree individuals contributed greatly to overall bug diversity.
Allometric functional response model: body masses constrain interaction strengths
Authors: Vucic‐Pestic Olivera , Rall Björn C. , Kalinkat Gregor , Brose Ulrich
Published: October 2009

1. Functional responses quantify theper capitaconsumption rates of predators depending on prey density. The parameters of these nonlinear interaction strength models were recently used as successful proxies for predicting population dynamics, food‐web topology and stability.

2. This study addressed systematic effects of predator and prey body masses on the functional response parameters handling time, instantaneous search coefficient (attack coefficient) and a scaling exponent converting type II into type III functional responses. To fully explore the possible combinations of predator and prey body masses, we studied the functional responses of 13 predator species (ground beetles and wolf spiders) on one small and one large prey resulting in 26 functional responses.

3. We found (i) a power‐law decrease of handling time with predator mass with an exponent of −0·94; (ii) an increase of handling time with prey mass (power‐law with an exponent of 0·83, but only three prey sizes were included); (iii) a hump‐shaped relationship between instantaneous search coefficients and predator–prey body‐mass ratios; and (iv) low scaling exponents for low predator–prey body mass ratios in contrast to high scaling exponents for high predator–prey body‐mass ratios.

4. These scaling relationships suggest that nonlinear interaction strengths can be predicted by knowledge of predator and prey body masses. Our results imply that predators of intermediate size impose strongerper capitatop‐down interaction strengths on a prey than smaller or larger predators. Moreover, the stability of population and food‐web dynamics should increase with increasing body‐mass ratios in consequence of increases in the scaling exponents.

5. Integrating these scaling relationships into population models will allow predicting energy fluxes, food‐web structures and the distribution of interaction strengths across food web links based on knowledge of the species’ body masses.
Possible Involvement of Microglia Containing Cyclooxygenase‐1 in the Accumulation of Gonadotrophin‐Releasing Hormone in the Preoptic Area in Female Rats
Authors: Adachi S. , Fujioka H. , Kakehashi C. , Matsuwaki T. , Nishihara M. , Akema T.
Published: October 2009

Prostaglandins (PGs), especially PGE2, are involved in the hypothalamic control of gonadotrophin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) release, acting at least in part on the terminal of GnRH axons in the median eminence. The present study aimed: (i) to clarify the role of PG(s) in regulating GnRH cell function at the level of the perikarya in the preoptic area; (ii) to determine the cyclooxygenase (COX) isozyme responsible for producing PG(s) that regulates GnRH perikarya; and (iii) to identify cell types that contain the responsible COX isozyme in female rats. A surge of luteinising hormone (LH) secretion was induced by oestrogen and progesterone in ovariectomised rats. Treatment of the rat before the LH surge with indomethacin, a nonselective COX inhibitor, or NS‐398, a selective COX‐2 inhibitor, did not interfere with the surge. However, treatment with indomethacin or flurbiprofen, a selective COX‐1 inhibitor, significantly reduced the number of GnRH‐immunoreactive cells in the preoptic area at the time of peak LH secretion during the surge. NS‐398 did not affect the GnRH immunoreactivity. Double‐labelled immunofluorescent histochemistry revealed COX‐1 immunoreactivity in the vicinity of, but not within, GnRH containing neurones in the preoptic area. COX‐2 immunoreactivity was not found in the same area. The COX‐1 immunoreactivity was almost entirely localised in microglia in the preoptic area, but not in neurones or astrocytes. These results suggest that microglia in the preoptic area containing COX‐1 are responsible for producing PG(s), which, in turn, facilitates the accumulation of GnRH during the gonadotrophin surge in female rats.