bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physarum plicatum
.
Authors: Cannon P.F. , Minter D.W.
Published: August 2022

A description is provided for
Physarum plicatum
. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, habitats, dispersal and transmission, and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Africa (Equatorial Guinea), Asia (Japan, Nepal, Taiwan), Indian Ocean (Seychelles)). No evaluation has been made of any possible positive economic impact of this organism and no reports of negative economic impacts have been found.
Stereocaulon pileatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W. , Cannon P. F.
Published: August 2022

A description is provided for
Stereocaulon pileatum
, found on broad range of rock types. Some information on its associated organisms and substrata, dispersal and transmission, habitats and conservation status is given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Greenland, Asia (China, Hong Kong, Republic of Georgia, India, West Bengal, Japan, Korea Republic, Russia, Taiwan, Turkey), Portugal (Azores, Madeira), Caribbean (Dominican Republic), Europe (Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Isle of Man, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK), North America (Canada, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Newfoundland and Labrador, Nova Scotia, Nunavut, Ontario, Quebec, France, USA, Alaska, Connecticut, Georgia, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Vermont, Washington), Pacific Ocean (Hawaii), South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Brazil, Minas Gerais)).
Puccinia cancellata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W. , Cannon P. F.
Published: August 2022

A description is provided for
Puccinia cancellata
found on leaves of
Juncus acutus
. Some information on its taxonomy, morphology, associated organisms, habitats, dispersal and transmission and conservation status are given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Algeria, Morocco, Armenia, Iran, Turkey, Portugal (Azores, Madeira), Spain (Canary Islands), Bulgaria, France, Greece, Romania, Spain and UK) and hosts (
Juncus acutus, J. inflexus, J. maritimus
and
J. subulatus
).
Puccinia chaerophylli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W. , Cannon P. F.
Published: August 2022

A description is provided for
Puccinia chaerophylli
found on leaves of
Myrrhis odorata
. Some information on its taxonomy, morphology, associated organisms, habitats, dispersal and transmission and conservation status are given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Somalia, Uganda, Armenia, Republic of Georgia, India (Jammu and Kashmir, Punjab), Iran, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan (Almaty), Kyrgyzstan, Russia (Tomsk Oblast, Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug), Taiwan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Irish Republic, Isle of Man, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia (Kirov Oblast, Leningrad Oblast, Moscow Oblast, Murmansk Oblast, Pskov Oblast, Republic of Karelia, Smolensk Oblast, Voronezh Oblast), Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and UK) and hosts (members of the Apiaceae, with most records on species of
Anthriscus, Chaerophyllum
and
Myrrhis
spp.).
Puccinia difformis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: Minter D. W. , Cannon P. F.
Published: August 2022

A description is provided for
Puccinia difformis
found on leaves of
Galium aparine
. Some information on its taxonomy, morphology, associated organisms, habitats, dispersal and transmission and conservation status are given, along with details of its geographical distribution (Algeria, Kenya, Uganda, Zambia, Republic of Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Turkey, Portugal (Azores), Spain (Canary Islands), Guatemala, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Irish Republic, Isle of Man, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, Canada (British Columbia, Ontario), Mexico, USA (California, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oregon, South Dakota, Tennessee, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin) and Chile) and hosts (species of
Galium
, primarily
G. aparine
, and other genera within the Rubiaceae).
Diaporthe destruens
. [Distribution map].
Authors: CABI  , EPPO
Published: August 2022

A new distribution map is provided for
Diaporthe destruens
(Harter) Hirooka, Minosh. & Rossman. Sordariomycetes: Diaporthales: Diaporthaceae. Host: sweet potato (
Ipomoea batatas
). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia (China, Zhejiang, Japan, Kyushu, Ryukyu Islands, Korea Republic, Taiwan), North America (USA, California, Hawaii, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, Missouri, New Jersey, Ohio, Texas, Virginia), Oceania (New Zealand, Niue), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Peru).
Tomato chlorosis virus. [Distribution map].
Authors: CABI  , EPPO
Published: August 2022

A new distribution map is provided for Tomato chlorosis virus. Martellivirales: Closteroviridae: Crinivirus. Main host: tomato (
Solanum lycopersicum
). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa (Egypt, Kenya, Mauritius, Mayotte, Morocco, Nigeria, Reunion, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia), Asia (China, Beijing, Hainan, Hebei, Henan, Hunan, Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Liaoning, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Honshu, Jordan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey), Europe (Cyprus, France, Greece, Crete, Hungary, Italy Sardinia, Sicily, Portugal, Spain, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands), North America (Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Rico, USA, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana), South America (Brazil, Bahia, Espirito Santo, Distrito Federal, Goias, Minas Gerais, Parana, Pernambuco, Rio de Janeiro, Rio Grande do Sul, Sao Paulo, Uruguay).
Acalitus phloeocoptes
. [Distribution map].
Authors: CABI  , EPPO
Published: August 2022

A new distribution map is provided for
Acalitus phloeocoptes
(Nalepa). Acarida: Eriophyidae. Hosts:
Cotoneaster
spp.,
Prunus
spp. especially plum (
Prunus domestica
), almond (
P. dulcis
), apricot (
P. armeniaca
), myrobalan plum (
P. cerasifera
), peach (
P. persica
), blackthorn (
P. spinosa
). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Asia (China, Gansu, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Syria), Europe (Bulgaria, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Sicily, Malta, Russia, Southern Russia, Spain), North America (USA, California, Oregon).
Vatiga illudens
(Drake). [Distribution map].
Authors: CABI  , EPPO
Published: August 2022

A new distribution map is provided for
Vatiga illudens
(Drake). Hemiptera: Tingidae. Host: cassava (
Manihot esculenta
). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa (Mauritius, Reunion), Asia (Indonesia, Java), North America (Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Haiti, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, USA, Florida), South America (Brazil, Acre, Distrito Federal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Norte, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Venezuela).
An Organizer of Cultural Tours in Mexico Invests in Social and Environmental Sustainability
Authors: EarthCheck
Published: August 2022

Alltournative is a specialist tour operator guiding ecological and adventure expeditions throughout Riviera Maya in the state of Quintana Roo in Mexico. The company also ventures into Yucatán state for two tours and one park experience. Its dedicated team fosters an appreciation of the Mayan people and their unique culture, ensuring visitors act responsibly and respect the local communities and natural environment.

EarthCheck logo

© EarthCheck 2021

Information

This case is based on material originally published by EarthCheck, in a different format, on its website (
https://earthcheck.org/media/49426/alltournative-case-study.pdf
)

© EarthCheck
The Heritage of a Historic Farmhouse in Rural Catalonia
Authors: Louis Oriane , Pi Marta Valls I , Rajerinera Samuel , Sanjivy Agnès , Zhu Chuhong , Ward-Perkins David
Published: August 2022

L’Avenc de Tavertet, a historic building in rural Catalonia, is a family-run tourism accommodation provider, primarily offering self-catering cottages, away from city life, in a spectacular setting. The old farmhouse of L’Avenc is considered to be one of the best, most authentic examples of rural architecture in Catalonia. The Parris family, who bought the property in 1997, soon came to realize that occupation of the farmhouse came with a responsibility in terms of protection of the site and its memory. This case study tells of how they have managed to reconcile these responsibilities with the running of a small, successful tourism business. It also recounts the development of their relationship with the population of Tavertet, initially suspicious of outsiders who had purchased a building of local historical importance but now appreciative of their role in the community.

Information

Written on the basis of material provided by Tammy Abey Parris and Belinda Parris of L’Avenc de Tavertet, in the context of Skema’s Strategic Market Projects programme.

© CAB International 2021
Becoming Vincent: Using the “hero’s journey” to connect and design (digital) tourist experiences along Vincent van Gogh’s heritage locations
Authors: Calvi Licia , Hover Moniek
Published: August 2022

This case describes a research and design project, commissioned to Breda University of Applied Sciences (the Netherlands) by several regional tourism organizations in Brabant, a province in the south of the Netherlands. The aim of the project was to draft a narrative concept and storylines that would link and upgrade the various Vincent Van Gogh heritage sites in the area in order to eventually attract international tourists to the province, especially in view of the commemoration of Van Gogh’s 125
th
death anniversary in 2015. In the creative phase, we used a 12 steps storytelling model (
Bouma, 2010
). This is based on Campbell’s “monomyth” or “hero’s journey” (1945). It applies to many great tales and chronologically orders the (metaphorical) steps that drive the “hero” in his actions. We compared the 12 steps to Vincent’s life. The first 6 steps, which took place in Brabant, we placed under the overarching narrative concept of “Becoming Vincent”. At various locations in the province, tourists can experience how the events in Vincent’s early life led him to become the tormented yet brilliant artist so well-known from his time in France (which we defined as “Being Vincent”), thus making a full narrative circle.

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WLCE logo

Information

Vancouver Island University World Leisure Centre of Excellence

© Licia Calvi & Moniek Hover 2022
International comparison CCQM-K165: dimethyl sulfide in nitrogen at 5 nmol mol-1
Authors: Lee S , Kang J H , Kim Y D , Kim D H , Jung J , Ma H , Wu H , Bartlett S , Worton D , Murugan A , Brewer P J , Konopelko L A , Kolobova A V , Malginov A V , Dobryakov Y G , Pankratov V V , Efremova O V
Published: August 2022

Main text

Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) is produced mainly by the metabolic activities of oceanic phytoplankton and the most abundant natural sulfur compound in the atmosphere. DMS plays an important role for climate change since it is oxidized and forms sulfate aerosols in the atmosphere, affecting the Earth's radiation budget directly and indirectly. DMS is designated as one of the target reactive gases and monitored in the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Global Atmospheric Watch (GAW) programme. It is important to accurately monitor its global background levels with SI traceability for better understanding of the role of DMS in climate change. This comparison is organized by Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS). Gas mixtures gravimetrically prepared by KRISS are used for demonstrating measurement equivalence at the highest metrological level. This comparison (Track C) is designed to underpin participants' measurement capabilities of trace level DMS in nitrogen at the nominal amount fraction of 5 nmol mol-1.

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Spurious minimizers in non uniform Fourier sampling optimization
Authors: Gossard Alban , de Gournay Frédéric , Weiss Pierre
Published: August 2022

A recent trend in the signal/image processing literature is the optimization of Fourier sampling schemes for specific datasets of signals. In this paper, we explain why choosing optimal non Cartesian Fourier sampling patterns is a difficult nonconvex problem by bringing to light two optimization issues. The first one is the existence of a combinatorial number of spurious minimizers for a generic class of signals. The second one is a vanishing gradient effect for the high frequencies. We conclude the paper by showing how using large datasets can mitigate the first effect and illustrate experimentally the benefits of using stochastic gradient algorithms with a variable metric.
Ultralow electron emission yield achieved on alumina ceramic surfaces and its application in multipactor suppression
Authors: Wang Dan , Mao Zhangsong , Ye Zhen , Cai Yahui , Li Yun , He Yongning , Qi Kangcheng , Xu Yanan , Jia Qingqing
Published: August 2022

Alumina ceramics used in microwave systems are susceptible to the multiplication of secondary electron emission on the surface due to the influence of resonance between electrons and the radiofrequency electric field, and a detrimental multipactor effect may therefore be triggered. For the alumina-loaded microwave components, it is essential to achieve low secondary electron yield (SEY) on the inserted alumina surfaces to mitigate multipactor. In this work, to achieve an ultralow SEY surface of alumina, two recognized low-SEY treatments were combined. For the primary SEY suppression, a series of microstructures were fabricated on the alumina surfaces with varied porosity and aspect ratio at the hundred-micrometer scale by infrared laser etching. The microstructure with 52.14% porosity and 1.78 aspect ratio showed an excellent low-SEY property, which could suppress the SEY peak value (
δ
m
) of alumina from 2.46 to 1.00. For the secondary SEY suppression, the SEY dependence of TiN coating on sputtering parameters was studied, and the lowest
δ
m
of 1.19 was achieved when the gas flow ratio of Ar:N2 was 15:7.5. Thereafter, by depositing TiN ceramic coating onto the laser-etched porous samples, an ultralow SEY, with
δ
m
of 0.69, was achieved on the alumina surfaces. The simulation work revealed the impact of dielectric surface charge on electron multiplication and revealed a mechanism of using low-SEY surfaces to inhibit multipactor. Some coaxial filters filled with alumina were fabricated for verification; the results revealed that the multipactor threshold increased from 125 W to 425 W after applying the TiN-coated porous alumina, and to 650 W after treating another multipactor-sensitive area with the same low-SEY process. This work developed an advisable method to sharply reduce SEY, which is of great significance for the multipactor mitigation of alumina-loaded microwave components.
A self-adaptive DRSN-GPReLU for bearing fault diagnosis under variable working conditions
Authors: Zhang Zhijin , Zhang Chunlei , Zhang Xin , Chen Lei , Shi Huaitao , Li He
Published: August 2022

Recently, deep learning has been widely used for intelligent fault diagnosis of rolling bearings due to its no-mankind feature extraction capability. The majority of intelligent diagnosis methods are based on the assumption that the data collected is from constant working conditions. However, rolling bearings often operate under variable working conditions in the real diagnosis scenario, which reduces the generalization capability of the diagnosis model. To solve this problem, a self-adaptive deep residual shrinkage network with a global parametric rectifier linear unit (DRSN-GPReLU) is proposed in this paper. First, the DRSN is used as the basic architecture to improve the anti-noise ability of the proposed method. Then, a novel activation function—the GPReLU—is developed, which can achieve better intra-class compactness for vibration signals, and the inter-class samples are better mapped into remote areas. Finally, a sub-network based on the attention mechanism is designed to automatically infer the slope of the GPReLU. Various experimental results demonstrate that the DRSN-GPReLU can realize better performance compared with traditional methods under variable working conditions, and has better robustness under noise interference.
Ag@AgCl nanoparticles grafted on carbon nanofiber: an efficient visible light plasmonic photocatalyst via bandgap reduction
Authors: Thao Vu Dinh , Dung Nguyen Trung , Ha Nguyen Thu , Minh Ho Ngoc , Duong Hung Cong , Van Nguyen To , Son Luong Trung , Huy Nguyen Nhat , Thu Tran Viet
Published: August 2022

A novel silver@silver chloride/carbon nanofiber (Ag@AgCl/CNF) hybrid was synthesized by electrospinning, heat treament, and subsequent in situ chemical oxidation strategy. The synthesized materials were characterized using x-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive x-ray. The experimental results reveal that the electrospun AgNO3/PAN was carbonized and reduced to Ag/CNF, the Ag/CNF was then partly oxidized to form Ag@AgCl/CNF in which Ag@AgCl nanoparticles (ca. 10–20 nm in diameter) were uniformly bounded to CNFs (ca. 165 nm in diameter). The obtained Ag@AgCl/CNF was employed for Na2S2O8 activation under visible light irradiation to treat Rhodamine B (RhB). A remarkable RhB removal of ca. 94.68% was achieved under optimal conditions, and the influence of various parameters on removal efficiency was studied. Quenching experiments revealed that HO•, SO4
•−, 1O2, and O2
•− were major reactive oxygen species, in which O2
•− played a pivotal role in RhB degradation. A possible mechanistic route for RhB degradation was proposed.
Design and performance analysis of gate-all-around negative capacitance dopingless nanowire tunnel field effect transistor
Authors: Solay Leo Raj , Kumar Naveen , Amin S Intekhab , Kumar Pradeep , Anand Sunny
Published: August 2022

In this paper, a novel low power consumption device based on a dopingless gate-all-around nanowire tunnel field effect transistor (TFET) with negative capacitance (NC) effect is proposed. NC is a robust approach in solving the bottleneck issues encountered by devices operating in nanoscale domains. Additionally, the threshold voltage (V
T) and subthreshold swing (SS) are dropped significantly to less than 60 mV/decade. Negative capacitance makes a significant contribution to the device’s performance by lowering the operating voltage for low-power applications. To calculate the optimum bias, the Landau–Khalatnikov (L–K) equation was used. To evaluate the influence of NC, the ferroelectric (FE) material PZT (lead zirconate titanate), which has perovskite properties, was used as a gate insulator. Thus, the gate-all-around dopingless nanowire TFET (GAA DL NW TFET) device structure is reconfigured into GAA NC DL NW TFET. PZT has an appropriate polarization rate, high dielectric capacitance, and a high degree of reliability. To achieve an SS lower than 60 mV/decade at lower V
T, effective tuning of the FE thickness is critical to avoid hysteresis, which enhances the overall performance of the proposed device. The aggressively scaled device has the problem of fabrication complexity and its associated cost that is addressed with the help of the dopingless technique to the nanowire-based TFET. The enhancement of the ON-current with an improved steep SS was addressed. With the application of the NC technique, the proposed device showcased an improved 4 µA µm−1 of I
ON, and 1012 of current ratio. Additionally, the influence of the variation in FE thickness on the performance parameters is examined. The proposed device structure operates at a minimum operating voltage, making it an ideal choice for low-power voltage applications.
Improvement of DC and f
T performances of graded-channel HEMTs by polarization engineering
Authors: Geng Lixin , Zhao Hongdong , Yu Kuaikuai , Ren Xinglin , Yang Dongxu , Liu He
Published: August 2022

The graded-channel high-electron-mobility transistors with graded AlGaN buffer are investigated in this paper by Atlas drift-diffusion simulation. The short-channel effects are suppressed in a manner by employing the graded AlGaN buffer instead of the fixed Al-content AlGaN buffer. Then, the Al-content of the graded AlGaN channel is also optimized. The flatter and wider transconductance and current gain cutoff frequency (f
T) curves are garnered by utilizing the graded AlGaN channel whose top Al-content is the same as the AlGaN barrier. At the gate length (L
G) of 50 nm, the saturated drain current of the proposed device is 0.98 A mm−1, which is 34% higher than the reference device. Simultaneously, the f
T and f
T × L
G are also analyzed with the gate length from 50 nm to 250 nm. The f
T of the proposed architecture is 181 GHz at L
G = 50 nm and V
GS = 1 V which is 12% higher than the reference device under the same conditions. The f
T × L
G is up to 19.2 GHz · μm at the gate length of 250 nm, and it obtains a 12% improvement over the reference device.
Design and analysis of a double gate SiGe/Si tunnel FET with unique inner-gate engineering
Authors: Dash Sidhartha , Mishra Guru Prasad
Published: August 2022

An inner-gate engineered double gate heterostructure tunnel field effect transistor (SiGe/Si-IGTFET) has been presented. The inner-gate is grown at the center of the Si0.6Ge0.4/Si TFET, followed by a thin HfO2 dielectric layer. The drain current performance of the suggested device has been investigated comprehensively to discover its efficacy. The device provides much-lower ambipolarity (by 6 decades) compared to heterostructure TFET with a similar dimension. The SiGe/Si-IGTFET device has also shown higher immunity against short channel effects such as drain induced barrier lowering and gate induced drain leakage current (I
GIDL). To examine the impact of inner-gate, various DC parameters such as ambipolar current (I
amb), on current (I
on), I
on/I
amb current ratio, average subthreshold swing (SS), surface potential, and electric field have been considered. The device offers a much improved current ratio (I
on/I
amb) of 1.78 × 1012 with an average SS of 23 mV decade−1 by optimizing the position and dielectric material of the inner-gate. The simulation of the suggested device is carried out using a 2D Silvaco Technology Computer-Aided Design (TCAD) device simulator.
DFT study of the structural, electronic and optoelectronic properties of PDAPb(I1−x
Br
x
)4 perovskites
Authors: Zhang Xiaoxiao , Wang Pingjian , Wu Qingyu , Xu Ling , Chen Mingyu , Kang Yunxin , Sun Chengshuai , Wei Guangfen , Qiao Zhuhui , Lin Zhonghai
Published: August 2022

PDAPb(I1−x
Br
x
)4 (NH3CH2CH2CH2NH3Pb(I1−x
Br
x
)4, 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 1) is a two-dimensional Dion–Jacobson phase perovskite that has attracted extensive attention owing to its potential as a promising candidate for optoelectronic (OE) application. Herein, the structural, electronic, and optoelectronic properties of PDAPb(I1−x
Br
x
)4 by gradually substituting I with Br at 1/4 intervals starting from PDAPbI4 based on the first-principles approach of density functional theory. With the increase in Br content, the crystal volume of PDAPb(I1−x
Br
x
)4 decreases nonlinearly. The electronic structure shows the bandgap presents an increasing trend (PDAPbI4 (2.272 eV)–PDAPb(I0.5Br0.5)4 (2.475 eV)–PDAPbBr4 (2.678 eV)). The most stable structure that can be obtained from the calculated formation energy (E
f) is PDAPb(I0.5Br0.5)4. The partial density of states reveals that the contribution of electrons is mainly related to the [PbX6]4− (X = I, Br) octahedron. The organic molecule PDA is almost not involved in the conductivity. The optoelectronic properties indicates that the characteristic peaks of the optoelectronic parameters of PDAPb(I1−x
Br
x
)4 coincide with the bandgap. The doping ratio of 0.5 not only has the largest dielectric coefficient, but also has good conductivity in the visible region. Therefore, PDAPb(I0.5Br0.5)4 is extremely promising for applications in OE industry. This study provides some theoretical guidance for experiments and the search for new efficient and environmentally friendly OE materials.
Charge–pseudospin coupled diffusion in semi-Dirac graphene: pseudospin assisted valley transport
Authors: Rostamzadeh Saber , Sarisaman Mustafa
Published: August 2022

Modifying the hexagonal lattices of graphene enables the repositioning and merging of the Dirac cones which proves to be a key element in the use of these materials for alternative electronic applications such as valleytronics. Here we study the nonequilibrium transport of carriers within a system containing two Dirac cones in both standard graphene and semi-Dirac graphene. In the latter, the lattice modifications cause the relativistic and parabolic dispersion bands to coexist, furnishing the Fermi surface with a rich pseudospin texture and a versatile Dirac cones separation. We construct a kinetic theory to investigate the carrier diffusion and uncover that the pseudospin index contributes to the particle current and, like the real spin, can induce a magnetoelectric effect, and argue that the pseudospin–charge coupling can be utilized to design a pseudospin filter. We explore the charge dynamics inside a quasi-one-dimensional conductor using the drift-diffusion model and detect the pseudospin accumulation at the sample boundaries. We find that, while, for graphene, the accumulation contributes to an extra voltage drop between the sample interfaces, the semi-Dirac system presents a similar accumulation that is strikingly equipped with valley polarization, signifying an essential tool for the control of valley manipulation and chirality transport using the pseudospin.
Theoretical model of giant oscillations of the photocurrent in GaAs/AlAs p-i-n diodes
Authors: Larkin I A , Vdovin E E , Khanin Yu N
Published: August 2022

p-i-n semiconductor heterostructures are common optoelectronic devices with numerous applications hinging on the non-trivial kinetics of photoexcited charge carriers within them. One such effect manifests itself as an oscillation of the photocurrent versus the applied bias voltage and has been qualitatively studied recently. However, a model that would explain the experimentally observed magnitude of the oscillations is, to the best of our knowledge, still absent. In the present work we consider a model wherein electrons from the highly-doped p-region are resonantly captured into 2D states of the triangular quantum well formed by the undoped i-region via scattering on impurities. We find that the rate of capture into 2D states is determined by the form of the wave function of these states and increases sharply when the tail of the wave function penetrates deeply into the highly doped region, resulting in a sharp increase in the photocurrent. Our analysis of the dependence of the positions of the photocurrent maxima versus bias voltage shows good agreement with experiments and confirms the applicability of our model.
DigiShip - Digitalisation of ship operations
Authors: Yue S P , Chua T Y , Fan J W
Published: August 2022

Platform machineries and sensors onboard the vessel necessary for ship operations are connected to ST Engineering’s NERVA Ship Management System and Sensemaking System (SMS2) to remotely control and monitor platform machineries and sensors from the bridge, or monitored from an operator station on the shore. A case study on remote connection to the shore command centre for a tugboat established using local telco’s 4.5G network with operations in the coastal waters of Singapore is discussed. A systematic approach for security assessment of the NERVA SMS2 is also discussed. Threat modelling and risk assessment for major systems are done using STRIDE and HEAVENS methodologies respectively. With platform systems and sensors connected to NERVA, sensors data collected can be analyzed via the predictive maintenance function of NERVA SMS2 to reduce the vessel’s life-cycle cost. NERVA SMS2 performs advanced analytics on the collected sensors data, providing predictive diagnostics information, which predicts potential machinery failure before it happen, which can greatly reduce unplanned downtime. In addition, there is decision support for maintenance, which are aligned with OEM recommendations, guiding the maintenance operator on part that need to be replaced or serviced based on the analysed symptoms reflected through the data.
Guidelines for cyber risk management in shipboard operational technology systems
Authors: Rajaram Priyanga , Goh Mark , Zhou Jianying
Published: August 2022

Over the past few years, we have seen several cyber incidents being reported, where some of the primary causes were the lack of proper security controls onboard the ship and crew awareness on cybersecurity. In response to the growing cyber threat landscape in the maritime sector, we have developed a set of guidelines for maritime cyber risk management, focusing on four major shipboard Operational Technology (OT) systems that are crucial for the day-to-day operation of ships. These four OT systems are: Communication Systems, Propulsion, Machinery and Power Control Systems, Navigation Systems and Cargo Management Systems. The guidelines identify the cyber risks in each of the OT systems and recommend the necessary actions that can be taken to manage risks in each shipboard OT system. In this paper, we introduce the new guidelines, which include cyber risks, mitigation measures, cyber risk assessment, and a checklist to help shipowners and maritime authorities assess and enhance cyber hygiene of their vessels. Our guidelines have been disseminated by the Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA) to owners and operators of the Singapore Registry of Ships for their reference and use.
Application of Dynamic-Task-Based Hazard Identification Method to Remote Operation of Experimental Ship Shinpo
Authors: Miyake R , Kudo J , Ishimura E , Itoh H , Yuzui T , Shiokari M , Kawashima S , Hirata K , Niki Y , Kobayashi M , Sawada R , Inaba S
Published: August 2022

Recently, the development of autonomous ships has been progressing worldwide; thus, it is essential to ensure the safety of these ships for their successful realization. In previous studies, task-based hazard identification (HAZID) methods were developed as safety assessment methods for autonomous ships to identify hazards related to the tasks of ship operators. In this paper, a dynamic-task-based HAZID (DTB-HAZID) method, which is an improvement on the previously developed task-based HAZID method, is proposed, and the results of the risk analysis obtained from applying this method to a small experimental ship, Shinpo, are reported. The DTB-HAZID method was designed to analyze time-related hazards such as task delays and the simultaneous occurrences of tasks. To achieve this, the activity diagram, which is a type of unified modeling language (UML) model, was introduced to create task flow diagrams. In the risk analysis, first, the tasks of the operator who remotely navigated Shinpo were analyzed, and the corresponding task flow diagrams were created. Then, the time-related hazards were identified with reference to these diagrams. Finally, the obtained hazards were reviewed, and the applicability of the proposed method in hazard analysis from the perspective of time was discussed.
Evolution of Safety in Marine Systems: From System-Theoretic Process Analysis to Automated Test Scenario Generation
Authors: Pedersen Tom Arne , Neverlien Åse , Glomsrud Jon Arne , Ibrahim Imran , Mo Sigrid Marie , Rindarøy Martin , Torben Tobias , Rokseth Børge
Published: August 2022

The technological development ongoing in the maritime industry is making the ground for remotely and even autonomously operated vessels in the future. This is a result of increased data collection, processing and inter-connectivity capabilities. The industry is working towards increased safety, improved efficiency of the ship’s operation, improved environmental performance and a more cost-effective shipping. New technologies are developed in order to reach these goals, and DNV as a Class society is developing frameworks for assurance of such systems. The certification of ships and vessels with a high degree of automation or autonomy needs an increased focus on software, an understanding of the human-to-machine interaction and the resulting ability to solve complex operations in a secure way. In this paper, a method for high-level risk analysis of the safety aspects of autonomous vessels combined with automatic simulation-based testing of a control system, is proposed.
On the use of maritime training simulators with humans in the loop for understanding and evaluating algorithms for autonomous vessels
Authors: Vagale Anete , Osen Ottar L , Brandsæter Andreas , Tannum Marius , Hovden Christian , Bye Robin T
Published: August 2022

The prospect of a future where the maritime shipping industry is dominated by autonomous vessels is appealing and gaining global interest from industry majors, research institutions, and academia. Potential advantages include increased operational safety, reduced costs, and lower environmental footprint. However, the transition will not happen overnight and is not without challenges. For example, algorithms for autonomous navigation must take into consideration safety concerns of the own ship, its crew and passengers, other surrounding ships, and the surrounding environment. This raises a need to test and verify safety, performance, and robustness of the algorithms responsible for the autonomous functionality. In addition, the transition towards fully autonomous ships is likely to be gradual and involve remote control centres and ships with varying degrees of autonomy. Hence, humans will inevitably have to interact with autonomous vessels in a variety of scenarios, including overriding own ships from land or on board, as well as communicating with autonomous ships from other fleets. Inevitably, full scale scenario testing involving real vessels and humans is costly, impractical, time-consuming, and potentially dangerous. In this paper, we propose an alternative approach, and explore how maritime navigation training simulators with humans in the loop can be used as a testbed for understanding and evaluating algorithms for autonomous vessels. In the proposed setting, we can directly compare choices made by an algorithm with those of a skilled human navigator for a variety of navigational tasks. Moreover, we can study in real-time the behaviour and decision-making of human navigators in mixed scenarios that also include autonomous ships, whether this is known beforehand or not. Our paper provides an overview of related work, details on maritime simulators and how algorithms can be tested, and some of the technical requirements. To exemplify our approach, we present two example test setups, and provide a brief discussion of our findings. We conclude that using maritime training simulators enables the study of several interesting and vital research questions, including that of the interaction between autonomous and traditional vessels operating side by side.
NTNU Shore Control Lab: Designing shore control centres in the age of autonomous ships
Authors: Alsos Ole Andreas , Veitch Erik , Pantelatos Leander , Vasstein Kjetil , Eide Egil , Petermann Felix-Marcel , Breivik Morten
Published: August 2022

As highly automated ships become unmanned, their operators will move into shore-based control centers. In the last years, NTNU has built an advanced and flexible research infrastructure for performing research on autonomous ships and the monitoring and control of these. The infrastructure comprises of (1) themilliAmpere1andmilliAmpere2, which are two all-electric autonomous urban passenger ferries equipped with advanced sensors and equipment for autonomous navigation, (2) theShore Control Lab, a flexible shore control center, where operators can monitor and control a fleet of autonomous ships, (3) a lab section for researchers to give instructions to operators in the control center, and to record, observe, and analyze their behavior, (4) an observation room adjacent to the control room for stakeholders to observe ongoing experiments in the control room, (5) the ferry simulatorAutoferry Geminithat allows researchers to create challenging or high-risk scenarios where operators can be stress tested without being a danger to ship, crew and passengers, (6) the mixed reality labMRLAB, where we can test physical designs of urban autonomous passenger ferries in a virtual environment, and (7) a dock for passenger handling and with inductive charging capabilities. In this paper, we first describe the research infrastructure’s purpose and scope of operation, as well as the technical design, physical setup, and equipment. Secondly, we present a roadmap for the development of the research infrastructure to meet the future research challenges for autonomous ships and the supervision and control of these. Thirdly, we present a number of research questions that are going to be explored in the lab in the years to come.
A study of lightning electromagnetic effect on the metal roof constructions
Authors: Zhang Biao , Jiao Xue , Zhou Junchi , Mao Jiayi , Wang Yuzhi
Published: August 2022

Metal roofs are often seen as substitute of traditional materials such as concrete these years. But there have been few researches on the lightning electromagnetic effect on these constructions. This work adopts the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method to carry out numerical simulation of Lightning Electro-Magnetic Pulses (LEMP) generated by lightning discharge current. A substation was taken as an example, the distribution of LEMP field with metal roof and non-metal roof were calculated separately by 3-Dimentional FDTD method. The results show that the metal roof has a reflection effect on the LEMP field, which makes the LEMP field significantly weakened compared to traditional concrete buildings. But for constructions of windows and doors, the intensity of LEMP field inside the construction is still destructive. This work also discussed effects of doors and windows on the electromagnetic distribution and came to conclusions that the amplitude of LEMP field decreases significantly with distance from the door (or window) increasing. The size of the windows or doors was positively related to the LEMP amplitude in the construction.
Upper critical field beyond Pauli limit in the exfoliated RbCr3As3 nanowires
Authors: Hu Xiaomei , Liu Zhiyi , Hou Xingyuan
Published: August 2022

Unconventional superconductivity in the quasi-two-dimensional cuprates and iron-based superconductors has attracted great attention in these years. Recently, the discovery of the Cr-based ternary compounds has aroused the research upsurge for the possible spin-triplet superconductivity revealed from the bulk samples. Here we carried out the electrical transport measurements of the air-stable RbCr3As3 after the dimensionality reduction. It is founded that the superconductivity is suppressed, while the upper critical field is still far larger than the Pauli paramagnetic limit, providing an ideal platform to shed light on the unconventional superconductivity.
Radiation evaluation of household appliances and stone materials from residences in Hangzhou
Authors: Zhang Xiangyu , Zheng Fang , Wu Xiaodong , Liu Qiuxiang , Jiang Jun , Chen Zhangsen
Published: August 2022

The electromagnetic radiation of household appliances and radioactivity of stone materials from residences were determined using integrated magnetometer and γ-ray spectrometer techniques. The radiation levels of desktop computers were greater than that of notebook computers, while microwave ovens and induction cookers produced low-frequency electromagnetic fields during the operation. The safety distances for hair drier, desk lamp, and patch board were ca. 50 cm, whereas those of the rest appliances were ca. 30 cm. Radioactive tests of stones collected from certain regions were conducted. The specific activities of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K were used to calculate internal exposure indexes (I
Ra) and external exposure indexes (I
γ). Moreover, both the I
Ra and I
γ for wall coatings were putty < tile adhesive, thereby the I
Ra and I
γ for bathroom furniture were ceramic facet < pottery basin < flush toilet. Natural radionuclides widely exist in interior decorations, indicating that humans in open radioactive environments receive background radiation all the time.
Reliability evaluation of balanced systems with common bus performance sharing considering balance degree base on battery storage systems
Authors: Tian TianZi , Yang Jun
Published: August 2022

To solve the problem of inconsistency of batteries, many people have studied the the battery system with the automatic balancing mechanism which can be regarded as a balanced system. In this paper, a reliability evaluation model for balanced systems with common bus performance sharing considering the degree of balance is proposed. The balance degree of the system is represented by the difference in performance between the components. If the performance difference between components exceeds the balance degree threshold, the system is unbalanced and performance sharing is required to redistribute performance through a common bus. This paper also takes into account transfer capacity limits. When the output performance exceeds the maximum transmission capacity, the performance transmission is performed according to the maximum limit to achieve the best balance. The criterion for system failure is that the balance is still out of balance after performance sharing or the total system performance is lower than the specified requirements. Firstly, by solving the Markov equation, the steady-state probability of component performance levels under the long-term operation of the system is obtained, and then the reliability of the system is evaluated by UGF (Universal generating function) method. Finally, a numerical example is carried out to illustrate the effectiveness of the method.
Non-linear diffusion with stochastic resetting
Authors: Chełminiak Przemysław
Published: August 2022

Resetting or restart, when applied to a stochastic process, usually brings its dynamics to a time-independent stationary state. In turn, the optimal resetting rate makes the mean time to reach a target to be finite and the shortest one. These and other innovative problems have been intensively studied over the last decade mainly in the case of ordinary diffusive processes. Intrigued by this fact we consider here the influence of stochastic resetting on the non-linear diffusion analysing its fundamental properties. We derive the exact formula for the mean squared displacement and demonstrate how it attains the steady-state value under the influence of the exponential resetting. This mechanism brings also about that the spatial support of the probability density function, which for the free non-linear diffusion is confined to the domain of a finite size, tends to span the entire set of real numbers. In addition, the first-passage properties for the non-linear diffusion intermittent by the exponential resetting are investigated. We find analytical expressions for the mean first-passage time and determine by means of the numerical method the optimal resetting rate which minimizes the mean time needed for a particle to reach a pre-determined target. Finally, we test and confirm the universal property that the relative fluctuation in the mean first-passage time of optimally restarted non-linear diffusion is equal to unity.
Systematic derivation of angular-averaged Ewald potential
Authors: Demyanov G S , Levashov P R
Published: August 2022

In this work we provide a step by step derivation of an angular-averaged Ewald potential suitable for numerical simulations of disordered Coulomb systems. The potential was first introduced by E Yakub and C Ronchi without a clear derivation. Two methods are used to find the coefficients of the series expansion of the potential: based on the Euler–Maclaurin and Poisson summation formulas. The expressions for each coefficient is represented as a finite series containing derivatives of Jacobi theta functions. We also demonstrate the formal equivalence of the Poisson and Euler–Maclaurin summation formulas in the three-dimensional case. The effectiveness of the angular-averaged Ewald potential is shown by the example of calculating the Madelung constant for a number of crystal lattices.
PrabotulinumtoxinA vs OnabotulinumtoxinA for the Treatment of Adult Males With Moderate to Severe Glabellar Lines: Post-hoc Analyses of the Phase III Clinical Study Data
Authors: Solish Nowell , Ascher Benjamin , Avelar Rui L , Bertucci Vince , Bodokh Isaac , Carruthers Jean , Cartier Hugues , Delmar Henry , Denfeld Ralf , Heckmann Marc , Hedén Per , Hilton Said , Inglefield Christopher , Ogilvie Patricia , Rzany Berthold-Josef , Sattler Gerhard , Sebastian Michael , Swift Arthur , Trévidic Patrick
Published: August 2022

Background

Despite a growing interest among men in cosmetic procedures such as botulinum toxin, comparator clinical trial data in this population are limited.

Objectives

The authors sought to compare the efficacy and safety of prabotulinumtoxinA and onabotulinumtoxinA for the treatment of males with moderate to severe glabellar lines.

Methods

Post-hoc analyses were performed on the subpopulation of male patients treated with either a single dose of 20 U prabotulinumtoxinA (n = 25) or 20 U onabotulinumtoxinA (n = 31) in the EVB-003 Phase III glabellar line clinical study. One key efficacy endpoint was the proportion of responders with a ≥1-point improvement from baseline at maximum frown on the 4-point Glabellar Line Scale.

Results

Compared with onabotulinumtoxinA-treated males, the percentages of responders who had a ≥1-point improvement on the Glabellar Line Scale at maximum frown were higher at all postbaseline time points for prabotulinumtoxinA-treated males (P > 0.05 at all visits) by an absolute overall mean difference of 10.1% across all visits. Similar trends were observed for efficacy endpoints based on global aesthetic improvement and subject satisfaction. PrabotulinumtoxinA-treated males had a higher incidence of treatment-related headache and eyelid ptosis.

Conclusions

The percentages of patients who met the definition of a responder were higher at almost all time points examined for prabotulinumtoxinA-treated males. Despite the high level of consistency across all measures, differences between the 2 treatment groups did not reach statistical significance. Further study is warranted to establish if these post-hoc analyses observations are reproducible in a larger male patient population.

Level of Evidence: 1