bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stephen Gundle, Between Moscow and Hollywood: The Italian Communists and the Challenge of Mass Culture, 1943–1991. Durham: Duke University Press, 2000. 269 pp. $64.95 cloth; $21.95 paper.
Authors: Horn Gerd-Rainer
Published: May 2005

The Italian Communist Party (PCI) after 1943, writes Stephen Gundle, managed to construct “the last great left-wing subculture in Western Europe” (7). Given the unusual interest in “culture” in the broadest sense of the term exhibited by Palmiro Togliatti, the undisputed key figure in post-war Italian Communist politics, an English-language study of the PCI's cultural policies is thus highly welcome and long overdue. Stephen Gundle manages to present an informative and authoritative account, which is highly recommended for anyone interested in the politics of culture and the culture of politics within the European Left.
Gerd Callesen, Socialist Internationals: A Bibliography of Publications of the Social-Democratic and Socialist Internationals, 1914–2000. Bonn and Gent: Bibliothek der Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, 2001. 167 pp. Free of charge.
Authors: Tosstorff Reiner
Published: May 2005

This is a very useful bibliographical tool produced by the efforts of the International Association of Labour History Institutions (IALHI). This association comprises more than one hundred archives, libraries and research centers all over the world, though the vast majority are located in Europe, and not all of them have the same importance, reflecting the geographical and political unevenness of socialism's history. This particular volume aims to list all the publications of the social-democratic internationals after 1914, i.e. from the time of the political split due to the support for World War I by most social-democratic parties. This means that the left-wing, beginning with the Kienthal-Zimmerwald movement during the war and leading to the “Communist International” from 1919 on, is not represented here. But also left-wing splits from social democracy in later years, as in the 1930s with the “London Bureau” of left-wing socialist parties (and also the Bureau's predecessors) are excluded here, as they openly campaigned against social democracy. Also, a few international workers' institutions (mainly in the cultural field) that had been founded before 1914, but tried to maintain their independence after 1914 faced with the political split, are therefore not listed as well.
Inge Lammel, Arbeiterlied—Arbeitergesang, Hundert Jahre Arbeitermusikkultur in Deutschland: Aufsätze und Vorträge aus 40 Jahren 1959–1998. Teetz: Hentrich & Hentrich, 2002. 319 pp. € 24.
Authors: Callesen Gerd
Published: May 2005

From 1954 to 1985, Inge Lammel was the director of the Arbeiterliedarchiev (Labour and Working-Class Songs) at the Academy of the Arts in Berlin. Throughout its life, the Archive remained a small institution with few resources, but in the course of the thirty-five years leading up to 1990, it had collected considerable volumes of printed and unprinted material, scores, songbooks, memoirs, (long before “oral history” had been recognised as a special type of material), gramophone records, tapes, etc.—an effort led by Inge Lammel from the time when the Archive was first established. In 1990, the Archive was more or less closed down, despite the fact that at the time it was the centre of vigorous research activities, not just in the German Democratic Republic (GDR), but also in the Federal Republic of Germany. This component of research into labor and working-class evolution has now largely been discontinued; one of the aims behind this publication is to provide any emerging renewed interest with a point of departure.
Joan B. Landes, Visualizing the Nation: Gender, Representation, and Revolution in Eighteenth-Century France. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2001. 254 pp. $40.00 cloth; $18.95 paper.
Authors: Schultheiss Katrin
Published: May 2005

Even the most casual student of the French Revolution cannot fail to be struck by the variety and sheer quantity of political imagery produced during that era. Despite the revolutionaries' explicit distrust of visual images, which they associated with the idolatry of the Old Regime, politically inspired pictorial caricature, satire, and allegory poured forth from the presses, reaching ever-wider audiences, both literate and illiterate. Until twenty years ago, historians tended to dismiss this visual record as a holdover from the era of absolutist monarchy, focusing instead on the “foundational role of language and political discourse in accounting for the demise of the Old Regime” (6). Many of the revolutionary period's most prominent scholars, including Keith Michael Baker, François Furet, and Jürgen Habermas, have, as Joan Landes points out, effectively defined culture as “the sum of so many printed words on a page” (6). Landes does not exempt herself from this critique, confessing that in her earlier work, she too, “described the decisive historical passage from French absolutism to bourgeois society as an opposition ’between the iconic spectacularity of the Old Regime and the textual and legal order of the bourgeois public sphere'” (6). In Visualizing the Nation, Landes now follows in the path of scholars such as Antoine de Baecque, Lynn Hunt, Michel Vovelle, Madelyn Gutwirth, and Mona Ozouf in arguing for the importance of “images as vehicles for the exchange of ideas and the making of political arguments” (3).
John Willoughby, Remaking the Conquering Heroes: The Postwar American Occupation of Germany. New York: Palgrave, 2001. xiii + 187 pp. $45.00 cloth.
Authors: Höhn Maria
Published: May 2005

Scholars in both the US and Germany have studied the American occupation of Germany extensively. Until recently, however, much of that work focused on the emerging Cold War rivalry between the US and the Soviet Union to explain the rapid shift from an occupation intended to punish the Germans to one that increasingly included West Germans as partners and allies. While not dismissing the importance of the Cold War struggle in shaping US foreign policy, John Willoughby suggests that a more comprehensive understanding of how American power was projected during the Cold War is only possible if attention is shifted from the policy makers in Washington to the players on the ground. By exploring how the American military government dealt with the chaotic social and economic conditions within Germany, the widespread disciplinary problems of American GIs, and the pervasive racism within the military, Willoughby makes a compelling argument that US foreign policy and the “institutions of occupation” were transformed by the “more mundane problems of social control and organizational capability” (3). The American objectives in Germany changed, not because of the Cold War, but because financial pressures, personnel shortages, and economic disarray forced military authorities to hand over power to the Germans much sooner than envisioned by Washington. While Willoughby—by his own admission—does not provide new material to the professional historian of the era, his book nonetheless offers a fresh interpretation that draws on social and cultural history while also paying attention to race and gender.
Till Schelz-Brandenburg and Susanne Thurn, Eduard Bernsteins Briefwechsel mit Karl Kautsky (1895–1905): Quellen und Studien zur Sozialgeschichte, 19. Frankfurt/New York: Campus Verlag, 2003. liv + 1159 pp. 129 € cloth.
Authors: Callesen Gerd
Published: May 2005

A persistent rumor has it that the Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis/International Institute for Social History (IISG) in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, does not intend to continue publishing its series of documentation of central elements of its archives. Editions of this kind are extremely work-intensive and time-consuming, and the institution can no longer afford to finance it. This is what is at the core of the rumor: the IISG has to find money from outside funds in order to finance these editions, but entertains no plans to discontinue the publication of these central sources. If this rumor were true, however, it would be highly deplorable, something which the present volume amply substantiates.
Stephen Heathorn, For Home, Country, and Race: Constructing Gender, Class, and Englishness in the Elementary School, 1880–1914. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000. 288 pp. $50.00 cloth
Authors: Glasco Jeffrey
Published: May 2005

In For Home, Country, and Race, Stephen Heathorn sets out to explain the “how” of English nationalism at the turn of the twentieth century. Rejecting the imperial propagandist theme, Heathorn argues that nationalist agendas in English schools were the product of educators. Accordingly, Heathorn's research focuses on the classroom as the site of nationalist education. Heathorn argues that through educational activities, especially school readers, middle-class educators brought the English working class into their nationalist hegemony. As the book's title suggests, this hegemonic view also promoted class and gender subordination. As Heathorn concludes, the proof of the working class's acceptance of this nationalist hegemony is found in their willingness “to sacrifice their lives and loved ones” in the “cataclysmic clash of rival nationalisms that erupted in 1914” (218).
Anders Aslund, Building Capitalism: The Transformation of the Former Soviet Bloc. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 528 pp. $80.00 cloth; $29.00 paper; Alexander Chubarov, Russia's Bitter Path To Modernity: A History of the Soviet and Post-Soviet Eras. New York: Continuum Publishers, 2001. 318 pp. $29.95 cloth
Authors: Pimenov Alexei
Published: May 2005

The postcommunist transformation of the former countries of “real socialism” has become an intriguing topic for economists and political scientists. The Soviet bloc did not just collapse; it collapsed unexpectedly. There are various consequences for the world as a result of this event, which in many ways resemble a gun that is cocked and loaded, but which has not yet fired.
Anita Chan, China's Workers Under Assault: The Exploitation of Labor in a Globalizing Economy. Armonk, New York: ME Sharpe, 2001. 250 pp. $58.95 cloth; $22.95 paper
Authors: Yu Renqiu
Published: May 2005

This is a powerful book that documents and examines the horrible exploitation of labor in contemporary China, particularly the vulnerable migrant workers from rural areas. The bulk of the book is the compilation of more than twenty investigative stories that Chan selects from the Chinese language newspapers and journals published in China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. All the investigative stories were written by Chinese reporters—some took great risks to do it—and translated into English by Chan and her collaborators. For each case Chan provides a short introduction and “comment” to help the reader comprehend the materials in context and to clarify certain references. In several cases Chan also gives follow-ups to the stories.
Javier Auyero, Poor People's Politics: Peronist Survival Networks and the Legacy of Evita. Durham: Duke University Press, 2001. 296 pp. $64.95 cloth; $19.95 paper
Authors: Karush Matthew B.
Published: May 2005

During the early 1990s, Argentina's Peronist Party accomplished a political magic trick: under the leadership of President Carlos Menem, Peronism turned away from its traditional commitment to social justice and an activist state, embraced the free market and neoliberal reform, and yet maintained the electoral support of the majority of the poor. For many Argentine intellectuals, this trick was easy enough to explain. According to the conventional wisdom, poor people remained loyal to Peronism, despite their rapidly declining standard of living, either because they remained under the hypnotic spell of Juan and Evita or because they were bought off by clientelist politicians offering handouts. Javier Auyero's ethnography of Peronist politics in an impoverished shantytown on the outskirts of Buenos Aires challenges these simplistic explanations. This timely and important book reconceptualizes political clientelism, a crucial phenomenon within scholarship on Latin America and beyond, while making visible and intelligible a population that has been relegated to marginality both by socioeconomic realities and by academic discourse.
Peter M. Beattie, The Tribute of Blood: Army, Honor, Race, and Nation in Brazil, 1864–1945. Durham: Duke University Press, 2001. xxiv + 390 pp. $64.95 cloth; $19.95 paper
Authors: Woodard James P.
Published: May 2005

The Tribute of Blood has already earned an audience among historians of nineteenth and twentieth-century Brazil, who have found in Peter M. Beattie's analysis of military recruitment and enlisted service an innovative and often compelling exploration of a neglected facet of Brazilian history. But the book deserves a wider audience, not least because of Beattie's stated ambition of providing the first book-length study, “that explicitly focuses on impressment and conscription as transatlantic tribute labor systems intricately linked to other labor practices and relations in broader society” (14). Prospective members of such an audience not only stand to learn a great deal about Brazil (indeed, the novice might read The Tribute of Blood as an introduction to the socio-cultural history of Brazil during a “long nineteenth century” of its own). They also might be forced to rethink some of their own assumptions regarding military service in particular and institutional modernization more generally, and draw inspiration from Beattie's impressive command of a wide range of Brazilian sources and his willingness to extend comparisons to and borrow approaches from fields situated at some remove—geographic and otherwise—from his own.
Steve Striffler, In the Shadows of State and Capital: The United Fruit Company, Popular Struggle, and Agrarian Restructuring in Ecuador, 1900–1995. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2002. 242 pp. $64.95 cloth; $19.95 paper
Authors: Roberts Lois
Published: May 2005

Ecuadorianists have long awaited a book on the country's banana industry, and Steve Striffler has made an excellent beginning with this prize-winning research on the United Fruit (UF) company's Tenguel estate. He wanted his study of the workers' struggle for better wages and land to go beyond previous works that tended to focus on leading capitalistic actors. Casting his work in Marxian terms, Striffler finds that worker power—at Tenguel, at other banana producing regions in Ecuador, and across Latin America—played a decisive role in undermining foreign-owned enclaves. Striffler argues that “class struggle” best explains the emergence of the “contract farming” system that transformed agrarian landscapes. Although Ecuadorian worker efforts did not ultimately improve their lives, Striffler finds that struggles at least provided a base for subsequent popular organizations.
Paul Foos, A Short, Offhand, Killing Affair: Soldiers and Social Conflict During the Mexican-American War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002. 223 pp. $49.95 cloth; $18.95 paper
Authors: Laurie Bruce
Published: May 2005

In this book, Paul Foos seeks to rescue the Mexican-American War from its status as a forgotten war, a status it has long shared with the Korean War. His approach is in keeping with recent work on the history of war from the perspective of the ordinary soldier, the regulars and militiamen who did the fighting at the front, not from the perspective of the generals. He thus mines a rich and fruitful seam of first person accounts written by soldiers themselves in the form of letters and memoirs long overlooked by historians. He seeks to correct two standard interpretations of the war. One of these, in the triumphalist tradition, interprets the conflict as a limited war that reflected and unleashed American “nationalism;” the other sees it as a victory for moralistic political elites who rescued the nation from the reckless expansionism of Southern extremists by limiting the acquisition of Mexican land in the final settlement. Both interpretations—and the second in particular—spotlight the leading men, insisting it was a war that the “masses” did not “understand, nor did they care” (9). Readers of this lively and eye-opening book are unlikely to put much credence in the received wisdom.
John Hinshaw, Steel and Steelworkers: Race and Class Struggle in Twentieth-Century Pittsburgh. Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002. 320 pp. $75.50 cloth; $25.95 paper
Authors: Needleman Ruth
Published: May 2005

Richly descriptive and well documented, Steel and Steelworkers: Race and Class Struggle in Twentieth-Century Pittsburgh by John Hinshaw makes a significant contribution to the growing body of historical research on steel unionism in the twentieth century. Over the past few years, a number of new studies have broadened our understanding of unionization and work practices in the nation's steel mills, by examining in greater detail the patterns of organization in specific mills and mill towns.
Robet F. Burk, Much More than A Game: Players, Owners and American Baseball Since 1921. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2001 xi + 372 pp. $45.00 cloth; $19.95 paper; Charles P. Korr, The End of Baseball as We Knew It: The Players Union, 1960–81. Urbana, IL: The University of Illinois Press, 2002. 336 pp. $34.95 cloth
Authors: Arbena Joseph L.
Published: May 2005

Critics, fans and journalists alike, of the players' role in the prolonged major league baseball work stoppage of 1994–1995, generally ignore two key realities of the history of the national pastime. First, at least since the founding of the National League in 1876, baseball at the highest levels has been primarily a business. Neither owners nor players played mainly for “the love of the game.” For the latter it was a way to make a living; for the former it was a way to make a profit.
Daniel Kryder, Divided Arsenal: Race and the American State During World War II. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. 320 pp. $30.00 cloth; $19.00 paper
Authors: Self Robert O.
Published: May 2005

There are advantages to focusing a single analytical lens on a complex and multidimensional historical event. Lines of causation can be drawn clearly. Intention, action, and consequence can be isolated and explored in depth. This is what Daniel Kryder has done for federal policy toward African Americans during World War II. A political scientist, Kryder looks at African Americans in war production industries, the army, and southern agriculture in the context of two overriding imperatives of officials of the federal state: maintaining wartime production and gaining reelection. He moves to the heart of what states do in wartime. They mobilize industry and people. They suppress dissent. They contain social unrest. Given these demands it is not surprising, Kryder argues, that reform of federal racial policy between 1941 and 1945 was so limited in scope, despite widespread black protest, calls for more progressive measures, and the popular “Double V” campaign. But there are also pitfalls to the single analytical lens, and Kryder encounters these in his conclusion. From one point of view, “the war contained rather than facilitated movements for black liberation” (243), as Kryder argues, but from another vantage the war told an entirely different story.
CONCENTRATION IN THE BANKING INDUSTRY AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
Authors: DEIDDA LUCA , FATTOUH BASSAM
Published: May 2005

We present an endogenous growth model with two sectors: a real sector where the final good is produced, and a banking sector that intermediates between savers and firms. Banking concentration exerts two opposite effects on growth. On the one hand, it induces economies of specialization, which is beneficial to growth. On the other hand, it results in duplication of banks' investment in fixed capital, which is detrimental to growth. The trade-off between the two opposing effects is ambiguous and can vary along the process of economic development. Hence, there is a potential nonlinear and nonmonotonic relationship between concentration and growth. We test this implication, using cross-country data on income and industry growth. We find that banking concentration is negatively associated with per-capita income growth and industrial growth only in low-income countries. This suggests that reducing concentration is more likely to promote growth in low-income countries than in high-income ones.
PREANNOUNCED OPTIMAL TAX REFORM
Authors: DOMEIJ DAVID , KLEIN PAUL
Published: May 2005

In constitutional democracies, laws take time to be deliberated upon, to be passed, and to be implemented. Motivated by this observation, we study the properties of optimal tax reform when it has to be announced in advance of its implementation. We find that a delay between announcement and implementation has large effects on the optimal fiscal policy during the transition to the new steady state. On the other hand, we find that the welfare gains from optimal tax reform are fairly robust to the introduction of an implementation lag. Increasing the lag from zero to four years reduces the welfare gains by less than a quarter. Moreover, it turns out that this reduction of the welfare gain is mainly due to the delay itself rather than the effect of preannouncement on the character of the optimal tax reform.
IN MEMORY OF GÉRARD DEBREU, 1921–2004
Authors: BÉNASSY JEAN-PASCAL , BÖHM VOLKER , GUESNERIE ROGER
Published: May 2005

Born in Calais in 1921, Gérard Debreu died on the last day of 2004 in the Paris area where he spent the last years of his life. He graduated from Ecole Normale Supérieure, one of the elite schools in France with a strong program in mathematics. While studying there he came to economics through the influence of Maurice Allais, who was teaching economics in a neighboring school, Ecole des Mines. In 1949 a Rockefeller fellowship allowed him to visit American universities and, in particular, the University of Chicago. He was then offered a position of research associate by the Cowles Commission for Research in Economics. In 1962, Gérard Debreu accepted a position of professor of economics (transformed later into a joint professorship of economics and mathematics) at the University of California, Berkeley. He was President of the Econometric Society in 1971 and received the Nobel prize in 1983.
Biofilm formation and control in dental unit waterlines
Authors: Franco F. F. S. , Spratt D. , Leao J. C. , Porter S. R.
Published: May 2005

This review details the current literature on relevant aspects of biofilm formation and microbial control in dental practice. To date, there is no published evidence of a serious public health risk from biofilm-contaminated dental waterlines. However, there remain few effective methods of decontamination of such waterlines.
Proteomic comparison of outer membrane protein patterns of sessile and planktonic Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells
Authors: Seyer D. , Cosette P. , Siroy A. , Dé E. , Lenz C. , Vaudry H. , Coquet L. , Jouenne T.
Published: May 2005

We have compared the outer membrane protein (OMP) pattern of sessile Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells with that of its stationary-phase free-floating counterparts. Two-dimensional electrophoretic gels were compared using computing scanning densitometry. The level of 103 OMPs (i.e. about 50% of the spots that fulfilled our statistical selection threshold) was significantly and reproducibly different in biofilm organisms as compared with their planktonic counterparts. Some OMPs that specifically either accumulated or decreased were identified by mass spectrometry and the role of these proteins in the biofilm phenotype is discussed.
Transcriptome analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development: anaerobic respiration and iron limitation
Authors: Hentzer M. , Eberl L. , Givskov M.
Published: May 2005

In nature, bacteria are able to form complex surface-attached communities called biofilms. Microbial biofilms pose a particular problem in many human infections because of an inherent tolerance to antimicrobial agents and host immune killing and clearance. We have used complementary DNA (cDNA) microarray technology to identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa genes that are differentially expressed in growing and developing biofilms. Our study shows that, when compared with planktonic bacteria, gene expression profiles of biofilm cells have the highest resemblance to the profiles of stationary-phase cells. We suggest that the process of biofilm development involves a series of adaptive responses including those to anaerobic and iron-limitation stresses, rather than being associated with a unique biofilm developmental program. Mapping of quorum-sensing regulated genes in a P. aeruginosa biofilm identified a set of N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-dependent genes that are exclusively expressed in sessile cells. One of these genes, pvdQ, encodes an AHL acylase that degrades long-acyl but not short-acyl AHLs. This result may provide an explanation for the previous finding that the level of long-acyl AHLs is greatly reduced in P. aeruginosa biofilm cells as compared with their planktonic counterparts. Furthermore, we present evidence that quorum sensing is participating in the control of iron-limitation responses in the biofilm cells.
Eine modifizierte Anwendung des Visual Retention Test nach A.L. Benton
Authors: Steck Peter
Published: May 2005

Zusammenfassung: Eine auf 20 Items verlängerte Form des Benton-Tests (BT) wird vorgestellt. Mit der Verlängerung wurde eine deutliche Verbesserung der Reliabilität des Test erreicht, die in der Vergangenheit oft als unzulänglich kritisiert worden war. Neben der Kontrolle der Reliabilität wurden Untersuchungen zur Objektivität, zur Homogenität und zur Validität der veränderten Form des BTs durchgeführt, außerdem Untersuchungen zur Alters- und zur Bildungsabhängigkeit der Testleistungen. Da die modifizierte Fassung des BTs in ihren beiden als parallel konzipierten Formen ausschließlich aus Items des Original-BTs hergestellt worden ist, kann die Modifikation mit dem im Handel befindlichen Testmaterial angewendet werden. Für die modifizierte Form wurden vorläufige Normwerte für vier Altersklassen im Bereich zwischen 15 und 70 Jahren erstellt.
Die Erfassung subjektiver Lebensqualität bei dementiell Erkrankten: Gütekriterien von Selbstbeurteilungsskalen
Authors: Leipold Bernhard , Zank Susanne
Published: May 2005

Zusammenfassung: Selbstbeurteilungsskalen werden zur Bestimmung der Lebensqualität herangezogen; ihre Anwendung bei Personen mit kognitiven Beeinträchtigungen wird kontrovers diskutiert. In der vorliegenden Studie beantworten 88 Personen (Durchschnittsalter = 77.7 Jahre), von denen die meisten dementiell erkrankt waren, Skalen zur Depressivität, Lebenszufriedenheit und zum Selbstwert. Die Personen wurden nach der Schwere ihrer kognitiven Beeinträchtigung in drei Gruppen aufgeteilt und hinsichtlich Reliabilität (Testhalbierung, Cronbach's α) und konvergenter Validität verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Selbstbeurteilungsskalen bei Patienten im leichten bis mittelschweren Erkrankungsstadium zufriedenstellende Reliabilitäten und Validitäten liefern. Darüber hinaus wurden Sprachverständnis und Perseverationstendenzen im Antwortverhalten getrennt untersucht. Personen mit einer Demenz zeigten im Vergleich zu nicht dementiell Erkrankten keine stärkeren Perseverationstendenzen im Antwortverhalten und ein relativ gutes sprachliches Verständnis.
Anhaltender Neglect nach rechts: Eine klinische Fallstudie
Authors: Klos Thomas
Published: May 2005

Zusammenfassung: Es werden Diagnostik, Interventionsansätze und Verlauf eines Falles mit Neglect der rechten Körper- und Raumhälfte beschrieben. Der 44-jährige Patient erlitt eine Subachnoidalblutung mit intracerebralem Hämatom in der linken Hemisphäre. In verschiedenen Neglecttests zeigten sich drei Monate nach dem Ereignis ausgeprägte visuelle Neglectsymptome. Eine im Verlauf konstante Dissoziation im Linienhalbieren wies zusammen mit perimetrischer Untersuchung zusätzlich auf eine Hemianopsie hin. Ungewöhnlich war eine inverse Korrelation zwischen Linienlänge und Mittenverschiebung. Es wurden verschiedene Interventionsansätze mittels Reaktionszeitanalyse durchgeführt. Am wirkungsvollsten erwies sich die Kombination aus visueller und kontraläsionaler motorischer Stimulation. Während einer 4-wöchigen Therapiepause verschlechterte sich die Neglectsymptomatik signifikant. Im Verlauf der weiteren 4-monatigen Behandlung konnte wieder eine deutliche Besserung erreicht werden.
Neuropsychologische Frührehabilitation
Authors: Hildebrandt Helmut , Hildebrandt Helmut
Published: May 2005

Zusammenfassung: Die neurologische Frührehabilitation hat im letzten Jahrzehnt stark an Bedeutung gewonnen. In diesem Artikel wird ein neuropsychologisches Behandlungskonzept für Patienten mit schwersten Bewusstseinsstörungen (Wachkoma, akinetischer Mutismus, stuporartige Antriebsstörung und Somnolenz) zur Diskussion gestellt. Schwerpunkt des Konzepts ist eine Konzentration auf die Handlungsebene und eine Interpretation der Syndrome als schwere Form der Negativsymptomatik, während die übliche Einordnung als Aufmerksamkeitsstörung in Frage gestellt wird. Die für die einzelnen Syndrome vorhandene Literatur zu neuroanatomischen Ursachen, zu neuropsychologischen Modellvorstellungen und zu funktionellen bzw. pharmakologischen Behandlungsansätzen wird jeweils kurz dargestellt und es werden daraus spezifische neuropsychologische Therapievorschläge abgeleitet. Aus der Analyse folgt, dass die Neuropsychologie einen wesentlichen Beitrag zur Behandlung dieser schwerst beeinträchtigten Patienten der Phase B der neurologischen Rehabilitation leisten könnte, bis heute aber kaum empirische Daten über die Wirksamkeit vorliegen.
Anmerkungen zu “Vom Ansehen der Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie: Ein Kommentar zu von Rosenstiel (2004)“ von Cornelius J. König und Klaus G. Melchers
Authors: von Rosenstiel Lutz
Published: May 2005

Zusammenfassung. Dem Argument von König und Melchers (2005) , dass es für Nachwuchswissenschaftler der A & O-Psychologie karriereförderlich sei, die Langlebigkeit von Forschungsbefunden der A & O-Psychologie zu betonen, Laborexperimente durchzuführen und in US-amerikanischen Zeitschriften mit hohem Impact zu publizieren, wird grundsätzlich zugestimmt. Es wird allerdings bedauert, dass dies der Fall ist, da durch derartige Strategien die Nutzung der Forschungsergebnisse in der Praxis, die vorrangig Ziel der A & O-Psychologie sein sollte, weniger wahrscheinlich wird.
Umweltmanagementsysteme und betriebliches Umweltverhalten - mehr Schein als Sein?
Authors: Antoni Conny , Bauer Claudia
Published: May 2005

Zusammenfassung. Managementsysteme erfreuen sich großer Beliebtheit. Neben Qualitäts-, Arbeitssicherheits- und Gesundheitsmanagement werden Umweltmanagementsysteme eingeführt, um gesellschaftlichen, (verbands-)politischen Forderungen und eigenen Zielsetzungen einer umweltorientierten Unternehmenspolitik nachzukommen. Gerade im Umweltbereich besteht jedoch eine Diskrepanz zwischen Ansprüchen, Handlungsbereitschaften und Verhaltensweisen, die selbst durch gesetzliche Normen nicht einfach zu beheben ist. So stellt sich die Frage, inwieweit mit diesem Instrument umweltbezogene Verhaltensweisen von Betrieben wirkungsvoll beeinflusst werden können. Die Ergebnisse unserer Querschnittstudie in 196 Betrieben zeigen, dass dieses Instrument durchaus zu einer Förderung umweltorientierten Verhaltens, selbst unabhängig von der Handlungsbereitschaft des betrieblichen Entscheiders, beitragen kann. Neben diesem direkten Effekt von Umweltmanagementsystemen, der sich jedoch nicht durchgängig zeigt, findet sich eine signifikante und konsistente Wechselwirkung mit der Handlungsbereitschaft der betrieblichen Entscheider. Mit anderen Worten: Sind betriebliche Entscheider zu umweltförderlichen Maßnahmen bereit, trägt ein Umweltmanagementsystem dazu bei, dass diese Vorsätze auch tatsächlich in betriebliche Maßnahmen umgesetzt werden.
Arbeitsbedingungen, Persönlichkeitsmerkmale und Alkoholkonsum: Eine Befragung in zwei Betrieben der Metallindustrie
Authors: Puls Wichard , Morkramer Michael Franz , Wienold Hanns
Published: May 2005

Zusammenfassung. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es, den Zusammenhang zwischen Stress in der Arbeitswelt und dem Konsum von Alkohol durch den Vergleich unterschiedlicher Stresskonzeptionen zu präzisieren und daraus Konsequenzen für betriebliche Suchtpräventionsprogramme abzuleiten. Dazu wurden die Zusammenhänge zwischen Neurotizismus, Extraversion, Stresseinschätzungen (Herausforderung, Bedrohung, Verlust), beruflichen Gratifikationskrisen, Wirkungserwartungen an den Alkoholkonsum bezüglich der Stressbewältigung und dem Alkoholkonsum bei Beschäftigten im Bereich der Metall verarbeitenden Industrie untersucht. Es nahmen insgesamt 1 735 Personen aus 2 Betrieben an der Studie teil. Die Daten wurden im Rahmen einer schriftlichen Befragung mithilfe von validierten Skalen bzw. Indikatoren erhoben. Im Rahmen einer pfadanalytischen Auswertung mithilfe von LISREL 8 zeigte sich, dass alle Konstrukte - mit Ausnahme der Herausforderungskognition - inhaltlich bedeutsame direkte oder indirekte Effekte auf den Alkoholkonsum besitzen. Der mit Abstand stärkste Effekt wird jedoch von den Wirkungserwartungen auf den Alkoholkonsum ausgeübt. Dies macht die Bedeutung dieser Wirkungserwartungen für den Konsum von Alkohol bei berufstätigen Erwachsenen deutlich und führt zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass betriebliche Alkoholpräventionsprogramme in erster Linie eine Modifikation dieser Wirkungserwartungen anstreben sollten.
Entwicklung und Validierung einer bereichsspezifischen Skala zur Erfassung arbeitsbezogener kollektiver Wirksamkeitserwartungen
Authors: Moser Karin S. , Schaffner Dorothea , Heinle Michael
Published: May 2005

Zusammenfassung. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt eine neu konstruierte bereichsspezifische Skala zur Erfassung arbeitsbezogener kollektiver Wirksamkeitserwartungen vor. Das Konstrukt der arbeitsbezogenen kollektiven Wirksamkeitserwartung beschreibt die subjektive Gewissheit, unerwartete und schwierige Anforderungssituationen bei der Arbeit aufgrund gemeinsamer Kompetenzen einer Gruppe bewältigen zu können. Die Acht-Item-Skala wurde ausgehend von der kollektiven Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung für Lehrer ( Schwarzer & Schmitz, 1999 ) spezifisch für die arbeitsbezogene Kooperation im Rahmen einer Untersuchung zur Wissenskooperation entwickelt. Zur Untersuchung der teststatistischen Kennwerte und Validität diente eine Quasi-Längsschnittstudie mit einer Vollerhebung bei den Mitarbeitern eines mittelständischen schweizerischen Industriebetriebs (N = 101) (Studie 1). Die Ergebnisse wurden 2 Jahre später an derselben Stichprobe (N = 93) überprüft (Studie 2). Die neue Skala erwies sich zu beiden Messzeitpunkten als homogen und reliabel. Die konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse ergab eine eindimensionale Lösung mit durchweg signifikanten Regressionsgewichten für beide Messzeitpunkte. Eine zusätzliche einfaktorielle Hauptkomponentenanalyse ergibt für Studie 1 und Studie 2 ebenfalls einen Faktor, der 41 % der Varianz aufklärt. Es wird auf die Bedeutung der arbeitsbezogenen kollektiven Wirksamkeitserwartung für wissensintensive Arbeitstätigkeiten bei der Wissenskooperation und beim Wissensmanagement in Unternehmen eingegangen.
Methane sources, distributions, and fluxes from cold vent sites at Hydrate Ridge, Cascadia Margin
Authors: Heeschen Katja U. , Collier Robert W. , de Angelis Marie A. , Suess Erwin , Rehder Gregor , Linke Peter , Klinkhammer Gary P.
Published: May 2005

To constrain the fluxes of methane (CH4) in the water column above the accretionary wedge along the Cascadia continental margin, we measured methane and its stable carbon isotope signature (δ13C‐CH4). The studies focused on Hydrate Ridge (HR), where venting occurs in the presence of gas‐hydrate‐bearing sediments. The vent CH4 has a light δ13C‐CH4 biogenic signature (−63 to −66‰ PDB) and forms thin zones of elevated methane concentrations several tens of meters above the ocean floor in the overlying water column. These concentrations, ranging up to 4400 nmol L−1, vary by 3 orders of magnitude over periods of only a few hours. The poleward undercurrent of the California Current system rapidly dilutes the vent methane and distributes it widely within the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ). Above 480 m water depth, the methane budget is dominated by isotopically heavier CH4 from the shelf and upper slope, where mixtures of various local biogenic and thermogenic methane sources were detected (−56 to −28‰ PDB). The distribution of dissolved methane in the working area can be represented by mixtures of methane from the two primary source regions with an isotopically heavy background component (−25 to −6‰ PDB). Methane oxidation rates of 0.09 to 4.1% per day are small in comparison to the timescales of advection. This highly variable physical regime precludes a simple characterization and tracing of “downcurrent” plumes. However, methane inventories and current measurements suggest a methane flux of approximately 3 × 104 mol h−1 for the working area (1230 km2), and this is dominated by the shallower sources. We estimate that the combined vent sites on HR produce 0.6 × 104 mol h−1, and this is primarily released in the gas phase rather than dissolved within fluid seeps. There is no evidence that significant amounts of this methane are released to the atmosphere locally.
Transport of organic carbon from the California coast to the slope region: A study of Δ14C and δ13C signatures of organic compound classes
Authors: Hwang Jeomshik , Druffel Ellen R. M. , Komada Tomoko
Published: May 2005

Surface sediments along a transect from an abyssal site in the northeastern Pacific (Station M, 34°50′N, 123°00′W) to a small mountainous river on the California coast (Santa Clara River) were studied to investigate the sources and cycling of organic matter on the continental margin. Sediment samples were separated into organic compound fractions (extractable lipids, amino acids (THAA), carbohydrates (TCHO), and the acid‐insoluble fraction), and their carbon isotope ratios were measured. The Δ14C values of all the THAA and TCHO fractions were greater than −100‰, indicating relatively modern organic carbon (OC) source(s), and rapid cycling of these fractions. In contrast, the Δ14C values of extractable lipids and the acid‐insoluble fraction were distinctly lower than those of the THAA and TCHO fractions. The Δ14C values of source OC to the sediments were estimated using a simple mixed layer model. These values were lower than the Δ14C signatures of pre‐industrial plankton suggesting input of both old OC and contemporary plankton to the margin sediments. The source of old OC at the 2000‐m site was likely from laterally transported coastal sediment. The estimated low Δ14C value of the transported OC suggests that old lipids and acid‐insoluble material were selectively transported to the 2000‐m site. The contribution of riverine POC to the margin sediments were estimated from Δ14C and δ13C values and indicate that relict OC exported by rivers was an important source of old lipids and acid‐insoluble material to sedimentary OC on the shelf.
Evidence from the high‐latitude North Atlantic for variations in Antarctic Intermediate water flow during the last deglaciation
Authors: Rickaby R. E. M. , Elderfield H.
Published: May 2005

We present evidence that the characteristic chemical signature (based on coupled benthic foraminiferal Cd/Ca and δ13C) of Antarctic Intermediate waters (AAIW) penetrated throughout the intermediate depths of the Atlantic basin to the high‐latitude North Atlantic during the abrupt cooling events of the last deglaciation: Heinrich 1 and the Younger Dryas. AAIW may play the dynamic counterpart to the “bipolar seesaw” when near‐freezing salty bottom waters from the Antarctic (AABW) sluggishly ventilate the deep ocean. Our data reinforce the concept that interglacial circulation is stabilized by salinity feedbacks between salty northern sourced deep waters (NADW) and fresh southern sourced waters (AABW and AAIW). Further, the glacial ocean may be susceptible to the more finely balanced relative densities of NADW and AAIW, due to either freshwater input or a reversal of the salinity gradient, such that the ocean is poised for NADW collapse via a negative salinity feedback. The unstable climate of the glacial period and its termination may arise from the closer competition for ubiquity at intermediate depths between northern and southern sourced intermediate waters.
Signal propagation related to the North Atlantic overturning
Authors: Getzlaff J. , Böning C. W. , Eden C. , Biastoch A.
Published: May 2005

Changes of the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) due to surface heat flux variability related to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) are analyzed in various ocean models, i.e., eddying and non‐eddying cases. A prime signature of the forcing is variability of the winter‐time convection in the Labrador Sea. The associated changes in the strength of the MOC near the subpolar front (45°N) are closely related to the NAO‐index, leading MOC anomalies by about 2–3 years in both the eddying and non‐eddying simulation. Further south the speed of the meridional signal propagation depends on model resolution. With lower resolution (non‐eddying case, 4/3° resolution) the MOC signal propagates equatorward with a mean speed of about 0.6 cm/s, similar as spreading rates of passive tracer anomalies. Eddy‐permitting experiments (1/3°) show a significantly faster propagation, with speeds corresponding to boundary waves, thus leading to an almost in‐phase variation of the MOC transport over the subtropical to subpolar North Atlantic.
GPS TEC and scintillation measurements from the polar ionosphere during the October 2003 storm
Authors: Mitchell C. N. , Alfonsi L. , De Franceschi G. , Lester M. , Romano V. , Wernik A. W.
Published: May 2005

Severe ionospheric storms occurred at the end of October 2003. During the evening of 30 October a narrow stream of high electron concentration plasma crossed the polar cap in the antisunward ionospheric convection. A GPS scintillation receiver in the European high arctic, operating at 1.575 GHz, experienced both phase and amplitude scintillation on several satellite‐to‐ground links during this period. Close examination of the GPS signals revealed the scintillation to be co‐located with strong gradients in Total Electron Content (TEC) at the edge of the plasma stream. The gradient‐drift instability is a likely mechanism for the generation of the irregularities causing some of the scintillation at L band frequencies during this storm. The origin of the high TEC is explored and the possible implications of the work for scintillation forecasting are noted. The results indicate that the GPS scintillation over Svalbard can originate from traceable ionospheric plasma structures convecting from the American sector.
Heterogeneous chemistry of octanal and 2, 4‐hexadienal with sulfuric acid
Authors: Zhao Jun , Levitt Nicholas P. , Zhang Renyi
Published: May 2005

Recent experimental studies using the environmental chamber have suggested that acid‐catalyzed particle‐phase reactions of organic carbonyls lead to multifold increases in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass, but the kinetics and mechanism of the heterogeneous chemistry of carbonyls with sulfuric acid remain largely uncertain. We report the first measurements of heterogeneous uptake of octanal and 2, 4‐hexadienal on liquid H2SO4 in the acid range of 60 to 85 wt % and between 250 and 298 K. Octanal was physically absorbed by sulfuric acid without undergoing irreversible reaction. From the time‐dependent uptake the effective Henry's law solubility constant (H*) was determined. Irreversible reactive uptake was observed for 2, 4‐hexadienal, and the uptake coefficient decreased with decreasing acid concentrations. The uptake of octanal and 2, 4‐hexadienal on liquid H2SO4 is explained by aldol condensation, dependent on acidity. The results suggest that aldol condensation of the aldehydes can be important in the upper troposphere, but may not significantly contribute to secondary organic aerosol formation in the lower troposphere.
Constraining climate forecasts: The role of prior assumptions
Authors: Frame D. J. , Booth B. B. B. , Kettleborough J. A. , Stainforth D. A. , Gregory J. M. , Collins M. , Allen M. R.
Published: May 2005

Any attempt to estimate climate sensitivity using observations requires a set of models or model‐versions that simultaneously predict both climate sensitivity and some observable quantity(‐ies) given a range of values of unknown climate system properties, represented by choices of parameters, subsystems or even entire models. The choices researchers make with respect to these unknown properties play a crucial role in conditioning their climate forecasts. We show that any probabilistic estimate of climate sensitivity, and hence of the risk that a given greenhouse gas stabilisation level might result in a “dangerous” equilibrium warming, is critically dependent on subjective prior assumptions of the investigators, not simply on constraints provided by actual climate observations. This apparent arbitrariness can be resolved by focussing on the intended purpose of the forecast: while uncertainty in long‐term equilibrium warming remains high, an objectively determined 10–90% (5–95%) range of uncertainty in climate sensitivity that is relevant to forecasts of 21st century transient warming under nearly all current emission scenarios is 1.4–4.1°C with a median of 2.4°C, in good agreement with the “traditional” range.
Effects of high‐frequency wind sampling on simulated mixed layer depth and upper ocean temperature
Authors: Lee Tong , Liu W. Timothy
Published: May 2005

Effects of high‐frequency wind sampling on a near‐global ocean model are studied by forcing the model with a 12 hourly averaged wind product and its 24 hourly subsamples in separate experiments. The differences in mixed layer depth and sea surface temperature resulting from these experiments are examined, and the underlying physical processes are investigated. The 24 hourly subsampling not only reduces the high‐frequency variability of the wind but also affects the annual mean wind because of aliasing. While the former effect largely impacts mid‐ to high‐latitude oceans, the latter primarily affects tropical and coastal oceans. At mid‐ to high‐latitude regions the subsampled wind results in a shallower mixed layer and higher sea surface temperature because of reduced vertical mixing associated with weaker high‐frequency wind. In tropical and coastal regions, however, the change in upper ocean structure due to the wind subsampling is primarily caused by the difference in advection resulting from aliased annual mean wind, which varies with the subsampling time. The results of the study indicate a need for more frequent sampling of satellite wind measurement and have implications for data assimilation in terms of identifying the nature of model errors.