bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role Played by Management
Authors: Jeannet Jean-Pierre , Volery Thierry , Bergmann Heiko , Amstutz Cornelia
Published: April 2021

This chapter puts the spotlight on the various forms of owner-management models adopted by the researched companies, and how they evolved over time as ownership passed on to the next generation. At first, a comparison between owner-manager and professional manager models is offered. Tracking the various changes as a company evolves, the chapter shows experiences with first-generation vs. second- and multi-generational owner-managed models. The difficulty of staying with the owner-manager model is covered, and the challenges of separating ownership and management. The chapter concludes with the challenges of recruiting successors and the unique management style practices of SMEs.
Small Electric Vehicles—Benefits and Drawbacks for Sustainable Urban Development
Authors: Ewert Amelie , Brost Mascha , Schmid Stephan
Published: April 2021

Small electric vehicles (SEVs) have the potential to contribute to climate protection, efficient land use, and mitigation of air pollution in cities. Even though, they show many benefits that could enhance urban quality of life, they are not yet widely used. In this paper, benefits as well as drawbacks for these vehicles are discussed by combining literature research and outcomes of a mixed-method approach with expert interviews and an online survey. Resulting from these arguments, a vision for SEVs in urban areas is drawn showing them integrated in a mix of various transport modes. Environmental benefits are derived, for example, from their lower weight and low maximum speed making them a more energy-efficient transport option than heavier cars. Additionally, the small vehicle size lowers land use for SEVs and, e.g., allows for less parking areas needed. However, they also hold constraints that need to be dealt with in different ways. On the one hand, the lower safety compared to passenger cars is an issue that is further worsened by current traffic regulations. On the other hand, costs in terms of purchase prices seem to be an issue for SEVs.
Velomobiles and Urban Mobility: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Rose Geoffrey , Liang Alex
Published: April 2021

As the transport challenges facing urban areas intensify, innovative solutions are required to address the social, economic and environmental impacts arising from overreliance on private motor vehicles. Velomobiles offer a range of advantages but do not feature on the radar screen of urban transport policy makers. This chapter explores the challenges and opportunities of increased adoption of velomobiles as an urban mobility option. A scan of existing velomobiles is used to define typical characteristics of these vehicles and place them into perspective against relevant travel options before they are assessed in the context of typical vehicle regulations and facility design guidelines. The opportunities and challenges associated with greater adoption of velomobiles in the context of urban travel are examined through the lenses of technology adoption and the sociotechnical framing of independent travel options. Shared mobility is identified as one potential way of broadening the base for velomobile adoption in urban areas.
“Enchanted with Europe”: Family Migration and European Law on Labour-Market Integration
Authors: Isaakyan Irina , Triandafyllidou Anna
Published: April 2021

This chapter explores the European legal platform for alleviating the main barriers in the labor market integration of dependent family migrants in the EU. Namely, the chapter looks at the work of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in relation to cases that involve recognition of professional qualifications and establishment of residence status. The study looks at how family reunification provisions, EU citizen status and in particular provisions for EU citizens and their family members when they move to another Member State, affect indirectly the status situation of third country nationals and their labour market integration by facilitating or hampering the recognition of their skills. This chapter is based on desk research, notably literature review (including published reports from the SIRIUS research) and analysis of legislative documents (EU Directives and ECJ case-law). We specifically look at the ECJ case-law on status and recognition and at related Directives involving family migrants. We study conditions under which the ECJ makes a decision in favour of the migrant-plaintiff. The discussion of our findings shows a complex interplay between family migration, gender bias and European law.
Accessing the Danish Labour Market: On the Coexistence of Legal Barriers and Enabling Factors
Authors: Bjerre Liv , Pace Michelle , Sen Somdeep
Published: April 2021

Historically, Denmark was a “first-mover” as a signatory to liberal international humanitarian laws and conventions, especially with regard to refugees. Yet, in recent years Denmark has cherished the role of a different kind of “first mover” – namely as hardliner when it comes to immigration policies. This is evident in the existent political discourse and restrictive immigration policies personified not least in the number of times Denmark has altered (and tightened) immigration regulations. Yet, we demonstrate that, while “barriers” exist in terms of entering Denmark, the Danish labour market structure is such that it ends up facilitating refugees’ integration and legally protecting their labour rights. To be sure, this protection is a way of guaranteeing the rights of Danish workers who would adversely be affected by the proliferation of an unregulated labour market where refugees are compelled to work under worse legal and economic conditions. However, the Danish case ends up being one where, counterintuitively, legal barriers (to entering the labour market) coexist alongside enabling factors (legal guarantees) of refugees’ rights.
‘Providing for Children… Deprived of a Normal Home Life’: The Curtis Report and the Post-war Policy Landscape of Children’s Out-of-Home Care
Authors: Lynch Gordon
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines how child-care policy in Britain in the early post-war period was shaped by the publication of the 1946 Curtis report, whose recommendations were substantially implemented in the 1948 Children Act. The chapter considers both the report’s position on the administrative restructuring of children’s care and its importance in articulating standards of good practice in child-care based on broad concepts from child psychology. The report’s recommendations specifically for child migration are discussed as well as the different ways in which voluntary societies involved in this work engaged with the Curtis Committee on this issue. Whilst strengthening controls over child migration to a limited extent, the subsequent 1948 Children Act introduced separate obligations for the emigration of children from the care of local authorities compared to voluntary societies, thus creating a two-tier administrative system that was to have significant consequences for many child migrants.
‘Avoiding Fruitless Controversy’: UK Child Migration and the Anatomy of Policy Failure
Authors: Lynch Gordon
Published: April 2021

This concluding chapter explores why it was that post-war child migration to Australia was allowed to resume and continue by the UK Government despite known failings in these schemes. It is argued that one factor was the sheer administrative complexity of a multi-agency programme operating over different national jurisdictions and large distances which made control and oversight of conditions for British child migrants harder to achieve. Despite concerns that the post-war welfare state would be a powerful, centralised mechanism, the history of these programmes demonstrates British policy-makers’ sense of the limits of their powers—limits arising from lack of resource, the perceived need to avoid unproductive conflict with powerful stakeholders, the wish to respect boundaries of departmental policy remits and assumptions about the value of following policy precedents. The chapter concludes by considering how fine-grained analyses of such policy failures can contribute to public debates about suitable redress.
State of the Art for Evaluation of Inventive Design Solution Concepts
Authors: Yehya Muhammad Irshad , Houssin Remy , Coulibaly Amadou , Chibane Hicham
Published: April 2021

The concepts of solutions resulting from the inventive design process measures are generally described in a declarative manner, which does not allow having a shareable formal or visual representation between partners of the project. In addition, the absence of a model does not allow evaluation and compare competing concepts. In this paper, most relevant work regarding inventive design solution concept presented along with potential merits and demerits and highlighted the need of a systematic method to evaluate behavioral performance of solution concepts.
Towards a Better Understanding of Open Source Hardware Design Reuse in Company-Community Collaboration
Authors: Ezoji Amer , Pinquie Romain , Boujut Jean François
Published: April 2021

The open-source-software movement that emerged in the late 90s has recently extended to hardware. In this paper, we try to better understand how the reuse of design solutions facilitates company-community collaboration. On the one hand, based on existing research studies, we analyze three fundamental questions - 1) who wants to reuse a design? 2) Why do they want to reuse a design?, and 3) How do they reuse a design? - from a company perspective and a community perspective. On the other hand, we identified that companies and communities must create a common understanding of the design problems and solution and they could benefit in reusing design artifact to speed up the development time and improve the quality and transferability of the results. However, this research shows that companies and communities don’t use the same type of tools and methods to reuse design knowledge which may cause some problems for collaboration [2].
Constraint Analysis and Optimization of NES System Based on Variable Pitch Spring
Authors: Wu Zhenhang , Paredes Manuel , Seguy Sébastien
Published: April 2021

This study proposes the realization of a device with a pure cubic stiffness mechanism to suppress a wide range of vibrations, which is known as the Nonlinear Energy Sink. Deciding how to construct a light, reliable NES device is always a challenge. According to our design, the device can counterbalance the undesirable linear stiffness that emerges from the intrinsic property of a variable pitch spring. Our goal is to reduce the mass of the spring while keeping the same cubic stiffness. Through the multifaceted analysis of the nonlinear constraint, we try to explore the full potential of NES device to reduce its mass. Meanwhile, a global search method, Multi Start, is applied by repeatedly running a local solver. Finally, a new design with different variable pitch distribution is proposed.
Generative Design in the Transmission System of a Skateboard
Authors: Iturrate Mikel , Amezua Xabier , Garikano Xabier , Oriozabala Jose Antonio , Martin Iñaki , Solaberrieta Eneko
Published: April 2021

Generative design (GD) is a new way of designing products that respond to the current characteristics of the 4.0 industry era. It allows the customization of designs and helps to minimize process times and material quantities. In the case study, two parts of the transmission system of a skateboard have been designed using GD of Solid Edge ST10. The design has been customized for 67 kg users who will use the skateboard for riding and not for jumping or doing tricks. On the other hand, the aim was to minimize the weight and the use of material for its manufacture. Once the initial solid is defined, the software generates specific designs for different levels of mass reduction or product quality. An axle with a mass reduction of 70% from the initial solid and a base with reduction of 60% have been proposed. The GD more than an alternative is a requirement to respond to the demands of the 4.0 industry in which customization and cost reduction are one of the fundamental pillars. This type of design, at the same time, forces to adapt the manufacturing processes so that it is necessary to manufacture in additive manufacturing (AM) machines.
A Topology Optimization Method for Stochastic Lattice Structures
Authors: Cucinotta Filippo , Raffaele Marcello , Salmeri Fabio
Published: April 2021

Stochastic lattice structures are very powerful solutions for filling three-dimensional spaces using a generative algorithm. They are suitable for 3D printing and are well appropriate to structural optimization and mass distribution, allowing for high-performance and low-weight structures. The paper shows a method, developed in the Rhino-Grasshopper environment, to distribute lattice structures until a goal is achieved, e.g. the reduction of the weight, the harmonization of the stresses or the limitation of the strain. As case study, a cantilever beam made of Titan alloy, by means of SLS technology has been optimized. The results of the work show the potentiality of the methodology, with a very performing structure and low computational efforts.
Analysis of the Accuracy of Reconstruction of a Human Cornea by Two Geometric Modelling Techniques: A Comparative Study
Authors: Cañavate F. J. F. , Cavas F. , Velázquez J. S. , Bolarín J. M. , Alió J. L.
Published: April 2021

This study compares two techniques of reconstruction and representation of the anterior and posterior surfaces of the human cornea, both for healthy and for keratoconus eyes, in a CAD software environment using raw tomographic data, by two different methods: a mesh model (obtained from a grid of points) and a NURBS surface model. After reconstruction, a morpho-geometric analysis was made, and several parameters were defined and measured in a set of 100 healthy eyes and 61 keratoconus eyes, detecting the statistical analysis significant differences between methods for both groups. Mesh method proved to be more accurate, but less eyes could be modelled. Volumetric and surface measurement values showed a total equivalence between both methods, so these would be the ones to use when modelling eyes for keratoconus detection and characterization purposes.
Proof of Concept Experience in the SPES Experiment: First Solutions for Potentiometers Replacement in System Maintenance
Authors: Paderno Diego , Bodini Ileana , Zenoni Aldo , Donzella Antonietta , Centofante Lisa , Villa Valerio
Published: April 2021

SPES (Selective Production of Exotic Species) is a large facility, currently under advanced construction at the INFN-LNL (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Legnaro) for the production of Radioactive Ion Beams (RIBs). Coordinated efforts are being dedicated to the development and upgrading of both the accelerator complex and the up-to-date experimental set-ups. This paper describes a work of upgrading as far as the inspection and maintenance of the system is concerned, and it deals with human-centered design methods to reduce the time spent in the radioactive environment of the facility during ordinary maintenance operations and to simplify them, also considering stress conditions of the operator and the mandatory wearable radiation protection devices (such as tracksuit, gloves, oxygen tank mask) which make simple operations difficult.
Design Rules Application in Manufacturing Industries: A State of the Art Survey and Proposal of a Context-Aware Approach
Authors: Huet Armand , Pinquie Romain , Veron Philippe , Segonds Frederic , Fau Victor
Published: April 2021

[Context] In manufacturing industries, the design of a product needs to comply with many design rules. These rules are essentials as they help industrial designers to create high quality design in an efficient way. [Problem] However, the management of an ever-increasing number of design rules becomes a real problem, especially for new designers. Even if there exists some knowledge management tools for design rules, their capabilities are still limited and many companies continue to store their design rules in unstructured documents. Nowadays, design rule application is still a difficult task that needs a circular validation process between many expert services in a manufacturing company. [Proposition] In this paper, we will analyze the main existing approaches for design rules application from which we will demonstrate the need of a new approach to improve the current state-of-the-art practices. To minimize rule application impact on the design process, we propose to develop a Context-Aware Design Assistant that will perform design rule recommendation on the fly while designing using computer-aided technologies. Our Design Assistant relies on the modelling of the design rules and the design context in a single knowledge graph that can fuel a recommendation engine. [Future Work] In future work, we will describe the technical structure of the Context-Aware Design Assistant and develop it. The potential outcome of this research are: a better workflow integration of design rules application, a proactive verification of design solutions, a continuous learning of design rules, the detection and automation of design routines.
Engaging in Product Development as Means to Understand the Basics of Design
Authors: Rizzuti Sergio , De Napoli Luigi
Published: April 2021

Teaching product design is not a trivisal task. Considering the experience done along 20 years of teaching at master level class in mechanical engineering it is possible to take stock. The model followed is Project-Based Learning and this method can be licensed as the model that gives greater satisfaction to all attendees. Students give high score to the survey organized by university at the end of the course to assess didactic validity. Also, teachers have many stimuli when discussing with students the activities proposed. The course is based on the development of an industrial product that solves a problem, eventually posed by industry or emerged by customers. Based on the course schedule, the different phases of product development put in evidence the steps that require divergent thinking and those where it is necessary to employ convergent thinking. A case study allows explaining all the phases of product design.
Influence of the Hole Surface Integrity on the Fatigue Strength of an Aluminium Drilled Part
Authors: Lacombe Alexandra , Landon Yann , Paredes Manuel , Chirol Clément , Benaben Audrey
Published: April 2021

Fatigue strengths of aluminium 2024-T351 open-hole specimens drilled by axial and orbital drilling processes are compared. Two drilling diameters (Ø) are studied: 6.35 mm and 9.53 mm. Surface integrity characterization tests are conducted in order to study the link between drilling processes, surface integrity and fatigue life. Fatigue test results show an increase of the fatigue life for specimens drilled by axial drilling for Ø = 9.53 mm and no significant difference in fatigue life between the two drilling processes for Ø = 6.35 mm. Surface integrity results show no impact of the roughness on the fatigue strength but a potential positive influence of the hole microhardness on the fatigue life.
Impact of the first COVID-19 shutdown on patient volumes and surgical procedures of a Level I trauma center
Authors: Kreis Carolin A. , Ortmann Birte , Freistuehler Moritz , Hartensuer René , Van Aken Hugo , Raschke Michael J. , Schliemann Benedikt
Published: April 2021

Purpose

In Dec 2019, COVID-19 was first recognized and led to a worldwide pandemic. The German government implemented a shutdown in Mar 2020, affecting outpatient and hospital care. The aim of the present article was to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 shutdown on patient volumes and surgical procedures of a Level I trauma center in Germany.

Methods

All emergency patients were recorded retrospectively during the shutdown and compared to a calendar-matched control period (CTRL). Total emergency patient contacts including trauma mechanisms, injury patterns and operation numbers were recorded including absolute numbers, incidence proportions and risk ratios.

Results

During the shutdown period, we observed a decrease of emergency patient cases (417) compared to CTRL (575), a decrease of elective cases (42 vs. 13) and of the total number of operations (397 vs. 325). Incidence proportions of emergency operations increased from 8.2 to 12.2% (shutdown) and elective surgical cases decreased (11.1 vs. 4.3%). As we observed a decrease for most trauma mechanisms and injury patterns, we found an increasing incidence proportion for severe open fractures. Household-related injuries were reported with an increasing incidence proportion from 26.8 to 47.5% (shutdown). We found an increasing tendency of trauma and injuries related to psychological disorders.

Conclusion

This analysis shows a decrease of total patient numbers in an emergency department of a Level I trauma center and a decrease of the total number of operations during the shutdown period. Concurrently, we observed an increase of severe open fractures and emergency operations. Furthermore, trauma mechanism changed with less traffic, work and sports-related accidents.
Eckpunkte evidenzbasierter Gesundheitsinformationen
Authors: Koch Klaus
Published: April 2021

Evidenzbasierte Gesundheitsinformationen sollen Menschen durch verlässliche und verständliche Inhalte zu informierten Entscheidungen in Gesundheitsfragen befähigen und dabei ihre persönlichen Ziele und Erwartungen einbeziehen. Um dies zu erreichen, sind bei der Erstellung von Gesundheitsinformationen eine Reihe von Anforderungen zu beachten, die in diesem Beitrag dargestellt werden. Dazu zählen unter anderem eine systematische Recherche, eine begründete Auswahl der geeigneten Evidenz und die Berücksichtigung der aktuellen Evidenz zur Kommunikation von Zahlen, Risikoangaben und Wahrscheinlichkeiten. Bei der Umsetzung müssen zudem die Fragen, Kompetenzen und Nutzungsgewohnheiten der jeweiligen Zielgruppe beachtet werden. Eine Reihe von deutschsprachigen Informationsangeboten zeigt, dass die Umsetzung der Anforderungen auch für die breite Öffentlichkeit praktikabel ist.
Global longitudinal strain improves risk assessment after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a comparative prognostic evaluation of left ventricular functional parameters
Authors: Holzknecht Magdalena , Reindl Martin , Tiller Christina , Reinstadler Sebastian J. , Lechner Ivan , Pamminger Mathias , Schwaiger Johannes P. , Klug Gert , Bauer Axel , Metzler Bernhard , Mayr Agnes
Published: April 2021

Aim

We aimed to investigate the comparative prognostic value of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), mitral annular plane systolic excursion (MAPSE), fast manual long-axis strain (LAS) and global longitudinal strain (GLS) determined by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) in patients after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).

Methods and results

This observational cohort study included 445 acute STEMI patients treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (pPCI). Comprehensive CMR examinations were performed 3 [interquartile range (IQR): 2–4] days after pPCI for the determination of left ventricular (LV) functional parameters and infarct characteristics. Primary endpoint was the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) defined as composite of death, re-infarction and congestive heart failure. During a follow-up of 16 [IQR: 12–49] months, 48 (11%) patients experienced a MACE. LVEF (p = 0.023), MAPSE (p < 0.001), LAS (p < 0.001) and GLS (p < 0.001) were significantly related to MACE. According to receiver operating characteristic analyses, only the area under the curve (AUC) of GLS was significantly higher compared to LVEF (0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.64–0.73; p < 0.001 vs. 0.60, 95% CI 0.55–0.65; p = 0.031. AUC difference: 0.09, p = 0.020). After multivariable analysis, GLS emerged as independent predictor of MACE even after adjustment for LV function, infarct size and microvascular obstruction (hazard ratio (HR): 1.13, 95% CI 1.01–1.27; p = 0.030), as well as angiographical (HR: 1.13, 95% CI 1.01–1.28; p = 0.037) and clinical parameters (HR: 1.16, 95% CI 1.05–1.29; p = 0.003).

Conclusion

GLS emerged as independent predictor of MACE after adjustment for parameters of LV function and myocardial damage as well as angiographical and clinical characteristics with superior prognostic validity compared to LVEF.

Graphic abstract
Effect of Particle Size Distribution on Laser Powder Bed Fusion Manufacturability of Copper
Authors: Bonesso Massimiliano , Rebesan Pietro , Gennari Claudio , Mancin Simone , Dima Razvan , Pepato Adriano , Calliari Irene
Published: April 2021

One of the major benefits of the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) technology is the possibility of fabrication of complex geometries and features in only one-step of production. In the case of heat exchangers in particular, this is very convenient for the fabrication of conformal cooling channels which can improve the performance of the heat transfer capability. Yet, obtaining dense copper parts printed via LPBF presents two major problems: the high reflectivity of 1 μm (the wavelength of commonly used laser sources) and the high thermal conductivity of copper that limits the maximum local temperature that can be attained. This leads to the formation of porous parts.

In this contribution, the influence of the particle size distribution of the powder on the physical and mechanical properties of parts produced via LPBF is studied. Three copper powders lots with different particle size distributions are used in this study. The effect on densification from two laser scan parameters (scan speed and hatching distance) and the influence of contours scans on the lateral surface roughness is reported. Subsequently, samples manufactured with the optimal process parameters are tested for thermal and mechanical properties evaluation.
Die Pellagra – vor 250 Jahren im Kaisertum Österreich erstmals beschrieben, wurde sie zu einer lebensbedrohenden Endemie in einigen Provinzen
Authors: Flamm Heinz
Published: April 2021

Die Pellagra ist charakterisiert durch die Trias „Dermatitis – Diarrhoe – Demenz“, gefolgt vom Tod. Verschiedene Ursachen wurden im Laufe zweier Jahrhunderte diskutiert. Anfänglich hielt man starke Sonnenbestrahlung als Ursache von Veränderungen der Strukturen des Körpers. Die „Zeïsten“ waren der Meinung, der Mais als Hauptnahrungsmittel sei die Ursache der Pellagra, die also eine Mangelkrankheit sei. Dagegen meinten die „Toxikozeïsten“, in unreifem Mais oder in zwar reifem jedoch nicht gut getrocknetem oder in schlecht gelagertem Mais oder in schlecht aufbewahrtem Maismehl und ungenügend gebackenem Maisbrot könnten durch harmlose Bakterien und Schimmelpilze giftige, pellagrogene Produkte gebildet werden. Andere Untersucher sahen die Pellagra als Ergebnis von allergischen Reaktionen. Klärung brachten Goldbergers Selbstversuche 1916 und schließlich 1937 der Nachweis Elvehjems des Mangels von Niacin bei Maisernährung.

Im Kaisertum Österreich bzw. (ab 1867) in Österreich-Ungarn wurde die Pellagra in den k.k. Provinzen Küstenland, Tirol und Bukowina wie auch in Ungarn festgestellt und ab verschiedenen Zeiten bekämpft. Noch im Glauben der Schädlichkeit von verdorbenem Mais in der armen Bevölkerung wurden in Landesgesetzen von Tirol 1904, Görz und Gradiska (Küstenland) 1909 und der Bukowina 1911 umfängliche Maßnahmen verlangt. So sollten z. B. zur geregelten Versorgung der Bevölkerung Speisehäuser, Maistrockenöfen, -lagerhäuser und -magazine sowie öffentliche Brotbäckereien eingerichtet werden. Zur Behandlung Pellagrakranker waren Pellagrosarien und Notspitäler zu errichten, die Zahl niedergelassener Ärzte war zu erhöhen. Als wichtig wurde auch die Aufklärung der Bevölkerung verlangt. Ein Pellagrafonds sollte die Maßnahmen unterstützen. Als beratendes und begutachtendes Organ wird eine Pellagrakommission unter Vorsitz des Statthalters mit zwölf in ihrer Funktion festgelegten Mitgliedern eingesetzt.
Application of the TLC image analysis technique for the simultaneous quantitative determination of L-proline and L-lysine in dietary supplement
Authors: Skowron Monika , Zakrzewski Robert , Ciesielski Witold
Published: April 2021

A simple and sensitive thin-layer chromatography (TLC) method coupled with an image analysis technique was developed for the simultaneous quantitative determination of L-proline and L-lysine in dietary supplement with good precision and accuracy. Separation was performed on silica gel plates using ethanol‒toluene (2:3, V/V) as the mobile phase. The visualization of chromatograms was based on iodine–azide reaction; therefore, pre-chromatographic derivatization reaction of amino acids with phenyl isothiocyanate was performed. Digital images of TLC plate chromatograms were converted into peak chromatograms, and quantitative analysis was conducted using TLSee software.
CSR leadership, spillovers, and first-mover advantage
Authors: Kopel Michael
Published: April 2021

In this paper, I study the conditions under which a CSR leader, that is a firm which commits to invest in socially responsible activities prior to its competitor, can develop a first-mover advantage. A price-setting duopoly market with horizontally differentiated products is considered, where firms can increase the willingness to pay of the consumers of their products by investing in socially responsible activities. It is shown that if the investment in CSR is perfectly specific to the CSR leader and does not spill over to the CSR follower, the CSR leader achieves higher profits. Hence, a first-mover advantage arises. If however, CSR investment spills over to and hence benefits also the CSR follower by increasing the follower sales, then a second-mover advantage might arise for the follower. A characterization is provided for the influence of the intensity of competition and the level of spillovers on the relative and absolute level of CSR activities and the firms’ incentives to engage in CSR.
Von Fehlinformationen lernen
Authors: Dan Viorela
Published: April 2021

Zahlreiche Akteure blicken besorgt auf die Verbreitung von falschen bzw. irreführenden Botschaften im Internet – darunter Verschwörungstheorien, Gerüchte und Fake News/Falschmeldungen. Um die von Fehlinformationen Betroffenen und den dadurch entstandenen Irrglauben aufzuklären, werden Richtigstellungen herausgegeben. Allerdings schöpfen diese nicht immer ihr volles Wirkungspotenzial aus, was in der Folge keine hinreichende Aufklärung bedeutet. Der vorliegende Beitrag möchte zur Wirksamkeitssteigerung von Richtigstellungen beitragen und macht dazu einen unkonventionellen Vorschlag: Richtigstellungen sollten sich dieselben psychologischen Mechanismen zunutze machen wie die Fehlinformationen, die sie richtigstellen möchten. Um diese Mechanismen zu identifizieren, extrahiere ich aus bisherigen Studien die Eigenschaften von Fehlinformationen, die nach jetzigem Forschungsstand eine Erklärung für die große Aufmerksamkeit und Einprägsamkeit von Fehlinformationen, ihren hohen perzipierten Wahrheitsgehalt und ihre rasante Verbreitung liefern. Die anschließende Gegenüberstellung mit herausgearbeiteten Charakteristika von Richtigstellungen verdeutlicht zahlreiche Unterschiede zu Fehlinformationen in Bezug auf ihre Machart, ihre Kommunikatoren bzw. Quellen und ihre Verbreitungswege. Für jeden der festgestellten Unterschiede wird abgewogen, wie man bei Richtigstellungen aus Fehlinformationen lernen kann, die Wirksamkeit zu steigern, und inwiefern dies aus normativer Sicht vertretbar wäre. Dies führt zu sechs konkreten Vorschlägen für die Gestaltung und Verbreitung von Richtigstellungen.
Real-time stiffness compensation and force control of cooperating robots in robot-based double sided incremental sheet forming
Authors: Möllensiep Dennis , Gorlas Timo , Kulessa Philipp , Kuhlenkötter Bernd
Published: April 2021

In robot-based incremental sheet forming, the forming robot is displaced due to the forming forces and the comparable low stiffness. As the forming forces can not be predicted precisely, the stiffness needs to be compensated based on the measurement of a force torque sensor. While previous approaches used precalculated lookup tables, this publication presents a multi body system robot model that can calculate the displacement of the tool center point in real-time. In incremental sheet forming, the supporting robot is typically force controlled to bring superimposed stress into the forming zone. Unfortunately, this could lead to oscillations in the stiffness compensation. The presented force control approach takes the stiffness compensation into account to ensure a smooth movement of the forming robot. In a series of 30 forming experiments the effectiveness of the developed stiffness compensation and force control is validated.
Extraction and Characterization of the Polar Lipid Fraction of Blackberry and Passion Fruit Seeds Oils Using Supercritical Fluid Extraction
Authors: Arturo-Perdomo David , Mora Juan Pablo Jiménez , Ibáñez Elena , Cifuentes Alejandro , Hurtado-Benavides Andrés , Montero Lidia
Published: April 2021

The study of the phytochemical composition of seed oils is of upmost importance for the food and cosmetic industries, mainly considering their associated biological properties. Extraction of seed oils using supercritical fluids (SFE) is an ecological and green alternative to conventional extraction processes since it is able to provide with potent bioactive extracts, avoiding degradation and transformation of the compounds present originally in the raw material. The objective of the present work was the extraction of pure fractions of polar lipids and their chemical characterization using chromatographic techniques such as GC-MS and LC-DAD-MS/MS of blackberry (Rubus glaucus) and passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) seed oils extracted by supercritical carbon dioxide. Oleamides derived from oleic acid were identified as the main compounds in both samples; in particular, 9-octadecenamide was the major identified oleamide. Besides, the extract obtained from passion fruit showed to be a source of linoleic acid, while the SFE extract from blackberry presented important concentrations of vanillin. The chemical composition of these seed oils can be of high interest for their further use in cosmetics and food industry.
Self-healing materials for space applications: overview of present development and major limitations
Authors: Pernigoni Laura , Lafont Ugo , Grande Antonio Mattia
Published: April 2021

In the last decade, self-healing materials have become extremely appealing for the field of space applications, due to their technological evolution and the consequent possibility of designing space systems and structures able to repair autonomously after damage arising from impacts with micrometeoroids and orbital debris, from accidental contact with sharp objects, from structural fatigue or simply due to material aging. The integration of these novel materials in the design of spacecraft structures would result in increased reliability and safety leading to longer operational life and missions. Such concepts will bring a decisive boost enabling new mission scenario for the establishment of new orbital stations, settlement on the Moon and human exploration of Mars.

The proposed review aims at presenting the newest and most promising self-healing materials and associated technologies for space application, along with the issues related to their current technological limitations in combination with the effect of the space environment. An introductory part about the outlooks and challenges of space exploration and the self-healing concept is followed by a brief description of the space environment and its possible effects on the performance of materials. Self-healing materials are then analysed in detail, moving from the general intrinsic and extrinsic categories down to the specific mechanisms.
Evaluation of the merit of the methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata to supplement anti-snake venom in reversing secondary hemostatic abnormalities induced by Naja naja venom
Authors: Nayak Akshatha Ganesh , Kumar Nitesh , Shenoy Smita , Roche Maya
Published: April 2021

Increasing evidence suggests a sizable involvement of hemotoxins in the morbidity associated with envenomation by the Indian spectacled cobra, Naja naja (N.N). This study investigates the ability of Indian polyvalent anti-snake venom (ASV), methanolic extract of Andrographis paniculata (MAP) and their combination in reversing the hemostatic abnormalities, viz. activated partial thromboplastin time(aPTT), prothrombin time(PT) and thrombin time(TT) in citrated plasma. These parameters were assessed in 2 groups of experiments. Group 1: Without the prior incubation of plasma with venom and Group 2: With prior incubation of plasma with venom for 90 min at 37°C. Venom caused significant (p < 0.001) prolongation in aPTT (175%), PT (49%) and TT (34%) in Group 1 and ASV could completely bring them back to normal. MAP showed a concentration-dependent reversal in aPTT, normalization of PT and prolongation of TT. When low concentration of ASV was supplemented with MAP, their combined effect in normalizing aPTT and PT improved by 37% and 26% respectively when compared to ASV alone. In Group 2, venom caused significant (p < 0.001) prolongation in aPTT (231%), PT (312%) and TT (245%). ASV had limited effect in reversing aPTT (52%), TT (31%) but completely normalized PT. MAP was marginally effective in reversing the prolonged aPTT and PT but caused further prolongation of TT. Combination of ASV and MAP was more effective than ASV alone in reversing venom-induced increase in aPTT (52%) and PT (29%). The study proved that, a drastic reduction of ASV by 70%, could be effectively supplemented by MAP in combating hemostatic abnormalities induced by NN venom.
Water and sectoral policies in agriculture–forest frontiers: An expanded interdisciplinary research approach
Authors: Seijger Chris , Kleinschmit Daniela , Schmidt-Vogt Dietrich , Mehmood-Ul-Hassan Muhammad , Martius Christopher
Published: April 2021

Major land use changes such as deforestation and restoration influence water resources in agriculture–forest landscapes. Changes are observed in water flows, groundwater infiltration, water quality and rainfall. Interdisciplinary water–forest research has unravelled biophysical parts of the interplay that influences forest and water resources. In this Perspective paper, we propose an expanded interdisciplinary research approach to study water and policies in agriculture–forest frontiers. The approach differs in four important aspects from previous ones: (i) a conceptual ‘frontier’ understanding; an analytical focus on (ii) agriculture and (iii) policy–water linkages; (iv) empirical attention to northern and southern countries. The approach is put into practice with the “Pendulum” framework, with interventions and the agriculture–forest frontier oscillating over time between exploitation and restoration. Through the approach, a better understanding will be provided on the dynamic interplay of water and policies in oscillating agriculture–forest frontiers, with changing outcomes for people and environment.
Fixed-Time Adaptive Robust Synchronization with a State Observer of Chaotic Support Structures for Offshore Wind Turbines
Authors: Alinaghi Hosseinabadi Pooyan , Soltani Sharif Abadi Ali , Mekhilef Saad , Pota Hemanshu Roy
Published: April 2021

The chaotic support structures for offshore wind turbines are often subjected to a severe environment. A robust control scheme needs to be considered to maintain them in a safe operational limit. Robust sliding mode control (SMC) scheme can provide an excellent robust controller against this severe and challenging environment for these chaotic structures. This paper proposes a novel fixed-time adaptive sliding mode control scheme with a state observer to synchronize chaotic support structures for offshore wind turbines in the presence of matched parametric uncertainties. The proposed controller is a new integration of adaptive control concept, SMC method, fixed-time stability concept and a state observer. A fixed-time stability concept is used to provide stability for the system within a presented time regardless of initial conditions. The adaptive concept is utilized to provide an online estimator of the uncertain upper bound. Also, a nonlinear observer is employed to provide an online estimator of an unmeasured state in the controller. Lyapunov stability theorem is used to analyze fixed-time stability of the system based on SMC methodology. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed controller is able to ensure fixed-time synchronization along with providing precise means to estimate the unmeasured state as well as uncertainty upper bound.
Anaphylaxis: subjective symptom reports of patients with a special focus on “near-death” experiences
Authors: Ring Johannes , Farschtschi Anna Maria , Grosber Martine , Brockow Knut
Published: April 2021

Almost all anaphylactic reactions are associated with subjective symptoms, which are also referred to “prodromi”, and are often not taken seriously. In 100 patients categorized with different severity grades, subjective symptoms were investigated in a personal interview with free/open questions regarding subjective feelings and symptoms (duration 5–90 min). After the interview, the patients were asked to complete a questionnaire about the exact occurrence of the reaction. Special focus was given to near-death experiences in severe reactions. Patients described feelings of “elevation”, “looking at themselves from outside”, “tunnel experiences” and “bright light”. In the kinetics of the anaphylactic reaction, cutaneous symptoms were most often reported as the first or second symptom, while cardiovascular and airway symptoms were also reported as the 3rd, 4th or 5th symptom. In 37% of the patients with severe reactions, everyday life has changed since suffering the anaphylactic episode.
CXC chemokine ligand 16: a Swiss army knife chemokine in cancer
Authors: Gowhari Shabgah Arezoo , Qasim Maytham T. , Mojtaba Mostafavi Seyed , Olegovna Zekiy Angelina , Ezzatifar Fatemeh , Ahmadi Majid , Mohammadian Haftcheshmeh Saeed , Gholizadeh Navashenaq Jamshid
Published: April 2021

Today, cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Lately, cytokine and chemokine imbalances have gained attention amongst different involved pathways in cancer development and attracted much consideration in cancer research. CXCL16, as a member of the CXC subgroup of chemokines, has been attributed to be responsible for immune cell infiltration into the tumour microenvironment. The aberrant expression of CXCL16 has been observed in various cancers. This chemokine has been shown to play a conflicting role in tumour development through inducing pro-inflammatory conditions. The infiltration of various immune and non-immune cells such as lymphocytes, cancer-associated fibroblasts and myeloid-derived suppressor cells by CXCL16 into the tumour microenvironment has complicated the tumour fate. Given this diverse role of CXCL16 in cancer, a better understanding of its function might build-up our knowledge about tumour biology. Hence, this study aimed to review the impact of CXCL16 in cancer and explored its therapeutic application. Consideration of these findings might provide opportunities to achieve novel approaches in cancer treatment and its prognosis.
The Boston Medical Center Immigrant Task Force: An Alternative to Teaching Immigration Law to Health Care Providers
Authors: Crosby Sondra S. , Sonis Lily , Annas George J.
Published: April 2021

As healthcare providers engage in the politics of reforming and humanizing our immigration and asylum “system” it is critical that they are able to refer their patients whose health is directly impacted by our immigration laws and policies to experts who can help them navigate the system and obtain the healthcare they need.
Ethical Allocation of Scarce Food Resources During Public Health Emergencies
Authors: Wetter Sarah , Hodge James G. , Carey Emily
Published: April 2021

Escalating demands for limited food supplies at America’s food banks and pantries during the COVID-19 pandemic have raised ethical concerns underlying “first-come, first-served” distributions strategies. A series of model ethical principles are designed to guide ethical allocations of these resources to assure greater access among persons facing food insecurity.
Diplomatic Relations in a Virtual World
Authors: Bramson Aaron , Hoefman Kevin , Schoors Koen , Ryckebusch Jan
Published: April 2021

We apply variations and extensions of structural balance theory to analyze the dynamics of geopolitical relations using data from the virtual world Eve Online. The highly detailed data enable us to study the interplay of alliance size, power, and geographic proximity on the prevalence and conditional behavior of triads built from empirical political alliances. Through our analysis, we reveal the degree to which the behaviors of players conform to the predictions of structural balance theory and whether our augmentations of the theory improve these predictions. In addition to studying the time series of the proportions of triad types, we investigate the conditional changes in triad types and the formation of polarized political coalitions. We find that player behavior largely conforms to the predictions of a multipolar version of structural balance theory that separates strong and weak configurations of balanced and frustrated triads. The high degree of explanatory power of structural balance theory in this context provides strong support for both the theory and the use of virtual worlds in social science research.
THREE GREEK PROPER NAMES IN OVID, METAMORPHOSES BOOK 10
Authors: Fàbregas Salis Pere
Published: April 2021

This paper discusses the transcription of three Greek proper names in Ovid, Metamorphoses Book 10. It argues that we should read Haemon (10.77), Amycliade (10.162) and Panchaica (10.309) rather than Haemum, Amyclide and Panchaia.
Power and Agency: The Discipline-Shifting Work of James C. Scott
Authors: Weiss Meredith L. , McElwee Pamela
Published: April 2021

The purportedly irreconcilable aims of “area studies” versus formal disciplines are a long-standing concern. In reality, their objectives are often inseparable, and approaches that start from and center a region have strongly contributed to theory building within disciplines. Few social scientists have been so productive in building bridges between these competing frames as James C. Scott, as evidenced by his celebrated body of work, his election to the presidency of the Association for Asian Studies, and his receipt of meritorious citations such as the Social Science Research Council's 2020 Albert O. Hirschman Prize, awarded to “scholars who have made outstanding contributions to international, interdisciplinary social science research, theory, and public communication.”
Naturalistic Use of Aspect Morphology in Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children
Authors: BOWDRIE Kristina , HOLT Rachael Frush , BLANK Andrew , WAGNER Laura
Published: April 2021

Grammatical morphology often links small acoustic forms to abstract semantic domains. Deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) children have reduced access to the acoustic signal and frequently have delayed acquisition of grammatical morphology (e.g., Tomblin, Harrison, Ambrose, Walker, Oleson & Moeller, 2015). This study investigated the naturalistic use of aspectual morphology in DHH children to determine if they organize this semantic domain as normal hearing (NH) children have been found to do. Thirty DHH children (M = 6;8) and 29 NH children (M = 5;11) acquiring English participated in a free-play session and their tokens of perfective (simple past) and imperfective (-ing) morphology were coded for the lexical aspect of the predicate they marked. Both groups showed established prototype effects, favoring perfective + telic and imperfective + atelic pairings over perfective + atelic and perfective + atelic ones. Thus, despite reduced access to the acoustic signal, this DHH group was unimpaired for aspectual organization.