bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Fuel of Scientific Progress
Authors: Nathan Marco J.
Published: July 2021

This chapter addresses a classic topic: the advancement of science. In the wake of Kuhn’s groundbreaking work, positivist philosophy of science was replaced by a more realistic and historically informed depiction of science. However, over half a century has now passed since the publication of Structure. Despite valiant attempts, we still lack a fully developed, viable replacement for the cumulative model presupposed by positivism. At the dawn of the new millennium, mainstream philosophy eventually abandoned the project of developing a grand, overarching account of science. The quest for generality was traded in for a more detailed analysis of particular disciplines and practices. The goal of this chapter is to show how the black-boxing strategy can offer a revamped formulation of scientific progress, an important topic that lies at the core of any general characterization of science, and bring it back on the philosophical main stage, where it legitimately belongs.
After the “service”Time to party in ţigănie
Authors: Bonini Baraldi Filippo
Published: July 2021

This chapter describes the parties that take place in the Roma neighborhood of Ceuaş when professional musicians come back from the “service.” Both familial celebrations and an opportunity to rehearse, these “after-parties” arouse intense emotions in the musicians themselves. These gatherings mark a complete reversal in the musicians’ attitudes and relationships: after serving their customers and arousing their emotions, the musicians now shift their focus onto their own personal lived experiences and memories.
A musical experience of being inwardly torn apart
Authors: Bonini Baraldi Filippo
Published: July 2021

This chapter describes what the Roma of Ceuaş experience when they cry along with music, at home with a few friends or during the small parties they held in their neighborhood. The focus is on the various local terms used by the Roma themselves, such as dor (grief), jale (sorrow), and supărare (irritation/sorrow, anger/pain, vexation/regret). Music arouses these feelings by bringing their loved ones to mind at the sound of “their” personal tunes. It is suggested that the tears associated with the supărare cannot simply be understood as an expression of nostalgia, ancestor worship, or a ritual of brotherhood among Roma. It is rather a cathartic practice, associated with the feeling of being psychologically torn apart between two contradictory experiences: a heightened sense of togetherness and a sharp awareness of being separated from loved ones.
The soundscape of a funeral wake
Authors: Bonini Baraldi Filippo
Published: July 2021

This chapter completes the analysis and interpretation of the Roma funeral ritual. It shows how the wailing of the women and the instrumental tunes performed by the musicians arouse feelings of compassion and empathy (milă) in the participants. Each sonic element of the funeral wake is analyzed separately, relying on textual and musical transcriptions. Drawing on hypotheses coming from both anthropology and the cognitive sciences, it claims that the “icons of crying” (sobs, hiccups, strangled voice, etc.) can be related to the innate process of emotional contagion. Conversely, the enunciative strategies of a lament call for more elaborate empathy processes, because they require a level of understanding of the kinship network described. As for the instrumental music, the chapter suggests that its emotional impact is based on a combination of both the affective qualities attributed to the different genres and the associations that exist between a tune and a person.
Musical emotions in the Roma community of Ceuaş
Authors: Bonini Baraldi Filippo
Published: July 2021

In this chapter, the three contexts of musical tears (professional service, parties in the Roma neighborhood, funerals) are compared in order to determine whether they have any characteristics in common. The analysis of their differences leads to a concentric model illustrating three different modes on which musical emotions are experienced: “making emotion,” “sharing emotion,” and “expressing emotion.” The analysis of their similarities brings out three invariants of musical emotions: an aesthetic system (sorrowful tunes), “personal” tunes, and a specific way of being (milos, i.e., compassionate, empathic). It is argued that such invariants, since they are unaffected by the performance context, should be viewed as the “focal points” or “deep structures” of the relationship between music and emotion. While this result is local in scope, it makes it possible to sketch a few cross-cultural comparisons.
Being milos
Authors: Bonini Baraldi Filippo
Published: July 2021

This chapter examines the semantic ramifications of the Romanian term milă (pity, compassion, empathy) and the type of intersubjective relationships it evokes. It is shown that in Ceuaş the milă structures several types of relationships: those that are based on disinterested generosity and compassion; on social obligation and the power dynamics of the Roma community; and on the clever subterfuges that are required of Roma interacting with Gaje. According to the Roma of Ceuaş, “being milos” (empathic) is a central feature of their identity and it explains why they cry so often with music. It is suggested that the Roma of Ceuaş may be considered an “emotional minority,” at odds with the organization of affects in the Gaji (non-Roma) society.
What is musical empathy?
Authors: Bonini Baraldi Filippo
Published: July 2021

This chapter starts with a review of the definitions, meanings, and uses of the concept of empathy in the domains of ethnomusicology, interpersonal relationships, aesthetics, and embodied musical cognition. The following five issues are then addressed: (1) How does the notion of empathy impact the classic theories of musical emotion? (2) It is possible to define different types of musical empathy, depending on the nature of its referent? (3) Do different performance contexts foster different types of musical empathy? (4) What light do theories of empathy shed on the process of association between persons and tunes? (5) Is there any connection between an empathic disposition and the musical form of de jale (“sorrowful”) tunes?
The Letter
Authors: Rustomji Nerina
Published: July 2021

This chapter studies the most consequential recent mention of the houri, the purported letter of September 11th hijacker Mohamed Atta, and shows that media fascination with the houri is related to American reactions to the events of September 11th. Americans used the letter’s promise of the heavenly virgins of paradise to comment on Islam and Muslim societies. The chapter also accounts for how houris became prominent in news media by focusing on the white grape theory, which argues that Muslims do not have the scriptural freedom to interpret religious texts freely. Finally, the chapter surveys references to the houri on the Internet and in contemporary literature.
Uncertainty in Medicine
Authors: Han Paul K.J.
Published: July 2021

This book offers a multidimensional, multidisciplinary perspective on the challenging problem of uncertainty in medicine. Adopting a textbook approach to the problem, it analyzes the nature, etiology, natural history, and management of medical uncertainty. It draws on insights from a wide range of fields—including clinical medicine as well as anthropology, behavioral economics, philosophy, psychology, and sociology—to develop a set of conceptual frameworks that provide a new way of thinking about medical uncertainty and approaching its management. It makes the case that uncertainty is an essential form of knowledge that should be maintained rather than eliminated, and that the goal of managing uncertainty is to promote uncertainty tolerance among clinicians and patients. The book identifies system-level strategies that can help make uncertainty tolerance a more central focus of medical care.
A Way Forward
Authors: Han Paul K.J.
Published: July 2021

Chapter 6 concludes the book by offering a vision for how to promote uncertainty tolerance in medicine. It identifies various system-level strategies, spanning medical care, education, and research, that can foster humility, flexibility, and courage and thereby help build uncertainty tolerance into the structures and processes of healthcare. The chapter examines how these processes can ultimately enable uncertainty tolerance to become part of both the worldview of individual clinicians and patients, and the overarching culture of medicine. The chapter makes the case that uncertainty tolerance in medicine ultimately requires the adoption of a worldview that affirms the necessity and value of uncertainty, and enables us to transcend it.
Zen and the Art of Word Creation
Authors: Keyes Ralph
Published: July 2021

Ever since Horace defended his right to “add a few words to the stock,” and a character in Shakespeare’s 1607 play “Coriolanus” proclaimed “So shall my Lungs Coine words till their decay,” word creation has been a subject of great interest, and controversy as well. What was once considered a dubious practice has become prestigious. “Coined by” is a prized phrase to have before one’s name. The supply of neologisms therefore far outstrips demand. Many are coined, few are chosen. Coined words are like salmon eggs: few hatch, fewer mature, and only a handful make it upstream. The ways in which they are created is surprisingly anarchic, analogous to the chaotic process by which the solar system was born. One might even postulate a Chaos Theory of Word Creation in which usable neologisms pop up unpredictably, strike a chord, then take their place in the verbosphere.
Just Kidding
Authors: Keyes Ralph
Published: July 2021

Many a new word has been coined in jest. Scientist was conjured as a facetious term for those engaged in scientific research. Indianapolis was a fanciful suggestion for the name of Indiana’s capital. Software was simply a play on hardware among early computer programmers. Whimsical coinage is especially common in the cybersphere where not just software but crowdsource, blog and blogosphere resulted from insider wisecracking. Playfulness is an ill-appreciated source of neologisms in general. The linguist Allen Walker Read cited “jubilance” as a primary motivation for word creation. The widespread adoption of neologisms that originated as bon mots, punch lines, and flippant remarks generally surprise their coiners as much as anyone. This is more true than ever in a world where language is continually fertilized by whimsical bloggers, wisecracking comedians, and sundry quipsters who are less intent on expanding our vocabulary than on being amusing.
Literary Lingo
Authors: Keyes Ralph
Published: July 2021

Writers who can’t come up with the right word to describe something seldom hesitate to create a new one. As a result some of our most useful terms have come from their pens and keyboards. Authors such as Chaucer, Shakespeare, and Milton lived in times when the English language was mushrooming, along with scientific and other discoveries. This invited them to fill gaps in the lexicon with words of their own creation. Charles Dickens was a prolific coiner of “Dickensisms,” some of which took their place in the vernacular (e.g., cheesiness, seediness, bodyguard, sawbones). Not just text but titles such as Psychobabble, Catch-22, The Last Hurrah, and The Rise of the Meritocracy were the source of words and phrases in common use today.
Ivy-Covered Words
Authors: Keyes Ralph
Published: July 2021

Words and phrases coined by scholars that become part of the vernacular usually have popular resonance: pecking order, natural selection, meme. Some scholars have coined more than their share of such neologisms. Darwin was a prolific coiner and importer of terms such as cross-fertilize, subgroup, and alfalfa. Darwin’s London neighbor Dr. William Gowers contributed knee-jerk (for the reflexive jerk of a tapped knee). Robert Merton added self-fulfilling prophecy, role model, and focused interview, Abraham Maslow hierarchy of needs and peak experience. In some cases neologisms related to academic discoveries were created by “interpreters”: theory of relativity (Max Planck), focus group (Ernest Dichter), body language (Julius Fast). As with books from the world of popular publishing, some of these new words and phrases appeared in the titles of more scholarly works. They include Bowling Alone, Personal Space, and Holism and Evolution.
Coined with Intent
Authors: Keyes Ralph
Published: July 2021

Although most deliberately coined neologisms disappear without a trace, some durable words have been coined with intent. Linguists call them de novo terms. Such neologisms are typically created by combining existing words and clauses, adding prefixes and suffixes, and adapting terms borrowed from other languages (as when Thomas Huxley turned to Greek for agnostic, Richard Dawkins for meme, and Norbert Wiener for cybernetics). An elite group of neologizers don’t just tap existing terminology to produce new words, they create them from scratch. The results, notable for their scarcity, can be thought of as scratch words. In addition to recoining the chemical term bromide to refer to soporific pronouncements, humorist Gelett Burgess cut blurb and goop from whole cloth. Playwright George S. Kaufman did the same thing when coining widget. Any number of brand names, such as Kodak and nylon were also created from scratch.
Disputation
Authors: Keyes Ralph
Published: July 2021

Those who have coined a word that others use, or think they have, are seldom shy about making that claim. Competing assertions are therefore common. Terms with multiple claims of coinage include gonzo, software, and fashionista. Since such terms typically were circulating on the street long before someone claimed authorship, their actual etymology is vague. A coinage that has never appeared in print, or can only be found in obscure publications, is particularly susceptible to assertions of authorship by more than one person. That’s why someone’s claim to have invented a word is an unreliable source of etymology. It’s common to read that X word was coined by Y person, when in fact that word was either invented by someone else, or was already being used orally at the time it appeared in print. This is one of many reasons that determining original word authorship is so problematic.
You Too Can Coin a Word
Authors: Keyes Ralph
Published: July 2021

What literate person hasn’t dreamed of creating a word that others adopt, thereby staking their claim to verbal posterity? This is far easier to dream about than do. Creating a neologism is hard. Getting others to adopt it is even harder. A gap in our vocabulary is the best precondition for a successful coinage. We need new words to help us discuss changing circumstances: technology, climate change, pandemics. Even when addressing verbal voids, neologisms must strike a chord, capture a widespread sensibility with a word or phrase, preferably one that’s vivid. Terseness helps, as does alliteration, and use of forceful letters such as b (bubble, bunk), k (ok, knockout), and z (sizzle, Zoom). Anyone who successfully creates new a word and gets it adopted can join Jefferson, Dickens, and Seuss in the annals of successful neology.
An African American Dilemma
Authors: Burkholder Zoë
Published: July 2021

Since Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, Americans have viewed school integration as a central tenet of the Black civil rights movement. Yet school integration was not the only—or even always the dominant—civil rights strategy. At times, African Americans also fought for separate, Black-controlled schools dedicated to racial uplift, community empowerment, and self-determination. An African American Dilemma offers a social history of debates over school integration within northern Black communities from the 1840s to the present. This broad geographical and temporal focus reveals that northern Black educational activists vacillated between a preference for either school integration or separation during specific eras. However, there was never a consensus, so the dissent, debate, and counter-narratives that pushed families to consider a fuller range of educational reforms are also highlighted here. Presenting a sweeping historical analysis that covers the entire history of public education in the North, the book broadens our understanding of school integration by highlighting the diverse perspectives of Black students, parents, teachers, and community leaders all committed to improving public education. It finds that Black school integrationists and separatists have worked together in a dynamic tension that fueled effective strategies for educational reform and the Black civil rights movement. The book draws on an enormous range of archival data including the black press, school board records, social science studies, the papers of civil rights activists, and court cases.
Introduction
Authors: Burkholder Zoë
Published: July 2021

In 1944, Gunnar Myrdal famously identified the “American Dilemma,” an inherent tension between widespread faith in equal opportunity on one hand and discrimination against African Americans on the other. This book traces a similar phenomenon in northern public schools, which promised an equal education for all and then consigned Black children to second-class facilities. This paradox generated the African American dilemma, or the question of whether school integration or separate, Black-controlled schools in a legally desegregated system would more effectively advance the Black freedom struggle. This book offers a social history of northern Black debates over school integration in the North. It chronicles an extraordinary range of Black educational activism in the North stretching from the common school era to the present, and analyzes how this work—much of it carried out by women and youth—inspired the larger civil rights movement and created substantially more equal public schools.
Conclusion
Authors: Burkholder Zoë
Published: July 2021

The book concludes with a consideration of how northern Black debates over school integration versus separation transformed the Black civil rights movement. Black northerners who participated in acts of educational protest challenged institutionalized racism in American schools and enacted lasting, substantial improvements. They organized grassroots movements that demanded specific reforms in local public institutions, in the process mobilizing Black northerners to become involved in local, state, and national politics. The inherent tensions between school integrationists and separatists created a dynamic, evolving grassroots movement for Black educational reform that insists on racial justice in public education and moves Americans closer to the meaningful reforms that will create equitable and high-quality public schools for all.
The Poetry of Emily Dickinson
Authors: Camp Elisabeth
Published: July 2021

The six chapters of this volume collectively argue that Dickinson is an epistemically ambitious poet, who explores fundamental questions by advancing arguments with the purpose of convincing their audience. At the same time, Dickinson doesn’t just make philosophical claims, but demonstrates concretely how poetry can make a distinct contribution to philosophy, by exemplifying abstract ideas in tangible form and habituating readers into productive trains of thought. In this way, she doesn’t just make philosophical claims, but demonstrates how poetry can make a distinct contribution to philosophy. All of the essays in this volume, which are drawn from both philosophers and literary theorists, thus serve as a counterpoint to recent critical work, which has emphasized Dickinson’s anguished uncertainty, her nonconventional style, and the unsettled status of her manuscripts. On the view that emerges here, knowing is a form of hard, ongoing work, much like cleaning or lacemaking, but one for which poetry is a powerful, perhaps indispensable, tool.
Introduction
Authors: Camp Elisabeth
Published: July 2021

The contributors to this volume all argue that poetry is a tool for epistemic achievement, and that Emily Dickinson uses poetry both to understand the world and to advocate for poetry as a tool of understanding. Many also argue that Dickinson offers a distinctive construal of knowledge, as a continual process of grappling with a world that transcends complete grasp, through daily cognitive, emotional, and practical labor. While some aspects of the resulting portrait fit the stereotype of Dickinson as a reclusive poet observing “small moments” in nature and in her own mental life, the Dickinson we encounter here is decidedly more determined, argumentative, and hopeful than that stereotype allows. This not only re-writes our conception of Dickinson; it provides lessons for philosophy, by offering alternative characterizations of what knowledge is, and of the methodologies through which it can be achieved.
The Uses of Obstruction, David Hills
Authors: Hills David
Published: July 2021

It is said that metaphor and other forms of figurative language exist to afford people an access they otherwise lack to objects they are eager to understand. In two important poems Dickinson stands this familiar conception on its head, suggesting that figures of speech exist to obscure, obstruct, and soften our view of objects that are entirely too accessible already. This view of metaphor’s work comes as a surprise, given Dickinson’s reputation for vehemence, bluntness, and imagistic violence. This chapter explores Dickinson’s professed motives for metaphor, puts them to work in the interpretation of representative poems, and reflects on their relation to familiar structural features of her work: the hymn forms, the telegraphic diction, the slant rhymes, the dashes.
Protecting the Body
Authors: Savvidou Paola
Published: July 2021

This chapter introduces injury preventive practices for the music student. These include key activities such as warming up, cooling down, exercising, and participating in mind–body practices. The differences between static and dynamic stretching, as well as when to practice each methodology, are discussed. Ideas for cultivating healthful habits, both within students’ musical practice and in their daily life, are provided. The chapter includes descriptions of mind–body practices common among musicians, such as the Alexander technique and Feldenkrais. An injury-prevention toolkit at the end of the chapter provides several practical worksheets and exercises (available on the companion website) for music instructors to use with their students.
Fueling the Body and Mind
Authors: Savvidou Paola
Published: July 2021

This chapter addresses nutrition and sleep as they relate to music performance and college life. These two topics are presented together because of the significant amount of research demonstrating their interconnectedness. The first part of this chapter discusses the challenges university students face in achieving a balanced diet, the components of proper nutrition, and guidelines for healthy eating habits. Eating disorders, as well as ways to support students who may be dealing with difficulties related to eating, are discussed. The second half of the chapter presents an overview of sleep. Foundational information such as sleep/wake cycles, factors that affect sleep, and the impact of sleep deprivation on nutrition are followed by descriptions of common sleep disorders and strategies for developing good sleep hygiene.
Introduction
Authors: Griffel Frank
Published: July 2021

Starting with the observation that the beginning of the European Enlightenment coincided with the military defeat of Ottoman armies that threatened Central Europe and with the Western colonial expansion into Muslim territories, the introduction reviews how earlier generations of Western scholars have thought about philosophy in Islam. The earliest academic studies of philosophy in Islam were dominated by the Hegelian assumption of a Weltgeist that moved from Greece to Western Europe. It assumed that the philosophical tradition ended in Islam the moment it was passed unto Western Europe during the 12th century. Yielding a strong influence on the study of Islamic philosophy during the 19th and 20th centuries, this idea also determined the widespread conviction that books like al-Ghazali’s (d. 1111) Precipitance of the Philosophers (Tahafut al-falasifa) are not works of philosophy, rather they are directed against it. The introduction suggests to accept these works as books of philosophy and to draw the full consequences of that insight. It means that many books of philosophy were written in Islam after the 12th century, of which a certain kind is the subject of this study.
Philosophy and the Power of the Religious Law
Authors: Griffel Frank
Published: July 2021

Western scholars have long assumed that during the sixth/twelfth century “religious” forces hostile to the practice of philosophy in Islam became so powerful that they successfully suppressed and persecuted philosophers, so much so that this discipline waned and eventually disappeared in Islam. This chapter looks at the evidence for suppression and persecution of philosophy from the side of religious and political authorities. It particularly asks whether al-Ghazali’s fatwa on the unbelief and apostasy of philosophers who hold three clearly identified positions was ever applied. The chapter discusses several examples, most importantly the executions of ‘Ayn al-Qudat al-Hamadhani in 525/1131 and Shihab al-Din Yahya al-Suhrawardi around 588/1192. It concludes that al-Ghazali’s fatwa was likely instrumental in the death of ‘Ayn al-Qudat, yet it brought with it so many legal problems that it had next to no effect beyond the generation of al-Ghazali’s immediate students.
Books and Their Teachings
Authors: Griffel Frank
Published: July 2021

Starting with an analysis of the failure of an earlier Western engagement with post-classical philosophy in Islam during the twentieth century, the chapter highlights some startling features of this genre. It shows that different works of Fakhr al-Din al-Razi include, if compared to one another, gross contradictions. Works that he refers to as “philosophical books” are drastically different in their teachings from his books on kalam and other religious sciences. The chapter identifies these “philosophical books” and reconstructs their teachings on two particular subjects: epistemology and the understanding of God. Fakhr al-Din’s position that knowledge is a “relation” between the knower and the object of knowledge is part of a development that goes back to al-Ghazali and was pushed forward by Abu l-Barakat al-Baghdadi. Similarly his view that in God there is a distinction between existence and essence goes back to al-Ghazali’s critique of falsafa, but it also counters it and promotes an Avicennan understanding of God.
Sensorial Theopoetics
Authors: Hernández Gloria Maité
Published: July 2021

While the site of inquiry for a theopoetic comparison of “savoring” is language, in mystical texts one cannot extricate language from embodiment. Chapter 3 brings into focus the sensorial imagery of the poetry asking how these images, often erotic, are interpreted by the commentators. This chapter is composed of two sections, “Sight” and “Sound,” dealing with the two most prominent senses in the poems, which function synesthetically—incorporating the activity of the other senses. Being more subtle in the Cántico, and more obvious in Rāsa Līlā, the sensorial exchange in both cases is never completely direct. The commentators are tasked with explaining images of reflection and refraction, sounds and harmony, that represent the simultaneous absence and presence of God. Readers are invited to understand the sensorial, embodied, and spiritual dimensions not as separate, but as participating on their own terms in the experience of savoring God.
Journalism in the 21st Century
Authors: Hardy Jonathan
Published: July 2021

This chapter presents a snapshot of the main characteristics of 21st-century journalism, examining changes in its organization, practice, and performance. It also contributes to the book’s main themes by outlining links between structural changes in the news industries and shifts in journalists’ activities, attitudes, and self-perceptions. Of particular concern is the impact of the internet and more generally of digitalization. This is considered in relation to traditional print media, television, radio and also with regard to journalists’ practices, which have undergone dramatic, rapid change and disruption. The chapter then focusses on journalistic content, where according to some critics, traditional journalistic standards have been weakened by the growing ascendancy of entertainment values and by the financial need for advertising revenue. Finally, the chapter discusses identity and how journalists’ traditional concepts of self-identity have responded to the pressures described previously.
Norms and Roles
Authors: Oni ’Wale
Published: July 2021

This chapter presents an overview of literature on the function of social norms and roles in shaping emotions and beliefs, with particular attention to journalistic professional practice. Through the concepts of accountability, transparency, truth, and social responsibility, journalism is presented as a norm-driven socially constructed profession. For example, journalists’ intrinsic personal norms are shown to be stronger in predicting their behaviour compared with extrinsic influences, such as regulatory laws or organizational policies. This chapter also focusses on journalists’ changing concepts of their own occupational role. A case study is presented on the acceptance and use of digital technologies in journalism in Nigeria, which is discussed as a double-edged sword. Although broadcast journalists may be significantly empowered by the use of such technologies, there is also a perceived dumbing down effect on journalistic practice, such that certain normative roles (e.g., sourcing information and expertise) may be jeopardized and professional ethics violated.
Social Psychology of Identity and Stereotyping in the Media
Authors: Lido Catherine , Swyer Ariel , Amicis Leyla De
Published: July 2021

This chapter is focussed on how the media may influence societal attitudes and behaviours, particularly in their coverage of refugees and asylum seekers. Traditional social psychological approaches to concepts of identity, categorization, and prejudice are discussed, followed by a review of relevant current models, such as intergroup emotion theory, integrated threat theory, and the so-called BIAS map (Behaviours from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes). It is proposed that refugees might receive greater warmth and increased perceptions of competence if they were reframed in the news not as stealing jobs but, rather, as future citizens, supporting their new countries of residence by doing necessary work and by creating new employment avenues. The chapter concludes with a proposal for five evidence-based strategies both for audiences to be more overtly aware of misleading media bias (e.g., the creation of ‘us versus them’ identity narratives) and for developing a more responsible journalism.
Visual Communication Through Body Movement
Authors: Bull Peter
Published: July 2021

Nonverbal behaviour plays an important role in journalism because of its heavy reliance on visual forms of communication. In the first section of this chapter, academic research on nonverbal behaviour is discussed in terms of the following topics: the communication of emotion and interpersonal relationships, the synchronization of nonverbal behaviour and speech, deception detection, and communications skills training. The second section focusses on the use of visuals and nonverbal behaviour in two specific journalistic contexts: print journalism and the television news. Illustrative examples are discussed, based on the impact of photographs of the Vietnam War and the dead Syrian boy Aylan Kurdi; celebrity photographs are also considered. There follows an analysis of the television news, focussed primarily on recent changes in audiovisual editing techniques, and this is illustrated by a case study—an analysis of audiovisual news coverage of the British parliamentary expenses scandal of 2009.
Conclusion
Authors: Coen Sharon , Bull Peter
Published: July 2021

Media psychology—understood as the study of individuals’ thoughts, feelings, and actions in interaction with media and communication technology—can offer important insights on what remains to be understood about the way in which individuals work. One of the key goals of this book is to challenge the understanding of who a journalist or a news ‘user’ is and how their experience forms and informs the way in which they relate to the world around them. This chapter summarizes the lessons learned throughout the book and discusses the important role that psychological processes at individual levels (e.g., identity), interindividual levels (e.g., attributions), and collective levels (e.g., intergroup dynamics) play in journalism in light of the literature reviewed throughout the book.
Ready, Set, Go!
Authors: Akkermans Jos , Blokker Rowena , Buers Corine , Heijden Beatrice Van der , Vos Ans De
Published: July 2021

One key career transition during emerging adulthood is the school-to-work transition. As careers have become much more dynamic and complex, this particular has also become more challenging for young adults. In this chapter, the authors explain how the school-to-work transition has changed and how individual agency and structural factors can interact to lay an early foundation for sustainable career development. In line with this, the authors argue that career competencies and employability are crucial concepts for today’s school-to-work transition. Finally, they look forward to how future research might contribute to further understanding the contemporary school-to-work transition. In all, this chapter argues that an adaptive school-to-work transition is crucial as a building block for long-term sustainability of careers.
Narrative Approach to Career Identity Development
Authors: Sica Luigia Simona , Sestito Laura Aleni , Palma Tiziana Di
Published: July 2021

Examining the impact of family on young peoples’ vocational identity is very important in cultural contexts of Mediterranean countries, where young adults tend to live with their parents for a prolonged time. In the Italian context, living with parents in their 20s and 30s is associated with a specific “delay syndrome” in the transition to adulthood that increases identity instability and hinders career plans. Starting from the historical background of vocational identity and delay syndrome in Italy, the chapter highlights the parental influence on Italian youth’s career development. Specifically, assuming that career construction is a co-constructed process in which parents can be interpreted as identity agents, the chapter presents and discusses the main results of research in the Italian context and proposes a descriptive model of vocational identity co-authoring between parents and young people.
Smooth, Staggered, or Stopped?
Authors: Isdale Kathryn S. , Reddy Vijay , Winnaar Lolita D. , Zuze Tia Linda
Published: July 2021

Year on year, incremental progress is the gold standard of education. While policies are in place to address any possible anticipated interruption in overall learner journeys, smooth transitions through an individual’s schooling career are a key aim for education programs the world over. New analysis from a longitudinal study of South African youth suggests that just under half of all learners are following this smooth type of pathway through schooling, with the rest following three other distinct progression routes. This chapter provides the first in-depth look at what young people are doing, how they move through the education system, and how background and school-level characteristics influence those pathways. The study attempts to look beyond the predictable pattern of “achievement begetting achievement” and demonstrates that educational expectations matter and that the school attended need not. Together, the results paint a complex picture of educational transitions where advantage operates but so too does the notion of “beating the odds.”
High School Dropouts’ Movements In and Out of Work and Education During the Transition to Adulthood
Authors: Lavoie Laurence , Thouin Éliane , Dupéré Véronique , Dion Eric
Published: July 2021

High school dropouts are likely to experience challenges during the transition to adulthood, notably in terms of employment. For them, jobs are often hard to find, low-paid, and unstable. Many dropouts thus re-enroll in school, and some go on to obtain a high school or vocational diploma or even a college degree. However, others do not re-enroll or abandon school again, while some disengage from both education and employment. In other words, high school dropouts experience heterogeneous pathways during their transition to adulthood. A small but growing body of research attempt to document these pathways and their antecedents and consequences, as well as effective programs and services to reconnect those at risk of marginalization. This chapter provides a broad overview of this literature, focusing on the transition to adulthood among high school dropouts in Canada, the United States, and Europe. In closing, key policies and practical implications are discussed.
A Strategy for Building Transition-Focused Education Capacity to Support Disabled Students in Australian Schools
Authors: Milford Todd , Lawrence Breanna , Beamish Wendi , Davies Michael , Meadows Denis W.
Published: July 2021

This chapter explores how an ongoing collaboration between a local university and an educational district within Queensland, Australia, has assisted educational professionals to better address the requirements of students with disabilities to transition successfully from high school to adulthood. The collaboration was a response to federal data that identified poor outcomes for students with disabilities and provided funding to improve these outcomes through school and system capacity-building. In Australia, there is a paucity of research into transition-focused education and postschool outcomes, a lack of research and technical assistance centers, poor professional preparation and development for teaching staff, and poor systemic structures to support this student population at school and in their early adult life. The study outlined here addresses this lack of research on school to adulthood transitions for students with disabilities and offers an example of implementing recommended practice to support transitions.
Young Adult Transnational School- to-Work Transitions in the Context of Work Migration in Europe
Authors: Negru-Subtirica Oana
Published: July 2021

Today, an increasing number of young adults’ first systematic work experiences occur beyond the boundaries of their homelands, leading to transnational school-to-work transitions. Work migration trends in the past decades indicate that more young adults choose or are forced to live their first systematic work experiences in a new country. This chapter explores transnational school-to-work transitions in the European context in emerging adults who migrate to find work. First, the author analyzes the dynamics of transnational school-to-work transitions for European emerging adults who have completed extensive schooling (university graduates). Next, the author examines how educational and labor market factors may influence the development of meanings of work and of work identities in these young adults. Lastly, the author details implications for educational and occupational policies targeting immigrant young adults.
Automated Machine Learning for Business
Authors: R. Larsen Kai , Becker Daniel S.
Published: July 2021

In Automated Machine Learning for Business, we teach the machine learning process using a new development in data science: automated machine learning. AutoML, when implemented properly, makes machine learning accessible to most people because it removes the need for years of experience in the most arcane aspects of data science, such as the math, statistics, and computer science skills required to become a top contender in traditional machine learning. Anyone trained in the use of AutoML can use it to test their ideas and support the quality of those ideas during presentations to management and stakeholder groups. Because the requisite investment is one semester-long undergraduate course rather than a year in a graduate program, these tools will likely become a core component of undergraduate programs, and over time, even the high school curriculum.
Why Use Automated Machine Learning?
Authors: Larsen Kai R. , Becker Daniel S.
Published: July 2021

Machine learning is involved in search, translation, detecting depression, likelihood of college dropout, finding lost children, and to sell all kinds of products. While barely beyond its inception, the current machine learning revolution will affect people and organizations no less than the Industrial Revolution’s effect on weavers and many other skilled laborers. Machine learning will automate hundreds of millions of jobs that were considered too complex for machines ever to take over even a decade ago, including driving, flying, painting, programming, and customer service, as well as many of the jobs previously reserved for humans in the fields of finance, marketing, operations, accounting, and human resources. This section explains how automated machine learning addresses exploratory data analysis, feature engineering, algorithm selection, hyperparameter tuning, and model diagnostics. The section covers the eight criteria considered essential for AutoML to have significant impact: accuracy, productivity, ease of use, understanding and learning, resource availability, process transparency, generalization, and recommended actions.
Implement, Document, and Maintain
Authors: Larsen Kai R. , Becker Daniel S.
Published: July 2021

This section covers the final section of the machine learning life cycle. Consider these the most important steps of the entire process. This is the point at which we have the greatest potential to help our organization reap the benefits of machine learning. In traditional information systems development, 60–80% of the cost of a system comes during the maintenance phase, so these steps are important. This section covers how to deploy a machine learning model, as well as documenting and maintaining this model. A chapter covers the seven types of target leakage followed by time-aware validation and time-series analysis.
News Deserts, Echo Chambers, Algorithmic Editors, and the Siren Call of Revenues
Authors: Minow Martha
Published: July 2021

Chapter 1 traces monumental shifts in the news industry and in the communications technologies and companies that have brought about a new ecosystem of news. Failing business models for newspapers, changes in media ownership, and the rise of digital platforms have all drawn viewership or financial support away from legacy media—and local news in particular. The effects signify nothing short of a crisis in journalism, characterized by growing news deserts, the development of echo chambers, and concentrated media ownership. These shifts in the news ecosystem affect not only individuals and communities but also the very workings of the American system of government: They threaten the critical role of the press in American democracy—the only private industry expected and relied upon by the nation’s founders.
Comparing Intelligence Accountability
Authors: Leuprecht Christian
Published: July 2021

This chapter reviews the literature of intelligence accountability, reviews different theories, and introduces readers to key terms such as oversight, review, control, and governance. This book complements the process of intelligence oversight—the practice of holding ISAs to account, whereby ISAs have to justify their activities—with other types and levels of accountability. Typologically, accountability bodies differ by ways and methods they use to hold ISAs accountable: they can review, oversee, or control Intelligence and Security Agencies (ISA), and/or accept and address complaints concerning actions or activities of an ISA. Although conventionally they assessed compliance within an intelligence community, as of late they have been performing additional functions, such as promoting innovation. The different types of accountability are complemented by various layers in which Intelligence and Security Agencies are held accountable: internal, managerial, and external. The chapter introduces readers to the institutional architecture of intelligence accountability: legislative committees, judicial and quasi-judicial bodies, bureaucratic and administrative bodies, and executive oversight. It goes on to review intelligence accountability frameworks: laws, legislatures, the executive, the judiciary, the media, the public, civil society, and the democratic interest. The chapter closes on developments in international and supranational accountability cooperation.
United States of America
Authors: Leuprecht Christian
Published: July 2021

This chapter reviews the member organizations of the United States Intelligence Community, the strategic environment that has informed intelligence and accountability in the United States, including scandals as a key driver of innovation, and the current and future threat environment as seen by the United States. The chapter examines the US intelligence accountability architecture: the House of Representative Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, the Inspectors General, the Government Accountability Office, the Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Office, and the President’s Intelligence Advisory Board. The sheer number and complexity of accountability bodies in the US gives rise to inefficiencies, ineffectiveness, and duplication. The accountability system is replete with gaps and vulnerabilities: partisanship, collective-action problems, resource allocation, and inconsistent quality of review in congressional accountability; GAO’s limited authority to review the USIC and sensitive operations; the adequacy of the FISA court in adequately protecting the rights of Americans; and Presidential discretion in appointing and removing IGs. These issues have implications not just for the United States, but for allies, partners as well as regional and global stability.
United Kingdom
Authors: Leuprecht Christian
Published: July 2021

The United Kingdom’s intelligence accountability system reviews and oversees the Five Eyes’ oldest intelligence and security community. Her Majesty’s intelligence community illustrates the challenge of managing the tension between state security with human security: a cycle of reform driven in an attempt to (re)gain the trust of a sceptical UK public and in response to technological progression. Over the course of the last century, the UK and its intelligence and security agencies assisted other Five Eyes members in establishing their own ISAs, while its cycle of reform has had equally important ramifications for driving innovation in intelligence accountability across the Five Eyes community. Controversies have undermined the prospect for public trust on which the legitimacy of the UK’s intelligence community ultimately depends. Changes from the initial focus on general administrative and executive review and oversight were driven by domestic and transnational legal challenges. The European Convention on Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights have had a notable impact on security and intelligence in the United Kingdom. The chapter reviews the member organizations of the UK’s intelligence community, the strategic environment that has informed intelligence and accountability in the UK, national security threats from the vantage point of the UK, and the UK’s intelligence accountability architecture: the Investigatory Powers Commissioner and Judicial Commissioners Office, the Investigatory Powers Tribunal, the Intelligence and Security Committee composed of members of both Houses of Parliament, and the Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation.