bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pengaruh Penambahan Tepung Biji Durian Terhadap Daya Terima Mie Basah Tepung Biji Durian
Authors: Nadia Syafira Hestu Wibawani  , Riris Oppusunggu  , Tiar Lince Bakara  , Rumida
Published: February 2024

Mie sangat digemari masyarakat Indonesia karena rasa, tekstur dan cara pengolahannya yang praktis serta harganya relatif murah sehingga mudah dijangkau oleh masyarakat. Mengetahui pengaruh penambahan tepung biji durian sebanyak 10%, 20%, 30% pada pembuatan mie basah biji durian terhadap aspek warna, tekstur, rasa, dan aroma, serta tingkat kesukaan konsumen terhadap mie basah.  Penelitian ini adalah penelitian eskperimen dengan menggunakan desain penelitian rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan tiga percobaan dan dua kali pengulangan. Percobaannya adalah pembuatan mie basah dengan penambahan tepung biji durian sebanyak 10%, 20% dan 30%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa warna, tekstur, rasa, dan aroma pada mie basah biji durian yang disukai panelis adalah dengan menggunakan penambahan tepung biji durian sebanyak 10%. Penambahan tepung biji durian dengan jumlah yang berbeda pada pembuatan mie basah biji durian memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda terhadap warna, tekstur, dan aroma, tetapi tidak memberikan pengaruh yang berbeda terhadap rasa mie basah biji durian. Daya terima panelis terhadap mie basah biji durian yang paling disukai adalah percobaan penambahan tepung biji durian sebanyak 10% dengan tepung terigu sebanyak 90%.
¡San Pancho No Se Vende!
Authors: Vera Massieu Camila Adriana , Lucio López Carlos Federico
Published: February 2024

Las dinámicas de urbanización en el periodo neoliberal pueden ser pensadas como nuevas formas de cercamiento de los bienes comunes o como una forma de acumulación por desposesión, según Harvey (2005). Esto despierta nuevas estrategias de acción colectiva que se expresan como espacios de resistencia contra el despojo capitalista. En el presente artículo nos interesa hacer un cuestionamiento al urbanismo neoliberal y sus procesos de gentrificación, a través de la defensa de los bienes comunes urbanos vistos como un proceso que se ocupa fundamentalmente de desmercantilizar el espacio público, cuyo rasgo principal no solo es ya potencialmente antagónico a los intereses del capital, sino transformador por su defensa de las estrategias de reproducción social mediante la autoorganización y la puesta en común de estructuras de reciprocidad que refuerzan los lazos convivenciales y comunitarios. Este estudio se centra en las dinámicas de urbanización neoliberal de la ciudad de Querétaro en donde los procesos de gentrificación constituyen una forma de despojo urbano que amenaza con desplazar a la población de los barrios tradicionales del centro histórico, además de transformar sus modos de vida. En respuesta, el emblemático barrio de San Francisquito genera un proceso de resistencia que se caracteriza por la creación de formas organizativas que tienen en el centro la defensa de lo común, y la reapropiación del territorio, a partir de la reinvindicación de sus características identitarias y socioculturales.
Latinx Geographies
Authors:   Latinx Geographies Collective, Cahuas Madelaine Cristina , Douglass-Jaimes Guillermo , Faiver-Serna Cristina , González Mendoza Yolanda , Martinez-Lugo Diego , Ramírez Margaret Marietta
Published: February 2024

With increased interest in Latinx geographies there is a need for more in-depth exploration of how Latinx geographers are approaching this work in their own words. In this article, we open a discussion on Latinx geographies that is grounded in our multiple, different, embodied experiences as Latinx geographers who have gathered over the last several years to have conversations, create spaces and build relationships of care and accountability with each other. We reflect on how we each arrived to Latinx geographies, what it means to us, how we do Latinx geographies and what is on the horizon. We refuse singular or imposed definitions, and collectively imagine an expansive, nuanced, and relational Latinx geographies that critically engages with difference, conquest, power, and liberation across Turtle Island and Abya Yala.
Exploring Parametric Concepts and Principles for Furniture and Interior Design
Authors: Sawatmongkhonkul Klawkanlayaphon , Joneurairatana Eakachat , Sirivesmas Veerawat
Published: February 2024

This research explores the incorporation of parametric models into the algorithmic design process, specifically focusing on furniture and interior design. It presents a case of an experimental equation centred around a waffle honeycomb structure. The first part of the article reviews three decades of literature on parametric design, which comprises its background, history, theory, and essential concepts and applications. The second part investigates the parametric design process to uncover its potential for interior design applications. The combination of parametric equations with algorithms through the utilisation of multiple steps, such as conditional loops, efficiently designs intricate systems. An intricate system in parametric design comprises various input parameters, rules, mathematical algorithms, and conditional relationships that interact to generate design solutions. This approach is potentially applied in various design scenarios to respond to specific criteria and constraints, facilitating flexibility, adjustments to potential outcomes, and achieving a high level of detail in the final result. This research primarily concentrates on the identification of parametric design methodologies and the utilisation of parametric equations in crafting furniture and interior designs featuring waffle structures. Furthermore, it introduces a versatile parametric design approach that can be applied to various design tasks, highlights the evolutionary trajectory of parametric design, and offers insights into its potential impact on future design practices. The exploration of the parametric method enhances the understanding of complex design approaches in a more accessible and innovative manner with practical applicability.
The House I'd Like to Have: Women's Spatial Cultures, Design, and Aesthetic in 20th Century Italy
Authors: Forlini Francesca Romana
Published: February 2024

"Has any woman ever designed architectures in the past centuries? You may ask her to design a hut, not even a temple! She can't. She is foreign to architecture." These infamous words of Benito Mussolini (1927) reflected the widespread sexism of the Fascist regime and prompted a silent wave of dissent pioneered by women intellectuals, architects, writers, and journalists in the early 20th century. They advocated for a valuable feminine contribution to Italian architecture and their story is still partially unknown by architectural historians today. This essay tackles Italian women's spatial design and aesthetics during the regime, a period in which they kept silently operating within the built environment as professional architects with unbuilt projects and as amateur designers inside their homes. These circumstances, as argued here, determined the emergence of a feminine and feminist approach to architectural design and criticism that transcended the male boundaries of high culture, reinforced by the Fascist regime and in line with the modernist binary understanding of taste and cultural architectural production. The latter is studied through the lens of cultural domesticity, a theoretical framework that merges cultural sociology, feminism, and architecture. By focusing on Italian women's lived experiences and unconventional design approaches, this study ultimately looks at the consolidation of feminine aesthetics and how it informed women's spatial design as it keeps challenging the boundaries of architectural history.
Interiority Across the Scales
Authors: Atmodiwirjo Paramita , Yatmo Yandi Andri
Published: February 2024

The understanding of interior gradually has shifted from the enclosed spatiality defined by physical boundaries to the extended notion of interiority as a dynamic condition. Understanding interior becomes more complex as dynamic conditions make it possible for interior to extend across boundaries, time, scales and typologies. This issue of Interiority presents various inquiries on the emergence of interiority and interior conditions across different scales. The articles demonstrate a wide range of perspectives on interior beyond the conventional notion of interior scale and typology, mainly addressing the domestic environment and its dynamic variants and elements. These cases acknowledge the dynamic aspects of interior architecture, which opens possibilities for various interpretations of interior, locating it within a broader understanding of social, political and cultural contexts. The emergence of interior conditions across scales calls for multidimensional thinking and multidisciplinary approaches in interior research and practice.
Ocular dominance-dependent binocular combination of monocular neuronal responses in macaque V1
Authors: Zhang Sheng-Hui , Zhao Xing-Nan , Jiang Dan-Qing , Tang Shi-Ming , Yu Cong
Published: February 2024

Primates rely on two eyes to perceive depth, while maintaining stable vision when either one eye or both eyes are open. Although psychophysical and modeling studies have investigated how monocular signals are combined to form binocular vision, the underlying neuronal mechanisms, particularly in V1 where most neurons exhibit binocularity with varying eye preferences, remain poorly understood. Here, we used two-photon calcium imaging to compare the monocular and binocular responses of thousands of simultaneously recorded V1 superficial-layer neurons in three awake macaques. During monocular stimulation, neurons preferring the stimulated eye exhibited significantly stronger responses compared to those preferring both eyes. However, during binocular stimulation, the responses of neurons preferring either eye were suppressed on the average, while those preferring both eyes were enhanced, resulting in similar neuronal responses irrespective of their eye preferences, and an overall response level similar to that with monocular viewing. A neuronally realistic model of binocular combination, which incorporates ocular dominance-dependent divisive interocular inhibition and binocular summation, is proposed to account for these findings.
Peptidoglycan-Chi3l1 interaction shapes gut microbiota in intestinal mucus layer
Authors: Chen Yan , Yang Ruizhi , Qi Bin , Shan Zhao
Published: February 2024

The balanced gut microbiota in intestinal mucus layer plays an instrumental role in the health of the host. However, the mechanisms by which the host regulates microbial communities in the mucus layer remain largely unknown. Here, we discovered that the host regulates bacterial colonization in the gut mucus layer by producing a protein called Chitinase 3-like protein 1 (Chi3l1). Intestinal epithelial cells are stimulated by the gut microbiota to express Chi3l1. Once expressed, Chi3l1 is secreted into the mucus layer where it interacts with the gut microbiota, specifically through a component of bacterial cell walls called peptidoglycan. This interaction between Chi3l1 and bacteria is beneficial for the colonization of bacteria in the mucus, particularly for Gram-positive bacteria like Lactobacillus. Moreover, a deficiency of Chi3l1 leads to an imbalance in the gut microbiota, which exacerbates colitis induced by dextran sodium sulfate. By performing fecal microbiota transplantation from Villin-cre mice or replenishing Lactobacillus in IEC∆Chil1 mice, we were able to restore their colitis to the same level as that of Villin-cre mice. In summary, this study shows a ‘scaffold model’ for microbiota homeostasis by interaction between intestinal Chi3l1 and bacteria cell wall interaction, and it also highlights that an unbalanced gut microbiota in the intestinal mucus contributes to the development of colitis.
Rifampicin tolerance and growth fitness among isoniazid-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from a longitudinal study
Authors: Vijay Srinivasan , Bao Nguyen Le Hoai , Vinh Dao Nguyen , Nhat Le Thanh Hoang , Thu Do Dang Anh , Quang Nguyen Le , Trieu Le Pham Tien , Nhung Hoang Ngoc , Ha Vu Thi Ngoc , Thai Phan Vuong Khac , Ha Dang Thi Minh , Lan Nguyen Huu , Caws Maxine , Thwaites Guy E , Javid Babak , Thuong Nguyen Thuy
Published: February 2024

Antibiotic tolerance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis reduces bacterial killing, worsens treatment outcomes, and contributes to resistance. We studied rifampicin tolerance in isolates with or without isoniazid resistance (IR). Using a minimum duration of killing assay, we measured rifampicin survival in isoniazid-susceptible (IS, n=119) and resistant (IR, n=84) isolates, correlating tolerance with bacterial growth, rifampicin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), and isoniazid-resistant mutations. Longitudinal IR isolates were analyzed for changes in rifampicin tolerance and genetic variant emergence. The median time for rifampicin to reduce the bacterial population by 90% (MDK90) increased from 1.23 days (IS) and 1.31 days (IR) to 2.55 days (IS) and 1.98 days (IR) over 15–60 days of incubation, indicating fast and slow-growing tolerant sub-populations. A 6 log10-fold survival fraction classified tolerance as low, medium, or high, showing that IR is linked to increased tolerance and faster growth (OR = 2.68 for low vs. medium, OR = 4.42 for low vs. high, p-trend = 0.0003). High tolerance in IR isolates was associated with rifampicin treatment in patients and genetic microvariants. These findings suggest that IR tuberculosis should be assessed for high rifampicin tolerance to optimize treatment and prevent the development of multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis.
A non-conducting role of the Cav1.4 Ca2+ channel drives homeostatic plasticity at the cone photoreceptor synapse
Authors: Maddox J Wesley , Ordemann Gregory J , de la Rosa Vázquez Juan AM , Huang Angie , Gault Christof , Wisner Serena R , Randall Kate , Futagi Daiki , Salem Nihal A , Mayfield Dayne , Zemelman Boris V , DeVries Steven , Hoon Mrinalini , Lee Amy
Published: February 2024

In congenital stationary night blindness, type 2 (CSNB2)—a disorder involving the Cav1.4 (L-type) Ca2+ channel—visual impairment is mild considering that Cav1.4 mediates synaptic release from rod and cone photoreceptors. Here, we addressed this conundrum using a Cav1.4 knockout (KO) mouse and a knock-in (G369i KI) mouse expressing a non-conducting Cav1.4. Surprisingly, Cav3 (T-type) Ca2+ currents were detected in cones of G369i KI mice and Cav1.4 KO mice but not in cones of wild-type mouse, ground squirrels, and macaque retina. Whereas Cav1.4 KO mice are blind, G369i KI mice exhibit normal photopic (i.e. cone-mediated) visual behavior. Cone synapses, which fail to form in Cav1.4 KO mice, are present, albeit enlarged, and with some errors in postsynaptic wiring in G369i KI mice. While Cav1.4 KO mice lack evidence of cone synaptic responses, electrophysiological recordings in G369i KI mice revealed nominal transmission from cones to horizontal cells and bipolar cells. In CSNB2, we propose that Cav3 channels maintain cone synaptic output provided that the nonconducting role of Cav1.4 in cone synaptogenesis remains intact. Our findings reveal an unexpected form of homeostatic plasticity that relies on a non-canonical role of an ion channel.
Evaluating cognitive and affective abilities among medical students: behavioural and medicolegal perspectives
Authors: Amin Shaimaa Nasr , Al-Jussani Ghada Nazar , S Hassan Sherif , Sharif Asmaa F. , Ismail Ahmed A. , Badie Taher Dina , Aolymat Iman , El-Akabawy Gehan , Zayed Abeer Ahmed
Published: February 2024

Medical students attending university for the first time experience a new environment, full of significant social, cultural, and intellectual challenges. Moreover, drug abuse and bullying among university students are major global concerns. The aim of the current study was to assess the impact of medicolegal issues on undergraduate and postgraduate students. It is a cross-sectional survey-based study, with each set of questions investigating cognitive functions, aggression, personality, and exposure to medicolegal issues. Males and those with a chronic disease have been significantly exposed to medicolegal issues; exposed students were significantly older than nonexposed ones. The scores of aggression were significantly higher among exposed and male students. The cognitive scores were higher for the students from rural areas than in urban areas, and females were more neurotic than males. The current study recommends conducting campaigns to educate university students on the importance of formally disclosing unethical behaviors and listening to the victims to facilitate overcoming their negative feelings. As many victims feel comfortable disclosing victimization to their friends, we recommend conducting peer educational programs to help friends support their colleagues regarding unethical misconduct.
Growth Dynamics of vegetable crops in Eastern Dry Zone of Karnataka, India: An Economic Analysis
Authors: Ashwini M. , Lokesha H.
Published: February 2024

The present study was initiated in the Kolar and Chikkaballapur districts of Karnataka with the overall objective of assessing the growth in production and allocation of the area under vegetables in situations. The study was based on time series data collected from the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Bangalore. Compound Annual Growth Rate and Triennium averages were worked out to examine the trend in area, production and productivity of major vegetable crops. Markov chain analysis was used to examine the dynamic shift in the area, production, and productivity of major vegetable crops for a decade from 2007-08 to 2017-18. The triennium end average of area major vegetable crops in Kolar district for the period TE 2010-11 was 2480.20 ha reduced to 1424.00 ha in TE 2017-18. The productivity of major vegetable crops is increasing to 15134.30 kg/ha from 8830.10 kg/ha (TE 2000-01). The triennium end average of area major vegetable crops in Chikkaballapur district for the period TE 2010-11 was 1085.20 ha increased to 1311.00 ha in TE 2017-18. The productivity of major vegetable crops is increasing to 14422.30 kg/ha from 12166.40 kg/ha (TE 2000-01). The overall growth in the area and productivity of vegetables in Kolar was -7.37 and 8.14 per cent, respectively whereas the overall growth in the area and productivity of vegetables in Chikkaballapur was 4.80 and 1.98 per cent, respectively. Implies growth in the area, production, and productivity showing a decline turn to negative. Whereas, the triennium end average of area for major vegetable crops for the period TE 2017-18 was 124765.7 ha growth of 3.1 per cent and a productivity average of 2165.7 kg/ha with a growth of -0.3 per cent. The tomato and cabbage were the highest retention capacity of 69 per cent equally in both districts.  Beans, Brinjal, and Dry chilli have zero retention capacity in the Chikkaballapur district whereas onion, brinjal, and cabbage have zero retention capacity in the Kolar district. i.e these crops lost their 100 per cent area to the other crops. This will be projected by using Markov chain analysis.
Distribution of Mosaic Disease in Ridge Gourd (Luffa acutangula (L.) Roxb.), Characterization of Associated Virus and Screening for Virus Resistance
Authors: Sana T. , Radhika N. S.  , Sajeesh P. K.  , Reshmika P. K.  , Sainamole Kurian P.  , Shameer Mohammed E.
Published: February 2024

Aims: A survey was conducted in the ridge gourd growing areas of Kasaragod, Kannur and Kozhikkode district, India, to assess the prevalence of virus diseases. Molecular detection and characterization indicated the presence of mixed infection of Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus (ToLCNDV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in infected samples of ridge gourd collected from surveyed locations. Additionally, a screening of popular varieties/hybrids was undertaken to identify resistance sources against the Begomovirus in Ridge gourd.

Study Design: CRD design for screening for resistance genotype.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Padannakkad. November 2022 - 2023.

Methodology: Twenty-five ridge gourd plants were selected from a field and scored during survey. Major weeds and insects in and around the location were collected and identified.  Screening for resistance was carried out in vitro by grafting infected scion on to healthy ridge gourd plants. Begomovirus infections were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific coat protein primers. Presence of CMV was detected using specific primers.

Results: Disease incidence (DI) of surveyed locations ranged from 5.3-100 per cent and vulnerability index (VI) from 26.57-84.08. Kunjathur, Thalangady, and Hosabettu areas of Kasaragod district recorded the highest incidence (100%). The highest VI (84.08) was recorded in Thalangady (Kasaragod). Bemisia tabaci and Aphis gossypii were the associated insects and Synedrella sp., Ageratum conizoides and Alternanthera sp. were the associated weeds.

Screening of varieties indicated moderately susceptible reactions of RG7 and RG10 after 60 days of grafting. PCR based molecular detection of ToLCNDV using coat protein specific primers yielded amplicons of approximately 575 bp. All the isolated sequences were found to be related to ToLCNDV on sequencing and blast analysis. Phylogenetic studies revealed that isolates from Thrikaripur, Mavichery, and Poolacode were closely related to each other. Cucumber mosaic virus, a RNA virus was also detected from isolated samples using specific primers of CMV with an amplicon size of 400 bp.

Conclusion: The study revealed that the ridge gourd cultivated in areas of Kasaragod, Kannur and Kozhikode were infected with ToLCNDV and CMV; RG7 and RG10 were moderately susceptible among the varieties and hybrids screened. The presence of the begomovirus was detected in weeds indicating its role in perpetuation and spread of the virus disease in the field.
Effects of Auxin and Gibberellins Hormones on Regeneration of Pineapple Propagules from Crown Leaves (with Buds) in Kilifi County Kenya
Authors: Eunice Monthe , James Ndiso , Otieno Gogo Elisha , Simon Muti
Published: February 2024

Kilifi county has a large potential of over 2,000 Ha suitable for pineapple cultivation that has not been fully exploited due to lack of adequate clean planting material. Thus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of auxin and gibberellin hormones on regeneration of pineapple propagules from pineapple crown leaves (with buds). The study was carried out at Pwani University Crop Science farm. A randomized complete block design with split plot arrangement replicated thrice was used. Treatments included auxin and gibberellins hormones where the cut crown leaves (with buds) were dipped and planted at a spacing of 4 cm by 6 cm in plastic containers filled with coir dust. Five plastic containers were used for each hormone treatment. In each container, three plants were tagged for data collection. The plastic containers (the plots) measured 30cm by 36cm by 15cm height. Data collected from the tagged plants included, time to shoot emergence, plant height, leaf length and breadth, number of leaves per plant, final root length and final number of roots. These were used to determine effects of auxin, gibberellins on growth of the propagules up to a height of 15-20 cm. Obtained data was subjected to ANOVA analysis using Genstat Statistical software 14th Edition and means obtained compared using Tukey’s honest significant difference test (p < 0.05). The results indicated auxin treated propagules had 50.7%, 50.6%, 64.2%, 52.6%, 24.4%, 10.4%, 39.0%, and 9.9% higher final values of plant weight, shoot weight, dry shoot weight, fresh root weight, plant height, leaf number, root number, dry root weight and root length, respectively, compared to those treated with gibberellins. The study also showed that auxin treated propagules had their initial roots originating from the base of the seedlings, while gibberellins treated propagules had their initial roots originating from the base of the cut crown leaves.
Current Ratio and Financial Performance of Agricultural Firms Listed at the Nairobi Securites Exchange, Kenya
Authors: Odendo Moses Ambasa , Akims Malgit Amos , Nyachae Samuel Moragia , Mbugua Levi
Published: February 2024

The significant importance of the Agricultural sub-sector is depicted through its contribution to the economic and social developments of Kenya. The study originates from the Doctoral dissertation of the first author in which the co-authors served as supervisors. A census approach was adopted where secondary data from audited annual financial reports of all the six Agricultural firms listed at the Nairobi Securities exchange, Kenya was used, covering the period 2015 to 2022. Descriptive analysis and panel regression analysis were applied. The findings from the panel regression analysis indicated that current ratio has significant effect on financial performance of the Agricultural firms listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya. The study recommends that agricultural firms listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange need to increase their current assets holdings for purposes of increasing their liquidity levels. This is due to current ratio positive effect on the financial performance of agricultural firms listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya. However, just as very low current ratio is discouraged for firms, it should notably not to be too high as this will serve as an indication that managers are not efficiently utilizing assets. Managers need to properly assess the short term obligations of their firms so as to ensure a corresponding current ratio is attained. Further researches can be undertaken on current ratio and financial performance relationships in the context of firms in other sectors that are listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya.
Pemaknaan Khalayak Mengenai Polemik Kebijakan KPI pada Tayangan Q&A Metro TV
Authors: Septiahadi Ari , Setyorini Deviani
Published: February 2024

Tahun 2019 acara talk show Q&A Metro TV mengundang komisioner KPI pusat sebagai narasumber untuk membahas kebijakan KPI yang menjadi polemik. Namun, jawaban KPI pada acara tersebut menjadi polemik lain bagi penonton. Pada penelitian sebelumnya ditemukan bahwa teguran yang diberikan KPI kepada pelanggar penyiaran hanya basa-basi karena tidak menimbulkan efek jera. Penelitian lain juga menemukan bahwa kebijakan KPI tidak berpihak pada publik. Melalui pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif dan menggunakan metode analisis resepsi, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pemaknaan khalayak terhadap polemik kebijakan KPI pada tayangan Q&A. Hasil penelitian dikategorikan berdasarkan posisi pemaknaan khalayak, yaitu dominan, negosiasi, dan oposisi. Dalam penelitian ini, dari 5 orang informan yang diwawancarai terbagi ke dalam 3 kategori posisi pemaknaan. Pada posisi dominan terdapat 1 informan yang setuju dengan alasan pembuatan kebijakan KPI yang menjadi polemik. Pada posisi negosiasi terdapat 2 informan yang setuju dengan tujuan kebijakan yang dibuat KPI, namun menolak alasan dan cara yang digunakan. Pada posisi oposisi terdapat 2 informan menganggap kebijakan yang dibuat KPI tidak perlu dan mereka tak setuju dengan alasan dibuatnya kebijakan yang menjadi polemik. Selain itu, 4 dari 5 informan menganggap kehadiran KPI hanya untuk membela diri dan menjaga citra lembaga di depan publik.
Changes to Communication Infrastructure Caused by Blockchain Technology
Authors: Dallal Haroon Rashid Hammood Al
Published: February 2024

Blockchain technology has appeared as an unruly dynamism across many industries, developing outdated schemes by providing a decentralized, transparent, and secure way out. Latterly, scholars and technologists have acknowledged the prospective of blockchain in enhancing communication systems. This paper discovers the part of blockchain technology in revolutionizing communication systems, emphasizing its paybacks, contests, and prospects. By scrutinizing existing works and case studies, it has been observed to ascertain the fundamental areas where blockchain can increase communication, such as data integrity, privacy, authentication, and peer-to-peer messaging. Furthermore, the potential challenges, including scalability, energy consumption, and regulatory concerns have been discussed in this paper. The conclusions of this research aim to shed light on the transformative strength of blockchain technology in improving communication systems and stimulate additional investigation in this thrilling field.
PID control performance assessment: The single‐loop case
Authors: Ko Byung‐Su , Edgar Thomas F.
Published: May 2004

An iterative solution is developed for the calculation of the best achievable (minimum variance) PID control performance and the corresponding optimal PID setting in an existing control loop. An analytic expression is derived for the closed‐loop output as an explicit function of PID setting. The resulting benchmark allows for realistic performance assessment of an existing PID control loop, especially when the control loop fails to meet the minimum variance performance. A PID performance index is then defined based on the PID performance bound, and its confidence interval is estimated. A series of simulated examples are used to demonstrate the utility of the proposed method. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1211–1218, 2004
Monitoring of batch processes through state‐space models
Authors: Lee Jay H. , Dorsey Andrew W.
Published: May 2004

The development of a state‐space framework for monitoring batch processes that can complement the existing multivariate monitoring methods is presented. A subspace identification method will be used to extract the dynamic and batch‐to‐batch trends of the process and quality variables from historical operation data in the form of a “lifted” state‐space stochastic model. A simple monitoring procedure can be formed around the state and residuals of the model using appropriate scalar statistical metrics. The proposed state‐space monitoring framework complements the existing multivariate methods like the multi‐way PCA method, in that it allows us to build a more complete statistical representation of batch operations and use it with incoming measurements for early detection of not only large, abrupt changes but also subtle changes. In particular, it is shown to be effective for detecting changes in the batch‐to‐batch correlation structure, slow drifts, and mean shifts. Such information can be useful in adapting the prediction model for batch‐to‐batch control. The framework allows for the use of on‐line process measurements and/or off‐line quality measurements. When both types of measurements are used in model building, one can also use the model to predict the quality variables based on incoming on‐line measurements and quality measurements of previous batches. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1198–1210, 2004
Multivariate monitoring of batch processes using batch‐to‐batch information
Authors: Flores‐Cerrillo Jesus , MacGregor John F.
Published: May 2004

Multiway principal component analysis (MPCA) and multiway partial‐least squares (MPLS) are well‐established methods for the analysis of historical data from batch processes, and for monitoring the progress of new batches. Direct measurements made on prior batches can also be incorporated into the analysis by monitoring with multiblock methods. An extension of the multiblock MPCA/MPLS approach is introduced to explicitly incorporate batch‐to‐batch trajectory information summarized by the scores of previous batches, while keeping all the advantages and monitoring statistics of the traditional MPCA/MPLS. However, it is shown that the advantages of using information on prior batches for analysis and monitoring are often small. Its main advantage is that it can be useful for detecting problems when monitoring new batches in the early stages of their operation., the approach and benefits are illustrated with condensation polymerization and emulsion polymerization systems, as examples. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 50: 1219–1228, 2004
Severe congenital myopathy with Möbius, Robin, and Poland sequences: New aspects of the Carey–Fineman–Ziter syndrome
Authors: Dufke Andreas , Riethmüller Joachim , Enders Herbert
Published: May 2004

We report a boy with severe congenital myopathy, Möbius–Poland sequence, Robin sequence, and severe developmental delay. We consider this patient to have Carey–Fineman–Ziter syndrome. Since this is only the seventh case reported, this case helps to define further the consistent manifestations of this recognizable phenotype. Additionally our patient shows laryngostenosis, intermittent episodes of high blood pressure and Poland sequence as important clinical symptoms. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expanded RED products and loci containing CAG/CTG repeats on chromosome 17 (ERDA1) and chromosome 18 (CTG18.1) in trans‐generational pairs with bipolar affective disorder
Authors: Mendlewicz Julien , Souery Daniel , Del‐Favero Jurgen , Massat Isabelle , Lindblad Kerstin , Engström Christer , Van den Bossche Dirk , Adolfsson Rolf , Schalling Martin , Van Broeckhoven Christine
Published: May 2004

The purpose of the present study was to further test if expanded CAG repeats detected by the repeat expansion detection (RED) method in bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) are correlated with ERDA1 (17q21.3) and/or CTG18.1 (18q21.1) loci expansions, and changes of phenotype severity in successive generations (anticipation). The sample was designed to analyze ERDA1 and CTG18.1 expansions in trans‐generational pairs of affected individuals (parent–offspring pairs: G1 and G2). Clinical and genetic information was available on 95 two‐generations pairs. We found in our sample no one patient carrying an expanded allele at the CTG18.1 locus. This observation is true for all individuals in G1 and G2. Using the conditional logistic regression, no statistical difference was observed between the two generations for ERDA1 alleles (χ2 = 0.2, P = 0.65). These data do not support the correlation between expanded RED products (RED fragments >120) and expanded alleles at ERDA1 in trans‐generational pairs with BPAD. We were not able to detect any correlation for CTG18.1. Earlier age at onset in offspring generation was also not associated with expanded RED products explained by expanded ERDA1 alleles. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of tooth crown size and shape variation in great apes and humans and species recognition in the hominid fossil record
Authors: Scott Jeremiah E. , Lockwood Charles A.
Published: May 2004

It has been suggested that patterns of craniodental variation in living hominids (Gorilla, Homo, Pan, and Pongo) may be useful for evaluating variation in fossil hominid assemblages. Using this approach, a fossil sample exhibiting a pattern of variation that deviates from one shared among living taxa would be regarded as taxonomically heterogeneous. Here we examine patterns of tooth crown size and shape variation in great apes and humans to determine 1) if these taxa share a pattern of dental variation, and 2) if such a pattern can reliably discriminate between samples that contain single species and those that contain multiple species. We use parametric and nonparametric correlation methods to establish the degree of pattern similarity among taxa, and randomization tests to assess their statistical significance. The results of this study show that extant hominids do not share a pattern of dental size variation, and thus these taxa cannot be used to generate expectations for patterns of size variation in fossil hominid species. The hominines (Gorilla, Homo, and Pan) do share a pattern of shape variation in the mandibular dentition; however, Pongo is distinct, and thus it is unclear which, if either, pattern should be expected in fossil hominids. Moreover, in this case, most combined‐species samples exhibit patterns of shape variation that are similar to those for single hominine species samples. Thus, although a common pattern of shape variation is present in the mandibular dentition, it is not useful for recognizing taxonomically mixed paleontological samples. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular identification of human tuberculosis in recent and historic bone tissue samples: The role of molecular techniques for the study of historic tuberculosis
Authors: Zink Albert R. , Grabner Waltraud , Nerlich Andreas G.
Published: May 2004

We describe the molecular identification of the M. tuberculosis complex DNA in bone tissue samples from recent and historic populations. In a first set, archival paraffin material from vertebral bodies of 12 recent cases with clinically/microbiologically proven tuberculosis was compared to 12 further cases without tuberculosis. While eight TB cases revealed a specific mycobacterial amplification product, none of the controls was positive. Interestingly, one case with tuberculous sepsis (Landouzy sepsis), five cases with tuberculous spread beyond the primarily affected organ (i.e., lymph node or miliar involvement), and also two of six cases with restricted pulmonary tuberculosis reacted positively in the vertebral specimens. This indicates that a molecular analysis can detect mycobacteria even in unremarkable bone tissue, proving that organ tuberculosis is present. In addition, the extent of spread is of high significance for the frequency of positive reactions. In addition, we investigated a series of vertebral samples coming from an Egyptian population of the necropolis of Thebes‐West dating to approximately 1450–500 BC. In this group of 36 cases, three of five cases with typical macromorphological signs for tuberculous spondylitis, 2 of 12 cases with nonspecific alterations, and 2 of 19 cases without macroscopic pathology revealed a specific amplicon of the M. tuberculosis complex. This suggests a significant frequency of infected people in that ancient population. Finally, a fourth group of 51 long bone samples with pathological alterations coming form a southern German ossuary (between AD 1400–1800) was investigated, and 10 cases were positive for the M. tuberculosis complex. These studies of historic material clearly support the notion that tuberculous infections can be unequivocally identified by molecular techniques. The relatively high frequency of ancient bacterial DNA amplifications in unremarkable bone is well‐explained by our analysis of the recent material. Our data form an important basis for the investigation of tuberculosis frequency and spread in historic periods. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
3D‐kinematics of vertical climbing in hominoids
Authors: Isler Karin
Published: May 2004

Vertical climbing has played an important role in theories about the evolution of habitual bipedalism in early hominids and of locomotor specialization in hominoids. However, empirical data on vertical climbing in nonhuman primates are scarce, especially regarding kinematics. In this paper, the kinematics of flexed‐elbow vertical climbing of four hominoid species are reported: western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), bonobos (Pan paniscus), Sumatran orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus abelii), and yellow‐cheeked crested gibbons (Hylobates concolor gabriellae). The climbing sequences were recorded simultaneously by four digital video cameras in European zoos. Analyzed parameters include intersegmental flexion/extension angles of the shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee joints, horizontal abduction/adduction angles of the upper arm and thigh, and distance of the body center of gravity from the substrate. Analyses reveal that differences in climbing kinematics between individuals of different age/sex classes of one species are mostly size‐related, whereas interspecific differences reflect specific locomotor adaptations. The climbing kinematics of bonobos and gorillas are more similar to each other than to those of orangutans or gibbons. The range of motion of the major limb joints in adult orangutans is larger than in African apes, although the hip is not more extended. Gibbons horizontally abduct the arm more and the thigh less during climbing than any of the great apes. These results allow us to question some qualitative descriptions of vertical climbing kinematics reported in the literature, and to discuss implications for the evolution of locomotor adaptations in hominoids. Am J Phys Anthropol 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Leprosy and mortality in the Medieval Danish village of Tirup
Authors: Boldsen Jesper L.
Published: May 2004

Leprosy was a well‐recognized and dreaded disease in Denmark in the Middle Ages (AD 1000–1536). A large fraction of the population was affected by leprosy in the 13th century. This paper analyzes the correlation between signs of leprosy and risk of dying in the small Danish village of Tirup (AD 1150–1350). Seven different dichotomous osteological lesions indicative of leprosy are analyzed, and it is possible to score at least one of these conditions on 135 skeletons of adult or adolescent people (aged 14 or more). Scores were transformed to a statistic, λ, indicating the likelihood that the person to whom the skeleton belonged suffered from leprosy. The analyses indicate that the prevalence of leprosy among adult people in Tirup was 26% (95% confidence interval, 17–35%). The λ statistic indicates that people who died with signs of leprosy did not differ in the distribution of age at death from those who did not have such signs. Skeletons showing dental enamel hypoplasia were less likely to come from skeletons with high λ‐values. The association between λ and dental enamel hypoplasia indicates a relationship between stress in early childhood (ages 1–6 years) and subsequent development of signs of leprosy. Am J Phys Anthropol 126:159–168, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Die Staudinger‐Ligation – ein Geschenk für die Chemische Biologie
Authors: Köhn Maja , Breinbauer Rolf
Published: May 2004

Obwohl die Reaktion von Aziden mit Phosphanen zu Aza‐Yliden schon vor mehr als 80 Jahren von Hermann Staudinger entdeckt worden ist und seither in der Organischen Synthese vielfältige Anwendung gefunden hat, wurde ihr Potenzial als eine hoch chemoselektive Ligationsmethode zur Herstellung von Biokonjugaten erst vor kurzem erkannt. Dabei sind die beiden Reaktionspartner zu fast allen in biologischen Systemen präsenten funktionellen Gruppen bioorthogonal und reagieren sogar in wässriger Umgebung bei Raumtemperatur. Dies ermöglicht die Anwendung der Staudinger‐Ligation auch in der komplexen Umgebung einer lebenden Zelle. Dieser Kurzaufsatz schildert den gegenwärtigen Kenntnisstand zu dieser Reaktion und ihrer Anwendung in der Herstellung von Biokonjugaten und als Ligationsmethode in der Chemischen Biologie.
Titelbild: Effiziente asymmetrische Hydrierung von Pyridinen (Angew. Chem. 21/2004)
Authors: Glorius Frank , Spielkamp Nick , Holle Sigrid , Goddard Richard , Lehmann Christian W.
Published: May 2004

Die stereoselektive Hydrierung Oxazolidinon‐substituierter Pyridine, die auf dem Titelbild gezeigt ist, liefert Piperidine mit bis zu vier neuen Stereozentren. Eine der auf diese Art einfach zugänglichen biologisch aktiven Verbindungen ist (S)‐Coniin, das giftige Schierlingsalkaloid, das im antiken Griechenland für Hinrichtungen genutzt wurde. Das berühmte Gemälde von David zeigt Sokrates, kurz bevor er aus dem Giftbecher trank. F. Glorius et al. beschreiben die Synthesemethode auf S. 2910 ff.
The Staudinger Ligation—A Gift to Chemical Biology
Authors: Köhn Maja , Breinbauer Rolf
Published: May 2004

Although the reaction between an azide and a phosphane to form an aza‐ylide was discovered by Hermann Staudinger more than 80 years ago and has found widespread application in organic synthesis, its potential as a highly chemoselective ligation method for the preparation of bioconjugates has been recognized only recently. As the two reaction partners are bioorthogonal to almost all functionalities that exist in biological systems and react at room temperature in an aqueous environment, the Staudinger ligation has even found application in the complex environment of living cells. Herein we describe the current state of knowledge on this reaction and its application both for the preparation of bioconjugates and as a ligation method in chemical biology.
Cover Picture: Efficient Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Pyridines (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 21/2004)
Authors: Glorius Frank , Spielkamp Nick , Holle Sigrid , Goddard Richard , Lehmann Christian W.
Published: May 2004

The stereoselective hydrogenation of oxazolidinone‐substituted pyridines shown in the cover picture gives piperidines containing up to four new stereocenters. One of the biologically active compounds readily accessible by this method is (S)‐coniine, the poisonous hemlock alkaloid used in ancient Greece for executions. The famous painting by David shows Socrates shortly before drinking from the poison chalice. F. Glorius et al. describe this synthetic method on pages 2850 ff.
Neolithic flint mines in Arnhofen, southern Germany: a ground‐penetrating radar survey
Authors: Leopold Matthias , Völkel Jörg
Published: May 2004

Ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) was used at an excavation site of a Neolithic flint mine in southern Germany to establish the subsurface geology of the mine and to aid in the location of mine shafts in unexcavated areas. Three radar facies were identified to characterize the geology of the study area. A test GPR line surveying known Neolithic mine shafts provided calibrated results for the identification of new shafts. Forty radar lines with a length of 40 m identified the locations of previously unknown shafts in unexcavated areas. The GPR results provide archaeologists with valuable additional information on the extent of the former flint mine. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ground‐penetrating radar time‐slices from North Ballachulish Moss
Authors: Utsi Erica
Published: May 2004

In the late 1990s ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) was used to map the underlying topography of North Ballachulish Moss as part of an archaeological evaluation of the area that was under threat of development. In the process a series of radar anomalies were identified. These were confirmed subsequently by sediment coring and trial excavation to correspond to a buried prehistoric surface with associated man‐made artefacts. These GPR data have now been used to develop horizontal time‐slices. The series of time‐slices is presented showing the development of discrete surfaces and their relationship to an adjacent headland. The orientation of the site and its proximity to the location of a buried prehistoric wooden figure suggest ritual importance. Although comparable data in similar locations are lacking, the possibility exists to shed further light on the Ballachulish evidence without destroying wetland resources if further GPR investigation can be carried out on other wetland sites of recognized ritual significance. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.