bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Overview of General Treatment Format and Procedures
Authors: Barlow David H. , Farchione Todd J. , Fairholme Christopher P. , Ellard Kristen K. , Boisseau Christina L. , Allen Laura B. , Ehrenreich-May Jill T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 4 provides an overview of the general treatment format and procedures, including how to introduce the patient to the treatment program, the role that will be taken as therapist, session structure, homework and out-of-session practice, patient commitment, dealing with patient ambivalence and resistance, and reviewing the patient’s presenting complaint.
Module 1: Motivation Enhancement for Treatment Engagement
Authors: Barlow David H. , Farchione Todd J. , Fairholme Christopher P. , Ellard Kristen K. , Boisseau Christina L. , Allen Laura B. , Ehrenreich-May Jill T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 5 introduces the first module of treatment on motivation enhancement for treatment engagement, and outlines the principles of motivation enhancement (express empathy, develop discrepancy, roll with resistance, support self-efficacy), and motivation enhancement phases.
Module 2: Recognizing and Tracking Emotional Responses
Authors: Barlow David H. , Farchione Todd J. , Fairholme Christopher P. , Ellard Kristen K. , Boisseau Christina L. , Allen Laura B. , Ehrenreich-May Jill T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 7 further disucsses the second module of treatment on how to recognise and track emotional responses, including and introduction to monitoring emotional experiences using the ARC model, learned responses and how to understand emotions and behavior.
Module 4: Cognitive Appraisal and Reappraisal
Authors: Barlow David H. , Farchione Todd J. , Fairholme Christopher P. , Ellard Kristen K. , Boisseau Christina L. , Allen Laura B. , Ehrenreich-May Jill T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 9 outlines a plan for module four of treatment on cognitive appraisal and reappraisal, including an introduction to cognitive appraisal, a demonstration using the ambiguous picture exercise, automatic appraisal and thinking traps, and cognitive reappraisal.
Module 5: Emotion-Driven Behaviors
Authors: Barlow David H. , Farchione Todd J. , Fairholme Christopher P. , Ellard Kristen K. , Boisseau Christina L. , Allen Laura B. , Ehrenreich-May Jill T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 11 explores the fifth module on emotion-driven behaviors and further discusses emotion-driven behaviors (EDBs), how EDBs are established and maintained, adaptive versus non-adaptive EDBs, consequences of non-adaptive coping, and eliciting personally relevant examples of EDBs. Methods of countering patterns of avoidance and EDBs are suggested.
Module 7: Interoceptive and Situational Emotion Exposures
Authors: Barlow David H. , Farchione Todd J. , Fairholme Christopher P. , Ellard Kristen K. , Boisseau Christina L. , Allen Laura B. , Ehrenreich-May Jill T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 13 discusses the seventh module on interoceptive and situational emotion exposures, in-session emotion exposures and how to conduct in-session emotion exposures, and suggests processes for moving emotion exposures into the real world.
Medications for Anxiety, Depression, and Related Emotional Disorders
Authors: Barlow David H. , Farchione Todd J. , Fairholme Christopher P. , Ellard Kristen K. , Boisseau Christina L. , Allen Laura B. , Ehrenreich-May Jill T.
Published: June 2015

Chapter 14 provides information for the therapist on medications for anxiety, depression, and related emotional disorders. Medication issues are introduced, including methods of combining medication with psychological treatment, descriptions of the most commonly used medications (SSRIs, SNRIs, benzodiazepines), and information on how medications can be discontinued.
Evidence Base for the Body Project and Related Dissonance-Based Eating Disorder Prevention Programs
Authors: Stice Eric , Rohde Paul , Shaw Heather
Published: June 2015

The Body Project has produced intervention effects for eating disorder risk factors and symptoms in eight independent research groups. It is the only eating disorder prevention program that has met the criteria necessary for an intervention to be considered efficacious by the APA. Positive effects of this intervention have resulted when delivered by research-trained staff, existing providers (e.g., health educators), and undergraduate students suggesting that it can be disseminated by a variety of providers. Perhaps most importantly, the Body Project has been shown to produce a 60% reduction in the incidence of eating disorders over a three-year follow-up period.
Implementation Issues
Authors: Stice Eric , Rohde Paul , Shaw Heather
Published: June 2015

Thousands of young female students have participated in the Body Project. Different implementation issues can arise depending on the delivery setting. When securing administrative support to deliver the program it is important to present the empirical support received, and the number of eating disorder cases that can potentially be prevented. Challenges to delivery that can arise include engaging quiet participants, challenging scheduling issues, and dealing with a range of levels to which individuals have internalized the thin-ideal. This chapter provides tips on how to deal with these issues as they arise.
Dissonance-Based Obesity/Eating Disorder Prevention Program
Authors: Stice Eric , Rohde Paul , Shaw Heather
Published: June 2015

Project Health is a relatively new dissonance-based obesity prevention program that can be easily and inexpensively disseminated. Project Health borrows some successful ideas from the Body Project, incorporating dissonance induction techniques to prompt young women and men to make small incremental and sustainable changes to their diets and physical activity. Because obesity is a national epidemic, with an estimated 65% of US adults either overweight or obese, increased attention is being paid to this prevention focus. Large randomized trials are needed to assess whether this program significantly reduces increases in BMI and the incidence of obesity, which have been elusive outcomes for most obesity prevention programs.
Participant Handouts for Four-Session Enhanced-Dissonance Body Project
Authors: Stice Eric , Rohde Paul , Shaw Heather
Published: June 2015

Chapter 9 provides the handouts for the 4-session version of the Body Project script. There are roughly 2 home exercises for each session. These handouts are Letter to a Younger Girl, Self-Affirmation form (for the mirror exercise), the Verbal Challenge Form, the Top-10 List form, the Behavioral Exercise Form, the Body Activism Form, a Self-Affirmation Exercise Form. There are also exit exercises for the last session, which include a Letter to a Younger Girl, and the Group Body Activism exercise.
Intervention Script for Six-Session Enhanced-Dissonance Body Project
Authors: Stice Eric , Rohde Paul , Shaw Heather
Published: June 2015

This chapter provides the script for the new 6 45-minute enhanced-dissonance version of the Body Project, which was developed to accommodate delivery settings where devoting an entire hour per session did not fit the schedule. The content of this version of the intervention is almost identical to the 4-session version, defining the thin-ideal and discussing the costs of pursuing it, engaging in role-plays and quick comebacks that challenge thin-ideal statements, and discussing and debriefing homework assignments that include writing letters to younger girls telling them not to pursue the thin-ideal, and doing behavioral challenges and body activism. A few extra home exercises were added to this 6-session version, including writing a “news flash” regarding how the media promotes the thin-ideal.
Intervention Script for Six-Session Project Health Obesity Prevention Program
Authors: Stice Eric , Rohde Paul , Shaw Heather
Published: June 2015

Chapter 12 provides the script for Project Health, which uses dissonance and persuasion principles to get people to make small, gradual changes toward a healthy lifestyle. Each session starts with a voluntary commitment to participate. Sessions include discussions of society's promotion of overeating through fast food and marketing, the costs of obesity, and the importance of a healthy diet. Each session includes a section where each participant is asked to commit to making or maintaining small healthy changes to their diet and activity level, which are gradually increased each week; progress in making these healthy changes are shared with the group. Role-plays and writing exercises are incorporated into each session to get participants to adopt a healthy lifestyle stance, and confront pressures from their peers and family that arise.
Comparative Genomics Within the Bacillus Genus Reveal the Singularities of Two Robust Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Biocontrol Strains
Authors: Magno-Pérez-Bryan M. C. , Martínez-García P. M. , Hierrezuelo J. , Rodríguez-Palenzuela P. , Arrebola E. , Ramos C. , de Vicente A. , Pérez-García A. , Romero D.
Published: June 2015

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 8237 and CECT 8238, formerly known as Bacillus subtilis UMAF6639 and UMAF6614, respectively, contribute to plant health by facing microbial pathogens or inducing the plant’s defense mechanisms. We sequenced their genomes and developed a set of ad hoc scripts that allowed us to search for the features implicated in their beneficial interaction with plants. We define a core set of genes that should ideally be found in any beneficial Bacillus strain, including the production of secondary metabolites, volatile compounds, metabolic plasticity, cell-to-cell communication systems, and biofilm formation. We experimentally prove that some of these genetic elements are active, such as i) the production of known secondary metabolites or ii) acetoin and 2-3-butanediol, compounds that stimulate plant growth and host defense responses. A comparison with other Bacillus genomes permits us to find differences in the cell-to-cell communication system and biofilm formation and to hypothesize variations in their persistence and resistance ability in diverse environmental conditions. In addition, the major protection provided by CECT 8237 and CECT 8238, which is different from other Bacillus strains against bacterial and fungal melon diseases, permits us to propose a correlation with their singular genetic background and determine the need to search for additional blind biocontrol-related features.
The Dual Roles of Zinc Sulfate in Mitigating Peach Gummosis
Authors: Li Zhi , Fan Yanchun , Gao Lei , Cao Xiu , Ye Junli , Li Guohuai
Published: June 2015

Peach gummosis, caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae, is one of the most prevalent diseases that affects peach production. In this study, we investigated the effect of zinc sulfate on inoculated peach shoots, as well as on the growth, morphology, and pathogenicity of L. theobromae in vitro, in the laboratory. Zinc deficiency was detected in diseased peach shoots by micronutrient analysis (Cu, Mn, and Zn) and confirmed by the measurement of transcript levels of zinc transporters (ZIP4, HAM4, and ZAT). The zinc was transferred from the diseased peach shoots to the peach gum. Applying zinc sulfate to the diseased peach shoots reduced the severity of peach gummosis, showing significantly reduced lesion size and gum weight, as well as downregulation of cell wall degradation-related gene (PG and PME) compared with the control. Zinc sulfate also specifically controlled peach gummosis under L. theobromae phytotoxin stress and induced the expression of defense-related genes (PR4, CHI, PAL, PGIP, and GNS3). In addition, in vitro mycelial growth of L. theobromae was significantly inhibited by zinc sulfate compared with the control. Zinc sulfate caused abnormal hyphae at 25 mM and swelling hyphal tips at 50 mM. Exposure of L. theobromae to zinc sulfate for 20 min inhibited the ability of the pathogen to cause peach gummosis. Our physiological and molecular data demonstrated that zinc sulfate has a dual function by reducing susceptibility in the host and by direct inhibition of the pathogen.
Incision and Curettage Versus Steroid Injection for the Treatment of Chalazia: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Aycinena Alicia R. P. , Achiron Asaf , Paul Michael , Burgansky-Eliash Zvia
Published: June 2015

Purpose:

To compare the efficacy of the chalazia treatment modalities of incision and curettage (I&C) and intralesional steroid injections (SI).

Methods:

Full publications of randomized controlled trials that compared I&C with SI were identified. Aggregated success rate, weighted summary proportions, and weighted pooled relative risk for success were calculated for each method.

Results:

Data were extracted from 8 publications that met these criteria, between 1984 and 2013. There were 288 patients treated by SI with aggregate success rate of 60.4% with 1 injection and 72.5% with 1 or 2 injections. The range of the success rate was 8.7 to 86.7% for 1 injection. The success rate for the second SI was 19.0%, with a range of 0% to 53.8%. There were 264 patients treated by I&C with a larger aggregate success rate of 78.0% with 1 procedure and 86.7% with 1 or 2 procedures (p < 0.05 for both comparisons). The range of the success rates was 60.0% to 92.0% for 1 I&C. The success rate for the second I&C was 90.65%, with a range of 83.3% to 100%. Compared with I&C, the overall relative risk for SI with 1 procedure was 0.77 (p = 0.05), while the overall relative risk for 1 or 2 procedures was 0.89 (p = 0.002).

Conclusions:

This analysis shows that I&C is more effective than SI with 1 procedure. This benefit is reduced when comparing 1 or 2 attempts of I&C and SI. Studies failed to show a difference in the incidence of complications with either procedure.
Factors affecting projected Arctic surface shortwave heating and albedo change in coupled climate models
Authors: Holland Marika M. , Landrum Laura
Published: June 2015

We use a large ensemble of simulations from the Community Earth System Model to quantify simulated changes in the twentieth and twenty-first century Arctic surface shortwave heating associated with changing incoming solar radiation and changing ice conditions. For increases in shortwave absorption associated with albedo reductions, the relative influence of changing sea ice surface properties and changing sea ice areal coverage is assessed. Changes in the surface sea ice properties are associated with an earlier melt season onset, a longer snow-free season and enhanced surface ponding. Because many of these changes occur during peak solar insolation, they have a considerable influence on Arctic surface shortwave heating that is comparable to the influence of ice area loss in the early twenty-first century. As ice area loss continues through the twenty-first century, it overwhelms the influence of changes in the sea ice surface state, and is responsible for a majority of the net shortwave increases by the mid-twenty-first century. A comparison with the Arctic surface albedo and shortwave heating in CMIP5 models indicates a large spread in projected twenty-first century change. This is in part related to different ice loss rates among the models and different representations of the late twentieth century ice albedo and associated sea ice surface state.
Regional variability in sea ice melt in a changing Arctic
Authors: Perovich Donald K. , Richter-Menge Jacqueline A.
Published: June 2015

In recent years, the Arctic sea ice cover has undergone a precipitous decline in summer extent. The sea ice mass balance integrates heat and provides insight on atmospheric and oceanic forcing. The amount of surface melt and bottom melt that occurs during the summer melt season was measured at 41 sites over the time period 1957 to 2014. There are large regional and temporal variations in both surface and bottom melting. Combined surface and bottom melt ranged from 16 to 294 cm, with a mean of 101 cm. The mean ice equivalent surface melt was 48 cm and the mean bottom melt was 53 cm. On average, surface melting decreases moving northward from the Beaufort Sea towards the North Pole; however interannual differences in atmospheric forcing can overwhelm the influence of latitude. Substantial increases in bottom melting are a major contributor to ice losses in the Beaufort Sea, due to decreases in ice concentration. In the central Arctic, surface and bottom melting demonstrate interannual variability, but show no strong temporal trends from 2000 to 2014. This suggests that under current conditions, summer melting in the central Arctic is not large enough to completely remove the sea ice cover.
Evidence linking rapid Arctic warming to mid-latitude weather patterns
Authors: Francis Jennifer , Skific Natasa
Published: June 2015

The effects of rapid Arctic warming and ice loss on weather patterns in the Northern Hemisphere is a topic of active research, lively scientific debate and high societal impact. The emergence of Arctic amplification—the enhanced sensitivity of high-latitude temperature to global warming—in only the last 10–20 years presents a challenge to identifying statistically robust atmospheric responses using observations. Several recent studies have proposed and demonstrated new mechanisms by which the changing Arctic may be affecting weather patterns in mid-latitudes, and these linkages differ fundamentally from tropics/jet-stream interactions through the transfer of wave energy. In this study, new metrics and evidence are presented that suggest disproportionate Arctic warming—and resulting weakening of the poleward temperature gradient—is causing the Northern Hemisphere circulation to assume a more meridional character (i.e. wavier), although not uniformly in space or by season, and that highly amplified jet-stream patterns are occurring more frequently. Further analysis based on self-organizing maps supports this finding. These changes in circulation are expected to lead to persistent weather patterns that are known to cause extreme weather events. As emissions of greenhouse gases continue unabated, therefore, the continued amplification of Arctic warming should favour an increased occurrence of extreme events caused by prolonged weather conditions.
Cephalothrix gen. nov. (Cyanobacteria): towards an intraspecific phylogenetic evaluation by multilocus analyses
Authors: da Silva Malone Camila Francieli , Rigonato Janaína , Laughinghouse Haywood Dail , Schmidt Éder Carlos , Bouzon Zenilda Laurita , Wilmotte Annick , Fiore Marli Fátima , Sant'Anna Célia Leite
Published: June 2015

For more than a decade, the taxonomy of the Phormidiaceae has been problematic, since morphologically similar organisms represent phylogenetically distinct entities. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses, the polyphyletic genus Phormidium and other gas-vacuolated oscillatorioids appear scattered throughout the cyanobacterial tree of life. Recently, several studies have focused on understanding the oscillatorioid taxa at the generic level. At the specific level, few studies have characterized cyanobacterial strains using combined datasets (morphology, ultrastructure and molecular multilocus analyses). Using a multifaceted approach, we propose a new, well-defined genus, Cephalothrix gen. nov., by analysing seven filamentous strains that are morphologically ‘intermediate’ between gas-vacuolated taxa and Phormidium. Furthermore, we characterize two novel species: Cephalothrix komarekiana sp. nov. (strains CCIBt 3277, CCIBt 3279, CCIBt 3523, CCALA 155, SAG 75.79 and UTEX 1580) and Cephalothrix lacustris sp. nov. (strain CCIBt 3261). The generic name and specific epithets are proposed under the provisions of the International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants.
Pyvolve: A Flexible Python Module for Simulating Sequences along Phylogenies
Authors: Spielman Stephanie J. , Wilke Claus O.
Published: June 2015

We introduce Pyvolve, a flexible Python module for simulating genetic data along a phylogeny using continuous-time Markov models of sequence evolution. Easily incorporated into Python bioinformatics pipelines, Pyvolve can simulate sequences according to most standard models of nucleotide, amino-acid, and codon sequence evolution. All model parameters are fully customizable. Users can additionally specify custom evolutionary models, with custom rate matrices and/or states to evolve. This flexibility makes Pyvolve a convenient framework not only for simulating sequences under a wide variety of conditions, but also for developing and testing new evolutionary models. Pyvolve is an open-source project under a FreeBSD license, and it is available for download, along with a detailed user-manual and example scripts, fromhttp://github.com/sjspielman/pyvolve.
Chemical Modification Interference
Authors: Nilsen Timothy W.
Published: June 2015

Chemical modification interference is a powerful method for surveying an entire RNA molecule to identify functionally important chemical groups. The basic idea is to generate a pool of end-labeled RNAs wherein each RNA molecule is chemically modified (e.g., by diethyl pyrocarbonate [DEPC], hydrazine, dimethyl sulfate, CMCT, or kethoxal) at a different position. The pool of RNAs is then allowed to participate in the reaction of interest. The functionally important RNA molecules (e.g., those bound by protein or that successfully participate in a processing reaction) are then separated from the nonfunctional RNA molecules (e.g., those not bound by protein or unable to participate in a processing reaction). This is often achieved by straightforward gel electrophoretic analysis. In the case of protein binding, it is necessary to be able to separate bound RNA from unbound RNA, which can be accomplished using electrophoretic mobility shift assays, filter binding, or affinity approaches (e.g., by immunoprecipitation or the use of tagged proteins). None of these techniques requires that a large fraction of RNA be bound or reacted, and, as a result, they are quite sensitive. Here we describe one example of a chemical modification interference assay in which RNA is modified with DEPC or hydrazine before binding to a protein. This technique can be readily adapted for use with other chemicals.
Culturing Mouse Tumor Cells
Authors: Rhim Andrew D. , Jechlinger Martin , Rustgi Anil K.
Published: June 2015

Genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs) are attractive for the study of cancer; however, they can be time-consuming and expensive to produce and maintain. Thus, in certain contexts, the use of in vitro culture systems of tumor cells may provide an efficient and effective means to test hypotheses before assessment in or to complement discoveries in GEMMs. This introduction will briefly review the issues pertaining to in vitro analyses of primary cancer cells and highlight several “best practice” protocols that can be used when working with diverse types of carcinomas.
Crystal structure of ethyl 4-(2-methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-sulfanylidene-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate
Authors: Mohamed Shaaban K. , Mague Joel T. , Akkurt Mehmet , Khodairy Ahmed , Ahmed Eman A.
Published: June 2015

In the title compound, C15H18N2O3S, the hydropyrimidine ring adopts a sofa conformation with the methine C atom as the flap. The benzene ring is almost perpendicular to the mean plane of the hydropyrimidine ring, making a dihedral angle of 85.51 (8)°, and the methoxy O atom lies over the centre of the pyrimidine ring. In the crystal, weak N—H...S interactions form a zigzag chain running along theb-axis direction.
Crystal structure of 3,4-dichloroanilinium hydrogen phthalate
Authors: Shahid Muhammad , Tahir Muhammad Nawaz , Salim Muhammad , Munawar Munawar Ali
Published: June 2015

In the title salt, C6H6Cl2N+·C8H5O4−, the carboxylic acid and carboxylate groups of the anion form dihedral angles of 20.79 (19) and 74.76 (14)°, respectively, with the plane of the benzene ring. In the crystal, molecules are assembled into a two-dimensional polymeric network parallel to (100)viaN—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds. In addition, within the layer, there are π–π stacking interactions between the benzene rings of the cation and the anion [centroid–centroid distance = 3.6794 (17) Å]. A weak C—H...O interaction is also observed.
A survival model based on met expectations
Authors: Valle Mauricio A. , Ruz Gonzalo A. , Varas Samuel
Published: June 2015

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to propose a model of voluntary employee turnover based on the theory of met expectations and self-perceived efficacy of the employee, using data from a field survey conducted in a call center.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper formulates a model of employee turnover. First explaining the fulfillment of expectations from initial expectations of the employee (before starting work) and their experience after a period of time. Second, explaining the turnover of employees from the fulfillment of their expectations.

Findings

Some of the variability in the fulfillment of expectations can be explained by the difference between expectations and experiences in different job dimensions (e.g. income levels and job recognition). Results show that the level of fulfillment of expectations helps explain the process of employee turnover.

Research limitations/implications

This work provides evidence for the met expectation theory, where the gap between the individual’s expectations and subsequent experiences lead to abandonment behaviors in the organization.

Practical implications

The results suggest two paths of action to reduce the high turnover rates in the call center: the first, through realistic expectations setting of the employee, and the second, with a constant monitoring of the fulfillment of those expectations.

Originality/value

A statistical model of survival is used, which is appropriate for the study of the employee turnover processes, and its inherent temporal nature.
ICT adoption in hotels and electronic word-of-mouth
Authors: Velázquez Beatriz Moliner , Blasco María Fuentes , Gil Saura Irene
Published: June 2015

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how information and communication technology (ICT) adoption in hotels contributes to satisfaction and loyalty from the consumer perspective, considering the online dimension of recommendations.

Design/methodology/approach

A quantitative research based on a structured questionnaire and using a personal survey method was developed. Surveys were conducted on 386 guests from Spanish hotels. Causal methodology by testing structural equation model was applied.

Findings

Significant relationships are obtained in the sequence “ICT use perception – satisfaction with ICT – overall satisfaction with the hotel – dimensions of loyalty” and the mediating effect of positive electronic word-of-mouth intention between ICT satisfaction and general intention to recommend the hotel is confirmed.

Research limitations/implications

Future research can replicate these relationships in other tourist services and employ multidimensional scales to measure word-of-mouth behaviour.

Originality/value

The novelty of this work is that it studies the relationships between ICT, satisfaction and loyalty in hotel services, paying particular attention to positive word-of-mouth behaviour, both conventional and online.
Self-employment as a moderator between work and life satisfaction
Authors: Loewe Nicolas , Araya-Castillo Luis , Thieme Claudio , Batista-Foguet Joan Manuel
Published: June 2015

Purpose

The correlation between work and life satisfaction varies substantially across studies, suggesting that the strength of the relationship may depend on the studied population and its circumstances. The purpose of this paper is to assess the strength of the relationship in the context of Chile and the moderator effect of self-employment (SE), whether a worker is self-employed or on a salary.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the idea that work plays a more central role in the life of a self-employed person than in that of a salaried worker, the authors hypothesized that the strength of the relationship between work and life satisfaction will be stronger for the former. The measures used in this study were part of a large questionnaire administered to investigate several characteristics of the Chilean population. The authors used multiple regression analysis to test the moderator effect of SE on the strength of the relationship between work satisfaction and life satisfaction.

Findings

The results from a national sample of 658 Chilean workers indicate that the relationship between work satisfaction and life satisfaction is positive. Furthermore, the relationship is stronger for self-employed workers than for salaried workers. The authors also found a small negative direct effect of SE on life satisfaction, which suggests that the self-employed might be, on average, less satisfied with their lives than their salaried counterparts.

Originality/value

The sample used in the current study was not only substantially larger in size but also more representative of the current workforce because it included both genders. Consequently, the results are more robust and generalizable.
Within‐family parent–offspring co‐adaptation in a wild bird: on static traits, behavioural reaction norms, and sex differences
Authors: Lucass Carsten , Korsten Peter , Eens Marcel , Müller Wendt
Published: June 2015

Parental care, a central component of reproduction in a wide range of animal species, often involves elaborate behavioural interactions between parents and their offspring. Due to the reciprocal nature of these interactions, it has been hypothesized that parental and offspring behaviours (e.g. parental food provisioning and offspring begging) are not only target but also agent of selection. These traits are therefore expected to co‐evolve, ultimately leading to co‐adaptation of parent and offspring behaviours within families. However, empirical data on such parent–offspring co‐adaptation are limited, particularly for wild populations. Furthermore, mean levels of behaviour (as measured in previous studies) may not adequately describe the dynamic nature of the reciprocal interplay between parents and their offspring, and instead rather the behavioural reaction norms for provisioning and begging may be co‐adapted.

We applied a large‐scale cross‐fostering study over 3 consecutive breeding seasons to investigate whether provisioning behaviour of wild blue tit (Cyanistes caeruleus) parents covaries with the begging behaviour of their genetic, cross‐fostered offspring. We simultaneously analysed parent and offspring behaviours, both as static traits (mean levels) and behavioural reaction norms (offspring begging as a function of food deprivation and parental provisioning as a function of short‐term experimental changes in brood size).

Neither maternal nor paternal provisioning rates covaried with the begging intensity of their genetic offspring when analysed as mean levels of behaviour. However, the slopes of the reaction norms for provisioning and begging were negatively correlated between male, but not female, parents and their genetic offspring. Thus, fathers that change their provisioning rate strongly with brood size sire offspring whose level of begging only weakly increases with hunger, and vice versa.

The observed covariation suggests the existence of sex‐specific optima for parent–offspring trait combinations. Thus, our study not only highlights the importance of a behavioural reaction norm approach when investigating parent–offspring interactions, but also stresses the relevance of considering parents as separate units, at least for biparental species.
Effects of elevation and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on plant defence compounds in subarctic tundra heath vegetation
Authors: De Long Jonathan R. , Sundqvist Maja K. , Gundale Michael J. , Giesler Reiner , Wardle David A.
Published: June 2015

Plant chemical and structural defence compounds are well known to impact upon herbivory of fresh leaves and influence decomposition rates after leaf senescence. A number of theories predict that alleviating nutrient limitation and reducing other environmental stressors will result in decreased production of plant chemical defences.

In this study, we measured plant defence properties [total polyphenols (TP), condensed tannins (CT) and lignin concentrations, and protein complexation capacity (PCC)] in both fresh and senesced plant leaves in a fully factorial N and P fertilization experiment set‐up at each of three elevations along an elevational gradient in Swedish subarctic tundra heath vegetation. Further, we performed a decomposition of variance analysis on community‐weighted averages (CWAs) of plant defence properties to determine the relative contributions of interspecific and intraspecific variation to the total variation observed in response to elevation and nutrient addition.

We hypothesized that N fertilization would reduce plant defence properties and that this reduction would be greater at higher elevations, while the effects of P fertilization would have no effect at any elevation.

At the community level, N addition reduced CT and PCC in both fresh and senesced leaves and TP in senesced leaves, while P addition had few effects, broadly in line with our hypothesis. The effects of N addition frequently varied with elevation, but in contrast to our hypothesis, the said effects were strongest at the lowest elevations. The effects of N addition and the interactive effect of N with elevation were primarily driven by intraspecific, rather than interspecific, variation.

Our findings suggest that as temperatures warm and N availability increases due to global climate change, secondary metabolites in subarctic heath vegetation will decline particularly within species. Our results highlight the need to consider the effects of both nutrient availability and temperature, and their interaction, in driving subarctic plant defence.
Divergent evolution in antiherbivore defences within species complexes at a single Amazonian site
Authors: Endara María‐José , Weinhold Alexander , Cox James E. , Wiggins Natasha L. , Coley Phyllis D. , Kursar Thomas A.
Published: June 2015

Classic theory in plant–insect interactions has linked herbivore pressure with diversification in plant species. We hypothesize that herbivores may exert divergent selection on defences, such that closely related plant species will be more different in defensive than in non‐defensive traits.

We evaluated this hypothesis by investigating two clades of closely related plant species coexisting at a single site in the Peruvian Amazon: Inga capitata Desv. and Inga heterophylla Willd. species complexes. We compared how these lineages differ in the suite of chemical, biotic, phenological and developmental defences as compared to non‐defensive traits that are related to habitat use and resource acquisition. We also collected insect herbivores feeding on the plants.

Our data show that sister lineages within both species complexes are more divergent in antiherbivore defences than in other non‐defensive, functional traits. Moreover, the assemblages of herbivore communities are dissimilar between the populations of coexisting I. capitata lineages.

Synthesis. Our results are consistent with the idea that for the I. capitata and I. heterophylla species complexes, interactions with their natural enemies may have played a significant role in their phenotypic divergence and potentially in their diversification and coexistence. It also suggests that defensive traits are evolutionary labile.
Fine‐scale spatial genetic structure analysis of the black truffle Tuber aestivum and its link to aroma variability
Authors: Molinier Virginie , Murat Claude , Frochot Henri , Wipf Daniel , Splivallo Richard
Published: June 2015

Truffles are symbiotic fungi in high demand by food connoisseurs. Improving yield and product quality requires a better understanding of truffle genetics and aroma biosynthesis. One aim here was to investigate the diversity and fine‐scale spatial genetic structure of the Burgundy truffle Tuber aestivum. The second aim was to assess how genetic structuring along with fruiting body maturation and geographical origin influenced single constituents of truffle aroma.

A total of 39 Burgundy truffles collected in two orchards were characterized in terms of aroma profile (SPME‐GC/MS) and genotype (microsatellites). A moderate genetic differentiation was observed between the populations of the two orchards. An important seasonal and spatial genetic structuring was detected. Within one orchard, individuals belonging to the same genet were generally collected during a single season and in the close vicinity from each other. Maximum genet size nevertheless ranged from 46 to 92 m. Geographical origin or maturity only had minor effects on aroma profiles but genetic structuring, specifically clonal identity, had a pronounced influence on the concentrations of C8‐ and C4‐VOCs.

Our results highlight a high seasonal genetic turnover and indicate that the aroma of Burgundy truffle is influenced by the identity of single clones/genets.
Organic matter quantity and source affects microbial community structure and function following volcanic eruption on Kasatochi Island, Alaska
Authors: Zeglin Lydia H. , Wang Bronwen , Waythomas Christopher , Rainey Frederick , Talbot Sandra L.
Published: June 2015

In August 2008, Kasatochi volcano erupted and buried a small island in pyroclastic deposits and fine ash; since then, microbes, plants and birds have begun to re‐colonize the initially sterile surface. Five years post‐eruption, bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) copy numbers and extracellular enzyme activity (EEA) potentials were one to two orders of magnitude greater in pyroclastic materials with organic matter (OM) inputs relative to those without, despite minimal accumulation of OM (< 0.2%C). When normalized by OM levels, post‐eruptive surfaces with OM inputs had the highest β‐glucosidase, phosphatase, NAGase and cellobiohydrolase activities, and had microbial population sizes approaching those in reference soils. In contrast, the strongest factor determining bacterial community composition was the dominance of plants versus birds as OM input vectors. Although soil pH ranged from 3.9 to 7.0, and %C ranged 100×, differentiation between plant‐ and bird‐associated microbial communities suggested that cell dispersal or nutrient availability are more likely drivers of assembly than pH or OM content. This study exemplifies the complex relationship between microbial cell dispersal, soil geochemistry, and microbial structure and function; and illustrates the potential for soil microbiota to be resilient to disturbance.
Critical biogeochemical functions in the subsurface are associated with bacteria from new phyla and little studied lineages
Authors: Hug Laura A. , Thomas Brian C. , Sharon Itai , Brown Christopher T. , Sharma Ritin , Hettich Robert L. , Wilkins Michael J. , Williams Kenneth H. , Singh Andrea , Banfield Jillian F.
Published: June 2015

Nitrogen, sulfur and carbon fluxes in the terrestrial subsurface are determined by the intersecting activities of microbial community members, yet the organisms responsible are largely unknown. Metagenomic methods can identify organisms and functions, but genome recovery is often precluded by data complexity. To address this limitation, we developed subsampling assembly methods to re‐construct high‐quality draft genomes from complex samples. We applied these methods to evaluate the interlinked roles of the most abundant organisms in biogeochemical cycling in the aquifer sediment. Community proteomics confirmed these activities. The eight most abundant organisms belong to novel lineages, and two represent phyla with no previously sequenced genome. Four organisms are predicted to fix carbon via the Calvin–Benson–Bassham, Wood–Ljungdahl or 3‐hydroxyproprionate/4‐hydroxybutarate pathways. The profiled organisms are involved in the network of denitrification, dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia, ammonia oxidation and sulfate reduction/oxidation, and require substrates supplied by other community members. An ammonium‐oxidizing Thaumarchaeote is the most abundant community member, despite low ammonium concentrations in the groundwater. This organism likely benefits from two other relatively abundant organisms capable of producing ammonium from nitrate, which is abundant in the groundwater. Overall, dominant members of the microbial community are interconnected through exchange of geochemical resources.
InnerMongolian steppe arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities respond more strongly to water availability than to nitrogen fertilization
Authors: Li Xiaoliang , Zhu Tingyao , Peng Fei , Chen Qing , Lin Shan , Christie Peter , Zhang Junling
Published: June 2015

Plant community productivity and species composition are primarily constrained by water followed by nitrogen (N) availability in the degraded semi‐arid grasslands ofInnerMongolia. However, there is a lack of knowledge on how long‐termNaddition and water availability interact to influence the community structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and whetherAMfungi contribute to the recovery of degraded grasslands. Soils and roots of the dominant plant speciesStipa grandisandAgropyron cristatumwere sampled under two water levels andN) rates after 8 years. The abundance and diversity ofAMfungi remained relatively resilient after the long‐term addition of water andN. Variation in theAMfungal communities in soils and roots were affected primarily by watering.AMfungal abundance and operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness were significantly correlated with average aboveground net primary productivity and biomass of plant functional groups. Hyphal length density was significantly correlated with plant richness, the average biomass ofS. grandisand perennial forbs. Both water and plant biomass had a considerable influence on theAMfungal assemblages. The tight linkages betweenAMfungi with aboveground plant productivity highlight the importance of plant–microbe interactions in the productivity and sustainability of these semi‐arid grassland ecosystems.
Combining metagenomics with metaproteomics and stable isotope probing reveals metabolic pathways used by a naturally occurring marine methylotroph
Authors: Grob Carolina , Taubert Martin , Howat Alexandra M. , Burns Oliver J. , Dixon Joanna L. , Richnow Hans H. , Jehmlich Nico , von Bergen Martin , Chen Yin , Murrell J. Colin
Published: June 2015

A variety of culture‐independent techniques have been developed that can be used in conjunction with culture‐dependent physiological and metabolic studies of key microbial organisms in order to better understand how the activity of natural populations influences and regulates all major biogeochemical cycles. In this study, we combined deoxyribonucleic acid‐stable isotope probing (DNA‐SIP) with metagenomics and metaproteomics to characterize an uncultivated marine methylotroph that actively incorporated carbon from 13C‐labeled methanol into biomass. By metagenomic sequencing of the heavy DNA, we retrieved virtually the whole genome of this bacterium and determined its metabolic potential. Through protein‐stable isotope probing, the RuMP cycle was established as the main carbon assimilation pathway, and the classical methanol dehydrogenase‐encoding gene mxaF, as well as three out of four identified xoxF homologues were found to be expressed. This proof‐of‐concept study is the first in which the culture‐independent techniques of DNA‐SIP and protein‐SIP have been used to characterize the metabolism of a naturally occurring Methylophaga‐like bacterium in the marine environment (i.e. Methylophaga thiooxydans L4) and thus provides a powerful approach to access the genome and proteome of uncultivated microbes involved in key processes in the environment.
Global parasite and Rattus rodent invasions: The consequences for rodent‐borne diseases
Authors: MORAND Serge , BORDES Frédéric , CHEN Hsuan‐Wien , CLAUDE Julien , COSSON Jean‐François , GALAN Maxime , CZIRJÁK Gábor Á , GREENWOOD Alex D , LATINNE Alice , MICHAUX Johan , RIBAS Alexis
Published: June 2015

We summarize the current knowledge on parasitism‐related invasion processes of the globally invasive Rattus lineages, originating from Asia, and how these invasions have impacted the local epidemiology of rodent‐borne diseases. Parasites play an important role in the invasion processes and successes of their hosts through multiple biological mechanisms such as “parasite release,” “immunocompetence advantage,” “biotic resistance” and “novel weapon.” Parasites may also greatly increase the impact of invasions by spillover of parasites and other pathogens, introduced with invasive hosts, into new hosts, potentially leading to novel emerging diseases. Another potential impact is the ability of the invader to amplify local parasites by spillback. In both cases, local fauna and humans may be exposed to new health risks, which may decrease biodiversity and potentially cause increases in human morbidity and mortality. Here we review the current knowledge on these processes and propose some research priorities.
Changes in microbial communities along redox gradients in polygonized Arctic wet tundra soils
Authors: Lipson David A. , Raab Theodore K. , Parker Melanie , Kelley Scott T. , Brislawn Colin J. , Jansson Janet
Published: June 2015

This study investigated how microbial community structure and diversity varied with depth and topography in ice wedge polygons of wet tundra of the Arctic Coastal Plain in northern Alaska and what soil variables explain these patterns. We observed strong changes in community structure and diversity with depth, and more subtle changes between areas of high and low topography, with the largest differences apparent near the soil surface. These patterns are most strongly correlated with redox gradients (measured using the ratio of reduced Fe to total Fe in acid extracts as a proxy): conditions grew more reducing with depth and were most oxidized in shallow regions of polygon rims. Organic matter and pH also changed with depth and topography but were less effective predictors of the microbial community structure and relative abundance of specific taxa. Of all other measured variables, lactic acid concentration was the best, in combination with redox, for describing the microbial community. We conclude that redox conditions are the dominant force in shaping microbial communities in this landscape. Oxygen and other electron acceptors allowed for the greatest diversity of microbes: at depth the community was reduced to a simpler core of anaerobes, dominated by fermenters (Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes).
Oasis desert farming selects environment‐specific date palm root endophytic communities and cultivable bacteria that promote resistance to drought
Authors: Cherif Hanene , Marasco Ramona , Rolli Eleonora , Ferjani Raoudha , Fusi Marco , Soussi Asma , Mapelli Francesca , Blilou Ikram , Borin Sara , Boudabous Abdellatif , Cherif Ameur , Daffonchio Daniele , Ouzari Hadda
Published: June 2015

Oases are desert‐farming agro‐ecosystems, where date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) plays a keystone role in offsetting the effects of drought and maintaining a suitable microclimate for agriculture. At present, abundance, diversity and plant growth promotion (PGP) of date palm root‐associated bacteria remain unknown. Considering the environmental pressure determined by the water scarcity in the desert environments, we hypothesized that bacteria associated with date palm roots improve plant resistance to drought. Here, the ecology of date palm root endophytes from oases in the Tunisian Sahara was studied with emphasis on their capacity to promote growth under drought. Endophytic communities segregated along a north–south gradient in correlation with geo‐climatic parameters. Screening of 120 endophytes indicated that date palm roots select for bacteria with multiple PGP traits. Bacteria rapidly cross‐colonized the root tissues of different species of plants, including the original Tunisian date palm cultivar, Saudi Arabian cultivars and Arabidopsis. Selected endophytes significantly increased the biomass of date palms exposed to repeated drought stress periods during a 9‐month greenhouse experiment. Overall, results indicate that date palm roots shape endophytic communities that are capable to promote plant growth under drought conditions, thereby contributing an essential ecological service to the entire oasis ecosystem.