bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PSIII-20 The Effect of Waiting Time at the Lairage of Slaughterhouse of Fattening Bulls After a Long Transport on Animal Behavior, Carcass Quality and Meat Quality
Authors: Sanchez Denise Pamela , González Joel González , de Planell Guillem , Isla Eliseu , Bover Sara , Font Maria , Devant Maria , Marti Sonia
Published: September 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of waiting time at the lairage before slaughter in crossbred bulls after a long transport (~14h). One-half of the bulls of each transport (n = 8 transports; n = 48 ± 4 bulls/transport) were distributed in two treatments: short waiting time (SWT; < 2h; n = 179) and long waiting time (LWT; from 7 to 8h; n = 165). Animal behavior was recorded during waiting time at the lairage. The pH in Longissimus dorsi (LD) between 30 and 36 h postmortem, was registered and a subset of 24 LD were selected for meat quality evaluation. Each loin was cut in 5 slices, one to determine instrumental color, and the others were disposed in high oxygen modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) to evaluate instrumental color, microbiology, and color stability between d 1 to 12. Data were analyzed using mixed models with repeated measures. Animals standing with LWT treatment decreased (P< 0.001) after the first hour at the lairage (71% to 32%, between 1h and 2h, respectively). After 3h, standing time and non-nutritive oral behaviors started to increase until sixth hour at the lairage (63%). Meat pH was lesser (P < 0.01) for SWT (5.6 ± 0.05) compared with LWT (5.7 ± 0.05). However, the percentage of carcass classified as DFD (pH > 5.7) did not differ between treatments. Meat redness (a*) and yellowness (*b) at 30-36 h were greater (P < 0.05) for SWT (16.3 ± 0.94 and 16.7 ± 1.53, respectively) compared with LWT (15.1 ± 0.94 and 15.6 ± 1.53, respectively). The increase of activity after 3 h at the lairage could be related to the long fasting hours caused by a long transport, however after a long transport waiting time at the lairage had minimal detrimental effects on meat quality.
PSXIII-14 Effect of non-Starch Polysaccharide Enzyme Supplementation with low Energy Diet on Growth Performance, Lean Meat Percentage, Back fat Thickness, and Nutrient Digestibility of Growing Pigs
Authors: Lim Chai Bin , Kim Ki Moon , Hoque Md Raihanul , Kim In Ho
Published: September 2022

This study was conducted with the objective of evaluating a way to reduce feed costs with better meat characteristics of growing pigs by supplementing non-starch polysaccharide enzyme (NSPE) in energy reduced diets. A total of 200 growing pigs [(Landrace Yorkshire) Duroc] weighing 22.94 ± 0.22 kg were divided into five dietary treatments, each with eight replication pens (3 barrows and two gilts). The pigs were allotted in a completely randomized block design according to body weight and sex. The dietary treatments were: CON, basal diet (NE 2500 Kcal); NSPE1, basal diet + 0.04% NSPE; NSPE2, (basal diet-20 Kcal) + 0.04% NSPE; NSPE3, (basal diet-30 Kcal) + 0.04% NSPE; NSPE4, (basal diet-50 Kcal) + 0.04% NSPE. We assessed growth performance, lean meat percentage (LMP) and backfat thickness at initial, week 4 and week 8. Apparent nutrient digestibility was assessed in weeks 4 and 8. There was no significant difference (P >0.05) among the groups on growth performance. In week 8, gradual reduction of energy caused a linear reduction (P=0.028) of backfat thickness and a linear increase (P=0.016) of LMP. In addition, at week 8, supplementation of NSPE enzyme showed improved digestibility of nitrogen (P=0.046) and energy (P=0.037) in the NSPE1 group than the CON group. In short, gradual reduction of dietary energy supplemented with NSP enzyme showed consistent growth performance with positive changes in backfat thickness and LMP of growing pigs.
PSXIII-15 Effects of Bovine Colostrum Administration on Piglet Growth and Intestinal Health During the Lactation and Post-Weaning Periods
Authors: Verso Luca Lo , Tanguay Philippe , Guay Frederic
Published: September 2022

This study aimed to evaluate the potential of administering bovine colostrum to suckling and weanling piglets to modulate the growth, body composition, intestinal architecture, immunity, as well as remodeling and permeability. Twenty-four litters adjusted to 12 piglets each were selected at birth; one-half of them received liquid bovine colostrum (LC+) from d 5 to d 10, whereas the remaining litters did not receive any supplementation (LC-). Starting from d 11, all the litters received a creep feed either supplemented or not with 5% dehydrated bovine colostrum (BC+ and BC-, respectively). Animals were classified as “eaters” or “non eaters” according to their activity towards the feeders recorded by direct observation and presence of dietary marker (ferric oxide) in feces. At weaning (d 21), 16 LC+/BC+ and 16 LC-/BC- piglets (with an equal number of "eaters" and "non eaters" in each group) were selected and fed for 10 days with the same diets administered during lactation. Growth performance was recorded at d 0, 21 and 31. At d 31 bone mineral content, total body fat and lean contents were measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry; furthermore, animals were euthanized at d 31 and intestinal samples were collected to evaluate the intestinal morphology and concentration of TNFα, IL10, CXCL10, occludin, caspase 3 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Our results showed that LC+ and BC+ treatments increased creep feed consumption during lactation (P=0.01 and P=0.08, respectively) and affected litter weight at weaning (LC×BC interaction, P=0.04). Ten days after weaning, BC+ supplementation increased the intestinal villous to crypt ratio and reduced the occludin concentration (P<0.05). Piglets classified as creep feeding "eaters" showed greater intestinal occludin concentrations compared with "non eaters" animals (P=0.005). This study highlights the potential of bovine colostrum to increase piglet growth performance during lactation and affect the intestinal health in the peri-weaning period.
PSXV-20 Effects of Salicylic Acid on Growth Performance, Fecal Score, Blood Profile and Nutrient Digestibility in Weaned Pigs
Authors: Kim Ki Moon , Lim Chai Bin , Cao Shanchuan , Kim In Ho
Published: September 2022

Salicylic acid (SA) is an organic acid found in willow bark and is most widely known as the precursor to acetyl salicylic acid. Such salicylates were commonly used as anti-inflammatory drugs, used both in human and veterinary medicine. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the effect of SA in 80 weaning pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc] with average initial body weight of 6.38 ± 1.42 kg that were randomly assigned to treatment by body weight (BW). The feeding trial was divided into three phases: Phase- 1 (1to 7 days), Phase- 2 (8 to 21 days) and Phase-3 (22 to 42 days). For a period of 6 weeks, pigs were randomly allotted to two treatments, CON (basal diet) and SA (CON + 0.05% Salicylic acid), with 8 replications per treatment and five pigs per pen. Supplemental effects on growth performance were measured at the end of days 7, 21, and 42. Blood samples were collected from 2 pigs per pen at d 42. Turkey test was performed using GLM procedure of SAS to determine the effect of salicylic acid supplement in weaning pigs with a pen as experimental unit. Dietary inclusion of SA supplementation at days 7, 21, and 42 (P< 0.05) significantly improved the BW gain of the weaning pig compared with control. Over the entire experimental period, pigs fed diet supplemented with SA has tended to increase (P = 0.06) average daily gain (ADG), and average daily feed intake (P = 0.07), respectively, compared with those fed CON diet. Moreover, at the end of trial, the blood parameters of serum iron (Fe) concentration was greater in pigs (P< 0.05) fed diet supplemented with SA. In conclusion, supplementation of SA positively influenced BW, ADG, ADFI and serum Fe concentration without affecting the nutrient digestibility and fecal score.
PSXVI-9 Evaluation of Dehydrated Restaurant Food Waste and Treated Rice Straw on Growing and Finishing Pigs
Authors: Michael Medhat A
Published: September 2022

This project was undertaken to evaluate dehydrated restaurant food waste (DFW) mixed with treated rice straw (TRS) on growth, diet digestibility, and meat quality for growing and finishing pigs. The DFW was minced, dried, and mixed without or with TRS at 10% [DFW+TRS1] or 15% [DFW+TRS2], compared with a corn/ soybean meal (CSM) as a control diet. The DFW, DFW+TRS1 and DFW+TRS2 products contained 11.4, 9.8 and 8.4% moisture, 18.0, 16.7 and 15.8% CP, 14.8, 11.7 and 9.3% crude fat, 4.8, 6.7 and 7.3% crude fiber, 5.2, 5.9 and 6.7% ash, 0.67, 0.58 and 0.50% lysine, 0.54, 0.93 and 1.23% Ca, 0.34, 0.68 and 0.78% P, respectively. The experiment used 72 pigs and four diets. In the growing phase, pigs fed a DFW+TRS1 diet gained faster (P < .05) than pigs fed CSM or DFW alone (0.65 kg/d, vs 0.59 and 0.46 kg/d, respectively). In the finishing phase, DFW+TRS2 resulted in ADG that did not differ from those of pigs fed the CSM diet (0.90 vs 0.99 kg/d; P > .05). The average gain: feed was similar for the pigs fed diets DFW+TRS1 or DFW+TRS2 (P > .05). However, CP digestibility was not different (P < .05) in the DFW+TRS2 compared with pigs fed the CSM diet (88.2 vs 85.3%). Carcass fat became softer (P < .05) with pigs fed diets containing DFW+TRS1 or 2. The meat quality from DFW+TRS1 or 2 pigs is acceptable and the overall flavor is comparable with CSM pigs (P > .05). These results indicate that DFW has the potential to produce a nutritious feedstuffs for pigs while offering a viable solid waste disposal option.
PSXVI-12 Marine-Derived Ca-Mg Complex Supplementation Enhances the Performance of Sows and Their Litters During Parity 1 to 4
Authors: Lim Chai Bin , Kim Ki Moon , Upadhaya Santi Devi , van der Veen Rudolf H , Kim In Ho
Published: September 2022

Among several nutrients, minerals specifically constitute a small percentage of diets but have an impact on the growth, health, and productivity of sows. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of supplementing the basal diet with marine-derived Ca-Mg complex on the reproductive performance of sows during parity 1 to 4 in a 4 x 3 factorial arrangement. Cross-bred gilts (n = 72; average body weight 181 kg) in their first to fourth subsequent parity were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments (24 gilts/treatment): CON (corn-soybean meal-wheat-based basal diet with limestone as main Ca source), CM1 (CON- MgO+ 0.4% Ca-Mg complex), and CM2 (CM1-0.4% limestone). A greater number (P< 0.05) of total born and live piglets, increased feed intake during gestation and lactation, increased backfat thickness before and after farrowing and at weaning, and increased estrus interval were observed (P< 0.05) during 3rd and 4th parity compared with 1st and 2nd parity sows. Moreover, sows fed CM1 and CM2 diets led to an improvement (P< 0.05) in total piglets during 1st and 2nd parity as well as live-born piglets during 1st to 3rd parity. In addition, CM1 and CM2 group sows showed reduced (P >0.05) backfat thickness change during third and fourth parity. Piglets that were born to CM1 and CM2 group sows showed greater (P< 0.05) weaning weight and average daily gain (ADG) during the first, second, and third parity. Furthermore, sows fed CM1 and CM2 diets decreased (P< 0.05) the duration of first to last piglet birth and placental expulsion time compared with those fed CON diet. A significant interactive effect (P=0.042) between parities and treatment diets was observed for the duration of first to last piglet birth. Thus, supplementation of 0.4% marine-derived Ca-Mg complex to the diet could be recommended to enhance sow and their litter performance during parity 1 to 4.
PSXVI-8 Marine-Derived Ca-Mg Complex Influences Serum Metabolites, Colostrum Nutrient Profile, Lipid and Glucose Metabolism-Associated Genes Expression, and Stress Hormones in Sows Over a Four-Parity Period
Authors: Kim Ki Moon , Lim Chai Bin , Upadhaya Santi Devi , van der Veen Rudolf H , Kim In Ho
Published: September 2022

Among different nutrients, the requirement of minerals is small, but impacts sow longevity and reproduction performance. Cross bred gilts (n=72; average body weight 181 kg) in their 1st to 4th subsequent parity was randomly allocated to 1 of 3 treatments (24 gilts/treatment) to assess the effects of marine derived Ca-Mg complex supplementation on serum mineral contents, hormone concentrations, colostrum nutrient profile, as well as lipid and energy metabolism-associated genes expression in the placental, and umbilical cord tissues. Treatments consisted of CON (corn-soybean meal-wheat-based basal diet with limestone as main Ca source), CM1 (CON-MgO + 0.40% marine derived Ca-Mg complex formulated to have same Ca and Mg spec as basal diet), and CM2 (CON - 0.4% limestone + 0.4% marine derived Ca-Mg complex - MgO). The inclusion of Ca-Mg complex in sow diet increased (P< 0.05) the serum Ca and Mg levels, colostrum Ca, Mg, protein, and IgM contents, and reduced stress hormones after farrowing. However, depletion of Ca and Mg was observed in the 4th parity sows fed CON diet and a reduction in stress hormones were observed in 3rd and 4th parity sows. The relative expression of the SCD gene was downregulated in the umbilical cord of piglets born to CM1 and CM2 sows compared with the CON group during parity 3 (P= 0.007) and parity 4 (P = 0.009). During the parity 4, SLC2A2 (P = 0.003) and FABP4 (P = 0.043) genes expression were upregulated in the umbilical cord of piglets born to CM2 sows and placenta tissue of sows from CM1 group, respectively. The observed positive influence of marine-derived Ca-Mg complex on lipid and glucose metabolism-associated genes expression, serum metabolites, colostrum nutrient, and stress hormones suggests that inclusion of 0.4% Ca-Mg complex in the diet is beneficial for improving sow longevity and performance.
PSXVI-11 Effects of Yucca Schidigera Extract and Multi-Carbohydrase in Different Crude Protein Diets on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Carcass Parameters and Noxious gas Emission in Broilers
Authors: Lim Chai Bin , Kim Ki Moon , Munezero Olivier , Kim In Ho
Published: September 2022

The scarcity of feed raw materials with a consequential increase in the price of animal feed has attracted the attention of nutritionists to find a viable option to address this issue. The inclusion of plant extract and enzyme to the energy- and protein-reduced diet could be a viable strategy that would contribute to reducing the feed cost. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine how different crude protein diets with Yucca schidigera extract and multi-carbohydrase could impact broiler growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass metrics, and noxious gas concentrations in the excreta. A total of 480 one-day (d)-old broilers (ROSS 308), with initial body weight (BW) of 45.2 ± 0.3 g were randomly assigned into four (4) dietary treatments, each with six replication cages and 20 birds per cage. In phase I (starter), broiler were fed with diets containing T1 (CP 21%, ME 2,969 Mcal/kg); T2 (CP 19%, ME 2,863 Mcal/kg + 0.02% Yucca); T3 (CP 17%, ME 2,865 Mcal/kg + 0.02% Yucca); and T4 (CP 17%, ME 2,861 Mcal/kg + 0.02% Yucca + 0.1% α-1, 6-galactosidase and β-1,4-mannanase). During phase II (grower) diets contained T1 (CP 19%, ME 3,086 Mcal/kg); T2 (CP 17%, ME 2,977 Mcal/kg + 0.02% Yucca); T3 (CP 15%, ME 2,978 Mcal/kg + 0.02% Yucca); and T4 (CP 15%, ME 2,978 Mcal/kg + 0.02% Yucca + 0.1% α-1,6-galactosidase and β-1,4-mannanase multi-carbohydrase). The addition of Yucca extract and multi-carbohydrase to the low CP diets revealed a positive result on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass parameters, and noxious gas emission. Overall, broilers supplemented with Yucca schidigera extract 0.02% and α-1,6-galactosidase and β-1,4-mannanase multi-carbohydrase (0.1%) demonstrated the best production performances compared with the other treatment groups. Thus, a combination of Yucca schidigera and multi-carbohydrase could to be added to the diets with low CP to boost broiler production performance.
PSV-B-18 Effect of Puberty Induction on Embryonic Loss in Precocious Nellore Heifers
Authors: Baggio Marcelo , Barroso José Paulo P R , Soares Leticia Carolina Bortolanza , Lages Josiane F , Junior Joel G Oliveira , Jeronymo Mariana , Petrenko Natasha B , Ferreira Evandro Maia M , Pires Alexandre Vaz
Published: September 2022

This study aimed to determine if heifers induced to puberty had damage in reproductive performance compared with heifers that reach puberty naturally. Nellore heifers (n = 210) were weaned at 8 ± 0.7 mo of age were assigned to 42 feedlot pens according to BW (184 ± 1 kg). The diet was compounded by Tifton-85 haylage (18% CP; 55% TDN) ad libitum and supplement (4g/kg of BW; 25% CP; 60% TDN). Puberty and growth were assessed weekly. At 14 mo of age, 46 heifers reached puberty naturally (precocious heifers; PH) and 164 non-pubertal heifers were submitted to puberty induction with progesterone (P4) insert for 10 days and estradiol cypionate (0.5 mg) at P4 removal (puberty induction; PI). After fourteen days, all heifers were submitted to TAI. Heifers were considered pregnant at 20 days (P20) after AI when CL had blood flow < 25% of area (Power-Doppler). Pregnancy rate was also determined at 30 (P30) and 60 (P60) days after AI by embryo detection. Early (P20 – P30) and late (P30 – P60) embryonic loss were determined. Reproductive data were analyzed by GLIMMIX, and BW was analyzed using repeated measures over time (MIXED; SAS 9.3). The PH was heavier than PI from 8 to 16 mo of age, which BW was 296 and 285 ± 3 kg at 14 mo of age, respectively. At beginning of TAI, 88% of PI heifers had a CL. Pregnancy rate was similar (P > 0.05) between treatments, in which pregnancy rate at 20, 30 or 60 days after AI was 65, 47 and 43% for PH and 61, 53 and 48% for PI, respectively. Early (26 vs 14%) and late (9 vs 9%) embryonic loss were similar (P > 0.05) in PH and PI, respectively. In summary, natural or induced pubertal heifers had similar reproductive performance.
PSVI-2 Relationship of Sperm Plasma Serine Protease Inhibitor (Serpina5) and Dystroglycan (DAG1) Proteins with Dairy Bull Fertility
Authors: Zoca Saulo Menegatti , Walker Julie , Kline Adalaide , Andrews Taylor , Rich Jerica J J , Epperson Kaitlin M , Nora Drum Jessica N , Ortega M Sofia , Perry George A
Published: September 2022

It has been reported that plasma serine protease inhibitor (SERPINA5) and dystroglycan (DAG1) are loosely attached to the sperm and SERPINA5 can also be present on sperm tails. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether SERPINA5 and/or DAG1 could be used as a fertility marker in dairy bulls. Frozen semen from dairy bulls (n=19) were evaluated for concentration of SERPINA5 and DAG1 and percentage of sperm tail labeled for SERPINA5 (SERPINA5-tail) by immunofluorescence in a minimum of 200 sperm cells per bull in two different ejaculates. Semen was evaluated for total motility, progressive motility, and viability. Semen was used for in vitro embryo production (~150 oocytes/bull). Bull fertility was classified by two methods, sire conception rates [SCR - High-SCR ( >1.0) or Low-SCR (< -4.0)] and the ratio of embryos that developed into a blastocyst (BL) from those that had cleaved (CL) as Good (BL/CL≥38.5%) or Poor (BL/CL< 38.5%). The GLIMMIX procedure of SAS was used to evaluate fertility classification with SCR, BL/CL, and the interaction in the model with bull as a random effect. Progressive motility, CL, SERPINA5 and DAG1 concentration, and SERPINA5-tail did not differ (P≥0.14) among SCR and BL/CL classifications or their interaction. There was no difference (P>0.33) in total motility between High-SCR and Low-SCR or BL/CL classification; however, the interaction was significant (P=0.02; High-SCR/Good 54.9±2.8%, High-SCR/Poor 39.4±5.4%, Low-SCR/Good 44.8±4.5%, Low-SCR/Poor 52.03±3.2%). High-SCR bulls had decreased BL (P=0.03; 30.6±1.6%, 35.8±1.4%, respectively) and tended to have decreased BL/CL ratio (P=0.10; 38.1±2.0%, 42.9±1.8%, respectively) compared with Low-SCR bulls. In summary, DAG1 and SERPINA5 do not seem to be a putative fertility marker. In vitro embryo production is not a good predictor of SCR, since High-SCR and Low-SCR bulls may have Good or Poor in vitro embryo developments.
PSXIV-1 Effect of Ambient Temperature on Respiration Rate and Ruminal Temperature for Growing-Finishing Calf-fed Holstein Steers in the Feedlot During Summer in Southern California
Authors: Latack Brooke C , Carvalho Pedro V , Zinn Richard A
Published: September 2022

Objectives were to evaluate the relationships between ambient temperature (AT) and respiration rate (RR) and ruminal temperature (RT) of calf-fed Holstein steers during the extreme heat characteristic of the months of August and September in the Southern California desert region. Holstein steers (n = 21; one steer per pen; initial BW = 422 ±15 kg) were utilized in 28-d experiment (August 17 – September 14, 2021). Steers were blocked by initial shrunk weight (220 d before the initiation of the experiment) and randomly assigned to 21 pens (5 steers per pen). Pens were 62 m2 with 25 m2 overhead shade, automatic waterers and 2.4 m fence-line feed bunks. All steers were fed a steam-flaked corn-based growing-finishing diet. A bolus measuring temperature activity (smaXtec Basic, Smaxtec Animal Care GmbH, Austria) was placed in the rumen of each steer 55 d before the initiation of the experiment (June 22, 2021). During the experimental period, the respiration rate of one calf per pen was collected weekly. Respiration rate was obtained at 1100 h by counting the number of flank movements per minute. Ambient temperature at 1100 h averaged 37.6 ± 2.3° C for the experimental period. Temperature-humidity-index (THI) at 1100 h averaged 83.5 ± 1.7 (steers experienced “danger” or “emergency” THI categories through the entire 28 d trial). As AT increased from the minimum of 22.9° C to a maximum of 39.8° C, RR increased from 58.6 ± 12.9 breaths/min to 103.9 ± 16.9 breaths/min (RR = -54.9 + 4.13 AT, P < 0.01, r2 = 0.65). Likewise, RR increased with increasing RT (RR = -1259 + 33.7 RT, P < 0.01, r2 = 0.92) as RT increased. As ambient temperature increased, ruminal temperature increased (RT = 35.9 + 0.117 AT, P< 0.01, r2 = 0.65), though never exceeding 40.6° C.
PSXVI-5 Rumen Parameters and Microbial Population Changes in Fattening Holstein Heifers fed with Nitrate-Contaminated Water
Authors: Guivernau Miriam , Llonch Lourdes , Marti Sonia , Viñas Marc , Devant Maria
Published: September 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of drinking water nitrate concentration on rumen parameters and its microbial population that may affect greenhouse gases in fattening cattle. Holstein heifers (n = 24; 161 ± 19.9 kg of initial BW, and 183 ± 25.3 d of age) were housed individually and fed ad libitum. Animals were assigned to 4 treatments according to nitrate concentration in drinking water: 1) Control (n=6), without NO3-; 2) Low (n=6), with 44 mg/L of NO3-; 3) Moderate (n=6), with 110 mg/L of NO3-, and 4) High (n=6), with 220 mg/L of NO3-. After 14 and 168 days the ruminal content was sampled to determine pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), nitrate and nitrite concentration, and rumen microbiota (except for Moderate). To assess the rumen microbiota, DNA-based qPCR of total bacterial population (16S rRNA), dissimilatory sulfate-reducing prokaryotes (aprA), ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea (amoA-AOB and amoA-AOA), typical complete denitrifiers (nosZ-clade I linked to the transformation of N2O to N2), and anammox bacteria (hzo) was determined. Rumen pH, VFA, nitrate and nitrite were analyzed with a mixed effects model. Rumen microbial populations were statistically treated by analysis of variance applying pairwise comparisons (Fisher's least). Rumen pH, VFA, nitrate and nitrite were not affected by nitrate concentration in drinking water; however, rumen nitrite concentrations were greater (P < 0.01) in d 14 than in d 168 (32.1 vs. 6.3 ± 4.20 mg/L, respectively). Nitrate drinking water concentration did not affect rumen microbial populations, except for complete-denitrifying population (nosZ-clade I) which were slightly greater (P=0.01) in High than in Control in d 168. In conclusion, nitrate-contaminated water did not show a significant impact on rumen parameters and microbial populations but increased the bacterial denitrifying potential after a long term, which could decrease ruminal N2O emissions and nitrite ruminal accumulation in fattening heifers.
PSXVI-2 Impacts of Improvest on Primal Yields in Gilt Carcasses
Authors: Vonnahme Kimberly A , Amodie Debbie , Mellencamp Marnie , Galina-Pantoja Lucina
Published: September 2022

Improvest administration in gilts during the finishing phase results in heavier hot carcasses weights. The objective of this study was to determine primal cutout yields from Improvest-treated gilts compared with controls. This was a pen-fed design with 20 pens/treatment (27 gilts/pen; study d0 = 7 wk of age). The first Improvest dose was administered on d7 and the second dose administered on d67. The heaviest 8 gilts/pen were marketed 22 days post second dose (dPSD), heaviest 8 gilts/pen at 37 dPSD, and all remaining gilts marketed at 50 dPSD. All hot carcasses were weighed (HCW), and within a day and treatment, the heaviest 50 carcasses were selected for dissection. The natural fall (NF) weight was recorded, and after trimming, the finished good (FG) weight, so that primal yield could be calculated. The HCW were similar 22 dPSD, but Improvest gilts had greater HCW at 37 and 50 dPSD. Bellies (NF and FG) were increased in Improvest-treated vs. control gilts at 37 and 50 dPSD. Overall, belly yield was increased in Improvest-treated gilts. Rib weights (NF and FG) were increased in Improvest-treated gilts at 50 dPSD, but there was a decreased rib yield compared with control. There was an increased rib yield at 22 dPSD in Improvest-treated vs. control gilts. Picnic weights were greater in Improvest-treated vs control gilts, regardless of day. Loin NF and FG, butt NF, and ham NF weights were greater at 50 dPSD compared with control. When intramuscular fat was determined, the greatest (P = 0.03) amount was at 37 dPSD in Improvest-treated gilts compared with all other gilts. Even when the heaviest carcasses were selected, belly yields remain increased in Improvest-treated compared with control gilts. There were no detrimental impacts of Improvest use on any of the primal cutout yields that were observed.
PSII-B-12 Association of Glucose Metabolism with Feed Intake, Growth, and Efficiency of Beef Steers
Authors: Foote Andrew P , Salisbury Carlee , Beck Matthew R , Montgomery Dagan , Rathert-Williams Abigail R , King Mindy E
Published: September 2022

The objective of this experiment was to determine the association of glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity with dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed efficiency (G:F) of steers fed a finishing diet. Steers (n = 55; initial body weight 518 ± 26.7 kg) were subjected to an intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) where glucose was dosed through a jugular catheter and serial blood samples were collected. Three days after the final IVGTT, steers began a 63-d DMI and ADG test. Body weight was measured on d 0, 1, 21, 42, 62, and 63, and DMI was measured using an Insentec Roughage Intake Control system (Insentec, Markenesse, The Netherlands). Peak insulin concentration in response to the IVGTT tended to be correlated with ADG (r = 0.25; P = 0.07) and DMI (r = 0.23; P = 0.09), indicating cattle with greater ADG and DMI tend to require a greater insulin release in response to glucose. Glucose nadir concentrations were correlated with ADG (r = 0.27; P = 0.044) and G:F (r = 0.37; P = 0.005). Additionally, when steers within 0.5 standard deviations of the mean for DMI are classed as displaying high- or low-ADG, glucose nadir was greater in high-ADG steers (P = 0.042). The association of greater glucose nadir with high-ADG could indicate that high-ADG steers do not clear glucose as efficiently as low-ADG steers, potentially indicating reduced insulin sensitivity. Carcass marbling score was negatively correlated with area under the glucose curve (r = -0.38; P = 0.006), glucose clearance rate (r = -0.33; P = 0.016), and glucose nadir concentration (r = -0.40; P = 0.004). These results indicate that glucose metabolism and insulin signaling are associated with growth, efficiency, and carcass quality, but the molecular mechanisms that drive these effects need to be elucidated.
PSIX-2 Residual Effect of Narasin on Ruminal Fermentation Characteristics in Steers
Authors: Soares Letícia Carolina Bortolanza , Polizel Daniel M M , Baggio Marcelo , Dias Paulo Cesar G , de Junior Joel G Oliveira , Mendonça Gustavo , Jeronymo Mariana , Ferreira Evandro Maia M , Santos Isabela Jorge , Petrenko Natasha B , Pires Alexandre Vaz
Published: September 2022

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of narasin withdrawal on steers ruminal fermentation characteristics. Nellore steers [n = 30; initial body weight (BW) = 281 ± 21 kg] cannulated at the rumen were assigned to individual pens in a randomized complete block design according to their initial shrunk BW. The trial lasted 156 days, divided into 2 periods. The first period lasted 140 days and consisted of the daily supply of narasin. In the second period (last 16 days) the animals were not supplemented with narasin, when the residual effect of the additive was evaluated. The diet was composed by 99% haylage Tifton-85, and 1% concentrate used as a delivery vehicle for narasin. The experimental diets were: 1) no feed additives (CON); 2) 13 mg of narasin/kg of DM (N13); 3) 20 mg of narasin/kg of DM (N20). The dry matter intake (DMI) was evaluated daily and the ruminal fluid was obtained on day 0, 1, 3, 5, 8 and 16 after narasin withdrawal. The data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure, and the effect was considered significant when P ≤ 0.05. The DMI was not affected after narasin withdrawal (P ≥ 0.27). There was a treatment and day interaction after narasin removal for the molar ratio of acetate (P < 0.01), propionate (P < 0.01), ac:prop ratio (P < 0.01) and ammonia nitrogen (P = 0.03). The inclusion of narasin linearly reduced acetate (P < 0.01), increased propionate (P ≤ 0.04), and linearly decreased the ac:prop ratio (P < 0.01) up to 5 days after narasin withdrawal. Narasin linearly decreased ammonia nitrogen up to 1 day after withdrawal (P < 0.01). It is concluded that use of narasin results in a residual effect on the rumen fermentation process after removal of the additive from the diets.
PSIX-5 Ruminal Papillae Morphology and Volatile Fatty Acid Profile of Beef Steers Consuming Finishing Diets with an Added Nutritional Packet in a Calf-fed System
Authors: Peters Sarah , Sarturi Jhones O , Rush Camron J , Felizari Luana , Henry Darren D , Huerta-Leidenz Nelson O , Woerner Dale R , Rodrigues Barbara , Lopez Alejandra M , Silva Kaliu G Scaranto , Nardi Kaue Tonelli , Wilkes Katherine
Published: September 2022

The effects of a nutritional packet containing a direct-fed microbial combined with vitamins/electrolytes offered to beef steers in a calf-fed system on ruminal papillae morphology and volatile fatty acid (VFA) profile were evaluated. Angus crossbred steer-calves (n = 60; BW = 234 ± 4 kg) were assigned to a randomized complete block design (block = body weight; steer = experimental unit) and stratified into two treatments: a) control (no packet, finely-ground corn carrier only); and b) 30 g of DM/animal-daily of a nutritional packet [live-yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 8.7 Log CFU/g), Vitamin C (5.4 g/kg of Ascorbic acid), Vitamin B1 (13.33 g/kg of Thiamine hydrochloride), and electrolytes of NaCl (80 g/kg) and KCl (80 g/kg)]. Animals were individually offered [electronic feed-bunks (Smart-Feed/C-Lock Inc.)] a steam-flaked corn-based finishing diet ad libitum once daily for 233 d, while treatments were offered during the first and last 60 days on feed only. Upon harvest (federally inspected facility), individual samples of ruminal cranial sac epithelium and rumen content (quickly frozen) were collected. Preserved (70% alcohol at 5oC) ruminal tissue fragments were trimmed (1 cm2), in which papillae were counted, followed by a random removal of 12 individual papillae for further area measurement using electronic scanning (ImageJ). Data were analyzed using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. Steers offered to nutritional packet had a 30% increased (P = 0.02) average papillae area, which induced a tendency (P = 0.14) to improve ruminal absorptive surface area (89 vs. 93%), while not affecting ruminal papillae number (P = 0.39). Molar proportions of acetate, butyrate, and propionate were not affected (P ≥ 0.51) by treatments, while total VFA (mM) tended (P = 0.09) to increase by 8% for animals consuming the nutritional packet. The nutritional packet seemed to improve ruminal fermentation products while positively affecting ruminal papillae morphology.
PSIX-13 The Impact of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Fermentation Product on in-Vitro Rumen Fermentation Characteristics, gas Production, and Ruminal Microbiome Composition
Authors: Mezzomo Rafael , Burcham Zack , Thorndyke Meghan P , Loh Huey Yi , Tangredi Briana V , Hallmark Harrison D , Gifford Ryan J , Metcalf Jessica , Morgan Brad , Belk Keith , Tuell Trevor , de Guimaraes Bisneto Octavio Almeida , Engle Terry E
Published: September 2022

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae products (NaturSafe) on in-vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and microbial diversity. Three crossbred feedlot steers fitted with rumen cannulae were adjusted to a moderately high-concentrate diet for 28-d. On d-29, 1 L of rumen fluid was collected from each steer and composited. A set of vaccine bottles (n=5/treatment/time + blanks and controls) containing 0.5 g of basal diet plus dietary treatments were filled with 30 ml of rumen fluid-McDougall’s buffer solution (1:1), sealed, and placed in a 39°C water bath. Treatments consisted of 1) Control (no added NaturSafe); 2) NaturSafe-dry (9 g/animal/day equivalent); 3) NaturSafe-dry (12 g/animal/day equivalent); 4) NaturSafe-liquid (14 g/animal/day equivalent); 5) NaturSafe-liquid (21 g/animal/day equivalent); and NaturSafe-liquid (28 g/animal/day equivalent). Samples were collected at 0, 6 and 12 h post-fermentation. No treatment effect on any fermentation parameters was found at 6 h. At 12-h post-incubation, dry matter digestibility (DMD) (P < 0.04) and molar proportions of propionic acid (P < 0.03) were greater for treatments containing NaturSafe compared with control. Molar proportions of acetic acid (P < 0.07), percent CH4 (P < 0.08), and NH3-N (P < 0.06) tended to be lesser and percent CO2 tended (P < 0.07) to be greater for NaturSafe treatments compared with controls. Microbiome 16S rRNA analysis results suggest that microbial communities differed (P < 0.05) between 6 and 12 h post-incubation. Incorporating NaturSafe into fermentation vessels revealed an inverse correlation with NaturSafe concentration and microbial diversity (P = 0.08) and that the overall microbial diversity was altered (P < 0.03) by NaturSafe concentration. The microbial community was not affected by additive type. These data suggest that NaturSafe alters fermentation characteristics and microbial community diversity toward improved rumen efficiency while reducing environmental impact.
PSIX-1 Predicting Beef Cattle dry Matter Intake
Authors: Blake Nathan , Walker Matthew , Holaskova Ida , Hubbart Jason , Jose Mata Padrino Domingo , Ogunade Ibukun M , Sanders Kelsie , Yost Tylor , Wilson Mathew E
Published: September 2022

As increasing climate variability continues to strain agricultural production, priorities must be aligned with methods to maintain or improve current production processes, including advanced, technology-based methods of measuring individual feed and water intakes and increasing water use efficiency in cattle. A total of 745 animals were evaluated in eight test groups from 11/25/19 to 9/2/21 in a dry lot equipped with In-Pen Weighing Positions and Feed and Water-Intake Nodes. Relationships among average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), residual feed intake (RFI), water intake (WI), residual water intake (RWI), animal performance variables, and environmental variables at the individual animal level were investigated on a first test group of Angus bulls (n = 125) and crossbred steers (n = 53). Root mean square error (RMSE) was used as a measure of error between model-predicted and observed DMI. Random Forest (RF) analysis predicted the daily DMI, with RMSE 0.92 kg for bulls and 0.85 kg for steers. When performance measures were averaged across the entire test period, the RMSE using RF were 0.39 and 0.34 kg DMI for bulls and steers, respectively. Repeated measures Analysis of Variance (RM ANOVA) was used with the same set of predictive variables as in RF. DMI was strongly related to body weight, WI, short wave radiation (MJ), and relative humidity (%; all p< 0.0001). RM ANOVA predicted the daily DMI with (RMSE) 1.5 kg for bulls and 1.41 kg for steers and 0.75 and 0.61 kg DMI for bulls and steers across the entire testing period. Study results identify relationships between DMI, WI and other growth metrics in a dry lot, which must be explored in pasture to identify biomarkers of feed and water efficiency in cattle to improve sustainability of beef production in grazing systems.
PSIX-12 The Effects of Feeding Chromium Propionate to Yearling Steers in a Commercial Feedyard on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics and Health
Authors: Trojan Sara J , Bryant Tony C , Jennings Jenny S , Clark Darryl , LaFleur Doug , Canterbury Landon , Hergenreder Jerilyn
Published: September 2022

Crossbred beef steers, n = 5,140; 352 ± 5.45 kg initial body weight (BW) were used to evaluate chromium propionate supplementation to yearling steers in a commercial feedyard. Cattle were blocked by arrival date and initial BW and assigned randomly to pen within block; pens were randomly assigned to treatment within block. Treatments, replicated in 15 pens per treatment with 130 to 250 steers per pen, included: 1) control (CTL), 0 mg supplemental Cr/kg dietary dry matter (DM); 2) chromium (CR) 0.50 mg supplemental Cr/kg dietary DM (4.9 mg/d; chromium propionate; KemTRACE, Chromium 0.4%, Kemin Industries, Des Moines, IA). Final BW, average daily gain (ADG) and gain efficiency (G:F) did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.26). Dry matter intake was greater for CR than CTL, 8.61 kg. vs. 8.49 kg, respectively (P = 0.03). Hot carcass weight (HCW), dressing percentage, ribeye area, and 12th-rib-fat were not different for CTL or CR (P ≥ 0.12). The percentage of carcasses camera grading choice or better was greater (P = 0.04) for CR (51.2%) than CTL (48%), and the percentage of select carcasses was less (P = 0.01) for CR (41.5%) than CTL (45.5%). Yield grade distribution did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.26). There was no difference (P ≥ 0.36) in overall morbidity (7.75%), or total mortality (1.43%) between treatments. Steers fed CR had greater quality carcasses, and similar G:F and HCW to CTL.
PSVI-19 Effect of Processing Methods and Inclusion Level of Dried raw Garlic on in Vitro Fermentation Profile and Methane Production in a Corn Silage-Based Diet
Authors: de Martinez Juan Jesus Vargas , Tarnonsky Federico , Maderal Araceli , Fernandez-Marenchino Ignacio , Podversich Federico , Cuervo Wilmer , Gomez Camila , Schulmeister Tessa M , DiLorenzo Nicolas
Published: September 2022

Garlic (Allium sativum) contains secondary compounds known to modify rumen fermentation parameters and decrease methane (CH4) emissions; however, results from previous research on the effects of garlic-byproduct supplementation are quite variable. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of increasing inclusion levels and processing methods of dried raw garlic on in vitro ruminal fermentation and CH4 production. The experiment was designed as a randomized complete block design, where 24 h incubations were conducted on three separate days, with corn silage and gin trash (80:20, respectively) used as basal substrate. Treatments were arranged in a 3 × 3 factorial with garlic inclusion (0, 2.5, and 5% of the diet) and processing method (freeze-dried, oven-dried, and autoclaved) as factors. Three ruminally cannulated steers were fed ad libitum a corn silage and gin trash diet, for at least 35 d prior to collection of ruminal fluid used as inoculum. Final pH, concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD), total gas production, and CH4 concentrations were determined at the end of incubation. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure of SAS. Final pH and concentration of total VFA were not affected (P > 0.05) by the processing method nor inclusion level of garlic. Increasing garlic inclusion decreased NH3-N concentration (P < 0.05), reduced (P < 0.05) the proportion of acetate, tended to increase (P < 0.10) the proportion of propionate, and tended to decrease (P < 0.10) the acetate:propionate ratio. Neither garlic inclusion level nor processing methods modified IVOMD, total gas production, or CH4 concentration. Modifications in VFA molar proportions and NH3-N concentration may be related to differences in N concentration in the incubated substrates. In conclusion, neither processing method nor garlic level inclusion modified CH4 production or nutrient digestibility.
PSVI-6 Predicting Fecal Composition Using Near Infrared Spectroscopy (Nirs): Expanding the Calibration to Include Grazing Beef Samples
Authors: Peters Jenilee F , Swift Mary Lou , Penner Gregory B , Lardner Bart , McAllister Timothy A , Ribeiro Gabriel O
Published: September 2022

A near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) calibration was previously developed to predict fecal composition using samples from beef heifers fed high forage diets ( > 95% forage dry matter basis) during total collection digestibility studies. The objective of the current study was to expand the fecal composition calibration with samples from grazing beef cattle. Fecal samples were collected from beef steers grazing two annual and two perennial forage mixtures over 2 growing seasons. Individual samples (n = 12/paddock) were composited by paddock resulting in 30 samples from year 1, and 24 from year two. Fecal samples were oven dried at 55°C for 48 hours and ground through a 1.0 mm screen prior to scanning on a FOSS DS2500 scanning monochromator (FOSS, Eden Prairie, MN). The grazing fecal spectra (n = 54) was added to the existing library and then mathematically treated for scatter correction. Modified partial least squares (MPLS) regression was performed to develop equations to predict fecal composition [organic matter (OM), nitrogen (N), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), undigestible NDF (uNDF), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P)]. The calibrations for fecal OM, N, NDF, ADF, ADL, uNDF, Ca, P resulted in R2CV between 0.86 and 0.96 and SECV of 1.73, 0.07, 1.65, 1.20, 0.63, 1.91, 0.21, and 0.07, respectively. This study confirms the potential of NIRS to predict fecal chemical composition of beef cattle fed high forage or grazing forage diets. Future steps include expansion and further validation of the calibration equations to include digestibility and intake predictions by estimating the internal markers lignin and uNDF.
PSVII-6 Effects of Hydroponically Sprouted Cereal Grains on Feedlot Performance, Blood Serum Chemistry, and Apparent Nutrient Digestibility in Beef Cattle
Authors: Slack Emmalee E , Tidemann Duane E , Jenkins Shawn
Published: September 2022

Recent technological advancements in the local chain agricultural technology sector have produced automated systems that overcome pitfalls of traditional forage production. With significantly altered nutrient composition when compared with typical forages, research investigating the effects of hydroponically sprouted grain (HG) on feedlot growth and performance is needed. Angus steers (n = 40) averaging 274 kilograms body weight were randomly assigned to one of four pens in replicated pen experimental feedlot setting. Treatment pens were balanced for incoming weight, age, and genetic background to ensure uniformity throughout the experiment. Dietary treatments were randomly assigned and delivered continuously for an eight-week comparison period; diets were balanced for metabolizable energy, fiber, and crude protein content with 15% inclusion of HG administered in the treatment group. Nutrient digestibility was assessed through weekly manure sampling. Daily rate of gain, feed conversion ratio, and cost of gain was assessed through monthly replicated (n = 3) weight evaluations. Blood serum chemistry was evaluated through individual animal blood serum samples collected from the lateral tail vein. Multiple variables measured indicated positive and statistically significantly (p < 0.05) changes resulting from the inclusion of HG (Table 1). On a percentage basis, daily rate of gain and dry matter intake improved 12% and 11%, respectively. Marginal trends (p < 0.20) in nutrient digestibility were noted and blood serum metrics associated with nutrient bioavailability and rumen health were positive. Results highlight the potential feeding value of HG and automated production systems as a novel agricultural technology solution.
PSVII-8 Effects of Processed Saccharina Latissima and Ascophyllum Nodosum on Ruminal Fermentation and Methane Production in Continuous Culture
Authors: Driemel Ashley W , Baker Lauren M , Snider Miriam A , Posman Kevin , Quigley Charlotte , Price Nichole N , Greenwood Sabrina L
Published: September 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of processed dietary supplements derived from two seaweeds, Saccharina latissima (SL) and Ascophyllum nodosum (AN), on microbial methane production and fermentation profile using in vitro methods. Four dual-flow continuous culture fermenters were utilized in a 4x4 Latin Square design to assess these 4 supplements: unwashed, coarsely milled SL (UNW), 3-min rinsed SL (3MR), 20-sec blanched SL (20SB), and a crude phlorotannin extract from AN (PHLT). Treatments were randomly assigned to fermenters and were top dressed on the total mixed ration (TMR) at 5% of total dry matter (DM). Four, 10-d experimental periods were conducted, consisting of a 7-d equilibration period followed by a 3-d sampling period. Vessel pH was continually measured, and effluent samples were collected for volatile fatty acid (VFA) analysis and calculation of DM, organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) digestibilities. Methane was measured prior to the first AM and PM feedings during the 3-d sampling period. Data were analyzed using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS (9.4) with fermenter as the random effect and period and treatment as fixed effects. Processed treatments (3MR= 7.86, 20SB= 5.75, PHLT= 10.46 mg/dL) yielded less methane (P < 0.02) than unprocessed (UNW= 24.06 mg/dL). Apparent digestibilities of DM, OM, NDF and ADF were not affected by treatment. Total VFA (mM) was greater (P = 0.02) in 3MR than PHLT. The acetate to propionate ratio (A:P) was greater (P < 0.01) in PHLT compared with 20SB, 3MR and UNW (5.62 vs 1.47, 1.27 and 1.54, respectively). Time spent below pH 5.8 during fermentation was not affected by treatment. These results indicate that seaweed processing method can affect methane production in vitro without negatively impacting rumen fermentation and should be further investigated using in vivo models.