bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atypical Femoral Fracture in Osteoporosis Pseudoglioma Syndrome Associated with Two Novel Compound Heterozygous Mutations in LRP5
Authors: Alonso Nerea , Soares Dinesh C , V McCloskey Eugene , Summers Gregory D , Ralston Stuart H , Gregson Celia L
Published: November 2014

Osteoporosis pseudoglioma syndrome (OPPG) is a rare autosomal recessive condition of congenital blindness and severe childhood osteoporosis with skeletal fragility, caused by loss-of-function mutations in the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 5 (LRP5) gene. We report the first case of atypical (subtrochanteric) femoral fracture (AFF) in OPPG, occurring in a 38-year-old man within the context of relatively low bone turnover and trabecular osteoporosis on bone histology. We identify two novel LRP5 mutations: R752W is associated with low bone mineral density (BMD), as demonstrated by the heterozygous carriage identified in his 57-year-old mother; however, the combination of this R752W mutation with another novel W79R mutation, causes a severe case of compound heterozygous OPPG. We undertake 3D homology modeling of the four extracellular YWTD β-propeller/EGF-like domains (E1–E4) of LRP5, and show that both novel mutations destabilize the β-propeller domains that are critical for protein and ligand binding to regulate Wnt signaling and osteoblast function. Although AFFs have been reported in other rare bone diseases, this is the first in a genetic condition of primary osteoblast dysfunction. The relatively low bone turnover observed, and knowledge of LRP5 function, implicates impaired bone remodeling in the pathogenesis of AFF. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Evaluation of a Rapid Immunochromatographic Treponemal Antibody Test Comparing the Treponema Pallidum Particle Agglutination Assay
Authors: Lee Jong‐Han , Lim Chae Seung , Lee Min‐Geol , Kim Hyon‐Suk
Published: November 2014

Background

In addition to conventional tests, several methods for detection of treponema‐specific antibodies in clinical settings have been recently introduced. We aim to comparatively evaluate a rapid immunochromatographic test (ICT) for Treponema pallidum specific antibody (SD Bioline Syphilis 3.0) and the T. pallidum particle agglutination (TPPA) assay.

Methods

In all, 132 serum samples from 78 syphilis patients and 54 syphilis‐negative controls were analyzed. SD Bioline Syphilis 3.0 test (Standard Diagnostic, Inc., Yongin, Korea) was evaluated and compared to Serodia TPPA assay (Fujirebio, Inc., Tokyo, Japan). All discrepant results between the two assays were repeatedly tested and evaluated by the fluorescent treponemal antibody‐absorption (FTA‐ABS) assay. Test reproducibility and 95% limit of detection of SD Bioline Syphilis 3.0 were determined across three different lots for seven consecutive days in triplicate. Interference due to autoantibodies and pregnancy was also tested.

Results

Percent agreement between SD Bioline Syphilis 3.0 and TPPA assays was 99.2%. Sensitivity and specificity were 100%, respectively. In TPPA assay, test‐to‐test, day‐to‐day, and lot‐to‐lot variations were not identified until 1:320 titer (eightfold dilutions). There was no interference due to the presence of antinuclear antibodies or samples or pregnancy.

Conclusions

Percent agreement of SD Syphilis 3.0 and TPPA was very good. Sensitivity and specificity were appropriate for T. pallidum antibody detection. Thus, a rapid ICT could be suitable for syphilis antibody detection.
Assessment of a Test for the Screening and Diagnosis of Celiac Disease
Authors: Porcelli Brunetta , Ferretti Fabio , Vindigni Carla , Terzuoli Lucia
Published: November 2014

Background

Celiac disease (CD) is an immune‐mediated intolerance to dietary gluten, affecting genetically predisposed individuals. ELISA‐based serological tests help to decide if further duodenal biopsy is necessary, for this the diagnostic kits have to be accurate, specific, and sensible. In this study, we investigate the performance of an ELISA that uses the purified cross‐linked complex of tissue transglutaminase and gliadin, referred as the “neoepitope” (AESKULISA® tTG New Generation), as antigen.

Methods

We evaluated 41 newly diagnosed celiac patients, 18 celiac patients on gluten‐free diet, and 169 controls, comprising healthy subjects, patients affected by other autoimmune diseases, and patients affected by several non‐autoimmune diseases.

Results and Conclusion

The assay has an excellent performance. Due to its high level of diagnostic accuracy, this assay constitutes a new approach for the screening of celiac patients not only for the diagnosis of CD, but also for monitoring patients on gluten‐free diet and their compliance. Moreover, cases of neoepitope‐positive subjects who were tested negative with “classical” serological markers could have a predictive value for this pathology. This aspect will require further studies of elaboration.
Platelet Counts in Children With Henoch–Schonlein Purpura—Relationship to Renal Involvement
Authors: Elmas Ahmet Taner , Tabel Yilmaz
Published: November 2014

Background

The aim of this study is to identify the clinical and laboratory risk factors for renal involvement and to determine the relationship between platelet counts and renal involvement in (Henoch–Schönlein purpura) HSP patients.

Methods

We reviewed the medical records of 107 children with HSP according to Eular/Press diagnostic criteria. Clinical and laboratory parameters for renal involvement were evaluated and compared to no renal involvement.

Results

A retrospective study consisted of 107 children, 61 boys (57%), and 46 girls (43%). Twenty‐eight of the 107 patients (26.1%) had renal involvement. The mean platelet count was significantly higher in patients with renal involvement when compared to patients without renal involvement (P = 0.001). The multivariate logistic regression analysis identified that age (P = 0.022), sex (P = 0.037), gastrointestinal involvement (P = 0.019), and platelet count (P = 0.019) were significantly associated with the renal involvement of HSP. The platelet count was predictive of renal involvement, which had odds ratio of 1.0, and achieved area under the curve of 0.66 for predicting the renal involvement within the acute stage of HSP (P = 0.009).

Conclusion

Our study indicated that age, sex, gastrointestinal involvement, and platelet count were significant risk factors of renal involvement of HSP.
Comparison of cortisol exposures and pharmacodynamic adrenal steroid responses to hydrocortisone suspension vs. commercial tablets
Authors: Sarafoglou Kyriakie , Gonzalez‐Bolanos Maria T. , Zimmerman Cheryl L. , Boonstra Timothy , Yaw Addo O. , Brundage Richard
Published: November 2014

The Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guidelines on congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) recommend against using hydrocortisone suspension based on a study that examined a commercial suspension. Our objective was to examine the absorption of an extemporaneously prepared hydrocortisone suspension and compare it to tablets. Secondary objectives were to evaluate the 17‐hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione adrenal steroid responses. Using a parallel design, 34 children diagnosed with CAH received either suspension (n = 9; median age 1.8 years) or tablets (n = 25; median age 7.5 years). Patients were given their usual morning hydrocortisone formulation and dose; 12 serial blood samples were obtained and the area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. The mg/m2 dose‐normalized cortisol AUCs were no different in the suspension and tablet groups (P = ·06), nor was there a significant difference in the Cmax or Tmax (P = .08 and P = .41, respectively). Although there were no differences in the 17‐hydroxyprogesterone change‐from‐baseline AUCs, baseline concentrations, or the nadir concentrations when comparing suspension and tablet formulations, the androstenedione values were significantly lower as expected in the younger aged suspension group. Our results offer compelling evidence that an extemporaneously prepared hydrocortisone suspension provides comparable cortisol exposures to commercially available tablet formulations in children and can be used to safely and effectively treat CAH.
Genes affecting warfarin response—interactive or additive?
Authors: Cavallari Larisa H. , Duarte Julio D.
Published: November 2014

Genotypes for cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 and vitamin K epoxide reductase complex 1 (VKORC1) contribute significantly to the inter‐patient variability in warfarin dose requirements. These genotypes in addition to clinical factors explain approximately 50% of the dose variability in Europeans, but less in other populations. Thus, a large portion of the variability remains unexplained and has been the focus of on‐going research. Trials evaluating the clinical utility of genotype‐guided warfarin dosing have shown a benefit in Europeans, but not in an ethnically diverse cohort. Identifying and accounting for variants important in non‐European populations will likely be necessary before a benefit with genotype‐guided dosing will be realized in these populations.
Does Guilt Mediate the Association Between Tonic Immobility and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Female Trauma Survivors?
Authors: Bovin Michelle J. , Dodson Thomas S. , Smith Brian N. , Gregor Kristin , Marx Brian P. , Pineles Suzanne L.
Published: November 2014

Tonic immobility (TI) is an involuntary freezing response that can occur during a traumatic event. TI has been identified as a risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), although the mechanism for this relationship remains unclear. This study evaluated a particular possible mechanism for the relationship between TI and PTSD symptoms: posttraumatic guilt. To examine this possibility, we assessed 63 female trauma survivors for TI, posttraumatic guilt, and PTSD symptom severity. As expected, the role of guilt in the association between TI and PTSD symptom severity was consistent with mediation (B = 0.35; p < .05). Thus, guilt may be an important mechanism by which trauma survivors who experience TI later develop PTSD symptoms. We discuss the clinical implications, including the importance of educating those who experienced TI during their trauma about the involuntary nature of this experience.
A Pilot Examination of the Use of Narrative Therapy With Individuals Diagnosed With PTSD
Authors: Erbes Christopher R. , Stillman John R. , Wieling Elizabeth , Bera Walter , Leskela Jennie
Published: November 2014

Narrative therapy is a postmodern, collaborative therapy approach based on the elaboration of personal narratives for lived experiences. Many aspects of narrative therapy suggest it may have great potential for helping people who are negatively affected by traumatic experiences, including those diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The potential notwithstanding, narrative therapy is relatively untested in any population, and has yet to receive empirical support for treatment among survivors of trauma. A pilot investigation of the use of narrative therapy with 14 veterans with a diagnosis of PTSD (11 treatment completers) is described. Participants completed structured diagnostic interviews and self‐report assessments of symptoms prior to and following 11 to 12 sessions of narrative therapy. After treatment, 3 of 11 treatment completers no longer met criteria for PTSD and 7 of 11 had clinically significant decreases in PTSD symptoms as measured by the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale. Pre‐ to posttreatment effect sizes on outcomes ranged from 0.57 to 0.88. These preliminary results, in conjunction with low rates of treatment dropout (21.4%) and a high level of reported satisfaction with the treatment, suggest that further study of narrative therapy is warranted as a potential alternative to existing treatments for PTSD.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Oxidation of 2‐Mercaptoethanol by the Heteropolyoxovanadate [MnV13O38]7−
Authors: CHAKRABARTY SANCHITA , BANERJEE RUPENDRANATH
Published: November 2014

In aqueous acetate buffer (pH 3.25–4.30) 2‐mercaptoethanol is oxidized to 2‐hydroxyethyldisulfide by 13‐vanadomanganate(IV) (1). Each mole of 1 consumes 15 mol of 2‐mercaptoethanol, and in this process all of their VVO6 units (in total 13 in number) are reduced to VO2+ in a multistep process. In the first step, 1 is converted to a one‐electron–reduced product (2), comparable to heteropolyblue. Its kinetics has been measured for the first time. The extra electron in 2 is most possibly trapped (in electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic timescale) on the 13th vanadium atom, which shares one oxygen with the central MnIV atom in 1. Complex 2 being metastable in the studied pH range decompose further into smaller oligomers, which are further reduced to free vanadyl ions. We found that in the presence of ≥10 fold [2‐mercaptoethanol] over [1], the kinetics of the first step is first order with respect to [1], [2‐mercaptoethanol], and [H+]. Monoprotonated 1 seems kinetically more active than 1. A plausible mechanism has been suggested.
Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Meta‐ and Para‐Substituted Benzylamines with Benzyl Bromide in Methanol Medium
Authors: RAVI R. , SANJEEV R. , JAGANNADHAM V. , SKELTON ADAM A.
Published: November 2014

The rates of reactions of para‐ and meta‐substituted benzylamines with benzyl bromide were measured using conductivity technique in methanol medium. The reaction followed a total second‐order path. The end product of the reaction is identified as dibenzylamine (X‐C6H4CH2NHCH2C6H5) (where X = 4‐OCH3, 4‐CH3, H, 4‐Cl, 4‐CF3, 3‐CF3, 4‐NO2). Electron‐withdrawing groups such as chloro, trifluoromethyl, and nitro in the benzylamine moiety decrease the rate of the reaction, whereas the electron‐donating groups, such as methoxy and methyl, increase the rate compared to the unsubstituted compound. A mechanism involving formation of an SN2‐type transition state between the amine nucleophiles and the benzyl bromide and its subsequent decomposition is proposed. Hammett's reaction constant ρ of the reaction decreases with an increase in temperature. Activation parameters were calculated and discussed.
Evaluation of the selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist compound A for ototoxic effects
Authors: Honeder Clemens , Engleder Elisabeth , Schöpper Hanna , Krause Markus , Landegger Lukas David , Plasenzotti Roberto , Gabor Franz , Gstoettner Wolfgang , Arnoldner Christoph
Published: November 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

To evaluate the selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist (SEGRA) compound A, a potential novel therapeutic for inner ear disorders, for ototoxic effects.

Study Design

Laboratory animal study.

Methods

Experimental guinea pigs were grouped as follows: Systemic application of compound A (1.5 mg/kg and 4.5 mg/kg; n = 6/group) and intratympanic application of compound A (1 mM and 10 mM; n = 6/group). Contralateral ears in topically treated animals served as controls. Hearing thresholds were determined by auditory brainstem response before and directly after the application of compound A, as well as on days 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. At the end of the experiments, temporal bones were harvested for histological evaluation.

Results

Systemic administration of compound A (1.5 mg/kg and 4.5 mg/kg) did not cause hearing threshold shifts, whereas the intratympanic injection (1 mM and 10 mM) resulted in a hearing loss. Histological analysis of the middle and inner ears after topical compound A application showed alterations in the tympanic membranes, the auditory ossicles, and the round window membranes, whereas spiral ganglion cells and hair cells were not affected.

Conclusion

SEGRAs such as compound A could provide novel therapeutic options for the treatment of inner ear disorders and reduce metabolic side effects. Whereas the intratympanic application of compound A resulted in a hearing loss, the systemic application of compound A merits evaluation for otoprotective effects in trauma models.

Level of Evidence

N/A. Laryngoscope, 125:E149–E155, 2015
In Situ Polymerized pCBT Composites with Aligned Carbon Nanotube Buckypaper: Structure and Properties
Authors: Li Zhongrui , Downes Rebekah , Liang Zhiyong
Published: November 2014

High‐performance carbon‐nanotube‐based thermoplastic composites are synthesized through in situ polymerization of cyclic butylene terephthalate (pCBT) on aligned carbon nanotube buckypaper. The initial results show that the buckypaper/pCBT composites have a tensile strength of approximately 600 MPa and a modulus of 96 GPa due to the aligned nanotubes in the composite acting as a framework and the in situ polymerization resulting in increased interfacial interactions between the pCBT chains and nanotubes. The buckypaper/pCBT composites also demonstrate significantly improved thermal (70 W m−1 °C−1) and electric conductivities (526 S cm−1), as well as thermoelectric power (Seebeck coefficient of 64 μV °C−1). With low mass density, these combined excellent multi‐properties indicate that the composites can act as multifunctional materials in numerous applications.

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Properties of cotton/T‐400 and 100% cotton plain knitted fabric made from ring spun yarn
Authors: Akankwasa N. T. , Jun W. , Yuze Z. , Mushtaq M.
Published: November 2014

This research studies the properties of a plain knitted fabric made from cotton/T‐400 ring core spun yarn and 100% cotton ring spun yarn. Properties of plain knitted fabric made from 100% cotton ring spun yarn were compared with one made from cotton/T‐400 (70.4C/29.6T). We focused on knitted fabric properties such as the bursting strength, elongation at break, tensile strength, air permeability as well as pilling properties. The two yarn samples were produced on the ring frame which had a special attachment for core spun yarn. Fabrics were then knitted using a circular machine, for consistence of results plain knit structure was adopted for all samples. Knitted fabric properties were then tested and results statistically analyzed. Research results show that, plain knitted fabrics made from cotton/T‐400 (70.4C/29.6T) ring core spun yarn exhibit better elongation at break, bursting strength and air permeability. Whereas the fabric made from 100% cotton showed better pilling resistance and tensile strength compared to cotton/T‐400 (70.4C/29.6T) plain knitted fabric. Results show that T‐400 filament has very significant influence on resulting fabric properties and hence can be technically manipulated to suit different fabric end use requirements.
Five‐year follow‐up of substantia nigra echogenicity in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder
Authors: Iranzo Alex , Stockner Heike , Serradell Mónica , Seppi Klaus , Valldeoriola Francesc , Frauscher Birgit , Molinuevo José Luis , Vilaseca Isabel , Mitterling Thomas , Gaig Carles , Vilas Dolores , Santamaria Joan , Högl Birgit , Tolosa Eduard , Poewe Werner
Published: November 2014

Hyperechogenicity of the substantia nigra visualized by transcranial sonography occurs in most Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Idiopathic rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behavior disorder (IRBD) subjects eventually develop PD and other synucleinopathies. This study was undertaken to evaluate whether in IRBD, transcranial sonography identifies subjects who convert to PD and other synucleinopathies, and whether substantia nigra echogenic size changes with time. It was a prospective study in which 55 IRBD patients underwent transcranial sonography at baseline and were invited to follow‐up after 5 years. Patients were assessed by the same experienced sonographer who was blinded to clinical data and baseline transcranial sonography results, and used the same equipment and adjustments. Twenty‐one (38.2%) subjects were diagnosed with a synucleinopathy (PD in 11, dementia with Lewy bodies in nine, and multiple system atrophy in one). Sensitivity of baseline substantia nigra hyperechogenicity for the development of a synucleinopathy was 42.1%, specificity 67.7%, positive predictive value 44.4%, negative predictive value 65.6%, and relative risk 1.29. No differences were detected between the first and second examination in mean size of the substantia nigra (0.20 ± 0.09 cm2 vs. 0.19 ± 0.07 cm2; P = 0.777) and in percentage of patients with substantia nigra hyperechogenicity (33.3% vs. 42.8%, P = 0.125). Transcranial sonography of the substantia nigra alone is not a useful tool to identify IRBD subjects at risk for the development of PD or a synucleinopathy after 5 years of follow‐up. In IRBD, transcranial sonography cannot be used to monitor the degenerative process in the substantia nigra, because echogenicity size remains stable over time. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
EuroInf: AMulticenter Comparative Observational Study of Apomorphine and Levodopa Infusion in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Martinez‐Martin Pablo , Reddy Prashanth , Katzenschlager Regina , Antonini Angelo , Todorova Antoniya , Odin Per , Henriksen Tove , Martin Anne , Calandrella Daniela , Rizos Alexandra , Bryndum Narissah , Glad Arne , Dafsari Haidar Salimi , Timmermann Lars , Ebersbach Georg , Kramberger Milica G. , Samuel Michael , Wenzel Karoline , Tomantschger Volker , Storch Alexander , Reichmann Heinz , Pirtosek Zvezdan , Trost Maja , Svenningsson Per , Palhagen Sven , Volkmann Jens , Chaudhuri K. Ray
Published: November 2014

Subcutaneous apomorphine infusion (Apo) and intrajejunal levodopa infusion (IJLI) are two treatment options for patients with advanced Parkinson's disease (PD) and refractory motor complications, with varying cost of treatment. There are no multicenter studies comparing the effects of the two strategies. This open‐label, prospective, observational, 6‐month, multicenter study compared 43 patients on Apo (48.8% males, age 62.3 ± 10.6 years; disease duration: 14 ± 4.4 years; median H & Y stage 3; interquartile range [IQR]: 3‐4) and 44 on IJLI (56.8% males, age 62.7 ± 9.1 years; disease duration: 16.1 ± 6.7 years; median H & Y stage 4; IQR, 3‐4). Cohen's effect sizes (≥0.8 considered as large) were “large” with both therapies with respect to total motor, nonmotor, and quality‐of‐life scores. The Non‐Motor Symptoms Scale (NMSS) with Apo showed moderate improvement, whereas sleep/fatigue, gastrointestinal, urinary, and sexual dimensions of the NMSS showed significantly higher improvement with IJLI. Seventy‐five percent on IJLI improved in their quality‐of‐life and nonmotor symptoms (NMS), whereas in the Apo group, a similar proportion improved in quality of life, but 40% in NMS. Adverse effects included peritonitis with IJLI and skin nodules on Apo. Based on this open‐label, nonrandomized, comparative study, we report that, in advanced Parkinson's patients, both IJLI and Apo infusion therapy appear to provide a robust improvement in motor symptoms, motor complications, quality‐of‐life, and some NMS. Controlled, randomized studies are required. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Graphical programming interface: A development environment for MRI methods
Authors: Zwart Nicholas R. , Pipe James G.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

To introduce a multiplatform, Python language‐based, development environment called graphical programming interface for prototyping MRI techniques.

Methods

The interface allows developers to interact with their scientific algorithm prototypes visually in an event‐driven environment making tasks such as parameterization, algorithm testing, data manipulation, and visualization an integrated part of the work‐flow. Algorithm developers extend the built‐in functionality through simple code interfaces designed to facilitate rapid implementation.

Results

This article shows several examples of algorithms developed in graphical programming interface including the non‐Cartesian MR reconstruction algorithms for PROPELLER and spiral as well as spin simulation and trajectory visualization of a FLORET example.

Conclusion

The graphical programming interface framework is shown to be a versatile prototyping environment for developing numeric algorithms used in the latest MR techniques. Magn Reson Med 74:1449–1460, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Speed limit quasi splines and their application to interpolation with bounded first order derivative
Authors: Levi Yoni , Yavneh Irad
Published: November 2014

The problem of computing spline‐like functions for ideal data, subject to two‐sided inequality constraints on the first‐order derivative, are considered, focusing primarily on constant constraints and then generalizing. Using a variational approach, in which the inequality constraints are not explicitly imposed, a special type of exponential splines we call speed limit quasi splines is introduced. A simple, non‐parametric, efficient, and robust iterative solver is suggested, which is suitable for a wide range of inequality constraints. Analysis of the convergence factor of this algorithm is provided and supported by extensive numerical tests. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cards onKiriwina: Magic, Cosmology, and the ‘Divine Dividual’ inTrobriand Gambling
Authors: Mosko Mark S.
Published: November 2014

TrobriandIslanders adopted card gambling fromEuropeans in colonial times alongside a growing familiarity with introduced money and commodities. Most ethnographic reports of gambling elsewhere inPNGhave concentrated on its secular aspects. Here I focus on its ritual dimension summarized by the notion oflaki(‘lucky’) as expressed in the agentive capacities of a new player, the ‘divine dividual’, who synthesizes elements ofSahlins's ‘divine king’ and the ‘dividual’ of theNewMelanesianEthnography. In accord with the local understandings of spiritual agency, manyTrobriand men have adapted pre‐existing magical practices for courting,kula, fishing, sorceryetc.to gambling by seeking to encompass the perceived powers of exogenousEuropeans, acknowledged as the sources oflaki, money and commodities, into their own persons in ways analogous to traditional magicians' reliance uponbalomaspirits.Trobriand gambling thus exemplifies how change following from the introduction of novelWestern practices can be effectively accommodated to preexisting religious and cultural practices through indigenous modes of personhood and agency.
Afterword: Manufacturing Gambling
Authors: Cassidy Rebecca
Published: November 2014

In this afterword I outline the expansion and reclassification of gambling which has been taking place over the past 30 years. Expansion has coincided with the emergence of gambling studies, which concentrates on identifying and counting pathological subjects as ‘problem gamblers’. This focus on individual consumption deflects attention from broader structural questions including the redistributive effects of gambling expenditure and taxation. Ethnographic descriptions of gambling including those contained in this edition have the potential to disrupt the field of gambling studies. Firstly, by introducing a focus on relationships rather than individuals, and secondly by showing that gambling reflects diverse ideas about luck, uncertainty, wealth and personhood.
Taibobo: Dancing over the Oceans, from Rotuma to Torres Strait and Back Again
Authors: Mua Makereta , Beckett Jeremy
Published: November 2014

‘Taibobo’ is the name the Torres Strait Islanders give to the style of singing and dancing that they learned from the Rotuman sailors who worked in the marine industry in the late 19th century. The Islanders of Eastern Torres Strait continued to practise them long after the Rotumans had gone, as a part of a repertoire of songs and dances, old and new. Beckett recorded Taibobo in the 1950s. When a Rotuman researcher came to Torres Strait in 2004, Islanders could still sing the songs which, as it eventuated, only the oldest people in Rotuma could remember.

The paper will place the Torres Strait adoption of the songs and dances in historical context and describe Taibobo – both the songs and the dances —as one of us encountered it in the 1950s, and later in 2004. Finally the response of contemporary Rotumans on hearing Taibobo recordings from the Torres Strait is documented, as well as the Islander responses to the re‐establishment of contact after so many years.
‘I Search for the Channel Made Fragrant by the Maile’: Genealogies of Discontent and Hope
Authors: Tengan Ty P. Kāwika , Roy Lamakū Mikahala
Published: November 2014

Ahu‘ena Heiau (whose name Burning Altar describes the sacredness of light) is deemed a paramount religious temple rededicated to Lono by Kamehameha the Great at Kamakahonu, the first Capital of the Hawaiian Kingdom. Restored in 1975 under the leadership of Kahu David Kahelemauna Roy, Jr., it is a place honoured by Kānaka ‘Ōiwi (Indigenous Hawaiians) in ways not recognized by the King Kamehameha Kona Beach Hotel on whose ground it now sits. Henry E. P. Kekahuna, noted Hawaiian scholar, produced a series of maps in the 1950s that documented this heiau (traditional place of ceremony) and other significant cultural sites. Kekahuna's maps reveal a complex, contested landscape of overlapping contemporary and historic features, many of the latter invisible yet still alive in local hearts and memory. The Association for Social Anthropology in Oceania (and indeed anthropology at large) has analogously complex relations with the communities and the region it claims as its particular field of knowledge. The 2014 annual meeting, which convened in the Kamehameha Kona Beach Hotel, provokes a critical assessment of academic practice in light of Indigenous sovereignty, genealogy, senses, memory, and place.
Simulation of Soil Profile Heat Dynamics and their Integration into Hydrologic Modelling in a Permafrost Zone
Authors: Semenova Olga , Vinogradov Yury , Vinogradova Tatyana , Lebedeva Luidmila
Published: November 2014

To improve hydrologic modelling in permafrost zones, we present a new hydrological modelling approach to simulate ground thaw/freeze processes and the consequent contribution to the hydrologic response. We apply several techniques to simplify the differential equations of heat transfer in soil profiles, from which we derive an analytical solution that accounts for phase changes in soil and includes specific approaches for heat transfer and phase‐dependent soil and snow conductivity. Use of soil horizon physical properties as the model parameters allows robust assessment relative to landscape characteristics. Following integration of these methods within the Hydrograph hydrological model, verification was conducted against a time series of soil temperature observed at the Kolyma Water Balance Station in the continuous permafrost zone of northeast Russia. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanoparticles Functionalized with Collagenase Exhibit Improved Tumor Accumulation in a Murine Xenograft Model
Authors: Murty Surya , Gilliland Taylor , Qiao Peter , Tabtieng Tate , Higbee Elizabeth , Zaki Ajlan Al , Puré Ellen , Tsourkas Andrew
Published: November 2014

Nanoparticles have garnered widespread interest for both the imaging and treatment of cancer due to their unique and tunable pharmacokinetics and their ability to carry a high payload of diverse compounds. However, despite these favorable attributes, the extent of tumor accumulation can be severely restricted due to the dense stroma surrounding the often‐permeable blood vessel wall and high intratumoral pressure. In this study, it is investigated whether modifying the surface of pegylated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with collagenase could improve the accumulation of nanoparticles within a murine tumor xenograft. It is determined that collagenase remains active after surface conjugation and the presence of collagenase has no measureable effect on cell proliferation in vitro. Following intravenous injection, the largest fractions of collagenase‐labeled AuNPs are found in the liver and spleen. Histological analysis reveals no signs of toxicity in either of these organs. Blood chemistry reveals normal levels of liver enzymes, but a slightly elevated level of total bilirubin. Within the tumor, AuNPs labeled with collagenase exhibit a 35% increase in accumulation compared with unlabeled AuNPs. Therefore, these studies provide preliminary evidence that the functionalization of nanoparticles with collagenase represents an effective and safe approach to improve tumor accumulation.
Addressing Key Technical Aspects of Quantum Dot Probe Preparation for Bioassays
Authors: Zrazhevskiy Pavel , Dave Shivang R. , Gao Xiaohu
Published: November 2014

Fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles, or quantum dots, have become a promising platform for the engineering of biofunctional probes for a variety of biomedical applications, ranging from multicolor imaging to single‐molecule tracking to traceable drug delivery. Advances in organometallic synthesis have enabled preparation of hydrophobic quantum dots with high quantum yields and narrow size distribution, offering bright optical materials with narrow size‐tunable emission profiles. At the same time, polymer encapsulation procedures provide a simple and versatile methodology for transferring hydrophobic nanoparticles into physiologically relevant aqueous buffers. Taken together, hydrophobic nanoparticle platforms and polymer encapsulation should offer great flexibility for implementation of novel probe designs. However, the success of the encapsulation and purification depends on many factors often overlooked in the scientific literature, such as close match between nanoparticle and polymer physicochemical properties and dimensions, slow dynamics of polymer arrangement on the nanoparticle surface, and the size and charge similarity of resultant polymer‐coated quantum dots and empty byproduct polymer micelles. To make this general hydrophobic nanoparticle modification strategy accessible by a broad range of biomedical research groups, we focus on the important technical aspects of nanoparticle polymer encapsulation, purification, bioconjugation, and characterization.
Airway obstruction, upper airway artifact and response to bronchodilator in asthmatic and healthy children
Authors: Ioan Iulia , Coutier Laurianne , Bonabel Claude , Albrecht Joris , Demoulin Bruno , Marchal François , Schweitzer Cyril , Varechova Silvia
Published: November 2014

Background

The forced oscillation technique (FOT) may be affected by the upper airway artifact in children with airway obstruction. The aim was to test the impact of the artifact on FOT ability to diagnose asthma in children as recommended by current guidelines. Methods: The FOT was performed in 58 asthmatics and 27 controls before and after salbutamol. Respiratory resistance (Rrs) was measured at 8 Hz with a standard generator (SG), and a head generator (HG) that minimizes the upper airway artifact. The response to salbutamol was computed as change in respiratory resistance (Δ%Rrs) and admittance (Δ%Ars) that almost cancels the effect of the upper airway artifact. Results: Rrs and Δ%Rrs were significantly larger in patients than controls by HG (respectively P < 0.001 and P = 0.002) but not SG, while Δ%Ars was larger in asthma than control by both (P < 0.04). Best discriminators between patients and controls were Rrs or Δ%Rrs by HG and Δ%Ars by SG. Conclusion: In asthmatic children, the upper airway artifact significantly impacts FOT measurements. The diagnostic value may be improved by minimization of the shunt, such as the computation of Δ%Ars. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:1053–1059. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extension of the Peters–Belson method to estimate health disparities among multiple groups using logistic regression with survey data
Authors: Li Y. , Graubard B. I. , Huang P. , Gastwirth J. L.
Published: November 2014

Determining the extent of a disparity, if any, between groups of people, for example, race or gender, is of interest in many fields, including public health for medical treatment and prevention of disease. An observed difference in the mean outcome between an advantaged group (AG) and disadvantaged group (DG) can be due to differences in the distribution of relevant covariates. The Peters–Belson (PB) method fits a regression model with covariates to the AG to predict, for each DG member, their outcome measure as if they had been from the AG. The difference between the mean predicted and the mean observed outcomes of DG members is the (unexplained) disparity of interest. We focus on applying the PB method to estimate the disparity based on binary/multinomial/proportional odds logistic regression models using data collected from complex surveys with more than one DG. Estimators of the unexplained disparity, an analytic variance–covariance estimator that is based on the Taylor linearization variance–covariance estimation method, as well as a Wald test for testing a joint null hypothesis of zero for unexplained disparities between two or more minority groups and a majority group, are provided. Simulation studies with data selected from simple random sampling and cluster sampling, as well as the analyses of disparity in body mass index in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004, are conducted.  Empirical results indicate that the Taylor linearization variance–covariance estimation is accurate and that the proposed Wald test maintains the nominal level. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LibVM: an architecture for shared library sandboxing
Authors: Goonasekera Nuwan , Caelli William , Fidge Colin
Published: November 2014

Many software applications extend their functionality by dynamically loading libraries into their allocated address space. However, shared libraries are also often of unknown provenance and quality and may contain accidental bugs or, in some cases, deliberately malicious code. Most sandboxing techniques that address these issues require recompilation of the libraries using custom tool chains, require significant modifications to the libraries, do not retain the benefits of single address space programming, do not completely isolate guest code, or incur substantial performance overheads. In this paper, we present LibVM, a sandboxing architecture for isolating libraries within a host application without requiring any modifications to the shared libraries themselves, while still retaining the benefits of a single address space and also introducing a system call inter‐positioning layer that allows complete arbitration over a shared library's functionality. We show how to utilize contemporary hardware‐virtualization support towards this end with reasonable performance overheads, and, in the absence of such hardware support, our model can also be implemented using a software‐based mechanism. We ensure that our implementation conforms as closely as possible to existing shared library manipulation functions, minimizing the amount of effort needed to apply such isolation to existing programs. Our experimental results show that it is easy to gain immediate benefits in scenarios where the goal is to guard the host application against unintentional programming errors when using shared libraries, as well as in more complex scenarios, where a shared library is suspected of being actively hostile. In both cases, no changes are required to the shared libraries themselves. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of the vertebrate tailbud
Authors: Beck Caroline W.
Published: November 2014

The anatomical tailbud is a defining feature of all embryonic chordates, including vertebrates that do not end up with a morphological tail. Due to its seamless continuity with trunk tissues, the tailbud is often overlooked as a mere extension of the body axis; however, the formation of the tail from the tailbud undoubtedly involves unique and distinct mechanisms for forming axial tissues, such as the secondary neurulation process that generates the tailbud‐derived spinal cord. Tailbud formation in the frog Xenopus laevis has been demonstrated to involve interaction of three posterior regions of the embryo that first come into alignment at the end of gastrulation, and molecular models for tailbud outgrowth and patterning have been proposed. While classical studies of other vertebrate models, such as the chicken, initially appeared to draw incompatible conclusions, molecular studies have subsequently shown the involvement of at least some similar genetic pathways. Finally, there is an emerging consensus that at least some vertebrate tailbud cells are multipotent progenitors with the ability to form tissues normally derived from different germ layers‐ a trait normally associated with regeneration of complex appendages, or stem‐like cells. WIREs Dev Biol 2015, 4:33–44. doi: 10.1002/wdev.163

This article is categorized under:

Early Embryonic Development > Development to the Basic Body Plan
Silas Weir Mitchell on Epilepsy Therapy in the Late 19thto Early 20thCenturies
Authors: Burkholder David B. , Boes Christopher J.
Published: November 2014

Silas Weir Mitchell (1829-1914), one of the fathers of American neurology, is well known for many contributions to neurology. However, his efforts in epilepsy are overshadowed by his other accomplishments. Mitchell introduced a new bromide preparation, lithium bromide, as a viable therapy. His most widely accepted contribution to the field was the introduction of inhaled amyl nitrite for early termination of seizures accompanied by an appropriate aura. Despite the prevalent views on lifestyle modification as a treatment for epilepsy during this time period, as well as Mitchell's own development of the “rest cure” for certain disease states, he was not a proponent of these types of interventions for epilepsy, nor did he support interventions focused on other organ systems, such as abdominal or gynecologic surgery. Mitchell had distinct opinions on the treatment of epilepsy, and helped to advance its therapeutics during his career.
On an extension of Mycielski’s theorem and invariant scrambled sets
Authors: TAN FENG
Published: November 2014

Let $(X,f)$ be a dynamical system, where $X$ is a perfect Polish space and $f:X\rightarrow X$ is a continuous map. In this paper we study the invariant dependent sets of a given relation string ${\it\alpha}=\{R_{1},R_{2},\ldots \}$ on $X$. To do so, we need the relation string ${\it\alpha}$ to satisfy some dynamical properties, and we say that ${\it\alpha}$ is $f$-invariant (see Definition 3.1). We show that if ${\it\alpha}=\{R_{1},R_{2},\ldots \}$ is an $f$-invariant relation string and $R_{n}\subset X^{n}$ is a residual subset for each $n\geq 1$, then there exists a dense Mycielski subset $B\subset X$ such that the invariant subset $\bigcup _{i=0}^{\infty }f^{i}B$ is a dependent set of $R_{n}$ for each $n\geq 1$ (see Theorems 5.4 and 5.5). This result extends Mycielski’s theorem (see Theorem A) when $X$ is a perfect Polish space (see Corollary 5.6). Furthermore, in two applications of the main results, we simplify the proofs of known results on chaotic sets in an elegant way.
Superattracting fixed points of quasiregular mappings
Authors: FLETCHER ALASTAIR , NICKS DANIEL A.
Published: November 2014

We investigate the rate of convergence of the iterates of an $n$-dimensional quasiregular mapping within the basin of attraction of a fixed point of high local index. A key tool is a refinement of a result that gives bounds on the distortion of the image of a small spherical shell. This result also has applications to the rate of growth of quasiregular mappings of polynomial type, and to the rate at which the iterates of such maps can escape to infinity.
Relatively weakly mixing models for dynamical systems
Authors: LIAN ZHENGXING , SHAO SONG
Published: November 2014

A classical result in ergodic theory says that there always exists a topological model for any factor map ${\it\pi}:(X,{\mathcal{X}},{\it\mu},T)\rightarrow (Y,{\mathcal{Y}},{\it\nu},S)$ of ergodic systems. That is, there are some topological factor map $\hat{{\it\pi}}:(\hat{X},\hat{T})\rightarrow ({\hat{Y}},{\hat{S}})$ and invariant measures $\hat{{\it\mu}}$, $\hat{{\it\nu}}$ such that the diagram $$\begin{eqnarray}\displaystyle & & \displaystyle \nonumber\end{eqnarray}$$ is commutative, where ${\it\phi}$ and ${\it\psi}$ are measure theoretical isomorphisms. In this paper, we show that one can require that in the above result $\hat{{\it\pi}}$ is either weakly mixing or finite-to-one. Also, we present some related questions.
Convergence groups and semiconjugacy
Authors: MONCLAIR DANIEL
Published: November 2014

We study a problem that arises from the study of Lorentz surfaces and Anosov flows. For a non-decreasing map of degree one$h:\mathbb{S}^{1}\rightarrow \mathbb{S}^{1}$, we are interested in groups of circle diffeomorphisms that act on the complement of the graph of$h$in$\mathbb{S}^{1}\times \mathbb{S}^{1}$by preserving a volume form. We show that such groups are semiconjugate to subgroups of$\text{PSL}(2,\mathbb{R})$and that, when$h\in \text{Homeo}(\mathbb{S}^{1})$, we have a topological conjugacy. We also construct examples where$h$is not continuous, for which there is no such conjugacy.
Diversified homotopic behavior of closed orbits of some -covered Anosov flows
Authors: FENLEY SÉRGIO R.
Published: November 2014

We produce infinitely many examples of Anosov flows in closed $3$-manifolds where the set of periodic orbits is partitioned into two infinite subsets. In one subset every closed orbit is freely homotopic to infinitely other closed orbits of the flow. In the other subset every closed orbit is freely homotopic to only one other closed orbit. The examples are obtained by Dehn surgery on geodesic flows. The manifolds are toroidal and have Seifert pieces and atoroidal pieces in their torus decompositions.
The Church and the Power of Prayer for “the Others”
Authors: O'Collins Gerald
Published: November 2014

This article critically examines the views of Jacques Dupuis, Gavin D'Costa, and Francis Sullivan on the church's intercession for those of other living faiths or of no faith at all. After clarifying what the Scholastic terminology of “final” and “moral” causality means, it shows how 1 Timothy and Vatican II'sConstitution on the Sacred Liturgyelucidate intercession for “others.” Here a rich tradition of philosophical-theological reflection on the efficacy of prayer can no longer be ignored. Finally, intercession for “others” is inspired by love for them, and brings the faithful to share in Christ's priestly ministry for the whole world. In these ways, the article aspires to open up new themes for the theology of religions.
Bonhoeffer's Eighth Day: The Orders of Preservation and a Theology of Natural Ability
Authors: Hickman Lisa Nichols
Published: November 2014

The award-winning Belgian film Le huitième jour, about a young man with Down syndrome, begins with static on a television screen. This reflects the current state of disability study: much has been accomplished through the work of Nancy Eiesland, Amos Yong, and John Swinton, but there still is static in the conversation. Dietrich Bonhoeffer rejected the theological discourse of his day regarding the orders of creation and argued instead for the orders of preservation. This turn, in the area of theology and disability, means a move away from questions about God's creating (or not) of disability, and instead moves toward the preservation of life in Christ. In so doing, Bonhoeffer takes a surprising stance as a Protestant by drawing on natural law theology and points to our high calling in life on “the eighth day.”