bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategies to Prevent Violence Against Children in the Home: A Systematic Review of Reviews
Authors: Cuartas Jorge , Salazar Ana , Backhaus Sophia , Little Madison T. , McCoy Dana , Yoshikawa Hirokazu , Bass Michelle , Metheny Nicholas , Knaul Felicia
Published: April 2024

Violence against children (VAC) in the home, or by household members, is a human rights and social problem with long-lasting consequences for individuals and society. Global policy instruments like the INSPIRE package have proposed strategies to prevent VAC, including Implementation and enforcement of laws, Norms and values, Safe environments, Parent and caregiver support, Income and economic strengthening, Response and support services, and Education and life skills. This systematic review of reviews aimed to synthesize the recent evidence base (i.e., published since 2000) for each INSPIRE strategy to reduce VAC in the home or by household members. We searched four databases using controlled vocabularies and keywords and searched for additional records in prior reviews of reviews. A total of 67 studies were included in this review, including literature reviews, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and other types of reviews. We found extensive evidence supporting the effectiveness of parent and caregiver support interventions. However, reviews on other INSPIRE strategies were scarce. We also found a vast underrepresentation of samples from low- and- middle-income countries, children with disabilities, and families affected by forced displacement and conflict. In sum, this systematic review suggests that there are several promising strategies to prevent VAC (e.g., home visiting and parent education), but further research is necessary to strengthen the current body of evidence and effectively inform the implementation and scale-up of evidence-based interventions to protect children from violence globally.
The Multidisciplinary Team in the Treatment of Patients With Epilepsy
Authors: Stern John , Stanton Susan , Howe-Martin Laura , Lane Chadrick , Sports Christine , Gidal Barry , Soby Meghann , Das Rohit R.
Published: April 2024

Optimal care for people with epilepsy (PwE) requires a multidisciplinary patient-oriented team, a concept that emerged from oncology. This article reviews the role of advanced practice providers, dieticians, psychologists, pharmacists, psychiatrists, and social workers in working alongside neurologists in caring for PwE. The article examines training and licensure requirements, clinical needs, and scope of practice for these disciplines. The review concludes by providing recommendations and a framework for multidisciplinary care for PwE.
The Effects of an Instructional Package on Reading Skills for Multilingual Learners With Extensive Support Needs
Authors: Frates Adriana , Spooner Fred , Collins Belva , Peterson Patricia
Published: April 2024

In the current study, investigators examined the effects of an instructional reading package consisting of shared reading and systematic instruction (e.g., task analysis, system of least prompts, visual supports, and native language support) in a small group setting on percentage of correct consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) words for three elementary participants with extensive support needs who also were multilingual learners. A multiple probe design across word sets with replication across participants resulted in a functional relation between the percentage of correct CVC words acquired and the instructional package. In addition, there were positive changes in exploratory (secondary) dependent variables that included components of reading (i.e., phonemic awareness, fluency, vocabulary, comprehension, and generalization) as demonstrated through pre-posttest assessments. Social validity measures for parents, students, and paraprofessionals also revealed positive pre-post changes. Limitations and future research are discussed.
Masculinity, Meat, and Veg*nism: A Scoping Review
Authors: Velzeboer Rob , Li Eric , Gao Nina , Sharp Paul , Oliffe John L.
Published: April 2024

Men historically consume more meat than women, show fewer intentions to reduce meat consumption, and are underrepresented among vegans and vegetarians. Eating meat strongly aligns with normative masculinities, decisively affirming that “real men” eat meat and subordinating men who choose to be veg* n (vegan or vegetarian). The emergence of meat alternatives and increasing environmental concerns may contest these long-standing masculine norms and hierarchies. The current scoping review addresses the research question what are the connections between masculinities and men’s attitudes and behaviors toward meat consumption and veg*nism? Using keywords derived from two key concepts, “men” and “meat,” 39 articles were selected and analyzed to inductively derive three thematic findings; (a) Meat as Masculine, (b) Veg*n Men as Othered, and (c) Veg*nism as Contemporary Masculinity. Meat as Masculine included how men’s gendered identities, defenses, and physicalities were entwined with meat consumption. Veg*n Men as Othered explored the social and cultural challenges faced by men who adopt meatless diets, including perceptions of emasculation. Veg*nism as Contemporary Masculinity was claimed by men who eschewed meat in their diets and advocated for veg*nism as legitimate masculine capital through linkages to physical strength, rationality, self-determination, courage, and discipline. In light of the growing concern about the ecological impact of meat production and the adverse health outcomes associated with its excessive consumption, this review summarizes empirical connections between masculinities and the consumption of meat to consider directions for future men’s health promotion research, policy, and practice.
Exploring the Potential for Cultural Humility in the Evolving Field of Mixed Methods Research
Authors: Toraman Turk Sinem , Plano Clark Vicki L. , Guetterman Timothy C. , Curry Leslie A.
Published: April 2024

The field of mixed methods research embraces diversity and encourages researchers to combine different perspectives, approaches, and methods to achieve meaningful insights. Navigating such rich diversity can pose challenges that can benefit from ongoing, critical self-reflection. This article introduces the concept of cultural humility in the context of mixed methods research. We aim to enhance understanding of how cultural humility can foster awareness and encourage constructive critique of assumptions, policies, and practices in the field of mixed methods research. This article serves as a foundational resource for mixed methods researchers, practitioners, and scholars to embrace cultural humility in the field. We close with a set of prompts to spark critical self-reflection and dialogue within the field.
Control and analysis of floating ability of aeronautical cylindrical spiral groove gas seal based on F-K model
Authors: Ding Junhua , Yu Shurong , Lu Junjie , Ding Xuexing
Published: April 2024

The slip flow phenomenon caused by the gas floating seal in ultra-thin gas films and high-altitude rarefied gas environments occurs frequently. This study represents the first attempt to calculate the gas film floating force by considering the coupling relationship among the slip flow effect, the surface micro-grooves, and the eccentricity using a high-precision eight-node finite difference method based on the linearized Boltzmann equation for a spiral-grooved cylindrical gas seal. Furthermore, the influence of slip flow on the operational and groove parameters of the spiral-grooved cylindrical gas seal is investigated and discussed. Results show that the velocity gradient of the lubrication gas is reduced and the effect of the fluid hydrodynamic pressure is weakened because of slip flow, particularly in high-speed, low-pressure, and high-eccentricity fields. However, increases in groove depth, number, and length improve the gas film floating force, which strengthens the slip flow response in the grooves. Therefore, the slip flow reduces the gas film floating force, but when the groove depth exceeds 32 μm and the groove length is greater than 45 mm, the slip flow may become negligible. The results presented here provide a theoretical basis to broaden the application scope of dynamic seals in the aerospace field.
Fault diagnosis of pump truck waterproof valves using multi-sensor high-dimensional time-domain feature expansion map
Authors: Zhang Rui , Yi Jiyan , Guan Hanlin , Xiao Yao , Tao Wangfang , Ren Yan
Published: April 2024

The master cylinder of most pump trucks is equipped with a waterproof valve, whose purpose is to prevent water from the tank from entering the master cylinder. Once waterproof valve fails to failure, the waterproof valve at the main cylinder can only be supported by a BS seal (this seal is very easy to fail), which results in oil emulsification and pollution of the hydraulic system. Therefore, a fault diagnosis method combining a multi-sensor high-dimensional time-domain feature expansion map (MHTFEM) with an attentional convolutional capsule network (ACCN) is proposed. In this method, the raw vibration signals acquired by all sensors are first preprocessed to generate a high-dimensional feature matrix. Then the different high-dimensional feature matrices are stitched, expanded and generated into grayscale images, followed by randomly dividing the training set and the testing set. Finally, the training set is brought into the ACCN for training and the testing set is brought into the network model for fault type identification. A test bench was built to confirm the effectiveness of the method for waterproof valve fault diagnosis. This provides a method to achieve intelligent fault diagnosis of construction machinery to ensure its reliability.
Love (and) ageing well: A qualitative study of sexual health in the context of ageing well among women aged 50 and over
Authors: Patterson Sophie , Jehan Kate
Published: April 2024

Background:

The United Nations has declared 2021–2030 the ‘Decade of Healthy Ageing’ and identified the need to strengthen the evidence base on interpretations and determinants of healthy ageing to inform policy.

Objectives:

This study sought to interrogate a ‘policy blind spot’ and examine interpretations and experiences of sexuality and sexual health within the context of ageing well among women aged 50+.

Design:

The qualitative study design was underpinned by an interpretivist epistemology. Research was guided by principles of feminist scholarship and located in an affirmative ageing framework.

Methods:

Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted between April–June 2019 with 21 English-speaking women aged 52–76. Women were recruited through community organizations in North West England. Transcripts were analysed using a framework approach to thematic analysis, applying an inductive approach to theme generation.

Results:

Narratives encompassed six broad themes: reflections on ‘ageing well’; age alone does not define sexuality and sexual health; interpretations of sexual health and sexuality; vulnerability and resistance in later-life sexual health; narratives of (in)visibility; and reimagining services to promote sexual health in later life. There was a dominant belief that sexual health represents a component of ageing well, despite a broad spectrum of sexual expression and health challenges. Sexual expression was diversely shaped by conflicting societal expectations within an evolving digitized environment. In clinical settings, however, sexual health discussions were often muted or framed from a disease-focussed lens. Women expressed a preference for holistic, person-centred sexual health provision from an orientation of wellness to support varied sexual expression, sensitive to wider health, life and relationship realities.

Conclusion:

This work strengthens calls to disentangle sexual health from disease-centred narratives and legitimize sexual health as part of the healthy ageing agenda.
Project lightspeed: A case study in research ethics and accelerated vaccine development
Authors: Leisinger Klaus , Schroeder Doris
Published: April 2024

The COVID-19 pathogen led to a fast expanding pandemic because it proved lethal in certain populations but could be transmitted by persons who appeared healthy. As a result, researchers came under unprecedented time pressure to develop a vaccine. This case study focuses on the first COVID-19 vaccine, which was approved for use in humans, known as Comirnaty, the BioNTech-Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine or Vaccine BNT162b2. With the benefit of hindsight, we show how close collaboration with regulators and trust-based decisions meant that the race for a COVID-19 vaccine was won without purposefully infecting healthy participants with an infectious agent that can cause severe illness or death and for which no rescue therapy had existed.
Uncertain world: How children’s curiosity and intolerance of uncertainty relate to their behaviour and emotion under uncertainty
Authors: Ryan Zoe J , Dodd Helen F , FitzGibbon Lily
Published: April 2024

Curiosity and intolerance of uncertainty (IU) are both thought to drive information seeking but may have different affective profiles; curiosity is often associated with positive affective responses to uncertainty and improved learning outcomes, whereas IU is associated with negative affective responses and anxiety. Curiosity and IU have not previously been examined together in children but may both play an important role in understanding how children respond to uncertainty. Our research aimed to examine how individual differences in parent-reported curiosity and IU were associated with behavioural and emotional responses to uncertainty. Children aged 8 to 12 ( n = 133) completed a game in which they were presented with an array of buttons on the screen that, when clicked, played neutral or aversive sounds. Children pressed buttons (information seeking) and rated their emotions and worry under conditions of high and low uncertainty. Facial expressions were also monitored for affective responses. Analyses revealed that children sought more information under high uncertainty than low uncertainty trials and that more curious children reported feeling happier. Contrary to expectations, IU and curiosity were not related to the number of buttons children pressed, nor to their self-reported emotion or worry. However, exploratory analyses suggest that children who are high in IU may engage in more information seeking that reflects checking or safety-seeking than those who are low in IU. In addition, our findings suggest that there may be age-related change in the effects of IU on worry, with IU more strongly related to worry in uncertain situations for older children than younger children.
Face matching and self-insight: A Registered Report investigating individual differences in metacognitive sensitivity, efficiency, and bias
Authors: Kramer Robin SS , McIntosh Robert D
Published: April 2024

Deciding whether two face photographs depict the same person or not can be a challenging task, and there are substantial individual differences in face matching ability. Far less is known about differences in metacognitive ability; that is, how well people can estimate the quality of their own face matching judgements. The purpose of this Registered Report was to determine the relationship between first-order performance in a face matching task, and three metacognitive measures: metacognitive sensitivity (the information exploited by metacognition), metacognitive efficiency (the quality of metacognitive processing itself), and metacognitive bias (the overall tendency towards high or low confidence). Participants completed a 200-trial unfamiliar face matching task, providing a second-order (metacognitive) confidence rating after each first-order (cognitive) response. Cognitive performance and metacognitive sensitivity showed a substantial positive association ( rs = .60), suggesting that they were based on overlapping information, with poorer performers having lower quality information available. Once these differences in the information available to metacognition were accounted for, the quality of metacognitive processing itself (metacognitive efficiency) did not vary systematically with cognitive performance ( rs = .00). Moreover, poor performers were not less or more confident overall than good performers, as cognitive performance and metacognitive bias did not correlate significantly ( rs = .11). These findings allow us to move beyond consideration of group-level insight and inform regarding individual differences in cognitive and metacognitive abilities.
Meta-analyses in cholestatic pregnancy: The outstanding clinical questions
Authors: Capatina Nadejda , Ovadia Caroline
Published: April 2024

Reports of adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with maternal pruritus and liver impairment have circulated since the 1800s, yet the precise diagnosis and management of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy have varied markedly. Recent evidence, including that from individual participant data meta-analyses, has provided an evidence that brings us closer to standardised, and optimal, management of the condition. Based upon increased adverse perinatal outcomes with higher bile acid concentrations, disease management should be according to severity (defined by peak bile acid concentration) in order to recommend appropriate gestation of birth. Similarly, the reduced spontaneous preterm birth rate for patients receiving ursodeoxycholic acid treatment suggests potential benefit for the treatment of patients with moderate-severe disease.
Overview of systematic reviews comparing endovascular to best medical treatment for large-vessel occlusion acute ischaemic stroke: an umbrella review
Authors: Safouris Apostolos , Palaiodimou Lina , Katsanos Aristeidis H. , Kargiotis Odysseas , Bougioukas Konstantinos I. , Psychogios Klearchos , Sidiropoulou Tatiana , Spiliopoulos Stavros , Psychogios Marios-Nikos , Magoufis Georgios , Turc Guillaume , Tsivgoulis Georgios
Published: April 2024

Background:

The literature on endovascular treatment (EVT) for large-vessel occlusion (LVO) acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) has been rapidly increasing after the publication of positive randomized-controlled clinical trials (RCTs) and a plethora of systematic reviews (SRs) showing benefit compared to best medical therapy (BMT) for LVO.

Objectives:

An overview of SRs (umbrella review) and meta-analysis of primary RCTs were performed to summarize the literature and present efficacy and safety of EVT.

Design and methods:

MEDLINE via Pubmed, Embase and Epistemonikos databases were searched from January 2015 until 15 October 2023. All SRs of RCTs comparing EVT to BMT were included. Quality was assessed using Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews scores and the RoB 2 Cochrane Collaboration tool, as appropriate. GRADE approach was used to evaluate the strength of evidence. Data were presented according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Overviews of Reviews statement. The primary outcome was 3-month good functional outcome [modified Rankin scale (mRS) score 0–2].

Results:

Three eligible SRs and 4 additional RCTs were included in the overview, comprising a total of 24 RCTs, corresponding to 5968 AIS patients with LVO (3044 randomized to EVT versus 2924 patients randomized to BMT). High-quality evidence shows that EVT is associated with an increased likelihood of good functional outcome [risk ratio (RR) 1.78 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.54–2.06); 166 more per 1000 patients], independent ambulation [mRS-scores 0–3; RR 1.50 (95% CI: 1.37–1.64); 174 more per 1000 patients], excellent functional outcome [mRS-scores 0–1; RR 1.90 (95% CI: 1.62–2.22); 118 more per 1000 patients] at 3 months. EVT was associated with reduced 3-month mortality [RR 0.81 (95% CI: 0.74–0.88); 61 less per 1000 patients] despite an increase in symptomatic intracranial haemorrhage [sICH; RR 1.65 (95% CI: 1.23–2.21); 22 more per 1000 patients].

Conclusion:

In patients with AIS due to LVO in the anterior or posterior circulation, within 24 h from symptom onset, EVT improves functional outcomes and increases the chance of survival despite increased sICH risk.

Registration:

PROSPERO Registration Number CRD42023461138.
TROPION-Breast03: a randomized phase III global trial of datopotamab deruxtecan ± durvalumab in patients with triple-negative breast cancer and residual invasive disease at surgical resection after neoadjuvant therapy
Authors: Bardia Aditya , Pusztai Lajos , Albain Kathy , Ciruelos Eva Maria , Im Seock-Ah , Hershman Dawn , Kalinsky Kevin , Isaacs Claudine , Loirat Delphine , Testa Laura , Tokunaga Eriko , Wu Jiong , Dry Hannah , Barlow William , Kozarski Robert , Maxwell Micah , Harbeck Nadia , Sharma Priyanka
Published: April 2024

Background:

Despite advances in the treatment of early triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), patients with residual invasive disease after neoadjuvant therapy have a high risk of disease recurrence and worse survival outcomes than those who have pathological complete response (pCR). Improving outcomes in early TNBC remains an unmet need requiring new adjuvant treatment approaches. Datopotamab deruxtecan (Dato-DXd) is an antibody–drug conjugate comprising a humanized anti-trophoblast cell-surface antigen 2 immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody attached via a plasma-stable, cleavable linker to a potent topoisomerase I inhibitor payload, with activity observed in advanced TNBC.

Objectives:

TROPION-Breast03 is an ongoing phase III study evaluating the efficacy and safety of Dato-DXd alone or combined with durvalumab versus standard-of-care therapy as adjuvant treatment in patients with stage I–III TNBC with residual invasive disease at surgical resection following neoadjuvant treatment.

Methods and design:

Eligible patients, aged ⩾18 years, will be randomized in a 2:1:2 ratio to receive Dato-DXd [6 mg/kg intravenously (IV) every 3 weeks (Q3W); eight cycles] and durvalumab (1120 mg IV Q3W; nine cycles), Dato-DXd monotherapy (6 mg/kg IV Q3W), or investigator’s choice of therapy (ICT; capecitabine, pembrolizumab, or capecitabine and pembrolizumab). The primary endpoint is invasive disease-free survival (iDFS) for Dato-DXd and durvalumab versus ICT. Key secondary endpoints include safety, distant disease-free survival, and overall survival for Dato-DXd and durvalumab versus ICT and iDFS for Dato-DXd monotherapy versus ICT.

Ethics:

TROPION-Breast03 will be approved by the independent ethics committees or institutional review boards at each study site. All study participants will provide written informed consent.

Discussion:

TROPION-Breast03 will help define the potential role of Dato-DXd in the treatment of patients with early-stage TNBC who do not have pCR after neoadjuvant therapy.

Trial registration:

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT05629585 (registration date: 29 November 2022).
The Iceberg in the Room: A Causal Layered Analysis of Self with the Futures Sense of Yearning
Authors: Westacott Marguerite
Published: April 2024

This Futures focussed paper shares my creative response to a reflexive ricochet of being researcher, to unexpectedly becoming the researched and back again. I am currently using phenomenologically art-led and heuristic research methods to explore the implications of the Futures Senses in tertiary career education. The field of career theory is holistic and multidisciplinary. It draws from psychological, sociological and cultural fields to contextualise human action across the lifespan. Therefore, I work with people in transition and anticipation. This paper emerged from my immersion in the Futures Sense of Yearning and the moment I recognised the futures sense of Yearning in myself. This unexpected epiphany initiated a reflexive response as spectator of, and traveller on, my own transitional and anticipatory experience which was hovering in the spaces between the inner and outer self. Using a Jungian spontaneous drawing technique I set to give voice to what Jung noted as the ‘… two worlds: the world of the external perception and the world of the perception of the unconscious…’. This process revealed latent embodied knowing that surfaced through dialogue with the artwork. The layered emergent data of the artwork is analysed using a Causal Layered Analysis (CLA). The CLA invites diverse and layered perspectives of the subject of inquiry by examining it from the perspectives of litany, systems, worldviews and metaphor. Inayatullah uses an iceberg analogy, to illustrate the layers of an inquiry that are simultaneously exposed and discrete; known, unknown and ‘re-known’. Thus, a CLA of self is used, to reveal the ‘iceburg in the room’, with intention to explicate the meaning of the personal, as it relates to the collective.
From DeFault to DeSign: Symbols, Memes, Acronyms, Emojis, & Other Visual Cues Across Time
Authors: Araneo Phyllis
Published: April 2024

This chapter explores the wild and wonderful visual world of iconic imagery including current day memes, acronyms, emojis and other common forms of visual communication. The study reviews a range of visual examples and their meanings beginning with the Renaissance through to futures and asks the questions Does imagery have an effect on reality? Can imagery be engineered to have a desired effect on futures? Data collection involves archetypal imagery that has appeared in the past, its meaning and influence on societies to the present-day explosion of optical bombardment through social media, screens and advertising, and their impact and influence on current culture. The data includes a look at conscientious, principled futures generated imagery and its possible connection to the creation of futures. Causal Layered Analysis (CLA) provides a comparative methodology for this investigation though enabling a comprehensive understanding of various possible interpretations of an image’s intention and perception based on analysis of graphic symbology. It does this in the form of a series of scenarios developed from the CLA. Analysis within the CLAs is sometimes aided by artificial intelligence. This is done by asking questions in ChatGPT and expanding/consolidating and/or chopping/changing the responses. From a surface peek at visual data to the depths of underlying meaning within the collective human psyche this analysis seeks to provide a provocative poke at our everyday overlooking of these day-to-day visual assaults. The study aims to offer refreshing insights into the power of an image and its ability to possibly affect thinking, feeling and action across the continuum of time into futures and what this may mean in this current pivotal era of consciousness.
A comparison of far-field explosive loads by a selection of current and emerging blast software
Authors: Chester Alastair , Critchley Richard , Hazael Rachael
Published: April 2024

In blast resistant design, simulation data may be used to generate the explosive loads that would be witnessed by the detonation of a high explosive device. There are many software packages available to simulate explosions, and this study aims to provide a comparison of a selection of them, including some recently available, with the aim of forming an understanding of the potential accuracies and speed of these in far-field explosive prediction. Software selection criteria were formed by a literature survey to highlight the commonly commercially used programmes. Each software package was used to predict the far-field effects of overpressure and specific impulse from two explosive charges against a reflective target. The data generated by these simulations were then critically compared and reviewed, both with respect to each other and, for the 100 kg charge size, with respect to experimental data. It shows that for the simulated scenarios, after domain and cell size fidelity studies have been performed, the choice of software may lead to a variance in prediction in the peak overpressure of up to 50%, specific impulse of up to 15%, and simulation run times by a factor of 600.
Understanding students’ perceived need satisfaction, enjoyment, and participation intention in a leaderboard-based math practice game
Authors: Gao Fei , Rogers Kimberly Cervello , Li Lan
Published: April 2024

Though many studies suggest the positive effects of leaderboard on participants’ learning and motivation, research also shows that not all students benefit from the use of leaderboard. Based on self-determination theory (SDT), this study examined how students’ actual competence, perceived competence, perceived autonomy, and perceived relatedness affected students’ enjoyment and intention for future participation in a leaderboard-based math practice game. The results showed that both perceived competence and perceived autonomy were closely related to students’ enjoyment and intention for future participation, while students’ actual competence and perceived relatedness were not related to their enjoyment or intention for future participation in such leaderboard-based math practice games. The findings of the study offer valuable insights and recommendations for both gamification research and practice.
Students’ Practice of Digital Citizenship Values at Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University
Authors: BinJwair Amani , Bingimlas Khalid
Published: April 2024

This study assesses the degree to which students practice digital citizenship values at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University. The researchers identified elements of digital citizenship and divided them into three areas: respect, education, and protection. Following a descriptive approach, the sample consisted of 540 male and female students who were randomly selected. The study found strong results in all three areas, although protection had the lowest practice. Female students were significantly more likely than male students to practice these values. Significant differences were also found according to field of study.
Social Entrepreneurship, Employment, and Financial Performance: A Latent Growth Modeling Approach
Authors: Kim Cheol Young
Published: April 2024

The social value created by organizations has been in the spotlight during periods of rapid social change, such as COVID-19. However, the existing literature has been limited by the inability to demonstrate the cumulative effects of social value over time, which has led to academic and practical limitations. Drawing on stakeholder theory, socially responsible customer behavior, and institutional theory, the author collected data from 208 social enterprises in South Korea over 3 years, from 2017 to 2019, and tested hypotheses using latent growth modeling. This analytical technique, which uses structural equation modeling, estimates the latent growth rate of each data measure by year and analyzes the causal relationship between the growth rate of each variable. The results show that higher levels of social entrepreneurship are associated with higher growth rates of total employment and vulnerable worker employment, followed by higher growth rates of financial performance. The implications of this paper are as follows. First, this study reports that social entrepreneurship can help social enterprises develop sustainably by increasing financial performance. Second, this study overcomes the methodological limitations of the existing literature by reporting the relationship between growth rates. Third, this study reports that social enterprises can help solve employment problems for vulnerable populations, who are often the first to be affected by the economic crisis. Fourth, this study contributes to resolving the conflicting and contradictory perspectives of practitioners and academics on the relationship between social and economic value. Fifth, it offers suggestions for the future direction of the academic field.
A Comprehensive Prospective Analysis of Surgical Outcomes and Adverse Events in Spinal Procedures Among Octogenarians: A Detailed Analysis From a German Tertiary Center
Authors: Lenga Pavlina , Dao Trong Philip , Papakonstantinou Vassilios , Unterberg Andreas W. , Ishak Basem
Published: April 2024

Study design

Prospective case series.

Objectives

Drawing from prospective data, this study delves into the frequency and nature of adverse events (AEs) following spinal surgery specifically in octogenarians, shedding light on the challenges and implications of treating this specific cohort as well as on risk factors for their occurrence.

Methods

Octogenarians who received spinal surgery and were discharged between January 2019 and December 2022 were proactively included in our study. An AE was characterized as any incident transpiring within the initial 30 days after surgery that led to an unfavorable outcome.

Results

From January 2020 to December 2022, 184 octogenarian patients (average age: 83.1 ± 2.8 years) underwent spinal surgeries. Of these, 81.5% were elective and 18.5% were emergencies, with 69.0% addressing degenerative pathologies. Using the Charlson Comorbidity Index, the mean score was 8.1 ± 2.2, highlighting cardiac diseases as predominant. Surgical details show 71.2% had decompression, with 28.8% receiving instrumentation. AEs included wound infections 3.1% for degenerative, 13.3% for tumor and dural leaks. The overall incidence of dural leaks was found to be 2.7% (5/184 cases), and each case underwent surgical revision. Pulmonary embolism resulted in two fatalities post-trauma. Wound infections (26.7%) were prevalent in infected spine cases. Significant AE risk factors were comorbidities, extended surgery durations, and instrumentation procedures.

Conclusions

In octogenarian spinal surgeries, AEs occurred in 15.8% of cases, influenced by comorbidities and surgical complexities. The 2.2% mortality rate wasn’t linked to surgeries. Accurate documentation remains crucial for assessing outcomes in this age group.
The Impact of Surgical Wait Time and Hospital Stay on the Incidence of Burn Wound Infection and Related Complications at a Single Tertiary Hospital Centre: A 10-Year Experience
Authors: Milkovich John , Churchill Isabella F. , Gallo Lucas , Kim Patrick , Gallo Matteo , Thoma Achilles , Voineskos Sophocles H. , Main Cheryl , Coroneos Christopher J.
Published: April 2024

Introduction: Admitted patients with burn injuries require prompt treatment and shorter hospital stays to avoid hospital-acquired infections and associated complications. This study aimed to determine the impact of time to the first surgery, and total length of hospital stay on the incidence of BWI and associated complications in adult patients with moderate burn injuries at a single tertiary hospital burn center. Methods: A retrospective chart review identified burn patients admitted to the Burn Unit between January 2011 and January 2021. The incidences of BWI and complications were documented. Univariate logistic regressions were performed, with significance set at P < .05. Results: A total of 171 patients were included in the study. The mean age was 50.8 years (range, 94-18 years), with 64 (37.4%) females. The mean wait time for surgery and total hospital stay was 2.6 days (SD = 2.5; 1-15 days) and 18.6 days (SD = 16.0; 1-125 days), respectively. Precisely, 47 patients (27.5%) were associated with positive burn wound cultures, with 23 patients (13.5%) experiencing clinical burn wound complications. Wait time to surgery did not significantly impact the incidence of BWI (OR = 0.97, P = .72) or related complications (OR = 0.97, P = .61). Total hospital stay was significantly associated with the incidence of BWI (OR = 1.05, P < .001) and related complications (OR = 1.02, P = .03). Conclusions: Delay to surgery may not be a significant risk factor of BWI and related complications in patients with burn injuries. Half of positive burn wound cultures are associated with objective clinical infection and subsequent complications. However, total hospital stay may be clinically important.
Toxic Shock Syndrome as an Unexpected Complication in Outpatient Pediatric Burn Treatment: A Chart Review
Authors: Sirajee Reshma , Baykan Altay , Fraulin Frankie O. G. , Cawthorn Thomas , Sass Kimberly , Harrop Alan Robertson , Hartley Rebecca L. , McPhalen Donald Ford
Published: April 2024

Background: Minor burn injuries in children affecting less than 10% of total body surface area (TBSA) are often successfully managed in the outpatient setting, however it is important to recognize they can be associated with serious sequelae such as toxic shock syndrome (TSS). Methods: We conducted a retrospective chart review at a tertiary-level pediatric hospital between May 2012 and May 2022 to identify pediatric patients diagnosed with TSS following minor burn injuries. Data collected included: patient demographics, burn characteristics, TSS symptoms, and management. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: During the study period, 3706 patients with minor burns were treated as outpatients, of which 6 patients developed TSS. Ages ranged from 12 to 36 months, and half were male. Most injuries were scalds (n = 4) or contact injuries (n = 2), involving 1% to 3% TBSA partial-thickness burns. Early symptoms of TSS included vomiting (n = 6) and fever (n = 5), and later, hypotension (n = 5). Hospital admission for TSS occurred 1 to 6 days post-injury. Four of the 6 patients required ICU care, with 2 of them requiring fluid resuscitation and 2 receiving IVIg. The clinical course of 2 patients was complicated by deep vein thrombosis, with 1 patient developing a septic ileus as a secondary infection. All patients recovered and were discharged home after 3 to 9 days. Conclusion: We highlight the rare complication of TSS following minor burns in children. Providers should be vigilant for early symptoms of TSS like fever, vomiting, and hypotension. Further research to identify at-risk patients and preventative treatment would be beneficial.
Carbon-negative Goals: Innovative Business Model for Sustainability at ‘Eat Raja’
Authors: Archana P. , Tamizharasi D.  , Bhojanna U.
Published: April 2024

This case study highlights the significance of transitioning towards a zero-waste business model to achieve sustainability goals, focusing on the pioneering efforts of EAT RAJA, India’s first Zero Waste Juice Bar. Founded by Mr Anand Raj B. S. N in 2018, EAT RAJA emerged as a beacon of innovation, redefining waste management strategies and promoting environmental stewardship.

Mr Anand Raj’s journey from being a software engineer and radio jockey to the proprietor of EAT RAJA is characterised by a profound personal experience following his father’s passing. In March 2018, he transformed his father’s juice shop into EAT RAJA, commemorating his legacy while embracing a new vision centred on sustainability.

EAT RAJA’s business model innovation revolves around zero waste principles, demonstrated through the elimination of plastic usage and the utilisation of fruit shells as containers. The company’s commitment to environmental responsibility extends to waste management practices, with fruit shells repurposed as cattle feed or transformed into bio-enzymes. Moreover, the incorporation of vegan options further aligns with EAT RAJA’s ethos of promoting eco-friendly practices. The case study underscores the integration of environmental considerations into strategic management and business models, emphasising sustainability as a driver of competitive advantage and societal value creation.

By embracing innovation and sustainability as core principles, EAT RAJA exemplifies the transformative potential of businesses in driving positive environmental change. The case study offers insights into the challenges and opportunities associated with adopting a zero-waste business model, illustrating the broader implications for corporate sustainability practices and societal well-being.
CEO’s Salary Hike: Harnessing the Factors Behind the Scene
Authors: Srivastava Manisha , Ahmad Shakeel , Tiwary Rekha
Published: April 2024

A chief executive officer (CEO) is typically the highest-ranking executive, and they are in general accountable to the organisation’s stakeholders and the public. Major business-related decisions are made at this position, and this makes it strategically one of the most revered and sought-after positions in the organisational hierarchy. Thus, no doubt, a CEO’s salary has been seeing an upper trend for the past 50 years. It is a complex and highly controversial topic which has received great attention across the academia, business and research fraternities. Many factors have been identified and studied to understand the reasons behind this trend. Magazines such as Forbes and Business Week have annual publications pertaining to the CEO’s compensation. This article also looks at CEO salaries; a sample size of 300 CEOs from three important sectors was taken for a multi-factor analysis to determine the most significant factors. Various discrete, continuous and categorical variables such as ‘CEO’s salary’, ‘firm’s size’, ‘No. of Directors on Board’, ‘Percentage of executive directors on Board’, ‘CEO and Chairperson are the same person’, ‘Sales growth’ and ‘Excess return of the firm over industry’s average’ and ‘sector’ were chosen for the analysis. Further, multiple regression analysis was conducted, and it was found that the ‘firm’s size’ and ‘proportion of executive directors on board’ were irrelevant in determining the CEO’s salary, while ‘dummy variable’, ‘sales growth’ and ‘excess return’ were highly significant. Additionally, the ANOVA test suggested that CEO’s mean salaries differ significantly across sectors.
Electromyographic Evaluation of Masseter and Temporalis Muscle Activity in Distal Extension Edentulous Patients After Replacing with Implants—A Prospective Clinical Trial
Authors: Kondapally Mohana , Ramesh K. S. V. , M. Satyanarayana Raju , Penmetsa Gautami S. , Gottumukkala N. V. S. Sruthima , Pasupuleti Mohan Kumar
Published: April 2024

Aim:

To assess the changes in muscle activity after replacing the missing teeth or teeth with implants in distal extension edentulous patients and to evaluate the patient’s satisfaction levels.

Materials and Methods:

This was a single-group experimental study, based on convenience sampling with a sample size of 40 patients. Only unilateral mandibular distal extension edentulous sites were included and endo-osseous dental implants were placed in delayed protocol. Electrical activities of the masseter and temporalis muscles were recorded at rest and clench before, immediately, and one month after the cementation using electromyography. Patient satisfaction was analyzed through a questionnaire. Descriptive statistics an inferential statistics with repeated measures of ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test were done to analyze the study data. P value < .05 would be considered statistically significant for all the analyses.

Results:

Right temporalis showed significantly higher surface electromyography (sEMG) activity at one-month post cementation than baseline at rest and clench. Similarly, the left temporalis has shown significant sEMG activity at one-month post cementation than baseline at clench. However, there was no statistical difference with the right and left masseter. The implant-supported prosthesis was well received by the majority of patients.

Conclusion:

Definitive improvement in the electrical activity of the temporalis before and after the replacement of prosthesis was noticed with positive patient satisfaction levels with implant-supported prosthesis.
Quantification of Apoptotic Bodies and Correlation of TNF-α & IL-2 Levels with Severity of Pemphigus Vulgaris
Authors: Ravikumar Renu , Ramani Pratibha , Sukumaran Gheena , Ramasubramanian Abilasha , Selvam Suganya Panneer
Published: April 2024

Aim:

To quantify the presence of apoptotic bodies in the blood samples of pemphigus vulgaris cases and to correlate levels of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-2 with the disease severity.

Materials and Methods:

Sera were collected from eight subjects including four patients with pemphigus vulgaris and four from healthy volunteers taken as controls. Patients are divided into two groups, one on regular steroid therapy (1–2 mg per kg per day) for at least 2 weeks, other from untreated patients. The levels of apoptotic bodies were evaluated using flow cytometry and levels of IL-2 and TNF-α were evaluated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results:

The mean value of annexin V, propidium iodide, and a combination of both stained cells showed 3.962%, 7.375%, and 8.988%. The mean value of IL-2 and TNF-α are 4.568 and 56.175 pg/mL, respectively.

Conclusion:

The levels of apoptotic cells increased with the disease progression and also differed between the patients with and without steroidal therapy. The study also shows the increase in levels of TNF-α with increased severity of the disease and also among patients without treatment which in turn correlated with the levels of apoptotic cells. Levels of IL-2 did not show much difference in the levels among the healthy controls and the diseased.
Misdiagnosed Asthma Turned Out to Be Bronchial Fibroepithelial Polyp: Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Salahaldeen Deeb , Hanin Shatrit , Dana Shawar , Dana Arman , Khalil Wafi , Mohammad Fatayer , Yousef Abuasbeh
Published: April 2024

Bronchial fibroepithelial polyps are exceedingly rare with few cases have been reported. They can manifest with a wide array of symptoms; ranging from being totally asymptomatic, cough, refractory dyspnea, and hemoptysis. In our case, our patient’s condition was diagnosed and was managed as asthma. It is one of the rare benign conditions to be encountered, shares similar morphology with other tumors such as angiomyofibroblastoma, aggressive angiomyxoma, and cellular angiofibroma. These lesions have a slow growth pattern which may end up with obstruction. According to the tumor size and symptoms caused by it, treatment varies from observation to complete resection. This case describes an incidental finding of fibroepithelial polyp in the main bronchus for a patient with long-term refractory cough for 5 years, was misdiagnosed to have asthma. Diagnosis typically involves imaging and bronchoscopy, followed by appropriate therapeutic measures and careful monitoring to assess the prognosis.
Safety of Proton Pump Inhibitors in Pediatric Population: A Systematic Review
Authors: Alla Deekshitha , Shah Dhruv Jayeshkumar , Seepana Muneesh , Salian Rishabh Baskara , Alla Sai Santhosha Mrudula , Krishna Mohanan Midhun , Sabıroğlu Mert , Vegesna Mohan Sai Sunith , Singh Aradhya , Gupta Srajan , Shivalingappa Rekha Shushrutha
Published: April 2024

Objective. Commonly recommended drugs for adults and children include proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), proven effective for treating peptic diseases like stomach ulcers, GERD, and Helicobacter pylori infections in children over 1-year-old. Yet, prolonged PPI use carries higher risks of adverse reactions, prompting this study’s analysis. Methods. We have performed a systematic review of 30 articles, which include a total of 762 505 pediatric patients. Results. Adverse effects were encountered in 6.98% of the population. The 5 most common adverse effects were respiratory tract complications, gastrointestinal complications, urinary tract infections, asthma, and ENT infections. Conclusion. Hence, PPIs should be prescribed only when necessary, and physicians should prioritize patient education when considering their use.