bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tuberculous Mastitis: Experience of Five Cases at a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Hasanuzzaman Md , Islam Md Johirul , Hossain AZM Mostaque , Rahman Mohammad Zillur , Haque Md Ashraf Ul , Rasheed Md Mamun Or
Published: August 2016

Background: Tuberculous Mastitis (TM) is a rare form of tuberculosis, even in countries where the burden of tuberculosis is high. It may mimic other systemic illness, even carcinoma breast, a condition with which it may coexist.Objective: To disseminate the message to the concerned expertise that it can present a diagnostic problem on radiological and microbiological investigations, and thus a high index of suspicion is needed.Materials and method: This observational study was carried out in the department of Surgical Oncology of National Institute of Cancer Research & Hospital (NICRH), Dhaka, Bangladesh from January 2010 to December 2015. During the study period only five cases of TM were identified and all were included in the analysis purposively.Results: Mean(±SD) age of the patients was 27.2(±16.22) years. AFB in pus was found in one patient. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC) was done in four AFB negative patients and granulomatous lesions were found in each case. Histopathological examinations of two resected breast lumps also showed granulomatous lesions consistent with tuberculosis. Breast ultrasound showed multilocular abscess with ill-defined lump in two cases, solitary lump in two patients and cystic lesion in one patient. Axillary lymphadenopathy was found in one patient with solitary lump. Repeated image guided aspiration of the abscess was performed in 3 cases. Two patients underwent lumpectomy operation. All five patients were given anti-TB chemotherapy for 6 months. All of them recovered fully after completion of Category I treatment.Conclusion: Though it is a great mimicker with proper evaluation the disease is curable with antitubercular drugs, and in some cases surgery is required.Delta Med Col J. Jul 2016 4(2): 67-70
Socio-economic analysis on the role of local government in developing the abalone industry in Korea
Authors: Kim Jihoon , Nakayasu Akira , Takenouchi Naruhito
Published: August 2016

Many Koreans regard abalone (Haliotus discus hannai) as a desirable luxury food because of its limited availability and high price. Abalone aquaculture was developed during the late 2000s, and production has greatly increased in Korea, reaching 9,147 tons in 2014. Policy experts said this trend means many fishers who cultivate abalone could increase their income. However, their incomes had not increased since fishers started cultivating abalone, because a conventional addition was applied to abalone transactions. The distribution structure for abalone products relies almost entirely on wholesalers instead of fisheries cooperatives, which are commonly used for other types of seafood products. Therefore, a new distribution structure was required in the Korean abalone industry. The objective of this study was to document how the establishment of an abalone cooperative by the local government has affected fishers income and production since 2009. This research was conducted in Wando District in South Jeolla Province, which accounts for over 90% of the domestic abalone production. Wholesalers, fishers, and a public officer were interviewed. A shift from a wholesalercontrolled distribution structure to a cooperative run by the local government helped to reduce the addition and increase fishers incomes overall.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.3(2): 345-353, August 2016
Ultrasonographic evaluation of fetal sacral length and correlation with gestational age.
Authors: Quader Syed Abdul , Islam Md Saiful , Islam Md Menhazul , Hossain Md Zakir
Published: August 2016

Background: During the last three decades, ultrasonographics of a number of fetal osseous structures have been adopted for the assessment of gestational age and the evaluation of fetal growth and development. The most frequently used morphometric parameters include biparietal diameter, head circumference and femur length. Moreover, nomograms for other osseous structures, such as mandible, clavicle, scapula, vertebral arch, iliac bone and foot length have been established. Another suggestion is to measure the length of fetal sacrum, which should be visualized as a part of routine ultrasonographic evaluation of a fetus. Hence, associated congenital anomalies such as sacral agenesis or sacrococcygeal teratoma can be detected simultaneouslyObjective: To evaluate the usefulness of fetal sacral length in determination of gestational age at 15th to 40th weeks of pregnancy.Method: This study was carried out on 441 normal pregnant women between 15 to 40 weeks of gestation over a period of 24 months to find out the correlation between gestational ages with fetal sacral length measured by ultrasonographically. 41 patients were excluded from my study as 09 had multiple pregnancies, 02 had fetal congenital anomaly; out of them one had anencephaly and one had lumbo-sacral meningocele and complete visualization of sacrum was not possible for 30 fetuses.Result: Measurements of fetal sacral length were performed by utilizing gray scale real time ultrasound scanner equipped with 3.5 MHz convex transducer and gestational age was estimated by LMP.The mean gestational age was 27.52 with standard deviation of mean (±SD) was ± 7.28 weeks and gestational age ranging from 15 to 40 weeks. 40.0% percent were Primigravida, 31.75% percent were 2ndgravida, 18.25 percent were 3rdgravida, 7.75 percent were 4th gravid and 1.75% percent were 5th and more gravida. Most of the cases were Primigravida and 2ndgravida. A positive significant correlation were found between fetal sacral length with gestational age (wk) (r=0.998; p<0.001 and R²=99%)Conclusion:In this study it is observed that there is significant correlation of fetal sacral length with estimated fetal age so, it can be concluded in the present study that fetal sacral length(FSL) can be used as a parameter for estimation of gestational age.Update Dent. Coll. j: 2016; 6 (1): 08-14
Management of the services of emergency department in a specialized hospital  a cross sectional study
Authors: Ahmed Reshma , Sultana Nihar , Farzana Saieda , Akhtar Begum Sharifa , Ziauddin SM , Rubby Md Golam
Published: August 2016

Emergency department is one of the most important part of the hospital and also vulnerable to criticism. The reputation of a hospital rests to a large extent on the service of emergency department. A descriptive type of cross sectional study was conducted at Emergency Department (ED) of National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases Hospital (NICVD), Dhaka to assess different aspects of the service management of ED which includes opinion regarding different services, reception facilities, overall management of ED, waiting time for the patients to be attended by a doctor, required time for completion of emergency treatment, suggestions of service receivers for further improvement of ED of the hospital. A total of 121 patients or patient attendance and 39 health personnel were interviewed by a structured questionnaire and a checklist was utilized for availability of equipments and drugs in ED. The collected data were processed and analyzed meticulously with the help of SPSS (Version 21) software on the basis of different variables. According to Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) all instruments were present, 15 emergency drugs had been listed, out of them Inj. Streptokinase, antiseptic liquid were not available at that time in the ED of the hospital. The study revealed that out of 160 respondents the mean age was 40.3 ± 5.81 years, opinion about different services provided in ED more than two third found satisfied, only 18.1 % service receivers mentioned about the waiting time at ED to be seen by a doctor was ?3 minutes, more than half (54.5 %) required 20-30 minutes for completion of emergency treatment, different suggestions were suggested for further improvement of ED like increase number of wheel chair, stretcher, ambulance, to supply required medicine from the hospital, separate ECG room for female patients, waiting room for patients attendance etc. However, specific problems identified by different stakeholders need to be critically appraised by the authority to improve the services further.Update Dent. Coll. j: 2016; 6 (1): 15-20
A Retrospective study on fracture of the mandible in the D.O.P.D of Rangpur Medical College Hospital.
Authors: Islam Md Hafizul , Ahmed Mohammad Sayeed , Rayhan Asik , Hayat Ashraful
Published: August 2016

Aims and 0bjective of present study: A retrospective study was performed involving 480 patients of fracture mandible who were attended in dental O.P.D of Rangpur Medical College Hospital during the period 2010 to December 2013. The aims of this study to analyze the fracture mandible cases and treatment modality by miniplate osteo synthesis. To evaluate causes, sites and different ages of fracture of mandible.Methods: Retrospective study of data were collected from the patients record file of dental O.P.D during the period January 2010 to December 2013.Result: A total of 480 cases were studied where miniplate immobilization were made in 288 cases. Arch bar immobilization were made in 144 cases and rest 48 cases eyelet wiring. Among the 288 case male female ratio was 2:1. The treatment modality relation to patient was same in number for male patients by mini plate immobilization where as arch bar immobilization was same for female patient in number. The reason behind may be due to fear of operation by female patient. The results are shown in pie chart and bar diagram.Conclusion: Using this research results, a great effort was made to provide better management of fracture mandible patient to the population of at or around the city of Rangpur.Mandibular fracture were more present in male between 20 to 30 years rta was about 50% cases. Rigid internal fixation by monocortical mini plate osteo synthesis provide good long time results and satisfactory cosmosis without any significant sequela[8].The more frequently affected region were symphysis menti and angle of mandible.Update Dent. Coll. j: 2016; 6 (1): 30-34
Componeer-A case study
Authors: Bhatt Akanksha , Gupta Vishesh
Published: August 2016

With the advent of new innovative system Componeer, the conventional porcelain veneer and composite restoration in the field of aesthetic dentistry has become minimal now. The Componeer system grants superior aesthetics along with ease of handling, no or minimal preparation, single appointment, no psychological trauma to patient and last but not least is economical. This article describes management of stained teeth by recently introduced novel system Componeer on which there is paucity of literature.Update Dent. Coll. j: 2016; 6 (1): 40-42
Causes of Orthodontic Pain & its treatment: an overview
Authors: Naim MA , Hasan MI , Nahar L , Nasrin T , Naznin S , Ghosh R
Published: August 2016

Orthodontic pain, the most cited negative effect arising as a result of orthodontic force application, is a major matter of distress for clinicians and patients/parents and directly influences their compliance during the treatment. The lengthy duration of treatment along with frequent pain due to the orthodontic appliances often leads to patient burn out and has been associated with discontinuation of orthodontic treatment. It is imperative for the clinicians to identify and manage the pain experienced by their patients. It becomes duty of an orthodontist to satisfy the questions arising in the mind of patients, parents and clinicians. Various modalities for the management of orthodontic pain have been proposed over the years. The purpose of this review article is to throw a light on the various possible causes of orthodontic pain and to discuss the various management options for the orthodontic pain.Update Dent. Coll. j: 2016; 6 (1): 43-51
Erratum comment Vol 6(1)
Authors: Jahan Mohammed Shahed
Published: August 2016

Abstract not availableUpdate Dent. Coll. j: 2016; 6 (1): 59
Strong but permeable barriers to gene exchange between sister species of Epidendrum
Authors: Pinheiro Fábio , Zanfra de Melo e Gouveia Tiago Manuel , Cozzolino Salvatore , Cafasso Donata , Cardoso‐Gustavson Poliana , Suzuki Rogério Mamoru , Palma‐Silva Clarisse
Published: August 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

The investigation of reproductive barriers between sister species can provide insights into how new lineages arise, and how species integrity is maintained in the face of interspecific gene flow. Different pre‐ and postzygotic barriers can limit interspecific gene exchange in sympatric populations, and different sources of evidence are often required to investigate the role of multiple reproductive isolation (RI) mechanisms.

METHODS:

We tested the hypothesis of hybridization and potential introgression between Epidendrum secundum and Epidendrum xanthinum, two Neotropical food‐deceptive orchid species, using nuclear and plastid microsatellites, experimental crosses, pollen tube growth observations, and genome size estimates.

KEY RESULTS:

A large number of hybrids between E. secundum and E. xanthinum were detected, suggesting weak premating barriers. The low fertility of hybrid plants and the absence of haplotype sharing between parental species indicated strong postmating barriers, reducing interspecific gene exchange and the development of advanced generation hybrids. Despite the strength of reproductive barriers, fertile seeds were produced in some backcrossing experiments, and the existence of interspecific gene exchange could not be excluded.

CONCLUSIONS:

Strong but permeable barriers were found between E. secundum and E. xanthinum. Indeed, haplotype sharing was not detected between parental species, suggesting that introgression is limited by a combination of genic incompatibilities, including negative cytonuclear interactions. Most taxonomic uncertainties in this group were potentially influenced by incomplete RI barriers between species, which mainly occurred sympatrically.
Elevational divergence and clinal variation in floral color and leaf chemistry in Silene vulgaris
Authors: Berardi Andrea E. , Fields Peter D. , Abbate Jessica L. , Taylor Douglas R.
Published: August 2016

PREMISE OF STUDY:

Environmental heterogeneity over a species range can lead to divergent selection among populations, leading to phenotypic differences. The plant flavonoid pathway controls key reproductive and defense‐related traits and responds to selection and environmental stressors, allowing for hypotheses about phenotypic divergence across environmental gradients. We hypothesized that with increasing elevation, more flavonoids would be produced as a response to increased UV radiation and that plants would be better defended against herbivores.

METHODS:

We measured floral color, flavonoids, and herbivory in natural populations of Silene vulgaris (Caryophyllaceae) along elevational transects in the French Alps. We correlated phenotypes with environmental variables and calculated genotypic divergence (FST) to compare with phenotypic divergence (PST).

KEY RESULTS:

We found significant phenotypic variation in S. vulgaris along elevational gradients. Strong positive correlations were observed between floral color, leaf non‐anthocyanidin flavonoid concentration, and elevation. Floral anthocyanin and leaf non‐anthocyanidin flavonoid phenotypes negatively covaried with temperature and precipitation seasonality. Comparisons of PST to FST provided evidence for stabilizing selection on floral color among transects and divergent selection along the elevational gradient.

CONCLUSIONS:

Flavonoid production increases along elevational gradients in S. vulgaris, with clinal variation in calyx anthocyanins and increasing leaf non‐anthocyanin flavonoid concentrations. Despite the photoprotective and antiherbivore properties of some flavonoids, flavonoid production in flowers and leaves was correlated with population microclimatic variables: temperature and precipitation. Taken together, the results suggest that different flavonoid groups are targeted by selection in different tissues and provide evidence for divergent patterns of selection for flavonoids between high and low elevations.
Adhesion- and Degranulation-Promoting Adapter Protein Promotes CD8 T Cell Differentiation and Resident Memory Formation and Function during an Acute Infection
Authors: Fiege Jessica K. , Beura Lalit K. , Burbach Brandon J. , Shimizu Yoji
Published: August 2016

During acute infections, naive Ag-specific CD8 T cells are activated and differentiate into effector T cells, most of which undergo contraction after pathogen clearance. A small population of CD8 T cells persists as memory to protect against future infections. We investigated the role of adhesion- and degranulation-promoting adapter protein (ADAP) in promoting CD8 T cell responses to a systemic infection. Naive Ag-specific CD8 T cells lacking ADAP exhibited a modest expansion defect early after Listeria monocytogenes or vesicular stomatitis virus infection but comparable cytolytic function at the peak of response. However, reduced numbers of ADAP-deficient CD8 T cells were present in the spleen after the peak of the response. ADAP deficiency resulted in a greater frequency of CD127+ CD8 memory precursors in secondary lymphoid organs during the contraction phase. Reduced numbers of ADAP-deficient killer cell lectin-like receptor G1− CD8 resident memory T (TRM) cell precursors were present in a variety of nonlymphoid tissues at the peak of the immune response, and consequently the total numbers of ADAP-deficient TRM cells were reduced at memory time points. TRM cells that did form in the absence of ADAP were defective in effector molecule expression. ADAP-deficient TRM cells exhibited impaired effector function after Ag rechallenge, correlating with defects in their ability to form T cell–APC conjugates. However, ADAP-deficient TRM cells responded to TGF-β signals and recruited circulating memory CD8 T cells. Thus, ADAP regulates CD8 T cell differentiation events following acute pathogen challenge that are critical for the formation and selected functions of TRM cells in nonlymphoid tissues.
A Csf1r-EGFP Transgene Provides a Novel Marker for Monocyte Subsets in Sheep
Authors: Pridans Clare , Davis Gemma M. , Sauter Kristin A. , Lisowski Zofia M. , Corripio-Miyar Yolanda , Raper Anna , Lefevre Lucas , Young Rachel , McCulloch Mary E. , Lillico Simon , Milne Elspeth , Whitelaw Bruce , Hume David A.
Published: August 2016

Expression of Csf1r in adults is restricted to cells of the macrophage lineage. Transgenic reporters based upon the Csf1r locus require inclusion of the highly conserved Fms-intronic regulatory element for expression. We have created Csf1r-EGFP transgenic sheep via lentiviral transgenesis of a construct containing elements of the mouse Fms-intronic regulatory element and Csf1r promoter. Committed bone marrow macrophage precursors and blood monocytes express EGFP in these animals. Sheep monocytes were divided into three populations, similar to classical, intermediate, and nonclassical monocytes in humans, based upon CD14 and CD16 expression. All expressed EGFP, with increased levels in the nonclassical subset. Because Csf1r expression coincides with the earliest commitment to the macrophage lineage, Csf1r-EGFP bone marrow provides a tool for studying the earliest events in myelopoiesis using the sheep as a model.
Efficacy and Pharmacology of the NLRP3 Inflammasome Inhibitor CP-456,773 (CRID3) in Murine Models of Dermal and Pulmonary Inflammation
Authors: Primiano Michael J. , Lefker Bruce A. , Bowman Michael R. , Bree Andrea G. , Hubeau Cedric , Bonin Paul D. , Mangan Matthew , Dower Ken , Monks Brian G. , Cushing Leah , Wang Stephen , Guzova Julia , Jiao Aiping , Lin Lih-Ling , Latz Eicke , Hepworth David , Hall J. Perry
Published: August 2016

A critical component of innate immune response to infection and tissue damage is the NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains–containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, and this pathway and its activation products have been implicated in the pathophysiology of a variety of diseases. NLRP3 inflammasome activation leads to the cleavage of pro–IL-1β and pro–IL-18, as well as the subsequent release of biologically active IL-1β, IL-18, and other soluble mediators of inflammation. In this study, we further define the pharmacology of the previously reported NLRP3 inflammasome–selective, IL-1β processing inhibitor CP-456,773 (also known as MCC950), and we demonstrate its efficacy in two in vivo models of inflammation. Specifically, we show that in human and mouse innate immune cells CP-456,773 is an inhibitor of the cellular release of IL-1β, IL-1α, and IL-18, that CP-456,773 prevents inflammasome activation induced by disease-relevant soluble and crystalline NLRP3 stimuli, and that CP-456,773 inhibits R848- and imiquimod-induced IL-1β release. In mice, CP-456,773 demonstrates potent inhibition of the release of proinflammatory cytokines following acute i.p. challenge with LPS plus ATP in a manner that is proportional to the free/unbound concentrations of the drug, thereby establishing an in vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for CP-456,773. Furthermore, CP-456,773 reduces ear swelling in an imiquimod cream–induced mouse model of skin inflammation, and it reduces airway inflammation in mice following acute challenge with house dust mite extract. These data implicate the NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathogenesis of dermal and airway inflammation, and they highlight the utility of CP-456,773 for interrogating the contribution of the NLRP3 inflammasome and its outputs in preclinical models of inflammation and disease.
New Murine Model of Early Onset Autoimmune Thyroid Disease/Hypothyroidism and Autoimmune Exocrinopathy of the Salivary Gland
Authors: Kayes Timothy Daniel , Weisman Gary A. , Camden Jean M. , Woods Lucas T. , Bredehoeft Cole , Downey Edward F. , Cole James , Braley-Mullen Helen
Published: August 2016

Sixty to seventy percent of IFN-γ−/− NOD.H-2h4 mice given sodium iodide (NaI)–supplemented water develop a slow onset autoimmune thyroid disease, characterized by thyrocyte epithelial cell (TEC) hyperplasia and proliferation (H/P). TEC H/P develops much earlier in CD28−/− mice and nearly 100% (both sexes) have severe TEC H/P at 4 mo of age. Without NaI supplementation, 50% of 5- to 6-mo-old CD28−/−IFN-γ−/− mice develop severe TEC H/P, and 2–3 wk of NaI is sufficient for optimal development of severe TEC H/P. Mice with severe TEC H/P are hypothyroid, and normalization of serum thyroxine levels does not reduce TEC H/P. Activated CD4+ T cells are sufficient to transfer TEC H/P to SCID recipients. Thyroids of mice with TEC H/P have infiltrating T cells and expanded numbers of proliferating thyrocytes that highly express CD40. CD40 facilitates, but is not required for, development of severe TEC H/P, as CD40−/−IFN-γ−/−CD28−/− mice develop severe TEC H/P. Accelerated development of TEC H/P in IFN-γ−/−CD28−/− mice is a result of reduced regulatory T cell (Treg) numbers, as CD28−/− mice have significantly fewer Tregs, and transfer of CD28+ Tregs inhibits TEC H/P. Essentially all female IFN-γ−/−CD28−/− NOD.H-2h4 mice have substantial lymphocytic infiltration of salivary glands and reduced salivary flow by 6 mo of age, thereby providing an excellent new model of autoimmune exocrinopathy of the salivary gland. This is one of very few models where autoimmune thyroid disease and hypothyroidism develop in most mice by 4 mo of age. This model will be useful for studying the effects of hypothyroidism on multiple organ systems.
Local Microenvironment Controls the Compartmentalization of NK Cell Responses during Systemic Inflammation in Mice
Authors: Rasid Orhan , Ciulean Ioana Sonya , Fitting Catherine , Doyen Noelle , Cavaillon Jean-Marc
Published: August 2016

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome is a whole-body reaction to a triggering insult that often results in life-threatening illness. Contributing to the development of this inflammatory cascade are numerous cellular partners, among which NK cells were shown to play a key role. Accumulating evidence points to organ-specific properties of systemic inflammation and NK cells. However, little is known about compartment-specific activation of NK cells during systemic inflammatory response syndrome or the relative contribution of NK cell–intrinsic properties and microenvironmental cues. In this study, we undertook a sequential characterization of NK responses in the spleen, lungs, bone marrow, peritoneum, and blood using a mouse model of endotoxemia. We report that, despite similar systemic dynamics of NK cell responses, expression of activation markers (CD69 and CD25) and effector molecules (IFN-γ, granzyme B, and IL-10) display organ-specific thresholds of maximum activation. Using adoptive transfers of spleen and lung NK cells, we found that these cells have the capacity to quickly adapt to a new environment and adjust their response levels to that of resident NK cells. This functional adaptation occurs without significant alterations in phenotype and independently of subpopulation-specific trafficking. Thus, using a dynamic in vivo–transfer system, to our knowledge our study is the first to report the compartmentalization of NK cells responses during systemic inflammation and to show that NK cell–intrinsic properties and microenvironmental cues are involved in this process, in a sequential manner.
NFIL3 Expression Distinguishes Tissue-Resident NK Cells and Conventional NK-like Cells in the Mouse Submandibular Glands
Authors: Erick Timothy K. , Anderson Courtney K. , Reilly Emma C. , Wands Jack R. , Brossay Laurent
Published: August 2016

The submandibular salivary gland (SMG), a major site of persistent infection for many viruses, contains a large NK cell population. Using NFIL3-deficient mice, PLZF reporter/fate mapping mice, and mixed bone marrow chimeras, we identified two distinct populations of NK cells in the SMG. Although phenotypically unique, the main population relies on NFIL3, but not PLZF, for development and, therefore, is developmentally similar to the conventional NK cell subset. In contrast, we found that approximately one quarter of the SMG NK cells develop independently of NFIL3. Interestingly, NFIL3-independent SMG tissue-resident NK (trNK) cells are developmentally distinct from liver trNK cells. We also demonstrated that the SMG NK cell hyporesponsive phenotype during murine CMV infection is tissue specific and not cell intrinsic. In contrast, NFIL3-independent SMG trNK cells are intrinsically hyporesponsive. Altogether, our data show that the SMG tissue environment shapes a unique repertoire of NK-like cells with distinct phenotypes.
A theology of sin related to poverty
Authors: Kakwata Frederick
Published: August 2016

This article is a literature study and seeks to explore the correlation between sin and poverty. It is an important subject since it helps researchers and policy makers to understand what lies at the root of the persisting cycle of poverty within contemporary society globally, and particularly in Africa. The point of departure for this investigation is based on Myers’ (2007:88) assumption: ‘without a strong theology of sin, comprehensive explanations of poverty are hard to come by’. It is argued that sin entails the violation of God’s standard of loving Him and caring for others, which applies at a personal as well as societal level. It will be demonstrated that poverty as a situation of dire needs or a lack of means for survival is caused mainly by oppression and economic exploitation. These conditions express dysfunctional relationships, which portrays the lack of love. The virtue of love is therefore a key factor that provides correctives for the relationship between sin and poverty.
Expediente - v. 30. n. 2 (2016)
Authors: Justiça do Direito Revista
Published: August 2016

Expediente da Revista Justiça do Direito
Diretrizes para autores
Authors: Justiça do Direito Revista
Published: August 2016

Diretrizes para os autores da Revista Justiça do Direito
A Study on Anxiety in Chinese EFL University Students
Authors: Jing Huang , Junying Zhang
Published: August 2016

Anxiety experienced in the course of learning a foreign language is specific and unique (Horwitz et al., 1986; MacIntyre & Gardner, 1989). This paper reports a study on anxiety in Chinese undergraduate non-English majors at three different proficiency levels in a three-week immersion summer camp. By way of survey, interviews, reflective journals and observations, this research seeks to investigate the relationship between anxiety and native-speaking teacher’s teaching and extracurricular activities in an immersion summer camp. Specifically, it tries to explore that (1) whether a considerable number of students at each level felt anxious when speaking to native-speaking teachers and volunteers in and out of classroom in the summer camp setting, (2) whether the more proficient students tend to be less anxious in the summer camp setting, (3) whether the students felt less anxious when they learn English and western cultures not for any examination. Based on the findings, some suggestions for future teaching and research are proposed.
Progression and Issues in the Mesoamerican Geospatial Revolution
Authors: Chase Arlen F. , Reese-Taylor Kathryn , Fernandez-Diaz Juan C. , Chase Diane Z.
Published: August 2016

The use of airborne mapping lidar (Light Detection and Ranging), a.k.a airborne laser scanning (ALS), has had a major impact on archaeological research being carried out in Mesoamerica. Since being introduced in 2009, mapping lidar has revolutionized the spatial parameters of Mesoamerican, and especially Maya, archaeology by permitting the recovery of a complete landscape and settlement pattern for further analysis. However, like any new technology, there are learning curves to be overcome, resulting in a feedback relationship between the on-the-ground archaeologists, the virtually grounded computer analysts, and the instrument designers. Archaeologists have been able to identify problems and issues with data production and visualization for the determination of archaeological remains caused by vegetation, special terrain conditions, and modern disturbance. The identification of these concerns helps the technician to develop new techniques, especially when working in conjunction with the field researcher. As seen through the papers in this volume, this symbiotic relationship promises to yield both new breakthroughs in landscape and settlement analysis for Mesoamerican archaeology and enhanced analytic and visualization techniques for lidar with the potential for applicability in other contexts. In many regards, the development of lidar has parallels to the development of radiocarbon dating as a revolutionary technology.
Integrating Quantitative Lidar Analysis and Settlement Survey in the Belize River Valley
Authors: Ebert Claire E. , Hoggarth Julie A. , Awe Jaime J.
Published: August 2016

Accurate and high-resolution airborne light detection and ranging (lidar) data have become increasingly important for the discovery and visualization of complete archaeological settlement systems in the Maya Lowlands. We present the results of systematic quantitative analysis of lidar data and ground verification for the major centers of Cahal Pech, Baking Pot, and Lower Dover in the Belize Valley. The Belize Valley is characterized by high density populations living in growing modern towns and villages, and by large-scale agricultural production. This urban environment presents a challenge to reconnaissance efforts since modern construction and agricultural activities have destroyed ancient ruins and created new vegetation patterns. Lidar data was analyzed within a GIS using the Topographic Position Index (TPI) to identify the location of possible archaeological remains. Small-scale, site-level TPI analysis helped identify more detailed archaeological features including small house mounds, terraces, and ditches. Results indicate that lidar data recorded for areas with dense vegetation (e.g., low brush and secondary regrowth) may be less reliable for identification of archaeological remains. The quantitative and qualitative differences between spatial analyses and pedestrian survey results among land cover types indicate that traditional settlement pattern study methods, including pedestrian survey, remain vital to ground-truthing all types of spatial data.
Locating and Dating Sites Using Lidar Survey in a Mosaic Landscape in Western Belize
Authors: Yaeger Jason , Brown M. Kathryn , Cap Bernadette
Published: August 2016

We use the results of a high-resolution lidar survey to assess the advantages and limitations of archaeological applications of lidar data and address some of its methodological challenges. Our data come from the Mopan and Macal River valleys in western Belize, a region that includes several ancient Maya political centers and their hinterlands. Visual inspection of the lidar data has revealed many new sites and new features at previously mapped sites, and these findings significantly enhance our understanding of the valley's cultural history and political dynamics. By comparing data from prior systematic pedestrian surveys, visual and TPI analysis of the lidar data, and analysis of other remotely sensed data, we assess the limits of mound visibility in the lidar data and examine how vegetation and topographic factors impact those limits. We also present slope analysis as a useful tool for predicting whether mounds were constructed in the Preclassic period (1000 B.C.–A.D. 250) or the Classic period (A.D. 250–900).
Using Lidar and GIS to Investigate Water and Soil Management in the Agricultural Terracing at Caracol, Belize
Authors: Chase Adrian S.Z. , Weishampel John
Published: August 2016

In April 2009, a lidar survey flown by the National Center for Airborne Laser Mapping recorded 200 square kilometers of terrain that comprised the Classic Period Maya city of Caracol, Belize. The data revealed a highly manipulated landscape of dense settlement, agricultural terraces, and residential reservoirs. Literature on Maya agriculture has discussed the benefits of terraces in controlling soil erosion, retaining water, and managing the gravitational flow of water; however, until now these benefits have not been quantified or demonstrated on the ground at scale. This research utilizes these lidar data and data derivatives in order to test the degree to which the ancient Maya manipulated their environment and were able to support large-scale populations through their landscape management practices. As such, the research provides evidence supporting the significance of agricultural terraces and their impact on limiting soil erosion, increasing water retention, and permitting flow control over rainfall runoff. This research also highlights the conscious effort by the ancient Maya to manage the hydrology of their terraced landscape.
Understanding Ancient Maya Agricultural Terrace Systems through Lidar and Hydrological Mapping
Authors: Macrae Scott , Iannone Gyles
Published: August 2016

Lidar has been revolutionary to the understanding of ancient Maya anthropogenic landscapes. This is no more apparent than in western Belize, where the scale and resolution of these images have identified vast networks of agricultural terrace systems, revealing their true extent and density. This paper moves beyond the initial identification of terrace distribution to use lidar imagery in combination with digital elevation models (DEM) and hydrological mapping programs (Arc Hydro) to explore the drainage catchments associated with agricultural terraces at the ancient Maya site Waybil, a minor center within the Minanha polity in the North Vaca Plateau. We specifically address how the builders of these relic agricultural features worked with the natural topography to manipulate and create more effective catchments and drainage routes. Results from hydrological modeling describe how terraces created smaller drainage catchments by increasing lower levels of flow accumulation and redirecting routes laterally across the topography. Over a decade of research within this sub-region provides the necessary survey, excavations, and chronological datasets to accurately assess the efficacy of the combined methods for relic terrace drainage analysis.
Lidar-Based Analyses of Anthropogenic Landscape Alterations as a Component of the Built Environment
Authors: Prufer Keith , Thompson Amy E.
Published: August 2016

Lidar has shown considerable utility for answering specific questions regarding anthropogenic landscape alteration in archaeological contexts. We document the extent and timing of these alterations in the construction of the public and political core architectural groups at Uxbenká, Belize, using combined data from Lidar and archaeological excavations. We detail how Lidar methods combined with archaeological excavations enhance the precision of our measurements of the broad range of impacts on the landscape from investment in the built environment. We conclude that the large social investment in landscape alteration to accommodate public architecture occurred early in the polity's history (prior to A.D. 400) and that later developments, including architectural reconfigurations, did not expand greatly on these initial investments.
État de la recherche clinique sur l’approche Snoezelen utilisée en milieu résidentiel spécialisé
Authors: Martin Pascal
Published: August 2016

Cet article met en perspective des études récentes qui se réalisent à travers le monde sur les effets positifs des environnements Snoezelen auprès des personnes dépendantes en institution. Les participants qui bénéficient de ces enveloppes thérapeutiques sont des enfants, adolescents et adultes présentant une déficience intellectuelle avec troubles associés, y compris les personnes ayant des troubles envahissant du développement ou présentant de l’instabilité émotionnelle. Ces soins s’adressent aussi aux personnes âgées ayant des démences et aux personnes présentant des troubles psycho-comportementaux et psychiatriques. Les résultats d’une étude à l’autre sont variés, mais pour la plupart d’entre elles, il est noté qu’une régulation émotionnelle est constatée. Et, il semble qu’une relation entre les stimulations sensorielles et la réduction de troubles du comportement soit établie. Dans tous les cas, Snoezelen semble favoriser la relaxation, la détente, l’apaisement psychique, tout en procurant aux individus un état de bien-être.
Inherited Basaloid Neoplasms Associated With SUFU Pathogenic Variants
Authors: Abbott James J. , Jiang Angela J. , Godse Rama , Ahmed Sarah , Senft Stephen C. , Wilson Melissa A. , Cohen Justine V. , Mitchell Tara C. , Ogunleye Temitayo A. , Higgins H. William , Shin Thuzar M. , Miller Christopher J. , Roth Jacquelyn J. , Priore Salvatore F. , Castelo-Soccio Leslie , Elenitsas Rosalie , Seykora John T. , Nathanson Katherine L. , Chu Emily Y.
Published: September 2024

Importance

Germline SUFU pathogenic variants (PVs) have previously been associated with basal cell nevus syndrome (BCNS) and multiple infundibulocystic basal cell carcinoma syndrome; however, a broader spectrum of cutaneous findings in patients with SUFU PVs has not been well delineated.

Objective

To define the clinical and histopathologic spectrum of cutaneous findings in patients with germline SUFU PVs.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This case series was conducted in multiple US academic dermatology, medical genetics, and medical oncology clinics between July 2014 and July 2022. The study included patients with confirmed germline SUFU PVs who were evaluated by a dermatologist. The analysis took place from March to September 2023.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Histopathologic evaluation of skin biopsies with or without immunohistochemical staining, and targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) on tumor specimens.

Results

All 5 patients were women. The mean (range) age at presentation was 50.2 (31-68) years, with skin manifestations initially appearing in the fourth to sixth decades of life. None had keratocystic odontogenic tumors. A total of 29 skin pathology specimens from the 5 patients were reviewed; of these, 3 (10.3%) were diagnosed as basaloid follicular hamartomas (BFHs), 10 (34.5%) classified as infundibulocystic basal cell carcinomas (iBCCs), 6 (20.7%) classified as nodular basal cell carcinomas (nBCCs), and 1 (3.4%) as infiltrative basal cell carcinoma (BCC). Targeted NGS studies on tumor specimens suggest that an increased number of UV-signature variants is associated with basal cell carcinomas compared with more indolent basaloid follicular hamartomas.

Conclusions and Relevance

Patients with germline SUFU PVs may present with multiple indolent basaloid neoplasms in addition to conventional basal cell carcinomas, typically appearing in the fourth to sixth decades of life. Although there are overlapping clinical manifestations, these findings help to differentiate the clinical syndrome associated with SUFU PVs from PTCH1 BCNS. Awareness of the clinicopathologic spectrum of SUFU-associated basaloid neoplasms is important for dermatologists and dermatopathologists because many (although not all) of these lesions are indolent and do not require aggressive surgical treatment. Importantly, because SUFU lies downstream of the protein smoothened, vismodegib and other smoothened inhibitors are unlikely to be effective therapies in this subset of patients.
Solvation free energy in governing equations for DNA hybridization, protein–ligand binding, and protein folding
Authors: Harmon Caroline , Bui Austin , Espejo Jasmin M. , Gancayco Marc , Le Jennifer M. , Rangel Juan , Eggers Daryl K.
Published: September 2024

This work examines the thermodynamics of model biomolecular interactions using a governing equation that accounts for the participation of bulk water in the equilibria. In the first example, the binding affinities of two DNA duplexes, one of nine and one of 10 base pairs in length, are measured and characterized by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) as a function of concentration. The results indicate that the change in solvation free energy that accompanies duplex formation (ΔGS) is large and unfavorable. The duplex with the larger number of G:C pairings yields the largest change in solvation free energy, ΔGS = +460 kcal·mol−1per base pair at 25 °C. A van't Hoff analysis of the data is complicated by the varying degree of intramolecular base stacking within each DNA strand as a function of temperature. A modeling study reveals how the solvation free energy alters the output of a typical ITC experiment and leads to a good, though misleading, fit to the classical equilibrium equation. The same thermodynamic framework is applied to a model protein–ligand interaction, the binding of ribonuclease A with the nucleotide inhibitor 3′‐UMP, and to a conformational equilibrium, the change in tertiary structure of α‐lactalbumin in molar guanidinium chloride solutions. The ribonuclease study yields a value of ΔGS = +160 kcal·mol−1, whereas the folding equilibrium yields ΔGS ≈ 0, an apparent characteristic of hydrophobic interactions. These examples provide insight on the role of solvation energy in binding equilibria and suggest a pivot in the fundamental application of thermodynamics to solution chemistry.
Geo‐Foundation Models
Authors: Mai Gengchen
Published: September 2024

As a group of task‐agnostic pretrained large‐scale neural network models that can be later adapted to numerous downstream tasks, foundation models have made a significant impact on academia, industry, and society. Meanwhile, several efforts have been made to develop foundation models for the geoscience domain. They are known as geo‐foundation models (GeoFMs). The necessary steps for GeoFM development were taken in the context of the uniqueness of geographic data and a collaborative effort among academia, industry, and society is necessary to develop a reliable, sustainable, and ethically aware framework.
Impact of paramagnetic rim lesions on disability and race in multiple sclerosis: mediation analysis
Authors: Michaelson Nara M. , Rúa Sandra H. , Kaunzner Ulrike W. , Marcille Melanie , Pliska‐Bloch Iliana , Markowitz Kimberly , Nguyen Thanh D. , Gauthier Susan A.
Published: September 2024

Objective

Black American (BA) multiple sclerosis (MS) patients experience greater disability compared to White American (WA) patients. Here, we investigated the role of paramagnetic rim lesions (PRLs), a subset of chronic active lesions, on race‐related disability in MS.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective observational study comparing BA and WA MS patients. PRLs were identified through Quantitative Susceptibility Mapping (QSM) MRI. A causal mediation analysis explored the impact of PRLs on the relationship between race and disability, as measured by the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS).

Results

The prevalence of PRLs in BA patients with MS was higher at 55% compared to WA patients at 39% (p = 0.022). A higher percentage of PRLs among all white matter lesions was observed with BA (8.01%) patients compared to WA (3.4%) patients (p = 0.003). In a regression analysis, controlling for significant patient‐level covariates and income‐level demographics, the percentage of PRLs was, on average, 4.61 points higher for BA patients than for WA patients (p = 0.003). In a separate regression analysis, accounting for covariates, BA patients exhibited significantly higher EDSS scores (p < 0.001). Further analysis demonstrated that the percentage of PRLs was a mediator in the association between BA patients and greater disability (p = 0.031). Higher proportion of PRLs in BA population accounted for 14% of the total effect of race on disability.

Interpretation

BA patients exhibit greater disability, in part, due to their higher proportion of PRLs. This study underscores the substantial impact of chronic active lesions on disability outcomes in this specific minority MS patient population.
Dodecagonal GaN Microrods: Chemical Stability of a‐, m‐, and c‐Plane Walls and Their Application to Water‐Splitting
Authors: Janicki Łukasz , Gorantla Sandeep , Piskorska‐Hommel Edyta , Hommel Detlef , Kudrawiec Robert
Published: September 2024

Photoelectrolysis of water is a sustainable option for the production of hydrogen fuel. GaN nano‐ or microstructures are considered for water‐splitting due to their general high chemical stability and high surface‐to‐volume ratio enhancing the process effectiveness. In this study GaN structures with dodecagonal microrods are used as a working electrode for the water‐splitting process. Microrods are grown using a plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy process allowing tailoring of microrod height and density. Their unique property is the of presence twelve sidewalls with alternating a‐ and m‐plane orientations. This enables a simultaneous study of the chemical stability of c‐, a‐, and m‐plane walls of GaN. The water‐splitting process is performed using a 1 mol l−1 NaOH electrolyte solution. Non‐zero current measured at zero bias under illumination indicates that the process takes place. A degradation of the GaN structure is observed after a prolonged process time. In short‐term exposures, etching of microrod sidewalls is observed. Roughening of the a‐plane walls studied by transmission electron microscopy indicates that this orientation is etched with a fastest rate. The internal crystalline structure is not influenced by the etching and remains stable as shown by the X‐ray absorption spectroscopy study.