bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiplex PCR targeting lineage‐specific SNPs: A highly efficient and simple approach to block out predator sequences in molecular gut content analysis
Authors: Krehenwinkel Henrik , Kennedy Susan R. , Adams Seira A. , Stephenson Gregg T. , Roy Kylle , Gillespie Rosemary G.
Published: March 2019

Food webs form the basis of biological communities, though empirical research has been hindered by difficulties in quantifying interactions. Metabarcoding from predator gut content extractions with universal primers promises to provide simple and rapid insights into food web interactions. However, the highly overabundant predator DNA often completely out‐competes that of the digested prey DNA during PCR, impeding the ability to assess the abundance and diversity of prey items.

Focusing on the issue of overabundance of predator DNA amplified by a commonly used COI primer pair, we use predator lineage‐specific SNPs at the 3’‐end of PCR primers to selectively block out predators from amplification. While this approach largely prevents predator amplification, it retains high taxonomic versatility for prey lineages. We introduce a novel multilocus assay, targeting four nuclear and mitochondrial rDNA markers, and test our approach in a diverse set of spiders from 12 families. We estimate the recovered prey DNA proportions and compare the taxonomic composition of prey communities between markers. Using a feeding experiment, we also explore recovery of prey DNA over time.

While commonly used COI primers yield low and very unpredictable amounts of prey DNA, our assay allows for a considerable and consistent prey enrichment across all tested species. The recovered prey's taxonomic composition is comparable between markers and supports results acquired by COI. The new marker set can be amplified in a simple multiplex PCR, considerably reducing the necessary workload.

Our multilocus approach allows the generation of an unprecedented amount of prey data at low cost and effort. Lineage‐specific PCR is taxonomically versatile and could readily be adapted to any prey–predator interaction, opening up the opportunity for community‐wide studies on food web interactions.
Immunolocalization of DMRTB1 in human testis with normal and impaired spermatogenesis
Authors: Hilbold E. , Bergmann M. , Fietz D. , Kliesch S. , Weidner W. , Langeheine M. , Rode K. , Brehm R.
Published: March 2019

Background

The transcription factorDMRTB1 plays a pivotal role in coordinating the transition between mitosis and meiosis in murine germ cells. No reliable data are available for human testis.

Objectives

The present study aims to examine the testicular expression pattern ofDMRTB1 in men showing normal and impaired spermatogenesis.

Materials and methods

Immunohistochemistry was performed using 54 human testicular biopsy specimens and a commercial rabbit polyclonal anti‐DMRTB1 primary antibody.RT‐PCRcomplemented immunohistochemistry. To further characterize immunopositive cells and possible co‐localization, the proliferation marker Ki‐67, the tumor markerPLAP, and an anti‐DMRT1 antibody were used.

Results

In men with normal spermatogenesis, a strong immunoreactivity was detectable in a subset of spermatogonia (38.34 ± 2.14%). Some spermatocytes showed a weak immunostaining. Adjacent Sertoli cells were immunonegative. Compared with a hematoxylin and eosin overview staining, these immunopositive cells were almost exclusively identified as Apaleand B spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes in (pre‐)leptotene, zygotene, and pachytene stages. In patients with spermatogenic arrest at spermatogonial level, an altered staining pattern was found. No immunoreactivity was detected in Sertoli cells in Sertoli cell‐only syndrome. In germ cell neoplasiain situ(GCNIS) tubules, except for a few (0.4 ± 0.03%), pre‐invasive tumor cells were immunonegative. Seminoma cells showed no immunostaining.

Discussion

According to previous findings in mice, it seems reasonable thatDMRTB1 is expressed in these normal germ cell populations. Moreover, altered staining pattern in spermatogenic arrest at spermatogonial stage suggests a correlation with mitosis and transformation into B spermatogonia. The absence ofDMRTB1 inGCNIScells and tumor cells might be associated with uncontrolled neoplastic cell proliferation and progression into invasive germ cell tumors. Further research is required to elucidate, for example, the role ofDMRTB1 in the malignant transformation of human germ cells.

Conclusion

Our data indicate a relevant role forDMRTB1 regarding the entry of spermatogonia into meiosis in men.
Regional variation in the risk of lower‐limb amputation among patients with diabetes in New Zealand
Authors: Gurney Jason K. , Stanley James , York Steve , Sarfati Diana
Published: March 2019

Background

Lower‐limb amputation is one of the most substantial and debilitating consequences of diabetes mellitus; however, the risk of lower‐limb amputation is not equally shared across the diabetic population. The aims of this study were to (i) describe regional variation in the rate of lower‐limb amputation in New Zealand among a national prevalent cohort of patients with diabetes; and (ii) explore the plausible factors that could be contributing to this variation.

Methods

Our cohort were the national prevalent cohort of individuals with diabetes in New Zealand in 2011, according to the Virtual Diabetes Register (n = 215 676). Using descriptive analysis and Poisson regression, we compared the rate of lower‐limb amputation within each of New Zealand's 20 District Health Boards with the national rate of amputation, adjusting for demographic, health care access and patient‐level factors.

Results

We observed nearly four‐fold variation in the rate of major lower‐limb amputation between regions in New Zealand, as well as nearly two‐fold variation in the rate of minor lower‐limb amputation. Adjustment for differences between regions in terms of ethnicity reduced this variation substantially for many District Health Boards. Despite adjustment for sex, age, ethnicity, deprivation, rurality, comorbidity and prior amputation, the rate of lower‐limb amputation in a number of District Health Boards remained substantially higher than the national rate.

Conclusions

These observations could help to inform the funding and provision of diabetic foot care services across New Zealand; however, more work is required to further untangle the drivers of national variation in rates of lower‐limb amputation.
Ovarian tissue cryopreservation for fertility preservation in 418 girls and adolescents up to 15 years of age facing highly gonadotoxic treatment. Twenty years of experience at a single center
Authors: Poirot Catherine , Brugieres Laurence , Yakouben Karima , Prades‐Borio Marie , Marzouk Flora , de Lambert Guenolee , Pacquement Helene , Bernaudin Francoise , Neven Benedicte , Paye‐Jaouen Annabel , Pondarre Corinne , Dhedin Nathalie , Drouineaud Veronique , Chalas Celine , Martelli Helene , Michon Jean , Minard Veronique , Lezeau Harry , Doz Francois , Sarnacki Sabine , Philippe‐Chomette Pascale , Dufour Christelle , Laurence Valerie , Baruchel Andre , Wolf Jean‐Philippe , Boissel Nicolas , Valteau‐Couanet Dominique , Dalle Jean‐Hugues
Published: March 2019

Introduction

The preservation of fertility is an integral part of care of children requiring gonadotoxic treatments for cancer or non‐malignant diseases. In France, the cryopreservation of ovarian tissue has been considered and has been offered as a clinical treatment since its inception. The aim of this study is to review 20 years of activity in fertility preservation by ovarian tissue cryopreservation (OTC) for children and the feasibility of oocyte isolation and cryopreservation from the ovarian tissue at a single center.

Material and methods

Retrospective study including patients aged 15 years or younger who underwent OTC, combined for some with oocyte cryopreservation of isolated oocytes, before a highly gonadotoxic treatment for malignant or non‐malignant disease was initiated. We describe the evolution of activities in our program for fertility preservation and patient characteristics at the time of OTC and follow up.

Results

From April 1998 to December 2018, 418 girls and adolescents younger than 15 years of age underwent OTC, representing 40.5% of all females who have had ovarian tissue cryopreserved at our center. In all, 313 patients had malignant diseases and 105 had benign conditions. Between November 2009 and July 2013, oocytes were isolated and also cryopreserved in 50 cases. The mean age of patients was 6.9 years (range 0.3‐15). The most frequent diagnoses in this cohort included neuroblastoma, acute leukemia and hemoglobinopathies; neuroblastoma being the most common diagnosis in very young patients. During follow up, three patients requested the use of their cryopreserved ovarian tissue. All had undergone ovarian tissue transplantation, one for puberty induction and the two others for restoring fertility. So far, no pregnancies have been achieved. Eighty‐four patients who had OTC died.

Conclusions

Ovarian tissue cryopreservation is the only available technique for preserving fertility of girls. To our knowledge this is the largest series of girls and adolescents younger than 15 years so far reported on procedures of OTC before highly gonadotoxic treatment in a single center.
A comparison of the lateral tarsal strip with everting sutures and the Quickert procedure for involutional entropion
Authors: Dulz Simon , Green Sylvia , Mehlan Juliane , Schüttauf Frank , Keserü Matthias
Published: March 2019

Background/Aims

To provide evidence of statistically significant difference in the surgical outcome of the lateral tarsal strip with everting sutures (LTS + ES) versus the Quickert procedure (QP) in the treatment of involutional entropion.

Methods

In a prospective randomized comparative trial, 66 eyelids of 52 patients with primary involutional lower eyelid entropion were recruited. Thirty‐six eyelids were randomized to QP, and 30 eyelids were randomized to LTS + ES. Surgery was performed by a single surgeon. Postoperative follow‐up was scheduled after 2 weeks, 8 and 14 months. Successful surgery was defined as a normal eyelid position at rest and inability to induce entropion on forced eyelid closure at or before the 14‐month follow‐up visit.

Results

A total of 66 eyelids of 52 patients were enrolled in the study. Three patients did not complete follow‐up (1 did not attend the 8 months follow‐up visit; 2 did not attend 14 months follow‐up visit). Of the 63 patients, a single eyelid [success probability 0.97; confidence interval (CI) 0.92–1] in the QP group and two treated eyelids [success probability of 0.93; CI: 0.85–1] in the LTS + ES group had a recurrence of a lower eyelid entropion after 14 months. There was no statistically significant difference in surgical failure between the LTS + ES versus QP (Log‐rank test: p = 0.46).

Conclusion

These data provide strong evidence that success rates at 14 months are similar in patients treated with either techniques (LTS + ES versus QP).
Investigating the neuroprotective effect of Copolymer‐1 in acute primary angle closure – Interim report of a randomized placebo‐controlled double‐masked clinical trial
Authors: Fan Kenric Rui‐Pin , Baskaran Mani , Nongpiur Monisha E. , Htoon Hla Mynt , de Leon John Mark S. , Perera Shamira A. , Belkin Michael , Aung Tin
Published: March 2019

Purpose

To investigate the neuroprotective effect of Copolymer‐1 (Cop‐1) in patients with acute primary angle closure (APAC) in a randomized double‐masked controlled trial.

Methods

After initial medical management, APAC patients were randomized to receive either subcutaneous Cop‐1 or placebo within 24 hr and at 1 week. After laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI), subjects underwent serial visual field (VF) tests and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) thickness measurements with spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography. The primary outcome measure was mean number of progressing points (significant slope of ≥ 1 dB per year sensitivity loss) over 16 weeks based on pointwise linear regression analysis, and the secondary outcome measure was the change in RNFL thickness.

Results

Thirty‐eight patients (19 in each group) completed the study. Twenty‐five (65.8%) were female, the majority being Chinese (86.8%) with mean age 62.5 years (SD 8.1). Patients in the Cop‐1 group were found to have mean of 0.32 (SD 0.95) progressing points compared to 2.74 (SD 5.31) in the placebo group (p = 0.09), while 3/19 (15.8%) of Cop‐1 treated patients had 1 or more progressing points compared to 7/19 (36.8%) in the placebo group (p = 0.14). There was no difference in change of RNFL thickness between groups (p = 0.57). We found improvement of mean deviation (MD) at week 16 in the Cop‐1 group (p = 0.01) compared to worsening of MD in the placebo group (p = 0.04).

Conclusion

After APAC, there was no difference in VF progression (or RNFL thickness change) between Cop‐1 and placebo groups. However, there was improvement of MD in Cop‐1 treated patients.
Neonatologists and neonatal nurses have positive attitudes towards perinatal end‐of‐life decisions, a nationwide survey
Authors: Dombrecht Laure , Deliens Luc , Chambaere Kenneth , Baes Saskia , Cools Filip , Goossens Linde , Naulaers Gunnar , Roets Ellen , Piette Veerle , Cohen Joachim , Beernaert Kim ,   the NICU consortium
Published: March 2019

Aim

Perinatal death is often preceded by an end‐of‐life decision (ELD). Disparate hospital policies, complex legal frameworks and ethically difficult cases make attitudes important. This study investigated attitudes of neonatologists and nurses towards perinatal ELDs.

Methods

A survey was handed out to all neonatologists and neonatal nurses in all eight neonatal intensive care units in Flanders, Belgium in May 2017. Respondents indicated agreement with statements regarding perinatal ELDs on a Likert‐scale and sent back questionnaires via mail.

Results

The response rate was 49.5% (302/610). Most neonatologists and nurses found nontreatment decisions such as withholding or withdrawing treatment acceptable (90–100%). Termination of pregnancy when the foetus is viable in cases of severe or lethal foetal problems was considered highly acceptable in both groups (80–98%). Physicians and nurses do not find different ELDs equally acceptable, e.g. nurses more often than physicians (74% vs 60%, p = 0.017) agree that it is acceptable in certain cases to administer medication with the explicit intention of hastening death.

Conclusion

There was considerable support for both prenatal and neonatal ELDs, even for decisions that currently fall outside the Belgian legal framework. Differences between neonatologists' and nurses' attitudes indicate that both opinions should be heard during ELD‐making.
Measurable residual disease testing for personalized treatment of acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Ehinger Mats , Pettersson Louise
Published: March 2019

This review summarizes – with the practicing hematologist in mind – the methods used to determine measurable residual disease (MRD) in everyday practice with some future perspectives, and the current knowledge about the prognostic impact of MRD on outcome in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), excluding acute promyelocytic leukemia. Possible implications for choice of MRD method, timing of MRD monitoring, and guidance of therapy are discussed in general and in some detail for certain types of leukemia with specific molecular markers to monitor, including core binding factor (CBF)‐leukemias and NPM1‐mutated leukemias.
Examining Responsible Employees’ Perceptions of Sexual Assault Reporting Requirements Under Federal and Institutional Policy
Authors: Holland Kathryn J.
Published: March 2019

Sexual assault is a pervasive problem on college campuses. Federal laws have shaped policies addressing sexual assault in higher education. Title IX guidance requires universities to designate “Responsible Employees,” who are required to report all sexual assaults they learn about to the university (even if the survivor does not want to report). Resident assistants (RAs) are an important source of support for students and increasingly designated as Responsible Employees. University mandatory reporting policies have significant implications for reporters’ and survivors’ lives, but there is a lack of research on how Responsible Employees perceive this role. The current study examined Responsible Employee RA perceptions of mandatory reporting, the relationship between RAs’ experience of college sexual assault and perceptions of mandatory reporting, and whether trust in university response to sexual assault mediates this relationship. Data from 305 Responsible Employee RAs were analyzed. RAs’ perceptions of their reporting role were varied. For instance, RAs believed that mandatory reporting complicates their other responsibilities. College sexual assault survivors had less trust in university response to sexual assault, which, in turn, predicted more negative perceptions of mandatory reporting. Responsible Employees’ perceptions of mandatory reporting offer valuable insight into the potential effectiveness and drawbacks of these policies.
Complications following removal of oesophageal foreign bodies: a retrospective review of 349 cases
Authors: Wyatt SR , Barron PM
Published: March 2019

Aim

To determine the incidence and types of complications associated with oesophageal foreign body (FB) removal in dogs, as well as to evaluate potential risk factors for the development of complications.

Methods

Clinical records were searched within Animal Emergency Service and Veterinary Specialist Services databases between July 2001 and March 2017. Data were collected regarding signalment, FB type, method of removal, medical management and complications. Follow‐up records from the referring veterinarian were then obtained by either phone call or email.

Results

A total of 349 FB cases were reviewed. The majority of FBs were bones (77.4%), with Staffordshire Bull Terriers (12.3%) and West Highland White Terriers (9.8%) the most common breeds seen. Complications at the time of FB removal occurred in 20 cases (5.9%), with 14 cases of perforation. Persistent gastrointestinal signs were reported in 4.7% of cases within the initial 72‐h period following FB removal and 11.9% cases outside this time period. Respiratory signs such as dyspnoea and coughing were also reported in 8 cases (2.3%), all of which occurred within 72 h after FB removal. Follow‐up of at least 1 month was available in 151 cases. Delayed complications occurred in 11 cases (7.3%), with stricture occurring in 4 cases (2.6%); 16 animals were either euthanased (n = 14) or died (n = 2) post‐FB removal, resulting in a case fatality rate of 4.6%.

Conclusion

Use of antacid medications and FB type did not have a statistically significant relationship with complications following FB removal.
Lenalidomide plus rituximab (R2) in previously untreated marginal zone lymphoma: subgroup analysis and long‐term follow‐up of an open‐label phase 2 trial
Authors: Becnel Melody R. , Nastoupil Loretta J. , Samaniego Felipe , Davis Richard E. , You M. J. , Green Michael , Hagemeister Fredrick B. , Fanale Michelle A. , Fayad Luis E. , Westin Jason R. , Wang Michael , Oki Yasuhiro , Forbes Sheryl G. , Feng Lei , Neelapu Sattva S. , Fowler Nathan H.
Published: March 2019

Lack of consensus for first‐line marginal zone lymphoma (MZL) treatment and toxicities associated with currently available systemic therapies have inspired evaluation of immunotherapeutic agents yielding robust outcomes with improved tolerability. We previously reported durable efficacy with first‐line lenalidomide and rituximab (R2) in follicular lymphoma, MZL and small lymphocytic lymphoma with a subsequent long‐term follow‐up shown here in MZL patients. This phase 2 investigator‐initiated study included previously untreated, stage III/IV MZL patients treated with lenalidomide 20 mg/day on days 1–21 and rituximab 375 mg/m2 on day 1 of each 28‐day cycle, continuing in responders for ≥6–12 cycles. The primary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR); secondary endpoints were complete and partial response (CR, PR), safety, and progression‐free survival (PFS). The ORR was 93% with 70% attaining CR/CR unconfirmed. At median follow‐up of 75·1 months, median PFS was 59·8 months and 5‐year OS was 96%. Most non‐haematological adverse events (AE) were grade 1/2. Grade 3 haematological AEs were neutropenia (33%) and leucopenia (7%), and grade 4 were leucopenia (3%) and thrombocytopenia (3%). Two patients died of secondary malignancies; no treatment‐related fatalities occurred. With extended follow‐up, outcomes for MZL patients receiving R2 were robust with no unexpected late or delayed toxicities.
Risk of hospitalised bleeding in comparisons of oral anticoagulant options for the primary treatment of venous thromboembolism
Authors: Lutsey Pamela L. , Zakai Neil A. , MacLehose Richard F. , Norby Faye L. , Walker Rob F. , Roetker Nicholas S. , Adam Terrence J. , Alonso Alvaro
Published: March 2019

Understanding of the comparative bleeding risks of oral anticoagulant (OAC) therapies for the primary treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) is limited. Therefore, among anticoagulant‐naïve VTE patients, we conducted comparisons of apixaban, rivaroxaban and warfarin on the rate of hospitalised bleeding within 180 days of OAC initation. MarketScan databases for the time‐period from 2011 to 2016 were used and, for each OAC comparison, new users were matched with up to five initiators of a different OAC. The final analysis included 83 985 VTE patients, who experienced 1944 hospitalised bleeding events. In multivariable‐adjusted Cox regression models, rate of hospitalised bleeding was lower among new users of apixaban when compared to new users of rivaroxaban [hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) 0·58 (0·41–0·80)] or warfarin [0·68 (0·50–0·92)]. Overall, the hospitalised bleeding rate was similar when comparing new users of rivaroxaban to new users of warfarin [0·98 (0·68–1·11)], though there was some suggestion that rivaroxaban was associated with lower bleeding risk among younger individuals. Findings from this large real‐world population concur with results from the randomised trial which found lower bleeding risk with apixaban versus warfarin and, for the first time, reveal a lower risk of bleeding in a comparison of apixaban versus rivaroxaban.
Is a system motive really necessary to explain the system justification effect? A response to Jost (2019) and Jost, Badaan, Goudarzi, Hoffarth, and Mogami (2019)
Authors: Owuamalam Chuma Kevin , Rubin Mark , Spears Russell
Published: March 2019

The debate between the proponents of SIMSA and SJT does not pivot on whether system justification occurs – we all agree that system justification does occur. The issue is why it occurs? System justification theory (SJT; Jost & Banaji, 1994, British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1) assumes that system justification is motivated by a special system justification motive. In contrast, the social identity model of system attitudes (SIMSA; Owuamalam, Rubin, & Spears, , Current Directions in Psychological Science, 27, 2) argues that there is insufficient conclusive evidence for this special system motive, and that system justification can be explained in terms of social identity motives, including the motivation to accurately reflect social reality and the search for a positive social identity. Here, we respond to criticisms of SIMSA, including criticisms of its social reality, ingroup bias, and hope for future ingroup status explanations of system justification. We conclude that SJT theorists should decide whether system justification is oppositional to, or compatible with social identity motives, and that this dilemma could be resolved by relinquishing the theoretically problematic notion of a system justification motivation.
Identification of susceptibility SNPs in CTLA-4 and PTPN22 for scleritis in Han Chinese
Authors: Li F , Ma X , Du L , Shi L , Cao Q , Li N , Pang T , Liu Y , Kijlstra A , Yang P
Published: March 2019

The aim of this study was to determine the association between 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA4) and protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) genes with scleritis in a Chinese Han population. We recruited 432 scleritis patients and 710 healthy controls. Four tag SNPs of CTLA4 and nine tag SNPs of PTPN22 were selected using Haploview. Genotyping was performed with the Sequenom MassArray® iPLEX GOLD Assay. Genotype and allele frequency differences were analyzed by χ2 test and Bonferroni correction. Haplotype analysis was performed to further evaluate the association of these two genes with scleritis. In this study, CTLA4/rs3087243 G allele frequency and GG genotype frequency were significantly increased in scleritis patients compared to healthy controls [corrected P-value (Pc) = 0·02, odds ratio (OR) = 1·475, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1·175–1·851; Pc = 0·04, OR = 1·546, 95% CI = 1·190–2·008, respectively]. None of the tested SNPs in the PTPN22 gene showed an association with scleritis. Haplotype analysis revealed a lower frequency of a CTLA4 TCAA haplotype (order of SNPs: rs733618, rs5742909, rs231775, rs3087243) (Pc = 4·26 × 10–3, OR = 0·618, 95% CI = 0·540–0·858) and a higher frequency of a PTPN22 TTATACGCG haplotype (order of SNPs: rs3789604, rs150426536, rs1746853, rs1217403, rs1217406, rs3789609, rs1217414, rs3789612, rs2488457) (Pc = 2·83 × 10–4, OR = 1·457, 95% CI = 1·210-1·754) in scleritis patients when compared to healthy controls. In conclusion, our findings indicate that CTLA4 and PTPN22 might confer genetic susceptibility to scleritis in a Chinese Han population.
High fructose-induced metabolic changes enhance inflammation in human dendritic cells
Authors: Jaiswal N , Agrawal S , Agrawal A
Published: March 2019

Dendritic cells (DCs) are critical antigen-presenting cells which are the initiators and regulators of the immune response. Numerous studies support the idea that dietary sugars influence DC functions. Increased consumption of fructose has been thought to be the leading cause of metabolic disorders. Although evidence supports their association with immune dysfunction, the specific mechanisms are not well understood. Fructose is one of the main dietary sugars in our diet. Therefore, here we compared the effect of fructose and glucose on the functions of human DCs. High levels of D-fructose compared to D-glucose led to activation of DCs in vitro by promoting interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β production. Moreover, fructose exposed DCs also induced interferon (IFN)-γ secretion from T cells. Proinflammatory response of DCs in high fructose environment was found to be independent of the major known metabolic regulators or glycolytic control. Instead, DC activation on acute exposure to fructose was via activation of receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) in response to increased accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGE). However, chronic exposure of DCs to high fructose environment induced a shift towards glycolysis compared to glucose cultured DCs. Further investigations revealed that the AGEs formed by fructose induced increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in DCs compared to AGEs from glucose. In summary, understanding the link between metabolic changes and fructose-induced DC activation compared to glucose has broad implications for immune dysfunction associated with metabolic disorders.
A prospective study on glucagon responses to oral glucose and mixed meal and 7‐year change in fasting glucose
Authors: Koopman Anitra D. M. , Beulens Joline W. , van der Heijden Amber , Elders Petra , Dekker Jacqueline M. , Alssema Marjan , Rutters Femke
Published: March 2019

Introduction

The role of insufficient glucagon suppression after an oral load in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the association between glucagon responses at baseline and fasting glucose levels 7 years later.

Methods

Data of the Hoorn Meal Study were used, an observational cohort study among 121 persons without diabetes with a mean age of 61.1 ± 6.7 years and 50% being female. The glucagon response to an oral glucose tolerance test and mixed meal test was expressed as early and late incremental area under the curve. The association with change in fasting glucose levels at follow‐up was assessed by linear regression analysis.

Results

The early glucagon response following the mixed meal test was associated with an increase in fasting glucose levels of 0.18 mmol/L (95%‐CI: 0.04‐0.31, P = 0.01), per unit increase in the incremental area under the curve of glucagon, adjusted for confounders. No significant associations were observed for the late response after the mixed meal test or oral glucose tolerance test.

Conclusions

Within a population without diabetes, relative lack of glucagon suppression early after a meal was associated with increased glucose levels over time, suggesting a role of insufficient glucagon suppression in the deterioration of glycaemic control.
Clinical outcome and factors determining new bone formation in lateral sinus membrane elevation with simultaneous implant placement without grafting material: A cross‐sectional, 3‐17 year follow‐up study
Authors: Lundgren Sofia , Johansson Anders S , Cricchio Giovanni , Lundgren Stefan
Published: March 2019

Background

Lateral sinus membrane elevation with simultaneous implant placement without grafting material (graft‐less LSFE) is a widely investigated method for bone augmentation of the maxillary sinus floor. Long‐term follow‐up studies are rare.

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate the long‐term effects of implants placed with graft‐less LSFE.

Materials and methods

The study group was comprised of 111 patients previously treated with graft‐less LSFE. The first follow‐up visit, which occurred after a mean of 5 years after surgery, included a clinical examination, cone beam computerized tomography, and panorama or intraoral radiography. The second follow‐up included panorama or intraoral radiography, and it was conducted after a mean of 8 years.

Results

Overall, 218 implants were placed in 127 sinuses. Nine of the 218 implants failed resulting in an overall implant survival of 95.9%. The average bone gain at the follow‐up was 4.0 ±2.0 mm.

Conclusion

The implant‐supported rehabilitation achieved using graft‐less LSFE was stable over time, and there was no or little impact on sinus health. Furthermore, it was concluded that the new bone formation and the amount of bone gain is proportional to the length of the implant protruding into the sinus cavity.
Immunity‐targeted approaches to the management of chronic and recurrent upper respiratory tract disorders in children
Authors: Feleszko Wojciech , Marengo Ricardo , Vieira Antonio Sousa , Ratajczak Karol , Mayorga Butrón José Luis
Published: March 2019

Background

Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), including rhinitis, nasopharyngitis, tonsillitis and otitis media (OM), comprise of 88% of total respiratory infections, especially in children. Therefore effective prevention and treatment of RTIs remain a high priority worldwide. Preclinical and clinical data highlight the rationale for the use and effectiveness of immunity‐targeted approaches, including targeted immunisations and non‐specific immunomodulation in the prevention and management of recurrent upper RTIs.

Objective of review

The idea of this review was to summarise the current evidence and address key questions concerning the use of conservative and immunity‐targeted approaches to recurrent and chronic URTIs, with a focus on the paediatric population.

Search strategy/Evaluation method

Literature searches were conducted in March 2017 and updated in September 2017 using: Academic Search Complete; CENTRAL; Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition; MEDLINE; clinicaltrials.gov; and Cochrane databases. In total, 84 articles were retrieved and reviewed. Two independent researchers focused on primary and secondary endpoints in systematic reviews, meta‐analyses and randomised, controlled trials, using immunity‐directed strategies as the control group or within a subpopulation of larger studies. Existing guidelines and interventional/observational studies on novel applications were also included.

Results

Children are particularly susceptible to RTIs due to the relative immaturity of their immune systems, as well as other potential predisposing factors such as day care attendance and/or toxic environmental factors (eg increased pathogenic microbial exposure and air pollutants). Recurrent URTIs can affect otherwise healthy children, leading to clinical sequelae and complications, including the development of chronic conditions or the need for surgery. Available pre‐clinical and clinical data highlight the rationale for the use and effectiveness of immunity‐targeted approaches, including targeted immunisations (flu and pneumococcal vaccines) and non‐specific immunomodulation (bacterial lysates), in the prevention and management of recurrent croup, tonsillitis, otitis media, recurrent acute rhinosinusitis and chronic rhinosinusitis.

Conclusions

In this review, we summarise the current evidence and provide data demonstrating that some immunity‐targeted strategies, including vaccination and immunomodulation, have proved effective in the treatment and prevention of recurrent and chronic URTIs in children.
Between Philanthropy and Big Business: The Rise of mHealth in the Global Health Market
Authors: Al Dahdah Marine
Published: March 2019

With more than 7 billion mobile connections in 2017, mobile phones have become the most widespread communication technology worldwide. From appointment reminders to mobile glucometers, healthcare systems are increasingly using mobile technologies to improve healthcare. These programmes, called ‘mHealth’, contribute to the present shift in international health described by many scholars as ‘global health’. The dynamics of globalization and commodification associated with global health are used to justify and encourage the spread of technical devices such as mHealth in the global South. Deployed by global players to respond to global challenges, mHealth engages strong participation by private actors. Based on the ethnography of an mHealth programme implemented in Africa and Asia, this article analyses the broader impact of mHealth initiatives on the contours of public health systems. It focuses specifically on power dynamics, philanthropic and market interests underlying the expansion of these new technical artefacts in the global South. It shows that advocates of mHealth play a major role in the commodification of health by addressing health issues as marketing cases and considering developing countries as untapped markets. It highlights how mHealth contributes to the creation of private health markets at the bottom of the pyramid in the global South that benefit the Northern digital economy.
Usefulness of septal thickness measurement on endoscopic ultrasound as a predictor of malignancy of branched‐duct and mixed‐type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm of the pancreas
Authors: Iwaya Hiromichi , Hijioka Susumu , Mizuno Nobumasa , Kuwahara Takamichi , Okuno Nozomi , Tajika Masahiro , Tanaka Tsutomu , Ishihara Makoto , Hirayama Yutaka , Onishi Sachiyo , Ito Ayako , Kuraoka Naosuke , Matsumoto Shinpei , Polmanee Petcharee , Shimizu Yasuhiro , Yatabe Yasushi , Niwa Yasumasa , Tamada Kiichi , Ido Akio , Hara Kazuo
Published: March 2019

Background and Aim

Septal thickness (ST) can predict a malignant branch‐duct (BD) and mixed‐type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN) of the pancreas, but its cut‐off value has not been established. The aim of the present study was to determine the optimal ST cut‐off value to predict malignancy using endoscopic ultrasound (EUS).

Methods

We retrospectively identified 200 patients with IPMN, including 132 with BD‐ and mixed‐IPMN, who underwent surgical resection between 1989 and 2017. ST was defined as the septum or lesion wall with the maximum diameter in BD‐ and mixed‐IPMN. The possibility of ST as a malignant predictor was examined, as well as the diagnostic ability of ST combined with mural nodule (MN) height for malignant IPMN.

Results

Among the 132 IPMN patients, pathological diagnosis was benign in 81 (61.4%) and malignant in 51 (38.6%). Area under the curve for the diagnosis of malignancy using ST was 0.74 for pathological specimens, 0.70 for EUS and 0.56 for computed tomography. Multivariate analysis showed that the odds ratios for ST ≥2.5 mm and MN height ≥5 mm were 3.51 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.55–7.97, P = 0.003] and 3.36 (95% CI, 1.52–7.45, P = 0.003), respectively.

Conclusions

Septal thickness was an independent predictive factor similar to MN height for malignant IPMN in a multivariate analysis. The ST on EUS appeared to be the thickness of a fibrotic septum associated with the malignant transformation of IPMN. An ST cut‐off value of 2.5 mm might provide an accurate prediction of malignant IPMN.
Arterial stiffness as a risk factor for cardiovascular events and all‐cause mortality in people with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Sharif S. , Visseren F. L. J. , Spiering W. , de Jong P. A. , Bots M. L. , Westerink J. ,   on behalf of the SMART study group
Published: March 2019

Aim

To quantify the risk of different non‐invasive arterial stiffness measurements with macrovascular disease and all‐cause mortality in high‐risk people with Type 2 diabetes.

Methods

We conducted a prospective cohort study of 1910 people with Type 2 diabetes included in the Second Manifestations of ARTerial disease (SMART) study. Arterial stiffness was assessed by brachial artery pulse pressure, normal range (≥0.9) ankle–brachial index and carotid artery distension. Cox regression was used to evaluate the effects of arterial stiffness on risk of cardiovascular events (composite of myocardial infarction, stroke and vascular mortality) and all‐cause mortality.

Results

A total of 380 new cardiovascular events and 436 deaths occurred during a median (interquartile range) follow‐up of 7.5 (4.1–11.0) years. A 10‐mmHg higher brachial pulse pressure was related to higher hazard of cardiovascular events (hazard ratio 1.09, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.16) and all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.10, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.16). A 0.1‐point lower ankle–brachial index within the normal range was related to a higher hazard of cardiovascular events (hazard ratio 1.13, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.27) and all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.17, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.31). A one‐unit (10−3×kPa−1) lower carotid artery distensibility coefficient was related to a higher hazard of vascular mortality (hazard ratio 1.04, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.09) and all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.04, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.07).

Conclusion

Increased arterial stiffness, as measured by either increased pulse pressure, normal‐range ankle–brachial index or carotid artery distensibility coefficient, is related to increased hazard of cardiovascular events and all‐cause mortality in people with Type 2 diabetes.
Eco‐evolution on the edge during climate change
Authors: Nadeau Christopher P. , Urban Mark C.
Published: March 2019

We urgently need to predict species responses to climate change to minimize future biodiversity loss and ensure we do not waste limited resources on ineffective conservation strategies. Currently, most predictions of species responses to climate change ignore the potential for evolution. However, evolution can alter species ecological responses, and different aspects of evolution and ecology can interact to produce complex eco‐evolutionary dynamics under climate change. Here we review how evolution could alter ecological responses to climate change on species warm and cool range margins, where evolution could be especially important. We discuss different aspects of evolution in isolation, and then synthesize results to consider how multiple evolutionary processes might interact and affect conservation strategies. On species cool range margins, the evolution of dispersal could increase range expansion rates and allow species to adapt to novel conditions in their new range. However, low genetic variation and genetic drift in small range‐front populations could also slow or halt range expansions. Together, these eco‐evolutionary effects could cause a three‐step, stop‐and‐go expansion pattern for many species. On warm range margins, isolation among populations could maintain high genetic variation that facilitates evolution to novel climates and allows species to persist longer than expected without evolution. This ‘evolutionary extinction debt’ could then prevent other species from shifting their ranges. However, as climate change increases isolation among populations, increasing dispersal mortality could select for decreased dispersal and cause rapid range contractions. Some of these eco‐evolutionary dynamics could explain why many species are not responding to climate change as predicted. We conclude by suggesting that resurveying historical studies that measured trait frequencies, the strength of selection, or heritabilities could be an efficient way to increase our eco‐evolutionary knowledge in climate change biology.
Clinical and psychosocial factors associated with depression in patients with psychosis according to stage of illness
Authors: Kim Sung‐Wan , Kim Jung Jin , Lee Bong Ju , Yu Je‐Chun , Lee Kyu Young , Won Seung‐Hee , Lee Seung‐Hwan , Kim Seung‐Hyun , Kang Shi‐Hyun , Kim Euitae , Lee Ju‐Yeon , Kim Jae‐Min , Chung Young Chul
Published: March 2019

Aim

This study investigated the clinical characteristics and psychosocial factors associated with depression in patients with early psychosis according to stage of illness.

Methods

The present study includes patients who fulfil the DSM‐5 criteria for schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. Patients were divided into two groups according to illness stage (the acute stage of first‐episode psychosis and stabilization phase of recent‐onset psychosis). Clinically meaningful depression was defined as moderate or severe on the depression dimension of the Clinician‐Rated Dimensions of Psychosis Symptom Severity scale in the DSM‐5.

Results

In total, 340 (207 first‐episode and 133 recent‐onset) patients were recruited in this study. Patients with comorbid depression were characterized by frequent suicidal ideation, a past suicide attempt, and lower scores on the Subjective Well‐being Under Neuroleptics and Brief Resilience Scale in both groups. Long duration of untreated psychosis and higher scores on the Early Trauma Inventory Self Report were associated with depression in the acute stage of first‐episode psychosis. In the stabilization phase of recent‐onset psychosis group, a monthly income and scores for sexual desire and on the Family Adaptability and Cohesion Evaluation Scale‐III were significantly lower in patients with depression than in those without depression.

Conclusion

Comorbid depression was associated with high suicidality, lower quality of life and poor resilience in patients with first‐episode and recent‐onset psychosis. Depression was associated with factors that had been present before the initiation of treatment in patients with first‐episode psychosis and with environmental factors in those in the stabilization phase.
“The Kids Were My Drive”: Shattered Families, Moral Striving, and the Loss of Parental Selves in the Wake of Homelessness
Authors: Carpenter‐Song Elizabeth
Published: March 2019

In this article, I theorize a form of madness induced by state intervention to terminate parental rights in the wake of homelessness and mental illness in Vermont. This argument is grounded in the experiences of two families unfolding over the course of five years, when they were participants in a longitudinal study of rural homelessness. Homelessness renders families vulnerable to the gaze of social workers, health professionals, law enforcement, and other “helping” professions. As parents interface with professionals to meet survival needs, they risk having their economic insecurity and often‐fragile mental health call into question their adequacy as parents. Through close ethnographic attention to two families, I trace the devastating subjective effects of losing children to state custody. The traumatic rupture of intersubjective familial ties produces tectonic shifts in parents' needs and ways of being‐in‐the‐world. The unraveling of family life results in the gradual erosion, and eventual loss, of parental selves.
Principle‐Based Integrative Therapy with Couples: Theory and a Case Example
Authors: Kelly Shalonda , Wesley Kiara C. , Maynigo Traci P. , Omar Yasmine , Clark Steven M. , Humphrey Simone C.
Published: March 2019

The Principle‐Based Integrative Therapy (PBIT) framework harnesses the principles of change underlying each theoretical model within integrative couple therapy treatments. PBIT has commonalities with other integrative approaches, and additional advantages stemming from its four tenets that guide therapists in combining strengths across models and overcoming each of their deficiencies. Tenet 1 advises that each model adds a core principle or mechanism of action that other models do not automatically address. Tenet 2 focuses on how techniques of one model may actualize the principles of other models. Tenet 3 ensures complementarity and a lack of conflict across principles. A case study and common case considerations are presented to illustrate how Tenets 1–3 can work in integrating Cognitive‐Behavioral, Multicultural, and Emotionally Focused Therapy models in working with a couple. Finally, Tenet 4 advocates for the use of models and empirically supported principles that also have received empirical support with diverse populations. Prerequisites and training implications for PBIT, and future clinical and research directions to further the utility of PBIT are discussed.
Introducing the Expectations and Preference Scales for Couple Therapy (EPSCT): Development, Psychometric Evaluation, and Suggested Use in Practice and Research
Authors: Friedlander Myrna L. , Muetzelfeld Hannah , Re Silvia , Colvin Kimberly F. , Quinn‐Nilas Christopher , Smoliak Olga
Published: March 2019

While it is known that client factors account for the largest proportion of outcome variance across treatment modalities, little is known about how clients’ characteristics affect the process and effectiveness of couple therapy. To further knowledge in this area, we created a brief, practice‐friendly measure, the Expectation and Preference Scales for Couple Therapy (EPSCT). Three self‐report scales assess clients’ Outcome expectations (e.g., I expect our relationship to improve as a result of couple therapy) and role expectations for Self (e.g., I expect to listen to my partner's concerns) and Partner (e.g., I expect my partner to blame me). Three Cognitive‐Behavioral, Emotionally Focused, and Family Systems preference scales use a forced‐choice format to measure the comparative strength of respondents’ preferences for interventions broadly reflective of each approach. A large item pool was developed from relevant literature and clinical experience and refined based on face and content analyses with two panels of experienced couple therapists and researchers. Across four studies with 1,175 participants, the scales’ internal consistency reliabilities were similar and their construct validity was supported with confirmatory factor analyses and significant correlations with several established measures, including expectation measures developed for individual psychotherapy and measures of attitudes toward professional help seeking and valuing personal growth. Across all studies, participants had stronger role expectations for themselves than their partners, although gender effects differed by sample. We discuss how to use the 15‐item EPSCT in clinical practice and in future research as a predictor of couple therapy processes and outcomes.