bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Potentials of Egyptian and Indian Granites for Protection of Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Elsafi Mohamed , Alrashedi M. F. , Sayyed M. I. , Al-Hamarneh Ibrahim F. , El-Nahal M. A. , El-Khatib Mostafa , Khandaker Mayeen Uddin , Osman Hamid , Askary Ahmad El
Published: July 2021

This paper aims to study the radiation shielding characteristics and buildup factor of some types of granite in Egypt. The mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) for three types of granite (gandola, white halayeb, and red aswani) was experimentally determined, and the experimental results were validated by XCOM software. The relative deviation between the two methods does not exceed 3% in all discussed granite samples, which means that MAC calculated through the experimental and XCOM are in suitable agreement. The effective atomic number (Zeff) varies from 13.64 to 10.69, 13.68 to 10.59, and 13.45 and 10.66 for gandola, white halayeb, and red aswani, respectively. As well as the equivalent atomic number (Zeq) was calculated in a wide range of energy to deduce the exposure (EBF) and energy absorption (EABF) buildup factors for the studied granite materials. The linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), half-value layer (HVL), mean free path (MFP) were calculated at each investigated energy and showed that the most effective shielding ability at high energy was red aswani, while at low energy, the shielding ability was nearly constant for studied granites. The present study forms the first endeavor to obtain the radiation shielding properties of the studied materials to be used in practical applications.
Corrosion Behaviour of High-Strength Al 7005 Alloy and Its Composites Reinforced with Industrial Waste-Based Fly Ash and Glass Fibre: Comparison of Stir Cast and Extrusion Conditions
Authors: Swamy Praveen Kumar , Mylaraiah Shantharaja , Gowdru Chandrashekarappa Manjunath Patel , Lakshmikanthan Avinash , Pimenov Danil Yurievich , Giasin Khaled , Krishna Munishamaiah
Published: July 2021

The stringent demand to develop lightweight materials with enhanced properties suitable for various engineering applications is the focus of this research work. Industrial wastes such as fly ash (FA) and S-glass-fibres (GF) were used as reinforcement materials for high-strength alloy, i.e., Al 7005. Stir casting routes were employed for fabricating the four samples, Al 7005, Al 7005 + 5% GF, Al 7005 + 6% FA and Al 7005 + 5% GF + 6% FA. The extrusion process with different extrusion ratios (ER: 5.32:1, and 2.66:1) was used to examine the properties of all four samples. Extruded samples with ER: 5.32: 1 resulted in equiaxed grains with refined structure compared to stir casting parts. The effect of the extrusion process and the addition of reinforcements (GF and FA) on the gravimetric, electrochemical, and electrochemical impedance corrosion behaviour of Al 7005 composites in 1M HCl (Hydrochloric acid) solution were investigated. The results of all three corrosion methods showed that Al 7005 + 6% FA exhibited higher corrosion resistance. Corrosion rate of Al 7005, Al 7005 + 5% GF, Al 7005 + 6% FA and Al 7005 + 5% GF + 6% FA is found equal to 3.25, 2.41, 0.34, and 0.76 mpy, respectively. The FA particles remain inert and act as a physical barrier with corrosive media during the corrosion test. GF undergoes fibre degradation or disrupts the continuity of the glass network as a result of fibre leaching, which increases the corrosion rate in the sample. The gravimetric study showed that the corrosion rates decreased with an increase in extrusion ratio, which might be due to corrosion passivation increases and improved properties. The scanning electron microscopy reveals that corrosion fits, flakes and micro-cracks were observed more in the as-cast composites than that of extrusion composites, promoting the corrosion rate.
An Innovative Nanobody-Based High-Biocompatibility Gold Interdigitated Microelectrode Electrochemical Bioimpedance Sensor for the Ultrasensitive Detection of Difenacoum in Human Serum
Authors: Guo Liuchuan , Wang Sihan , He Zhiwei , Zhang Jing , Zhu Xiaoli , Ke Yuebin , Jiang Haiyang , Wang Zhanhui
Published: July 2021

Difenacoum (DIF) is one of the most widely used anticoagulant rodenticides. However, accidental or intentional ingestion of DIF seriously threatens humans and other non-target species. Therefore, a rapid and sensitive detection method to quantify DIF is urgently needed. In this study, one anti-DIF nanobody (Nb) was assembled on the surface of a gold interdigitated microelectrode (IDME) using an Au–S bond to fabricate a bioimpedance sensor. To improve the immobilization amount of Nbs on the electrode, a polycrystalline gold IDME was prepared to provide a larger surface and better biocompatibility. Thus, a novel and ultrasensitive bioimpedance sensor based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was designed for the determination of DIF, and it displayed good reproducibility and stability in human serum. The proposed bioimpedance sensor displayed a wide working range, between 0.1–1000 pg/mL, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.1 pg/mL of DIF. This method exhibited excellent performance, good sensitivity, and reproducibility and achieved the highest sensitivity of all currently existing methods used to quantify DIF. The highly sensitive DIF detection of this proposed bioimpedance sensor indicates its potential as an efficacious approach for DIF monitoring in human serum with high accuracy and precision.
Influence of Co Content and Chemical Nature of the Co Binder on the Corrosion Resistance of Nanostructured WC-Co Hardmetals in Acidic Solution
Authors: Aleksandrov Fabijanić Tamara , Kurtela Marin , Sakoman Matija , Šnajdar Musa Mateja
Published: July 2021

The electrochemical corrosion resistance of nanostructured hardmetals with grain sizes dWC < 200 nm was researched concerning Co content and the chemical nature of the Co binder. Fully dense nanostructured hardmetals with the addition of grain growth inhibitors GGIs, VC and Cr3C2, and 5 wt.%Co, 10 wt.%Co, and 15 wt.%Co were developed by a one cycle sinter-HIP process. The samples were detailly characterized in terms of microstructural characteristics and researched in the solution of H2SO4 + CO2 by direct and alternative current techniques, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Performed analysis revealed a homogeneous microstructure of equal and uniform grain size for different Co contents. The importance of GGIs content adjustment was established as a key factor of obtaining a homogeneous microstructure with WC grain size retained at the same values as in starting mixtures of different Co binder content. From the conducted research, Co content has shown to be the dominant influential factor governing electrochemical corrosion resistance of nanostructured hardmetals compared to the chemical composition of the Co binder and WC grain size. Negative values of Ecorr measured for 30 min in 96% H2SO4 + CO2 were obtained for all samples indicating material dissolution and instability in acidic solution. Higher values of Rp and lower values of icorr and vcorr were obtained for samples with lower Co content. In contrast, the anodic Tafel slope increases with increasing Co content which could be attributed to more pronounced oxidation of the higher Co content samples. Previously researched samples with the same composition but different chemical composition of the binder were introduced in the analysis. The chemical composition of the Co binder showed an influence; samples with lower relative magnetic saturation related to lower C content added to the starting mixtures and more W dissolved in the Co binder during the sintering process showed better corrosion resistance. WC-5Co sample with significantly lower magnetic saturation value showed approximately 30% lower corrosion rate. WC-10Co sample with slightly lower relative magnetic saturation value and showed approximately 10% lower corrosion rate. Higher content of Cr3C2 dissolved in the binder contributed to a lower corrosion rate. Slight VC increase did not contribute to corrosion resistance. Superior corrosion resistance is attributed to W and C dissolved in the Co binder, lower magnetic saturation, or WC grain size of the sintered sample.
Semi-Empirical Prediction of Turned Surface Residual Stress for Inconel 718 Grounded in Experiments and Finite Element Simulations
Authors: Peng Huachen , Tang Wencheng , Xing Yan , Zhou Xin
Published: July 2021

The surface residual stress after machining, especially for finishing, has a vital influence on the shape stability and fatigue life of components. The current study focuses on proposing an original empirical equation to predict turned surface residual stress for Inconel 718 material, taking tool parameters into consideration. The tool cutting-edge angle, rake angle, and inclination angle are introduced for the first time in the equation based on the Inconel 718 material turning experiments and finite element simulations. In this study, the reliability of simulation parameters’ setting is firstly calibrated by comparing the residual stresses and chips of the experiments and simulations. The changing trends of turned forces, temperatures of lathe tool nose, and surface residual stress with turning parameters are analyzed. Then, the predictive equation of surface residual stress is proposed considering relationships between the back-rake angle, the side-rake angle, and the tool cutting-edge angle, rake angle, and inclination angle. Moreover, the genetic algorithm optimizes the objective function to obtain the undetermined coefficients in the prediction equation. Finally, the predicted accuracy of the surface residual stress is proven by comparing the experimental, simulation, and prediction values. The results indicate that the predictive equation of surface residual stress has a good accuracy in predicting turned surface residual stress for Inconel 718 materials. The correlation coefficient, R, and absolute average error between the predicted and the simulated value are 0.9624 and 13.40%, respectively. In the range of cutting parameters studied and experimental errors, this study provides an accurate predictive equation of turned surface residual stress for Inconel 718 materials.
Thermo-Optical Studies of Laser Ceramics
Authors: Palashov Oleg V. , Starobor Aleksey V. , Perevezentsev Evgeniy A. , Snetkov Ilya L. , Mironov Evgeniy A. , Yakovlev Alexey I. , Balabanov Stanislav S. , Permin Dmitry A. , Belyaev Alexander V.
Published: July 2021

A cycle of works on manufacturing and studying laser and magnetooptical ceramics with a focus on their thermo-optical characteristics performed by the research team is analyzed. Original results that have not been published before such as measurements of the Verdet constant in the Zr:TAG, Re:MgAl2O4, and ZnAl2O4 ceramics are also presented.
Lipofection of Single Guide RNA Targeting MMP8 Decreases Proliferation and Migration in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells
Authors: Maradiaga Oscar David Hernandez , Mok Pooi Ling , Sivapragasam Gothai , Samrot Antony V. , Ali Khan Mohammed Safwan , Farhana Aisha , Alzahrani Badr , Tong Jiabei , Karuppiah Thilakavathy , Joseph Narcisse M. S. , Subbiah Suresh Kumar
Published: July 2021

Background and Objectives: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) have been implicated as major determinants of tumour growth and metastasis, which are considered two of the main hallmarks of cancer. The interaction of MMP8 and other signalling molecules within and adjacent tumoral tissues, including immune cells, are rather elusive, particularly of adenocarcinoma cell type. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of MMP8 in non-small cell lung cancer proliferation and invasiveness potential. Materials and Methods: We individually lipofected with two different single guide RNA (sgRNAs) that specifically targeted on MMP8, with CRISPR-Cas 9 protein into the cells. Results: Our results clearly indicated that the lipofection of these complexes could lead to reduced ability of A549 cells to survive and proliferate to form colonies. In addition, when compared to non-transfected cells, the experimental cell groups receiving sgRNAs demonstrated relatively decreased migration rate, hence, wider wound gaps in scratch assay. The quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) demonstrated significant reduction in the MAP-K, survivin and PI3-K gene expression. MMP8 might have protective roles over tumour growth and spread in our body. Conclusions: The delivery of sgRNAs targeting on the MMP8 gene could induce tumour cell death and arrest cell migratory activity.
Advancements in Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation: A Focused Update
Authors: Ciardetti Niccolò , Ciatti Francesca , Nardi Giulia , Di Muro Francesca Maria , Demola Pierluigi , Sottili Edoardo , Stolcova Miroslava , Ristalli Francesca , Mattesini Alessio , Meucci Francesco , Di Mario Carlo
Published: July 2021

Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) has become the leading technique for aortic valve replacement in symptomatic patients with severe aortic stenosis with conventional surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) now limited to patients younger than 65–75 years due to a combination of unsuitable anatomies (calcified raphae in bicuspid valves, coexistent aneurysm of the ascending aorta) and concerns on the absence of long-term data on TAVI durability. This incredible rise is linked to technological evolutions combined with increased operator experience, which led to procedural refinements and, accordingly, to better outcomes. The article describes the main and newest technical improvements, allowing an extension of the indications (valve-in-valve procedures, intravascular lithotripsy for severely calcified iliac vessels), and a reduction of complications (stroke, pacemaker implantation, aortic regurgitation).
Membrane Fouling Phenomena in Microfluidic Systems: From Technical Challenges to Scientific Opportunities
Authors: Cirillo Andrea , Tomaiuolo Giovanna , Guido Stefano
Published: July 2021

The almost ubiquitous, though undesired, deposition and accumulation of suspended/dissolved matter on solid surfaces, known as fouling, represents a crucial issue strongly affecting the efficiency and sustainability of micro-scale reactors. Fouling becomes even more detrimental for all the applications that require the use of membrane separation units. As a matter of fact, membrane technology is a key route towards process intensification, having the potential to replace conventional separation procedures, with significant energy savings and reduced environmental impact, in a broad range of applications, from water purification to food and pharmaceutical industries. Despite all the research efforts so far, fouling still represents an unsolved problem. The complex interplay of physical and chemical mechanisms governing its evolution is indeed yet to be fully unraveled and the role played by foulants’ properties or operating conditions is an area of active research where microfluidics can play a fundamental role. The aim of this review is to explore fouling through microfluidic systems, assessing the fundamental interactions involved and how microfluidics enables the comprehension of the mechanisms characterizing the process. The main mathematical models describing the fouling stages will also be reviewed and their limitations discussed. Finally, the principal dynamic investigation techniques in which microfluidics represents a key tool will be discussed, analyzing their employment to study fouling.
Label-Free Electrochemical Sensor Based on Manganese Doped Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles for Myoglobin Detection: Biomarker for Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Al Fatease Adel , Haque Mazharul , Umar Ahmad , Ansari Shafeeque G. , Alhamhoom Yahya , Muhsinah Abdullatif Bin , Mahnashi Mater H. , Guo Wenjuan , Ansari Zubaida A.
Published: July 2021

A label free electrochemical sensor based on pure titanium oxide and manganese (Mn)-doped titanium oxide (TiO2) nanoparticles are fabricated and characterized for the sensitive detection of myoglobin (Mb) levels to analyze the cardiovascular infarction. Pristine and Mn-doped TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized via the sol-gel method and characterized in order to understand their structure, morphologies, composition and optical properties. The structural properties revealed that the pure- and doped-TiO2 nanoparticles possess different TiO2 planes. FTIR studies confirm the formation of metal oxide nanoparticles by exhibiting a well-defined peak in the range of 600–650 cm−1. The values of the optical band gap, estimated from UV-Vis spectroscopy, are decreased for the Mn-doped TiO2 nanoparticles. UV-Vis spectra in the presence of myoglobin (Mb) indicated interaction between the TiO2 nanoparticles and myoglobin. The SPE electrodes were then fabricated by printing powder film over the working electrode and tested for label-free electrochemical detection of myoglobin (Mb) in the concentration range of 0–15 nM Mb. The fabricated electrochemical sensor exhibited a high sensitivity of 100.40 μA-cm−2/nM with a lowest detection limit of 0.013 nM (0.22 ng/mL) and a response time of ≤10 ms for sample S3. An interference study with cyt-c and Human Serum Albumin (HSA) of the sensors show the selective response towards Mb in 1:1 mixture.
Effect of Ferrous Ion on Heat-Induced Aroma Deterioration of Green Tea Infusion
Authors: Gao Ying , Wang Jie-Qiong , Chen Jian-Xin , Wang Fang , Chen Gen-Sheng , Yin Jun-Feng , Xu Yong-Quan
Published: July 2021

Aroma deterioration is one of the biggest problems in processing tea beverages. The aroma of tea infusion deteriorates fast during heat sterilization and the presence of ferrous ion (Fe2+) aggravates it. The underlying mechanism remains unveiled. In this study, Fe2+ was verified to deteriorate the aroma quality of green tea infusion with heat treatment. Catechins were necessary for Fe2+-mediated aroma deterioration. By enhancing the degradation of catechins, Fe2+ dramatically increased the production of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Fe2+ and H2O2 together exacerbated the aroma of green tea infusion with heat treatment. GC-MS analysis revealed that the presence of Fe2+ enhanced the loss of green/grassy volatiles and promoted the formation of new volatiles with diversified aroma characteristics, resulting in a dull scent of green tea infusion. Our results revealed how Fe2+ induced aroma deterioration of green tea infusion with heat treatment and could help guide tea producers in attenuating the aroma deterioration of tea infusion during processing.
First Evidence of “Earth Wax” Inside the Casting Molds from the Roman Era
Authors: Jagošová Klára , Jílek Jan , Fojtík Pavel , Čižmář Ivan , Popelka Miroslav , Kurka Ondřej , Kučera Lukáš
Published: July 2021

This research was focused on the analysis of material composition and organic residues present in three molds found in the Moravian region (Czech Republic) belonging to the Roman era. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy pointed out the possible remelting of Roman objects in Barbarian territory. The analysis of organic residues retrieved from the internal part of mold #2 by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry proved the presence of ozokerite wax (“earth wax”). Consequent analysis of this organic residue by Atmospheric Solids Analysis Probe–ion mobility spectrometry–high-resolution mass spectrometry (ASAP-IMS-HRMS) confirmed the presence of ceresin, the main component of ozokerite. Ceresin was also detected in a sample of the organic residue from mold #1. Note that this is the first application of ASAP-IMS-HRMS in archaeological research. The remains of earth wax in molds suggest the production of wax models as an intermediate stage for the production of lost-wax ceramic casting molds.
New Precursors to 3-Sulfanylhexan-1-ol? Investigating the Keto–Enol Tautomerism of 3-S-Glutathionylhexanal
Authors: Muhl Jennifer R. , Pilkington Lisa I. , Deed Rebecca C.
Published: July 2021

The volatile thiol compound 3-sulfanylhexan-1-ol (3SH) is a key impact odorant of white wines such as Sauvignon Blanc. 3SH is produced during fermentation by metabolism of non-volatile precursors such as 3-S-gluthathionylhexanal (glut-3SH-al). The biogenesis of 3SH is not fully understood, and the role of glut-3SH-al in this pathway is yet to be elucidated. The aldehyde functional group of glut-3SH-al is known to make this compound more reactive than other precursors to 3SH, and we are reporting for the first time that glut-3SH-al can exist in both keto and enol forms in aqueous solutions. At wine typical pH (~3.5), glut-3SH-al exists predominantly as the enol form. The dominance of the enol form over the keto form has implications in terms of potential consumption/conversion of glut-3SH-al by previously unidentified pathways. Therefore, this work will aid in the further elucidation of the role of glut-3SH-al towards 3SH formation in wine, with significant implications for the study and analysis of analogous compounds.
Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines: Some Insights into Supramolecular Self-Assembly, Microencapsulation, and Imaging Microscopy
Authors: Teixeira Raquel , Serra Vanda Vaz , Botequim David , Paulo Pedro M. R. , Andrade Suzana M. , Costa Sílvia M. B.
Published: July 2021

The molecular interactions of anionic tetrasulfonate phenyl porphyrin (TPPS) with poly(amido amine) (PAMAM) dendrimers of generation 2.0 and 4.0 (G2 and G4, respectively) forming H- or J-aggregates, as well as with human and bovine serum albumin proteins (HSA and BSA), were reviewed in the context of self-assembly molecular complementarity. The spectroscopic studies were extended to the association of aluminum phthtalocyanine (AlPCS4) detected with a PAMAM G4 dendrimer with fluorescence studies in both steady state and dynamic state, as well as due to the fluorescence quenching associated to electron-transfer with a distribution of lifetimes. The functionalization of TPPS with peripheral substituents enables the assignment of spontaneous pH-induced aggregates with different and well-defined morphologies. Other work reported in the literature, in particular with soft self-assembly materials, fall in the same area with particular interest for the environment. The microencapsulation of TPPS studies into polyelectrolyte capsules was developed quite recently and aroused much interest, which is well supported and complemented by the extensive data reported on the Imaging Microscopy section of the Luminescence of Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines included in the present review.
Ultralong π-Conjugated Bis(terpyridine)metal Polymer Wires Covalently Bound to a Carbon Electrode: Fast Redox Conduction and Redox Diode Characteristics
Authors: Wu Kuo-Hui , Sakamoto Ryota , Maeda Hiroaki , Phua Eunice Jia Han , Nishihara Hiroshi
Published: July 2021

We developed an efficient and convenient electrochemical method to synthesize π-conjugated redox metal-complex linear polymer wires composed of azobenzene-bridged bis(terpyridine)metal (2-M, M = Fe, Ru) units covalently immobilized on glassy carbon (GC). Polymerization proceeds by electrochemical oxidation of bis(4′-(4-anilino)-2,2′:6′,2″-terpyridine)metal (1-M) in a water–acetonitrile–HClO4 solution, affording ultralong wires up to 7400 mers (corresponding to ca. 15 μm). Both 2-Fe and 2-Ru undergo reversible redox reactions, and their redox behaviors indicate remarkably fast redox conduction. Anisotropic hetero-metal-complex polymer wires with Fe and Ru centers are constructed via stepwise electropolymerization. The cyclic voltammograms of two hetero-metal-complex polymer wires, GC/[2-Fe]–[2-Ru] (3) and GC/[2-Ru]–[2-Fe] (4), show irreversible redox reactions with opposite electron transfer characteristics, indicating redox diodelike behavior. In short, the present electrochemical method is useful to synthesize polymer wire arrays and to integrate functional molecules on carbon.
An Alternative Approach for the Synthesis of Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol
Authors: Sitz Tobias , Domey Hendrik , Fischer Judith , Rohn Sascha
Published: July 2021

Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG) is a glycolipid ubiquitously found in photosynthetically active organisms. It has attracted much attention in recent years due to its biological activities. Similarly, the increasing demand for vegan and functional foods has led to a growing interest in micronutrients such as sulfolipids and their physiological influence on human health. To study this influence, reference materials are needed for developing new analytical methods and providing enough material for model studies on the biological activity. However, the availability of these materials is limited by the difficulty to isolate and purify sulfolipids from natural sources and the unavailability of chemical standards on the market. Consequently, an alternative synthetic route for the comprehensive preparation of sulfolipids was established. Here, the synthesis of a sulfolipid with two identical saturated fatty acids is described exemplarily. The method opens possibilities for the preparation of a diverse range of interesting derivatives with different saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.
Comparative Pharmacokinetic Study of Forchlorfenuron in Adult and Juvenile Rats
Authors: Ping Li , Xu Bingyong , Zhou Qian , Hong Yawen , Sun Qingmei , Wang Jincheng , Zhu Difeng
Published: July 2021

Forchlorfenuron (CPPU) is a plant growth regulator extensively used in agriculture. However, studies on CPPU pharmacokinetics are lacking. We established and validated a rapid, sensitive, and accurate liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry method for CPPU detection in rat plasma. CPPU pharmacokinetics was evaluated in adult and juvenile rats orally treated with 10, 30, and 90 mg/kg of the compound. The area under the plasma drug concentration–time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC), at the final time point sampled (AUC0–t), and the maximum drug concentration of CPPU increased in a dose-dependent manner. The pharmacokinetic parameters AUC0–t and absolute bioavailability were higher in the juvenile rats than in adult rats. The mean residence time and AUC0–t of juvenile rats in the gavage groups, except for the 10 mg/kg dose, were significantly higher in comparison to those observed for adult rats (p < 0.001). The plasma clearance of CPPU in juvenile rats was slightly lower than that in the adult rats. Taken together, juvenile rats were more sensitive to CPPU than adult rats, which indicates potential safety risks of CPPU in minors.
Poultry Manure Induced Garden Eggs Yield and Soil Fertility in Tropical and Semi-Arid Sandy-Loam Soils
Authors: Mpanga Isaac Kwadwo , Adjei Eric , Dapaah Harrison Kwame , Santo Kwadwo Gyasi
Published: July 2021

Synthetic nitrogen fertilizer use comes with unsustainable financial and environmental costs, making it not attractive to small-scale and organic farmers. Poultry manure (PM) when available is a primary fertilizer source for small-scale and organic farmers but there is still limited research on its effects of specific crops and soil fertility under specific practices. The study investigated PM effects on garden egg in three seasons in Ghana and PM effects soil fertility in sandy-loam soils of Arizona after three years under flood irrigation and no-till. The PM application improved garden egg growth (dry matter by 73%) and increased yield by 66% in slightly acidic sandy-loam tropical soils, which could be related to soil mineral improvement. In the semi-arid soil, three years PM application increased cation exchange capacity (41%), P (471%), K (18%), S (244%), Ca (45%), Mg (31%), Zn (5%) and Mn (19%) with reduction in nitrate (−26%), Fe (−38%) and Cu (−11%). The reduction in the nitrate and Fe in the semi-arid Arizona cropland could be associated to flood irrigation and high soil pH, respectively. To gain the full potential from PM applications, best management practice is recommended to reduce nitrate leaching.
Effect of Polyphenols Intake on Obesity-Induced Maternal Programming
Authors: Fortunato Isabela Monique , dos Santos Tanila Wood , Ferraz Lucio Fábio Caldas , Santos Juliana Carvalho , Ribeiro Marcelo Lima
Published: July 2021

Excess caloric intake and body fat accumulation lead to obesity, a complex chronic disease that represents a significant public health problem due to the health-related risk factors. There is growing evidence showing that maternal obesity can program the offspring, which influences neonatal phenotype and predispose offspring to metabolic disorders such as obesity. This increased risk may also be epigenetically transmitted across generations. Thus, there is an imperative need to find effective reprogramming approaches in order to resume normal fetal development. Polyphenols are bioactive compounds found in vegetables and fruits that exert its anti-obesity effect through its powerful anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Polyphenol supplementation has been proven to counteract the prejudicial effects of maternal obesity programming on progeny. Indeed, some polyphenols can cross the placenta and protect the fetal predisposition against obesity. The present review summarizes the effects of dietary polyphenols on obesity-induced maternal reprogramming as an offspring anti-obesity approach.
Care by Midwives, Obstetricians, and Dietitians for Pregnant Women Following a Strict Plant-Based Diet: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Meulenbroeks Deidre , Versmissen Isabel , Prins Nanique , Jonkers Daisy , Gubbels Jessica , Scheepers Hubertina
Published: July 2021

With an growing number of people on a strict plant-based diet, its potential effect on pregnancy and lactation becomes increasingly important. It is, however, unclear how obstetric caregivers currently handle and think about a strict plant-based diet in pregnancy. The aim of the study was therefore to evaluate the self-reported knowledge and advice given by Dutch obstetric caregivers and dietitians when treating pregnant women on a strict plant-based diet. A cross-sectional study was performed by sending an online survey to Dutch midwife practices, obstetricians, and dietitian practices. Descriptive statistics are reported. A total of 121 midwives, 179 obstetricians, and 111 dietitians participated in this study. The majority of midwives (80.2%) and obstetricians (93.9%) considered a strict plant-based diet to be a significant risk factor for nutrient deficiency during pregnancy. Maternal dietary preferences, including a potential strict plant-based diet, were discussed at the first prenatal appointment by 59.5% of midwives and 24.1% of obstetricians. A self-reported lack of knowledge concerning the strict plant-based diet was mentioned by 66.1% of midwives and 75.4% of obstetricians. Obstetric caregivers mostly considered the identification of this dietary habit and subsequent referral to a dietitian or a reliable website as optimal care for pregnant women on the strict plant-based diet. However, only 38.7% of dietitians indicated to have sufficient knowledge to counsel these women. Although obstetric caregivers thought that a strict plant-based diet in pregnancy may lead to increased risks of nutritional deficiencies, the majority report to have insufficient knowledge to provide adequate advice. Only a minority referred these women to dietitians, of whom a minority indicated to have adequate knowledge on this specific diet. These results suggest that current care is suboptimal for an increasing number of pregnant women. Women on a strict plant-based diet could benefit from increased knowledge about this topic among obstetric caregivers and dietitians, as well as from clear guidelines regarding this diet during pregnancy.
“More Than Buying Extra Fruits and Veggies, Please Hide the Fats and Sugars”: Children’s Diet Latent Profiles and Family-Related Factors
Authors: Pereira Beatriz , Silva Cátia , Núñez José Carlos , Rosário Pedro , Magalhães Paula
Published: July 2021

Promoting children’s healthy diets is a key public health priority. Family can play a relevant role in children’s eating patterns. The goals of the current research were to identify different latent diet profiles in children based on their food consumption and to assess the relationship between profiles and family-related factors. A total of 678 school-aged children from the fifth and sixth grades participated. The study design was cross-sectional and questionnaire based. Research assessed healthy (fruit and vegetables) and unhealthy (fast food, sugar-sweetened beverages, and candies) food consumption and family-related factors. A latent profile analysis and multivariate data analysis were developed. Four diet profiles were identified: Combined Diet, Mainly Healthy Diet, Mainly Unhealthy Diet, and Very Unhealthy Diet. Nearly half of the children (45.22%) showed a Combined Diet profile, meaning that they reported eating nearly the same amount of healthy and unhealthy types of foods. Associations between the diet profiles, family income, and food availability were found. For example, the Mainly Healthy Diet profile was statistically associated with a higher family income and less access to unhealthy foods. The present study reinforces the idea that profiling diets can allow for a tailored healthy eating intervention model according to the specific needs of each diet profile.
A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Impact of Tailored Feedback on the Purchase of Healthier Foods from Primary School Online Canteens
Authors: Stacey Fiona , Delaney Tessa , Ball Kylie , Zoetemeyer Rachel , Lecathelinais Christophe , Wolfenden Luke , Seward Kirsty , Wyse Rebecca
Published: July 2021

Few online food ordering systems provide tailored dietary feedback to consumers, despite suggested benefits. The study aim was to determine the effect of providing tailored feedback on the healthiness of students’ lunch orders from a school canteen online ordering system. A cluster randomized controlled trial with ten government primary schools in New South Wales, Australia was conducted. Consenting schools that used an online canteen provider (‘Flexischools’) were randomized to either: a graph and prompt showing the proportion of ‘everyday’ foods selected or a standard online ordering system. Students with an online lunch order during baseline data collection were included (n = 2200 students; n = 7604 orders). Primary outcomes were the proportion of foods classified as ‘everyday’ or ‘caution’. Secondary outcomes included: mean energy, saturated fat, sugar, and sodium content. There was no difference over time between groups on the proportion of ‘everyday’ (OR 0.99; p = 0.88) or ‘caution’ items purchased (OR 1.17; p = 0.45). There was a significant difference between groups for average energy content (mean difference 51 kJ; p−0.02), with both groups decreasing. There was no difference in the saturated fat, sugar, or sodium content. Tailored feedback did not impact the proportion of ‘everyday’ or ‘caution’ foods or the nutritional quality of online canteen orders. Future research should explore whether additional strategies and specific feedback formats can promote healthy purchasing decisions.
Levels of Predominant Intestinal Microorganisms in 1 Month-Old Full-Term Babies and Weight Gain during the First Year of Life
Authors: González Sonia , Selma-Royo Marta , Arboleya Silvia , Martínez-Costa Cecilia , Solís Gonzalo , Suárez Marta , Fernández Nuria , de los Reyes-Gavilán Clara G. , Díaz-Coto Susana , Martínez-Camblor Pablo , Collado Maria Carmen , Gueimonde Miguel
Published: July 2021

The early life gut microbiota has been reported to be involved in neonatal weight gain and later infant growth. Therefore, this early microbiota may constitute a target for the promotion of healthy neonatal growth and development with potential consequences for later life. Unfortunately, we are still far from understanding the association between neonatal microbiota and weight gain and growth. In this context, we evaluated the relationship between early microbiota and weight in a cohort of full-term infants. The absolute levels of specific fecal microorganisms were determined in 88 vaginally delivered and 36 C-section-delivered full-term newborns at 1 month of age and their growth up to 12 months of age. We observed statistically significant associations between the levels of some early life gut microbes and infant weight gain during the first year of life. Classifying the infants into tertiles according to their Staphylococcus levels at 1 month of age allowed us to observe a significantly lower weight at 12 months of life in the C-section-delivered infants from the highest tertile. Univariate and multivariate models pointed out associations between the levels of some fecal microorganisms at 1 month of age and weight gain at 6 and 12 months. Interestingly, these associations were different in vaginally and C-section-delivered babies. A significant direct association between Staphylococcus and weight gain at 1 month of life was observed in vaginally delivered babies, whereas in C-section-delivered infants, lower Bacteroides levels at 1 month were associated with higher later weight gain (at 6 and 12 months). Our results indicate an association between the gut microbiota and weight gain in early life and highlight potential microbial predictors for later weight gain.
Tularemia Outbreaks in Spain from 2007 to 2020 in Humans and Domestic and Wild Animals
Authors: Mínguez-González Olga , Gutiérrez-Martín César-Bernardo , Martínez-Nistal María del Carmen , Esquivel-García María del Rosario , Gómez-Campillo José-Ignacio , Collazos-Martínez Jesús-Ángel , Fernández-Calle Luis-Miguel , Ruiz-Sopeña Cristina , Tamames-Gómez Sonia , Martínez-Martínez Sonia , Caminero-Saldaña Constantino , Hernández Marta , Rodríguez-Lázaro David , Rodríguez-Ferri Elías-Fernando
Published: July 2021

In this study, tularemia outbreaks associated with humans and several domestic and wild animals (Iberian hares, wild rabbits, voles, mice, grey shrews, sheep, dogs, foxes, wolves, ticks, and river crayfish) are reported in Spain from 2007 to 2020. Special attention was paid to the outbreaks in humans in 2007–2009 and 2014–2015, when the most important waves occurred. Moreover, positive rates of tularemia in lagomorphs were detected in 2007–2010, followed by negative results in 2011–2013, before again returning to positive rates in 2014 and in 2017 and in 2019–2020. Lagomorphs role in spreading Francisella tularensis in the epidemiological chain could not be discarded. F. tularensis is described for the first time infecting the shrew Crocidura russula worldwide, and it is also reported for the first time infecting wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) in Spain. Serological positives higher than 0.4% were seen for sheep only from 2007–2009 and again in 2019, while serological rates greater than 1% were revealed in dogs in 2007–2008 and in wild canids in 2016. F. tularensis were detected in ticks in 2009, 2014–2015, 2017, and 2019. Lastly, negative results were achieved for river crayfish and also in environmental water samples from 2007 to 2020.
Anti-Fn14 Antibody-Conjugated Nanoparticles Display Membrane TWEAK-Like Agonism
Authors: Aido Ahmed , Zaitseva Olena , Wajant Harald , Buzgo Matej , Simaite Aiva
Published: July 2021

Conventional bivalent IgG antibodies targeting a subgroup of receptors of the TNF superfamily (TNFSF) including fibroblast growth factor-inducible 14 (anti-Fn14) typically display no or only very limited agonistic activity on their own and can only trigger receptor signaling by crosslinking or when bound to Fcγ receptors (FcγR). Both result in proximity of multiple antibody-bound TNFRSF receptor (TNFR) molecules, which enables engagement of TNFR-associated signaling pathways. Here, we have linked anti-Fn14 antibodies to gold nanoparticles to mimic the “activating” effect of plasma membrane-presented FcγR-anchored anti-Fn14 antibodies. We functionalized gold nanoparticles with poly-ethylene glycol (PEG) linkers and then coupled antibodies to the PEG surface of the nanoparticles. We found that Fn14 binding of the anti-Fn14 antibodies PDL192 and 5B6 is preserved upon attachment to the nanoparticles. More importantly, the gold nanoparticle-presented anti-Fn14 antibody molecules displayed strong agonistic activity. Our results suggest that conjugation of monoclonal anti-TNFR antibodies to gold nanoparticles can be exploited to uncover their latent agonism, e.g., for immunotherapeutic applications.
Oral Delivery of Nucleic Acids with Passive and Active Targeting to the Intestinal Tissue Using Polymer-Based Nanocarriers
Authors: Poudel Sagun , Napit Prabhat R. , Briski Karen P. , Mattheolabakis George
Published: July 2021

Despite the apparent advantages for long-term treatment and local therapies against intestinal diseases, the oral delivery of nucleic acids has been challenging due to unfavorable physiological conditions for their stability. In this study, a novel nanodelivery system of PEG-PCL nanoparticles with encapsulated nucleic acids–mannosylated PEI (Man-PEI) complexes was developed for intestinal delivery. We complexed model nucleic acids with Man-PEI at the optimal N/P ratio of 20:1 for in vitro and in vivo analyses. Cells were transfected in vitro and analyzed for gene expression, receptor-mediated uptake, and PEG-PCL nanoparticles’ toxicity. We also evaluated the nucleic acid’s stability in the nanocarrier during formulation, and under simulated gastrointestinal environments or the presence of nucleases. Finally, we assessed the biodistribution for the PEG-PCL nanoparticles with encapsulated complexes and their ability to transfect intestinal cells in vivo. Nucleic acids complexed with Man-PEI were protected from degradation against nucleases. In comparison to the parent compound PEI, Man-PEI transfected the cells with an overall higher potency. Competition assay indicated receptor-mediated endocytosis promoted by mannose receptors. The PEG-PCL nanoparticles with Man-PEI/plasmid complexes indicated minimal cytotoxicity. The nanocarrier successfully protected the complexes in a simulated gastric fluid environment and released them in a simulated intestinal fluid environment, promoted by the presence of lipases. The oral administration of the PEG-PCL nanoparticles with encapsulated Man-PEI/plasmid complexes transfected intestinal cells with the plasmid in vivo, while presenting a time-dependent progression through the intestines. Conclusively, our carrier system can deliver genetic material to the GI tract and actively target mannose receptor overexpressing cells.
Inhalation Delivery for the Treatment and Prevention of COVID-19 Infection
Authors: Eedara Basanth Babu , Alabsi Wafaa , Encinas-Basurto David , Polt Robin , Ledford Julie G. , Mansour Heidi M.
Published: July 2021

Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is caused by coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has produced a global pandemic. As of 22 June 2021, 178 million people have been affected worldwide, and 3.87 million people have died from COVID-19. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of the United States, COVID-19 virus is primarily transmitted between people through respiratory droplets and contact routes. Since the location of initial infection and disease progression is primarily through the lungs, the inhalation delivery of drugs directly to the lungs may be the most appropriate route of administration for treating COVID-19. This review article aims to present possible inhalation therapeutics and vaccines for the treatment of COVID-19 symptoms. This review covers the comparison between SARS-CoV-2 and other coronaviruses such as SARS-CoV/MERS, inhalation therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19 symptoms, and vaccines for preventing infection, as well as the current clinical status of inhaled therapeutics and vaccines.
Self-Healing Structural Materials
Authors: An Seongpil , Yoon Sam S. , Lee Min Wook
Published: July 2021

Self-healing materials have been developed since the 1990s and are currently used in various applications. Their performance in extreme environments and their mechanical properties have become a topic of research interest. Herein, we discuss cutting-edge self-healing technologies for hard materials and their expected healing processes. The progress that has been made, including advances in and applications of novel self-healing fiber-reinforced plastic composites, concrete, and metal materials is summarized. This perspective focuses on research at the frontier of self-healing structural materials.
Selective Adsorption and Separation of Proteins by Ligand-Modified Nanofiber Fabric
Authors: Liu Song , Mukai Yasuhito
Published: July 2021

Electrospun polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nanofiber fabric was modified by Cibacron Blue F3GA (CB) to enhance the affinity of the fabric. Batch experiments were performed to study the nanofiber fabric’s bovine hemoglobin (BHb) adsorption capacity at different protein concentrations before and after modification. The maximum BHb adsorption capacity of the modified nanofiber fabric was 686 mg/g, which was much larger than the 58 mg/g of the original fabric. After that, the effect of feed concentration and permeation rate on the dynamic adsorption behaviors for BHb of the nanofiber fabric was investigated. The pH impact on BHb and bovine serum albumin (BSA) adsorption was examined by static adsorption experiments of single protein solutions. The selective separation experiments of the BHb–BSA binary solution were carried out at the optimal pH value, and a high selectivity factor of 5.45 for BHb was achieved. Finally, the reusability of the nanofiber fabric was examined using three adsorption–elution cycle tests. This research demonstrated the potential of the CB-modified PVA nanofiber fabric in protein adsorption and selective separation.
Reputational Risk and Sustainability: A Bibliometric Analysis of Relevant Literature
Authors: Nobanee Haitham , Alhajjar Maryam , Abushairah Ghada , Al Harbi Safaa
Published: July 2021

This study aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis of reputational risk and sustainability. The research was conducted using the Scopus database, which returned 88 publications published during 2001–2020, revealing that the amount of research output within this field is limited, and more research output should be conducted in the field of reputational risk and sustainability. We identified nine research streams: reputation risk, reputation risk and sustainability, supply chain management, social responsibility, reputation risk management, strategic approach, sustainable development, corporate sustainability and risk assessment. This bibliometric analysis provides managerial and policy implications for sustainability consideration of reputational risk with perceptions to advance knowledge in this important research field.
Editorial for Special Issue “Remote Sensing for Monitoring Wildlife and Habitat in a Changing World”
Authors: Viña Andrés
Published: July 2021

Escalating human impacts on the Earth are creating unprecedented challenges, including the drastic degradation and loss of biodiversity worldwide [...]