bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Species identification by conservation practitioners using online images: accuracy and agreement between experts
Authors: Austen Gail E. , Bindemann Markus , Griffiths Richard A. , Roberts David L.
Published: January 2018

Emerging technologies have led to an increase in species observations being recorded via digital images. Such visual records are easily shared, and are often uploaded to online communities when help is required to identify or validate species. Although this is common practice, little is known about the accuracy of species identification from such images. Using online images of newts that are native and non-native to the UK, this study asked holders of great crested newt (Triturus cristatus) licences (issued by UK authorities to permit surveying for this species) to sort these images into groups, and to assign species names to those groups. All of these experts identified the native species, but agreement among these participants was low, with some being cautious in committing to definitive identifications. Individuals’ accuracy was also independent of both their experience and self-assessed ability. Furthermore, mean accuracy was not uniform across species (69–96%). These findings demonstrate the difficulty of accurate identification of newts from a single image, and that expert judgements are variable, even within the same knowledgeable community. We suggest that identification decisions should be made on multiple images and verified by more than one expert, which could improve the reliability of species data.
Characterization of sympatricPlatanthera bifoliaandPlatanthera chlorantha(Orchidaceae) populations with intermediate plants
Authors: Esposito Fabiana , Vereecken Nicolas J. , Gammella Maddalena , Rinaldi Rosita , Laurent Pascal , Tyteca Daniel
Published: January 2018

Platanthera bifoliaandP. chloranthaare terrestrial and rewarding orchids with a wide Eurasian distribution. Although genetically closely related, they exhibit significant morphological, phenological and ecological differences that maintain reproductive isolation between the species. However, where both species co-occur, individuals with intermediate phenotypic traits, often considered as hybrids, are frequently observed. Here, we combined neutral genetic markers (AFLPs), morphometrics and floral scent analysis (GC-MS) to investigate two mixedPlatantherapopulations where morphologically intermediate plants were found. Self-pollination experiments revealed a low level of autogamy and artificial crossings combined with assessments of fruit set and seed viability, showed compatibility between the two species. The results of the genetic analyses showed that morphologically intermediate plants had similar genetic patterns as theP. bifoliagroup. These results are corroborated also by floral scent analyses, which confirmed a strong similarity in floral scent composition between intermediate morphotypes andP. bifolia. Therefore, this study provided a much more detailed picture of the genetic structure of a sympatric zone between two closely allied species and supports the hypothesis that intermediate morphotypes in sympatry could reflect an adaptive evolution in response to local pollinator-mediated selection.
Linking pangenomes and metagenomes: the Prochlorococcus metapangenome
Authors: Delmont Tom O. , Eren A. Murat
Published: January 2018

Pangenomes offer detailed characterizations of core and accessory genes found in a set of closely related microbial genomes, generally by clustering genes based on sequence homology. In comparison, metagenomes facilitate highly resolved investigations of the relative distribution of microbial genomes and individual genes across environments through read recruitment analyses. Combining these complementary approaches can yield unique insights into the functional basis of microbial niche partitioning and fitness, however, advanced software solutions are lacking. Here we present an integrated analysis and visualization strategy that provides an interactive and reproducible framework to generate pangenomes and to study them in conjunction with metagenomes. To investigate its utility, we applied this strategy to a Prochlorococcus pangenome in the context of a large-scale marine metagenomic survey. The resulting Prochlorococcus metapangenome revealed remarkable differential abundance patterns between very closely related isolates that belonged to the same phylogenetic cluster and that differed by only a small number of gene clusters in the pangenome. While the relationships between these genomes based on gene clusters correlated with their environmental distribution patterns, phylogenetic analyses using marker genes or concatenated single-copy core genes did not recapitulate these patterns. The metapangenome also revealed a small set of core genes that mostly occurred in hypervariable genomic islands of the Prochlorococcus populations, which systematically lacked read recruitment from surface ocean metagenomes. Notably, these core gene clusters were all linked to sugar metabolism, suggesting potential benefits to Prochlorococcus from a high sequence diversity of sugar metabolism genes. The rapidly growing number of microbial genomes and increasing availability of environmental metagenomes provide new opportunities to investigate the functioning and the ecology of microbial populations, and metapangenomes can provide unique insights for any taxon and biome for which genomic and sufficiently deep metagenomic data are available.
ARCHITECTURE TRADITIONAL MAKASSAR WITH THE IDEAL FORM BASED TO RESIDENTIAL ENVIRONMENT HUMANISTIC (CASE: SETTLEMENT PROCESSING BRICKS GOWA IN SOUTH SULAWESI)
Authors: Imriyanti Imriyanti , Wunas Shirly , Arifin Mimi
Published: January 2018

The traditional architecture is the cultural identity of a tribe because they have life of its people. Traditional architecture experiencing growth and renewal. Renewal of the traditional architecture of Makassar happens usually get influences from the outside architecture that fit into the traditional architecture thus experiencing blend elements of culture, but the culture of the traditional architecture of original tribes of Makassar maintain, this is called acculturation. Acculturation is a blend of one cultural and the other retaining local indigenous culture. The traditional architecture is experiencing a mix of cultures occurs in public housing environment is an element of the macro, mezo and micro. Incessant development in various sectors particularly the sectors of housing and settlement, this is what happen in the settlement processing brick Gowa district, where the development of the construction of the society processor brick has provoked aspects psychology, than it is that it raises the problem is how the role of ideal form of architecture Makassar who have undergone traditional blend of cultures can form needs humanist residential environment that is safe, convenient, and economic, hygienic. The purpose of this study was to analyze element the of  original culture at traditional Makassar particularly in ideal form home to work place primary and support in shaping the residential environment humanist. This research is a descriptive exploratory and interpretative studied theoretically by means observe directly the ideal form of settlement processing bricks in Gowa of South Sulawesi. The results of this study indicate the ideal form of settlement processing in the hamlet brick- Giring-Giring Village Kalase'rena Bontonompo Gowa District of  review the system orientation of the house, the tread  pattern of at macro space occupancy humanist element appear in the system path, distance, direction of the wind , the working group, the increase in the economic, social and  hierarchy family indicates comfort, security, economic to the location of key livelihood source and support to the community house brick processing.
Stratospheric Smoke With Unprecedentedly High Backscatter Observed by Lidars Above Southern France
Authors: Khaykin S. M. , Godin‐Beekmann S. , Hauchecorne A. , Pelon J. , Ravetta F. , Keckhut P.
Published: January 2018

Extreme pyroconvection events triggered by wildfires in northwest Canada and United States during August 2017 resulted in vast injection of combustion products into the stratosphere. The plumes of stratospheric smoke were observed by lidars at Observatoire de Haute‐Provence (OHP) for many weeks that followed the fires as distinct aerosol layers with backscatter reaching unprecedentedly high values for a nonvolcanic aerosol layer. We use spaceborne CALIOP lidar to track the spatiotemporal evolution of the smoke plumes before their detection at OHP. A remarkable agreement between ground‐ and spaced‐based lidars sampling the same smoke plume on a particular date allowed us to extrapolate the OHP observations to a regional scale, where CALIOP reported extreme aerosol optical depth values as high as 0.21. On a monthly time scale, the lidar observations indicate that boreal summer 2017 forest fires had a hemisphere‐scale impact on stratospheric aerosol load, similar to that of moderate volcanic eruptions.
Annual Occurrence Rates of Ionospheric Polar Cap Patches Observed Using Swarm
Authors: Chartier Alex T. , Mitchell Cathryn N. , Miller Ethan S.
Published: January 2018

Dense, fast‐moving regions of ionization called polar cap patches are known to occur in the high‐latitude F region ionosphere. Patches are widely believed to be caused by convection of dense, sunlit plasma into a dark and therefore low‐density polar cap ionosphere. This leads to the belief that patches are a winter phenomenon. Surprisingly, a long‐term analysis of 3 years of ionospheric measurements from the Swarm satellites shows that large density enhancements occur far more frequently in local summer than local winter in the Southern Hemisphere (SH). The reverse is true in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). Previously reported patch detections in the SH are reexamined. Detection algorithms using only a relative doubling test count very small density fluctuations in SH winter due to extremely low ambient densities found there, while much larger enhancements occurring in SH summer are missed due to especially high ambient densities. The same problem does not afflict results in the NH, where ambient densities are more stable year‐round due to the ionospheric annual asymmetry. Given this new analysis, the definition of a patch as a doubling of the ambient density is not suitable for the SH. We propose a test for patches linked to long‐term averaged solar flux activity, characterized by the 81 day centered mean F10.7 index. Importantly, the current patch formation theory is at least incomplete in that it does not predict the observed lack of patches in SH winter, or the many large enhancements seen in SH summer.
Enhanced Mantle Upwelling/Melting Caused Segment Propagation, Oceanic Core Complex Die Off, and the Death of a Transform Fault: The Mid‐Atlantic Ridge at 21.5°N
Authors: Dannowski A. , Morgan J. P. , Grevemeyer I. , Ranero C. R.
Published: January 2018

Crustal structure provides the key to understand the interplay of magmatism and tectonism, while oceanic crust is constructed at Mid‐Ocean Ridges (MORs). At slow spreading rates, magmatic processes dominate central areas of MOR segments, whereas segment ends are highly tectonized. The TAMMAR segment at the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (MAR) between 21°25′N and 22°N is a magmatically active segment. At ~4.5 Ma this segment started to propagate south, causing the termination of the transform fault at 21°40′N. This stopped long‐lived detachment faulting and caused the migration of the ridge offset to the south. Here a segment center with a high magmatic budget has replaced a transform fault region with limited magma supply. We present results from seismic refraction profiles that mapped the crustal structure across the ridge crest of the TAMMAR segment. Seismic data yield crustal structure changes at the segment center as a function of melt supply. Seismic Layer 3 underwent profound changes in thickness and became rapidly thicker ~5 Ma. This correlates with the observed “Bull's Eye” gravimetric anomaly in that region. Our observations support a temporal change from thick lithosphere with oceanic core complex formation and transform faulting to thin lithosphere with focused mantle upwelling and segment growth. Temporal changes in crustal construction are connected to variations in the underlying mantle. We propose that there is a link between the neighboring segments at a larger scale within the asthenosphere, to form a long, highly magmatically active macrosegment, here called the TAMMAR‐Kane Macrosegment.
Insights Into Layering in the Cratonic Lithosphere Beneath Western Australia
Authors: Sun Weijia , Fu Li‐Yun , Saygin Erdinc , Zhao Liang
Published: January 2018

The characteristics of internal lithospheric discontinuities carry crucial information regarding the origin and evolution of the lithosphere. However, the formation and mechanisms of the midlithosphere discontinuity (MLD) are still enigmatic and controversial. We investigate the midlithospheric discontinuities beneath the Archean Western Australian Craton, which represents one of the oldest continents on the globe, using a novel receiver‐based reflectivity approach combined with other geophysical information comprising tomographic P and S wave velocity, radial anisotropy, electrical resistivity, and heat flow data. The MLD is rather shallow with a depth of 68–82 km. Multiple prominent discontinuities are observed in the lithospheric mantle using constructed high‐frequency (0.5–4 Hz) P wave reflectivities. These multiple discontinuities coincide well with the broad‐scale reduction of relative P and SV wave velocities at the top of the graded transition zone from the lithosphere to the asthenosphere. Strong radial anisotropy in the upper lithosphere mantle tends to be weak across the MLD, which might reflect quasi‐laminar lithospheric heterogeneity behavior with a horizontal correlation length that is greater than its vertical correlation length. Broad‐scale electrical resistivity variations show little coherence with the MLD. Given these various geophysical observations, the upper lithosphere exhibits rigid and elastic properties above the MLD, while the lower lithosphere tends to be ductile and rheological or viscous. A model comprising quasi‐laminar lithospheric heterogeneity could effectively represent the MLD characteristics beneath the Archean continent.
A Locally Generated High‐Mode Nonlinear Internal Wave Detected on the Shelf of the Northern South China Sea From Marine Seismic Observations
Authors: Tang Qunshu , Xu Min , Zheng Chan , Xu Xing , Xu Jiang
Published: January 2018

In this work, a secondary nonlinear internal wave (NIW) on the continental shelf of the northern South China Sea is investigated using high‐resolution seismic imaging and joint inversion of water structure properties combined with in situ hydrographic observations. It is an extraordinary wave combination with two mode‐2 NIWs and one elevated NIW occurring within a short distance of 2 km. The most energetic part of the NIW could be regarded as a mode‐2 NIW in the upper layer between 40 and 120 m depth. The vertical particle velocity of ∼41 cm/s may exceed the critical value of wave breaking and thus collapse the strong stratification followed by a series of processes including internal wave breaking, overturning, Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability, stratification splitting, and eventual restratification. Among these processes, the shear‐induced Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability is directly imaged using the seismic method for the first time. The stratification splitting and restratification show that the unstable stage lasts only for a few hours and spans several kilometers. It is a new observation that the elevated NIW could be generated in a deepwater region (as deep as ∼370 m). Different from the periodical NIWs originating from the Luzon Strait, this secondary NIW is most likely generated locally, at the continental shelf break during ebb tide.
Vertical Distributions of Macromolecular Composition of Particulate Organic Matter in the Water Column of the Amundsen Sea Polynya During the Summer in 2014
Authors: Kim Bo Kyung , Lee SangHoon , Ha Sun‐Yong , Jung Jinyoung , Kim Tae Wan , Yang Eun Jin , Jo Naeun , Lim Yu Jeong , Park Jisoo , Lee Sang Heon
Published: January 2018

Macromolecular compositions (carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids) of particulate organic matter (POM) are crucial as a basic marine food quality. To date, however, one investigation has been carried out in the Amundsen Sea. Water samples for macromolecular compositions were obtained at selected seven stations in the Amundsen Sea Polynya (AP) during the austral summer in 2014 to investigate vertical characteristics of POM. We found that a high proportion of carbohydrates (45.9 ± 11.4%) in photic layer which are significantly different from the previous result (27.9 ± 6.9%) in the AP, 2012. The plausible reason could be the carbohydrate content strongly associated with biomass of the dominant species (Phaeocystis antarctica). The calorific content of food material (FM) in the photic layer obtained in this study is similar with that of the Ross Sea as one of the highest primary productivity regions in the Southern Ocean. Total concentrations, calorific values, and calorific contents of FM were higher in the photic layer than the aphotic layer, which implies that a significant fraction of organic matter underwent degradation. A decreasing proteins/carbohydrates (PRT/CHO) ratio with depth could be caused by preferential nitrogen loss during sinking period. Since the biochemical compositions of POM mostly fixed in photic layers could play an important role in transporting organic carbon into the deep sea, further detail studies on the variations in biochemical compositions and main controlling factors are needed to understand sinking mechanisms of POM.
Seasonality of the Mindanao Current/Undercurrent System
Authors: Ren Qiuping , Li Yuanlong , Wang Fan , Song Lina , Liu Chuanyu , Zhai Fangguo
Published: January 2018

Seasonality of the Mindanao Current (MC)/Undercurrent (MUC) system is investigated using moored acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) measurements off Mindanao (8°N, 127.05°E) and ocean model simulations. The mooring observation during December 2010 to August 2014 revealed that the surface‐layer MC between 50–150 m is dominated by annual‐period variation and tends to be stronger in spring (boreal) and weaker in fall. Prominent semiannual variations were detected below 150 m. The lower MC between 150 and 400 m is stronger in spring and fall and weaker in summer and winter, while the northward MUC below 400 m emerges in summer and winter and disappears in spring and fall. In‐phase and out‐of‐phase current anomalies above and below 150 m were observed alternatively. These variations are faithfully reproduced by an eddy‐resolving ocean model simulation (OFES). Further analysis demonstrates that seasonal variation of the MC is a component of large‐scale upper‐ocean circulation gyre, while current variations in the MUC layer are confined near the western boundary and featured by shorter‐scale (200–400 km) structures. Most of the MC variations and approximately half of the MUC variations can be explained by the first and second baroclinic modes and caused by local wind forcing of the western Pacific. Semiannual surface wind variability and superimposition of the two baroclinic modes jointly give rise to the enhanced subsurface semiannual variations. The pronounced mesoscale eddy variability in the MUC layer may also contribute to the seasonality of the MUC through eddy‐current interaction.
Nonlinear Dynamics of the Nearshore Boundary Layer of a Large Lake (Lake Geneva)
Authors: Cimatoribus Andrea A. , Lemmin U. , Bouffard D. , Barry D. A.
Published: January 2018

We examine nearshore and pelagic current variability in Lake Geneva, a large and deep lake in western Europe, using observations from several measurement locations and a three‐dimensional numerical model for the period 2014–2016. Linear internal seiche modes excited by wind forcing clearly appear as peaks in the energy spectra for measurements in offshore locations. In contrast, spectra from the nearshore data, where currents interact with the lake bed, reveal a negligible contribution of internal seiches to the total kinetic energy. A similar contrast is seen in the spectra obtained from the numerical model at the same locations. Comparing the contribution of the different terms in the vertically averaged momentum equation from the modeling results shows that the nonlinear advective term dominates in the nearshore boundary layer. Its contribution decays with distance from shore. The width of this nearshore boundary layer, which may extend for several kilometers, seems to be mainly determined by local topography. Both field measurements and modeling results indicate that nonlinear dynamics are of primary importance in the nearshore boundary layer.
Retrieving the Polar Mixed‐Phase Cloud Liquid Water Path by Combining CALIOP and IIR Measurements
Authors: Luo Tao , Wang Zhien , Li Xuebin , Deng Shumei , Huang Yong , Wang Yingjian
Published: January 2018

Mixed‐phase cloud (MC) is the dominant cloud type over the polar region, and there are challenging conditions for remote sensing and in situ measurements. In this study, a new methodology of retrieving the stratiform MC liquid water path (LWP) by combining Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) and infrared imaging radiometer (IIR) measurements was developed and evaluated. This new methodology takes the advantage of reliable cloud‐phase discrimination by combining lidar and radar measurements. An improved multiple‐scattering effect correction method for lidar signals was implemented to provide reliable cloud extinction near cloud top. Then with the adiabatic cloud assumption, the MC LWP can be retrieved by a lookup‐table‐based method. Simulations with error‐free inputs showed that the mean bias and the root mean squared error of the LWP derived from the new method are −0.23 ± 2.63 g/m2, with the mean absolute relative error of ~4%. Simulations with erroneous inputs suggested that the new methodology could provide reliable retrieval of LWP to support the statistical or climatology analysis. Two‐month A‐train satellite retrievals over Arctic region showed that the new method can produce very similar cloud top temperature (CTT) dependence of LWP to the ground‐based microwave radiometer measurements, with a bias of −0.78 g/m2 and a correlation coefficient of 0.95 between the two mean CTT‐LWP relationships. The new approach can also produce reasonable pattern and value of LWP in spatial distribution over the Arctic region.
Sulfate Aerosol in the Arctic: Source Attribution and Radiative Forcing
Authors: Yang Yang , Wang Hailong , Smith Steven J. , Easter Richard C. , Rasch Philip J.
Published: January 2018

Source attribution of Arctic sulfate and its radiative forcing due to aerosol‐radiation interactions (RFari) for 2010–2014 are quantified in this study using the Community Earth System Model equipped with an explicit sulfur source‐tagging technique. The model roughly reproduces the seasonal pattern of sulfate but has biases in simulating the magnitude of near‐surface concentrations and vertical distribution. Regions that have high emissions and/or are near/within the Arctic present relatively large contributions to Arctic sulfate burden, with the largest contribution from sources in East Asia (27%). Seasonal variations of the contribution to Arctic sulfate burden from remote sources are strongly influenced by meteorology. The mean RFari of anthropogenic sulfate offsets one third of the positive top of the atmosphere (TOA) RFari from black carbon. A 20% global reduction in anthropogenic SO2 emissions leads to a net Arctic TOA forcing increase of +0.019 W m−2. These results indicate that a joint reduction in BC and SO2 emissions could prevent at least some of the Arctic warming from any future SO2 emission reductions. Sulfate RFari efficiency calculations suggest that source regions with short transport pathways and meteorology favoring longer lifetimes are more efficient in influencing the Arctic sulfate RFari. Based on Arctic climate sensitivity factors, about −0.19 K of the Arctic surface temperature cooling is attributed to anthropogenic sulfate, with −0.05 K of that from sources in East Asia, relative to preindustrial conditions.
Comparisons of Ice Water Path in Deep Convective Systems Among Ground‐Based, GOES, and CERES‐MODIS Retrievals
Authors: Tian Jingjing , Dong Xiquan , Xi Baike , Minnis Patrick , Smith William L. , Sun‐Mack Sunny , Thieman Mandana , Wang Jingyu
Published: January 2018

Retrievals of convective cloud microphysical properties based on passive satellite imagery are difficult. To help quantify their uncertainties, ice water paths (IWPs) retrieved from the NASA Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System project using Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) and Terra/Aqua MODerate‐resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer observations are compared with IWPs retrieved from Next‐Generation Radar (NEXRAD) observations over a large domain (32°N to 40°N and 105°W to 91°W) during the 2011 Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment field campaign. Based on comparisons of pixel‐level (4 km × 4 km) daytime IWP retrievals from NEXRAD and GOES, it is found that NEXRAD‐ and GOES‐retrieved mean IWPs are 2.03 and 1.83 kg m−2, respectively, for ice‐phase cloud in thick anvil area. Their mean difference of 0.20 kg m−2 (with 95% confidence interval: 0.14–0.26 kg m−2) is within the uncertainty of NEXRAD retrievals. However, the low correlation between pixel‐to‐pixel comparisons indicates a large variation in GOES‐retrieved IWP. For mixed‐phase clouds in thick anvil areas, in addition to IWPs, total water paths (TWPs, sum of ice and liquid water path) are estimated with aid of aircraft measurements for NEXRAD retrievals and corrected using a TWP parameterization for GOES retrievals. The mean values of estimated TWPs from NEXRAD (corrected using aircraft in situ measurements) and GOES are similar. GOES and Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System‐MODerate‐resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer‐retrieved IWPs/TWPs generally do not exceed 5 kg m−2. Large differences and low correlations exist between satellite and NEXRAD retrievals in stratiform rain areas. Possible reasons for the differences between retrievals are discussed.
Anomalous Lightning Behavior During the 26–27 August 2007 Northern Great Plains Severe Weather Event
Authors: Logan Timothy
Published: January 2018

Positive polarity lightning strokes can be useful indicators of thunderstorm behavior. A combination of National Lightning Detection Network and Next Generation Radar retrievals is used to analyze the anomalous positive cloud‐to‐ground (CG) lightning behavior of a rare, late summer severe weather event that occurred on 26–27 August 2007 in the Northern Great Plains region of the United States and southern Canada. Seven discrete supercells (SC1–SC7) exhibiting frequent and intense lightning were responsible for numerous reports of severe weather (e.g., severe hail and 16 tornadoes) including catastrophic damage to the town of Northwood, North Dakota, caused by SC2. Biomass burning smoke from wildfires in Idaho and Montana was present prior to convective initiation. A positive CG lightning stroke rate of nearly 30 strokes per minute was observed 10 min before the EF4 tornado struck Northwood. SC2 was also responsible for all the reports of tornadoes exceeding an EF2 rating. The strongest peak currents (>200 kA) were observed in SC1–SC4 with SC2 having a maximum value of 280 kA. SC2 dominated the statistics of the line of supercells accounting for 27% of all CG lightning strokes. Positive CG lightning accounted for over 40% of all CG lightning strokes in SC4–SC7 on average, and the maximum exceeded 90% in SC6 and SC7. Increasing positive CG lightning dominance was correlated with an increasing northward gradient of smoke aerosol loading in addition to severe weather being reported before the maximum in positive CG lighting stroke rate (SC5 and SC6). This suggests that a complex combination of synoptic forcing and aerosol perturbation likely led to the observed anomalous positive CG lightning behavior in the supercells.
Volumetric modulated arc therapy for total body irradiation: A feasibility study using Pinnacle3 treatment planning system and Elekta Agility™ linac
Authors: Symons Kirsty , Morrison Colm , Parry Jason , Woodings Simon , Zissiadis Yvonne
Published: January 2018

A study was undertaken to explore the use of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) for total body irradiation (TBI). Five patient plans were created in Pinnacle3 using nine 6 MV photon dynamic arcs. A dose of 12 Gy in six fractions was prescribed. The planning target volume (PTV) was split into four subsections for the head, chest, abdomen, and pelvis. The head and chest beams were optimized together, followed by the abdomen and pelvis beams. The last stage of the planning process involved turning all beams on and performing a final optimization to achieve a clinically acceptable plan. Beam isocenters were shifted by 3 or 5 mm in the left–right, anterior–posterior, and superior–inferior directions to simulate the effect of setup errors on the dose distribution. Treatment plan verification consisted of ArcCheck measurements compared to calculated doses using a global 3%/3 mm gamma analysis. All five patient plans achieved the planning aim of delivering 12 Gy to at least 90% of the target. The mean dose in the PTV was 12.7 Gy. Mean lung dose was restricted to 8 Gy, and a dose reduction of up to 40% for organs such as the liver and kidneys proved feasible. The VMAT technique was found to be sensitive to patient setup errors particularly in the superior–inferior direction. The dose predicted by the planning system agreed with measured doses and had an average pass rate of 99.2% for all arcs. VMAT was found to be a viable treatment technique for total body irradiation.
The effects of narrative practice on children's testimony and disclosure of secrets
Authors: Yi Misun , Lamb Michael E.
Published: January 2018

The present study explored the effects of different types of narrative practices on the accuracy and abundance of information elicited from children and the disclosure of secrets. Seventy‐one children ages 3–6 years experienced a scripted encounter with a photographer; then they were interviewed about the event after participating in one of four different narrative practices. The narrative practices comprised either a discussion of topics drawing from episodic memory or topics drawing from semantic memory. Further, either open‐ended prompts were used during the practice narratives or directive questions were used. The episodic topics were related to past experienced events, whereas the semantic topics consisted of general knowledge about what they liked to do. The results showed that children who were trained to respond to open‐ended prompts early in the interview responded more informatively later, but the specificity of the topics had no effect on their accuracy and informativeness. Neither the topics nor types of questions had effects on the results of disclosure.
A Universal Strategy to Utilize Polymeric Semiconductors for Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Efficiency and Longevity
Authors: Li Fangchao , Yuan Jianyu , Ling Xufeng , Zhang Yannan , Yang Yingguo , Cheung Sin Hang , Ho Carr Hoi Yi , Gao Xingyu , Ma Wanli
Published: January 2018

In this contribution, a facile and universal method is successfully reported to fabricate perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with enhanced efficiency and stability. Through dissolving functional conjugated polymers in antisolvent chlorobenzene to treat the spinning CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite film, the resultant devices exhibit significantly enhanced efficiency and longevity simultaneously. In‐depth characterizations demonstrate that thin polymer layer well covers the top surface of perovskite film, resulting in certain surface passivation and morphology modification. More importantly, it is shown that through rational chemical modification, namely molecular fluorination, the air stability and photostability of the perovskite solar cells are remarkably enhanced. Considering the vast selection of conjugated polymer materials and easy functional design, promising new results are expected in further enhancement of device performance. It is believed that the findings provide exciting insights into the role of conjugated polymer in improving the current perovskite‐based solar cells.
Bioinspired Assembly of Hierarchical Light‐Harvesting Architectures for Improved Photophosphorylation
Authors: Li Guangle , Fei Jinbo , Xu Youqian , Li Yue , Li Junbai
Published: January 2018

Molecular assembly offers a bottom‐up way to construct biomimetic architectures with unique structures and properties. Although artificial photophosphorylation systems have long been developed, their microstructures have yet to achieve the sophisticated order and hierarchy of natural organisms. Herein, by utilizing principles in the natural plant leaves, it is shown that a biomimetic system with hierarchically ordered and compartmentalized structures, combining photosystem II (PSII) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase, can be obtained through template‐directed layer‐by‐layer assembly. Under light illumination, PSII in such a highly ordered light‐harvesting array, splits water to produce protons and electrons. Furthermore, a remarkable proton gradient is created across the covering ATP synthase‐reconstituted lipid membrane. As a consequence, highly efficient photophosphorylation is achieved. Outstandingly, the rate of ATP production in this hierarchical light‐harvesting architecture is enhanced 14 times, compared to that in the nature. This study paves a new way to assemble bioinspired systems with enhanced solar‐to‐chemical energy conversion efficiency.
Improving the Stability of Metal Halide Perovskite Materials and Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Cho Himchan , Kim Young‐Hoon , Wolf Christoph , Lee Hyeon‐Dong , Lee Tae‐Woo
Published: January 2018

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have numerous advantages as light emitters such as high photoluminescence quantum efficiency with a direct bandgap, very narrow emission linewidth, high charge‐carrier mobility, low energetic disorder, solution processability, simple color tuning, and low material cost. Based on these advantages, MHPs have recently shown unprecedented radical progress (maximum current efficiency from 0.3 to 42.9 cd A−1) in the field of light‐emitting diodes. However, perovskite light‐emitting diodes (PeLEDs) suffer from intrinsic instability of MHP materials and instability arising from the operation of the PeLEDs. Recently, many researchers have devoted efforts to overcome these instabilities. Here, the origins of the instability in PeLEDs are reviewed by categorizing it into two types: instability of (i) the MHP materials and (ii) the constituent layers and interfaces in PeLED devices. Then, the strategies to improve the stability of MHP materials and PeLEDs are critically reviewed, such as A‐site cation engineering, Ruddlesden–Popper phase, suppression of ion migration with additives and blocking layers, fabrication of uniform bulk polycrystalline MHP layers, and fabrication of stable MHP nanoparticles. Based on this review of recent advances, future research directions and an outlook of PeLEDs for display applications are suggested.
Interstitial Mo‐Assisted Photovoltaic Effect in Multilayer MoSe2 Phototransistors
Authors: Kim Sunkook , Maassen Jesse , Lee Jiyoul , Kim Seung Min , Han Gyuchull , Kwon Junyeon , Hong Seongin , Park Jozeph , Liu Na , Park Yun Chang , Omkaram Inturu , Rhyee Jong‐Soo , Hong Young Ki , Yoon Youngki
Published: January 2018

Thin‐film transistors (TFTs) based on multilayer molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) synthesized by modified atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) exhibit outstanding photoresponsivity (103.1 A W−1), while it is generally believed that optical response of multilayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is significantly limited due to their indirect bandgap and inefficient photoexcitation process. Here, the fundamental origin of such a high photoresponsivity in the synthesized multilayer MoSe2 TFTs is sought. A unique structural characteristic of the APCVD‐grown MoSe2 is observed, in which interstitial Mo atoms exist between basal planes, unlike usual 2H phase TMDs. Density functional theory calculations and photoinduced transfer characteristics reveal that such interstitial Mo atoms form photoreactive electronic states in the bandgap. Models indicate that huge photoamplification is attributed to trapped holes in subgap states, resulting in a significant photovoltaic effect. In this study, the fundamental origin of high responsivity with synthetic MoSe2 phototransistors is identified, suggesting a novel route to high‐performance, multifunctional 2D material devices for future wearable sensor applications.
Synthesis of (−)‐Pyrido[3,4‐b]homotropane (PHT) and (±)‐PHT via an Intramolecular Cross [3+2] Cycloaddition Strategy
Authors: Sun Bingxia , Ren Jun , Xing Siyang , Wang Zhongwen
Published: January 2018

An efficient synthesis of (−)‐pyrido[3,4‐b]homotropane (PHT) as well as (±)‐PHT has been achieved in 7 steps from conveniently available starting materials. Key transformations involve an efficient construction of the core bridged 9‐aza‐[4.2.1]nonane skeleton via a Sc(OTf)3‐catalyzed intramolecular cross [3+2] cycloaddition (IMCC) followed by Krapcho decarboxylation and Barton reductive decarboxylation. The present work supplies a general and efficient strategy for synthesis of other bridged analogues.

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Electronic Structure Trumps Planarity: Unexpected Narrow Exciton Delocalization in PNDIT2 Revealed by Time‐Resolved Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy
Authors: Meyer Deborah L. , Matsidik Rukiya , Sommer Michael , Biskup Till
Published: January 2018

Exciton delocalization in organic semiconductors, due to its direct relation to device efficiency, is of outstanding importance. Time‐resolved electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy of light‐induced triplet excitons gives access to the delocalization length in a unique way, connecting it to both, electronic structure and overall conformational flexibility. Systematically investigating building blocks of increasing length and comparing the results with the polymer deepens the understanding of the structure–function relationship in organic semiconductors. Applying this approach to the n‐type polymer poly{[N,N′‐bis(2‐octyldodecyl)‐naphthalene‐1,4,5,8‐bis(dicarboximide)‐2,6‐diyl]‐alt‐5,5′‐(2,2′‐bithiophene)} (PNDIT2) known for its remarkable charge‐carrier mobility reveals the triplet exciton in this polymer to be strongly confined to no more than two repeat units. Furthermore, neither planarity nor extent of backbone conjugation seem to be good indicators for the exciton delocalization length.
Improved Charge Injection of Metal Oxide Thin‐Film Transistors by Stacked Electrodes of Indium Tin Oxide Nanoparticles and Silver Nanowires
Authors: Kim Chaewon , Kim Yong‐Hoon , Noh Yong‐Young , Hong Sung‐Jei , Lee Mi Jung
Published: January 2018

Solution processed transparent electrodes are developed combining indium tin oxide nanoparticles (ITO‐NPs) and silver nanowires (Ag NWs) at low process temperature of 100 °C, compatible with solution processed indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) thin‐film transistors as source and drain electrodes. Four structures with various stacking of ITO‐NPs and Ag NWs are investigated. Although sole ITO‐NPs cannot provide the conductivity electrical properties of devices, including the mobility, threshold voltage, and subthreshold swing, are improved using ITO‐NPs over/under the Ag NWs. The mobility is enhanced by employing a hybrid electrode structure from 0.004 cm2 V−1 s−1 (single layer) to 3.42 cm2 V−1 s−1 (triple layer). The ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and UV–vis measurements reveal the electronic structure to confirm the increase of charge carrier concentration at the interface, when ITO‐NP/IGZO heterojunction is formed. The ITO‐NP layer acts as a buffer layer between the IGZO and Ag NWs layer to facilitate charge injection to reduce the contact resistance, while the Ag NWs supply conductivity. These are also confirmed by Hall measurement and contact resistance extraction. Hybrid electrodes developed here are promising approach for solution processed transparent electrodes toward transparent and flexible electronics with advantages of low‐cost process excluding vacuum system.
Nongeminate Recombination in Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Göhler Clemens , Wagenpfahl Alexander , Deibel Carsten
Published: January 2018

Organic solar cells are still very interesting contenders for the mass production of low‐cost photovoltaics. However, the gap between the power conversion efficiency of ideal solar cells—the thermodynamic Shockley–Queisser limit—and state‐of‐the‐art organic photovoltaic devices is larger than for other current technologies. In this review, an overview of the dominant loss mechanism limiting this solar cell class is presented: nongeminate, nonradiative recombination of charge carriers.
Mechanically Tunable Magnetic Properties of Flexible SrRuO3 Epitaxial Thin Films on Mica Substrates
Authors: Liu Jindong , Feng Yu , Tang Rujun , Zhao Run , Gao Ju , Shi Daning , Yang Hao
Published: January 2018

Epitaxial SrRuO3 (SRO) films with BaTiO3 buffer layer are deposited on mica substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The flexible film layers are subsequently prepared by mechanical exfoliation. The impact of mechanical strain on the magnetic properties of SRO is investigated. To control the applied mechanical strain, the prepared SRO films are firmly attached onto convex molds with different radii of curvature. The magnetization measurements are performed on SRO films under different mechanical strains. It is found that the magnetic properties of SRO films, including Curie temperature, saturated magnetic moment, and coercive field, depend strongly on the mechanical strain. The saturated moment can be enhanced from 1.2 to 3.2 µB per Ru by applying a compressive mechanical strain, which is presumably attributed to a spin state transition. The magnetic anisotropy can be varied as well by exerting mechanical compressive or tensile strain. The flexible SRO films on mica substrate with highly tunable magnetic properties show a great potential for novel applications in flexible electronics.
Unusual Formation of CoO@C “Dandelions” Derived from 2D Kagóme MOLs for Efficient Lithium Storage
Authors: Wu Fangfang , Zhang Shanshan , Xi Baojuan , Feng Zhenyu , Sun Di , Ma Xiaojian , Zhang Junhao , Feng Jinkui , Xiong Shenglin
Published: January 2018

Despite great breakthroughs, the search for anode materials with high performance for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) remains challenging. Hence, engineering advantageous structures via effective routes can bring new possibilities to the development of the LIB field. Herein, the precise synthesis of three‐dimensional (3D) hybrids of ultrathin carbon‐wrapped CoO (CoO@C) dandelions is reported by the pyrolysis of two‐dimensional (2D) Kagóme metal–organic layers (MOLs) at 400 °C under an Ar atmosphere. Due to the special coordination structure of the paternal MOLs, the resulting CoO nanowires show a small diameter of 5–10 nm and are uniformly confined within the ultrathin carbon layer. Based on the time‐dependent pyrolysis experiments, a crystal transformation mechanism of in situ self‐templated‐recrystallization‐self‐assembly accompanied by phase and morphology changes is first presented to reveal the formation of the 3D dandelion‐like spheres with assembly of nanowire arrays from a 2D Kagóme MOL. By virtue of structural and compositional features, including a 3D array structure, the small size of the primary ultrathin nanowires, and a uniform ultrathin graphitic carbon layer, these unique CoO@C dandelions display high specific capacity, good rate capability, and excellent cycling stability. Importantly, this approach can be extended to accurately synthesize other desired composite structures.
Method to estimate uncertainty associated with parcel size in coarse discrete particle simulation
Authors: Lu Liqiang , Benyahia Sofiane
Published: January 2018

Coarse grained particle methods significantly reduce the computation cost of large‐scale fluidized bed simulation by lumping many real particles into a computation parcel. This research provides a method to estimate the errors associated with parcel size in large‐scale fluidized bed simulations. This uncertainty is first quantified in small scale domains by comparing results of discrete particle method with that employing coarse parcels of different sizes. Then, this uncertainty is correlated with parcel size and simulation domains consisting of a simple homogeneous cooling system and more complex bubbling and circulating fluidized beds. These correlations allow us to accurately estimate the uncertainty in large‐scale fluidized beds based solely on data obtained in smaller systems. The ability to estimate model‐related uncertainty in larger systems makes this method relevant for industrial applications. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 2340–2350, 2018
A decomposition algorithm for simultaneous scheduling and control of CSP systems
Authors: Dowling Alexander W. , Zheng Tian , Zavala Victor M.
Published: January 2018

We present a decomposition algorithm to perform simultaneous scheduling and control decisions in concentrated solar power (CSP) systems. Our algorithm is motivated by the need to determine optimal market participation strategies at multiple timescales. The decomposition scheme uses physical insights to create surrogate linear models that are embedded within a mixed‐integer linear scheduling layer to perform discrete (operational mode) decisions. The schedules are then validated for physical feasibility in a dynamic optimization layer that uses a continuous full‐resolution CSP model. The dynamic optimization layer updates the physical variables of the surrogate models to refine schedules. We demonstrate that performing this procedure recursively provides high‐quality solutions of the simultaneous scheduling and control problem. We exploit these capabilities to analyze different market participation strategies and to explore the influence of key design variables on revenue. Our results also indicate that using scheduling algorithms that neglect detailed dynamics significantly decreases market revenues. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 2408–2417, 2018