bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship between self‐reported sleep bruxism and pain in patients with temporomandibular disorders
Authors: Blanco Aguilera A. , Gonzalez Lopez L. , Blanco Aguilera E. , De la Hoz Aizpurua J. L. , Rodriguez Torronteras A. , Segura Saint‐Gerons R. , Blanco Hungría A.
Published: April 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between self‐reported sleep bruxism and the age, gender, clinical subtypes of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), pain intensity and grade of chronic pain in patients previously diagnosed with TMD. Thousand two‐hundred and twenty patients of the Andalusian Health Service were examined using the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) questionnaire. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were those included in the RDC/TMD criteria. The bruxism diagnosis was drawn from the question, ‘Have you been told, or do you notice that you grind your teeth or clench your jaw while sleeping at night?’ in the anamnestic portion of the questionnaire. A bivariate analysis was conducted, comparing the presence of perceived parafunctional activity with age (over age 60 and under age 60), gender, different subtypes of TMD, pain intensity, grade of chronic pain and presence of self‐perceived locked joints. The overall prevalence of self‐reported sleep bruxism (SB) was 54·51%. A statistically significant association was found between the presence of SB and patients under age 60, women, greater pain intensity, greater pain interference with activities of daily living, and the axis‐I groups affected by both muscular and articular pathology. There is a statistically significant association between self‐reported sleep bruxism and women under age 60 who have painful symptoms of TMD. There is also a positive association between this parafunctional habit and the presence of chronic pain. However, more studies that cover larger samples and differentiate between sleep bruxism and awake bruxism are needed.
Contrast Ratio of Six Zirconia‐Based Dental Ceramics
Authors: Kanchanavasita Widchaya , Triwatana Premwara , Suputtamongkol Kallaya , Thanapitak Alisa , Chatchaiganan Mathura
Published: April 2014

Purpose

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of thickness and brands on the contrast ratio of six zirconia dental ceramics.

Materials and Methods

Six brands of yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y‐TZP) ceramics (ZENO® Translucent, Lava™ Plus High Translucency, inCoris TZI, Cercon® Base, Zeno®Zr, Lava™) were used in this study. Disc‐shaped specimens with 15 mm diameter were prepared in five thickness levels (0.3, 0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5 mm, n = 10) for each brand. The contrast ratio (CR = Yb/Yw) was determined from the luminous reflectance over black (Yb) and white (Yw) backgrounds using a spectrophotometer. Two‐way ANOVA was performed to determine the significant differences among thicknesses and brands at α = 0.05.

Results

The mean contrast ratio values of six zirconia ceramics were significantly different and influenced by both the thickness and brand. The mean contrast ratio values of all groups increased as their thickness increased from 0.3 to 1.5 mm. inCoris TZI was the most translucent, with the lowest contrast ratio at a thickness of 0.6 to 1.5 mm. The mean contrast ratio values of Lava™ and Lava™ Plus were significantly lower than those of Zeno®Zr, ZENO® Translucent, and Cercon® Base.

Conclusions

The thickness and brands had significant effects on the contrast ratio of six zirconia dental ceramics. The mean contrast ratio values of inCoris TZI, Lava™, and Lava™ Plus High Translucency were significantly lower than those of Cercon® Base, Zeno®, and ZENO® Translucent at all thicknesses.
Improvement in Dental Porcelain Bonding to Milled, Noncast Titanium Surfaces by Gold Sputter Coating
Authors: Lin Mau‐Chin , Huang Her‐Hsiung
Published: April 2014

Purpose

This study evaluated the adherence of dental porcelain to a milled, noncast titanium (Ti) surface with a gold sputter coating to evaluate a possible new practical surface treatment for enhancing the bond strength between Ti and porcelain.

Materials and Methods

Milled, noncast Ti strips were created by computer‐aided design and manufacturing processes. The milled, noncast Ti strips were sandblasted with alumina particles and were then sequentially subjected to gold sputter coating treatments of 150‐ and 300‐second duration. Low‐fusion dental porcelain was then sintered onto the surface‐treated Ti strips. The bond strengths of the Ti/porcelain specimens were evaluated using a three‐point bending test (ISO 9693). Surface characterizations of the specimens were carried out with X‐ray photoelectron spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy.

Results

The results indicated that the bond strengths of all the Ti/porcelain groups were greater than the minimum requirement (25 MPa) as prescribed by ISO 9693. The gold sputter coating increased the oxidation resistance (or decreased the oxide content) of the Ti surface during porcelain sintering, which positively affected the bond strength of Ti/porcelain (approximately 36 MPa) compared to the untreated Ti/porcelain specimen (approximately 29 MPa). The fracture morphologies of all the Ti/porcelain groups revealed an adhesive bond failure as the interfacial fracture mode between the Ti and the porcelain.

Conclusions

A practical and simple sandblasting/gold sputter coating treatment of Ti surfaces prior to porcelain sintering significantly strengthens the bond between the milled, noncast Ti and the dental porcelain.
The Effect of Glass Fiber‐Reinforced Epoxy Resin Dowel Diameter on the Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Teeth
Authors: Tey Kuan Chuan , Lui Joo Loon
Published: April 2014

Purpose

To determine the effect of glass fiber‐reinforced epoxy resin (FRC) dowels of different diameters on the failure load of endodontically treated teeth with different remaining dentine and reinforcing resin composite (RRC) thicknesses and the mode of failure in each group.

Materials and Methods

Fifty extracted intact human maxillary central incisors were decoronated 2 mm incisal to the buccal cementoenamel junction and endodontically treated. The teeth were randomly assigned to one of five groups (n = 10): group B, dowel space prepared with size 0 dowel drill/size 0 FRC dowel/no RRC; group W, size 1 dowel space/size 1 FRC dowel/no RRC; group R, size 3 dowel space/size 3 FRC dowel/no RRC; group WR, size 3 dowel space/size 1 FRC dowel/RRC; group BR, size 3 dowel space/size 0 FRC dowel/RRC. Ferrules of 2 and 0.5 mm were prepared at the facio‐lingual and proximal margin respectively. All specimens were restored with a Ni‐Cr crown, thermocycled and loaded at 135° from the long axis in a universal testing machine at a 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed until fracture. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by post hoc comparisons (Bonferroni) with α = 0.05.

Results

Mean failure loads (N) for groups B, W, R, WR, and BR were as follows: 1406 (SD = 376), 1259 (379), 1085 (528), 959 (200), and 816 (298). Significant differences were found between groups B and BR. Group B had the highest favorable failure mode.

Conclusion

Within the limitations of this study, the use of a smaller FRC dowel and RRC is recommended rather than enlargement of dowel spaces to accurately fit larger FRC dowels, as the enlargement of dowel space may increase the risk of unfavorable failure.
A Novel Coping Design to Decrease Maximum Principal Stress in Zirconia Ceramic Restorations
Authors: Sung MooGyung , Han Chong‐Hyun , Kim Sunjai
Published: April 2014

Purpose

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of coping design modifications on maximum first principal stress (MPS) in a mathematical zirconia ceramic crown model.

Materials and Methods

For a nonlinear, 3D finite element analysis, a simplified tooth model was built on the basis of the average dimensions of mandibular second molars. Virtual tooth reduction was performed to model an abutment with a flat occlusal surface and 16° convergence angle between facing walls. The cement layer was set to a thickness of 100 μm. Three different copings—one with 0.5‐mm constant thickness; one with constant thickness and extended lingual and proximal collars; and a novel design with zirconia beam reinforcement—were designed to simulate zirconia ceramic restorations. The novel design had strategically positioned zirconia beams on the lingual and marginal ridges to protect veneer ceramics, and was divided into three subdesigns according to the width of the zirconia beam (0.5, 0.8, and 1 mm). Combinations of vertical and horizontal load were applied over the distolingual marginal ridge, and the MPSs were evaluated.

Results

The novel design showed the lowest MPS in veneer ceramics under most loading conditions. The only exception to this was the novel design with a 0.5‐mm zirconia beam width under mesial horizontal load.

Conclusions

Compared to constant thickness coping with or without extended collars, the novel coping design reduced MPS in veneer ceramics; however, narrow zirconia beams should be avoided to prevent elevations in MPS in veneer ceramic layers.
Prosthetic Improvement of Pronounced Buccally Positioned Zygomatic Implants: A Clinical Report
Authors: Bacchi Ataís , dos Santos Mateus Bertolini Fernandes , Pimentel Marcele Jardim , Nóbilo Mauro Antonio de Arruda , Consani Rafael Leonardo Xediek
Published: April 2014

This report presents a prosthetic technique for the improvement of surgically positioned, buccally placed zygomatic implants with the use of custom abutments for improved retention screw position and an esthetic implant reconstruction. The patient presented four zygomatic implants with pronounced buccal inclination. The anterior implants were inclined toward the location where the anterior artificial teeth should be placed during rehabilitation. As the manufacturer does not provide angulated abutments, we attempted the waxing and overcasting of a prosthetic abutment, repositioning the access holes of the prosthetic screws to a more palatal position. This clinical report demonstrates that abutment customization could be an interesting way to relocate the access holes of the prosthetic screws in cases of zygomatic implants with pronounced buccal inclination.
Electrochemical Corrosion and Surface Analyses of a Ni‐Cr Alloy in Bleaching Agents
Authors: Tamam Evşen , Aydın A. Kevser , Bilgiç Semra
Published: April 2014

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the corrosion behavior of a Ni‐Cr dental casting alloy subjected to 10% hydrogen peroxide (HP) and 10% carbamide peroxide (CP) bleaching solutions and to determine the composition of the surface oxide layer formed on the alloy specimens.

Materials and Methods

Ten cylindrical specimens (4 mm in diameter × 25 mm in height) were cast from a Ni‐Cr alloy (Wiron 99) and divided into two groups (n = 5). A potentiodynamic polarization test was used to compare the corrosion rates of specimens in HP and CP (pH = 6.5). Before cyclic polarization tests, all alloy specimens were allowed to reach a steady open circuit potential (Ecorr) for a period of 1 hour. Then tests were initiated at 100 mV versus standard calomel electrode (SCE) below Ecorr and scanned at a rate of 1 mV/s in the anodic direction until reaching 1000 mV over the Ecorr value. The scan then was reversed back to the Ecorr of the specimens. The open circuit potentials (Ecorr) and the current densities (Icorr) were determined using the anodic Tafel regions extrapolating from the curves. Differences in Ecorr and Icorr were determined using one‐way ANOVA (α = 0.05). In addition, corrosion rates were calculated from these curves. Before and after polarization tests, a scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination accompanied by energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used to analyze the surface morphology. The surface characterization of the passive film formed on alloy specimens was also performed by using X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).

Results

In this study, bleaching agents had an effect on the anodic process for two groups. Although no statistical difference was identified between the groups for both corrosion parameters, results indicated that the effect of CP on the corrosion behavior was less than that of HP. These results agreed with the SEM observations. XPS data showed that oxide layers formed on all groups contained mainly Cr2O3, NiO, and MoO3, and the amounts of oxides formed on CP‐treated specimens were higher than HP treated ones. Also, molybdenum rates were increased with CP application compared to HP.

Conclusions

The comparison of the effects of the two bleaching agents at 10% showed that the alloy suffered less corrosion with CP than HP. This result was also confirmed by the SEM and XPS data. The presence of Mo on the oxide layer affected the oxide layer, leading to lower corrosion rates
Influence of Implant/Abutment Connection on Stress Distribution to Implant‐Surrounding Bone: A Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Hanaoka Marcia , Gehrke Sergio Alexandre , Mardegan Fabio , Gennari César Roberto , Taschieri Silvio , Del Fabbro Massimo , Corbella Stefano
Published: April 2014

Purpose

The objective of this study was to analyze and compare the stress distribution in the cortical and trabecular bone between the internal hexagon and the Morse taper systems, both with straight abutments.

Materials and Methods

Two implant systems (Morse taper and internal hexagon connections) were simulated in maxillary bone. Loads of 100 N (axial) and 50 N (oblique) in relation to the implant axes were applied. The 3D finite element method was used to simulate and analyze the present study. The analyzed parameters were ultimate tensile strength and Von Mises stress.

Results

Both systems presented stresses below the bone tissue physiological limit as well as a similar distribution in quantitative values, with a higher concentration of tension in the cortical surface near the neck of the implant in the two conditions of applied loads, with higher values for the internal hexagon system. When the groups were evaluated individually, the internal hexagon system showed higher compressive stresses, while in the Morse taper system, the highest values were traction.

Conclusions

There was a difference in the stress location on the prosthetic components of the systems studied; however, it did not influence trabecular bone stress generation.
Effect of Beverages and Mouthwashes on the Hardness of Polymers Used in Intraoral Prostheses
Authors: Goiato Marcelo Coelho , dos Santos Daniela Micheline , Andreotti Agda Marobo , Nobrega Adhara Smith , Moreno Amalia , Haddad Marcela Filié , Pesqueira Aldiéris Alves
Published: April 2014

Purpose

The mechanical properties of acrylic resins used in intraoral prostheses may be altered by frequent exposure to liquids such as beverages and mouthwashes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of thermocycling and liquid immersion on the hardness of four brands of acrylic resins commonly used in removable prostheses (Onda Cryl, QC‐20, Clássico, Lucitone).

Materials and Methods

For each brand of resin, seven specimens were immersed in each of six solutions (coffee, cola, red wine, Plax‐Colgate, Listerine [LI], Oral B), and seven more were placed in artificial saliva (control). The hardness was tested using a microhardness tester before and after 5000 thermocycles and after 1, 3, 24, 48, and 96 hours of immersion. The results were analyzed using three‐way repeated‐measures ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05).

Results

The hardness of the resins decreased following thermocycling and immersion in the solutions. Specimens immersed in cola and wine exhibited significant decreases in hardness after immersion for 96 hours, although the greatest significant decrease in hardness occurred in specimens immersed in LI. However, according to American Dental Association specification 12, the Knoop hardness of acrylic resins for intraoral prostheses should not be below 15. Thus, the median values of superficial hardness observed in most of the acrylic resins in this study are considered clinically acceptable.

Conclusions

The microhardness of polymers used for intraoral prostheses decreases following thermocycling. Among specimens immersed in beverages, those immersed in cola or wine experienced the greatest decrease in microhardness. Immersion of acrylic resins in LI significantly decreased the microhardness in relation to the initial value. Among the resins assessed, QC‐20 exhibited the lowest initial hardness.
Survival and Complication Rates of Fixed Restorations Supported by Locking‐Taper Implants: A Prospective Study with 1 to 10 Years of Follow‐Up
Authors: Mangano Francesco , Macchi Aldo , Caprioglio Alberto , Sammons Rachel Lilian , Piattelli Adriano , Mangano Carlo
Published: April 2014

Purpose

The aim of this 10‐year follow‐up study was to evaluate the implant survival and complication rates of fixed restorations supported by locking‐taper implants.

Materials and Methods

Over a 10‐year period (January 2002 to December 2011) all patients referred to a single private practice for treatment with fixed restorations (single crowns, SCs; fixed partial prostheses, FPPs; fixed full arches, FFAs) supported by dental implants were considered for inclusion in the study. At each annual follow‐up session, clinical, radiographic, and prosthetic parameters were assessed. The surviving implant‐supported restorations were defined as “complication free” in the absence of any biological or prosthetic (mechanical or technical) complication. The cumulative implant survival and the “complication‐free” survival of fixed implant‐supported restorations were identified using the Kaplan‐Meier method. The Log‐rank test was used to identify correlations between the study variables.

Results

In total, 1494 locking‐taper implants (727 maxilla, 767 mandible) were placed in 642 patients (356 males, 286 females). Nineteen implants (12 maxilla, 7 mandible) failed. Implant failures were attributed to lack of osseointegration (14 implants), peri‐implantitis (4 implants), and mechanical overloading (1 implant). An overall 10‐year cumulative implant survival rate of 98.7% (98.3% maxilla, 99.1% mandible) was found. The implant survival rates did not significantly differ with respect to implant location, position, bone type, implant length and diameter, and type of restorations. Among the surviving implant‐supported restorations (478 SC, 242 FPP, 19 FFA), a few biological (11/739: 1.4%) and prosthetic (27/739: 3.6%) complications were reported. The incidence of mechanical complications was low (3/739: 0.4%), with three loosened abutments in three SCs (3/478: 0.6%), and no abutment fractures; technical complications were more frequent (24/739: 3.2%), with an incidence of decementation of 2.0% (SC 2.0%, FPP 1.6%, FFA 5.2%) and ceramic/veneer chipping/fracture of 1.2% (SC 0.0%, FPP 2.8%, FFA 10.5%). A 10‐year cumulative “complication‐free” survival of restorations of 88.6% (SC 91.7%, FPP 83.1%, FFA 73.8%) was reported. The complication rates differ significantly with respect to the type of restoration (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Fixed restorations on locking‐taper implants seem to be a successful procedure for the rehabilitation of partially and completely edentulous arches.
Influence of Surgical and Prosthetic Techniques on Marginal Bone Loss around Titanium Implants. Part I: Immediate Loading in Fresh Extraction Sockets
Authors: Berberi Antoine N. , Tehini Georges E. , Noujeim Ziad F. , Khairallah Alexandre A. , Abousehlib Moustafa N. , Salameh Ziad A.
Published: April 2014

Purpose

Delayed placement of implant abutments has been associated with peri‐implant marginal bone loss; however, long‐term results obtained by modifying surgical and prosthetic techniques after implant placement are still lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the marginal bone loss around titanium implants placed in fresh extraction sockets using two loading protocols after a 5‐year follow‐up period.

Material and Methods

A total of 36 patients received 40 titanium implants (Astra Tech) intended for single‐tooth replacement. Implants were immediately placed into fresh extraction sockets using either a one‐stage (immediate loading by placing an interim prosthesis into functional occlusion) or a two‐stage prosthetic loading protocol (insertion of abutments after 8 weeks of healing time). Marginal bone levels relative to the implant reference point were evaluated at four time intervals using intraoral radiographs: at time of implant placement, and 1, 3, and 5 years after implant placement. Measurements were obtained from mesial and distal surfaces of each implant (α = 0.05).

Results

One‐stage immediate implant placement into fresh extraction sockets resulted in a significant reduction in marginal bone loss (p < 0.002) compared to the traditional two‐stage technique. Whereas mesial surfaces remained stable for the 5‐year observation period, significant marginal bone loss was observed on distal surfaces of implants after cementation of interim prostheses (p < 0.007) and after 12 months (p < 0.034).

Conclusions

Within the limitations of this study, immediate loading of implants placed into fresh extraction sockets reduced marginal bone loss and did not compromise the success rate of the restorations.
Removable Partial Dentures: Use of Rapid Prototyping
Authors: Lima Julia Magalhaes Costa , Anami Lilian Costa , Araujo Rodrigo Maximo , Pavanelli Carlos A.
Published: April 2014

The CAD/CAM technology associated with rapid prototyping (RP) is already widely used in the fabrication of all‐ceramic fixed prostheses and in the biomedical area; however, the use of this technology for the manufacture of metal frames for removable dentures is new. This work reports the results of a literature review conducted on the use of CAD/CAM and RP in the manufacture of removable partial dentures.
Comparative transcriptome analysis of Discosporangium mesarthrocarpum (Phaeophyceae), Schizocladia ischiensis (Schizocladiophyceae), and Phaeothamnion confervicola (Phaeothamniophyceae), with special reference to cell wall‐related genes
Authors: Yamagishi Takahiro , Müller Dieter G. , Kawai Hiroshi
Published: April 2014

Within the stramenopile lineage, only brown algae (Phaeophyceae) have evolved complex multicellularity, although some other members of the lineage (e.g., Schizocladia in Schizocladiophyceae; Phaeothamnion in Phaeothamniophyceae) also develop simple multicellular thalli. The development of an adherent extracellular matrix (ECM) is considered to be one of the key steps in the evolution of multicellularity, because ECM is involved in adhesion of cells to each other and in cell–cell communication essential for developmental, reproductive, and sophisticated defense systems. Because there are no unicellular organisms within brown algae, we considered that comparison of other stramenopile taxa closely related to brown algae and having multicellular thalli could yield clues to elucidate the evolution of multicellularity in brown algae. In this study, we investigated transcriptomes involved in cell wall polysaccharide metabolism of three stramenopile species, Discosporangium mesarthrocarpum, which is suggested to be one of the most basal taxa within Phaeophyceae, S. ischiensis, and P. confervicola. We employed 454‐FLX high‐throughput pyrosequencing to generate expressed sequence tag (EST) databases for these species, and performed comparative analyses between these databases and the genome sequence of the brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus. Results indicate that cell wall polysaccharide metabolism pathways of D. mesarthrocarpum are similar to E. siliculosus, whereas those of S. ischiensis and P. confervicola are significantly different from E. siliculosus, suggesting that the components of the cell wall in S. ischiensis and P. confervicola are likely to be different from those of E. siliculosus.
Nonheterocytous cyanobacteria from Brazilian saline‐alkaline lakes
Authors: Andreote Ana Paula Dini , Vaz Marcelo Gomes Marçal Vieira , Genuário Diego Bonaldo , Barbiero Laurent , Rezende‐Filho Ary Tavares , Fiore Marli Fátima
Published: April 2014

Saline‐alkaline lakes are extreme environments that limit the establishment and development of life. The Nhecolândia, a subregion of the Pantanal wetland in Brazil, is characterized by the existence of ~500 saline‐alkaline lakes, which support an underexplored and rich diversity of microorganisms. In this study, unicellular and homocytous cyanobacteria from five saline‐alkaline lakes were accessed by culture‐dependent approaches. Morphological evaluation and analyses of near complete sequences (~1400 nt) of the 16S rRNA genes were applied for phylogenetic and taxonomic placement. This polyphasic approach allowed for the determination of the taxonomic position of the isolated strains into the following genera: Cyanobacterium, Geminocystis, Phormidium, Leptolyngbya, Limnothrix, and Nodosilinea. In addition, fourteen Pseudanabaenales and Oscillatoriales representatives of putative novel taxa were found. These sequences fell into five new clades that could correspond to new generic units of the Pseudanabaenaceae and Phormidiaceae families.
Long‐term stimulation of Toll‐like receptor 3 in primary human hepatocytes leads to sensitization for antiviral responses induced by poly I:C treatment
Authors: Broering R. , Lutterbeck M. , Trippler M. , Kleinehr K. , Poggenpohl L. , Paul A. , Gerken G. , Schlaak J. F.
Published: April 2014

Chronic hepatitis C infection is associated with increased expression of interferon‐sensitive genes (ISGs) in the liver, which is, paradoxically, correlated with the nonresponse to interferon (IFN)‐based therapies. In the present study PHHs were isolated from HCV‐infected or uninfected patients and stimulated with the TLR1‐9 ligands for 6–24 h. Expression of cytokines and ISGs was determined by ELISA and qRT‐PCR. A comparative analysis was performed for TLR3 signalling, which was also correlated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) related to HCV pathogenesis. TLR‐activated PHHs produced pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory cytokines, whereas IFNs were exclusively induced by TLR3 stimulation. Here, IL‐29 and IL‐28A were significantly highly expressed than IFN‐α and IFN‐β. TLR3‐induced IFN response was enhanced in hepatocytes isolated from patients with HCV infection. This hyper‐responsiveness could be mimicked in naïve PHHs consistently stimulated with low dose of poly I:C, but not Guardiquimod. The higher responsiveness in PHH isolated from HCV‐infected patients could be partially explained by higher frequencies of unfavourable SNP alleles of different SNPs associated with HCV progression and treatment outcome. These data suggest that durable activation of TLR3 but not TLR7, by low doses of viral replicative intermediates, increases the sensitivity to viral invasion. These findings shed new light on the relevance of TLR3 in the pathogenesis of HCV and may provide a possible explanation for the increased ISG expression during chronic HCV infection, the so‐called IFN paradox.
An investigation of firesetting recidivism: Factors related to repeat offending
Authors: Ducat Lauren , McEwan Troy E. , Ogloff James RP
Published: April 2014

Purpose

Firesetters have traditionally been considered dangerous repeat offenders. However, the specific risk factors associated with firesetting recidivism have not been consistently tested in representative samples. It is also unclear whether individuals whose offending is limited to firesetting are at increased risk of reoffending when compared with firesetters who have more versatile offending. This study aimed to: (1) determine the rate of firesetting recidivism in a representative sample of firesetters before the courts; and (2) determine the psychiatric and criminogenic factors that are related to firesetting recidivism.

Methods

The study employed a data linkage approach to examine the psychiatric and criminal histories of 1052 firesetters convicted of arson between 2000 and 2009 in Victoria, Australia. The characteristics of those who reoffended, over a follow‐up period of 2.5–11 years, by committing arson and arson‐related offences were compared with those who went on to reoffend in other ways but not arson. An improper model was used to determine which of the tested variables could meaningfully predict firesetting recidivism.

Results

The rate of firesetting recidivism, based on charges, was very low (5.3%) compared with the rate of general recidivism (55.4%); the vast majority of firesetting recidivists were mixed (criminally versatile) offenders (91%). The study found that general criminality, firesetting history, and psychiatric disorder were associated with firesetting recidivism.

Conclusions

When assessing risk of firesetting recidivism, clinicians need to consider general criminality in addition to fire‐specific history, and the potential impacts of mental disorder on recidivism.
Advancing legal literacy: The effect of listenability on the comprehension of interrogation rights
Authors: Snook Brent , Luther Kirk , Eastwood Joseph , Collins Ryan , Evans Sarah
Published: April 2014

Purpose

To examine the effect of listenability features on the comprehension of interrogation rights.

Method

In Experiment 1, students (N = 76) underwent a mock interrogation where one of two police cautions (listenable caution vs. standard caution) was administered and students were asked to explain the caution in their own words. Experiment 2 (N = 80) extended Experiment 1 by identifying the individual and additive effects of the listenability features on recall of their interrogation rights.

Results

The results of Experiment 1 showed that the caution containing listenability features produced higher levels of recall than a standard caution. Results of Experiment 2 showed that repeating and organizing interrogation rights led to the greatest number of legal rights being comprehended.

Conclusions

Listenability can be used as a tool to increase legal literacy.
Strange Bedfellows: How an Anticipatory Countermovement Brought Same‐Sex Marriage into the Public Arena
Authors: Dorf Michael C. , Tarrow Sidney
Published: April 2014

Since the 1980s, social movement scholars have investigated the dynamic of movement/countermovement interaction. Most of these studies posit movements as initiators, with countermovements reacting to their challenges. Yet sometimes a movement supports an agenda in response to a countermovement that engages in what we call “anticipatory countermobilization.” We interviewed ten leading LGBT activists to explore the hypothesis that the LGBT movement was brought to the fight for marriage equality by the anticipatory countermobilization of social conservatives who opposed same‐sex marriage before there was a realistic prospect that it would be recognized by the courts or political actors. Our findings reinforce the existing scholarship, but also go beyond it in emphasizing a triangular relationship among social movement organizations, countermovement organizations, and grassroots supporters of same‐sex marriage. More broadly, the evidence suggests the need for a more reciprocal understanding of the relations among movements, countermovements, and sociolegal change.
Halfway Homeowners: Eviction and Forced Relocation in a Florida Manufactured Home Park
Authors: Sullivan Esther
Published: April 2014

The last four decades of US housing policy have seen a shift from the federal allocation of affordable housing as a public good to the neoliberal model of private and for‐profit provision of affordable housing. This shift warrants a study of the link between the interests that now shape low‐income housing markets and the stability of the housing they provide. Nowhere are the effects of this shift more evident than in the homes of the 20 million Americans living in manufactured housing, which is installed largely on the private lands of for‐profit developers who can close mobile home parks and force residents to move themselves and their homes with as little as 30 days' notice. This ethnography of mass eviction in a Florida mobile home park examines state regulations intended to protect residents of closing parks and analyzes how private interests shape the implementation of these policies.
Oral histories in meteoritics and planetary science – XXII: John T. Wasson
Authors: Sears Derek W. G.
Published: April 2014

In this interview, John Wasson (Fig. ) describes his childhood and undergraduate years in Arkansas and his desire to pursue nuclear chemistry as a graduate student at MIT. Upon graduation, John spent time in Munich (Technische Hochschule), the Air Force Labs in Cambridge, MA, and a sabbatical at the University of Bern where he developed his interests in meteorites. Upon obtaining his faculty position at UCLA, John established a neutron activation laboratory and began a long series of projects on the bulk compositions of iron meteorites and chondrites. He developed the chemical classification scheme for iron meteorites, gathered a huge set of iron meteorite compositional data with resultant insights into their formation, and documented the refractory and moderately volatile element trends that characterize the chondrites and chondrules. He also spent several years studying field relations and compositions of layered tektites from Southeast Asia, proposing an origin by radiant heating from a mega‐Tunguska explosion. Recently, John has explored oxygen isotope patterns in meteorites and their constituents believing the oxygen isotope results to be some of the most important discoveries in cosmochemistry. John also describes the role of postdoctoral colleagues and their important work, his efforts in the reorganization and modernization of the Meteoritical Society, his contributions in reshaping the journal Meteoritics, and how, with UCLA colleagues, he organized two meetings of the society. John Wasson earned the Leonard Medal of the Meteoritical Society in 1992 and the J. Lawrence Smith Medal of the National Academy in 2003.

John T. Wasson.

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Elemental, isotopic, and structural changes in Tagish Lake insoluble organic matter produced by parent body processes
Authors: Alexander C. M. O'D. , Cody G. D. , Kebukawa Y. , Bowden R. , Fogel M. L. , Kilcoyne A. L. D. , Nittler L. R. , Herd C. D. K.
Published: April 2014

Here, we present the results of a multitechnique study of the bulk properties of insoluble organic material (IOM) from the Tagish Lake meteorite, including four lithologies that have undergone different degrees of aqueous alteration. The IOM C contents of all four lithologies are very uniform and comprise about half the bulk C and N contents of the lithologies. However, the bulk IOM elemental and isotopic compositions vary significantly. In particular, there is a correlated decrease in bulk IOM H/C ratios and δD values with increasing degree of alteration—the IOM in the least altered lithology is intermediate between CM and CR IOM, while that in the more altered lithologies resembles the very aromatic IOM in mildly metamorphosed CV and CO chondrites, and heated CMs. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, C X‐ray absorption near‐edge (XANES), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirm and quantitate this transformation from CR‐like, relatively aliphatic IOM functional group chemistry to a highly aromatic one. The transformation is almost certainly thermally driven, and probably occurred under hydrothermal conditions. The lack of a paramagnetic shift in 13C NMR spectra and 1s‐σ* exciton in the C‐XANES spectra, both typically seen in metamorphosed chondrites, shows that the temperatures were lower and/or the timescales were shorter than experienced by even the least metamorphosed type 3 chondrites. Two endmember models were considered to quantitatively account for the changes in IOM functional group chemistry, but the one in which the transformations involved quantitative conversion of aliphatic material to aromatic material was the more successful. It seems likely that similar processes were involved in producing the diversity of IOM compositions and functional group chemistries among CR, CM, and CI chondrites. If correct, CRs experienced the lowest temperatures, while CM and CI chondrites experienced similar more elevated temperatures. This ordering is inconsistent with alteration temperatures based on mineralogy and O isotopes.
Australasian microtektites from Antarctica: XAS determination of the Fe oxidation state
Authors: Giuli Gabriele , Cicconi Maria Rita , Eeckhout Sigrid Griet , Pratesi Giovanni , Paris Eleonora , Folco Luigi
Published: April 2014

The Fe oxidation state and coordination number of 29 impact glass spherules recently recovered from the Transantarctic Mountains (Antarctica) have been determined by X‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. Based on geochemical, isotopic, and fission track data, these spherules are considered as microtektites from the Australasian tektite/microtektite strewn field. Their find location is the farthest so far discovered from the possible source crater region, and their alkali content is the lowest compared with other published data on Australasian microtektite glasses. The Fe3+/(Fe2++Fe3+) ratio, determined from the analysis of the pre‐edge peak energy position and integrated intensity, is below 0.1 (±0.04) for all the samples, and is comparable to that of most tektites and microtektites from the Australasian strewn field. Also, the pre‐edge peak integrated intensity, which is sensitive to the average Fe coordination geometry, is comparable to that of other Australasian microtektites reported in the literature. The agreement of the Fe oxidation state and coordination number, between the Transantarctic Mountain microtektites (TAM) and the Australasian tektites and microtektites, further confirms the impact origin of these glass spherules and provides an independent suggestion that they represent a major extension southeastward of the Australasian strewn field. The fact that similar redox conditions are observed in tektites and microtektites within the Australasian strewn field regardless of the distance from the source crater area (up to approximately 11000 km) could be an important constraint for better understanding the different processes affecting microtektite formation and transport. The fact that the Fe oxidation state of microtektites does not increase with distance, as in the case of North American microtektites, means that thermal and redox histories of Australasian and TAM microtektites could differ significantly from those of North American microtektites.
Genome‐wide scans detect adaptation to aridity in a widespread forest tree species
Authors: Steane Dorothy A. , Potts Brad M. , McLean Elizabeth , Prober Suzanne M. , Stock William D. , Vaillancourt René E. , Byrne Margaret
Published: April 2014

Patterns of adaptive variation within plant species are best studied through common garden experiments, but these are costly and time‐consuming, especially for trees that have long generation times. We explored whether genome‐wide scanning technology combined with outlier marker detection could be used to detect adaptation to climate and provide an alternative to common garden experiments. As a case study, we sampled nine provenances of the widespread forest tree species, Eucalyptus tricarpa, across an aridity gradient in southeastern Australia. Using a Bayesian analysis, we identified a suite of 94 putatively adaptive (outlying) sequence‐tagged markers across the genome. Population‐level allele frequencies of these outlier markers were strongly correlated with temperature and moisture availability at the site of origin, and with population differences in functional traits measured in two common gardens. Using the output from a canonical analysis of principal coordinates, we devised a metric that provides a holistic measure of genomic adaptation to aridity that could be used to guide assisted migration or genetic augmentation.
Exome resequencing reveals signatures of demographic and adaptive processes across the genome and range of black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa)
Authors: Zhou L. , Bawa R. , Holliday J. A.
Published: April 2014

Extant variation in temperate and boreal plant species has been influenced by both demographic histories associated with Pleistocene glacial cycles and adaptation to local climate. We used sequence capture to investigate the role of these neutral and adaptive processes in shaping diversity in black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa). Nucleotide diversity and Tajima's D were lowest at replacement sites and highest at intergenic sites, while LD showed the opposite pattern. With samples grouped into three populations arrayed latitudinally, effective population size was highest in the north, followed by south and centre, and LD was highest in the south followed by the north and centre, suggesting a possible northern glacial refuge. FST outlier analysis revealed that promoter, 5′‐UTR and intronic sites were enriched for outliers compared with coding regions, while no outliers were found among intergenic sites. Codon usage bias was evident, and genes with synonymous outliers had 30% higher average expression compared with genes containing replacement outliers. These results suggest divergent selection related to regulation of gene expression is important to local adaptation in P. trichocarpa. Finally, within‐population selective sweeps were much more pronounced in the central population than in putative northern and southern refugia, which may reflect the different demographic histories of the populations and concomitant effects on signatures of genetic hitchhiking from standing variation.
Genome‐wide single‐generation signatures of local selection in the panmictic European eel
Authors: Pujolar J. M. , Jacobsen M. W. , Als T. D. , Frydenberg J. , Munch K. , Jónsson B. , Jian J. B. , Cheng L. , Maes G. E. , Bernatchez L. , Hansen M. M.
Published: April 2014

Next‐generation sequencing and the collection of genome‐wide data allow identifying adaptive variation and footprints of directional selection. Using a large SNP data set from 259 RAD‐sequenced European eel individuals (glass eels) from eight locations between 34 and 64oN, we examined the patterns of genome‐wide genetic diversity across locations. We tested for local selection by searching for increased population differentiation using FST‐based outlier tests and by testing for significant associations between allele frequencies and environmental variables. The overall low genetic differentiation found (FST = 0.0007) indicates that most of the genome is homogenized by gene flow, providing further evidence for genomic panmixia in the European eel. The lack of genetic substructuring was consistent at both nuclear and mitochondrial SNPs. Using an extensive number of diagnostic SNPs, results showed a low occurrence of hybrids between European and American eel, mainly limited to Iceland (5.9%), although individuals with signatures of introgression several generations back in time were found in mainland Europe. Despite panmixia, a small set of SNPs showed high genetic differentiation consistent with single‐generation signatures of spatially varying selection acting on glass eels. After screening 50 354 SNPs, a total of 754 potentially locally selected SNPs were identified. Candidate genes for local selection constituted a wide array of functions, including calcium signalling, neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction and circadian rhythm. Remarkably, one of the candidate genes identified is PERIOD, possibly related to differences in local photoperiod associated with the >30° difference in latitude between locations. Genes under selection were spread across the genome, and there were no large regions of increased differentiation as expected when selection occurs within just a single generation due to panmixia. This supports the conclusion that most of the genome is homogenized by gene flow that removes any effects of diversifying selection from each new generation.
Genetic structure of populations of whale sharks among ocean basins and evidence for their historic rise and recent decline
Authors: Vignaud Thomas M. , Maynard Jeffrey A. , Leblois Raphael , Meekan Mark G. , Vázquez‐Juárez Ricardo , Ramírez‐Macías Dení , Pierce Simon J. , Rowat David , Berumen Michael L. , Beeravolu Champak , Baksay Sandra , Planes Serge
Published: April 2014

This study presents genetic evidence that whale sharks, Rhincodon typus, are comprised of at least two populations that rarely mix and is the first to document a population expansion. Relatively high genetic structure is found when comparing sharks from the Gulf of Mexico with sharks from the Indo‐Pacific. If mixing occurs between the Indian and Atlantic Oceans, it is not sufficient to counter genetic drift. This suggests whale sharks are not all part of a single global metapopulation. The significant population expansion we found was indicated by both microsatellite and mitochondrial DNA. The expansion may have happened during the Holocene, when tropical species could expand their range due to sea‐level rise, eliminating dispersal barriers and increasing plankton productivity. However, the historic trend of population increase may have reversed recently. Declines in genetic diversity are found for 6 consecutive years at Ningaloo Reef in Australia. The declines in genetic diversity being seen now in Australia may be due to commercial‐scale harvesting of whale sharks and collision with boats in past decades in other countries in the Indo‐Pacific. The study findings have implications for models of population connectivity for whale sharks and advocate for continued focus on effective protection of the world's largest fish at multiple spatial scales.
Coalescence 2.0: a multiple branching of recent theoretical developments and their applications
Authors: Tellier Aurélien , Lemaire Christophe
Published: April 2014

Population genetics theory has laid the foundations for genomic analyses including the recent burst in genome scans for selection and statistical inference of past demographic events in many prokaryote, animal and plant species. Identifying SNPs under natural selection and underpinning species adaptation relies on disentangling the respective contribution of random processes (mutation, drift, migration) from that of selection on nucleotide variability. Most theory and statistical tests have been developed using the Kingman coalescent theory based on the Wright‐Fisher population model. However, these theoretical models rely on biological and life history assumptions which may be violated in many prokaryote, fungal, animal or plant species. Recent theoretical developments of the so‐called multiple merger coalescent models are reviewed here (Λ‐coalescent, beta‐coalescent, Bolthausen‐Sznitman, Ξ‐coalescent). We explain how these new models take into account various pervasive ecological and biological characteristics, life history traits or life cycles which were not accounted in previous theories such as (i) the skew in offspring production typical of marine species, (ii) fast adapting microparasites (virus, bacteria and fungi) exhibiting large variation in population sizes during epidemics, (iii) the peculiar life cycles of fungi and bacteria alternating sexual and asexual cycles and (iv) the high rates of extinction‐recolonization in spatially structured populations. We finally discuss the relevance of multiple merger models for the detection of SNPs under selection in these species, for population genomics of very large sample size and advocate to potentially examine the conclusion of previous population genetics studies.