bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stiffness and toughness of soft/stiff suture joints in biological composites
Authors: Wu Dong , Huang Yixing , Lei Ming , Zhao Zeang , Guo Xiaogang , Fang Daining
Published: October 2022

Biological composites can overcome the conflict between strength and toughness to achieve unprecedented mechanical properties in engineering materials. The suture joint, as a kind of heterogeneous architecture widely existing in biological tissues, is crucial to connect dissimilar components and to attain a tradeoff of all-sided functional performances. Therefore, the suture joints have attracted many researchers to theoretically investigate their mechanical response. However, most of the previous models focus on the sutural interface between two chemically similar stiff phases with (or without) a thin adhesive layer, which are under the framework of linear elasticity and small deformation. Here, a general model based on the finite deformation framework is proposed to explore the stiffness and toughness of chemically dissimilar suture joints connecting soft and stiff phases. Uniaxial tension tests are conducted to investigate the tensile response of the suture joints, and finite element simulations are implemented to explore the underlying mechanisms, considering both material nonlinearity and cohesive properties of the interface. Two failure modes are quantitively captured by our model. The stored elastic energy in the soft phase competes with the energy dissipation due to the interface debonding, which controls the transition among different failure modes. The toughness of the suture joints depends on not only the intrinsic strengths of the constituent materials and their cohesive strength, but also the interfacial geometry. This work provides the structure-property relationships of the soft/stiff suture joints and gives a foundational guidance of mechanical design towards high-performance bioinspired composites.
Research as discovery or delivery? Exploring the implications of cultural repertoires and career demands for junior economists’ research practices
Authors: Steffy Kody , Langfeldt Liv
Published: October 2022

Recently, social scientists have begun to study the implications of increasing pressures in the early academic career. Studies focusing mostly on the life sciences have shown junior scholars making research decisions based on a productivity logic to increase their chances of career success. In this paper, we extend this literature to the very different context of economics, characterized by a dominant mainstream, a clear hierarchy, and an independent/small-team approach to scholarship. Adopting a culture-in-action framework, we analyze how cultural repertoires help early career economists deal with the sometimes competing career pressures associated with working in high-status departments. Drawing from in-depth interviews with tenure-track economists in three Scandinavian countries, we find that skillful use of discovery-talk and delivery-talk helps respondents respond to the challenges they face as junior academics. Implications for research include the avoidance of, e.g., interdisciplinary work and questions of only regional importance. Furthermore, the data indicate that discovery and delivery notions partly overlap and so contribute to preserving economics as a relatively coherent and homogenous field.
Comparison of adverse events between intravitreal anti-VEGF and laser photocoagulation for treatment-requiring retinopathy of prematurity: a systematic review
Authors: Tsiropoulos Georgios N. , Seliniotaki Aikaterini K. , Haidich Anna-Bettina , Ziakas Nikolaos , Mataftsi Asimina
Published: October 2022

Purpose

To synthesize existing evidence on adverse events, complications, and unfavorable outcomes of current treatment modalities for treatment-requiring retinopathy of prematurity (TR-ROP).

Methods

PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus, EMBASE, Trip Database, and the gray literature available were searched. Randomized Clinical Trials and observational studies comparing the adverse events of intravitreal anti-VEGF injections (bevacizumab, ranibizumab, aflibercept, pegaptanib, conbercept) and laser photocoagulation (LPC) as treatment modalities for infants with TR-ROP were included. The main outcomes compared between the two treatment modalities were: 1. Refractive Errors and Biometry Parameters, 2. Adverse events, complications, and unfavorable outcomes, 3. Disease Recurrence/Disease Regression/Need for retreatment, 4. Neurodevelopmental Outcomes.

Results

Higher quality studies concluded that LPC leads to greater rates of myopia than intravitreal anti-VEGF treatment while the rate of adverse events and of unfavorable neurodevelopmental outcomes is similar. However, there was controversy among the included studies concerning the rate of ROP recurrence between intravitreal anti-VEGF injections and LPC.

Conclusion

There is need for future primary studies assessing the adverse events of intravitreal anti-VEGF injections compared with LPC as treatment modalities for infants with TR-ROP.
COVID-19 and the scientific publishing system: growth, open access and scientific fields
Authors: Nane Gabriela F. , Robinson-Garcia Nicolas , van Schalkwyk François , Torres-Salinas Daniel
Published: October 2022

We model the growth of scientific literature related to COVID-19 and forecast the expected growth from 1 June 2021. Considering the significant scientific and financial efforts made by the research community to find solutions to end the COVID-19 pandemic, an unprecedented volume of scientific outputs is being produced. This questions the capacity of scientists, politicians and citizens to maintain infrastructure, digest content and take scientifically informed decisions. A crucial aspect is to make predictions to prepare for such a large corpus of scientific literature. Here we base our predictions on the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) and exponential smoothing models using the Dimensions database. This source has the particularity of including in the metadata information on the date in which papers were indexed. We present global predictions, plus predictions in three specific settings: by type of access (Open Access), by domain-specific repository (SSRN and MedRxiv) and by several research fields. We conclude by discussing our findings.
CSF CXCL13 and Chitinase 3-like-1 Levels Predict Disease Course in Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Lucchini Matteo , De Arcangelis Valeria , Piro Geny , Nociti Viviana , Bianco Assunta , De Fino Chiara , Di Sante Gabriele , Ria Francesco , Calabresi Paolo , Mirabella Massimiliano
Published: October 2022

Several biomarkers from multiple sclerosis (MS) patients’ biological fluids have been considered to support diagnosis, predict disease course, and evaluate treatment response. In this study, we assessed the CSF concentration of selected molecules implicated in the MS pathological process. To investigate the diagnostic and prognostic significance of CSF concentration of target candidate biomarkers in both relapsing (RMS,n = 107) and progressive (PMS,n = 18) MS patients and in other inflammatory (OIND,n = 10) and non-inflammatory (ONIND,n = 15) neurological disorders. We measured the CSF concentration of APRIL, BAFF, CHI3L1, CCL-2, CXCL-8, CXCL-10, CXCL-12, CXCL-13 through a Luminex Assay. MS patients were prospectively evaluated, and clinical and radiological activity were recorded. CHI3L1 and CXCL13 CSF levels were significantly higher in both MS groups compared to control groups, while CCL2, BAFF, and APRIL concentrations were lower in RMS patients compared to PMS and OIND. Considering RMS patients with a single demyelinating event, higher concentrations of CHI3L1, CXCL10, CXCL12, and CXCL13 were recorded in patients who converted to clinically defined MS(CDMS). RMS patients in the CXCL13 and CHI3L1 high concentration group had a significantly higher risk of relapse (HR 12.61 and 4.57), MRI activity (HR 7.04 and 2.46), and of any evidence of disease activity (HR 12.13 and 2.90) during follow-up. CSF CXCL13 and CHI3L1 levels represent very good prognostic biomarkers in RMS patients, and therefore can be helpful in the treatment choice. Higher CSF concentrations of neuro-inflammatory biomarkers were associated with a higher risk of conversion to CDMS in patients with a first clinical demyelinating event. Differential CSF BAFF and APRIL levels between RMS and PMS suggest a different modulation of B-cells pathways in the different phases of the disease.
Model system for the transient behavior of double diffusive convection in two miscible layers
Authors: Ishikawa Toshio , Takehiro Shin-ichi , Yamada Michio
Published: October 2022

We investigate thermal convection in two horizontal layers of miscible fluids with an initial state in which the fluids are at rest and the temperature has a linear continuous vertical distribution, but the concentration takes different constant values in each layer. Because the initial layered state is not a stationary state, most theoretical methods available for immiscible fluids are not applicable to the miscible case. Here we propose a new model of the thermal convection of miscible fluids, which is devised in such a way that the horizontal average of the width of the transitional layer is kept constant. Both the stability of the stationary state in the linear stage and the asymptotic attractors in the nonlinear stage of the model closely describe the transition of the convection pattern in the original system, which is associated with the change of the width of the transitional layer.
FRAND Access to Data: Perspectives from the FRAND Licensing of Standard-Essential Patents for the Data Act Proposal and the Digital Markets Act
Authors: Habich Erik
Published: October 2022

This article evaluates how the principles developed for the fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory (FRAND) licensing of standard-essential patents could be applied to FRAND data access as envisaged under the Digital Markets Act and the Data Act and proposes a negotiation scheme to specify the FRAND obligations. Firstly, this article describes the access rights under the Data Act and identifies its four layers to accelerate data sharing (Section 2). Secondly, the role of FRAND data sharing in the EU Data Package is described, and the specifics of FRAND in the context of the Data Act and the Digital Markets Act are developed (Section 3). Based thereon, the differences and commonalities of data sharing as envisaged in the Acts with respect to the FRAND licensing of standard-essential patents are described, and a negotiation scheme for FRAND terms under the current Data Act Proposal is developed under adaptation of the principles from Huawei/ZTE (Section 4).
High-fidelity modelling of moored marine structures: multi-component simulations and fluid-mooring coupling
Authors: Eskilsson Claes , Palm Johannes
Published: October 2022

High-fidelity viscous computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models coupled to dynamic mooring models is becoming an established tool for marine wave-body-mooring (WBM) interaction problems. The CFD and the mooring solvers most often communicate by exchanging positions and mooring forces at the mooring fairleads. Mooring components such as submerged buoys and clump weights are usually not resolved in the CFD model, but are treated as Morison-type bodies. This paper presents two recent developments in high-fidelity WBM modelling: (i)  a one-way fluid-mooring coupling that samples the CFD fluid kinematics to approximate drag and inertia forces in the mooring model; and (ii) support for inter-moored multibody simulations that can resolve fluid dynamics on a mooring component level. The developments are made in the high-order discontinuous Galerkin mooring solver MoodyCore, and in the two-phase incompressible Navier–Stokes finite volume solver OpenFOAM. The fluid-mooring coupling is verified with experimental tests of a mooring cable in steady current. It is also used to model the response of the slack-moored DeepCwind FOWT exposed to regular waves. Minor effects of fluid-mooring coupling were noted, as expected since this a mild wave case. The inter-mooring development is demonstrated on a point-absorbing WEC moored with a hybrid mooring system, fully resolved in CFD-MoodyCore. The WEC (including a quasi-linear PTO) and the submerged buoys are resolved in CFD, while the mooring dynamics include inter-mooring effects and the one-way sampling of the flow. The combined wave-body-mooring model is judged to be very complete and to cover most of the relevant effects for marine WBM problems.
2-Adic point counting on K3 surfaces
Authors: Elsenhans Andreas-Stephan , Jahnel Jörg
Published: October 2022

This article reports on an approach to point counting on algebraic varieties over finite fields that is based on a detailed investigation of the 2-adic orthogonal group. Combining the new approach with a p-adic method, we count the number of points on some K3 surfaces over the field $$\mathbb {F}_{\!p}$$

F

p

, for all primes $$p < 10^8$$

p
<

10
8

.
Fiber of persistent homology on morse functions
Authors: Leygonie Jacob , Beers David
Published: October 2022

Let f be a Morse function on a smooth compact manifold $$M$$
M
with boundary. The path component $$\mathrm {PH}^{-1}_f(D)$$

PH

f

-
1

(
D
)

containing f of the space of Morse functions giving rise to the same Persistent Homology $$D=\mathrm {PH}(f)$$

D
=
PH
(
f
)

is shown to be the same as the orbit of f under pre-composition $$\phi \mapsto f\circ \phi $$

ϕ
↦
f
∘
ϕ

by diffeomorphisms of $$M$$
M
which are isotopic to the identity. Consequently we derive topological properties of the fiber $$\mathrm {PH}^{-1}_f(D)$$

PH

f

-
1

(
D
)

: In particular we compute its homotopy type for many compact surfaces $$M$$
M
. In the 1-dimensional settings where $$M$$
M
is the unit interval or the circle we extend the analysis to continuous functions and show that the fibers are made of contractible and circular components respectively.
Anti-aging trait of whey protein against brain damage of senile rats
Authors: El-Beeh Mohamed E. , El-Badawi Ashraf A. , Amin Ali H. , Qari Sameer H. , Ramadan Mohamed Fawzy , Filfilan Wessam M. , El-Sayyad Hassan I. H.
Published: October 2022

Aging mammalian results in impaired bio-functions and neurological disorders. The current study investigated whether whey protein (WP) syrup supplementation may improve age-related changes in diseased brain indicators like tau protein, β-amyloid and α-amylase. The study was carried out in conjunction with immunohistochemistry, histology, and flow cytometry of apoptosis. At the ages of 8 and 30 months, Wistar albino rats (Rattus novergicus) were divided into four groups (n = 8; G1; 8 months old rats; G2, 8 months old rats supplemented WP; G3, 30 months old rats; G4, 30 months old rats supplemented WP), with or without whey syrup administration. For 2 months, oral whey supplementation in 2 mL/kg doses is given twice a day every 12 h. Rats were sacrificed, and their brains were subjected to biochemical, histological, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometric investigations. Aged rats had lower levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), serotonin (5-HT), and dopamine (DA). These observations were parallel with increased inflammatory markers [tumor necrosis factor α- and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO)], lipid peroxidation products (MDA), as well as apoptotic marker caspase-3, annexin-v, tau protein, β-amyloid, and α-amylase. Whey administration to aged rats reduced inflammatory and oxidative stress markers as well as improved neurotransmitters, tau protein, β-amyloid, and α-amylase. The advantages of supplementation were validated by improved histology and immunohistochemistry in aged rats’ cerebrum, cerebellum, and hippocampus. In addition, apoptosis was reduced, according to flow cytometry analysis of annexin-v. In conclusion, WP contains amino acids and bioactive compounds that could decrease brain oxidative stress and restore normal metabolic function. Furthermore, increased antioxidant defense and DA and 5-HT neurotransmitters, while decreasing brain tau protein and β-amyloid, were associated with better histology in aged rats’ cerebrum, cerebellum, and hippocampus.
Electrical characteristics of a Hall effect thruster body in a vacuum facility testing environment
Authors: Walker Jonathan , Lev Dan , Walker Mitchell L. R. , Khayms Vadim , King David
Published: October 2022

The operational characteristics of Hall effect thrusters are altered by conductive surfaces in vacuum facilities. Conductive surfaces alter charge distribution in the plume by providing pathways for electron-ion recombination that do not exist in the spaceflight environment. Charge recombination pathways impact thruster performance and plume behavior through mechanisms that are not entirely understood. The incomplete understanding of the relationship between charge recombination pathways and thruster behavior limits the ability to characterize thruster performance through ground testing. This paper quantifies the effect of polarity and magnitude of body-to-cathode voltage on coupling between the thruster body and the local plasma environment. The effort operates the T-140 Hall thruster at a single, fixed operating condition of 300 V, 3.5 kW, with anode and cathode xenon flow rates of 11.6 ± 0.03 mg/s and 1.61 ± 0.12 mg/s, respectively. During data collection, the chamber was maintained at a pressure of 8.7 × 10–6 Torr-Xe. The thruster body-to-ground voltage is manipulated by varying body-to-ground resistance. Results show the thruster pole face and body circumference couple to the local plasma environment through distinct sheaths. The polarity of the body-to-cathode voltage determines the characteristics of these sheaths. Therefore, the body-to-cathode voltage controls the interaction between the thruster body recombination pathway and the local plasma environment.
Emotional expression in human odour
Authors: Roberts S. Craig , Třebická Fialová Jitka , Sorokowska Agnieszka , Langford Ben , Sorokowski Piotr , Třebický Vít , Havlíček Jan
Published: October 2022

Recent work has demonstrated that human body odour alters with changing emotional state and that emotionally laden odours can affect the physiology and behaviour of people exposed to them. Here we review these discoveries, which we believe add to a growing recognition that the human sense of smell and its potential role in social interactions have been underappreciated. However, we also critically evaluate the current evidence, with a particular focus on methodology and the interpretation of emotional odour studies. We argue that while the evidence convincingly indicates that humans retain a capacity for olfactory communication of emotion, the extent to which this occurs in ordinary social interaction remains an open question. Future studies should place fewer restrictions on participant selection and lifestyle and adopt more realistic experimental designs. We also need to devote more consideration to underlying mechanisms and to recognise the constraints that these may place on effective communication. Finally, we outline some promising approaches to address these issues, and raise some broader theoretical questions that such approaches may help us to answer.
Energy intakes, macronutrient intakes and the percentages of energy from macronutrients with adolescent BMI: results from a 5-year cohort study in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Authors: Tang Hong K. , Nguyen Ngoc-Minh , Dibley Michael J.
Published: October 2022

Background:

Adolescence is a period of life when dietary patterns and nutrient intakes may greatly influence adult fatness. This study assesses the tracking of energy and nutrient intakes of Ho Chi Minh City adolescents over 5 years. It explores the possible relationships between energy and the percentage of energy from macronutrients with BMI.

Methods:

Height, weight, time spent on physical activity, screen time and dietary intakes were collected annually between 2004 and 2009 among 752 junior high school students with a mean age of 11·87 years at baseline. The tracking was investigated using correlation coefficients and weighted kappa statistics (k) for repeated measurements. Mixed effect models were used to investigate the association between energy intakes and percentage energy from macronutrients with BMI.

Results:

There were increases in the mean BMI annually, but greater in boys than in girls. Correlation coefﬁcients (0·2 < r < 0·4) between participants’ intakes at baseline and 5-year follow-up suggest moderate tracking. Extended kappa values were lowest for energy from carbohydrate (CHO) in both girls and boys (k = 0·18 & 0·24, respectively), and highest for protein in girls (k = 0·47) and fat in boys (k = 0·48). The multilevel models showed the following variables significantly correlated with BMI: CHO, fat, percentage of energy from CHO, fat, time spent for moderate to vigorous physical activity, screen time, age and sex.

Conclusions:

The poor to fair tracking observed in this cohort suggests that individual dietary patterns exhibited in the first year are unlikely to predict energy and nutrient intakes in the fifth year.
On the Relationship between Global Justice and Global Democracy: A Three-Layered View
Authors: Erman Eva
Published: October 2022

How should we understand the relationship between global justice and global democracy? One popular view is captured by the aphorism “No global justice without global democracy.” According to Dryzek and Tanasoca's reading of this aphorism, a particular form of deliberative global democracy is seen as the way to specify and justify what global justice is and requires in various contexts. Taking its point of departure in a criticism of this proposal, this essay analyzes how to best understand the relationship between global justice and global democracy. The aim is not to offer a first-order substantial account of this relationship, but to theorize the normative boundary conditions for such an account; that is, the conditions that any plausible theory should respect. These conditions take the form of what is here called a “three-layered view,” which is specified through three claims. It is argued, first, that global democracy is best seen as a partial normative ideal; second, that global democracy must be grounded in fundamental principles of justice; and third, that global democracy is an ideal through which applied principles of distributive justice are formulated and justified in light of reasonable disagreement about what justice requires.
Fathers’ level of involvement in childcare activities and its association with the diet quality of children in Northern Ghana
Authors: Saaka Mahama , Awini Simon , Kizito Fred , Hoeschle-Zeledon Irmgard
Published: October 2022

Objective:

This study assessed the level of fathers’ involvement in childcare activities and its association with the diet quality of their children in Northern Ghana.

Setting:

The study was carried out in the Northern, Upper East and Upper West regions of Ghana. The people in the study area mostly depend on agriculture as their main occupation.

Design:

A community-based comparative analytical cross-sectional study.

Participants:

A sample of 422 rural mother–father pairs who had at least one child aged 6–36 months.

Results:

The overall level of fathers’ involvement in childcare and feeding activities was high among 63·5 % of the respondents in the 6 months prior to the study. The most common childcare activity men were involved in was providing money for the purchase of food for the child. Minimum acceptable diet was higher for children with a higher level of paternal involvement in childcare activities (adjusted OR = 3·33 (95 % CI: 1·41, 7·90)), compared to their counterparts whose father’s involvement was poor. Fathers who had a positive attitude to childcare and feeding were 2·9 more likely to get involved in childcare activities (adjusted OR = 2·90 (95 % CI: 1·87, 4·48)).

Conclusions:

The findings confirm earlier studies that show that fathers’ involvement in childcare activities including feeding is positively associated with improved child feeding practices. The findings point to the need to have a policy shift in which both men and women are key actors in interventions designed to improve child nutritional status in rural settings of Northern Ghana.
The importance of protein variety in a higher quality and lower environmental impact dietary pattern
Authors: Ridoutt Bradley G , Baird Danielle , Hendrie Gilly A
Published: October 2022

Objective:

Eating a variety of nutritious foods is fundamental to good nutrition. However, this principle is challenged when recommendations seeking to improve the environmental sustainability of diets call for avoidance of foods considered to have a higher environmental footprint, such as animal-sourced foods. Our objective was to assess the implications for nutritional adequacy of protein choice across Australian adult diets preselected as having higher quality and lower environmental impact scores.

Design:

Each individual diet was assessed for variety of food choice within the ‘Fresh meat and alternatives’ food group defined in the Australian Dietary Guidelines, which includes protein-rich foods such as eggs, nuts, tofu and legumes in addition to animal meats. Diets were grouped according to variety score and whether they included only animal meats, only alternatives or a variety of meat and alternatives. Nutrient content was assessed relative to estimated average requirements (EAR).

Setting:

Australia.

Participants:

1700 adults participating in the Australian Health Survey

Results:

For diets with higher diet quality and lower environmental impact, the likelihood of achieving nutrient EAR significantly increased as variety of food choice in the ‘Fresh meat and alternatives’ food group increased (P< 0·001). Variety score and number of serves were also correlated (r= 0·52,P< 0·001) which is relevant since most diets did not meet the recommended minimum number of serves for this food group.

Conclusions:

Greater variety within the ‘Fresh meat and alternatives’ food group is beneficial to meeting EAR and lower environmental impact diets can include three or more selections including foods of animal origin.
“A Simple Act of Justice”: The Pueblo Rejection of U.S. Citizenship in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Teeters Lila M.
Published: October 2022

In January of 1920, the House of Representatives passed HR 288, also known as the Carter Bill, which would have made all American Indians born in the territorial United States citizens. While lauded by some as a “simple act of justice” to extend citizenship to America’s first peoples, many Native Americans protested the bill, which eventually led to its demise. In the press, the Pueblos led the protest. Their activism highlights key, yet overlooked, developments in American Indian citizenship in the early twentieth century. First, citizenship lost any pretense of a consensual nature. Second, Indigenous protests forced congressmen to change the very nature of citizenship: from a status that marked completed assimilation to something much more pluralistic. Highlighting the Pueblos’ fight helps historians analyze Native activism in the Progressive Era while problematizing citizenship as the ultimate aspirational status.
Reconstruction of the skull and description of new anatomical features of Diadectes absitus (Diadectidae, Diadectomorpha) from the early Permian of central Germany
Authors: KLEMBARA Jozef , BERMAN David S , HENRICI Amy C. , MARTENS Thomas , HAIN Miroslav
Published: October 2022

Presented for the first time is a reconstruction of the skull of Diadectes (Diadectomorpha) based on several specimens of a single species Diadectes absitus from the early Permian of central Germany. Since its first discovery at the end of the 19th century the only reconstructions of the skull of Diadectes were without specific designation, despite a rich Permo-Carboniferous fossil record. The skull of D. absitus is reconstructed in dorsal, lateral, posterior, and ventral views and includes exocranial and endocranial elements. The reconstructions of Diadectes presented here are compared with those of all other authors, and the differences are analysed and discussed. The comparisons recognised three features not recorded in other species of Diadectes: (1) anterior and posterior margins of the transverse process of the pterygoid parallel one another; (2) the angle between the posterior margin of the transverse process and the lateral margin of the quadrate ramus of the pterygoid is sharply defined; and (3) the anterior ventral margin of the transverse process of the pterygoid bears a distinct sharp ridge. These characters are discussed in the context of the skull anatomy of Diadectes and inaccuracies in previous cranial reconstructions of the genus are rectified.
Legal doctrine as human rights ‘practice’
Authors: Da Silva Michael
Published: October 2022

‘Practical’ approaches to human rights hold that analysis of legal human rights must attend to the practice(s) of international human rights law and that the nature and justification of international human rights is best determined by attending to their role(s) in international human rights law’s system of normative practices, not analogous moral rights outside it. These core tenets plausibly explain the apparent normativity of international human rights law despite controversies about the status of many ‘rights’ in the ‘International Bill of Rights’. Yet plausible practical approaches require clear and compelling accounts of which practices qualify as human rights practices. Most existing accounts view ‘responses’ to claims made in the name of the international legal community as key to the identification of human rights. Activities by domestic governments and non-governmental actors qualify as relevant practices. While understandable, these ‘responsive’ accounts of practice create more problems than they solve. This work accordingly promotes a largely unexplored account on which ‘human rights practices’ are strictly defined by international legal doctrine. This ‘doctrinal’ account of practice is most likely to maintain practical approaches to human rights’ potential benefits without generating an unduly expansive rights register or adopting strong theoretical commitments about the nature of law.
Vergessen – macht Platz für Wichtiges
Authors: Small Scott A.
Published: October 2022

Alltägliche Vergesslichkeit - (k)ein Versagen unseres Gehirns? Schon wieder die Schlüssel verlegt, einen Termin verschwitzt, den Namen der neuen Kollegin vergessen? Wir alle kennen diese Momente von Vergesslichkeit, in denen unser Gehirn zu versagen scheint. Allerdings zeichnen neueste Erkenntnisse aus Psychologie, Neurobiologie, Medizin und Informatik ein anderes Bild: Das Vergessen ist kein Versagen unseres Verstandes; es ist nicht einmal eine harmlose Panne. Es ist vielmehr gut für unsere kognitiven und kreativen Fähigkeiten - eine notwendige Funktion, damit unser Gehirn optimal funktioniert. Von Studien über Bonobos in freier Wildbahn bis hin zum Besuch beim renommierten Experten für Entscheidungsfindung Daniel Kahneman - der Autor Scott A. Small blickt über die Grenzen der Disziplinen hinweg, um neue wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse über das Gedächtnis in einen erhellenden Kontext zu stellen. Scott A. Small ist eine führende Autorität auf dem Gebiet des Gedächtnisses. Seine bahnbrechenden Beiträge wurden von der akademischen Welt mit verschiedenen Preisen gewürdigt. „Scott A. Small nutzt die modernen Erkenntnisse der -neurowissenschaftlichen Forschung, um das Vergessen als -einen sinnvollen - ja, überlebenswichtigen - Mechanismus zu beschreiben.“ Prof. Dr. Lutz Jäncke
Is Kp the Best Single Magnetic Activity Parameterization for Electromagnetic Radial Diffusion in the Outer Radiation Belt?
Authors: Fatmasiefa Fira , Lejosne Solène
Published: October 2022

Specifying radial diffusion magnitude is one of the main requirements for most physics‐based radiation belt models. Yet, radial diffusion quantification remains uncertain. The most commonly used parameterization for the logarithm of radial diffusion magnitude is a linear function of a magnetic index, , with a coarse time resolution of 3 hours. This work presents alternate linear parameterizations of similar quality for the logarithm of radial diffusion magnitude, considering other magnetic indices and solar wind parameters. Using a publicly available time series for the logarithm of electromagnetic radial diffusion magnitude, we investigate linear relationships with magnetic indices such as Kp, Hp60, Hp30, AE, SymH, and Dst and solar wind parameters such as solar wind dynamic pressure, solar wind speed, and the north‐south component of the interplanetary magnetic field. We find that Kp, Hp60, Hp30, and solar dynamical pressure yield the strongest linear correlation with the logarithm of radial diffusion magnitude. We also provide simple, energy‐dependent, linear models of the logarithm of radial diffusion magnitude that best fit the time series, as well as quantifications of the root‐mean square errors. This work contributes to improving the time resolution for radial diffusion parameterization and operational radiation belt models. In particular, it suggests that the new 30‐min and 60‐min geomagnetic indices Hpo (Hp30 and Hp60, respectively) could also be used in place of Kp in the most commonly used Kp‐driven parameterizations for radiation belt radial diffusion, to improve the time resolution of the models.
Diverse Surface Signatures of Stratospheric Polar Vortex Anomalies
Authors: Kolstad E. W. , Lee S. H. , Butler A. H. , Domeisen D. I. V. , Wulff C. O.
Published: October 2022

The Arctic stratospheric polar vortex is an important driver of winter weather and climate variability and predictability in North America and Eurasia, with a downward influence that on average projects onto the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). While tropospheric circulation anomalies accompanying anomalous vortex states display substantial case‐by‐case variability, understanding the full diversity of the surface signatures requires larger sample sizes than those available from reanalyses. Here, we first show that a large ensemble of seasonal hindcasts realistically reproduces the observed average surface signatures for weak and strong vortex winters and produces sufficient spread for single ensemble members to be considered as alternative realizations. We then use the ensemble to analyze the diversity of surface signatures during weak and strong vortex winters. Over Eurasia, relatively few weak vortex winters are associated with large‐scale cold conditions, suggesting that the strength of the observed cold signature could be inflated due to insufficient sampling. For both weak and strong vortex winters, the canonical temperature pattern in Eurasia only clearly arises when North Atlantic sea surface temperatures are in phase with the NAO. Over North America, while the main driver of interannual winter temperature variability is the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the stratosphere can modulate ENSO teleconnections, affecting temperature and circulation anomalies over North America and downstream. These findings confirm that anomalous vortex states are associated with a broad spectrum of surface climate anomalies on the seasonal scale, which may not be fully captured by the small observational sample size.
Estimating Ocean Heat Uptake Using Boundary Green's Functions: A Perfect‐Model Test of the Method
Authors: Wu Quran , Gregory Jonathan M.
Published: October 2022

Ocean heat uptake is caused by “excess heat” being added to the ocean surface by air‐sea fluxes and then carried to depths by ocean transports. One way to estimate excess heat in the ocean is to propagate observed sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies downward using a Green's function (GF) representation of ocean transports. Taking a “perfect‐model” approach, we test this GF method using a historical simulation, in which the true excess heat is diagnosed. We derive GFs from two approaches: (a) simulating GFs using idealized tracers, and (b) inferring GFs from simulated CFCs and climatological tracers. In the model world, we find that combining simulated GFs with SST anomalies reconstructs the Indo‐Pacific excess heat with a root‐mean‐square error of 26% for depth‐integrated changes; the corresponding number is 34% for inferred GFs. Simulated GFs are inaccurate because they are coarse grained in space and time to reduce computational cost. Inferred GFs are inaccurate because observations are insufficient constraints. Both kinds of GFs neglect the slowdown of the North Atlantic heat uptake as the ocean warms up. SST boundary conditions contain redistributive cooling in the Southern Ocean, which causes an underestimate of heat uptake there. All these errors are of comparable magnitude, and tend to compensate each other partially. Inferred excess heat is not sensitive to: (a) small changes in the shape of prior GFs, or (b) additional constraints from SF6 and bomb 14C.
InGaN micro-light-emitting diodes monolithically grown on Si: achieving ultra-stable operation through polarization and strain engineering
Authors: Wu Yuanpeng , Xiao Yixin , Navid Ishtiaque , Sun Kai , Malhotra Yakshita , Wang Ping , Wang Ding , Xu Yuanxiang , Pandey Ayush , Reddeppa Maddaka , Shin Walter , Liu Jiangnan , Min Jungwook , Mi Zetian
Published: October 2022

Micro or submicron scale light-emitting diodes (µLEDs) have been extensively studied recently as the next-generation display technology. It is desired that µLEDs exhibit high stability and efficiency, submicron pixel size, and potential monolithic integration with Si-based complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) electronics. Achieving such µLEDs, however, has remained a daunting challenge. The polar nature of III-nitrides causes severe wavelength/color instability with varying carrier concentrations in the active region. The etching-induced surface damages and poor material quality of high indium composition InGaN quantum wells (QWs) severely deteriorate the performance of µLEDs, particularly those emitting in the green/red wavelength. Here we report, for the first time, µLEDs grown directly on Si with submicron lateral dimensions. The µLEDs feature ultra-stable, bright green emission with negligible quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE). Detailed elemental mapping and numerical calculations show that the QCSE is screened by introducing polarization doping in the active region, which consists of InGaN/AlGaN QWs surrounded by an AlGaN/GaN shell with a negative Al composition gradient along the c-axis. In comparison with conventional GaN barriers, AlGaN barriers are shown to effectively compensate for the tensile strain within the active region, which significantly reduces the strain distribution and results in enhanced indium incorporation without compromising the material quality. This study provides new insights and a viable path for the design, fabrication, and integration of high-performance µLEDs on Si for a broad range of applications in on-chip optical communication and emerging augmented reality/mixed reality devices, and so on.
Src: coordinating metabolism in cancer
Authors: Pelaz Sara G. , Tabernero Arantxa
Published: October 2022

Metabolism must be tightly regulated to fulfil the dynamic requirements of cancer cells during proliferation, migration, stemness and differentiation. Src is a node of several signals involved in many of these biological processes, and it is also an important regulator of cell metabolism. Glucose uptake, glycolysis, the pentose-phosphate pathway and oxidative phosphorylation are among the metabolic pathways that can be regulated by Src. Therefore, this oncoprotein is in an excellent position to coordinate and finely tune cell metabolism to fuel the different cancer cell activities. Here, we provide an up-to-date summary of recent progress made in determining the role of Src in glucose metabolism as well as the link of this role with cancer cell metabolic plasticity and tumour progression. We also discuss the opportunities and challenges facing this field.
Non-genetic stratification reveals epigenetic heterogeneity and identifies vulnerabilities of glycolysis addiction in lung adenocarcinoma subtype
Authors: Song Xuming , Zhang Te , Ding Hanlin , Feng Yipeng , Yang Wenmin , Yin Xuewen , Chen Bing , Liang Yingkuan , Mao Qixing , Xia Wenjie , Yu Guiping , Xu Lin , Dong Gaochao , Jiang Feng
Published: October 2022

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) exhibits high heterogeneity and is well known for its high genetic variation. Recently, the understanding of non-genetic variation provides a new perspective to study the heterogeneity of LUAD. Little is known about whether super-enhancers (SEs) may be primarily responsible for the inter-tumor heterogeneity of LUAD. We used super-enhancer RNA (seRNA) levels of a large-scale clinical well-annotated LUAD cohort to stratify patients into three clusters with different prognosis and other malignant characteristics. Mechanistically, estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) in cluster 3-like cell lines acts as a cofactor of BRD4 to assist SE-promoter loops to activate glycolysis-related target gene expression, thereby promoting glycolysis and malignant progression, which confers a therapeutic vulnerability to glycolytic inhibitors. Our study identified three groups of patients according to seRNA levels, among which patients in cluster 3 have the worst prognosis and vulnerability of glycolysis dependency. We also proposed a 3-TF index model to stratify patients with glycolysis-addicted tumors according to tumor SE stratification.
Metasurface-driven full-space structured light for three-dimensional imaging
Authors: Kim Gyeongtae , Kim Yeseul , Yun Jooyeong , Moon Seong-Won , Kim Seokwoo , Kim Jaekyung , Park Junkyeong , Badloe Trevon , Kim Inki , Rho Junsuk
Published: October 2022

Structured light (SL)-based depth-sensing technology illuminates the objects with an array of dots, and backscattered light is monitored to extract three-dimensional information. Conventionally, diffractive optical elements have been used to form laser dot array, however, the field-of-view (FOV) and diffraction efficiency are limited due to their micron-scale pixel size. Here, we propose a metasurface-enhanced SL-based depth-sensing platform that scatters high-density ~10 K dot array over the 180° FOV by manipulating light at subwavelength-scale. As a proof-of-concept, we place face masks one on the beam axis and the other 50° apart from axis within distance of 1 m and estimate the depth information using a stereo matching algorithm. Furthermore, we demonstrate the replication of the metasurface using the nanoparticle-embedded-resin (nano-PER) imprinting method which enables high-throughput manufacturing of the metasurfaces on any arbitrary substrates. Such a full-space diffractive metasurface may afford ultra-compact depth perception platform for face recognition and automotive robot vision applications.
Direct strain correlations at the single-atom level in three-dimensional core-shell interface structures
Authors: Jo Hyesung , Wi Dae Han , Lee Taegu , Kwon Yongmin , Jeong Chaehwa , Lee Juhyeok , Baik Hionsuck , Pattison Alexander J. , Theis Wolfgang , Ophus Colin , Ercius Peter , Lee Yea-Lee , Ryu Seunghwa , Han Sang Woo , Yang Yongsoo
Published: October 2022

Nanomaterials with core-shell architectures are prominent examples of strain-engineered materials. The lattice mismatch between the core and shell materials can cause strong interface strain, which affects the surface structures. Therefore, surface functional properties such as catalytic activities can be designed by fine-tuning the misfit strain at the interface. To precisely control the core-shell effect, it is essential to understand how the surface and interface strains are related at the atomic scale. Here, we elucidate the surface-interface strain relations by determining the full 3D atomic structure of Pd@Pt core-shell nanoparticles at the single-atom level via atomic electron tomography. Full 3D displacement fields and strain profiles of core-shell nanoparticles were obtained, which revealed a direct correlation between the surface and interface strain. The strain distributions show a strong shape-dependent anisotropy, whose nature was further corroborated by molecular statics simulations. From the observed surface strains, the surface oxygen reduction reaction activities were predicted. These findings give a deep understanding of structure-property relationships in strain-engineerable core-shell systems, which can lead to direct control over the resulting catalytic properties.
The influence of alloying on slip intermittency and the implications for dwell fatigue in titanium
Authors: Worsnop Felicity F. , Lim Rachel E. , Bernier Joel V. , Pagan Darren C. , Xu Yilun , McAuliffe Thomas P. , Rugg David , Dye David
Published: October 2022

Dwell fatigue, the reduction in fatigue life experienced by titanium alloys due to holds at stresses as low as 60% of yield, has been implicated in several uncontained jet engine failures. Dislocation slip has long been observed to be an intermittent, scale-bridging phenomenon, similar to that seen in earthquakes but at the nanoscale, leading to the speculation that large stress bursts might promote the initial opening of a crack. Here we observe such stress bursts at the scale of individual grains in situ, using high energy X-ray diffraction microscopy in Ti–7Al–O alloys. This shows that the detrimental effect of precipitation of ordered Ti3Al is to increase the magnitude of rare pri〈a〉 and bas〈a〉 slip bursts associated with slip localisation. By contrast, the addition of trace O interstitials is beneficial, reducing the magnitude of slip bursts and promoting a higher frequency of smaller events. This is further evidence that the formation of long paths for easy basal plane slip localisation should be avoided when engineering titanium alloys against dwell fatigue.
Cholesterol-stabilized membrane-active nanopores with anticancer activities
Authors: Shen Jie , Gu Yongting , Ke Lingjie , Zhang Qiuping , Cao Yin , Lin Yuchao , Wu Zhen , Wu Caisheng , Mu Yuguang , Wu Yun-Long , Ren Changliang , Zeng Huaqiang
Published: October 2022

Cholesterol-enhanced pore formation is one evolutionary means cholesterol-free bacterial cells utilize to specifically target cholesterol-rich eukaryotic cells, thus escaping the toxicity these membrane-lytic pores might have brought onto themselves. Here, we present a class of artificial cholesterol-dependent nanopores, manifesting nanopore formation sensitivity, up-regulated by cholesterol of up to 50 mol% (relative to the lipid molecules). The high modularity in the amphiphilic molecular backbone enables a facile tuning of pore size and consequently channel activity. Possessing a nano-sized cavity of ~ 1.6 nm in diameter, our most active channel Ch-C1 can transport nanometer-sized molecules as large as 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein and display potent anticancer activity (IC50 = 3.8 µM) toward human hepatocellular carcinomas, with high selectivity index values of 12.5 and >130 against normal human liver and kidney cells, respectively.