bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Migration and Gender: The Case of a Farming Ejido in Calakmul, Mexico
Authors: Radel Claudia , Schmook Birgit
Published: July 2012

Una de las últimas fronteras agrícolas mexicanas, Calakmul, un municipio del estado de Campeche, estuvo expuesto por décadas a una fuerte inmigración. En los últimos años, este fenómeno fue reemplazado por la emigración creciente de varones a los Estados Unidos. Los autores describen las características de este proceso desde la perspectiva de una comunidad específica de la región. Analizan los efectos de la emigración transnacional sobre las unidades domésticas y sobre el estatus de las mujeres en la comunidad. Para este fin, en el 2004 encuestaron veintiséis unidades domésticas y en el 2005 entrevistaron a varias mujeres cuyos maridos habían emigrado. Los resultados preliminares indican una modificación en los papeles y responsabilidades de género, aunque la evidencia para una mayor participación de las mujeres en las decisiones familiares es menos clara, lo que combinado con las opiniones de las mujeres sobre el tema sugiere que existe una tendencia a mantener la “ideología” de géneros en esta situación de cambio. Con las nuevas tareas, las mujeres parecen obtener un aumento en su movilidad espacial, si bien esto se contrapone a la movilidad aún mayor de los hombres migratorios y la frustración de algunas de ellas por la falta de mejoras en su nivel de vida.
Fire in the Desert: Initial Gullying Associated with the Cave Creek Complex Fire, Sonoran Desert, Arizona
Authors: Allen Casey D. , Dorn Jeremy D. , Dorn Ronald I.
Published: July 2012

The June 2005 Cave Creek Complex Fire is one of the largest historic wildfires to affect Arizona’s Sonoran Desert. Post-fire gullying was measured using 1:1900-scale aerial photographs. Detailed comparisons of pre-fire and post-fire imagery, selected using a stratified randomly sampling approach, reveal far more gullies formed in contact with dirt roads than adjacent wildlands, approximately four times more frequently. Post-fire gullies that did not form in contact with roads covered approximately 0.18 percent of the analyzed imagery after the 2005 Arizona monsoon and approximately 0.24 percent after the 2006 Arizona monsoon. Extrapolating this percentage to the total area burned, we estimate gullying to have impacted 456 acres after the 2005 Arizona monsoon and 592 acres after the 2006 Arizona monsoon. A corresponding field-based investigation reveals both deepening and widening of gullying over time.
Why Zhuangzi's Real Discovery Is One that Lets Him Stop Doing Philosophy when He Wants to
Authors: Peterman James
Published: July 2012

Recent interest in the Zhuangzi by Western philosophers arises from the sense that Zhuangzi offers a form of philosophical theory, such as perspectivism. A key issue for this line of interpretation is how best to resolve alleged contradictions between the central philosophical claims of the "Qiwulun" with other claims made in the text. A more radical reading of this chapter will avoid these problems if it can find some way to understand this chapter as philosophically interesting because it scrupulously avoids and rejects making any philosophical claims. This reading will be developed by focusing on Zhuangzi's assertion: "The person who understands does not use the inflexible 'that's it' (wei shi) , but dwells in the ordinary (yu zhu yong) ." I will argue that, understood in context, this assertion takes Zhuangzi out of the philosophical game. According to this interpretation, Zhuangzi's writings have a philosophical significance similar to that of Wittgenstein's Philosophical Investigations as expressed in his dictum "The real discovery is the one that lets me stop doing philosophy when I want to."
Candrakīrti on the Theories of Persons of the Sāṃmitīyas and Āryasāṃmitīyas
Authors: Duerlinger James
Published: July 2012

Here it is argued, with the help of Tsongkhapa's interpretation of Candrakīrti's theory of persons, and on the basis of the character of Vasubandhu's encounter with the Pudgalavādins in the "Refutation of the Theory of Self," that in his Madhyamakāvatārabhāṣya . Candrakīrti most likely identifies the theory of persons he attributes to the Sāṃmitīyas with the theory of persons Vasubandhu presents in the "Refutation," and the theory of persons he attributes to the Āryasāṃmitīyas with the Pudgalavādins' theory of persons, to which Vasubandhu objects in that same work. He interprets Vasubandhu's thesis, that persons exist as their aggregates, as the thesis of the Sāṃmitīyas, that persons possess the essence of the aggregates, and interprets the Pudgalavādins' thesis, that persons exist apart from their aggregates as their identity-free substratum, as the thesis of the Āryasāṃmitīyas, that persons possess an essence of something that is neither other than nor the same as the aggregates. It is explained that Candrakīrti's interpretations both rest on the assumption that existence is the possession of an essence and mirror the assumptions upon which Vasubandhu and the Pudgalavādins object to one another's thesis.
Academic/Research Librarians with Subject Doctorates: Data and Trends 1965–2006
Authors: Lindquist Thea , Gilman Todd
Published: July 2012

The topic of academic/research librarians with subject doctorates is largely unexplored in the literature, despite recent efforts to recruit them. Based on survey data gathered from non-LIS doctorate holders currently working in U.S. and Canadian academic/research libraries, this article highlights data and trends relating to these librarians, focusing on their demographic profile, educational background, paths into librarianship, and range of positions. It is important not only to provide vital information to the academic/research library community about these librarians as a distinct and potentially sought-after group but also to communicate their experiences to advanced-degree holders considering a career in librarianship.
Blackbird
Authors: Evans Kerry James
Published: July 2012

This 40th anniversary issue edited by best-selling novelist Alice Hoffman
(The Dovekeepers, Practical Magic) features new work from Ursula K. Le
Guin, Marge Piercy, Jennifer Haigh, Ann Hood, and Wally Lamb; an interview
with Elizabeth Bishop from the archives; and a story from Ploughshares '
first Emerging Fiction Writer's Award winner Thomas Lee.
About Alice Hoffman: A Profile by Alexandra Marshall
Authors: Marshall Alexandra
Published: July 2012

This 40th anniversary issue edited by best-selling novelist Alice Hoffman
(The Dovekeepers, Practical Magic) features new work from Ursula K. Le
Guin, Marge Piercy, Jennifer Haigh, Ann Hood, and Wally Lamb; an interview
with Elizabeth Bishop from the archives; and a story from Ploughshares '
first Emerging Fiction Writer's Award winner Thomas Lee.
Education and Unintended Pregnancies in Australia: Do Differences in Relationship Status and Age at Birth Explain the Education Gradient?
Authors: Hewitt Belinda , England Paula , Baxter Janeen , Shafer Emily Fitzgibbons
Published: July 2012

We investigated the extent to which relationship status and age at birth explain the education gradient in whether a woman’s pregnancy leading to her most recent birth was intended or not. Our data came from wave 5 (2005) of the Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia survey (HILDA) (n = 1,751). We found an education gradient in intended births, where less educated women were more likely to report an unintended most recent birth. Part of this was explained by the fact that less educated women were younger when they give birth and less likely to be married—characteristics predictive of unplanned births. To better understand education differences in having unintended births further research needs to focus on the role played by education differences in abortion and contraceptive behaviour.
Ethnic Diversity in Houston, Texas: The Evolution of Residential Segregation in the Bayou City, 1990–2000
Authors: Strait John B. , Gong Gang
Published: July 2012

The increased racial and ethnic diversity in the United States has been shown to alter significantly the residential landscapes within urban areas. This research investigates the impacts that an increase in diversity has had on the levels of residential segregation among racial and/or ethnic groups in Houston, Texas from 1990 to 2000. Empirical analysis entailed the measurement of two dimensions of segregation evident among Non-Hispanic whites, African-Americans, Hispanics and Asians. Measures of residential exposure were decomposed in order to investigate the relative impacts of metropolitan-wide compositional change and intra-urban redistributive change on segregation among the four groups. During the 1990s, all non-white groups became increasingly segregated from whites and increasingly integrated with one another. Results suggest that both whites and Asians exhibited some degree of “ethnic (or racial) self-selectivity” that functioned to concentrate these groups residentially, although these forces were partially overwhelmed by other redistributive and compositional changes. The evidence further suggests that the degrees of segregation experienced among minorities were strongly impacted by the residential behavior of whites.
A Comparison of Student Experiences with Good Practices in Undergraduate Education Between 1990 and 1994
Authors: Kuh George D , Vesper Nick
Published: July 2012

Good practices in undergraduate education consist of faculty and
student behaviors associated with desired outcomes from attending
college. This study compares the experiences of two groups of
lower-division undergraduates with good practices at baccalaureate
institutions and doctoral-granting universities between 1990 and
1994. During this period, the frequency of student-faculty interaction
increased at baccalaureate institutions. However, at
doctoral-granting universities faculty-student interaction and active
learning decreased.
Tenure: traditions, policies, and practices
Authors: Hutcheson Philo A.
Published: July 2012

Tenure has been a favorite target for critics since its inception in the
United States in the early 1900s. Two recent books, The Case for
Tenure, edited by Matthew W. Finkin, and William G. Tierney and
Estela Mara Bensimon's Promotion and Tenure are important
contributions to the dialogue. This review essay places each in the
history of tenure and in the current context. Each contributes to but
does not fill the professoriate's need for a call to defend tenure that
incorporates the tradition of principled support with nuanced
understanding of the context of the times.
Teaching Well: Do You Have to Be Schizophrenic?
Authors: Bess James L
Published: July 2012

Most faculty are neither sufficiently skilled nor psychologically
disposed both to perform competently and to find rewards in the
wide range of tasks presently required of them. Taking the teaching
role alone, this paper disaggregates the "knowledge transfer"
subrole into four technologies with associated sets of skills and
personality dispositions, then argues for assigning the subrole
tasks to teams of specialized faculty, each with skills and
dispositions matched to the technology.
Student Academic Underpreparedness: Effects on Faculty
Authors: Pitts J. Michael , White William G , Harrison Andolyn B
Published: July 2012

This qualitative study explored the impact of
academically underprepared students on 14 liberal
arts and sciences faculty at two open-admissions
universities. In-depth interviews revealed that faculty
face widespread, acute problems in teaching
underprepared students. Further, they feel isolated,
with little support from colleagues or administrators.
To survive in an open-admission environment, many
undergo a confusing, emotionally trying process of
personal adaptation, role redefinition, and
reassessment of college-level teaching and learning.
The Complexity of Integrity Culture Change: A Case Study of a Liberal Arts College
Authors: Bertram Gallant Tricia
Published: July 2012

The concept of academic integrity has been resurrected in both literature and practice in response to a perceived problem of student academic dishonesty. Most specifically, academic integrity advocates suggest changing the student academic culture to normalize academic integrity and reduce occurrences of academic dishonesty. Theories of organizational culture and change (e.g., Schein, 1992) suggest, however, that such a change process will be complex. This study fills a void in the literature by providing an examination of the integrity culture change process at one case institution and offering considerations for the facilitation and empirical investigation of integrity culture change.
Faculty-Student Interaction Outside the Classroom: A Typology from a Residential College
Authors: Cox Bradley E , Orehovec Elizabeth
Published: July 2012

Faculty-student interaction is an important component of the undergraduate experience. Our year-long qualitative study explored the complex nature of faculty-student interaction outside the classroom. Our resulting typology identifies five types of interaction: disengagement, incidental contact, functional interaction, personal interaction, and mentoring. This typology provides researchers with a new lens through which they can examine faculty-student interaction and suggests that even non-academic interactions between students and professors can be meaningful to students. Finally, the typology will allow faculty, staff, and administrators to improve current practices and develop initiatives that build bridges between faculty and students outside the classroom.
Causal Inference and Omitted Variable Bias in Financial Aid Research: Assessing Solutions
Authors: Riegg Stephanie K.
Published: July 2012

This article highlights the problem of omitted variable bias in research on the causal effect of financial aid on college‑going. I first describe the problem of self‑selection and the resulting bias from omitted variables. I then assess and explore the strengths and weaknesses of random assignment, multivariate regression, proxy variables, fixed effects, difference‑in‑differences, regression discontinuity, and instrumental variables techniques in addressing the problem. I focus on the intuition, assumptions, and applications of each method in the context of the same research question, providing practical guidance for researchers interested in implementing these approaches.
Translating the Lesbian Writer: Pierre Louys, Natalie Barney, and "Girls of the Future Society"
Authors: Engelking Tama Lea
Published: July 2012

When Pierre Louÿs published his Chansons de Bilitis in 1894, he dedicated the volume of prose poems, which he claimed to have translated from the Greek, to "Young Girls of the Future Society." He portrayed his Bilitis as a contemporary of Sappho's whose life story, described in the three parts of the Chansons, takes her from deflowered shepherdess, to lesbian lover, to courtesan. More than a literary hoax or a collection of erotic poems, his Bilitis songs became the inspiration for a young Sapphic writer who embodied those girls of the future to whom Louÿs had dedicated his work, Natalie Clifford Barney. This young American writer, who wrote uniquely in French, sought Louÿs's help in editing her own Greek dialogues, which she dedicated to him. Although many aspects of Louÿs's Bilitis songs resonate with Barney's lesbian writing, his poems leave out a vital component central to the Parisian lesbian community Barney frequented, and the lesbian lifestyle she cultivated as she became a renowned salon hostess—writing. Louÿs's "translations" actually showcase his own talents as a writer, and his erotic poems were probably meant to be appreciated by a male audience of readers. Despite Louÿs's disregard of the lesbian as writer in his Bilitis "translations," Barney cultivated a connection with him that built on the success of his Bilitis songs in order to promote her own Sapphic vision in which lesbian love and writing are intimately connected.
Elisabeth de Gramont, Natalie Barney's "eternal mate"
Authors: Rapazzini Francesco
Published: July 2012

On June 20, 1918, Natalie Clifford Barney stipulated a marriage contract with her life companion, love, and partner: Elisabeth de Gramont, Duchess of Clermont-Tonnerre. This document and the correspondence exchanged between Barney and the Duchess (the first letter was sent in 1909 when the two women met for the first time; the last, a few days before Elisabeth de Gramont's death in 1954) explain without any doubt the secondary position of Romaine Brooks within her relationship with Natalie Barney: Brooks was only the substitute when Gramont was not near by.

The marriage contract between Natalie and Elisabeth was written after nine years spent together, three years after the beginning of Brooks's relationship with Barney. It specifies that "One is indispensable for the other. And who has either of us found to be preferable in the long run to the other?" A few lines later, we can read that "[n]o one union shall be so strong as this union, nor another joining so tender—nor relationship so lasting."

This contract was respected until the end of Elisabeth de Gramont's life.

For many reasons, researchers and biographers always neglected the Barney-Gramont couple to focus instead on the Romaine Brooks-Barney relationship. Above all: all the Duchess's letters were not available for anyone other than the family until very recently. No one was able to read them. All the researchers who studied the Amazon's life and world—publishing books about her, her friends, and lovers—followed what her first biographer, Jean Chalon, came up with in "Portrait of a Seductress" in 1976. He had to work on what Natalie wanted him to know about her life. At this time, she felt very badly betrayed by Elisabeth and hardly spoke about her: Elisabeth had died. And the Amazon held that against her.
Economic History as Technological History: George Rogers Taylor's The Transportation Revolution, 1815-1860
Authors: Seely Bruce Edsall
Published: July 2012

This essay reviews 1951 classic study by George Rogers Taylor, The Transportation Revolution, 1815–1860. From the perspective of more than fifty years, the book has held up very well and it continues to provide the best introduction to the development and consequences of transportation changes in the nineteenth-century United States. But Taylor's work also surveyed other and larger general patterns of economic and technological development in the years before the Civil War, demonstrating the influence of currents within field of economic history during the formative years of the emerging discipline of the history of technology.
Audience, Mass, Crowd: Theatres of Cruelty in Interwar Europe
Authors: Jannarone Kimberly
Published: July 2012

This essay interprets the Theatre of Cruelty's ideal spectator in light of early twentieth-century theatre audiences and the field of crowd theory. Artaud was writing at a moment when the role and identity of the audience was being radically redefined. The late nineteenth century transformed the audience from an active assembly to a refined, domesticated, and physically restrained group of people who obeyed the command to contemplate in stillness what transpired behind the proscenium. While much of the avant-garde rebelled against this new bourgeois audience and developed strategies to attempt to reinvigorate the spectator, many other performance theorists built on this new means of control. During the 1920s and 1930s, some theatres sought to intensify the audience's emotional experience while keeping it physically restrained, orchestrating an ecstatic loss of self. This essay suggests that, contrary to all our familiar associations with Artaud's work, Artaud's contemporary doubles were the creators of peoples' theatres in interwar Italy and Germany; while the avant-garde was still thinking in terms of "audience," these theatres were thinking of "crowds."
Posing Modernism: Delsartism in Modern Dance and Silent Film
Authors: Preston Carrie J.
Published: July 2012

This essay establishes a genealogy of modernist performance that foregrounds the popular movement based on the ideas of the French acting theorist and voice teacher François Delsarte (1811-71). Delsartism has been understood as either a short-lived, anti-modern histrionic acting style or an affected regimen of self-improvement and physical culture, and is virtually absent from discussions of modernism. Yet the movement established a modernist kinaesthetic—a movement ideal—and bodily technique based on a tension between stasis and movement: a pose modeled after classical statuary melting into another pose. This essay demonstrates that Delsartism provided the training regimen for modern dancers and silent film actors, who used Delsartean poses, coded with an emotional valence and a mythic narrative, as a method for making meaning in bodily expression. Examining the work of the early posers Emma Lyon Hamilton and Eugen Sandow, the dancers Isadora Duncan and Ted Shawn, the silent film star Louise Brooks, and the directors D. W. Griffith and Lev Kuleshov, Preston details the widespread impact of Delsartism on modernist performance. The Delsartean genealogy unites disparate strains of modernist performance, including ideas of the natural and mediated body, classicism, and the machine age.
"Authentic Reproductions": Staging the "Wild West" in Modern Irish Drama
Authors: Phelan Mark
Published: July 2012

The article examines the metatheatricality of Gerald MacNamara's The Mist That Does Be on the Bog (1909) and Marie Jones's Stones in His Pockets (1990) in terms of their respective critiques of the cultural politics of nationalism and globalization during the periods of the Irish Revival and the Celtic Tiger. MacNamara's satirical restaging of the theatrical conventions of the early Abbey Theatre and his rejection of the national theatre's "authentic" (re)production of the wild west of Ireland precociously anticipates the postmodern cultural politics of contemporary Celtic Tiger Ireland as described by Colin Graham, whereby essence or authenticity are constantly interrogated and consistently ironized. This essay argues that the deconstructive power of Mist's metatheatrical critique of the Revival and the Abbey Theatre continues to resonate, even in (post) Celtic Tiger Ireland, as the politics and performance of authenticity remain imbricated within the aesthetics and ideology of theatre, tourism, cinema, and culture, as well as in the history and heritage industries, and their collective (re)presentations of Ireland, as satirized in Jones's commercially successfully though critically neglected play, Stones in His Pockets . Drawing on various critiques of the notion of "authenticity" posited by Graham, David Lloyd, Frantz Fanon, and Declan Kiberd, this essay examines how the very concept of "authenticity" is consistently ironized and undermined in both plays, as each dismantles dominant constructions of national identity that have emerged diachronically during both the colonial and postcolonial periods.
Popular Festivity and the Early Modern Stage: The Case of George a Greene
Authors: Lin Erika T.
Published: July 2012

This essay explores how festive practices in early modern England were incorporated into the performance dynamics of the commercial theatre. It takes as its case study the anonymous play George a Greene , the Pinner of Wakefield , first staged at the Rose Theatre in London during the Christmas season of 1593. Rather than depicting holiday customs within the dramatic fiction, the play integrates them into its presentational strategies. Through an examination of three popular traditions—communal feasting, festive combat, and the wearing of livery—this essay develops a theoretical framework for interpreting traces of festive culture beyond the representational narrative. It analyzes the mechanisms through which seasonal pastimes shaped not only the stories enacted in the public theatres, but also the modes of audience participation and the interplay between representation and presentation. The drama of Shakespeare and his contemporaries was thus not the culmination of an evolutionary trajectory—from amateur, medieval, religious observance to professional, Renaissance, secular theatre—but an active negotiation with Robin Hood gatherings, May games, and other unscripted entertainments whose performance practices were transformed on the early modern stage.
South Africans' participation in local politics and government
Authors: Mattes Robert
Published: July 2012

In this article, I use public opinion data collected over the past decade to probe three widely held assumptions about local government and public participation in South Africa. The first, widely held by advocates of political decentralisation and devolution of power, posits a direct relationship between the physical proximity of government institutions from the citizens they serve and the level of popular goodwill toward that government. However, public evaluations of local government have consistently been worse than those of either provincial or national government. Not only do people see local government as more corrupt than any other government institution, their levels of performance approval and trust in political institutions are inversely related to the proximal distance between them and that institution. The second assumption, widely held by advocates of 'participatory democracy', assumes that citizens have a natural predisposition to participate in public affairs. Accordingly, the participatory movement in South Africa has tended to define its central task as one of creating the mechanisms and forums for citizens to debate with each other and communicate with policy makers. However, citizen engagement with local government (measured in the form of individual contact with local councilors) is very low, both in absolute terms but also in relative terms compared to other African countries (though various pieces of evidence suggests that participation is increasing). Third, more recent analyses have assumed that low levels of voter turnout in local elections and increasing levels of public protest are a function of enduring poverty and inequality and growing dissatisfaction with service delivery. Yet analyses of individual participation in both local politics and government, and in protests and demonstrations, reveals that the poor are more likely to participate (rather than less), and that neither dissatisfaction nor satisfaction with local government performance provides an adequate account of this participation.
Existing and New Coating Technologies for Drilling and Completion Applications
Authors: Lauer R. S.
Published: July 2012

Historically, internal coatings have been used primarily to successfully mitigate corrosion in drill strings. Advancements in technology have improved the performance of these materials leading to much longer life expectancies as well as the expansion of their use into other areas of the market. These newer systems are now finding their way into more aggressive completion operations where the use of coatings was largely not accepted due to fears of coating damage. With new abrasion resistant systems coming out on the market, successes are now being seen in cementing, the pumping of gravel packs, fracing, acidizing as well as other mechanical interventions. This paper will discuss several significant recent applications:

17 completions in which numerous acid treatments were performed in conjunction with multiple frac packs. The majority of this work was performed in wells with deviations from 23° to a maximum of 75°. Inspections performed on this string include electromagnetic inspection of the pipe body as well as a magnetic particle inspection on the tool joints. The results of these inspections indicated that not one single joint was downgraded due to internal corrosion or wall loss. These results are particularly impressive considering this pipe was made up and broken out a total of 150 times. A comparison in the performance of an internally bare string and then a string internally coated with a modified epoxy-phenolic coating being subjected to numerous cementing operations. Even though the pipe was used and pitted, prior to the initial coating, repeated uses did not cause adverse damage to the coating and did not allow further corrosion to take place on the ID surface.

Lastly, there are new coating materials being introduced into the market that improve upon existing technologies. These materials will provide even greater abrasion resistance, chemical resistance and possess greater flexibility and toughness allowing them to succeed in even the harshest of applications such as deepwater and extended reach completions.
Application of Down-hole Screw-type Pressure Intensifier for ROP Enhancement
Authors: Meishan Wang , Jun He , Yong He , YI Xu , Jian Zhao
Published: July 2012

Down-hole Screw-type Pressure Intensifier is a new ROP enhancement device, using helicoid hydraulic motor as the power. It can convert the rotation movement of the helicoid hydraulic motor into the reciprocating movement of the piston pump through a special spiral cant type reversing mechanism, thus some part of the total drilling fluid can be pressurized to more than 100 MPa and erupt out from the ultra high pressure nozzles installed in PDC bit. The high pressure water assisting the rock breaking was implemented by this device and the rock breaking efficiency was improved.

This new down-hole pressure intensifier has been tested and used in 2 wells situated in Jilin oilfield, Songliao basin. The hole depth was from 1967m to 2355m, and the bit size was 9-1/2in. The Down-hole Screw-type Pressure Intensifier worked for 70hrs, and increased the rate of penetration by 52.4% and 95.3% compared with the adjacent wells. Result of the applications shows that the Down-hole Screw-type Pressure Intensifier is structured reasonably, be cable of working for more than 100hrs and has increasd the rate of penetration remarkably. The success of this tool's field application might provide a way to increase the rate of penetration in hard and complex layers, shorten well construction period, and reduce the drilling cost.
Research and Application of Automatic Vertical Drilling System
Authors: Ai Caiyun , Han Zhongyi , Mu Zongjie , Xia Zuo , Tian Hai , Xian He
Published: July 2012

During drilling, how to drill a wellbore vertically is a common technique issue. Though there are some anti-deviation and well straightening methods at present in drilling fields, most of them have their disadvantages, such as decreasing the weight on bit (WOB) and the rate of penetration (ROP). These drilling methods can't achieve the aim of deviation control and fast drilling economically and effectively in high dip, fractured, fault zones, and other abnormal formations.

Automatic Vertical Drilling System (AVDS) is a Mechanical-Electrical-Hydraulic integrated drilling tool, and it is also an intelligent drilling system. As an advanced technology, the AVDS is a great breakthrough in deviation control and fast drilling. According to the result of theoretical analysis and oilfield applications, the AVDS can not only increase the weight on bit and improve the rate of penetration greatly, but also can guarantee improved well bore quality. And perfect borehole quality is an important premise of subsequent operation while drilling.

By the results of the experiments, the indexes of the AVDS have met the design requirements and achieved vertical and fast drilling aim in high dip formations. The paper aims to introduce the characteristics, operating principles and matching technologies of the AVDS.
Practices on Enhancing Drilling Rate of Kenkiyak Subsalt Oilfield in Kazakhstan
Authors: Hu Ertai , Jiang Hongbo , Pan Qifeng
Published: July 2012

Kenkiyak sub-salt oilfield is situated in kenkiyak tectonic belt located at east edge of Caspian Sea basin in the western Kazakhstan. Challenges associated with expense and drilling efficiency in the oilfield are:

Salt creeping and deformation Hole deviation control in the thick salt layer Poor drillability of the interval from approximate 3000m to the 311.1mm section TD and of the whole of the 215.9mm section Bit optimization both in 311.1mm section and 215.9mm section Mud properties control when drilling with turbodrill in 215.9mm section

These challenges make the drilling environment very problematic. The relationship between rock mechanics parameters and log data were studied on cores cut from a well in kenkiyak oilfield. Then models for calculating rock mechanics parameters along depth using log data as input were built. Unconfined compressive strength and angle of internal friction of the wells were evaluated. Based on these parameters, the proper bit types and requirements of bit design for each section were recommended.

On the basis of detailed assessment of the formation characterization, operational parameters, bit performance and bottom hole assembly, we introduced vertical drilling system to drill the thick salt layer in 311.1mm section and impregnated diamond bit /turbodrill combination to drill 215.9mm section.

These advanced technologies have reduced the time taken to drill the 311.1mm section and 215.9mm section by an average of 13 days and 12 days respectively. This has resulted in an average cost saving of $450,000USD in time and materials in the 311.1mm section and 215.9mm section.
The Successful Application of a New-style Managed Pressure Drilling MPD Equipment and Technology in Well Penglai 9 of Sichuan & Chongqing District
Authors: Liu Wei , Shi Lin , Zhou Yingcao , Fang Shiliang
Published: July 2012

Managed pressure drilling (MPD) equipment is a crucial equipment to effectively solve the drilling problems of narrow pressure margin between the pore (or collapse) and fracture pressures, such as well kick, well loss, well collapse and well struck. A new-style MPD equipment is developed to accurately control the pressure in annular and effectively solve the various complex problems caused by the narrow pressure window. The MPD equipment comprises manifold system, backpump system and auto-control center, which can provides additional flowrate and back pressure to compensate for the reduction of bottom hole pressure while making a connection, reduction in rig pump rate, change in mud weight or drill pipe movement and so on. And in order to do MPD equipment development and technology research, a new MPD laboratory and simulation system have also been established which can simulate the various drilling conditions in the MPD operation, including run in hole, pull out of hole, trip, start mud pump, stop mud pump and so on.

After many experiments, the new-style MPD equipment was improved gradually, and then moved to Sichuan oilfield in Sichuan & Chongqing district of China to do the functional experiments, including equipment performance, near-balanced MPD application and a new MPD application of under-balanced drilling. Especially, the MPD technology of underbalanced drilling is different from the conventional MPD technology because the controlled bottom-hole pressure is lower than pore pressure of formation and the gas can be allowed to come out from formation at a controlled rate.

The test results prove that the MPD equipment can control the bottom-hole pressure in an exact range and the managed pressure technology of underbalanced drilling is feasible. We trust that the new-style MPD equipment and technology will be more successful in the oil or gas well with narrow pressure margin in the future.
Comprehensive & Associated Drilling Technology for Ultra-deep Well Jida 4
Authors: Yu Zhucheng , Wang Weiguo , An Chaoming , Lv Xiaoping , Zhang Zhenyou , Ai Guicheng
Published: July 2012

Jida 4 is an overseas ultra-deep prospecting well completed by CNPC for important scientific research, with design depth of 6350m and completion depth of 6596m. Three formation pressures and drillability profiles of rocks are established by investigation to achieve optimized and fast drilling technology, including optimization of well bore structure, bit and drilling tool combination and improvement of drilling parameters; the developed salt-resistant and high-temperature resistant ultra-high density saturated salt water drilling fluid system may ensure indoor experimental density of 2.55g/cm1, temperature of 180°C, the highest in-situ density of 2.44g/cm3 and temperature of 163°C and safely drill 450m interval of KKC layer, so as to achieve hole cleaning and downhole safety; research and application of ultra-high density salt-resistant and high-temperature resistant slurry system and spacer fluid system may ensure slurry density of 2.48g/cm3 and spacer fluid density of 2.5g/cm3, so as to achieve safe cementing of deep well.
Research and Development of Contactless Power Coupling System in Rotary Steering Tool
Authors: Ai Weiping , Zhang Lei , Deng Le
Published: July 2012

This paper proposes a downhole contactless power coupling system characterized by high efficiency, low noise, compact size, vibration-resistance and easy-to-maintenance. The system includes a power transformer with detachable structure. High-frequency soft switch techniques are used for power inverting circuit. In addition, resonant point of inverting circuit can be locked automatically through regulating of switch frequency in accordance with closeness to zero of phase difference between output voltage and current of inverting circuit. In this way, deviations in resonant points induced by environmental temperatures can be eliminated. Test results show that electrical energy transmission efficiency of the prototype can be maintained well above 70%. With high reliability, the system can be used to replace conductive slip ring to achieve electrical energy transmission from rotary drill pipe to guide sleeve. Application of the system may facilitate miniaturization of drilling tools. Compared with conventional drilling tools, the power coupling rotary steering tool may effectively reduce drilling cost, enhance ROP, reduce sticking and promote borehole quality. Consequently, it is significant for horizontal drilling.
Application of Smart Packer Technology in Underbalanced Completion
Authors: Chen Chao , Lei Yu , Liu Deji , Yin Yuchuan , Wang Tao , Li Xiaohui
Published: July 2012

Smart packer is a kind of intelligent chemical colloid which can be used in underbalanced completion. Smart packer is pumped into wellbore before gelatinization; once gelatinized, oil and gas plugging and strings penetration can be achieved. When completion operation finished, dispergation and liquefaction of smart packer can be realized.

Smart packer bears remarkable superiorities: firstly, it is cost-saving, compared with imported mechanical devices, the cost of smart packer is 1800000 Yuan lower, and its cost is only one third of that of domestic tools. Secondly, the application of smart packer is very flexible; as long as smart packer is used during the process of underbalanced drilling when there is showing of oil and gas, the investment risk of drilling will be reduced. Thirdly, compared with conventional equipment, smart packer has a much wider range of running depth. Fourthly, once failed, there is room of technical remedy and the operation can be done once again.

Presently, smart packer technology has been applied to field application. Among the applied wells, there are oil and gas wells, vertical and horizontal wells. The types of underbalanced completion including hanger screen pipe completion and open hole completion. The deepest working depth of smart packer is 3000m, the maximum formation pressure coefficient of applied wells is 1.33.

Smart packer technology has firstly been applied to Well Ya940, the production of single well is 2 to 3 times of the average production of adjacent wells; not only the underbalanced completion has been achieved, but also a heavy oil reservoir with a reserves of 10500000 tons has been discovered for the first time.
Research on a New Method to Evaluate the Hydrostatic Pressure of Cement Slurries
Authors: Haijin Zhu , Guangming Lv , Aiping Liu , Chengbin Xie , Shaohui An
Published: July 2012

Aimed at the oil industry short of a method to evaluate the hydrostatic pressure of cement slurries, by establishing the method of measuring cement slurries’ static gel strength (SGS) and pressure difference (PD), a method to evaluate the hydrostatic pressure of cement slurries was researched. In this paper, the hydrostatic pressure of two basic cement slurries was studied respectively by cement pressure drop test model (PDTM) and static gel strength analyzer (SGSA). The differences of these test results obtained were discussed and explained with effective stress principle, and later the result with SGSA was found more accurate. Based on previous research, a method to evaluate the hydrostatic pressure of cement slurries was established. By establishing the method of measuring cement SGS to gain the development of the annular column hydrostatic pressure, a new method to evaluate the gas migration for cement slurries was developed, and an industry standard on anti-gas migration additives was formed.

The laboratory tests were presented with good repeatability and operability, and could be used to test the alteration of cement hydrostatic pressure.

This method proposed in the paper was part of basic research result of cementing, and could do some work for the study of gas migration of cementing technology.
Fishbone Well Drilling and Completion Technology in Ultra-Thin Reservoir
Authors: Xing Guangyu , Guo Fuxiang , Song Cheng , Sun Yongcai , Yu Jing , Wang Guangxin
Published: July 2012

The mathematical models for the number of branches of the thin layer fish bones well, the branch borehole length, branch angle and distance between the branch borehole system optimization model have been established. Some key issues such as safe separation between the main borehole and the branch borehole, Interlayer wall construction method of the unconsolidated strata, drilling string and completion string trip-in have been solved. A suit of technology such as open hole sidetracking technology, Interlayer wall construction method of the unconsolidated strata and drilling string and completion string trip-in technology have been formed.

Through integrated application of geological-oriented drilling, composite drilling, trajectory control, open hole sidetracking technique and other supporting technologies, have completed two wells on-site testing. Technical problems such as go across the ultra-thin oil layer, branched hole three dimensional Pressurize and evaluation of drilling tool throughput capacity have been solved successfully. We achieved in drilling branch in 1.5 m thickness of the reservoir. It is currently the thinnest oil drilling fishbone wells.

The early production of the two test fish bone wells has reached 10 times to the conterminous well, stable output is 3.5 times, Its effect is significant.

Fishbone well Technology put the Single path horizontal section plane extends to more than one horizontal wellbore. Achieved more expose reservoir and increased the well production, providing an effective approach for economic development of low permeability, low abundance and thin low-yielding oil field reservoir.
Horizontal Drilling and Cementing Technology of The Gas Storage in LiaoHe Oil Region
Authors: Zhongwei Zhu , Sheng Wu , Yin Yang
Published: July 2012

According to the requirements of Group Corporation, a gas storage will be built in LiaoHe oilfield. There are two technical challenges for converting underground gas storage in complex fault-block reservoir: First, eastern rift basin forms a complex broken structure with reservoir deposited by complex continental rivers, therefore, it is very difficult to build the stock; Second, The gas storage well cementing technology in LiaoHe oil region is not perfect. In the face of these challenges, the measures include collaborating with construction side to complete gas storage evaluation design and operation technology, collaborating with professional oil companies, using horizontal wells, branching wells drilling and completion technology to complete gas storage drilling.

Gas storage drilling problems are that cementing quality should meet the gas storage's need for 50 years’ high-intensity injection and that there are difficulties in ensuring the integrity of the wellbore and the perfection of the gas sealing. Guantao and the upper Stratum in LiaoHe oil region is easy to leak and collapse, therefore, there is a greater well control risk.

Research for above problems contains excellent and fast drilling technology in two steps, long horizontal section of horizontal well, cementing techniques in long sealing segment and low layer.

In order to fully promote the application of gas storage well drilling and completion technology and improve overall economic efficiency, three gas storage wells have been completed in LiaoHe oil region in 2010 (one plugged well, two information wells). To meet the construction needs of gas storage wells in LiaoHe oil region, a set of relatively mature gas storage well supporting technology is formed to comprehensively improve drilling speed of gas storage wells through the research of gas storage horizontal well drilling and completion technology
Application of Multi-Branch Horizontal Well Technology in CBM Drilling
Authors: Naizhong Duan , Zhimin Gong , Helin Wang , Zengshun Wang , Lixin Lv , Qingquan Huang , Zhihui Xu
Published: July 2012

Application of multi-branch horizontal well technology in CBM drilling is of high technical contents, with great construction difficulties. This paper, by presenting drilling practices of BHDC (Bohai Drilling Engineering Company Limited, a CNPC company) at 10 wells including ZP02-1H and ZHP4H, makes discussion and analysis on technologies of wellbore path control, well connection, geo-steering, open-hole sidetracking, aerating, etc.
A New Model of Bit Whirl
Authors: Kovalyshen Yevhen
Published: July 2012

A simple analytical model of bit whirl is presented. In contrast to the previous works, which consider BHA mass imbalance to model bit whirl, the model here takes into account the history-dependent boundary conditions at the bit-rock interface. Within this model, the geometry of the bit is characterized by three dimensionless parameters. The results have shown that, depending on the value of these parameters, the system can be stable or undergo forward or backward whirl. As a result, the model has potential application as a tool that assists bit design.