bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ruminal in vitro gas production, dry matter digestibility, methane abatement potential, and fatty acid biohydrogenation of six species of microalgae
Authors: Anele U.Y. , Yang W.Z. , McGinn P.J. , Tibbetts S.M. , McAllister T.A.
Published: April 2016

This study evaluated the composition, digestibility [dry matter digestibility (DMD)], CH4 abatement potential, and fatty acid biohydrogenation of six species of microalgae. Lipid content ranged from 115 g kg−1 dry matter (DM) (Scenedesmus sp. AMDD) to 361 g kg−1 DM (Tetracystis sp.), while Scenedesmus sp. AMDD had the highest carbohydrate (364 g kg−1 DM) and fibre content (277 g kg−1 DM). Gas production was highest (P < 0.001) for Micractinium reisseri and Chlorella vulgaris. In vitro DMD ranged from 654 g kg−1 for Scenedesmus sp. AMDD to 797 g kg−1 for Nannochloris bacillaris. Total CH4 differed (P < 0.001) among microalgae, ranging from 1.76 mL g−1 DM for Tetracystis sp. to 4.07 mL g−1 DM for M. reisseri. Nannochloropsis granulata (marine) had higher myristic, palmitoleic, and eicosapentaenoic acid levels than freshwater microalgae. Levels of α-linolenic acid were higher in Scenedesmus sp. AMDD than all other microalgae. CH4 production negatively correlated (P < 0.05) with levels of total carbohydrate, oleic, and α-linolenic acid. Despite having a lower lipid content, CH4 reductions with Scenedesmus sp. AMDD were comparable to Tetracystis sp. and N. bacillaris. Reductions in CH4 with Tetracystis sp. and N. bacillaris occurred without a decline in DMD, suggesting that overall microbial activity was not inhibited.
Cranberry derivatives enhance biofilm formation and transiently impair swarming motility of the uropathogenProteus mirabilisHI4320
Authors: O’May Che , Amzallag Olivier , Bechir Karim , Tufenkji Nathalie
Published: April 2016

Proteus mirabilis is a major cause of catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), emphasizing that novel strategies for targeting this bacterium are needed. Potential targets are P. mirabilis surface-associated swarming motility and the propensity of these bacteria to form biofilms that may lead to catheter blockage. We previously showed that the addition of cranberry powder (CP) to lysogeny broth (LB) medium resulted in impaired P. mirabilis swarming motility over short time periods (up to 16 h). Herein, we significantly expanded on those findings by exploring (i) the effects of cranberry derivatives on biofilm formation of P. mirabilis, (ii) whether swarming inhibition occurred transiently or over longer periods more relevant to real infections (∼3 days), (iii) whether swarming was also blocked by commercially available cranberry juices, (iv) whether CP or cranberry juices exhibited effects under natural urine conditions, and (v) the effects of cranberry on medium pH, which is an indirect indicator of urease activity. At short time scales (24 h), CP and commercially available pure cranberry juice impaired swarming motility and repelled actively swarming bacteria in LB medium. Over longer time periods more representative of infections (∼3 days), the capacity of the cranberry material to impair swarming diminished and bacteria would start to migrate across the surface, albeit by exhibiting a different motility phenotype to the regular “bull’s-eye” swarming phenotype of P. mirabilis. This bacterium did not swarm on urine agar or LB agar supplemented with urea, suggesting that any potential application of anti-swarming compounds may be better suited to settings external to the urine environment. Anti-swarming effects were confounded by the ability of cranberry products to enhance biofilm formation in both LB and urine conditions. These findings provide key insights into the long-term strategy of targeting P. mirabilis CAUTIs.
The cardioprotective effect of naringenin against ischemia–reperfusion injury through activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channel in rat
Authors: Meng Li-Min , Ma Hui-Jie , Guo Hui , Kong Qian-Qian , Zhang Yi
Published: April 2016

Naringenin (Nari) has antioxidative and anti-atherosclerosis effects, and activation of ATP-sensitive potassium channel (KATP) can offer cardiac protection. We hypothesized that Nari protects the heart against ischemia–reperfusion (I–R) injury through activation of KATP. Isolated hearts from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats experienced a 30-min global ischemia followed by 60-min reperfusion (120 min for the infarct size determination). The hearts were treated with Nari (NARI); Nari plus glibenclamide (GLI), a non-specific ATP-sensitive potassium channel blocker (NARI+GLI); and Nari plus 5-hydroxy decanoic acid (5-HD), a mitochondrial membrane ATP-sensitive potassium channel blocker (NARI+5-HD). The left ventricular pressure, lactate dehydrogenates (LDH) in coronary effluent, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in myocardium, and myocardial infarct area were measured. Nari above 2.5 μmol/L improved the recovery of left ventricular function, decreased LDH in coronary effluent, and reduced myocardial infarct area. The SOD activity was increased and MDA was decreased in Nari-treated myocardium. The cardioprotective effect of Nari was canceled by GLI and 5-HD. In conclusion, Nari has a cardioprotective effect against I–R injury, which may be carried out through activating ATP-sensitive potassium channels in both cell and mitochondrial membrane, and enhancing myocardial antioxidant capacity.
Patterns of genome size variation in snapping shrimp
Authors: Jeffery Nicholas W. , Hultgren Kristin , Chak Solomon Tin Chi , Gregory T. Ryan , Rubenstein Dustin R.
Published: April 2016

Although crustaceans vary extensively in genome size, little is known about how genome size may affect the ecology and evolution of species in this diverse group, in part due to the lack of large genome size datasets. Here we investigate interspecific, intraspecific, and intracolony variation in genome size in 39 species of Synalpheus shrimps, representing one of the largest genome size datasets for a single genus within crustaceans. We find that genome size ranges approximately 4-fold across Synalpheus with little phylogenetic signal, and is not related to body size. In a subset of these species, genome size is related to chromosome size, but not to chromosome number, suggesting that despite large genomes, these species are not polyploid. Interestingly, there appears to be 35% intraspecific genome size variation in Synalpheus idios among geographic regions, and up to 30% variation in Synalpheus duffyi genome size within the same colony.
Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis reveals heterogeneity within a seedling tree population of a polyembryonic mango cultivar
Authors: Winterhagen Patrick , Wünsche Jens-Norbert
Published: April 2016

Within a polyembryonic mango seedling tree population, the genetic background of individuals should be identical because vigorous plants for cultivation are expected to develop from nucellar embryos representing maternal clones. Due to the fact that the mango cultivar ‘Hôi’ is assigned to the polyembryonic ecotype, an intra-cultivar variability of ethylene receptor genes was unexpected. Ethylene receptors in plants are conserved, but the number of receptors or receptor isoforms is variable regarding different plant species. However, it is shown here that the ethylene receptor MiETR1 is present in various isoforms within the mango cultivar ‘Hôi’. The investigation of single nucleotide polymorphisms revealed that different MiETR1 isoforms can not be discriminated simply by individual single nucleotide exchanges but by the specific arrangement of single nucleotide polymorphisms at certain positions in the exons of MiETR1. Furthermore, an MiETR1 isoform devoid of introns in the genomic sequence was identified. The investigation demonstrates some limitations of high resolution melting and ScreenClust analysis and points out the necessity of sequencing to identify individual isoforms and to determine the variability within the tree population.
Dependence of the shape of fiber tapers on the nonlinear pulse propagation
Authors: Herrera Rodrigo Acuna , Rodriguez Carlos A.
Published: April 2016

Using a model for the shape of tapered fiber optics, we numerically study the effect of the taper shape profile on nonlinear optical pulse propagation. We show that super-Gaussian pulses can be generated and controlled and that they are independent of higher-order nonlinearities, which makes them a good candidate for optical communications. We see that it is possible to compensate for the [Formula: see text] variation of the dispersion with the nonlinear parameter and obtain the solutions of the homogeneous nonlinear Schrödinger equation. In addition, pulse collisions can be produced using chirped pump pulses. Finally, using a variational method, we study the chirp and time evolution for the generated super-Gaussian pulses as a function of the taper elongation profile.
Surface plasmon resonance sensor using functionalized alkanethiols monolayer for illegal compound detection
Authors: Suherman  , Morita Kinichi , Kawaguchi Toshikazu
Published: April 2016

The development of highly sensitive detection of [Formula: see text]-agonists compound by using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) immunoassay functionalized alkanethiols monolayer on gold surface was reported here. For the construction of robust SPR sensor surface, the illegal compound (as antigen) was immobilized onto gold succinimide-terminated monolayer to perform amide-coupling reaction. Structural characteristic of monolayer is an important issue for further application of selt-assembled monolayer (SAM)-based molecular electronics. This study focuses on the relation between structure of alkanethiols SAM of different chain length and its sensitivity of the detection. The surface structure is characterized by electrochemical methods and STM.

The target compound in this research is clenbuterol as farmers used illegally to increase their profit gain. For the detection of clenbuterol, indirect competitive inhibition method was used. In this work, the SPR senses the dielectric constant change at the interface from the binding of the unreacted antibody to antigen-immobilized on the sensor surface. By this method, clenbuterol can be detected within ppt level and only requires 5[Formula: see text]min per sample. Furthermore, shorter chain alkanethiol sensor surface produces higher sensitivity in the detection process.
Theory of Linear and Nonlinear Surface-Enhanced Vibrational Spectroscopies
Authors: Chulhai Dhabih V. , Hu Zhongwei , Moore Justin E. , Chen Xing , Jensen Lasse
Published: April 2016

The vibrational spectroscopy of molecules adsorbed on metal nanoparticles can be enhanced by many orders of magnitude so that the detection and identification of single molecules are possible. The enhancement of most linear and nonlinear vibrational spectroscopies has been demonstrated. In this review, we discuss theoretical approaches to understanding linear and nonlinear surface-enhanced vibrational spectroscopies. A unified description of enhancement mechanisms classified as either electromagnetic or chemical in nature is presented. Emphasis is placed on understanding the spectral changes necessary for interpretation of linear and nonlinear surface-enhanced vibrational spectroscopies.
The Economics of Forest Carbon Offsets
Authors: van Kooten G. Cornelis , Johnston Craig M.T.
Published: April 2016

Annually, nearly 500 gigatonnes of CO2 are exchanged between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, and this exchange is clearly affected by human activities related to the Earth's forests. Governments are therefore willing to draft legislation incentivizing forest activities that sequester carbon to combat climate change. In this review, we examine issues related to the creation of carbon offset credits through forest conservation, burning of wood biomass in lieu of fossil fuels, and intensive commercial management that accounts for all carbon fluxes, including postharvest. In doing so, we study the costs of monitoring, measuring, and contracting; the principal-agent problem; and questions related to life cycle analyses of CO2. We can only conclude that greater care is likely needed in the future to identify carbon offsets from forestry activities if these are to be traded in emissions markets.
Evapotranspiration Partitioning and Response to Abnormally Low Water Levels in a Floodplain Wetland in China
Authors: Zhao Xiaosong , Liu Yuanbo
Published: April 2016

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important component of the wetland water budget. Water level declines in Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China, have caused concerns, especially during low water levels. However, how wetland ET and its partitioning respond to abnormally low water levels is unclear. In this study, wetland ET was estimated with MODIS data and meteorological data. The wetland ET partitioning and its relationship with abnormally low water levels were analyzed for 2000–2013. The results showed that the water evaporation rate (Ewater) was larger than the land ET rate (ETland); theETland/Ewaterranged from 0.77 to 0.99. When the water level was below 12.8 m, the ET partition ratio was larger than 1, which indicates that wetland ET comes from land surface ET more than water evaporation. The negative standardized water level index (SWI) was used to represent an abnormally low water level in the wetland. Although the monthly wetland ET decreased as the negative SWI decreased,ETlandwas higher than the average under negative SWI conditions from September to December, when the water level decreased. The abnormally low water level induced more water loss from the land surface, especially when the water level decreased, which reduced the available water resources along the wetland shore.
Nonmotor Features in Parkinson’s Disease: What Are the Most Important Associated Factors?
Authors: Kadastik-Eerme Liis , Muldmaa Mari , Lilles Stella , Rosenthal Marika , Taba Nele , Taba Pille
Published: April 2016

Introduction. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the frequency and severity of nonmotor symptoms and their correlations with a wide range of demographic and clinical factors in a large cohort of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD).Methods. 268 PD patients were assessed using the validated Movement Disorders Society’s Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39), the Hoehn and Yahr scale (HY), the Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living (SE-ADL) Scale, and the Minimental State Examination (MMSE).Results. Nonmotor symptoms had a strong positive relationship with depression and lower quality of life. Also, age, duration and severity of PD, cognitive impairment, daily dose, and duration of levodopa treatment correlated with the burden of nonmotor symptoms. Patients with postural instability and gait disorder (PIGD) dominance or with the presence of motor complications had higher MDS-UPDRS Part I scores expressing the load of nonmotor features, compared to participants with other disease subtypes or without motor complications.Conclusions. Though the severity of individual nonmotor symptoms was generally rated by PD patients as “mild” or less, we found a significant cumulative effect of nonmotor symptoms on patients’ mood, daily activities, and quality of life.
Planning the City Logistics Terminal Location by Applying the Greenp-Median Model and Type-2 Neurofuzzy Network
Authors: Pamučar Dragan , Vasin Ljubislav , Atanasković Predrag , Miličić Milica
Published: April 2016

The paper herein presents greenp-median problem (GMP) which uses the adaptive type-2 neural network for the processing of environmental and sociological parameters including costs of logistics operators and demonstrates the influence of these parameters on planning the location for the city logistics terminal (CLT) within the discrete network. CLT shows direct effects on increment of traffic volume especially in urban areas, which further results in negative environmental effects such as air pollution and noise as well as increased number of urban populations suffering from bronchitis, asthma, and similar respiratory infections. By applying the greenp-median model (GMM), negative effects on environment and health in urban areas caused by delivery vehicles may be reduced to minimum. This model creates real possibilities for making the proper investment decisions so as profitable investments may be realized in the field of transport infrastructure. The paper herein also includes testing of GMM in real conditions on four CLT locations in Belgrade City zone.
Effect of Kangfuxin Solution on Chemo/Radiotherapy‐Induced Mucositis in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Patients: A Multicenter, Prospective Randomized Phase III Clinical Study
Authors: Luo Yangkun , Feng Mei , Fan Zixuan , Zhu Xiaodong , Jin Feng , Li Rongqing , Wu Jingbo , Yang Xia , Jiang Qinghua , Bai Hongfang , Huang Yecai , Lang Jinyi
Published: April 2016

Objective. To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Kangfuxin Solution, a pure Chinese herbal medicine, on mucositis induced by chemoradiotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients. Methods. A randomized, parallel‐group, multicenter clinical study was performed. A total of 240 patients were randomized to receive either Kangfuxin Solution (test group) or compound borax gargle (control group) during chemoradiotherapy. Oral mucositis, upper gastrointestinal mucositis, and oral pain were evaluated by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) v3.0 and the Verbal Rating Scale (VRS). Results. Of 240 patients enrolled, 215 were eligible for efficacy analysis. Compared with the control group, the incidence and severity of oral mucositis in the test group were significantly reduced (P = 0.01). The time to different grade of oral mucositis occurrence (grade 1, 2, or 3) was longer in test group (P < 0.01), and the accumulated radiation dose was also higher in test group comparing to the control group (P < 0.05). The test group showed lower incidence of oral pain and gastrointestinal mucositis than the control group (P < 0.01). No significant adverse events were observed. Conclusion. Kangfuxin Solution demonstrated its superiority to compound borax gargle on mucositis induced by chemoradiotherapy. Its safety is acceptable for clinical application.
Subtypes of HPV-Positive Head and Neck Cancers Are Associated with HPV Characteristics, Copy Number Alterations, PIK3CA Mutation, and Pathway Signatures
Authors: Zhang Yanxiao , Koneva Lada A. , Virani Shama , Arthur Anna E. , Virani Alisha , Hall Pelle B. , Warden Charles D. , Carey Thomas E. , Chepeha Douglas B. , Prince Mark E. , McHugh Jonathan B. , Wolf Gregory T. , Rozek Laura S. , Sartor Maureen A.
Published: April 2016

Purpose: There is substantial heterogeneity within human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated head and neck cancer (HNC) tumors that predispose them to different outcomes; however, the molecular heterogeneity in this subgroup is poorly characterized due to various historical reasons.

Experimental Design: We performed unsupervised gene expression clustering on deeply annotated (transcriptome and genome) HPV+ HNC samples from two cohorts (84 total primary tumors), including 18 HPV− HNC samples, to discover subtypes and characterize the differences between subgroups in terms of their HPV characteristics, pathway activity, whole-genome somatic copy number alterations, and mutation frequencies.

Results: We identified two distinct HPV+ subtypes (namely HPV-KRT and HPV-IMU). HPV-KRT is characterized by elevated expression of genes in keratinocyte differentiation and oxidation–reduction process, whereas HPV-IMU has strong immune response and mesenchymal differentiation. The differences in expression are likely connected to the differences in HPV characteristics and genomic changes. HPV-KRT has more genic viral integration, lower E2/E4/E5 expression levels, and higher ratio of spliced to full-length HPV oncogene E6 than HPV-IMU; the subgroups also show differences in copy number alterations and mutations, in particular the loss of chr16q in HPV-IMU and gain of chr3q and PIK3CA mutation in HPV-KRT.

Conclusions: Our characterization of two subtypes of HPV+ HNC tumors provides valuable molecular level information that point to two main carcinogenic paths. Together, these results shed light on stratifications of the HPV+ HNCs and will help to guide personalized care for HPV+ HNC patients. Clin Cancer Res; 22(18); 4735–45. ©2016 AACR.
Contralateral Bimodal Stimulation: A Way to Enhance Speech Performance in Arabic-Speaking Cochlear Implant Patients
Authors: Abdeltawwab Mohamed M. , Khater Ahmed , El-Anwar Mohammad W.
Published: April 2016

Background: The combination of acoustic and electric stimulation as a way to enhance speech recognition performance in cochlear implant (CI) users has generated considerable interest in the recent years. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bimodal advantage of the FS4 speech processing strategy in combination with hearing aids (HA) as a means to improve low-frequency resolution in CI patients. Methods: Nineteen postlingual CI adults were selected to participate in this study. All patients wore implants on one side and HA on the contralateral side with residual hearing. Monosyllabic word recognition, speech in noise, and emotion and talker identification were assessed using CI with fine structure processing/FS4 and high-definition continuous interleaved sampling strategies, HA alone, and a combination of CI and HA. Results: The bimodal stimulation showed improvement in speech performance and emotion identification for the question/statement/order tasks, which was statistically significant compared to patients with CI alone, but there were no significant statistical differences in intragender talker discrimination and emotion identification for the happy/angry/neutral tasks. The poorest performance was obtained with HA only, and it was statistically significant compared to the other modalities. Conclusion: The bimodal stimulation showed enhanced speech performance in CI patients, and it improves the limitations provided by electric or acoustic stimulation alone.
Patient Adherence to Biologic Agents in Psoriasis
Authors: Hsu Der Yi , Gniadecki Robert
Published: April 2016

Background: Low adherence to therapies in psoriasis decreases treatment outcomes and increases the total health care costs. In spite of the wide use of biologic agents, patients' adherence to these drugs has not been extensively investigated. Objective: The aim of this study is to measure adherence to the biologic drugs in a population of patients treated for psoriasis vulgaris using the medication possession ratio (MPR) index and to survey patients' attitudes to the treatment. Methods: This is a single-center study on 247 patients with psoriasis vulgaris treated with adalimumab (n = 113), etanercept (n = 39), and ustekinumab (n = 95). MPR calculation was calculated monthly based on the hospital records documenting the dispensing of biologics to the patients. Clinical data [Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), presence of psoriatic arthritis, concomitant treatment, and cause for treatment discontinuation] were obtained from the national database DERMBIO. Patients' attitudes and beliefs were measured using the Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS). Results: A total of 93.5% of all patients had an MPR ≥0.8, indicating very good adherence. MPR was independent of patients' age, gender, median PASI or DLQI score, concomitant diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis, or treatment with methotrexate. MPR for etanercept was slightly lower than that for ustekinumab and adalimumab. The MARS questionnaire documented satisfactory understanding of the treatment and its adverse effects, and positive attitudes to the treatment. Conclusion: Adherence to biologic therapies is very high in patients with psoriasis, which is consistent with a positive attitude to the treatment.
Eccrine Poroma Arising within Nevus Sebaceous
Authors: Girdwichai Natnicha , Chanprapaph Kumutnart , Vachiramon Vasanop
Published: April 2016

Nevus sebaceous is a congenital, benign hamartomatous lesion, characterized by a yellowish to skin-colored, hairless, verrucous plaque on the head and neck region. In later life, a secondary tumor, either benign or malignant, can develop within nevus sebaceous. Eccrine poroma developing on nevus sebaceous is extremely rare. There are few case reports of eccrine poroma developing within nevus sebaceous. We report a case of a 30-year-old female who presented with a congenital, hairless, verrucous, yellowish lesion on the scalp and an erythematous nodule arising within the yellowish lesion for 8 months. Her clinical presentation and histopathological findings were compatible with nevus sebaceous and eccrine poroma.
Internet Information for Patients on Cancer Diets - an Analysis of German Websites
Authors: Herth Natalie , Kuenzel Ulrike , Liebl Patrick , Keinki Christian , Zell Joerg , Huebner Jutta
Published: April 2016

Background: In recent years, the Internet has become an important source of information for cancer patients. Various cancer diets that are publicized on the Web promise significant benefits. The aim of our study was to evaluate the quality of online patient information about cancer diets. Materials and Methods: A patient's search for ‘cancer diets' on German websites was simulated using the search engine Google. The websites were evaluated utilizing a standardized instrument with formal and content aspects. Results: An analysis of 60 websites revealed that websites from nonprofit associations as well as self-help groups offer the best content and formal ranking. Websites whose owners aim to make a profit, practices that offer cancer diet therapies, and newspapers received the poorest quality score. The majority of content provided on the Web gets published by profit-oriented content groups. Conclusion: The divergence between profit-driven websites offering low-quality content and the few trustworthy websites on cancer diets is enormous. The information given online about cancer diets may turn out to be a hazardous pitfall. In order to present evidence-based information about cancer diets, online information should be replenished to create a more accurate picture and give higher visibility to the right information.
On Writing and Weaving. Muslim Scholarship in Seventeenth-Century Central Sudanic Africa
Authors: van Dalen Dorrit
Published: April 2016

Why did a seventeenth-century scholar translate a Fulfulde text, that had long served to divulge Islamic theology in West Africa, into literary Arabic, a language that was only understood by people who were already advanced in their studies of the religion? This article explores whether his prime concern was not a translation from one language to the other, but the translation of an oral work into a written text.
STUDIES IN MESPILUS, CRATAEGUS, AND ×CRATAEMESPILUS (ROSACEAE), I. DIFFERENTIATION OF MESPILUS AND CRATAEGUS, EXPANSION OF ×CRATAEMESPILUS, WITH SUPPLEMENTARY OBSERVATIONS ON DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE CRATAEGUS AND AMELANCHIER CLADES
Authors: Phipps James B.
Published: April 2016

The paper argues the position for retaining a monotypic Mespilus, i.e., in the sense of M. germanica, the medlar.  Recent cladistic papers lend support for Mespilus being sister to Crataegus, and there is a clear morphological distinction from Crataegus, emphasized by adaptation to carnivore frugivory.  Mespilus secured, the paper then treats each of the known hybrids between Mespilus and Crataegus, making the new combination Crataemespilus ×canescens (J.B. Phipps) J.B. Phipps.
Navarretia crystallina and N. miwukensis (Polemoniaceae): new species endemic to California with affinity for soils derived from pyroclastic deposits
Authors: Johnson Leigh A. , Gowen David , Johnson Robert L. , Brabazon Holly , Goates Emily D.
Published: April 2016

Two species endemic to California in the western United States, Navarretia crystallina and N. miwukensis, are here described. Both species occur on soils derived from pyroclastic flows. N. crystallina is distributed more widely, generally at higher elevations, and occurs predominantly to the north and east of N. miwukensis. Though similar in habit to N. divaricata and N. prolifera, N. crystallina and N. miwukensis can be distinguished consistently from both of these species by inflorescence structure, bract lobing, and flower size, and from each other by bract and calyx lobe shape, inflorescence indumentum, and stamen insertion. The species are also distinguishable by DNA sequences.
A review of the genus Nymphoides (Menyanthaceae) in Iran
Authors: Saeidi Mehrvarz Shahryar , ASHOURI NODEHI MARYAM
Published: April 2016

The genus Nymphoides is a freshwater aquatic dicot represented by two species in Iran. Based on our current regional taxonomic revision of this genus, we recognize Nymphoides cristata, previously identified as Nymphoides indica in Flora Iranica. However, these species are easily distinguished from each other by having crested petal lobes in the latter. We investigated the morphology and anatomy of Nymphoides cristata and Nymphoides peltata. The most important morphological features for differentiation between these species are corolla color and inflorescence type. The anatomy of cross-sections of leaf, petiole, stem and the surface sections of leaf were studied. The following characters were found to be taxonomically informative: the presence of stellate, polyramous and ramiform foliar sclereids as well as the presence of astrosclereids in petioles and stems of both examined taxa, while spheroidal sclereids are only observed in the stems of Nymphoides peltata.
Phylogenetics, classification, and biogeography of the treefrogs (Amphibia: Anura: Arboranae)
Authors: DUELLMAN WILLIAM E. , MARION ANGELA B. , HEDGES S. BLAIR
Published: April 2016

A phylogenetic analysis of sequences from 503 species of hylid frogs and four outgroup taxa resulted in 16,128 aligned sites of 19 genes. The molecular data were subjected to a maximum likelihood analysis that resulted in a new phylogenetic tree of treefrogs. A conservative new classification based on the tree has (1) three families composing an unranked taxon, Arboranae, (2) nine subfamilies (five resurrected, one new), and (3) six resurrected generic names and five new generic names. Using the results of a maximum likelihood timetree, times of divergence were determined. For the most part these times of divergence correlated well with historical geologic events. The arboranan frogs originated in South America in the Late Mesozoic or Early Cenozoic. The family Pelodryadidae diverged from its South American relative, Phyllomedusidae, in the Eocene and invaded Australia via Antarctica. There were two dispersals from South America to North America in the Paleogene. One lineage was the ancestral stock of Acris and its relatives, whereas the other lineage, subfamily Hylinae, differentiated into a myriad of genera in Middle America.
Sedimentological and Paleoclimate Modeling Evidence for Preservation of Jurassic Annual Cycles in Sedimentation, Western Gondwana
Authors: Gugliotta Marcello , Fairman Jonathan G. , Schultz David M. , Flint Stephen S.
Published: April 2016

The Lajas Formation in the Neuquén Basin, Argentina, consists of a succession of mainly deltaic deposits. In the Middle Jurassic (170 million years ago), the basin was in western Gondwana roughly at the same paleolatitude as its present location (32°–40°S). Decimeter-scale, interbedded, coarser-grained and finer-grained beds in channelized and nonchannelized deltaic deposits have been interpreted as a product of variability in river discharge. The coarser-grained sandstone beds have erosional bases and contain mudstone clasts; internal cross bedding is commonly directed paleoseawards. These beds are interpreted as deposition during river-flood conditions. In contrast, the finer-grained beds are composed of interlaminated sandstone and mudstone, deposited during interflood periods. Bidirectional ripples and millimeter-scale sand–mud laminae suggest the influence of tides. This sedimentological evidence raises the question of whether these cycles represent annual variability in fluvial input. To answer this question, a simulation using the Fast Ocean Atmosphere Model for the Middle Jurassic was run to equilibrium. The model shows that the paleoclimate of the Neuquén Basin was characterized by a strong seasonal cycle, with a wet winter and a dry summer. Model runs suggest that February mean temperatures were 28°C with 4-mm precipitation (±4 mm standard deviation) per month, whereas August mean temperatures were 8°C with 34-mm precipitation (±17 mm standard deviation) per month. The strong seasonal cycles in the simulation, representing 24% of the variance in the precipitation time series, suggest that the sedimentological cycles represent annual variations. The simulation also suggests a Middle Jurassic climate where increased seasonality of precipitation occurred farther poleward than previously thought.
Vertical Momentum Transports Associated with Moist Convection and Gravity Waves in a Minimal Model of QBO-like Oscillation
Authors: Nishimoto Eriko , Yoden Shigeo , Bui Hoang-Hai
Published: April 2016

A self-sustained oscillation dynamically analogous to the equatorial quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) was obtained as a radiative–moist-convective quasi-equilibrium state in a minimal model of the stratosphere–troposphere coupled system, which is a two-dimensional cloud-system-resolving nonhydrostatic model with a periodic lateral boundary condition. The QBO-like oscillation shows downward propagation of the zonal mean signals in the stratosphere. In addition, in the troposphere there are periodic variations associated with the QBO-like oscillation, including organized features of moist-convective systems characterized as squall-line- or back-building-type precipitation patterns. Details of the momentum budget variation are examined to study the stratosphere–troposphere dynamical coupling associated with the QBO-like oscillation. The vertical flux of horizontal momentum is separated into three contributions of convective momentum transport (CMT) and momentum transports by upward- and downward-propagating gravity waves—that is, upward and downward gravity wave momentum transports (GWMTs)—and the time–height variations of each contribution are evaluated quantitatively. The method is based on the linear theory of gravity waves to separate upward- and non-upward-propagating contributions and uses the phase speed spectra of the total cloud mixing ratio to identify the CMT contribution. The upward GWMT predominates in the stratosphere and contributes to the acceleration of the zonal mean zonal wind. The CMT and downward GWMT are confined to the troposphere, and the former predominates. The variations of the mean zonal wind modulate the organization of convective systems, and the squall-line- and back-building-type patterns appear alternately. According to the modulation of convective systems, the spectral features of every momentum transport vary periodically.
The Realization of Extreme Tornadic Storm Events under Future Anthropogenic Climate Change
Authors: Trapp Robert J. , Hoogewind Kimberly A.
Published: April 2016

This research seeks to answer the basic question of how current-day extreme tornadic storm events might be realized under future anthropogenic climate change. The pseudo global warming (PGW) methodology was adapted for this purpose. Three contributions to the CMIP5 archive were used to obtain the mean 3D atmospheric state simulated during May 1990–99 and May 2090–99. The climate change differences (or Δs) in temperature, relative humidity, pressure, and winds were added to NWP analyses of three high-end tornadic storm events, and this modified atmospheric state was then used for initial and boundary conditions for real-data WRF Model simulations of the events at high resolution. Comparison of an ensemble of these simulations with control simulations (CTRL) facilitated assessment of PGW effects.

In contrast to the robust development of supercellular convection in each CTRL, the combined effects of increased convective inhibition (CIN) and decreased parcel lifting under PGW led to a failure of convection initiation in many of the experiments. Those experiments that had sufficient matching between the CIN and lifting tended to generate stronger convective updrafts than CTRL, although not in proportion to the projected higher levels of convective available potential energy (CAPE) under PGW. In addition, the experiments with enhanced updrafts also tended to have enhanced vertical rotation. In fact, such supercellular convection was even found in simulations that were driven with PGW-reduced environmental wind shear. Notably, the PGW modifications did not induce a change in the convective morphology in any of the PGW experiments with significant convective storminess.
Circulation and Stirring in the Southeast Pacific Ocean and the Scotia Sea Sectors of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Authors: Balwada Dhruv , Speer Kevin G. , LaCasce Joseph H. , Owens W. Brechner , Marshall John , Ferrari Raffaele
Published: April 2016

The large-scale middepth circulation and eddy diffusivities in the southeast Pacific Ocean and Scotia Sea sectors between 110° and 45°W of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) are described based on a subsurface quasi-isobaric RAFOS-float-based Lagrangian dataset. These RAFOS float data were collected during the Diapycnal and Isopycnal Mixing Experiment in the Southern Ocean (DIMES). The mean flow, adjusted to a common 1400-m depth, shows the presence of jets in the time-averaged sense with speeds of 6 cm s−1 in the southeast Pacific Ocean and upward of 13 cm s−1 in the Scotia Sea. These jets appear to be locked to topography in the Scotia Sea but, aside from negotiating a seamount chain, are mostly free of local topographic constraints in the southeast Pacific Ocean. The eddy kinetic energy (EKE) is higher than the mean kinetic energy everywhere in the sampled domain by about 50%. The magnitude of the EKE increases drastically (by a factor of 2 or more) as the current crosses over the Hero and Shackleton fracture zones into the Scotia Sea. The meridional isopycnal stirring shows lateral and vertical variations with local eddy diffusivities as high as 2800 ± 600 m2 s−1 at 700 m decreasing to 990 ± 200 m2 s−1 at 1800 m in the southeast Pacific Ocean. However, the cross-ACC diffusivity in the southeast Pacific Ocean is significantly lower, with values of 690 ± 150 and 1000 ± 200 m2 s−1 at shallow and deep levels, respectively, due to the action of jets. The cross-ACC diffusivity in the Scotia Sea is about 1200 ± 500 m2 s−1.
Simulation Method Linking Dense Microalgal Culture Spectral Properties in the 400–750 nm Range to the Physiology of the Cells
Authors: Bellini Sarah , Bendoula Ryad , Le Floc’h Emilie , Carré Claire , Mas Sébastien , Vidussi Francesca , Fouilland Eric , Roger Jean-Michel
Published: April 2016

This work describes a method to model the optical properties over the (400−750 nm) spectral range of a dense microalgal culture using the chemical and physical properties of the algal cells. The method was based on a specific program called AlgaSim coupled with the adding–doubling method: at the individual cell scale, AlgaSim simulates the spectral properties of one model, three-layer spherical algal cell from its size and chemical composition. As a second step, the adding–doubling method makes it possible to retrieve the total transmittance of the algal medium from the optical properties of the individual algal cells. The method was tested by comparing the simulated total transmittance spectra for dense marine microalgal cultures of Isochrysis galbana (small flagellates) and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (diatoms) to spectra measured using an experimental spectrophotometric setup. Our study revealed that the total transmittance spectra simulated for the quasi-spherical cells of Isochrysis galbana were in good agreement with the measured spectra over the whole spectral range. For Phaeodactylum tricornutum, large differences between simulated and measured spectra were observed over the blue part of the transmittance spectra, probably due to non-spherical shape of the algal cells. Prediction of the algal cell density, mean size and pigment composition from the total transmittance spectra measured on algal samples was also investigated using the reversal of the method. Mean cell size was successfully predicted for both species. The cell density was also successfully predicted for spherical Isochrysis galbana, with a relative error below 7%, but not for elongated Phaeodactylum tricornutum with a relative error up to 26%. The pigments total quantity and composition, the carotenoids:chlorophyll ratio in particular, were also successfully predicted for Isochrysis galbana with a relative error below 8%. However, the pigment predictions and measurements for Phaeodactylum tricornutum showed large discrepancies, with a relative error up to 88%. These results give strong support for the development of a promising tool providing rapid and accurate estimations of biomass and physiological status of a dense microalgal culture based on only light transmittance properties.
Political skill, organizational justice, and career success in mainland China
Authors: Lu Xiaojun , Guy Mary E.
Published: April 2016

Organizational justice is a topic popularized for Western bureaucracies but there is less known about its influence in Eastern cultures. This research tests how organizational justice moderates the relationship between political skill and career success in the Chinese public sector. Analysis reveals that four dimensions of political skill (networking ability, apparent sincerity, social astuteness, and interpersonal influence) correlate positively with career success (measured as perceived internal marketability and perceived career success). Although hypothesized that organizational justice would lessen the influence of political skill on career success as a result of the implementation of formal merit-based pay rules, findings show that political skill is only partially moderated. While lessening the value of social astuteness, a positive relationship between interpersonal influence and internal marketability remains.

Points for practitioners

Profound changes in China’s salary system challenge traditional workplace customs. The implementation of merit-based pay requires a fair procedure for determining salary raises. In China, personalism remains a driving force because of the importance of guanxi. This affects how formal merit-based pay systems function in the East. Chinese culture tempers Western notions of organizational justice with its persistent reliance on political skill. This blend of worker behavior and career success, moderated by a conceptualization of organizational justice that embraces political skill, complicates the application of Western management systems in the East.
What they bring to the new land: Stories of Colombian refugee women in Canada
Authors: Bonnycastle Marleny M
Published: April 2016

In this article, I explore the mechanisms by which Colombian women war survivors, who were internally displaced in Colombia and are now living in Canada as refugees, exercised agency to learn, build knowledge and transcend the limitations of their situations. This article focuses on exploring the learning, knowledge, and types of agency women deploy while living in violent environments as well as in their new homelands.
The Eschatological Future of the Jews in the ‘Vine Diagram’ of Joachim of Fiore
Authors: Ambrus Gábor
Published: April 2016

Against the background of Early Scholasticism, with its reinvigorated Christocentrism and recently developed anti-Jewish polemics, the theology of Joachim of Fiore stands out markedly. Although, in his Trinitarian view of history, the Age of the Holy Spirit as the third and final stage will be introduced by the conversion of the Jews, Joachim’s visual theology goes even further. In his ‘vine diagram,’ the Jews and the Gentiles as the two peoples of history are pictured as making up its tripartite course which is first dominated by the Jews, then by the Gentile Christians and, finally, by the union of the two peoples. This diagram and its view of history, however, cannot be reduced to a numerical structure in the shape of its three circles formed by two branches. As a remarkable achievement of manuscript illumination, a luxuriant and overabundant foliage crowns the figure with the aesthetic quality of incalculability.
Visual Aesthetic Perceptions and Preferences in Conserved Objects of Plain Silk
Authors: Nilsson Johanna , Axelsson Östen
Published: April 2016

Three conservation methods were executed on bonnets in plain monochrome silk, to investigate which method is perceived as the most visually aesthetic; 11 bonnets were produced, 10 given identical damages, and 9 were conserved, 3 with each method. The damage was secured onto a support fabric with laid couching, a long stitch fastened with short perpendicular stitches, or brick couching, short stitches placed like brick-work, or covered with crepeline (a semi-transparent silk). The participants were 30 Swedish textile conservators (29 women; ages 29–78 years, M = 51.9, SD = 12.9), and 30 museum visitors (20 women; ages 15–74 years, M = 41.1, SD = 18.3). The participants’ task was to rate the bonnets on a 100-point continuous preference scale, based on how visually attractive they found each bonnet. Preferences were compared between the two groups of participants and the conservation methods. The bonnets with crepeline were the most preferred, and those with laid couching were the least preferred, among both groups of participants.
Glargine Insulin Use Versus Continuous Regular Insulin in Diabetic Surgical Noncritically Ill Patients Receiving Parenteral Nutrition: Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Hakeam Hakeam A. , Mulia Hamdy A. , Azzam Ayman , Amin Tarek
Published: April 2016

Background: Hyperglycemia is a major complication of parenteral nutrition (PN). Guidelines for hyperglycemia management in noncritically ill patients cite basal insulin administration but do not recommend a regimen. The GLUCOSE‐in‐PN study aimed to compare the efficacy of glargine insulin versus continuously infused regular insulin in PN (RI‐in‐PN) to achieve glycemic control in noncritically ill surgical patients with diabetes who were receiving PN. Methods: This prospective randomized open‐label study was conducted at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre. Noncritically ill surgical patients with diabetes who were receiving PN were randomized to receive basal glargine insulin or RI‐in‐PN on day 4 of PN support. Mean blood glucose levels were compared on study days 5–9. The percentages of blood glucose measurements at goal were compared between groups. Results: Sixty‐seven PN treatment episodes were analyzed. There were no statistically significant differences in mean glucose levels between groups on any study day (P > .1). Overall glycemic control rates were 52.24% (glargine insulin) and 47.76% (RI‐in‐PN; P = .06). A significantly higher percentage of hyperglycemia was observed on day 5 for glargine insulin versus RI‐in‐PN (22.39% vs 5.97%, P = .0059). Blood glucose measurements indicated 6 hypoglycemic events: 2 for glargine insulin (5.7%) and 4 for RI‐in‐PN (11.4%; P > .1). Conclusion: Both glargine insulin and RI‐in‐PN are effective basal insulin modalities for blood glucose control in noncritically ill surgical patients with diabetes who are receiving PN. Uncontrolled hyperglycemic events occurred more frequently with glargine insulin, and the rate of hypoglycemia was acceptable for both regimens.