bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Classic Renewed
Authors: Ogden Jenni A.
Published: January 2005

Clinical Neuropsychology. Fourth Edition. Kenneth M. Heilman
and Edward Valenstein (Eds.). 2003. New York: Oxford University Press.
744 pp., $78.00 (HB).

As a 1st-year graduate student and new convert to clinical
neuropsychology, the second book I purchased in this exciting area was
the first edition of Heilman and Valenstein's “Clinical
Neuropsychology” published in 1979. It will come as no surprise
to most readers that the first book I purchased was Lezak's first
edition of “Neuropsychological Assessment,” published 3
years earlier, and of course a required text for our graduate course.
As a teacher of that very same course over the past 18 years, I have
recommended the various editions of both these texts to my students as
the “standard” texts, a practice I imagine is shared
world-wide. Thus, at one level it seems almost unnecessary to write a
review of such a classic text, and at the same time to do it justice is
a humbling task which I have no hope of fulfilling. All I can do is
give a small taste of this latest offering edited by two of the great
neurologists (and neuropsychologists) of modern times.
Regional climate model simulation of summer precipitation diurnal cycle over the United States
Authors: Liang Xin‐Zhong , Li Li , Dai Aiguo , Kunkel Kenneth E.
Published: January 2005

MM5‐based regional climate model (CMM5) simulations of the diurnal cycle of U.S. summer precipitation are found to be sensitive to the choice of cumulus parameterization schemes, whose skills are highly regime selective. The Grell scheme realistically simulates the nocturnal precipitation maxima and their associated eastward propagation of convective systems over the Great Plains where the diurnal timing of convection is controlled by the large‐scale tropospheric forcing; whereas the Kain‐Fritsch scheme is more accurate for the late afternoon peaks in the southeast U.S. where moist convection is governed by the near‐surface forcing. In radar rainfall data and the simulation with the Grell scheme, another weaker eastward propagating diurnal signal is evident from the Appalachians to the east coast. The result demonstrates the importance of cumulus schemes and provides a realistic simulation of the central U.S. nocturnal precipitation maxima.
Absence of density crossover between basalt and peridotite in the cold slabs passing through 660 km discontinuity
Authors: Litasov Konstantin , Ohtani Eiji , Suzuki Akio , Kawazoe Takaaki , Funakoshi Kenichi
Published: January 2005

Interaction between subducting slabs and surrounding mantle near 660 km discontinuity is one of the key issues in the dynamic of deep Earth. Distinguishing phase transformations occur in the both major parts of the slab: basaltic crust and underlying peridotite. Post‐spinel transformation in peridotite takes place at 660 km, whereas post‐garnet transformation in basalt is considered to occur at 720–800 km creating density crossover. In this paper we determined the post‐garnet phase boundary in Mid‐Ocean Ridge basalt (representative for oceanic crust) by in situ x‐ray diffraction studies. The phase boundary can be expressed as P(GPa) = 0.0041 T(K) + 17.92. The present results imply that the basaltic component of the cold slab transformed to perovskite assembly at lower pressure than the surrounding mantle and provide direct evidence for penetration of the oceanic crust into the lower mantle without gravitational separation from the peridotite body of the slab.
Decadal variability of the Indian Ocean dipole
Authors: Ashok Karumuri , Chan Wing‐Le , Motoi Tatsuo , Yamagata Toshio
Published: January 2005

Using the Simple Ocean Data Assimilation (SODA), NCEP/NCAR reanalysis and the GISST datasets from 1950–1999, and an atmosphere‐ocean coupled general circulation model, we explored the possible existence of decadal Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) variability for the first time. We find that there are strong decadal IOD events, and that the time series of the decadal IOD and decadal ENSO indices are not well correlated. The simulated decadal signal of the IOD index is highly correlated with the 20°C isotherm depth anomaly, indicating that ocean dynamics is involved in the decadal IOD. It is also associated with the zonal wind anomaly. We suggest that the decadal IOD in the tropics is interpreted as decadal modulation of the interannual IOD events.
Extreme sea level events at Hawaii: Influence of mesoscale eddies
Authors: Firing Yvonne L. , Merrifield Mark A.
Published: January 2005

The highest daily mean sea levels recorded at the Honolulu Harbor tide gauge occurred during September 2003. Examination of tide gauge, satellite altimeter, and hydrographic measurements in the region indicate that the extreme event was largely due to an anticyclonic eddy with offshore amplitude of about 15 cm and a diameter of 300 km. The eddy propagated from approximately 3,000 km to the east over a one‐ to two‐year period. Although eddies of this size are not uncommon at Hawaii, the September 2003 sea level was extreme because the eddy coincided with high periods in both the seasonal and decadal cycles, and because sea level at Honolulu has been rising at ∼1.5 cm/decade for the past century. This long‐term trend has increased the impact of short‐term events on coastal sea level. Prediction of such events requires real‐time altimeter data and improved modeling near Hawaii.
Net primary production in Southeast Asia following a large reduction in photosynthetically active radiation owing to smoke
Authors: Kobayashi Hideki , Matsunaga Tsuneo , Hoyano Akira
Published: January 2005

In Southeast Asia, large forest fires occur during El Nino years, and smoke from these forest fires reduces the amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). This study evaluated the reduction in net primary production (NPP), associated with the large reduction in PAR in this region, resulting from smoke. NPP was estimated from a slightly modified light‐use‐efficiency model using satellite‐derived PAR. The results suggest that the reduction in NPP was large when heavy smoke occurred. On the islands of Kalimantan and Sumatra, the estimated reduction in NPP owing to smoke in 1997 was 0.12 (PgC/yr), which is approximately 3.5% of the total NPP in Southeast Asia (20N–10S, 90E–130E) and 6.8% of the total NPP in Kalimantan and Sumatra. This reduction in NPP influences the interannual variation in NPP on Kalimantan and Sumatra. Our results show the importance of including the effect of PAR reduction owing to smoke when assessing NPP in Southeast Asia.
Climatology of polar stratospheric clouds based on lidar observations from 1993 to 2001 over McMurdo Station, Antarctica
Authors: Adriani Alberto , Massoli Paola , Di Donfrancesco Guido , Cairo Francesco , Moriconi Maria Luisa , Snels Marcel
Published: January 2005

A climatology of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) based on lidar measurements performed at McMurdo Station, Antarctica (78°S, 167°E) from 1993 to 2001 is presented here. The observations are discussed in terms of occurrence and temporal and spatial variability of PSC types. The climatological analysis reveals that in McMurdo PSCs mainly occur between July and mid‐August. During this time their altitude changes from 22 to 14 km, following the stratospheric temperature minimum trend. At the beginning of the accounted period (1993–1994), volcanic aerosols from the Mt. Pinatubo eruption in 1991 were still present in the southern polar vortex. Therefore these 2 years have been corrected for the direct contribution of the volcanic aerosol to the backscatter signal. A close examination of the data set evidences that most PSCs appear either as rather thin layers (<1 km) or as layers with a considerably higher thickness. Therefore all observed PSCs have been divided into two classes, depending on the variation of the backscattering ratio with respect to the altitude (e.g., small‐scale variations, or SSV, and large‐scale variations, or LSV). The seasonal behavior and the occurrence of PSC types under each class have been studied, keeping 1993 and 1994 separated to better highlighting the effect of the volcanic aerosol load on cloud properties. Finally, in order to shed some light on PSC formation, back‐trajectory analysis has been performed for retrieving thermal histories of opportunely selected PSCs.
Correlation of structural, chemical, and magnetic properties in annealed Ti∕Ni multilayers
Authors: Bhatt Pramod , Sharma Anupam , Chaudhari S. M.
Published: January 2005

Ti ∕ Ni multilayer samples have been synthesized on float glass substrates using an electron-beam evaporation technique under ultrahigh vacuum conditions at room temperature. Grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXRD) and grazing incidence x-ray reflectivity (GIXRR) techniques were used, respectively, to study structural modifications and to determine corresponding changes in microstructural parameters, such as individual layer thickness, interface roughness, and electron density due to annealing treatment. In addition to this, the chemical nature of the surface and interfaces of these samples were also studied using a depth profile x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) technique. The GIXRD measurement show clear amorphization of the as-deposited multilayer sample annealed in the temperature range of 300–400 °C. The corresponding GIXRR measurement indicates the formation of a sufficiently thick layer of Ti–Ni at interfaces converting the Ti∕Ni bilayer into a Ti∕Ti–Ni∕Ni trilayer multilayer structure. The precipitation of the Ti–Ni alloy phase at the interface in the case of samples annealed at 400 °C has been confirmed by XPS measurements. The magnetization behavior investigated using the magneto-optical Kerr effect technique clearly shows well the saturation magnetization behavior for all samples annealed up to 300 °C, while the sample annealed at 400 °C does not show saturation magnetization. The corresponding coercivity value (Hc) is also found to be changed drastically from 15.5 to 0.6 Oe. This observed magnetization behavior is discussed and correlated with structural and chemical changes in the multilayer structure.
Modeling of electron–electron scattering in Monte Carlo simulation of quantum cascade lasers
Authors: Bonno Olivier , Thobel Jean-Luc , Dessenne François
Published: January 2005

A theoretical model of electron–electron scattering in multisubband systems is proposed and used to set up a Monte Carlo simulator of quantum cascade lasers. Special features of the electron–electron scattering model are the following: (i) A fast and accurate computation of bare potential matrix elements by means of Fourier analysis is developed. (ii) A screening model is proposed that allows us to describe intersubband matrix elements. (iii) Nonequilibrium screening factors, defined through an effective subband temperature for each subband, are periodically reevaluated. (iv) The developed algorithm makes use of rejection procedures in order to determine the correct number of scattering events as well as the distribution of the final states. Other characteristics of the model are the following: the energy levels and the wave functions are determined in a self-consistent way, the Pauli exclusion principle is included, and the periodicity of the structure is accounted for. This model is applied to the study of a terahertz resonant phonon quantum cascade laser. A large influence of the screening model on the subband population is demonstrated. For the considered design, emission at a frequency as low as 1THz is confirmed. We have found that the magnitude of population inversion phenomena may be strongly sensitive to electron–electron scattering, reducing the possible performance near 1THz.
Optical absorption and emission in the defect-chalcopyrite semiconductor CdGa2Te4
Authors: Ozaki Shunji , Muto Kei-Ichi , Nagata Hisatoshi , Adachi Sadao
Published: January 2005

Optical-absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra have been measured on the defect-chalcopyrite-type semiconductor CdGa2Te4 in the 0.9–1.5-eV photon-energy range at temperatures between 11 and 300K. The temperature dependence of the direct-gap energy of CdGa2Te4 has been determined from the optical-absorption spectra and fit using the Varshni equation and an analytical four-parameter expression developed for the explanation of the band-gap shrinkage effect in semiconductors. The PL spectra show an asymmetric emission band peaking at ∼1.326eV and a symmetric emission band at ∼1.175eV at T=11K, which are attributed to donor-acceptor-pair recombination between exponentially tailed or Gaussian-like donor states and acceptor levels, respectively. A multiple-exponential fit analysis of the PL emission suggests acceptor levels of 50 and 86meV and a deep donor level of 190meV, together with an unidentified shallow level of 9meV. An energy-band scheme has been proposed for the explanation of PL emission observed in CdGa2Te4.
Force-displacement relationships for spherical inclusions in finite elastic media
Authors: Lin David C. , Langrana Noshir A. , Yurke Bernard
Published: January 2005

Here we present derivations of the force-displacement relationship for a rigid spherical inclusion embedded in homogeneous, isotropic, linear solids. Formulas are given for both the case of perfect interfacial bonding (no slip) and the case of a sliding contact (slip) between the medium and the inclusion. The formulas are applicable to both compressible and incompressible solids and are applicable for elastic media of finite extent. The results allow the determination of the elastic modulus of the medium from force-displacement measurements on the inclusion provided Poisson’s ratio is known. We find that, when the size of the medium is much larger than that of the inclusion, the inclusion displacement in response to an applied force is 50% larger when slip is present.
Mu-opioid receptors modulate the stability of dendritic spines
Authors: Liao Dezhi , Lin Hang , Law Ping Yee , Loh Horace H.
Published: January 2005

Opioids classically regulate the excitability of neurons by suppressing synaptic GABA release from inhibitory neurons. Here, we report a role for opioids in modulating excitatory synaptic transmission. By activating ubiquitously clustered μ-opioid receptor (MOR) in excitatory synapses, morphine caused collapse of preexisting dendritic spines and decreased synaptic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors. Meanwhile, the opioid antagonist naloxone increased the density of spines. Chronic treatment with morphine decreased the density of dendritic spines even in the presence of Tetrodotoxin, a sodium channel blocker, indicating that the morphine's effect was not caused by altered activity in neural network through suppression of GABA release. The effect of morphine on dendritic spines was absent in transgenic mice lacking MORs and was blocked by CTOP (D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Orn-Thr-Pen-ThrNH
2
), a μ-receptor antagonist. These data together with others suggest that endogenous opioids and/or constitutive activity of MORs participate in maintaining normal morphology and function of spines, challenging the classical model of opioids. Abnormal alteration of spines may occur in drug addiction when opioid receptors are overactivated by exogenous opiates.
A PKR-like eukaryotic initiation factor 2α kinase from zebrafish contains Z-DNA binding domains instead of dsRNA binding domains
Authors: Rothenburg Stefan , Deigendesch Nikolaus , Dittmar Katharina , Koch-Nolte Friedrich , Haag Friedrich , Lowenhaupt Ky , Rich Alexander
Published: January 2005

The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is induced as part of the IFN response in mammals and acts to shut down protein synthesis by the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α). In fish, a PKR-like kinase activity has been detected, but the enzyme responsible has eluded characterization. Here, we describe a PKR-like kinase from zebrafish. Phylogenetic analysis shows that the C-terminal kinase domain is more closely related to the kinase domain of PKR than to any of the other three known eIF2α kinases. Surprisingly, instead of the two dsRNA binding domains found at the N terminus of PKR, there are two Zα domains. Zα domains specifically bind dsDNA and RNA in the left-handed Z conformation, often with high affinity. They have been found previously in two other IFN-inducible proteins, the dsRNA editing enzyme, ADAR1, and Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1), as well as in the poxvirus virulence factor, E3L. This previously undescribed kinase, designated PKZ (protein kinase containing Z-DNA binding domains), is transcribed constitutively at low levels and is highly induced after injection of poly(inosinic)–poly(cytidylic) acid, which simulates viral infection. Binding of Z-DNA by the Zα domain of PKZ was demonstrated by circular dichroism. PKZ inhibits translation in transfected cells; site-directed mutagenesis indicates that this inhibition depends on its catalytic activity. Identification of a gene combining Zα domains with a PKR-like kinase domain strengthens the hypothesis that the ability to bind left-handed nucleic acid plays a role in the host response to viruses.
The trans-Golgi network-associated human ubiquitin-protein ligase POSH is essential for HIV type 1 production
Authors: Alroy Iris , Tuvia Shmuel , Greener Tsvika , Gordon Daphna , Barr Haim M. , Taglicht Daniel , Mandil-Levin Revital , Ben-Avraham Danny , Konforty Dalit , Nir Anat , Levius Orit , Bicoviski Vivian , Dori Mally , Cohen Shenhav , Yaar Liora , Erez Omri , Propheta-Meiran Oshrat , Koskas Mordechai , Caspi-Bachar Elanite , Alchanati Iris , Sela-Brown Alin , Moskowitz Haim , Tessmer Uwe , Schubert Ulrich , Reiss Yuval
Published: January 2005

HIV type 1 (HIV-1) was shown to assemble either at the plasma membrane or in the membrane of late endosomes. Now, we report an essential role for human ubiquitin ligase POSH (Plenty of SH3s; hPOSH), a trans-Golgi network-associated protein, in the targeting of HIV-1 to the plasma membrane. Small inhibitory RNA-mediated silencing of hPOSH ablates virus secretion and Gag plasma membrane localization. Reintroduction of native, but not a RING finger mutant, hPOSH restores virus release and Gag plasma membrane localization in hPOSH-depleted cells. Furthermore, expression of the RING finger mutant hPOSH inhibits virus release and induces accumulation of intracellular Gag in normal cells. Together, our results identify a previously undescribed step in HIV biogenesis and suggest a direct function for hPOSH-mediated ubiquitination in protein sorting at the trans-Golgi network. Consequently, hPOSH may be a useful host target for therapeutic intervention.
Book review
Authors: Frich L.
Published: January 2005

Radiofrequency Ablation for Cancer: Current Indications, Techniques, and Outcomes. Edited by L. M. Ellis, S. A. Curley and K. K. Tanabe. Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Berlin 2004. ISBN 0-387-95564-X. Hardback. 296 pages, 85 figures. Price EUR 95.00.
Epidermoid cyst of the testicle: unusual magnetic resonance imaging findings
Authors: Öztürk M. , Mavili E. , Erdogan N. , Demirci D.
Published: January 2005

Epidermoid cyst of the testis is an uncommon benign tumor that can be treated by organ-preserving surgery when diagnosed preoperatively. Although some sonographic characteristics may be suggestive of epidermoid cysts, sonography is not completely diagnostic. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings may provide support for the diagnosis of epidermoid cysts. The MRI findings of testicular epidermoid cysts have been reported as either bull's eye or target in appearance, or with signal intensity characteristics more typical of a cystic lesion. In this paper, we present typical sonographic and unusual MRI findings of a testicular epidermoid cyst.
Degenerative diseases of the lumbar spine
Authors: Dorenbeck U. , Schreyer A. G. , Grunwald I. Q. , Held P. , Feuerbach S. , Seitz J.
Published: January 2005

Purpose: To compare a T2* weighted 2D spoiled gradient echo multiecho sequence (MEDIC) with magnetization transfer saturation pulse versus lumbar myelography and postmyelographic computed tomography (pCT).

Material and Methods: 84 disk levels in 27 patients were examined. The vertebral bodies, intervertebral disks, neural foramina, cauda equina, ligamentum flavum, and narrowing of the spinal canal were investigated using an evaluation scale. In addition, the pCT and the MEDIC sequence were evaluated for assessing the narrowing of the neural foramina in a phantom study using a cadaver preparation of the lumbar spine.

Results: A total of 28 disk herniations, 11 cases of osteophytes narrowing the spinal canal or the neural foramina, and 7 spinal canal stenoses were detected. The pCT was significantly better in visualizing the cauda equina. The MEDIC sequence was significantly superior in visualizing the extension of the ligamentum flavum. No statistical differences between either image modality were found concerning assessment of the narrowing of the neural foramina and the spinal canal, nor regarding evaluation of the vertebral disk and the vertebral body. Measurements of the phantom

study showed that the MEDIC sequence did not overestimate narrowing of the neural foramina.

Conclusions: The T2* MEDIC sequence has proved to be as accurate as pCT in evaluating osteophytes and narrowing of the neural foramina. In doubtful standard magnetic resonance imaging findings, this means that an additional axial T2* MEDIC sequence may be of value in reaching the same accuracy as pCT.
Pneumothorax and the value of chest radiography after ultrasound-guided thoracocentesis
Authors: Pihlajamaa K. , Bode M. K. , Puumalainen T. , Lehtimäki A. , Marjelund S. , Tikkakoski T.
Published: January 2005

Purpose: To determine the incidence, the operator's experience, and other variables that may influence the development of pneumothorax or re-expansion edema after ultrasound (US)-guided thoracocentesis.

Material and Methods: The medical records of 264 procedures in 212 patients who had undergone US-guided thoracocentesis in our radiology department or intensive care unit during the period 1996-2001 were retrospectively reviewed.

Results: Post-thoracocentesis pneumothorax occurred in 11 cases, the incidence being 4.2% (11/264). None of the pneumothoraces occurred in the 10 mechanically ventilated patients. All but one patient with pneumothorax were asymptomatic or had only minor symptoms. Chest tube drainage was needed in one patient with a large pneumothorax. No re-expansion edema was recorded, although 1500 ml or more pleural fluid was aspirated in 29 patients. The operator's experience had no effect on the complication rate. Needle size was the only significant variable that contributed to the pneumothorax rate.

Conclusion: US-guided thoracocentesis can be done equally as safely by residents as by senior radiologists. The safety and feasibility of the method are evident among mechanically ventilated intensive care patients. Our results do not support the routine use of post-thoracocentesis chest radiography.
Morphometric X-ray absorptiometry: reference data for vertebral dimensions in a population-based sample of young danish men
Authors: Wulff R. , Holst A. Koch , Nielsen T. L. , Andersen M. , Hagen C. , Brixen K.
Published: January 2005

Purpose: To determine reference values for vertebral heights in healthy young Danish males using morphometric X-ray absorptiometry (MXA).

Material and Methods: A population-based study group of 487 males aged between 20 and 30 years (mean 25 years) from the county of Funen, Denmark, were recruited. Using a Hologic QDR 4500 (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry) DXA-scanner, MXA scans covering the vertebrae from T4 to L4 were acquired for each subject. Anterior (Ha), middle (Hm), and posterior (Hp) heights of the thoracic (T4-T12) and lumbar (L1-L4) vertebral bodies were measured. Moreover, wedge, mid-wedge, crush I, and crush II ratios were calculated.

Results: No correlation between vertebral dimensions and crush indices on the one hand and age or weight on the other were found. Body height, however, correlated significantly with the cumulated vertebral heights. Reference data for vertebral dimensions, wedge, mid-wedge, crush I, and crush II are tabulated.

Conclusion: The anterior, middle, and posterior heights of the vertebral bodies of T4 to L4 can be measured reproducible with MXA. In young men, the cumulative vertebral heights correlated with body height but not with age. Moreover, the wedge and crush indices were unrelated of both age and height.
Assessment of left ventricular volumes and function: intraindividual comparison of multi-slice spiral CT and electron beam CT in an animal model
Authors: Wiese T. H. , Rogalla P. , Taupitz M. , Wagner S. , Schnorr J. , Mews J. , Enzweiler C. N. H. , Hermann K.-G. A. , Hamm B. , Lembcke A.
Published: January 2005

Purpose: To evaluate multi-slice spiral computed tomography (MSCT) for measurements of left ventricular volumes, ejection fraction (EF), and myocardial mass in comparison with electron beam CT (EBCT) as a reference method.

Material and Methods: Six minipigs underwent both standardized contrast-enhanced MSCT (effective acquisition time per cardiac cycle 125.7±30.1 ms, reconstructed slice thickness 8 mm) and EBCT (acquisition time 50 ms, collimated slice thickness 8 mm). The contrast-to-noise ratio of the left ventricle was measured in each animal, and the contour sharpness of the myocardium was analyzed. Volumes (EDV, ESV, SV) ejection fraction (EF), and muscle mass were calculated by MSCT and by EBCT using the slice summation method.

Results: MSCT had a higher contrast-to-noise ratio and delineated the myocardial contours more sharply than EBCT. There was a close linear correlation between both modalities for all parameters (EDV: rP=0.88, ESV: rP=0.91, SV: rP=0.85, EF: rP=0.93; mass: rP=0.90; P<0.05 each). MSCT slightly overestimated ESV and slightly underestimated SV and EF compared with EBCT ( P<0.05 each).

Conclusions: Image quality in MSCT is superior to that of EBCT. Functional parameters correlate well between both modalities, but the accuracy of MSCT is limited by its lower temporal resolution.
The Functionally Conserved Nucleoporins Nup124p from Fission Yeast and the Human Nup153 Mediate Nuclear Import and Activity of the Tf1 Retrotransposon and HIV-1 Vpr
Authors: Varadarajan Padmapriya , Mahalingam Sundarasamy , Liu Peiyun , Ng Sarah Boon Hsi , Gandotra Sheetal , Dorairajoo Desmond Suresh Kumar , Balasundaram David
Published: January 2005

We report that the fission yeast nucleoporin Nup124p is required for the nuclear import of both, retrotransposon Tf1-Gag as well as the retroviral HIV-1 Vpr. Failure to import Tf1-Gag into the nucleus in a nup124 null mutant resulted in complete loss of Tf1 transposition. Similarly, nuclear import of HIV-1 Vpr was impaired in nup124 null mutant strains and cells became resistant to Vpr's cell-killing activity. On the basis of protein domain similarity, the human nucleoporin Nup153 was identified as a putative homolog of Nup124p. We demonstrate that in vitro–translated Nup124p and Nup153 coimmunoprecipitate Tf1-Gag or HIV-1 Vpr. Though full-length Nup153 was unable to complement the Tf1 transposition defect in a nup124 null mutant, we provide evidence that both nucleoporins share a unique N-terminal domain, Nup124pAA264–454and Nup153AA448–634that is absolutely essential for Tf1 transposition. Epigenetic overexpression of this domain in a wild-type (nup124+) background blocked Tf1 activity implying that sequences from Nup124p and the human Nup153 challenged the same pathway affecting Tf1 transposition. Our results establish a unique relationship between two analogous nucleoporins Nup124p and Nup153 wherein the function of a common domain in retrotransposition is conserved.
Mystique Is a New Insulin-like Growth Factor-I-regulated PDZ-LIM Domain Protein That Promotes Cell Attachment and Migration and Suppresses Anchorage-independent Growth
Authors: Loughran Gary , Healy Nollaig C. , Kiely Patrick A. , Huigsloot Merei , Kedersha Nancy L. , O'Connor Rosemary
Published: January 2005

By comparing differential gene expression in the insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-IR null cell fibroblast cell line (R– cells) with cells overexpressing the IGF-IR (R+ cells), we identified the Mystique gene expressed as alternatively spliced variants. The human homologue of Mystique is located on chromosome 8p21.2 and encodes a PDZ LIM domain protein (PDLIM2). GFP-Mystique was colocalized at cytoskeleton focal contacts with α-actinin and β1-integrin. Only one isoform of endogenous human Mystique protein, Mystique 2, was detected in cell lines. Mystique 2 was more abundant in nontransformed MCF10A breast epithelial cells than in MCF-7 breast carcinoma cells and was induced by IGF-I and cell adhesion. Overexpression of Mystique 2 in MCF-7 cells suppressed colony formation in soft agarose and enhanced cell adhesion to collagen and fibronectin. Point mutation of either the PDZ or LIM domain was sufficient to reverse suppression of colony formation, but mutation of the PDZ domain alone was sufficient to abolish enhanced adhesion. Knockdown of Mystique 2 with small interfering RNA abrogated both adhesion and migration in MCF10A and MCF-7 cells. The data indicate that Mystique is an IGF-IR–regulated adapter protein located at the actin cytoskeleton that is necessary for the migratory capacity of epithelial cells.
Large Intraspecific Haplotype Variability at theRph7Locus Results from Rapid and Recent Divergence in the Barley Genome
Authors: Scherrer Beatrice , Isidore Edwige , Klein Patricia , Kim Jeong-soon , Bellec Arnaud , Chalhoub Boulos , Keller Beat , Feuillet Catherine
Published: January 2005

To study genome evolution and diversity in barley (Hordeum vulgare), we have sequenced and compared more than 300 kb of sequence spanning the Rph7 leaf rust disease resistance gene in two barley cultivars. Colinearity was restricted to five genic and two intergenic regions representing <35% of the two sequences. In each interval separating the seven conserved regions, the number and type of repetitive elements were completely different between the two homologous sequences, and a single gene was absent in one cultivar. In both cultivars, the nonconserved regions consisted of ∼53% repetitive sequences mainly represented by long-terminal repeat retrotransposons that have inserted <1 million years ago. PCR-based analysis of intergenic regions at the Rph7 locus and at three other independent loci in 41 H. vulgare lines indicated large haplotype variability in the cultivated barley gene pool. Together, our data indicate rapid and recent divergence at homologous loci in the genome of H. vulgare, possibly providing the molecular mechanism for the generation of high diversity in the barley gene pool. Finally, comparative analysis of the gene composition in barley, wheat (Triticum aestivum), rice (Oryza sativa), and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) suggested massive gene movements at the Rph7 locus in the Triticeae lineage.
Functional Isolation of Novel Nuclear Proteins Showing a Variety of Subnuclear Localizations
Authors: Moriguchi Kazuki , Suzuki Tadzunu , Ito Yukihiro , Yamazaki Yukiko , Niwa Yasuo , Kurata Nori
Published: January 2005

Nuclear proteins play key roles in the fundamental regulation of genome instability, the phases of organ development, and physiological responsiveness through gene expression. Although nuclear proteins have been shown to account for approximately one-fourth of total proteins in yeast, no efficient method to identify novel nuclear proteins has been applied to plants. In this study, a trial to isolate nuclear proteins in rice was attempted, and several novel nuclear proteins showing a variety of subnuclear localizations were identified. The nuclear transportation trap (NTT) system, which is a modified two-hybrid system, isolated many nuclear proteins from rice (Oryza sativa) NTT cDNA libraries. Nuclear localization of the isolated proteins was confirmed by transient introduction of green fluorescent protein fusion constructs for a subset of protein genes into onion (Allium cepa) cells. The majority of these proteins, including novel proteins and proteins initially categorized as cytoplasmic proteins, were revealed to be localized in the nucleus. Detailed characterization of unknown proteins revealed various subnuclear localizations, indicating their possible association with chromatin and the nuclear matrix with a foci or speckle-like distribution. Some also showed dual distribution in the nucleus and cytoplasm. In the novel protein fraction, a protein was further identified for its chromatin-associated localization in a specific organ of rice by immunostaining. Thus, a variety of novel nuclear architectural proteins with chromatin or matrix associating abilities, which are important in nuclear organization by influencing certain organ developments or cell responsiveness, can be isolated using the NTT method. Because nuclear proteins other than transcription regulators have rarely been characterized in plants, such as matrix proteins and development-specific chromatin proteins, their identification and subsequent characterization could provide important information for genome-wide regulatory mechanisms controlled by nuclear organization.
A historical biogeographical protocol for studying biotic diversification by taxon pulses
Authors: Halas Dominik , Zamparo David , Brooks Daniel R.
Published: January 2005

Aim To present a historical biogeographical protocol for distinguishing biotic diversification by taxon pulse radiations from biotic diversification by vicariance.

Location Mexico and northern Central America.

Methods Brooks Parsimony Analysis (BPA), phylogenetic inference, linear correlation analysis.

Results The taxon pulse radiation of 33 clades in nine areas of endemism in Mesoamerica is based on nine episodes of biotic expansion from three areas, and six episodes of vicariance, involving four geographical splits. Nineteen per cent of speciation events are due to vicariance, 25% to peripheral isolates speciation and 56% are within‐area events. The species–area curve has a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.47. Extinction events and species richness are highly correlated (r2 = 0.75), but colonization events and species richness are poorly correlated (r2 = 0.36), suggesting that colonization is not the main determinant of the species–area relationship. Colonization events are more poorly correlated with size of area (r2 = 0.05) than arein situspeciation events (r2 = 0.60). Colonization events andin situevents are poorly correlated (r2 = 0.02). All areas of endemism have reticulated histories, and have acted as both sources and islands at various times.

Main conclusions Taxon pulses can be distinguished from maximum vicariance using this protocol; refining it requires a method for generating area cladograms from complex data and incorporation of direct dating of evolutionary events.
After the deluge: mitochondrial DNA indicates Miocene radiation and Pliocene adaptation of tree and giant weta (Orthoptera: Anostostomatidae)
Authors: Trewick Steven A. , Morgan‐Richards Mary
Published: January 2005

Aim  New Zealand broke away from the margins of Gondwana c. 75 Ma. Since then, New Zealand taxa derived from the Gondwanan biota are thought to have been exposed first to a subtropical climate on a low lying terrain, then severe land reduction during the Oligocene marine transgression, followed by much cooler climates of the Pliocene and Pleistocene, at which time mountain ranges emerged. The biological consequence of New Zealand's geological and climatic history is not well understood, in particular the extent to which the Oligocene acted as a biological bottleneck remains unresolved.

Methods  We used mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I and 12S DNA sequences to examine the extent of diversity and inferred timing of speciation of New Zealand weta (Anostostomatidae), a group of Orthoptera with a Gondwanan distribution generally thought to be ancient inhabitants of New Zealand.

Main conclusions  We hypothesize that at least three distinct groups of weta survived the Oligocene marine transgression and radiated subsequently. Speciation followed during the Miocene and radiation into new habitats occurred during the Pliocene when mountain building created novel environments. Patterns of genetic diversity within species reflect, in some instances, geographical subdivision in the Pliocene, and in other cases, Pleistocene range changes resulting from climate change.
A Joint Model for Longitudinal Data Profiles and Associated Event Risks with Application to a Depression Study
Authors: DuBois Bowman F. , Manatunga Amita K.
Published: January 2005

In many longitudinal studies, a subject’s response profile is closely associated with his or her risk of experiencing a related event. Examples of such event risks include recurrence of disease, relapse, drop-out and non-compliance. When evaluating the effect of a treatment, it is sometimes of interest to consider the joint process consisting of both the response and the risk of an associated event. Motivated by a prevention of depression study among patients with malignant melanoma, we examine a joint model that incorporates the risk of discontinuation into the analysis of serial depression measures. We present a maximum likelihood estimator for the mean response and event risk vectors. We test hypotheses about functions of mean depression and withdrawal risk profiles from our joint model, predict depression from updated patient histories, characterize associations between components of the joint process and estimate the probability that a patient’s depression and risk of withdrawal exceed specified levels. We illustrate the application of our joint model by using the depression data.
Estimating Stellar-Oscillation-Related Parameters and Their Uncertainties with the Moment Method
Authors: De Ridder Joris , Molenberghs Geert , Aerts Conny
Published: January 2005

The moment method is a well-known astronomical mode identification technique in asteroseismology which uses a time series of the first three moments of a spectral line to estimate the discrete oscillation mode parameters l and m. The method, in contrast with many other mode identification techniques, also provides estimates of other important continuous parameters such as the inclination angle α and the rotational velocity ve. We developed a statistical formalism for the moment method based on so-called generalized estimating equations. This formalism allows an estimation of the uncertainty of the continuous parameters, taking into account that the different moments of a line profile are correlated and that the uncertainty of the observed moments also depends on the model parameters. Furthermore, we set up a procedure to take into account the mode uncertainty, i.e. the fact that often several modes (l, m) can adequately describe the data. We also introduce a new lack-of-fit function which works at least as well as a previous discriminant function, and which in addition allows us to identify the sign of the azimuthal order m. We applied our method to star HD181558 by using several numerical methods, from which we learned that numerically solving the estimating equations is an intensive task. We report on the numerical results, from which we gain insight in the statistical uncertainties of the physical parameters that are involved in the moment method.
Time course of oxidative stress, lesion and edema after intrastriatal injection of malonate in rat: effect of α‐phenyl‐N‐tert‐butylnitrone
Authors: Paucard Alexia , Besson Valérie C. , Plotkine Michel , Margaill Isabelle
Published: January 2005

The aim of this study was to characterize the model of oxidative stress consisting in the infection of malonate (3 μmol), an inhibitor of mitochondrial complex II, in the rat striatum. The striatal concentrations of both the reduced and oxidized forms of glutathione (the major endogenous antioxidant) were determined at various times after malonate injection (1–4 h) in order to evaluate the evolution of oxidative stress. The progression of lesion size and edema was also determined up to 24 h after malonate administration. Finally, the effect of α‐phenyl‐N‐tert‐butylnitrone (PBN), an antioxidant nitrone, was studied. The levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) progressively decreased after malonate injection up to 40% of those of sham animals at 4 h. An increase in the concentrations of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was also observed as early as 1 h after malonate administration which was maintained up to 4 h. The size of the lesion was maximal within 2 h of malonate injection, whereas edema continued to increase between 2 and 24 h. Injection of PBN at 100 mg/kg i.p. 30 min before and 2 h after malonate administration abolished the GSSG increase caused by malonate but did not modify the drop in GSH. This moderate antioxidant effect of PBN was associated with a slight decrease of the lesion area at two levels (10.7 and 10.2 mm anterior to the interaural line), but the lesion volume remained unchanged. By contrast, PBN reduced edema by 30%. Taken together, these results show that malonate induced a severe oxidative stress leading to the rapid development of the lesion. PBN demonstrates anti‐edematous properties that are not sufficient to reduce the lesion.
Immunomodulatory therapy for chronic hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Sprengers D. , Janssen H.L.A.
Published: January 2005

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most prevalent viral pathogens of man with around 350 million chronically infected patients. It has been postulated that in persistently infected individuals the HBV‐specific immune response is too weak to eliminate HBV from all infected hepatocytes, but sufficiently strong to continuously destroy HBV‐infected hepatocytes and to induce chronic inflammatory liver disease. The primary aim in the treatment of chronic hepatitis B is to induce sustained disease remission and prevent serious complications like liver failure and/or hepatocellular carcinoma. The recent emergence of drug‐resistant HBV mutants and post‐treatment relapse as a consequence of nucleoside analogue monotherapy emphasizes that the principal goal should be to stimulate a successful immune response. In this paper we will focus on the immune response to HBV and we will review reported data on immunotherapeutic strategies like immunomodulatory drugs (cytokines and Thymic derivates) and vaccine therapies using currently available recombinant anti‐HBV vaccines, lipopeptide‐based T cell vaccine and newly developed genetic vaccines.
The effect of methotrexate and glucocorticosteroids on apoptosis of phythemaglutinin‐stimulated mononuclear cells from peripheral blood
Authors: Pawlik Andrzej , Baskiewicz‐Masiuk Magdalena , Machaliński Bogusław , Gawronska‐Szklarz Barbara
Published: January 2005

Immunosuppressive drugs are widely used in the therapy of autoimmune disorders. Induction of apoptosis is a key mechanism to destroy autoreactive T cells and attenuate immune responses. The aim of the study was to evaluate the apoptotic properties of methotrexate (MTX) and glucocorticosteroids (GS), dexamethasone, methylprednisolone, cortisone in cultured phythemaglutinin‐stimulated mononuclear cells (MNC) from healthy subjects. Apoptosis of MNC was measured using two methods: Annexin V and TUNEL. The increase in MTX and GS concentrations led to progressive increase in the percentage of apoptotic cells. There was no statistically significant difference in percentage of apoptotic cells between cultures with MTX + GS and MTX alone. The results suggest that MTX and GS did not act synergistically, the addition of GS to MTX did not enhance the pro‐apoptotic properties of MTX.
On the relation of nitric oxide to nifedipine‐induced gingival hyperplasia and impaired submandibular glands function in rats in vivo
Authors: Rezaie Shourangiz , Rezaie Ali , Minaiee Bagher , Khorasani Reza , Abdollahi Mohammad
Published: January 2005

Calcium‐channel blockers such as nifedipine could be associated with gingival overgrowth. The aim of this study was to examine the role of nitric oxide (NO) on nifedipine‐induced gingival hyperplasia along with submandibular secretory function in rats. Animals in divided groups received nifedipine (250 mg/kg diet) alone and in combination with l‐arginine (2.25% w/v) or Nω‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME) (0.7% w/v) in drinking water for 20 days. Controls received only tap water. Pure submandibular saliva was collected intraorally by micropolyethylene cannula and the mandibular gingiva was examined by means of dissecting microscope for signs of redness, thickness, inflammation and exuda. Twenty‐day nifedipine treatment induced gingival hyperplasia accompanied with reduced salivary flow rate and concentrations of total protein, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and calcium in comparison with controls. Co‐treatment of animals with nifedipine and l‐arginine protected from gingival hyperplasia and retained flow rate, and concentrations of total protein, EGF and calcium in normal levels. Co‐treatment of animals with nifedipine and l‐NAME potentiated nifedipine‐induced gingival hyperplasia and reductions in flow rate and concentrations of total protein, EGF, and calcium. It is concluded that nifedipine‐induced gingival hyperplasia is associated with salivary dysfunction. Activation of cGMP‐dependent positive signal‐transduction mechanisms in salivary glands might be the mechanism for protective effects of NO against nifedipine‐induced gingival hyperplasia.
Habitat use by Hen HarriersCircus cyaneuson Orkney: implications of land‐use change for this declining population
Authors: AMAR ARJUN , REDPATH STEPHEN M.
Published: January 2005

The use of habitats by hunting Hen HarriersCircus cyaneusjust prior to the settlement period was investigated on Orkney, where numbers have declined by 70% over the last 20 years. Both males and females hunted over areas that were closer to subsequent breeding territories. Neither sex differed in the amount of time they hunted over areas dominated by either intensive pasture, moorland or rough grazing. However, male hunting was significantly related to the amount of unmanaged grass habitat with a litter layer. Female hunting was related negatively to vegetation height, and to the prevalence of both HeatherCalluna vulgarisand managed grass; after controlling for these habitat features, female hunting also tended to be associated negatively with Common StarlingSturnus vulgarisabundance. Dramatic changes in land use on Orkney have occurred over the last 40 years, with increases in the amount of intensive pasture and decreases in the amount of rough grazing. These changes, coupled with a doubling in sheepOvis ariesdensities over the last 20 years, are likely to have reduced the amount of unmanaged grass. These changes will have been detrimental to hunting male Harriers by reducing the amount of food they can supply to the females prior to egg laying and during the incubation period.
Song mimicry of Black‐bellied Firefinch Lagonosticta rara and other finches by the brood‐parasitic Cameroon Indigobird Vidua camerunensis in West Africa
Authors: PAYNE R. B. , BARLOW C. R. , BALAKRISHNAN C. N. , SORENSON M. D.
Published: January 2005

Brood‐parasitic finches Vidua spp. mimic songs of their foster species, with most Vidua species both mimicking songs and parasitizing nests of a single estrildid finch species. We describe a behavioural radiation in the Cameroon Indigobird Vidua camerunensis. Local populations are polymorphic in behaviour, each male mimicking songs of a single species, with certain males mimicking songs of one species and other males mimicking songs of another host species. The species most often mimicked in song are Black‐bellied Firefinch Lagonosticta rara and African Firefinch L. rubricata; other species mimicked in song are Brown Twinspot Clytospiza monteiri and Dybowski's Twinspot Euschistospiza dybowskii. Indigobirds in the different mimicry song populations do not differ morphologically in plumage colour or size. The lack of morphological differences between male indigobirds with different mimicry songs is consistent with a recent behavioural radiation through host shifts, perhaps facilitated by environmental change associated with prehistoric cultivation of grain. The mimicry song populations of indigobirds, behaviourally imprinted upon different host species, support the idea of a process of speciation driven by a shift to new host species.