bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Receptive field organization across multiple electrosensory maps. I. Columnar organization and estimation of receptive field size
Authors: Maler Leonard
Published: June 2009

The electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus emits a high‐frequency electric organ discharge (EOD) sensed by specialized electroreceptors (P‐units). Amplitude modulations (AMs) of the EOD are caused by objects such as prey as well as by social interactions with conspecifics. The firing rate of P‐units is modulated by the AMs due to both objects and communication signals. P‐units trifurcate as they enter the medulla; they terminate topographically with three maps of the electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL): the centromedial (CMS), centrolateral (CLS), and lateral (LS) segments. Within each map P‐units terminate onto the basal dendrites of pyramidal cells. Anterograde filling of P‐units and retrograde filling of the basal bushes of pyramidal cells were used to estimate their respective spreads and spacing in the three maps. These estimates were used to compute the receptive field structure of the pyramidal cells: receptive fields were small in CMS and very large in LS with intermediate values in CLS. There are several classes of pyramidal cells defined by morphological and functional criteria; these cells are organized into columns such that each column contains one member of each class and all cells within a column receive the same P‐unit input. J. Comp. Neurol. 516:376–393, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of the spatial distribution of seven types of neuroendocrine neurons in the rat paraventricular nucleus: Toward a global 3D model
Authors: Simmons Donna M. , Swanson Larry W.
Published: June 2009

The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVH) coordinates neuroendocrine, autonomic, and behavioral responses to help maintain energy and body water balance. The rat paraventricular nucleus has three major divisions: descending with axonal projections to somatomotor‐behavioral and autonomic circuitry, magnocellular neuroendocrine with projections directly to the posterior pituitary, and parvicellular neuroendocrine with projections to the median eminence for controlling anterior pituitary hormone secretion. The present work was undertaken to provide high‐resolution mapping of spatial relationships among the two magnocellular neuroendocrine and five parvicellular neuroendocrine neuron types throughout the nucleus. Double immunohistochemical labeling for two neuron types combined with retrograde labeling to identify neuroendocrine neurons positively was used in individual sections spaced 45 μm apart, along with a grid transfer method for reducing plane of section artifacts when comparing staining pattern data between animals. The results indicate that whereas each neuroendocrine neuron phenotype displays a unique distribution pattern, there is extensive partial overlap in a complex pattern between small “hot spots” with a relatively high density of a particular neuron type and few if any other phenotypes. In addition, the distribution of non‐neuroendocrine neurons staining with each of the markers (but not retrogradely labeled) was mapped and compared with each other and with the neuroendocrine neuron populations. This spatial organization raises important questions about the differential functional regulation of individual—and perhaps sets of—neuroendocrine motor neuron populations in the PVH by synaptic mechanisms and by less traditional mechanisms like dendritic neurotransmitter release and gap junctions within and between neuron types. J. Comp. Neurol. 516:423–441, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Associative pairing involving monocular stimulation selectively mobilizes a subclass of GABAergic interneurons in the mouse visual cortex
Authors: Liguz‐Lecznar Monika , Waleszczyk Wioletta J. , Zakrzewska Renata , Skangiel‐Kramska Jolanta , Kossut Malgorzata
Published: June 2009

Levels of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its synthesizing enzyme in cerebral cortex are regulated by sensory experience. Previously we found that associative pairing of vibrissae stimulation and tail shock results in upregulation of GABAergic markers in the mouse barrel cortex. In order to ascertain whether GABAergic upregulation also accompanies associative pairing in other sensory modalities, we examined the mouse visual cortex after analogous training with visual stimulus. During pairing, visual stimulus (CS) was coupled with a tail shock (UCS). We examined the density of cells expressing glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and parvalbumin (PV) in monocular and binocular segments of the primary visual cortex (V1). The auditory cortex was used as a control. After monocular training, the density of cells expressing GAD rose significantly in the monocular segment of V1 contralateral to the stimulated eye, compared with the opposite hemisphere. This effect was due to the association of CS and UCS, as no changes were found after visual stimulation alone or in the auditory cortex. No changes were noted in the density of PV+ neurons, so the effect was attributed to GAD+/PV− neurons. Mobilization of a specific subclass of GABAergic cells, observed after associative pairing in the somatosensory and visual cortices, may reflect the necessity to restrict the activity of circuits involved in sensory association. J. Comp. Neurol. 516:482–492, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enkephalins, dynorphins, and β‐endorphin in the rat dorsal horn: An immunofluorescence colocalization study
Authors: Marvizón Juan Carlos G. , Chen Wenling , Murphy Niall
Published: June 2009

To characterize neuronal pathways that release opioid peptides in the rat dorsal horn, multiple‐label immunohistochemistry, confocal microscopy, and computerized co‐localization measures were used to characterize opioid‐containing terminals and cells. An antibody that selectively recognized β‐endorphin labeled fibers and neurons in the ventral horn as well as fibers in the lateral funiculus and lamina X, but practically no fibers in the dorsal horn. An anti‐enkephalin antibody, which recognized Leu‐, Met‐, and Phe‐Arg‐Met‐enkephalin, labeled the dorsolateral funiculus and numerous puncta in laminae I–III and V of the dorsal horn. An antibody against Phe‐Arg‐Met‐enkephalin, which did not recognize Leu‐ and Met‐enkephalin, labeled the same puncta. Antibodies against dynorphin and prodynorphin labeled puncta and fibers in laminae I, II, and V, as well as some fibers in the rest of the dorsal horn. Dynorphin and prodynorphin immunoreactivities colocalized in some puncta and fibers, but the prodynorphin antibody additionally labeled cell bodies. There was no co‐localization of dynorphin (or prodynorphin) with enkephalin (or Phe‐Arg‐Met‐enkephalin). Enkephalin immunoreactivity did not colocalize with the C‐fiber markers calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), substance P, and isolectin B4. In contrast, there was some colocalization of dynorphin and prodynorphin with CGRP and substance P, but not with isolectin B4. Both enkephalin and dynorphin partly colocalized with vesicular glutamate transporter 2, a marker of glutamatergic terminals. The prodynorphin‐positive neurons in the dorsal horn were distinct from neurons expressing μ‐opioid receptors, neurokinin 1 receptors, and protein kinase C‐γ. These results show that enkephalins and dynorphins are present in different populations of dorsal horn neurons. In addition, dynorphin is present in some C‐fibers. J. Comp. Neurol. 517:51–68, 2009. Published 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Viral strategies for studying the brain, including a replication‐restricted self‐amplifying delta‐G vesicular stomatis virus that rapidly expresses transgenes in brain and can generate a multicolor golgi‐like expression
Authors: van den Pol Anthony N. , Ozduman Koray , Wollmann Guido , Ho Winson S.C. , Simon Ian , Yao Yang , Rose John K. , Ghosh Prabhat
Published: June 2009

Viruses have substantial value as vehicles for transporting transgenes into neurons. Each virus has its own set of attributes for addressing neuroscience‐related questions. Here we review some of the advantages and limitations of herpes, pseudorabies, rabies, adeno‐associated, lentivirus, and others to study the brain. We then explore a novel recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (dG‐VSV) with the G‐gene deleted and transgenes engineered into the first position of the RNA genome, which replicates only in the first brain cell infected, as corroborated with ultrastructural analysis, eliminating spread of virus. Because of its ability to replicate rapidly and to express multiple mRNA copies and additional templates for more copies, reporter gene expression is amplified substantially, over 500‐fold in 6 hours, allowing detailed imaging of dendrites, dendritic spines, axons, and axon terminal fields within a few hours to a few days after inoculation. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression is first detected within 1 hour of inoculation. The virus generates a Golgi‐like appearance in all neurons or glia of regions of the brain tested. Whole‐cell patch‐clamp electrophysiology, calcium digital imaging with fura‐2, and time‐lapse digital imaging showed that neurons appeared physiologically normal after expressing viral transgenes. The virus has a wide range of species applicability, including mouse, rat, hamster, human, and Drosophila cells. By using dG‐VSV, we show efferent projections from the suprachiasmatic nucleus terminating in the periventricular region immediately dorsal to the nucleus. DG‐VSVs with genes coding for different color reporters allow multicolor visualization of neurons wherever applied. J. Comp. Neurol. 516:456–481, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Arcuate nucleus expression of NKX2.1 and DLX and lineages expressing these transcription factors in neuropeptide Y+, proopiomelanocortin+, and tyrosine hydroxylase+ neurons in neonatal and adult mice
Authors: Yee Cindy L. , Wang Yanling , Anderson Stewart , Ekker Marc , Rubenstein John L.R.
Published: June 2009

Despite its small size, the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus has a critical role in regulating energy homeostasis. We have begun to define genetic approaches to express genes in specific cell types within the developing arcuate nucleus, to allow precise molecular perturbations of these cells. Furthermore, our analysis aims to contribute to defining the transcriptional networks that regulate the development of function of the arcuate neurons. Here, we define the neuronal cells types within the arcuate that express Nkx2.1 and Dlx homeobox genes. In addition, we used mice expressing Cre recombinase from the Dlx5/6 intergenic enhancer (Dlx5/6i) and from the Nkx2.1 locus to follow the fate of embryonic cells expressing these genes within the arcuate nucleus. We demonstrate that NKX2.1+ cells and their lineages are broadly expressed in arcuate neurons [γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)+, neuropeptide Y (NPY)+, proopiomelanocortin (POMC)+, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)+] and glia (tanycytes). On the other hand, DLX+ cells and their lineages mark only GABA+ and TH+ (dopaminergic) neurons, and Dlx1–/– mutants have fewer TH+ neurons. These results have implications for the genetic control of arcuate development and function and for the utility of the Nkx2.1‐Cre and Dlx5/6i‐Cre mouse lines to alter gene expression in the developing arcuate. J. Comp. Neurol. 517:37–50, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The proportion of synapses formed by the axons of the lateral geniculate nucleus in layer 4 of area 17 of the cat
Authors: da Costa Nuno Maçarico , Martin Kevan A.C.
Published: June 2009

The connection between the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and area 17 of the cat is a classical model for studying thalamocortical relations. We investigated the proportion of asymmetric synapses in layer 4 of area 17 of cats formed by axons of the dLGN, because this is an important morphological parameter in understanding the impact of dLGN axons on their target neurons. Although the present consensus is that this proportion is small, the exact percentage remains in doubt. Most previous work estimated that the thalamus contributes less than 10% of excitatory synapses in layer 4, but one estimate was as high as 28%. Two issues contribute to these widely different estimates, one being the tracers used, the other being the use of biased stereological approaches. We have addressed both of these issues. Thalamic axons were labeled in vivo by injections of biotinylated dextran amine into the A lamina of the dLGN of anesthetized cats. After processing, the brain was cut serially and prepared for light and electron microscopy. The density of asymmetric synapses in the neuropil and the density of synapses formed by labeled dLGN boutons were measured by using an unbiased sampling method called the physical disector. Our counts indicate that, in the fixed cat brain, there are 5.9 × 108 ± 0.9 × 108 asymmetric synapses per cubic millimeter of layer 4 in area 17, and the dLGN input provides only 6% of all asymmetric synapses in layer 4. The vast majority of synapses of layer 4 probably originate from other neurons in area 17. J. Comp. Neurol. 516:264–276, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Specificity of the horizontal cell‐photoreceptor connections in the zebrafish (Danio rerio) retina
Authors: Li Yong N. , Matsui Jonathan I. , Dowling John E.
Published: June 2009

Horizontal cells (HCs) are involved in establishing the center‐surround receptive field organization of photoreceptor and bipolar cells. In many species, HCs respond differentially to colors and may play a role in color vision. An earlier study from our laboratory suggested that four types of HCs exist in the zebrafish retina: three cone HCs (H1, H2 and H3) and one rod HC. In this study, we describe their photoreceptor connections. Cones are arranged in a mosaic in which rows of alternating blue (B)‐ and ultraviolet (UV)‐sensitive single cones alternate with rows of red (R)‐ and green (G)‐sensitive double cones; the G cones are adjacent to UV cones and B cones adjacent to R cones. Two small‐field (H1 and H2) and two large‐field (H3 and rod HC) cells were observed. The cone HC dendritic terminals connected to cones with single boutons, doublets, or rosettes, whereas the rod HCs connected to rods with single boutons. The single boutons/doublets/rosettes of cone HCs were arranged in double rows separated by single rows for H1 cells, in pairs and singles for H2 cells, and in a rectilinear pattern for H3 cells. These connectivity patterns suggest that H1 cells contact R, G, and B cones, H2 cells G, B, and UV cones, and H3 cells B and UV cones. These predictions were confirmed by applying the DiI method to SWS1‐GFP retinas whose UV cones express green fluorescent protein. Each rod HC was adjacent to the soma or axon of a DiI‐labeled cone HC and connected to 50–200 rods. J. Comp. Neurol. 516:442–453, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Drebrin a knockout eliminates the rapid form of homeostatic synaptic plasticity at excitatory synapses of intact adult cerebral cortex
Authors: Aoki Chiye , Kojima Nobuhiko , Sabaliauskas Nicole , Shah Lokesh , Ahmed Tunazzina H. , Oakford John , Ahmed Tahir , Yamazaki Hiroyuki , Hanamura Kenji , Shirao Tomoaki
Published: June 2009

Homeostatic synaptic plasticity (HSP) is important for maintaining neurons' excitability within the dynamic range and for protecting neurons from unconstrained long‐term potentiation that can cause breakdown of synapse specificity (Turrigiano [2008] Cell 135:422–435). Knowledge of the molecular mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains incomplete, especially for the rapid form of HSP. To test whether HSP in adulthood depends on an F‐actin binding protein, drebrin A, mice deleted of the adult isoform of drebrin (DAKO) but retaining the embryonic isoform (drebrin E) were generated. HSP was assayed by determining whether the NR2A subunit of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors (NMDARs) can rise rapidly within spines following the application of an NMDAR antagonist, D‐APV, onto the cortical surface. Electron microscopic immunocytochemistry revealed that, as expected, the D‐APV treatment of wild‐type (WT) mouse cortex increased the proportion of NR2A‐immunolabeled spines within 30 minutes relative to basal levels in hemispheres treated with an inactive enantiomer, L‐APV. This difference was significant at the postsynaptic membrane and postsynaptic density (i.e., synaptic junction) as well as at nonsynaptic sites within spines and was not accompanied by spine size changes. In contrast, the D‐APV treatment of DAKO brains did not augment NR2A labeling within the spine cytoplasm or at the synaptic junction, even though basal levels of NR2A were not significantly different from those of WT cortices. These findings indicate that drebrin A is required for the rapid (<30 minutes) form of HSP at excitatory synapses of adult cortices, whereas drebrin E is sufficient for maintaining basal NR2A levels within spines. J. Comp. Neurol. 517:105–121, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomy and physiology of a set of low‐frequency vibratory interneurons in a nonhearing ensiferan (Troglophilus neglectus, Rhaphidophoridae)
Authors: Stritih Nataša
Published: June 2009

Vibratory interneurons were investigated in a primitive nonhearing ensiferan (orthopteran) species (Troglophilus neglectus, Rhaphidophoridae), using intracellular recording and staining technique. The study included 26 morphologically and/or physiologically distinct types of neurons from the prothoracic ganglion responding to vibration of the front legs. Most of these neurons are tuned to frequencies below 400 Hz. The morphology, anatomical position in the ganglion, and physiological responses are described in particular for a set of these low‐frequency‐tuned elements, including one local neuron, two T‐shaped fibers, and five descending neurons, for which no putative homologues are known from the hearing Orthoptera. Their lowest thresholds are between about 0.01 and 0.4 m/second2 at frequencies of 50–400 Hz, and the shortest latencies between 10 and 16 msec, suggesting that they are first‐ or second‐order interneurons. Six interneurons have dendritic arborizations in the neuropile region that contains projections of tibial organ vibratory receptors, but their sensitivity suggests predominating inputs from vibrational sensilla of another origin. Responses of most neurons are composed of frequency‐specific excitatory and inhibitory synaptic potentials, most of the latter being received in the high‐frequency range. The function of these neurons in predator detection and intraspecific communication is discussed. J. Comp. Neurol. 516:519–532, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Emotion recognition and regulation in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Harrison Amy , Sullivan Sarah , Tchanturia Kate , Treasure Janet
Published: June 2009

It is recognized that emotional problems lie at the core of eating disorders (EDs) but scant attention has been paid to specific aspects such as emotional recognition, regulation and expression. This study aimed to investigate emotion recognition using the Reading the Mind in the Eyes (RME) task and emotion regulation using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) in 20 women with anorexia nervosa (AN) and 20 female healthy controls (HCs). Women with AN had significantly lower scores on RME and reported significantly more difficulties with emotion regulation than HCs. There was a significant negative correlation between total DERS score and correct answers from the RME. These results suggest that women with AN have difficulties with emotional recognition and regulation. It is uncertain whether these deficits result from starvation and to what extent they might be reversed by weight gain alone. These deficits may need to be targeted in treatment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message:

Clinicians can work to foster new skills in emotion functioning. This research shows that the acceptability of emotions and recognition of emotions are important factors, so specifically practising emotion recognition and examining the function of emotions might be useful treatment targets.

Building skills in emotion functioning may enable to client to feel more confident about social interaction and reduce isolation.

It might also be useful to involve the family to build a shared understanding of emotional functioning.
Semi‐active tuned mass damper building systems: Application
Authors: Chey Min‐Ho , Chase J. Geoffrey , Mander John B. , Carr Athol J.
Published: June 2009

Seismic performance attributes of multi‐story passive and semi‐active tuned mass damper (PTMD and SATMD) building systems are investigated for 12‐story moment resisting frames modeled as ‘10+2’ stories and ‘8+4’ stories. Segmented upper portion of the stories are isolated as a tuned mass, and a passive viscous damper or semi‐active resetable device is adopted as energy dissipation strategy. The semi‐active approach uses feedback control to alter or manipulate the reaction forces, effectively re‐tuning the system depending on the structural response. Optimum tuned mass damper control parameters and appropriate matching SATMD configurations are adopted from a companion study on a simplified two‐degree‐of‐freedom system. Statistical performance metrics are presented for 30 probabilistically scaled earthquake records from the SAC project. Time history analyses are used to compute response reduction factors across a wide range of seismic hazard intensities. Results show that large SATMD systems can effectively manage seismic response for multi‐degree‐of freedom systems across a broad range of ground motions in comparison to passive solutions. Specific results include the identification of differences in the mechanisms by which SATMD and PTMD systems remove energy, based on the differences in the devices used. Additionally, variability is seen to be tighter for the SATMD systems across the suites of ground motions used, indicating a more robust control system. While the overall efficacy of the concept is shown the major issues, such as isolation layer displacement, are discussed in detail not available in simplified spectral analyses, providing further insight into the dynamics of these issues for these systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An expanded model for the valuation of employee stock options
Authors: Liao Feng‐Yu , Lyuu Yuh‐Dauh
Published: June 2009

The unique characteristics of employee stock options make straightforward applications of traditional option pricing models questionable. This study extends the standard pricing model to account for the dilution effect, the employees' exercise pattern, and the state‐dependent employee forfeiture rate. It also performs comparative analysis of popular existing models and the proposed models. Finally, the impacts of the above‐mentioned factors on the fair value of employee stock options are investigated. The results support the claim that our models reflect the reality better than existing models. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 29:713–735, 2009
Options on normal underlyings with an application to the pricing of survivor swaptions
Authors: Dawson Paul , Dowd Kevin , Cairns Andrew J. G. , Blake David
Published: June 2009

Survivor derivatives are gaining considerable attention in both the academic and practitioner communities. Early trading in such products has generally been confined to products with linear payoffs, both funded (bonds) and unfunded (swaps). History suggests that successful linear payoff derivatives are frequently followed by the development of option‐based products. The random variable in the survivor swap pricing methodology developed by Dowd et al [2006] is (approximately) normally, rather than lognormally, distributed and thus a survivor swaption calls for an option pricing model in which the former distribution is incorporated. We derive such a model here, together with the Greeks and present a discussion of its application to the pricing of survivor swaptions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 29:757–774, 2009
Minimum variance cross hedging under mean‐reverting spreads, stochastic convenience yields, and jumps: Application to the airline industry
Authors: Bertus Mark , Godbey Jonathan , Hilliard Jimmy E.
Published: June 2009

Exchange traded futures contracts often are not written on the specific asset that is a source of risk to a firm. The firm may attempt to manage this risk using futures contracts written on a related asset. This cross hedge exposes the firm to a new risk, the spread between the asset underlying the futures contract and the asset that the firm wants to hedge. Using the specific case of the airline industry as motivation, we derive the minimum variance cross hedge assuming a two‐factor diffusion model for the underlying asset and a stochastic, mean‐reverting spread. The result is a time‐varying hedge ratio that can be applied to any hedging horizon. We also consider the effect of jumps in the underlying asset. We use simulations and empirical tests of crude oil, jet fuel cross hedges to demonstrate the hedging effectiveness of the model. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 29:736–756, 2009
A link between the expression of the stem cell marker HMGA2, grading, and the fusion CRTC1‐MAML2 in mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Authors: Fehr André , Meyer Anke , Heidorn Klaus , Röser Kerstin , Löning Thomas , Bullerdiek Jörn
Published: June 2009

Recently, the concept of cancer stem cells and their expression of embryonic stem cell markers has gained considerable experimental support. In this study, we examined the expression of one such marker, the high‐mobility group AT‐hook 2 gene (HMGA2) mRNA, in 53 formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded mucoepidermoid carcinomas (MEC) and four normal parotid tissues using quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR (qPCR). MECs are often characterized by the fusion gene CRTC1‐MAML2, the detection of which is an important tool for the diagnosis and prognosis of MEC. For detection of the CRTC1‐MAML2 fusion transcript, we performed RT‐PCR. The mean expression level of HMGA2 was higher in fusion negative (302.8 ± 124.4; n = 14) than in positive tumors (67.3 ± 13.1; n = 39). Furthermore, the fusion‐negative tumors were often high‐grade tumors and the HMGA2 expression level rose with the tumor grade (low: 43.7 ± 11.0, intermediate: 126.2 ± 28.3, and high: 271.2 ± 126.5). A significant difference was found in the HMGA2 expression levels between the different grading groups (one‐way ANOVA, P = 0.04) and among the fusion‐negative and ‐positive tumors (t‐test, P = 0.05), indicating that the expression level of HMGA2 was closely linked to grading, the presence/absence of the CRTC1‐MAML2 fusion, and the tumor behavior of MECs. These findings offer further evidence for the theory that the MEC group comprises two subgroups: one group with the CRTC1‐MAML2 fusion, which is a group with a moderate aggressiveness and prognosis, and the other group lacking that fusion corresponding to an increased stemness, and thus, higher aggressiveness and worse prognosis. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contributions to the chemistry of 3‐cyanoacetylhydrazono‐2‐indolinones and X‐ray structure of Z‐3‐cyanoacetylhydrazono‐2‐indolinone monohydrate
Authors: Somogyi László , Bényei Attila Csaba
Published: June 2009

The tendency of acylhydrazones to undergo a spontaneous cyclization into 1,3,4‐oxadiazolines has been investigated. Contrary to the literature data, an attempted transformation of isatin cyanoacetylhydrazone in solution generates stereoisomers and not the reported structural isomer oxadiazoline. A similar behavior of the corresponding l‐methyl‐ and l‐acetylisatin derivatives even under acetylation conditions has been found. The crystal structure of the Z isomer of 3‐cyanoacetylhydrazono‐2‐indolinone monohydrate is reported. It contains strong intramolecular hydrogen bond between the hydrazone NH and oxygen atom of the indolinone carbonyl, and in this way the Z isomer over the CN bond is stabilized. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 20:183–193, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20531
Greenland Ice Sheet surface mass‐balance modelling and freshwater flux for 2007, and in a 1995–2007 perspective
Authors: Mernild Sebastian H. , Liston Glen E. , Hiemstra Christopher A. , Steffen Konrad , Hanna Edward , Christensen Jens H.
Published: June 2009

The freshwater flux from the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) to the ocean is of considerable importance to the global eustatic sea level rise. A physical modelling approach using SnowModel, a state‐of‐the‐art snow‐evolution modelling system that includes four submodels (MicroMet, EnBal, SnowPack, and SnowTran‐3D), was used to quantify the 1995–2007 GrIS surface mass‐balance (SMB), including freshwater flux. Meteorological observations from 26 meteorological stations located on the GrIS (Greenland Climate Network; GC‐Net stations) and in coastal Greenland (Danish Meteorological Institute (DMI) WMO‐stations) were used as model inputs. The GrIS minimum surface melt extent of 29% occurred in 1996, while the greatest extent of 51% was present in 2007. The 2007 melt extent was 20% greater than the average for 1995–2006. The year 2007 had the highest GrIS surface runoff (523 km3 y−1) and the lowest SMB (−3 km3 y−1); the only year with a negative GrIS SMB. Runoff in 2007 was approximately 35% greater than average for 1995–2006. From 1995 through 2007 overall, precipitation decreased while ablation increased, leading to an increased average SMB loss of 127 km3. The modelled GrIS SMB was merged with previous estimates of GrIS subglacial runoff (from geothermal melt) and GrIS calving to quantify GrIS freshwater flux to the ocean, indicating an average negative mass‐balance of 265 ( ±83) km3 y−1. This study further suggests an average GrIS freshwater flux of approximately 786 km3 y−1 to the ocean, of which 45% occurs from iceberg calving and geothermal bottom melting. The average annual GrIS freshwater flux equals 2·1 ± 0·2 mm w.eq. y−1 in eustatic sea level rise, indicating a cumulative flux of 28 mm w.eq. from 1995 through 2007. The average GrIS net loss contributes to a net sea level rise of 0·7 ± 0·2 mm w.eq. y−1, and a cumulative net increase of 10 mm w.eq. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biscoclaurine alkaloid cepharanthine inhibits the growth of primary effusion lymphoma in vitro and in vivo and induces apoptosis via suppression of the NF‐κB pathway
Authors: Takahashi‐Makise Naoko , Suzu Shinya , Hiyoshi Masateru , Ohsugi Takeo , Katano Harutaka , Umezawa Kazuo , Okada Seiji
Published: June 2009

Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) is a unique and recently identified non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma that was originally identified in patients with AIDS. PEL is caused by the Kaposi sarcoma‐associated herpes virus (KSHV/HHV‐8) and shows a peculiar presentation involving liquid growth in the serous body cavity and a poor prognosis. As the nuclear factor (NF)‐κB pathway is activated in PEL and plays a central role in oncogenesis, we examined the effect of a biscoclaurine alkaloid, cepharanthine (CEP) on PEL derived cell lines (BCBL‐1, TY‐1 and RM‐P1), in vitro and in vivo. An methylthiotetrazole assay revealed that the cell proliferation of PEL cell lines was significantly suppressed by the addition of CEP (1–10 μg/ml). CEP also inhibited NF‐κB activation and induced apoptotic cell death in PEL cell lines. We established a PEL animal model by intraperitoneal injection of BCBL‐1, which led to the development of ascites and diffuse infiltration of organs, without obvious solid lymphoma formation, which resembles the diffuse nature of human PEL. Intraperitoneal administration of CEP inhibited ascites formation and diffuse infiltration of BCBL‐1 without significant systemic toxicity in this model. These results indicate that NF‐κB could be an ideal molecular target for treating PEL and that CEP is quite useful as a unique therapeutic agent for PEL. © 2009 UICC
EUROGIN 2008 roadmap on cervical cancer prevention
Authors: Franceschi Silvia , Cuzick Jack , Herrero Rolando , Dillner Joakim , Wheeler Cosette M.
Published: June 2009

The EUROGIN 2008 Roadmap represents a continuing effort to provide updated information on primary and secondary prevention of cervical cancer. The report addresses several areas including the progress made toward global implementation of currently licensed human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines, the possibilities and value of future‐generation HPV vaccines, endpoints under consideration for evaluation of candidate HPV vaccines, and monitoring impact of HPV vaccination programmes that can be implemented within developed and less‐developed countries. For the sake of completeness, a short update on the evolution of HPV testing in primary screening programmes at present and after HPV vaccine introduction has also been included. The report is available on the EUROGIN website (www.eurogin.com). © 2009 UICC
Epigenetic regulation of microRNA expression in colorectal cancer
Authors: Bandres Eva , Agirre Xabier , Bitarte Nerea , Ramirez Natalia , Zarate Ruth , Roman‐Gomez Jose , Prosper Felipe , Garcia‐Foncillas Jesus
Published: June 2009

In the last years, microRNAs (miRNA) have emerged as new molecular players involved in carcinogenesis. Deregulation of miRNAs expression has been shown in different human cancer but the molecular mechanism underlying the alteration of miRNA expression is unknown. To identify tumor‐supressor miRNAs silenced through aberrant epigenetic events in colorectal cancer (CRC), we used a sequential approach. We first identified 5 miRNAs down‐regulated in patient with colorectal cancer samples and located around/on a CpG island. Treatment with a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor and a HDAC inhibitor restored expression of 3 of the 5 microRNAs (hsa‐miR‐9, hsa‐miR‐129 and hsa‐miR‐137) in 3 CRC cell lines. Expression of hsa‐miR‐9 was inversely correlated with methylation of their promoter regions as measure by MSP and bisulphate sequencing. Further, methylation of the hsa‐miR‐9‐1, hsa‐miR‐129‐2 and hsa‐miR‐137 CpG islands were frequently observed in CRC cell lines and in primary CRC tumors, but not in normal colonic mucosa. Finally, methylation of hsa‐miR‐9‐1 was associated with the presence of lymph node metastasis. In summary, our results aid in the understanding of miRNA gene regulation showing that aberrant DNA methylation and histone modifications work together to induce silencing of miRNAs in CRC. © 2009 UICC
Sphingosine kinase 1 inhibition sensitizes hormone‐resistant prostate cancer to docetaxel
Authors: Sauer Lysann , Nunes Joao , Salunkhe Vishal , Skalska Lenka , Kohama Takafumi , Cuvillier Olivier , Waxman Jonathan , Pchejetski Dmitry
Published: June 2009

It has recently been shown that docetaxel chemotherapy is effective in prolonging life in patients with prostate cancer (PCa). We have investigated potential ways of increasing the effectiveness of chemotherapy in this disease. We have previously reported that sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1) inhibition is a key step in docetaxel‐induced apoptosis in the PC‐3 PCa cell line and that pharmacologicalSphK1 inhibition is chemosensitizing in the docetaxel‐resistant PCa LNCaP cell line. In this study we have addressed the mechanism of docetaxel‐induced apoptosis of PC‐3 cells and identified SphK1‐dependent and ‐independent components. We have shown that SphK1 inhibition by docetaxel is a two‐step process involving an initial loss of enzyme activity followed by a decrease in SphK1 gene expression. Using hormoneresistant PC‐3 and DU145 PCa cells we have demonstrated that both pharmacological and siRNA‐mediated SphK1 inhibition leads to a four‐fold decrease in the docetaxel IC50 dose. This work points out to potential ways of increasing the effectiveness of chemotherapy for PCa by SphK1 inhibition. © 2009 UICC
Upregulation of myosin Va by Snail is involved in cancer cell migration and metastasis
Authors: Lan Linxiang , Han Haibo , Zuo Huijing , Chen Zhiguo , Du Yantao , Zhao Wei , Gu Jin , Zhang Zhiqian
Published: June 2009

Cell migration, which involves acto‐myosin dynamics, cell adhesion, membrane trafficking and signal transduction, is a prerequisite for cancer cell metastasis. Here, we report that an actin‐dependent molecular motor, unconventional myosin Va, is involved in this process and implicated in cancer metastasis. The mRNA expression of myosin Va is increased in a number of highly metastatic cancer cell lines and metastatic colorectal cancer tissues. Suppressing the expression of myosin Va by lentivirus‐based RNA interference in highly metastatic cancer cells impeded their migration and metastasis capabilities both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the levels of myosin Va in cancer cell lines are positively correlated with the expression of Snail, a transcriptional repressor that triggers epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Repression or overexpression of Snail in cancer cells caused reduced or elevated levels of myosin Va, respectively. Furthermore, Snail can bind to an E‐box of the myosin Va promoter and induce its activity, which indicates that Snail might act as a transcriptional activator. These data demonstrate an essential role of myosin Va in cancer cell migration and metastasis, and suggest a novel target for Snail in its regulation of cancer progression.
Genome‐wide profiling of chromosomal alterations in renal cell carcinoma using high‐density single nucleotide polymorphism arrays
Authors: Chen Meng , Ye Yuanqing , Yang Hushan , Tamboli Pheroze , Matin Surena , Tannir Nizar M. , Wood Christopher G. , Gu Jian , Wu Xifeng
Published: June 2009

The identification of genetic aberrations may help understand the mechanisms of tumorigenesis and has important implications in diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. We applied Illumina's 317K high‐density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) arrays to profile chromosomal aberrations in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) from 80 patients and analyzed the association of LOH/amplification events with clinicopathological characteristics and telomere length. The most common loss of heterozygosity (LOH) were 3p (69 cases) including 38 whole 3p arm losses, 30 large fragment LOH (spanning 3p21‐36), and 1 interstitial LOH (spanning 3p12‐14, 3p21‐22, 3p24.1‐24.2 and 3p24.3), followed by chromosome losses at 8p12‐pter, 6q23.3‐27, 14q24.1‐qter, 9q32‐qter, 10q22.3‐qter, 9p13.3‐pter, 4q28.3‐qter and 13q12.1‐21.1. We also found several smallest overlapping regions of LOH that contained tumor suppressor genes. One smallest LOH in 8p12 had a size of 0.29 Mb and only contained one gene (NRG1). The most frequent chromosome gains were at 5q (32 cases), including 10 whole 5q amplification, 21 large amplifications encompassing 5q32‐ter and 1 focal amplification in 5q35.3 (0.42 Mb). The other common chromosome gains were 1q25.1‐qter, 7q21.13‐qter, 8q24.12‐qter and whole 7p arm. Significant associations of LOH at 9p, 9q, 14q and 18q were observed with higher nuclear grade. Significant associations with tumor stage were observed for LOH at 14q, 18p and 21q. Finally, we found that tumors with LOH at 2q, 6p, 6q, 9p, 9q and 17p had significantly shorter telomere length than those without LOH. This is the first study to use Illumina's SNP–CGH array that provides a close estimate of the size and frequency of chromosome LOH and amplifications of ccRCC. The identified regions and genes may become diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers as well as potential targets of therapy. © 2009 UICC
Cognitive adaptation training for outpatients with schizophrenia
Authors: Draper Meredith L. , Stutes Donna S. , Maples Natalie J. , Velligan Dawn I.
Published: June 2009

Schizophrenia is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by cognitive deficits. These deficits in cognitive functioning have been shown to relate to a variety of functional and treatment outcomes. Cognitive adaptation training (CAT) is a home‐based, manual‐driven treatment that utilizes environmental supports and compensatory strategies to bypass cognitive deficits and improve target behaviors and functional outcomes in individuals with schizophrenia. Unlike traditional case management, CAT provides environmental supports and compensatory strategies tailored to meet the behavioral style and neurocognitive deficits of each individual patient. The case of Ms. L. is presented to illustrate CAT treatment. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 65:1–12, 2009.
Mercury removal: a physicochemical study of metal interaction with natural materials
Authors: Carro Leticia , Herrero Roberto , Barriada José L. , Sastre de Vicente Manuel E.
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: Mercury is considered one of the most harmful heavy metals to the environment and human health, so recently remediation processes have been developed to eliminate this metal from wastewaters. Metal retention by natural polymers is a good alternative technique to remove heavy metals from solution.

RESULTS: A screening of 25 potential mercury sorbents was carried out at three different pH values in order to find appropriate biomass to remove this metal from polluted waters. High sorption capacities were found for many of the materials studied. Four of these materials were selected for further detailed study. Kinetic studies showed short times to reach equilibrium. For S. muticum, sorption isotherms were obtained at several temperatures and a sorption enthalpy value was obtained. Desorption experiments were performed to determine the possibility for recycling of this brown alga.

CONCLUSIONS: Different materials have been found to be potentially good adsorbents of mercury. A detailed study showed that S. muticum is an excellent material with a mercury uptake about 200 mg g−1. This brown alga has a fast kinetic process (80% of metal is removed from solution in 30 min), and very high metal uptake over a wide pH range, up to 92% elimination for pH values above 3–4. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Cichoric acid production from hairy root cultures of Echinacea purpurea grown in a modified airlift bioreactor
Authors: Abbasi Bilal Haider , Liu Rui , Saxena Praveen K. , Liu Chun‐Zhao
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: Hairy root cultures of Echinacea offer great potential for the production of valuable cichoric acid, but scale‐up of the culture in the bioreactor represents a big challenge. Therefore, there is great interest in developing a suitable bioreactor for hairy root culture of Echinacea and novel bioprocessing strategies for intensifying cichoric acid production.

RESULTS: Homogenous distribution of inoculum roots and high cichoric acid production were observed in a bioreactor modified by installing a mesh draught tube with an average pore size 700 µm, slightly larger than the hairy root, about 500 µm. Improved root growth and cichoric acid production were improved by increasing the aeration rate from 0.002 m3 h−1 to 0.012 m3 h−1. The hairy root cultures in the modified bioreactor exposed once to 6 min of ultrasound treatment at day 20 gave the highest biomass accumulation of 12.8 ± 0.3 g L−1, which resulted in the maximum cichoric acid production of 178.2 ± 4.9 mg L−1 at day 30.

CONCLUSION: The present work demonstrated the effectiveness of hairy root culture in a modified airlift bioreactor. The biomass distribution remained homogenous in the modified airlift bioreactor, and the cichoric acid production was improved owing to the even root growth at optimal air flow rate. An interesting finding of this investigation was that ultrasound stimulated root growth and cichoric acid production considerably in the modified airlift bioreactor. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Gas‐phase dissociation of 1,4‐naphthoquinone derivative anions by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Vessecchi Ricardo , Carollo Carlos A. , Lopes José N. C. , Crotti Antonio E. M. , Lopes Norberto P. , Galembeck Sérgio E.
Published: June 2009

Gas‐phase dissociation pathways of deprotonated 1,4‐naphthoquinone (NQ) derivatives have been investigated by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS). The major decomposition routes have been elucidated on the basis of quantum chemical calculations at the B3LYP/6‐31 + G(d,p) level. Deprotonation sites have been indicated by analysis of natural charges and gas‐phase acidity. NQ anions underwent an interesting reaction under collision‐induced dissociation conditions, which resulted in the radical elimination of the lateral chain, in contrast with the even‐electron rule. Possible pathways have been suggested, and their mechanisms have been elucidated on the basis of Gibbs energy and enthalpy values for the anions previously described at each pathway. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of rootstock and scion on antioxidant capacity of juice from new pomelo and mandarin varieties
Authors: Raveh Eran , Saban Tany , Zipi Hillman , Beit‐Yannai Elie
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: New pomelo and mandarin scion varieties growing under subtropical arid conditions were investigated for total antioxidants in the juice. Four different rootstocks—sour orange (Citrus aurantium (L.); SO), Volkamer lemon (C. volkameriana (Ten & Pasq.)), SB812 (C. sunki (Hort. ex Tan.) × Poncirus trifoliate (L.)) and C. macrophylla (Wester)—were tested.

RESULTS: Fruit juice was tested for total antioxidants, ascorbic acid and total polyphenol contents. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) analysis revealed three different antioxidant groups for pomelo and four groups for mandarin. CV analysis for the pomelo scion/rootstock combinations showed that ascorbic acid concentration was highest for scions grafted onto SO. Total polyphenol levels were similar among the pomelo varieties. Mandarin analysis revealed that ‘Merav’ scion/SO had the highest ascorbic acid concentration (1.91 ± 0.01 mmol L−1). Total polyphenol analysis discovered that ‘Merav’ 4/119‐/SB812 gave the highest levels, while ‘Ora Shani’ scion grafted on to any tested rootstock contained the lowest

CONCLUSION: We suggest that the SO rootstock is superior to Volka, 812 and macrophylla in terms of juice antioxidant capacity. For the pomelo, both ‘Flamingo’ scions were found to have high antioxidant production capacity, with ‘Flamingo’ 3/73 being slightly superior regardless of the rootstock. The best mandarins were ‘Merav’ hybrids in combination with SO rootstock. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Pediatric squamous cell carcinoma: Case report and literature review
Authors: Sidell Douglas , Nabili Vishad , Lai Chi , Cheung Gilbert , Kirsch Claudia , Abemayor Elliot
Published: June 2009

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Describe a rare pediatric malignancy. Discuss the clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic differences between squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the adult and pediatric population.

Study Design:

Case report including a detailed radiological and histopathologic analysis and review of the literature.

Methods:

A case report is described from a tertiary care university hospital. Histopathologic assessment and radiological details are reviewed. A literature review of the background, incidence, disease course, and treatment options are presented.

Results:

This case report presents a 6‐year‐old male with a 2‐month history of an enlarging oral lesion. The patient denied dysphagia, pain, weight loss, bleeding, or loosening of the teeth. Biopsy demonstrated invasive, well‐differentiated, exophytic squamous cell carcinoma with perineural and angiolymphatic invasion. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated a 2.7 × 3.0 cm poorly marginated infiltrative mass involving the gingival aspect of the superior alveolar ridge and the adjacent bony marrow, primarily to the right of midline. Multiple small subcentimeter lymph nodes were also identified in the bilateral level II to V posterior cervical triangles bilaterally.

Conclusions:

Pediatric SCC of the oral cavity is indeed a rare entity; however, its presence in the pediatric population should not be ignored. This case report describes the occurrence of SCC in the oral cavity of a 6‐year‐old male patient, the youngest case ever reported, and is a reminder that a multidisciplinary approach tailored to pediatric individuals is essential to obtain clear diagnoses and appropriate treatment plans.