bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Королевская власть и авторитет епископата в трудах Хинкмара Реймсского
Authors: Федонников Никита Александрович
Published: April 2024

Статья посвящена представлениям о прерогативах королевской власти и ее соотношении с авторитетом духовенства в трудах Хинкмара, архиепископа Реймса (845-882). Анализ текстов королевских зерцал, составленных архиепископом, показывает, что система взглядов на королевскую власть в Западном королевстве франков во второй половине IX в. развивалась в сторону постепенного ограничения влияния короля на церковь и его участия в церковных делах. В то же время, труды Хинкмара Реймсского отражают планомерную эволюцию представлений о роли духовенства в политической системе королевства франков: духовенство в представлениях Хинкмара Реймсского имеет право вмешиваться в светские дела, в частности, посредством совета и наставления, может контролировать соблюдение королем христианских добродетелей и, в крайнем случае, даже принуждать его посредством публичного покаяния к возвращению на путь праведного правления вверенным ему христианским народом. Особую ответственность духовенство, по мнению Реймсского архиепископа, несло за королевское помазание, в определенной степени осуществляя легитимацию его восхождения на престол. Говоря о роли духовенства в западном королевстве франков, Хинкмар пытался утвердить примат Реймсской кафедры на основании ее участия в крещении франков.
Неурядицы в жизни монахов аббатства Сен-Виктор в Марселе на рубеже XIII-XIV вв. (по статутам Гильома де Сабрана)
Authors: Мастяева И.Н.
Published: April 2024

На рубеже XIII-XIV вв. в результате работы генеральных капитулов аббатства Сен-Виктор в Марселе под руководством аббата Гильома де Сабрана четыре раза создаются статуты - нормативные документы, организующие жизнь братии. В этих статутах, среди прочего, Гильом де Сабран пытается контролировать деятельность приоратов, питание больных монахов и работу монастырских слуг, а также заставить монахов одеваться подобающе своему статусу. Анализ статутов показывает, что жизнь монахов аббатства Сен-Виктор не соответствовала бенедиктинским идеалам умеренности и воздержанности. Привлечение источников, зафиксировавших жизнь других религиозных сообществ рассматриваемого периода, позволяет сделать вывод, что проблемы, о которых мы узнаем из статутов марсельского аббатства, были довольно характерны как для монашеских общин, так и для всего духовенства этого времени. Таким образом, монастырские статуты, которые с XII в. начинают активно приниматься генеральными капитулами и аббатами, позволяют более реалистично посмотреть на жизнь монастырей, чем источники характерные для раннего Средневековья, такие как жития и монашеские уставы.
Трактаты о знати и благородстве во Франции второй половины XVI-XVII вв.
Authors: Терентьева Е.А.
Published: April 2024

Благородное сословие во Франции и Европе в раннее Новое время, оказавшись на пересечении социально-политических и социокультурных процессов, переживало ряд трансформаций. Важную роль при этом играли многообразные попытки переосмысления самого понятия благородства, а также критериев принадлежности к благородному сословию. Речь идет о конструировании в интеллектуальном дискурсе раннего Нового времени представлений о нобилитете, отличных от представлений предшествующих эпох и находивших отражение в текстах, которые можно обозначить как трактаты о благородстве и благородном сословии. Обладая общими чертами, этот процесс имел и региональные различия. В настоящей статье анализируются французские трактаты о благородстве авторов XVI-XVII вв., остающихся малоизвестными в отечественной историографии. Через призму наследия А. Тирако, Ж. Баке, Ф. Тьерья, Ф. де Лалуэта, Ш. Луазо, Ж.-А. Ларока де Лалонтьера и А. Бельгиза прослежены основные тенденции дискуссии о благородном сословии в раннее Новое время в контексте сочетания аристотелевской, преобладавшей в эпоху Средневековья, и стоической трактовок благородства, а также от его восприятия как относительно гомогенной социальной группы к более дробному внутреннему делению. Формирующийся специфичный нобилиарный дискурс (термин вводится и обосновывается в статье) раннего Нового времени строился в тесной связи с эрудитским, что определялось как принадлежностью авторов преимущественно к юридическим и бюрократическим кругам, так и применяемой методологией и логикой построения сочинений.
Конференция «Время мастерства: возраст и преемственность в средние века и в медиевистике»
Authors: Цатурова С.К.
Published: April 2024

В Институте всеобщей истории РАН 18-19 сентября 2023 г. прошла всероссийская научная конференция, организованная Отделом западноевропейского Средневековья и раннего Нового времени и посвященная возрасту и преемственности как в Средние века и раннее Новое время, так и в медиевистике. Доклады и дискуссии показали актуальность и научную перспективность предложенной тематики.
Novel Idea on Edge-Ultrafilter and Edge-Tangle
Authors: Fujita Takaaki
Published: April 2024

The study of width parameters holds significant interest in both graph theory and algebraic settings. Among these, the tree-cut decomposition stands out as a key metric. The "Edge-tangle" concept is closely related to the "tree-cut width" width parameter in graph theory. This obstruction is often seen as vital for creating effective algorithms to calculate graph width, with the edge-tangle being the specific obstruction for tree-cut width. Meanwhile, the idea of an "Ultrafilter" is well-established in topology and algebra.  Due to their versatile nature, ultrafilters hold significant and broad-ranging importance. In this paper, we introduce a new concept called Edge-Ultrafilters for graphs and demonstrate how they are equivalent to Edge-tangles.
Antioxidant Effects of Vitamin C on Some Hematological Parameters of Male Wistar Rats Exposed to Lead Acetate
Authors: Ojeka S.O , Ukoro Blessing , Onwoke Ebebi Elizah
Published: April 2024

The study investigated the effects of vitamin C on platelet parameters, white blood cell count and white blood cells differentials in Wistar rats exposed to lead acetate. A total of twenty-four male Wistar rats weighing between 160g and 200g were utilized. The experimental animals were divided into four groups of six rats each (n=6). Group 1 served as the control group (received normal feed and water), group II received 10mg/kg body weight of lead acetate, group III received 100mg/kg body weight of Vitamin C, and group IV received 10mg/kg body weight of lead acetate followed by 100mg/kg body weight of Vitamin C. Lead and Vitamin C, along with normal feed, were administered for four weeks. Blood samples were collected via jugular puncture and stored in EDTA bottles for analysis to determine the blood profile of the rats. The results showed significant increase in Platelet Count (PLT) in group III and a significant decrease in Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) in group IV (Pb + vitamin C). The Mean Platelet Width (MPW) showed decrease in groups 2, 3, and 4 compared to the control group, although this decrease was not statistically significant. The study also noted an elevated level of white blood cells (WBC) in response to the antioxidant treatment, indicating a potential positive impact on immune function. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the therapeutic effect of Vitamin C against the toxic effects of lead on platelet parameters and white blood cell count and differentials.
Nightmares Associated to Nevirapine during Chemoradiotherapy for Carcinoma Tongue
Authors: Zade Bhooshan , Rao Vrushab
Published: April 2024

Nevirapine, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) is a drug used in the management and treatment of HIV. It is considered safe for use in conjunction with platinum-based chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is a staple of cancer treatment and is used routinely in the management of malignancies of the head and neck. However, managing HIV-positive cancers presents challenges due to individual side effects and drug interactions. Drug interactions can potentiate or reduce drug metabolism, reduce excretion, or cause adverse drug reactions.
Herein, we describe a case of new-onset nevirapine-induced nightmares that was noted in a patient undergoing chemoradiotherapy with cisplatin.
Soil Fertility Assessment and Mapping under Different Land Use Types along Toposequence at Danka Watershed in Dinsho Districts of Bale Highland Oromia, Southeastern Ethiopia
Authors: Eshetu Mulugeta , Wogi Lemma , Demissie Negash
Published: April 2024

Soil fertility assessment and mapping bases, to increase fertilizer usage efficiency, decision-makers, planners, and soil management in undulating slopes farming of Ethiopian highlands like Bale Highland. The study aimed to assess and map soil fertility status along toposequence under different land use types at the Danka watershed of Dinsho District Bale Highland, Southeastern Ethiopia. Following the initial reconnaissance field survey, 54 composite soil samples were prepared from the three land use types (natural forest, grazing, and cultivated) at three slope positions lower (0 - 10%), middle (10 - 15%), and upper (15 - 30%) at a soil depth of 0 to 20 cm. Finally, the laboratory results were interpolated using the IDW interpolation technique in ArcGIS software 10.5 for the soil fertility status map and further analyzed using R software 4.1.1 Version for mean separation. The study findings indicate that the soil texture class of the study was loam to clay loam, clay loam, and clay to clay loam at the upper, middle, and lower slope positions, respectively. The finding revealed that the values varied from 5.81 – 6.66, 2.07 – 6.25%, 0.13 – 0.71%, 2.83 – 17.56 gm/kg, and 14.04 -38.80 cmol (+)/kg) for the soil pH, organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and CEC, respectively. In this study, most of the soil fertility status of the Danka watershed was as follows: natural forest > grassland > cultivated land use types and lower slope > middle slope > upper slope positions. In conclusion, the main factors contributing to the area's declining soil fertility status were monocropping, total crop residue removal, soil erosion, nutrient leaching, and inadequate soil management. The results of the current study offer the basis for the work of farmers, planners, decision-makers, and other agriculture-related stakeholders. Integrated soil fertility management with biophysical soil conservation measures is advisable for cultivated land at all slope positions. Further, a study on slope position-based crop response fertilizer rating for agricultural precision and ensuring food security is recommended in undulating fields of the Danka watershed.
Soil Health and Nutrient Management
Authors: Pandao Manish R. , Thakare Akshay A. , Choudhari Rupeshkumar J. , Navghare Nagesh R. , Sirsat Dhananjay D. , Rathod Sindhu R.
Published: April 2024

Soil health and appropriate nutrient management are critical components of sustainable agriculture, influencing crop yield, environmental sustainability, and overall food security. The ability of soil to function as a living ecosystem is referred to as soil health.  supports plant and animal life while protecting the environment.  It refers to how physical, chemical, and biological activity interact in the soil. Mineral matter, organic matter, water, and air are all critical components of soil health, and each contributes to plant growth. Soil health indicators include physical, chemical, and biological factors that help assess the soil's state. For optimal soil health, these indicators must be balanced.

However, there are significant issues to address, such as decreased soil organic matter, declining soil fertility due to nutrient deficits, physical soil degradation, and chemical soil degradation caused by excessive chemical use. Practices for sustainable soil management are critical for addressing these concerns. Balanced fertilization, organic matter incorporation, crop rotation, cover cropping, reduced tillage, and precision nutrient delivery are examples of these. Mitigating issues such as nutrient pollution, soil erosion, and soil deterioration is critical to maintaining agriculture's long-term viability.
Study of Person-specifc Life Events Influencing Intentional Self-harm in Young Population in Kericho County, Kenya
Authors: Sigey Langat Kiprotich
Published: April 2024

Background: Suicide has been among the leading causes of death in 15-29-year-old people worldwide. Over three quarters (79%) of all suicides occur in lower and mid-level economic countries.
Aim: The study's specific goal was to assess factors influencing personal specific life events on intentional self-organophosphate poisoning.
Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted in Kericho County, health facilities year 2023.
Design: The study adopted cross-sectional study design and purposive sampling technique.
Methodology: 100 respondents were included in the study(88 males and 12 females).
Data Analysis: The collected quantitative data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21. Correlation and regression analysis was carried out to establish relationship between variables. Chi-square also was used to measure correlation of variables.The analyzed data were presented in tables, charts and the corresponding thematic areas. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. 
Results: The results indicated that personal life specific perspective showed positive influenced on self-poisoning. The results indicated that personal specific perspectives/events had chi-square of 13.867 where significance was set at p=0.0001 indicating a high likelihood of influencing one to self-poison.
Conclusion: Self-poisoning study offers important knowledge on one of the commonest  popular methods of self- suicidal attempts; that can guide on public health approaches to mitigate this phenomenon, and the lack of research on the influences of personality traits and self-poisoning is the main reason for this study.  These cases of self-poisoning influence by self-perfection may increase morbidity and mortality incidences and also overburdening family financially to meet cost of hospitalization.
Effect of Trichoderma and Humic Acid on Vegetative Growth and Economics of Garlic (Allium sativum L.) CV. G-282
Authors: Gurjar Govind Ram , A. Kavita , Sharma Rajesh Kumar , Chopra Rahul , Chhipa Hemraj , Meena Rakesh
Published: April 2024

The present investigation was carried out to investigate the effect of Trichoderma on growth, yield, quality and economic feasibility of garlic at Under this experiment, the two factors (T1 Trichoderma viride and T2 Trichoderma harzianum) used in which T0 Control, T1 Trichoderma viride T2 Trichoderma harzianum and H0 Control, H1 Humic acid 1%, H2 Humic acid 2%, H3 Humic acid 3% which were replicated thrice. On the basis of results obtained during the present investigation T2 (Trichoderma harzianum)) along with the interaction of H3 Humic acid 3% was found superior in terms of growth and economy. Treatment T2 (Trichoderma harzianum) registered maximum value of 314918 /ha. with highest B: C ratio (2.69) and minimum value of 248258 /ha. under control with lowest B: C ratio (2.14).
Effect of Various Pre-sowing Treatments on Germination and Seedling Performance of Bixa orellana L. at Low Seed Moisture Content
Authors: Bharti Akash , Sharma Lokinder , Kumar Yogesh , Singh Paranjay Kumar , Kumar Dheeraj , Murali Kondeboina , Uma G.S.
Published: April 2024

Natural plant-based substances are becoming more and more popular in today's society for a variety of uses. Bixin (vibrant red-orange dye) is one such compound derived from Bixa orellana L., commonly known as annatto. This plant is primarily propagated through seeds for commercial cultivation. However, there is very little information available on germination combined with the seedling performance of this species. Hence, to fill this research gap, the present study evaluated seed morphological characteristics and various pre-sowing treatments to enhance seed germination and its vigour at a low seed moisture content of 10%. This study used Completely Randomized Design (CRD), and seeds were subjected to six pre-sowing treatments with four replications. The study showed the highest germination (52%) and highest mean daily germination (4.6) in 24hrs Water-soaked seeds, whereas mechanical scarification in combination with 24hrs water-soaking increased the germination percentage from 19% to 47%. In addition, the highest seed vigour index (411.25) was also observed in mechanical scarification combined with 24-hour water soaking. These findings of germination and vigour at low seed moisture content will certainly help in the formation of desiccation and storage protocols for medium to long-term conservation of Bixa orellana L. seeds.
Analysis of Pharmacy Students' Learning in Clinical Pharmacy During Internship
Authors: Aschenbrenner Jaqueline de Jesus , Marques Camila Moraes , Borges Beatriz Essenfelder , Prado Maria Rosa Machado
Published: April 2024

The internship is the moment when students experience professional practice in a real learning environment, providing the opportunity to acquire knowledge that was lacking during their undergraduate studies. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of clinical pharmacy among pharmacy students who had completed an internship in clinical pharmacy during their undergraduate studies. This research was carried out using a quasi-experimental methodology, in which the participants were 23 pharmacy students who had experienced an internship in clinical pharmacy. Data was collected using a questionnaire with answers based on the Likert® Scale, applied before the start of the internship and at the end of it. The variation between answers was the determining factor for the knowledge apprehension metric. From the results found, it was observed that the students increased their positive responses in relation to learning the proposed Clinical Pharmaceutical Services. There was a gain in knowledge during the internship period, demonstrating that this is a favorable resource for teaching clinical pharmacy.
Exploitation of Agricultural Groundwater for Urban Areas
Authors: Palanichamy N Venketesa , Kalpana M .
Published: April 2024

Ground water is the most accessed source of water for domestic, industrial, and agricultural purposes. Significant social and economic repercussions could result from a declining water table and the depletion of groundwater resources that are economically accessible. Domestic water supply is given top emphasis in both National and State water policy formulation. Recently, there has been a rise in water transfers to satisfy the needs of the industrial and residential sectors.  With the success of the state water supply, many are heralding groundwater transfer as the quickest, least expensive and most environmentally benign solution to large cities water supply and reliability problem. In order to satisfy urban domestic and industrial water demand, the majority of water transfers concentrate on buying water from farmers who are prepared to sell it to them. The present study was undertaken mainly to study the impacts of economic and environmental gains and losses related to the groundwater transfer in Tiruppur district. Without doubts groundwater transfer from agriculture to industrial uses would benefit individual sellers, buyers and the Nation as whole. The adverse direct economic impact in groundwater selling or water transferring areas to total revenue in agriculture was Rs. 54.32 lakhs per every crop season. Scarcity of water resulted in shifting of irrigated agriculture to rainfed agriculture and labour intensive to labour less intensive crops. The total employment lost per hectare of land was 198.33 man-days. Secondly, another adverse indirect economic and environmental impact of water transfer is discharge of large quantum of industrial effluent water. Moreover, there is indirect economic and environmental impact on effluent receiving areas due to highly polluted industrial effluent discharge into open lands and river/streams could cause a Rs. 22,296 net personal income loss for every hectare of land. At larger perspective impacts of groundwater transfer could be considered insignificant.
Comparative Analysis of Current-Voltage Characteristics of Photovoltaic (PV) Systems in Selected Climatic Regions in Cross River State, Nigeria
Authors: Ettah Emmanuel B. , Nwabueze Goodness N. , Ekah U. J.
Published: April 2024

This study investigated the effect of solar radiation’s intensity and ambient temperature on the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of monocrystalline and polycrystalline photovoltaic (PV) systems in the generation of electricity in Calabar and Okuku, Cross River State, Nigeria. Appropriate measuring devices were employed to record daily readings of these parameters at the study locations, from July to August 2022. The data were collected and results graphically analyzed and calculated. The results indicate that current (Isc), voltage (Voc) as well as the maximum power (Pmax) of both module types increased positively with increase in solar radiation and ambient temperature. Results from collected and computed data also show average daily readings across the locations for solar radiation ranging between 271Wm-2 and 409Wm-2 and ambient temperature between 320C and 370C. The calculated Pmax ranges between 49W and 63W from the 130W solar modules used for the investigation. Another notable result is that the polycrystalline module exhibits higher Pmax than the monocrystalline module in both locations. In spite of the low solar radiation and ambient temperature obtained during this study period, which is considered the worst climatic period of the year (July and August), it is desirable and recommendable to employ solar modules as an alternative power generation in Calabar and Okuku, Cross River State, Nigeria.
Promoting Reading Habits of Upper Primary Grade Learners
Authors: Pradhan Suren , Wangchuk Karma
Published: April 2024

Having been in the teaching profession and teaching mathematics for almost two to three decades, It has been realized that one thing common in mathematics students is that of not being able to solve story or word problems including other subjects. Students in the examination hall wait for the questions to be read and explained to them triggers the curiosity of the researches. The level of curiosity has led to a review of literature which hinted on reading challenges. A peer group reading and teacher guided reading were some of the ways found to promote the reading habits in students which is influenced by a conducive reading atmosphere. Thus, a study project was taken up collecting 10 girls and 10 boys by designating an assumed role of expert and weaker reader, where they peered into two to help each other for the entire study. A total of 20 samples were drawn purposefully from class IV and V that total up to 40 samples, which was also known as the experimental group. The influential group of 36 control groups who came voluntarily for the reading was also invited. Inclusive of these groups, researchers have gathered 76 samples from the strength of 209 students in the whole school. To find their trend of reading, 10 samples of 5 boys and 5 girls (gender representative) were drawn following the semi-structured interview. A questionnaire was administered to only 40 participants and a detailed diary and observation were made. The investigation was confirmed after the post-line data collection. The study revealed peer group reading is essential for the promotion of reading habits and the most important part is selection of their partners (peer) influences reading.
Free Isoflavone (Daidzein and Genistein) Content in Soybeans, Soybean Meal and Dried Soy Hypocotyl Sprout using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
Authors: Megha P.S. , Ramnath V. , Karthiayini K. , Beena V. , Vishnudas K. V. , Sapna P. P.
Published: April 2024

Background: Phytoestrogens are natural plant glucosides found primarily in legumes and grains. Phytoestrogens can interact with oestrogen receptors in the body either by mimicking or blocking the effects of oestrogen. Isoflavones are a major subclass of phytoestrogens and often comprise a substantial part of livestock feeds. This study was focused on the detection and quantification of free isoflavones especially genistein and daidzein in soy-based ingredients (soybeans, soybean meal and dried soy hypocotyl sprout) which are incorporated in the animal feed formulations.
Methods and Results: The simultaneous determination of daidzein and genistein in soybeans, soybean meal and dried soy hypocotyl sprout was carried out using the analytical technique high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The limits of detection and quantitation were 4.81 and 14.59 µg/100 g for daidzein and 3.06 and 9.58 µg/100 g for genistein respectively. The precision of the procedure was 2.73 per cent for daidzein and 2.88 per cent for genistein. The average daidzein and genistein concentration levels were (239.16 ± 0.21 and 238.68 ± 0.27 µg/100g) for soybeans, (397.24 ± 0.64 µg/100g and 443.85 ± 0.62) for soybean meal, (551.03 ± 0.54 and 742.59 ± 0.76 µg/100g) for dried soy hypocotyl sprout. The mean recovery percentages for daidzein and genistein were 92.8 per cent and 93.66 per cent respectively. The findings indicated that all the soy-derived components examined contained isoflavones and dried soy hypocotyl sprouts possessed higher concentrations of both daidzein and genistein.
Diálogos transdisciplinares entre a sociologia ambiental, a agroecologia e o saber-fazer camponês
Authors: Cardel Lídia Maria Pires Soares , Oliveira Maria Aparecida José de , Assis José Geraldo de Aquino , Magalhães Janilson Alves , Melo Rita de Cássia Cerqueira , Guedes Maria Lenise Silva
Published: April 2024

Neste artigo pretendemos tratar de alguns aspectos relativos à gênese, à manutenção e às reconfigurações tecidas no assentamento rural MAJU, localizado no município de São Sebastião do Passé (BA), após atuações integradas de pesquisa e extensão efetuadas por pesquisadores das áreas das ciências sociais e biológicas, em conjunto com os agricultores assentados, tendo como objetivo a construção de ações para incentivar a transição agroecológica nas práticas agrícolas da comunidade. A discussão será norteada a partir de alguns eventos e enfoques transdisciplinares, deflagrados no assentamento em voga, pelos seguintes atores envolvidos: agricultores familiares, Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST) e membros acadêmicos vinculados à Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), sobretudo os do Projeto Temático (PT08): “A Sociobiodiversidade do Litoral Norte baiano: pesquisa interdisciplinar sobre os saberes e as práticas naturais, a mobilidade, as dinâmicas territoriais e o desenvolvimento rural sustentável em um bioma de Mata Atlântica”, projeto vinculado ao Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Estudos Interdisciplinares e Transdisciplinares em Ecologia e Evolução (INCTIN-TREE). As descrições e as análises compõem-se de observações in loco, relatos, resgate da memória, documentos oficiais, referências teóricas e realização de cursos, oficinas e experimentos pensados e executados a partir de uma perspectiva dialógica. Os resultados apontaram que as ações desse projeto desenvolvidas no assentamento MAJU trouxeram para a comunidade importantes informações e construção de saberes transdisciplinares sobre sociobiodiversidade, sustentabilidade local, agroecologia, utilização das Plantas Alimentícias Não Convencionais (PANCs) e ações práticas para uma relação simétrica entre homem e natureza.
Ordered Mesoporous Carbon/Fused Silica Composites
Authors: Wang Jiacheng , Xiang Changshu , Liu Qian , Pan Yubai , Guo Jingkun
Published: September 2008

A series of novel, dense, and interesting ordered mesoporous carbon (OMC)/fused silica composites with different carbon contents has been prepared by a controllable but simple sol‐gel method followed by hot‐pressing. In the as‐sintered OMC/fused silica composites the carbon particles still exist in the form of perfectly ordered carbon nanowires. Conductivity measurements on the composites indicate that these novel composites are electrically conductive and have a typical percolation threshold of 3.5–5 vol% OMC. The electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding efficiency (SE) of an OMC/fused silica composite containing 10 vol% OMC is as high as 40 dB in the X band which is higher than that of a carbon nanotube (CNT)/ fused silica composite with the same carbon content (∼30 dB). This indicates that these conductive OMC/fused silica composites are very suitable for an application as EMI shielding materials. Upon increasing the volume content of OMC in the composite the overall contribution as well as the increase rate of the microwave absorption are larger than those of the microwave reflection, which suggest that OMC/fused silica composites may also be promising electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbing materials. Based on the promising properties of these composites this work will hopefully lead to the development of new low‐cost and highly efficient EMI shielding or EM wave absorbing materials.
Thermo‐electrochemical Activation of an In–Cu Intermetallic Electrode for the Anode in Lithium Secondary Batteries
Authors: Jung Yoon S. , Lee Kyu T. , Kim Jun H. , Kwon Ji Y. , Oh Seung M.
Published: September 2008

Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have been emerging as a major power source for portable electronic devices and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) with their superior performance to other competitors. The performance aspects of energy density and rate capability of LIBs should, however, be further improved for their new applications. Towards this end, many Li‐alloy materials, metal oxides, and phosphides have been tested, some of which have, however, been discarded because of poor activity at ambient temperature. Here, it is shown that the InCu binary intermetallic compound (Cu7In3), which shows no activity at room temperature as a result of activation energy required for InCu bond cleavage, can be made active by discharge–charge cycling at elevated temperatures. Upon lithiation at elevated temperatures (55–120 °C), the Cu7In3 phase is converted into nanograins of metallic Cu and a lithiated In phase (Li13In3). The underlying activation mechanism is the formation of new In‐rich phase (CuIn). The de‐lithiation temperature turns out to be the most important variable that controlling the nature of the In‐rich compounds.
Hydrogel Scaffolds of Amphiphilic and Acidic β‐Sheet Peptides
Authors: Rapaport Hanna , Grisaru Haviv , Silberstein Tova
Published: September 2008

Amphiphilic and acidic β‐sheet‐forming peptides (AAβPs) having the sequence Pro‐Y‐(Z‐Y)5‐Pro, Y = Glu or Asp and Z = Phe or Leu may assemble into hydrogel structures at near neutral pH values, several units higher than the intrinsic pKa of their acidic amino acid side chains. The bottom‐to‐top design strategy enables the rationally supported association between the peptides' amino acids composition and bulk pH hydrogelation. Hydrogen bonds between the acidic amino acids side chains in the β‐sheet structure are found to contribute substantially to the stabilization of AAβPs hydrogels. The negatively charged peptides are also found to form gels at lower concentration in presence of calcium ions. Bone forming cells may be cultured on two‐dimensional films of AAβPs hydrogels that form at physiological pH values as well as within three dimensional hydrogel matrices. These acidic‐rich peptides hydrogels may become advantageous in applications related to engineering of mineralized tissues providing controllable, multifunctional calcified scaffolds to affect both the biological activity and the inorganic mineralization.
Nanosized Glass Frit as an Adhesion Promoter for Ink‐Jet Printed Conductive Patterns on Glass Substrates Annealed at High Temperatures
Authors: Jang Daehwan , Kim Dongjo , Lee Byoungyoon , Kim Sungsoo , Kang Minsoo , Min Dongki , Moon Jooho
Published: September 2008

Ink‐jet printed metal nanoparticle films have been shown to anneal at high temperatures (above 500 °C) to highly conductive metal films on glass or ceramic substrates, but they suffer from cracking and inadequate substrate adhesion. Here, we report printable conductive materials, with added nanosized glass frit that can be annealed at 500 °C to form a crack‐free dense microstructure that adheres well to glass substrates. This overcomes the previous challenges while still retaining the desired high film conductivity. Controlling the particle characteristics and dispersion behavior plays an important role in successfully incorporating the glass frit into the conductive inks.
Highly Sensitive, Photocontrolled, Organic Thin‐Film Transistors Using Soluble Star‐shaped Conjugated Molecules
Authors: Cho Mi Yeon , Kim Su Jin , Han Yoon Deok , Park Dong Hyuk , Kim Kyung Hwan , Choi Dong Hoon , Joo Jinsoo
Published: September 2008

The highly photosensitive characteristics of organic thin‐film transistors (OTFTs) made using soluble star‐shaped oligothiophenes with four‐armed π‐conjugation paths, 4(HPBT)‐benzene and 4(HP3T)‐benzene molecules having a relatively high quantum yield, are reported. 4(HPBT)‐benzene‐based organic phototransistors (OPTs) exhibited high photosensitivity (∼2500–4300 A W−1) even with low optical powers (∼6.8–30 µW cm−2) at zero gate bias. The measured photosensitivity of the devices was much higher than that of inorganic single‐crystal Si‐based phototransistors, as well as that of other OPTs reported earlier. With the highly photosensitive characteristics of the 4(HPBT)‐benzene‐based OPTs, a high ratio of the on and off current switching of ∼4 × 104 with low optical power and low gate bias was observed. The slow relaxation of the photoinduced charges and charge‐trapping phenomena at the interface could lead to a reproducible memory operation for 4(HPBT)‐benzene‐based OPTs.
Hydrothermal Reaction Mechanism and Pathway for the Formation of K2Ti6O13 Nanowires
Authors: Zhang Ting , Chen Qing , Peng Lian‐Mao
Published: September 2008

Calculations and detailed first principle and thermodynamic analyses have been performed to understand the formation mechanism of K2Ti6O13 nanowires (NWs) by a hydrothermal reaction between bulk Na2Ti3O7 crystals and a KOH solution. It is found that direct ion exchange between K+ and Na+ plus H+ interactions with [TiO6] octahedra in Na2Ti3O7 promote the formation of an intermediate H2K2Ti6O14 phase. The large lattice mismatch between this intermediate phase and the bulk Na2Ti3O7 structure, and the large energy reduction associated with the formation of this intermediate phase, drive the splitting of the bulk crystal into H2K2Ti6O14 NWs. However, these NWs are not stable because of large [TiO6] octahedra distortion and are subject to a dehydration process, which results in uniform K2Ti6O13 NWs with narrowly distributed diameters of around 10 nm.
Synthesis and Optical Properties of KYF4/Yb, Er Nanocrystals, and their Surface Modification with Undoped KYF4
Authors: Schäfer Helmut , Ptacek Pavel , Zerzouf Otmane , Haase Markus
Published: September 2008

KYF4/Yb3+, Er3+ nanocrystals with a mean diameter of approximately 13 nm were synthesized at 200 °C in the high boiling organic solvent N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine (HEEDA). The particles crystallize in the cubic phase known from α‐NaYF4 and form transparent colloidal solutions in tetraethylene glycol (TEG) or propanol. Solutions containing 1 wt % of the nanocrystals in TEG display visible upconversion emission upon continuous wave (CW) excitation at 978 nm. Growing undoped KYF4 on the surface of the KYF4/Yb3+, Er3+ nanocrystals increases the upconversion efficiency by more than a factor of 20. The XRD data of these particles, display a slight increase in the mean particle size from 13 to 15.5 nm, indicating that only a part of the subsequently added KYF4 shell material is deposited onto the particle surface. Nevertheless the performed surface modification obviously leads to core/shell structured particles.
An Air‐Supported Liquid Crystal System for Real‐Time and Label‐Free Characterization of Phospholipases and Their Inhibitors
Authors: Hartono Deny , Bi Xinyan , Yang Kun‐Lin , Yung Lin‐Yue Lanry
Published: September 2008

A new air‐supported liquid crystal (LC) system for analyzing interfacial phenomena that occur based on the molecular interaction between LCs and adsorbed molecules of interest at the aqueous/LC interface is reported. Compared with existing LC‐based detection systems, the miniature system reported here requires less sample and involves simpler preparation. Using this system, the enzymatic hydrolysis of various phospholipases such as phospholipase A2 (PLA2), phospholipase C (PLC) and phospholipase D (PLD) are characterized. The hydrolysis of phospholipid monolayers self‐assembled at aqueous/LC interface induces an orientational response from the LCs. As a result, an optical signal that reflects the spatial and temporal distribution of phospholipids during the enzymatic reaction can be generated in a real‐time manner. When well‐known phospholipase inhibitors are introduced together with respective phospholipases, no orientational response of LCs is observed. In the case of inhibitors MJ33 and compound 48/80, cross‐inhibitions among phospholipases are also observed. This work demonstrates that the air‐supported LC system provides a facile label‐free assay for characterizing phospholipase activities and for screening enzyme inhibitors. It could potentially be useful for different high throughput and cost‐effective enzyme screening assays.
Optimization of Orange‐Emitting Electrophosphorescent Copolymers for Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Haldi Andreas , Kimyonok Alpay , Domercq Benoit , Hayden Lauren E. , Jones Simon C. , Marder Seth R. , Weck Marcus , Kippelen Bernard
Published: September 2008

Orange‐emitting phosphorescent copolymers containing iridium complexes and bis(carbazolyl)fluorene groups in their side chains are employed as the emissive layer in multilayer organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). The efficiency of the OLED devices is optimized by varying characteristics of the copolymers: the molecular weight, the iridium loading level, and the nature and length of the linker between the side chains and the polymer backbone. A maximum efficiency of 4.9 ± 0.4%, 8.8 ± 0.7 cd A−1 at 100 cd m−2 is achieved with an optimized copolymer.
A Ligand Exchange Route to Highly Luminescent Surface‐Functionalized ZnS Nanoparticles and Their Transparent Polymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Lü Changli , Gao Junfang , Fu Yuqin , Du Yaying , Shi Yongli , Su Zhongmin
Published: September 2008

A facile ligand exchange approach for surface‐functionalized ZnS nanoparticles (NPs) with 5‐(2‐methacryloylethyloxymethyl)‐8‐quinolinol (MQ) is described. The MQ–ZnS NPs, with a cubic crystal structure, have the same diameter as ZnS NPs without MQ about 3.0 nm. The MQ–ZnS NPs exhibit strong fluorescence emission at about 500 nm and a high photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY), up to 40%, with a decreasing ratio of MQ to ZnS NPs. The PL decay study reveals that the lifetimes of the different MQ–ZnS NPs with a single exponential decay are in the nanosecond time domain for emission at about 500 nm, which is obviously different from that of ZnS NPs with a biexponential decay for defect‐state emission at 420 nm. The functionalized MQ–ZnS NPs are successfully incorporated into the polymer matrix by in situ bulk polymerization to fabricate transparent bulk nanocomposites with good thermal stability and processability. Transmission electron microscopy results show that the NPs are uniformly dispersed in the polymer matrix without aggregation. The good PL properties of MQ–ZnS NPs are preserved in the bulk nanocomposites. It is observed that the nanocomposites have red‐shifted excitation and emission wavelengths compared with those of both the polymer matrix and MQ–ZnS NPs, possibly because of the cooperative interaction between MQ–ZnS NPs and the polymer matrix with blue emission.
Multifunctional Mesostructured Silica Microspheres from an Ultrasonic Aerosol Spray
Authors: Li Li , Tsung Chia‐Kuang , Ming Tian , Sun Zhenhua , Ni Weihai , Shi Qihui , Stucky Galen D. , Wang Jianfang
Published: September 2008

Multifunctional mesostructured silica microspheres are prepared using ultrasonic aerosol spray in conjunction with solvent evaporation‐induced assembly. Rare earth ion–phenanthroline complexes, magnetite particles, photoacid generators, and pH‐sensitive dyes are chosen as luminescent, magnetic, and photosensitive components. The incorporation of these functional components into mesostructured silica microspheres can be readily realized by dispersing them in the precursor solution of the aerosol spray process. Luminescent microspheres that can emit at multiple wavelengths when excited at a single wavelength are produced by the addition of multiple rare earth complexes into the precursor solution. The addition of magnetite particles leads to the production of magnetic luminescent microspheres. Photoacid generators and pH‐sensitive dyes are further employed to produce magnetic photosensitive microspheres that can release acid and change color upon UV light illumination. Such multifunctional microspheres could have exciting potential for many optical and biotechnological applications, such as multiplexed labeling, diagnosis, simultaneous imaging and therapy, cell capture and separation, targeted delivery, and optical data storage.
Single Component Self‐Assembled Monolayers of Aromatic Azo‐Biphenyl: Influence of the Packing Tightness on the SAM Structure and Light‐Induced Molecular Movements
Authors: Elbing Mark , Błaszczyk Alfred , von Hänisch Carsten , Mayor Marcel , Ferri Violetta , Grave Christian , Rampi Maria Anita , Pace Giuseppina , Samorì Paolo , Shaporenko Andrei , Zharnikov Michael
Published: September 2008

Aiming at modulating the packing density within functional self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs), two azo‐biphenyl derivatives AZO1 and AZO2 comprising a terminal sulfur anchor group have been designed and synthesized. While AZO1 allows for a coplanar arrangement of both biphenyl subunits, additional steric repulsion due to two methyl side groups attached to the footing biphenyl of AZO2 results in an increased intermolecular distance within the SAM, providing additional free volume. SAMs of both derivatives on gold and platinum substrates have been formed and thoroughly investigated by photoelectron (XPS) and near‐edge absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy as well as cyclic voltammetry and scanning tunneling microscopy. These measurements confirmed the formation of tightly packed SAMs for AZO1, while AZO2 formed SAMs consisting of less organized and more loosely packed molecules. Optical investigations of both azo derivatives in solution as well as their SAMs displayed efficient photoisomerization in solution and in SAMs. Comparable maximal cis/trans ratios of ca. 0.9 have been observed in all cases upon irradiation at λ = 370 and 360 nm for AZO1 and AZO2, respectively. The thermally induced cis → trans back reaction on AZO1 was found to be slower by a factor of 3 in SAMs as compared to solution, while AZO2 displayed comparable rates of the back reaction in both environments. This behavior can be explained by the different nature of molecular isomerization in the two SAM systems: whereas the isomerization in AZO1 SAMs takes place in a highly coordinated, collective way and involves many adjacent molecules, AZO2 species behave rather individually even packed in SAMs, such that their isomerization process is similar in SAMs and in solutions.
Solution‐Processible Phosphorescent Blue Dendrimers Based on Biphenyl‐Dendrons and Fac‐tris(phenyltriazolyl)iridium(III) Cores
Authors: Lo Shih‐Chun , Bera Raghu N. , Harding Ruth E. , Burn Paul L. , Samuel Ifor D. W.
Published: September 2008

Solution‐processible saturated blue phosphorescence is an important goal for organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Fac‐tris(5‐aryltriazolyl)iridium(III) complexes can emit blue phosphorescence at room temperature. Mono‐ and doubly dendronized fac‐tris(1‐methyl‐5‐phenyl‐3‐n‐propyl‐1H‐[1,2,4]triazolyl)iridium(III) 1 and fac‐tris{1‐methyl‐5‐(4‐fluorophenyl)‐3‐n‐propyl‐1H‐[1,2,4]triazolyl}iridium(III) 4 with first generation biphenyl‐based dendrons were prepared. The dendrimers emitted blue light at room temperature and could be solution processed to form thin films. The doubly dendronized 3 had a film photoluminescence quantum yield of 67% and Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.17, 0.33). OLEDs comprised of a neat film of dendrimer 3 and an electron transport layer achieved a brightness of 142 cd m−2 at 3.8 V with an external quantum efficiency of 7.9%, and CIE coordinates of (0.18, 0.35). Attachment of the fluorine atom to the emissive core had the effect of moving the luminescence to shorter wavelengths but also quenched the luminescence of the mono‐ and doubly dendronized dendrimers.
Flow distribution property of the constructal distributor and heat transfer intensification in a mini heat exchanger
Authors: Fan Yilin , Boichot Raphaël , Goldin Thierry , Luo Lingai
Published: September 2008

This article reports a numerical and experimental study on flow maldistribution and heat transfer intensification in a mini heat exchanger with constructal distributor/collector integrated. The flow distribution characteristics of the constructal component functioning as a fluid distributor or as a fluid collector have been investigated and compared using computational fluid dynamics simulations. An experimental setup is designed and constructed for thermal and hydraulic performances tests. The effects of various assembly configurations on heat transfer characteristics and pressure drops are discussed. The results indicate that the integration of one constructal collector at the outlet of the heat exchanger can achieve almost uniform flow distribution and consequently better intensify the heat transfer. It is also the most advantageous configuration based on a balanced consideration of heat transfer intensification and pump power consumption under the investigation conditions. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Spitzenverstärkte optische Nahfeldmikroskopie
Authors: Hartschuh Achim
Published: September 2008

Spektroskopiemethoden mit höchster Ortsauflösung sind von grundlegender Bedeutung für die Untersuchung der physikalischen und chemischen Eigenschaften von nanostrukturierten Materialien einschließlich Quantenstrukturen und biologischen Oberflächen. Wir stellen ein optisches Verfahren vor, das auf den stark überhöhten elektrischen Feldern in der Nähe einer laserbeleuchteten Metallspitze basiert. Diese Felder ermöglichen die Messung verschiedener optischer Signale in räumlich stark begrenzten Bereichen und ermöglichen so eine detaillierte Probencharakterisierung weit jenseits der Beugungsgrenze. Darüber hinaus liefern die verstärkten Felder auch die notwendige Nachweisempfindlichkeit für die Messung kleinster Probenvolumina. Zunächst werden die Grundlagen der Nahfeldoptik erläutert, im Anschluss behandeln wir die verschiedenen Mechanismen, die zur lokalen Feldverstärkung beitragen, und zeigen, wie sich damit optische Signale verstärken lassen. Verschiedene experimentelle Umsetzungen und einige aktuelle Ergebnisse zu Raman‐ und Fluoreszenzmikroskopie mit bis zu 10 nm Ortsauflösung an einzelnen Molekülen werden vorgestellt.