bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Oxidative Installation of Nitrooxy Group at Benzylic Positions and Its Transformation into Various Functionalities.
Authors: Kamijo Shin , Amaoka Yuuki , Inoue Masayuki
Published: October 2011

CAN /NHPI is the successful system for the title reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Photoinduced Cleavage of N—N Bonds of Aromatic Hydrazines and Hydrazides by Visible Light.
Authors: Zhu Mingzhao , Zheng Nan
Published: October 2011

The strategy can be combined with the synthesis of hydrazides via organometal‐promoted addition to azo‐compounds (VII) followed by deprotection and N—N bond cleavage of the crude products.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of Quaternary α‐Trifluoromethyl α‐Amino Acids by Addition of Benzylzinc Reagents to Chiral Imines of Trifluoropyruvate.
Authors: Yang Jie , Min Qiao‐Qiao , He Yi , Zhang Xingang
Published: October 2011

The title process renders possible a highly diastereoselective synthesis (<90% d.e.) of amino acid esters (III) and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydrobenzofuran‐3‐ylacetic Acids by Novel Electrochemical Sequential Aryl Radical Cyclization—Carboxylation of 2‐Allyloxybromobenzenes Using Methyl 4‐tert‐Butylbenzoate as an Electron‐Transfer Mediator.
Authors: Senboku Hisanori , Michinishi Jun‐ya , Hara Shoji
Published: October 2011

Besides benzofurans, other cyclic systems can also be constructed.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Michael Additions of Aldehydes to Maleimides Using a Recyclable Fluorous Thiourea Organocatalyst.
Authors: Miura Tsuyoshi , Nishida Shohei , Masuda Akira , Tada Norihiro , Itoh Akichika
Published: October 2011

CTA is highly efficient to give the corresponding adducts with excellent enantioselectivities.
ChemInform Abstract: Intra‐ and Intermolecular Thermal Transformations of 2‐Acyl‐ and 2‐Alkoxycarbonyl‐N‐phthalimidoaziridines.
Authors: Kuznetsov M. A. , Voronin V. V.
Published: October 2011

Thermolysis of the title phthalimidoaziridines (I) results in a rearrangement furnishing substituted oxazoles (II) in good yield.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Homocoupling of Thiazole‐4‐carboxylic or Oxazole‐4‐carboxylic Derivatives.
Authors: Li Ziyuan , Wang Yiyun , Huang Yue , Tang Changhua , Xu Jinyi , Wu Xiaoming , Yao Hequan
Published: October 2011

The method is applicable to various thiazoles and oxazoles bearing aryl as well as alkyl substituents.
ChemInform Abstract: Michael Addition of α‐Azido Ketones on Iminocoumarin Derivatives: An Efficient Access to New Functionalized Azido Chromenes.
Authors: Babu Thelagathoti Hari , Kamalraja Jayabal , Muralidharan Doraiswamy , Perumal Paramasivan T.
Published: October 2011

The azides (IVb‐d) can be further converted to the corresponding triazolyl chromenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Condition‐Controlled Selective Synthesis of Coumarins and Flavones from 3‐(2‐Hydroxyphenyl)propiolates and Iodine.
Authors: Cai Shuying , Shen Yang , Lu Ping , Wang Yanguang
Published: October 2011

In toluene, 3,4‐diiodocoumarins (II) are obtained, whereas the reaction in DMF gives flavones.
ChemInform Abstract: A Rapid and Efficient Access to 4‐Substituted 2‐Amino‐4H‐chromenes Catalyzed by InCl3.
Authors: Lakshmi Neelakandan Vidhya , Kiruthika Selvarangam E. , Perumal Paramasivan T.
Published: October 2011

The simple and rapid one‐pot procedure includes a three‐component approach to various title compounds which possess a high synthetic potential.
ChemInform Abstract: Dramatic Base‐Oriented Chemoselective Tandem Wacker Cyclizations: Synthesis of Bisbenzanellated Spiroketals and 2‐Substituted Chromans.
Authors: Xin Zhijun , Zhang Yuan , Tao Hua , Xue Jijun , Li Ying
Published: October 2011

The chemoselectivity in the Pd/Cu‐catalyzed cyclization of substrates (I) is controlled by the basic catalyst Cs2CO3.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Syntheses of New Chromone‐ and Chromanequinoline Hybrids and Their Aza‐Analogues
Authors: Bouraiou Abelmalek , Berree Fabienne , Bouacida Sofiane , Carboni Bertrand , Debache Abdelmadjid , Roynel Thierry , Belfaitah Ali
Published: October 2011

starting from quinoline‐3‐carboxaldehydes
ChemInform Abstract: Carbon‐Based Solid Acid as an Efficient and Reusable Catalyst for the Synthesis of 1,8‐Dioxodecahydroacridines under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Davoodnia Abolghasem , Khojastehnezhad Amir , Tavakoli‐Hoseini Niloofar
Published: October 2011

A simple, new method for the synthesis of dioxodecahydroacridine derivatives via three‐component reaction of dimedone, aromatic aldehydes and a nitrogen source (NH4OAc or aromatic amines) is developed using carbon‐based solid acid as efficient, reusable and green heterogeneous catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: A Simple Route to Benz[a]acridinium Salts.
Authors: Hartmann Horst
Published: October 2011

Under Vilsmeier conditions, N‐substituted‐N‐phenyl‐2‐naphthylamines unexpectedly give benz[a]acridinium salts.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antithrombotic Activity Study of Some New Thienopyridine Derivatives.
Authors: Challa Nageswar R. , Ghanta Mahesh R. , Padi Pratap R.
Published: October 2011

Methyl ester (Ia) shows statistically significant inhibition of thrombus formation induced by FeCl3.
ChemInform Abstract: A General Strategy for the Synthesis of Difluoromethyl‐Containing Pyrazoles, Pyridines and Pyrimidines.
Authors: Iaroshenko Viktor O. , Specowius Verena , Vlach Katharina , Vilches‐Herrera Marcelo , Ostrovskyi Dmytro , Mkrtchyan Satenik , Villinger Alexander , Langer Peter
Published: October 2011

The target compounds are prepared by a two‐step method.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Anticoccidial Activities of Substituted Ethyl 4‐Hydroxy‐11‐oxo‐11H‐chromeno[2,3‐g]quinoline‐3‐carboxylates.
Authors: Wang Zhi , Zhou Li‐juan , Wang Yu‐liang , Weng Ya‐biao , He Jun , Nie Kui
Published: October 2011

Four of the synthesized chromenoquinoline derivatives, i.e.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2,3,4,11b‐Tetrahydro‐1H‐pyridazino[6,1‐a]isoquinolines via the Three‐Component Reaction of 2‐Alkynylbenzaldehydes, a Sulfonohydrazide and Dimethyl Cyclopropane‐1,1‐dicarboxylate.
Authors: Yu Xingxin , Qiu Guanyinsheng , Liu Jianping , Wu Jie
Published: October 2011

The reaction involves a tandem 6‐endo‐cyclization and [3 + 3] cycloaddition process and affords the heterocycles in moderate to low yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Discovery of a Novel Class of 2‐Aminopyrimidines as CDK1 and CDK2 Inhibitors.
Authors: Lee Jinho , Kim Kyoung‐Hee , Jeong Shinwu
Published: October 2011

2‐(2‐Aminopyrimidin‐4‐yl)‐phenol derivatives of type (VIII), substituted with pyrrolidine‐3,4‐diol at the 4‐position of the phenol, show potent inhibitory activity against CDK1 and CDK2.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Synthesis Approach and Antiplatelet Activity Evaluation of 6‐Alkylamino‐2,4‐dialkyl(aryl)thiopyrimidines.
Authors: Liu Guocheng , Xu Jiaxi , Park Ki Chul , Chen Ning , Zhang Si , Ding Zhongren , Wang Feng , Du Hongguang
Published: October 2011

The preparation of the title compounds involves a diazotization/ alkyl(aryl)thionation reaction as key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Aerobic Oxidative Synthesis of 2‐Aryl Quinazolines via Benzyl C—H Bond Amination Catalyzed by 4‐Hydroxy‐TEMPO.
Authors: Han Bing , Wang Chao , Han Run‐Feng , Yu Wei , Duan Xiao‐Yong , Fang Ran , Yang Xiu‐Long
Published: October 2011

A novel, efficient, and environmentally friendly one‐pot synthesis of the title compounds (III), (V), and (VII) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: A Short and Efficient Synthetic Protocol for the Synthesis of 5‐Substituted‐4,6‐dioxo‐pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyrimidines.
Authors: Sekhar N. M. , Acharyulu Palle V. R. , Anjaneyulu Yerramilli
Published: October 2011

The heterocyclic system is efficiently prepared from α,α‐dibromoaldehydes and 2,4‐diamino‐6‐hydroxypyrimidine.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Pyrrole and Indole Quinoxalinone and Oxazinone Derivatives by Intramolecular Copper‐Catalyzed Reactions.
Authors: Vaillard Victoria A. , Rossi Roberto A. , Martin Sandra E.
Published: October 2011

The cyclization reactions are carried out by conventional heating or microwave irradiation of pyrrole and indole carboxamides and carboxylates linked with a pendant haloarene.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemodivergent Synthesis of 7‐Aryl/alkyl‐6‐hydroxy‐1,4‐oxazepan‐5‐ones and 2‐[Aryl/alkyl(hydroxy)methyl]morpholin‐3‐ones from a Common Epoxyamide Precursor.
Authors: Aparicio David M. , Teran Joel L. , Roa Luis F. , Gnecco Dino , Juarez Jorge R. , Orea Maria L. , Mendoza Angel , Flores‐Alamo Marcos , Micouin Laurent
Published: October 2011

Mixture of oxiranes (I), which are difficult to separate (no details given), allow a regiospecific synthesis of oxazepanones and morpholinones.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Aza‐BODIPY Boron Difluoride PDT Agents to Promote Apoptosis in HeLa Cells.
Authors: Priefer Ronny , Griffiths Justin R. , Ludwig Janelle N. , Skelhorne‐Gross Graham , Greene Robert S.
Published: October 2011

Title compounds (I) are prepared (no yields given) and tested as agents in the photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Synthesis of Isoxazolidine‐Substituted Bisphosphonates by 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions.
Authors: Bortolini O. , Mulani I. , De Nino A. , Maiuolo L. , Nardi M. , Russo B. , Avnet S.
Published: October 2011

Several bisphosphonate esters (III) bearing a substituted isoxazolidine moiety are synthesized in the absence of any solvent in good yields and short reaction times.
ChemInform Abstract: Weinreb Amide Based Building Blocks for the Synthesis of α‐ and β‐Organoseleno Aryl Ketones.
Authors: Balasubramaniam Sivaraman , Aidhen Indrapal Singh
Published: October 2011

Reductive alkylation of diselenides based on Weinreb amides is followed by coupling with Grignard reagents to produce the title compounds including glycosyl derivatives.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Photochromic and Fluorescent Properties of Hybrid Compounds of Fulgimides and Benzothiazolylthienothiophene.
Authors: Karabaeva L. K. , Platonova I. A. , Zavarzin I. V. , Luiksaar S. I. , Yarovenko V. N. , Nabatov B. V. , Krayushkin M. M. , Barachevski V. A.
Published: October 2011

New fulgimide hybrids (I) display photochromism.
ChemInform Abstract: Sesquiterpene Lactones from Cichorium intybus.
Authors: Shah Shazia , Ali Zulfiqar , Malik Abdul , Khan Ikhlas A. , Saied Sumayya
Published: October 2011

The new sesquiterpene lactones 6,8,11‐epi‐desacotylmatricarin (I) and 15‐hydroxytaraxacin (II) are isolated along with three known compounds from the aerial parts of the title flower.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Synthesis of syn‐β‐Substituted Tryptophans via Asymmetric Michael Addition of a Chiral Equivalent of Nucleophilic Glycine and Sulfonylindoles.
Authors: Wang Jiang , Zhou Shengbin , Lin Daizong , Ding Xiao , Jiang Hualiang , Liu Hong
Published: October 2011

The asymmetric Michael addition of a chiral Ni(II) complex of a Schiff base of glycine (I) with a broad range of sulfonylindoles offers a simple and mild protocol for the preparation of syn‐configured β‐substituted tryptophans.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Matrix Metalloproteinase‐12 Inhibitory Activity of Ageladine A Analogues.
Authors: Ando Naoki , Terashima Shiro
Published: October 2011

Thirtyseven ageladine A analogues are synthesized by employing a previously explored total synthetic route to natural ageladine A.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Antiviral Activity of Cyclopropyl‐Spirocarbocyclic Adenosine, (4R,5S,6R,7R)‐4‐(6‐Amino‐9H‐purin‐9‐yl)‐7‐(hydroxymethyl)spiro [2.4]heptane‐5,6‐diol Against Hepatitis C Virus.
Authors: Gadthula Srinivas , Rawal Ravindra K. , Sharon Ashoke , Wu Dong , Korba Brent , Chu Chung K.
Published: October 2011

An efficient strategy for the synthesis of title compound (X) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Sugar‐Modified Derivatives of Cytostatic 6‐(Het)aryl‐7‐deazapurine Nucleosides: 2′‐C‐Methylribonucleosides, Arabinonucleosides and 2′‐Deoxy‐2′‐fluoroarabinonucleosides.
Authors: Naus Petr , Perlikova Pavla , Pohl Radek , Hocek Michal
Published: October 2011

A series of novel sugar‐modified derivatives of cytostatic 6‐hetaryl‐7‐deazapinine ribonucleoside is prepared via Pd‐catalyzed cross coupling reactions of different 7‐deazapurines with arylboronic acids, aryl stannanes or trimethylaluminum.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 7‐Substituted 3‐β‐D‐Ribofuranosyl‐3H‐imidazo[2,1‐i]purines.
Authors: Karskela Tuomas , Klika Karel D. , Loennberg Harri
Published: October 2011

Substituted purine derivatives are synthesized via reductive amination of isopropylidene‐protected carbaldehyde (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A New Tool to Assess Ceramide Bioactivity: 6‐Bromo‐7‐hydroxycoumarinyl‐caged Ceramide.
Authors: Kim Young Ah , Ramirez Daniel M. Carter , Costain Willard J. , Johnston Linda J. , Bittman Robert
Published: October 2011

The synthesis of ceramides such as (I) conjugated to a photolabile bromohydroxycoumarinyl chromophore is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Pyranoxanthone from the Stem Bark of Calophyllum inophyllum
Authors: Mah Siau H. , Ee Gwendoline C. L. , Rahmani Mawardi , Taufiq‐Yap Yun H. , Go Rusea , Teh Soek S.
Published: October 2011

isolation and structure elucidation of inophinone (I)
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Xanthone Glucosides from Swertia mussotii Franch.
Authors: Gao Lu , Zhou Yongfu , Yan Haiying , Huang Feiyan , Wen Rongrong , Li Ganpeng
Published: October 2011

The new glucosides (I) are isolated from the ethanolic extract of the overground parts of S.
ChemInform Abstract: Production of Monapinones by Fermentation of the Dinapinone‐Producing Fungus Penicillium pinophilum FKI‐3864 in a Seawater‐Containing Medium.
Authors: Kawamoto Kyosuke , Yamazaki Hiroyuki , Ohte Satoshi , Masuma Rokuro , Uchida Ryuji , Tomoda Hiroshi
Published: October 2011

Monapinones A—E (Ia)—(Ie) are isolated, and compounds (Ia) and (Ib) are shown to inhibit triacylglycerol synthesis weakly.
ChemInform Abstract: The Route to a Feasible Hydrogen‐Storage Material: MOFs versus Ammonia Borane
Authors: Huegle Thomas , Hartl Monika , Lentz Dieter
Published: October 2011

Review: 199 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: NMR Studies on Iron‐Pnictide Superconductors. LaFeAs(O1‐xFx) and BaFe2(As1‐xPx)2
Authors: Ishida Kenji , Nakai Yusuke , Kitagawa Shunsaku , Iye Tetsuya
Published: October 2011

Review: 84 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst Designs to Enhance Diffusivity and Performance. Part 1: Concepts and Analysis
Authors: Wei James
Published: October 2011

Review: 16 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐Bromo‐1‐chloro‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethane (Halothane) as a Building Block for Fluorine Compounds
Authors: Dmowski Wojciech
Published: October 2011

Review: 38 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Alkenes Lacking Coordinating Groups
Authors: Woodmansee David H. , Pfaltz Andreas
Published: October 2011

Review: 51 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Formal Hydrogenation of α,β‐Unsaturated Acceptors: Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Silicon and Boron Nucleophiles
Authors: Hartmann Eduard , Vyas Devendra J. , Oestreich Martin
Published: October 2011

Review: 192 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Multicomponent Reaction Design in the Quest for Molecular Complexity and Diversity
Authors: Ruijter Eelco , Scheffelaar Rachel , Orru Romano V. A.
Published: October 2011

Review: 106 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A. M. Zaitsev: Lasting Contributions of a Synthetic Virtuoso a Century after his Death
Authors: Lewis David E.
Published: October 2011

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Galbulimima Alkaloids — A New Frontier in Alkaloid Synthesis
Authors: Bhattacharyya Dipanjan
Published: October 2011

Review: 93 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Peptides and Proteins as a Continuing Exciting Source of Inspiration for Peptidomimetics
Authors: Liskamp Rob M. J. , Rijkers Dirk T. S. , Kruijtzer John A. W. , Kemmink Johan
Published: October 2011

Review: ca. 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Design, Evaluation and Structure—Activity Relationship Studies of the AChE Reactivators Against Organophosphorus Pesticides
Authors: Musilek Kamil , Dolezal Martin , Gunn‐Moore Frank , Kuca Kamil
Published: October 2011

Review: 109 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Triazole: A Unique Building Block for the Construction of Functional Materials
Authors: Juricek Michal , Kouwer Paul H. J. , Rowan Alan E.
Published: October 2011

Review: 71 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aqueous Polymeric Sensors Based on Temperature‐Induced Polymer Phase Transitions and Solvatochromic Dyes
Authors: Pietsch Christian , Schubert Ulrich S. , Hoogenboom Richard
Published: October 2011

Review: 160 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Challenge of Studies on the Development of New Zn Complexes to Treat Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Yoshikawa Yutaka , Sakurai Hiromu , Yasui Hiroyuki
Published: October 2011

Review: 24 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Rational Creation of Chiral Multinuclear and Metallosupramolecular Compounds from Thiol‐Containing Amino Acids
Authors: Igashira‐Kamiyama Asako , Konno Takumi
Published: October 2011

Review: 166 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aminophosphonic Acids — Phosphorus Analogues of Natural Amino Acids. Part 1. Syntheses of α‐Aminophosphonic Acids
Authors: Kudzin Zbigniew H. , Kudzin Marcin H. , Drabowicz Jozef , Stevens Chris V.
Published: October 2011

Review: 891 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Platensimycin and Its Relatives: A Recent Story in the Struggle to Develop New Naturally Derived Antibiotics
Authors: Saleem Muhammad , Hussain Hidayat , Ahmed Ishtiaq , van Ree Teunis , Krohn Karsten
Published: October 2011

Review: about 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organoplatinum Chromophores for Application in High‐Performance Nonlinear Absorption Materials
Authors: Liao Chen , Shelton Abigail H. , Kim Kye‐Young , Schanze Kirk S.
Published: October 2011

Review: 81 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Encapsulation Processes by Bilayer Vesicles
Authors: Stuart Marc C. A. , Engberts Jan B. F. N.
Published: October 2011

Review: 166 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Modeling Translation in Protein Synthesis with TASEP: A Tutorial and Recent Developments
Authors: Zia R. K. P. , Dong J. J. , Schmittmann B.
Published: October 2011

Review: 105 refs.
Production of Metal Nanoparticles in Asymmetrical Dielectric Barrier Discharge‐Plasma Reactor at Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Hou Jun , Jidenko Nicolas , Borra Jean‐Pascal , Weber Alfred P.
Published: October 2011

Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der Herstellung metallischer Nanopartikel in einem Dielectric Barrier Discharge (DBD)‐Plasma bei Atmosphärendruck. Im entwickelten Reaktor ist nur eine Elektrode mit einem Dielektrikum (Aluminiumoxid) versehen, während die punktförmige Gegenelektrode für die filamentären Entladungen frei zugänglich ist (asymmetrische DBD). Die metallischen Partikeln werden aus dem Material der offenen Gegenelektrode gebildet, auf der die filamentären Entladungen zur Ausbildung von Kratern führen. Während im kalten Reaktor zu Beginn der Entladungen eine hohe Anzahl von größeren Nanopartikeln (mit einem Durchmesser von einigen zehn Nanometern) beobachtet wird, werden nach dem Erreichen des thermischen Gleichgewichts im Reaktor vorwiegend sehr kleine metallische Nanopartikeln mit konstanter Größe und Anzahlkonzentration produziert. Die im thermischen Gleichgewicht gebildeten metallischen Partikeln (Cu, Ag und Au) sind nicht agglomeriert und kristallin, mit mittleren Durchmessern von etwa 4 nm. Das Elektrodenmaterial hat bei gegebenen Betriebsbedingungen des Reaktors, wie Elektrodenabstand und Gasvolumenstrom, kaum einen Einfluss auf die Größe der hergestellten Partikeln, bestimmt aber die Anzahlkonzentration.
Visual Cognitive Radio
Authors: Liu Tian , Shao Shihai , Ye Daixiong , Tang Youxi , Zhou Juan
Published: October 2011

Cognitive radio is always based on spectrum sensing to cognize the physical characteristics of the wireless channel and carry out wireless communication resource scheduling. This kind of method makes it hard for cognitive radio to respond to a change in the radio environment in advance. Therefore, both the predictive ability and cognitive contents are limited. This paper proposes a new system called visual cognitive radio, which uses visual information to cognize the radio environment. Visual observation has a good predictive ability and abundant cognitive information, which enables the visual cognitive radio to react to the frequent change in the radio environment and make optimal configurations to the process of wireless communication. This paper presents a typical communication scene as an example to explain the advantages of visual cognitive radio, and also makes a preliminary analysis of its applications and challenges. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Grain boundary defects induced room temperature ferromagnetism in V doped ZnO thin films
Authors: Jayalakshmi G. , Gopalakrishnan N. , Panigrahi B. K. , Balasubramanian T.
Published: October 2011

Vanadium (V) doped ZnO thin films (Zn1‐xVx O, where x = 0, 0.05, 0.10) have been grown on sapphire substrates by RF magnetron sputtering to realize room temperature ferromagnetism (RTFM). The grown films have been subjected to X‐ray diffraction (XRD), resonant Raman scattering, photoluminescence (PL) and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurements to investigate their structural, optical and magnetic properties, respectively. The full width at half maximum of XRD and Raman scattering peaks increases with V ion concentration indicates that the V ions have been substituted on Zn2+ ions in the ZnO matrix. The increase in oxygen vacancies with V concentration is evidenced by PL measurements. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry analysis confirms the presence of the V ions in the films. The room temperature VSM measurements reveal the signature of ferromagnetism in V doped ZnO thin films. It has been observed that the grain boundary defects, i.e., oxygen vacancies play a crucial role in inducing RTFM in V doped ZnO films. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth, electrical and optical behaviour of nanocrystalline Ag2Cu2O3 films produced by RF magnetron sputtering
Authors: Hari Prasad Reddy M. , Pierson J. F. , Uthanna S.
Published: October 2011

Thin films of Ag2Cu2O3 were formed on glass substrates by RF magnetron sputtering technique under different oxygen partial pressures in the range 5 × 10‐3 – 8 × 10‐2 Pa using mosaic target of Ag70Cu30. The influence of oxygen partial pressure on the core level binding energies, crystallographic structure, and electrical and optical properties of the deposited films was studied. The atomic ratio of copper to silver in the films was 0.302. The oxygen content was in correlation with the oxygen partial pressure maintained during the growth of the films. The films formed at oxygen partial pressures < 2 × 10‐2 Pa was mixed phase of Ag2Cu2O3 and Ag. The films deposited at 2 × 10‐2 Pa were single phase of Ag2Cu2O3. The crystallite size of the films formed at 2 × 10‐2 Pa was 12 nm, while those films annealed at 473 K was 16 nm. The nanocrystalline Ag2Cu2O3 films formed at oxygen partial pressure of 2 × 10‐2 Pa showed electrical resistivity of 8.2 Ωcm and optical band gap of 1.95 eV. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optimization of process parameters by Taguchi robust design method for the development of nano‐crystals of sirolimus using sonication based crystallization
Authors: Gandhi P. J. , Murthy Z. V. P. , Pati R. K.
Published: October 2011

Taguchi method is widely used by the engineers and researchers across the globe for optimization of process parameters in view of cost, economy and time. Ultrasound based sonication process was used for deriving the nano‐crystals of sirolimus in a narrow range. Seven critical process parameters with three levels were optimized with L18 array design. Crystal size analysis with its zeta potential measured and found that the crystals derived are stable in nature. Also SEM analysis carried out to know size and shape of the crystals and found that the crystals obtained are spherical in nature. Purity of the crystals derived checked with the help of melting point, TLC and HPLC procedures. Characterization of nano‐crystals made with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction analysis. Correlation between the zeta potential and crystal size has been established with the help of scientific and statistical methods. Detailed statistical analysis such as t ‐test, regression and descriptive statistics of the results has been carried out to explore further information and interactions of process parameters. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Defect sensitive etching of nitrides: appraisal of methods
Authors: Weyher J. L.
Published: October 2011

Defect selective etching methods used for structural characterization of nitrides (GaN, AlGaN, InGaN and AlN) single crystals and epitaxial layers are summarized. The mechanism of surface reactions during orthodox chemical etching and photoetching is briefly described. Examples of defects which can be revealed mainly in bulk and epitaxial GaN using different etching systems are shown together with schematic models of defects. Special attention is given to selective etching and analysis of complex electrically active non‐homogeneities in bulk and HVPE‐grown GaN, which show up as areas of different etch rate, i.e. different carrier concentration. These defects are clearly visible after photo‐etching on both Ga‐polar surface and on any non‐polar cleavage plane. Ultra high selectivity of electroless photoetching on electrically active defects is explained by separation of photocurrent‐potential plots of areas with different carrier concentration. Formation of nano‐pillars on dislocations during photoetching is explained by recombinative properties of linear defects for photo‐generated carriers. Special applications of defect‐selective etching methods for (i) nano‐patterning of GaN surface for preparing highly efficient platforms for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) measurements and (ii) overgrowth of deep etch pits for reduction of dislocation density during HVPE growth of thick GaN crystals is also demonstrated. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preparation of copper aluminum borate whiskers via flux method
Authors: Zhu Chengcai , Li Wu , Nai Xueying , Zhu Donghai , Guo Fengqin , Song Shuangjie
Published: October 2011

Single‐crystal and uniform copper aluminum borate whiskers have been synthesized by heating a mixture of boric acid, copper sulfate and aluminum sulfate with potassium sulfate as flux at 870 °C for 4 h. The synthesized whiskers exhibit a well‐crystallized, one‐dimensional structure with diameters ranging from 100 nm to 5 μm, lengths from 5 to 100 μm. Heating temperature and flux addition affect the aspect ratio and morphology of the copper aluminum borate whiskers. A possible growth mechanism of the whiskers is proposed. (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Outage probability and channel capacity for the Nth best relay selection AF relaying over INID Rayleigh fading channels
Authors: Ko K. , Woo C.
Published: October 2011

Cooperative diversity systems have recently been proposed as a way to form virtual antenna schemes without utilizing collocated multiple antennas. In this paper, we consider the Nth best opportunistic amplify‐and‐forward (AF) cooperative diversity systems. The AF type can be regarded as one on the basis of modified channel state information. Wireless channels between any pair of nodes (i.e., direct and dual hop links) are assumed quasi‐static independent and nonidentically distributed (INID) Rayleigh fading. The best opportunistic AF (OAF) scheme requires two phases of transmission. During the first phase, the source node transmits a signal to all relays and the destination. In the second phase, the best relay is only selected on the basis of highest signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) scheme to forward the source signal to the destination. Therefore, the indirect link (i.e., source‐selected relay destination) can give the highest received SNR. However, the best relay selection cannot be available so that we might choose the second, third, or generally the Nth best relay. In this paper, we derive the approximated outage probability and channel capacity for the Nth best OAF relay systems over INID Rayleigh fading channels. At first, the indirect link's received SNR is approximated as harmonic mean upper bound. With this information, we obtain the given relay's Nth best selection probability as the closed form. Finally, both outage probability and channel capacity are derived as the closed forms. Simulation results are finally presented to validate the analysis. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RNA interference for performance enhancement and detection in doping control
Authors: Kohler Maxie , Schänzer Wilhelm , Thevis Mario
Published: October 2011

RNA interference represents a comparably new route of regulating and manipulating specific gene expression. Promising results were obtained in experimental therapies aim at the treatment of different kinds of diseases including cancer, diabetes mellitus or Dychenne muscular dystrophy. While studies on down‐regulation efficiency are often performed by analyzing the regulated protein, the direct detection of small, interfering RNA molecules and antisense oligonucleotides is of great interest for the investigation of the metabolism and degradation and also for the detection of a putative misuse of these molecules in sports. Myostatin down‐regulation was shown to result in increased performance and muscle growth and the regulation of several other proteins could be relevant for performance enhancement. This mini‐review summarizes current approaches for the mass spectrometric analysis of siRNA and antisense oligonucleotides from biological matrices and the available data on biodistribution, metabolism, and half‐life of relevant substances are discussed. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evidence for breast cancer as an integral part of lynch syndrome
Authors: Buerki Nicole , Gautier Lucienne , Kovac Michal , Marra Giancarlo , Buser Mauro , Mueller Hansjakob , Heinimann Karl
Published: October 2011

Lynch syndrome, an autosomal dominant cancer predisposition caused by mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes, mainly mainly mutL homolog 1, OMIM 120436 (MLH1) and mutS homolog 2, OMIM 609309 (MSH2), encompasses a tumor spectrum including primarily gastrointestinal, endometrial, and ovarian cancer. This study aimed at clarifying the heavily debated issue of breast cancer being part of Lynch syndrome. Detailed clinical data on cancer occurrence in Swiss female MLH1/MSH2 mutation carriers were gathered, all available breast cancer specimens assessed for molecular evidence for MMR deficiency (i.e., microsatellite instability (MSI), MMR protein expression, and somatic (epi)genetic MMR gene alterations) and compiled with the scarce molecular data available from the literature. Seventy unrelated Swiss Lynch syndrome families were investigated comprising 632 female family members at risk of which 92 were genetically verified mutation carriers (52 MLH1 and 40 MSH2). On contrast to endometrial and ovarian cancer, which occurred significantly more often and at younger age in MLH1/MSH2 mutation carriers (median 50.5 and 49.0 years; P < 0.00001), overall cumulative breast cancer incidence closely mirrored the one in the Swiss population (56.5 years). Six (85.7%) of seven breast cancer specimens available for molecular investigations displayed the hallmarks of MMR deficiency. Combined with data from the literature, MSI was present in 26 (70.3%) of 37 and altered MMR protein expression in 16 (72.7%) of 22 breast cancer specimens from MLH1/MSH2 mutation carriers. These findings, thus, provide strong molecular evidence for a pivotal role of MMR deficiency in breast cancer development in Lynch syndrome. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contemporary management of lymph node metastases from an unknown primary to the neck: II. A review of therapeutic options
Authors: Strojan Primož , Ferlito Alfio , Langendijk Johannes A. , Corry June , Woolgar Julia A. , Rinaldo Alessandra , Silver Carl E. , Paleri Vinidh , Fagan Johannes J. , Pellitteri Phillip K. , Haigentz Missak , Suárez Carlos , Robbins K. Thomas , Rodrigo Juan P. , Olsen Kerry D. , Hinni Michael L. , Werner Jochen A. , Mondin Vanni , Kowalski Luiz P. , Devaney Kenneth O. , de Bree Remco , Takes Robert P. , Wolf Gregory T. , Shaha Ashok R. , Genden Eric M. , Barnes Leon
Published: October 2011

Although uncommon, cancer of an unknown primary (CUP) metastatic to cervical lymph nodes poses a range of dilemmas relating to optimal treatment. The ideal resolution would be a properly designed prospective randomized trial, but it is unlikely that this will ever be conducted in this group of patients. Accordingly, knowledge gained from retrospective studies and experience from treating patients with known head and neck primary tumors form the basis of therapeutic strategies in CUP. This review provides a critical appraisal of various treatment approaches described in the literature. Emerging treatment options for CUP with metastases to cervical lymph nodes are discussed in view of recent innovations in the field of head and neck oncology and suitable therapeutic strategies for particular clinical scenarios are presented. For pN1 or cN1 disease without extracapsular extension (ECE), selective neck dissection or radiotherapy offer high rates of regional control. For more advanced neck disease, intensive combined treatment is required, either a combination of neck dissection and radiotherapy, or initial (chemo)radiotherapy followed by neck dissection if a complete response is not recorded on imaging. Each of these approaches seems to be equally effective. Use of extensive bilateral neck/mucosal irradiation must be weighed against toxicity, availability of close follow‐up with elective neck imaging and guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) when appropriate, the human papillomavirus (HPV) status of the tumor, and particularly against the distribution pattern (oropharynx in the majority of cases) and the emergence rate of hidden primary lesions (<10% after comprehensive workup). The addition of systemic agents is expected to yield similar improvement in outcome as has been observed for known head and neck primary tumors. Head Neck, 2013
Motorcyclist's Riding Discomfort in Malaysia: Comparison of BMI, Riding Experience, Riding Duration and Riding Posture
Authors: Karmegam K. , Sapuan S. M. , Ismail M. Y. , Ismail N. , Bahri M. T. Shamsul , Seetha. P.
Published: October 2011

There is very little (or no) information about the riding discomfort of motorcyclists in Malaysia. Therefore, this study was done with the intention of highlighting the relationship of the discomfort on the motorcyclist's body parts during the riding process concerning factors such as body mass index (BMI), riding experience, riding hours, and preferred riding posture. This study (questionnaire survey) was done by using 957 respondents (481 males and 476 females) with an age range from 18 years to 24 years, which was collected from a previous study. The results indicate that the majority of motorcyclists who participated in this study are in the normal BMI category. However, the majority of these motorcyclists suffer discomfort in their body parts during the riding process. It is noticeable that the majority of female motorcyclists started with higher discomfort symptoms concerning the corresponding factors (BMI, riding hours, and riding experience) compared with male motorcyclists. Most male discomfort symptoms were focused on the buttock and upper body parts, whereas the female motorcyclists experienced discomfort in all of their body parts (lower, buttocks, and upper body parts). Furthermore, the results also highlight that the motorcyclists' discomfort was correlated with riding posture. Therefore, this study clearly identified that motorcyclists experience discomfort in their body parts during the riding process. The findings also highlight that the current interaction of humans (motorcyclists) and machine (motorcycle) is not an ideal ergonomic philosophy. However, further detailed study (laboratory and field study) needs to be done to uncover fully the parameters or factors that constrain the ergonomic comfortability in the motorcycle riding process. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Payment fraud: It plagues every company
Authors: Schaeffer Mary S.
Published: October 2011

Every organization, no matter how big or small, is a potential target for an increasingly sophisticated group of individuals looking to dip into your bank account without invitation. And these folks don't discriminate. If they can get your banking information and you haven't taken the proper steps to protect yourself, they'll help themselves to your hard‐earned money. This article provides advice on what best practice organizations are doing to protect themselves against the three areas where most are vulnerable: check fraud, p‐card fraud, and electronic payment fraud. © 2011 Mary S. Schaeffer
Want credit? How your bank evaluates its corporate customers
Authors: Sagner James S.
Published: October 2011

Companies often wonder about a bank's credit‐decision process. How is it decided to approve or reject a company's loan request? The author explains the five‐step process that many financial institutions use, and how companies can avoid potential problems when applying for credit. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The balanced scorecard and twenty‐first‐century thoughts on motivation
Authors: Albright Thomas L. , Burgess Christopher M. , Davis Stan
Published: October 2011

How can you motivate people to accomplish an organization's goals? Is a carrot‐and‐stick approach the only—or even the best—way? This article suggests an approach that is potentially more effective by focusing less on the traditional approach of rewards versus punishment, relying instead largely on intrinsic motivations to help bring about desired outcomes. These efforts are consistent with the balanced scorecard concepts of goal setting and rewards that have been widely adopted as performance measurement and strategic communication systems since the early 1990s. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydrocortisone attenuates cyclosporin A‐induced nephrotoxicity in rats
Authors: Ciarcia Roberto , Damiano Sara , Fiorito Filomena , Granato Giovanna , Pagnini Francesco , Mastellone Vincenzo , Iovane Valentina , Alfano Luigi , Valenti Fabio , Florio Salvatore , Giordano Antonio
Published: October 2011

Cyclosporin A (CsA) is the prototype of immunosuppressant drugs that have revolutionized the management of all transplantation and autoimmune diseases. Side effects of CsA mainly affecting the kidney but also observed in liver and heart, limit the therapeutic use of this drug after organ transplantation. The renal toxicity of CsA is attributed to reduced renal blood flow which leads to hypoxia‐reoxygenation injury accompanied by excessive generation of oxygen‐derived free radicals. In several therapeutic protocols, CsA is used in association with corticosteroids to obtain better therapeutic results. Recently, our studies showed that hydrocortisone (HY) has a protective effect on CsA‐induced cardiotoxicity. In fact our previous results demonstrated that in rat cardiomyocytes, CsA toxicity is due to a calcium overload, which in turn induce lipid peroxidation and determines oxidative stress‐induced cell injury. Treatment with HY effectively inhibits CsA‐induced toxicity, decreasing lipid peroxidation as well as calcium intracellular concentration. In this study we evaluated in vivo the effects of CsA, used alone or in association with HY, on some parameters of renal dysfunction (blood urea nitrogen; BUN, creatinine, and cholesterol), malondialdheyde (MDA) levels, antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and apoptosis. CsA administration for 24 days resulted in a marked renal oxidative stress, which significantly deranged the renal functions. Treatment with CsA in association with HY significantly improved the renal dysfunction and renal oxidative status. This study clearly suggests the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of CsA‐induced nephrotoxicity. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 997–1004, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Challenges and opportunities of metabolomics
Authors: Johnson Caroline H. , Gonzalez Frank J.
Published: October 2011

The metabolome is a data‐rich source of information concerning all the low‐molecular‐weight metabolites in a biofluid, which can indicate early biological changes to the host due to perturbations in metabolic pathways. Major changes can be seen after minor stimuli, which make it a valuable target for analysis. Due to the diverse and sensitive nature of the metabolome, studies must be designed in a manner to maintain consistency, reduce variation between subjects, and optimize information recovery. Technological advancements in experimental design, mouse models and instrumentation have aided in this effort. Metabolomics has the ultimate potential to be valuable in a clinical setting where it could be used for early diagnosis of a disease and as a predictor of treatment response and survival. During drug treatment, the metabolic status of an individual could be monitored and used to indicate possible toxic effects. Metabolomics therefore has great potential for improving diagnosis, treatment and aftercare of disease.

J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 2975–2981, 2012. Published 2011. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Epigenetics of µ‐opioid receptors: Intersection with HIV‐1 infection of the central nervous system
Authors: Regan Patrick M. , Dave Rajnish S. , Datta Prasun K. , Khalili Kamel
Published: October 2011

The abuse of intravenous drugs, such as heroin, has become a major public health concern due to the increased risk of HIV‐1 infection. Opioids such as heroin were originally identified and subsequently abused for their analgesic effects. However, many investigations have found additional effects of opioids, including regulation of the immune system. As such, chronic opioid abuse has been shown to promote HIV‐1 pathogenesis and facilitate HIV‐1‐associated neurocognitive dysfunction. Clinical opioids, such as morphine and methadone, as well as illicit opioids, such as heroin, exert their effects primarily through interactions with the µ‐opioid receptor (MOR). However, the mechanisms by which opioids enhance neurocognitive dysfunction through MOR‐mediated signaling pathways are not completely understood. New findings in the regulation of MOR expression, particularly epigenetic and transcriptional regulation as well as alternative splicing, sheds new insights into possible mechanisms of HIV‐1 and opiate synergy. In this review, we identify mechanisms regulating MOR expression and propose novel mechanisms by which opioids and HIV‐1 may modulate this regulation. Additionally, we suggest that differential regulation of newly identified MOR isoforms by opioids and HIV‐1 has functional consequence in enhancing HIV‐1 neurocognitive dysfunction. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 2832–2841, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preoperative US‐guided hookwire localization for nonpalpable cervical masses
Authors: Yeon Park Ji , Hyuck Park Noh , Yoon Yi Seong , Ko Myung‐Su , Jin Park Hee
Published: October 2011

Purpose.

We investigated whether the preoperative ultrasound (US)‐guided hookwire localization for nonpalpable cervical masses allows surgeons to find these masses more easily and more confidently.

Methods.

Eight patients underwent preoperative US‐guided hookwire insertion for nonpalpable cervical masses at our institution between January 2008 and January 2011. Cervical masses were detected by US or CT, and seven of the eight patients underwent US‐guided fine‐needle aspiration. Before surgery, a radiologist inserted a hookwire into the cervical mass, under US guidance.

Results.

US‐guided hookwire insertion took about 5–10 minutes and was successful in all cases without complications. Final pathologic results were metastatic papillary thyroid cancer (n = 4), no metastasis (n = 1), parathyroid adenoma (n = 1), tuberculosis (n = 1), and Kikuchi's disease (n = 1).

Conclusions.

Preoperative US‐guided hookwire insertion in nonpalpable cervical lesions provides surgeons with an effective means of lesion location. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2011
Liver MRI in the hepatocyte phase with gadolinium‐EOB‐DTPA: Does increasing the flip angle improve conspicuity and detection rate of hypointense lesions?
Authors: Bashir Mustafa R. , Husarik Daniela B. , Ziemlewicz Tim J. , Gupta Rajan T. , Boll Daniel T. , Merkle Elmar M.
Published: October 2011

Purpose:

To compare conspicuity and detection rate of hypointense lesions on T1‐weighted (T1w) gradient echo (GRE) sequences with low and high flip angles (FA) in hepatocyte phase magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using gadoxetate disodium.

Materials and Methods:

This Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)‐compliant study was Institutional Review Board (IRB)‐approved. The study population consisted of patients with hypointense liver lesions undergoing MRI with gadoxetate disodium, with hepatocyte‐phase fat suppressed 3D T1w GRE sequences at both low (10–12°) and high (30–35°) FA. Contrast‐to‐noise ratios (CNRs) were calculated for liver parenchyma vs. large lesions and common bile duct (CBD) vs. liver. Three radiologists each assigned a conspicuity score (CS) for each lesion detected at low or high FA. Paired Student's t‐tests compared the lesion detection (LD) rate using only the hepatocyte phase data set compared with the entire MRI examination, and CS for low and high FA.

Results:

In all, 57 large and 70 small lesions were identified in 18 patients. Average LD and CS were significantly greater at high FA versus low FA overall (LD 89.0% vs. 79.5%; CS 2.8 vs. 2.2; P < 0.05) and for small lesions (81.4% vs. 65.7%; 2.5 vs. 1.8; P < 0.05). Average liver‐to‐lesion CNR for large lesions and CBD‐to‐liver CNR was significantly greater at high FA (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

Increasing the FA in hepatocyte phase MRI with gadoxetate disodium improves hypointense lesion detection and conspicuity, particularly for small lesions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2012;35:611‐616. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bone tissue composition varies across anatomic sites in the proximal femur and the iliac crest
Authors: Donnelly Eve , Meredith Dennis S. , Nguyen Joseph T. , Boskey Adele L.
Published: October 2011

The extent to which bone tissue composition varies across anatomic sites in normal or pathologic tissue is largely unknown, although pathologic changes in bone tissue composition are typically assumed to occur throughout the skeleton. Our objective was to compare the composition of normal cortical and trabecular bone tissue across multiple anatomic sites. The composition of cadaveric bone tissue from three anatomic sites was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared imaging: iliac crest (IC), greater trochanter (GT), and subtrochanteric femur (ST). The mean mineral:matrix ratio was 20% greater in the subtrochanteric cortex than in the cortices of the iliac crest (p = 0.004) and the greater trochanter (p = 0.02). There were also trends toward 30% narrower crystallinity distributions in the subtrochanteric cortex than in the greater trochanter (p = 0.10) and 30% wider crystallinity distributions in the subtrochanteric trabeculae than in the greater trochanter (p = 0.054) and the iliac crest (p = 0.11). Thus, the average cortical tissue mineral content and the widths of the distributions of cortical crystal size/perfection differ at the subtrochanteric femur relative to the greater trochanter and the iliac crest. In particular, the cortex of the iliac crest has lower mineral content relative to that of the subtrochanteric femur and may have limited utility as a surrogate for subtrochanteric bone. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:700–706, 2012