bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A meta‐analysis of survival factors in rhino‐orbital‐cerebral mucormycosis—has anything changed in the past 20 years?
Authors: Vaughan Casey , Bartolo Amanda , Vallabh Nimisha , Leong Samuel C.
Published: June 2018

Background

Rhino‐orbital‐cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM) is an uncommon yet potentially lethal fungal infection. Although most cases originate from developing countries, an ageing population and increased prevalence of chronic illness may mean some clinicians practicing in developed countries will encounter ROCM cases in their careers. Yohai et al published a systematic review of 145 case reports from 1970 to 1993 assessing prognostic factors for patients presenting with ROCM. We present an updated review of the literature and assess whether survival outcomes have changed in the two decades since that seminal paper.

Search strategy

An extensive Medline literature search was performed for case reports published between 1994 and 2015.

Results

In total, 210 published cases were identified from the literature review, of which 175 patients from 140 papers were included in this review. Fifty‐five were female, with an overall mean age of 43 years. Overall survival rate was 59.5%, which was not significantly better than the previous series reported (60%) reported by Yohai et al. Survival rates in patients with chronic renal disease had improved, from 19% to 52%, and in patients with leukaemia (from 13% to 50%). Facial necrosis and hemiplegia remained poor prognostic indicators (33% and 39% survival rates, respectively). Early commencement of medical treatment related to better survival outcomes (61% if commenced within first 12 days of presentation, compared to 33% if after 13 days). Timing of surgery had less of an effect on overall survival. However, in 28 cases that did not receive any surgical treatment, survival was only 21%.

Conclusions

Although overall survival rates have not improved, survival in patients with renal disease were better, potentially due to the introduction of liposomal amphotericin B which is less nephrotoxic. Prompt recognition of ROCM, reversal of predisposing co‐morbidities and aggressive medical treatment remain the cornerstone of managing this highly aggressive disease.
Diverging response patterns of terrestrial and aquatic species to hydromorphological restoration
Authors: Pilotto Francesca , Tonkin Jonathan D. , Januschke Kathrin , Lorenz Armin W. , Jourdan Jonas , Sundermann Andrea , Hering Daniel , Stoll Stefan , Haase Peter
Published: June 2018

Although experiences with ecological restoration continue to accumulate, the effectiveness of restoration for biota remains debated. We complemented a traditional taxonomic analysis approach with information on 56 species traits to uncover the responses of 3 aquatic (fish, macroinvertebrates, macrophytes) and 2 terrestrial (carabid beetles, floodplain vegetation) biotic groups to 43 hydromorphological river restoration projects in Germany. All taxonomic groups responded positively to restoration, as shown by increased taxonomic richness (10–164%) and trait diversity (habitat, dispersal and mobility, size, form, life history, and feeding groups) (15–120%). Responses, however, were stronger for terrestrial than aquatic biota, and, contrary to our expectation, taxonomic responses were stronger than those of traits. Nevertheless, trait analysis provided mechanistic insights into the drivers of community change following restoration. Trait analysis for terrestrial biota indicated restoration success was likely enhanced by lateral connectivity and reestablishment of dynamic processes in the floodplain. The weaker response of aquatic biota suggests recovery was hindered by the persistence of stressors in the aquatic environment, such as degraded water quality, dispersal constraints, and insufficient hydromorphological change. Therefore, river restoration requires combined local‐ and regional‐scale approaches to maximize the response of both aquatic and terrestrial organisms. Due to the contrasting responses of aquatic and terrestrial biota, the planning and assessment of river restoration outcomes should consider effects on both components of riverine landscapes.
Left ventricular diastolic function is enhanced after peak exercise in endurance‐trained adolescents as well as in their non‐trained controls
Authors: Rundqvist Louise , Engvall Jan , Faresjö Maria , Blomstrand Peter
Published: June 2018

The aims of the study were to explore the temporal change of cardiac function after peak exercise in adolescents, and to investigate how these functional changes relate to maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). The cohort consisted of 27 endurance‐trained adolescents aged 13–19 years, and 27 controls individually matched by age and gender. Standard echocardiography and colour tissue Doppler were performed at rest, and immediately after as well as 15 min after a maximal cardio pulmonary exercise test (CPET) on a treadmill. The changes in systolic and diastolic parameters after exercise compared to baseline were similar in both groups. The septal E/e′‐ratio increased immediately after exercise in both the active and the control groups (from 9·2 to 11·0; P<0·001, and from 8·7 to 10·2; P = 0·008, respectively). In a comparison between the two groups after CPET, the septal E/e′‐ratio was higher in the active group both immediately after exercise and 15 min later compared to the control group (P = 0·007 and P = 0·006, respectively). We demonstrated a positive correlation between VO2max and cardiac function including LVEF and E/e′ immediately after CPET, but the strongest correlation was found between VO2max and LVEDV (r = 0·67, P<0·001) as well as septal E/e′ (r = 0·34, P = 0·013). Enhanced diastolic function was found in both groups, but this was more pronounced in active adolescents. The cardiac functional response to exercise, in terms of LVEF and E/e′, correlates with the increase in VO2 uptake. These findings in trained as well as un‐trained teenagers have practical implications when assessing cardiac function.
Alterations in the nucleocytoplasmic transport in apoptosis: Caspases lead the way
Authors: Kopeina Gelina S. , Prokhorova Evgeniia A. , Lavrik Inna N. , Zhivotovsky Boris
Published: June 2018

Apoptosis is a mode of regulated cell death that is indispensable for the morphogenesis, development and homeostasis of multicellular organisms. Caspases are cysteine‐dependent aspartate‐specific proteases, which function as initiators and executors of apoptosis. Caspases are cytosolic proteins that can cleave substrates located in different intracellular compartments during apoptosis. Many years ago, the involvement of caspases in the regulation of nuclear changes, a hallmark of apoptosis, was documented. Accumulated data suggest that apoptosis‐associated alterations in nucleocytoplasmic transport are also linked to caspase activity. Here, we aim to discuss the current state of knowledge regarding this process. Particular attention will be focused on caspase nuclear entry and their functions in the demolition of the nucleus upon apoptotic stimuli.
Heart and heart–liver transplantation in adults with failing Fontan physiology
Authors: Reardon Leigh C. , DePasquale Eugene C. , Tarabay Jana , Cruz Daniel , Laks Hillel , Biniwale Reshma M. , Busuttil Ronald W. , Kaldas Fady M. , Saab Sammy , Venick Robert S. , Lin Jeannette P. , Nsair Ali , Deng Mario C. , Ardehali Abbas , Caderias Martin , Iygengar Amit , Aboulhosn Jamil A.
Published: June 2018

Background

As the population of patients with a Fontan palliation grows so does, the number of patients with cardiac failure necessitating orthotopic heart transplant (OHT) and combined heart–liver transplant (CHLT). There is recent evidence that current era cardiac transplant in Fontan patients has improved outcomes, but most studies have a preponderance of pediatrics patients in their cohorts. We examine our institutional experience with adult OHT and CHLT transplantation for failed Fontan physiology.

Methods and Results

Retrospective analysis of patients at the Ahmanson/UCLA Adult Congenital Heart Disease Center who underwent OHT or CHLT for failing Fontan physiology from January 1, 2002 to May 31, 2017. We identified 20 patients with single‐ventricle physiology and Fontan palliation who underwent OHT or CHLT. The median age was 29.5 years (range 19‐44). Five patients underwent CHLT because of biopsy proven hepatic cirrhosis. The median length of hospital stay was 23 days (range 8‐76) post‐OHT and 51 days (range 26‐77) post‐CHLT. During a median follow‐up of 56 months (range 2‐178), there was one mortality occurring at 34 months post‐OHT due to coronary vasculopathy. Most frequent early postoperative complications included bleeding and infection (55% and 20%, respectively) and surgical reintervention for bleeding complications (n = 8, 40%). One CHLT patient experienced clinically significant hepatic rejection requiring admission and steroid treatment.

Conclusions

Despite inherent risks and complexities of OHT or CHLT in patients with a failed Fontan, transplant is a reasonable therapy. Peri‐ and postoperative complications are common and may require surgical reintervention. Continued observation of practices and unifying themes may help improve patient selection, pre‐ and postoperative treatment and ultimately outcomes.
Pancreatic cysts: Is the answer on the wall?
Authors: Nakai Yousuke , Koike Kazuhiko
Published: June 2018

This Editorial refers to the article by L. Baressi, p 760‐770 of this issue.
Skin regeneration of amphibians: A novel model for skin regeneration as adults
Authors: Yokoyama Hitoshi , Kudo Nanako , Todate Momoko , Shimada Yuri , Suzuki Makoto , Tamura Koji
Published: June 2018

Adult mammals do not regenerate the dermis of the skin but form a scar after a deep skin injury. Since a scar causes serious medical problems, skin regeneration, instead of formation of a scar, has been strongly desired from a clinical point of view. Recent studies have suggested multiple origins of myofibroblasts, which are scar‐forming cells in skin wound healing of mammals. While amphibians have skin structures that are basically common to mammals as tetrapods, both urodele and anuran amphibians regenerate almost complete skin structures including the dermis and secretion glands without forming a remarkable scar after a deep skin injury. In skin regeneration of a metamorphosed Xenopus laevis, an amphibian, cells that resemble limb blastema cells accumulate under the epidermis after injury and cells from subcutaneous tissues (tissues underlying the skin) contribute to skin regeneration. The skin of urodele amphibians and that of anuran amphibians provide valuable models for studying skin regeneration as adults. Recent progress in transgenesis and genome editing techniques with whole genome sequencing in Xenopus and an axolotl have enabled comparative analyses by molecular genetics of mammal skin and amphibian skin. Such comparative analyses would enable direct comparison of scar‐forming myofibroblasts in mammals and blastema‐like cells that contribute to skin regeneration in amphibians, ultimately leading to realization of skin regeneration in adult mammals. Amphibian skin regeneration will also be useful for determining how to step up skin regeneration to a higher level of regeneration such as limb regeneration in the future.
Modelling historical mesocosm data: Application of a fish bioenergetics model in semi‐natural conditions
Authors: David Viviane , Goussen Benoit , Tebby Cleo , Joachim Sandrine , Porcher Jean‐Marc , Beaudouin Rémy
Published: June 2018

Developing ecological models for accurately predicting the dynamics of a population and individual physiological processes in field conditions is a challenging task for ecosystem management and ecological risk assessment. Here, we propose to assess the relevance of a dynamic energy budget (DEB) model calibrated using data previously generated from laboratory experiments for adult three‐spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus) living in semi‐natural conditions. We compared different ways of integrating different data sets such as temperature and prey abundance obtained in mesocosm experiments to assess the predictive capacity of the model. By this study, we provide recommendations for developing an appropriate environmental scenario (e.g. natural variations of food and temperature) for using aDEBmodel in a field context. We conclude that aDEBmodel calibrated with laboratory data can be used to predict the physiological processes of an organism living in semi‐natural conditions, but that the reproductive behaviour of the organism can affect the predictions. At last, we suggest that further studies on the feeding behaviour may be necessary for immature organisms.
New doctors ranking system based on VIKOR method
Authors: Hu Junhua , Zhang Xiaohong , Yang Yan , Liu Yongmei , Chen Xiaohong
Published: June 2018

Nowadays, we can use different websites that help us make decisions about various aspects of our lives. However, privacy protection prevents websites from providing personalised guidelines to users. We propose a novel doctor‐ranking system (DRS) based on multi‐criteria group decision‐making (MCGDM) method to address the problems of privacy protection. The following aspects differentiate our proposed DRS model from previous works: (a) textual information reviews are used to identify user preferences and complementary criteria, (b) criteria weights are determined by term frequency inverse document frequency (TF‐IDF) instead of Delphi method or expert opinion, (c) intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) are used to replace sentiment analysis to express subjective user criteria, and (d) VIsekriterijumsko KOmpromisno Rangiranjie (VIKOR) method for MCGDM with IFSs is used to solve the doctor‐ranking problem. We apply our proposed model to datasets from Haodf.com to compare the performance of our method with that of sentiment analysis and technique for order performance by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) methods. The experimental results show that our method provides accurate ranking and increases the reliability of DRS.
A nonlinear optimization model for the balanced vehicle routing problem with loading constraints
Authors: Vega‐Mejía Carlos A. , Montoya‐Torres Jairo R. , Islam Sardar M. N.
Published: June 2018

The vehicle routing problem with loading constraints (VRPLC) is related to real‐life transportation problems and integrates two of the most important activities in distribution logistics: packing of items inside vehicles and planning of delivery routes. In spite of its relevance, literature on VRPLCs is still limited. The majority of the solution approaches have concentrated on heuristic solution methods, and few have presented mathematical optimization models to help characterize the problem. Furthermore, few studies have considered several practical loading and routing constraints that could be used to approximate the problem toward more realistic situations. To help fill this gap in the literature, this article extends an existing VRPLC optimization model to a nonlinear optimization model that considers weight‐bearing strength of three‐dimensional items, vehicle weight capacity, weight distribution inside vehicles, delivery time windows, and a balanced fleet of vehicles. The model is solved by applying a simple procedure that isolates the nonlinearity of the model. Computational experiments show that the new proposed model gives a more streamlined formulation than the model it extended on, and that the addition of practical loading constraints can improve the solutions of the original model by reducing the measure of tardiness due to late deliveries and by producing cargo patterns with better weight distribution.
Is conservative treatment an effective option for pilonidal sinus disease in children?
Authors: Cevik Muazez , Dorterler Mustafa erman , Abbasoglu Latif
Published: June 2018

Pilonidal sinus disease (PSD) is associated with a complex disease process in children, and its management remains controversial. There are a few published studies on PSD in the paediatric literature; therefore, we present our experience of conservatively treating PSD in children. This study involved a retrospective review with telephone follow up. All children diagnosed with PSD in 2012 to 2017 were identified at the outpatient clinic of the Department of Paediatric Surgery. All patients initially underwent conservative treatment (meticulous hair removal, improved perianal hygiene, warm sitz baths, and drainage for abscess). Data collection included demographics, type of management, recurrence, presence of infection, and total healing time. In the study period, 29 children were identified. Their mean age was 14.94 ± 1.09 (range: 12‐16) years, and 51.7% were girls. The mean length of follow up was 8.34 ± 6.36 (range: 1‐25) months. Complete healing occurred in 79.3% of patients. Recurrence was evident in 12% of patients. Four patients underwent surgery. PSD is being seen in children more frequently in recent years. Conservative treatment may be the recommended initial approach for PSD in children.
Phenotypic features of central sensitization
Authors: Williams David A.
Published: June 2018

The current manuscript reviews approaches for phenotyping central sensitization (CS).

The manuscript covers the concept of diagnostic phenotyping, use of endophenotypes, biomarkers, and symptom clusters. Specifically, the components of CS that include general sensory sensitivity (assessed by quantitative sensory testing) and a symptom cluster denoting sleep difficulties, pain, affect, cognitive difficulties, and low energy (S.P.A.C.E.).

Each of the assessment domains are described with reference to CS and their presence in chronic overlapping pain conditions (COPCs)—conditions likely influenced by CS.

Chronic overlapping pain conditions likely represent clinical diagnostic phenotypes of CS. Components of CS can also be assessed using QST or self‐report instruments designed to assess single elements of CS or more general composite indices.
The neurobiology of central sensitization
Authors: Harte Steven E. , Harris Richard E. , Clauw Daniel J.
Published: June 2018

Central sensitization refers to the amplification of pain by central nervous system mechanisms. Classically described as a consequence of ongoing nociceptive input, it is increasingly recognized that central sensitization also occurs independent of peripheral injury or inflammation. Features of central sensitization have been identified in nearly all chronic pain conditions, and it is considered the primary underlying cause of pain in conditions such as fibromyalgia. Central sensitization is characterized in these conditions by widespread pain and multisite hyperalgesia/allodynia. Co‐occurring symptoms include fatigue, mood and cognitive problems, sleep disturbances, and multisensory hypersensitivity. Individuals with central sensitization often report previous exposure to psychosocial or physical stressors, and a higher personal lifetime and family history of pain, with the latter findings supported by genetic studies. Neuroimaging studies of central sensitization show evidence of: changes in brain gray matter in pain processing regions; neurochemical imbalances; and altered resting brain‐network connectivity between pronociceptive and antinociceptive brain areas. Immune system abnormalities have also been demonstrated in individuals with central sensitization. The recognition of central sensitization, and whether it is being driven by ongoing nociceptive input or it is occurring in the absence of a peripheral driver, is critical for effective pain management.
Effects of CuO on constrained sintering of a polycrystalline TiO2 ceramics
Authors: Lee Cheng‐Fan , Wu Cheng‐Feng , Jean Jau‐Ho
Published: June 2018

Effects of CuO on constrained sintering of a polycrystalline TiO2 ceramics have been investigated. The densification temperature of TiO2 is reduced from 1100‐1200°C for pure TiO2 to 900°C with the presence of 0.5‐3 mol% CuO under free sintering. For the samples with 1 mol% CuO, the constrained densification is slowed down, but a high sintered density of >95% at 950°C, which is close to that sintered freely, is still obtained. The above results are caused by the formation of CuO‐rich film at the grain boundaries, which reduces grain‐boundary energy and enhances grain‐boundary migration kinetics of TiO2. To confirm the above findings, molecular dynamics simulation, at which the ratio of grain boundary energy of TiO2 between with and without CuO agrees well with that obtained experimentally, is conducted.
Job satisfaction among disabled people in the sheltered workshop: Differential analysis
Authors: Lukas Jose Francisco , Lizasoain Luis , Galarreta Javier , Etxeberria Juan
Published: June 2018

This paper analyses job satisfaction and differences in factors affecting it among workers with an intellectual disability and mental illness (MI) depending on their work regime [special employment regime (SER) or occupational service (OS)]. To do so, answers were analysed from 874 participants on a Job Satisfaction Scale used in sheltered workshops in Spain. The results indicate that job satisfaction among workers with intellectual disability and MI in both the SER and the OS regimes is high, with the highest job satisfaction deriving from the Items of communicating problems to resolve them. The lowest levels of job satisfaction are related to the opportunity to take decisions and participate at work. In the majority of the Items analysed, no differences were found on the basis of the age groups considered nor the gender of the participants.
Health indicators in intellectual developmental disorders: The key findings of the POMONA‐ESP project
Authors: Folch Annabel , Salvador‐Carulla Luis , Vicens Paloma , Cortés Maria José , Irazábal Marcia , Muñoz Silvia , Rovira Lluís , Orejuela Carmen , González Juan A. , Martínez‐Leal Rafael
Published: June 2018

Background

The aim of this paper was to summarize the main results of the POMONA‐ESP project, the first study to explore health status in a large representative, randomized and stratified sample of people with intellectual developmental disorders in Spain.

Methods

The POMONA‐ESP project collected information about the health of 953 individuals with intellectual developmental disorders.

Results

Diseases such as urinary incontinence, oral problems, epilepsy, constipation or obesity were highly prevalent among the participants; with gender‐differentiated prevalences for certain conditions, and age and intellectual disability level as risk factors for disease. Overmedication was common in the sample, and drugs were often prescribed without any clinical indication or follow‐up. The present authors also found a lack of important relevant information about the participant's health and a lack of adequate genetic counselling.

Conclusions

Our findings may contribute to a better understanding of health status and needs of people with intellectual developmental disorders and suggest several courses of action to improve their health care.
Efficacy and safety of insulin glargine 300 U/mL vs insulin degludec in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, open‐label, cross‐over study using continuous glucose monitoring profiles
Authors: Kawaguchi Yuji , Sawa Jun , Sakuma Noriko , Kumeda Yasuro
Published: June 2018

Aims/Introduction

Compared with glargine 100 U/mL (Gla100), glargine 300 U/mL (Gla300) and degludec (Deg) – the ultralong‐acting insulins – reportedly have more stable effects and reduce the risk of hypoglycemia. Currently, they are considered to be the most useful basal insulins. The present study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of Gla300 and Deg on glycemic control using continuous glucose monitoring.

Materials and Methods

In this single‐center, open‐label, parallel‐group, two‐period, cross‐over study, 30 patients with type 2 diabetes were randomized to once‐daily Gla300 followed by Deg with the same units (n = 15) or vice versa (n = 15). The primary end‐points of this study were the mean percentage of time within the target glucose range of 70–180 mg/dL as efficacy and hypoglycemia of <70 mg/dL as safety indicators, as measured using continuous glucose monitoring during each treatment period.

Results

The mean percentage of time within the target glucose range was not different between Gla300 and Deg (77.8 ± 19.2 vs 76.9 ± 18.3%, P = 0.848). However, the mean percentage of time of hypoglycemia with Gla300 was significantly lower than that of Deg (1.3 ± 2.7 vs 5.5 ± 6.4%, P = 0.002). In the secondary safety end‐points, the mean percentage of time of severe hypoglycemia (<54 mg/dL) or nocturnal hypoglycemia with Gla300 was also significantly lower than that of Deg.

Conclusions

The present study showed the comparable efficacy of Gla300 and Deg on glycemic control; however, the risk of hypoglycemia was markedly lower for Gla300 than for Deg.
Nursing students' experiences of using a smart phone application for a physical assessment course: A qualitative study
Authors: Hsu Li‐Ling , Hsiang Hsiu‐Chuan , Tseng Yi‐Hua , Huang Siang‐Yun , Hsieh Suh‐Ing
Published: June 2018

Aim

It is important that nurses possess adequate clinical skills so that the patient receives safe and competent care. Smart phone applications (apps) can promote active learning and the long‐term retention of knowledge of undergraduate students. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the thoughts and experiences of nursing students who received a smart phone, app‐based physical assessment educational intervention.

Methods

A qualitative descriptive approach with in‐depth interviews was considered as suitable to obtain a comprehensive understanding of students' experiences of a smart phone‐enabled physical assessment course.

Results

Based on interviews with 16 nursing students following the intervention, five themes were derived from the analysis of the interview transcripts: “the APP's physical assessment scenarios are very close to real‐life clinical situations,” “watching physical assessment videos over the APP is a quick way to learn what to do,” “the APP is a new way of learning that enhances thinking and reflection,” “some nursing students felt that it was out of their depth to analyze the scenarios in the APP,” and “the APP needs enhancements in stability and interactivity.”

Conclusion

The findings of this study showed the mobile app as an effective learning aid that promoted transferability of the nursing students' knowledge and past experience. With the help of the APP, the teachers could offer timely guidance to the students.
Consanguinity increases the risk for aggressive periodontitis
Authors: Çalışır M.
Published: June 2018

Background and Objective

Genetic predisposition is an important factor for developing aggressive periodontitis (AgP); however, previous studies only focused on individual families where consanguineous marriages have not been considered. Thus, there is a debate in the understanding of the genetic features of this disease. The present study aims to compare the genetic features of AgP in individuals with and without history of consanguineous marriages.

Material and Methods

Thirty‐three probands from 16 pedigrees with history of consanguineous marriage and 17 pedigrees without history of consanguineous marriage were analyzed in terms of heritability of AgP. Detailed clinical evaluations of the probands showing their periodontal health and their family medical histories were obtained. The gingival index, plaque index, bleeding on probing, suppuration, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level data were analyzed and compared between groups. The gender differences were also taken into account to determine the mode of inheritance of AgP.

Results

The gingival index, bleeding on probing, suppuration, probing pocket depth and clinical attachment level scores were significantly different between the affected and unaffected groups for both genders, which were consistent with the diagnosis of AgP. Strikingly, when the consanguineous group and the non‐consanguineous group were compared, the siblings of the consanguineous group displayed approximately 8 times more prevalence of AgP (15.15%) compared to the siblings of the probands in the non‐consanguineous group (1.89%) (P = .022). In addition, the mode of transmission of the disease was found to fit better to the autosomal recessive inheritance pattern.

Conclusion

Current findings indicate that AgP is segregated on autosomal chromosomes and consanguineous marriage increases the likelihood of developing this disease.
The Xanthomonas effector XopK harbours E3 ubiquitin‐ligase activity that is required for virulence
Authors: Qin Jun , Zhou Xiaogang , Sun Lifan , Wang Kailun , Yang Fan , Liao Haicheng , Rong Wei , Yin Junjie , Chen Huamin , Chen Xuewei , Zhang Jie
Published: June 2018

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is the causative agent of rice bacterial leaf blight. While the type III secretion system of X. oryzae pv. oryzae is essential for virulence, the biochemical activities and virulence mechanisms of non‐transcription activator‐like (non‐TAL) effectors delivered by this system are largely unknown.

Here, by screening for non‐TAL effectors that contribute to X. oryzae pv. oryzae virulence, we revealed that Xanthomonas outer protein K (XopK) inhibits pathogen‐associated molecular pattern‐triggered immunity upstream of mitogen‐activated protein kinase cascades.

Specifically, XopK interacted with and directly ubiquitinated rice somatic embryogenic receptor kinase 2 (OsSERK2), resulting in its degradation. Accordingly, mutation of a putative ubiquitin‐conjugation enzyme (E2) binding site abolished XopK‐induced degradation of OsSERK2 and compromised XopK‐dependent virulence.

As crucial immune regulators associated with a multitude of immune receptors, SERKs have been shown to be perturbed by Pseudomonas effectors via different mechanisms. Our study revealed a distinct perturbation mechanism of SERK activity via ubiquitination achieved by Xanthomonas non‐TAL effector.
ORESARA15, a PLATZ transcription factor, mediates leaf growth and senescence in Arabidopsis
Authors: Kim Jin Hee , Kim Jeongsik , Jun Sang Eun , Park Sanghoon , Timilsina Rupak , Kwon Da Som , Kim Yongmin , Park Sung‐Jin , Hwang Ji Young , Nam Hong Gil , Kim Gyung‐Tae , Woo Hye Ryun
Published: June 2018

Plant leaves undergo a series of developmental changes from leaf primordium initiation through growth and maturation to senescence throughout their life span. Although the mechanisms underlying leaf senescence have been intensively elucidated, our knowledge of the interrelationship between early leaf development and senescence is still fragmentary.

We isolated the oresara15‐1Dominant (ore15‐1D) mutant, which had an extended leaf longevity and an enlarged leaf size, from activation‐tagged lines of Arabidopsis. Plasmid rescue identified that ORE15 encodes a PLANT A/T‐RICH SEQUENCE‐ AND ZINC‐BINDING PROTEIN family transcription factor. Phenotypes of ore15‐1D and ore15‐2, a loss‐of‐function mutant, were evaluated through physiological and anatomical analyses. Microarray, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and chromatin immunoprecipitation as well as genetic analysis were employed to reveal the molecular mechanism of ORE15 in the regulation of leaf growth and senescence.

ORE15 enhanced leaf growth by promoting the rate and duration of cell proliferation in the earlier stage and suppressed leaf senescence in the later stage by modulating the GROWTH‐REGULATING FACTOR (GRF)/GRF‐INTERACTING FACTOR regulatory pathway.

Our study highlighted a molecular conjunction through ORE15 between growth and senescence, which are two temporally separate developmental processes during leaf life span.
Broad spectrum developmental role of Brachypodium AUX1
Authors: van der Schuren Alja , Voiniciuc Catalin , Bragg Jennifer , Ljung Karin , Vogel John , Pauly Markus , Hardtke Christian S.
Published: June 2018

Targeted cellular auxin distribution is required for morphogenesis and adaptive responses of plant organs. In Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis), this involves the prototypical auxin influx facilitator AUX1 and its LIKE‐AUX1 (LAX) homologs, which act partially redundantly in various developmental processes. Interestingly, AUX1 and its homologs are not strictly essential for the Arabidopsis life cycle. Indeed, aux1 lax1 lax2 lax3 quadruple knock‐outs are mostly viable and fertile, and strong phenotypes are only observed at low penetrance.

Here we investigated the Brachypodium distachyon (Brachypodium) AUX1 homolog BdAUX1 by genetic, cell biological and physiological analyses.

We report that BdAUX1 is essential for Brachypodium development. Bdaux1 loss‐of‐function mutants are dwarfs with aberrant flower development, and consequently infertile. Moreover, they display a counter‐intuitive root phenotype. Although Bdaux1 roots are agravitropic as expected, in contrast to Arabidopsis aux1 mutants they are dramatically longer than wild type roots because of exaggerated cell elongation. Interestingly, this correlates with higher free auxin content in Bdaux1 roots. Consistently, their cell wall characteristics and transcriptome signature largely phenocopy other Brachypodium mutants with increased root auxin content.

Our results imply fundamentally different wiring of auxin transport in Brachypodium roots and reveal an essential role of BdAUX1 in a broad spectrum of developmental processes, suggesting a central role for AUX1 in pooideae.
A multicentre study of oral paracoccidioidomycosis: Analysis of 320 cases and literature review
Authors: de Arruda José Alcides Almeida , Schuch Lauren Frenzel , Abreu Lucas Guimarães , Silva Leni Verônica de Oliveira , Mosconi Carla , Monteiro João Luiz Gomes Carneiro , Batista Aline Carvalho , Hildebrand Laura de Campos , Martins Manoela Domingues , Sobral Ana Paula Veras , Rivero Elena Riet Correa , Gomes Ana Paula Neutzling , Silva Tarcília Aparecida , Vasconcelos Ana Carolina Uchoa , Mesquita Ricardo Alves
Published: June 2018

Objectives

To investigate the frequency of oral paracoccidioidomycosis from representative geographical regions of Brazil and to compare the data with a literature review.

Materials and methods

A retrospective study was conducted on 108,304 biopsies obtained from 1953 to 2016 at six Brazilian oral and maxillofacial pathology services. Demographic data and clinical and histopathological diagnosis of oral paracoccidioidomycosis were evaluated. A literature review of oral paracoccidioidomycosis studies published in three electronic databases was carried out. Data were analysed descriptively.

Results

A total of 320 cases of oral paracoccidioidomycosis were surveyed (0.3% of the oral lesions at the centres studied). The lesions were more frequent among male patients. The gingiva/alveolar ridge was the most affected site. Mean age of affected individuals was 51.3 years (±11.7). The literature review showed a higher incidence of oral paracoccidioidomycosis in the south‐east and south regions of Brazil. Male individuals and individuals between 50 and 59 years were most affected.

Conclusions

Oral paracoccidioidomycosis is an uncommon lesion observed in oral biopsy samples. The differences in the relative frequency of oral paracoccidioidomycosis are related to geographical variations. Men between 50 and 59 years are more affected. This study provides helpful information for clinicians in the diagnosis of oral paracoccidioidomycosis.
Virtual endocasts of fossil Sciuroidea: brain size reduction in the evolution of fossoriality
Authors: Bertrand Ornella C. , Amador‐Mughal Farrah , Lang Madlen M. , Silcox Mary T.
Published: June 2018

Aplodontia rufa (mountain beaver) is the only extant member of the Aplodontidae. The fossil record indicates that this family displayed greater taxonomic and ecological diversity in the past, and that the burrowing adaptations of Aplodontia might be derived. We describe the first virtual endocasts of A. rufa and of three fossil aplodontids: Prosciurus relictus and Pros. aff. saskatchewaensis (early Oligocene), and Mesogaulus paniensis (early Miocene). Our results show that the endocasts of early aplodontid rodents are more similar to those of early arboreal squirrels than to those of the later occurring aplodontids in terms of both relative size and morphology. The endocranial features observed in sciurids and early aplodontids, missing in later aplodontids, have been associated with better vision and the development of arboreality in squirrels. Basal Aplodontidae known from postcrania have been described as generalists with some features for arboreality, which may provide a basis for these similarities. In contrast, the relatively small endocasts of the later occurring aplodontids, which lack traits related to visual specialization, may reflect their burrowing adaptations, as they would be less reliant on visual cues. When integrated with data from the most primitive fossil rodents, the Ischyromyidae, these new data suggest that early squirrels and aplodontids diverged from more terrestrial ischyromyids to become more arboreal, with relatively larger brains showing traits for improved vision. Recent Aplodontidae with fossorial adaptations returned to a more ischyromyid‐like condition in their endocranial features. These results are consistent with previous observations that changes in locomotion are reflected in the endocranial anatomy of rodents.
Association between sugammadex and anaphylaxis in pediatric patients: A nested case‐control study using a national inpatient database
Authors: Tadokoro Fumino , Morita Kojiro , Michihata Nobuaki , Fushimi Kiyohide , Yasunaga Hideo
Published: June 2018

Background

Sugammadex is used as a reversal drug during anesthesia. Although several case reports have described anaphylaxis following sugammadex infusion, little is known about the relationship between sugammadex and anaphylaxis, particularly in pediatric patients.

Aims

The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the association between sugammadex and in‐hospital anaphylaxis in pediatric patients who underwent general anesthesia.

Methods

We identified patients who underwent general anesthesia in a Japanese national inpatient database between July 2010 and March 2016. We conducted 1‐4 case‐control matching between patients with and without perioperative anaphylaxis. We calculated the adjusted odds ratio for sugammadex use and occurrence of anaphylaxis, using a conditional logistic regression analysis with adjustment for duration of anesthesia, antibiotics, and blood transfusions.

Results

Among 835 405 patients who underwent general anesthesia, we identified 149 (0.018%) patients with anaphylactic shock and 472 (0.056%) with a combination of anaphylaxis associated signs/symptoms and skin lesions. Sugammadex use was not significantly associated with anaphylactic shock (odds ratio, 0.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.53‐1.21; P = .29) or the combination of anaphylaxis associated signs/symptoms and skin lesions (odds ratio, 1.25; 95% confidence interval, 0.97‐1.60; P = .08).

Conclusion

The present study showed no significant association between sugammadex and perioperative anaphylaxis in pediatric patients who underwent general anesthesia.
Genetic architecture underlying the lignin biosynthesis pathway involves noncoding RNAs and transcription factors for growth and wood properties in Populus
Authors: Quan Mingyang , Du Qingzhang , Xiao Liang , Lu Wenjie , Wang Longxin , Xie Jianbo , Song Yuepeng , Xu Baohua , Zhang Deqiang
Published: June 2018

Lignin provides structural support in perennial woody plants and is a complex phenolic polymer derived from phenylpropanoid pathway. Lignin biosynthesis is regulated by coordinated networks involving transcription factors (TFs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). However, the genetic networks underlying the lignin biosynthesis pathway for tree growth and wood properties remain unknown. Here, we used association genetics (additive, dominant and epistasis) and expression quantitative trait nucleotide (eQTN) mapping to decipher the genetic networks for tree growth and wood properties in 435 unrelated individuals of Populus tomentosa. We detected 124 significant associations (P ≤ 6.89E‐05) for 10 growth and wood property traits using 30 265 single nucleotide polymorphisms from 203 lignin biosynthetic genes, 81 TF genes, 36 miRNA genes and 71 lncRNA loci, implying their common roles in wood formation. Epistasis analysis uncovered 745 significant pairwise interactions, which helped to construct proposed genetic networks of lignin biosynthesis pathway and found that these regulators might affect phenotypes by linking two lignin biosynthetic genes. eQTNs were used to interpret how causal genes contributed to phenotypes. Lastly, we investigated the possible functions of the genes encoding 4‐coumarate: CoA ligase and cinnamate‐4‐hydroxylase in wood traits using epistasis, eQTN mapping and enzymatic activity assays. Our study provides new insights into the lignin biosynthesis pathway in poplar and enables the novel genetic factors as biomarkers for facilitating genetic improvement of trees.
Influence of isopropylmalate synthase OsIPMS1 on seed vigour associated with amino acid and energy metabolism in rice
Authors: He Yongqi , Cheng Jinping , He Ying , Yang Bin , Cheng Yanhao , Yang Can , Zhang Hongsheng , Wang Zhoufei
Published: June 2018

Seed vigour is an imperative trait for the direct seeding of rice. Isopropylmalate synthase (IPMS) catalyses the committed step of leucine (Leu) biosynthesis, but its effect on seed vigour remains unclear. In this study, rice OsIPMS1 and OsIPMS2 was cloned, and the roles of OsIPMS1 in seed vigour were mainly investigated. OsIPMS1 and OsIPMS2 catalyse Leu biosynthesis, and Leu feedback inhibits their IPMS activities. Disruption of OsIPMS1 resulted in low seed vigour under various conditions, which might be tightly associated with the reduction of amino acids in germinating seeds. Eleven amino acids that associated with stress tolerance, GA biosynthesis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were significantly reduced in osipms1 mutants compared with those in wide type (WT) during seed germination. Transcriptome analysis indicated that a total of 1209 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were altered in osipms1a mutant compared with WT at the early germination stage, wherein most of the genes were involved in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, protein processing, pyruvate, carbon, fructose and mannose metabolism. Further analysis confirmed that the regulation of OsIPMS1 in seed vigour involved in starch hydrolysis, glycolytic activity and energy levels in germinating seeds. The effects of seed priming were tightly associated with the mRNA levels of OsIPMS1 in priming seeds. The OsIPMS1 might be used as a biomarker to determine the best stop time‐point of seed priming in rice. This study provides novel insights into the function of OsIPMS1 on seed vigour and should have practical applications in seed priming of rice.
Development of a new graduate public health nurse residency program using the core competencies of public health nursing
Authors: Larsen Rachelle , Ashley Julia , Ellens Tess , Frauendienst Renee , Jorgensen‐Royce Karen , Zelenak Mary
Published: June 2018

Background

Due to the continued shortage of public health nurses, some local public health agencies have begun hiring new graduate baccalaureate nurses into the public health nurse role. These new graduates require an increased level of support for transition to practice.

Aims

The goal of this project was creation of a transition to practice program designed specifically to meet the needs of new graduates hired in public health settings.

Methods

The core competencies of public health nursing were used as a framework to develop this residency program. A group of public health staff, supervisors, and faculty met monthly for three years to develop this program. Key features include general orientation, preceptors, looping experiences, case studies and peer support.

Results

The program is available as a web resource beginning spring 2018. In order to evaluate this program, data on job satisfaction, employee retention and level of competence in the core competencies of public health will occur using instruments administered prior to beginning and immediately following completion of the new graduate residency.

Discussion

The components of the program mirror best practices for new graduate residencies and are based on core competencies for public health nursing. This residency program is an important step for enhancing the professional development of new baccalaureate graduates in public health settings, and preparing the next generation of public health nurses.

Conclusion

Through the increased support and intentional education of the residency program, public health agencies will be able to attract and retain new graduates who develop the essential knowledge and skills to provide safe and effective care in the public health setting.
Ore Genesis and Geochemical Characteristics of Carbonate‐Hosted Talc Deposits in Nangarhar Province, Afghanistan
Authors: Tahir Muhammad , Imai Akira , Takahashi Ryohei , Yano Shujiro
Published: June 2018

Talc deposits in Nangarhar Province, are hosted by Paleoproterozoic carbonate rocks, metamorphosed to amphibolite facies in the east–west (E–W) trending Spinghar Fault Block. Many deposits in this province have potential economic importance. However, detailed geologic and petrological studies on ore genesis are still lacking. In this study, eight talc deposits and two prospects of the Spinghar Fault Block were investigated. Talc is mainly formed by alteration of the host dolomite marble, magnesite rocks, and tremolitite. Talc ore bodies occur parallel to subparallel to the beddings of the host carbonate rocks. Dolerite occur as dikes and sills and are mostly metamorphosed to amphibolite. Although the amphibolite occurs mostly parallel to subparallel to the beddings of the host carbonate rocks, and talc orebodies, it partly crosscuts the host rocks. Massive layers of tremolitite were observed with most of the talc ore bodies. Quartz veins occur along the gneissosity of gneiss all over the study area. SiO2 and MgO content in talc rocks from all deposits ranged from 49.1 to 65.1 wt% and from 26.1 to 32.9 wt%, respectively. CaO content in talc rocks and magnesite rocks are less than 1 wt%. ƩREE content in talc rocks ranged from 0.1 to 8.9 ppm. Chemical compositions of host carbonate rocks are close to the ideal composition. Concentrations of Al, Ta, Hf, Zr, Th, Cr, Ni, Co, and ƩREE in talc ores and host carbonate rocks were very low and inconsistent with mafic and ultramafic rocks protolith. Therefore, the metamorphosed sedimentary carbonate rocks were likely to be the protolith of the talc ores. The occurrence of parallel to subparallel quartz veins to the gneissosity of gneiss, as well as the presence of hydrous minerals in host carbonate rocks, suggested that hydrothermal fluids were most probably supplied through the gneiss.