bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A multi‐site study of functional outcomes following a themed approach to hand–arm bimanual intensive therapy for children with hemiplegia
Authors: Green Dido , Schertz Mitchell , Gordon Andrew M , Moore Amarlie , Schejter Margalit Tamara , Farquharson Yvonne , Ben Bashat Dafna , Weinstein Maya , Lin Jean‐Pierre , Fattal‐Valevski Aviva
Published: March 2013

Aim

This study investigated the effects of a theme‐based (‘magic’) variation of the hand–arm bimanual intensive therapy programme, in two different countries, in improving activity performance for children with hemiplegia, including those with severe movement restrictions.

Method

Twenty‐three children with spastic hemiplegia (13 males, 10 females; mean age 10y 7mo, range 7–15y; Manual Ability Classification System level I, two; levelII, 13; levelIII, eight), participated in one of three, 2‐week, summer camps. A within‐participant experimental design was used with the Assisting Hand Assessment and Children's Hand Experience Questionnaire as primary outcome measures. Evaluations occurred immediately before the first day, on the last day, and 3 months after intervention. Two groups underwent additional assessments 2 weeks before the camp.

Results

Significant intervention effects were seen on the Assisting Hand Assessment (p=0.002) and on the Children's Hand Experience Questionnaire (p<0.001), the latter maintained at follow‐up. The affected hand was reported to be used in 25% of bimanual activities before the camp, progressing to 93% after camp, and decreasing to 86% at follow‐up. Severity of impairment did not influence progress.

Interpretation

This themed approach to intensive intervention showed positive results in bimanual use, with improvements in independence sustained at follow‐up. Although children across camps and motor severity made progress, some questions remain about intensity and duration of intervention to optimize longer‐term outcomes.
Huge Mitral Annular Caseoma: Complementary Role of Multimodality Imaging
Authors: Cagdas Metin , Sahan Hasan , Velibey Yalcin , Calik Nazmi , Sahin Sinan
Published: March 2013

Mini‐Abstract

Caseous calcification of the mitral annulus (caseoma) is a rare variant of mitral periannular calcification that should be included in the differential diagnosis of myocardial masses. We present a case of huge mitral annular caseoma. This case illustrates the complementary role of different imaging modalities.
Cancer incidence in persons with elevated cobalamin levels
Authors: Ryg Jesper , Nybo Mads , Hallas Jesper
Published: March 2013

Background

Elevated cobalamin level (ECL) is an epiphenomenon for several cancer types. The clinical significance of ECL at routine testing is, however, unknown. The aim of this study was to examine cancer incidences among persons with ECL.

Design

In a cohort study, Funen County residents (inhabitants 476 580), Denmark, without cancer or injected cobalamin prescriptions were followed from first cobalamin measurement during 1999–2009. Follow‐up was stratified according to age, gender, and whether the cobalamin level was elevated (> 1,200 pmol/L). Data from national registers on age‐specific incidence of cancer in the general population were used to calculate standardised morbidity ratio (SMR).

Results

A total of 490 persons with ECL and 40 104 with non‐ECL were followed. Median age was 61 [IQR 44–77] years. Average follow‐up was 2·0 years for ECL subjects and 2·7 years for non‐ECL subjects. Cancer was diagnosed within the first 6 months of follow‐up in 6·7% (CI 4·7–9·3) of ECL subjects and 2·6% (CI 2·4–2·7) of non‐ECL subjects. In ECL and non‐ECL subjects, SMR for cancer diagnoses were 15·1 (CI 10·4–21·2) and 5·0 (CI 4·7–5·3) within the first 6 months and 3·7 (CI 1·4–8·1) and 1·8 (CI 1·6–2·0) in the following six‐month interval. Review of medical records revealed a suspicion of cancer or performance of relevant diagnostic tests in 87% at the time of cobalamin measurement.

Conclusions

Persons with ECL have a high incidence of cancer partly explained by the reasons for measuring cobalamin. It remains to be determined whether accidentally found ECL would justify a search for cancers.
Manipulation of Fgf and Bmp signaling in teleost fishes suggests potential pathways for the evolutionary origin of multicuspid teeth
Authors: Jackman William R. , Davies Shelby H. , Lyons David B. , Stauder Caitlin K. , Denton‐Schneider Benjamin R. , Jowdry Andrea , Aigler Sharon R. , Vogel Scott A. , Stock David W.
Published: March 2013

Teeth with two or more cusps have arisen independently from an ancestral unicuspid condition in a variety of vertebrate lineages, including sharks, teleost fishes, amphibians, lizards, and mammals. One potential explanation for the repeated origins of multicuspid teeth is the existence of multiple adaptive pathways leading to them, as suggested by their different uses in these lineages. Another is that the addition of cusps required only minor changes in genetic pathways regulating tooth development. Here we provide support for the latter hypothesis by demonstrating that manipulation of the levels of Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) or Bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) signaling produces bicuspid teeth in the zebrafish (Danio rerio), a species lacking multicuspid teeth in its ancestry. The generality of these results for teleosts is suggested by the conversion of unicuspid pharyngeal teeth into bicuspid teeth by similar manipulations of the Mexican Tetra (Astyanax mexicanus). That these manipulations also produced supernumerary teeth in both species supports previous suggestions of similarities in the molecular control of tooth and cusp number. We conclude that despite their apparent complexity, the evolutionary origin of multicuspid teeth is positively constrained, likely requiring only slight modifications of a pre‐existing mechanism for patterning the number and spacing of individual teeth.
Effects of growth hormone on the ontogenetic allometry of craniofacial bones
Authors: Gonzalez Paula N. , Kristensen Erika , Morck Douglas W. , Boyd Steven , Hallgrímsson Benedikt
Published: March 2013

Organism size is controlled by interactions between genetic and environmental factors mediated by hormones with systemic and local effects. As changes in size are usually not isometric, a considerable diversity in shape can be generated through modifications in the patterns of ontogenetic allometry. In this study we evaluated the role of timing and dose of growth hormone (GH) release on growth and correlated shape changes in craniofacial bones. Using a longitudinal study design, we analyzed GH deficient mice treated with GH supplementation commencing pre‐ and post‐puberty. We obtained 3D in vivo micro‐CT images of the skull between 21 and 60 days of age and used geometric morphometrics to analyze size and shape changes among control and GH deficient treated and non‐treated mice. The variable levels of circulating GH altered the size and shape of the adult skull, and influenced the cranial base, vault, and face differently. While cranial base synchondroses and facial sutures were susceptible to either the direct or indirect effect of GH supplementation, its effect was negligible on the vault. Such different responses support the role of intrinsic growth trajectories of skeletal components in controlling the modifications induced by systemic factors. Contrary to the expected, the timing of GH treatment did not have an effect on catch‐up growth. GH levels also altered the ontogenetic trajectories by inducing changes in their location and extension in the shape space, indicating that differences arose before 21 days and were further accentuated by a truncation of the ontogenetic trajectories in GHD groups.
Influences of leaf age and type, non‐host volatiles, and mineral oil deposits on the incidence, distribution, and form of stylet tracks of Diaphorina citri
Authors: Yang Yueping , Beattie G. Andrew C. , Spooner‐Hart Robert N. , Huang Mingdu , Barchia Idris , Holford Paul
Published: March 2013

Psyllids produce saliva that gels to form a protective sheath around their stylets. This saliva can be visualized as stylet tracks, and we have used the presence of tracks to study the feeding behaviour of Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae). Both single and branched tracks were produced by nymphs and adults, and the tracks made by males and females did not differ. Tracks dissipated from calamondin leaves within a 7‐day post‐feeding period after adults fed for 2 days and numbers of tracks declined with increasing maturity of calamondin leaves. In the six host plants studied, most psyllids fed abaxially from midribs and most probes traversed or terminated in the tissue (midrib, lateral vein, minor vein, or mesophyll) above which the stylets entered the leaf or leaflet. The number of tracks and landings were recorded on the six hosts in choice tests. More tracks were found in leaves or leaflets of orange jasmine, wampee, and trifoliate orange than in sour orange, calamondin, and lemon. Orange jasmine is considered a preferred host of D. citri, and this is in agreement with the number of tracks found in this study, but not the number of landings. Trifoliate orange is considered a poor host of D. citri, which, in this study, is reflected in the low number of landings, but not in the numbers of tracks. Our results indicate that the presence of adult psyllids on a plant may not reflect its host status, and that the presence of stylet tracks should also be determined in host preference studies. When calamondin leaves were paired with leaves of guava, billygoat weed, or greenleaf desmodium, the presence of volatiles from these plants reduced feeding by adults on calamondin and suggests that understoreys of billygoat weed or desmodium in orchards may also reduce feeding. A negative, exponential relationship between numbers of tracks per leaf and the concentrations of an agricultural mineral oil applied to leaf surfaces was found. This reduction in feeding, in conjunction with reductions in oviposition, has practical implications for suppressing psyllid populations in orchards.
Caregiving in first‐episode psychosis: social characteristics associated with perceived ‘burden’ and associations with compulsory treatment
Authors: Boydell Jane , Onwumere Juliana , Dutta Rina , Bhavsar Vishal , Hill Nathan , Morgan Craig , Dazzan Paola , Morgan Kevin , Pararajan Madonna , Kuipers Elizabeth , Jones Peter , Murray Robin , Fearon Paul
Published: March 2013

Aims

High incidence of psychosis and compulsory treatment within black and minority ethnic (BME) groups in the UK remain a concern. Psychosis has an impact on families and family involvement is important in predicting compulsory treatment. We therefore aimed to report the levels and predictors of caregiver burden in first‐episode psychosis, in white British, and BME groups of carers, and investigate their relevance to compulsory treatment.

Methods

A total of 124 caregivers were interviewed soon after the onset of psychosis using the General Health Questionnaire, GHQ‐28, the Experience of Caregiving Inventory, the Personal and Psychiatric History Schedule, and the MRC Sociodemographic Schedule.

Results

The overall level of distress as measured by GHQ‐28 was high (mean 50, SD 11.4). Feelings of carer burden were also high (mean total negative score 72.5, SD 34.8), increased in men, and with carer age. Neither ethnicity nor social class nor social support was associated with distress or burden. Compulsory treatment was predicted by carer burden (as indicated by carer reports of ‘problems with services’ (OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.01, 1.15; P = 0.023)); this was particularly evident in the black Caribbean group of carers (OR 1.28; 95% CI 1.04, 1.57; P = 0.02)

Conclusion

Carers of adults with first‐episode psychosis experience considerable psychological distress and feelings of burden. There was a specific association between carer burden, specifically in terms of experience of services, and compulsory admission of service users, particularly in the black Caribbean group. Better ways of liaising with carers and targeted efforts to reduce carer burden at illness onset are needed.
Modelling dendritic ecological networks in space: an integrated network perspective
Authors: Peterson Erin E. , Ver Hoef Jay M. , Isaak Dan J. , Falke Jeffrey A. , Fortin Marie‐Josée , Jordan Chris E. , McNyset Kristina , Monestiez Pascal , Ruesch Aaron S. , Sengupta Aritra , Som Nicholas , Steel E. Ashley , Theobald David M. , Torgersen Christian E. , Wenger Seth J.
Published: March 2013

Dendritic ecological networks (DENs) are a unique form of ecological networks that exhibit a dendritic network topology (e.g. stream and cave networks or plant architecture).DENs have a dual spatial representation; as points within the network and as points in geographical space. Consequently, some analytical methods used to quantify relationships in other types of ecological networks, or in 2‐D space, may be inadequate for studying the influence of structure and connectivity on ecological processes withinDENs. We propose a conceptual taxonomy of network analysis methods that account forDENcharacteristics to varying degrees and provide a synthesis of the different approaches within the context of stream ecology. Within this context, we summarise the key innovations of a new family of spatial statistical models that describe spatial relationships inDENs. Finally, we discuss how different network analyses may be combined to address more complex and novel research questions. While our main focus is streams, the taxonomy of network analyses is also relevant anywhere spatial patterns in both network and 2‐D space can be used to explore the influence of multi‐scale processes on biota and their habitat (e.g. plant morphology and pest infestation, or preferential migration along stream or road corridors).
The treatment of depressive disorders in epilepsy: What all neurologists should know
Authors: Kanner Andres M.
Published: March 2013

One of every three patients with epilepsy (PWE) will experience a depressive disorder in the course of their life, often associated with anxiety symptoms or a full blown anxiety disorder. Clearly, the high prevalence of these psychiatric comorbidities calls for their early identification and management. This article provides practical strategies in the management of depressive episodes in PWE. Contrary to long‐held beliefs, the use of antidepressant drugs are safe in PWE when used at therapeutic doses. Antidepressant drugs of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) or serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) families are the first line of therapy in depressive disorders, and failure to achieve complete symptom remission after a trial of an SSRI or SNRI at optimal doses should be followed by a second trial with a drug from the other antidepressant family. In developing countries, antidepressant drugs of these two antidepressant families are not always available, and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are the drugs of choice. Although there are no differences in efficacy among the three families of antidepressants, TCAs have a lower tolerability and higher toxicity, with greater mortality risk associated with cardiotoxic effects in overdoses. Cognitive behavior therapy is another treatment modality that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of depressive disorders in patients with and without epilepsy. Its use should be considered together with pharmacotherapy or by itself.
Treatment issues for personality disorders in epilepsy
Authors: Trimble Michael
Published: March 2013

This article supports a view that certain personality disturbances in epilepsy should be viewed as associated with the cerebral abnormalities that also lead to seizures. Herein I discuss two main variants: that related to temporal lobe epilepsy and that associated with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. In view of its controversial nature, I also comment on the link between aggression and epilepsy. Recommendations for treatment include psychological and social therapies with further advice about the use of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) and psychotropic medications in these conditions.
Treatment of postsurgical psychiatric complications
Authors: Koch‐Stoecker Steffi , Schmitz Bettina , Kanner Andres M.
Published: March 2013

We describe the physical, psychological, and social complications and adaptation demands after epilepsy surgery and the risks of the development of psychiatric disorders when adequate stress processing fails. Practical strategies that can be followed in the prevention and treatment of postsurgical psychiatric complications are reviewed. The postoperative period is divided in three phases: (1) the early postoperative phase of stress processing until discharge from hospital; (2) the coping phase during the first months after discharge; and (3) the reorientation phase. The early postoperative course is often dominated by physical problems that hamper success in convalescence. They may initiate early psychiatric disturbances especially in patients with preoperative psychiatric comorbidity. The second phase after discharge from hospital is the typical time in which various psychiatric disorders may develop (either de novo or exacerbations of known disorders). At this time it is mandatory to keep in contact with patients, to start psychiatric treatments if necessary, and to assess for suicidal risk. The course of the third phase of reorientation depends on seizure outcome and on psychiatric state. Seizure‐free persons without psychiatric comorbidities start to forget their epilepsy; those with less successful outcome conditions may need further support, especially for vocational integration. Epilepsy surgery brings about an overall strong improvement of psychiatric morbidity and quality of patients' life. Nevertheless, the first postoperative year is a fragile period that includes multiple physical, psychological, and social adaptation tasks. Patients with a history of psychiatric disorders are at a special risk of failing to cope with those health‐related demands, but also for nonpsychiatric patients the months after epilepsy surgery are often stressful and exhausting. Professional help must be available during the postoperative coping time.
Patterns and predictors of fish dispersal in rivers
Authors: Radinger Johannes , Wolter Christian
Published: March 2013

Quantifying fish dispersal and identifying its general predictors is key for understanding temporal patterns in population dynamics, emigration and immigration, meta‐community dynamics, many ecological processes and predicting recovery time or population responses to environmental changes. This is the first comprehensive quantitative meta‐analysis of heterogeneous freshwater fish movement, aiming to determine mobile and stationary shares of fish communities, their dispersal distances and key predictors of dispersal patterns. By reviewing and analysing 160 empirical data sets from 71 studies covering 62 fishes in streams, it goes beyond previous studies of salmonids’ heterogeneous movement. Based on fitted leptokurtic dispersal kernels, the movement distances of (i) a stationary component (σstat) and (ii) a mobile component (σmob) as well as the (iii) share of each component (p) were calculated. The median movement distance of the stationary and mobile component of a fish population was 36.4 and 361.7 m, respectively. The share of the stationary individuals was high (median = 66.6%), but unrelated to movement distance. Single and multiple linear regressions as well as mixed‐effects models revealed movement distances positively related to fish length, aspect ratio of the caudal fin, stream size and duration of the study. Furthermore, movement distance differed between taxonomic families. The quantitative parameters of heterogeneous fish movement provided are prerequisite to estimate time lags in fish response to river rehabilitation, temporal patterns in species dispersal, and minimum effective size of potential founder populations for species conservation and stock recovery based on minimum numbers of specimen to disperse.
Protective Parenting, Relationship Power Equity, and Condom Use Among Rural African American Emerging Adult Women
Authors: Kogan Steven M. , Simons Leslie G. , Chen Yi‐fu , Burwell Stephanie , Brody Gene H.
Published: March 2013

Sexually transmitted infections disproportionately affect African Americans, particularly young women. The influence of a set of interrelated protective parenting processes—instrumental and emotional support, sexual risk communication, and encouragement of goals for employment or education—on emerging adult women was examined. Parenting was hypothesized to affect consistent condom use through its association with women's reports of power equity in their intimate relationships. Hypotheses were tested with 135 sexually active women 18 to 21 years of age living in rural southern communities. Structural equation modeling indicated that (a) parenting processes predicted women's self‐reported relationship power equity and consistent condom use and (b) relationship power equity predicted consistent condom use. Limited support emerged for a mediational role of relationship power equity in explaining the influence of parenting on consistent condom use. Parental involvement and young women's establishment of personal control in their intimate relationships are important goals for sexual risk reduction programs.
Linking Changes in Couple Functioning and Parenting Among Couple Relationship Education Participants
Authors: Adler‐Baeder Francesca , Calligas Alexa , Skuban Emily , Keiley Margaret , Ketring Scott , Smith Thomas
Published: March 2013

The current study represents a novel test of parenting outcomes among participants in couple and relationship education (CRE). Utilizing a systems theory framework and empirical linkages between couple functioning and parenting, this study examined the extent to which several parenting dimensions (coparenting conflict, parental involvement, and positive discipline practices) change after CRE participation and, importantly, whether and how these changes are related to changes in dimensions of couple functioning. In a sample of 623 adult parents, diverse in gender, race, and marital status, positive changes were found in the parenting dimensions over time. In addition, levels of change in the couple domain were associated with levels of changes in the parenting domain over the same period of time, with a pattern of stronger links between conceptually similar dimensions of couple functioning and parenting.
Relating localized protein motions to the reaction coordinate in coenzyme B12‐dependent enzymes
Authors: Jones Alex R. , Levy Colin , Hay Sam , Scrutton Nigel S.
Published: March 2013

The classical picture of enzyme catalysis relies on controlling the entropic and enthalpic contributions by manipulating reaction barriers and co‐locating reactants and cofactors to facilitate the reaction chemistry. Catalysis is linked inextricably to the geometry of the enzyme–substrate complex and the chemical/physical properties of the active site, and probably to dynamical contributions that guide reactants along the desired reaction coordinate. Coenzyme B12‐dependent enzymes have remarkable catalytic power and unique properties that enable detailed analysis of the reaction chemistry and associated dynamics. Here we discuss recent developments that are beginning to provide atomistic insight into how coenzyme B12‐dependent enzymes steer reactants along the reaction coordinate. Such insight will ultimately generate ‘movies’ of the catalytic process across all relevant time scales. In the longer term, this will enable more predictive engineering of this class of enzyme to achieve new and desirable chemical outcomes.
Redox regulation of protein kinases
Authors: Corcoran Aoife , Cotter Thomas G.
Published: March 2013

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been long regarded as by‐products of a cascade of reactions stemming from cellular oxygen metabolism, which, if they accumulate to toxic levels, can have detrimental effects on cellular biomolecules. However, more recently, the recognition of ROS as mediators of cellular communications has led to their classification as signalling mediators in their own right. The prototypic redox‐regulated targets downstream of ROS are the protein tyrosine phosphatases, and the wealth of research that has focused on this area has come to shape our understanding of how redox‐signalling contributes to and facilitates protein tyrosine phosphorylation signalling cascades. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that there is more to this system than simply the negative regulation of protein tyrosine phosphatases. Identification of redox‐sensitive kinases such as Src led to the slow emergence of a role for redox regulation of tyrosine kinases. A flow of evidence, which has increased exponentially in recent times as a result of the development of new methods for the detection of oxidative modifications, demonstrates that, by concurrent oxidative activation of tyrosine kinases, ROS fine tune the duration and amplification of the phosphorylation signal. A more thorough understanding of the complex regulatory mechanism of redox‐modification will allow targeting of both the production of ROS and their downstream effectors for therapeutic purposes. The present review assesses the most relevant recent literature that demonstrates a role for kinase regulation by oxidation, highlights the most significant findings and proposes future directions for this crucial area of redox biology.
The role of historic and climatic factors in the distribution of crustacean communities in Iberian Mediterranean ponds
Authors: Sahuquillo María , Miracle Maria R.
Published: March 2013

We studied 140 freshwater ponds in eastern Spain spanning a wide range of water source, hydroperiod and regional heterogeneity attributable to orographic and climatic differences. Our aim was to provide a typology for Mediterranean ponds using crustacean assemblages and to find key environmental thresholds that define these pond types.

To search for the environmental variables that define these communities, two complementary analyses were used: correspondence analyses (CA) and multivariate regression trees (MRT). We found a high level of specificity of crustaceans defining the different pond types. Three ponds, which were not associated with any of the large set of environmental variables used, were clearly separated from the rest in the CA. These held a very specific and probably relict community, characterised by the large calanoid Hemidiaptomus: we refer to these as ‘Hemidiaptomus’ ponds. Taxonomic information suggests a fundamental influence of historical events.

The MRT analysis applied to the rest of the ponds allowed us to create a hierarchical order of several current environmental factors that account for their crustacean community composition. Thus, we defined four further pond types. The most important factor structuring communities was hydroperiod, separating temporary ponds, mainly fed by rain, from permanent ponds, fed from more stable sources. Climate‐related factors subsequently separated two groups of temporary ponds: (i) temporary ponds in semi‐arid areas (mean rainfall <600 mm year−1, spring rainfall <150 mm), which contained Neolovenula alluaudi and (ii) temporary ponds in semi‐humid areas, which contained Mixodiaptomus incrassatus. Amongst the permanent ponds, (iii) lowland coastal spring‐fed ponds with quite constant temperatures hosted a singular crustacean community that was well separated from that found in (iv) inland mountain ponds consisting of more ubiquitous crustaceans.

These results provide a typology of ponds useful for conservation planning and freshwater biodiversity maintenance. Moreover, the identified ecological thresholds should be helpful in predicting the communities to be expected as a result of changes to land use or climate.
Vulnerability of the calcifying larval stage of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri to near‐future ocean acidification and warming
Authors: Byrne Maria , Ho Melanie A. , Koleits Lucas , Price Casandra , King Catherine K. , Virtue Patti , Tilbrook Bronte , Lamare Miles
Published: March 2013

Stenothermal polar benthic marine invertebrates are highly sensitive to environmental perturbations but little is known about potential synergistic effects of concurrent ocean warming and acidification on development of their embryos and larvae. We examined the effects of these stressors on development to the calcifying larval stage in the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri in embryos reared in present and future (2100+) ocean conditions from fertilization. Embryos were reared in 2 temperature (ambient: −1.0 °C, + 2 °C : 1.0 °C) and 3 pH (ambient: pH 8.0, −0.2–0.4 pH units: 7.8,7.6) levels. Principle coordinates analysis on five larval metrics showed a significant effect of temperature and pH on the pattern of growth. Within each temperature, larvae were separated by pH treatment, a pattern primarily influenced by larval arm and body length. Growth was accelerated by temperature with a 20–28% increase in postoral (PO) length at +2 °C across all pH levels. Growth was strongly depressed by reduced pH with a 8–19% decrease in PO length at pH 7.6–7.8 at both temperatures. The boost in growth caused by warming resulted in larvae that were larger than would be observed if acidification was examined in the absence of warming. However, there was no significant interaction between these stressors. The increase in left‐right asymmetry and altered body allometry indicated that decreased pH disrupted developmental patterning and acted as a teratogen (agent causing developmental malformation). Decreased developmental success with just a 2 °C warming indicates that development in S. neumayeri is particularly sensitive to increased temperature. Increased temperature also altered larval allometry. Altered body shape impairs swimming and feeding in echinoplutei. In the absence of adaptation, it appears that the larval phase may be a bottleneck for survivorship of S. neumayeri in a changing ocean in a location where poleward migration to escape inhospitable conditions is not possible.
Comparing the performance of different stomatal conductance models using modelled and measured plant carbon isotope ratios (δ13C): implications for assessing physiological forcing
Authors: Bodin Per E. , Gagen Mary , McCarroll Danny , Loader Neil J. , Jalkanen Risto , Robertson Iain , R Switsur Vincent , Waterhouse John S. , Woodley Ewan J. , Young Giles H. F. , Alton Paul B.
Published: March 2013

Accurate modelling of long‐term changes in plant stomatal functioning is vital to global climate change studies because changes in evapotranspiration influence temperature via physiological forcing of the climate. Various stomatal models are included in land surface schemes, but their robustness over longer timescales is difficult to validate. We compare the performance of three stomatal models, varying in their degree of complexity, and coupled to a land surface model. This is carried out by simulating the carbon isotope ratio of tree leaves (δ13Cleaf) over a period of 53 years, and comparing the results with carbon isotope ratios obtained from tree rings (δ13Cstem) measured at six sites in northern Europe. All three stomatal models fail to capture the observed interannual variability in the measured δ13Cstem time series. However, the Soil‐Plant‐Atmosphere (SPA) model performs significantly better than the Ball‐Berry (BB) or COX models when tested for goodness‐of‐fit against measured δ13Cstem. The δ13Cleaf time series simulated using the SPA model are significantly positively correlated (P < 0.05) with measured results over the full time period tested, at all six sites. The SPA model underestimates interannual variability measured in δ13Cstem, but is no worse than the BB model and significantly better than the COX model. The inability of current models to adequately replicate changes in stomatal response to rising levels of CO2 concentrations, and thus to quantify the associated physiological forcing, warrants further investigation.
Can biochar reduce soil greenhouse gas emissions from aMiscanthus bioenergy crop?
Authors: Case Sean D. C. , McNamara Niall P. , Reay David S. , Whitaker Jeanette
Published: March 2013

Energy production from bioenergy crops may significantly reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through substitution of fossil fuels. Biochar amendment to soil may further decrease the net climate forcing of bioenergy crop production, however, this has not yet been assessed under field conditions. Significant suppression of soil nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions following biochar amendment has been demonstrated in short‐term laboratory incubations by a number of authors, yet evidence from long‐term field trials has been contradictory. This study investigated whether biochar amendment could suppress soilGHGemissions under field and controlled conditions in aMiscanthus × Giganteuscrop and whether suppression would be sustained during the first 2 years following amendment. In the field, biochar amendment suppressed soilCO2emissions by 33% and annual net soilCO2equivalent (eq.) emissions (CO2,N2Oand methane,CH4) by 37% over 2 years. In the laboratory, under controlled temperature and equalised gravimetric water content, biochar amendment suppressed soilCO2emissions by 53% and net soilCO2eq. emissions by 55%. SoilN2Oemissions were not significantly suppressed with biochar amendment, although they were generally low. SoilCH4fluxes were below minimum detectable limits in both experiments. These findings demonstrate that biochar amendment has the potential to suppress net soilCO2eq. emissions in bioenergy crop systems for up to 2 years after addition, primarily through reducedCO2emissions. Suppression of soilCO2emissions may be due to a combined effect of reduced enzymatic activity, the increased carbon‐use efficiency from the co‐location of soil microbes, soil organic matter and nutrients and the precipitation ofCO2onto the biochar surface. We conclude that hardwood biochar has the potential to improve theGHGbalance of bioenergy crops through reductions in net soilCO2eq. emissions.
Chemoembolization‐induced arterial damage: Evaluation of three different chemotherapeutic protocols using epirubicin and miriplatin
Authors: Iwazawa Jin , Hashimoto Naoko , Ohue Shoichi , Muramoto Osamu , Mitani Takashi
Published: March 2013

Aim

We aimed to evaluate hepatic vascular changes following lipiodol‐based transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma using epirubicin (EPI), miriplatin (MPT) and miriplatin plus low‐dose epirubicin (MPT+EPI).

Methods

A total of 185 arteries in 118 patients who underwent chemoembolization using EPI (67 arteries in 48 patients), MPT (64 arteries in 37 patients) and MPT+EPI (54 arteries in 33 patients) were retrospectively examined. The maximum dose limit of MPT was 140 mg and that of EPI was 50 and 20 mg for the EPI and MPT+EPI groups, respectively. Vascular changes and local recurrence were evaluated by subsequent angiography. Factors affecting arterial damage were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis.

Results

More severe arterial damage was observed in the EPI group (88.1%) than in the MPT+EPI (72.2%) and the MPT (18.7%) groups (P = 0.044 and P < 0.001, respectively). EPI usage (hazard ratio [HR] = 12.8, P < 0.001), selective chemoembolization (HR = 5.4, P < 0.001) and MPT usage (HR = 0.28, P = 0.020) were significant predictors for arterial damage induction. The local recurrence rate was lower for the lesions exhibiting arterial occlusion after chemoembolization (39.4%) than for the lesions exhibiting no vascular attenuation (73.9%) or wall irregularity (75.8%) (P = 0.001 and P = 0.005, respectively).

Conclusion

High‐dose EPI, MPT, and low‐dose EPI plus MPT usage in chemoembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma induced the greatest, the least, and intermediate vascular damages, respectively. Therapeutic occlusion of tumor feeder vessels is associated with lower local recurrence.
Religious Life and Observant Reform in the Fifteenth Century
Authors: Mixson James D.
Published: March 2013

Across Europe after 1400, calls for reform echoed through the ranks of nearly every major religious order. They emerged and took root independently in ways as diverse as the late‐medieval religious and political landscape itself, yet also shared a range of common aims and characteristics. Collectively known as the Observant Movement, these efforts at reform produced some of the most important religious figures of the middle ages (Catherine of Siena and Savonarola, Bernardino of Siena and John of Capistrano, Jiménez de Cisneros, Thomas of Kempen, even the young Observant friar Martin Luther). They also reflected and inspired much that became central to late medieval religion and culture. Our textbooks, surveys and scholarly overviews long neglected the Observant story. But the last few decades of research have begun to remedy that neglect, bringing Observant reform to the center of a range of current scholarly concerns. This article surveys the emergence of that recent work, and some of its major themes: the connections between religious life and the histories of women and the laity; Observant preaching and teaching and their connection with humanism, as well as with the persecution of witches, Jews and others; the links between Observant reform and the later histories of the Reformation and the Atlantic world. It concludes with a consideration of the challenges and opportunities for future scholarship.
Fostering internationalization: an American–Danish semester‐long undergraduate nursing student exchange program
Authors: Baernholdt M. , Drake E. , Maron F. , Neymark K.
Published: March 2013

Aim

This paper describes the development, implementation and evaluation of a semester‐long exchange program between two Bachelor of Science in Nursing programs in the USA and Denmark.

Background

Nurses globally need to provide culturally sensitive care for an ethnically diverse population. Competencies on how to do so should start in basic nursing programs. A useful strategy is through immersion into another culture through an exchange program. Little is known about successful strategies for two‐way or 360° exchange programs between schools from different countries. Guided by experiential learning theory, we developed an exchange program with the objective of enhancing nursing students' cultural competence through knowledge building, attitudes and behaviour development. Lessons learned and implications for educational institutions and policy are discussed.

Conclusion

In internationalization of nursing education, an awareness of underlying cultural values regarding nursing competence and taking appropriate action are important for success. Other areas for a successful exchange program include matching of courses or content across schools, clear objectives and evaluation plans. Finally, flexibility and open communication are key components when setting up a 360° exchange program.
Neural correlates of settlement in veliger larvae of the gastropod, Crepidula fornicata
Authors: Penniman Jacob R. , Doll Margaret K. , Pires Anthony
Published: March 2013

Settlement behavior of molluscan veliger larvae prior to metamorphosis requires cessation of swimming, accomplished by arrest of prototrochal cilia on the margin of the velum (the larval swimming organ). Ciliary arrest in larvae of gastropods is mediated by an action potential that occurs synchronously across the velum as a consequence of electrical coupling between the prototrochal ciliated cells. We developed a preparation for extracellular recording of such ciliary arrest spikes from intact swimming and crawling veliger larvae of the caenogastropod Crepidula fornicata, using a fine wire electrode. Ciliary arrest spike rates during bouts of substrate crawling were significantly higher than those recorded during preceding swimming periods in larvae that were competent for metamorphosis, but not in precompetent larvae. Spike rates were similar on clean polystyrene substrates, and on substrates that had been coated with a natural cue for metamorphosis (mucus from conspecific adults). We used immunohistochemical methods to localize neuromodulators that might regulate the function of velar cilia. Labeled terminals for serotonin, FMRFamide, and tyrosine hydroxylase (an enzyme for catecholamine synthesis) were located in positions consistent with modulatory effects on the prototrochal ciliated cells. Prototrochal ciliary arrest spike rates and beat frequencies were measured in isolated velar lobes from competent larvae, which were exposed to serotonin, FMRFamide, and dopamine (10−5 mol L−1). Serotonin abolished arrest spiking and increased beat frequency; dopamine also increased beat frequency, and FMRFamide depressed it. Competent larvae tested in a small static water column swam to the top of the column when exposed to serotonin, but occupied lower positions than controls when in the presence of dopamine and FMRFamide. The larval nervous system appears to regulate velar functions that are critical for settlement behavior, and is likely to do so by integrating different sensory modalities in an age‐dependent manner.
Abusive Supervision and Employee Well‐Being: The Moderating Effect of Power Distance Orientation
Authors: Lin Weipeng , Wang Lei , Chen Shuting
Published: March 2013

Researchers generally believe that abusive supervision leads to poor employee well‐being (e.g. poor mental health and lower job satisfaction). However, these relationships are not always observed. Based on the cognitive appraisal theory, the current research extended the content domain of abusive supervision research by examining the moderating effect of power distance orientation (the extent to which an individual accepts the unequal distribution of power in institutions and organisations), a kind of cultural value, on these relationships. We tested two independent samples (N
1 = 762 and N
2 = 347) using different methods. Results showed that employees' power distance orientation moderated the relationships of abusive supervision with employee psychological health and job satisfaction, such that the negative relationships were weaker for employees with higher power distance orientation. The findings suggest the adaptive function of cultural values employees hold in organisational behavior. The implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Risk of repeat biopsy and prostate cancer detection after an initial extended negative biopsy: longitudinal follow‐up from a prospective trial
Authors: Ploussard Guillaume , Nicolaiew Nathalie , Marchand Charles , Terry Stéphane , Allory Yves , Vacherot Francis , Abbou Claude‐Clément , Salomon Laurent , de la Taille Alexandre
Published: March 2013

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Even after a negative set of prostate biopsies, the risk of undetected prostate cancer remains clinically significant. Predictive markers of such a risk are undefined.

In addition to PSA and PSAD, low prostate volume and %fPSA are interesting time‐varying risk factors and are relevant in biopsy decision‐making.

Objective

To assess prospectively the time‐varying risk of rebiopsy and of prostate cancer (PCa) detection after an initial negative biopsy protocol.

Patients and Methods

Over a period of 10 years, 1995 consecutive patients with initially negative biopsies were followed.

Rebiopsies were performed in patients who had a persistent suspicion of PCa.

Predictive factors for rebiopsy and for PCa detection were tested using univariate, multivariate and time‐dependent models.

Results

A total of 617 men (31%) underwent at least one rebiopsy after a mean follow‐up of 19 months.

PCa detection rates during second, third, and fourth sets of biopsies were 16.7, 16.9 and 12.5%, respectively. The overall rate of detected PCa was 7.0%.

The 5‐year rebiopsy‐free and PCa‐free survival rates were 65.9 and 92.5%, respectively.

Indications for rebiopsy were more frequently reported in patients having a high prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level (P = 0.006) or a high PSA density (PSAD; P < 0.001) and in younger patients (P = 0.008). The risk of PCa on rebiopsies was not correlated with age, but significantly increased more than twofold in cases of PSA >6 ng/mL, PSAD >0.15 ng/mL/g, free‐to‐total PSA ratio (%fPSA) <15, and/or prostate volume <50 mL. Time‐dependent analyses were in line with these findings.

The main study limitation was the lack of control of the absence of PCa and PSA kinetics in men not rebiopsied.

Conclusions

The overall risk of detected PCa after an initial negative biopsy was low.

In addition to PSA and PSAD, which are well‐used in rebiopsy indications, low prostate volume and %fPSA are interesting time‐varying risk factors for PCa on rebiopsy and could be relevant in biopsy decision‐making.
Is there a difference between women with or without detrusor overactivity complaining of symptoms of overactive bladder?
Authors: Giarenis Ilias , Mastoroudes Heleni , Srikrishna Sushma , Robinson Dudley , Cardozo Linda
Published: March 2013

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) is a highly prevalent medical condition, which is linked to the urodynamic observation of detrusor overactivity (DO). Urodynamics detect DO in about half of female patients with OAB.

Our study detects significant differences between female patients with OAB with and without DO. DO could be considered as a more severe form in the wide OAB spectrum and the two terms should not be used interchangeably. The detected differences should be taken into account in the design of studies for the assessment of new selective or combination treatments of OAB and in the provision of treatment in everyday clinical practice.

Objective

To determine if there are differences between female patients complaining of symptoms of overactive bladder (OAB) with and without detrusor overactivity (DO).

Patients and Methods

The present study was a cross‐sectional study of consecutive women attending a one‐stop urodynamic assessment clinic with OAB symptoms.

The King's Health Questionnaire (KHQ) and a 3‐day bladder diary incorporating the Patient's Perception of Intensity of Urgency Scale (PPIUS) were used to assess symptoms and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL).

The participants underwent multichannel urodynamics (UDS) according to the International Continence Society (ICS) recommendations.

Patients whose symptom of urgency was not reproduced during the laboratory test underwent a 4‐h ambulatory UDS test.

Results

Of the 556 patients who were included in the study, 43% were diagnosed with DO by either laboratory (227/556) or ambulatory UDS (11/39).

There was no difference between the groups in age, body mass index (BMI), menopausal status or the presence of prolapse.

Patients with DO had a smaller functional bladder capacity (P < 0.001), higher urgency episode frequency (P < 0.001) and larger maximum and mean urge ratings (P < 0.001).

No significant differences were found in daytime or nocturnal micturitions between the groups.

The presence of DO had a more negative impact on the quality of life, with a statistically significant difference between the groups in six of the domains of the KHQ.

Conclusions

The present study detects objective and subjective differences between female patients with OAB with and without DO.

Women with DO experience more significant impairment to their quality of life and have a greater degree of bladder dysfunction.