bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The History of the Future
Authors: Roberts Ian , ROUSSOU ANNA
Published: January 2010

This chapter considers three well-known cases of ‘grammaticalization’ regarding the development of future-tense constructions in English, Romance, and Greek. It argues that the change consists in the loss of movement of verbal element to a higher functional position; in the new grammars, the verbal element is merged directly in the functional position, not merging there via copying and subsequent deletion of the lower element. Grammaticalization-type changes of this kind follow a ‘path’, which is structurally defined along Cinque's (1999) universal hierarchy of functional categories in the clause structure.
Case and Middle English Genitive Noun Phrases
Authors: Allen Cynthia. L
Published: January 2010

This chapter explores the connection between the loss of case-marking morphology in English and some changes which took place within possessive noun phrases. It focuses on appositives to possessors, which raise some interesting questions concerning the nature of what is often referred to as ‘morphological case’ and its relationship to ‘syntactic case’.
Split Constituents within NP in the History of English: Commentary on Allen
Authors: Bošković Željko
Published: January 2010

This chapter presents a commentary on Chapter 3, which explored the connection between the loss of case-marking and several changes that took place within the possessive noun phrase in English. The chapter focused on discontinuous possessive constructions, where the possessive is split around the head noun. The current chapter focuses on the question of how such structures are derived and the role of Morphological Blocking in the analysis of such structures.
Double Object and Morphological Triggers for Syntactic Case
Authors: Polo Chiara
Published: January 2010

A question that has always fascinated historical grammatical concerns is the interplay between alterations in morphological systems and syntactic change. It has long been observed that the shift from an inflectional to a mainly isolating morphological type which affected several Indo-European languages took place at the same time as extensive syntactic restructuring, reflected in restrictions on constituent order and in the widespread use of analytic constructions. The apparent simultaneity of these two phenomena accounts for the general agreement found in traditional literature on the existence of a functionalist relation between case morphology and syntactic structures. The natural implication of this traditional position is that historical changes in syntactic structures are straightforward, functionally related effects of changes in inflectional systems. This chapter shows that theories based on a purely functionalist approach are not completely satisfactory as they stand, since important aspects of the phenomenon under discussion go unexplained: empirical data belonging to the sub-domain of the double-object construction in the crucial transition phase from Old to Middle English seem to call for a different explanation. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 7.2 surveys Weerman's analysis of syntactic change in the double-object construction. Section 7.3 presents qualitative and quantitative data derived from the investigation of OE and (Early) Middle English (EME) text material. Section 7.4 addresses the question of how to deal with the documented word orders in light of an expanded empirical base, and proposes an explanatory theory which supplements Weerman's proposal, finally presenting an overall discussion of the conclusions achieved.
Loss of Overt Wh-Movement in Old Japanese
Authors: Watanabe Akira
Published: January 2010

This chapter considers the mechanism which drives overt wh-movement. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 10.2 starts by describing the system of wh-questions in Old Japanese. The core empirical material is based on the recent discovery that overt displacement of an entire wh-phrase once existed in Old Japanese and was lost subsequently. Section 10.3 examines this and relates changes while Section 10.4 turns to a theoretical account of these changes.
The Loss of IP-Scrambling in Portugese: Clause Structure, Word-Order Variation and Change
Authors: Martins Ana Maria
Published: January 2010

This chapter deals with the loss of OV order in Portuguese. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 13.2 presents some basic facts about word order in Old Portuguese, identifies the types of structures where OV order arises, discards the ones where the object is topicalized or focused, and gives some preliminary information about the structures with object scrambling. Section 13.3 identifies the structural position of scrambled constituents. Section 13.4 discusses the motivation for the scrambling operation and concludes that it accomplishes an ‘extraction out of focus’ strategy. Section 13.5 addresses the question of why IP-scrambling was lost while Section 13.6 concludes the chapter.
Residual V-to-I
Authors: Jonas Dianne
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines new data from Older and Modern Faroese, Older Scots, and Shetland Dialect that bring into question the nature of the relationship between the richness of morphology and (the loss of) V-to-I. It begins with an overview of V-to-I in Modern Icelandic and contrasts the Icelandic facts with those of Mainland Scandinavian, showing how Icelandic and Mainland Scandinavian differ with respect to V-to-I. It then presents an overview of V-to-I in Faroese from a diachronic and synchronic perspective, arguing that Older Faroese had V-to-I, whereas there is dialect split with respect to V-to-I in Modern Faroese. The chapter discusses residual V-to-I in Shetland Dialect both from a synchronic and diachronic perspective. Finally, it discusses syntactic triggers for V-to-I in light of the fact that Older Scots and Shetland Dialect had V-to-I in the absence of rich agreement morphology for a long period in their history.
The Computational Study of Diachronic Linguistics
Authors: Niyogi Partha
Published: January 2010

This chapter introduces the basic framework for the computational study of diachronic phenomena in human languages and takes stock of the explosion of activity in computational models of language change and evolution. It focuses on the subtle interplay between language acquisition and change, building a population model which helps us to reason our way through the complex explanatory possibilities for language populations changing in time, analogously to recent practice in evolutionary biology. The Triggering Learning Algorithm approach to acquisition is used, in which children are error-driven, changing their grammars when they confront a sentence which cannot be analyzed by the present grammar.
Grammar Competition and Language Change
Authors: Yang Charles D.
Published: January 2010

This chapter develops a general mathematical model that formalizes linguists' insight of grammar competition driving language change. The chapter is organized as follows. Section 21.2 gives a brief summary of the acquisition model. Section 21.3 lays out the model of language change in detail and derives a number of formal results. Section 21.4 applies the model to explain the loss of V2 in Old French.
Introduction
Authors: THOMAS HUGH M.
Published: January 2010

Hostility dominated the relations between the Normans and the English during the Middle Ages. Peace between the two ethnic groups proved unattainable, and the animosity lingered well into the 12th century. Yet by the end of the 12th century, this hostile state of affairs was altered beyond recognition. Ethnic distinctions had broken down to the point that one could not know who was English and who was Norman. Although Norman French continued to be spoken, at least as a second language, until the 14th century, the aristocracy of England, descended in large measure from the conquerors, came to identify itself firmly as English. In fact, the two peoples merged quite quickly. Despite Norman victory and the concentration of power and wealth in the hands of the conquerors, Normanitas, the identity of the ruling dynasty and its chief warriors, eventually ceded to the Englishness of the conquered people. These are the processes with which this book is concerned.
English Identity Before the Norman Conquest
Authors: THOMAS HUGH M.
Published: January 2010

This chapter presents a brief overview of Englishness and of ethnic interaction before the Norman conquest of 1066 to understand the fate of that identity and the nature of relations between English and Normans after the conquest. A key factor in the survival of Englishness after 1066 is the strength of that identity before. The various factors that upheld English identity in the Anglo-Saxon period are examined to explain its strength and reveal both change and continuity in that identity in the generations following 1066. This chapter also discusses how the English dealt with important pre-conquest minorities and their interaction with the Normans.
A Chronology of Assimilation
Authors: THOMAS HUGH M.
Published: January 2010

This chapter provides a chronological overview of ethnic relations between the English and the Normans through to the end of the 12th century, by which time cultural assimilation seems to have been complete. It emphasises the harshness and brutality of the Norman conquest and therefore of the dealings between the two peoples during the reign of William the Conqueror. The chapter explains and underscores the early hostility between English and Normans, which can too easily be minimised through the lens of hindsight, and shows just how surprising is the speed with which assimilation took place. The changing relations of the two peoples over succeeding reigns and generations are discussed, focusing on the timing of conciliation and assimilation between the English and Normans.
A Chronology of Identity
Authors: THOMAS HUGH M.
Published: January 2010

Although cultural assimilation and the re-emergence of a dominant English identity were closely related, they were separate processes, with somewhat different dynamics. The shift in ethnic identity needs to be conceptualised in a different manner than in the past, and this requires treating its chronology independently of that for assimilation. Moreover, in the chronology of identity there was an additional phase, lasting into the 13th century, in which the descendants of Normans in the aristocracy moved from simply accepting English identity to embracing it and making it a part of their political agenda and propaganda. The most important symptom of the problem of group identity in post-conquest England is the widespread avoidance of ethnic terminology in histories from most of the 12th century, when compared to the preceding and following periods, and particularly in contexts involving the elites.
Ideology, Prejudice, and Assimilation
Authors: THOMAS HUGH M.
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses attitudes towards ethnicity and cultural assimilation in medieval England following its conquest by Normandy, arguing that there was a loose bias towards ethnic concord and assimilation. There were also several ideological factors that indirectly supported the trend toward amity and unification. None of these attitudes were strongly held, and the effects of some ideologies were limited precisely because they were indirect. Equally important, however, there was also no ideology of ethnic purity or exclusion, despite the strong pre-conquest identities of both Normans and English. Yet there can be no doubt that the Norman kings and the invaders practised what is known as discrimination along ethnic lines in their restructuring of the secular elites and in their ecclesiastical appointments. This chapter examines the roots of this obvious and established prejudice and how it can be reconciled with the apparent swiftness and ease of assimilation.
The Aristocracy
Authors: THOMAS HUGH M.
Published: January 2010

In Anglo-Norman society, the landed aristocracy channelled a disproportionate amount of influence to the great rural landholders, who possessed extensive military, economic, and political power. As a result, it is important to study relations between the new immigrant nobles and surviving English nobles and rising families of native descent. To what degree did English aristocrats assimilate and absorb Norman ones? To what extent were native aristocrats responsible for the survival and triumph of English identity? This chapter focuses on patrilineal native lineages that survived the Norman conquest or rose into the aristocracy afterwards. As is well known, the Normans destroyed most of the old aristocracy, but the potential influence of even a greatly weakened native aristocracy on ethnic relations may be seen by a comparison with medieval Wales, a society that never experienced the level of assimilation found in England after the conquest. There were many reasons for the difference, but some important ones are to be found at the aristocratic level.
Royal Government, England, and Englishness
Authors: THOMAS HUGH M.
Published: January 2010

The English government, simply by its very existence, helped to maintain and propagate the constructs of England and Englishness, and played a role in the adoption of a new ethnic identity by the political elites. A number of scholars have argued that government was a factor in the unification of English and Normans after the conquest. But how and why did the royal government strengthen the ideas of England and Englishness? This chapter explores the royal government's influence on constructs of place and identity after the Norman conquest and discusses some of the mechanics of how it worked. First, the chapter looks at the scholarly debate over whether one can speak of an Anglo-Norman Regnum in which England and Normandy essentially formed a single political entity.
The Image of the Other
Authors: THOMAS HUGH M.
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses the ways in which the image of other peoples helped to strengthen English identity and eliminate the boundaries between natives and immigrants. Anthropologists have often stressed that ethnic identity is relational, i.e. that it is defined partly in contrast to other groups, and Fredrik Barth in particular has argued that peoples define themselves through what makes them different from other groups. What the inhabitants of England thought about other peoples helped to shape how they thought about themselves. It also helped to create a sense of unity that overcame earlier divisions. In the decades after the conquest, the English and Normans probably contrasted themselves mainly with each other. But as time went on comparison with other peoples made the conquerors and the conquered seem more alike. Exposure to other groups helped to make clear what the two peoples had in common from the beginning and, as cultural assimilation proceeded, underscored their growing cultural unity.
High Culture, Religious Culture, and Ethnicity
Authors: THOMAS HUGH M.
Published: January 2010

Castles and cathedrals are important heritage sites in England and Britain, with the Tower of London, the origins of which date to William the Conqueror's attempts to secure the Norman conquest, as a prime example. In general, past cultural achievements are celebrated as important sources for national identity. At the same time, the continuing production of high culture is considered important to national pride. This chapter examines whether cultural achievements played a similar role in English or Norman pride and identity after the Norman conquest. First, it provides a brief and necessarily oversimplified account of the cultural interaction between English and Normans in several important cultural arenas. The Anglo-Norman period was a crucial one not only for the emergence of high culture, but also of religious culture.
Language, Literature, and Ethnic Identity
Authors: THOMAS HUGH M.
Published: January 2010

For many 19th- and 20th-century theorists and activists, language was crucial to nationalism. Scholars suggest that the linguistic effects of the Norman conquest constituted an important though temporary blow to English identity, and that survival of English was important for survival of Englishness. This chapter argues that whatever connection there was between the English language and English identity, it was fairly weak. The discernible influence of Old English literature after the middle of the 12th century is also negligible. However, it contends that bilingualism was also very important in facilitating the process of cultural assimilation. In particular, England fairly quickly developed into a bilingual society, at least in towns, the aristocracy, and perhaps among the middling sort.
The Social Question and the Challenge to Economic Orthodoxy
Authors: GRIMMER-SOLEM ERIK
Published: January 2010

This chapter defines and traces the social question and its salient attributes for Schmoller and his colleagues by relating it to the rapid processes of social and economic change in Prussia during the 1860s and 1870s. It also traces the rise and spread of contemporaneous social thought and the simultaneous demise of classical economics between about 1850 and 1870.
The New Economics and the Public,1872–1880
Authors: GRIMMER-SOLEM ERIK
Published: January 2010

This chapter evaluates the involvement of Schmoller and his colleagues in the rise of an organized social reform movement. It analyzes the dynamics that gave rise to Verein für Sozialpolitk, the place of historical economists in this organization, what disputes and controversies this sparked, and how Schmoller and his colleagues responded to these challenges.
Lecture Five— Holism and Explanation
Authors: COLEMAN JULES L.
Published: January 2010

This chapter responds to the challenge that the two-way relationship between practice and principle is objectionably circular. It presents some very provisional remarks about the relationship of corrective justice to fairness and of fairness to a certain liberal idea of the person as the author of her own life.
Lecture Six— Guidance and Compliance
Authors: COLEMAN JULES L.
Published: January 2010

This chapter distinguishes between two different but related issues pertaining to the nature of legal authority. The first concerns the existence conditions of law and thus the possibility conditions of legal authority: how is legal governance possible? The second concerns the nature or kind of governance law purports to provide. It then addresses a third set of questions, one that concerns the conditions, if any, under which the reasons of law purports to create are moral reasons.
Lecture Seven— The Conventionality Thesis
Authors: COLEMAN JULES L.
Published: January 2010

This chapter defends the conventionality thesis — the claim that legal authority is made possible by a specific set of conventional social practice. It begins by considering the widely misunderstood relationship between the rule of recognition and the social practice of officials. It then argues that contrary to the views of many positivists, the rule of recognition purports to be, and can be, a duty-imposing rule. The chapter concludes by considering the objection that to explain the existence conditions of legal authority in terms of a rule of recognition whose existence condition depends on the behaviour of ‘officials’ is, in the end, to explain law in terms of law.
Lecture Nine— Authority and Reason
Authors: COLEMAN JULES L.
Published: January 2010

This chapter considers what Joseph Raz in particular finds objectionable in legal positivism. Raz believes that law’s claim to legitimate authority could only be true if it is possible to identify legal norms that their content by appealing to social source alone. It is argued that even if Raz is right about law’s conceptually necessary claim to authority, the sources thesis as a legal theory of validity does not follow from it. The chapter grants all of Raz’s claims about legal authority, but denies that they have all of the implications he claims they do.
Lecture Ten— Practical Difference
Authors: COLEMAN JULES L.
Published: January 2010

Recently, Scott Shapiro has characterized legal normativity in more general terms, propounding what has come to be called the ‘practical difference thesis’. Shapiro has argued that the practical difference thesis is incompatible with inclusive legal positivism. Thus, he aims to vindicate a conclusion similar to Raz’s, but doing so based on weaker premises. This chapter lays out Shapiro’s argument and explains why various responses to him have failed. It then presents a general argument against both Shapiro and Raz to the effect that even if it is true of law that it must make a practical difference, or that it must be the sort of thing that could be a legitimate authority, it does not follow that the same must be true of each and every law.
Lecture Twelve— Normativity and Naturalism
Authors: COLEMAN JULES L.
Published: January 2010

This chapter addresses the full range of arguments designed to show that the philosophical investigation of law and of the concepts that figure in it must be an activity of moral or political philosophy. The standard formulations of the debate between so-called descriptive and normative jurisprudence are considered misleading and unhelpful. The task of finding a satisfactory formulation of the dispute occupies much of the chapter; a good deal of the rest is devoted to resolving the dispute.
Introduction: Governance in Partnership and Close Corporation Law in Europe and the United States
Authors: McCAHERY JOSEPH A.
Published: January 2010

This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of the growth of new business organization forms in the US and Europe. It then considers the problems of extending limited liability to small firms and determining whether to modify fiduciary prohibitions in closely-held firms. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Waiting for the Omelet to Set: Match-Specific Assets and Minority Oppression in Close Corporations
Authors: ROCK EDWARD B. , WACHTER MICHAEL L.
Published: January 2010

This chapter focuses on the persistent features of the close corporation that serve to protect participants from the misconduct by fellow participants. It shows that where there is an intensity of match-specific assets in which all participants invest, the close corporation is best served by rules that lock-in the majority and minority participants by giving them a limited right to dissociate. This view is more in line with the experiences of high-tech start ups where a rule against opportunistic exit serves to protect the initial investments of human and physical capital made by the participants in the development stage.
Transatlantic Perspectives on Partnership Law: Risk and Instability
Authors: DeMOTT DEBORAH A.
Published: January 2010

This chapter shows that the general architectural features of partnership law in the US and England involves a basic design choice and are in turn offset by various statutory provisions. There are a number of doctrinal and statutory provisions in the the Uniform Partnership Act (UPA) and Revised Uniform Partnership Act's (RUPA) that serve to mitigate the risk of wrongful dissolution and dissociation. However, these mitigating elements are far from efficient, and most agree that parties should be permitted to create a binding agreement that accurately reflects the benefit of the partnership.
Limited Liability Partnerships in the United Kingdom: Do They Have a Role for Small Firms?
Authors: FREEDMAN JUDITH
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines the emergence of a new legal form, the limited liability partnership (LLP), in the UK. Section 10.2 briefly considers the needs of small businesses in relation to the legal structure and outlines the arguments against the notion that the LLP will be an important new vehicle for ordinary small businesses. Section 10.3 examines the pressures that led to the introduction of the LLP in the UK, while Section 10.4 evaluates the characteristics of the resulting legal vehicle. Section 10.5 argues that this new legal vehicle is not the result of an evolutionary and competitive process that has produced an efficient result, but rather is the outcome of a political reaction to pressures, which has brought forth a strange legal vehicle of restricted value for small firms.
Limited Liability Partnerships and Partnership Law Reform in the United Kingdom
Authors: MORSE GEOFFREY
Published: January 2010

This chapter evaluates recent proposals of the Law Commission's joint consultation paper on Partnership Reform in the United States. It begins by considering the development and introduction of the limited liability partnership (LLP) and whether it will provide effective limited liability for the professions. It then looks at three general themes in the proposals of the Law Commission's joint consultation paper on partnership law reform: (1) the introduction of automatic and continuing legal personality; (2) the continuation of the association after a change in partners; and (3) the remodeling of dissolution and winding up. The chapter examines some of the specific areas for reform, distinguishing between those that are acceptable as they stand and those that may require further consideration. It then considers two important areas for reform that are not addressed by the Law Commission: (1) the problem of agency and the undisclosed principal; and (2) partnership liability for breaches of express and constructive trusts.
‘Drawing Near the Fastness?’:The Failed US Experiment in Unincorporated Business Entity Reform
Authors: VESTAL ALLAN WALKER
Published: January 2010

This chapter focuses on the accomplishments of the decade-long reform of unincorporated law. It identifies three essential features involved in the US experience. It argues that norm entrepreneurs proceeded without a coherent, underlying theory to guide their experimentation. They acted because it was in their power to do so and not because of any consensus-based justifications.
Pitfalls in Partnership Law Reform: Some US Experience
Authors: WEIDNER DONALD J.
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines the major pitfalls in partnership law reform based on the Revised Uniform Partnership Act's (RUPA) experience. It identifies two major pitfalls: a failure to learn from history and a failure to state clear, concise, and coherent principles. The best way to avoid these pitfalls is by properly harnessing available expertise and political support.
Private Companies in Europe and the European Private Company
Authors: DRURY ROBERT R.
Published: January 2010

This chapter briefly outlines the dissemination and development of the private company form throughout the EU member states. It then considers the need for introducing a full range of vehicles at a supranational European level. It gives further details of the proposal for the European Private Company Regulation.
The Reform Agenda for Partnerships and Closely Held Companies in the Netherlands and the European Union
Authors: RAAIJMAKERS THEO
Published: January 2010

This chapter offers a critical account of the partnership law reform agenda in the Netherlands, noting that Dutch lawmakers have failed to embrace adequately a modern approach to partnerships. Section 15.2 discusses the importance of the single-person firm. Section 15.3 focuses on the importance of partnership law and asks whether the limited liability partnership form should be extended to non-professional small firms. Section 15.4 provides a survey of the reform of closely held businesses form while Section 15.5 concludes.
Charles-Brun and the Félibrige: Mistral or Louis-Xavier de Ricard?
Authors: WRIGHT JULIAN
Published: January 2010

Belle Époque regionalism in France has been misunderstood. As Jean Charles-Brun envisaged it, regionalism was an attempt to bridge the divide between romantic literary movements and modern theories of the state. There was thus a dichotomy in regionalism between the mystique of the cultural regionalist and the politique of those whose attention was focused on problems of state reform. This dichotomy had been equally present in the Félibrige, the southern literary association where Charles-Brun had begun his own journalistic career. In fact, any analysis of the prehistory of the Fédération Régionaliste Française (FRF) must be based on an understanding of the debate within the Félibrige between those who pursued exclusively the cultural renaissance of southern France and the avant-garde, the (often younger) félibres who attempted to make the movement take account of the political consequences of this renaissance. Both Charles-Brun and Louis-Xavier de Ricard shared common intellectual ground with the federalism of Maurice Barres and Charles Maurras, but their own understanding of federalism differed on certain fundamental points.
Conclusion Regionalism and the History of French Political Thought
Authors: WRIGHT JULIAN
Published: January 2010

This book has explored the history of regionalism and political thought in France by focusing on the intellectual biography of Jean Charles-Brun. By shifting between discussions of the idea of regionalism and Fédération Régionaliste Française, the movement led by Charles-Brun, regionalism has appeared tangible, worthy of the historian's attention. Regionalism is not merely a sub-theme in the history of Belle Époque ideas, a prop or piece of stage furniture which enlivens or adds ‘depth’ to the picture of Third Republic politics and culture. Looking at the characters that made up the movement, their praxis and aims, has shown regionalism as an active player in the arena of political discussion. It marched about the stage, establishing relationships and provoking reactions. It was a fascinating ‘personality’ in Third Republic political debates. Indeed, regionalism could claim success in having made an impact on debates about the Republic and the nature of a state under democracy as well as contemporary discussions about decentralisation.
Universal Jurisdiction
Authors: Reydams Luc
Published: January 2010

After centuries of near dormancy, the concept of ‘universal jurisdiction’ has suddenly become an important legal tool in the international campaign against impunity, most prominently in high-profile criminal trials. Among the legal questions raised by the exercise of universal jurisdiction, this book considers two. Under what conditions is a country investigating or prosecuting a foreigner for an extraterritorial offence internationally competent? What is the basis in municipal law for the exercise of universal jurisdiction? The book first identifies the international legal issues that arise when a State exercises extraterritorial jurisdiction generally, discerns the different doctrinal concepts of universal jurisdiction, and traces universal jurisdiction in current international texts such as multilateral conventions, resolutions of intergovernmental bodies, and official drafts and studies. The book then brings together, and makes accessible in English, detailed accounts of universal jurisdiction in fourteen countries: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Israel, the Netherlands, Senegal, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The municipal laws are placed in the larger context of a country’s views on criminal jurisdiction generally and the case discussions pay detailed attention to the factual and legal context of each case. This approach provides the reasons why the individual was brought to justice in a third country.
Doctrine
Authors: Reydams Luc
Published: January 2010

This chapter presents the principal scholarly views on universal jurisdiction, including drafts, reports, and resolutions of international learned bodies and conferences. The universality principle encompasses three different concepts: (1) the secondary or subsidiary jurisdiction of the custodial State over all serious offences if extradition of the suspect is impracticable; (2) the jurisdiction, whether primary or subsidiary, of the custodial State over international offences only; and (3) the primary right of any State to try international offences without regard to the offender’s whereabouts.
International texts
Authors: Reydams Luc
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines universal jurisdiction in international texts. It distinguishes between multilateral conventions, resolutions from intergovernmental bodies, and official drafts and studies. Besides searching for provisions on universal jurisdiction in multilateral conventions and for indications of an opinio juris among States in non-legally binding international texts, the chapter lays further groundwork for the discussion of municipal legislation and case-law.
Australia
Authors: Reydams Luc
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses universal jurisdiction in Australia. The chapter is organized as follows. Section A presents a tour d’horizon of the ambit of the country’s criminal law. It then considers the standing victims in criminal proceedings and the application of the principles of double criminality, lex mitior, and ne bis in idem. Section B deals with cases of universal jurisdiction or with judicial decisions in which the issue was raised. Section C concludes with a brief summary of the chapter.
Austria
Authors: Reydams Luc
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses universal jurisdiction in Austria. The chapter is organized as follows. Section A presents a tour d’horizon of the ambit of the country’s criminal law. It then considers the standing victims in criminal proceedings and the application of the principles of double criminality, lex mitior, and ne bis in idem. Section B deals with cases of universal jurisdiction or with judicial decisions in which the issue was raised. Section C concludes with a brief summary of the chapter.
Canada
Authors: Reydams Luc
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses universal jurisdiction in Canada. The chapter is organized as follows. Section A presents a tour d’horizon of the ambit of the country’s criminal law. It then considers the standing victims in criminal proceedings and the application of the principles of double criminality, lex mitior, and ne bis in idem. Section B deals with cases of universal jurisdiction or with judicial decisions in which the issue was raised. Section C concludes with a brief summary of the chapter.
Denmark
Authors: Reydams Luc
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses universal jurisdiction in Denmark. The chapter is organized as follows. Section A presents a tour d’horizon of the ambit of the country’s criminal law. It then considers the standing victims in criminal proceedings and the application of the principles of double criminality, lex mitior, and ne bis in idem. Section B deals with cases of universal jurisdiction or with judicial decisions in which the issue was raised. Section C concludes with a brief summary of the chapter.
Germany
Authors: Reydams Luc
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses universal jurisdiction in Germany. The chapter is organized as follows. Section A presents a tour d’horizon of the ambit of the country’s criminal law. It then considers the standing victims in criminal proceedings and the application of the principles of double criminality, lex mitior, and ne bis in idem. Section B deals with cases of universal jurisdiction or with judicial decisions in which the issue was raised. Section C concludes with a brief summary of the chapter.
The Netherlands
Authors: Reydams Luc
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses universal jurisdiction in the Netherlands. The chapter is organized as follows. Section A presents a tour d’horizon of the ambit of the country’s criminal law. It then considers the standing victims in criminal proceedings and the application of the principles of double criminality, lex mitior, and ne bis in idem. Section B deals with cases of universal jurisdiction or with judicial decisions in which the issue was raised. Section C concludes with a brief summary of the chapter.
Senegal
Authors: Reydams Luc
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses universal jurisdiction in Senegal. The chapter is organized as follows. Section A presents a tour d’horizon of the ambit of the country’s criminal law. It then considers the standing victims in criminal proceedings and the application of the principles of double criminality, lex mitior, and ne bis in idem. Section B deals with cases of universal jurisdiction or with judicial decisions in which the issue was raised. Section C concludes with a brief summary of the chapter.
Switzerland
Authors: Reydams Luc
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses universal jurisdiction in Switzerland. The chapter is organized as follows. Section A presents a tour d’horizon of the ambit of the country’s criminal law. It then considers the standing victims in criminal proceedings and the application of the principles of double criminality, lex mitior, and ne bis in idem. Section B deals with cases of universal jurisdiction or with judicial decisions in which the issue was raised. Section C concludes with a brief summary of the chapter.
The United Kingdom
Authors: Reydams Luc
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses universal jurisdiction in the United Kingdom. The chapter is organized as follows. Section A presents a tour d’horizon of the ambit of the country’s criminal law. It then considers the standing victims in criminal proceedings and the application of the principles of double criminality, lex mitior, and ne bis in idem. Section B deals with cases of universal jurisdiction or with judicial decisions in which the issue was raised. Section C concludes with a brief summary of the chapter.
The United States of America
Authors: Reydams Luc
Published: January 2010

This chapter discusses universal jurisdiction in the United States. The chapter is organized as follows. Section A presents a tour d’horizon of the ambit of the country’s criminal law. It then considers the standing victims in criminal proceedings and the application of the principles of double criminality, lex mitior, and ne bis in idem. Section B deals with cases of universal jurisdiction or with judicial decisions in which the issue was raised. Section C concludes with a brief summary of the chapter.
Conclusions
Authors: Reydams Luc
Published: January 2010

This chapter begins with a brief discussion of the three groups of municipal laws providing for universal jurisdiction. It then considers cases in which States exercised universal jurisdiction to prosecute foreign nationals for crimes committed abroad. This is followed by a discussion of the co-operative limited universality principle.
Jurisdiction-Regulating Norms Governing Competition Involving Domestic Courts:Should They be Introduced into International Law?
Authors: SHANY YUVAL
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines specific rules designed to regulate particular jurisdictional conflicts. It shows that there are few, if any, international standards that govern competition involving domestic courts. As a result, instances of jurisdictional competition are subject, as a rule, to the vagaries of domestic legal system in accordance with their idiosyncratic dispositions.
Jurisdiction-Regulating Norms, Derived from Sources Other than Treaties, as Applied by International Courts and Tribunals
Authors: SHANY YUVAL
Published: January 2010

This chapter identifies the complementary rules of customary law and the applicable general principles of law. The first section addresses the application of traditional jurisdiction-regulating rules by international courts and tribunals. These are the choice of forum principles and the rules of lis alibi pendens and res judicata. Since the electa una via rule does not find any meaningful support in the international jurisprudence. The second section examines the possibility of applying general legal doctrines to situations involving jurisdictional competition. These include the theory of abuse of rights, the principle of comity, and some principles governing treaty obligations.
Possibilities for Future Improvement
Authors: SHANY YUVAL
Published: January 2010

This chapter surveys possible solutions to some problems that may arise out of jurisdictional competition, in light of findings on the nature of international law in general, and of the international judiciary in particular. One of these ideas is modest reform, which can be introduced with relative ease, while other ideas challenge the very foundations of international law.
Conclusions
Authors: SHANY YUVAL
Published: January 2010

This chapter begins with a review of discussions in the preceding chapters. It shows that jurisdictional competition has become more widespread in recent years. This phenomenon represents an issue of principle since it underlies the uncoordinated nature of the international legal system, it exposes the problematic nature of the co-existence of the ‘self-contained’ regimes with other elements of the international system, and has the potential of undermining the credibility and legitimacy of international law.
Staging the Reader Response: Ovid and His‘Contemporary Audience’ in Ars and Remedia
Authors: Holzberg Niklas
Published: January 2010

This chapter argues that the last couplet of Ars 2, which expresses the intention to compose a further book of instruction (this time for women), comes as a surprise, but one in keeping with Ovid's didactic strategies and the staging of reader response found elsewhere in Ovid and other poets.
Ovid, Augustus, and the Politics of Moderation in Ars Amatoria 3
Authors: Gibson Roy K.
Published: January 2010

This chapter focuses on Ars 3, assessing the political implications of the praeceptor's advice of moderation in several aspects of women's lives. Instead of observing the traditional stereotypes that linked hairstyle, clothing, and use of cosmetics to either sexual purity or sexual promiscuity, Ovid advocates a principle of individual decorum; this Ovidian strategy can be felt to clash with Augustus's Leges Iuliae, which had reinforced the polar stereotypes for meretrix and matrona by requiring women to dress according to their sexual status.
The Art of Remedia Amoris: Unlearning to Love?
Authors: Rosati Gianpiero
Published: January 2010

This chapter detects in the intertextual resonances of the Remedia a reaffirmation of the overriding power of love.
Lethaeus Amor: The Art of Forgetting
Authors: Hardie Philip
Published: January 2010

This chapter argues for a serious and constructive message in Remedia: it suggests that Ovid is attempting to undo the teaching of Ars and replace it with the (albeit challenging) anti-erotic art of forgetting.
Erotic Aetiology: Romulus, Augustus, and the Rape of the Sabine Women
Authors: Labate Mario
Published: January 2010

This chapter argues that the first digression of the poem involving Romulus and the Sabine women, which draws attention to the absence of ars in the process of selecting a mate, acts as an effective anti-exemplum to make more prominent the positive teaching of the Ars as a whole.
Ovid’s Evolution
Authors: Levine Molly Myerowitz
Published: January 2010

This chapter argues that Ovid shows an awareness of not only the culturally specific aspects of love-making, but also those aspects that are universal and paralleled in the natural world. It is suggested, therefore, that the overall tenor of the Ars is one closer to the tenets of modern evolutionary science than to cultural specificity.
Paelignus, puto, dixerat poeta (Mart. 2. 41. 2): Martial’s Intertextual Dialogue with Ovid’s Erotodidactic Poems
Authors: Janka Markus
Published: January 2010

This chapter argues for creative intertextual dialogue between Martial and Ovid's erotodidactic poems, whereby Martial can be seen to test the strengths and weaknesses of Ovid's advice when the latter is applied to the more ‘extreme’ amatory environment of epigram.
Ovid in Defeat? On the reception of Ovid’s Ars Amatoria and Remedia Amoris
Authors: Liveley Genevieve
Published: January 2010

This chapter focuses on a single poem from twentieth century poet Robert Graves to explore Graves' close critical engagement with Ovid's Ars and Remedia – an engagement that, on a more general level, comments on the challenges of reading (and misreading) Ovid's poetry over the past millennium.
The Further Academic Papers of Sir Hugh Lloyd-Jones
Authors: Lloyd-Jones Hugh
Published: January 2010

This collection of papers completes the published Academic Papers of Sir Hugh Lloyd-Jones, who has a worldwide reputation as one of the foremost classical scholars of his generation. It follows on from the two volumes published in 1990, reflecting his exceptionally wide interests in the fields of Greek epic, lyric, tragedy, comedy, Hellenistic literature, religion, and intellectual history. It contains important and thought-provoking recent articles on Prometheus Bound, ritual and tragedy, Greek religion and modern ethics.
The Aspect of Agency
Authors: DORON EDIT
Published: January 2010

Verbs impose an internal structure, either temporal or thematic, on the eventualities they describe. Whereas the temporal aspectual classification of verbs is based on the concepts of change and culmination, the thematic aspectual classification is based on the concepts of action and causality. This chapter argues that the Semitic templatic morphology of verbs encodes thematic rather than temporal aspect, and presents a formal system which compositionally constructs the meaning of verbs from the meanings of their root and template. The root encodes the thematic contribution of the verb's internal arguments, whereas the template encodes the thematic role, here called agency, of the verb's external argument. Two different types of agency are expressed by Semitic templates: actor vs. cause, marked by the so-called intensive vs. causative templates, respectively. The intensive template is a modifier of the root. The argument of the root that it modifies is not a participant in the event, but the event itself, which it classifies as an action. The causative template is not a modifier, but introduces an additional argument. A systematic account is provided for the different expression of the verb's original arguments when it is combined with the causative template, based on a linguistically significant distinction that is motivated between two classes of verbs: locative/experiencer subject verbs and consumption verbs.
Agents and Causes in Malagasy and Tagalog
Authors: TRAVIS LISA
Published: January 2010

This chapter uses overt morphological alternations in Malagasy and Tagalog – two Western Malayo-Polynesian languages – to probe issues concerning aspect (telicity) and argument structure. It argues that the telicity markers in these two languages can license the realization of an external argument which will be interpreted as CAUSE, and that this argument is merged into the structure in a syntactic position asymmetrically c-commanded by the merged position of the AGENT. Once this has been established, certain other conclusions can be drawn. For instance, theta-roles assigned in this manner are inherently different from theta-roles attached to the lexical entry of the root. Further, morpheme realization can be used to probe the argument structure of verbs that are less clear, and may vary from language to language, such as verbs of cognition.
Event Structure and Morphosyntax in Navajo
Authors: SMITH CARLOTA S.
Published: January 2010

Event structure in Navajo presents a challenge to generative linguistic analysis. The Navajo verb word has a complex structure with an abstract stem and prefixes that appear in fixed positions. The positions are traditionally represented by a template. This chapter determines how information about event structure is conveyed in the Navajo verb, and considers how best to represent such structure in a linguistic account. It discusses two different approaches: that of semantically-based syntax, and the surface-structure interpretation of Discourse Representation Theory. It is argued that the latter is preferable on grounds of simplicity and adequacy.