bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Midlatitude Waves over and around the Tibetan Plateau on Submonthly Variability of the East Asian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Fujinami Hatsuki , Yasunari Tetsuzo
Published: February 2009

Convective variability at submonthly time scales (7–25 days) over the Yangtze and Huaihe River basins (YHRBs) and associated large-scale atmospheric circulation during the mei-yu season were examined using interpolated outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) and NCEP–NCAR reanalysis data for 12 yr having active submonthly convective fluctuation over the YHRBs within the period 1979–2004. Correlations between convection anomalies over the YHRBs and upper-level streamfunction anomalies at every grid point show two contrasting patterns. One pattern exhibits high correlations along the northern to eastern peripheries of the Tibetan Plateau (defined as the NET pattern), whereas the other has high correlations across the Tibetan Plateau (defined as the AT pattern). Composite analysis of the NET pattern shows slow southward migration of convection anomalies from the northeastern periphery of the Tibetan Plateau to southern China, in relation to southward migration of the mei-yu front caused by simultaneous amplification of upper- and low-level waves north of the YHRBs. In the AT pattern, convection anomalies migrate eastward from the western Tibetan Plateau to the YHRBs. A low-level vortex is created at the lee of the plateau by eastward-moving upper-level wave packets and associated convection from the plateau. Rossby wave trains along the Asian jet characterize the upper-level circulation anomalies in the two patterns. The basic state of the Asian jet during the mei-yu season differs between the two patterns, especially around the Tibetan Plateau. The Asian jet has a northward arclike structure in NET years, while a zonal jet dominates in AT years. These differences could alter the Rossby wave train propagation route. Furthermore, the larger zonal wavenumber of AT waves (∼7–8) than of NET waves (∼6) means faster zonal phase speed relative to the ground in the AT pattern than in the NET pattern. These differences likely explain the meridional amplification of waves north of the YHRBs in the NET pattern and the eastward wave movement across the plateau in the AT pattern.
The Formation and Early Evolution of the Greensburg, Kansas, Tornadic Supercell on 4 May 2007
Authors: Bluestein Howard B.
Published: February 2009

During the evening of 4 May 2007, a large, powerful tornado devastated Greensburg, Kansas. The synoptic and mesoscale environments of the parent supercell that spawned this and other tornadoes are described from operational data. The formation and early evolution of this long-track supercell, within the context of its larger-scale environment, are documented on the basis of Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) data and mobile Doppler radar data. The storm produced tornadoes cyclically for about 30 min before producing a large, long-lived tornado. It is shown that in order to have forecasted the severe weather locations and times accurately, it would have been necessary to have predicted 1) the localized formation of an isolated convective storm near/east of a dryline, 2) the subsequent splitting and resplitting of the storm several times, 3) the growth of a new storm along the right-rear flank of an existing storm, and 4) the transition from the cyclic production of small tornadoes to the production of one, large, long-track tornado. It is therefore suggested that both extreme sensitivity to initial conditions associated with storm formation and the uncertainty of storm behavior made it unusually difficult to forecast this event accurately.
Development of Skill by Students Enrolled in a Weather Forecasting Laboratory*
Authors: Bond Nicholas A. , Mass Clifford F.
Published: February 2009

Daily values of forecast scores are evaluated for students in a weather analysis and forecasting class (ATMS 452) offered by the Department of Atmospheric Sciences of the University of Washington during the spring terms of 1997–2007. The objective of this study is to determine the rate at which senior-level undergraduate students develop proficiency at short-term (next day) weather forecasting. Separate analyses are carried out for different categories of forecast parameters. Time series of the average skill achieved over the course of the quarter are presented for the median and the best–worst two student forecasters each year. An overall improvement in student forecast skill occurs over roughly the first 6 weeks of the quarter, followed by minimal systematic changes. Negligible trends in average forecast skill have occurred over the past 10 yr. The correlation coefficient between the students’ overall forecast performance and test scores in ATMS 452 is about 0.4. The results are relevant to the design of effective instructional programs for weather forecasting.
Leisure as a coping resource: A test of the job demand-control-support model
Authors: Joudrey Allan D. , Wallace Jean E.
Published: February 2009

This article explores whether leisure is an effective coping resource in response to the demands of one's job and in reducing depression. Karasek's job demand-control-support (JDCS) model of psychological strain serves as a framework for empirically examining the importance of leisure in reducing depression and buffering the detrimental effects of excessive job demands. This article relies on data from a sample of 887 law firm lawyers who are renowned for working in highly stressful work settings. We find that participating in active and social leisure activities or taking a vacation are important in reducing lawyers' depression, whereas participating in passive leisure is not. None of the leisure variables buffer the harmful effects of job demands on depression. We discuss the implications of these findings.
Careers and identity in flexible working: Do flexible identities fare better?
Authors: Grote Gudela , Raeder Sabine
Published: February 2009

The relationship between personal identity and experience of individual career change and flexible working was investigated. Cluster analyses with survey data from 596 employees in 14 companies with varying levels of flexibility indicated the existence of four types of personal identity: the critical-flexible, self-determined, continuous, and job-centred type. The types were explicated further on the basis of narrative interviews with 59 individuals with either a continuous or discontinuous work biography. The types differed significantly in the identity dimensions biographical continuity, ecological consistency, and locus of control as well as in career-related self-esteem and satisfaction with their employment situation, especially their psychological contract. The continuous type expressed the highest and the critical-flexible type the least satisfaction. Consequences for career management and identity research are discussed.
`It's a guesthouse not a brothel': Policing sex in the home-workplace
Authors: Di Domenico MariaLaura , Fleming Peter
Published: February 2009

This article aims to explain why guesthouse or `Bed & Breakfast' proprietors in the UK attempt to police sex among guests. Unlike interactive service situations that take place in more neutral locations, guesthouse proprietors open their homes to customers. We propose that they attempt to regulate sexual conduct (as well as other behaviours) in an attempt to delineate their homes as a traditional sphere of family values and purity. Sex is `useful' in this regard for defining what their home is not — a `seedy' hotel or even a brothel. The article presents evidence of the specific regulatory mechanisms deployed by proprietors and the rationale behind them. The research contributes to the interactive service work literature by illustrating the unique tensions experienced by this subset of home-workers, and the organizational sexuality literature, by exploring its importance in settings where the putative private/public dichotomy is overtly undermined.
High School to College Transition Policy in the American States
Authors: McLendon Michael , Heller Donald E. , Lee Stephanie
Published: February 2009

Researchers have paid scant attention to the opportunities and the barriers associated with across-state study of college-transition policies, although the American states comprise a social system especially well suited for comparative analysis. What sorts of questions should researchers ask about college-transition policies and programs? How might these questions be framed conceptually? What data are and are not generally available to researchers? This article examines these questions. Because relatively little comparative-state research on college-transition policies exists, the emphasis is on describing the contemporary policy landscape, identifying broad questions with which to anchor future study, and discussing potential data sources and analytic approaches. The authors argue that researchers should begin asking more empirically oriented questions about both the determinants and the effects of college-transition policies in the states. They contend that both avenues of inquiry pose distinct data and analytic challenges.
The Use of Written Expression of Emotion Paradigm as a Tool to Reduce Stress among Indian International Students
Authors: Nandagopal Sunayana
Published: February 2009

The written emotional disclosure procedure, developed by Pennebaker and Beall in 1986, has been used as a therapeutic tool since its conception. The very act of getting the participants to write about the most traumatic or stressful events of their lives for about 20 minutes, over a period of three consecutive days, has resulted in improvements on measures of physical and psychological well-being. The objective of this study was to determine whether the written emotional disclosure procedure could be used as a tool to reduce stress among international university students. Baseline measures of perceived stress, alexithymia and limbic languidness of the participants were measured before and after the writing intervention procedure. The investigation found evidence to support the hypothesis that the written emotional expression procedure could be used as a tool to reduce perceived stress among university students. However, recommending the use of this method as a lone intervention still seems a little premature.
Re-imagining DDR
Authors: McEvoy Kieran , Shirlow Peter
Published: February 2009

Drawing upon criminological studies in the field of prisoner rehabilitation, this essay explores the relevance of the Demobilisation, Disarmament and Reintegration (DDR) framework to the process of conflict transformation in Northern Ireland. In a similar fashion to the critique of `passivity' offered by, for example, the `strengths based' or `good lives' approach to prisoner resettlement and reintegration more generally, the authors contend that the Northern Ireland peace process offers conspicuous examples of former prisoners and combatants as agents and indeed leaders in the process of conflict transformation. They draw out three broad styles of leadership which have emerged amongst ex-combatants over the course of the Northern Ireland transition from conflict— political, military and communal. They suggest that cumulatively such leadership speaks to the potential of ex-prisoners and ex-combatants as moral agents in conflict transformation around which peacemaking can be constructed rather than as obstacles which must be `managed' out of existence.
The role of historically-embedded structures in processes of criminal reform
Authors: Farrall Stephen , Godfrey Barry , Cox David
Published: February 2009

The body of literature on why people stop offending has advanced tremendously in the past decade. Previously, when the topic was mentioned (if at all), it was an aside to the main focus of study. This situation has now changed dramatically; there are now a number of studies which have treated desistance either as a major part of the investigation or as a core or chief focal point, and debates about how best to understand the processes of desistance and to foster these are now in full swing. This essay will attempt to move the debate on yet further. Most studies of desistance have been undertaken using data derived from or about subjects who lived all or most of their lives in the latter half of the 20th century. The study of desistance is therefore largely the study of desistance in the contemporary age. This temporal bias is due, in part, to the growth of social scientific research in North America and Europe after the 1950s. In this essay we contend that studying previous societal forms and processes can tell us something about how those processes associated with desistance operate, and that studying society over the long durée can tell us something about how and why present-day social formations produce the outcomes they do with regards to desistance from crime.
Identifying the Dimensions of the Guest's Hotel Experience
Authors: Knutson Bonnie J. , Beck Jeffrey A. , Kim Seunghyun , Cha Jaemin
Published: February 2009

This article identifies the underlying dimensions of a guest's hotel experience, using data from a web-based survey of guests at a midwestern hotel and conference center. This study finds that the dimensions obtained in exploratory factor analysis can be replicated by confirmatory factor analysis with the same data set. These scale-development procedures result in an eighteen-item index consisting of four factors: environment, accessibility, driving benefit, and incentive. This four-factor structure of Hotel Experience Index also shows evidence of both convergent and discriminant validity.
(Mythical) Revenue Benefits of Reducing Dining Duration in Restaurants
Authors: Thompson Gary M.
Published: February 2009

This article tests and calibrates an often repeated assumption about the revenue benefits of reducing dining duration. This assumption is that a reduction in dining duration yields a proportional increase in revenue, so that, for example, a 20 percent reduction in dining duration would yield a 25 percent increase in revenue. This article's simulation-based study of over twelve hundred restaurant scenarios finds that, on average, the revenue bump experienced by reducing the dining duration is less than one-quarter of the amount predicted by the common assumption. Even in the most favorable circumstances, the revenue bump is less than one-half that predicted by the assumption. Thus, while reducing dining duration might result in a marginal increase in revenues, managers should not count on a substantial revenue bump.
Transfusion-related mortality: the ongoing risks of allogeneic blood transfusion and the available strategies for their prevention
Authors: Vamvakas Eleftherios C. , Blajchman Morris A.
Published: February 2009

As the risks of allogeneic blood transfusion (ABT)–transmitted viruses were reduced to exceedingly low levels in the US, transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI), hemolytic transfusion reactions (HTRs), and transfusion-associated sepsis (TAS) emerged as the leading causes of ABT-related deaths. Since 2004, preventive measures for TRALI and TAS have been implemented, but their implementation remains incomplete. Infectious causes of ABT-related deaths currently account for less than 15% of all transfusion-related mortality, but the possibility remains that a new transfusion-transmitted agent causing a fatal infectious disease may emerge in the future. Aside from these established complications of ABT, randomized controlled trials comparing recipients of non–white blood cell (WBC)–reduced versus WBC-reduced blood components in cardiac surgery have documented increased mortality in association with the use of non-WBC–reduced ABT. ABT-related mortality can thus be further reduced by universally applying the policies of avoiding prospective donors alloimmunized to WBC antigens from donating plasma products, adopting strategies to prevent HTRs, WBC-reducing components transfused to patients undergoing cardiac surgery, reducing exposure to allogeneic donors through conservative transfusion guidelines and avoidance of product pooling, and implementing pathogen-reduction technologies to address the residual risk of TAS as well as the potential risk of the next transfusion-transmitted agent to emerge in the foreseeable future.
Stacking Faults With 180° Layer Rotation in Celadonite, an Fe- and Mg-Rich Dioctahedral Mica
Authors: Kogure Toshihiro , Kameda Jun , Drits Victor A.
Published: February 2009

Stacking disorder in celadonite, a dioctahedral mica with Fe and Mg as major octahedral cations and which generally adopts the 1M stacking sequence, was investigated mainly by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The selected-area electron diffraction patterns with 0kl reflections along the [100] beam direction correspond to the 1M stacking but those along the [110], <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest">[11¯0]\$\end{document}, [010], [310], and <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest">[31¯0]\$\end{document} directions are frequently streaked along the [001]* direction or contain extra spots from twinned domains. Three-dimensional stacking analyses using sets of two high-resolution TEM images along different directions of the same area of one crystal indicate that all stacking faults involve only 180° layer rotations. These stacking faults produce greater peaks of 0kl reflections than expected in powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. Simulation of the XRD patterns indicated that 180° layer rotations occur at >10% of total interlayer regions in one celadonite specimen. The interlayer region of celadonite is characterized by a near-zero ditrigonal rotation angle, a small surface corrugation of the basal oxygen plane, and a small amount of Al substitution in the tetrahedral sheets. These features suggest that there is no preference for any of the six stacking angles around the interlayer region. The abundance of 180° layer rotation rather than ±60° and ±120° in the present specimens may be related to their ribbon-like morphologies elongated along the a axis.
Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and Diagenesis of Clinoptilolite Tuffs (Miocene) in the Central Simav Graben, Western Turkey
Authors: Snellings Ruben , van Haren Tom , Machiels Lieven , Mertens Gilles , Vandenberghe Noël , Elsen Jan
Published: February 2009

Miocene rifting and associated rhyolitic (K-rich) volcanism resulted in the deposition of pyroclastic material in the central Simav graben, near Karacaderbent, Turkey. The pyroclastics were deposited in a lacustrine environment, altered to clinoptilolite-rich tuffs and cross-cut by several transform faults along which hydrothermal fluids circulated. Petrography and quantitative phase analysis by X-ray diffraction show that the Karacaderbent tuff consists mainly of the diagenetic products clinoptilolite, opal CT, smectite, and celadonite. Electron microprobe analyses and cation exchange capacity (CEC) measurements confirm the predominance of K-rich clinoptilolite. Near fault zones, clinoptilolite was replaced by authigenic opal CT and alkali feldspar, and the remaining clinoptilolite was enriched in Na. Silicification around fault zones was confirmed by X-ray fluorescence. Zeolitization of K-rich rhyolitic starting materials took place under mildly alkaline, low-salinity conditions, probably in a closed hydrologic system. The subsequent hydrothermal alteration along faults had only a minor impact. The homogeneous nature, large (74–87 wt.%) clinoptilolite content, large CEC, and K-rich composition of the deposit favor exploitation of this material for applications in agriculture, horticulture, and waste-water purification; as feed additives; and as pozzolans for cement production.
Transformation of Synthetic Zn-Stevensite to Zn-Talc Induced by the Hofmann-Klemen Effect
Authors: Petit S. , Righi D. , Decarreau A.
Published: February 2009

Stevensite-like sauconite, with the general composition: <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest">Si4(Zn3−x□x)O10(OH)2R2x+\$\end{document}, where □ is a vacant site, was synthesized. The objective was to study the possible migration of some cations (Li+ and Zn2+) within such trioctahedral smectites, under heating, following the so-called ‘Hofmann-Klemen’ (HK) effect. The initial gel was divided into five aliquots and placed in teflon-coated hydrothermal reactors with distilled water, and these were hydrothermally treated at 80, 100, 120, 150, and 200°C, respectively, over 30 days. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that the samples synthesized were smectites. The number of vacant sites (x) per half unit cell (O10(OH)2) ranged from nearly 0 to 0.23 but no simple relationship was established between x and the temperature of synthesis. The samples were Li+- and Zn2+-saturated, and heated overnight at 300°C (HK treatment). Cation exchange capacity measurements were made by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) on <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest">NH4+\$\end{document}-saturated samples. After LiHK treatment, the structural formula of samples could be expressed as: <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest">Si4Zn(3−x)LixO10(OH)2NH4x+\$\end{document}, while after ZnHK treatment, it could be expressed as: Si4Zn3O10(OH)2. Analysis by XRD and FTIR showed that the samples moved from a Zn-stevensite-like structure to Zn-talc-like structure after treatment with ZnHK. These results are interpreted asevidence that Zn2+ (and Li+) migrated into the previously vacant sites under HK treatment.
Comparison of the Traditional Enslin-Neff Method and the Modified Dieng Method for Measuring Water-Uptake Capacity
Authors: Kaufhold Stephan , Dohrmann Reiner
Published: February 2009

A method for the determination of the water-uptake capacity of powders which is said to be applicable to viscose silk, specific celluloses, soap, paint, glue, gelatine, adhesives based on starch, biological samples, and soils, was proposed by Enslin in 1933 and has been improved several times since then. Today in Germany, the so-called Enslin-Neff method is used by the clay industry, in civil engineering, and in soil science. Many authors have identified the influence of evaporation on the results obtained using this method and the latest modification of the Enslin-Neff method was introduced by Dieng in 2005 where a balance was used instead of a burette to record the water-uptake capacity. It is proved here that the Dieng method actually operates correctly, independent of relative humidity. Therefore, a significantly improved reproducibility of the Dieng method compared to the traditional method was expected. However, it was found that the Dieng apparatus has specific sources of error (e.g. constance of the balance over 24 h) and varying the relative humidity no longer has a systematic affect on the results.

The reproducibility of the traditional Enslin-Neff method is strongly influenced by variations in ambient conditions in the laboratory (particularly temperature and relative humidity). Application of the Dieng method in different laboratories with varying ambient conditions will lead to improved reproducibility and comparability of results. In addition, results from the Dieng apparatus can be collected using a connected computer and this represents an important advance also.
Clay Mineralogy of the Central North Sea Upper Cretaceous—Tertiary Chalk and the Formation of Clay-Rich Layers
Authors: Lindgreen Holger , Drits Victor A. , Jakobsen Finn C. , Sakharov Boris A.
Published: February 2009

Upper Cretaceous—Danian chalk and interbedded clay-rich layers from wells of the South Arne Field and adjacent wells in the North Sea and from Stevns in Zealand have been investigated to determine the clay mineralogy in the chalk and the origin of the interbedded clay-rich layers. The mineralogy, with emphasis on clay mineralogy, was determined after removal of the calcite by dissolution at pH 4.5–5 in order to preserve the other minerals. Generally, mixed-layer minerals are the dominant clay minerals, except for two wells, Rigs-1 and Rigs-2, where a 3D ordered kaolinite prevails. A detailed structural characterization of the mixed-layer minerals was carried out by modeling of the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. In most of the samples dominated by mixed-layer minerals, two mixed-layer phases, a high-smectite illite-smectite (I-S) and a low-smectite illite-smectite-chlorite (I-S-Ch), prevail, irrespective of depth or location of the samples. However, some samples contain I-S-Ch and ordered S-Ch, and others a chlorite-serpentine (Ch-Sr) phase, and these samples probably formed during diagenesis at higher temperatures. The clay-rich layers and the adjacent chalk have the same or quite similar clay mineralogy, both with respect to kaolinite vs. mixed-layer minerals and with respect to their detailed structure. In conclusion, the kaolinite is detrital and the I-S minerals formed in the chalk from volcanic ash. The main conclusion is that the clay-rich layers in the North Sea chalk formed by dissolution of the calcite in the chalk and that this dissolution took place at burial depths of >1 km, probably through migration of solutions through permeable chalk layers.
Clay Minerals in Basalt-Hawaiite Rocks From Mururoa Atoll (French Polynesia). I. Mineralogy
Authors: Mas Antoine , Meunier Alain , Beaufort Daniel , Patrier Patricia , Dudoignon Patrick
Published: February 2009

Clay minerals in chilled or brecciated margins (altered glass) and massive inner crystalline parts (mesostasis) of three basalt-hawaiite bodies from Mururoa Atoll (French Polynesia) have been studied in order to compare their chemical and mineralogical compositions. Polyphase assemblages comprise di- and trioctahedral phases, both of which consist of non-expandable layers (chlorite, celadonite) and two types of expandable layers (saponite and Fe-rich smectite or ‘nontronite-like’ material). The presence of the Fe-rich clays is supported by the presence of the X-ray diffraction 060 peak at 1.51–1.52 Å and of the infrared absorption bands at 875 and 822 cm−1 (Fe3+-Al-OH and Fe3+-Fe3+-OH groups, respectively). The chemical composition of the Fe-rich smectites does not fit with the theoretical nontronite field. The layer charge averages 1 per Si4O10 making these Fe-rich smectites close to ‘celadonite-type’ clays. This could explain the presence of mixed-layer celadonite-smectite. Plotted in an M+/4Si vs. Fe/sum octahedral cations diagram, the chemical compositions of clay minerals in the mesostasis form a continuous field limited by the celadonite-high-charge nontronite-like smectite and chlorite end-members. The clay assemblages are different from those formed in hydrothermal systems or low-grade metamorphic conditions which are characterized by the sequence: saponite → randomly ordered chlorite-smectite mixed-layered minerals (MLMs) → corrensite → chlorite. The systematic presence of Fe-rich clays either in the altered chilled margins or in the massive inner parts of the basalt-hawaiite bodies (high-charge nontronite-like smectite and mixed-layer nontronite-celadonite) makes the Mururoa sea-mount a potential terrestrial analogue for Mars surface exploration.
Clay Minerals in Basalt-Hawaiite Rocks From Mururoa Atoll (French Polynesia). II. Petrography and Geochemistry
Authors: Meunier Alain , Mas Antoine , Beaufort Daniel , Patrier Patricia , Dudoignon Patrick
Published: February 2009

The clay minerals formed in chilled margins and massive crystallized inner parts of three basalt-hawaiite bodies of Mururoa Atoll (French Polynesia) exhibit contrasting textures. Glass alteration textures are observed around fractures crosscutting the quenched margins: Fe-rich clays grow inward into the glass (retreating surface) while Mg-rich clays grow outward (open space). The textures of clay deposits filling the diktytaxitic voids (mesostasis) in the massive inner parts of the three volcanic bodies are different: unoriented clay matrix with embedded euhedral apatite and pyroxene microcrysts (submarine flow); pallisadic clays coating the void walls and the crystal surfaces of apatite and K-feldspar microcrysts (subaerial flow); and clay muffs covering all the apatite needles, with the central part of the void remaining empty (dike). The unoriented texture could result from the alteration of a glass precursor concomitant with the olivine phenocrysts (clay pseudomorphs). However, such an alteration implies important chemical transfers which are not observed. The pallisadic and muff textures form through heterogeneous nucleation on the solid surfaces and crystal growth from a saline solution. No glass precursor existed. As the center of the diktytaxitic voids in the dike is empty, the residual liquid was probably boiling. The amounts of light rare earth elements (LREE), Sr, and the most incompatible elements are greater in clays from diktytaxitic voids relative to the amounts formed in the altered glass of the chilled margins. Thus, diktytaxitic clays formed from a residual liquid which gave either an evolved glass or a saline solution after cooling (fractionation process). The δ18O variation vs. loss on ignition (LOI) indicates that sea water was involved either in rock alteration or magma contamination. This is confirmed by the 87Rb/86Sr ratio of bulk rocks and clay fractions from the quenched and massive inner parts of the three volcanic bodies which do not fit with the 11.5 Ma isochron indicating that the Rb-Sr system was not closed at any stage during the magmatic history.
A Novel Setup for Testing of Ship Deck Stiffened Panels under Axial and Lateral Loads
Authors: Kumar M. Suneel , Alagusundaramoorthy P. , Sundaravadivelu R.
Published: February 2009

A novel setup for testing of stiffened panels in ship decks subjected to axial and lateral loads is developed in the Department of Ocean Engineering, IITMadras. The entire setup consists of self-straining test rig, imperfection measuring device, displacement controlled hydraulic jacks, rigid grillage, inflatable air balloon with and without opening, and a data acquisition system. The fabricated deformable test rig replicates similar boundary conditions along the loaded and unloaded edges of stiffened panels in between transverse stiffeners of a ship deck. An imperfection measuring device located on the test rig is designed and fabricated to measure geometrical initial imperfections on the plate and stiffener. A unique displacement controlled twin hydraulic jack system is developed to apply axial load on the panel. A rigid grillage connected to the bottom of the test rig to act as reactive support for the application of lateral load on the panel is fabricated by performing static nonlinear analysis using ANSYS. An inflatable air balloon with and without opening is fabricated to simulate constant cargo (lateral) load acting on the panels. The applied axial load and produced axial deformation measured by load cells and LVDT, respectively, is plotted simultaneously while testing using an integrated data acquisition system. Nonlinear finite element analysis of tested specimens is performed using ANSYS to compare the ultimate load obtained from experiments. A close agreement between the experimental data and finite element analysis results indicates realistic simulation of truly combined axial and lateral loads with deformable supports acting on stiffened panels as in ship decks achieved in the laboratory and numerically.
Ethical and Policy Issues in Newborn Screening
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman
Published: February 2009

Each year, millions of infants in the United States and around the world undergo a heel stick for NBS in the first postnatal week. It began in the early 1960s with an NBS program for phenylketonuria (PKU). Dr Robert Guthrie developed both the bacterial inhibition assay (BIA) to detect high concentrations of phenylalanine as well as the filter paper on which blood spots were collected to make high-volume screening possible. NBS expanded slowly throughout the 1970s and 1980s until the application of tandem mass spectrometry, which allows for multiplex testing for many organic acid and fatty acid conditions using one sample. The controversy over whether all of the conditions that can be identified by tandem mass spectrometry should be included in a universal mandatory program was bypassed in 2005 when the Advisory Committee on Heritable Disorders in Newborns and Children endorsed the uniform panel proposed by the American College of Medical Genetics(ACMG) in collaboration with the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA). This article reviews several ethical controversies raised by NBS programs, both those already in place (PKU, sickle cell disease, cystic fibrosis) and those under consideration (Duchenne muscular dystrophy, fragile X). Among the controversies are the question of informed consent, whether to disclose incidental discoveries such as carrier status, whether an efficacious treatment must exist, and when to screen universally or target testing to particular populations. Several unique features of NBS apply to infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), and NBS can employ technologies other than the Guthrie card (eg, hearing screening).
Ecosystem services in decision making: time to deliver
Authors: Daily Gretchen C , Polasky Stephen , Goldstein Joshua , Kareiva Peter M , Mooney Harold A , Pejchar Liba , Ricketts Taylor H , Salzman James , Shallenberger Robert
Published: February 2009

Over the past decade, efforts to value and protect ecosystem services have been promoted by many as the last, best hope for making conservation mainstream – attractive and commonplace worldwide. In theory, if we can help individuals and institutions to recognize the value of nature, then this should greatly increase investments in conservation, while at the same time fostering human well‐being. In practice, however, we have not yet developed the scientific basis, nor the policy and finance mechanisms, for incorporating natural capital into resource‐ and land‐use decisions on a large scale. Here, we propose a conceptual framework and sketch out a strategic plan for delivering on the promise of ecosystem services, drawing on emerging examples from Hawai‘i. We describe key advances in the science and practice of accounting for natural capital in the decisions of individuals, communities, corporations, and governments.
Non‐linearity in ecosystem services: temporal and spatial variability in coastal protection
Authors: Koch Evamaria W , Barbier Edward B , Silliman Brian R , Reed Denise J , Perillo Gerardo ME , Hacker Sally D , Granek Elise F , Primavera Jurgenne H , Muthiga Nyawira , Polasky Stephen , Halpern Benjamin S , Kennedy Christopher J , Kappel Carrie V , Wolanski Eric
Published: February 2009

Natural processes tend to vary over time and space, as well as between species. The ecosystem services these natural processes provide are therefore also highly variable. It is often assumed that ecosystem services are provided linearly (unvaryingly, at a steady rate), but natural processes are characterized by thresholds and limiting functions. In this paper, we describe the variability observed in wave attenuation provided by marshes, mangroves, seagrasses, and coral reefs and therefore also in coastal protection. We calculate the economic consequences of assuming coastal protection to be linear. We suggest that, in order to refine ecosystem‐based management practices, it is essential that natural variability and cumulative effects be considered in the valuation of ecosystem services.
Effluent from bulk drug production is toxic to aquatic vertebrates
Authors: Carlsson Gunnar , Örn Stefan , Larsson D. G. Joakim
Published: February 2009

Very high levels of a range of pharmaceuticals have been reported recently in the effluent from a wastewater treatment plant near Hyderabad, India. The plant serves approximately 90 manufacturers of bulk drugs that primarily are exported to the world market. Fluoroquinolone antibiotics were found at levels that are highly toxic to various microorganisms. Even though milligram-perliter levels of drugs targeting human proteins also have been found, it is difficult to conclude whether these levels are sufficiently high to adversely affect fish or amphibians due to the lack of relevant chronic toxicity data for most human pharmaceuticals. To assess potential effects on aquatic vertebrates, tadpoles of Xenopus tropicalis were exposed to three dilutions of effluent (0.2, 0.6, and 2%) over 14 d, starting at developmental stage 51. Additionally, newly fertilized zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to diluted effluent in 96-well plates for up to 144 h postfertilization (hpf). The tadpoles' body lengths, weights, and developmental stages were recorded, whereas a larger number of sublethal and lethal endpoints were studied in the zebrafish. A 40% reduced growth of the exposed tadpoles was demonstrated at the lowest tested effluent concentration (0.2%), indicating potent constituents in the effluent that can adversely affect aquatic vertebrates. The median lethal concentration (LC50) for zebrafish at 144 hpf was between 2.7 and 8.1% in different experiments. Reduced spontaneous movements, pigmentation, and heart rate were recorded within 48 hpf at 8 and 16% effluent concentrations. Treated effluent from a plant that serves as an important link in the global supply chain for bulk drugs is thus shown to cause adverse effects to aquatic vertebrates even at very high dilutions.
CONCURRENT SCHEDULES OF POSITIVE AND NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT: DIFFERENTIAL‐IMPACT AND DIFFERENTIAL‐OUTCOMES HYPOTHESES
Authors: Magoon Michael A. , Critchfield Thomas S.
Published: February 2009

Considerable evidence from outside of operant psychology suggests that aversive events exert greater influence over behavior than equal‐sized positive‐reinforcement events. Operant theory is largely moot on this point, and most operant research is uninformative because of a scaling problem that prevents aversive events and those based on positive reinforcement from being directly compared. In the present investigation, humans mouse‐click responses were maintained on similarly structured, concurrent schedules of positive (money gain) and negative (avoidance of money loss) reinforcement. Because gains and losses were of equal magnitude, according to the analytical conventions of the generalized matching law, bias (log b ? 0) would indicate differential impact by one type of consequence; however, no systematic bias was observed. Further research is needed to reconcile this outcome with apparently robust findings in other literatures of superior behavior control by aversive events. In an incidental finding, the linear function relating log behavior ratio and log reinforcement ratio was steeper for concurrent negative and positive reinforcement than for control conditions involving concurrent positive reinforcement. This may represent the first empirical confirmation of a free‐operant differential‐outcomes effect predicted by contingency‐discriminability theories of choice.
HISTORICAL NOTE ON CUMULATIVE RECORDERS MANUFACTURED IN JAPAN
Authors: Asano Toshio , Lattal Kennon A.
Published: February 2009

The history of cumulative recorders manufactured in Japan between the early 1970s and the present is described. The first such instrument was the Tosoku‐Kogyo Company's Model T‐45A, followed thereafter by its Model T‐45B, built on the same chassis as the T‐45A, but with different electrical and mechanical components. When Tosoku‐Kogyo closed its recorder operations, the recorder continued to be manufactured and sold by Okubo—Sokkouki as its Model OS 180. The appearance of such commercially manufactured cumulative recorders in countries other than the United States further attests to the internationalization of behavior analysis during the mid‐ to late‐20th century.
BASE‐RATE NEGLECT AS A FUNCTION OF BASE RATES IN PROBABILISTIC CONTINGENCY LEARNING
Authors: Kutzner Florian , Freytag Peter , Vogel Tobias , Fiedler Klaus
Published: February 2009

When humans predict criterion events based on probabilistic predictors, they often lend excessive weight to the predictor and insufficient weight to the base rate of the criterion event. In an operant analysis, using a matching‐to‐sample paradigm, Goodie and Fantino (1996) showed that humans exhibit base‐rate neglect when predictors are associated with criterion events through physical similarity. In partial replications of their studies, we demonstrated similar effects when the predictors resembled the criterion events in terms of similarly skewed base rates. Participants' predictions were biased toward the more (or less) frequent criterion event following the more (or less) frequent predictor. This finding adds to the growing evidence for pseudocontingencies (Fiedler & Freytag, 2004), a framework that stresses base‐rate influences on contingency learning.
ON THE ORIGINS OF EMERGENT DIFFERENTIAL SAMPLE BEHAVIOR
Authors: Urcuioli Peter J. , Vasconcelos Marco
Published: February 2009

Two experiments evaluated the source(s) of emergent differential sample behavior in pigeons. Initially, pigeons learned two‐sample, two‐alternative symbolic matching in which different patterns of sample responding were required to produce the comparisons. Afterwards, two other samples nominally identical to the comparisons were added to the matching task. on new‐sample trials, completion of either sample‐response requirement produced comparison alternatives which were either the same as or different from the alternatives on the familiar‐sample trials. Differential responding to the new samples developed only when the comparisons were the same as the familiar samples. The results are consistent with acquired sample equivalence and adventitious reinforcement accounts of emergent sample behavior and are inconsistent with bidirectional transfer (symmetry) between the response patterns explicitly required to the originally trained (familiar) samples and the subsequently reinforced comparisons.
COMMON CONTROL BY COMPOUND SAMPLES IN CONDITIONAL DISCRIMINATIONS
Authors: Pérez‐González Luis Antonio , Alonso‐Álvarez Benigno
Published: February 2009

We tested whether teaching control by single stimulus samples in conditional discriminations would result in common control of two‐stimuli compound samples, and vice versa. In Experiment 1, 5 participants were first taught four single‐sample conditional discriminations. The first conditional discrimination was as follows: given sample stimulus P1, select comparison stimulus A1 and not A2; given sample P2 select comparison A2 and not A1. The second conditional discrimination was as follows: given sample P1 select comparison B1 and not B2; given sample P2 select B2 and not B1. Different sample stimuli (Q1 and Q2) were used in the third and fourth conditional discriminations. Moreover, A1 and B1 were presented together as comparisons, such that, if Q1 was presented as the sample, A1 was correct and B1 was incorrect; and if Q2 was presented as the sample, B1 was correct and A1 was incorrect. A2 and B2 were also presented as comparisons. When Q1 was presented, A2 was correct and when Q2 was presented B2 was correct. After training with these four single stimulus sample discriminations, participants were tested with compound PQ samples presented with A1, A2, B1, and B2 as comparisons. If common control were established by the PQ stimuli, a participant would select A1 when P1Q1 was presented, A2 when P2Q1 was presented, B1 when P1Q2 was presented, and B2 when P2Q2 was presented. Such common control by PQ samples occurred in 4 of 5 participants. In Experiment 2, 4 participants were given reverse training. They were first taught to select the A1, A2, B1, and B2 stimuli in response to the appropriate PQ combinations and then probed on the single stimulus sample discriminations. All 4 participants were successful on this probe. Experiments 3 and 4 investigated the effects of teaching additional conditional discriminations with novel stimuli on subsequent transfer from the single‐sample discriminations to performance on the compound‐sample conditional discrimination.
Results From the Periodontitis and Vascular Events (PAVE) Study: A Pilot Multicentered, Randomized, Controlled Trial to Study Effects of Periodontal Therapy in a Secondary Prevention Model of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Offenbacher Steven , Beck James D. , Moss Kevin , Mendoza Luisito , Paquette David W. , Barrow David A. , Couper David J. , Stewart Dawn D. , Falkner Karen L. , Graham Susan P. , Grossi Sara , Gunsolley John C. , Madden Theresa , Maupome Gerardo , Trevisan Maurizio , Van Dyke Thomas E. , Genco Robert J.
Published: February 2009

Background: In the Periodontitis and Vascular Events (PAVE) pilot study, periodontal therapy was provided as an intervention in a secondary cardiac event prevention model through five coordinated cardiac–dental centers.

Methods: Subjects were randomized to either community care or protocol provided scaling and root planing to evaluate effects on periodontal status and systemic levels of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP).

Results: After 6 months, there was a significant reduction in mean probing depth and extent of 4‐ or 5‐mm pockets. However, there were no significant differences in attachment levels, bleeding upon probing, or extent of subgingival calculus comparing subjects assigned to protocol therapy (n = 151) to those assigned to community care (n = 152). Using intent‐to‐treat analyses, there was no significant effect on serum hs‐CRP levels at 6 months. However, 48% of the subjects randomized to community care received preventive or periodontal treatments. Secondary analyses demonstrated that consideration of any preventive or periodontal care (i.e., any treatment) compared to no treatment showed a significant reduction in the percentage of people with elevated hs‐CRP (values >3 mg/l) at 6 months. However, obesity nullified the periodontal treatment effects on hs‐CRP reduction. The adjusted odds ratio for hs‐CRP levels >3 mg/l at 6 months for any treatment versus no treatment among non‐obese individuals was 0.26 (95% confidence interval: 0.09 to 0.72), adjusting for smoking, marital status, and gender.

Conclusion: This pilot study demonstrated the critical role of considering obesity as well as rigorous preventive and periodontal care in trials designed to reduce cardiovascular risk.