bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Late maturation of auditory perceptual learning
Authors: Huyck Julia Jones , Wright Beverly A.
Published: November 2010

Adults can improve their performance on many perceptual tasks with training, but when does the response to training become mature? To investigate this question, we trained 11‐year‐olds, 14‐year‐olds and adults on a basic auditory task (temporal‐interval discrimination) using a multiple‐session training regimen known to be effective for adults. The adolescents all began with performance in the adult range. However, while all of the adults improved across sessions, none of the 11‐year‐olds and only half of the 14‐year‐olds did. The adolescents who failed to learn did so even though the 10‐session training regimen provided twice the number of sessions required by adults to reach asymptotic performance. Further, over the course of each session, the performance of the adults was stable but that of the adolescents, including those who learned, deteriorated. These results demonstrate that the processes that underlie perceptual learning can continue to develop well into adolescence.
Non‐Take Up of Social Benefits in Greece and Spain
Authors: Matsaganis Manos , Levy Horacio , Flevotomou Maria
Published: November 2010

Even though interest in non‐take up of social benefits is considerable in many European countries, the topic is under‐researched in southern Europe. This article provides preliminary estimates of the extent of non‐take up of two pairs of means‐tested retirement benefits in Greece and Spain. The benefits examined are: (1) the minimum pension supplements pensioner social solidarity benefit EKAΣ and complementos por mínimos; and (2) the social pensions pension to uninsured elderly and pensión de jubilación no contributiva. The article finds that non‐take up of social benefits in the two countries is rather extensive, examines the methodological difficulties inherent in the analysis of non‐take up, and concludes with a discussion of the results and their implications.
Are Rural Women Mobility Deprived? – A Case Study from Scotland
Authors: Noack Eva
Published: November 2010

Women are often considered mobility deprived, which has an impact on their quality of life. Based on empirical research in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, this article examines rural women's mobility opportunities, their travel behaviour and the access they have to important activities. Their respective experiences are explored using in‐depth interviews. The case studies reveal remarkable progress in terms of women's access to transport resources. However, even though women's mobility opportunities are improving, many rural women are not in a situation where they can widen their activity spaces. Lack of time is a major obstacle preventing many women from participating in social and economic activities. Women's travel patterns and their participation in activities evidently derive from gender roles that remain traditional. The allocation of domestic and caring responsibilities to women entails meeting specific needs and wants. These should be taken into account in future rural policy.
The European Commission's Own ‘Preliminary Reference Procedure’ in Competition Cases?
Authors: Wright Kathryn
Published: November 2010

This article considers the implications of the European Commission, as primary administrative enforcer of competition law in the Union, using its own ‘preliminary reference procedure’, through observations in national court proceedings under Council Regulation 1/2003, to minimise the risks of divergent application of EU anti‐trust rules under the decentralised system of enforcement ushered in by that Regulation. It sets the scene with the relationship between the European Commission and national courts in competition law, before describing the relevant provisions of the Regulation and its accompanying Courts Notice. It then discusses the legal nature of the Commission opinion as a Union instrument. Identifying cases where the Commission has offered observations, it assesses the implications of administrative intervention in judicial decision making. It finds that greater transparency is crucial for legitimacy, legal certainty and maximum impact on consistent application.
Forensic Therapeutic Communities: A Critique of Treatment Model and Evidence Base
Authors: SHUKER RICHARD
Published: November 2010

Abstract:This article will explore developments in practice within therapeutic communities (TCs) from the early ideas which informed socially‐driven treatments to the more recent approaches which have emerged alongside current developments in forensic psychology and criminological research. It will focus on how the role of TCs has been forced to evolve and refine itself and explore why, despite their developing role as a forensic intervention, the potential of TCs to inform and contribute to wider forensic and penal practice has not been fully recognised. The strength of their research base will also be assessed and the accusation that a lack of quality research continues to present a significant obstacle to the wider credibility of TCs will be considered. Whilst TCs have prided themselves with protecting and preserving their origins and clinical traditions, misleading associations continue to be drawn between modern TCs and the unorthodox and maverick practices of 1960s TC approaches. Their attempts to counter these charges, which have enabled their critics to dismiss them as being unscientific, invalidated and largely irrelevant to offender risk reduction, will be explored.
Social skills training for adolescents with Asperger's syndrome using a consultation model
Authors: Minihan Aileen , Kinsella William , Honan Rita
Published: November 2010

A case study design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of behavioural consultation as a method for improving the social skills of adolescents with Asperger's syndrome. Two case studies were conducted. In each study, two teachers implemented a social skills programme with two to three adolescents with Asperger's syndrome in a group setting with typical peers following behavioural consultation.

Results from norm‐referenced measures of social skills produced statistically reliable and clinically meaningful changes in teachers' perceptions of target social skills following the intervention in both studies. These gains showed only moderate generalisation to the home setting, though qualitative data suggested that at least some gains had been noticed by parents. Teachers indicated high levels of treatment acceptability and satisfaction with the consultation service, and expressed the intention to implement the programme again in the future. The findings are discussed in light of important methodological limitations; however, they lend support to the hypothesis that behavioural consultation is an acceptable and effective model of service delivery for supporting the social skills needs of students with Asperger's syndrome.
The impact of alexithymia on initial interactions
Authors: HESSE COLIN , FLOYD KORY
Published: November 2010

This study proposed several hypotheses predicting a deficit in the ability of alexithymic individuals to present themselves as attractive to a relational partner during an initial interaction. Both alexithymic and nonalexithymic individuals participated in a 10‐min interpersonal exercise with a stranger of the opposite gender. Relational partners were more attracted to nonalexithymics than alexithymics. Partners perceived higher levels of several relational messages from nonalexithymics than alexithymics and lower levels of formality and dominance. Finally, the relational message of intimacy fully mediated the relationship between group membership (alexithymic or nonalexithymic) and social attraction. The authors suggest several implications and directions for future research, such as the need to include psychological traits in theoretical examinations of communication competence.
Responding to problems: The roles of severity and barriers
Authors: FRYE NANCY E.
Published: November 2010

In even the most satisfying relationships, couples face specific problems, varying in severity. Partners may strategically devote more time and effort to actively working on their most severe problems. However, actively addressing problems comes with risks, especially for partners who perceive barriers to leaving the relationship. Two studies of partners in seriously dating, cohabiting, and marital relationships examined responses to problems of varying degrees of severity and the role of barriers. In each, a positive association was found between the severity of problems and use of various strategies to address the problems. However, barriers to leaving the relationship moderated these associations, such that partners with more barriers to leaving were less likely to actively address their more severe problems.
Medicean metamorphoses: Carnival in Florence, 1513
Authors: SCOTT BAKER NICHOLAS
Published: November 2010

In early February 1513, the recently restored Medici family celebrated Carnival in Florence with two elaborate, allegorical triumphs. As moments of ephemeral, public ritual these triumphs provided a unique opportunity for the Medici to negotiate their position in the city and their relationship to the government, to tell a story about themselves. The images and concepts presented in the Carnival depicted the Medici as peacemakers and defenders of Florentine liberty. This central conceit later became significant in the family's iconography even as they transformed themselves into titled princes of the city and dismantled the republican government.
Immediate Load on the Edentulous Mandible: Treatment Planning Considerations
Authors: Sadowsky Steven J.
Published: November 2010

Immediate load protocols for the edentulous mandible offer the patient many advantages in terms of decreased number of visits, improved early function, and reduction of surgical exposure; however, this treatment modality is not universally appropriate for all patients. The available evidence will assist the clinician in developing a customized and comprehensive informed consent. Patient selection and patient‐mediated factors will dictate the suitability of not only a fixed or removable prosthesis, but also whether immediate loading would enhance the cost/benefit ratio. The indications, objective and subjective patient considerations, and design strategies are discussed for the immediate load scenario.
Early Abrasion of Outer Silicone Insulation after Intracardiac Lead Friction in a Patient with Cardiac Device‐Related Infective Endocarditis
Authors: ZĄBEK ANDREJ , MAŁECKA BARBARA , KOŁODZIŃSKA AGNIESZKA , MAZIARZ ANDREJ , LELAKOWSKI JACEK , KUTARSKI ANDREJ
Published: November 2010

We present a case of a 76‐year‐old woman on a permanent pacing device, with early abrasion of silicone endocardial lead insulations complicated by lead‐dependent infective endocarditis 13 months after placement of an implantable pulse generator. The leads were removed using transvenous technique with direct traction, and with no additional tools. In the previous report, a set of additional tools was used, and therefore intraoperative endocardial lead abrasions or mechanical damage of leads could have not been excluded. The present case undoubtedly proves that the friction of leads against each other may result in abrasions of insulation of the intracardiac section of the lead. (PACE 2012; 35:e156–e158)
Isolated Left Atrial Standstill Identified during Catheter Ablation
Authors: DUNCAN EDWARD , SCHILLING RICHARD J. , EARLEY MARK
Published: November 2010

This report describes the incidental finding of complete left atrial standstill during successful ablation of a right‐sided atrial tachycardia in a patient with severe dilated cardiomyopathy and a history of extensive catheter ablation within the left atrium.
EVALUATION OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE SAFETY OF VETERINARY RADIOFREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION DEVICES AT 1 T
Authors: BAKER MARTIN A. , MACDONALD IAIN
Published: November 2010

Implants containing metallic components have the potential to become heated or move within the patient while in the magnetic resonance (MR) environment. Despite containing a ferromagnetic core and having been in use for over 20 years, no information is available on the safety of veterinary radiofrequency identification devices during MR examinations. These devices are the most commonly encountered metallic implants in dogs and cats undergoing MR imaging. Three commercial veterinary microchips were evaluated for safety in the MR environment at 1 T. Parameters tested were translational force, torque, heating, artifact production, and function. Translation and torque were larger than that expected from normal activity under normal gravity. No significant heating was observed. Signal void artifacts may affect diagnosis if they are too close to the area of clinical importance. Microchip function was unaffected by routine clinical MR imaging. Capsule formation around devices is a major factor in counteracting translation and torque. Our findings support that is acceptable for patients to undergo MR imaging with this 1 T system following an interval of 3 months postimplantation to allow capsule growth. Because of the complex interactions involved, these observations may not be translatable to MR scanners of different field strength and/or manufacturer. Further safety testing of these and other radiofrequency identification devices is therefore recommended at different field strengths and equipment specifications.
MEASUREMENT OF BODY COMPOSITION IN CATS USING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND DUAL ENERGY X‐RAY ABSORPTIOMETRY
Authors: BUELUND LENE E. , NIELSEN DORTE H. , MCEVOY FINTAN J. , SVALASTOGA EILIV L. , BJORNVAD CHARLOTTE R.
Published: November 2010

Dual energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA) is a reference method for assessing body composition but is seldom `accessible in veterinary settings. Computed tomography (CT) can provide similar body composition estimates and we propose that it can be used in body composition studies in animals. We compared CT and DEXA data from 73 healthy adult neutered domestic cats. Three approaches for measuring adipose tissue percentage from full‐body CT scans were explored. By examining the frequency distribution of voxels by Hounsfield unit (HU) value, it is possible to calculate a fat index (Fat%) that is in close agreement with the fat percentages obtained from DEXA scans. Fat% values obtained by the best of the methods had a mean difference of 0.96% (95% confidence interval 0.33–1.59%) from the DEXA results. Fat% obtained by the other two methods were characterized by good correlation but poor agreement and in one of the methods, the difference between the values from the two modalities was proportional to their mean. By using CT, it is possible to obtain body composition estimates that are in close agreement with those available using DEXA. While the significance of individual Fat% measurements obtained from CT can be difficult to interpret and to compare between centers, CT can contribute to research studies concerned either with nutrition or with obesity‐related disorders.
The role of DYRK1A in neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Wegiel Jerzy , Gong Cheng‐Xin , Hwang Yu‐Wen
Published: November 2010

Recent studies indicate that the dual‐specificity tyrosine phosphorylation‐regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A) gene, which is located on chromosome 21q22.2 and is overexpressed in Down syndrome (DS), may play a significant role in developmental brain defects and in early onset neurodegeneration, neuronal loss and dementia in DS. The identification of hundreds of genes deregulated by DYRK1A overexpression and numerous cytosolic, cytoskeletal and nuclear proteins, including transcription factors, phosphorylated by DYRK1A, indicates that DYRK1A overexpression is central for the deregulation of multiple pathways in the developing and aging DS brain, with structural and functional alterations including mental retardation and dementia. DYRK1A overexpression in DS brains may contribute to early onset neurofibrillary degeneration directly through hyperphosphorylation of tau and indirectly through phosphorylation of alternative splicing factor, leading to an imbalance between 3R‐tau and 4R‐tau. The several‐fold increases in the number of DYRK1A‐positive and 3R‐tau‐positive neurofibrillary tangles in DS support this hypothesis. Moreover, the enhanced phosphorylation of amyloid precursor protein by overexpressed DYRK1A facilitates amyloidogenic amyloid precursor protein cleavage elevating Aβ40 and 42 levels, and leading to brain β‐amyloidosis. Therefore, inhibiting DYRK1A activity in DS may serve to counteract the phenotypic effects of its overexpression and is a potential method of treatment of developmental defects and the prevention of age‐associated neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer‐type pathology.
Crystal structure of RNase A tandem enzymes and their interaction with the cytosolic ribonuclease inhibitor
Authors: Arnold Ulrich , Leich Franziska , Neumann Piotr , Lilie Hauke , Ulbrich‐Hofmann Renate
Published: November 2010

Because of their ability to degrade RNA, RNases are potent cytotoxins. The cytotoxic activity of most members of the RNase A superfamily, however, is abolished by the cytosolic ribonuclease inhibitor (RI). RNase A tandem enzymes, in which two RNase A molecules are artificially connected by a peptide linker, and thus have a pseudodimeric structure, exhibit remarkable cytotoxic activity. In vitro, however, these enzymes are still inhibited by RI. Here, we present the crystal structures of three tandem enzymes with the linker sequences GPPG, SGSGSG, and SGRSGRSG, which allowed us to analyze the mode of binding of RI to the RNase A tandem enzymes. Modeling studies with the crystal structures of the RI–RNase A complex and the SGRSGRSG‐RNase A tandem enzyme as templates suggested a 1 : 1 binding stoichiometry for the RI–RNase A tandem enzyme complex, with binding of the RI molecule to the N‐terminal RNase A entity. These results were experimentally verified by analytical ultracentrifugation, quantitative electrophoresis, and proteolysis studies with trypsin. As other dimeric RNases, which are comparably cytotoxic, either evade RI binding or potentially even bind two RI molecules, inactivation by RI cannot be the crucial limitation to the cytotoxicity of dimeric RNases.
Bar fraction in lenticular galaxies: dependence on luminosity and environment
Authors: Barway Sudhanshu , Wadadekar Yogesh , Kembhavi Ajit K.
Published: November 2010

We present a study of bars in lenticular galaxies based on a sample of 371 galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 (SDSS-DR7) and Two-Micron All-Sky Survey in the optical and near-infrared bands, respectively. We found a bar in 15 per cent of the lenticular galaxies in our sample, which is consistent with recent studies. The barred galaxy fraction shows a luminosity dependence, with faint lenticular galaxies (MK > −24.5, total absolute magnitude in the K band) having a larger fraction of bars than bright lenticular galaxies (MK < −24.5). A similar trend is seen when Mr = −21.5, the total absolute magnitude in the SDSS r band, is used to divide the sample into faint and bright lenticular galaxies. We find that faint galaxies in clusters show a higher bar fraction than their counterparts in the field. This suggests that the formation of bars in lenticular galaxies not only depends on the total luminosity of the galaxy, but also depends on the environment of the host galaxy.
Sex, Gender, and Generation: Age of Consent and Moral Regulation in Canada
Authors: DAUDA CAROL L.
Published: November 2010

The article considers the political process in raising the age of consent in Canada and its impact on gender and equality. The purpose of the legislation is the protection of children, but evidence reveals a gendered discourse that targets the sexuality of young women in particular within the context of a heterosexual family norm. The efficacy of this norm arises from a post‐feminist policy climate in which neo‐liberal refamilialization complements the remoralizing of the family by the Conservative Party of Canada and its supporters. This enables the characterization of the child as innocent and in need of protection and diverts attention from regulation of young people's sexuality. Conservatives manipulate this identity for political ends in what is termed the politics of generation. This precludes youth agency and reinforces inequalities of both gender and generation. Thus, moral regulation reaches beyond regulation of young people's sexuality to regulation of the broader society.

El artículo considera el proceso político en torno al incremento de la edad de consentimiento sexual en Canadá y su impacto sobre la igualdad de género. El objetivo de la legislación es la protección de los(as) niños(as), pero la evidencia revela que un discurso de género se concentra en la sexualidad de jóvenes mujeres en particular en el contexto de la norma de una familia heterosexual. La eficacia de esta norma surge del clima político post‐feminista en el cual la re familiarización neoliberal complementa la re moralización de la familia impulsada por el Partido Conservador de Canadá y quienes lo apoyan. Esto caracteriza al niño(a) como inocente y en necesidad de protección, desviando la atención de la regulación de la sexualidad de los jóvenes. Los conservadores manipulan esta identidad para fines políticos en lo que se conoce como las políticas de generación. Argumentamos aquí que esto cancela el ejercicio de la autonomía por parte de los jóvenes y refuerza las desigualdades de género y generación. Así, la regulación moral sobrepasa la regulación de la sexualidad de los jóvenes convirtiéndose en regulación de toda la sociedad.
Do Grades Matter? The Influence of Personal and Collective Assessments of Schools on Political Judgments
Authors: ROCH CHRISTINE , WILSKER AMANDA
Published: November 2010

We seek to increase our understanding of the role that individuals' assessments of schools, both locally and in the nation as a whole, play within a political context. Relying on data from the Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup Poll, we investigate how individuals' ratings of schools relate to their attitudes toward policy alternatives and public officials. We find that the relationship concerning these assessments and political judgments differs between parents and those individuals without school‐aged children. Perhaps, most striking is the weak relationship between assessments of the nation's schools and parents' support for policy alternatives; instead, these attitudes are tied to their assessments of their local schools. When considering how well political officials have worked to improve education policy, the attitudes of individuals appear related to the grades that they assign the schools locally and in the nation as a whole.

Buscamos incrementar nuestra comprensión del rol que juegan dentro del contexto político las evaluaciones que hacen individuos de las escuelas locales y de la nación. Apoyándonos en datos de la encuesta Phi Delta Kappa/Gallup, investigamos cómo los ratings de las escuelas se relacionan con las actitudes de los individuos hacia las alternativas de políticas y los oficiales políticos. Encontramos que la relación sobre estas evaluaciones y juicios políticos difieren entre padres de familia y aquellos individuos sin niños en edad escolar. Quizás lo más llamativo es la débil relación entre las evaluaciones de las escuelas a nivel nacional y el apoyo de los padres a alternativas de políticas; en lugar de ello, estas actitudes están ligadas a sus evaluaciones de las escuelas locales. Cuando se considera lo bien que los oficiales políticos han trabajado para mejorar las políticas educativas, las actitudes de los individuos parecen estar relacionadas con la calificación que ellos otorgan a las escuelas a nivel local y nacional.
Patenting Public‐Funded Research for Technology Transfer: A Conceptual–Empirical Synthesis of US Evidence and Lessons for India
Authors: Ray Amit Shovon , Saha Sabyasachi
Published: November 2010

India's post‐independence technology policies relied heavily on public‐funded research for indigenous technological capacity building and technology development. However, public‐funded research has failed to adequately contribute to India's industrial catch‐up. India is now contemplating a new legislation similar to the US Bayh–Dole Act 1980, to energize public‐funded research for effective technology transfer. The Bayh–Dole Act was passed in the United States in 1980 in response to the growing concern over the fact that federally funded inventions in the United States were not reaching the market place. The act allowed universities to retain patent rights over inventions arising out of federally funded research and to license those patents exclusively or non‐exclusively at their discretion. In this paper, we present a critical review of the US experience after the Bayh–Dole Act and argue that the evidence is far from being unambiguous. We discuss the debate surrounding the act—the extent to which it was successful in achieving its objectives, the unintended consequences, if any, and more generally, the effectiveness of intellectual property rights as a vehicle of technology transfer from universities. The paper presents an Indian perspective against the backdrop of the US experience in an attempt to draw concrete lessons for India.
Hypothalamic control of energy metabolism via the autonomic nervous system
Authors: Kalsbeek A. , Bruinstroop E. , Yi C.X. , Klieverik L.P. , La Fleur S.E , Fliers E.
Published: November 2010

The hypothalamic control of hepatic glucose production is an evident aspect of energy homeostasis. In addition to the control of glucose metabolism by the circadian timing system, the hypothalamus also serves as a key relay center for (humoral) feedback information from the periphery, with the important role for hypothalamic leptin receptors as a striking example. The hypothalamic biological clock uses its projections to the preautonomic hypothalamic neurons to control the daily rhythms in plasma glucose concentration, glucose uptake, and insulin sensitivity. Euglycemic, hyperinsulinemic clamp experiments combined with either sympathetic‐, parasympathetic‐, or sham‐denervations of the autonomic input to the liver have further delineated the hypothalamic pathways that mediate the control of the circadian timing system over glucose metabolism. In addition, these experiments clearly showed both that next to the biological clock peripheral hormones may “use” the preautonomic neurons in the hypothalamus to affect hepatic glucose metabolism, and that similar pathways may be involved in the control of lipid metabolism in liver and white adipose tissue.
Ginkgo: spatially‐explicit simulator of complex phylogeographic histories
Authors: SUKUMARAN JEET , HOLDER MARK T.
Published: November 2010

We present Ginkgo, a software package for agent‐based, forward‐time simulations of genealogies of multiple unlinked loci from diploid populations. Ginkgo simulates the evolution of one or more species on a spatially explicit landscape of cells. The user of the software can specify the geographical and environmental characteristics of the landscape, and these properties can change according to a prespecified schedule. The geographical elements modelled include the arrangement of cells and movement rates between particular cells. Each species has a function that can calculate a fitness score for any combination of an individual organism's phenotype and environmental characteristics. The user can control the number of fitness factors (the dimensionality of the cell‐specific fitness factors and the individuals phenotypic vectors) and the weighting of each of these dimensions in the fitness calculation. Cell‐specific fitness trait optima can be specified across the landscape to mimic differences in habitat. In addition to their differing fitness functions, species can differ in terms of their vagility and fecundity. Genealogies and occurrence data can be produced at any time during the simulation in NEXUS and ESRI Ascii Grid formats, respectively.
A suite of twelve single nucleotide polymorphism markers for detecting introgression between cutthroat and rainbow trout
Authors: HARWOOD ANDREW S. , PHILLIPS RUTH B.
Published: November 2010

A suite of 12 subspecies and species‐specific single nucleotide polymorphism (species‐specific SNP) markers was developed to distinguish rainbow trout (RT) Oncorhynchus mykiss from the four major subspecies of cutthroat trout: westslope cutthroat trout (WCT) Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi, Yellowstone cutthroat trout (YCT) Oncorhynchus clarki bouvieri, coastal cutthroat trout (CCT) Oncorhynchus clarki clarki, Lahontan cutthroat trout (LCT) Oncorhynchus clarki henshawi, and their hybrids. Several of the markers were linked to help strengthen hybrid determinations, and sex‐specific species‐specific SNP assays were also developed.
A new approach to an old conundrum—DNA barcoding sheds new light on phenotypic plasticity and morphological stasis in microsnails (Gastropoda, Pulmonata, Carychiidae)
Authors: WEIGAND ALEXANDER M. , JOCHUM ADRIENNE , PFENNINGER MARKUS , STEINKE DIRK , KLUSSMANN‐KOLB ANNETTE
Published: November 2010

The identification of microsnail taxa based on morphological characters is often a time‐consuming and inconclusive process. Aspects such as morphological stasis and phenotypic plasticity further complicate their taxonomic designation. In this study, we demonstrate that the application of DNA barcoding can alleviate these problems within the Carychiidae (Gastropoda, Pulmonata). These microsnails are a taxon of the pulmonate lineage and most likely migrated onto land independently of the Stylommatophora clade. Their taxonomical classification is currently based on conchological and anatomical characters only. Despite much confusion about historic species assignments, the Carychiidae can be unambiguously subdivided into two taxa: (i)Zospeumspecies, which are restricted to karst caves, and (ii)Carychiumspecies, which occur in a broad range of environmental conditions. The implementation of discrete molecular data (COI marker) enabled us to correctly designate 90% of the carychiid microsnails. The remaining cases were probably crypticZospeumandCarychiumtaxa and incipient species, which require further investigation into their species status. Because conventional reliance upon mostly continuous (i.e. nondiscrete) conchological characters is subject to fallibility for many gastropod species assignments, we highly recommend the use of DNA barcoding as a taxonomic, cutting‐edge method for delimiting microsnail taxa.
Bryophyte DNA sequences from faeces of an arctic herbivore, barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis)
Authors: STECH M. , KOLVOORT E. , LOONEN M. J. J. E. , VRIELING K. , KRUIJER J. D.
Published: November 2010

We tested DNA extraction methods and PCR conditions for the amplification of bryophyte DNA from barnacle goose (Branta leucopsis) faeces collected from Spitsbergen (Svalbard). Both the Qiagen stool kit and a silica‐based extraction method received sufficient DNA from fresh and older droppings, as indicated by successful amplification of the plastid psbA‐trnH spacer. Standard Taq polymerase outperformed two hot start polymerases. Sequencing of cloned PCR products revealed at least ten moss and two angiosperm sequences. This first example of identifying bryophyte DNA from faeces will allow analysing moss diets of arctic herbivores with a DNA barcoding approach.
Validation of the name Edraianthus sutjeskae (Campanulaceae), a narrow endemic of southeastern Dinaric Alps (eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina)
Authors: Surina Boštjan , Lakušić Dmitar
Published: November 2010

Edraianthus sutjeskae R. Lakušić, originaly described in 1974, was an invalidly published name because in its type citation the collector's name and collection date were omitted. Hereby we validate the name by indicating the holotype kept at the Natural Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina (SARA).
Cloning and tissue expression of the equine transferrin receptor
Authors: Webb Teckla L. , Burnett Robert C. , Avery Anne C. , Olver Christine S.
Published: November 2010

Background:Characterization of anemia in horses presents a challenge, as they do not release reticulocytes into peripheral blood. Transferrin receptor (TfR) expression is highest on erythroid cells in people and rats, and measurement of a soluble serum form (sTfR) is used to quantify erythropoiesis in these species. We hypothesized that equine TfR (eTfR) expression is similar in quantity and distribution to that in these other species and thus has potential for characterization of the regenerative response in anemic horses.

Objective:This study was conducted to clone and sequence the eTfR gene and measure expression levels using quantitative real‐time PCR and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining.

Methods:Total RNA from equine bone marrow was used to produce cDNA. The eTfR gene was amplified using pooled gene‐specific primers, and PCR products were sequenced. Rapid amplification of cDNA ends was used to obtain the first 22 nucleotides of the coding sequence. Quantitative PCR was performed using eTfR gene‐specific primers, and IHC staining was used to localize TfR protein expression.

Results:The deduced amino acid (aa) sequence (767 aa) of the eTfR was 75–83% identical with sequences of the receptor in several other mammals. As in people and rats, eTfR mRNA expression was highest in the bone marrow, and distribution in other tissues was also similar.

Conclusion:The eTfR gene is similar to that of other mammals in structure and expression levels. We hypothesize that it is also similar in function and that, following development of an immunoassay, determining sTfR concentrations will be useful for identifying the regenerative response in anemic horses.
Serum concentrations of IgG, IgA, and IgM in retired racing Greyhound dogs
Authors: Clemente Mónica , Marín Liliana , Iazbik M. Cristina , Couto C. Guillermo
Published: November 2010

Background:Greyhound dogs have significant physiologic, hematologic, and biochemical differences when compared with other breeds, including significantly lower serum globulin concentration owing to decreases in the α‐ and β‐globulin fractions. The specific proteins that account for differences in globulin concentrations are not known, but IgA and IgM, both β‐globulins, are potential candidates.

Objectives:The aims of this study were to measure serum IgG, IgA, and IgM in clinically healthy retired racing Greyhounds and compare the results with those of age‐ and sex‐matched non‐Greyhound dogs.

Methods:Study animals included 25 Greyhound and 20 non‐Greyhound dogs. Total protein, albumin, and total globulin concentrations were determined. IgG, IgA, and IgM concentrations were measured using a commercially available radial immunodiffusion kit. The Studentt‐test assuming equal variances was used to compare concentrations of immunoglobulins between groups.

Results:Serum concentrations of IgA and IgM in Greyhounds (IgA=49±20 mg/dL; IgM=132±47 mg/dL) were significantly lower than concentrations in non‐Greyound dogs (IgA=70±39 mg/dL; Ig M=212±78 mg/dL). Concentrations of IgG did not differ between groups.

Conclusions:Mean serum IgA and IgM concentrations in Greyhounds were lower than those in non‐Greyhound dogs. This may contribute to low serum concentrations of β‐globulins in Greyhounds. Specific reference intervals are recommended for Greyhounds to avoid possible misdiagnosis of IgA or IgM deficiency.
Choroid plexus carcinoma cells in the cerebrospinal fluid of a Staffordshire Bull Terrier
Authors: Pastorello Alice , Constantino‐Casas Fernando , Archer Joy
Published: November 2010

Abstract:An 11‐year‐old female intact Staffordshire Bull Terrier was referred to the Queen's Veterinary School Hospital at the University of Cambridge with sudden onset of episodic behavioral changes, a mammary mass, and papilledema in the right eye. On physical examination the dog appeared depressed and had a head tilt to the right with anisocoria. Using magnetic resonance imaging, a broad‐based lesion that obliterated the fourth ventricle was detected in the right brainstem. There was no evidence of pulmonary metastasis. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was then obtained; fluid analysis showed an increased cell count (165 cells/μL, reference interval 0–7 cells/μL) and total protein (0.30 g/L, reference value <0.25 g/L). Cytologic evaluation revealed a population of atypical epithelial cells arranged in cohesive rafts and characterized by moderate to occasionally marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. The appearance was highly suspicious of a malignant epithelial neoplasm. The dog was euthanized and on postmortem examination an asymmetrical nonencapsulated cerebellar mass was found within the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle with local extension into the cerebellopontine angle. Histologic sections of the cerebellar mass contained arborizing papillary structures covered by a single layer of atypical epithelial cells that showed local infiltration into the adjacent neuropil. The diagnosis was choroid plexus carcinoma. The atypical epithelial cells were negative for pancytokeratin and strongly positive for vimentin. The finding of clusters of choroid plexus epithelial cells in the CSF demonstrates the value of utilizing a relatively noninvasive diagnostic technique for diagnosis of choroid plexus tumors.
Effect of resist on the transfer of line-edge roughness spatial metrics from mask to wafer
Authors: Naulleau Patrick P. , Gallatin Gregg M.
Published: November 2010

Mask contributors to line-edge roughness (LER) have recently been shown to be an issue of concern for extreme ultraviolet lithography both in terms of the accuracy of current resist evaluation tests and in terms of the ultimate LER requirements for the 22 nm production node and beyond. More recently, it has been shown that the power spectral density of the mask-induced roughness is markedly different from that of intrinsic resist roughness and thus potentially serves as a mechanism for distinguishing mask effects from resist effects in experimental results. However, the evaluation of stochastic effects in the resist itself demonstrates that such a test would only be viable in cases where the resist effects are negligible in terms of their contribution to the total LER compared with the mask effects. Moreover, the results presented here lead the authors to the surprising conclusion that it is indeed possible for mask contributors to be the dominant source of LER while the spatial characteristics of the LER remain indistinguishable from the fractal characteristics of resist-induced LER.
Fabrication of metal patterns on freestanding graphenoid nanomembranes
Authors: Beyer André , Turchanin Andrey , Nottbohm Christoph T. , Mellech Nils , Schnietz Mark , Gölzhäuser Armin
Published: November 2010

Metallic patterns on freestanding ultrathin supports are desirable for many applications in modern optics or nanomechanics. The authors present four fabrication paths to create gold patterns that are supported by 1 nm thick freestanding graphenoid nanomembranes from self-assembled monolayers. Two fabrication schemes apply resist based lithographic processes to define gold structures on nanosheets. The gold/nanomembrane hybrids are then released from their substrates to form a freestanding structure. In two further fabrication schemes, the direct metal deposition of metal onto a freestanding graphenoid is performed. All four schemes are capable of producing gold patterns on two-dimensional nanomaterials, thus resembling new paths for the routine fabrication of free-floating metallic structures.
A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind
Authors: Killingsworth Matthew A. , Gilbert Daniel T.
Published: November 2010

The iPhone Hap App reveals that wandering thoughts lead to unhappiness.
Radio-Frequency Association of Efimov Trimers
Authors: Lompe Thomas , Ottenstein Timo B. , Serwane Friedhelm , Wenz Andre N. , Zürn Gerhard , Jochim Selim
Published: November 2010

Few-Body Problem

Seemingly simple, quantum mechanical few-body systems are notoriously difficult to describe. Efimov trimers, three-body bound states with interactions tuned to be in close vicinity of the formation of two-body bound states, are the most tractable of these systems, with relevance, for example, in nuclear physics. Observed recently in ultracold atomic gases through their signatures in the rate of inelastic three-body collisions, Efimov trimers are predicted to appear at interaction strengths whose ratios are universally specified. By measuring binding energy as a function of interaction strength,

Lompe
et al.

(p.
940
) directly observed the association of three distinguishable atoms into a bound state. This technique may enable more precise studies of the trimer state, potentially revealing the nature of nonuniversal corrections suggested by prior experiments.
Conditional Cooperation and Costly Monitoring Explain Success in Forest Commons Management
Authors: Rustagi Devesh , Engel Stefanie , Kosfeld Michael
Published: November 2010

Pulling Together

Human social norms can be explored in experiments that provide insights into the situational conditions and individual preferences that prompt the expression of cooperative behavior and the enforcement of norms.Rustagiet al.(p.961; see the Perspective byVollan and Ostrom) analyzed a set of 49 user groups, comprising 679 individuals, who had been given the authority and responsibility to manage forests in the Bale region of Ethiopia. The forests managed by groups with larger proportions of conditional cooperators—that is, individuals who will behave in a cooperative fashion if others do so as well—produced more potential crop trees per hectare. Enforcing such behavior, via patrolling of the forests, which although a costly and time-intensive activity, was the key to productivity
Effects of Rapid Global Warming at the Paleocene-Eocene Boundary on Neotropical Vegetation
Authors: Jaramillo Carlos , Ochoa Diana , Contreras Lineth , Pagani Mark , Carvajal-Ortiz Humberto , Pratt Lisa M. , Krishnan Srinath , Cardona Agustin , Romero Millerlandy , Quiroz Luis , Rodriguez Guillermo , Rueda Milton J. , de la Parra Felipe , Morón Sara , Green Walton , Bayona German , Montes Camilo , Quintero Oscar , Ramirez Rafael , Mora Germán , Schouten Stefan , Bermudez Hermann , Navarrete Rosa , Parra Francisco , Alvarán Mauricio , Osorno Jose , Crowley James L. , Valencia Victor , Vervoort Jeff
Published: November 2010

Hot Tropical Explosion

The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), 55 million years ago, was a unique episode of rapid global warming (∼5°C), often used as an ancient analog for future global climate change. Climate alteration during the PETM has been extensively studied in the marine realm, and from a few temperate to polar terrestrial localities, but little is known about how the tropics responded to the high temperatures and high levels of CO
2
. Using evidence from pollen analysis,

Jaramillo
et al.

(p.
957
) show that rapid tropical forest diversification occurred during the PETM, without plant extinction or regional aridity. Unexpectedly, diversity seemed to increase at higher temperatures, contradicting previous assumptions that tropical flora will succumb if temperatures become excessive.
How the CCA-Adding Enzyme Selects Adenine over Cytosine at Position 76 of tRNA
Authors: Pan Baocheng , Xiong Yong , Steitz Thomas A.
Published: November 2010

Adding CCA

Translation of a gene sequence into protein is mediated by transfer RNA (tRNA), which has a specific cytosine-adenine (CCA) tail to which amino acids attach and is recognized by enzymes. The tail, however, does not have a DNA template, and instead CCA-adding enzymes bolt on the additional nucleosides. Crystal structures have shown how these enzymes achieve specificity for cytosine, but we did not know how they select the final adenine until

Pan
et al.

(p.
937
) described CCA-adding enzyme structures captured at several stages of the reaction. Crystallized enzymes were complexed with a tRNA mimic and the respective cytosine or adenine triphosphate. The final adenine was discovered to be incorporated by the mediation of a single Mg
2+
ion in the enzyme, but no more cytosine could be attached because its triphosphate could not then get into the right position for the reaction.
Conserved Molecular Components for Pollen Tube Reception and Fungal Invasion
Authors: Kessler Sharon A. , Shimosato-Asano Hiroko , Keinath Nana F. , Wuest Samuel E. , Ingram Gwyneth , Panstruga Ralph , Grossniklaus Ueli
Published: November 2010

Fungal Invasion or Pollination?

When pollen finds a compatible flower, it grows a pollen tube which must find the egg cell and release the sperm it carries. In searching for genes that affect pollen tubes in
Arabidopsis
,

Kessler
et al.

(p.
968
; see the Perspective by

Govers and Angenent

) found a gene previously implicated in susceptibility to powdery mildew infection (the
NTA
gene). The
NTA
gene encodes a seven-pass transmembrane protein, which, in combination with a receptor-like kinase called Fer, is needed for successful pollen tube growth; both sets of proteins are also needed for successful powdery mildew invasion. These processes hence share common mechanisms of cell invasion, but where they diverge is in the outcome: embryogenesis or pathogenesis.
Essential Regulation of CNS Angiogenesis by the Orphan G Protein–Coupled Receptor GPR124
Authors: Kuhnert Frank , Mancuso Michael R. , Shamloo Amir , Wang Hsiao-Ting , Choksi Vir , Florek Mareike , Su Hua , Fruttiger Marcus , Young William L. , Heilshorn Sarah C. , Kuo Calvin J.
Published: November 2010

Plumbing in the Brain

Superficial similarities of vasculature in different parts of the body may mask organ-specific developmental nuances. The vasculature of the brain uniquely has to insulate the organ from insults that the rest of the body must tolerate.

Kuhnert
et al.

(p.
985
) analyzed the developmental uniqueness of the brain's vasculature through study of a G protein–coupled receptor, GPR124, initially identified by its actions in the vasculature of colon cancer. GPR124 is also involved in normal development of the brain's vasculature. Mice expressing low levels of GPR124 did not develop adequate vasculature in the brain and died from hemorrhages. Mice with too much GPR124 developed a tangled, thin-walled, excessive vasculature in the brain. Although the overexpressing mice survived, they were prone to neurological symptoms such as ataxia. GPR124 seems to control the normal development of the endothelial cells, particularly in the forebrain and ventral neural tube.
Power and Pitfalls of DNA Profiling

The Double Helix and the Law of Evidence
by David H. Kaye

Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 2010. 348 pp. $45, £33.95, €40.50. ISBN 9780674035881.
Authors: McCartney Carole
Published: November 2010

Through a series of case studies, Kaye explores the forensic use of DNA data and the legal and scientific controversies surrounding such use.
Stars in the Beginning

How Did the First Stars and Galaxies Form?
by Abraham Loeb

Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2010. 209 pp. $75, £52. ISBN 9780691145150. Paper, $24.95, £16.95. ISBN 9780691145167. Frontiers in Physics.
Authors: Tan Jonathan C.
Published: November 2010

Loeb's primer on the formation of early stars and galaxies opens a new series meant to offer short, accessible introductions to current frontiers of fundamental physics research.
Glimpsing the Critical Intermediate in Cytochrome P450 Oxidations
Authors: Sligar Stephen G.
Published: November 2010

The key intermediate in the oxidation of carbon-hydrogen bonds by cytochrome P450 has been characterized.
Benoît B. Mandelbrot (1924–2010)
Authors: Peitgen Heinz-Otto
Published: November 2010

A mathematician's revelation about visual irregularities in nature spawned the field of fractal geometry, now widely used to interpret patterns in diverse fields.
Election Means Change in Climate for Efforts to Curb Emissions
Authors: Kintisch Eli
Published: November 2010

With "No on cap-and-tax" among their key talking points, Republicans who triumphed in the U.S. Congress and in dozens of state capitols have vowed to block President Barack Obama's plan to limit greenhouse gas emissions and reject state laws with a similar goal.