bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Leaf Rust Resistance in Selected Uruguayan Common Wheat Cultivars with Early Maturity
Authors: Germán S. E. , Kolmer J. A.
Published: April 2012

Leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks.) is an important disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Uruguay; therefore breeding for resistance to this disease has been a long‐term objective for the INIA wheat‐breeding program. Information on the identity of resistance genes present in the program is required to design strategies to breed for effective and more durable resistance. The leaf rust resistance genes present in seven adapted cultivars that have been extensively used in crosses were studied. Races of Puccinia triticina with different virulence combinations were used to determine which seedling resistance genes may be present in six cultivars. Genetic analysis of seedling and adult plant resistance (APR) was conducted on BC1F2 and F3 generations from four cultivars crossed with the susceptible cultivar Thatcher. The cultivar Estanzuela Tarariras was postulated to have Lr3bg and genetically determined to have Lr13 and Lr34; INIA Boyero was postulated to have Lr26 and genetically determined to have Lr13 and Lr34; Estanzuela Benteveo was postulated to have Lr3a and Lr26 and genetically determined to have Lr13. Estanzuela Pelón 90 was postulated to have Lr1, Lr17a, and Lr26 and genetically determined to have Lr34; INIA Caburé was postulated to have Lr24; INIA Churrinche was postulated to have Lr10 and Lr24; and INIA Tero was postulated to have Lr17a and Lr24. INIA Boyero and Estanzuela Benteveo carry additional APR gene(s) that might be useful sources of resistance in addition to Lr34.
Environmental Stability of Oleic Acid Concentration in Seed Oil for Soybean Lines with FAD2‐1A and FAD2‐1B Mutant Genes
Authors: Lee Jeong‐Dong , Bilyeu Kristin D. , Pantalone Vincent R. , Gillen Anne M. , So Yoon‐Sup , Shannon J. Grover
Published: April 2012

Elevating oleic acid in seed oil improves oxidative stability and is desirable for expanding edible and industrial uses of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Soybean lines with up to 800 g kg−1 oleic acid concentration were developed by combining a recessive mutant allele at the FAD2‐1A locus (Glyma10 g42470) with either of two different recessive mutant alleles at the FAD2‐1B locus (Glyma20 g24530). However, oleic acid concentration for some higher oleic acid genotypes can be affected by growing conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the stability of oleic acid concentration among 10 soybean lines with elevated oleic acid and eight checks with typical oleic acid levels over six environments. High oleic genotypes with genes combined from crossing M23 with the FAD2‐1AΔ mutant and PI567189A with the FAD2‐1B mutant I143T accumulated less oleic acid, and means for oleic acid concentration ranged from 551 to 729 g kg−1 across environments compared to 202 to 263 g kg−1 in the check cultivars. Significant variation among environments indicated that genes from different sources can affect both concentration and stability of oleic acid of these soybean genotypes grown in different environments.
Relationship between Interseeded Red Clover Biomass and Plant Number
Authors: Singer Jeremy W. , Meek David W.
Published: April 2012

Developing robust relationships between dry matter (DM) and plant number (PN) in interseeded red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and winter cereal systems are useful for predicting potential DM. Predicting DM months in advance enhances producers’ ability to determine forage requirements. Data from five winter cereal and red clover studies conducted during the period 2003 to 2009 were synthesized to develop robust relationships between red clover DM and PN using treatments that included different winter cereal species and variety, winter cereal seeding rate, red clover variety, tillage, and soil amendment. Dry matter data were collected during two 40‐d harvests after winter cereal harvest. The relationship between red clover PN and DM was described mathematically by a two‐phase regression for both harvests following winter cereal harvest. During the first harvest, the relationship was described by a parabola in the first line segment while the second line segment had no slope. In the second harvest, the first line segment was a simple positive linear relationship and the second line segment also had no slope. The join point for the first harvest occurred at 90.3 plants m−2 while the second harvest join point occurred at 42.3 plants m−2. Red clover PN above 80 plants m−2 likely provide around 90% of total maximum DM while red clover PN around 50 plants m−2 likely only provides about 70% of total maximum DM.
Consensus Mapping and Identification of Markers for Marker‐Assisted Selection of Wsm2 in Wheat
Authors: Lu Huangjun , Kottke Rebecca , Devkota Ravindra , Amand Paul St. , Bernardo Amy , Bai Guihua , Byrne Patrick , Martin Terry Joe , Haley Scott D. , Rudd Jackie
Published: April 2012

A recently identified Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) resistance gene Wsm2 confers a high level of resistance. Objective of this study was to identify closely linked DNA markers for Wsm2 for use in marker‐assisted selection (MAS) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Two segregating populations (CO960293‐2 × ‘TAM 111’ and CO960293‐2 × ‘Yuma’) of F2:3 families were evaluated for response to WSMV infection in growth chamber experiments. Forty‐eight simple sequence repeat (SSR) or sequence‐tagged site (STS) markers were screened for polymorphism between the parents of both populations. In the CO960293‐2 × TAM 111 population, five markers were mapped to the region of Wsm2 with XSTS3B‐55 being the closest marker (5.2 cM distal to Wsm2). In the CO960293‐2 × Yuma population, eight markers were linked to Wsm2 with the closest marker Xbarc102 linked at 3.9 cM proximal to Wsm2. Results from consensus mapping of the two populations suggested that Xbarc102 was distal to Wsm2. The marker Xbarc102 was associated with Wsm2 in all 22 wheat lines derived from crosses between susceptible parents and either CO960293‐2 or ‘RonL’ (also carrying Wsm2). The marker allele Xbarc102‐219‐bp present in CO960293‐2 was amplified in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from Wsm2‐carrying genotypes CO960293‐w133, RonL, and ‘Snowmass’ but not from the resistant line KS96HW10‐3 (carrying Wsm1) or the susceptible genotypes ‘Karl 92’, ‘TAM 107’, and ‘N96L9970’. Therefore, this marker should be useful for MAS of Wsm2 in breeding programs.
Frequent Trinexapac‐ethyl Applications Reduce Nitrogen Requirements of Creeping Bentgrass Golf Putting Greens
Authors: Kreuser William C. , Soldat Douglas J.
Published: April 2012

The plant growth regulator trinexapac‐ethyl (TE) [4‐(cyclopropyl‐a‐hydroxymethylene)‐3,5‐dioxo‐cyclohexanecarboxylic acid ethylester] reduces turfgrass clipping yield and enhances turfgrass color and density. Typically, such responses are achieved through alteration of N application rate, yet few have comprehensively investigated the effect of TE on turfgrass N requirements. We hypothesized that TE reduces putting green N requirements without sacrificing turfgrass quality. A three year study was conducted on a creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) putting green with treatments consisting of three N application rates (5, 10, and 20 kg N ha−1 14 d−1) with or without TE application. To sustain season‐long growth suppression, TE was applied at 0.10 kg a.i. ha−1 every 200 growing degree days (GDD; base 0°C). Turfgrass yield and color were quantified every other week, and clipping tissue N content was analyzed monthly. Clipping yield, tissue N content, N removal, and color index increased with N rate. All attributes responded linearly to N application rate. Trinexapac‐ethyl enhanced color while suppressing clipping yield and nutrient removal from mowing. As a result, TE reduced creeping bentgrass putting green N requirements by 25% conservatively and on several occasions by greater than 50%.
Timing and Frequency Effects of Lightweight Rolling on Dollar Spot Disease in Creeping Bentgrass Putting Greens
Authors: Giordano Paul R. , Nikolai Thomas A. , Hammerschmidt Ray , Vargas Joseph M.
Published: April 2012

Dollar spot (DS) (Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F.T. Bennett) is an important disease on golf course turfgrasses in the United States. The objective of this study was to elucidate disease reduction mechanisms related to lightweight rolling. Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) plots that were subjected to daily (5 d wk−1) rolling treatments (1x a.m., 1x p.m., 2x a.m.) showed significant DS reductions when compared with a nonrolled control. Treatments rolled in the afternoon (after dew and guttation fluid dissipated) exhibited similar area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) values as treatments rolled in the morning in 2008, 2009, and 2010. Both 1x rolling treatments resulted in significant DS reductions compared with the control in 2009 and 2010. The 2x d−1 treatment exhibited significantly less DS than the control in all years as well as significantly lower AUDPC values than both 1x rolling treatments in 2009 and 2010. Rolling 2x d−1 improved turfgrass quality compared with all other treatments in each year of the study. All rolling treatments exhibited higher root zone volumetric water content (%VWC) compared with the control in 2010, and significant effects on %VWC were observed on individual dates among treatments. Results indicate previously unidentified effects of rolling on putting greens, including added physical and biological effects, which may be contributing to DS suppression.
Steer Consumption and Ergovaline Recovery from In Vitro Digested Residues of Tall Fescue Seedheads
Authors: Goff Ben M. , Aiken Glen E. , Witt William W. , Sleugh Byron B. , Burch Patrick L.
Published: April 2012

Ergot alkaloids produced by the endophyte [Neotyphodium coenophialum (Morgan‐Jones and Gams) Glenn, Bacon, and Hanlin] of tall fescue [Lolium arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.] are a common problem faced by livestock producers. These toxins are concentrated within seedheads of tall fescue, which cattle were observed to selectively graze. There appears to be little research showing the extent to which alkaloids are released from developing seedheads during digestion. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the amount at which tall fescue seedheads were removed by cattle and to estimate the amount of ergovaline that is released from these tissues. Seedheads from tall fescue pastures were monitored for consumption by steers during summer 2010. Samples were digested with a two‐stage procedure, and ergovaline concentrations were determined using high‐performance liquid chromatography. By mean stage count 3.91 (Day of Year 155), 60.7 ± 2.87% of seedheads within the pastures had been grazed, and 2 wk later increased to nearly 78.8 ± 0.82%. Ergovaline concentrations of seedheads increased throughout the season and were highest in mid‐June. The percentage of ergovaline released from seedheads collected in mid‐June was lower than earlier dates, but the difference was small. Results of this study indicate that high concentrations of ergovaline are released from tall fescue seedheads during the growing season, and management strategies should be aimed at controlling reproductive growth of the grass.
Dissecting Genotype × Environment Interactions and Trait Correlations Present in the Pee Dee Cotton Germplasm Collection following Seventy Years of Plant Breeding
Authors: Campbell B. T. , Chee P. W. , Lubbers E. , Bowman D. T. , Meredith W. R. , Johnson J. , Fraser D. , Bridges W. , Jones D. C.
Published: April 2012

Genotype × environment (G × E) interactions and trait correlations significantly impact efforts to develop high‐yield, high‐quality, and environmentally stable Upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivars. Knowledge of both can and should be used to design optimal breeding programs and effective selection criteria. In this study, we examined the G × E interactions and trait correlations present in the 70‐yr Pee Dee cotton germplasm enhancement program. Since beginning in 1935, the Pee Dee program has employed a variety of unique germplasm and breeding methods to release >80 improved germplasm lines and cultivars. Results suggest that significant G × E interactions exist for several agronomic and fiber quality performance traits that are mostly due to changes in magnitude. Negative genotypic correlations still persist between lint percent/lint yield and fiber length/fiber strength. However, apparently the breeding methods and selection criteria used over 70 yr have lessened the negative relationship between agronomic performance and fiber quality over time to some degree. The results provide cotton breeders a resource to select specific Pee Dee germplasm lines for increased environmental stability. Cotton breeders can also use the information herein to select specific Pee Dee germplasm lines that represent rare recombination events that combine high yield and fiber quality potential.
Interactions of Selected Potato Cultivars and Populations of Meloidogyne hapla Adapted to the Midwest U.S. Soils
Authors: Melakeberhan Haddish , Douches David , Wang Wei
Published: April 2012

Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood is among the most serious nematode pests in temperate vegetable crops grown in rotation with potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), a crop with known resistance to potato cyst. While the types of agronomic trait improvements, crops, and pests are limited by resources, preserving improved crops in a rotation system requires understanding their performance against nontarget pests such as M. hapla. In greenhouse experiments, the interactions of four populations of M. hapla (Mh 1, Mh 2, Mh 3, and Mh 4) and six potato cultivars and lines, including ‘Boulder’ and ‘Missaukee’ with the H1 gene, were tested. The potato cultivars showed a 12 to 33% degree of suitability to the populations of M. hapla when compared with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L. [syn. Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), the host in which the populations were cultured, indicating that buildup of the populations of M. hapla potentially may be a problem. However, the responses varied by M. hapla population and potato cultivar interactions, suggesting that the management challenges will be site specific. Of the four M. hapla populations, Mh 3, an isolate from sandy soil under extended methyl bromide and other pesticide application, was the most pathogenic. The study provides critical data for developing agro‐biologically integrated approaches to managing nematode parasitic variability.
Sensitivity of Gas Exchange Parameters to Ozone in Diverse C4 Sugarcane Hybrids
Authors: Grantz D. A. , Vu H.‐B. , Tew T. L. , Veremis J. C.
Published: April 2012

In early studies, C4 species exhibited greater tolerance to O3 than C3 species. But a C4 Saccharum spp. hybrid (sugarcane, cv. Elephant Cane) exhibited high sensitivity to O3. To investigate whether Saccharum is uniquely sensitive to O3 we exposed a morphologically diverse set of congeners to a range of O3. Here we test the null hypothesis that these diverse genotypes do not differ in baseline responses of carbon assimilation to intercellular CO2 or in the sensitivity of these responses to elevated O3 (4, 58, and 114 nmol mol−1, 12 h means). Elephant Cane was most sensitive but all exhibited declines in net carbon assimilation (An) and in capacities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPCase) and rubisco. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase was more sensitive than rubisco. The clones were distinguished by morphological traits and by estimated fraction of Saccharum spontaneum L. in their lineages. Baseline values of photosynthetic parameters were not consistently related to pedigree while morphology and sensitivity to O3 exhibited strong relationships. These results are not consistent with a generalized resistance of C4 plants to O3. This single C4 genus exhibited a wide range of sensitivities. The results suggest that sufficient variation may exist among Saccharum genotypes to allow selection for resistance to O3 and that introgression of S. spontaneum germplasm may confer resistance to O3 along with resistance to other abiotic stresses. Reduced sensitivity to O3 in dedicated biofuel feedstocks may facilitate development of production systems in novel production areas.
Soybean Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrogen Remobilization during Reproductive Development
Authors: Mastrodomenico Adriano T. , Purcell Larry C.
Published: April 2012

Seed N is important for soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] because of the high grain protein concentration. However, the association between N2 fixation and N remobilized from vegetative tissues to seed across different maturity groups (MGs) is not well understood. We hypothesized that increased amounts of biomass at the beginning of seedfill for late‐maturing genotypes would provide a larger pool of N that was available for remobilization during seedfill and would increase yield relative to earlier‐maturing genotypes. Near isolines for maturity (MG IV, V, and VI), a modern breeding line (R01‐416F, MG V), and a non‐nodulated soybean genotype (MG VI) were harvested periodically from beginning seedfill to physiological maturity to determine N remobilization and N2 fixation. Nitrogen fixation contributed approximately 90% of the seed N. The MG VI isoline accumulated larger N amounts in vegetative tissues than the MG IV isoline. Maturity isolines had similar seed N content, but the MG IV genotype had higher N harvest index (2009) than the MG VI isoline. In 2009, R01‐416F had greater yields and N content than the isolines, but there was no indication that N remobilization during seedfill was greater. These data indicate that N2 fixation continued until late seedfill and supplied nearly all of seed N. A large reservoir of N in the vegetative tissue of late MGs was not fully used, and N was not a limitation to yield under these conditions.
Quantitative Trait Loci for Fusarium Head Blight Resistance in U.S. Hard Winter Wheat Cultivar Heyne
Authors: Zhang Xianghui , Bai Guihua , Bockus Willium , Ji Xiaojia , Pan Hongyu
Published: April 2012

Fusarium head blight (FHB), mainly caused by Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, is a destructive disease that can significantly reduce grain yield and quality. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) for FHB type II resistance have been identified in many Chinese cultivars and other sources but have not been reported in U.S. hard winter wheat (HWW) (Triticum aestivum L.) to date. ‘Heyne’ is a Kansas HWW with moderate type II resistance to FHB. In this study, recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from ‘Trego’ × Heyne were evaluated for FHB resistance by single‐floret inoculation in two field and three greenhouse experiments from 2009 to 2011. Percentage of symptomatic spikelets (PSS) in an inoculated spike was scored 18 d (in the greenhouse) and 21 d (in the field) postinoculation. A total of 209 polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were used to screen the RILs. Three major QTL on chromosomes 3AS, 4DL, and 4AL were associated with FHB resistance. The QTL on 3AS was flanked by Xgwm5 and Xwmc428 and explained up to 17.9% of phenotypic variation. Another QTL on 4DL near Xwmc720 explained 13.8 to 23.4% of phenotypic variation. The third QTL on 4AL was flanked by Xwmc219 and Xgwm160 and explained up to 18.1% of the phenotypic variation. Heyne contributed all resistance alleles of three QTL, and these QTL were designated as Qfhb.hwwg‐3AS, Qfhb.hwwg‐4DL, and Qfhb.hwwg‐4AL. These QTL can be used for improving FHB resistance in U.S. HWW by pyramiding them with Fhb1 or other major resistance QTL from Asian sources.
Inheritance of the Low‐Phytate Trait in Pea
Authors: Rehman A. U. , Shunmugam A. , Arganosa G. , Bett K. E. , Warkentin T. D.
Published: April 2012

Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is the most widely grown pulse crop in Canada and has total seed P concentration greater than 3 mg g−1. However, about 60 to 80% of the total P is stored as phytate, an organic molecule that binds with some mineral cations and is excreted due to the lack of phytase enzymes in humans and non‐ruminant animals. This causes nutrient deficiency as well as environmental pollution. The objective of this research was to determine the genetic control of the low‐phytate trait in two recently developed pea lines: 1‐150‐81 and 1‐2347‐144. Both lines and two normal‐phytate cultivars were used in crosses to develop five populations, including one reciprocal. The F1 seeds from the five crosses all had normal phytate concentration, indicating recessive inheritance. The F2 segregation ratios for the five crosses fit a phenotypic ratio of 3 normal:1 low phytate. The F2 individuals from 12 backcross populations fit a ratio of 3:1 with the exception of one population (1‐150‐81/CDC Meadow//CDC Meadow). The segregation of 1057 F2:4 lines from the six single cross‐derived populations were tested and five of six populations fit a ratio of 1:2:1 homogeneous normal phytate:segregating:homogeneous low phytate. Taken together, these data support a single gene model with the low‐phytate phenotype being recessive. The two low‐phytate lines were intercrossed and the F2 seeds all displayed the low‐phytate phenotype indicating that the mutated genes were allelic.
Physiological Changes Associated with Wilt‐Induced Freezing Tolerance among Diverse Turf Performance Perennial Ryegrass Cultivars
Authors: Lanier J. D. , Ebdon J. S. , DaCosta M.
Published: April 2012

Perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) is a cool‐season turfgrass susceptible to low temperature injury. Wilt‐based irrigation (WI) is a common practice for scheduling irrigation to turf by allowing a mild, negative water imbalance to occur as an alternative to maintaining turf under nonlimiting soil moisture. Moisture stress has been shown to promote freezing tolerance but this has not been investigated in response to WI. Objectives of this study were to examine perennial ryegrass in response to WI (applied at 50% visual leaf roll) on freezing tolerance (median lethal temperature at 50% survival [LT50]), 13C discrimination (Δ), internal leaf‐to‐ambient CO2 concentration (ci:ca) ratio, leaf water, rooting, water use efficiency (WUE), and wilting tendency (days to wilt and number of wilt events) among three top‐performing (TP) and three bottom‐performing (BP) perennial ryegrass cultivars. Cultivars were selected based on turf quality trials from a northern location (Orono, ME). Plant measurements were made in the greenhouse in 2007 and 2008 comparing the first (single) and last (multiple) wilt cycle after 68 d of irrigation between well watered and WI. Multiple wilt exposures significantly enhanced freezing tolerance compared to a single wilt event for TP cultivars only, but gains in freezing tolerance were small (<1.0°C). Freezing tolerance (lower LT50 values) was generally associated with lower yield, WUE, and leaf water content. In some TP cultivars, wilt‐induced freezing tolerance was associated with greater wilting tendency and drought sensitivity indicated by lower Δ values and ci:ca ratio. Repeated wilt exposures increased rooting over a single wilt event.
Post‐Flowering Assimilate Availability Regulates Oil Fatty Acid Composition in Sunflower Grains
Authors: Echarte María M. , Alberdi Ignacio , Aguirrezábal Luis A.N.
Published: April 2012

Fatty acid composition of Helianthus annuus L. (sunflower) oil depends on intercepted solar radiation per plant (ISR) during grain filling. This effect could be accounted for by the assimilate availability of the grains (the source‐sink ratio). However, the current physiological‐biochemical knowledge does not consider any effect of carbon availability on oil fatty acid composition. The objective of this work was to address the regulation of fatty acid composition by assimilate supply to sunflower grains. A wide range of source‐sink ratios was obtained by manipulating either the source or the sink during grain filling. Assimilate supply was also modified by injecting sucrose into the receptacle of sunflower capitula. Grain weight and oil content depended on both ISR and source‐sink ratio in a curvilinear manner. When sink size was decreased by grain excision, ISR failed to explain oil fatty acid composition, while source‐sink ratio appropriately described it. Sucrose injection significantly increased grain weight, oil content, and oleic acid percentage of shaded plants. It is concluded that effects of ISR on fatty acid composition are a consequence of changes in assimilate availability for grain oil synthesis. To explain these results a conceptual model is proposed: when assimilate supply limits grain growth and oil synthesis, mainly linoleic acid is synthesized. As the assimilate supply increases, oleic acid desaturation process gets saturated and oleic acid accumulates.
Efficiency of Managed‐Stress Screening of Elite Maize Hybrids under Drought and Low Nitrogen for Yield under Rainfed Conditions in Southern Africa
Authors: Weber Vanessa S. , Melchinger Albrecht E. , Magorokosho Cosmos , Makumbi Dan , Bänziger Marianne , Atlin Gary N.
Published: April 2012

Maize (Zea mays L.) yields in southern Africa are low, due largely to drought and low‐N stress. Selection of stress‐tolerant genotypes by CIMMYT is conducted indirectly under managed stress conditions, although the selection efficiency of this approach is not known. A retrospective analysis of 704 elite hybrid trials conducted from 2001 to 2009 was used to determine the relative ability of optimal, low‐N, and managed drought trials to predict performance under the conditions of random abiotic stress and low‐N fertility usually faced by African farmers. Well‐fertilized trials in the rainy season were categorized as having experienced random abiotic stress if mean yield was <3 t ha−1 and the yield–anthesis date correlation was <0.1; otherwise they were classed as optimal. High genetic correlations were estimated between random abiotic stress and low‐N or optimal conditions. Heritability was highest under optimal conditions and lowest under random abiotic stress. Indirect selection under low‐N and optimal conditions was more efficient than direct selection under random abiotic stress or indirect selection under managed drought, especially for early maturing genotypes, but direct selection was most efficient for predicting performance under low N. Elite maize hybrids tolerant to random abiotic stress can be most efficiently selected under optimal and/or low‐N conditions while low‐N tolerant genotypes should be selected directly under low N.
Maximizing Genetic, Morphological, and Geographic Diversity in a Core Collection of Australian Bermudagrass
Authors: Jewell Margaret C. , Zhou Yi. , Loch Don S. , Godwin Ian D. , Lambrides Christopher J.
Published: April 2012

Bermudagrasses (Cynodonspp.) are genetically and morphologically diverse warm‐season species that are valuable for turf and forage. Diverse accessions ofCynodonare preserved in various germplasm banks in Asia, Europe, and the United States. However, the extent of genetic and ecological diversity within Australia has not been previously explored and characterized. To address this issue, a broad‐scale collection ofCynodongermplasm across Australia was recently conducted. A core collection was generated from this resource to optimize its utilization in breeding and research. Genetic diversity of 690Cynodonaccessions was characterized using 16 expressed sequence tag (EST)‐simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The mean number of alleles generated was 7.44 per marker. Genetic data was combined with passport, ploidy level, morphological, and experimental performance data to generate a core collection using a directed stratified sampling method. The core collection comprised 13% of the source germplasm and captured 96% of the allelic diversity. Redundancy within the core collection was avoided with all accessions representing unique genotypes. This core collection will facilitate the future use of Australian germplasm inCynodonbreeding, genomics, conservation, taxonomy, and phylogeographical research.
Dry Matter Yield, Heading Date, and Plant Mortality of Orchardgrass Subspecies in a Semiarid Environment
Authors: Bushman B. Shaun , Robins Joseph G. , Jensen Kevin B.
Published: April 2012

Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) is a highly variable, cool‐season forage grass naturalized to nearly every continent. In the semiarid western United States, orchardgrass must produce forage under a semiarid summer season where supplemental irrigation is necessary, survive freezing winter temperatures, and yield when grown with later‐maturing legumes. Collection efforts have garnered a diverse array of orchardgrass that includes a number of subspecies, yet none of these have been evaluated for orchardgrass breeding improvement potential in a semiarid cool‐season environment. In this study, orchardgrass subspecies from high elevation origins and Mediterranean origins and those considered as ancestral to current cultivars were evaluated from dry matter yield (DMY), heading date, and plant mortality under irrigation and under nonirrigation. These accessions were compared to the cultivars Potomac, Paiute, and Latar. Accessions of high elevation subspecies and three of four Mediterranean subspecies showed significant plant mortality. The cultivars, subsp. woronowii (Ovcz.) Stebbins & Zohary accessions, and subsp. aschersoniana (Graebn.) Thell. accessions did not have significant plant mortality. Heading dates varied over 22 d, with cultivars among the earliest heading entries. For DMY, two accessions of subsp. woronowii showed equal or greater values than the three cultivars. Accessions with improved DMY and later heading dates over the cultivars were found, with potential to be used in orchardgrass selection and improvement in semiarid, cool‐season environments.
Basis of Slow‐Wilting Phenotype in Soybean PI 471938
Authors: Sadok Walid , Gilbert Matthew E. , Raza M. Aown S. , Sinclair Thomas R.
Published: April 2012

To increase soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] productivity, it will be necessary to improve yields in water‐deficit regions. Genotype PI 471938, which exhibits a slow‐wilting phenotype under water‐deficit conditions, has proven to be a good genetic resource in developing drought‐resistant progeny even though the physiological basis for this advantage is not known. The objective of this study was to investigate the involvement of four water‐saving, physiological mechanisms as candidates contributing to drought tolerance of PI 471938. (i) In response to soil drying, the soil water content at which leaf gas exchange began to decrease in PI 471938 was not different from the other tested genotypes. (ii) Measurement of leaf photosynthetic capacity failed to show that PI 471938 had a high capacity allowing high CO2 assimilations even with partial stomata closure. (iii) Plant Introduction 471938 failed to exhibit a limited transpiration rate with increasing vapor pressure deficit (VPD), which would have allowed this genotype to conserve soil water during midday periods of high VPD. (iv) Finally, PI 471938 did not show an ability to maintain high leaf water potential (ΨLeaf) when VPD was increasing. In fact, there was a dramatic decrease in ΨLeaf with increasing VPD, which usually implies a decrease in leaf turgor pressure. Overall this study resulted in the rejection of four major hypotheses to explain the slow‐wilting phenotype exhibited by PI 471938, and the basis for its drought resistance remains unknown.
Economics of cancer related medical care: Worldwide estimates and available domestic evidence
Authors: Radovanovic Ana , Dagovic Aleksandar , Jakovljevic Mihajlo
Published: April 2012

Background: The aims of this article were to report findings of domestic
research related to assessment of hospital treatment costs of Serbian
patients suffering from cancer and show similar study results among foreign
trials. The authors also intended to suggest likely strategies to improve
local cost containment in future. Cost-of-illness studies of most high-income
economies have proven that malignant disorders belong to top five disorders
according to their overall financial burden. Methods: Our trial was conducted
as an in depth, retrospective, bottom-up, trend analysis of services
con?sumption patterns and expenses relative to diagnosis at discharge, from
perspective of the third party payer. Discounting rates were calculated
according to the average official exchange rates of the National Bank of
Serbia in respective years. Financial value of medical goods and services
consumed was taken out of current price lists of the National Republic
Institute on Health Insurance on a day when particular service was provided.
Results: There were 434 patients and 4850 admissions processed in 2007,
consuming 48,483,740.49 RSD (?613,562.90) while in 2010 there were 539
patients and 9509 admissions, consuming 68,880,953.27 RSD (?658,832.65). In
total, drugs value accounts for only 5%, radiotherapy 54% and the rest of
expenditure 41% (consulta?tions, surgery, consumables, nursing care, other).
Average overall cost per patient treated was 125,922.34 RSD and per hospital
admission, it was 8,297.99 RSD. Cancer-related medical care costs, in
domestic currency, increased by almost one third in only four-year time span.
Conclusion: Higher awareness of clinicians on cost limitations and necessity
of prioritization in funding health care, would provide wiser resource
allocation and more care with money available.
Helicobacter heilmannii associated gastritis: Case report
Authors: Vukojevic Jelena , Nikolic Ivan , Kukic Biljana , Bogdanovic Bogdan , Nikin Zoran
Published: April 2012

Helicobacter heilmannii (Gastrospirillum hominis) is a small, gram-negative
bacterium from Helicobacter family. Its incidence is significantly lower than
for Helicobacter pylori and it accounts for about 1% of cases, mainly in
countries with lower socioeconomic conditions. Helicobacter heilmannii may be
a causative agent for gastritis, gastric ulcer but it can also trigger
malignant diseases such as gastric adenocarcinoma and gastric
mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. This paper presents our first
case of gastritis caused by Helicobacter heilmannii.
Antimicrobial activity of Hypericum annulatum moris and Hypericum elegans stephan ex willd. essential oils from Serbia
Authors: Djordjevic Aleksandra , Lazarevic Jelena , Mitic Violeta , Palic Radosav , Stojanovic Gordana
Published: April 2012

The in vitro antimicrobial activity of Hypericum annulatum and Hypericum
elegans essential oils was evaluated against a panel of standardized bacteria
and fungi using broth microdilution assay. Both essential oils showed
antimicrobial activity against all the tested microorganisms. Hypericum
annulatum essential oil showed better antibacterial than antifungal activity,
being more effective against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli
while H. elegans essential oil showed no significant difference between
antibacterial and antifungal activity. Antimicrobial testing of ?-pinene,
?-pinene and ?-myrcene compounds was also performed. All the compounds were
active against all the tested microorganisms, however, based on the MIC, MBC
and MFC values, none of these compounds could be thought of as the main
bearer of the oils? antimicrobial activity. This is the first report
regarding the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils of the two
Hypericum species.
Outcomes of Using a Modified Seldinger Technique for Long Term Intravenous Therapy in Hospitalized Patients with Difficult Venous Access
Authors: Warrington William G. , Penoyer Daleen Aragon , Kamps Teresa A. , Van Hoeck Ella H.
Published: April 2012

Background and Significance: Many hospitalized patients require an intravenous (IV) catheter to maintain vascular access or for administration of fluids and medications. The best approach to attaining peripheral intravenous (PIV) access for long term therapy is unknown, particularly in patients with a history of difficult IV placement.

Purpose: To measure clinical outcomes using a Modified Seldinger Technique (MST) with ultrasound (US) guidance to achieve and maintain PIV for long term IV therapy.

Methods: Subjects were patients with a history of difficult peripheral intravenous catheter placement and need for IV therapy longer than 72 hours. Modified Seldinger Technique was used with US guidance to place all PIVs in the deep veins of the upper extremities.

Results: A convenience sample of 157 subjects was enrolled in the study. Mean dwell time for catheter duration was seven days. First attempt placement success was 95%, 88.5% of patients had completion of IV therapy, and a low overall complication rate (9.57/1000 catheter days).

Conclusion: Using MST for access for long term PIV therapy was associated with low complications and effective in our study population. Using MST requires specialized knowledge and skills, including the use of US and specialized insertion techniques. In patients who require extended PIV therapy with a history of difficult IV placement, this type of insertion technique may have benefit.
Online Surveys: A Potential Weapon Against Clinician Non-Compliance
Authors: Schears Gregory J.
Published: April 2012

Over the last two decades, our understanding of the pathogenesis of central line associated blood steam infections has improved significantly. Also, increased attention has been focused on reducing healthcare worker exposure to infectious agents. Best practice protocols have been developed to eliminate unnecessary morbidity, mortality and costs associated with these infections and exposures. Adoption of these best practices has been incomplete and non-compliance is a major factor preventing our infectious complication rates from reaching zero. Getting at the root cause of noncompliance is complex. Online surveys are uniquely positioned to help understand the human factors contributing to non-compliance. This article reviews some of the pros and cons associated with the use of online surveys. Using several relevant recent examples, this article explores how these surveys can be used to identify those factors that create barriers to compliance. By better understanding all the issues involved with non-compliance, we will be able to create strategies and engineer products to improve best practice protocol compliance and reduce the human factor contribution to our patient's infectious complications.
Global/Local Analysis of Filling Behavior during Injection Molding for a Large Scale Plate with Micro Patterns
Authors: Park S. H. , Kim S. M. , Kang S. Y. , Lee W. I. , Yoo Y. E.
Published: April 2012

Injection mold filling process was analyzed for a rectangular plate with micro patterns on the surface. For products with micro patterns whose dimensions are much larger than the dimensions of the micro patterns, numerical analysis may require a prohibitively large number of numerical grids. In order to solve this problem, anlaysis was done by separating the global flow through the base plate from the filling of the micro patterns. Global flow was analyzed using the generalized Hele-Shaw (GHS) model, while local flow for micro patterns was simulated by the Navier-Stokes equation. The boundary conditions, such as pressure and temperature, for the local analysis were obtained using the results of the global analysis. The proposed method was validated by experiments. Experimental observation showed good agreement with the numerical results. Effect of process parameters on the transcription fidelity was further examined. The numerical approach presented in this paper would enable a more efficient analysis and provide better understanding of filling behavior during injection molding of parts with micro patterns on the surface.
Parameters Affecting the Ink Wash-off in In-mold Decoration of Injection Molded Parts
Authors: Liu S.-J. , Hsu C.-M. , Chang P.-W.
Published: April 2012

Ink wash-off has been one of the problems that has confounded the overall success of the in-mold decoration (IMD) process for injection molded parts. In this report, an experimental matrix design based on the Taguchi method was conducted to examine the influence of processing parameters on the ink washoff of molded parts. The resins used in the study were 20% glass fiber filled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). A commercially available PET film pre-printed with grids was employed to prepare the parts. Specimens of three different thicknesses were molded using a pin injection gate on an injection molding machine with a reciprocating screw system. After molding, the severity of ink washoff was determined by an image analysis program. The experimental results suggested that molded composite parts of smaller thicknesses exhibited more severe ink washoff. For the parameters selected in the experiments, the melt temperature and mold temperature were found to be the principal factors affecting the ink failure of IMD injection molded composites. Furthermore, numerical simulations using a commercially available code were completed to better understand the mechanism of the ink washoff problem. The calculated results suggested that the ink was mainly washed off by the high shear stress of hot polymer melts. It is shown that the formation mechanisms of ink washoff can be explained, and, this being done, steps can be taken to ensure that the washoff is minimized. This provides significant advantages in terms of improved product quality.
Rheology and Processing of Tetrafluoroethylene/Hexafluoropropylene Copolymers
Authors: Hatzikiriakos S. G.
Published: April 2012

The rheology and processing of tetrafluoroethylene/hexafluoropropylene (TFE/HFP) copolymers and TFE/HFP/per-fluoro(alkyl vinyl ether) (TFE/HFP/PAVE) terpolymers, also known as FEP polymers, are reviewed in this paper. Dynamic linear viscoelasticity and other fundamental rheological properties such as the critical molecular weight for the onset of entanglements, Mc, the zero-shear viscosity versus molecular weight relationship, dependence of rheology on thermal history and aspects of shear-induced crystallization are presented. The melt fracture and wall slip behavior of FEP resins is also discussed. Finally, possible processing aids that can be used in the extrusion of FEP resins in order to postpone melt fracture phenomena to higher flow rates are also discussed thoroughly.
Imagining the Ancient Britons: Victorian Adventures in Wye-Land
Authors: Welshman Rebecca
Published: April 2012

Depicted in the mid to late nineteenth-century periodical press as wild, remote, and ‘intensely national’, Wales was perceived as a place of quiet mystery, geographically and socially distinct from the industrialisation of Victorian England. The borderland territory of the Wye Valley – what the Victorian journalist and historian, Barbara Hutton, called ‘Wye-Land’ – has been inhabited for over 12,000 years and preserves an ancient British identity in its rich archaeological landscapes. Developments in mid Victorian archaeology and anthropology precipitated a rise in the number of prehistoric excavations, which popularised knowledge of how ancient Britons lived and died. Drawing from articles in the late Victorian periodical press, and the activities of the Cardiff Naturalist's Society in the 1870s, which included the study of geology, botany and archaeology, this paper suggests that the observation of natural phenomena in the late nineteenth century was closely associated with the study of past human societies. I identify the changing interpretations of prehistoric sites – from early Victorian notions of barbarous druids, to more informed and sensitive appreciations of ancient British societies, whose sympathetic relation to the landscape fostered imaginative connections between late Victorians and their ancestors. This transition away from perceptions of being wholly distinct from prehistoric activity, shaped late Victorian pastoral journalism and encouraged a more integrated vision of the relationship between past and present human activity in the region.
The Role of the Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier (SUMO) Pathway in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Vlachostergios Panagiotis J. , Papandreou Christos N.
Published: April 2012

SUMO (small ubiquitin-related modifier) conjugation is a reversible three-step process of protein post-translational modifications mediating protein-protein interactions, subcellular compartmentalization and regulation of transcriptional events. Among divergent transcription factors regulated by SUMOylation and deSUMOylation, the androgen receptor (AR) is of exceptional significance, given its established role in prostate carcinogenesis. The enzymes of the SUMO pathway can have diverse effects on AR transcriptional activity, either via direct modification of the AR or through modification of AR co-regulators. Accumulating in vitro and in vivo evidence implicates the SUMO pathway in AR-dependent signaling. Prostate cancer cell proliferation and hypoxia-induced angiogenesis are also regulated by the SUMO pathway, through an AR-independent mechanism. Thus, an important role has been revealed for members of the SUMO pathway in prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression, offering new therapeutic targets.
Combining Computational Modeling and Neuroimaging to Examine Multiple Category Learning Systems in the Brain
Authors: Nomura Emi M. , Reber Paul J.
Published: April 2012

Considerable evidence has argued in favor of multiple neural systems supporting human category learning, one based on conscious rule inference and one based on implicit information integration. However, there have been few attempts to study potential system interactions during category learning. The PINNACLE (Parallel Interactive Neural Networks Active in Category Learning) model incorporates multiple categorization systems that compete to provide categorization judgments about visual stimuli. Incorporating competing systems requires inclusion of cognitive mechanisms associated with resolving this competition and creates a potential credit assignment problem in handling feedback. The hypothesized mechanisms make predictions about internal mental states that are not always reflected in choice behavior, but may be reflected in neural activity. Two prior functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of category learning were re-analyzed using PINNACLE to identify neural correlates of internal cognitive states on each trial. These analyses identified additional brain regions supporting the two types of category learning, regions particularly active when the systems are hypothesized to be in maximal competition, and found evidence of covert learning activity in the “off system” (the category learning system not currently driving behavior). These results suggest that PINNACLE provides a plausible framework for how competing multiple category learning systems are organized in the brain and shows how computational modeling approaches and fMRI can be used synergistically to gain access to cognitive processes that support complex decision-making machinery.
Preparation and Crystal Structure of 5-Azido-3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole, Its Methyl Derivative and Potassium Salt
Authors: Izsák Dániel , Klapötke Thomas M.
Published: April 2012

5-Azido-3-nitro-1H-1,2,4-triazole, its methyl derivative and potassium salt were synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic methods. The crystal structures were determined by low temperature single crystal X-ray diffraction. The interactions between the molecules or ions were analyzed and discussed. Furthermore, all compounds were tested according to BAM (Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung) methods.