bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anopheles sinensis mosquito insecticide resistance: comparison of three mosquito sample collection and preparation methods and mosquito age in resistance measurements
Authors: Xu Tielong , Zhong Daibin , Tang Linhua , Chang Xuelian , Fu Fengyang , Yan Guiyun , Zheng Bin
Published: January 2014

Background

Insecticide resistance monitoring in malaria mosquitoes is essential for guiding the rational use of insecticides in vector control programs. Resistance bioassay is the first step for insecticide monitoring and it lays an important foundation for molecular examination of resistance mechanisms. In the literature, various mosquito sample collection and preparation methods have been used, but how mosquito sample collection and preparation methods affect insecticide susceptibility bioassay results is largely unknown. The objectives of this study were to determine whether mosquito sample collection and preparation methods affected bioassay results, which may cause incorrect classification of mosquito resistance status.

Methods

The study was conducted in Anopheles sinensis mosquitoes in two study sites in central China. Three mosquito sample collection and preparation methods were compared for insecticide susceptibility, kdr frequencies and metabolic enzyme activities: 1) adult mosquitoes collected from the field; 2) F1 adults from field collected, blood-fed mosquitoes; and 3) adult mosquitoes reared from field collected larvae.

Results

Mosquito sample collection and preparation methods significantly affected mortality rates in the standard WHO tube resistance bioassay. Mortality rate of field-collected female adults was 10-15% higher than in mosquitoes reared from field-collected larvae and F1 adults from field collected blood-fed females. This pattern was consistent in mosquitoes from the two study sites. High kdr mutation frequency (85-95%) with L1014F allele as the predominant mutation was found in our study populations. Field-collected female adults consistently exhibited the highest monooxygenase and GST activities. The higher mortality rate observed in the field-collected female mosquitoes may have been caused by a mixture of mosquitoes of different ages, as older mosquitoes were more susceptible to deltamethrin than younger mosquitoes.

Conclusions

Female adults reared from field-collected larvae in resistance bioassays are recommended to minimize the effect of confounding factors such as mosquito age and blood feeding status so that more reliable and reproducible mortality may be obtained.
The Queensland high risk foot form (QHRFF) – is it a reliable and valid clinical research tool for foot disease?
Authors: Lazzarini Peter A , Ng Vanessa , Kinnear Ewan M , Kamp Maarten C , Kuys Suzanne S , Hurst Cameron , Reed Lloyd F
Published: January 2014

Background

Foot disease complications, such as foot ulcers and infection, contribute to considerable morbidity and mortality. These complications are typically precipitated by “high‐risk factors”, such as peripheral neuropathy and peripheral arterial disease. High‐risk factors are more prevalent in specific “at risk” populations such as diabetes, kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. To the best of the authors' knowledge a tool capturing multiple high‐risk factors and foot disease complications in multiple at risk populations has yet to be tested. This study aimed to develop and test the validity and reliability of a Queensland High Risk Foot Form (QHRFF) tool.

Methods

The study was conducted in two phases. Phase one developed a QHRFF using an existing diabetes foot disease tool, literature searches, stakeholder groups and expert panel. Phase two tested the QHRFF for validity and reliability. Four clinicians, representing different levels of expertise, were recruited to test validity and reliability. Three cohorts of patients were recruited; one tested criterion measure reliability (n = 32), another tested criterion validity and inter‐rater reliability (n = 43), and another tested intra‐rater reliability (n = 19). Validity was determined using sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive values (PPV). Reliability was determined using Kappa, weighted Kappa and intra‐class correlation (ICC) statistics.

Results

A QHRFF tool containing 46 items across seven domains was developed. Criterion measure reliability of at least moderate categories of agreement (Kappa > 0.4; ICC > 0.75) was seen in 91% (29 of 32) tested items. Criterion validity of at least moderate categories (PPV > 0.7) was seen in 83% (60 of 72) tested items. Inter‐ and intra‐rater reliability of at least moderate categories (Kappa > 0.4; ICC > 0.75) was seen in 88% (84 of 96) and 87% (20 of 23) tested items respectively.

Conclusions

The QHRFF had acceptable validity and reliability across the majority of items; particularly items identifying relevant co‐morbidities, high‐risk factors and foot disease complications. Recommendations have been made to improve or remove identified weaker items for future QHRFF versions. Overall, the QHRFF possesses suitable practicality, validity and reliability to assess and capture relevant foot disease items across multiple at risk populations.
Role of LET and chromatin structure on chromosomal inversion in CHO10B2 cells
Authors: Cartwright Ian M , Genet Matthew D , Fujimori Akira , Kato Takamitsu A
Published: January 2014

Background

In this study we evaluated the effect of linear energy transfer (LET) and chromatin structure on the induction of chromosomal inversion. High LET radiation causes more complex DNA damage than low LET radiation; this “dirty” damage is more difficult to repair and may result in an increase in inversion formation. CHO10B2 cells synchronized in either G1 or M phase were exposed 0, 1, or 2 Gy of 5 mm Al and Cu filters at 200 kVp and 20 mA X-rays or 500 MeV/nucleon of initial energy and 200 keV/μ m Fe ion radiation. In order to increase the sensitivity of prior techniques used to study inversions, we modified the more traditional Giemsa plus fluorescence technique so that cells were only allowed to incorporate BrdU for a single cycle verses 2 cycles. The BrdU incorporated DNA strand was labeled using a BrdU antibody and an Alexa Fluor 488 probe. This modified technique allowed us to observe inversions smaller than 0.6 megabases (Mb).

Results

In this study we have shown that high LET radiation induces significantly more inversions in G1 cells than in M phase cells. Additionally, we have shown that the sizes of the induced inversions not only differ between Fe ion and X-rays, but also between G1 and M phase cells exposed to Fe ions.

Conclusion

We have effectively shown that both radiation quality and chromosome structure interact to alter not only the number of inversions induced, but also the size of the inversions.
Clinical Impact of Delaying Initiation of Adjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients With Breast Cancer
Authors: Gagliato Debora de Melo , Gonzalez-Angulo Ana M. , Lei Xiudong , Theriault Richard L. , Giordano Sharon H. , Valero Vicente , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Chavez-MacGregor Mariana
Published: January 2014

Purpose

For patients with breast cancer (BC), the optimal time to initiation of adjuvant chemotherapy (TTC) after definitive surgery is unknown. We evaluated the association between TTC and survival according to breast cancer subtype and stage at diagnosis.

Patients and Methods

Women diagnosed with BC stages I to III between 1997 and 2011 who received adjuvant chemotherapy at our institution were included. Patients were categorized into three groups according to TTC: ≤ 30, 31 to 60, and ≥ 61 days. Survival outcomes were estimated and compared according to TTC and by BC subtype.

Results

Among the 6,827 patients included, the 5-year overall survival (OS), relapse-free survival (RFS), and distant RFS (DRFS) estimates were similar for the different TTC categories. Initiation of chemotherapy ≥ 61 days after surgery was associated with adverse outcomes among patients with stage II (DRFS: hazard ratio [HR], 1.20; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.43) and stage III (OS: HR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.26 to 2.46; RFS: HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.01 to 1.76; and DRFS: HR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.80) BC. Patients with triple-negative BC (TNBC) tumors and those with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) –positive tumors treated with trastuzumab who started chemotherapy ≥ 61 days after surgery had worse survival (HR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.09 to 2.18 and HR, 3.09; 95% CI, 1.49 to 6.39, respectively) compared with those who initiated treatment in the first 30 days after surgery.

Conclusion

TTC influenced survival outcomes in the overall study cohort. This finding was particularly meaningful for patients with stage III BC, TNBC, and trastuzumab-treated HER2-positive tumors who experienced worse outcomes when chemotherapy was delayed. Our findings suggest that early initiation of chemotherapy should be granted for patients in these high-risk groups.
Underlying issues in the emergence of China and Brazil as major global players in the new South–South trade and investment axis
Authors: Wilkinson John , Wesz Junior Valdemar João
Published: January 2014

This article compares the evolution of the Brazilian and Chinese economies and focuses on the way asymmetrical trading and investment relations have become consolidated. The agro-industrial and agro-food sectors are analysed in this light, with particular attention to trade in soy which is by far the most important product. The article details the way in which the shift in soy trade from South–North to South–South has been accompanied by changes in composition and investment strategies. The article concludes by situating these trends within broader changes affecting overall trade and investment between the two countries.
Heat conduction at micro and nanoscales: A review through the prism
of Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics
Authors: Lebon Georgy
Published: January 2014

This review paper is dedicated to a description of heat transport at micro
and nanoscales from the viewpoint of Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics.
After a short survey of the classical heat conduction laws, like those of
Fourier, Cattaneo, and Guyer–Krumhansl, we briefly overview the hypotheses
and objectives of Extended Irreversible Thermodynamics, which is
particularly well suited to cope with processes at short length and time
scales. A selection of some important items typical of nanomaterials and
technology are reviewed. Particular attention is brought to the notion of
effective thermal conductivity: its expression in terms of size and
frequency dependence is formulated, its significant increase in nanofluids
formed by a matrix and nanoparticles is discussed, the problem of pore-size
dependence and its incidence on thermal rectifiers is also investigated.
Transient heat conduction through thin one-dimensional films receives
special treatment. The results obtained from a generalized Fourier law are
compared with those provided by a more sophisticated ballistic-diffusion
model. Our survey ends with general considerations on boundary conditions
whose role is of fundamental importance in nanomaterials.
Finite-time thermodynamics: The maximal productivity of binary distillation and selection of optimal separation sequence for an ideal ternary mixture
Authors: Tsirlin Anatoly M. , Sukin Ivan A.
Published: January 2014

The paper shows that an attainability region of a binary fractionating column depends on two parameters. These parameters are expressed through kinetic coefficients and mixture properties. The paper also considers a problem of finding the maximal productivity of the ternary distillation. Selection conditions for an optimal separation order and expressions for the maximal productivity of this process were obtained.
A New Catalyst Support Made of Bauxite: Preparation and Catalytic
Properties
Authors: Jiang Lilong , Liu Xian , Hu Xiaoli , Cao Yanning , Ma Yongde , Wei Kemei
Published: January 2014

Bauxite with a large surface area was successfully prepared from
natural bauxite using a hydrothermal process. Both
0.5% Pd/bauxite and 0.5% Pd/Al2O3
catalysts were prepared using an incipient-wetness impregnation method
for CO oxidation reaction. The characteristics of the samples were
determined by X-ray fluorescence, low temperature N2 physical
adsorption, X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy,
H2 temperature-programmed reduction and X-ray photoelectron
spectroscopy. The average pore diameter, BET surface area and pore
volume of the bauxite support at the optimum hydrothermal conditions
of temperature (170○) and time (72 h) were
found to be approximately 4.82 nm,
153 m2 g
–1 and 0.23 cm3 g
–1,
respectively. The activity of the 0.5% Pd/bauxite catalyst
was much higher than that of the 0.5% Pd/Al2O3
catalyst, it's due to that Fe2O3 itself contained in
bauxite was a good catalyst for CO oxidation and can interact with Pd
in the catalyst.
Case for Changing Reinforcing Bar Deformation Spacing Requirements
Authors: Darwin David , O’Reilly Matthew , Browning JoAnn , Xing Lihua
Published: January 2014

The bond strength of four sets of reinforcing bars is evaluated, two each with No. 5 and No. 10 (No. 16 and No. 32) bars, which have, respectively, nominal diameters of 0.625 and 1.27 in. (15.9 and 32.3 mm). One bar of each size satisfies the criterion for maximum deformation spacing in ASTM reinforcing bar specifications, while the other has deformations that exceed the maximum spacing. All bars exceed the requirements for minimum deformation height. Research related to the effect of deformation properties on bond strength, including the research used to establish the requirements for deformations in ASTM reinforcing bar specifications, is also reviewed. The test results match earlier research and demonstrate that (1) bond strength is not governed by the specific value of deformation height or spacing, but by the combination of the two as represented by the relative rib area of the bars and (2) the bond strength of the bars with deformation spacings that exceed those in ASTM reinforcing bar specifications is similar to the bond strength of the bars that meet the specification. Based on this and prior research, it is recommended that ASTM reinforcing bar specifications be modified to allow for deformation spacing up to 90 % (currently a maximum of 70 %) of the bar diameter provided the ratio of deformation height to deformation spacing is greater than or equal to the minimum ratio for bar deformations meeting the current requirements in ASTM reinforcing bar specifications.
Evaluation of Damage Effects on Dynamic Characteristics of RC Buildings by Ambient Vibration Test
Authors: Türker Temel , Bayraktar Alemdar
Published: January 2014

In this study, the dynamic behavior of a model building for different damage cases is studied based on the changes in the natural frequencies and mode shapes. The damage is assumed to occur on the walls and at the column-ends of the first story, because they are generally affected by earthquakes, explosions, etc. A ½-scale three-story reinforced-concrete (RC) building model is constructed in the laboratory. Different damage cases are applied to the model gradually by using mechanical cutting equipment. The wall damage is assumed to reach the interior of the walls and the column-end damage is created by removing the cover of columns. The ambient vibration tests are performed by using the operational modal analysis method under unknown random impact loads. The accelerometers are placed on the columns in the transverse and longitudinal directions to get the responses of the model in these directions. It is observed that the natural frequencies, corresponding mode shapes, and modal damping ratios of the building model vary depending on the damage location and damage extent. The natural frequencies show a decreasing trend with damage, and for the last damage case the natural frequencies are 60 % lower than for the undamaged case. In addition, the mode shapes are affected considerably by wall damage.
A Study to Determine the Impact of Cracking on Load Transfer Efficiency of Rigid Airfield Pavements
Authors: Cunliffe C. , Joshi A. , Mehta Y. , Cleary D.
Published: January 2014

The mechanistic evaluation of pavement utilizing full-scale test data is an important component to the study of pavement behavior. This study focuses on the use of concrete strain gages (CSG) and crack location data to evaluate the effect of localized cracking on the stress-based load transfer efficiency (LTE (S)) of transverse doweled pavement joints. Concrete strain gage data generated from the full-scale testing carried out by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) at the National Airport Pavement Test Facility (NAPTF) has been analyzed in this study. Load transfer efficiency was determined from paired concrete strain gages for the test vehicle moving in opposite directions at two specific locations, resulting in four distinct cases of LTE (S). It was found that LTE (S) varies as loading progresses on the test sections, especially after cracking near the joint has occurred on the slabs. The design constant of 25 % LTE (S) appears to be reasonably conservative before cracking occurs at the joint but overestimates joint LTE (S) thereafter. Additionally, peak strains from gages located at the joint can be used to evaluate the behavior of LTE (S) during the formation of cracks on the slab, in particular the case where the cracks have formed close to the doweled joint but are not yet visible on the surface.
The Future of Futurism
Authors: Wurgaft Benjamin Aldes
Published: January 2014

This essay examines the history of futurism and the appeal and difficulty of predicting the future. It considers the difference between the Cold War-era futurism of making predictions and the more contemporary style of shaping and building the future piece by piece.
Counterfactual Constructions
Authors: Bachrach Eve
Published: January 2014

This essay discusses Never Built Los Angeles and Unbuilt San Francisco, two exhibits that presented plans for neighborhoods, buildings, and transit infrastructure that were considered for each city but never built. It considers the similarities and differences that have spurred and hindered development in each city.
A Future Climate and Energy Report
Authors: Hart Hugh
Published: January 2014

California faces major challenges adapting to and mitigating climate change. This article examines two scenarios for the future of the state’s responses to climate change and argues that the state’s history of innovation suggests a viable path ahead.
Pre-operative role of BRAF in the guidance of the surgical approach and prognosis of differentiated thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Danilovic Debora L S , Lima Erika U , Domingues Regina B , Brandão Lenine G , Hoff Ana O , Marui Suemi
Published: January 2014

Objective

The p.V600E BRAF and RAS mutations are found in 30–80% of differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC). BRAF mutation has been associated with poor prognosis. This study investigated the role of molecular studies in preoperative diagnosis of DTC and the association of p.V600E mutation with prognostic factors.

Design

Prospective study.

Methods

A total of 202 patients with cytological diagnosis of Bethesda III–VI underwent preoperative molecular studies and subsequent thyroidectomy. p.V600E and RAS mutations were studied in the cytology smears, using real-time PCR genotyping technique. The BRAF mutation (BRAF+ or BRAF−) was correlated with histological and clinical findings.

Results

Molecular study of 172 nodules with Bethesda III–V cytology improved negative predictive value and accuracy of Bethesda III and IV diagnosis. BRAF mutation was present in 65% of 94 DTC and p.Q61R NRAS in one. Except for age, BRAF+ and BRAF− did not differ in sex, tumor size, histological subtype, multifocality, vascular invasion, extrathyroidal extension, or prognostic staging. Among papillary carcinomas, lymph node (LN) metastasis was diagnosed in 23% BRAF+ and 37% BRAF−. Distant metastasis occurred in four BRAF−. Recurrent or persistent disease was more frequent in BRAF− (26.7 vs 3.3% BRAF+, P=0.002) along follow-up of 29.8±10 months. BRAF+ patients without LN metastasis by pre-operative evaluation submitted to thyroidectomy with central neck dissection (CND) had more frequent LN metastasis (45 vs 5% no CND, P=0.002), but no difference in clinical outcome was observed.

Conclusions

Pre-operative identification of BRAF mutation improved cytological diagnosis of DTC, but it was not associated with poor prognostic factors. Prophylactic CND did not guarantee better outcome in BRAF+ patients.
Improving Outcomes for Underserved Adolescents With Asthma
Authors: Britto Maria T. , Vockell Anna-Liisa B. , Munafo Jennifer Knopf , Schoettker Pamela J. , Wimberg Janet A. , Pruett Raymond , Yi Michael S. , Byczkowski Terri L.
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood. Treatment adherence by adolescents is often poor, and their outcomes are worse than those of younger patients. We conducted a quality improvement initiative to improve asthma control and outcomes for high-risk adolescents treated in a primary care setting.

METHODS:

Interventions were guided by the Chronic Care Model and focused on standardized and evidence-based care, care coordination and active outreach, self-management support, and community connections.

RESULTS:

Patients with optimally well-controlled asthma increased from ∼10% to 30%. Patients receiving the evidence-based care bundle (condition/severity characterized in chart and, for patients with persistent asthma, an action plan and controller medications at the most recent visit) increased from 38% to at or near 100%. Patients receiving the required self-management bundle (patient self-assessment, stage-of-readiness tool, and personal action plan) increased from 0% to ∼90%. Patients and parents who were confident in their ability to manage their or their adolescent’s asthma increased from 70% to ∼85%. Patient satisfaction and the mean proportion of patients with asthma-related emergency department visits or hospitalizations remained stable at desirable levels.

CONCLUSIONS:

Implementing interventions focused on standardized and evidence-based care, self-management support, care coordination and active outreach, linkage to community resources, and enhanced follow-up for patients with chronically not-well-controlled asthma resulted in sustained improvement in asthma control in adolescent patients. Additional interventions are likely needed for patients with chronically poor asthma control.
Hospitalizations Due to Firearm Injuries in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Leventhal John M. , Gaither Julie R. , Sege Robert
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Despite recent national attention on deaths from firearms, little information exists about children and adolescents who are hospitalized for firearm injuries. The objective was to determine the national frequency of firearm-related hospitalizations in the United States in children, compare rates by cause and demographics, and describe hospitalized cases.

METHODS:

We used the 2009 Kids’ Inpatient Database to identify hospitalizations from firearm-related injuries in young people <20 years of age; International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification, and external-cause-of injury codes were used to categorize the injuries and the causes as follows: assault, suicide attempt, unintentional, or undetermined. Incidences were calculated by using the weighted number of cases and the intercensal population. Risk ratios compared incidences.

RESULTS:

In 2009, 7391 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6523–8259) hospitalizations were due to firearm-related injuries. The hospitalization rate was 8.87 (95% CI: 7.83–9.92) per 100 000 persons <20 years of age. Hospitalizations due to assaults were most frequent (n = 4559) and suicide attempts were least frequent (n = 270). Of all hospitalizations, 89.2% occurred in males; the hospitalization rate for males was 15.22 per 100 000 (95% CI: 13.41–17.03) and for females was 1.93 (95% CI: 1.66–2.20). The rate for black males was 44.77 (95% CI: 36.69–52.85), a rate more than 10 times that for white males. Rates were highest for those aged 15 to 19 years (27.94; 95% CI: 24.42–31.46). Deaths in the hospital occurred in 453 (6.1%); of those hospitalized after suicide attempts, 35.1% died.

CONCLUSIONS:

On average, 20 US children and adolescents were hospitalized each day in 2009 due to firearm injuries. Public health efforts are needed to reduce this common source of childhood injury.
Management of Febrile Neonates in US Pediatric Emergency Departments
Authors: Jain Shabnam , Cheng John , Alpern Elizabeth R. , Thurm Cary , Schroeder Lisa , Black Kelly , Ellison Angela M. , Stone Kimberly , Alessandrini Evaline A.
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND:

Blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid cultures and admission for antibiotics are considered standard management of febrile neonates (0–28 days). We examined variation in adherence to these recommendations across US pediatric emergency departments (PEDs) and incidence of serious infections (SIs) in febrile neonates.

METHODS:

Cross-sectional study of neonates with a diagnosis of fever evaluated in 36 PEDs in the 2010 Pediatric Health Information System database. We analyzed performance of recommended management (laboratory testing, antibiotic use, admission to hospital), 48-hour return visits to PED, and diagnoses of SI.

RESULTS:

Of 2253 neonates meeting study criteria, 369 (16.4%) were evaluated and discharged from the PED; 1884 (83.6%) were admitted. Recommended management occurred in 1497 of 2253 (66.4%; 95% confidence interval, 64.5–68.4) febrile neonates. There was more than twofold variation across the 36 PEDs in adherence to recommended management, recommended testing, and recommended treatment of febrile neonates. There was significant variation in testing and treatment between admitted and discharged neonates (P < .001). A total of 269 in 2253 (11.9%) neonates had SI, of whom 223 (82.9%; 95% confidence interval, 77.9–86.9) received recommended management.

CONCLUSIONS:

There was wide variation across US PEDs in adherence to recommended management of febrile neonates. One in 6 febrile neonates was discharged from the PED; discharged patients were less likely to receive testing or antibiotic therapy than admitted patients. A majority of neonates with SI received recommended evaluation and management. High rates of SI in admitted patients but low return rates for missed infections in discharged patients suggest a need for additional studies to understand variation from the current recommendations.
Regulação dos serviços de radioterapia e quimioterapia pelas operadoras de planos de saúde no Brasil
Authors: Lima Sheyla Maria Lemos , Portela Margareth Crisóstomo , Ugá Maria Alicia Domíngues , Vasconcellos Maurício Teixeira Leite de
Published: January 2014

Este artigo caracteriza a regulação das operadoras de planos de saúde sobre os seus prestadores ambulatoriais de radioterapia e quimioterapia, em especial a contratualização, e fornece a percepção dos prestadores em relação à regulação. O estudo baseou-se em dados primários, considerando 638 unidades de saúde hospitalares e ambulatoriais com os referidos serviços. Uma amostra aleatória estratificada foi selecionada, resultando na inclusão de 54 unidades representativas da população, excluindo hospitais somente com radioterapia. Serviços privados de quimioterapia são grandemente financiados por planos de saúde (75,0% da receita em média), e os de radioterapia, pelo sistema público de saúde (49,0% da receita em média). A contratualização não é utilizada em sua potencialidade como instrumento de regulação e coordenação do cuidado pelas operadoras. Os mecanismos de regulação estão centrados no controle da utilização e em aspectos administrativos. Reconhece-se a necessidade de focar mais a qualidade assistencial, e a contratualização pode contribuir neste sentido.
Saúde bucal na rede de atenção e processo de regionalização
Authors: Mello Ana Lúcia Schaefer Ferreira de , Andrade Selma Regina de , Moysés Samuel Jorge , Erdmann Alacoque Lorenzini
Published: January 2014

O artigo tem por objetivo caracterizar a construção da rede regionalizada de saúde, focalizando a atenção à saúde bucal e identificando dificuldades e avanços na sua implementação. Teve por contexto o modelo de rede sugerido nacionalmente pelas políticas que orientam o Sistema Único de Saúde. Estudo exploratório-descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa e sustentação metodológica na Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados. Realizaram-se entrevistas com gestores, profissionais de saúde e professores graduados em Odontologia, constituindo três grupos intencionais. A categoria central denominou-se "Potencializando a interação no cuidado à saúde bucal na rede de atenção à saúde no processo de regionalização". No modelo teórico proposto, a potencialização das interações decorre de condições como: Caracterização do cuidado à saúde bucal na rede regionalizada de atenção à saúde; Identificação das dificuldades na implementação e Análise do funcionamento da rede de atenção à saúde bucal. A inserção da saúde bucal na rede está no início, por vezes descolada do conjunto de relações que constitui a rede de atenção que, também, está em consolidação. Os elementos recolhidos neste estudo indicam a implantação da rede regionalizada de atenção como condição para levar o cuidado à saúde bucal a um novo patamar de atenção e assistência.
Anemia entre pré-escolares - um problema de saúde pública em Belo Horizonte, Brasil
Authors: Oliveira Thaís de Souza Chaves de , Silva Maitê Costa da , Santos Juliana Nunes , Rocha Daniela da Silva , Alves Cláudia Regina Lindgren , Capanema Flávio Diniz , Lamounier Joel Alves
Published: January 2014

O artigo tem por objetivo determinar a prevalência de anemia em crianças matriculadas em creches da regional Centro-Sul de Belo Horizonte (MG), identificando fatores biológicos e socioeconômicos associados. Estudo transversal descritivo realizado em 18 creches. Foram avaliadas 373 crianças com base em amostragem estratificada por instituição participante. A hemoglobina (Hb) sérica foi determinada por punção capilar e leitura em β-hemoglobinômetro, adotando-se pontos de corte para anemia de Hb < 11,0g/dL para crianças de seis a 60 meses e Hb < 11,5g/dL para aquelas com idade superior, preconizados pela OMS. O estado nutricional foi definido por aferição do peso e altura e confecção dos índices Peso/Idade (P/I), Estatura/Idade (E/I) e IMC/Idade (IMC/I). Entre os participantes 54% eram meninas. A média de idade foi de 38,1 ± 6,2 meses. A prevalência global de anemia foi de 38,3%, sendo superior nas crianças com idade inferior ou igual a 24 meses (56,1%). Encontrou-se associação significativa entre anemia e os fatores menor idade da criança, menor idade materna e baixa renda familiar. O estudo mostrou que anemia em crianças de creches de Belo Horizonte constitui relevante problema de saúde pública, sinalizando a necessidade de se implantar ações específicas para mitigação dos riscos por ele apontados.
Excesso de peso e consumo alimentar em adolescentes de escolas públicas no norte de Minas Gerais, Brasil
Authors: Pinho Lucinéia de , Flávio Eliete Fernandes , Santos Sérgio Henrique Sousa , Botelho Ana Cristina de Carvalho , Caldeira Antônio Prates
Published: January 2014

Este estudo objetivou identificar a prevalência excesso de peso e o consumo alimentar entre adolescentes de rede pública de ensino ao norte de Minas Gerais. Desenvolveu-se estudo transversal com amostra aleatória e representativa de adolescentes. Foram coletadas informações demográficas e econômicas. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado pela aplicação de questionário semiquantitativo. Aferiu-se peso e altura para avaliação do estado nutricional com base no Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) por Idade. A comparação entre os gêneros foi conduzida por meio do teste t de Student (médias) ou qui-quadrado (proporções), assumindo-se um nível de significância de p < 0,05. Foram avaliados 535 adolescentes e registrada uma prevalência de excesso de peso para 18,5%. Houve diferença significativa entre os gêneros para o IMC (p = 0,001), maior entre as meninas. O consumo médio de energia foi de 3.096,30kcal/dia. Observou-se consumo insuficiente de fibras em 35% dos adolescentes, de cálcio e vitamina A em 80% e gorduras insaturadas em 100%. Carboidratos e colesterol eram consumidos em excesso por 20,6% e 48%, respectivamente. A prevalência do excesso de peso e o consumo alimentar inadequado mostrou-se preocupante para a população estudada e demandam adequada intervenção nutricional.
Comparação entre duas escalas de segurança alimentar
Authors: Santos Leonardo Pozza dos , Costa Mariana Gamino da , Santos Janaína Vieira dos , Lindemann Ivana Loraine , Gigante Denise Petrucci
Published: January 2014

Este artigo tem por objetivo comparar a versão curta da escala de segurança alimentar, recomendada pela FAO, e a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar (EBIA). Foi utilizado um questionário com as duas escalas, além de informações demográficas e socioeconômicas. Os índices de sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivo e negativo e acurácia foram obtidos pela comparação dos valores entre as escalas. Com o intuito de avaliar a concordância entre os dois instrumentos, aplicou-se o teste Kappa. Das 230 famílias estudadas, mais da metade convivia com algum nível de insegurança alimentar, segundo a EBIA, e apenas 1/4 da amostra vivia nessa situação, de acordo com a versão curta. A comparação entre as escalas mostra concordância moderada tanto para analisar insegurança alimentar como um todo, quanto para analisar uma possível situa ção de fome, mesmo alterando o ponto de corte de ambas. Na análise dos parâmetros de validade, constatou-se que a versão curta apresenta baixa sensibilidade e alta especificidade em relação à EBIA. A versão curta apresenta baixa concordância quando comparada à EBIA. Logo, faz-se necessário a validação de um instrumento menor em relação à EBIA, de rápida e fácil aplicação.
Avaliação de interações medicamentosas potenciais em prescrições da atenção primária de Vitória da Conquista (BA), Brasil
Authors: Leão Danyllo Fábio Lessa , Moura Cristiano Soares de , Medeiros Danielle Souto de
Published: January 2014

As interações medicamentosas são fatores de risco para a ocorrência de reações adversas a medicamentos. Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar as interações medicamentosas potenciais em prescrições da atenção primária de Vitória da Conquista (BA), visando preencher a lacuna de conhecimento sobre essa temática no Brasil. Foram coletadas informações sobre diversas variáveis de prescrições oriundas da atenção primária e as interações medicamentosas avaliadas a partir dos bancos de dados do Medscape e Micromedex(r). Verificou-se ainda a frequência de polifarmácia e associação desta com a ocorrência de interações medicamentosas. Os resultados mostraram frequência de 48,9% de interações medicamentosas, 74,9% delas de gravidade moderada ou maior, e 8,6% de prescrições em polifarmácia que, em teste qui-quadrado, mostrou associação positiva com ocorrência de interações medicamentosas potenciais (p < 0,001). As prescrições oriundas da atenção primária de Vitória da Conquista (BA) apresentaram uma alta frequência de interações medicamentosas, porém faz-se necessária a análise de outros fatores de risco para ocorrência destas nesse nível de atenção à saúde.
Fatores de risco relacionados com suicídios em Palmas (TO), Brasil, 2006-2009, investigados por meio de autópsia psicossocial
Authors: Sena-Ferreira Neci , Pessoa Valdir Filgueiras , Boechat-Barros Raphael , Figueiredo Ana Elisa Bastos , Minayo Maria Cecília de Souza
Published: January 2014

Este artigo objetiva analisar e descrever os fatores de risco e seus determinantes, associados a 24 casos de suicídios ocorridos na cidade de Palmas (TO), no período de 2006 a 2009. Utilizou-se o método de autópsia psicológica e psicossocial, a qual, por meio de entrevistas com familiares, busca investigar os suicídios consumados, contextualizando características da vida do sujeito, e compreender os processos familiares e as circunstâncias afetivas, sociais, econômicas e culturais, fundamentando-se na reconstrução da história e da personalidade da pessoa. Os fatores socioeconômicos associados foram: ser do sexo masculino, solteiro, de cor parda, estar na faixa etária de 20 a 40 anos e com ensino fundamental. Os principais fatores de risco identificados foram: transtornos mentais, abuso de álcool e outras drogas, relacionamento familiar conturbado e histórico de tentativas anteriores. Buscamos contextualizar e refletir sobre alguns casos relatados pelos familiares e sobre a resposta das equipes de saúde às demandas das famílias. A necessidade de implantar programas de prevenção e de capacitar os profissionais da atenção básica foi verificada.
Responses of a tundra system to warming using SCAMPS: a stoichiometrically coupled, acclimating microbe–plant–soil model
Authors: Sistla Seeta A. , Rastetter Edward B. , Schimel Joshua P.
Published: January 2014

Soils, plants, and microbial communities respond to global change perturbations through coupled, nonlinear interactions. Dynamic ecological responses complicate projecting how global change disturbances will influence ecosystem processes, such as carbon (C) storage. We developed an ecosystem‐scale model (Stoichiometrically Coupled, Acclimating Microbe–Plant–Soil model, SCAMPS) that simulates the dynamic feedbacks between aboveground and belowground communities that affect their shared soil environment. The belowground component of the model includes three classes of soil organic matter (SOM), three microbially synthesized extracellular enzyme classes specific to these SOM pools, and a microbial biomass pool with a variable C‐to‐N ratio (C:N). The plant biomass, which contributes to the SOM pools, flexibly allocates growth toward wood, root, and leaf biomass, based on nitrogen (N) uptake and shoot‐to‐root ratio. Unlike traditional ecosystem models, the microbial community can acclimate to changing soil resources by shifting its C:N between a lower C:N, faster turnover (bacteria‐like) community, and a higher C:N, slower turnover (fungal‐like) community. This stoichiometric flexibility allows for the microbial C and N use efficiency to vary, feeding back into system decomposition and productivity dynamics. These feedbacks regulate changes in extracellular enzyme synthesis, soil pool turnover rates, plant growth, and ecosystem C storage. We used SCAMPS to test the interactive effects of winter, summer, and year‐round soil warming, in combination with microbial acclimation ability, on decomposition dynamics and plant growth in a tundra system.

Over 50‐year simulations, both the seasonality of warming and the ability of the microbial community to acclimate had strong effects on ecosystem C dynamics. Across all scenarios, warming increased plant biomass (and therefore litter inputs to the SOM), while the ability of the microbial community to acclimate increased soil C loss. Winter warming drove the largest ecosystem C losses when the microbial community could acclimate, and the largest ecosystem C gains when it could not acclimate. Similar to empirical studies of tundra warming, modeled summer warming had relatively negligible effects on soil C loss, regardless of acclimation ability. In contrast, winter and year‐round warming drove marked soil C loss when decomposers could acclimate, despite also increasing plant biomass. These results suggest that incorporating dynamically interacting microbial and plant communities into ecosystem models might increase the ability to link ongoing global change field observations with macro‐scale projections of ecosystem biogeochemical cycling in systems under change.
Radiocarbon Evidence for the Early Bronze Age Levant: The Site of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida (Lebanon) and the End of the Early Bronze III Period
Authors: Höflmayer Felix , Dee Michael W , Genz Hermann , Riehl Simone
Published: January 2014

Absolute dates for the end of the Early Bronze Age ancient Near East are of crucial importance for assessing the nature and extent of mid- to late 3rd millennium BC transitions in the Near East and their alleged link to the 4.2ka BP climatic event. This article presents a radiocarbon sequence for the Early Bronze Age site of Tell Fadous-Kfarabida (Lebanon) and argues that the end of the Early Bronze III period has to be dated considerably higher than previously estimated. There is no reason to assume that the 4.2ka BP event might have contributed to or even triggered the collapse of the first urban cities in the southern and central Levant.
Potential Freshwater Reservoir Effects in a Neolithic Shell Midden at Riņņkalns, Latvia
Authors: Meadows John , Lübke Harald , Zagorska Ilga , Berziņš Valdis , Ceriņa Aija , Ozola Ilze
Published: January 2014

Riņņukalns is the only known prehistoric shell midden in the eastern Baltic, and is one of the few middens in northern Europe consisting mainly of freshwater mussel shells. Situated on the Salaca River at the outlet of Lake Burtnieks, in northeastern Latvia, the site was originally excavated in the 1870s, and reinvestigated several times over the following decades. A new excavation in 2011 showed that part of the midden remained intact. The new exposure, dated to the later 4th millennium cal BC, yielded rich fishbone and mollusk shell assemblages, herbivore, human and bird bones, and a wide range of artifacts typical of a subsistence economy based on fishing, hunting, and gathering. Human remains from burials excavated in the 1870s were also located in archives. The co-occurrence at Riņņukalns of human remains with a broad range of terrestrial and aquatic food remains provides an ideal setting to study freshwater reservoir effects and other isotopic signals of diet and mobility. The extent of 14C depletion in local freshwater resources is an essential parameter for such studies; on the basis of 14C ages of modern and paleoenvironmental samples, we estimate that the applicable reservoir age in Lake Burtnieks is in the order of 800–900 14C yr.
Another Way of Early Pottery Distribution in Eastern Europe? Case Study of the Pezmog 4 Site, European Far Northeast
Authors: Karmanov Victor N , Zaretskaya Natalia E , Volokitin Alexander V
Published: January 2014

A case study of the Neolithic comb ceramic site Pezmog 4 of the Kama culture presents a situation when results of radiocarbon dating change long-existing concepts concerning the development of archaeological events. Until the early 2000s, the chronology of the Kama culture, distributed mainly in the Kama and Vychegda River basins, has been based on comparative-typological analysis. Estimates of the age of this culture changed from the 3rd millennium BC in the 1950s to the 1st half of the 4th millennium BC by the 1990s. Research concerning the Pezmog 4 site in the central Vychegda River basin in 1999–2002 has abruptly changed this chronological understanding. The data obtained put the age of the early stage of Kama culture within the time range 5750–5620 cal BC and allowed us to propose the existence of another way of early pottery distribution in the forest zone of eastern Europe at the beginning of the 6th millennium BC. This innovation probably penetrated from the trans-Ural region.
Chronological Model of a Brazilian Holocene Shellmound (Sambaqui da Tarioba, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil)
Authors: Macario K D , Souza R C C L , Trindade D C , Decco J , Lima T A , Aguilera O A , Marques A N , Alves E Q , Oliveira F M , Chanca I S , Carvalho C , Anjos R M , Pamplona F C , Silva E P
Published: January 2014

Since the beginning of the Holocene, hunter-gatherers have occupied the central-south Brazilian coast, as it was a very productive estuarine environment. Living as fishers and mollusk gatherers, they built prehistoric shellmounds, known assambaqui, up to 30 m high, which can still be found today from the Espírito Santo (21°S) to Rio Grande do Sul (32°S) states, constituting an important testimony of paleodiversity and Brazilian prehistory. The chronology of the Sambaqui da Tarioba, situated in Rio das Ostras, Rio de Janeiro, is discussed herein. Selected well-preserved shells ofIphigenia brasilianaand charcoal from fireplaces in sequential layers were used for radiocarbon dating analysis. Based on a statistical model developed using OxCal software, the results indicate that the settlement occupation begun most probably around 3800 cal BP and lasted for up to 5 centuries.
Dating Late Paleolithic Harpoons from Lake Lubāns, Latvia
Authors: Meadows John , Eriksen Berit V , Zagorska Ilga , Dreves Alexander , Simpson Joanna
Published: January 2014

Over 3000 prehistoric bone and antler artifacts, collected in the late 1930s from the former lakebed of Lake Lubāns, are held by the National History Museum of Latvia. This collection is remarkable not only as one of the largest known assemblages of bone implements in northern Europe, but also in terms of diversity of forms. The most elaborately worked objects include harpoons, often with two rows of barbs and spade-shaped bases, which are believed to date to the Late Paleolithic, and to be among the oldest organic artifacts ever found in Latvia. Four broken specimens were sampled in 2011 for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating, stable isotope analysis, and taxonomic attribution by ZooMS. The results support the interpretation that these artifacts were made from large cervid bones, and date all four objects to the early Preboreal (mid-10th millennium cal BC). The Lake Lubāns harpoons therefore fall in the same period as similar harpoons from Denmark, northern Germany, and Poland, although only a handful of these have been dated directly.
The Northwest Belgian Bronze Age Barrow in Context: A Review of the14C Chronology from the Late Neolithic to Bronze Age
Authors: De Reu Jeroen
Published: January 2014

To formulate a solid chronology of the northwest Belgian Bronze Age barrow phenomenon, a critical review of the available radiocarbon dates was necessary. The resulting14C chronology of the barrows was compared with the14C chronologies of the Late Neolithic Bell Beaker graves, the Bronze Age metalwork depositions, the evidence of barrow reuse, and the Bronze Age longhouses. This research revealed interesting patterns concerning the appearance and disappearance of the barrow phenomenon. The earliest14C-dated barrows are dated during the Late Neolithic and coincide with the presence of the Bell Beaker culture in the region. The peak of the barrow-building practice occurred between 1700 and 1500/1400 cal BC, a period of flourishing trade networks in the regions along the North Sea basin. The period around 1500 cal BC is characterized by the disappearance of barrow-building practices and the sudden appearance of ritual depositional practices, reflecting changes in society.
Chronology of the S'Hospitalet Vell Naveta Village: An Example of Bronze Age Settlement in the Balearic Islands
Authors: Ramis Damià , Salas Magdalena
Published: January 2014

The Balearic Islands provide a good example of late human settlement in the context of the prehistoric Mediterranean. After what could be considered a period of colonization, the earliest autochthonous cultural manifestations occur in the Bronze Age. This study aims to outline a chronology for Balearic Bronze Age villages, based on the case study of S'Hospitalet Vell (Manacor). A wide radiocarbon record has been obtained from three different habitation structures at the site. By combining the available dates with the stratigraphical information, a chronological approach to the occupation dynamics of this site can be established.