bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CapiPay: A System for Providing Capitation Payments to Research Centers Involved in a Multicenter Clinical Research Network
Authors:   RTI International, Auman Jeannette , Riggs Callie ,   RTI International
Published: January 2015

In a research setting, capitation is a payment made to a clinical center for completing a study-related task. Capitation is the main avenue for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to reimburse research costs to research centers on a per-patient-enrolled basis. This paper describes the design, building, and implementation of the capitation system CapiPay for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Neonatal Research Network (NRN), a network of clinical research centers conducting multicenter clinical and observational studies. This report details the process of RTI, as the NRN Data Coordinating Center (DCC), assuming responsibility for capitation payments from the funding agency, NICHD, and designing a system that produces accurate and timely payment to the clinical research centers. We also describe the accounting decisions and considerations made in developing this system. This process required working with NIH, RTI project staff, various research and administrative groups within RTI, and the clinical research centers to implement a new payment method. Our goal was to make the transition appear seamless to the research centers and to NIH. The final product is a system that has benefitted NIH and the research centers and that can be customized for use on other DCCs by RTI.
ANALYSIS OF THE BONDING TECHNOLOGIES FOR ROOF COVERING MATERIALS / HIDROIZOLIACINIŲ MEDŽIAGŲ KLIJAVIMO TECHNOLOGIJŲ ATSPARUMO ANALIZĖ
Authors: Balčiūnas Darius , Matuzevičius Evaldas , Migilinskas Darius , Barvidas Arūnas
Published: January 2015

Only the use of progressive roof covering materials does not ensure the proper result because an incorrect usage of welding techniques and lack of supervision for better quality may be the reason of failure. The bonding technology and installation quality of roof covering materials are analyzed in this paper in experimental ways where the bonding strength, seam strength and the adhesion to the base were tested. The conclusions are given to ensure better quality of roof covering materials. Vien pažangių stogo hidroizoliacinių medžiagų panaudojimas neužtikrina tinkamo rezultato, nes neteisingas klijavimo technologijų taikymas ir nepakankama atliekamo darbo kokybės kontrolė gali būti nesėkmės priežastis. Straipsnyje analizuojami hidroizoliacinių medžiagų klijavimo technologijų ir įrengimo darbų kokybės bandymai, kuriuose eksperimentiniais būdais buvo nustatytos įvairių stogo hidroizoliacinių dangų klijavimo atsparumo, siūlių stiprumo, prilydymo prie pagrindo stiprumo duomenys. Apibendrinus pateikiamos išvados, kurias galima taikyti stogų hidroizoliacinių medžiagų įrengimo kokybei užtikrinti.
A MATHEMATICAL MODEL AND SIMULATION RESULTS OF THE DYNAMIC SYSTEM RAILWAY VEHICLE WHEEL–TRACK WITH A WHEEL FLAT / DINAMINĖS SISTEMOS „GELEŽINKELIŲ VAGONO RATAS – KELIAS“ SU RATO IŠČIUOŽA MATEMATINIS MODELIS IR MODELIAVIMO REZULTATAI
Authors: Žygienė Rasa , Bogdevičius Marijonas , Dabulevičienė Laima
Published: January 2015

A mathematical model of the system Railway Vehicle Wheel–Track with a wheel flat of a wheelset has been made. The system Railway Vehicle Wheel–Track has been examined on the vertical plane. The mathematical model of the system Railway Vehicle Wheel–Track has employed linear, nonlinear, elastic and damping discrete elements. Rail dynamics haves been described using the finite element method. The unevenness of the rail and the wheel of the wheelset have been evaluated considering the contact between the rail and the wheel flat of the wheelset. The analysis of dynamic processes taking place in a railway vehicle wheel with the wheel flat moving at speed V = 60 km/h has been accomplished. The results of mathematical modelling of the above introduced dynamic system have been presented along with graphically displayed research findings of the conducted research.
Sukurtas sistemos „Geležinkelių vagono ratas – kelias“ su aširačio rato iščiuoža matematinis modelis. Sistema „Geležinkelių vagono ratas – kelias“ nagrinėjama vertikalioje plokštumoje. Sistemos „Geležinkelių vagono ratas – kelias“ matematiniame modelyje yra panaudoti tiesiniai ir netiesiniai tamprieji ir slopinimo diskretiniai elementai. Bėgio dinamika aprašoma baigtinių elementų metodu. Kontakte tarp bėgio ir aširačio rato su iščiuoža įvertinti bėgio ir aširačio rato nelygumai. Atlikta geležinkelio vagono rato su iščiuoža, judančio greičiu V = 60 km/val., dinaminių procesų analizė. Pateikti šios dinaminės sistemos matematinio modeliavimo rezultatai. Tyrimų rezultatai pavaizduoti grafiškai ir pateiktos tyrimų išvados.
INVESTIGATION INTO THE IMPACT OF SUSPENSION PARAMETERS OF FREIGHT WAGONS ON RUNNING SMOOTHNESS / PREKINIŲ VAGONŲ PAKABOS PARAMETRŲ ĮTAKOS VAŽIAVIMO TOLYGUMUI TYRIMAS
Authors: Balevičius Vytautas , Steišiūnas Stasys , Bureika Gintautas
Published: January 2015

The paper analyses the running smoothness of the rolling-stock as the main feature of wagon dynamics. The running smoothness of the freight wagon is evaluated considering the parameters of vibrations and the oscillation process. During the process of wagon running on the track, the forced oscillations of the elements of the body, chassis and suspension are excited. Four-axle freight wagon movement down the track taking into account the given vertical and lateral irregularities has been simulated using software package “Universal Mechanism”. The dependencies of the oscillation amplitudes of the wagon body on track irregularities and vertical and lateral suspension settings have been defined. The dependencies of wagon suspension settings and derailment stability on changes in the wagon mass have been examined in the paper. Finally, basic conclusions have been given.
Straipsnyje nagrinėjama viena pagrindinių vagono dinamikos savybių – važiavimo tolygumas. Riedmenų važiavimo tolygumas vertinamas jų masių svyravimo proceso ir kėbulo vibracijų parametrais. Vagonui važiuojant bėgių kelio nelygumais, sužadinami priverstiniai kėbulo, pakabos ir važiuoklės elementų svyravimai. Programiniu paketu „Universal Mechanism“ sumodeliuotas prekinio keturašio vagono važiavimas keliu, kuriame yra bėgių vertikalių ir skersinių nelygumų. Nustatyta vagono kėbulo svyravimų amplitudžių priklausomybė nuo bėgių kelio nelygumų bei vertikaliųjų ir skersinių pakabos parametrų. Straipsnyje nagrinėjama vagono pakabos parametrų ir stabilumo nuriedėjimui nuo bėgių atveju priklausomybė, kintant vagono masei. Pabaigoje pateiktos išvados.
ANALYSIS OF LATERAL DYNAMIC STABILITY OF SMALL (B1 CLASS) VEHICLES / MAŽŲ (B1 KLASĖS) AUTOMOBILIŲ SKERSINIO DINAMINIO STABILUMO ANALIZĖ
Authors: Dūdėnaitė Eglė , Pečeliūnas Robertas , Žuraulis Vidas , Matuzevičius Dalius
Published: January 2015

The paper analyses the dynamic characteristics of light vehicles during double lane change manoeuvre (ISO 3888-2). The purpose of research is to determine the angle of vehicle sideslip using the adjusted calculation methodology according to the measured longitudinal and lateral velocity and yaw rate and to estimate vehicle stability and drivability based on the obtained results driving at various speeds. Small (B1 class) vehicles have been selected for this research because of stability problems during sudden manoeuvres.
Straipsnyje nagrinėjamos lengvųjų automobilių dinaminės charakteristikos dvipusio judėjimo juostos keitimo manevro metu (ISO 3888-2). Tyrimo tikslas – pagal eksperimentinio bandymo metu jutiklių užfiksuotas išilginio ir skersinio greičio projekcijas ir sukimosi greičius apie vertikalią automobilio ašį, pritaikius skaičiavimo metodiką, apskaičiuoti slydimo (skersridės) kampus. Pagal gautus rezultatus įvertinti automobilių stovumą ir valdomumą važiuojant skirtingais greičiais. Tyrimams pasirinkti maži (B1 klasės) automobiliai, nes staigaus manevro metu šios klasės automobiliai gali tapti nestabilūs.
DESIGN OF PUBLICITY ACTIVITY FOR SPECIAL PURPOSE AIRLINE / SPECIALIOSIOS PASKIRTIES AVIAKOMPANIJOS REKLAMINĖS KAMPANIJOS MODELIAVIMAS
Authors: Gerasimenko Irina
Published: January 2015

The features of publicity activity for special purpose airline are considered in the article. The possible ways of planning of publicity activity for special purpose airline are offered at implementation of agro aviation works. Theoretical bases of advancement of agro aviation works in the agrarian market of Ukraine are presented. The model of planning of advertising is developed in relation to its periodicity.
Straipsnyje nagrinėjami specialiosios paskirties aviakompanijos reklaminės kampanijos ypatumai. Pateiktos specialiosios paskirties aviakompanijos reklaminės kampanijos planavimo galimybės atliekant agroaviacinius darbus. Pateiktos agroaviacinių darbų pasiūlos Ukrainos agrarinei rinkai teorinės gairės. Sukurtas reklamos planavimo modelis vertinant jos periodiškumą.
L'art de faire attention à la marche : le défi éthique d'un conseiller
Authors: Monin Sylvie
Published: January 2015

Cet article propose une discussion, selon une perspective de conseil, à partir de l’article « Faire attention à la marche : considérations éthiques sur l’engagement thérapeutique » de Sue Eusden (2014). L’auteur commente les différents niveaux et limites auxquels les conseillers doivent faire attention à la marche, la nécessité de prendre des risques et comment l’art de faire attention à la marche constitue une mise en acte éthique.
La nature et la nécessité du risque : faire attention à la marche en éducation
Authors: Newton Trudi
Published: January 2015

Cette réponse à l’article de Sue Eusden (2015) « Faire attention à la marche : considérations éthiques sur l’engagement thérapeutique » s’intéresse à l’éthique et aux contrats en éducation et en apprentissage, aux conséquences d’une approche relationnelle, ainsi qu’à ses risques potentiels et aux résultats créatifs.
The effect of probiotics on serum levels of cytokine and endotoxin in peritoneal dialysis patients: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Wang I.-K. , Wu Y.-Y , Yang Y.-F , Ting I.-W. , Lin C.-C. , Yen T.-H. , Chen J.-H. , Wang C.-H. , Huang C.-C. , Lin H.-C.
Published: January 2015

Inflammatory markers such as interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) are elevated in dialysis patients and can predict cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. Endotoxin is an important source and also another marker of inflammation in patients with chronic kidney disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of oral probiotics on serum levels of endotoxemia and cytokines in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. The decline of residual renal function, peritonitis episodes, and cardiovascular events were also recorded. From July 2011 to June 2012, a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in PD patients. The intervention group received one capsule of probiotics containing 109 cfu Bifobacterium bifidum A218, 109 cfu Bifidobacterium catenulatum A302, 109 cfu Bifidobacterium longum A101, and 109 cfu Lactobacillus plantarum A87 daily for six months, while the placebo group received similar capsules containing maltodextrin for the same duration. Levels of serum TNF-α, interferon gamma, IL-5, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, and endotoxin were measured before and six months after intervention. 39 patients completed the study (21 in the probiotics group and 18 in the placebo group). In patients receiving probiotics, levels of serum TNF-α, IL-5, IL-6, and endotoxin significantly decreased after six months of treatment, while levels of serum IL-10 significantly increased. In contrast, there were no significant changes in levels of serum cytokines and endotoxin in the placebo group after six months. In addition, the residual renal function was preserved in patients receiving probiotics. In conclusion, probiotics could significantly reduce the serum levels of endotoxin, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-6), IL-5, increase the serum levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10), and preserve residual renal function in PD patients.
Hypersomnolence Disorders in
DSM-5
: A Review for Clinicians
Authors: Lee Elliott Kyung , Kazaglis Louis
Published: January 2015

Hypersomnolence disorders, encompassing both hypersomnolence and narcolepsy with or without hypocretin deficiency, have undergone a major update in the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
, fifth edition (
DSM-5
). This update captures the paradigm shift that has advanced the understanding of these sleep disorders and their biological underpinnings. This article reviews the updated classification of hypersomnolence disorders in
DSM-5
. The prevalence, neuroanatomical basis, and clinical symptoms of these disorders are also explored. Hypersomnolence disorders can now be diagnosed comorbidly with other mental health disorders. This article explores this overlap and bidirectional relationship, along with the relationship between hypocretin deficiency and other mental health disorders. Finally, treatment strategies for hypersomnolence disorders and cataplexy are covered, including both behavioral and pharmacologic therapies. Traditional therapies and their proposed mechanisms of action are discussed, followed by a brief review of novel therapeutic agents undergoing clinical evaluation. Finally, recommendations for further exploration are reviewed.

[
Psychiatr Ann
. 2015;45(1):25–29.]
An Overview of Restless Leg Syndrome for the Mental Health Professional
Authors: Niazi Shehzad , Auger R. Robert , Hurwitz Thomas D.
Published: January 2015

Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is also known as Willis-Ekbom disease (WED). Discomfort in the extremities and an urge to move are characteristics of this common movement disorder. URGE (Urge to move, Rest induced, Gets better with activity, and Evening and night worsening) is a helpful mnemonic. Diagnosis is based on clinical history using criteria proposed by the International RLS Study Group. Psychiatric disorders are comorbid with RLS/WED and psychotropic medications can affect RLS/WED symptomatology. It is important for mental health professionals to be familiar with this disease. RLS/WED is now a specific diagnosis in theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-V) as opposed toDSM-IV-TR,which had this included in the residual category of dyssomnia NOS (not otherwise specified). In this article, we provide an overview of RLS/WED for mental health professionals.[Psychiatr Ann. 2015;45(1):35–40.]
Multiligamentous Knee Injury Concomitant With a Patellar Tendon Rupture
Authors: Brunkhorst Joseph , Johnson Darren L.
Published: January 2015

Multiligamentous knee injuries with simultaneous patellar tendon ruptures are rare. Surgeons must be prepared to address injured structures of the knee to allow return of knee function. Restoring motion while protecting repairs is important. The authors present 2 cases and discuss treatment strategy for preoperative evaluation, surgical intervention, and postoperative care. [
Orthopedics.
2015; 38(1):45–48.]
The Hip-Spine Connection: Understanding Its Importance in the Treatment of Hip Pathology
Authors: Redmond John M. , Gupta Asheesh , Nasser Rima , Domb Benjamin G.
Published: January 2015

Educational Objectives

As a result of reading this article, physicians should be able to:

1.

Discuss the kinematic relationship between the hip and lumbar spine.

2.

Explain the innervation of the hip and lumbar spine and how they relate to one another.

3.

Recognize the effect of hip disease on the lumbar spine in an athletic population, prior to the onset of degenerative changes.

4.

Describe an algorithm for diagnosis and treatment of patients who present with concomitant hip and lumbar spine pain.

The hip and lumbar spine are closely related and can create similar patterns of pain and dysfunction. Diagnosis and treatment of hip and spine–related conditions can be challenging due to symptom overlap. Successful evaluation and treatment of hip and lumbar spine conditions requires a thorough understanding the hip-spine connection. Historically the hip-spine connection has been considered in the context of arthrosis; however, the hip-spine connection also needs to be considered in a younger athletic population. The purpose of this review is to describe the hip-spine connection, discuss the clinical implications of this connection, and offer an approach to diagnosis and treatment. [
Orthopedics.
2015; 38(1):49–55.]
Odyssey of an Elbow Synovial Chondromatosis
Authors: Sachinis Nikolaos P. , Sinopidis Chris , Baliaka Aggeliki , Givissis Panagiotis
Published: January 2015

Synovial chondromatosis of the elbow is an uncommon condition. However, a chondrosarcoma arising from the former is remarkably rare. The authors report a case of an elbow chondrosarcoma secondary to synovial chondromatosis in a 38-year-old woman. Before the development of chondrosarcoma, the patient underwent 3 operations and 3 sessions of radiosynovectomy because of continuous recurrence of synovial chondromatosis on the left elbow. After the last radiosynovectomy, magnetic resonance imaging and biopsy showed a grade II chondrosarcoma secondary to synovial chondromatosis. The patient underwent further surgery and custom-made arthroplasty because of aseptic loosening of the prosthesis. Four months after the last intervention, 3 subcutaneous nodes appeared on the patient’s elbow and were histologically found to be a recurrence of chondrosarcoma (grade III). Amputation by disarticulation of the shoulder was performed in addition to biopsy of another subcutaneous node on the abdomen. The biopsy showed metastasis of chondrosarcoma. At final follow-up, the patient had lung metastasis 7 years after the initial diagnosis. A reason for the manifestation of primary synovial chondromatosis and its progression to chondrosarcoma has not been found. Synovial chondromatosis progressing to chondrosarcoma in the elbow was reported in only 1 case, with no clear initial diagnosis. The role of radiosynovectomy in the development of chondrosarcoma is unknown, and no reports have described the treatment of elbow synovial chondromatosis. Although synovial chondromatosis is benign, its metaplastic nature is a marker of possible malignancy, especially with signs of recurrence and aggression. The role of radiosynovectomy in malignant changes should be examined in future studies. [
Orthopedics
. 2015; 38(1):e62–e67.]
Posterior Interosseous Nerve Incarceration With Endobutton Repair of Distal Biceps
Authors: Van den Bogaerde James , Shin Edward
Published: January 2015

Distal biceps ruptures are uncommon injuries that comprise approximately 3% of all biceps pathology. This injury is most commonly seen in 40- to 60-year-old men, and the mechanism of injury involves a forceful extension movement to a flexed elbow. Without surgical intervention, patients are left with measurable weakness in elbow flexion and supination as well as a cosmetic deformity that often leaves them dissatisfied. Consequently, early surgical repair is advocated for physically active individuals. A variety of surgical approaches and fixation devices are currently used for distal biceps repair. The single-incision cortical button repair for distal biceps avulsions has become popular since Bain introduced the technique in 2000. The advantage of the cortical button biceps repair technique is the significantly higher failure strength than either the 2-incision technique or the suture anchor repair. The initial repair strength of the cortical button technique allows immediate active elbow range of motion and accelerated rehabilitation. Additionally, the single-incision anterior approach is less invasive than the 2-incision biceps repair and results in a lower incidence of heterotopic ossification. One disadvantage of this approach, however, is the risk of injury to the posterior interosseous nerve. The authors report a case in which the posterior interosseous nerve was incarcerated between the cortical button and the radius during acute distal biceps repair, resulting in complete posterior interosseus nerve palsy. This case report details the surgery leading to the nerve palsy and the subsequent nerve exploration that identified the cause of the nerve palsy. Recommendations are made on how to avoid this complication during distal biceps tendon repairs. [
Orthopedics.
2015; 38(1):e68–e71.]
Neutrophil IL-1β Processing Induced by Pneumolysin Is Mediated by the NLRP3/ASC Inflammasome and Caspase-1 Activation and Is Dependent on K+ Efflux
Authors: Karmakar Mausita , Katsnelson Michael , Malak Hesham A. , Greene Neil G. , Howell Scott J. , Hise Amy G. , Camilli Andrew , Kadioglu Aras , Dubyak George R. , Pearlman Eric
Published: January 2015

Although neutrophils are the most abundant cells in acute infection and inflammation, relatively little attention has been paid to their role in inflammasome formation and IL-1β processing. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism by which neutrophils process IL-1β in response to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Using a murine model of S. pneumoniae corneal infection, we demonstrated a requirement for IL-1β in bacterial clearance, and we showed that Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase activation and recruitment domain (ASC), and caspase-1 are essential for IL-1β production and bacterial killing in the cornea. Neutrophils in infected corneas had multiple specks with enzymatically active caspase-1 (YVAD-FLICA 660), and bone marrow neutrophils stimulated with heat-killed S. pneumoniae (signal 1) and pneumolysin (signal 2) exhibited multiple specks when stained for NLRP3, ASC, or Caspase-1. High–molecular mass ASC complexes were also detected, consistent with oligomer formation. Pneumolysin induced K+ efflux in neutrophils, and blocking K+ efflux inhibited caspase-1 activation and IL-1β processing; however, neutrophils did not undergo pyroptosis, indicating that K+ efflux and IL-1β processing is not a consequence of cell death. There was also no role for lysosomal destabilization or neutrophil elastase in pneumolysin-mediated IL-1β processing in neutrophils. Taken together, these findings demonstrate an essential role for neutrophil-derived IL-1β in S. pneumoniae infection, and they elucidate the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in cleavage and secretion of IL-1β in neutrophils. Given the ubiquitous presence of neutrophils in acute bacterial and fungal infections, these findings will have implications for other microbial diseases.
Positive Feedback Regulation of Type I IFN Production by the IFN-Inducible DNA Sensor cGAS
Authors: Ma Feng , Li Bing , Liu Su-yang , Iyer Shankar S. , Yu Yongxin , Wu Aiping , Cheng Genhong
Published: January 2015

Rapid and robust induction of type I IFN (IFN-I) is a critical event in host antiviral innate immune response. It has been well demonstrated that cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS) plays an important role in sensing cytosolic DNA and triggering STING dependent signaling to induce IFN-I. However, it is largely unknown how cGAS itself is regulated during pathogen infection and IFN-I production. In this study, we show that pattern recognition receptor (PRR) ligands, including lipid A, LPS, poly(I:C), poly(dA:dT), and cGAMP, induce cGAS expression in an IFN-I–dependent manner in both mouse and human macrophages. Further experiments indicated that cGAS is an IFN-stimulated gene (ISG), and two adjacent IFN-sensitive response elements (ISREs) in the promoter region of cGAS mediate the induction of cGAS by IFN-I. Additionally, we show that optimal production of IFN-β triggered by poly (dA:dT) or HSV-1 requires IFNAR signaling. Knockdown of the constitutively expressed DNA sensor DDX41 attenuates poly(dA:dT)-triggered IFN-β production and cGAS induction. By analyzing the dynamic expression of poly(dA:dT)-induced IFN-β and cGAS transcripts, we have found that induction of IFN-β is earlier than cGAS. Furthermore, we have provided evidence that induction of cGAS by IFN-I meditates the subsequent positive feedback regulation of DNA-triggered IFN-I production. Thus, our study not only provides a novel mechanism of modulating cGAS expression, but also adds another layer of regulation in DNA-triggered IFN-I production by induction of cGAS.
Injury and Illness Epidemiology at a Summer Sport-Camp Program, 2008 Through 2011
Authors: Oller Daria M. , Buckley W. E. , Sebastianelli Wayne J. , Vairo Giampietro L.
Published: January 2015

Context:

University-sponsored summer sport camps often employ athletic trainers; however, there is a dearth of epidemiologic studies describing the injury and illness experience of sport-camp participants to guide clinicians.

Objective:

To describe the injury and illness experience of youth participants at a university-sponsored summer sport-camp program during a 4-year period.

Design:

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Setting:

A National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I university that sponsored 76 to 81 camps for 28 sports each summer.

Patients or Other Participants:

A total of 44 499 camp participants enrolled during the 4 years. Male and female participants ranged in age from 10 to 17 years and in athletic skill from novice to elite.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Data from handwritten injury and illness log books, maintained by sports health care personnel, were accessed retrospectively, entered into an electronic spreadsheet, and coded. Data were applied to the National Athletic Injury/Illness Reporting System. Participant−personnel contacts, defined as any instance when a participant sought health care services from personnel, were calculated per 100 participants. Injury and illness rates were calculated per 10 000 exposures, measured in participant-days. The distribution of injury and illness conditions and affected body regions were calculated.

Results:

There were 11 735 contacts, for an overall rate of 26 per 100 participants, and 4949 injuries and illnesses, for a rate of 1 per 10 000 participant-days. Participants at single-sex camps were less likely to sustain injuries and illnesses than participants at coeducational camps (rate ratio [RR] = 0.49; 95% confidence interval = 0.45, 0. 35; P < .001, and RR = 0.47; 95% confidence interval = 0.43, 0.51; P < .001, respectively). The lower extremity was injured most frequently (27.9%). Most injury and illness conditions were dermatologic (37.1%).

Conclusions:

The contact and injury and illness differences observed among sports and between sexes demonstrated potential differences in the sports health care needs of camp participants. These data can be used to make evidence-based clinical decisions, such as determining injury-prevention strategies and sports health care staffing needs.
Fine-needle aspiration detects primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast in a patient with breast implants
Authors: Malowany Janet I. , Kundu Uma , Santiago Lumarie , Krishnamurthy Savitri
Published: January 2015

Breast augmentation with implantation represents a challenge for subsequent radiographic imaging and pathological sampling. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is an excellent technique to sample suspicious lesions that are adjacent to fragile implants. We report a case of a 51-year-old woman with breast implants presenting with an initial diagnosis of fibroadenoma by imaging studies. A definite diagnosis of mammary carcinoma with plasmacytoid cells was made on ultrasound (US)-guided FNAB of the breast mass with rapid on-site evaluation which initiated core needle biopsy of the mass and subsequent mastectomy with sentinel lymph node biopsy. Our case exemplifies the role of US-guided FNAB for the initial investigation of breast masses in patients with implants. In addition, the case illustrates the cytomorphological features of the tumor cells in primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast.
Comparative study of ProEx C immunocytochemistry and UroVysion fluorescent in-situ hybridization assays on urine cytology specimens
Authors: Chang Sue , Smith Elaine , Levin Mary , Rao Jian-Yu , Moatamed Neda A.
Published: January 2015

Background:

Detection of urothelial carcinoma (UC) by urine cytology can be challenging. Recently, ProEx C has been studied as a marker to improve detection of UC. ProEx C is an assay targeting expression of topoisomerase IIa and minichromosome maintenance protein-2 and is currently utilized to assist in diagnoses of the gynecological specimens. In this study, we compared the utility of ProEx C and UroVysion in urine specimens.

Materials and Methods:

Twenty-seven urine specimens with UroVysion assay analysis and surgical biopsy follow-up were selected. The smears were stained with ProEx C. ProEx C and UroVysion assay results were separated into two categories based on surgical biopsy follow-up (benign or neoplastic). Surgical biopsy diagnoses were used as the gold standard for comparative evaluation of the two assays. The surgical follow-up was 9 benign, 2 low grade, and 16 high grade UCs.

Results:

The sensitivity was 88.9% for ProEx C and 55.6% for UroVysion, while the specificity was 77.8% for ProEx C and 44.4% for UroVysion. Positive predictive value was 88.9% for ProEx C and 66.7% for UroVysion. Negative predictive value was 77.8% and 33.3% for ProEx C and UroVysion, respectively. Using the two-tailed paired t-test, P value of 0.033 was obtained when ProEx C stain was compared with the UroVysion assay.

Conclusion:

ProEx C immunocytochemistry has a more favorable performance than fluorescent in-situ hybridization with a significant difference between the two assays using paired two-tail t-test (P = 0.0033).
Cytological grading of breast carcinoma on fine needle aspirates and its relation with histological grading
Authors: Phukan Jyoti Prakash , Sinha Anuradha , Deka Jatindra Prasad
Published: January 2015

Background: Grading of breast carcinoma on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is beneficial for selecting patients for neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Aims: To grade the breast carcinoma on FNAC using Robinson grading system and to assess the concordance of cytological grading (CG) with histological grading (HG) using Elston-Ellis modification of Scarff-Bloom-Richardson grading system. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted for 1-year, comprising of 50 female patients attending outpatient departments (OPD) as well as admitted in various surgical wards of a teaching hospital, diagnosed as breast carcinoma. FNAC smears were stained with May-Grunwald-Giemsa and Papanicolaou (Pap) stains and CG was done using Robinson system on Pap stained smears. The results were compared with HG system after resection of tumors. Results: Of 50 cases, 14 (28%) cases were graded as grade I, 24 (48%) grade II, and 12 (24%) grade III by CG, whereas 9 (18%), 28 (56%) and 13 (26%) cases were graded as grade I, II and III by HG. The result showed overall 72% concordance of CG with HG, with grade II and grade III showing highest degree of concordance (83.33%), which is comparable to previous studies. Kappa measurement showed a higher degree of agreement in high-grade tumors compared with low-grade tumors (0.73 in grade III, 0.53 in grade II and 0.39 in grade I). Conclusion: Cytological grading is comparable to HG in majority of cases. Because neoadjuvant chemotherapy is becoming increasingly popular as primary treatment modality of breast cancer, CG could be a useful parameter in selecting the mode of therapy and predicting tumor behavior.
Role of FNAC in Hepatic lesions: Risk of track metastases
Authors: Reddy Challa Vasu , Goud Y. G. Basavana , Poornima R. , Deshmane Vijayalakshmi , Madhusudhana B. A. , Gayathridevi M
Published: January 2015

Background: Liver is one of the most common site of metastases in patients with malignancy and the evaluation of space occupying lesions (SOL) of liver in patients with malignancy is important. Its important to differentiate benign from malignant to take necessary decisions. Materials and Methods: We have performed a retrospective analysis of liver SOLs for which fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was done in the year 2011. Risks and benefits associated with FNAC were evaluated. Results: We analyzed 755 patients who underwent FNAC of which 524 patients had secondary metastases to liver, 148 patients had primary hepatocellular carcinoma, 14 cases were benign neoplasms and 53 were nonneoplastic conditions. Histological correlation with FNAC was available in 112 patients. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were 93%, 90.9%, 98.9%, 58.8%, and 92.8%, respectively. Though there were no incidence of bleeding, two patients developed track metastases following FNAC. One was a case of Hepatocellular carcinoma and the other a case of metastatic breast cancer. Conclusion: FNAC was very much useful in our setup where most of the patients could not afford for Computer tomography (CT) scan and was useful in counseling them especially in patients with advanced malignancy where no active cancer directed therapy is required.
Novel formulation of cytarabine and daunorubicin: A new hope in AML treatment
Authors: Raut Lalit S.
Published: January 2015

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treatment has always been a challenge to the treating physician. Continuous efforts are being made to improve treatment outcomes in AML. CPX-351 is a pharmacologic advancement in this direction. It is a liposomal fixed drug combination of cytarabine and daunorubicin. Early studies indicate that it will play a big role in AML treatment. This is a short review about this drug.
High Order Finite Difference Methods with Subcell Resolution for Stiff Multispecies Discontinuity Capturing
Authors: Wang Wei , Shu Chi-Wang , Yee H.C. , Kotov Dmitry V. , Sjögreen Björn
Published: January 2015

In this paper, we extend the high order finite-difference method with subcell resolution (SR) in [34] for two-species stiff one-reaction models to multispecies and multireaction inviscid chemical reactive flows, which are significantly more difficult because of the multiple scales generated by different reactions. For reaction problems, when the reaction time scale is very small, the reaction zone scale is also small and the governing equations become very stiff. Wrong propagation speed of discontinuity may occur due to the underresolved numerical solution in both space and time. The present SR method for reactive Euler system is a fractional step method. In the convection step, any high order shock-capturing method can be used. In the reaction step, an ODE solver is applied but with certain computed flow variables in the shock region modified by the Harten subcell resolution idea. Several numerical examples of multispecies and multireaction reactive flows are performed in both one and two dimensions. Studies demonstrate that the SR method can capture the correct propagation speed of discontinuities in very coarse meshes.
Slavery, Emancipation, and Reproducing the Race
Authors: Barros Juanita De
Published: January 2015

In 1860, Charles Buxton published an impassioned defence of emancipation at a time when growing numbers of Britons were condemning emancipation as a failure. Imperial officials also had increasingly negative views about the results of emancipation, which were linked to questions about population growth. This chapter examines the debates about population growth in Britain's Caribbean colonies—particularly Jamaica, Guyana, and Barbados—both before and immediately after the end of slavery. It links these debates to assessments of the “mighty experiment” of slave emancipation and to some of the major crises that took place in the early years following the end of slavery, including the cholera epidemics of the 1850s.
Tropospheric ozone and ozone profiles retrieved from GOME-2 and their validation
Authors: Miles G. M. , Siddans R. , Kerridge B. J. , Latter B. G. , Richards N. A. D.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. This paper describes and assesses the performance of the RAL (Rutherford Appleton Laboratory) ozone profile retrieval scheme for the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment 2 (GOME-2) with a focus on tropospheric ozone. Developments to the scheme since its application to GOME-1 measurements are outlined. These include the approaches developed to account sufficiently for UV radiometric degradation in the Hartley band and for inadequacies in knowledge of instrumental parameters in the Huggins bands to achieve the high-precision spectral fit required to extract information on tropospheric ozone. The assessment includes a validation against ozonesondes (sondes) sampled worldwide over 2 years (2007–2008). Standard deviations of the ensemble with respect to the sondes are considerably lower for the retrieved profiles than for the a priori, with the exception of the lowest subcolumn. Once retrieval vertical smoothing (averaging kernels) has been applied to the sonde profiles there is a retrieval bias of 6% (1.5 DU) in the lower troposphere, with smaller biases in the subcolumns above. The bias in the troposphere varies with latitude. The retrieval underestimates lower tropospheric ozone in the Southern Hemisphere (SH) (15–20% or ~ 1–3 DU) and overestimates it in the Northern Hemisphere (NH) (10% or 2 DU). The ability of the retrieval to reflect the geographical distribution of lower tropospheric ozone, globally (rather than just ozonesonde launch sites) is demonstrated by comparison with the chemistry transport model TOMCAT. For a monthly mean of cloud-cleared GOME-2 pixels, a correlation of 0.66 is found between the retrieval and TOMCAT sampled accordingly, with a bias of 0.7 Dobson Units. GOME-2 estimates higher concentrations in NH pollution centres but lower ozone in the Southern Ocean and South Pacific, which is consistent with the comparison to ozonesondes.
Meditations on Objective Aesthetics in World Music
Authors: Tenzer Michael
Published: January 2015

Abstract. This essay opens a dialogue between ethnomusicology and neo- Darwinism as promulgated by biologist Richard Dawkins and others. The first half engages quantum physicist David Deutsch’s much-discussed The Beginning of Infinity (2011), which integrates neo-Darwinism with the epistemology of objective knowledge developed by Karl Popper. Along the way Deutsch suggests that aesthetics with universal reach, akin to scientific facts, must be discoverable. Both Deutsch and Dawkins argue that traditional (meaning nonpost- Enlightenment) societies squelch unfettered knowledge creation in order to preserve themselves, and hence are unlikely to develop objective knowledge. Yet ethnomusicologists show that music can express social values but also point beyond them to unsuspected realms. If there exist aesthetic facts with universal reach in traditional music, can they be identified in these realms? Can ethnomusicology be an arena for discussing such questions? The second half of the essay engages in an analysis of a Ba-Benzele Pygmy tune in search of its objective aesthetic properties and their implications.
The Intermediate Sphere in North Indian Music Culture: Between and Beyond “Folk” and “Classical”
Authors: Manuel Peter
Published: January 2015

Abstract. If in discourse about traditional music in North India, the notions of “folk” and “classical” continue to be widely used, in this essay I posit the existence of an “intermediate sphere,” comprising a heterogeneous set of traditional music genres that, in different ways, shares features with both folk and classical realms. I suggest five categories in this socio-musical stratum and provide brief glimpses of some of their constituents and distinguishing features, including the distinctive sorts of theory they embody and elite patronage that sustains them. I conclude with observations about historical changes in the status of this sphere in general.
Pulmonary Capillary Hemangiomatosis: A Rare Cause of Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: O'Keefe Mary C. , Post Miriam D.
Published: January 2015

Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis is a rare cause of pulmonary hypertension characterized by extensive proliferation of pulmonary capillaries within alveolar septae. Clinical presentation is nonspecific and includes dyspnea, cough, chest pain, and fatigue. Radiology shows diffuse centrilobular ground-glass opacities. Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis is clinically and radiographically indistinguishable from peripheral venoocclusive disease, making microscopic diagnosis essential. Histologically, pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis shows an abnormal proliferation of small, thin-walled capillaries that expand the alveolar septae. The endothelial cells that comprise these lesions are cytologically bland and show no mitotic activity. Pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis is important to recognize because prostacyclin therapy, a mainstay in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, has been reported to cause sudden respiratory distress and death in these patients. Prognosis of this disease remains poor, and the only definitive treatment is lung transplantation.
Endocrine Manifestations of von Hippel–Lindau Disease
Authors: Cassol Clarissa , Mete Ozgur
Published: January 2015

von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by heterozygous mutations in the VHL tumor suppressor gene that is characterized by the occurrence of multiple endocrine and nonendocrine lesions. This review focuses on the endocrine manifestations of VHL disease. Pancreatic neuroendocrine proliferations (ductuloinsular complexes, islet dysplasia, endocrine microadenoma, and neuroendocrine tumors), pheochromocytomas, and extra-adrenal paragangliomas are important endocrine manifestations of VHL disease. They frequently display characteristic clinical, biochemical, and histopathologic features that, although not pathognomonic, can be helpful in suggesting VHL disease as the underlying etiology and distinguishing these tumors from sporadic cases. Recent improvements in treatment and outcomes of renal cell carcinomas have allowed pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors to emerge as a significant source of metastatic disease, making the accurate recognition and classification of these neoplasms by the pathologist of utmost importance to determine prognosis, treatment, and follow-up strategies for affected patients.
Turnaround Time for Large or Complex Specimens in Surgical Pathology: A College of American Pathologists Q-Probes Study of 56 Institutions
Authors: Volmar Keith E. , Idowu Michael O. , Souers Rhona J. , Karcher Donald S. , Nakhleh Raouf E.
Published: January 2015

Context

Turnaround time (TAT) for large or complex surgical pathology specimens is an indicator of efficiency in anatomic pathology and may affect coordination of patient care.

Objective

To establish benchmarks for TAT and to identify practice characteristics that may influence TAT.

Design

Participants in a 2012 Q-Probes quality improvement program of the College of American Pathologists retrospectively reviewed all surgical pathology cases from the prior 6 months to identify up to 50 cases coded as Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) code 88307 (excluding biopsies) or 88309. Participants reported the times and dates of accessioning and final sign-out.

Results

A total of 56 institutions reported on 2763 large or complex cases, which included 70% with CPT code 88307 and 30% with CPT code 88309. Cases requiring special handling comprised 51.5%, and 48.5% were routine. Among all institutions the median TAT was 2.72 calendar days (10th–90th percentile range, 6.23–1.22 days). Longer TAT occurred in governmental institutions (median, 6.06 versus 2.13 days; P < .001) and in institutions that mandate overnight fixation for some specimen types (median, 3.83 versus 2.07 days; P = .03). Longer TAT was associated with CPT code 88309 (median, 3.99 versus 2.82 days; P < .001), special handling (median, 4.13 versus 1.94 days; P < .001), frozen section (median, 3.38 versus 2.92 days; P < .001), radical cancer resection (P < .001), and malignant cases (P < .001). Turnaround time was not significantly affected by either pathology training programs or routine weekend sign-out.

Conclusion

This study provides benchmark data for TAT in large or complex surgical pathology specimens. Turnaround time was good overall, but the range among participating institutions was wide.
Need for DISCUSS(ion)
Authors: Rao Mahendra S.
Published: January 2015

Dr. Rao comments on the article “The DISCUSS Project: Revised Points to Consider for the Derivation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Lines From Previously Collected Research Specimens” that appears in this issue.
Placental Hofbauer cells assemble and sequester HIV‐1 in tetraspanin‐positive compartments that are accessible to broadly neutralizing antibodies
Authors: Johnson Erica L , Chu Hin , Byrareddy Siddappa Nagadenahalli , Spearman Paul , Chakraborty Rana
Published: January 2015

Introduction

Within monocyte‐derived macrophages, HIV‐1 accumulates in intracellular virus‐containing compartments (VCCs) that are inaccessible to the external environment, which implicate these cells as latently infected HIV‐1 reservoirs. During mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV‐1, human placental macrophages (Hofbauer cells (HCs)) are viral targets, and have been shown to be infected in vivo and sustain low levels of viral replication in vitro; however, the risk of in utero transmission is less than 7%. The role of these primary macrophages as viral reservoirs is largely undefined. The objective of this study is to define potential sites of viral assembly, accumulation and neutralization in HCs given the pivotal role of the placenta in preventing HIV‐1 infection in the mother‐infant dyad.

Methods

Term placentae from 20 HIV‐1 seronegative women were obtained following caesarian section. VCCs were evaluated by 3D confocal and electron microscopy. Colocalization R values (Pearson's correlation) were quantified with colocalization module of Volocity 5.2.1. Replication kinetics and neutralization studies were evaluated using p24 ELISA.

Results

We demonstrate that primary HCs assemble and sequester HIV‐1BaL in intracellular VCCs, which are enriched in endosomal/lysosomal markers, including CD9, CD81, CD63 and LAMP‐1. Following infection, we observed HIV‐1 accumulation in potentially acidic compartments, which stained intensely with Lysotracker‐Red. Remarkably, these compartments are readily accessible via the cell surface and can be targeted by exogenously applied small molecules and HIV‐1‐specific broadly neutralizing antibodies. In addition, broadly neutralizing antibodies (4E10 and VRC01) limited viral replication by HIV‐1‐infected HCs, which may be mediated by FcγRI.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that placental HCs possess intrinsic adaptations facilitating unique sequestration of HIV‐1, and may serve as a protective viral reservoir to permit viral neutralization and/or antiretroviral drug entry in utero.