bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Virgin and refined olive oils: Differences in glyceridic minor compounds
Authors: Pérez-Camino M. C. , Ruiz-Méndez M. V. , Márquez-Ruiz G. , Dobarganes M. C.
Published: November 2010

This paper defines the main differences in glyceridic minor compounds between virgin and refined olive oils. Modifications during the steps of the refining process are studied and compared with differences found in two series of virgin and refined oils and those during storage.
The results demonstrate that the absence of polymerized compounds is the most useful parameter for the characterization of virgin oils while the presence of dimeric triglycerides and a high ratio diglycerides/fatty acids are those for refined oils.
Trans isomers contents of the fatty acids in meat products. (II) Adipose tissue and intramuscular fat from pork
Authors: Lluch M. C. , Pascual J. , Parcerisa J. , Guardiola F. , Codony R. , Rafecas M. , Boatella J.
Published: November 2010

We give the results obtained for the determination of trans fatty acids in subcutaneous and intramuscular fats from different pork samples, using gas chromatography. Values obtained are low and similar in both kind of fats, with a mean value of 0.6% of C18:1 trans. A clear influence of animal feeding is detected due to the significant differences of this isomer content between samples from different origin. Also, correlations have been observed between C18:1 t. content and saturated, mono, polinsaturated fatty acids and fat intramuscular contents.
Antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds
Authors: Maestro Durán R. , Borja Padilla R
Published: November 2010

This review deals with the oxidation processes induced by light and atmospheric oxygen, as well as the protective action on antioxidant compounds. The available data on the synthetic antioxidants and the problems associated to their use, together with the presence of natural phenolic antioxidants in plants, have been revised. These phenolic antioxidants have been classified in families: phenolic alcohols and acids, cinnamic acids, coumarins, favonoids (flavones and isoflavones, flavonols, flavanones) and other phenolic compounds.
Trans isomers contents of the fatty acids in meat products. (III) Adipose tissue and intramuscular fat from beef
Authors: Lluch M. C. , Roca de Vinyals M. , Parcerisa J. , Guardiola F. , Codony R. , Rafecas M. , Boatella J.
Published: November 2010

We give the results obtained for the determination of trans fatty acids in subcutaneous and intramuscular fats from different veal carcasses, using gas chromatography. FA composition differs clearly between both tissues, showing mean values of 58.7% SFA, 39.1% MUFA and 2.7% PUFA in the adipose tissue, and of 44.7% SFA, 46.1% MUFA and 9.4% PUFA in the muscle. Trans fatty acid values obtained in muscle and adipose tissue show statistically significant differences (mean values of 7% total trans fatty acids in intramuscular fat and 10.5% in adipose tissue fat). Besides, we observed a clearly different distribution for C 16: 1t, that didn't show these differences, while C 18: 1t showed a similar distribution than total trans fatty acids. Related to the factors that could determine the trans fatty acid contents in veal carcasses, we found that the race showed more differences between groups than the origin of the animal and their commercial category. On the other hand, correlations we found between trans fatty acids and the total of saturated, mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids showed an opposite sign according to the type of tissue (muscular or adipose). Thus, an increase in the trans fatty acid content was associated with a parallel increase of saturated and decrease in polyunsaturated fatty acid contents in the intramuscular fat. On the contrary, an increase of trans fatty acid content in adipose fat was correlated to a decrease of saturated and an increase of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acid contents.
Antioxidant activity of the nitrogeneous natural compounds
Authors: Maestro-Durán R. , Borja-Padilla R.
Published: November 2010

As a continuation of the study of natural antioxidants, this third part deals with nitrogeneous compounds, classified in the following groups.
Amino acids and proteins. Products of the Maillard reaction. Phospholipids (with choline or ethanolamine) and their heating products. Riboflavin. Chlorophylls and porphyrins. Uric acid and derivatives. Their behaviour as inhibitors of the chain reaction of prooxidant radicals, by irreversible reaction or by sequestration of those radicals, as well as their synergistic action with primary antioxidants is discussed.
Finally, the patents registered during the last years for these kind of compounds, their derivatives and synergists in food and other uses are cited.
U.V. spectra parameters to investigate the influences of intensifications of soybean with sorghum and maize on the physical properties of soybean seed oils
Authors: Elsark N. S. , Rizk L. F. , Doss H. R.
Published: November 2010

Using U.V. spectra measurements as a tool to investigate the influences of intensifications or intercroping of crops on the physical properties of the constituents of the yielded grains or seeds.
In this paper the authors used U.V. spectra measurement to deduce the effects of intensifications of Clark and Crowmord soybean varieties on some sorghum and maize varieties on the physical properties of the oils of the soybean seed varieties. Results of this work revealed that the highest U.V. spectra measurements at bands 270 nm, were 2.5 for the oils of Crowmord soybean seed variety intensificated on Giza 15 sorghum variety intensity 2:4 (2 rows soybean: 4 rows sorghum) and Giza 2, Hz 215 and Hz 310 maize varieties, intensity 2:2, 2:4, 2:4 and 2:2 respectively in the regions of spectra differences.
The intensification of Clark and Crowmord soybean varieties on sorghum and maize is effective as the physical properties of their oils improved by increasing the cromophor and carotenoids compound levels.
Changes in chemical and microbiological composition of two varieties of olive during fermentation
Authors: Borcakli M. , Özay G. , Alperden I. , Özsan E. , Erdek Y.
Published: November 2010

In this study, the changes in chemical and microbiological composition of two olive varieties, Edincik and Gemlik, have been examined during fermentation at industrial scale.
Prior to processing, the olives have been thoroughly characterized chemically and microbiologically. Then, the nature of the fermentation process has been investigated during the 9 months of fermentation period by taking samples at certain intervals. The most important characteristics of the two varieties before processing were determined as follows: Edincik variety was found to have relatively higher reducing sugar (5.94%) and moisture (59.53%) contents than that of Gemlik variety (4.45% reducing sugar and 43.18% moisture). Polyphenol concentrations of two varieties were 2.50% and 2.40%, respectively. During fermentation, reducing sugar and polyphenols contents were decreased gradually in the fruit, while other constituents were slightly changed or remained almost unchanged. While reducing sugar decreased to the values of 0.98% and 0.65%, free acidity in brine increased to 0.41% and 0.35%, pH value of brine were 4.4 and 4.9 and salt content in fruit were reached to the final values of 7.4% and 6.9% for Edincik and Gemlik varieties, respectively. Microflora of the raw samples was consisted of various bacteria mainly, lactobacilli, Gram-negative, anaerobic sulfide producing, coliform bacteria and yeasts. During the fermentation of both varieties, yeasts were dominated starting from the 40th days of fermentation.
The effect of degumming by hydration on the purification of high acidity solvent extracted olive oil
Authors: Thomopoulos C. D. , Tzía C.
Published: November 2010

The degumming result of the following factors was studied: the temperature of hydration, the percentage of water in oil and the contact time at the hydration temperature. The hydration at 95°C with 2% water for a contact time of 15 min resulted in maximum removal of phosphorus of the oil with minimum oil losses. The same purification result was also attained at 80°G with 2% water and for a contact time of 15 min causing 2.19% greater losses of the oil. Under these conditions the hydration resulted in an about 35-48% removal of the phosphorus in crude oil. The residual phosphorus was removed by subsequent alkali neutralization.
Thermoxidation in a sunflower oil used in 75 deep fat frying of potatoes. Effects of its inclusion in rat-diet upon growth and food intake
Authors: Cuesta O. , Sánchez-Muniz F. J. , López-Varela S. , Garrido-Polonio María C. , García Diz L.
Published: November 2010

The alteration of a sunflower oil used in 75 repeated deep fat frying of potatoes performed with addition of unused oil every 4-5 fryings with the aim to keep constant the proportion food/oil in 500 g / 3 liters, was evaluated by column and high performance size exclusion chromatographies. The polar components increased from 5.09 ± 0.21 (unused oil) to 19.11 ± 0,40 mg/100 mg oil mainly due to the formation of polymers and dimers of triacylglycerides, and to oxidized triacylglycerides. Oils, unused and from the 75 frying, were included at a rate of 15% on rat-diets. Dietary food intakes were similar, however body weight gain was a 22.3% lower in rat fed with the used oil-diet. Apparent digestibility ratios of fat and protein were similar in both groups of rats, however both. Alimentary and Protein Efficiency ratios decreased on the 75 frying oil fed rats.
Proteic study on sunflower hybrids grown in Argentine
Authors: Santalla E. , Riccobene I. , Vigo S. , Nolasco S.
Published: November 2010

Protein content of residual meals of two sunflower cultivar during two harvest are evaluated.
The relation between this component and the oil content of hull, achene and seed are showed.
Negative tendency of correlation are observed between hull oil content and hull protein content, on achene oil content and achene protein content and on seed oil content and seed protein content along the harvest studied.
Although the protein content for second harvest studied was lower, the apparent competitive behaviour between oil-protein was ratified.
Specificity of Mucor miehei lipase on methyl ester substrates
Authors: Aggelis G , Komaitis M. , Pina M. , Graille J.
Published: November 2010

Fatty acid methyl esters constitute a good substrate for the characterization of lipase typospecificity. In the present work, the hydrolytic action of lipase from Mucor miehei was studied. It was demonstrated that this lipase preferentially catalyses the hydrolysis of fatty acid methyl esters with small number of double bonds. It was also found that this lipase shows a specificity in the hydrolysis of fatty acid methyl esters with short aliphatic chain.
A study of chemical and microbiological characteristics of olive mill waste water in Morocco
Authors: Mouncif M. , Tamoh S. , Faid M. , Achkari-Begdouri A.
Published: November 2010

Olive mill waste water samples from different traditional mills were analyzed for their microbiota and the physicochemical characteristic. A survey of the most frequent microorganisms including standard plate count (SPG), counts of the indicator microorganisms (total and fecal coliforms and enterococci) staphylococci, Salmonella, sporeforming bacteria (Clostridium and Bacillus), yeasts and molds and the lipolytic microorganisms. The physicochemical analysis grouped the determination of pH, salinity, density, conductivity, alkalinity, acidity, total dry matter, non volatile dry matter, suspended solids, organic carbon, ammoniacal nitrogen, organic nitrogen, fat, polyphenols, polyphosphates, sodium and potassium and the BOD and COD. Results showed that the physicochemical factors were higher than the reported values in other countries. The microbial load was low and mainly made of yeasts and molds as well as the lactic acid bacteria. A net difference between the traditional mill samples and the industrial samples was observed for both analyses.
Rehydration kinetics and biological damage in Zea mays stored at a Relative Humidity of the Intergranular Air (RHIA) of 92%
Authors: Motta A. , Eguiazu G. M.
Published: November 2010

Maize grains (Zea mays var indurata) «Plata» tipe destined to commercialization were submitted to a relative humidity of the intergranular air of 92% during 120 days to 25 °C. The kinetics of rehydration, humidity and biological damage («mouldy» «blue eye» and «spoiled») was determined.
After 14 to 17 days, the sample rehydrates on the basis of commercialization of 14,5% of humidity and in the same period a degree of standard of commercial quality is lost.
It is established that the basis of commercialization of 14,5% is very near the limit which favours the biological damage.
Fatty acid determination from microalgal biomass
Authors: García Sánchez J. L. , Molina Grima E. , García Camacho F. , Sánchez Pérez J. A. , Giménez Giménez A.
Published: November 2010

Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are focusing the interest of researchers as long as analytical techniques are being improved. The Lepage and Roy direct transesterification method is being widely used to measure fatty acid content of microalgae which are proposed as potential sources of these products. In this paper, the physical state of the biomass to be analyzed is studied. Comparison has been stated between lyophilized biomass and wet biomass just harvested. Furthermore, the amount of sample and the number of methyl ester extractions have also been studied. From the statistical analysis carried out, wet biomass to fatty acid determination and the adequate range of sample are proposed. Three methyl ester extractions improve the resolution of GC analysis.
Phenolic compounds as vegetables' autoprotection
Authors: Maestro-Durán R. , León R. , Ruiz-Gutiérrez V.
Published: November 2010

This article covers the studies on phytoalexins activity of phenolic compounds (cinnamic acids, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, deoxianthocyanins, stilbenes, coumarins, chromones) against fungi and bacteria. The relationship between hydrophilic-lipophilic balance activity is reported.
Finally some reports on the preparation of synthetic phytoalexins sharing structural similarities with the natural ones (stilbenes, epi-catechin derivatives), of commercial interest as pesticides, insecticides and fungicides, are revised.
Médiation et agencement : une poétique de la langue de spécialité
Authors: Lecercle Jean-Jacques
Published: November 2010

La dialectique de la médiation et de l'immédiat dans les langues de spécialité est envisagée en commençant par un détour : l'analyse d'une Annonciation italienne de la Renaissance en termes d'effet de réel et de construction médiate de l'immédiateté. Cette illusion est ensuite décrite dans les deux domaines de la linguistique (à travers une critique de la philosophie du langage de Chomsky) et de la littérature (critique de l'illusion qui fait de l'auteur la source du sens du texte). La sortie de l'illusion passe par l'analyse d'un énoncé au centre d'un fait-divers, l'affaire Bentley, et une introduction au modèle ALTER de construction du sens. Elle passe aussi par le concept d'agencement collectif d'énonciation, emprunté à Gilles Deleuze. Ceci permet d'envisager une poétique de la langue de spécialité à partir de la parodie de Perec, « Cantatrix Sopranica L ».
Stating the obvious: modal adjuncts in NATO press briefings
Authors: Eason Simon
Published: November 2010

Les recherches récentes sur la construction du discours évaluatif, menées notamment en Linguistique Systémique Fonctionnelle (LSF), font apparaître un besoin de travaux de recherche dans des genres variés, s’appuyant sur des corpus importants. Nous présentons ici quelques résultats d’une première analyse portant sur un corpus composé de transcriptions de points de presse, donnés hors caméra, par le porte-parole de l’OTAN, Jamie Shea, durant la campagne d’intervention militaire au Kosovo en 1999. Nous nous sommes plus particulièrement intéressé à l’emploi d’adverbes ou d’expressions adverbiales comme « of course » ou « as you know », qui réalisent la dimension sémantique de l’évidence, et apparaissent dans notre corpus avec une fréquence bien supérieure à celle que l’on constate dans les textes relevant d’autres genres. L’examen du contexte de production du discours permet de souligner la forte volonté du locuteur de produire un discours convaincant, qui emporte l’adhésion. Cette détermination est en partie encodée par l’emploi de locutions adverbiales de type évaluatif, qui contribuent à la cohésion textuelle et illustrent les ressources dont disposent les médiateurs pour faciliter l’acceptation de certains jugements et implications potentiellement contestables.
Quelques aspects de la contradiction et de la remise en cause dans le genre Letters to the Editor
Authors: Magnet Anne , Carnet Didier
Published: November 2010

Cette communication se fixe comme objectif de repérer quelques stratégies discursives de deux communautés de chercheurs et de comparer leur matérialisation linguistique dans un corpus de Letters to the Editor composé à partir de deux revues : The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition et de The Lancet. La stratégie de remise en cause est analysée comme le mode explicite ou implicite de la contradiction apportée à un fait scientifique établi. Ce discours, identifié comme un genre, se situe dans la logique de véridiction du discours scientifique.
Mediating between lexis and texts: collocational networks in specialised corpora
Authors: Williams Geoffrey
Published: November 2010

La théorie des réseaux collocationnels est basée sur une définition textuelle du phénomène de collocation dans un corpus électronique. Les réseaux se construisent à partir d’un nœud central en explorant les associations significatives entre la base et ses collocats. Ceci repose sur une mesure de signifiance statistique à l’aide de l’information mutuelle. Les réseaux, extraits d’un corpus de communauté de discours soigneusement élaboré, révèlent le lexique significatif et les combinaisons collocationnelles participant à des structures plus complexes. Ces réseaux sont actuellement exploités pour l’extraction des entrées destinées à un dictionnaire pédagogique spécialisé.
Quelles médiations pour une gestion efficace de la transposition didactique en anglais de spécialité ?
Authors: Deyrich Marie-Christine
Published: November 2010

La question de la médiation sera abordée à partir du concept de transposition didactique dans le but de déterminer comment l’intervention enseignante peut simplifier les savoirs sur la langue pour qu’ils deviennent, chez les apprenants, opératoires dans la pratique de la langue, contribuant ainsi aux progrès de l’apprentissage. Afin de définir des critères pour une jonction favorable entre les stratégies d’enseignement et les stratégies d’apprentissage, nous nous concentrerons sur les différentes étapes du parcours transpositif de la linguistique à la grammaire, depuis la recherche d’explications dans les théories de référence jusqu’à la mise en œuvre dans la classe de langue. Enfin, nous tenterons de caractériser les aménagements nécessaires pour que le cadre général ainsi établi prenne en compte la spécificité de l’enseignement-apprentissage de l’anglais de spécialité dans l’enseignement supérieur.
La fiction à substrat professionnel comme médiation du milieu professionnel, étude de cas : The Hunt for Red October de Tom Clancy et son adaptation cinématographique
Authors: Le Cor Gwen
Published: November 2010

Cet article envisage la fiction à substrat professionnel (FASP) comme une forme de médiation entre le lecteur/spectateur et l’anglistique de spécialité. Au travers de l’exemple de The Hunt for Red October, nous démontrerons dans un premier temps l’existence de liens étroits entre la FASP et les écrits scientifiques sur laquelle elle s’appuie. C’est ensuite sur la FASP dans sa forme cinématographique que se concentre cette étude. Nous suggérerons qu’elle est un complément de la forme romanesque.
Metaphors in English for economics: for a language-based approach with L2 learners
Authors: Resche Catherine
Published: November 2010

Étudier la langue économique en anglais implique de s’intéresser à toutes ses composantes, y compris la dimension métaphorique. Cette étude porte sur la nécessité d’une approche de la métaphore axée sur la langue étrangère dans un domaine spécialisé. Après avoir examiné les fonctions de la métaphore et les différents types de métaphores rencontrés dans des textes économiques, nous envisagerons l’intérêt de considérer non seulement les réseaux notionnels mais également les réseaux lexicaux. Les problèmes sémantiques et syntaxiques qui se posent tout particulièrement à un public étranger seront analysés. De toute évidence, il ne s’agit pas de prétendre amener les étudiants en économie à créer leurs propres métaphores, ni même à réutiliser les métaphores filées. Notre approche se limite à montrer comment, en revanche, on peut aider les apprenants à identifier, comprendre et s’approprier les métaphores les plus courantes qui font partie intégrante du discours économique. Le but ultime est qu’ils puissent s’exprimer de manière plus authentique en intégrant la dimension métaphorique à leur production écrite ou orale en anglais économique.
CCR2-Antagonist Prophylaxis Reduces Pulmonary Immune Pathology and Markedly Improves Survival during Influenza Infection
Authors: Lin Kaifeng Lisa , Sweeney Shari , Kang Brian Donghoon , Ramsburg Elizabeth , Gunn Michael Dee
Published: November 2010

Infection with influenza virus induces severe pulmonary immune pathology that leads to substantial human mortality. Although antiviral therapy is effective in preventing infection, no current therapy can prevent or treat influenza-induced lung injury. Previously, we reported that influenza-induced pulmonary immune pathology is mediated by inflammatory monocytes trafficking to virus-infected lungs via CCR2 and that influenza-induced morbidity and mortality are reduced in CCR2-deficient mice. In this study, we evaluated the effect of pharmacologically blocking CCR2 with a small molecule inhibitor (PF-04178903) on the entry of monocytes into lungs and subsequent morbidity and mortality in influenza-infected mice. Subcutaneous injection of mice with PF-04178903 was initiated 1 d prior to infection with influenza strain H1N1A/Puerto Rico/8/34. Compared with vehicle controls, PF-04178903–treated mice demonstrated a marked reduction in mortality (75 versus 0%) and had significant reductions in weight loss and hypothermia during subsequent influenza infection. Drug-treated mice also displayed significant reductions in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid total protein, albumin, and lactose dehydrogenase activity. Administration of PF-04178903 did not alter viral titers, severity of secondary bacteria infections (Streptococcus pneumoniae), or levels of anti-influenza–neutralizing Abs. Drug-treated mice displayed an increase in influenza nucleoprotein-specific cytotoxic T cell activity. Our results suggest that CCR2 antagonists may represent an effective prophylaxis against influenza-induced pulmonary immune pathology.
IL-17– and IFN-γ–Secreting Foxp3+ T Cells Infiltrate the Target Tissue in Experimental Autoimmunity
Authors: Esposito Marianna , Ruffini Francesca , Bergami Alessandra , Garzetti Livia , Borsellino Giovanna , Battistini Luca , Martino Gianvito , Furlan Roberto
Published: November 2010

CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) have been considered crucial in controlling immune system homeostasis, and their derangement is often associated to autoimmunity. Tregs identification is, however, difficult because most markers, including CD25 and Foxp3, are shared by recently activated T cells. We show in this paper that CD4+Foxp3+ T cells are generated in peripheral lymphoid organs on immunization and readily accumulate in the target organ of an autoimmune reaction, together with classical inflammatory cells, constituting up to 50% of infiltrating CD4+ T cells. Most CD4+Foxp3+ T cells are, however, CD25− and express proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-17 and IFN-γ, questioning their suppressive nature. Moreover, in vitro CD4+ T lymphocytes from naive and autoimmune mice, stimulated to differentiate into Th1, Th2, Th17, and induced Tregs, display early mixed expression of lineage-specific markers. These results clearly point to an unprecedented plasticity of naive CD4+ T cells, that integrating inflammatory signals may change their fate from the initial lineage commitment to a different functional phenotype.
Negative Feedback Regulation of NF-κB Action by CITED2 in the Nucleus
Authors: Lou Xiwen , Sun Shaogang , Chen Wei , Zhou Yi , Huang Yuefeng , Liu Xing , Shan Yufei , Wang Chen
Published: November 2010

NF-κB is a family of important transcription factors that modulate immunity, development, inflammation, and cancer. The biological activity of NF-κB is subjected to various spatial and temporal regulations. Bioinformatics analysis predicts that CITED2 is topologically close to NF-κB in the protein interaction networks. In this study, we show that ectopic expression or knockdown of CITED2 attenuates or potentiates, respectively, the expression of NF-κB–responsive genes. Mechanistically, CITED2 constitutively localizes inside the nucleus and interacts specifically with the coactivator p300. This prevents p65 from binding to p300, impairs p65 acetylation, and attenuates p65 binding to its cognate promoters. Furthermore, LPS induces CITED2 expression via NF-κB in macrophages. CITED2 sensitizes cells to TNF-α–induced apoptosis. Collectively, this study identifies CITED2 as a novel regulator of NF-κB in the nucleus, which reveals a negative feedback mechanism for NF-κB signaling.
A Marked Reduction in Priming of Cytotoxic CD8+ T Cells Mediated by Stress-Induced Glucocorticoids Involves Multiple Deficiencies in Cross-Presentation by Dendritic Cells
Authors: Hunzeker John T. , Elftman Michael D. , Mellinger Jennifer C. , Princiotta Michael F. , Bonneau Robert H. , Truckenmiller Mary E. , Norbury Christopher C.
Published: November 2010

Protracted psychological stress elevates circulating glucocorticoids, which can suppress CD8+ T cell-mediated immunity, but the mechanisms are incompletely understood. Dendritic cells (DCs), required for initiating CTL responses, are vulnerable to stress/corticosterone, which can contribute to diminished CTL responses. Cross-priming of CD8+ T cells by DCs is required for initiating CTL responses against many intracellular pathogens that do not infect DCs. We examined the effects of stress/corticosterone on MHC class I (MHC I) cross-presentation and priming and show that stress/corticosterone-exposed DCs have a reduced ability to cross-present OVA and activate MHC I-OVA257–264-specific T cells. Using a murine model of psychological stress and OVA-loaded β2-microglobulin knockout “donor” cells that cannot present Ag, DCs from stressed mice induced markedly less Ag-specific CTL proliferation in a glucocorticoid receptor-dependent manner, and endogenous in vivo T cell cytolytic activity generated by cross-presented Ag was greatly diminished. These deficits in cross-presentation/priming were not due to altered Ag donation, Ag uptake (phagocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis, or fluid-phase uptake), or costimulatory molecule expression by DCs. However, proteasome activity in corticosterone-treated DCs or splenic DCs from stressed mice was partially suppressed, which limits formation of antigenic peptide–MHC I complexes. In addition, the lymphoid tissue-resident CD11b−CD24+CD8α+ DC subset, which carries out cross-presentation/priming, was preferentially depleted in stressed mice. At the same time, CD11b−CD24+CD8α− DC precursors were increased, suggesting a block in development of CD8α+ DCs. Therefore, glucocorticoid-induced changes in both the cellular composition of the immune system and intracellular protein degradation contribute to impaired CTL priming in stressed mice.
A Role for IL-15 in the Migration of Effector CD8 T Cells to the Lung Airways following Influenza Infection
Authors: Verbist Katherine C. , Cole Charles J. , Field Mary B. , Klonowski Kimberly D.
Published: November 2010

The cytokines generated locally in response to infection play an important role in CD8 T cell trafficking, survival, and effector function, rendering these signals prime candidates for immune intervention. In this paper, we show that localized increases in the homeostatic cytokine IL-15 induced by influenza infection is responsible for the migration of CD8 effector T cells to the site of infection. Moreover, intranasal delivery of IL-15–IL-15Rα soluble complexes (IL-15c) specifically restores the frequency of effector T cells lost in the lung airways of IL-15–deficient animals after influenza infection. Exogenous IL-15c quantitatively augments the respiratory CD8 T cell response, and continued administration of IL-15c throughout the contraction phase of the anti-influenza CD8 T cell response magnifies the resultant CD8 T cell memory generated in situ. This treatment extends the ability of these cells to protect against heterologous infection, immunity that typically depreciates over time. Overall, our studies describe what to our knowledge is a new function for IL-15 in attracting effector CD8 T cells to the lung airways and suggest that adjuvanting IL-15 could be used to prolong anti-influenza CD8 T cell responses at mucosal surfaces to facilitate pathogen elimination.
β5 Integrin Is the Major Contributor to the αv Integrin-Mediated Blockade of HIV-1 Replication
Authors: Ballana Ester , Pauls Eduardo , Clotet Bonaventura , Perron-Sierra Françoise , Tucker Gordon C. , Esté José A.
Published: November 2010

Monocytes and macrophages are targets of HIV-1 infection and play critical roles in multiple aspects of viral pathogenesis. During the differentiation of monocytes to macrophages, adhesion molecules such as integrins are upregulated; therefore, they provide signals that control the process and subsequently may render macrophages more susceptible to HIV-1 infection. Previous work demonstrated that blocking αv-containing integrins triggered a signal transduction pathway leading to the inhibition of NF-κB–dependent HIV-1 transcription. In this paper, we show the influence of the different αv-coupled β integrins in HIV-1 replication in macrophages. Inhibition of β integrins, either by specific mAbs, small arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) mimetic compounds, or RNA interference, showed that integrin β5 was the major contributor to the integrin-mediated blockade of HIV-1 replication. Importantly, such inhibition did not induce changes in cell adhesion to the substrate. In conclusion, our results reveal a significant role of the integrin dimmer αvβ5 in HIV-1 infection of macrophages.
The dilemma of traditional and 21st century pastoral ministry: Ministering to families and communities faced with socio-economic pathologies
Authors: Dames Gordon E.
Published: November 2010

A holistic pastoral methodology is sought in transforming the socio-economic and systemic pathologies of poor families and local communities. Missional pastoral ministry is proposed from a critical hermeneutical and contextual perspective for the empowerment and liberation of people living with complex and multiple forms of pathologies. A transversal rationality model is applied merging the complexity and divergence of cross-disciplinary and intradisciplinary approaches between missional theology, practical theology, contextual theology, religious pedagogy and ethics. Practical theology in South Africa should be applied from and within the contemporary socio-economic, systemic and ecclesiological pathologies.
The biblical ethics of work: A model for African nations
Authors: Toryough Godwin N.
Published: November 2010

This article has unpacked issues surrounding workers� poor attitude in terms of work and focuses on Nigeria and on Africa at large. It addresses the lapses of labour for both employers and the employees, which include misconduct, non-commitment, unfaithfulness, apathy and exploitation, amongst other things. It is the argument of this article that a misconception of work and a lack of work ethics are some of the major factors responsible for these negative attitudes. In order to get around this perceived problem, the article suggests a theological solution which is rooted in the Christian Scriptures. Thus polemic approaches as well as an exegesis of the Scriptures concerning the right concept and attitude to work are employed in this study. The synchronic approach to exegesis is employed in this work. This approach looks at the final form of the text as it stands in the Bible. The particular components of this approach applied in this article are narrative and rhetorical criticism whilst others involve lexical, grammatical and syntactical analysis. In addition, the Intercultural Hermeneutics approach of contextualization is employed. The article points out how work which, from a theological perspective, originated with creation and was not intended to be evil later became conceived as a kind of punishment. It also demonstrates how work became bifurcated into secular and spiritual spheres with its attendant negative consequences in the Middle Ages. It concludes with a presentation of the biblical ethics of work which is recommended as a benchmark for attitudinal change in stakeholders.
Update on Rivaroxaban
Authors: Moussa Osama , Chattopadhyay Dipankar , Bhattacharya Vish
Published: November 2010

Anticoagulants are recommended for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE). The new anticoagulants which target specific factors in the coagulation cascade offer the advantage that they can be administered orally. These drugs seek to offer safe anticoagulation without the need for regular monitoring and frequent dose adjustment. Some of these newer drugs are in the advanced stages of clinical trials or have already completed them and thereby aim to provide more options in the management of thromboembolism. In the present review we discuss the currently available evidence supporting the use of these new anticoagulants, in particular rivaroxaban.
A Review of Insulin Pen Devices and Use in the Elderly Diabetic Population
Authors: Wright Bradley M. , Bellone Jessica M. , Mccoy Emily K.
Published: November 2010

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in the elderly population currently represents almost one-half of the overall diabetic population. Treatment of DM often requires a multidrug regimen that includes insulin therapy; however, due to concomitant comorbidities such as dementia, vision loss, neuropathies, poor mobility, and poor manual dexterity, elderly patients may be at increase risk for hypoglycemia and other dosing errors that are associated with insulin administration. Insulin pen devices have been shown to provide more reliable, accurate, and simplified dosing, and therefore may be a safer, easier, and more acceptable method of insulin delivery in the elderly population. This review will describe the various insulin pen devices available today, as well as discuss the potential advantages of these devices in the elderly population.
Older workers in Australia: The myths, the realities and the battle over workforce ‘flexibility’
Authors: Kossen Chris , Pedersen Cec
Published: November 2010

A decisive 2004 fourth term win for the Howard Government and control over the Senate provided the Australian government with a mandate to further deregulate the labour market in the name of ‘flexibility’. This paper uses a critical perspective to challenge the wisdom of neo-liberal market economics as the driving force behind the rapid expansion of non-traditional ‘flexible’ forms of work and the persistence of a deficit model/perspective that continues to devalue the human capital value of older workers. It is argued that these trends will contribute to ongoing under utilisation of ‘older’ labour and intensification of skill shortages, in part, as a result of lack of investment in maintaining human capital. In responding to Australia's rapidly ageing workforce the Howard Government has adopted modest measures designed to counter age based discrimination and encourage workforce participation. However, participation rates among older workers in Australia have remained one of the lowest among Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) countries. This paper argues that the Government's labour market deregulation policies are reducing the availability of jobs that provide sufficient working conditions and remuneration to make workforce participation attractive. The erosion of employment conditions associated with ‘flexible’ workforce reform leads to underemployment, an employment outcome that often fails to meet the needs of many older workers. More recently, however, the Government has embarked on reforms that appear to provide genuine incentives aimed specifically at attracting workforce participation by older workers, but unfortunately these are by and large confined to those aged 60 years and over.
Role misconceptions and negotiations in small business owner/web developer relationships
Authors: Carey Janene
Published: November 2010

Small business owners who turn to professional web development consultants for assistance with building a web site may need support not only in terms of the technical aspects of web site implementation, but also in terms of understanding their options for e-business. However, client/consultant relationships within the small business sector can be problematic and the limited research available into small business engagement of web developers suggests that bad experiences and disappointing outcomes are not uncommon.

Interpretive case study methodology was used to explore four sets of small business owner/web developer relationships: how each pair worked together and what they expected of each other. The negotiation and clarification of roles and responsibilities proved to be an essential aspect of the relationships. Also, achieving an adequate level of client involvement in the web site design and development process was a challenge in all cases.
Temperature thresholds for polar stratospheric ozone loss
Authors: Drdla K. , Müller R.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Low stratospheric temperatures are known to be responsible for heterogeneous chlorine activation that leads to polar ozone depletion. Here, we discuss the temperature threshold below which substantial chlorine activation occurs. We suggest that the onset of chlorine activation is dominated by reactions on cold binary aerosol particles, without formation of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), i.e. without significant uptake of HNO3 from the gas-phase. Using reaction rates on cold binary aerosol, a chlorine activation threshold temperature, TACL, is derived. At typical stratospheric conditions, TACL is similar in value to TNAT the highest temperature at which nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) can theoretically condense to form PSCs. TACL is still in use as parameterization for the threshold temperature for the onset of chlorine activation. However, perturbations can cause TACL to differ from TNAT: TACL is dependent upon H2O, potential temperature, and the sulphate aerosol loading, but unlike TNAT is not dependent upon HNO3. A parameterization of TACL is provided here, allowing it to be calculated over a comprehensive range of stratospheric conditions. Although considering TACL as a proxy for chlorine activation can be no substitute for a detailed model calculation, TACL provides a more accurate description of the temperature conditions necessary for polar ozone depletion than TNAT and can readily be used in place of TNAT.
Endovascular Treatment of Dysfunctional Hemodialysis Catheters
Authors: Kamper Lars , Piroth Werner , Haage Patrick
Published: November 2010

Hemodialysis-catheter dysfunction is a common clinical condition in nephrology. Like other central venous devices, hemodialysis-catheters show a disposition for partial or complete thrombotic obstruction and fibrin sleeve formation. Thrombolytic infusion is recommended as therapy of first choice. Alternative interventional strategies include over-the-wire catheter exchange, mechanical fibrin sleeve stripping with a snare and angioplastic sleeve disruption. Those approaches show extremely variable results with mediocre long-term patency rates. Therefore, catheter-avoiding strategies should be considered in detail and AV-fistula creation preferred.
Risk Factors Associated with Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Survival: A 9-Year Single-Center Study in 315 Patients
Authors: Singh Namita , Davidson Ingemar , Minhajuddin Abu , Gieser Steven , Nurenberg Michael , Saxena Ramesh
Published: November 2010

Purpose

To review the peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter outcomes at our center and assess factors affecting catheter survival.

Methods

We carried out a retrospective study on 315 patients who had their first PD catheter placed between January 2001 and September 2009 at the UT Southwestern/DaVita Peritoneal Dialysis Clinic at Dallas, Texas. Medical records were reviewed for demographic and clinical information of the patients. The primary end point of the study was PD catheter failure, defined as removal of a dysfunctional PD catheter due to catheter-related complications. Catheter survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to identify factors that are independently associated with catheter survival.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 49.7 ± 29 yrs. The study population included 54.6% females, 42.5% African American, 27.9% Caucasian and 22.9% Hispanic patients. Diabetes was the primary etiology of end-stage renal disease in 43.2% of patients. More than 90% of patients had one or more co-morbidities, and 57.5% had previous abdominal surgery. The mean BMI for the group was 28.6 ± 13.8 kg/m2. Less than a quarter of the patients (24.1%) had non-infectious/mechanical catheter problems. Overall PD catheter survival rates over 12, 24 and 36 months were 92.9%, 91.9% and 91.1%, respectively. PD catheter-related non-infectious problem was the only independent variable that was significantly associated with catheter survival (hazard ratio 22.467; 95% CI 6.665–75.732). No significant association was observed between the PD catheter survival and other risk factors including age, body mass index (BMI), diabetic status, co-morbidities, previous abdominal surgeries or infections.

Conclusions

Our study shows an excellent 3-yr PD catheter survival (91.1%). Only PD catheter-related non-infectious problems are significantly associated with catheter failure. Other factors such as age, gender, race, BMI, diabetic status, co-morbidities, previous abdominal surgeries, peritoneal infections or exit site/tunnel infections were not found to affect the PD catheter survival and should not be considered barriers to PD initiation.
Double-Lumen Central Venous Port Catheters: Simultaneous Application for Chemotherapy and Parenteral Nutrition in Cancer Patients
Authors: Teichgräber Ulf K.M. , Nagel Sebastian N. , Kausche Stephan , Streitparth Florian , Hee Cho Chie
Published: November 2010

Purpose

This study was designed to evaluate the clinical benefit of low-profile double-lumen port catheters in patients receiving simultaneous chemotherapy and parenteral nutrition (PN). Potential advantages, complications, and the durations of simultaneous and single use of the catheter were assessed.

Methods

At a university teaching hospital, 10 patients received a double-lumen port catheter (5 men, 5 women; mean age 61.5 ± 12 years). All port implantations were performed under ultrasonographic and fluoroscopic guidance in the radiologic interventional suite. Procedure-related immediate, early, and late complications were recorded until removal of the device, patient's death, or completion of follow-up period. Application times and durations for chemotherapy or PN were determined.

Results

No immediate complications were observed. First use of the port system for chemotherapy was within 12 days (± 25 days, range 0–84 days) and within 17 hours (± 22 hours, range 0–72 hours) for PN on average. During the application of PN, no delay or interruption of chemotherapy was observed. The port catheter was used for the simultaneous application of chemotherapy and PN for a total of 1,216 hours. One port catheter was removed after 30 days due to suspected port infection.

Conclusion

Central venous double-lumen port systems as a therapeutic option in patients requiring chemotherapy and PN can increase safety during those simultaneous applications, while offering improved patient comfort.
Endovascular Intervention for Central Venous Cannulation in Patients with Vascular Occlusion after Previous Catheterization
Authors: Pikwer Andreas , Acosta Stefan , Kölbel Tilo , Åkeson Jonas
Published: November 2010

Objectives

This study was designed to assess endovascular intervention for central venous cannulation in patients with vascular occlusion after previous catheterization.

Methods

Patients referred for endovascular management of central venous occlusion during a 42-month period were identified from a regional endovascular database, providing prospective information on techniques and clinical outcome. Corresponding patient records, angiograms, and radiographic reports were analyzed retrospectively.

Results

Sixteen patients aged 48 years (range 0.5–76), including 11 females, were included. All patients but 1 had had multiple central venous catheters with a median total indwelling time of 37 months. Eleven patients cannulated for hemodialysis had had significantly fewer individual catheters inserted compared with 5 patients cannulated for nutritional support (mean 3.6 vs. 10.2, p<0.001) before endovascular intervention. Preoperative imaging by magnetic resonance tomography (MRT) in 8 patients, computed tomography (CT) venography in 3, conventional angiography in 6, and/or ultrasonography in 8, verified 15 brachiocephalic, 13 internal jugular, 3 superior caval, and/or 3 subclavian venous occlusions. Patients were subjected to recanalization (n=2), recanalization and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (n=5), or stenting for vena cava superior syndrome (n=1) prior to catheter insertion. The remaining 8 patients were cannulated by avoiding the occluded route.

Conclusions

Central venous occlusion occurs particularly in patients under hemodialysis and with a history of multiple central venous catheterizations with large-diameter catheters and/or long total indwelling time periods. Patients with central venous occlusion verified by CT or MRT venography and need for central venous access should be referred for endovascular intervention.
Indication and Usage of Peripheral Venous Catheters Inserted in Adult Patients during Emergency Care
Authors: Göransson Katarina E. , Johansson Eva
Published: November 2010

Purpose

The aim of this study was to identify the underlying decisions taken regarding the insertion of prehospital peripheral venous catheters in adult patients and, additionally, to ascertain peripheral venous catheter insertion rate and explore prehospital and hospital (within 24 hours of insertion) pharmaceutical treatment via peripheral venous catheters.

Method

This cross-sectional study gathered data through a study-specific questionnaire and patient record auditing. We distributed a study-specific questionnaire to be completed by ambulance crews, and carried out patient record auditing for 345 patients (median age 64 years, range 18–97 years) arriving at the emergency department at a Swedish level-1 trauma center in October 2008.

Results

Of 135 patients (39%) arriving at the emergency department with a peripheral venous catheter, 94 (70%) had received the device because the ambulance crews intended to use it for intravenous therapeutics (of which analgesics, intravenous fluids, and psycholeptics were most frequently used). In 30 patients (22%), the prehospital inserted device was not used by the ambulance crews or at hospital within 24 hours. The corresponding rate of unused peripheral venous catheters inserted in patients after arrival at the hospital was 35%.

Conclusions

We found that the main reason for the ambulance staff to insert a peripheral venous catheter in a prehospital setting was that they intended to use the device. Further, the rate of unused peripheral venous catheters was lower among prehospital peripheral venous catheters than hospital.