bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Steel Industry
Authors: MUELLER HANS G.
Published: March 2007

In the early 1960s, American steel producers came under severe pressure from imported steel. Most of this steel came from Europe and Japan, where large new steelworks had been constructed. The appropriate economic response by the American producers to the “internationalization” of their home markets would have been technological modernization and an accelerated reform of their splintered plant structure. This would have required the closing of many marginal installations and, simultaneously, the construction of new plants. After several decades of decision making in a less competitive and hence more predictable economic environment, the managers of the large steel companies were unprepared to embrace a strategy ensuing in abrupt change and headlong innovation. Neither was the labor union ready to cooperate fully with management on the issue of work rules and productivity. Instead, both management and labor sought to buy time by means of political lobbying for protection. Although successful, this strategy cannot be considered a long-term solution to the import problem of the integrated steel producers. Steel is an important input for the large metal working sector, and trade measures that raise the cost of steel would impair the ability of many firms to compete in domestic and foreign markets.
The Textile Industry
Authors: PELZMAN JOSEPH
Published: March 2007

The U.S. textile industry has, over the last 20 years, been transformed from a small-scale, unintegrated, predominantly family-owned industry producing standardized fabrics and yarns in the Northeast to a large-scale, more concentrated, capitalintensive, technologically advanced, and internationally competitive industry located primarily in the Southeast. Pressure for this transformation came from a variety of sources. Primary among them was competition from foreign low-cost producers, initially of cotton textile products and later of man-made textile products. The other major source of pressure came from internal competition by domestic producers intent on introducing structural reforms and technical change. The industry's response to these foreign and domestic pressures took the form of both political and economic measures. The outcome of these measures is a healthier, more profitable, and more competitive textile industry. In view of the performance of the U.S. textile industry—excluding apparel—in world trade and its relative level of efficiency, further protection appears to be unjustified. Consequently, the United States should adopt a more flexible trading position and seek to split off textiles from apparel in the renewed Multifiber Arrangement (MFA).
Spending Inequalities for Children's Programs in Texas
Authors: GRUBB W. NORTON , BRODY JULIA GREEN
Published: March 2007

Although researchers and reformers have attacked inequalities in school expenditures throughout this century, funding patterns in noneducational programs for children and youth have been generally ignored. This article presents measures of expenditure inequalities among the 254 counties in Texas for a variety of income support, nutrition, child care, and juvenile justice programs and for several social and psychological services. In every case nonschool spending differences are greater than variations in school spending. The intrastate variations result from a variety of mechanisms, some of which are difficult to ascertain and others difficult to correct, but the magnitude of the inequalities suggests that the problem is too serious to ignore.
Anticipating Transitions: Possible Options in “Family” Forms
Authors: STREIB GORDON F. , PENNA MADELINE HAUG
Published: March 2007

Three major trends affecting family life are an increase in households composed of unrelated persons, an increase in single-parent families, and an increase in divorce. These trends indicate the need for forms of living arrangement other than the traditional nuclear family, especially to confront two major sets of problems faced by many mid-life women: economic and socioemotional. Two prototype living arrangements—“families”—are proposed: (1) adaptation of the concept of the halfway house and (2) utilization of a cooperative living arrangement that has operated successfully with older persons. Since these prototypes have been somewhat successful in dealing with primary group environments of the young and the elderly, such models might be adapted on an experimental basis for midlife women who need added social supports and an increased array of choices from which to plan new directions in their lives.
Refugees: Goodbye to the Good Old Days
Authors: SCHEINMAN RONALD S.
Published: March 2007

The era of relative simplicity in refugee affairs has ended. Legal challenges, economic difficulties in the industrialized democracies, and the inability of some countries of first asylum to allow refugees to remain in their territories have contributed to a sense of crisis. This has come about because of confusion between refugees and economic migrants and a perception that greater numbers of people are on the move, in more uncontrollable ways, than ever before. Finally, economic and employment problems, which are themselves cyclical, lead to protectionist measures that can become fixed in law. To keep our commitments to genuine refugees and the system of protection and assistance that has evolved over 60 years of international cooperation, two things are needed. The first is to maintain the integrity of the definition of a refugee as it exists in international treaty and U.S. statute. The tendency to wish to extend those privileges to all unfortunate people is understandable, but will surely erode the special status reserved to victims of persecution. The second is to design joint resettlement and development projects that can benefit a broader class of displaced persons. This will relieve population pressures on first-asylum countries; avoid eligibility determinations that sometimes result in stark life-and-death choices; and, by helping development, also contribute to ameliorating some of the root causes of forced migration.
Financing the Health Care of the Aged
Authors: LAVE JUDITH R. , SILVERMAN HERBERT A.
Published: March 2007

The Medicare and Medicaid programs, which were enacted through the 1965 amendments to the Social Security Act, placed the federal government in the central role of assuring access of the aged and the poor to needed medical care. In this article the trends in the sources of financing medical care services for the aged are examined. The distinction in terms of insurance coverage between acute care services and long-term care services is highlighted. The effect of the programs in terms of reducing the aged's direct financial cost of medical care, increasing their access to medical services, and improving their health status is explored. The unanticipated increase in the cost of these programs has led to a change in emphasis in public policy, from assuring access to mainstream medical care to containing the cost of providing care. The direction of new federal policies is analyzed, and it is concluded that no longer will it follow the private sector's specifications of the conditions and arrangements under which health services are provided to program beneficiaries.
Flexible Manufacturing Systems: Robotics and Computerized Automation
Authors: MERCHANT M. EUGENE
Published: March 2007

The most powerful long-term technological trend impinging on the factory of the future is that toward computer integrated manufacturing. Behind this trend lies the unique capability of the computer to automate, optimize, and integrate the operations of the total system of manufacturing. The virility of this trend is attested to by technological forecasts made over the past 10 years. The rapidity of the development is due not only to this technological virility, but also to powerful long-term economic and social forces impinging on manufacturing. As a result many industrialized nations are pursuing large national programs of research, development, and implementation of computer integrated manufacturing to hasten the technological evolution of computer integrated automatic factories. Programs receiving major emphasis include development and application of integrated manufacturing software systems, group technology and cellular manufacturing, computer control of manufacturing processes and equipment, computer-controlled robots, flexible manufacturing systems, and prototype computer automated factories. This evolution poses some significant challenges to American industry.
The Unmanned Factory and the Community
Authors: FERMAN LOUIS A.
Published: March 2007

The impact of unmanned factories on local communities must be viewed from two perspectives: (1) the historical trends that have disengaged the factory, smokestack or unmanned, from the local community, and (2) the influence of the new technology on community organizations. From a beginning of close association, the factory had disengaged from the local community through the influence of absentee ownership, technology, corporate policy, and managerial mobility. The new technology of the unmanned factory augments these tendencies toward disengagement. We have only speculative information on how the unmanned factory affects the local community, but three broad categories of direct and indirect impacts are indicated: (1) jobs and labor force, (2) the web of suppliers and other supportive firms in the community, and (3) the psychological and medical health of the community.
The Impact of Polling on the Mass Media
Authors: ATKIN CHARLES K. , GAUDINO JAMES
Published: March 2007

The explosive growth of public opinion polling in recent years has produced a variety of significant consequences for the American news media. Poll information has become a newsworthy staple, particularly during election campaigns when survey findings are one of the leading categories of news. Polling has a distinct impact on the nature of political news coverage, shaping the allocation of coverage, the horse-race focus in campaigns, and election-day reporting. Findings from opinion surveys also play a role in editorial commentary and endorsements and provide an important resource for journalists in their adversarial relationship with government leaders. As a key component of precision journalism, polling has introduced a quantitative element into the traditionally qualitative news profession.
Trade Unionism from Roosevelt to Reagan
Authors: BARBASH JACK
Published: March 2007

A half century of union ascendancy in bargaining is possibly coming to an end. Adverse economic and political circumstances are forcing the unions to concede the bargaining initiative to management. It is now the unions that are cast in the reacting role. The management strategies are identified here as positive, hard-line, and normal bargaining. The union counterstrategies are identified as orderly retreat, quid pro quo, political action, organizing, and pension power. As the economic recovery process gets under way there is some question as to whether the outer limits of membership tolerance for concession may not already have been reached.
The New Course in Chinese Agriculture
Authors: SHUE VIVIENNE
Published: March 2007

China's current reform program in agriculture is enormously ambitious in intent and highly significant for all aspects of future economic and political development. It represents a rejection of past policies of large-scale labor mobilization and communal self-reliance in favor of commercialization and individual incentives for peasants. Diversification of the rural economy, decentralization of farm management, production specialization, crop selection in accord with comparative advantage, expansion of free markets, release of labor from the land, and a shift toward household-based, rather than collective, cultivation have all been important elements of the new line. The resultant explosion of pent-up rural entrepreneurship, fueled also by marked state procurement price rises, produced dramatically positive effects on overall productivity, peasant incomes, and standards of living. These led to widespread introduction of even more radical reforms. The recent agricultural boom will be difficult to sustain, however, without worsening China's already serious budget and finance crisis. Today's leadership coalition also faces intrabureaucratic opposition from cadres at all levels who are threatened by the reorganizations, and widespread popular unease about new patterns of social inequality that may accompany greater reliance on market relations. Decentralized management, a wider role for the market, and the vigor of new commercial combines also appear to be hampering the ability of central planners to regulate the economy. Such factors are capable of producing their own political backlash. The new course is, therefore, still a risky gamble in search of a workable balance between plan and market, growth and equality, national priorities and local demands.
American Catholicism in the Mid-Eighties: Pluralism and Conflict in a Changing Church
Authors: McNAMARA PATRICK H.
Published: March 2007

The decade of the 1970s saw continuing changes in American Catholicism as Catholics' religious beliefs and practices persisted in a decline that began in the mid-1960s. In the 1980s, issues of personal morality are salient among indicators of declining belief, particularly such issues as birth control, divorce with remarriage, and premarital sex. Yet there are signs of vitality in other respects: Catholic schools have grown in enrollment, charismatic and pentecostal groups have increased, and lay participation in liturgical functions is now a familiar feature of Catholic worship. The institutional church, as represented by the National Conference of Catholic Bishops, has adopted a critical stance toward American nuclear war strategy and recently toward the American economy for its neglect of the poor and unemployed. These stances occasion conflict both within the church, as Catholic groups organize to oppose them, and between the church, as represented by the bishops, and policies at the national level. A pluralistic model of the church in the 1980s would predict continuing individualism in religious beliefs and practice, and conflict on the institutional level, with considerable cost to the authority of the Catholic hierarchy.
Legal Intervention in Civil Commitment: The Impact of Broadened Commitment Criteria
Authors: DURHAM MARY L. , PIERCE GLENN L.
Published: March 2007

Recent legal changes in Washington State have broadened the grave-disability criterion for civil commitment of the mentally ill. Analysis of data from state mental hospitals and from records of commitment authorities in Washington's two largest counties revealed that, while there was an increase in the number of involuntary hospitalizations immediately before and after the changes in law, there was a virtual disappearance of voluntary patients in state hospitals. Moreover, expansion of the definition of “grave disability” resulted in a move toward a parens patriae-dominated civil commitment system. Analysis of the empirical consequences of the legal changes on commitment decisions is presented, along with the response of mental health officials and the public.
Physical Renewal of the Industrial City
Authors: WIDNER RALPH R.
Published: March 2007

The industrial city is an urban form that evolved very quickly from the late eighteenth to the early twentieth century and just as quickly grew obsolete. The challenges cities confront vary substantially, depending upon each city's economic history. Long-standing cities that simply accreted manufacturing as a major new addition to their economies have had an easier time developing and attracting new economic functions and adapting to them physically than have cities that developed almost exclusively as mass production centers. All have substantial inventories of surplus industrial buildings and housing. All have an infrastructure designed to support a nineteenth-and early twentieth-century industrial system. All have had larger populations in the past than will be necessary to staff their economies in the future. Since the 1950s, the physical renewal and adaptation of these cities have passed through several phases, from large-scale clearance and redevelopment projects to adaptive reuse. Major emphasis is now being placed upon efforts to enhance the livability of these centers in order to make them attractive to a more diversified and balanced set of economic activities than they have known in the past.
Pollyanna, or Is the Glass Half Full?
Authors: McNULTY ROBERT H.
Published: March 2007

The choice of location for a business or an industry is now being made for new reasons. A place that provides enhanced quality of life for the workers is now being chosen over one that has the more traditional business-related advantages. Partners for Livable Places, an international coalition of more than 800 organizations based in Washington, D.C., has since 1977 been helping cities to strengthen their amenities, and—by doing so—to improve their economic growth. Partners' president Robert H. McNulty here discusses the economic and other benefits of such quality-of-life amenities as cultural planning, animation, natural and scenic resources, cultural tourism, public design, and parks and recreation.
The Neomercantilist Constraint
Authors: HAGER WOLFGANG
Published: March 2007

Concern about competitiveness in high technology has induced the European countries to pursue a policy of accelerated modernization. Raising the level of investment has become first priority, which implies reduced individual and social consumption and a distributive bias in favor of capital at the expense of wages, government revenues, and externalities, or environment. In addition, labor-saving innovations in process technology are speeded up without demand for final products being allowed to rise proportionally. The policy model is therefore bound to tolerate mass unemployment. Worldwide, the neomercantilist strategy creates large-scale overcapacity and leads to a race of competitive downward adjustments vis-à-vis increasing low-cost competition. The preferable alternative for Europe is a combination of Continent-wide free trade and controlled external trade in order to achieve both industrial modernization and economic growth.
The Emerging Agenda in State Constitutional Rights Law
Authors: MOSK STANLEY
Published: March 2007

Since the late 1960s, more and more state high courts have placed greater reliance on their own state constitutions in extending rights protections to individuals. Because many state bills of rights are more expansive than the federal Bill of Rights, state courts have often extended rights protections beyond those granted by the U.S. Supreme Court under its interpretation of the U.S. Constitution. As a result, one can speak of an emerging agenda of rights protection in state constitutional law. Among the important items on this agenda are privacy rights, education as a fundamental right, aid to religious schools, Miranda warnings, searches and seizures, self-incrimination, discriminatory peremptory challenges, obscenity, and freedom of speech, including free speech in shopping centers. Such state court activity suggests a revitalization of federalism, at least within the judicial sphere.
Anti-Americanism in Pakistan
Authors: KIZILBASH HAMID H.
Published: March 2007

Pakistanis give three kinds of reasons for negative feelings about America. One involves U.S. policies toward Pakistan such as failure to come to Pakistan's aid during the Bangladesh crisis, using Pakistan for its own interests, and opposition to Pakistan's peaceful nuclear program. A second deals with American global policy, including support of Israel, opposition to Iran's present government, and use of force against small Third World nations. The third includes American involvement in Pakistan—for example, support of the military regime, obstructing a settlement of the Afghan issue, and responsibility for the decline in the value of the local currency. Most Pakistanis are uneasy about the relationship with America as opposed to being hostile. American support of Israel, India, and military dictators has undone a lot of the goodwill gained in other ways. Religious, ethnic, and cultural differences are rejected by most people as a basis of anti-American feelings. Speculation about interference in Pakistan's internal affairs and responsibility for former Prime Minister Bhutto's assassination have provided a basis for more ordinary people to develop feelings of anti-Americanism.
Civil Aviation: Target for Terrorism
Authors: CRENSHAW WILLIAM A.
Published: March 2007

On a global basis, few major industries have been as affected by the growing menace of terrorism as has civil aviation. This article explores the expanding role of private security in protecting the domestic air transportation system against the threat of terrorism and how that role is being performed. Concern is increasing that terrorist attacks of the type that have occurred in the Middle East and Europe may gravitate to the United States. In that event, the response would include immediate and significant requirements for additional private security personnel and equipment, possibly on a level comparable to the implementation of mandatory screening in 1973.
The Good of It and Its Problems
Authors: DeLAUER RICHARD D.
Published: March 2007

The evolution of the present relationships between the military establishment and the nation's universities in the performance of defense-related research and development is summarized. The present relationships and organizational concepts have their roots in the years immediately prior to World War II. The 25 years from the end of the war to 1970 were particularly significant in shaping today's military-university collaboration and cooperation. The Vietnam era and the high-inflation period of the 1970s created many problems for the established relationships; particularly troublesome were the antiwar sentiment on many campuses and the decision by certain universities to reject classified military research efforts. Renewed support of science and technology endeavors in the late 1970s brought about certain improvements in the military-academic environment; innovative initiatives in research and development administration in the 1980s have further improved these relationships. Representative problems and solutions and possible future directions of these very important relationships are reviewed and explored.
National-Local Relations and the City's Dilemma
Authors: THOMAS ROBERT D.
Published: March 2007

Core cities face a dilemma when they must extend services to residents who are less able to pay taxes commensurate with their needs. In this article, national program responses to the city's dilemma made in the 1970s are compared with responses advocated in the 1980s. By the mid-1970s, national programs attended to the city's dilemma through national-local relations aimed at reducing central-city disparities and through relations between citizens and the national government that focused on assisting the less well-off. President Reagan rejected these approaches and advocated making cities economic enterprises, moving the arena of action to the states via block grants, changing the national government's rules governing local finances, and defunding many urban programs attentive to central-city needs. Reagan's partial successes shifted the debate from how the national government should reconcile the city's dilemma to how states and cities should deal with their own problems. The experiences of the 1970s and 1980s offer policymakers two competing models for the 1990s.
Recent Changes in American Fertility, Marriage, and Divorce
Authors: CHERLIN ANDREW
Published: March 2007

This article discusses recent trends in fertility, marriage, and divorce in the period since 1965 in the United States. It describes briefly the sharp changes in patterns of births, marriage, informal unions, divorce, and remarriage. Very recent developments of note include the increasingly important place of cohabitation in the life course, the continuing postponement of marriage, and the rise in birth rates to women in their thirties. Explanations are examined that emphasize both the increased economic opportunities for women and the cultural shift toward a greater emphasis on individualism and self-fulfillment. In the concluding section, it is argued that concerns about fertility and the family in the years ahead will focus less on the number of children than on whether their upbringing and education will be adequate to meet the needs of a society with a relatively small labor force and a large dependent population.
Women's Rights as Human Rights: An International Perspective
Authors: PALLEY MARIAN LIEF
Published: March 2007

Exploitation of female labor as well as more general issues of gender equity have emerged as universal concerns of nations in the past decade. In addition, women often face problems of sexual exploitation. Women's movements have been organized in most societies to address these problems and to demand more equitable conditions for women. The social and political responses of both men and women to these movements have been culturally constrained. There are as many perspectives and approaches to resolving gender inequities as there are societies. In this article, illustrations are drawn from a cross section of societies to illustrate several assumptions regarding women's rights and women's movements. More specifically, the constraints imposed by behavioral culture that affect issue development and change mechanisms will be considered in the context of universal calls for gender equity and an end to the exploitation of female labor and sexuality.
The Macroeconomic Effects of Restricting Foreign Investment in the U.S.
Authors: HELKIE WILLIAM , STEKLER LOIS
Published: March 2007

During the past decade, foreign investment in the United States has increased dramatically. This increase in net capital inflows and the associated accumulation of U.S. indebtedness to foreigners have caused concern in the policy analysis community. One proposal to limit the growth of U.S. indebtedness to foreigners is to erect barriers to foreign capital inflows into the United States. Assuming that barriers were put into place that effectively limited the net flow of capital into the United States, these barriers would induce inflationary pressures in the U.S. economy and place a very heavy burden on interest-sensitive sectors of the economy such as housing. Based on simulations of the Federal Reserve Board staff's multi-country model, this article presents a quantitative assessment of the macroeconomic effects of erecting such barriers to foreign investment in the United States.
Should the U.S. Restrict Foreign Investment?
Authors: ULAN MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

During the 1980s both foreign investment in the United States and the debate about its effects on the U.S. economy increased in volume. Proponents of foreign investment assert that it boosts the productive capacity of the U.S. economy, reduces interest rates, and brings with it new technology and management practices. Some Americans seek to restrict foreign investment in the United States, arguing that such investment has deleterious consequences for the domestic economy or national security. The economic and national security arguments offered in support of administrative restriction of foreign investment are flawed. Some are based on misapplications of the principles of economics or misperceptions concerning the behavior of foreign firms. Others ignore the remedies available to the U.S. government should it feel that national security is threatened by the behavior of foreign investors.
The Future Shape of the U.S. Navy
Authors: FRIEDMAN NORMAN
Published: March 2007

To be effective in a post-Cold War environment, the future U.S. Navy ought to be an outgrowth of the current form built around carriers and major amphibious ships. To the extent that economies are desirable, they should be made in limited-role antisubmarine warfare escorts rather than in carriers and carrier-capable escorts. Such a future navy would have the vital virtue of being able to shift back to confrontation with a major power such as the Soviet Union, should that become necessary.
The Forest Service's Investment in Rural Communities
Authors: McWILLIAMS RUTH , SARANICH RONALD , PRATT JENNIFER
Published: March 2007

This article presents a brief synopsis of the United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service's current rural community assistance efforts. The Forest Service, in close cooperation with rural America, has refocused its efforts from strict natural resource community production to sustainable investment in the future of rural communities. By working as a partner with rural America in identifying community needs and solutions, the Forest Service wants to help rural residents pursue and realize opportunities based upon available natural resources. The Forest Service mission explicitly recognizes the agency's commitment to help rural America address rural development concerns and remain a vital contributor to the nation's competitiveness.
Problems and Processes in U.S. Foreign Language Planning
Authors: LAMBERT RICHARD D.
Published: March 2007

The goal of foreign language planning should be the development of a comprehensive, integrated public policy on foreign language education. Such a policy should focus on the architecture of the system, how the parts are put together. It should seek to remedy discontinuities, take into consideration the planning experience of other countries, and be keyed to various levels of the system. It should address issues of language choice, including the learning of more than one foreign language. It should balance the general education goals of language teaching with learning for adult use, and it should develop a much more specific notion of what those uses are and might be. Next steps in the development of plans are suggested.
Regulating Migration in Europe: The Dutch Experience, 1960-92
Authors: VAN AMERSFOORT HANS , PENNINX RINUS
Published: March 2007

Like other West European countries, the Netherlands has become an immigration country against its will. Since 1960, three migration flows in particular have contributed to the migration surplus: labor migration from the Mediterranean area, migration from former Dutch colonies, and migration of international refugees. In each case, the measures taken by the Dutch government to regulate the migration have not been successful. This article analyzes why it is so difficult, if not impossible, to effectively implement migration regulations. A very important reason seems to be the contradictory aims of the welfare state that, on the one hand, tries to keep immigrants out but, on the other hand, seeks to ensure full civil rights for the immigrant population settled in the country.
Comparative Systems of Unjust Dismissal: The British Case
Authors: DICKENS LINDA
Published: March 2007

Statutory employee protection against unfair dismissal has operated in the United Kingdom for over two decades. Despite deregulation in other areas of individual legal rights during the 1980s, protection against unfair dismissal has emerged virtually intact. In order to help explain its survival, this article draws on empirical research to explore what the law in operation has meant for employees, unions, employers, and the state. Although offering some protection to workers against arbitrary or most unreasonable employer behavior, the law has operated in a way sensitive to employer needs and interests, and managerial prerogative has been supported.
Public Sector Ethics in Comparative Perspective
Authors: SUZUKI PETER T.
Published: March 2007

The task of a comparative approach should be to seek commonalities and principles that would be apposite to a wide range of nations and their organizations. Citizen participation is one commonality in maintaining and/or enhancing ethics in the public sector. In the Japanese case, the study focuses on the national police system and the ethics and values integral to it and the national culture. Owing to the radical change in government, eastern Berlin's human relations directors and boards provide a good case study of the foundation of new ethics in this inchoate democracy. The Nigerian citizenry's reaction to the Weberian type of bureaucracy that encompasses Nigeria's massive public sector is instructive as it sheds light on the significance of citizen participation in the people's attempt to maintain ethical norms among public servants. This article closes with some observations related to several theoretical issues concerning ethics in a comparative perspective.
On Watching, from Across the Border, the Canadian Game of Chicken
Authors: JOCKEL JOSEPH T.
Published: March 2007

Canada's continuing national-unity struggles have reached a new stage. In the wake of the 1992 referendum on the Charlottetown constitutional accord, constitutional reform has become all but impossible in English Canada, leaving Quebec to choose, over the coming year, between the current arrangements and independence. In the game of constitutional chicken, the English Canadian car cannot swerve. Will the Quebec car swerve?
Trade Union Exceptionalism: The United States and Canada
Authors: LIPSET SEYMOUR MARTIN
Published: March 2007

Trade unionism and social democratic parties are significantly stronger in Canada than in the United States. While many factors have been suggested to account for these differences, this article emphasizes the impact of cross-national variations in values: Tory/communitarian, group oriented, and statist in the north; more individualistic, meritocratic, and antistatist in the south.
Fear and Withdrawal from Urban Life
Authors: MIETHE TERANCE D.
Published: March 2007

Crime and fear of criminal victimization have become major problems in American society. Citizens react to crime in a variety of ways, including distrusting others, avoiding particular places, taking protective action, changing their daily activities, and participating in collective action. The present article reviews these psychological and behavioral reactions to crime. It summarizes current trends in the nature of crime and fear of criminal victimization that may help explain public reactions to crime. The article concludes with a discussion of the consequences of fear and individuals' withdrawal from urban life.
Environmental Concern of the Local Elite
Authors: PLESCHBERGER WERNER
Published: March 2007

There are a number of values that are of importance for the sustainability or degradation of the natural environment of a country. Technological development, scientific advances, the level of economic development of the country, and the specific capacity for political modernization influence the situation and development of the environment. Public opinion concerning environmental problems is a genuine factor in environmental politics and an important factor, too, in the practical solution of current and future environmental problems. The high surface ozone concentrations are considered a grave environmental problem by local communities. This article raises the question of the political capacity of local decision makers to address this problem. Generally, the local elite must be environmentally aware and must pursue adequate policy positions in order to solve current environmental problems. The more homogeneous their awareness of the environment, with its problems, and the more homogeneous their policy orientation, the greater the chances of overcoming a dangerous environmental problem. Austria serves as the subject of an empirical study of this phenomenon.
Creativity Heuristics for Impasse Resolution: Reframing Intractable Negotiations
Authors: SPECTOR BERTRAM I.
Published: March 2007

This study deals with a very sensitive but all too common problem: how to activate parties that have failed in using negotiation to find common ground. What can be done to get seemingly intractable negotiations back on track and redirected toward peaceful conclusions? A promising and practical approach to accomplishing this task—using creativity heuristics—is addressed in this research. In particular, the study evaluates the effectiveness of one creativity heuristic, analogical reasoning, to help protagonists reframe their conflict, generate fresh and novel solutions, and thereby reduce the psychological barriers to restarting negotiations. The results of an experimental simulation suggest the possible utility of such heuristics for impasse resolution: they enhance flexibility in the negotiation process, and they facilitate the reaching of agreements. The conceptual framework and empirical findings expand current understanding of the role of creative processes in negotiation. The study's results yield practical benefits as well: the findings provide guidance on professional training and direction to negotiators and mediators on ways to interject creative processes into difficult, stalemated conflict situations.
Human Capital Development: America's Greatest Challenge
Authors: HERSHBERG THEODORE
Published: March 2007

Highly developed human capital will be the source of comparative advantage in the twenty-first-century global economy. America's human capital development system—K-12, postsecondary training, higher education, and on-th-job learning—has severe problems that must be corrected if the nation is to compete effectively. Nationally benchmarked standards to measure the educational performance of our students is the best way to proceed.
Easy Citizenship: Television's Curious Legacy
Authors: HART RODERICK P.
Published: March 2007

This article argues that television has reduced the burdens of citizenship for the average American and that that reduction is dangerous. Television does all of this by overwhelming viewers with the sights and sounds of governmental life and by supersaturating them with political information. All too often, however, this tumult creates in viewers a sense of activity rather than genuine civic involvement. In addition, television constantly tells the story of specific persons in specific situations, thereby producing a kind of highly individuated, cameo politics that distracts viewers from common problems and public possibilities. Television does this work, and much more, in a highly entertaining fashion and is often genuinely informative. But television also produces an overwhelming passivity in viewers even while making them feel politically involved. The article argues that the American polity needs real, not hypothetical, involvement if it is to meet its civic obligations.
Ethnic Minorities in Hungary: Democracy and Conflict Resolution
Authors: GÖNCZ KINGA , GESKÓ SÁNDOR
Published: March 2007

The authors discuss the survival strategies of Hungarian society during the socialist regime. One such strategy was to avoid open conflicts in the public sphere. New skills are needed to address the social changes since the end of communism in 1989-90. The article illustrates the positive potential in the open expression of public conflicts by examining cases of minority rights in Hungary.
Nongovernmental Organizations and Development
Authors: STREETEN PAUL
Published: March 2007

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) are not normally good at the activities they claim as their merit, but they have virtues that are frequently not proclaimed. In particular, they rarely reach the poorest, they depend in many ways on government support, and they are often not participatory. On the other hand, they are adaptable and suited to promoting self-reliance. Participation has been used more as a slogan than a thought-out strategy. There are many exceptions to the principle that people should have a right to participate in the decisions that affect (importantly?) their lives and work. A more valid question is, Who should take what decisions at which level and in what sequence? There are many links between government and NGOs, not confined to finance. Finally, NGO projects are compared with governmental technical assistance, and the drawbacks of the latter are compared with the merits of the former.
Growing Pains: Children's Television in the New Regulatory Environment
Authors: JORDAN AMY B. , WOODARD EMORY H.
Published: March 2007

This article is a review of research conducted in 1996 and 1997 designed to assess the current climate of the children's television industry and the impact of public policy initiatives on the availability, quality, and viewership of children's television. Researchers evaluated all children's programs from the 1996-97 season available in one large market and analyzed a subsample of commercial broadcasters' educational and informational programs. Parents' perceptions of children's television offerings are explored through survey data collected in the spring of 1997. Broadcasters' conceptions of the child audience (culled from interviews with industry insiders) provide some explanation for the lack of quality in children's programming available today. Recommendations for improving support of and commitment to children's educational programming are offered in light of 1997 Federal Communications Commission regulations mandating three hours a week of educational television for children.
The Growing Commercialization of Schools: Issues and Practices
Authors: RICHARDS JEF I. , WARTELLA ELLEN A. , MORTON CYNTHIA , THOMPSON LISA
Published: March 2007

Over the past seven years there has been a tremendous influx of commercial marketing efforts in grades from kindergarten to twelfth grade. Other than anecdotal reports, little is known about the extent of these commercial efforts or about the attitudes of teachers, administrators, students, parents, and the public at large toward this increasing commercial presence. This article is intended to be the first in a series of research projects aimed at better understanding this phenomenon and its impact on children.
Health Literacy
Authors: ROGERS EVERETT M. , RATZAN SCOTT C. , PAYNE J. GREGORY
Published: March 2007

Both candidates in the 2000 presidential campaign focused on issues related to health and education as key components of their platforms. Yet the campaign failed to address an emerging problem with the American and world community—health literacy. Health literacy is the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions. Large numbers of the U.S. population lack an adequate level of health literacy to be able to function effectively in the health care system. Within the context of the presidential campaign rhetoric on health and education, this study examines health literacy and summarizes the voluminous research published on this topic and its implications for health communication, intervention and research. Although health literacy did not receive adequate attention in the presidential campaign, the authors advocate that it should be a focus for policy makers.
Real and Virtual Social Ties
Authors: MATEI SORIN , BALL-ROKEACH SANDRA J.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between online and offline social ties is studied in seven Los Angeles ethnically marked residential areas. Contrary to visions proposing a zero-sum game between the two, the authors advance a “the more, the more” approach to online social ties. A higher level of belonging to real communities translates into a higher propensity for interaction online. This approach is informed by a social shaping of technology perspective, which proposes that strong anchoring to offline social and cultural groups links cyberspace to people's local communities. Results of a logistic regression analysis indicate that the chances of making a friend online increase by 7% for each belonging index unit and by 32% for each neighbor known well enough to talk to about a personal problem. Belonging is captured through an index measure, combining eight items concerning objective and subjective involvement in residential community. Ethnic differences are less pronounced than expected. However, Asian respondents, particularly those of Korean descent, are more likely to form online ties than mainstream White respondents. Focus group data suggest that online ties are established with people of the same ethnicity.
Candidate Selection In Britain: A Comparative Study
Authors: Epstein Leon D.
Published: March 2007

American research suggests a number of hypotheses to be tested in a proposed study of the process and conditions of candidate adoption in Britain's 630 constituencies.
A Classification of International Relations Theory
Authors: McClelland Charles A.
Published: March 2007

This six-class system of describing theories distinguishes between uni versal and culturally-rooted concepts, and among actor theory, interaction theory, and environmental theory.
Valuing Freedom
Authors: Oppenheim Felix E.
Published: March 2007

To have meaningful discussion of freedom requires an agreed definition of freedom in non-valuational terms. A number of hypotheses concerning interpersonal freedom are developed, most of which can be tested empirically using psychological, political or historical evidence. All may be considered rules of choices - "rules stipulating conditions under which it is rational for anyone to assign positive (or negative) value to some particular freedom relationship."
History and the Social Sciences: The Long Duration
Authors: Braudel Fernand
Published: March 2007

A French historian suggests that the social sciences lack integration, and for the most part also lack a sense of time. Historians have several concepts of time, including the short-run time of events, and time of long duration, that is, of long-range trends and developments. The concept of long-run time, in conjunction with the models that can be devised with the new "social mathe matics," could provide both the integration and sense of time that would help further social scientific research.
Cuba: How Free Inquiry Expired
Authors: Tallet Jorge
Published: March 2007

Dr. Tallet, former head of the Cultural Department of the Cuban Foreign Ministry in the Castro government, resigned his post in September, 1960. He is an outstanding Cuban philosopher and author of several books, one of which has been translated into English as The Absolute Being.
Scientific Endeavor in Israel and The United States
Authors: Ben-David Joseph
Published: March 2007

Professor Ben-David of Hebrew University examines the different problems faced by science in a large and in a small nation, pointing out that largeness does not insure scientific accomplishment nor does smallness mean that a nation's science must be poor and backward. He demonstrates through Israel's experience that a small nation with limited resources can contribute to scientific advancement and, in the process, countervalance autarchic tendencies in the science of the large nations.
Getting R & D Out of Orbit
Authors: Etzioni Amitai
Published: March 2007

The concentration of federal Research and Development in defense and space activities, contrary to popular belief, does not act as a stimu lant to economic growth and does not effectively provide work for un employed men and resources. Professor Etzioni, of Columbia University, concludes that a meaningful start in the war on poverty requires the "de-orbiting" into the welfare sector of a substantial amount of space and defense R & D funds.
The Foundation Fund as Venture Capital
Authors: Saxe Richard W.
Published: March 2007

Professor Saxe, of Chicago Teachers College, sketches the historic background and functions of foundations of an earlier time. His substantive concern here is with the effects and implications of the modern "quasi-public" philanthropic foundation on educational research, particularly the training of teachers.