bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Landscapes of tRNA Transcriptomes and Translatomes in Diverse Mouse Tissues
Authors: Yu Peng , Zhou Siting , Gao Yan , Liang Yu , Guo Wenbing , Wang Dan Ohtan , Ding Shuaiwen , Lin Shuibin , Wang Jinkai , Cun Yixian
Published: August 2022

Although the function of tRNAs in the translational process is well established, it remains controversial whether tRNA abundance is tightly associated with translational efficiency (TE) in mammals. Moreover, how critically the expression of tRNAs contributes to the establishment of tissue-specific proteomes in mammals has not been well addressed. Here, we measured both tRNA expression using demethylase-tRNA sequencing (DM-tRNA-seq) and TE of mRNAs using ribosome-tagging sequencing (RiboTag-seq) in the brain, heart, and testis of mice. Remarkable variation in the expression of tRNA isodecoders was observed among different tissues. When the statistical effect of isodecoder-grouping on reducing variations is considered through permutating the anticodons, we observed an expected reduction in the variation of anticodon expression across all samples, an unexpected smaller variation of anticodon usage bias, and an unexpected larger variation of tRNA isotype expression at amino acid level. Regardless of whether or not they share the same anticodons, the isodecoders encoding the same amino acids are co-expressed across different tissues. Based on the expression of tRNAs and the TE of mRNAs, we find that the tRNA adaptation index (tAI) and TE are significantly correlated in the same tissues but not between tissues; and tRNA expression and the amino acid composition of translating peptides are positively correlated in the same tissues but not between tissues. We therefore hypothesize that the tissue-specific expression of tRNAs might be due to post-transcriptional mechanisms. This study provides a resource for tRNA and translation studies, as well as novel insights into the dynamics of tRNAs and their roles in translational regulation.
Building better global data governance
Authors: Kuzio Jacqueline , Ahmadi Mohammad , Kim Kyoung-Cheol , Migaud Michael R. , Wang Yi-Fan , Bullock Justin
Published: August 2022

In this article, we explore the challenges of global governance and the particular challenge presented by global data governance. We discuss a range of challenges to developing meaningful global governance institutions for regulating how companies and governments around the world manage and utilize consumer data. These challenges are compounded by their global nature and the complexities of Internet-based technologies. We argue that the following gaps exist for effective global data governance: (a) there is no overarching global framework for protecting consumer data, and it is partial and incomplete; (b) there is a lack of data protection for international data transfers, as much of the regulation that is being developed is not global in scale; and (c) new areas of data collection and use compound concerns to effective data governance in a globalized digital world. Moreover, we highlight important needs in terms of both global governance and impending challenges related to current and new uses of data. Any global governance framework should recognize the need for an iterative process where communication is ongoing between the necessary stakeholders. Agreements should incorporate common goals to maximize the potential development of global data governance norms. However, goals must remain flexible to the different data environments across nation-states while maintaining a global scope to ensure data protection. In addition, any agreement should consider the emerging challenges in this area. These challenges include new methods of data collection and use, as well as protecting individuals from manipulation and undue influence based on how their data are being used, processed, and collected.
Psychological distress among healthcare workers post COVID-19 pandemic: from the resilience of individuals to healthcare systems
Authors: O’Donnell S. , Quigley E. , Hayden J. , Adamis D. , Gavin B. , McNicholas F.
Published: August 2022

Since the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been increased interest in identifying ways of protecting the mental well-being of healthcare workers (HCWs). Much of this has been directed towards promoting and enhancing the resilience of those deemed as frontline workers. Based on a review of the extant literature, this paper seeks to problematise aspects of how ‘frontline work’ and ‘resilience’ are currently conceptualised. Firstly, frontline work is arbitrarily defined and often narrowly focused on acute, hospital-based settings, leading to the needs of HCWs in other sectors of the healthcare system being overlooked. Secondly, dominant narratives are often underpinned by a reductionist understanding of the concept of resilience, whereby solutions are built around addressing the perceived deficiencies of (frontline) HCWs rather than the structural antecedents of distress. The paper concludes by considering what interventions are appropriate to minimise the risk of burnout across all sectors of the healthcare system in a post-pandemic environment.
Vortex merging and splitting events in viscoelastic Taylor–Couette flow
Authors: Lopez Jose M.
Published: August 2022

Recent experiments have reported a novel transition to elasto-inertial turbulence in the Taylor–Couette flow of a dilute polymer solution. Unlike previously reported transitions, this newly discovered scenario, dubbed vortex merging and splitting (VMS) transition, occurs in the centrifugally unstable regime and the mechanisms underlying it are two-dimensional: the flow becomes chaotic due to the proliferation of events where axisymmetric vortex pairs may be either created (vortex splitting) or annihilated (vortex merging). In this paper, we present direct numerical simulations, using the finitely extensible nonlinear elastic-Peterlin (FENE-P) constitutive equation to model the polymer dynamics, which reproduce the experimental observations with great accuracy and elucidate the reasons for the onset of this surprising dynamics. Starting from the Newtonian limit and increasing progressively the fluid's elasticity, we demonstrate that the VMS dynamics is not associated with the well-known Taylor vortices, but with a steady pattern of elastically induced axisymmetric vortex pairs known as diwhirls. The amount of angular momentum carried by these elastic vortices becomes increasingly small as the fluid's elasticity increases and it eventually reaches a marginal level. When this occurs, the diwhirls become dynamically disconnected from the rest of the system and move independently from each other in the axial direction. It is shown that vortex merging and splitting events, along with local transient chaotic dynamics, result from the interactions among diwhirls, and that this complex spatio-temporal dynamics persists even at elasticity levels twice as large as those investigated experimentally.
Daily variations in Western Greenland slush limits, 2000–2021
Authors: Machguth Horst , Tedstone Andrew J. , Mattea Enrico
Published: August 2022

The marginal areas of the Greenland ice sheet develop streams and lakes each summer, documenting that surface runoff of meltwater is a major component of ice-sheet mass balance. Here we map the slush limit, a proxy for the extent of surface runoff, using daily MODIS data for the years 2000–2021. We develop an automated algorithm capable of detecting daily slush limits, provided sufficient image quality. The algorithm is applied to the ice sheet's western flank (61.7 $^{\circ }$N to 76.5 $^{\circ }$N). We find significant increasing trends in maximum slush limits until the year 2012, but not thereafter. We show that the slush limit typically rises quickly early in the ablation season but stabilizes before melting ceases. The data provide evidence that upward migration of surface runoff in summer 2012 stopped early at the upper margin of the ice slabs. These thick and continuous ice layers are located close to the surface, in the firn, and impede percolation of melt into deeper pore space. Had the ice slabs extended higher, the summer 2012 provided sufficient energy to raise the slush limit by another $\sim$300 m in elevation.
Small but mighty: how overlooked small species maintain community structure through middle Eocene climate change
Authors: Kearns L. E. , Bohaty S. M. , Edgar K. M. , Ezard T. H. G.
Published: August 2022

Understanding current and future biodiversity responses to changing climate is pivotal as anthropogenic climate change continues. This understanding is complicated by the multitude of available metrics to quantify dynamics and by biased sampling protocols. Here, we investigate the impact of sampling protocol strategies using a data-rich fossil record to calculate effective diversity using Hill numbers for the first time on Paleogene planktonic foraminifera. We sample 22,830 individual tests, in two different size classes, across a 7 Myr time slice of the middle Eocene featuring a major transient warming event, the middle Eocene climatic optimum (MECO; ~40 Ma), at study sites in the midlatitude North Atlantic. Using generalized additive models, we investigate community responses to climatic fluctuations. After correcting for any effects of fossil fragmentation, we show a peak in generic diversity in the early and middle stages of the MECO as well as divergent trajectories between the typical size-selected community (>180 μm) and a broader assemblage, including smaller genera (>63 μm). Assemblages featuring smaller genera are more resilient to the climatic fluctuations of the MECO than those assemblages that feature only larger genera, maintaining their community structure at the reference Hill numbers for Shannon's and Simpson's indices. These results raise fundamental questions about how communities respond to climate excursions. In addition, our results emphasize the need to design studies with the aim of collecting the most inclusive data possible to allow detection of community changes and determine which species are likely to dominate future environments.
STRICHARTZ ESTIMATES FOR THE WAVE EQUATION INSIDE CYLINDRICAL CONVEX DOMAINS
Authors: MEAS LEN
Published: August 2022

We establish local-in-time Strichartz estimates for solutions of the model case Dirichlet wave equation inside cylindrical convex domains
$\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^ 3$
with smooth boundary
$\partial \Omega \neq \emptyset $
. The key ingredients to prove Strichartz estimates are dispersive estimates, energy estimates, interpolation and
$TT^*$
arguments. Strichartz estimates for waves inside an arbitrary domain
$\Omega $
have been proved by Blair, Smith and Sogge [‘Strichartz estimates for the wave equation on manifolds with boundary’, Ann. Inst. H. Poincaré Anal. Non Linéaire26 (2009), 1817–1829]. We provide a detailed proof of the usual Strichartz estimates from dispersive estimates inside cylindrical convex domains for a certain range of the wave admissibility.
Intra-Christian Violence and the Problematisation of the World Christian Paradigm
Authors: BRUNER JASON , KIRKPATRICK DAVID C.
Published: August 2022

Violence is a crucial lens for inquiring historically into Christianity worldwide. The field of World Christianity, however, has been oriented by a paradigm of growth, success and Christian converts’ creative agency. This article establishes the need for a historiographical intervention in the literature on World Christianity through a critical analysis of texts that have formed the field, followed by examinations of anti-Evangelical violence in nineteenth- and twentieth-century Mexico, and Catholic-Protestant conflicts in colonial East Africa. These case studies identify lacunae in the field and suggest that violence has often been a constitutive part of the contextual formation of World Christianity.
The Political Economy of Livestock in Early States
Authors: Corcoran-Tadd Noa , Price Max , Caramanica Ari
Published: August 2022

Animals were central elements in many early state political economies. Yet the roles of livestock in building and financing the state generally remain under-theorized, particularly in comparison with other major elements such as crop intensification and bureaucratic technologies. We compare the political economies of two highly centralized and expansive states—the Inca in the central Andes and Ur III in southern Mesopotamia—through a deliberately animal-focused perspective that draws attention to the unique social and economic roles of the livestock that underpinned both imperial financing and household resilience. Despite important differences in the trajectories of the two case studies, attention to the roles played by animals in early states highlights several underlying dynamics of broader interest including the translation between modes of production and accumulation, the interplay between animal-based mobilities and territorial integration, and the functions of livestock in state regimes of value and political subjectivity.
Risk aversion and cleaner cooking fuel choice: an empirical study in Ghana
Authors: Adjei-Mantey Kwame , Takeuchi Kenji
Published: August 2022

Cleaner cooking is an important policy objective in the bid to achieve sustainable development. Despite efforts to encourage cleaner cooking fuel use, biomass fuel is still widely used in many developing countries. This study investigates the role of behavioral factors, particularly risk aversion, in the choice of cooking fuels in Ghana. In addition, we investigate how the improvement of supply infrastructure and services mitigates the impact of risk preferences in fuel choices. By employing data from the recent round of the Ghana Living Standards Survey, we find that risk-averse households are less likely to choose liquified petroleum gas as their cooking fuel. However, the effect is mitigated for households located in districts with more supply infrastructure. Additional analyses reveal the influence of risk and time preferences in other household behavior.
The Shiraz Connection: A Shāhnāma of 1440 from the Library of Muḥammad Shāh, Sultan of Gujarat
Authors: SHOVELTON EMILY
Published: August 2022

This article offers a new perspective on the relationship between manuscript production in Shiraz under the Timurids and in the Sultanate states of South Asia. During the so-called long fifteenth century, between Timur's invasion in 1398 and Humāyūn's return to India in 1555, there was a surge of creativity in the arts, despite the fractured political landscape of multiple courts. The resulting material culture is vibrant and diverse and belies prevalent historiography, which often portrays this period as culturally barren. The discussion will focus on an illustrated copy of the Shāhnāma of Firdausi dated 843/1440, currently in the Khuda Bakhsh Library in Patna, once owned by Muḥammad Shāh, Sultan of Gujarat. A study of this manuscript and its cultural context challenges the notion that ‘outmoded’ traits are the key criteria of a Persian manuscript's possible Sultanate origin. This article further aims to initiate a re-examination of the reception and dispersal of Persian manuscripts in the Indian Sultanates and the future lives of a particular group of manuscripts made in Shiraz.
Basic Psychological Needs and Agency and Communion During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Korlat Selma , Reiter Julia , Kollmayer Marlene , Holzer Julia , Pelikan Elisabeth , Schober Barbara , Spiel Christiane , Lüftenegger Marko
Published: August 2022

Abstract. Despite the conceptual proximity between the basic needs and agency and communion and their similar function for psychological functioning, studies investigating their interplay are scarce. This study aims to investigate their joint role in hedonic and eudaimonic well-being in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Self-reports were collected from 13,313 adolescents (Sample 1) and 1,707 young adults (Sample 2) from Austria. The results show the importance of both agency and communion for the fulfillment of different basic needs and their role in well-being, with a universal interaction effect between communion and perceived competence on intrinsic motivation (eudaimonic aspect) in both gender groups in adolescence, as well as on positive emotions (hedonic aspect) among young women. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Jovian Auroral Electron Precipitation Budget—A Statistical Analysis of Diffuse, Mono‐Energetic, and Broadband Auroral Electron Distributions
Authors: Salveter A. , Saur J. , Clark G. , Mauk B. H.
Published: August 2022

Recent observations by the Juno spacecraft have shown that electrons contributing to Jupiter's main auroral emission appear to be frequently characterized by broadband electron distributions, but also less often mono‐energetic electron distributions are observed as well. In this work, we quantitatively derive the occurrence rates of the various electron distributions contributing to Jupiter's aurora. We perform a statistical analysis of electrons measured by the JEDI‐instrument within 30–1,200 keV from Juno's first 20 orbits. We determine the electron distributions, either pancake, field‐aligned, mono‐energetic, or broadband, through energy and pitch angles to associate various acceleration mechanisms. The statistical analysis shows that field‐aligned accelerated electrons at magnetic latitudes greater than 76° are observed in 87.6% ± 7.2% of the intervals time averaged over the dipole L‐shells according the main oval. Pancake distributions, indicating diffuse aurora, are prominent at smaller magnetic latitudes (<76°) with an occurrence rate of 86.2% ± 9.6%. Within the field‐aligned electron distributions, we see broadband distributions 93.0% ± 3.8% of the time and a small fraction of isolated mono‐energetic distribution structures 7.0% ± 3.8% of the time. Furthermore, these occurrence statistics coincide with the findings from our energy flux statistics regarding the electron distributions. Occurrence rates thus also characterize the overall energetics of the different distribution types. This study indicates that stochastic acceleration is dominating the auroral processes in contrast to Earth where the discrete aurora is dominating.
Bayesian Multi‐Model Estimation of Fault Slip Distribution for Slow Slip Events in Southwest Japan: Effects of Prior Constraints and Uncertain Underground Structure
Authors: Agata R. , Nakata R. , Kasahara A. , Yagi Y. , Seshimo Y. , Yoshioka S. , Iinuma T.
Published: August 2022

We consider a Bayesian multi‐model fault slip estimation (BMMFSE), which incorporates many candidates of the underground structure (Earth structure and plate boundary geometry) model characterized by a prior probability density function (PDF). The technique is used to study long‐term slow slip events (L‐SSEs) that occurred beneath the Bungo Channel, southwest Japan, in around 2010 and 2018. We here focus on the two advantages of BMMFSE: First, it allows for estimating slip distribution without introducing relatively strong prior information such as smoothing constraints, by combining a fully Bayesian inference and better consideration of model uncertainty to avoid overfitting. Second, the posterior PDF for the underground structure is also obtained during the fault slip estimation, which can be used as priors for the estimation of slip distribution for recurring events. The estimated slip distribution obtained using BMMFSE agreed better with the distribution of deep tectonic tremors at the down‐dip side of the main rupture area than those based on stronger prior constraints when the corresponding Coulomb failure stress changes are compared. This finding suggests a mechanical relationship between the L‐SSE and the synchronized tremors. The use of the posterior PDF of the underground structure estimated for the 2010 L‐SSE as prior PDF for the 2018 event resulted in more consistent estimation with the data, indicated by a smaller value of an information criterion.
Multi‐Decadal Simulation of Marsh Topography Under Sea Level Rise and Episodic Sediment Loads
Authors: Brand M. W. , Buffington K. , Rogers J. B. , Thorne K. , Stein E. D. , Sanders B. F.
Published: August 2022

Coastal marsh within Mediterranean climate zones is exposed to episodic watershed runoff and sediment loads that occur during storm events. Simulating future marsh accretion under sea level rise calls for attention to: (a) physical processes acting over the time scale of storm events and (b) biophysical processes acting over time scales longer than storm events. Using the upper Newport Bay in Southern California as a case study, we examine the influence of event‐scale processes on simulated change in marsh topography by comparing: (a) a biophysical model that integrates with an annual time step and neglects event‐scale processes (BP‐Annual), (b) a physical model that resolves event‐scale processes but neglects biophysical interactions (P‐Event), and (c) a biophysical model that resolves event‐scale physical processes and biophysical processes at annual and longer time scales (BP‐Event). A calibrated BP‐Event model shows that large (>20‐year return period) episodic storm events are major drivers of marsh accretion, depositing up to 30 cm of sediment in one event. Greater deposition is predicted near fluvial sources and tidal channels and less on marshes further from fluvial sources and tidal channels. In contrast, the BP‐Annual model poorly resolves spatial structure in marsh accretion as a consequence of neglecting event‐scale processes. Furthermore, the P‐Event model significantly overestimates marsh accretion as a consequence of neglecting marsh surface compaction driven by annual scale biophysical processes. Differences between BP‐Event and BP‐Annual models translate up to 20 cm per century in marsh surface elevation.
Coupled Effects of Density and Dual‐Domain Mass Transfer on Aquifer Storage and Recovery
Authors: Li Hongkai , Werner Adrian D. , Lu Chunhui
Published: August 2022

Aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) involves the injection of freshwater into an aquifer for temporary water storage and later use. Previous studies have shown that density‐driven convection may render part of the injectant unrecoverable when ASR is implemented in a saline aquifer. Where heterogeneity creates a significant proportion of immobile groundwater, dual‐domain (immobile and mobile porosities) effects also lead to reductions in the efficiency of ASR schemes. Presuming constant total porosity (sum of the mobile and immobile porosities), the combined effects of dual‐domain properties and water density on ASR are investigated for the first time in the present study, using numerical modeling of otherwise similar conceptual models to previous ASR analyses. Results show that the interactions between the density effect and dual‐domain mass transfer lead to complex controlling patterns of the density contrast, the ratio of immobile‐mobile porosities, the parameterization of immobile‐mobile solute exchange, and the number of cycles. The influence of these factors on mixing processes and the recovery efficiency (proportion of freshwater injectant recovered by extraction) during ASR are shown. Dual‐domain effects, where they occur in aquifers, must be included explicitly in models to reproduce recovery efficiencies, especially during early cycles, unless the immobile porosity is very small or the conductance between mobile and immobile regions is at extremes. Otherwise, a single‐domain model can be utilized. The findings of this research illustrate the influence of both density effects and dual‐domain processes on ASR and the need to account for both in assessing ASR feasibility in complex hydrogeological settings.
Tens to Hundreds of keV Electron Precipitation Driven by Kinetic Alfvén Waves During an Electron Injection
Authors: Shen Yangyang , Artemyev Anton V. , Zhang Xiao‐Jia , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Vasko Ivan , Turner Drew , Tsai Ethan , Wilkins Colin , Weygand James M. , Russell Christopher T. , Ergun Robert E. , Giles Barbara L.
Published: August 2022

Electron injections are critical processes associated with magnetospheric substorms, which deposit significant electron energy into the ionosphere. Although wave scattering of <10 keV electrons during injections has been well studied, the link between magnetotail electron injections and energetic (≥100 keV) electron precipitation remains elusive. Using conjugate observations between the Electron Loss and Fields Investigation (ELFIN) and Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) missions, we present evidence of tens to hundreds of keV electron precipitation to the ionosphere potentially driven by kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs) associated with magnetotail electron injections and magnetic field gradients. Test particle simulations adapted to observations show that dipolarization‐front magnetic field gradients and associated ∇B drifts allow Doppler‐shifted Landau resonances between the injected electrons and KAWs, producing electron spatial scattering across the front which results in pitch‐angle decreases and subsequent precipitation. Test particle results show that such KAW‐driven precipitation can account for ELFIN observations below ∼300 keV.
Contribution of Viscoelastic Stress to the Synchronization of Earthquake Cycles on Oceanic Transform Faults
Authors: Shi Pengcheng , Wei Meng , Barbot Sylvain
Published: August 2022

Earthquake clustering can be promoted by local, regional, and remote triggering. The interaction between faults by static and dynamic stress transfer has received much attention. However, the role of quasi‐static stress interaction mediated by viscoelastic flow is still poorly understood. Here, we investigate whether the tight synchronization of moment‐magnitude 6 earthquakes every about 6 years on distant asperities in the Gofar‐Discovery fault system of the East Pacific Rise may be caused by mechanical coupling within the lithosphere‐asthenosphere system. We build a three‐dimensional numerical model of seismic cycles in the framework of rate‐ and state‐dependent friction with a brittle layer overlaying a viscoelastic mantle with nonlinear rheology to simulate earthquake cycles on separate asperities. The brittle section of the West Gofar fault consists of two frictionally unstable 20 km‐long by 5 km‐wide asperities separated by a velocity‐strengthening barrier, consistent with seismic observations, allowing stress transfer by afterslip and viscoelastic relaxation. We find that viscoelastic stress transfer can promote the synchronization of earthquakes. Even if the asperities are separated by as far as 30 km, synchronization is still possible for a viscosity of the underlying mantle of 1017 Pa s, which can be attained by dislocation creep or transient creep during the postseismic period. Considering the similarities in tectonic and structural settings, viscoelastic stress transfer and earthquake synchronization may also occur at 15’20 (Mid‐Atlantic Ridge), George V (Southeast Indian Ridge), Menard and Heezen transform fault (Pacific‐Antarctic Ridge).
Understanding the Effects of Cold and Warm Season Air Warming on the Permafrost Hydrology Changes in the Source Region of the Lancang River, the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Xu Lihua , Gao Bing
Published: August 2022

Cold season air warming was more rapid than warm season air warming on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau (QTP). However, the effect of this asymmetrical seasonal air warming on permafrost hydrological changes has not been fully understood. This study applied a distributed cryospheric hydrological model to evaluate the effects of different seasonal air warming on the changes in frozen soil and hydrological processes in a typical catchment, the source region of the Lancang River on the eastern QTP. The results show that the area of permafrost reduced by 14.0%. The maximum frozen depth of seasonally frozen ground (MFDSFG) decreased at 5.0 cm decade−1, and the active layer thickness (ALT) of permafrost increased by 3.3 cm decade−1. Controlled experiments illustrate that cold season air warming dominated the reduction in MFDSFG which caused the liquid soil moisture increase in seasonally frozen ground, and warm season air warming primarily determined the increase in ALT which enhanced the liquid soil moisture in permafrost. Cold season air warming had a greater effect on runoff than warm season air warming because it dominated the permafrost degradation into seasonally frozen ground. In the region where permafrost degraded into seasonally frozen ground, both the cold and warm season air warming contributed to the soil liquid water increase, and the cold season warming had a greater effect due to its more important role in thermal degradation of permafrost. The findings of this study reveal different complex impacts of cold and warm season air warming on permafrost hydrological changes on the QTP.
Localizing Hydrological Drought Early Warning Using In Situ Groundwater Sensors
Authors: Veness W. A. , Butler A. P. , Ochoa‐Tocachi B. F. , Moulds S. , Buytaert W.
Published: August 2022

Drought early warning systems (DEWSs) aim to spatially monitor and forecast risk of water shortage to inform early, risk‐mitigating interventions. However, due to the scarcity of in situ monitoring in groundwater‐dependent arid zones, spatial drought exposure is inferred using maps of satellite‐based indicators such as rainfall anomalies, soil moisture, and vegetation indices. On the local scale, these coarse‐resolution proxy indicators provide a poor inference of groundwater availability. The improving affordability and technical capability of modern sensors significantly increases the feasibility of taking direct groundwater level measurements in data‐scarce, arid regions on a larger scale. Here, we assess the potential of in situ monitoring to provide a localized index of hydrological drought in Somaliland. We find that calibrating a lumped groundwater model with a short time series of groundwater level observations substantially improves the quantification of local water availability when compared to satellite‐based indices. By varying the calibration length, we find that a 5‐week period capturing both wet and dry season conditions provides most of the calibration capacity. This suggests that short monitoring campaigns are suitable for improving estimations of local water availabilities during drought. Short calibration periods have practical advantages, as the relocation of sensors enables rapid characterization of a large number of wells. These well simulations can supplement continuous in situ monitoring of strategic point sources to setup large‐scale monitoring systems with contextualized and localized information on water availability. This information can be used as early warning evidence for the financing and targeting of early actions to mitigate impacts of hydrological drought.
Causes and Factors of Cryogenic Extraction Biases on Isotopes of Xylem Water
Authors: Wen Mingyi , He Dong , Li Min , Ren Ruiqi , Jin Jingjing , Si Bingcheng
Published: August 2022

Cryogenic vacuum extraction (CVE) has been considered as the standard technique for the analysis of plant water stable isotopes in ecohydrological research. Recent studies reported that CVE can introduce significant bias in stable isotope analyses, yet the causes and influencing factors of the CVE‐induced deuterium offsets remain poorly understood. Here, we performed rehydration experiments on plant samples from two species and three organs with two distinct‐isotopic spiking waters. Centrifugation and high‐pressure mechanical squeezing were used to separate sap water and tissue water for stable isotope analyses. Plant waters extracted by CVE differed significantly from reference waters in δ2H, but not in δ18O. The δ2H bias was linearly correlated to the xylem water content, and this relationship is affected significantly by plant organs/species and the isotopic signature of the spiking water. Moreover, the δ2H bias induced by CVE (−8.52 ± 0.90‰) was significantly greater than the δ2H difference between the tissue and sap waters (−3.33 ± 0.76‰) for apple stems possessing similar water contents. Thus, hydrogen‐exchange between plant organics and water, and isotopic heterogeneity within plants both contribute to the negative δ2H bias, but the former is the dominant cause. The multiple factors governing the CVE‐induced δ2H bias, make it difficult to establish a unified bias correction equation. Our results question the usefulness of cryogenic extraction as a standard for plant water extraction.
Velocity, Turbulence, and Sediment Deposition in a Channel Partially Filled With a Phragmites australis Canopy
Authors: Liu Chao , Yan Chunhao , Sun Sichen , Lei Jiarui , Nepf Heidi , Shan Yuqi
Published: August 2022

Laboratory experiments examined the longitudinal evolution of near‐bed velocity, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), and net deposition in a model Phragmites australis canopy occupying 1/3 of the channel width. The canopies were constructed from model P. australis with real morphology and a solid volume fraction between 0.003 and 0.018. An exponential model was modified to predict the longitudinal evolution of near‐bed velocity inside the canopy, from which the near‐bed TKE can be predicted. By combining the predicted TKE and a deposition probability, we proposed a model to predict the distribution of net deposition inside the canopy. The predicted velocity, TKE, and deposition were in good agreement with the measurements. Relative to an upstream reference, the net deposition within the canopy was enhanced when two conditions were met: the in‐canopy, near‐bed TKE was smaller than the critical value for resuspension, and resuspension took place in the bare channel. Above a critical vegetation density (defined by a critical solid volume fraction ϕc), the spatially‐averaged deposition inside P. australis surpassed that in the adjacent bare channel. The proposed model provides a way to estimate ϕc. Relative to the upstream reference, deposition inside the canopy was always diminished over some fraction of the flow adjustment distance, Ld (distance from canopy leading edge to fully developed flow). When the canopy length was greater than 0.4 Ld, canopy‐averaged deposition was enhanced relative to the bare channel. Finally, for the same canopy length, differences in plant morphologies did not have a strong impact on the in‐canopy deposition distribution.
GSDMD-dependent neutrophil extracellular traps promote macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition and renal fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy
Authors: Wang Yujia , Li Yinshuang , Chen Zhimin , Yuan Ying , Su Qinglin , Ye Keng , Chen Caiming , Li Guoping , Song Yankun , Chen Hong , Xu Yanfang
Published: August 2022

Renal fibrosis is a common consequence of various progressive nephropathies, including obstructive nephropathy, and ultimately leads to kidney failure. Infiltration of inflammatory cells is a prominent feature of renal injury after draining blockages from the kidney, and correlates closely with the development of renal fibrosis. However, the underlying molecular mechanism behind the promotion of renal fibrosis by inflammatory cells remains unclear. Herein, we showed that unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) induced Gasdermin D (GSDMD) activation in neutrophils, abundant neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation and macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition (MMT) characterized by α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression in macrophages. Gsdmd deletion significantly reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells in the kidneys and inhibited NETs formation, MMT and thereby renal fibrosis. Chimera studies confirmed that Gsdmd deletion in bone marrow-derived cells, instead of renal parenchymal cells, provided protection against renal fibrosis. Further, specific deletion of Gsdmd in neutrophils instead of macrophages protected the kidney from undergoing fibrosis after UUO. Single-cell RNA sequencing identified robust crosstalk between neutrophils and macrophages. In vitro, GSDMD-dependent NETs triggered p65 translocation to the nucleus, which boosted the production of inflammatory cytokines and α-SMA expression in macrophages by activating TGF-β1/Smad pathway. In addition, we demonstrated that caspase-11, that could cleave GSDMD, was required for NETs formation and renal fibrosis after UUO. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that caspase-11/GSDMD-dependent NETs promote renal fibrosis by facilitating inflammation and MMT, therefore highlighting the role and mechanisms of NETs in renal fibrosis.
A neural circuit for wind-guided olfactory navigation
Authors: Matheson Andrew M. M. , Lanz Aaron J. , Medina Ashley M. , Licata Al M. , Currier Timothy A. , Syed Mubarak H. , Nagel Katherine I.
Published: August 2022

To navigate towards a food source, animals frequently combine odor cues about source identity with wind direction cues about source location. Where and how these two cues are integrated to support navigation is unclear. Here we describe a pathway to the Drosophila fan-shaped body that encodes attractive odor and promotes upwind navigation. We show that neurons throughout this pathway encode odor, but not wind direction. Using connectomics, we identify fan-shaped body local neurons called h∆C that receive input from this odor pathway and a previously described wind pathway. We show that h∆C neurons exhibit odor-gated, wind direction-tuned activity, that sparse activation of h∆C neurons promotes navigation in a reproducible direction, and that h∆C activity is required for persistent upwind orientation during odor. Based on connectome data, we develop a computational model showing how h∆C activity can promote navigation towards a goal such as an upwind odor source. Our results suggest that odor and wind cues are processed by separate pathways and integrated within the fan-shaped body to support goal-directed navigation.
Ultrafast energy exchange between two single Rydberg atoms on a nanosecond timescale
Authors: Chew Y. , Tomita T. , Mahesh T. P. , Sugawa S. , de Léséleuc S. , Ohmori K.
Published: August 2022

Rydberg atoms, with their enormous electronic orbitals, exhibit dipole–dipole interactions reaching the gigahertz range at a distance of a micrometre, making them a prominent contender for realizing ultrafast quantum operations. However, such strong interactions between two single atoms have so far never been harnessed due to the stringent requirements on the fluctuation of the atom positions and the necessary excitation strength. Here we introduce novel techniques to explore this regime. First, we trap and cool atoms to the motional quantum ground state of holographic optical tweezers, which allows control of the inter-atomic distance down to 1.5 μm with a quantum-limited precision of 30 nm. We then use ultrashort laser pulses to excite a pair of these nearby atoms to a Rydberg state simultaneously, far beyond the Rydberg blockade regime, and perform Ramsey interferometry with attosecond precision. This allows us to induce and track an ultrafast interaction-driven energy exchange completed on nanosecond timescales—two orders of magnitude faster than in any other Rydberg experiments in the tweezers platform so far. This ultrafast coherent dynamics gives rise to a conditional phase, which is the key resource for a quantum gate, opening the path for quantum simulation and computation operating at the speed limit set by dipole–dipole interactions with this ultrafast Rydberg platform.
Stratigraphic reassessment of Grotta Romanelli sheds light on Middle-Late Pleistocene palaeoenvironments and human settling in the Mediterranean
Authors: Pieruccini Pierluigi , Forti Luca , Mecozzi Beniamino , Iannucci Alessio , Yu Tsai-Luen , Shen Chuan-Chou , Bona Fabio , Lembo Giuseppe , Muttillo Brunella , Sardella Raffaele , Mazzini Ilaria
Published: August 2022

During the last century, Grotta Romanelli (Southern Italy) has been a reference site for the European Late Pleistocene stratigraphy, due to its geomorphological setting and archaeological and palaeontological content. The beginning of the sedimentation inside the cave was attributed to the Last Interglacial (MISs 5e) and the oldest unearthed evidence of human occupation, including remains of hearths, was therefore referred to the Middle Palaeolithic. Recent surveys and excavations produced new U/Th dates, palaeoenvironmental interpretation and a litho-, morpho- and chrono-stratigraphical reassessment, placing the oldest human frequentation of the cave between MIS 9 and MIS 7, therefore embracing Glacial and Interglacial cycles. These new data provide evidence that the sea reached the cave during the Middle Pleistocene and human occupation occurred long before MISs 5e and persisted beyond the Pleistocene- Holocene boundary.
Strategies for ear elevation and the treatment of relevant complications in autologous cartilage microtia reconstruction
Authors: Xu Zhicheng , Li Yiyuan , Li Datao , Zhang Ruhong , Zhang Qun , Xu Feng , Chen Xia
Published: August 2022

Despite various surgical techniques for ear elevation in autogenous cartilage microtia reconstruction, it is still challenging for plastic surgeons to obtain a satisfactory depth of the cephaloauricular sulcus and stable projection of the reconstructed ear. Here, the authors demonstrate individualized options for surgical approaches and relevant details for complication management. Between January 2014 and June 2020, a series of 895 patients who underwent the second stage of microtia reconstruction were reviewed. Complications occurred in 103 patients aged between 8 and 34 years. Recommended surgical selections, as well as appropriate strategies for complication prophylaxis and treatment, were shown to minimize the negative influence on the contour of the cephaloauricular sulcus according to individual conditions. We found that 78% of the patients were satisfied with the auricle contour with harmonious integrity. Individualized strategies for ear elevation and complication treatment contribute to symmetry and satisfactory projection of the reconstructed auricle.
Measuring haemolysis in cattle serum by direct UV–VIS and RGB digital image-based methods
Authors: Larrán Belén , López-Alonso Marta , Miranda Marta , Pereira Víctor , Rigueira Lucas , Suárez María Luisa , Herrero-Latorre Carlos
Published: August 2022

A simple, rapid procedure is required for the routine detection and quantification of haemolysis, one of the main sources of unreliable results in serum analysis. In this study, we compared two different approaches for the rapid determination of haemolysis in cattle serum. The first consisted of estimating haemolysis via a simple direct ultraviolet–visible (UV–VIS) spectrophotometric measurement of serum samples. The second involved analysis of red, green, blue (RGB) colour data extracted from digital images of serum samples and relating the haemoglobin (Hb) content by means of both univariate (R, G, B and intensity separately) and multivariate calibrations (R, G, B and intensity jointly) using partial least squares regression and artificial neural networks. The direct UV–VIS analysis and RGB-multivariate analysis using neural network methods were both appropriate for evaluating haemolysis in serum cattle samples. The procedures displayed good accuracy (mean recoveries of 100.7 and 102.1%, respectively), adequate precision (with coefficients of variation from 0.21 to 2.68%), limit of detection (0.14 and 0.21 g L–1, respectively), and linearity of up to 10 g L–1.
Deep eutectic solvent for spent lithium-ion battery recycling: comparison with inorganic acid leaching
Authors: Li Bensheng , Li Qingzhu , Wang Qingwei , Yan Xuelei , Shi Miao , Wu Chao
Published: August 2022

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as novel green solvents are potential options to replace inorganic acids for hydrometallurgy.
Simultaneous quantification of uranium(vi), samarium, nitric acid, and temperature with combined ensemble learning, laser fluorescence, and Raman scattering for real-time monitoring
Authors: Sadergaski Luke R. , Andrews Hunter B.
Published: August 2022

Laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and a stacked regression was developed for rapid quantification of uranium(vi) (1–100 μg mL−1), samarium (0–200 μg mL−1) and nitric acid (0.1–4 M) with varying temperature (20 °C–45 °C).
Nondestructive isolation of mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow using DNA aptamers
Authors: Wen Xiaohong , Zou Yujian , Li Lie , Nie Hemin , Wang Kemin , Wang Jie , Li Suping , Yang Mei , Guo Qiuping
Published: August 2022

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) mainly found in the bone marrow of adult mammals demonstrate unique capacities of differentiating into multiple cell lineages.
Photocatalytic reduction of low-concentration CO2 by metal–organic frameworks
Authors: Dong Man , Gu Jian-Xia , Sun Chun-Yi , Wang Xin-Long , Su Zhong-Min
Published: August 2022

This highlight focuses on the strategies to improve the photocatalytic reduction of low-concentration CO2 by MOF materials, including the modification of MOF skeletons and the preparation of MOF composites or MOF derivatives. It will provide insights into the rational design of heterogeneous catalysts to achieve efficient reduction of low-concentration CO2.
Phosphate anion-induced silver-chalcogenide cluster-based metal organic frameworks as dual-functional catalysts for detoxifying chemical warfare agent simulants
Authors: Gong Chun-Hua , Sun Zhi-Bing , Cao Man , Luo Xi-Ming , Wu Jie , Wang Qian-You , Zang Shuang-Quan , Mak Thomas C. W.
Published: August 2022

Phosphate anionic template strategy achieved two porphyrinic silver-chalcogenide cluster-based MOFs for the degradation of both sulfur mustard and nerve agent simulants.
Design of high-avidity multivalent ligand structures that target cells with high ligand economy
Authors: Fang Qingqing , Guo Pan , Zeng Yiting , Wang Chenru , Jiang Tao , Jiang Yunbao
Published: August 2022

Novel cell-targeting ligand structures are constructed with a spikey core scaffold, where multiple copies of coiled-coil peptide nanorods are conjugated on the surface of a peptide nanosheet.
Light-induced Li extraction from LiMn2O4/TiO2 in a water-in-salt electrolyte for photo-rechargeable batteries
Authors: Shimokawa Kohei , Matsubara Shogo , Okamoto Akihiro , Ichitsubo Tetsu
Published: August 2022

Photocharging of spinel LiMn2O4 has been demonstrated by utilizing a water-in-salt electrolyte with an electron acceptor and TiO2 nanoparticles, which paves the way for developing high-potential cathode materials for photo-rechargeable batteries.
Structurally characterised intermediate of the oxidative addition of a heteroleptic germylene to gallanediyle
Authors: Bücker Anna , Wölper Christoph , Haberhauer Gebhard , Schulz Stephan
Published: August 2022

Reactions of gallanediyl LGa with heteroleptic tetrylenes L′ECl gave the donor–acceptor complex LGa–Sn(Cl)L′ (1), the oxidative addition product L(Cl)GaGeL′ (3) and LGa(μ–Cl)GeL′ (2), an isolable intermediate of the oxidative addition reaction.
Air-stable aryl derivatives of pentafluoroorthotellurate
Authors: Wegener Daniel , Hoffmann Kurt F. , Pérez-Bitrián Alberto , Bayindir Ilayda , Hadi Amiera N. , Wiesner Anja , Riedel Sebastian
Published: August 2022

The synthesis of air-stable aryl derivatives of OTeF5 has been achieved through the use of convenient procedures. Pentafluorophenyl derivatives are stronger acids and more robust against electrophiles in comparison to phenyl analogues.
Lattice thermal conductivity of Janus MoSSe and WSSe monolayers
Authors: Qin Huasong , Ren Kai , Zhang Guoqiang , Dai Ying , Zhang Gang
Published: August 2022

In this work, the heat transport properties of Janus MoSSe and WSSe monolayers are systematically investigated using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations.
Motion of a chemically reactive bimetal motor in a magnetic field
Authors: Kichatov Boris , Korshunov Alexey , Sudakov Vladimir , Golubkov Alexandr , Gubernov Vladimir , Kiverin Alexey
Published: August 2022

A bimetal surfer is a “chemical magnet”.
NIR-emissive, singlet-oxygen-sensitizing gold tetra(thiocyano)corroles
Authors: Sahu Kasturi , Angeloni Sara , Conradie Jeanet , Villa Marco , Nayak Manisha , Ghosh Abhik , Ceroni Paola , Kar Sanjib
Published: August 2022

Tetra(thiocyano)corrolato-Au(iii) derivatives exhibit NIR phosphorescence under ambient conditions with emission maxima around 900 nm, phosphorescent lifetimes of 10 μs, and singlet oxygen sensitization with a quantum yield of around 50 ± 5% in solution.