bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anticancer Compounds Development, Structural Modifications and Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Padilla Gabriel , Furlan Renata L. A.
Published: October 2009

Cancer is one of the main diseases affecting human health. The number of new cases will reach 15 million by 2020. The drug arsenal available for clinical treatment is dramatically short, affecting the success of many treatments. This critical situation obligates to search for new compounds to be use in chemotherapy. There are still, quite a lot of fields that must complement each other with essential information to augment the chance of develop new drugs to alleviate the clinical procedures. It is necessary to understand the origin and development of cancer, the influence of external factors, and the role of genetic susceptibility. This knowledge must help to develop new antitumoral compounds of diverse origins especially natural products. The modifications of compounds by combinatorial biosynthesis can provide new molecules such as anthracycline derivates with enhanced activity and reduced toxicity.
Aseptic Techniques in Cell Culture
Authors: Davis John M. , Shade Kevin L.
Published: October 2009

The culture and storage of mammalian cells must be carried out under conditions that exclude microorganisms. Methods by which this may be achieved are described here, along with important characteristics of the environments and key equipment that facilitate sterility maintenance in modern laboratories and biopharmaceutical facilities.

Your mention of an online version of EIB raises a problem. Figures 8 and 9 of this chapter are reproduced from Figures 1 and 2 of British Standard 5726:2005, under licence from the British Standards Institution. The terms of this licence (a copy of which is attached) relate to reproduction in hard copy format only, and state that “On no account shall the extracts used be distributed on a publicly available website”. I guess that what is important here is what the BSI means by “publicly available website”. Please tell me who would be able to access this website ‐ e.g. would access have to be purchased? I will then check with the BSI that this is OK, or if not how they would like to proceed. At worst it might mean removing these figures from the online version.
Cell Cycle Synchronization
Authors: Naciri Mariam , Holmes Paul , Al‐Rubeai Mohamed
Published: October 2009

Cell synchronization methods have provided effective tools in cell cycle research along with the development in control of proliferative diseases andin vitrocell growth. Several chemically induced synchronization methods, for accumulating and isolating cells in the various phases of the cell cycle have been developed for adherent and non‐adherent cells, and although widely accepted they have major drawbacks. Physical methods such as centrifugal elutriation do not perturb cell cycle progression and produce highly synchronized viable cell populations. In this article, conventional and recent developments of methods for cell synchronization for various cell types and for monitoring and measurement of cell cycle and cell cycle phase duration are described.
Chromatography, Radial Flow
Authors: Gu Tingyue
Published: October 2009

Downstream processing is a key component of a process for the production of biomolecules. Liquid chromatograph often plays a central role. Radial flow chromatography (RFC) offers an alternative to the conventional axial flow chromatography (AFC) in preparative and large‐scale applications. This article reviews the configurations and operating conditions for RFC, and provides comparisons between RFC and AFC. Several application examples and a mathematical model for RFC also are presented.
Flow Injection Analysis in Industrial Biotechnology
Authors: Hansen Elo Harald , Miró Manuel
Published: October 2009

Flow injection analysis (FIA) is an analytical chemical continuous flow (CF) method which, in contrast to traditional CF procedures, does not rely on complete physical mixing (homogenization) of the sample and the reagent(s) or on attaining chemical equilibria of the chemical reactions involved. Exploiting controllable dispersion of the injected sample within the reagent‐containing carrier stream and strictly reproducible timing of all events taking place, it is based on measuring transient signals, which not only implies very high sampling rates but also, and most importantly, permits implementation of a number of novel methodologies that are not feasible when performed under batch conditions or by conventional CF procedures. Demonstrated for selected bioanalytical and technological applications encompassing cellular and enzymatic assays as well as monitoring of culture media, the principles and operational characteristics of FIA are first outlined, and then its downscaled/miniaturized sequels, that is, sequential injection analysis (SIA) and lab‐on‐valve (LOV), are detailed. Thus, in SIA the sample and reagents are, via the use of a multi‐position valve and an attached syringe pump operated under full programmable control, aspirated sequentially and then propelled forward allowing the sample and reagent(s) to be intermixed and, if called for, subjected to appropriate treatments before analyte detection. This infers that, merely minute sample/reagent volumes are consumed, hence leading to generation of small amounts of waste. In LOV this downscaling is taken further by using a small monolithic structure within which all sample manipulations and ultimate analyte detection under programmable control can be effected. Even bead materials with different surface groups/characteristics, including live cells, can be handled and utilized as demonstrated. Because the syringe pump in SIA and LOV can be used for accurately aspirating, propelling or even stopping the flow, thesemodi operandiallow fully to exploit the interplay between the kinetics and the thermodynamics of the chemical reactions involved, so that there are no restrictions whatsoever as to the chemistries that can be implemented, even if they entail multistep reactions. Representative bioanalytical examples of this interplay are presented.
Optimization of energy usage for fleet‐wide power generating system under carbon mitigation options
Authors: Elkamel A. , Hashim H. , Douglas P. L. , Croiset E.
Published: October 2009

This article presents a fleet‐wide model for energy planning that can be used to determine the optimal structure necessary to meet a given CO2 reduction target while maintaining or enhancing power to the grid. The model incorporates power generation as well as CO2 emissions from a fleet of generating stations (hydroelectric, fossil fuel, nuclear, and wind). The model is formulated as a mixed integer program and is used to optimize an existing fleet as well as recommend new additional generating stations, carbon capture and storage, and retrofit actions to meet a CO2 reduction target and electricity demand at a minimum overall cost. The model was applied to the energy supply system operated by Ontario power generation (OPG) for the province of Ontario, Canada. In 2002, OPG operated 79 electricity generating stations; 5 are fueled with coal (with a total of 23 boilers), 1 by natural gas (4 boilers), 3 nuclear, 69 hydroelectric and 1 wind turbine generating a total of 115.8 TWh. No CO2 capture process existed at any OPG power plant; about 36.7 million tonnes of CO2 was emitted in 2002, mainly from fossil fuel power plants. Four electricity demand scenarios were considered over a span of 10 years and for each case the size of new power generation capacity with and without capture was obtained. Six supplemental electricity generating technologies have been allowed for: subcritical pulverized coal‐fired (PC), PC with carbon capture (PC+CCS), integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), IGCC with carbon capture (IGCC+CCS), natural gas combined cycle (NGCC), and NGCC with carbon capture (NGCC+CCS). The optimization results showed that fuel balancing alone can contribute to the reduction of CO2 emissions by only 3% and a slight, 1.6%, reduction in the cost of electricity compared to a calculated base case. It was found that a 20% CO2 reduction at current electricity demand could be achieved by implementing fuel balancing and switching 8 out of 23 coal‐fired boilers to natural gas. However, as demand increases, more coal‐fired boilers needed to be switched to natural gas as well as the building of new NGCC and NGCC+CCS for replacing the aging coal‐fired power plants. To achieve a 40% CO2 reduction at 1.0% demand growth rate, four new plants (2 NGCC, 2 NGCC+CCS) as well as carbon capture processes needed to be built. If greater than 60% CO2 reductions are required, NGCC, NGCC+CCS, and IGCC+CCS power plants needed to be put online in addition to carbon capture processes on coal‐fired power plants. The volatility of natural gas prices was found to have a significant impact on the optimal CO2 mitigation strategy and on the cost of electricity generation. Increasing the natural gas prices resulted in early aggressive CO2 mitigation strategies especially at higher growth rate demands. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Modeling the dynamics of reactive foaming and film thinning in polyurethane foams
Authors: Harikrishnan G. , Khakhar D. V.
Published: October 2009

Flexible polyurethane foams are widely used in cushioning and packaging applications. A model for the dynamics of formation of polyurethane foams is presented, which includes thinning of foam lamellae. Experimental measurements for water blown flexible foam formulations at different water concentrations are presented to validate the model. Adiabatic temperature rise measurements during foaming are used to obtain the kinetic parameters of the reactions of isocyanate with polyol and water. The variation of foam density during foaming is studied by weight loss and video shooting methods and both are compared to estimate the amount of blowing gas lost during foaming. The average thickness of the foam lamellae of the solid foam is obtained by SEM measurements. The predictions of the model show good agreement with the experimental measurements of temperature and density with time and the final lamellar thickness. The results are important for understanding the cell opening process. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Interfacial and foaming characteristics of milk whey protein and polysaccharide mixed systems
Authors: Perez Adrián A. , Carrara Carlos R. , Sánchez Cecilio Carrera , Santiago Liliana G. , Rodríguez Patino Juan M.
Published: October 2009

Protein‐polysaccharide (PS) interactions find many applications in food engineering and new foam formulations. In this article, we have studied the effect of anionic nonsurface active PSs [sodium alginate (SA) and lambda‐carrageenan (λ‐C)] in aqueous solution on interfacial and foaming characteristics of milk whey proteins [whey protein concentrate (WPC) and whey protein isolate (WPI)]. Whey protein concentration (1.0% wt), temperature (20°C), pH (7), and ionic strength (0.05 M) of the aqueous media were kept constant, while PS influence was evaluated within a 0.0–1.0% wt concentration range. The dynamic properties (dynamics of adsorption and surface dilatational properties) of WPC/PS and WPI/PS adsorbed films were considered in order to correlate the foaming characteristics of the biopolymer mixed systems. Foaming characteristics of the biopolymer mixed systems depended on the PS relative concentration in the aqueous phase and on the whey protein‐PS interactions in solution and at the air–water interface. Dynamic surface properties of the adsorbed films at short adsorption time had a significant effect on foaming capacity. For a particular system, the overall foam destabilization (foam half‐life time) and the individual destabilization processes (drainage, disproportionation, and bubble coalescence) depend on the nature of the PS, its relative bulk concentration, and whey protein‐PS interactions in the vicinity of the air–water interface. The viscosity of the aqueous phase has an effect on the rate of drainage while the rate of disproportionation/collapse is more dependent on the interfacial characteristics of the adsorbed film. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Sequential optimization and kinetic modeling of L‐asparaginase production by Pectobacteriumcarotovorum in submerged fermentation
Authors: Sanjeeviroyar Arrivukkarasan , Rajendran Aravindan , Muthuraj Muthusivaramapandian , Basha Khazi Mahammedilyas , Thangavelu Viruthagiri
Published: October 2009

L‐Asparaginase is a therapeutic enzyme widely used as an antitumor agent for the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphosarcoma. Its potential applications as a therapeutic agent and food additive require production at high yields in a low‐cost medium with high purity and stability. Statistical experimental designs were applied to identify and optimize the significant parameters for the fermentative production of L‐asparaginase by Pectobacterium carotovorum Microbial Type Culture Collection (MTCC) 1428. Screening of different carbon sources identified galactose as the best carbon source for the production of L‐asparaginase. Twelve medium components were selected and sixteen experiments were carried out based on the Plackett–Burman (PB) design for identifying the most significant medium components. Yeast extract, galactose, monosodium glutamate, MgSO4.7H2O and CaCl2.2H2O were found to be the most significant components that affected the production of L‐asparaginase, and they were optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) using central composite design. This optimized medium showed maximum production rates of periplasmic and extracellular L‐asparaginase of 3.25 and 0.83 U ml−1, respectively. The periplasmic L‐asparaginase production in the optimized medium was twofold higher than in the basal medium. Unstructured kinetic models were applied and satisfactorily described the cell growth, product formation and substrate utilization profile, thus providing a better understanding and prediction of the fermentation profile. This paper details the application of PB experimental design and RSM for the optimization of L‐asparaginase production from Pe. carotovorum MTCC 1428 in submerged fermentation. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mercury transformation across various air pollution control devices in a 200 MW coal‐fired boiler of China
Authors: Tao Ye , Zhuo Yuqun , Zhang Liang , Chen Changhe , Xu Xuchang
Published: October 2009

An onsite investigation of the mercury emission from a Chinese 200 MW pulverized coal (PC) boiler equipped with various air pollution control devices (APCDs) was conducted by using the Ontario Hydro method (OHM). The mercury mass balance was + 4.6% of the input coal mercury for the whole system. Small amounts of mercury were detected in the bottom ash; nearly 90% of the mercury in PC was removed by the existing APCDs, i.e. selective catalytic reduction unit (SCR) and electrostatic precipitator (ESP) followed by fabric filters (FFs) baghouse, and flue gas desulfurization system (FGD). The concentration of oxidized mercury (converted from the elemental form) in the flue gas increased from 14% before SCR to 75% after SCR. Hence, the mercury removal efficiency of ESP and FGD was significantly improved when compared to the removal rates found in previous field measurement. This study demonstrates that the conversion of elemental mercury into the oxidized forms significantly improves the overall mercury removal efficiency of conventional APCDs, and most of the mercury emitted after FGD was in the elemental form. Copyright © 2009 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of polyethylene/binder/polyamide extrusion blow‐molded films. III. Slippability improvement with fatty acid amides
Authors: Poisson C. , Hervais V. , Lacrampe M. F. , Krawczak P. , Falher T. , Gondard C. , Ferreiro V.
Published: October 2009

The slippability of packaging films has to be controlled to facilitate confectionary operations and guarantee an easy opening for filling. In the case of single‐layer polyethylene (PE) films, the addition of slip agents made of fatty acid amides such as erucamide or oleamide usually allows the tailoring of the coefficient of friction (COF) in the film to match industrial targets, which depend on the final application. The coupling of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy analysis showed that this method has a limited efficiency and may even be detrimental in the case of multilayer PE + ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)/maleic anhydride grafted polyethylene (PEgMAH) + EVA/polyamide films. The reason is that the migration of the slip additives toward the outermost surface of the PE layer, which leads to a reduction in the COF, are strongly affected by both the existence of the adjacent layers and the presence of EVA in the PE and PEgMAH layers. Nevertheless, a proper knowledge of the effect of this perturbation allows one to reach a slippability level that is required for some confectionary operations and/or for an easy opening for filling without the degradation of the heat sealability. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Developing a holistic model for digital library evaluation
Authors: Zhang Ying
Published: October 2009

This article reports the author's recent research in developing a holistic model for various levels of digital library (DL) evaluation in which perceived important criteria from heterogeneous stakeholder groups are organized and presented. To develop such a model, the author applied a three‐stage research approach: exploration, confirmation, and verification. During the exploration stage, a literature review was conducted followed by an interview, along with a card sorting technique, to collect important criteria perceived by DL experts. Then the criteria identified were used for developing an online survey during the confirmation stage. Survey respondents (431 in total) from 22 countries rated the importance of the criteria. A holistic DL evaluation model was constructed using statistical techniques. Eventually, the verification stage was devised to test the reliability of the model in the context of searching and evaluating an operational DL. The proposed model fills two lacunae in the DL domain: (a) the lack of a comprehensive and flexible framework to guide and benchmark evaluations, and (b) the uncertainty about what divergence exists among heterogeneous DL stakeholders, including general users.
CRCTOL: A semantic‐based domain ontology learning system
Authors: Jiang Xing , Tan Ah‐Hwee
Published: October 2009

Domain ontologies play an important role in supporting knowledge‐based applications in the Semantic Web. To facilitate the building of ontologies, text mining techniques have been used to perform ontology learning from texts. However, traditional systems employ shallow natural language processing techniques and focus only on concept and taxonomic relation extraction. In this paper we present a system, known as Concept‐Relation‐Concept Tuple‐based Ontology Learning (CRCTOL), for mining ontologies automatically from domain‐specific documents. Specifically, CRCTOL adopts a full text parsing technique and employs a combination of statistical and lexico‐syntactic methods, including a statistical algorithm that extracts key concepts from a document collection, a word sense disambiguation algorithm that disambiguates words in the key concepts, a rule‐based algorithm that extracts relations between the key concepts, and a modified generalized association rule mining algorithm that prunes unimportant relations for ontology learning. As a result, the ontologies learned by CRCTOL are more concise and contain a richer semantics in terms of the range and number of semantic relations compared with alternative systems. We present two case studies where CRCTOL is used to build a terrorism domain ontology and a sport event domain ontology. At the component level, quantitative evaluation by comparing with Text‐To‐Onto and its successor Text2Onto has shown that CRCTOL is able to extract concepts and semantic relations with a significantly higher level of accuracy. At the ontology level, the quality of the learned ontologies is evaluated by either employing a set of quantitative and qualitative methods including analyzing the graph structural property, comparison to WordNet, and expert rating, or directly comparing with a human‐edited benchmark ontology, demonstrating the high quality of the ontologies learned.
Training paraprofessionals to use behavioral strategies when educating learners with autism spectrum disorders across environments
Authors: Hall Laura J. , Grundon Gretchen Stadnik , Pope Catherine , Romero Amanda Balderama
Published: October 2009

Although the use of paraprofessionals in the education of young children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is a common practice, research on effective training procedures is scarce. The following study used a multiple‐baseline design across settings replicated by five paraprofessionals to evaluate their use of behavioral strategies with young children with, or at risk for, autism spectrum disorder. A training package consisting of a workshop and performance feedback by their supervising special education teacher served as the intervention. Results revealed that even though the paraprofessionals demonstrated skills in the use of behavioral strategies at the workshop, there was either no transfer or generalization to the preschool or home environments where they worked, or their use of skills decreased over time. When performance feedback was provided to all participants, their correct use of strategies increased. The training model evaluated in this study provides an example of one that could be employed in a typical public school classroom or early intervention program. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemiluminescence‐based detection of gastrointestinal malignancies
Authors: Park Jason Y. , Kirn Thomas J. , Artis David , Waldman Scott A. , Kricka Larry J.
Published: October 2009

Chemiluminescence is an established method for the in vitro serum monitoring of human tumors. Chemiluminescence may have additional utility for the in vivo detection of tumors. During carcinogenesis, tumors change their phenotype and the proteins they express. Specifically, in carcinogenesis of the esophagus and stomach, enzymes that are normally only expressed in the small intestine brush border become ectopically expressed in precancerous and cancerous lesions. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase and lactase are among the small intestine brush border enzymes that are ectopically expressed. We have found that specific chemiluminescent substrates for alkaline phosphatase and lactase may be used for the in situ detection of intestinal alkaline phosphatase and lactase in unprocessed tissue. In this study, we demonstrate that chemiluminescent 1,2‐dioxetane substrates may be used for the detection of precancerous and cancerous lesions from the esophagus and stomach. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Corporate motivations for environmental sustainable development: exploring the role of consumers in stakeholder engagement
Authors: Haddock‐Fraser Janet Elaine , Tourelle Marielle
Published: October 2009

This paper examines the extent to which the end‐consumer appears to influence corporate behaviour towards reporting specific environmental management activities, through examination of environmental disclosures by the UK FTSE 100 companies. The paper also explores whether proximity to the end‐consumer is associated with particular motivations for environmental management – whether cost‐reducing or reputational benefits, hypothesizing that close‐to‐consumer companies (C2C) will have a greater focus on reputational benefits than their counterparts.

The results established that C2C companies were significantly more active in particular environmental measures (climate change and management processes) than their counterparts. They were also more likely to undertake environmental activities for which there was no explicit cost‐reduction benefit, suggesting that reputation with consumers/society may be a particular business motivator for them. These findings are important to policy makers, government and investors in terms of identifying which companies are leading particular aspects of the corporate environmental agenda and understanding the driving forces for it. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Expression of a recombinant elastin‐like protein in pichia pastoris
Authors: Sallach Rory E. , Conticello Vincent P. , Chaikof Elliot L.
Published: October 2009

The translation of highly repetitive gene sequences is often associated with reduced levels of protein expression and may be prone to mutational events. In this report, we describe a modified concatemerization strategy to construct a gene with enhanced sequence diversity that encodes a highly repetitive elastin‐like protein polymer for expression in Pichia pastoris. Specifically, degenerate oligonucleotides were used to create a monomer library, which after concatemerization yielded a genetically nonrepetitive DNA sequence that encoded identical pentapeptide repeat sequences. By limiting genetic repetition, the risk of genetic deletions, rearrangements, or premature termination errors during protein synthesis is minimized. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Microreactor for Acetone Deep Oxidation over Platinum
Authors: Rachedi F. , Guilet R. , Cognet P. , Tasselli J. , Marty A. , Dubreuil P.
Published: October 2009

A catalytic, silicon‐based, microstructured reactor was developed for the catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds, with the aim of small‐scale localized air treatment. The microreactor was based on the stacking of microstructured platelets, and the active catalyst phase, i.e., platinum, was deposited onto the walls of the microchannels by the thermal evaporation technique. The experimental setup allowed testing the efficiency of the catalytic microreactor. The deep oxidation of acetone (as a target compound) in air was carried out at increasing temperatures, resulting in ignition curves. Wide ranges of inlet acetone concentrations (500–8000 ppmv) and space velocities (18,700–201,000 h–1) were studied. Regarding acetone oxidation, the catalytic microreactor was found to exhibit high performances in terms of conversion, selectivity, and temperatures required to reach 50 and 95 % conversions.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of SNC80 Analogues with a Bridged Piperazine Ring
Authors: Holl Ralph , Jung Bettina , Schepmann Dirk , Humpf Hans‐Ulrich , Grünert Renate , Bednarski Patrick J. , Englberger Werner , Wünsch Bernhard
Published: October 2009

To discover novel δ‐opioid receptor ligands derived from SNC80 (1), a series of 6,8‐diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane derivatives bearing two aromatic moieties was prepared, and the affinity toward δ, μ, and κ receptors, as well as σ receptors, was investigated. After removal of the 4‐methoxybenzyl and 2,4‐dimethoxybenzyl protecting groups, the pharmacophoricN,N‐diethylcarbamoylbenzyl residue was attached to the 6,8‐diazabicyclo[3.2.2]nonane framework to yield the designed δ receptor ligands. In a first series of compounds the benzhydryl moiety of SNC80 was dissected, and one phenyl ring was attached to the bicyclic framework. In a second series of δ ligands the complete benzhydryl moiety was introduced into the bicyclic scaffold. The determined δ receptor affinities show that compounds based on an (R)‐glutamate‐derived bicyclic scaffold possess higher δ receptor affinity than their (S)‐glutamate‐derived counterparts. Furthermore, an intact benzhydryl moiety leads to δ receptor ligands that are more potent than compounds with two separated aromatic moieties. Compound24, with the same spatial arrangement of substituents around the benzhydryl stereocenter as SNC80, shows the highest δ receptor affinity of this series:Ki=24 nM. Whereas the highly potent δ ligands reveal good selectivity against μ and κ receptors, the σ1and/or σ2affinities of some compounds are almost in the same range as their δ receptor affinities, such as compound25(σ2:Ki=83 nM; δ:Ki=75 nM). In [35S]GTPγS assays the most potent δ ligands24and25showed almost the same intrinsic activity as the full agonist SNC80, proving the agonistic activity of24and25. The enantiomeric 4‐benzylidene derivatives15andent‐15showed selective cytotoxicity toward the 5637 (bladder) and A‐427 (small‐cell lung) human tumor cell lines.
Clinical benefits of a multivariate prediction model for bladder cancer
Authors: Vickers Andrew J. , Cronin Angel M. , Kattan Michael W. , Gonen Mithat , Scardino Peter T. , Milowsky Matthew I. , Dalbagni Guido , Bochner Bernard H. ,   for The International Bladder Cancer Nomogram Consortium
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND:

It has been demonstrated that multivariate prediction models predict cancer outcomes more accurately than cancer stage; however, the effects of these models on clinical management are unclear. The objective of the current study was to determine whether a previously published multivariate prediction model for bladder cancer (“bladder nomogram”) improved medical decision making when referral for adjuvant chemotherapy was used as a model.

METHODS:

Data were analyzed from an international cohort study of 4462 patients who underwent cystectomy without chemotherapy from 1969 to 2004. The number of patients eligible for chemotherapy was determined using pathologic stage criteria (lymph node‐positive disease or pathologic T3 [pT3] or pT4 tumor classification) and for 3 cutoff levels on the bladder nomogram (10%, 25%, and 70% risk of recurrence with surgery alone). The number of recurrences was calculated by applying a relative risk reduction to the baseline risk among eligible patients. Clinical net benefit was then calculated by combining recurrences and treatments and weighting the latter by a factor related to drug tolerability.

RESULTS:

A nomogram cutoff outperformed pathologic stage for chemotherapy in every scenario of drug effectiveness and tolerability. For a drug with a relative risk of 0.80, with which clinicians would treat ≤20 patients to prevent 1 recurrence, use of the nomogram was equivalent to a strategy that resulted in 60 fewer chemotherapy treatments per 1000 patients without any increase in recurrence rates.

CONCLUSIONS:

The authors concluded that referring patients who undergo cystectomy to adjuvant chemotherapy on the basis of a multivariate model is likely to lead to better patient outcomes than the use of pathologic stage. Further research is warranted to evaluate the clinical effects of multivariate prediction models. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Corporate social reporting for different audiences: the case of multinational corporations in Spain
Authors: Sotorrío Ladislao Luna , Sánchez José Luis Fernández
Published: October 2009

The objective of this research is twofold: first, to analyze descriptively the type of social information disclosed and the degree to which multinational corporations (MNCs) disclose it, and second, to empirically test whether there are differences in the reporting policy of this type of company according to the audience (global or local), and to discover the factors that explain these differences. A sample of 26 non‐Spanish MNCs operating in Spain was selected from the Spanish Merco reputation index in the period 2004–2007. The results show that there are very significant differences in the degree of disclosure and the type of social information reported by MNCs for each audience, and that a company's visibility and resources, in this order, are relevant factors in explaining these differences. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
PWM control of three‐phase to three‐phase matrix converters for reducing the number of commutations
Authors: Takeshita Takaharu , Andou Yusuke
Published: October 2009

This paper presents a control scheme of three‐phase to three‐phase matrix converters for reducing the number of commutations. The number of commutations during a control period in the proposed control scheme can be reduced to three from four in the conventional control scheme. It can be realized by using the output currents in the calculations of the duty factors. As a result, one of the output line voltage waveforms during a control period consists of two voltage levels with the same sign of the reference. The switching loss and the output voltage harmonics can be reduced. The effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm of the matrix converters has been verified by experiments. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 170(2): 60–69, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20824
An operational algorithm for residential cogeneration systems based on the monitored daily‐basis energy demand
Authors: Yamagishi Yuka , Sugihara Hideharu , Saeki Osamu , Tsuji Kiichiro
Published: October 2009

Residential cogeneration systems with PEFC are promising as distributed power system resources with the ability to improve energy system efficiency. However, it is important to develop an efficient algorithm for operation because the energy demand at each house differs greatly from day to day. In this paper, we propose an operational algorithm and evaluate it from the viewpoint of energy conservation and economic effectiveness based on the energy demand characteristics. In the algorithm, the hot water and electricity demand on the next day are estimated based on the average of past data. The results of simulations using actually monitored energy demand data indicate that (1) the greater the electrical demand of a household, the more effective this algorithm becomes with respect to energy conservation; (2) the greater the hot water demand of a household, the more effective this algorithm becomes with respect to economic effectiveness. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 170(2): 37–45, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley. com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20892
Effects of cascaded voltage collapse and protection of many induction machine loads upon load characteristics viewed from bulk transmission system
Authors: Kumano Teruhisa
Published: October 2009

As is well known, two of the fundamental processes which give rise to voltage collapse in power systems are the on‐load tap changers of transformers and the dynamic characteristics of loads such as induction machines. It is well established that, of these two, the former makes for a slower collapse while the latter makes for a faster collapse. However, in realistic simulations, the load levels of the induction machines are not uniform and it may be expected that some of the loads will collapse first, followed by the collapse of the loads which did not go into instability during the preceding collapses. In such situations, the overall equivalent collapse behavior viewed from the bulk transmission level becomes somewhat different from the simple collapse driven by one aggregated induction machine.

This paper studies the process of cascaded voltage collapse among many induction machines by time simulation, in which the load distribution on a feeder line is modeled by several hundred induction machines and static impedance loads. It is shown that in some cases voltage collapse actually cascades among induction machines, with the macroscopic load dynamics viewed from the upper level resulting in a slower collapse than expected from the aggregated load model. We also show the effects of machine protection of induction machines, which results in slower collapse. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 170(2): 19–27, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20894
Investigation of Intermediates Involved in the Photochemical Formation of Mo‐Blue Nanoring by Capillary Electrophoresis–Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Ito Takeru , Yamase Toshihiro
Published: October 2009

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) was employed to detect the intermediates involved in the photochemical formation of the Mo‐blue nanoring [MoV28MoVI114O429H10(H2O)49(CH3CO2)5(C2H5CO2)]30– ≡ Mo142(Ac)5(Pr) in the photolysis of the [Mo7O24]6–/CH3CO2H system at pH 3.4. The CE electropherogram indicated successful separation of the photolyte species into three migration times. The relative peak areas of the three kinds of signals were dependent on the duration of the photolysis. The signals in two of the regions could be identified to species (with additional defects due to the removal of binuclear {Mo2} ≡ [MoVI2O5(H2O)2]2+ linkers) derived from the intermediates {Mo37} to {Mo42} and Mo‐blue nanoring Mo142(Ac)5(Pr). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes as Photosensitizers for Long‐Range Electron Transfer: Occurrence of a Coulomb Barrier
Authors: Hanss David , Freys Jonathan C. , Bernardinelli Gérald , Wenger Oliver S.
Published: October 2009

Six cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes were investigated to assess their potential as photosensitizers for long‐range electron transfer, and two of them were incorporated directly into covalent donor–bridge–acceptor molecules. The influence of ligand substitutions on the excited‐state properties and the photoredox behavior of the iridium complexes was explored by optical absorption, steady‐state and time‐resolved luminescence spectroscopy, as well as by electrochemical methods. Bimolecular electron transfer between the photoexcited complexes and 10‐methylphenothiazine and methylviologen was found to be only weakly dependent on the ligand substitutions. Intramolecular long‐range electron transfer from phenothiazine to photoexcited iridium(III) in the dyads is slow due to the occurrence of a Coulomb barrier. Consequently, an electron‐transfer photoproduct is only observable in the transient absorption spectrum of a donor–bridge–acceptor molecule with a fluorinated photosensitizer that exhibits a very long excited‐state lifetime. A flash‐quench technique is necessary for detection of an electron‐transfer product in the dyad with a non‐fluorinated photosensitizer. The occurrence of a Coulomb barrier associated with intramolecular (excited‐state) long‐range electron transfer in the dyads with cyclometalated iridium(III) photosensitizers represents an important difference to previously investigated similar donor–bridge–acceptor molecules with photosensitizers based on d6 metal diimine complexes. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Cooling the heat of temptation: Mental self‐control and the automatic evaluation of tempting stimuli
Authors: Hofmann Wilhelm , Deutsch Roland , Lancaster Katie , Banaji Mahzarin R.
Published: October 2009

The present research investigated whether mental self‐control strategies can reduce the automatic positivity elicited by tempting stimuli. In two studies employing chocolate as the temptation of interest, we found that participants instructed to imagine a chocolate product in a nonconsummatory manner exhibited significantly less automatic positivity with regard to the product as compared to participants instructed to imagine the hedonic, consummatory aspects of the product and control participants engaged in a neutral task. These findings were replicated in a second study. Additionally, in Study 2 we found that automatic evaluations of chocolate were lowest for participants instructed to form implementation intentions to refrain from consumption. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that mental self‐control strategies such as nonconsummatory transformation and implementation intentions extend to the level of automatic processing by reducing the positivity of automatically activated affective responses. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional vibration control of high‐tech facilities against earthquakes and microvibration using hybrid platform
Authors: Hong Xiao‐Jian , Zhu Songye , Xu You‐Lin
Published: October 2009

High‐tech equipments engaged in the production of ultra‐precision products have very stringent vibration criteria for their functionality in normal operation conditions and their safety during an earthquake. Most previous investigations were based on simplified planar models of building structures, despite the fact that real ground motions and structures are always three‐dimensional. This paper hence presents a three‐dimensional analytical study of a hybrid platform on which high‐tech equipments are mounted for their vibration mitigation. The design methodology of the hybrid platform proposed in this study is based on dual‐level performance objectives for high‐tech equipments: safety against seismic hazard and functionality against traffic‐induced microvibration. The passive devices (represented by springs and viscous dampers) and the active actuators are designed, respectively, to meet vibration criteria corresponding to safety level and functionality level. A prototype three‐story building with high‐tech equipments installed on the second floor is selected in the case study to evaluate the effectiveness of the hybrid platform. The optimal location of the platform on the second building floor is determined during the design procedure in terms of the minimalH2cost function of absolute velocity response. The simulation of the coupled actuator‐platform‐building system subjected to three‐dimensional ground motions indicates that the optimally designed hybrid platform can well achieve the dual target performance and effectively mitigate vibration at both ground motion levels. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term effects of revegetation on soil hydrological processes in vegetation‐stabilized desert ecosystems
Authors: Yu Zhongbo , Lü Haishen , Zhu Yonghua , Drake Sam , Liang Chuan
Published: October 2009

Planting of sand‐binding vegetation in the Shapotou region on the southeastern edge of the Tengger Desert began in 1956. The revegetation programme successfully stabilized formerly mobile dunes in northern China, permitting the operation of the Baotou‐Lanzhou railway. Long‐term monitoring has shown that the revegetation programme produced various ecological changes, including the formation of biological soil crusts (BSCs). To gain insight into the role of BSCs in both past ecological change and current ecological evolution at the revegetation sites, we used field measurements and HYDRUS‐1D model simulations to investigate the effects of BSCs on soil hydrological processes at revegetated sites planted in 1956 and 1964 and at an unplanted mobile dune site. The results demonstrate that the formation of BSCs has altered patterns of soil water storage, increasing the moisture content near the surface (0–5 cm) while decreasing the moisture content in deeper layers (5–120 cm). Soil evaporation at BSC sites is elevated relative to unplanted sites during periods when canopy coverage is low. Rainfall infiltration was not affected by BSCs during the very dry period that was studied (30 April to 30 September 2005); during periods with higher rainfall intensity, differences in infiltration may be expected due to runoff at BSC sites. The simulated changes in soil moisture storage and hydrological processes are consistent with ongoing plant community succession at the revegetated sites, from deep‐rooted shrubs to more shallow‐rooted herbaceous species. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhancement of the channel routing module in SWAT
Authors: Kim Nam Won , Lee Jeongwoo
Published: October 2009

The objective of this study is to demonstrate that the channel flow routing techniques used in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) can be sometimes inappropriate for runoff simulation in small basins. Simulated hydrographs have a tendency to underestimate peak flows or may send a false signal during the recession periods when SWAT is applied to the Mihocheon Basin in South Korea. This was particularly evident for sub‐basins that had a short travel time of much less than a day. In order to enhance the channel routing module in SWAT, an alternative routing technique in which Manning relationship is combined with a simple channel reach continuity equation is proposed in the present study. The advantage of the proposed routing technique is that parameters are readily available from channel morphological data and that it is applicable to small basins. Through simulations of specific events, this routing module that is incorporated into SWAT is almost free from instability errors and produces realistic flow depths and velocities unlike the original version of SWAT with Muskingum method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lentivirus delivery by adsorption to tissue engineering scaffolds
Authors: Shin Seungjin , Salvay David M. , Shea Lonnie D.
Published: October 2009

Biomaterial scaffolds capable of localized gene delivery are being investigated for numerous regenerative medicine applications and as model systems for fundamental studies of tissue formation. In this manuscript, we investigate the delivery of lentivirus from a tissue engineering scaffold using a surface immobilization strategy. Poly(lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLG) was employed as the biomaterial for delivery, which has been widely used for a number of tissue engineering applications. The virus was immobilized by freezing and subsequent lyophilization of the virus with the scaffold. The presence of sucrose during freezing and lyophilization maintained the activity of the lentivirus, and was similar to an adenovirus control. Collagen and fibronectin were investigated for their ability to enhance surface immobilization. Fibronectin modestly increased binding and transduction of the adenovirus, yet did not significantly impact the lentivirus delivery. Most of the immobilized lentivirus was released from the scaffold within 24 h. In vivo implantation of the scaffolds yielded transgene expression that persisted for at least 4 weeks. These findings indicate the potential for delivering lentivirus from tissue engineering scaffolds using a surface immobilization strategy. To our knowledge, this report is the first to investigate lentivirus delivery from porous tissue engineering scaffolds. Delivery of lentiviral vectors from PLG scaffolds could provide an efficient and versatile gene delivery system for use with in vitro and in vivo models of tissue formation, and ultimately for therapeutic applications. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010