bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Hemolytic Antibody-Antigen Combination
Authors: Cromwell H. W.
Published: January 2023

Red cells, when treated with their specific immune serum, take up amounts of sensitizer which vary with the concentration of the sensitizer in the surrounding medium. Although from very low concentrations, all is not absorbed, as much as 2000 units or more may be taken up by one unit of cells, provided the concentration of the antibodies is sufficiently high. The logarithmic plots of some of the tests approach a straight line very closely, while many deviate considerably from the straight line. The amount of deviation of the curve is proportional to the amount of deviation of the tests from the physical law proposed by Arrhenius, which is expressed by the equation, B = KCn. The amount of absorption varies also with the serum used. Some given practically complete extraction from as much as 200 units per cubic centimeter while with other sera, all is not absorbed from concentrations of antibodies as low as 50 units per cubic centimeter. The combination of the red cell and its antibody is extremely rapid. In every case, fifteen minutes were found to be sufficient time for equilibrium to be established. With the majority of sera the extraction of sensitizer by the cells was found to be greatest at a temperature of about 37°C. Some sera, however, gave more complete absorption at 15° to 25°C. than at any other temperature. Neither the quantitative fluctuations of the serum proteins nor the titer of the serum was found to have any constant relation to the variations in the absorption. Cells, sensitized with a serum which gave a low absorption, were more resistant to further sensitization than cells, sensitized with a much larger number of units from a serum which gave a high absorption. This indicates that the substance in the serum, that inhibits the absorption, is really absorbed by the cell along with the antibodies. In every case tested, the extraction of the antibodies was greatest from serum drawn early in the period of immunity, regardless of the titer. The greatest drop in the absorption was found to be coincident with the most rapid drop in the titer. The accumulated evidence is forcibly suggestive that the great variations in absorption are due to the presence of the deterioration products of the antibodies, i.e., the antibodies which have lost their sensitizing power but still retain their affinity for the antigen. The writer's thanks are due Dr. R. R. Hyde, under whose direction the work has been carried forward.
Studies with Shigella Dysenteriae (Shiga)
Authors: Branham Sara E. , Dack Gail M. , Riggs Donald B.
Published: January 2023

Shiga toxin, when given parenterally, is a potent and fatal poison for monkeys, but is completely innocuous when in contact with the normal intestinal mucosa.

An attempt was made to produce clinical symptoms of bacillary dysentery in 4 Macaca mulatta monkeys by introducing Shigella dysenteriae (Shiga) toxin into an isolated portion of the intestine devoid of gastric juice, bile and pancreatic juice, and under conditions where the introduced toxin was not removed by peristalsis or leakage. In one experiment the isolated bowel treated with lysozyme was injected with living cultures of S. dysenteriae (Shiga).

No symptoms of illness occurred in any of the monkeys but antitoxin and precipitins to Shiga toxin developed in the serum of monkeys following the introduction of toxin into the pouches, and protected them against otherwise fatal parenteral injections of toxin.

Toxin could not be demonstrated in pouch washings on the day following its injection into the pouches. Experiments with similar pouches, excised and suspended in a saline bath, indicated that detoxification takes place in the pouch before absorption. There was some evidence that it might be excreted in nontoxic form in the feces.

The aerobic Gram-negative flora of the pouches is reported.

Although this study has not elucidated the role of the neurotoxin in Shiga infections, some interesting observations concerning the toxin have been brought to light.
A Study of the Relation of Antibiotics, Vitamins and Hormones to Immunity to Infection
Authors: Terzian Levon A. , Stahler N. , Miller Helma
Published: January 2023

It has been demonstrated that certain antibiotics, vitamins, and mammalian and plant hormones, administered in the host diet in adequate concentrations, can markedly influence the innate immunity of a host to a parasite. Thus, in Aedes aegypti the antibiotics penicillin, chloromycetin, and tyrothricin, the vitamin ascorbic acid, the mammalian hormones insulin and thyroxin, and the plant hormones indole-3-acetic acid, and β-naphthaoxyacetic acid, all increase host susceptibility to infection with Plasmodium gallinaceum. On the other hand, terramycin, thiamin, niacin, calcium pantothenate, biotin, and ACTH, all increase host resistance to this parasite. It has been demonstrated that drug concentration is so critical a factor in determining the qualitative effect of a compound that in certain cases a compound producing an increase in host resistance at one particular drug level will, within the same host, qualitatively reverse its effect at another level and produce instead an increase in host susceptibility to the same parasite. Thus, pyridoxine hydrochloride increases the resistance of A. aegypti to infection with P. gallinaceum, when administered in comparatively low concentrations, but reverses its effect and increases host susceptibility when administered in high concentrations, while inositol increases host susceptibility in lower concentrations and then increases host resistance when administered in higher concentrations. Finally, these results suggest that the innate immunity of a host to a particular parasite is a result of a summation of the interrelations, or of the reciprocal activities, of more than one system rather than the resultant of a single effective factor.
Standardization of Cobra (Naja Flava) Venom Using the Graded Response Method
Authors: Christensen P. Agerholm , Finney D. J.
Published: January 2023

The relationship between dosage of Naja flava venom and death-time of mice has been examined from experiments using intravenous injection. The observations were found to be well represented by the equation .

From this formula, a function of death-time can be constructed that has a linear regression on the logarithm of the dose over a wide range of doses, the function being . The logarithm of the time also is linearly related to the log dose over very nearly the same dose range. For both these response metameters, and over the same range of doses, the variance was found to be almost independent of the mean.

Hence the potency of a preparation of venom may be assayed against a standard, using either f(T) or log T as a response metameter, in a parallel line assay of familiar type. The function f(T) has the advantage of giving a linear regression over a slightly greater range of doses, but redetermination of the numerical values of its parameters should precede its use in any other laboratory. At the South African Institute for Medical Research, assays of the (2 + 2) dose design have been found satisfactory; five trial assays reported in this paper used five animals at each of the four doses and gave limits of error of ±20% or less for a probability of 0.95.
In Vitro Action of Sulfur Mustard and Chloroethylamine Derivatives upon Antigenicity of Influenza A (PR8) Virus
Authors: Fong Jacob , Bernal Enrique
Published: January 2023

Immunization of mice with mustard-treated vaccines evoked the production of antibodies as demonstrated in vivo by their acquired resistance to intranasal administrations of active virus, by the in vitro neutralization of the infective and toxic components of virus and by the fixation of complement in the presence of specific antigen. There were no marked differences between the antigenicity of sulfur and cyclo mustardtreated virus, but these were definitely inferior to the immunizing quality of native virus, a condition particularly noticeable upon reduction of the viral concentration of the vaccines. The injection of mustard-virus suspensions into mice failed to cause any suppression of antibody production by the host.
Antibody Formation in Vitro by Haemopoietic Organs after Subcutaneous and Intravenous Immunization
Authors: Thorbecke G. J. , Keuning F. J.
Published: January 2023

Fragments of spleen, bone marrow, liver, thymus and lymph nodes of rabbits immunized with paratyphoid B vaccine were cultivated in roller tubes for 24 hours.

Antibody production was demonstrated in the red and white pulp of the spleen, and in the bone marrow and lymph nodes, but in cultures of thymus and liver no antibody production was found.

With the technique used, the red pulp of the spleen was found to play the major part in antibody formation, both after subcutaneous and after intravenous immunization.
The Effect of Complement in Rabbit Serum on the Quantitative Precipitin Reaction. I.
Authors: Maurer Paul H. , Talmage David W.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Normal rabbit serum and low titered antisera contain appreciable quantities of complement nitrogen even after 3 to 5 months of storage at 0 C. Significant differences in both the total nitrogen precipitated from antisera with low concentrations of antibody and the antibody N/antigen N ratios before and after decomplementation of the antisera have been demonstrated. The differences in immunochemical behavior of antisera diluted in normal rabbit serum and in 0.85% saline are markedly reduced after decomplementation of the diluting serum.
Cutaneous Hypersensitivity in Brucellosis
Authors: Benedict Albert A. , Elberg Sanford S.
Published: January 2023

By the use of chromatography and differential solubility in butanol two brucella fractions were separated from the antigen soluble in Lorol, namely, fraction A which represented the skin test antigen and fraction B which was inactive as a skin test antigen. Acid hydrolysis yielded the same 11 ninhydrin-reactive components from both fractions. Antiserum to Br. suis precipitated fraction B according to chromatographic data and bioassay. The supernate from the precipitin tests contained the allergen. In terms of the amount of nitrogen needed for skin tests on experimentally infected animals, fraction A was nonantigenic when injected into rabbits intravenously whereas fraction B readily stimulated the production of agglutinins.
Serological Studies with Vibrio Metschnikovii
Authors: Wynne E. Staten , Gott Cora L. , Mehl Donald A. , Norman James O.
Published: January 2023

Growth agglutination has been used as a quantitative serological phenomenon for measurement of response of humans to Vibrio metschnikovii.

V. metschnikovii is postulated to contain an antigen consisting of a haptene and a heat-labile protein moiety. Saline and growth agglutinins are thought to be directed toward the haptene, while antibodies in the Coombs' anti-globulin test appear to be directed toward the protein portion. The haptene is apparently easily separated from the cell by heat.
Quantitative Studies of Cross Reactions between Shigella Flexneri Types 1a, 1b, and 3
Authors: Formal Samuel B. , Baker Edgar E.
Published: January 2023

By means of the quantitative agglutination technic, antibodies against the type-specific antigens in antisera prepared with Shigella flexneri Types 1a, 1b, and 3 have been determined. It has been demonstrated that, with the exception of group-specific 6 antibody present in Sh. flexneri Types 1b and 3 antisera, the minor group antibodies represent only a very small fraction of the total antibody present in the serum.
Some Effects of Formalin on the Serological Activity of Crustacean and Mammalian Sera
Authors: Leone Charles A.
Published: January 2023

With antisera produced against the native sera of the blue crab Callinectis sapidus and the domestic cow Bos taurus, the influence of formalin (0.2 to 10%) on the serological activity was studied. Alteration of the serological characteristics of the antigens by formalin was a function of its concentration in the systems.
Relation of the Incubation Period and the Secondary Immune Response to Lasting Immunity to Infectious Diseases
Authors: Macleod Colin M.
Published: January 2023

Lasting immunity has in general been considered to be characteristic especially of certain viral diseases. To explain the persistence of immunity, which is in reality a very common phenomenon, commoner indeed than immunity which is merely temporary, it has been suggested that in some diseases the virus persists in the body and acts as a permanent antigenic stimulus, whereas in other diseases, immunity is maintained throughout life by repeated subclinical attacks of the disease.

Persistence of viruses in the recovered animal and in man is recognized in a number of diseases such as salivary gland disease of guinea pigs, psittacosis in birds, lymphocytic choriomeningitis in mice, infectious anemia of horses and herpes simplex in man. In diseases where antibodies persist long after recovery and where there is no possibility of renewed contact with the agent, it has been suggested that the virus persists in the body even though it cannot be recognized.
Bio-Assay of Four Tetanus Toxoids (Aluminum Precipitated) in Mice, Guinea Pigs and Humans
Authors: Ipsen Johannes
Published: January 2023

A series of experiments are presented where the validity of an adequate bioassay of tetanus toxoids was tested by comparing the immunizing potency of the same four aluminum precipitated tetanus toxoids in mice, guinea pigs and humans.

The mouse test was carried out in six laboratories using the same material and method. A three dose assay was performed challenging the animals with toxin fourteen days after immunization. Results obtained in all six laboratories agreed within the intra-assay error. One hundred and twenty-eight young adults who had not previously received tetanus toxoid were subdivided in eight groups of sixteen. Each group received either one of the four toxoids, in either of two doses. Antitoxin titres after 28 days were compared, with analysis of the four two-dose regression lines. The same number of guinea pigs received the identical treatments as the humans. Pools of serum for subgroups of eight were titrated for antitoxin. The relative potencies of the four toxoids to produce primary immunity in the three animal species agreed within the experimental error. In the guinea pigs and humans the response fourteen days after a second injection was also observed, and the relative potencies of the four toxoids to provoke the secondary reaction were comparable to those computed on the basis of primary stimulus. The assays based on secondary reaction are less precise than assays based on primary stimulus. The precision of assays based on primary immunity reaction is the same per individual whether mice, men or guinea pigs are used. Hence, the mouse assay is by far the least expensive.
The Effect of the Presence of Complement in Rabbit Serum on the Quantitative Precipitin Reaction
Authors: Maurer Paul H. , Talmage David W.
Published: January 2023

The effect of the presence of complement in normal rabbit sera on both the antigen and antibody precipitation behavior in the region of antigen excess has been shown. It has been postulated that rabbit complement causes some of the soluble antigen-antibody complexes to become insoluble, thus shifting the equilibria existing in the region of antigen excess. Only 60% of the complement nitrogen was removed by 100 μgN of an Ea-anti Ea specific precipitate per ml of serum. The precipitin curves obtained in the presence of 0.85% saline and 5% serum albumin are similar. The degree of iodination of gamma globulin molecules and antibody molecules (anti BSA) is fairly similar.
The Effect of Cortisone on Local Antibody Formation
Authors: Hayes Sheldon P.
Published: January 2023

Cortisone acetate (Merck) mixed with bacterial antigens delayed local antibody formation in loose connective tissue of Swiss mice. Inhibition of appearance of cellular agglutinins was believed to be related to the anti-phagocytic action of this steroid hormone.
Effects of X-Irradiation and Adrenalectomy on Phagocytic Activity
Authors: Esplin Don W. , Marcus Stanley , Donaldson David M.
Published: January 2023

Following intravenous injection of Thorotrast into normal mice about 50% of the ThO2 is taken up by the liver and 17% by the spleen. While the liver is about 10 times as large as the spleen and shows a greater total uptake of ThO2, the ThO2 uptake of splenic tissue per unit dry weight is almost 4 times that of hepatic tissue. The splenic uptake of ThO2 in mice is linearly related to the amount of Thorotrast injected for doses up to 0.15 ml per mouse. With this dose each spleen contains about 6 mg of ThO2 which makes up 15% of the dry weight of the organ. With doses above 0.15 ml the phagocytic cells of the spleen tend to become saturated, while with smaller doses the ability of the cells to take up additional ThO2 does not appear to be influenced by the ThO2 already ingested. X-irradiation (350 r) caused a great reduction in splenic weight but did not influence the 72 hour splenic or hepatic uptake of ThO2 in mice. Doses from 100 r to 600 r were also without effect on the splenic uptake of ThO2. After intraperitoneal injection with Micrococcus pyogenes var. aureus, leukocytes from the peritoneal cavities of irradiated mice (350 r) contained more bacteria than leukocytes from normal animals. Adrenalectomy caused a reduction in the phagocytic activity of mouse leukocytes which was marked at two days after adrenalectomy. By the sixth day after adrenalectomy however, the control and adrenalectomized groups were not significantly different in this respect. No change in splenic or hepatic uptake of ThO2 was noted to follow adrenalectomy in mice. In rats, however, adrenalectomy caused a threefold reduction in the 24 hour splenic uptake of ThO2.
Bovine Erythrocyte Antigens
Authors: Royal George C. , Ferguson L. C. , Sutton T. S.
Published: January 2023

The observations reported in the present study indicate that a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide can be isolated from bovine erythrocytes which is capable of reacting specifically with several of the typing sera for bovine cellular antigens. The antigens extracted are non-antigenic in rabbits and are best demonstrated by means of inhibition tests.
The Persistence of Antigen in the Mouse
Authors: Erickson John O. , Armen Dorothy M. , Libby Raymond L.
Published: January 2023

The persistence of a single intravenous injection of TMV in the mouse has been investigated by two independent methods which are free of many ambiguities.

P32 labeled TMV has been isolated from liver extracts 9 days after intravenous injection by means of specific precipitation with rabbit antiserum to TMV.

Direct observation of liver extracts in the electron microscope has revealed the presence of particles strikingly similar in size and shape to TMV through 15 days after intravenous injection.

It is evident that the mouse cannot rapidly dispose of a 2 mg intravenous dose of TMV.

These results suggest that the presence of antigen is a prerequisite for antibody formation.
Production of Influenza A Virus in the Cells of the Allantois
Authors: Cairns H. J. F. , Mason P. J.
Published: January 2023

The first cycle of influenza virus multiplication in the allantois may broadly be divided into three phases—the uptake of inoculated virus by the cells, the multiplication of this virus within the cells, and finally the liberation of newly-formed virus into the allantoic fluid. During much of the period of intracellular multiplication, little if any of the multiplying virus can be detected in the cells (1, 2), and the first sign that multiplication has occurred is the re-appearance of virus in suspensions of the allantoic membrane (3, 4). Some time later, virus can be detected in the allantoic fluid.

If virus becomes detectable while still inside the cell, then this interval, between formation of detectable virus in the membrane and release of virus into the fluid, must comprise both the time required for detectable virus, once formed, to emerge on to the cell surface (the pre-emergence period) and the time required for emerged virus to elute from the cell surface into the fluid (the pre-elution period).
Inhibition by Lecithin and Cholesterol of Bacterial (Escherichia Coli) Hemagglutination and Hemolysis
Authors: Neter Erwin , Zalewski N. Joyce , Zak Dorothy A.
Published: January 2023

The effects of lecithin and cholesterol on Escherichia coli O26 hemagglutination and hemolysis were studied and the following results obtained.

Both crude and purified lecithin preparations, after contact with the bacterial antigen, inhibited E. coli hemagglutination. As little as 0.5 mg (0.1 mg per ml) of the purified preparation E prevented this reaction completely. This preparation also inhibited E. coli hemolysis. Cholesterol in amount of 0.05 mg, after contact with the bacterial antigen, inhibited E. coli hemagglutination and 0.5 mg prevented hemolysis. The inhibitory effect of both lecithin and cholesterol depends, aside from their concentration, upon the amount of bacterial antigen used, the length of time of contact between inhibitor and antigen and the temperature at which the mixtures were kept. Purified lecithin preparation E and cholesterol, when allowed to act on red blood cells, did not inhibit hemagglutination, indicating that their major effect is upon the antigen. Red blood cells treated with inhibitor-antigen mixtures failed to adsorb homologous bacterial antibodies of human origin, as evidenced by failure to be agglutinated by anti-human globulin (rabbit) antiserum; the latter serum caused agglutination of erythrocytes which had been modified by antigen alone and then treated with the same bacterial antiserum. Cholesterol-antigen mixture was precipitated at least as well as the untreated antigen by homologous E. coli antiserum and lecithin-antigen mixtures but slightly less than the control antigen, indicating that the inhibitory effects of the lipids on E. coli hemagglutination is not due to destruction of the bacterial antigen. The phenomena of bacterial (Escherichia coli) hemagglutination and hemolysis and their inhibition by lecithin and cholesterol are discussed.
Influenza Virus in Allantoic Sac Tissue Culture
Authors: Womack C. Ray , Kass Edward H. , Kendrick Mary I. , Lundgren Marguerite M.
Published: January 2023

The use of allantoic sacs in suspended cell tissue cultures for the growth of influenza viruses has been investigated. Influenza A and B viruses grow readily in such cultures, with either Hanks-Simms' solution or Tyrode's solution as diluents. In the presence of the former solution, viral titers (influenza A) in tissue cultures reach a maximum slightly more slowly and decline more slowly than in Tyrode's solution.

Step-wise curves of multiplication of virus are readily demonstrable without recourse to dilution or interference techniques. A complete cycle of multiplication of influenza A virus in this system requires approximately 18 hours, and increases the titer about 100-fold. Frequent changes of the nutrient fluid and the addition of embryo extracts do not increase the capacity of the tissue to support viral growth. The titer of hemagglutinin in such cultures is affected by the amount of tissue in the cultures and by the size of the inoculum.

Quantitative study of the pentose and desozy-pentose nucleic acids of the cultures showed a progressive decrease in the former during the incubation of a tissue culture and insignificant alterations in the latter. Viral growth in such cultures may have increased the rate of decline of PNA more rapidly than in uninfected cultures, but had no consistent effect on DNA. Tyrode's and Hanks-Simms' solutions exerted similar effects on nucleic acid concentrations.

The incorporation of radioactive phosphorus into nucleic acids of both types by the tissue cultures was rapid. There were no consistent effects on the pattern of uptake of phosphate by the tissue cultures as a consequence of viral multiplication in the cultures. The data indicate that multiplication of tissue cells was not prominent in these cultures, and that a net degradative effect predominated. Uptake of radioactive phosphorus offers a more reliable indication of sufficient viability of tissue cells to support viral growth in suspended cell cultures than do increases in nucleic acid concentration.

In the presence of cortisone, both infected and uninfected cultures were characterized by the appearance of numerous cystic blebs of tissue, arising from the culture fragments of allantoic sac. Such outpouchings were less common in control cultures. No consistent effect of cortisone on the concentrations of pentose nucleic acid (PNA) or of desoxypentose nucleic acid (DNA) in the cultured tissues was demonstrable. The rate of incorporation of radioactive phosphate into PNA was slightly accelerated both in infected and uninfected cultures, but incorporation of phosphate into DNA was not significantly altered by the hormone. Cortisone did not affect viral multiplication significantly.
A Capillary Agglutination Test for Bovine Q Fever
Authors: Luoto Lauri
Published: January 2023

A capillary agglutination test, employing a stained antigen of Coxiella burnetii, for use in detecting the presence of antibody against Q fever in bovine serums is described. An evaluation of the new test was accomplished by comparison of the results obtained with the complement-fixation test on a large number of serums. Nonspecific reactions did not commonly occur. The sensitivity of the capillary agglutination test appears to be greater than that of the complement-fixation test. A high degree of reproducibility for both screening and titration purposes is an outstanding characteristic. The technique makes possible a very simple, economical, and rapid test that is adaptable to work in the field or in the laboratory.
The Requirement for a Hydrazine-Sensitive Serum Factor and Heat-Labile Serum Factors in the Inactivation of Human C′3 by Zymosan
Authors: Pillemer Louis , Lepow I. H. , Blum Livia
Published: January 2023

Heat-labile factors, resembling C′1 and C′2, and a hydrazine-sensitive factor resembling C′4 are required for the inactivation of C′3 by zymosan.

Certain similarities exist between the interaction of C′ with zymosan and with sensitized and unsensitized red cells and bacteria.
Quantitative Method of Titrating Anti-Platelet Serum in Vitro
Authors: Cruz W. O.
Published: January 2023

A method for testing the potency of anti-platelet serum, by determining its ability to lyse platelets in the presence of complement in vitro, is described. Details concerning the dynamics of platelet lysis, the effects of interfering substances, and the conditions required for performing the test correctly are given.

The error of the method is about 8%. Several determinations per hour can be made, in contrast with methods in the literature which are difficult to read and are time consuming. A definition of a platelet lytic unit is presented, based on the time required for a certain amount of lysis as measured by turbidimetry in a photoelectric apparatus.
Biological Properties and Variations of Reactions of the Encephalitogenic Agent in Nervous Tissues
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Lee Johanna M.
Published: January 2023

The tests reported here relate to the disclosure not only of additional stocks of mice that were found to be resistant to the development of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, such as the Webster BRVR and BRVS stocks, but also to other stocks that were partially susceptible, namely the Webster BSVR and C3H mice, and to still another breed, the Webster BSVS that was fully susceptible.

Of the proteolipide “A + B” fraction of mouse or cattle CNS tissues, the “A” moiety was active and the “B” inactive after their inoculation into mice and guinea pigs. The bovine proteolipide “C” component was found to be inactive in these animals.

Effective production of encephalomyelitis in the mouse followed only when a Freund-type adjuvant was mixed with central nervous system tissue materials and injected as a mixture.

In mice that have responded with development of encephalomyelitis and then remitted to a quiescent state, the injection into them of mouse brain alone brought out an immediate reaction of hypersensitivity.

A discussion is included on the variations occurring in experimental reactions to the materials, methods, and animals employed for the production of the encephalomyelitis, and the relation of hypersensitivity to its development.
Some Properties of Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Munk Klaus , Ackermann W. Wilbur , Kurtz Hilda
Published: January 2023

A procedure has been described for the preparation of suspensions of herpes virus which are relatively pure and sufficiently stable to be quite suitable for certain types of experimentation. A 100-fold concentration of the original virus has been achieved along with a 30-fold purification. A high percentage of recovery was obtained and some preparations contained 109 ID50 per mg of nitrogen.

In ionic media the maintenance of activity was favored by alkaline conditions. However, the virus was far more stable in water or 0.25 M sucrose than in ionic media.

Suspensions in water were examined with the analytical centrifuge and the electron microscope. A sedimentation constant of 1175 S was obtained from which the particle size was estimated to be 96 mμ. In electron micrographs prepared from these suspensions a predominating particle was found which was round in shape and about 116 mμ in diameter. In unshadowed preparations the particles appeared inhomogeneous with regard to electron adsorption indicating the virus is composed of a central structure surrounded by an area of lower density.
Studies on Chick-Embryo-Adapted Rabies Virus
Authors: Koprowski Hilary , Black Jack
Published: January 2023

Results of protective antirabic treatment of dogs and guinea-pigs indicate that homologous antiserum administered 24 hours after exposure to street virus exercises a definite preventive effect. Still better results are obtained when administration of antiserum is followed by injection of living Flury virus. These findings are discussed in relation to serological evidence of immunity.
Studies on Chick-Embryo-Adapted-Rabies Virus
Authors: Koprowski Hilary , Black Jack , Nelsen Doris J.
Published: January 2023

After prolonged cultivation in the developing chick embryo the Flury strain of rabies virus lost its pathogenic properties for mice 14 days of age or older when injected intracerebrally. Suckling mice still remained fully susceptible. Dogs and rabbits were fully resistant to intracerebral inoculation of the virus, whereas rhesus monkeys were found to be almost as susceptible as baby mice.

Results of titrations of the virus in hamsters and guinea-pigs indicated the virus preparation was not homogeneous. Experiments are described in which different segments of the viral population were separated and analyzed. The existence of different forms of virus in different stages of adaptation is discussed.
Studies on the Transfer of Lymph Node Cells
Authors: Harris Susanna , Harris T. N. , Farber Miriam B.
Published: January 2023

Following the injection of dysentery bacilli, and other antigens, into the hind foot pad of rabbits, the popliteal (regional) lymph nodes were excised. The lymph node cells were teased free, washed and sedimented by centrifugation. These cells were then injected intravenously into normal rabbits. Antibody to the antigen injected into the donor animals appeared in the sera of the recipients on the first day after transfer, rose in titer on the second and third day and began to decline on the fifth or seventh day, being no longer measurable by the twenty-third to fortieth day.

When the cells were frozen and thawed three times in a dry-ice-alcohol bath, lysed with distilled water, heated at 52°C for 20 minutes, or incubated at 37°C for 24 hours, they were no longer capable of giving rise to the appearance of antibody when transferred to recipients. Following these treatments the cells were found to take up trypan blue dye in vitro, indicating they were injured or no longer viable. Similar treatments were found not to affect the antibody titer of a hyperimmune anti-Shigella serum nor the antigenicity of dysentery bacilli.

Storage of teased lymph node cells at 4°C for 24 hours, or repeated washing of such cells, did not inactivate the transfer effect, but was found to reduce it in proportion to the number of the cells lost or injured by such treatment, injury being judged by the uptake of trypan blue dye.

Possible explanations for the transfer effect are discussed above. It was considered unlikely that either transfer of pre-formed antibody contained within the cells or transfer of antigen which would cause active immunization could account for all the antibody found in the recipients' sera. Among other possible explanations the hypothesis was offered that the transferred cells might contain a mechanism of antibody formation.
Inhibition of Fatal Anaphylactic Shock in the Mouse with Cortisone
Authors: Solotorovsky Morris , Winsten Seymour
Published: January 2023

Cortisone does not inhibit active or passive anaphylaxis in the guinea pig (1–6). Contrary to these observations, Nelson, Fox and Freeman (7) have reported that cortisone inhibits anaphylaxis in the mouse. However, they used large doses of heterologous serum, representing approximately one-half the circulating blood volume of the mouse, to produce shock as well as large single doses of cortisone to inhibit the shock reaction. Kind and Parfentjev (8) have observed that, in the mouse, a 3 mg dose of cortisone reduces the incidence of fatal anaphylactic shock produced with relatively large doses of phase I pertussis vaccine from 88% to 42%. We have since shown that anaphylaxis can be produced in the mouse with small amounts of bovine albumin (9). In view of the more suitable experimental conditions thus defined, the effect of cortisone on anaphylaxis in the mouse was reinvestigated.
The Effects of Vitamin Deficiencies on Some Physiological Factors of Importance in Resistance to Infection
Authors: Wertman Kenneth , Smith Lee W. , O'Leary William M.
Published: January 2023

Male white rats were maintained on a well defined diet deficient in niacin and tryptophane, and various physiological factors of resistance to infection were studied. Adequate inanition and ad libitum control animals were included in the investigation. The following physiological factors were studied: (1) cellular composition of the peripheral blood, (2) complement activity, (3) cellular migration in inflammation, (4) cellular composition of the exudate in inflammation, (5) leukotaxine activity, and (6) cellular composition of bone marrow.

The following observations were made from these studies: no significant difference was noted in the total number of erythrocytes and leukocytes per mm3 of blood in the vitamin deficient, inanition and ad libitum control groups.the differential cell counts of the blood film preparations suggested a percentage increase in polymorphonuclear leukocytes in both the niacin-tryptophane deficient animals and the inanition control rats. In the blood specimens of most of these animals, a slight reduction in the percentage of lymphocytes was evident.complement activity could not be demonstrated in the sera of the niacin-tryptophane deficient rats even though amounts sixteen times greater than those of the ad libitum controls were employed.cellular migration to an inflamed area was considerably reduced in the niacin-tryptophane deficient and inanition control animals as compared with ad libitum controls.a relative granulocytosis and lymphopenia were observed in the exudates removed from the inflamed areas of the inanition and niacintryptophane deficient animals as compared with the exudates from the ad libitum control rats.no alteration in capillary permeability, as measured by the Menkin dye accumulation technique, was noted even though significant differences in cellular migration occurred.the bone marrow preparation made from the tibia of the inanition control rats presented a lymphopenia as compared with the ad libitum control smears. The bone marrow of the niacintryptophane deficient rats presented a similar picture.
Heterohemoantibodies in Inbred Strains of Mice
Authors: Stern Kurt , Davidsohn Israel
Published: January 2023

Natural hemagglutinins for sheep and chicken red cells were investigated in mice of 13 inbred strains. In confirmation of earlier work, considerable differences in antibodies were found, depending on the strain tested. Agglutinins for sheep and chicken red cells are independent of each other, as shown by in vitro and in vivo technics. The possible causes and significance of the differences in natural hemoantibodies were discussed, particularly with regard to antigenic composition of mouse tissues, operation of genetic factors, and innate immune response. High incidence of natural sheep agglutinins were found in two low-tumor strains, whereas low incidence and low mean titers were present in 6 high-tumor and 5 low-tumor strains. High mean titers of natural chicken agglutinins were observed in 6 low-tumor strains, whereas low mean titers were obtained in 5 out of 6 high-tumor strains.
The Effects of Vital Dyes Upon Experimental Foot and Mouth Virus Infection of Guinea Pigs
Authors: Ciaccio Giacinto , Gasparini Giuseppe , Ercoli N.
Published: January 2023

Guinea pigs were infected with the foot and mouth disease virus and treated with vital dyes at the site of the inculation. It has been found that inoculation followed immediately by the dye injection (janus green, victoria blue, malachite green, brilliant green, giesma solution or nile blue) delayed or suppressed the development of primary and/or secondary dermal lesions. By inoculating the virus into the pad of the guinea pig after dye injection, the protective activity was totally lost for victoria blue and giemsa solution. An activity corresponding to an average curative effect was obtained with brilliant green and malachite green (total dose 62 mg/kg), even when their first administration followed the infection by 3 hours. This was presumably at a time when active virus multiplication was already in progress. Under these conditions methyl green had some effect, blue victoria and janus green were less effective, while pyronine and giemsa solution were completely ineffective. This effect on the disease is supposed to depend on some mechanism of inactivation of the virus by the dye.

The dye treated animals which did not develop visible symptoms were susceptible to reinoculation, while those in which the dye treatment showed a limited action only, were immune to a challenge consisting of 10,000 infective doses. The lack of immunity of the healed antimals may be considered an additional evidence for cure and suggests that the virus has been suppressed in vivo before being able to determine an immunological defense.
Precipitin Production in Chickens
Authors: Goodman Morris , Wolfe Harold R. , Goldberg Richard
Published: January 2023

The effects on the chicken precipitin system of a Hofmeister series of sodium salts were investigated. With any particular ionic species there were differences in the amounts of specific precipitation on varying the ionic strength, and at any one ionic strength there were differences in varying the ionic species. Certain characteristic patterns emerged. At low ionic strength (up to 0.26) precipitation was larger in the iodide medium than in any of the other ionic media. On increasing the ionic strength above 0.26 precipitation in the iodide medium decreased. This inhibition of the reaction was even more striking in the thiocyanate medium. These results suggested that a certain amount of anion binding by the antibody-antigen reactants increased precipitation but that greater amounts of binding decreased precipitation.

With anions such as chloride and sulfate precipitation increased with each increase of ionic strength. In fact the maximal precipitation for the chicken system in the various sodium salts occurred at high ionic strengths (about 1.5) of chloride and sulfate. These results in turn suggested that a salting out of soluble antibody-antigen aggregates is an important condition for obtaining complete precipitation with the chicken system. Additional data which also demonstrated the operation of a salting out effect was obtained by reacting the chicken precipitin system in potassium phosphate buffers of varied concentration.
On the Kinetics of Neutralization of Bacteriophage T2 by Specific Antiserum
Authors: Cann John R. , Clark Eugene W.
Published: January 2023

Activation of inhibited T2 bacteriophage in mixtures of native virus lysates and specific antiserum accounts for most of the anomalies of the kinetics of the virus-neutralizing reaction including its strong temperature dependence. In the absence of the activation phenomenon the neutralization reaction follows a first-order kinetic law in buffered 0.15 M NaCl and has a Q10 of 1.4. The following facts indicate that the activating factor of anti-T2 serum is one or more anti-E. coli bodies directed against the inhibiting substances which cause the masking in inhibited viruses. a) In our antisera the activating factor is present in much lower effective concentrations than the neutralizing antibodies. b) The activating factor is removed from antiserum by absorption with native T2 lysates, T1 lysates and sonically disrupted E. coli. c) The activating factor is not absorbed from antiserum by activated T2 lysates and intact cells. Antiserum directed against sonically disrupted E. coli does not activate inhibited viruses. This indicates that the inhibiting substances are poor antigens, eliciting an immunological response only when attached to virus. The activating factor is destroyed by incubating whole or slightly diluted antiserum at 37°C but not at 56°C. This reaction is inhibited by trypsin inhibitors. Jerne's finding that the rate of virus neutralization by specific antiserum is considerably faster at low than at high salt concentrations is confirmed. The rate of neutralization at low salt concentrations depends on the length of time diluted antiserum is incubated at 0°C at these salt concentrations before addition of virus. At least two competing, relatively slow processes occur on incubation of the serum; one resulting in an increase and the other in a decrease in the potency of the serum. The process or processes which increase the potency proceed at much greater rates than the competing ones and are reversed on raising the salt concentration.
A Sheep Erythrocyte Lysin Found in Guinea Pig Serum
Authors: Brumfield Helene P. , Ross John D.
Published: January 2023

A substance in guinea pig serum, lytic for sheep red cells, is composed of two fractions, one heat stable and removed by zymosan, and one heat labile which is destroyed in 9 minutes at 56°C. Untreated serum or the combined fractions cause hemolysis of dilute suspensions of sheep erythrocytes. The lysin is inactive against sheep cells at 4° C but is activated by increased temperatures up to 37° C. The activity of the lysin is enhanced after storage at −24° C for 6 days; it decreases with elevation of pH, becoming negligible at pH 7.8 under the conditions studied. The characteristics of the lytic substance are distinguished from complement, the C′3 component of complement and sensitizing “natural” antibody.
Kinetic Studies on Immune Hemolysis
Authors: Mayer Manfred M. , Levine Lawrence
Published: January 2023

It has been shown that the two successive C′ reaction steps requiring Ca++ and Mg++, respectively, are followed by a third process which we have termed the terminal intrinsic transformation reaction, in the course of which intact cells release their hemoglobin and become ghosts.

The terminal reaction proceeds at an appreciable rate even at 0°C. It is not influenced by changes in ionic strength, or reaction volume, nor do citrate or EDTA in moderate concentration have any effect.
Use of Chicks in Eastern and Western Equine Encephalitis Studies
Authors: Chamberlain Roy W. , Sikes R. K. , Kissling R. E.
Published: January 2023

The use of ½-day-old chicks for virus titrations and serum neutralization tests against both Eastern and Western equine encephalitis is described. Chicks inoculated subcutaneously were 1 to 3 log units more sensitive in quantitating low-passage strains of these viruses and their antisera than were 3-week-old mice inoculated by the intracerebral route. They were also more sensitive in detecting these viruses than suckling mice or chick embryos. Chicks over one day of age did not give reliable results.

The chick did not prove to be a satisfactory laboratory animal for the detection of St. Louis encephalitis virus.
Quantitative Serological Determination of Antibody Formation in X-Irradiated Rabbits
Authors: Silverman Myron S. , Chin Paul H.
Published: January 2023

Four hundred roentgen whole body X-irradiation inhibited the primary antibody response of rabbits when exposure occurred 24 hours before the injection of crystalline egg albumin emulsified in Freund's adjuvant.

Even though the antigen was administered with adjuvant, which presumably permitted a prolonged, slow antigenic stimulation, the response of the irradiated animals never equaled that of the non-irradiated animals even after 27 weeks when recovery from radiation injury could be presumed to have occurred. However, a secondary rise in antibody nitrogen did occur in 3 out of 5 rabbits 14 to 23 weeks after immunization.

Exposure to X-irradiation 24 hours prior to the administration of a second injection of antigen had no effect on the specific anamnestic reaction.
In Vivo Localization of Rat Organ Antibodies in Ovaries, Adrenals, and Other Tissues
Authors: Bale William F. , Spar Irving L.
Published: January 2023

The localization of radioactive iodine in thirteen rat organs and tissues was measured following intravenous injection into rats of I131 labeled rabbit gamma globulin containing antibodies against various rat organs. The materials injected were produced by injection of rat organ homogenates into rabbits and subsequent isolation and iodination of a serum globulin fraction.

The experimental results indicated that antibodies prepared by this method against rat kidney localized strongly in adrenal and ovary as well as in kidney. Antibodies against rat ovary localized strongly in adrenal and ovary, and to a lesser degree in spleen and kidney. Antibodies against the Walker carcinoma 256 injected into normal rats localized preferentially in spleen, ovaries, and adrenals. Antibodies against lymphatic tissue showed a relatively non-specific distribution, but some tendency for localization in adrenal and spleen. When normal rabbit gamma globulin was labeled with I131 and injected into rats the radioactive iodine reached a higher concentration in skin than any other tissues measured with the exception of blood.
The Development of Resistance in Mice Immunized with Soluble Antigen Derived from Bacterium Tularense
Authors: Larson Carl L. , Bell J. Frederick , Owen Cora R.
Published: January 2023

White mice immunized with soluble antigens obtained from B. tularense showed specific resistance to challenge within 24 hours after immunization and developed circulating, protective antibodies within 72 hours. Mice so immunized failed to develop detectable agglutinins.
Antibody Response of Suckling Mice to Mumps Virus
Authors: Overman John R.
Published: January 2023

Studies of the antibody response of mice from birth to maturity following immunization with mumps virus vaccine are described. Results of serial anti-hemagglutinin determinations following a single dose of antigen indicate a transitory antibody response in mice 5–7 days of age when inoculated. A gradual improvement in antibody production is demonstrable as the age on immunization is increased until a mature response is observed in mice 14 days of age. This relation of age and immune response is confirmed by experiments in which the magnitude of the secondary response was determined in mice which received the initial dose of antigen from 1 to 14 days of age. Other experiments indicate that adult mice respond to amounts of mumps virus antigen which evoke no detectable antibody response in mice 10 days of age when inoculated.