bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
QSAR modeling of antiradical and antioxidant activities of flavonoids using electrotopological state (E-State) atom parameters
Authors: Ray Supratim , Sengupta Chandana , Roy Kunal
Published: September 2007

In the present paper QSAR modeling using electrotopological state atom (E-state) parameters has been attempted to determine the antiradical and the antioxidant activities of flavonoids in two model systems reported by Burda et al. (2001). The antiradical property of a methanolic solution of 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and the antioxidant activity of flavonoids in a β-carotenelinoleic acid were the two model systems studied. Different statistical tools used in this communication are stepwise regression analysis, multiple linear regressions with factor analysis as the preprocessing step for variable selection (FA-MLR) and partial least squares analysis (PLS). In both the activities the best equation is obtained from stepwise regression analysis, considering, both equation statistics and predictive ability (antiradical activity: R 2 = 0.927, Q2 = 0.871 and antioxidant activity: R 2 = 0.901, Q2 = 0.841).
Anomalously large kinetic isotope effect
Authors: Krinkin David
Published: September 2007

Activated diffusion of water between macromolecules in swollen cellulose is accompanied by anomalously high kinetic isotope effects of oxygen. The separation factor of heavy-oxygen water (H218O /H216O) is thousands of permilles instead of tens of permilles according to modern Absolute Rate Theory. This anomalous separation under usual conditions is disguised by the opposing process of very fast equalization to equilibrium through water-filled cellulose pores. This process is quicker by approximately 3 orders of magnitude than diffusion through the cellulose body. As a consequence, this opposition-directed equalization virtually eliminates the results of isotope separation. To reveal this anomaly it is necessary to suppress equalization, which was the primary problem for both discovery of this anomaly and its investigation. The method of investigating the anomalous separation in cellulose was developed with suppression of this negative influence. Discussion of the theoretical nature of the anomalous kinetic isotope effect is presented. This theoretical study would probably permit the discovery and use for isotope separation of the anomalously high isotope effect for other chemical elements, in particular, for those heavier than oxygen.
Pre-treatment of growth medium with Amberlite® XAD-1180 produces higher levels of bacteriocin plantaricin 423
Authors: Todorov Svetoslav , Reenen Carol , Dicks Leon
Published: September 2007

In this paper, we investigated the production of plantaricin 423, produced by Lactobacillus plantarum 423 in both MRS broth and partially deproteinated MRS with Amberlite XAD-1180. Improved production of plantaricin 423 was observed in MRS broth pre-treated with Amberlite XAD-1180. Precipitation of plantaricin with ammonium sulphate, followed by gel filtration chromatography and subsequent analysis on a modified tricine-SDS PAGE, significantly increased the yield and purity of plantaricin 423. This paper describes a novel method to partially deproteinate growth medium in order to facilitate bacteriocin purification.
Oxidative stress in the testis of hyperglycemic rabbits treated with repaglinide
Authors: Gumieniczek Anna , Hopkała Hanna , Pruchniak Marcin
Published: September 2007

In the present study, the induction of oxidative stress was examined in the testis of alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. In addition, the protective effect of repaglinide, an oral anti-diabetic, at a dose of 1 mg daily was studied after four and eight weeks of the treatment. For these purposes, the levels of superoxide dismutase (Cu,Zn-SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), glutathione reductase (GSSG-R), glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid (AA), lipid peroxidation products (LPO) and protein carbonyl groups (PCG) were quantified. Hyperglycemia resulted in significant increases in the antioxidative enzymes, Cu, Zn-SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and GSSG-R after four and eight weeks, respectively. There was also an increase in GSH level, and a decrease in the level of AA. These effects were accompanied by an elevation in testicular LPO levels and PCG levels. Repaglinide was found to normalize the activity of GSSG-R and levels of GSH and AA, and blunted the increased lipid peroxidation, however no decrease in PCG levels were observed. In conclusion, some oxidative changes provoked in the testis of rabbits by hyperglycemia, were found to be reduced with repaglinide treatment at therapeutic dose.
Gender Role Conflict Scale for Adolescents
Authors: Blazina Chris , Cordova Maribel A. , Pisecco Stewart , Settle Anna G.
Published: September 2007

This study investigated the Gender Role Conflict Scale-Adolescent Version
(GRCS-A) and its relationship with the Gender Role Conflict Scale (GRCS),
the measure from which it was adapted. Significant correlations between the
adult and adolescent versions provided support for the concurrent validity of
the GRCS-A. Further analyses revealed that two other measures of male masculinity,
the Adolescent Masculinity Ideology in Relationships Scale (AMIRS)
and Male Role Attitudes Scale (MRAS), are also significantly related to the
GRCS-A. Implications for future research and clinical use are discussed.
Male University Transition Problems
Authors: Keen Clive
Published: September 2007

It is becoming widely recognized that far fewer young males than females are entering university. Blame is directed, for example, to the school system, feminism and parenting, but the fundamental reason is not something for which anyone should be blamed; rather, it is a mathematically inevitable result of the relentless expansion of the university system. Other factors might be important, and some are very important, but they accentuate, rather than cause, the imbalance. The true root cause has to be recognized and tackled if we are to make progress concerning what is becoming a massive social problem.
Inside Front Cover: Plasma‐Assisted Synthesis of Silicon Nanocrystal Inks (Adv. Mater. 18/2007)
Authors: Mangolini L. , Kortshagen U.
Published: September 2007

The inside cover shows a photo and a schematic of a two‐step nonthermal plasma process used to produced silicon nanocrystal inks, that is, stable colloidal solutions of silicon nanocrystals. In the first (upper) plasma, nanocrystals are formed through plasma‐induced dissociation of silane molecules, leading to nanocrystal nucleation through chemical clustering. In the second (lower) plasma step, organic ligands are attached in‐flight to the silicon nanocrystal surfaces. The collected powder of surface functionalized silicon nanocrystals readily forms stable colloidal solutions in nonpolar solvents, report Lorenzo Mangolini and Uwe Kortshagen on p. 2513.
Growing the Mandible: Role of the Periosteum and its Cells
Authors: Ochareon Pannee , Herring Susan W.
Published: September 2007

Mandibular periosteum moves in the direction of new apposition. This displacement, usually termed “migration,” is thought to involve the fibrous layer of periosteum, with the deeper osteogenic layer remaining at its original location except for its blood vessels. To assess whether periosteal displacement includes cells as well as matrix and whether the osteogenic layer has a role, a longitudinal study was undertaken. Young pigs (n = 10) were injected with a replication marker and killed 3 hr, 2 weeks, or 4 weeks later. Sections of the mandibular ramus were scored for labeled cell density. Some sections were double‐labeled with lectin to identify blood vessels. Statistical differences were seen between but not within age groups. Three hours after labeling, the fibroblastic layer had sparse, evenly distributed replicating cells, whereas the osteogenic layer had numerous replicating cells, especially at the caudal border. At 2 and 4 weeks later, a decrease in labeled osteogenic layer cells was accompanied by an increase in labeled osteocytes. Zones of labeled osteocytes in these late‐sacrifice groups were used to approximate the position of the ramal borders at the time of injection. Beyond these zones, in active growing sites, labeled cells were found not only in the fibrous layer but also in the osteogenic layer and in bone. Therefore, periosteal displacement does involve cells and is not restricted to the fibrous layer. Anat Rec 290:1366‐1376, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamics of the Epithelium During Canalization of the Rat Ventral Prostate
Authors: Bruni‐Cardoso Alexandre , Carvalho Hernandes F.
Published: September 2007

Outgrowth and branching of solid cords are the initial events in postnatal prostatic morphogenesis. These processes involve cell proliferation and their projection into the stroma and precede epithelial canalization. The purpose of the present study was to examine the dynamics of the prostate epithelium during canalization of the rat ventral prostate in the first week of postnatal development using histological, stereological, and ultrastructural analyses. The terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase [TdT]‐mediated deoxy‐UTP nick end labeling assay was used to investigate the occurrence of DNA fragmentation. Our results demonstrate that canalization of the prostate epithelium starts as early as on day 1 (24 hr after birth) and progresses thereafter. By the end of the first week (day 6), luminal volume density reached ∼3% (P < 0.05) of the organ. Canalization was the result of epithelial cell differentiation and apoptosis. The former involved organization of the epithelial cells into a single layer sitting on the basement membrane, polarization, enlargement of secretory organelles and accumulation of secretory vesicles, microvilli formation, and establishment of the adult pattern of cell junctions. The latter was observed to occur mostly to epithelial cells not in contact with the basement membrane. Structures of variable electron density were observed in the developing lumen. In conclusion, different phenomena seem to be involved in the canalization of the rat ventral prostate. However, it was evident from the present results that complex epithelial cell fate decisions take place during this process. Anat Rec, 290:1223–1232, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predicted Tracheobronchial and Pulmonary Deposition in a Murine Asthma Model
Authors: Oldham Michael J. , Robinson Risa J.
Published: September 2007

Particulate matter dosimetry provides the critical link between exposures and initial doses reaching various sites in the respiratory tract. To extrapolate findings from animal models to humans, quantitative respiratory‐tract anatomical data dosimetry in these animal models is required. The goal of this study was to provide anatomical information for the tracheobronchial and pulmonary region so predictions of particle deposition could be performed for a widely used model of asthma; the sensitized Balb/c mouse. Tracheobronchial airway morphometry of sensitized male Balb/c mice was generated from three in situ prepared lung casts. Distribution of the number of generations to terminal bronchiole for each lung lobe was determined by assigning a unique binary number to each airway. This strategy enabled the median path length to terminal bronchiole to be determined. A total of 25 median length paths to terminal bronchiole were measured (airway length, diameter, and branch angle) in each lung cast. These 25 paths were proportionately distributed among the six lobes based upon the number of median length pathways in each cast. Airway length, diameter, and branch angle were measured for each airway in the 25 median length pathways. Measurements of airway length, diameter, and branch angle for each generation were averaged to create a typical path tracheobronchial anatomy model. A pulmonary airway model was also developed so that particle deposition predictions could be performed for particle diameters of 0.2–10 micrometers. Particle deposition efficiency predictions were consistent with in vivo measured deposition. Anat Rec, 290:1309–1314, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐Resolution Three‐Dimensional Computer Simulation of Hominid Cranial Mechanics
Authors: Wroe Stephen , Moreno Karen , Clausen Philip , Mchenry Colin , Curnoe Darren
Published: September 2007

In vivo data demonstrates that strain is not distributed uniformly on the surface of the primate skull during feeding. However, in vivo studies are unable to identify or track changes in stress and strain throughout the whole structure. Finite element (FE) analysis, a powerful engineering tool long used to predict the performance of man‐made devices, has the capacity to track stress/strain in three dimensions (3‐D) and, despite the time‐consuming nature of model generation, FE has become an increasingly popular analytical device among biomechanists. Here, we apply the finite element method using sophisticated computer models to examine whether 3‐D stress and strain distributions are nonuniform throughout the primate skull, as has been strongly suggested by 2‐D in vivo strain analyses. Our simulations document steep internal stress/strain gradients, using models comprising up to three million tetrahedral finite elements and 3‐D reconstructions of jaw adducting musculature with both cranium and mandible in correct anatomical position. Results are in broad concurrence with the suggestion that few regions of the hominid cranium are clearly optimized for routine feeding and also show that external stress/strain does not necessarily reflect internal distributions. Findings further suggest that the complex heterogeneity of bone in the skull may act to dissipate stress, but that consequently higher strain must be offset by additional strain energy. We hypothesize that, despite energetic costs, this system may lend adaptive advantage through enhancing the organism's ability to modify its behavior before reaching catastrophic failure in bony or dental structures. Anat Rec, 290:1248–1255, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Encephalization, Neuronal Excess, and Neuronal Index in Rodents
Authors: Herculano‐Houzel Suzana
Published: September 2007

Encephalization, or brain size larger than expected from body size, has long been considered to correlate with improved cognitive abilities across species and even intelligence. However, it is still unknown what characteristics of relatively large brains underlie their improved functions. Here, it is shown that more encephalized rodent species have the number of neurons expected for their brain size, but a larger number of neurons than expected for their body size. The number of neurons in excess relative to body size might be available for improved associative functions and, thus, be responsible for the cognitive advantage observed in more encephalized animals. It is further proposed that, if such neuronal excess does provide for improved cognitive abilities, then the total number of excess neurons in each species—here dubbed the neuronal index—should be a better indicator of cognitive abilities than the encephalization quotient (EQ). Because the neuronal index is a function of both the number of neurons expected from the size of the body and the absolute number of neurons in the brain, differences in this parameter across species that share similar EQs might explain why these often have different cognitive capabilities, particularly when comparing across mammalian orders. Anat Rec, 290:1280–1287, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of moxidectin and ivermectin after oral administration to beagle dogs
Authors: Al‐Azzam Sayer I. , Fleckenstein Lawrence , Cheng Kuei‐Ju , Dzimianski Michael T. , McCall John W.
Published: September 2007

This study compares plasma disposition kinetics of ivermectin and moxidectin after oral administration to beagle dogs experimentally infected with the filarial parasite, Brugia pahangi. Sixteen dogs were selected and randomly allocated into two groups of eight dogs each. Animals in each group received either ivermectin or moxidectin by oral route at a dose of 250 µg/kg. Blood samples were collected from 0.5 h up to 56 days post‐treatment and the plasma was analysed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The obtained data were analysed by compartmental and non‐compartmental pharmacokinetic techniques. Peak plasma concentrations (Cmax) of 234.0 ± 64.3 ng/ml (mean ± SD) were obtained for moxidectin and 132.6 ± 43.0 ng/ml for ivermectin. The terminal elimination half‐life was significantly (p<0.01) longer in the moxidectin treated group (621.3 ± 149.3 h) than for ivermectin treated group (80.3 ± 29.8 h). A significantly (p< 0.01) larger Vss/F was obtained for moxidectin (19.21 ± 3.61 l/kg) compared with ivermectin (5.35 ± 1.29 l/kg). The mean estimates of CL/F of moxidectin and ivermectin were 0.0220 ± 0.00381 and 0.0498 ± 0.0179 l/h/kg, respectively. The comparative plasma disposition kinetics of ivermectin and moxidectin in dogs is reported for the first time. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pregnancy outcome of women exposed to azathioprine during pregnancy
Authors: Goldstein Lee Hilary , Dolinsky Galit , Greenberg Revital , Schaefer Christof , Cohen‐Kerem Raanan , Diav‐Citrin Orna. , Malm Heli , Reuvers‐Lodewijks Minke. E. , Rost van Tonningen‐van Driel Margreet M. , Arnon Judith , Ornoy Asher , Clementi Maurizio , Di Gianantonio Elena , Koren Gideon , Braunstein Rony , Berkovitch Matitiahu
Published: September 2007

BACKGROUND Azathioprine (AZP) interferes with nucleic acid synthesis and is teratogenic in animals. In view of the paucity of information on the use of AZP during pregnancy we investigated this subject in a prospective, controlled, multicenter study. Our objective was too determine whether exposure to AZP during pregnancy increases the risk for major malformations and to determine the effect on pregnancy outcome. METHODS Pregnant women on AZP who contacted one of seven teratogen information services were compared to a cohort of pregnant women who contacted two of the seven teratogen information services and took nonteratogenic treatments during their pregnancy. RESULTS Follow‐up was completed on 189 women in the AZP group and compared to 230 women in the control group. The rate of major malformations did not differ between groups with six neonates in each; the AZP rate was 3.5% and the control group rate was 3.0% (p = .775; OR 1.17; CI: 0.37, 3.69). The mean birth weight and gestational age were lower in the AZP group (2,995 g vs. 3,252 g [p = .001, difference of mean: 257, 95% CI: 106.3, 408.1] and 37.8 weeks vs. 39.1 weeks [p = .001, difference of mean: 1.3, 95% CI: .5, 2.0], respectively). The AZP group had more cases of prematurity (21.4% vs. 5.2% [p < .001; OR 4.0; 95% CI: 2.0, 8.06]) and low birth weight (23% vs. 6.0% [p < .001; OR 3.81; 95% CI: 2.0, 7.2]). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that AZP (50–100 mg/day) does not triple the rate of birth defects; however, it is associated with lower birth weight, gestational age, and prematurity. Larger studies are needed to confirm these observations. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Late Open Infarct‐related Artery Hypothesis: Evidence‐based Medicine or Not?
Authors: Brueck Martin , Bandorski Dirk , Kramer Wilfried , Vogt Paul R. , Heidt Martin C.
Published: September 2007

Randomized clinical trials have clearly shown that early reperfusion of coronary arteries is the established treatment of myocardial infarction preserving left ventricular function and reducing mortality. However, late patency of the infarct‐related artery is an independent predictor of survival leading to the late open‐artery hypothesis. This concept implies restoration of antegrade blood flow of the infarct‐related artery in patients with myocardial infarction to improve survival by mechanisms less time‐dependent or even time‐independent. Possible explanations for this benefit include improved left ventricular function and electrical stability by perfusion of hibernating myocardium, accelerated infarct healing and limitation of ventricular remodeling. This review focuses on the evidence of late recanalization of occluded infarct‐related arteries in patients with coronary artery disease. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hyponatremia and Vasopressin Antagonism in Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Kumar Siva , Rubin Sharon , Mather Paul J. , Whellan David J.
Published: September 2007

In a national heart failure registry, hyponatremia (serum sodium < 130 mEq/L) was initially reported in 5% of patients and considered a risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality. In a chronic heart failure study, serum sodium level on admission predicted an increased length of stay for cardiovascular causes and increased mortality within 60 days of discharge. Hyponatremia in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) is associated with a higher mortality rate. Also, by monitoring and increasing serum sodium levels during hospitalization for CHF, patient outcomes may improve. This review describes the pathophysiology of hyponatremia in relation to CHF, including the mechanism of action of vasopressin receptors in the kidney, and assesses the preclinical and clinical trials of vasopressin receptor antagonists—agents recently developed to treat hyponatremia. In hospitalized patients with CHF, hyponatremia plays a major role in poor outcomes. Vasopressin receptor antagonists have been shown to be safe and effective in clinical trials in patients with hyponatremia. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Amiodarone for Atrial Fibrillation Following Cardiac Surgery: Development of Clinical Practice Guidelines at a University Hospital
Authors: Khanderia Ujjaini , Wagner Deborah , Walker Paul C. , Woodcock Brian , Prager Richard
Published: September 2007

Atrial fibrillation (AF) usually develops within the first 72 h following cardiac surgery, and is often self‐limiting. Within 48 h of acute onset of symptoms, approximately 50% of patients spontaneously convert to normal sinus rhythm. Thus, the relative risks and benefits of therapy must be carefully considered. The etiology of AF following cardiac surgery is similar to that in non‐surgical patients except that pericardial inflammation and increased adrenergic tone play an increasingly important role. Further, AF after surgery may be associated with transient risk factors that resolve as the patient moves out from surgery, and the condition is less likely to recur compared to AF arising in other circumstances. Immediate heart rate control is important in preventing ischemia, tachycardia‐induced cardiomyopathy, and left ventricular dilatation.

At our institution, amiodarone is frequently used as a first‐line drug for treating AF after cardiac surgery. Inconsistent prescribing practices, variable dosage regimens, and a lack of consensus regarding the appropriate use of amiodarone prompted the need for developing practice guidelines. Multidisciplinary collaboration between the departments of cardiac surgery, pharmacy, and anesthesiology led to the development of a protocol for postoperative AF. We review the clinical evidence from published trials and discuss our guidelines, defining amiodarone use for AF in the cardiac surgery setting. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Antiplatelet Therapy in Cerebrovascular Disease: Implications of MATCH and CHARISMA Results for Cardiologists
Authors: Fintel Dan James
Published: September 2007

Cardiovascular disease is prevalent among patients with stroke; thus, cardiologists frequently treat patients at high risk for stroke. Results from recent clinical trials of antiplatelet medications, given alone or in combination, may be of special interest to cardiologists. The MATCH study demonstrated no significant difference between clopidogrel alone and clopidogrel plus aspirin in reducing risk of vascular events after stroke or transient ischemic attack. A 1.3% increased risk of major bleeding was associated with clopidogrel plus aspirin. In CHARISMA, clopidogrel plus aspirin did not reach statistical significance vs. placebo plus aspirin in reducing incidence of myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes in patients with stable atherothrombotic disease; clopidogrel was associated with an increase in moderate bleeding. These results suggest that clopidogrel plus aspirin may be inappropriate as first‐line therapy for secondary stroke prevention. In patients with established cardiovascular disease at risk for MI or other vascular events, physicians must weigh the benefits and risks before choosing this therapy. Selection of an antiplatelet agent must be based on patient history, including previous MI and stroke, susceptibility to bleeding, and other high‐risk factors (e.g. advanced age and diabetes). Aspirin plus extended‐release dipyridamole may be more effective than clopidogrel for preventing stroke in high‐risk patients. This article strives to put MATCH and CHARISMA results into context by providing an overview of antiplatelet therapy, including relevant clinical trial results, a review of current practice guidelines, and a summary of an ongoing study that will improve clinical decision making. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An Unusual Manifestation of Tako‐tsubo Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Dorfman Todd A. , Iskandrian Ami E. , Aqel Raed
Published: September 2007

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy typically presents with chest pain, ST changes, and transient left ventricular apical ballooning in the absence of epicardial coronary artery disease. This process is reversible and usually benign. An unusual manifestation is that of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve. Recognition of this finding is critical in patient management especially in the setting of cardiogenic shock, as inotropes are likely to aggravate and worsen the clinical condition. We provide a systematic review and an illustrative case and discuss treatment strategies. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Psychiatric disorders in advanced cancer
Authors: Miovic Michael , Block Susan
Published: September 2007

BACKGROUND.

Emotional distress and psychiatric disorders are common among patients with advanced cancer. Oncologists play an important role in screening for these conditions, providing first‐line treatment and referring patients for further evaluation and treatment when indicated.

METHODS.

The literature on psycho‐oncology was reviewed, focusing on the epidemiology, assessment, and treatment of psychiatric disorders (adjustment disorders, major depression, anxiety and post‐traumatic stress, personality disorders, substance abuse, and major mental disorders such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder) in patients with advanced cancer. Communication skills and the role of the oncologist in dealing with end‐of‐life issues were also reviewed. Relevant data were summarized from the most recent systematic reviews, epidemiological studies, and intervention trials. Clinical recommendations are provided.

RESULTS.

About 50% of patients with advanced cancer meet criteria for a psychiatric disorder, the most common being adjustment disorders (11%–35%) and major depression (5%–26%). Both psychosocial and pharmacological treatments are effective for anxiety and depression, although existing studies have methodological limitations. Collaboration with mental health specialists is recommended for patients with personality disorders, major mental illness, and substance abuse problems. Effective communication involves active listening, exploring emotion and meaning, addressing prognosis, and discussing end‐of‐life issues when relevant.

CONCLUSIONS.

Treating psychiatric conditions improves quality of life in patients with advanced cancer. Oncologists play a key role in screening for psychiatric disorders, initiating first‐line treatments for depression and anxiety, and communicating with patients and caregivers about prognosis and end‐of‐life issues. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Fatigue after treatment for early stage breast cancer
Authors: Jacobsen Paul B. , Donovan Kristine A. , Small Brent J. , Jim Heather S. , Munster Pamela N. , Andrykowski Michael A.
Published: September 2007

BACKGROUND.

Evidence suggests that fatigue may be a greater problem for cancer survivors than people without cancer. The present study sought to determine whether fatigue was greater in women who had completed treatment for early‐stage breast cancer relative to a demographically matched comparison group of women with no cancer history.

METHODS.

As part of a larger study, women with stage 0‐II breast cancer were recruited before the start of chemotherapy and radiotherapy (n = 100) or radiotherapy only (n = 121). Fatigue was assessed at the end of treatment and 2, 4, and 6 months later. An age‐ and geographically matched sample of women with no history of cancer was recruited and assessed for comparison purposes.

RESULTS.

Relative to comparison subjects, breast cancer survivors reported more days of fatigue in the past week at all 4 study assessments (P < .05). These differences appeared to be clinically meaningful in that a greater percentage of patients than nonpatients earned scores in the abnormal range on this measure at each assessment (P < .05). Additional analyses indicated that differences in fatigue between patients and comparison subjects were attributable primarily to heightened fatigue in women who received both chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS.

Findings suggest that fatigue is a greater problem for breast cancer survivors in the 6 months after completion of chemotherapy than for women with no cancer history. Future research should include longer‐term follow‐up to determine the persistence of fatigue in this population of survivors. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Catalytic Production of Carbon Nanotubes by Fluidized‐Bed CVD
Authors: Philippe R. , Morançais A. , Corrias M. , Caussat B. , Kihn Y. , Kalck P. , Plee D. , Gaillard P. , Bernard D. , Serp P.
Published: September 2007

The large scale production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is a major issue for their use in industry. Among the different techniques used for their synthesis, catalytic (C)CVD in fluidized‐bed reactors appears one of the most promising. In this article we present the current state of this new technology and we aim to highlight its great flexibility through examples which depict the selective preparation of different kinds of carbon nanomaterials from different catalysts. Finally, we present the results of scale‐up experiments that permit an increase in carbon nanotube production by two orders of magnitude.
In‐Situ Coating of Silica Nanoparticles with Acrylate‐Based Polymers
Authors: Suffner J. , Schechner G. , Sieger H. , Hahn H.
Published: September 2007

Nanoscale oxide/polymer composites consisting of a silica core coated with either methylmethacrylate (MMA) or ethyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate (ECA) are produced in‐situ by chemical vapor synthesis (CVS). In this process, a hot‐wall reactor is used for the preparation of the oxide core, followed by a plasma reactor to form the polymer coating. Deposition of the coating material was confirmed using nitrogen adsorption, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermal analysis (TGA). The influence of the monomer on the dispersability in polar and non‐polar media was investigated by photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS).
CVD in a Fluidized Bed Reactor: A Method of Developing Coatings at Temperatures below 600 °C
Authors: Sánchez L. , Bolívar F. J. , del Pilar Hierro M. , Trilleros J. A. , Pérez F. J.
Published: September 2007

The technique of CVD in a fluidized bed reactor (CVD‐FBR) has a useful application in obtaining a protective coating on a substrate using a low work temperature, less than 600 °C. In this way, ferritic steels such as P‐91, P‐92, or P‐122 can be coated at temperatures that do not change their microstructural properties. Coatings improve the chemical properties of substrates and their high temperature durability in corrosive environments.

The aim of this paper is a general review of the deposition, co‐deposition, or modified deposition of several elements, such as Al, Si, Al/Si, and Al/Hf, that can form various coatings on ferritic steels at low temperature. Deposition on ferritic steel using CVD‐FBR has been studied. The coatings obtained are studied by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX). In the Al and Al modified with Hf depositions, the coatings are composed only of (Fe,Cr)2Al5 or (Fe,Cr)2Al5 and (Fe,Cr)Al3 intermetallic phases, depending to the experimental conditions. The Al/Si coating is formed by (Fe,Cr)2(Al,Si)5, and, finally, the Si coating is composed of SiFe3 intermetallic phase.
ZrO2/SiO2 Fine Particle Synthesis by MOCVD
Authors: Moravec P. , Smolík J. , Keskinen H. , Mäkelä J. M. , Levdansky V. V.
Published: September 2007

Binary ZrO2/SiO2 fine particles are synthesized by simultaneous decomposition of zirconium tetra‐tert‐butoxide and tetraethyl orthosilicate in an externally heated tube flow reactor under an oxidizing atmosphere. Particle production and characteristics are studied in relation to dependence on the geometry of the inlet section arrangement, chemistry of precursor decomposition, precursor concentration, and reactor flow rate. Particle production is monitored by scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS), the morphology of particles by scanning/transmission electron microscopy (SEM/TEM), crystallinity by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED), and composition of particles by electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Particle production and their properties can be significantly affected by the geometry of the reactor inlet.
Simulating the Dynamics of Spouted‐Bed Nuclear Fuel Coaters
Authors: Pannala S. , Daw C. S. , Finney C. E. A. , Boyalakuntla D. , Syamlal M. , O'Brien T. J.
Published: September 2007

We describe simulation studies of the dynamics of spouted beds used for CVD coating of nuclear fuel particles. Our principal modeling tool is the Multiphase Flow with Interphase eXchanges (MFIX) code that was originally developed by the National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) for fossil energy process applications. In addition to standard MFIX features that allow coupling of transient hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfer, and chemical kinetics, we employ special post‐processing tools to track particle mixing and circulation as functions of operating conditions and bed design. We describe in detail one major feature of the dynamics, which is the occurrence of very regular spontaneous pulsations of gas and particle flow in the spout. These pulsations appear to be critically linked to the entrainment and circulation of solids, and they produce readily accessible dynamic pressure variations that can be used for direct comparisons of model predictions with experiments. Spouted‐bed dynamics are important from a CVD perspective because they directly determine the magnitude and variability of the concentration and species gradients in the zone where reactant gases first come into contact with hot particles. As this unsteady spouted‐bed environment differs from other types of CVD reactors, the design and scale‐up of such reactors is likely to involve unique modeling issues. Our primary goal here is to lay the groundwork for how computational simulation can be used to address these modeling issues in the specific context of nuclear fuel particle coating.
Multi‐scale Modeling and Constrained Sensitivity Analysis of Particulate CVD Systems
Authors: White C. M. , Zeininger G. , Ege P. , Ydstie B. E.
Published: September 2007

A finite‐dimensional, state‐space model of the discrete distribution function bypasses discretization of the continuous population balance, and facilitates simple modeling and fast numerical integration.

An analytical expression describes the steady‐state, average particle diameter as a function of parameters such as nucleation, agglomeration, breakage, seed rate, and average seed particle diameter. The discrete population balance model is used to evaluate the analytical expression sensitivity to growth and decay phenomena such as nucleation, agglomeration, and breakage.

The analytical expression is validated against data obtained from an industrial‐scale, fluidized bed, pilot reactor designed to produce solar‐grade silicon. The results indicate how the analytical expression describes a CVD‐type growth process, and also how the growth process may deviate due to the operating conditions.
Combined Studies on the Surface Coordination Chemistry of Benzotriazole at the Copper Electrode by Direct Electrochemical Synthesis and Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Yuan Ya‐Xian , Wei Ping‐Jie , Qin Wei , Zhang Yong , Yao Jian‐Lin , Gu Ren‐Ao
Published: September 2007

The surface coordination chemistry of benzotriazole (BTAH) on a Cu electrode was investigated by electrochemical synthesis of surface complexes and in situ electrochemical surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in nonaqueous solution. Two different surface complexes were prepared in solution with or without triphenylphosphane (PPh3). A new mixed‐valence Cu–N cluster compound containing BTAH was synthesized by direct electrochemical oxidation of Cuin nonaqueous solutions with PPh3. The final product, Cu5Cl(BTA)5(PPh3)4 was crystallized and characterized by microanalysis and Raman spectroscopy together with X‐ray crystallographic determinations. The complex crystallized in a monoclinic space group (P21/n) with lattice parameters a = 16.739(2) Å, b = 18.919(2) Å, c = 31.042(4) Å, β = 103.194(3)°, V = 9571.0(19) Å3, R1 = 0.0704, wR2 = 0.1643. The results showed that the complex was a pentanuclear compound. The central CuII atom is coordinated to four equatorial and one axial BTA– ligands to form a distorted tetragonal pyramidal coordination polyhedron, whereas each surrounding CuI ion is in a distorted tetrahedral environment. The in situ SERS studies revealed that the BTA– ion was coordinated to a Cu surface through its two N atoms of the triazole ring to form a surface polymer complex of [Cu(BTA)]n, which suppressed the dissolution and oxidation of Cu effectively. The introduction of PPh3 blocked the surface coordination of BTAH with the electrode, and a complex of BTA– and PPh3 with Cu was formed in the bulk solution.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Vibrational Spectrum and Electronic Structure of the [B11H11]2–Dianion
Authors: Kononova Elena G. , Leites Larissa A. , Bukalov Sergey S. , Pisareva Irina V. , Chizhevsky Igor T. , Kennedy John D. , Bould Jonathan
Published: September 2007

The vibrational spectrum, geometrical structure and electron‐density distribution (EDD) of the formallycloso(2n+2)‐electron cluster species [B11H11]2–have been studied. The presence of two low‐frequency vibrational modes is evidence of cluster nonrigidity. A rationale for this lies in the results of EDD calculations which show that the polyhedron lacks two‐centre edge‐localized B–B bonds of the 6k–5ktype and that its surface exhibits two six‐membered rings with low electron density. Thus, the polyhedron does not consist of deltahedral faces only and therefore does not have a genuineclosostructure. The data obtained also allow further elucidation of the “diamond‐square‐diamond” mechanism as commonly applied to the fluxionality of [B11H11]2–in solution.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Syntheses, Characterizations, and X‐ray Single‐Crystal Structures of 1,8‐Bis(trimethylsilylamino)naphthalene Aluminum Hydride and the Methyl Derivative
Authors: Yang Zhi , Ma Xiaoli , Roesky Herbert W. , Yang Ying , Jiménez‐Pérez Víctor Manuel , Magull Jörg , Ringe Arne , Jones Peter G.
Published: September 2007

The reaction of 1,8‐bis(trimethylsilylamino)naphthalene (LH2) (1) with nBuLi yields the dilithium compound [1,8‐(Me3SiN)2C10H6](Li)2(thf)3 (2). Compound 1 reacts with H3Al·NMe3 with elimination of hydrogen gas to produce [1,8‐(Me3SiN)2C10H6]AlH(NMe3) (3), and the reaction of 2 with MeAlCl2 leads to [1,8‐(Me3SiN)2C10H6]Al(Me)thf (4). Compounds 3 and 4 are the first two aluminum mononuclear compounds to contain the 1,8‐diaminonaphthalene ligand. These compounds were characterized by elemental analysis, NMR and IR spectroscopy, MS, and single‐crystal X‐ray structural analysis.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Synthesis, Spectroscopic and Structural Systematics of Complexes of Germanium(IV) Halides (GeX4, X = F, Cl, Br or I) with Mono‐, Bi‐ and Tri‐Dentate and Macrocyclic Nitrogen Donor Ligands
Authors: Cheng Fei , Davis Martin F. , Hector Andrew L. , Levason William , Reid Gillian , Webster Michael , Zhang Wenjian
Published: September 2007

The six‐coordinate adducts cis‐[GeX4(L–L)] (L–L = 2,2′‐bipyridyl, 1,10‐phenanthroline, or Me2NCH2CH2NMe2, X = F, Cl or Br) have been synthesised and characterised by IR and VT 1H and 19F{1H} NMR spectroscopy. X‐ray crystal structures reveal distorted octahedral geometries and the trends in d(Ge–N) with halide are interpreted in terms of varying Lewis acidity within the series. The trans‐[GeX4(py)2] were similarly characterised. In contrast, GeI4 does not form similar adducts, although it appears to co‐crystallise with some of the ligands, and the structure of GeI4·(1,10‐phenH)3·I3 which contains phenanthrolinium cations, iodide anions and tetrahedral GeI4 molecules is reported. Multidentate nitrogen donor ligands including cyclam (1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane) and Me4‐cyclam (1,4,8,11‐tetramethyl‐1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane) react with [GeF4(MeCN)2] to form insoluble compounds [{GeF4}2(macrocycle)] (F4N2 donor sets). In contrast, Me3[9]aneN3 (1,4,7‐trimethyl‐1,4,7‐triazacyclononane) forms the cation [GeF3{Me3[9]aneN3}]+ with a facial geometry (N3F3 donor set) which is the first example of displacement of fluoride from GeF4 by a neutral ligand. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
A rapid benchtop NMR method for determination of droplet size distributions in food emulsions
Authors: van Duynhoven John P. M. , Maillet Benjamin , Schell Jimmy , Tronquet Mathieu , Goudappel Gert‐Jan W. , Trezza Elena , Bulbarello Andrea , van Dusschoten Dagmar
Published: September 2007

The determination of water and oil droplet size distributions in food emulsions by low‐field NMR has the advantage of a simple and non‐perturbing sample preparation. Furthermore, NMR performs very well with respect to precision. The current implementation on most benchtop NMR spectrometers deploys a variation of gradient duration and requires continuous corrections for gradient imbalances, thus making the whole procedure a time‐consuming one. By using variation of gradient strength and further stretching the capability of commercial benchtop NMR spectrometers, both water and oil droplet sizes can be measured in a more rapid manner, typically two to three times faster. The measured droplet size distributions are equivalent to those assessed by the current (slow) method, for both O/W and W/O emulsions. Furthermore, the rapid method shows a good performance with respect to precision. In addition, the method is able to determine droplet sizes in samples with much smaller amounts of dispersed phase.
Specific Recognition of Disaccharides in Water by an Artificial Bicyclic Carbohydrate Receptor
Authors: Reenberg Theis , Nyberg Nils , Duus Jens Ø. , van Dongen Joost L. J. , Meldal Morten
Published: September 2007

We present the synthesis of a peptide‐based bicyclic carbohydrate receptor capable of carbohydrate recognition in 10 % deuterated acetic acid in water. The binding constants were estimated by using NMR spectroscopy, and furthermore, a series of carbohydrate complexes were studied with the use of MS (ESI) of the complex. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Perceived collective continuity and social well‐being: exploring the connections
Authors: Sani Fabio , Bowe Mhairi , Herrera Marina
Published: September 2007

Research has shown that people tend to perceive the groups to which they belong (e.g., national groups) as temporally persistent. In this paper we argue that enhanced perceptions of collective continuity lead to lower levels of anomy and misfit, and to higher levels of social well‐being (SWB). Furthermore, we argue that the effects of perceived collective continuity (PCC) on SWB are mediated by collective self‐esteem (CSE). Finally, we contend that PCC has positive effects on perceived group entitativity (PGE), which in turn has a positive influence on CSE. This model is tested by means of a cross‐sectional study using a sample of Spanish nationals (N = 145) drawn from the general public. Results confirm that the data fit the model well. These findings are in line with research demonstrating that a sense of personal continuity through time is related with better mental health and personal well‐being. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of chloroplatinates by CE coupled to inductively coupled plasma sector field MS
Authors: Standler Alexander , Koellensperger Gunda , Buchberger Wolfgang , Stingeder Gerhard , Hann Stephan
Published: September 2007

In the present work the degradation of chloroplatinates emitted into the aquatic environment has been investigated in model studies. CE coupled to inductively coupled plasma sector field MS (ICP‐SFMS) was employed as an analytical method of measurement. The CE‐ICP‐MS interface utilized the functional make‐up flow design with a microconcentric nebulizer. [Pt(Cl4)]2– and [Pt(Cl6)]2– were separated within 5 min. During a measurement period of 6 h an excellent reproducibility of migration times (RSD 2.3%) could be achieved. The high sensitivity of ICP‐SFMS resulted in an LOD of 80 ng/L platinum for the two compounds. External calibration using rhenium as internal standard was linear over three orders of magnitude. However, with external calibration a long‐term drift of signal intensity was observed. In order to reduce the uncertainty of the obtained results, quantification of [PtCl6]2– was performed for the first time by species‐specific on‐line isotope dilution MS using 194[PtCl6]2– as spike. The two different quantification strategies were compared in terms of their total combined uncertainty of measurement according to the EURACHEM guideline. The method was employed for monitoring the time‐dependent degradation of [Pt(Cl4)]2– and [Pt(Cl6)]2– in water containing 0 and 2.8 mmol/L Cl– and river water. [Pt(Cl6)]2– was stable whereas [Pt(Cl4)]2– showed rapid degradation following pseudo first‐order kinetics.
Liquid‐core waveguide in CE
Authors: Okada Tetsuo
Published: September 2007

Liquid‐core waveguide (LCW) brings about several advantages in CE. This review discusses some aspects of fundamental and practical importance involved in this method. Sensitivity in absorption and fluorescence detection is in general improved by more than one order of magnitude over usual crossbeam detection arrangements; the improvements come from the long light path in absorption detection and low light scattering in fluorescence detection. Versatile instrumental arrangements are another advantage of LCW in CE, leading to several detection schemes, some of which provide information that is not gained by usual capillary‐end crossbeam detection, e.g. whole‐capillary imaging, simultaneous monitoring of multicapillary separation, and kinetic evaluation. The high potential and perspectives of LCW in CE are discussed based on the state‐of‐the‐art developments.