bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Framework for cloud‐based software test data generation service
Authors: Chawla Priyanka , Chana Inderveer , Rana Ajay
Published: June 2019

This paper presents the framework of cloud‐based software test data generation service (CSTS) that caters to cost‐effective test data generation service in a cloud environment. In contrast to existing conventional or cloud‐based testing frameworks, CSTS has a number of unique benefits. First, CSTS is designed to facilitate test data generation in minimum time and cost. Second, unlike existing frameworks which mandates clients to opt for resources to test their jobs, CSTS guides customer for selecting best cluster configuration in order to minimize the cost. While the existing models do not provide any solution for trust establishment in cloud computing services, CSTS delivers it by implementing security mechanism with the provision of role based access control. The security mechanism proposed in this paper ensures the protection of data and code of different users. Third, CSTS provides a mathematical pricing model to fulfill the expectations of customers and also to maximize the net profit of service providers. Cloud service request model has also been designed that postulates service level agreements between customers and service providers. We have evaluated, compared, and analyzed our framework and have found that it outperforms other existing cloud‐based frameworks.
Nanoparticles used for fingermark detection—A comprehensive review
Authors: Kanodarwala Fehmida K. , Moret Sébastien , Spindler Xanthe , Lennard Chris , Roux Claude
Published: June 2019

Nanoparticles (NPs) have been used in numerous fields such as medicine, imaging, and electronics to cite just a few. In forensic science, NPs have been researched specifically for the detection of fingermarks. Their small size, surface functionalization ability, and luminescence properties can potentially lead to better resolution, increased sensitivity, and selectivity. This paper offers an extensive review of the various NP types investigated over the past three decades. NPs are sorted into seven categories, namely metal, metal oxide, quantum dots (QDs), carbon dots (C‐dots), silica (SiO2), and upconverters NPs (UCNPs) as well as a miscellaneous section. Each type is discussed in details from a critical viewpoint. The most promising NP types are also identified.

This article is categorized under:

Forensic Chemistry and Trace Evidence > Fingermarks and Other Marks
Does informant‐based reporting of cognitive symptoms predict amyloid positivity on positron emission tomography?
Authors: Brunet Hannah E. , Miller Justin B. , Shi Jiong , Chung Briana , Munter Bryce Taylor , Sabbagh Marwan Noel
Published: June 2019

Introduction

Researchers are searching for clinical instruments to predict amyloid positivity for disease classification. Informant‐based reports could detect disease status. This study compares subjective memory complaints captured by informant‐based reports between positron emission tomography (PET)–positive and PET‐negative patients and hypothesizes that amyloid PET positivity associates with increased informant‐based cognitive complaints.

Methods

Ninety‐eight amnestic mild cognitive impairment or mild dementia subjects were studied. Subjective report was captured by the informant‐driven Alzheimer's Questionnaire (AQ) administered before PET. Differences in demographics and AQ score by diagnostic status and amyloid status were measured, and a receiver‐operating characteristic curve was calculated.

Results

Sixty‐five mild cognitive impairment/Alzheimer's disease amyloid PET‐positive and 33 amyloid PET‐negative subjects were included. AQ was significantly higher (12.51 ± 4.95) for amyloid PET‐positive subjects (9.06 ± 3.65; P = .001).

Conclusions

Amyloid PET‐positive subjects with Alzheimer's disease or mild cognitive impairment have more informant‐based reports of cognitive decline, indicating utility for a brief informant measure.
Analysis of dementia in the US population using Medicare claims: Insights from linked survey and administrative claims data
Authors: Chen Yi , Tysinger Bryan , Crimmins Eileen , Zissimopoulos Julie M.
Published: June 2019

Introduction

Medicare claims data may be a rich data source for tracking population dementia rates. Insufficient understanding of completeness of diagnosis, and for whom, limits their use.

Methods

We analyzed agreement in prevalent and incident dementia based on cognitive assessment from the Health and Retirement Study for persons with linked Medicare claims from 2000 to 2008 (N = 10,450 persons). Multinomial logistic regression identified sociodemographic factors associated with disagreement.

Results

Survey‐based cognitive tests and claims‐based dementia diagnosis yielded equal prevalence estimates, yet only half were identified by both measures. Race and education were associated with disagreement. Eighty‐five percent of respondents with incident dementia measured by cognitive decline received a diagnosis or died within the study period, with lower odds among blacks and Hispanics than among whites.

Discussions

Claims data are valuable for tracking dementia in the US population and improve over time. Delayed diagnosis may underestimate rates within black and Hispanic populations.
Introducing Morphology
Authors: Lieber Rochelle
Published: June 2019

Morphology is the study of how words are put together. A lively introduction to the subject, this textbook is intended for undergraduates with relatively little background in linguistics. Providing data from a wide variety of languages, it includes hands-on activities such as 'challenge' boxes, designed to encourage students to gather their own data and analyze it, work with data on websites, perform simple experiments, and discuss topics with each other. There is also an extensive introduction to the terms and concepts necessary for analyzing words. Unlike other textbooks it anticipates the question 'is it a real word?' and tackles it head on by looking at the distinction between dictionaries and the mental lexicon. This second edition has been thoroughly updated, including new examples and exercises as well as a detailed introduction to using linguistic corpora to find and analyze morphological data.
Technology Transfer in the Interwar U.S. Pharmaceutical Sector: The Case of E. Merck of Darmstadt and Merck & Co., Rahway, New Jersey
Authors: GODLEY ANDREW , JOSEPH MARRISA , LESLIE-HUGHES DAVID
Published: June 2019

This is a case study of the U.S. pharmaceutical producer, Merck & Co. By 1940 this was one of the leading pharmaceutical producers in the United States, and the company went on to become one of the global industry leaders after World War II. It was founded in 1891 as the U.S. subsidiary of a much larger German pharmaceutical company, E. Merck of Darmstadt. The existing understanding of Merck & Co.’s history emphasizes how it was reacquired by the American branch of the Merck family after wartime sequestration, and from then onward it pursued a path of development separate from its former parent. This article revisits that history of the company and shows how the two Mercks began to cooperate and share technology and manufacturing know-how during the 1930s, something that was particularly to the advantage of Merck & Co.
On the detection of internal interfacial layers in turbulent flows
Authors: Fan Duosi , Xu Jinglei , Yao Matthew X. , Hickey Jean-Pierre
Published: June 2019

A novel approach to identify internal interfacial layers, or IILs, in wall-bounded turbulent flows is proposed. Using a fuzzy cluster method (FCM) on the streamwise velocity component, a unique and unambiguous grouping of the uniform momentum zones (UMZs) is achieved, thus allowing the identification of the IILs. The approach overcomes some of the key limitations of the histogram-based IIL identification methods. The method is insensitive to the streamwise domain length, can be used on inhomogeneous grids, uses all the available flow field data, is trivially extended to three dimensions and does not need user-defined parameters (e.g. number of bins) other than the number of zones. The number of zones for a given snapshot can be automatically determined by an a priori algorithm based on a kernel density estimation algorithm, or KDE. This automated approach is applied to compute the average number of UMZs as a function of Reynolds number $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$ in turbulent channel flows in several numerical simulations. This systematic approach reveals a dependence of the Reynolds number on the average number of UMZs in the channel flow; this supports previously reported observations in the boundary layer. The fuzzy clustering approach is applied to the turbulent boundary layer (experimental, planar particle image velocimetry) and channel flow (numerical, direct numerical simulation) at varying Reynolds numbers. The interfacial layers are characterized by a strong concentration of spanwise vorticity, with the outer-most layer located at the upper edge of the log layer. The three-dimensional interface identification reveals a streak-like organization. The large-scale motion (LSM) at the outer region of the channel flow boundary layer modulates the outer IIL. The corrugations of the outer IIL are aligned with the LSM and the conditional correlation of the inner and outer IIL height shows that extreme near-wall events leave their mark on the outer IIL corrugations.
Universal scaling law for drag-to-thrust wake transition in flapping foils
Authors: Lagopoulos N. S. , Weymouth G. D. , Ganapathisubramani B.
Published: June 2019

Reversed von Kármán streets are responsible for a velocity surplus in the wake of flapping foils, indicating the onset of thrust generation. However, the wake pattern cannot be predicted based solely on the flapping peak-to-peak amplitude $A$ and frequency $f$ because the transition also depends sensitively on other details of the kinematics. In this work we replace $A$ with the cycle-averaged swept trajectory ${\mathcal{T}}$ of the foil chordline. Two-dimensional simulations are performed for pure heave, pure pitch and a variety of heave-to-pitch coupling. In a phase space of dimensionless ${\mathcal{T}}-f$ we show that the drag-to-thrust wake transition of all tested modes occurs for a modified Strouhal $St_{{\mathcal{T}}}\rightarrow 1$. Physically, the product ${\mathcal{T}}f$ expresses the induced velocity of the foil and indicates that propulsive jets occur when this velocity exceeds $U_{\infty }$. The new metric offers a unique insight into the thrust-producing strategies of biological swimmers and flyers alike, as it directly connects the wake development to the chosen kinematics, enabling a self-similar characterisation of flapping foil propulsion.
Amino acid content of selected plant, algae and insect species: a search for alternative protein sources for use in pet foods
Authors: McCusker Sarah , Buff Preston R. , Yu Zengshou , Fascetti Andrea J.
Published: June 2019

In response to global economic duress and heightened consumer awareness of nutrition and health, sustainable and natural ingredients are in demand. Identification of alternative sources of nitrogen and amino acids, including taurine, may help meet dietary requirements while fostering sustainability and natural feeding approaches. Twenty plants, eighteen marine algae and five insect species were analysed. All samples were freeze-dried, hydrolysed and filtered prior to amino acid analysis. Samples for amino acids were analysed in duplicate and averaged. Nitrogen was analysed and crude protein (CP) determined by calculation. With the exception of taurine concentration in soldier fly larvae, all insects exceeded both the National Research Council's canine and feline minimal requirements (MR) for growth of all essential amino acids (EAA) and CP. Although some plants and marine algal species exceeded the canine and feline MR for growth for EAA and CP, only very low concentrations of taurine were found in plants. Taurine concentration in insects was variable but high, with the greatest concentration found in ants (6·42 mg/g DM) and adult flesh flies (3·33 mg/g DM). Taurine was also high in some macroalgae, especially the red algal species: Mazaella spp. (4·11 mg/g DM), Porphyra spp. (1·22 mg/g DM) and Chondracanthus spp. (6·28 mg/g DM). Preliminary results suggest that insects and some marine algal species may be practical alternatives to traditional protein and supplemental taurine sources in pet foods. Safety, bioavailability, palatability and source variability of alternative items as food ingredients should be investigated prior to incorporation into canine and feline diets.
Buckling of Oblique Plates with Clamped Edges Under Uniform Shear
Authors: Wittrick W. H.
Published: June 2019

In a previous paper the author derived, by the Rayleigh-Ritz method, a determinantal equation for obtaining the critical magnitude of any uniform system of edge stress applied to a clamped oblique plate. In the present paper this equation is used to derive values for the buckling stresses of clamped oblique plates subjected to pure shear along and perpendicular to two edges of the plate.

As would be expected, it is found that reversal of the direction of the shear produces a change in the critical value. The lower value occurs when the shear is tending to increase the obliquity of the plate and critical values corresponding to this direction are calculated for 45° oblique plates with side ratios varying between 3/5 and 5/3. The critical values obtained for the reverse direction were obviously very inaccurate, due to the inadequacy of the series which was used to represent the buckling mode. As yet no satisfactory method has been found for overcoming this difficulty.
Mixing and the Jet Flap
Authors: Stratford B. S.
Published: June 2019

One of the main problems associated with the “ Jet Flap ” concerns the discrepancy in thrust between idealised theory and the experimental results. This discrepancy is attributable to the mixing with the surrounding flow of the thin two-dimensional jet while still in close proximity to the aerofoil. The effect of the mixing may be calculated to a first approximation from a formula derivable from first principles, while certain second order effects, which can be significant, may be considered qualitatively.

It is concluded that.

(i) the full thrust should be experienced by a jet flapped aircraft at cruise,

(ii) it should be possible to attain a low form drag at cruise in comparison with a conventional aircraft,

(iii) at take-off, an aircraft using a shrouded jet flap would have better thrust recovery than one using a pure jet flap (which shows appreciable losses),

(iv) the use of by-pass engines would further improve the thrust characteristics,

(v) the practical gains from thrust augmentation, as obtained by controlling the mixing, seem likely to be small.
The Behaviour of Damped Linear Systems in Steady Oscillation
Authors: Bishop R. E. D.
Published: June 2019

In this paper (published in The Aeronautical Quarterly, Vol. VII, Part 2, p. 156, May 1956), a set of equations is derived giving the responses at the generalised coordinates q1, q2, … qn which are caused by a harmonic generalised force Φseiωt corresponding to qs. They are equations (26), namely

This note is concerned with a sentence which follows these equations which says (of them) that “ … there is no longer any assurance that the ratios between the constants mBrs in any column of partial fractions are the same for all co-ordinates qs at which excitation is applied, since the previous limiting condition cannot now be applied. Thus the shapes of the ‘ modes ’ which are associated with the various columns depend upon the nature of the applied harmonic excitation.”
Progress of the Geneva Conventions of 1949
Authors: Hudson Manley O.
Published: June 2019

The remarkable achievement of the Conference on Protection of Victims of War, which sat at Geneva from April 21 to August 12,1949, stands out as a landmark in the history of international legislation. It was possible only because of a long and patient course of preparation, chiefly due to the efforts of the International Committee of the Red Cross.
Personnel statistics and sickness-absence statistics
Authors: Spratling F. H. , Lloyd F. J.
Published: June 2019

As an organization increases in size, so must its management increasingly depend on statistical measurement of performance and statistical presentation of fact. The nature and range of the statistics will be governed largely by the functions of the organization concerned but, if the staff is of more than modest size, personnel statistics will certainly be among them.
Mortality of Assured Lives
Authors:   Joint Mortality Investigation Committee
Published: June 2019

The standard table of mortality most generally used in Britain at the present time for life assurance calculations is the A 1924–29 table, which was derived from the experience of assured lives during the period 1924–29. During the quarter of a century that has elapsed since that time there have been substantial changes in mortality rates and the A1924–29 table is to-day out of date. The publication of the A 1924–29 Light table, based upon the experience of certain selected offices whose mortality was lighter than average, has no doubt been helpful in providing a table which goes some way in the direction of the lower mortality rates of to-day. However, this table suffers from the disadvantage that, while the mortality rates at young ages are not low enough for current experience, at some of the older age-groups the rates are too low, with the consequence that the shape of the mortality curve does not accord with present conditions. The greatest proportionate reductions in mortality since 1924–29 have occurred at the younger ages, and there can be little doubt that a new table is needed to provide offices with an efficient and up-to-date instrument for life assurance calculations.
The Measurement of Morbidity
Authors: Benjamin B.
Published: June 2019

This paper stems from a suggestion that it would be worth while to bring to the notice of the profession the progress which has been made and the statistical problems that have arisen in the study of epidemiology in its wider sense, viz. the study, not merely of the spread of communicable disease as was formerly implied by this term, but of the natural history of disease; its prevalence, causation, symptomology and prognosis. It would, however, require a series of papers to cover so wide a field and would demand medical as well as statistical competence. It therefore seemed advisable to use the more restrictive title chosen in order to emphasize the fact that, in the main, consideration is devoted to statistical rather than to clinical aspects.
Some Compound Interest Approximations
Authors: Evans A. W.
Published: June 2019

When the employment of as a medium for first-difference interpolation was suggested in J.I.A. LXXII, 453, no mention was made of a corresponding medium for the amount of an annuity. It seemed that the matter might bear further investigation from this angle, and that it would be well to bring the allied continuous functions within the scope of the inquiry. These latter are simpler to deal with because they may be expressed in terms of only one variable (ηδ).
Review of the Principles of Life-office Valuations
Authors: Redington F. M.
Published: June 2019

The original purpose of this paper—undertaken at request but not unwillingly—was to review the principles and practice of life-office valuations in the light of modern conditions. It was difficult, however, to deal satisfactorily with the principles of valuation in vacuo without reference to more fundamental principles. As a consequence the paper has become more ambitious in its scope than originally intended—and has threatened to run away with itself. The reader will perhaps be less disappointed if he is warned in advance that he is to be taken on a ramble through the actuarial countryside and that any interest lies in the journey rather than the destination.
Unearthing the Problematic Terrain of Prolonged Occupation
Authors: Arai-Takahashi Yutaka
Published: June 2019

This article will explore thetravaux préparatoiresof the key legal instruments on the laws of war and international humanitarian law (IHL) with a view to obtaining crucial insight into the ‘original’ understandings of their drafters as to the provisional nature and the temporal length of occupation. The findings of thetravauxshow the general premise of the framers of the ‘classic’ instruments on the laws of war that the legal regime of occupation should be provisional. In the concurrent doctrinal discourses this premise was endorsed by most scholars. Examination of the records of the negotiations on the drafting of the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949 reveals that even the proponents of ‘transformative occupation’ did not seem to envisage occupation that would endure for decades. Nevertheless, by the time the 1977 Additional Protocol I was drafted, several instances of protracted occupation already existed, which seems to have led to a decisive shift in the argumentative structure. There is no disputing the applicability of IHL to any occupied territory, irrespective of the length of the occupation. Yet the suggestion that nothing under IHL would forestall an occupying power from engaging in protracted occupation departs from the traditional premise that occupation ought to be provisional. This also seems to be paradoxical in historical perspectives.
A New Bursate Nematode Hepatojarakus malayae gen. et sp. nov. from the Liver of Rattus rattus jarak (Bonhote) on Pulau Jarak, Straits of Malacca
Authors: Liang-Sheng Yeh
Published: June 2019

A collection of parasitic worms was made from Rattus rattus jarak (Bonhote) from Pulau Jarak, “which lies in the middle of the Malacca Straits between Penang and Port Swettenham and some 85 miles from the Sembilan Islands opposite the Dindings.” (Audy, 1950). It was collected by Dr. J. R. Audy, Senior Research Officer of the Division of Virus Research and Medical Zoology, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur while investigating scrub-typhus on the island.
Pre-operative prediction of cholesteatomas from radiology: retrospective cohort study of 106 cases
Authors: Selwyn D , Howard J , Cuddihy P
Published: June 2019

Objective

Pre-operative imaging is often used to predict the extent of a cholesteatoma and anatomical variation to plan for surgery. This study aimed to measure the predictive accuracy of computed tomography findings.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted of all patients in a district general hospital undergoing mastoid surgery within a consecutive 12-month period, in whom computed tomography had been performed prior to operative intervention. The study measured the key findings of pre-operative computed tomography imaging and compared them to the intra-operative findings.

Results

A total of 106 patients were included. The sensitivity and specificity for predicting cholesteatoma were 79 per cent and 81 per cent respectively. The positive predictive value was 90 per cent and the negative predictive value was 65 per cent. In predicting complications of cholesteatomas, the sensitivity was 70 per cent, whereas the specificity was 91 per cent. The positive predictive value was 88 per cent and the negative predictive value was 76 per cent.

Conclusion

Pre-operative computed tomography conducted prior to mastoid surgery has high positive predictive values for both predicting cholesteatomas and complications (90 per cent and 88 per cent respectively).
Strain variation inEntamoeba histolytica
Authors: Neal R. A.
Published: June 2019

1. The total bacterial floras from invasive strains ofEntamoeba histolytica, when added to non-invasive strains, do not increase the invasiveness of the latter.

2. The bacterial flora of non-invasive strains do not inhibit the invasiveness of virulent strains.

3. Bacteria from a virulent substrain (revived by serial liver passage) do not increase the invasiveness of the attenuated parent strain.

4. It is concluded that the virulence of a strain ofE. histolyticais primarily dependent upon the invasiveness of the amoeba itself.
The Late Minoan pottery
Authors: Huxley George
Published: June 2019

The numerous pots found in the Gypsades cemetery are interesting both for their range in time and for the evidence they provide concerning the occupation of Knossos in the second half of the Late Minoan period. The earliest pots found, the L.M. IIIA vases, are the natural successors of the Palace Style at Knossos, and the Sub-Minoan vases are the precursors of the earliest pottery in the Fortetsa cemetery, where the ceramic development into Protogeometric may be followed. The Late Minoan pottery from the tombs amounted to thirty whole vases of twelve basic shapes. By far the most common vase was the stirrup jar, of which most examples belonged to the end of the L.M. IIIB period. Of the twelve examples in the collection six (VII. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8) came from tomb VII, the latest tomb; with them were found the two belly-handled amphorae (VII. 1 and 2), which appear late both in Crete and on the mainland of Greece. Only one stirrup jar (I. 4) earlier than L.M. IIIB in date was found. None of the other shapes was represented by more than two vases. The absence from the cemetery of the tall-stemmed kylix and of the deep bowl, which are common in Mycenaean IIIC tombs of Mainland Greece, is noteworthy.
The amber beads
Authors: Sandars Nancy
Published: June 2019

It has long been axiomatic that amber is seldom found in Crete, and it is therefore of some interest to be able to record amber beads in two of the Gypsades tombs, Nos. II and VII. In Mycenaean sites on the mainland of Greece amber beads of different shapes are found in great numbers and so frequently as to appear a fairly constant feature of these sites; certainly as much as faience and rather more so than lapis lazuli, an exotic from Asia.

In the shaft-graves of both the new and old grave circles at Mycenae amber is plentiful and thereafter at Prosymna in graves dating from Late Helladic I to Late Helladic III; and this is characteristic of all the principal sites, though the number of beads found may be much smaller. Amber is also particularly plentiful on the west coast of the Peloponnese: at Kakovatos in Elis, in tholos A (dated L.H. IIA); at Epano Englianos in western Messenia, in the tholos excavated by Lord William Taylour, close to the palace, and dated to the fifteenth century or earlier, in which about 360 beads were recovered; and in the second tholos recently excavated by Professor Marinatos at Myrsinochorion in the same area. Farther north there was much in the Ionian Islands, particularly in Cephalonia; and a little has been found in Epirus.
Nemesis: A Mycenaean settlement near the Menidi Tholos Tomb
Authors: Simpson R. Hope
Published: June 2019

The site to be described lies on a low hill a little to the north of the small village or suburb of Nemesis, about 150 metres to the west of the main road from Patisia to Koukouvaounes, and 1 kilometre to east-south-east of the Mycenaean tholos tomb at Λυκὸτρυπα, which was excavated by the German Institute in 1879, and is usually called the Menidi Tomb. The site at Nemesis is visible from the tholos tomb, and is separated from it by a gentle valley through which run, in a southerly direction, two streams with steep banks. The eastern stream is the river Kephissos, whose name goes back at least as far as the classical period.

The hill of Nemesis stands about 15 to 20 metres above the level of the surrounding land, and measures about 160 m. north-west to south-east × 120 m. north-east to south-west. The hill is an isolated outcrop of conglomerate rock, thinly covered with stony brown earth. It has been eroded over an area about 250 m. north-south × 50 m. east-west, so that its original size was considerably larger than at present, in all about 30,000 square metres. Mycenaean sherds were found over the whole of this area, though mainly in the eroded part, among the lumps of fallen earth and rock. Remains of rubble walling together with several Mycenaean sherds were found here, and also in the steep cliffs formed by the erosion on the west and south sides (this part of the hill has been undermined by recent excavation of the beds of grey clay, which here lie at between 2 and 3 metres below the original ground level). The ancient remains are particularly noticeable in the south-west angle of the cliffs (roughly in the centre of the part of the hill shown on Plate 71a), where there is a greater depth of earth above the rock than is visible elsewhere on the hill.
The Battles of 490 B.C.
Authors: Schreiner Johan Henrik
Published: June 2019

I wish to argue that the year 490 saw two battles of Marathon. In the first instance, the Persians marched against the Greeks shortly after the latter had taken up a strong defensive position at the Marathonian Herakleion, but were counter-attacked by the Greeks, this fight being Delbrück's Defensiv-Offensiv-Schlacht. After this unsuccessful attempt to take Athens, the Persians resolved to set sail and try again from the opposite coast. After some days, when most of the forces had gone on board the ships, the Greeks launched a night attack upon the remaining troops; this was the battle of Curtius. The Persians were then prevented from landing at Phaleron by the Athenian fleet; this is a variant of the Maas–Raubitschek battle.
The Canadian Approach to International Environmental Law
Authors: Beesley J. Alan
Published: June 2019

The Canadian approach to international environmental law can be stated simply and briefly. First, this law is inadequate both in scope and substance; it is incomplete, inconsistent, fragmentary, and largely inchoate. Second, it must be developed on the basis of the principle that states have a duty to preserve the environment and must accept responsibility for any damage they cause to the environment of another state or to the environment beyond any state’s jurisdiction. Third, both substantive and adjectival law must be developed to enable effective application of this principle, either through existing institutions or through new ones established for the purpose of resolving environmental disputes.
Canada’s Reluctant Participation in the International Commission for Control and Supervision in Vietnam in 1973
Authors: Dai Poeliu
Published: June 2019

Canada’s brief participation in the International Commission for Control and Supervision (ICCS) in Vietnam, from the end of January to July 31, 1973, ended her active role as a supervisory power for maintaining peace in Indo-China, although it did not imply an abandonment of her traditional policy of working in the interests of international stability and coexistence.

Canada was a natural choice for the new peace-keeping machinery by virtue of her 19-year experience in the three International Control Commissions (ICC), even though she had taken no part in the protracted secret negotiations that led to the Agreement on Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam signed on January 27, 1973, by the United States, the Democratie Republic of Vietnam, the Republic of Vietnam, and the Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam. The American Secretary of State, Mr. William P. Rogers, and the Canadian Minister for External Affairs, Mr. Mitchell Sharp, therefore consulted as early as October 25 and subsequently on November 20, 1972, to consider Canada’s possible participation, with Indonesia, Hungary, and Poland, in a new agency to be known as ICCS.
The Legal Status of Namibia and of the United Nations Council for Namibia
Authors: Herman Lawrence L.
Published: June 2019

The issues surrounding the legal status of Namibia and the numerous actions taken within the United Nations General Assembly and the Security Council relating to the revocation of the mandate of South Africa, are complex, and even the 1971 Opinion of the International Court of Justice has not simplified them. Much of the difficulty in determining the present juridical status of Namibia and the repository of sovereign authority over the territory revolves around the apparent inconsistencies between the 1950 Advisory Opinion of the Court and its 1971 Opinion. In this regard, the essential factor to be considered is the binding effect of the resolution of the General Assembly in 1966 that purported to terminate South Africa’s Mandate over Namibia.
La délimitation du plateau continental entre états voisins
Authors: Rigaldies Francis
Published: June 2019

Depuis les Années Quarante, les Etats n'ont cessé de prendre conscience de l'intérêt économique que représentait pour eux le plateau continental. Les menaces de rationnement et de pénurie en hydrocarbures n'ont certes pas freiné cette évolution, compte tenu des réserves que recèle le plateau continental. Or, et de façon paradoxale, nombre de plateaux continentaux restent indéfinis dans leurs limites, souvent dans des régions “chaudes” du globe. Le Canada n'échappe pas à cette constatation, puisqu'il n'a pu délimiter son plateau jusqu'ici avec aucun de ses voisins, é une exception près.
The Problem of International Criminal Jurisdiction
Authors: Blishchenko I. , Shdanov N.
Published: June 2019

States are closely connected with each other in the modern world. This interconnection is due to the objective necessity for all of them to enter into certain relations. Peaceful co-existence of states with different economic and social systems determines the growing significance of co-operation between them. The necessity for cooperation can be explained not only from the economic point of view but also by the fact that a number of crises in the international intercourse still remain unregulated, thus presenting a threat to maintenance of the peace in many parts of the world.
The Protection of the Canadian Cultural Heritage: The Cultural Property Export and Import Act
Authors: Williams Sharon A.
Published: June 2019

As long as man remains creative and continues to express himself in artistic works, there is need to protect the products of his creation. The current crusade in favour of safeguarding the cultural heritage results from publicity given to the destruction of archaeological sites and antiquities, the smuggling of national art treasures, and the outcry against museums that have in their collections items that have been illegally exported. The crisis is clear. Unless the “cultural property-hungry” nations realize that controls against such illicit activities must be enforced stringently, the safety of mankind's cultural heritage is in doubt.
The Sharing of Radio Frequencies between Canada and the United States: the Case of AM Broadcasting
Authors: Gravel Sylvie J.
Published: June 2019

Because of the physical nature of the radio spectrum, the sharing of radio frequencies between Canada and the United States is a necessary but delicate process. Using the example of AM broadcasting, the purpose of this article is to give an overview of the bilateral agreements concluded between the two countries during the last sixty years. Multilateral conventions, as well as agreements and arrangements, are also reviewed in order to permit an adequate understanding of the evolution of the bilateral relation. The review of those conventions also indicates the legal principles applicable to the sharing of frequencies for broadcasting purposes.

From the initial chaos to “first come, first served” and, finally, to the “a priori” planning of the spectrum, the relative situation of Canada vis-à-vis the United States gradually improves. It is through the negotiation of technical agreements that Canada can obtain access to a natural resource necessary for the expression of its national identity and using a broadcasting system of its own.
The Extradition of Canadian Citizens and Sections 1 and 6(1) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Authors: Castel J.-G. , Williams Sharon A.
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Les auteurs soutiennent que l'extradition d'un citoyen canadien qui a commis un acte criminel pour lequel il pourrait être poursuivi au Canada ne constitue pas une violation de l'article 6, premier alinéa de la Charte canadienne des Droits et Libertés, qui stipule que tout citoyen canadien a le droit de demeurer au Canada. Même si, à première vue, l'extradition devait violer ce droit, les auteurs estiment qu'en vertu de l'article 1 de la Charte, il peut être restreint par une règle de droit dans des limites raisonnables et dont la justification peut se démontrer dans le cadre d'une société libre et démocratique.
The UN Drug Trafficking Convention: An Ambitious Step
Authors: Sproule D.W. , St-Denis Paul
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

La Convention des Nations unies contre le trafic illicite de stupéfiants et de substances psychotropes a été adoptée le 19 décembre 1988. L’adoption de cette Convention marquait l’aboutissement de plus de deux années de négociation. Les conventions internationales sur les drogues qui sont présentement en vigueur, notamment la Convention unique sur les stupéfiants de 1961 telle que modifiée par le Protocole de 1972 et la Convention de 1971 sur les substances psychotropes, sont reconnues comme étant insuffisantes pour contrôler un trafic illicite de drogue devenu de plus en plus complexe et sophistiqué. La nouvelle Convention contre le trafic illicite comporte plusieurs éléments essentiels à l’exercice d’un contrôle efficace sur le trafic illicite de la drogue à l’échelon international. La Convention comprend trois parties, la première, soit les articles 1 à 19, traite des questions de fond. La deuxième partie, soit les articles 20 à 25, traite de la mise en œuvre de la Convention. La dernière partie, soit les articles 26 à 34, comporte les dispositions finales de la Convention et traite notamment de l’adhésion, de la ratification, de l’entrée en vigueur et du règlement des différends. Les articles les plus importants de cette Convention traitent de l’établissement des infractions en matière de drogue et des sanctions, des questions de compétence, du gel et de la confiscation des produits, de l’extradition, de l’entraide judiciaire et des livraisons surveillées. La Convention contient les éléments nécessaires pour constituer un instrument efficace dans la lutte contre le trafic international de la drogue. L’avenir seul nous dira combien de pays y accéderont et dans quelle mesure divers pays sont disposés à voir ces dispositions s’appliquer chez eux.
Le Canada et l’unification Internationale du droit privé
Authors: Verdon Christiane
Published: June 2019

This article reviews Canada's participation in the international unification of private law and private international law that is carried out by international organizations such as The Hague Conference on Private International Law, Unidroit, the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law, and the Specialized Conferences on Private International Law of the Organization of American States. It describes the new mechanisms that have been established to facilitate this participation, since the conventions developed in these organizations often deal with matters that fall within provincial kgislative competence and thus need to be implemented by the provinces. The new “territorial federal State clause” that Canada has had inserted in these conventions and the federal-provincial consultation mechanisms that have been put in place have been instrumental in facilitating Canada's ratification of conventions that unify private law and private international law.
Trials, Tribulations, and Triumphs: Major Developments in 1997 at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia
Authors: Robinson Darryl
Published: June 2019

Nineteen ninety-seven was marked by several important developments at the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia. A series of arrests and voluntary surrenders have increased the Tribunal's workload and credibility. The landmark Tadic judgment has clarified international humanitarian law, particularly with respect to crimes against humanity. The Erdemovic decision considered the defence of duress with respect to the murder of civilians and the use ofguilty pleas in international criminal law. Finally, the Blaskic decision has considered the use of subpoenas in international law.
Following Suit: A Comparison of Dispute Resolution Mechanisms under NAFTA Chapter 20 and the Canada-Israel Free Trade Agreement
Authors: Baranes Yair
Published: June 2019

The Free Trade Agreement between Canada and Israel bases its dispute settlement mechanism on Chapter 20 of NAFTA. There are accordingly many similarities between the two regimes. In certain areas, however, such as consultations and Panel composition, the Canada-Israel dispute settlement regime was clearly intended to differ from the NAFTA regime.
III Investissement
Authors: Ratelle Pierre
Published: June 2019

Du 18 au 19 novembre 1996, l'Organe d'examen des politiques commerciales de l'Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) a examiné pour la quatrième fois, mais pour la première fois sous l'égide de l'OMC, la politique et les pratiques commerciales du Canada. Dans le cadre de cet examen, la discussion a porté notamment sur la politique du Canada en matière d'investissement. Les participants ont en outre soumis un certain nombre de questions par écrit portant sur cette matière, et le représentant du Canada a communiqué, au cours de la réunion, des réponses complètes par écrit et s'est engagé à donner d'autres précisions le cas échéant.
Liberalized Trade and International Environmental Law and Policy: Australia’s Negotiations under the Kyoto Protocol
Authors: Bishop Kirsten
Published: June 2019

This article addresses the difficulties to be faced in reconciling the international law and policy of trade regulation with that of environmental protection. It reviews the recent environment-related cases brought before the GATT/WTO dispute settlement panel and Appellate Body and provides a critical analysis of the results in the context of the relevant GATT/WTO rules. Such a review informs the case study, which is undertaken in the article, addressing the Australian government's use of trade policy in negotiating its position under the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The article argues that it is crucial for environmental regulators to work cooperatively with free trade proponents to better clarify and strengthen the position of environmental law and policy within the free trade regime. The article concludes that, although this debate continues to remain polarized, there does appear to be signs of movement towards such a cooperative approach.
The Continuing Contributions of Ronald St. J. Macdonald to UN Charter and Peace and Security Issues
Authors: Currie John H.
Published: June 2019

In this article, the author focuses in particular on Macdonald’s writings on the relationship between the International Court of Justice and the UN Security Council. After considering the continuing uncertainties in that relationship, the author argues that the emerging practice of “evolving reinterpretation” of Security Council Chapter VII resolutions suggests yet another important role for the court — that of guardian of Security Council authority through authoritative, judicial interpretation of purported Security Council authorizations to use force.
Nova Scotia-Newfoundland Dispute over Offshore Areas: The Delimitation Phase
Authors: Hughes Valerie
Published: June 2019

On March 26, 2002, an ad hoc arbitration tribunal determined the line of delimitation dividing the respective offshore areas of the province of Newfoundland and Labrador and the province of Nova Scotia. In making its decision, the tribunal, which was established by the federal minister of natural resources, applied the principles of international law governing maritime boundary delimitation and, pursuant to its terms of reference, treated the two provinces as if they were states subject to the same rights and obligations as the government of Canada. The tribunal had issued a Wrst decision in May 2001, ruling that the delimitation line had not already been established by agreement between the provinces, as Nova Scotia had contended. The tribunal’s decision on the boundary line is Wnal and binding on the two provinces. It awards to Newfoundland and Labrador the greater part of the offshore area that had been in dispute. The tribunal’s decision marked the end of the uncertainty created by the provincial disagreement and paved the way for the commencement of hydrocarbon exploration in the formerly disputed area.
Le Système interaméricain et la protection des droits économiques, sociaux et culturels des personnes et des groupes vivant dans des conditions particulières de vulnérabilité
Authors: Duhaime Bernard
Published: June 2019

Sommaire

Le Système interaméricain dispose de toute une série de normes, d’institutions et de mécanismes visant un meilleur respect des droits de la personne dans les Amériques, entre autres en matière de droits économiques, sociaux et culturels. Cet article propose d’analyser les diverses approches employées par les instances interaméricaines pour évaluer le respect de ces droits par les États, notamment quant aux personnes et aux groupes vivant dans des conditions particulières de vulnérabilité.
III. Investissement
Authors: Côté Charles-Emmanuel
Published: June 2019

Une date importante pour le droit international de l’investissement a marqué l’année 2005, avec le 40e anniversaire de la signature de la Convention pour le règlement des différends relatifs aux investissements entre États et ressortissants d’autres États (Convention CIRDI). Paradoxalement, le Canada n’a toujours pas adhéré à ce traité majeur, lui qui est pourtant à l’avant-plan du développement de ce droit, avec entre autres le chapitre 11 de l’Accord de libre-échange nord-américain (ALÉNA) ou encore son nouveau traité-type sur l’investissement.

Aucun nouveau traité sur l’investissement n’a été conclu par le Canada au cours de l’année. Si les négociations multilatérales sur l’investissement sont maintenant totalement arrêtées, les efforts les plus porteurs du Canada à cet égard se sont déployés sur le plan bilatéral. Le Centre international pour le règlement des différends liés aux investissements (CIRDI) à quant à lui intensifié ses travaux de réflexion sur l’amélioration de ses règles de procédures en publiant un document de travail sur des propositions de modifications.
The Special Court for Sierra Leone, Child Soldiers, and Forced Marriage: Providing Clarity or Confusion?
Authors: Oosterveld Valerie
Published: June 2019

This article considers the first two trial, and corresponding first two appeal, judgments issued by the Special Court for Sierra Leone in what are commonly referred to as the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) and Civil Defence Forces (CDF) cases. These judgments are noteworthy for having been the first to adjudicate at the international level the war crime of conscription or enlistment of children under the age of fifteen or using them to participate actively in hostilities and the gender-based crime against humanity of forced marriage. Beginning with the issue of child soldiers, this article explores how the Special Court addressed the applicable elements of crime, the abduction of children, the role of initiation within the act of conscription or enlistment of child soldiers, and the definition of use of children to participate actively in hostilities. The second part of this article discusses how the AFRC judgments addressed the crime against humanity of forced marriage. In comparison, the CDF Trial Chamber avoided consideration of this crime, and the Appeals Chamber’s partial criticism of this approach could not correct the negative silence created within the Special Court’s record of gender-based atrocities by the CDF. The article concludes that the AFRC and CDF judgments raise issues that require further consideration. For example, what is the legal linkage between abductions and child soldier recruitment, and how does one distinguish between active and non-active participation of children under fifteen in hostilities? These judgments also point to the dangers involved in misunderstanding a gender-based crime such as forced marriage solely as a crime of a sexual nature, and the way in which a trial record can be irrevocably altered by the unbalanced exclusion of gender-based crimes.