bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impacting attitudes towards gambling: A prison gambling awareness and prevention program
Authors: Nixon Gary , Leigh Gordon , Nowatzki Nadine
Published: August 2010

Research indicates that approximately one third of prison inmates meet the criteria for problem or pathological gambling (Williams, Royston, & Hagen, 2005). However, despite this rate being among the highest of all gambling populations (Walters, 1997; Shaffer & Hall, 2001), there appears to be a lack of prison gambling awareness and prevention programs. This study sought to develop, implement, and evaluate one such program at the Lethbridge Correctional Facility in Alberta, Canada. Forty-nine inmates completed a six-session program over 18 months. Gambling screen results revealed a significant increase in cognitive error recognition, and attitudes towards gambling became significantly more negative. The program did not render any significant differences in math skill score, Canadian Problem Gambling Index (CPGI) score, or past-year South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS) score. Changes in the past-year frequency score approached significance. This study suggests that programs of this kind can be effective for inmate populations, particularly in changing attitudes towards gambling.
An overview of prevalence surveys of problem and pathological gambling in the Nordic countries
Authors: Jonsson Jakob
Published: August 2010

Estimates of the prevalence of gambling problems among adults by sampling from whole population registries have been made in Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. The studies in Norway and Sweden are fairly similar, showing a higher prevalence in Sweden according to the South Oaks Gambling Screen Revised (SOGS-R), and similar prevalence according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV) screens. The difference is unexpected because Norway has relatively more gambling machines and Norwegian citizens spend more money on gambling. However, the low response rates in Norway may explain the result. Preliminary results from Iceland (2005) with a DSM-IV screen do not differ from those from Norway and Sweden concerning prevalences of pathological gambling, but differ from Norway concerning problem gamblers. However, different DSM-IV screens were used in the three countries, and response rates differed. With these reservations, the past-year prevalence of pathological gambling in Iceland, Norway, and Sweden is about 0.3%, as estimated from DSM-IV screens. Studies of gambling problems among young people have only been performed in Norway.
Maternal gambling associated with families' food, shelter, and safety needs: Findings from the Pacific Islands Families Study
Authors: Schluter Philip , Bellringer Maria , Abbott Max
Published: August 2010

From a cohort study of Pacific families with children resident in Auckland (n = 983) we examine the association between maternal gambling over the previous 12 months and families' food, shelter, and safety needs. Overall, 666 (68%) mothers reported no gambling, 267 (27%) reported gambling but receiving no criticism, and 50 (5%) reported both gambling and receiving criticism. Compared to those with nongambling mothers, households with gambling mothers were more likely to have both food and housing issues related to a lack of money but no excess in physical intimate partner violence.
Cutting the Wire: Gaming Prohibition and the Internet: By David G. Schwartz (2005). Reno, NV: University of Nevada Press, xi, 282 pp., ISBN 0-87417-619-0 (hardcover), 0-87417-620-4 (paperback). Price: US$49.95 (hardcover), US$24.95 (paperback).
Authors: Christiansen Eugene Martin
Published: August 2010

Cutting the Wire examines the American experience with gambling through the lens of the 1961 Wire Act. The book is a well-researched history of federal gambling policy, focusing on the Wire Act as part of Robert F. Kennedy's initiative against organized crime. The evolution of gambling, illicit and legal, in the U.S. is traced from premodern times through the advent of the Internet, with a discussion of the Department of Justice's reliance on the Wire Act in its response to this development. Professor Schwartz's well-researched study of the Wire Act is a unique and valuable contribution to the literature. His careful examination of (unsuccessful) Congressional attempts to ban interstate wagering on horse races in 1910 and again in the early 1950s is particularly useful. This often forgotten legislation is the precursor of not only the Wire Act of 1961 but also the Interstate Horseracing Act (1978) and the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act (2006).
Gambling and religion: Histories of concord and conflict
Authors: Binde Per
Published: August 2010

This paper discusses the diverse relationships between gambling and religion in various societies and at various times in history and suggests a theoretical model for how these relationships can be understood. It is argued that gambling and religion have certain elements in common: notions of the unknown, mystery, and fate, as well as imagery of suddenly receiving something of great value that changes life for the better. In many traditional cultures gambling has existed in concord with polytheistic and animistic religion; gambling and religion go well together precisely because of the elements they have in common. Monotheistic religions that claim authority in religious and transcendental matters, however, tend to denounce gambling, and this disapproval has been strengthened by a conception that gambling offers a wicked alternative to certain religious notions and experiences. The elements that gambling and religion share have thus become a source of conflict.
Recall of electronic gaming machine signs: A static versus a dynamic mode of presentation
Authors: Monaghan Sally , Blaszczynski Alex
Published: August 2010

This study compared differences in rates of free and cued recall for messages displayed on electronic gaming machines (EGMs) delivered in one of two display modes: static or dynamic. Rates of recall were investigated in a laboratory setting using 92 university students (75.0% female) with a mean age of 19.3 years (SD = 2.4 years). The static mode consisted of a fixed government-mandated message placed on the frame of an EGM directly next to the gaming buttons. In the dynamic mode, an identical message was presented in the form of a translucent display scrolling across the screen during play. Results showed that significantly more of the information presented in dynamic mode was recalled, and with greater accuracy, in both free recall and cued recall conditions compared with static government-mandated messages. It was concluded that the method of displaying signs influences awareness and recall of harm minimization messages.
A cognitive-behavioral analysis of Gamblers Anonymous
Authors: Toneatto Tony
Published: August 2010

Cognitive-behavioral therapy is often placed in opposition to twelve-step approaches in the treatment of addictions. While the former is accompanied by considerable empirical support and tend to be relatively brief and symptom-focused, twelve-step approaches are often more widely available, accessible without cost and can provide long-term, ongoing support. Very few studies have directly compared these approaches in the treatment of problem gambling. The purpose of this article is to briefly examine the twelve steps of Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and show their essential comparability to concepts and strategies commonly found in cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). The striking similarities in intention and process between these two approaches are shown for each of the 12 steps despite their differences in their conceptual and linguistic framework. The result of this analysis is to encourage integration of these complementary approaches based on the common ingredients of therapeutic change rather than on ideologically-based differences.
Differences in monthly versus daily evaluations of money spent on gambling and calculation strategies
Authors: Blaszczynski Alex , Ladouceur Robert , Goulet Annie , Savard Cathy
Published: August 2010

This study investigated whether reported amounts of money spent on gambling - when calculated retrospectively on a monthly basis - differ from the amounts recorded on a daily basis. Participants were required to retrospectively report monthly gambling expenditure and also complete a "daily gambling expenditure chart" for 4 weeks. Fifty participants responded to a media call for volunteers and completed the data collection. Results indicate that retrospective estimates of a previous month's expenditures tend to be lower than daily self-reported expenditures. Further, results show that an often-used, conventional self-report gambling question tends to over-estimate expenditures in comparison with calculations using a net expenditure strategy. The findings indicate important biases when reporting gambling losses, thus casting doubt on the validity of estimated gambling expenditures. The implications of these results suggest possible inconsistencies in gambling literature based on players' estimates of previous gambling expenditures.
Inconsistency between concept and measurement: The Canadian Problem Gambling Index (CPGI)
Authors: Svetieva Elena , Walker Michael
Published: August 2010

"Problem" and "pathological" gambling represent core concepts that guide gambling research today. However, divergent interpretation of the relation between these terms is continually misguiding the measurement and interpretation of empirical data, and may cumulatively lead to larger-scale problems of conclusion and policy formulation over the next decade. This paper first attempts to unravel the conceptual muddle by outlining the trajectory of the usage of the two terms, from a period where both were dimensionally similar concepts firmly situated in the addiction model to a more recent conception, which takes the view that problem gambling is distinct and properly measured by focusing on the problems that excessive gambling may cause to individuals, families, and communities. We then aim to analyse and criticize the Canadian Problem Gambling Index (CPGI) as a clear example of the confusion of paradigms, an index that defines problem gambling in the newer, problem-centred model, but continues to measure it with items reflecting the older, addiction-centred model. We argue that results obtained using the CPGI, much like those of its predecessors, will not adequately capture the notion of harm that underpins current definitions of problem gambling.
An evaluation of two United Kingdom online support forums designed to help people with gambling issues
Authors: Wood Richard T.A. , Wood Sabrina A.
Published: August 2010

The study examined two United Kingdom online forums designed to support people with gambling problems and people affected by problem gambling (e.g., partners, relatives, and friends). The methods utilised were content analysis of 60 forum posts, online semi-structured interviews (n = 19), and an online survey (n = 121). The study found that the forums helped members to better understand and cope with their own gambling problems or with those of others. A lack of other alternative support, ease of access and availability, need for additional support, insight gained through posting and hearing other's stories, help in resisting urges to gamble, and perceived anonymity were all given as benefits of the forums. The forums were most popular with online gamblers, and had a higher ratio of females to males (with gambling problems) than any other comparable service. Significantly more females than males suggested that the forums helped them to cope better with their gambling problem. The utility of online forums for helping people dealing with gambling problems is discussed.
Bingo playing and problem gambling: A review of our current knowledge
Authors: Moubarac Jean-Claude , Shead N. Will , Derevensky Jeffrey L.
Published: August 2010

Bingo has a long history as a popular gambling game. Previous research on bingo has been almost exclusively limited to qualitative research. Consequently, little is known about the prevalence of bingo playing, the potential risks associated with regular bingo playing, and its possible influence on the development of problem gambling. The present paper provides a review of the literature on bingo in Western countries using published articles focused on bingo and reports of broad-based gambling surveys containing data on bingo participation. Available data show relatively high rates of past-year bingo participation among adolescents. Within the adult population, females and individuals in poor health reported the highest bingo participation rates. Three general groups of bingo players were identified: low-income individuals, seniors, and young adults. It is argued that although bingo is generally viewed by the public as a "soft" form of gambling, it has the potential to lead to significant problems.
The attractions and risks of Internet gambling for women: A qualitative study
Authors: Corney Roslyn , Davis Janette
Published: August 2010

In this qualitative study, 25 females were interviewed who gambled frequently on the Internet. This paper describes the women's views about the Internet as a place to gamble and the associated risks. Volunteers were recruited from a wide range of sources in the UK and included 16 problem gamblers and 9 frequent gamblers. The women identified a number of features of the Internet that made it easy to gamble, such as its accessibility from home, its anonymity, and its privacy. The Internet was seen as less of a male domain and a place where women could learn to gamble. Frequent gamblers saw Internet gambling as a fun and social activity. All women recognised that they were at risk of excessive Internet gambling, and frequent gamblers had developed strategies to reduce these risks. The paper concludes with some measures that could identify and support those at risk.
The validity of the kinetic collection equation revisited – Part 2: Simulations for the hydrodynamic kernel
Authors: Alfonso L. , Raga G. B. , Baumgardner D.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The kinetic collection equation (KCE) has been widely used to describe the evolution of the average droplet spectrum due to the collection process that leads to the development of precipitation in warm clouds. This deterministic, integro-differential equation only has analytic solution for very simple kernels. For more realistic kernels, the KCE needs to be integrated numerically. In this study, the validity time of the KCE for the hydrodynamic kernel is estimated by a direct comparison of Monte Carlo simulations with numerical solutions of the KCE. The simulation results show that when the largest droplet becomes separated from the smooth spectrum, the total mass calculated from the numerical solution of the KCE is not conserved and, thus, the KCE is no longer valid. This result confirms the fact that for kernels appropriate for precipitation development within warm clouds, the KCE can only be applied to the continuous portion of the mass distribution.
Using flushing rate to investigate spring-neap and spatial variations of gravitational circulation and tidal exchanges in an estuary
Authors: Shaha D. C. , Cho Y.-K. , Seo G.-H. , Kim C.-S. , Jung K. T.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Spring-neap and spatial variations of gravitational circulation and tidal exchanges in the Sumjin River Estuary (SRE) were investigated using the flushing rate. The flushing rate was calculated between multiple estuarine segments and the adjacent bay to examine the spatial variation of two exchanges. The strength of gravitational circulation and tidal exchanges modulated significantly between spring and neap tides, where stratification alternated between well-mixed and highly-stratified conditions over the spring-neap cycle. Tide-driven dispersive flux of salt dominated over gravitational circulation exchange near the mouth during spring tide due to the larger tidal amplitude that caused well-mixed conditions and rapid exchange. In contrast, the central and inner regimes were found to be partially stratified during spring tide due to the reduction in tidal amplitude where both gravitational circulation and tidal exchanges were important in transporting salt. The combined contributions of two fluxes were also found during neap tide along the SRE due to the significant reduction in vertical mixing that accompanied strong stratification. Gravitational circulation exchange almost entirely dominated in transporting salt at the upstream end during spring and neap tides.
Functionalization of Chitosan via Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for Gene Delivery
Authors: Ping Yuan , Liu Cheng‐De , Tang Gu‐Ping , Li Jian‐Shu , Li Jun , Yang Wan‐Tai , Xu Fu‐Jian
Published: August 2010

It is of crucial importance to modify chitosan‐based polysaccharides in the designing of biomedical materials. In this work, atom transfer radical poly­merization (ATRP) was employed to functionalize chitosan in a well‐controlled manner. A series of new degradable cationic polymers (termed as PDCS) composed of biocompatible chitosan backbones and poly((2‐dimethyl amino)ethyl methacrylate) (P(DMAEMA)) side chains of different length were designed as highly efficient gene vectors via ATRP. These vectors, termed as PDCS, exhibited good ability to condense plasmid DNA (pDNA) into nanoparticles with positive charge at nitrogen/phosphorus (N/P) ratios of 4 or higher. All PDCS vectors could well protect the condensed DNA from enzymatic degradation by DNase I and they displayed high level of transfectivity in both COS7, HEK293 and HepG2 cell lines. Most importantly, in comparison with high‐molecular‐weight P(DMAEMA) and ‘gold‐standard’ PEI (25 kDa), the PDCS vectors showed considerable buffering capacity in the pH range of 7.4 to 5, and were capable of mediating much more efficient gene transfection at low N/P ratios. At their own optimal N/P ratios for trasnsfection, the PDCS/pDNA complexes showed much lower cytotoxicity. All the PDCS vectors were readily to be degradable in the presence of lysozyme at physiological conditions in vitro. These well‐defined PDCS polymers have great potentials as efficient gene vectors in future gene therapy.
High‐Performance Carbon‐LiMnPO4 Nanocomposite Cathode for Lithium Batteries
Authors: Oh Seung‐Min , Oh Sung‐Woo , Yoon Chong‐Seung , Scrosati Bruno , Amine Khalil , Sun Yang‐Kook
Published: August 2010

A cathode material of an electrically conducting carbon‐LiMnPO4 nanocomposite is synthesized by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis followed by ball milling. The effect of the carbon content on the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of this material is extensively studied. A LiMnPO4 electrode with 30 wt% acetylene black (AB) carbon exhibits an excellent rate capability and good cycle life in cell tests at 55 and 25 °C. This electrode delivers a discharge capacity of 158 mAh g−1 at 1/20 C, 126 mAh g−1 at 1 C, and 107 mAh g−1 at 2 C rate, which are the highest capacities reported so far for this type of electrode. Transmission electron microscopy and Mn dissolution results confirm that the carbon particles surrounding the LiMnPO4 protect the electrode from HF attack, and thus lead to a reduction of the Mn dissolution that usually occurs with this electrode. The improved electrochemical properties of the C‐LiMnPO4 electrode are also verified by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.
High‐Nanofiller‐Content Graphene Oxide–Polymer Nanocomposites via Vacuum‐Assisted Self‐Assembly
Authors: Putz Karl W. , Compton Owen C. , Palmeri Marc J. , Nguyen SonBinh T. , Brinson L. Catherine
Published: August 2010

Highly ordered, homogeneous polymer nanocomposites of layered graphene oxide are prepared using a vacuum‐assisted self‐assembly (VASA) technique. In VASA, all components (nanofiller and polymer) are pre‐mixed prior to assembly under a flow, making it compatible with either hydrophilic poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) or hydrophobic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) for the preparation of composites with over 50 wt% filler. This process is complimentary to layer‐by‐layer assembly, where the assembling components are required to interact strongly (e.g., via Coulombic attraction). The nanosheets within the VASA‐assembled composites exhibit a high degree of order with tunable intersheet spacing, depending on the polymer content. Graphene oxide–PVA nanocomposites, prepared from water, exhibit greatly improved modulus values in comparison to films of either pure PVA or pure graphene oxide. Modulus values for graphene oxide–PMMA nanocomposites, prepared from dimethylformamide, are intermediate to those of the pure components. The differences in structure, modulus, and strength can be attributed to the gallery composition, specifically the hydrogen bonding ability of the intercalating species
18F‐flutemetamol amyloid imaging in Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment: A phase 2 trial
Authors: Vandenberghe Rik , Van Laere Koen , Ivanoiu Adrian , Salmon Eric , Bastin Christine , Triau Eric , Hasselbalch Steen , Law Ian , Andersen Allan , Korner Alex , Minthon Lennart , Garraux Gaëtan , Nelissen Natalie , Bormans Guy , Buckley Chris , Owenius Rikard , Thurfjell Lennart , Farrar Gill , Brooks David J.
Published: August 2010

Objective

The most widely studied positron emission tomography ligand for in vivo β‐amyloid imaging is 11C‐Pittsburgh compound B (11C‐PIB). Its availability, however, is limited by the need for an on‐site cyclotron. Validation of the 18F‐labeled PIB derivative 18F‐flutemetamol could significantly enhance access to this novel technology.

Methods

Twenty‐seven patients with early‐stage clinically probable Alzheimer disease (AD), 20 with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 15 cognitively intact healthy volunteers (HVs) above and 10 HVs below 55 years of age participated. The primary endpoint was the efficacy of blinded visual assessments of 18F‐flutemetamol scans in assigning subjects to a raised versus normal uptake category, with clinical diagnosis as the standard of truth (SOT). As secondary objectives, we determined the correlation between the regional standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs) for 18F‐flutemetamol and its parent molecule 11C‐PIB in 20 of the AD subjects and 20 of the MCI patients. We also determined test‐retest variability of 18F‐flutemetamol SUVRs in 5 of the AD subjects.

Results

Blinded visual assessments of 18F‐flutemetamol scans assigned 25 of 27 scans from AD subjects and 1 of 15 scans from the elderly HVs to the raised category, corresponding to a sensitivity of 93.1% and a specificity of 93.3% against the SOT. Correlation coefficients between cortical 18F‐flutemetamol SUVRs and 11C‐PIB SUVRs ranged from 0.89 to 0.92. Test‐retest variabilities of regional SUVRs were 1 to 4%.

Interpretation

18F‐Flutemetamol performs similarly to the 11C‐PIB parent molecule within the same subjects and provides high test‐retest replicability and potentially much wider accessibility for clinical and research use. ANN NEUROL 2010
Glut1 deficiency: Inheritance pattern determined by haploinsufficiency
Authors: Rotstein Michael , Engelstad Kristin , Yang Hong , Wang Dong , Levy Brynn , Chung Wendy K. , De Vivo Darryl C.
Published: August 2010

Two families manifesting Glut1 deficiency syndrome (DS) as an autosomal recessive trait are described. In 1 family, a severely affected boy inherited a mutated allele from his asymptomatic heterozygous mother. A de novo mutation developed in the paternal allele, producing compound heterozygosity. In another family, 2 mildly affected sisters inherited mutations from their asymptomatic heterozygous consanguineous parents. Red blood cell glucose uptake residual activity, a surrogate of haploinsufficiency, correlated with the clinical severity. These cases demonstrate that Glut1 DS may present as an autosomal recessive trait. The clinical pattern of inheritance is determined by the relative pathogenicity of the mutation and the resulting degree of haploinsufficiency. Ann Neurol 2010
A phase I trial of deep brain stimulation of memory circuits in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Laxton Adrian W. , Tang‐Wai David F. , McAndrews Mary Pat , Zumsteg Dominik , Wennberg Richard , Keren Ron , Wherrett John , Naglie Gary , Hamani Clement , Smith Gwenn S. , Lozano Andres M.
Published: August 2010

Objective

Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by functional impairment in the neural elements and circuits underlying cognitive and memory functions. We hypothesized that fornix/hypothalamus deep brain stimulation (DBS) could modulate neurophysiological activity in these pathological circuits and possibly produce clinical benefits.

Methods

We conducted a phase I trial in 6 patients with mild AD receiving ongoing medication treatment. Patients received continuous stimulation for 12 months. Three main lines of investigation were pursued including: (1) mapping the brain areas whose physiological function was modulated by stimulation using standardized low‐resolution electromagnetic tomography, (2) assessing whether DBS could correct the regional alterations in cerebral glucose metabolism in AD using positron emission tomography (PET), and 3) measuring the effects of DBS on cognitive function over time using clinical scales and instruments.

Results

DBS drove neural activity in the memory circuit, including the entorhinal, and hippocampal areas and activated the brain's default mode network. PET scans showed an early and striking reversal of the impaired glucose utilization in the temporal and parietal lobes that was maintained after 12 months of continuous stimulation. Evaluation of the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale cognitive subscale and the Mini Mental State Examination suggested possible improvements and/or slowing in the rate of cognitive decline at 6 and 12 months in some patients. There were no serious adverse events.

Interpretation

There is an urgent need for novel therapeutic approaches for AD. Modulating pathological brain activity in this illness with DBS merits further investigation. Ann Neurol 2010
The Cutaneous Microvascular Architecture of Human Diabetic Toe Studied by Corrosion Casting and Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis
Authors: Sangiorgi S. , Manelli A. , Reguzzoni M. , Ronga M. , Protasoni M. , Dell'Orbo C.
Published: August 2010

In this morphological study, we report on the three‐dimensional microvascular architecture constituting the toes of a patient affected by diabetic microangiopathy. We applied corrosion casting (CC) technique to the toes of a patient affected by Type 2 diabetes, who underwent surgery for explantation of inferior left limb due to necrotic processes of soft tissues. The toes of a foot traumatically explanted in a motorcycle accident were kept as controls. According to technical protocols, toes were injected with a low‐viscosity acrylic resin (Mercox) through the major digital artery, tissues were corroded in KOH solution (8%), and resulting casts processed for SEM observations. Already at low magnification, in diabetic toes, we found an impairment of the linear track‐like disposition of the vessels of plantar side, with signs of vascular disruption and obliterations, stopped resin, and leakages. Capillaries under the nail and a lot of vascular villi in eponychium and nail borders were damaged, and vascular regression phenomena acting on them were clearly visible. Resin leakages and impairment of normal vascular architecture were also observed in the root of the nail. This preliminary report represents only the first step for further investigations regarding morphological three‐dimensional appearance of diabetic microangiopathy. CC and scanning electron microscopy technique well documented these morphological modifications, highlighting on both structural and ultrastructural features of diabetic toes microvessels. In conclusion, our qualitative data try to better focus on the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in diabetic dermopathy and microangiopathy, proposing CC as useful method to investigate on them. Anat Rec 293:1639–1645, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Toward the total chemical synthesis of the cancer protein NY‐ESO‐1
Authors: Harris Paul W. R. , Brimble Margaret A.
Published: August 2010

During the course of developing a synthetic route for the cancer protein NY‐ESO‐1 using native chemical ligation, a number of the required thioester polypeptide fragments were unable to be synthesized effectively using Boc solid phase peptide synthesis. Modification of the SPPS protocols to include an arginine tag at the C terminus linked via the thioester resulted in a better purity profile and enhanced solubility, facilitating purification by HPLC. During preparation of another reactive partner for ligation that contained an internal Cys(Acm) residue by Fmoc SPPS, extensive loss of the Acm group occurred during cleavage from the resin while substitution with Cys(tBu) resulted in no loss of protecting group. It was shown that native chemical ligation of N‐terminal cysteine peptide 155–180 containing the Cys(tBu) residue with thioester 140–154 was slow, incomplete and led to extensive HPLC column fouling. Subsequent incorporation of a C‐terminal arginine tag into the N‐terminal NY‐ESO‐1 155‐180 fragment joined by a base labile 4‐hydroxymethylbenzoic acid (HMBA) linker facilitated rapid quantitative ligation. The HMBA linker was demonstrated to be stable to the conditions required for native chemical ligation, subsequent transformations and final purification. Importantly it was effectively removed at pH = 10. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 94: 542–550, 2010.
Peptide reporters of kinase activity in whole cell lysates
Authors: Wu Ding , Sylvester Juliesta E. , Parker Laurie L. , Zhou Guangchang , Kron Stephen J.
Published: August 2010

Kinase assays are used to screen for small‐molecule inhibitors that may show promise as targeted pharmaceutical therapies. Using cell lysates instead of purified kinases provides a more accurate estimate of inhibitor sensitivity and selectivity in a biological setting. This review summarizes the range of homogeneous (solution‐phase) and heterogeneous (solid‐supported) formats available for using peptide substrates to monitor kinase activities in cell lysates. With a focus on heterogeneous kinase assays, the peptide substrate Abltide is used as a model to optimize presentation geometries and the modular arrangement of short sequences for kinase recognition. We present results from peptides immobilized on two‐ and three‐dimensional surfaces such as hydrogels on 96‐well plates and glass slides, and fluorescent Luminex beads. We discuss methods to increase assay sensitivity using chemifluorescent ELISAs, antibody‐based recognition, and label‐free mass spectrometry. Monitoring the activity of specific kinases in cell lysates presents challenges that can be overcome by manipulating peptide substrates to optimize assay conditions. In particular, signal‐to‐background ratios were improved by (1) adding long branched hydrophilic linkers between the substrate and the surface, (2) changing the orientation of peptides relative to the surface, and (3) including peptide ligands in cis or in trans to recruit kinases to the surface. By improving the accessibility of immobilized peptide substrates to kinases in solution, the apparent rate of phosphorylation increased and assays were more sensitive to changes in endogenous kinase activities. These strategies can be generalized to improve the reactivity of most peptide substrates used in heterogeneous kinase assays with cell lysates. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 94: 475–486, 2010.
1‐O‐alkenyl‐sn‐glyceryl‐3‐phosphorylcholine may be a novel posttranslational modification used by the placenta
Authors: Lowry Philip
Published: August 2010

Neurokinin B (NKB) secreted by the placenta was previously found to be raised in preeclampsia and most of the symptoms in this disease appeared to be through progressive activation of the three neurokinin receptors. Further characterization of placental NKB revealed that placental NKB eluted in the approximate position of a 13mer and this was confirmed by TOF mass spectrometry which gave a mass of 1580. Although this is consistent with dimethylated NKB‐Gly‐Lys‐Arg, further characterization (immunological and mass spectrometric fragment analysis) suggested a novel posttranslational modification containing phosphocholine (PC) with some evidence for glycerol and a coordinated alkene. The structure that fits all the data is that a form of platelet activating factor is attached to the aspartyl side chain at position 4 of NKB and thus now implicates placental NKB in the platelet pathology seen in preeclampsia. As it has been reported that it is the PC group per se attached to certain proteins secreted by filarial nematodes imparts them with immune inhibitory properties and thus survival in the host over long periods, attaching PC to placental secretory peptide hormones (also be found on the placental precursors of CRF, ACTH, and activin) may result in a similar situation. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals,Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 96: 189–192, 2011.
Peptide inhibitors of xenoreactive antibodies mimic the interaction profile of the native carbohydrate antigens
Authors: Agostino Mark , Sandrin Mauro S. , Thompson Philip E. , Ramsland Paul A. , Yuriev Elizabeth
Published: August 2010

Carbohydrate–antibody interactions mediate many cellular processes and immune responses. Carbohydrates expressed on the surface of cells serve as recognition elements for particular cell types, for example, in the ABO(H) blood group system. Antibodies that recognize host‐incompatible ABO(H) system antigens exist in the bloodstream of all individuals (except AB individuals), preventing bloodtransfusion and organ transplantation between incompatible donors and recipients. A similar barrier exists for cross‐species transplantation (xenotransplantation), in particular for pig‐to‐human transplantation. All humans express antibodies against the major carbohydrate xenoantigen, Galα(1,3)Gal (αGal), preventing successful xenotransplantation. Although antibody binding sites are precisely organized so as to selectively bind a specific antigen, many antibodies recognize molecules other than their native antigen. A range of peptides have been identified that can mimic carbohydrates and inhibit anti‐αGal antibodies. However, the structural basis of how the peptides achieved this was not known. Previously, we developed an in silico method which we used to investigate carbohydrate recognition by a panel of anti‐αGal antibodies. The method involves molecular docking of carbohydrates to antibodies and uses the docked carbohydrate poses to generate maps of the antibody binding sites in terms of prevalent hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions. We have applied this method to investigate peptide recognition by the anti‐αGal antibodies. It was found that the site maps of the peptides and the carbohydrates were similar, indicating that the peptides interact with the same residues as those involved in carbohydrate recognition. This study demonstrates the potential for “design by mapping” of anti‐carbohydrate antibody inhibitors. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 96: 177–180, 2011.
Molecular recognition at protein surface in solution and gas phase: Five VEGF peptidic ligands show inverse affinity when studied by NMR and CID‐MS
Authors: Dyachenko Andrey , Goldflam Michael , Vilaseca Marta , Giralt Ernest
Published: August 2010

Protein‐protein interactions comprise of collection of molecular recognition events that take place at protein surfaces. A better understanding of the mechanism behind these interactions would provide deeper insight into the nature of many diseases, caused by the malfunction of protein networks, and contribute to design of molecules for efficient modulating of these interactions. One major factor in molecular recognition mechanism is interaction of reacting species with aqueous media. Thus, comparative study of noncovalent complex behavior in solution and gas phase can provide valuable information about the role of the solvent. Here examined interactions of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein with five peptidic ligands of the same molecular weight but with different affinities. Interactions of VEGF with ligands in solution were studied by ITC and NMR, and KDs were determined. Gas phase stability was addressed using CID‐MS approach. The energy transfer model was taken and adapted for the calculation of binding energy. Peptides were ranked on the basis of both solution and gas phase affinity to VEGF. The results indicate that the ranking of peptides in terms of affinity in solution is reversed compared with the gas phase ranking. This observation opens up a vast field for the future study of the system, and the determination and characterization of factors, responsible for the change of stability of noncovalent protein‐ligand complexes upon complete or partial removal of the solvent. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 94: 689–700, 2010.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Alternative chemistries for the synthesis of thrombospondin‐1 type 1 repeats
Authors: Tiefenbrunn Theresa K. , Blanco‐Canosa Juan , Dawson Philip E.
Published: August 2010

Synthetic protein engineering has benefited from the development of diverse methods for the synthesis of functionalized peptide fragments and approaches for their subsequent assembly into full length polypeptides. Here we describe a series of synthetic approaches for the total chemical synthesis of the second type 1 repeat of thrombospondin‐1 (TSR2) that vary in both the location of the ligation site and α‐amine protecting group strategy (Boc/Fmoc) used for the synthesis of the associated peptide fragments. These syntheses illustrate that challenging peptide sequences can result from the protecting group strategy as well as from sequence‐dependent factors. Importantly, we find that such challenges can be overcome by altering the chemistry used for solid phase peptide synthesis, the choice of ligation site, and the resin used as a solid support. From these studies, we have developed a robust synthetic route to the TSR2 polypeptide consisting of native chemical ligation between an N‐terminal fragment synthesized by Boc‐SPPS and a C‐terminal fragment synthesized by Fmoc‐SPPS. Finally, the folded TSR2 domain is obtained following an optimized oxidative folding protocol using an excess of oxidized glutathione. This optimized synthesis will enable the use of unnatural amino acids to probe the unusual structure and anti‐angiogenic activity of this protein domain. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 94: 405–413, 2010.
Deletion of Ac‐NMePhe1from [NMePhe1]arodyn under acidic conditions, part 2: Effects of substitutions on pharmacological activity
Authors: Fang Wei‐Jie , Bennett Marco A. , Murray Thomas F. , Aldrich Jane V.
Published: August 2010

Arodyn (Ac[Phe1,2,3,Arg4,D‐Ala8]Dyn A(1–11)NH2) is an acetylated dynorphin A (Dyn A) analog that is a potent and selective κ opioid receptor antagonist (Bennett et al., J Med Chem 2002, 45, 5617), and its analog [NMePhe1]arodyn shows even higher affinity and selectivity for κ opioid receptors (Bennett et al., J Pept Res 2005, 65, 322). However, the latter compound is prone to deletion of the Ac‐NMePhe moiety from the N‐terminus of the peptide during acidic cleavage as described in the accompanying paper. Several stable analogs of [NMePhe1]arodyn and [NMePhe1,Trp3]arodyn where the acetyl group was substituted with a heteroatom‐containing group were evaluated for their opioid receptor affinity, selectivity, and efficacy. Methoxycarbonyl derivatives exhibited the highest κ opioid receptor affinity among the analogs. Additional [CH3OCO‐NMePhe1]arodyn analogs where position 3 was substituted with other aromatic or nonaromatic residues were also evaluated for κ receptor affinity, selectivity, and efficacy. [CH3OCO‐NMePhe1]arodyn has similar κ opioid receptor affinity as [NMePhe1]arodyn, retains high κ opioid receptor selectivity, and is a potent κ opioid receptor antagonist. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 96: 103–110, 2011.
Zirconia with Defined Particle Morphology and Hierarchically Structured Pore System Synthesized via Combined Exo‐ and Endotemplating
Authors: With P. , Heinrich A. , Lutecki M. , Fichtner S. , Böhringer B. , Gläser R.
Published: August 2010

Highly porous zirconia with defined particle morphology can be prepared by impregnation of spherical activated carbon as an exotemplate with a zirconia nanoparticle sol. The resulting zirconia spheres show a particle size distribution between 0.2 and 0.4 mm and exhibit high specific surface areas and specific pore volumes up to 104 m2g–1 and 0.56 cm3g–1, respectively. Addition of a triblockcopolymer (TBC) as an endotemplate during the synthesis leads to the formation of an additional pore system. The corresponding spherical zirconia products possess a hierarchically structured pore system with a bimodal pore size distribution with maxima at ca. 3 and 20 nm. The relative fraction of pores originating from the endotemplate can be varied by changing the endotemplate content in the zirconia nanoparticle sol. The presence of the TBC also has an influence on the specific surface area and the specific pore volume. Using the ratio of TBC to zirconium of nTBC/nZr = 0.027, a material can be prepared that exhibits a specific surface area and a specific pore volume of 161 m2g–1 and 0.62 cm3g–1, respectively. These values are more than twice as high as for zirconia prepared by a conventional precipitation method (68 m2g–1 and 0.11 cm3g–1, respectively).
A Carbon NanohornPorphyrin Supramolecular Assembly for Photoinduced Electron‐Transfer Processes
Authors: Vizuete María , Gómez‐Escalonilla Maria José , Fierro José Luis G. , Sandanayaka Atula S. D. , Hasobe Taku , Yudasaka Masako , Iijima Sumio , Ito Osamu , Langa Fernando
Published: August 2010

A supramolecular assembly of zinc porphyrincarbon nanohorns (CNHs) was constructed in a polar solvent. An ammonium cation was covalently connected to the CNH through a spacer (sp) (CNH‐sp‐NH3+) and bound to a crown ether linked to a zinc porphyrin (CrownZnP). Nanohybrids CNH‐sp‐NH3+;CrownZnP and CNH‐sp‐NH3+ were characterized by several techniques, such as high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The photoinduced electron‐transfer processes of the nanohybrids have been confirmed by using time‐resolved absorption and fluorescence measurements by combining the steady‐state spectral data. Fluorescence quenching of the ZnP unit by CNH‐sp‐NH3+ has been observed, therefore, photoinduced charge separation through the excited singlet state of the ZnP unit is suggested for the hybrid material, CNH‐sp‐NH3+;CrownZnP. As transient absorption spectral experiments reveal the formation of the radical cation of the ZnP unit, electron generation is suggested as a counterpart of the charge‐separation on the CNHs; such an electron on the CNHs is further confirmed by migrating to the hexylviologen dication (HV2+). Accumulation of the electron captured from HV.+ is observed as electron pooling in solution in the presence of a hole‐shifting reagent. Photovoltaic performance with moderate efficiency is confirmed for CNH‐sp‐NH3+;CrownZnP deposited onto nanostructured SnO2 films.
Highly Ordered Mesoporous Cobalt Oxide Nanostructures: Synthesis, Characterisation, Magnetic Properties, and Applications for Electrochemical Energy Devices
Authors: Wang Guoxiu , Liu Hao , Horvat Josip , Wang Bei , Qiao Shizhang , Park Jinsoo , Ahn Hyojun
Published: August 2010

Highly ordered mesoporous Co3O4 nanostructures were prepared using KIT‐6 and SBA‐15 silica as hard templates. The structures were confirmed by small angle X‐ray diffraction, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, and N2 adsorption–desorption isotherm analysis. Both KIT‐6 cubic and SBA‐15 hexagonal mesoporous Co3O4 samples exhibited a low Néel temperature and bulk antiferromagnetic coupling due to geometric confinement of antiferromagnetic order within the nanoparticles. Mesoporous Co3O4 electrode materials have demonstrated the high lithium storage capacity of more than 1200 mAh g−1 with an excellent cycle life. They also exhibited a high specific capacitance of 370 F g−1 as electrodes in supercapacitors.
Construction of a Novel Topological Frustrated System: A Frustrated Metal Cluster in a Helical Space
Authors: Ishikawa Ryuta , Nakano Motohiro , Fuyuhiro Akira , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Kimura Shojiro , Kashiwagi Takanari , Hagiwara Masayuki , Kindo Koichi , Kaizaki Sumio , Kawata Satoshi
Published: August 2010

A novel topologically frustrated pentanuclear cluster helicate [{CuII(μ‐L)3}2CuII3(μ3‐OH)]3+ (L−=3,5‐bis(2‐pyridyl)pyrazolate) has been synthesized and characterized. This cluster has a helical arrangement of ligands around the central metal core. Dzyaloshinsky–Moriya interactions are essential components to observe a gradual magnetization and forbidden transitions of high‐field/multi‐frequency (HF/MF)‐ESR. The origin of the magnetic anisotropy of this compound is influenced by its helical spin structure, and consequently, the Cu5‐cluster helicate introduces a unique magnetic anisotropy. This observation is a direct evidence of the topological part of the new spin phase in a magnetic system.
New Chiral Calixsalen Chromium Complexes: Recyclable Asymmetric Catalysts
Authors: Zulauf Anaïs , Mellah Mohamed , Schulz Emmanuelle
Published: August 2010

A chiral N,N′‐bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine (salen) polymer has been prepared by a condensation reaction between a thiophenedisalicyladehyde derivative and (S,S)‐cyclohexane‐1,2‐diamine. This polymeric compound was demonstrated to possess a cyclic structure with two to five repetitive units. The addition of chromium(II) salts led to the generation of a chiral catalyst that could be recovered as an insoluble powder. The performance of this new calixsalen‐type catalyst was examined in various transformations, particularly in its ability to promote nucleophilic epoxide ring opening under heterogeneous conditions. The target products were obtained in high yields and with improved selectivity compared with those obtained by using analogous linear polymers. The arrangement of the catalytic sites in the cyclic structure is probably more suitable for the necessary cooperative bimetallic pathway of this demanding reaction. The catalyst could be successfully recycled. This approach represents the first use of calixsalen complexes under heterogeneous catalytic conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: New Fluorides LnMIVF7 with Ln: Y, La, Sm, Eu, Gd, Yb, Lu, and Tl and MIV: Sn, Pb, Pt.
Authors: GRAUDEJUS O. , MUELLER B. G.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Lithium Dicobalt Tripolyphosphate and Lithium Dinickel Tripolyphosphate.
Authors: ERRAGH F. , BOUKHARI A. , HOLT M.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Fundamentals of the Preparation of High‐Tc Superconducting (Bi,Pb)2+ xSr2Ca2Cu3O10+δ Ceramics.
Authors: MAJEWSKI P. , KAESCHE S. , ALDINGER F.
Published: August 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.