bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Graduate Conversations: Assessing the Space Needs of Graduate Students
Authors: Kinsley Kirsten , Besara Rachel , Scheel Abby , Colvin Gloria , Brady Jessica Evans , Burel Melissa
Published: August 2015

This article discusses the preferences, habits, and needs of graduate students as they relate to spaces for research and study. The findings are based on a large-scale ethnographic study of graduate students at Florida State University conducted between 2010 and 2013. Using a variety of ethnographic methods, researchers found that graduate students have diverse needs and unequal access to appropriate spaces and resources to meet those needs. Libraries can help fill the gaps left by home and academic departments by providing a range of spaces offering different noise levels, resources, and other amenities.
What's Inside the Cube? Students' Investigation with Models and Technology
Authors: Obara Samuel , Jiang Zhonghong
Published: August 2015

Applying Zometool, vZome software, and The Geometer's Sketchpad to tetrahedrons nested in cubes enhances students' spatial visualization skills.
Teaching the Perpendicular Bisector: A Kinesthetic Approach
Authors: Touval Ayana
Published: August 2015

Through movement-a welcome change of pace-students explore the properties of the perpendicular bisector.
Stop Teaching and Let Students Learn Geometry
Authors: Bossé Michael J. , Adu-Gyamfi Kwaku
Published: August 2015

A geometry course for teachers—easily adaptable to a high school geometry class—integrates technology, reasoning, communication, collaboration, reading, writing, and multiple representations.
Recreating History with Archimedes and Pi
Authors: Santucci Lora C.
Published: August 2015

Students use modern technology to investigate historical perspectives and calculate an approximation of π.
Thinking Deeply about Area and Perimeter
Authors: Nirode Wayne
Published: August 2015

Using a 6-inch-square sheet of paper and a simple rule for creating a polygon, students can explore interesting area and perimeter problems.
Coleridge’s Late Confessions: Personification, Convention, and Free Agency
Authors: King Joshua
Published: August 2015

In this essay, I freshly examine Coleridge’s late poems, asking how several respond to his abiding fear of authors and readers surrendering their free wills to the fashions and conditioned attitudes of nineteenth-century print culture. Connecting this anxiety to Coleridge’s views of personification, the Bible, and his own public image, I interpret his late poems as confessions of the conventional determination of writing and reading that he resisted in his critical prose. This late concession, I suggest, might also be an unexpected defense of free agency: by displaying their conventionality, these late poems appear—at least to several early and recent readers—to reflect the strategy of a self-aware and self-determining poet.
Avatars in Edinburgh: The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner and the Second Life of Hogg’s Ettrick Shepherd
Authors: George Jacqueline
Published: August 2015

In this essay, I deploy the contemporary technical term avatar to interpret the functions of “the Ettrick Shepherd,” a character associated with James Hogg that originated in Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine and appears subsequently in Hogg’s novel The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner (1824). The notorious difficulty of Sinner, I argue, is due in part to the movement of the Shepherd, as an avatar, from one textual realm to another in a way that reveals the limits of meaning making in synthetic landscapes. I show how reading the Shepherd as an avatar furthers our understanding of the novel’s engagement with Blackwood’s, as well as the experience of readers in Romantic-era Edinburgh, whose literary culture thrived on dynamic representations of and relationships between people in print.
“Ode on a Grecian Urn” and Browning’s “A Toccata of Galuppi’s”
Authors: Hawlin Stefan
Published: August 2015

This essay identifies and explores the intertextual relationship between Browning’s crucial mid-career poem, “A Toccata of Galuppi’s,” and Keats’s “Ode on a Grecian Urn,” affirming the latter as the crucial inter-text for the former. “A Toccata of Galuppi’s” is revealed as a metatextual commentary, providing an interesting mid-nineteenth-century perspective on Keats’s ode, where we can see aspects of the tension in Browning’s sensibility between “Hebrew” and “Hellene” playing themselves out.
Domesticating the Child: Maternal Responses to Hereditary Discourse in The Tenant of Wildfell Hall
Authors: Pellerito Elizabeth
Published: August 2015

This article examines the early nineteenth century connections between human, animal and plant by placing Erasmus Darwin’s The Botanic Garden (1791) and The Temple of Nature (1803) in conversation with Anne Brontë’s The Tenant of Wildfell Hall (1848). I argue that the Romantic versions of heredity described in Darwin’s poetry tended to reinscribe traditional gender roles. Brontë’s Tenant, on the other hand, revises earlier notions of heredity and motherhood via Helen Huntingdon, the wife of an alcoholic who tries to prevent her son from activating his genetic taint. By reconfiguring the supposedly natural connections between patriarchal inheritance of the land on the one hand and biological traits on the other, and by reclaiming and reinscribing popular metaphors of breeding, Anne Brontë’s female protagonist creates and attempts to implement a maternalist version of heredity while remaining entrenched within the nineteenth-century cult of motherhood. Whereas the Romantic and romanticized poetry of Erasmus Darwin and his contemporaries’ approach to natural history bestowed human characteristics on plants in order to make their reproduction more comprehensible, The Tenant of Wildfell Hall does the opposite. Without a satisfactory framework in place to express the anxieties surrounding human heredity, Brontë turns the tables on the metaphor and applies the language of breeding and agriculture to a human child. In doing so, she creates an alternate version of heredity based on maternal strength and power rather than one predicated upon patriarchal structures of kinship and economic inheritance.
Perspective de pairs aidants sur leur expérience d’animation d’un programme d’autotraitement du trouble panique
Authors: Perreault Michel , Bouchard Stéphane , Lapalme Micheline , Laverdure Anick , Audet Denis , Cusson Jean-Claude , Zacchia Camillo , Milton Diana , Sam Tion Michaël , Chartier-Otis Mariko , Marchand André , Bélanger Claude
Published: August 2015

Objectif : Les groupes de soutien permettent de rejoindre des personnes atteintes de troubles anxieux qui ne sont pas desservies ou ne le sont que partiellement par les services de la santé. La présente étude porte sur le recours à des pairs aidants pour l’animation d’un programme d’autotraitement (Zéro-ATAQ). Leur point de vue sur ce programme a été documenté de manière à déterminer les aspects qui pourraient en être améliorés.

Méthode : Onze pairs aidants ont animé les 12 sessions du programme qui a été dispensé dans quatre régions du Québec auprès de 32 personnes atteintes du trouble panique avec agoraphobie. La perspective de dix pairs animateurs a été documentée à partir d’une entrevue semi-structurée au terme du programme, puis, après plus de six mois, par un focus group réunissant les pairs animateurs de l’ensemble des groupes. Les commentaires recueillis ont été transcrits et ont fait l’objet d’une analyse de contenu thématique.

Résultats : L’ensemble des animateurs rapportent avoir apprécié leur participation. Avoir pu ainsi venir en aide à des personnes éprouvant un trouble anxieux et avoir pu améliorer leurs connaissances caractérisent les propos rapportés. La quasi-totalité des pairs animateurs ont fait valoir l’importance de pouvoir compter sur la supervision d’un professionnel au besoin.

Conclusion : L’étude a mis en lumière (1) la faisabilité d’implanter un programme de ce type en partenariat avec des pairs, (2) les qualifications requises pour l’animation de ce programme, (3) les besoins sur le plan de la formation et du matériel requis, et (4) l’importance de la supervision.
Partage du savoir expérientiel : regard sur la contribution des patients partenaires d’enseignement en sciences infirmières
Authors: Goulet Marie-Hélène , Larue Caroline , Chouinard Chad
Published: August 2015

L’article vise à répertorier les principaux écrits scientifiques portant sur la contribution du patient partenaire d’enseignement dans les cours de professionnels de la santé. Cette recension des écrits ciblant 26 articles permet d’identifier les différents rôles du patient partenaire, ainsi que les retombées et les défis de son introduction dans le continuum de formation selon la perspective des patients partenaires, des étudiants et de l’équipe professorale. En discussion, les éléments de la recension sont mis en relation avec les réflexions des auteurs sur leur propre expérience d’enseignement.
Heterolingüismo y autotraducción. El caso de Álvaro Cunqueiro
Authors: Rodríguez Vega Rexina
Published: August 2015

A partir del análisis de las autotraducciones de Álvaro Cunqueiro, un autor reconocido por el canon tanto en la literatura gallega como en la castellana, se estudian las posibles implicaciones del bilingüismo endógeno en la autotraducción. Así se observa cómo se acentúa la tensión entre la tendencia a la preservación literal y literaria del heterolingüismo y el deseo de aceptabilidad en la cultura meta. Estas dos fuerzas opuestas, llevadas al extremo por un autor-traductor liberado del fantasma de la invisibilidad, acaban por ofrecer un texto excesivamente heterogéneo, marcado por estrategias enunciativas de signo diverso que, al mismo tiempo, manifiestan con claridad la voz propia y “distinta” del autotraductor como locutor segundo.
La recepción del poeta catalán Joan Brossa en Brasil
Authors: Farrés Ramon
Published: August 2015

La réception du poète catalan Joan Brossa (1919-1998) au Brésil depuis les années 1990 dépasse largement le degré habituel de notoriété des auteurs catalans dans les pays d’Amérique du Sud, et même dans la plupart des pays européens. Cette situation exceptionnelle prend sa source dans l’amitié qui unissait Brossa au poète brésilien João Cabral de Melo Neto (1920-1999) au cours des années 1940, alors que Cabral occupait un poste diplomatique à Barcelone. Cependant, d’autres facteurs ont favorisé la présence de l’oeuvre de Brossa au Brésil, en dehors même de sa relation avec Cabral. Cet article cherche à retracer les voies à travers lesquelles la poésie de cet auteur est parvenue au public brésilien, à distinguer grâce à qui – poètes, traducteurs, éditeurs, artistes… – Brossa occupe actuellement une place de choix dans le système littéraire du Brésil et à fournir une liste exhaustive des oeuvres de Brossa qui y ont été publiées à ce jour.
La contribution de la Francophonie mondiale au démantèlement du Canada français ou l’évolution du mouvement Richelieu (1944-1982)
Authors: Dupuis Serge
Published: August 2015

Cet article souligne la contribution de la Francophonie mondiale au démantèlement du projet national canadien-français entre les années 1950 et 1980. L’auteur reconnaît que le projet canadien-français continental s’est progressivement effrité non seulement à cause du ralentissement des migrations hors Québec, de l’intervention croissante de l’État, du néonationalisme québécois et du fédéralisme renouvelé, mais aussi parce que le projet mondial émergent de la Francophonie a, pendant ces mêmes années, marqué l’esprit des Canadiens français. L’évolution du mouvement Richelieu en constitue un parfait exemple. La mutation d’un organisme canadien-français en organisme francophone mondial à partir de la fin de la décennie 1960 rappelle dans quelle mesure ce nouvel échelon de solidarité a rassemblé des gens de différents continents, qui se sont progressivement ralliés à un projet et à une identité « francophones » au détriment d’un projet national plus restreint comme celui du Canada français.
Une forme supérieure d’intimité
Authors: Rondeau Frédéric
Published: August 2015

En 1972, André Major et Pierre Vadeboncoeur entament un dialogue épistolaire qui
durera plus de trente ans. Cette correspondance inédite témoigne notamment de leur rapport à
la littérature. Major et Vadeboncoeur y commentent leurs publications respectives, discutent
de leurs intérêts communs, rendent compte de leur relation intime avec l’écriture, mais
expriment aussi leurs désaccords. Dès les premières lettres, le lecteur constate qu’ils
éprouvent tous deux un profond sentiment d’incomplétude que seules la création et l’écriture
sont susceptibles de pallier. Selon André Major, la responsabilité essentielle qui lui
incombe est d’écrire alors que, pour Vadeboncoeur, le tiraillement entre la littérature et
l’engagement politique persiste et est vécu comme un véritable déchirement.
L’engagement et l’écriture (de fiction) à l’épreuve de l’autobiographique chez André Major
Authors: Auger Manon , Dion Robert
Published: August 2015

André Major a été, jusqu’à récemment, connu et reconnu essentiellement pour son oeuvre de romancier et de nouvelliste. Cependant, la parution tardive de trois volumes de ses carnets (Le sourire d’Anton ou l’adieu au roman, L’esprit vagabond et Prendre le large) appelle à une révision de son parcours d’écrivain, permettant en quelque sorte de jeter une lumière rétrospective sur sa production passée. En apparence, ces trois livres ont reconfiguré en profondeur l’oeuvre de Major de deux façons : d’une part, en faisant ressortir une veine autobiographique restée jusque-là plutôt discrète et, d’autre part, en inscrivant une rupture relativement franche avec la pratique de la fiction (que l’on serait tenté de faire remonter à la parution du Sourire d’Anton). Or, il semble que chez Major les réticences à l’égard des contraintes de la pratique fictionnelle apparaissent beaucoup plus tôt qu’on ne l’avait envisagé jusqu’à présent, comme du reste le souci d’une écriture de soi attentive aux exigences de la posture et de la vocation, toujours précaires, de l’écrivain, exigences qui vont de pair avec un désir d’engagement sans cesse menacé par la tentation de la désertion. Cet article montre que c’est la permanence d’une même attitude vis-à-vis divers aspects de sa pratique qui marque avant tout le parcours de Major.
Lamellipodin promotes actin assembly by clustering Ena/VASP proteins and tethering them to actin filaments
Authors: Hansen Scott D , Mullins R Dyche
Published: August 2015

Enabled/Vasodilator (Ena/VASP) proteins promote actin filament assembly at multiple locations, including: leading edge membranes, focal adhesions, and the surface of intracellular pathogens. One important Ena/VASP regulator is the mig-10/Lamellipodin/RIAM family of adaptors that promote lamellipod formation in fibroblasts and drive neurite outgrowth and axon guidance in neurons. To better understand how MRL proteins promote actin network formation we studied the interactions between Lamellipodin (Lpd), actin, and VASP, both in vivo and in vitro. We find that Lpd binds directly to actin filaments and that this interaction regulates its subcellular localization and enhances its effect on VASP polymerase activity. We propose that Lpd delivers Ena/VASP proteins to growing barbed ends and increases their polymerase activity by tethering them to filaments. This interaction represents one more pathway by which growing actin filaments produce positive feedback to control localization and activity of proteins that regulate their assembly.
“Partial Biochemical Characterization of Egg Masses of the Wedge Seahare Dolabella Auricularia (Lightfoot, 1786)”
Authors: Delan Gloria G. , Pepito Ador R. , Asakawa Manabu , Yasui Kaori , Cunado Venerando D. , Maningo Aurelia G. , Gonzales Amalia A. , Rica Rachel Luz V.
Published: August 2015

Egg masses of the wedge sea hare Dolabella auricularia are gathered as human food in the Visayas region and other areas in the Philippines, but there have been no studies examining their appropriateness for human consumption. This study was conducted to characterize the biochemical components of the egg masses. Biochemical characterization was assessed through proximate composition analysis and an amino acid profile. The egg masses comprised 91.10 percent moisture, 3.43 percent ash, 2.85 percent crude protein, 1.77 percent carbohydrates, and 0.85 percent fats. The 23 amino acid included six (6) essential components, nine (9) non-essential components, and eight (8) others. The essential amino acids included leucine, valine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, threonine and histidine, while the non-essential amino acids included taurine, tyrosine, serine, glycine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, alanine, glutamine and proline. The other components included phospho-serine, urea, aromatic amino acid, citrulline, beta-alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, ammonia and ornithine. The results show that egg masses contain amino acids that are important for human health, thus making it another food commodity from the ocean.
IV. Moraltheologische Vor- und Rahmenbedingungen der spätscholastischen Wirtschaftsethik
Authors: Schlag Martin
Published: August 2015

Moral Theology as a Pre-condition and Presupposition of Economic Ethics in Late Scholasticism. In the context of a rapidly developing economy, the late Spanish or Iberian scholasticism dealt with numerous ethical issues of economic life. The moral presuppositions and conditions of their ethical and legal decisions are important because moral theology was established as a discipline of its own right precisely in the wake of the School of Salamanca. The influence of Thomas Aquinas, as well as the nominalist School, on Iberian late scholasticism becomes apparent in its shift to the concrete and to the law. Three elements in particular are discussed in this essay: the interaction between law and morality; the discovery of history as a source of theological knowledge; and Probabilism as a moral theological method. On the basis of the natural law, the late Spanish scholastics defended private property against any encroachment by temporal or spiritual powers. In their value and price theory they focus on the just price, which they generally consider to be the market price, corrected by the requirements of the common good. The lasting importance of scholastic statements on the economy lies in their emphasis on its ethical dimension.
VIII. „Gründerkrise“ und „Grosse Depression“. Zur notwendigen Revision einer Geschichtsdeutung
Authors: Schmoeckel Mathias
Published: August 2015

“Founder’s Crisis” and “Great Depression”. The Necessity of a New Historic Approach. Looking out for structural change in the economic order of the German Reich after 1870, the dominant literature hitherto presupposed a more or less dramatic “Great Depression”, which began 1873 and led to fundamental legal and economic changes. There is, however, no valid proof for such a depression. Instead most criteria rather suggest economic stability or even success until the 1890s. Similarly the axiomatic change, described mostly as “organized capitalism” and “State interventionism” or as turn to the social welfare state can hardly be detected in the Wilhelmine legislation. Instead, the belief in economic freedom remained strong, whereas competition was partly put under state control in order to “enhance” it in a moral way. Such measures established more stability and predictability and strengthened the market. The Reich ascertained in all its levels economic success and did not wait for entrepreneurs. And yet the enhanced state activism clung to the inherent liberal heritage, although often in a pragmatic and undogmatic way. This proves a strong path dependency particular of Prussian economic history
II. Dating the Exceptiones Petri
Authors: Blumenthal Uta-Renate
Published: August 2015

The Exceptiones Petri legum Romanorum, a treatise on Roman law, were composed in the early twelfth century in Provence; codex MS Lleida Arxiù Capitular RC_0021 is a particularly significant manuscript of the treatise. As this article shows it is its oldest extant copy and illuminates authorship, origin and date of the work, all points that have been hotly debated until now. After a short introduction the paper discusses in its second part the historiography of the Exceptiones Petri in connection with the Lleida manuscript. The third section addresses the date of this treatise, while the fourth turns to the glosses in the Lleida manuscript before presenting conclusions in a final section. Appendix I to this paper transcribes the glosses in the Lleida manuscript in comparison to other manuscripts of the Exceptiones. For the sake of convenience Appendix II lists all the references to Gratian’s Decretum that are missing in the Lleida manuscript, but are found in all younger manuscripts of the Exceptiones and were accordingly published by Fitting and Mor.
III. Rethinking Causae 23–26 as the Causae hereticorum
Authors: Eichbauer Melodie H.
Published: August 2015

This essay questions the designation of Causa 23-Causa 26 of Gratian’s Decretum as the Causae hereticorum, a “tract” on heresy. It first explores the historiographical discrepancy between the designation and the varied analysis of scholars. Then it moves to a reassessment of the three textual features, which - if taken out of context - could lead to the conclusion that heresy was the principal element of the cases: the hypotheticals, the introductory summary to the causae known as “In secunda parte”, and finally the placing of the cross-reference to “in prima causa” on equal footing with the reference to a tractatus. Rather than the Causae hereticorum, the essay argues that it might prove more fruitful to consider Causae 23-26, along with the preceding case (Causa 22) on the oath and perjury, as a thematic unit addressing obedience and the execution of one’s office. Using the topics of heresy and magic as a means to an end, a springboard to address larger issues, the early textual tradition of the first recension illustrates that Gratian applied the juridical aspects of oath-taking, laid out in Causa 22, to assess how bonds structured the different interpersonal relationships analyzed in Causae 23-26. Thinking about Causae 22-26 as cases concerned with relationships and the associated duties offers an opportunity to think more about how the law conceived of and transmitted ideas about right order: an order that would extend from the pope down to the laity.
The Importance and Influence of Gratian’s Tract De penitentia
Authors: Wei John C.
Published: August 2015

This contribution reviews the book, Atria A. Larson, Master of Penance: Gratian and the Development of Penitential Thought and Law in the Twelfth Century, Washington, D.C. 2014. The monograph is the first book-length study of the tract De penitentia of Gratian’s Decretum and what it can tell us about Gratian’s thought, person, and influence. Long regarded as a later addition to the Decretum, De penitentia was in fact already present in the first recension of Gratian’s work and likely stems from the master himself. A detailed appendix critiques Larson’s proposed method for discerning intermediate stages in the development of the second recension of Gratian’s Decretum.
Diritto feudale – diritto canonico – diritto pubblico
Authors: Zendri Christian
Published: August 2015

Feudal Law - Canon Law - Public Law. Recent Research and Outlook. Feudal law is a classical topic of the legal history. A recent book by Maura Mordini about the ecclesiastic fee both in civil and in canon law gives cause for studying the relationship between the papal revolution (as Harold J. Berman has written), secular and spiritual laws and the origins of the public law.
Die Besitztümer der Kirche in der antihussitischen Schrift Curandum summopere
Authors: Petrášek Jiří
Published: August 2015

Church property in the anti-Hussite pamphlet Curandum summopere. In one of the Four Articles of Prague - which are undoubtedly the fundamental policy statement of the Hussites - the Calixtines prohibit the clergy from owning any kind of property. In this study, the counterargumentation of two anonymous Viennese masters, who spoke out against the rejection of the possession of church property by the Taborite Manifesto of 1430 in their Curandum Summopere, is analysed in terms of content. Furthermore, the question of whether the arguments of the catholic theologians can be traced back to Thomas Aquinas is dealt with, as his teaching concerning the perfection of the Christian life with regard to the temporalities became a weapon of the papacy. The successors of St. Peter used Aquinas’s argumentation in their controversies with the Franciscans and their notion of poverty, which they advocated less than a hundred years ahead of the execution of John Hus. The study, in a word by word analysis, compares the arguments of Curandum with the texts of Thomas Aquinas.
IV. Die persönliche Haftung des filius familias
Authors: Klinck Fabian
Published: August 2015

The Personal Liability of the filius familas. According to the predominant view, classical Roman law allowed a filius familias to enter into an obligation and to be sued by his creditors, but it allowed no execution against a filius familias while he remained in the potestas of the pater familias. This paper critically examines the arguments on which this view is based; its author pleads for taking into account the possibility of an execution on the person of the filius familias.
VI. Der römische Eigentumsvorbehalt als Vorbehalt des Besitzes
Authors: Stagl Jakob Fortunat
Published: August 2015

Roman retention of title clauses as retention of possession. It is the dominant view that Roman law did not know retention of title clauses (pactum reservati dominii) which is, accordingly, considered to be an invention of the medieval ius commune. This opinion is true to the extent that retention of title was inefficient from the Roman point of view because the buyer as possessor was always in the position of acquiring ownership by acquisitive prescription (usucapio), the requirement of good faith being met in these instances. The Roman lawyers, therefore, devised different means to make sure that the buyer would get the use of the sold good (detentio) without becoming possessor thus preventing the dreaded usucapio. This ‘retention of possession’ (Besitzvorbehalt) is the Roman functional equivalent to modern retention of title.
Ursprung und Begründung der Verjährung in historischer Sicht
Authors: Pichonnaz Pascal
Published: August 2015

Origine and rationale of the limitation period in historical perspective. Based on existing understanding of Roman law, this study shows how important the evolution of the rationale of the limitation period has been. At the beginning, silence had been considered as a presumption of extinction of a real right; it developed quickly into a kind of sanction of a negligent inaction. The limitation period was also considered as easing a more efficient administration of justice. The further evolution shows however that the limitation period was justified by the idea that the creditor was presumed to have renounced to its right, first to its substantive right, then to its right of action only. This opened also the way for Savigny to stress that a limitation period is primarily a matter of the parties. The various rationale for the limitation period should lead us to consider again with more attention its purpose, among other issues for the limitation period of „late damages“.
On the Southern Ocean CO2 uptake and the role of the biological carbon pump in the 21st century
Authors: Hauck J. , Völker C. , Wolf‐Gladrow D. A. , Laufkötter C. , Vogt M. , Aumont O. , Bopp L. , Buitenhuis E. T. , Doney S. C. , Dunne J. , Gruber N. , Hashioka T. , John J. , Quéré C. Le , Lima I. D. , Nakano H. , Séférian R. , Totterdell I.
Published: August 2015

We use a suite of eight ocean biogeochemical/ecological general circulation models from the Marine Ecosystem Model Intercomparison Project and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 archives to explore the relative roles of changes in winds (positive trend of Southern Annular Mode, SAM) and in warming‐ and freshening‐driven trends of upper ocean stratification in altering export production and CO2 uptake in the Southern Ocean at the end of the 21st century. The investigated models simulate a broad range of responses to climate change, with no agreement on a dominance of either the SAM or the warming signal south of 44°S. In the southernmost zone, i.e., south of 58°S, they concur on an increase of biological export production, while between 44 and 58°S the models lack consensus on the sign of change in export. Yet in both regions, the models show an enhanced CO2 uptake during spring and summer. This is due to a larger CO2(aq) drawdown by the same amount of summer export production at a higher Revelle factor at the end of the 21st century. This strongly increases the importance of the biological carbon pump in the entire Southern Ocean. In the temperate zone, between 30 and 44°S, all models show a predominance of the warming signal and a nutrient‐driven reduction of export production. As a consequence, the share of the regions south of 44°S to the total uptake of the Southern Ocean south of 30°S is projected to increase at the end of the 21st century from 47 to 66% with a commensurable decrease to the north. Despite this major reorganization of the meridional distribution of the major regions of uptake, the total uptake increases largely in line with the rising atmospheric CO2. Simulations with the MITgcm‐REcoM2 model show that this is mostly driven by the strong increase of atmospheric CO2, with the climate‐driven changes of natural CO2 exchange offsetting that trend only to a limited degree (∼10%) and with negligible impact of climate effects on anthropogenic CO2 uptake when integrated over a full annual cycle south of 30°S.
Deeply dredged submarine HIMU glasses from the Tuvalu Islands, Polynesia: Implications for volatile budgets of recycled oceanic crust
Authors: Jackson M. G. , Koga K. T. , Price A. , Konter J. G. , Koppers A. A. P. , Finlayson V. A. , Konrad K. , Hauri E. H. , Kylander‐Clark A. , Kelley K. A. , Kendrick M. A.
Published: August 2015

Ocean island basalts (OIB) with extremely radiogenic Pb‐isotopic signatures are melts of a mantle component called HIMU (high µ, high 238U/204Pb). Until now, deeply dredged submarine HIMU glasses have not been available, which has inhibited complete geochemical (in particular, volatile element) characterization of the HIMU mantle. We report major, trace and volatile element abundances in a suite of deeply dredged glasses from the Tuvalu Islands. Three Tuvalu glasses with the most extreme HIMU signatures have F/Nd ratios (35.6 ± 3.6) that are higher than the ratio (∼21) for global OIB and MORB, consistent with elevated F/Nd ratios in end‐member HIMU Mangaia melt inclusions. The Tuvalu glasses with the most extreme HIMU composition have Cl/K (0.11–0.12), Br/Cl (0.0024), and I/Cl (5–6 × 10−5) ratios that preclude significant assimilation of seawater‐derived Cl. The new HIMU glasses that are least degassed for H2O have low H2O/Ce ratios (75–84), similar to ratios identified in end‐member OIB glasses with EM1 and EM2 signatures, but significantly lower than H2O/Ce ratios (119–245) previously measured in melt inclusions from Mangaia. CO2‐H2O equilibrium solubility models suggest that these HIMU glasses (recovered in two different dredges at 2500–3600 m water depth) have eruption pressures of 295–400 bars. We argue that degassing is unlikely to significantly reduce the primary melt H2O. Thus, the lower H2O/Ce in the HIMU Tuvalu glasses is a mantle signature. We explore oceanic crust recycling as the origin of the low H2O/Ce (∼50–80) in the EM1, EM2, and HIMU mantle domains.
Background seismicity rate at subduction zones linked to slab‐bending‐related hydration
Authors: Nishikawa Tomoaki , Ide Satoshi
Published: August 2015

Tectonic properties strongly control variations in seismicity among subduction zones. In particular, fluid distribution in subduction zones influences earthquake occurrence, and it varies among subduction zones due to variations in fluid sources such as hydrated oceanic plates. However, the relationship between variations in fluid distribution and variations in seismicity among subduction zones is unclear. Here we divide Earth's subduction zones into 111 regions and estimate background seismicity rates using the epidemic type aftershock sequence model. We demonstrate that background seismicity rate correlates to the amount of bending of the incoming oceanic plate, which in turn is related to the hydration of oceanic plates via slab‐bending‐related faults. Regions with large bending may have high‐seismicity rates because a strongly hydrated oceanic plate causes high pore fluid pressure and reduces the strength of the plate interface. We suggest that variations in fluid distribution can also cause variations in seismicity in subduction zones.
Possible seasonality in large deep‐focus earthquakes
Authors: Zhan Zhongwen , Shearer Peter M.
Published: August 2015

Large deep‐focus earthquakes (magnitude > 7.0, depth > 500 km) have exhibited strong seasonality in their occurrence times since the beginning of global earthquake catalogs. Of 60 such events from 1900 to the present, 42 have occurred in the middle half of each year. The seasonality appears strongest in the northwest Pacific subduction zones and weakest in the Tonga region. Taken at face value, the surplus of northern hemisphere summer events is statistically significant, but due to the ex post facto hypothesis testing, the absence of seasonality in smaller deep earthquakes, and the lack of a known physical triggering mechanism, we cannot rule out that the observed seasonality is just random chance. However, we can make a testable prediction of seasonality in future large deep‐focus earthquakes, which, given likely earthquake occurrence rates, should be verified or falsified within a few decades. If confirmed, deep earthquake seasonality would challenge our current understanding of deep earthquakes.
Observation of charged nanograins at comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko
Authors: Burch J. L. , Gombosi T. I. , Clark G. , Mokashi P. , Goldstein R.
Published: August 2015

Soon after the Rosetta Orbiter rendezvoused with comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko at a solar distance of ~3.5 AU and began to fly in triangular‐shaped trajectories around it, the Ion and Electron Sensor detected negative particles at energies from about 100 eV/q to over 18 keV/q. The lower energy particles came from roughly the direction of the comet; the higher‐energy particles came from approximately the solar direction. These particles are interpreted as clusters of molecules, most likely water, which we refer to as nanograins because their inferred diameters are less than 100 nm. Acceleration of the grains away from the comet is through gas drag by the expanding cometary atmosphere, while acceleration back to the vicinity of the comet is caused partly by solar radiation pressure but mainly by the solar wind electric field. These observations represent the first measurements of energetic charged submicron‐sized dust or ice grains (nanograins) in a cometary environment.
Understanding the contrasting North Atlantic Oscillation anomalies of the winters of 2010 and 2014
Authors: Rivière Gwendal , Drouard Marie
Published: August 2015

The present study investigates the two contrasting winters of 2010 and 2014 during which the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) was mainly negative and positive, respectively. In the North Pacific, contrasting anomalies were also present, with a straight zonal Pacific jet in 2010 and a strong poleward deviation of the Pacific jet in its exit region in 2014. Using reanalysis data sets and adopting a nonlinear initial‐value approach with a quasi‐geostrophic model, we show that the Pacific‐North American anomalies are responsible for shaping synoptic wave trains propagating across North America. This in turn largely determines the nature of wave breaking and the synoptic eddy feedback onto the mean flow in the North Atlantic and finally the NAO phase. In such a proposed mechanism, synoptic wave activity forms the cornerstone of the dynamical relationship between the North Pacific and North Atlantic large‐scale anomalies during the contrasting winters of 2010 and 2014.
Self‐adjustment of stream bed roughness and flow velocity in a steep mountain channel
Authors: Schneider Johannes M. , Rickenmann Dieter , Turowski Jens M. , Kirchner James W.
Published: August 2015

Understanding how channel bed morphology affects flow conditions (and vice versa) is important for a wide range of fluvial processes and practical applications. We investigated interactions between bed roughness and flow velocity in a steep, glacier‐fed mountain stream (Riedbach, Ct. Valais, Switzerland) with almost flume‐like boundary conditions. Bed gradient increases along the 1 km study reach by roughly 1 order of magnitude (S = 3–41%), with a corresponding increase in streambed roughness, while flow discharge and width remain approximately constant due to the glacial runoff regime. Streambed roughness was characterized by semivariograms and standard deviations of point clouds derived from terrestrial laser scanning. Reach‐averaged flow velocity was derived from dye tracer breakthrough curves measured by 10 fluorometers installed along the channel. Commonly used flow resistance approaches (Darcy‐Weisbach equation and dimensionless hydraulic geometry) were used to relate the measured bulk velocity to bed characteristics. As a roughness measure, D84 yielded comparable results to more laborious measures derived from point clouds. Flow resistance behavior across this large range of steep slopes agreed with patterns established in previous studies for both lower‐gradient and steep reaches, regardless of which roughness measures were used. We linked empirical critical shear stress approaches to the variable power equation for flow resistance to investigate the change of bed roughness with channel slope. The predicted increase in D84 with increasing channel slope was in good agreement with field observations.
Arcanobacterium
Authors: Yassin Atteyet F. , Schaal Klaus P.
Published: August 2015

Ar.ca.no.bac.te'ri.um. L. adj.
arcanus
secret, hidden, secretive; L. neut. n.
bacterium
a small rod; N. L. neut. n.
Arcanobacterium
secretive bacterium.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Actinomycetales / Actinomycetaceae / Arcanobacterium

Slender, irregular, bacillary forms
predominate during the first
18
h of growth; many cells are
arranged at an angle to give V‐formations.
As growth proceeds cells become granular and segmented so that they resemble small and irregular cocci. Both rods and coccoid cells are Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐acid fast and non‐motile; endospores are not formed.
Facultatively anaerobic
; growth is considerably enhanced in an atmosphere of increased CO
2
‐tension. Growth is sparse on ordinary media but enhanced by blood or serum. The optimum temperature for growth is
37°C
. Organisms will not withstand heating at
60°C
for
15 min. Chemoorganotrophic
, having a fermentative type of carbohydrate metabolism. Fermentation end products include acetic and lactic acids; the amount of succinic acid produced may vary from species to species and may even be difficult to detect. Catalase‐negative. Nitrate reduction is usually negative. Characteristic
amino acids of the cell‐wall peptidoglycan
of those species whose peptidoglycan has been examined in detail are based on
L
‐lysine. Other chemotaxonomic properties include
rhamnose
as diagnostic whole‐cell sugar, lack of mycolic acids and
N
‐acetylated muramic acid residue of the
peptidoglycan.

DNA G+C content (mol%)
: 50–63.8 (
T
m
, HPLC).

Type species
:
Arcanobacterium haemolyticum
Collins, Jones and Schofield 1983, 438
VP
(Effective publication: Collins, Jones and Schofield 1982b, 1280).
Mobiluncus
Authors: Hoyles Lesley , McCartney Anne L.
Published: August 2015

Mo.bi.lun'cus. L. adj.mobiliscapable of movement, active; L. masc. n.uncushook; N.L. masc. n.Mobiluncusa motile curved rod.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Actinomycetales / Actinomycetaceae / Mobiluncus

Curved rodswith tapered ends, 1–5 × 0.4–0.6 µm. Depending on the growth medium, cells occur singly or in pairs with a gullwing appearance.Gram‐stain‐negative or Gram‐stain‐variable. Cells aremotileby means ofmultiple subpolar flagella(exact numbers are yet to be determined, but are thought to be between one and eight), and possess a multi‐layered Gram‐stain‐positive cell‐wall type.Endospores are not formed.Anaerobic, growing best in an enriched CO2atmosphere. Some strains become aerotolerant after several passages, being able to grow in a partially reduced atmosphere containing 5% O2. Optimum growth at 35–37°C, with no or poor growth at 20, 43, or 45°C. Growth is stimulated by horse or rabbit serum and by whole blood. Growth is not stimulated by formate/fumarate. Slow growth on solid media. After 3 d incubation at 37°C, colonies on peptone/yeast extract/glucose/sheep blood or Columbia agar supplemented with human blood are pin‐point to 1 mm in diameter. After 5 d, the colonies are larger, 1–2.5 mm in diameter, and gray‐white or slightly yellowish. Cells are killed by heating at 55°C for 15 minutes.Oxidase‐ and catalase‐negative.Weakly (terminal pH 5.5–6.5) or strongly (terminal pH <5.5) saccharolytic. Fermentation products include acetic and succinic acids, with or without lactic acid, when grown in peptone/yeast extract/glucose medium. Propionic acid is not produced. Do not produce acid fromL‐arabinose,D‐arabitol, lactose, mannitol, methyl‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside, or sorbitol. Negative for alkaline phosphatase, α‐arabinosidase, chymotrypsin, β‐galactosidase‐6‐phosphate, β‐glucosidase, trypsin, and urease (RapID 32Strep), cysteine arylamidase, lipase (C14), α‐mannosidase, β‐mannosidase,N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase, glutamyl glutamic acid arylamidase, pyroglutamic acid, and valine arylamidase activity. Variable activity for phenylalanine arylamidase (weak‐ to strong‐positive reaction).Acid phosphatase‐ and pyrollydonyl arylamidase‐negative. Acetoin is not produced. Gelatin is not hydrolyzed.Nitrate may be reduced. Sensitive to ampicillin, cefazolin, cefoxitin, cephalothin, clindamycin, gentamicin, imipenem, moxalactam, penicillin G, rifampin, streptomycin, tobramycin, vancomycin, and virginiamycin. Resistant to colistin, cycloserine, nalidixic acid, neomycin, and mezlocillin. Associated with the human vaginal flora and bacterial vaginosis (BV).

DNA G+C content (mol%): 49–52 (Tm; Spiegel and Roberts, 1984a); 50–54 (Tm; Hammann et al., 1984).

Type species:Mobiluncus curtisiiSpiegel and Roberts 1984a, 181VP.
Actinospica
Authors: Donadio Stefano , Cavaletti Linda , Monciardini Paolo
Published: August 2015

Ac.ti.no.spi'ca. Gr. n.
aktis ‐inos
a ray; L. fem. n.
spica
tuft; N.L. fem. n.
Actinospica
an actinomycete with tufts of aerial hyphae.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Catenulisporales / Actinospicaceae / Actinospica

Strains produce nonfragmenting vegetative mycelium and aerial mycelium appearing as tufts of straight to slightly flexuous hyphae, at maturity carrying chains of cylindrical spores with a slightly rugose surface. Chains contain up to 30 (or more) spores. Tufts originate from very short sporophorous hyphae branching in few sporogenous hyphae (Figure 1 and Figure 2). Spores are not motile.

DNA G+C content (mol%)
: 69–71 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Actinospica robiniae
Cavaletti, Monciardini, Schumann, Rohde, Bamonte, Busti, Sosio and Donadio 2006, 1752
VP
.
Segniliparus
Authors: Butler W. Ray
Published: August 2015

Seg.ni.li.pa'rus. L. adj.
segnis
slow; Gr. adj.
liparos
fatty; N.L. masc. n.
Segniliparus
the slow fatty one, the one with slow fats, to indicate the possession of slowly reacting fatty acids, i.e. late‐eluting mycolic acids detected with
HPLC
.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Corynebacteriales / Segniliparaceae / Segniliparus

Aerobic
,
acid–alcohol‐fast
,
nonmotile
,
actinomycete which forms straight
,
short to long rods
. Cocci are not formed and branching is not evident. Does not form pili or flagella. Grows on media designed for the genus
Mycobacterium
, but not on heart infusion agar. Growth on chocolate agar is embedded in the surface and is mucoid‐like. Division is by binary fission.
Cells contain non‐oxygenated
,
non‐polar
,
alpha‐mycolic acids
. Growth occurs in 3–4 d at 22°C but is reduced at 45°C and at pH 6.6.
Optimal growth temperature is 33
°
C
. Colonies are nonpigmented, nonphotochromogenic, and odorless.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 68–72 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Segniliparus rotundus
Butler, Floyd, Brown, Toney, Daneshvar, Cooksey, Carr, Steigerwalt and Charles, 2005, 1622
VP
.
Tsukamurella
Authors: Goodfellow Michael , Kumar Yashawant
Published: August 2015

Tsu.ka.mu.rel'la. N.L. fem. dim. n.
Tsukamurella
named in honor of Michio Tsukamura, a celebrated Japanese microbiologist.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Corynebacteriales / Tsukamurellaceae / Tsukamurella

Aerobic, Gram‐stain‐positive, partially acid–alcohol‐fast, nonmotile, nonsporeforming actinomycetes.
Straight to slightly curved rods occur in pairs or in masses though coccobacillary forms are also present
. Cells may give a pseudomycelial appearance. Chemoorganotrophic with an oxidative metabolism. Rough, dry, flat, or folded colonies form on Lowenstein‐Jensen medium and on brain heart infusion agar. Colonies are normally white or yellow to tan or beige.
Aerial hyphae are not formed
. Catalase–positive, arylsulfatase–negative, and lysozyme–resistant.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 68–78.

Type species
:
Tsukamurella paurometabola
corrig. (Steinhaus 1941) Collins, Smida, Dorsch and Stackebrandt 1988, 387
VP
(
Corynebacterium paurometabolum
Steinhaus 1941, 783).
Frankia
Authors: Normand Philippe , Benson David R.
Published: August 2015

Fran'ki.a. N.L. fem. n.Frankianamed after Albert Bernhard Frank (1839–1900), a Swiss plant biologist, who studied extensively nitrogen nutrition in legumes and the micro‐organisms causing root nodulation from 1877 to 1892 and who coined the term “symbiosis”.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Frankiales / Frankiaceae / Frankia

Vegetative hyphae with limited to extensive branching, 0.5–2.0 µm in diameter and occasionally wider in older cultures.No aerial mycelium is formedon solid media. Intra‐ and extracellular pigments may be formed.Gram‐stain‐positivein healthy cultures; Gram‐stain‐variable in older cultures.Aerobic to microaerophilicwith a respiratory type of metabolism. No growth factors are required. Does not grow under anaerobic conditions. Catalase‐positive. Mesophilic. Chemoorganotrophic. Usually veryslow‐growingwith doubling times of 20 h to several days. Most strains are capable of fixing N2bothin vitroandin planta. Nonpathogenic to humans and animals (Gordon et al., 1983).

DNA G+C content (mol%): 66–73 (Tm).

Type species:Frankia alni(Woronin 1866) Von Tubeuf 1895, 118 (Schinzia alniWoronin 1866, 6).
Phocoenobacter
Authors: Foster Geoffrey , Collins Matthew D.
Published: August 2015

Pho.coe.no.bac' ter
. M.L. n.
phocoena
derived from Gr. n.
phokaina
porpoise; M.L. masc. n.
bacter
rod; M.L. masc. n.
phocoenobacter
a rod from a porpoise.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Pasteurellales / Pasteurellaceae / Phocoenobacter

Cells spherical, ovoid or rod shaped, 0.2–0.5 × 0.5–1.0 μm
. Occasional longer forms occur.
Some cells demonstrate bipolar staining
. Gram negative.
Nonmotile. Facultative anaerobes
. Optimum temperature for growth, 37°C. Do not require X or V factors for growth. No growth occurs on MacConkey agar.
Catalase negative, oxidase positive. Nitrates are reduced to nitrites. Voges–Proskauer positive
. Arginine dihydrolase, ornithine decarboxylase, lysine decarboxylase, urease and indole are not produced. Acid produced from glucose. Isolated from a porpoise.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 41.5.

Type species
:
Phocoenobacter uteri
Foster, Ross, Malnick, Willems, Hutson, Reid and Collins 2000, 139.