bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGE DENOIZING USING A DUAL-CHANNEL DISCRIMINATIVE DENOIZING NETWORK
Authors: Tripathi Sumit
Published: December 2023

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) provides detailed information about soft tissues, which is essential for disease analysis. However, the presence of Rician noise in MR images introduces uncertainties that challenge medical practitioners during analysis. The objective of our research paper is to introduce an innovative dual-channel deep learning (DL) model designed to effectively denoize MR images. The methodology of this model integrates two distinct pathways, each equipped with unique normalization and activation techniques, facilitating the creation of a wide range of image features. Specifically, we employ Group Normalization in combination with Parametric Rectified Linear Units (PRELU) and Local Response Normalizations (LRN) alongside Scaled Exponential Linear Units (SELU) within both channels of our denoizing network. The outcomes of our proposed network exhibit clinical relevance, empowering medical professionals to conduct more efficient disease analysis. When evaluated by experienced radiologists, our results were deemed satisfactory. The network achieved a noteworthy improvement in performance metrics without requiring retraining. Specifically, there was a (6.65 ± 0.03)% enhancement in Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) values and a (3.9 ± 0.02)% improvement in Structural Similarity Index (SSIM) values. Furthermore, when evaluated on the dataset on which the network was initially trained, the increase in PSNR and SSIM values was even more pronounced, with a (7.5 ± 0.02)% improvement in PSNR and a (4.3 ± 0.01)% enhancement in SSIM. Evaluation metrics, such as SSIM and PSNR, demonstrated a notable enhancement in the results obtained using our network. The statistical significance of our findings is evident, with p-values consistently less than 0.05 (p < 0.05). Importantly, our network demonstrates exceptional generalizability, as it performs remarkably well on different datasets without the need for retraining.
PREDICTION OF EPILEPSY BASED ON EEMD AND LSSVM DOUBLE CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Zhang Xia , Yan Caini
Published: December 2023

Epilepsy seizures are caused by abnormal, excessive, or synchronized neuronal activity in the brain, which is difficult to treat and is extremely stubborn. Therefore, studying the activity of epilepsy can greatly contribute to its diagnosis and treatment. The original signal is decomposed into IMFs and residual by ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD), and then the first three intrinsic mode functions (IMF) are selected to replace the original signal, and the nonlinear and non-stationary problems of the original signal are solved. The Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LSSVM) was used as the classifier, its parameters (gam and sig2) are optimized by Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The experiment used the EEG database published by the University of Bonn (UoB) to realize the classification of normal, interictal and ictal periods. When PSO was employed, the recognition accuracy of the test set was 93.33%, with a classification time of 0.035 s and the Information Transfer Rate (ITR) of 3.77 bpm in training 70 classes with 100 samples each. In contrast, without PSO, the recognition accuracy of the test set was 92%, with a classification time of 0.039 s and the ITR of 2.88 bpm without PSO in training 70 classes with 100 samples each. The experimental results show that EEMD and LSSVM can effectively implement the three-classification problem and provide an effective means for the onset prediction of epilepsy patients.
Antibiotic Resistance among Patients with Urinary Tract Infections in Kandahar, Afghanistan
Authors: Rahimi Bilal A. , Afghan Jalat K. , Sirat Rahmatullah , Kakar Khalil A. , Lali Wais M. , Rahimy Najeebullah , Farooqi Khushhal
Published: December 2023

Background:

Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health threat. Highest burden of resistance is reported from low- and middle-income countries.

Objectives:

To investigate and report the current scenario of increased antibiotic resistance of uropathogens among symptomatic urinary tract infection patients in Kandahar, Afghanistan.

Methods:

From January 2018 to December 2021, this retrospective study was carried out at two main hospitals in Kandahar City, Afghanistan. Here, culture and sensitivity profiles of uropathogens were studied among symptomatic Bacteriuria in the presence of genitourinary symptoms (i.e., dysuria, suprapubic pain or tenderness, frequency, or urgency) (UTI) patients.

Results:

Among urine samples of 1589 patients, 1047 (65.9%) were culture positive and included in this study. Most of these patients (626/1047 [59.8%]) were females, with majority (818 [78.1%]) having age between 19 and 39 years. Gram-negative bacteria were the most prevalent (840/1047 [80.2%]), with E. coli (653/1047 [62.4%]) as the most common isolated uropathogen. Overall gram-negative bacteria had higher resistance against commonly used antibiotics of cotrimoxazole (62.8%), ciprofloxacin (56.0%), levofloxacin (47.5%), cefixime (44.5%), fosfomycin (41.5%), and even ceftriaxone (48.3%).

Conclusions:

Kandahar province has higher resistance rates against commonly used empirical antibiotics like norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and cefixime. Nitrofurantoin should be used as the first-line antibiotic in treating UTI patients. Public health authorities should make strict regulations and policies to reduce irrational use, inappropriate prescription, and over-the-counter availability of antibiotics in Kandahar.
Moore’s conjecture for connected sums
Authors: Theriault Stephen
Published: December 2023

We show that under mild conditions, the connected sum
$M\# N$
of simply connected, closed, orientable n-dimensional Poincaré Duality complexes M and N is hyperbolic and has no homotopy exponent at all but finitely many primes, verifying a weak version of Moore’s conjecture. This is derived from an elementary framework involving
$CW$
-complexes satisfying certain conditions.
Plakat w służbie medycyny. Zdrowie publiczne jako temat plakatów z kolekcji Muzeum Górnośląskiego w Bytomiu (lata 50.–80. XX wieku)
Authors: Lusek Joanna
Published: December 2023

Poster in the service of medicine. Public health as a subject of posters from the collection of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom (1950s–1980s)

The poster is a combination of graphic elements and a text layer that is informative. Its development in the 1940s was influenced by the socio-political situation of the country, which was rebuilding itself from war damage. In the following decades, it was a narrative in line with the ideological foundations of the Eastern Bloc countries. Over time, the poster became a tool of conscious propaganda by the authorities. Social posters, including those dealing with multifaceted issues of public health, broke away from the monotonous narrative. In the collection of the History Department of the Upper Silesian Museum in Bytom, there are over 5.5 thousand posters of various content and caesura. A small part of them, 80 objects, analyzed in this study, concern activities in the field of prevention and health promotion, documenting the activities of the Polish Red Cross or compliance with safety regulations in the work environment and everyday life. Many of them were prepared by artists associated with the Polish Poster School, cooperating with Polskie Zakłady Graficzne, Wydawnictwo Artystyczno-Graficzne, Instytut Wydawniczy Centralnej Rady Związków Zawodowych and Wydawnictwo Państwowego Zakładu Higieny. Posters were placed in visible places, e.g. in hospitals, clinics, offices or mass media. Their task was to educate the society and develop proper habits in everyday life.
Περὶ τῶν ἑπτὰ θεαμάτων Pseudo-Filona Bizantyńskiego i jego zastosowanie w nauczaniu języka starogreckiego
Authors: Kuciak Jakub
Published: December 2023

Pseudo-Philo of Byzantium's περι των επτα θεαματων and Its Use in Teaching Ancient Greek

The purpose of this article is to present the possibilities that Pseudo-Philo of Byzantium’s Περὶ τῶν ἑπτὰ θεαμάτων, a treatise on the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, offers to a didactician of Ancient Greek. The article discusses the aspects of grammar, lexis and culture that can be introduced and developed using pseudo-Philo of Byzantium’s work. The following analysis is a result of the author’s work with the students in the Faculty of History of the Jagiellonian University who examined the aforementioned text during a course in the Ancient Greek language.
Quantification of Methane Emissions Rate Using Landgem Model and Estimating the Hydrogen Production Potential from Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Site
Authors: Ramprasad C.
Published: December 2023

In India, solid waste is deposited mostly in uncontrolled open landfills without proper segregation and handling methods. Organic wastes dumped in a landfill undergo anaerobic decomposition and emit landfill gases like methane and carbon dioxide. Landfill gases are a significant contributor to greenhouse gases and greatly impact climate change. In the interim, reducing gas emissions and controlling and recycling such gasses is important from environmental hygienic, and global perspectives. Landfill gas has tremendous potential to convert as a source of alternative fuel. The present study estimates the CH4 (Methane) and CO2 (Carbon dioxide) emissions and quantifies the renewable energy available and hydrogen production potential using the LandGEM 3.02 empirical models for the Kanuru, Vijayawada landfill. It was observed that methane emission peaked in 2042 with an emission rate according to the model was 2.51E+08 Metric tons CO2 equivalents. The gas-recovery system is an essential component in landfills for extracting energy with 75-80% efficiency; the generation rate of greenhouse gases will reduce to around 1.78E06 Mg of CO2 eq. The predicted methane emissions vary from 1.33E6-9.22E6 cu.m per year for the period of 2010-2042. It was also estimated that annual energy production from LFG emissions was from 1.8-130 GWh per year, and hydrogen production potential was 0.6-43.3 Gg per year. The study concludes that projected scientific data will assist policymakers in creating sustainable MSW management by bridging the gap between sustainable renewable energy production and protecting the environment. The basic objectives of the study include the quantification of landfill gas production using the LandGEM model for Vijayawada, assessing the electricity generation potential of the landfill methane gas emitted, methane and carbon dioxide recovery from landfills with energy conversion could reduce GHG emissions, and estimation of hydrogen generation potential from the landfill methane emissions.
Chemistry, Metabolism and Neurotoxicity of Organophosphorus Insecticides: A Review
Authors: Singh Ashutosh , Singh Abhishek , Singh Akhilesh , Singh Priti , Singh Vivek , Singh Yogender , Tuli Hardeep Singh , Abdulabbas Hadi Sajid , Chauhan Abhishek
Published: December 2023

Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) are phosphoric acid derivatives represented by the formula (R2XP=O/S), R as organic groups; however, they need not contain a direct carbon-phosphorus bond. The organophosphorus compounds can be categorized into three classes, viz., organophosphates, carbamates nerve agents. The OPs having application as insecticides are generally phosphorothioates (i.e., containing P=S bond). These sulfur analogs are first bioactivated (in vivo) and converted to oxygen analogs responsible for exerting toxic action. These organophosphorus compounds are esters, fluorides, anhydrides, and amides of phosphoric, phosphorothioate, and phosphorodithioic acids. The toxicity of OPs is related to their molecular structure, metabolism in the targeted organisms, concentration, mode of decomposition, application, ingestion in organisms, etc. Exposure to OPs leads to the appearance of neurological symptoms followed by acute poisoning by targeting the target primarily, acetylcholine (AChE). However, secondary targets and other harmful effects besides nerve system problems are also reported. Organophosphates poison insects and other animals, including birds, amphibians, and mammals. These chemicals can have neural effects (Neurotoxicity), non-neuronal effects, or acute toxicity, which may also result in fatality. Their uncontrollable widespread became a significant threat to the environment; thus, corrective measures have been essential to save living beings and the environment from further damage.
PRELIMINARNA PROCENA GUBITAKA ELEKTRIČNE ENERGIJE U VETROELEKTRANAMA
Authors: Dotlić Gojko , Petrović Lazar , Roganović Rade , Janković Dejan
Published: December 2023

If you are involved in acquiring or investing in wind energy projects, it is crucial for you to estimate the Annual Energy Production (AEP). Thereby, the actual (net) AEP of a Wind Power Plants (WPP) is usually less than the theoretical (gross) AEP, due to several reasons such as: downtime for repairs, curtailment to protect the grid, inefficiencies of the rotor and drivetrain due to ageing, lower wind speeds compared to the expected wind speeds, wake effects (turbulance) of wind behind tubine, shutdowns due to lightning and icing, ect. This paper takes into consideration the electrical energy losses during estimated annual WPP production. The electrical losses preliminary evaluation is based on a power flow method for radial networks with representation of distributed Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) as an equivalent single-machine system. Accordingly, the electrical energy losses include the electrical infrastructure on-site of WTGs and the substation infrastructure up to the point of connection WPP to the grid. As specific of presented approach is in estimation of middle voltage (MV) cable losses which is based on thermo-electric model of cable losses (IEC 60287-1). Besides, in the order to quantify the annual losses in electrical energy, the applied methodology of electrical energy losses calculation is at normal operating voltage, unity power factor and WTG’s rated current, but based on estimated operating (equivalent) hours per year. In fact, the number of equivalent hours provides the number of hours (equivalent from the energy viewpoint) for which the WTGs are operational at its nominal power during one year. The electrical losses of WPP are usually limited in advance defined Employer Requirements. Later on, they must be estimated in WPP conceptual design phase, guaranteed in WPP construction phase and finally confirmed by Balance of Plan (BoP) Contractor in WPP taking over phase by Employer. The presented methodology can be used for those purposes.
Kurdish Textbook
Authors: Amryan Tereza , Voskanyan Vardan
Published: December 2023

The first volume of the textbook consists of sixty lessons, in which several parts of speech, the Past Tense, appropriate texts and necessary exercises for the course are presented.The textbook is intended for Orientalists, linguists, and specialists that study Kurdish at the faculty of Oriental Studies at Yerevan State University, as well as at other educational institutions, and scientific centers.
İki Örneklem Behrens-Fisher Problemi İçin Farklı İstatistiksel Test Yöntemlerinin Karşılaştırılması
Authors: BUDAK Esin , YILDIZ Zeki , SANDAL Mehmet
Published: December 2023

Çok değişkenli istatistiksel araştırmalarda, iki ortalama vektörün eşitliğini test etme problemi ile sıklıkla ilgilenilmektedir. Ancak varsayımlar ihlal edildiğinde klasik yöntemlerin kullanılması yanıltıcı sonuçlar elde edilmesine neden olabilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı da iki örneklem Behrens-Fisher problemleri için önerilen test istatistiklerini I. tip hata olasılıkları bakımından karşılaştırmaktır. Bu amaçla varsayımların ihlal edilmesi durumunda iki grup ortalama vektörünün eşitliğini test etmek için literatürde önerilen test istatistikleri bir simülasyon çalışması ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Ayrıca önerilen test istatistiklerinin gerçek bir veri örneği üzerinde karşılaştırılması yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçları, test istatistiklerinin performanslarının bağımlı değişken sayısına ve gözlem büyüklüklerine göre değiştiğini göstermiştir. Ancak Yanagihara ve Yuan (2005) tarafından önerilen test istatistiğinin oldukça iyi bir performans ortaya koyduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca Hotelling T2 test istatistiğinin varsayım ihlallerinden oldukça fazla etkilendiği gözlemlenmiştir.
TR31 Bölgesi Tarımsal Mekanizasyon Düzeyinin İncelenmesi
Authors: SAYGILI Yaşar Serhat , ÇAKMAK Bülent
Published: December 2023

AB üyelik sürecinde, Türkiye’nin yükümlü olduğu kriterlerden birisi de İstatistiki Bölge Birimleri Sınıflandırması (İBBS)’dir ve sosyal, coğrafi ve ekonomik açıdan benzerlik gösteren komşu şehirler, bölgesel kalkınma planları ve nüfus büyüklükleri de dikkate alınarak Düzey 2 seviyesinde 26 adet bölgeye ayrılmıştır. Bu çalışma, 26 bölgeden biri olan TR31 bölgesini kapsamaktadır. İzmir İli, Ege Bölgesinde yer almaktadır ve Türkiye’nin nüfus bakımından üçüncü en kalabalık şehridir. TR31 Bölgesinin 2004–2021 yılları arasındaki tarımsal mekanizasyon düzeyindeki değişim, bitkisel üretim alanları, tarım traktörleri ve tarım makinaları istatistiksel verileri kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Tarımsal mekanizasyon düzeyinin belirlenmesi amacıyla; traktör sayısı, traktör motor gücü dağılımı, toplam makine sayısı ve tarımsal üretim alanlarının değişimi dikkate alınmıştır ve traktör başına düşen tarım alanı (ha traktör-1), 1000 hektar tarım alanına başına düşen traktör sayısı (traktör 1000 ha-1), birim alan başına düşen traktör gücü (kW ha-1), ortalama traktör gücü (kW) ve traktör başına düşen makine sayısı (makine traktör-1) verileri kullanılmıştır. TR31 Bölgesi tarımsal mekanizasyon düzeyi ve tarım traktör sayılarının gelişim gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. 2021 yılı tarımsal mekanizasyon düzeyine ait veriler ve 17 yıldaki değişim oranları sırasıyla; traktör başına düşen tarım alanı 8,16 ha traktör-1 (%-28,5), 1000 hektar tarım alanına düşen traktör sayısı 122.58 adet (%39,8), birim alana düşen traktör gücü 3,08 kW ha-1 (%27,0), ortalama traktör gücü 39,76 kW (%10,0), ve traktör başına düşen makine sayısı 5,24 adet traktör-1 (%-10,49) olarak hesaplanmıştır. 2021 yılı Türkiye tarımsal mekanizasyon verileri ve 17 yıldaki değişim oranları; 15,88 ha traktör-1 (%-39,8), 62,96 traktör 1000 ha-1 (%66,2), 1.39 kW ha-1 (%49,1), 45,28 kW (%11,5), ve 4,16 makine traktör-1 (%-11,25) olarak bulunmuştur. TR31 bölgesine ait veriler, Türkiye ortalaması ile karşılaştırıldığında traktör başına düşen tarım alanı ve ortalama traktör gücü verilerinde Türkiye ortalamasının altında, 1000 hektar alana düşen traktör sayısı, birim alana düşen ortalama traktör gücü ve traktör başına düşen makine sayısı verilerinde ise Türkiye ortalamasının üzerinde olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Fotoelektrokimyasal Yolla Hidrojen Gazı Üretiminde Kullanılan BiVO4/Cr2O3 Fotoelektrodunun RuO2 İle Katalitik Etkinliğinin Artırılması
Authors: TEZCAN Fatih , KAHYA DÜDÜKCÜ Meltem
Published: December 2023

Bu çalışmada, suyun ayrıştırılmasında fotokatalitik özelliğe sahip BiVO4/Cr2O3 n-p ikili fotoelektrodun üzerine oksijen oluşum reaksiyonunda (OER) katalitik özellik gösteren RuO2, dönüşümlü voltametri (DV) tekniği kullanılarak farklı döngülerde (2, 5, 7 ve 10) katkılanmıştır. Farklı döngülerde sentezlenen BiVO4/Cr2O3/RuO2 elektrotlarının karakterizasyonu taramalı elektron mikroskobu (SEM), X-ışını kırınımı (XRD) ve UV-vis spektrometresiyle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Suyun fotoelektrokimyasal ayrıştırılmasıyla hidrojen gazı üretiminde fotokatalitik performanslar doğrusal tarama voltametrisi (LSV), elektrokimyasal impedans spektroskopisi (EIS) ve kronoamperometrik ölçümlerle gerçekleştirilmiştir. EIS ölçümü, BiVO4/Cr2O3 (413,1  cm2) üzerine katkılanan RuO2 ile polarizasyon direncinin azaldığını ve BiVO4/Cr2O3/RuO2 elektrotları arasında en düşük polarizasyon direncinin 7 döngü sonunda elde edilen elektrotta ait olduğunu Rp (102,8 ohm cm2) göstermektedir. LSV ve kronoamperometrik ölçümleri, RuO2 sentezindeki DV döngüsünün artmasıyla fotoelektrodun OER katalitik aktivitesinin artığını ancak 10 döngüde BiVO4/Cr2O3 n-p ikili elektrodun katalitik performansın azaldığını göstermektedir.
Abundance estimates of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Irish coastal waters using mark-recapture and citizen science
Authors: Blázquez Miguel , Massett Nick , Whooley Pádraig , O'Brien Joanne , Wenzel Frederick , O'Connor Ian , Berrow Simon
Published: December 2023

Abundance estimates are crucial for implementing effective conservation measures for large marine megafauna – particularly cetaceans. When combined with robust research methodologies, citizen science can provide a very useful tool to monitor large baleen whale populations, especially given their migratory nature, with individuals covering large areas typically exceeding the capacity of single research teams. The Irish Whale and Dolphin Group has been collecting humpback whale photo‐ID data in the inshore waters of Ireland since 1999. The Group curates a catalogue that contained 120 individual humpback whales up to 2022. Most of these data were obtained through citizen science and the catalogue was built following robust methodologies and strict data‐quality protocols. We used this photo‐ID catalogue to derive the first comprehensive abundance estimates for the species in Irish waters using mark‐recapture modelling techniques. We applied two approaches: (1) open population maximum likelihood mark‐recapture models based on the POPAN formulation; (2) a multi‐site mark‐recapture model selection framework based on Bayesian inference. The first method yielded a humpback whale superpopulation size of 154 ± 9 (95% CI = 138–172, CV = 0.06) between 1999–2022, with annual abundance ranging between 2 ± 1 and 77 ± 8 individuals. The second approach provided annual abundance estimates from 3 ± 2 to 76 ± 11 for the same period. This study supports the idea of an increased presence of humpback whales in inshore Irish waters, especially during the last decade. Despite this increase, results also highlight the apparently very small size of the North Atlantic humpback whale subgroup occurring in the inshore waters of Ireland.
A Comparative Analysis of Feature Eliminator Methods to Improve Machine Learning Phishing Detection
Authors: Tanimu Jibrilla , Shiaeles Stavros , Adda Mo
Published: December 2023

This Machine-learning-based phishing detection employs statistical models and algorithms to assess and recognise phishing attacks. These algorithms can learn patterns and features that distinguish between phishing and non-phishing attacks once they are trained on vast amounts of data from both types of cases. Phishing detection systems can quickly evaluate considerable data, identify possible phishing attempts, and warn users of potential dangers. Machine-learning-based phishing detection systems have the potential to continuously improve their accuracy over time through ongoing feature refinement, iterative model evaluation, and algorithm optimization. In contrast to conventional techniques, these systems offer a more effective and efficient approach to identifying and mitigating phishing attacks. This research critically analyzes existing literature on phishing detection, aiming to identify all proposed features and determine the critical ones necessary for accurate and fast phishing attack detection. By eliminating unnecessary overhead, this research enhances our understanding of feature eliminator methods and their role in improving machine learning-based phishing detection. The findings would contribute to the development of more robust cybersecurity measures to combat phishing attacks, as well as advance the field's knowledge and application of machine learning in detecting and mitigating such threats. The study highlights the importance of feature selection and optimization in achieving accurate and efficient phishing detection, ultimately strengthening the overall security posture of organizations and individuals against phishing attacks.
 
Received: 15 September 2023 | Revised: 7 November 2023 | Accepted: 4 December 2023
 
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work.
 
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are openly available in [PhishTank] at https://phishtank.org.
Tüketicilerin Zihninde Yer Edinen Reklam Müzikleri: Vernel Reklamlarına Yönelik Örnek Olay İncelemesi
Authors: GÜNEŞ Vildan
Published: December 2023

Reklamlarda müzik kullanımı, markanın tüketici üzerindeki etkisini arttırmaktadır. Doğru reklam müziği seçimi, markanın bilinirliği ve kalıcılığı açısından önemlidir. Reklamlarda, arka fon müziği, cıngıl, popüler müzik, sinyal müziği ve özel yapım müzik olmak üzere farklı türde müzikler kullanılır. Bu çalışmada, tüketicilerin zihninde yer edinen reklam müzikleri arasında Vernel’in televizyon reklamları incelenmiştir. Reklamların incelenmesi, görüntü, ses ve metin verileri üzerinden yapılmıştır. Örnek olay yöntemi ile bu markanın reklam müziklerinin tarihsel süreçteki değişimleri, reklamın diğer unsurları ile ortaya konulmaktadır. Vernel’in, 1983-2021 yılları aralığında televizyon kanallarında yayınlanan on beş televizyon reklamı araştırmaya dahil edilmiştir. Vernel’in seçilme nedeni, Türkiye’nin ilk çamaşır yumuşatıcısı markası olması ve akılda kalıcı, basit bir reklam müziği kullanmasıdır. Bu markanın ilk yıllarında, özel olarak kullanılan müziğinde, “ürünün, çamaşırları yumuşacık yaptığı ve mis gibi kokmasını sağladığına” yönelik sloganla birlikte zihinlerde kalıcı olması amaçlanmıştır. Ancak 2016 yılından itibaren Vernel’e ait özel müziğinin ve sözlerinin yerine popüler müzik ve farklı arka fon müzikleri kullanıldığı gözlemlenmektedir. Son yıllarda Vernel’in ürün ve reklam stratejileri konusunda tamamen farklılaştığı görülmektedir. Bu durum, Vernel'in son zamanlarda ürün ve reklam stratejilerinin tamamen değiştiğini ve önceki yaklaşımlarından farklı bir yöne evrildiğini göstermektedir.
Ulus Markalama Kavramına Eleştirel Yaklaşım
Authors: DOĞAN Cihad
Published: December 2023

Ülkelerin de markalaşabileceği düşüncesi İngiliz marka profesyoneli Simon Anholt tarafından “ulus markalama” ismi ile kavramsallaştırılmıştır. Ulus markalama hızla büyüyen ve devletlerce uygulanan son yüzyılın önemli girişimlerinden biridir. Ulus markalama sunduğu yarar çıktılarından dolayı cazip görünmektedir. Ancak ulus markalamanın söylem ve uygulamalarının uzun dönemdeki muhtemel olumsuz etkilerinin öngörülmesi için tartışmaya açılması bir gereksinim olarak kabul edilmelidir. Devletlerin ve akademinin ilgisinin bu alana yoğunlaşmasına karşın, ulus markalamayı eleştirel açıdan inceleyen çalışmaların sayısı kısıtlıdır. Bu çalışma, devletlerin ulus markalama girişimlerinde reklam, halkla ilişkiler ve marka ajansları ile hareket etmelerini neoliberalizm ve ulusal kimlik üzerinden tartışmaya açmaktadır. Devletlerin marka olma arzusunu gerçekleştirmeyi vaat eden ajansların uygulamaları eleştirel görüşlerin çıkış noktasını oluşturmaktadır. Ajansların, ulusal değerlere devlet ve halk kadar korumacı yaklaşmaması, ulusu metalaştırma eğilimi, ulusal kimlik ve kültür öğelerinin pazarlama aracı olarak kullanması eleştirilerin temel içeriğini oluşturmaktadır. Aynı zamanda milli olma özelliği olan ulus markalamanın, ne denli milli olarak görüleceği konusu vatandaşlık üzerinden incelenmektedir. Ulus markalamanın diğer tarafına bakmak, devleti ve ulusları koruma altına alabileceği gibi kavramın metodolojik ve teorik boyutunun güçlenmesini sağlayacaktır. Eleştirilerin ülkeler tarafından dikkatli bir biçimde değerlendirilmesi, ulus markalamanın ülkelere itibar ve imaj sağlama özelliğinin belirgin kılınmasına, devletleri ve ulusları zedeleyecek girişimlerin önlenmesine imkân tanıyabilecektir. Bu çalışma, ulus markalamayı anti-demokratik olma, neo-liberal politikalar içerme, ulusal kimlik ve değerleri kötüye kullanma başlıklarıyla eleştirel boyutla değerlendirmektedir.
Desbravando Fronteiras: Os Desafios da Terceirização no Serviço Público sob a Influência Política
Authors: Souza Bruno Silva , Cassol Alessandra , Silva Patrícia Leite da , Pinheiro Joao Luís Alves
Published: December 2023

Resumo
O caso apresenta a história real de uma empresa de pequeno porte, cujas atividades relacionam- se à prestação de serviços de atividades-meio, que obteve um crescimento exponencial no número de colaboradores em decorrência de contratos firmados com a Administração Pública. A promulgação das Leis 13.429 (terceirização) e 13.467 (reforma trabalhista) em 2017 favoreceram o crescimento da empresa que passou a enfrentar uma série de dilemas oriundos da falta de planejamento estratégico e da ausência de um corpo gerencial com habilidades e competências em gestão. Além disso, a organização precisa dar uma solução para problemas de performance e insubordinação de colaboradores que vem a partir de indicações políticas. A contratação de uma consultoria representa um marco para o sócio diretor no sentido de buscar alternativas que solucionem seus problemas e permitam que a empresa continue a crescer.
Palavras-chave: terceirização; serviço público; planejamento; influência política; gestão estratégica de pessoas.
Justification for Interference? The Role of the Monroe Doctrine in the Stigmatization and Legitimation of Intervention in the US Foreign Policy in the 19th and Early 20th Centuries
Authors: Istomin I. A.
Published: December 2023

Despite the growing academic attention to the problem of interference in internal affairs, rhetorical techniques the state uses to legitimize interventions in the eyes of foreign counterparties, remain somewhat understudied in the Russian IR studies. In this regard, the case of the Monroe Doctrine, a landmark ideological construct in the history of international relations and US foreign policy, provides a unique framework for an in-depth study of the practices of legitimization and stigmatization of interventions. The paper examines the role of the doctrine in denouncing the interference of European powers in the domestic affairs of Latin American countries and justifying US actions in the region. The author outlines a set of issues related to legitimizing, both externally and internally, the actions of the state in the international arena. It is shown that the appeal to national interests suitable for solving the problems of domestic political legitimization, turns out to be ineffective in justifying interventions in the eyes of the international community and therefore gives way to references to established traditions and historical narratives. The paper examines the historical background of the 1823 presidential address and the ways how the US foreign policy establishment appealed to it later on, both to promote the idea of the inadmissibility of European interference in the affairs of the countries of the Western Hemisphere, and, subsequently, to justify American interventionism. Special attention is paid to the so-called Roosevelt Corollary, since it allows one to better understand the specifics of the US leaders’ perception of the Monroe Doctrine and to separate them from the distortions and stereotypes formed during the ensuing public debates and uncritically replicated in many academic studies. The author concludes that, though the Monroe Doctrine is regarded as a cornerstone of US foreign policy, in fact it played a limited role in both diplomatic justification and stigmatization of interventions. In this regard, it is more appropriate to consider it as a rhetorical asset rather than a strict guiding principle. In general, the case of the Monroe Doctrine reveals the situational conditionality of the practices legitimizing interventions, resulting in their limited persuasiveness. The latter seems to be almost inevitable given the constitutive importance of the institution of sovereignty for the maintenance of international society.
The effect of two mineral–vitamin premixes on the blood biochemical parameters, milk yield and composition of Holstein–Friesian cows in Kazakhstan
Authors: Mussayeva Gulzhan K. , Shaykamal Gulshat I. , Aitzhanova Indira N. , Kazhiyakbarova Aigerim , Miciński Jan , Sobczak Alicja , Meldebekova Nurgul A. , Ilgekbayeva Gulnaz , Rametov Nurkuisa M.
Published: December 2023

Abstract. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of two mineral–vitamin premixes on the health status (blood biochemical parameters), milk yield and composition of Holstein–Friesian (HF) cows in Kazakhstan. The study was performed on Holstein–Friesian cows kept on the Bek Plus dairy farm in the village of Korzhynkol, Fyodorovsky District, Kostanay Region. Forty primiparous cows, selected from the herd, were divided by the analogue method into two groups: a control group (C) and an experimental group (E) of 20 animals each. The diets fed to group E cows were supplemented with LI-R 18 PRO and PANTO® Mineral R-77 Premium mineral–vitamin premixes. The premixes positively affected cow productivity and blood biochemical parameters, whose values were higher in group E than in group C. Higher levels of glucose, albumins and globulins exerted a beneficial influence on the health status of cows. No cases of lameness or metabolic diseases were recorded in group E. The yields of milk, protein and fat were higher in group E than in group C. Dietary supplementation with two premixes had no significant effect on the chemical composition of milk, including the values of the following parameters: somatic cell count (SCC), dry matter (DM), lactose (Lse), casein (Cin), acidity (Aty), lactic acid (LA), density (Dty), free fatty acids (FFAs), glucose (Gse) and urea (Uea).
Regridding uncertainty for statistical downscaling of solar radiation
Authors: Bailey Maggie D. , Nychka Douglas , Sengupta Manajit , Habte Aron , Xie Yu , Bandyopadhyay Soutir
Published: December 2023

Abstract. Initial steps in statistical downscaling involve being able to compare observed data from regional climate models (RCMs). This prediction requires (1) regridding RCM outputs from their native grids and at differing spatial resolutions to a common grid in order to be comparable to observed data and (2) bias correcting RCM data, for example via quantile mapping, for future modeling and analysis. The uncertainty associated with (1) is not always considered for downstream operations in (2). This work examines this uncertainty, which is not often made available to the user of a regridded data product. This analysis is applied to RCM solar radiation data from the NA-CORDEX (North American Coordinated Regional Climate Downscaling Experiment) data archive and observed data from the National Solar Radiation Database housed at the National Renewable Energy Lab. A case study of the mentioned methods over California is presented.
Measurement report: Characteristics of airborne black carbon-containing particles during the 2021 summer COVID-19 lockdown in Yangzhou, China
Authors: Dai Yuan , Wang Junfeng , Wang Houjun , Cui Shijie , Zhang Yunjiang , Li Haiwei , Wu Yun , Wang Ming , Aruffo Eleonora , Ge Xinlei
Published: December 2023

Abstract. Black carbon-containing (BCc) particles are pervasive in ambient atmosphere. The unexpected outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021 summer prompted a localized and prolonged lockdown in Yangzhou City, situated in the YRD, China, which provides a unique opportunity to gain insights into the relationship between emission sources and BCc. Satellite and ground-level measurements both demonstrated that strict emission controls effectively reduced local gaseous pollutants. Meanwhile, single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPA-MS) analysis showed that the number fraction of freshly emitted BCc particles decreased to 28 % during the lockdown (LD), with that from vehicle emissions experiencing the most substantial reduction. However, the uncontrolled reductions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) likely contributed to increased ozone (O3) concentrations, increased the oxidizing capacity, which may in turn enhanced secondary PM2.5 formation and compensated the primary PM2.5 reduction. As a result, we did observe a slight increase of PM2.5 concentration (21.2 μg m-3) during the LD period compared to the period before the lockdown (BLD), and the increase of more aged BCc particles. Reactive trace gases (e.g., NOx, SO2, and VOCs) could form thick coatings on pre-existing particles likely via enhanced heterogeneous hydrolysis under high RH as well, resulting in significant BCc particle growth (~600 nm) during LD period. Furthermore, BCc source apportionment reveals that BCc particles were primarily of local origin (78 %) in Yangzhou during normal summertime. However, coal combustion (23 %) and vehicle emissions (21 %) were prominent non-local pollution sources, with the air mass originating from the southeast, along with biomass burning emissions (19 %) from the northeast, contributing significantly. Our research highlights that short-term, strict local emission controls may not effectively reduce PM pollution, due to the non-linear responses of PM2.5 to its precursors , further effective PM2.5 reduction requires a comprehensive and extensive approach with a regionally coordinated and balanced control strategy through joint regulation.
Technical note: Determining chemical composition of atmospheric single particles by a standard-free mass calibration algorithm
Authors: Shi Shao , Zhai Jinghao , Yang Xin , Ruan Yechun , Huang Yuanlong , Chen Xujian , Zhang Antai , Ye Jianhuai , Zheng Guomao , Cai Baohua , Zeng Yaling , Wang Yixiang , Xing Chunbo , Zhang Yujie , Fu Tzung-May , Zhu Lei , Shen Huizhong , Wang Chen
Published: December 2023

Abstract. The chemical composition of individual particles can be revealed by single particle mass spectrometers (SPMS). With higher accuracy in the ratio of mass to charge (m/z), more detailed chemical information could be obtained. In the SPMS, the conventional standard-based calibration methods (internal/external) are constrained by the inhomogeneity of ionization lasers and the finite focusing ability of the inlet system, etc., therefore, the mass accuracy is restricted. In this study, we obtained the detailed and trustable chemical composition of single particles utilizing a standard-free mass calibration algorithm. In the algorithm, the characteristic distributions of hundreds of ions were concluded and collected in a database denoted as prototype. Each single-particle mass spectrum was tentatively calibrated by a mass calibration function with specific coefficients. The range of coefficients is constrained by the magnitude of mass deviation to a finite vector space. To find the optimal coefficient vector, the conformity of each tentatively calibrated spectrum to the prototype dataset was assessed. With maximum conformity, the optimal calibrated spectrum was obtained. For more than 98 % ambient particles, a twentyfold improvement in mass accuracy, from ~10,000 ppm (integer) to ~500 ppm (2 decimal places) was achieved. The improved mass accuracy validated the determination of adjacent ions with m/z difference ~0.05 Th. Furthermore, atmospheric trace ions that were poorly studied before are successfully specified. The obtained detailed single-particle-level chemical information could help understand the source apportionment, reaction mechanism, and mixing state of atmospheric particles.
50 years of firn evolution on Grigoriev Ice Cap, Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Machguth Horst , Eichler Anja , Schwikowski Margit , Brütsch Sabina , Mattea Enrico , Kutuzov Sanislav , Heule Martin , Usubaliev Rykul , Belekov Sultan , Mikhalenko Vladimir N. , Hoelzle Martin , Kronenberg Marlene
Published: December 2023

Abstract. Grigoriev Ice Cap, located in the Tien Shan mountains of Kyrgyzstan, has a rich history of firn and ice core drilling starting as early as 1962. Until now, the time series ended with a core drilled in 2007. Here we extend the exceptional record and describe an 18 m firn core, drilled in February 2018 on the summit of Grigoriev Ice Cap, at 4600 m a.s.l. The core has been analyzed for firn stratigraphy, major ions, black carbon, water stable isotope ratios and total β-activity. We find that the core covers 46±3 years and overlaps by two to three decades with legacy cores. A good agreement is found in major ion concentrations for the overlapping period. Concentration in ions, susceptible to being washed out, is reduced since the early 2000s. This indicates the onset of meltwater runoff. Apart from runoff evidence, however, the firn appears remarkably unchanged. We find little change in net accumulation since the 1980s. Firn temperatures fluctuate, with 2018 temperatures being the highest on record 1.6 °C at 17 m depth). However, temperatures in 2023 are again similar to the early 2000s at 2.5 °C. We hypothesize (i) that firn temperatures are stabilized by the removal of latent heat through lateral meltwater runoff, and (ii) that mass loss by runoff is compensated by an increase in snowfall. While data from a nearby weather station support the latter hypothesis, thorough testing of both hypotheses will require surface mass balance and firn modelling.
Climate variability, heat distribution and polar amplification in the unipolar ‘doubthouse’ of the Oligocene
Authors: Jenny Dominique K. L. L. , Reichgelt Tammo , O'Brien Charlotte L. , Liu Xiaoqing , Bijl Peter K. , Huber Matthew , Sluijs Appy
Published: December 2023

Abstract. The Oligocene (33.9–23.03 Ma) was characterised by generally warm climates, with flattened meridional temperature gradients while Antarctica retained a significant cryosphere. This makes the Oligocene an imperfect analogue to long-term future climate states with unipolar icehouse conditions. Although local and regional climate and environmental reconstructions of Oligocene conditions are available, the community lacks synthesis of regional reconstructions. In order to provide a comprehensive overview of marine and terrestrial climate and environmental conditions in the Oligocene, as well as a reconstruction of trends through time, we here review marine and terrestrial proxy records and numerical climate model simulations of the Oligocene. Results display weaker temperature gradients during the Oligocene compared to modern times, with generally warm poles and colder-than-modern temperatures around the equator. Sea surface temperatures (SSTs) show similar trends to the land temperatures, with warm temperatures around the mid and high latitudes (~60–90°) of especially the Southern Hemisphere. Vegetation-based precipitation reconstructions of the Oligocene suggest drier conditions compared to modern times, in particular around the equator. When compared to proxy-based data, climate modelling approaches overestimate Oligocene precipitation in most areas, in particular the tropics. Temperature around the mid to high latitudes is generally underestimated in models compared to proxy data and tend to overestimate the warming in the tropics. In line with previous conclusions models underestimate polar amplification and the equator-to-pole heat distribution that prevailed during the Oligocene. Despite prevalent glaciation on Antarctica, the Oligocene “icehouse” experienced warm global average temperatures while still maintaining a unipolar icehouse state.
Coupling between ice flow and subglacial hydrology enhances marine ice-sheet retreat
Authors: Lu George , Kingslake Jonathan
Published: December 2023

Abstract. Ice-sheet models used to predict sea-level rise often neglect subglacial hydrology. However, theory and observations suggest that ice flow and subglacial water flow are bidirectionally coupled: ice flow and geometry affects hydraulic potential, hydraulic potential modulates basal shear stress via the basal water pressure, and ice flow advects the subglacial drainage system. This coupling could impact rates of ice mass change, but remains poorly understood. We combine a channelized subglacial hydrology model with a depth-integrated marine-ice-sheet model, incorporating each component of the coupling listed above, which yields a set of differential equations that we solve using a finite-difference, implicit time-stepping approach. We conduct a series of experiments with this model, using either bidirectional or unidirectional coupling. These experiments generate steady-state profiles of channel cross-sectional area, channel flow rate, channel effective pressure, ice thickness, and ice velocity. We discuss how the steady-state profiles shape one another, resulting in the effective pressure reaching a local maximum in a region near the grounding line. We also describe the impact of bidirectional coupling on the transient retreat of ice sheets through a comparison of our coupled model with ice-flow models that have imposed static basal conditions. We find that including coupled subglacial hydrology leads to grounding-line retreat that is virtually absent when static basal conditions are assumed. This work highlights the role time-evolving subglacial drainage may have in ice-sheet change and informs efforts to include it in ice-sheet models.
Technical Note: A Technique to Convert NO2 to NO2– with S(IV) and its Application to Measuring Nitrate Photolysis
Authors: Lieberman Aaron , Picco Julietta , Onder Murat , Anastasio Cort
Published: December 2023

Abstract. Nitrate photolysis is a potentially significant mechanism for “renoxifying” the atmosphere, i.e., converting nitrate into nitrogen oxides (nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and nitric oxide (NO)) and nitrous acid (HONO). Nitrate photolysis in the environment occurs through two channels, which produce: (1) NO2 and hydroxyl radical (•OH) and (2) nitrite (NO2–) and an oxygen atom (O(3P)). Although the aqueous quantum yields and photolysis rate constants of both channels have been established, field observations suggest that nitrate photolysis is enhanced in the environment. Laboratory studies investigating these enhancements typically only measure one of the two photo-channels, since measuring both channels generally requires separate analytical methods and instrumentation. However, measuring only one channel makes it difficult to assess whether secondary chemistry is enhancing one channel at the expense of the other, or if there is an overall enhancement of nitrate photochemistry. Here, we show that the addition of S(IV), i.e., bisulfite and sulfite, can convert NO2 to NO2–, allowing measurement of both nitrate photolysis channels with the same equipment. By varying the concentration of S(IV) and exploring method parameters, we determine the experimental conditions that quantitatively convert NO2 and accurately quantify the resulting NO2–. We then apply the method to a test case, showing how an •OH scavenger in solution prevents the oxidation of NO2– to NO2 but does not enhance the overall photolysis efficiency of nitrate.
Modeling the interannual variability in Maipo and Rapel river plumes off central Chile
Authors: Salcedo-Castro Julio , Olita Antonio , Saavedra Freddy , Saldías Gonzalo S. , Cruz-Gómez Raúl C. , De la Torre Martínez Cristian D.
Published: December 2023

Abstract. River plumes have a direct influence on coastal environments, impacting coastal planktonic and benthic communities, including fishery resources. In general, the main drivers of river plume dynamics are the river discharge and the alongshore wind stress, whereas the tides and topography play a secondary role. In central Chile, rivers flowing into the eastern Pacific have a relatively short path on land, with a high slope and a mixed snow–rain regime. This study aims to understand the interannual variability in the plumes of the Maipo and Rapel rivers in the coastal/shelf area off central Chile and their influence on local ocean dynamics. We used the Coastal and Regional Ocean Community (CROCO) model, with 1 km horizontal resolution and 20 sigma levels, to simulate the ocean dynamics for the period 2003–2011. The results show that the plume's area coverage and coastal ocean salinity are strongly correlated with the river discharges. The predominant northeastward winds control the plumes' orientation toward the northwest. However, episodes of southeastward winds in winter can reverse the plumes' direction, promoting their attachment to the coast and southward transport. Results also show a salification trend linked to the severe droughts hitting central Chile during the studied period. This salification determines a change in local dynamics which could be more frequent in future scenarios of climate change with a significant lack of rain and river discharges along central Chile.