bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemosensory Coding by Neurons in the Coeloconic Sensilla of theDrosophilaAntenna
Authors: Yao C. Andrea , Ignell Rickard , Carlson John R.
Published: September 2005

Odor coding is based on the diverse sensitivities and response properties of olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). In theDrosophilaantenna, ORNs are housed in three major morphological types of sensilla. Although investigation of theDrosophilaolfactory system has been expanding rapidly, the ORNs in one of these types, the coeloconic sensilla, have been essentially unexplored. We define four functional types of coeloconic sensilla through extracellular physiological recordings. Each type contains at least two neurons, with a total of at least seven distinct ORN classes that vary remarkably in their breadth of tuning. Analysis of 315 odorant–ORN combinations reveals how these neurons sample odor space via both excitation and inhibition. We identify a class of neurons that is narrowly tuned to small amines, and we find humidity detectors that define a cellular basis for hygroreception inDrosophila. The temporal dynamics of responses vary widely, enhancing the potential for complexity in the odor code. Molecular and genetic analysis shows that a broadly tuned ORN, antennal coeloconic 3B (ac3B), requires the odor receptor geneOr35afor its responsein vivo. The activity of ac3B is not required for the response of the other ORN within that sensillum, ac3A. The functional analysis presented here, revealing a combination of highly specialized neurons and a broadly tuned ORN, along with the ancient origin of coeloconic sensilla, suggests that the specificities of these ORNs may reflect basic needs of an ancestral insect.
Loss of Mtmr2 Phosphatase in Schwann Cells But Not in Motor Neurons Causes Charcot-Marie-Tooth Type 4B1 Neuropathy with Myelin Outfoldings
Authors: Bolis Annalisa , Coviello Silvia , Bussini Simona , Dina Giorgia , Pardini Celia , Previtali Stefano Carlo , Malaguti Mariachiara , Morana Paolo , Del Carro Ubaldo , Feltri Maria Laura , Quattrini Angelo , Wrabetz Lawrence , Bolino Alessandra
Published: September 2005

Mutations inMTMR2, the myotubularin-related 2 gene, cause autosomal recessive Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 4B1 (CMT4B1). This disorder is characterized by childhood onset of weakness and sensory loss, severely decreased nerve conduction velocity, demyelination in the nerve with myelin outfoldings, and severe functional impairment of affected patients, mainly resulting from loss of myelinated fibers in the nerve. We recently generatedMtmr2-nullneomice, which show a dysmyelinating neuropathy with myelin outfoldings, thus reproducing human CMT4B1. Mtmr2 is detected in both Schwann cells and neurons, in which it interacts with discs large 1/synapse-associated protein 97 and neurofilament light chain, respectively. Here, we specifically ablatedMtmr2in either Schwann cells or motor neurons. Disruption ofMtmr2in Schwann cells produced a dysmyelinating phenotype very similar to that of theMtmr2-nullneomouse. Disruption ofMtmr2in motor neurons does not provoke myelin outfoldings nor axonal defects. We propose that loss of Mtmr2 in Schwann cells, but not in motor neurons, is both sufficient and necessary to cause CMT4B1 neuropathy. Thus, therapeutical approaches might be designed in the future to specifically deliver the Mtmr2 phospholipid phosphatase to Schwann cells in affected nerves.
The Pressure Head Regime in the Induction Zone During Unstable Nonponding Infiltration: Theory and Experiments
Authors: Cho H. , de Rooij G. H. , Inoue M.
Published: September 2005

Fingered flow rapidly moves water and pollutants from the root zone to the groundwater through a limited fraction of the unsaturated zone, limiting the possibilities for decay and adsorption. The onset of wetting front instability and the characteristics of the flow pattern under nonponding infiltration have received limited attention. We aim to theoretically and experimentally advance our understanding of pre‐fingered flow, and contrast fingered flow under ponding and nonponding conditions. We developed a Green‐Ampt based expression for the pressure head in a developing induction zone (from which fingers protrude) for the time before fingers developed. A uniform, nonponding water flux was applied to the surface of two‐dimensional glass bead porous media with a dry region above a capillary fringe. Microtensiometers recorded pressure heads in the induction zone. The pressure head data confirmed both the theoretical early‐time pre‐finger model, and a model developed earlier for late‐time lateral flow toward fully developed fingers. The physically more realistic constant flux boundary condition of our experiments gave larger finger spacings and travel times, compared to the frequently used set‐up with ponding infiltration into a fine‐over‐coarse porous medium.
Modeling Variably Saturated Water Flow and Multicomponent Reactive Transport in Constructed Wetlands
Authors: Langergraber Günter , Šimůnek Jirka
Published: September 2005

Constructed wetlands (CWs) are becoming increasingly popular worldwide for removing organic matter (OM), nutrients, trace elements, pathogens, or other pollutants from wastewater and/or runoff water. We present a multicomponent reactive transport model CW2D (i.e., Constructed Wetlands 2D), as an extension of the HYDRUS‐2D variably saturated water flow and solute transport software package. CW2D was developed to model the biochemical transformation and degradation processes in subsurface‐flow CWs. Such wetlands involve a complex mixture of water, substrate, plants, litter, and a variety of microorganisms to provide optimal conditions for improving water quality. The water flow regime in subsurface‐flow CWs can be highly dynamic and requires the use of a transient variably saturated flow model. The biochemical components defined in CW2D include dissolved oxygen (DO), three fractions of OM (readily and slowly biodegradable, and inert), four N compounds (ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, and dinitrogen), inorganic P, and heterotrophic and autotrophic microorganisms. Organic N and organic P were modeled as part of the OM. The biochemical degradation and transformation processes were based on Monod‐type rate expressions. All process rates and diffusion coefficients were assumed to be temperature dependent. Heterotrophic bacteria were assumed to be responsible for hydrolysis, mineralization of OM (aerobic growth), and denitrification (anoxic growth). Autotrophic bacteria were assumed to be responsible for nitrification, which was modeled as a two‐step process. Lysis was considered to be the sum of all decay and sink processes. We demonstrate the performance of the model for one‐ and two‐stage subsurface vertical flow CWs. Model simulations of water flow, tracer transport, and selected biochemical compounds are compared with experimental observations. Limitations of the model are discussed, and needs for model improvements are summarized.
Pedology: A Hydrogeological Perspective
Authors: Narasimhan T. N.
Published: September 2005

In a finite earth with concerns about sustainable use of natural resources, earth science disciplines are moving toward appreciating their respective roles in understanding the interlinked functioning of hydrological, erosional, and nutritional cycles. This move provides motivation for exploring the connections between hydrogeology and pedology as components of a larger whole. As pointed out by Jenny (1941) in his concluding chapter, soils can be studied through mapping their spatial distribution (Marbut's geographical method), and through comprehending soil attributes as functions of soil‐forming factors (Jenny's functional method). As Jenny further recognized, the conversion of the functional “knowledge to specific field conditions is impossible unless the areal distribution of soil formers is known.” Ultimately, therefore, the vision of pedology is “the union of the geographical and the functional method,” to comprehend “the soil body in its natural position,” and to understand spatial distribution of soil assemblages. Hydrogeology is concerned with the physical and chemical modification of the materials of the earth's crust by water, and the transport of energy, suspended and dissolved constituents and nutrients from the time water enters the subsurface to the time it goes back to the atmosphere. Hydrogeology thus provides a rationale, through the unifying action of flowing water, to achieve an integration of the geographical and the functional methods envisioned by Hans Jenny. This paper examines the conceptual‐philosophical threads that connect pedology and hydrogeology. In the process, the role of soil geomorphology is also addressed.
Molecular Recognition by Synthetic Multifunctional Pores in Practice: Are Structural Studies Really Helpful?
Authors: Baudry Y. , Bollot G. , Gorteau V. , Litvinchuk S. , Mareda J. , Nishihara M. , Pasini D. , Perret F. , Ronan D. , Sakai N. , Shah M. R. , Som A. , Sordé N. , Talukdar P. , Tran D.‐H. , Matile S.
Published: September 2005

This account summarizes five years of research devoted to the development of the concept of synthetic multifunctional pores. The objective is to complement a comprehensive graphical summary of molecular recognition with a survey of structural studies on the same topic. The relevance of the latter for research focusing on creation and application of supramolecular functional materials is discussed briefly in a subjective manner.
Self‐Assembly of Amphiphilic Calix[4]arenes in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Strobel M. , Kita‐Tokarczyk K. , Taubert A. , Vebert C. , Heiney P. A. , Chami M. , Meier W.
Published: September 2005

The self‐assembly of amphiphilic calix[4]arenes with either a carboxylic acid or a trimethyl ammonium head group and different alkyl chains in aqueous solution was investigated. The carboxylated calixarene forms vesicles in dilute solution and stable monolayers on water. In contrast, the ammonium head group provides high water solubility with no observed aggregation. At high concentrations, all calixarene amphiphiles form lyotropic liquid crystals.
Nonlinear soft‐sensors design for unsteady‐state VOC afterburners
Authors: Fissore Davide , Edouard David , Hammouri Hassan , Barresi Antonello A.
Published: September 2005

An observer for a reverse‐flow reactor, where the combustion of lean VOC mixtures takes place, is designed in this work and it is demonstrated to allow for a quick and reliable estimation of the inlet pollutant concentration and of the outlet reactant conversion from some temperature measurements in the reactor, even when the pollutant concentration in the feed or the pollutant itself changes and when the reaction is moving toward extinction. The results may be used for control purposes, thus avoiding expensive hardware sensors and time‐consuming on‐line measurements. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Transfection of HeLa‐cells with pEGFP plasmid by impedance power‐assisted electroporation
Authors: Glahder Jacob , Norrild Bodil , Persson Mikael B. , Persson Bertil R.R.
Published: September 2005

Bioimpedance spectrometry was applied to study cell viability and pEGFP plasmid‐transfection efficiency in electroporation (EP) of 20,000 HeLa cells with 0.3 μg DNA in 90 μl low conductivity 0.32 M sucrose medium of pH 7.5. Monopolar rectangular pulses, of field strength 75 V/mm, and pulse length 0.1 ms were applied in 1–16 repetitions with a 10‐sec pause interval between pulses. Surviving cells were stained by crystal violet and counted using a confocal microscope. Transfected cells were fixed with 10% formaldehyde and counted as green spots in a fluorescence microscope. In the present investigation we used the method of bioimpedance spectrometry to analyze the effect of EP on survival and transfection ratio of cells in suspension. DC and low‐frequency AC currents preferably pass through the medium due to the high impedance of the cell membrane. At frequencies above 10 kHz the impedance of the cell membrane starts to decrease and the impedance value of the cell suspension approach a lower limit value R∞ at infinite frequency. Recording of electrical impedance spectra of cells in culture was performed over a frequency range of 10 Hz to 125 kHz, allowing separation of the contribution from extracellular space and that of the cell membranes. A parallel resistance capacitance model of the cell suspension was used to evaluate the response of applying EP pulses. The values of the collective membrane resistance RM decay exponentially (r2 = 0.995) with the number of applied pulses. The ratio of the extrapolated value of the intact membrane resistance before pulsing, RM,0, and the value RM,N after each pulse makes an index of the effect of electroporation on the cells. The ratio RM,N/RM,0 as well as the relative change of the dissipation factor, tanδ, on the “Loss Change Index” (LCI) fits well a dose–response model (r2 = 0.98) with the number of applied pulses. The changes in the model parameters membrane resistance ΔRM = [1‐ RM,N/RM,o] and loss factor [1‐ tanδ0/tanδN] correlate well with the transfection ratio and fraction of dead cells. Those parameters were used for power‐assisted electroporation in monitoring, controlling, and optimizing the EP procedure. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis, Structural, and Magnetic Characterization of YCrMnO5.
Authors: Alonso Jose A. , Martinez‐Lope Maria J. , Casais Maria T. , Martinez Jose L. , Pomjakushin Vladimir
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Palladium(II)‐Substituted, Lone Pair Containing Tungstoarsenates(III) [Na2(H2O)2PdWO(H2O) (α‐AsW9O33)2]10‐ and [Cs2Na(H2O)8Pd3 (α‐AsW9O33)2]9‐.
Authors: Bi Li‐Hua , Kortz Ulrich , Keita Bineta , Nadjo Louis , Daniels Lee
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Zinc Perchlorate Hexahydrate Catalyzed Conjugate Addition of Thiols to α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones.
Authors: Garg Sanjeev K. , Kumar Raj , Chakraborti Asit K.
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactions of Hydrazonoyl Halides. Part 43. Synthesis of Some New 2,3‐Dihydro‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles, Pyrazoles, Pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyridazines, Thieno[2,3‐b]pyridines, Pyrimidino[4′,5′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐b]pyridines and Pyrrolo[3,4‐d]pyrazoles.
Authors: Abdelhamid Abdou O. , Alkhodshi Mohamed A. M.
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient Synthesis of 4‐Oxoalkenoic Acid from 2‐Alkylfurans.
Authors: Annangudi Suresh Palani , Sun Mingjiang , Salomon Robert G.
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Improved Procedures for the Baylis—Hillman Reaction.
Authors: Zhao San‐Hu , Bie Hong‐Yan , Chen Zhao‐Bin
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Tishchenko Reaction Using an Iridium‐Ligand Bifunctional Catalyst.
Authors: Suzuki Takeyuki , Yamada Taichiro , Matsuo Tomohito , Watanabe Kazuhiro , Katoh Tadashi
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
N‐Methylpyrrolidin‐2‐one Hydrotribromide (MPHT), a Mild Reagent for Selective Bromination of Carbonyl Compounds: Synthesis of Substituted 2‐Bromo‐1‐naphtols.
Authors: Bekaert Alain , Provot Olivier , Rasolojaona Olimihamina , Alami Mouad , Brion Jean‐Daniel
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Characterization of New α,β‐Unsaturated γ‐Lactones: Alkyl 3‐Acetyl‐4‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐5‐oxo‐2,5‐dihydrofuran‐2‐ylcarbamates.
Authors: Uengoeren S. H. , Sacmaci M. , Akcamur Y. , Arici C. , Uelkue D.
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reactions of Complex Ligands. Part 103. A Novel Approach to Functionalized Heterohelicenes via Chromium‐Templated Benzannulation Reactions.
Authors: Schneider Jochen F. , Nieger Martin , Naettinen Kalle , Doetz Karl Heinz
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regiospecific One‐Pot Synthesis of New Trifluoromethyl Substituted Heteroaryl Pyrazolyl Ketones.
Authors: Bonacorso Helio G. , Oliveira Marli R. , Costa Michelle B. , da Silva Leticia B. , Wastowski Arci D. , Zanatta Nilo , Martins Marcos A. P.
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Characterization of Sulfonyl‐Functionalized Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Du Zhengyin , Li Zuopeng , Deng Youquan
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Polyfunctionalized Aryllead Triacetates in a Cascade Synthesis of Tetracyclic Isochromanocoumarin‐Type Compounds.
Authors: Naumov Mikael I. , Ganina Olga G. , Shavirin Andrew S. , Beletskaya Irina P. , Finet Jean‐Pierre , Fedorov Alexey Yu.
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient and Practical Procedure for the Synthesis of 4‐Substituted Coumarins.
Authors: De Surya K. , Gibbs Richard A.
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of 2,7‐Diamino‐1,8‐naphthyridine: A Useful Building Block for Supramolecular Chemistry.
Authors: Park Taiho , Mayer Michael F. , Nakashima Shoji , Zimmerman Steven C.
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of Novel Pyrimidoquinoline Derivatives under Microwave Irradiation Without Catalyst.
Authors: Tu Shujiang , Fang Fang , Li Tuanjie , Zhu Songlei , Zhang Xiaojing
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Steps Towards a Practical Synthesis of Macrocyclic Bisbenzylisoquinolines.
Authors: Al‐Hiari Yusuf M. , Bennett Stephen J. , Cox Brian , Davies Robert J. , Khalaf Abedawn I. , Waigh Roger D. , Worsley Alan J.
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and X‐Ray Study of Novel Azofurazan‐Annulated Macrocyclic Lactams.
Authors: Sheremetev Aleksei B. , Aleksandrova Nataliya S. , Dmitriev Dmitrii E. , Averkiev Boris B. , Antipin Mikhail Yu.
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereo‐ and Regioselective Zinc‐Mediated Ring‐Opening of Epoxides with Diselenides.
Authors: Movassagh Barahman , Shamsipoor Mojgan
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cuparene‐Derived Sesquiterpenes from the Chinese Red Alga Laurencia okamurai Yamada
Authors: Mao Shui‐Chun , Guo Yue‐Wei
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fluorination of Betulinines and Other Triterpenoids with DAST.
Authors: Biedermann David , Sarek Jan , Klinot Jiri , Hajduch Marian , Dzubak Petr
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Total Synthesis of Hirsutellide A
Authors: Xu Yanjie , Chen Ligong , Duan Xuemin , Meng Yi , Jiang Liqin , Li Meiling , Zhao Guangle , Li Yang
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Diterpenoid Alkaloids from Aconitum tanguticum
Authors: Wang Yu‐Bo , Huang Rong , Zhang Hong‐Bin , Li Liang
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Alkali Metals Plus Silica Gel: Powerful Reducing Agents and Convenient Hydrogen Sources.
Authors: Dye James L. , Cram Kevin D. , Urbin Stephanie A. , Redko Mikhail Y. , Jackson James E. , Lefenfeld Michael
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Aerogels from Semiconductor Nanomaterials
Authors: Eychmueller Alexander
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Preparation of Layered Double Hydroxides
Authors: Kanezaki Eiji
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fluorous Nitrogen Ligands for Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Pozzi Gianluca , Quici Silvio
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Modeling and Synthesis of Conformationally Restricted Amino Acids
Authors: Galeazzi R. , Mobbili G. , Orena M.
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Use of Carbonyl Group Addition—Elimination Reactions for Synthesis of Nucleic Acid Conjugates
Authors: Zatsepin Timofei S. , Stetsenko Dmitry A. , Gait Michael J. , Oretskaya Tatiana S.
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phosphaalkynes (Alkylidynephosphines)
Authors: Bergstraesser U.
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nitroxide‐Mediated Radical Processes
Authors: Studer Armido , Schulte Tobias
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Microwave‐Assisted Fluorous Chemistry
Authors: Olofsson Kristofer , Larhed Mats
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Development of an Antiferromagnetic Organic Superconductor ϰ‐(BETS)2FeBr4
Authors: Fujiwara Hideki , Kobayashi Hayao
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Anticancer Multidrug Resistance Mediated by MRP1: Recent Advances in the Discovery of Reversal Agents
Authors: Boumendjel Abcene , Baubichon‐Cortay Helene , Trompier Doriane , Perrotton Thomas , Di Pietro Attilio
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Optically Active Metallosalen Complexes as Catalysts for Atom‐Efficient Asymmetric Reactions
Authors: Uchida Tatsuya , Irie Ryo , Katsuki Tsutomu
Published: September 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
FairThreads: mixing cooperative and preemptive threads in C
Authors: Boussinot Frédéric
Published: September 2005

FairThreads introduces fair threads which are executed in a cooperative way when linked to a scheduler, and in a preemptive way otherwise. Constructs exist for programming the dynamic linking/unlinking of threads during execution. Users can profit from the cooperative scheduling when threads are linked. For example, data only accessed by the threads linked to the same scheduler does not need to be protected by locks. Users can also profit from the preemptive scheduling provided by the operating system (OS) when threads are unlinked, for example to deal with blocking I/Os. In the cooperative context, for the threads linked to the same scheduler, FairThreads make it possible to use broadcast events. Broadcasting is a powerful, abstract, and modular means of communication. Basically, event broadcasting is made possible by the specific way threads are scheduled by the scheduler to which they are linked (the ‘fair’ strategy). FairThreads give a way to deal with some limitations of the OS. Automata are special threads, coded as state machines, which do not need the allocation of a native thread and which have efficient execution. Automata also give a means to deal with the limited number of native threads available when large numbers of concurrent tasks are needed, for example in simulations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanisms of Direct and TiO2‐Photocatalysed UV Degradation of Phenylurea Herbicides
Authors: Canle López Moisés , Fernández M. Isabel , Rodríguez Santiago , Santaballa J. Arturo , Steenken Steen , Vulliet Emmanuelle
Published: September 2005

Phenylurea herbicides undergo low‐yield (ϕPI <15 %) monophotonic photoionisation upon 193‐nm laser flash excitation. The so‐formed radical cations (phenylurea.+) are highly acidic (−1.5<pKa<0.5) and deprotonate readily to yield the corresponding neutral radical (phenylurea.). Pulse radiolysis experiments allowed limitation of the reduction potential of phenylurea.+ within 2.22 V versus the normal hydrogen electrode (NHE)<E° (phenylurea.+/phenylurea)<2.43 V versus NHE. The main photoproducts of UVC (λ=193 nm) photodegradation of phenylureas correspond to a photo‐Fries rearrangement. One‐electron reduction with e${{{- \hfill \atop aq\hfill}}}$ yields the corresponding radical anions (phenylurea.−), for which 4.3<pKa<5.33. The rate constants for reaction with e${{{- \hfill \atop aq\hfill}}}$ show that in photocatalysis the generation of phenylurea.− and O2.− on the surface of the photocatalyst may be competitive. High reactivity toward e${{{- \hfill \atop aq\hfill}}}$ is predicted from linear free‐energy relationships (LFER) for phenylureas bearing electron‐withdrawing groups. Reaction with HO. takes place mainly via addition to the aromatic ring and/or H. abstraction from a saturated carbon atom (98 %), rather than one‐electron oxidation (2 %). High reactivity toward oxidation by HO. is predicted from LFER for phenylureas bearing electron‐donating groups. Adsorption studies for TiO2 in its polymorphic forms of rutile and anatase, as well as with the commercial mixture Degussa P‐25, show photocatalysis is independent of the specific area of the catalyst. A variety of compounds are generated during the photocatalytic degradation of Diuron, while only two hydroxychloro derivatives are observed upon prolonged direct 365 nm irradiation. The photocatalytic degradation proceeds mainly by oxidation of the Me group of the side chain, hydroxylation of the aromatic ring, and dechlorination. The photoproducts of photocatalytic degradation differ from one polymorphic form of TiO2 to another.
Design considerations for array CGH to oligonucleotide arrays
Authors: Baldocchi R. A. , Glynne R. J. , Chin K. , Kowbel D. , Collins C. , Mack D. H. , Gray J. W.
Published: September 2005

Background

Representational oligonucleotide microarray analysis has been developed for detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms and/or for genome copy number changes. In this process, the intensity of hybridization to oligonucleotides arrays is increased by hybridizing a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–amplified representation of reduced genomic complexity. However, hybridization to some oligonucleotides is not sufficiently high to allow precise analysis of that portion of the genome.

Methods

In an effort to identify aspects of oligonucleotide hybridization affecting signal intensity, we explored the importance of the PCR product strand to which each oligonucleotide is homologous and the sequence of the array oligonucleotides. We accomplished this by hybridizing multiple PCR‐amplified products to oligonucleotide arrays carrying two sense and two antisense 50‐mer oligonucleotides for each PCR amplicon.

Results

In some cases, hybridization intensity depended more strongly on the PCR amplicon strand (i.e., sense vs. antisense) than on the detection oligonucleotide sequence. In other cases, the oligonucleotide sequence seemed to dominate.

Conclusion

Oligonucleotide arrays for analysis of DNA copy number or for single nucleotide polymorphism content should be designed to carry probes to sense and antisense strands of each PCR amplicon to ensure sufficient hybridization and signal intensity. © 2005 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Whole cell segmentation in solid tissue sections
Authors: Baggett Daniel , Nakaya Masa‐aki , McAuliffe Matthew , Yamaguchi Terry P. , Lockett Stephen
Published: September 2005

Background

Understanding the cellular and molecular basis of tissue development and function requires analysis of individual cells while in their tissue context.

Methods

We developed software to find the optimum border around each cell (segmentation) from two‐dimensional microscopic images of intact tissue. Samples were labeled with a fluorescent cell surface marker so that cell borders were brighter than elsewhere. The optimum border around each cell was defined as the border with an average intensity per unit length greater that any other possible border around that cell, and was calculated using the gray‐weighted distance transform. Algorithm initiation requiring the user to mark two points per cell, one approximately in the center and the other on the border, ensured virtually 100% correct segmentation. Thereafter segmentation was automatic.

Results

The method was highly robust, because intermittent labeling of the cell borders, diffuse borders, and spurious signals away from the border do not significantly affect the optimum path. Computer‐generated cells with increasing levels of added noise showed that the approach was accurate provided the cell could be detected visually.

Conclusions

We have developed a highly robust algorithm for segmenting images of surface‐labeled cells, enabling accurate and quantitative analysis of individual cells in tissue. © 2005 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Performance characteristics of a microsphere immunoassay using recombinant HCV proteins as a confirmatory assay for the detection of antibodies to the hepatitis C virus
Authors: McHugh Thomas M.
Published: September 2005

Background

The detection of antibody to hepatitis C virus (HCV) is an important assay for the identification of individuals infected with this virus. However, the confirmation of antibody positivity remains problematic. Currently none of the screening or confirmatory assays provide quantitation of the antibodies present. A microsphere assay was designed to provide improved confirmation.

Methods

Microspheres of 3.6 μm in diameter coated with NeutraAvidin were used to capture biotinylated HCV recombinant proteins. A phycoerythrin goat anti‐human immunoglobulin G (IgG) was used to detect specific antibody captured to the microsphere. A human IgG calibrator was designed that was internal to each sample in the microsphere assay.

Results

Detection of HCV‐specific antibody using these microspheres was straightforward in most samples, with the lower detection limit set at 0.01 μg equivalents of human IgG per milliliter. In antibody‐positive samples, the HCV antibody levels ranged from 0.09 to 55 μg equivalents of IgG per milliliter. Forty‐nine of the 54 samples (91%) previously identified as having an indeterminate serologic pattern were negative in the microsphere assay.

Conclusions

The microspheres and biotinylated HCV proteins were stable for longer than 8 months when stored at 2°C to 8°C and coating of the microspheres was reproducible with an interassay coefficient of variation less than 10%. Avidin‐coated microspheres provide an easy solid support on which to design an assay provided the capture reagent being used can be biotinylated effectively. Confirmation of antibody to HCV can be performed using this assay format. © 2005 International Society for Analytical Cytology
IL‐2 production by dendritic cells is not critical for the activation of cognate and innate effectors in draining lymph nodes
Authors: Schartz Noël E. C. , Chaput Nathalie , Taieb Julien , Bonnaventure Pierre , Trébeden‐Nègre Hélène , Terme Magali , Ménard Cédric , Lebbé Céleste , Schimpl Anneliese , Ardouin Patrice , Zitvogel Laurence
Published: September 2005

Dendritic cells (DC) are unique antigen‐presenting cells capable of triggering NK cell effector functions and priming naive T cells in vivo. Microbial stimulation induces early IL‐2 production by mouse DC. Previous reports demonstrated that IL‐2 is enriched at the site of DC/T cell interaction and promotes allogeneic T cell proliferation. However, the direct role of DC‐derived IL‐2 in the differentiation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and in NK cell triggering in vivo has not been investigated. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation of mouse bone morrow‐derived DC results in early IL‐2 production unless IL‐4 is introduced in DC cultures. Here we show that IL‐2 produced by LPS‐activated DC is dispensable for cognate T cell responses since IL‐2 loss of function DC elicit OVA‐specific Tc1 effector and memory lymphocytes in draining lymph nodes in a setting where ex vivo cultured DC do not transfer antigens to host DC. Moreover, adoptively transferred IL‐2 loss of function DC maintain their capacity to trigger NK cell proliferation/recruitment in lymph nodes. Therefore, immediate inducible IL‐2 production by DC following microbial infection might play a regulatory role at ports of entry rather than in secondary lymphoid organs.
Attention to visual speech gestures enhances hemodynamic activity in the left planum temporale
Authors: Pekkola Johanna , Ojanen Ville , Autti Taina , Jääskeläinen Iiro P. , Möttönen Riikka , Sams Mikko
Published: September 2005

Observing a speaker's articulatory gestures can contribute considerably to auditory speech perception. At the level of neural events, seen articulatory gestures can modify auditory cortex responses to speech sounds and modulate auditory cortex activity also in the absence of heard speech. However, possible effects of attention on this modulation have remained unclear. To investigate the effect of attention on visual speech‐induced auditory cortex activity, we scanned 10 healthy volunteers with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at 3 T during simultaneous presentation of visual speech gestures and moving geometrical forms, with the instruction to either focus on or ignore the seen articulations. Secondary auditory cortex areas in the bilateral posterior superior temporal gyrus and planum temporale were active both when the articulatory gestures were ignored and when they were attended to. However, attention to visual speech gestures enhanced activity in the left planum temporale compared to the situation when the subjects saw identical stimuli but engaged in a nonspeech motion discrimination task. These findings suggest that attention to visually perceived speech gestures modulates auditory cortex function and that this modulation takes place at a hierarchically relatively early processing level. Hum Brain Mapp, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intensity modulation of TMS‐induced cortical excitation: Primary motor cortex
Authors: Fox Peter T. , Narayana Shalini , Tandon Nitin , Fox Sarabeth P. , Sandoval Hugo , Kochunov Peter , Capaday Charles , Lancaster Jack L.
Published: September 2005

The intensity dependence of the local and remote effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on human motor cortex was characterized using positron‐emission tomography (PET) measurements of regional blood flow (BF) and concurrent electromyographic (EMG) measurements of the motor‐evoked potential (MEP). Twelve normal volunteers were studied by applying 3 Hz TMS to the hand region of primary motor cortex (M1hand). Three stimulation intensities were used: 75%, 100%, and 125% of the motor threshold (MT). MEP amplitude increased nonlinearly with increasing stimulus intensity. The rate of rise in MEP amplitude was greater above MT than below. The hemodynamic response in M1hand was an increase in BF. Hemodynamic variables quantified for M1hand included value‐normalized counts (VNC), intensity (z‐score), and extent (mm3). All three hemodynamic response variables increased nonlinearly with stimulus intensity, closely mirroring the MEP intensity‐response function. VNC was the hemodynamic response variable which showed the most significant effect of TMS intensity. VNC correlated strongly with MEP amplitude, both within and between subjects. Remote regions showed varying patterns of intensity response, which we interpret as reflecting varying levels of neuronal excitability and/or functional coupling in the conditions studied. Hum Brain Mapp, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of human endometrial cancer cell senescence through modulation of HIF‐1α activity by EGLN1
Authors: Kato Hidenori , Inoue Takafumi , Asanoma Kazuo , Nishimura Chie , Matsuda Takao , Wake Norio
Published: September 2005

Previous observations indicate that transfer of human chromosome (chr.) 1 induces senescence of endometrial cancer cells. To identify the gene(s) responsible for the senescence, we first analyzed the structural integrity of the introduced chr. 1 in immortal revertant from chr.1‐transferred HHUA cells. The data demonstrated a correlation between nonrandom deletions within the 1q31‐qter region and reversion to immortality. Next, by using a panel of 12 microsatellite markers, we found high frequencies of loss of heterozygosity in the particular 1q region (1q41‐42), in surgically removed samples. Then, we screened the genetic mutation of the genes involved in this region, with endometrial cancer panel. Among them, EGLN1, that is a member of prolyl hydroxylase and can facilitate HIF‐1 degradation by ubiquitination through the hydroxylation of HIF‐1, was mutated at significantly higher frequencies (12/20, 60%). Introduction of wild‐type EGLN1 into endometrial cancer cell lines (HHUA, Ishikawa and HWCA), that carry EGLN1 gene mutations induced senescence. This was invoked through the negative regulation of HIF‐1 expression. In addition, alternative way of negative regulation of HIF‐1 by Factor inhibiting HIF‐1(FIH), SiRNA against HIF‐1, and HIF‐1 inhibitor, YC‐1, could also induce senescence. Thus, EGLN1 can be considered as a candidate tumor suppressor on chr. 1q, and our observation could open the new aspect in exploring the machinery of senescence induction associated with HIF‐1 signal transduction. These results also suggested the availability of negative regulation of HIF‐1 signals for uterine cancer treatment, especially for uterine sarcomas that have worse prognosis and show a high frequency of EGLN1 gene abnormality. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bioactive and mechanically strong Bioglass®‐poly(D,L‐lactic acid) composite coatings on surgical sutures
Authors: Chen Q. Z. , Blaker J. J. , Boccaccini A. R.
Published: September 2005

New coating processes have been investigated for degradable (Vicryl®) and nondegradable (Mersilk®) sutures with the aim to develop Bioglass® coated polymer fibers for wound healing and tissue engineering scaffold applications. First, the aqueous phase of a Bioglass® particle slurry was replaced with a poly(D,L‐lactic acid) (PDLLA) polymer dissolved in solvent dimethyle carbonate (DMC) to act as third phase. SEM observations indicated that this alteration significantly improved the homogeneity of the coatings. Second, a new coating strategy involving two steps was developed: the sutures were first coated with a Bioglass®–PDLLA composite film followed by a second PDLLA coating. This two‐step process of coating has addressed the problem of poor adherence of Bioglass® particles on suture surfaces. The coated sutures were knotted to determine qualitatively the mechanical integrity of the coatings. The results indicated that adhesion strength of coatings obtained by the two‐step method was remarkably enhanced. A comparative assessment of the bioactivity of one‐step and two‐step produced coatings was carried out in vitro using acellular simulated body fluid (SBF) for up to 28 days. Coatings produced by the two‐step process were found to have similar bioactivity as the one‐step produced coatings. The novel Bioglass®/PDLLA/Vicryl® and Bioglass®/PDLLA/Mersilk® composite sutures are promising bioactive materials for wound healing and tissue engineering applications. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Treatment of clients coping with infidelity: An introduction
Authors: Snyder Douglas K.
Published: September 2005

Intimate emotional and sexual relationships outside of marriage or a committed relationship occur with high frequency in both community and, particularly, clinical populations. Clinicians are likely to confront infidelity not only among couples they treat, but also among individuals struggling with their own or their partner's affair and among children contending with consequences of a parent's infidelity. This introduction highlights special concerns related to treating individuals, couples, or families dealing with infidelity addressed in this issue of Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session. The articles comprising this issue advance explicit guidelines and practice recommendations for assessment, intervention, and ethical conduct. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 61: 1367–1370, 2005.
The multidimensional and developmental nature of infidelity: Practical applications
Authors: Allen Elizabeth S. , Atkins David C.
Published: September 2005

When a partner has been unfaithful, an important therapeutic task is to assess factors that contributed to the affair and that may affect the individual's and couple's healing. This article provides a framework to assess multiple factors and their influence on an affair over time, as well as on responses to an affair. We address factors related to the person involved in an affair, his or her partner, their relationship, and the external context. These factors are considered across six phases of an affair: predisposition, approach, initial involvement, maintenance, disclosure or discovery, and response. A case study is presented to illustrate the usefulness of the framework in working with couples in which there has been an affair. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 61: 1371–1382, 2005.
Assessing relationship betrayals
Authors: Whisman Mark A. , Wagers Tina Pittman
Published: September 2005

Relationship betrayals, such as sexual and emotional infidelity, are commonly encountered in the practice of psychotherapy, yet clinicians often report difficulties in assessing and treating them. In this article we offer suggestions for assessing relationship betrayals. We address the definition of relationship betrayals, methods of assessing relationship betrayals, when and whom to assess, confidentiality, and assessing related clinical concerns. We illustrate with case vignettes the assessment and treatment of betrayals in close relationships. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol/In Session 61: 1383–1391, 2005.
Mixture model approach to tumor classification based on pharmacokinetic measures of tumor permeability
Authors: Spilker Mary E. , Seng Kok‐Yong , Yao Amy A. , Daldrup‐Link Heike E. , Shames David M. , Brasch Robert C. , Vicini Paolo
Published: September 2005

Purpose

To categorize the disease severity of mammary tumors in an animal model through the application of a novel tumor permeability mixture model within a hierarchical modeling framework.

Materials and Methods

Thirty‐six rats with mammary tumors of varying grade were imaged via dynamic contrast‐enhanced (CE) MRI using albumin‐(Gd‐DTPA)30. Time‐dependent contrast agent concentration curves for blood and tumor tissue were obtained and a mathematical model of microvascular blood–tissue exchange was developed under the hypothesis that endothelial integrity is disrupted in a manner proportional to the degree of malignancy, with benign tumors showing no disruption of the vasculature endothelium. This permeability model was incorporated into a statistical model for the benign and malignant tumor subgroups that enabled automatic subject classification. The structural and statistical models were implemented using the software Nonlinear Mixed Effects Modeling (NONMEM) to statistically separate subjects into the two subgroups.

Results

Individual tumor classifications (as benign or malignant) were evaluated against the Scarff‐Bloom‐Richardson microscopic scoring method as applied to the tumor histology of each subject. The model‐based classification resulted in 90.9% sensitivity, 92.9% specificity, and 91.7% accuracy.

Conclusion

Mixture model analysis provides a robust method for subject classification without user intervention and bias. Although the present results are promising, additional research is needed to further evaluate this technique for diagnostic purposes. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The integrating and disciplining tendencies of ERPs: evidence from Australian organizations
Authors: Hall Richard
Published: September 2005

There is relatively little research on the impact of Enterprise Resource Planning systems (ERPs) on the organization of work.

This paper uses evidence drawn from five case studies to examine the impact of ERPs on the way that organizations are structured, the content of jobs, the distribution of control and authority throughout the organization and the types of skills needed by organizations.

Evidence from the case studies suggests that the standardization of business processes associated with ERPs helps produce considerable changes in work organization, which have both disciplining and integrating tendencies.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Necessary but not sufficient: ERPs and strategic HRM
Authors: Dery Kristine , Wailes Nick
Published: September 2005

Many vendors claim that ERPs can allow organizations to unlock the strategic potential for important functional areas of their business.

This paper assesses this claim in relation to the HR function and uses case study evidence to examine whether the introduction of ERPs is necessary for HR to become more strategic in its orientation.

The case studies reveal that while ERPs may be necessary they are not sufficient in allowing HR to play a more strategic role. Furthermore, the case study evidence suggests that the active engagement of HR in the introduction and ongoing functioning of an ERP is important in organizations realizing some of the wider benefits associated with these systems.

Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of N‐ and O‐glycopeptides of recombinant human erythropoietins as potential biomarkers for doping analysis by means of microscale sample purification combined with MALDI‐TOF and quadrupole IT/RTOF mass spectrometry
Authors: Stübiger Gerald , Marchetti Martina , Nagano Marietta , Grimm Rudolf , Gmeiner Günter , Reichel Christian , Allmaier Günter
Published: September 2005

The structural characterization of the O‐ and N‐glycan structures of three different commercially available recombinant human erythropoietins (rhEPOs) is represented by means of a microscale sample purification using ZipTip® technology and MALDI‐TOF and MALDI low‐energy CID MS. Glycopeptides were released from rhEPO samples by a differential endoproteolytic digestion to obtain site‐specific glycosylation patterns. Mass accuracies in the range of ± 0.04% obtained by the high‐resolution TOF instrument allowed an unambiguous assignment of N‐glycan structures via glycan database software. Furthermore, the O‐glycan structures were directly analyzed on the glycopeptide level by MS/MS experiments. Principally, site‐specific glycosylation was found to be very similar for the three different rhEPOs (EPO‐α, EPO‐β, and novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein (NESP)) but exhibiting quantitative differences in distinct O‐ and N‐glycan moieties. Significant differences were found in the degree of sialylation and acetylation. Especially, a considerable degree of variation of the O‐acetylation of sialic acid residues could be realized on the glycan structures of O‐ and N‐glycopeptides, whereas EPO‐α and EPO‐β could be clearly differentiated from NESP solely on the O‐glycopeptide level.
Automation of solid‐phase microextraction
Authors: O'Reilly John , Wang Qing , Setkova Lucie , Hutchinson Joseph P. , Chen Yong , Lord Heather L. , Linton Christopher M. , Pawliszyn Janusz
Published: September 2005

This review discusses developments and future challenges in the automation of solid‐phase microextraction (SPME). The emphasis of the review is placed on automated SPME‐GC using fibre and in‐tube configurations, and includes discussion of recent developments that may have significant implications for automation such as superelastic fibre assemblies and internally cooled fibre‐SPME. Existing methods used for automated SPME‐LC are summarised together with a more detailed overview of recent developments such as using solvent desorption followed by syringe injection using a robotic system. Progress towards automation of other SPME configurations is also discussed.
Synthesis of Thermosensitive PNIPAM‐co‐MBAA Nanotubes by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization within a Porous Membrane
Authors: Cui Yue , Tao Cheng , Zheng Suping , He Qiang , Ai Sufen , Li Junbai
Published: September 2005

Summary: Thermosensitive polymer nanotubes can be fabricated within an aminopropylsilane‐modified porous anodic aluminum oxide membrane by surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) followed by template removal. DSC experiments prove that the synthesized PNIPAM‐co‐MBAA copolymer nanotubes have a reversible thermosensitive behavior. The temperature‐induced changes in dimension and shape of the nanotubes were studied by AFM in real time in an aqueous environment. It indicates that the nanotubes undergo a shape alteration from an “ellipse” to “circular” shape in water upon heating to LCST or above.

DSC curves of PNIPAM‐co‐MBAA nanotubes.

magnified image

DSC curves of PNIPAM‐co‐MBAA nanotubes.