bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinantes del balance laboral y familiar en Monterrey, México
Authors: Delgado Ledezma Karina Elizabeth
Published: January 2021

El presente artículo analiza los determinantes que intervienen en el balance laboral y familiar en el municipio de Monterrey en el Estado de Nuevo León, México. Diversos estudios recientes señalan que dicho balance es crítico para poder lograr un equilibrio en el individuo. Por consiguiente, asociaciones civiles e instituciones mexicanas han tenido un impacto en el desarrollo de las políticas públicas sobre el balance laboral y familiar, que ha derivado en modificaciones de estatutos y leyes de diferentes países con un enfoque en la armonía entre el trabajo y la familia. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del artículo es cuantificar los determinantes que inciden en el balance laboral y familiar. Específicamente, se pretende analizar el efecto de la responsabilidad social empresarial, el estrés laboral, los incentivos fiscales, las políticas públicas y la flexibilidad de horario en el balance laboral y familiar. En este estudio se entrevista a 103 empleados y por medio de la técnica de análisis factorial se encuentra que la responsabilidad social de la empresa donde trabajan, así como el estrés laboral tienen un impacto directo en la variable dependiente, mientras que la práctica de las variables de incentivos fiscales, políticas públicas y flexibilidad de horario presentan un impacto no significativo.
Cytotoxic evaluation of two orthodontic silver solder materials on human periodontal ligament fibroblast cells and the effects of antioxidant and antiapoptotic reagents
Authors: Nimeri Ghada , Curry Joseph , Berzins David , Liu Dawei , Ahuja Bhoomika , Lobner Douglas
Published: January 2021

Objectives

To evaluate the cytotoxicity effects of two different solder materials used for orthodontic appliances on human periodontal ligament fibroblast (HPLF) cells, and to determine whether the mechanism of toxicity may involve oxidative stress and apoptosis.

Materials and Methods

The silver solder samples (Leone and Summit) were soldered to orthodontic stainless steel bands and exposed to HPLF cells via cell culture inserts for 48 hours. Cytotoxicity effect of the soldered materials on HPLF cells was measured via tetrazolium salt 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay (n = 10/sample) and morphological observation. In addition, the mechanism of cytotoxicity of the most toxic silver solder was investigated using both a caspase inhibitor Z-VAL-Ala-Asp-flu-oromethylketone (ZVAD-fmk) and the free radical scavenger Trolox (n = 8/sample). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance with a Bonferroni test. P < .05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Compared to the control (no treatment, cells only), both silver solders were cytotoxic (P < .001). The bands alone were significantly cytotoxic compared to the control. There was a significant difference in cytotoxicity between the stainless steel bands alone and the Summit silver solder (P < .001), but not the Leone silver solder. The Summit silver solder was more cytotoxic than the Leone silver solder (P < .05). MTT results were supported by the microscopic morphological changes of the HPLF cells. Neither ZVAD-fmk nor Trolox provided significant protection.

Conclusions

The two silver solder materials demonstrated different levels of cytotoxicity, and neither oxidative stress nor apoptosis is involved in the mechanism of cytotoxicity.
Lærerutdanning i kroppsøving og idrettsfag på masternivå – muligheter og utfordringer
Authors: Borgen Jorunn Spord , Løndal Knut , Moen Kjersti Mordal , Aasland Erik , Lyngstad Idar Kristian
Published: January 2021

I denne artikkelen undersøker vi fremtidige muligheter og utfordringer i femårige lærerutdanninger i kroppsøving og idrettsfag på masternivået, i lys av kvalitet og relevans for fagfeltet. I undersøkelsen ble det benyttet en kvalitativ tilnærming med to metodiske innganger. Først ble et utvalg på 96 masteroppgaver i perioden 2015–2018 innenfor fagfeltet kroppsøving og idrettsfag brukt for å undersøke hva slags tematikker, teoretiske tilnærminger og metoder som er benyttet i masteroppgavene. Med bakgrunn i denne undersøkelsen ble det gjennomført en workshop med et utvalg lærerutdannere for å få innsikt i hva de oppfattet som fremtidige muligheter og utfordringer i femårig lærerutdanning i fagfeltet. Analysen av masteroppgavene viser at forskning angående meninger, oppfatninger og forståelser av kroppsøving og idrettsfag i skolen er gjennomgående tematikker. Relativt få oppgaver belyser begreper, teorier, praksiser eller didaktikk i profesjonsfeltet. Resultatene fra workshop viser at lærerutdannere identifiserer strukturelle utfordringer og adresserer et behov for mer praksisnærhet og (yrkes-)relevans i fremtidige masteroppgaver. Kompetansebehov blant lærerutdannere som veiledere trekkes også fram som en utfordring. På bakgrunn av undersøkelsen ser vi et behov for at mer utdanningsvitenskapelige perspektiver vektlegges i fremtidige masteroppgaver for å tilføre fagfeltet relevante og nye kunnskapsbidrag.
English abstract
English title: Teacher education programmes in physical education and sport at master’s level: Opportunities and challenges
In this article, we examine future opportunities and challenges in five-year teacher education in physical education (PE) and sport at the master’s level, considering quality in education and its relevance to the field and practice. We have used a qualitative approach with two methodological approaches. First, we surveyed a sample of 96 master’s theses written in the period 2015–2018 in order to establish an overview of their most common themes, theoretical approaches, and methods. We then conducted a workshop with a selection of teacher educators to gain insight into what they see as opportunities and challenges in the future of five-year PE teacher education. Our analysis of the master’s theses shows the most common themes to be opinions, perceptions and ways of understanding physical education and sport in school. Relatively few of the theses investigate concepts, theories, practices or didactics in the professional field. The results from the workshop show that teacher educators identify structural challenges and address a need for more practical proximity and professional relevance in future master’s theses. We see that there is a lack of educational science perspectives—greater emphasis on this area in future master’s theses would contribute relevant knowledge to the field.
The Morality of a Married Double Life
Authors: Fader Ayala
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the diversity of people living life-changing doubt and their still-religious spouses. It highlights the distinctive experiences and implications for men and women in double life marriages. It talks about double lifers that elaborated and navigated a changing morality influenced by liberal values, often in conflict with the ultra-Orthodox morality of their still-religious spouse and children. The chapter looks into the tension between revelation and secret keeping for people living double lives that meant choosing between self-fulfilment and comfortable familiarity, as well as between individual truth and protection of their family. It also reviews how double lifers secretly began violating the religious laws and obligations under the very noses of their still-religious spouses all the while appearing as ultra-Orthodox men and women to friends, family, and their communities.
Legal Foundations
Authors: Osanloo Arzoo
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the foundational aspects of Iran's victim-centered justice system. Iran's criminal justice system allows a privileging of victims' rights over those of the state, even as the state's delegation of the right of life and death both legitimizes the system and makes the plaintiffs complicit in that system. It is, above all, a victim-centered system. The revised penal codes demand that judicial officials seek to reconcile and mediate between the parties, while also allowing them time to determine the conditions of their forbearance. One of the residual effects of customary practices on the codified system is the greater entrenchment of gender roles and the explicit concern with honor. Another trace of the orfi system, however, is that parties are not limited to seeking damages prescribed in the laws. The mechanisms for forging resolution are similarly unconstrained. In the context of resolving the dispute, there is a permeability of the border between judicial and extrajudicial remedies. The laws provide for, even prescribe, extrajudicial processes to unfold in the name of restorative justice, and directly charge judicial officials to seek as much through mediation and reconciliation.
Seeking Reconciliation
Authors: Osanloo Arzoo
Published: January 2021

This chapter studies the operations of the Iranian criminal law and analyzes how the procedural administration of the law animates the shariʻa. Iranian criminal laws provide many avenues for victims to forgo retributive sanctioning. But preserving the right of retribution serves several purposes: maintaining the sovereign's monopoly on legitimate violence, giving victims a sense of power, and halting the cycle of violence. The way Iran achieves this comprises an interesting balancing act between maintaining the monopoly over legitimate violence and granting individual victims the right of retribution, which its leaders believe, through their interpretation of the shariʻa, cannot be appropriated by the sovereign. Since the law categorizes intentional murder as qisas and leaves judges with no discretion in sentencing, the judges may use their considerable influence to pressure the family to forgo retribution. The chapter then considers the role of judges and examines how the laws (substantive and procedural) shape their reasoning and discretion in both sentencing and encouraging forbearance.
Utopian Beginnings
Authors: Christin Angèle
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the early days of online news, before profit, traffic, and metrics-based imperatives became key concerns. It pays close attention to the first years of TheNotebook in New York and LaPlace in Paris, two publications that started as innovative, playful, and collaborative editorial projects. It also describes how TheNotebook and LaPlace shared similar utopian beliefs but at the same time had distinct political and editorial identities. The chapter points out ways LaPlace was more countercultural, participatory, and politically engaged than TheNotebook, even though the French website is an explicit imitation of its U.S. counterpart. By comparing the identities and metrics of TheNotebook and LaPlace, the chapter also discusses how news websites handled the chase for clicks.
Between Exposure and Unpaid Work
Authors: Christin Angèle
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores the ramifications of the conflicting systems of evaluation by turning to the thorny question of compensation. It reviews the dilemma of TheNotebook and LaPlace websites on how to get people to work without enough money to pay all contributors a decent wage. The chapter talks about how in both websites traffic became an important criterion for deciding whom to pay and how much to pay them. It examines how compensations and wages affected the identities and careers of freelance journalists in America and France. It also analyzes why American journalists were less conflicted about using metrics-related criteria than their French counterparts.
The Development of Representation in Europe
Authors: Stasavage David
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyzes why Europe followed a different economic path from China and the Middle East and explains how political institutions have played a starring role in explanations of divergence. It addresses the question on why political divergence took place when great economic divergence was confirmed by political divergence. It also discusses early democracy that came from the traditions of the Germanic tribes that overran Europe as Rome fell. The chapter looks at human societies that independently evolved the idea of constraining rulers to obtain consent from their people. It confirms whether early democracy was invented by German tribes and assesses whether conditions in Europe resembled those in other places where early democracy thrived.
Democracy—and Slavery—in America
Authors: Stasavage David
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores how Americans, as a result of an intellectual effervescence, created a modern democratic state that spread to the rest of the European world. It highlights the democracy in America that emerged from earlier British ideas transplanted into a new environment. It also shows how the same underlying conditions that produced democracy for white colonists also encouraged the invention and expansion of chattel slavery. The chapter charts the development of popular assemblies in colonial America and looks into alternative interpretations of why colonial American institutions resembled early democracy. It talks about Bernard Bailyn who observed that colonial assemblies were a British practice that refracted to reflect North American conditions.
Conclusion
Authors: Larmore Charles
Published: January 2021

This chapter, whose main theme is the nature of political philosophy, focuses on modern liberalism in order to explain what exactly the principle of political legitimacy is. It explains why political legitimacy should be understood as something propounding and why some may see reason to reject it when it is the best fit for the modern world. It also argues that political philosophy should be understood in its domain in which things are never likely to be as ideally as people think it should. The chapter mentions two connected themes that have shaped the realistic approach to political philosophy. It defends an approach that intersects with the lines of thinking that at the present time often go under the name of “political realism.”
Manufacturing Crisis and Fomenting Fear at the Dawn of the Age of Mass Expulsion
Authors: Goodman Adam
Published: January 2021

This chapter explains how the United States' ongoing demand for cheap migrant labor normalized the deportation machine at the border and in the interior. It talks about the Immigration and Naturalization Service's increasing dependence on voluntary departures and immigration raids between 1965 and 1985 that made the possibility of deportation an everyday reality for undocumented immigrants. It also describes the pattern of circular, undocumented Mexican migration that emerged as a relatively open and benign labor process with few negative consequences. The chapter reveals how bureaucratic practices, changes in law, and combination of political, economic, social, and cultural factors demonized ethnic Mexicans and solidified the stereotype of them as prototypical “illegal aliens”. It also highlights the changes in the policy and political economies of the United States and Mexico from 1965 to 1985 that resulted in significant transformations to the deportation machine.
Fighting the Machine in the Streets and in the Courts
Authors: Goodman Adam
Published: January 2021

This chapter documents the growing resistance to deportation at the dawn of the age of mass expulsion. It focuses on metropolitan Los Angeles as the ground zero of the Immigration and Naturalization Service's (INS) interior enforcement efforts in the 1970s. It describes the tireless efforts of immigrants and activists that helped build solidarity and empower the “undocumented” community. The chapter also discusses the effectiveness of voluntary departures, INS raids, and fear campaigns that are meant to scare people into the shadows or out of the country. It analyzes the basic idea of being undocumented that automatically implied deportability. It also talks about the resistance of the undocumented community's resistance that helped determine the civil rights of noncitizens and defend the immigrants' dignity that transcended legal status and citizenship.
Patrons of the Nation
Authors: Howes Anton
Published: January 2021

This chapter illustrates the eighteenth century as an age of improvement in which letters of scholars criss-crossed Europe and North America, even India or China, in an active pursuit and sharing of knowledge. It talks about the scholar's letters that transcended all political and social barriers and confirmed to a specific agenda set by Francis Bacon, an English politician and philosopher of the early seventeenth century. It also discusses the “Baconian programme,” which was aimed to accumulate and rigorously test knowledge. The chapter highlights the Baconian obsession with collection and cataloguing that was applied beyond natural philosophy, to history, archaeology, and ancient languages. It also mentions the founding of the “Royal Society of London for the Improvement of Natural Knowledge” in 1660, as well as the establishment of the “Académie des Sciences” in France.
A System to Force down the General Throat
Authors: Howes Anton
Published: January 2021

This chapter begins with the opening of the Great Exhibition on 1 May 1851, which attracted six million visitors, a tenth of the entire population of Great Britain. It recounts how Henry Cole managed to make himself indispensable to the Great Exhibition's organisation, in which he accumulated responsibilities that allowed him to gradually reassert control. It also mentions utilitarian reformers who came to exercise an extraordinary influence over the Royal Society of Arts and promoted the development of enlarged generalisations and comprehensive measures. The chapter discusses how Cole and his allies reformed the entire system on protecting intellectual property in order to look after the creations of inventors and manufacturers. It points out that the campaign for patent reform was one of the Society's most successful lobbying efforts ever.
An Education for the Whole People
Authors: Howes Anton
Published: January 2021

This chapter emphasizes Henry Cole and Prince Albert's intention to create a top-down system of industrial education, as seen in countries like France. It discusses how Cole sought to align the Great Exhibition with the movement for working-class self-sufficiency. It also talks about how Cole tried to use the Royal Society of Arts to set up new drawing schools for artisans in towns where there was not already a government school of design. The chapter draws attention to a civil servant named Harry Chester who wrote to the Society with a suggestion, imploring it to aid the mechanics' institutions in late 1851. It describes Chester's obsession to improve education, even inventing a slow-burning stove to make sure classrooms would be warm on cold mornings.
‘Society of Snobs’
Authors: Howes Anton
Published: January 2021

This chapter refers to William Shipley, who had benefited from the aid of the Royal Society of Arts' first two presidents, Viscount Folkestone and Lord Romney, for his visions to be taken seriously and initiate the Great Exhibition. It points out how the Society capitalised on the credit it got for initiating the Great Exhibition in the 1950s and used that reputation to push for reforms. The chapter talks about the “Albert Medal” that commemorates the death of Prince Albert and was awarded to people who had done much to aid arts, manufactures, and commerce. It mentions Rowland Hill as the first recipient of the Albert Medal for his campaign to create the Penny Postage system. It also explains how the awarding of the Albert Medal each year allowed the Society to associate itself with household names or recognise its own activists, such as Henry Cole or John Alexander Milne.
Rise of the Managers
Authors: Howes Anton
Published: January 2021

This chapter analyzes why the Royal Society of Arts never had a permanent function but was instead meant to find new things to improve. It discusses the utilitarian-supported reforms of the late nineteenth century that laid the foundations for state systems of education, health, and welfare to grow in size and complexity. It also points out changes in the membership of the Society that reflects the growth of both government and corporate bureaucracies. The chapter describes Society's new members in the mid-twentieth century that were increasingly drawn from the civil service, middle management, and chairmen or directors of companies. It also conveys how the Society reacted to the trend of bureaucracies by increasingly appealing to large firms for the sponsorship of its industrial design bursaries.
Homo Suffragator
Authors: Bruter Michael , Harrison Sarah
Published: January 2021

This chapter briefly explores the scope and historical context of this book, introducing some key new concepts and their articulation with the existing concepts and literature of electoral behaviour. Homo Suffragator literally means ‘person who can vote’. What this power entails, what it changes with regard to man's condition and social interaction, and what the psychological mechanisms are that determine whether or not one exercises this power are all questions central to the puzzles the study aims to resolve. Throughout, the book explores the relationship between human nature, personality and morality variations, cognitive and emotional elements, and systemic choices and determinants which constrain and shape voters' electoral power. The chapter then highlights how one can borrow from the combination of physiological, anthropological, and psychological insights traditionally applied to understand the stages of human evolution similarly to comprehend the psychology, functioning, personal/societal relationships, and behaviour of Homo Suffragator.
Personality and Morality
Authors: Bruter Michael , Harrison Sarah
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the role and impact of personality on the vote. It reopens the question of what a notion of ‘personality’ entails, focusing on eight discrete personality traits: sensitivity, anxiety, alienation, freedom aspiration, extraversion, risk aversion, care, and confrontation. The chapter assess whether personality derivatives such as favourite colours and animal resemblances also help to explain differences in electoral behaviour. It then introduces a twist to the question of morality. While different people may be more, or less, vocal about their sense of morals, the most relevant variation in electoral politics pertains rather to moral hierarchization: different citizens prioritizing differently some moral principles over others. The chapter also reintroduces the notion of egocentrism and sociotropism in the vote. It identifies four dimensions of sociotropism: economic, social, safety, and misery.
Electoral Resolution and Atmosphere
Authors: Bruter Michael , Harrison Sarah
Published: January 2021

This chapter explains that the psychological purpose of elections is to give citizens a sense of democratic control, and, through their cyclical nature, a sense of resolution of emerging or persistent political and ideological conflicts. This concept of electoral resolution is central in citizens' logic of elections. It is also a concept which, by its nature, generates others—such as electoral hostility, democratic frustration, or even the centrality of hope and hopelessness in electoral behaviour. Electoral resolution additionally forces one to redefine yet other notions, such as election cycles and electoral honeymoons, which take on a whole new meaning once one considers them through the prism of elections as resolution mechanisms. After empirically revisiting the notion of electoral atmosphere using two UK case studies (the 2016 referendum on EU membership, and 2017 general election), the chapter examines those concepts one by one.
What Are Jews For?
Authors: Sutcliffe Adam
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores over four centuries of debate among both Jews and non–Jews on the “Jewish purpose” question. It explains the historical unfolding of ideas and arguments and captures both the local contextual nuances, as well deep continuities and connections of Jewish purpose across centuries. It talks about Jews and non-Jews in the medieval period that developed contrasting and separate concepts of Jewish purpose in the world. This chapter mentions Judah Halevi who took the view that Jews were inherently superior to non-Jews and Maimonides who thought that the special feature of the Jews was their philosophical inclination. It also analyzes the medieval Christians' perception that the purpose of Jews was to provide evidence of the truth of Christianity.
Light unto the Nations
Authors: Sutcliffe Adam
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the purpose of the Jews in relation to the potential and meaning of nationhood, in both Zionist and non-Zionist contexts. It talks about Moses Hess, a writer in Germany in the 1860s, who linked a profoundly negative view of the Jews' diasporic role as arch-capitalists to his irenic view of the role of the Jews in his Zionist vision of the future. It explains how a Zionist grappling with the idea of Jewish exemplarity runs through the twentieth-century history of the movement. This chapter also highlights the cultural Zionism of Ahad Ha'am and the political rhetoric of David Ben-Gurion, who repeatedly invoked Isaiah's “light unto the nations” as his vision for the Jewish state. It analyzes the relationship of Jewish exemplarity and purpose to the broader political life of the nation state that became a rich and complicated seam of debate within twentieth century thought.
Changing Voter Appeal
Authors: De Vries Catherine E. , Hobolt Sara B.
Published: January 2021

This chapter assesses whether the innovation strategies of challenger parties are successful in terms of extending their voter base and generating more votes. Challenger parties innovate by mobilizing high appropriability issues that are difficult to handle for dominant parties because they risk splitting their rank and file. Challenger parties also aim to protect their innovation and first-mover advantage by discrediting rivals. This twofold approach based on policy and rhetoric is aimed at increasing electoral appeal and thus breaking the brand loyalty of voters to dominant parties. The chapter then considers two expectations which can be derived from this book's theory of political change. First, challenger parties that innovate want to attract new voters, and by doing so break the market power of dominant parties. Second, when choosing a challenger over a dominant party, voters should be voting on the basis of high appropriability issues and motivated by antiestablishment considerations. The chapter empirically tests these expectations by combining data for over 200 parties between 1950 and 2017 in 18 West European countries with survey data for over 18,000 individuals in 17 West European countries in 2014.
Conceptualizing Anglo-American Development
Authors: Green Jeremy
Published: January 2021

This chapter critiques the tendency of international political economy (IPE) to overlook Anglo-American development. This tendency arises from a fixation with hegemonic cycles of rise and decline that has framed the UK and the US within a declinist narrative that forecloses alternative analytical strategies. The chapter proposes an alternative framework that, by building upon works that have drawn attention to the importance of financial power within the state, conceives of Anglo-American development in terms of the interdependent and coconstitutive relationship between the Federal Reserve–Treasury–Wall Street complex and the City–Bank–Treasury nexus. This developmental perspective provides important correctives to both the hegemony story and the concept of “structural power” prevalent within IPE. Moreover, it reveals the centrality of Anglo-American dynamics to cementing the international dominance of the dollar and propelling financial globalization.
The Euromarkets and the Crisis of Bretton Woods
Authors: Green Jeremy
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores how postwar restrictions on the use of sterling prompted UK merchant bankers to develop an innovative method for financing international trade. They tapped into the large volume of offshore dollars that had accrued because of massive overseas US spending through military aid and the Marshall Plan, using these dollars to finance trade between third parties, leading to the birth of the offshore “Eurodollar market.” The development of the Euromarkets represented the foundational moment in the emergence of a qualitatively distinctive form of integrated Anglo-American financial development. Construing the Euromarkets as an embedding of US structural power in international finance, the chapter suggests that coconstitutive Anglo-American developmental processes were integral to their emergence. Dynamics generated in London circumscribed and structured US monetary policy in a way that US-centric approaches overlook. The agency of City merchant bankers in constructing the Eurodollar market infrastructure, as well as the adaptation of the Bank of England and UK Treasury, did lay the transatlantic foundations for the longer-term hegemony of the dollar. But they also generated policy dilemmas for US officials and critically undermined the fixed exchange rate system agreed at Bretton Woods by creating the institutional infrastructure for vast offshore financial markets and capital flows.
In the Eye of the Storm
Authors: Green Jeremy
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the International Monetary Fund (IMF) crisis of 1976—a crucial turning point in the politics of financial globalization that has been underappreciated within international political economy (IPE). Had the UK's Labour government enacted measures proposed by the party's left wing and had the City of London and the Bank of England proved unsuccessful in defending London's regulatory culture and sponsorship of the Euromarkets from threats both inside and outside the UK, then the advancement of financial globalization would have been sharply arrested. The chapter argues that the resolution of the 1976 crisis in favor of the UK's continued commitment to an open international economic order and the abandonment of Keynesianism reflected increased Anglo-American interdependence. Anglo-American financial integration generated a constituency of UK financiers, political forces, and institutions with an increasingly Atlantic orientation. Priorities among influential financial and state actors within the UK were now bound up with, and increasingly difficult to disentangle from, the interests of US finance and the US state.
From Crisis to Stagnation
Authors: Green Jeremy
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes some of the major themes of the postcrisis political economy of Anglo-America. Identifying the central policy pairing between fiscal austerity and monetary loosening, it draws upon accounts of the structural crisis of neoliberal capitalism, arguing that, despite the adoption of unorthodox monetary policy and the restoration of growth, economic recovery has failed to arrest the underlying structural crisis of Anglo-American political economies. In the postcrisis era, the reliance upon a strategy of ultralow interest rates and quantitative easing initiated by the US and the UK demonstrated the continued centrality of Anglo-American central bank leadership to the global economy. But the sluggish return to growth in the West, and the continued stagnation of living standards within the UK and the US specifically, have revealed the declining ability of neoliberal capitalism to deliver economic growth and distributional gains in amounts adequate to bolster democratic consent. The rise of antiestablishment politics in both states—and the fracturing of the longstanding eoliberal center ground of party politics—has led to new political and economic dynamics. Alongside these changes, the rebalancing of the City–Bank–Treasury nexus toward Chinese finance, the policies of Donald Trump, and Brexit are transforming the global economy.
Marriage and Motherhood, 1925–33
Authors: Jefferson Ann
Published: January 2021

This chapter emphasizes how Raymond Sarraute's marriage to Nathalie Sarraute provided a definitive escape from home and ultimately saved her from having to make a career in a profession for which she had no inclination. It describes Nathalie's marriage as a partnership of equals, that unlike many other women writers of her generation, she had a husband who encouraged rather than objected to her desire to write. It also mentions Jean Blot, a Russian-born French diplomat and writer who knew the couple well and observed that their love for each other was a moving sight. The chapter talks about Nathalie's extensive involvement in her daughter's (Claude, Anne, and Dominique) lives. It points out that Nathalie's emotional attachment to her children ran deep, and throughout her life she remained in close and regular contact with all three daughters.
A Pause, 1935–37
Authors: Jefferson Ann
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on the suspension of Nathalie Sarraute's writing and involvement in the campaign for the rights of women. It points out how Nathalie rejected feminism in literature but saw it as a goal that she was happy to pursue in the political arena. It also shows Nathalie's perception on feminism as a prospect for equality and erasure of sexual difference that she regarded as both a fundamental human reality and a basic human right. The chapter narrates Nathalie's encounter with Maria Jolas, the école Bilingue, which encouraged her to resume her abandoned “tropisms.” It mentions Nathalie's solitary stay at an apartment room in rue de la Tombe-Issoire that ultimately proved to be her source of angst that made her complete several of the “tropisms.”
The Duchess of York’s Bathing Closet
Authors: Bobker Danielle
Published: January 2021

This chapter looks at the courtly closet alliances in Memoirs of Count Grammont by the Anglo-Irish nobleman Anthony Hamilton. It focuses particularly on the seduction scene that was set in the Duchess of York's bathing closet. It also analyzes the setting of Hamilton's longest intrigue that shores up the elitism of his retrospective secret history by situating homoerotic desire within a tradition of competitive favoritism at Charles II's court, which he clearly admired. The chapter talks about the bathing closet that stands as Hamilton's reluctant acknowledgment that English absolutism, manuscript culture, and their unique modes of power-soaked intimacy were on the decline. It also points out how Hamilton inadvertently helped to launch a model of author–reader relations as a kind of inclusive virtual favoritism.
Lady Acheson’s Privy for Two
Authors: Bobker Danielle
Published: January 2021

This chapter offers a new view of Jonathan Swift's “excremental vision” by approaching it not as a personal quirk or neurotic symptom but as a perceptive critique of the excretory autonomy that flushable water closets would soon come to embody. It talks about the country-house poets that had traditionally celebrated abundant fields and communal feasts in the great hall as signs of Swift's generosity. It confirms that in Swift's mock country-house poem “Panegyric on the Dean,” he imagined the pair of his-and-hers privies built on Lord and Lady Acheson's country estate. The chapter also analyzes why the poem is at odds with the natural cycles of regeneration and feudal hospitality that it sent the mind away from the earth, the cosmos, and other people in a burlesque of closet prayer. It mentions that Swift tried to preempt Lady Acheson's desire to circulate the poem by casting her as the speaker in his first scatological poem.
Situations
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: January 2021

This chapter describes the characteristics of situations that shape the way religious activities and experiences take place. It looks into practices that are influenced by the discrete physical and temporal spaces in which social action occurs. It also illustrates how practices are constructed by the actors involved and in interaction with the other people who may be present, including physical objects such as rooms, furniture, and food. The chapter reviews the study that is conducted using ethnographic methods that directly take account of interactions. It analyzes survey that is based on archival research that emphasizes how religious practices make use of and bear the imprint of the situations in which they occur.
Feelings
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on feelings. It confirms how feelings have been emphasized especially in studies of religious experience and ritual. It looks into the argument in many of the studies, which confirms that powerful feelings are a significant reason for experience and rituals that are being deemed sacred. The chapter explains how the arguments on feelings warrant critical scrutiny in relation to religious practices, emphasizing that some arguments may not even include powerful feelings at all. It describes what conditions do certain religious practices do to prompt different kinds of feelings and what are the rules in various situations that govern the public expression of those feelings.
The Conquest of Land and Language
Authors: Havrelock Rachel
Published: January 2021

This chapter assesses the conquest described in the first half of the Book of Joshua and shows how the war story forges the collective of Israel. It explains how the Book of Joshua tries to balance a unifying national narrative that enlists disparate groups in a project of centralization and the recognition of the relative independence and legitimacy of the constitutive groups. It points out that while the conquest in the Book of Joshua appears to be successful as a mobilizing story, it also suggests an underlying disunity. The chapter proposes that a competition between a movement of centralized nationalism and a decentralized social order best explains the two distinct sections of Joshua. It also follows the conquest in Joshua and analyzes the dynamics of its representation, ultimately reviewing how the account of total war shapes the confederation of distinct local groups.
“So Very Much Left to Conquer” and the Persistence of the Local
Authors: Havrelock Rachel
Published: January 2021

This chapter speculates on the nature of the ancient Israelite confederation through a close reading of the geographic traditions and boundary lists in the second half of the Book of Joshua. It argues that the record of “the land that remains” attests to the decentralized, ethnically and politically varied social landscape that the conquest narrative seeks to obscure. It shows that the tribes of Israel live alongside a host of others, that Jerusalem is divided “until today,” that no national army repels local opponents, and that a tribal system of negotiations and marriages maintain a social balance. Other than marking the persistence of decentralized political institutions, the chapter also emphasizes how the second half of Joshua attests to the incorporation of local traditions as a component of the very project of state-building. In analyzing the relationship of spatial language to social forms, it discovers local systems that cut across the territorial integrity of the represented nation.
End This War
Authors: Havrelock Rachel
Published: January 2021

This chapter provides a conclusion with an appeal to end the war between Israel and Palestine and its shrinking band of oligarchic beneficiaries. It follows the impacts of the war by visiting the southern coastline, where constant siege causes Gaza's wastewater to stream into the sea where it is then sucked up by desalination pipes to become Israeli drinking water. It explains how this drinking water flows through pipes designed by David Ben-Gurion as he pored over the Book of Joshua and yet subverted his vision of nationalized water by falling under privatized ownership. The chapter also illustrates how the restrictive and violent occupation that suppresses Palestinian sovereignty is parallel to Israelis' experience in eroding jurisdiction as they lose public assets and benefits to private equity. It ends by reviewing the decentralized politics of the second half of the Book of Joshua and compares it to how Ben-Gurion's cohort took the first half of Joshua and thought about localized and confederated forms of governance as a template for a politics of place that offers a range of inhabitant jurisdiction over their resources and labor.
“The Falsest Twoo”
Authors: Nicholson Catherine
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the question of how to represent the orthography of Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene in modern texts. Editions of Spenser's poem nearly always preserve the late sixteenth-century spellings: it is The Faerie Queene, not The Fairy Queen. The reproduction of old spellings communicates a set of seemingly irreproachable editorial commitments: to textual fidelity, to philological precision, to the material and cultural contexts of poetic composition, and, above all, to authorial intent. Ironically, however, the effects of old spelling on Spenser's modern readers are hard to justify in such terms. The chapter argues that although the “old-spelling” Faerie Queene encodes much less of Spenser's meaning than most modern editions of the poem imply, it retains more of what the poem has meant to readers, and to the tradition of literary scholarship.
Introduction
Authors: Downey Rod , Greenberg Noam
Published: January 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of computability theory. The roots of computability theory go back to the work of Borel, Dedekind, Hermann, Dehn, and others in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. From a modern point of view, these authors were highly interested in algorithmic procedures in algebra. What does it take to perform a certain construction? In computability theory, this question is the basis of a long-term programme which seeks to understand the relationship between dynamic properties of sets and their algorithmic complexity. The main thesis of this book is that where the computably enumerable (c.e.) Turing degrees are concerned, a degree can compute complicated objects if and only if some functions in the degree are difficult to approximate. Computability-theoretic tools allow one to quantify precisely what is meant by “difficult to approximate,”
α‎-c.a. functions
Authors: Downey Rod , Greenberg Noam
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses the notion of α‎-c.a. functions. The main issue is to properly define what is meant by a computable function o from N to α‎, which is required for the definition of α‎-computable approximations. Naturally, to deal with an ordinal α‎ computably, one needs a notation for this ordinal, or more generally, a computable well-ordering of order-type α‎. To form the basis of a solid hierarchy, the notion of α‎-c.a. should not depend on which well-ordering one takes, rather it should only depend on its order-type. Thus, one cannot consider all computable copies of α‎. Rather, one restricts one's self to a class of particularly well-behaved well-orderings, in a way that ensures that they are all computably isomorphic. Having defined α‎-c.a. functions, the chapter relates these functions to iterations of the bounded jump (the jump inside the weak truth-table degrees).
Maximal totally α‎-c.a. degrees
Authors: Downey Rod , Greenberg Noam
Published: January 2021

This chapter shows that at every level of the main hierarchy, there are maximal degrees (Theorem 4.1). Thus, for example, there are maximal degrees with respect to not bounding a critical triple, namely, maximal totally ω‎-c.a. degrees. Since the totally ω‎-c.a. degrees are naturally definable, one obtains a naturally definable antichain in the c.e. degrees. The only previously known such antichain consisted of the maximal contiguous degrees. On the other hand, the chapter demonstrates (Theorem 4.12) that maximality cannot go too far, that is, to the next level. It also investigates bounding by maximal degrees. For example, there are totally ω‎-c.a. degrees bounded by no such maximal degrees.
Presentations of left-c.e. reals
Authors: Downey Rod , Greenberg Noam
Published: January 2021

This chapter examines presentations of left–c.e. reals, proving Theorem 1.4. One of the main ideas of this book is unifying the combinatorics of constructions in various subareas of computability theory. The chapter looks at one such subarea: algorithmic randomness. It provides a brief account of the basics of algorithmic randomness, and includes the basic definitions required in the chapter. While algorithmic randomness has a history going back to the early work of Borel on normal numbers, von Mises, and even Turing, the key concept in the modern incarnation of algorithmic information theory is Martin-Löf randomness. A notion of randomness is determined by a countable collection of null sets, with each null set considered a statistical test. Elements of the null sets are those which have failed the test; they are atypical, in the sense of measure. One of the reasons the notion of ML-randomness is central is that it is robust.
The Romantic Mind
Authors: Shklar Judith N.
Published: January 2021

This chapter investigates how Romanticism found its first clear expression in the aesthetic revolt against the Enlightenment. It discusses the awakening of the “unhappy consciousness” even before Romanticism appeared in the literary world, which was at odds with society and every established faith. It also describes how Romanticism was nourished by two streams of feeling: a longing for a more purely aesthetic culture and a profound disgust for the rationalist excesses of the Enlightenment. The chapter provides the distinction between romantic feeling and Romanticism proper, which is particularly important in tracing the origins of the movement. It mentions Jean-Jacques Rousseau as the first great example of romantic feeling, although his philosophy is not romantic at all.
The End of Radicalism
Authors: Shklar Judith N.
Published: January 2021

This chapter explores what answers can be offered to counsels of social despair. It explains why Romanticism refuses to analyze the social world with any degree of thoroughness. It also discusses how Christian fatalism subjects modern history to an excess of simplification in order to satisfy its sense of outrage. The chapter talks about Jean-Paul Sartre, who very characteristically notes that the conformism of Americans is due to their universal rationalism and optimism, although this spirit is no longer encountered among social philosophers in America. It mentions President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points as the last great document to testify of the faith that the advantages of democratic government appeal to all.
International Human Rights Law
Authors: Neier Aryeh
Published: January 2021

This chapter discusses custom and treaties as the two sources of international law. It explains the customary international law as the term used to describe rules that are widely accepted and deeply held and are used to define what it means to belong to a civilized society. It also recounts the case called “Paquete Habana” in the U.S. Supreme Court that addresses the question of whether customary international law is binding on the United States. The chapter talks about the treaty law or conventional law as the source of multilateral conventions that often covers the same ground as customary international law. It analyzes the prohibitions against “torture” that are set forth in several multilateral treaties and reinforce recognition that a particular norm set forth in a treaty has the status of customary law.