bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of an artificial intelligence-based quality improvement system on efficacy of a computer-aided detection system in colonoscopy: a four-group parallel study
Authors: Yao Liwen , Zhang Lihui , Liu Jun , Zhou Wei , He Chunping , Zhang Jun , Wu Lianlian , Wang Hongguang , Xu Youming , Gong Dexin , Xu Ming , Li Xun , Bai Yutong , Gong Rongrong , Sharma Prateek , Yu Honggang
Published: November 2021

Background Tandem colonoscopy studies have found that about one in five adenomas are missed at colonoscopy. It remains debatable whether the combination of a computer-aided polyp detection (CADe) system with a computer-aided quality improvement (CAQ) system for real-time monitoring of withdrawal speed results in additional benefits in adenoma detection or if the synergetic effect may be harmed due to excessive visual burden resulting from information overload. This study aimed to evaluate the interaction effect on improving the adenoma detection rate (ADR).

Methods This single-center, randomized, four-group, parallel, controlled study was performed at Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University. Between 1 July and 15 October 2020, 1076 patients were randomly allocated into four treatment groups: control 271, CADe 268, CAQ 269, and CADe plus CAQ (COMBO) 268. The primary outcome was ADR.

Results The ADR in the control, CADe, CAQ, and COMBO groups was 14.76 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 10.54 to 18.98), 21.27 % (95 %CI 16.37 to 26.17), 24.54 % (95 %CI 19.39 to 29.68), and 30.60 % (95 %CI 25.08 to 36.11), respectively. The ADR was higher in the COMBO group compared with the CADe group (21.27 % vs. 30.6 %, P = 0.024, odds ratio [OR] 1.284, 95 %CI 1.033 to 1.596) but not compared with the CAQ group (24.54 % vs. 30.6 %, P = 0.213, OR 1.309, 95 %CI 0.857 to 2.000, respectively).

Conclusions CAQ significantly improved the efficacy of CADe in a four-group, parallel, controlled study. No significant difference in the ADR or polyp detection rate was found between CAQ and COMBO.
The Effect of Size of Decompressive Craniectomy on Outcome in Deep Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Kode Sashanka , Hegde Ajay , Menon Girish R.
Published: November 2021

Introduction Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (SICH) is one of the most devastating forms of stroke with a mortality of 30 to 40%. We aimed to evaluate the effect of craniotomy size and volume of decompression on surgical outcome, complications, mortality, and morbidity in patients with supratentorial capsuloganglionic bleeds who underwent a decompressive craniectomy (DC) at our institute.

Materials and Methods It is a retrospective study done between January 2015 and December 2019. All patients with capsuloganglionic bleeds who had DC and hematoma evacuation were included in the study.

Results A total of 55 patients underwent DC for SICH at our hospital during the study period. Mean anteroposterior (AP) diameter of the bone flap was 12.42 cm. The volume of decompression did not influence mortality and morbidity in our study but a larger AP diameter was associated with a higher incidence of hydrocephalus. A smaller craniectomy with an AP diameter of < 12 cm caused a lesser reduction in midline shift (MLS). Persistent postoperative MLS had a significant impact on mortality and its reduction was dependent on the size of craniectomy (p =–0.037)

Conclusion DC with a recommended AP diameter of 12 to 13 cm achieves optimal results in terms of reduction in MLS. Larger DC volume carries a higher risk of hydrocephalus and requires close follow-up.
Evaluation and Impact of ASPIRE: An Interactive Tobacco Prevention Curriculum among University Students in India
Authors: Vishwakarma Gayatri , Singh Sohini , Marani Salma K , Arya Ashish , Calabro Karen , Gupta Garima , Mehta Anurag , Alexander V.
Published: November 2021

Online education approach provides innovative opportunities for engaging youths. Web-based, multimedia smoking prevention programs have been tested in high-income countries; however, efficacy of such programs is not well-investigated in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of A Smoking Prevention Interactive Experience (ASPIRE), an interactive tobacco prevention curriculum, among university students in India.

A single-subject cohort study where each subject serves as their own control was conducted among university student participants engaged in ASPIRE, 60 minutes per week for five consecutive weeks during July to August of 2019. Assessments were conducted at baseline and immediately after exposure to ASPIRE. To evaluate the program, a structured instrument was specifically designed to measure the outcomes.

A total of 103 university students participated voluntarily. Average age of the participants was 18.3±0.9 ranging from 17 to 20 years. Eighteen percent of students were curious to know about the various smoking products. More males were more susceptible to cigarette smoking as compared to females. The majority of participants felt that ASPIRE was culturally appropriate for young adults in India, but a modified version targeted toward Indian youth would be more acceptable. Pre- to postintervention knowledge of tobacco-related hazards increased from 70 to 97% (p < 0.001).

ASPIRE, a multimedia interactive program, demonstrated its considerable potential to discourage smoking initiation among Indian youth.
Thyroglobulin Levels in Patients who have Undergone Hemithyroidectomy for Differentiated Thyroid Cancer. An Assessment of Levels and Trends at a Tertiary Referral Centre
Authors: Munnagi Ashwini , Pillai Vijay , Bushan R. Vidhya , Shetty Vivek , Subramaniam Narayana , Shivaprasad K. S. , Khadilkar Kranti , Sooragonda Basavaraj G. , Lakhsmikantha Akhila , Rekha Pobbisetty Radhakrishnagupta , Zaidi Shaesta Naseem , Batra Nishtha , Kannan Subramanian
Published: November 2021

Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroglobulin antibody (TgAb) levels are used to monitor patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) after total thyroidectomy with or without radioiodine (RAI) ablation. However, they are also measured in patients who are treated with thyroid lobectomy (TL)/hemithyroidectomy (HT). Data on the levels of Tg and its trend in those undergoing TL/HT is sparse in India. We reviewed retrospective data of DTC patients who underwent TL/HT and were followed-up with postoperative Tg levels between 2015 and 2020. Out of 247 patients, 17 had undergone either TL or HT, which included papillary thyroid cancer (n = 12), follicular thyroid cancer (n = 4), and noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) in 1 patient. All patients with DTC had tumor size < 4 cm (T1/2, clinical N0, Mx). The median follow-up was 15 months (range, 1–125) and the median Tg level was 7.5 ng/mL (interquartile range [IQR]; 3.6, 7.5) and ranged from 0.9 to 36.7 ng/mL. The median thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) level was 2.03 IU/L (IQR; 1.21, 3.59) and it ranged from 0.05 to 8.54 IU/L. As of last follow-up, none of them underwent completion thyroidectomy; however, eight patients had a decline in Tg ranging from 8 to 64%, four patients had increase in Tg ranging from 14 to 145%, three patients had stable Tg, and one of them had an increase in TgAb titers. As per American Thyroid Association (ATA) response-to-treatment category, six patients had indeterminate response, five patients had biochemical incomplete response, four patients had excellent response, and two did not have follow-up Tg and TgAb levels. While absolute values of Tg were well below 30 ng/mL in almost all patients with HT/TL, the Tg trends were difficult to predict, and only 23% of patients were able to satisfy the criteria for “excellent response” on follow-up. We suggest keeping this factor in mind in follow-up and while counselling for HT in patients with low-risk DTC.
Primary Segmental Small Bowel Volvulus in an Adolescent Female
Authors: Heidtmann Friederike , Eckoldt Felicitas , Mentzel Hans-Joachim , Alhussami Ilmi
Published: November 2021

Small bowel volvulus is a rare but important cause of abdominal pain and small bowel obstruction in children and adults. In the neonate, small bowel volvulus is a well-known complication of malrotation. Segmental small bowel volvulus is a lesser-known condition, which occurs in children and adults alike and can rapidly progress to bowel ischemia. Primary segmental small bowel volvulus occurs in the absence of rotational anomalies or other intraabdominal lesions and is rare in Europe and North America. Clinical presentation can be misleading, causing a delay in diagnosis and treatment, in which case the resection of necrotic bowel may become necessary.

We report on a 14-year-old girl who presented with severe colicky abdominal pain but showed no other signs of peritoneal irritation or bowel obstruction. An emergency magnetic resonance imaging was highly suspicious for small bowel volvulus. Emergency laparotomy revealed a 115 cm segment of strangulated distal ileum with no underlying pathology. We performed a detorsion of the affected bowel segment. Despite the initial markedly ischemic appearance of the affected bowel segment, the patient achieved full recovery without resection of bowel becoming necessary.
Cephalometric Analysis, Severity Malocclusion, and Orthodontic Treatment Need Using IOTN in Deaf Children
Authors: Prameswari Noengki , Herniyati Herniyati , Sucahyo Bambang , Brahmanta Arya , Syahdinda Meralda Rossy
Published: November 2021

Objectives Studies associated with deaf children's malocclusion and their treatment need are still very rare. Therefore, cephalometric analysis with the ability to access the skeletal, dental, and soft tissues can be used to score the severity of malocclusion and index of orthodontic treatment need (IOTN) in deaf children. This study examined the use of cephalometric analysis, severity malocclusion, and orthodontic treatment need in deaf students at special need school type B (SLB-B) Tunarungu Karya Mulia in Surabaya using IOTN along with investigating IOTN correlation with the result of dental cephalometric analysis and dental health component (DHC) and aesthetic component (AC) in IOTN index.

Material and Methods Sample data consisted of 33 students between the ages of 8 to 12 years old and never had any orthodontic treatment. This investigation applied the indices from IOTN, in which DHC had 10 malocclusions, and AC with the aesthetic anterior dentition comprising 10 color photographs and different dental attractiveness levels. In addition, scores were chosen from the worst feature, with the data analyzed at a significant correlation test of 0.05%.

Result There was no skeletal abnormality in deaf children. It displayed the highest number of malocclusion severity scores, while the DHC assessment showed the moderate and severe categories. Based on AC evaluation, the highest numbers of malocclusion severity were found in good and moderate category in terms of teeth arrangement and aesthetic.

Conclusion There was a correlation between the dental cephalometric analysis in deaf children and treatment need using IOTN with AC and DHC.
The Impact of the American Academy of Ophthalmology's Leadership Development Program: Experience from the First 20 Years
Authors: Tsai Linda M. , Schroth Holly A. , Schmidt Gail E. , Sternberg Paul
Published: November 2021

Objective This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO)'s Leadership Development Program (LDP), report the program's impact on participants in attaining ophthalmic leadership positions, and identify opportunities to improve future LDP programming.

Design An open cohort study was performed on AAO LDP graduates by using an online questionnaire and retrospective monitoring.

Participants and Methods AAO LDP graduates from 1999 to 2019 participated in the study. A Likert-scale survey was distributed via email. Online responses were submitted anonymously to a team at the Berkeley Haas School of Business for analysis. A separate review of gender demographics and ophthalmic leadership positions held by graduates was performed.

Main Outcomes Measures Regression analysis was performed to determine whether survey results supported a meaningful relationship between the measured impact and the AAO LDP program's perceived effectiveness. Ascension into leadership positions of AAO-related organizations at the national, regional, state, and subspecialty level by AAO LDP graduates was collated.

Results Of 381 potential respondents, 203 survey responses were returned (53.3%). 158 reported that they are currently holding a leadership position (77.8%). Statistical analyses indicated that the overall value of the program was seen as highly effective (M = 4.6), and that the development programs combined contributed significantly to AAO LDP being judged as effective overall, F (11,191) = 24.79; p < 0.001 with an R
2 of 0.59. Longitudinal tracking of the 383 graduates revealed that 268 (70.0%) have served as AAO committee/task force members, councilors, or representatives to outside organizations. A total of 242 (63.2%) graduates have served as president or chair of a state, subspecialty, or specialized interest ophthalmology society. 25 (6.5%) have served at the highest level of AAO leadership and two have been elected AAO President. A higher percentage of participants identifying as female was found in the LDP program compared with both U.S. overall and trainee ophthalmic populations.

Conclusion The AAO LDP has fulfilled its initial goals of effectively developing a large cohort of ophthalmologists interested in and prepared to take on leadership roles across the profession. Development of more specific outcome measures to evaluate the program, as well as direct optimal programming, are needed to further the success of its aims.
Global Health Curricula in Ophthalmology Residency Programs in the United States
Authors: Ponsetto Momoko K. , Siegel Nicole H. , Desai Manishi A. , LaMattina Kara C.
Published: November 2021

Objective The aim of the study is to investigate the design, content, and administration of global health curricula within ophthalmology residency programs in the United States (U.S.) and share the curriculum utilized in the Department of Ophthalmology at Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM).

Design A survey designed through the Association of University Professors in Ophthalmology platform was emailed to residency program directors at 106 accredited ophthalmology residency programs.

Setting BUSM Department of Ophthalmology, Boston, MA. Tertiary clinical care.

Participants Twenty-eight ophthalmology residency program directors responded, which represent 26% of the total number of residency programs in the United States. Twenty-seven programs fully completed the survey, and one program partially completed the survey.

Results Of the respondents, three programs do not include global health curricula. The most common curricular elements included are: lectures (n = 15, 60%); wet laboratories (n = 10, 40%); and journal clubs (n = 9, 36%). In terms of annual frequency, global health activities occur: twice a year (n = 12, 46%); less than once a year (n = 10, 39%); or every few months (n = 4, 15%). Fewer than half of programs (n = 10, 42%) incorporate local outreach at least once a year into their program. Twelve programs (48%) do not incorporate ethics-related topics, while the 13 remaining programs (52%) incorporate them at least once annually. The most common curricular topic is surgical techniques, with manual small incision cataract surgery (MSICS) being the most frequently emphasized (n = 17, 68%).

Conclusion A robust global health curricula combined with a hands-on international component can contribute to a well-rounded training experience. Many ophthalmology residency programs value the importance of incorporating global health into their residents' training. The most common elements of global health curricula in U.S. ophthalmology residency programs included are teaching of surgical techniques for resource-limited settings and international electives. Further investigation into the impact of different components of a global health curriculum on both resident experience and international partnerships is warranted.
Sepsis-Induced Myocardial Dysfunction in Pediatric Septic Shock: Prevalence, Predictors, and Outcome—A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Swami Viresh S. , V. Lalitha A. , Ghosh Santu , Reddy Mounika
Published: November 2021

There is a paucity of literature on the prevalence, predictors, prognostic markers, and outcomes of sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction (SMD) in pediatric septic shock. The objectives of our study were to estimate the prevalence of SMD in pediatric septic shock by point-of-care functional echocardiography (POCFE) and to study the association of SMD with severity of illness, organ dysfunctions, and outcomes. This prospective, observational study was conducted over a period of 1 year (from July 2018 to July 2019) in a 12-bed, tertiary pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of an academic and referral hospital in South India. Children presenting with septic shock were enrolled in the study. POCFE was done within 6 hours of PICU admission and patients were categorized as having SMD based on POCFE findings. The prevalence of SMD (left ventricle ± right ventricle) was 32% (32/100). More than half of the children (54.5%) died in SMD group, whereas only 7.5% died in non-SMD group (p < 0.001). SMD was associated with higher organ dysfunctions, worse patient outcomes, and was found to be an independent predictor of mortality. The median lactate levels were higher in SMD group (3.15 [2.7, 5] vs. 2 [1.3, 2.7], p < 0.001) as compared with non-SMD group. We observed significantly lower median lactate clearance at 6 hours in SMD than non-SMD (30.0% [−14.44, 44.22] vs. 59.8% [45.83, 71.43], p < 0.001). Lactate levels at 6 hours with a threshold of 2.4 mmol/L was a good predictor of SMD with sensitivity and specificity of 73 and 80%, respectively. SMD is not an uncommon entity in children with septic shock. SMD was associated with worse patient outcomes, organ dysfunction, and mortality. Serum lactate trends may predict SMD and can be used as prognosticate markers as well.
Understanding the Basics of Commonly Used Wires in Interventional Radiology
Authors: Pandhi Mithil B. , Tyagi Ravi , Surabhi Divya , Shah Ketan Y.
Published: November 2021

A wide variety of wires are available for use in interventional radiology, with wires demonstrating differences in construction, diameter, length, coating, shape, and taper. It is crucial to understand the difference in characteristics between these wires to select the most effective and safe wire for the intended purpose when undertaking a procedure. This article reviews the qualities and functions of different types of wires to aid in this decision-making process.
A Semi-Automated Term Harmonization Pipeline Applied to Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Clinical Trials
Authors: Urbanowicz Ryan J. , Holmes John H. , Appleby Dina , Narasimhan Vanamala , Durborow Stephen , Al-Naamani Nadine , Fernando Melissa , Kawut Steven M.
Published: November 2021

Objective Data harmonization is essential to integrate individual participant data from multiple sites, time periods, and trials for meta-analysis. The process of mapping terms and phrases to an ontology is complicated by typographic errors, abbreviations, truncation, and plurality. We sought to harmonize medical history (MH) and adverse events (AE) term records across 21 randomized clinical trials in pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension.

Methods We developed and applied a semi-automated harmonization pipeline for use with domain-expert annotators to resolve ambiguous term mappings using exact and fuzzy matching. We summarized MH and AE term mapping success, including map quality measures, and imputation of a generalizing term hierarchy as defined by the applied Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) ontology standard.

Results Over 99.6% of both MH (N = 37,105) and AE (N = 58,170) records were successfully mapped to MedDRA low-level terms. Automated exact matching accounted for 74.9% of MH and 85.5% of AE mappings. Term recommendations from fuzzy matching in the pipeline facilitated annotator mapping of the remaining 24.9% of MH and 13.8% of AE records. Imputation of the generalized MedDRA term hierarchy was unambiguous in 85.2% of high-level terms, 99.4% of high-level group terms, and 99.5% of system organ class in MH, and 75% of high-level terms, 98.3% of high-level group terms, and 98.4% of system organ class in AE.

Conclusion This pipeline dramatically reduced the burden of manual annotation for MH and AE term harmonization and could be adapted to other data integration efforts.
Observations from Implementation of the ERAS Protocol after DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Haddock Nicholas T. , Garza Ricardo , Boyle Carolyn E. , Teotia Sumeet S.
Published: November 2021

Background The Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocol is a multivariate intervention requiring the help of several departments, including anesthesia, nursing, and surgery. This study seeks to observe ERAS compliance rates and obstacles for its implementation at a single academic institution.

Methods This is a retrospective study looking at patients who underwent deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap breast reconstruction from January 2016 to September 2019. The ERAS protocol was implemented on select patients early 2017, with patients from 2016 acting as a control. Thirteen points from the protocol were identified and gathered from the patient's electronic medical record (EMR) to evaluate compliance.

Results Two hundred and six patients were eligible for the study, with 67 on the control group. An average of 6.97 components were met in the pre-ERAS group. This number rose to 8.33 by the end of 2017. Compliance peaked with 10.53 components met at the beginning of 2019. The interventions most responsible for this increase were administration of preoperative medications, goal-oriented intraoperative fluid management, and administration of scheduled gabapentin postoperatively. The least met criterion was intraoperative ketamine goal of >0.2 mg/kg/h, with a maximum compliance rate of 8.69% of the time.

Conclusion The introduction of new protocols can take over a year for full implementation. This is especially true for protocols as complex as an ERAS pathway. Even after years of consistent use, compliance gaps remain. Staff-, patient-, or resource-related issues are responsible for these discrepancies. It is important to identify these issues to address them and optimize patient outcomes.
Impact of leisure environmental supply on new urban pathology: a case study of Guangzhou and Zhuhai
Authors: Liu Yi , Li Congping , Li Yuan
Published: November 2021

Traditional studies on urban pathology primarily focused on impacts of social disorganization and urban settings, such as crime, polarization between the rich and the poor, pollution, and deteriorating living conditions, whereas there is insufficient attention paid to urban mental health and wellness. To provide fresh insights into the issue of urban mental health and wellness, this paper defines the psychiatric disorder of urban citizens as ‘new urban pathology’ which primarily results from a highly competitive, stressful, and fast-paced urban life. Based on 40 interviews from citizens in two rapidly urbanizing cities in mainland China, this paper attempts to investigate how the supply of leisure facilities affects new urban pathology. There are three general findings of this research: (1) First, new urban pathology commonly exists and varies with urban communities. However, it is not significantly influenced by the pace of city life. It is found that the worse prospect the living standards, the more significant the negative impacts of the new urban pathology. (2) Sufficient urban leisure facilities do have positive impacts on relieving psychological pressure of urban dwellers. Apart from these, residents also achieve stress relief from surrounding therapeutic landscapes like aesthetic public space, well-designed architecture, etc. (3) The perceived usefulness of leisure environment serves as a key factor to mediate the stress-mitigating effect of leisure supply. When leisure facilities’ functions highly match the needs of residents, leisure environmental supply can be utilized effectively, which helps alleviate the new urban pathology. This research advances the literature of urban health studies by tentatively revealing the interaction between the supply of leisure environmental facilities and urban mental health. It suggests that urban practitioners should optimize the quality of facilities rather than simply increasing the quantity for reducing the daily stress of urban life.
Opportunities for further changes to the Medicare Benefits Schedule to support Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations
Authors: Beks H. , Versace V. L. , Zwolak R. , Chatfield T.
Published: November 2021

The Australian Government responded promptly to the need for minimising patient–clinician contact in the primary care setting during COVID-19 by introducing new funding for telehealth services as part of the Medicare Benefits Schedule (MBS). Funding for both telephone and videoconferencing provided primary care organisations, including Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisations (ACCHOs), with the ability to continue meeting the healthcare needs of their Communities, particularly given that Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples were identified as susceptible to COVID-19. This perspective considers the need for proactive changes to the MBS to support the delivery of culturally appropriate primary healthcare services, including by mobile clinics, to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples by ACCHOs beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.
iTRAQ and RNA-seq analyses provide an insight into mechanisms of recalcitrance in a medicinal plant
Authors: Ge Na , Yang Kai , Yang Ling , Meng Zhen-Gui , Li Long-Geng , Chen Jun-Wen
Published: November 2021

Panax notoginseng (Burk) F.H. Chen is an important economic and medicinal plant from the family of Araliaceae, and its seed is characterised by the recalcitrance and after-ripening process. However, the molecular mechanism on the dehydration sensitivity is not clear in recalcitrant seeds. In the present study, isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) and RNA-seq were used to analyse the proteomic and transcriptomic changes in seeds of P. notoginseng in days after-ripening (DAR). A total of 454 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and 12 000 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained. The activity of enzymes related to antioxidant system were significantly increased, and the late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) protein family and most members of glutathione metabolism enzymes have been downregulated during the after-ripening process. The lack or inadequate accumulation of LEA proteins in the embryo and the low activity of antioxidant defense in glutathione metabolism might be the key factors leading to the dehydration sensitivity in recalcitrant seeds of P. notoginseng. In addition, the increased activity of elycolysis (EMP), citric acid cycle (TCA) and pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) pathways might be one of important signals to complete the after-ripening process. Overall, our study might provide a new insight into the molecular mechanism on dehydration sensitivity of recalcitrant seeds.
Can we save GHG emissions by working from home?
Authors: Santos Georgina , Azhari Rayan
Published: November 2021

Using data from official government publications in the UK, we estimate the potential changes in transport and buildings CO2e emissions in England and Wales if those engaged in jobs compatible with homeworking were to work mainly from home. We find that the net result is likely to be an increase, rather than a decrease in CO2e emissions. Assuming that 20% to 30% of workers were to work from home, the increase would range from 0.18% to 0.97% relative to emissions from the buildings and transport sectors combined, and from 0.11% to 0.60% relative to emissions from all sources. Under the very unrealistic assumptions that the buildings where the new teleworkers used to work closed permanently rather than remained open or were repurposed, and there were no rebound travel, there would be modest emissions savings, which would range from 0.61% to 1.63% of CO2e emissions from the transport and building sectors combined, and from 0.38% to 1.01% of CO2e emissions from all sources when 20% to 30% of workers worked from home.
IoT Data Quality Issues and Potential Solutions: A Literature Review
Authors: Mansouri Taha , Sadeghi Moghadam Mohammad Reza , Monshizadeh Fatemeh , Zareravasan Ahad
Published: November 2021

In the Internet of Things (IoT), data gathered from dozens of devices are the base for creating business value and developing new products and services. If data are of poor quality, decisions are likely to be non-sense. Data quality is crucial to gain business value of the IoT initiatives. This paper presents a systematic literature review regarding IoT data quality from 2000 to 2020. We analyzed 58 articles to identify IoT data quality dimensions and issues and their categorizations. According to this analysis, we offer a classification of IoT data characterizations using the focus group method and clarify the link between dimensions and issues in each category. Manifesting a link between dimensions and issues in each category is incumbent, while this critical affair in extant categorizations is ignored. We also examine data security as an important data quality issue and suggest potential solutions to overcome IoT’s security issues. The finding of this study proposes a new research discipline for additional examination for researchers and practitioners in determining data quality in the context of IoT.
The dawn of a new era of targeted lipid-lowering therapies
Authors: Tokgözoğlu Lale , Libby Peter
Published: November 2021

Lipid risk factors for cardiovascular disease depend in part on lifestyle, but optimum control of lipids often demands additional measures. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) doubtless contributes causally to atherosclerosis. Recent human genetic findings have substantiated a number of novel targets for lipid-lowering therapy including apolipoprotein C-III, angiopoietin-like protein 3 and 4, apolipoprotein V, and ATP citrate lyase. These discoveries coupled with advances in biotechnology development afford new avenues for management of LDL and other aspects of lipid risk. Beyond LDL, new treatments targeting triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and lipoprotein(a) have become available and have entered clinical development. Biological and RNA-directed agents have joined traditional small-molecule approaches, which themselves have undergone considerable refinement. Innovative targeting strategies have increased efficacy of some of these novel interventions and markedly improved their tolerability. Gene-editing approaches have appeared on the horizon of lipid management. This article reviews this progress offering insight into novel biological and therapeutic discoveries, and places them into a practical patient care perspective.
3-D multiparameter full-waveform inversion for ocean-bottom seismic data using an efficient fluid–solid coupled spectral-element solver
Authors: Cao Jian , Brossier Romain , Górszczyk Andrzej , Métivier Ludovic , Virieux Jean
Published: November 2021

Ocean-bottom seismic acquisition systems deployed on the seabed give access to three-component geophone data and hydrophone data. Compared with conventional streamer acquisitions, the separation of sources and receivers makes it possible to increase the maximum offset and azimuth coverage for improving the illumination at depth. Furthermore, the three-component geophones naturally capture elastic wave propagation effects. While this information is mostly overlooked up to now, reconstructing jointly P- and S-wave velocities would significantly improve the subsurface characterization. To achieve a 3-D high-resolution multiparameter reconstruction, we design an efficient 3-D fluid–solid coupled full waveform modelling and inversion engine. In this engine, fluid and solid domains are divided explicitly and handled with the acoustic and elastic wave equations, respectively. The numerical implementation is based on a time-domain spectral-element method (SEM) with a flexible 3-D Cartesian-based hexahedral mesh, which contributes to an accurate coupling of the acoustic and elastic wave equations and high computational efficiency through domain-decomposition based parallelization. We select the best acoustic–elastic coupled formulations among 4 possibilities with criteria based on numerical accuracy and implementation efficiency. Moreover, we propose a specific hybrid approach for the misfit gradient building so as to use a similar modelling solver for both forward and adjoint simulations. Synthetic case studies on a 3-D extended Marmousi-II model and a 3-D deep-water crustal-scale model illustrate how our modelling and inversion engine can efficiently extract information from ocean-bottom seismic data to simultaneously reconstruct both P- and S-wave velocities within a full waveform inversion framework.
The UN Security Council Faces Organized Crime
Authors: Borlini Leonardo
Published: November 2021

This article analyses the United Nations (UN) Security Council’s (SC or Council) use of its powers under the UN Charter in the face of organized crime by drawing on an empirical analysis of the Council’s resolutions as adopted over the past 20 years. It argues that the UN executive organ, and its subsidiary bodies, have played an underexamined role in the fight against this challenge to international peace. It has done so by adopting an approach to law enforcement that draws increasingly on domestic criminal justice discourse and techniques, including: investigations on crimes; sanctions and responsive regulation. Specifically, the article focuses on the Council’s experimentation with UN’s direct involvement in fact-finding related to organized crime, and on the evolution in the use of sanctions as a preventive and control mechanism, i.e., to prospectively manage risks to international peace and security generated by organized criminal activities and illicit markets. This article offers a detailed illustration of the Council’s engagement with organized crime and elucidates, including in quantitative terms, the different strategies that the UN executive body uses in dealing with organized crime. It then discusses the notion of ‘threat to peace’ in Article 39 of the UN Charter as the main legal vehicle for the extension of Council’s action to organized crime and illicit markets. Against this backdrop, the article examines the involvement of the UN subsidiary bodies in fact-finding and monitoring, as well as the integration of regulatory elements and private enforcement techniques into contemporary sanctions practice. The article concludes by arguing that the Security Council’s complex response to organized crime demonstrates that the collective security system has evolved markedly. From a systemic perspective, the Council may now be seen as exercising functions of law enforcement and regulation far from the kind of functions it was originally intended to exercise.
Who is Afraid of the Crime of Aggression?
Authors: Heller Kevin Jon
Published: November 2021

There is no question that deterring the illegal use of force is a noble goal. Unfortunately, the crime of aggression, heralded as a major accomplishment when adopted by the Assembly of States Parties, is but a pale shadow of the kind of criminal prohibition that might have convinced would-be aggressors that they will be held accountable for their belligerent acts. Instead, as this article explains, the crime of aggression at the International Criminal Court is so jurisdictionally narrow, so substantively limited, and so unlikely to promote domestic prosecutions that its deterrent value is essentially non-existent. Moreover, danger abounds in the very act of activation — the danger that victims (state and individual) might assume that the era of impunity for aggression is coming to an end. Nothing could be further from truth.
Modular non-deterministic semantics for T, TB, S4, S5 and more
Authors: Pawlowski Pawel , La Rosa Elio
Published: November 2021

In this paper, a modular approach for non-deterministic semantics for (non-normal) modal logics is developed. In particular, our aim is to improve and reinterpret some results from Omori and Skurt (2016, IfCoLog J. Logics Appl., 3, 815–845) and Coniglio et al. (2015, J. Appl. Non-Class. Log., 25, 20–45) regarding modal systems T, TB, S4 and S5. More economical axiomatizations make the rule of necessitation modular, thus providing non-deterministic semantics for (NEC)-free fragments for all the investigated systems. Moreover, by fixing the interpretation of all connectives but the modal ones, a combinatorial outlook at their matrices is provided to the effect that a new modal system and simplification of those for T and S4 are achieved.
Dying with Assistance: The Call for an Inquiry, the Power of a declaration, the role of evidence
Authors: Papadopoulou Nataly
Published: November 2021

The article analyses recent legal challenges of the prohibition of assisted suicide in England and Wales to review where we are in the debate for reform, and where we can go. The article, principally, advocates for an evidence-based new governmental inquiry. Aside the fact that this is widely-supported by various interested parties, this argument stems from the approach recently attempted by claimants in English courts in challenging the prohibition of assisted suicide, and that is, an evidence-based approach to judicial review. As this article discusses, the review of ‘the available evidence’ is unlikely to be done by English courts, but what this new legal strategy does is to send a strong message to Parliament and the government that there is a need to identify and examine the evidence. The findings of a fresh governmental inquiry, will allow Parliament to engage in a careful, informed review of the law and practice on assisted suicide and decide whether there is another way to protect the vulnerable, while respecting individual choice. The benefits of this inquiry go beyond England and Wales; an English (or indeed UK-wide) inquiry will inform discussions currently taking place elsewhere, and vice versa.
Mapping the magnetic field in the Taurus/B211 filamentary cloud with SOFIA HAWC + and comparing with simulation
Authors: Li Pak Shing , Lopez-Rodriguez Enrique , Ajeddig Hamza , André Philippe , McKee Christopher F , Rho Jeonghee , Klein Richard I
Published: November 2021

Optical and infrared polarization mapping and recent Planck observations of the filametary cloud L1495 in Taurus show that the large-scale magnetic field is approximately perpendicular to the long axis of the cloud. We use the HAWC + polarimeter on SOFIA to probe the complex magnetic field in the B211 part of the cloud. Our results reveal a dispersion of polarization angles of 36°, about five times that measured on a larger scale by Planck. Applying the Davis–Chandrasekhar–Fermi (DCF) method with velocity information obtained from Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique 30 m C18O(1-0) observations, we find two distinct sub-regions with magnetic field strengths differing by more than a factor 3. The quieter sub-region is magnetically critical and sub-Alfv$\acute{\rm e}$nic; the field is comparable to the average field measured in molecular clumps based on Zeeman observations. The more chaotic, super-Alfv$\acute{\rm e}$nic sub-region shows at least three velocity components, indicating interaction among multiple substructures. Its field is much less than the average Zeeman field in molecular clumps, suggesting that the DCF value of the field there may be an underestimate. Numerical simulation of filamentary cloud formation shows that filamentary substructures can strongly perturb the magnetic field. DCF and true field values in the simulation are compared. Pre-stellar cores are observed in B211 and are seen in our simulation. The appendices give a derivation of the standard DCF method that allows for a dispersion in polarization angles that is not small, present an alternate derivation of the structure function version of the DCF method, and treat fragmentation of filaments.
A survey for variable young stars with small telescopes – V. Analysis of TX Ori, V505 Ori, and V510 Ori, the HST ULLYSES targets in the σ Ori cluster
Authors: Froebrich Dirk , Eislöffel Jochen , Stecklum Bringfried , Herbert Carys , Hambsch Franz-Josef
Published: November 2021

Investigations of the formation of young stellar objects (YSOs) and planets require the detailed analysis of individual sources as well as statistical analysis of a larger number of objects. The Hubble UV Legacy Library of Young Stars as Essential Standards (ULLYSES) project provides such a unique opportunity by establishing a UV spectroscopic library of young high- and low-mass stars in the local universe. Here, we analyse optical photometry of the three ULLYSES targets (TX Ori, V505 Ori, V510 Ori) and other YSOs in the σ Ori cluster taken at the time of the HST observations to provide a reference for those spectra. We identify three populations of YSOs along the line of sight to σ Ori, separated in parallax and proper motion space. The ULLYSES targets show typical YSO behaviour with pronounced variability and mass accretion rates of the order of 10−8 M⊙ yr−1. Optical colours do not agree with standard interstellar reddening and suggest a significant contribution of scattered light. They are also amongst the most variable and strongest accretors in the cluster. V505 Ori shows variability with a 7 d period, indicating an inner disc warp at the co-rotation radius. Uncovering the exact nature of the ULLYSES targets will require improved detailed modelling of the HST spectra in the context of the available photometry, including scattered light contributions as well as non-standard reddening.
Evolution of dust grain size distribution and grain porosity in galaxies
Authors: Hirashita Hiroyuki , Il’in Vladimir B
Published: November 2021

The radiative properties of interstellar dust are affected not only by the grain size distribution but also by the grain porosity. We develop a model for the evolution of size-dependent grain porosity and grain size distribution over the entire history of galaxy evolution. We include stellar dust production, supernova dust destruction, shattering, coagulation, and accretion. Coagulation is assumed to be the source of grain porosity. We use a one-zone model with a constant dense gas fraction (ηdense), which regulates the balance between shattering and coagulation. We find that porosity develops after small grains are sufficiently created by the interplay between shattering and accretion (at age t ∼ 1 Gyr for star formation time-scale τSF = 5 Gyr) and are coagulated. The filling factor drops down to 0.3 at grain radii $\sim 0.03~ {\mu m}$ for ηdense = 0.5. The grains are more porous for smaller ηdense because small grains, from which porous coagulated grains form, are more abundant. We also calculate the extinction curves based on the above results. The porosity steepens the extinction curve significantly for silicate, but not much for amorphous carbon. The porosity also increases the collisional cross-sections and produces slightly more large grains through the enhanced coagulation; however, the extinction curve does not necessarily become flatter because of the steepening effect by porosity. We also discuss the implication of our results for the Milky Way extinction curve.
Understanding the Potential Benefits of Cannabidiol for Patients With Schizophrenia: A Narrative Review
Authors: Dyck Garrison J B , Maayah Zaid H , Eurich Dean T , Dyck Jason R B
Published: November 2021

Research suggests that cannabis-derived delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol can be linked to the worsening of psychosis and/or other symptoms of schizophrenia. However, studies have shown that another major cannabinoid found in cannabis, cannabidiol (CBD), may be a potential alternative or adjunctive treatment for psychosis and schizophrenia. As such, herein we review the relevant literature relating to the safety and efficacy of CBD treatment in patients with schizophrenia, including the effects of CBD in treating the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of the disorder, as well as the molecular mechanisms by which CBD can reduce schizophrenic symptoms. The potential utility of CBD for mitigating cannabis cravings and cannabis withdrawal in this patient population will also be reviewed. Lastly, the dosing, method of drug delivery, length of treatment, and adverse effects of CBD in patients with schizophrenia are discussed. Thus, the goal of this narrative review is to help clinicians and researchers better understand the risks and benefits of this potential therapy for this patient population.
Uncovering Social Stratification: Intersectional Inequalities in Work and Family Life Courses by Gender and Race
Authors: Fasang Anette Eva , Aisenbrey Silke
Published: November 2021

Enduring and accumulated advantages and disadvantages in work and family lives remain invisible in studies focusing on single outcomes. Further, single outcome studies tend to conflate labor market inequalities related to gender, race, and family situation. We combine an intersectional and quantitative life course perspective to analyze parallel work and family lives for Black and White men and women aged 22–44. Results using sequence analysis and data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79) show that White men enjoy privileged opportunities to combine work and family life and elicit specific gendered and racialized constraints for Black men and women and White women. Black women experience the strongest interdependence between work and family life: events in their work lives constrain and condition their family lives and vice versa. For Black men, stable partnerships and career success mutually support and sustain each other over the life course. In contrast, for Black women, occupational success goes along with the absence of stable partnerships. Precarious and unstable employment is associated with early single parenthood for all groups supporting instability spillovers between life domains that are most prevalent among Black women, followed by Black men. The findings highlight a sizeable group of resourceful Black single mothers who hold stable middle-class jobs and have often gone unnoticed in previous research. We conclude that economic interventions to equalize opportunities in education, employment, and earnings, particularly early in life, are more promising for reducing intersectional inequalities in work-family life courses than attempting to intervene in family lives.
Electing between equitable remedies
Authors: Islam Carl
Published: November 2021

Carl Islam explains the operation of the principle of election, and concludes that in a breach of fiduciary duty claim, before an election between equitable remedies must be made by the claimant beneficiary, the judge should first consider the duties and powers of the defendant fiduciary. Because that exercise is inseparable from determination of breach, the author further submits that the exercise should be undertaken by the judge at the same time, i.e. at trial, before making a finding about breach.
19th Annual Melhus Symposium: Data Driven Plant Health
Authors: Choudhury Robin A. , Everhart Sydney E.
Published: November 2021

The I. E. Melhus Symposium is a prestigious event that takes place as part of the annual meeting of the American Phytopathology Society. The 19th symposium highlights some of the best and brightest graduate students in epidemiology on the theme Data Driven Plant Health. Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the entire meeting was online. Despite the challenges, the awardees successfully presented their research to a live online audience of more than 150 attendees. The five research projects are collected in this issue of Plant Health Progress.