bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Language, Culture and Identities: Theoretical Perspectives
Authors: Dunmore Stuart
Published: May 2020

Various perspectives have been brought to bear on the interrelationship of language, culture and identity within sociolinguistics, the sociology of language, social psychology and linguistic anthropology. This chapter is structured into five overarching sections, setting out a wider theoretical framework surrounding the nexus of language and social life. The chapter seeks firstly to define a conceptual framework for examining the interplay of language and sociocultural identity, before addressing the symbolic value of languages, essentialist conceptions of identity and the relationship between language and nationalism. It then introduces the concept of language ideologies and reviews theoretical understandings of how speakers’ culturally constituted beliefs and feelings about language can be seen to impact upon their use of different linguistic varieties. The chapter subsequently considers language socialisation, and focuses on how bilingual (immersion) education may interact with considerations of language and identity, ideologies and socialisation in diverse settings internationally. The framework established will thus conceptualise how these matters can help to frame the key themes and objectives of the book.
Exploring Outcomes of Gaelic-Medium Education: Research Design and Analysis
Authors: Dunmore Stuart
Published: May 2020

This chapter outlines the immediate context and parameters of the study that informs the book, including the research design adopted to establish validity and investigate the key social and linguistic questions identified in previous chapters. It firstly provides a succinct overview of GME in Scotland, outlining the system’s growth and identifying the expectations of parents and practitioners in its earliest years, before situating the present research within the wider experience of GME in Scotland. It subsequently summarises the overall design of the research, which employs both quantitative and qualitative methods. Semi-structured interviews and an online questionnaire are employed to examine language use and attitudes and facilitate data triangulation of research results. The chapter then outlines and describes the pool of participants among whom the research is conducted. Lastly, it describes the various methods used to contact this group, and to analyse the quantitative and qualitative datasets. The chapter will discuss how the dual qualitative analytic focus on discourse content and form contributes to the validity of the analysis, by delving below the surface semantics of speech acts to consider speakers’ pragmatic meanings holistically.
Linguistic Practice, Gaelic Use and Language Socialisation: Findings from Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses
Authors: Dunmore Stuart
Published: May 2020

Considering the overarching question of Gaelic language use, this chapter draws attention firstly to the varying degrees to which interview participants claim to use the Gaelic language in the present day. Three discernible categories or extents of use are apparent in interviewees’ accounts with respect to their present-day linguistic practices. The discussion subsequently considers two particular types of Gaelic use that are frequently reported within the interview corpus, relating to code-switching and use of Gaelic as a ‘secret’ language. As will be demonstrated, there exists a consistent relationship between higher levels of Gaelic ability and use in the present day, as there is between high levels of Gaelic use and past socialisation in the language at home and school. Triangulation of the qualitative and quantitative datasets thus produces a clear picture of limited ongoing Gaelic use among the majority of 130 Gaelic-medium educated adults who participated in the study, particularly in respect of the key domains of home and community.
Underlying Language Use: Gaelic Language Ideologies and Attitudes
Authors: Dunmore Stuart
Published: May 2020

This chapter considers the role that participants’ ideological and attitudinal stances play in determining their current language practices. Language practices among former-GME students – both the overall extent and nature of interviewees’ Gaelic use – were demonstrated in the previous chapter to be rather limited among the majority of participants, with past socialisation experiences emerging as a key consideration in interviewee accounts, questionnaire responses, and statistical correlations. Building on that understanding, this chapter presents an analysis of interviewees’ language ideologies with a view to understanding how interviewees’ beliefs and linguistic identities may also influence their language practices. Ideologies are particularly examined in respect of appropriate Gaelic use, the wider Gaelic community, and the perceived relevance of Gaelic for cultural identities. A quantitative perspective is then brought to bear on these considerations using online attitudinal survey data.
The Magical Metropolis
Authors: Dickson Melissa
Published: May 2020

This chapter turns to the science of stagecraft, and to the endless recreations and adaptations of the wonders, magic, and treasures of the Arabian Nights that took place within the shows culture of nineteenth-century Britain. These authorless, ownerless tales presented ideal theatrical opportunities to display the rich landscapes, domestic interiors and dazzling treasures of the East within the public spaces of Britain. In so doing, they facilitated a kind of ‘virtual’ tourism, whereby audiences might participate in the adventurer’s narrative of discovery, infiltration, exploration, and safe return, without ever leaving England. At the same time, however, such performances fostered a self-reflective, inward movement, as an imaginative destination of childhood became a physical space that might be stepped into, examined and explored. Performances of the Arabian Nights had a disturbing capacity to evoke and to disrupt childhood memories, as they were reliant upon a substantial amount of labour and technical expertise in order to realise fully the workings of magic and the apparently spontaneous eruption of the supernatural on stage. As a vehicle for exploring the material and technological limits of nineteenth-century stagecraft, the wonder and enchantment of the Arabian Nights thus became inextricably intertwined with the wonder of machinery and technical ingenuity, as new techniques were developed for representing fantasy and manufacturing magic.
Magic and Machines at the Great Exhibition
Authors: Dickson Melissa
Published: May 2020

Chapter 4 turns to the accumulation of goods at the Great Exhibition of 1851, which was frequently understood as another theatrical manifestation of the Arabian Nights, within the ‘fairy-tale’ Crystal Palace in the heart of Britain. A new and innovative architectural form, the palace and its contents challenged the viewer’s vision, judgement, and sense of scale to such an extent that recourse was made to the language of magic in an effort to represent its unfamiliar effects. The palace and the objects it contained had apparently materialised like the stuff of dreams. Within this transformative space, the magnificence of Britain’s industrial resources became truly apparent only by way of comparison, by the jostling together of old and new, of fictional and material, and of machinery and magic. Here, an anxious meta-narrative emerged about the nature of modern production and consumption. Casting those products originating from India, China and elsewhere within a framework of magic and the Arabian Nights was, this chapter argues, a part of the rhetoric of British modernity, which made the comparison between nations and their wares more palatable by insisting that supposedly ‘inferior’ nations had employed the agency of magic. Such a narrative generated wonder both for the beautiful, often hand-crafted productions that had supposedly been wrought by magic, and of the advancements of British civilisation, which had apparently gained, through science, all the powers of Aladdin’s lamp.
Our Lady of the Assassins and Levinas’s Ethics as First Philosophy
Authors: Lamberti Edward
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores Barbet Schroeder’s violent and romantic Spanish-language Colombian drama Our Lady of the Assassins (2000). The film, based on the 1994 novel by Fernando Vallejo, tells the story of the love affair between a disillusioned middle-aged writer and a teenage gang member. Their relationship plays out against a backdrop of violence and tension in Medellín, Colombia. Schroeder’s approach to the subject stresses the normality of the relationship and the ordinariness of the violence. The result is a film that embraces a non-judgmental take on a type of relationship that movies are not accustomed to portraying. I argue that Schroeder’s work is akin to Emmanuel Levinas’s positioning of ethics as ‘first philosophy’, namely, that we are ethical before we are anything else. I draw in particular on Levinas scholar Adriaan T. Peperzak’s work to explore the implications of this, relating it to Schroeder’s film style in Our Lady of the Assassins.
Introduction
Authors: Ahmed Mohamed A. H
Published: May 2020

About thirty years after his immigration from Iraq to Israel, Sami Michael, a well-known Israeli author, said in an interview: ‘Today I think only in Hebrew and write only in Hebrew. Many times the pen stops, the brain searches for the word, but the word appears only in Arabic or English’ (...
Arabic and Hebrew in One Text: Early Potential, Current Perspective
Authors: Ahmed Mohamed A. H
Published: May 2020

This chapter is an introduction to the phenomenon of Arabic and Hebrew in one text from a historical perspective. The chapter includes a general introduction to the Judaeo-Arabic paradigm, as it represents the typical form of Arabic and Hebrew in one text, and information about the linguistic features of the Iraqi Judaeo-Arabic. In addition, it discusses the process of adopting Hebrew by Iraqi Jewish authors in Israel during the early years after their immigration. It ends with a summary of each of the nine selected Hebrew novels discussed in the study.
Exophonic Writing, Stylistics and the Study of Iraqi Jewish Fiction
Authors: Ahmed Mohamed A. H
Published: May 2020

This chapter is divided into two main sections. The first section constitutes the theoretical part of the study. In this section, the possibilities and the motivations of using stylistics as a theoretical framework to approach literary texts written by bilingual authors are discussed. It encompasses a review of the literature regarding the different methods with which to approach such literary texts, as well as an interpretation of the possibilities of linking style as a choice to the analysis of literary texts written in the non-mother tongue or second language (L2) of bilingual authors. This first section ends with a representation of the suggested model for approaching exophonic texts. The second section of Chapter 2 analyses the style of Arabic used in the nine Hebrew novels in light of the suggested model discussed in section 1. In this second section, the data collected from the nine Hebrew novels are analysed as one corpus without any consideration of the diachronic aspect.
Introduction
Authors: Gutman David
Published: May 2020

The migrant is, according to philosopher Thomas Nail, ‘the political figure of our time.’1 Perhaps nowhere is this more the case in the early twenty-first century than in the former lands of the Ottoman Empire. From Libya to Iraq, Yemen to Macedonia, the Middle East has become the epicentre of the greatest migrant and refugee crisis in generations. Countries throughout the region struggle to cope with swelling populations of displaced people, many of whom have been left to languish in squalid camps with little access to food, water, medical treatment or education. Exacerbating the situation are the efforts of many states, especially those located on the frontiers of the European Union, to close their borders, effectively stranding millions of migrants and refugees in transit. The militarisation of land and sea borders separating North Africa and the Middle East from the European Union has contributed to the emergence of a vast smuggling industry, particularly along the Mediterranean rim. Desperate migrants pay often exorbitant fees to smugglers who are eager to adopt ever-riskier strategies to assist their clients, while also avoiding capture. These dynamics have led one prominent scholar of migration to refer to the Mediterranean as ‘the world’s deadliest border.’...
Conclusion
Authors: Gutman David
Published: May 2020

Contemporary Harput/Mezre, now called Elazığ (a shortened and altered version of the more regal sounding former provincial name of Mamuretülaziz), like many drab provincial Anatolian metropolises, bears few reminders of its imperial past. The ancient Urartu fortress, around which the bustling neighbourhoods of Harput once stood, now stands in splendid isolation perched high above the central city. The buildings that once comprised the campus of Euphrates College have long ago been demolished, along with the churches that were once an architectural mainstay of the hilltop city. The Armenian past of the once dual city has been methodically erased. Few reminders exist of the sojourners that regularly travelled between the villages that still dot the surrounding countryside and the factories of the American northeast. The Elazığ municipality website’s page on the region’s history ends abruptly in 1880, and makes no mention of its once substantial Armenian population....
Evolution Before Darwin
Authors: Jenkins Bill
Published: May 2020

It was long believed that evolutionary theories received an almost universally cold reception in British natural history circles in the first half of the nineteenth century. But recently serious doubt has been cast on this assumption. This book will be the first major study of what was the most important centre or pre-Darwinian evolutionary thought in the British Isles. It shows that Edinburgh in the late 1820s and early 1830s was witness to a veritable ferment of radical new ideas on the natural world, including speculation on the origin and evolution of life, at just the time when Charles Darwin was studying medicine in the city. Those who were students in Edinburgh at the time could have hardly avoided coming into contact with these new ideas, espoused as they were by many of professors, fellow students and acquaintances in Edinburgh. This book sheds new light on the genesis and development of one of the most important scientific theories in the history of western thought.
Introduction
Authors: Jenkins Bill
Published: May 2020

The introduction sets the scene by exploring the role of Edinburgh as a centre for the development and propagation of pre-Darwinian evolutionary theories. It gives essential background on natural history in the Scottish capital in early nineteenth century and the history of evolutionary thought and outlines the aims and objectives of the book. In addition, it explores some of the historiographical issues raised by earlier historians of science who have discussed the role of Edinburgh in the development of evolutionary thought in Great Britain.
Edinburgh’s University and Medical Schools in the Early Nineteenth Century
Authors: Jenkins Bill
Published: May 2020

Edinburgh and its ancient university provided an important context for the reception of pre-Darwinian evolutionary theories. Much more socially and intellectually inclusive than the contemporary English universities, the open and tolerant atmosphere of the University of Edinburgh provided an atmosphere in which exciting new speculations on the natural world and man’s place in it could be debated and discussed by both professors and students. Outside the University, Edinburgh’s extra-mural anatomy schools were home to some of the most innovative thinkers in early nineteenth-century comparative anatomy, such as Robert Knox and Robert Grant. This chapter explores these institutions which played such a vital role in creating an atmosphere in which radical new ideas about the natural world could flourish.
Introduction
Authors: Joseph John E.
Published: May 2020

This chapter presents Meschonnic’s intellectual pathway, situating his theory in its time and French environment. It explains the relationship between linguistics and literary studies and Meschonnics stance in the French debates starting in the 1960s, also pointing at Meschonnic being a distinguished poet himself. Meschonnic saw the flaws of linguistic structuralism and expanded the field. The second part of the introduction offers insights into Meschonnic’s biography and the development of his theory and career pathway, illuminating some of the grand original themes running through Meschonnic’s work and the originality of his thinking.
Preliminary Remarks to this Reader
Authors: Pajević Marko
Published: May 2020

This chapter explains the background history of this publication, its guiding principles as well as the working procedures and strategies of the translator team, pointing out the difficulties of translating Meschonnic’s unusual thinking and style into the Anglophone tradition.
Introduction: Filmmaking as a Romantic Quest
Authors: Devereaux Michelle
Published: May 2020

This chapter offers a description of Romanticism and the Romantic movement and delineates the primary arguments of the book. It interrogates the question ‘what is Romantic?’ by investigating historical Romanticism and its relationship to imagination, the problem of identity and selfhood, and Romantic irony, linking these principles to the twenty-first century theory of metamodernism. It then connects these concepts to the films discussed, drawing on historically relevant film movements and previous scholarship on American independent film. It concludes with overviews of subsequent chapters.
Beauty Among the Ruins: The Painful Picturesque and Sentimental Sublime in Wes Anderson’s Aesthetics
Authors: Devereaux Michelle
Published: May 2020

This chapter elucidates fundamental principles of Romantic aesthetics—the concepts of the sublime, the beautiful and the picturesque—as they relate to Wes Anderson’s films The Royal Tenenbaums and The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou. Working from descriptions of the sublime and beautiful in Edmund Burke’s Philosophical Enquiry, it shows how both films’ aesthetic components create picturesque representations through mise-en-scène that combine beauty and sublimity in varying degrees. The Royal Tenenbaums aesthetic paradigm is termed the ‘painful picturesque’, a programme that systematically develops the middle-ground eighteenth-century picturesque ideal of perfected nature by creating shabby but pleasing, controlled yet chaotic visual systems in the urban pastoral environment of a fantasy New York City. The Life Aquatic accomplishes a similar aesthetic effect, although this time the film’s settings invoke the sublime more so than the beautiful, while resulting in a similar sense of picturesque anxiety. In the film potentially sublime locales are undercut by a commitment to creating pleasurable, non-threatening images that coincide with a deadpan comedic style, dubbed the ‘sentimental sublime’.
‘Because I’m a wild animal’: Nature Versus Nurture in Wes Anderson’s Fantastic Mr. Fox
Authors: Devereaux Michelle
Published: May 2020

This chapter analyses the ideological framework of Wes Anderson’s Fantastic Mr. Fox, an adaptation of Roald Dahl’s beloved children’s book. This film addresses various Romantic conceptions of childhood, personal and cultural history, and the natural world in relation to the self and subjectivity. In his reimagining of Dahl’s story, Anderson exhibits a disdain for the mechanization of the societal landscape and the beings inhabiting it, similar to a course charted by Henry David Thoreau in Walden, while also optimistically suggesting that animal/human ‘nature’ can still survive through aesthetic and ideological compromise and creative genius. Anderson creates a brand of ideological pastoralism to match the aesthetic pastoralism/picturesque of many of his film worlds. While the anxiety portrayed in his earlier films remains, it is somewhat defused by an anarchic yet collaborative spirit.
Spike Jonze Shorts Stories
Authors: Felando Cynthia
Published: May 2020

Cynthia Felando demonstrates the relevance and significance of Jonze’s narrative shorts in his larger filmography. Felando argues that these short films both reflect and enrich our understanding of Jonze’s auteurist preoccupations. The short film is treated as its own genre with important specificities, including several related to storytelling, narrative, character, and genre conventions that differentiate it from the feature-length film. The chapter’s aim is to establish the viability of contextualizing Jonze’s narrative shorts as shorts, and to demonstrate the value of an analytical approach that addresses their continuities with and differences from his feature-length films. Felando considers his narrative shorts in relation to discourses in the emergent area of short form media studies. The primary analytical focus is on Jonze’s fiction shorts, although his other shorts-related titles are cited to demonstrate the persistence of several of his recurring storytelling, character, and thematic strategies.
Spike Jonze’s Abbreviated Art of the Suburbs
Authors: Westrup Laurel
Published: May 2020

The Suburbs project with Arcade Fire brings together many aspects of Jonze’s oeuvre: the poetry of motion he developed in his early work as a skateboarding videographer, the naturalistic work with non-actors that he developed in his documentary work, and the close integration of lyrics and visuals that he developed in his work as a music video director. This essay considers the elliptical audiovisual storytelling that Jonze has mastered in a career spanning disparate filmmaking modes. Westrup proposes that Jonze’s work with Arcade Fire envisions a more holistic melding of music, imagery, and narrative that is fluid and polysemic.
Introduction: Private International Law and Cosmopolitan Integration
Authors: Abou-Nigm Verónica Ruiz
Published: May 2020

Private international law embraces legal diversity and pluralism. Different legal traditions continue to meet, interact and integrate in different forms of integration, at the national, regional and international levels. Different systems of substantive law couple with divergent systems of private international law (designed to accommodate the former in cross-border situations). This complex legal landscape impacts individuals and families in cross-border scenarios and international commerce broadly conceived. Private international law methodologies and techniques offer means for the coordination of this constellation of legal orders and value systems in cross-border situations. This is essential in integration processes as it is for furthering ‘global’ interconnectivity....
Private International Law as an Ethic of Responsivity
Authors: Michaels Ralf
Published: May 2020

The world is a mess. Populism, xenophobia, and islamophobia; misogyny and racism; the closing of borders against the neediest—the existential crisis of modernity calls for a firm response from ethics. Why, instead of engaging with these problems through traditional ethics, worry about private international law, that most technical of technical fields of law? My claim in this chapter: not despite, because of its technical character. Private international law provides such an ethic, an ethic of responsivity. It provides us with a technique of ethics, a technique that helps us conceptualise and address some of the most pressing issues of our time. It is not only ethically relevant, it is itself an ethic.
Embracing Diversity – The Role of the Hague Conference in the Creation of Universal Instruments
Authors: van Loon Hans
Published: May 2020

The Hague Conference on Private International Law (HCCH) has been a laboratory for the development, and servicing, of legal instruments to handle the diversity of legal systems, in the interests of mobile people and of companies acting across borders. In addition to coordinating such diversity through rules on the conflict of laws and of jurisdiction of the courts, modern Hague Conventions have created machinery to facilitate direct cross-border cooperation among different national administrative authorities and courts.
This chapter provides illustrations on how the HCCH has sought to bridge three types of diversity of legal systems: among federal, quasi-federal and unitary jurisdictions; Common Law and Civil Law jurisdictions as well as the varieties within them (including differences between the USA and other Common Law systems); and secular and religious systems. The chapter also highlights the importance of inclusive working methods, and the – existing and potential – complementarity of global human rights instruments and Hague Conventions.
Managing Diversity in Cross-border Succession Problems: A British Perspective
Authors: Carruthers Janeen M.
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides in-depth analysis of the role of private international law in managing legal diversity in the law of succession, which pertains not only to diversity of substantive rules of succession, but also to diversity of approach among legal systems to the resolution of conflict of laws problems. Specifically, it addresses diversity between UK common law methods of resolving cross-border succession problems and the civilian approach represented by Regulation (EU) No 650/2012 (Rome IV). Additionally, it critically examines primary and secondary techniques employed in UK choice of law methodology to deal with legal diversity in succession, namely: operation of the scission principle; use of alternative choice of law rules such as contained in the Wills Act 1963; the process of characterisation, and renvoi reasoning.
Non-uniform Application of European Union Private International Law
Authors: Trimmings Katarina , Yüksel Burcu
Published: May 2020

This chapter draws on the findings of an EU-funded project titled (‘Cross-Border Litigation in Europe: Private International Law Legislative Framework, National Courts and the Court of Justice of the European Union’ (EUPILLAR) and discusses concerns over the lack of uniformity in the interpretation and application of the key EU Private International Law Regulations (Brussels I Regulation, Brussels IIa Regulation, Rome I Regulation, Rome II Regulation, Maintenance Regulation) across the EU Member States. The chapter provides examples of differing interpretations and applications of the same EU private international law rules in the EU through examples from various EU Member States, analyses the reasons behind the non-uniform interpretation and application, and suggests specific ways to rectify these problems.
Judicial Cooperation in South America: A Regional Perspective
Authors: de Araujo Nadia
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines international judicial cooperation instruments in force in Latin America. It sheds light on how international treaties have influenced the rules on recognition and enforcement of foreign decisions in the regional instruments adopted within Mercosur, particularly the Las Leñas Protocol.
The Judgments Project of the Hague Conference on Private International Law: A Way Forward for a Long-awaited Solution
Authors: Polido Fabrício B. Pasquot
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses distinct foundational benchmarks and inspirational ideas underlying the diplomatic negotiations leading to the adoption of the Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Judgments on Civil or Commercial Matters by the Hague Conference of Private International Law in June 2019 and conclusion of a historical phase of the ‘Judgments Project’. It argues that the establishment of a ‘global facilitated regime’ for circulation of foreign judgements at multilateral level still remains as one of the utmost policy choices for further development of private international law related institutions and their interplay with cross-border civil and commercial litigation. The successful outcomes of the Judgment Project might be tested under multiple criteria, such as minimum standards of uniformity - with diversity being preserved at domestic normative levels-, predictability and a balanced framework for end-users in transnational litigation.
Integrating Legal Approaches to Migration
Authors: McCall-Smith Kasey
Published: May 2020

For some years now, the international community has recognised the need to recalibrate migration discourse and clarify the distinct, positive and necessary features of migration. To manage the complexities of global migration and not waste effort ‘reinventing the wheel’, it is crucial to build on existing law and policy frameworks in all efforts to address today’s global frenzy over migration, particularly the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and its 17 sustainable development goals. The challenge in connecting global migration with other processes, promoting linkages and avoiding overlap is one that must be deftly navigated. This chapter examines the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration as an avenue for maximising the efficiency of current regulatory frameworks, identifying gaps, promoting synergies, and utilising the connective capabilities of public and private international law to foster further integration in a highly diverse panoply of governance frameworks.
Labour Migration and Private International Law
Authors: Piñeiro Laura Carballo
Published: May 2020

Labour migration triggers diversity in domestic jurisdictions that is in principle addressed by submitting all workers to the law of the habitual workplace. However, this chapter unveils that this conflict rule only reaches the integration objective in one type of labour migration fuelling divergence among workers in other types, namely business relocation and temporary posting. The chapter finalises suggesting a way forward based on levelling the playing field and State cooperation.
The Key Role of Judges in the Development of Private International Law: Lessons Learned from the Work of the Hague Conference on Private International Law
Authors: Goicoechea Ignacio , van Loon Hans
Published: May 2020

The article discusses the role of judges in the development of private international law (PIL). It highlights the changing role of judges in the context of contemporary globalization, and argues that as a result of the expansion of their international duties, judges, in a way that is analogous to the working cycle of the Hague Conference on Private International Law, also have a role in identifying legal issues that must be addressed by PIL, developing tools to address those issues, ensuring the implementation and operation of these tools, and assessing their effectiveness.
The article also highlights the contribution of judges to the development of Hague Conventions, and describes the very important role of Latin American judges in the development of special devices to promote the implementation, operation and assessment of the 1980 Hague Child Abduction Convention in Latin America.
Public Policy in Private International Law: Guardian or Barrier?
Authors: de Aguirre Cecilia Fresnedo
Published: May 2020

This chapter focuses on the restricted character of international public policy and on the fact that though it belongs to each State, many of its fundamental principles are enshrined in human rights conventions and private international law conventions and therefore are shared by all the States Parties to that convention, which enables the integration and articulation of diversity, at either a regional or a universal level. Consequently, the identification of those shared fundamental principles should increase the predictability of results in private international law cases and soften the barrier that the public policy exception imposes regarding foreign laws and judgments. Notwithstanding this, the aforementioned statements do not mean that the role of the public policy exception will disappear. In order to develop this argument, this chapter explains some key concepts such as those of international and domestic public policy, a posteriori and a priori public policy, their differences and similarities. It examines how public policy evolves over time alongside society and how that evolution is reflected in statutory and conventional rules.
Becoming Land
Authors: Glowczewski Barbara
Published: May 2020

This chapter sets the historical, anthropological and cosmopolitical context for the 13 other chapters assembled here. It is organised around the 5 thematic parts of the book. ‘The Indigenous Australian Experience of the Rhizome’ (Part One) explains Guattari’s interest for the rhizomatic practice of the Aboriginal nomadic territorialisation of myth, ritual and dreams with examples of oneiric revelations and speeches by Warlpiri women and men. ‘Totem, Taboo and the Women’s Law’ deconstructs anthropological and psychoanalytical preconceptions about religion, gender and society. ‘The Aboriginal Practice of Transversality and Dissensus’ (Part 3) analyses various forms of local, national and transnational Indigenous resistance to defend their culture, their land and social justice. ‘Micropolitics of hope and De-essentialisation’ (Part 4) introduces decolonial debates about race and environment with examples from France, Africa and the Pacific. ‘Dancing with the Spirits of the Land’ (Part 5) draws ecosophical lessons from Afro Brazilian and Indigenous forms of spiritual healing.
Warlpiri Dreaming Spaces: 1983 and 1985 Seminars with Félix Guattari
Authors: Glowczewski Barbara
Published: May 2020

This chapter unfolds a dialog between Guattari and Glowczewski about Australian collective dream-work, totemism and rituals of resistance during collective discussions, including Eric Alliez, Jean-Claude Pollack and Anne Querrien. ‘Félix Guattari — Barbara is an anthropologist specialising in Australian Aboriginal peoples who has written a fascinating piece of work about the dreaming process. I’d like her to tell us a bit about the collective technology of dreams among the Australian Aboriginal people she has studied. In this context, not only do dreams not depend on individual keys, but they are also part of an a posteriori elaboration of the dream that anthropologists have characterised as mythical. But Barbara comes close to refuting that definition. And dreaming is identified with the law, and with the possibility of mapping the itineraries of these people, who circulate all the time since they cover hundreds of kilometers. Barbara, I would like to ask you to try to tell us how the dreaming method functions. My first question is to ask you to explain the relationship between dream, territory, and itinerary.’
In Australia, it’s ‘Aboriginal’ with a Capital ‘A’: Aboriginality, Politics and Identity
Authors: Glowczewski Barbara
Published: May 2020

The politics of identity discussed here are still at the heart of current Indigenous Australian struggles for recognition. In the 1960s, for ethical and political reasons, the term Aboriginal became an ethnonym written with a capital ‘A’ to designate the descendants of the first inhabitants of Australia, some 500 groups speaking different languages. Aboriginal groups have not only different language names and cultural backgrounds, but different histories — massacres, forced sedentarisation in reserves, separation from their parents of children of mixed descent, discrimination, criminalisation — all of which broke the transmission of some peoples’ heritage. Yet many claim their ‘Aboriginality’ which gathers all under an Aboriginal flag (since 1972), even if not everyone agrees on the definition of a common identity. Some priviledge an identity of continuity, based on language, localised spirit-children and ritual links with the land, pre-contact modes of existence; others put forward an identity of resistance, rewriting colonial history, valorising a national Aboriginal identity that encompasses all mixed descendants, struggling for land-rights, against bad living conditions, exclusion and exploitation. First published in 1997.
Myths of ‘Superiority’ and How to De-Essentialise Social and Historical Conflicts
Authors: Glowczewski Barbara
Published: May 2020

This chapter analyses racism in France and Australia. It shows how accusations of racism can mask an ontology of superiority in which the victims of racism, here a French Polynesian anticolonial writer, are themselves accused of being racist by people who identify with the colonial power. Indigenous people as well as migrants, especially Muslims or Gypsies in France, are accused of racism for laying claim to their history and culture while coming from past French colonies in Africa and Indochina or current French territories in the Pacific or Caribbean islands. In Australia despite a multicultural policy, refugees are incarcerated if they are not selected by the UN HCR channel. Aboriginal people are criminalised and many succumb to death-in-custody. Claims to difference are reduced to hierarchical models or denied recognition in the name of universalism as opposed to cultural relativism. Glowczewski, shows that a third option is possible. If France and Australia– each in their own way – deny their citizens the right to be different, initiatives emanating from civil society promote innovative ways of envisioning a multidimensional society in which the recognition of differences and specific rights have their place at the same time as universal human rights are respected. Unpublished keynote paper, 2012.
Armenia and Azerbaijan
Authors: Broers Laurence
Published: May 2020

The Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict is the longest-running dispute in Eurasia. This study looks beyond tabloid tropes of ‘frozen conflict’ or ‘Russian land-grab’, to unpack both unresolved territorial issues left over from the 1990s and the strategic rivalry that has built up around them since then. Unstable and overlapping conceptions of homeland have characterised the Armenian and Azerbaijani republics since their first emergence in 1918. Seventy years of incorporation into the Soviet Union did not resolve these issues. As they emerged from the Soviet collapse in 1991, Armenians and Azerbaijanis fought for sovereignty over Nagorny Karabakh, leading to its secession from Azerbaijan, the deaths of more than 25,000 people and the forced displacement of more than a million more. Since then, the conflict has evolved into an ‘enduring rivalry’, a particularly intractable form of long-term militarised competition between two states. Combining perspectives rarely found in a single volume, the study shows how these outcomes became intractably embedded within the regime politics, strategic interactions and international linkages of post-war Armenia and Azerbaijan. Far from ‘frozen’, this book demonstrates how more than two decades of dynamic conceptions of territory, shifting power relations, international diffusion and unsuccessful mediation efforts have contributed to the resilience of this stubbornly unresolved dispute – one of the most intractable of our times.
Introduction: Beyond ‘Frozen Conflict’
Authors: Broers Laurence
Published: May 2020

This introductory chapter familiarises the reader with the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict, and situates the conflict within the wider field of post-Soviet territorial disputes. It introduces the main conceptual tools used in subsequent chapters: critical geopolitical analysis and the enduring rivalry framework. The text also provides a guide to the chapters that follow.
Borderland into Cornerstone
Authors: Broers Laurence
Published: May 2020

This chapter homes in on the disputed territory of Nagorny Karabakh, and its role in post-Soviet Armenian and Azerbaijani geopolitical cultures. It shows how Nagorny Karabakh has been an unstable territorial referent, with distinct understandings evolving from 1988 to the present. Drawing on field observations, interviews and popular geopolitical culture, the chapter charts the movement of this contested territory from the geographic periphery to the conceptual centre of both Armenian and Azerbaijani geopolitical cultures from the late 1980s to the present day.
Displacements
Authors: Broers Laurence
Published: May 2020

This chapter engages with the human consequences of the territorial imaginings examined in the previous chapter: the ethnic cleansing of populations whose presence did not accord with exclusive visions of national space. The chapter provides a broad overview of the population movements that accompanied the violence of 1988-1994, seeking to disaggregate our understanding of ‘population exchange’. The chapter argues for a differentiated understanding of forced displacement, conditioned by different motives and conceptions of space. ‘Communal ethnic cleansing’ is explored as a collective eviction of ethnic others informed by underlying affective dispositions, characterising mass displacements in the 1988-90 period. ‘Strategic ethnic cleansing’ is explored as the forced expulsion of ethnic others in the service of military-strategic goals, characterising mass displacements in the 1991-94 period. The chapter closes by considering the prospects and politics of return and restitution.
An Exception in Eurasia
Authors: Broers Laurence
Published: May 2020

This chapter addresses the international politics of the Armenian-Azerbaijani rivalry, arguing that it is a significant exception to the wider pattern of Russian-Western geopolitical competition in Eurasia. While other post-Soviet conflicts feature cross-border linkages reinforcing the axes of conflict, the Armenian-Azerbaijani rivalry shows patterns of multi-directional, fragmented and crosscutting linkages with a wide range of external actors. This pattern has diffused leverage potentials of external actors, accounting for the lack of decisive shifts in the direction of either conflict escalation or resolution, or (until 2018) regime renewal. The chapter examines Armenian and Azerbaijani alliance and alignment strategies, and the diffusion of the rivalry across regional and international environments. It then examines Russia’s policy towards the rivalry, arguing that while Russian policy is pluralistic and inconsistent, it is best explained as an example of ‘pivotal deterrence’, where a third party, or ‘pivot’, seeks to prevent two adversaries from going to war.
Unrecognised Reality
Authors: Broers Laurence
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the unrecognized entity, or ‘de facto state’, that has emerged and survived in Nagorny Karabakh since 1991. The chapter begins by examining the polarised portrayals of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic (NKR) as either a vibrant self-determining state or the puppet of an occupying power. The chapter then examines the political structures and institutions of the NKR, before then examining its political economy. It argues that the NKR is a political formation characterised by strategic integration with Armenia and tactical expressions of independent sovereignty. The chapter then examines the scope of democratisation in the entity, and the challenges posed by its layered geographies and the emergence of new human geographies within them.
‘Land for Peace’
Authors: Broers Laurence
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the trajectory and problems associated with the Minsk Process, the peace process addressing the Armenian-Azerbaijani conflict under the auspices of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). It narrates the story of the peace process through a focus on three sets of consecutive problems: multiple and competing mediation efforts in the early 1990s, the structure and sequencing of the negotiation agenda over the following decade, and the growing subversion of the Minsk Process’s framework for a liberal peace by what are here conceptualised as ‘authoritarian conflict strategies,’ pursued by the parties to the conflict. These are identified as strategies of control, communalisation and coercion that undercut the liberal premises of the ‘Basic Principles’ negotiated by the parties since the mid-2000s. Underpinning these strategies is a preoccupation with the preservation of incumbent power to the detriment of other vital components of a comprehensive peace process, such as the problematization of historical narrative and cultural memory, the expansion of political participation, and the revitalisation of concepts of identity and community.
Introduction
Authors: Szuba Monika
Published: May 2020

Poïesis – production, creation, making – transforms and continues the world where thought, matter and time are mediated and attuned in and for the human subject. Following a certain phenomenological discourse, about which there is more to be said in this Introduction, what I will be calling throughout this study the body–subject becomes integrated with the world. Thus, through making, ...
Hume's Scepticism
Authors: Fosl Peter S.
Published: May 2020

David Hume (1711–76) is commonly acknowledged to be the most important philosopher of the English language, and scepticism is commonly understood to be central to Hume’s thought. What, however, counts as scepticism for Hume and how it informs his various works has remained a topic of enduring controversy. Hume’s Scepticism: Pyrrhonian and Academic answers the constellation of interpretive questions around which that controversy has orbited by presenting a comprehensive and detailed investigation of Hume’s scepticism that situates it in the intersecting sceptical traditions from which it sprang. Making a sharp break with dominant contemporary readings, Hume’s Scepticism offers a radical interpretation of Hume as a thoroughgoing sceptic—epistemic, metaphysical, and also doxastic. Hume’s Scepticism advances its arguments for this conclusion in two broad hemispheres. Part One situates Hume’s thought historically in both the Pyrrhonian and the Academic streams of sceptical thought that preceded him. Part Two investigates and interprets the conceptual spaces and logical apparatuses of the complete Humean corpus–including the Treatise, Enquiries, Essays, History, Dialogues, and letters–through the lens of what has come to be called the Pyrrhonian Fourfold. Hume’s Scepticism argues that Hume’s naturalism is a component of his sceptical philosophy and not a refutation of it or therapy for it. Drawing on the probabilistic and doxastic theories of Philonian Academic scepticism, especially in Clitomachus of Carthage, the book shows how Hume developed an utterly non-dogmatic theory of belief. The text delineates the sceptical core of Humes’ political thought and his philosophy of religion; and it explains his sceptical rendering of science and of the external world. Hume’s Scepticism, in other words, advances both historical and logical reasons for the conclusion that Hume is a complete, profound, and coherent sceptic.
Introduction: Into Those Immense Depths
Authors: Fosl Peter S.
Published: May 2020

The Scottish philosopher David Hume (1711–76) is commonly acknowledged to be the most important philosopher to have written in the English language, and scepticism is commonly understood to be central to Hume’s thought. Though the centrality of scepticism for Hume is clear, its specific character and the way it functions among his ideas is not; and the most enduring as well as the most important controversies among Hume interpreters have centred on questions about his scepticism. Does Hume refute or rebuke scepticism? Does he demonstrate that scepticism is false, pointless, impractical, pathological or senseless? Or does Hume embrace and cultivate scepticism? If so, what kind of scepticism do his publications and correspondence set forth? Can we meaningfully discern Hume’s own personal commitments in those texts? The sceptical tradition has commonly been divided into Pyrrhonian and Academic branches. If Hume is a sceptic, is his work best understood as located on one or the other branch, an intertwining of both, or neither?...