bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Cellular Uptake and Distribution of Vitamin E
Authors: SAITO YOSHIRO , YOSHIDA YASUKAZU , NISHIO KEIKO , HAYAKAWA MIEKO , NIKI ETSUO
Published: March 2005

Abstract: We previously reported that tocotrienols acted as more potent inhibitors against selenium deficiency‐induced cell death than the corresponding tocopherol isoforms (J. Biol. Chem. 2003;278:39428‐39434). In the present study, we first compared the differences in the cellular uptake between α‐tocopherol (α‐Toc) and α‐tocotrienol (α‐Toc‐3). The initial rate of cellular uptake of α‐Toc‐3 was 70‐fold higher than that of α‐Toc. Subcellular fractionation analysis of α‐Toc‐3 and α‐Toc‐fortified cells showed similar cellular distribution of these antioxidants, which was directly proportional to the lipid distribution. The cells containing similar amounts of α‐Toc‐3 and α‐Toc showed similar resistance against the oxidative stress caused by peroxides. These results suggest that the apparent higher cytoprotective effect of α‐Toc‐3 than α‐Toc is primarily ascribed to its higher cellular uptake.
The roles of twoC. elegansHOX co-factor orthologs in cell migration and vulva development
Authors: Yang Lucie , Sym Mary , Kenyon Cynthia
Published: March 2005

Anteroposterior cell migration and patterning in C. elegans are governed by multiple, interacting signaling pathways and transcription factors. In this study, we have investigated the role of ceh-20, the C. elegans ortholog of the HOX co-factor Extradenticle (Exd/Pbx), and unc-62, the C. elegans ortholog of Homothorax(Hth/Meis/Prep), in two processes that are regulated by Hox gene lin-39: cell migration and vulva formation. As in lin-39mutants, the anterior migrations of neuroblasts in the Q lineage are truncated in Hox co-factor mutants. Surprisingly, though, our findings suggested that the roles of ceh-20 and unc-62 are different from that of lin-39; specifically, ceh-20 and unc-62 but not lin-39 are required for the transmembrane protein MIG-13 to promote anterior migration. To our knowledge, ceh-20 and unc-62 are the only genes that have been implicated in the mig-13 pathway. We find that ceh-20 and unc-62 are also required for several steps in vulva development. Surprisingly, ceh-20 and unc-62mutants have phenotypes that are starkly different from those of lin-39 mutants. Thus, in this process, too, ceh-20 and unc-62 are likely to have functions that are independent of lin-39.
Nuclear integration of positive Dpp signals, antagonistic Wg inputs and mesodermal competence factors duringDrosophilavisceral mesoderm induction
Authors: Lee Hsiu-Hsiang , Frasch Manfred
Published: March 2005

Tissue induction during embryonic development relies to a significant degree on the integration of combinatorial regulatory inputs at the enhancer level of target genes. During mesodermal tissue induction in Drosophila, various combinations of inductive signals and mesoderm-intrinsic transcription factors cooperate to induce the progenitors of different types of muscle and heart precursors at precisely defined positions within the mesoderm layer. Dpp signals are required in cooperation with the mesoderm-specific NK homeodomain transcription factor Tinman (Tin) to induce all dorsal mesodermal tissue derivatives, which include dorsal somatic muscles, the dorsal vessel and visceral muscles of the midgut. Wingless (Wg)signals modulate the responses to Dpp/Tin along anteroposterior positions by cooperating with Dpp/Tin during dorsal vessel and somatic muscle induction while antagonizing Dpp/Tin during visceral mesoderm induction. As a result,dorsal muscle and cardiac progenitors form in a pattern that is reciprocal to that of visceral muscle precursors along the anteroposterior axis. Our present study addresses how positive Dpp signals and antagonistic Wg inputs are integrated at the enhancer level of bagpipe (bap), a NK homeobox gene that serves as an early regulator of visceral mesoderm development. We show that an evolutionarily conserved bap enhancer element requires combinatorial binding sites for Tin and Dpp-activated Smad proteins for its activity. Adjacent binding sites for the FoxG transcription factors encoded by the Sloppy paired genes (slp1 and slp2),which are direct targets of the Wg signaling cascade, serve to block the synergistic activity of Tin and activated Smads during bap induction. In addition, we show that binding sites for yet unknown repressors are essential to prevent the induction of the bap enhancer by Dpp in the dorsal ectoderm. Our data illustrate how the same signal combinations can have opposite effects on different targets in the same cells during tissue induction.
Differential regulation of Hedgehog target gene transcription by Costal2 and Suppressor of Fused
Authors: Ho Karen S. , Suyama Kaye , Fish Matthew , Scott Matthew P.
Published: March 2005

The mechanism by which the secreted signaling molecule Hedgehog (Hh)elicits concentration-dependent transcriptional responses from cells is not well understood. In the Drosophila wing imaginal disc, Hh signaling differentially regulates the transcription of target genes decapentaplegic (dpp), patched (ptc) and engrailed (en) in a dose-responsive manner. Two key components of the Hh signal transduction machinery are the kinesin-related protein Costal2 (Cos2) and the nuclear protein trafficking regulator Suppressor of Fused [Su(fu)]. Both proteins regulate the activity of the transcription factor Cubitus interruptus (Ci) in response to the Hh signal. We have analyzed the activities of mutant forms of Cos2 in vivo and found effects on differential target gene transcription. A point mutation in the motor domain of Cos2 results in a dominant-negative form of the protein that derepresses dpp but not ptc. Repression of ptc in the presence of the dominant-negative form of Cos2 requires Su(fu), which is phosphorylated in response to Hh in vivo. Overexpression of wild-type or dominant-negative cos2 represses en. Our results indicate that differential Hh target gene regulation can be accomplished by differential sensitivity of Cos2 and Su(Fu) to Hh.
Cited2is required both for heart morphogenesis and establishment of the left-right axis in mouse development
Authors: Weninger Wolfgang J. , Floro Kylie Lopes , Bennett Michael B. , Withington Sarah L. , Preis Jost I. , Barbera Juan Pedro Martinez , Mohun Timothy J. , Dunwoodie Sally L.
Published: March 2005

Establishment of the left-right axis is a fundamental process of vertebrate embryogenesis. Failure to develop left-right asymmetry leads to incorrect positioning and morphogenesis of numerous internal organs, and is proposed to underlie the etiology of several common cardiac malformations. The transcriptional modulator Cited2 is essential for embryonic development: Cited2-null embryos die during gestation with profound developmental abnormalities, including cardiac malformations, exencephaly and adrenal agenesis. Cited2 is also required for normal establishment of the left-right axis; we demonstrate that abnormal heart looping and right atrial and pulmonary isomerism are consistent features of the left-right-patterning defect. We show by gene expression analysis that Cited2 acts upstream of Nodal, Lefty2 and Pitx2 in the lateral mesoderm,and of Lefty1 in the presumptive floor plate.

Although abnormal left-right patterning has a major impact on the cardiac phenotype in Cited2-null embryos, laterality defects are only observed in a proportion of these embryos. We have therefore used a combination of high-resolution imaging and three-dimensional (3D) modeling to systematically document the full spectrum of Cited2-associated cardiac defects. Previous studies have focused on the role of Cited2in cardiac neural crest cell development, as Cited2 can bind the transcription factor Tfap2, and thus affect the expression of Erbb3 in neural crest cells. However, we have identified Cited2-associated cardiac defects that cannot be explained by laterality or neural crest abnormalities. In particular, muscular ventricular septal defects and reduced cell density in the atrioventricular (AV) endocardial cushions are evident in Cited2-null embryos. As we found that Cited2 expression tightly correlated with these sites, we believe that Cited2 plays a direct role in development of the AV canal and cardiac septa. We therefore propose that, in addition to the previously described reduction of cardiac neural crest cells, two other distinct mechanisms contribute to the spectrum of complex cardiac defects in Cited2-null mice; disruption of normal left-right patterning and direct loss of Cited2 expression in cardiac tissues.
The zinc finger transcriptional repressor Blimp1/Prdm1 is dispensable for early axis formation but is required for specification of primordial germ cells in the mouse
Authors: Vincent Stéphane D. , Dunn N. Ray , Sciammas Roger , Shapiro-Shalef Miriam , Davis Mark M. , Calame Kathryn , Bikoff Elizabeth K. , Robertson Elizabeth J.
Published: March 2005

Blimp1, a zinc-finger containing DNA-binding transcriptional repressor,functions as a master regulator of B cell terminal differentiation. Considerable evidence suggests that Blimp1 is required for the establishment of anteroposterior axis formation and the formation of head structures during early vertebrate development. In mouse embryos, Blimp1 is strongly expressed in axial mesendoderm, the tissue known to provide anterior patterning signals during gastrulation. Here, we describe for the first time the defects caused by loss of Blimp1 function in the mouse. Blimp1 deficient embryos die at mid-gestation, but surprisingly early axis formation, anterior patterning and neural crest formation proceed normally. Rather, loss of Blimp1 expression disrupts morphogenesis of the caudal branchial arches and leads to a failure to correctly elaborate the labyrinthine layer of the placenta. Blimp1mutant embryos also show widespread blood leakage and tissue apoptosis, and,strikingly, Blimp1 homozygous mutants entirely lack PGCs. At the time of PGC allocation around 7.25 days post coitum, Blimp1 heterozygous embryos exhibit decreased numbers of PCGs. Thus Blimp1 probably acts to turn off the default pathway that allows epiblast cells to adopt a somatic cell fate, and shifts the transcriptional program so that they become exclusively allocated into the germ cell lineage.
Two Trans and Two Cis Isomers in Caprylolactam in Mixed Solvent of Methanol and Water
Authors: Tsutsumi Yu , Nakanishi Hiroshi , Chiba-Kamoshida Kaori
Published: March 2005

In 13C NMR spectra, four signals of two trans and two cis conformers in caprylolactam were found in a mixed solvent of water and methanol. NMR line broadenings and coalescent phenomena in two conformers occurred at higher temperatures, giving high activation free energy (ΔG‡) for the isomerizations between two trans and cis conformers. ΔG‡ are greatly influenced by the mixed ratio between water and methanol.
Distribution of Acid Sites in Mordenite
Authors: Suzuki Katsuki , Katada Naonobu , Niwa Miki
Published: March 2005

Brønsted acid sites of mordenite are preferentially located on the site of 8-member ring, and these are stronger than on the 12-member ring.
Unprecedented Ligand Dependent SN2′ Mechanism on the Palladium-catalyzed Nucleophilic Substitution to Bicyclic Dienyl Acetates
Authors: Daimon Hisashi , Kitamura Takahiro , Kawahara Tamotsu , Shimizu Isao
Published: March 2005

Palladium-catalyzed nucleophilic reaction to bicyclic dienyl acetates 1 was studied with both optically active substrates and deuterium labeled substrates in order to clarify regioselectivity of the reaction. The regioselectivity depended on phosphine ligands. Thus, SN2 type reaction was observed using PPh3. Whereas, unprecedented SN2′ type reaction proceeded in high yields using DPPP and DPPB, which is applicable to a remote nucleophilic substitution.
Efficient Decomposition of NO2 into N2 and O2 by 193-nm ArF Laser in N2 Atmosphere
Authors: Tsuji Masaharu , Noda Kenji , Sako Hiroshi , Hamagami Taro , Tsuji Takeshi
Published: March 2005

Decomposition of NO2 in N2 by 193-nm ArF excimer laser was studied at atmospheric pressure. The NO2 conversion was 86% and the formation ratios of N2, O2, and NO were 32, 75, and 22%, respectively, at a low NO2 concentration of 200 ppm. The lower NO yield than that predicted from simple NO2 → NO + O photolysis was explained as the second absorption of 193-nm light by NO (X2Π:ν″ > 0) followed by N + O predissociation and subsequent secondary reactions leading to N2 and O2.
Thermal Stability of the Hydration Structure of Short-chain Poly(oxyethylene) in Carbon Tetrachloride: An Infrared Spectroscopic Observation of the Breakdown of Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Matin Md Ruhul , Wahab Shaheda A , Katsumoto Yukiteru , Matsuura Hiroatsu , Ohno Keiichi
Published: March 2005

The temperature-dependent infrared spectra of water dissolved in carbon tetrachloride containing varying amounts of short-chain poly(oxyethylene) (POE) have demonstrated that an increase of temperature destabilizes bidentate hydrogen bonds between water and POE, and changes them to monodentate hydrogen bonds, which are eventually disrupted at higher temperatures. This process of hydrogen bond breakdown is a possible mechanism, among others, of the phase separation in the POE–water system.
Wet Chemical Synthesis of Ag Nanowires Array at Room Temperature
Authors: Weigang Ju , Xiaohong Zhang , Shikang Wu
Published: March 2005

This letter describes a new simple method to prepare silver nanowires array in solution phase by direct chemical reduction at room temperature. In the process no seeds and no stabilizers are needed.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Structural Characterization of a Manganese(II) Wire Made Up of Octahedral and Square Pyramidal Mn(II) Ions
Authors: Kumagai Hitoshi , Akita-Tanaka Motoko , Kawata Satoshi , Inoue Katsuya
Published: March 2005

Hydrothermal reaction between Mn(II) ion and α-phenylcinnamic acid yields a 1D-chain complex, [Mn5L8(OH)2] (L = α-phenylcinnamate). [Mn5L8(OH)2] contains pentanuclear Mn(II) cores, α-phenylcinnamate and hydroxide ions as bridging ligands. The pentanuclear Mn(II) core consists of distorted octahedral {MnO6} and distorted square pyramidal {MnO5} linked through μ-carboxylate and μ3-hydroxide ligands. The octahedrons and the distorted square pyramids share the edges and vertexes to form 1D-chain structure.
Stereospecific Electrochemical Carboxylation of β-Bromostyrene by Use of Nickel(II) Catalyst
Authors: Kuang Chunxiang , Yang Qing , Senboku Hisanori , Tokuda Masao
Published: March 2005

Electrochemical carboxylation of (E)- and (Z)-β-bromostyrenes (1) under an atmospheric pressure of carbon dioxide with a platinum cathode and a magnesium anode in the presence of 20 mol % of NiBr2·bpy proceeded with retention of stereochemistry to give the corresponding (E)- or (Z)-cinnamic acids (2). The stereochemical outcome of nickel(II)-catalyzed electrochemical carboxylations was discussed by comparison with predominant formation of a (Z)-isomer from either (E)- or (Z)-β-bromostyrenes.
Reductive Coupling of Aryl Bromides Using Cat. Pd/TDAE System in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Kuroboshi Manabu , Takeda Toshiyuki , Motoki Ryota , Tanaka Hideo
Published: March 2005

Pd/TDAE-promoted reductive coupling of aryl bromides (Ar–Br) proceeded in ionic liquids, e.g., BdmimBF4 and BdmimTf2N, to afford the corresponding symmetric biaryls (Ar–Ar) in good yields. Proper choice of ionic liquids and Pd catalysts is indispensable. Recycle use of BdmimTf2N and Pd catalyst was performed successfully.
Stepwise Preparation of Linear π-Conjugated Bis(terpyridine)metal Polymer Chains at Gold Surface
Authors: Kanaizuka Katsuhiko , Murata Masaki , Nishimori Yoshihiko , Mori Ichiro , Nishio Kazuyuki , Masuda Hideki , Nishihara Hiroshi
Published: March 2005

Defect-free structures of a film composed of linear redox polymer chains were prepared using stepwise complexation of Fe(II) and/or Co(II/III) ions with azobenzene-bridged bis(tpy) (tpy = 2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine) ligands, tpy–AB–tpy, on tpy-terminated SAM on gold. This method realizes a formation of desired number of polymer units (for example, 47-mer of Co(tpy)2) and a desired sequence of Co–Fe heterometal structures in the polymer chain (for example, 10-mer of Co(tpy)2 plus 5-mer of Fe(tpy)2).
Suction diathermy adenoid ablation
Authors: Owens David , Jaramillo Mario , Saunders Michael
Published: March 2005

Adenoidectomy Is A Surgical Procedure Frequently Carried Out In Otolaryngological Practice, Traditionally Undertaken Blindly With Curettage Using An Adenotome Following Palpation Of The Adenoid Bed. While A Number Of Alternative Methods Have Been Described For Surgical Removal Of The Adenoid Pad (Power-Assisted/Microdebrider, Transnasal Adenoid Ablation, Suction Coagulation And Liquefaction/Aspiration) None Has Become The Definitive Procedure. Suction Diathermy Adenoidectomy Has Been Known And Used For Some Time; It Has Gained In Popularity Over Recent Years And Is Established As An Alternative To Conventional Curettage, Particularly In Children.

We Describe Several Techniques Which Improve The View Of The Surgical Field While Performing Suction Diathermy Adenoid Ablation.
Extensive endoscopic sinus surgery from the viewpoint of out-patients in a metropolitan area
Authors: Maeda Yoh-Ichiro , Tsuchida Mineko , Fukaya Takashi
Published: March 2005

Extensive functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) was assessed retrospectively from the viewpoint of out-patients on the basis of their responses to a postal questionnaire, particularly in the Tokyo metropolitan area. Seventeen patients were included in this study (six females and11 males) with an age range of 22–70 years. All the patients had at least ethmoid sinusitis. Additionally, some patients had maxillary or sphenoid sinusitis or polyps obstructing the nasal cavities. The average operation time and blood loss were 36 minutes and 31 ml, respectively. Four patients had to travel more than one hour to reach home. All of them used the train for travelling to and from the hospital. ’Doctors’ advice’ was the most common reason for the decision to undergo this ambulatory surgery. Nine (53 per cent) had some unexpected problems post-operatively. The establishment of a care pathway may improve the outcome of extensive FESS on an out-patient basis.
An easier way of inserting the Shah permavent grommet
Authors: Tahery J , Saeed S R
Published: March 2005

Ventilation tube insertion plays an important role in the management of otitis media with effusion. In selected cases, repeated grommet insertion due to persistent eustachian tube dysfunction necessitates the need for longer-term ventilation. Insertion of such tubes can however occasionally be more difficult than insertion of standard grommets. One such long-term ventilation tube is the Shah permavent grommet. This paper describes a simple modification of the technique that is less time-consuming and less traumatic.
Efficacy of intratympanic methylprednisolone acetate in treatment of drill-induced sensorineural hearing loss in guinea pigs
Authors: El-Hennawi Diaa M , El-Deen Mohamed H Badr , Abou-Halawa Ashraf S , Nadeem Hani S , Ahmed Mohamed R
Published: March 2005

Intratympanic steroids offer direct access to the inner ear with high concentration and without systemic effects. In this study, the efficacy of intratympanic methylprednisolone acetate (IT-MPA) was evaluated in a guinea-pig model of drill-induced inner ear trauma.

Twenty-five guinea pigs were divided into a control group to document the baseline distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) and the normal scanning electron microscopic (SEM) morphology of the inner ear. The animals in the study group were subdivided into a steroid-only group (S), a trauma-only group(T), a trauma-plus-time group (TT), and a trauma-plus-steroid (TS) group.

IT-MPA was found to have no damaging effect on the inner ear. Twelve days after trauma, there was spontaneous although incomplete recovery of the DPOAEs amplitudes and SEM morphology with scar tissue replacing lost outer hair cells. Statistically higher DPOAEs amplitudes (p < 0.05) were recorded in the TS group that had nearly normal SEM morphology compared to the TT group. The authors conclude that IT-MPA significantly improves drill-induced sensorineural hearing loss and inner ear morphological changes in guinea pigs.
Canalicular adenoma of the parotid gland
Authors: Philpott Carl M , Kendall Charles , Murty George E
Published: March 2005

Canalicular adenomas are a rare form of benign tumour that occur in salivary glands, occurring mainly in the upper lip and minor salivary glands of the buccal mucosa. The authors report the fifth case and the first in the otorhinolaryngological literature of a canalicular adenoma of the parotid gland. Its specific histological features are difficult to detect on fine needle aspiration and its multifocal nature can lead to recurrence and this must be considered in the clinical management.
Study on spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea: its aetiology and management
Authors: Dunn C J , Alaani A , Johnson A P
Published: March 2005

The aim of this study was to identify the common features in a study group of patients with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) rhinorrhoea, to develop a hypothesis to explain the cause of this condition and to investigate the outcome of surgical techniques adopted to repair the leak. In this retrospective study the authors have reviewed all the cases of spontaneous CSF leaks attending and receiving treatment from the otolaryngology department of Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, from 1992 to 2002.

Of 34 patients with CSF leaks, 15 were spontaneous in nature and formed the study group. Of these 15 patients, 14 were female; with ages ranging from 37 to 70 years and a median age of 50 years. All the female patients were overweight with a body mass index (BMI) >24.9 and, of these, nine were considered obese with a BMI >30. It was attempted to identify common factors in the study group and it was evident that female sex, obesity and age played a key role in this condition.

The follow-up period ranged from two to 98 months. Thirteen patients were asymptomatic but two patients remained symptomatic, one of these despite repeated surgical intervention.
Malignant (invasive) otitis externa involving the temporomandibular joint
Authors: Dobbyn L , O’Shea C , McLoughlin P
Published: March 2005

Malignant (invasive) otitis externa (MOE) is an infection involving the external auditory meatus (EAM), most often found in elderly diabetics, which carries a high morbidity and mortality. In advanced cases it may give rise to osteomyelitis and cranial neuropathies. This is a case of MOE, which invaded the posterior wall of the right temporomandibular joint (TMJ), resulting in severe trismus and pain. Subsequently, this required treatment by replacement of the glenoid fossa with a Silastic® prosthesis.
Malleus osteotomy: improving access to the anterior tympanum
Authors: Bhalla R K , Lesser T H J
Published: March 2005

Access to the anterior tympanic cavity is often restricted by the handle of the malleus. The aim of this paper is to describe a surgical malleus osteotomy that allows the malleus handle to swing superiorly. The authors have found few problems related to this technique, especially with regard to restoration of normal post-operative hearing.
Informed consent: a patients’ perspective
Authors: Burns Paul , Keogh Ivan , Timon Conrad
Published: March 2005

The medico-legal issues surrounding informed consent are highly topical and contentious. Current attitudes to consent emphasize the high level of ’good medical practice’ expected by a ’reasonable patient/parent’. The authors’ objectives were to assess the levels of knowledge and information expected by patients and parents, prior to signing consent forms for a surgical procedure. Each patient or parent was asked a series of questions prior to signing a consent form. Answers were recorded on a standard questionnaire. More than 80 per cent of respondents were happy with the information provided in out-patients, however, over half of these could not list even one complication of their operation. Two-thirds of those surveyed sought information elsewhere, while over half expected to be informed of all known complications, even if the rate of complications was less than one per cent. In conclusion, the information provided by surgeons might not meet the expectations of today’s informed patients.
Simple new method of protecting the septum during oxygen delivery via a nasal canula
Authors: Banerjee A S , Kumar B U , Sethi Navdeep
Published: March 2005

Epistaxsis and crustation are common problems associated with long-term use of oxygen through nasal prongs in patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The nasal prong can cause direct trauma to the septal mucosa. We describe a simple solution to this problem with use of the disposable ear tip used in tympanometry
Nodular fasciitis of the head and neck
Authors: Silva P , Bruce I A , Malik T , Homer J , Banerjee S
Published: March 2005

Nodular fasciitis is an unusual benign reactive process affecting superficial and deep fascia. Its rapid growth, rich cellularity, high mitotic activity and poorly circumscribed nature result in it being easily misdiagnosed as a sarcomatous lesion. Three cases of nodular fasciitis presenting as neck lumps are reported. They were successfully treated with local excision, with no signs of recurrence following two years of follow up. This paper describes the clinical presentation and microscopic features of this rare benign lesion and it emphasizes the need for accurate histopathology and clinical suspicion, if inappropriate aggressive management is to be avoided.
Parapharyngeal granular cell tumour: a unique surgical challenge
Authors: Persaud R , Tudge S , Amonoo-Kuofi K , Beale T , O’Flynn P
Published: March 2005

A granular cell tumour is a rare lesion of probable nerve sheath origin. It is typically benign but up to seven per cent may be malignant. Since its original description in the tongue in 1926, the tumour has been reported to occur at many other sites in the body. The authors report a case of a 49-year-old African woman with an oronaso-parapharyngeal granular cell neoplasm causing mild dysphagia. The location of this tumour, which has not been reported previously, posed a unique surgical challenge. An initial attempt to remove the lesion transorally was only partially successful because it was too tough and adherent for conventional surgical dissecting instruments. Complete resection, however, was achieved with a carbon dioxide laser via the same approach. This information may be helpful in the management of other similar cases in the future.
Superior mediastinal and internal jugular venous thrombosis presenting to the otolaryngologist
Authors: De Casso Carmen , Ghosh Sudip , Timms Michael , Morar Pradeep
Published: March 2005

Venous thromboembolic disease has an estimated annual incidence of one in 1000 people. However, thrombosis of the superior mediastinum and neck veins is less frequent and it is usually due to direct trauma to the neck by intravenous catheters, drug abusers or neck dissection surgery. Local or distant malignancy (Trousseau’s syndrome) is also an important cause.

Thrombosis of the superior mediastinal and internal jugular veins is rarely a cause of primary referral to the otolaryngologist. On these rare occasions, it can present as a painful neck mass, but may also present with stridor, dysphonia or dysphagia. The four patients presented here illustrate different ways of presentation. Different imaging techniques such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and venogram, will produce a diagnosis of thrombosis, occasionally with a mass, but only a biopsy will confirm or rule-out malignancy.

Spontaneous thrombophlebitis can be the first manifestation of an occult neoplasm and any investigation into venous thrombosis must include a thorough general examination and follow up.
Simple compressive method for treatment of auricular haematoma using dental silicone material
Authors: Choung Y H , Park K , Choung P H , Oh J H
Published: March 2005

Most of the previous treatment methods for auricular haematoma are inconvenient for both patients and doctors because they are time-consuming and complex and must be performed under sterile conditions. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a simple compressive method using a dental (silicone) impression material and comparing it with other methods for treatment of auricular haematomas. The authors aspirated a haematoma and then placed a mixed base and catalyst of silicone putty material on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the auricle in the shape of an inverted U for seven days.

From the 24 cases managed with this method, 23 cases (95.8 per cent) were successfully healed. Eight patients were treated with a collodion-cotton wool cast and 16 of 19 patients were successfully treated with dental cotton-wool rolls. The average number of those visiting the hospital was 2.7 for the collodion-cotton wool cast, 6.9 for the dental cotton-wool roll, and 3.1 for dental silicone. The mean treatment durations were 8.1 days for the collodion-cotton wool cast, 13.8 days for the dental cotton-wool roll, and 8.6 days for dental silicone. The authors believe that this compressive method using dental silicone material is simple and appropriate for the treatment of auricular haematoma.
Nasal polyposis in the laryngectomee
Authors: McNeill E J M , Samuel P R
Published: March 2005

We report the cases of two laryngectomy patients who were diagnosed with de novo nasal polyposis, more than 15 years after their laryngectomies. This phenomenon has not previously been reported in the literature. We discuss the changes in nasal physiology of the laryngectomy patient, with regards to the aetiology of polyp formation, and highlight the importance of examining the nose in such patients.
Potential ototoxicity from triamcinolone, neomycin, gramicidin and nystatin (Tri-Adcortyl™) cream
Authors: Thomas S P , Buckland J R , Rhys-Williams S R
Published: March 2005

Although rare, ototoxicity from the use of aminoglycoside drops is well recognized. Ototoxicity has not been described with the use of combination aminoglycoside-steroid-antifungal creams or ointments. We present the case of a 60-year-old man with a perforated tympanic membrane who suffered a total hearing loss after the instillation of cream containing triamcinolone, neomycin, gramicidin and nystatin (Tri-Adcortyl™ cream) into his ear canal. On balance, we believe that a number of potentially ototoxic constituents in this cream were responsible. Other possible causes of sensorineural hearing loss and the possible mechanisms of ototoxicity of this cream are discussed. The reasons why such creams may be particularly ototoxic, compared with drops, are also considered. The authors caution against the use of such creams or ointments in the ear if there is any suspicion of a tympanic membrane perforation.
Alendronate-induced chemical laryngitis
Authors: Bhutta M F , Rance M , Gillett D , Weighill J S
Published: March 2005

Alendronate is a bisphosphonate used in treating osteoporosis. Its recognized side-effects include oesophageal irritation and ulceration. The authors describe a case of laryngitis induced by transient contact of this medication with the laryngeal mucosa. Successful management of this case is also detailed.
Neonatal disseminated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus presenting as orbital cellulitis
Authors: Anari Shahram , Karagama Yakubu G , Fulton Barbara , Wilson Janet A
Published: March 2005

Orbital cellulitis and abscess are known complications of ethmoiditis in children, but they are very rare in the newborn. The authors report a case of orbital abscess caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in a four-week-old neonate born four weeks prematurely.
Systemic AA Amyloidosis in the Common Marmoset
Authors: Ludlage E. , Murphy C. L. , Davern S. M. , Solomon A. , Weiss D. T. , Glenn-Smith D. , Dworkin S. , Mansfield K. G.
Published: March 2005

The common marmoset ( Callithrix jacchus) is a small New World primate native to Brazil that has been used extensively in biomedical research. A retrospective analysis of archived hematoxylin and eosinstained tissue sections and clinical records was conducted at the New England Primate Research Center on 86 marmosets more than 1 year of age that were euthanized during the past decade because of morbidity and failure to thrive. Approximately 17% (15 of 86) were found to have amyloid deposits in one or more organs, including the liver, adrenal glands, kidneys, and intestine. This material was shown by amino acid sequence analysis to be composed of serum amyloid A (SAA)-related protein. This type of amyloidosis, designated AA or “secondary,” is associated typically with an inflammatory process that induces elevated levels of the SAA amyloidogenic precursor molecule. Notably, there were no significant pathologic differences or other distinguishing features in animals with amyloid versus those without; furthermore, on the basis of the limited number of serum specimens available for analysis, the SAA concentrations in the two groups were comparable, thus suggesting the possible inheritable nature of the disorder. In this respect, the common marmoset provides a unique experimental model for study of the pathogenesis and treatment of AA and other forms of systemic amyloidosis.
Liver Histopathology and Liver and Serum Alanine Aminotransferase and Alkaline Phosphatase Activities in Epileptic Dogs Receiving Phenobarbital
Authors: Gaskill C. L. , Miller L. M. , Mattoon J. S. , Hoffmann W. E. , Burton S. A. , Gelens H. C. J. , Ihle S. L. , Miller J. B. , Shaw D. H. , Cribb A. E.
Published: March 2005

Phenobarbital (PB) therapy is frequently associated with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activities in dogs without clinical signs of liver disease. The goal of this study was to determine if increased serum ALT and AP activities in clinically healthy PB-treated epileptic dogs are due to hepatic enzyme induction or to subclinical liver injury. Liver biopsies were obtained from 12 PB-treated dogs without clinical signs of liver disease but with elevated serum ALT and/or AP activities or both. Liver biopsies were obtained from eight healthy control dogs not receiving PB. Biopsies were evaluated histopathologically (all dogs) and liver homogenates were assayed for ALT (all dogs) and AP (six treated dogs, all controls) activities. As a positive control, liver cytochrome P4502B, an enzyme known to be induced by PB, was measured by benzyloxyresorufin- O-dealkylase activity and immunoblotting (five treated dogs, all controls). Serum AP isoenzyme analyses were performed. Results showed that ALT and AP activities in liver homogenates were not increased in treated dogs compared with controls, whereas the positive control for induction, CYP2B, was dramatically increased in treated dogs. Histopathological examination of liver biopsies revealed more severe and frequent abnormalities in treated dogs compared to controls, but similar types of abnormalities were found in both groups. Serum AP isoenzyme analyses in treated dogs demonstrated increased corticosteroid-induced and liver isoenzyme activities compared to controls. Results do not support induction of ALT or AP in the liver as the cause of elevated serum activities of these enzymes due to PB.
A Case of Canine Apocrine Sweat Gland Adenoma, Clear Cell Variant
Authors: Nibe K. , Uchida K. , Itoh T. , Tateyama S.
Published: March 2005

A cutaneous mass at the base of the retroauricular region of a 4-year-old, female Golden Retriever was examined pathologically. Histologically, the mass formed multiple nodules consisting of a proliferation of large clear cells with abundant cytoplasm. Mitotic figures among the neoplastic cells were very sparse. The large clear cells were intensely positive for cytokeratins (AE1/AE4, cytokeratin 8 and 18) and moderately positive for lysozyme and contained periodic acid-Schiff-positive granules in the cytoplasm. In addition, small flat cells lined the islands of neoplastic large clear cells, and these were strongly positive for alpha-smooth muscle actin and vimentin, and some were positive for cytokeratin (AE1/AE4), suggesting they were myoepithelial cells. No local recurrence or metastasis has been recognized during the 18 months since surgical excision. On the basis of these findings, the present tumor was diagnosed as apocrine sweat gland adenoma, clear cell variant. There have been few previous reports of canine apocrine adenomas showing a clear cell morphology.
Ovarian Choriocarcinoma in a Rhesus Monkey Associated with Elevated Serum Chorionic Gonadotropin Levels
Authors: Farman C. A. , Benirschke K. , Horner M. , Lappin P.
Published: March 2005

A clinically normal, 3-year-old female rhesus monkey ( Macaca mulatta), which was part of a routine toxicology study, had a mass in the right ovary with metastases to the adjacent mesentery and lungs. The histologic features and immunohistochemistry results were consistent with the diagnosis of choriocarcinoma. Neoplastic cell types included cytotrophoblast (positive for cytokeratin), syncytiotrophoblast (positive for human chorionic gonadotropin), and extravillous trophoblast (positive for human placental lactogen). Because the neoplasm was present in the ovary, the uterus was normal, and the animal was not currently pregnant, this was considered a primary ovarian neoplasm of germ cell origin. The monkey had elevated serum levels of chorionic gonadotropin at the beginning of the study, indicating that, as in women, choriocarcinomas in monkeys can be associated with increased gonadotropin levels and that the tumor was preexisting at the start of the toxicology study.
The Influence of Nonaudit Service Revenues and Client Pressure on External Auditors' Decisions to Rely on Internal Audit*
Authors: FELIX WILLIAM L. , GRAMLING AUDREY A. , MALETTA MARIO J.
Published: March 2005

This paper investigates how external auditor provision of significant nonaudit services and client pressure to use the work of internal audit influence external auditors' use of internal auditors' work. More specifically, we study how external audit evidence gathering choices are influenced by nonaudit fees and client pressure. Our research is motivated by an observation that the magnitude of nonaudit services provided to audit clients introduces the risk that client management may leverage its position with the external auditor and potentially affect the audit process. We address this issue by extending prior research and focusing on the importance of various explanatory variables, including nonaudit service revenues, client pressure, internal audit quality, and coordination, to the external auditor's decision to rely on the work of internal audit. We use data primarily obtained through surveys completed by internal and external auditors. The survey responses represent 74 separate audit engagements. Our findings reveal that when significant nonaudit services are not provided to a client, internal audit quality and the level of internal‐external auditor coordination positively affect auditors' internal audit reliance decisions. However, when the auditor provides significant nonaudit services to the client, internal audit quality and the extent of internal ‐ external auditor coordination do not significantly affect auditors' reliance decisions. Furthermore, when significant nonaudit services are provided, client pressure significantly increases the extent of internal audit reliance. Thus, external auditors appear to be more affected by client pressure and less concerned about internal audit quality and coordination when making internal audit reliance decisions at clients for whom significant nonaudit services are also provided.
A Reexamination of Behavior in Experimental Audit Markets: The Effects of Moral Reasoning and Economic Incentives on Auditor Reporting and Fees*
Authors: SCHATZBERG JEFFREY W. , SEVCIK GALEN R. , SHAPIRO BRIAN P. , THORNE LINDA , WALLACE R. S. OLUSEGUN
Published: March 2005

This study uses experimental markets to investigate how moral reasoning influences auditor reporting under different levels of economic incentives. In each multiperiod market, auditor subjects could either (1) misreport low observed outcomes as high and thereby reap economic advantages at the expense of third‐party investors, or (2) truthfully report low observed outcomes as low but thereby forgo the economic advantages of misreporting. We extend the Calegari, Schatzberg, and Sevcik 1998 experimental‐markets setting to incorporate moral reasoning, and test hypotheses based on the economic model of Magee and Tseng 1990 and the neo‐Kohlbergian moral reasoning framework of Rest, Narvaez, Bebeau, and Thoma 1999. We document a significant effect of moral reasoning on auditor behavior. Specifically, we find that misreporting and premium fees are more likely with higher than with lower moral reasoning subjects, and the moral reasoning effect diminishes as economic penalties increase in the market. These findings provide valuable insights for specifying the determinants of auditor misreporting, the observable behaviors that signal its existence, and the institutions that can prevent its occurrence in the market. We conclude that the relation between moral reasoning and behavior is more complex than commonly assumed in the accounting literature, and identify directions for future research.
Indicators of Energetic Status in Juvenile Coho Salmon and Chinook Salmon
Authors: Trudel M. , Tucker S. , Morris J. F. T. , Higgs D. A. , Welch D. W.
Published: March 2005

Bioenergetic models frequently rely on published values or models for estimating the energy density of fish, principally because of the cost and effort of obtaining direct measurements. In this study, we developed empirical models of energy density for free-ranging juvenile coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch and Chinook salmon O. tshawytscha sampled at sea from the west coast of Oregon to Kodiak Island, Alaska, and we evaluated the accuracy of published energy density models commonly used for these species. Our analyses showed that the energy density of juvenile coho and Chinook salmon was strongly correlated to percent dry weight and proximate constituents (especially lipid and, to a lesser extent, protein concentrations) but poorly correlated to body size and condition factor. Percent dry weight of whole fish was the single best predictor of energy density for both species, accounting for more than 90% of the variance in energy density. We also found that percent dry weight in the muscle tissue accounted for 65% of the variance in energy density. Changes in energy density mainly reflected changes in lipid composition. These results indicate that accurate estimates of energy density could be obtained at low effort and cost for juvenile coho and Chinook salmon simply by determining the water contents in whole-fish or muscle samples. Published models overestimate the energy density of juvenile coho and Chinook salmon collected from the Pacific Ocean. This may result from the extrapolation of the models to different size-classes, life stages, or habitats. More caution is needed when models are extrapolated to conditions beyond those that were used for their development.
Vascular endothelial growth factor increases messenger RNAs encoding cyclooxygenase-II and membrane-associated prostaglandin E synthase in rat luteal cells
Authors: Sakurai T , Tamura K , Kogo H
Published: March 2005

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is known to be necessary for the vascularization of the developing corpus luteum. Our recent data suggested that cyclooxygenase-II (COX-II) may play a role in the formation of vascular plexuses in developing corpora lutea of the rat. Here we examined the relationship between VEGF and the expression of prostaglandin (PG)- metabolizing enzymes in rat ovarian luteal cells. VEGF treatment caused a dose-dependent increase in the expression of COX-II and membrane-associated PGE synthase (mPGES) mRNA in cultured rat luteal cells. However, pretreatment of the luteal cells with a selective COX-II inhibitor, NS-398, abolished the VEGF-enhanced mPGES mRNA expression. VEGF also increased PGE2 secretion. Conversely, PGE2 dose-dependently stimulated VEGF mRNA expression. Furthermore, VEGF induced VEGF mRNA expression, but this effect was abolished by NS-398 pretreatment. These findings suggest that VEGF enhances PGE2 production by stimulating COX-II and mPGES expression in rat corpus luteum and that the effect of VEGF on luteal cells may be partially mediated by this stimulation of PGE2 production.
Exocytosis sensitivity to growth hormone-releasing hormone in subsets of GH cells in rats under different corticosterone conditions. Ultrastructural study using microwave irradiation for fixation and immunocytochemistry
Authors: Ozawa Hitoshi , Han Fang , Kawata Mitsuhiro
Published: March 2005

Growth hormone (GH) cells in the rat anterior pituitary have been morphologically classified into three subtypes: type I (mature) containing large secretory granules about 350 nm in diameter, type II (intermediate) containing a mixture of large and small granules, and type III (immature) containing small granules about 150 nm in diameter. However, the functional implications of morphological heterogeneity, especially the different sensitivities to growth hormone-releasing hormone (GRH) under different corticosteroid conditions have not been elucidated to date.

In the present study, by application of microwave irradiation (MWI) for fixation and immunocytochemistry, new findings of the exocytotic response have been revealed among the subsets of GH cells following adrenalectomy (ADX), corticosterone treatment and/or GRH treatment.

The MWI gave effective results for fixation, especially for the permeability of the fixative, and showed good results for immunoelectron microscopy using the protein-A gold method. Moreover, the use of MWI greatly shortened the fixation, processing and immunolabeling times without compromising the quality of ultrastructural preservation and the specificity of labeling.

The number of exocytotic figures was low in all subtypes of GH cells in the sham-operated control rats. GRH treatment induced a significant increase in exocytosis in each subtype of GH cells, particularly in type I (mature) and type II (intermediate) GH cells in the control rats. GRH injection to rats for 4 days after ADX also showed an increase in exocytosis, but the degree was significantly less in comparison with the GRH injection in the control group. Corticosterone replacement given to ADX rats induced a clear recovery of the exocytotic response to GRH to the control level. Serum GH content measured by radioimmunoassay correlated with these morphological results.

These results suggest that the secretion of GH stimulated by GRH is closely related to corticosteroids, and that the sensitivity to GRH differs among the three subtypes of GH cells.