bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cerebral Microdialysis Monitoring of Energy Metabolism: Relation to Cerebral Blood Flow and Oxygen Delivery in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Svedung Wettervik Teodor , Engquist Henrik , Hånell Anders , Howells Timothy , Rostami Elham , Ronne-Engström Elisabeth , Lewén Anders , Enblad Per
Published: May 2022

Introduction:

In this study, we investigated the roles of cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral oxygen delivery (CDO2) in relation to cerebral energy metabolism after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH).

Methods:

Fifty-seven adult aSAH patients treated on the neurointensive care unit at Uppsala, Sweden between 2012 and 2020, with at least 1 xenon-enhanced computed tomography (Xe-CT) scan in the first 14 days after ictus and concurrent microdialysis (MD) monitoring, were included in this retrospective study. CBF was measured globally and focally (around the MD catheter) with Xe-CT, and CDO2 calculated. Cerebral energy metabolites were measured using MD.

Results:

Focal ischemia (CBF <20 mL/100 g/min around the MD catheter was associated with lower median [interquartile range]) MD-glucose (1.2 [0.7 to 2.2] mM vs. 2.3 [1.3 to 3.5] mM; P=0.05) and higher MD-lactate-pyruvate (LPR) ratio (34 [29 to 66] vs. 25 [21 to 32]; P=0.02). A compensated/normal MD pattern (MD-LPR <25) was observed in the majority of patients (22/23, 96%) without focal ischemia, whereas 4 of 11 (36%) patients with a MD pattern of poor substrate supply (MD-LPR >25, MD-pyruvate <120 µM) had focal ischemia as did 5 of 20 (25%) patients with a pattern of mitochondrial dysfunction (MD-LPR >25, MD-pyruvate >120 µM) (P=0.04). Global CBF and CDO2, and focal CDO2, were not associated with the MD variables.

Conclusions:

While MD is a feasible tool to study cerebral energy metabolism, its validity is limited to a focal area around the MD catheter. Cerebral energy disturbances were more related to low CBF than to low CDO2. Considering the high rate of mitochondrial dysfunction, treatments that increase CBF but not CDO2, such as hemodilution, may still benefit glucose delivery to drive anaerobic metabolism.
Objective and Subjective Hearing Difficulties Are Associated With Lower Inhibitory Control
Authors: Perron Maxime , Dimitrijevic Andrew , Alain Claude
Published: May 2022

Objective:

Evidence suggests that hearing loss increases the risk of cognitive impairment. However, the relationship between hearing loss and cognition can vary considerably across studies, which may be partially explained by demographic and health factors that are not systematically accounted for in statistical models.

Design:

Middle-aged to older adult participants (N = 149) completed a web-based assessment that included speech-in-noise (SiN) and self-report measures of hearing, as well as auditory and visual cognitive interference (Stroop) tasks. Correlations between hearing and cognitive interference measures were performed with and without controlling for age, sex, education, depression, anxiety, and self-rated health.

Results:

The risk of having objective SiN difficulties differed between males and females. All demographic and health variables, except education, influenced the likelihood of reporting hearing difficulties. Small but significant relationships between objective and reported hearing difficulties and the measures of cognitive interference were observed when analyses were controlled for demographic and health factors. Furthermore, when stratifying analyses for males and females, different relationships between hearing and cognitive interference measures were found. Self-reported difficulty with spatial hearing and objective SiN performance were better predictors of inhibitory control in females, whereas self-reported difficulty with speech was a better predictor of inhibitory control in males. This suggests that inhibitory control is associated with different listening abilities in males and females.

Conclusions:

The results highlight the importance of controlling for participant characteristics when assessing the relationship between hearing and cognitive interference, which may also be the case for other cognitive functions, but this requires further investigations. Furthermore, this study is the first to show that the relationship between hearing and cognitive interference can be captured using web-based tasks that are simple to implement and administer at home without any assistance, paving the way for future online screening tests assessing the effects of hearing loss on cognition.
Lower Expression of GBP2 Associated With Less Immune Cell Infiltration and Poor Prognosis in Skin Cutaneous Melanoma (SKCM)
Authors: Zhang Shuguang , Chen Kun , Zhao Zhenguo , Zhang Xinxin , Xu Libin , Liu Ting , Yu Shengji
Published: May 2022

Guanylate binding protein 2 (GBP2) could bind to guanine nucleotides (GMP, GDP, and GTP) and exhibits antiviral activity against influenza virus through the innate immune response. Some researchers have demonstrated that the value of GBP2 in predicting the prognosis of multiple cancers and the complex correlation with immune response. However, the correlation of GBP2 to prognosis and immune cell infiltration level were unknown in skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM). The GBP2 expression in multiple cancers were evaluated through Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) and Oncomine. We also evaluated the influence of GBP2 on overall survival in multiple caners through GEPIA, TIMER, and tissue microarray. The correlation between GBP2 expression level and immune cell or gene markers of immune infiltration level was explored on TIMER and GEPIA. Gene set enrichment analysis was performed using the TCGA dataset. The GBP2 expression level represented a significant reduction and the GBP2 expression was lower compared with the SKCM-Metastasis with P<0.01. Lower GBP2 expression was significantly correlated with the poor overall survival of SKCM patients. Simultaneously, higher GBP2 expression predicted the better SKCM-free survival with P=0.019. GBP2 expression was positively correlated with the infiltration cells of B-cell, CD8+ T-cell, CD4+ T-cell, macrophage, neutrophil, and dendritic cell in SKCM. And there was a significant negative correlation between the expression of GBP2 and DNA methylation in the cBioPortal database (P=3.39e−42). Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that GBP2 was closely correlated with multiple pathways of immune response in cancer. In conclusion, Lower expression of GBP2 associated with less immune cell infiltration and poor prognosis in SKCM and the high promoter methylation of GBP2 represented a promising biomarker for poor prognostication in SKCM.
Multimodal Analgesia in the Aesthetic Plastic Surgery: Concepts and Strategies
Authors: Schoenbrunner Anna R. , Joshi Girish P. , Janis Jeffrey E.
Published: May 2022

Background:

Postoperative pain management is crucial for aesthetic plastic surgery procedures. Poorly controlled postoperative pain results in negative physiologic effects and can affect length of stay and patient satisfaction. In light of the growing opioid epidemic, plastic surgeons must be keenly familiar with opioid-sparing multimodal analgesia regimens to optimize postoperative pain control.

Methods:

A review study based on multimodal analgesia was conducted.

Results:

We present an overview of pain management strategies pertaining to aesthetic plastic surgery and offer a multimodal analgesia model for outpatient aesthetic surgery practices.

Conclusion:

This review article presents an evidence-based approach to multimodal pain management for aesthetic plastic surgery.
An Elegant, Simple Solution to a Newly Described Phenomenon: Traumatic Nasomalar “Ball-valve” Fistula
Authors: Kang Ajaipal S. , Saran Manick , Kang Kevin S.
Published: May 2022

Sequela of complex craniomaxillofacial trauma is common. We report a previously undocumented, highly unusual, postfacial trauma presentation of a “nasomalar ball-valve fistula.” The clinical presentation was a sharp influx of air into the left malar subcutaneous space with each nasal inspiration, followed by near-complete deflation upon each expiration. We also report a very simple and elegant solution of using a nasal trumpet to completely resolve this problem without the need for additional operation. The final recovery was uneventful. We hope to make all facial surgeons aware of this diagnosis and to remind them to keep this simple device in their armamentarium to address similar issues.
Impact of Apocrine Gland Residue on Bromhidrosis Clinical Efficacy: A Self-controlled Case Series Study
Authors: Lan Shanshan , Zhao Ziran , Wu Di , Zheng Chunmei , Dong Xue , Zhang Kejia
Published: May 2022

Background:

Apocrine sweat gland excision is a successful surgical treatment for bromhidrosis used in clinical practice due to its efficacy and unobtrusive postoperative scar. However, a small quantity of apocrine sweat gland residue is an unavoidable intraoperative concern to minimize losses of the dermal vascular network induced by extensive excision of the apocrine sweat glands. However, the relationship between the degree of remaining glands and clinical efficacy is yet unknown. This study looked at the histopathology of preexcision and postexcision specimens from bromhidrosis patients to see a connection between residual apocrine sweat glands and clinical efficacy following apocrine sweat gland excision.

Methods:

Twenty-one patients with bromhidrosis were recruited from April 2018 to December 2020. In this study, a description self-controlled case series was applied, with the patient preoperative sample as the control. The entire axillary skin was excised before and immediately after apocrine sweat gland excision, and skin tissue hemotoxylin-and-eosin staining was conducted to assess and compare the remnant apocrine sweat glands. Furthermore, preoperative and 6-month postoperative NRS-11 odor scores were analyzed, as well as patient satisfaction after surgery.

Results:

All patients had variable degrees of apocrine sweat gland excision residue, but they all passed clinical cure criteria and presented a high patient satisfaction rate.

Conclusions:

Apocrine sweat gland excision with a small quantity of apocrine sweat gland remnant can nevertheless result in a favorable clinical outcome and high patient satisfaction of bromhidrosis.
Graft Survival, Graft Rejection, and Glaucoma in a Consecutive Series of Descemet Stripping Endothelial Keratoplasty
Authors: Patel Sanjay V. , Hodge David O. , Winkler Nelson S. , Maguire Leo J. , Baratz Keith H.
Published: May 2022

Purpose:

The goal of this study was to compare outcomes of Descemet stripping endothelial keratoplasty (DSEK) in eyes with glaucoma and abnormal anatomy to eyes with Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD).

Methods:

In a retrospective interventional series of all cases of DSEK between April 1, 2006, and November 30, 2015, recipient diagnosis, preoperative glaucoma status, concurrent surgical procedures, and graft outcomes were recorded. Graft survival, risk of rejection, and subsequent glaucoma surgery were estimated by using Kaplan–Meier analysis with risk factors determined by proportional hazard models.

Results:

Of 703 DSEKs in 666 eyes (509 subjects), the main recipient diagnoses were FECD (n = 496), pseudophakic corneal edema (n = 112), and failed graft (n = 83). Glaucoma was present in 150 cases before DSEK. Overall graft survival was 85%, 75%, and 71% at 5, 10, and 12 years, respectively, and for FECD without glaucoma was 95%, 89%, and 87% at 5, 10, and 12 years, respectively. Independent risk factors for graft failure included recipient diagnoses of pseudophakic corneal edema (HR = 8.3, P < 0.001), failed graft (HR = 6.4, P < 0.001), and preoperative medical glaucoma (HR = 7.1, P < 0.001) or surgical glaucoma (HR = 12.3, P < 0.001). Preoperative glaucoma treated by previous surgery resulted in graft survival of 28% at 10 years. Preoperative glaucoma was associated with an increased risk of graft rejection (HR = 6.8, P < 0.001) and subsequent glaucoma surgery (HR > 17.4, P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

Preoperative glaucoma increases the risk of graft failure, graft rejection, and needing subsequent glaucoma surgery in the first decade after DSEK. With previous glaucoma surgery, DSEK graft survival was more favorable compared with published reports of Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty.
Antibody Seronegativity in COVID-19 RT-PCR–Positive Children
Authors: Bhatt Maala , Zemek Roger L. , Tang Ken , Malley Richard , Plint Amy C. , Pham-Huy Anne , Dawson Jennifer , McGahern Candice , Pelchat Martin , Arnold Corey , Galipeau Yannick , Langlois Marc-André
Published: May 2022

This substudy of a prospective case-ascertained household transmission study investigated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction–positive individuals without antibody development and factors associated with nonseroconversion. Approximately 1 of 8 individuals with coronavirus disease 2019 did not seroconvert. Children, particularly the youngest, were approximately half as likely to seroconvert compared with adults. Apart from the absence of fever/chills, individual symptoms did not strongly predict nonseroconversion.
Safety and efficacy of topical vs intracanalicular corticosteroids for the prevention of postoperative inflammation after cataract surgery
Authors: Lu Amy Q. , Rizk Monica , O'Rourke Tara , Goodling Kristin , Lehman Erik , Scott Ingrid U. , Pantanelli Seth M.
Published: May 2022

Purpose:

To compare the safety and efficacy of topical prednisolone and intracanalicular dexamethasone ophthalmic insert for the prevention of postoperative inflammation after cataract surgery.

Setting:

Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania.

Design:

Retrospective consecutive case series.

Methods:

Patients scheduled for elective phacoemulsification cataract surgery with a plan to receive inflammation prophylaxis with topical prednisolone (prednisolone acetate 1 mg/1 mL) between January 2018 and November 2019 or intracanalicular dexamethasone (Dextenza, 0.4 mg) between December 2019 and March 2021 were screened. Patients were seen 1 day, 1 week, and 4 to 16 weeks postoperatively. Medical records were also reviewed for any urgent messages between visits. Primary end points were proportion of eyes with (1) breakthrough inflammation requiring escalation of anti-inflammatory therapy and (2) intraocular pressure (IOP) increase ≥10 mm Hg at 4 to 16 weeks of follow-up. Secondary end points included incidence of intraoperative complications, cystoid macular edema, and infectious sequelae.

Results:

358 patient charts (358 eyes) were screened. Of these, 262 eyes of 262 patients met the criteria for inclusion in the study; 131 eyes received topical drops, and 131 eyes received the intracanalicular insert. Among eyes that completed follow-up, 9 eyes (6.9%) in the drops group and 12 eyes (9.2%) in the insert group experienced breakthrough inflammation necessitating treatment (P = .50). 2 eyes in the drops group and 1 eye in the insert group had elevated IOP.

Conclusions:

Postoperative inflammation prophylaxis with the intracanalicular insert may be associated with similar rates of breakthrough inflammation and IOP elevation as topical drops.
Generalized sensory sensitivity is associated with comorbid pain symptoms: a replication study in women with dysmenorrhea
Authors: Schrepf Andrew , Hellman Kevin M. , Bohnert Amy M. , Williams David A. , Tu Frank F.
Published: May 2022

Dysmenorrhea is characterized by high rates of transition to chronic pain. In a previous study using structural equation modeling, we demonstrated that several symptom domains associated with the emerging concept of nociplastic pain can be described using 2 symptom groups: generalized sensory sensitivity (GSS; composed of widespread pain, interceptive sensitivity, and environmental sensitivity) and SPACE (composed of unrefreshing sleep, pain, affective disturbances, cognitive issues, and reduced energy). Here, we perform a secondary cross-sectional analysis examining the same symptoms groups in a cohort of patients with dysmenorrhea without a diagnosis of chronic pain. Our purpose is to determine if the same symptom patterns are apparent and if they are associated with the presence and severity of comorbid pain. Participants were 201 women with dysmenorrhea. We replicated the hypothesized 2-factor structure in this cohort (comparative fit index = 0.971 and root mean square error of approximation =0.055; 90% CI: 0.000-0.097). Generalized sensory sensitivity was associated with the severity of bladder, bowel, and overall pain in multivariable models including SPACE, patient age, and BMI (all β > 0.32, all P < 0.05). Sleep, pain, affective disturbances, cognitive issues, and reduced energy were associated with menstrual pain during nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, whereas GSS was associated with the same in the absence of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use (both P < 0.05). This 2-factor model of symptoms seems to be replicable and valid in a cohort of women at risk for developing chronic pain conditions. These symptom groups are promising potential markers of future pain chronification and may point to patients in need of earlier or more aggressive intervention.
Treatment effect modifiers for individuals with acute low back pain: secondary analysis of the TARGET trial
Authors: Beneciuk Jason M. , George Steven Z. , Patterson Charity G. , Smith Clair N. , Brennan Gerard P. , Wegener Stephen T. , Roseen Eric J. , Saper Robert B. , Delitto Anthony
Published: May 2022

Treatment effect modifiers identify patient characteristics associated with treatment responses. The purpose of this secondary analysis was to identify potential treatment effect modifiers for disability from the TARGET trial that compared usual care (control) with usual care + psychologically informed physical therapy (PIPT). The sample consisted of a STarT Back tool identified high-risk patients with acute low back pain that completed Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) data at index visit and 6 months later (n = 1250). Candidate treatment effect modifiers were identified a priori and informed by the literature. Linear mixed models tested for treatment effect modification through tests of statistical interaction. All statistical interactions (P ≤ 0.20) were stratified by modifier to inspect for specific effects (P ≤ 0.05). Smoking was identified as a potential effect modifier (treatment * smoking interaction, P = 0.08). In participants who were smokers, the effect of PIPT was (ODI = 5.5; 95% CI: 0.6-10.4; P = 0.03) compared with usual care. In participants who were nonsmokers, the effect of PIPT was (ODI = 1.5; 95% CI: −1.4 to 4.4; P = 0.31) compared with usual care. Pain medication was also identified as a potential effect modifier (treatment × pain medication interaction, P = 0.10). In participants prescribed ≥3 pain medications, the effect of PIPT was (ODI = 7.1; 95% CI: −0.1 to 14.2; P = 0.05) compared with usual care. The PIPT effect for participants prescribed no pain medication was (ODI = 3.5; 95% CI: −0.4 to 7.4; P = 0.08) and for participants prescribed 1 to 2 pain medications was (ODI = 0.6; 95% CI: −2.5 to 3.7; P = 0.70) when compared with usual care. These findings may be used for generating hypotheses and planning future clinical trials investigating the effectiveness of tailored application of PIPT.
Gearing Up for a Vaccine Requirement: A Mixed Methods Study of COVID-19 Vaccine Confidence Among Workers at an Academic Medical Center
Authors: Mahoney Megan , Winget Marcy , Brown-Johnson Cati , de Borba Lindsay , Veruttipong Darlene , Luu Jacklyn , Jones David , Bohman Bryan , Vilendrer Stacie
Published: May 2022

Goal:

Assessing barriers to vaccination among healthcare workers may be particularly important given their roles in their respective communities. We conducted a mixed methods study to explore healthcare worker perspectives on receiving COVID-19 vaccines at a large multisite academic medical center.

Methods:

A total of 5,917 employees completed the COVID-19 vaccine confidence survey (20% response rate). Most participants were vaccinated (93%). Compared to vaccinated participants, unvaccinated participants were younger (60% < 44 years), more likely to be from a non-Asian minority group (48%), and more likely to be nonclinical employees (57% vs. 46%). Among the unvaccinated respondents, 53% indicated they would be influenced by their healthcare provider, while 19% reported that nothing would influence them to get vaccinated. Key perceived barriers to vaccination from the qualitative analysis included the need for more long-term safety and efficacy data, a belief in the right to make an individual choice, mistrust, a desire for greater public health information, personal health concerns, circumstances such as prior COVID-19 infection, and access issues.

Principal Findings:

Strategies endorsed by some participants to address their concerns about safety and access included a communication campaign, personalized medicine approaches (e.g., individual appointments to discuss how the vaccine might interact with personal health conditions), and days off to recover. Mistrust and a belief in the right to make an individual choice may be harder barriers to overcome; further dialogue is needed.

Applications to Practice:

These findings reflect potential strategies for vaccine requirements that healthcare organizations can implement to enhance vaccine confidence. In addition, organizations can ask respected health professionals to serve as spokespeople, which may help shift the perspectives of unvaccinated healthcare workers.
Association of Preference and Frequency of Teleworking with Work Functioning Impairment
Authors: Yamashita Satoshi , Ishimaru Tomohiro , Nagata Tomohisa , Tateishi Seiichiro , Hino Ayako , Tsuji Mayumi , Ikegami Kazunori , Muramatsu Keiji , Fujino Yoshihisa
Published: May 2022

Objective

We examined whether teleworking preference and frequency were associated with work functioning impairment.

Methods

This online cross-sectional study was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire among 27,036 full-time Japanese workers. The Work Functioning Impairment Scale was used to measure work functioning impairment, and we performed multilevel logistic regression analysis

Results

Higher odds ratios for work functioning impairment were observed among employees who preferred to telework compared with those who preferred working in the workplace. A similar trend was observed among employees who teleworked four or more days a week compared with those who almost never teleworked. When teleworking preference and frequency were adjusted, only teleworking preference was associated with work functioning impairment.

Conclusions

A preference for teleworking was associated with work functioning impairment and one factor that increased the teleworking frequency.
Physiological Effects of Wearing N95 Respirator on Medical Staff During Prolong Work Hours in Covid-19 Departments
Authors: Shechtman Liran , ben-Haim Gal , Ben-Zvi Ilan , Steel Laurence , Ironi Avinoah , Huszti Ella , Chatterji Sumit , Levy Liran
Published: May 2022

Objective

The objective of the current study was to determine gas exchange abnormalities and physiological changes among healthcare workers during a 4-hour emergency department (ED) shift while wearing the N95 respirator.

Methods

Single-center prospective observational study. Comparisons of paired measurements were performed using a non-parametric Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. Results: Forty-one subjects were included. Prolonged N95 respirator use was associated with a significant decline in plasma pH (7.35 mmHg vs 7.34 mmHg, P = 0.02), PvO2 (23.2 mmHg vs 18.6 mmHg, P < 0.001) and a concurrent increase in EtCO2 (32.5 mmHg vs 38.5 mmHg, P < 0.0001). PvCO2 and bicarbonate levels did not differ. No significant change was observed for heart rate or oxygen saturation.

Conclusion

Using an N95 respirator for prolonged periods by healthcare professionals may provoke changes in gas exchange. The clinical significance of these changes remains to be determined.
Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Selection by Multidisciplinary Consensus: The ECMO Council
Authors: Gannon Whitney D. , Trindade Anil J. , Stokes John W. , Casey Jonathan D. , Benson Clayne , Patel Yatrik J. , Pugh Meredith E. , Semler Matthew W. , Bacchetta Matthew , Rice Todd W.
Published: May 2022

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has increased the demand for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and introduced distinct challenges to patient selection for ECMO. Standardized processes for patient selection amidst resource limitations are lacking, and data on ECMO consults are underreported. We retrospectively reviewed consecutive adult ECMO consults for acute respiratory failure received at a single academic medical center from April 1, 2020, to February 28, 2021, and evaluated the implementation of a multidisciplinary selection committee (ECMO Council) and standardized framework for patient selection for ECMO. During the 334-day period, there were 202 total ECMO consults; 174 (86.1%) included a diagnosis of COVID-19. Among all consults, 157 (77.7%) were declined and 41 (20.3%) resulted in the initiation of ECMO. Frequent reasons for decline included the presence of multiple relative contraindications (n = 33), age greater than 60 years (n = 32), and resource limitations (n = 27). The ECMO Council deliberated on every case in which an absolute contraindication was not present (n = 96) via an electronic teleconference platform. Utilizing multidisciplinary consensus together with a standardized process for patient selection in ECMO is feasible during a pandemic and may be reliably exercised over time. Whether such an approach is feasible at other centers remains unknown.
A Pilot Study of Intensive Locomotor-Related Skill Training and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Evans Nicholas H. , Field-Fote Edelle C.
Published: May 2022

Background and Purpose:

Improved walking function is a priority among persons with motor-incomplete spinal cord injury (PwMISCI). Accessibility and cost limit long-term participation in locomotor training offered in specialized centers. Intensive motor training that facilitates neuroplastic mechanisms that support skill learning and can be implemented in the home/community may be advantageous for promoting long-term restoration of walking function. Additionally, increasing corticospinal drive via transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may enhance training effects. In this pilot study, we investigated whether a moderate-intensity motor skill training (MST) circuit improved walking function in PwMISCI and whether augmenting training with tDCS influenced outcomes.

Methods:

Twenty-five adults (chronic, motor-incomplete spinal cord injury) were randomized to a 3-day intervention of a locomotor-related MST circuit and concurrent application of sham tDCS (MST+tDCSsham) or active tDCS (MST+tDCS). The primary outcome was overground walking speed. Secondary outcomes included walking distance, cadence, stride length, and step symmetry index (SI).

Results:

Analyses revealed significant effects of the MST circuit on walking speed, walking distance, cadence, and bilateral stride length but no effect on interlimb SI. No significant between-groups differences were observed. Post hoc analyses revealed within-groups change in walking speed (ΔM = 0.13 m/s, SD = 0.13) that app-roached the minimally clinically important difference of 0.15 m/s.

Discussion and Conclusions:

Brief, intensive MST involving locomotor-related activities significantly increased walking speed, walking distance, and spatiotemporal measures in PwMISCI. Significant additive effects of tDCS were not observed; however, participation in only 3 days of MST was associated with changes in walking speed that were comparable to longer locomotor training studies.

Video Abstract available for more insights from the authors (see the Video, Supplemental Digital Content 1, available at: http://links.lww.com/JNPT/A386).
Epidemiology of Neonatal Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Prospective, Multicenter, International Cohort Study
Authors: De Luca Daniele , Tingay David G. , van Kaam Anton H. , Courtney Sherry E. , Kneyber Martin C. J. , Tissieres Pierre , Tridente Ascanio , Rimensberger Peter C. , Pillow J. Jane ,   for the Neonatal ARDS Project Collaboration Group
Published: May 2022

OBJECTIVES:

Age-specific definitions for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are available, including a specific definition for neonates (the “Montreux definition”). The epidemiology of neonatal ARDS is unknown. The objective of this study was to describe the epidemiology, clinical course, treatment, and outcomes of neonatal ARDS.

DESIGN:

Prospective, international, observational, cohort study.

SETTING:

Fifteen academic neonatal ICUs.

PATIENTS:

Consecutive sample of neonates of any gestational age admitted to participating sites who met the neonatal ARDS Montreux definition criteria.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:

Neonatal ARDS was classified as direct or indirect, infectious or noninfectious, and perinatal (≤ 72 hr after birth) or late in onset. Primary outcomes were: 1) survival at 30 days from diagnosis, 2) inhospital survival, and 3) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO)-free survival at 30 days from diagnosis. Secondary outcomes included respiratory complications and common neonatal extrapulmonary morbidities. A total of 239 neonates met criteria for the diagnosis of neonatal ARDS. The median prevalence was 1.5% of neonatal ICU admissions with male/female ratio of 1.5. Respiratory treatments were similar across gestational ages. Direct neonatal ARDS (51.5% of neonates) was more common in term neonates and the perinatal period. Indirect neonatal ARDS was often triggered by an infection and was more common in preterm neonates. Thirty-day, inhospital, and 30-day ECMO-free survival were 83.3%, 76.2%, and 79.5%, respectively. Direct neonatal ARDS was associated with better survival outcomes than indirect neonatal ARDS. Direct and noninfectious neonatal ARDS were associated with the poorest respiratory outcomes at 36 and 40 weeks’ postmenstrual age. Gestational age was not associated with any primary outcome on multivariate analyses.

CONCLUSIONS:

Prevalence and survival of neonatal ARDS are similar to those of pediatric ARDS. The neonatal ARDS subtypes used in the current definition may be associated with distinct clinical outcomes and a different distribution for term and preterm neonates.
Inferior and Superior Vena Cava Saturation Monitoring After Neonatal Cardiac Surgery*
Authors: Law Mark A. , Benscoter Alexis L. , Borasino Santiago , Dewan Maya , Rahman A. K. M. Fazlur , Loomba Rohit S. , Hock Kristal M. , Alten Jeffrey A.
Published: May 2022

OBJECTIVES:

Superior vena cava oxygen saturation (SVC O2) monitoring is well described for early detection of hemodynamic deterioration after neonatal cardiac surgery but inferior vena cava vein oxygen saturation (IVC O2) monitoring data are limited.

DESIGN:

Retrospective cohort study of 118 neonates with congenital heart disease (52 single ventricle) from February 2008 to January 2014.

SETTING:

Pediatric cardiac ICU.

PATIENTS:

Neonates (< 30 d) with concurrent admission IVC O2 and SVC O2 measurements after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.

INTERVENTIONS:

None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:

The primary aim was to correlate admission IVC O2 and SVC O2. Secondary aims included: correlate flank or cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy with IVC O2 and SVC O2, respectively, and exploratory analysis to evaluate associations between oximetry data and a composite adverse outcome defined as any of the following: increasing serum lactate or vasoactive support at 2 hours post-admission, cardiac arrest, or mortality. Admission IVC O2 and SVC O2 correlated (r = 0.54; p < 0.001). However, IVC O2 measurements were significantly lower than paired SVC O2 (mean difference, –6%; 95% CI, –8% to –4%; p < 0.001) with wide variability in sample agreement. Logistic regression showed that each 12% decrease in IVC O2 was associated with a 12-fold greater odds of the composite adverse outcome (odds ratio [OR], 12; 95% CI, 3.9–34; p < 0.001). We failed to find an association between SVC O2 and increased odds of the composite adverse outcome (OR, 1.8; 95% CI, 0.99–3.3; p = 0.053). In an exploratory analysis, the area under the receiver operating curve for IVC O2 and SVC O2, and the composite adverse outcome, was 0.85 (95% CI, 0.77–0.92) and 0.63 (95% CI, 0.52–0.73), respectively. Admission IVC O2 had strong correlation with concurrent flank near-infrared spectroscopy value (r = 0.74; p < 0.001). SVC O2 had a weak association with cerebral near-infrared spectroscopy (r = 0.22; p = 0.02).

CONCLUSIONS:

In postoperative neonates, admission IVC O2 and SVC O2 correlate. Lower admission IVC O2 may identify a cohort of postsurgical neonates at risk for low cardiac output and associated morbidity.
Causes of Nurses' Second Victim Distress: An Objective Analysis
Authors: Kim Sun-Aee , Kim Eun-Mi , Lee Ju-Ry
Published: May 2022

Background:

Unanticipated adverse events could harm not only patients and families but also health care professionals. These people are defined as second victims. Second victim distress (SVD) refers to physical, emotional, and professional problems of health care professionals. While positive patient safety cultures (PSCs) are associated with reducing severity of SVD, there is a dearth of research on the association between PSCs and SVD and the mediation effects in those associations.

Objectives:

The purpose of this study was to explore the associations between PSCs and SVD and verify the multiple mediation effects of colleague, supervisor, and institutional supports.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study using a self-report questionnaire was conducted among 296 nurses in South Korea. The participants were selected by quota sampling in 41 departments including general wards, intensive care units, etc. Descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, multiple linear regression, and multiple mediation analysis were conducted using SPSS 25.0 and the PROCESS macros.

Results:

Nonpunitive response to errors, communication openness, and colleague, supervisor, and institutional supports had negative correlations with SVD (Ps < .05). In the multiple mediation model, a nonpunitive response to error showed a significant direct effect on SVD (direct effect β = −.26, P < .001). Colleague, supervisor, and institutional supports showed a significant indirect effect between nonpunitive response to error and SVD; colleague (indirect effect β [Boot LLCI-Boot ULCI] = −.03 [−0.06 to −0.00]), supervisor (.03[0.00 to 0.07]), and institutional support (−.04 [−0.07 to −0.01]).

Conclusion:

The study suggests that establishing nonpunitive organizational cultures is an effective strategy to reduce SVD. The findings highlight the importance of promoting programs that strengthen PSCs in hospitals and prioritizing support resources to reduce SVD among nurses.
Genetic evidence for post-glacial expansion from a southern refugium in the eastern moa (
Emeus crassus
)
Authors: Verry Alexander J. F. , Mitchell Kieren J. , Rawlence Nicolas J.
Published: May 2022

Cycles of glacial expansion and contraction throughout the Pleistocene drove increases and decreases, respectively, in the geographical range and population size of many animal species. Genetic data have revealed that during glacial maxima the distribution of many Eurasian animals was restricted to small refugial areas, from which species expanded to reoccupy parts of their former range as the climate warmed. It has been suggested that the extinct eastern moa (
Emeus crassus
)—a large, flightless bird from New Zealand—behaved analogously during glacial maxima, possibly surviving only in a restricted area of lowland habitat in the southern South Island of New Zealand during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). However, previous studies have lacked the power and geographical sampling to explicitly test this hypothesis using genetic data. Here we analyse 46 ancient mitochondrial genomes from Late Pleistocene and Holocene bones of the eastern moa from across their post-LGM distribution. Our results are consistent with a post-LGM increase in the population size and genetic diversity of eastern moa. We also demonstrate that genetic diversity was higher in eastern moa from the southern extent of their range, supporting the hypothesis that they expanded from a single glacial refugium following the LGM.
Evolution of cooperation and trust in an N-player social dilemma game with tags for migration decisions
Authors: Dhakal Sandeep , Chiong Raymond , Chica Manuel , Han The Anh
Published: May 2022

We present an evolutionary game model that integrates the concept of tags, trust and migration to study how trust in social and physical groups influence cooperation and migration decisions. All agents have a tag, and they gain or lose trust in other tags as they interact with other agents. This trust in different tags determines their trust in other players and groups. In contrast to other models in the literature, our model does not use tags to determine the cooperation/defection decisions of the agents, but rather their migration decisions. Agents decide whether to cooperate or defect based purely on social learning (i.e. imitation from others). Agents use information about tags and their trust in tags to determine how much they trust a particular group of agents and whether they want to migrate to that group. Comprehensive experiments show that the model can promote high levels of cooperation and trust under different game scenarios, and that curbing the migration decisions of agents can negatively impact both cooperation and trust in the system. We also observed that trust becomes scarce in the system as the diversity of tags increases. This work is one of the first to study the impact of tags on trust in the system and migration behaviour of the agents using evolutionary game theory.
Tail movements by late-term fetal pitvipers resemble caudal luring: prenatal development of an ambush predatory behaviour
Authors: Smith Charles F. , Schuett Gordon W.
Published: May 2022

With the advent of powerful imaging instruments, the prenatal behaviour of vertebrates has been discovered to be far more complex than previously believed, especially concerning humans, other mammals and birds. Surprisingly, the fetal behaviour of squamate reptiles (lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians), a group of over 11 000 extant species, are largely understudied. Using ultrasonography, 18 late-term pregnant copperhead snakes (Agkistrodon contortrix) from a single population were inspected for fecundity (number of fetuses). Unexpectedly, during the ultrasound procedure that involved 97 fetuses, we observed sinusoidal tail movements in 11 individuals from eight different copperhead mothers. These movements were indistinguishable from caudal luring, a mimetic ambush predatory strategy which is exhibited by newborn copperheads and other snakes. Caudal luring is initiated shortly after birth and is employed to attract susceptible vertebrate prey. Using the same ultrasound equipment and methods, we tested for this behaviour in two species of rattlesnakes (genusCrotalus) not known to caudal lure and none of the late-term fetuses showed any type of tail movements. Prenatal movements in humans and other vertebrates are known to be important for musculoskeletal and sensorimotor development. The fetal behaviours we describe for copperheads, and possibly other snakes, may be similarly important and influence early survival and subsequent fitness.
The social transmission of stress in animal collectives
Authors: Brandl Hanja B. , Pruessner Jens C. , Farine Damien R.
Published: May 2022

The stress systems are powerful mediators between the organism's systemic dynamic equilibrium and changes in its environment beyond the level of anticipated fluctuations. Over- or under-activation of the stress systems' responses can impact an animal's health, survival and reproductive success. While physiological stress responses and their influence on behaviour and performance are well understood at the individual level, it remains largely unknown whether—and how—stressed individuals can affect the stress systems of other group members, and consequently their collective behaviour. Stressed individuals could directly signal the presence of a stressor (e.g. via an alarm call or pheromones), or an acute or chronic activation of the stress systems could be perceived by others (as an indirect cue) and spread via social contagion. Such social transmission of stress responses could then amplify the effects of stressors by impacting social interactions, social dynamics and the collective performance of groups. As the neuroendocrine pathways of the stress response are highly conserved among vertebrates, transmission of physiological stress states could be more widespread among non-human animals than previously thought. We therefore suggest that identifying the extent to which stress transmission modulates animal collectives represents an important research avenue.
What's in a name? Taxonomic and gender biases in the etymology of new species names
Authors: Poulin Robert , McDougall Cameron , Presswell Bronwen
Published: May 2022

As our inventory of Earth's biodiversity progresses, the number of species given a Latin binomial name is also growing. While the coining of species names is bound by rules, the sources of inspiration used by taxonomists are an eclectic mix. We investigated naming trends for nearly 2900 new species of parasitic helminths described in the past two decades. Our analysis indicates that the likelihood of new species being given names that convey some information about them (name derived from morphology, host or locality of origin) or not (named after an eminent scientist, or for something else) depends on the higher taxonomic group to which the parasite or its host belongs. We also found a consistent gender bias among species named after eminent scientists, with male scientists being immortalized disproportionately more frequently than female scientists. Finally, we found that the tendency for taxonomists to name new species after a family member or close friend has increased over the past 20 years. We end by offering suggestions for future species naming, aimed at honouring the scientific community's diversity and avoiding etymological nepotism and cronyism, while still allowing for creativity in crafting new Latin species names.
Cross-kingdom interactions and functional patterns of active microbiota matter in governing deadwood decay
Authors: Purahong Witoon , Tanunchai Benjawan , Muszynski Sarah , Maurer Florian , Wahdan Sara Fareed Mohamed , Malter Jonas , Buscot François , Noll Matthias
Published: May 2022

Microbial community members are the primary microbial colonizers and active decomposers of deadwood. This study placed sterilized standardized beech and spruce sapwood specimens on the forest ground of 8 beech- and 8 spruce-dominated forest sites. After 370 days, specimens were assessed for mass loss, nitrogen (N) content and
15
N isotopic signature, hydrolytic and lignin-modifying enzyme activities. Each specimen was incubated with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) to label metabolically active fungal and bacterial community members, which were assessed using amplicon sequencing. Fungal saprotrophs colonized the deadwood accompanied by a distinct bacterial community that was capable of cellulose degradation, aromatic depolymerization, and N
2
fixation. The latter were governed by the genus
Sphingomonas
, which was co-present with the majority of saprotrophic fungi regardless of whether beech or spruce specimens were decayed. Moreover, the richness of the diazotrophic
Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium
group was significantly correlated with mass loss, N content and
15
N isotopic signature. By contrast, presence of obligate predator
Bdellovibrio
spp. shifted bacterial community composition and were linked to decreased beech deadwood decay rates. Our study provides the first account of the composition and function of metabolically active wood-colonizing bacterial and fungal communities, highlighting cross-kingdom interactions during the early and intermediate stages of wood decay.
Utilization and accumulation of compatible solutes in Halomonas pacifica: a species of moderately halophilic bacteria isolated from a saline lake in South Libya
Authors: Abosamaha Abdolkader , Williamson Mike P. , Gilmour D. James
Published: May 2022

When grown in high salt concentrations, halophilic bacteria often accumulate compatible solutes, which have major applications in biotechnology because they stabilize cells and proteins. Four Gram-negative bacterial strains, belonging to the familyHalomonadaceae,were isolated from Qaberoun and Um-Alma lakes in South Libya using high-salinity medium. The strains were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing as belonging toHalomonas pacifica(strain ABQ1), Halomonas venusta(ABQ2),Halomonas elongata(ABU1) andHalomonas salifodinae(ABU2).H. pacificaABQ1 is a moderate halophile (salinity range 0.05 to 2.5 M NaCl), with a broad tolerance to pH (7 to 9) and temperature (25–37 °C). Addition of the compatible solutes glycine betaine (betaine) and ectoine (1,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidine carboxylic acid) to the medium had a positive effect on growth ofH. pacificaat 2 M NaCl. In rich LB medium, betaine was the major compatible solute accumulated, with ectoine only being accumulated at salinities in excess of 1 M NaCl. In minimal M9 medium, betaine was not produced, but increasing amounts of ectoine were synthesized with increasing salinity, and hydroxyectoine [(4S,5S)−5-hydroxy-2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine-4-carboxylic acid] was also synthesized when the cells were grown in very high salt. We have thus identifiedH. pacificaas a producer of ectoine and hydroxyectoine, with more being produced at higher salinities. As industrial demand for these compatible solutes continues to increase, this system has biotechnological potential.
Coordination issues in managing the reverse supply chain: a systematic literature review and future research directions
Authors: Agrawal Saurabh , Kumar Dharmendra , Singh Rajesh Kumar , Singh Raj Kumar
Published: May 2022

Purpose

Reverse supply chain (RSC) is one of the ways to handle product returns efficiently. Recovery of residual value from product returns also helps in achieving sustainability. Its successful implementation requires coordination among all the channel members involved in the activities, from the acquisition to collection to the disposition of returned products. This article aims to review the literature about coordination issues in the RSC.

Design/methodology/approach

A systematic literature review of 151 articles published during 2004–2021 is carried out. Theory, context and methodology (TCM) framework of the literature review is used to identify the research gaps for future research directions.

Findings

This study identifies the characteristics of RSC coordination. It includes channel structures; coordination mechanisms; performance measuring parameters; the methodology applied and explored industries. The review shows that game-theoretical modeling in RSC coordination is the most commonly used method to coordinate the channels. It was found that issues like disruption, fairness and corporate social responsibility are not explored in-depth and offer much potential for future research.

Originality/value

There are very limited studies on coordination issues in the RSC. The proposed articles add value by considering RSC issues from different strategic, government, consumers' behavior and functionality decision-making point of view.