bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The disintegration of Iraq: the manufacturing and politicization of sectarianism
Authors: Ismael Tareq Y , Fuller Max
Published: February 2009

Since the Anglo-American invasion in 2003, Iraqi politics and society have been interpreted through the lens of sectarian division and strife. Iraq under occupation has been beset by sectarian violence; however, contrary to standard belief, this sectarian violence has no significant
precedent in Iraqi history, the politicized sectarianism that now dominates Iraq is argued to be the intended result of a deliberate Anglo-American occupation policy that has had at its foundation, the goal to carve Iraq into sectarian enclaves and to engineer a weak, pliable, state. The purpose
of this article is thus two-fold: first, this article delineates social folkloric forms of sectarianism in Iraq from the militarized sectarianism that now constitutes Iraqi political culture. This, centred on folk practices, is argued to have been mitigated through a long process of state-building
and social secularization. Today's political sectarianism, as reflected in militia activity and religious chauvinism, is presented in terms of Anglo-American occupation strategy, including: the empowering of sectarian militia parties which had no natural constituency in Iraq; the stripping
and destruction of Iraq's national symbols; and the imposition of an American-written constitution drained of any national content that only reinforced sectarian division in Iraq. Second, against this backdrop of politicized sectarianism, outposts of genuine Iraqi nationalism are considered,
with a particular focus on the populist Sadrist current. This current, an Iraqi national force informed by Islamic notions, represents an uneven but nevertheless genuine resistance movement, who might portend the emergence of further national movements in occupied Iraq.
Art of the Past: Adapting Henry James's The Golden Bowl
Authors: Artt Sarah
Published: February 2009

This article deals with James Ivory's screen adaptation of Henry James's novelThe Golden Bowl. The analysis draws on the use of fine art motifs in themise-en-scneand the use of symbolic art objects as a way of adapting and condensing James's textual description.
Reviews
Authors: Collard Christophe , Lock Georgina , McKechnie Kara , Piper Helen
Published: February 2009

Literature and Film: A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Film Adaptation, Robert Stam and Alessandra Raengo (eds), (2005), 2nd edition (2007) Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 376 pp., ISBN 978-0-631-23054-0, hardback, 65.00, ISBN 978-0-631-23055-7, paperback, 18.99

Theatrical
Translation and Film Adaptation A Practioner's View, Phyllis Zatlin (2005) Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 222pp, ISBN1-85359-833-X/ EAN 978-1-85359-833-3, Hardback 102.72, ISBN1-85359-832-1/EAN978-1-85359-832-6, Paperback 24.95

Adaptation and Appropriation, Julie
Sanders (2006) Routledge, UK New Critical Idiom, Series Editor: John Drakakis, 200 pp. ISBN 0-415-31171-3, Hardback 50.00, ISBN 0-415-31172-1, Paperback, 11.99

Vernon God Little, Adapted by Tanya Ronder from the book by DBC Pierre, NHB/Young Vic 2007, 8.99
Mass-Market Comedy: How Mel Brooks Adapted The Producers for Broadway, and Made a Billion Dollars 2001 2007
Authors: Symons Alex
Published: February 2009

Studies carried out by Susan Bennett (1997), Jonathan Burston (1998) and Maurya Wickstrom (1999) suggest that American theatre has become a massculture business. This critique is now even more apparent given the current state of Broadway comedy best exemplified by Mel Brooks's adaptations
of his film The Producers (1968), including his Broadway show The Producers (2001) and his movie remake of that show, The Producers (2005). Brooks's original film may have been topical, shocking and full of controversy, but by 2001 those same old gags about Nazis, dumb
blondes and homosexuals had become outdated. For this reason, the international acclaim of The Producers (2001) with theatre critics, as well as the critical backlash by many film critics, illustrates scholars' observations namely that modern Broadway's mass audience is not necessarily
interested in provocative or original comedy but applauds recycled jokes.
Reviews
Authors: Collard Christophe , Forsyth Alison , Minier Mrta , Poore Benjamin
Published: February 2009

Signes du spectacle: Des arts vivants aux mdias, Andr Helbo (2006) Brussels: PIE-Peter Lang, 147 pp., ISBN 978-90-5201-322-0, Paperback, 13.90

Film Adaptation and Its Discontents: From Gone with the Wind to The Passion of Christ, Thomas Leitch (2007)
Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 354 pp., ISBN 978-0-8018-8565-5, Hardback, $55

Shakespeare on Film: Such Things As Dreams Are Made Of, Carolyn Jess-Cooke (2007) London and New York: Wallflower, 125 pp., ISBN 978-1-905674-14-5, Paperback, 12.99

Literature
Through Film: Realism, Magic, and the Art of Adaptation, Robert Stam (2005), First edition Oxford: Blackwell, 388 pp., ISBN 1405102888, Paperback, 17.99, ISBN 140510287X, Hardback, 60.
Are There Any More at Home Like You?: Rewiring Superman
Authors: Berger Richard
Published: February 2009

Increasingly in contemporary media practice, texts are deployed across a range of different platforms, often simultaneously. Many theorists assume that these platforms are distinct forms, whereas theories of remediation and heteroglossia suggest more fluidity and exchange between literature,
theatre, cinema, radio, television and videogames. This article examines the adaptation of the comic book character, Superman, and traces the origins of the Superman comic book narratives into their current transmedia state. Such adaptations can alter the status and authority of pre-existing
versions of a text. In Superman's case, an adaptation can eventually become canonical and act as a source text, rewiring previous versions into a dialogical sphere of influence. In addition, some canonical texts can undergo a process of disconnection and can be discounted entirely.
This article proposes an approach that is medium non-specific, but one that is text specific when examining the complex rewirings between parallel versions of a text.
Fracturing, fixing and healing bodies in the films of Fruit Chan
Authors: Khiun Liew Kai
Published: February 2009

This article explores the treatment of the issues of disability and healing in the films of Hong Kong's independent filmmaker, Fruit Chan, between the years 1997 and 2004. These films include: Made in Hong Kong, Little Cheung, Longest Summer, Hollywood Hong-Kong, Durian Durian, Public
Toilet and Dumplings. Distinguished by his efforts to forefront subaltern subjects in the city, Chan's films highlight the complexities of the relationship between social marginality and disability, as well as the medical market and healing cultures. By contrasting diverse forms of healing
in his highly hybridized and transnational vernacular medical marketplace, Chan's films are instrumental in displaying the underlying tensions of bio-politics on screen.
Fuel System Contaminants: An Introduction
Authors: Chesneau HL
Published: February 2009

The relative decline of distillate fuel quality in the United States over the past several years has been discussed in many recent publications [1–6]. This decline has taken the form of lower cetane numbers, heavier fuels, poorer stability characteristics, and poorer cold weather characteristics [7]. These factors combined with increasing demands made by economical realities, environmental concerns and equipment refinements, have placed a heavy burden on both the suppliers and users of fuel.
Microbiological Contamination: Evaluation of Some Sampling and Laboratory Analytical Methods
Authors: Hebda AJ , Morchat RM , Brown RG , Jones GM
Published: February 2009

The limitations and problems of representative sampling in naval fuel tanks have been investigated. Problems have been associated with access, with possibly atypical habitats (for example, entrained sounding tube or drain line samples), and with types of samplers available. In laboratory bottle scale trials for biocide efficacy, microbial interface growth has been quantified by biochemical determination of cellular protein following alkali extraction. This method is applicable to frozen stored samples. The significance of mixed microbial populations, in relation to coalescer impairment and to biocide treatment of the fuel, is also discussed.
Methodology for Identification of Diesel Fuel System Contaminants Related to Problems in the Field
Authors: Westbrook SR , Barbee JG , Stavinoha LL , LePera ME , Mengenhauser JV
Published: February 2009

Field problem surveillance for the Army has identified vehicle power loss caused by premature fuel filter plugging as a major maintenance and readiness problem. A systematic approach to the analysis of fuel system contaminants has been partially developed. First, a set of reference materials was gathered based on the most commonly encountered fuel system contaminant. The most useful microscopic and spectroscopic techniques and their utility for examining the various types of contaminants were identified. The individual reference materials were characterized for use in comparison to actual field samples. Sample preparation procedures were developed for fuel filters, fuel samples, and fuel tank sludge samples. A scheme for the final analysis of the prepared samples was devised. This methodology requires some technical judgment in assessing the relative amounts of some of the contaminant types; however, this methodology provides a step-by-step means of determining the identify of fuel system contaminants.
Fuel Filter Plugging by Insoluble Sediment in Diesel Fuels
Authors: Reddy SR
Published: February 2009

Diesel fuels contaminated with insoluble sediment and water have caused problems for light-duty diesel engines by plugging fuel filters. The sediment consists of either aggregated gum particles resulting from fuel oxidation or biological slime produced by micro-organisms that grow at the water/fuel interface. Laboratory experiments were conducted to understand the mechanism of filter plugging by these sediments. Gum particles tend to be hard and spherical in shape, while biological growth tends to consist of long, stringy, fibrous material. Biological slime plugged both the 10 μm-engine filter and the 130-μm tank sock filter; gum particles, which individually were less than 3 μm in diameter, plugged the 10-μm engine filter by forming aggregates of several hundred particles; these aggregates readily passed through the 130-μm tank sock filter. However, plugging with these aggregates was not very severe because a porous cake formed on the surface of the filter paper that allowed some fuel to flow. Filter plugging was very severe when gummy fuel was contaminated with water because the particles flocculated and plugged both of the filters. Prevention of water contamination and treatment of diesel fuel with additives to prevent gum and biological growth formation are necessary to avoid filter plugging problems.
Quality Control for Diesel Fuel in Long-Term Emergency Storage
Authors: Strauss KH
Published: February 2009

Certain large emergency power systems, powered by diesel engines, impose long storage periods on the fuel. The paper describes a detailed quality control program for such fuel systems, including fuel selection, clean-up hardware, and fuel testing before and after storage. Fuel specifications and acceptance limits and the reasons for the limits are presented.
Aquatic Toxicology and Environmental Fate: Eleventh Volume
Authors: Suter GW , Lewis MA
Published: February 2009

Description

STP 1007 marks the beginning of the second decade of aquatic toxicology as a mature science. Papers address: Large scale cumulative effects of multiple pollution sources on regional communities and populations; effects of spills, storm runoff, and other non routine exposures with complex temporal dynamics; effects of variation in organism condition on susceptibility; predicting effects of new chemicals whose mode of action is unknown; cumulative effects of pollution, harvesting, modifications of the physical environment, and natural stochastic processes; and balancing risks and benefits of different levels of testing, monitoring, and waste treatment.
Vane Shear Strength Testing in Soils: Field and Laboratory Studies
Authors: Richards AF
Published: February 2009

Description

Twenty-two papers discuss: reviews of the vane test on land and offshore; field and laboratory vane theory and interpretation; new laboratory test methods; and comparisons of field vane testing to laboratory testing and other methods of in situ testing.
Silver Transport and Impact in Estuarine and Marine Systems
Authors: Sanders JG , Abbe GR
Published: February 2009

The transport of silver through estuarine and coastal marine systems is dependent upon biological uptake and incorporation. Uptake by phytoplankton is rapid, in proportion to silver concentration, and inversely proportional to salinity. In contrast to studies performed with other toxic metals, silver availability appears to be controlled by both the free silver ion concentration and the concentrations of other silver complexes, perhaps the ion pair AgCl. Silver incorporated by phytoplankton is not lost as salinity increases; as a result, silver associated with cellular material is largely retained within the estuary. Phytoplankton exhibit a variable sensitivity to silver. Sensitive species exhibit a marked delay in the onset of growth in response to silver at low concentrations, even though maximum growth rates are similar to controls. Sublethal effects, such as delayed growth, may not be observed during classical toxicity testing of a population; however, the effects to the community may be quite significant. A delay in the onset of growth reduces the ability of a population to respond to short-term favorable conditions and to succeed within the community, ensuring the dominance of resistant species with high initial rates of growth. Reliable assessment of the vulnerability of dynamic ecosystems requires that studies of potential pollutant impact consider geochemical and biogeochemical transformations and sublethal pressures upon community structure as well as the toxicity of the pollutant to keystone species.
Dredged Material Plume Dispersal in Central Long Island Sound
Authors: Munns WR , Paul JF
Published: February 2009

A simulation model based upon in situ current velocity data and records of disposal events was developed to predict the chemical exposure field resulting from dredged material disposal plumes in Central Long Island Sound (CLIS) during the spring of 1983. In the model, plumes are assumed to form as subthermocline suspended particulate clouds which are uniform vertically and Gaussian horizontally. Horizontal cloud dimensions are allowed to grow with a constant diffusion velocity as the plume is transported by tidal currents. The model permits estimation of increases or elevations in suspended solids concentration above background levels at individual sites resulting from multiple disposal operations. Model predictions of time-averaged elevations compare favorably with those estimated from tissue residues of Mytilus edulis deployed in CLIS as part of a joint Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)/Army Corps of Engineers program to investigate dredged material disposal options. Predicted elevations ranged between 0.0 and 1.6 mg/L. Based upon bulk chemistry measurements, a dredged material concentration of 1.5 mg/L translates to a water column polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) concentration of approximately 10 ng/L, or about one third of the EPA chronic water quality criterion for that compound. The model indicates the contaminant exposure field at five biological effects field stations to be derived primarily from plume passage, rather than from postdisposal transport from a nearby disposal mound, during the period of active dredged material disposal. Both near (<1 km) and far (>1 km) field dispersal of dredged material in the form of plumes is indicated to occur within this shallow marine system.
Using Single-Species and Whole Ecosystem Tests to Characterize the Toxicity of a Sewage Treatment Plant Effluent
Authors: Frithsen JB , Oviatt C , Nacci D , Strobel CJ , Walsh R
Published: February 2009

A four-month experiment was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of a sewage effluent using both single-species and whole ecosystem tests. Fresh effluent from the East Greenwich, Rhode Island, sewage treatment plant was added daily to six experimental ecosystems (mesocosms). Sewage effluent additions were made at 0.1, 1.0, and 10% of the daily seawater input (960 L/day) from Narragansett Bay. Reagent grade, inorganic nutrients were added to the control, 0.1% and 1.0% effluent treatments to normalize nutrient loadings in all treatments. The Arbacia punctulata sea urchin sperm cell test was conducted on effluent and mesocosm samples. In the mesocosms, measurements of responses at the population, community, and ecosystem levels of biological organization were made.

The single-species toxicity test indicated the mean EC50 of the sewage effluent was 1.1%. Toxicity decayed rapidly over time, and was unrelated to carbon, nutrient, residual chlorine, or metal concentrations. Toxicity in the mesocosms was variable due to short-term (4 to 5 h), incomplete mixing of the effluent. There was no evidence for a buildup of toxicity in the mesocosms. Mesocosm effluent additions decreased phytoplankton standing stock and produced an imbalance between total system production and respiration leading to hypoxia. At the 10% effluent loading, net system production was negative.

Results indicated both single-species and mesocosm approaches were useful to assess toxicity. The single-species test was best utilized to characterize the magnitude and persistence of toxicity, and the mesocosm experiments were best employed to identify sensitive communities and processes.
Studies on Ameliorating the Effects of an Acidic River on the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)
Authors: Freeman HC , Sangalang GB , Sperry L
Published: February 2009

The decline in the Atlantic salmon populations in the poorly buffered rivers in southwestern Nova Scotia, Canada, has been coincident with increased acidic precipitation making mitigation a necessity.

In our studies on mitigating the effects of acidic water, sexually maturing adult Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) were held in the acidic Westfield River (pH 5.1 to 4.7) and the nearby less acidic Medway River (pH 5.7 to 5.2) as a control. Atlantic salmon fed a salt (sodium chloride)-enriched diet to compensate for blood salt losses that occur in acidic waters, had increased reproductive capacity. These fish had a larger percentage of spawners, a larger number of eggs per fish, increased fecundity (number of eggs per gram of fish), and a higher viability of fertilized eggs compared to fish that were fed a commercial trout diet. The female fish on the salt-enriched diet had higher peak levels of the female sex hormone, 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17,20-diOHP), which was similar to levels in control fish.

When the pH of the acidic river was elevated using limestone, the salmon lost less weight and had lower egg mortalities compared to the fish in the untreated acidic river water. All fish in the limestone-treated water, however, still did not perform as well as the control fish, and they were highly stressed as indicated by the increased production of corticosteroids by the head kidneys (adrenal homologues) in vitro.
Head-to-Head Comparison of SAS and ASTM-Proposed Probit Computer Programs
Authors: Bromaghin JF , Engeman RM
Published: February 2009

Estimates of the median lethal dose (LD50) [or the median lethal concentration (LC50)] are used in toxicological and hazard assessment studies to indicate the dosage of a substance that produces a 50% response (death) rate in a population. The calculation of LD50 estimates is frequently accomplished through probit analysis. Probit analysis is based on certain underlying assumptions about the tolerance of the population in question to the substance being tested. The response rate is assumed to follow a cumulative normal distribution with respect to the dosage or the logarithms of the dosage.

Recently we reviewed ASTM's proposed standard practice for using probit analysis (Draft No. 2). A BASIC computer program for performing probit analysis was included with the proposed standard. We evaluated this program using the PROBIT procedure in the wellknown SAS Institute package as a standard of comparison. The SAS procedure offers a default option that assumes the response rate of the population follows the cumulative normal distribution. In addition, two logarithmic options are also offered (natural and base 10), whereby the response rate is assumed cumulative normal relative to the logarithm of the dose. The BASIC and SAS programs give very similar results when the appropriate logarithmic option is used with the SAS procedure. Thus, the ASTM program would be a subset of the SAS procedure in that it is comparable to one of the SAS options, employing one set of possible assumptions. We believe that the assumptions one would make about the distributional response of a population are not necessarily standard, and that careful examination of the data relative to analytical assumptions prior to analysis is recommended.
Utility of the Standardized Aquatic Microcosm as a Standard Method for Ecotoxicological Evaluation
Authors: Landis WG , Chester NA , Haley MV , Johnson DW , Muse WT , Tauber RM
Published: February 2009

The standardized aquatic microcosm (SAM) as developed by Taub is a 64-day multispecies assay designed to model a generic freshwater ecosystem. An extensive protocol is available that covers every aspect of the experiment. In addition, a series of computer programs is available at the University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, for data analysis.The SAM has recently undergone a round-robin test series, in which good repeatability was demonstrated among the four laboratories that took part. These factors have led to our use of the SAM as an ecosystem-level assay for assessment of the effects and fate of disparate materials in aquatic systems.

To date, three materials have been assayed in our laboratory. Copper sulfate was assayed at two series of concentrations to act as an in-house control and as part of the round-robin SAM testing. A brass dust and graphite dust have also been assayed using the SAM protocol. In setting test concentrations for the SAM, Daphnia magna 48-h and algal 96-h assays were performed using ASTM methodologies.

The SAM has proven to be a useful assay. Currently, the disadvantages are the amount of labor required in the preparation of the test media, culturing of the organisms, and data analysis; the breakage of test vessels was also a problem. The authors are planning to automate much of the data handling to reduce repeated manual manipulation and the concomitant errors. Breakage of the test vessels has been reduced considerably by modifications of the sterilization procedure. The advantages of the SAM are the ability of the system to handle a variety of test compounds and the ability to simultaneously look at both effects and fate. Results varied among the compounds tested from very strong acute toxic effects to classical signs of eutrophication. Interactions among the biota were observable. The fate of the toxicant was also altered by the complex community, in contrast to simpler abiotic fate studies.
Acute Lethal Toxicity Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships for Electrophiles and Pro-Electrophiles: Mechanistic and Toxicokinetic Principles
Authors: Roberts DW
Published: February 2009

Published data on acute lethal toxicity of aniline and nitrobenzene derivatives to fish can be correlated with an electrophilic reactivity descriptor based on substituent constants (proposed to relate to electrophilicity of the corresponding C-nitroso compounds, the aniline and nitrobenzene derivatives being regarded as pro-electrophiles). Likewise, published data on acute lethal toxicity of reactive halogen compounds can be correlated with an electrophilic reactivity parameter based on measured rate constants for reaction with a reference nucleophile, 4-nitrobenzylpyridine. In both cases, incorporation of a lipophilicity descriptor does not improve the quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR). A toxicokinetic model is proposed, whereby the electrophilic reaction leading to the toxic effect is assumed to take place in an aqueous biological medium separated from the external aqueous environment by a lipid barrier. Based on consideration of whether environment-lipid partition, lipid-aqueous biological medium partition, or reaction with biological nucleophiles is likely to be the rate-determining step, outlying behavior of some of the compounds can be rationalized, and the QSARs can, with justification, be improved by elimination of these compounds.
New Cost-Effective, Computerized Approachesto Selecting Chemicals for Priority Testing Consideration
Authors: Walker JD , Brink RH
Published: February 2009

The Interagency Testing Committee (ITC) was established in 1976 under Section 4(e) of the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). The ITC consists of representatives from 15 member and liaison agencies. The committee recommends chemicals to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) administrator for priority testing consideration and potential rule-making under Section 4(a) of TSCA.

Between 1977 and 1983 the ITC conducted five scoring exercises to select existing chemicals for detailed review. These five scoring exercises focused on chemicals of regulatory concern, high-production chemicals, and chemicals recommended by other organizations. In 1986, in preparation for a sixth scoring exercise, we developed new approaches to selecting chemicals for review by the ITC. Expert panels were organized to identify substructures indicative of chemicals with potential to cause adverse health effects or adverse ecological effects. The expert ecological effects panel identified 109 organic chemical substructures that might cause adverse effects to any of eight organism types. These substructures were used to develop a questionnaire which was sent to 86 environmental chemists and toxicologists.

Results from this questionnaire were used to reduce the list of substructures identified by the expert panel to 63 substructures with potential to cause adverse ecological effects in one to six organism types. These chemical substructures were used to search a data base of approximately 18 100 discrete organic chemicals. These searches identified about 5200 chemicals which might produce adverse ecological effects. The data base containing 18 100 chemicals was also searched for about 5300 chemicals that were in eleven computer-searchable, environmental-monitoring data bases. These searches identified about 2300 chemicals. The 2300 Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) numbers for chemicals with potential for environmental exposure were compared with the 5200 CAS numbers for chemicals that might produce adverse ecological effects in order to identify matches.

Over 100 chemicals were identified that had both the potential to cause adverse ecological effects and the potential for environmental exposure. A scoring system was developed to rank these chemicals. After obtaining available information on domestic production, many of these chemicals were screened by panels of toxicologists, chemists, ecologists, and engineers to select chemicals of environmental concern for detailed review by the ITC.
Interpretation of the Field Vane Test in Terms of In-Situ and Yield Stresses
Authors: Becker DE , Crooks JHA , Been K
Published: February 2009

Interpretation of undrained shear strength data requires knowledge of the effective stress regime that is controlling the strength on the failure surface. Approximately 90% of the total resistance measured by the standard vane is provided by the vertical circumscribed failure surface. Consequently, vane test results are dominated by the strength mobilized on the vertical plane. Therefore, it is the horizontal in-situ effective and yield stresses that predominantly control the vane shear strength. Yet, to date, vane strength correlations have been considered in terms of vertical stresses only.

This paper discusses an interpretation for the field vane test within generalized state concepts. State can be characterized by an overconsolidation ratio that accounts for both vertical and horizontal stresses. The controlling influence of the in-situ effective and yield stresses on measured field vane strength is demonstrated using data for 14 clay deposits. Vane strength normalized with respect to in-situ effective stresses are correlated with overconsolidation ratio to confirm the generalized state concepts and importance of accounting for horizontal stresses. Normalized vane strength correlations are compared to normalized strength ratios back-analyzed from field failures. It is shown that strength ratios normalized using vertical preconsolidation pressures are not sufficiently refined to provide a good basis for comparison. Strength ratios based on horizontal yield stresses provide a more rational basis for comparison.
Factors Affecting the Measurements and Interpretation of the Vane Strength in Soft Sensitive Clays
Authors: Roy M , Leblanc A
Published: February 2009

Vane tests have been carried out in the field and in the laboratory to investigate some factors affecting the measurements and interpretation of the test, specially the disturbance caused by the insertion of the vane into the clay and the time and shear velocity effects on the strength. Strength rotation curves and failure diagrams have been investigated in the laboratory. The results have shown that the insertion of the vane produces disturbance and generates pore pressure so that the vane strength measured is reduced while time effect leads to an increase in shear strength. Study of the failure diagram shows that the actual shear surface is larger than the cylindrical surface defined by the diameter of the blades.
Comparison of Field Vane Results with Other In-Situ Test Results
Authors: Greig JW , Campanella RG , Robertson PK
Published: February 2009

Undrained shear strength results from field vane shear tests are compared with those obtained from flat plate dilatometer, screw plate, pressuremeter, and piezocone tests at several sites in the lower mainland near Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The sites include deltaic deposits of soft organic soils, clay silts, and moderately to highly sensitive clays. The sites consist primarily of normally consolidated soils, but results in overconsolidated soils are also included. The test procedures and methods of interpretation are briefly described for each in-situ test type in addition to a discussion of the results.
Vane Shear Test Apparatus: A Reliable Tool for the Soft Soil Exploration
Authors: Nagarkar PK , Rode SV , Shurpal TW , Dixit GL
Published: February 2009

There are deposits of fine clays on coastal areas in India. Those soils are soft, highly saturated, of low density, and low shear strength, sensitive, and normally consolidated. Such soils are generally termed as marine clays. Reliable undisturbed sampling of desired size in marine clays is generally difficult, and laboratory tests for determination of shear strength are also difficult for designing foundations of earth fills. In contrast, the vane shear test is a simple as well as reliable method in the hands of research workers.

Five sites for reclamation of dykes and road embankments around Bombay (India) were tackled. The height of the dykes and embankments varied from 2.5 to 7.97 m, and the depths of the marine clay deposits varied from 6 to 16 m.

During the foundation soil exploration, undisturbed soil samples were collected in open tube samplers from drilled holes. The vane shear test with its slow gear arrangement was carried out in the adjacent boreholes. The vane shear tests with vane borer (vane guard) were also conducted at one of the five sites.

Designing of the embankments, by the sliding block analysis method, was based on the average undrained shear strength determined during the vane shear tests. The settlement performance of the above embankments was studied and found to be satisfactory.
Comparison of In-Situ Vane, Cone Penetrometer, and Laboratory Test Results for Gulf of Mexico Deepwater Clays
Authors: Johnson GW , Hamilton TK , Ebelhar RJ , Mueller JL , Pelletier JH
Published: February 2009

Site investigations were recently performed offshore at three prospective plat-form sites in water depths between 400 and 500 m in the Gulf of Mexico. Soil conditions at the sites generally range from very soft clays near the seafloor to very stiff clays at 120- to 150-m penetration. Analyses of stress history indicate the soils at these locations are generally normally consolidated. Laboratory tests were performed on recovered specimens to deter-mine the undrained shear strength. Standard laboratory miniature vane shear tests and unconsolidated-undrained triaxial tests were performed in addition to consolidated-undrained tests using stress history and normalized soil engineering properties (SHANSEP) procedures. Tests performed in the field included in-situ vane and cone penetrometer. Cone factors Nk were computed using in-situ vane shear strengths as the reference strength.

This paper compares the results of consolidated-undrained (SHANSEP) laboratory and in-situ tests to determine a relationship that may be used to correlate these results. The effects of soil strength and plasticity are examined and used to correlate shear strength with the liquidity index. A comparison is also made between peak and residual in-situ vane strengths.

This paper further describes how a combination of these in-situ and laboratory tests can be used to characterize a deepwater site for foundation design. Recommendations for future site investigations are also discussed.
Autonomous Seafloor Strength Profiler: Comparison of In-Situ and Core Results
Authors: Silva AJ , Wyland RM
Published: February 2009

The autonomous seafloor strength profiler (ASSP) has been developed to determine the strength profile of the upper 1.5 m of marine sediments. The system can operate in water depths to 6000 m and is designed to remain in a dormancy state of up to one year. The instrument consists of four integrated packages: controller and data acquisition system, mechanical system, volume/pressure compensator, and power supply. This paper describes the ASSP system and presents results of in situ vane tests in a deep sea (5845 m) illitic clay and shallow water (60 m) clayey silty fine sand. The in-situ shear strengths of the deep sea clay are 26% higher than those of core samples. The shear strength profile for the shallow water sediment is quite different from that of a nearby core.
Residual Stress Effects on Fatigue of Surface Processed Steels
Authors: Landgraf RW , Chernenkoff RA
Published: February 2009

Procedures are presented for analyzing the cyclic stability and influence on fatigue resistance of residual stress patterns arising from mechanical and thermal surface processing treatments such as shot peening and induction hardening. Cyclic properties and behavioral trends developed using smooth, axial specimens of steels simulating the various microstructures found in surface processed componentry are used to develop criteria to predict cyclic stability, the rate of relaxation for prescribed straining levels, the failure initiation point (surface or subsurface), and expected fatigue lifetime. The validity of the approach is verified using experimental data from the literature. Finally, the incorporation of these procedures in modern computer-based fatigue analysis routines, and opportunities for further enhancements, are discussed.
X-ray Diffraction and Acoustic Emission Study of Fatigue Damage in Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Bathias C , Bonnafe JP , Lebrun JL , Maeder G
Published: February 2009

The damage that leads to crack initiation under fatigue loading generally occurs at or near the surface. The macrostresses and microstrains induced by machining and surface treatments such as shot peening play an important role in the initiation process. The initial distribution and subsequent evolution of these stresses and strains also influence the growth of fatigue damage. A detailed study, carried out using two aluminum alloys (2024 T351 and 7075 T7351) with electrolytically polished, milled, or shot peened surfaces, has been undertaken at microscopic and macroscopic levels by X-ray measurements of residual stresses at each step of damage development. Acoustic emission has been used to detect the three stages of damage growth: plastic deformation of the surface, microcrack formation, and macrocracking.

The experiment pointed to the conclusion that the damage leading to crack initiation occurs in the following manner: (1) cyclic cold working of the surface with a rapid evolution of residual stresses, (2) stabilization of these stresses and plastic deformation of the surface layers, (3) the appearance of the first microcracks without any change in the residual stresses, and then, (4) the ascendency of one or two macrocracks with complete relaxation of the macrostresses in the close neighborhood of this macrocrack.
Fatigue Crack Propagation and Residual Stress in a Quenched and Tempered C-Mn-B Steel
Authors: Fletcher AJ , Geary W , King JE
Published: February 2009

The fatigue crack propagation and threshold behavior of a C-Mn-B steel has been examined at strength levels appropriate to the use of this material in haulage chain. Two austenitizing temperatures have been used, 1250°C and 900°C, with tempering temperatures up to 400°C. Threshold values at R = 0.2 ranged from about 4 to 6 MPa ∙ m1/2. They tended to be somewhat higher in material austenitized at 900°C, than in material treated at 1250°C. In the material austenitized at 900°C and tempered at low temperatures (up to about 350°C), the fatigue crack fronts were markedly curved, being held up in the center of the fatigue specimens and advanced at the quarter-section positions. This was due to the residual stress distribution resulting from the volume changes associated with cooling and transformation during the quench.

Good agreement was obtained between the residual stress distribution measured by monitoring the change in strain on the bottom face of a fatigue specimen as successive layers of material were removed from the opposite face, and the predicted distribution after the 900°C austenitizing treatment. The predicted residual stress distribution was determined by a viscoelastic-plastic mathematical model. Both methods showed a tensile stress in the region immediately below the surface and a compressive stress towards the center of the fatigue specimens, as anticipated from the crack front curvature.

Testing at R = 0.8 reduced the crack-front curvature very significantly. In material austenitized at 1250°C, the crack front curvature was less marked than it was following the 900°C treatment.

Measured and predicted residual stress distributions for material as-quenched from 900°C and 1250°C are presented, and the relationship between the stress distribution present and the effects of such factors as mean stress and tempering temperature is discussed in terms of crack closure behavior.
Development of Composite Polymer-Glass Edge Claddings for Nova Laser Disks
Authors: Campbell JH , Edwards G , Frick FA , Gemmell DS , Gim BM , Jancaitis KS , Jessop ES , Kong MK , Lyon RE , Murray JE , Patton HG , Pitts JH , Powell HT , Riley MO , Wallerstein EP , Wolfe CR , Woods BW
Published: February 2009

Large Nd:glass laser disks for disk amplifiers require an edge cladding which absorbs at 1 μm. This cladding prevents edge reflections from causing parasitic oscillations that would otherwise deplete the gain. We have developed a composite polymer-glass edge cladding that consists of absorbing glass strips bonded to the edges of laser glass disks using an epoxy adhesive. The edge cladding must survive a fluence of approximately 20 J/cm2 in a 0.5-ms pulse. Failure can occur either by decomposition of the polymer or by mechanical failure from thermal stresses which leads to bond delamination. An epoxy has been developed that gives the required damage resistance, refractive index match and processing characteristics, A slight tilt of the disk edges greatly reduces the threat from parasitic oscillations and a glass surface treatment is used to promote bond adhesion. Laser disks fabricated with this new cladding show identical gain performance to disks using conventional fused-glass cladding and have been tested for over 2000 shots (equivalent to about a 4-year lifetime on Nova) without degradation.
High-Energy Pulsed Laser Beam Profiling System
Authors: Nichols DB , Texeira PD , Donovan TM
Published: February 2009

Recent high-energy laser beam profile data have shown the need for complete shot-by-shot spatial information in the quantitative assessment of repetitively-pulsed optics damage results. A system designed for spatial profiling of repetitively-pulsed beams is described here. The configuration provides for data processing from a 16 × 16 pyroelectric array (Spiricon), through analog-to-digital conversion (Datel), frame grabbing, and computer storage and display (Hewlett-Packard). Design solutions are illustrated for the electromagnetic noise problems associated with high-energy laser environments. The system has been demonstrated in the high-current environment of a large flashlamp-initiated pulsed chemical laser. The system is designed for use in the measurement of both the spatial profile incident on an optical component, and the transmissive wavefront distortion introduced by the component, under high power loading.
Sum-Frequency Generation on Dye-Coated Surfaces Using Collinear and Noncollinear Excitation Geometries
Authors: Muenchausen RE , Nguyen DC , Keller RA , Nogar NS
Published: February 2009

Resonantly enhanced surface second-harmonic generation and sum- frequency generation has been demonstrated on rhodamine 6G coated glass substrates using different excitation geometries. The collinearly excited, doubly-resonant sum-frequency signal is enhanced by more than two orders of magnitude relative to resonantly enhanced second-harmonic generation. For noncollinear excitation, the relative efficiency of nonlinear generation as a function of the angular dependence of the input beams is calculated and compared with experiment.
Thresholds for and Time Dependence of UV-Photon-Induced Desorption of Lithium Atoms from Lithium-Fluoride Single Crystals
Authors: Haglund RF , Tolk NH
Published: February 2009

The rapid pace of development in short-wavelength light sources — ranging from available excimer lasers to projected vuv and xuv free-electron lasers — is stimulating investigations of the electronic photon-materials interactions which may be the rate-limiting processes in catastrophic optical damage.

We have measured photon-energy thresholds for ground-state neutral Li desorption from single-crystal LiF under ultrahigh vacuum conditions using laser-induced fluorescence, and found that as much as one-fourth of the total yield is traceable to photons with energies less than the LiF band gap. Moreover, time-resolved measurements of the desorption process have enabled us to identify the specific excitonic channels which lead to diffusion-driven, defect-induced desorption in this material. Excitonic energy-transfer mechanisms of this type are characteristic features not only of the alkali halides, but also of alkaline-earth halides, fused silica and many metal oxides.

Our results demonstrate that mobile surface and near-surface defects can be produced even by low-energy photons, and that the diffusion of these defects drives the formation of metal-rich overlayers in LiF and probably in many other short-wavelength optical dielectrics.
Radiation Hardness of Nd:YAG and Nd:Cr:GSGG Laser Rods
Authors: Acharekar MA , Kaplan MM , McCarthy DP
Published: February 2009

Gadolinium scandium gallium garnett (GSGG) co-doped with neodymium (Nd) and chromium (Cr), shows higher efficiency and optical damage threshold than commonly used neodymium doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser rod. Nd:YAG and Nd:Cr:GSGG laser rods were irradiated with gamma radiation from Cobalt-60 source. Passive electronic and vibrational spectra of the laser materials were obtained before and after radiation. The near ultraviolet (NUV), visible (VIS) and near infrared (NIR) spectra were obtained using a Varian Model 2300 spectrophotometer. The infrared (IR) spectra were obtained using a Perkin-Elmer Model 783 Infrared Spectrophotometer and Model 7500 Infrared Data System. The active laser tests were conducted to study the effects of irradiation on the efficiency of the laser materials.

The data collected indicates that the Nd:YAG laser rod had transient radiation effects while the Nd:Cr:GSGG laser rod appeared to be resistant to the effects of the radiation dose in terms of the laser's output energy.
Effect of Cleaning on the Optical Absorption of Calcium Fluoride and Fused Silica at 351 nm
Authors: Gallant DJ , Law M , Pond B
Published: February 2009

Optical absorption values of uncoated calcium fluoride and fused silica substrates were measured at 351 nm using the 3-slope laser calorimetry technique. In addition, various substrate cleaning techniques were tried in order to lower the absorption, and to assess the contribution of surface contaminants to the total absorption.
Chemically Strengthened Slab Laser Glass with Optical Surface Quality
Authors: Hata C , Inazumi T , Izumitani T
Published: February 2009

Slab laser glass was chemically etched to remove microcracks on the polished surface and increase the fracture strength. Xe lamp irradiation test showed dramatically high fracture strength for chemically etched surface compared to polished surface. However, the chemically etched surface is optically neither flat nor smooth. The new fabrication method, chemical polishing, was developed to get simultaneously both chemically strengthened and optically smooth surface.

The slab laser glass fabricated by the new method showed 2.5 times high bending strength as well as optical flat and smooth surface.
Laser Damage Testing at the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment (AWRE)
Authors: Norman CJ
Published: February 2009

The damage testing facility at AWRE was established to support the manufacture and procurement of optical materials and coatings for the HELEN Nd glass laser system. The damage testing facility uses two laser systems both operating at 1064 run with pulse lengths of 330 ps and 10 ns respectively. This paper describes the facility, its operation and methods of beam diagnostics. The results of damage tests are given on a variety of coatings manufactured at AWRE, from traditional multilayer dielectrics to high damage level chemically processed AR coatings. Also discussed are methods of examining and testing laser glass discs for inclusions.
End-Group Effects on the Wavelength Dependence of Laser-Induced Photodegradation in Bisphenol-A Polycarbonate
Authors: Webb JD , Czanderna AW
Published: February 2009

This is an extended summary of a complete paper published recently in Macromolecules. The photochemistry of bisphenol-A polycarbonate (BPA-PC) has been the subject of a number of investigations since losses of desirable properties such as transparency, tensile strength, impact resistance, and rigidity result from photodegradation when this well-known engineering polymer is used in outdoor applications [1-3]. Since many of these properties are adversely influenced by reactions at the surface of the solid polymer, where solar UV absorption and uptake of oxygen and water are highest, the addition of UV stabilizers and/or antioxidants to the bulk polymer has been generally unsuccessful in extending its outdoor service life to beyond 3 years [4]. Attempts to extend the outdoor service life of polycarbonates by incorporating them into laminates of weatherable, UV-absorbing acrylate and methacrylate polymers have also been unsuccessful, although efforts in this direction continue [5].