bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MET dysregulation is a hallmark of aggressive disease in multiple myeloma patients
Authors: Rocci Alberto , Gambella Manuela , Aschero Simona , Baldi Ileana , Trusolino Livio , Cavallo Federica , Gay Francesca , Larocca Alessandra , Magarotto Valeria , Omedè Paola , Isaia Gianluca , Bertotti Andrea , Liberati Anna M. , Catalano Lucio , De Rosa Luca , Musto Pellegrino , Vallone Roberto , Falcone Antonietta , Drandi Daniela , Ladetto Marco , Comoglio Paolo M. , Boccadoro Mario , Palumbo Antonio
Published: January 2014

Abnormal activation of MET/HGF (Hepatocyte Growth Factor) pathway has been described in several tumours and increased HGF plasmatic levels have been detected in patients with aggressive multiple myeloma (MM). MET and HGF mRNA expression was investigated in 105 samples of purified plasma cells derived from newly diagnosed MM patients treated with bortezomib‐based induction therapy. Gene expression was compared with response to therapy and clinical outcome. MET gene copy number was also evaluated. MET mRNA expression was higher in CD138+ than in CD138− cells (median 76·90 vs. 11·24; P = 0·0009). Low MET mRNA expression characterized patients with better response (complete response or very good partial response) compared to other patients (median 56·10 vs. 134·83; P = 0·0006). After a median follow‐up of 50 months, patients with high MET mRNA expression displayed a worse progression‐free survival (PFS; P = 0·0029) and overall survival (OS; P = 0·0023) compared to those with low MET mRNA levels. Patients with both high MET mRNA expression and high β2‐microglobulin level (>5·5 mg/l) had further worse median PFS (P < 0·0001) and OS (P < 0·0001). Patients carrying 4 MET gene copies (8 out of 82, 9·8%) also had a short PFS. High MET mRNA expression identifies patients with dismal PFS and OS and the combination with high β2‐microglobulin further characterizes patients with worse outcome.
Craving Interpretation: A Case of Somatic Countertransference
Authors: Gubb Karen
Published: January 2014

Contemporary psychoanalysis views the countertransference as equally important to the therapeutic endeavour as its counterpart, the transference. This paper focuses on a particular kind of countertransference phenomena: those which are bodily in form and perceivable to the patient. It begins with a brief rehearsal of some of the fundamental psychoanalytic principles related to bodily symptoms, and then reviews the developments and changes that have occurred in the understanding of the concept of countertransference. The focus then shifts to theoretical developments around somatic countertransference in particular, and the division seen in the literature between authors who locate the source of the phenomenon of somatic countertransference in the patient's unconscious, and those who locate it in the therapist. The paper will argue that exploring the uniqueness and specificity of the therapeutic dyad will reveal important information about the dynamics at work in the therapy. A clinical example illustrates the specificity of the form that a somatic countertransference takes in a particular therapy. It then proposes that in order to make sense of the rich information that this unique response provides, the therapist must mentalize and make meaning of her particular somatic experience by way of a therapeutic analysis of reverie.
Relating Therapy
Authors: Birtchnell John
Published: January 2014

Relating therapy is a form of psychotherapy that is based upon relating theory. Relating theory is briefly compared with attachment theory and certain aspects of psychoanalysis. The interpersonal octagon (Birtchnell, 1994) represents a person's eight relating positions. People need to acquire the capability to relate effectively in each one of these. Competent relating is called positive and relating that falls short of this is called negative. Ways are described by which patients are helped to shed their negative relating and become more capable of relating positively. The Person's Relating to Others Questionnaire (Birtchnell et al., in press) measures negative relating within the eight positions of the octagon. It identifies a person's areas of negative relating and measures change in such relating over the course of psychotherapy. Interrelating therapy is an extension of relating therapy that is applicable to couples. The Couple's Relating to Each Other Questionnaires (Birtchnell et al., 2006) is a set of four questionnaires by which each of two partners can rate how s/he relates negatively to the other and how s/he considers that the other relates negatively to her/him. It is used to measure change over the course of couple therapy.
THE IMPACT OF DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN COMPETITION ON SECTORAL GROWTH: A CROSS‐COUNTRY ANALYSIS
Authors: Joanna Wolszczak‐Derlacz
Published: January 2014

This paper examines the impact of competition on the total factor productivity (TFP) of 21 manufacturing sectors in eighteen OECD countries over the period of time 1990–2006. We assume that the source of TFP growth can be either domestic or foreign innovation or technology transfer from the technological frontier. Trade openness, R&D, and human capital can have two effects: a direct effect on TFP (e.g., through innovation) and an indirect effect depending on the productivity gap between a given country and the technological frontier. We find that tougher domestic competition is always associated with higher sectoral productivity. Both import and export penetrations are positively associated with an increase of TFP. However, the channels through which higher TFP is materialized are different: export penetration works through level effect, while import penetration acts mainly when conditional on the level of technological development. The economical magnitude of the effect is not trivial.
Status and challenges for conservation of small mammal assemblages in South America
Authors: Kelt Douglas A. , Meserve Peter L.
Published: January 2014

South America spans about 44° latitude, covers almost 18 million km2, and is second only to Africa in continental mammal species richness. In spite of this richness, research on the status of this fauna and on the nature and magnitude of contemporary threats remains limited. Distilling threats to this diverse fauna at a continental scale is challenging, in part because of the limited availability of rigorous studies. Recognizing this constraint, we summarize key threats to small mammals in South America, emphasizing the roles of habitat loss and degradation, direct persecution, and the increasing threat of climate change. We focus on three regional ‘case studies’: the tropical Andes, Amazonia and adjacent lowland regions, and the southern temperate region. We close with a brief summary of recent findings at our long‐term research site in north‐central Chile as they pertain to projected threats to this fauna. Habitat alteration is a pervasive threat that has been magnified by market forces and globalization (e.g. extensive agricultural development in Amazonia), and threatens increasing numbers of populations and species. Climate change poses even greater threats, from changes in rainfall and runoff regimes and resulting changes in vegetative structure and composition to secondary influences on fire dynamics. It is likely that many changes have yet to be recognized, but existing threats suggest that the future may bring dramatic changes in the distribution of many mammal taxa, although it is not clear if key habitat elements (vegetation) will respond as rapidly as climatic factors, leading to substantial uncertainty. Climate change is likely to result in ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ but available information precludes detailed assessment of which species are likely to fall into which category. In the absence of long‐term monitoring and applied research to characterize these threats more accurately, and to develop strategies to reduce their impacts, managers already are being faced with daunting challenges. As the line between ‘pure’ and ‘applied’ research blurs in the face of converging interests of scientists and society we hope that solutions to these critical issues will be incorporated in addressing anticipated conservation crises.
Inhibition of osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by copper supplementation
Authors: Li S. , Wang M. , Chen X. , Li S‐F. , Li‐Ling J. , Xie H‐Q.
Published: January 2014

Objectives

Copper has been added to scaffolds when investigating bone repair, as an agent to promote vascularization; however, little is known concerning its effect on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are considered to be the origin of osteoblasts. In this study, we have aimed to elucidate effects of copper on osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.

Materials and methods

Rat bone marrow MSCs (rBMSCs) were used as a model. Their viability was assessed by MTT assay and Roche's CASY cell counter test and calcium deposition was evaluated by staining with alizarin red S. Fluorescent phalloidin F‐actin stain was used to evaluate cytoskeletal changes, protein expressions were investigated by western blotting and mRNA levels were analysed using Q‐PCR. A rat model for ectopic bone formation was used to assess effects of copper on MSCs in vivo.

Results

Copper supplementation resulted in inhibition of osteogenesis of rBMSCs, along with reduction in expression of a number of osteogenic genes, alkaline phosphatase activity and formation of bone nodules. Cytoskeletal changes to cells during osteogenesis was inhibited by copper supplementation. In vivo study confirmed that copper could inhibit collagen formation whilst promoting angiogenesis.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated that copper inhibited osteogenic differentiation of rBMSCs in vitro. The findings caution appropriate use of copper and have laid a foundation for further research.
Correlation between terminal restriction fragments and flow‐FISH measures in samples over wide range telomere lengths
Authors: Carbonari M. , Tedesco T. , Fiorilli M.
Published: January 2014

Objectives

Terminal restriction fragment (TRF) analysis of human telomeres was used to calibrate flow‐fluorescence in situ hybridization (FF) measures of telomere lengths to expand the range of measures and increase power of resolution of our previously published protocol. TRF data used as the gold standard should be obtained by electrophoresis with suitable resolution applied to appropriately isolated genomic DNA. When we considered TRF attained by correct methods, we found our method to be insufficiently accurate, thus we have reviewed our previously published FF protocol to obtain the best coefficient of determination (r2) between our experimental results and valid TRF lengths.

Materials and methods

Using human telomere‐specific PNA probe, Cy5‐OO‐(CCCTAA)3, we measured telomere lengths of continuous cell line and of peripheral blood lymphocytes by FF. We modified hybridization, stringency, negative control handling, stoichiometric DNA staining and telomere fluorescence assessment of the protocol.

Results

We realized a procedure with increased power of resolution, improved TRF versus FF r2 values that allowed simultaneous analysis of DNA and telomere duplication. Notwithstanding multiple steps in formamide sampling, recovery was satisfactory.

Discussion

The reviewed FF protocol appeared at least as suitable as the TRF method. Measures obtained by TRF can be affected by chromosome end variability, DNA fragmentation, incomplete digestion and unsuitable electrophoresis. In contrast, the FF technique analyses telomeric sequences confined to preserved nuclei thus overcome most previous limitations. As yet, however, the FF telomere measure cannot be performed together with immunophenotyping and/or generation study by the dye dilution method.
Hemodynamic Benefit of Rest and Exercise Optimization of Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Authors: Stanton Tony , Haluska Brian A. , Leano Rodel , Marwick Thomas H. ,   the CORE Investigators
Published: January 2014

The optimal method of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) optimization is as yet unknown. We sought to investigate the responses of optimization at rest and on exercise. This 2 stage study involved 59 patients (age 65 ± 10, 75% male), who had all recently undergone successful CRT implantation. In the first stage, the 6‐month response was compared between 30 individuals who underwent resting echocardiographic optimization of CRT [atrioventricular (AV delay) plus ventriculo‐ventricular delays (VV delay)], compared with the 29 who did not. In the second stage, a subset of 37 patients from the original cohort were randomized (double‐blind) to either resting echocardiographic optimization (n = 20) or exercise echocardiographic optimization (n = 17) and followed for a further 6 months. Clinical and echocardiographic data were collected at each stage. Patients undergoing rest optimization demonstrated improvement in almost all variables and significantly in B‐type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in contrast to those without optimization. In a linear regression model, the only significant predictor of BNP change was whether an individual underwent resting optimization or not (β = 0.38, P = 0.04). In those undergoing resting optimization, the degree of change in AV delay was correlated with improvement in left ventricle (LV) end‐diastolic volume (r2 = 0.33, P < 0.01). Optimization on exercise was associated with a significant decrease in 6‐minute walk test compared to those randomized to rest optimization possibly due to inducing nonoptimization at rest. In conclusion, echocardiographic optimization of CRT at rest is superior to no optimization or optimization on exercise. Patients with the greatest change in AV delay to reach optimal may undergo greater LV remodeling.
Putting it back: Woody debris in young restoration plantings to stimulate return of reptiles
Authors: Shoo Luke P. , Wilson Rohan , Williams Yvette M. , Catterall Carla P.
Published: January 2014

Despite active investment in restoration, some habitat features can be slow to develop on formerly degraded land and can consequently pose persistent barriers to the re‐establishment of specialist species. Coarse woody debris (CWD) is a critical resource for a whole suite of animal taxa but remains an underappreciated component of some forest ecosystems and restoration activities. The extent to which recovery of animal communities can be accelerated through artificial supplementation of woody debris is poorly understood especially for highly diverse tropical forest systems. Here, we report early results from an experiment designed to manipulate CWD in young restoration plantings (0–7 year old) in tropical north‐east Australia for the purposes of facilitating re‐establishment of rainforest reptiles. After 1 year, we demonstrate that CWD addition within restoration plantings adjacent to remnant forest can increase the local abundance of reptiles and promote colonisation of the log‐specialist Prickly Skink (Gnypetoscincus queenslandiae). These preliminary results, however, are based on observations of just 44 individual reptiles encompassing seven species. Ongoing monitoring will elucidate longer‐term outcomes to enable a proper evaluation of when and where CWD addition might be most beneficial in realising restoration goals.
The illusion of nature: perception and the reality of natural landscapes, as illustrated by vertebrate fauna in the Northern Territory, Australia
Authors: Woinarski John C. Z.
Published: January 2014

Biomass figures are compared for common native vertebrate species and common non‐native vertebrate species (including fish, amphibian, reptile, bird and mammal species) across the Northern Territory, an area of ostensibly, largely unmodified natural system. The total biomass of the considered non‐native species very substantially surpasses that of the common native vertebrate species considered; hence, the perception that this is a largely intact natural system is, to some extent, an illusion. This preponderance of biomass of non‐native species may help explain the increasing evidence of ecosystem stress and decline of native species. An integrity index based on the relative biomass of native and non‐native species may provide insight into the status and trends of ecological systems across different regions.
Diaphragms of the carotid and vertebral arteries: an under‐diagnosed cause of ischaemic stroke
Authors: Lenck S. , Labeyrie M.‐A. , Saint‐Maurice J.‐P. , Tarlov N. , Houdart E.
Published: January 2014

Background and purpose

Diaphragms of the internal carotid and vertebral arteries as a cause of ischaemic stroke are reported and stenting of diaphragms as a therapeutic option in stroke secondary prevention is described.

Methods

Five patients were cared for in our institution from 2000 to 2011 for recurrent ischaemic strokes which were classified to be of undetermined aetiology after completion of the usual investigations. Because the patients had already had ischaemic strokes in the territory of the same artery, a conventional digital subtracted angiography was performed. A diaphragm was identified on the artery that supplied the territory in which the stroke occurred. The stroke was therefore attributed to the diaphragm. Clinical and radiological data, treatment and the clinical course of the patients was retrospectively reviewed.

Results

The diaphragm was located in the vertebral artery in three cases and in the bulb of the internal carotid artery in two. In all cases cerebral MR showed ischaemic strokes of different ages downstream of the diaphragm. Stenting was performed in four cases. No patient had a symptomatic recurrent ischaemic event after stenting.

Conclusions

Diaphragms are a rare cause of recurrent embolic strokes which are often not detected with non‐invasive imaging. Stenting appears to be a therapeutic option in stroke secondary prevention. These observations suggest that conventional angiography should be performed in cases of recurrent ischaemic strokes in the territory of a single artery and in cases of ischaemic stroke of undetermined aetiology in young adults when the usual investigations are negative.
A phase II−III trial of olesoxime in subjects with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Lenglet T. , Lacomblez L. , Abitbol J. L. , Ludolph A. , Mora J. S. , Robberecht W. , Shaw P. J. , Pruss R. M. , Cuvier V. , Meininger V. ,   the Mitotarget study group
Published: January 2014

Background and purpose

To assess the efficacy and safety of olesoxime, a molecule with neuroprotective properties, in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) treated with riluzole.

Methods

A double‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, multicenter trial of 18 months’ duration was conducted in 512 subjects, with probable or definite ALS and a slow vital capacity (SVC) ≥70%, receiving 330 mg olesoxime daily or matching placebo and 50 mg riluzole twice a day in all. The primary intention‐to‐treat (ITT) outcome analysis was 18 months’ survival. Secondary outcomes were rates of deterioration of the revised ALS functional rating scale (ALSFRS‐R), focusing on the 9‐month assessment, SVC and manual muscle testing. Blood levels, safety and tolerability of olesoxime were also assessed.

Results

At 18 months, 154 of the 512 ITT patients had died (79 of 253 placebo, 75 of 259 olesoxime). Estimated overall survival according to Kaplan–Meier analysis was 67.5% (95% CI 61.0%–73.1%) in the placebo group and 69.4% (95% CI 63.0%–74.9%) in the olesoxime group; hence survival was not significantly different between treatment arms (P = 0.71, stratified bulbar/spinal log‐rank). The other efficacy end‐points evaluated were also negative, with the exception of a small difference in ALSFRS‐R global score at 9 months in favor of olesoxime but not sustained after 18 months’ treatment nor evident in either the stratified bulbar or spinal subpopulations. Treatment did not raise any safety concerns.

Conclusions

Olesoxime, although well tolerated, did not show a significant beneficial effect in ALS patients treated with riluzole.
D‐penicillamine versus zinc sulfate as first‐line therapy for Wilson's disease
Authors: Członkowska A. , Litwin T. , Karliński M. , Dziezyc K. , Chabik G. , Czerska M.
Published: January 2014

Background and purpose

To compare the course of treatment in patients with symptomatic Wilson's disease (WD) receiving either D‐penicillamine (DPA) or zinc sulfate (ZS) as first‐line therapy.

Methods

In all, 143 consecutive patients diagnosed with symptomatic WD from January 2005 to December 2009, followed until December 2010, were included. The decision about first‐line therapy was made individually after discussion with the patient. Physicians had no clear preference of one drug over the other. Data were analyzed in subgroups with predominantly neurological (DPA, 35; ZS, 21) and hepatic (DPA, 36; ZS, 51) presentation of WD.

Results

According to Kaplan–Meier analysis, neurological WD patients scheduled for DPA had a similar probability of not remaining on first‐line therapy as patients receiving ZS (20% vs. 24% at the end of follow‐up), with adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 0.9 (95% CI 0.2–3.5). In patients with hepatic WD, this probability was significantly higher for DPA (31% vs. 12%; adjusted OR 3.0, 95% CI 0.9–9.9), especially in the first 6 months. Early worsening occurred only in neurological WD patients, with no differences between both treatment groups (35% vs. 19%; OR 2.8, 95% CI 0.7–10.8). Neurological improvement and decrease of liver enzymes were achieved with similar frequency. Compliance with DPA was better in hepatic (97% vs. 80%) but not in neurological patients (91% vs. 81%). Drug adverse effects were more common on DPA (15% vs. 3%).

Conclusions

DPA and ZS are effective in the majority of WD patients. Neither therapy appears to be clearly superior. Therefore ZS may be considered a reasonable alternative to DPA as a first‐line therapy.
Housing Adequacy: A Well‐being Indicator for Elderly Households in Southern U.S. Communities
Authors: Lee Sung‐Jin , Parrott Kathleen R. , Ahn Mira
Published: January 2014

This study examined housing adequacy of elderly households aged 65 years and older in southern communities in the United States. Housing adequacy was considered as a well‐being indicator for the elderly households. The researchers developed a model which hypothesized a relationship between selected demographic and housing variables (which represent American housing norms and restraints) and housing inadequacy. The 2011 American Housing Survey (AHS) National and Metropolitan Data were used for analysis. The results consist of statistics on the demographic and housing characteristics of the 7,675 elderly householders and the results of binary logistic regression. The results of the regression showed that elderly households in southern communities were more likely to live in inadequate housing if they had lower incomes, more household members, or low housing satisfaction; were Blacks or Hispanics or not married; or lived in housing built before the 1970s, in rural areas, or the West South Central areas, or in a smaller structure size. This analysis of the newly released 2011 AHS data is important because of its post‐housing‐crisis perspective.
Keap1‐Nrf2 system regulates cell fate determination of hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Murakami Shohei , Shimizu Ritsuko , Romeo Paul‐Henri , Yamamoto Masayuki , Motohashi Hozumi
Published: January 2014

Nrf2 is a major transcriptional activator of cytoprotective genes against oxidative/electrophilic stress, and Keap1 negatively regulates Nrf2. Emerging works have also suggested a role for Nrf2 as a regulator of differentiation in various cells, but the contribution of Nrf2 to the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) remains elusive. Clarifying this point is important to understand Nrf2 functions in the development and/or resolution of inflammation. Here, we established two transgenic reporter mouse lines that allowed us to examine Nrf2 expression precisely in HSCs. Nrf2 was abundantly transcribed in HSCs, but its activity was maintained at low levels due to the Keap1‐mediated degradation of Nrf2 protein. When we characterized Keap1‐deficient mice, their bone marrow cells showed enhanced granulocyte‐monocyte differentiation at the expense of erythroid and lymphoid differentiation. Importantly, Keap1‐null HSCs showed lower expression of erythroid and lymphoid genes than did control HSCs, suggesting granulocyte‐monocyte lineage priming in Keap1‐null HSCs. This abnormal lineage commitment was restored by a concomitant deletion of Nrf2, demonstrating the Nrf2‐dependency of the skewing. Analysis of Nrf2‐deficient mice revealed that the physiological level of Nrf2 is sufficient to contribute to the lineage commitment. This study unequivocally shows that the Keap1‐Nrf2 system regulates the cell fate determination of HSCs.
Physical characterization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles
Authors: Egerton T. A. , Tooley I. R.
Published: January 2014

Synopsis

Objective

The objective of this study was to review six measurement methods (X‐ray line broadening, electron microscopy, static light scattering, dynamic light scattering, X‐ray sedimentation and surface area determination), which are widely used for the characterization of ultrafine inorganic oxides used in cosmetic formulations. Depending on the processing that they have received and the system in which they are examined, these oxides can exist as primary particles, strongly bound aggregates or weakly bound agglomerates.

Methods

The example of titanium dioxide, TiO2, is used to consider which type of particle is being measured in a particular case, and the factors which influence the ‘size’ that is generated by a particular method. Where appropriate, a correlation is made between results of different measurements.

Results

Results for a particular set of four cosmetic grade TiO2's are presented and examined, in the context of a much broader set of measurements taken from the scientific literature.

Conclusion

In general, X‐ray line broadening, electron microscopy and surface area measurements led to estimates of the size of primary particles. By contrast, both sedimentation and light scattering measurements measured the size of the secondary particles, and the figures which were generated depended on the dispersion conditions used for preparation of the measurement samples. For poorly dispersed or lightly milled samples, the size may be dominated by the presence of weakly bound agglomerates, but even when the sample is well dispersed or heavily milled, the reported size cannot be less than that of the aggregates.
Influence of differences in washing methods on skin texture
Authors: Matsumoto M. , Matsuo J. , Dai M. , Nishizawa T. , Matsui K. , Ichikawa Y. , Okuwa M. , Sugama J. , Sanada H.
Published: January 2014

Synopsis

Objective

The objective of this study was to clarify the effects of different body washing methods on skin texture.

Methods

Subjects were nine healthy women in their 20s. Skin on the inside of the forearms was washed every day for 4 weeks with protective washing (right forearm) and with non‐protective washing (left forearm). We performed comparison of the right forearm and the left forearm. For the evaluation of skin texture, the interval of the sulcus cutis, and the mean and variance of the thickness of the sulcus cutis on digitized images were measured. Moreover, the numbers of equilateral triangles consisting of sulcus cutis were counted to evaluate skin texture.

Results

From the first week, the interval of sulcus cutis was significantly narrower with protective washing than with non‐protective washing. The numbers of equilateral triangles increased significantly more with protective washing than with non‐protective washing in weeks 1, 2 and 4. Although this study found no significant difference in mean of the thickness of the sulcus cutis, the interval of sulcus cutis and the number of triangles differed significantly with protective washing. The narrower intervals between sulcus cutis mean finer‐textured skin and sulcus cutis are formed by triangles or quadrilaterals, and the more uniform these shapes are, the finer and more regular the texture Therefore, skin texture may have become finer as a result of protective washing.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that protective washing produces an even skin texture. They also suggest that number of equilateral triangles, as used in this study, may be useful as an index of skin texture.
Novel cosmetic patches for wrinkle improvement: retinyl retinoate‐ and ascorbic acid‐loaded dissolving microneedles
Authors: Kim M. , Yang H. , Kim H. , Jung H. , Jung H.
Published: January 2014

Synopsis

Objective

To evaluate wrinkle improvement and safety of a novel cosmetic dissolving microneedle patches loaded with two active compounds with different hydrophilicities, namely ascorbic acid and retinyl retinoate.

Methods

Clinical studies were performed on 24 Korean women for 12 weeks. Patients in group A were treated with retinyl retinoate‐loaded dissolving microneedle patches on the left eye crow's feet area, and patients in group B were treated with ascorbic acid‐loaded patches on the right eye crow's feet area twice daily. Wrinkle improvement was evaluated by skin Visiometer SV 600.

Results

Both the retinyl retinoate‐ and ascorbic acid‐loaded dissolving microneedle patches demonstrated statistically significant differences in all Visiometer R‐values (P < 0.05). In particular, highly significant differences were shown at R1 (skin roughness) and R5 (arithmetic average roughness) (P < 0.001). Also, there were no side effects such as allergies or irritant contact dermatitis.

Conclusion

Retinyl retinoate and ascorbic acid were successfully loaded into dissolving microneedles and used to produce novel cosmetic patches. These novel patches can be used efficiently in cosmetics given their patient usability, safety and effectiveness in wrinkle improvement.
EXIT OPTIONS AND DIVIDEND POLICY UNDER LIQUIDITY CONSTRAINTS
Authors: MURTO PAULI , TERVIÖ MARKO
Published: January 2014

We introduce a post‐entry liquidity constraint to the standard model of a firm with serially correlated profitability and an irreversible exit decision. We assume that firms with no cash holdings and negative cash flow must either exit or raise new cash at a transaction cost. This creates a precautionary motive for holding cash, which must be traded off against the liquidity cost of holding cash. We characterize the optimal exit and payout policy. The direct effect of financial frictions is to impose inefficient exit, but there is also an indirect effect through higher equilibrium price that leads to inefficient survival.
Enigma of urethral pain syndrome: Why are there so many ascribed etiologies and therapeutic approaches?
Authors: Phillip Harris , Okewole Idris , Chilaka Victor
Published: January 2014

Urethral pain syndrome has had several sobriquets, which have led to much confusion over the existence of this pathological condition and the useful options in the care of the afflicted patient. Our aim was to explore the proposed etiologies of this syndrome, and to provide a critical analysis of each proposed etiology and present a balanced argument on the plausibility of the proposed etiology and therapeutic approaches. We carried out an English language electronic search in the following databases: Medline, Embase, Amed, Cinahl, Pubmed, Cochrane Library, Trip Database and SUMSearch using the following search terms: urethral syndrome, urethral diseases, urethra, urologic diseases etiology/etiology, presentation, treatment, outcome, therapeutics and treatment from 1951 to 2011. In excess of 200 articles were recovered. With the clearly defined objectives of analyzing the proposed etiologies and therapeutic regimes, two author(s) (HP and IO) perused the abstracts of all the recovered articles, selecting those that addressed the etiologies and therapeutic approaches to treating the urethral pain syndrome. The number of articles was reduced to 25. The full text of all 25 articles were retrieved and reviewed. Through the present article, we hope to elucidate the most probable etiology of this condition whilst simultaneously, advance a logical explanation for the apparent success in the treatment of this condition using a range of different therapeutic modalities. We have carried out a narrative review, which we hope will reduce some of the confusion around this clinical entity by combining the known facts about the disease.
The identification and developmental requirements of colonic CD169+ macrophages
Authors: Hiemstra Ida H. , Beijer Marieke R. , Veninga Henrike , Vrijland Kim , Borg Ellen G. F. , Olivier Brenda J. , Mebius Reina E. , Kraal Georg , den Haan Joke M. M.
Published: January 2014

CD169‐positive macrophages in the marginal zone of the spleen and subcapsular sinus of lymph nodes play an important role as gatekeepers, strategically located to capture pathogens. Here we identified a population of CD169‐positive macrophages in the colon and investigated which factors influenced their development. Murine colonic CD115+ F4/80lo CD11clo macrophages expressing CD169 were present in the lamina propria, mainly surrounding the crypts. In spite of the high levels of bacterial flora in the colon and the importance of Toll‐like receptor signalling in mucosal homeostasis, the presence of CD169+ macrophages was not affected in mice that were deficient in MyD88‐mediated Toll‐like receptor signalling and in mice in which the bacterial flora was eradicated. Whereas the development of splenic CD169+ macrophages was dependent on lymphotoxin α, colonic CD169+ macrophages were present in normal numbers in lymphotoxin α‐deficient mice. In contrast, reduced numbers of CD169+ macrophages were found in the colon of mice deficient in vitamin A, whereas CD169+ macrophages in the spleen were unaffected. In conclusion, we identified a new macrophage subset in the lamina propria of the colon characterized by the expression of CD169. Its differentiation, unlike CD169+ macrophages in lymphoid organs, is independent of lymphotoxin α signalling, but requires vitamin A.
Parent–environmental interactions shape acoustic signatures in tree swallows: a cross‐fostering experiment
Authors: Reers Hendrik , Leonard Marty L. , Horn Andrew G. , Jacot Alain
Published: January 2014

Acoustic signatures are common components of avian vocalizations and are important for the recognition of individuals and groups. The proximate mechanisms by which these signatures develop are poorly understood, however. The development of acoustic signatures in nestling birds is of particular interest, because high rates of extra‐pair paternity or egg dumping can cause nestlings to be unrelated to at least one of the adults that are caring for them. In such cases, nestlings might conceal their genetic origins, by developing acoustic signatures through environmental rather than genetic mechanisms. In a cross‐fostering experiment with tree swallows Tachycineta bicolor, we investigated whether brood signatures of nestlings that were about to fledge were attributable to their genetic/maternal origins or to their rearing environment. We found that the calls of cross‐fostered nestlings did not vary based on their genetic/maternal origin, but did show some variation based on their rearing environment. Control nestlings that were not swapped, however, showed stronger brood signatures than either experimental group, suggesting that acoustic signatures develop through an interaction between rearing environment and genetic/maternal effects.
Anchovies go north and west without losing diversity: post‐glacial range expansions in a small pelagic fish
Authors: Silva Gonçalo , Horne John B. , Castilho Rita
Published: January 2014

Aim

As part of an emerging effort to understand the role played by climatic fluctuations in shaping the geographical distributions and abundances of marine organisms, we examined the genetic patterns of leading‐edge populations in the European anchovy, Engraulis encrasicolus, and its American counterpart, the morphologically similar silver anchovy, Engraulis eurystole, in the North Atlantic Ocean.

Location

Adults were collected from the western Atlantic, eastern Atlantic (from Norway to Ghana) and western Mediterranean.

Methods

A 1045 bp fragment of the mtDNA cytochrome b gene was sequenced (n = 312) and nine microsatellite loci were genotyped (n = 462) for anchovies from 13 locations across the temperate North Atlantic. Populations were surveyed for diversity and differentiation with a range of summary statistics. Multivariate discriminant analysis of principal components was employed to detect the number of genetic clusters in the data and assign individuals to populations based on their microsatellite genotypes. Historical demographic inferences – mismatch distributions and Bayesian skyline plots – were used to observe population size changes relating to climatic oscillations.

Results

Two mitochondrial clades were recovered, consistent with previous studies of E. encrasicolus, in which the frequency of each clade varied by latitude. Four genetic clusters corresponding loosely to large geographical regions were identified with microsatellite data. The north‐western Atlantic E. eurystole was not reciprocally monophyletic for either mtDNA or microsatellite analyses and is probably conspecific with E. encrasicolus. Genetic diversity peaked in Iberian populations, but differences in genetic diversity were only statistically significant for the least diverse population, Tangier. The indications of demographic expansion were more pronounced in the southern clade and both mtDNA clades exhibited genetic diversity and expansion imprints that are likely to be older than climatic oscillations of the recent Pleistocene.

Main conclusions

The highly mobile nature of anchovies has allowed them to track their optimal thermal physiological conditions during the extreme climate shifts of the Last Glacial Maximum and avoid wholesale population reductions and genetic bottlenecks. Both north‐eastern and north‐western Atlantic were probably rapidly recolonized after the Last Glacial Maximum by large numbers of anchovies, such that leading‐edge populations retained the genetic diversity of parent populations.
A new species of Ituglanis representing the southernmost record of the genus, with comments on phylogenetic relationships (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)
Authors: Datovo A. , de Pinna M. C. C.
Published: January 2014

Ituglanis australis new species, is described from tributaries of the Laguna dos Patos and Río Uruguay, in Brazil and Uruguay. This represents the southernmost record of the genus and the first occurrence of a species of Ituglanis in those systems. It is distinguished from all its congeners, except Ituglanis parahybae and Ituglanis cahyensis, by its body pigmentation with three well‐defined dark brown stripes running along each flank. Ituglanis australis differs from I. parahybae and I. cahyensis in the pectoral‐ and pelvic‐fin ray counts, the pattern of the cephalic laterosensory system and the number of dorsal‐fin basal radials. The new species, as well as several other examined congeners, has the levator internus IV muscle attached to the dorsal face of the posttemporo‐supracleithrum; a condition that corroborates the inclusion of Ituglanis into a large trichomycterine clade that also includes Bullockia, Hatcheria, Scleronema and several species of Trichomycterus. Previous proposals of the affinities within Ituglanis are reviewed and, despite some advances, the phylogenetic relationships among species of the genus remain largely unknown.
A new species of Astyanax Baird & Girard (Characiformes: Characidae) from the Rio Paraguaçu basin, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil, with comments on bony hooks on all fins
Authors: Camelier P. , Zanata A. M.
Published: January 2014

A new species of Astyanax from the Rio Paraguaçu basin, Bahia, Brazil, is described. This new species is distinguished from its congeners known to occur in Brazilian drainages by the presence of small bony hooks on all fins of mature males. Furthermore, the new species can be diagnosed by its colour pattern, which consists of a unique vertically elongated humeral blotch, a conspicuous dark drop‐shaped horizontal blotch over the caudal peduncle, tapering anteriorly and not extending to the median caudal‐fin rays, and by the absence of a conspicuous broad dark midlateral stripe. The new species differs further by having the greatest body depth just anterior to the dorsal‐fin origin, 32–35 perforated scales in the lateral line and a reduced number of branched anal‐fin rays (16–20). Apparently, the new species does not fit into any species complex of Astyanax. The occurrence of bony hooks on all fins of Astyanax is discussed.
Prevalence, Serotype Identification by Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Listeria Monocytogenes Isolated from Retail Foods
Authors: Cetinkaya Figen , Elal Mus Tulay , Yibar Artun , Guclu Nedret , Tavsanli Hakan , Cibik Recep
Published: January 2014

In the present study, a total of 512 food samples composed of raw milk, dairy products, meat/meat products, chicken meat, seafood and raw vegetables were analyzed for the presence of Listeria monocytogenes. The results of the standard identification methods showed that 20 (3.9%) of the analyzed samples were found to harbor this pathogen. Further, 8.4% (13/155) of chicken meats, 0.9% (1/105) of meat/meat products and 13.6% (6/44) of fresh vegetables were contaminated with L. monocytogenes. Interestingly, only 18 of these isolates gave expected band size when they were subjected to molecular confirmation by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Multiplex PCR serotyping of the strains revealed that 66.6% (12/18) of which belonged to serotype 1/2a (or 3a), 5.6% (1/18) to serotype 1/2b (or 3b, 7), 5.6% (1/18) to serotype 1/2c (or 3c) and 11.1% (2/18) to serotype 4b (or 4d, 4e). Two strains could not be serotyped by multiplex PCR. The strains were also evaluated by disk diffusion assay for their susceptibility to 15 commonly used antimicrobials. Antimicrobial resistance was most frequently observed for clindamycin (94.4%), followed by streptomycin and kanamycin (88.9%); penicillin (72.2%), tetracycline and gentamicin (66.7%); quinopristin/dalfopristin and erythromycin (61.1). Interestingly, 13 strains were resistant to more than five antibiotics. All strains were susceptible to linezolid, teicoplanin and vancomycin.

Practical Applications

Listeria monocytogenes is one of the most important foodborne pathogens responsible for several outbreaks and cases of listeriosis in human. This study focused on the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in different raw and ready‐to‐eat foodstuffs, and serotype distribution among the isolates. Antibiotic resistance profiles of the isolates were also reported. Information and relief provided to consumers could help elaborate public health and food safety.
On the challenges of measuring interfacial characteristics of three‐phase fluid flow with x‐ray microtomography
Authors: BROWN K. , SCHLÜTER S. , SHEPPARD A. , WILDENSCHILD D.
Published: January 2014

Synchrotron‐based x‐ray computed microtomography contributes high‐resolution, three‐dimensional observations to investigations of multiphase fluid transport in porous media. Pore‐scale observations are valuable to the development and validation of new theory, as well as numerical models. Computed microtomography has been used previously to measure fluid content and interfacial areas in systems containing two fluids (air–water, oil–water) and to a limited extent to measure fluid content and entrapped fluid morphology in systems containing three fluids (air–oil–water). This study addresses challenges that arise when imaging three‐phase flow in spreading systems. The first challenge is related to wettability alteration. Observations reported herein suggest that the wettability of solid surfaces changed over the course of a three‐fluid phase flow experiment, a phenomenon that has not been observed in similar, previously conducted two‐fluid phase experiments. Follow‐up experiments showed that wettability alteration is significant when oil–solid contact is combined with x‐ray exposure, and is not reversed with a conventional cleaning procedure.

The second challenge arises in segmenting three‐phase images, and thereby obtaining data from which various measures can be quantified with sufficient accuracy. Partial volume effects and blur often cause the grey‐scale values of different fluids to overlap and appropriate steps must be taken to avoid ambiguity at phase boundaries. A comparison of images collected at standard resolution (10.6 microns voxel–1) to those collected at a higher resolution (5.3 microns voxel–1) showed that saturation measurements are within 5% of each other, but interfacial areas for three‐phase systems may be underestimated at standard resolution by as much as 25%.
Health‐related quality of life in Guillain‐Barré syndrome patients: a systematic review
Authors: Darweesh Sirwan K. L. , Polinder Suzanne , Mulder Maxim J. H. L. , Baena Cristina P. , van Leeuwen Nikki , Franco Oscar H. , Jacobs Bart C. , van Doorn Pieter A.
Published: January 2014

Guillain‐Barré syndrome (GBS) encompasses a broad spectrum of health‐related quality of life (HRQL) determinants, including mobility, fatigue, pain, and depression. We systematically reviewed the literature on functional outcome domains in which GBS patients experience limitations in the short and long terms and evaluated determinants of HRQL in GBS patients. MEDLINE and EMBASE were systematically searched by two independent reviewers for articles covering HRQL data of GBS patients. Of 730 abstracts screened, 17 articles covering data of 14 studies matched the selection criteria. The included articles showed that many GBS patients experienced physical limitations, even years after the acute phase of the disease, while results were inconsistent for perceived levels of pain, fatigue, and general mental well‐being. Only three papers covered HRQL assessments at more than one time point, generally showing large improvements in HRQL in the first year after GBS onset, but not thereafter. We appraised the methodological quality of included studies using a 13‐item checklist; none of the articles fulfilled all items and only seven articles presented data on correlations between HRQL and determinants. In conclusion, the majority of studies on HRQL in GBS patients are cross‐sectional and of low methodological quality. This paper provides guidance for much needed high‐quality studies on patterns of patient‐perceived recovery after GBS onset.
Straddling Contract and Estate Farming: Accumulation Strategies of Senegalese Horticultural Exporters
Authors: Baglioni Elena
Published: January 2014

This paper draws on primary qualitative data to explore the accumulation strategies of indigenous exporters in the Senegalese horticultural sectors who supplyEuropean markets. It argues that exporters straddle contract and estate farming as a strategy to break through and survive in European markets, where the power of large‐scale retailers is increasing and the proliferation of food standards act as a non‐tariff barrier. It also analyses the relative opportunities as well as the costs of contract and estate farming. Then it focuses on how the control of buyers over suppliers is far from complete, revealing downstream and upstream spaces and dynamics of non‐compliance. In conclusion, some reflections on the development of capitalism inAfrica are advanced.