bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Single‐Atom Entanglement for a System of Directly Linked Two Cavities in the Presence of an External Classical Field: Effect of Atomic Coherence
Authors: Hanoura S. A. , Ahmed M. M. A. , Khalil E. M. , Obada A.‐S. F.
Published: May 2019

The Hamiltonian of a system composed of two standard Jaynes‐Cummings cells connected by the overlap of evanescent cavity fields, which allows photons to hop from the first cavity to the second and vice versa, and interacting with an external classical field, is simplified in the framework of unitary canonical transformations. James's method of the effective Hamiltonian is used in the derivation of two effective Hamiltonians with two completely dispersive regimes. Analytical expressions for the time dependent wavefunction and the elements of the reduced atomic operators for the different Hamiltonians are derived. The temporal evolution of atomic quantum entropy is calculated when the fields are initially in their vacuum states with various forms of the atomic initial states. Effects of the photon hopping strength, detuning and the various forms of the atomic initial states on the evolution of the von Neumann entropies are analyzed. The impact of the time‐average technique on the features resulting due to involving the controlling parameters and their influences on the considered functions is discussed. Damping is taken into account through a non‐Hermitian Hamiltonian and results are discussed. General conclusions reached are illustrated by numerical results.
Extension of Malcev Algebra and Applications to Gravity
Authors: Harada Junpei
Published: May 2019

We investigate extensions of Malcev algebras and give an explicit example of extended algebras. We present a new algebraic identity, which can be regarded as a generalization of the Jacobi identity or the Malcev identity. As applications to gravity, we demonstrate that the extended algebra can be linked with general relativity.
Determinants of immigrants' concentration at local level in Spain: Why size and position still matter
Authors: Viñuela Ana , Gutiérrez Posada Diana , Rubiera Morollón Fernando
Published: May 2019

In the 2000s, and with natural population growth rates close to zero, Spain experienced an inflow of almost 5 million immigrants. These new Spanish residents did not tend to locate evenly across the territory and contributed to putting pressure on the already large spatial population imbalances between cities and rural areas, between the coast and the interior and between the central and peripheral areas. Covering the whole Spanish territory and using the 804 Spanish local labour markets as units of analysis, the objective of this paper is to analyse the local determinants of the attractiveness of a place for immigrants. The estimation of geographically weighted regressions (GWR) shows the necessity of including spatial heterogeneity in the analysis, as the effect of the traditional factors explaining immigrant concentration processes—such as job‐related characteristics or the networks established by previous immigrants—exert different and even contrary effects across the Spanish territory. Although global estimations would reject the significance of agglomeration economies or the relative location of a place, the adoption of the GWR approach shows that these regional economic factors are key to understanding the geographical concentration of immigrants in Spain but show different—even contrary—responses across space. Spatial heterogeneity supports the idea that any national/regional policy to enhance (or contain) immigrant concentration should be designed a la carte and be implemented at the local level.
Fabrication of Nanopillars on Nanocrystalline Diamond Membranes for the Incorporation of Color Centers
Authors: Schmidt Alexander , Bernardoff Josselin , Singer Kilian , Reithmaier Johann P. , Popov Cyril
Published: May 2019

A fabrication process of dense arrays of one‐dimensional diamond nanostructures (diamond nanopillars) integrated on nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) membranes is implemented with an etched‐through marker hole in the membrane in the center of the array. NCD films deposited on silicon substrates are used as starting material. The main fabrication steps consist of structuring the NCD film by electron beam lithography (EBL) applying aluminum as a hard mask and subsequent inductively coupled O2 plasma reactive ion etching (ICP RIE), followed by structuring of the silicon substrate from the backside to open a NCD membrane. The developed fabrication procedure for nanostructured membranes can be transferred to monocrystalline diamond and implemented for deterministic single ion implantation into the nanopillars for generation of nitrogen‐vacancy (NV) or silicon‐vacancy (SiV) centers. For this purpose, the etched marker hole can be applied for alignment in the implantation process. Such diamond nanostructures with integrated color centers could play an important role in the development of novel quantum memory devices.
A NICE change? The evidence for mpMRI triage in prostate cancer
Authors: Lovegrove Catherine Elizabeth
Published: May 2019

The updated NICE guidance on the diagnosis and management of prostate cancer includes offering a new first‐line investigation to help reduce unnecessary biopsy. Here the author assesses the impact the proposed change could have on clinical practice.
Dementia in men: some useful non‐pharmacological solutions
Authors: Andrews June
Published: May 2019

There are almost twice as many women with dementia as men in the UK, so care services tend to more female‐centric to reflect this patient population. Care services and care professionals may therefore need specific training to provide high quality care for men. In this article the author highlights some aspects of caring for men with dementia that need to be considered.
Assisted dying in the UK: RCP switches to a neutral stance
Authors: Davis Jacky
Published: May 2019

The recent Royal College of Physicians' poll of members about assisted dying stirred strong reactions. However, this is a debate that needs to happen and one that the medical profession as a whole should engage in, for the good of all – public and professionals alike.
Plague and anthrax: diagnosis and management
Authors: Brightman Christopher
Published: May 2019

Plague and anthrax may be long forgotten in many parts of the world because they are rarely (if ever) seen. However, travel to parts of the world previously unvisited by most people brings the possibility of contracting these diseases. Therefore, the author argues, it behoves every doctor to be familiar with the signs, symptoms, diagnosis and management of these diseases.
Spotlight on Street Violence in a Cross-Cultural Comparison
Authors: Howell Simon , Rauf Abdul , Zaman Muhammad , Zdun Steffen
Published: May 2019

In addition to the code of the street, we identified some emerging themes across three cases that spotlight the street culture of risky neighborhoods. Success, role of the family, new technologies as well as the perception of the police were the important themes that emerged from the storylines of the youth from these neighborhoods. Interestingly, most of the aspirations of these adolescents are aligned to middle-class values.
$$ \mathcal{P}\mathcal{T} $$ deformation of Calogero-Sutherland models
Authors: Correa Francisco , Lechtenfeld Olaf
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Calogero-Sutherland models of N identical particles on a circle are deformed away from hermiticity but retaining a

$$ \mathcal{P}\mathcal{T} $$

P
T

symmetry. The interaction potential gets completely regularized, which adds to the energy spectrum an infinite tower of previously non-normalizable states. For integral values of the coupling, extra degeneracy occurs and a nonlinear conserved supersymmetry charge enlarges the ring of Liouville charges. The integrability structure is maintained. We discuss the A

N −1-type models in general and work out details for the cases of A
2 and G
2.
Black and gray solitons in holographic superfluids at zero temperature
Authors: Gao Meng , Jiao Yuqiu , Li Xin , Tian Yu , Zhang Hongbao
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We construct gray soliton configurations, which move at constant speeds, in holographic superfluids for the first time. Since there should be no dissipation for a moving soliton to exist, we use the simplest holographic superfluid model at zero temperature, considering both the standard and alternative quantizations. For comparison purpose, we first investigate black solitons in the zero temperature holographic superfluids, which are static configurations. Then we focus on the numerical construction of gray solitons under both quantizations, which interpolate between the (static) black solitons and sound waves (moving at the speed of sound). Interestingly, under the standard quantization, a peculiar oscillation of the soliton configurations is observed, very much resembling the Friedel oscillation in fermionic superfluids at the BCS regime. Some implications and other aspects of the soliton configurations are also discussed.
Machine learning templates for QCD factorization in the search for physics beyond the standard model
Authors: Lin Joshua , Bhimji Wahid , Nachman Benjamin
Published: May 2019

Abstract

High-multiplicity all-hadronic final states are an important, but difficult final state for searching for physics beyond the Standard Model. A powerful search method is to look for large jets with accidental substructure due to multiple hard partons falling within a single jet. One way for estimating the background in this search is to exploit an approximate factorization in quantum chromodynamics whereby the jet mass distribution is determined only by its kinematic properties. Traditionally, this approach has been executed using histograms constructed in a background-rich region. We propose a new approach based on Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs). These neural network approaches are naturally unbinned and can be readily conditioned on multiple jet properties. In addition to using vanilla GANs for this purpose, a modification to the traditional WGAN approach has been investigated where weight clipping is replaced by drawing weights from a naturally compact set (in this case, the circle). Both the vanilla and modified WGAN approaches significantly outperform the histogram method, especially when modeling the dependence on features not used in the histogram construction. These results can be useful for enhancing the sensitivity of LHC searches to high-multiplicity final states involving many quarks and gluons and serve as a useful benchmark where GANs may have immediate benefit to the HEP community.
Time evolution of entanglement negativity from black hole interiors
Authors: Malvimat Vinay , Mondal Sayid , Sengupta Gautam
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We investigate the time evolution of entanglement negativity following a global quench for mixed state configurations of two disjoint and adjacent intervals in a (1 + 1)-dimensional conformal field theory (CFT
1+1) dual to the eternal black hole sliced in half by an end of the world brane, through the AdS
3
/CFT
2 correspondence. To this end we obtain the time evolution of the holographic entanglement negativity for such mixed states from a dual bulk eternal black hole geometry and elucidate the relevant geodesic structures. The holographic entanglement negativity for such mixed states, following a global quench is described by half of the results for the eternal black hole. Significantly our results exactly match with the corresponding CFT
1+1 computations.
Experimental study of nanoparticles as catalyst in enhancing matrix acidizing for carbonate reservoir
Authors: Selvaraj Gomathi , Maulianda Belladonna , Wee Sia Chee , Akhir Nur Asyraf Md , Elraies Khaled Abdalla , Malakooti Reza , Prakasan Aruvin
Published: May 2019

Hydrochloric (HCl) acid is the most common stimulating fluid used in acidizing job due to its strong acidic property and low cost to create or enlarge existing wormhole within the reservoir. However, the HCl acid has rapid reaction with carbonate reservoir, and it is causing surface dissolution of the rock and lowering the penetration into the formation. Recent studies have shown the addition of nickel nanoparticles as catalyst to handle the problems in HCl acidizing. The nanoparticles are high-performance catalyst due to their high ratio of surface area to volume. The proposed method in this research is to mix the nanoparticles with the carbonate formation prior to the acid injection into the formation. The efficiency of the nanoparticles as catalyst depends on the thermodynamics property, which is surface energy of the materials used. The surface energy reduces as the size of particles become smaller. However, the effect of surface energy become insignificant on nanoparticles due to the small particles sizes, and the surface energy is based on the individual energy of the particles. Therefore, this research investigates the efficiency of silica, aluminum oxide, and zinc oxide besides nickel nanoparticles based on their thermodynamics property in accelerating the conversion of CO2 gas into carbonic acid. The approach consists of investigating the efficiency of nanoparticles in different concentrations of carbonate and mass of nanoparticles. Suitable nanoparticles are proposed based on efficiency and cost in retarding the HCl reactivity and rapid formation of in situ carbonic acid. The concentration of carbonic acid (H2CO3), bicarbonate ion (HCO3−), and carbonate ion (CO32−) is analyzed based on Henry’s law of solubility. The result shows that the silica has the best efficiency as catalyst in 6700 ppm Na2CO3 solution due to its high stability and dispersion in aqueous solution. The silica engages into rapid dissociation of water molecules and bind with OH− group to react with CO2 gas and form HCO3−. The nanoparticles reduce the reactivity of HCl through conversion of bicarbonate ions. However, ZnO gives better efficiency in 17,000 ppm of Na2CO3. The efficiency of silica in this concentration increased at 0.7 g, proving the minimum amount required as catalyst. In contrast, ZnO and Al2O3 have lower efficiency as acid retarder since changes in pH values affect the performance of the nanoparticles. The surface charge demonstrated by ZnO and Al2O3 depends on pH changes which makes these nanoparticles to perform inefficiently. The silica is chosen as the best catalyst due to high efficiency versus cost ratio.

Graphical Abstract
Massive recurrent post-tonsillectomy bleedings revealing a transient factor XIII deficiency in a 10-year-old boy. A case report
Authors: Jankovic M. , Choucair M.L. , Hallak B. , Hernandez E. , Russo M. , Llor J. , Kayemba-Kay's S.
Published: May 2019

A previously healthy 10-year-old boy was hospitalized for a left cervical abscess associated with massive tonsillar hypertrophy. He underwent abscess drainage and bilateral tonsillectomy. At H36 post-surgery, he presented with tonsillar hemorrhage requiring surgical revision. Hemorrhage relapsed 2 days later, with a total of 7 episodes, 5 of which required surgical revisions. Laboratory investigations were normal except for a markedly low factor XIII (FXIII) activity at 7%. After administration of a single dose of 40 IU/kg plasma-derived FXIII (Fibrogammin®) I.V., the bleeding stopped with no further recurrence. FXIII activity gradually normalized (75%) at 6 weeks, confirming the transient character of factor XIII deficiency.

Severe congenital FXIII deficiency (FXIIID) (<1%) is very rare (1:2,000,000 births), whereas partial congenital deficiency and/or acquired deficiency may be more frequent but likely underreported. Acquired FXIIID may result from impaired synthesis (liver failure) or increased consumption (surgery, sepsis, leukemia, Henoch-Schonlein, inflammatory bowel disease, stroke, disseminated intravascular coagulation). FXIII replacement in form of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) or plasma-derived FXIII may be necessary for the presence of bleeding.
Samsons or Methuselahs? The (Potential) Virtue of Article II Treaties
Authors: Swaine Edward T.
Published: May 2019

Why does Wüsthof sell a fancy kitchen knife for US$2000, but mass-produce something similar for US$100? Why do some of us mail holiday cards, while sending anything similar by email? Why does the American Journal of International Law print its journal, when interested readers—and there should be many—can read articles like Julian Nyarko's “Giving the Treaty a Purpose: Comparing the Durability of Treaties and Executive Agreements” online? Come to think of it, why bother with Article II treaties, when they too have a near substitute, more easily produced, in congressional-executive agreements? On this last question, Nyarko's article offers an interesting approach and an intriguing finding: if we measure the commitment strength of agreements in terms of duration, treaties are measurably longer and, perhaps, stronger. Having spent several years working on treaty issues for the Restatement (Fourth) of the Foreign Relations Law of the United States, I am acutely (and perhaps embarrassingly) interested in finding out why they matter. In this essay, I note some misgivings about how the article reckons the substitutability of agreements and about treating their age as a proxy for strength—perhaps Methuselah rivaled Samson's might at some point, but that was not how he distinguished himself—before closing by trying to imagine rival inferences that might be consistent with Nyarko's valuable insights.
White Matter Hyperintensities Predict Cognitive Decline: A Community-Based Study
Authors: Qi Xuemei , Tang Huidong , Luo Qi , Ding Bei , Chen Jie , Cui Peijing , Chen Shengdi , Ling Huawei , Ma Jianfang
Published: May 2019

Introduction: White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) were commonly seen in brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the elderly. Many studies found that WMHs were associated with cognitive decline and dementia. However, the association between WMHs in different brain regions and cognitive decline remains debated. Methods: We explored the association of the severity of WMHs and cognitive decline in 115 non-demented elderly (≥50 years old) sampled from the Wuliqiao Community located in urban area of Shanghai. MRI scans were done during 2009–2011 at the beginning of the study. Severity of WMHs in different brain regions was scored by Improved Scheltens Scale and Cholinergic Pathways Hyperintensities Scale (CHIPS). Cognitive function was evaluated by Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) every 2 to 4 years during 2009–2018. Results: After adjusting for confounding factors including age, gender, education level, smoking status, alcohol consumption, depression, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, brain infarcts, brain atrophy, apoE4 status, and baseline MMSE score, periventricular and subcortical WMH lesions as well as WMHs in cholinergic pathways were significantly associated with annual MMSE decline ( p < 0.05), in which the severity of periventricular WMHs predicted a faster MMSE decline (–0.187 points/year, 95% confidence interval: –0.349, –0.026, p = 0.024). Conclusions: The severity of WMHs at baseline was associated with cognitive decline in the non-demented elderly over time. Interventions on WMH lesions may offer some benefits for cognitive deterioration.
The Influence of Calibration Curve Construction and Composition on the Accuracy and Precision of Radiocarbon Wiggle-Matching of Tree Rings, Illustrated by Southern Hemisphere Atmospheric Data Sets from AD 1500–1950
Authors: Hogg Alan G , Heaton Timothy J , Ramsey Christopher Bronk , Boswijk Gretel , Palmer Jonathan G , Turney Chris S M , Southon John , Gumbley Warren
Published: May 2019

This research investigates two factors influencing the ability of tree-ring data to provide accurate 14C calibration information: the fitness and rigor of the statistical model used to combine the data into a curve; and the accuracy, precision and reproducibility of the component 14C data sets. It presents a new Bayesian spline method for calibration curve construction and tests it on extant and new Southern Hemisphere (SH) data sets (also examining their dendrochronology and pretreatment) for the post-Little Ice Age (LIA) interval AD 1500–1950. The new method of construction allows calculation of component data offsets, permitting identification of laboratory and geographic biases. Application of the new method to the 10 suitable SH 14C data sets suggests that individual offset ranges for component data sets appear to be in the region of ± 10 yr. Data sets with individual offsets larger than this need to be carefully assessed before selection for calibration purposes. We identify a potential geographical offset associated with the Southern Ocean (high latitude) Campbell Island data. We test the new methodology for wiggle-matching short tree-ring sequences and use an OxCal simulation to assess the likely precision obtainable by wiggle-matching in the post-LIA interval.
Radiocarbon in Marsh Periwinkle (Littorina Irrorata) Conchiolin: Applications for Archaeology
Authors: Hadden Carla S , Loftis Kathy M , Cherkinsky Alexander , Ritchison Brandon T , Lulewicz Isabelle H , Thompson Victor D
Published: May 2019

In coastal and island archaeology, carbonate mollusk shells are often among the most abundant materials available for radiocarbon (14C) dating. The marsh periwinkle (Littorina irrorata) is one of these such species, ubiquitously found along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States in both modern and archaeological contexts. This paper presents a novel approach to dating estuarine mollusks where rather than attempting to characterize the size and variability of reservoir effects to “correct” shell carbonate dates, we describe a compound-specific approach that isolates conchiolin, the organic matter bound with the shell matrix of the L. irrorata. Conchiolin typically constitutes <5% of shell weight. In L. irrorata, it is derived from the snail’s terrestrial diet and is thus not strongly influenced by marine, hardwater, or other carbon reservoir effects. We compare the carbon isotopes (δ13C and Δ14C) of L. irrorata shell carbonate, conchiolin, and bulk soft tissue from six modern, live-collected specimens from Apalachicola Bay, Florida, with samples that represent possible sources of carbon within their environment including surface sediments, marsh plant tissues, and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in water. Ultimately, this paper demonstrates that samples obtained from wet chemical oxidation of L. irrorata conchiolin produces accurate 14C dates.
The Design of Axisymmetric Ducts for Incompressible Flow
Authors: Laidler P , Walkden F
Published: May 2019

An algorithm is described for solving the partial differential equations governing inviscid, incompressible, irrotational and axisymmetric flow in order to obtain duct wall shapes from prescribed wall velocity distributions. Equations of motion are formulated with distances from and along the axis of symmetry as dependent variables. A velocity potential and Stokes stream function are employed as independent variables. A numerical method based on the iterative solution of finite-difference equations on a non-uniform mesh is presented. The residuals obtained from calculations with differing mesh sizes, for the two examples described, indicate that the proposed method gives satisfactory solutions to the specified design problem.
An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of the Structure of a Trailing Vortex Wake
Authors: Sampson R G
Published: May 2019

An improved technique for the use of a five-hole yaw probe has been used in determining velocity, vorticity and pressure distributions over a transverse plane five chords downstream of a lifting wing. A well-defined tip vortex is shown to exist, together with a vortex sheet which contains a significant proportion of the total vorticity. The vorticity distribution is compared with that predicted by the calculation of vortex sheet roll-up using a two-dimensional array of line vortices. Good agreement is obtained, and the validity of using time steps large enough to inhibit the chaotic motion found in some calculations of this type is demonstrated. The structure of the tip vortex is found to be well described by the turbulent vortex model of Hoffman and Joubert.
An Investigation of an Inclined Jet in a Crosswind
Authors: Taylor P
Published: May 2019

Wind-tunnel experiments were conducted to determine the interference characteristics of an inclined turbulent jet exhausting from a flat plate into a turbulent subsonic crosswind. The jet was not yawed with respect to the undisturbed free stream. The suction force (lift loss), the jet penetration into the crosswind, the jet deflection and the rate of total pressure decay along the jet centre line were all reduced by an increase in the inclination of the jet. The centre of pressure moved downstream. These results were attributed to a decrease in the entrainment rate of the jet as the inclination increased in a downstream direction.
The Boundary Dispute Between Peru and Ecuador
Authors: St John Ronald Bruce
Published: May 2019

In an article in this Journal some years ago, Professor Georg Maier analyzed the legal cases presented by the Republics of Peru and Ecuador during their long boundary dispute and concluded that the Ecuadorian Government had a much stronger de jure title to the disputed territory, while the Peruvian Government’s claim rested primarily on a strong de facto title. Consequently, he argued that the 1942 Rio Protocol which awarded the Peruvian Government the bulk of the territories in question was not an equitable solution to the dispute since such a solution would lie between the extremes of Ecuador’s de jure case and Peru’s de facto case. He further concluded that a more equitable solution should be sought so the dispute would no longer be an impediment to amicable relations between the two countries. The conclusion of this writer is that the Peruvian Government’s de jure case in the dispute was stronger than that of the Ecuadorian Government and that Peru’s legal case was then buttressed by a prolonged occupation and development of much of the disputed area. Furthermore, even if the Rio Protocol was not an equitable solution to the problem, no legal justification exists for demanding the renegotiation of a pact signed and ratified by both the Peruvian and Ecuadorian Governments and then guaranteed by four other American Governments.
Correspondence
Authors: Pickert Perry L.
Published: May 2019

The first sentence of Professor Murase’s article “The Most-Favored-Nation Treatment in Japan’s Treaty Practice During the Period 1854-1905” which appeared in the April issue of the Journal is incorrect. He asserts that “[i]t can be said today that a unilateral most-favored-nation (MFN) clause is only of historical significance.” However, even today, Japan lives under the threat of a unilateral unconditional most-favored-nation clause.
[14C]leucine incorporation into proteins of pancreatic juice in rats fed soya-bean flour
Authors: Fölsch U. R. , Wormsley K. G.
Published: May 2019

1. The effect of a diet containing a trypsin inhibitor on the incorporation of radioactively labelled leucine into the pancreatic proteins secreted during stimulation with cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK) was studied in rats.

2. The total output of protein was significantly greater in the rats given raw soya-bean flour (RSF) compared with those given heat-inactivated soya-bean flour (HSF) (controls) in response to the sub- and supramaximal stimulation with CCK, but similar responses were obtained to maximal stimulation with CCK. Total protein output decreased continuously with time after reaching peak values at 90–120 min after the start of stimulation with CCK.

3. The total output of radioactively labelled protein in RSF-fed rats was not different from that of the controls with sub- and supramaximal dose rats of CCK, but was significantly lower than that of the controls in response to the dose rate of CCK which produced maximal rates of pancreatic secretion.

4. The specific activity of radioactively labelled protein increased continuously, while the output attained a constant rate during stimulation with all doses of CCK.

5. We concluded that feeding the trypsin inhibitor-containing diet led to increased secretion of stored pancreatic protein, while secretion of newly synthesized protein was not altered. During the course of prolonged stimulation with CCK, irrespective of diet, there was increasing secretion of the newly synthesized protein compared with the pre-existing stored proteins of the pancreas, but it was unable to compensate for the decreased secretion of pre-formed protein.
Comparison of chemical and microbiological methods in the estimation of methionine in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds
Authors: Evans I. Marta , Ford J. E. , Hannah L. C. , Boulter D.
Published: May 2019

1. Meals were prepared from the seeds of fifteen varieties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), one of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) and one of yam bean (Sphenostylis stenocarpa), and their methionine content was determined by six different methods.

2. Total methionine content was determined by two chemical methods (ion-exchange chromatography and a colorimetric procedure) and by two microbiological methods. The ‘available’ methionine content was determined by microbiological assay with Streptococcus zymogenes.

3. All the different methods for total methionine determination gave similar results, with much the same high extent of precision.

4. The values for ‘available’ methionine content were similar to or marginally higher than the corresponding microbiological assay values for total methionine content. There was no indication that the methionine in any of the test samples was not completely available.
Effects of Soil Temperature on the Development of Young Eggplants (Solanum Melongena)
Authors: Rylski Irena , Nothmann J. , Spiegelman M.
Published: May 2019

The effect of different soil temperatures on the development of young eggplants was examined at extreme seasonal air temperatures. In winter, rising soil temperatures accelerated growth, but lowering the soil temperature in summer had no effect and extremely high soil temperatures caused very poor plant development.
Effect of Root Temperature on Growth and Seed Yield in Cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata)
Authors: Minchin F.R. , Huxley P.A. , Summerfield R.J.
Published: May 2019

The effects of different soil temperature regimes on vegetative growth, symbiotic nitrogen fixation and seed yield of two cowpea cultivars (K 2809 and Prima) were investigated in experiments carried out in plastic houses during the UK summer. Mean maximum soil temperatures above 32°C significantly reduced vegetative growth of both cultivars, through their effects on branch, peduncle and root dry weight per plant and, to a lesser extent, leaf production. The warmest temperature regime (35.4°C) also reduced nodule activity, especially in cv. Prima. Seed yields were adversely affected, due largely to changes in the number of peduncles per plant, as mean maximum soil temperature increased from 25.8 to 35.4°C.
Xylem Water Potential and Yield of Tea (Camellia Sinensis) Clones in Malawi
Authors: Squire G.R.
Published: May 2019

When several clones of tea were grown in neighbouring plots, the xylem water potential was lowest in clones which gave a higher yield. It is unlikely that differences of transpiration rate are involved. Although the physiological link between yield and water potential is still obscure, measurements of potential with a pressure chamber might be used to screen new clones for high productivity at an early stage of growth.
The Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea
Authors: Rosenne Shabtai
Published: May 2019

This article is divided into four parts. The first aims to place the Third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea in its historical context. The second describes some aspects of the first three sessions of that Conference (1973–1975). In the third an account of major specific interests and conflicts which have appeared in this Conference is given. Finally, some tentative conclusions are drawn—tentative, because the Conference has not yet completed its labours.

During its first session (1949) the newly established International Law Commission, set up by the General Assembly in accordance with the provision of Article 13 of the Charter relating to the codification and progressive development of international law, included the topics of the régime of the high seas and the régime of territorial waters in its provisional list of fourteen topics selected for codification. It placed the régime of the high seas on its priority list, and appointed Professor J.P.A. François (The Netherlands) as special rapporteur. At the recommendation of the General Assembly in resolution 374 (IV) of 6 December 1949 the Commission in 1950 included the régime of territorial waters on its priority list, and in 1951 it initiated work on that topic, for which Professor François was also designated special rapporteur. The Commission was heavily occupied with both these topics until 1956.
Academic Freedom: Its Meaning and Underlying Premises as Seen Through the American Experience
Authors: Goldstein Stephen R.
Published: May 2019

Although some aspects of intellectual freedom embodied in the concept of academic freedom find their sources in earlier times, the modern development of the doctrine is largely derived from the nineteenth century German concepts of lehrfreiheit and lernfreiheit—freedom of teaching and learning respectively. The basic concept was that a university faculty member was free to teach what and how he thought best and students were free to learn what and how they thought best, with university authorities or external agencies such as governments imposing only the most minimal restraints on either teacher or student. The professor and student were viewed as engaged in a typically nineteenth century concept of laissez-faire, with the optimum situation being that of the least possible restriction on the teaching and learning process.

Part of this concept—primarily that of freedom of teaching—crossed the Atlantic and found expression in the United States. This article will explore the meaning and premises of the doctrine of academic freedom of the teacher and research scholar, lehrfreiheit, as it so developed in the United States.
Third Party Beneficiary: A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Shalev Gabriela
Published: May 2019

Chapter 4 of the new Israeli Contracts (General Part) Law, 1973, introduces the concept of a contract in favour of a third party, while granting express recognition to the right of a third party beneficiary. Even those, (including the author) who maintain, that the right of a third party beneficiary could and should be derived, even before the commencement of the new Law, from the general principles and premises of the old Israeli law of contract, cannot fail to see in the above-mentioned chapter an important innovation in the Israeli legal system.

This paper is a comparative analysis of the institution of third party beneficiary. The analysis will consist of a presentation and critical examination of the central concepts and doctrines involved in the institution under discussion, and it will be combined with a comparative survey of the arrangements adopted in various legal systems. The choice of this approach stems from the particular circumstances of the new legislation.

While in most countries, comparative legal research is a luxury, in Israel it is a necessity. The new legislation in private law is inspired to a great extent by Continental codifications. As far as the law of contract is concerned, Israel is now in the process of becoming a “mixed jurisdiction”: departing from the common law tradition and technique, and heading towards an independent body of law, derived from various sources, mainly Continental in both substance and form.
The Legal Condition of the Jews Under the Visigothic Kings: Part II
Authors: Juster Jean
Published: May 2019

The few privileges strictly necessary for observing the Jewish rites, privileges which the last Roman Emperors had allowed to be maintained, were naturally upheld by those Visigothic kings who did not propose to abolish Judaism altogether, that is to say, by all the Arian and some of the Catholic kings. But all Jewish ceremonies were proscribed under severe penalties by those kings who compelled the Jews to opt between either baptism or exile. Under the system established by the first converting kings, any Jew who refused to undergo baptism was liable to serious punishment. For him the question of observing Jewish rites simply did not arise. As for the baptized Jew who observed these rites, he incurred the rigours of the laws directed against Christians who practised Judaism.

Abandoning that system, Recesswinth refrained from imposing upon the the Jews the alternative of either accepting baptism or exile, but he prohibited the exercise of their religious rites. The penalties were the same for anyone transgressing that prohibition, be he a Jew or a baptized Jew—the death penalty by fire or stoning, or, if pardoned by the king, enslavement for life and forfeiture of all the offender's property.
The Legal Condition of the Jews Under the Visigothic Kings: Part I
Authors: Juster Jean
Published: May 2019

Arian Period: The first Visigothic king who took notice of the Jews was, according to our records, Alaric II (484–507).

In hisBreviariumpublished in 506, to which should be added Paul'sSententiae, he substantially adopted the laws in force in the Roman Empire at the time of the Visigothic conquest.

The Arian successors of Alaric, for all their wide legislative activity, do not seem to have introduced any changes relating to the Jews.
Gradenigo's syndrome in a four-year-old patient: a rare diagnosis in the modern antibiotic era
Authors: Rossi N , Swonke M L , Reichert L , Young D
Published: May 2019

Objective

This study gives details of a rare case of petrous apicitis that presented as Gradenigo's syndrome and was managed surgically.

Method

This study presents a case report and review of the literature.

Results

A four-year-old female was admitted for failure to thrive following recent sinusitis. Physical examination was positive for right sided facial pain, photophobia and right abducens nerve palsy. Subsequent magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 1.3 × 1.7 × 1.4 cm abscess encompassing the right Meckel's cave. A computed tomography scan showed petrous apicitis and otomastoiditis, confirming Gradenigo's syndrome. The patient was taken to the operating theatre for right intact canal wall mastoidectomy with myringotomy and tube placement. She was discharged on six weeks of ceftriaxone administered by a peripherally inserted central catheter line. At a two-week post-operative visit, she showed notable improvement in neuropathic symptoms.

Conclusion

This study presents a rare case of petrous apicitis managed surgically without the need for a craniotomy or transcochlear procedure.
Are current dietary guidelines relevant to subjects on cholesterol-lowering drugs?
Authors: Salter Andrew M.
Published: May 2019

The present paper reviews the evidence as to whether patients on lipid-lowering drugs should restrict dietary SFA intake. Premature mortality from atherosclerotic CVD has fallen dramatically in many high-income countries. This appears to be due to a combination of improved treatment following a cardiovascular event and reduced risk factors, including LDL-cholesterol. Whether this reduction is due to changes in dietary habits, or the increasing availability of highly potent cholesterol-reducing drugs remains to be firmly established. While reducing dietary SFA intake has been the cornerstone of public health nutrition policy for several decades, the efficacy of such dietary changes has been challenged in recent years. While there remains a lack of consensus in the literature, there is an emerging view that dietary advice should be specifically modified to emphasise replacing SFA with PUFA in the diet rather than carbohydrate. The advice to moderate dietary SFA intake given to the general population is usually also given to those individuals at high risk of CVD who are prescribed lipid-lowering drugs. There is limited evidence to suggest that any potential benefit of such a diet on LDL-cholesterol may be offset by a concurrent decrease in HDL-cholesterol. However, as diets rich in SFA are frequently energy-dense, and rich in red and processed meat (potential risk factors for CVD in themselves), it would seem prudent to continue to advise patients on lipid-lowering drugs to maintain a low-fat diet.
Influence of Fonofos on the Distribution and Metabolism of14C-Terbacil in Peppermint
Authors: Weierich Andre J. , Nelson Zeldon A. , Appleby Arnold P.
Published: May 2019

When the insecticide fonofos (O-ethyl-S-phenylethylphosphonodithioate) was added to a nutrient solution containing14C-terbacil (3-tert-butyl-5-chloro-6-methyluracil), movement of total radioactivity into leaves of peppermint (Mentha piperitaL. cv. ‘Todd's Mitchum’) during a 3-day treatment period approximately doubled. In addition, a higher percentage of this total radioactivity was identified as intact terbacil. Total radioactivity in the leaves was not significantly increased when terbacil was added to14C-fonofos in nutrient solution. Studies also were conducted to measure the effect of fonofos upon the rate of terbacil metabolism in peppermint. Peppermint plants were treated for 3 days with nutrient solution containing14C-terbacil alone or14C-terbacil plus fonofos. The percentage of total radioactivity which remained as intact terbacil at the end of the treatment period was five times as high in plants treated with the combination as in those treated with terbacil alone. The relative rate of degradation during the succeeding 11 days was approximately the same in plants subjected to the two treatments. These results could account for damage to peppermint from closely timed applications of fonofos and terbacil in the field.
Uptake and Translocation of Sandoz 6706 in Soybean and Sicklepod
Authors: Motooka P.S. , Corbin F.T. , Worsham A.D.
Published: May 2019

The14C-labeled herbicide, Sandoz 6706 [4-chloro-5-(dimethyl-amino)-2-α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone], was applied to soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Kent’] and sicklepod (Cassia obtusifoliaL.) to evaluate differential species response in uptake and translocation. Liquid scintillation spectrometry and radioautographs indicated that in both species 6706 uptake was proportional to its concentration in the cultural solution and to transpiration, provided transpiration and the uptake mechanism were not limited. Translocation of the herbicide from roots to foliage followed the apoplastic route in both plants. A higher concentration of the herbicide accumulated in the upper leaves and apical meristem in sicklpod than in soybean.
Effects of Growth Regulators and Gibberellic Acid on 2,4,5-T Translocation
Authors: Basler Eddie
Published: May 2019

The effects of ethephon (2,chloroethyl-phosphonic acid), ancymidol [α-cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-pyrimidinemethanol], DPX1840 [3,3a-dihydro-2-(p-methoxyphenyl)-8H-pyrazolo(5,1-a)isoindol-8-one], Uni-P293 (2,3-dihydro-5-6-diphenyl-1,4-oxathiin), and morphactins and their interaction with GA (gibberellic acid) on the translocation of 2,4,5-T (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxacetic acid) in bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘Stringless Green-Pod’) seedlings were determined. The growth retardants and GA were either applied as foliar treatments or injected at the cotyledonary node with 2,4,5-T. Foliar pretreatment of bean seedlings with ethephon and ancymidol 2 days before 2,4,5-T treatment inhibited 2,4,5-T translocation to young shoots but did not affect basipetal translocation greatly. These effects were reversed by foliar application of GA 1 day before 2,4,5-T injection. Foliar pretreatment of bean seedlings with DPX 1840 2 days before 2,4,5-T treatment increased 2,4,5-T translocation to young shoots and inhibited basipetal translocation. The effects of DPX1840 were not reversed by GA treatment. When ancymidol, DPX 1840, and morphactins were injected into the stem tissue with 2,4,5-T the acropetal translocation of 2,4,5-T increased and basipetal translocation was decreased by DPX1840 and morphactins. These effects were not reversed by the simultaneous GA injection. Uni-P293 had little effect on 2,4,5-T translocation. Growth retardants other than Uni-P293 appear to inhibit basipetal 2,4,5-T translocation directly. Ethephon and ancymidol may have secondary effects on 2,4,5-T translocation that can be reversed by GA treatment.
Use of Single Leaf Cells to Study Mode of Action of SAN 6706 on Soybean and Cotton
Authors: Porter Earl M. , Bartels Paul G.
Published: May 2019

Enzymatically isolated leaf cells from cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville’) and soybean (Glycine max(L) Merr. ‘Kino’) were used to study the effect of SAN 6706 [4-chloro-5-(dimethylamino)-2-(α,α,α-trifluoro-m-tolyl)-3(2H)-pyridazinone] on photosynthesis, protein, RNA, and lipid synthesis during the first 19 hr of herbicidal treatment. Cotton plants are tolerant to SAN 6706, whereas soybean plants are susceptible. SAN 6706 inhibited the incorporation of14C-bi-carbonate, uridine, and acetate into cotton leaf cells but stimulated incorporation of leucine. Incorporation of all of these precursors into soybean cells was inhibited. Cotton and soybean cells each took up equivalent amounts of labeled SAN 6706. The incorporation activity of the cotton and soybean cells appeared to regulate the entrance of the precursors into the cells by depleting the intracellular precursor pools. It is suggested that the inhibition of RNA and lipid synthesis in cotton and soybean cells is an indirect result of inhibited photosynthesis. Isolated cotton cells were not tolerant of the herbicide.
Effect of Light Intensity and Quality on Toxicity of Fluorodifen to Green Bean and Soybean Seedlings
Authors: Pollak Tomas , Crabtree Garvin
Published: May 2019

The effect of light on the response of green beans (Phaseolus vulgarisL. ‘Tendercrop’) and soybeans [Glycine max(L.) Merr. ‘Merit’] to fluorodifen (p-nitrophenyl α,α,α-trifluoro-2-nitro-p-tolyl ether) was evaluated with respect to light quantity, quality and time of exposure. Herbicide-induced injury was intensified with exposure of plants to reduced levels of light. Comparisons of light quality indicated that this herbicide interaction with light was greatest at longer wavelengths of visible light (yellow and red). The most critical time for light exposure to result in increased herbicide injury was at the time of emergence of seedlings.
Structure Versus Activity of Substituted Pyridazinones as Related to Mechanism of Action
Authors: St. John J. B. , Hilton J. L.
Published: May 2019

In at least three metabolic processes in wheat (Triticum aestivumL. var. ‘Arthur’) shoots inhibitory activity can be related to the chemical structure of substituted pyridazinones. Inhibitory activities include: inhibition of the Hill reaction and photosynthetic CO2fixation; inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis accompanied by photodestruction of chlorophyll; and interference with the formation of chloroplast membrane polar lipids. The parent compound, pyrazon [5-amino-4-chloro-2-phenyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone], inhibits the Hill reaction and photosynthetic CO2fixation. Trifluoromethyl substitution of the phenyl ring of pyrazon, mono-methyl substitution of the amine, or substitutions at both positions result in inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis. However, both substitutions are required for maximum effect. Substitutions onto the molecular structure of pyrazon are also related to alterations in the formation of membrane polar lipids. Dimethyl substitution of the amine of pyrazon is related to a decrease in linolenic acid accompanied by an increase in linoleic acid without a shift in the relative proportion of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids of the membrane lipids. The trifluoromethyl substitution of the phenyl ring and mono-methyl substitution of the amine are related to a shift toward a higher proportion of saturated fatty acids of chloroplast membrane lipids. Results obtained with diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] and with dark-grown wheat tissue indicated that activity of the pyridazinones on the formation of membrane lipids was probably not related to inhibition of the Hill reaction.