bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An All‐Fabric Droplet‐Based Energy Harvester with Topology Optimization
Authors: Liang Fei , Chao Xujiang , Yu Shudong , Gu Yuheng , Zhang Xiaohui , Wei Xin , Fan Jintu , Tao Xiao‐ming , Shou Dahua
Published: December 2021

The output power density of a triboelectric nanogenerator can be enhanced by several orders of magnitude by a field‐effect transistor like structure. However, the previously reported strip top electrode is not ideal for optimum generation and stable transfer of charges under practical dynamic conditions. Switched on by an impinged droplet, the bridged closed‐loop electric circuit transfers the accumulated charges by converting the conventional interfacial effect into a bulk effect. Randomly falling droplets cannot always exactly impinge the electrode with the desired spreading contact to achieve a high peak voltage, and a large fraction of low‐voltage direct‐contact and sliding‐contact modes will lead to low output and instability. To address this critical challenge, a topology‐optimized droplet energy harvesting fabric (TO‐DEHF) for stable and efficient output from randomly falling droplets is reported. The optimized fabric electrodes in a hexagonal network feature a stable open‐circuit voltage under moving and rotating patterns, threefold over that with the strip electrodes. The peak power density of the TO‐DEHF (71.8 mW m–2) is 4.8‐fold versus the latter (14.8 mW m–2). Moreover, the all‐fabric TO‐DEHF has high flexibility and breathability, based on which a self‐powered wireless wearable prototype is successfully demonstrated for detection of crucial droplet properties, including temperature, pH, and salinity.
Eco‐friendly PCL@CDs biomaterials via phytic acid, CDs‐cocatalyzed polymerization for rifapentin delivery
Authors: Wang Guoyu , Ren Huifang , Chen Qiuyang , Zhou Mingchen , Xie Fei , Yan Manqing , Wang Qiyang , Bi Hong
Published: December 2021

Although biodegradable and biocompatible polymers have great advantages as a research hotspot, the single polymer does not satisfy multifunctional needs in biomaterials application. Herein, carbon dots (CDs) with strong fluorescence and good hydrophilicity were prepared through effective microwave method from citric acid and ethanediamine. Then green PCL@CDs biomaterials were fabricated by the ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of ε‐caprolactone (ε‐CL) via green phytic acid and active CDs as catalysts. Importantly, the as‐obtained PCL@CDs hybrids with good biocompatibility, adjustable hydrophilicity and good fluorescence could load antituberculosis rifapentine (RFT) by the method of oil/water emulsion solvent evaporation. Also, the morphology, RFT loading and release activity of PCL@CDs@RFT microspheres were deeply investigated. The results showed that the maximum drug loading and encapsulation rate of the prepared PCL@CDs@RFT microspheres were 7.8% and 81%, respectively. Therefore, the binary material can be used as a kind of potential fluorescent labeling biomaterial for drug delivery.
The hidden life of the consumer mind
Authors: Bargh John A.
Published: December 2021

Unconscious influences permeate the everyday life of consumers. The scope of unconscious influences is greatly enhanced when the operational definition of “unconscious” shifts from the anachronistic “subliminal” one—whether the person is aware of the triggering information itself—to the far more common situation of being unaware of the influence of that stimulus. People are often unaware of how external events influence their choices and behavior, which is a good reason not to rely on self‐report measures of mediating internal mental processes. What are the main forms of mundane unconscious influence? (1) The person's primary evolved needs and motives and active goal pursuits, which operate unconsciously to exert a transformative effect on selective attention, preferences, and purchases, and consumption. These can be triggered through common external means such as grocery store handouts and emails from the boss. (2) Immediate preconscious perceptual inputs from the external environment influence seemingly “free” conscious choices. Finally, (3) postconscious processes have the same effects but come from the carry‐over of conscious experiences from one situation into the next. This is the domain of “nudges” or “priming effects” with many field studies as well as meta‐analyses demonstrating their validity and replicability.
Detailed investigation of two high‐speed evolved Galactic stars
Authors: Matas Pinto Aroa del Mar , Caffau Elisabetta , François Patrick , Spite Monique , Bonifacio Piercarlo , Wanajo Shinya , Aoki Wako , Monaco Lorenzo , Suda Takuma , Spite François , Sbordone Luca , Lombardo Linda , Mucciarelli Alessio
Published: December 2021

The study of metal poor stars provides clarification and knowledge about the primordial Universe. Specially, halo stars provide explanations of the nature of the first generations of stars and the nucleosynthesis in the metal‐poor regime. We present a detailed chemical analysis and determination of the kinematic and orbital properties of two stars characterized by high speed with respect to the Sun. We analyzed two high‐resolution Subaru spectra employing the MyGIsFOS code, which allows to derive the detailed chemical abundances for 28 elements (C, N, O, Na, Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sr, Y, Zr, Ba, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, and Eu), and abundance from two ionization states in the case of four elements (Ti, Cr, Fe, and Zr). TYC 622–742–1 and TYC 1193–1918–1 are metal‐poor stars ([Fe/H] of −2.37 and −1.60), they are similar in the chemical pattern with respect to Fe, they are enhanced and show a slight excess in Eu abundance. Both giant stars are poor in C and rich in N, as expected for evolved stars, and this fact is supported by the low isotopic ratio in TYC 1193–1918–1. Nevertheless, the C abundance of TYC 622–742–1 is particularly low. TYC 622–742–1 and TYC 1193–1918–1 have a similar chemical composition to the other Galactic halo stars of comparable metallicity. According to their kinematics, both stars belong to the Galactic halo, but they are not a part of the Gaia‐Sausage‐Enceladus structure.
Thyroid hormones inhibit apoptosis of macrophage induced by oxidized low‐density lipoprotein
Authors: Ning Yu , Jia Yifan , Yang Yunxiao , Wen Wanwan , Huang Mengling , Liu Sheng , Yang Yuejin , Dong Yugang , Zhang Ming
Published: December 2021

Increasing evidence suggests that hypothyroidism aggravates atherosclerosis. Macrophage apoptosis plays a significant role in the development of atherosclerotic plaque. We aimed to explore the effect of thyroid hormones on macrophage apoptosis induced by oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Peripheral blood samples from 20 patients (normal group, hypothyroidism group, coronary artery disease [CAD] group, hypothyroidism + CAD group) were collected to perform messenger RNA microarray analysis. Bioinformatics analysis identified apoptosis and mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling as differentially expressed pathways between CAD and hypothyroidism + CAD group. In vitro, thyroid hormones concentration‐dependently promoted cell survival and inhibited apoptosis in oxLDL‐treated RAW264.7 macrophages, along with elevated extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1 and 2 (Erk1/2) phosphorylation. The STRING database showed an interaction of thyroid hormone receptor alpha1 (TRα1) and MAPK pathway. TRα1 knockdown increased cell apoptosis and decreased Erk1/2 phosphorylation. Erk1/2 inhibitor aggravated macrophage apoptosis. Moreover, thyroid hormones inhibited oxidative stress in oxLDL‐treated macrophages. The study indicates that thyroid hormones concentration‐dependently attenuate oxLDL‐induced macrophage apoptosis through activating TRα1‐Erk1/2 pathway and inhibiting oxidative stress, which implies a potential mechanism of hypothyroid‐accelerated atherosclerosis.
Chemical Composition of the Unexplored Volatile Fraction of Betula glandulosa, a Prevalent Shrub in Nunavik, Québec
Authors: Séguin Jean‐Christophe , Fernandez Xavier , Boudreau Stéphane , Voyer Normand
Published: December 2021

The volatile fraction of the leaves of Betula glandulosa Michx. has been investigated for its secondary metabolite composition by GC/MS and GC/FID. The rapid expansion of this shrub species in subarctic landscapes, like the ones found in Nunavik (Northern Québec, Canada), highly impacts ecosystem dynamics. Yet, despite its abundance, few phytochemical investigations have yet been conducted on this species. In this study, we present the first phytochemical investigation of the volatile metabolites of B. glandulosa leaves. Although no essential oil was isolated, volatile compounds were extracted from the hydrosol by steam distillation. The main metabolites observed were linalool (14.6–19.0 %), C6 oxylipins (known as green leaf volatiles, GLV; total of 18.2–40.2 %), eugenol (1.6–8.6 %) and α‐terpineol (3.3–4.8 %). Dwarf birch is an important food source for insects and herbivores, so knowledge of its metabolite composition could help understand parts of its functional role in subarctic ecosystems. The composition of the volatile fraction could serve as marker for differentiating B. glandulosa from other dwarf birch species like Betula nana L.
Endoscopic management of pin stuck into the segmental bronchus
Authors: Kim Young Chul , Kwon Seong Keun
Published: December 2021

This case is a challenging case review of a successful removal of sharp and deep located airway foreign body using ventilating bronchoscopy.
Deep brain stimulation of anteromedial globus pallidus internus improved OCD rather than tics in a Gilles de la Tourette syndrome patient
Authors: Aminzade Zahra , Tehrani Fateh Sepand , Jalili Khoshnoud Reza , Ashrafi Farzad , Salari Mehri
Published: December 2021

A 32‐year‐old gentleman with refractory Gilles de la Tourette syndrome went on a DBS procedure on anteromedial globus pallidus internus. At the most suitable adjustment, the OCD component of his disease improved almost completely while his tics remained unchanged which was in contrast with other previous studies. Moreover, variations in symptoms were seen in response to different adjustments. We discuss that these variations and fluctuations in the therapeutic outcomes may be due to differences in physiological conditions of tic‐ or OCD‐specified pathways and areas including distinct stimulation threshold and occurrence of neuroplasticity in neural circuits which may determine the responsiveness of each pathway or circuit to a specific stimulus. At last, we suggest that pathways and circuits should be targeted for DBS rather than single components; as these components may be involved in multiple pathways, related to different pathophysiological states.
Evaluation of Separation Efficiency in a Tubular Bowl Centrifuge
Authors: Patan Sumayabanu , Velaga Satish K. , Sanapala V. S. , Ananthasivan Krishnamurthy
Published: December 2021

Centrifugal sedimentation, a well‐known solid‐liquid separation process, is typically used for the separation of solids from low concentration feeds because of its high separation efficiency due to high settling velocities. The performance of the tubular bowl centrifuge (TBC) can be studied by using the sigma theory, which assumes plug flow and rigid body motion inside the rotating bowl wall. The separation efficiency of the system is evaluated by determining the effective fluid layer thickness from the experimental data. A method suitable for evaluating the separation efficiency at different parameters for a given TBC is explained along with experimental validation. By using this method, different case studies are performed which depict the influence of each parameter on the separation efficiency. Also, it is demonstrated that the same higher separation efficiency (98 %) at 20 000 rpm could be achieved at higher bowl capacities.
k‐anonymity based location privacy protection method for location‐based services in Internet of Thing
Authors: Wang Bo , Guo Yina , Li Hongtao , Li Zhiying
Published: December 2021

The wide application of Internet of Things technology has promoted the application of location‐based services (LBS). Users can enjoy various conveniences brought by LBS. However, mobile users should submit their location information to LBS which may lead to privacy disclosure. Therefore, users need to protect their privacy while enjoying the service. If the privacy protection problem cannot be solved, the development of mobile internet business will be greatly affected. The existing location privacy protection methods take little account of real‐time road conditions and are unable to resist link attacks. In this article, a k‐anonymous location privacy protection method based on Voronoi map was proposed. First, the Voronoi diagram was divided according to road network structure and real‐time road network data, and Voronoi unit was established with the intersection as the base point. Then, the base point is sent as an anchor instead of the user's actual location to the third‐party server. The Voronoi diagram generated by the k‐anonymity constituted an anonymous space to resist multi‐query attacks and protected the location. k‐1 user location points that are communicating were selected to form k‐anonymous set with the current user, and send the anonymous set to LBS. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the proposed method not only efficiently protected location privacy, but also provided high‐quality service.
One‐Photon and Two‐Photon Photophysical Properties of Tetrafunctionalized 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(m‐hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (Temoporfin) Derivatives as Potential Two‐Photon‐Induced Photodynamic Therapy Agents
Authors: Gierlich Piotr , Mucha Sebastian G. , Robbins Emma , Gomes‐da‐Silva Lígia C. , Matczyszyn Katarzyna , Senge Mathias O.
Published: December 2021

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a cancer treatment, which exploits a photosensitizing drug and light to produce reactive oxygen species that can cause selective damage to the target tissue. The second‐generation photosensitizer 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(m‐hydroxyphenyl)chlorin (m‐THPC) is a widely used, clinically tested, and commercially available drug with the market formulation known as Foscan. m‐THPC was used as a starting point to obtain a library of compounds with improved optical properties. Substitution, esterification and Sonogashira coupling reactions were employed to modify the m‐THPC skeleton. Aldehyde and carboxylic acid moieties provided the possibility to enhance the two‐photon absorption (TPA) cross‐section while being suitable synthetic handles in the design of drug delivery systems. Characterization of their linear photophysical properties (fluorescence quantum yield, fluorescence lifetime and singlet oxygen quantum yield) was followed by the evaluation of their potential use in a non‐linear absorption regime. The calculated TPA cross‐section values indicate even a 2.6‐fold enhancement at the TPA maximum (69.3±10.0 GM), compared to m‐THPC (26.7±4.0 GM), which proves that functionalization of the m‐THPC core leads to the improvement of the non‐linear optical properties. Thus, tetrafunctionalized m‐THPC derivatives are promising candidates for application in two‐photon induced PDT.
Influence of tree hollow characteristics and forest structure on saproxylic beetle diversity in tree hollows in managed forests in a regional comparison
Authors: Henneberg Benjamin , Bauer Simon , Birkenbach Markus , Mertl Vanilla , Steinbauer Manuel J. , Feldhaar Heike , Obermaier Elisabeth
Published: December 2021

Tree hollows are among the rarest habitats in today's Central European managed forests but are considered key structures for high biodiversity in forests. To analyze and compare the effects of tree hollow characteristics and forest structure on diversity of saproxylic beetles in tree hollows in differently structured managed forests, we examined between 41 and 50 tree hollows in beech trees in each of three state forest management districts in Germany. During the two‐year study, we collected 283 saproxylic beetle species (5880 individuals; 22% threatened species), using emergence traps. At small spatial scales, the size of hollow entrance and the number of surrounding microhabitat structures positively influenced beetle diversity, while the stage of wood mould decomposition had a negative influence, across all three forest districts. We utilized forest inventory data to analyze the effects of forest structure in radii of 50–500 m around tree hollows on saproxylic beetle diversity in the hollows. At these larger spatial scales, the three forest management districts differed remarkably regarding the parameters that influenced saproxylic beetle diversity in tree hollows. In Ebrach, characterized by mostly deciduous trees, the amount of dead wood positively influenced beetle diversity. In the mostly coniferous Fichtelberg forest district, with highly isolated tree hollows, in contrast, only the proportion of beech trees around the focal tree hollows showed a positive influence on beetle diversity. In Kelheim, characterized by mixed forest stands, there were no significant relationships between forest structure and beetle diversity in tree hollows. In this study, the same local tree hollow parameters influenced saproxylic beetle diversity in all three study regions, while parameters of forest structure at larger spatial scales differed in their importance, depending on tree‐species composition.
Assessing the physical potential capacity of direct air capture with integrated supply of low‐carbon energy sources
Authors: Fahr Steffen , Powell Julian , Favero Alice , Giarrusso Anthony J. , Lively Ryan P. , Realff Matthew J.
Published: December 2021

Direct Air Capture (DAC) is a negative emission technology that can remove up to 10–20 Gt of CO2 per year. However, to achieve this potential, DAC systems must be coupled to suitable locally available energy sources and sited near geological storage. This study explores the potential of low‐carbon energy sources to supply power and heat to the DAC process in a dedicated, self‐sufficient system tailored for each energy source. Solar, geothermal, woody biomass, wind, and nuclear energy sources are assessed for their global energy supply potential and possible land use requirements. While the options differ in area requirement and regional efficacy, we estimate that all the regionally specific technologies considered can supply energy to achieve significant removal of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere globally. The amount of energy physically available from solar, offshore wind, and woody biomass converts to a removal potential of 160–971, 45–150, and 2–5 Gt CO2/year, respectively. Thus, negative emission targets can be reached by utilizing a moderate fraction of the overall potential of several different low‐carbon energy sources for DAC while the magnitude of the potential changes significantly according to the source of energy. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioinformatics analysis of the wheel treadmill test on motor function recovery after spinal cord injury
Authors: Wang Qiu‐Lin , Li Ting‐Ting , Fang Chang‐Le , Zhang Bao‐Lei
Published: December 2021

This study aimed to explore the possible target and mechanism of the wheel treadmill (WTM) test for motor function recovery of spinal cord injury (SCI). Rats were divided into sham, control and WTM groups to establish an SCI mode. Rats in the WTM group were trained on the WTM test, and Basso–Beattie–Bresnahan (BBB) scores were determined. The samples were collected, and mRNA sequencing was conducted to determine the changes in gene expression. The coexpressed genes were screened to construct a protein–protein interaction (PPI), followed by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway and Gene Ontology function enrichment analysis, and the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) volcano map and hub gene expression heat map were constructed using R language. The BBB scores in the control and WTM groups increased with time, with the WTM group scoring higher than the control group. The results of rat spinal cord tissue sequencing showed that a total of 1679 DEGs were screened in the sham and control groups; 928 DEGs and 731 overlapping genes were screened in the WTM and control groups. The key genes were identified by PPI analysis. One hundred and thirty‐three genes were found to be overlapping by combined analysis of spinal cord sequencing data and BBB scores of rats at Week 7. The top 10 DEGs from high to low were Tyrobp, Rac2, Cd68, C1qb, Aif1, Cd74, Spi1, Fcer1g, RT1‐DA, and Ccl4. The terms with the highest enrichment scores were microglia‐mediated positive regulation of cytotoxicity and major histocompatibility complex class II protein complexes. Treatment with the WTM test promotes recovery of motor function after SCI in rats by modulating intercellular communication and immune function.
Infant Dextromethorphan and Dextrorphan Exposure via Breast Milk From Mothers Who Are CYP2D6 Extensive Metabolizers
Authors: Shum Sara , Yadav Aprajita , Fay Emily , Moreni Sue , Mao Jennie , Czuba Lindsay , Wang Celine , Isoherranen Nina , Hebert Mary F.
Published: December 2021

The risk of infant exposure to dextromethorphan (DM) and its active metabolite, dextrorphan (DX), through breast milk has not been evaluated. In this study, bound and unbound DM and DX concentrations in breast milk and plasma at 2 hours post‐dose were measured in 20 lactating women (n = 20) following a single 30 mg oral dose of DM. The DM and DX concentrations in breast milk were positively correlated with their respective plasma concentrations. The breast milk‐to‐plasma (M/P) ratios of 1.0 and 1.6 and the unbound M/P ratios of 1.1 and 2.0 for DM and DX, respectively, suggested that DM and DX are extensively distributed into breast milk. The infant exposure following a single dose of 30 mg DM was estimated using breast milk concentrations of 0.33 ± 0.32 and 1.8 ± 1.0 μg/kg/day for DM and DX, respectively. The steady‐state infant exposure was estimated using the M/P ratios and previously reported area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC) of DM and DX following repeated dosing of DM 60 mg orally, twice daily, to be 0.64 ± 0.22 and 1.23 ± 0.38 μg/kg/day, respectively. Based on these estimated infant doses, the relative infant doses (RIDs) were estimated to be <1%, suggesting the infant is only exposed to a minor fraction of adult dose through breast milk; however, one nursing infant developed an erythematous rash during this study, which warrants additional research to fully elucidate the risks of infant exposure to DM and DX through breast milk.
Assessment of regional and global climate models for the investigation of monsoon rainfall variability over the North‐West Himalayan region
Authors: Kundu Sudip Kumar , Singh Charu , Chauhan Prakash
Published: December 2021

Present study is an attempt to evaluate the rainfall pattern obtained from the selected Regional Climate Models (RCMs) which participated in Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment for the South Asia region (CORDEX‐SA) and the Global Climate Models (GCMs) which participated in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) with respect to the high‐resolution ground‐based Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) rainfall data during the principal monsoon season (i.e., June 1 to September 30) from 1976 to 2000 over the states of Himachal Pradesh (HP) and Uttarakhand (UK) in North‐West Himalayan Region (NWH). Considering the inter‐model differences, the multimodel means (MMM) of both of the CORDEX‐SA and CMIP5 models have been compared with the IMD gridded rainfall data set so as to find out the suitable set of models (whether CORDEX‐SA or CMIP5) for assessing the rainfall variability over this region. The CORDEX‐MMM indicates a poor relationship with IMD data compared with the CMIP5‐MMM over both the NWH states of HP and UK. CMIP5‐MMM demonstrates better ability to represent extreme rainfall events as compared with the CORDEX‐MMM. Significant bias has been noted for both of the CORDEX‐MMM and CMIP5‐MMM with respect to the IMD data sets, nevertheless, differences were found to be minimal in case of CMIP5‐MMM in comparison to CORDEX‐MMM. In case of the simulated rainfall from CMIP5‐MMM over both HP and UK regions, RMSE, MAE and bias, all are much smaller than that of the CORDEX‐MMM simulations with respect to the IMD rainfall data. Further to this, CMIP5‐MMM notably performs better in case of delineating extreme cases of inter‐annual variability except CORDEX‐MMM for the state of UK. Results presented here encompass the entire spectrum of summer monsoon rainfall variability, for example, daily, monthly, seasonal, inter‐annual and extreme rainfall over the NWH region. Based on the comprehensive analysis of global and regional models, it is noted that the CMIP5‐MMM has better ability to simulate rainfall pattern during monsoon season compared with the finer resolution CORDEX‐MMM for both the states of UK and HP. Therefore, it is suggested that CMIP5 models may be utilized to investigate the rainfall variability at daily, seasonal and interannual scales over the NWH region for various forcing scenarios rather than the outputs from CORDEX‐SA domain.
Timing of Acoustic Hearing Changes After Cochlear Implantation
Authors: Jensen Megan J. , Isaac Heba , Hernandez Helin , Oleson Jacob , Dunn Camille , Gantz Bruce J. , Hansen Marlan R.
Published: December 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

To determine the timing of acoustic hearing changes among hearing preservation Cochlear implant (CI) recipients. To determine differences in hearing outcomes based on device type and demographic factors. To determine if there is a relationship between the extent of early hearing loss after CI and the subsequent rate of continued hearing loss.

Study Design

Prospective, single subject study.

Methods

Two hundred and eleven subjects who received a hearing preservation CI were included in the study—80 Nucleus Hybrid L24 (Cochlear), 47 422/522 (Cochlear), 24 S8 (Cochlear), 14 S12 (Cochlear), 6 SRW (Cochlear), 21 SLIM J (Advanced Bionics), and 19 Flex (Med‐EL). Of these, 127 were included in the subsequent analyses. Audiometric thresholds (low frequency pure‐tone‐averages) were collected and compared pre and postoperatively.

Results

Long‐term hearing preservation rates were 65% (52/80) for L24, 83% (20/24) for S8, 79% (11/14) for S12, 83% (5/6) for SRW, 54% (25/47) for 422/522, 91% (21/23) for SLIM J, and 84% (16/19) for Flex. Hearing loss was not related to device type (P = .9105) or gender (P = .2169). Older subjects (age ≥65) had worse hearing outcomes than younger subjects after initial device activation (age <65, P = .0262). There was no significant difference in rate of hearing loss over time between older and younger patients (P = .0938). Initial postoperative hearing loss was not associated with the rate of long‐term hearing loss.

Conclusions

Long‐term low frequency hearing preservation is possible for CI recipients and is not associated with gender or device type. Rate of hearing loss over time is not dependent on patient age. Early hearing loss after CI does not predict the rate of long‐term hearing loss.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 132:2036–2043, 2022
Winter inverse lake stratification under historic and future climate change
Authors: Woolway R. Iestyn , Denfeld Blaize , Tan Zeli , Jansen Joachim , Weyhenmeyer Gesa A. , La Fuente Sofia
Published: December 2021

Millions of lakes inversely stratify during winter. Seemingly subtle variations in the duration of winter stratification can have major ecological effects by, for example, altering the vertical distribution of oxygen and nutrients in lakes. Yet, the influence of climate change on winter stratification has been largely unexplored. To fill this knowledge gap, here we used a lake‐climate model ensemble to investigate changes in winter stratification from 1901 to 2099 across 12,242 representative lakes situated throughout the Northern Hemisphere. By the end of the 21st century, winter stratification duration is projected to shorten by an average of 18.5–53.9 d under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 2.6–8.5. Projected changes are faster in warmer geographical regions, in which 35–69% of lakes will no longer inversely stratify by 2070–2099 under RCPs 2.6–8.5. This shortening and loss of winter stratification will likely have numerous implications for lakes, including the misalignment of lifecycle events causing shifts in biodiversity.
The systemic immunosuppressive effects of peripheral corticosteroid injections: A narrative review of the evidence in the context of COVID‐19
Authors: Regan Paul , Elkhalifa Shuayb , Barratt Paul
Published: December 2021

Introduction

Injected glucocorticoid's (corticosteroids) are commonly used in musculoskeletal practice. The current global COVID‐19 pandemic has increased attention on the potential for locally injected corticosteroids to exert a systemic immunosuppressive effect and the implications this may have in relation to COVID‐19 infection and vaccination.

Aim

This narrative review summarises the evidence regarding the potential systemic immunosuppressive effects of peripheral corticosteroid injections in relation to the ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic.

Method

A narrative review was selected to allow inclusion of evidence related to a diverse range of topics relevant to this subject in order to provide the most comprehensive and clinically relevant guidance for clinicians.

Results/discussion

Current evidence demonstrates that cytotoxic, phagocytic and antigen presenting cells involved in both the innate and adaptive immune responses are suppressed for 48 h post‐injection and messenger cytokines that are integral to immune function are suppressed for over 96 h post‐injection. This potentially reduces an individual's ability to prevent viral infection, limit early viral replication, and delays activation of adaptive immune mechanisms (T and B lymphocytes) and subsequent viral clearance and elimination. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis can be suppressed for 2–4 weeks or longer following peripheral corticosteroid injections. The role of the HPA axis in immune function is not fully understood, however this could potentially indicate longer lasting immunosuppression.

Conclusions

This review found evidence of suppression of immune cell numbers for the first 48 h post‐injection, cytokines for over 96 h post‐injection and HPA axis suppression lasting for 2–4 weeks or longer. There is currently no evidence that these physiological changes translate into a clinically meaningful increased risk of COVID‐19 infection or related morbidity or mortality, but there is also no persuasive evidence that they do not. This review discusses the implications of the current evidence in relation to shared decision making, informed consent, risk management and COVID‐19 vaccination to provide clinicians with a pragmatic guide to help navigate the current uncertainty regarding the potential immunosuppressive effects of peripheral corticosteroid injections.
From Marginalized to Avant‐Garde: An Essay in Honor of Leith Mullings
Authors: Wali Alaka
Published: December 2021

In 1999, Leith Mullings and I were having dinner at one of her favorite restaurants on the Upper West Side, after a long day working on a book about the Harlem Birth Right Project. Leith reflected on the lives of Black women that we were documenting and the impact of their continued, systematic exposure to structural and intersecting inequalities. Leith remarked that Black women need not be characterized as “marginalized”; rather, Black women’s experiences placed them at the vanguard of experiencing the material consequences of a rapidly accelerating and expanding capitalist system. What Black women experienced and resisted was what would eventually be felt by others forced under by the inexorable tidal wave of neoliberal capitalist forces. Her words would prove to be prophetic.
Evaluate and Optimize Manganese Treatment
Authors: Arnold Roger , Earle Martin R. , Erlitzki Ronit , Knocke William
Published: December 2021

In light of increasing interest in water quality and health concerns related to manganese (Mn) at elevated levels, it's important for water utilities to optimize existing treatment processes to enhance Mn control.
Assessing the concentration of conjugated fatty acids within pomegranate seed oil using quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR)
Authors: Ün İlker , Ün Şule Şahin , Tanrıkulu Nazim , Ünlü Aişe , Ok Salim
Published: December 2021

Introduction

Pomegranate seed is rich in oil, and seed oil of pomegranate consists of conjugated fatty acids with different percentages.

Objectives

The current contribution covers how to determine percentages of different isomeric conjugated fatty acids.

Methods

The percentages of these isomers are analysed by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (qNMR) using benzoic acid as an internal reference chemical with a well‐defined amount. Linear mathematical equations are developed for the quantitative analysis of fatty acids found in pomegranate seed oil.

Results

The developed approach is utilised for the pomegranate seed oils prepared in the laboratory and tested for commercial samples. Among the oils derived at the laboratory, the Yeni Hicaz pomegranate cultivar seeds yielded the highest fraction of punicic acid. Among the acids, punicic acid was the one with the highest fraction, while linolenic acid was the one with the lowest percentage.

Conclusions

These results are important in identifying pomegranate seed oils. Among the commercial samples tested with the current approach, only one of them showed similar content analysis as in the laboratory‐derived oils.
Halogen‐free flame‐retardant cable compounds: Influence of magnesium‐di‐hydroxide filler and coupling agent on EVA/LLDPE blend system morphology
Authors: Heinz Michael , Callsen Christoph , Stöcklein Waldemar , Altstädt Volker , Ruckdäschel Holger
Published: December 2021

Objective of this work was to deeper understand the influence of a grafted coupling agent in EVA/LLDPE based blends containing mineral filler acting as a flame‐retardant. EVA/LLDPE blends (50:50 phr) containing magnesium‐di‐hydroxide (MDH) were compounded. For comparison, parts (4%–5%) of LLDPE were substituted with MAA‐g‐LLDPE copolymer as a coupling agent. No influence of the coupling agent was observed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermal analysis. A strong influence of different filler ratios (0%–60%) was detected by rheological investigations. Morphological studies revealed significant differences in blend morphology and filler location caused by phase transition which is close to the 50:50 composition. The coupling agent improved the compatibility of the blend in that a reduced phase size could be observed. The addition of the coupling agent relocated the mineral filler from being mainly located in the EVA phase into the interphase and created a connection between both polymeric phases which resulted in improved thermo‐mechanical performance.
Systematic approach to validate and implement digital phenotyping tool for soybean: A case study with PlantEye
Authors: Manavalan Lakshmi Praba , Cui Ivan , Ambrose Karen V. , Panjwani Shyam , DeLong Sarah , Mleczko Michal , Spetsieris Konstantinos
Published: December 2021

Agriculturally beneficial soil microorganisms (biologicals) have long been recognized as a component to enhance crop growth and yield. However, efficacy and predictability of the microbes have been low because of a knowledge gap between lab‐based selection and field performance. Bayer's Crop Science research group focuses on a key prerequisite to close this gap by understanding the plant physiological parameters improved by the application of several hundred biologicals as seed coatings and then selecting the best performers using desirable phenotypes at greenhouse prior to field screening. In such large scale screening efforts, the challenge lies in obtaining manual phenotyping measurements, which is both tedious and inefficient. Digital phenotyping tools were adopted to address this challenge. PlantEye (PE) laser scanner was selected as the high‐throughput phenotyping technology for evaluation. Specifically, suitability of PE was evaluated in the greenhouse to screen biological seed treatments in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The adoption of PE digital phenotyping technology was based on successfully evaluating and establishing its comparability to a standard manual measurement using a leaf area meter (i.e., reference method). Initial study performed in soybean showed a strong correlation (0.91) between reference and PE measurements. However, an important bottleneck is defining criteria for validating the results in the context of application to a screening program. In this study, exploratory analyses were performed to evaluate effect of experimental parameters (e.g., soil type, plant location in greenhouse) on plant phenotypic variation. In addition, a standard methodology is proposed to establish the comparability between reference method and PE by formulating a quantitative approach. The approach can be applied to PE as well as similar digital phenotyping tools.
Structural and functional characterization of fosfomycin resistance conferred by FosB from Enterococcus faecium
Authors: Wiltsie Vanessa , Travis Skye , Shay Madeline R. , Simmons Zachary , Frantom Patrick , Thompson Matthew K.
Published: December 2021

The Gram‐positive pathogen Enterococcus faecium is one of the leading causes of hospital‐acquired vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) infections. E. faecium has extensive multidrug resistance and accounts for more than two million infections in the United States each year. FosB is a fosfomycin resistance enzyme found in Gram‐positive pathogens like E. faecium. Typically, the FosB enzymes are Mn2+‐dependent bacillithiol (BSH) transferases that inactivate fosfomycin through nucleophilic addition of the thiol to the antibiotic. However, our kinetic analysis of FosBEf shows that the enzyme does not utilize BSH as a thiol substrate, unlike the other well characterized FosB enzymes. Here we report that FosBEf is a Mn2+‐dependent L‐cys transferase. In addition, we have determined the three‐dimensional X‐ray crystal structure of FosBEf in complex with fosfomycin at a resolution of 2.0 Å. A sequence similarity network (SSN) was generated for the FosB family to investigate the unexpected substrate selectivity. Three non‐conserved residues were identified in the SSN that may contribute to the substrate selectivity differences in the family of enzymes. Our structural and functional characterization of FosBEf establishes the enzyme as a potential target and may prove useful for future structure‐based development of FosB inhibitors to increase the efficacy of fosfomycin.
Identification, analysis, and modeling of the YUCCA protein family genome‐wide in Coffea canephora
Authors: Uc‐Chuc Miguel A. , Kú‐González Ángela F. , Jiménez‐Ramírez Irma A. , Loyola‐Vargas Víctor M.
Published: December 2021

Auxin is involved in almost every aspect of plant growth and development, from embryogenesis to senescence. Indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) is the main known natural auxin that is synthesized by enzymes tryptophan aminotransferase of arabidopsis (TAA) and YUCCA (YUC) of the flavin‐containing monooxygenases family (FMO) from one of the tryptophan‐dependent pathways. Genome‐wide identification and comprehensive analysis of the YUC‐protein family have been conducted in Coffea canephora in the present study. A total of 10 members CcYUC gene family were identified in C. canephora. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the CcYUC protein family is evolutionarily conserved, and they consist of four groups. In contrast, bioinformatic analysis predicted a hydrophobic transmembrane helix (TMH) for one CcYUC (YUC10) member only. Isoelectric point (pI), molecular mass (Ms), signal peptide, subcellular localization, and phosphorylation sites were predicted for CcYUC proteins. YUC enzymes require the prosthetic group flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and the cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) for their enzymatic activity. Therefore, we include the molecular docking for CcYUC2‐FAD‐NADPH‐IPyA and yucasin, which is a specific inhibitor for YUC activity. The docking results showed FAD and NADPH binding at the big and small domain sites, respectively, in CcYUC2. IPyA binds very close to FAD along the big domain, and yucasin competes for the same site as IPA, blocking IAA production. Furthermore, in silico point mutations affect the stability of the CcYUC2‐4 proteins.
Cyclized Polyacrylonitrile as a Promising Support for Single Atom Metal Catalyst with Synergistic Active Site
Authors: Liu Lulu , Duan Yandong , Liang Yu , Kan Amin , Wang Lin , Luo Qingzhi , Zhang Yaqiang , Zhang Bingkai , Li Zhen , Liu Jing , Wang Desong
Published: December 2021

Metal single atom catalysts (SAC) have been successfully used in heterogeneous catalysis but developing a scalable and economic support for SAC is still a great challenge. Here, cyclized polyacrylonitrile (CPAN) is proposed as a promising support for single atom metal catalysts. CPAN can be easily prepared from cheap industrial product polyacrylonitrile (PAN), which has excellent processability. A series of SAC on CPAN (M/CPAN, M = Ag, Cu, Ru) are designed and the catalytic activities of the as synthesized M/CPAN are investigated by the model reduction reaction of p‐nitrophenol (4‐NP). M/CPAN presents excellent catalytic performance with high stability and theoretical calculations elucidate that Ag/CPAN synergistically catalyze 4‐NP reduction following the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L‐H) mechanism with 4‐NP preferentially adsorbing at the Ag sites and H adsorbing at the bridge C sites. These results, for the first time, reveal that the single atom on CPAN can catalyze 4‐NP reduction efficiently. This methodology provides a convenient route for the preparation of a variety of SAC, and this strategy is readily scalable and holds great potential in catalytic applications.
Intelligent and Multifunctional Graphene Nanomesh Electronic Skin with High Comfort
Authors: Qiao Yancong , Li Xiaoshi , Wang Jiabin , Ji Shourui , Hirtz Thomas , Tian He , Jian Jinming , Cui Tianrui , Dong Ying , Xu Xinwei , Wang Fei , Wang Hong , Zhou Jianhua , Yang Yi , Someya Takao , Ren Tian‐Ling
Published: December 2021

As the aging population increases in many countries, electronic skin (e‐skin) for health monitoring has been attracting much attention. However, to realize the industrialization of e‐skin, two factors must be optimized. The first is to achieve high comfort, which can significantly improve the user experience. The second is to make the e‐skin intelligent, so it can detect and analyze physiological signals at the same time. In this article, intelligent and multifunctional e‐skin consisting of laser‐scribed graphene and polyurethane (PU) nanomesh is realized with high comfort. The e‐skin can be used as a strain sensor with large measurement range (>60%), good sensitivity (GF≈40), high linearity range (60%), and excellent stability (>1000 cycles). By analyzing the morphology of e‐skin, a parallel networks model is proposed to express the mechanism of the strain sensor. In addition, laser scribing is also applied to etch the insulating PU, which greatly decreases the impedance in detecting electrophysiology signals. Finally, the e‐skin is applied to monitor the electrocardiogram, electroencephalogram (EEG), and electrooculogram signals. A time‐ and frequency‐domain concatenated convolution neural network is built to analyze the EEG signal detected using the e‐skin on the forehead and classify the attention level of testers.
Nanoarchitectonics for Abused‐Drug Biosensors
Authors: Moradi Rasoul , Khalili Nazila Pour , Septiani Ni Luh Wulan , Liu Chia‐Hung , Doustkhah Esmail , Yamauchi Yusuke , Rotkin Slava V.
Published: December 2021

Rapid, accessible, and highly accurate biosensors for the detection of addictive and abused drugs are needed to reduce the adverse personal and societal impacts of addiction. Modern sensors that utilize next‐generation technologies, e.g., nanobiotechnology and nanoarchitectonics, have triggered revolutionary progress in the field as they allow accurate detection and tracking of trace levels of major classes of drugs. This paper reviews advances in the field of biosensors for the detection of commonly abused drugs, both prescribed such as codeine and morphine, and illegal narcotics like cocaine.
Controlling the Crystallographic Orientation of Sb2Se3 Film for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Wang Manjing , Wang Sanlong , Zhang Qixing , Pan Sanjiang , Zhao Ying , Zhang Xiaodan
Published: December 2021

Finding a cost‐effective semiconductor with commercial performance for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting remains challenging. Sb2Se3, as a low‐cost semiconductor, has excellent photo/electric properties for PEC water splitting. Via adjusting the Sb/Se ratio in the precursor ink, the Sb2Se3 with favorable crystallographic orientation can be effectively controlled. The ink with an atomic ratio of Sb/Se = 1:3 induces the growth of a compact Sb2Se3 film with a preferred orientation, resulting in rapid charge transport and high photocurrent. After depositing TiO2 and Pt in turn, the photocathode with a structure of FTO/Au/Sb2Se3/TiO2/Pt exhibits a photocurrent density of 11.3 mA cm−2 at 0 VRHE. An unassisted solar water splitting device integrating the Sb2Se3‐based photocathode with an inorganic perovskite photovoltaic cell achieves a solar‐to‐hydrogen efficiency of 2.45%. The efficient Sb2Se3‐based photocathode shows promising potential for solar fuel production.
Factors influencing duration of neonatal cranial ultrasound: A pilot study of retrospective data
Authors: Dare Naomi , Ramis Mary‐Anne
Published: December 2021

Background

Cranial ultrasound is frequently used for diagnostic and/or routine screening in neonates. Exploring factors associated with scan duration is warranted to ensure alignment to clinical guidelines.

Aim

To identify factors associated with neonatal cranial scan time.

Methods

A retrospective pilot study was undertaken in a tertiary hospital. A sample of completed neonatal scans was examined from July 1 to December 31, 2017. Data were analysed for statistical differences between groups. Correlational and regression analysis was undertaken to explore associations.

Results

Analysis of 201 cases revealed estimated scan duration ranged from 4 to 54 min with median estimated scan time being 11.00 min (IQR = 6 min). Mann–Whitney U tests identified scans undertaken by two operators took significantly longer than single operator scans (5 min longer; U = 1175.500; p < .001). Additionally, scans with pathological findings were significantly longer than scans without (2 min longer; U = 3710.000; p = .004). Number of scan operators (r = .378; p < .001) and presence of pathology (r = .155; p = .003) were significantly correlated with estimated scan duration, representing medium and small effect size, respectively. Both variables explained 29% of variance in estimated scan duration (R2 = 0.294; F = 39.260; p = <.001).

Conclusion

Results identified significant associations between variables, providing baseline data for scanning practices in our setting.