bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reactions to Concentrated Influenza Virus Vaccines
Authors: Salk Jonas E.
Published: January 2023

The results of a series of experiments on reactions and immunological responses to different doses of influenza virus vaccine have been presented and discussed.

It was found that the frequency and severity of influenza-like symptoms and fever following inoculation of human subjects was related to the quantity of virus injected. Moreover, the data indicate that the reactions were due to a property of the virus and not to “impurities”. It was observed that a previous inoculation, associated with febrile reaction, did not prevent the occurrence of a similar reaction 6 months later. The question of the nature of the reactions that occurred has been discussed.

The serological data obtained in groups given different doses of virus revealed that the sensitivity of the human subject is such that the amount of virus injected can be varied within rather broad limits without corresponding variation in antibody response.

In the light of the correlated studies on reactions and immunological response, the question of dose of virus for vaccines has been discussed.
Lymphocytopenia in Rabbits Following Intravenous Injection of Influenzal Virus
Authors: Harris Susanna , Henle Werner
Published: January 2023

The intravenous injection of allantoic fluid infected with the viruses of influenza Types A or B into rabbits led within a short period of time (3 hours) to a marked lymphocytopenia which lasted several hours. The decrease in lymphocytes amounted to more than 70 per cent of the original count in the average of 50 rabbits thus treated. The lymphocytopenic effect of infected allantoic fluids could not be separated from the virus particle by centrifugation and was type-specifically neutralized by rabbit immune sera. Lymphocytopenia of a similar extent was obtained also by the injection of the virus of mumps, rough pneumococci and nucleoproteins derived from hemolytic streptococci. The administration of normal allantoic fluid, horse blood or immune or normal rabbit sera was without effect on the lymphocytes. The lymphocytopenia was not accompanied by an anamnestic reaction in rabbits previously immunized with certain antigens. The granulocytes exhibited unaltered phagocytic activity. These data are discussed in the light of the alarm reaction.
The Serial Passage of Hodgkin's Disease Tissue Extract in Chicken Eggs
Authors: Bostick Warren L.
Published: January 2023

Serial passage in a total of 2700 chicken eggs of extracts (usually filtered) from 20 cases of Hodgkin's disease revealed a small but statistically significantly greater mean mortality of the chick embryos from that of control series injected with extracts from other types of tumors and tissues. This difference was demonstrated by the amniotic sac injection. The yolk sac injection did not reveal such a difference. No characteristic gross or microscopic lesions were noted. These findings suggest the presence of a filtrable and serially passable factor in the Hodgkin's disease lymph nodes which causes an increased mortality in chicken embryos. Further investigations are being carried out.
The Biological Assay of Diphtherial Toxoid
Authors: Greenberg Louis , Roblin Marion
Published: January 2023

Three methods for the biological assay of diphtherial toxoid have been presented. Due to economy of animals and other practical considerations, the method involving the skin test as the challenging dose has been selected as the method of choice. Prigge's observations on the value of Lf determinations have been discussed. One provisional standard was used for testing all types of toxoid throughout this work. For convenience, an arbitrary unitage was established and the toxoids assayed are reported in terms of units.
The Application of the Falling Drop Technic
Authors: Lipton Murray M.
Published: January 2023

A method has been presented for the quantitative determination of antibody nitrogen. For the analysis of unknowns it was necessary to obtain the density difference of an NaOH solution of the antigen-antibody precipitate and to find the corresponding nitrogen value by projection on a correlation curve (prepared as described under methods) in which antibody nitrogen is the ordinate and the corresponding density difference is the abscissa.

When the data were analyzed an average variation of 5 per cent was found for a total of 83 samples when the results were compared with those obtained by the micro-Kjeldahl procedure.
Anaphylaxis XVIII: Studies on Passive Sensitization of the Dog
Authors: Sherwood Noble P. , Stoland O. O. , Kirk J. S. , Tennenberg D. J.
Published: January 2023

The concept that a latent period for passive sensitization of the dog is essential has been widely accepted for many years. Lewis (1) states, “The earliest experiments in the transference of hypersusceptibility from one animal to another clearly showed that a definite interval of time must elapse between the injections of sensitizing antiserum and antigen.” He further states that the interval is usually 24 hours but may be reduced to 4 hours under optimum condition; that it is, “Generally agreed that the latent period cannot be entirely dispensed with.” Zinsser, Enders, and Fothergill (2) are of the same opinion since they state that in passive sensitization a definite period must elapse between the injection of sensitive blood and that of antigen. Apparently Dragstedt (3, 4) does not challenge these conclusions since he states that a latent period “… has been shown to be necessary for the guinea pig and the dog.”
The Prolonged Viability of Sporozoites of Plasmodium Gallinaceum in Extracts of Washed Chicken Erythrocytes
Authors: Whitman Loring
Published: January 2023

Sporozoites of P. gallinaceum suspended in a diluent consisting of a saline extract of washed chicken erythrocytes will survive for as long as 72 hours at room temperature (25 C-26 C) and with little loss of infectivity for at least 24 hours.

The addition of penicillin to the extract has been found to have no adverse effect on the sporozoite and may be used to reduce the danger of bacterial contamination.

Evidence is presented which indicates that mosquito tissues when mixed with sporozoites reduce the infectivity of the latter.
Immunological Studies of Cholera Filtrates
Authors: Singer E. , Wei S. H. , Hoa S. H.
Published: January 2023

Cultures of V. cholerae produce a substance (F.F.) which causes shedding of the epithelium when pieces of guinea pig ileum are exposed to its action. F.F. can be demonstrated in culture filtrates only, and is absent in washed suspensions and autolyzates of V. cholerae. F.F. is heat-labile, inactivated by formaldehyde, exposure to 37 C and by ageing.

Antigenically F.F. is very similar to, if not identical with the somatic antigen of V. cholerae.

It differs from the somatic antigen in its physical characteristics.
VII. Report on the Prophylactic Vaccination of 1536 Persons Against Acute Respiratory Diseases, 1919–1920
Authors: von Sholly Anna I. , Park William H.
Published: January 2023

The reason for the investigation upon which this report is based, was to attempt to help clear up, if possible, the status of a vaccine made of the mixed organisms which predominate in respiratory diseases, used as a prophylactic agent in epidemic “grippe” and acute respiratory diseases in general. Reports on vaccine prophylaxis are only too plentiful both for a vaccine made of pure Bacillus influenzae and for a vaccine made of various mixtures of the important microbes found in the respiratory tract. The chief criticisms to the recognition of their claims is that they were tested out during the late pandemic of “grippe” either close to or after the peak of the epidemic, at a time when it was impossible to sort out cases into convincing statistical groups on account of the unknown factor of natural or inherited immunity which plays an important and as yet, little charted part in epidemiology.
VI. A Serological Study of the Bacillus of Pfeiffer
Authors: Coca Arthur F. , Kelley Margaret F.
Published: January 2023

Confirming the previous work of Valentine and Cooper, a study of eighteen cultures of the bacillus of Pfeiffer isolated from cases of influenza in different localities and at different times revealed identities in the cultures only when a probability of personal contact existed. On the basis of Park's argument these findings admit of only one conclusion with regard to the rôle of Pfeiffer's bacillus; namely, that that microörganism is not the cause of the disease. An immune serum prepared by the injection of one strain of B. influenzae was found to agglutinate other strains of that bacillus, but not the one used for the immunization. This phenomenon was due to the presence of an unusual quantity of a specific inhibiting antibody.
A Test-Tube Rack for Serological Work
Authors: Deibert Olin
Published: January 2023

A compact, convenient, and inexpensive test-tube rack, adaptable to many of the common bacteriological and serological procedures in which test tubes are involved, is herewith described, and a few of its advantages and possibilities indicated.

The simplest type of this rack, which was designed while the writer was working in the Department of Bacteriology at the University of Kansas, consists of a sheet of metal 5½ by 4½ inches bent at right angles along the greater dimension, 1¼ inches from the edge. The 1¼ inch portion of the sheet serves as a base, and the test tubes are held against the upright piece of metal by two rubber bands which are spaced an inch or more apart.
The Specific Antigenic Properties of the Four Groups of Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Hooker Sanford B. , Anderson Lillian M.
Published: January 2023

By means of appropriate adsorption tests it has been shown that Landsteiner's theory as to number and allocation of human isohemagglutinins and agglutinable elements is probably correct.

Evidence suggesting the possible existence of sub-groups is discussed, and other data are submitted in support of the recommendation that both the typing of bloods and direct tests between recipient and prospective donors be adopted as routine procedures preliminary to transfusion.

Attention is drawn to a number of observations which arouse suspicion, at least, that blood-plasma rather than cells may be the source of certain post-transfusion reactions. There is probably no etiologic or concurrent antigen-antibody plasma reaction following primary transfusions because we were unable to demonstrate any isoprecipitins or alexin-binding antibodies in cross-titrations of representative group sera.

Both from the clinical standpoint and because of the information which would derive to the subject of antigenic specificity, serologic methods deserve more thorough application particularly to the problem of those reactions which follow repeated transfusions.
Study of Fixed Rabies Virus Propagated in the Brain of Guinea Pig Fetus
Authors: Chen-Jen Chen , Zia Samuel H.
Published: January 2023

A fixed rabies virus has been cultivated in the developing fetal brain of the guinea pig in utero in three series through 8, 5 and 16 successive passages, respectively, with its virulence undiminished. It was found to be fully antigenic and yielded vaccine comparable to that of infected adult brain tissue. The advantage of using the embryonic tissue vaccine by this simple method is discussed.
The Position of the Wakefield Bacilli (Berger)
Authors: Weil A. J. , Slafkovsky H.
Published: January 2023

The position of the two types of organisms found in Wakefield by Berger is discussed. One of the types was found to be identical with two strains labeled elsewhere as Proteus morgani.

The heat-labile antigen we had found in the organisms of Berger and in Shigella Large-Sachs Q454 is also present in a colon strain obtained from England. Reactivity with this heat-labile antigen of sera of normal rabbits is very rare in rabbits obtained in this neighborhood, and it appears unlikely that “normal” antibodies are an important source of error in this connection.
The Relation of Antagonistic Coliform Organisms to Shigella Infections
Authors: Halbert Seymour P.
Published: January 2023

A survey of individuals in a New York State Institution for the presence of fecal lactose-fermenting organisms antagonistic against a strain of Shigella paradysenteriae Flexner type III, revealed that 11.7 per cent of 2,648 strains were active in this respect, and that 30 per cent of 287 individuals harbored such organisms. A random sample of 30 highly antagonistic strains were shown to be capable of producing soluble antibiotic substances. Of the 287 individuals, 13 per cent were infected with either of two types of Shigella. The subjects who were infected with Shigella, had a significantly higher incidence of antagonist-bearers than the non-infected individuals. This tendency was especially marked in individuals whose cultures yielded only a small number of Shigella colonies. The feeble-minded group characterized by mongolism was found to have significantly more Shigella-positive cultures, and coliform antagonists, than the rest of the individuals. The Shigella prevalence in this group decreased with age, and with length of stay in the institution, but no relationship between these factors and antagonist-bearing was noted. The close similarity between the essential findings reported here, and the observations on a normal population in South Texas, is pointed out.
The Complement Fixation Test in Yellow Fever Epidemiology
Authors: Perlowagora A. , Hughes T. P.
Published: January 2023

Marmosets surviving yellow fever infection develop complement-fixing antibodies, which reach a maximum titer in about four to five weeks after infection. These antibodies gradually disappear. Only in one of 26 animals did they persist as long as 360 days.

This finding may be applied in epidemiological studies to identify recently infected wild marmosets captured in areas under investigation.
The Determination of the Optimal Haemolysin Level for Use in the Complement-Fixation Test
Authors: Fisher James W.
Published: January 2023

A modification of the spectrophotometric method of complement assay described by Kent (17) is outlined for determining objectively the optimal level of haemolysin to be used in the complement-fixation test. The haemolytic curves obtained by assaying haemolysin at a number of levels are described by a family of linear regression lines (logarithm of the dose of complement-probit percentage of haemolysis) that have a common origin but differ in slope. The optimal level of haemolysin is chosen as that dose which produces the maximum sensitivity of the erythrocytes to the action of complement as manifested by the steepest line.
Cholera Immunization
Authors: Singer E. , Wei S.H. , Hoa S.H.
Published: January 2023

Human subjects were immunized against V. cholerae by the injection of vaccines which were prepared by different methods.

The method of preparation did not seem to have any appreciable effect on the antibody response following the injections.

Intracutaneous vaccination appeared to be more effective than subcutaneous injections. It was, however, followed in some instances by abscess formation, which although insignificant in extent and not accompanied by discomfort, should at present be considered as contraindicating its general application.
The Serologic Relationships Between Five Cultured Strains of Supposed T. Pallidum (Noguchi, Kroó, Nichols, Reiter and Kazan) and Two Strains of Mouth Treponemata
Authors: Eagle Harry , Germuth Frederick G. , Musselman Arlyne , Grossberg Jean
Published: January 2023

On the basis of their cross-reactivity in agglutination and complement fixation tests with rabbit antisera, five strains of cultivated treponemata which are now non-pathogenic, but which all purport to be T. pallidum, have been found to fall into 3 distinct groups: The Nichols and Noguchi strains were serologically indistinguishable. The Reiter and Kazan strains cross-reacted, but were not identical. The Kroó strain was serologically distinct from the other four. The Reiter strain has further been shown to be serologically almost identical with 2 strains of saprophytic mouth treponemata. Although rabbits injected with these cultured treponemata developed agglutinins and complement-fixing antibodies in high titer, they did not develop positive Wassermann or flocculation tests. In both respects the antibody response differed from that obtained with suspensions of pathogenic T. pallidum. Syphilitic sera absorbed with suspensions of the Reither or Kazan strains lost all reactivity with these organisms, but their reactivity in Wassermann or flocculation tests with tissue extracts was unaffected. Rabbits “immunized” with cultured organisms proved susceptible to infection with large inocula of pathogenic T. pallidum. The data here reported indicate that the 5 cultivated strains of treponema here studied, all purporting to be T. pallidum, differ materially in their morphologic and antigenic properties from the pathogenic organism. The validity of their identification as T. pallidum is questionable.
Studies in Cellular Growth
Authors: Maltz Maxwell , Spain David M. , Molomut Norman
Published: January 2023

A 0.1 unit/kg dose of antisplenic-tissue-serum (ASTS) accelerates the healing process of experimental wounds in mice. Pretreatment with one dose of ASTS (0.1 unit/kg) did not affect the normal course of healing. A 10 unit/kg dose of antisplenic-tissue-serum (ASTS) did not affect the rate of healing as compared with control treated groups. The presence of anti-mouse red blood cell factors in the antiserum did not modify the action of the ASTS.
Quantitative Studies of Complement-Fixation
Authors: Osler Abraham G. , Heidelberger Michael
Published: January 2023

Data are given on precipitation and fixation of C′ by S III and S VIII in reactions with homologous and cross-reacting antibodies. Fixation in the homologous systems closely parallels the course of the preicipitn-reactions at higher concentrations. As in the precipitin-reaction, S III is a more efficient reactant with anti-S VIII than S VIII is with anti-S III. While the course of cross-fixation between S VIII and anti-S III differs from the homologous reaction much as does the corresponding precipitin-reaction, the reciprocal cross-reaction parallels the S VIII anti-S VIII reaction.
A Study of Shigella Isolated in India and Burma, with Special Reference to Two Previously Undescribed Sero-Types
Authors: Cox C. D. , Wallace G. I.
Published: January 2023

Type distribution of 664 cultures of Shigella or closely allied enteric bacilli isolated mainly from American military personnel in India and Burma is presented.

Further biochemical and serological studies in this country of 40 cultures, which were inagglutinable in available Shigella antiserums upon isolation but possessed morphological and biochemical characteristics of this genus are discussed. Four of these cultures were found to comprise two previously undescribed sero-types, and their characteristics are described.
On the Individual Specificity of Human Serum
Authors: Goldberg Henry P. , de Gara Paul F.
Published: January 2023

Recent studies of Cumley and Irwin (1, 2, 3) have suggested that serum proteins may be innately different in individuals of the same species (birds or man). In general, previous attempts to demonstrate this have not been successful (4). As far as we could ascertain, no confirmation of the results of Cumley and Irwin have been published. The existence of these differences would be of interest in the study of diseases where genetic factors are important, such as Rheumatic Fever (5). Therefore, an attempt was made to repeat the experiments of Cumley and Irwin.

In general, the technic of Cumley and Irwin was used. Immune sera were obtained by the injection of rabbits with sera from 2 rheumatic children and absorbed with sera of 4 non-rheumatic adults. One of the rheumatic children had acute rheumatic fever and his blood contained C-reactive protein; the other child was convalescing from acute rheumatic fever and had no C-reactive protein in his blood.
Pertussis Immunisation—Additional Factors Governing the Potency for Mice of Phase I Vaccines
Authors: Gray David F.
Published: January 2023

Under the conditions of these experiments, fluid cultures of H. pertussis have proved less virulent for mice than B-G. cultures. As on B-G. medium (Gray 1946) mouse virulence in fluid medium decreases with increasing physiological age, though less rapidly than on B-G. medium. Vaccines made from fluid cultures have proved less potent for mice than B-G. vaccines. When cultures of more than 72 hours' incubation are used for vaccine production, they are of little value as immunising agents. When fluid cultures are agitated continuously during the incubation, the yield is greatly increased. Marked alterations occur, however, in viable counts, in virulence and in immunising potency. The effects on potency are inconstant and not yet completely understood. The ratio of viable to total counts in standardised suspensions from solid or fluid cultures bears no constant relationship to either virulence by the intranasal route, or to immunsiing potency. An observation, intriguing in the light of current concepts of growth dynamics, was the common occurrence of lower viable counts at 48 hours than at either 24 hours or 72 hours in suspensions standardised to the same density. There appears to be little to choose between phenol, formalin, merthiolate and mild heat in producing H. pertussis vaccine. There is no evidence of autolytic loss of antigenic potency over a period of three months' storage in phenolised vaccine. No more efficient vaccine for mice, under the experimental conditions employed, has yet been evolved than one prepared from a 24 hr culture on B-G. medium of H. pertussis phase I.
The Effect of Acriflavine and Phosphine GRN on Lysis of Bacteria by Bacteriophage
Authors: Smith Andrew G.
Published: January 2023

The specificity of two acridine compounds in inhibiting lysis by bacteriophage was shown in the reaction of four bacteria-bacteriophage systems to their presence. The phage-inhibiting effect of one of these compounds, acriflavine, was effectively neutralized by yeast nucleic acid, riboflavin, thiamin, nicotinamide and sodium lauryl sulfate. This is in contrast to the work of Fitzgerald and Lee (6) with phosphine GRN where only yeast nucleic acid was found to be effective.
Immune Response in Mice After Vaccination with Bacterium Tularense
Authors: Ruchman Isaac , Foshay Lee
Published: January 2023

After vaccination with one or 3 doses of a phenolized suspension of Bacterium tularense white mice developed maximal agglutinative titers of 1:40 to 1:80 at 3 to 4 weeks, the levels slowly declining thereafter. The antibody level was somewhat higher and persisted longer in those animals that had received 3 doses.

Following a single booster dose there occurred a slight negative phase followed by a rapidly rising titer. The peak of 1:640 to 1:1280 was reached in about a week when the stimulating dose was administered between 6 and 7 weeks after the initial vaccination. Despite this improved antibody response mice failed to develop any resistance to small numbers of living, virulent organisms when they were challenged intraäbdominally, intracerebrally or subcutaneously at the time of peak antibody titers.

The completely susceptible and wholly nonresistant white mouse is an unsuitable test animal for experiments of this nature.
The Specificity of the Agglutination-Reaction with Autoclaved Hemolytic Streptococci and the Role of the Group-Specific Polysaccharide in the Reaction
Authors: Liao Sung J.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Thulin's agglutinative reaction with autoclaved hemolytic streptococcus was examined for its specificity by testing various strains of cocci against grouping and typing sera and patients' sera. The evidence suggested that this particular reaction was specific for hemolytic streptococcus as a group. Agglutinin-absorption with autoclaved hemolytic streptococcus and precipitin-absorption with the group-specific polysaccharide of the group A hemolytic streptococcus were done on streptococcal grouping and typing sera and patients' sera. The results indicate that the group-specific polysaccharide played an important role in rendering the test specific for hemolytic streptococcus.
Studies in the Metabolism of the Tubercle Bacillus
Authors: Smith M. I. , Emmart E. W.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The tubercle bacillus grown on a synthetic (Kirchner's) medium produces fluorescent substances in the course of its growth, part of which is alkali-resistant and its chemical nature undetermined, while the other, the greater part, is alkali-labile and behaves like riboflavin. During the lag period of 8 to 10 days of little or no growth only the alkali-resistant fraction was in evidence. With the beginning of growth there was a progressive increase in fluorescent material, the rate of increase being relatively greater in the alkali-labile fraction. The addition to Kirchner's medium of small amounts of iron as ferrous sulfate, or 2 per cent sucrose, or both, increased the amount of fluorescent material formed and also stimulated the growth of A27. Experiments with three riboflavin related compounds have shown that isoriboflavin had little or no effect on the growth of the tubercle bacillus or in antagonizing the formation of fluorescent material by the tubercle bacillus. Diaminophenazine (i.e. dinitrophenazine reduced with iron) inhibited growth of the tubercle bacillus and apparently may have also reduced riboflavin production. The third substance tested, 4-amino-ribitylxylidine, inhibited the growth of the tubercle bacillus when added to Kirchner's medium in the high concentration of 50 mg per cent. When added in concentrations of 1 to 20 mg per cent it appears to have been metabolized by the growing tubercle bacillus in part to riboflavin, and this endogenous source of riboflavin seemed to have little effect on growth.
Immunological Studies on Egg White Proteins
Authors: Cohn Melvin , Wetter Leslie R. , Deutsch Harold F.
Published: January 2023

The precipitin reactions of highly purified conalbumin and six-times recrystallized ovalbumin with their homologous horse- and rabbit-antisera have been studied. Traces of impurity present in both antigens were easily detectable by immunological methods. Although the ovalbumin showed two components electrophoretically these were indistinguishable immunologically. A small amount of highly antigenic impurity may appreciably distort the quantitative curve due to the major component.
Retarding Action of Adrenal Gland on Growth of Sarcoma Grafts in Rats
Authors: Lewis Margaret Reed , Aptekman Paul Myron , King Helen Dean
Published: January 2023

In an earlier study (1) it was shown that when tissue from immune rats was minced with tumor grafts, the only organ that uniformly inhibited the growth of the grafts when implanted into susceptible rats was the adrenal gland. Since the serum and various tissues of the immune animals failed to suppress the growth of tumor grafts, it was concluded that this action could not be attributed to the presence of antibodies, but was probably inherent in the adrenal gland tissue.

In order to investigate this observation more fully, a study of the inactivation of tumor grafts by the adrenal gland, as well as the pituitary glands, of normal, tumor-bearing and tumor-immune rats was undertaken. The results of these experiments are described in this paper.

Materials and Methods. Pituitary and adrenal glands excised from normal, tumor-bearing and tumor-immune rats respectively were minced with small grafts of rapidly growing sarcoma and transplanted subcutaneously into susceptible rats.
Influenza Vaccination: A Comparison of Antibody Response Obtained by Various Methods of Administration
Authors: Bruyn Henry B. , Meiklejohn Gordon , Brainerd Henry D.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Two hundred and forty-three adults and children were inoculated by the subcutaneous or interadermal routes with the combined Type A and Type B influenza virus vaccine. The rise in antibody in adults following intradermal inoculation, using 0.1 ml of vaccine, was comparable to that following subcutaneous inoculation of 0.1 ml. In adults, two intradermal inoculations of 0.1 ml each, given three days apart, did not produce antibody-rises which were significantly greater than those following a single intradermal inoculation. The antibody-rise in children, following two intradermal inoculations of 0.1 ml each, was somewhat greater than that following the same doses given subcutaneously.
The Family Relationship of Encephalomyocarditis, Columbia-SK, M. M., and Mengo Encephalomyelitis Viruses
Authors: Warren Joel , Smadel Joseph E. , Russ Sudie B.
Published: January 2023

By means of neutralization, complement-fixation, and cross-immunity tests, the viruses known as encephalomyocarditis, Columbia-SK, M. M., and Mengo encephalomyelitis have been found to be identical.

Analysis of their known physical and pathogenic properties further indicates that they are probably different strains of a single virus.

We have been unable to demonstrate any relationship between the four strains of this virus and the Lansing, Yale-SK and Brunhilde strains of poliomyelitis or a murine encephalomyelitis virus.
Pathogenesis of Tetanus
Authors: Friedemann Ulrich , Traub Frederick B. , Prost Norma
Published: January 2023

In previous investigations (1) it was concluded that in the guinea pig and in the rabbit the phenomenon of local tetanus cannot be explained by the action of tetanal toxin on the muscle. This conclusion was reached with the aid of immunological methods. A dose of tetanal toxin causing local tetanus was injected into the muscle. Varying amounts of antitoxin were injected by the intravenous and the intracisternal routes respectively. It was found that to prevent local tetanus, 40–80 times more antitoxin was required by the intravenous than by the intracisternal route. The influence of the route of injection was considered as evidence that tetanal toxin produces local tetanus by an action on the cord with the implication that the toxin reaches the cord by nerve pathways as postulated by Meyer and Ransom (2) as well as by later investigators. Further evidence for the migration of the toxin in the nerve could be provided by a series of independent experiments (1, 3–5, 7–10).
The Occurrence of Antibodies for Pneumococcus Type II in the Serum of Normal Rabbits
Authors: Munoz Joaquin , Holford Frances E.
Published: January 2023

Antibodies protecting mice against 10-1000 lethal doses of Pneumococcus Type II were found in the fresh serum of 21 of 32 normal rabbits tested in this study. In general, the protective effect of the serum in mice was closely correlated with the bacteriostatic action of the heparinized blood and both sorts of reaction appeared to be type-specific; the best evidence being the absorption of the protective antibody by killed cells of Pneumococcus Type II, but not by R cells.

Partial or complete loss of the antibody during 3 weeks' storage at 2 to 5 C, its preservation for 3 months at −15 to −20 C, its fluctuating titre in the circulating blood of some animals and its persistence in one rabbit for as long as 9 months were observed.

These findings, associated with the fact that no normal rabbit whose serum failed to protect mice against 1 lethal dose of Pneumococcus Type II gained that capacity after injection of soluble antigen from Pneumococcus Type I (Dubos' soluble antigen), pose a question of the validity of a number of reports that a soluble pneumococcal antigen may elicit, in rabbits, the production of antibodies capable of protecting mice against heterologous types.
Tudies on Pathogenesis and Immunity in Tularemia
Authors: Buchele Luther , Downs Cora M.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The agglutinin response in rats vaccinated against Bact. tularense is very rapid and the initial rise parallels roughly the time at which immunity to infection develops. The agglutinin titer in vaccinated, recovered and normal rats after infection, rises rapidly and continues at a high level for a longer period than after vaccination. A high degree of active immunity after vaccination of the rat was found to persist for as long as 99 days whereas a high titer of agglutinins persisted for only 11 to 17 days. Rats are more solidly immune after recovery from infection than after vaccination with killed cultures. This immunity also persists at a high level for at least 114 days. Normal, vaccinated and recovered rats were shown to harbor living organisms in the spleen for 31 to 46 days after infection.
The Measurement of Neutralizing Antibodies to Streptococcal Hyaluronidase by a Turbidimetric Method
Authors: Harris Susanna , Harris T. N.
Published: January 2023

Hyaluronic acid has been prepared in a form sufficiently purified for turbidimetric assay by a comparatively simple procedure. This material retains its viscosity and property of forming a mucin clot, so that it is suitable as substrate for other methods of measuring the activity of hyaluronidase. The turbidimetric method of measuring hyaluronidase has been adapted to the measurement of antibodies to the enzyme by this technic. The quantitative relationships which obtain among this substrate, the enzyme and the neutralizing antibodies to the enzyme have been studied. Repeated experiments have been done with given sera to indicate the accuracy with which turbidimetric measurements of antihyaluronidase can be carried out.
A Quantitative Study of the Diphtheria Toxinantitoxin Reaction in the Sera of Various Species including Man
Authors: Cohn Melvin , Pappenheimer A. M.
Published: January 2023

Using quantitative immunochemical methods, the diphtheria toxin-antitoxin reaction has been studied in hyperimmune rabbit, guinea pig, monkey and human sera. These species all show a typical precipitin reaction. The curves obtained fit the theoretical equations of Heidelberger and Kendall closely and contrast with the flocculation type of toxin-antitoxin reaction characteristic of horse serum. Human and rabbit antitoxins are associated with the γ2-globulin fraction of the serum rather than with the γ1-globulin fraction as is the case in the horse. After relatively short treatment at 56 C, human, monkey and guinea pig antitoxin no longer precipitate with toxin. The capacity of heated antitoxin to neutralize toxin, fix complement and sensitize guinea pigs to anaphylactic shock is only slightly impaired. Rabbit and horse antitoxin are unaffected by prolonged treatment at 56 C. Criteria for determining whether a given precipitin reaction is due to a single antigen-antibody system or to reaction of more than one antigen and antibody are discussed.
Serological Reactions in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Pike Robert M. , Sulkin S. Edward , Coggeshall Howard C.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The capacity of rheumatoid-arthritis serum (RAS) to influence the agglutinability of sensitized sheep-erythrocytes was found to be unrelated to its content of sheep-cell agglutinins. Removal of such agglutinins by absorption with sheep cells did not alter the titer of the serum for sensitized sheep-cells. Absorption with sensitized cells likewise did not readily reduce the titer of the serum for sensitized cells although agglutinated cells remained so even after repeated washings. Extraction of RAS with lipoid solvents failed to destroy the capacity of the serum to agglutinate sensitized sheep cells. RAS which markedly increased the specific agglutination of sheep cells did not show a similar effect on the specific hemolysis of the cells. RAS not only agglutinated sheep cells sensitized with rabbit anti-sheep-cell serum but also agglutinated sheep cells sensitized with rabbit anti-goat-cell serum and with rabbit anti-guinea-pig-kidney serum. Sheep cells sensitized with serum from patients with infectious mononucleosis and from normal persons were agglutinated to about the same degree as unsensitized cells. The agglutination of beef cells and goat cells by homologous rabbit immune sera was markedly increased by RAS, whereas the agglutination of human group 0 cells and rat cells was not significantly affected. Sheep cells sensitized with rabbit anti-sheep-cell serum which had been absorbed with guinea-pig kidney, or with raw or boiled beef cells, were agglutinated in RAS to the same degree as cells sensitized with unabsorbed serum. Sheep cells sensitized with homologous immune serum absorbed with goat cells were agglutinated less strongly in RAS than cells sensitized with unabsorbed serum. Absorption of agglutinins for autoclaved group A streptococci from RAS did not affect the titer of the serum for sensitized sheep cells. The possible relation of the phenomenon to the agglutination-intensifying effect of serum-globulins generally is discussed.
A Quantitative Study of the Arthus Phenomenon Induced Passively in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Benacerraf Baruj , Kabat Elvin A.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

The severity of the passive Arthus reaction in the guinea pig was studied using known amounts of antigen and antibody. It was shown that complications due to anaphylaxis could be eliminated by proper choice of dosage or of time interval between sensitization and shock. By intravenous sensitization severe Arthus reactions were obtained with 0.41 and minimal reactions with 0.09 mg antibody N. Rabbit and guinea pig antiovalbumin and rabbit antipneumococcus Type III serum (anti-SIII) were equally effective per unit weight in intravenous sensitization for the Arthus reaction. Reactions were of equal severity if the intervals between intravenous antibody and local antigen injections were within one minute, 30 minutes or 24 hours, indicating the absence of a latent period. Reverse Arthus reactions of maximal and minimal severity were obtained by intradermal injection of 0.19 and 0.01 mg anti-EaN respectively. Equivalent weights of non-precipitable (“univalent”) rabbit antiovalbumin were unable to cause Arthus reactions comparable in severity to those produced by the antibody in whole serum. Concentrated horse antipneumococcus Type I serum (anti-SI) was able to induce Arthus reactions but did not confer passive anaphylactic sensitivity in guinea pigs. These reactions were less severe than those produced by equal quantities of rabbit antibody. Rabbit and guinea pig antiovalbumin were equally effective in passive sensitization of rabbits for the Arthus phenomenon. Residual anaphylactic sensitivity following an Arthus reaction in the guinea pig was dependent only upon the proportions of antigen and antibody used in eliciting the Arthus reaction and not on its severity. Evidence is presented indicating the importance, in the Arthus reaction, of circulating antibody and of the passage of intradermally injected antibody into the circulation.
Biological and Technical Factors in the Demonstration of Antibody Production by Lymphatic Tissue
Authors: Harris T. N. , Harris Susanna
Published: January 2023

A number of biologic and technical factors were explored which may play a role in the demonstration of formation of antibodies in the popliteal lymph node of the rabbit. In a series of rabbits, some of which received 0.2 ml of a suspension of dysentery bacilli in one hind foot pad and others five times that amount, it was found that the popliteal lymph node of the injected leg contained relatively more antibody, in comparison with the opposite node, in the case of rabbits receiving the smaller dose. Extracts of these lymph nodes showed no difference in content of antibody to an antigen which had been injected subcutaneously elsewhere in the body. In the centrifugation of antibody-containing lymph certain technical precautions were indicated which can reduce the amount of lymph plasma in and about the lymph cells to a point where the plasma does not interfere with the demonstration of higher antibody titers in the lymph cells.

Certain apparent discrepancies in data and interpretation of recent work on the formation of antibodies in lymphatic tissue are discussed in the light of the data presented here.
The Quantitative Estimation of the Removal of Bacteria from the Blood by the Various Organs of the Immunized Animal
Authors: Kerby Grace P. , Holland Bernard C. , Martin Samuel P.
Published: January 2023

By a method of constant intravenous infusion of bacteria combined with the determination of the numbers of bacteria in the circulation at various sites by venous catheterization, further quantitative data have been obtained concerning factors influencing the removal of bacteria from the blood stream. Total canine splanchnic removal of Klebsiella pneumoniae type B averaged 42 ± 15% (S.D.). There was no significant removal of organisms in the pulmonary circulation. During a second infusion of K. pneumoniae type B given after a two to four week interval, the average splanchnic removal rose to 77 ± 11% (S.D.). The degree of removal in the pulmonary area may have been significant. The splanchnic removal of K. pneumoniae type B rose abruptly to 83 ± 16% (S.D.) following intravenous administration of homologous plasma obtained from immunized dogs. Normal dog plasma (given 1.5–3 hours prior to the immune plasma) failed to affect significantly the splanchnic removal during this period. In dogs given a K. pneumoniae type B infusion two weeks after having received plasma obtained from an immunized dog, splanchnic removal averaged 70 ± 10% (S.D.) and was not altered by administration of additional immune dog plasma.
Interference Phenomena Between Animal Viruses: A Review
Authors: Henle Werner
Published: January 2023

It is a well-known fact that infection of a bacterium, plant or animal with one virus frequently prevents or partially inhibits simultaneous propagation of another viral agent in the same host. Such interference phenomena, which have been called also “sparing effect”, “cell blockade”, or “Schienenimmunität”, have aroused great interest on account of their theoretical, and possibly practical implications. As a result, the literature on this subject has been increasing rapidly in recent years. It may be profitable, therefore, to take stock at this time and to attempt formulation of general principles which have evolved in studies of the various phenomena. It will be apparent that the present knowledge is still very fragmentary, so much so that the plural in the title of this review is being employed advisedly because of the fact that it is not known whether the various instances of interference described are all based upon related mechanisms, or whether several entirely different reactions are involved in the various observations.
Relation of Nutritional Deficiency in Man to Antibody Production
Authors: Balch Henry H. , Gardner Rosemary J. , Spencer Margaret T.
Published: January 2023

The amount of circulating antitoxin produced by 25 Schick negative nutritionally depleted patients and 19 Schick negative well-nourished adults following a single intramuscular injection of purified diphtheria toxoid has been measured quantitatively. Severely ill, nutritionally depleted patients were found capable of producing antibody as well as, or better than the healthy controls. Furthermore, antibody production was found to continue up to the time of death from wasting disease. No relation was found to exist between antibody response, the age of the patient, the initial antibody level, total serum protein, serum albumin or serum globulin levels. No relation was found between antibody response and the development of infection.
The Antigenic Composition of Cryptococcus Neoformans
Authors: Evans E. Edward
Published: January 2023

A satisfactory method for the preparation of antisera against encapsulated strains of Cryptococcus neoformans has been described.

By use of the agglutination test, capsular reaction, and agglutinin absorption, nineteen strains of C. neoformans have been divided into three serologic types which have been designated as Types A, B, and C.

The capsule is concerned with type specificity as judged by its reaction in antiserum.
A Non-Pathogenic Bartonella-Like Organism Developing in Embryonate Eggs after Injection with Haemobartonella Muris
Authors: Laskowski Leonard , Pinkerton Henry , Greiff Donald
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

An organism morphologically indistinguishable from Haemobartonella muris and H. tyzzeri has been cultivated in embryonate eggs after inoculation with rat blood infected with H. muris. Subculture on complex cell-free media was obtained, but primary isolation on these media could not be achieved.

The organism is an intracellular parasite forming compact spherical cytoplasmic clusters which are identical with those produced by Bartonella bacilliformis and H. tyzzeri and are believed to be almost specific for organisms of this group. Further characteristics supporting the view that the organism is H. muris are growth in fused clumps in cell-free media and inability to ferment carbohydrates.

Injection into splenectomized bartonella-free rats resulted in no clinical or hematological evidence of haemobartonellosis and gave no immunity to subsequent infection with H. muris. For this reason, positive identification of the organism cannot be made at present.
A Physiological Study of Virus Parasitism
Authors: McLimans Wm. F. , Siem R. A. , Mark B. C. , Pinska E.
Published: January 2023

The experimental data herein presented have demonstrated that the rates of oxygen consumption of embryonated eggs vary directly with the temperature of incubation. Thus, ten-day-old embryos incubated at 32.2 C have a Qeo2 amounting to about 50 per cent of that obtained with eggs incubated at 37.8 C. The experiment performed at an elevated temperature of 39.4 C yielded slight, but not statistically significant evidence of an increased rate of oxygen consumption.

It is interesting to note that eggs injected with the NJ-KD strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and incubated under standard conditions (37.8 C at 52 per cent relative humidity) do not exhibit any appreciable deviation in their Qeo2 from normal eggs or from embryonated eggs, injected with an equivalent amount of normal allantoic fluid, until near the terminal stage of the infection. At that time, there appears to be a rapid reduction in the rate of oxygen consumption, to the low level established for infertile eggs.

Eggs inoculated with NDV and incubated (32.2 C) approximately 10 degrees below the standard environmental temperature responded to the infection as above, except that the survival time was increased from approximately 40 hours to 70 hours; furthermore, the slope of the drop in the Qeo2 at the terminal stage of infection appeared to be far more gradual. Repeated experiments with control and NDV-infected eggs incubated at 39.4 C failed to show any significant difference in the mean Qeo2 or in the survival time, from that observed with eggs incubated under standard conditions.

The results presented tend to support the hypothesis that the rates of virus multiplication within a host cell may be regulated by the over-all respiratory quotient of that system. That is to say, a reduced Qeo2 of the embryonated egg is presumably accompanied by a reduction in the rate of virus proliferation. In the case of the hens' egg, the variation of environmental temperatures constitutes an easy mechanism for altering the Qeo2 to any desired level.

We have been unable to demonstrate any significant stimulation in the oxygen uptake of infected eggs. This has been observed to be true also in the case of eggs infected with Western equine encephalitis virus3. It is appreciated that these results are not in accordance with those reported by Parodi, et al. (1) and Pinkerton et al. (2). A possible discrepancy between our findings and those of the above authors may be due to the entirely different types of technique employed.
The Effect of Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone on Circulating Antibody Levels
Authors: De Vries Joan A.
Published: January 2023

Administration of adrenocorticotrophic hormone to previously immunized rabbits failed to produce a rise in circulating antibody levels despite a fall in the number of circulating lymphocytes.