bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From market multilateralism to governance by goal setting: SDGs and the changing role of partnerships in a new global order
Authors: Bull Benedicte , McNeill Desmond
Published: July 2019

Business has been involved in cooperation with multilateral organizations through public-private partnerships (PPPs) since the late 1990s. With their adoption of the sustainable development goals (SDGs), multilateral institutions increasingly consider partnerships as a means to achieve their goals given their own limited implementation capacity. However, the global economic order has changed significantly since the first expansion of PPPs, particularly due to growing participation by non-western states and companies. This article asks how this shift has changed the eagerness to form partnerships, as well as their qualitative content. It analyzes the 3964 partnerships in the SDG partnership registry, focusing on the subset of them that includes business partners. We divide these into five groups: local implementation, resource mobilization, advocacy, policy, and operational partnerships. We study PPPs involving companies from different varieties of capitalism—private, market based forms, and state-led forms of capitalism. We find that PPPs are still dominated by companies and other actors from Western countries. Moreover, business participate more in U.S.- and Canadian-led partnerships than others. We also find strong differences regarding what category of PPPs that companies from different backgrounds engage in, and discuss the linkages between varieties of capitalism and PPP participation.
Career orientation and perceived professional competence among clinical research coordinators
Authors: Rojewski Jay W. , Choi Ikseon , Hill Janette R. , Ko Yeonjoo , Walters Katherine L. , Kwon Sejung , McCauley Linda
Published: July 2019

Introduction:

This study identified underlying career orientation types of clinical research coordinators (CRCs) using cluster analysis. Select career (satisfaction, engagement, and planning) and competency-related (perceived competence) information was used to identify four distinct career orientation types.

Method:

A web-based survey was administered to CRCs employed in one of four research institutions affiliated with a National Institutes of Health-funded Clinical and Translational Research Award (CTSA) in the southeastern USA. Each respondent completed a survey containing questions about personal background, individual attributes, perceived professional competence, and career orientation.

Results:

The first CRC type (35.2%) possessed apositive, knowledge-seekingorientation, characterized by high career-related scores but a conservative assessment of perceived competence. The second CRC type (18.6%) represented anoptimistic and confidentcareer orientation reflected in moderate to high scores on each of the four identifying factors. The third CRC type (27.6%) reflected aninconsistentcareer orientation highlighted by lowered perceived competence. The final CRC type (18.6%) reflected adisengagedorientation characterized by negative responses to all career and competence factors.

Conclusion:

Understanding the career orientation of CRCs can be helpful to institutional administrators and clinical investigators as they seek to support the professional development of CRCs through tailored training efforts or work-related supports. Knowledge of career orientation may also inform individual CRCs as they manage their personal career paths by assessing current levels of functioning, career-related strengths or weaknesses, and training needs.
ARCTURUS laser: a versatile high-contrast, high-power multi-beam laser system
Authors: Cerchez M. , Prasad R. , Aurand B. , Giesecke A. L. , Spickermann S. , Brauckmann S. , Aktan E. , Swantusch M. , Toncian M. , Toncian T. , Willi O.
Published: July 2019

With the latest configuration, the Ti:Sa laser system ARCTURUS (Düsseldorf University, Germany) operates with a double-chirped pulse amplification (CPA) architecture delivering pulses with an energy of 7 J before compression in each of the two high-power beams. By the implementation of a plasma mirror system, the intrinsic laser contrast is enhanced up to

$10^{-12}$

on a time scale of hundreds of picoseconds, before the main peak. The laser system has been used in various configurations for advanced experiments and different studies have been carried out employing the high-power laser beams as a single, high-intensity interaction beam (

$I\approx 10^{20}~\text{W}/\text{cm}^{2}$

), in dual- and multi-beam configurations or in a pump–probe arrangement.
Mean velocity, spreading and entrainment characteristics of weak bubble plumes in unstratified and stationary water
Authors: Wang Binbin , Lai Chris C. K. , Socolofsky Scott A.
Published: July 2019

In this paper we present an experimental and theoretical study of weak bubble plumes in unstratified and stationary water. We define a weak bubble plume as one that spreads slower than the linear rate of a classic plume. This work focuses on the characteristics of the mean flow in the plume, including centreline velocity, plume spreading and entrainment of ambient water. A new theory based on diffusive spreading instead of an entrainment hypothesis is used to describe the lateral spreading of the bubbles and the associated plume. The new theory is supported by the experimental data. With the measured data of liquid volume fluxes and the new theory, we conclude that the weak bubble plume is a decreasing entrainment process, with the entrainment coefficient $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$ in the weak bubble plume decreasing with height $z$, following $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}\sim z^{-1/2}$, and taking on values much smaller than those in a classic bubble plume. An additional non-dimensional diffusion coefficient, $\hat{E_{t}}\sim E_{t}U_{s}^{2}/B_{0}$, is also needed to describe the evolution of the volume and kinematic momentum fluxes for the mean flow in the weak bubble plume. Here, $E_{t}$ is the effective turbulent diffusion coefficient, $U_{s}$ is the terminal rise velocity of the bubbles, and $B_{0}$ is the kinematic buoyancy flux of the source. Finally, we provide a unified framework for the mean flow characteristics, including volume flux, momentum flux and plume spreading for the classic and weak bubble plumes, which also provides insight on the transition from classic to weak bubble plume behaviour.
The sensitivity of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets to atmospheric forcing during the last glacial cycle using PMIP3 models
Authors: NIU LU , LOHMANN GERRIT , HINCK SEBASTIAN , GOWAN EVAN J. , KREBS-KANZOW UTA
Published: July 2019

The evolution of Northern Hemisphere ice sheets through the last glacial cycle is simulated with the glacial index method by using the climate forcing from one General Circulation Model, COSMOS. By comparing the simulated results to geological reconstructions, we first show that the modelled climate is capable of capturing the main features of the ice-sheet evolution. However, large deviations exist, likely due to the absence of nonlinear interactions between ice sheet and other climate components. The model uncertainties of the climate forcing are examined using the output from nine climate models from the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase III. The results show a large variability in simulated ice sheets between the different models. We find that the ice-sheet extent pattern resembles summer surface air temperature pattern at the Last Glacial Maximum, confirming the dominant role of surface ablation process for high-latitude Northern Hemisphere ice sheets. This study shows the importance of the upper boundary condition for ice-sheet modelling, and implies that careful constraints on climate output is essential for simulating realistic glacial Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.
Personality Traits and Marital Satisfaction in Predicting Couples’ Attitudes Toward Infidelity
Authors: Isma Mentari Namira Pertiwi , Turnip Sherly Saragih
Published: July 2019

This study aims to investigate the role of marital satisfaction and personality traits (openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism) in predicting attitudes toward infidelity. The participants of the study were 438 married men and women ranging in age from 22 to 40 years old (M = 31.02, SD = 4.3). The results from the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), Evaluation and Nurturing Relationship Issues, Communication and Happiness (ENRICH) Marital Satisfaction Scale and Attitudes toward Infidelity Scale used in this study indicate that conscientiousness and neuroticism, followed by marital satisfaction and gender, are significant predictors of attitudes toward infidelity. From these results, it can be concluded that attitudes toward infidelity can be predicted by demographic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal factors.
Decoding the Process of Social Value Creation by Chinese and Indian Social Entrepreneurs: Contributory Factors and Contextual Embeddedness
Authors: Sardana Deepak , Bamiatzi Vassiliki , Zhu Ying
Published: July 2019

Nowadays social entrepreneurship is recognized as a two-way process, addressing both social and economic concerns that can bring social inclusion, equity, and development to disadvantaged groups in society. This aspect is particularly important and desirable within emerging economies. In these markets, which are constantly faced with profound economic and social challenges, we see the growing importance of social entrepreneurs as they take upon themselves the provision of welfare services and progressive activities. However, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the creation of social and economic values in social enterprises, and the factors contributing to the establishment of these value creation objectives, is still rather fragmented. Our article contributes to this gap in the literature by decoding the process via which for-profit social entrepreneurs from China and India create social and economic value. In addition, by combining a deductive and an inductive approach of analysis, we offer novel insights into the context-dependent processual patterns deciphered within the two countries. A new entrepreneurial process framework that reflects the contextualized social value creation process by social entrepreneurs is thus provided.
Word Embeddings for the Analysis of Ideological Placement in Parliamentary Corpora
Authors: Rheault Ludovic , Cochrane Christopher
Published: July 2019

Word embeddings, the coefficients from neural network models predicting the use of words in context, have now become inescapable in applications involving natural language processing. Despite a few studies in political science, the potential of this methodology for the analysis of political texts has yet to be fully uncovered. This paper introduces models of word embeddings augmented with political metadata and trained on large-scale parliamentary corpora from Britain, Canada, and the United States. We fit these models with indicator variables of the party affiliation of members of parliament, which we refer to as party embeddings. We illustrate how these embeddings can be used to produce scaling estimates of ideological placement and other quantities of interest for political research. To validate the methodology, we assess our results against indicators from the Comparative Manifestos Project, surveys of experts, and measures based on roll-call votes. Our findings suggest that party embeddings are successful at capturing latent concepts such as ideology, and the approach provides researchers with an integrated framework for studying political language.
LOCALIZATIONS OF THE HEARTS OF COTORSION PAIRS
Authors: LIU YU
Published: July 2019

In this article, we study localizations of hearts of cotorsion pairs ($\mathcal{U}, \mathcal{V}$) where $\mathcal{U}$ is rigid on an extriangulated category
$\mathcal{B}$
. The hearts of such cotorsion pairs are equivalent to the functor categories over the stable category of
$\mathcal{U}$
(
$\bmod \underline{\mathcal{U}}$
). Inspired by Marsh and Palu (Nagoya Math. J.225(2017), 64–99), we consider the mutation (in the sense of Iyama and Yoshino, Invent. Math.172(1) (2008), 117–168) of
$\mathcal{U}$
that induces a cotorsion pair (
$\mathcal{U}^{\prime}, \mathcal{V}^{\prime}$
). Generally speaking, the hearts of (
$\mathcal{U}, \mathcal{V}$
) and (
$\mathcal{U}^{\prime}, \mathcal{V}^{\prime}$
) are not equivalent to each other, but we will give a generalized pseudo-Morita equivalence between certain localizations of their hearts.
Formal and informal care: trajectories of home care use among Danish older adults
Authors: Kjær Agnete Aslaug , Siren Anu
Published: July 2019

To adjust future care policies for an ageing population, policy makers need to understand when and why older adults rely on different sources of care (e.g. informal support versus formal services). However, previous scholars have proposed competing conceptualisations of the link between formal and informal care, and empirical examinations have often lacked a dynamic approach. In this study, we applied an analytical method (sequence analysis), allowing for an exploratory and dynamic description of care utilisation. Based on 15 years of data from 473 community-dwelling older individuals in Denmark, we identified four distinct clusters of care trajectories. The probability of belonging to each cluster varied with predisposing factors (such as age and gender), needs factors (such as dependence in activities of daily living and medical conditions) and enabling factors (such as co-habitation and contact with adult children). A key finding was that trajectories characterised by sporadic use of informal care were associated with low needs and strong social relations, whereas trajectories characterised by reliance on formal care were associated with high needs and limited contact with children. Taken together, our findings provide new evidence on the associations between care use and multiple determining factors. The dynamic approach to studying care use reveals that sources of individual care utilisation change over time as the individual and societal determinants change.
Evaluation of Field of View Width in Stereo-vision-Based Visual Homing
Authors: Lyons D. M. , Barriage B. , Signore L. Del
Published: July 2019

Visual homing is a local navigation technique used to direct a robot to a previously seen location by comparing the image of the original location with the current visual image. Prior work has shown that exploiting depth cues such as image scale or stereo-depth in homing leads to improved homing performance. While it is not unusual to use a panoramic field of view (FOV) camera in visual homing, it is unusual to have a panoramic FOV stereo-camera. So, while the availability of stereo-depth information may improve performance, the concomitant-restricted FOV may be a detriment to performance, unless specialized stereo hardware is used. In this paper, we present an investigation of the effect on homing performance of varying the FOV widths in a stereo-vision-based visual homing algorithm using a common stereo-camera. We have collected six stereo-vision homing databases – three indoor and three outdoor. Based on over 350,000 homing trials, we show that while a larger FOV yields performance improvements for larger homing offset angles, the relative improvement falls off with increasing FOVs, and in fact decreases for the widest FOV tested. We conduct additional experiments to identify the cause of this fall-off in performance, which we term the ‘blinder’ effect, and which we predict should affect other correspondence-based visual homing algorithms.
Subordination and insubordination in contemporary spoken English
Authors: Lastres–López Cristina
Published: July 2019

Over the last decade, a new term –insubordination– has entered into the grammar of English. This term designates constructions such as (1), which can be considered linguistic innovations that appear to derive from syntactically more complex sentences, in this particular case, from a conditional construction.
The Baptist Endeavours in Biblical Translation in China before the Chinese Union Version
Authors: CHOI DANIEL KAM-TO
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this study is to present a historical review of the Bible translation of Baptist missionaries in China before the publication of the Chinese Union Version (CUV) in early twentieth century, especially the significance of the Baptist translations in this period. This study will also discuss the differences in translation approaches and practices of the Baptists from other denominations.

The history of Chinese Bible translation by the Baptists started when English Baptist missionary Joshua Marshman (1768–1837) and his Armenian helper Johannes Lassar (1781–1835?) published their translation of the whole Bible in 1822 in Serampore. In the 1840s, the Protestant missionaries from different countries and missions decided to translate the Bible into classical Chinese with standardised terminologies for the names and terms in the Bible. This version was known as the Delegates’ Version and was the most important project of common Bible before the CUV. However, it uncovered heavy hiccup and disputes in translating, especially the difficulties in translating religious terms into Chinese. Their biggest point of contention was which, Shen or Shangdi, was the suitable translation of the word “God.” Furthermore, the Baptists insisted Shen as well as Jin (which meant “immerse”) for baptism, while the others recommended Xi (which meant “wash”). In the end, the Baptists withdrew from the translation committee and translated several versions in classical Chinese only by themselves between the 1840s and the 1870s. Until the early twentieth century, Baptist missionaries dedicated themselves to translating the Bible into various Chinese dialects.

Although the Baptists had excellent achievements in the history of Bible translation, they had only played an insignificant role in the project of the CUV and shared the consequent of the CUV after its publication. This paper aims to investigate the work of the Baptists in several aspects, including their translation approaches and problems as well as their significance in the history of Chinese Bible translation.
Roots of tolerance among second-generation immigrants
Authors: Berggren Niclas , Ljunge Martin , Nilsson Therese
Published: July 2019

Tolerance – respecting individual choice and differences among people – is a prominent feature of modern European culture. That immigrants embrace this kind of liberal value is arguably important for integration, a central policy goal. We provide a rigorous study of what factors in the ancestral countries of second-generation immigrants – including formal and informal institutions – predict their level of tolerance towards gay people. Using the epidemiological method allows us to rule out reverse causality. Out of the 46 factors examined, one emerges as very robust: a Muslim ancestral background. Tolerance towards gay people is lower the larger the share of Muslims in the country from which the parents emigrated. An instrumental-variable analysis shows that the main mechanism is not through the individual being a Muslim, but through the individual being highly religious. Two additional attitudes among people in the ancestral country (valuing children being tolerant and respectful, and valuing children taking responsibility), as well as impartial institutions in the ancestral country, predict higher individual tolerance. Our findings thus point to an important role for both formal- and informal-institutional background factors in shaping tolerance.
COMPLETE ADDITIVITY AND MODAL INCOMPLETENESS
Authors: HOLLIDAY WESLEY H. , LITAK TADEUSZ
Published: July 2019

In this article, we tell a story about incompleteness in modal logic. The story weaves together an article of van Benthem (1979), “Syntactic aspects of modal incompleteness theorems,” and a longstanding open question: whether every normal modal logic can be characterized by a class ofcompletely additivemodal algebras, or as we call them,${\cal V}$-baos. Using a first-order reformulation of the property of complete additivity, we prove that the modal logic that starred in van Benthem’s article resolves the open question in the negative. In addition, for the case of bimodal logic, we show that there is a naturally occurring logic that is incomplete with respect to${\cal V}$-baos, namely the provability logic$GLB$(Japaridze, 1988; Boolos, 1993). We also show that even logics that are unsound with respect to such algebras do not have to be more complex than the classical propositional calculus. On the other hand, we observe that it is undecidable whether a syntactically defined logic is${\cal V}$-complete. After these results, we generalize the Blok Dichotomy (Blok, 1978) to degrees of${\cal V}$-incompleteness. In the end, we return to van Benthem’s theme of syntactic aspects of modal incompleteness.
A miniaturized CPW-fed on-chip UWB monopole antenna with band-notch characteristics
Authors: Mandal S. , Karmakar A. , Singh H. , Mandal S. K. , Mahapatra R. , Mal A. K.
Published: July 2019

This paper presents the design and analysis of a miniaturized, coplanar waveguide-fed ultra-wideband monopole on-chip antenna with band-notch characteristics. By incorporating a “U”-shaped slot in the feedline, a band-notch is realized in the frequency range of 7.9–8.4 GHz to avoid interference from the X-band uplink satellite communication system. The proposed antenna achieved good voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) characteristics with VSWR value <2 for the frequency range of 2.5–20.1 GHz excluding the band-notched frequencies. The fractional bandwidth and bandwidth ratio are obtained as 156% and 8.04:1, respectively. Dominant factors that affect the center frequency and bandwidth of the notched band are thoroughly investigated. This paper addresses both frequency as well as time domain behavior of the proposed structure. Standard 675 µm thick, high resistive silicon substrate (ρ≥8 kΩ-cm, εr = 11.8, and tan δ = 0.01) is used to design the proposed compact antenna structure with a layout area of 8.5 × 11.5 mm2. Fabrication process steps along with simulated and measured data are presented here. A close analogy between simulated and measured data is observed.
Control of torpedograss (Panicum repens) and Southern watergrass (Luziola fluitans) in bermudagrass turf
Authors: Brown Philip J. , Cross Robert B. , McCarty Lambert B. , Kerr Robert A.
Published: July 2019

Two species, torpedograss and Southern watergrass, are very difficult to selectively control when they invade desirable turfgrass stands. The purpose of this study was to evaluate selective control of torpedograss and Southern watergrass in ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass turf. Greater than 86% control of torpedograss was observed 4 wk after sequential treatment (WAST) with quinclorac, trifloxysulfuron-sodium, quinclorac and trifloxysulfuron-sodium, sulfentrazone + imazethapyr and quinclorac and trifloxysulfuron-sodium, and quinclorac and trifloxysulfuron-sodium followed by (fb) glyphosate. However, by 8 WAST, control was reduced to <36% for all treatments. Greatest Southern watergrass control was achieved 4 WAST with trifloxysulfuron-sodium (83%), and thiencarbazone-methyl + foramsulfuron + halosulfuron-methyl (75%). Limited control (<30%) was observed with other treatments. By 8 WAST, Southern watergrass control was <12% for all treatments. This study suggests that short-term control/suppression of these two species is possible; however, long-term control is limited with single-year programs. These weeds will probably require multiple applications in successive years to reduce infestations. Future research should continue to screen other herbicides, combinations, and timings for control of these and other perennial grass weeds.
Evaluation of broadcast and spot herbicide applications for narrowleaf goldenrod [Euthamia graminifolia (L.) Nutt.] management in lowbush blueberry
Authors: Farooq Muhammad H. , Zaman Qamar U. , Boyd Nathan S. , White Scott N.
Published: July 2019

Goldenrods are common perennial weeds in lowbush blueberry fields in Nova Scotia. Management options are limited to mowing and suppression with POST mesotrione applications. The objectives of this research were to (1) compare efficacy of single versus sequential nonbearing-year POST mesotrione applications on goldenrod (2) identify the optimal interval between sequential POST mesotrione applications (3) evaluate nonbearing-year POST bicyclopyrone applications on goldenrod, and (4) evaluate nonbearing-year summer and fall herbicide spot treatments on goldenrod. POST mesotrione applications at 144 g ai ha−1 caused 39% to 77% injury but did not reduce goldenrod shoot density. In contrast, mesotrione applications at 144 g ai ha−1 followed by sequential mesotrione application at 14, 21, or 28 days after initial treatment caused greater than 90% injury to goldenrod and reduced both nonbearing- and bearing-year shoot density. POST bicyclopyrone applications at 50 g ai ha−1 caused 69% to 80% injury to goldenrod but did not reduce shoot density. A bicyclopyrone plus mesotrione tank mixture did not improve goldenrod control relative to mesotrione or bicyclopyrone alone. Summer spot applications of glyphosate (7.24 g ae L water−1), glufosinate (0.75 g ai L water−1), and mesotrione (0.72 g ai L water−1) consistently injured goldenrod and reduced both nonbearing- and bearing-year shoot density. Summer spot applications of bicyclopyrone (0.25 g ai L water−1), flazasulfuron (0.31 g ai L water−1), dicamba (1 g ae L water−1), dicamba plus diflufenzopyr (0.7 g ae L water−1 plus 0.3 g ai L water−1), triclopyr (1.68 g ai L water−1), clopyralid (0.08 g ai L water−1), tribenuron methyl (0.2 g ai L water−1), and foramsulfuron (0.2 g ai L water−1) injured goldenrod but did not consistently reduce shoot density. When these herbicides were evaluated as fall spot applications, only glyphosate reduced goldenrod shoot density in the year after application.
Mindfulness Meditation Intervention Alters Neurophysiological Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression in Preadolescents
Authors: Shanok Nathaniel A. , Reive Carol , Mize Krystal D. , Jones Nancy Aaron
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Mindfulness meditation interventions (MMIs) are formal training programs which utilize mindfulness techniques to improve attentional control and reduce stress and anxiety. Past investigations have shown that mindfulness-based interventions are effective in improving symptoms of anxiety and depression in both adolescents and adults, making this a promising natural approach to treating mood disorders. The current study sought to examine the neurophysiological effects of a 10-week MMI, in a relatively unexplored age-range (7–10 years). The non-clinical participants demonstrated increases in interhemispheric alpha coherence, as well as increased theta, alpha, and beta power particularly in frontal and central areas; reflecting a lower neurological risk for anxiety development. However, two common measures linked to anxiety, frontal and posterior alpha asymmetry remained largely unchanged following the training period. Still, these preliminary results exemplify the potentially positive effects of mindfulness meditation on preadolescents; this time on neurophysiological functioning.
The Influence of Background Auditory Noise on P50 and N100 Suppression Elicited by the Paired-Click Paradigm
Authors: Major Samantha , Carpenter Kimberly , Beyer Logan , Kwak Hannah , Dawson Geraldine , Murias Michael
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Auditory sensory gating is commonly assessed using the Paired-Click Paradigm (PCP), an electroencephalography (EEG) task in which two identical sounds are presented sequentially and the brain’s inhibitory response to the second sound is measured. Many clinical populations demonstrate reduced P50 and/or N100 suppression. Testing sensory gating in children may help to identify individuals at risk for neurodevelopmental disorders earlier, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which could lead to more optimal outcomes. Minimal research has been done with children because of the difficulty of performing lengthy EEG experiments with young children, requiring them to sit still for long periods of time. We designed a modified, potentially child-friendly version of the PCP and evaluated it in typically developing adults. The PCP was administered twice, once in a traditional silent room (silent movie condition) and once with an audible movie playing (audible movie condition) to minimize boredom and enhance behavioral compliance. We tested whether P50 and N100 suppression were influenced by the presence of the auditory background noise from the movie. N100 suppression was observed in both hemispheres in the silent movie condition and in the left hemisphere only during the audible movie condition, though suppression was attenuated in the audible movie condition. P50 suppression was not observed in either condition. N100 sensory gating was successfully elicited with an audible movie playing during the PCP, supporting the use of the modified task for future research in both children and adults.
Evaluating Differential Item Functioning (DIF) of the Chinese Version of the Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale (C-BADS)
Authors: Chen Yun , Thissen David , Anand Deepika , Chen Lung Hung , Liang Hong , Daughters Stacey B.
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Depression is prevalent in both China and Taiwan, and Behavioral Activation (BA), an Evidence-Based Treatment (EBT) for depression, is ideally suited for cross cultural implementation. As a first step, the current study examined cross cultural differences in the understanding of BA constructs, by investigating item level differences in functioning between the English and Chinese versions of Behavioral Activation for Depression Scale (BADS and C-BADS; Kanter, Mulick, Busch, Berlin, & Martell, 2007 ; Li, Ding, Kanter, Zeng, & Yang, 2014) . 752 college students were recruited from China, Taiwan, and the United States. Factorial invariance-based Differential Item Functioning (DIF) analysis was used to study item level differences in functioning for the BADS and C-BADS. Results. DIF was observed in the majority of BADS items, with items in the avoidance and impairment factors showing the greatest DIF. The constructs of avoidance and impairment demonstrate less cross-cultural generalizability compared to the activation construct. Suggestions for the implementation of DIF analysis for future cross cultural psychometric studies, and further modification of the C-BADS as a clinical assessment tool in China and Taiwan, are discussed.
Spatial Organization of Human Population and Wastewater Treatment Plants in Urbanized River Basins
Authors: Yang Soohyun , Büttner Olaf , Jawitz James W. , Kumar Rohini , Rao P. Suresh C. , Borchardt Dietrich
Published: July 2019

Discharge from multiple wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) distributed in urbanized river basins contributes to impairments of river water‐quality and aquatic ecosystem integrity, with size and location of WWTPs determined by population distribution within a river basin. Here we used geo‐referenced data for WWTPs in Germany to investigate the spatial organization of three attributes of interest in this study: population, population equivalents (the aggregated population served by each WWTP), and the number/sizes of WWTPs. To this end, we selected as case studies three large urbanized river basins (Weser, Elbe, and Rhine), home to about 70% of the population in Germany. We employed fractal river networks as structural platforms to examine the spatial patterns from two perspectives: spatial hierarchy (stream order) and patterns along longitudinal flow paths (width function). Moreover, we proposed three dimensionless scaling indices to quantify (1) human settlement preferences by stream order, (2) non‐sanitary flow contribution to total wastewater treated at WWTPs, and (3) degree of centralization in WWTPs locations. Across the three river basins, we found scale‐invariant distributions for each of the three attributes with stream order, quantified using extended Horton scaling ratios. We found a weak downstream clustering of population in the three basins. Variations in population equivalent clustering among different class‐sizes of WWTPs reflected the size, number, and locations of urban agglomerations in these river basins. We discussed the applicability of this approach to other large urbanized basins to analyze spatial organization of population and WWTPs.
Observing Mesospheric Turbulence With Specular Meteor Radars: A Novel Method for Estimating Second‐Order Statistics of Wind Velocity
Authors: Vierinen J. , Chau J. L. , Charuvil H. , Urco J. M. , Clahsen M. , Avsarkisov V. , Marino R. , Volz R.
Published: July 2019

There are few observational techniques for measuring the distribution of kinetic energy within the mesosphere with a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. This study describes a method for estimating the three‐dimensional mesospheric wind field correlation function from specular meteor trail echoes. Each radar echo provides a measurement of a one‐dimensional projection of the wind velocity vector at a randomly sampled point in space and time. The method relies on using pairs of such measurements to estimate the correlation function of the wind with different spatial and temporal lags. The method is demonstrated using a multistatic meteor radar data set that includes ≈105 meteor echoes observed during a 24‐hr time period. The new method is found to be in good agreement with the well‐established technique for estimating horizontal mean winds. High‐resolution correlation functions with temporal, horizontal, and vertical lags are also estimated from the data. The temporal correlation function is used to retrieve the kinetic energy spectrum, which includes the semidiurnal mode and a 3‐hr period wave. The horizontal and vertical correlation functions of the wind are then used to derive second‐order structure functions, which are found to be compatible with the Kolmogorov prediction for spectral distribution of kinetic energy in the turbulent inertial range. The presented method can be used to extend the capabilities of specular meteor radars. It is relatively flexible and has a multitude of applications beyond what has been shown in this study.
Addressing Cascadia Subduction Zone Great Earthquake Recurrence
Authors: Staisch Lydia , Walton Maureen , Witter Rob
Published: July 2019

USGS Powell Center Cascadia Earthquake Hazards Working Group; Fort Collins, Colorado, 25–29 March 2019
Climate Solutions Caucus Provides Bipartisan Forum
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: July 2019

The House caucus offers an opportunity for Republicans and Democrats to seek common ground on climate change solutions.
Recycled Glasses Connect Eclipse Watchers Across the Equator
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: July 2019

Instead of throwing them in the trash, millions donated their slightly used eclipse glasses so that others around the world could share the experience.
Melting at the Edge of a Slab in the Deepest Mantle
Authors: Thorne Michael S. , Takeuchi Nozomu , Shiomi Katsuhiko
Published: July 2019

We analyzed new recordings of SPdKS seismic waveforms from a global set of broadband seismograms and horizontal tiltmeters from the Hi‐net array in Japan from 26 earthquakes in the Central American region. The anomalous waveforms are consistent with the presence of at least three ultralow‐velocity zones (ULVZs), on the core‐mantle boundary beneath northern Mexico and the southeastern United States. These ULVZs ring an area of high seismic wave speeds observed in tomographic models that has long been associated with past subduction. Waveform modeling using the PSVaxi method suggests that the ULVZs have S and P wave velocity decreases of 40% and 10%, respectively. These velocity decreases are likely best explained by a partially molten origin where the melt is generated through melting of mid‐ocean ridge basalt atop the subducted slab.
The Sensitivity of Euro‐Atlantic Regimes to Model Horizontal Resolution
Authors: Strommen K. , Mavilia I. , Corti S. , Matsueda M. , Davini P. , von Hardenberg J. , Vidale P.‐L. , Mizuta R.
Published: July 2019

There is growing evidence that the atmospheric dynamics of the Euro‐Atlantic sector during winter is driven in part by the presence of quasi‐persistent regimes. However, general circulation models typically struggle to simulate these with, for example, an overly weakly persistent blocking regime. Previous studies have showed that increased horizontal resolution can improve the regime structure of a model but have so far only considered a single model with only one ensemble member at each resolution, leaving open the possibility that this may be either coincidental or model dependent. We show that the improvement in regime structure due to increased resolution is robust across multiple models with multiple ensemble members. However, while the high‐resolution models have notably more tightly clustered data, other aspects of the regimes may not necessarily improve and are also subject to a large amount of sampling variability that typically requires at least three ensemble members to surmount.
First Observations From the TREx Spectrograph: The Optical Spectrum of STEVE and the Picket Fence Phenomena
Authors: Gillies D. M. , Donovan E. , Hampton D. , Liang J. , Connors M. , Nishimura Y. , Gallardo‐Lacourt B. , Spanswick E.
Published: July 2019

We present the first observations of ionospheric phenomena using the newly deployed Transition Region Explorer (TREx) Spectrograph. On the night of 10 April 2018, STEVE (Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement) and the Picket Fence optical structures were observed by the spectrograph in Lucky Lake, Saskatchewan. STEVE contains an enhancement of the OI red‐line (630‐nm) emission and a continuum which spans the visible wavelengths. Based upon its spectrum, we assert that the characteristic mauve color of STEVE is a result of this continuum. The spectrum of the Picket Fence contains a strong OI green‐line (557.7‐nm) emission similar to that produced in typical auroral structures. From their spectra, we assert that the Picket Fence is caused by particle precipitation and thus that the Picket Fence is a form of aurora, while STEVE's spectrum confirms that it is not aurora.
Do Large Earthquakes Occur at Regular Intervals Through Time? A Perspective From the Geologic Record
Authors: Williams Randolph T. , Davis Joshua R. , Goodwin Laurel B.
Published: July 2019

We analyzed a catalog of 31 published earthquake chronologies to assess the commonality of quasiperiodic earthquake recurrence across a range of fault types and tectonic settings. The statistical approach we employ differs from previous methods in that it explicitly incorporates numeric uncertainties in the earthquake chronologies while recognizing that random sequences of events (against which the chronologies are tested) may appear to be less disordered over the short time scales typical of most published records. Our results show that 58% of the chronologies support an interpretation of quasiperiodic recurrence (probability of random recurrence < 10%). These include strike‐slip, normal, and reverse faults in both plate‐boundary and intraplate environments, which exhibit evidence for quasiperiodic recurrence with comparable frequency. We conclude that quasiperiodic failure is likely the norm for faults in the seismogenic crust and that stress renewal is a first‐order control on fault rupture across a wide range of tectonic settings.
The Fragmented Death of the Farallon Plate
Authors: Hawley William B. , Allen Richard M.
Published: July 2019

The processes that accompany the death of an oceanic plate, as a ridge nears a trench, remain enigmatic. How the plate might reorganize, fragment, and eventually be captured by one of the bounding plates are among the unresolved details. We present a tomographic model of the Pacific Northwest from onshore and offshore seismic data that reveals a hole in the subducted Juan de Fuca plate. We suggest that this hole is the result of a tear along a preexisting zone of weakness, is causing volcanism on the North American plate, and is causing deformation in the Juan de Fuca plate offshore. We propose that in the final stages of an oceanic plate's life, deformation on the surface can be driven by deeper dynamics and that the fragmentation and the eventual capture of oceanic plate fragments may be governed by a process that operates from the bottom up.
Observational Test of the Global Moving Hot Spot Reference Frame
Authors: Wang Chengzu , Gordon Richard G. , Zhang Tuo , Zheng Lin
Published: July 2019

The Global Moving Hotspot Reference Frame (GMHRF) has been claimed to fit hot spot tracks better than the fixed hot spot approximation mainly because the GMHRF predicts ≈1,000 km southward motion through the mantle of the Hawaiian mantle plume over the past 80 Ma. As the GMHRF is determined by starting at present and calculating backward in time, it should be most accurate and reliable for the recent geologic past. Here we compare the fit of the GMHRF and of fixed hot spots to the observed trends of young tracks of hot spots. Surprisingly, we find that the GMHRF fits the data significantly worse (p = 0.005) than does the fixed hot spot approximation. Thus, either plume conduits are not passively advected with the mantle flow calculated for the GMHRF or Earth's actual mantle velocity field differs substantially from that calculated for the GMHRF.
Discharge of Meteoric Water in the Eastern Norwegian Sea since the Last Glacial Period
Authors: Hong Wei‐Li , Lepland Aivo , Himmler Tobias , Kim Ji‐Hoon , Chand Shyam , Sahy Diana , Solomon Evan A. , Rae James W. B. , Martma Tõnu , Nam Seung‐Il , Knies Jochen
Published: July 2019

Submarine groundwater discharge could impact the transport of critical solutes to the ocean. However, its driver(s), significance over geological time scales, and geographical coverage are poorly understood. We characterize a submarine groundwater seep from the continental slope off northern Norway where substantial amount of meteoric water was detected. We reconstruct the seepage history from textural relationships and U‐Th geochronology of authigenic minerals. We demonstrate how glacial‐interglacial dynamics have promoted submarine groundwater circulation more than 100 km offshore and result in high fluxes of critical solutes to the ocean. Such cryosphere‐hydrosphere coupling is likely common in the circum‐Arctic implying that future decay of glaciers and permafrost in a warming Arctic is expected to attenuate such a coupled process and thus decreases the export of critical solutes.
Quantifying Disconnection of Groundwater From Managed‐Ephemeral Surface Water During Drought and Conjunctive Agricultural Use
Authors: Fuchs Erek H. , King James Phillip , Carroll Kenneth C.
Published: July 2019

The physics of disconnection between interrelated surface and groundwater has evolved considerably in recent years, especially since conjunctive use of water resources is increasingly dependent on groundwater resilience, but methods to measure disconnection on a river basin scale are lacking especially for managed‐ephemeral and irrigated‐agricultural systems. Multiyear drought limited surface water along Rincon Valley within the Elephant Butte Irrigation District (EBID) in the arid, Lower Rio Grande Basin of south‐central New Mexico, USA, and effects were compounded by continued extraction of groundwater to meet crop requirements. Average year‐end water table elevations in recent years have been below the average elevation of the riverbed, indicating potential disconnection between the river and the aquifer even when the river flows during the irrigation season. This study analyzed data from EBID groundwater monitoring wells adjacent to the river, infiltration determined from river flows, and riverbed measurements along the Rincon Valley reach to determine net annual seepage discharge to the aquifer and annual average pressure head below the river. Annual assessment from 2010 to 2017 confirmed that the drought shifted the system from connection to transition and then to disconnection. Nonlinear regression was used to quantify this shift to disconnection and back, enabled determination of several disconnection process metrics, and was also used to confirm that nonlinear disconnection behavior was reversible without significant hysteresis. The method developed herein confirms that the total head difference transition threshold can be determined from river/riparian monitoring sites over reach to basin scales.
Tuning charge transport dynamics via clustering of doping in organic semiconductor thin films
Authors: Boyle Connor J. , Upadhyaya Meenakshi , Wang Peijian , Renna Lawrence A. , Lu-Díaz Michael , Pyo Jeong Seung , Hight-Huf Nicholas , Korugic-Karasz Ljiljana , Barnes Michael D. , Aksamija Zlatan , Venkataraman D.
Published: July 2019

A significant challenge in the rational design of organic thermoelectric materials is to realize simultaneously high electrical conductivity and high induced-voltage in response to a thermal gradient, which is represented by the Seebeck coefficient. Conventional wisdom posits that the polymer alone dictates thermoelectric efficiency. Herein, we show that doping — in particular, clustering of dopants within conjugated polymer films — has a profound and predictable influence on their thermoelectric properties. We correlate Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity of iodine-doped poly(3-hexylthiophene) and poly[2,5-bis(2-octyldodecyl)pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4(2H,5H)-dione-3,6-diyl)-alt-(2,2′;5′,2′′;5′′,2′′′-quaterthiophen-5,5′′′-diyl)] films with Kelvin probe force microscopy to highlight the role of the spatial distribution of dopants in determining overall charge transport. We fit the experimental data to a phonon-assisted hopping model and found that the distribution of dopants alters the distribution of the density of states and the Kang–Snyder transport parameter. These results highlight the importance of controlling dopant distribution within conjugated polymer films for thermoelectric and other electronic applications.
Modular one-pot assembly of CRISPR arrays enables library generation and reveals factors influencing crRNA biogenesis
Authors: Liao Chunyu , Ttofali Fani , Slotkowski Rebecca A. , Denny Steven R. , Cecil Taylor D. , Leenay Ryan T. , Keung Albert J. , Beisel Chase L.
Published: July 2019

CRISPR-Cas systems inherently multiplex through CRISPR arrays—whether to defend against different invaders or mediate multi-target editing, regulation, imaging, or sensing. However, arrays remain difficult to generate due to their reoccurring repeat sequences. Here, we report a modular, one-pot scheme called CRATES to construct CRISPR arrays and array libraries. CRATES allows assembly of repeat-spacer subunits using defined assembly junctions within the trimmed portion of spacers. Using CRATES, we construct arrays for the single-effector nucleases Cas9, Cas12a, and Cas13a that mediated multiplexed DNA/RNA cleavage and gene regulation in cell-free systems, bacteria, and yeast. CRATES further allows the one-pot construction of array libraries and composite arrays utilized by multiple Cas nucleases. Finally, array characterization reveals processing of extraneous CRISPR RNAs from Cas12a terminal repeats and sequence- and context-dependent loss of RNA-directed nuclease activity via global RNA structure formation. CRATES thus can facilitate diverse multiplexing applications and help identify factors impacting crRNA biogenesis.