bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic VaR forecasts using conditional Pearson type IV distribution
Authors: Kuang Wei
Published: August 2020

This paper generalizes the exponentially weighted maximum likelihood (EWML) procedure to account for volatility and higher moment dynamics of the returns distribution. Prior research uses EWML to forecast value at risk (VaR) by assuming daily equity returns following a scaled t distribution. This approach does not capture the significant degree of skewness inherent in the data, which potentially leads to an underestimation of VaR. We employ the EWML procedure to estimate a time‐varying Pearson IV distribution. Our results show that VaR forecasts based on Pearson IV using the EWML procedure are generally more accurate than those generated by scaled t and generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH)‐type models, particularly for assets with high leptokurtosis and negative skewness.
Factors impacting successful salvage of the failing free flap
Authors: Sweeny Larissa , Curry Joseph , Crawley Meghan , Cave Taylor , Stewart Matthew , Luginbuhl Adam , Heffelfinger Ryan , Krein Howard , Petrisor Daniel , Bender‐Heine Adam , Wax Mark K.
Published: August 2020

Background

Understanding factors impacting successful salvage of a compromised free flap.

Methods

Multi‐institutional review of free flap reconstructions for head and neck defects (n = 1764).

Results

Free flap compromise rate: 9% (n = 162); 46% salvaged (n = 74). Higher salvage rates in initial 48 hours (64%) vs after (30%; P < .001). Greater compromise (14%) and failure (8%) if inset challenging vs straightforward (6% compromise, 4% failure; P = .035). Greater compromise (23%) and failure (17%) following intraoperative anastomosis revision vs no revision (7% compromise, 4% failure; P < .0001). Success following arterial insufficiency was lower (60% failed, 40% salvaged) vs venous congestion (23% failed, 77% salvaged) (P < .0001). Greater flap salvage following thrombectomy (66%) vs no thrombectomy (34%; P < .0001). Greater flap salvage if operative duration ≤8 hours (57%), vs >8 hours (40%) (P = .04).

Conclusions

There were higher rates of free flap salvage if the vascular compromise occurred within 48 hours, if due to venous congestion, if operative duration ≤8 hours, and if the anastomosis did not require intraoperative revision.
Bayesian Networks in Environmental Risk Assessment: A Review
Authors: Kaikkonen Laura , Parviainen Tuuli , Rahikainen Mika , Uusitalo Laura , Lehikoinen Annukka
Published: August 2020

Human activities both depend upon and have consequences on the environment. Environmental risk assessment (ERA) is a process of estimating the probability and consequences of the adverse effects of human activities and other stressors on the environment. Bayesian networks (BNs) can synthesize different types of knowledge and explicitly account for the probabilities of different scenarios, therefore offering a useful tool for ERA. Their use in formal ERA practice has not been evaluated, however, despite their increasing popularity in environmental modeling. This paper reviews the use of BNs in ERA based on peer-reviewed publications. Following a systematic mapping protocol, we identified studies in which BNs have been used in an environmental risk context and evaluated the scope, technical aspects, and use of the models and their results. The review shows that BNs have been applied in ERA, particularly in recent years, and that there is room to develop both the model implementation and participatory modeling practices. Based on this review and the authors’ experience, we outline general guidelines and development ideas for using BNs in ERA. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:62–78. © 2020 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC)

KEY POINTS

This paper reviews the use of Bayesian Networks in Environmental Risk Assessments (ERA) based on peer-reviewed publications. The review shows that BNs have been applied in ERA particularly in recent years and that there is room to develop both the model implementation and participatory modeling practices. Based on this review and the authors' experience, we outline general guidelines and development ideas for using BNs in ERA.
On the transmission mechanism of Asia‐Pacific yield curve characteristics
Authors: Gabauer David , Subramaniam Sowmya , Gupta Rangan
Published: August 2020

This study investigates the transmission mechanism of Asia‐Pacific sovereign bond yields using a monthly data set, which reaches over the period from January 2003 until December 2017. Sovereign bond yields are decomposed into three latent factors – level, curvature and slope – using the dynamic Nelson–Siegel procedure proposed by Diebold and Li, Journal of Econometrics, 2006, 130(2), 337–364. The yield curve propagation mechanism is examined using the dynamic connectedness framework of Diebold and Yılmaz, Journal of Econometrics, 2012, 182(1), 119–134 and Diebold and Yılmaz, Journal of Econometrics, 2014, 182(1), 119–134 which is based on a time‐varying parameter vector auto‐regression (TVP‐VAR). The results suggest that the net transmitters of shocks are Australia, Hong Kong, Korea and Singapore whereas China, India, Indonesia, Japan and Malaysia have been net receivers of shocks. Across factors, those results are consistent except for the Korean curvature factor. In addition, findings revealed that the highest market interconnectedness can be found in the level factor followed by the slope and the curvature factor. Notably, all dynamic connectedness indices strongly increased during the Global Financial Crisis (2009), which illustrates that the Asia‐Pacific monetary policy is interconnected with each other especially during periods of economic unrest.
Do commodity price shocks impact central bank governors' removals? Evidence from Africa
Authors: Strong Christine O.
Published: August 2020

Using data from 1980 to 2018 for 32 African countries (13 CFA countries and 19 non‐CFA countries) and a conditional fixed effects logit model, this paper examines the effect of commodity price shocks on the likelihood of a central bank governor removal. Governor removals are decomposed into premature removals and ally replacements. Our results show that commodity price shocks lead to a statistically significant increase in the probability of a central bank governor's premature removal and ally replacement. This trend holds when commodities price shocks are separated into oil/mineral shocks and agricultural commodities shocks. We also find that this probability significantly jumps for countries who have a lower degree of export diversification, that is, countries whose are primarily dependent on a single commodity.
Does counter‐guarantee affect microcredit mechanism's performance on repayment? Evidence from Guangzhou, China
Authors: Jiang Meishan , Paudel Krishna P. , Sene Seydina O.
Published: August 2020

We study the credit repayment effectiveness when microcredit is operating in combination with the counter‐guarantee mechanism. We use a sample of 176 poor urban borrowers from the Guangzhou Municipal Labor and Social Security Bureau (GZMLSSB). Their loans were guaranteed by the Guangzhou Financing Guarantee Center (GZFGC), then counter‐guaranteed by borrowers. The size of loans offered to urban borrowers varies from 20,000 RMB to 30,000 RMB per individual per year (60,000 RMB if part of a partnership and maximum of 50,000 RMB per individual in a given loan cycle). We estimated the model using a conditional mixed process given the binary dependent variable and a binary endogenous explanatory variable in the model. We find that the real estate mortgage as a financial counter‐guarantee mechanism has no effects, but a training certificate as a non‐financial counter‐guarantee mechanism has a negative impact on the microcredit repayment rate. Group lending and focusing on women have no impact as well. The findings help to minimize the management cost of pre‐default and default risk on microcredit loans in GZMLSSB and other similar projects by targeting university graduates. Our study is the first to assess the impact of microcredit mechanisms together with counter‐guarantee on loan repayments in China.
The predictive value of RDW in AKI and mortality in patients with traumatic brain injury
Authors: Wang Ruo Ran , He Min , Ou Xiao Feng , Xie Xiao Qi , Kang Yan
Published: August 2020

Background

Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) has been validated valuable in predicting outcome and acute kidney injury (AKI) in several clinical settings. The aim of this study was to explore whether RDW is associated with outcome and AKI in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Methods

Patients admitted to our hospital for TBI from January 2015 to August 2018 were included in this study. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors of AKI and outcome in patients with TBI. The value of RDW in predicting AKI and outcome was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

Results

Three hundred and eighteen patients were included in this study. The median of RDW was 14.25%. We divided subjects into two groups based on the median and compared difference of variables between two groups. The incidence of AKI and mortality was higher in high RDW (RDW > 14.25) group (31.45% vs 9.43%, P < .001; 69.81% vs 29.56%, P < .001). Spearman's method showed RDW was moderately associated with 90‐day Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) (P < .001). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, RDW, lymphocyte, chlorine, and serum creatinine were risk factors of AKI. And Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), glucose, chlorine, AKI, and RDW were risk factors of mortality. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of RDW for predicting AKI and mortality was 0.724 (0.662‐0.786) and 0.754 (0.701‐0.807), respectively. Patients with higher RDW were likely to have shorter median survival time (58 vs 70, P < .001).

Conclusions

Red blood cell distribution width is an independent risk factor of AKI and mortality in patients with TBI.
A comparative analysis of the efficacy of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autologous ligament grafting at different time points
Authors: Hu Bo , Gao Feng , Li Chunbao , Zhang Boqing , An Mingyang , Lu Ming , Liu Yufeng , Liu Yujie
Published: August 2020

Background

This study was performed to compare the clinical efficacies of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction with autologous ligament grafting at different time points.

Methods

Eighty‐five patients with ACL were categorized into two groups: Group A (GA, n = 45), who underwent early‐stage (≤3 weeks) surgery, and Group B (GB, n = 40), who underwent advanced‐stage (>3 weeks) surgery. Perioperative conditions, knee joint functions, activity and stability before and at 6 months postoperatively, changes in quality of life (QOL), good and excellent rates of knee joint functions, and incidence of complications were compared between the two groups.

Results

In both groups, there was an increase in the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, Lysholm score, and QOL and a decrease in the knee joint angle flexion limitation, angle of spread limitation, positive rates in the anterior drawer test (ADT), and Lachman test score (P < .05) after surgery. At 6 months postoperatively, the IKDC score, Lysholm score, and QOL were higher in GA than in GB (P < .05). The good and excellent rates of knee joint functions were higher in GA than in GB (93.33% vs. 77.50%) (P < .05).

Conclusion

Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with autologous ligament grafting can achieve good effects whether performed in the early or advanced stage; however, the improvements in patients' knee joint functions and QOL are better in the early stage. Therefore, early ACL reconstruction with autologous ligament grafting is suggested.
The Many Faces of Pediatric Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO): A Practical Location‐ and Case‐Based Approach to Differentiate CRMO From Its Mimics
Authors: Menashe Sarah J. , Aboughalia Hassan , Zhao Yongdong , Ngo Anh‐Vu , Otjen Jeffrey P. , Thapa Mahesh M. , Iyer Ramesh S.
Published: August 2020

Chronic recurrent multifocal osteomyelitis (CRMO) is an autoinflammatory bone disease of childhood and adolescence characterized by episodic bone pain. Diagnosis relies heavily on whole‐body MRI and is made by excluding a wide variety of other disorders with overlapping imaging features, depending on location, marrow distribution, and the presence or absence of multifocality. We present an overview of the clinical and imaging features of CRMO and, through various clinical scenarios, provide tips for tailoring the differential diagnosis based on location and distribution of encountered abnormalities.

Level of Evidence

4

Technical Efficacy Stage

3
Diagnostic Utility of the Simplified Perfusion Fraction for Identifying Myocardial Injury in Patients With Reperfused ST‐segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: An Dong‐Aolei , Chen Bing‐Hua , He Jie , Suo Shi‐Teng , Fahmy Lara M. , Han Tong‐Tong , Hu Jiani , Xu Jian‐Rong , Wu Lian‐Ming , Pu Jun
Published: August 2020

Background

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a disease with high morbidity and mortality worldwide and the evaluation of myocardial injury and perfusion status following myocardial ischemia and reperfusion is of clinical value.

Purpose

To assess the diagnostic utility of simplified perfusion fraction (SPF) in differentiating salvage and infarcted myocardium and its predictive value for left ventricular remodeling in patients with reperfusion ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Study Type

Prospective.

Population

Forty‐one reperfused STEMI patients and 20 healthy volunteers.

Field Strength/Sequence

3.0T MRI. The MR examination included cine, T2‐short tau inversion recovery (T2‐STIR), first pass perfusiong (FPP)，phase sensitive inversion recovery (PSIR), and diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI).

Assessment

SPF values among different myocardium regions (infarcted, salvaged, remote, and MVO) and stages of reperfused STEMI patients as well as normal controls were measured. The diagnostic utility of SPF values in differentiating salvaged and infarcted myocardium was assessed.

Statistical Analysis

Independent t‐test and the Mann–Whitney U‐test. Logistic regression.

Results

SPF values in healthy controls were not significantly different than SPF values in the remote myocardium of patients (40.09 ± 1.47% vs. 40.28 ± 1.93%, P = 0.698). In reperfusion STEMI patients, SPF values were lower in infarcted myocardium compared to remote and salvaged myocardium (32.15 ± 2.36% vs. 40.28 ± 1.93%, P < 0.001; 32.15 ± 2.36% vs. 36.68 ± 2.71%, P < 0.001). SPF values of infarcted myocardium showed a rebound increase from acute to convalescent stages (32.15 ± 2.36% vs. 34.69 ± 3.69%, P < 0.001). When differentiating infarcted and salvaged myocardium, SPF values demonstrated an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.89 (sensitivity 85.4%, specificity 80.5%, cutoff 34.42%). Lower SPF values were associated with lower odds ratio (OR = 0.304) of left ventricular remodeling after adjusting for potential confounders with a confidence interval (CI) of 0.129–0.717, P = 0.007.

Data Conclusion

SPF might be able to differentiate salvaged and infarcted myocardium and is a strong predictor of left ventricular remodeling in reperfused STEMI patients.

Level of Evidence 2

Technical Efficacy Stage 2
Anxiety and depression symptoms after virological clearance of COVID‐19: A cross‐sectional study in Milan, Italy
Authors: Tomasoni Daniele , Bai Francesca , Castoldi Roberto , Barbanotti Diletta , Falcinella Camilla , Mulè Giovanni , Mondatore Debora , Tavelli Alessandro , Vegni Elena , Marchetti Giulia , d'Arminio Monforte Antonella
Published: August 2020

Prevalence of anxiety or depression was investigated in 105 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients at 1 to 3 months from virological clearance by hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS‐A/D). 30% of patients displayed pathological HADS‐A/D, 52.4% showed persistent symptoms. Pathological patients with HADS‐A/D more commonly reported symptom persistence, even after adjustment for age, gender, and disease severity. Psychological assessments should be encouraged in COVID‐19 patients' follow‐up.
Saliva sample pooling for the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Pasomsub Ekawat , Watcharananan Siriorn P. , Watthanachockchai Treewat , Rakmanee Kingkan , Tassaneetrithep Boonrat , Kiertiburanakul Sasisopin , Phuphuakrat Angsana
Published: August 2020

As the battle against coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic continues, an increase in workload and medical expenses have been a concern to the health care system worldwide. Developing a measure that helps to conserve the health care resource is, therefore, highly desirable, and the pooling of the specimens for testing is one of the attractive strategies. Recently, we showed that saliva could be a potential alternative specimen for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) by real‐time polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). In the present study, we performed the pooling of saliva specimens for testing by SARS‐CoV‐2 RT‐PCR. We showed that the saliva pool of either 5 or 10 samples, by allowing the detection of either gene in the pool at an increased cycle threshold cutoff value, further performing individual sample testing in the positive pools did not compromise the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2.
Microwave diamond devices technology: Field‐effect transistors and modeling
Authors: Chen Zhihao , Fu Yu , Kawarada Hiroshi , Xu Yuehang
Published: August 2020

This paper provides an overview of the developments in microwave diamond field‐effect transistor (D‐FET) technologies. Due to the ultrawide‐bandgap and high carrier velocity and thermal conductivity of diamond, it is a potential candidate for microwave power devices with high output power and operating frequency. Here, the properties of semiconductor materials for microwave applications are described. Then, the mechanisms of various diamond FETs are detailed. In recent years, hydrogen‐terminated diamond metal‐oxide‐semiconductor field‐effect transistors (HD MOSFETs) have been widely studied for their potential use in microwave power devices. Therefore, the structures and developments of HD MOSFETs are mainly discussed. Finally, in the prospective application of the HD FET microwave circuit, the state‐of‐the‐art large‐signal modeling of HD MOSFETs is presented.
Effect of cyclic loading on the stability of screws placed in the locking plates used to bridge segmental bone defects
Authors: Grzeskowiak Remigiusz M. , Freeman Laura R. , Harper David P. , Anderson David E. , Mulon Pierre‐Yves
Published: August 2020

The objective of this study was to evaluate the ex vivo effect of cyclic loading on the stability of screws placed in locking plates used to bridge segmental bone defects. The primary interface stability was assessed using peak reverse torque. Eighteen, 8‐hole stainless‐steel 4.5 mm locking plates and 4.0‐mm self‐tapping locking‐head screws were used to stabilize 40‐mm segmental defects in goat tibiae. Treatment groups included control constructs without cyclic loading (n = 6) and constructs tested to 5000 (n = 6) and 10,000 cycles (n = 6) of 600 N compressive axial loading. The insertion of all screws was standardized to 400 N‐cm insertion torque. Peak reverse torque was measured immediately after screw placement (control), or after the completion of the respective loading cycles. The difference between treatment groups was compared using univariate analysis of variance. The analysis revealed a significant difference in peak reverse torque of the screws among the treatment groups (p = .000). The mean reverse torque values equaled 343.5 ± 18.3 N‐cm for non‐cycled controls, 303.3 ± 25.9 and 296.0 ± 42.9 N‐cm after 5000 and 10,000 cycles, respectively. Among all treatment groups, screws placed in the distal bone segment tended to have lesser peak reverse torque reduction than those placed in the proximal segment and the difference was proportional to the number of cycles (p = .562; p = .255; p = .013 in control, and after 5000 and 10,000 cycles, respectively). Cyclic loading may have a negative effect on the primary stability of screws placed in locking plate constructs used to bridge segmental bone defects and could contribute to the risk of screw loosening.
The characteristics of ginsenosides and oligosaccharides in mountain‐ and garden‐cultivated ginseng
Authors: Zhu Lianlian , Luan Xiaoning , Yuan Ying , Dou Deqiang , Huang Luqi
Published: August 2020

BACKGROUND

The present study aimed to explore the chemical characteristics of mountainous forest cultivated ginseng (MFCG) and garden ginseng (GG) with respect to their ginsenosides and oligosaccharides.

METHODS

A high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode‐array detection‐evaporative light‐scattering detection technique was adopted to investigate the ginseosides and oligosaccharides of GG and MFCG.

RESULTS

The features of ginsenosides showed Rg1/Re in different parts of GG and MFCG: main root > lateral root > fibrous root, as well as Rg1/Re in the main root: MFCG > GG, indicating that the Rg1/Re is related to age of the ginseng. In most cases, Rg1/Re < 1 in entire GG and Rg1/Re > 1 in entire MFCG. In addition, the ratio of protopanaxadiol/protopanaxatriol in main root of GG is approximately 1 and, in the main roots of MFCG, the ratio is approximately 2 and, furthermore, Ro/Rb1 of MFCG is lower than that of GG. Analysis of oligosaccharides showed that GG mainly contained sucrose and MFCG mainly contained sucrose and maltose, and the ratio of sucrose to maltose was at least more than 4:1 in GG and less than 4:1 in MFCG in most cases, indicating the characteristics of oligosaccharides of MFCG are primarily affected by its growing environment. The results also showed that ginsenoside Re is most probably the biosynthetic precursor of ginsenoside Rg1 (i.e. Re was synthesized first and then transformed to Rg1 in vivo).

CONCLUSION

The characteristics of Rg1/Re and higher maltose can be regarded as one of the characteristics of high quality MFCG, and these characteristics are related to a higher age and the cultivation environment of ginseng. The formation mechanism of these characteristics for GG and MFGG is also discussed. As far as we know, the present study is the first to determine the difference of Rg1/Re and oligosaccharides between MFCG and GG and this provides a reference for the quality control criterion of GG and MFCG. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Intraoperative ultrasonography‐guided surgery for malignant soft tissue tumor
Authors: Takeuchi Akihiko , Yamamoto Norio , Hayashi Katsuhiro , Miwa Shinji , Igarashi Kentaro , Yonezawa Hirotaka , Morinaga Sei , Araki Yoshihiro , Asano Yohei , Ikeda Hiroko , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki
Published: August 2020

Background and Objectives

A clear surgical margin is crucial for preventing the recurrence of soft tissue sarcomas (STSs). Recognizing the tumor border is difficult when the STS is impalpable or ill‐defined. Ultrasonography (US) is a widely used diagnostic device that can visualize certain tumors intraoperatively. However, its usefulness for intraoperatively assessing STSs is unclear and was investigated here.

Methods

Our study comprised 19 patients with STSs that were impalpable, ill‐defined, or beneath the fascia. All patients underwent intraoperative US (IOUS), with follow‐up times ranging from 5 to 103 months (mean, 49 months).

Results

The mean age of the study participants was 56 years (range, 25‐83 months). The most common histological diagnosis was undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS) (nine patients). The mean tumor size was 51 mm (range, 7‐126 mm). According to the residual tumor classification, 18 tumors were microscopically negative (R0), including seven close to the fascia, and one was microscopically positive (R1). Local recurrence occurred in two cases (both classified as R0). The recurrence‐free survival rate was 88.9% in 5 years.

Conclusions

IOUS‐guided surgery is useful for visualizing STSs. Using this technique, STSs can be precisely localized, evaluated, and excised.
Simultaneous determination of acetamiprid and 6‐chloronicotinic acid in environmental samples by using ion chromatography hyphenated to online photoinduced fluorescence detector
Authors: Subhani Qamar , Muhammad Nadeem , Huang Zhouman , Asif Muhammad , Hussain Irshad , Zahid Muhammad , Hairong Cui , Zhu Yan , Guo Dandan
Published: August 2020

This study aims to introduce a simple, sensitive, and cost‐effective method for the simultaneous determination of acetamiprid and its main metabolite 6‐chloronicotinic acid in environmental samples by using a nonsuppressed ion chromatography hyphenated with an online postcolumn photoinduced fluorescence detection system. The fluorescence detector wavelengths λex/λem = 257/382 nm was set for up to 6.0 min for acetamiprid, while λex/λem = 231/370 nm programmed for 6‐chloronicotinic acid for the rest of the analysis time. Both samples were treated by applying miniaturized quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method before the separation of analytes on an IonPac® AS11‐HC column by pumping 40 mM NaOH having minuscule content of acetonitrile (5%, v/v) as an eluent. Both intrinsically nonfluorescent analytes were turned‐on by online postcolumn photoinduced derivatization, avoiding the need for complex chemical derivatization or addition of a postcolumn extra pump. The developed method was appraised for the analysis of environmental samples, exhibiting excellent linearity (0.050‐10 μg/mL) with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.9993 for both analytes. Whereas, obtained limit of detection (0.025‐0.0072 μg/mL), recoveries (98.02‐116.00%), and inter‐ and intraday precision (≤3.02 %) were satisfactory for both compounds in environmental samples.
Simultaneous separation and determination of vancomycin and its crystalline degradation products in human serum by ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method and its application in therapeutic drug monitoring
Authors: Fan Yaxin , Peng Xiaolin , Wu Hailan , Liang Xiaoyu , Chen Yuancheng , Guo Beining , Zhang Jing
Published: August 2020

A rapid and simple ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous separation and determination of vancomycin and its crystalline degradation products in human serum. Vancomycin and two isomers of the degradants were extracted from human serum with a protein precipitation method. The compounds were separated on an Acquity BEH C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 1.7 μm) eluted with a gradient mixture of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase. Norvancomycin was used as the internal standard. The linear ranges of vancomycin and two degradant isomers were 1.057‐105.7, 0.1437‐14.37, and 0.2540‐25.40 μg/mL, respectively. The established methods were validated and successfully applied to a therapeutic drug monitoring study of vancomycin in patients with renal insufficiency.
Analysis of overall survival in differentiated thyroid cancer patients with double primary malignancy
Authors: Wu Shu‐Ting , Chi Shun‐Yu , Wang Pei‐Wen , Chen Yung‐Nien , Yang Yi‐Ting , Chen Wen‐Chieh , Chen Jung‐Fu , Chou Chen‐Kai
Published: August 2020

Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) survivors are at increased risk of developing double primary malignancy (DPM). The aim of this study was to investigate clinicopathological characteristics and survival in DTC patients diagnosed with DPM. A total of 975 patients with DTC diagnosed between 2013 and 2017, treated, and followed at a medical center in Taiwan were retrospectively reviewed. Data from enrolled patients were analyzed for differences in prognosis dependent on the presence of DPM, and which clinicopathological variables affected their prognosis. Among 975 thyroid cancer patients, 94 (9.6%) were diagnosed with DPMs and 16 (1.6%) patients died of any cause. DPM patients had a greater proportion of males, had a higher mean age, more commonly presented with a thyroid mass incidentally by imaging and cervical lymph node metastases, showed a more advanced thyroid cancer stage, and had a higher proportion of lymph node metastases. Overall survival (OS) was significantly lower in patients diagnosed with DPM. Male gender (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.597), two or more DPMs (HR = 8.071), and shorter time interval between two cancers occurrences (HR = 7.101) were significantly risk factors for DPM‐related death. In conclusion, the risk of developing DPM in DTC patients was elevated in older, male patients with an advanced tumor‐node‐metastasis stage. DPM adversely affected the OS of thyroid cancer patients. Male gender, two or more DPMs, and shorter time interval between occurrences were significant risk factors for OS in DPM patients.
Design, Synthesis, and Self‐Assembly of Janus Bottlebrush Polymers
Authors: Chen Kerui , Hu Xin , Zhu Ning , Guo Kai
Published: August 2020

Janus bottlebrush polymers are a class of special molecular brushes, which have two immiscible side chains on the repeating unit of the backbone. The characteristic architectures of Janus bottlebrush polymers enable unique self‐assembly properties and broad applications. Recently, remarkable advances of Janus bottlebrush polymers have been achieved for polymer chemistry and material science. This review summarizes the synthetic strategies of Janus bottlebrush polymers, and highlights the self‐assembly applications. Finally, the challenges and opportunities are proposed for the further development.
An investigation into the minimum number of tissue groups required for 7T in‐silico parallel transmit electromagnetic safety simulations in the human head
Authors: de Buck Matthijs H. S. , Jezzard Peter , Jeong Hongbae , Hess Aaron T.
Published: August 2020

Purpose

Safety limits for the permitted specific absorption rate (SAR) place restrictions on pulse sequence design, especially at ultrahigh fields (≥ 7 tesla). Due to intersubject variability, the SAR is usually conservatively estimated based on standard human models that include an applied safety margin to ensure safe operation. One approach to reducing the restrictions is to create more accurate subject‐specific models from their segmented MR images. This study uses electromagnetic simulations to investigate the minimum number of tissue groups required to accurately determine SAR in the human head.

Methods

Tissue types from a fully characterized electromagnetic human model with 47 tissue types in the head and neck region were grouped into different tissue clusters based on the conductivities, permittivities, and mass densities of the tissues. Electromagnetic simulations of the head model inside a parallel transmit head coil at 7 tesla were used to determine the minimum number of required tissue clusters to accurately determine the subject‐specific SAR. The identified tissue clusters were then evaluated using 2 additional well‐characterized electromagnetic human models.

Results

A minimum of 4‐clusters‐plus‐air was found to be required for accurate SAR estimation. These tissue clusters are centered around gray matter, fat, cortical bone, and cerebrospinal fluid. For all 3 simulated models, the parallel transmit maximum 10g SAR was consistently determined to within an error of <12% relative to the full 47‐tissue model.

Conclusion

A minimum of 4‐clusters‐plus‐air are required to produce accurate personalized SAR simulations of the human head when using parallel transmit at 7 tesla.
Room Indirect Calorimetry Operating and Reporting Standards (RICORS 1.0): A Guide to Conducting and Reporting Human Whole‐Room Calorimeter Studies
Authors: Chen Kong Y. , Smith Steve , Ravussin Eric , Krakoff Jonathan , Plasqui Guy , Tanaka Shigeho , Murgatroyd Peter , Brychta Robert , Bock Christopher , Carnero Elvis , Schoffelen Paul , Hatamoto Yoichi , Rynders Corey , Melanson Edward L.
Published: August 2020

Whole‐room indirect calorimeters have been used to study human metabolism for more than a century. These studies have contributed substantial knowledge to the assessment of nutritional needs and the regulation of energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in humans. However, comparing results from studies conducted at different sites is challenging because of a lack of consistency in reporting technical performance, study design, and results. In May 2019, an expert panel was convened to consider minimal requirements for conducting and reporting the results of human whole‐room indirect calorimeter studies. We propose Room Indirect Calorimetry Operating and Reporting Standards, version 1.0 (RICORS 1.0) to provide guidance to ensure consistency and facilitate meaningful comparisons of human energy metabolism studies across publications, laboratories, and clinical sites.
Hypertrophic Adipocyte–Derived Exosomal miR‐802‐5p Contributes to Insulin Resistance in Cardiac Myocytes Through Targeting HSP60
Authors: Wen Zhongyuan , Li Junfeng , Fu Yalin , Zheng Yuyang , Ma Mingke , Wang Changhua
Published: August 2020

Objective

This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which hypertrophic adipocytes regulate insulin signaling in cardiac myocytes.

Methods

Palmitate was used to induce hypertrophic 3T3‐L1 adipocytes. Exosomes were purified from normal control or hypertrophic 3T3‐L1 adipocyte‐associated conditioned medium. Exosome‐exposed neonatal rat ventricular myocytes were stimulated with insulin to investigate the effects of exosomes on insulin signaling. Small interfering RNA techniques were used to downregulate protein levels, and their efficiency was evaluated by Western blot.

Results

Hypertrophic adipocyte–derived exosomes highly expressed miR‐802‐5p. Insulin sensitivity of neonatal rat ventricular myocytes was negatively regulated by miR‐802‐5p. TargetScan and luciferase reporter assays revealed that heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) was a direct target of miR‐802‐5p. HSP60 silencing was found to induce insulin resistance and to mitigate the insulin‐sensitizing effects of adiponectin. In addition, HSP60 depletion significantly increased the expression levels of C/EBP‐homologous protein and enhanced oxidative stress, accompanied by the increases in the phosphorylation of JNK and IRS‐1 Ser307. Moreover, the effects of HSP60 knockdown on C/EBP‐homologous protein and oxidative stress were abolished by the inhibition of either miR‐802‐5p or endocytosis.

Conclusions

Hypertrophic adipocyte–derived exosomal miR‐802‐5p caused cardiac insulin resistance through downregulating HSP60. These findings provide a novel mechanism by which epicardial adipose tissue impairs cardiac function.
Intensive Weight Loss Intervention and Cancer Risk in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: Analysis of the Look AHEAD Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors:   Look AHEAD Research Group, Yeh Hsin‐Chieh , Bantle John P. , Cassidy‐Begay Maria , Blackburn George , Bray George A. , Byers Tim , Clark Jeanne M. , Coday Mace , Egan Caitlin , Espeland Mark A. , Foreyt John P. , Garcia Katelyn , Goldman Valerie , Gregg Edward W. , Hazuda Helen P. , Hesson Louise , Hill James O. , Horton Edward S. , Jakicic John M. , Jeffery Robert W. , Johnson Karen C. , Kahn Steven E. , Knowler William C. , Korytkowski Mary , Kure Anne , Lewis Cora E. , Mantzoros Christos , Meacham Maria , Montez Maria G. , Nathan David M. , Pajewski Nicholas , Patricio Jennifer , Peters Anne , Xavier Pi‐Sunyer F. , Pownall Henry , Ryan Donna H. , Safford Monika , Sedjo Rebecca L. , Steinburg Helmut , Vitolins Mara , Wadden Thomas A. , Wagenknecht Lynne E. , Wing Rena R. , Wolff Antonio C. , Wyatt Holly , Yanovski Susan Z.
Published: August 2020

Objective

This study was designed to determine whether intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) aimed at weight loss lowers cancer incidence and mortality.

Methods

Data from the Look AHEAD trial were examined to investigate whether participants randomized to ILI designed for weight loss would have reduced overall cancer incidence, obesity‐related cancer incidence, and cancer mortality, as compared with the diabetes support and education (DSE) comparison group. This analysis included 4,859 participants without a cancer diagnosis at baseline except for nonmelanoma skin cancer.

Results

After a median follow‐up of 11 years, 684 participants (332 in ILI and 352 in DSE) were diagnosed with cancer. The incidence rates of obesity‐related cancers were 6.1 and 7.3 per 1,000 person‐years in ILI and DSE, respectively, with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.84 (95% CI: 0.68‐1.04). There was no significant difference between the two groups in total cancer incidence (HR, 0.93; 95% CI: 0.80‐1.08), incidence of nonobesity‐related cancers (HR, 1.02; 95% CI: 0.83‐1.27), or total cancer mortality (HR, 0.92; 95% CI: 0.68‐1.25).

Conclusions

An ILI aimed at weight loss lowered incidence of obesity‐related cancers by 16% in adults with overweight or obesity and type 2 diabetes. The study sample size likely lacked power to determine effect sizes of this magnitude and smaller.
Impact of exogenous antithrombin on low molecular weight heparin anti‐Xa activity assays in a pediatric and young adult leukemia and lymphoma cohort with variable antithrombin levels
Authors: Schaefer Beverly , Hausfeld Adriane , Martin Matthew , Steele Paul , Martin Jan , Reher Sandra R. , Lane Adam , Luchtman‐Jones Lori
Published: August 2020

Background

Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) remains the most commonly prescribed pediatric anticoagulant. There is debate whether LMWH anti‐Xa assays with or without exogenous antithrombin (AT) best reflect anticoagulation effect, and how much discrepancy exists between assay types.

Objectives

We assessed the effect of variable AT activity on LMWH anti‐Xa levels in plasma samples from anticoagulated pediatric and young adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoma (ALL/L) patients, using two instruments and their commercial kits with and without exogenous AT (ie, four platforms).

Methods

We analyzed LMWH anti‐Xa levels on 60 plasma samples with known AT activity from 12 enoxaparin‐treated ALL/L patients, using four commercial kits from Siemens and Stago containing AT or not, on Siemens BCS and Stago STA R Max, respectively.

Results

Of 236/240 samples with interpretable results, mean AT activity was 80% (46‐138%). Correlation was acceptable for published kit ranges of LMWH anti‐Xa levels when comparing kits containing AT (r = 0.82, P < .0001), or not (r = 0.93, P < .0001), and within a manufacturer (Berichrom to Innovance, r = 0.92, P < .0001; Stachrom to STA‐Liquid Anti‐Xa r = 0.98, P < .0001). LMWH anti‐Xa levels were lower in platforms without added AT (P < .0001). For Stago kits, this effect increased when AT < 70% (P = .001, n = 19, mean 56%). Assay variability, measured as mean percent difference, was less pronounced with Stago kits (14.7%, n = 49) than Siemens (41.9%, n = 50).

Conclusions

Although LMWH levels from anti‐Xa assays with added AT trend higher than in those without, correlation was fairly good between platforms in pediatric ALL/L plasmas, even when AT activity was <70%.
Enhanced electrical and dielectric properties of plasticized soy protein bioplastics through incorporation of nanosized carbon black
Authors: Tian Huafeng , Zhou Hongfu , Fu Hai , Li Xiaojie , Gong Wei
Published: August 2020

Conductive soy protein biocomposite plastics with high performance were fabricated with glycerol as plasticizer and nanosized carbon black (CB) as conductive filler. Adopting a pretreatment of the CB nanofiller, its dispersion, and interaction with matrix was improved. The results indicated the existence of strong hydrogen bonding between soy protein matrix and CB fillers, which improved the interfacial bonding. The strong interactions between CB and protein restricted the mobility of protein segments, resulting in a dramatical reinforcing effect for the CB filled composites and enhanced mechanical properties. Besides, the incorporation of CB into soy protein increased the thermal stability as well as the water resistance of the composites. Moreover, a low percolation threshold of 0.76 vol% and fine electrical conductivity were obtained for the bionanocomposites, resulting in improved electromagnetic interference shielding properties. This work provides a simple and green way for the preparation of conductive and electromagnetic interference shielding materials from natural polymers.
Extracellular polymeric substance‐mediated tolerance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms to atmospheric pressure nonthermal plasma treatment
Authors: Alshraiedeh Nid'a H. , Kelly Stephen A. , Thompson Thomas P. , Flynn Padrig B. , Tunney Michael M. , Gilmore Brendan F.
Published: August 2020

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic disease‐causing bacterium, with a number of strains exhibiting a mucus‐forming (mucoid) phenotype during infection, producing biofilms with a surrounding matrix containing alginate. Atmospheric pressure nonthermal plasmas (APNTP) are an emerging, potential approach to control biofilms across a range of medical and industrial applications. In this study, we examine the effect of plasma treatment on P. aeruginosa biofilms from clinical samples of cystic fibrosis patients, exhibiting both mucoid and non‐mucoid types. Biofilms of mucoid strains exhibit significantly elevated APNTP tolerance (p < .05). Endogenous alginate overproduction, as well as supplementation of P. aeruginosa cultures with exogenous alginate, results in significantly increased APNTP tolerance. Overall, this study shows how extracellular polymeric substance components mediate tolerance to APNTP, with significantly greater effects observed in mucoid strains.
Carbon dioxide clearance using bubble CPAP with superimposed high‐frequency oscillations in a premature infant lung model with abnormal lung mechanics
Authors: Sivieri Emidio M. , Eichenwald Eric C. , Rub David , Abbasi Soraya
Published: August 2020

Background

High‐frequency (HF) oscillatory ventilation has been shown to improve carbon dioxide (CO2) clearance in premature infants. In a previous in vitro lung model with normal lung mechanics we demonstrated significantly improved CO2 washout by HF oscillation of bubble continuous positive airway pressure (BCPAP).

Objective

To examine CO2 clearance in a premature infant lung model with abnormal lung mechanics via measurement of end‐tidal CO2 levels (EtCO2) while connected to HF oscillated BCPAP.

Design and Methods

A 40 mL premature infant lung model with either: normal lung mechanics (NLM): compliance 1.0 mL/cm H2O, airway resistance 56 cm H2O/(L/s); or abnormal lung mechanics (ALM): compliance 0.5 mL/cm H2O, airway resistance 136 cm H2O/(L/s), was connected to BCPAP with HF oscillation at either 4, 6, 8, 10, or 12 Hz. EtCO2 was measured at BCPAPs of 4, 6, and 8 cm H2O and respiratory rates (RR) of 40, 60, and 80 breaths/min and 6 mL tidal volume.

Results

HF oscillation decreased EtCO2 levels at all BCPAPs, RRs, and oscillation frequencies for both lung models. Overall mean ± SD EtCO2 levels decreased (P < .001) from nonoscillated baseline by 19.3 ± 10.2% for NLM vs 14.1 ± 8.8% for ALM. CO2 clearance improved for both lung models (P < .001) as a function of oscillation frequency and RR with greatest effectiveness at 40 to 60 breaths/min and HF at 8 to 12 Hz.

Conclusions

In this in vitro premature infant lung model, HF oscillation of BCPAP was associated with improved CO2 clearance as compared with nonoscillated BCPAP for both NLM and ALM. The significant improvement in CO2 clearance in an abnormal lung environment is an important step towards clinical testing of this novel respiratory support modality.
Physical exercise as a tool to minimize the consequences of the Covid‐19 quarantine: An overview for cystic fibrosis
Authors: Fernandez‐del‐Valle Maria , Donadio Márcio Vinícius Fagundes , Pérez‐Ruiz Margarita
Published: August 2020

Coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) outbreak leading to the coronavirus disease (Covid‐19) has become a global pandemic. Patients with Cystic fibrosis are considered of major risk, as respiratory tract infections are more severe than in the general population, with a higher risk of complications and a negative impact on lung function. The performance of physical exercise is considered as key for its well‐known general benefits and also as a complementary method to help airway clearance. Therefore, physical exercise is also considered as key in the therapeutic strategy during the quarantine period. However, the impossibility to perform exercise with appropriate prescription and monitoring is of considerable worry to health care professionals. Thus, alternative strategies, such as online measures to monitor this therapy and, consequently, to achieve a safe and effective dose are highly needed. Exercise regimens should include strength and endurance, as well as balance and flexibility exercises. Patients are highly encouraged to participate in exercise programs to maintain fitness and exercise should be continued during the quarantine period. This commentary provides a summary of the main effects and benefits of physical exercise, as well as the main recommendations for its adequate execution, including exercise modality, frequency, intensity, and volume.
Giants are coming? Predicting the potential spread and impacts of the giant Asian hornet (Vespa mandarinia, Hymenoptera:Vespidae) in the USA
Authors: Alaniz Alberto J , Carvajal Mario A , Vergara Pablo M
Published: August 2020

BACKGOUND

Biological invasions are a global concern in agriculture, food production and biodiversity. Among the invasive species, some hornets are known to have serious effects on honey bees, as found during the invasion ofVespa velutinain Europe. The recent findings ofVespa mandariniaindividuals in Washington state in the west coast of the USA have raised alarm in the whole country. Here we estimate the potential spread ofV. mandariniain the USA, analyzing its potential impacts on honey bee colonies, economic losses in the honey bee industry and bee‐pollinated croplands.

RESULTS

We found thatV. mandariniacould colonize Washington and Oregon states in the west coast and a significant proportion of the east coast. If this species spread across the country, it could threaten 95 216 ± 5551 honey bee colonies, threatening an estimated income of US$11.9 and 101.8 million for hive derived products and bee‐pollinated crops production, respectively, while colonizing 60 837.8 km2of bee‐pollinated croplands.

CONCLUSION

Our results suggest thatV. mandariniawill have serious effects in the USA, raising the need for prompt monitoring actions and planning at different administrative levels to avoid its potential spread.
Investigation of Linear Optical Parameters and Dielectric Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol/ZnO Nanocomposite Films
Authors: Soliman Tarek S. , Rashad Ahmed M. , Ali Ismail A. , Khater Sabah I. , Elkalashy Shimaa I.
Published: August 2020

Herein, a detailed analysis of the dielectrical and optical properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)–ZnO nanocomposite films is provided. The ZnO nanoparticles are prepared by the sol–gel process, whereas the nanocomposite films are prepared using the solution casting technique. The dispersion of the ZnO nanoparticles into the PVA matrix is analyzed with X‐ray diffraction and a scanning electron microscope. UV–visible spectroscopy is used to investigate the variation in the absorption of the polymer films, as the filler content in the polymer matrix changes. Linear optical parameters, such as the refractive index, extinction coefficient, and optical conductivity, are determined using the absorption and transmission data. The dielectric properties are evaluated with dielectrical and impedance spectroscopy techniques at a frequency range of 100 Hz–5 kHz and a temperature range of 310–360 K. The permittivity of the polymer films is found to increase, as ZnO nanoparticle concentration increases and the temperature rises. Low ZnO loading in the PVA matrix enhances the latter's optical and dielectric properties, which make it useful for optoelectronic applications.