bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seal Oil Degassing in Gas Turbine Centrifugal Compressors
Authors: Steele F. M.
Published: April 2015

Oil provides several functions in the circulating system of a gas turbine-centrifugal compressor. It cools, dampens, flushes, lubricates, resists corrosion, seals, and transmits power. Uncontrolled accumulation of contaminants in the oil can impair these functions, can cause excessive wear, deterioration, malfunction, and failure of system components, and can create safety hazards for the equipment and its environment.
A Modern Condition Monitoring and Gas Turbine Control System
Authors: Geer D. H. , Johnson D. , Pilcher J. A.
Published: April 2015

For plants with multiple gas turbines, a second generation integrated plant condition monitoring and control system combines prime mover and driven load controls with process controls for the balance of plant. Projected applications include electric power generation, cogeneration, combined cycle plants, and gas compression plants. The system offers redundant distributed control, with diagnostics, repair, and return to original fault tolerance levels. This forms the basis for projections of high control availability. Two data highways drastically reduce plant wiring while improving availability of communications. Color graphic plots of any parameter can be displayed, along with analysis of the condition of the plant components. The system can interface with dispatching telemetery systems.
Development of Diagnostic Model for Marine Gas Turbines
Authors: MacGillivray P. J. , MacIsaac B. D. , Saravanamuttoo H. I. H.
Published: April 2015

A suite of thermodynamic models of the gas turbines on the DDH 280 class destroyers has been developed for onboard diagnostic purposes. The models are based on a fundamental description of the engine components and allow the Engineering Officer to simulate a variety of faults as a means of duplicating observed measurements.

Evaluation of the concept required a ruggedized computer capable of withstanding twelve months in the machinery room of a ship. This development presented problems of its own which will be discussed in the context of the current evaluation program.
FCCU Power Recovery With Gas Turbine Systems
Authors: Fink A. H.
Published: April 2015

This paper pertains specifically to refinery fluid catalytic cracking and associated power-recovery concepts. The several systems described go beyond basic onsite FCC practices previously used. However, no special technical development or prototypes would be required to engineer practical and successful installations. All component equipment and apparatus reflect current state-of-the-art, requiring only explicit economic justification.

The individual systems, as presented, are solely conceptual, but sufficient detail is provided to confirm their technical feasibility. Application economics will depend on geographic location, site conditions and the specific process installation.
GTE Sintered Silicon Nitride
Authors: Quackenbush C. L. , Smith J. T.
Published: April 2015

A status of GTE sintered silicon nitride for advanced heat engines will be presented. This will include an update of: sintering and final properties for a number of GTE silicon nitride compositions, microstructure, density, surface finish, strength, Weibull modulus, oxidation resistance, fracture toughness etc. The status of heat engine components fabricated by injection molding or isopressed/green machining and their performance will be reviewed along with correlations between the shape fabrication technique, strength, and Weibull modulus. Costs and availability will be included where possible. Future directions for increased reliability in silicon nitride structural ceramics will be summarized.
Results From High Temperature Turbine Test on the HPT of the AGTJ-100A
Authors: Arai Masashi , Teshima Kiyomi , Aoki Sunao , Yamao Hiroyuki
Published: April 2015

An experimental investigation was conducted through the use of a High Temperature Turbine Developing Unit (HTDU) having the same two stage turbine as the high pressure turbine (HPT) of the AGTJ-100A, to ascertain the aerodynamic performance, cooling characteristics and mechanical reliability. The test was performed in three phases, and the maximum turbine inlet temperature was about 1,573 K. The test results showed that turbine efficiency was 90.2 %, the level of metal temperature for nozzles and blades was as expected, and there was little trouble with the hot parts.

This paper will present these test results.
The Design of Two Radial Inflow Turbines
Authors: Smith George E. , Holland John E. , Jansen Willem
Published: April 2015

Nozzle wakes are a common source of fatigue failures in radial inflow turbines. This paper describes an approach to avoiding these problems, without sacrificing performance or manufacturability, by using a small number of carefully designed nozzle vanes and tuning the rotor blades to avoid nozzle passing resonances. Two radial inflow turbines designed via this approach are reviewed, including predicted and measured aerodynamic performance and predicted and measured natural frequencies — all of which are in good agreement. One of the turbines is small, and the other is large, but both have no nozzle passing resonances anywhere in their wide operating ranges, and both have measured efficiencies above 84 percent.
Calculation of Horseshoe Vortex Flow Without Numerical Mixing
Authors: Moore Joan G. , Moore John
Published: April 2015

The usefulness of three-dimensional flow calculations has frequently been obscured by the numerical mixing present in the calculation methods. This paper describes a new method of forming the finite difference momentum equations. The new method results in well posed equations which introduce no numerical mixing. It may be used with orthogonal or non-orthogonal grids and with uniform or highly non-uniform grid spacing.

The method is demonstrated by comparing it with upwind differencing on the calculation of a simple example. It is then used in an elliptic pressure-correction calculation procedure to calculate a leading edge horseshoe vortex about a Rankine half body. The results compare well with the experimental data presented in a companion paper.
Computation of Secondary Flows in an Axial Flow Compressor Including Inviscid and Viscous Flow Computation
Authors: Leboeuf Francis
Published: April 2015

A computational method for secondary flows in a compressor has been extended to treat stalled flows. An integral equation is used which simulates the inviscid flow at the wall, under the viscous flow influence. We present comparisons with experimental results for a 2D stalled boundary layer, and for the secondary flow in a highly loaded stator of an axial flow compressor.
Experience With an Integrated Centrifugal Compressor Design Procedure
Authors: Holbrook Gregory J. , Brasz Joost J.
Published: April 2015

An integrated centrifugal compressor design procedure is described consisting of several phases, each using progressively more complex models. After initially sizing the compressor overall geometry, the detailed geometry is first determined from a one-dimensional mean streamline model. This geometry is subsequently analyzed by more complex two-dimensional hub-to-shroud and blade-to-blade internal flow models. The one-dimensional mean streamline model is a key element in this integrated design procedure, since it links the results of the preliminary sizing model with the more sophisticated two-dimensional internal flow models. It quickly determines a complete (hub and shroud contour and blade angle distributions) compressor geometry from a desired blade loading distribution and the overall performance requirements of the compressor. After a presentation of this mean streamline design model and its assumptions, an impeller design case study is given using the integrated centrifugal compressor design procedure. From a comparison between the actual flow predictions of the various models it can be concluded that the major aerodynamic trends are properly described by the mean streamline model.
The Britalus Brayton Cycle Engine
Authors: Decher R.
Published: April 2015

The Britalus Engine concept under development by Combustion Research & Technology, Inc. (CR&Ti) is a gas turbine-like Brayton cycle engine whose physical characteristic is that a unique design is used for the compressor and the expander. These components achieve their function by positive displacement wherein pistons located within a rotor are forced to execute simple harmonic motion through bearing contact with an outer three-lobed cam. It is shown that this arrangement has the advantage that practical designs for engine sizes ranging from as small as 10 kw to 1000 kw with steady combustion are possible. The high compression and expansion efficiencies of these components incorporated in a simple high pressure ratio cycle allow contemplation of the design of light, rugged and efficient engines for a wide variety of applications. A realistic evaluation of a new engine requires identification and magnitude determination of the performance limiting loss mechanisms and an understanding of the means for power control. This paper is a description of the compressor and expander components, and the means used for cycle pressure variation by modification of the compressor geometry. The part-load characteristics of the engine and the impact of the requirement for part-load operation on the engine design are described.
Development of a State-of-the-Art Jet Aircraft Start Unit for U.S. Navy Use: A Program Overview
Authors: Mihalek Edward W.
Published: April 2015

The development of a State-of-the-Art Jet Aircraft Start Unit was recently initiated by the U.S. Navy to meet current and projected operational aircraft requirements. An air supply system has been selected and is currently in the prototype testing phase. The unit employs a TITAL series small gas turbine engine as the pneumatic power source. The entire system is packaged in an enclosure that provides protection, serviceability, attenuation of hot exhaust gases, and commonality for shipboard and landbased use.
Performance Optimization of Closed Cycle Gas Turbines
Authors: Lee W. Hilary
Published: April 2015

Criteria for optimal cycle pressure ratio with respect to maximum cycle efficiency and maximum net specific work as functions of cycle temperature ratio were developed based on a non-dimensionalized performance model for closed cycle gas turbines. The effects of total specific pressure drop, the component efficiencies, and cycle working media properties on the optimal pressure ratio are discussed.
5 MW Closed Cycle Gas Turbine
Authors: Mason John L. , Pietsch Anthony , Wilson Theodore R. , Harper Allen D.
Published: April 2015

A novel closed-cycle gas turbine power system is now under development by the GWF Power Systems Company for cogeneration applications. Nominally the system produces 5 megawatts (MW) of electric power and 80,000 lb/hr (36,287 kg/hr) of 1000 psig (6895 kPa) steam. The heat source is an atmospheric fluidized bed combustor (AFBC) capable of using low-cost solid fuels while meeting applicable emission standards. A simple, low-pressure ratio, single spool, turbomachine is utilized. This paper describes the system and related performance, as well as the development and test efforts now being conducted. The initial commercial application of the system will be for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) of the heavy crudes produced in California.
The Fluidized Bed Combustor-Heater Equipped Gas Fired CCGT
Authors: Fejer Andrew A.
Published: April 2015

The combustion of natural gas in an atmospheric fluidized bed combined with heat transfer from the bed to the working fluid is shown to be an attractive means for supplying heat to closed cycle gas turbines. It is demonstrated how this concept can yield high thermal efficiencies without the use of high temperature resistant materials and yield low levels of pollutant emissions. The features of the combustor-heater are established for a 9000 kW closed cycle gas turbine generator and comparisons are made with a conventional open cycle machine.
Closed Cycle Cogeneration for the Future
Authors: Crim Winfred M. , Fraize Willard E. , Malone George A. , Kinney Carey
Published: April 2015

While present energy needs can be met with available supplies of fossil fuels, the need to plan for the eventual elimination of dependence on premium fuels in utility and industrial applications remains urgent. Along with continuing awareness of the need for non-petroleum-based power and heat production is the renewed interest in cogeneration systems, for reasons of both energy conservation and the economies possible in meeting industrial/commercial process and space heat needs. One of the most promising power conversion technologies for these needs is the closed cycle gas turbine (CCGT) configured for power and heat production. The CCGT offers the ability to operate with a wide range of fuel types and qualities and to provide congenerated heat and power over a wide range of power-to-heat ratios. Additionally, the CCGT has the unique advantage of operating over a wide capacity range at no significant compromise in efficiency.

Closed cycle gas turbines have been in commercial use, principally in Europe, for over four decades. That experience base, combined with emerging awareness of potential CCGT applications, could lead to the operation of coal-fired CCGT cogeneration systems in the U.S. within the next decade.

This paper discusses the multi-fuel capability of the CCGT and compares its performance as a flexible cogeneration system with that of a more conventional steam turbine system.
New Diagram and Equation for Thermodynamic Calculations for Gas Turbines
Authors: Herrmann B.
Published: April 2015

On basis of ISO-Standard 2314, the German Standard Organisation (DIN) has prepared the German Standard DIN 4341, which deals with acceptance tests for gas turbines. Sample calculations have been included.

In connection with the development of the sample calculations a new diagram for thermodynamic properties of air and products of combustion was developed on basis of

-humid air as per ISO standard 2314

-standard gaseous fuel

-standard liquid fuel

This diagram allows exact calculation of performance data.

Further, a simplified but relatively acurate formula is presented for calculating the turbine inlet temperature on basis of

-compressor pressure ratio

-exhaust gas temperature

-thermal efficiency

Development and limitation of this formula is presented.
Development and Evaluation of Integrated Flight/Propulsion Control Algorithms for a Tactical Fighter
Authors: Carlin C. M. , Munger L. L. , Gangsaas D.
Published: April 2015

Linear quadratic synthesis is applied to the design of an integrated vertical flight path and airspeed command and stability augmentation control law for the AFTI/F-111 aircraft. A feedforward controller combined with full-state feedback provides nearly decoupled response to normal and longitudinal acceleration commands, as well as steady-state tracking of vertical flight path and airspeed. Integral control of the flap commands maintains the wing camber for minimum drag in steady-state maneuvers. Enhanced maneuverability and reduction of pilot workload are achieved through coordinated commands to the leading and trailing edge flaps, stabilons and engine throttles. The control law demonstrates significant reduction of normal acceleration responses to turbulence as compared to the unaugmented aircraft. Preliminary evaluation of the design was performed on a nonlinear six-degree-of-freedom real time piloted simulation using a simplified propulsion system model. A detailed propulion system model was developed for use in final evaluation of the system. In the preliminary evaluation, the fixed gain design performed well over a wide range of flight conditions, from landing approach to supersonic high altitude cruise. Plans for further evaluation of the design using the detailed engine model and for enhancement of the control law with additional propulsion controls are presented.
Theoretical and Experimental Determination of the Transfer Function of a Compressor
Authors: Paulon Jacques
Published: April 2015

Aerodynamic operation of a compressor during transients and any unsteady regime is controlled by its response to transient pressure and mass flow fluctuations.
On Properties of Plasma Sprayed Oxide and Metal-Oxide Coatings
Authors: Knotek O. , Elsing R. , Strompen N.
Published: April 2015

Alumina containing 3% TiO2, Y2O2 (13%)-stabilized zirconia and zirconia (13% Y2O3)-molybdenum powder mixtures (70:30 and 30:70) were sprayed by plasma unter standard conditions on several steel substrates. Intermediate nickelchromium metal layers were used. The adhesive strength of the coatings under static and dynamic stress, the thermal shock resistance were tested as well as wear and corrosion resistance, porosity and other properties of these oxide and oxide metal compound layers. Resistance against friction-abrasion, sometimes in combination with corrosion, can be controlled by pure oxide layers or, dependent on the kind of chemical reactions and mechanical behaviour by oxide molybdenum compounds. Some theoretical aspects of the behaviour of the tested coatings will be discussed.
Experience With in 939 as a Hot Corrosion Resistant Turbine Vane Material
Authors: Schneider Klaus , Bauer Roland , Staubli Marc , Grünling Hermann W.
Published: April 2015

For stationary gas turbine vanes IN 939 was evaluated very thoroughly in Europe as a promising hot corrosion resistant nickel base alloy.

This paper shows examples of properties and behavior of IN 939 from literature and from actual application in stationary gas turbines.

After long-term operation in stationary gas turbines vanes are analysed to show the type of oxide scale formation, the hot corrosion attack and phase stability. The alloy IN 939 exhibited excellent hot corrosion resistance under severe environmental conditions comparable to that of commercial hot corrosion protective coatings.

Phases are described developed after casting and during heat treatment and sensitivity towards M-phase formation is briefly discussed. Creep and fatique data of IN 939 are compared with IN 738 LC as well as the hot corrosion behavior.
Turbotest: A Computer Program for Rig Test Analysis of Arbitrary Gas Turbine Engines
Authors: Palmer J. R. , Gu Yong-Gen
Published: April 2015

This paper presents a computer model called ‘TURBOTEST’ which is applicable both to analysis of gas turbine engine rig tests and to simulation of engine steady-state performance. As with the earlier ‘TURBOFLEXI’ model a wide range of gas turbine engines can be simulated, using any kind of hydrocarbon fuel, and allowing for chemical dissociation of the gas, and for the effect of air humidity.

In addition, however, for the particular requirements of rig test analysis, the following new features have been developed and incorporate:-

(a) It can carry out rig test analysis for a wide range of gas turbine engines if all the necessary test data are presented.

(b) If the test data is incomplete, a computer simulation of the engine can be used to complete the analysis.

(c) Performance deterioration of engine components can be detected by comparing the results of a test analysis and of a parallel simulation using stored characteristics of engine components in the “as new” condition.

The program has been tested on simulated test data generated by engine models such as a turbojet and a turbofan. The results show it has close and repeatable agreement with design values. Further tests of the model have been carried out by applying it to the actual engine rig test data.
A Numerical Study of Three-Dimensional Flow Separation and Wake Development in an Axial Compressor Rotor
Authors: Hah C.
Published: April 2015

A computational procedure based on the compressible Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equation has been developed for the viscous flow through an isolated compressor rotor. The numerical scheme is based on fully conservative control volume formulation and solves various conservation equations in fully elliptic form on the rotating coordinates fixed on the rotor. An algebraic Reynolds stress model is used to describe the turbulent transport terms. The numerical procedure has been applied to predict three-dimensional turbulent flows through two different isolated compressor rotors. The detailed quantitative comparisons with two sets of well-documented data show that the developed computational procedure predicts the viscous flow development over the blading and in the wake with the accuracy satisfactory for most engineering purposes; the computer code can be used for the guidance of advanced rotor design.
The Effect of Water Injection for Emissions Control on Industrial Gas Turbine Combustors
Authors: Antos R. J. , Emmerling W. C.
Published: April 2015

One common method of reducing the NOx emissions from industrial gas turbines is to inject water into the combustion process. The amount of water injected depends on the emissions rules that apply to a particular unit. Westinghouse W501B industrial gas turbines have been operated at water injection levels required to meet EPA NOx emissions regulations. They also have been operated at higher injection levels required to meet stricter California regulations. Operation at the lower rates of water did not affect combustor inspection and/or repair intervals. Operation on liquid fuels with high rates of water also did not result in premature distress. However, operation on gas fuel at high rates of water did cause premature distress in the combustors. To evaluate this phenomenon, a comprehensive test program was conducted; it demonstrated that the distress is the result of the temperature patterns in the combustor caused by the high rates of water. The test also indicated that there is no significant change in dynamic response levels in the combustor. This paper presents the test results, and the design features selected to substantially improve combustor wall temperature when operating on gas fuels, with the high rates of water injection required to meet California applications. Mechanical design features that improve combustor resistance to water injection-induced thermal gradients also are presented.
Simpson Paper Co.: First 35MW IM5000 in Cogeneration Plant
Authors: Moeller D. J. , Kolp D. A.
Published: April 2015

In order to reverse the rising cost of energy, in 1983 Simpson Paper Company installed a 35MW IM5000 gas turbine generating unit exhausting into a supplementary fired, three-pressure (HP, IP, LP) boiler at its Shasta Pulp & Paper Mill in Anderson/Redding, California. This first U.S.-based IM5000 was chosen for Simpson’s cogeneration plant because the steam-producing capability of its exhaust gas most nearly matches the mill’s steam load and because of the relatively high proportion of energy output which is converted to electrical power versus exhaust gas energy for steam production. By operating at a compression ratio of 30:1 and a base load firing temperature of 2100 F. (1149 C.), the plant achieves a simple-cycle efficiency in excess of 36%, including the burden of water injection for emissions control.

In addition to the IM5000 gas turbine and the heat recovery boiler, the plant utilizes the following features which enable it to meet the special requirements of the Shasta Mill: (1) evaporative cooler - to reduce inlet temperature and increase power as much as 20% in the hot, dry Shasta Mill environment, (2) exhaust gas damper and duct burner - to match steam production to mill demand, (3) high pressure design of the IP and LP drums - to enable these drums to be bottled when HP steam demand is high and LP and IP demand is low, and (4) water injection system - to meet stringent federal and northern California NOx standards.

Based on 1983 fuel and power costs, Simpson Paper Company expects a simple payback of approximately three years on the $18.5 million investment in its cogeneration plant. The plant began continuous round-the-clock operation on May 22, 1983.
A New Gas Turbine Combustor Alloy
Authors: Klarstrom D. L. , Tawancy H. M. , Fluck D. E. , Rothman M. F.
Published: April 2015

A wrought, nickel-base superalloy based on the Ni-Cr-W system has been developed for applications in the hot section of gas turbine engines. The new alloy is solid solution strengthened and very thermally stable. It particularly resists the formation of detrimental intermetallic compounds and contains little or no cobalt. Various mechanical and oxidation properties of the new alloy were measured, and the microstructural features were characterized. These were compared with those for other solid solution strengthened, high-temperature alloys. A number of advantages of the new alloy are defined.
Flow Characteristics in the Volute and Tongue Region of a Centrifugal Pump
Authors: Brownell R. B. , Flack R. D.
Published: April 2015

A centrifugal process pump was tested at two rotational speeds and five flow rates. Nine piezometer taps around the volute were used to measure time averaged pressure profiles and streak photography was used to visualize the flow patterns near the volute tongue. Flow patterns for four different instantaneous impeller orientations (blade positions) were studied. Nondimensionalized results were independent of rotational speed. At 100% capacity the volute pressures were uniform within 15%. At off-design condition, however, the pressure near the tongue varied by as much as 28% from the average. At 100% capacity the streamlines were smooth and well behaved. At low flow rates the tongue stagnation point moved between the impeller and tongue and a separation zone appeared in the discharge. The instantaneous position of the impeller was seen to affect the streamlines primarily near the impeller, although at high flow rates the separation zone was also seen to depend on the impeller position.
LM2500 Packages for Platform Applications
Authors: Kiernan James G. , Spector Richard B.
Published: April 2015

This paper reviews a total of 31 LM2500 packages that were either installed or on order for platform applications throughout the world as of midsummer 1983. Individual projects are reviewed and design approaches summarized. The standard package is described and available ratings are tabulated.
An Advanced Facility for the Analysis of Gas Turbine Exhausts
Authors: Pearce R. E. , Wood R. D.
Published: April 2015

The requirement for an advanced gas analysis facility arose because improved combustors were needed for high technology gas turbine engines, as well as due to increased awareness of environmental pollution. To meet these needs, a system was specifically designed for use on a stationary gas turbine.

The system is fully mobile and controlled semi-automatically and requires only semi-skilled personnel to operate it. Features not available on standard commercial equipment were introduced, particularly the incorporation of a computer controlled logging system which provides processed results on-line.

All the design criteria were met and the system has been used with success on a variety of engine and rig projects. This paper describes the design and use of this facility as well as the use of the data logging system. Finally the benefits derived from the system are presented.
Gas and Liquid Fuel Injection Into an Enclosed Swirling Flow
Authors: Ahmad N. T. , Andrews G. E.
Published: April 2015

A swirler with good premixed performance has been tested with direct central propane injection and with direct central kerosene and gas oil injection using the swirler air for atomisation. The results have been compared with non swirling flow systems at the same test conditions. Direct propane injection results in a major extension of the stability limits compared with the premixed situation, but with liquid fuel injection the stability limits are generally worse than for premixed fuel and air. It is argued that the cause of this is the action of the centrifugal forces on the liquid droplets in the swirl flow which results in vaporisation in the outer swirl flow and weaker mixtures in the core recirculation region than for propane injection. The gas composition results support this conclusion. Direct propane injection caused a deterioration in the combustion efficiency and a large increase in NOx. The poor stability limits with liquid fuels prevented a high combustion efficiency and low NOx situation from being achieved. A comparison of the performance with non swirling systems showed that all emissions were higher with swirl for propane but that the swirler may have some advantages for liquid fuels.
PI3K inhibition results in enhanced estrogen receptor function and dependence in hormone receptor–positive breast cancer
Authors: Bosch Ana , Li Zhiqiang , Bergamaschi Anna , Ellis Haley , Toska Eneda , Prat Aleix , Tao Jessica J. , Spratt Daniel E. , Viola-Villegas Nerissa T. , Castel Pau , Minuesa Gerard , Morse Natasha , Rodón Jordi , Ibrahim Yasir , Cortes Javier , Perez-Garcia Jose , Galvan Patricia , Grueso Judit , Guzman Marta , Katzenellenbogen John A. , Kharas Michael , Lewis Jason S. , Dickler Maura , Serra Violeta , Rosen Neal , Chandarlapaty Sarat , Scaltriti Maurizio , Baselga José
Published: April 2015

Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT pathway results in induction of ER-dependent transcriptional activity and susceptibility to anti-estrogen therapy in ER-positive breast cancer.
Phylogenomic Identification of Regulatory Sequences in Bacteria: an Analysis of Statistical Power and an Application to Borrelia burgdorferi
Sensu Lato
Authors: Martin Che I. , Sukarna Tika Y. , Akther Saymon , Ramrattan Girish , Pagan Pedro , Di Lia , Mongodin Emmanuel F. , Fraser Claire M. , Schutzer Steven E. , Luft Benjamin J. , Casjens Sherwood R. , Qiu Wei-Gang
Published: April 2015

Phylogenomic footprinting is an approach for
ab initio
identification of genome-wide regulatory elements in bacterial species based on sequence conservation. The statistical power of the phylogenomic approach depends on the degree of sequence conservation, the length of regulatory elements, and the level of phylogenetic divergence among genomes. Building on an earlier model, we propose a binomial model that uses synonymous tree lengths as neutral expectations for determining the statistical significance of conserved intergenic spacer (IGS) sequences. Simulations show that the binomial model is robust to variations in the value of evolutionary parameters, including base frequencies and the transition-to-transversion ratio. We used the model to search for regulatory sequences in the Lyme disease species group (
Borrelia burgdorferi
sensu lato
) using 23 genomes. The model indicates that the currently available set of
Borrelia
genomes would not yield regulatory sequences shorter than five bases, suggesting that genome sequences of additional
B. burgdorferi sensu lato
species are needed. Nevertheless, we show that previously known regulatory elements are indeed strongly conserved in sequence or structure across these
Borrelia
species. Further, we predict with sufficient confidence two new RpoS binding sites, 39 promoters, 19 transcription terminators, 28 noncoding RNAs, and four sets of coregulated genes. These putative
cis
- and
trans
-regulatory elements suggest novel,
Borrelia
-specific mechanisms regulating the transition between the tick and host environments, a key adaptation and virulence mechanism of
B. burgdorferi
. Alignments of IGS sequences are available on BorreliaBase.org, an online database of orthologous open reading frame (ORF) and IGS sequences in
Borrelia
.

IMPORTANCE
While bacterial genomes contain mostly protein-coding genes, they also house DNA sequences regulating the expression of these genes. Gene regulatory sequences tend to be conserved during evolution. By sequencing and comparing related genomes, one can therefore identify regulatory sequences in bacteria based on sequence conservation. Here, we describe a statistical framework by which one may determine how many genomes need to be sequenced and at what level of evolutionary relatedness in order to achieve a high level of statistical significance. We applied the framework to
Borrelia burgdorferi
, the Lyme disease agent, and identified a large number of candidate regulatory sequences, many of which are known to be involved in regulating the phase transition between the tick vector and mammalian hosts.
Characterization and Detection of a Widely Distributed Gene Cluster That Predicts Anaerobic Choline Utilization by Human Gut Bacteria
Authors: Martínez-del Campo Ana , Bodea Smaranda , Hamer Hilary A. , Marks Jonathan A. , Haiser Henry J. , Turnbaugh Peter J. , Balskus Emily P.
Published: April 2015

Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the human gut microbiota's effects on health and disease has been complicated by difficulties in linking metabolic functions associated with the gut community as a whole to individual microorganisms and activities. Anaerobic microbial choline metabolism, a disease-associated metabolic pathway, exemplifies this challenge, as the specific human gut microorganisms responsible for this transformation have not yet been clearly identified. In this study, we established the link between a bacterial gene cluster, the choline utilization (
cut
) cluster, and anaerobic choline metabolism in human gut isolates by combining transcriptional, biochemical, bioinformatic, and cultivation-based approaches. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR analysis and
in vitro
biochemical characterization of two
cut
gene products linked the entire cluster to growth on choline and supported a model for this pathway. Analyses of sequenced bacterial genomes revealed that the
cut
cluster is present in many human gut bacteria, is predictive of choline utilization in sequenced isolates, and is widely but discontinuously distributed across multiple bacterial phyla. Given that bacterial phylogeny is a poor marker for choline utilization, we were prompted to develop a degenerate PCR-based method for detecting the key functional gene choline TMA-lyase (
cutC
) in genomic and metagenomic DNA. Using this tool, we found that new choline-metabolizing gut isolates universally possessed
cutC
. We also demonstrated that this gene is widespread in stool metagenomic data sets. Overall, this work represents a crucial step toward understanding anaerobic choline metabolism in the human gut microbiota and underscores the importance of examining this microbial community from a function-oriented perspective.

IMPORTANCE
Anaerobic choline utilization is a bacterial metabolic activity that occurs in the human gut and is linked to multiple diseases. While bacterial genes responsible for choline fermentation (the
cut
gene cluster) have been recently identified, there has been no characterization of these genes in human gut isolates and microbial communities. In this work, we use multiple approaches to demonstrate that the pathway encoded by the
cut
genes is present and functional in a diverse range of human gut bacteria and is also widespread in stool metagenomes. We also developed a PCR-based strategy to detect a key functional gene (
cutC
) involved in this pathway and applied it to characterize newly isolated choline-utilizing strains. Both our analyses of the
cut
gene cluster and this molecular tool will aid efforts to further understand the role of choline metabolism in the human gut microbiota and its link to disease.
Use of multiple immunosuppressive agents in recalcitrantACANTHAMOEBAscleritis
Authors: Igras Estera , Murphy Conor
Published: April 2015

A 48-year-old woman who is a contact lens wearer presented with unilateralACANTHAMOEBAkeratitis, confirmed by PCR, which responded initially to topical polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB) and brolene. Three months later, despite continued treatment, she developed diffuse anterior scleritis with severe pain and marked scleral injection but without evidence of recurrence keratitis. Oral non-steroidal anti-inflammatories and oral high-dose corticosteroids were added without success. Subsequent treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone and high-dose cyclosporine led to a temporary improvement. Re-presenting with signs of recurrent scleritis and severe pain, the antitumor necrosis factor monoclonal antibody adalimumab, and later oral cyclophosphamide, were added. This led to complete quiescence of the scleritis. Unfortunately, frequent recurrences ofACANTHAMOEBAkeratitis and anterior uveitis occurred on immunosuppression requiring continued treatment with PHMB, brolene and topical corticosteroids. This is the first case of severe refractoryACANTHAMOEBAscleritis requiring the concomitant use of four immunosuppressive agents to achieve continued disease control. The challenges in managing this case are discussed.
Large mitral valve aneurysm with infective endocarditis
Authors: Uematsu Shoko , Ashihara Kyomi , Tomioka Hideyuki , Takagi Atsushi
Published: April 2015

A 63-year-old man with infective endocarditis (IE) was admitted to our hospital after experiencing acute heart failure. A two-dimensional transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography revealed vegetation attached to both aortic and mitral valves, a very large mitral valve aneurysm, a severe mitral regurgitation jet issuing from a mitral valve perforation and severe aortic regurgitation. Three days after admission, both the aortic and mitral valves were replaced. The patient received antibiotic therapy for 6 weeks postoperatively and recovered with no neurological complications. Although the patient was discharged without recurrence of IE, his transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography showed periprosthetic mitral regurgitation, requiring him to receive close follow-up monitoring. This case report exemplifies the rather unusual, but important, complications of aortic valve IE, and suggests some suitable forms of intervention.
Traumatic catheterisation: a near miss
Authors: Chen Han-Kuang , Mackowski Alicia
Published: April 2015

A 68-year-old man presented with acute urinary retention. An indwelling catheter was inserted by a junior doctor, which immediately caused perineal pain to the patient. When asked about the catheterisation technique, the junior doctor admitted that he did not insert the catheter to the hilt prior to inflating the balloon. The patient was investigated with a pelvic CT scan and a senior doctor in the emergency department interpreted that the catheter was inserted extravesically with possible haemorrhage. However, subsequent cystoscopy revealed no urethral trauma but a small bladder and a diverticulum. It became clear that the suspected haemorrhage was actually the bladder with markedly thickened wall. What was thought to be the bladder turned out to be the diverticulum. Both pathologies were attributable to chronic bladder outlet obstruction from the occlusive prostate. The patient was discharged with a catheter in situ and planned for transurethral resection of prostate in a week's time.
Antidoping programme and biological monitoring before and during the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil
Authors: Baume Norbert , Jan Nicolas , Emery Caroline , Mandanis Béatrice , Schweizer Carine , Giraud Sylvain , Leuenberger Nicolas , Marclay François , Nicoli Raul , Perrenoud Laurent , Robinson Neil , Dvorak Jiri , Saugy Martial
Published: April 2015

Background

The FIFA has implemented an important antidoping programme for the 2014 FIFA World Cup.

Aim

To perform the analyses before and during the World Cup with biological monitoring of blood and urine samples.

Methods

All qualified players from the 32 teams participating in the World Cup were tested out-of-competition. During the World Cup, 2–8 players per match were tested. Over 1000 samples were collected in total and analysed in the WADA accredited Laboratory of Lausanne.

Results

The quality of the analyses was at the required level as described in the WADA technical documents. The urinary steroid profiles of the players were stable and consistent with previously published papers on football players. During the competition, amphetamine was detected in a sample collected on a player who had a therapeutic use exemption for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The blood passport data showed no significant difference in haemoglobin values between out-of-competition and postmatch samples.

Conclusions

Logistical issues linked to biological samples collection, and the overseas shipment during the World Cup did not impair the quality of the analyses, especially when used as the biological passport of football players.
Estimating the change in life expectancy after a diagnosis of cancer among the Australian population
Authors: Baade Peter D , Youlden Danny R , Andersson Therese M-L , Youl Philippa H , Kimlin Michael G , Aitken Joanne F , Biggar Robert J
Published: April 2015

Objectives

Communication of relevant prognostic information is critical in helping patients understand the implications of their cancer diagnosis. We describe measures of prognosis to help communicate relevant prognostic information to improve patients’ understanding of the implications of their cancer diagnosis.

Setting

Australia-wide population-based cancer registry cohort.

Participants

870 878 patients aged 15–89 years diagnosed with invasive cancer between 1990 and 2007, with mortality follow-up information to December 2010.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Flexible parametric models were used to estimate loss of life expectancy (LOLE), remaining life expectancy (RLE) and 10-year cumulative probability of cancer-specific death (1-relative survival).

Results

On average, Australians diagnosed with cancer at age 40 years faced losing an average of 11.2 years of life (95% CI 11.1 to 11.4) due to their cancer, while those diagnosed at 80 years faced losing less, an average of 3.9 years (3.9 to 4.0) because of higher competing mortality risks. In contrast, younger people had lower estimated cumulative probabilities of cancer-specific death within 10 years (40 years: 21.5%, 21.4% to 22.1%) compared with older people (80 years: 55.4%, 55.0% to 55.9%). The patterns for individual cancers varied widely, both by cancer type and by age within cancer type.

Conclusions

The LOLE and RLE measures provide complementary messages to standard relative survival estimates (expressed here in terms of cumulative probability of cancer-specific death). Importantly, relative survival per se underplays the greater absolute impact that a cancer diagnosis has at a younger age on LOLE. When presented in isolation for all cancers, it may provide a misleading impression of future mortality burden of cancer overall, and furthermore, it will obscure patterns of mortality by type and by age data within type. Alternative measures of LOLE, therefore, provide important communication about mortality risk to patients with cancer worldwide and should be incorporated into standard reporting and dissemination strategies.
Exploring the challenges of implementing e-health: a protocol for an update of a systematic review of reviews
Authors: Ross Jamie , Stevenson Fiona , Lau Rosa , Murray Elizabeth
Published: April 2015

Introduction

There is great potential for e-health to deliver cost-effective, quality healthcare and spending on e-health systems by governments and healthcare systems is increasing worldwide. However, the literature often describes problematic and unsuccessful attempts to implement these new technologies into routine clinical practice. To understand and address the challenges of implementing e-health, a systematic review was conducted in 2009, which identified several conceptual barriers and facilitators to implementation. As technology is rapidly changing and new e-health solutions are constantly evolving to meet the needs of current practice, an update of this review is deemed necessary to understand current challenges to the implementation of e-health. This research aims to identify, summarise and synthesise currently available evidence, by undertaking a systematic review of reviews to explore the barriers and facilitators to implementing e-health across a range of healthcare settings.

Methods and analysis

This is a protocol for an update of a systematic review of reviews. We will search MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, PSYCINFO and The Cochrane Library for studies published between 2009 and 2014. We will check reference lists of included studies for further studies. Two authors will independently screen the titles and abstracts identified from the search; any discrepancies will be resolved by discussion and consensus. Full-text papers will be obtained and relevant reviews will be selected against inclusion criteria. Eligible reviews have to be based on the implementation of e-health technologies. Data from eligible reviews will be extracted using a data abstraction form. A thematic analysis of barriers and facilitators to e-health implementation will be conducted.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval is not required. The permission of the original authors to update the review was sought and granted.

Trial registration number

PROSPERO CRD42015017661.
The effectiveness of toolkits as knowledge translation strategies for integrating evidence into clinical care: a systematic review
Authors: Yamada Janet , Shorkey Allyson , Barwick Melanie , Widger Kimberley , Stevens Bonnie J
Published: April 2015

Objectives

The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the effectiveness of toolkits as a knowledge translation (KT) strategy for facilitating the implementation of evidence into clinical care. Toolkits include multiple resources for educating and/or facilitating behaviour change.

Design

Systematic review of the literature on toolkits.

Methods

A search was conducted on MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and CINAHL. Studies were included if they evaluated the effectiveness of a toolkit to support the integration of evidence into clinical care, and if the KT goal(s) of the study were to inform, share knowledge, build awareness, change practice, change behaviour, and/or clinical outcomes in healthcare settings, inform policy, or to commercialise an innovation. Screening of studies, assessment of methodological quality and data extraction for the included studies were conducted by at least two reviewers.

Results

39 relevant studies were included for full review; 8 were rated as moderate to strong methodologically with clinical outcomes that could be somewhat attributed to the toolkit. Three of the eight studies evaluated the toolkit as a single KT intervention, while five embedded the toolkit into a multistrategy intervention. Six of the eight toolkits were partially or mostly effective in changing clinical outcomes and six studies reported on implementation outcomes. The types of resources embedded within toolkits varied but included predominantly educational materials.

Conclusions

Future toolkits should be informed by high-quality evidence and theory, and should be evaluated using rigorous study designs to explain the factors underlying their effectiveness and successful implementation.