bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Greetings and Salutations in Erasmus
Authors: Dalzell Alexander
Published: July 2020

RÉSUMÉ: Les formules de salutations dans l'oeuvre d'Érasme

Les formules de salutations qui se trouvent en tête des lettres d'Érasme posent des problèmes difficiles au traducteur. Il n'y a pas d'équivalents évidents en anglais moderne et il est donc tentant de les omettre ou de se réfugier dans des formules de politesse d'une équivalence douteuse. Cependant, le traducteur devrait les prendre au sérieux puisqu'elles donnent souvent une indication sur le ton de la lettre ou les relations entre les correspondants. Les écrivains humanistes développèrent un protocole élaboré pour les salutations épistolaires et Érasme lui-même écrivit longuement sur le sujet dans son De conscribendis epistolis. Les formules ont une longue histoire, remontant jusqu'à l'antiquité classique. Les salutations de Cicéron sont en général courtes et simples, mais les formules traditionnelles furent abandonnées peu à peu en faveur de formules de politesse plus élaborées et plus flatteuses. En théorie, Érasme était en faveur de la simplicité classique, mais dans la pratique il fit des concessions aux conventions contemporaines et à la vanité humaine. L'article se termine par une discussion de l'enseignement d'Érasme sur le sujet et sur quelques exemples des problèmes auxquels le traducteur doit faire face.
LEADERSHIP, SCHOOL IMPROVEMENT AND EFFECTIVENESS: THE EXPERIENCES OF THE SCHOOLS COMMUNITY IN ETHIOPIA
Authors: Edamo Dawit Legesse , Netshitangani Tshilidzi
Published: July 2020

This was a qualitative research, which explored how the school community experienced the outcomes of leadership on the effectiveness of the school improvement program (SIP) on Sidama Zone schools, Ethiopia. Four schools were purposively selected. Data were collected using interviews, focus group discussions, observation and documents, which included school plans, reports, minutes of meetings, memos, letters and the students' examination results were analyzed as they reflected issues related to the outcomes of the SIP on the school’s effectiveness. Principals, teachers, students, supervisors, parent teacher association members and SIP experts were interviewed. The findings indicate that in schools where there is strong collaboration of the school community in the planning, decision-making, monitoring and evaluation processes, the improvement initiatives are owned by all in the school and the performance of the schools is enhanced. It is recommended that the roles of the principals be redirected, the number of supervisors be increased, diverse professional development opportunities for principals and teachers be created, the recruitment, appointment and retention of principals be reconsidered and mechanisms to check school plans and performance reports be created.
Keywords: stakeholder collaboration, qualitative research, theory of change, school community, school support, student performance.
KORELASI ANTARA HUKUM ADAT DENGAN ALIRAN POSITIVISME HUKUM DI INDONESIA
Authors: Rizhan Afrinald
Published: July 2020

The Republic of Indonesia, which is a recht state, we recognize the existence of various laws, both written laws are regulations relic of the Dutch East Indies, as well as unwritten law which is customary law that diverse. It's just the problems that arise at this time, when we see that the trend of Indonesia that follows the flow of Positivism will affect the customary law which is an unwritten law that is recognized and developed within the indigenous peoples of Indonesia.Key words: recht state, unwritten law, and legal positivism Negara Republik Indonesia, yang merupakan negara hukum, kita mengenal adanya bermacam-macam hukum, baik hukum tertulis yang merupakan peraturan-peraturan peninggalan zaman Hindia Belanda, maupun hukum tidak tertulis yang merupakan hukum adat yang beraneka ragam. Hanya saja permasalahan yang timbul saat ini, ketika kita melihat bahwa kecenderungan Indonesia yang mengikuti aliran Positivisme akan berpengaruh pada hukum adat yang merupakan hukum tidak tertulis yang diakui dan berkembang di lingkungan masyarakat adat IndonesiaKata Kunci: negara hukum, hukum adat, dan positivisme hokum
Peran Masyarakat dalam Mencapai Pola Konsumsi Berkelanjutan
Authors: Sari Meri Enita Puspitasar
Published: July 2020

AbstractIn this study, the authors discussed in the pattern of sustainable consumption for consumer health and environmentally friendly so as to achieve human goals can survive to live on earth until his offspring through sustainable consumption patterns and sustainable living. This can be achieved through the government's way of promoting sustainable consumption patterns, through education that can increase the bargaining power of consumers, provide access to consumers on non-hazardous products, promote fair, equitable and sustainable development in economic and social development and information services and options information needs in accordance with the wishes and needs of individuals. Continuous consumption is a requirement of consumers to meet the needs that are needed and ensure the fulfillment of its needs it does not endanger the environment. This awareness emerged, when already many of consumers who enjoy education from various disciplines, awareness of the fulfillment of needs in accordance with the needs arise. Consumers also begin to feel the advantages of a result of business, because many consumers who suffered losses both in terms of health and from existing consumers imbalances of the earth over all goods used so far are not safe against the environment. Keywords: role of society, consumption sustainable, consumer  AbstrakPada penelitian ini, yang penulis bahas ialah mengenai pola konsumsi yang berkelanjutan yang aman bagi kesehatan konsumen serta ramah lingkungan sehingga dapat mencapai tujuan manusia dapat bertahan tinggal di bumi hingga anak cucunya melalui pola konsumsi berkelanjutan dan kehidupan yang berkelanjutan. Hal ini dapat dicapai melalui bagaimana pemerintah dalam melakukan promosi pola konsumsi berkelanjutan, yakni melalui pendidikan yang dapat meningkatkan daya tawar konsumen, memberikan akses padakonsumen atas produk non berbahaya, melakukan promosi yang adil, merata dan berkelanjutan dalam pembangunan ekonomi dan sosial dan perlindungan lingkungan dengan memberikan informasi serta kemudahan atas akses informasi yang memadai untuk memungkinkan konsumen membuat pilihan informasi sesuai dengan keinginan dankebutuhan individu. Konsumsi berkelanjutan ialah kesadaran konsumen untuk memenuhi kebutuhan yang sesuai dengan yang dibutuhkan dan menjamin pemenuhan kebutuhannya itu tidak membahayakan lingkungan. Kesadaran ini muncul, ketika sudah mulai banyak dari konsumen yang menikmati pendidikan dari berbagai disiplin ilmu, kesadaran akan pemenuhan kebutuhan yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan pun muncul. Konsumen juga mulai merasakan betapa telah menjadi objek dari usaha produsen, sebab banyak konsumen yang mengalami kerugian baik dari segi kesehatan maupun dari konsumen yang sudah menyadari ketidakseimbangan bumi atas segala barang yang digunakan selama ini tidak aman terhadap lingkungan. Kata Kunci : peran masyarakat, konsumsi berkelanjutan, konumen
PERAN SEKRETARIAT DEWAN PERWAKILAN RAKYAT DAERAH DALAM MENUNJANG KINERJA ANGGOTA DEWAN PERWAKILAN RAKYAT DAERAH KABUPATEN KUANTAN SINGINGI
Authors: Ramadhanti Rika
Published: July 2020

Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah (DPRD) merupakan salah satu lembaga atau badan perwakilan rakyat di daerah. DPRD dalam melaksanakan tugasnya, mempunyai hak, wewenang dan kewajiban didalam mengemban tugasnya sebagai wakil rakyat. Pemberian hak-hak yang luas kepada DPRD merupakan suatu petunujuk bahwa demokratisasi pemerintahan daerah diharapkan makin menunjukkan bentuk yang lebih nyata. Untuk menunjang kinerja DPRD, sebagaimana diamanatkan Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2014 tentang pemerintahan daerah yang kemudian dipertegas oleh Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 18 Tahun 2016 Tentang Perangkat Daerah, bahwa sekretariat DPRD adalah perangkat daerah yang merupakan unsur pelayanan administrasi terhadap DPRD, yang meliputi penyelenggaraan kesekretariatan DPRD, penyelenggaraan administrasi keuangan DPRD, mendukung pelaksanaan tugas dan fungsi DPRD, serta penyediaan dan pengkoordinasian tenaga ahli yang diperlukan oleh DPRD.
Problem based learning: a model in teaching English at junior high school
Authors: Isrokijah Isrokijah
Published: July 2020

Problem Based Learning (PBL) is one of teaching models required in Curriculum 2013. However, not many teachers apply it in teaching English. This happens because of their lack of knowledge about PBL and how to apply it in the class. This article aims at elaborating how to implement problem based learning (PBL) as an effective model in teaching and learning English at junior high school. By knowing how to apply PBL in the classroom it is hoped that the teachers will be motivated to use PBL in their teaching English,  PBL increases students' motivation in learning, their ability to work independently and collaboratively with others, and their problem solving skills in order that the English learning objectives can be achieved.
SHEEP MEAT MARKET REQUIREMENTS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROCESSING INDUSTRY AND FARMER SUPPLIERS
Authors: Ward Chris
Published: July 2020

Expanding chilled lamb markets are increasingly looking to NZ as an all year round supplier of product. To achieve this in increasing quantities, changes to traditional lamb production patterns are required. It is up to the meat exporting companies to provide the monetary incentives to farmers for change. While on-farm changes may result in less total physical product, they will achieve for some farmers in climatically suited areas a higher net return; ie less production but a higher price for the type and timing of the product to satisfy market requirements.
THE DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION OF TARA HILLS HIGH COUNTRY RESEARCH STATION
Authors: Pedofsky J.F. , Douglas M.H.
Published: July 2020

When purchased in 1946 Tara Hills was in a rundown state and typical of large areas of inland Otago depleted by overgrazing. Since then development by oversowing, topdressing, fencing, irrigation, together with rabbit control have given large increases in production. The stock units have increased from 1240 in 1946 to 11,066 in 1966 and wool production has increased from 1.3 kg/ha to 13.4 kg/ha. Since 1975 the gross income per hectare has risen from $21/ha to peak at $131/ha in 1984. These levels of production provide a sharp contrast to the much lower production of the average South Island high country run. Keywords: wool, income.
WINTER GRAZING VERSUS SUPPLEMENTS - CHEAPER DAIRYING SYSTEMS
Authors: Wilson J.P.
Published: July 2020

Present economics dictate New Zealand dairy farmers either increase producton or reduce expenditure to maintain net farm income. Costs associated with present feed conservation practices,are high and so cheaper alternatives for bridging a winter feed deficit are considered. Making no conservation would mean generating additional feed energy by foregoing some milkfat production. Lower cow conversion ratios of milkfat from pasture in late lactation means it is more economic to create additional feed at the end of the season by drying-off earlier rather than calving later. Utilising additional cow liveweight as a store of energy has high metabolic inefficiencies. At today's prices, grazing cows off to overcome the deficit is the most economic and practical solution. Economically, alternatives to traditional supplement systems requre a massive reduction of capital farm machinery to be viable. Management strategies, both to control the spring feed surplus and to increase average farm herbage masses in early winter without loss of growth or quality, need to be developed.
GOAT FARMING PRACTICES ON HIGH PRODUCING PASTURES
Authors: Radcliffe J.E. , Francis S.M.
Published: July 2020

Few farmers have firm ideas about the long-term aims of their goat enterprises. Since profit is the primary motive, breeding objectives may change rapidly. Goats are generally a small proportion of total stock numbers and are given preferential grazing. Goat grazing improves pastures by increasing clover content and reducing the number of thistles and weed grasses. Although most farmers feed hay there is no indication this is necessary for high animal performance. The most productive goat management systems on high producing pastures have yet to be defined, especially integration with other livestock dasses. Preliminary data from mixed goat and sheep grazing trials in Canterbury suggest there are benefits in liveweight gain to sheep, but not necessarily to goats by integrating grazing. Areas for future research are considered.
USE OF CELL AND MOLECULAR GENETIC MANIPULATION TO IMPROVE PASTURE PLANTS
Authors: White D.W.R.
Published: July 2020

Cell culture and genetic engineering techniques can be used to develop improved pasture plants. To utilise these methods we have developed procedures for regenerating plants from tissue cultures of perennial ryegrass and white clover. In both, the plant genotype influences regeneration capacity. There was significant genetic variation among regenerated perennial ryegrass plants in a wide range of characteristics. Most of the regenerants were resIstant to crown rust and this trait was highly heritable. This rust resistance is being used to breed a new ryegrass cultivar. A system for introducing cloned genes into white clover is described. This capability is bemg used to incorporate genes with the potential to improve nutritional quality and pest resistance. Other possibilities for engineering genetic improvements in white clover, genes conferring herbicide tolerance and resistance to white clover mosaic virus, are briefly outlined. Keywords: Lolium perenne, Trifolium repens, cell culture, somaclonal variation, crown rust resistance, transformation, cloned genes, nutritional quality, proteinase inhibitors, Bt toxins, pest resistance, WCMV viral cross-protection, herbicide tolerance, Agrobacterium, Bacillus thuringenisis.
THE CONSEQUENCE OF NOT APPLYING SUPERPHOSPHATE FERTILISER ON TARANAKI DAIRY PASTURE
Authors: Roberts A.H.C. , Thomson N.A.
Published: July 2020

The effect of withholding superphosphate fertiliser for up to fwo years on grazed day pasture in Taranaki has been assessed in plot trials. Three sites of different initial soil test phosphate (Olsen P) level were used, viz. 16, 34 and 60. Seasonal or annual dry matter yields, seasonal distribution of pasture growth, Olsen P. botanical Composltlon and herbage P content were in general, not significantly affected by withholding superphosphate. A farmlet grazing trial has shown that withholding superphosphate for 18 months did not reduce dairy production in the first season. Farmers could make large short-term cost savings by withholding superphosphate fertiliser, without affecting dairy producton. Keywords: pasture production, seasonal distribution, botanical composition, dairy production
THE COBALT ENGIMA - SOME OBSERVATIONS AND STRATEGIES FOR OTAGO AND SOUTHLAND
Authors: Metherell A.K.
Published: July 2020

The role of cobalt (Co) and vitamin B 12 in animal nutrition is well understood, but the practical questions of predicting when and where a defnency is likely, and the most effective preventive strategy, remain unanswered in Southland and Otago. The incidence of Co deficiency in the region has recently increased, particularly where the problem had not previously been recognised In a long term maintenance Co topdressing experiment at Woodlands Research Station, pasture Co concentrations have been monitored since 1982 and lamb growth measured in two seasons. Cobalt deficiency has been observed only in the two driest seasons. It is postulated that soil manganese may influence the seasonal availability of Co to pasture plants. The effect of Co topdressing on pasture Co levels in the season of application was very short lived. Rate of cobalt sulphate application affected peak pasture concentration but had little effect on the duration of the pasture response. Lambs grazing treated plots did not gain a substantial reserve of vitamin 8, 2 Timing of Co application in relation to the likely period of deficiency is very Important. Keywords: pasture mineral content, lamb growth rate, vitamin B, 2, cobalt
IMPLEMENTASI PERATURAN PEMERINTAH NOMOR 11 TAHUN 2017 TENTANG MANAJEMEN PEGAWAI NEGERI SIPIL OLEH CAMAT DALAM ASPEK PENINGKATAN KINERJA (Studi pada Pemerintah Kecamatan Padalarang, Kabupaten Bandung Barat Provinsi Jawa Barat)
Authors: Alfian Yani
Published: July 2020

AbstrAk

Pemberian pelayanan publik oleh pegawai pemerintah kepada masyarakat (publik) merupakan perwujudan dan fungsi pegawai negara sebagai pelayan masyarakat (abdi), disamping sebagai abdi Negara. Masyarakat sebagai aktor utama (pelaku) pembangunan, sedangkan Pemerintah berkewajiban untuk mengarahkan, membimbing, serta menciptakan suasana yang menunjang kegiatan-kegiatan dari masyarakat dalam rangka percepatan terwujudnya masyarakat yang mandiri dan sejahtera. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Kantor Camat Padalarang, dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui Implementasi Undang-undang Manejemen Pegawai Negeri Sipil yang dilihat dari aspek kinerja pegawai dalam memberikan pelayanan masyarakat pada kantor Kecamatan Padalarang Kabupaten Bandung Barat. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan induktif teori yang digunakan sendiri ialah teori Implementasi Edward III dan indikator Kebijakan Publik Dwiyanto. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa Produktivitas kerja pegawai pelayanan cukup baik dimana dalam memberikan pelayanan kepada masyarakat cukup cepat dan tepat sesuai dengan prosedur yang berlaku, Fasilitas pelayanan publik di Kecamatan Padalarang telah memenuhi standarisasi sarana dan prasarana minimal pelayanan publik, selalu memberikan sosialisasi informasi jenis dan prosedur pelayanan terutama kelengkapan persyaratan pelayanan pada tingkat desa. Daya tanggap pegawai pelayanan di Kecamatan Padalarang berdasarkan hasil penelitian adalah cukup baik Pelayanan publik di Kecamatan Padalarang telah berjalan dengan baik setelah sebelumnya mengacu pada Surat Keputusan Camat Padalarang Nomor 13 Tahun 2014 tentang PATEN di Lingkungan Kecamatan Padalarang, dan Pemberian layanan publik menekankan pada peran partisipatif masyarakat dan peran aspiratif sebagai bahan evaluasi untuk memperbaiki sistem penyelenggaran pelayanan.

Kata kunci: implementasi, peraturan pemerintah, pegawai negeri sipil
Modes of agricultural use, productivity and fertility of developed lowland peat soils
Authors: Glubokovskih Aleksandr
Published: July 2020

The results of many years of research on the cultivation of crops in fodder crop rotation on dried peat soil are presented. A productive and agroecological assessment of crop rotation with various saturation with perennial grasses is given. The data on the reduction of peat reserves and changes in the agrochemical properties of the soil are presented.
Effectiveness of the use of direct sowing and mineral fertilizers on the small-contour developed peatbog
Authors: Anisimova Tat'yana
Published: July 2020

The results of studies on the effectiveness of low-cost agrobiophysics and technology tillage perennial grasses on soils depleted and abandoned peat bogs. The combination of direct sowing seed grasses with mineral fertilizers increased the yields of grasses, an increase in reserves of mobile phosphorus and exchangeable potassium in the root layer of soil, mitigation of soil degradation of the peatbog.
Steppe landscapes in ecological network of the Voronezh region
Authors: Gorbunov Anatoly , Bevz Valeriy , Bykovskaya Ol'ga , Trofimov Ilya , Trofimova Lyudmila
Published: July 2020

The place and role of steppe landscapes in the formation of the ecological network of the Voronezh region are considered. Geographical patterns in the distribution of the steppes of the region, prospects for organizing a network of regional protected areas are highlighted. The ways of optimization of steppe nature management are defined.
Cutting of seed crops of meadow clover
Authors: Buyankin Nikolay , Krasnoperov1 Andrey
Published: July 2020

In the Kaliningrad region of a clover — the main component of long-term fodder herbs — quickly weaken, give few seeds and quite often completely drop out. Even in favorable conditions, in mixes of herbs of the second year of use, clovers there is no more than one third. One of the main reasons — damage by the stem clover weevil of Apion seniculus Krby. Escaping of the created situation is the developed package of measures on increase of seed efficiency of meadow clover in the Kaliningrad region, including cutting of stalks in a butonization phase.
What Drives the Private Innovation in Rural Areas? In-Depth Case Study of Slovak Rural Region
Authors: Michal Hrivnák , Oľga Roháčiková , Pavol Schwarcz
Published: July 2020

Innovation and small fast-growing knowledge-intensive enterprises are often described as a potential engine for development of rural economies of the post-socialistic countries, struggling with problem of depopulation, decline of agriculture, monostructural economic base, overexploitation of natural resources and many others. However, we still know too little about, how private innovation emerge in underdeveloped space or how knowledge-intensive economic activities can successfully operate in small municipalities, providing almost non business services, basic infrastructure or potential for local networking. Thus, in this regional case study, we wanted to shed a light on a phenomenon of private innovation emergence in small rural settlements, provide baseline knowledge about motivation and determining factors of development of the innovative business in the rural, local economies. Special attention was devoted to examining the relationship between family entrepreneurship, residence of entrepreneur, interest to contribute to solution of local challenges and localization of knowledge-intensive business in rural municipality.
Pastoral Farming in the Ili Delta, Kazakhstan, under Decreasing Water Inflow: An Economic Assessment
Authors: Baranowski Elisabeth , Thevs Niels , Khalil Altyn , Baibagyssov Azim , Iklassov Margulan , Salmurzauli Ruslan , Nurtazin Sabir , Beckmann Volker
Published: July 2020

River deltas provide the most productive pastures in Central Asia. Simultaneously they are highly vulnerable to water inflow changes. The aim of this study was to conduct an economic assessment of the short- and medium-term effect of reduced water inflow on farmers’ performance within the Ili Delta. Primary data were collected through 35 interviews with farmers and additional experts in 2015. Production parameters for three types of individual farms were estimated and entered into a full cost accounting. Contribution margins were calculated for three scenarios: (I) sufficient water inflow (normal situation), (II) decreasing water inflow, and (III) significantly reduced water inflow (worst case). Farmers purchase hay to adapt to pasture production loss due to decreasing water inflow. This more than doubled the variable costs of worst case in comparison to normal situation for small-, medium-, and large-scale type of individual farm. Monte Carlo simulation indicates a risk of 74% (small-scale farm) and 3% (medium-scale farm) that already variable costs will exceed revenues. Despite their high fixed costs, only large-scale individual farms generate positive net farm income from operations in the worst case due to government payments from participation in elite bull program that account for one-third of total revenue.
Genotypic Variability of Photosynthetic Parameters in Maize Ear-Leaves at Different Cadmium Levels in Soil
Authors: Franić Mario , Galić Vlatko , Lončarić Zdenko , Šimić Domagoj
Published: July 2020

Excess of cadmium (Cd) in soil leads to a number of adverse effects which challenge agricultural production. Aims of this study were to investigate variations in Cd content in leaves (Zea mays L.) of different maize genotypes and to detect effects of Cd on photosynthesis through chlorophyll a fluorescence. Pot vegetation experiments with four maize genotypes and four different soil Cd levels were repeated for two years. Chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthetic pigments and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis for ear-leaf Cd and zinc (Zn) and soil Cd were carried out. Significant differences between genotypes were found for leaf Cd, where higher Cd soil concentrations resulted in higher Cd leaf concentrations. Cd uptake into maize leaves increased with increasing Cd levels in soil, which was genotype-dependent and higher and lower Cd accumulating groups were formed. Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence caused by elevated Cd levels in soil were mostly visible as changes in dissipation energy, yields of primary photosystem II photochemistry and electron transport. Decrease of reaction centers per antenna chlorophyll and increased variable fluorescence at J step (VJ) resulted in decrease of performance indexes in the highest Cd concentration. Decreases in chlorophyll fluorescence parameters suggest reduced functionality of reaction centers and problems in re-oxidation of primary quinone acceptor (QA).
Ocotea glomerata (Nees) Mez Extract and Fractions: Chemical Characterization, Anti-Candida Activity and Related Mechanism of Action
Authors: Anjos Mayara Nunes Vitor , Araújo-Neto Luiz Nascimento de , Silva Buonafina Maria Daniela , Pereira Neves Rejane , Souza Edson Rubhens de , Bezerra Isabelle Cristinne Ferraz , Ferreira Magda Rhayanny Assunção , Soares Luiz Alberto Lira , Coutinho Henrique Douglas Melo , Martins Natália , da Silva Márcia Vanusa , Correia Maria Tereza dos Santos
Published: July 2020

Background: Opportunistic fungal infections are increasingly common, with Candida albicans being the most common etiological agent; however, in recent years, episodes of candidiasis caused by non-albicans Candida species have emerged. Plants belonging to the Lauraceae family have shown remarkable antifungal effects. This study assessed the anti-Candida activity of Ocotea glomerata extracts and fractions, time of death and the synergistic effects with conventional antifungals. The possible mechanism of action was also addressed. Methods: Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were determined by broth microdilution technique, and the mechanism of action was assessed by ergosterol, sorbitol, cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and phosphatidylserine externalization tests. Results: All the tested extracts evidenced antifungal activity, but the methanol extract was revealed to be the most effective (MIC = 3.12 μg/mL) on C. krusei. The combination of methanol extract with ketoconazole and fluconazole revealed a synergistic effect for C. krusei and C. albicans, respectively. Fractions 1 and 5 obtained from the methanol extract had fungicidal activity, mainly against C. krusei. Methanol extract did not reveal effects by ergosterol and sorbitol assays; however, it led to an increase in intracellular ROS levels, decreased cell viability, and consequently, cell death. Conclusion: O. glomerata methanol extract may be viewed as a rich source of biomolecules with antifungal activity against Candida spp.
Anti-Candida Activity of Essential Oils from Lamiaceae Plants from the Mediterranean Area and the Middle East
Authors: Potente Giulia , Bonvicini Francesca , Gentilomi Giovanna Angela , Antognoni Fabiana
Published: July 2020

Extensive documentation is available on plant essential oils as a potential source of antimicrobials, including natural drugs against Candida spp. Yeasts of the genus Candida are responsible for various clinical manifestations, from mucocutaneous overgrowth to bloodstream infections, whose incidence and mortality rates are increasing because of the expanding population of immunocompromised patients. In the last decade, although C. albicans is still regarded as the most common species, epidemiological data reveal that the global distribution of Candida spp. has changed, and non-albicans species of Candida are being increasingly isolated worldwide. The present study aimed to review the anti-Candida activity of essential oils collected from 100 species of the Lamiaceae family growing in the Mediterranean area and the Middle East. An overview is given on the most promising essential oils and constituents inhibiting Candida spp. growth, with a particular focus for those natural products able to reduce the expression of virulence factors, such as yeast-hyphal transition and biofilm formation. Based on current knowledge on members of the Lamiaceae family, future recommendations to strengthen the value of these essential oils as antimicrobial agents include pathogen selection, with an extension towards the new emerging Candida spp. and toxicological screening, as it cannot be taken for granted that plant-derived products are void of potential toxic and/or carcinogenic properties.
Light Load Efficient Silicon Power Converters Based on Wide Bandgap Circuit Extensions
Authors: Makoschitz Markus , Biswas Sumanta
Published: July 2020

A power electronics converter is generally designed for a specific load condition. However, depending on the applications and its mission profiles, the operating load conditions can be distinctly lower than the specified ones (PV cell under shading conditions, etc.). During this light load condition, the efficiency diminishes considerably, especially if Si–IGBT devices are considered within the power circuit. This study explains a light-load circuit extension based on wide-bandgap (WBG, silicon carbide and gallium nitride) material, which can improve the light-load efficiency and transient response of the conventional IGBT-based active rectifiers and inverter. Such an additional circuit extension is, in general, associated with additional cost. Numerous factors, such as the power electronics application itself, mission profiles, converter power rating and sizing of passive components, etc., can shift the break-even point of the upgraded power electronics system in terms of time. Therefore, a profound investigation of the relevant areas of interest is required in advance to ensure the most efficient amortization of the additional incurred costs of the applied circuitry. A 125 kW 3-phase six-switch inverter is discussed to highlight relevant effects in light-load operation that must be considered for final product design.
Insight into the Role of Dental Pulp Stem Cells in Regenerative Therapy
Authors: Yoshida Shinichiro , Tomokiyo Atsushi , Hasegawa Daigaku , Hamano Sayuri , Sugii Hideki , Maeda Hidefumi
Published: July 2020

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the capacity for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation potential, and are considered a promising cell population for cell-based therapy and tissue regeneration. MSCs are isolated from various organs including dental pulp, which originates from cranial neural crest-derived ectomesenchyme. Recently, dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth (SHEDs) have been isolated from dental pulp tissue of adult permanent teeth and deciduous teeth, respectively. Because of their MSC-like characteristics such as high growth capacity, multipotency, expression of MSC-related markers, and immunomodulatory effects, they are suggested to be an important cell source for tissue regeneration. Here, we review the features of these cells, their potential to regenerate damaged tissues, and the recently acquired understanding of their potential for clinical application in regenerative medicine.
Novel Ecogenic Plasmonic Biohybrids as Multifunctional Bioactive Coatings
Authors: Barbinta-Patrascu Marcela Elisabeta , Ungureanu Camelia , Badea Nicoleta , Bacalum Mihaela , Lazea-Stoyanova Andrada , Zgura Irina , Negrila Catalin , Enculescu Monica , Burnei Cristian
Published: July 2020

The objective of the present study is the valorization of natural resources and the recycling of vegetal wastes by converting them into novel plasmonic bio-active hybrids. Thus, a “green” approach was used to design pectin-coated bio-nanosilver. Silver nanoparticles were generated from two common garden herbs (Mentha piperita and Amaranthus retroflexus), and pectin was extracted from lemon peels. The samples were characterized by the following methods: Ultraviolet–visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)–Energy-dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and zeta potential measurements. Microscopic investigations revealed the spherical shape and the nano-scale size of the prepared biohybrids. Their bioperformances were checked in terms of antioxidant and antibacterial activity. The developed plasmonic materials exhibited a strong ability to scavenge short-life (96.1% ÷ 98.7%) and long-life (39.1% ÷ 91%) free radicals. Microbiological analyses demonstrated an impressive antibacterial effectiveness of pectin-based hybrids against Escherichia coli. The results are promising, and the obtained biomaterials could be used in many bio-applications, especially as antioxidant and antimicrobial biocoatings.
Effect of WC Grain Size and Abrasive Type on the Wear Performance of HVOF-Sprayed WC-20Cr3C2-7Ni Coatings
Authors: Wang Qun , Zhang Yingpeng , Ding Xiang , Wang Shaoyi , Ramachandran Chidambaram Seshadri
Published: July 2020

In order to investigate the effect of WC grain size on coatings’ properties and abrasive wear performance, a few WC-20Cr3C2-7Ni coatings with three different WC grain sizes were deposited by the high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spray process. The phase compositions, microstructures, and mechanical properties of the coatings were investigated. Furthermore, the two- and three-body abrasive wear performances of the three coatings were tested by using SiC and SiO2 abrasives, respectively. The results show that all the three coatings were composed of WC, Cr3C2, and the Ni binder as well as the (W,Cr)2C phase. The abrasive wear resistance of the WC-20Cr3C2-7Ni coating monotonously increased with increasing WC grain size when the SiC abrasive was used in the two- and three-body abrasive wear tests. However, the wear resistance trend was reversed when the SiO2 abrasive was used in the three-body abrasive wear test. The specific wear rate of the WC-20Cr3C2-7Ni coating exposed to the SiC abrasive under the two-body abrasive wear test was the largest. The wear resistance of the coatings was more significantly affected by the hardness of the abrasive particles than the size of carbides present within the coating. The high hardness of SiC can cut both the carbide and the binder phase of the WC-based cermet coatings, resulting in a high wear rate, whereas the low hardness of SiO2 cuts and/or scratches the binder initially, and then it dislodges the carbides from the matrix. The dislodged carbides which were subsequently pulled out from the matrix by the repeated impact of the SiO2 abrasives result in a milder wear rate.
Polyimide Surface Modification Using He-H2O Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Jet-Discharge Power Effect
Authors: Abdel–Fattah Essam , Alshaer Mazen
Published: July 2020

The atmospheric pressure He- H 2 O plasma jet has been analyzed and its effects on the Kapton polyimide surface have been investigated in terms of discharge power effect. The polyimide surfaces before and after plasma treatment were characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray photoelectrons spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle. The results showed that, increasing the discharge power induces remarkable changes on the emission intensity, rotational and vibrational temperatures of He- H 2 O plasma jet. At the low discharge power ≤5.2 W, the contact angle analysis of the polyimide surface remarkably decrease owing to the abundant hydrophilic polar C=O and N–C=O groups as well as increase of surface roughness. Yet, plasma treatment at high discharge power ≥5.2 W results in a slight decrease of the surface wettability together with a reduction in the surface roughness and polar groups concentrations.
A Variance Model in NRTK-Based Geodetic Positioning as a Function of Baseline Length
Authors: Gökdaş Ömer , Özlüdemir M. Tevfik
Published: July 2020

This study examines the effect of baseline length on accuracy and precision in Network Real-Time Kinematic (NRTK) positioning and develops an experimental mathematical model to express this effect. The study also measures the performances of the Flaechen Korrektur Parameter (FKP) and Virtual Reference Stations (VRS) methods at different baseline lengths. The study makes use of the stations that form two Continuously Operating Reference Station (CORS) networks, one of which is local and the other national. Calculations were made to perform various geodetic operations, such as datum transformations between the two networks, identifications of positional velocities, and epoch shifting. BERNESE (v5.2) software was used to identify coordinate values assumed to be true based on International GNSS Service (IGS) products. No significant changes were observed in the RMSE values in baseline lengths of up to 40 km. In contrast, an average linear correlation of 69.2% was determined between precision and baseline length. Measurements were evaluated and tested using the variance model created as a function of the baseline length, in line with the aims of the study, and the results were found to be consistent. Moreover, in an examination of the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and precision values of the FKP and VRS measurements, no significant differences were observed. The mean differences were at the millimetre level.
Evaluation of an Integrated Ultrafiltration/Solid Phase Extraction Process for Purification of Oligomeric Grape Seed Procyanidins
Authors: Gutierrez-Docio Alba , Almodóvar Paula , Moreno-Fernandez Silvia , Silvan Jose Manuel , Martinez-Rodriguez Adolfo J. , Alonso Gonzalo Luis , Prodanov Marin
Published: July 2020

The effectiveness of a preparative integrated ultrafiltration/solid-phase extraction (UF/SPE) process for purification of oligomeric procyanidins (OPCs) from a crude grape seed extract (GSE) was studied for the first time. The separation of OPCs from polymeric procyanidins (PPCs) by UF was very efficient. The membrane showed an acceptable filtration flux of 6 to 3.5 L/h·m2 at 0.5 bar of transmembrane pressure and 95% recovery of its water flux after chemical cleaning. The process was scalable to a pilot scale. The separation of very polar and ionic species from OPCs by SPE (XAD7HP and XAD16 resins) was also very good, but both adsorbents lost their retention capacities quickly, due probably to irreversible retention of OPCs/PPCs. Even though the global purification of OPCs by the integrated UF/SPE process allowed the recovery of 24.2 g of highly purified OPCs (83% purity) from 14.4 L of crude grape seed extract, the use of these adsorbents for further purification of the OPCs was very limited.
Enhancing Surface Topology of Udimet®720 Superalloy through Ultrasonic Vibration-Assisted Ball Burnishing
Authors: Jerez-Mesa Ramón , Plana-García Victoria , Llumà Jordi , Travieso-Rodriguez J. Antonio
Published: July 2020

This contribution reports the effects of an ultrasonic-vibration assisted ball burnishing process on the topological descriptors of nickel-based alloy Udimet®720. This material is of high interest for the transportation industry, and specifically for the aeronautical sector. Despite the acknowledged necessity to finish this material to achieve excelling mechanical performances of parts, surface integrity enhancement by means of plastic deformation through ball burnishing has seldom been explored in previous references so far. In this paper, different surface descriptors are used to report how the topology changes after ultrasonic-assisted ball burnishing, and how burnishing conditions influence that change. The burnishing preload and the number of passes are the only influential factors on surface change, whereas the feed velocity of the tool and the strategy reveal not to be relevant on the result. Additionally, the extent to which the process successfully modifies the objective surfaces is highly divergent depending on the original scale of the treated surface. The assistance of the process with vibrations also shows that the resulting topologies are characterized by a periodical pattern of repetitive peaks and valleys that are extended on the surface with a higher frequency in comparison to the non-assisted process, which could influence in the functional deployment of workpieces treated through it, and could deliver an advantage with regard to its non-assisted homologous process.
Calcium Doped Flash-PEO Coatings for Corrosion Protection of Mg Alloy
Authors: Wierzbicka Ewa , Pillado Borja , Mohedano Marta , Arrabal Raul , Matykina Endzhe
Published: July 2020

This study demonstrates a significant improvement of the corrosion resistance of an AZ31B magnesium alloy achieved by the application of 1 μm-thin coatings generated by an environmentally friendly flash plasma electrolytic oxidation (FPEO) process in Ca-containing electrolytes. Two compounds with different solubility, calcium oxide (CaO) or calcium glycerophosphate (CaGlyP), were used as sources of Ca in the electrolyte. Very short durations (20–45 s) of the FPEO process were employed with the aim of limiting the energy consumption. The corrosion performance of the developed coatings was compared with that of a commercial conversion coating (CC) of similar thickness. The viability of the coatings in a full system protection approach, consisting of FPEO combined with an inhibitor-free epoxy primer, was verified in neutral salt spray and paint adhesion tests. The superior corrosion performance of the FPEO_CaGlyP coating, both as a stand-alone coating and as a full system, was attributed to the formation of a greater complexity of Ca2+ bonds with SiO2 and PO43− species within the MgO ceramic network during the in situ incorporation of Ca into the coating from a double chelated electrolyte and the resultant difficulties with the hydrolysis of such a network. The deterioration of the FPEO_CaGlyP coating during immersion was found over ten times slower compared with Ca-free flash-PEO coating.
The Effects of In Vivo Exposure to Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on the Gut Microbiome, Host Immunity, and Susceptibility to a Bacterial Infection in Earthworms
Authors: Swart Elmer , Dvorak Jiri , Hernádi Szabolcs , Goodall Tim , Kille Peter , Spurgeon David , Svendsen Claus , Prochazkova Petra
Published: July 2020

Nanomaterials (NMs) can interact with the innate immunity of organisms. It remains, however, unclear whether these interactions can compromise the immune functioning of the host when faced with a disease threat. Co-exposure with pathogens is thus a powerful approach to assess the immuno-safety of NMs. In this paper, we studied the impacts of in vivo exposure to a biocidal NM on the gut microbiome, host immune responses, and susceptibility of the host to a bacterial challenge in an earthworm. Eisenia fetida were exposed to CuO-nanoparticles in soil for 28 days, after which the earthworms were challenged with the soil bacterium Bacillus subtilis. Immune responses were monitored by measuring mRNA levels of known earthworm immune genes. Effects of treatments on the gut microbiome were also assessed to link microbiome changes to immune responses. Treatments caused a shift in the earthworm gut microbiome. Despite these effects, no impacts of treatment on the expression of earthworm immune markers were recorded. The methodological approach applied in this paper provides a useful framework for improved assessment of immuno-safety of NMs. In addition, we highlight the need to investigate time as a factor in earthworm immune responses to NM exposure.
Cyclodepsipeptide Biosynthesis in Hypocreales Fungi and Sequence Divergence of The Non-Ribosomal Peptide Synthase Genes
Authors: Urbaniak Monika , Waśkiewicz Agnieszka , Trzebny Artur , Koczyk Grzegorz , Stępień Łukasz
Published: July 2020

Fungi from the Hypocreales order synthesize a range of toxic non-ribosomal cyclic peptides with antimicrobial, insecticidal and cytotoxic activities. Entomopathogenic Beauveria, Isaria and Cordyceps as well as phytopathogenic Fusarium spp. are known producers of beauvericins (BEAs), beauvenniatins (BEAEs) or enniatins (ENNs). The compounds are synthesized by beauvericin/enniatin synthase (BEAS/ESYN1), which shows significant sequence divergence among Hypocreales members. We investigated ENN, BEA and BEAE production among entomopathogenic (Beauveria, Cordyceps, Isaria) and phytopathogenic (Fusarium) fungi; BEA and ENNs were quantified using an LC-MS/MS method. Phylogenetic analysis of partial sequences of putative BEAS/ESYN1 amplicons was also made. Nineteen fungal strains were identified based on sequence analysis of amplified ITS and tef-1α regions. BEA was produced by all investigated fungi, with F. proliferatum and F. concentricum being the most efficient producers. ENNs were synthesized mostly by F. acuminatum, F. avenaceum and C. confragosa. The phylogeny reconstruction suggests that ancestral BEA biosynthesis independently diverged into biosynthesis of other compounds. The divergent positioning of three Fusarium isolates raises the possibility of parallel acquisition of cyclic depsipeptide synthases in ancient complexes within Fusarium genus. Different fungi have independently evolved NRPS genes involved in depsipeptide biosynthesis, with functional adaptation towards biosynthesis of overlapping yet diversified metabolite profiles.
“Desigrated”-Desiccant Integrated Façade for the Hot-Humid Climate of Bangkok, Thailand
Authors: Suwannapruk Natchai , Prieto Alejandro , Janssen Christien
Published: July 2020

“Desigrated” presented an attempt to integrate heat prevention strategies with low-ex cooling technologies, namely the desiccant and M-cycle evaporative cooling technology, in the form of a façade system for high-rise office buildings. The project targets to provide an alternative cooling solution for the hot and humid climate context of Bangkok. The results from experiments by various researchers are used as assumptions in developing the system, which was then evaluated through numerical methods and dynamic simulations. Being one of the prominent dehumidification technologies, a composite silica gel heat exchanger (CCHE) was implemented as the primary part of the façade system, while the M-cycle technology would also be implemented as a secondary cooling technique to cool down the supply air. The evaluation shows a promising result with up to 36% energy consumption reduction in comparison with the conventional cooling system, presenting itself as a transitioning tool in order to replace refrigerant cooling.
Pismo fra Pavla Vučkovića iz sužanjstva u Urfi (Edesa) 1699. godine
Authors: Rimac Marko , Dukić Josip
Published: July 2020

Sudbina ramsko-sinjskih franjevaca koji su se 1698. na svome imanju u Čitluku pokraj Sinja suprotstavili osmanskoj vojsci koju je predvodio Mustafa-paša Daltaban relativno je dobro poznata iz kroničarskih opisa. Većina fratara izgubila je život, a gvardijan ramskog, tj. sinjskog samostana fra Pavao Vučković odveden je u osmansko sužanjstvo. O njegovoj se sudbini ipak dugo nije ništa znalo, tako da je pismo, otkriveno u proljeće 2015. u Državnom arhivu u Veneciji, koje je on poslao iz zatočeništva u Urfi (danas Şanlıurfa u Turskoj, nekoć drevna Edesa), prekinulo dugo razdoblje strepnje oko njegove sudbine. Pismo je fra Pavao uputio svome bratu, serdaru Tadiji, zatim sinovcima, rodbini i prijateljima. Više je zanimljivih okolnosti koje su pismom rasvijetljene, a neke prethodne tvrdnje o njegovoj sudbini poslije zarobljavanja dovedene su u pitanje.