bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dual‐Band Electrochromic Supercapacitor Utilizing Metal–Organic Coordination Polymer with Multi‐Redox Feature
Authors: Cong Bing , Wu Yuqi , Zhou Mingjuan , Zhao Xiaogang , Chao Danming
Published: November 2024

Electrochromic supercapacitors, which indicate energy states through optical color changes, are gaining significant attention for their potential in energy saving and recycling. In this study, a novel metal–organic coordination polymer (DTPB‐MCP) is successfully synthesized using an N,N’‐diphenyl‐1,4‐phenylenediamine (DTPB)‐functionalized phenanthroline ligand. The resulting DTPB‐MCP film demonstrated desirable electrochromic performance in both the visible light (ΔT:77.6% at 730 nm) and near‐infrared (ΔT: 49.2% at 1410 nm) regions, as well as decent energy‐storage capabilities (16.4 mF cm−2 at 0.1 mA cm−2), attributed to the presence of multiple redox centers. Furthermore, a hybrid electrochromic supercapacitor is also developed by combining DTPB‐MCP with V₂O₅ (DTPB‐MCP//V₂O₅), showcasing a significant optical contrast (47.6% at 750 nm and 14.5% at 1420 nm), an acceptable capacitance of 11.5 mF cm−2 with good rate performance, and impressive cycling stability (maintaining 81% of capacitance after 2750 charging/discharging cycles). In addition, >60% of electric energy can be reused to drive small household appliances during the bleaching process. The design principles outlined in this study offer valuable insights into the development of high‐performance dual‐band electrochromic energy‐storage materials, highlighting their potential applications in energy recovery and reuse.
Tailoring Dielectric Properties and Dimensional Stability of Poly(Phenylene Ether) Using Bismaleimide Crosslinkers for High‐Frequency PCB Applications
Authors: Ban Yejun , Lee Jihun , Shin Hyunseong , Park Seong‐Dae , Yang Hyunseung
Published: November 2024

With the increasing demand for high‐performance printed circuit boards (PCBs) in the 6G communication era, dielectric substrate materials must exhibit a low dielectric constant (Dk), low dielectric loss (Df), and high dimensional stability. In this study, a series of bismaleimide‐incorporated poly(phenylene ether) resins (PPE‐BMI) with varying bismaleimide (BMI) crosslinker contents is developed, exhibiting significantly enhanced dielectric properties and dimensional stability, owing to the restricted polymer chain mobility and increased crosslinking density. Dielectric property measurements reveal that the PPE‐BMI resins exhibit low Dk and Df values at frequencies above 100 GHz, while maintaining an excellent dielectric performance even after an 85 °C/85% relative humidity reliability test. A significant reduction in the coefficient of thermal expansion is observed with an increase in the BMI content. Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to clarify the role of BMI crosslinkers in reducing the free volume, enhancing the crosslinking in the PPE (poly(phenylene ether)) matrix, and influencing the thermophysical properties of PPE‐BMI. The infiltration of PPE‐BMI into glass fabrics and liquid crystal fabrics highlights their potential for practical use in advanced PCB applications operating at high frequencies.
Digital Outcomes as Biomarkers of Disease Progression in Early Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review
Authors: Rábano‐Suárez Pablo , del Campo Natalia , Benatru Isabelle , Moreau Caroline , Desjardins Clément , Sánchez‐Ferro Álvaro , Fabbri Margherita
Published: November 2024

Outcomes derived from digital health technologies (DHTs) are promising candidate markers for monitoring Parkinson's disease (PD) progression. They have the potential to represent a significant shift in clinical research and therapeutic development in PD. However, their ability to track disease progression is yet to be established. This systematic review aimed to identify digital biomarkers capable of tracking early PD progression (disease duration <5 years) by reviewing longitudinal studies (minimum follow‐up of 6 months). We evaluated study design and quality, population features, reported DHTs and their performance to track progression. Of 1507 records screened, 15 studies were selected, published between 2009 and 2023, with the majority coming from the last 5 years. Of the 15, 11 were observational and four were interventional trials (follow‐up range: 6–60 months). Twelve different DHTs were used (8 required active tests, 8 in‐hospital use), capturing features related to motor function and daily activities, including five DHTs focused on gait/posture. Rating scales were used as comparators in all but one study. Three DHTs detected longitudinal changes when scales did not, with one study showing larger effect sizes for change over time of selected DHT features compared to rating scales. Four studies showed longitudinal correlations among DHT features and rating scales. Preliminary promising data suggest that DHT‐derived outcomes may help reduce sample sizes in disease‐modifying trials. There is a need to standardize study methodologies and facilitate data sharing to confirm these results and further validate the sensitivity of DHTs to track disease progression in PD. © 2024 The Author(s). Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Unraveling Isoform Complexity: The Roles of M1‐ and M87‐Spastin in Spastic Paraplegia 4 (SPG4)
Authors: Ramakrishnan Skandha , Mohan Neha , Dong Zhangji , Liu Mei , Qiang Liang
Published: November 2024

Spastic Paraplegia 4 (SPG4) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive muscle weakness and spasticity in the lower limbs, often leading to gait impairment. Central to SPG4 pathology is the die‐back degeneration of corticospinal tracts, primarily driven by mutations in the spastin protein encoded by the SPAST gene. SPAST gives rise to two major spastin isoforms, M1‐ and M87‐spastin, which are generated from distinct translation initiation sites. Although spastin is implicated in various cellular functions, the specific roles of each isoform in the pathogenesis of SPG4 remain poorly understood. This review offers an overview of the genetic and structural organization of the M1‐ and M87‐spastin isoforms, highlighting their distinct and overlapping functions, and exploring their potential roles in the haploinsufficiency and gain‐of‐toxicity mechanisms underlying SPG4. We also present a novel perspective on the evolutionary emergence of M1‐spastin and its potential unique involvement in the pathogenesis of SPG4. Drawing upon the latest research, we propose an intriguing hypothesis regarding the hetero‐oligomerization of M1‐ and M87‐spastin, exploring how their interaction may drive disease progression and open new avenues for therapeutic intervention. By integrating the current research with these fresh insights, we seek to illuminate the complex molecular mechanisms driving SPG4 and foster the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. This review not only incorporates existing knowledge but also lays the groundwork for future studies aimed at uncovering the isoform‐specific roles of spastin in SPG4, with the ultimate goal of advancing targeted treatments for this challenging neurodegenerative disorder. © 2024 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Healthcare Utilisation in Danish Primary Care Among Patients With Low Back or Neck/Thoracic Spine Pain Before and After Assessment in Secondary Care
Authors: Clausen Stine , Hartvigsen Jan , Johansson Melker S. , Kjønø Lise Grethe , Grøn Søren , Skovsgaard Christian V. , Storheim Kjersti , Magnusson Karin , Grotle Margreth , Nim Casper
Published: November 2024

Objectives

To describe characteristics and primary healthcare utilisation in Danish patients with low back pain (LBP) or neck/thoracic spine pain (NTP) 8 years before and 2 years after assessment in secondary care.

Methods

In this cohort study, we included patients aged ≥ 18 who were assessed at an outpatient spine clinic from 2013 to 2021 and linked self‐reported information with national registry data. We calculated the prevalence of all‐cause healthcare utilisation in primary care. Then, we determined changes in the number of consultations from before to after assessment in secondary care using generalised estimating equations.

Results

We included 56,949 LBP patients and 18,926 NTP patients. The baseline characteristics were similar overall. For both LBP and NTP, all‐cause healthcare utilisation increased slightly over time, with a substantial increase in the quarter before the secondary care assessment and a decrease after. Before the assessment, almost all patients consulted general practitioners (95%), while some consulted physiotherapists or chiropractors (60%). Overall, consultations decreased by 19% and 17% for patients with LBP and NTP from 12 to 1 month before to 1–12 months after the assessment. In contrast, 13–24 months after assessment, we found a slight increase in consultations in both groups compared to the same period before.

Conclusions

Patients with LBP and NTP were similar and used similar primary healthcare, which slightly increased over the 10 years. As physiotherapists and chiropractors are first‐line providers of guideline‐recommended spine pain treatment, the finding that 40% did not consult these professions the year before the secondary care assessment indicates that not all patients receive recommended care before referral.
Mathematics Anxiety and Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Austerberry Jen , Mathew Thomas , Johnston Jacqueline , Murphy Maria , Safari Kolsoom , Murray Christine , McKenna Lisa
Published: November 2024

Background

Sound mathematical skills are paramount for effective nursing practice and patient safety.

Objectives

To explore the factors that influence nursing student anxiety when engaging with mathematics‐related activities in nursing education.

Design

A concurrent mixed methods employing cross‐sectional online survey and focus group interviews.

Setting

One undergraduate nursing course at an Australian university.

Participants

Bachelor of Nursing students from across academic years.

Methods

An online survey comprising closed‐ and open‐ended questions to assess mathematics anxiety and self‐efficacy and associated factors affecting its application to practice. Focus group interviews to explore anxieties related to mathematics and students' approaches to nursing mathematics. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and qualitative data using inductive content analysis.

Results

A total of 202 nursing students commenced the survey, of which 135 were fully completed, while 17 students participated in focus groups. Less than half were school leavers. Around three‐quarters reported some level of fear of mathematics, while many lacked confidence, fear of making errors and/or harming patients and negative childhood experiences of mathematics. Survey items demonstrated extensive variation in perceptions.

Conclusions

The complexity and diversity of anxieties presents key challenges for nurse academics seeking to educate competent, safe students. Teaching approaches should be varied and consideration of having specialist mathematics teachers and learning psychologists on teaching teams to ensure student success.

Reporting Method

This study is reported using Mixed Methods Reporting in Rehabilitation & Health Sciences (MMR‐RHS).

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
The Role of Social Media in Promoting Budget Transparency and Citizen Participation in Kenyan Counties
Authors: Muthomi Frankline , Thurmaier Kurt
Published: November 2024

Websites and social media are digital avenues that enhance information transparency and facilitate citizen engagement in public decision‐making processes. Kenya's county governments have been adopting different digital platforms in compliance with the constitutional mandate of ensuring residents are well‐informed and involved in local decision‐making. However, empirical studies assessing the efficacy of social media, especially in the African context, are lacking. This study examines the extent to which social media is promoting engaged budgeting in Kenyan counties. Trained citizens in 34 counties evaluate the effectiveness of social media platforms in (1) recruiting residents to budget deliberation forums, (2) accessing county budget proposals and decisions, (3) discussing county proposals and decisions, and (4) encouraging residents to actively participate in budget deliberations with the government. Results indicate that respondents generally see social media as effective in these roles. However, village‐level budget champions are more skeptical of these social media roles in county budgeting than area‐level facilitators.
Recent Advances in Potential Biomedical Applications of MXene‐Based Hydrogels
Authors: Hamzehlouy Ali , Tavakoli Dare Masoud , Shahi Farangis , Dawi Elmuez A. , Khonakdar Hossein Ali
Published: November 2024

MXene‐based hydrogels represent a significant advancement in biomedical material science, leveraging the unique properties of 2D MXenes and the versatile functionality of hydrogels. This review discusses recent developments in the integration of MXenes into hydrogel matrices, focusing on their biomedical applications such as wound healing, drug delivery, antimicrobial activity, tissue engineering, and biosensing. MXenes, due to their remarkable electrical conductivity, mechanical robustness, and tunable surface chemistry, enhance the mechanical properties, conductivity, and responsiveness of hydrogels to environmental stimuli. Specifically, MXene‐based hydrogels have shown great promise in accelerating wound healing through photothermal effects, delivering drugs in a controlled manner, and serving as antibacterial agents. Their integration into hydrogels also enables applications in targeted cancer therapies, including photothermal and chemodynamic therapies, facilitated by their high conductivity and tunable properties. Despite the promising progress, challenges such as ensuring biocompatibility and optimizing the synthesis for large‐scale production remain. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of MXene‐based hydrogels in biomedical applications, highlighting the ongoing advancements and potential future directions for these multifunctional materials.
Ranking Analysis of Tribological, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of Nano Hydroxyapatite Filled Dental Restorative Composite Materials Using the R‐Method
Authors: Yadav Ramkumar , Sonwal Sonam , Sharma Ravi Prakash , Saini Sonu , Huh Yun Suk , Brambilla Eugenio , Ionescu Andrei Cristian
Published: November 2024

R‐method as multi criteria decision‐making method was proposed to determine the ranking of alternatives and performance criteria or attributes of dental composite materials. Five alternatives (DHM0, DHM2, DHM4, DHM6, and DHM8: nomenclatures of micro‐nano ceramic particulate filled dental restoration composites) and 14 attributes (performance criteria) were considered in this research. The decision‐maker determined the relevance of each rank and then attributed it to the performance criterion. In a similar manner, the options were ranked in relation to each performance criterion according to the associated performance criteria. Therefore, the order of the ranks of dental composites is DHM8 (1st rank) > DHM4 (2nd rank) > DHM6 (3rd rank) > DHM0 (4th rank) > DHM2 (5th rank). The suggested technique is showed simpler and advance compared to the other generally employed decision‐making techniques.
Modified boron nitride reinforced natural rubber composites and molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Wang Linquan , Qin Zhengying , Huang Lifeng , Lin Xinfeng , Wang Zhen , Li Zhenlu , Li Ziwei , Lu Shaorong
Published: November 2024

For thermal conductive boron nitride (BN)/polymer composites, an overabundance of BN in the formulation may significantly impair the mechanical integrity, thereby restricting their applicability in practical scenarios. In this work, we introduced a novel modifying agent, which was grafted onto the exterior of BN following high‐temperature calcination. The resultant modified boron nitride demonstrated a marked improvement in the thermal conductivity and mechanical characteristics of natural rubber (NR) composites. Upon incorporating a filler content of 60 phr, the modified boron nitride NR composite achieved tensile strength, elongation at break, and thermal conductivity to 19.34 MPa, 1402%, and 0.735 W/mK, respectively, which represented an increase of 23.97%, 75.69%, and 33.15% over the BN/NR composite. The observed enhancement in mechanical properties and thermal conductivity of the composites is the contribution of the novel modifier grafting on the BN surface, which has notably improved the interfacial interaction with NR. In addition, the binding energy, solubility parameter, free volume fraction, and radial distribution function of BN/NR and modified boron nitride NR composites were analyzed by molecular dynamics simulation, which provided support for the interface reinforcement mechanism. This simple and versatile modification method introduced in this work can broaden prospects in the design of natural rubber composites.

Highlights

Successful synthesized of a new modifier with long chains.

Interfacial compatibility of composites explained by combining molecular dynamics simulations.

Effectively improved both the mechanical and thermal conductivity of the composites.

Successful use of high‐temperature assisted modification to graft modifiers onto BN surfaces.
Preparation of exfoliated and dispersed thermoplastic starch/montmorillonite nanocomposites via synergy of phase‐transition and ultrasonic in elongational flow field
Authors: Yin Xiaochun , Luo Dan , Jie Xi , Feng Yanhong , He Guangjian
Published: November 2024

In this study, a new mixing method and its principle via the synergy of phase‐transition and ultrasonic based on an elongational flow field were introduced in detail. Thermoplastic starch (TPS)/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites from native corn starch were prepared using this novel method. The scanning electron microscope and x‐ray diffraction analyses confirmed that MMT can be efficiently exfoliated and dispersed evenly in the TPS matrix. Dynamic rheological analysis showed that exfoliated MMT obstructed starch molecular movement, increasing the viscosity and elasticity of TPS/MMT nanocomposites. Thermogravimetric analysis highlighted that evenly dispersed MMT enhanced the thermal stabilities of TPS/MMT nanocomposites. When the MMT content was 9 wt%, compared with nanocomposites prepared by melt blending alone, the tensile strength of TPS/MMT nanocomposites prepared by the new method increased from 5.8 to 14.3 MPa, and the oxygen permeability coefficient decreased from 13.43 × 10−15 cm3·cm/(cm2·s·Pa) to 5.52 × 10−15 cm3·cm/(cm2·s·Pa). This new method provided a promising pathway for the preparation of well‐exfoliated and evenly dispersed polymer‐based nanocomposites with excellent mechanical properties and barrier properties.

Highlights

A new mixing method based on the synergy of phase‐transition and ultrasonic in an extensional flow field for preparing exfoliated and dispersed TPS/MMT nanocomposites was proposed.

The new method promoted the exfoliation and dispersion of MMT in the TPS matrix.

The performance of TPS/MMT nanocomposites was significantly improved with the introduction of phase‐transition and ultrasonic.
Evaluating How Beliefs Among Pediatric Cardiology Providers May Affect Fetal Cardiac Counseling—A National Perspective
Authors: Haxel Caitlin S. , Ronai Christina , Martens Anna M. , Lim Chelsey C. , Pinto Nelangi , Chiu Joanne S.
Published: November 2024

Background

Prenatal counseling following a fetal diagnosis of critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) is challenging and requires delivery of detailed and complete information to ensure appropriate decision making and pregnancy support.

Methods

An anonymous 50‐item survey was distributed to providers who performed fetal cardiac counseling. The primary purpose was to evaluate on a national scale physician beliefs and attitudes toward available choices after a fetal diagnosis of CCHD and their association with reported counseling practices. Participants were specifically asked to indicate how likely they were to recommend postnatal interventional and/or surgical treatment, postnatal palliative care, or termination of pregnancy. The primary outcome variables were provider responses to statements about pregnancies complicated by CCHD diagnosed in utero.

Results

There were 138 respondents, with most somewhat or strongly agreeing that providing counseling on surgical and catheter‐based interventions anticipated in the short‐ and long‐term (99%, 136/138), counseling on a “comfort care” alternative with limited intervention (97%, 134/138), and options for pregnancy termination at different stages (91%, 126/138) should be included. Physicians that disagreed with the statement “some life is better than no life at all” were statistically more likely (p < 0.001) to report that prenatal counseling regarding “options for pregnancy termination services at different stages of pregnancy” was important. There was a statistically significant difference in the counseling provided to parents based on the physician's personal and professional views on palliative care and termination of pregnancy.

Conclusion

Physicians' self‐reported beliefs impact the counseling content provided to families in the setting of a prenatal diagnosis of CCHD.
Phenotype‐to‐Genotype Description of Prenatal Suspected and Postnatal Discovered Upper Limb Anomalies: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Arduç Arda , van Dijk Sandra J. B. , ten Cate Feikje J. , van Doesburg Margriet H. M. , Linskens Ingeborg H. , van Leeuwen Elisabeth , van Maarle Merel C. , Pajkrt Eva
Published: November 2024

Objective

To evaluate phenotype and genotype characteristics of fetuses and children with upper limb anomalies.

Method

Retrospective cohort study of a prenatal and postnatal cohort with upper limb anomalies from January 2007 to December 2021 in a Fetal Medicine Unit. Prenatally on ultrasound suspected upper limb anomalies, such as transverse and longitudinal reduction defects, polydactyly, and syndactyly, and postnatally identified children referred to the Congenital Hand Team were evaluated separately.

Results

The prenatal group included 199 pregnancies: 64 transverse and 19 longitudinal reduction defects, 103 polydactylies, and 13 cases with syndactyly. The majority of cases with longitudinal reduction defects (n = 10, 52.6%), polydactyly (n = 62, 60.2%), and syndactyly (n = 10, 76.9%) were non‐isolated, as opposed to transverse reduction defects, which were generally isolated (n = 41, 64.1%). The postnatal cohort included 362 children with upper limb anomalies with 49 transverse and 22 longitudinal reduction defects, 226 polydactylies, and 65 syndactylies. Chromosomal or monogenic abnormalities were identified in 76/199 (38.2%) cases of the prenatal cohort and in 31/362 (8.6%) cases of the postnatal cohort.

Conclusion

Prenatal identification of minor defects of the digits is a challenge, with more postnatal than prenatal cases. The majority of cases with isolated anomalies in both groups had no underlying chromosomal or monogenic cause, nor were they associated with a syndrome, as compared to the non‐isolated cases. Conducting structural anomaly scans and genetic counseling are crucial to assess the risk of genetic abnormalities.
Environmental stress cracking of silver‐coated polycarbonate
Authors: Tasdemir H. Abdullah , Tinaztepe Efe , Unal Safa
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the effect of silver coating on the environmental stress crack resistance (ESCR) of Lexan EXL9330 polycarbonate under exposure to anti‐corrosion oil and mechanical strain. Polycarbonates, known for their durability and versatility, are susceptible to environmental stress cracking (ESC) when exposed to aggressive chemicals under mechanical stress. In this research, eight groups of test specimens were evaluated, with variations including coated and uncoated surfaces, and exposure to anti‐corrosion oil under controlled strain conditions. The specimens were fabricated using Sabic EXL9330 resin, subjected to tensile testing, and analyzed for surface defects using optical microscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Results showed that anti‐corrosion oil significantly exacerbates ESC, leading to considerable surface defects such as crazes and pores, particularly in uncoated specimens under strain. In contrast, silver‐coated specimens demonstrated enhanced ESCR, with a notable reduction in surface defects and only a modest decrease in ductility (approximately 9.5%) compared to the control group. FTIR analysis confirmed that chemical composition remained unchanged, reinforcing the role of ESC in the observed material degradation. This study underscores the effectiveness of silver coating in improving the resistance of polycarbonate materials to environmental stress cracking, highlighting its potential for applications where chemical exposure and mechanical stress are prevalent.

Highlights

Silver coating improves environmental stress crack resistance (ESCR) in polycarbonate.

Anti‐corrosion oil exposure significantly exacerbates stress cracking in polycarbonate.

Coated specimens show reduced surface defects and minimal loss in ductility (9.5%).

Uncoated specimens exposed to oil and strain exhibit severe crazes and pores.

FTIR analysis confirms no chemical degradation in tested polycarbonate samples.
Vinylene‐Bridged Alkoxyfluorobenzothiadiazole (FOBTzE)‐Based Semiconducting Polymers for Enhanced Performance in Non‐Fullerene Organic Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Yan Yi , Mori Hiroki , Hosogi Ryuchi , Yamane Hiroki , Yoshino Tomoki , Nishihara Yasushi
Published: November 2024

To mitigate the strong aggregation and limited solubility observed in the previously reported vinylene‐bridged alkoxyfluorobenzothiadiazole (FOBTzE)‐based polymer, PFOE4T, we designed and synthesized PBFOE‐1. This novel semiconducting polymer, based on the FOBTzE framework, incorporates an alkylthienyl‐substituted benzodithiophene (BDT) as the donor unit. PBFOE‐1 demonstrated broad and intense absorption between 300 and 700 nm with a relatively wide bandgap of 1.7 eV. Additionally, PBFOE‐1 features a low HOMO energy level (−5.43 eV) compared to PFOE4T (−5.23 eV), likely due to the incorporation of weakly electron‐donating BDT into the polymer backbone. While the PFOE4T/Y12‐based solar cell yielded a modest power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 4.37%, characterized by a short‐circuit current density (J
sc) of 13.5 mA cm−2, an open‐circuit voltage (V
oc) of 0.69 V, and a fill factor (FF) of 0.47, the PBFOE‐1/Y12 cell exhibited a substantially higher PCE of 10.96%. This improvement is reflected in the enhanced J
sc (23.23 mA cm−2), V
oc (0.84 V), and FF (0.56). The superior performance of PBFOE‐1 is primarily attributed to its improved solubility and aggregation behavior, promoting a more ordered face‐on orientation and optimal blend morphology.
Hyperspectral sensing for high‐throughput chloride detection in grapevines
Authors: Sharma Sadikshya , Wong Christopher , Bhattarai Krishna , Lupo Yaniv , Magney Troy , Diaz‐Garcia Luis
Published: November 2024

Soil salinity affects major viticultural areas worldwide with chloride ions being the primary source of salt toxicity in grapevines (Vitis vinifera). This toxicity impacts vine health and reduces fruit yield and quality. Current breeding efforts to improve grapevine salinity tolerance are limited by the low throughput of available phenotyping methods, which are time‐consuming, labor‐intensive, and destructive. This study demonstrated that hyperspectral proximal sensing can be utilized as a high‐throughput, nondestructive screening technique to identify salinity‐tolerant grapevine germplasm. The predictive abilities of two different hyperspectral devices, which varied in price, resolution, and sensitivity, were compared across 23 Vitis accessions spanning eight species. Prediction models were built using hyperspectral reflectance and leaf chloride content measured with a lab chloridometer. Three distinct approaches were studied: (1) analyzing the correlation between individual wavelengths and chloride content; (2) employing machine learning models, including partial least square regression (PLSR), random forest, and support vector machine, utilizing all wavelengths; and (3) classification‐based prediction using partial least square discriminant analysis (PLSDA). Multiple regions in the spectrum, including 613–660 nm, 689–696 nm, and 1357–1358 nm, showed a medium correlation (0.30–0.50) with chloride content in the leaves. PLSR was the most effective machine learning approach, demonstrating moderate predictive capability for chloride content (maximum R2 = 0.67), though performance varied between the two devices tested. With PLSDA, predictions increased considerably, up to an accuracy of 0.97, depending on the instrument used and the spectral data transformation. Overall, the more expensive and sensitive device with a wider spectral range outperformed the more affordable, shorter range device. However, when the prediction model was based on classes (chloride excluders vs. non‐excluders) rather than chloride content, the differences in prediction abilities were minimal, with both instruments performing very well. This is promising for identifying breeding materials with chloride exclusion capabilities at low cost and high throughput.
Soil seed bank resilience in passively restored endangered Sand Fynbos following a century of pine plantations
Authors: Rebelo Alanna J. , Holmes Patricia M. , Rebelo Anthony G. , Martin Shaeleigh , Hattas Safiyyah , Hall Stuart , Esler Karen J.
Published: November 2024

Societal Impact Statement

Ecosystems are rapidly being transformed, pushing us towards irreversible losses and even extinctions. The Kunming‐Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework aims to curb biodiversity decline. An intriguing solution lies in seed banks—where plants store seeds in the soil. Restoration efforts can revive lost ecosystems by leveraging these seed banks. In the fynbos of South Africa, this study found that it is possible to bring back ecosystems that were lost as long ago as 100 years if conditions are right. Managers can achieve best results by applying a dry season prescribed burn following removal of the driver of degradation (e.g. pine plantations or invasions).

Soil‐stored seed banks are a critical evolutionary strategy for plants as they can stabilize population dynamics in response to environmental fluctuations such as droughts and natural disturbances such as fires, thus improving ecosystem resilience. This study aimed to assess resilience during the first restoration cycle of endangered Sand Fynbos following pine harvesting and a prescribed burn in South Africa.

We compared above ground populations and soil‐stored seed bank composition and focused on six perennial fynbos focal species in five 1 m2 plots. All six species are obligate reseeders with soil‐stored seed banks but represent a variety of important fynbos growth forms and seed types.

We found that native soil‐seed bank density following over a century of plantation forestry and 10 years after the first fynbos restoration burn was comparable to, or exceeded, densities measured in other fynbos studies, especially seed banks of alien‐invaded fynbos ecosystems. The early years following pine harvesting and a restoration burn likely provide a pest‐ and predator‐free window of opportunity in which plants may re‐establish and flourish.

Our results show that even for old forestry plantation areas, ecological restoration to the historic vegetation community is feasible, where there is retained seed bank resilience, through a combination of passive and active restoration methods. Ecological restoration in cases where soil seed banks persist is therefore a viable and critically important method to attain 30% conservation of terrestrial land in ecosystems with less than 30% remaining, as part of the Kunming‐Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework.
The Myotubularin Related Proteins and the Untapped Interaction Potential of Their Disordered C‐Terminal Regions
Authors: Saar Daniel , Lennartsson Caroline L. E. , Weidner Philip , Burgermeister Elke , Kragelund Birthe B.
Published: November 2024

Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) of proteins remain understudied with enigmatic sequence features relevant to their functions. Members of the myotubularin‐related protein (MTMR) family contain uncharacterized IDRs. After decades of research on their phosphatase activity, recent work on the C‐terminal IDRs of MTMR7 revealed new interactions and important new functions beyond the phosphatase function. Here we take a broader look at the C‐terminal domains (CTDs) of 14 human MTMRs and use bioinformatic tools and biophysical methods to ask which other functions may be probable in this protein family. The predictions show that the CTDs are disordered and carry short linear motifs (SLiMs) important for targeting of MTMRs to defined subcellular compartments and implicating them in signaling, phase separation, interaction with diverse proteins, including transcription factors and are of relevance for cancer research and neuroscience. We also present experimental methods to study the CTDs and use them to characterize the coiled coil (CC) domains of MTMR7 and MTMR9. We show homo‐ and hetero‐oligomerization with preference for MTMR7‐CC to form dimers, while MTMR9‐CC forms trimers. We relate the results to sequence features and make predictions for the structural landscape of other MTMRs. Our work gives a broad insight into the so far unrecognized features and SLiMs in MTMR‐CTDs, and provides the basis for more in‐depth experimental research on this diverse protein family and understudied IDRs in proteins in general.
Effect of mutation of secG gene in drug resistance and physiological and biochemical activities of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Authors: Chu Linglong , Lao Guangshu , Fang Yukai , Gao Xue , Liu Wenbo , Xie Qingbiao , Miao Weiguo , Jin Pengfei
Published: November 2024

BACKGROUND

Bacterial leaf blight caused by the bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae has a substantial effect on the yield of rice crops. The secretory (Sec) pathway, essential for efflux transport in bacteria, remains insufficiently studied in X. oryzae pv. oryzae, especially regarding its roles in drug resistance and physiology.

RESULTS

This study involved transcriptome analysis on two X. oryzae pv. oryzae strains: a secG deletion strain (∆secG) and its complemented strain (C: ∆secG). In comparison to the parental strain PXO99A, ∆secG exhibited slower growth, with reductions in swimming (20.67%) and swarming (12.59%), while maintaining 76.7% of its biofilm formation capacity and 63.6% of exopolysaccharide production. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC50) values for an n‐butanol extract of Bacillus velezensis HN‐2 (HN‐2E) and bacitracin against ∆secG were 0.426 μg/mL (5.3% lower than that of PXO99A) and 10.905 μg/mL, respectively. Notably, ∆secG exhibited increased susceptibility to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), being inhibited at 0.25 mm compared to 0.3 mm for PXO99A and C: ∆secG. In the presence of 0.2 mM H2O2, the susceptibility of ∆secG to HN‐2E increased by 31.22% (MIC50 = 0.159 μg/mL), while PXO99A and C: ∆secG exhibited MIC50 values of 0.280 and 0.291 μg/mL, respectively.

CONCLUSION

Our findings demonstrate that Bacillus‐induced H2O2 production enhances the sensitivity of X. oryzae pv. oryzae to biocontrol agents, providing valuable insights for the prevention of bacterial leaf blight. These results highlight the significance of the Sec pathway in the behavior and resistance of X. oryzae pv. oryzae, as well as potential areas for further research on plant diseases. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
Plastic Deformation Mechanisms Regulated by Twin Boundary Spacing in Inverse Gradient Nanotwinned Copper
Authors: Yang Hongwei , Du Xinyu , Yang Qianqian
Published: November 2024

In recent years, gradient nanotwinned copper, which features dual gradients in twin boundary spacing (TBS) and grain size (GS), has become a focal point of research in the materials science field. This structure has been proven to be an excellent nanotwinned system with a highly controllable microstructural gradient. In this study, a new inverse gradient nanotwinned (IGNT) copper structure model is constructed, where TBS and GS exhibit opposite trends. Molecular dynamics simulations are employed to explore the effect of the TBS gradient on the deformation behavior of this nanomaterial. In this study, it is found that the strength of IGNT copper increases with a larger TBS gradient. By analyzing the microstructural characteristics, it is observed that as the TBS gradient increases, the dislocation density gradually decreases and the fraction of hexagonal close‐packed atoms increases, leading to enhanced material strength. Additionally, with a higher TBS gradient, the appearance of hexagonal close‐packed atomic lines traversing the grains effectively hinders dislocation motion, further improving the material's strength. In this research, new insights are offered into the design of gradient nanotwinned copper structures and important theoretical support and guidance are provided for enhancing the mechanical properties of gradient nanotwinned copper.
Performance of the Shiryaev–Roberts‐Type Scheme in Monitoring Weibull Shape Parameter Based on Type II Censored Data
Authors: Yu Dan , Mukherjee Amitava , Song Zhi , Chen Peile , Zhang Jiujun
Published: November 2024

The Weibull distribution is very effective in modelling many different failure mechanisms given its intrinsic flexibility to represent different hazard functions via suitable selections of the shape and scale parameters. Given that the shape parameter of the distribution directly controls the hazard rate, we discuss a Shiryaev–Roberts (SR)–type scheme for monitoring the shape parameter with a fixed scale parameter when using Type II right‐censored Weibull lifetime data. A comparative analysis with existing schemes from the literature is provided by the average run length (ARL), along with the standard deviation of run length (SDRL) and some run‐length percentiles. The average extra quadratic loss (AEQL), the relative mean index (RMI) and the performance comparison index (PCI) are also considered to assess the overall performance. Our simulation results display certain advantages of the SR‐type scheme compared to those of traditional charts in detecting changes in censored lifetime data. An example based on the breaking strengths of the carbon fibre is also presented to demonstrate the proposed method's effectiveness in real situations.
Joint Optimization of Preventive Replacement and Spare Part Ordering for Single‐Unit Systems With Mixed Inspections
Authors: Liu Yongchao , Wang Guanjun , Liu Peng
Published: November 2024

This paper introduces a unified policy for preventive replacement and spare parts ordering for systems whose degradation follows a gamma process. It considers types of orders, each with variable lead times, and employs a combined inspection approach that integrates sequential and opportunistic inspections to monitor the system condition. The proposed policy coordinates the scheduling of spare parts orders, preventive replacements, and inspections based on the current state of the system. To assess its performance, the renewal reward theorem is used to calculate the average cost rate, the average availability, and the mean time to the first failure. The objective is to minimize the average cost rate, achieved through a grid search algorithm that identifies the optimal inspection and ordering policy. The effectiveness of the proposed policy is further validated by comparing its performance with three other policies in existing research works.
Versatile Quadrature Antenna for Precise Control of Large Electron Spin Ensembles in Diamond
Authors: Pellicer‐Guridi Ruben , Custers Koen , Solozabal‐Aldalur Joseba , Brodolin Alexey , Francis Jason T. , Varga Miguel , Mongelos Asier , Casanova Jorge , Paulides Margarethus M. , Molina‐Terriza Gabriel
Published: November 2024

An easily reproducible inexpensive microwave antenna that can generate a strong and homogeneous magnetic field of arbitrary polarization is presented, which enables fast and coherent control of electron spins over a large volume. Unlike preceding works, a resonant antenna with ample optical access and which maintains its resonant behavior regardless of the proximity of other experimental hardware components is presented. This robustness is crucial as it enables using microscope objectives with short working distances to perform wide‐field imaging/sensing with bulk diamonds. The antenna generates a magnetic field strength of 22.3 A for 1 W total driving power, which doubles the power efficiency compared with previously reported patch antenna designs. The magnetic field homogeneity in a volume of , and is within 3%, 8% and 14%, respectively. The antenna can be driven off‐resonance without affecting the ellipticity and inhomogeneity of the field, and has a full‐width‐at‐half‐maximum bandwidth of 200 MHz. Its resonant frequency can be tuned over a 400 MHz range via varactors. The PCB files are provided open‐source. This work facilitates a robust and versatile piece of instrumentation, being particularly appealing for applications such as high sensitivity magnetometry and wide‐field imaging/sensing with nitrogen‐vacancy centers.
Typical Structure of Hereditary Graph Families. I. Apex‐free Families
Authors: Norin Sergey , Yuditsky Yelena
Published: November 2024

A family of graphs is hereditary if is closed under isomorphism and taking induced subgraphs. The speed of is the sequence , where denotes the set of graphs in with the vertex set . Alon et al. (2011) gave a rough description of typical graphs in a hereditary family and used it to show for every proper hereditary family there exist and an integer such that
The main result of this paper gives a more precise description of typical structure for a restricted class of hereditary families. As a consequence we characterize hereditary families with the speed just above the threshold , generalizing a result of Balogh and Butterfield (2011).
Bioavailability and Pharmacological Properties of Shikonin‐ A Phytocompound from Lithospermum Erythrorhizon
Authors: Biswal Stuti , Biswal Bijesh K
Published: November 2024

Lithospermum erythrorhizon, commonly known as gromwell, is a valuable medicinal plant with a wide range of pharmacological activities. Its roots are rich in bioactive compounds such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, naphthoquinones, alkaloids, and other phytochemicals. Among these, shikonin, a naphthoquinone, stands out due to its remarkable pharmacological properties, including anti‐inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. This review provides an overview of the plant's morphology, distribution, ethnomedical applications, and phytochemistry, with a particular focus on shikonin. Online databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and Scopus were used to gather information using keywords such as Lithospermum erythrorhizon, shikonin, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities. Findings highlight that shikonin demonstrates significant pharmacodynamic effects, particularly in cancer therapy. However, its hydrophobic nature limits its bioavailability. To address this, encapsulating shikonin in advanced drug delivery systems, such as micelles, can enhance its solubility, stability, and therapeutic efficacy. This review underscores the potential of shikonin as a novel drug for treating various diseases, especially cancer, and emphasizes the importance of innovative delivery strategies to maximize its clinical applications.
Reversible Sliding Motion by Hole‐Injection in Ammonium‐Linked Ferrocene, Electronically Decoupled from Noble Metal Substrate by Crown‐Ether Template Layer
Authors: Nishino Fumi , Krüger Peter , Wang Chi‐Hsien , Nemoto Ryohei , Chang Yu‐Hsin , Hosokai Takuya , Hasegawa Yuri , Fukutani Keisuke , Kera Satoshi , Horie Masaki , Yamada Toyo Kazu
Published: November 2024

Artificial molecular machines, especially when based on wheel‐and‐axle complexes, can generate mechanical motions in response to external stimuli. Ferrocene (Fc) is a key component, but it decomposes at 300 K on metal surfaces. Here, a novel method is presented to construct and control the molecular complex composed of ammonium‐linked ferrocene (Fc‐amm) and tetrabrominated crown ether (BrCR) on a Cu(111) surface. Fc‐amm molecules are periodically arranged on a BrCR monolayer film and imaged using scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy. A lateral motion of the Fc groups by ≈0.1 nm is observed for pairs of “edge‐on” Fc‐amm molecules upon hole injection. This sliding motion is reversible and controlled by the applied voltage. Theoretical analysis indicates that the motion is caused by increased Coulomb repulsion of the hole‐doped Fc‐amm+ ions and accompanied by a weakening of CH‐π interactions. These findings open new avenues for developing nanomolecular devices using on‐surface bottom‐up processes.
Drastically Promoting Rate Capability via Dual‐Cations Intercalation of V2O5 Enabling Rapid Zinc‐Ion Storage
Authors: Dai Dongmei , Chen Ying , Li Bao , Zhang Zhuangzhuang , Wang Junrui , Wang Liang , Huang Yudai , Wang Bao , Liu Dai‐Huo
Published: November 2024

Layered vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) has drawn enormous attention as cathode material for aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs). However, the fragile open‐framework and the sluggish Zn2+ migration due to the strong electrostatic interaction between Zn2+ and cathode electrode hinder the development of AZIBs. Here, an effective dual‐cations intercalation strategy is employed based on synergistic effect of Mn2+ and Zn2+, which introduces guest species with robust layered construction and weak electrostatic interaction in the V2O5 bulk. Consequently, the (Mn0.13Zn0.03)V2O5 (abbreviated to MZVO) electrode exhibits a high reversible capacity of 463 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, a high cycling stability (94% of capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 10 A g−1) and superior rate performance of 256 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1. The outstanding performance of MZVO cathode is attributed to the Mn2+‐induced fast migration of Zn2+ transfer and Zn2+‐induced high structural stability conducted by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The two‐phase reaction mechanism of MZVO during Zn2+ (de)interaction is systematically expounded via operando XRD. This study will provide reference for the design of modified layered metal oxides in the future.
Recent Advances in Metal Halide Perovskites for CO2 Photocatalytic Reduction: An Overview and Future Prospects
Authors: Lv Jiong‐Ran , Guo Rui‐Tang , Zhu Hao‐Wen , Shi Xu‐Dong , Liu Ming‐Yang , Pan Wei‐Guo
Published: November 2024

The photocatalytic reduction of CO2 into valuable chemicals and fuels has become a significant research focus in recent years due to its environmental sustainability and energy efficiency. Metal halide perovskites (MHPs), renowned for their remarkable optoelectronic properties and tunable structures, are regarded as promising photocatalysts. Yet, their practical uses are constrained by inherent instability, severe electron–hole recombination, and a scarcity of active sites, prompting substantial research efforts to optimize MHP‐based photocatalysts. This review summarizes the latest advancements in MHP‐based photocatalysis. First the fundamental principles of photocatalysis are outlined and the structural and optical characteristics of MHPs are evaluated. Then key strategies for enhancing MHP photocatalysts, including morphology and surface modification, encapsulation, metal cation doping, heterojunction engineering, and molecular immobilization are highlighted. Finally, considering recent research progress and the needs for industrial application, challenges and future prospects are explored. This review aims to support researchers in the development of more efficient and stable MHP‐based photocatalysts.