bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intercalation of p-Aminobenzylated and Dimethylammoniomethylated Calix[4]areneoctols by Cu(II)–Montmorillonite
Authors: Kijima Tsuyoshi , Kato Yoshikuni , Ohe Kaoru , Machida Masato , Matsushita Yohichi , Matsui Takanao
Published: July 2006

The uptake of two different types of cationic calix[4]areneoctols by Cu(II)–montmorillonite was studied at 25 °C. p-Aminobezylated calix[4]areneoctol 1 forms an intercalated phase in which the guest molecules are arranged as a 10.8 Å thick monolayer, with a cone-type conformation and with their cavity axes perpendicular to the inorganic layers. Thermogravimetric and copper(II) release data suggest that the calixareneoctol molecules are taken up in their divalent form and act as a prop to yield a vacant space of 42% in interlayer porosity. The molecules of dimethylammoniomethylated calix[4]areneoctol 2 are also intercalated as a monolayer, but initially in their divalent form and finally in the di- and mono-valent mixed form to fully occupy the interlayer space. The striking contrast between the two calixareneoctols as guest species is substantially due to the difference in bulkiness of their ammonio-substituted groups.
Crystal Structures of Cobalt(III) Complexes Containing 1,1,1-Tris(dimethylphosphinomethyl)ethane (mmtp), [CoCl3(mmtp)] and [Co(CN)3(mmtp)]·2H2O
Authors: Kashiwabara Kazuo , Kita Masakazu , Fujita Junnosuke , Kurachi Saeko , Ohba Shigeru
Published: July 2006

The crystal structures of [CoCl3(mmtp)] (mmtp = 1,1,1-tris(dimethylphosphinomethyl)ethane) (complex 1) and [Co(CN)3(mmtp)]·2H2O (complex 2) were determined by the single-crystal X-ray diffraction method. Crystal data and final R values are; for complex 1, orthorhombic, P21nb (c, a, b setting of Pna21), a = 13.545(1), b = 13.875(1), c = 9.315(1) Å, V = 1750.7(3) Å3, Dx = 1.58, Dm = 1.57(3) g cm−3, and Z = 4, and R = 0.046 for 1999 reflections. For complex 2, orthorhombic, P21nb, a = 14.345(2), b = 15.330(2), c = 9.229(1) Å, V = 2029.4(4) Å3, Dx = 1.39, Dm = 1.35(2) g cm−3, and Z = 4, and R = 0.039 for 2715 reflections. The Co–P bond distances of av 2.203(2) Å for complex 1 and of av 2.228(1) Å for complex 2 are fairly shorter than those (av 2.331(9) Å) in [Co(mmtp)2][Co(CN)6]·2.25H2O, in which the Co–P bonds are mutually in the trans positions, indicating the strong trans influence of the phosphino group.
Chemistry of Phosphorus Ylides, 131 Reactions with Phosphacumulenes. VII: Novel Synthesis of Pyridazinones and Pyridazinethiones from the Reaction of Cumulated Phosphorus Ylides with Monohydrazones of α-Diketones, Acenaphthenequinone, and Indantrione
Authors: Soliman Fouad M , Yakout El-Sayed M , Said Medhat M
Published: July 2006

The behavior of the reactive phosphacumulenes 2a,b, towards different α-diketone monohydrazones 1, 5, 11, and 13, acenaphthenequinone monohydrazone 8 and indantrione monohydrazone 16 has been studied. In some cases the resulted phosphoranes directly cyclize by an intramolecular Wittig reaction with the formation of pyridazinones 4a, 6, 9, 12, and 17 and pyridazinethione 4b. Structure of the new products were assigned according to consistent analytical and spectroscopic data.
The Chemiluminescent Cycloreversion of an Anthracene-Benzene Biplanemer System both in the Solid State and in the Liquid State
Authors: Kimura Masaru , Okamoto Hideki , Kashino Setsuo
Published: July 2006

In the thermal [4+4]cycloreversions of 9-anthracenecarboxylic acid-benzene 3a, methyl 9-anthracenecarboxylate-benzene 3b, dimethyl (or diethyl) 9,10-anthracenedicarboxylate-benzene 3c (or 3d) and anthracene-1,4-difluoro(or dichloro)benzene 3f (or 3g) biplanemers, chemiluminescene was observed for 3a—d only in the solid state at > 120 °C but not in a liquid phase, while 3f and 3g were not chemiluminescent. Efficient chemiluminescence was observed in the photocycloreversion of all biplanemers tested in both phases. The thermodynamic parameters for the thermal cycloreversion of these biplanemers were collected. Higher activation energies were obtained in the solid state than in the liquid phase. The higher energies favor touch of the S0 surface with the S1 surface at the transition state for effecting the chemiluminescent cycloreversion.
Ytterbium Trifluoromethanesulfonate Mediated Cross-Aldol Reaction between Ketones and Aldehydes
Authors: Fukuzawa Shin-ichi , Tsuchimoto Teruhisa , Kanai Takeshi
Published: July 2006

The cross-aldol reaction between a ketone and an aldehyde proceeded smoothly with threo diastereoselection favorably mediated by ytterbium trifluoromethanesulfonate and tertiary amine in diethyl ether or in dichloromethane. A ytterbium enolate was trapped with chlorotrimethylsilane to afford a silyl enol ether.
Effect of Arsenious and Arsenic Acids on the Chemiluminescence of Luminol in the Absence of Hydrogen Peroxide and Its Analytical Application
Authors: Sakai Hiroyuki , Fujiwara Terufumi , Kumamaru Takahiro
Published: July 2006

Arsenious and arsenic acids caused an increase in the chemiluminescence of luminol even in the absence of hydrogen peroxide. Based on the finding, a new flow injection chemiluminescence method was developed for determination of arsenic(III,V). Applicability to biological materials containing arsenic is also demonstrated.
Antioxidant Activity of the Fused Heterocyclic Compounds, 2,3,7,8-Thianthrenetetrols
Authors: Nishiyama Tomihiro , Taira Toshifumi , Kagimasa Toshio , Yamamura Tatsuo , Yamada Fukiko
Published: July 2006

The antioxidant activities of thianthrene-2,3,7,8-tetrols were evaluated with an oxygen-absorption method at 60 °C for tetralin. Its antioxidant activities were 4.2—6.6 times the activity of α-tocopherol.
Isomerization of Cyclooctene and Cyclododecene Oxides Catalyzed by Solid Acids and Bases
Authors: Arata Kazushi , Nakamura Hideo , Nakamura Yuki
Published: July 2006

The title reactions were carried out over seven catalysts. From cyclooctene oxide a large amount of 7-octenal was formed together with 3-cycloocten-1-ol over SiO2–Al2O3 and SiO2–TiO2, 3-cycloocten-1-ol over solid H3PO4, and cyclooctanone over FeSO4. Most catalysts except for NiSO4, Al2O3, and TiO2–ZrO2 produced 1,3-cyclododecadiene, cyclododecanone, and 2-cyclododecen-1-ol uniformly from cyclododecene oxide. Allylic alcohols were preferentially given by Al2O3 and TiO2–ZrO2.
Resolution and Peel Adhesion Strength of Photoelectrochemically Plated Copper Layers onto a TiO2-Adhered Alumina Substrate
Authors: Morishita Shinya , Suzuki Ken-ichi
Published: July 2006

The resolution and peel adhesion strength of photoelectrochemically plated copper layers onto a TiO2-adhered alumina substrate were investigated. The smallest line width was ca. 50 μm. The highest peel adhesion strength of the plated copper layer was attained with a heat-treatment on the TiO2-adhered-alumina substrate before plating.
Discovery of the Activated-Carbon Radical AC+ and the Novel Oxidation-Reactions Comprising the AC/AC+ Cycle as a Catalyst in an Aqueous Solution
Authors: Kimura Masaru , Miyamoto Ikuko
Published: July 2006

The oxidation reaction of the cobalt(II) complex [Co(edta)]2− to [Co(edta)]− (edta4− = ethylenediaminetetraacetate ion) occurred efficiently by hydrogen peroxide or peroxodisulfate with activated carbon (AC) in aqueous media of pH 4.7, where the AC acts as a catalyst of the electron-transfer mediator. The oxidation reaction constitutes a chain reaction comprising the AC/AC+ cycle, in which the oxidation reaction is initiated by an electron-transfer from AC to hydrogen peroxide or peroxodisulfate to make radicals of AC+ and OH•, or SO4−•. These radicals could rapidly oxidize [Co(edta)]2− to [Co(edta)]−. The rate of the oxidation reaction is of first-order with respect to the concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (or peroxodisulfate) and the AC amounts added, and of zero-order to [Co(edta)]2− under the conditions. Further, the rate was unrelated to the dissolved O2. In the case of hydrogen peroxide, it could be decomposed by the AC, even in the absence of [Co(edta)]2−, according to the first-order with respect to the hydrogen peroxide concentration; the rate constant was 2-fold of the rate constant in the presence of [Co(edta)]2−. However, in the case of peroxodisulfate, no appreciable decomposition of the S2O82− was found in the absence of [Co(edta)]2−, and the decomposition rate in the presence of [Co(edta)]2− was 104-fold faster than the rate of hydrogen peroxide decomposition under the same conditions. Consequently, it is concluded that the AC acts in a way similar to iron(II) ion in the Fenton-reagent.
Synthetic and Physicochemical Studies of Polymeric Homotrimetallic Complexes Involving [(8-Hydroxy-5-quinolyl)imino]mercaptoacetic Acid
Authors: El-Gahami Mohamed A
Published: July 2006

Coordination polymers of [(8-hydroxy-5-quinolyl)imino]mercaptoacetic acid have been prepared with the metal ions, Cu2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Cd2+, and Hg2+. The polymeric complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, TGA, molar conductance as well as electronic and IR spectral measurements. It was found that the ligand behaves as a triprotic tetradentate one. The coordination takes place through the oxygen and nitrogen atoms of the quinolinol moiety as well as through the mercapto and carboxyl groups of the mercaptoacetic acid. The analytical data depict the formation of complex compounds with the stoichiometry 3 : 2 (metal : ligand). Tetrahedral stereochemical configuration is suggested for these polymeric complexes.
Interactions of Chiral Ru(II) Complexes with Calf Thymus DNA as Studied by Circular Dichroism and Electric Dichroism Measurements
Authors: Kyaw Naing , Takahashi Masayuki , Taniguchi Masahiro , Yamagishi Akihiko
Published: July 2006

The interactions of the enantiomers of [Ru(bpy)2(phi)]Cl2 and [Ru(phen)2(phi)]Cl2 (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, phen = 1,10-phenanthroline, and phi = 9,10-phenanthrenequinone diimine) with calf thymus DNA were studied by spectroscopic titrations, circular dichroism, and electric linear dichroism methods. These complexes bound to DNA with binding constants greater than 104 M−1. From the CD and LD spectra, the phi ligands of both complexes are concluded to be intercalated between the basepairs of DNA.
Synthetic Photochemistry. LXIV. Mild Base-Induced retro-Benzilic-Acid Rearrangement of Isolated proto-Photocycloadducts of Methyl 2,4-Dioxopentanoate to Terpinolene. Facile Synthesis of α-Chamigrene and α-Chamigren-3-one
Authors: Hatsui Toshihide , Wang Jin-Jun , Takeshita Hitoshi
Published: July 2006

In the photoaddition reaction of terpinolene with methyl 2,4-dioxopentanoate, the products derived from the tetrasubstituted C=C were four proto-[2+2] photocycloadducts, together with ene reaction products. When these proto-cycloadducts were treated with aqueous sodium carbonate, a facile retro-benzilic acid rearrangement to form substituted cyclopentenone derivatives occurred. The product from the other trisubstituted C=C was an ordinary retro-aldol product of the [2+2] cycloadduct and an ene reaction product. One of the proto-photocycloadducts was transformed into α-chamigren-3-one and further to α-chamigrene.
Radical Alkylation of Heteroaromatic Bases with Polysilane Compounds
Authors: Togo Hideo , Hayashi Ken , Yokoyama Masataka
Published: July 2006

Alkyl halides were treated with protonated heteroaromatic bases in the presence of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl-2,2-bis(trimethylsilyl)trisilane under photochemical conditions to give the corresponding alkylated heteroaromatic bases easily. The alkylation of protonated heteroaromatic bases with 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl-2-(trimethylsilyl)trisilane proceeded effectively under photochemical conditions or thermal conditions. The present method is the first report on the alkylation of heteroaromatic bases under non-oxidative conditions.
The Use of Organic Solvent Systems in the Yeast Mediated Reduction of Ethyl Acetoacetate
Authors: Jayasinghe Leonard Y , Kodituwakku Devika , Smallridge Andrew J , Trewhella Maurie A
Published: July 2006

The reduction of ethyl acetoacetate to ethyl (S)-3-hydroxybutyrate, mediated by freeze-dried yeast, proceeds in good yield (53—58%) and with high enantioselectivity (>96%ee) in a number of organic solvents; petroleum ether, diethyl ether, toluene, and carbon tetrachloride. A small amount of water (0.8 ml (g-yeast)−1) is required for the reaction to proceed. The water/yeast/substrate ratio and the solvent polarity have been found to significantly influence the reactivity of the system. The enantiomeric excess was determined by gas chromatography employing a chiral column.
Crystal and Molecular Structures of a Low-Melting Polymorph of Allocinnamic Acid
Authors: Lee Ho-Hi , Senda Hitoshi , Oyama Kaoru , Kuwae Akio , Hanai Kazuhiko
Published: July 2006

Crystals of a polymorph of allocinnamic acid having a melting point of 58 °C are monoclinic, space group P21/c with a = 6.2508(8), b = 15.524(2), c = 8.5067(5) Å, β = 109.295(7)°, and Z = 4. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined to a final R value of 0.042 for 1321 reflections [I > 3σ(I)]. The molecules form centrosymmetric dimers with two O–H···O bonds of carboxylic acid groups [O···O distance, 2.666(1) Å, O···H–O angle, 160.79°]. The plane formed by the olefin group is twisted with respect to the phenyl ring at an angle of 37.8(2)°. The high-resolution solid-state 13C NMR spectra were also measured and may be useful for distinguishing polymorphs of allocinnamic acid.
Synthesis and Characterization of Tungstates Soluble in Nonaqueous Media
Authors: Ikenoue Shuichi , Mikuriya Masahiro , Miyauchi Osamu , Nukada Ryoji , Yagasaki Atsushi
Published: July 2006

A series of tungstates soluble in nonaqueous solvents were synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses and IR spectra. The heptameric compound [(t-C4H9)NH3]6[W7O24] was structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction methods.
Convenient Synthesis of 1,4-Naphthoquinones from Polymethoxynaphthalenes. Oxidative Demethylation with Silver-Catalyzed Ammonium Peroxodisulfate
Authors: Tanoue Yasuhiro , Sakata Kazunori , Hashimoto Mamoru , Morishita Shin-ichi , Hamada Moritsugu , Kai Norihisa , Nagai Takeshi
Published: July 2006

The oxidative demethylation of polymethoxynaphthalenes such as 1,4-di, 1,4,5-tri, 1,4,5,8-tetra, and 1,2,4,5,8-pentamethoxynaphthalenes with silver-catalyzed ammonium peroxodisulfate gave the corresponding 1,4-naphthoquinones in good yield under mild reaction conditions.
Direct and Stereoselective Preparation of Optically Active 1,3-Dioxolanes from the Corresponding Chiral Styrene Oxides
Authors: Nagata Takushi , Takai Toshihiro , Yamada Tohru , Imagawa Kiyomi , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: July 2006

In the presence of a catalytic amount of titanium(IV) chloride, optically active styrene oxide and its analogs are directly converted into the corresponding acetals such as acetonides or cyclopentylidene acetals keeping up high to complete optical purity on the treatment with ketones.
Time Value of Commercial Product Returns
Authors: Guide V. Daniel R. , Souza Gilvan C. , Van Wassenhove Luk N. , Blackburn Joseph D.
Published: July 2006

Manufacturers and their distributors must cope with an increased flow of returned products from their customers. The value of commercial product returns, which we define as products returned for any reason within 90 days of sale, now exceeds $100 billion annually in the United States. Although the reverse supply chain of returned products represents a sizeable flow of potentially recoverable assets, only a relatively small fraction of the value is currently extracted by manufacturers; a large proportion of the product value erodes away because of long processing delays. Thus, there are significant opportunities to build competitive advantage from making the appropriate reverse supply chain design choices. In this paper, we present a network flow with delay models that includes the marginal value of time to identify the drivers of reverse supply chain design. We illustrate our approach with specific examples from two companies in different industries and then examine how industry clockspeed generally affects the choice between an efficient and a responsive returns network.
Tainted Knowledge vs. Tempting Knowledge: People Avoid Knowledge from Internal Rivals and Seek Knowledge from External Rivals
Authors: Menon Tanya , Thompson Leigh , Choi Hoon-Seok
Published: July 2006

We compare how people react to good ideas authored by internal rivals (employees at the same organization) versus external rivals (employees at a competitor organization). We hypothesize that internal and external rivals evoke contrasting kinds of threats. Specifically, using knowledge from an internal rival is difficult because it threatens the self and its competence: It is tantamount to being a “follower” and losing status relative to a direct competitor. By contrast, external rivals pose a lower threat to personal status, so people are more willing to use their knowledge. We conducted three studies. Study 1 showed that internal and external rivalry involved opposite relationships between threat and knowledge valuation: The more threat internal rivals provoked, the more people avoided their knowledge, whereas the more threat external rivals provoked, the more people pursued their knowledge. Study 2 explored the types of threat that insiders and outsiders evoked. In particular, people assumed that they would lose more personal status if they used an internal rival’s knowledge and, therefore, reduced their valuation of that knowledge. Finally, Study 3 found that self-affirmation attenuated these patterns. We suggest that the threats and opportunities for affirmation facing the self dictate how people respond to rivals and, ultimately, their willingness to value new ideas.
Coordination in Fast-Response Organizations
Authors: Faraj Samer , Xiao Yan
Published: July 2006

Organizational coordination has traditionally been viewed from an organizational-design perspective where rules, modalities, and structures are used to meet the information-processing demands of the environment. Fast-response organizations face unique coordination challenges as they operate under conditions of high uncertainty and fast decision making, where mistakes can be catastrophic. Based on an in-depth investigation of the coordination practices of a medical trauma center where fast-response and error-free activities are essential requirements, we develop a coordination-practice perspective that emphasizes expertise coordination and dialogic coordination. We argue that expertise coordination practices (reliance on protocols, community of practice structuring, plug-and-play teaming, and knowledge sharing) are essential to manage distributed expertise and ensure the timely application of necessary expertise. We suggest that dialogic coordination practices (epistemic contestation, joint sensemaking, cross-boundary intervention, and protocol breaking) are time-critical responses to novel events and ensure error-free operation. However, dialogic coordination practices are highly contested because of epistemic differences, reputation stakes, and possible blame apportionment.
Knowledge Gathering, Team Capabilities, and Project Performance in Challenging Work Environments
Authors: Haas Martine R.
Published: July 2006

Knowledge gathering can create problems as well as benefits for project teams in work environments characterized by overload, ambiguity, and politics. This paper proposes that the value of knowledge gathering in such environments is greater under conditions that enhance team processing, sensemaking, and buffering capabilities. The hypotheses were tested using independent quality ratings of 96 projects and survey data from 485 project-team members collected during a multimethod field study. The findings reveal that three capability-enhancing conditions moderated the relationship between knowledge gathering and project quality: slack time, organizational experience, and decision-making autonomy. More knowledge gathering helped teams to perform more effectively under favorable conditions but hurt performance under conditions that limited their capabilities to utilize that knowledge successfully. Implications for theory and research on knowledge and learning in organizations, team effectiveness, and organizational design are discussed.
The role of the Pirani scoring system in the management of club foot by the Ponseti method
Authors: Dyer P. J. , Davis N.
Published: July 2006

The Pirani scoring system, together with the Ponseti method of club foot management, was assessed for its predictive value.

The data on 70 idiopathic club feet successfully treated by the Ponseti method and scored by Pirani’s system between February 2002 and May 2004 were analysed. There was a significant positive correlation between the initial Pirani score and number of casts required to correct the deformity.

A foot scoring 4 or more is likely to require at least four casts, and one scoring less than 4 will require three or fewer. A foot with a hindfoot score of 2.5 or 3 has a 72% chance of requiring a tenotomy.

The Pirani scoring system is reliable, quick, and easy to use, and provides a good forecast about the likely treatment for an individual foot but a low score does not exclude the possibility that a tenotomy may be required.
Distal femoral fractures treated by hinged total knee replacement in elderly patients
Authors: Appleton P. , Moran M. , Houshian S. , Robinson C. M.
Published: July 2006

Although the use of constrained cemented arthroplasty to treat distal femoral fractures in elderly patients has some practical advantages over the use of techniques of fixation, concerns as to a high rate of loosening after implantation of these prostheses has raised doubts about their use. We evaluated the results of hinged total knee replacement in the treatment of 54 fractures in 52 patients with a mean age of 82 years (55 to 98), who were socially dependent and poorly mobile.

Within the first year after implantation 22 of the 54 patients had died, six had undergone a further operation and two required a revision of the prosthesis. The subsequent rate of further surgery and revision was low.

A constrained knee prosthesis offers a useful alternative treatment to internal fixation in selected elderly patients with these fractures, and has a high probability of surviving as long as the patient into whom it has been implanted.
Early results of a physiotherapist-delivered Ponseti service for the management of idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus foot deformity
Authors: Shack N. , Eastwood D. M.
Published: July 2006

We studied 24 children (40 feet) to demonstrate that a physiotherapist-delivered Ponseti service is as successful as a medically-led programme in obtaining correction of an idiopathic congenital talipes equinovarus deformity. The median Pirani score at the start of treatment was 5.5 (mean 4.75; 2 to 6). A Pirani score of ≥5 predicted the need for tenotomy (p < 0.01). Of the 40 feet studied, 39 (97.5%) achieved correction of deformity. The remaining foot required surgical correction. A total of 25 (62.5%) of the feet underwent an Achilles tenotomy, which was performed by a surgeon in the physiotherapy clinic. There was full compliance with the foot abduction orthoses in 36 (90%) feet. Continuity of care was assured, as one practitioner was responsible for all patient contact. This was rated highly by the patient satisfaction survey.

We believe that the Ponseti technique is suitable for use by non-medical personnel, but a holistic approach and good continuity of care are essential to the success of the programme.
Lack of Concordance between the 75-g and 100-g Glucose Load Tests for the Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Mello Giorgio , Elena Parretti , Ognibene Agostino , Cioni Riccardo , Tondi Filippo , Pezzati Paola , Pratesi Monica , Scarselli Gianfranco , Messeri Gianni
Published: July 2006

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is common and can have a substantial impact on fetal growth, birth weight, and morbidity. The American Diabetes Association recommends GDM testing with either a 3-h, 100-g glucose load (100g) (criteria according to Am J Obstet Gynecol 1982;144:768–73) or a 2-h, 75-g glucose load (75g). We investigated the comparability of the 75g and the 100g tests in the diagnosis of GDM.

Methods: From January 1997 to December 1999, in 1061 consecutive Caucasian nonobese and nondiabetic pregnant women who attended the Maternal-Fetal Medicine Unit, we performed GDM testing with a 75-g load during 2 periods of pregnancy: early (16–20 weeks) and late (26–30 weeks). Because we assumed there would be few GBM cases in women with a 1-h plasma glucose <1300 mg/L in the 75g test, we did not retest these women. We retested the remaining women with possible or diagnosed GDM with a 100-g load within a week.

Results: GDM was diagnosed in 41 of 227 women with the 100-g load and 15 of 227 with the 75-g load (11 concordant); the κ index was 0.21. At 26–31 weeks of pregnancy, 484 of 976 women (49.9%) underwent both tests. GDM was diagnosed in 60 of 484 woman with the 100-g load and in 26 of 484 with the 75-g load (13 concordant); the κ index was 0.18.

Conclusions: Among women with possible GDM in both early and late periods of pregnancy, there was only weak diagnostic agreement between results determined with 75-g and 100-g glucose loads.
Population Health as a Framework for Public Health Practice: A Canadian Perspective
Authors: Cohen Benita E.
Published: July 2006

I explored the discourse on population health within 3 diverse regional health authorities in Manitoba, Winnipeg, with a focus on the public health sector. At all study sites, population health was viewed primarily as an epidemiological tool for population health assessment and surveillance rather than as an approach to taking action on the broad determinants of health. My findings suggest that concerns about the limitations of population health as a framework for public health efforts to reduce inequities in health are warranted.
Impact of the CDC’s Section 317 Immunization Grants Program Funding on Childhood Vaccination Coverage
Authors: Rein David B. , Honeycutt Amanda A. , Rojas-Smith Lucia , Hersey James C.
Published: July 2006

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Section 317 Grants Program is the main source of funding for state and jurisdictional immunization programs, yet no study has evaluated its direct impact on vaccination coverage rates. Therefore, we used a fixed-effects model and data collected from 56 US jurisdictions to estimate the impact of Section 317 financial assistance immunization grants on childhood vaccination coverage rates from 1997 to 2003.

Our results showed that increases in Section 317 funding were significantly and meaningfully associated with higher rates of vaccination coverage; a $10 increase in per capita funding corresponded with a 1.6-percentage-point increase in vaccination coverage. Policymakers charged with funding public health programs should consider this study’s findings, which indicate that money allocated to vaccine activities translates directly into higher vaccine coverage rates.
Factors Influencing the Local Distribution of Peromyscus californicus in Northern California
Authors: Merritt Joseph F.
Published: July 2006

Factors influencing the local distribution of Peromyscus californicus in northern California were investigated. Analysis of stomach contents and laboratory feeding experiments indicated that seeds of Umbellularia californica are a dietary staple. Rates of water consumption of P. californicus were compared in the laboratory with those of P. truei, which shares a similar habitat. An association of P. californicus with the large surface dens of Neotoma fuscipes was found. The restricted geographic distribution of P. californicus may be attributable in part to an interaction of ecological factors associated with the California laurel complex.
Halogen‐free flame retardant epoxy resins from hybrids of phosphorus‐ or silicon‐containing epoxies with an amine resin
Authors: Liu Ying‐Ling , Chang Gung‐Pei , Wu Chuan‐Shao
Published: July 2006

Epoxy–melamine hybrid resins were obtained from in situ polymerization of siliconized (SE500) and phosphorylated (PE690) epoxy resins with hexakis(methoxymethyl)melamine (HMMM). The hybrid resins having HMMM contents less than 15 wt % exhibited high transparency and homogeneity. The compatibilities between SE500 and melamine as well as that between PE690 and melamine were poor than the compatibility between general bisphenol‐A epoxy and melamine. Incorporation of HMMM altered the degradation mechanisms and enhanced the thermal stability of the epoxy resins, especially for PE690 based resins. Excellent flame retardant property was observed with the hybrid resins because of the SiN and PN synergisms of flame retardation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1071–1077, 2006
Responding to and treating negative interpersonal processes in suicidal depression
Authors: Stellrecht Nadia E. , Jr. Thomas E. Joiner , Rudd M. David
Published: July 2006

The authors discuss the active engagement of suicidally depressed individuals in several interpersonal processes that elicit the rejection of others and withdrawal of interpersonal support. In addition, such processes may increase future risk for suicidal behavior. These processes include ways in which suicidal individuals group themselves (e.g., assortative relationship formation) and relate to others (e.g., help negation, negative feedback seeking, excessive reassurance seeking). Implications of these behaviors for the therapeutic setting are discussed, as well as potential ways to respond to and treat them. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 62: 1129–1140, 2006.
Replacement of an Extruded Segment of Radius after Autoclaving and Sterilising with Gentamicin
Authors: KUMAR P. , SHRESTHA D. , BAJRACHARYA S.
Published: July 2006

A 10 year-old boy had a traumatic extrusion of 10 cm of the distal radius. The segment of bone was replaced after washing it with providine iodine solution and normal saline, autoclaving and dipping in gentamicin solution for 2 hour. At four and half year’s follow-up, there was complete incorporation of the segment with almost full functional recovery. We report this case for its rarity and discuss the treatment.
A comparative assessment of genetic diversity in cultivated barley collected in different decades of the last century in Austria, Albania and India by using genomic and genic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers
Authors: Khlestkina Elena K. , Varshney Rajeev K. , Röder Marion S. , Graner Andreas , Börner Andreas
Published: July 2006

Molecular investigations of qualitative and quantitative changes in the genetic diversity of cultivated crops are useful for plant breeding and the management of crop genetic resources. A genotyping study, based on 28 genomic (g-SSR) and 13 expressed sequence tag-derived (e-SSR) microsatellite markers uniformly distributed across the barley genome, was conducted on samples of cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgareL.) collected at intervals of 40–50 years in three comparable geographical regions in Austria, Albania and India. The analysis indicated an absence of any significant differences either in the total number of alleles per locus or in g-SSR and e-SSR polymorphic information content (PIC) values from the Indian and Austrian materials. However, a slight reduction in genetic diversity was noted among the materials collected in Albania. The trend in numbers of collection mission-specific SSR alleles suggests significant allele flow over the time interval sampled. The g-SSRs yielded a higher mean number of alleles per locus and a superior PIC than the e-SSR markers. We conclude that a qualitative, rather than a quantitative shift in diversity has taken place over time, and that g-SSR markers detect more diversity than do e-SSR markers.
The differential binding of antibody from the sera of patients with pemphigus and pemphigoid to isolated guinea-pig epidermal cells
Authors: BRIGDEN W.D , AMOS H.E
Published: July 2006

A method for preparing isolated epidermal cells using trypsin is described. The isolated cells retain the ability to bind antibody from patients with pemphigus or with pemphigoid in a disease-specific manner.
A comparison of IgA positive and IgA negative dapsone responsive dermatoses
Authors: FRY LIONEL , WALKDEN VALERIE , WOJNAROWSKA FENELLA , HAFFENDEN G. , McMINN R. M. H.
Published: July 2006

A study of thirty-three patients with a clinical diagnosis of dermatitis herpetiformis (DH) referred to our DH clinic over the last 11 years is reported. Twenty-six were referred by other consultant dermatologists. The diagnosis had been made by the clinical features and response of the rash to dapsone. Seventeen patients were found to have IgA in the uninvolved skin (IgA positive) and in sixteen no IgA was found (IgA negative). The duration of the rash prior to referral to the DH clinic was 3 months to 19 years (mean 5.0 years) for the IgA negative patients and 2 months to 22 years (mean 5.2 years) for the IgA positive group. The length of follow-up was 3 months to 11 years (mean 5.0 years) for the IgA negative, and 2–11 years (mean 5.6 years) for the IgA positive group. During follow-up the rash cleared completely and required no treatment in seven of the sixteen IgA negative patients. Thirteen of these sixteen patients no longer required dapsone, but six patients were receiving alternative treatment. In the three patients still taking dapsone IgA has not been found on subsequent biopsy. Of the seventeen IgA positive patients only three were able to stop dapsone during follow-up and in these three the IgA was still detected in the skin. Small intestinal mucosa was abnormal in eight of eleven IgA positive patients, but was normal in all thirteen IgA negative patients in whom jejunal biopsies were performed.

An alternative diagnosis to DH has subsequently been made in thirteen of the sixteen IgA negative patients. Although the significance of IgA in the skin in DH is not known it appears to be part of the disease process. Patients who have a rash suggestive of DH and which is dapsone responsive, but in whom IgA is not found in the uninvolved skin, usually turn out to have a dermatosis other than dermatitis herpetiformis.

Referral to a unit with expertise in immunofluorescence techniques of skin biopsies would appear to be helpful.
The guinea-pig: an animal model for human skin absorption of hydrocortisone, testosterone and benzoic acid?
Authors: ANDERSEN KLAUS E. , MAIBACH HOWARD I. , ANJO MARK D.
Published: July 2006

14C ring-labelled hydrocortisone, testosterone and benzoic acid dissolved in acetone were applied to the backs of guinea-pigs (4 μg/cm2). Percutaneous absorption was quantified by following the excretion of tracer in urine and faeces for 5 days. Absorption of hydrocortisone and benzoic acid was 2.4% (s. d. = 0.5; n = 3) and 31.4% (s. d. = 9.1; n = 3) of the applied dose respectively, similar to published human absorption data. Testosterone was absorbed to a greater extent in guinea-pigs (34.9%± 5.4; n = 5) than man.

A thioglycollate based depilatory cream significantly increased the skin absorption of testosterone, while the absorption velocity was unaltered.

Two analytical methods were compared, direct counting versus wet ashing; results were in the, same range for the three compounds. Two methods of quantifying skin absorption were compared; urine recovery corrected for incomplete urinary excretion after parenteral administration versus the addition of urine and faecal recovery. For benzoic acid, excreted mainly in the urine (88.1 %), the two methods gave similar results; for testosterone, excreted in the urine to a lesser extent (46.8%), the method of addition of urine and faecal recovery appeared to be more correct.
Mixed connective tissue disease characterized by speckled epidermal nuclear IgG deposition in normal skin
Authors: BENTLEY-PHILLIPS C. B. , GEAKE T. M. S.
Published: July 2006

Four African female patients are described, who presented with the features of systemic sclerosis. Overlapping features of lupus erythematosus or dermatomyositis were present in three cases but were not prominent. Direct immunofluorescence of uninvolved skin revealed a particulate (or speckled) epidermal nuclear staining, with specificity for IgG. In view of the reported association between this finding and mixed connective tissue disease, these patients were treated with corticosteroids and marked improvement occurred in all cases. The usefulness of this investigation in making the distinction between systemic sclerosis and mixed connective tissue disease and in indicating a potentially effective form of therapy is discussed.
Diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis with multiple cutaneous mastocytomas
Authors: WILLEMZE R. , RUITER D. J. , SCHEFFER E. , VAN VLOTEN W. A.
Published: July 2006

A patient with diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis, present since birth, developed several cutaneous mastocytomas without any symptoms after puberty. Although the histological picture of the tumours, showing nuclear atypia, mitotic figures and varying metachromasia of the granules, raises suspicion of systemic involvement, this has not appeared so far.

The absence of symptoms could be due to the synthesis of an abnormal secretory product by the mast cells, which is supported by the absence of oedema and dilated blood vessels in the presence of extensive degranulation and by the unusual ultrastructural picture of the mast cell granules, i. e. little electron density with the almost complete absence of lamellar and crystalline structures.
Azathioprine therapy in the management of persistent erythema multiforme
Authors: JONES R.RUSSELL
Published: July 2006

Two cases of recurrent erythema multiforme of unknown aetiology are reported. The term ‘persistent’ is appropriate as the lesions recurred whenever steroid therapy was discontinued. Both patients were eventually controlled with azathioprine alone, and one patient required treatment for 3 years.
Scanning electron microscopy of dermal elastic fibres in transverse section
Authors: TSUJI TAKUO
Published: July 2006

The fibrous networks of dermal elastic fibres have been studied in transverse section using a scanning electron microscope. In the uppermost dermis the elastic fibres have no free endings, but form a reticulate appearance by connecting with each other. In the mid-dermis the fibres run parallel to the epidermal surface, aligning in the same direction. In the lower dermis many of the fibres are organized into broad thin sheets with numerous branches.
Treatment of erythroplasia of Queyrat with liquid nitrogen cryosurgery
Authors: SONNEX T.S. , RALFS I.G. , DE LANZA MARIA PLAZA , DAWBER R.P.R.
Published: July 2006

Erythroplasia of Queyrat is now generally considered to be Bowen's disease of the glans penis. The literature is reviewed and the need for a treatment that is destructive to abnormal tissue yet cosmetically acceptable is stressed.

Cryosurgery appears to be a very appropriate form of treatment for this condition – its effectiveness was demonstrated in two cases.
Antigen-presenting capacity in normal human dermis is mainly, subserved by CDla+ cells
Authors: SEPULVEDA-MERRILL C. , MAYALL S. , HAMBLIN A.S. , BREATHNACH S.M.
Published: July 2006

A proposed role for antigen-presenting dermal dendrocytes in the pathogenesis of many dermal inflammatory skin diseases remains speculative. We therefore sought to determine the phenotype and functional characteristics of antigen-presenting cells isolated from normal human dermis. Normal adult human skin was incubated overnight with dispase at 4°C, the epidermis was removed, and the residual dermal preparation was then minced and digested with a mixture of hyaluronidase, collagenase, and DNAase at 37°C, prior to filtration through mesh. Dermal cell suspensions thus obtained were stained using specific monoclonal antibodies, and analysed by fluorescence micro- scopy or flow cytometry. Mean values were as follows: CD45+ leucocytes 39%, HLA-DR+ cells 39%, Ulex europaeus agglutinin I+ endothelial cells 26%, CD1a+ cells 3.9%, CD11b+ cells 16%, CDllc+ cells 6%. Mitomycin C-treated crude dermal cell suspensions induced allostimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in a 7-day culture, as assessed by 3H-TdR incorporation. Depletion of CDla+ Langerhans-like cells from the dermal cell preparation, by 95, 74 and 90% in three separate experiments using immunomagnetic beads, reduced 3H-TdR incorporation at optimal responder-to- stimulator cell ratios by 90, 64, and 87%, respectively. Our findings suggest that, in normal human dermis, the great majority of the alloantigen-presenting capacity resides in the CDla+ Langerhans cell-like dendritic antigen-presenting cell population, and not to any great extent in either CDla− macrophage-like cells, or HLA-DR+ endothelial cells. The relationship of the CDla+ dermal antigen presenting cells to the Langerhans cell lineage remains to be determined.
Localization of transforming growth factor-alpha RNA and protein in the skin of psoriatic patients receiving therapy
Authors: WATTS P. , STABLES G.S. , AKHURST R.J. , MACKIE R.M.
Published: July 2006

Fourteen patients with chronic plaque psoriasis requiring in-patient therapy were treated with a variety of antipsoriatic agents. All had four skin biopsies taken: two prior to therapy, one from a psoriatic plaque and one from adjacent clinically normal skin, and two further biopsies, one 2–3 weeks after starting therapy, and one at clinical clearance, taken from an area where there was previously a psoriatic plaque. In addition, three biopsies were taken from clinically normal skin of non-psortatics.

Transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-α) RNA and protein distributions were estimated in these biopsies, using in situ hybridization with a cRNA TGF-α probe, and an antibody to TGF-α polypeptide. Prior to therapy, grain counts showed elevated levels of TGF-α RNA in the subcorneal layers of the epidermis. These levels decreased during clearance of the psoriasis. In one patient whose plaques did not clear, there was no decrease of TGF-α mRNA.

Antibody studies showed the presence of TGF-α polypeptide in the epidermis prior to therapy, with a relative concentration of immunoprotein in the upper epidermal layers, compared with a more uniform distribution of immunoprotein after treatment, and in uninvolved skin of the same psoriatic patient.

These studies extend our knowledge of the relationship between TGF-α and psoriatic skin.
Pigmented follicular cyst
Authors: SANDOVAL R. , URBINA F.
Published: July 2006

A pigmented follicular cyst is an infrequent variant of an epithelial cyst which has rarely been reported since it was first described about 10 years ago. The condition consists of a single pigmented lesion which occurs predominantly in adult men, and is usually located on the head and neck region.

We report an example of a pigmented follicular cyst, which was located in the axilla.
A Bronze Olpe from the Myrmekion Hoard
Authors: Butyagin Alexander , Treister Mikhail
Published: July 2006

A bronze olpe in which a hoard of cyzicenes was found in 2003 in Myrmekion is discussed. The vessel belongs to a group of bi-conical bronze olpai singled out by Thomas Weber as Type III. B and should be dated to the first half, or possibly the second quarter, of the 5th century BC (the hoard in the olpe was hidden in the second quarter of the 4th century BC). Further the hoards of coins in bronze olpai and hoards of cyzicenes in bronze vessels are discussed, including the find of 1989 during excavations at Vaste in Messapia of a similar bronze olpe, where the core of the hoard consisted of coins minted in Tarentum between 272 and 235 BC. It is highly likely that certain similarities with regard to the long gaps between the concealment of the hoards in the bronze olpai and the date of the manufacture of the actual vessels mean that in both cases the hoards can be linked with temple treasuries, in which olpai figured prominently.
Improved Fisheries Co-Operation: Sino-Vietnamese Fisheries Agreement for the Gulf of Tonkin
Authors: Xue Guifang
Published: July 2006

This paper discusses fisheries co-operation between China and Vietnam for the Gulf of Tonkin. It first reviews their fisheries relations to illustrate how their overall political relations affected the management of their shared stocks and resulted in a negative impact on the progress that led to the conclusion of the Sino-Vietnamese Fisheries Agreement. It then analyses the management measures pertaining to the Agreed Zones under this Agreement, and emphasises the improvement of its co-operation mechanism for the long-term utilisation of shared resources. The paper highlights the achievements of the Agreement and pinpoints the crucial role of implementation to the success of the fisheries co-operation.
Harmonisation in the Baltic Sea Region
Authors: Kirk Elizabeth , Silfverberg Harriet
Published: July 2006

This paper explores harmonisation of international regimes, in particular the factors that impact on it in practice. These issues are explored in the context of the harmonisation project undertaken by HELCOM in 2000–01. As will be demonstrated there are four main factors that influence the likelihood of harmonisation of measures. Of these the one most likely to promote harmonisation is pragmatism. The other three—geographic, economic and political factors—are all more likely to tilt against harmonisation than for it.
Wide-complex tachycardia associated with severe hyperkalemia in three cats
Authors: Norman Brian C , Côté Etienne , Barrett Kirstie A
Published: July 2006

The well recognized cardiac effects of severe hyperkalemia include progressive rhythm and conduction disturbances such as bradycardia, spiked and narrow T waves, widening QRS complex, widening and flattening P wave, disappearance of the P wave, and cardiac arrest. Paradoxically, a heart rate greater than 200 beats/min may coexist with hyperkalemia in some cats. This report describes three cats with moderate to severe hyperkalemia and concurrent rapid heart rate. In each cat, the serum potassium (K+) concentration was ≥7.5 mEq/dl with a concurrent heart rate>200 beats/min. In each cat, nine-lead electrocardiograms demonstrate an absence of P waves and a wide-complex tachycardia. Hyperkalemia should be considered in the differential diagnosis when a feline electrocardiogram demonstrates a wide-complex tachycardia without identifiable P waves.
Description of Congenital Hand Anomalies: A Personal View
Authors: TONKIN M. A.
Published: July 2006

A series of four congenital hand cases exhibiting central clefting are presented. The cases are morphologically similar and exhibit characteristics of both symbrachydactyly and central longitudinal deficiency. The cases demonstrate difficulties in classification by either the IFSSH classification system or the JSSH modification of it. An alternative descriptive approach to classification is suggested.
Antibodies to outer root sheath of hair
Authors: SAURAT J. H. , DIDIERJEAN LILIANE
Published: July 2006

By screening 1500 sera obtained from patients undergoing a bone marrow graft, five sera have been selected which contained antibodies to the basal cell layer (B. C. L.) of the outer root sheath (O. R. S.) of hair follicles. It was demonstrated that these sera reacted with the B. C. L. of the O. R. S. but not with the B. C. L. of the adjacent epidermis. The change in antigenic properties was situated at the orifice of the sebaceous gland canal; thus basal cells below this orifice express an antigen distinct from those expressed by the epidermal basal cells. This is a novel example of tissue specific differentiation antigens that are linked to the type of keratinocyte differentiation.
Facial follicular porphyrin fluorescence: correlation with age and density of Propionibacterium acnes
Authors: McGINLEY KENNETH J. , WEBSTER GUY F. , LEYDEN JAMES J.
Published: July 2006

The incidence and distribution of facial follicular porphyrin fluorescence was studied in a large group of subjects ranging in age from 1 to 90 years. Fluorescence appears first on the nose and chin, increases in incidence through adulthood and declines after the age of 50 possibly reflecting the rate of sebum secretion. We have shown that the intensity of fluorescence is proportional to the P. acnes population and confirmed that coproporphyrin III is produced in vivo.