bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Octopus fishing ground utilization in central sulawesi, indonesia: an approach using spawning potential ratio
Authors: Wiryawan B , Tarigan D J , Simbolon D , Lilley G R , Wahyuningrum P I
Published: June 2022

Banggai Laut Regency is one of the largest octopus producers in Central Sulawesi Province. The potential of octopus resources in these waters is estimated at 10,652 ton/year. This potency has a close correlation with production. However, there has been a decrease in octopus production, indicating that the utilization rate in these areas has already overexploited. This study aims to determine the status or current utilization level of the octopus fishing ground. The status of octopus fishing ground in Banggai Laut waters was analyzed using Length Based-Spawning Potential Ratio measured by mantle length of captured octopus. The result of Spawning Potential Ratio analysis showed that its value was 15%, which is below the biological reference point (<20%). This value indicates that the utilization rate of octopus fishing ground in Banggai Laut Regency area has already overexploited. The countermeasures which can be used for the restoration and improvement of octopus stocks are necessary for the sustainability of octopus fishery in the future.
Solar panel energy for light fishing on a mini purse seiner
Authors: Triharyono Ari , Purwangka Fis , Kurniawati Vita Rumanti
Published: June 2022

High demands for diesel fuel energy in light fishing on mini purse seiners at Tasikagung Rembang Coastal Fishing Port (PPP) led to an increase in the cost of fishing operations. Diesel fuel price continues to increase every year hence cheaper alternative energy is required to substitute existing fuel. The purposes of this research are to calculate the amount of energy needed for light fishing and to determine the need for solar panels for light fishing of mini purse seiners at PPP Tasikagung Rembang. Data were collected through fieldwork and observations in two samples of fishing vessels (vessels A and B of 29 GT), then being analyzed descriptively and comparatively. Results showed that the energy required by vessel A was lower than vessel B due to the difference in light composition. While vessel A required 292.800 Wh or 200 liters of fuel per night, vessel B consumed at least 394.600 Wh or the equivalent of 280 liters of fuel per night. Accordingly, the capacity of solar panels required by vessel A was 58.560 Wp and for B vessel was 394.600 Wp. However, only 2.05% and 1.27% of module capacity can be applied respectively.
Some indicators for assessing stock of golden rabbitfish (Siganus guttatus, Bloch 1787) in Wakatobi Waters, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Prihatiningsih  , Muchlis N , Taufik M , Amri K , Hartati S T
Published: June 2022

Golden rabbitfish (Siganus guttatus) is an important species to people in Wakatobi islands that are surrounded by the Banda Sea and the Flores Sea. They catch the fish for local consumptions and trade processed fish to other areas. This study aims to determine estimates of the fish's growth, mortality, and exploitation rates. The study was conducted from January to November 2016 in Wakatobi. Analysis was carried out the FISAT II package. The fish length ranged from 8.0 to 49.0 cm with an average of 26.19 cm. The growth pattern of male fish was positive allometric while for female fish was allometric negative. The sex ratio was inbalanced. The estimate of length at first capture (Lc) was 27.65 cm (FL) while the estimate of length at first maturity (Lm) was 30.49 cm (FL). The natural mortality (M) was 1.51/year while the fishing mortality was 1.28/year and the exploitation rate was 0.46/year. The SPR was 0.49, indicating the exploitation rate of Siganus guttatus in the studied areas is still at the optimum condition.
The dynamic coverage of coral reef habitat in Kapoposang Marine Tourism Park, Spermonde Island – Makassar Strait, Indonesia
Authors: Fihrin H , Arifin T , Hidayat R , Rahmania R , Yulius  , Gunawan D , Ramdhan M
Published: June 2022

Around 20 percent of coral reef coverage and its high biodiversity in Spermonde Island has been declining in the last 12 years, where the dominant loss is the hard coral. However, only few studies use multi-scale accuracy methods to estimate the loss of hard corals in Kapoposang Marine Tourism Park. Hence, this study aims to map and analyze the dynamics of coral reef covers in Kapoposang Marine Tourism Park of Spermonde Islands for the past two decades (from 2000 to 2019). Data was obtained from the coral reef survey, to validate the Landsat imageries (TM dan ETM+), which were acquired and selected based on similar tides conditions. Gap fills on Landsat ETM+ are managed using Frame and Fill software, then analyzed using Lyzenga algorithm and validated with ground truth data. This study reveals that the coral reef coverage in Kapoposang Marine Tourism Park increased about 9,61% from 2000 to 2015, then declined about 7,41% from 2015 to 2019.
The study of flocculation efficiency of microalgae Chlorella vulgaris (Chlorophyta) using chitosan
Authors: Endrawati Hadi , Widianingsih Widianingsih , Hartati Retno , Nuraeni Ria Azizah T , Mahendrajaya Robertus Triaji
Published: June 2022

Recently, many studies on Chlorella vulgaris have been carried out because C vulgaris contains many nutrients that are very useful for humans and the culture of marine organisms as natural foods. Until now, the biggest production cost is the harvesting process cost., This research aims to study the flocculation efficiency of the microalgae C vulgaris using chitosan flocculants. In this study, the treatments were chitosan concentration (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100 ppm) and settling time (10, 20, 30 and 40 minutes). Each treatment was replicated three times. Based on the result of the study, the use of chitosan concentration of 20 ppm showed that the flocculation efficiency value was greater than 90% at the deposition (settling) times of 20, 30, and 40 minutes. Even though the higher the chitosan concentration value given, the greater the flocculation efficiency value, the statistical test showed no significant differences between flocculation efficiency in different concentrations of chitosan and time settling (P> 0.05).
Reference collection amidst COVID-19 pandemic: fish, crustacea, and mollusc of rumphius expeditions deposited in Ambon, Indonesia
Authors: Pitriana P , Romdon A , Islami M M , Tala D J , Nendissa F , Basit A
Published: June 2022

Due to COVID-19, many scientists have to work remotely and have limited access to physical reference collections. This situation has highlighted that providing online digital content is considered one of the most effective solutions. To make materials of reference collection more accessible to scientists or researchers, we here report the Rumphius expeditions (1973 – 1980) materials to Indonesia that still remain at the Ambon Research Station or now become reference collection of Centre for Deep-Sea Research, LIPI-Ambon, Indonesia. The morphological analyses of fish, crustacea, and mollusc collected during the Rumphius expeditions revealed: 34 species from 23 different genera of fish; 21 species from 19 different genera of crustacea; and 60 species from 42 different genera of mollusc. This study demonstrates the value of reference collections as a resource in marine biology science and the important role of archivists in this current pandemic situation.
Rate and causes of lost gillnets in the Pangandaran Waters of Indonesia
Authors: Riyanto M , Wahju R I , Komarudin G S
Published: June 2022

Ghost gear is one part of marine debris interpreted as abandoned, lost, or otherwise discarded fishing gear in the waters. A gillnet is the fishing gear with the greatest potential to cause ghost gear. Most fishers at Cikidang Fish Landing Base (PPI) Pangandaran use gillnets (80%), which have a high potential to become ghost gear. Data and information related to ghost gear in Pangandaran are still minimal. The study aims to estimate the number of lost gillnets and identify the causal factors at PPI Cikidang. The number of lost gillnets was investigated using a questionnaire to the fishermen. The results showed that the number of lost gillnets from 2015-2019 experienced a trend fluctuating. The average number of lost gillnets during 2015-2019 was estimated at 4,612 pieces or 224,584 m with 7,740 kg. The main factors causing the loss of gillnets in Pangandaran waters were water current, 37%, snagged 32%, conflict, 25%, and discarded 6%. Efforts to reduce lost gear include socialization regarding lost gear to fishers, gear marking, and the use of technology to minimize lost gear by using the Global Positioning System (GPS) and line haulers.
Characteristics of seaweed salt residue Sargassum polycystum and coffee dregs as raw materials for body scrubs
Authors: Nurjanah  , Jacoeb A M , Amanda N D , Seulalae A V
Published: June 2022

Body scrub contains coarse grains that act as sandpaper (obrasiver). Seaweed salt residue can be a substitute for microbeads in body scrub. The production body scrub from the residue of Sargassum polycystum seaweed can be added with coffee dregs. This study aims the characteristics of the raw material and the effect of the addition of coffee dregs on the characteristics of a body scrub. The research contained three-stage, namely preparation of seaweed salt residue, coffee dregs, and production of the body scrub. The body scrub preparations were carried out by mixing the water phase and the oil phase. The addition of coffee dregs with a concentration (0; 1; 2; 3%) to the body scrub. The selected product was a body scrub with 7% Sargassum polycystum seaweed salt residue and 3% coffee dregs (S 7:3). The pH value of the selected product was 6.76 and the dispersion was 3.57 cm. The emulsion stability test showed that the cream was in a stable state. The antioxidant activity of the selected product using the 1.1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) method was 55.54 ppm and the Cupric Ion Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC) was 78.84 (μM/g). The results showed that body scrubs have good moisture for the skin.
Effect of the ratio Limnocharis sp. and Sargassum sp. on the characteristics of seaweed salt
Authors: Nurjanah  , Abdullah A , Jacoeb A M , Prameswari D K , Seulalae A V
Published: June 2022

Seaweed salt is low sodium salt made from seaweed.Sargassumsp. is one of the brown seaweed that is utilized as raw material in the production of seaweed salt. The use of other raw materials to increase potassium from seaweed salt, one of is genjer (Limnocharissp.). This study purpose to determine the characteristics ofSargassumsp. andLimnocharissp. as raw material in the production of seaweed salt and to determine the characteristics of seaweed salt resulting from the combination ofSargassumsp. andLimnocharissp. to Na:K ratio and antioxidant activity. Salt treatment was made from a combination of seaweed and genjer in the ratio of 1:1 and 2:1. The combination filtrate dried using an electric oven at 60°C for 30 hours. The observed data were analyzed using a variety of ANOVA analysis and Duncan’s test was carried out if the results showed a real effect. Seaweed flour from the combination ofSargassumsp. and genjer (Limnocharissp.) contains high carbohydrate and ash with high crude fiber.Sargassumsp. flour contains flavonoids, steroids, and saponins, whileLimnocharissp. contains flavonoids, steroids, and triterpenoids. The combination ofSargassumsp. andLimnocharissp. (1:1) reduced the Na:K ratio of seaweed salt. Seaweed salt from a combination of brown seaweed and genjer (1:1) produced 19.88% yield, Na:K ratio 0.34 mg/g, NaCl content 24.04%, and strong antioxidant activity of 73.85 ppm. NaCl content from the combination ofSargassumsp. andLimnocharissp. (1: 1) was in accordance with the criteria for dietary salt.
Antioxidant activity of green seaweed Caulerpa racemosa (Försskal) J. Agardh from Balai Island Water, Aceh
Authors: Gazali Mohamad , Nurjanah  , Zamani Neviaty P. , Zuriat  , Suriani Mai , Alfitrah Raboni , Syafitri Rina , Hanum Zuraida , Zurba Nabil , Febrina Citra Dina , Chermahini Siavash Hosseinpour
Published: June 2022

Caulerpa racemosa known as “sea grape” is green seaweed found in the coast of Balai Island Aceh Singkil, but the coastal community has not yet utilized this green seaweed. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of C. racemosa extract from Balai Island Aceh Singkil. In research method, the sample of C. racemosa was collected from Balai Island Aceh Singkil and crude extracts were prepared using ethanol, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane. The yield and phytochemical assay were measured then followed by the in vitro antioxidant assays including CUPRAC and FRAP. The result showed the highest yield was found in the ethanol (1.36%), followed by n-hexane (0.45%) and ethyl acetate extract (0.405%). C. racemosa crude extract has contained phenolic, flavonoid and tannin compounds. Measurement of antioxidant activity using the CUPRAC and FRAP methods respectively showed that the ethanol extract had higher activity with a value of 46.45±4.03 μmol trolox/g and 358±1.41 μmol trolox/g, compared to crude extract of ethyl acetate with a value of 23.74±0.03 μmol trolox/g and 568±7.07 μmol trolox/g. While the value of n-hexane extract was 21.56±0.028 μmol trolox/g and 15 μmol trolox/g. Some of these bioactive compounds possess a new antioxidant agent with potential for nutraceutical industry.
Effect of Acadian Marine Plant Extract Powder (AMPEP) on the growth of the Seaweed Kappaphycus alvarezii “Kulisusu“ seedlings cultivated in encircling tanks
Authors: Cahyani Hijra , Aslan La Ode M. , Balubi Muis , Iba Wa , Rahman Abdul , Patadjai Andi Besse , Hafid Harapin , Ya’la Zakirah Raihani
Published: June 2022

Acadian Marine Plant Extract Powder (AMPEP) is a commercial organic fertilizer extract from brown seaweed, Ascophyllum nodosum. This study aimed to examine the effect of different concentrations of AMPEP extract on K. alvarezii “Kulisusu” seedlings. We investigated the daily growth rate (DGR), ratio of wet weight and dry weight (FW: DW ratio), and the survival rate of seedlings in encircling tanks. Concentrations of AMPEP used in this study were 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 g L-1 at 30 min immersion time and without AMPEP as control for a 1-month cultivation period. The results showed that the 0.2 g L-1 of AMPEP showed higher DGR in 6-18 days of culture period (3.43-4.25%/day), the 0.6 g L-1 was higher in the 24 days culture period (3.50%/day), and the 0.8 g L-1 concentration was higher in the 30 days of culture period (3.76%/day). For FW: DW ratio, 0.2 g L-1 of AMPEP concentration showed the highest ratio (8.73:1) and was significantly different from the other treatments (p<0.05). In addition, all treatments showed a high survival rate (>93.33%) with minor variation amongst the treatments (p>0.05). The results concluded that using 0.2 g L-1 of AMPEP in encircling tanks was suitable for seedling development.
Effect of ultrasonication-assisted extraction time on the profile of phycocyanin from wet biomass Spirulina plantesis
Authors: Hardiningtyas Safrina Dyah , Setyaningsih Iriani , Susila Aulia Andhika Radya
Published: June 2022

Phycocyanin is a phycobiliprotein compound obtained from Spirulina platensis that can be used as a natural color, functional food, or as a cosmeceutical ingredient. The ultrasonication-assisted extraction (UAE) method can be an alternative to obtain phycocyanin from S. plantesis wet biomass. We were aimed to determine the effect of ultrasonication time on profile crude extract phycocyanin from wet biomass S. platensis, and to compare the profile crude extract phycocyanin produced from UEA and freeze-thawing methods. Phycocyanin was extracted from wet biomass S. plantesis using the UEA method with different times: 1) the extraction was carried out for 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 minutes of ultrasonication, and 2) the extraction was carried out for 10, 15, and 20 minutes of ultrasonication. The result showed that UAE for 10 minutes has the highest concentration, yield, and purity index of phycocyanin, namely 1065.54±182.76 g/mL, 10.65±1.82%, 1.12±0.04. This result also was higher than the crude extract of phycocyanin obtained from the freeze-thawing method. Thus, the ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) method can effectively produce phycocyanin from Spirulina plantesis wet biomass.
Microencapsulation of trypsin from the intestine of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus Albacares)
Authors: Nurhayati Tati , Ramadhan Wahyu , Raharja Tubagus Fatahilah Kerta
Published: June 2022

Fish viscera is one of the waste products from fisheries that have not been widely used it tends to be disposed of more. Whereas in fish innards there are some enzymes including the trypsin found in the intestines. To increase the added value of fish viscera, a study on the extraction and microencapsulation of trypsin from fish intestines was carried out. This study aimed to analyze the activity of the trypsin from tuna intestine microencapsulated using maltodextrin. The concentrations of maltodextrin used were 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% w/v. The microencapsulated enzymes were then dried using a spray dryer. The results showed that the crude extract of the trypsin had a specific activity value of 0.250 U/mg with a Vmax value of 0.0379 mmol/s and Km 0.2299 mM. Trypsin microencapsulated with 1% (w/v) maltodextrin was the best treatment because it has the highest specific activity (0.235±0.013 U/mg) with Vmax values of 0,0208 mmol/s and Km of 0,8581 mM. After going through the drying process with a spray dryer, the enzyme activity decreased by 10±1%.
The potential of milkfish (Chanos chanos) gelatin as stabilizer in ice cream production
Authors: Swastawati Fronthea , Ardie Bagas Rimbayu , Romadhon  , Fahmi Ahmad Suhaeli , Purnamayati Lukita
Published: June 2022

Fish scale gelatin as an alternative to pork gelatin is largely demanded by the community. The gelatin can be used as a stabilizer in the production of ice cream. This study aimed to define the potential of milkfish scale gelatin (Chanos chanos) as a stabilizer in ice cream. The milkfish scale gelatin with different concentrations used in this research were 0% as control, 0.3%, 0.5%, and 0.7%. Samples were analyzed such as yield, gel strength, and viscosity of gelatin as well as protein, overrun, melting rate, and hedonic tests on ice cream with three times of 100 replications. This study revealed that the addition of various concentrations of gelatin had a significant effect on the test parameters (p<0.05) in ice cream. The results of the gelatin yield test were 9%, the gel strength was 134.32 blooms, and the viscosity was 3.01 cP. The results of milkfish scale gelatin ice cream with three replications at a concentration of 0.7% overall had a better value, which concluded that milkfish scale gelatin has the potential to be used as an ice cream stabilizer and was well accepted by the panelis.
Determination of coconut milk’s volume to produce rendang tuna
Authors: Nurjanah  , Suseno Sugeng Heri , Andika Nuraisya , Hidayat Taufik , Manalu Lamhot P , Adinegoro Himawan
Published: June 2022

Rendang is one of traditional Indonesian food made from meat and coconut milk. Fish meat is infrequently used for the production of rendang. Tuna can be used as a suitable raw material in the production of rendang. This research aimed to determine the volume of coconut milk to produce a preferable rendang tuna by sensory and proximate analysis and analyze changes in chemical composition (fatty acids and cholesterol). Four volumes of coconut milk (150, 250, 350, and 450 mL) were used in 500 g piece of flesh. The 150 mL coconut milk treatment gave the best sensory values. The fatty acid composition of rendang tuna had an n-6:n-3 ratio of 5.27 and 262.36 mg/100 g of cholesterol component.
The design of blockchain network of palm oil FFB supply from certified farms and traceability system of CPO from independent smallholders
Authors: Falgenti K , Arkeman Y , Hambali E , Syamsu K
Published: June 2022

Mills produce Crude Palm Oil (CPO) from procurement channels of their plantation, plasma farm, and independent smallholders’ farm. The mill manufactures Fruit Fresh Bunch FFB from all channels and sells CPO with low Free Fatty Acid (FFA) CPO for foods and CPO for industrial. CPO with low FFA for export consists of premium-grade CPO with FFA level < 2% and super-grade CPO with FFA level <3.5%. This Low FFA CPO is exported for food to developed countries. The food industry as a CPO customer needs a lot of information about the origin of the CPO commodity and information about sustainable oil palm agriculture governance. The challenges of building low FFA CPO traceability system raw material of CPO come from three-channel of FFB procurement and produce the various quality of CPO. This study aims to map the FFB supply at PT. RSI from Roundtable on Sustainability Palm Oil (RSPO) certificate farm in independent smallholders groups channel in the Hyperledger Fabric blockchain network and smart contract. The interaction of entities with smart contracts is described in the ERD diagram, and the form of collaboration between entities is illustrated in the sequence diagram. The design of blockchain network of FFB supply and traceability of FFB from independent smallholders group procurement channel was based on CPO sales data from the exporter. The contribution of independent smallholders group channels to produce low FFA CPO was calculated. By presenting the CPO supply system on a map, independent smallholders’ farms’ source of low FFA CPO can be identified. Finally, various sustainable information in the farms can be shared.
Utilization of municipal solid waste into electricity energy: A performance of PLTSa Bantargebang pilot project
Authors: Winanti W S , Purwanta W , Wiharja
Published: June 2022

Municipal solid waste (MSW) has become a serious problem for cities in Indonesia. The increasing population and economic activity as well as the increasing difficulty in obtaining land for landfills are the real problems faced. Waste generation from urban areas currently reaches 29.4 million tons annually and that has been managed reaches 62.29%. The Indonesian government has targeted 100% waste management by 2025 by processing 70% and reducing it by 30%. To accelerate the achievement of this target, Presidential Regulation No. 35/2018 concerning installation construction acceleration of waste processing into electricity energy based on environmentally friendly technology has been issued. MSW in Indonesia contains 62.4% of biomass in the form of food waste, wood, vegetables and fruits which have the potential to be a source of energy. This paper describes the performance of PLTSa Bantargebang based on operating data in 2020. PLTSa Bantargebang was designed to be able to burn 100 tonnes of waste/day with an average calorific value of 1,500 kcal/kg and an electricity output of 700 kW. This plant was also equipped with a pre-treatment plant to reduce water content and air pollution control devices that can emit exhaust that met national emission standards. When this study was conducted, the WtE plant electricity production was around 350 kW which was only used for the internal operational needs of the WtE plant. In this condition, the WtE plant burns waste on average 65 tons waste per day. During 2020, the plant had burned 9,878 tonnes of waste by generating electricity of 784 MWh or an electricity conversion rate of 110.66 kWh/ton waste. Both exhaust gas emission and liquid waste have met national quality standards, so that it is an environmentally friendly WtE plant. The plant also produced fly ash and bottom ash around 19.41% of the weight of the waste burned.
Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunches and The Implementation of Zero Waste and Renewable Energy Technologies
Authors: Januari A D , Agustina H
Published: June 2022

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) are oil palm biomass that can be processed into organic amendments and energy sources. Currently, the methods to utilize these solid waste have become a concern because it is related to the implementation of the zero-waste concept. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the current management of EFB waste from palm oil mills based on the concept of zero waste and renewable energy. This study used secondary data analysis of palm oil mills, field interviews, and literature study to evaluate EFB waste management. The results showed that the ratio of EFB and CPO produced by palm oil mills was around 27:23. The average EFB produced by manufacturers is 3,558.8 tons/month. Most palm oil mills manage their EFB wastes using mulching treatment. This showed that palm oil mills in Indonesia have yet to implement the existing technologies that many researchers have developed. Composting and anaerobic digestion are the alternative treatments that can be implemented by palm oil mills since both can reduce the EFB waste and produce products that can be sold and reused. The government of Indonesia can encourage palm oil mills to shift their waste management from using mulching treatment to anaerobic digestion and composting treatment.
Production of Biodiesel Distillate with Low Monoglycerides for B40 Component by Using Distillation Technique with 1 and 30 Plates Column
Authors: Fuad Muhammad , Kurniawan Muh
Published: June 2022

One of the quality standard indicators for biodiesel (fatty acid methyl ester, FAME) product specifications is monoglyceride content. Monoglycerides (MG) are residuals of the vegetable oil reactant that do not react completely in the process of making biodiesel, so that they become contaminants in biodiesel. The lower the monoglycerides in the biodiesel product, the better the quality of the biodiesel. In Indonesia’s B40 program, one scenario of adding 10% biodiesel is using FAME distillate on top of 30% regular FAME. The monoglyceride content in the FAME distillate for the B40 mixture was determined not to exceed 0.3 %wt. Distillation technique is one of the effective methods for reducing monoglyceride level in FAME. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of laboratory scale distillation with columns of 1 and 30 plates in reducing the monoglycerides concentrations. Refining FAME by true boiling point (TBP) distillation with 30 plates column under 5 mmHg vacuum at reflux ratio of 1; 2-3 showed that monoglyceride levels decreased significantly at the distillate fraction of 240-325 °C, from an initial level of 0.83 wt.% to 0.17 wt.%. Pour point temperature increased 2 times from the original biodiesel pour point temperature. The pour point temperature of distillate fractions of 240-325 °C, 325-330 °C and 330-335 °C were 12 °C, 21 °C and 24 °C, respectively. At the 340-345 °C distillate fraction, the pour point dropped drastically to 3 °C. By using 1 plate distillation column under operating 5 mmHg vacuum at a recovery rate of 90 %v, monoglycerides with an initial level of 0.83 wt.% can be reduced to 0.59 wt.%. distillate recovery. As the recovery rate of distillation level reduced to 86 vol%, the monoglycerides concentration was 0.29 wt.%.
The design of fuel dryer in palm oil processing industries by utilizing the heat product of boiler based on computational fluid dynamic
Authors: Soehartanto Totok , Putu Eka Widya Pratama I , Putra Alvin Davisa
Published: June 2022

Incomplete combustion process from boiler in palm oil processing industry usually discharged into the air in the form of black smoke due to the high water contain in the fuel of the boiler which will pollute the air. With this problem the research was conducted of designing a simulation of fuel dryer to dry out the boiler fuel before it used by utilizing the exhaust heat of the combustion system in the boiler. The simulation design of the fuel dryer is based on computational fluid dynamic (CFD) with parameters control are air velocity and heat temperature of fuel dryer. The results obtained the distribution of air velocity in the dryer has a value range of 0-40 m/s with the highest velocity occurring when hot exhaust air enters the dryer while the temperature distribution inside the dryer has a value range of 90-270 °C with the highest temperature appearing around hot air inlet exhaust and the lowest temperature appears in the hot air outlet section of the dryer.
Characterization of mono-diacylglycerols, cellulose nanocrystals, polypropylene, and supporting materials as raw materials for synthesis of antistatic bionanocomposites
Authors: Sarfat Muhammad Syukur , Setyaningsih Dwi , Fahma Farah , Indrasti Nastiti Siswi , Sudirman
Published: June 2022

The antistatic bionanocomposites could be synthesised using mono-diacylglycerols (M-DAG) as a antistatic agent, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) as a reinforcement, and polypropylene (PP) as an termoplastic matrix. The purpose of this study was to determine the physical characteristics of the raw materials for the synthesis of antistatic bionanocomposites. Characteristics of the raw materials consists of morphology analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), degree of crystallinity and particle size analysis using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Infrared spectrum analysis using fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermal properties analysis using differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and chemical characteristics analysis using Gas Chromatography – Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). The results of this research shows that the morphology analysis shows the particle distribution of M-DAG is uniform and not separated from each other, while the particle distribution of CNC is not uniform and separated from each other. The XRD diffractogram of M-DAG shows that the peaks at 19,508°, 20,401°, 22,607°, and 23,973° representing the diffraction structure of glycerol monostearate, particle sizes ranging between 0.1050 to 1.7814 nm with an average was 1.0460 nm, 92.85 % degree of crystallinity, and 7.15 % amorphous components. The XRD diffractogram of CNC shows that the peaks at 5.8530° and 22.58° representing the diffraction structure of cellulose I, particle sizes ranging between 4.7364 to 79.0949 nm with an average was 41.9157 nm, 98.95 % degree of crystallinity, and 1.05 % amorphous components. The FT-IR spectrum of M-DAG shows that the most significant changes in spectrum were in the region between 3500 cm-1 to 2800 cm-1 and 1850 cm-1 to 1650 cm-1. The FT-IR spectrum of CNC shows that the most significant changes in spectrum were in the region between 3700 cm-1 to 2500 cm-1, 1700 cm-1 to 1550 cm-1, and 900 cm-1 to 800 cm-1. The thermal properties of M-DAG, CNC, and PP shows that the melting temperature (Tm) were 48.41 – 72.78, 241.65 – 323.74, 163 °C respectively. The chemical characteristics of M-DAG obtained 33.86 % MAG, 27.99 % DAG, 2.01 % TAG, 2.85 % FFA, 3.37 % water, and 0.15 ash. The supporting materials consists of maleic anhydrate polypropylene (MAPP), antioxidant (AO), dan mineral oil (MO) were also identified.
Intermittent drying of dragon blood’s resin
Authors: Yuniarti K , Efiyanti L , Basri E , Pasaribu G , Waluyo TK
Published: June 2022

Dragon blood’s resin is one of herbal commodities from Indonesia’s forest, mainly obtained from the rattan fruits called Jernang (Daemonoropssp). The effectiveness of its simplicia as medical material is affected by, one of which, the processing stages it exposes to, i.e. the drying techniques being applied. Intermittent drying is a drying technique combining heating phase at certain temperature and period with non-heating phase at ambient temperature and certain period. The cycle was alternated until the samples being dried reach the final target condition. This study particularly investigated the effect of implementing different intermittent drying conditions on the drying rate and quality of dragon’s blood resin. Three heating temperatures, 60°C, 55°C and 55/60°C, and 2 non-heating periods, 15 and 30 mins, were applied. A 1-hour heating phase was applied and alternated regularly with the non-heating period. c. Further statistical analysis confirmed that the heating temperature levels and non-heating periods, as well as their interaction, significantly affected several quality parameters of dragon blood’s resin (dracorhodin, final moisture, ash and impurity levels). Intermittent drying with heating phase at 60°C and 15-mins non-heating period is potential for further application.
Processing of primary sludge of pulp industry as microfillers for polystyrene-based composite foams
Authors: Hidayani Tengku Rachmi , Wirjosentono Basuki , Nasution Darwin Yunus , Nasution Diana Adnanda
Published: June 2022

Primary sludge as main byproduct wastes in a pulping industry still contain some biomass and potentially affects the environment when was not handled properly. The pulp industry primary sludge (PIPS) can be processed as microfiller for polystyrene-based foam composites for various engineering applications, such as sound and vibration damping materials. The PIPS has been dried, milled and shieved to 100-400 mesh particle sizes. Physical and chemical properties of the PIPS have been tested using: particle size analysis (PSA), FTIR spectroscopy, then its thermal properties using differential scanning calorymetry (DSC). Incorporation of the PIPS microfiller in maleic anhydride-modified polystyrene (MA-m-PS) matrices for composite foam was carried out in a reflux reactor in xylene solution using Tween 80 as surfactant under stirring. The composite foam was characterized, firstly based on their densities compared to that of fresh PS resin, then using electron microscopy (SEM) for morphology properties. It was found that mean particle size of the dried and milled PIPS powder was 14.84 μm and its biomass content was 10.5%. Result of FTIR spectroscopy showed that many of the selected characteristic bands of lignocelluloses overlap, specifically, the selected band 1366 cm-1 for cellulose is very close to the 1368 cm-1 selected for hemicellulose. Whereas result of and its decomposition temperature 549.86°C with heat of combustion 16.34 cal/g, which indicating suitability of the PIPS powder as filler for polymeric foam microcomposites. The result of morphology analysis of the PIPS-filled microcomposites foam based on MA-m-PS (optimum weight ratio of MA-m-PS/PIPS: 80/20, density 0.88 g/cm3), using SEM showed that PIPS microfillers were well distributed within the MA-m-PS matrices.
Utilization of Grassy Biomass Grown in Heavy-Metal Contaminated Soil as Feedstock for Bioenergy Production - An LCA Study
Authors: Lynch M.N. , Satrio J A
Published: June 2022

Biomass is the only renewable source of carbon that, when utilized efficiently and optimally, can significantly help to reduce our reliance on fossil fuels. Certain types of perennial grasses, such as switchgrass, have great potential to be used as bio-renewable feedstock to produce bioenergy due to their relatively high yields of biomass per acreage of land. Furthermore, these grasses have the capability of extracting heavy metals from the contaminated soil, which in turn can improve the quality of the soil. A biorefinery process system consisting of two hydrolysis steps and a fast pyrolysis step to produce sugars and bio-oil using switchgrass grown in lead contaminated soil was studied. The study showed that the presence of lead in the grassy feedstock did not seem to affect the yields of sugars and bio-oil from the hydrolysis and the fast pyrolysis steps, respectively. An LCA study on growing switchgrass for soil phytoremediation using the switchgrass as feedstock for the biorefinery system was performed. Results from the study showed that the combination of using switchgrass as soil phytoremediation agent and feedstock for producing energy in a biorefinery decreases GHG emissions and lowers the use of energy produced from fossil fuels when compared with a combination of a refinery system and ex-situ excavation for soil remediation.
Description of maize check genotypes stability for selection on tidal swamp-land for grain production
Authors: Suwarti  , Ghulamahdi Munif , Trikoesoemaningtyas  , Sopandi Didy , Sulistyono Eko , Azrai Muhammad
Published: June 2022

Determination of check genotypes for maize biomass and grain production on the tidal swamp acid soil environment was randomly picked among the genotypes, regarding of the lack information about check genotypes characteristics on tidal swampland. This study aimed to analyze maize check genotype characteristics on a tidal swamp. Five check genotypes (open-pollinated variety=Sukmaraga, hybrid variety=P27, elite lines=NEI9008, elite lines=MR14, three-way cross hybrid=Bima20URI) was planted among 150 maize lines, tested on tidal swampland in three environment treatment (saturated soil culture/SSC, saturated soil culture+temporary flooding/SSC+TF, and acid dry land/DL). Augmented Randomized Complete Block Design (Augmented RCBD) with five replications was used for this experiment. Data were analyzed using PBSTAT-CL 2.1 statistic tool. The result showed that SSC was the most suitable land management technique for maize plant crops in tidal swamp acid soil. Bima20URI grain biomass production was high in SSC land management of tidal swamp environment. Meanwhile, P27 hybrid variety was ideal for all treatments and adaptable to stressed environment. Sukmaraga was unstable genotype on the and declined on SSC+TF but suitable for SSC. NEI9008 genotypes have high productivity in stressed environments, and MR14 line genotype has stable grain production in every treatment environment yet has lower grain productivity.
The Influence of Gasoline-Bioethanol Blends on Lubrication Characteristic of 4T Motorcycle Engine Oil
Authors: Hanifuddin M. , Malik Rizkia , Fibria Milda , Respatiningsih Catur Y , Karina Rona Malam , Widodo Setyo , Purnami Tri , Anggarani Riesta , Maymuchar  , Wibowo Cahyo Setyo
Published: June 2022

Bioethanol produced from renewable resources can be the substitute of gasoline or blended with it, gives better exhaust emissions, and has oxygen content to boost combustion. The combustion chamber liner of motorcycles’ engine need tobe lubricated with lubricants of engine oil characteristics. The unburned fuel from gasoline-bioethanol blends have a tendency to enter the oil sump. The increasing amount of bioethanol content accumulated within the oil may degrade the quality the engine oil. The aims of this study are to identify and to analyze the influence of gasoline-bioethanol blends accumulation on the characteristic of engine oils. The methodology applied in this study were adding gasoline-bioethanol blends (E40, E50, E60) into 3 types of commercial four-strokes motorcycle engine oils (SAE 5W-30, SAE 10W-40, SAE 20W-50) and analysing the effects of these addition to the engine oils characteristics by comparing the properties of each mixtures of fuel-lube blends. The engine oil properties choosed to be the studied parameters are density (ASTM D4052), kinematic viscosity (ASTM D445), flash point (ASTM D92) and four ball wear test (ASTM D 4172). The result gained from this study showed that the bioethanol content as fuel diluent resulted from unburned bioethanol decrease the quality of engine oils.
The effect of drying process of cellulose nanofiber from oil palm empty fruit bunches on morphology
Authors: Burhani Dian , Septevani Athanasia Amanda , Setiawan Ruby , Djannah Luthfia Miftahul , Muhammad Andrew Putra Pratama
Published: June 2022

One major manufacturing challenge in nanocellulose production is getting the dry form of nanocellulose while maintaining its nano-size dimensions. Different drying techniques will produce nanocellulose with different sizes and morphologies. Each has its own specific application. This study performed three methods to dry nanocellulose suspension, specifically cellulose nanofiber, including freeze-drying, spray-drying, and oven drying. The morphology and particle size of the dried CNF were analyzed using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE SEM). Sponge-like material, also known as aerogel with low density (0.01 – 0.02 g/cm3) and high porosity (98%), was obtained via freeze-drying. Meanwhile, finely grounded solidly in a spherical and irregular form has resulted from the spray drying process of CNF, with an average diameter of less than 2 μm. Oven-dried CNF formed rigid thin film with a rough surface. However, the FE-SEM micrograph indicated that the nanoscale dimension of the oven-dried CNF has no longer existed. Therefore, oven-drying is not suggested as a drying method for nanocellulose.
Optimization of Calophyllum oil extraction and its application for biogasoline
Authors: Kartika I A , Sumbogo S D , Fataya I , Trisunaryanti W , Hartati  , Sailah I
Published: June 2022

The utilization of a binary solvent, i.e. n-hexane-methanol mixture, for Calophyllum oil extraction and resin separation in a direct stage was optimized in this research. Optimum oil yield and separated resin percentage were determined using response surface method with optimizing of extraction time, temperature and stirring speed. Biogasoline production was conducted using thermal cracking at 475-575 °C of oil obtained from optimum extraction condition. The oil yield was optimized using second order polynomial model. Extraction time affected oil yield more significantly than temperature and stirring speed. Oil yield improved when extraction time, temperature and stirring speed augmented, and the optimum oil yield (59%) was predicted to be reached at 5.3 h, 49 °C and 385 rpm. Besides, the separated resin percentage was predicted to be constant (20%) with increasing extraction time, temperature and stirring speed so there was no optimum separated resin percentage. The oil obtained from optimum extraction condition showed good quality at 0.91 g/cm3 of density, 45.13 mPa.s of viscosity, 26.4 mg KOH/g of acid value, trace water and sediment content, and zero ash content. The thermal cracking of oil produced 5-79 wt.% liquid product (biogasoline). Biogasoline yield improved as temperature increased from 475 to 575 °C, and so the highest biogasoline yield (79 wt.%) was obtained at 575 °C. The GC-MS analysis result of liquid product showed that the biogasoline was composed of C5-C12 fraction (32.2 wt.%), C16-C19 fraction (36.8 wt.%), and non-hydrocarbon fraction (9.4 wt.%).
Valorization of corncob through torrefaction process
Authors: Suharyatun Siti , Farisi Muhammad Nauval , Rahmawati Winda , Haryanto Agus
Published: June 2022

Corncobs is a waste of post-harvest corn processing that has great potential to be used as a source of renewable solid fuel. Its high moisture and volatile solids content produces a lot of smoke when corncob is burned, so it is rarely used as fuel. This study aims to improve the quality of corncob fuel through the torrefaction process. The corncob was naturally dried using sunrays for two days and cut into pieces of 1-3 cm in size. The torrefaction process was carried out using a cylindrical rotary reactor which operated at a speed of 30 RPM and was heated using an external heat source. The variations of torrefaction time were 30, 40, and 60 minutes. The parameters to be observed included moisture content, ash content, volatile content, calorific value, and hydrophobicity of materials. The results showed that the torrefaction process improved the quality of corncobs as seen from an increase in calorific value, an increase in hydrophobicity. In this study, the calorific value of the torrefied corncobs was 18.89 MJ/kg to 21.61 MJ/kg, which was higher than the caloric value of the non-torrefied corncobs of 17.66 MJ/kg. The torrefied corncobs are also more hydrophobic and absorb less water than the non-torrefied corncobs.
Vitamin and mineral content of microalgae Phorpyridium and Chlorella and development prospects for food raw materials in Indonesia
Authors: Fithriani D , Melanie S
Published: June 2022

Porphyridium cruentum is a product of the division of the genus Rhodophyta. It is a single cell that lives or colonizes freely in mucillago. The cells continuously secrete mucillago compounds, forming a capsule that envelops the cells. Mucillago is a sulfate polysaccharide that is soluble in water [1]. Microalgae Chlorella sp. are marine algae that can grow on fresh water and sea water media. This type of algae has a green pigment included in it class Chlorophyceae of the Chlorellaceae family. The goal of this study was to find out how much vitamin and mineral content there was in Phorpyridium and Chlorella cultivated on Conway media. The findings demonstrate that Phorpyridium has a higher vitamin E content than vitamins B1, B2, and B6. ie. 2,4 mg/100 g. Mineral analysis showed that Phorpyridium contained K minerals (45,7 mg/100g), Ca (201 g/100g), Mg (1090 mg/100g), Fe (38,2 mg/kg), Zn (3,45 mg/kg), Se (0,04 mg/kg), and P (2351 mg/kg).. Vitamin analysis of Chlorella show that vitamin B1 in Chlorella higher than Phorpyridium ie.( 3,71 mg/kg). Mineral analysis showed that Chlorella contained K minerals (714 mg/100g), Ca (331 g/100g), Mg (335 mg/100g), Fe (539 mg/kg), Zn (21,7 mg/kg), Se (0,22 mg/kg), and P (2982 mg/kg).
The Effect Characteristics Cetane Number of Commercial High-Speed Diesel Fuel-Biodiesel Palm Oil-Based Blends on CFR engine
Authors: Maymuchar  , Wirahadi Dimaz , Faturrahman Nur Allif , Febria Milda , Hanifuddin M. , Aisyah Lies , Supriadi Faqih , Bethari Sylvia Ayu , Karina Rona Malam , Rulianto Dimitri , Anggarani Riesta , Yuliarita Emi , Wibowo Cahyo Setyo
Published: June 2022

Renewable energy is an important issue for substituting fossil fuels in the world. Biofuel is one of the most used fuels for transportation, mining, and the industrial sector. The government of Indonesia’s policy has mandatorily used biofuel for the blend to fossil fuel. Biodiesel production from palm oil base has good characteristics for substitute/blend to high-speed diesel (HSD) in the market. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cetane number value of variant HSD-biodiesel blend and the methodology with blending two types HSD and biodiesel (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%). The measurement of cetane number used a CFR engine in accordance with ASTM D 613. The result of this study was that the increasing percentage of biodiesel blend influenced the increasing value of cetane number, but the increasing value of cetane number was not linear. Therefore, biodiesel can be used as a cetane booster for HSD.
Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) Curve for Furfural Purification from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Hydrolysate Solution with the UNIQUAC Model
Authors: Handita Fabio Carisma , Fahriz Andre , Harahap Perdana , Darmawan Muhammad Arif , Ramadhan Yusuf Arya Muhammad , Gozan Misri
Published: June 2022

Furfural is the main Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB) hydrolysis product. It can achieve high purity from hydrolysate distillation. Its equipment design can be done by utilizing vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data to achieve high furfural purity. The purpose of this research is to develop a Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) curve for furfural purification from Oil Palm Empty Bunch hydrolysate solution with the Universal Quasi Chemical (UNIQUAC) model. Distillation data is obtained from literature and examined on the Universal Quasi Chemical (UNIQUAC) model. Calculations for average deviation and R2 are also made to show the accuracy of the model quantitatively. The modeled VLE curve indicates that the UNIQUAC model and the literature distillation pattern are not ideal, and the UNIQUAC curve pattern closely follows the literature pattern. The average deviation and R2 values for this UNIQUAC model are 0.0954 and 0.297, respectively. These values are still acceptable and show that UNIQUAC can be used as useful model distillation data of furfural and water as the representatives of an OPEFB hydrolysate solution.