bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Insecticide Combinations Against Boll Worm/Tobacco Budworm During Late Season in Louisiana, 1995
Authors: Torrey K. D. , Leonard B. R. , Fife J. H. , Pankey J. H. , Graves J. B.
Published: December 2017

This test was conducted at the Macon Ridge location of the Northeast Research Station. Cotton was planted 12 Jun in plots consisting of 4 rows (40 inch centers) X 50 ft. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, replicated 4 times. Applications were made with a high clearance sprayer calibrated to deliver 6 gpa through Teejet TX-8 hollow cone nozzles (2/row) at 46 psi. Insecticides were applied on 8, 11, 14, 18 Aug and 11 Sep. Treatments were evaluated by examining 50 flower buds (squares) per plot for evidence of BW/TBW damage. The plots were mechanically harvested on 16 Oct to determine seedcotton yields. The test area was irrigated by an overhead sprinkler “as needed” during the season, but not within 48 h of treatment applications. Rainfall was not a factor influencing treatment efficacy in this test. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, and means were separated according to DMRT.
Control of Twospotted Spider Mite in Peanuts, North Carolina, 1995
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Royals B. M.
Published: December 2017

A field in Chowan County, NC, was selected to evaluate miticides for control of the TSSM. The field contained a wide-spread and uniform infestation making it an excellent site for evaluating products. Each plot was 10 ft by 4 rows (36 inch centers), arranged in a RCBD with 4 replicates. Treatments were applied on 14 Aug. A second application of Comite 73L and Saf-T-Side + Comite 73L was applied on 16 Aug. Treatments were applied by using a CO2 backpack sprayer operating at 40 psi delivering approx. 30 gpa and using 8003 flat fan nozzles. Conditions at time of application were sunny and 90°F. Sampling and the second application of Comite 73L and Saf-T-Side + Comite 73L was moved to an earlier than recommended date due to the threat of heavy rains by Hurricane Felix. Mites were sampled on 16, 21, and 29 Aug by collecting 25 leaves per plot. The samples were placed into brown paper bags and returned to the laboratory in coolers with ice where they were brushed with a standard mite brushing machine and counted under a dissecting microscope within 24 hrs of collection. All data were tranformed (square root of X + 0.05) prior to ANOVA and DNMRT. Actual means are presented in the table.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Fipronil, 1995
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: December 2017

The experiments were conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont. Experiment I was water-seeded rice with continuous flood. The experiment was designed as a RCB with 9 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft, surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticide. On 28 Apr, plots were treated with the herbicide Ordram 15G at 4 lb (AI)/acre and fertilized with 19-19-19 at 250 lb/acre (47.5 lb N/acre). Herbicide and fertilizer were applied by hand and lightly incorporated with a rake into League soil. Fipronil-impregnated fertilizer was provided by Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company. EXP60655A 1.65G was applied with a hand-held shaker jar. EXP60720A 80WG was applied with a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screen), hand-held, CO2 pressurized spray rig. Final spray volume was 32 gpa. EXP60655A 1.65G and EXP60720A 80WG were lightly incorporated with a rake into the dry soil. Following these operations, plots were flooded on 28 Apr and hand-planted (water-seeded) on the same day with appropriate presprouted treated or untreated seed at 130 lb dry seed/acre. To presprout seed, dry seed was soaked in water for 1 d then drained for 1 d. Seed treatments were applied to presprouted seed according to instructions provided by Rhone-Poulenc Ag Company. On 7 May (9 d after planting) rice emerged through the water (flood depth was about 4 inches). Furadan 3G was applied with a hand-held shaker jar. On 12 Jun, urea was applied to all plots at 50 lb N/acre (97.6 lb N/acre was applied for the entire experiment). From 24 May-1 Jun (17-25 d after rice emergence through the water), 5, 4 inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each core contained at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot, washed, and immature RWW recovered. Sampling was repeated 22-26 Jun (46-50 d after emergence through the water). At maturity (16 Aug), plots were harvested with a small combine and yields adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x+0.5 and all data analyzed by 2 way ANOVA and, where appropriate, DMRT.
Control of Rice Water Weevil with Dimilin 25W, 1995
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: December 2017

Experiments were conducted at the TAMU Agricultural Research and Extension Center Beaumont. Experiment I was designed as a RCB with 11 treatments and 4 replications. Each plot was 15 ft X 8 ft and was surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent movement of insecticides. Plots were drill planted (Midland silty clay loam soil) on 18 Apr at 75 lb Cypress seed/acre. Rice emerged 29 Apr (lid after planting). Rice was flush irrigated as needed until application of the permanent flood on 22 May (23 d after emergence). For weed control, Facet 50WP and Basagran were applied by aircraft on 11 May at 0.67 lb/acre and 1.5 pt/acre, respectively. Before application of the permanent flood, rice was fertilized on 22 May by aircraft with 110 1b N/acre and 40 lb P/acre. Urea was applied by aircraft at 60 lb N/acre at panicle differentiation (23 Jun). Therefore, a total of 170 lb N/acre was applied during the experiment. Dimilin 25W was applied with a 4 nozzle (tip size 800067, 50 mesh screen), hand held, CO2 pressurized spray rig. Final spray volume was 27.4 gpa. Furadan 3G was applied with a hand-held shaker. On 14 and 15 Jun (23 and 24 d after application of the permanent flood), 5, 4 inch diam X 4 inch deep soil cores (each core contained at least 1 rice plant) were removed from each plot. Rice plants in cores were washed and immature RWW recovered from the roots. Plots were sampled again as above on 3 Jul (42 d after application of the permanent flood). The middle 4 rows of each plot were harvested at maturity (28 Aug) with a small plot combine. Yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Insect counts were transformed using x+0.5. All data were analyzed by 2 way ANOVA and DMRT.
Apple, Prebloom Evaluation of Insecticides, 1995
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: December 2017

Two experimental and one registered insecticide were applied prebloom to evaluate their activity on a number of early season pests and to determine if honey bee activity at bloom was adversely affected. The experimental plot design was a RCB, with 5 insecticide treatments and a control, replicated 4 times. Plots consisted of 2-tree plots, 1 tree each of the cultivars ‘Yorking’ and ‘Golden Delicious’. The trees were planted at a spacing of 20 X 20 ft and were 22 yr old. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gpa at 2 mph. All treatments were applied at the pink stage (26 Apr) of ‘Golden Delicious’ development. A regular fungicide schedule (Dithane 75DF, Nova 40WP and Ziram 76WP) was maintained throughout the season. Post-bloom insecticides (Guthion 50WP) were applied at 1- to 2-wk intervals beginning at petal-fall in early May. Effectiveness of the sprays for RAA control was evaluated by counting the total number of RAA-injured clusters/tree and total number of injured apples per tree (both cvs) in a 5 min sample per tree for each variable. WALH was sampled by counting the number of nymphs present on 25 injured leaves per tree (cv ‘Yorking’). Also, 200 leaves per tree (cv ‘Yorking’) were randomly sampled for evidence of stippling caused by the feeding of WALH. Effectiveness of the test chemicals on the ERM was evaluated by counting the mites on samples of 25 random leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment. STLM was evaluated on 6 Jun by counting the number of tissue-feeding mines per 3 minutes around the periphery of the ‘Yorking’ tree/replicate. A sample of tissue-feeding mines was collected and the percentage of parasitized STLM determined. Honey bee sampling was conducted by making a number of 1-min examinations of each replicate tree during the blossom period. The number of blossoms on 2 tagged limbs per replicate tree was counted on 28 Apr and a measurement of limb cross-section area was taken. On 3 Jul, the number of apples that set on each tagged limb was counted. All insecticide treatments effectively controlled RAA with an application at the pink stage. WALH populations were lower on trees treated with BSN-2894. The high rate of BSN-2894 was more effective on STLM than Provado or Aphistar. None of treatments adversely affected honey bee activity during bloom or subsequent fruit set. Pest pressure was moderate.
Efficacy of Provado and Thiodan for Aphid Control, 1995
Authors: Alston Diane G.
Published: December 2017

The trial was conducted in a 2-acre 5-yr-old mixed ‘Delicious’, ‘Gala‘, and ‘Idared’ orchard with under-tree irrigation. Guthion 50W (2 lb form./acre) was applied for codling moth control on 2 and 16 Jun, 7 Jul, and 1 and 22 Aug with an air blast sprayer. The experimental design was a RCB with 5 single-tree replicates per treatment. There were two or more buffer trees within rows between treated trees. Dilute sprays were applied to runoff with a handgun sprayer operated at 150-200 psi. Per acre rates were based on application of 1 gal of spray per tree or 182 gal/acre. Aphids (alate + apterous) were counted in situ on the three most recently fully expanded leaves (minimum of 1 inch in length and edges completely unfolded) on three terminals per tree. Pre-treatment counts were made on 20 Jun. All aphicide treatments were applied on 21 Jun, except one follow-up Thiodan application on 10 Jul (19 DAT). Post-treatment counts were made 5, 12, 19, 26, and 34 DAT.
Evaluation of Admire for Tobacco Aphid Control on Connecticut Broadleaf Tobacco, 1994
Authors: LaMondia James A. , Rathier Thomas M.
Published: December 2017

Admire was evaluated as a transplant water application to field-grown plants for control of the tobacco aphid at the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station Valley Laboratory in Windsor, CT. The soil type was an entic haplorthod (71.8% sand, 23.0% silt, 5.2% clay, pH = 6.0 and OM = 3.0%). Admire was applied at planting in 3.75 fl oz transplant water/plant to result in 0.178 lb (AI)/acre based on a planting rate of 6,800 plants per acre. Two-month-old seedlings of the broadleaf tobacco cvs Bl–B5 were transplanted on 3 Jun to rows 39-inches apart with plants 2-ft apart within rows. There were 5 replicate paired-row plots (70 plants per row) consisting of a treated row adjacent to an untreated row (water only). Plants were rated on 14 Jul and 15 Aug for apterous tobacco aphids (scale: 0 = no aphids or winged aphids only; 1 = few aphids per leaf; 2 = moderate infestation and 3 = heavy infestation). Ratings from treated plants were compared to adjacent untreated plants by the nonparametric Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test.
Flea Beetle and Aphid Control with Transplant Water Treatments on Burley Tobacco, 1995
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Litton Jim , Brock Alan
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted at the VPI & SU Southwest Virginia Research and Extension Center, Glade Spring, VA, to evaluate various transplant water and transplant seedling drench treatments for control of TFB and TA on burley tobacco. Tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots, 4 X 30 ft (1 row X 15 plants), on 23 May. Five treatments and an untreated control were established in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots were separated by single untreated guard rows and blocks were separated by 5 ft vacant alleys. Immediately after transplanting Orthene and Admire were applied in 8 fi oz/plant (340 gpa) using a bucket and a dipper. TA populations were rated on a scale of 0-7 where 0 = no TA, 1 = 1-10 TA, 2 = 11-50 TA, 3 = 50-100 TA, 4 = 101-500 TA, 5 = 501-1000 TA, 6 = 1001-5000 TA, and 7 = more than 5000 TA. Ratings were made for the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants per plot about once a wk from 7 to 10 wk after transplanting. TFB and TFB feeding holes were counted on 5 plants/plot at 7, 14 and 21 d after transplanting. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by WD (K-ratio = 100). Actual means are presented. TA populations were very low throughout the study.
Insect Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Systemic Insecticides, 1995
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Dara Surendra K. , Wilkinson William B.
Published: December 2017

This experiment was conducted at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA, to evaluate TA and TFB control on flue-cured tobacco with various systemic insecticides applied as soil or transplant water treatments and to determine the impact of these treatments on tobacco yield and price. Twelve treatments and an untreated control were established in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots, 4 X 40 ft (1 row X 24 plants), were separated by single guard rows. Pretransplant soil treatments of most liquid formulations were applied broadcast with a CO2-pressurized tractor sprayer that delivered 32 gpa at 30 psi through 8003LP tips on 8 May (ambient temperature 74–76 °F, soil temperature, 70 °F; soil pH, 5.7; OM, <2%). Treatments were immediately incorporated by double disking. Band applications of Furadan and Temik were made during bed formation and immediately covered with 6 to 8 inch of soil on 8 May. Furadan 4F band treatments were applied in a 12-inch band using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 16 gpa through an 8003E tip at 30 psi. Temik was applied in a 14-inch band using a tractor mounted-Gandy granular applicator. The soil was in excellent condition for both the pretransplant soil and bedding treatments. ‘K-326’ flue-cured tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots in a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil on 17 May. A measuring cup was used to apply transplant water (TPW) treatments of Orthene and Admire in 4 fl oz/plant (204 gal/acre) at the base each plant in the treatment plots. Virginia Cooperative Extension recommendations were followed for fertilization, topping, and weed disease, and sucker control. Dipel (Bacillus thuringiensis) was applied for tobacco hornworm control on 28 Jul. The foliar application of Orthene was applied on 3 Jul with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 28 gpa through 3 TX-12 tips at 60 psi. TA populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot about once a wk from 5 to 9 wk after transplanting. On 25 Aug, TA damage was rated on a scale of 0 to 10 where 0 = no signs of aphid damage and 10 = very severe necrosis of leaves and extensive sooty mold. TFB and TFB feeding holes were counted on 5 plants/plot. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened, weighted, graded by a USDA/AMS inspector, and yield was calculated. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by WD (K-ratio = 100). Aphid count data were transformed to Log10 (x + 1) before analysis.
Aphid Control on Tobacco with Mycotrol, 1995
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Dara Surendra K. , Wilkinson William B. , David Paul
Published: December 2017

Two experiments were conducted at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA, to evaluate Mycotrol, a formulation of Beauveria bassiana, applied as a foliar spray for control of TA on flue-cured and burley tobaccos. Flue-cured ‘K-326’ and burley ‘Tennessee 90’ were transplanted into experimental plots on 16 and 23 May, respectively. Two Mycotrol treatments, an Orthene 75S standard, and an untreated control were established in a RCB design with 5 and 6 replications for flue-cured and burley tobacco, respectively. Plots, 4 X 20 ft (1 row X 12 plants), were separated by 1 or more untreated guard rows. On 21 Jul, 5 untopped plants in each plot were selected based on TA infestations and marked with paint on the mid or lower leaves. Pretreatment TA counts were made for each plant. Plots were stratified into blocks of 4 with similar counts. Treatments were then assigned at random within each block. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer that delivered 28 gpa at 60 psi through 3, TX-12 nozzles/row on 21 Jul. Temperatures ranged from 86-90 °F, the wind speed was 3-9 mph, and weather conditions were cloudy during application. A light rain (0.09 inches) fell 6-8 hr after application. Mycotrol was mixed according to directions using Silwet L-77 Silicone Super Wetter to enhance mixing. TA counts were made on the upper 4 leaves of the 5 marked plants in each plot before treatment and at 5, 7 (flue-cured), 10 (burley) and 14 DAT. Except for insect control, topping, and sucker control, standard tobacco production practices were utilized for fertilization, cultivation, herbicide and fungicide applications as recommended by VA Extension Service. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated WD test (K-ratio = 100). TA count data were transformed to Logl0(X+l) before analysis. Actual means are presented in the table.
Control of Tobacco Aphid with Transplant Solution Insecticides, 1995
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Burgess E. E. , Roberts C. H.
Published: December 2017

Twelve transplant water solution insecticide (TWS) treatments were evaluated at the Tobacco Experiment Station, Greeneville. Burley tobacco ‘TN 90’ was transplanted into Hermitage silt loam soil, 2-5% slope, pH 6.0 on 17 May. TWS treatments were applied at time of transplant. Foliar insecticides were applied to plots when aphid populations reached levels where 10% of the plants had 50 aphids on any upper leaf. Plots were 20 ft X 4 rows spaced 40 inches apart and plants were spaced 18 inches within rows. Four randomized complete blocks were separated by 5 ft alleys. Foliar sprays were applied using a 2.5 gal compressed CO2 sprayers at 38 gpa and tank pressure of 40 psi to plots treated with Orthene TWS and requiring post applications on 6 Jul. The number of live aphids on the 4 uppermost leaves was recorded on 22, 28 Jun and 6, 13 Jul. Aphid ratings ranged from 0 (no evident live aphids) to 5 (heavy populations with necrosis of lower leaf bases on 20, and 26 Jul. Tobacco was topped on 26 Jul. All data were subjected to ANOVA.
Control of Ants on Golf Course Fairway, 1995
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan
Published: December 2017

Fifteen treatments were applied 11 Jul for control of ants at Indian Mound Country Club, Ossipee, NH. Plots were 7 X 15 ft, replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Granules were applied with a salt shaker. Mound drenches were applied with a 1 gal hand sprayer. Two fi oz per mound drenched these small mounds without significant runoff. Dusts were applied with a teaspoon. Broadcast sprays were applied with a CO2 boom sprayer, 8004 nozzles, at 40 PSI, in 2 gal water per 1000 ft2. After sprays dried, all plots were irrigated with 0.1 inch water. Plots were rated weekly. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 64.4°F; wind, calm; sky, cloudy, soil temperature, 68.4°F; thatch depth, 0.1 inch; soil pH, 5.2; slope, 2%; soil texture, silt loam, sand, 47%, silt 43%, clay, 10%; soil organic matter, 10%; soil moisture 27.9%; post treatment precipitation, daily irrigation (0.1 inch).
Control of Green June Beetles on Golf Course Fairways in North Carolina, 1995
Authors: Hertl P. T. , Brandenburg R. L.
Published: December 2017

Four insecticide formulations were evaluated for control of GJB grubs on a bermudagrass fairway at the Quail Ridge Golf and Country Club in Sanford. Turfgrass on the site is mowed at 0.88 inch and has 0.25 inch of thatch. The soil was classified as a sandy loam with a pH of 5.6 and 0.51 humic matter. Plots 10 ft X 10 ft were established in an area with a history of GJB infestation and treatments (replicated 4 times) were randomly assigned to the plots. All insecticides were applied 31 Aug using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 8003 nozzle delivering approximately 30 gpa and operating at 40 psi. The test received 0.25 inch of irrigation following treatment. All plots were oversprayed on 5 Sep with a 4.8 lb Al/acre rate of Sevin 80 WPS and were evaluated on 6 Sep (6 DAT) by counting all the dead grubs on the surface with two m frames randomly placed in each plot. These dead grubs from the Sevin overspray are assumed to have survived the initial “test” treatment. The average number of grubs counted (per sq m2) in each plot are reported in the table. All data were transformed x + 0.5 prior to ANOVA and DNMRT.
Evaluation of Dursban, Sevin, Talstar, and Experimental Formulations for Management of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Rough in Carbon County, Pennsylvania, 1995
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: December 2017

The turfgrass area consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (40%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (20%). Treatment plots were 9 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (22 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 74°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 82°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 80°F; RH, 54%; amount of thatch, 0.375-0.5 inches; soil textural class, loamy sand to sandy loam; soil particle size analysis: 74.8% sand, 20.5% silt, 4.7% clay; organic matter, 23.8%; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 40.2; water pH, 7; soil pH, 6.2; application time, mid-morning; and clear skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.3 inch of water. Posttreatment counts were completed on 3 Oct. Three ft2 sod samples were taken from each replicate, and the total number of viable Japanese beetle grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Control of Annual Bluegrass Weevil With Scimitar and Tempo, 1994
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Turmel Jon
Published: December 2017

The experiment was conducted on a golf course fairway at the Rutland Country Club, Rutland, VT. Two formulations and 2 rates of Scimitar were compared to Tempo for adult control. The grass mixture was 30% bluegrass and 70% bentgrass. Sprays were applied on 20 May, at peak adult emergence. Plots were 6 X 9 ft, replicated 4 times in an RCB design. Each plot was separated by a 2 ft buffer. Sprays were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer in 1.8 gal water/1000 ft2. Sprays were allowed to dry on. Plots were lightly irrigated 2-3 times per week. Plots were rated 23 Jun by removing three 0.1 ft2 plugs per plot and counting live larvae and pupae in the lab. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 61.7°F; wind, 2 MPH; sky, clear; soil temperature, surface 78.1°F; thatch depth, 0.4 inch soil pH, 5.4; slope, 2%; soil texture, loam; soil organic matter, 7.9%; soil moisture, 25.5%.
Influence of Application Dates on The Efficacy of Rh-0345101 for Control of An Induced Japanese Beetle Larval Population in Turfgrass, Wayne County, Ohio, 1995:
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M.
Published: December 2017

The study was located on the lawns of the Ohio Agri-cultural Research and Development Center at Wooster, Ohio. Applications were made 10 May, 3 Jul, and 14 Aug to plots 3 X 5 ft (0.9 X 1.5 m) arranged in a RCB replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer and Teejer™ XR8010VS nozzles at 30 psi (2.19 kg/cm2) pressure that delivered a volume of 3.1 gal/1000 ft2 (1262 liter/ha). Each plot received 4.5 gal (17 liters), approximately equal to ½ inch (13 mm) posttreatment irrigation, of water using a sprinkling can. The site conditions were: 100% Kentucky bluegrass, 0-W inch (0-6 mm) loose thatch, level. Environmental conditions at the 10 May treatments were as follows: JB larvae: none present; Turf: dry, 2¼ inch (5.7 cm) ht; Soil: moist, 60°F at 1 inch (2.5 cm) and 58°F at 3 inch (7.6 cm); Weather: partly cloudy, 68°F, 3-12 mph wind. Environmental conditions at the 3 Jul treatments were as follows: JB larvae: none present; Turf: dry, 2.5 inch (6.4 cm) ht; Soil: moist, 64°F at 1 inch (2.5 cm) and 3 inch (7.6 cm) depth; Weather: sunny, 67°F, 3-15 mph wind. Environmental conditions at the 14 Aug treatments were as follows: JB larvae: 1st instars present; Turf: dry, 2.25 inch (5.7 cm) ht; Soil: slightly moist, 91°F at 1 inch (2.5 cm) and 86°F at 3 inch (7.6 cm) depth; Weather: sunny, 90°F, 0-12 mph wind. A caging technique was used to insure JB oviposition into the plots. Three cylinders 8 inch (20.3 cm) in diam by 6 inch (15.3 cm) ht were inserted into the plots 19 Jul. Thirty JB adults (>50% 9) were confined in each cylinder, and fed fresh apple slices coated with brewers yeast every 2 days for 14 days. Cylinders were then removed. Efficacy data taken 26 Sep (139, 77, & 43 DAT) were based on the number of live larvae in three samples 12X12 inch (30.5 X 30.5 cm) centered over the caging locations in each plot. Analysis of variance was done on plot totals and means separated by LSD test at P = 0.05.
Influence of Application Dates on the Efficacy of Rh-0345101 for Control of an Induced Japanese Beetle Larval Population in Turfgrass, Wayne County, Ohio, 1995
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M.
Published: December 2017

The study was located on the lawns of the Ohio Agri-cultural Research and Development Center at Wooster, Ohio. Applications were made 10 May, 3 Jul, and 14 Aug to plots 3 X 5 ft (0.9 X 1.5 m) arranged in a RCB replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied with a CO2 sprayer and Teejer™ XR8010VS nozzles at 30 psi (2.19 kg/cm2) pressure that delivered a volume of 3.1 gal/1000 ft2 (1262 liter/ha). Each plot received 4.5 gal (17 liters), approximately equal to Y2 ½ inch (13 mm) posttreatment irrigation, of water using a sprinkling can. The site conditions were: 100% Kentucky bluegrass, 0-¼inch (0-6 mm) loose thatch, level. Environmental conditions at the 10 May treatments were as follows: JB larvae: none present; Turf: dry, 2% inch (5.7 cm) ht; Soil: moist, 60°F at 1 inch (2.5 cm) and 58°F at 3 inch (7.6 cm); Weather: partly cloudy, 68°F, 3-12 mph wind. Environmental conditions at the 3 Jul treatments were as follows: JB larvae: none present; Turf: dry, 2.5 inch (6.4 cm) ht; Soil: moist, 64°F at 1 inch (2.5 cm) and 3 inch (7.6 cm) depth; Weather: sunny, 67°F, 3-15 mph wind. Environmental conditions at the 14 Aug treatments were as follows: JB larvae: 1st instars present; Turf: dry, 2.25 inch (5.7 cm) ht; Soil: slightly moist, 91°F at 1 inch (2.5 cm) and 86°F at 3 inch (7.6 cm) depth; Weather: sunny, 90°F, 0-12 mph wind. A caging technique was used to insure JB oviposition into the plots. Three cylinders 8 inch (20.3 cm) in diam by 6 inch (15.3 cm) ht were inserted into the plots 19 Jul. Thirty JB adults (>50% 9) were confined in each cylinder, and fed fresh apple slices coated with brewers yeast every 2 days for 14 days. Cylinders were then removed. Efficacy data taken 26 Sep (139, 77, & 43 DAT) were based on the number of live larvae in three samples 12X12 inch (30.5 X 30.5 cm) centered over the caging locations in each plot. Analysis of variance was done on plot totals and means separated by LSD test at P = 0.05.
Apple, Control of Obliquebanded Leafroller, 1995
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were applied to mature trees in Fennville, MI (Orange Block) at a rate of 100 gpa with an FMC 1029 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of single trees replicated 4 times. Applications of materials were made for the summer generation OBLR on 26 Jun (10% egg hatch), 8 Jul (50% egg hatch) and 19 Jul (90% egg hatch), and for the overwintering generation OBLR on 17 Aug (10% egg hatch), 30 Aug (50% egg hatch) and 10 Sep (90% egg hatch) as indicated in the table. Rubigan and Provado were applied separately to all treatments. Evaluations were made on 30 Jun, 12 Jul, 24 Jul and 2 Aug by randomly selecting 50 terminals per replicate (200 terminals per treatment), and examining them for leafroller damage and presence of live larvae. Mid-season fruit evaluations were made on 14 Aug by randomly picking 25 apples per replicate, or 100 apples per treatment, and evaluating the fruit for leafroller damage. Harvest fruit evaluations were made on 13 Sep by randomly picking 50 apples per replicate (200 apples per treatment), and evaluating the fruit for leafroller damage.
Efficacy of Insecticides Applied After Egg Hatch for Control of Japanese Beetle Larvae on a Golf Course Fairway in Richland County, Ohio, 1995
Authors: Power K. T. , Shetlar D. J. , Niemczyk H. D. , Belcher M.
Published: December 2017

The study was located on a golf course fairway at Twin Lakes Golf in Mansfield, Ohio. Insecticides were applied 14 Aug to plots 10 X 10 ft (3.1 X 3.1 m) arranged in a RCB replicated 4 times. Granular materials were applied with a shaker jar. Liquid treatments were applied using a CO2 sprayer and Teejer™ XR8006VS nozzles at 25 psi (1.76 kg/cm2) pressure that delivered a volume of 1 gal/1000 ft2 (407 liter/ha). The area received approximately Vi ½ inch (13 mm) posttreatment irrigation with the golf course irrigation system after the sprays had dried on the grass blades. Environmental conditions at treatment date were as follows: Japanese beetles: first instar larvae present; Turf: mostly level, dry, 1 l¼ inch (3.2 cm) ht, 50% Kentucky bluegrass, 50% annual bluegrass, no thatch; Soil: moist, 72°F at 1 inch (2.5 cm) and 76°F at 3 inch (7.6 cm); Weather: sunny, 78°F, 0-5 mph (0-8 kph) wind. Efficacy data taken 26 Sep (43 DAT) were based on the number of live larvae in six samples 7X7 inch (17.8 X 17.8 cm) from each plot. Analysis of variance was done on the log (X+l) of plot totals and means separated by LSD test at P = 0.05.
European Chafer on Turf, Jackson Co., Mi, 1995
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

An area of non-irrigated rough at The Country Club of Jackson in Jackson County, MI was used for this test. Plots were 3 ft X 3 ft separated by a 2 ft wide buffer strip. All treatments were replicated 5 times. Treatments 1, 2, 3 and 19 were applied on 22 May. Treatments 1, 2 and 3 were immediately irrigated by hand with Vi ½ inch water. 0.8 inches of rain fell over the next 2 days. Treatments 4, 5, 6 and 21 were applied on 12 Jul under extremely warm and dry conditions. Treatments 4, 5 and 6 were irrigated by hand with Vi ½ inches of water immediately after application. All curative treatments were applied on 20 Aug between 10:00 and 3:00 in sunny, warm (85°F) and very dry conditions with slight 0-3 mph winds. Treatments 7, 8 and 9 were immediately irrigated by hand with V4 °inch water. No rainfall fell on the plots until 16 Sept. All applications were made with a hand-held CO2 R&D Sprayer with a single 8003 nozzle at 38 psi at a rate of 175 gal/A finished spray. The plots were evaluated on 30 Sep by digging a 2 ft2 area from the middle of each plot and counting the number of grubs.
Control of Japanese Beetle Larvae on Golf Course Fairway, WV, 1995
Authors: Weaver Joseph E.
Published: December 2017

Treatments were applied 27 Jul to plots 8 X 8 ft arranged in a RCBD, replicated 4 times. Granular materials were applied with a shaker jar. Liquid treatments were applied in 1 liter of water per plot with a sprinkling can. The plot area was irrigated after the last treatment had been applied with about ¼inch water using the golf course system. Water pH to apply was 6.85; to irrigate, about 8.0. Environmental conditions at start (8:30 am) and finish (9:35 am) of treatment applications were, respectively: air temperature, 23° C and 31.5° C; RH, 84% and 60%; overcast (fog) and clear (calm); soil temperatures (surface) 26° C and 32° C, (1 inch) 25.5° C and 29.5° C; soil moist from regular irrigation; soil type, loam; soil particle analysis, 40.7% sand, 46.6% silt, 12.7% clay; organic matter, 11.7%, pH 5.35; CEC, 23.81 meg/100 g; 1/3 bar, 31.29%. Thatch thickness ranged from 0.24 to 0.38 inches for 28 samples over plot area. Grub population was 100% Japanese beetle (pre- and post-treatment); avg no. grubs at treatment was 34.5/ft2 (59.4% mid to late 1st instar, 40.6% early 2nd instar). Efficacy was evaluated at 53 DAT using a cup changer to extract 4 plugs near the center of each plot to a depth of 2-3 inches and counting live larvae in each sample. The no. larvae for the 4 plugs from each plot was averaged to produce a mean for each replicate for statistical analysis.
Early Season Control of Bluegrass Billbugs on a Kentucky Bluegrass Lawn in Saunders Co., Nebras-Ka, 1995
Authors: Weinhold A. P. , Baxendale F. P. , Heng-Moss T. M.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated for control of bluegrass billbug larvae on a Kentucky bluegrass lawn at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, Nebraska. The turf (98% Kentucky bluegrass, 2% tall fescue) was maintained at a mowing height of 3 inches. Thatch accumulation (finger compressed) in the plot area was 0.75 to 1.0 inches. Field conditions at the study site were: soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.7; water pH, 7.0. Environmental conditions at the time of application were as follows: soil moisture 17%; air temperature 67°F; soil temperature 63°F; relative humidity 48%; wind direction and velocity 107° at 7 mph. Plots were 6 X 6 ft and the experimental design was a RCB with 4 replications. Treatments were applied 25 May 1995. Granular insecticides were applied with a pre-calibrated 24H12 Gandy spreader. Liquid insecticides were applied using a CO2 sprayer with an LF-4 nozzle at 30 psi and delivering 2 gal finished spray/1000 ft2. Following applications, plots were irrigated with 0.5 inches of water. A total of 3.13 inches of rain fell during the post treatment period. Treatments were evaluated 48 DAT (13 Jul) by removing from each plot three, 8-inch diam turf-soil cores (1.05 ft2 total area) to a depth of 3 inches and counting the number of surviving billbug larvae and pupae. Approximately 25% of billbug oviposition had been completed at the time of application.
Japanese Beetle Adult Control on Rose Plants, Eaton Co., Mi, 1995
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

Rose plants of several varieties were used for this test at a residence in Section 5, Benton Twp, Eaton County, MI. The plants were container–grown in 2 gal pots and were 2– ft tall. They were hand irrigated 3 times a week. The location where the plants were kept for the duration of the test is open, recieves full sun and is protected from the wind. Marathon applications were made on 17 May by spreading the material over the top of the pot. Plants were fertilized on 17 May, 5 Jul and 18 Jul. The test was conducted at a location that had a 3 year building Japanese beetle infestation. Liquid insecticides were applied with a hand-held CO2 R&D Sprayer with a single 8003 nozzle at 50 psi on 5 Jul and 18 Jul. All treatments were replicated 6 times and blocked by variety. These varieties were: Meidiland Rd Red (Replications 1 and 2), Rugosa Blanc de Coubert (White) (Replications 3 and 4) and Red Simplicity (Replications 5 and 6). Treatments were evaluated on 11, 18, 26 and 31 Jul by counting all Japanese beetle adults on the plants and by taking the average of two estimates of the percentage of damaged leaves on each plant.
Efficacy of Several Turf Insecticides Against Japanese Beetle Larvae, Home Lawn, 1995
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: December 2017

Six turf insecticides were tested for efficacy against Japanese beetle larvae on a home lawn in Waltham, Mass. There were no Japanese beetle eggs or larvae present at the time of application, apparently because of low soil moisture conditions. The lawn consisted of 30% perennial ryegrass, 30% annual bluegrass, 30% crabgrass and 10% dandelion and was mowed at ca. 1.5 inches. Treatment plots were 8 ft by 8 ft, replicated 5 times, arranged in a RCB. All applications were made between 11:00 AM and 12:30 PM on 1 Aug 95. Liquid formulations were applied by hand with a watering can, 3 liters per plot. Granular formulations were applied using glass jars with perforated lids. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temp. 85° F, sunny and moderately humid with light SW wind (5-10 mph); soil type, silty loam; soil pH 6.6; water pH, 8.2. All plots were hand watered with 0.1 inch immediately after application, and an additional 0.2 inch was applied through overhead irrigation within 2 hr after application. No measurable rain fell in the area for 2 wk after application. Product efficacy was evaluated on 17 Oct (77 DAT) by removing 5 cupcutter plugs (4.25 inch diam) from near the center of each plot, dislodging soil with a hand trowel, and counting all grubs to a depth of 3 inches.
Efficacy of Three Formulations of Rh-0345 against Japanese Beetle Larvae, Golf Course Rough, 1995
Authors: Vittum P. J.
Published: December 2017

Three formulations of RH0345 (2F, 2.5G, and 5G) were tested for efficacy against Japanese beetle larvae on a golf course fairway in Stockbridge, Mass. The fairway consisted of 40% perennial ryegrass, 30% Kentucky bluegrass, 25% annual bluegrass, and was mowed at ca. 2.0 inches. Pre-treatment samples revealed ca. 20 grubs/ft2, 20% eggs, 45% first instars, 35% second instars. Treatment plots were 8 ft by 8 ft, replicated 5 times, arranged in a RCB. All applications were made between 9:30 and 11:00 AM on 28 Aug 95. Liquid formulations were applied by hand with a watering can, 3 liters per plot. Granular formulations were applied using glass jars with perforated lids. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temp. 75° F, light scattered clouds, steady NE wind at 10 to 15 mph; soil type, silty loam; soil pH 6.6; water pH, 7.1; thatch 0.4 inch thick with moderate density. There had been 0.25 inch rain 24 hr before application, but that had been the first measurable rain in 8 wk, so there was considerable drought stress evident. All plots were hand watered with 0.1 inch water immediately after application. No measurable rain fell in the area for 2 wk after application. Product efficacy was evaluated on 5 Oct (38 DAT) by removing 5 cupcutter plugs (4.25 inch diam) from near the center of each plot, dislodging soil with a hand trowel, and counting all grubs to a depth of 3 inches.
Control of Fall Webworm With Larvin and Tempo, 1995
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan
Published: December 2017

Two treatments were applied 8 Sep with a hydraulic sprayer to FWW nests and surrounding foliage to the point of runoff. A replicate consisted of a tree with 3-4 nests. Treatments were replicated 3 times. Treatments were rated 2 DAT by counting the number of live larvae per tree. Moribund larvae were counted as dead. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 56°F; wind, calm; sky, cloudy; post treatment precipitation, light showers. Both treatments provided excellent control. Despite cool temperatures check larvae were actively feeding. No phytotoxicity was observed.
Control Of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid Using Imidacloprid in A 5% Ready-To-Use Trunk Treatment, 1995
Authors: Steward V. Bruce , Stewart Colin
Published: December 2017

An experiment was conducted at Longwood Gardens, located near Kennett Square, PA, to determine the effectiveness of trunk treatments of a 5% imidacloprid ready-to-use (RTU) product. All trees used for this study were moderately infested. On 27 May from 2-4 pm, the trunk of each tree below 4.5 St high was thoroughly treated using a backpack sprayer operating at 20 psi with a cone nozzle. Seven trees ranging in diameter at breast height (DBH) from 2-7 inches and 3 trees ranging in DBH from 21-25 inches were treated. Approximately 3.5 oz of material was applied to each 2-7 inch DBH tree and approximately 13 oz applied to trees with DBH > 21 inches. Conditions during treatment were: clear skies, air temperature of 25’C; and 52% RH. Treatments were evaluated between 3-13 Nov by randomly sampling 10 branches from each tree. The first 50 adelgids on the new growth of each branch were examined microscopically and classified as dead or alive.
Honeylocust Spider Mite Control, Trial One, Ft. Collins, Co, 1995
Authors: Sclar D. Casey , Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: December 2017

Trials were conducted on thornless honey locust, approximately 20-ft in height, that had been transplanted along a roadway on the campus of Colorado State University during the previous year. Plots consisted of the terminals of individual branches, averaging about 2.5 ft in length. Plot design was a RCB with 5 replications. Dust treatments of deltamethrin were applied using a Chapin duster, 21 Aug. All other treatments were applied with a hand-operated pump mister on 23 Aug to near point of run-off. Evaluations were made 29 Aug and 12 Sep by counting the number of mites on 5 leaves randomly selected from each terminal.
Gypsy Moth: Aerial Applications Of Bacillus Thuringiensis Formulations For Control And Foliage Protection, 1995
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W.
Published: December 2017

15 to 80 acre parcels of forested area in Ottawa county were used for this test. All Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) treatment plots were ones that qualified for the Michigan Cooperative Gypsy Moth Suppression Program administered by the Michigan Department of Agriculture. These areas contained primarily poplar and oak. On 14, 21, and 28 Apr two 1/40 acre circles were sampled in each treatment block for all visible new egg masses. Each Bt treatment was replicated 4 times with each replicate being a separate wooded parcel. Four areas not slated for treatment near the treatment blocks were also sampled for egg masses for comparison. The treatments were applied on 30 May between 9 am and 1 pm. The wind was calm with gusts at about 3-9 mph. The humidity started out low, but gradually increased until it was approximately 50% by 1 pm. The treatments were applied by a Bell 47 helicopter using six 5000 Micronair nozzles. On 28 Jun twenty white oak, red oak, and poplar trees were sampled by a group of 4 people and evaluated for the percentage of defoliation. Each person in the sampling team rated 5 trees.
Apple, Pre-Harvest Control of White Apple Leafhopper, 1995
Authors: Johnson James W. , Wise John C.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were applied to mature trees in Fennville, MI (Black Block) at a rate of 100 gpa with an FMC CP 3000 airblast sprayer. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design of 27-tree plots, replicated 4 times. Applications of materials were made on 12 Sep (pre-harvest) as indicated in the table. Captan, Dithane, Nova, Funginex and Manzate were applied separately to all treatments. Leafhopper evaluations were made on 12 Sep (pre-count), 13 Sep, 14 Sep, 19 Sep and 27 Sep by running a vacuum suction sampler over limbs and foliage for one minute (all sides and center of the tree), in each of three trees (sub-samples from center of replicate plots), for all three replicates of each treatment. Samples were separated and held in nylon stockings, frozen and then WALH adults counted.
Insecticidal Trials Against Vanda Thrips on Orchids, Hawaii, 1994
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H. , Hu B.K.S.
Published: December 2017

Insecticides were evaluated for efficacy from 8 Dec through 15 Dec 94 at the University of Hawaii Waiakea Experiment Station in Hilo, Hawaii. Plants (approximately 6.5 ft in height) growing in basalt rock under 6 mil. clear FVG 3HLFI polyethylene film covering were used in this study. Experimental plots were arranged in a RCB with 3 blocks, 30 plants per block. A spreader-sticker (Ad-here, J. R. Simplot, Lanthrop, CA) was added to all treatments, including the control, at a rate of 5 ft. oz. per 100 gals. The control was sprayed with water. Insecticides were applied once at approximately 200 gpa using a backpack sprayer (Solo, Newport News, VA) equipped with an 8004 Teejet nozzle at 40 psi. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by randomly harvesting 30 blossoms from each block. Thrips were extracted from the blossoms with Berlese funnels heated with a 60 watt incandescent light bulb and collected in an 8:2:1:1 solution of ethanol, distilled H2O, acetic acid and glycerin. The number of nymphs and adults was pooled for analysis. Data were transformed to log10(x + 1) and analyzed by ANOVA.
Field Trial of Commodore and Nylar, 1994-1995
Authors: Kaakeh Walid , Scharf Mike E. , Bennett Gary W.
Published: December 2017

A one-year field test determined the relative efficacy of a mixture of a neurotoxic insecticide + synergist + juvenoid against German cockroach populations. The Munsyana Homes, a multi-family public housing complex located in Muncie, Ind., served as the test site; individual apartments served as the replicated experimental unit. Sprays were applied using 3.8 liter compressed air sprayers equipped with Multee-jet nozzles. Due to the high cockroach populations and poor sanitation, a general “clean-out” procedure was followed. All accessible harborage areas throughout the apartment were treated resulting in approximately 0.25 gal of spray used per unit; volumes of spray applied varied due to apartment size and the amount of harborage to treat. The initial treatment consisted of a mixture of Commodore WP, Nylar, and PBO-8 at rates of 0.3, 0.187, and 0.1% AI respectively. Follow-up treatments were made at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 month after the initial treatment and consisted of Commodore at 0.03% and Nylar at 0.015%. Population levels were estimated by sticky traps. Kitchen and bathroom areas in each apartment were divided into 6 infestation zones: cabinet above and under kitchen sink, stove, refrigerator, utility room, and behind toilet. One sticky trap was oriented horizontally in each zone. Trap catch was recorded after 24 h; a minimum pretreatment count of 2 cockroaches per trap was required for any apartment to be considered as a test. Seventeen apartments were used, but posttreatment counts varied. Trap sites were sampled before insecticide application (0 wk) and at intervals thereafter (0 wk, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9, and 12 month). Analysis of data followed an analysis among time model. To determine whether or not a % reduction in trap catch and a % twisted-wing adults changed following treatment, a Kruskal-Wallis signed rank test (P = 0.05) was used.
Insecticide Sprays, 1994
Authors: Wright C. G. , Dupree H. E.
Published: December 2017

Kitchens in single family dwellings located in Duplin and Sampson counties, NC served as test sites. Five kitchens with a minimum of 100 living German cockroaches sighted during a preliminary visual survey were assigned to each formulation. Preapplication visual tallies of living cockroaches in kitchens compared to tallies at specified intervals after treatment indicated efficacy. All formulations were supplied by Whitmire Research Laboratories, Inc., St. Louis, MO. Self-pressurized, aerosol-type formulations and abamectin powder formulations were applied into and near cracks and crevices. Powder formulations were contained in a hand-held duster provided by the supplier. Non-test rooms in the dwellings were treated with the formulation as needed at each visit to minimize migration of German cockroaches into treated areas. Insecticide reapplications were made at 2, 4 and 8 or 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 wk, depending on the formulation, and only in kitchens and other rooms where any living cockroaches were observed during postapplication tallies. The amount of insecticide applied during the initial application and reapplications and the size, temperature, and relative humidity of the kitchens were recorded. Analyses were based on % reduction of cockroaches (pre versus post treatment tallies for a kitchen). Since the area of individual kitchen floor and wall spaces varied, the active ingredient applied per kitchen was converted to a 50 m2 basis for comparative purposes. The active ingredient applied in the initial applications for all formulations ranged from 0.01 to 4.4 g and from 0.0 to 3.3 g for the reapplications. Smaller quantities of insecticide were used for the reapplications because of partial cockroach control from the initial applications.