bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Faster clonal turnover in high‐infection habitats provides evidence for parasite‐mediated selection
Authors: Paczesniak D. , Adolfsson S. , Liljeroos K. , Klappert K. , Lively C. M. , Jokela J.
Published: January 2014

According to the Red Queen hypothesis for sex, parasite‐mediated selection against common clones counterbalances the reproductive advantage of asexual lineages, which would otherwise outcompete sexual conspecifics. Such selection on the clonal population is expected to lead to a faster clonal turnover in habitats where selection by parasites is stronger. We tested this prediction by comparing the genetic structure of clonal and sexual populations of freshwater snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum between years 2003 and 2007 in three depth‐specific habitats in Lake Alexandrina (South Island, New Zealand). These habitats differ in the risk of infection by castrating trematodes and in the relative proportion of sexual individuals. As predicted, we found that the clonal structure changed significantly in shallow and mid‐water habitats, where prevalence of infection was high, but not in the deep habitat, where parasite prevalence was low. Additionally, we found that both clonal diversity and evenness of the asexual population declined in the shallow habitat. In contrast, the genetic structure (based on F–statistics) of the coexisting sexual population did not change, which suggests that the change in the clonal structure cannot be related to genetic changes in the sexual population. Finally, the frequency of sexuals had no effect on the diversity of the sympatric clonal population. Taken together, our results show a more rapid clonal turnover in high‐infection habitats, which gives support for the Red Queen hypothesis for sex.
Development characteristics of the box‐tree moth Cydalima perspectalis and its potential distribution in Europe
Authors: Nacambo S. , Leuthardt F. L. G. , Wan H. , Li H. , Haye T. , Baur B. , Weiss R. M. , Kenis M.
Published: January 2014

The box‐tree moth Cydalima perspectalis (Walker) is an invasive pest causing severe damage to box trees (Buxus spp.). It is native to Japan, Korea and China, but established populations have been recorded in a number of locations across Europe since 2007 and the spread of the insect continues. The developmental investigations suggest that larvae overwinter mainly in their 3rd instar in Europe and that diapause is induced by a day length of about 13.5 h. One and a half to 2 months in the cold are necessary to terminate diapause. Threshold temperatures for development and number of degree‐days to complete a generation are slightly different from those calculated in previous studies in Japan. A bioclimatic (CLIMEX®) model for C. perspectalis in Europe was developed, based on climate, ecological and developmental parameters from the literature and new field and laboratory studies on diapause termination, thermal requirements and phenology. The model was then validated with actual distribution records and phenology data. The current distribution and life history of C. perspectalis in Europe were consistent with the predicted distribution. The climate model suggests that C. perspectalis is likely to continue its spread across Europe, except for Northern Fenno‐Scandinavia, Northern Scotland and high mountain regions. The northern distribution of C. perspectalis is expected to be limited by a number of degree‐days above the temperature threshold insufficient to complete a generation, whereas its southern range is limited by the absence of a cold period necessary to resume diapause. The model predicts relatively high Ecoclimatic Indices throughout most of Europe, suggesting that the insect has the potential of becoming a pest in most of its predicted range. However, damage is likely to be higher in Southern and Central Europe where the moth is able to complete at least two generations per year.
Systematic Review of Treatment Modalities for Gingival Depigmentation: A Random‐Effects Poisson Regression Analysis
Authors: Lin Yi Hung , Tu Yu Kang , Lu Chun Tai , Chung Wen Chen , Huang Chiung Fang , Huang Mao Suan , Lu Hsein Kun
Published: January 2014

Objective

Repigmentation variably occurs with different treatment methods in patients with gingival pigmentation. A systemic review was conducted of various treatment modalities for eliminating melanin pigmentation of the gingiva, comprising bur abrasion, scalpel surgery, cryosurgery, electrosurgery, gingival grafts, and laser techniques, to compare the recurrence rates (Rrs) of these treatment procedures.

Material and Methods

Electronic databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Google, and Medline were comprehensively searched, and manual searches were conducted for studies published from January 1951 to June 2013. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, the final list of articles was reviewed in depth to achieve the objectives of this review. A Poisson regression was used to analyze the outcome of depigmentation using the various treatment methods.

Results

The systematic review was based on case reports mainly. In total, 61 eligible publications met the defined criteria. The various therapeutic procedures showed variable clinical results with a wide range of Rrs. A random‐effects Poisson regression showed that cryosurgery (Rr = 0.32%), electrosurgery (Rr = 0.74%), and laser depigmentation (Rr = 1.16%) yielded superior result, whereas bur abrasion yielded the highest Rr (8.89%).

Conclusions

Within the limit of the sampling level, the present evidence‐based results show that cryosurgery exhibits the optimal predictability for depigmentation of the gingiva among all procedures examined, followed by electrosurgery and laser techniques.

Clinical Significance

It is possible to treat melanin pigmentation of the gingiva with various methods and prevent repigmentation. Among those treatment modalities, cryosurgery, electrosurgery, and laser surgery appear to be the best choices for treating gingival pigmentation.
Envelope surface ultrastructure and specific gravity of artificially fertilized Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus eggs
Authors: Bian X. , Zhang X. , Sakurai Y. , Jin X. , Gao T. , Wan R. , Yamamoto J.
Published: January 2014

The envelope surface ultrastructure and specific gravity of artificially fertilized eggs of the Pacific cod Gadus macrocephalus were examined. The unfertilized, demersal and slightly adhesive eggs of G. macrocephalus were almost spherical and had no oil globules. Wrinkled envelope surface with elaborated hexagonal reticulated patterns and type I micropyle were observed under a scanning electron microscope. The adhesiveness of the eggs was lost at the blastodermal‐cap stage after fertilization. The micropylar canal was sealed by secretion of the perivitelline fluid, and the entire surface became rough. Numerous bacilli were deposited at the micropyle and the outer envelope surface at the late germ‐ring stage and at the embryo five‐eighths around the yolk stage. The micropyle was completely deformed at the embryo seven‐eighths around the yolk stage. The specific gravity of the fertilized G. macrocephalus eggs ranged from c. 1·0316 to 1·0454. These values, however, sharply decreased towards the end stages of egg development to produce pelagic larvae. The ultrastructural changes in the micropyle and envelope surface of the G. macrocephalus eggs protected the embryo from microorganism infections and mechanical stress during the long incubation period. The adhesiveness and specific gravity of the eggs influenced their dispersion potential.
Moisture Sorption Characteristics of Pineapple Processing Waste: Shell and Central Cylinder
Authors: Viganó Juliane , Gabas Ana Lúcia , Telis‐Romero Javier
Published: January 2014

The moisture adsorption isotherms of pineapple processing waste – shell and central cylinder – were determined at 40, 50, 60 and 70C using a gravimetric method. The sorption data were fitted to six well‐known sorption isotherm models. The Guggenheim–Anderson–de Boer model was found to be the most satisfactory to represent the equilibrium moisture content data for the pineapple shells and central cylinders. The thermodynamic properties – differential enthalpy and entropy – were estimated by the Clausius–Clapeyron method. The differential enthalpy of the pineapple shells and central cylinders ranged between 11.486 to 1.671 kJ/mol and 23.655 to −0.945 kJ/mol, respectively. The differential entropy had minimum values at 0.04 and 0.005 kgwater/kgdry solids for the pineapple shells and central cylinders, respectively. The pineapple shells presented two lines of compensation, one controlled by entropy and the other controlled by enthalpy and the pineapple central cylinders showed only one zone controlled by enthalpy mechanisms.

Practical Applications

This work presents information about the moisture sorption characteristics of pineapple processing waste. This kind of information is important for designing the unit operations necessary in the waste process use. In addition, knowledge of the moisture sorption characteristics is useful with respect to selection of packaging materials and storage stability. In general, this work gives relationship between water activity, entropy, enthalpy and moisture content of pineapple processing waste.
Moving Forward: Developing Theoretical Contributions in Management Studies
Authors: Cornelissen Joep P. , Durand Rodolphe
Published: January 2014

How do we, as management researchers, develop novel theoretical contributions and, thereby, potentially break new ground in management studies? To address this question, we review previous methodological work on theorizing and advance a typology of the reasoning processes that underlie theoretical contributions and significant advances in management studies. This typology consists of various types of analogical and counterfactual reasoning, ranging from focused thought experiments aimed at prodding existing theory in the direction of alternative assumptions, constructs, and hypotheses to more expansive efforts for inducing new theoretical models and alternative explanations. Applying this typology, we detail the mechanisms behind the formation of novel theoretical contributions and illustrate the currency of our typology through a review of 24 major theoretical breakthroughs in management studies. We conclude the paper by discussing the implications of this typology for our collective efforts in building, elaborating, and expanding theory in management studies.
An In Vitro Comparison of Fracture Load of Zirconia Custom Abutments with Internal Connection and Different Angulations and Thickness: Part I
Authors: Albosefi Abdalah , Finkelman Matthew , Zandparsa Roya
Published: January 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the fracture load of one‐piece zirconia custom abutments with different thicknesses and angulations.

Materials and Methods

Forty zirconia custom abutments were divided into four groups. Group A‐1 and group B‐1 simulated a clinical situation with an ideal implant position, which allows for the use of straight zirconia custom abutments with two thicknesses (0.7 and 1 mm). Groups A‐2 and B‐2 simulated a situation with a compromised implant position requiring 15° angulated abutments with different thicknesses (0.7 and 1 mm). Implant replicas were mounted in self‐cure acrylic jigs to support the abutments in all groups. The zirconia custom abutments were engaged in the implant replicas using a manual torque wrench. Each jig was secured and mounted in a metallic vice 30° relative to a mechanical indenter. All groups were subjected to shear stress until failure using a universal testing machine with a 0.5 mm/min crosshead speed with the force transferred to the lingual surface of the zirconia custom abutments 2 mm below the top surface. The universal testing machine was controlled via a computer software system that also completed the stress‐strain diagram and recorded the breaking fracture load. The fracture loads were recorded for comparison among the groups and subjected to statistical analysis (two‐way ANOVA).

Results

The mean fracture load of zirconia custom abutments across the groups (A‐1 through B‐2) ranged from 160 ± 60 to 230 ± 95 N. The straight zirconia custom abutment exhibited the highest fracture load among the groups (p = 0.009); however, the thickness of the zirconia custom abutment had no influence on the strength of any of the specimens (p = 0.827).

Conclusions

There was no statistically significant difference in fracture strength between the 0.7 and 1.0 mm groups; however, angulated zirconia custom abutments had the lowest fracture load.

Clinical Implication

The results of this in vitro study will help dental practitioners with their decision‐making process in selecting the type of custom abutment to be used clinically.
Prosthetic Rehabilitation with Collapsible Hybrid Acrylic Resin and Permanent Silicone Soft Liner Complete Denture of a Patient with Scleroderma‐Induced Microstomia
Authors: Singh Kunwarjeet , Gupta Nidhi , Gupta Ridhimaa , Abrahm Dex
Published: January 2014

Scleroderma is an autoimmune multisystem rheumatic condition characterized by fibrosis of connective tissues of the body, resulting in hardening and impairment of the function of different organs. Deposition of collagen fibers in peri‐oral tissues causes loss of elasticity and increased tissue stiffness, resulting in restricted mouth opening. A maximal oral opening smaller than the size of a complete denture can make prosthetic treatment challenging. Patients with microstomia who must wear removable dental prostheses (RDPs) often face the difficulty of being unable to insert or remove a conventional RDP. A sectional‐collapsible denture is indicated for the prosthetic management of these patients, but reduced manual dexterity often makes intraoral manipulation of the prosthesis difficult. A single collapsible complete denture is a better choice for functional rehabilitation of these patients. This clinical report describes in detail the prosthodontic management of a maxillary edentulous patient with restricted mouth opening induced by scleroderma with a single collapsible removable complete denture fabricated with heat‐polymerized silicone soft liner and heat‐cured acrylic resin. The preliminary and secondary impressions were made with moldable aluminum trays by using putty and light‐body poly(vinyl siloxane) elastomeric impression material. The collapsed denture can be easily inserted and removed by the patient and also provides adequate function in the mouth.
Nonthyroidal Illness Syndrome in Adult Horses
Authors: Hilderbran A.C. , Breuhaus B.A. , Refsal K.R.
Published: January 2014

Background

This study was performed to determine whether sick horses have thyroid hormone (TH) alterations similar to those observed in nonthyroidal illness syndrome in other species.

Hypothesis

Horses suffering from systemic diseases have decreasedTHs and inappropriately low thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH).

Animals

Seventy‐one clinically normal horses; 380 hospitalized horses.

Methods

Total thyroxine (TT4), free thyroxine by equilibrium dialysis (fT4D), total triiodothyronine (TT3), free triiodothyronine (fT3), andTSHwere measured in normal and hospitalized horses. Disease severity was categorized as mild, moderate, or severe by both subjective and objective criteria.

Results

Negative correlations existed between allTHs, exceptTSH, and objective illness severity scores. These scores also increased with each subjective disease severity category.TT3 andfT3 were decreased with mild disease.TT3 progressively decreased more with moderate and severe disease.TT4 andfT4D remained normal with mild disease, but decreased progressively with disease severity.TSHincreased with mild disease, but remained normal with moderate or severe disease. Horses that died or were euthanized had lower concentrations of allTHs, exceptTSH, when compared with those that lived. In horses that received >3 doses of NSAIDs, corticosteroids, or heparin compared to 0–3 doses,TT3 andTT4 were decreased, whereasfT4D andTSHremained normal. There were minimalTHchanges in horses that were not eating.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Thyroid hormones decrease in horses with systemic disease.TT3 decreases first, followed byTT4 andfT4D.TSHfails to increase proportionally to the changes inTHs, indicating hypothalamic–pituitary axis dysregulation. NSAIDs, corticosteroids, heparin, and fasting have less effect onTHs compared with disease severity.
Holter Monitoring of Small Breed Dogs with Advanced Myxomatous Mitral Valve Disease with and without a History of Syncope
Authors: Rasmussen C.E. , Falk T. , Domanjko Petrič A. , Schaldemose M. , Zois N.E. , Moesgaard S.G. , Åblad B. , Nilsen H.Y. , Ljungvall I. , Höglund K. , Häggström J. , Pedersen H.D. , Bland J.M. , Olsen L.H.
Published: January 2014

Background

Syncope is a transient loss of consciousness occasionally occurring in dogs with advanced myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD).

Objective

(1) To studyECGchanges during syncopal episodes in dogs with advancedMMVDand (2) to compare the occurrence of arrhythmias and changes in heart rate variability (HRV) between dogs with advancedMMVDwith and without a history of syncope.

Animals

Forty‐three privately owned dogs (<15 kg) with advancedMMVD: 21 with and 22 without a history of syncope.

Methods

Prospective study with dogs recruited for an evaluation including history, physical examination, echocardiography, and arrhythmia andHRVanalysis performed on 24‐hour Holter recordings.

Results

A syncopal episode was observed during Holter monitoring in 4 dogs: 3 dogs had sinus rhythm and 1 dog had sinus arrest followed by escape rhythm. An arrhythmia variable representing sinus arrhythmia was significantly lower in dogs with a history of syncope than in those without (P = .008). Eight of 26HRVvariables were significantly different between dogs with and without a history of syncope.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Compared with dogs without a history of syncope, dogs with advancedMMVDand a history of syncope did not have a higher occurrence of arrhythmias, but had less sinus arrhythmia, and had changes inHRVvariables representing decreased overallHRV, decreased parasympathetic, and increased sympathetic modulation of heart rate.
Treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus infection in the United States: some remaining obstacles
Authors: Searson Gloria , Engelson Ellen S. , Carriero Damaris , Kotler Donald P.
Published: January 2014

Hepatitis C infection is an important problem in inner city neighbourhoods, which suffer from multiple health disparities. Important factors in this population include alcoholism and substance abuse, mental illness and homelessness, which may be combined with mistrust, poor health literacy, limited access to healthcare and outright discrimination. Systemic barriers to effective care include a lack of capacity to provide comprehensive care, insufficient insurance coverage, poor coordination among caregivers and between caregivers and hospitals, as well as third party payers. These barriers affect real world treatment effectiveness as opposed to treatment efficacy, the latter reflecting the world of clinical trials. The components of effectiveness include efficacious medications, appropriate diagnosis and evaluation, recommendation for therapy, access to therapy, acceptance of the diagnosis and its implications by the patient and adherence to the recommended therapy. Very little attention has been given to assisting the patient to accept the diagnosis and adhere to therapy, i.e. care coordination. For this reason, care coordination is an area in which greater availability could lead to greater acceptance/adherence and greater treatment effectiveness.
The potential effects of meditation on age‐related cognitive decline: a systematic review
Authors: Gard Tim , Hölzel Britta K. , Lazar Sara W.
Published: January 2014

With a rapidly aging society it becomes increasingly important to counter normal age‐related decline in cognitive functioning. Growing evidence suggests that cognitive training programs may have the potential to counteract this decline. On the basis of a growing body of research that shows that meditation has positive effects on cognition in younger and middle‐aged adults, meditation may be able to offset normal age‐related cognitive decline or even enhance cognitive function in older adults. In this paper, we review studies investigating the effects of meditation on age‐related cognitive decline. We searched the Web of Science (1900 to present), PsycINFO (1597 to present), MEDLINE (1950 to present), and CABI (1910 to present) to identify original studies investigating the effects of meditation on cognition and cognitive decline in the context of aging. Twelve studies were included in the review, six of which were randomized controlled trials. Studies involved a wide variety of meditation techniques and reported preliminary positive effects on attention, memory, executive function, processing speed, and general cognition. However, most studies had a high risk of bias and small sample sizes. Reported dropout rates were low and compliance rates high. We conclude that meditation interventions for older adults are feasible, and preliminary evidence suggests that meditation can offset age‐related cognitive decline.
The effect of IL‐17 on the production of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase‐1 by human periodontal ligament fibroblasts
Authors: Shibata M. , Shintaku Y. , Matsuzaki K. , Uematsu S.
Published: January 2014

Structured Abstract

Objectives

To investigate the effects of IL‐17 on IL‐6, IL‐1β, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP‐1) production, and to compare the MMP‐1 production between the individual and combined effects of IL‐1β and IL‐6 in human periodontal ligament fibroblasts (HPDLF).

Materials and Methods

Human periodontal ligament fibroblasts were cultured with IL‐17 for 0.5, 1, 4, 24, 48, and 72 h, and were cultured with IL‐1β, IL‐6/sIL‐6R, or a combination of IL‐1β and IL‐6/sIL‐6R for 24 h. To measure the mRNA levels of IL‐6, IL‐1β, and MMP‐1, total RNA was extracted from the cultured HPDLF, and a real‐time PCR analysis was performed. The protein levels of IL‐6, IL‐1β, and MMP‐1 in supernatants were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs).

Results

IL‐17 significantly increased the expression of IL‐6 and MMP‐1 mRNA and protein, while IL‐17 transiently increased the expression of IL‐1β mRNA. The combination of IL‐1β and IL‐6/sIL‐6R induced significantly higher levels of MMP‐1 protein than IL‐1β alone.

Conclusions

IL‐17 upregulated the production of IL‐6 and MMP‐1 sequentially in HPDLF. IL‐6/sIL‐6R may enhance the effects of IL‐1β on MMP‐1 production. The present results suggest that IL‐17 induces MMP‐1 production not only directly, but also indirectly by promoting IL‐6 production, thus resulting in the degradation of collagens in the PDL.
Successful use of C‐Mac video laryngoscope in a child with large parapharyngeal mass
Authors: Sinha Renu , Rewari Vimi , Varma Prerna , Kumar Ashish
Published: January 2014

An eleven‐year‐old child presented with a history of gradually increasing left side neck swelling and snoring for the last 6 years. He was initially scheduled for biopsy and on a second occasion for transcervical excision of left parapharyngeal mass under general anesthesia. Examination showed a left lateral pharyngeal and tonsillar mass compressing the oropharyngeal airway. CT neck showed a soft tissue mass (7 × 6 × 9 cm) in the left retropharyngeal space causing a bulge in the oropharynx with lateral deviation of carotid artery and internal jugular vein. During the first anesthesia for the biopsy, oral fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB), direct laryngoscopy, and Glidescope video laryngoscopy failed to visualize the glottis and epiglottis. After repeated attempts, intubation was possible with direct laryngoscopic‐guided oral FOB. Fifteen days later, for the definitive surgery, the glottis was visualized at the first attempt using a C‐Mac video laryngoscope and endotracheal intubation was successful at the first attempt after laryngeal manipulation. We discuss the potential causes of failure of intubation with the other airway devices in this child.
Parental quality of life and depressive mood following methylphenidate treatment of children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Kim Yeni , Kim Bongseog , Chang Jae‐Seung , Kim Bung‐Nyun , Cho Soo‐Churl , Hwang Jun‐Won
Published: January 2014

Aim

This naturalistic study investigated the associations between quality of life and depressive mood in parents and symptom changes in attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) children.

Methods

At baseline and at weeks 4 and 8, the parents evaluated their children, who were receiving treatment with osmotic‐release oral system methylphenidate (mean dosage 36.3 ± 15.5 mg/day), using the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham – Fourth Edition (SNAP‐IV‐18) scale. The parents evaluated themselves using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment, Brief Version (WHOQOL‐BREF).

Results

A significant reduction in SNAP‐IV‐18 scores and improvements in parental BDI scores and parental WHOQOL‐BREF scores were observed. The decrease in BDI scores from baseline to 8 weeks was significantly associated with increases in WHOQOL‐BREF sub‐domain scores from baseline to 8 weeks, with a greater decrease at 4 weeks and after. The decrease in the SNAP‐IV‐18 hyperactivity–impulsivity score was significantly associated with increases in WHOQOL social sub‐domain scores from baseline to 8 weeks. For those patients who showed a 25% or greater decrease in the SNAP‐IV‐18 total scores from baseline to 8 weeks, the decreases in the SNAP‐IV‐18 total score and in the inattention and hyperactivity–impulsivity scores were significantly associated with a decrease in BDI scores from baseline to 8 weeks.

Conclusion

Methylphenidate treatment for ADHD was associated with both symptom alleviation in children with ADHD and improvement in parental depressive mood and quality of life, suggesting that the effects of treatment could go beyond symptom improvement in ADHD.
Synthesis and Characterization of Near‐Infrared Absorbing Water Soluble Squaraines and Study of their Photodynamic Effects in DLA Live Cells
Authors: Shafeekh Kulathinte M. , Soumya Mohanannair S. , Rahim Moochikkadavath A. , Abraham Annie , Das Suresh
Published: January 2014

Here, we report the synthesis, photophysical properties and photodynamic effects in DLA live cells of three water soluble squaraine dyes, viz. bisbenzothiazolium squaraine dyes SQMI and SQDI with iodine in one and both benzothiazolium units, respectively, and an unsymmetrical squaraine dye ASQI containing iodinated benzothiazolium and aniline substituents. The diiodinated SQDI showed an anomalous trend in both fluorescence and triplet quantum yields over the monoiodinated SQMI, with SQDI showing higher fluorescence and lower triplet quantum yields compared to SQMI. Nanosecond laser flash photolysis of SQDI and SQMI indicated the formation of triplet excited states with quantum yield of 0.19 and 0.26, respectively. On photoirradiation, both the SQDI and SQMI generate singlet oxygen and it was observed that both dyes undergoing oxidation reactions with the singlet oxygen generated. ASQI which exhibited a lower triplet quantum yield of 0.06 was, however, stable and did not react with the singlet oxygen generated. In vitro cytotoxicity studies of these dyes in DLA live cells were performed using Trypan blue dye exclusion method and it reflect an order of cytotoxicity of SQDI>SQMI>ASQI. Intracellular generation of the ROS was confirmed by dichlorofluorescein assay after the in vitro PDT.
Shade Provision for UV Minimization: A Review
Authors: Parisi Alfio V. , Turnbull David J.
Published: January 2014

Minimizing exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is an essential component of skin cancer prevention. Providing and using natural and built shade is an effective protection measure against harmful UV. This article describes the factors that must be addressed to ensure quality, effective, well‐designed shade and recommends best practice approaches to improving the protection factor (PF) of shade structures. It identifies examples of interventions to increase shade availability and use, and examples of effective shade based on measured protection factors or measured reductions in UV exposures. Finally, this article considers examples of best practice for undertaking shade audits. The article is based on refereed articles and reviews, reports, conference papers and shade practice and policies from reports and on web sites. Articles for the Australian setting are considered first, followed by those in an international setting.
More on Idealism and Skepticism
Authors: Brueckner Anthony
Published: January 2014

In “Idealism and Skepticism: A Reply to Brueckner”, Stephen Puryear maintains that Berkeley holds at most that ideas that “count as real things” as opposed to chimeras (e.g., my idea of the Eiffel Tower) must satisfy a criterion of intra‐mind coherence. On this reading of Berkeley, my claim that a form of external‐world epistemological skepticism can be constructed within Berkeley's metaphysical system cannot get off the ground. I respond here.
Urinary tract injuries in laparoscopic gynaecological surgery; prevention, recognition and management
Authors: Minas Vasileios , Gul Nahid , Aust Thomas , Doyle Mark , Rowlands David
Published: January 2014

Key content

Injury of the urinary tract is the most common major complication of gynaecological laparoscopic surgery.

Injury to either bladder or ureter results in significant morbidity for the patient and may lead to litigation.

Knowledge of pelvic anatomy, training and meticulous technique are of paramount importance in reducing the incidence of urinary tract injury.

Ideally an injury should be identified and repaired during the primary operation, but vigilance in the immediate postoperative period may result in early recognition and intervention.

Learning objectives

To understand the common risk factors of urinary tract injury at laparoscopy.

To learn strategies to prevent injury where possible.

To learn strategies for intraoperative and postoperative recognition and repair of such injuries.

To understand the significance of multi‐disciplinary management of such injuries.

Ethical issues

Limited evidence shows that laparoscopic hysterectomy may carry a higher risk of urinary tract injury compared with abdominal hysterectomy. Should patients be counselled accordingly?
The rates, perceptions, and willingness of men who have sex with men to donate blood
Authors: Liszewski Walter , Becerril Jordan , Terndrup Christopher , West Nathan , Lavin Bridget C. , Schieffler Danny , Van Sickels Nicholas
Published: January 2014

Background

Since 1983 in the United States, any man who has had sex with another man (MSM) at any time since 1977 has been deferred from donating blood for life. Although there has been a push to change the deferral, there is a paucity of information on both the rates of MSM blood donation and the willingness of MSMs to donate if the deferral were changed.

Study Design and Methods

A 15‐question survey was given at two lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender festivals in Chicago and New Orleans. Participants were asked about a previous history of blood donation and whether they would be willing to donate were the lifetime deferral changed. Participants were also asked to determine whether it was safe for hypothetical MSMs with varying sexual practices to donate blood and whether they believed that it was safe for them to donate their own blood.

Results

Our study found that 42.0% of all participants had not complied with the deferral policy and have donated blood at least once, with a mean number of donations of 4.84. Additionally, 85.9% of participants would be willing to donate blood if the deferral were changed.

Conclusion

Despite the lifetime deferral, many MSMs have previously donated blood, and many more are willing to donate. Given this, along with the safe implementation of temporary deferral policies in other nations, the United States should consider adopting a temporary deferral policy for MSMs.
The success of our patient blood management program depended on an institution‐wide change in transfusion practices
Authors: Oliver James C. , Griffin Russell L. , Hannon Timothy , Marques Marisa B.
Published: January 2014

Background

Patient blood management (PBM) programs seek to optimize the utilization of blood components. Since our institution's program started, the annual number of red blood cell (RBC) units transfused has decreased by 27% overall.

Study Design and Methods

We collected data for 6 months in 2007 (pre‐PBM) compared with the same months in 2011 (post‐PBM) to determine which changes in practice decreased RBC utilization. Indications for transfusion of nonsurgical patients were collected from the electronic medical records, while surgical indications were assigned to the admitting physician's specialty.

Results

Pre‐PBM, we transfused 19,888 RBC units for a mean of 0.96 units per patient discharged, compared with 14,472 post‐PBM, for a mean of 0.55 units per discharge. This represents a 43% reduction in RBC units transfused per patient discharged. While transfusion episodes decreased only slightly from 9519 to 9261, the success can be explained by the overall reduction in mean number of units per transfusion from 2 to 1.5 (p < 0.0001). Pre‐PBM, 22 and 48% of patients received 1 or 2 units of RBCs per transfusion episode, respectively, while in 2011, the percentages were 51 and 33%, respectively (p < 0.0001). The mean number of RBC units per transfusion decreased significantly for approximately 50% of the indications.

Conclusion

Our success was achieved through hospital‐wide physician buy‐in toward a restrictive transfusion approach. We hope to encourage others to consider PBM for improved patient outcomes and blood conservation.
RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY AND BARIUM SULFATE CONTRAST TRANSIT TIME OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF BEARDED DRAGONS (Pogona vitticeps)
Authors: Grosset Claire , Daniaux Lise , Guzman David Sanchez‐Migallon , Weber Ernest Scott , Zwingenberger Allison , Paul‐Murphy Joanne
Published: January 2014

The positive contrast gastrointestinal study is a common non‐invasive diagnostic technique that does not require anesthesia and enables good visualization of the digestive tract. Radiographic anatomy and reference intervals for gastrointestinal contrast transit time in inland bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps) were established using seven animals administered 15 ml/kg of a 35% w/v suspension of barium by esophageal gavage. Dorso‐ventral and lateral radiographic views were performed at 0, 15, 30 min, 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 h, and then every 12 h up to 96 h after barium administration. Gastric emptying was complete at a median time of 10 h (range 4–24 h). Median jejunum and small intestinal emptying times were 1 h (range 30 min–2 h) and 29 h (range 24–48 h), respectively. Median transit time for cecum was 10 h (range 8–12 h). Median time for contrast to reach the colon was 31 h (range 12–72 h) after administration. Results were compared to those obtained in other reptilian species. This technique appeared safe in fasted bearded dragons and would be clinically applicable in other lizard species.
HALO AND REVERSE HALO SIGNS IN CANINE PULMONARY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Secrest Scott , Sakamoto Kaori
Published: January 2014

The halo sign (HS) and reverse halo sign (RHS) are radiologic signs identified on pulmonary computed tomography (CT) in people. The HS is described as a circular area of ground‐glass attenuation surrounding a pulmonary nodule or mass. The RHS is defined as a focal, rounded area of ground‐glass attenuation surrounded by a more or less complete ring of consolidation. These signs have been identified in a variety of diseases in people. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine if the HS and RHS occur in dogs with pulmonary disease and to determine if they are associated with a particular disease process. In addition, the appearance of the HS and RHS was correlated with the histopathologic changes. Our results indicate that the HS and RHS are not common signs identified in dogs with pulmonary disease with an HS noted in five cases and an RHS in 4 of the 33 dogs that met the inclusion criteria. An association between the HS (P‐value 0.8163) or RHS (P‐value 0.5988) and neoplasia, infectious/inflammatory, and other disease processes was not identified using a Fisher's exact test. The HS was identified in neoplastic, infectious, and inflammatory conditions, with the RHS identified in neoplastic and infectious diseases and a lung lobe torsion. Histologically, the HS and RHS were caused by tumor extension, necrosis, and/or hemorrhage of the pulmonary parenchyma.
Schizophrenia-like disorder associated with etanercept treatment
Authors: Atigari Onome Victor , Healy David
Published: January 2014

A report on the development of a schizophrenia-like disorder after the start of etanercept in a middle-aged woman who had no history of psychiatric illness. Etanercept was discontinued and she was treated with sulpiride for 6 months. There has been no relapse of psychosis since etanercept was discontinued, despite being off sulpiride for 3 months. Unfortunately, subsequent treatment she has had for her rheumatoid arthritis has not afforded the same level of symptom control as etanercept. This report points to the need for more research into the differential impact of reduced-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α levels in the different regions of the brain. It highlights the need for pharmacovigilance especially in individuals on etanercept and other TNF inhibitors. It also highlights the need to systematically consider differential diagnosis before arriving at a diagnosis of psychiatric illness even in the presence of highly suggestive constellation of symptoms.
Shared decision-making at end-of-life is aided by graphical trending of illness severity
Authors: Bittleman David B , Solinger Alan B , Finlay G Duncan
Published: January 2014

The Rothman Index (RI) gives a visual picture of patient's condition and progress for the physician and family to view together. This case demonstrates how the RI graph facilitates physician–family communication. An 85-year-old man with normal pressure hydrocephalus and ventriculoperitoneal shunt presented with a subdural haematoma. He required a temporoparietal craniotomy and evacuation of left subdural haematoma, followed by care in an intensive inpatient rehabilitation unit. His course was complicated by aspiration pneumonia, dehydration, renal failure and phenytoin toxicity. During hospitalisation, the patient's RI graph was reviewed daily with his family. The RI provided an unambiguous visualisation of the trend of patient acuity, which depicted the patient's persistent decline in health, and made clear to the family the situation of the patient. This clarity was instrumental in prompting frank discussions of prognosis and consideration of comfort measures, resulting in timely transfer to hospice.
HILBERT–HUANG TRANSFORM FOR FEATURE EXTRACTION OF TEMPERATURE MODULATED MOS SENSORS
Authors: LIEBERMAN MARK , MURESAN RADU , YANG SIMON X. , DOYLE DAVID
Published: January 2014

This work investigates the potential use of temperature modulation of MOS gas sensors combined with the Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) as a feature extraction mechanism for MOS-based electronic noses. Five samples each of ethyl acetate, ethanol and isopropanol were prepared. The response of each of four sensors in an array was decomposed using empirical mode decomposition and the marginal Hilbert spectrum was computed. A set of 72 frequency components was extracted from marginal Hilbert spectrum response of each sensor in an array of four sensor to produce a 288 element fingerprint of each sample. The fingerprints were successfully clustered using PCA and classified using a SVM neutral network.
Novel bacteriochlorophyll-based photosensitizers and their photodynamic activity
Authors: Grin Mikhail A. , Reshetnikov Roman I. , Yakubovskaya Raisa I. , Plotnikova Ekaterina A. , Morozova Nataliya B. , Tsigankov Anatoliy A. , Efremenko Anastasiya V. , Ermakova Dariya E. , Feofanov Alexey V. , Mironov Andrey F.
Published: January 2014

Bacteriochlorin derivatives were synthesized by reacting bacteriopheophorbide methyl ether with diaminoalkanes bearing alkyl groups of different chain length. Biotests demonstrated their high in vitro phototoxicity at nanomolar concentrations against different types of epithelial cells, as well as high dose-dependent in vivo antitumor efficacy in tumor laden mice. At the doses of 2.5 and 5.0 mg/kg, the tested photosensitizers (PS) provided 100% tumor growth inhibition and 100% response rate over 120 day follow-up period after PDT due to selective accumulation in the tumor tissue and rapid clearance from the body.
ROLE OF BARYONIC RESONANCES IN VIRTUAL PHOTON EMISSION IN ELEMENTARY AND HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS
Authors:   (for the HADES Collaboration), GALATYUK TETYANA
Published: January 2014

The HADES experiment aims to explore strongly interacting baryon dominated matter at moderate temperatures using rare and penetrating probes. Special emphasis is put on the region of moderate beam energies where comparatively long-lived states of compressed matter are created. In the energy domain of 1–2 GeV per nucleon, HADES has measured hadrons and di-electron signals in C + C , Ar + KCl , p+p, d+p and p+ Nb collisions. For the first time the electron pairs were reconstructed from quasi-free n+p sub-reactions by detecting the proton spectator from the deuteron breakup. For the first time di-electrons radiated from cold nuclear matter in a kinematic regime, where strong medium effects are expected, have been detected. An experimentally constrained N + N reference spectrum was established. A direct comparison of the N + N reference spectrum with the e+e- invariant mass distribution measured in the heavier system Ar + KCl at 1.76 GeV/u shows an excess yield above the reference. The observation may be interpreted as the onset of an actual medium effect. We argue, that couplings between the ρ meson and the baryonic resonances are of fundamental importance in understanding dilepton spectra at SIS energies.
PION NUCLEON SCATTERING: SOME RESULTS FROM LATTICE QCD
Authors: LANG C. B. , VERDUCI V.
Published: January 2014

Including the meson-baryon (5 quark) intermediate states in a lattice simulation is challenging. However, it is important in order to obtain the correct energy eigenstates and to relate them to scattering phase shifts. Recent results for the negative parity nucleon channel and the problem of baryonic resonances in lattice calculations are discussed.
QCD SUM RULES FOR THE $Z_c^+(3900)$ STATE
Authors: NAVARRA F. S. , DIAS J. M. , NIELSEN M. , ZANETTI C. M.
Published: January 2014

We use the QCD sum rules to study the recently observed charmonium-like structure [Formula: see text] as a tetraquark state. We evaluate the three-point function and extract the coupling constants of the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] vertices and the corresponding decay widths in these channels. The results obtained are in good agreement with the experimental data and supports to the tetraquark picture of this state.
HIGH PRECISION MEASUREMENTS OF THE PION PROTON DIFFERENTIAL ELASTIC CROSS SECTION IN THE SECOND RESONANCE REGION
Authors: ALEKSEEV I. G. , BORDYUZHIN I. G. , KALINKIN D. V. , KOROLEVA L. I. , MOROZOV B. V. , NESTEROV V. M. , RYLTSOV V. V. , SHESTAKOVA M. M. , SHURYGIN B. M. , SMIRNOV P. S. , SULIMOV A. D. , SVIRIDA D. N. , ANDREEV V. A. , FILIMONOV YE. A. , GOLUBEV V. V. , GRIDNEV A. B. , KONOVALOVA E. A. , KOZLENKO N. G. , KOZLOV V. S. , KRIVSHICH A. G. , KUZNETSOV V. A. , NOVINSKY D. V. , SUMACHEV V. V. , TARAKANOV V. I. , TRAUTMAN V. YU. , SADLER M.
Published: January 2014

One of the main sources of the information about nuclear resonances are partial wave analyses (PWA) of pion-proton elastic scattering. Nearly all of the data available for PWA were obtained more than 20 years ago with old measurement techniques. The talk presents new high precision data obtained recently by the EPECUR collaboration. The experiment features high statistics and better than 1 MeV resolution in the invariant mass thus allowing searches for narrow resonances with the coupling to the πp channel as low as 5%. The experimental setup consists of a 25 cm long liquid hydrogen target in a non-magnetic spectrometer of wire drift chambers with hexagonal structure. The measurements started in 2009. 3 billions of triggers are already collected with positive and negative pion beams in the beam momentum range 820-1330 MeV/c.
THE γp → K0Σ+ PHOTOPRODUCTION REACTION
Authors:   (for the CBELSA/TAPS collaboration), SCHMIEDEN HARTMUT
Published: January 2014

The photoproduction reaction γp → K0Σ+ was investigated with the CBELSA/TAPS experiment at the electron accelerator facility ELSA of the University of Bonn. A pronounced structure in the cross section was found at the K* threshold. There are indications that this may be associated with the formation of a K*-hyperon quasibound state below the K* threshold. The very first measurements of the photon beam asymmetry in the studied reaction channel are presented and their impact is discussed.
THE ROLE OF THE Δ(1232)-RESONANCE IN COVARIANT BARYON CHIRAL PERTURBATION THEORY
Authors: ALARCÓN J. M.
Published: January 2014

We stress, on theoretical and phenomenological grounds, the importance of the Δ(1232)-resonance in a chiral effective field theory approach to the study of πN scattering. We show how its inclusion as a dynamical degree of freedom allow us to obtain reliably valuable information from πN scattering data.
EXPERIMENTS AT ELPH/SENDAI BEFORE AND AFTER THE DISASTER
Authors: SHIMIZU HAJIME
Published: January 2014

This contribution presents the current status of Research Center for Electron Photon Science (ELPH), which is a university-based laboratory operating electron linear accelerators and a synchrotron. ELPH suffered serious damage from the Great East-Japan Earthquake (3.11 Disaster) that took place in 2011. A huge amount of restoration work has been almost completed and the research activity revives two years after the quake. The analysis restarted at long last for the data which had been obtained in experiments employing a 4π electromagnetic (EM) calorimeter before the disaster. Some preliminary results are presented to show how we are playing catch-up. Another EM calorimeter (BGOegg) has been under construction in parallel with post-disaster reconstruction.
THE BGO-OD EXPERIMENT AT ELSA
Authors:   (BGO-OD Collaboration), BANTES B. , BAYADILOV D. , BECK R. , BECKER M. , BELLA A. , BIELING J. , BÖSE S. , BRAGLIERI A. , BRINKMANN K. , BURDEYNYI D. , CURCIARELLO F. , DE LEO V. , DI SALVO R. , DUTZ H. , ELSNER D. , FANTINI A. , FRESE T. , FRIEDRICK S. , FROMMBERGER F. , GANENKO V. , GERVINO G. , GHIO F. , GIARDINA G. , GIROLAMI B. , GLAZIER D. , GOERTZ S. , GRIDNEV A. , GUTZ E. , HAMMANN D. , HANNAPPEL J. , HILLERT W. , IGNATOV A. , JAHN O. , JAHN R. , JOOSTEN R. , JUDE T. C. , KLEIN F. , KOOP K. , KRUSCHE B. , LAPIK A. , LEVI SANDRI P. , LOPATIN I. , MANDAGLIO G. , MESSI F. , MESSI R. , METAG V. , MORICCIANI D. , NANOVA M. , NEDOREZOV V. , NOVISKIY D. , PEDRONI P. , ROMANIUK M. , ROSTOMYAN T. , SCHAERF C. , SCHMIEDEN H. , SUMACHEV V. , TARAKONOV V. , VEGNA V. , VLASOV P. , WALTHER D. , WATTS D. , ZAUNICK H.-G. , ZIMMERMANN T.
Published: January 2014

Meson photoproduction is a key tool for the experimental investigation of the nucleon excitation spectrum. To disentangle the specific couplings of resonances, in addition to the rather well measured pion and eta photoproduction channels it is mandatory to obtain information on channels involving strange and vector mesons and higher mass pseudoscalar mesons, and the associated multi-particle final states with both charged and neutral particles. In this respect, the new BGO-OD experiment at the ELSA accelerator of the University of Bonn's Physikalisches Institut provides unique instrumentation. We describe the experiment, present its status and the initial program of measurements.