bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing Investments through PE Funds
Authors: Palekar Srilatha , Pardhi Arun , Jindal Sunanda
Published: October 2022

There is a rat race happening between PE investors to catch on to equally fast pace of various start—ups and ventures in the service sector, attracting small but several investments opportunities with highly lucrative returns on valuations. Many promoters are also jumping in the que to make fast bucks by investing in their own business and turning out to be partners in VE funds and enjoying a double whammy both as promoters as also Investors. However, the real heat is felt by the employees and other vendors as major stakeholders whose careers and employment uncertainties are pushing them to kick up frequent job switches or labour unrests landing up in courtroom battles. This has also led to serious conflicts between PE fund Investors and the promoters getting stuck in deals resulting in disastrous losses and unending IR issues turning violent at times. This case study picks up a few such PE investors and promoters’ perils as also including corrupt practices by passing regulatory norms laid out on capital taxes and other compliance requirements and resulting in chaos and disbelief. While India appears to be one of the very attractive opportunities for PE investors, both domestic and international economic opportunities, the ground realities belie such understandings in view of major squabbles between the promoters and PE investors. This leads to the feeling of financial risks for the PE investors who hesitate for such investments.
Smugglers
Authors: Yin Cao
Published: October 2022

This chapter is about the experiences of three Chinese men who were involved in the smuggling between India and China during the Second World War. In telling the story, this chapter argues that the Chinese Nationalist government’s effort to obtain Chinese army officers’ privileges in India facilitated the smuggling. The rampant wartime India-China smuggling was in conflict with the Nationalist government’s ambition of presenting itself as a great power. The Nationalist government’s policy of facilitating smuggling in India was perceived by the British authorities as a Chinese conspiracy against India’s sovereignty. The misunderstanding between the Chinese and British authorities led to the end of the diaspora moment of the Chinese in India. Overall, this chapter provides a new perspective to make sense of the tensions between the Chinese, Indian, and British governments during the Second World War.
Deserters
Authors: Yin Cao
Published: October 2022

During the Second World War, thousands of Chinese soldiers were sent to India for training. Many of them, however, deserted from the army and made their livings across India. Chen Ching Lin was one of these deserters. Focusing on the trajectory of his journey in India from 1943 to 1946, this chapter not only unearths the little-known experience of the Chinese deserters in India but also explores how the Chinese nationalist government’s aim to discipline the overseas Chinese communities conflicted with the agenda of the British geopolitics. It further contends that modern Chinese and Indian history could be integrated into a single narrative framework from subaltern perspectives.
Conclusion
Authors: Yin Cao
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores how the independent Indian government inherited the concerns and anxieties of the British colonial regime with regard to possible Chinese interference and colonization. It points out that the colonial anxieties were deeply embedded in the mindset of Indian policymakers and misled them to overjudge the state-building projects initiated by the Chinese government (both the Nationalist and the Communist) in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries.
Late Medieval Christianity
Authors: Gordon Bruce
Published: October 2022

Late-medieval Christianity in Western Europe was vibrant but contested. The fifteenth century proved an age of reform and growth, yet visions of reform clashed. At the highest level, the restored papacy wrestled for supremacy both with both conciliar opponents and with temporal rulers who desired to control ecclesiastical affairs. Universities proliferated but so did schools of theological thought that disagreed on significant doctrines. Heresies spread, their advocates calling for radical change. Laymen and women, increasingly affluent with the growth of mercantile wealth, sought greater access to the religious life, and spurred by the printing revolution, vernacular religious literature spread across Europe. Although united by its sacramental, clerical and hierarchical authority, the late-medieval church was intensely local, varying enormously in forms of worship and devotion. Itinerant preachers fired popular piety, encouraging the people to visit shrines, embark on pilgrimages, venerate saints and relics, and receive the body and blood of Christ. Parish churches became filled with the devotional gifts of the faithful interceding for their beloved in purgatory and preparing for their own deaths. Mary was revered as the mother of mercy and the suffering body of her son, in visual representations, sermons, and devotional works across Europe, reminded women and men of God’s intimate presence in their lives. Humanism, with its recovery of antiquity and the original sources of Christianity, served as the driving force of intellectual and spiritual change.
The Radical Reformation
Authors: Gregory Brad S.
Published: October 2022

The Radical Reformation refers to all forms of Protestantism in the Reformation era whose protagonists rejected both the Roman Catholic Church and the magisterial Protestant churches. Although radical Protestants were small in number, there were many more radical Protestant groups than magisterial Protestant traditions. Especially after the German Peasants’ War (1524-26) and the Anabaptist Kingdom of Münster (1534-35), magisterial Protestant and Catholic authorities alike feared and suppressed many radical Protestant groups. The reintegration of Anabaptists, politically revolutionary Protestants, spiritualists, and rationalists from the early German Reformation of the 1520s through the resurgence of radical Protestantism in the English Revolution of the 1640s-50s yields a different and more accurate view of the Reformation as a whole. The uncoupling of political control from Lutheran or Reformed confessional orthodoxy starting in the seventeenth century and expanding in the modern era allowed the true essence of the Reformation itself to become clear—in the open-ended pluralism that marked the Radical Reformation and that stemmed directly from Luther’s principle of sola scriptura itself.
Reasons and Fit
Authors: Cullity Garrett
Published: October 2022

According to the ‘fitting response’ tradition of thinking about value, good things are fit objects of favour-responses and bad things of disfavour-responses. What is the relationship between the relation of fit, so understood, and the normative reason relation? A widespread view treats normative reasons as primitive, and explains fit responses as those for which there is sufficient reason of the ‘right kind’. This chapter adds to recent efforts to develop a fitness-priority view with the opposite explanatory direction. Its proposal, in outline, is that a normative reason for an action, thought, or feeling is a consideration that is fit to determine what one will do, think, or feel. When this proposal is carefully developed, it provides appealing explanations of the different sources of our normative reasons, of how reasons have a directiveness that value-facts need not have, and of what our responsiveness to reasons consists in.
Conspiration in the Archive
Authors: Noorani Tehseen
Published: October 2022

The Voices in Psychosis transcripts weave together biographies with experiences of voice-hearing in ways that are not easily understood through phenomenological reduction or formulation approaches. This chapter offers an alternative approach, beginning with the observation that interviewers and interviewees conspire together—that is, find ways to work together and to breathe together. Conspiring allows interviewees to make sense of their experiences, interviewers to produce data, and both to generate narrative across any inconsistencies and gaps. The focus on conspiring troubles claims to transparency and continuity in how we read the transcripts, reveals the difficulty of distinguishing ‘research study’ from ‘therapeutic intervention’, and gestures towards what gets foregrounded and what gets backgrounded as conversations unfold.
The Phenomenology of Voice-Hearing and Two Concepts of Voice
Authors: Wilkinson Sam , Krueger Joel
Published: October 2022

The experiences described in the Voices in Psychosis transcripts are incredibly varied and yet frequently explicitly labelled by participants as ‘voices’. How can we make sense of this? If we reflect carefully on uses of the word ‘voice’, we see that it can express at least two entirely different concepts, which pick out categorically different phenomena. One concept picks out a speech sound (e.g. ‘This synthesizer has a “voice” setting’). Another concept picks out a specific agent (e.g. ‘I hear two voices: one is a ten-year-old boy . . .’). This chapter explores how these two concepts are related to each other in the context of voice-hearing.
Bridging the Gap in Common Ground When Talking about Voices
Authors: Deamer Felicity
Published: October 2022

The Voices in Psychosis transcripts capture voice-hearers’ efforts to express their experiences. This chapter suggests that these voice-hearers are in a tricky linguistic predicament. Talking about our experiences is grounded, among other things, in the assumption that others have similar experiences to us (a specific instance of a general principle of communication known as ‘grounding’). When it comes to voice-hearing, this assumption does not hold. How is this gap in common ground bridged? One might think that the use of metaphor and other figurative forms (like simile) is one way of doing so. However, in these transcripts, large numbers of metaphors are not seen. This chapter explores why this might be the case.
Silences in First-Person Accounts of Voice-Hearing
Authors: Semino Elena , Collins Luke , Demjén Zsófia
Published: October 2022

This chapter takes a linguistic approach to the Voices in Psychosis interviews. It shows how a computer-aided linguistic analysis of the complete set of interviews reveals an unusually high frequency of negation. The chapter then focuses specifically on references to speech not taking place, and identifies four main types of descriptions of ‘silences’ in the interviews: silent ‘voices’; the voice-hearer being silent about the voices; the voice-hearer being silenced by the voices; and the voice-hearer being silent with the voices. The chapter links these four types of silences to broader issues to do with social relationships, control, and the phenomenology of voice-hearing.
Remembering Voices
Authors: Fernyhough Charles
Published: October 2022

A key focus of the Hearing the Voice Phenomenological Interview is the question of when participants’ voices started. This chapter explores some of the implications of asking about the onset of voices, and some of the processes that might be involved in giving an autobiographical account of hallucinations. Drawing on accounts of remembered voices in the Voices in Psychosis transcripts, the chapter examines factors, including age of voice onset, social relational context, voice content, and emotional valence. There are reasons to believe that at least some trauma-related voices are, like autobiographical memories, reconstructive processes, and studying accounts of voice-hearing in light of their demands on memory might be instructive in understanding why some voices are distressing.
The Subjective-Objective Collapse Model
Authors: Okon Elias , Sebastián Miguel Ángel
Published: October 2022

The idea that “consciousness causes the collapse of the wave function” has never been popular among physicists. The main reason being that the alleged interaction makes the resulting theory mysterious and in tension with physicalism. The Subjective-Objective Collapse (SOC) model attends these worries. SOC is an objective collapse model where the collapse operator depends upon a physical property that either is identical to consciousness or perfectly correlates with it. This allows the construction of an empirically adequate model of the evolution of the wave function in which the collapse depends on consciousness. This paper reviews the SOC model, discusses its advantages and evaluates its commitments and challenges.
Perception Constraints on Mass-Dependent Spontaneous Localization
Authors: Kent Adrian
Published: October 2022

Some versions of quantum theory treat wave function collapse as a fundamental physical phenomenon to be described by explicit laws. One motivation is to find a consistent unification of quantum theory and gravity, in which collapse prevents superpositions of space-times from developing. Another is to invoke collapse to explain our perception of definite measurement outcomes. Combining these motivations while avoiding two different collapse postulates seems to require that perceptibly different physical states necessarily create significantly different mass distributions in our organs of perception or brains. This chapter notes problems with earlier analyses which cast some doubt on the claim that there are collapse model parameters consistent with known experiment that imply collapse times within the human eye fast enough to be consistent with our perceptions.
Quantum Mechanics and the Consciousness Constraint
Authors: Goff Philip
Published: October 2022

This chapter argues that wave function monism – a popular theory of the ontology of quantum mechanics – cannot be true, on the grounds that its truth is inconsistent with the reality of consciousness. According to wave function monism, fundamental physical reality consists of a complex-valued field in a high-dimensional space. Building on a specific analysis of the grounding relationship, this chapter bolsters the challenge faced by wave function monism in accounting for ordinary physical objects, before arguing that its failure to account for ordinary physical objects entails a failure to account for consciousness. The argument does not assume either a materialist or an anti-materialist view of consciousness.
Against “Experience”
Authors: Lewis Peter J.
Published: October 2022

Just as Bell proposed that we excise the word “measurement” from physics, so I propose that we should excise the word “experience”: “experience” and its cognates should not appear in the formulation of any physical theory, including quantum mechanics and its various interpretations. The reasons are more or less the same as Bell gives for “measurement”: “experience” is a vague term, and experiencing systems are made out of atoms obeying quantum mechanics. Bell’s exhortation concerning “measurement” has largely been taken on board in the foundations of quantum mechanics. But appeals to “experience” remain—in part, I will argue, because of a bad argument that can be traced back to von Neumann, and in part because of mistaken impressions about the fundamentality of experience.
Food and Sleep
Authors: Sprinson John , Berrick Ken
Published: October 2022

This chapter is concerned with the problems of food insecurity and disrupted sleep that are regular features in the lives of families confronting multiple ecological adversities. The chapter reviews some basic research findings concerning the prevalence of food insecurity and the role of housing instability, poverty, changes in the social safety net, and neighborhood effects as risk factors for food insecurity. The effects of food insecurity on family life, parenting, intellectual functioning and development, and mood are reviewed. The problem of disrupted sleep and findings related to sleep disparities between more and less advantaged populations are discussed as an additional challenge to children’s physiological well-being, learning, and frustration tolerance. Disrupted sleep and food insecurity are viewed as both burdens in their own right and amplifiers of the effects of other forms of adversity.
Introduction
Authors: Randles Clint
Published: October 2022

Bands, choirs, and orchestras are ubiquitous—they exist virtually everywhere. For the most part, these groups have come to be known as the primary mode that students experience music at the secondary level. Similarly, elementary school classrooms feature approaches by Orff, Kodály, Dalcroze, and Music Learning Theory, among a host of others. These secondary offerings and elementary music approaches have been very successful for hosts of teachers and students across North America and abroad. Procedures exist for assessing quality in these offerings, and teachers work diligently year after year after year trying to master their craft in those ways of working and doing. This chapter describes the next step in teaching, in which music teachers act like music producers in the classroom.
The Room(s)
Authors: Randles Clint
Published: October 2022

Thinking about your room—how it looks and, more importantly, how it feels—is an essential piece of the puzzle of turning your classroom into a center for musical creativities. Creative spaces reflect the intersection between the highly personal and the highly professional. As a place where your students are going to do their best creative work, your classroom should balance functionality and culturally defined inspiration. This chapter discusses how a creative music room should be set up to allow you to go about your day with minimal friction in workflow. It considers how instrument storage, lighting, and furnishing can be used to create the right frame of mind.
Gear Considerations and Acoustics
Authors: Randles Clint
Published: October 2022

This chapter is about live performance gear and acoustic considerations. It is meant to be an extension in some ways from what was covered in Chapter 5. The reader is encouraged to think about gear and acoustic considerations as they relate specifically to marshaling a cast and crew of supporters in live music performance. The responsibilities of different roles involved in live performance are considered, and examples of the necessary gear are described, including PA systems, microphones, and other stage gear. The chapter ends with an outline of the basics of acoustics as they apply to live audio engineering.
Classroom as Recording Studio
Authors: Randles Clint
Published: October 2022

A lot can be learned about how to function as a producer in your classroom by studying the working lives of professional producers. In these classrooms, the role of live engineer intersects with the role of teacher. This chapter revisits some of the themes that were mentioned in the first chapter regarding the roles necessary to nurturing the task of turning the music classroom into a studio where student music can be made and recorded. These include creative prompt, arranger, audio engineer, copyist, lyricist, improviser, and manager. Each of these is expanded upon in turn, with a focus on understanding the role of “play” as a vehicle for exploration.
Understanding the Challenge
Authors: Swenson Geoffrey
Published: October 2022

This book explores the challenges and opportunities of legal pluralism in general and with specific attention to post-conflict settings. The opening chapter introduces the concepts of post-conflict state-building, legal pluralism, and the rule of law and argues that there is an urgent need for a more nuanced approach. First, it introduces the case studies of Afghanistan and Timor-Leste before presenting the research questions, research design, and central terminology. Next, it addresses why legal pluralism matters for state-building, democratization, and the rule of law. To date, legal pluralism has often been seen a monolith. This book proposes four new legal-pluralism archetypes that more accurately capture the range of potential relationships between state and non-state authorities. These archetypes can improve our understanding of legal pluralism and its consequences as well as the design and implementation of strategies, policies, and programs. Finally, the methodological approach, use of sources, and data collection are explained.
From Competition to Cooperation
Authors: Swenson Geoffrey
Published: October 2022

This chapter explains Timor-Leste’s unexpected success advancing a democratic state bound by the rule of law in a way that engaged constructively with non-state justice authorities. It has three parts. In the first, state and non-state legal mechanisms under Portuguese and Indonesian colonial rule are discussed to show that, historically, non-state justice competed with state authorities. The second part examines judicial state-building from 1999 to 2012. It illustrates how the Timorese state co-opted non-state judicial systems to promote democratization and the rule of law. Competitive elections have simultaneously helped to translate the political legitimacy garnered from the struggle for independence into state authority at the national level and to root local authority in democratic choice. The third section shows that Timor-Leste’s leaders have generally displayed a normative commitment to following the law both in their actions and in institutional design, which has built a cooperative relationship with non-state justice authorities that promotes the rule of law.
Conclusion
Authors: Swenson Geoffrey
Published: October 2022

Non-state justice can have major implications for governance, the rule of law, and even whether peace endures. Thus, the various forms of legal pluralism and their consequences need to be better understood. Conflict between state and non-state justice is not inevitable. Even legal orders with significant divergence in normative values can work cooperatively. But this constructive relationship is not guaranteed, even if the state receives substantial international assistance. The case studies highlight that where non-state authorities retain meaningful autonomy and authority, it is vital that state officials are committed to constructing a legitimate and, ideally, democratic state underpinned by the rule of law; that there is a credible and sustained effort to develop institutions that promote democratic accountability, inclusiveness, and the rule of law; and that state officials exhibit willingness to engage and collaborate with key non-state authorities, who in turn must be open to the democratic state-building project.
The Transmission and Reception of Courtly Love Poetry in Late Folksong Settings by Johannes Brahms, Friedrich Wilhelm Arnold, and Wilhelm Tappert
Authors: Terrigno Loretta
Published: October 2022

This chapter analyzes Brahms’s folksong settings “Ach Gott, wie weh thut Scheiden” and “Mir ist ein schöns brauns Maidelein” (WoO 33, Nos. 17 and 24), and sheds light on Brahms’s comparison of a range of sixteenth- through nineteenth-century sources for their texts and melodies. In contrast with collections by F. M. Böhme (published in 1877 and 1893−1894) that obscured the transmission of these poems and melodies, Brahms carefully untangled their provenance and reacted to other nineteenth-century arrangements, as suggested by his annotations in personal copies of Forster’s Frische teutsche Liedlein (1539−1556), Arnold’s Deutsche Volkslieder aus alter und neuer Zeit (ca. 1860−1870), Tappert’s 12 alte deutsche Lieder (1867), and the Deutsche Lieder mit ihren Original-Weisen by Kretzschmer and Zuccalmaglio (1838−1840). After this thorough research, Brahms combined modern melodic variants with courtly love poetry in WoO 33, creating new musical arrangements that express longing, separation, and fidelity in the text.
Joachim and Brahms in the Spring and Summer of 1853
Authors: Uhde Katharina
Published: October 2022

This chapter considers Joseph Joachim’s formative influence on Brahms between April and July 1853, seeking to depolarize the long-established dichotomy between Joachim and Eduard Reményi—the other young violinist known to Brahms at this time. By pointing to the three musicians’ shared style hongrois endeavors, a more realistic image of Joachim crystallizes, who was himself at a turning point and only just beginning to consolidate his persona as a “serious” performer for which he is best known today. Performing with Reményi in fact elicited two Hungarian sketches in Brahms’s hand, and even after Reményi and Brahms had parted company, Brahms continued to make use of the style hongrois, including in a surviving birthday composition for Joachim from July 1853. Joachim’s friendship with Brahms began a new chapter in both musicians’ lives, but our understanding of Brahms’s early artistry is richer for due acknowledgment also of Reményi’s important influence.
Aquinas’s Summa Theologica
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses Thomas Aquinas’s attempt to prove the existence of God from experience. The first section introduces Thomas Aquinas and places him in his historical context. The second section explains why Aquinas thinks that God’s existence is self-evident in itself but not self-evident to us. The third section explains why Aquinas thinks that God’s existence can be demonstrated. The fourth section considers the first step in Aquinas’s argument from motion, the premise that things are moved or changed. The fifth section looks at the second step in Aquinas’s argument from motion, the premise that there cannot be an infinite series of moved movers. The sixth section examines Aquinas’s conclusion that an unmoved mover—God—must exist. The final section briefly highlights Aquinas’s argument from design.
Spinoza’s Ethics
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores Baruch Spinoza’s substance monism and its implications for his thinking about the nature of God. The first section introduces Spinoza, his life, and his works. The second section presents Spinoza’s substance monism, that is, his view that there is only one substance and that that one substance may be identified with God. The third section explores Spinoza’s central argument in support of substance monism. The fourth section looks at the implications of Spinoza’s substance monism, and, in particular, examines Spinoza’s identification of God with nature. It asks the question whether Spinoza should be read as an atheist or as “a man drunk on God.”
Spinoza’s Ethics
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores Spinoza’s understanding of goodness and its relation to his understanding of God. The first section presents two apparently contradictory accounts of goodness suggested by Spinoza’s writings. One account suggests that we simply call those things that we pursue and desire “good.” The other account suggests that when we evaluate things, we first form a standard or model and then compare those things to be evaluated to that model. Things that fit the model well we call “good.” Things that don’t fit the model well we call “bad.” The second section explores Spinoza’s commitment to egoism—that is, the doctrine that we should act only in our own self-interest. Finally, the third section takes up the question of the relationship between morality and theism, asking if we can be morally good even if God doesn’t exist.
Hume’s Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores David Hume’s thinking about the argument from design as well as contemporary responses to design arguments. The first section introduces Hume, his life, and his works. The second section looks at some of the debates within Hume’s Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion over the limits of human reason. The third section looks at Cleanthes’s first design argument in the Dialogues. This argument suggests that the existence of an intelligent deity can be proved by experience and analogical reasoning. The fourth section looks at Cleanthes’s second design argument. This argument presses the idea that belief in an intelligent, designing god is natural and can be resisted only by embracing skepticism. The final section examines a contemporary version of the design argument.
Nietzsche’s On the Genealogy of Morality
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses Nietzsche’s views on religious morality. The first section briefly introduces Nietzsche’s life and works. The second section presents three big ideas in his On the Genealogy of Morality. The third section discusses Nietzsche’s proposed genealogy of values. The fourth section discusses Nietzsche’s idea that, over the course of history, our moral values have become inverted. The fifth section looks at Nietzsche’s suggestion that this inversion has, in some ways, left us worse off. The final section looks more generally at recent philosophical work on genealogical debunking arguments. Such arguments suggest that some of our most cherished beliefs are held for reasons not connected with their truth.
Nietzsche’s On the Genealogy of Morality
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter investigates Nietzsche’s views on ascetic ideals and nihilism. The first section examines the meaning of ascetic ideals themselves. The second section sketches what Nietzsche sees as the paradox of ascetic ideals. The third section distinguishes between what Nietzsche sees as inevitable suffering due to the human condition and our apathy or exhaustion in the face of human suffering. The fourth and fifth sections set out Nietzsche’s argument that ascetic ideals have been recurrent in human history and religion because they have promised to give meaning to human suffering. The sixth section then explicates Nietzsche’s view that the widespread acceptance of traditional religion is due to the fact that it has been the only solution offered to the threat of nihilism. The chapter closes with a brief discussion of Nietzsche’s doctrine of “the eternal recurrence.”
Population Growth
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

If birth rates exceed death rates, populations can rapidly grow. A model—defined here as a mathematical description of a biological process—is essential to understand how populations increase and decrease. Because intuition most often fails us and because the assumptions are clearly stated, predictions from models are precise. This chapter introduces the first of two models presented in this book, that of the exponential growth equation (the second model, the logistic equation, is presented in Chapter 3). The per capita growth rate, r, is the essential parameter of the exponential. The per capita growth rate multiplied by population size quantifies the rate at which a population is increasing at a given time. It is often written as a percentage increase over a time interval (e.g., the human population increased by r = 1.05% last year), an approximation that is valid when the population increase over the interval is less than about 10%. The value of the model is illustrated by the early spread of HIV, which used the exponential equation to conclude that the virus was not easily transmitted.
Human Population Growth
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

The number of people in the world human is enormous—7.8 billion at the end of 2021—and we are adding 200,000 people a day: world population has more than doubled since 1970. The history of how this happened is described, starting with agricultural developments of about 10,000 years ago, moving through agricultural exchanges and increased mechanization in the eighteenth century to improvements in human health from the 1950s. Human population size increased the most rapidly in 1988 but is now growing more slowly, as a result of the declining fertility rate from 5 children/woman in the 1960s to less than 2.5 children/woman in 2020. This decline is itself attributed to growth in wealth and education. The United Nations Population Division reports a 50% probability that we will have added 2 billion more people by 2050 and an additional 1 billion by the end of the century, when the human population will be on the verge of declining, reflecting a continuing decline in fertility.
Writing with Interlocutors
Authors: Giotis Chrisanthi
Published: October 2022

This chapter introduces a new journalism research technique that can be used to draw out the perspectives and knowledge of those furthest from power. The Frame Reflection Interview is developed using principles of frame reflection and co-design, adapted from policy work to journalism, and is tested through enlisting former refugees from the east of the Democratic Republic of Congo, now living in Sydney, as co-designers. By seeking former refugees, not as interviewees, but as interlocutors, the Frame Reflection Interviews serve to break the hierarchy of knowledge. The interlocutors broaden the frameworks of understanding that a journalist brings to reporting. This then strengthens the journalist’s ability to hear, understand, and represent subaltern voices in a global public sphere. This chapter also highlights the struggles encountered when trying to introduce new journalism methods to existing structures, including the need to reform individual habitus.
The Hero Correspondent and the Hidden Fixer
Authors: Giotis Chrisanthi
Published: October 2022

This chapter focuses a decolonizing lens on the hero stereotype of foreign correspondence and how this helps to undervalue local journalists and their knowledge. It analyzes the way in which the neocolonial social relations of Aid/Peacelands intersect with the reporting frames inherited from the colonial library to reinforce the continuance of problematic practices. Picking up the recent critical literature examining the relationship between foreign correspondent and fixer, and the overall context of the growing danger in crisis zones, an argument is made that, contrary to common practice, discussion of foreign correspondent danger in borderlands should, in most cases, be avoided, as this frame can obscure the complex reality faced by locals.
Decolonizing and Reimagining
Authors: Giotis Chrisanthi
Published: October 2022

This chapter argues that it is possible to turn the challenges of reporting borderlands into new sources of knowledge, and the basis for the professional epistemology of global reporting. Using the concept of heterotopia, it argues that journalists, and their publics, can consider a new role for international missives: that foreign correspondents become, and come to be seen as, professional cosmopolitans engaged in the creation of a global polity needed for a shared world of risk. The second, and foundational, element needed for this strengthened professionalism is decolonization. This means reaffirming and reframing what is meant by bearing witness. This then leads to Emmanuel Levinas’s phenomenological philosophy of the face-to-face relationship with the other and an argument for strengthened professionalism through philosophically grounded ethical praxis.
From Hero to Villain
Authors: Corning Amy , Schuman Howard
Published: October 2022

Critical accounts by revisionist historians and Native American activists condemn Christopher Columbus for bringing slavery, disease, and destruction to America’s Indigenous people, whereas others continue to regard him as the “discoverer” of America. These conflicting images were crystallized by the quincentenary in 1992, but despite much controversy, a 1998 survey showed that few among the general population had adopted critical views of Columbus. Recent surveys, however, show that beliefs have become more critical, especially among younger respondents. This chapter considers evidence bearing on two hypotheses for the change in public beliefs about Columbus, including the possibility of influence through changes in education about Columbus and Native Americans. Findings suggest that connections between cultural images of the past and popular beliefs may be longer term and less direct than is often assumed, with forces promoting stability but also gradual change within a population.
National and State Narcissism as Reflected in Overclaiming of Responsibility
Authors: Roediger Henry L. , Putnam Adam L. , Yamashiro Jeremy K.
Published: October 2022

People belong to many groups, and their group membership forms part of their individual identity. In this chapter, it is argued that people inflate the importance of their own groups at the expense of other groups to which they do not belong. At the level of nations, this tendency is referred to as national narcissism. In the United States, where people are born and grow up in a particular state, this tendency is referred to as state narcissism. To measure or operationally define both these constructs, a paradigm was adapted in which people are asked how much their group contributed to either a particular event, such as World War II, or to, for example, U.S. history (for states). It was found that people claimed extremely high levels of responsibility for their own groups. When people were asked to reflect on contributions of people from different groups, this narcissistic tendency was reduced but not eliminated. This chapter argues for both motivational and cognitive underpinnings of such group overclaiming. In particular, support theory provides a workable understanding of the cognitive mechanisms underlying these effects.
How China Remembers the Korean War and the Limit of Statist Nationalism
Authors: Ma Zhao
Published: October 2022

In 2016, the state-owned China Film Group Corporation produced a new Korean War movie, My War. The film represented the latest attempt by Chinese filmmakers and state sponsors to reframe the war from being a socialist and internationalist crusade to a nationalist mission. The new narrative credited the Chinese communist party-state in accomplishing a nationalist feat that washed off the “century of humiliation.” But the film failed miserably at the box office, and its nationalist and statist narrative drew heavy criticism on social media. This chapter focuses on the tension between how the state has attempted to reformulate the memory of the Korean War and how such attempts have been contested and rejected by the market and many contemporary filmgoers. The tension brings to light the unresolved legacies of the Korean War and the unfinished task to remember the Chinese revolution at the time when statist nationalism is challenged by cosmopolitan viewers.
Collective Memory and Mass Movements
Authors: Garagozov Rauf
Published: October 2022

Scholarship on social movements and intergroup conflict often considers collective memory as a process that simply reflects collective actions and representations. Empirical evidence from history, psychology, sociology, and anthropology invites us to reconsider collective memory as an independent force as well, something that can produce collective actions and mass mobilization. Particular types of collective memory not only encompass shared historical representations but also serve as a collective guide on how to feel and behave. People socialized with such types of collective memory can be easily mobilized in nationalistic movements via particular types of “reminder” narratives even without any active leadership from manipulative elites. In this regard, experimental evidence suggests the need to consider certain narrative types as tools generating positive developments in intergroup relations. This step makes it possible to elaborate more effective strategies for narrative intervention in negatively charged intergroup relations.
Be the Change
Authors: Blackwell Angela Glover
Published: October 2022

Be the Change: Putting Health Advocacy, Policy, and Community Organization into Practice in Public Health Education is an essential and affordable resource on advocacy for both undergraduate and graduate students within the health and social sciences. Using a conversational and reader-friendly style, this text provides an overview of the purpose, strategies, and tactics used in successful advocacy campaigns in public health. Coauthored by advocates, practitioners, and experts in the field, the book presents real examples and case studies of advocacy campaigns along with concrete and strategic recommendations for implementing advocacy strategies for change at the local, state, and federal levels. The book amplifies the important advocacy work being organized and led by health professionals around the United States and highlights the work of traditional and emerging health organizations as well as the mighty work of grassroots community activists. Ideally, the information, stories, advice, and tools shared within these pages will inspire you to “be the change” and catalyze your involvement in health advocacy in a way that works for you.
Policy Arenas
Authors: Hampton Cicily
Published: October 2022

Building on Chapter 6, this chapter identifies where public health policy is situated and how the advocate will work within the policy arenas, which are the institutions where the anticipated policy change will occur. These arenas will dictate the type of policy change that is possible and the most effective types of advocacy strategies that can be targeted at that policy change. This is vital when the health professional is working in small or large systems and needs to navigate the steps and work with the key stakeholders appropriate to the policy. This chapter gives the advocate, new or seasoned, the skills to be informed and take action.
Community Organization
Authors: Disla Jennifer , Fleming Molly
Published: October 2022

To build on Chapter 10, this chapter describes how community organizing is connected to grassroots advocacy. Without directly involving impacted individuals, health advocacy can misrepresent the roots of a health crisis or may suggest policy solutions that cannot be accessed by the people who need them most. This chapter considers strategies to advance health policy grounded in communities directly impacted by health access barriers and health inequities through community organizing. Community organizing frameworks are foundational to health educators working within a system, population, or organization. The reader explores how power structures and challenges can thwart progress or bring about new innovative ways to address the advocacy issue. Leaders find ways to address these barriers, lead from compassion for the individuals or groups, and find ways for continued collaboration.
Evaluation An Essential Skill in Policy & Advocacy
Authors: Cedergren Anders , Ransom Montrece McNeill
Published: October 2022

Health professionals learn the complexities of evaluation at the program, policy, and advocacy levels. Evaluation is an essential skill for the 21st century public health workforce. The complexities of public health practice, coupled with the constant changes in the social and political environment in which public health operates, necessitate a workforce with strong evaluation skills. This chapter helps the reader find a way to differentiate as well as connect the overarching theme of how important evaluation is at all levels. This chapter provides the health advocate with the steps to address the appropriate evaluation elements and methods to prevent barriers in evaluation procedures. The chapter addresses qualitative and quantitative data collection and how health advocates can incorporate evaluation throughout the advocacy, program, or policy process.
A Systems Perspective on the Pathways of Influence of Commercial Determinants of Health
Authors: Knai Cécile , Savona Natalie
Published: October 2022

The causal pathways through which commercial actors shape health are pervasive, complex, and often indirect. Thus, there is value in analyzing the commercial determinants of health (CDOH) through systems perspectives as a means of better conceptualizing, describing, and influencing these pathways to improve population health. The study of CDOH includes analyses of unhealthy commodity industries, their products, and their marketing and corporate political strategies. It is an increasingly established field of research, the focus of which includes the production of unhealthy commodities, the adverse health impacts attributable to commercial activities, and the strategies employed by commercial actors to promote products that can damage health. This chapter introduces the reader to the value of a systems lens for CDOH, describing through both theory and examples how these might be applied to further scholarship in this area.
Global Health and Equity Burden of Commercial Determinants of Health
Authors: Anaf Julia , Baum Fran , Fisher Matt
Published: October 2022

In order to understand the extent to which commercial determinants of health impact on the health of populations globally, the evidence of their proximal and distal influences must be considered. In addition to disease burden, the commercial determinants of health often have important influences on health equity. Collective opposition to tax increases, public ownership of essential amenities, or minimum environment or labor standards all lead to greater health inequity and poorer health outcomes. Such effects are often overlooked in research and scholarship on commercial determinants yet may constitute a significant proportion of overall harm. It is imperative that there be agreement on the extent to which these broader effects should be considered as those in the field seek to measure the distal effects of commercial activity throughout the world. This chapter summarizes what is known about the effects of large commercial actors on health and health equity.
Assessing the Economic Impacts of Corporations
Authors: McKee Martin
Published: October 2022

Public health regulations are often framed as being harmful to economic activity, although public health initiatives may often represent a net positive return on investment in terms of productivity and social costs, and the overuse of certain products can produce negative economic costs in terms of lost productivity or increasing burden on health systems. As approaches such as Health in All Policies acknowledge the central importance of non-health departments to population health and well-being, there is a need for public health research to better make the case for health as a driver of economic growth. This chapter examines the origins, accuracy, and influence of some of the common “health versus economy” arguments and identifies ways in which more healthful and equitable environments are also more economically productive.
Teaching the Commercial Determinants of Health
Authors: Freudenberg Nicholas , Crosbie Eric
Published: October 2022

Public health and health care professionals, researchers, lawyers, journalists, policymakers, regulators, and activists will inevitably find themselves in situations in which they encounter and must engage with the actions and health consequences of commercial actors. To make informed decisions that protect public health, each of these actors will need conceptual and practical skills to gather, analyze, and interpret the available evidence. This chapter describes the rationale, challenges, and opportunities of teaching to a variety of audiences about the commercial determinants of health in ways that enable them to make informed decisions that protect public health. The chapter draws from a wide base of research, scholarship, and practical experience and synthesizes this evidence into practical suggestions for those teaching inside and outside of academia.