bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic depletion studies inform receptor usage by virulent hantaviruses in human endothelial cells
Authors: Dieterle Maria Eugenia , Solà-Riera Carles , Ye Chunyan , Goodfellow Samuel M , Mittler Eva , Kasikci Ezgi , Bradfute Steven B , Klingström Jonas , Jangra Rohit K , Chandran Kartik
Published: July 2021

Hantaviruses are RNA viruses with known epidemic threat and potential for emergence. Several rodent-borne hantaviruses cause zoonoses accompanied by severe illness and death. However, assessments of zoonotic risk and the development of countermeasures are challenged by our limited knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of hantavirus infection, including the identities of cell entry receptors and their roles in influencing viral host range and virulence. Despite the long-standing presumption that β3/β1-containing integrins are the major hantavirus entry receptors, rigorous genetic loss-of-function evidence supporting their requirement, and that of decay-accelerating factor (DAF), is lacking. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9 engineering to knockout candidate hantavirus receptors, singly and in combination, in a human endothelial cell line that recapitulates the properties of primary microvascular endothelial cells, the major targets of viral infection in humans. The loss of β3 integrin, β1 integrin, and/or DAF had little or no effect on entry by a large panel of hantaviruses. By contrast, loss of protocadherin-1, a recently identified entry receptor for some hantaviruses, substantially reduced hantavirus entry and infection. We conclude that major host molecules necessary for endothelial cell entry by PCDH1-independent hantaviruses remain to be discovered.
Getting new algorithmic results by extending distance-hereditary graphs via split composition
Authors: Cicerone Serafino , Di Stefano Gabriele
Published: July 2021

In this paper, we consider the graph class denoted as Gen(∗;P3,C3,C5). It contains all graphs that can be generated by the split composition operation using path P3, cycle C3, and any cycle C5 as components. This graph class extends the well-known class of distance-hereditary graphs, which corresponds, according to the adopted generative notation, to Gen(∗;P3,C3). We also use the concept of stretch number for providing a relationship between Gen(∗;P3,C3) and the hierarchy formed by the graph classes DH(k), with k ≥1, where DH(1) also coincides with the class of distance-hereditary graphs. For the addressed graph class, we prove there exist efficient algorithms for several basic combinatorial problems, like recognition, stretch number, stability number, clique number, domination number, chromatic number, and graph isomorphism. We also prove that graphs in the new class have bounded clique-width.
A Study of the Relationship between Volunteer Fire Brigade Management and the Efficiency of the Fire Administrations of Metropolitan Governments
Authors: Lee Wonjoo , Moon Kwang-Min
Published: July 2021

This study sought to analyze the relationship between the operation of volunteer fire brigades and the efficiency of fire-fighting administrations. To this end, the efficiency of the fire-fighting administrations of 16 metropolitan and provincial governments in South Korea were measured using data envelopment analysis (DEA) from 2011 to 2018. In addition, the relationship between the operation efficiency of the volunteer fire brigade and the fire administration was analyzed using a Tobit regression model. DEA found that the technical efficiency based on constant returns to scale was 82.78 ± 18.12%, the technical efficiency based on variable returns to scale was 89.31 ± 12.46%, and the efficiency of the scale was 91.72 ± 10.56%. Tobit regression analysis found the ratio of volunteer fire brigade personnel, the budget ratio of the volunteer fire brigade, and the enforcement of the Act on the Establishment and Operation of Volunteer Fire Brigades to have significant positive effects on the pure technical efficiency of local governments. In addition, when the ratio of volunteer fire brigade personnel or ratio of budget had a positive effect on the efficiency of fire administration, the enforcement of the volunteer fire brigade statute exerted a positive adjustment effect. This study thus shows that volunteer fire brigades have a positive impact on the efficiency of the fire-fighting administrations of metropolitan and provincial governments.
Examination on the Effectiveness of an Image Processing Technology for the Visibility Enhancement of Firefighters in Fire
Authors: Shin Young Min , Kim Dong Hwan , Kim Hwang Jin , Kang Dong Goo , Bae Young Min
Published: July 2021

In the case of fire, it is important to enhance the visibility of firefighters for emergency activities (for example, fire extinguishment, rescue, and first-aid). In the present study, an image processing technology for visibility enhancement developed by the Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute was used to improve the visibility of firefighters. Image processing technology for visibility enhancement is a technology that combines Multi-Scale Retinex and smoke concentration equalization processing. To examine the effectiveness of the image processing technology in thick smoke conditions, the visibility was classified depending on the smoke generation in an enclosed compartment. In addition, comparative before and after evaluation of image processing technology was performed quantitatively. The visibility was divided into seven levels depending on the recognizable distance of each number plate. Thus, the visibility was improved from a maximum of four levels. Additionally, an in-depth interview was conducted with field crews who are the consumers of this technology; a view of more than 3.5 m was required to use this technology in fire fields.
Experimental Study on Fire Characteristics of Lithium-ion Battery using Cone Calorimeter
Authors: Park Soo-Gyeong , Kim Sin-Woo , Lee Eui-Ju
Published: July 2021

The lithium-ion battery is the most popular type of secondary battery because of its high energy density. It has been widely used in mobile power and energy storage systems. However, several accidents can occur in systems using lithium-ion batteries, and most of the reported losses have resulted from battery fires and explosions. In this study, a cone calorimeter experiment was performed to investigate the fire characteristics of lithium-ion batteries and assess their heat release rate (HRR), which is the most representative property for fire events. Fires involving cylindrical standard batteries consist of two combustion stages. The first burning stage is due to the package material and intercalated lithium of the battery, and the second stage is attributed to the thermal runaway reactions of the electrolyte. The second combustion stage has a greater peak HRR than the first stage and is accompanied by a violent explosion. In a comparison of the HRRs with the oxygen consumption rate, the HRRs measured on the basis of the mass loss rate show higher maximum values and extremely narrow heat release times.
Development of Training Scenario Content for On-Site Commanders through Analysis of Response Failure Factors
Authors: Chun Woo-Young , Lee Ji-Hee , Kim Hyung-Jun
Published: July 2021

The aim of this study was to develop training content to strengthen the response capabilities of on-site commanders in actual fire sites. By analyzing past fire cases with insufficient fire responses during firefighting activities, it was determined that analyzing the causes through fire investigations and their corresponding responses is an important step. In addition, although identical fire occurrence situations cannot be reproduced, the causes and responses could be categorized similarly. In this study, the various problems occurring frequently during firefighting activities and factors affecting the response failures were analyzed according to the main causes of fires by building type. Thus, various training scenarios were developed and applied based on the above considerations.
Fire Compartment Upper-Layer Temperature Prediction Considering Excess Fuel Gas
Authors: Kang Seung-Goo , Lee Gil-yong , Jeong Jeong-ho , Shin Yi-Chul
Published: July 2021

In this study, combustion experiments were conducted by changing the fire source conditions and opening conditions for excess fuel gas using a large-scale fire compartment. It was found that the occurrence of external flames depends on the opening factor AH , surface area of the wall AT, and heat release rate (HRR) QC inside the fire compartment. Moreover, the larger the value of AH in the experiment, the greater is the temperature rise in the compartment. McCaffrey's proposed temperature prediction model for the upper layer of the fire compartment was also modified and validated.
INFLUENCE OF THE MAIN FACTORS ON THE CONDITIONS OF FORMATION OF THE ACHIMOV FORMATION
Authors: Khitrenko A.V. , Minkhatova A.M. , Orlov V.A. , Kotunov D.A , Khalilov S.A.
Published: July 2021

Western Siberia is a unique geological area for testing different approaches of sequential stratigraphy and their impact on deep-sea sediment architecture. There are many different various techniques allow us to reduce geological uncertainty and predict distribution and architecture of deep-water sediments. The architecture of deepwater sediments is influenced by the basin topography and volume of sediment supply. In this paper the main factors and their influence on the deep-water sediments accumulation will be considered. This approach was used for prediction distribution and quality of deep-water sediments in poorly studied areas. Progradation and retrogradation trends, topography of basin floor and shelf`s edge trajectorywere analyzed to determine an effect. Based on empirical estimation, it has been determined that the most important factor is the trajectory of change of shelf`s edge and topography. There was no apparent correlation between the quality of deep-water sediments and the amount of volume sediment supply. All of this data and correlation was used for estimation potential of the achimov formation in poorly studied areas.
MODELING OF A HYDRAULIC FRACTURE INITIATION AND PROPAGATION ON AN INJECTION WELL FOR NON-FRACTURED TERRIGENOUS ROCKS ON THE PRIOBSKOYE FIELD
Authors: Shel E.V. , Kabanova P.K. , Tkachenko D.R. , Bazyrov I.S. , Logvinyuk A.V.
Published: July 2021

The paper considers a semi-analytical model for the water-injection well critical pressure estimation at which the fracture will initiate. The model is based on the Biot`s theory of poroelasticity and the algorithm based on the Fourier transforms and the finite difference method was used to solve the problem. The solution involves a sequential calculation of changes in the reservoir pressure distribution and changes in rock stresses using plane-stress approach for a periodic development element. For the cases when the assumption of the homogeneity of the elastic, strength and formation reservoir properties is unacceptable three-dimensional geomechanical modeling algorithm is used, taking into account the actual geological parameters of the formations and the results of hydrodynamic modeling using historical data. In addition, a semi-analytical model for the water-induced fracture breakthrough interval (in height) estimation is proposed. The model includes the following parameters: formation pressure, injection speed, fluid viscosity and injection time. The model is based on the net pressure calculation for a rectangular hydraulic fracture in the leakage dominant regime (Perkins–Kern–Nordgren model). The model uses a 1D geomechanical model and reservoir properties as an input data. The breakthrough interval is calculated iteratively with the assumption of the fracture height at each step. The additional net pressure is calculated using the distribution of permeability and formation elastic properties. If this pressure exceeds the compressive rock stresses in the neighboring layers, then the water-induced fracture will grow vertically into the neighboring layers. The iteration continues until the vertical growth stops. The resulting techniques can be used for waterflooding process control and development system optimization.
VERTUAL METERING AS A TOOL FOR ESP-EQUIPPED WELLS MONITORING
Authors: Andrianova A.M. , Loginov А.А. , Khabibullin R.А. , Kobzar O.S.
Published: July 2021

This paper describes an approach to creating a virtual flow metering system (VFM). Proposed method is based on electric submersible pump system’s monitoring. Whole VFM market was analyzed with taking method’s relevance, possible and real industry applications into consideration. Created algorithm uses data that is regularly collected from oilfields and stored in corporate’s databases. Mainly used parameters are well’s construction, telemetry data from ESP system, pressure and temperature from different parts of the well, and available oil production data, divided by phases, that is obtained rarely and used for calibration. Suggested solution considers electric part of an ESP system and so it reveals possibility to estimate ESP degradation dynamics for liquid-gas mixture production restoring by using correction coefficients. Presented algorithm was tested on the Company’s oilfield. One well is shown as an example of method’s work, including all steps from data preprocessing to liquid production dynamics recovering. Also results of algorithm usage on several dozen wells on various oilfields are presented. As one of the main results approving the possibility to increase liquid production measurements frequency should be mentioned. Such possibility is based on using indirect operating parameters and recovering dynamics of model’s inner coefficients (e.g., ESP degradation), that make possible to estimate effectiveness of pump exploitation and possible optimization necessity. As another important result implementing of the algorithm into Company’s IT systems should be mentioned. Such implementation reveals possibility for monitoring a big amount of wells in fast and effective way.
A 3D‐Printed, Sensitive, Stable, and Flexible Piezoresistive Sensor for Health Monitoring
Authors: Ma Lijun , Xia Tiancheng , Yu Rui , Lei Xiao , Yuan Jun , Li Xiaotian , Cheng Gary J. , Liu Feng
Published: July 2021

The flexible piezoresistive sensors have great potentials in wearable electronics. Sensitivity and stability are the key parameters for the piezoresistive sensors. However, the 3D flexible piezoresistive sensors are difficult to meet high sensitivity and good stability simultaneously. Herein, combining 3D printing with a carbon nanotubes (CNTs) surface‐filled (SF) structure that CNTs are filled in the surface of styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (SEBS) substrate, a highly sensitive, stable, and flexible piezoresistive sensor is developed. Experimental results show that the CNTs SF sensor not only has high sensitivity similar to the CNTs surface‐coated sensor, but also has good stability similar to the CNTs integral‐filled sensor. Due to the 3D network structure and SF CNTs conductive layer, the sensor shows high stretchability of 20.9 times, good sensitivity of 161.53 kPa−1 at an applied pressure <250 Pa under compressed status, high gauge factor of 7.24 under stretched status, excellent stability (>2000 cycles), the short mechanical response time (149 ms) and recovery time (75 ms). Meantime, the sensor shows an obvious response to temperature. Furthermore, the sensor is used to detect tiny and big human activities such as speaking, throat swallowing, and breathing, exhibiting its great potential for application in wearable electronics.
Self‐Healable Fluorinated Copolymers Governed by Dipolar Interactions
Authors: Wang Siyang , Urban Marek W.
Published: July 2021

Although dipolar forces between copolymer chains are relatively weak, they result in ubiquitous inter‐ and/or intramolecular interactions which are particularly critical in achieving the mechanical integrity of polymeric materials. In this study, a route is developed to obtain self‐healable properties in thermoplastic copolymers that rely on noncovalent dipolar interactions present in essentially all macromolecules and particularly fluorine‐containing copolymers. The combination of dipolar interactions between C─F and C═O bonds as well as CH2/CH3 entities facilitates self‐healing without external intervention. The presence of dipole‐dipole, dipole‐induced dipole, and induced‐dipole induced dipole interactions leads to a viscoelastic response that controls macroscopic autonomous multicycle self‐healing of fluorinated copolymers under ambient conditions. Energetically favorable dipolar forces attributed to monomer sequence and monomer molar ratios induces desirable copolymer tacticities, enabling entropic energy recovery stored during mechanical damage. The use of dipolar forces instead of chemical or physical modifications not only eliminates additional alternations enabling multiple damage‐repair cycles but also provides further opportunity for designing self‐healable commodity thermoplastics. These materials may offer numerous applications, ranging from the use in electronics, ion batteries, H2 fuel dispense hoses to self‐healable pet toys, packaging, paints and coatings, and many others.
Refining murine heterotopic heart transplantation: A model to study ischemia and reperfusion injury in donation after circulatory death hearts
Authors: Quader Mohammed , Cholyway Renee , Wickramaratne Niluka , Akande Oluwatoyin , Mangino Martin , Mezzaroma Eleonora , Mauro Adolfo G. , Chen Qun , Kantlis Alexander , Toldo Stefano
Published: July 2021

Heart transplantation is a lifesaving procedure, which is limited by the availability of donor hearts. Using hearts from donors after circulatory death, which have sustained global ischemia, requires thorough studies on reliable and reproducible models that developing researchers may not have mastered. By combining the most recent literature and our recommendations based on observations and trials and errors, the methods here detail a sound in vivo heterotopic heart transplantation model for rats in which protective interventions on the ischemic heart can be studied, and thus allowing the scientific community to advance organ preservation research. Knowledge gathered from reproducible animal models allow for successful translation to clinical studies.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Correlates of Multiple Sclerosis Immunopathological Patterns
Authors: Metz Imke , Gavrilova Ralitza H. , Weigand Stephen D. , Frischer Josa M. , Popescu Bogdan F. , Guo Yong , Gloth Mareike , Tobin William Oliver , Zalewski Nicholas L. , Lassmann Hans , Tillema Jan M. , Erickson Bradley J. , Parisi Joseph E. , Becker Stephanie , König Fatima B. , Brück Wolfgang , Lucchinetti Claudia F.
Published: July 2021

Objective

Histology reveals that early active multiple sclerosis lesions can be classified into 3 main interindividually heterogeneous but intraindividually stable immunopathological patterns of active demyelination (patterns I–III). In patterns I and II, a T‐cell‐ and macrophage‐associated demyelination is suggested, with pattern II only showing signs of a humoral immune response. Pattern III is characterized by inflammatory lesions with an oligodendrocyte degeneration. Patterns suggest pathogenic heterogeneity, and we postulated that they have distinct magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) correlates that may serve as biomarkers.

Methods

We evaluated in an international collaborative retrospective cohort study the MRI lesion characteristics of 789 conventional prebiopsy and follow‐up MRIs in relation to their histopathologically classified immunopathological patterns (n = 161 subjects) and lesion edge features (n = 112).

Results

A strong association of a ringlike enhancement and a hypointense T2‐weighted (T2w) rim with patterns I and II, but not pattern III, was observed. Only a fraction of pattern III patients showed a ringlike enhancement, and this was always atypical. Ringlike enhancement and T2w rims colocalized, and ringlike enhancement showed a strong association with macrophage rims as shown by histology. A strong concordance of MRI lesion characteristics, meaning that different lesions showed the same features, was found when comparing biopsied and nonbiopsied lesions at a given time point, indicating lesion homogeneity within individual patients.

Interpretation

We provide robust evidence that MRI characteristics reflect specific morphological features of multiple sclerosis immunopatterns and that ringlike enhancement and T2w hypointense rims might serve as a valuable noninvasive biomarker to differentiate pathological patterns of demyelination. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:440–454
Random Effects in Magnetobiology and a Way to Summarize Them
Authors: Binhi Vladimir N.
Published: July 2021

In magnetobiology, it is difficult to reproduce the nonspecific (not associated with specialized receptors) biological effects of weak magnetic fields. This means that some important characteristic of the data may be missed in standard statistical processing, where the set of measurements to be averaged belongs to the same population so that the contribution of fluctuations decreases according to the Central Limit Theorem. It has been shown that a series of measurements of a nonspecific magnetic effect contains not only the usual scatter of data around the mean but also a significant random component in the mean itself. This random component indicates that measurements belong to different statistical populations, which requires special processing. This component, otherwise called heterogeneity, is an additional characteristic that is typically overlooked, and which reduces reproducibility. The current method for studying and summarizing highly heterogeneous data is the random‐effect meta‐analysis of absolute values, i.e., of magnitudes, rather than the values themselves. However, this estimator—the average of absolute values—has a significant positive bias when it comes to the small effects that are characteristic of magnetobiology. To solve this problem, an improved estimator based on the folded normal distribution that gives several times less bias is proposed. We used this improved estimator to analyze the nonspecific effect of the hypomagnetic field in the Stroop test in 40 subjects and found a statistically significant meta‐effect with a standardized average of magnitudes of about 0.1. It has been shown that the proposed approach can also be applied to a single study. © 2021 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
Three‐level hybrid modeling for systematic optimization of biocatalytic synthesis: α‐glucosyl glycerol production by enzymatic trans‐glycosylation from sucrose
Authors: Sigg Alexander , Klimacek Mario , Nidetzky Bernd
Published: July 2021

Mechanism‐based kinetic models are rigorous tools to analyze enzymatic reactions, but their extension to actual conditions of the biocatalytic synthesis can be difficult. Here, we demonstrate (mechanistic‐empirical) hybrid modeling for systematic optimization of the sucrose phosphorylase‐catalyzed glycosylation of glycerol from sucrose, to synthesize the cosmetic ingredient α‐glucosyl glycerol (GG). The empirical model part was developed to capture nonspecific effects of high sucrose concentrations (up to 1.5 M) on microscopic steps of the enzymatic trans‐glycosylation mechanism. Based on verified predictions of the enzyme performance under initial rate conditions (Level 1), the hybrid model was expanded by microscopic terms of the reverse reaction to account for the full‐time course of GG synthesis (Level 2). Lastly (Level 3), the application of the hybrid model for comprehensive window‐of‐operation analysis and constrained optimization of the GG production (~250 g/L) was demonstrated. Using two candidate sucrose phosphorylases (from Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Bifidobacterium adolescentis), we reveal the hybrid model as a powerful tool of “process decision making” to guide rational selection of the best‐suited enzyme catalyst. Our study exemplifies a closing of the gap between enzyme kinetic models considered for mechanistic research and applicable in technologically relevant reaction conditions; and it highlights the important benefit thus realizable for biocatalytic process development.
Direct Fluorination Strategy for the Synthesis of Fluorine‐18 Labeled Oligopeptide—[18F]ApoPep‐7
Authors: Oh Keumrok , Chi Dae Yoon
Published: July 2021

Knowing the extent to which apoptosis occurs will allow us to better understand physiological changes in cells. ApoPep‐1, an oligopeptide with the structure of CQRPPR, is known to be a substance capable of measuring apoptosis well. A method for synthesizing ApoPep‐1 derivative containing fluorine‐18 was studied. The development of a method for labeling fluorine‐18 fluorine on oligopeptide without denaturation of oligopeptide was applied to ApoPep‐1. A derivative of ApoPep‐1, a stable precursor 5 having trimethylammonium nicotinamide functional group was synthesized. The precursor 5 can be labeled at 40–60 °C without denaturing the oligopeptide to provide a new derivative, ApoPep‐7 (1). Upon radiofluorination of the precursor 5 at 60 °C with large initial activity (11.2 GBq), [18F]ApoPep‐7 ([18F]1) was obtained in a yield of 31% (nondecay corrected, isolated, total preparation time 65 min).
General considerations for online teaching practices in bioinformatics in the time of COVID‐19
Authors: Arenas Miguel
Published: July 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic is promoting online education. In this concern, not only online teaching of wet laboratory practices is being challenging, but also online teaching of practices in bioinformatics. Here, I discuss the problematic of online teaching practices in bioinformatics and provide fundamental guidelines, especially oriented for beginner educators, that can help in the time of the pandemic.
The perception of counselling services through the lens of college faculty in China
Authors: Li Chi‐Sing , Henriksen Richard C. , Lin Yu‐Fen , Brown Timothy
Published: July 2021

Counselling has become a growing profession in many countries around the world and is now viewed as an international profession. Gaining insights into the perceptions of college professors on counselling has been an ongoing challenge. With the high number of international students, particularly those from China, the purpose of this study was to describe the perceptions of professional counselling held by Chinese professors in China. The authors identified six themes that made up the essence of the Chinese faculty's perceptions of professional counselling: roles of college counsellors in China; common challenges that brought Chinese college students to counselling; Chinese professors’ expectations of college counsellors; training and requirements of college counsellors; credentials and experience of counsellor supervisors; and future development of college counselling in China. The results led the authors to note that research focused on the intersections of specific cultures and the basic foundations of counselling is needed so that counselling becomes a more relevant means to improving mental health around the world.
Multilevel Chirality Transfer from Amino Acid Derivatives to Circularly Polarized Luminescence‐Active Nanoparticles in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Chen Yuan , Sun Baobao , Feng Haohui , Wang Ranran , Cheng Ming , Wang Peng , Zhou Zhiping , Jiang Juli , Wang Leyong
Published: July 2021

Chirality at different levels is widely observed in nature, but the clue to connect it all together, and the way chirality transfers among different levels are still obscure. Herein, al‐/d‐lysine‐based self‐assembly system was constructed, in which two‐step chirality transfer among three different levels was observed in aqueous solution. The chirality originated from the point chirality of amino acid derivativesl‐/d‐PyLys hydrochloride, and was transferred to the planar conformational chirality of water‐soluble pillar[5]arenepR‐/pS‐WP5. Then, with the aid ofpR‐/pS‐WP5, nanoparticles were formed that exhibited L‐/R‐handed circularly polarized luminescence with a dissymmetry factor of up to ±0.001, arising from pyrene chiral excimers. This multilevel chirality transfer not only provides a perspective to trace potential clues, and to pursue certain ways by which the chirality transfers, but also offers a strategy to create controllable CPL emission in aqueous media.
Acid retardation for deeper stimulation—Revisiting the chemistry and evaluation methods
Authors: Chang Frank F. , Cairns Amy J. , Sayed Mohammed A.
Published: July 2021

Acid fracturing treatment in upstream oil and gas production is done to extend the connectivity of the wellbore deep into the reservoir. This is achieved through a dissolution process using acid in conjunction with hydraulic fracturing. A key to success is to impart favourable reaction kinetics between the acid and rock matrix. If the reaction proceeds too rapidly, it results in large voids in the near‐wellbore area but insufficient dissolution in the reservoir. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) is ubiquitous in the petroleum industry for acidizing applications due to its high dissolving capacity towards carbonate minerals, soluble reaction products, and low cost. Its corrosive nature coupled with rapid reaction kinetics have forced the industry to search for mechanisms to address these limitations. The concepts for slowing down reaction rate centre around (1) reducing mass transfer of hydrogen ions, H+; (2) limiting H+ ion dissociation; and (3) altering the wetting property of the rock surface. Reaction kinetics data is critical to guiding the selection of the suitable acid formulations for acid fracturing process. They are commonly measured in the lab using instruments such as a rotating disk reactor, flow cells, and diffusion cell. Though routinely applied, these experimental methods, including their setups and procedures, are rarely questioned. The experimental artefacts can lead to wrong conclusions. Deeper understanding of the fundamental assumptions behind the apparatus design and test procedures is critical. This paper discusses the chemistries employed in acid retardation, and more importantly the attention needed when extending the experimental data to field treatment.
Bone and soft tissue sarcomas in cerebrospinal fluid and effusion: A 20‐year review at our institution
Authors: Sharma Anurag , Thangaiah Judith Jebastin , Shetty Sindhu , Policarpio‐Nicolas Maria Luisa C.
Published: July 2021

Background

The literature on bone and soft tissue sarcomas (BSTSs) involving effusions and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is very limited.

Methods

A computerized search for fluid cytology with a sarcoma diagnosis from 2000 to 2020 was performed. All available cases, including the clinical follow‐up, were reviewed.

Results

A total of 57 fluids specimens from 36 BSTSs were identified (9 rhabdomyosarcomas, 6 angiosarcomas, 5 epithelioid hemangioendotheliomas, 3 dedifferentiated liposarcomas, 2 chondrosarcomas, 1 extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma, 3 Ewing sarcomas, 2 undifferentiated sarcomas, 3 osteosarcomas, 1 synovial sarcoma, and 1 hybrid low‐grade fibromyxoid sarcoma/sclerosing epithelioid fibrosarcoma). There were 22 males and 14 females. The age range was 4 to 82 years (median, 45 years). Sites of involvement included pleural fluid (n = 38), peritoneal fluid (n = 14), and CSF (n = 5). Twenty‐four cytology cases were available for review. The cytologic features were nonspecific and ranged from dyshesive to clusters of round, epithelioid, pleomorphic, and occasionally spindle‐shaped malignant cells that could easily mimic other non‐BSTS malignant tumors. The diagnosis of BSTS was made by comparison with a prior specimen and/or ancillary studies (molecular or immunohistochemical stains). The prognosis was poor because 95% of the patients died of their disease.

Conclusions

The incidence of BSTS in fluid cytology is extremely rare, and it can have cytologic features similar to those of non‐BSTS malignancies. Although, in most cases, a comparison with a prior known BSTS specimen may suffice, the use of ancillary studies is extremely helpful in arriving at the correct diagnosis. However, in cases with no known prior malignancy, including BSTS in the differential diagnosis is prudent for preventing misdiagnosis.
Cognitive, language, and school performance in children and young adults treated for low‐grade astrocytoma in the posterior fossa in childhood
Authors: Kristiansen Ingela , Eklund Cristina , Strinnholm Margareta , Strömberg Bo , Törnhage Maria , Frisk Per
Published: July 2021

Background

Pilocytic astrocytoma is the most common brain tumour type in childhood located in the posterior fossa, and treated mainly with surgery. These tumours have low mortality, but knowledge concerning its long‐term outcome is sparse.

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate whether children treated for pilocytic astrocytoma in the posterior fossa had late complications affecting cognition, language and learning.

Methods

This descriptive single‐centre study includes eight children and 12 adults treated as children for pilocytic astrocytoma in the posterior fossa, with a mean follow‐up time of 12.4 (range 5–19) years. Well‐established tests of intelligence, executive, language and academic function were used.

Results

Intelligence tests showed average results compared with norms. Five patients scored <−1 SD (70–84) and 3 low average (85–92) on full scale IQ. The patients scored average on subtests regarding executive function, except for significantly lower results in inhibition/switching (p = .004). In Rey complex figure test half of the patients scored below −1 SD. Language tests were normal except for significantly lower results in naming ability (p = .049) and in inference (p = .046).

In academic tests, results were average, except for significantly lower results in reading speed (p = .024). Patients with learning difficulties performed worse in the tests.

Conclusions

The patients' functional outcome was favourable but, a not‐negligible part of the patients displayed neurocognitive difficulties as revealed by extensive neuro‐cognitive and academic testing. Thus, it is important to identify those in need of more thorough cognitive and pedagogic follow‐up programmes, including school interventions.
Computer vision‐based recognition of driver distraction: A review
Authors: Moslemi Negar , Soryani Mohsen , Azmi Reza
Published: July 2021

Vehicle crash rates caused by distracted driving have been rising in recent years. Hence, safety while driving on roads is today a crucial concern across the world. Some of the reasons due to which drivers may lose attention include the use of mobile phones, speaking with passengers, and reaching behind to grab something while driving. There are various types of distractions, out of which we focus on manual ones based on the posture of the driver. This work presents a review on open problems and challenges concerning the vision‐based distraction recognition of drivers. Types of experimental environments are described; and image modalities, public and custom datasets and body parts inspected during distraction recognition are explored. Besides, a comparative review of different works on vision‐based recognition of driver's manual distractions and limitations for each dataset is presented. Main approaches of vision‐based manual distractive driving recognition can be categorized into conventional and deep learning methods. These approaches are compared and classified based on whether using temporal information or not. Finally, we give some suggestions for improvement, and look forward to future development directions of the vision‐based recognition of driver's manual distractions.
Rumor, misinformation among web: A contemporary review of rumor detection techniques during different web waves
Authors: Rani Neetu , Das Prasenjit , Bhardwaj Amit Kumar
Published: July 2021

Sometimes, unverified information is disseminated as if it is true information on social media sites. Most of the times, it goes viral and affects the belief of people and their emotions. Rumors and fake news are the most popular form of false and unconfirmed information. Such news must be identified quickly for preventing its negative impact on society. In the last decade, operational procedures for rumors and false news detection came into existence. This paper provides a holistic view of different web waves from web 1.0 to web 5.0 and their usages. Further, taxonomy describes various malicious information contents at different stages. It discusses features used for classification, publicly available datasets, the rumor detection methods proposed during web 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 periods, and comprehensive analysis related to various methods and techniques. Numerous research gaps and future directions are illustrated to make online information more trustworthy for knowledge sharing and decision‐making purposes.
High‐Throughput Analyses of Glycans, Glycosites, and Intact Glycopeptides Using C4‐and C18/MAX‐Tips and Liquid Handling System
Authors: Chen Shao‐Yung , Clark David J. , Zhang Hui
Published: July 2021

Protein glycosylation is one of the most common and diverse modifications. Aberrant protein glycosylation has been reported to associate with various diseases. High‐throughput and comprehensive characterization of glycoproteins is crucial for structural and functional studies of altered glycosylation in biological, physiological, and pathological processes. In this protocol, we detail a workflow for comprehensive analyses of intact glycopeptides (IGPs), glycosylation sites, and glycans from N‐linked glycoproteins. By utilizing liquid handling systems, our workflow could enrich IGPs in a high‐throughput manner while reducing sample processing time and human error involved in traditional proteomics sample processing techniques. Together, our workflow enables a high‐throughput enrichment of glycans, glycosites, and intact glycopeptides from complex biological or clinical samples. © 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Enzymatic digestion of glycoproteins using C4‐tips

Basic Protocol 2: Intact glycopeptide analysis using C18/MAX‐tips

Basic Protocol 3: Glycan and glycosite analysis
Investigating illegal activities that affect biodiversity: the case of wildlife consumption in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Chaves Willandia A. , Valle Denis , Tavares Aline S. , von Mühlen Eduardo M. , Wilcove David S.
Published: July 2021

The illegal use of natural resources, manifested in activities like illegal logging, poaching, and illegal wildlife trade, poses a global threat to biodiversity. Addressing them will require an understanding of the magnitude of and factors influencing these activities. However, assessing such behaviors is challenging because of their illegal nature, making participants less willing to admit engaging in them. We compared how indirect (randomized response technique) and direct questioning techniques performed when assessing non‐sensitive (fish consumption, used as negative control) and sensitive (illegal consumption of wild animals) behaviors across an urban gradient (small towns, large towns, and the large city of Manaus) in the Brazilian Amazon. We conducted 1,366 surveys of randomly selected households to assess the magnitude of consumption of meat from wild animals (i.e., wild meat) and its socioeconomic drivers, which included years the head of household lived in urban areas, age of the head of household, household size, presence of children, and poverty. The indirect method revealed higher rates of wildlife consumption in larger towns than did the direct method. Results for small towns were similar between the two methods. The indirect method also revealed socioeconomic factors influencing wild meat consumption that were not detected with direct methods. For instance, the indirect method showed that wild meat consumption increased with age of the head of household, and decreased with poverty and years the head of household lived in urban areas. Simultaneously, when responding to direct questioning, households with characteristics associated with higher wild meat consumption, as estimated from indirect questioning, tended to underreport consumption to a larger degree than households with lower wild meat consumption. Results for fish consumption, used as negative control, were similar for both methods. Our findings suggest that people edit their answers to varying degrees when responding to direct questioning, potentially biasing conclusions, and indirect methods can improve researchers’ ability to identify patterns of illegal activities when the sensitivity of such activities varies across spatial (e.g., urban gradient) or social (e.g., as a function of age) contexts. This work is broadly applicable to other geographical regions and disciplines that deal with sensitive human behaviors.
Lithiophilic Cu‐Li2O matrix on a Cu Collector to Stabilize Lithium Deposition for Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Gong Zhe , Lian Cheng , Wang Pengfei , Huang Kai , Zhu Kai , Ye Ke , Yan Jun , Wang Guiling , Cao Dianxue
Published: July 2021

Lithium metal anode is the most ideal candidate for next‐generation energy storage system. However, the uncontrolled dendrite growth, infinite volume expansion, and undesired side reactions lead to serious safety issues and hinder their potential application. Herein, a pre‐lithiation strategy is proposed to construct a high‐lithiophilic Cu‐Li2O matrix on commercial Cu foil. The in situ‐generated Li2O promises adequate nucleation sites and strengthens solid electrolyte interphase and lateral lithium deposition. Meanwhile, the existence of 3D matrix reduces the local current density. The synergy effect of Li2O and Cu suppresses the growth of lithium dendrites. As a result, Cu‐Li2O matrix reveals an enhanced lithium plating/stripping behavior with Coulombic efficiency of 98.46% after 270 cycles. The symmetrical cell assembled by Li‐plated electrodes displays a prolonged lifespan of 1400 h. The work demonstrates a scalable and effective approach for modified current collectors toward stable Li metal anode.
Mechanochromic Properties of Boron‐Difluoride Complexes Bearing π‐Expanded Pyridine Ligands: Effects of π‐Conjugated Skeletons and Halogen Atoms
Authors: Nakano Takeo , Sumida Akifumi , Naka Kensuke
Published: July 2021

Halogenated and non‐halogenated boron complexes bearing pyrrole and π‐expanded pyridine structures, such as quinoline (for 1 a‐H, 1 a‐Cl, 1 a‐Br, and 1 a‐I), isoquinoline (for 1 b‐Br), and phenanthridine (for 1 c‐Br), were prepared to investigate their optical properties. Fluorescence studies of the different solid states revealed that the boron complexes 1 a‐H, 1 a‐Cl, and 1 a‐Br exhibit the mechanochromic properties. The present paper also examined the optical properties of other analogs 1 a‐I, 1 b‐Br, and 1 c‐Br both in‐solution and solid state. Moreover, the interrelationship between their emission character, molecule structures, and solid state were studied by X‐ray crystallographic analysis and X‐ray diffraction investigation.
Transient hillslope erosion in slow evolution landscapes
Authors: V. Godard , A. Salgado , L. Siame , J. Fleury , Team ASTER
Published: July 2021

Transient evolution and adjustment to changing tectonic and climatic boundary conditions is an essential attribute of landscapes, and characterizing transient behavior is a key to understanding their dynamics and history. Developing new approaches to detect such transience has been explored by various methods, in particular to identify landscape response to Late Cenozoic and Quaternary climatic changes. Such studies have often focused on regions of high relief and/or active tectonic activity where interferences between tectonic and climatic signals might complicate the interpretation of the observations. We investigated the case of the hillslopes of the Serra do Cipó quartzitic range in SE Brazil in order to detect and quantify transience in a tectonically quiescent landscape over 100‐ka timescales. We determined hilltop curvature from a high‐resolution digital surface model derived from Pléiades imagery and measured cosmogenic nuclide (10Be and 26Al) concentrations at these hilltop sites. We compare both observations with predictions of hillslope diffusion theory, observing a distinctive signature of an acceleration of denudation. We performed a joint inversion of topographic and isotopic data to retrieve an evolution of the hillslope sediment transport coefficient through time. The timing of the increase in denudation cannot be unequivocally associated with a single climatic event but is consistent with important, climatically modulated fluctuations in precipitation and erosion in this area during the Middle and Late Pleistocene.
A framework for predicting abrasion rupture of crusts in wind erosion
Authors: Fattahi Seyed Mohammad , Soroush Abbas , Huang Ning , Zhang Jie , Jodari Abbasi Sona , Yu Yang
Published: July 2021

Crusts play a crucial role in the reduction or control of wind erosion. In this regard, the resilience and durability of crusts are of prime importance. Crusts have high resilience and durability against wind flow shear stresses; however, they are prone to abrasion induced by saltating particles. Therefore, estimating crust durability in abrasion rupture has practical importance. In this study, a cyanocrust and a biocemented sand crust were subjected to a controlled flux of saltating particles for different sandblasting periods to provide a framework for predicting crust rupture. The velocity and pre‐ and post‐collision energy of the saltating particles were measured using high‐speed photography. The changes in the strength of the crusts after different periods of sandblasting were determined using a scratch test. The results suggested that the average strength of the cyanocrust and biocemented sand crust became 0.25 and 0.7 of their corresponding initial values after 30 min of sandblasting. Also, the average stiffness of the cyanocrust and biocemented sand crust decreased to 0.5 and 0.9 of their initial values, respectively. Furthermore, the amount of impact energy absorbed by the crusts increased by the deterioration of the crusts. Compiling the results of the wind tunnel experiment and scratch tests yielded an exponential equation which can be used to estimate crust durability in a given condition of saltation. Based on this equation, the cyanocrust and biocemented sand crust will break down entirely after 23 and 449 min, respectively, at a wind velocity of 6.8 m/s and a saltation flux of 1 g/s/m.