bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jealousy in Interpersonal Communication
Authors: Bevan Jennifer L.
Published: December 2015

Jealousy is an interactive experience involving attempts to protect a valued interpersonal relationship from the real or perceived threat of a rival. The three interrelated components of the jealousy experience are cognitions, emotions, and behaviors. The expression of jealousy falls under the behavioral jealousy component and includes 11 communicative responses to jealousy. Jealousy expression has been studied in romantic and family relationships, same‐ and cross‐sex friendships, and in face‐to‐face and mediated settings. Psychology and interpersonal communication theories have been applied to understanding how jealousy is expressed, and interpersonal communication researchers are developing and testing jealousy expression‐specific models and theories.
Speechlessness
Authors: Berger Charles R.
Published: December 2015

Speechlessness occurs when individuals find themselves at a loss for words. Speechlessness can arise at different levels of the language and speech production process and can be associated with both negative (social anxiety) and positive (happiness) emotional states. Speechlessness has been found to occur frequently in situations involving interactions with familiar people in informal situations. Unexpected actions and discourse produced by familiar others appears to be a primary cause of speechlessness, although several other causes have been identified, including extreme emotional states, lack of knowledge, running out of things to say, being awestruck, and remaining silent in order to mollify conversational partners’ negative emotional states. Although speechlessness is most frequently nonvolitional, it can be consciously deployed for strategic purposes.
Relational Communication Theory
Authors: Courtright John A.
Published: December 2015

This entry briefly describes the Pragmatic Perspective on human communication and indicates how it guides the study of relational communication. Tenets of that perspective are presented, and implications that come about by combining those tenets are derived. Following this foundation, the concept of relational control is outlined, and the methods used to obtain the relational codes are described. The entry concludes by presenting some of the primary findings and conclusions drawn from past research on relational communication.
Communication and the Grandparent–Grandchild Relationship
Authors: Soliz Jordan
Published: December 2015

The grandparent–grandchild (
GP–GC
) relationship is instrumental for grandchildren as it is central to perceptions of family connectedness, socialization of values and identity, and general well‐being. In fact, this relationship is often characterized as second only to parents in terms of importance and influence in the lives of grandchildren. Likewise, the role of grandparent is often a fulfilling role for older adults with clear connections to self‐concept and generativity. Despite being an important relationship for both younger and older family members, the
GP–GC
relationship has been vastly understudied compared to many other family relationships. Research on communication in
GP–GC
relationships has accelerated since the 1990s, along with the corpus of grandparent–grandchild research and can be synthesized into four general research trajectories.
Apologies and Apologizing
Authors: Chiles Benjamin W.
Published: December 2015

This entry provides a summary of the research on interpersonal apologies and how individuals respond to them. Apologies are multifaceted communication behaviors that occur following relational transgressions. Offenders may use apologies to alleviate their own guilt, fulfill social obligations, repair relationships, and/or express genuine contrition for wrongdoing. Offended parties may choose to accept or reject apologies, although there are social expectations for acceptance. Accepted apologies offer a chance for re‐normalization, while rejected apologies may signal the end of a relationship. The culture, language, gender, and age of the participants in an apology–response interaction can have significant influence on the expectations and behaviors that take place.
Conflict and Health
Authors: Reznik Rachel M.
Published: December 2015

Conflict is a common occurance in interpersonal relationships and impacts individuals’ mental and physical health. Hostile and volatile episodes as well as more mundane disagreements are stressful and affect health. Physiological and psychological outcomes are both impacted by conflicts. Some behaviors can mitigate the negative impact that conflict has on individuals’ well‐being.
Equivocation
Authors: Bello Richard S.
Published: December 2015

This entry reviews some of the most significant and relevant research dealing with interpersonal equivocation, which involves the intentional use of reduced clarity. Its most prominent cause is situational avoidance–avoidance conflict, which makes it one of a number of strategies that interpersonal communicators can use to deceive others. Equivocation is sometimes related to other factors, and in these cases is considered nondeceptive. Also discussed are some of the message features correlated with interpersonal equivocation, as well as some of the ways in which equivocation is interpreted by receivers.
Relational Communication about Substance Use
Authors: Middleton Ashley V.
Published: December 2015

Relational communication about substance use occurs when one or more partners communicate about the use of alcohol, cigarettes, or addictive/illicit substances. Although the research on communication about substance use is vast and spans various disciplines, evidence suggests that the nature of substance use, the surrounding relational context, and the purpose of communication collectively shape our understanding of communication about substance use. Individual factors, such as age and gender, also play an important role in relational communication about substance use.
Measuring Interpersonal Communication
Authors: Caughlin John P. , Basinger Erin
Published: December 2015

Measurement is a core activity and challenge in all social sciences, and the complex nature of interpersonal communication makes this fundamental activity particularly challenging. This entry provides a discussion of basic concepts in measurement and an introduction to the myriad considerations to be made in measuring constructs in interpersonal communication. It includes a review of the advantages and disadvantages of the most common techniques for measuring interpersonal communication, including observational assessments, self‐reports, diaries and logs, and physiological assessments. In addition to the perennial challenges of measurement in interpersonal communication scholarship, this entry notes some of the promises and difficulties implicit in the rise of new communication technologies in interpersonal interaction.
Communication, Spirituality, and Health
Authors: Egbert Nichole
Published: December 2015

The number of studies linking spirituality and health has grown exponentially in recent years, and communication research in this area is beginning to gain momentum as well. Spirituality and religion, although difficult to conceptualize, have been related to both positive and negative health outcomes. Perhaps more important are the ways in which interpersonal communication processes can affect health through religion and spirituality. Communication with healthcare providers, as well as with religious professionals, often touches on spiritual issues during periods of health crisis. Communication delivered through social support networks can help or impair an individual's health status. Many studies focusing on African American populations have acknowledged the importance of religious and spiritual beliefs in health behaviors, but more research is needed.
Difficult Conversations
Authors: Donovan Erin E.
Published: December 2015

Conversations may be difficult to initiate or continue because of the nature of certain topics and particular speech acts, the expectations of individual speakers, or the nature of the relationship between the people having the discussion. It can be difficult for people to disclose personal information when they fear rejection. Breaking bad news is a challenging task, especially in healthcare settings. Some conversations entail dilemmas such that it is problematic to say something but also not to speak up. Dealing with ambiguous information adds to the difficulty of conversations. The more goals that speakers need to manage during a conversation, the more difficult it is likely to be.
Communication and Counterfactual Thinking
Authors: Wong Elaine M.
Published: December 2015

Following negative or unexpected outcomes, people frequently generate counterfactual thoughts, or thoughts of how things could have been different. This process is often automatic and viewed as a ubiquitous feature of human cognition. Therefore, it is not surprising that scholars from communication, management, political science, and psychology have sought to understand the antecedents, mechanisms, and consequences of counterfactual thinking. This entry reviews psychological approaches to counterfactual thinking and its subsequent consequences for emotion, behavior, and judgment and decision‐making.
Communication Failure/Miscommunication
Authors: Berger Charles R.
Published: December 2015

Communication failure, communication breakdown, miscommunication, and related terms have attracted considerable attention within a number of disciplines and across a broad spectrum of applied contexts. Although there is no consensus on conceptual distinctions among these constructs, there are vibrant programs of applied research in such areas as aviation and medical safety, as well as others, that seek to understand the role that communication failures play in prompting a variety of errors that, in turn, result in accidents and other negative consequences. This entry explicates a variety of communication failures and how they may be repaired. In addition, it provides examples from the aviation and medical safety domains that illustrate the way in which communication failures are implicated in errors that produce catastrophic consequences.
Pastor–Parishioner Communication
Authors: Anderson Isolde K.
Published: December 2015

The proliferation of religious organizations in the United States and the high levels of participation in them present a rich context for studying interpersonal communication, particularly between clergy and congregational members. Research and theories from organizational and interpersonal communication have been used to analyze religious organizations since the 1970s. However, the literature is dispersed across the fields of sociology, religion, pastoral and social psychology, healthcare, and communication, and ranges in scope from the intrapersonal (clergy traits and skills) to the organizational (church conflict, organizational fit). This entry surveys three dyadic processes that affect relationship quality and outcomes between clergy and congregational members: pastoral role expectations, social interactions, and organizational conflict.
Communication and Bereavement
Authors: Toller Paige W.
Published: December 2015

This entry examines the role that communication plays in the grieving process following the death of a loved one. Regardless of the type of death, most bereaved individuals use communication as a way to make sense of their loss, reach out to others for support, and cope with the myriad of emotions that are inherent to the grieving process. Through talk and other forms of communication, mourners try to impose order and coherence at a time when life is chaotic and unpredictable. This entry examines the scholarly history of grief and bereavement, overviews the existing research regarding communication and grief, and ends with a discussion on future areas of research regarding communication and grief.
Online Gaming
Authors: Peña Jorge
Published: December 2015

Numerous interpersonal processes occur in online game as players form relationships with strangers, create online groups or “guilds,” and participate in a larger virtual conflict with factions. In addition, people maintain relationships with friends and family by playing the same online game. Increased online playtime can lead to both positive (e.g., relationship formation, more socioemotional messages) and negative interpersonal outcomes (e.g., social displacement effects). Player guilds have a casual or militaristic tone, and their social life is affected by player goals, group size, formal practices, member turnover rates, and leadership dynamics. The effects of belonging to large game factions are discussed in the entry but there are few studies on the subject. Relational maintenance behaviors through online games were more effective when there was less frequent face‐to‐face contact and when people had more positive attitudes to using online games for relational purposes. The entry makes several suggestions to enhance the precision of the study of interpersonal processes in online games.
Interpersonal Communication and Political Campaigns
Authors: Gilkerson Nathan D. , Southwell Brian G.
Published: December 2015

Interpersonal communication has always played an essential role within politics and political campaigns. Conversations occurring between individuals, whether in person or through technology, often serve to moderate or mediate political messages from both campaigns and news sources, with opinion leaders playing a particularly important role in influencing the attitudes and behaviors of others within the social network. Much of the research on interpersonal communication dynamics within politics has been led by scholars from political science and mass communication, often through a media effects theoretical perspective. Recent research has begun to more fully explore the complexities of interpersonal communication, including personal motivations and social factors that drive individuals to engage in conversations about politics. Future research will need to examine how past theories of interpersonal communication apply to modern political campaign environments in which many conversations occur exclusively online via social networking platforms.
Communication Skills Training for Healthcare Providers
Authors: Bylund Carma L.
Published: December 2015

Communication training in medicine and other healthcare professions was formerly practiced as an apprenticeship model. Healthcare providers rarely received formal training in communication but instead were expected to learn on the job. Since the 1990s, training healthcare providers to communicate effectively and compassionately with patients and families has received increased attention. This focus on training has come as a consequence of the widespread acceptance that good provider–patient communication is important to quality of care and patient outcomes. This entry will first describe who receives training and when they receive it; what is taught in training; the methods of training; how individuals are assessed; and, finally, the effectiveness of training.
Communication in Foster Families
Authors: Patrick Dennis
Published: December 2015

While there are hundreds of thousands of children in foster care in the United States, communication scholars have typically neglected or ignored foster families in their theories and research. The purpose of this entry is to provide a scholarly agenda for the study of communication in foster families. It begins with an overview of the
US
foster care system. This is followed by an analysis of the lack of communication research in this area. The entry ends with an exploration of research topics, questions, and theories relevant to communication in foster families.
Civility in Political Discourse
Authors: Dailey William O.
Published: December 2015

Negative campaigning and political speech are nothing new to the American political landscape, but in recent times, things seem to be growing more strident. Even though there is some disagreement as to what actually counts as “uncivil speech” in political discourse, since the 1980s scholars have documented a noticeable increase in attack ads, metaphorical mudslinging, and speech meant to deride and vilify political opponents. These same scholars, however, do not necessarily see the trend as harmful to the political process. Many have argued that such speech damages productive legislative discourse and drives voters away from the political process. Others have not found these effects, and some might even argue that such speech increases voter's emotional involvement and knowledge of the issues.
Social Network Sites
Authors: Heide Brandon Van Der
Published: December 2015

Social network sites have rapidly become a part of the way many people engage in interpersonal communication. This entry explores the ways social network sites have affected our interpersonal relationships in terms of impression formation, relational initiation, relational maintenance, relational dissolution, and social influence. This entry briefly reviews research findings in each of these areas, discusses what some of the most common research directions and questions have been for interpersonal communication researchers who study social network Web sites, and foreshadows where research will go in the future.
Friendships and the Internet
Authors: Antheunis Marjolijn L.
Published: December 2015

The Internet has effects on how people meet, communicate, and maintain friendships. Internet applications such as social network sites change the way, the frequency with which, and the people with whom individuals keep contact. The current entry describes the sort of friendships that can be distinguished since the arrival of the Internet, and how online social networks differ from offline social networks. Moreover, the entry considers whether the term “online friendships” is appropriate, or whether it should be “friendships online.” The entry then provides an overview of the theoretical perspectives on online communication and social interactions. Furthermore the effects of online communication on friendship and the features that are linked to these effects will be presented. The effects of the Internet on the quality of our friendships and social capital are also considered. The entry closes with some issues for future research.
Mentor‐Protégé Interaction
Authors: Kalbfleisch Pamela J.
Published: December 2015

Mentor–protégé interaction is a distinctively interpersonal concept because mentoring relationships develop through interpersonal communication. Mentoring enactment theory predicts mentor–protégé interaction through relational initiation, development, maintenance, and repair. This interpersonal communication theory empowers the potential protégé to develop a mentoring relationship through interaction with the mentor. Mentor–protégé interaction includes relational communication which entails relationship maintenance and repair strategies, responses to conflict, apology, and forgiveness. Other mentor–protégé interaction includes messages with the conversational goals of persuasion, engagement, criticism, and provocation that are met with protégé responses such as compliance, commitment, and resistance. Self‐disclosure occurs in mentor–protégé interaction. Messages from mentors can be memorable to first‐generation college students. Mentor–protégé interaction occurs in both informal and formal mentoring programs. The language and social interaction of mentors and protégés can be that of empowerment, positive regard, and relational development as well as providing psychosocial and career support.
Silent Treatment
Authors: Wright Courtney N. , Roloff Michael E.
Published: December 2015

Silence is an inherent part of interactions often serving the functions of allowing time for focused thought, turn‐taking, and showing deference. However, silence can also be used as a strategy to hurt someone. A literature has developed that focuses on the silent treatment. This entry will examine the nature of the silent treatment, factors that prompt sources to use it and the consequences of receiving it.
Work–Life Balance within Close Relationships
Authors: Kirby Erika L.
Published: December 2015

To explore work–life balance within close relationships, work–life balance is linked to the reduction of work–life conflicts (time, energy, strain, and behavior‐based). Macrosocietal discourses, organizational contexts, and individual differences are offered as influences on individuals’ potential to relationally balance work and personal life. Close relationships are conceptualized as occurring at work and in personal life, and as providing emotional and instrumental social support. At work, supervisor and peer/coworker support, both formal and informal, decreases work–life conflict. Conversely, unsupportive supervisors and coworkers can discourage work–life policy use, increasing work–life conflict and decreasing work–life balance. In the family/life domain, family support and partner support decrease work–life conflicts; partner support also impacts marital quality, relationship satisfaction, and family satisfaction. Dependent relationships impact caregiver strain, and the resulting work–life balance of caregivers. Findings indicate the ways social support, an inherently relational phenomenon, impacts how well individuals are able to achieve work–life balance.
Development of Electrically Conductive Double‐Network Hydrogels via One‐Step Facile Strategy for Cardiac Tissue Engineering
Authors: Yang Boguang , Yao Fanglian , Hao Tong , Fang Wancai , Ye Lei , Zhang Yabin , Wang Yan , Li Junjie , Wang Changyong
Published: December 2015

Cardiac tissue engineering is an effective method to treat the myocardial infarction. However, the lack of electrical conductivity of biomaterials limits their applications. In this work, a homogeneous electronically conductive double network (HEDN) hydrogel via one‐step facile strategy is developed, consisting of a rigid/hydrophobic/conductive network of chemical crosslinked poly(thiophene‐3‐acetic acid) (PTAA) and a flexible/hydrophilic/biocompatible network of photo‐crosslinking methacrylated aminated gelatin (MAAG). Results suggest that the swelling, mechanical, and conductive properties of HEDN hydrogel can be modulated via adjusting the ratio of PTAA network to MAAG network. HEDN hydrogel has Young's moduli ranging from 22.7 to 493.1 kPa, and its conductivity (≈10−4 S cm−1) falls in the range of reported conductivities for native myocardium tissue. To assess their biological activity, the brown adipose‐derived stem cells (BADSCs) are seeded on the surface of HEDN hydrogel with or without electrical stimulation. Our data show that the HEDN hydrogel can support the survival and proliferation of BADSCs, and that it can improve the cardiac differentiation efficiency of BADSCs and upregulate the expression of connexin 43. Moreover, electrical stimulation can further improve this effect. Overall, it is concluded that the HEDN hydrogel may represent an ideal scaffold for cardiac tissue engineering.
Metal Sulfide Hollow Nanostructures for Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Yu Xin‐Yao , Yu Le , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: December 2015

Metal sulfide hollow nanostructures (MSHNs) have received intensive attention as electrode materials for electrical energy storage (EES) systems due to their unique structural features and rich chemistry. Here, we summarize recent research progress in the rational design and synthesis of various metal sulfide hollow micro‐/nanostructures with controlled shape, composition and structural complexity, and their applications to lithium ion batteries (LIBs) and hybrid supercapacitors (HSCs). The current understanding of hollow structure control, including single‐shelled, yolk‐shelled, multi‐shelled MSHNs, and their hybrid micro‐/nanostructures with carbon (amorphous carbon nanocoating, graphene and hollow carbon), is focused on. The importance of proper structural and compositional control on the enhanced electrochemical properties of MSHNs is emphasized. A relationship between structural and compositional engineering with improved electrochemical activity of MSHNs is sought, in order to shed some light on future electrode design trends for next‐generation EES technologies.
A mixed model for the relationship between climate and human cranial form
Authors: Katz David C. , Grote Mark N. , Weaver Timothy D.
Published: December 2015

Objectives

We expand upon a multivariate mixed model from quantitative genetics in order to estimate the magnitude of climate effects in a global sample of recent human crania. In humans, genetic distances are correlated with distances based on cranial form, suggesting that population structure influences both genetic and quantitative trait variation. Studies controlling for this structure have demonstrated significant underlying associations of cranial distances with ecological distances derived from climate variables. However, to assess the biological importance of an ecological predictor, estimates of effect size and uncertainty in the original units of measurement are clearly preferable to significance claims based on units of distance. Unfortunately, the magnitudes of ecological effects are difficult to obtain with distance‐based methods, while models that produce estimates of effect size generally do not scale to high‐dimensional data like cranial shape and form.

Methods

Using recent innovations that extend quantitative genetics mixed models to highly multivariate observations, we estimate morphological effects associated with a climate predictor for a subset of the Howells craniometric dataset.

Results

Several measurements, particularly those associated with cranial vault breadth, show a substantial linear association with climate, and the multivariate model incorporating a climate predictor is preferred in model comparison.

Conclusions

Previous studies demonstrated the existence of a relationship between climate and cranial form. The mixed model quantifies this relationship concretely. Evolutionary questions that require population structure and phylogeny to be disentangled from potential drivers of selection may be particularly well addressed by mixed models. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:593–603, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Katalytische stereoselektive Dihalogenierung von Alkenen: Herausforderungen und Chancen
Authors: Cresswell Alexander J. , Eey Stanley T.‐C. , Denmark Scott E.
Published: December 2015

Während in den letzten Jahren signifikante Fortschritte bei der Entwicklung katalytischer, enantioselektiver Halogenfunktionalisierungen von Alkenen erzielt wurden, ist die verwandte Dihalogenierung von Olefinen zur Bildung enantiomerenangereicherter vicinaler dihalogenierter Produkte vergleichsweise unterentwickelt. Allerdings verweist die steigende Anzahl komplexer Naturstoffe mit Halogenatomen an stereogenen Zentren deutlich auf diese Lücke im Arsenal der Synthesechemie. Dieser Aufsatz behandelt die Herausforderungen bei der gezielten Entwicklung enantioselektiver Dihalogenierungsprozesse und formuliert eine mechanismusbasierte Klassifizierung der Dihalogenierung von Alkenen, einschließlich solcher, welche die “klassischen” Haliranium‐Intermediate (oder Alkendihalogen‐π‐Komplexe) umgehen können. Die Anwendung zahlreicher Metall‐ und Hauptgruppenhalogenide als Reagentien zur Dichlorierung oder Dibromierung von Alkenen wird diskutiert, und die vorgeschlagenen Mechanismen dieser Transformationen werden kritisch beurteilt.
Polymere werden beim Strecken durch Knoten abgeschnürt
Authors: Stauch Tim , Dreuw Andreas
Published: December 2015

Lange Polymerketten liegen stets verknotet vor. Analog zu Seilen werden Polymerketten durch Knoten erheblich geschwächt, und der Bindungsbruch erfolgt immer am Eingang oder Ausgang des Knotens. Ein molekulares Verständnis dieser Phänomene fehlt jedoch. Hier zeigen wir, dass der überwiegende Teil der mechanischen Energie einer verknoteten Polyethylenkette unter Zugspannung in den Torsionen entlang des gekrümmten Teils des Knotens gespeichert wird. Die Torsionen fungieren dabei als “Energietrichter”, die die mechanische Energie in direkter Nähe des Knotens lokalisieren. Auf diese Weise “würgt” der Knoten die Kette an seinem Eingang oder Ausgang, was zum Bindungsbruch bei deutlich geringeren Kräften als im Fall einer linearen, knotenfreien Kette führt. Unsere Untersuchungen erklären sowohl die Schwächung der Polymerkette als auch die Position des Bindungsbruchs und zeigen weiterhin, dass kovalente Bindungen nicht übermäßig stark gestreckt werden müssen, um zu reißen.
A Highly Oxidized Cobalt Porphyrin Dimer: Spin Coupling and Stabilization of the Four‐Electron Oxidation Product
Authors: Dey Soumyajit , Sil Debangsu , Rath Sankar Prasad
Published: December 2015

A highly oxidized cobalt porphyrin dimer is reported. Each cobalt(II) ion and porphyrin ring underwent 1e oxidation with iodine as the oxidant to give a 4e‐oxidized cobalt(III) porphyrin π‐cation radical dimer. The bridging ethylene group allows for substantial conjugation of the porphyrin macrocycles, thus leading to a strong antiferromagnetic coupling between the π‐cation radicals and to stabilization of the singlet state. X‐ray crystallography clearly showed that the complex may be considered as a real supramolecule rather than two cobalt(III) porphyrin π‐cation radicals that interact through space.
Bipyricorrole: A Corrole Homologue with a Monoanionic Core as a Fluorescence ZnII Sensor
Authors: Adinarayana B. , Thomas Ajesh P. , Yadav Prerna , Kumar Arun , Srinivasan A.
Published: December 2015

In the corrole homologue, 6,11,16‐triarylbipyricorrole, the bipyrrole unit is replaced by a 2,2′‐bipyridine unit. This modification effectively alters the corrole N4 coordination sphere from the trianionic [(NH)3N] to the monoanionic [N3NH] state. The newly formed monoanionic core stabilizes ZnII ions with enhanced emission properties. The enhanced emission was further utilized for metal ion sensing studies and exploited for the selective detection of ZnII ions.
Free‐Standing Conducting Polymer Films for High‐Performance Energy Devices
Authors: Li Zaifang , Ma Guoqiang , Ge Ru , Qin Fei , Dong Xinyun , Meng Wei , Liu Tiefeng , Tong Jinhui , Jiang Fangyuan , Zhou Yifeng , Li Ke , Min Xue , Huo Kaifu , Zhou Yinhua
Published: December 2015

Thick, uniform, easily processed, highly conductive polymer films are desirable as electrodes for solar cells as well as polymer capacitors. Here, a novel scalable strategy is developed to prepare highly conductive thick poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (HCT‐PEDOT:PSS) films with layered structure that display a conductivity of 1400 S cm−1 and a low sheet resistance of 0.59 ohm sq−1. Organic solar cells with laminated HCT‐PEDOT:PSS exhibit a performance comparable to the reference devices with vacuum‐deposited Ag top electrodes. More importantly, the HCT‐PEDOT:PSS film delivers a specific capacitance of 120 F g−1 at a current density of 0.4 A g−1. All‐solid‐state flexible symmetric supercapacitors with the HCT‐PEDOT:PSS films display a high volumetric energy density of 6.80 mWh cm−3 at a power density of 100 mW cm−3 and 3.15 mWh cm−3 at a very high power density of 16160 mW cm−3 that outperforms previous reported solid‐state supercapacitors based on PEDOT materials.
Asymmetric Radical–Radical Cross‐Coupling through Visible‐Light‐Activated Iridium Catalysis
Authors: Wang Chuanyong , Qin Jie , Shen Xiaodong , Riedel Radostan , Harms Klaus , Meggers Eric
Published: December 2015

Combining single electron transfer between a donor substrate and a catalyst‐activated acceptor substrate with a stereocontrolled radical–radical recombination enables the visible‐light‐driven catalytic enantio‐ and diastereoselective synthesis of 1,2‐amino alcohols from trifluoromethyl ketones and tertiary amines. With a chiral iridium complex acting as both a Lewis acid and a photoredox catalyst, enantioselectivities of up to 99 % ee were achieved. A quantum yield of <1 supports the proposed catalytic cycle in which at least one photon is needed for each asymmetric CC bond formation mediated by single electron transfer.
Antileishmanial, DNA Interaction, and Docking Studies of Some Ferrocene‐Based Heteroleptic Pentavalent Antimonials
Authors: Rauf Muhammad Khawar , Shaheen Ummara , Asghar Faiza , Badshah Amin , Nadhman Akhtar , Azam Sikander , Ali Muhammad Irshad , Shahnaz Gul , Yasinzai Masoom
Published: December 2015

A series of ferrocenyl pentavalent antimonials (1–8) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, FT‐IR, and multinuclear (1H and 13C) NMR spectroscopy. These antimonials were evaluated for their antileishmanial potential against Leishmania tropica KWH23, and by biocompatibility and membrane permeability assays. Moreover, mechanistic studies were carried out, mediated by DNA targeting followed by computational docking of ferrocenyl antimonials against the leishmanial trypanothione reductase enzyme. It was observed that the antimonials 1–8 were 390‐fold more efficacious (IC50) as compared with the standard antimonial drug used. Cytotoxicity results showed that these antimonials are highly active even at low concentrations and are biocompatible with human macrophages. Antimonials 1–8 exhibited extensive intercalation with DNA and, furthermore, docking interactions highlighted the potential interactive binding of the anitimonials within the trypanothione reductase active site, with van der Waals interactions contributing significantly to the process. Hence, it is suggested that the reported antimonials demonstrate high efficacy, less toxicity, and target multiple sites of the Leishmania parasite.
Glasfassaden der Ost‐Moderne – Konstruktion und Klimaanpassung
Authors: Fahrion Marc‐Steffen , Horn Sebastian , Weller Bernhard
Published: December 2015

Das Forschungsinstitut des Metalleichtbaukombinats entwickelte Ende der 1960er‐Jahre den Mehrzweckgeschossbau Typ Leipzig. Die konstruktiven Details dieses Typenbaus und hier speziell die Anschlusspunkte der Vorhangwand werden vorgestellt. Infolge des Klimawandels verändern sich die klimatische Einwirkungen auf Gebäude. Insbesondere der sommerliche Wärmeschutz wird im Verlauf des 21. Jahrhunderts an Bedeutung gewinnen. Aus diesem Grund wird untersucht, wie ein stellvertretend ausgewähltes Gebäude des Typs Leipzig auf die steigenden Durchschnittstemperaturen reagieren wird. Die verwendeten Klimadatensätze zur Abbildung des bereits stattgefundenen und des projizierten Klimawandels zwischen 1950 und 2100 werden vorgestellt. Trotz des Klimawandels wird der Heizwärmebedarf bei der Sanierung von Gebäuden der 1960er‐ und 1970er‐Jahre die entscheidende Größe bleiben, und dies, obwohl der Kühlbedarf deutlich ansteigen wird. Wir stellen verschiedene Strategien zur Ertüchtigung des Mehrzweckgeschossbaus Typ Leipzig im Hinblick auf den sommerlichen Wärmeschutz vor. Unter der Annahme hoher Treibhausgasemissionen im Verlauf des 21. Jh., wie sie im Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) enthalten sind, wird es zum Ende des Jahrhunderts sehr schwierig sein, die heutigen Anforderungswerte an den sommerlichen Wärmeschutz einzuhalten.

Glass Facades of the Eastmodernism – Construction and Climate‐Change‐Adaptation

This article shows the construction details of an industrialized standard building called “Mehrzweckgeschossbau Typ Leipzig”, which was developed during the late 1960s in the former German Democratic Republic (GDR). One main challenge of the 21st century is the adaptation of the built environment to climate change. Therefore, the industrialized standard building is investigated concerning the consequences of elevated summer temperatures due to climate change. The climate data used to deal with climate change between 1950 and 2100 are presented. Despite of climate change heating demand remains the main challenge in preserving buildings of the 1960s and 1970s, although the cooling demand rises significantly. We present several strategies for the refurbishment of this industrialized standard building. If the emission of well mixed greenhouse gases meets the upper bounds of the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) it will be very difficult to meet the actual German requirements for the protection against summer overheating.
Frühgeschichte des modernen Konstruktionsbetons
Authors: Holzer Stefan M. , Veihelmann Karen
Published: December 2015

Gemeinhin gelten die französischen Bauunternehmer FRANÇOIS‐MARTIN LEBRUN (1799–1849) und FRANÇOIS COIGNET (1814–1888) als Pioniere des modernen (Stampf‐)Betonbaus im Hoch‐ und Brückenbau. Der vorliegende letzte Teil der Artikelserie zur frühen Geschichte des modernen Betons zeigt jedoch, dass diese Protagonisten des neuen Baustoffes bereits auf etablierte Verfahren und erprobte Techniken zurückgreifen konnten, auch beim Bau von Bogenbrücken und gewölbten Hochbauten. Außerdem wird der Blick geweitet auf Ingenieure des deutschen Sprachraums, die ebenfalls schon um die Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts mit Gewölben und Bogenbrücken aus Beton experimentierten. Der Beitrag spannt den Bogen jeweils von frühen Beschreibungen und Abbildungen in zeitgenössischen Publikationen bis zu erhaltenen Zeugnissen des Wölbens mit Beton. Dabei wird auch deutlich, dass die Grenzen zwischen einer Betonbauweise, wie wir sie heute kennen, und einem unregelmäßigen Bruchsteinmauerwerk lange fließend blieben.

On the early history of modern concrete – part IV: Arches and vaults

The French contractors FRANÇOIS‐MARTIN LEBRUN and FRANÇOIS COIGNET are generally considered “fathers” of modern concrete, particularly with a view to bridge building. However, when they embarked on their careers, they were already able to draw on considerable previous French experiences. The present article, the last one of a series of papers dedicated to the early history of concrete, puts the well‐known achievements of LEBRUN, COIGNET and others in context. The paper also traces the development of concrete between rough rubble‐cement masonry and real concrete in the modern sense. For all the different variants of concrete vaulting and bridge building, the article spans the entire scope from early notices in contemporary publications, to preserved monuments, including some little‐known examples.
Zur Unsicherheit der Abschätzung natürlicher Einwirkungen
Authors: Proske Dirk
Published: December 2015

Der Artikel beschreibt ein Problem, welches vom Autor in den letzten Jahren in verschiedenen Projekten zur Festlegung von charakteristischen bzw. Bemessungseinwirkungen für Bauwerke beobachtet wurde. In all diesen Projekten zeigte sich, dass trotz umfangreicher Forschungsarbeiten keine Verringerung der Unsicherheit bei der Festlegung der Einwirkungsseite erzielt werden konnte, im Gegenteil, die Unsicherheit erhöhte sich. Dies ist nicht so sehr ein Ergebnis der statistischen Auswertung der vorliegenden Daten als vielmehr der Qualität der Daten. Gerade die Einbindung von historischen Daten, die eine Verringerung der Unsicherheit durch die Verlängerung der Zeitreihen bewirken soll, führt häufig zu einer Erhöhung der Unsicherheit. Zusätzlich verringert sich die zeitliche Gültigkeit der Ergebnisse, da die in den letzten Jahren regelmäßig neu gewonnenen Erkenntnisse über historische Daten signifikante Auswirkungen auf die Bemessungseinwirkungen haben können. Damit wird zum einen die Bemessung von Bauwerken für eine Lebensdauer von 100 Jahren infrage gestellt und zum anderen die Anwendung der Probabilistik zunehmend kritisch gesehen, denn dieses Verfahren müsste eben auch die sich regelmäßig verändernde epistemische Unsicherheit nachhaltig erfassen.

The uncertainty of the estimation of natural life loads

This paper discusses a problem, which arose during some projects in the last years regarding the definition of characteristic and design loads for structures. As a result of several projects, which used sophisticated methods, we have to face the fact, that the uncertainty of the definition of the natural loadings is not decreasing, but increasing. This fact is heavily related to the extension of data series using historical data with their limited quality. Even further, the time validity of the estimated loadings suffers a shorter lifetime, since new results from research projects dealing with historical data coming up in an increasing frequency and may yield to significant changes of the loading values. This questions the design lifetime of structures in the region of 100 years and even further, the applicability of probabilistic as a method for the evaluation of the structural safety, if this method does not sustainably consider the permanently changing epistemic uncertainty.
Die Zukunft des Leichtbaus: Herausforderungen und mögliche Entwicklungen
Authors: Sobek Werner
Published: December 2015

Dem Andenken an meinen akademischen Lehrer FREI OTTO gewidmet.

Der Artikel ist Teil einer dreigliedrigen Reihe, die das Wirken von Frei Otto im historischen Kontext verankert und die seine Bedeutung für aktuelle und zukünftige Forschungen und Entwicklungen aufzeigt.
Tragkapazität schlanker Druckglieder
Authors: Strauss Alfred , Eschbacher Thomas , Kendický Peter , Benko Vladimir
Published: December 2015

Nichtlineare Rechenmethoden erlauben eine wirklichkeitsnahe Beschreibung des materiell bedingt komplexen Last‐Verformungsverhaltens von Stahlbetonstrukturen und ermöglichen eine gegenüber bewährten Näherungsmethoden genauere Bemessung in den Grenzzuständen der Gebrauchstauglichkeit und der Tragfähigkeit. Gerade die geometrisch und materiell nichtlineare Bemessung von schlanken Druckgliedern im Grenzzustand der Tragfähigkeit wird aufgrund der bekannten Inkonsistenzen im Bemessungskonzept allerdings immer noch kontrovers diskutiert, weshalb trotz der in EN 1992‐1‐1 explizit eingeräumten Möglichkeit zur Verwendung nichtlinearer Verfahren weiterhin Forschungsbedarf besteht. Der Beitrag vergleicht einen a priori durchgeführten Ringversuch numerischer Simulationen zur Vorhersage der Traglast einer schlanken Einzelstütze mit einer a posteriori durchgeführten Versuchsreihe. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die numerischen Berechnungen die Traglast zum Teil deutlich überschätzen, allerdings das anerkannte und normativ verankerte Näherungsverfahren mit Nennkrümmungen in diesem Fall zu konservative Ergebnisse liefert. Zukünftig wird es erforderlich sein, allgemein gültige und in sich konsistente Nachweisformate für nichtlineare Berechnungen weiterzuentwickeln sowie den Anwendern der mittlerweile allgemein verfügbaren Softwarepakete “best practice”‐Richtlinien zur sicheren Anwendung zur Verfügung zu stellen.

Load capacity of slender compression members. Part 1: Component tests and round robin test of the nonlinear numerical prediction of system behavior

Non‐linear calculation methods allow a realistic description of the physically caused complex load‐deformation behavior of reinforced concrete structures and suggest in comparison of proven approximate methods a more accurate design in both ultimate and serviceability limit states. Especially the geometrically and materially nonlinear analysis of slender compression members in the ultimate limit state is, however, still controversial because of the known inconsistencies in the design concept, which is why, despite the in EN 1992‐1‐1 explicitly granted ability to use non‐linear methods, further research is needed. The following paper compares an a priori carried out round robin test of numerical simulations to predict the load capacity of a slender single column with an a posteriori conducted test series. The results show that the numerical calculations overestimate the load capacity in some cases significantly but, however, the widely accepted and normatively governed nominal curvature method yields in these cases to too conservative results. It will be necessary to develop universal and consistent safety formats for non‐linear analysis and provide “best practice” guidelines to ensure the safe use of the now widely available software packages.
Sustainable cultivation of microalgae by an insulated glazed glass plate photobioreactor
Authors: Vadiveloo Ashiwin , Moheimani Navid. R. , Alghamedi Ramzy , Cosgrove Jeffrey J. , Alameh Kamal , Parlevliet David
Published: December 2015

Microalgae growth in closed photobioreactors is greatly inhibited by elevated temperatures caused mainly by the infra‐red portion of light. Current passive evaporative cooling systems for temperature control in outdoor photobioreactors are neither economical nor sustainable. Here we built a novel flat plate photobioreactor with its illumination surface customized with insulated glazing units (IGP). The IGP design enabled transmission of more than 50% of visible light while blocking 90% of ultraviolet and infrared radiations. The growth and productivity of Nannochloropsis sp. (MUR 267) in the IGP was compared against conventional flat plate photobioreactors subjected to the full spectrum (HLP) and also externally modified spectrum (CLP) of halogen lights. High temperature (up to 42°C) resulted in no growth in the HLP. Biomass productivities of Nannochloropsis sp. grown in the CLP was significantly higher than the IGP due to higher light transmission and lower temperature profiles recorded in the CLP. Lipid content of Nannochloropsis was highest in the CLP (60.23%) while protein was highest in the IGP (42.43%). All photosynthesis parameters were negatively affected in the HLP. The IGP's ability to remove infrared (heat) makes this newly developed photobioreactor a promising and sustainable cultivation system for mass algal production especially for high value products.
Fatherhood contributes to increased hippocampal spine density and anxiety regulation in California mice
Authors: Glasper Erica R. , Hyer Molly M. , Katakam Jhansi , Harper Robyn , Ameri Cyrus , Wolz Thomas
Published: December 2015

Introduction

Parenting alters the hippocampus, an area of the brain that undergoes significant experience‐induced plasticity and contributes to emotional regulation. While the relationship between maternal care and hippocampal neuroplasticity has been characterized, the extent to which fatherhood alters the structure and function of the hippocampus is far less understood.

Methods

Here, we investigated to what extent fatherhood altered anxiety regulation and dendritic morphology of the hippocampus using the highly paternal California mouse (Peromyscus californicus).

Results

Fathers spent significantly more time on the open arms of the elevated plus maze, compared to non‐fathers. Total distance traveled in the EPM was not changed by paternal experience, which suggests that the increased time spent on the open arms of the maze indicates decreased anxiety‐like behavior. Fatherhood also increased dendritic spine density of granule cells in the dentate gyrus and basal dendrites of pyramidal cells in area CA1 of the hippocampus.

Conclusions

These findings parallel those observed in maternal rodents, suggesting that the hippocampus of fathers and mothers respond similarly to offspring.