bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Single-center investigation on central-line–associated bloodstream infections and blood-culture contamination during the early months of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic
Authors: Wang Beilin , Pineda-Reyes Roberto , Nielsen Marisa C. , Baillargeon Gwen , Baillargeon Jacques G. , McDougal April N.
Published: July 2022

In this retrospective cohort study, we assessed central-line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) and blood-culture contamination frequency during the first pandemic wave. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was significantly associated with CLABSI and blood-culture contamination. In the COVID-19 cohort, malignancy was associated with CLABSI. Black race, end-stage renal disease, and obesity were associated with blood-culture contamination.
Radial viscous fingering induced by an infinitely fast chemical reaction
Authors: Verma Priya , Sharma Vandita , Mishra Manoranjan
Published: July 2022

A numerical insight into the radial displacement of two viscously stable reactants undergoing an infinitely fast chemical reaction is obtained. This work broadens the numerical knowledge about the interaction between chemical reaction and hydrodynamic instability. A suitable transformation is utilised to deal with an infinite dimensionless parameter and reduce computational cost. Viscous fingering instability originates when the product has a different viscosity than the reactants. We calculate the onset time

$t_{on}$

when the instability begins to appear for different reactants by varying the log mobility ratio

$R_c$

and the Péclet number

$Pe$

. Based on

$t_{on}$

, we divide the time domain into stable and unstable zones with respect to instability. This helps to characterise reactants so as to have a flow with/without instability. For a fixed

$Pe$

and

$\vert R_c \vert$

, it is found that

$t_{on}$

is early for

$R_c > 0$

in contrast to the result for rectilinear displacement. This results in a wider stable zone for

$R_c < 0$

. Interestingly, it is found that the stable zone can be made independent of

$Pe$

by using a careful rescaling and we obtain the dependence of the onset time of instability on

$R_c$

and

$Pe$

as

$t_{on} \propto (\vert R_c\vert Pe^{\beta _1}-\beta _2)^{\beta _3}$

where the constant of proportionality and

$\beta _i$

,

$i=1,2,3$

, depend upon the sign of

$R_c$

. In the unstable zone, we find that the length of the fingers depends upon the sign of

$R_c$

, which is not observed for any radial displacement of reactants undergoing a slow or moderately fast chemical reaction.
The incoherent role of the child's identity in the construction and allocation of legal parenthood
Authors: Brown Alan , Wade Katherine
Published: July 2022

This paper explores the relationship between the concept of the ‘identity of the child’ and legal parenthood. It examines the role of identity in the determination of legal parenthood in three contexts: (a) parental orders after surrogacy arrangements; (b) disputed paternity cases; and (c) the statutory rules in cases involving gamete donation. This paper argues that the concept of ‘identity’ plays an inconsistent role in the attribution of legal parenthood, because the concept lacks substantive content within judicial reasoning and the statutory framework. The understanding of identity, and the role it plays, appears to change in these different contexts to serve the different purposes that the law is trying to achieve. The reason for this inconsistency is that, despite the utilisation of the language of the ‘child's identity’, legal parenthood remains adult-centric and premised upon replicating the binary, two-parent model of the nuclear family. We argue that instead of appealing to this incoherent concept of ‘identity’, the courts should explicitly engage with different types of parenthood and acknowledge the importance of each for both children and parents. Such an approach would result in more truly child-centred reasoning and serve to diminish the predominance of the binary, two-parent model.
The Politics of Police Data: State Legislative Capacity and the Transparency of State and Substate Agencies
Authors: COOK SCOTT J. , FORTUNATO DAVID
Published: July 2022

Police, like other bureaucratic agencies, are responsible for collecting and disseminating policy-relevant data. Nonetheless, critical data, including killings by police, often go unreported. We argue that this is due in part to the limited oversight capacity of legislative bodies to whom police are accountable. Although many local assemblies lack the means for effective oversight, well-resourced state legislatures may induce transparency from state and substate agencies. This argument is evaluated in two studies of police transparency in the United States. First, we examine the compliance of 19,095 state, county, and municipal police agencies with official data requests over five decades, finding strong positive effects of state legislative capacity on transparency. Second, we examine the accuracy of transmitted data on killings by police, finding that lethality is systematically underreported in states with lower-capacity legislatures. Collectively, our study has implications for research on policing, legislatures, agency control, and analyses of government data.
The Marketplace of Ideas and the Agora: Herodotus on the Power of Isegoria
Authors: MAHON RATHNAM LINDSAY
Published: July 2022

Popular discourse about freedom of speech tends to default to the metaphor of the marketplace of ideas, notwithstanding empirical evidence undermining this concept. Its persistence illustrates the profound attachment freedom of speech inspires, despite the difficulty of justifying it in epistemic terms. I suggest that the ancient Greek historian Herodotus offers a compelling alternative to the marketplace metaphor with his account of isegoria at Athens. In Herodotus’s telling, Athenian equal right of speech is worthwhile not because of its effects on speech but because of its effect on political culture; equal speech energizes the Athenians and Athens. He thus offers a nonepistemic defense of the right to speak, defending it instead in terms of power and belonging. Yet his account also highlights how Athenian equal speech unleashes political harms and therefore offers a way to defend free speech without minimizing its dangers. Herodotus thus helps us productively reframe contemporary free speech debates.
Association between cytokine levels and anthropometric measurements: a population-based study
Authors: Valmorbida Aline , Longo Giana Zarbato , Nascimento Giovanna Mozzaquattro , de Oliveira Leandro Licursi , de Moraes Trindade Erasmo Benicio Santos
Published: July 2022

Obesity is currently considered a public health problem with pandemic proportions and is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, which can predispose to the development of several chronic diseases and metabolic complications. This cross-sectional population-based study, conducted with 743 Brazilian adults, aimed to evaluate the association between inflammatory cytokines with anthropometric measurements. Socio-demographic, anthropometric, behavioural and biochemical variables were collected. Multiple linear regression stratified by sex and adjusted for confounding factors was performed. In men, waist circumference (WC) was associated with IL-1β (3·52 pg/ml; 95 % CI 0·60, 6·45), IL-6 (6·35 pg/ml; 95 % CI 0·35, 12·34), IL-8 (8·77 pg/ml; 95 % CI 2·37, 15·17), IL-10 (3·09 pg/ml; 95 % CI 0·56, 5·61), IL12p70 (8·31 pg/ml; 95 % CI 3·11, 13·52) and TNF-α (4·22 pg/ml; 95 % CI 0·20, 10·48). Waist:height ratio was associated with IL-6 (3·21 pg/ml; 95 % CI 0·02, 6·39). BMI was associated with IL-1β (1·50 pg/ml; 95 % CI 0·46, 2·34), IL-6 (2·97 pg/ml; 95 % CI 0·78, 5·16), IL-8 (4·48 pg/ml; 95 % CI 2·21, 6·75), IL-10 (1·31 pg/ml; 95 % CI 0·30, 2·31), IL-12p70 (3·59 pg/ml; 95 % CI 1·24, 5·95) and TNF-α (2·00 pg/ml; 95 % CI 0·81, 3·19). In women, WC was associated with IL-6 (5·10 pg/ml; 95 % CI 0·68, 9·51) and IL-10 (4·16 pg/ml; 95 % CI 1·26, 7·06). BMI was associated with IL-6 (2·67 pg/ml; 95 % CI 0·34, 4·99), and WHR was associated with TNF-α (2·84 pg/ml; 95 % IC 0·86–6·54). The results highlight the importance of anthropometric assessment in clinical practice and the need to develop public policies and interventions to reduce the prevalence of obesity and, consequently, of inflammation and possible metabolic complications.
Ultra-processed food intake is associated with children and adolescents with congenital heart disease clustered by high cardiovascular risk factors
Authors: Honicky Michele , Cardoso Silvia Meyer , Kunradi Vieira Francilene Gracieli , Hinnig Patricia de Fragas , Back Isabela de Carlos , Moreno Yara Maria Franco
Published: July 2022

The excessive intake of ultra-processed foods (UPF) is associated with an increase in cardiovascular risk. However, the effect of UPF intake on cardiovascular health in children and adolescents with congenital heart disease (CHD) is unknown. The aim of the present study was to describe UPF intake and evaluate associations with isolated cardiovascular risk factors and children and adolescents with CHD clustered by cardiovascular risk factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 232 children and adolescents with CHD. Dietary intake was assessed using three 24-hour recalls. UPF were categorised using the NOVA classification. The cardiovascular risk factors evaluated were central adiposity, elevated high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and subclinical atherosclerosis. The clustering of cardiovascular risk factors (waist circumference, hs-CRP and carotid intima-media thickness) was performed, allocating the participants to two groups (high v. low cardiovascular risk). UPF contributed 40·69 % (sd 6·21) to total energy intake. The main UPF groups were ready-to-eat and take-away/fast foods (22·2 % energy from UPF). The multivariable logistic regression revealed that an absolute increase of 10 % in UPF intake (OR = 1·90; 95 % CI: 1·01;3·58) was associated with central adiposity. An absolute increase of 10 % in UPF intake (OR = 3·77; 95 % CI: 1·80, 7·87) was also associated with children and adolescents with CHD clustered by high cardiovascular risk after adjusting for confounding factors. Our findings demonstrate that UPF intake should be considered as a modifiable risk factor for obesity and its cardiovascular consequences in children and adolescents with CHD.
Description of Rotylenchus zhongshanensis sp. nov. (Tylenchomorpha: Hoplolaimidae) and discovery of its endosymbiont Cardinium
Authors: Guo F. , Castillo P. , Li C. , Qing X. , Li H.
Published: July 2022

A new bisexual species of Rotylenchus is described and illustrated based on morphological, morphometric and molecular characterizations. Rotylenchus zhongshanensis sp. nov. is characterized by having a conoid lip region complying with the basic pattern for Hoplolaimidae, but with pharyngeal glands slightly overlapping intestine dorsally and cuticle thickened abnormally in female tail terminus. Females have robust stylet (30.1–33.8 μm). The pharyngeal gland has short dorsal (11.2–16.8 μm) overlap on the intestine. The vulva is located at 48.0–56.5% of body length, and phasmids are pore-like, 4–6 annuli posterior to the anus. For males, phasmids are pore-like, 11–17 annuli posterior to cloaca. The spicules are ventrally arcuate (21.0–28.5 μm) with gubernaculum in 5–8 μm length. The rRNA and mitochondrial COI genes were successfully sequenced from the assembled whole-genome sequences of the new species, and were used for reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships of the new species. A new strain of cyto-endosymbiont Cardinium was also discovered from the genome sequences of R. zhongshanensis sp. nov. The 16S rRNA phylogeny analyses revealed that this new bacterial strain is closed to that from cyst and root-lesion nematodes.
Prosthetic and robotic wrists comparing with the intelligently evolved human wrist: A review
Authors: Fan Hangbing , Wei Guowu , Ren Lei
Published: July 2022

Both prosthetic and robotic research communities have tended to focus on hand/gripper development. However, the wrist unit could enable higher mobility of the end effector and thus more efficient and dexterous manipulation. The current state of the art in both prosthetic and robotic wrists is reviewed systematically, mainly concerning their kinematic structures and resultant capabilities. Further, by considering the biomechanical advantages of the human wrist, an evaluation including the mobility, stability, output capability, load capacity and flexibility of the current artificial wrists is conducted. With the pentagonal capability radar charts, the major limitations and challenges in the current development of artificial wrists are derived. This paper hence provides some useful insights for better robotic wrist design and development.
What is underneath all that stuff? A Q-methodological exploration of profiles of beliefs and vulnerabilities in hoarding disorder
Authors: Tinlin Rowan M. , Beckwith Helen , Gregory James D. , Lomax Claire L.
Published: July 2022

Background:

Hoarding disorder (HD) can be understood through the cognitive behavioural model in the context of vulnerability factors (for example, personality traits, co-morbidities, traumatic life events) and beliefs about possessions (for example, identity, emotional attachment, memory, utility). Less is known about the strength of these hypothesised beliefs, or how they interact within the hoarding population, with researchers suggesting that specifying beliefs would improve treatment outcomes.

Aim:

The current study explored beliefs in HD, utilising Q-methodology to explore both categories of beliefs and the interactions between these. Moreover, Q-methodology allowed for comparison of the individuals endorsing specific categories of beliefs.

Method:

A comprehensive list of beliefs about possessions was developed. Thirty-two adults with clinically significant levels of HD completed a Q-sort task, alongside measures of proposed vulnerabilities, including co-morbidity, trauma and attachment style.

Results:

Q-factor analysis produced four profiles consisting of groups of participants who endorsed the same beliefs and had shared characteristics: (1) ‘Expression of identity’, (2) ‘Responsibility and morality’, (3) ‘Stability and predictability’, and (4) ‘Objects as emotional and meaningful beings’.

Discussion:

The profiles were distinguished by different categories of beliefs and co-morbid symptoms, suggesting that more targeted assessment tools and interventions would be beneficial to account for this heterogeneity within the clinical population. In particular, beliefs about identity and self-concept formed the largest profile, and beliefs about stability and predictability introduce a novel category of beliefs.
Pension Decumulation Pathways – a proposed approach
Authors: Hyams S. D. , Davies H. R. , Findlater A. J. M. , Gilbert A. , Hollister K. , Kiely F. , Jablonski T. J. , Squirrell C. M. , Warren O. H.
Published: July 2022

Decumulation Pathways are proposed to help achieve better retirement outcomes for those with Defined Contribution (DC) pensions. The DC fund is split into two parts, in proportions of the consumer’s choice. Most is allocated to the Pension Fund to provide a lifetime income, while the rest is placed in the Flexible Fund for flexible access and/or to leave as a legacy. The Flexible Fund is invested in flexi-access drawdown. The Pension Fund is invested in a guaranteed annuity, Collective Defined Contribution, or a Pooled Pension Fund which maintains individual DC funds but pools longevity risk between participants. An illustrative standard Decumulation Pathway is intended as a default solution, or can be tailored by the consumer. It uses the Pooled Pension Fund, an automated withdrawal strategy which ensures a lifetime income is provided and one that aims to increase in line with inflation, and a moderate risk investment strategy. The standard approach is evaluated using various metrics, indicating that it has as a strong chance of providing a higher income than could be obtained from an annuity or drawdown, with limited downside risk.
Parental Burnout Across the Globe During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: van Bakel Hedwig , Bastiaansen Coco , Hall Ruby , Schwabe Inga , Verspeek Emmie , Gross James J. , Brandt Julie Ackerlund , Aguiar Joyce , Akgun Ege , Arikan Gizem , Aunola Kaisa , Bajgarová Zdenka , Beyers Wim , Bílková Zuzana , Boujut Emilie , Chen Bin-Bin , Dorard Géraldine , Escobar Maria Josefina , Furutani Kaichiro , Gaspar Maria Filomena , Griffith Annette , Helmy Mai , Huynh Mai Trang , Kaneza Emérence , Lasso Báez Roberto Andres , Lebert Astrid , Le Vigouroux Sarah , Lee Yanhee , Mai Hong Dao , Manrique-Millones Denisse , Millones Rivalles Rosa Bertha , Miscioscia Marina , Mousavi Seyyedeh Fatemeh , Eom Munseol , Ndayizigiy Alexis , Tenkue Josue Ngnombouowo , Cadiz Daniela Oyarce , Pineda-Marin Claudia , Psychountaki Maria , Qu Yang , Salinas-Quiroz Fernando , Santelices María Pía , Scola Celine , Schrooyen Charlotte , Cabrera Paola Silva , Simonelli Alessandra , Skarbalienė Aelita , Skarbalius Egidijus , Soenens Bart , Sorkkila Matilda , Swit Cara , Szczygieł Dorota , Theotokatos George , Ustundag-Budak Ayse Meltem , Verhofstadt Lesley , Vertsberger Dana , Wendland Jacqueline , Mikolajczak Moïra , Roskam Isabelle
Published: July 2022

Abstract. The COVID-19 pandemic has affected all societies worldwide. The heightened levels of stress that accompanied the crisis were also expected to affect parenting in many families. Since it is known that high levels of stress in the parenting domain can lead to a condition that has severe consequences for health and well-being, we examined whether the prevalence of parental burnout in 26 countries (9,923 parents; 75% mothers; mean age 40) increased during COVID-19 compared to few years before the pandemic. In most (but not all) countries, analyses showed a significant increase in the prevalence of parental burnout during the pandemic. The results further revealed that next to governmental measures (e.g., number of days locked down, homeschooling) and factors at the individual and family level (e.g., gender, number of children), parents in less (vs. more) indulgent countries suffered more from parental burnout. The findings suggest that stricter norms regarding their parenting roles and duties in general and during the pandemic in particular might have increased their levels of parental burnout.
Confronting the Crisis of COVID-19
Authors: Parks Shelby , Kuriansky Judy , Koch Pamela
Published: July 2022

Abstract. When the COVID-19 pandemic was declared an international crisis by the World Health Organization in March 2020, a group of activists, academics, performers, influencers, and innovators in diverse fields of the environment and mental health, representing government, civil society, academia, and the arts, came together to plan a way to mitigate the impact of the crisis on people and the planet. The resulting 1-day conference, held virtually on May 17, 2020, included didactic and experiential modules bridging mental health, education, and environmental initiatives to help people thrive during the crisis, as well as to provide sustainable adaptation and mitigation models for communities and the broader global population. The event sparked the development and expansion of an educational platform with hybrid online and on-location offerings which are ongoing and growing in outreach. The initiative addresses several Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, namely 2 end hunger, 3 health and well-being, 4 education for all, 11 sustainable cities and communities, 12 responsible consumption and production, 13 climate action, 14 life below water, 15 life on land, and 17 multistakeholders partnerships. This article documents the various components of this applied project entitled, the “COVID-19 What’s Next?” conference. Specifically, the article discusses the planning and creation of the conference, the multistakeholder partners, production and marketing efforts, implementation and outcomes, and subsequent steps to make the conference initiative sustainable.
Complicated Grief During COVID-19
Authors: Khoury Brigitte , Barbarin Oscar , Gutiérrez Germán , Klicperova-Baker Martina , Padakannaya Prakash , Thompson Ava
Published: July 2022

Abstract. Cultures across the globe have evolved time-tested rituals to honor those who die and offer solace and support to survivors with the goal of helping them to accept the reality of the death, cope with the feelings of loss, adjust to life without the deceased, and find ways to maintain a connection to the memory of the deceased. The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted these rituals and brought significant changes to the way we mourn. Specifically, public health responses to COVID-19 such as social distancing or isolation, delays or cancellations of traditional religious and cultural rituals, and shifts from in-person to online ceremonies have disrupted rituals and thus made it more difficult to access support and complete the psychological tasks typically associated with bereavement. This paper conceptualizes the common bereavement tasks including emotion-focused coping, maintaining a connection to the deceased, disengagement and reframing death and loss, and problem-focused coping. It provides examples of how the COVID-19 pandemic has altered mourning rituals across several cultures and religions and contributed to prolonged grief disorder as defined by the ICD-11 that includes depressive symptoms and post-traumatic stress. Early evidence suggested that the suddenness of loss, the social isolation, and the lack of social support often associated with COVID-19-related death are salient risk factors for complicated grief. As a consequence, psychological assessments, grief counseling, and mental health support are needed by families of patients who died from COVID-19. These services must be essential components of any comprehensive public health response to the pandemic.
Turbulent Mixing During Late Summer in the Ice–Ocean Boundary Layer in the Central Arctic Ocean: Results From the MOSAiC Expedition
Authors: Kawaguchi Yusuke , Koenig Zoé , Nomura Daiki , Hoppmann Mario , Inoue Jun , Fang Ying‐Chih , Schulz Kirstin , Gallagher Michael , Katlein Christian , Nicolaus Marcel , Rabe Benjamin
Published: July 2022

We examined mixing processes within the ice–ocean boundary layer (IOBL) close to the geographic North Pole, with an emphasis on wind‐driven sea ice drift. Observations were conducted from late August to late September 2020, during the final leg of the international Multidisciplinary drifting Observatory for the Study of Arctic Climate (MOSAiC) expedition. Measurements of ice motion, and profiles of currents, hydrography, and microstructure turbulence were conducted. The multifarious direct observations of sea ice and the upper ocean were used to quantify the transport of momentum, heat, and salt in the IOBL. The ice drift was mostly characterized by the inertial oscillation at a semi‐diurnal frequency, which forced an inertial current in the mixed layer. Observation‐derived heat and salinity fluxes at the ice–ocean interface suggest early termination of basal melting and transitioning to refreezing, resulting from a rise in the freezing point temperature by the presence of freshened near‐surface water. Based on the friction velocity, the measured dissipation rate (ε) of turbulent energy can be approximated as 1.4–1.7 times of the “Law of the Wall” criterion. We also observed a spiraling Ekman flow and find its vertical extent in line with the estimate from ε‐based diffusivity. Following passage of a storm, the enhanced oscillatory motions of the ice drift caused trapping of the near‐inertial waves (NIWs) that exclusively propagated through the base of the weakly stratified mixed layer. We accounted Holmboe instabilities and NIWs for the observed distinct peak of the dissipation rate near the bottom of the mixed layer.
ED‐ConvLSTM: A Novel Global Ionospheric Total Electron Content Medium‐Term Forecast Model
Authors: Xia Guozhen , Zhang Fubin , Wang Cheng , Zhou Chen
Published: July 2022

In this paper, we proposed an innovative encoder‐decoder structure with a convolution long short‐term memory (ED‐ConvLSTM) network to forecast global total electron content (TEC) based on the International GNSS Service (IGS) TEC maps from 2005 to 2018 with 1‐hr time cadence. The ED‐ConvLSTM model is used to forecast TEC maps 1–7 days in advance through iterations. To investigate the model's performance, we compared the model with International Reference Ionosphere (IRI2016) model in 2014 and 2018, and compared the model with 1‐day Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics (BUAA) model in 2018. The results show that our 7‐day ED‐ConvLSTM model (ED‐ConvLSTM model that forecasts 7 days in advance) outperforms IRI2016 in 2014 and 2018, and our 5‐day ED‐ConvLSTM model (ED‐ConvLSTM model that forecasts 5 days in advance) outperforms 1‐day BUAA model. Furthermore, the root mean square error (RMSE) from the 1‐day ED‐ConvLSTM model with respect to the IGS TEC maps decreases by 51.5% and 43%, respectively, in 2014 and 2018 compared with that from IRI2016 model. The RMSE from the 1‐day ED‐ConvLSTM model is 20.3% lower than that from the 1‐day BUAA model in 2018. In addition, our model has the highest RMSE in the Equatorial Ionospheric Anomaly (EIA) region, but can roughly predict the features and locations of EIA. However, the model fails to forecast localized TEC enhancement and the sudden ionospheric response to the geomagnetic storms. Overall, the model shows competitive performance in medium‐term global TEC maps prediction during geomagnetic quiet periods.
210Pb and 7Be as Coupled Flux and Source Tracers for Aerosols in the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Wei Ziran , Cochran J. Kirk , Horowitz Evan , Fitzgerald Patrick , Heilbrun Christina , Kadko David , Stephens Mark , Marsay Chris M. , Buck Clifton S. , Landing William M.
Published: July 2022

Deposition of aerosols to the surface ocean is an important factor affecting primary production in the surface ocean. However, the sources and fluxes of aerosols and associated trace elements remain poorly defined. Aerosol 210Pb, 210Po, and 7Be data were collected on US GEOTRACES cruise GP15 (Pacific Meridional Transect, 152°W; 2018). 210Pb fluxes are low close to the Alaskan margin, increase to a maximum at ∼43°N, then decrease to lower values. There is good agreement between 210Pb fluxes and long‐term land‐based fluxes during the SEAREX program (1970–1980s), as well as between GP15 and GP16 (East Pacific Zonal Transect, 12°S; 2013) at adjacent stations. A normalized fraction f(7Be, 210Pb) is used to discern aerosols with upper (high f) versus lower (low f) troposphere sources. Alaskan/North Pacific aerosols show significant continental influence while equatorial/South Pacific aerosols are supplied to the marine boundary layer from the upper troposphere. Lithogenic trace elements Al and Ti show inverse correlations with f(7Be, 210Pb), supporting a continental boundary layer provenance while anthropogenic Pb shows no clear relationship with f(7Be, 210Pb). All but four samples have 210Po/210Pb activity ratios <0.2 suggesting short aerosol residence time. Among the four samples (210Po/210Pb = 0.42–0.88), two suggest an upper troposphere source and longer aerosol residence time while the remaining two cannot be explained by long aerosol residence time nor a significant component of dust. We hypothesize that enrichments of 210Po in them are linked to Po enrichments in the sea surface microlayer, possibly through Po speciation as a dissolved organic or dimethyl polonide species.
Methane's Solar Radiative Forcing
Authors: Byrom R. E. , Shine K. P.
Published: July 2022

Methane (CH4) has significant absorption bands at wavelengths of 1.7, 2.3, 3.3 and 7.6 μm which absorb incoming solar ‘shortwave’ (SW) radiation and contribute to radiative forcing (RF). A comprehensive quantification of CH4 SW RF is presented using a narrow‐band radiative transfer model to calculate spatially and monthly resolved estimates of CH4 SW RF and its impact on longwave (LW) stratospheric temperature adjusted RF (SARF). These new calculations include satellite measurements of CH4 distribution and spectrally varying surface albedo, and include absorption of solar mid‐infrared radiation by methane's 7.6 μm band. These factors substantially influence methane's SW effect. For a 750–1,800 ppb perturbation, the all‐sky top‐of‐atmosphere SW instantaneous RF is 0.082 W m−2; at the tropopause it is 0.002 W m−2, considerably smaller than previous estimates. Including the impact of SW absorption on stratospheric temperature increases tropopause SARF by 0.039 W m−2 (or 7%) compared to the LW‐only SARF.
Interdecadal Variability of Easterly Waves Over the Tropical Northeastern Pacific
Authors: Torres V. M. , Thorncroft C. D.
Published: July 2022

A time‐series analysis of Easterly Wave (EW) activity, based on dynamical and convective variance measures, was carried out over the tropical northeastern Pacific (EPAC). A significant interdecadal change in EW‐activity was identified shifting from reduced activity in 1980–1997, to increased activity during 1998–2015. The changes in EW‐activity are modulated on interdecadal timescales by the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). EW‐activity is increased when there is a positive AMO index and, to a lesser extent, a negative PDO index. The opposite occurred with a negative AMO index and positive PDO index. This relationship can be understood in terms of how the AMO and PDO impact sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the EPAC. Warmer SSTs tend to be associated with more EW‐related convection and associated vorticity generation in the EW troughs and vice versa. These results suggest potential predictability of EW‐activity in the EPAC on interdecadal timescales.
PBK drives PARP inhibitor resistance through the TRIM37/NFκB axis in ovarian cancer
Authors: Ma Hanlin , Qi Gonghua , Han Fang , Peng Jiali , Yuan Cunzhong , Kong Beihua
Published: July 2022

Resistance to PARP inhibitors (PARPi) remains a therapeutic challenge in ovarian cancer patients. PDZ-binding kinase (PBK) participates in the chemoresistance of many malignancies. However, the role of PBK in PARPi resistance of ovarian cancer is obscure. In the current study, we demonstrated that overexpression of PBK contributed to olaparib resistance in ovarian cancer cells. Knockdown of PBK sensitized olaparib-resistant SKOV3 cells to olaparib. Inhibition of PBK using a specific inhibitor enhanced the therapeutic efficiency of olaparib. Mechanically, PBK directly interacted with TRIM37 to promote its phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. which subsequently activates the NFκB pathway. Additionally, PBK enhanced olaparib resistance of ovarian cancer by regulating the NFκB/TRIM37 axis in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, PBK confers ovarian cancer resistance to PARPi through activating the TRIM37-mediated NFκB pathway, and targeted inhibition of PBK provided the new therapy to improve PARPi treatment outcomes for ovarian cancer patients.
Bone morphogenetic protein 7 mediates stem cells migration and angiogenesis: therapeutic potential for endogenous pulp regeneration
Authors: Liang Cheng , Liang Qingqing , Xu Xun , Liu Xiaojing , Gao Xin , Li Maojiao , Yang Jian , Xing Xiaotao , Huang Haisen , Tang Qi , Liao Li , Tian Weidong
Published: July 2022

Pulp loss is accompanied by the functional impairment of defense, sensory, and nutrition supply. The approach based on endogenous stem cells is a potential strategy for pulp regeneration. However, endogenous stem cell sources, exogenous regenerative signals, and neovascularization are major difficulties for pulp regeneration based on endogenous stem cells. Therefore, the purpose of our research is to seek an effective cytokines delivery strategy and bioactive materials to reestablish an ideal regenerative microenvironment for pulp regeneration. In in vitro study, we investigated the effects of Wnt3a, transforming growth factor-beta 1, and bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7) on human dental pulp stem cells (h-DPSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. 2D and 3D culture systems based on collagen gel, matrigel, and gelatin methacryloyl were fabricated to evaluate the morphology and viability of h-DPSCs. In in vivo study, an ectopic nude mouse model and an in situ beagle dog model were established to investigate the possibility of pulp regeneration by implanting collagen gel loading BMP7. We concluded that BMP7 promoted the migration and odontogenic differentiation of h-DPSCs and vessel formation. Collagen gel maintained the cell adhesion, cell spreading, and cell viability of h-DPSCs in 2D or 3D culture. The transplantation of collagen gel loading BMP7 induced vascularized pulp-like tissue regeneration in vivo. The injectable approach based on collagen gel loading BMP7 might exert promising therapeutic application in endogenous pulp regeneration.
Influencing cognitive performance via social interactions: a novel therapeutic approach for brain disorders based on neuroanatomical mapping?
Authors: Lanooij Suzanne D. , Eisel Ulrich L. M. , Drinkenburg Wilhelmus H. I. M. , van der Zee Eddy A. , Kas Martien J. H.
Published: July 2022

Many psychiatric and neurological disorders present deficits in both the social and cognitive domain. In this perspectives article, we provide an overview and the potential of the existence of an extensive neurobiological substrate underlying the close relationship between these two domains. By mapping the rodent brain regions involved in the social and/or cognitive domain, we show that the vast majority of brain regions involved in the cognitive domain are also involved in the social domain. The identified neuroanatomical overlap has an evolutionary basis, as complex social behavior requires cognitive skills, and aligns with the reported functional interactions of processes underlying cognitive and social performance. Based on the neuroanatomical mapping, recent (pre-)clinical findings, and the evolutionary perspective, we emphasize that the social domain requires more focus as an important treatment target and/or biomarker, especially considering the presently limited treatment strategies for these disorders.
Energy-efficient pathway for selectively exciting solute molecules to high vibrational states via solvent vibration-polariton pumping
Authors: Li Tao E. , Nitzan Abraham , Subotnik Joseph E.
Published: July 2022

Selectively exciting target molecules to high vibrational states is inefficient in the liquid phase, which restricts the use of IR pumping to catalyze ground-state chemical reactions. Here, we demonstrate that this inefficiency can sometimes be solved by confining the liquid to an optical cavity under vibrational strong coupling conditions. For a liquid solution of 13CO2 solute in a 12CO2 solvent, cavity molecular dynamics simulations show that exciting a polariton (hybrid light-matter state) of the solvent with an intense laser pulse, under suitable resonant conditions, may lead to a very strong (>3 quanta) and ultrafast (<1 ps) excitation of the solute, even though the solvent ends up being barely excited. By contrast, outside a cavity the same input pulse fluence can excite the solute by only half a vibrational quantum and the selectivity of excitation is low. Our finding is robust under different cavity volumes, which may lead to observable cavity enhancement on IR photochemical reactions in Fabry–Pérot cavities.
A Bayesian approach to infer recombination patterns in coronaviruses
Authors: Müller Nicola F. , Kistler Kathryn E. , Bedford Trevor
Published: July 2022

As shown during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, phylogenetic and phylodynamic methods are essential tools to study the spread and evolution of pathogens. One of the central assumptions of these methods is that the shared history of pathogens isolated from different hosts can be described by a branching phylogenetic tree. Recombination breaks this assumption. This makes it problematic to apply phylogenetic methods to study recombining pathogens, including, for example, coronaviruses. Here, we introduce a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach that allows inference of recombination networks from genetic sequence data under a template switching model of recombination. Using this method, we first show that recombination is extremely common in the evolutionary history of SARS-like coronaviruses. We then show how recombination rates across the genome of the human seasonal coronaviruses 229E, OC43 and NL63 vary with rates of adaptation. This suggests that recombination could be beneficial to fitness of human seasonal coronaviruses. Additionally, this work sets the stage for Bayesian phylogenetic tracking of the spread and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in the future, even as recombinant viruses become prevalent.
Thalamo-hippocampal pathway regulates incidental memory capacity in mice
Authors: Torromino G. , Loffredo V. , Cavezza D. , Sonsini G. , Esposito F. , Crevenna A. H. , Gioffrè M. , De Risi M. , Treves A. , Griguoli M. , De Leonibus E.
Published: July 2022

Incidental memory can be challenged by increasing either the retention delay or the memory load. The dorsal hippocampus (dHP) appears to help with both consolidation from short-term (STM) to long-term memory (LTM), and higher memory loads, but the mechanism is not fully understood. Here we find that female mice, despite having the same STM capacity of 6 objects and higher resistance to distraction in our different object recognition task (DOT), when tested over 1 h or 24 h delays appear to transfer to LTM only 4 objects, whereas male mice have an STM capacity of 6 objects in this task. In male mice the dHP shows greater activation (as measured by c-Fos expression), whereas female mice show greater activation of the ventral midline thalamus (VMT). Optogenetic inhibition of the VMT-dHP pathway during off-line memory consolidation enables 6-object LTM retention in females, while chemogenetic VMT-activation impairs it in males. Thus, removing or enhancing sub-cortical inhibitory control over the hippocampus leads to differences in incidental memory.
An epigenome atlas of neural progenitors within the embryonic mouse forebrain
Authors: Rhodes Christopher T. , Thompson Joyce J. , Mitra Apratim , Asokumar Dhanya , Lee Dongjin R. , Lee Daniel J. , Zhang Yajun , Jason Eva , Dale Ryan K. , Rocha Pedro P. , Petros Timothy J.
Published: July 2022

A comprehensive characterization of epigenomic organization in the embryonic mouse forebrain will enhance our understanding of neurodevelopment and provide insight into mechanisms of neurological disease. Here we collected single-cell chromatin accessibility profiles from four distinct neurogenic regions of the embryonic mouse forebrain using single nuclei ATAC-Seq (snATAC-Seq). We identified thousands of differentially accessible peaks, many restricted to distinct progenitor cell types or brain regions. We integrated snATAC-Seq and single cell transcriptome data to characterize changes of chromatin accessibility at enhancers and promoters with associated transcript abundance. Multi-modal integration of histone modifications (CUT&Tag and CUT&RUN), promoter-enhancer interactions (Capture-C) and high-order chromatin structure (Hi-C) extended these initial observations. This dataset reveals a diverse chromatin landscape with region-specific regulatory mechanisms and genomic interactions in distinct neurogenic regions of the embryonic mouse brain and represents an extensive public resource of a ‘ground truth’ epigenomic landscape at this critical stage of neurogenesis.
Kinesin-8-specific loop-2 controls the dual activities of the motor domain according to tubulin protofilament shape
Authors: Hunter Byron , Benoit Matthieu P. M. H. , Asenjo Ana B. , Doubleday Caitlin , Trofimova Daria , Frazer Corey , Shoukat Irsa , Sosa Hernando , Allingham John S.
Published: July 2022

Kinesin-8s are dual-activity motor proteins that can move processively on microtubules and depolymerize microtubule plus-ends, but their mechanism of combining these distinct activities remains unclear. We addressed this by obtaining cryo-EM structures (2.6–3.9 Å) ofCandida albicansKip3 in different catalytic states on the microtubule lattice and on a curved microtubule end mimic. We also determined a crystal structure of microtubule-unboundCaKip3-ADP (2.0 Å) and analyzed the biochemical activity ofCaKip3 and kinesin-1 mutants. These data reveal that the microtubule depolymerization activity of kinesin-8 originates from conformational changes of its motor core that are amplified by dynamic contacts between its extended loop-2 and tubulin. On curved microtubule ends, loop-1 inserts into preceding motor domains, forming head-to-tail arrays of kinesin-8s that complement loop-2 contacts with curved tubulin and assist depolymerization. On straight tubulin protofilaments in the microtubule lattice, loop-2-tubulin contacts inhibit conformational changes in the motor core, but in the ADP-Pi state these contacts are relaxed, allowing neck-linker docking for motility. We propose that these tubulin shape-induced alternations between pro-microtubule-depolymerization and pro-motility kinesin states, regulated by loop-2, are the key to the dual activity of kinesin-8 motors.
Mechanism of threonine ADP-ribosylation of F-actin by a Tc toxin
Authors: Belyy Alexander , Lindemann Florian , Roderer Daniel , Funk Johanna , Bardiaux Benjamin , Protze Jonas , Bieling Peter , Oschkinat Hartmut , Raunser Stefan
Published: July 2022

Tc toxins deliver toxic enzymes into host cells by a unique injection mechanism. One of these enzymes is the actin ADP-ribosyltransferase TccC3, whose activity leads to the clustering of the cellular cytoskeleton and ultimately cell death. Here, we show in atomic detail how TccC3 modifies actin. We find that the ADP-ribosyltransferase does not bind to G-actin but interacts with two consecutive actin subunits of F-actin. The binding of TccC3 to F-actin occurs via an induced-fit mechanism that facilitates access of NAD+ to the nucleotide binding pocket. The following nucleophilic substitution reaction results in the transfer of ADP-ribose to threonine-148 of F-actin. We demonstrate that this site-specific modification of F-actin prevents its interaction with depolymerization factors, such as cofilin, which impairs actin network turnover and leads to steady actin polymerization. Our findings reveal in atomic detail a mechanism of action of a bacterial toxin through specific targeting and modification of F-actin.
Polycomb-lamina antagonism partitions heterochromatin at the nuclear periphery
Authors: Siegenfeld Allison P. , Roseman Shelby A. , Roh Heejin , Lue Nicholas Z. , Wagen Corin C. , Zhou Eric , Johnstone Sarah E. , Aryee Martin J. , Liau Brian B.
Published: July 2022

The genome can be divided into two spatially segregated compartments, A and B, which partition active and inactive chromatin states. While constitutive heterochromatin is predominantly located within the B compartment near the nuclear lamina, facultative heterochromatin marked by H3K27me3 spans both compartments. How epigenetic modifications, compartmentalization, and lamina association collectively maintain heterochromatin architecture remains unclear. Here we develop Lamina-Inducible Methylation and Hi-C (LIMe-Hi-C) to jointly measure chromosome conformation, DNA methylation, and lamina positioning. Through LIMe-Hi-C, we identify topologically distinct sub-compartments with high levels of H3K27me3 and differing degrees of lamina association. Inhibition of Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) reveals that H3K27me3 is essential for sub-compartment segregation. Unexpectedly, PRC2 inhibition promotes lamina association and constitutive heterochromatin spreading into H3K27me3-marked B sub-compartment regions. Consistent with this repositioning, genes originally marked with H3K27me3 in the B compartment, but not the A compartment, remain largely repressed, suggesting that constitutive heterochromatin spreading can compensate for H3K27me3 loss at a transcriptional level. These findings demonstrate that Polycomb sub-compartments and their antagonism with lamina association are fundamental features of genome structure. More broadly, by jointly measuring nuclear position and Hi-C contacts, our study demonstrates how compartmentalization and lamina association represent distinct but interdependent modes of heterochromatin regulation.
In-plane strain engineering in ultrathin noble metal nanosheets boosts the intrinsic electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution activity
Authors: Wu Geng , Han Xiao , Cai Jinyan , Yin Peiqun , Cui Peixin , Zheng Xusheng , Li Hai , Chen Cai , Wang Gongming , Hong Xun
Published: July 2022

Strain has been shown to modulate the electronic structure of noble metal nanomaterials and alter their catalytic performances. Since strain is spatially dependent, it is challenging to expose the active strained interfaces by structural engineering with atomic precision. Herein, we report a facile method to manipulate the planar strain in ultrathin noble metal nanosheets by constructing amorphous–crystalline phase boundaries that can expose the active strained interfaces. Geometric-phase analysis and electron diffraction profile demonstrate the in-plane amorphous–crystalline boundaries can induce about 4% surface tensile strain in the nanosheets. The strained Ir nanosheets display substantially enhanced intrinsic activity toward the hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalysis with a turnover frequency value 4.5-fold higher than the benchmark Pt/C catalyst. Density functional theory calculations verify that the tensile strain optimizes the d-band states and hydrogen adsorption properties of the strained Ir nanosheets to improve catalysis. Furthermore, the in-plane strain engineering method is demonstrated to be a general approach to boost the hydrogen evolution performance of Ru and Rh nanosheets.
A DNA origami rotary ratchet motor
Authors: Pumm Anna-Katharina , Engelen Wouter , Kopperger Enzo , Isensee Jonas , Vogt Matthias , Kozina Viktorija , Kube Massimo , Honemann Maximilian N. , Bertosin Eva , Langecker Martin , Golestanian Ramin , Simmel Friedrich C. , Dietz Hendrik
Published: July 2022

To impart directionality to the motions of a molecular mechanism, one must overcome the random thermal forces that are ubiquitous on such small scales and in liquid solution at ambient temperature. In equilibrium without energy supply, directional motion cannot be sustained without violating the laws of thermodynamics. Under conditions away from thermodynamic equilibrium, directional motion may be achieved within the framework of Brownian ratchets, which are diffusive mechanisms that have broken inversion symmetry1–5. Ratcheting is thought to underpin the function of many natural biological motors, such as the F1F0-ATPase6–8, and it has been demonstrated experimentally in synthetic microscale systems (for example, to our knowledge, first in ref. 3) and also in artificial molecular motors created by organic chemical synthesis9–12. DNA nanotechnology13 has yielded a variety of nanoscale mechanisms, including pivots, hinges, crank sliders and rotary systems14–17, which can adopt different configurations, for example, triggered by strand-displacement reactions18,19 or by changing environmental parameters such as pH, ionic strength, temperature, external fields and by coupling their motions to those of natural motor proteins20–26. This previous work and considering low-Reynolds-number dynamics and inherent stochasticity27,28 led us to develop a nanoscale rotary motor built from DNA origami that is driven by ratcheting and whose mechanical capabilities approach those of biological motors such as F1F0-ATPase.