bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rating of Waldsterben‐Symptoms (forest decline) in deciduous broadleaves during winter time
Authors: Clauser F. , Gellini R.
Published: June 2007

Repeated examinations in Quercus pubescens, Quercus cerris and Fagus sylvatica during the summer of 1984 and the winter of 1984/85 showed the possibility of improving the diagnosis for the disease known as “forest decline” and of facilitating the detection of damage and the epidemiological surveys for these species, probably for other deciduous broadleaves too.

The absence of leaves in the rest period allows better identification of branching damage. These pathological features remain unchanged during the rest period, allowing easier epidemiological surveys and sound comparisons between observations made in the same period in different territories. It also allows accurate photographical records which can be useful for comparison between pictures taken in different years.

Summer and winter observations on the studied species were consistent and allowed reciprocal integration, which make it easier to differentiate the three damage classes (slight, medium, severe) which are usually employed in epidemiological surveys of forest decline.
The occurrence of Rhabdocline needle cast on Douglas fir in Greece
Authors: Skarmoutsos G.
Published: June 2007

The occurrence of the needle cast disease of Douglas fir is recorded for the first time in Greece. The causal pathogenic agent is Rhabdocline pseudotsugae Syd. subsp. pseudotsugae Parker and Reid, for which the main morphological characters are given.
Infection studies with Heterobasidion annosum on young trees of Picea abies
Authors: Bazzigher G.
Published: June 2007

Infection studies with Heterobasidion annosum were carried out on 15‐year‐old, cloned spruces between 1971 and 1978. The inoculum was introduced into the sapwood of the test plants at the base of the stem. All inoculations, conducted at different times of the year, were uniformly successful. The pathogen spread through the xylem tissue rapidly during the vegetation period, but from early autumn onwards gradually disappeared over the following two years. After this period, the fungus could no longer be detected.
Rasterelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Stomata von Fichten‐ und Tannennadeln nach Begasung und saurer Beregnung1
Authors: Von Schmitt U. , Ruetze M. , Liese W.
Published: June 2007

Scanning electron microscopical investigations on stomatal wax plugs of fir and spruce needles after fumigation and acid rain treatment

Alterations of stomatal wax plugs of fir and spruce needles have been investigated in order to demonstrate the effects of different air pollutants. After acid rain treatment, and in addition to SO2 fumigation, heavily melted wax crystals were observed. It is assumed that acid rain causes mainly the changes of the stomatal wax plugs.
Biology of Septoria musiva and Marssonina brunnea in hybrid Populus plantations and control of Septoria canker in nurseries
Authors: Ostry M. E.
Published: June 2007

Spore dispersal and symptom development of Septoria musiva and Marssonina brunnea were studied in hybrid poplar plantings in the north central United States. Ascospores or conidia were present within the plantings throughout the growing season. Results of Septoria canker control in nurseries are discussed in relation to the biology of the fungus and use of resistant clones.
Differential responses of two conifers to in vitro inoculation with Agrobacterium rhizogenes
Authors: Diner A. M. , Karnosky D. F.
Published: June 2007

Young seedlings and calli of European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) but not jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) were rapidly infected with Agrobacterium rhizogenes (Riker et al.) Conn. Calli were extensively colonized and necrotic within 2 weeks. Seedlings swelled at the wound site, and developed multiple buds, blue‐colored needles with dense aggregations of stomates, or adventitious roots. Inoculation of juvenile conifer tissues with selected strains of plasmid donors may offer opportunity to clone engineered superior tree genotypes through in vitro micropropagation.
Resin acids and resistance of Pinus sylvestris to Melampsora pinitorqua
Authors: Gref R.
Published: June 2007

The resin acid composition of Scots pine seedlings resistant and susceptible to pine twisting rust Melampsora pinitorqua) was studied at the time of artificial inoculation. There was no signilicant ifference in the resin acid pattern of resistant and susceptible families indicating that resin acids are The (M not preformed mhibitors to this rust fungus.
Fluorescence immunohistochemical detection of Armillaria and Heterobasidion in Norway spruce
Authors: Zollfrank U. , Sautter C. , Hock B.
Published: June 2007

Armillaria mellea ss. lato and Heterobasidion annosum were identified in infected Norway spruce using an indirect immunohistochemical test. Unspecific binding sites were masked by incubating the specimen with preimmune serum followed by protein A. Subsequent labeling with monospecific rabbit antibodies and fluorochrome‐conjugated protein A yielded a strong and specific fluorescent signal.
Zur Ultrastruktur der Meristemzellen in Feinstwurzeln von Fichten aus Waldschadensgebieten
Authors: Schmitt Von U. , Liese W.
Published: June 2007

On the ultrastructure of meristematic tissue in fine roots of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) from forest decline areas. Fine root tips of spruce trees from two forest sites have been investigated.
Effects of some environmental conditions on the response of birch bark to wounding
Authors: Romakkaniemi P. , Poteri M.
Published: June 2007

A histological study was carried out on the process of wound‐healing in the bark of Betula pendula after treatment at various temperatures and in the bark of B. pendula and B. pubescens after water stress. Low temperature inhibited phellogen restoration in B. pendula. Wound‐healing was delayed in B. pendula when exposed to flooding and drought, and in B. pubescens under drought. The response of B. pendula was faster than that of B. pubescens.
Kriterien zur Beurteilung der Reaktion haploider Tester mit diploiden Armillaria‐Isolierungen
Authors: Siepmann Von R.
Published: June 2007

Criterions for the valuation of matings between diploid Armillaria isolates and haploid testers. A more secure valuation of the results of matings was reached when the changes in the tester mycelia were recorded not only after 20 and 35 days but also after two and three months. In confrontations between different species the mycelia of the testers (in 2/3 of the cases) grew over the diploid Armillaria colonies. In matings between testers and diploids of the same species the tester mycelia (beside changing the color) remained restricted to the line at which the who mycelia met.
Eine Methode zur Erfassung von Verlauf und Grad der Schädigung von Nadelbaumbeständen
Authors: Elling W.
Published: June 2007

A procedure for the registration of the time course and degree of injury in conifer stands. Missing tree rings are detected by dendrochronological methods and systematically recorded. A procedure is described for the registration of the time course and the extent of injury in conifer stands.

A highly significant correlation is demonstrated between the extent of injury in European Silver Fir and the average sulfur content in Norway Spruce needles on the basis of the bioindicator network of the Bayer. Landesamt für Umweltschutz; sulfur content in spruce needles is taken as a measure of sulfur burden of an area.
Evidence for the accelerated micromorphological degradation of epistomatal waxes in Norway spruce by motor vehicle emissions
Authors: Sauter J. J. , Kammerbauer H. , Pambor Leonie , Hock B.
Published: June 2007

The epistomatal wax crystalloids of potted spruce plants exposed for 20 weeks to motor vehicle emissions along roadside and in a fumigation chamber were studied in the scanning electron microscope. An accelerated structural degradation of the wax crystalloids was observed in comparison with control plants. This structural degradation is considered to cause a structural obstruction of the stomatal antechambers and to contribute to the observed reduction of gas exchange.
Oak decline in the Soviet Union ‐ Scale and hypotheses
Authors: Oleksyn J. , Przybyl K.
Published: June 2007

On the basis of extensive literature the decline in oak woods over the last several decades in the Soviet Union is discussed. The decline has affected a major part of the range of oak in European USSR. A detailed review is given of the suggested hypotheses explaining the decline.
Botrytis: a hazard to reforestation
Authors: Mittal R. K. , Singh Pritam , Wang B. S. P.
Published: June 2007

This article contains a review of most of the literature on Botrytis in relation to forests. It discusses analytically various types of damage caused by different species of Botrytis to trees, tree seedlings and seeds; epidemiology of the diseases caused; and possibilities of preventing and controlling the diseases and reducing losses.
Endophytische Pilze in Nadeln von gesunden und geschädigten Fichten (Picea abies [L.] Karsten)
Authors: Sieber Von T.
Published: June 2007

Endophytic fungi in needles of healthy‐looking and diseased Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karsten). Endophytic fungi were isolated from surface‐sterilized, 5 to 6 year old needles of healthy‐looking and diseased trees. Two fungal species could be isolated frequently: Lophodermium piceae and Tiarosporella parca. At any site neither L. piceae nor T. parca could be isolated more frequently from needles of diseased trees. The possible types of relationship between these two fungi and Norway spruce are discussed.
Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) needles in northern Finland
Authors: Huttunen S. , Heiska E.
Published: June 2007

The superoxide dismutase (SOD EC 1.15.1.1) activity in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.) needles in urban and rural trees of northern Finnish populations was studied. Enzyme activity was higher in pine than in spruce needles. Two pine clones from eastern Finland and Lapland revealed great differences in specific SOD enzyme activity.
Détection par piégeage du Ceratocystis fimbriata f. platani
Authors: Grosclaude C. , Olivier R. , Pizzuto J.‐C. , Romiti Corinne , Madec Sylvie
Published: June 2007

Application of the technique of trapping Ceratocystis fimbriata f. platani for the study of the persistance in affected trees. The study of the persistance of Ceratocystis fimbriata f. platani in affected trees is achieved by trapping of the fungus which is carried out on small branches of London plane, stripped of their bark. If C. fimbriata is present in samples of wood to be tested, it becomes visible after a few days when numerous perithecia form on the trap. Trapping the fungus by this method has been systematically achieved with young, artificially inoculated trees: in many cases, C. fimbriata persists in the wood after a period of about 19 to 22 months.
Infection experiments with Gremmeniella abietina on seedlings of Norway spruce and Scots pine
Authors: Barklund Pia , Unestam T.
Published: June 2007

Conidia of Gremmeniella abietina infected and caused disease symptoms in annual shoots of both Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) seedlings. In Norway spruce shoots the infection remained largely latent, with only a few seedlings showing symptoms. Mycelial growth inside the shoots was faster in Scots pine than in Norway spruce and was favoured by low temperature in both hosts. The shoots of Norway spruce seedlings had higher endophyte populations than those of Scots pine, and the populations were decreased by low temperatures. Reductions in the normal epiphytic or endophytic flora by acid mist treatments seemed to favour the development of G. abietina.
Symptoms of forest decline (Waldsterben) on Norway and red spruce
Authors: Liedeker H. , Schütt P. , Klein R. M.
Published: June 2007

Stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) in Vermontwere examined for morphological symptoms of forest decline. Defoliation pattern, needle discoloration, regeneration of proventitious secondary shoots, and the formation of unusually short internodes with exceptionally small foliage were the same for both Norway and red spruce. Qualitative and quantitative analysis detected no significant variation between the two species in Vermont, suggesting that the symptoms examined are not specific for Norway spruce. Forest declinesymptomatology of Norway spruce in northeastern North America closely parallels the descriptions of ‘Waldsterben’ symptoms in the German literature.
Intersterilitätsgruppen und Klone von Heterobasidion annosum‐Isolaten aus Koniferen‐ Wurzel‐ und ‐Stammfäulen
Authors: Von Siepmann R.
Published: June 2007

Intersterility groups and clones of Heterobasidion annosum isolates from root and butt rots of conifers 69 H. annousum heterokaryons from scots pine, Douglas fir, Norway spruce and larch belonged to the P group, three heterokaryons from Norway spruce to the S group. The results of a study with clones of H. annosum isolates from roots of Scotch pine trees in close neighbourhood suggest colonisation by H. annosum (partly) via root contacts.
Cyclaneusma (Naemacyclus) minus an Pinus sylvestris in Polen
Authors: Von Kowalski T.
Published: June 2007

Cyclaneusma minus on Pinus sylvestris needles in Poland. The occurrence of C. minus on living and dead needles was investigated in 140 Pinus sylvestris stands of Southern Poland. C. minus could be found at all locations; it was less common in older stands than in younger ones. In young planta tions (up to the age of 20 years) the fungus caused heavy cast of (mostly two year old) needles.
Betula seedling establishment in response to forest decline induced canopy degeneration
Authors: Perkins T. D. , Klein R. M. , Vogelmann H. W. , Badger' G. J.
Published: June 2007

High mortality of dominant tree species, especially red spruce (Picea rubens) in the transition and lower montane coniferous zones on Camels Hump, Vermont, USA, has resulted in changes in the microclimate of the forest floor. Regeneration of tree seedlings (2 em dbh) was measured within one‐meter‐square quadrats and compared with results from the same forest zones in 1965. Yellow birch (Betula allegbaniensis) and heart‐leaved paper birch (B. papyrifera var. cordifolia) show large increases in seedling density, particularly in the zones where canopy decline and light intensity changes have been highest. The effects that increased birch establishment will have on the luture structure and composition of these forests are unknown.
Role of biotechnology in forest disease research and management in Canada: synthesis1
Authors: Singh Pritam
Published: June 2007

This article describes the most important biotechnological research in major tree diseases of Canadian forests and discusses the role of biotechnology in the management of forest diseases. A brief information on Canada's forest resources and the damage caused by these diseases is also included.
Quantification of fungal infection in spruce needles from different sourcesc
Authors: Osswald W. F. , Elstner E. E
Published: June 2007

A large number of batches of green as well as of chlorotic spruce needles were tested for fungal infection. Using ergosterol as a biochemical indicator for fungal colonization, the highest ergosterol contents were always found in partially or uniformly necrotized needles. However, no correlation was found between the ergosterol concentration and the chlorophyll content i. e. the degree of bleaching.
Virus contamination of waters in two forest districts of the Rhineland area (FRG)
Authors: Büttner Carmen , Nienhaus F.
Published: June 2007

Viruses were detected in water samples collected from two forest districts of NorthrhineWcstfalia in early spring 1985 and 1986. Mechanically transmissible viruses of the Tobamo Potex‐ and Tombusvirus groups were isolated from 39 of 66 water samples taken from creeks, ponds and drainage ditches.
Scirrhia pini Funk et Parker. Life cycle of the fungus in plantations of Pinus nigra Arn. in Serbia
Authors: Karadžič D.
Published: June 2007

The paper gives the results of research into the Sarrhia pini infection process in Pinus nigra plantations in Serbia (Yugoslavia). S. pini is one of the most dangerous fungi in Pinus nigra plantations in Serbia. Its condia are dispersed from the beginning of April till the end of October, and the ascospores from the second halt of June till the end of September. The critical period for infections is from the beginning of May till the end of July when the protection of plantations is necessary.
Bioassay for the mechanisms of decay resistance in stemwood of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.)
Authors: Gramss G.
Published: June 2007

In standing or freshly excised stemwood of European beech and several other hardwoods with nontoxic cores the resistance to the ingress of decay fungi increased with the vitality status of the living parenchyma cells in both sap‐ and heartwood. Virtually no influence on the timber's decay resistance could be ascribed to wide fluctuations in the content of phenolics, to regional moisture distributions, and to synergistic or antagonistic actions of first‐generation bacteria that precede the fungal invasion.
Impact of eastern dwarf mistletoe in black spruce forests of Newfoundland1
Authors: Singh Pritam , Carew G. C.
Published: June 2007

Eastern dwarf mistletoe,Arceuthobinm pusillum, is known in Newfoundland since 1902. However, it has recently become very conspicuous and damaging in some parts of the island, and is regarded as one of the principal agents damaging black spruce on the island. The mistletoe has been found to reduce volume through tree and branch mortality, decline in growth, and cone and seed production, cause alterations in nutrient contents, and induce malformation of stem.
p‐Hydroxyacetophenone and Picein contents of healthy and damaged spruce needles from different locations in Bavaria
Authors: Osswald W. F. , Benz B.
Published: June 2007

Picein can quickly be converted into p‐hydroxacetophenone by endogenous glucosidases activated by freezing and thawing of spruce needles. Picein was the main component of all investigated spruce needles. Its contents varied between 4 and 30 mg/g fw whereas p‐hydroxyacetophenone (pHAP) concentrations between 0.2 and 0.6 mg/g fw were found. No significant difference for picein and pHAP contents were observed comparing green and bleached needles or needle segments. In each case the ratio of pHAP to picein was smaller than one for both green and bleached needles. The importance of pHAP for pigment bleaching is discussed.
The dramatic corrosive effect of road side exposure and of aromatic hydrocarbons on the epistomatal wax crystalloids in spruce and fir ‐ and its significance for the‘Waldsterben’
Authors: Sauter J. J. , Pambor Leonie
Published: June 2007

The dramatic corrosive effect of motor vehicle emissions on the wax tubules in the epistomatal chambers has been followed in needles of spruce and fir with the scanning electron microscope. Fumes of aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, xylene) were found to induce the same corrosion within days. The epistomatal waxes are considered, therefore, to be the primary target of such lipophihc compounds of polluted air and the physiological consequences of the ensuing premature stomatal obstruction to be closely related with the ‘Waldsterben’.
Rhizoctonia leaf web blight of Albizia lebbek, a destructive disease in forest nurseries in India
Authors: Mehrotra M. D.
Published: June 2007

Leaf web blight of Albizia lebbek Benth, a highly destructive disease, caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn is reported from India. The disease was prevalent in forest nurseries from July to August and caused heavy defoliation making the plants unfit for planting in the same growing season. The management of the disease is discussed.
Survey of diseases and insects of Fraser fir and red spruce in the southern Appalachian Mountains
Authors: Bruck R. I.
Published: June 2007

Disease and insect surveys of three Southern Appalachian spruce‐fir ecosystems were conducted between 1985–1988. Visual tree decline was correlated with the presence of fungal pathogens and insect pests. Fungi were isolated from tree cankers, necrotic roots and diseased foliage; while insect incidence and impact was assessed visually. With the exception of damage to Fraser fir inflicted by the balsam wooly adelgid, little significant pathology or insect infestation was noted. This survey indicates that major diseases and insect damage, particularly on red spruce, appear not be primarily causal in the observed forest decline.
Effect of moisture on the colonization by Lentinus edodes and Hypoxylon truncatum in wood1
Authors: Abe Y.
Published: June 2007

Hypoxylon truncatum showed itself to occupy a larger area than Lentinus edodes in low‐moisture‐content stem segments inoculated with both fungi, but the result was just opposite under high moisture conditions. Their mycelial growth and decay rates indicated that H. truncatum is more tolerant of dry circumstances than L. edodes..
Rapid yellowing of needles of Picea abies
Authors: Innes J. L.
Published: June 2007

Severe chlorosis developed in a 45 year old stand of Norway spruce over a period of three weeks in July and August 1986. The chlorosis was followed by needle necrosis and, eventually, shedding. The trees showing the most severe effects had all been damaged during timber extraction operations in 1985. The symptoms superficially resembled those on many trees in central Europe, Where air pollution is generally considered to be involved in chlorosis and defoliation. Air pollution is unlikely to be a primary factor in the chlorosis and defoliation observed in this stand.
A canker disease of autumn olive caused by Tubercularia vulgaris
Authors: Kessler K.J.
Published: June 2007

A stem‐girdling basal canker of autumn olive, Elaeagnus umbellata, was found in Illinois and Indiana. Tubercularia vulgaris was determined to be the causal organism by using field pathogenicity tests. The perithecial state of the fungus was not found. Symptoms of the disease are described.
Effects of ozone on gas exchange, frost resistance, flushing and growth of different provenances of European silver fir (Abies alba Mill.)
Authors: Larsen J. B. , Yang W. , Tiedemann A. v.
Published: June 2007

Photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration were studied in different Abies alba provenances during and alter ozone exposure at three different levels (0/control, 125, and 250 ppb O3, respectively). The after‐effects of ozone on frost resistance and growth rate were also analyzed.

Pronounced reductions of photosynthesis and transpiration rates and an increased respiration were registered as a response to O3. Five months after exposure the winter frost resistance was significantly reduced, and growth depressions were registered during the following year. Differences in ozone sensibility and regeneration ability between provenances could be demonstrated.
Wood deterioration in poplars following decline after water stress
Authors: Anselmi N.
Published: June 2007

Studies have been carried out on the causes of wood deterioration in poplars following decline due to water stress in Italy. The incidence of 21 wood decay fungi, among which Trametes trogii Berk, is the most widely spread, is reported. Some suggestions for reducing the damage are offered.
Susceptibility of European and north‐west American conifers to the North American vascular pathogen Leptographium wageneri
Authors: Webber Joan F. , Hansen E. M.
Published: June 2007

Black stain root disease, caused by the fungus Leptographium wageneri, is a native disease of western North America. It primarily attacks several Pinus species and Pseudotsuga menziesii. Currently absent from Europe, any accidental introduction or the pathogen could pose a threat to the commercially grown conifers in Europe. To assess the extent of this threat, the susceptibility of nine European and North American conifer species to this disease was examined.
Zur Taxonomie und Nomenklatur von Lophodermium piceae (Fuckel) v. Höhnel
Authors: Osorio M. , Stephan B. R.
Published: June 2007

The systematic position and nomenclature of Lophodermium piceae are reviewed chronologically on basis of references cited since 1799. A critical analysis of the actual name of this fungus species of the ascomycete family of Rhytismataceae is given.
The bark beetle‐associated blue‐stain fungus Ophiostoma polonicum can kill various spruces and Douglas fir
Authors: Christiansen E. , Solheim H.
Published: June 2007

In a field experiment in southernmost Norway four young trees of each of eight coniferous species were subjected to artificial inoculation with the pathogenic blue‐stain fungus Ophiostoma polonicum, associated with the spruce bark beetle Ips typographic A dose previously known to Be lethal to most Norway spruce trees also killed individuals of Sitka, white, and black spruce, and Douglas fir. All Scots and lodgepole pines, and subalpine firs survived the given load of infection. Douglas fir did not exhibit the induced resinous defence reaction seen in spruce and pine. The fungus did not proliferate in the phloem of Douglas fir, but spread more easily in a tangential direction in the sapwood of this species than in spruce.
Chemical factors in Pinus strobus inhibitory to Armillaria ostoyae
Authors: Mwangi L. M. , Lin D. , Hubbes M.
Published: June 2007

Fresh sapwood of Pinus strobus inhibited the growth of Armillaria osotyae. Compounds extracted from sapwood with ethyl acetate inhibited the fungus in bioassays. Pinosylvin monothyl ether as tentatively identified by thin layer chromatography and ultraviolet spectra was isolated from the extract and found to inhibit the growth of A. ostoyae.
Pathogenic variation of Seiridium spp. isolated from cankered Cuppressaceae hosts in New Zealand
Authors: Chou C. K. S.
Published: June 2007

Field and glasshouse inoculation tests with isolates of S. cardinale and S. unicorne (Cke & Ell.) Sutton on C. macrocarpa and C lusitanien showed symptoms caused by the two pathogens to be indistinguishable. Isolates of S. cardinale showed an overall higher pathogenicity and less variability than those of S. unicorne. Neither pathogen seemed capable of infecting hosts outside the Cupressaceae, An isolate of Boesewinkel originating from Crvptowcria and supposed to be a distinct species from the anamorph of Lepteutypa cupressi, failea to infect Cryptomeria; neither could L. cupressi and S. cardinale, though all of them readily infected C. macrocarpa and C. lusitanica. Isolates of S. unicoene showed vast differences in pathogenicity in any one test, but many of the Isolates also showed extremi pathogenicity variation between repeat tests, hence pathogenicity determination became uncertain or probalistic. There is no evidence that the decline of S cardinale in this country is due to reduced pathogenicity or to possible interaction with S. unicorne in host infection.
Blister rust in Romania
Authors: Blada I.
Published: June 2007

In a survey of the incidence of Cronartium ribicola in Romania, this parasite was found to be present all over the country, except in mountain regions.

The heaviest attacks occurred in Ribes nigrum and in young plantations of Pinus strobus, whereas old plantations of P. strobus and other pine species were free from blister rust, as were natural populations of Pinus cembra, Ribes alpinum, and R. petraeum in the Carpathians.
Untersuchungen zur Abhängigkeit der Buchen‐Rindennekrose von der Stärke des Befalls durch Cryptococcus fagisuga in Buchen‐(Fagus sylvatica‐)Wirtschaftswäldern
Authors: Lunderstädt Von J.
Published: June 2007

Investigations into the dependence of beech bark necrosis on infection with Cryptococcus fagisuga in commercial beech‐(Fagus sylvatica)forests. Occurrence and sequence of attack of Fagus sylvatica by Cryptococcus fagisuga, slime flux, and necrosis were followed with four different methods of observation. Under average climatic conditions provocation and development of individual successive infection waves overlap to such a high degree that, because of the relatively short duration of the scale attack and because of the long duration and the great variation of the intensity of the necrotic reaction of the susceptible members of the beech population, individual waves of attack can hardly be discriminated in time and space.
Effect of selected forestry herbicides on ectomycorrhizal development and seedling growth of lodgepole pine and white spruce under controlled and field environment
Authors: Sidhu S. S. , Chakravarty P.
Published: June 2007

In tests under aseptic conditions, the herbicides hexazinone (PrononeTM5G® and Velpar L.R.®), glyphosate, and triclopyr reduced seedling growth and mycorrhizal development of Pinus contorta var. Litifolia and Picea glanca. Triclopyr was most toxic of the tour herbicide formulations. Under greenhouse condition, only 2 formulations of hexazinone (Pronone TM5G® and Velpar L.®) were tested. At high concentrations (2 and 4 kg/ha) it reduced growth and mycorrhizal infections significantly but showed recovery with time. No adverse effects were observed at low concentration (1 kg/ha). In general, seedlings inoculated with mycorrhizal fungus (Suillus tomentosus), were more sensitive to herbicide than the ones without mycorrhizal inoculation. Under field conditions overall effects of herbicide application were less intense. Only 4 kg/ha rates of hexazinone resulted in reductions in seedling growth and mycorrhizal infections. The nonmycorrhizal seedings planted in the field developed mycorrhizae in over 40% of short roots within 2 months after planting in all herbicide treatments.
Decline of radial growth in red oaks is associated with short‐term changes in climate
Authors: Tainter F. H. , Retzlaff W. A. , Starkey D. A. , Oak S. W.
Published: June 2007

Comparison of basal area increments of paired healthy and declined oak trees shows a marked disjuncture beginning in the early 1950′ at 3 of 4 sample locations across the southeastern United States. An argument is presented that the change in growth was caused (or accelerated) by a series of severe regional droughts in the early 1950′s that impacted the trees which then responded by forming two distinct populations consisting of: 1. relatively healthy trees, and 2. declined trees. Both populations produced less annual basal area increment after several subsequent short‐term droughts, but marked crown deterioration and death appeared in the declined population after a moderately severe drought in the early 1980′s.
Scleroderris canker in New York State: Attempts to justify and cope with regulatory action
Authors: Hudler G. W. , Neal Brenda G.
Published: June 2007

Pinus resinosa, P. sylvestris, P nigra, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Picea glauca seedlings in three sites and Pinus thunbergii in two sites in New York State were inoculated with conidia of Gremmeniella abietina twice in 1986. Percent infection therefrom was determined in spring of 1987, Some members of each species of Pinus became infected at one site within the current range of the disease and in other sites 84 and 300 km south of the current range. P. glauca and P. menztesii were not infected. Results of experiments to test efficacy of postharvest treatments to eradicate G. abietina from infected seedlings suggested that immersion in hot (55°C) water and applications of dilute sodium hypochlorite would eradicate the pathogen with little or no effect on retention or color of foliage of P. resinosa and P. sylvestris.
Rosellinia minor (Höhn.) Francis in Christbaumkulturen
Authors: Cech Von T.
Published: June 2007

Damages in Christmas tree‐plantations of Norway spruce by Rosellinia minor (Höhn.) Francis. In a plantation of Christmas trees of Norway spruce in the valley of Rhine (Vorarlberg, Austria) an epidemy of Rosellinia minor (Höhn.) Francis occurred in 1987 and 1988. 10 years old trees were totally affected by the fungus. Differences in fruiting‐structures between R. minor, R. herpotrichoides (Hept. and Davids.) and R. aquila (Fr.) de Not. are discussed.
In vitro evaluation of fungicides against Cylindrocladium spp. causing diseases of Eucalyptus in Kerala, India1
Authors: Sharma J. K. , Mohanan C.
Published: June 2007

A total of 22 fungicides were evaluated in vitro for their efficacy against Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum (CQ), C. ilicicola (CI), C. floridanum (CF), C. parvum (CP), and C. camelliae (CC) causing various diseases of Eucalyptus in Kerala, India. Though there were a number of fungicides effective (ED100) in the comdial germination and poisoned food techniques, only carbendazim provided complete inhibition of CQ, CI and CC in the soil‐fungicide screening technique; carbendazim was also highly effective against CF and CP. C. ilicicola appeared to be more tolerant than other species of Cylindrocladium as only a few fungicides were found to be effective against it even in the conidial germination technique. On comparison of the three fungicidal evaluation techniques, it is concluded that, for a pathogen producing microsclerotia, like Cylindrocladium, the soil‐fungicide screening technique is the most appropriate one for obtaining reliable results.
The histology of Hevea brasiliensis phloem necrosis
Authors: Nicole M. , Thouvenel J. C. , Giannotti J. , Chrestin H. , Geiger J. P. , Nandris D. , Rio B.
Published: June 2007

Phloem necrosis of rubber tree(hevea brasiliensis)is characterized by cel wall degradation, alteration of the middle lamella, the vesiculation of endomembranes, the formation of tylosoids and the internal coagulation of rubber.
Fatty acids of ozone‐exposed Scots pine and poplar trees and of damaged field‐grown Norway spruce trees
Authors: Kyburz S. , Eichenberger W. , Keller T. , Rennenberg H. , Schröder P.
Published: June 2007

In foliage of Pinus sylvestris, Populus euramericana, and Picea abies the fatty acid composition was analyzed. Whereas clonal material of pine and poplar in controlled ozone fumigations did not show any significant differences as compared to controls, such differences were obtained in fieldgrown spruces showing needle loss.
Toxin production by Rosellinia desmazieresii (Berk. & Br.) Sacc.
Authors: Ofong A. U. , Pearce R. B.
Published: June 2007

Damage symptoms, were expressed on detached shoots of Salix repens within 24 hours of exposure to toxin preparations from culture filtrates of Rosellina desmazieresii. Many of these symptoms, which resembled those observed on diseased plants, could also be obtained in the test system by exposure to cytochalasin E solutions. This toxic compound is produced by R. desmazieresii and may be important in symptom development, since culture filtrate preparations from isolates producing little cytochalasin E induced few symptoms.

Toxin preparations from R. desmazieresii induced damage on detached shoots of several woody species, including both hosts and non‐hosts of this fungus.
La Nécrose du Phloème du Tronc de l'Hévéa en Côte d'lvoire: 2. Etiologie de la maladie
Authors: Nandris D. , Thouvenel J. C. , Nicole M. , Giannotti J. , Declert C. , Chrestin H. , Rio B. , Noirot M.
Published: June 2007

Phloem Necrosis of the trunk of the rubber tree in Ivory Coast. 2. Etiology of the disease. Numerous experiments were performed in order to identify the causal pathogen of rubber tree Phloem Necrosis. Trials of control by fungicides and bactencides, of identification of the microorganisms isolated from decayed tissues, of transmission from diseased to healthy trees and also, microscopic observations of necrotic phloem samples, all failed in practice. However, symptomatology and epidemic spread in plantation suggest a pathological cause of this disease.
New type forest damage to mediterranean vegetation in Southern Sardinian forests (Italy)
Authors: Bussotti F. , Ferretti M. , Cenni E. , Gellini R. , Clauser F. , Grossoni P. , Barbolani E.
Published: June 2007

This paper investigates some biological aspects of the decline of the Forest of Pikinamanna in Southern Sardinia: the evolution of forest deterioration, leaf diagnosis, analysis and observation with SEM. We present the hypothesis of a relationship between this decline and some adverse environmental factors, particularly atmospheric pollution and drought.
Disease incidence in Eucalyptus microtheca provenances
Authors: Soni K. K. , Subramanian K. N. , Jagadees S. , Raja Rishi R.
Published: June 2007

A provenance trial of Eucalyptus microtheca F. Muell. was studied in order to select resistant provenances against Cytospara eucalypti twig blight, Pestalotiopsis versicolor stem canker and Botryodiplodia theobromae root collar canker. Out of 21 provenances tried, 4 provenances were screened as resistant against diseases and showed best performance.
Infektionsversuche mit Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii und Lophodermium piceae an unterschiedlich gestreßten Jungfichten (Picea abies [L.] Karst.)
Authors: Von Dotzler Maria
Published: June 2007

Young spruce trees [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] artificially inoculated with Rhizosphaera kalkhoffii B. and Lophodermium piceae (F.) v. H. were exposed to fumigations with O3 and SO2 and drought. These treatments showed no influence on the infection‐rates of the fungi. R. kalkhoffii proved to be a saprophyte living for a long period as an epiphyte on the needle surfaces.
Armillaria in an ancient broadleaved woodland
Authors: Rishbeth J.
Published: June 2007

In an ancient broadleaved woodland in eastern England that had been coppiced regularly for over 700 years Armillaria mellea and A. gallica were common, A. tabescens was moderately frequent, whilst A ostoyae and A cepistipes were local. Fruit bodies were often abundant in areas coppiced the previous winter. The largest focus of A gallica occupied 9 ha and was probably over 500 years old. Large trees were rarely killed but A mellea caused some root decay in birches. The number of coppice shoots killed by Armillaria was small but became greater as the period since coppicing increased; A gallica was most often involved. Alder coppice was the most, and hazel coppice the least, affected. The productivity of coppiced woodland in general seemed little reduced by Armilaria.
Cultural variation in Peridermium pini from two parts of the United Kingdom
Authors: Pei M. H. , Gibbs J. N.
Published: June 2007

Axenic cultures of Peridermium pini obtained from aeciospores on diseased Pinus sylvestris in north‐east Scotland typically had an ill‐defined margin and a fluffy surface, while those from East Anglia had a well‐defined margin and appeared mucilaginous. The difference in colony ap‐pearance is consistent with other evidence for a distinction between the forms of P. pini in the two parts of the United Kingdom. After a few months, thin sectors, comprising a rapidly expanding hyphal network, developed in some cultures from both spore sources.
Untersuchungen zum Wasserhaushalt der Fichte bei Befall durch Armillaria sp.
Authors: Feiler Sonja , Tesche M. , Zentsch W. , Schmidt P. A. , Bellmann Christa
Published: June 2007

Investigations on water relations of spruce infested by Armillaria sp.
Picea omorika and Picea abies intested by Armillaria sp. showed increased osmotical potential and reduced water content in the needles compared with not infested controls. The transpiration flow rates decreased with increasing infestation. Inserting grafts from mother trees, damaged by Armillaria, in healthy stock led to normal development of the grafts without disease to the stock.
Effect of bacteria on the mechanical and chemical properties of wood in poplars damaged by frost cracks
Authors: Diamandis S. , Koukos P.
Published: June 2007

Extensive plantations of two Euramerican poplar clones, “I‐214” and “I‐45/51” were badly damaged by frost cracks in N. Greece in 1981 and 1985. A bacterial flora consisting of 7 strictly aerobic (Pseudomonadaceae) and 2 facultatively anaerobic strains (Enterobacteriaceae) was regularly isolated from stained heartwood and occasionally from normal sapwood of cracked trees. Mechanical features of wood such as toughness, wood density and solubility in NaOH were not altered. Lignin and α‐cellulose content of wood were not affected either.
In vitro host‐pathogen interactions of Pinus elliottii calli and Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans
Authors: Bronson M. R. , Li Yong‐an , Dixon R. K. , Runion G. B. , Kelley W. D. , Peterson C. M.
Published: June 2007

Establishment of dual cultures of slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) with vegetative propagules of Fusarium moniliforme var. subglutinans (FMS) was only partially successful. In contrast, the response of slash pine callus to FMS culture filtrate was significant. The in vitro selection for FMS resistance using culture filtrate and slash pine callus or plantlets merits further investigation.
Antifungal activity of metabolites of Peniophora polygonia against the aspen decay fungus Phellinus tremulae
Authors: Trifonov L. S. , Chakravarty P. , Hiratsuka Y. , Ayer W. A.
Published: June 2007

Ten volatile and sixteen non‐volatile compounds have been isolated from culture filtrates of Peniophora polygonia. Among these, two volatile and three non‐volatile compounds significantly inhibited in vitro growth of Phellinus tremulae.
Cultural characters and growth of Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum isolates1
Authors: Sharma J. K. , Mohanan C. , Rugmini P.
Published: June 2007

Isolates of Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum (CQ), which cause leaf blight of Eucalyptus in Kerala, differed significantly in growth and cultural characters on nine different agar media. Malt extract agar and yeast malt agar and yeast malt agar were the best media for discerning differences among the CQ isolates. Of the 11 carbon (C) and 13 nitrogen (N) sources evaluated in liquid media for their differential utilization by the five selected CQ isolates, five each of C and N sources differentiated them from each other. In general, organic N sources supported better growth and micro‐sclerotia production over inorganic, and hexose and disaccharide over trisaccharide and polysaccharide.
Inhibition of Armillaria by bacteria isolated from soils of the Boreal Mixedwood Forest of Ontario
Authors: Dumas M. T.
Published: June 2007

Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonasspp.,Bacillusspp.,Enterobacterspp.,Serratiaspp. andAgrobacterium radiobacterwere isolated from root‐free soils of the Boreal Mixedwood Forest of Ontario a, nd found to be capable of inhibiting the linear growth ofArmillaria ostoyae in vitro.Isolates ofP. fluorescens, Bacillusspp. andA. radiobacterwere the most effective inhibitors of mycelial growth. To test the ability of the bacteria to suppress rhizomorph formation,A. gallica, which produces rhizomorphs in culture more consistently than doesA. ostoyae, was used; only a small fraction ofP. fluorescensandBacillusspp. isolates were capable of preventingin vitrorhizomorph formation byA. gallica.
Effects of natural and induced pollution on the leaf wax structure of three cypress species
Authors: Raddi P. , Moricca S. , Gellini R. , di Lonardo V.
Published: June 2007

Severe damage was caused to coastal forest vegetation by the Libeccio, a sea wind blowing against the Italian coast from W‐SW. The behaviour of common cypress (Cupressus sempervirens), smooth cypress (C. glabra) and Monterey cypress (C. macrocarpa) in response to the Libeccio windstorms of 1990 was compared with that due to treatments with the surfactant ABS (sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate). As regards both the nature and the intensity of the damage to the leaf waxes, the surge damage caused by the windstorms differed little from that produced artifi‐cially by ABS sprays.
Effect of some nursery practices on incidence and severity of diseases, and growth of Eucalyptus grandis seedlings*
Authors: Sharma J. K. , Mohanan C.
Published: June 2007

Nursery practices influenced incidence and severity of diseases of Eucalyptus grandis viz. damping‐off caused by Pythium sp., Rhizoctonia solani and Cylindrocladium quinqueseptatum, web might by R. solani, seedling blight by C. quinqueseptatum and shoot wilt by Sclerotium rolfsii. Growth of seedlings of E. grandis and microclimatic conditions were also affected by nursery practices. Shading with coconut leaf thatch led to low light intensity (av. 1463 lux) with high soil water potential, low soil and ambient temperatures, and high severity of damping‐off and web blight diseases and poor shoot:root ratio of seedlings. Seed beds under coirmat had dispersed light (av. 22 299 lux), apparently high severity of seedling blight and shoot wilt, and good growth (snoot:root ratio) of seedlings. In both the types of shading high soil moisture regime and high seed rate contributed to high disease severity as well as low shoot:root ratio of seedlings.
The influence of carbon nutrition on Armillaria ostoyae growth and phenolic degradation
Authors: Entry J. A. , Donnelly Paula K. , Cromack Kermit
Published: June 2007

Concentrations of 1, 5 and 25 g C L−1 as glucose, fructose and sucrose were added to basal media containing 0 or 1.0 mM catechol orwa‐hydroxybenzoic acid. Media were poured in petri dishes and inoculated with one of three isolates of Armillaria ostoyae(Romagn.) Herink. Armillaria ostoyae isolates usually had greater colony size and biomass yield when glucose was the carbon source as compared to fructose or sucrose. When compared to A. ostoyae growth on basal media alone, 1.0 mM catechol and /wvi‐hydroxybenzoic acia added to basal media inhibited A. ostoyae growth. In a second experiment, catechol andpara‐hydroxybenzoic acid degradation by three A. ostoyae isolates growing on 1, 5 and 25 g C L−1 glucose, fructose or sucrose were measured radiometrically.

Carbon source and concentration had no effect on the degradation of pzra‐hydroxybenzoic acid or catechol by Armillaria ostoyae. Results of these experiments suggests that A. ostoyae can grow faster when at high carbon concentration but cannot more effectively degrade catechol or para‐hydroxybenzoic acid.
Screening of clones of Betula pendula and B. pubescens against two forms of Melampsoridium betulinum leaf rust fungus
Authors: Poteri Marja
Published: June 2007

Leaf discs from seedlings of six clones of B. pendula Roth and two clones of B. pubescens Ehrh. were inoculated with two urediniospore isolates of M. betulinum Kleb. The field collection iso‐lates were obtained from B. pendula and B. pubescens growing in the field. The B. pendula rust was more specialized than the B. pubescens rust. The clones of B. pubescens showed partial resis‐tance against the B. pendula rust, while the B. pubescens isolate was compatible to both birch species. Some interclonal variation was also found in both birch species. The results support an earlier suggestion by Klebahn that M. betulinum has two formae speciales.
Effects of acid rain treatments on the birch rust, Melampsoridium betulinum and birch, Betula pendula
Authors: Vuorinen M.
Published: June 2007

Effects of acidic rain on birch rust and on the growth of Betula pendula seedlings were studied by irrigating with acidic water at pH 3, 4 and 5.6. The seedlings were inoculated with uredospores of Melampsoridium betulinum and the development of rust and the severity of rust infection was examined. The increasing acidity of the irrigation water did not affect on the development of the rust, but the nitrogen in the acidified water resulted in an extension of seedling growth, and hence the leaves became senescent at a later date in autumn and the rust grew for a longer time.
Identification of Phytophthora nicotianae on the aerial portion of eucalypt seedlings
Authors: Belisario Alessandra
Published: June 2007

The pathogenicity, physiology and biochemical features of three isolates of Phytophthora. nicotianae var. nicotianae from Eucalyptus delegatensis and E. globulus seedlings were investigated. The acid phosphatase zymograms and total protein profiles confirmed the specific identity of the 3 isolates. Despite significant differences in mycelial growth and zoosporangium production, no differences were noted in pathogenicity. Artificial inoculations revealed a variability in resistance to P. nicotianae within Eucalyptus species.