bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influences of transition in age-education structure and internal migration on the labour market in Brazil
Authors: Amaral Ernesto F. L. , Rios-Neto Eduardo L G , Potter Joseph E
Published: July 2018

Title in Portuguese: Influências de transição da estrutura de idade-educação e migração interna no mercado de trabalho no BrasilAbstract: This study develops a methodology that incorporates internal migration dynamics into models that estimate the impact of demographic and education transitions on the age-education earnings profiles of Brazilian workers over time. Techniques to estimate the level and pattern of migration were integrated. Findings follow initial hypothesis, and indicate that the negative impact of cohort size on earnings is even more negative than estimates that did not take into account population flows. These methodological strategies can be applied to further studies when new data become available, as well as to other countries with the availability of migration data.Resumo: Este estudo desenvolve uma metodologia que incorpora a dinâmica de migração interna em modelos que estimam o impacto da transição demográfica e educação sobre os perfis de idade-educação ganhos dos trabalhadores brasileiros ao longo do tempo. Técnicas para estimar o nível e o padrão de migração foram integrados. Conclusões seguem hipótese inicial, e indicam que o impacto negativo do tamanho da coorte sobre os ganhos é ainda mais negativo do que as estimativas que não levam em conta os fluxos populacionais. Estas estratégias metodológicas podem ser aplicadas a outros estudos quando novos dados se tornam disponíveis, assim como a outros países com a disponibilidade de dados de migração.
Strategies and Predictors of EFL Listening Comprehension
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Dimassi Abdelfattah
Published: July 2018

The purpose of this study is to compare the efficiency of two methods for teaching listening comprehension – the cognitive strategy-based instruction method (CSBM) and the metacognitive strategy-based instruction method (MetSBM). Additionally, this study aims to evaluate the way in which three co-variables – vocabulary knowledge (VK), word recognition (WR) and working memory (WM) – contribute to individual differences in listening comprehension. The subjects of this study, 44 female students studying on an English programme at the University of Sharjah in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), were placed in two groups and taught a range of listening comprehension strategies, in accordance with the MetSBM and the mainstream CSBM. Seven pre- and post-tests were used (a listening comprehension test (LCT), vocabulary knowledge tests (VKK1 and VKK2), the Metacognitive Awareness Listening Questionnaire (MALQ), an Aural Word Recognition test (AWR), an Orthographic Word Recognition test (OWR), a Working Memory Span test (WMS). This study considers three questions: (1) Is metacognitive teaching likely to lead to higher listening comprehension scores than the teaching of cognitive strategies, (2) Are students in the control group likely to develop metacogntive strategies on their own, and (3) Are there other variables that are likely to contribute to listening comprehension. The results suggest that the MetSBM is more effective in teaching and learning how to listen for comprehension than the CSBM. In addition, other variables – OWR, AWR, and WM contribute to listening comprehension. A number of recommendations to teachers, material developers, and researchers are provided. The present study contributes to the field of listening comprehension in an Arab context (a so far an unmapped territory). It equips English teachers with feasible ways of teaching EFL listening comprehension more efficiently.
The use of lithic assemblages for the definition of short-term occupations in hunter-gatherer prehistory
Authors: Cascalheira João , Bicho Nuno
Published: July 2018

One of the main elements in prehistoric research is the study of settlement patterns. In the last five decades, stemming partially from Binford’s research on the topic, the idea of settlement patterns is based on site typology, including the traditional residential and logistic concepts. Both models of land use and exploitation are certainly marked by the notion of short-term occupation. This concept, used freely by many archaeologists, tends to rely on two main ideas: an occupation lasted a short span of time and resulted in a limited amount of material culture. Our aim, based on our results from various archaeological case studies dated to the Upper Paleolithic of Portugal, is to show that neither idea is necessarily correct: e.g. there may be short-term occupations with the production of large amounts of artifacts, such as lithic workshops; there might be very small collections, such as lithic caches, resulting from short occupations but with very long uses of the site; and most times, both are hardly differentiated within complex palimpsests. Our study shows that the common use of lithic volumetric density and retouch frequency is not always sufficient to differentiate between short and long-term occupations. Also, there are other variables that are more sensitive to indicate the duration of occupation of an archaeological context that should be used in the identification of time length.
Introduction: The University under Pressure
Authors: Berman Elizabeth Popp
Published: July 2018

Universities in both North America and Europe are under substantial pressure. We draw on the papers in this volume to describe those pressures and explore their consequences from an organizational standpoint. Building on the institutional logics perspective, field theories, world society theory, resource dependence, and organizational design scholarship, these papers show how the changing relationship between the state and higher education, cultural shifts, and broad trends toward globalization have led to financial pressures on universities and intensified competition among them. Universities have responded to these pressures by cutting costs, becoming more entrepreneurial, increasing administrative control, and expanding the use of rationalized tools for management. Collectively, these reactions are reshaping the field(s) of higher education and increasing stratification within and across institutions. While universities have thus far proven remarkably adaptive to these pressures, they may be reaching the limits of how much they can adapt without seriously compromising their underlying missions.
Formulating Western Fiction in Garrett Touch of Texas
Authors: Studies AWEJ-tls for Translation & Literary , Kasih Elisabeth Ngestirosa Endang Woro
Published: July 2018

Western fiction as one of the popular novels has some common conventions such as the setting of life in frontier filled with natural ferocity and uncivilized people. This type of fiction also has a hero who is usually a ranger or cowboy. This study aims to find a Western fiction formula and look for new things that may appear in the novel Touch of Texas as a Western novel. Taking the original convention of Cooper’s Leatherstocking Tales, this study also looks for the invention and convention of Touch of Texas by using Cawelti’s formula theory. The study finds that Garrett's Touch of Texas not only features a natural malignancy against civilization, a ranger as a single hero, and a love story, but also shows an element of revenge and the other side of a neglected minority life. A hero or ranger in this story comes from a minority group, a mixture of white blood and Indians. The romance story also shows a different side. The woman in the novel is not the only one to be saved, but a Ranger is too, especially from the wounds and ridicule of the population as a ranger of mixed blood. The story ends with a romantic tale between Jake and Rachel. Further research can be done to find the development of western genre with other genres such as detective and mystery.
Journal of the History of Economic Thought Preprints - Dreams of Order and Freedom: Debating Trade Management in Early-17th Century England
Authors: Suprinyak Carlos Eduardo
Published: July 2018

The early 1620s trade crisis had a significant influence on the way public opinion in England regarded economic issues, and the pamphlets written during that period convey the impression that the supply of money was the undisputed primary concern of economic policy. However, monetary matters only occupied a prominent position in the political agenda of England during times of crisis, when the kingdom faced a perceived threat of demonetization. The paper argues that, during the first two decades of the 17th century, concern with a positive balance of trade was only of secondary importance, being normally overshadowed by a more fundamental goal: a well-ordered, stable, and properly managed trade. This opened the door for debates about the limits of free initiative and regulation in economic affairs, as evidenced most clearly by the debates about free trade and monopolies that permeated James I’s reign.
The Uses of Denominational History
Authors: Mullen Lincoln A.
Published: July 2018

At the October 2016 meeting of the Conference on Faith and History, four scholars who have written denominational histories (among their many other books) gathered for a roundtable discussion of “The Uses of Denominational History.” At the panel these historians reflected on how they structured their denominational histories and who their audiences were, on what it might mean for denominational histories to be written from an insider’s perspective, and on how their books fit into the field of American religious history more broadly.
Racial/Ethnic Perceptions from Hispanic Names: Selecting Names to Test for Discrimination
Authors: Gaddis S. Michael
Published: July 2018

Researchers increasingly use correspondence audit studies to study racial/ethnic discrimination in employment, housing, and other domains. Although this method provides strong causal evidence of racial/ethnic discrimination, these claims depend on the signal being clearly conveyed through names. Few studies have pretested individual racial and ethnic perceptions of the names used to examine discrimination. The author conducts a survey experiment in which respondents are asked to identify the races or ethnicities they associate with a series of names. Respondents are provided with combinations of Hispanic and Anglo first and last names. Hispanic first names paired with Anglo last names are least likely to be recognized as Hispanic, while all versions of Hispanic first and last names are highly recognized (≥90 percent). The results suggest that researchers must use caution when trying to signal Hispanic ethnicity in experiments, and prior findings from correspondence audits may be biased from poor signals.
The Effect of Role Play Strategy on Jordanian EFL Tenth Grade Students' Speaking Skill
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Alzboun Bilal Khalaf , Smadi Oqlah Mahmoud , Baniabdelrahman Abdallah
Published: July 2018

This study examines the effect of role-play strategy on the Jordanian tenth grade English as a foreign language (EFL) students' speaking skill. It is an attempt to answer if there is a statistical significance difference between the experimental and control groups' scores on the speaking test due to the teaching method (role-play strategy vs. the Teacher's Book instructions). A total of 86 homogeneous participants were selected through a random sampling technique from two sections at Lameece Secondary School for Girls in Amman, Jordan during the second semester of the academic year 2016-2017. The experimental group was 42 students while the control group was 44 students. For data collection, a role-play instructional program based on the speaking activities in Action Pack 10, a speaking test and a rating scale were used. The collected data were analyzed using proper statistical measures such as ANCOVA and MANCOVA. The results revealed that the role-play strategy had a significant effect on the five components of the speaking skill with the students of the experimental group. Further empirical studies on the effect of role-play strategy on developing other language skills are needed.
Rediscovering the 1%: Economic Expertise and Inequality Knowledge
Authors: Hirschman Daniel
Published: July 2018

In the 2000s, academics and policymakers began to discuss the growth of topincomes in the United States, especially “the 1%” Newly analyzed tax datarevealed that top incomes had begun a dramatic upward climb in the early1980s. This article investigates why it took two decades for this increaseto become politically and academically salient. I show how expertsassembled two “regimes of perceptibility” for producing knowledge aboutincome inequality, and that neither was capable of tracking top incomes.Macroeconomists focused on labor’s share of national income, but ignoredthe distribution of income between individuals. Labor economists drew onnewly avail- able survey data to explain wage disparities. By relying onsurveys, these scholars unintentionally eliminated top incomes from view:surveys top-coded high incomes and thus were incapable of detecting therise of the 1%. Studies of top incomes that relied on income tax data fellby the wayside, creating the conditions under which experts, policymakers,and the public alike could be surprised by the rise of the 1%. Thishistorical study offers insights into the political power of economicexpertise by clarifying the complex linkages between observations, stylizedfacts, causal theories, and policy attention.
The Widening Gender Gap in Opposition to Pornography, 1975-2012
Authors: Lykke Lucia C. , Cohen Philip N.
Published: July 2018

In the last several decades pornography in the U.S. has become more mainstream, more accessible, more phallocentric and more degrading to women. Further, consumption of pornography remains a major difference in the sexual experiences of men and women. Yet research has not addressed how opposition to pornography has changed over the this period, despite shifts in the accessibility and visibility of pornography as well as new cultural and legal issues presented by the advent of Internet pornography. We examine gender differences in opposition to pornography from 1975 to 2012, measured by support for legal censorship of pornography in the General Social Survey. Results show that both men’s and women’s opposition to pornography have decreased significantly over the past 40 years, suggesting a cultural shift toward “pornographication” affecting attitudes. However, women remain more opposed to pornography than men, and men’s opposition has declined faster, so the gender gap in opposition to pornography has widened, indicating further divergence of men’s and women’s sexualattitudes over time. This is consistent with the increasingly normative nature of pornography consumption for men, increases over time in men’s actual consumption of pornography, and its increasingly degrading depictionof women.
What Makes a Decision Fair? Relative Earnings, Gender, and Justifications for Couples’ Decision Making
Authors: Pepin Joanna R. , Scarborough William
Published: July 2018

This article builds on research demonstrating that inequality is widely accepted when it results from practices that are perceived to be fair. Using a survey experiment on a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults (n=3,978), the study adds new insight into the mechanisms that sustain gender inequality in relationships. Findings show that Americans’ beliefs about gender are relied on more often than economic explanations to diminish concerns about unfairness in decision making. Respondents were more likely to view decisions as fair when made by women, even though respondents often drew on seemingly gender-neutral allocation rules to justify decision making. Topic modelling of open-ended explanations also exposed how beliefs about gender are incorporated into fairness perceptions in ways that sustain men’s authority. The authors argue that the empirical patterns underpinning subjective perceptions of fairness are fundamental to understanding the persistence of inequality in gendered divisions of cognitive, emotional, and domestic labor.
Understanding the Exclusionary Politics of Early Turkish Nationalism: An Ethnic Boundary-Making Approach
Authors: Goalwin Gregory
Published: July 2018

* Final published version available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/00905992.2017.1315394 * Turkish nationalism has long presented a study in contrasts. The nationalist movement that created the Republic of Turkey sought to define the nation in explicitly civic and inclusive terms, promoting a variety of integrationist reforms. At the same time, however, those same nationalist politicians endorsed other policies that were far more exclusionary, expelling many religious and ethnic minorities from the new nation and imposing harsh restrictions on those who remained. The seemingly contradictory nature of Turkish nationalist policies has been mirrored by much of the scholarship on Turkish nationalism, which has often viewed Turkish nationality through the lens of the “civic/ethnic divide,” with various scholars arguing that the Turkish nation is exclusively civic or ethnic. This article seeks to transcend this dichotomous way of looking at Turkish nationalism. I argue that the policies previously seen as being exclusively civic or ethnic are in fact both examples of boundary-making processes, designed to forge a cohesive nationalist community. Seen through a boundary-making perspective, the seemingly contradictory nature of Turkish nationalist policies in its early years are not paradoxical at all, but represent a multi-dimensional effort to construct a cohesive national community that could replace the defunct Ottoman state.
Calibrating Patent Lifetimes
Authors: Johnson Eric E
Published: July 2018

The patent system could better achieve its primary mission of incentivizing technological innovation by moving away from the one-size-fits-all 20-year term for patents and moving to a system of varying durations for different categories of invention. The current patent duration is arbitrary, the result of entrenched historical accident. Allowing upward variance from the 20-year term in discrete categories of invention offers the prospect of boosting innovation in impoverished technological sectors. Allowing downward variance in other categories would benefit overall social welfare by removing needless technological monopolization and associated deadweight loss.Current economic models and available economic data do not allow for the academic calculation of optimal patent lifetimes in the real world. This paper proposes practical procedural mechanisms to gather and synthesize information about innovation incentives and returns, and to make use of that information in decision-making paradigms that would vary patent terms to make the patent system more economically beneficial than it currently is. An appendix to this paper uses theoretical evolutionary biology to criticize economic theorists who have suggested that very long or even infinite durations for patents may be optimal.
The Art of War: Instability, Insecurity, and Ideological Imagery in Northern Ireland’s Political Murals, 1979-1998
Authors: Goalwin Gregory
Published: July 2018

* Final published version available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10767-013-9142-y * This article examines the purpose behind, and rhetorical content of, political wall murals produced during the Troubles in Northern Ireland. I utilize a semiotic approach to analyze the ways that the symbolic content and physical placement of Northern Irish murals were used by actors on both sides of the conflict. I examine the major thematic traditions utilized by muralists on each side and situate them within the historical and political contexts of the conflict in Northern Ireland. This approach highlights the ways that murals did more than simply champion ideological causes, as earlier scholarship has argued, but served an active role in efforts to catalyze cultural support for organizations' political goals. I argue that murals played a key role for organizations on both sides of the conflict, as they each struggled to craft a communal self-identification and legitimizing central narrative that furthered their ideological goals. Organizations on both sides used murals to mobilize cultural support for their political and military struggles. In this regard, murals functioned as a form of mythic speech, attempting to depoliticize highly political ideologies and make the rhetoric used by the competing groups seem natural and pure. The grassroots nature of the mural traditions is particularly telling in this regard, exposing the deep-seated insecurity of organizations on both sides. This insecurity is further reflected by, and served as a catalyst for, the paramilitary violence that was a defining characteristic of Northern Ireland for so long.
The Long March: Deep Democracy in Cross-National Perspective
Authors: Kadivar Mohammad Ali , Usmani Adaner , Bradlow Benjamin H.
Published: July 2018

Over the last several decades, dozens of dictatorships have become democracies. Yet while each has held free and fair elections, they have varied in the extent to which their citizens realize the ideal of self-rule. Why do some democracies distribute power to citizens while other democracies withhold it? Existing research is suggestive, but its implications are ambiguous. Cross-national studies have focused on democracy’s formal dimensions, while work on substantive democracy is case-based. We find that one of the most consistent and powerful explanations of substantive democratization is the length of unarmed pro-democratic mobilization prior to a transition. Through a case study of Brazil, we illustrate that these movements matter in three ways: first, because practices of self-organizing model and enable democratic reforms; second, because movement veterans use state office to deepen democracy; and third, because long movements yield civil societies with the capacity to demand the continuous deepening of democracy.
Enhancing Usage of Scientific Formulae for Students less Proficient inEnglish language in an Undergraduate Class :a case study in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Afrooze Anjum
Published: July 2018

The curriculum at General Sciences department in a Saudi Arabian University includes ‘’Physical science’’for Computer Science, Information Technology and Business courses. Students are apathetic towards Physical Science and question, as to,” How this course is related to their majors?” More than sixty percent of the students come from institutions where English is not the medium of instruction, which makes student learning and academic achievement challenging as they are less proficient in English language. After observing the uasge of incorrect scientific formulas in assessment test and the number of failures,for two consecutive semesters, the instructor was keen to find an effective strategy to enable students understand concepts and to transformed surface learning to deep learning through developing advanced techniques in writing assignment. The main purpose of this research is to roll the situation and let the students partake in the process of trasformation from diffident failures to confident achievers.This study is participatory action research, in which instructor designs effective written task to engage students in their learning . The study is conducted through two semesters with a total of 32 students. The effectiveness of this approach is studied using questionnaire at the end of each semester,students evaluation and teacher observation.Major outcomes of this study were overall improvement in students uasge of scientific formulas in tests,problem solving,language proficiency, performance in summative assessment and also fortifying confidence. This process transformed instructor into engaging and reflecting practitioner.Also, these strategy was implemented by other instructors teaching the course and proved effective in opening a path to changes in related areas of the course curriculum. However, refinement in the strategies could be done based on student evaluation and instructors observation.
“Elder Brother Tobacco”: Traditional Nicotiana Snuff Use among the Contemporary Tzeltal and Tzotzil Maya of Highland Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: Groark Kevin P.
Published: July 2018

Ethnographic study of traditional tobacco (Nicotiana) use among the Tzeltal and Tzotzil Maya of Highland Chiapas, Mexico
Non-Verbal Predicate in English: Evidence from Iraqi Nominal Sentences
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Alabaeeji Saif Abdulwahed Jawad
Published: July 2018

The fact that Iraqi nominal sentences are expressed without a verbal element has led the author to examine the status of the copula (be) in English. The aim is to reach at an explanation as to why Iraqi does not use a copula while English does. Explanation of this sort is significant because it has some direct implications on English language teaching and translation in Iraq. Using inductive method of reasoning, it has been established that tracing grammatical properties such as tense and agreement may lead to find-out the reason behind this cross-linguistic variation and subsequently reach at a generalization that maybe applicable to other languages. The latter is an issue that remains open for further research. While placing the discussion within the parameters of the Government and Binding (GB) theory, the author concluded the reason as non-verbal predication in Iraqi, unlike English, can support a combination of these grammatical properties and thus rendering the need for a copula redundant.
How Homeland Politics Affect In-group Differences in Identity Formation among Contemporary Chinese-Speaking Immigrants
Authors: Cheng Yuching
Published: July 2018

The immigrant identity literature, which describes various routes to a range of identity claims, suffers from an assumption of mutually exclusive “categorical identities.” In this study the author re-conceptualizes immigrants’ identity formation as a historical causal process involving relational “identity categories.” The sample consists of 56 highly achieving Taiwanese and Chinese immigrants with at least twenty-year lengths of stay. They respectively represent precedents and followers of contemporary Chinese-speaking migrants to the U.S. A major finding is that while Taiwanese immigrants tend to develop an exclusive identity formation process, the Chinese process entails inclusivity. I argue that this within-group difference has its roots in pre-migration conditions. Ethnic polarization in Taiwan has generated and sustained a political form of hyphenated-American identity, a process in which “Taiwanese,” “Chinese” and “Asian” are perceived as mutually exclusive categories of identity. The lack of an equivalent pre-migration event for Chinese immigrants has resulted in the formation of a culturally hyphenated identity in which “Chinese” is interpreted as a symbolic ethnicity that complements Asian panethnicity. By addressing the enduring effects of homeland politics on immigrant identity, this study challenges existing ideas on associations among time/length of stay, culture/common language, and immigrant integration.
The Monster Unleashed: Iraq’s Horrors of Everyday Life in Frankenstein in Baghdad
Authors: Studies AWEJ for Translation & Literary , Elayyan Hani
Published: July 2018

This paper analyzes Frankenstein in Baghdad, the winner of the 2014 International Arabic Fiction Prize by Iraqi novelist Ahmed Saadawi. I argue that by borrowing the story of Mary Shelley’s monster in Frankenstein, Saadawi manages to pinpoint the roots of the terrorism that has plagued Iraq since the American occupation. Terrorism emanates from fear. Fear is the monster that has been unleashed by the collapse of central authority which resulted in what Judith Butler has called ‘a precarious life’ in which sudden and violent death is always looming. In addition, the struggle for power among the new players in the Iraqi scene leads to selfishness, demagogy, and exploitation. The novel stresses the need to acknowledge that no one is free of blame. By acknowledging that that nobody is purely a victim or a victimizer, and by taking responsibility for one’s deed, there might be hope for a way out of the horrors of the civil strife and carnage.
Housing Outcomes in Turkey: How Do Middle-Income Households Fare?
Authors: Friedman Samantha , Kurtulus Aysenur , Koc Ismet
Published: July 2018

Despite the doubling in size of the middle class and the significant housing increase in Turkey, little research has examined housing outcomes of middle- income households, particularly relative to affluent households. The housing increase and 2007 Mortgage Law could have reduced housing differences between middle-income and affluent households, but the rise in gated communities could have increased these differences. Using data from Turkey’s 2012 Household and Budget Survey, we find that middle-income households are significantly less likely than affluent households to own their homes and live in larger homes, and among owner-occupiers, in homes of higher value. Less pronounced differences are found in their residence in newer homes. Fewer differences in housing outcomes exist between middle- and lower-income households, particularly among owner-occupiers. These results suggest that the most affluent households, rather than the poorest households, are likely isolating themselves from other households, thereby affecting the future well-being of middle-income households.
The First Sale Doctrine and the Economics of Post-Sale Restraints
Authors: Katz Ariel
Published: July 2018

The first sale doctrine limits the exclusive rights that survive the initial authorized sale of an item protected by intellectual property (IP) rights, and therefore limits the ability of IP owners to impose post-sale restraints on the distribution or use of items embodying their IP. While the doctrine has deep common law and statutory roots, its exact rationale and scope have never been fully explored and articulated. As a result, the law remains somewhat unsettled, in particular with respect to the ability of IP owners to opt-out of the doctrine and with respect to the applicability of the doctrine to situations of parallel importation.This Article provides answers to these unsettled issues. By applying insights from the economics of post-sale restraints, the Article shows that the main benefits of post-sale restraints involve situations of imperfect vertical integration between coproducing or collaborating firms, which occur during the production and distribution phases or shortly thereafter. In such situations, opting out of the first sale doctrine should be permitted. Beyond such limited circumstances, however, the first sale doctrine promotes important social and economic goals: it promotes efficient long-term use and preservation of goods embodying IP and facilitates user-innovation. Therefore, contrary to some other views, I conclude that the economics of post-sale restraints confirm the validity and support the continued vitality of the first sale doctrine.
Notice and Takedown in Everyday Practice
Authors: Urban Jennifer , Karaganis Joe , Schofield Brianna
Published: July 2018

*Abstract:*It has been nearly twenty years since section 512 of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act established the so-called notice and takedown process. Despite its importance to copyright holders, online service providers, and Internet speakers, very little empirical research has been done on how effective section 512 is for addressing copyright infringement, spurring online service provider development, or providing due process for notice targets.This report includes three studies that draw back the curtain on notice and takedown:1. using detailed surveys and interviews with more than three dozen respondents, the first study gathers information on how online service providers and rightsholders experience and practice notice and takedown on a day-to-day basis;2. the second study examines a random sample from over 100 million notices generated during a six-month period to see who is sending notices, why, and whether they are valid takedown requests; and3. the third study looks specifically at a subset of those notices that were sent to Google Image Search.The findings suggest that whether notice and takedown “works” is highly dependent on who is using it and how it is practiced, though all respondents agreed that the Section 512 safe harbors remain fundamental to the online ecosystem. Perhaps surprisingly in light of large-scale online infringement, a large portion of OSPs still receive relatively few notices and process them by hand. For some major players, however, the scale of online infringement has led to automated, “bot”-based systems that leave little room for human review or discretion, and in a few cases notice and takedown has been abandoned in favor of techniques such as content filtering. The second and third studies revealed surprisingly high percentages of notices of questionable validity, with mistakes made by both “bots” and humans.The findings strongly suggest that the notice and takedown system is important, under strain, and that there is no “one size fits all” approach to improving it. Based on the findings, we suggest a variety of reforms to law and practice.Note: This is an updated version of the original paper. It includes two new appendices and some minor updates and corrections.Also available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2755628
Replication in Social Science
Authors: Freese Jeremy , Peterson David
Published: July 2018

Across the medical and social sciences, new discussions about replication have been transforming research practices. Sociologists, however, have been largely absent from these discussions. The goals of this review are to introduce sociologists to these developments, synthesize insights from science studies about replication in general, and detail the specific issues regarding replication that occur in sociology. The first half of the article argues that a sociologically sophisticated understanding of replication must take into account both the ways that replication rules and conventions evolved within an epistemic culture and how those cultures are shaped by specific research challenges. The second half outlines the four main dimensions of replicability in quantitative sociology- verifiability, robustness, repeatability, and generalizability- and discusses the specific ambiguities of interpretation that can arise in each. We conclude by advocating some commonsense changes to promote replication while acknowledging the epistemic diversity of our field.
Doja, Albert (2013) Invitation au terrain: Mémoire personnel de la construction du projet socio-anthropologique, Bruxelles: Peter Lang. doi:10.3726/978-3-0352-6299-5.
Authors: Doja Albert
Published: July 2018

De l’organisation sociale aux discours et pratiques qui construisent la notion de personne chez les Albanais, en passant par les relations interethniques et les dynamiques interculturelles des valeurs morales dans l’ensemble des Balkans, l’auteur trace le parcours de ses recherches sur les processus symboliques qui structurent les identités sociales, les relations de parenté et de genre, ainsi que les idéologies nationales des cultures, des religions et des langages. Méthodologiquement, s’il a dû s’abstraire de sa propre société et s’en détacher complètement pour pouvoir l’étudier, comme socio-anthropologue, il a dû faire un effort supplémentaire: après en sortir, il a dû y entrer à nouveau afin de la re–connaître et l’expliquer socio-anthropologiquement. À ce niveau, l’expérience transculturelle souligne une conversion des complications et des incertitudes du travail de terrain ethnographique vers la stabilité relative de la connaissance socio-anthropologique. L’objectivité expérientielle d’une telle démarche permet de comprendre de façon plus intime la réalité qualitative exprimée dans les frontières symboliques des identités locales, dans une aire culturelle définie comme un champ composite et instructif. En définitive, si la construction identitaire et la dynamique interculturelle sont importantes, une meilleure appréhension plus précise et plus rigoureuse de la totalité sociale est obtenue via une nouvelle méthodologie permettant de construire un meilleur modèle d’explication théorique.
Wild-ing the Ethnography of Conservation: Writing Nature's Value and Agency In
Authors: Kiik Laur
Published: July 2018

When reading ethnographic literature on nature conservation, one may wonder: where has nature gone? Social anthropologists have written nuanced ethnographies of how the environmental projects of governments and transnational NGOs encounter, dispossess, clash culturally with, and try to govern native people across the world. Yet, these diverse ethnographies often say little about what motivates those encounters firstly: local and global nature, especially wildlife, plants, and the planet’s ecological crisis. Thus, this paper seeks ways how ethnographic writing on conservation practice could better reflect that the planet’s many self-willed, struggling, and valued non-humans, too, enter conservation’s encounters. To find paths toward such a ‘wild-ing’ of ethnography, the paper locates and reviews disparate materials from across the social-anthropological literature on biodiversity conservation. The review is structured through three questions: How does and could the ethnography of conservation represent nature’s value? How can it show that animals, plants, and other nature make and meet worlds? How can it incorporate natural science data about non-human worlds and ecological crisis? Altogether, we understand nature conservation clearer through the interdisciplinary and more-than-human ethnography of world-making encounters. Such wilder ethnography may also better connect people’s suffering and nature’s vanishing – as problems both for anthropology and conservation science.
ESTIMATION OF URBAN WASTE GENERATED AND UNCOLLECTED IN ROMANIA
Authors: MIHAI Florin Constantin
Published: July 2018

AbstractUrban waste generation due to economic development and living standardsraise serious problems in providing sustainable waste management of cities. Because not all of Romania's urban population are served by sanitationservices, some wastes are generated and uncollected being oftenuncontrolled disposed contributing to urban pollution. This paper aims atthe one hand one to estimate the amount of urban waste generated anduncollected and on the other hand to perform a spatial analysis of thesewastes at the Romanian counties level using thematic cartography. Outlinedregional disparities allow a more accurate assessment of the vulnerabilityof cities to waste pollution. Total urban population access to wastecollection services is a basic condition for developing an efficient wastemanagement system and to reduce pollution. The current urban wastemanagement system must improve to comply objectives and targets imposed bythe EU acquis.
Fake Archives: Doppelgängers and the Search for Openness in Scholarly Communication Platforms
Authors: Delfanti Alessandro
Published: July 2018

viXra.org is a preprint repository that mimics the design, logo, structure and functioning of arXiv.org, the open access website that collects articles from physics, mathematics and other quantitative sciences before or regardless of their submission and publication in a peer-reviewed journal. Launched in 2009 as an answer to the role of arXiv as the dominant platform for scholarly publishing in some areas, viXra is an ironic copycat version of the “official” website, of which it spells the name backwards.
Pharmaceutical Lemons: Innovation and Regulation in the Drug Industry
Authors: Katz Ariel
Published: July 2018

Before a new drug can be marketed the Food and Drug Administration must be satisfied that it is safe and effective. According to conventional wisdom, the cost and delay involved in this process diminish the incentives to invest in the development of new drugs. Accordingly, several reforms aimed at restoring such incentives have been implemented and others have been advocated.This paper challenges the central argument in the debate on the topic, namely that drug regulation and drug innovation are necessarily at odds with each other. Although intuitively appealing, the argument that drug regulation negatively affects the incentives to innovate does not fully capture the role that regulation plays in this industry. This paper shows that the regulatory framework is not solely a burden imposed on the industry; it also provides a valuable service to the industry.Specifically, drug regulation provides certification of drug quality. Such certification, which may not be easily achieved by private market-based mechanisms, prevents the market from becoming a market for lemons. Therefore, rather than decreasing the expected returns to innovation, this aspect of regulation contributes to the value of new drugs and may actually encourage innovation. This point has largely been absent from most cost-benefit analyses of drug regulation, yet without it any discussion of the merits of regulation is incomplete.
Undue Process: Challenges for Rightholders and Service Providers Implementing Section 512’s Notice and Takedown Provisions
Authors: Urban Jennifer
Published: July 2018

*Abstract: *This paper empirically examines the 17 U.S.C. § 512 notice and takedown process as implemented by the Texas online service provider, The Planet. We reviewed a random sample of notices from a population of all notices processed by The Planet from August 2004 to June 2007. We used a mixed methodology, qualitatively assessing the notices, and running quantitative checks to ensure that we were not mistakenly over- or understating the importance of qualitative findings. Because the notices most clearly show sender behavior, we focus on senders’ use of section 512; we then more generally discuss the possible effects of sender behavior on targets and OSPs. We conclude that section 512 continues to be useful for copyright holders; in addition, it undoubtedly provides important innovation-promoting protection for intermediaries. Yet the section 512 regime also shows serious strain in practice, at least within our observed set of notices. A considerable group of senders have difficulty following section 512’s technical requirements and understanding the substantive underlying copyright law. Further, as expected, the large copyright industries appear to be challenged by peer-to-peer filesharing — a problem for which the notice and takedown framework does not provide immediate relief — leading them to make broader demands than are supported by section 512. Finally, the emerging dominance of third-party rights enforcement organizations ("REOs") and trade associations, which have incentives to generate notices and achieve takedowns, add a layer of complexity to the process. Ultimately, these strains, and senders’ responses to them, likely affect both OSPs and targets. Overall, they prompt concerns about due process for targets and potential harms to Internet expression. We reaffirm our previous suggestions for reform, and call for greater information sharing and transparency to help rebalance and strengthen the section 512 process.Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2694348
Duels in the European Novel: Honor, Reputation, and the Limits of a Bourgeois Form
Authors: Merriman Ben
Published: July 2018

The emergence of market society in Europe prompted a major change in the social measurement of individual worth. The formal system of aristocratic honor culture was gradually supplanted by a bourgeois concept of reputation rooted in the public perception of individual merits. During this period, dueling was a practice of dispute resolution commonly used in honor groups, and also diffused to bourgeois groups in domains such as politics and journalism. This article explores this cultural transformation by examining duels in 20 European novels and comparing these duels with theoretical and historical work on duels as a social practice. The novels present a significantly distorted representation of dueling. This distortion demonstrates the limited ability of the novel, a bourgeois form, to describe group-oriented values such as honor. This is, in turn, sociologically significant: the novels point to major differences in the social psychologies underpinning honor and reputation, and also anticipate the obsolescence of honor culture well before this occurred historically.Citation: Merriman, Ben. 2015. “Duels in the European Novel: Honor, Reputation, and the Limits of a Bourgeois Form.” Cultural Sociology 9(2): 203-219.
Nice Questions Unanswered: Grokster, Sony's Staple Article of Commerce Doctrine, and the Deferred Verdict on Internet File Sharing
Authors: Bridy Annemarie
Published: July 2018

When is the developer or distributor of a copying technology legally responsible for the copyright infringements committed by users of that technology? Over the past twenty years or so, development and deployment of digital copying technologies (personal computers, CD and DVD burners, iPods and other portable music devices, the Internet itself, etc.), and tools for Internet file sharing and file distribution, have thrust that question into the center of a high-profile public debate. That debate gave rise to the most closely watched copyright case of recent years, MGMStudios Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals had held that defendants Grokster and StreamCast, the developers and distributors of peer-to-peer file-sharing software, were shielded from copyright liability by the so-called Sony doctrine (also called the Betamax case), interpreting that doctrine to mean that distributors of copying technology that is capable of commercially significant noninfringing use are shielded from liability for the infringement committed by users of the technology, unless the distributors had specific knowledge of infringement obtained at a time at which they contributed to the infringement and had failed to act upon that information. The Supreme Court unanimously reversed, holding that because Grokster and StreamCast had distributed their software with the object of promoting its use to infringe copyright, as shown by clear expression or other affirmative steps taken to foster infringement, Sony did not protect them from liability, whether or not their software was capable of commercially significant noninfringing use. The unanimous decision in the copyright holders' favor is, obviously, a big loss for Grokster Inc. and StreamCast, Ltd.; its broader implications for Internet file-sharing practices and file-sharing technology, however, are much less clear; to try to understand what they might be, we rewind the tape, back to Sony in 1984.Annemarie BridyProfessor|University of Idaho College of Law|PO Box 83720-0051|Boise, ID 83720|Ph. 208.364.4583Affiliate Scholar|Stanford Center for Internet and SocietyAffiliate Fellow|Yale Information Society ProjectSSRN|HeinOnline|LinkedIn|Twitter