bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Update on Demonstrating "Reliable Technology" - Where are We Now?
Authors: Sidle Rod , Lee W. John
Published: April 2016

This paper presents a study of how the oil and gas industry has approached the demonstration of a "Reliable Technology" since the emergence of this as a formal reserves term in the US Securities and Exchange Commission's (SEC) modernized reserves regulations in late 2008. The paper summarizes the different technologies and the approach to reliability demonstration described in recent technical literature. It also investigates the target element of the reserves estimation procedure, such as expanding the Proved Area.

Through a review of published technical papers and other documents, this paper examines the industry's different views of demonstrating a "reliable technology." Sidle and Lee (2010a) proposed the scientific method as an approach to demonstrating the criteria were satisfied. Industry literature examples of seismic technology (to determine Proved Area) and numerical reservoir simulation (to determine recovery factor) are analyzed. Additionally, we examine the SPEE Monograph 3 (2010) procedure to understand the logic used to support reliability and compare it to the scientific method approach. This examination includes how the demonstration of analogy is important to estimate the resulting PUD reserves when technologies to define Proved Area are being considered. This is then compared to other examples of predictable commercial productivity of undrilled areas that do not meet the SPEE Monograph 3 (2010) requirements.

As industry seeks new technologies and approaches to demonstrating reliability, the status of how others have addressed these issues is valuable guidance. In providing both recent demonstration approaches and proposed technology, this paper provides a good reference on both what is currently being done to establish a proposed reliable technology and how this technology can be validated.
Uncertainty in Proved Reserves Estimates by Decline Curve Analysis
Authors: Apiwatcharoenkul W. , Lake L. W. , Jensen J. L.
Published: April 2016

Reserves estimation is crucial to the petroleum business as it involves all financial aspects of the petroleum companies. Among reserves classification, proved reserves always capture the most attention because most value is attached to it. By the SPE definition, proved reserves must be estimated by reliable methods that have a high-at least a 90% probability (P90) - that the actual quantities recovered will equal or exceed the estimate.

Decline curve analysis (DCA) is one of the most commonly used methods for proved reserves estimation throughout the industry. Through the DCA, a production history is fitted with a trend line, then the line will be extrapolated to an economic limit for the reserves estimation. If linear regression is used, the line is the "best estimate" that represents the performance, which corresponds to the 50th percentile value (P50). This practice, therefore, conflicts with the proved reserves definition.

In this paper a method is derived to estimate the variation of the reserves spread (the difference between P50 and P90). Compared to Monte Carlo, the method gives good results. The analytical solution is then used to study the sensitivity analysis of the spread and a field application. The study covers all decline models (exponential, hyperbolic and harmonic models) and both cases where the decline exponent is known and unknown.
Sewer Water: An Alternate Water Source for a CO2 EOR Project
Authors: Flanders W. A. , Grahmann N. , Green G.
Published: April 2016

Water is utilized in oil field operations to increase oil recovery by conventional water flood and is increasingly being used in enhanced oil recovery (EOR) technology. In many areas there is not a sufficient supply of water form subsurface salt water formations. Shallow fresh water sands have been used in the past as an alternative source when the fresh water was compatible with the reservoir water and formation. Use of the fresh water is not practical in many areas. An extreme strain has been placed on the limited fresh water supply by its use for the general population and agricultural irrigation. Effluent from municipal sewer plants can be used an an alternate source of water for the oil field.

Sewer water is being utilized successfully as the water source for the water injection requirements in the Hansford Marmaton CO2 EOR project. The source of water for the project is a portion of the 10,000 barrels of water per day available from the effluent of the water treatment plant in the small city of Spearman, Texas, population 3,800. Prior to injection, the water must be deoxidized, bacteria must be killed, and the suspended oil and grease must be removed. This paper reviews how these processes are being accomplished for the Hansford Marmaton Project. Additionally the problems encountered in installing the system, how they were resolved, the cost to implement and operate the water injection system are reviewed.
Species Pairing and Edge Effects on Biomass Yield and Nutrient Uptake in Perennial Alley Cropping Systems
Authors: Gamble Joshua D. , Johnson Gregg , Current Dean A. , Wyse Donald L. , Sheaffer Craig C.
Published: April 2016

Perennial biomass production in agroforestry systems has been promoted as a strategy to increase productivity and ecosystem services from marginal agricultural lands. However, little is known about appropriate species combinations and production potential for such systems. We measured biomass yield, nutrient uptake, and edge effects on productivity in alley cropping agroforestry systems consisting of four herbaceous perennial crops and two short‐rotation woody crops (SRWC) at three sites in Minnesota. After 4 yr, we found that alley system yield was 23 and 35% greater for NM6 poplar (Populus maximowiczii A. Henry × P. nigra L. ‘NM6’) than Fish Creek willow (Salix purpurea L.‘Fish Creek’) alley cropping systems at Empire and Granada, irrespective of herbaceous crop type. Nutrient uptake was consistently among the highest in NM6 poplar–native polyculture and prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata Bosc ex Link) systems at these sites, though at Empire the NM6 poplar–intermediate wheatgrass (Thinopyrum intermedium [Host] Barkworth and Dewey ‘Rush’) system was similar. Yields were similar for all systems at Fairmont, but nutrient uptake was highest in Fish Creek willow alley systems at this site. Crop yields were similar in poplar and willow alleys, and were greatest for prairie cordgrass and the native polyculture. At Empire, yield of all herbaceous crops declined with proximity to SRWC rows. Edge effects on SRWC productivity were not consistent across sites and species, but were an important consideration for accurately quantifying yield. Appropriate species combinations for maximizing yield and nutrient uptake vary based on site characteristics.

Core Ideas

NM6 poplar alley systems had greater yield and nutrient uptake than Fish Creek willow systems at two of three sites.

Prairie cordgrass and a native polyculture were the highest yielding herbaceous crops, but intermediate wheatgrass showed the greatest potential for nutrient uptake.

Herbaceous biomass crops yielded similarly in NM6 poplar and Fish Creek willow alleys.

Competition with SRWC reduced crop yield at Empire in 2013, but not in other years or at other sites.
Nouvelles formes d'organisation et évolution de l'entreprise
Authors: Desreumaux Alain
Published: April 2016

Sans préjuger trop vite, comme le font certains, du destin « révolutionnaire » des nouvelles formes organisationnelles expérimentées depuis le début des années 1980, l'auteur s'interroge sur l'importance du phénomène et la pertinence des diverses approches qui ont permis jusqu'ici de l'appréhender. Il fait apparaître les limites des analyses selon la logique stratégie-structure et en termes de configuration organisationnelle. Et il montre que les formes d'organisation qu'on peut observer, loin de se prêter à une description selon un modèle unique vers lequel elles convergeraient, sont variées et souvent hybrides. L'essentiel, pour les entreprises, plutôt que de rechercher une forme optimale, n'est-il pas d'ailleurs d'éviter toute solution figée afin de conserver une capacité d'adaptation stratégique ?
Une stratégie de recherche en gestion
Authors: Hlady-Rispal Martine
Published: April 2016

Parmi les stratégies de recherche en gestion, l'étude de cas est une méthode tantôt assimilée à la recherche-action, tantôt classée parmi les éludes qualitatives exploratoires. Cette forme de recherche de fait mal connue et peu utilisée par les chercheurs en gestion n'a-t-elle pas pourtant un intérêt méthodologique et théorique important ? C'est ce que montre l'auteur qui, après avoir souligné la grande diversité des applications possibles de cette méthode, avance un certain nombre de prérequis pour son utilisation et en étudie les spécificités.
The Bureaucratic Politics of Germany’s First Greek Bailout Package
Authors: Wood Luke
Published: April 2016

The bureaucratic politics of the German decision to bailout Greece reveal
that policy proposals from the Office of the Federal Chancellery and the Federal
Ministry of Finance to cope with the crisis in Greece stood to benefit
those specific ministries. Centered on a national/supranational cleavage, policy
debates in the second Angela Merkel government revolved around
whether the European Union should be delegated more power in terms of
broader Eurozone macroeconomic governance. Angela Merkel rejected
broader treaty revisions insisting on strict adherence to the Stability and
Growth Pact and the large-scale participation of the IMF. Conversely, Federal
Finance Minister Wolfgang Schäuble opposed IMF involvement and advocated
for increased EU competency including support for the French proposal
to institutionalize the Eurogroup. The policy positions of these two organizational
actors remained deeply conditioned by organizational interests, rather
than partisan or ideological divides over conceptions of “European Unity.”
A comparative corpus-assisted discourse study of the representations of hosts in promotional tourism discourse
Authors: Jaworska Sylvia
Published: April 2016

Most research concerned with the representations of hosts in tourism discourse points to the prevalence of stereotypical images of local people asserting that contemporary tourism perpetuates colonial legacy and gendered discursive practices. This claim has been contested, to some extent, in studies that explore representations of hosts in local tourism materials, pointing out that tourism can also resist discursively dominant Western imagery. While this research provides evidence for the existence of hegemonic and diverging discourses about the local ‘Other’, its empirical basis is rather small and often limited to one context. In this study, I address this shortcoming by examining representations of hosts in a larger corpus of promotional tourism materials, including texts produced by Western and local tourism industries. The data is investigated using the methodology of Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies (CADS). By comparing external with internal (self-)representations, this study verifies and refines some of the claims on the subject and offers a much more nuanced picture of representations that defies the black-and-white scenarios proposed in previous research.
Teaming up and mixing methods: collaborative and cross-disciplinary work in corpus research on phraseology
Authors: Römer Ute
Published: April 2016

Inspired by my positive experiences gained as a member of cross-disciplinary research teams, this paper explores the value of collaborative work in corpus linguistics. I discuss selected results from three studies that showcase research on phraseology: a study that attempts to measure formulaic language in first- and second-language writing, a study on attended/unattended this and its patterns in student writing, and a study on speaker knowledge and use of verb–argument constructions. My collaborators on these studies include a psycholinguist, a computational linguist, a cognitive linguist and a genre analysis expert. This paper highlights the ways in which combining research methods from different fields can be beneficial to research outcomes in phraseology, and calls for more collaboration between corpus linguists and scholars from neighbouring disciplines.
A Review of Double-Walled and Triple-Walled Carbon Nanotube Synthesis and Applications
Authors: Fujisawa Kazunori , Kim Hee , Go Su , Muramatsu Hiroyuki , Hayashi Takuya , Endo Morinobu , Hirschmann Thomas , Dresselhaus Mildred , Kim Yoong , Araujo Paulo
Published: April 2016

Double- and triple-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs and TWNTs) consist of coaxially-nested two and three single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). They act as the geometrical bridge between SWNTs and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), providing an ideal model for studying the coupling interactions between different shells in MWNTs. Within this context, this article comprehensively reviews various synthetic routes of DWNTs’ and TWNTs’ production, such as arc discharge, catalytic chemical vapor deposition and thermal annealing of pea pods (i.e., SWNTs encapsulating fullerenes). Their structural features, as well as promising applications and future perspectives are also discussed.
KRAS Mutant Pancreatic Cancer: No Lone Path to an Effective Treatment
Authors: Zeitouni Daniel , Pylayeva-Gupta Yuliya , Der Channing , Bryant Kirsten
Published: April 2016

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is among the deadliest cancers with a dismal 7% 5-year survival rate and is projected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths by 2020. KRAS is mutated in 95% of PDACs and is a well-validated driver of PDAC growth and maintenance. However, despite comprehensive efforts, an effective anti-RAS drug has yet to reach the clinic. Different paths to inhibiting RAS signaling are currently under investigation in the hope of finding a successful treatment. Recently, direct RAS binding molecules have been discovered, challenging the perception that RAS is an “undruggable” protein. Other strategies currently being pursued take an indirect approach, targeting proteins that facilitate RAS membrane association or downstream effector signaling. Unbiased genetic screens have identified synthetic lethal interactors of mutant RAS. Most recently, metabolic targets in pathways related to glycolytic signaling, glutamine utilization, autophagy, and macropinocytosis are also being explored. Harnessing the patient’s immune system to fight their cancer is an additional exciting route that is being considered. The “best” path to inhibiting KRAS has yet to be determined, with each having promise as well as potential pitfalls. We will summarize the state-of-the-art for each direction, focusing on efforts directed toward the development of therapeutics for pancreatic cancer patients with mutated KRAS.
Modeling and Simulation of the Thermal Runaway Behavior of Cylindrical Li-Ion Cells—Computing of Critical Parameters
Authors: Melcher Andreas , Ziebert Carlos , Rohde Magnus , Seifert Hans
Published: April 2016

The thermal behavior of Li-ion cells is an important safety issue and has to be known under varying thermal conditions. The main objective of this work is to gain a better understanding of the temperature increase within the cell considering different heat sources under specified working conditions. With respect to the governing physical parameters, the major aim is to find out under which thermal conditions a so called Thermal Runaway occurs. Therefore, a mathematical electrochemical-thermal model based on the Newman model has been extended with a simple combustion model from reaction kinetics including various types of heat sources assumed to be based on an Arrhenius law. This model was realized in COMSOL Multiphysics modeling software. First simulations were performed for a cylindrical 18650 cell with a L i C o O 2 -cathode to calculate the temperature increase under two simple electric load profiles and to compute critical system parameters. It has been found that the critical cell temperature T crit , above which a thermal runaway may occur is approximately 400 K , which is near the starting temperature of the decomposition of the Solid-Electrolyte-Interface in the anode at 393 . 15 K . Furthermore, it has been found that a thermal runaway can be described in three main stages.
Influence of Droplet Size on Exergy Destruction in Flow of Concentrated Non-Newtonian Emulsions
Authors: Pal Rajinder
Published: April 2016

The influence of droplet size on exergy destruction rate in flow of highly concentrated oil-in-water emulsions was investigated experimentally in a cone and plate geometry. The oil concentration was fixed at 74.5% by volume. At this dispersed-phase (oil) concentration, two different droplet size emulsions were prepared: fine and coarse emulsions. The fine and coarse emulsions were mixed in different proportions to vary the droplet size distribution. Although the dispersed and matrix phases of the emulsions were Newtonian in nature, the emulsions exhibited a non-Newtonian (shear-thinning) behavior due to the high droplet concentration. The shear stress—shear rate data of the emulsions could be described adequately by a power law model. At low shear rates, the exergy destruction rate per unit volume of emulsion exhibited a minimum at a fine emulsion proportion of 35%. The results from the cone and plate geometry were used to simulate exergy loss in pipeline flow of emulsions. The pumping of emulsions becomes more efficient thermodynamically upon mixing of fine and coarse emulsions provided that the flow regime is maintained to be laminar and that the Reynolds number is kept at a low to moderate value. In the turbulent regime, the exergy loss generally increases upon mixing the fine and coarse emulsions.
Theoretical Derivation of the Cosmological Constant in the Framework of the Hydrodynamic Model of Quantum Gravity: Can the Quantum Vacuum Singularity Be Overcome?
Authors: Chiarelli Piero
Published: April 2016

In the present work, it is shown that the problem of the cosmological constant (CC) is practically the consequence of the inadequacy of general relativity to take into account the quantum property of the space. The equations show that the cosmological constant naturally emerges in the hydrodynamic formulation of quantum gravity and that it does not appear in the classical limit because the quantum energy-impulse tensor gives an equal contribution with opposite sign. The work shows that a very large local value of the CC comes from the space where the mass of a quasi-punctual particle is present but that it can be as small as measured on cosmological scale. The theory shows that the small dependence of the CC from the mean mass density of the universe is due to the null contribution coming from the empty space. This fact gives some hints for the explanation of the conundrum of the cosmic coincidence by making a high CC value of the initial instant of universe compatible with the very small one of the present era.
Development of a Tomography Technique for Assessment of the Material Condition of Concrete Using Optimized Elastic Wave Parameters
Authors: Chai Hwa , Liu Kit , Behnia Arash , Yoshikazu Kobayashi , Shiotani Tomoki
Published: April 2016

Concrete is the most ubiquitous construction material. Apart from the fresh and early age properties of concrete material, its condition during the structure life span affects the overall structural performance. Therefore, development of techniques such as non-destructive testing which enable the investigation of the material condition, are in great demand. Tomography technique has become an increasingly popular non-destructive evaluation technique for civil engineers to assess the condition of concrete structures. In the present study, this technique is investigated by developing reconstruction procedures utilizing different parameters of elastic waves, namely the travel time, wave amplitude, wave frequency, and Q-value. In the development of algorithms, a ray tracing feature was adopted to take into account the actual non-linear propagation of elastic waves in concrete containing defects. Numerical simulation accompanied by experimental verifications of wave motion were conducted to obtain wave propagation profiles in concrete containing honeycomb as a defect and in assessing the tendon duct filling of pre-stressed concrete (PC) elements. The detection of defects by the developed tomography reconstruction procedures was evaluated and discussed.
De la pratique du minimalisme : la transposition de la directive-cadre « eau »
Authors: Drobenko Bernard
Published: April 2016

After a few months' delay, the French legislator has finally achieved the transposition of the Directive of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community Action in the field of water policy. This law is but a pale copy of what is required by the Directive. The fundamentals of European environment and water law seem to be ignored, whereas the practical impiementation of the Directive is gravely inadequate. While the Directive calls for a real public water policy, this text does not fill this purpose. Moreover, while a number of uncoordinated measures are adopted, a new Water Act is also announced, contributing to the confusion of policies in this field.
La zone de protection écologique en méditerranée, un outil efficace de lutte contre la pollution par les navires ? Commentaire de la loi n° 2003-346 du 15 avril 2003 relative à la création d'une zone de protection écologique au large des côtes du territoire de la République (2e partie)
Authors: Deffigier Clothilde
Published: April 2016

La loi du 15 avril 2003 a institué une zone de protection écologique au large de la façade méditerranéenne, afin d'y faciliter la répression des actes illégaux de pollution, causés notamment par les hydrocarbures des navires. Cette zone sous juridiction est conçue comme une déclinaison de la zone économique, conforme au droit international, où l'Etat côtier détient des compétences finalisées en matière écologique et scientifique. Elle pose les questions de l'étendue des droits conférés, de la délimitation de la zone et de sa conciliation avec la liberté de navigation. Son effectivité est garantie par un système répressif spécifique dont les tribunaux du littoral maritime spécialisés sont un élément clef. Elle doit également être assurée par une adaptation des moyens matériels de lutte contre la pollution, mais aussi par une relance de la coopération internationale et communautaire.
Le juge administratif face aux arrêtés « anti-OGM » : de la censure à l'ouverture ?
Authors: Makowiak Jessica
Published: April 2016

A observer de près les décisions des tribunaux administratifs face à la multiplication des arrêtés municipaux « anti-OGM », plusieurs lectures jurisprudentielles sont permises. De prime abord, le juge semble censurer l'autorité municipale dans l'exercice de son pouvoir de police générale en raison de l'existence d'une police spéciale étatique ; mais les motifs sur lesquels se fonde le juge montrent de plus en plus que l'exercice de la police municipale n'est pas tant censuré que conditionné, par la probabilité d'un risque et la proportionnalité des mesures prises. C'est ainsi qu'une deuxième lecture jurisprudentielle peut être avancée, sur le fondement particulier du risque lié à la coexistence des cultures. Cette interprétation a le mérite de s'inscrire dans un contexte communautaire qui pose des questions similaires. Et d'une manière plus fondamentale, la jurisprudence administrative relative aux OGM renouvelle la question de l'ordre public, dans lequel le principe de précaution peut paraître s'immiscer.
La nouvelle Convention africaine de Maputo sur la conservation de la nature et des ressources naturelles
Authors: Doumbé-Billé Stéphane
Published: April 2016

La nouvelle Convention africaine sur la conservation de la nature et des ressources naturelles a été adoptée le 1 1 juillet 2003 à Maputo par la conférence des chefs d'Etats et de gouvernements de la nouvelle Union africaine. Sans mettre fin, au moins provisoirement à la précédente Convention d'Alger de 1968, elle la modifie substantiellement, en vue de l'adapter à l'évolution des connaissances scientifiques, techniques et juridiques. Largement dépassée, la Convention d'Alger qui ne disparaît pas pour autant, se trouve ainsi nécessairement actualisée de même que la portée de ses dispositions acquiert, sur le plan quantitatif et qualitatif, une plus grande ampleur du fait de l'intégration des conceptions les plus modernes telles que le développement durable et des mécanismes les plus innovants, notamment institutionnels et de contrôle. Il reste toutefois à lui donner réellement corps par une mise en œuvre concrète.
La prise en compte des puits de carbone dans le cadre du Protocole de Kyoto : un obstacle à l'application de la Convention sur la diversité biologique ?
Authors: Rousseaux Sandrine
Published: April 2016

L'inclusion des puits de carbone dans le cadre du mécanisme pour un développement propre établi par le Protocole de Kyoto permet à ses parties de remplir à moindre coût leurs obligations juridiques en matière de limitation des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. Les activités de séquestration du carbone qu'elles pourraient réaliser doivent cependant contribuer au développement durable des pays hôtes, comme le prévoit le Protocole. Il convenait à cet effet de prévenir les possibles impacts négatifs sur la biodiversité, en favorisant des synergies entre la Convention-cadre des Nations-Unies sur les changements climatiques et la Convention sur la diversité biologique. Ceci ne semble pas garanti par la décision relative aux modalités et procédures de prise en compte des activités de projet de boisement et de reboisement au titre du mécanisme pour un développement propre, adoptée en 2003. Sa mise en oeuvre pourrait en effet donner lieu à des conflits entre les deux Conventions internationales.
La position et le rôle particulier de certains Etats dans le processus de protection du continent Antarctique. Le cas spécifique de la France en sa double qualité d'Etat possessionné et d'Etat conservationniste
Authors: Oraison André
Published: April 2016

Le Traité de Washington du 1er décembre 1959 est fondateur d'un système juridique antarctique original dès lors qu'il institue avec le concours des « Etats possessionnés » ou « revendiquants », comme la France et la Grande-Bretagne, une démilitarisation intégrale d'un espace qui englobe le Continent blanc, les îles avoisinantes et les mers qui les baignent jusqu'au 60e degré de latitude Sud. Des traités postérieurs tendent à combler les lacunes de ce Traité. La Convention de Canberra du 20 mai 1980 vise ainsi à assurer la conservation permanente de la faune et de la flore marines, tandis que le Protocole de Madrid du 4 octobre 1991 prohibe les activités minières sur l'Antarctique pour une longue période. Dus à la clairvoyance des « Etats conservationnistes », dont la France et l'Australie, les aspects positifs d'une politique environnementaliste ne doivent pas faire oublier que la partie n'est pas encore gagnée. L'objectif visant à sauver du désastre le Continent blanc est loin d'être atteint. Les écosystèmes dépendants et associés de l'Antarctique sont toujours menacés par l'homme. Après les missions scientifiques de plus en plus nombreuses à séjourner sur le Continent blanc avec des équipements lourds et polluants et les braconniers de plus en plus efficaces en raison des progrès de la technologie, les touristes commencent à affluer par milliers sur les terres glacées du continent Austral. C'est dire que de nouvelles initiatives sont nécessaires pour renforcer la protection de l'environnement antarctique.
Les origines du concept de développement durable
Authors: Bartenstein Kristin
Published: April 2016

Le présent article fait un voyage dans le temps afin de retracer ce qui est probablement une des premières réflexions théoriques modernes sur le concept de développement durable. Von Carlowitz, un noble œuvrant autour de 1700 comme forestier en Saxe, l'actuelle Allemagne, s'inspire d'une politique de Louis XIV pour rédiger un guide pratique destiné à assurer une gestion efficace des forêts. Mais surtout, il réfléchit aussi au côté théorique de la question. Son raisonnement, qui tourne autour de la durabilité, reflète déjà les quatre éléments que l'on cite aujourd'hui relativement au concept de développement durable. Bien que ce guide de foresterie ne concerne que le domaine restreint des forêts requérant une exploitation durable, ses développements théoriques se prêtent parfaitement à l'universalisation que connaît l'application du concept du développement durable depuis la fin du XXe siècle.
THE STELLAR MASS FUNDAMENTAL PLANE AND COMPACT QUIESCENT GALAXIES AT z < 0.6
Authors: Zahid H. Jabran , Damjanov Ivana , Geller Margaret J. , Hwang Ho Seong , Fabricant Daniel G.
Published: April 2016

We examine the evolution of the relation between stellar mass surface density, velocity dispersion, and half-light radius—the stellar mass fundamental plane (MFP)—for quiescent galaxies at z < 0.6. We measure the local relation from galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the intermediate redshift relation from ∼500 quiescent galaxies with stellar masses 10 ≲ log(M
*/M
⊙) ≲ 11.5. Nearly half of the quiescent galaxies in our intermediate redshift sample are compact. After accounting for important selection and systematic effects, the velocity dispersion distribution of galaxies at intermediate redshifts is similar to that of galaxies in the local universe. Galaxies at z < 0.6 appear to be smaller (≲0.1 dex) than galaxies in the local sample. The orientation of the stellar MFP is independent of redshift for massive quiescent galaxies at z < 0.6 and the zero-point evolves by ∼0.04 dex. Compact quiescent galaxies fall on the same relation as the extended objects. We confirm that compact quiescent galaxies are the tail of the size and mass distribution of the normal quiescent galaxy population.
GAMMA–GAMMA ABSORPTION IN THE BROAD LINE REGION RADIATION FIELDS OF GAMMA-RAY BLAZARS
Authors: Böttcher Markus , Els Paul
Published: April 2016

The expected level of γγ absorption in the Broad Line Region (BLR) radiation field of γ-ray loud Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars (FSRQs) is evaluated as a function of the location of the γ-ray emission region. This is done self-consistently with parameters inferred from the shape of the spectral energy distribution (SED) in a single-zone leptonic EC-BLR model scenario. We take into account all geometrical effects both in the calculation of the γγ opacity and the normalization of the BLR radiation energy density. As specific examples, we study the FSRQs 3C279 and PKS 1510-089, keeping the BLR radiation energy density at the location of the emission region fixed at the values inferred from the SED. We confirm previous findings that the optical depth due to γγ absorption in the BLR radiation field exceeds unity for both 3C279 and PKS 1510-089 for locations of the γ-ray emission region inside the inner boundary of the BLR. It decreases monotonically, with distance from the central engine and drops below unity for locations within the BLR. For locations outside the BLR, the BLR radiation energy density required for the production of GeV γ-rays rapidly increases beyond observational constraints, thus making the EC-BLR mechanism implausible. Therefore, in order to avoid significant γγ absorption by the BLR radiation field, the γ-ray emission region must therefore be located near the outer boundary of the BLR.
Femoral Head Avascular Necrosis Is Not Caused by Arthroscopic Posterolateral Femoroplasty
Authors: Rupp Robert E. , Rupp Sasha N.
Published: April 2016

This study was conducted to identify the risk of avascular necrosis of the femoral head after arthroscopic femoroplasty extending to the posterolateral femoral neck, the source of the primary blood supply to the femoral head. Cam lesions of femoroacetabular impingement are typically anterior along the junction of the femoral head and neck. However, anatomic variations can involve the posterolateral vascular region of the femoral head and neck. Femoroplasty involving this vascular region can lead to injury to the blood supply to the femoral head, with subsequent avascular necrosis. If the posterolateral portion of the cam lesion is preserved, persistent femoroacetabular impingement may occur. A retrospective review identified 112 patients who underwent arthroscopic femoroplasty for femoroacetabular impingement over a 2-year period. Of these patients, 14 had femoroplasty that extended to the posterolateral femoral head. Of this group, 5 had undergone magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after femoroplasty and the other 9 were contacted to undergo MRI of the hip to evaluate for avascular necrosis. A radiologist and the senior author evaluated all MRI scans specifically for avascular necrosis of the femoral head. All procedures were performed by the senior author. Mean age of the 14 patients (8 women and 6 men) with femoroplasty that extended into the posterolateral vascular region of the femoral head was 44 years (range, 23–69 years). All 14 patients underwent MRI evaluation of the affected hip a mean of 25 months (range, 7–44 months) after femoroplasty. No MRI scans showed evidence of avascular necrosis of the femoral head. Femoroplasty of the posterolateral vascular region of the femoral head is not associated with avascular necrosis. Patients with femoroacetabular impingement and a cam lesion extending to the posterolateral femoral head can undergo femoroplasty of this region without the development of avascular necrosis. [
Orthopedics.
2016; 39(3):177–180.]
Accuracy of Component Placement in Robotic-Assisted Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Redmond John M. , Gupta Asheesh , Hammarstedt Jon E. , Petrakos Alexandra , Stake Christine E. , Domb Benjamin G.
Published: April 2016

Robotic-assisted total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a recent platform introduced to decrease the risk of malpositioned components. The goals of this study were to determine whether intraoperative data on robotic-assisted THA acetabular component position accurately predict postoperative radiographic acetabular component position and to determine whether intraoperative data on robotic-assisted THA leg length and offset accurately predict postoperative radiographic leg length and offset data. In 146 patients, pre- and postoperative radiographs and intraoperative component measurements were reported for acetabular inclination, anteversion, leg length change, and offset change. Component position obtained by the robotic system and radiographic data were compared with subgroup analysis for the posterior and direct anterior approaches. The average difference between groups was 3.3°±3.1° for inclination, 2.9°±2.3° for anteversion, 3.0±2.3 mm for leg length change, and 4.0±3.1 mm for change in global offset. Correlation between the robotic system and postoperative radiographs was within 10° for 95.9% of cases for inclination and 99.3% for anteversion. Posterior approach correlation was within 10° for 97.1% of cases for inclination and 100% for anteversion. Anterior approach correlation was within 10° for 92.7% of cases for inclination and 97.6% for anteversion. Intraoperative data on component position obtained from the robotic system compared well with radiographic data on component position. Surgeons must remain vigilant to ensure outliers related to robotic system malfunction do not occur. [Orthopedics.2016; 39(3):193–199.]
Avulsion Fracture of the Tibial Tubercle Associated With Patellar Tendon Avulsion
Authors: Clarke Daine O. , Franklin Safiya A. , Wright Dean E.
Published: April 2016

Avulsion fractures of the tibial tubercle in adolescent athletes are uncommon injuries, believed to be a result of forceful extension of the knee against a fixed leg. Concomitant injury to the ipsilateral patella tendon is even more rare, with few cases reported in the literature. The mechanisms responsible for this association are not well understood. The significance of this double insult to the knee extensor mechanism is the potential deleterious effect of misdiagnosis and/or mismanagement. In this case report, the pathophysiology, mechanism of injury, classification, diagnosis, and management of concomitant injury are reviewed. [
Orthopedics.
2016; 39(3):e561–e564.]
Step-Cut Osteotomy for Recalcitrant Humeral Shaft Nonunion
Authors: Dailey Steven K. , Archdeacon Michael T.
Published: April 2016

The majority of humeral shaft nonunions resolve following operative intervention; however, a small percentage will persist despite surgical efforts. These cases of persistent nonunion are frustrating for patients and challenging for orthopedic surgeons. The authors describe the use of a step-cut osteotomy of the humeral diaphysis coupled with neutralization plating and autologous bone grafting for the management of humeral shaft nonunions that were recalcitrant to initial surgical management. In the authors' experience, this technique has been a valuable adjunct for obtaining adequate reduction and subsequent union in these complex cases. [
Orthopedics.
2016; 39(3):e587–e591.]
Simuler les activités pour développer les pratiques professionnelles : le cas de la formation à la manutention des patients
Authors: Malet Dorothée , Benchekroun Tahar-Hakim
Published: April 2016

Cet article s’intéresse à la formation et au développement des pratiques de manutention des patients basée sur le concept de « soin de manutention » et non sur une approche biomécanique. Cette formation est fondée sur une pédagogie socioconstructiviste et intègre la simulation avec jeu de rôles comme outil d’apprentissage et de développement des pratiques professionnelles. Elle propose aux professionnels de construire et de tester des modes opératoires sans risque pour le patient, autorisant ainsi l’expression de la créativité dans le soin. La liberté offerte à l’expression des uns et des autres lors des debriefing donne la possibilité de mettre en débat le métier, mais également d’évoquer la réalité professionnelle. Si la simulation est appréciée par les soignants comme un intermède dans le travail réel, elle est également un outil pertinent pour favoriser l’expression sur l’action, socle de l’analyse réflexive. Les moments d’échanges et de débats nourrissent le sens du métier et se révèlent un outil de construction du collectif. Cette approche didactique peut favoriser la transformation des pratiques professionnelles et devenir source de développement pour les individus et les organisations.
Stage de récupération de points du permis de conduire : Quelles activités des formateurs ?
Authors: Jean Alain
Published: April 2016

Lors d’un stage de récupération de points de permis de conduire, nous avons mené une recherche sur l’activité réelle mobilisée par les formateurs pendant les deux jours de stage en regard des prescriptions nationales arrêtées par la Sécurité routière. Ces stages étant assurés par des binômes, les co-animations plus ou moins imposées par les hasards d’affectations des stages, font cohabiter des conceptions sur l’apprentissage, sur la conduite routière, sur les relations avec la loi souvent différentes. À partir de l’hypothèse que les formateurs doivent concevoir la formation dans l’usage à partir des prescriptions nationales peu flexibles, nous avons procédé à un recueil de traces de l’activité des formateurs pendant le stage, ainsi qu’à des entretiens d’auto-confrontation simple. Nous mettons en évidence les genèses instrumentales opérées par les formateurs vis-à-vis de ce dispositif de formation considéré comme un artefact, leurs concepts pragmatiques en jeu, ainsi que sur les combinaisons de gestes professionnels d’ajustement qu’ils ont convoqués pour s’ajuster aux imprévus qu’ils ont rencontrés. Nos résultats mettent ainsi en lumière que les binômes doivent réaliser des conceptions alternées dans l’usage pour pouvoir assurer ces formations, préserver la paix sociale lors de ces stages et rester cohérents avec leurs valeurs, leurs visions du monde et leurs propres manières de se comporter sur la route.
Assembly and Expression of Shark Ig Genes
Authors: Hsu Ellen
Published: April 2016

Sharks are modern descendants of the earliest vertebrates possessing Ig superfamily receptor–based adaptive immunity. They respond to immunogen with Abs that, upon boosting, appear more rapidly and show affinity maturation. Specific Abs and immunological memory imply that Ab diversification and clonal selection exist in cartilaginous fish. Shark Ag receptors are generated through V(D)J recombination, and because it is a mechanism known to generate autoreactive receptors, this implies that shark lymphocytes undergo selection. In the mouse, the ∼2.8-Mb IgH and IgL loci require long-range, differential activation of component parts for V(D)J recombination, allelic exclusion, and receptor editing. These processes, including class switching, evolved with and appear inseparable from the complex locus organization. In contrast, shark Igs are encoded by 100–200 autonomously rearranging miniloci. This review describes how the shark primary Ab repertoire is generated in the absence of structural features considered essential in mammalian Ig gene assembly and expression.
The degree of satisfaction of women undergoing surgical repair of prolapse, compared with clinical and urodynamic findings
Authors: Vecchioli-Scaldazza Carlo , Morosetti Carolina , Ferrara Vincenzo
Published: April 2016

Obiective: To assess the degree of satisfaction of women undergoing surgical repair of prolapse, compared with the clinical and urodynamic findings. Materials and Methods: 72 women hospitalized for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) were enrolled in this prospective study. Patients underwent clinical evaluation and urodynamic study before and 4 months after POP repair. Women were assessed for urinary symptoms by micturition diary and patient perception of intensity of urgency scale. Women were also questioned about defecation and sexual life. POP repair was performed in all cases without the use of a mesh. Subjective evaluation was performed by patient global impression of improvement questionnaire. Results: 56 women were evaluable. Improvements were found in all micturition symptoms and in particular in voiding symptoms. Feeling of vaginal bulging disappeared in all patients. A slight improvement was found in constipation; 62% of patients had a normal sexual life but 27% refrained from sexual activity. Judgement of patients was between “much improved” and “very much improved”. Conclusions: Disappearance of the feeling of vaginal bulging was by far the best result. Improvements were found in most of the symptoms particularly in voiding symptoms and urodynamic findings.
Clarification to provide further understanding of the conduct and design of TROPIC: A Phase 3 trial of cabazitaxel versus mitoxantrone in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer
Authors: De Bono Johann , Shen Liji , Sartor Oliver
Published: April 2016

Not available.
ERRATUM: Current approach for urinary system stone disease in pregnant women
Authors: Celik Orcun , Türk Hakan , Ekin Rahmi Gokhan , Cakmak Ozgur , Budak Salih , Keskin Mehmet Zeynel , Yildiz Guner , Ilbey Yusuf Ozlem
Published: April 2016

Due to a technical error, Dr. Salih Budak was omitted from the author list of this article. The correct author details and order appear above.
Changes in Water-Extractable Organic Carbon with Cover Crop Planting under Continuous Corn Silage Production
Authors: Grebliunas Brian D. , Armstrong Shalamar D. , Perry William L.
Published: April 2016

Long-term row crop agricultural production has dramatically reduced the pool of soil organic carbon. The implementation of cover crops in Midwestern agroecosystems is primarily to reduce losses of nitrogenous fertilizers, but has also been shown to restore soil carbon stocks over time. If labile carbon within agricultural soils could be increased, it could improve soil health, and if mobilized into subsurface drainage, it may positively impact watershed biogeochemistry. We tested for potential differences in water-extractable organic carbon (WEOC) at two different soil profiles (0-5 cm and 5-20 cm) between plots planted with cereal rye/daikon radish (cover crop), corn, and zero control (no vegetation) within the Illinois State University Research and Teaching Farm. We also tested for potential differences in denitrification within the upper soil profile throughout the growing year. We modeled excitation–emission matrices from soil cores through parallel factor analysis. We found no difference in WEOC concentrations between each crop treatment ( P = 0.2850), but concentrations of WEOC were significantly lower in the 5-20 cm profile than that in the upper (0-5 cm) profile ( P = 0.0033). There was a significant increase in WEOC after each treatment in samples after cover crop termination. The parallel factor analysis model found humic and fulvic acids to be the dominant fractions of WEOC in all soils tested. Humic and fulvic acids accounted for ~70% and 30% of model variation. Denitrification rates did not differ across treatments ( P = 0.3520), which is likely attributed to soil WEOC being in limiting quantities and in primarily recalcitrant fractions. After three years, cover crops do not appear to alter soil WEOC quantity and type. Restoring the availability of carbon within agricultural soils will not be a short-term fix, and fields will likely be a net carbon sink, contributing minimal labile carbon to receiving waterways.
Projekt SHAPE. Izmenjava dobrih praks kot strategija za profesionalni razvoj izobraževalcev odraslih
Authors: Radojc Aleksandra
Published: April 2016

Projekt SHAPE. Izmenjava dobrih praks kot strategija za profesionalni razvoj izobraževalcev odraslih
Osnovna šola kot središče socialnega in kulturnega življenja v lokalni skupnosti
Authors: Mažgon Jasna , Muršak Janko
Published: April 2016

V Sloveniji se je dolgo ohranjal model organizacije družbe, ki je koreninil v skupnostni formi. V taki družbeni formi je na ravni lokalne skupnosti osnovna šola daleč presegala svojo primarno vzgojno-izobraževalno funkcijo. Urbanizacija, ki je danes precej zajela tudi za podeželje bolj značilno skupnostno družbeno formo, je prinesla zanimive spremembe v omenjeni širši funkciji šole. Raziskali smo, kako danes šole razumejo potrebe po povezovanju šole in skupnosti. Ugotovili smo, da se razumevanje tega povezovanja in njegove modalitete močno razlikujejo. Načini, kako šole odgovarjajo na potrebe skupnosti (in obratno), so močno odvisni od obstoječih modelov družbene organizacije. Pričakovanja so večja v okoljih, kjer je šola ena od redkih ali celo edina javna ustanova v kraju. Čeprav si tudi v preostalih okoljih šole prizadevajo za motivacijo in angažma prebivalcev, pa jim pogosto zmanjka časa in energije. Rezultati kvalitativne analize so razkrili, da ima zapiranje lokalnih ali podružničnih šol negativne demografske in socialno-kulturne posledice. Sočasno pa je analiza pokazala na neizrabljen potencial v novih urbanih okoljih, kjer bi šola lahko bila ključen element družbene organizacije v lokalni skupnosti.
Longevity and learning from the biographical perspective. Two Case Studies - Locally Rooted and Globally Oriented
Authors: Malec Rawiński Małgorzata
Published: April 2016

In the general imagination, old age and increased longevity do not correspond to learning. The fact that older adults are learning needs to be proven constantly. Longevity is considered to be more than passing time - it has advantages for learning. I agree that longevity is a challenge and I argue that it is also a time of learning. Consequently, my research interest in this paper is longevity and learning. I present two case studies (locally rooted and globally oriented) from a biographical perspective. The paper consists of two parts, a theoretical and an empirical one. In the first, theoretical section, I discuss longevity in the context of the body while considering the local and global worlds as places of living and presenting biography theory as a frame for the research. In the second, empirical section, I present the research background, as well as the research findings from Sweden and Poland.