bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Plant Spacing and Weeding Time on the Growth and Yield of Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)
Authors: Gribaldi  , Nurlaili  , Danial Ekawati
Published: September 2024

The need for cucumber continues to increase in line with the increase in population, living standards, education level and public awareness of the importance of nutritional value.  Increasing cucumber crop production continues to be carried out through improved cultivation techniques, such as planting distance and weeding time. This study aims to determine the effect of various planting distances and weeding time on the growth and production of cucumber plants. This study used a factorial Group Randomized Design and three repeats. The factors studied consist of planting distance (J), namely planting distance 30 cm x 60 cm (J1), planting distance 40 cm x 60 cm (J2), and planting distance 50 cm x 60 cm (J3). Weeding time (W) treatment consists of weeding time 2 Week After Planting (WAP) (W1), weeding time 2 and 4 WAP (W2), and weeding time 2, 4 and 6 WAP (W3).  The results showed that Plant distance and weeding time influence the growth and yield of cucumber plants. The combination of treatment with a planting distance of 40 cm x 60 cm and weeding two times (2 and 4 WAP) is the best treatment for influencing the growth and yield of cucumber plants. Weeding two times (2 and 4 WAP) was not significantly different from weeding three times (2, 4 and 6 WAP) on the growth and yield of cucumber plants. The highest SDR was at 40 x 60 cm planting distance (J2), which was 62.35%.
Effect of Trichoderma harzianum and Selected Botanicals on Brown Leaf Spot of Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) Caused by Helminthosporium oryzae (Breda de Haan)
Authors: Thakur Abhishek , Lal Abhilasha A.
Published: September 2024

Paddy or rice crop (Oryza sativa L.) is the most important cereal crop next to wheat in area and production. The present study was investigated to evaluate the effect of Trichoderma harzianum and selected botanicals on brown leaf spot of Paddy (Oryza sativa L.) caused by Helminthosporium oryzae (Breda de Haan) under field condition. Three replications of paddy were planted in a randomized block design at the research plot of the Central Research Field, Department of Plant Pathology, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology And Sciences, Prayagraj during Kharif season of 2023. The minimum per cent disease intensity was recorded in T5- Trichoderma harzianum @ 0.1% (S.D) + Garlic bulb extract @ 10% (F.S) (33.06) followed by by Trichoderma harzianum @ 0.1% (S.D) + Neem leaf extract @ 10% (F.S) (37.81). Maximum plant height 102.34 (cm), number of tillers (27.00), panicle length 20.91 (cm), and yield (5.13 t/ha) were recorded in Trichoderma harzianum @ 0.1% (S.D) + Garlic bulb extract @ 10% (F.S) whereas maximum cost benfit ratio (1: 2.67) was recorded in T1- Trichoderma harzianum @ 0.1% (S.D) + Neem leaf extract @ 10% (F.S) when compared to untreated check.
Effect of Preparation, Microwave and Pressing on Quality of Carrot Powder
Authors: Raj Dev , Atif Ashuqullah , Bhandari D. R. , Senapati A.K. , Pandey A.K.
Published: September 2024

The experiment was carried out with the aim to study effects of preparation, microwave and pressing on quality of carrot powder. The experiment was conducted at Department of Post Harvest Technology, ASPEE College of Horticulture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat during 2021-22. Single strength pressing was done to fasten the drying rate. The experiment was replicated three times using completely randomised design (CRD) with factorial concept and comprised of 18 treatments viz. preparation techniques as Factor-1 ["Shredding" (T1), "Crushing" (T2) and "Slicing" (T3)]; microwave pre-treatments as Factor-2 [Control (M1), Microwave pre-treatment 450 W for 30 seconds (M2) and microwave pre-treatment 450 W for 60 seconds (M3)] and pressing as Factor-3 [without pressing (P1) and pressing (P2)]. After single strength pressing, the samples were dehydrated in mechanical dehydrator using three stage dehydration temperatures (75oC for 2 hours, 65oC for 2 hours and 60oC for about 11-12 hours) till final moisture content of 5.50 ± 1% following by packing. The results of the investigation revealed that best quality carrot powder can be obtained from carrot which was prepared by dehydrating crushed materials by giving microwave for 60 seconds followed by pressing (T2M3P2) and carrot powder obtained from this treatment possess higher rehydration ratio, dehydration ratio and sensory score while lowest drying time, moisture content, water activity, reducing sugars and non-enzymatic browning (NEB). While, the carrot powder which was prepared by dehydrating crushed materials by giving microwave pre-treatment for 60 seconds followed by pressing (T2M3P2) exhibited minimum changes in nutritional as well as sensory attributes during six months’ storage when packed in polypropylene bags of 400-gauge thickness. It can be concluded that carrot powder can be prepared by dehydrating crushed materials by giving microwave pre-treatment for 60 seconds followed by pressing (T2M3P2) and the powder can remain microbiologically safe for storage period of six months.
Innovative Utilization of Sericulture Resources to Value Added Products – A Review
Authors: Singha Th. A. , Bhattacharyya B. , Gogoi D. , Bora N. , Marak M. , Borgohain A.
Published: September 2024

A number of by-products, popularly called as wastes are generated in different activities such as host plant cultivation, rearing of silkworms, production of silkworm seeds to produce quality commercial cocoons. Primarily sericulture is practiced to get the silk, while it also provides many by-products and even its wastes can be utilized to prepare various value added products which are intensive used not only in research line but also in the manufacture of products of day to day needs and make more cost effective. Cut and pierced cocoons are the raw materials for production of spun yarn and handicrafts of making good-looking value added products like garlands, bouquets, flower vase, birds and greeting cards etc. which are sold at a premium. Silk waste is well utilized in the production of spun silk fabric, ornaments, parachutes and cosmetic industry. The value of sericulture activity has increased by 10–25 percent as a result of the use of its by-products. Silk wastes have promising applications which broadens the sustainability of sericulture industry and thus prove to be remunerative in earning an additional income.
Validation and expected error estimation of Suomi‐NPP VIIRS aerosol optical thickness and Ångström exponent with AERONET
Authors: Huang Jingfeng , Kondragunta Shobha , Laszlo Istvan , Liu Hongqing , Remer Lorraine A. , Zhang Hai , Superczynski Stephen , Ciren Pubu , Holben Brent N. , Petrenko Maksym
Published: May 2016

The new‐generation polar‐orbiting operational environmental sensor, the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) on board the Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership (S‐NPP) satellite, provides critical daily global aerosol observations. As older satellite sensors age out, the VIIRS aerosol product will become the primary observational source for global assessments of aerosol emission and transport, aerosol meteorological and climatic effects, air quality monitoring, and public health. To prove their validity and to assess their maturity level, the VIIRS aerosol products were compared to the spatiotemporally matched Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) measurements. Over land, the VIIRS aerosol optical thickness (AOT) environmental data record (EDR) exhibits an overall global bias against AERONET of −0.0008 with root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of the biases as 0.12. Over ocean, the mean bias of VIIRS AOT EDR is 0.02 with RMSE of the biases as 0.06. The mean bias of VIIRS Ocean Ångström Exponent (AE) EDR is 0.12 with RMSE of the biases as 0.57. The matchups between each product and its AERONET counterpart allow estimates of expected error in each case. Increased uncertainty in the VIIRS AOT and AE products is linked to specific regions, seasons, surface characteristics, and aerosol types, suggesting opportunity for future modifications as understanding of algorithm assumptions improves. Based on the assessment, the VIIRS AOT EDR over land reached Validated maturity beginning 23 January 2013; the AOT EDR and AE EDR over ocean reached Validated maturity beginning 2 May 2012, excluding the processing error period 15 October to 27 November 2012. These findings demonstrate the integrity and usefulness of the VIIRS aerosol products that will transition from S‐NPP to future polar‐orbiting environmental satellites in the decades to come and become the standard global aerosol data set as the previous generations' missions come to an end.
ChemInform Abstract: Raman Spectra of the Anodic Oxide Film on Titanium in Acidic Sulfate and Neutral Phosphate Solutions
Authors: OHTSUKA T. , GUO J. , SATO N.
Published: May 2016

reveal that the anodic oxide film is primarily composed of an anatase type of TiO2.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrodeposition and Characterization of CdS Thin Films on Stainless Steel and Tin Oxide Substrates.
Authors: FATAS E. , HERRASTI P. , ARJONA F. , GARCIA CAMARERO E. , MEDINA J. A.
Published: May 2016

The optical, electrical, and structural characteristics of CdS films on stainless steel and SnO2 substrates, obtained by cathodic electrodeposition from DMSO and propylene carbonate solutions, are studied.
ChemInform Abstract: Electron‐Relay Chain Reaction of N‐Methyl‐4‐β‐styrylpyridinium Ion on Colloidal Silica.
Authors: TAKAGI K. , AOSHIMA K. , SAWAKI Y. , IWAMURA H.
Published: May 2016

The quantum yield of the sensitized photoisomerization of (I) is enhanced ca. 60‐fold in the presence of colloidal SiO2.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure and Devitrification of Li2O·P2O5‐B2O3 and BaO·P2O5‐B2O3 Glasses.
Authors: BRANDA F. , ARONNE A. , MAROTTA A. , BURI A.
Published: May 2016

The effect of the substitution of one network former, B2O3, by another, P2O5, on the glass transition temp. and the devitrification behaviour of the glasses (I) and (II) is investigated.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Cycloproparenes from Furans: 2,7‐Diphenyl‐1H‐cyclopropa‐(b)naphthalene.
Authors: MUELLER P. + , SCHALLER J.‐P.
Published: May 2016

1,3‐Diphenylisobenzofuran (I) reacts with 1‐bromo‐2‐chlorocyclopropene (II) to form the adduct (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Heterocycles from Carbohydrate Precursors. Part 33. The Scope of the Reactions of Hydrazines and Hydrazones: Dehydrative Cyclizations of Some Nitrogen Derivatives of Dehydro‐L‐ascorbic Acid.
Authors: EL ASHRY E. S. H. , EL KILANY Y. , ABDEL HAMID H.
Published: May 2016

Condensation of phenylenediamine (II) with dehydroascorbic acid (I), obtained by oxidation of ascorbic acid, and subsequent reaction with the hydrazine (III) give the quinoxaline (IVa) which can be monomethylated to (IVb).
ChemInform Abstract: Behaviour of Electrodeposited Nickel‐Iron Protective‐Decorative Layers at Anodic Potentials.
Authors: KOUNCHEVA M. , RAICHEVSKI G. , VITKOVA ST.
Published: May 2016

The effect of the chemical composition and texture of electrodeposited bright Ni‐Fe alloy coatings on the dissolution kinetics in 1 N H2SO4 has been studied considering also the influence of brighteners (saccharin, niferom).
ChemInform Abstract: Resolution and Absolute Configuration of the Enantiomers of cis‐6,6a,7,8,13,13a‐Hexahydro‐1‐benzopyrano(4,3‐b)‐1,5‐benzodiazepine Derivatives.
Authors: WERNER W. , BURCKHARDT G.
Published: May 2016

The (+)‐ and (‐)‐enantiomers of the racemic title compounds (Ia)‐(Id) are obtained via their salts with (+)‐ or (‐)‐1,1'‐bi‐2,2'‐naphthylhydrogen phosphate.
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Synthesis of 1‐Chloro‐2‐alkanones.
Authors: DE KIMPE N. , DE COCK W. , SCHAMP N.
Published: May 2016

The title compounds (III) are prepared by chlorination of methyl β‐ketoesters (I) with sulfuryl chloride, followed by demethoxycarbonylation with 50% aqueous sulfuric acid.
ChemInform Abstract: Conversion of 1,4‐Dihydrobenzoic Acids to Polyformylbenzenes Under Vilsmeier Reaction Conditions.
Authors: RAJU B. , RAO G. S. K.
Published: May 2016

Vilsmeier reaction of the 1,4‐dihydrobenzoic acids (I) yields the benzene carboxaldehydes (II) ‐ (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of p‐Acetylcalix(4)arene via Fries Rearrangement Route.
Authors: NO K. , NOH Y. , KIM Y.
Published: May 2016

The calix(4)arene (II), obtained from the phenol (I) by known methods, affords the p‐acetylcalix(4)arene (IV) on Fries rearrangement.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of 5‐ and 7‐Acetylindole Derivatives. Part 1. The Photochemical Rearrangement of 1‐Acetylindoline.
Authors: AKAGI M. , OZAKI K.
Published: May 2016

Photolysis of 1‐acetylindoline (I) produces a mixture of the indolines (II) and indole (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Addition Reaction of Hydrazoic Acid and Carboxylic Acids with N‐(p‐Nitrophenyl)‐N′‐cyclohexylcarbodiimide.
Authors: MIRONOVA D. F. , STANINETS V. I.
Published: May 2016

Hydrazoic acid reacts more slowly with the unsymmetrical carbodiimide (I) than with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, producing the tetrazole (II) regioselectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Amidoximes with α‐Chloroacid Chlorides: Novel Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Oxadiazin‐5‐ones.
Authors: HUSSEIN A. Q.
Published: May 2016

The aromatic amidoximes (I) react with the chloroacyl chlorides (II), yielding the O‐acylamidoximes (III) which cyclize on basic treatment or thermolysis to form the oxadiazinones (IV) and the oxadiazoles (V) respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Pentaazabicyclononanes.
Authors: BOYER J. H. , KUMAR G.
Published: May 2016

Condensation reaction of the tris(benzamido)hexahydrotriazine (I) with triethyl orthoformate (II) in the presence of sulfuric acid yields the pentaazabicyclononane (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of (+)‐Phyllanthoside.
Authors: SMITH A. B. III , RIVERO R. A.
Published: May 2016

The monosaccharide (II) (obtained from the ketal (I)) is the starting compound for the required components (III) or (VIIa)/(VIIb) as well; condensation of the latter compounds leads to the disaccharide anomers (VIIIa)/(VIIIb).
ChemInform Abstract: Total Synthesis of dl‐Siccanin and dl‐Siccanochromene E.
Authors: KATO M. , MATSUMURA Y. , HEIMA K. , FUKAMIYA N. , KABUTO C. , YOSHIKOSHI A.
Published: May 2016

The synthetic pathway leading to the title compounds (XVIb) and (XVb) has as its starting point the known keto ester (I), which is converted to the orcinol derivative (XIII) by the procedures detailed in the scheme (note the stereoselective isomerization (IV) → (V)).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Lactivicin and Its Derivatives.
Authors: NATSUGARI H. , KAWANO Y. , MORIMOTO A. , YOSHIOKA K. , OCHIAI M.
Published: May 2016

Lactivicin (VIIIa) and its derivatives (VIIIb) ‐ (VIIId) are synthesized from 2‐oxoglutaric acid (I) via the key intermediates (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Optically Active Alcohols from 1,3‐Dioxan‐4‐ones. A Practical Version of Enantioselective Synthesis with Nucleophilic Substitution at Acetal Centers.
Authors: SEEBACH D. , IMWINKELRIED R. , STUCKY G.
Published: May 2016

The dioxanones (III) are prepared by reaction of the hydroxy acid (Ia) or the derivative (Ib) with appropriate aldehydes (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Photoadducts of 4,6‐Dimethyl‐ and 4‐Methoxy‐6‐methyl‐2‐pyrones with Chloroethylenes and Their Dehydrochlorination.
Authors: SHIMO T. , SOMEKAWA K. , WAKIKAWA Y. , UEMURA H. , TSUGE O. , IMADA K. , TANABE K.
Published: May 2016

Sensitized photoreaction of the pyrones (I) with the chloroethylenes (II) gives the cis‐fused cycloadducts (III) ((IIIc) is separated into two stereoisomers with 6 and 17% yield) together with some other products (IV)‐(VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Proton‐Ionizable Crown Compounds. Part 8. Synthesis and Structural Studies of Macrocyclic Polyether Ligands Containing a 4‐Thiopyridone Subcyclic Unit.
Authors: BRADSHAW J. S. , HUSZTHY P. , KOYAMA H. , WOOD S. G. , STROBEL S. A. , DAVIDSON R. B. , IZATT R. M. , DALLEY N. K. , LAMB J. D. , CHRISTENSEN J. J.
Published: May 2016

The bis(hydroxymethyl)pyridine derivatives (I) are coupled with the polyethylene glycols (II) or the corresponding ditosylates (III) to give the macrocycles (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Pharmacological Properties of 2‐Oxofuro(2,3‐c)piperidines.
Authors: PSHENICHNYI G. V. , KRAPIVKO I. I. , FRANKOV I. A. , STANISHEVSKII L. S.
Published: May 2016

The furopiperidinones (III) are prepared from the piperidinones (I) and the phoshorylacetic ester (II) by a Wittig‐Horner reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: 2‐((3‐Pyridinylmethyl)thio)pyrimidine Derivatives: New Bronchosecretolytic Agents.
Authors: SCHICKANEDER H. , ENGLER H. , SZELENYI I.
Published: May 2016

The sulfides (I) and (II), prepared by reacting mercaptans with chlorides, are oxidized with m‐chloroperbenzoic acid to yield sulfoxides and sulfones such as (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A New Facile Synthesis of 4‐Oxo‐1,4‐dihydrocinnolines.
Authors: BALDOLI C. , LICANDRO E. , MAIORANA S. , MENTA E. , PAPAGNI A.
Published: May 2016

The 2‐(2‐aminoaryl)‐2‐oxoethylidenephosphoranes (III) are prepared from the anthranilates (I) and the methylenephosphorane (II) or from the o‐nitroaroyl chlorides (IV) and tert‐butoxycarbonylmethylenephosphorane (V).
ChemInform Abstract: C‐Centred Optically Active Organosilanes. Part 1. Synthesis of New Silylated Chiral Auxiliaries.
Authors: COPPI L. , RICCI A. , TADDEI M.
Published: May 2016

Phenyldimethylsilyllithium (I) and copper(I) cyanide produce the lithiocuprate (II) which reacts with (1R)‐(‐)‐myrtenal (III), forming the adduct (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Vinyl Azides in Heterocyclic Synthesis. Part 7. Synthetic Studies on the Cytotoxic Marine Alkaloid Amphimedine.
Authors: LABARCA C. V. , MACKENZIE A. R. , MOODY C. J. , REES C. W. , VAQUERO J. J.
Published: May 2016

The pyridoacridone (Va) is synthesized as shown in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclic Voltammetric and IR Spectral Studies on the Interaction of Ni(II) Dithiocarbamates with Triphenylphosphine and the Crystal and Molecular Structure of Diethyldithiocarbamatobis(triphenylphosphine)nickel(II) perchlorate, (Ni(dedtc)(PPh3)2)ClO4.
Authors: RAMALINGAM K. , ARAVAMUDAN G. , SESHASAYEE M.
Published: May 2016

The Ni(II) dithiocarbamates (I) with various substituents react with triphenylphosphine giving mixed ligand complexes of the general formulae (II) and (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Substituent Effects on the Basicity of Dimethylamines.
Authors: HEADLEY A. D.
Published: May 2016

Gas‐phase basicities are determined by pulsed ICR, solution pKa values potentiometrically by titration.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemically Induced (4 + 2)‐Cycloadditions. A Mechanistic Interpretation of the Cation Radical Diels‐Alder Reaction Based on Preparative Results.
Authors: MLCOCH J. , STECKHAN E.
Published: May 2016

Electrolysis of the cyclohexadienes (I) results in dimerization to form the cycloadducts (II) which predominantly have an endo‐configuration.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Reactions of Sulfur Diimides with Electron‐Rich and Electron‐Poor Alkynes.
Authors: GOTTHARDT H. , LOEHR T. + , BRAUER D. J.
Published: May 2016

Depending upon which reaction conditions are employed, treatment of (Ia) with (IIa) leads to either (III), and/or (IV), or (VIa) + (VII) (also accessible from (IV)).
ChemInform Abstract: Transmetallation Reactions Involving Phenylenemercurials.
Authors: HUMPHRIES R. E. , AL‐JABAR N. A. A. , BOWEN D. , MASSEY A. G. , DEACON G. B.
Published: May 2016

The phenylenemercurials (I) form heterocycles of the types (III) and (IV) when heated with group V and group VI elements (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of 2,4,6‐Tri‐tert‐butylphenyllithium with Bromotrichlorosilane. Generation of Trichlorosilyllithium, LiSiCl3.
Authors: OEHME H. , WEISS H.
Published: May 2016

Trichlorosilyllithium (III) is obtained by reacting bromotrichlorosilane (I) with sufficiently sterically hindered organolithium derivatives such as (IIa) and (IIb) in a metal halogen exchange reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal Complexes of 2,4‐Diamino‐5‐(3′,4′,5′‐trimethoxybenzyl)pyrimidine (Trimethoprim) and 2,4‐Diamino‐5‐(p‐chlorophenyl)‐6‐ethylpyrimidine (Pyrimethamine). Part 3. Syntheses and X‐Ray Structures of (Rh2(O2CCH3)4(Trimethoprim)2)·2 C6H6·CH3OH and (Rh2(O2CCH3)4(Pyrimethamine)2).
Authors: ZORODDU M. A. , NALDINI L. , DEMARTIN F. , MASCIOCCHI N.
Published: May 2016

Addition of a methanolic solution of the title pyrimidine ligands to the diaquo adduct of the dirhodium tetraacetate yields the diamagnetic complexes (I) and (II) (no yields given).
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction Paths and Kinetics in the Cr2+ Reduction of the Mo(V)2 and Mo(IV)3 Ions (Mo2O4(H2O)6)2+ and (Mo3O4(H2O)9)4+
Authors: HILLS E. F. , SYKES A. G.
Published: May 2016

has been investigated using p‐toluenesulphonic acid as supporting electrolyte.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Reaction of Magnesium Amides with Allylic Electrophiles Catalyzed by Palladium‐Complexes.
Authors: DZHEMILEV U. M. , IBRAGIMOV A. G. , MINSKER D. L. , MUSLUKHOV R. R.
Published: May 2016

The palladium catalyzed reaction of the allyl derivatives (I) with the alkylaminomagnesium bromides (II) or (IV) is an effective method of producing the unsaturated tertiary amines (III) or (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Some Reactions of 2,3,5,6‐Tetrafluorobenzenesulfenyl Chloride.
Authors: BUTLER P. F. , PEACH M. E.
Published: May 2016

The title compound (II), prepared from the thiol (I) by treatment with chlorine, undergoes various addition and electrophilic substitution reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Effect of a Dipole Moment on the Ionic Strength Dependence of Electron‐Transfer Reactions of Cytochrome c.
Authors: RUSH J. D. , LAN J. , KOPPENOL W. H.
Published: May 2016

The ionic strength dependence of electron‐transfer reactions between metal ion complexes of varying overall charges such as (I)‐(III) and horse‐heart ferri‐ and ferrocytochrome c is measured.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Stereochemical Studies of the Chiral Ruthenium Complexes (Ru(η‐C5H5)((S)dpompyr‐PP′)X) (dpompyr: N‐diphenylphosphino‐2‐(diphenylphosphinoxymethyl)pyrrolidine, X: H or Cl). Crystal Structure of ((S)Ru(η‐C5H5)((S)dpompyr‐PP′)Cl).
Authors: CESAROTTI E. , PRATI L. , SIRONI A. , CIANI G. , WHITE C.
Published: May 2016

A simple procedure for the preparation of (S)‐(IVa) from Ru3(CO)12 is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural‐Electronic Relationships in Inorganic Solids: Powder Neutron Diffraction Studies of the Rutile and Anatase Polymorphs of Titanium Dioxide at 15 and 295 K
Authors: BURDETT J. K. , HUGHBANKS T. , MILLER G. J. , RICHARDSON J. W. JUN. , SMITH J. V.
Published: May 2016

show a nearly isotropic shrinkage of the structures of both rutile and anatase upon cooling from 295 to 15 K and no change in the sense of the coordination geometry about the Ti atom.
ChemInform Abstract: Spectroscopy and Proton Transfer of Matrix‐Isolated Hydrogen‐Bonding 3‐Hydroxychromone Complexes.
Authors: BRUCKER G. A. , KELLEY D. F.
Published: May 2016

Unsolvated (I) is found to exhibit fast (< 10 ps) excited‐state proton‐transfer (ESPT).
ChemInform Abstract: Host‐Guest Complexation. Part 42. Preorganization Strongly Enhances the Tendency of Hemispherands to Form Hemispheraplexes.
Authors: DOXSEE K. M. , FEIGEL M. , STEWART K. D. , CANARY J. W. , KNOBLER C. B. , CRAM D. J.
Published: May 2016

The synthesized hemispherands (VII) and (IX)‐(X) form complexes with alkali picrates or alkylammonium picrates.
ChemInform Abstract: Sulfur‐Nitrogen‐Bonded Metal Chelates. Part 16. Reactivities of Coordinated Nitriles in the Nickel(II) Complexes (Ni(S N N)(NCR))(ClO4) with Alcohols, Amines, and Different Nucleophiles. Synthesis, Characterization, and Stereochemistry of Imino‐Ether, Amide, and Amidine Complexes.
Authors: PAUL P. , NAG K.
Published: May 2016

The nitrile complexes (I) are prepared from their neutral chloro analogues by chloride abstraction using AgClO4 and nitrile addition.
ChemInform Abstract: Homogeneous Catalytic Synthesis of Alkyl Formates from the Reaction of Alkyl Halides, CO2, and H2 in the Presence of Anionic Group 6 Carbonyl Catalysts and Sodium Salts.
Authors: DARENSBOURG D. J. , OVALLES C.
Published: May 2016

Group 6 metal pentacarbonyl chlorides and bridging hydrides, (CO)5MCl‐ and (μ‐H)(M2(CO)10)‐ (M: Cr, Mo, or W), are found to be effective homogeneous catalyst precursors for the production of long chain formate esters (HCO‐O‐R, R: butyl or octyl) from CO2, H2, and alkyl halides (R‐X; X: Cl, Br, or I) in the presence of alkali‐metal salts (NaHCO3, Na2CO3, or K2CO3).
ChemInform Abstract: The Chemistry of Vitamin B12. Part 28. Crystal Structure of Dicyanocobyrinic Acid Heptamethyl Ester and Its Interaction with Alcohols: the Effects of Hydrogen Bonding to Coordinated Cyanide.
Authors: MARKWELL A. J. , PRATT J. M. , SHAIKJEE M. S. , TOERIEN J. G.
Published: May 2016

The X‐ray structural analysis of the iPrOH adduct of the title complex (space group P21, Z=2) shows that one cyanide is H‐bonded to iPrOH while the other interacts with two methyl groups of ester side‐chains on neighbouring molecules.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of 3,4‐Dihydroisoquinolines with Malonic Acid and Its Derivatives.
Authors: PELLETIER J. C. , CAVA M. P.
Published: May 2016

Heating a neat mixture of the 3,4‐dihydroisoquinolines (I) and the malonic acid derivatives (II) produces the 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐1‐isoquinolines (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient Preparation of the Amminetrichloroplatinate(II) Anion
Authors: ABRAMS M. J. , GIANDOMENICO C. M. , VOLLANO J. F. , SCHWARTZ D. A.
Published: May 2016

has been developed due to the importance of (Pt(NH3)Cl3)‐ as a starting material in Pt(II) coordination chemistry.
ChemInform Abstract: New Aspects of the Electrochemistry of Heteropolyacids. Part 4. Acidity Dependent Cyclic Voltammetric Behavior of Phosphotungstic and Silicotungstic Heteropolyanions in Water and N,N‐Dimethylformamide.
Authors: KEITA B. , NADJO L.
Published: May 2016

Electrochemical reduction processes of α‐SiW12O44‐0 (I), α‐PW12O43‐0 (II), and α‐P2W18O66‐2 (III) have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry in strongly acidic aqueous solutions and in DMF with stepwise addition of HClO4.
ChemInform Abstract: Claisen Rearrangement of Sterically Hindered N‐Alkenylindolines.
Authors: ABDRAKHMANOV I. B. , MUSTAFIN A. G. , TOLSTIKOV G. A. , SPRUKHIN L. V. , KHALILOV L. M.
Published: May 2016

The indolenines (I) are alkylated with the alkenyl halides (II) to give the N‐alkenyl derivatives (III) which are rearranged under acidic catalysis, producing the 7‐alkenylindolines (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Solubility of Amorphous Chromium(III)‐Iron(III) Hydroxide Solid Solutions.
Authors: SASS B. M. , RAI D.
Published: May 2016

The solubilities of amorphous precipitates (CrxFe1‐x(OH)3) obtained by coprecipitation from Cr(III)‐Fe(III) solutions with different mole fractions (x) of Cr(OH)3 (0.99‐0.00) are determined in 0.01 M perchlorate solutions between pH 2 and 6 under N2.
ChemInform Abstract: Dynamics of SiF4 Desorption During Etching of Silicon by XeF2.
Authors: HOULE F. A.
Published: May 2016

Time‐of‐flight distributions for SiF4, the principal product of the spontaneous etching reaction between Si and XeF2, are determined by simulation of waveforms obtained by modulated product beam mass spectrometry.
ChemInform Abstract: Gas‐Phase Heteroaromatic Substitution. Part 6. Alkylation of Pyrrole, N‐Methylpyrrole, Furan, and Thiophene by Isopropyl Cation.
Authors: LAGUZZI G. , SPERANZA M.
Published: May 2016

The reaction of isopropyl cations (II), obtained in the dilute gas‐state from γ‐radiolysis of propane, with hetero compounds (I), both neat and in competition with benzene, in the pressure range 50‐760 torr, and in the presence of variable concentrations of gaseous base NMe3 is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: π4s + π2s Cycloaddition: Synthesis, Structure and Oxa‐di‐π Rearrangement of Tricyclo(5.2.2.02,6)undecadienones.
Authors: SINGH V. , RAJU B. N. S. , DEOTA P. T.
Published: May 2016

Cycloaddition of the dienes (I) to the dienone (II) yields exclusively the endo‐adducts (III) which are hydrolyzed to the alcohols (IV) (no yield given for (IVc)).
ChemInform Abstract: A General Method for the Synthesis of Chiral Multifunctional Chain Compounds Incorporating Pentitol Fragments.
Authors: PIKUL S. , RACZKO J. , ANKNER K. , JURCZAK J.
Published: May 2016

A new method for the synthesis of pentitol derivatives (XII) and (XIII) of all possible configurations starts with the components (I) and (II) which are converted to the derivatives (VIa)‐(VId).
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Synthesis of Dihydropyrimidines.
Authors: GARRATT P. J. , HOBBS C. J. , WALPOLE C. S. J. , WRIGGLESWORTH R.
Published: May 2016

The primary amines (I) react with the cyanimine (II) to give the amidine derivatives (III) which undergo cyclization reaction with benzylamine (IV), producing the imidazolidinone (V) or the pyrimidine derivatives (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Nitroacetylenes: Synthesis of 1‐Nitro‐2‐(trialkylsilyl)acetylenes via Nitrodesilylation of Bis(trialkylsilyl)acetylenes.
Authors: SCHMITT R. J. , BOTTARO J. C. , MALHOTRA R. , BEDFORD C. D.
Published: May 2016

The bissilylacetylenes (I) react with the nitronium salts (II) to produce the nitrosilylacetylenes (III) and/or (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: A Convenient and Facile Synthesis of Dialkylphosphines.
Authors: MAJEWSKI P.
Published: May 2016

The thermal disproportionation of the dialkylphosphine oxides (I), yielding (IV) and (V), is accelerated by the dialkylphosphinic chloride (II)/dialkylchlorophosphine (III) system which is generated in situ by chlorination of (I) with a catalytic amount of carbon tetrachloride.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of Tellurocarboxylic Acid Salts and Bis‐(acyl) Ditellurides.
Authors: KAKIGANO T. , KANDA T. , ISHIDA M. , KATO S.
Published: May 2016

The bisacyl telluride (I) reacts with bases to give the salts (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Reactivities, and Structural Studies on High‐Valent Ruthenium Oxo Complexes. Ruthenium(IV), Ruthenium(V), and Ruthenium(VI) Oxo Complexes of Tertiary Amine Ligands.
Authors: CHE C.‐M. , LAI T.‐F. , WONG K.‐Y.
Published: May 2016

The preparations of the title complexes (III), (V), and (VII) are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of the Peroxo Complex of Molybdenum(VI) in Acidic Perchlorate Solution.
Authors: LYDON J. D. , SCHWANE L. M. , THOMPSON R. C.
Published: May 2016

The equilibrium between H2O2 and Mo(VI) in acidic perchlorate solution has been investigated by a spectrophotometric method and the kinetics of formation and dissociation of the peroxo complex (III) have been measured by use of the stopped‐flow technique.
ChemInform Abstract: Laser‐Jet Delayed Trapping: Electron‐Transfer Trapping of the Photoenol from 2‐Methylbenzophenone.
Authors: WILSON R. M. , HANNEMANN K. , HEINEMAN W. R. , KIRCHHOFF J. R.
Published: May 2016

The E‐enol (II), produced photolytically from 2‐methyl‐benzophenone (I) and/or thermolytically from benzocyclobutanol (III), is trapped with a range of trapping agents such as benzoquinone (IV) (product (VII) is only detected when (II) is generated photolytically), dimethylbenzoquinone (VIII), or naphthoquinone (XII).
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonding in Imidazole‐4(5)‐alkoxycarbonyl‐5(4)‐ carboxamide Derivatives.
Authors: YASUDA N. , NAKAMURA A. , TSUBOI M.
Published: May 2016

The imidazole carboxylates and carboxamides (II), (IV), (VI), and (VIII) and several related derivatives are prepared by known methods.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 1,2‐Di‐(4‐pyridyl)ethylenediamine and Related Compounds.
Authors: BRANA M. F. , CASTELLANO J. M. , LOPEZ RODRIGUEZ M. L. , GALVEZ M. , AMIL M. R. , RUBIO E.
Published: May 2016

The N,N'‐diacyl‐1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylenediamines (I) are cyclized with sulfuric acid to form the imidazolidines (II).
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐(4‐Cyclopentylphenyl)piperazine and Its 4‐Substituted Derivatives: Synthesis and Biological Screening.
Authors: VEJDELEK Z. , PROTIVA M.
Published: May 2016

The title compound (III) and its derivatives (VI) show some antimicrobial and in the case of (VIa) and (VIe) anthelmintic activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Intramolecular Cyclization of Bisalkylamides of Methylenediphosphorus(IV)‐Containing Acids.
Authors: NOVIKOVA Z. S. , MONIN E. A. , KABACHNIK M. M. , LUTSENKO I. F.
Published: May 2016

The methylenediphosphonites (I) react with the alkyl iodides (II) to give the phosphinic amides (III) or (V) depending on the molar ratio.
ChemInform Abstract: Anomalously Coupled Nucleosides. Part 2. Reaction of 3‐(N6‐(4‐Chlorophenyl)‐2‐methyl‐9‐adenyl)‐2,3‐dideoxy‐D‐threo‐pentopyranose with Alcohols and Anilines.
Authors: ANDERSEN J. , PEDERSEN E. B.
Published: May 2016

The title compound (I) reacts with the alcohols (II) to give the adenyl‐dideoxypentopyranosides (III) as mixtures of α and β anomers.
ChemInform Abstract: Flavocyclodextrin as a Promising Flavoprotein Model. Efficient Electron Transfer Catalysis by Flavocyclodextrin.
Authors: TABUSHI I. , KODERA M.
Published: May 2016

The preparation of flavocyclodextrin is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Vinylidene Complexes. Part 7. Reactions of Cp(CO)2Mn=C=CHPh with Phosphites. A New Method for the Synthesis of Styrylphosphonates.
Authors: ANTONOVA A. B. , KOVALENKO S. V. , CHERKASOV R. A. , OVCHINNIKOV V. V. , IOGANSON A. A. , KORNETS E. D. , DEIKHINA N. A.
Published: May 2016

The manganese phenylvinylidene complex (I) reacts with the phosphites (II) or the phosphonite (IV) to give the styrylphosphonate or ‐phosphinate π‐complexes (III) or (V).
ChemInform Abstract: A New Synthetic Route to (α,β,γ,δ‐Tetraphenylporphinato)iron(II).
Authors: REAGEN W. K. , RADONOVICH L. J.
Published: May 2016

A frozen iron/toluene matrix formed from the cocondensation of Fe and toluene vapors is warmed to ‐94.6 °C. At this temp. the matrix melts down as a reactive slurry reacting with (Ia) in toluene leading in essentially 100% conversion of the porphyrin to (Ib) (yield in g).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Nitro Compounds and Nitrates from p‐Diadamantylbenzenes.
Authors: SHIRYAEV A. K. , KORZHEV I. R. , STULIN N. V. , MOISEEV I. K.
Published: May 2016

The nitration of the diadamantylbenzene (Ia) and its dicarboxy derivative (Ib) with 98% HNO3 in aprotic solvents yields the mononitro derivatives (IIa) and (IIb), together with the compounds (III) ‐ (V) as byproducts.
ChemInform Abstract: Rotational Spectra and Structures of the Small Clusters Ar3‐HF and Ar3‐DF.
Authors: GUTOWSKY H. S. , KLOTS T. D. , CHUANG C. , KEEN J. D. , SCHMUTTENMAER C. A. , EMILSSON T.
Published: May 2016

Microwave rotational spectra of the title clusters are obtained by a Flygare spectrometer, which uses Fourier transform operation of a Fabry‐Perot microwave cavity in conjunction with a pulsed supersonic nozzle to generate the clusters.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Synthesis of Diamines from Iodolactams.
Authors: KNAPP S. , LEVORSE A. T.
Published: May 2016

The iodomethyl‐γ‐lactam (I) reacts with sodium azide to give the azidomethyl derivative (III) via the intermediate (II).
ChemInform Abstract: 3,4,5,6‐Tetrahydro‐1H‐2,6‐methano‐2‐benzazocin‐5‐one and Its Reduction Products.
Authors: ASHAUER‐HOLZGRABE U.
Published: May 2016

The title compound (II) is prepared by oxidation of the N‐benzylpiperidone (I) with cerium(IV) sulfate.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses of Bipyridine‐Containing Polyamides and Their Metalation with Ruthenium Ions.
Authors: YAGI K. , DE LOURDES RIVERA‐CASTRO M. , CEDENO R. , INOUE M.
Published: May 2016

The polyamides (VII) with 2,2'‐bipyridine groups in the main chains are obtained in high purity by the homogeneous polycondensation between the ester (V), prepared as shown, and the diamines (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: A Chiral Approach to 2‐deoxystreptamine.
Authors: BAER H. H. , ARAI I. , RADATUS B. , RODWELL J. , NGUYEN CHINH NGUYEN CHINH
Published: May 2016

The title compound (IX) is a component of numerous important aminoglycoside antibiotics.
ChemInform Abstract: Elimination and Addition Reactions. Part 41. Nucleophilic Eliminative Fission of Cyclopropanes: The Coiled Spring Effect of Ring Strain on Nucleofugality and Its Evaluation.
Authors: HUGHES S. , GRIFFITHS G. , STIRLING C. J. M.
Published: May 2016

A comparison of the nucleophilic elimination from cyclopropanes such as (I) with the reaction of the unstrained analogues such as (III) and (IV) shows that the enhanced nucleofugality (about 9 log units) for the pair (Ia) and (IIIa) corresponds to decreased free energies of activation for leaving‐group expulsion by about 53 kJ/mol.
ChemInform Abstract: Formation and Nitrogen NMR Spectra of Some Nitrimines (′Pernitroso‐ketones′), and the Mechanism of Oxime Cleavage by Nitrous Acid.
Authors: ADAMOPOULOS S. , BOULTON A. J. , TADAYONI R. , WEBB G. A.
Published: May 2016

The formation of nitrimines, by the action of nitrous acid on oximes, is shown to proceed without scrambling of the nitrogen atoms, the oxime nitrogen forming the imine, and the nitrous acid generating the nitro group.
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloaddition Reactions of Tetrafluorodisilacyclobutene with 1,3‐Butadienes Mediated by Metal Carbonyls. Part 3. Hydrogen Migration vs. Fluorine Migration.
Authors: LEE C.‐Y. , LIN C.‐H. , LIU C.‐S.
Published: May 2016

The title reaction of the compounds (I) and (II) proceeds via an unusual 1,1‐addition pathway.
Unscented Kalman Filtering for Self‐Sensing Magnetic Levitation against Magnetic Saturation
Authors: MATSUDA KOHEI , SAKAMOTO TETSUZO
Published: May 2016

This paper investigates the magnetic saturation problem of self‐sensing electromagnetic levitation system and presents a novel self‐sensing scheme. The proposed approach employs a demodulation technique. By superimposing a high‐frequency voltage, the resulting electromagnet coil currents have ripples that can be used for gap sensing. This paper shows that the gap length is not uniquely estimated when using only the relation between the ripple, the control currents, and the gap. The constraint conditions are to be determined to solve the problem. The proposed approach utilizes the dynamical motion model of the electromagnetic levitation system to uniquely identify the gap. Introducing the system behavior dynamics, the gap can be exactly estimated. To incorporate the system model with the gap sensing algorithm, a nonlinear filtering methodology is employed. The proposed estimator is demonstrated by the experiments. The results show that it is possible to address magnetic saturation with the proposed gap sensing scheme. The estimator has a good accuracy in a wider gap range compared to the conventional methods.
New Estimation Method of Millimeter‐Wave Power by Dealing Optical Power
Authors: KIMURA YUKIYASU , ARAI SHIGEO , OTANI AKIHITO
Published: May 2016

This report is regarding to a new measurement of a millimeter‐wave using optical power. A calorie meter conventionally has been used to measure the millimeter‐wave power above 100 GHz, which has high temperature dependence, and therefore finds the difficulty of small power measurement. To overcome this difficulty, we propose the new method to estimate millimeter‐wave power by measuring optical power of optical 2‐tone signals. This proposed method has low temperature dependence due to optical power, and therefore makes the small power of the above millimeter‐wave enable. The principle and the estimation methods of this new method, and its experimental methods and results are explained. Noble results show that the difference between estimated and experiment value is maximally 0.99 dB at 110 GHz, the measurement possibility of frequency extending more than 170 GHz is referred to.
Hole‐Transporting Materials for Perovskite‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Dhingra Pankul , Singh Pallavi , Rana Prem Jyoti Singh , Garg Akshat , Kar Prasenjit
Published: May 2016

Organolead halide perovskites have attracted much interest from the scientific community in the past four years towards potential photovoltaic applications. A record efficiency of 20.1 % was reported in 2014. Some variation in efficiency is observed when the hole‐transporting material (HTM) used in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is altered. This Review emphasizes the importance of HTMs as a means to elevate the already superior device performance to a new status. A basic introduction to perovskites as materials for photovoltaics is first provided. A plethora of HTMs used for the fabrication of these cells are then presented and the nuances of their chemistry are analyzed in detail. Finally, on the basis of the Review of HTMs, strategies that can be employed for synthesizing the “perfect” HTM for PSCs are discussed.
Brief report: Using global positioning system (GPS) enabled cell phones to examine adolescent travel patterns and time in proximity to alcohol outlets
Authors: Byrnes Hilary F. , Miller Brenda A. , Morrison Christopher N. , Wiebe Douglas J. , Remer Lillian G. , Wiehe Sarah E.
Published: May 2016

As adolescents gain freedom to explore new environments unsupervised, more time in proximity to alcohol outlets may increase risks for alcohol and marijuana use. This pilot study: 1) Describes variations in adolescents' proximity to outlets by time of day and day of the week, 2) Examines variations in outlet proximity by drinking and marijuana use status, and 3) Tests feasibility of obtaining real‐time data to study adolescent proximity to outlets. U.S. adolescents (N = 18) aged 16–17 (50% female) carried GPS‐enabled smartphones for one week with their locations tracked. The geographic areas where adolescents spend time, activity spaces, were created by connecting GPS points sequentially and adding spatial buffers around routes. Proximity to outlets was greater during after school and evening hours. Drinkers and marijuana users were in proximity to outlets 1½ to 2 times more than non‐users. Findings provide information about where adolescents spend time and times of greatest risk, informing prevention efforts.
Emission-wavelength tuning of InAs quantum dots grown on nitrogen-δ-doped GaAs(001)
Authors: Kaizu Toshiyuki , Taguchi Kohei , Kita Takashi
Published: May 2016

We studied the structural and photoluminescence (PL) characteristics of InAs quantum dots (QDs) grown on nitrogen (N) δ-doped GaAs(001). The emission wavelength for low-density N-δ doping exhibited a blueshift with respect to that for undoped GaAs and was redshifted with increasing N-sheet density. This behavior corresponded to the variation in the In composition of the QDs. N-δ doping has two opposite and competing effects on the incorporation of Ga atoms from the underlying layer into the QDs during the QD growth. One is the enhancement of Ga incorporation induced by the lattice strain, which is due to the smaller radius of N atoms. The other is an effect blocking for Ga incorporation, which is due to the large bonding energy of Ga-N or In-N. At a low N-sheet density, the lattice-strain effect was dominant, while the blocking effect became larger with increasing N-sheet density. Therefore, the incorporation of Ga from the underlying layer depended on the N-sheet density. Since the In-Ga intermixing between the QDs and the GaAs cap layer during capping also depended on the size of the as-grown QDs, which was affected by the N-sheet density, the superposition of these three factors determined the composition of the QDs. In addition, the piezoelectric effect, which was induced with increased accumulation of lattice strain and the associated high In composition, also affected the PL properties of the QDs. As a result, tuning of the emission wavelength from 1.12 to 1.26 μm was achieved at room temperature.
Spin-flip scattering of a half spin particle by a magnetic impurity in one dimension
Authors: Hafeez Hafeez Y. , Ndikilar Chifu E. , Adamu Bala Ismail , Sa’adu Ibrahim
Published: May 2016

In this article, the behavior of a half spin particle is studied. Specifically an electron with mass me, when passing through a magnetic field with fixed strength Bo is examined. A magnetic impurity is considered as a scatterer of a half spin particle in one dimension. This corresponds for example to a defect in the local magnetic structure inducing a magnetic field, e.g. as a result of strong spin-orbit coupling. From this set-up, the spin-flipping scattering processes are observed. Different profiles of Spin-Flip-Rate (SFR) against frequencies ω and amplitudes U are drawn respectively, for angle φ0=0, θ=π2 and different values of, μBB0, and radius R.
Study on the high-power semi-insulating GaAs PCSS with quantum well structure
Authors: Luan Chongbiao , Wang Bo , Huang Yupeng , Li Xiqin , Li Hongtao , Xiao Jinshui
Published: May 2016

A high-power semi-insulating GaAs photoconductive semiconductor switch (PCSS) with quantum well structure was fabricated. The AlGaAs layer was deposited on the surface of the GaAs material, and the reflecting film and the antireflection film have been made on the surface of the GaAs and AlGaAs, respectively. When the prepared PCSS worked at a bias voltage of 9.8 kV and triggered by a laser pulse with an incident optical energy of 5.4 mJ, a wavelength of 1064 nm and an optical pulse width of 25 ns, the on-state resistance of the AlGaAs/GaAs PCSS was only 0.45 Ω, and the longevity of the AlGaAs/GaAs PCSS was larger than 106 shots. The results show that this structure reduces the on-state resistance and extends the longevity of the GaAs PCSS.
Diurnal dynamics of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in shoots and rhizomes of a perennial in a constructed wetland indicate down-regulation of below ground oxygen consumption
Authors: Faußer Anna C. , Dušek Jiří , Čížková Hana , Kazda Marian
Published: May 2016

Wetland plants actively provide oxygen for aerobic processes in submerged tissues and the rhizosphere. The novel concomitant assessment of diurnal dynamics of oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations under field conditions tests the whole-system interactions in plant-internal gas exchange and regulation. Oxygen concentrations ([O 2 ]) were monitored in-situ in central culm and rhizome pith cavities of common reed ( Phragmites australis ) using optical oxygen sensors. The corresponding carbon dioxide concentrations ([CO 2 ]) were assessed via gas samples from the culms. Highly dynamic diurnal courses of [O 2 ] were recorded, which started at 6.5–13 % in the morning, increased rapidly up to 22 % during midday and declined exponentially during the night. Internal [CO 2 ] were high in the morning (1.55–17.5 %) and decreased (0.04–0.94 %) during the rapid increase of [O 2 ] in the culms. The observed negative correlations between [O 2 ] and [CO 2 ] particularly describe the below ground relationship between plant-mediated oxygen supply and oxygen use by respiration and biogeochemical processes in the rhizosphere. Furthermore, the nocturnal declining slopes of [O 2 ] in culms and rhizomes indicated a down-regulation of the demand for oxygen in the complete below ground plant-associated system. These findings emphasize the need for measurements of plant-internal gas exchange processes under field conditions because it considers the complex interactions in the oxic-anoxic interface.
Language contact and world Englishes
Authors: ONYSKO ALEXANDER
Published: May 2016

Language contact has continued to play a role in world Englishes research, but its potential for analyzing Englishes and for mapping their diversity has not yet been applied in a comprehensive manner. This introduction to the special issue addresses different facets of the connection between language contact and world Englishes. The seven articles of the special issue are briefly outlined, showing the relevance of taking a contact linguistic approach to understanding world Englishes both from a theoretical and an empirical point of view.