bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Vivo Quantitative Visualization Analysis of the Effect of C‐Peptide on Glomerular Hyperfiltration in Diabetic Rats by Using Multiphoton Microscopy
Authors: Nakamoto Hiroshi , Kajiya Fumihiko
Published: January 2013

Objective

The purpose of this study was to visualize glomerular hyperfiltration in rats at the early stage of diabetes under in vivo conditions and to quantitatively examine the effect of C‐peptide on filtration.

Methods

Type 1 diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (50 mg/kg) in Wistar rats. The rats were divided into four groups: control, control plus C‐peptide, early diabetes, and early diabetes plus C‐peptide. C‐peptide was continuously infused (50 pmol/kg/min). Filtration was visualized by a bolus shot of various sizes of dextrans (3 k to 70 k Da) conjugated with Texas Red and observed with a multiphoton microscope under inhaled anesthesia. Relative sieving coefficients were used to quantify filtration.

Results

Almost all smaller particles (3–10 k Da) were filtered both in control and diabetic rats. Filtration of larger particles (40–70 k Da) was seen in normal rats but was more apparent in diabetic rats, where it was progressive according to the duration of diabetes. C‐peptide administration restored the leakage of larger particles to the level seen for the control.

Conclusions

We visualized and analyzed hyperfiltration and confirmed that C‐peptide has a nephroprotective effect. Furthermore, we found that the leakage of larger particles increased as the duration of diabetes increased.
Caspase-11 Protects Against Bacteria That Escape the Vacuole
Authors: Aachoui Youssef , Leaf Irina A. , Hagar Jon A. , Fontana Mary F. , Campos Cristine G. , Zak Daniel E. , Tan Michael H. , Cotter Peggy A. , Vance Russell E. , Aderem Alan , Miao Edward A.
Published: January 2013

Caspase-11–Dependent Pyroptosis

Inflammasomes are multiprotein complexes that assemble to initiate immunity to a variety of microorganisms, as well as to sterile tissue injury. Although a role for caspase-1 downstream of inflammasomes is well characterized, the discovery that caspase-1 knockout mice were also deficient in caspase-11 has led to a reassessment of the function of caspase-11.

Aachoui
et al.

(p.
975
, published online 24 January; see the Perspective by

Cemma and Brumell
)

now demonstrate that caspase-11 is required for immunity against cytosolic bacteria in mice. Only bacteria that were able to access cytosol-activated caspase-11–dependent pyroptosis, an inflammatory type of cell death. This function of caspase-11 appeared to be independent of canonical inflammasomes.
Petrology and geochronology of ‘muscovite age standard’ B4M
Authors: Heri Alexandra R. , Robyr Martin , Villa Igor M.
Published: January 2013

Muscovite B4M, distributed in 1961 as an age standard, was ground under ethanol. Five grain size fractions were obtained and characterized by X-ray diffraction. They display a mixing trend between a phengitic (enriched in the fraction <0.2 µm) and a muscovitic component (predominant in the fraction >20 µm). High-pressure phengite is preserved as a relict in retrograde muscovite. Electron microprobe analyses of the distributed mineral separate reveal at least four white mica populations based on Si, Al, Mg, Na, Fe and F. Rb/K ratios vary by one order of magnitude. Rb–Sr analyses link the mineralogical heterogeneity to variable Rb/Sr and
87
Sr/
86
Sr ratios. The grain size fractions define no internal isochron. Relict fine-grained phengite gives older ages than coarse-grained retrograde greenschist facies muscovite. The inverse grain size–age relationship also characterizes
39
Ar/
40
Ar analyses. Cl/K anticorrelates with step ages: Cl-rich coarse muscovite is younger than Cl-poor fine relict phengite. Sr and Ar preserve a similar isotopic inheritance despite peak metamorphism reaching 635±20 °C. A suitable mineral standard requires that its petrological equilibrium first be demonstrated. Relicts and retrograde reaction textures are a guarantee of isotopic disequilibrium and heterogeneous ages within single crystal at the micrometre scale.

Supplementary material:

Electron microprobe results on two grain mounts of the unprocessed B4M separate as distributed and on a whole-rock thin section of Brione gneiss from the teaching collection of the Universität Bern are available at:
www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18590
.
Extracellular Chaperones and Proteostasis
Authors: Wyatt Amy R. , Yerbury Justin J. , Ecroyd Heath , Wilson Mark R.
Published: January 2013

There exists a family of currently untreatable, serious human diseases that arise from the inappropriate misfolding and aggregation of extracellular proteins. At present our understanding of mechanisms that operate to maintain proteostasis in extracellular body fluids is limited, but it has significantly advanced with the discovery of a small but growing family of constitutively secreted extracellular chaperones. The available evidence strongly suggests that these chaperones act as both sensors and disposal mediators of misfolded proteins in extracellular fluids, thereby normally protecting us from disease pathologies. It is critically important to further increase our understanding of the mechanisms that operate to effect extracellular proteostasis, as this is essential knowledge upon which to base the development of effective therapies for some of the world's most debilitating, costly, and intractable diseases.
Poor Decision Making Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Mortality among Community-Dwelling Older Persons without Dementia
Authors: Boyle Patricia A. , Wilson Robert S. , Yu Lei , Buchman Aron S. , Bennett David A.
Published: January 2013

Background: Decision making is thought to be an important determinant of health and well-being across the lifespan, but little is known about the association of decision making with mortality. Methods: Participants were 675 older persons without dementia from the Rush Memory and Aging Project, a longitudinal cohort study of aging. Baseline assessments of decision making were used to predict the risk of mortality during up to 4 years of follow-up. Results: The mean score on the decision making measure at baseline was 7.1 (SD = 2.9, range: 0–12), with lower scores indicating poorer decision making. During up to 4 years of follow-up (mean = 1.7 years), 40 (6% of 675) persons died. In a proportional hazards model adjusted for age, sex and education, the risk of mortality increased by about 20% for each additional decision making error (HR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.07–1.32, p = 0.002). Thus, a person who performed poorly on the measure of decision making (score = 3, 10th percentile) was about 4 times more likely to die compared to a person who performed well (score = 11, 90th percentile). Further, the association of decision making with mortality persisted after adjustment for the level of cognitive function. Conclusion: Poor decision making is associated with an increased risk of mortality in old age even after accounting for cognitive function.
Group X Secreted Phospholipase A2 Limits the Development of Atherosclerosis in LDL Receptor–Null Mice
Authors: Ait-Oufella Hafid , Herbin Olivier , Lahoute Charlotte , Coatrieux Christelle , Loyer Xavier , Joffre Jeremie , Laurans Ludivine , Ramkhelawon Bhama , Blanc-Brude Olivier , Karabina Sonia , Girard Christophe A. , Payré Christine , Yamamoto Kei , Binder Christoph J. , Murakami Makoto , Tedgui Alain , Lambeau Gérard , Mallat Ziad
Published: January 2013

Objective—

Several secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s), including group IIA, III, V, and X, have been linked to the development of atherosclerosis, which led to the clinical testing of A-002 (varespladib), a broad sPLA2 inhibitor for the treatment of coronary artery disease. Group X sPLA2 (PLA2G10) has the most potent hydrolyzing activity toward phosphatidylcholine and is believed to play a proatherogenic role.

Methods and Results—

Here, we show that
Ldlr
–/–
mice reconstituted with bone marrow from mouse group X–deficient mice (
Pla2g10
–/–
) unexpectedly display a doubling of plaque size compared with
Pla2g10
+/+
chimeric mice. Macrophages of
Pla2g10
–/–
mice are more susceptible to apoptosis in vitro, which is associated with a 4-fold increase of plaque necrotic core in vivo. In addition, chimeric
Pla2g10
–/–
mice show exaggerated T lymphocyte (Th)1 immune response, associated with enhanced T-cell infiltration in atherosclerotic plaques. Interestingly, overexpression of human PLA2G10 in murine bone marrow cells leads to significant reduction of Th1 response and to 50% reduction of lesion size.

Conclusion—

PLA2G10 expression in bone marrow cells controls a proatherogenic Th1 response and limits the development of atherosclerosis. The results may provide an explanation for the recently reported inefficacy of A-002 (varespladib) to treat patients with coronary artery disease. Indeed, A-002 is a nonselective sPLA2 inhibitor that inhibits both proatherogenic (groups IIA and V) and antiatherogenic (group X) sPLA2s. Our results suggest that selective targeting of individual sPLA2 enzymes may be a better strategy to treat cardiovascular diseases.
Impact of Vegetarian Diet on Serum Immunoglobulin Levels in Children
Authors: Gorczyca Daiva , Prescha Anna , Szeremeta Karolina
Published: January 2013

Background. Nutrition plays an important role in immune response. We evaluated the effect of nutrient intake on serum immunoglobulin levels in vegetarian and omnivore children. Methods. Serum immunoglobulin levels and iron status were estimated in 22 vegetarian and 18 omnivore children. Seven-day food records were used to assess the diet. Results. There were no significant differences in serum IgA, IgM, and IgG levels between groups of children. Serum immunoglobulin levels were lower in vegetarian children with iron deficiency in comparison with those without iron deficiency. In the vegetarians, IgG level correlated positively with energy, zinc, copper, and vitamin B6 intake. In the omnivores, these correlations were stronger with IgM level. Conclusions. Despite negligible differences in serum immunoglobulin levels between vegetarian and omnivore children, the impact of several nutrient intakes on IgM and IgG levels differed between groups. Low iron status in vegetarian children can lead to decreased immunoglobulin levels.
Growing Pains
Authors: Draus Paul J. , Lempert Lora Bex
Published: January 2013

We describe the process of developing a “Think Tank,” or discussion and outreach group for individuals who successfully completed the inside–out Prison Exchange classes offered at a Level 2 correctional facility in Detroit, Michigan in 2008. We employ the concept of “collective efficacy” and members’ own accounts of their experiences to describe the Theory Group’s evolution: (a) formation and initial growth, (b) public outreach, and (c) workshops, trainings, and future activities. We document the complicated dynamics of working with prison officials and make suggestions for those seeking to continue the inside–out dynamic beyond the classroom.
Compatibility of hydrazine and EPDM rubber containing polybutadiene coagent
Authors: Li Ping , Aguirre Fernando , Killpack Michael O , Rodgers Stephen L , Ballinger Ian A
Published: January 2013

Histogram analyses of atomic force microscopy (AFM) phase images demonstrated changes in the surface composition of ethylene propylene diene–modified (EPDM) elastomeric formulations containing polybutadiene after exposure to hydrazine. It was determined by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic analysis that the change in the surface composition is caused by hydrogenation of the vinylic double bonds of the polybutadiene coagent, stemming from diimide generation from hydrazine. The diffusion and subsequent reaction of hydrazine with two cured EPDM elastomeric formulations were investigated by mapping FT-IR spectroscopy. The depth of diffusion and reaction was determined by monitoring changes in the intensity of the vinyl group signal from the polybutadiene in the FT-IR spectra. The FT-IR analysis of horizontal microtome specimens and vertical ‘cross section’ of the EPDM samples showed that hydrazine diffused less than 200 μm into the elastomeric materials over a period of 40 weeks. Sequential proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the polybutadiene coagent showed that the vinyl groups in polybutadiene were hydrogenated when mixed with hydrazine at room temperature. The reaction of hydrazine with the polybutadiene coagent of the EPDM elastomeric material was corroborated by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry as well. A model compound, 4-vinyl cyclohexene, was used to assess the relative hydrogenation rate of primary and secondary double bonds using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Future-proofed energy design for dwellings: Case studies from England and application to the Code for Sustainable Homes
Authors: Georgiadou MC , Hacking T , Guthrie P
Published: January 2013

This paper investigates ‘future-proofing’ as an unexplored yet all-important aspect in the design of low-energy dwellings. It refers particularly to adopting lifecycle thinking and accommodating risks and uncertainties in the selection of fabric energy efficiency measures and low or zero-carbon technologies. Based on a conceptual framework for future-proofed design, the paper first presents results from the analysis of two ‘best practice’ housing developments in England; i.e., North West Cambridge in Cambridge and West Carclaze and Baal in St. Austell, Cornwall. Second, it examines the ‘Energy and CO2 Emissions’ part of the Code for Sustainable Homes to reveal which design criteria and assessment methods can be practically integrated into this established building certification scheme so that it can become more dynamic and future-oriented.

Practical application: Future-proofed construction is promoted implicitly within the increasingly stringent building regulations; however, there is no comprehensive method to readily incorporate futures thinking into the energy design of buildings. This study has a three-fold objective of relevance to the building industry: Illuminating the two key categories of long-term impacts in buildings, which are often erroneously treated interchangeably: – The environmental impact of buildings due to their long lifecycles. – The environment’s impacts on buildings due to risks and uncertainties affecting the energy consumption by at least 2050. This refers to social, technological, economic, environmental and regulatory (predictable or unknown) trends and drivers of change, such as climate uncertainty, home-working, technology readiness etc. Encouraging future-proofing from an early planning stage to reduce the likelihood of a prematurely obsolete building design. Enhancing established building energy assessment methods (certification, modelling or audit tools) by integrating a set of future-oriented criteria into their methodologies.
It did not mean anything (about me)
Authors: Foster Joshua D. , Misra Tiffany A.
Published: January 2013

Perpetrating romantic infidelity is discrepant with how most individuals see themselves and theoretically should produce cognitive dissonance. Accordingly, perpetrators of infidelity should experience symptoms of dissonance (e.g. self-concept discrepancy, psychological discomfort, poor affect) and employ tactics that reduce these symptoms (e.g. trivialization). These hypotheses were tested in four experiments. In each experiment, participants were given bogus feedback indicating that they had acted either faithfully or unfaithfully during a prior romantic relationship (this manipulation was evaluated in experiment 1). Participants who received unfaithful feedback reported higher levels of self-concept discrepancy, psychological discomfort, and poor affect (experiments 2 and 4) and trivialized to a greater extent the importance of their ostensive infidelities (experiments 3 and 4). Experiment 4 further showed that trivialization significantly reduced self-concept discrepancy and psychological discomfort but not poor affect. These results are generally consistent with the view that infidelity is a dissonance arousing behavior and that perpetrators of infidelity respond in ways that reduce cognitive dissonance.
MicroRNAs in osteosarcoma: From biological players to clinical contributors, a review
Authors: Zhou Guangxin , Shi Xin , Zhang Junfeng , Wu Sujia , Zhao Jianning
Published: January 2013

Osteosarcoma is a primary malignant bone tumour with high morbidity that occurs mainly in children and adolescents. While the molecular basis of osteosarcoma has received considerable attention, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying pre- and postoperative metastasis formation and the development of chemoresistance remain unclear. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of 22-nucleotide noncoding RNAs, have emerged as critical components of gene-regulatory networks controlling numerous important pathophysiological processes, including the initiation and progression of cancers. Studies on miRNAs have opened new avenues for both the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. This review discusses the roles of miRNAs in osteosarcoma and their potential applications for the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of this malignancy. As a rapidly evolving field of basic and biomedical science, miRNA research will have a revolutionary impact on the management of osteosarcoma.
In Situ, Noninvasive, T2*-Weighted MRI-Derived Parameters Predict Ex Vivo Structural Properties of an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction or Bioenhanced Primary Repair in a Porcine Model
Authors: Biercevicz Alison M. , Miranda Daniel L. , Machan Jason T. , Murray Martha M. , Fleming Braden C.
Published: January 2013

Background:

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive technology that can quantitatively assess anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) graft size and signal intensity. However, how those properties relate to reconstructed or repaired ligament strength during the healing process is yet unknown.

Hypothesis:

Magnetic resonance imaging–derived measures of graft volume and signal intensity are significant predictors of the structural properties of an ACL or ACL graft after 15 weeks and 52 weeks of healing.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

The current data were gathered from 2 experiments evaluating ACL reconstruction and repair techniques. In the first experiment, pigs underwent unilateral ACL transection and received (1) ACL reconstruction, (2) ACL reconstruction with collagen-platelet composite (CPC), or (3) no treatment. The surgical legs were harvested after 15 weeks of healing. In the second experiment, pigs underwent ACL transection and received (1) ACL reconstruction, (2) ACL reconstruction with CPC, (3) bioenhanced ACL primary repair with CPC, or (4) no treatment. The surgical legs were harvested after 52 weeks. The harvested knees were imaged using a T2*-weighted 3-dimensional constructive interference in steady state (CISS) sequence. Each ligament was segmented from the scans, and the intra-articular volume and the median grayscale values were determined. Mechanical testing was performed to establish the ligament structural properties.

Results:

Volume significantly predicted the structural properties (maximum load, yield load, and linear stiffness) of the ligaments and grafts ( R2 = 0.56, 0.56, and 0.49, respectively; P ≤ .001). Likewise, the median grayscale values (ie, signal intensity) significantly predicted the structural properties of the ligaments and grafts ( R2 = 0.42, 0.37, and 0.40, respectively; P < .001). The combination of these 2 parameters in a multiple regression model improved the predictions ( R2 = 0.73, 0.72, and 0.68, respectively; P ≤ .001).

Conclusion:

Volume and grayscale values from high-resolution T2*-weighted MRI scans are predictive of structural properties of the healing ligament or graft in a porcine model.

Clinical Relevance:

This study provides a critical step in the development of a noninvasive method to predict the structural properties of the healing ACL graft or repair. This technique may prove beneficial as a surrogate outcome measure in preclinical animal and clinical studies.
Arthroscopic Bone Marrow Stimulation Techniques for Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
Authors: Yoshimura Ichiro , Kanazawa Kazuki , Takeyama Akinori , Angthong Chayanin , Ida Takahiro , Hagio Tomonobu , Hanada Hirofumi , Naito Masatoshi
Published: January 2013

Background:

The defect size of an osteochondral lesion of the talus is one of the most important prognostic factors for deciding clinical outcomes. However, the prognostic factors for small osteochondral lesions of the talus are unknown.

Purpose:

To investigate the significant prognostic factors for small osteochondral lesions of the talus using arthroscopic bone marrow stimulation techniques.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

Fifty ankles in 50 patients treated with arthroscopic bone marrow stimulation techniques for an osteochondral lesion of the talus (<150 mm2) were evaluated for prognostic factors. The patients were 22 men and 28 women (mean age, 35.0 years). Outcomes were measured using the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) Ankle-Hindfoot Scale, Berndt and Harty scale, and Saxena criteria.

Results:

The mean lesion size was 62 mm2 (range, 7-119 mm2). The mean AOFAS score improved from 74 (range, 18-90) preoperatively to 90 (range, 67-100) postoperatively. The Saxena criteria results were excellent, good, fair, and poor in 36 (72%), 8 (16%), 5 (10%), and 1 (2%) patients, respectively. The Berndt and Harty scale results were good in 34 (68%), fair in 6 (12%), and poor in 10 (20%) patients. Linear regression analyses showed prognostic significance for lesion depth and outcome. Medial lesions had a significantly higher incidence of poor outcomes than lateral lesions ( P < .05). Among the medial lesions, lesions uncovered with the medial malleolus had inferior outcomes compared with covered lesions ( P < .0001). There was no association between clinical outcome and lesion size or body mass index. In older patients (≥40 years), there was a significant trend toward inferior clinical outcomes ( P < .05).

Conclusion:

Arthroscopic bone marrow stimulation techniques provided satisfactory clinical outcomes. However, older patients, deep lesions, and medial lesions uncovered with the medial malleolus were associated with inferior clinical outcomes.
A Novel Glycine Decarboxylase Gene Mutation in an Indian Family With Nonketotic Hyperglycinemia
Authors: Love Jennifer M. , Prosser Debra , Love Donald R. , Chintakindi Krishna Prakash , Dalal Ashwin B. , Aggarwal Shagun
Published: January 2013

Nonketotic hyperglycinemia is an inborn error of glycine metabolism. It manifests mostly as an acute encephalopathy in the neonatal period, although later, atypical presentations have also been reported. Mutations in 3 different genes have been implicated in nonketotic hyperglycinemia. Here we report a novel mutation, c.2296G>T (p.Gly766Cys), in exon 19 of the glycine decarboxylase ( GLDC) gene (Refseq accession number NM_000170.2) in a consanguineous Indian couple with a history of 4 neonatal deaths.
Overwork and the Persistence of Gender Segregation in Occupations
Authors: Cha Youngjoo
Published: January 2013

This study investigates whether the increasingly common trend of working long hours (“overwork”) perpetuates gender segregation in occupations. While overwork is an expected norm in many male-dominated occupations, women, especially mothers, are structurally less able to meet this expectation because their time is subject to family demands more than is men’s time. This study investigates whether the conflicting time demands of work and family increase attrition rates of mothers in male-dominated occupations, thereby reinforcing occupational segregation. Using longitudinal data drawn from the Survey of Income and Program Participation, I show that mothers are more likely to leave male-dominated occupations when they work 50 hours or more per week, but the same effect is not found for men or childless women. Results also show that overworking mothers are more likely to exit the labor force entirely, and this pattern is specific to male-dominated occupations. These findings demonstrate that the norm of overwork in male-dominated workplaces and the gender beliefs operating in the family combine to reinforce gender segregation of the labor market.
The Effect of Birth Cohort on Well-Being
Authors: Sutin Angelina R. , Terracciano Antonio , Milaneschi Yuri , An Yang , Ferrucci Luigi , Zonderman Alan B.
Published: January 2013

In the present research, we examined the effects of age, cohort, and time of measurement on well-being across adulthood. Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of two independent samples—one with more than 10,000 repeated assessments across 30 years (mean assessments per participant = 4.44, SD = 3.47) and one with nationally representative data—suggested that well-being declines with age. This decline, however, reversed when we controlled for birth cohort. That is, once we accounted for the fact that older cohorts had lower levels of well-being, all cohorts increased in well-being with age relative to their own baseline. Participants tested more recently had higher well-being, but time of measurement, unlike cohort, did not change the shape of the trajectory. Although well-being increased with age for everyone, cohorts that lived through the economic challenges of the early 20th century had lower well-being than those born during more prosperous times.
Expression and Significance of E-Cadherin and β-Catenins in Pituitary Adenoma
Authors: Zhou Kaiyu , Jin Hanghuang , Luo Yongkang
Published: January 2013

This study used immunohistochemical methods for detecting the expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin in pituitary adenoma. Specimens were collected from 91 cases. EnVision was used for immunohistochemical staining. The results were graded depending on the staining intensity and range. Associations between E-cadherin and β-catenin expression and tumor subtype, invasiveness, and postoperative recurrence were investigated. There was a significant downregulation of E-cadherin and β-catenin in growth hormone (GH)-type tumors when compared with prolactin-type tumors ( uc = 2.693 and 2.109, respectively; P < .05). E-cadherin and β-catenin were downregulated in invasive pituitary adenomas ( uc = 3.563 and 4.166, respectively; P < .05) and in clinically recurring pituitary adenomas ( uc = 2.871 and 3.866, respectively; P < .05). There was no difference in the percentage of invasive prolactin and GH secreting tumors (28.57% and 22.86%, respectively; P > .05). The expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin in pituitary adenoma was significantly downregulated and related to subtype, invasiveness, and postoperative recurrence.
Contributions of Social Status and Family Support to College Students’ Career Decision Self-Efficacy and Outcome Expectations
Authors: Metheny Jennifer , McWhirter Ellen Hawley
Published: January 2013

The purpose of this study was to better understand the roles of social status and family support in the career decision making of young adults in college. We tested a path model predicting career decision self-efficacy and career-related outcome expectations in a sample of 270 male and female undergraduate students. Predictor variables included family of origin socioeconomic status, perceived social status, perceived family support, and intentional family career-related interactions. The sample was randomly split into a calibration sample and a validation sample. Based on a path analysis with the calibration sample, the hypothesized model was modified, and a multiple group analysis was used to test for model invariance for the revised model. The results of this study suggest that both family status and family support are associated with social cognitive career development outcomes. Implications for both research and practice are discussed.
Assessing Scientist and Practitioner Orientations in Industrial/Organizational Psychology
Authors: Leong Frederick T. L. , Pearce Marina , Huang Jason L.
Published: January 2013

This research develops and provides initial evidence of internal validity for a measure of scientist and practitioner orientations in industrial/organizational psychology (the SPI-IO). The application of this measure has various potential benefits, including the ability to measure students' needs, guide their development, and understand the influence of training on their career interests over time. We used the O*Net database to draw information regarding what critical work tasks are performed by industrial/organizational (I/O) psychologists --these work tasks were used to build items for the practitioner scale of the SPI-IO. Leong and Zachar developed a scientist scale for an earlier version of the SPI used to assess career orientations in counseling and clinical psychology. The scientist scale is composed of items that are also relevant for I/O psychology. Together, Leong and Zachar's scientist scale and our newly developed practitioner scale comprise the SPI-IO. In Study 1, we used the SPI-IO to measure career orientations in undergraduates and found support for the measure's construct validity. In Study 2, we assessed career orientations in I/O psychology graduate students. With the graduate sample, we sought to again support the SPI-IO's validity and also to determine whether the SPI-IO could account for more variance in career specialty choice (i.e., science vs. practice) than more general measures of career interests (i.e., RIASEC). In all cases, the validity and unique predictive utility of the SPI-IO was confirmed. In addition to reviewing these results in detail, we provide a copy of the SPI-IO and discuss its implications for use.
Survey mode matters: Adults’ self-reported statistical confidence, ability to obtain health information, and perceptions of patient–health-care provider communication
Authors: Wallace Lorraine S , Chisolm Deena J , Abdel-Rasoul Mahmoud , DeVoe Jennifer E
Published: January 2013

This study examined adults’ self-reported understanding and formatting preferences of medical statistics, confidence in self-care and ability to obtain health advice or information, and perceptions of patient–health-care provider communication measured through dual survey modes (random digital dial and mail). Even while controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, significant differences in regard to adults’ responses to survey variables emerged as a function of survey mode. While the analyses do not allow us to pinpoint the underlying causes of the differences observed, they do suggest that mode of administration should be carefully adjusted for and considered.
Health literacy and community empowerment: It is more than just reading, writing and counting
Authors: Estacio Emee Vida
Published: January 2013

The concept of health literacy is evolving. The re-emergence of Freireian-inspired health literacy projects moves the conceptualisation of health literacy from merely the ability to apply functional literacy skills in a health-care context to a wider ability to exert control over the determinants of health. This article presents an example of a community-based project that adopts an empowerment education model in health literacy. Based within a small indigenous community in the Philippines, participants were engaged in critical reflection to gain a better understanding of how health is conceptualised within their socio-economic and political environment and its implications for practice, power relations and subjective experiences. The article concludes with the assertion that although developing health literacy skills is important, we must never lose sight of unbalanced power relations and unfair structures that hinder positive social change.
Finding the patient in patient safety
Authors: Hor Su-yin , Godbold Natalya , Collier Aileen , Iedema Rick
Published: January 2013

In the last decade, the field of patient safety has grappled with the complexity of health-care systems by attending to the activity of frontline clinicians. This article extends the field by highlighting the activity of patients and their carers in determining the safety of these systems. We draw on data from three studies exploring patients’ accounts of their health-care experiences in Australia and internationally, to show how patients and carers are currently contributing to the safety of their own care. Furthermore, we emphasise the importance of patient–clinician collaboration in ensuring the success of these activities. We argue that it is no longer sufficient to discuss if patients should be involved with ensuring their own safety. Given that patients are already involved, we propose a new conceptualisation of safety and systems that acknowledges their involvement and supports patient–provider collaboration to achieve safer care.
Dual embedded agency: Physicians implement integrative medicine in health-care organizations
Authors: Keshet Yael
Published: January 2013

The paradox of embedded agency addresses the question of how embedded agents are able to conceive of new ideas and practices and then implement them in institutionalized organizations if social structures exert so powerful an influence on behavior, and agents operate within a framework of institutional constraints. This article proposes that dual embedded agency may provide an explanation of the paradox. The article draws from an ethnographic study that examined the ways in which dual-trained physicians, namely medical doctors trained also in some modality of complementary and alternative medicine, integrate complementary and alternative medicine into the biomedical fortress of mainstream health-care organizations. Participant observations were conducted during the years 2006–2011. The observed physicians were found to be embedded in two diverse medical cultures and to have a hybrid professional identity that comprised two sets of health-care values. Seeking to introduce new ideas and practices associated with complementary and alternative medicine to medical institutions, they maneuvered among the constraints of institutional structures while using these very structures, in an isomorphic mode of action, as a platform for launching complementary and alternative medicine practices and values. They drew on the complementary and alternative medicine philosophical principle of interconnectedness and interdependency of seemingly polar opposites or contrary forces and acted to achieve change by means of nonadversarial strategies. By addressing the structure–agency dichotomy, this study contributes to the literature on change in institutionalized health-care organizations. It likewise contributes both theoretically and empirically to the study of integrative medicine and to the further development of this relatively new area of inquiry within the sociology of medicine.
Knowing the city: maps, mobility and urban outreach work
Authors: Hall Tom , Smith Robin J
Published: January 2013

This article is concerned with the relationship between (pedestrian) movement and (local) knowledge. Drawing upon ethnography conducted with a team of urban outreach workers, the article considers mapping, and specifically the use of Global Positioning System technology, as a method with which to document the spatial distribution of the team’s practice as they search for and locate their rough-sleeping client group. Outreach workers are experts in the terrain in which they operate; maps of their movements, therefore, might be said to entail a mapping of knowledge, enacted in movement, and our informants do not move randomly, but knowledgeably. Our argument, however, grounded in an attention to the way in which knowledge and movement combine in the street-level practices of urban outreach, provides a foundation for a critique of mapping as an analytic practice in and through which relations of knowing and going can be shown and understood.
Is there benefit in dual renin– angiotensin–aldosterone system blockade? No, yes and maybe: A guide for the perplexed
Authors: Wong Jencia
Published: January 2013

Since the initial discovery of Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) in the 1960s and the launch of Captopril as the first available for clinical use in the 1970s, there now exist three other classes of drugs that block the renin angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS): the angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB), aldosterone antagonists (AA) and direct renin inhibitors (DRI). With the proven efficacy of RAAS blockers as monotherapy in many arenas there has been considerable interest in the use of dual therapy combinations of these medications that target different points in the pathway. By potentially offering a more complete RAAS blockade with a commensurate enhanced clinical effect, the strong biological rationale for dual therapy has led to it being embraced by clinicians as a treatment option, for hypertension and nephroprotection in particular. However, the initial enthusiasm for this treatment has been tempered by the recent results from several large trials such as ONTARGET and ALTITUDE, which do not support a specific dual therapy approach. In contrast, there is supportive evidence for dual blockade of specific combinations in selected patient groups and data are lacking for others. In the wake of this complex contemporary evidence, the conundrum now faced by clinicians committed to individualised care is, for which patients dual therapy could still be of benefit. This review examines for the practising clinician the current ‘state of play’ for dual blockade of various combinations and a perspective on its use in cardio-renal disease and diabetic complications.
Diabetes mellitus is associated with adverse prognosis in chronic heart failure of ischaemic and non-ischaemic aetiology
Authors: Cubbon Richard M , Adams Brook , Rajwani Adil , Mercer Ben N , Patel Peysh A , Gherardi Guy , Gale Christopher P , Batin Phillip D , Ajjan Ramzi , Kearney Lorraine , Wheatcroft Stephen B , Sapsford Robert J , Witte Klaus K , Kearney Mark T
Published: January 2013

Background:

It is unclear whether diabetes mellitus (DM) is an adverse prognostic factor in chronic heart failure (CHF) of ischaemic and non-ischaemic aetiology managed with contemporary evidence-based care.

Methods:

In total, 1091 outpatients with CHF with reduced ejection fraction were prospectively observed for a mean of 960 days. Total and cardiovascular mortality was quantified after accounting for potential confounders.

Results:

In total, 25.7% of patients had DM; this group was more likely to have CHF of ischaemic aetiology and was more symptomatic. Patients with DM received comparable medical- and device-based therapies, except for greater doses of loop diuretic. DM was associated with approximately doubled crude and adjusted risk of total and cardiovascular mortality. The association of diabetes with these outcomes in patients with ischaemic and non-ischaemic cardiomyopathies was of similar magnitude.

Conclusions:

In spite of advances in the management of CHF, DM remains a major adverse prognostic feature, irrespective of ischaemic/non-ischaemic aetiology.
Obstructive sleep apnoea, motor vehicle accidents, and work performance
Authors: Sanna Antonio
Published: January 2013

The obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) shows a very high prevalence in the middle-age work force population and, between all diseases and medical conditions, is the major risk factor for motor vehicle accidents (MVAs). OSA can be diagnosed and treated, with resultant reduction in MVAs to those seen in the healthy population. It is increasing evidence that it is a major risk factor for occupational accidents also in fields different from the professional transport and for work disability. It is likely that the treatment of OSA results in the reduction of occupational accidents and work performance improvement with expected benefits in work processes and business in general. It is therefore advisable to develop strategies for screening and treatment of OSA in workers. The risk assessment of OSA in workers may also help to reduce the burden on national health care systems.
How Are Athletic Directors Rewarded in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision?
Authors: Marburger Daniel R.
Published: January 2013

Intercollegiate athletics has been a source of ongoing controversy regarding the potential conflict in pursuing athletic success while maintaining academic standards. This study examines the implicit reward system for athletic directors (ADs) in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Football Bowl Subdivision. Using AD compensation for 2010-2011, the evidence shows that base salaries are largely determined by revenues generated within the athletic department. Earned bonuses are unrelated to revenues but are correlated positively with football success, the tenure of the AD, and the number of teams sponsored by the school.
Pedagogical Possibilities
Authors: Mthethwa-Sommers Shirley
Published: January 2013

This article examined narratives of social justice educators in order to ascertain personal and professional experiences that shaped and prepared them to engage in social justice education. Eight social justice educators participated in the study. Qualitative research methods were employed in order to get a deeper understanding of what propelled these educators to teach for social justice. Interviews and documents were the main sources of data. Findings of the study revealed that becoming a social justice educator is a multidimensional process anchored by critical consciousness. The results of the study provide lessons on how teacher education programs can better prepare students to educate for social justice.
Management of Degloving Injuries of the Lower Extremity
Authors: Zagrocki Laura , Ross Adrienne , Hicks Adam
Published: January 2013

Soft-tissue injuries of the foot and ankle can vary from crushing to penetrating mechanisms. Degloving injuries of the lower extremity are the result of an entrapment between a fixed surface and a moving object. These injuries pose significant morbidity and potential complications (eg, infection) to the patient if prompt wound coverage is not initiated. The authors present a case of an extensive degloving injury to the foot, ankle, and lower leg from a forklift accident. With the collaborative effort of the podiatry and plastic surgery teams, the patient underwent serial debridements, application of a small-intestine submucosa wound matrix, negative-pressure wound therapy, and skin grafting. This case presentation demonstrates the benefit of procedure staging and early wound coverage for improved patient outcomes.

Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV, Case Study
In Democracy As in Dictatorship
Authors: Barrera Carlos , Apezarena José
Published: January 2013

During the Spanish transition to democracy, media liberalization mostly affected newspapers and magazines. As for news agencies, the official Efe, founded in 1939, was favored by both dictatorial and democratic governments, which considered it as a strategic instrument to support dictatorship or foster democracy depending on the historical context. Europa Press, a private news agency founded in 1957, became its main competitor and earned high reputation by taking advantage of the news stories that Efe did not dare to cover because of its political ties. The Minister of Information attempted to close down the agency but he finally was dismissed due to internal political struggles. The situation, however, did not change either during the transition to democracy (1975–82) or the first Socialist government (1982–86). In both periods, the ruling parties boosted Efe through different means and sought the economic suffocation of Europa Press. Based on documents from the archive of Antonio Herrero, director of Europa Press between 1964 and 1989, this article analyzes the most significant episodes of government pressures on this agency and the arguments used to justify them. Conclusions on the relationship between news agencies and the State in processes of transition to democracy are also reached.
Traumatic Laryngeal Fracture in a Collegiate Basketball Player
Authors: Kim Jeffery D. , Shuler Franklin D. , Mo Bi , Gibbs Scott R. , Belmaggio Tom , Giangarra Charles E.
Published: January 2013

Laryngotracheal trauma is a rare condition that accounts for less than 1% of blunt trauma. Laryngotracheal fractures are uncommon in sports, even in settings where athletes are more vulnerable, including football, basketball, and hockey. If a laryngeal injury is suspected, immediate evaluation is required to avoid a delay in the diagnosis of a potentially life-threatening injury. A collegiate basketball player sustained an unusual fracture involving the cricoid and thyroid cartilage during practice. This case illustrates the importance of rapid identification and early management of patients with blunt laryngotracheal trauma in sports.
Sexting—It’s in the Dictionary
Authors: Mattey Beth , Diliberto Gail Mattey
Published: January 2013

Sexting has become commonplace in our vocabulary, as commonplace as technology use is to our youth. The role of the school nurse necessitates awareness of issues surrounding sexting along with the capability to proactively educate students, staff, and parents on the dangers of sexting. Students are empowered when provided the knowledge that only they control their own image. This article explores current terminology, incidence of sexting among today’s youth, legal implications, as well as strategies and resources for schools to assist in dealing with sexting.
Diagnosing pneumonia in patients with acute cough: clinical judgment compared to chest radiography
Authors: van Vugt Saskia F. , Verheij Theo J.M. , de Jong Pim A. , Butler Chris C. , Hood Kerenza , Coenen Samuel , Goossens Herman , Little Paul , Broekhuizen Berna D.L.
Published: January 2013

Pneumonia is often diagnosed and treated empirically. We set out to determine the diagnostic accuracy of clinical judgment based on signs and symptoms to detect radiographic pneumonia in patients presenting with acute cough in primary care.

In 2810 European patients with acute cough, general practitioners (GPs) recorded whether they considered pneumonia to be present (“yes” or “no”) immediately after history and physical examination. Chest radiography was performed within 1 week by local radiologists blind to other patient characteristics.

140 patients had radiographic pneumonia (5%), of whom 41 (29%) had been diagnosed as such. 31 (1%) patients had a clinical diagnosis that was not confirmed by radiography (n=2670). In clinically suspected pneumonia, 57% of subjects were subsequently diagnosed with radiographic pneumonia. Negative predictive value (NPV), sensitivity and specificity of GPs’ clinical judgment were 96%, 29% and 99%, respectively. Compared to patients with a clinical diagnosis of pneumonia, less severe symptoms were found in radiographic pneumonia cases not suspected clinically (p<0.05).

The predictive values of GPs’ clinical judgment, particularly the high NPVs, are helpful in routine care. Nonetheless, the majority of diagnoses of radiographic pneumonias was not suspected on clinical grounds. There is a need to further support the detection of clinically relevant pneumonia in primary care.
Different mutations of the human c-mpl gene indicate distinct haematopoietic diseases
Authors: He Xin , Chen Zhigang , Jiang Yangyan , Qiu Xi , Zhao Xiaoying
Published: January 2013

The human c-mpl gene (MPL) plays an important role in the development of megakaryocytes and platelets as well as the self-renewal of haematopoietic stem cells. However, numerous MPL mutations have been identified in haematopoietic diseases. These mutations alter the normal regulatory mechanisms and lead to autonomous activation or signalling deficiencies. In this review, we summarise 59 different MPL mutations and classify these mutations into four different groups according to the associated diseases and mutation rates. Using this classification, we clearly distinguish four diverse types of MPL mutations and obtain a deep understand of their clinical significance. This will prove to be useful for both disease diagnosis and the design of individual therapy regimens based on the type of MPL mutations.