bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Small strain behavior of a silty sand in controlled-suction resonant column  torsional shear tests
Authors: Mancuso Claudio , Vassallo Roberto , d'Onofrio Anna
Published: February 2003

An experimental study has been carried out using a new resonant column  torsional shear cell to investigate the small strain behavior of an unsaturated compacted silty sand. The device, recently developed at the Dipartimento di Ingegneria Geotecnica di Napoli (Italy), is fitted for controlled-suction testing using the axis-translation technique. Both optimum and wet of optimum compacted specimens have been tested to analyze the effects of suction and fabric on soil behavior. Shear stiffness measurements have been taken during constant-suction tests. Collected data indicate an S-shaped initial shear stiffness versus suction variation, which can be explained considering the progressive change from a bulk-water regulated soil response to a menisci-water regulated soil response. A model is proposed to account for the observed trend. Results highlight significant effects of suction and fabric on soil behavior.Key words: compacted soil, small strain behavior, shear stiffness, suction, soil fabric.
Comparison between laboratory and in situ values of the coefficient of primary consolidationcv
Authors: Cortellazzo Giampaolo
Published: February 2003

Many curve-fitting procedures based on the Terzaghi uncoupled consolidation theory have been proposed for determination of the laboratory coefficient of primary consolidation, cv. This paper presents data from 10 oedometer tests performed on clay samples from three different sites, with the cvvalues having been obtained using four different fitting procedures. The in situ settlements of the clay layers were measured using borehole extensometers. In this way the in situ cvvalues of the same clay were determined and compared with the laboratory values. At times, the four methods show considerable differences in the values of cvdetermined in the laboratory. Casagrande's method gives values that differ from those of the other methods and is not always easily usable. The other three methods provide a more consistent evaluation of the values cv. The comparison between in situ and laboratory cvvalues is not straight forward, since these findings show that the macrostructure of the soil layer influences the behaviour of the whole layer, and the laboratory cvvalues, apart from the method used for their determination, are sometimes unable to interpret settlement over time.Key words: clay, coefficient of primary consolidation, consolidation, embankment.
A model for gas and water flow through the core of earth dams
Authors: LeBihan Jean-Pierre , Leroueil Serge
Published: February 2003

The paper proposes equations describing the transport of gases through the initially unsaturated core of a dam by dissolution and diffusion in water and examines different numerical simulations based on these equations. The simulation results provide pore-water pressure distributions similar to those observed in several earth dams, with higher pore-water pressures than expected in the downstream part of the core. Practical considerations to estimate the implications of the phenomenon are then discussed.Key words: dam, unsaturated soil, pore pressure, dissolution of gas, diffusion of gas, hydraulic conductivity.
Influence of fines content and initial shear stress on dynamic properties of hydraulic reclaimed soil
Authors: Chien L -K , Oh Y -N
Published: February 2003

The hydraulic placement of sand fill is one of the most important methods of land reclamation. During the reclamation process, losses of fines in sand are induced by the transportation of soil which affects the dynamic properties of the soil materials. In this study, the reclaimed soil in the Yunlin area of Taiwan is adopted as the test material. Different fines contents, different relative densities, and initial stress ratio were taken as test conditions. Resonant column tests were performed to evaluate the shear modulus and damping ratio of the reclaimed soil under initial shear stress. The results show that the maximum shear modulus decreases as the fines content increases. The influences of initial shear stress are discussed. A prediction method for maximum shear modulus under different fines content and initial shear stress is proposed based on empirical equations obtained. The results can be helpful for land reclamation design and assessment.Key words: reclaimed soil, fines content, initial shear stress, dynamic properties.
Effects of fines content on liquefaction strength and dynamic settlement of reclaimed soil
Authors: Chien Lien-Kwei , Oh Yan-Nam , Chang Chih-Hsin
Published: February 2003

In this study, the reclaimed soils in the Yunlin area of west Taiwan are adopted as test samples. The specimens were prepared by moist tamping at different relative densities and fines contents. Triaxial liquefaction tests were performed to evaluate the liquefaction strength and liquefaction-induced settlement. The test results show that the liquefaction strength of reclaimed soil increases as the relative density increases. In addition, under constant relative density, the liquefaction strength decreases as the fines content increases. Based on the test results and one-dimensional consolidation theory, the volumetric strain and settlement can be evaluated by dry density and fines content of the reclaimed soil. The results show that the settlement ratio decreases as the relative density increases. The figures and results can be references for the evaluation of liquefaction strength and liquefaction-induced settlement. The results are useful for liquefaction strength and settlement analysis for planning, design, and related research on land reclamation engineering.Key words: reclaimed soil, liquefaction resistance, fines content, settlement.
A study of critical state on an unsaturated silty soil
Authors: Wang Q , Pufahl D E , Fredlund D G
Published: February 2003

Critical state models for unsaturated soils have been proposed in recent years; however, the proposed models have been based on limited experimental data. Compacted specimens have generally been used for research, and the complications of soil fabric resulting from the compaction procedures have brought difficulties into the interpretation of fundamental soil behavior. There is a need to undertake further laboratory research studies on unsaturated soils, particularly to obtain a fundamental understanding of the shear strength and critical state of unsaturated soils by testing soil specimens with simple soil structures. Suction-controlled triaxial drained shear tests on an unsaturated silt were carried out as part of this research program. Specimens were prepared by gradually consolidating the initially slurried soil. The resulting specimens had a relatively simple soil fabric and stress history. The results showed that applying suction to an initially saturated specimen has a similar influence on the stressstrain behavior and critical state characteristics as does increasing its density by applying a higher confining pressure. The critical state lines for the unsaturated soil corresponding to different soil suctions are parallel to those for the saturated soil on the (q : p' ' ), (v : p' ' ), and (vw : p' ' ) planes.Key words: critical state, shear strength, unsaturated soils, volume change, triaxial testing.
Thirty-five years of activity at the Lesueur landslide, Edmonton, Alberta
Authors: Cruden D M , Peterson A E , Thomson S , Zabeti P
Published: February 2003

The Lesueur landslide occurred on 3 September 1963 on the outside of a meander of the North Saskatchewan River in northeast Edmonton. The displaced volume was 0.76 Mm3 of Pleistocene deposits and underlying Upper Cretaceous mudstones. The trigger of the landslide is believed to be accelerated erosion of the slope toe caused by dumping of mine waste on the inside of the meander. Surveys in 1964, 1971, 1992, 1995, 1997, and 1998 have documented continued slope movements. The main scarp grew in height from 7.5 m on 4 September 1963 to 13.9 m in 1995 but retrogressed only 3 m. The displaced material extended up to 24 m into the North Saskatchewan River. When the forward motion of the passive block of the translational slide ceased to be driven by the sinking of the active block, river erosion caused rotational sliding of the displaced material on the surface of separation.Key words: landslide, Edmonton, Cretaceous, mudstone, erosion, North Saskatchewan River.
Failure forecast for large rock slides by surface displacement measurements
Authors: Crosta G B , Agliardi F
Published: February 2003

Forecasting the failure of large rock slides is difficult because of nonlinear time dependency and seasonal effects, which affect the displacements. Starting from the accelerating creep theory proposed by Voight, a method is suggested to forecast slope failures and to assess alert velocity thresholds using monitoring data. The 20 Mm3Ruinon rock slide (Valfurva, Central Alps, Italy), susceptible to evolve into a rock avalanche, is studied. Three different evolutionary patterns of displacements have been recognized through the analysis of the monitoring data for a 5 year period. Data representing the surface-based large-scale behaviour of the rock mass were fitted by power-law curves, according to the "accelerating creep" model. Voight's equation has been expressed in terms of displacement and used to fit the data by nonlinear estimation techniques. Values for the controlling parameters (A, α, tf), representative of the mechanical behaviour of the rock mass approaching failure, have been determined both for single and multiple accelerating phases. "Characteristic velocity curves" have been computed by assuming these parameters are representative of the rock mass behaviour. Velocity threshold values for pre-alert, alert, and emergency phases have been computed. The method has been validated by collecting and analysing literature data for historical rock slope failures.Key words: slope stability, rock slide, accelerating creep, monitoring, failure forecasting, velocity thresholds.
Bearing-capacity prediction of spatially random c  ϕ soils
Authors: Fenton G A , Griffiths D V
Published: February 2003

Soils with spatially varying shear strengths are modeled using random field theory and elasto-plastic finite element analysis to evaluate the extent to which spatial variability and cross-correlation in soil properties (c and ϕ) affect bearing capacity. The analysis is two dimensional, corresponding to a strip footing with infinite correlation length in the out-of-plane direction, and the soil is assumed to be weightless with footing placed on the soil surface. Theoretical predictions of the mean and standard deviation of bearing capacity, for the case where c and ϕ are independent, are derived using a geometric averaging model and then verified via Monte Carlo simulation. The standard deviation prediction is found to be quite accurate, while the mean prediction is found to require some additional semi-empirical adjustment to give accurate results for "worst case" correlation lengths. Combined, the theory can be used to estimate the probability of bearing-capacity failure, but also sheds light on the stochastic behaviour of foundation bearing failure.Key words: bearing capacity, probability, random fields, geometric averaging, cϕ soil, Monte Carlo simulation.
A model for strain-induced permeability anisotropy in deformable granular media
Authors: Wong Ron CK
Published: February 2003

In a deformable granular medium, shear deformation results in a change in pore volume, thereby causing a change in permeability. In previous studies, it is assumed that the change in absolute permeability is a function of porosity or volumetric strain, which in turn is a function of the mean or minimum effective stress. In such semi-empirical correlations, the changes in permeability are equal in all directions, even though the changes in strains are different in each direction. This paper proposes a new model accounting for permeability anisotropy induced by strains in deformable porous media. This model is derived from the well-known phenomenological KozenyCarman equation with some modifications. It was proven that tensor parameters embedded in the KozenyCarman equation (hydraulic radius and tortuosity of flow channels) can be expressed in terms of principal strains for granular assemblies of idealized packings. This approach allows one to formulate the evolution of changes in permeability in three directions under continuous shearing. The model explicitly states that the permeability changes are anisotropic, dependent on the induced strains. A comparison between experimental data and predicted results is presented to show the validity of the proposed model.Key words: strain-induced anisotropy, permeability, shear dilation, principal strain, tortuosity, tensor.
Simplified geostatistical analysis of earthquake-induced ground response at the Wildlife Site, California, U.S.A
Authors: Elkateb Tamer , Chalaturnyk Rick , Robertson Peter K
Published: February 2003

Almost all natural soils are highly variable and rarely homogeneous. In this study, the seismic response of the Wildlife Site, Imperial Valley, California, U.S.A., has been analysed to assess the effect of ground heterogeneity on liquefaction assessment in a probabilistic analysis framework. Cone penetration test (CPT) data recorded at the site have been used to identify different lithologies and to estimate elements of soil inherent spatial variability. Monte Carlo simulation has been utilized to obtain several realizations of CPT data that were then implemented into empirical approaches to examine the liquefaction susceptibility of the site. In addition, stochastic analysis of liquefaction-induced surface damage has been carried out through the application of these realizations into damage criteria, such as total liquefaction damage potential and surface settlement. These stochastic analyses have indicated that using mean values in deterministic analysis can be on the unsafe side. As a result, attempts have been made to obtain meaningful representative soil parameters that can be used in simplified deterministic analysis, while continuing to honor detailed ground heterogeneity. In addition, an empirical technique has been developed to compare ground variability of potentially liquefiable sites on a qualitative basis.Key words: liquefaction, spatial variability, stochastic analysis, cone penetration test, damage, characteristic parameters.
Heterogeneity detection in an experimental clay liner
Authors: Guyonnet Dominique , Gourry Jean-Christophe , Bertrand Lucien , Amraoui Nadia
Published: February 2003

In situ hydraulic tests to characterize the field hydraulic conductivity of clay liners used in landfill applications are often positioned randomly. Yet it is well known that the field performance of low permeability clay liners is generally controlled by heterogeneities that may provide preferential pathways for flow. In this paper, an experimental clay liner is investigated in which heterogeneities were incorporated in a controlled fashion. Heterogeneities were embedded within a compacted clay liner at different locations in the plane and at different depths. Heterogeneities of composition were installed by excavating compacted clay at specific locations and replacing it with a more permeable material. Heterogeneities of compaction were introduced by loosely backfilling the clay into the excavations. Two geophysical methods, ground penetrating radar (GPR) and the EM-38 electromagnetic method, were used to examine whether anomalies detected by geophysics were or were not correlated with the precise locations of the heterogeneities. Hydraulic tests were used to characterize the permeability of the intact clay on the one hand and of the heterogeneities on the other hand. Three different in situ hydraulic test methods were used: a pulse test performed in a hand-augered borehole, a sealed single ring infiltrometer test, and a large scale infiltration test (4 m2) that uses a color tracer to detect possible preferential flowpaths. The GPR showed no significant correlation with heterogeneity locations, nor did the EM-38 method when used in the vertical dipole mode. The EM-38 method used in the horizontal dipole mode, showed significant correlation with heterogeneities when they were apparent at the surface. On the other hand, the method did not clearly detect heterogeneities located at depth. There was consistency between the values of hydraulic conductivity obtained from the different hydraulic field and laboratory tests. "Intact" clay hydraulic conductivities were found to lie between 1010 and 4 × 109 m/s, while the hydraulic conductivity of the heterogeneities of composition was approximately 107 m/s. The results of this experiment suggest that the EM-38 method may be useful to optimize hydraulic test locations when characterizing clay liners for landfill applications.Key words: clay liner, hydraulic conductivity, heterogeneity.
EXISTENCE RESULTS FOR A BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM ARISING IN GROWING CELL POPULATIONS
Authors: LATRACH KHALID , ZEGHAL AHMED
Published: January 2003

The aim of this article is to prove some results regarding the existence of solutions on L1 spaces to a nonlinear boundary value problem derived from a model introduced by Rotenberg (1983) describing the growth of a cell population. Each cell of this population is distinguished by two parameters: its degree of maturity μ and its maturation velocity v. The biological boundary of μ = 0 and μ = a (a > 0) are fixed and tightly coupled through the mitosis. At mitosis, daughter cells and mother cells are related by a general reproduction rule which covers all known biological ones. Our proofs, based on topological methods, use essentially the specific properties of weakly compact sets on L1 spaces.
QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF A MATHEMATICAL MODEL FOR CAPILLARY FORMATION IN TUMOR ANGIOGENESIS
Authors: PAMUK SERDAL
Published: January 2003

Qualitative analysis of a mathematical model for capillary formation is presented under assumptions that enzyme and fibronectin concentrations are in quasi-steady state. The aim of this paper is to prove mathematically that the long-time tendency of endothelial cells will be towards the transition probability density function of enzyme and fibronectin. Endothelial cell steady-state solution is obtained and a numerical simulation is provided to show that there is a close agreement between the steady-state solution obtained analytically and the numerically calculated steady-state of the related initial value problem, which provides strong evidence for the stability of this steady-state.
A DIFFUSIVE LIMIT FOR NONLINEAR DISCRETE VELOCITY MODELS
Authors: BELLOUQUID A.
Published: January 2003

This paper is devoted to the analysis of the diffusive limit for a general discrete velocity model of the Boltzmann equation in any dimension of the physical space, for densities which remain in a suitable small neighbourhood of global Maxwellians. The scaled solutions of discrete Boltzmann equation are shown to have fluctuations that converge locally in time weakly to a limit governed by a solution of incompressible Stokes equations provided that the initial fluctuations are smooth. The weak limit becomes strong when the initial fluctuations converge to appropriate initial data. As applications the Carleman model and the one-dimensional Broadwell model are analyzed in detail.
MEAN-FIELD APPROXIMATION OF QUANTUM SYSTEMS AND CLASSICAL LIMIT
Authors: GRAFFI S. , MARTINEZ A. , PULVIRENTI M.
Published: January 2003

We prove that, for a smooth two-body potential, the quantum mean-field approximation to the nonlinear Schrödinger equation of the Hartree type is stable at the classical limit h → 0, yielding the classical Vlasov equation.
ON THE WHISPERING GALLERY MODES ON INTERFACES OF MEMBRANES COMPOSED OF TWO MATERIALS WITH VERY DIFFERENT DENSITIES
Authors: PÉREZ EUGENIA
Published: January 2003

We consider a vibrating membrane occupying a domain Ω of ℝ2, composed of two materials, with very different densities. These materials fill two domains Ω1 and Ω2 of ℝ2, and Γ is the interface between them: Γ = ∂Ω1 ∩ ∂Ω2. We look at the associated spectral problem. We prove that there are modes which concentrate in a small neighborhood of Γ, the whispering gallery modes. We address the cases where Ω2, the part with negligible mass, is either a bounded or unbounded domain [Formula: see text], and the case where Ω1 is a concentrated mass: Ω1 = εB, with ε → 0, and the density in Ω1 very much higher than elsewhere.
THE HALF-SPACE PROBLEM IN DISCRETE KINETIC THEORY
Authors: d'ALMEIDA AMAH , GATIGNOL RENÉE
Published: January 2003

This paper deals with the analysis of the steady flow of a semi-infinite expanse of rarefied gas bounded by its plane condensed phase by the methods of the discrete kinetic theory. The existence of the solutions of the corresponding boundary value problem is discussed. The relations among the parameters of the flow near the condensed phase and at infinity required for the existence of solutions are established. The problem of condensation of a vapor gas on its own condensed phase is then solved analytically for a particular discrete model and remarkable features of the flow are analyzed.
APPEARANCE OF A SOURCE/SINK LINE INTO A SWIRLING VORTEX
Authors: CHASKALOVIC J. , CHAUVIÈRE A.
Published: January 2003

Several mathematical models applied to tornadoes consist of exact and axisymmetric solutions of the steady and incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. These models studied by Serrin,9 Goldshtik and Shtern8 describe families of fluid motions vanishing at the ground and are restricted not to develop a source nor a sink near the vortex line. Therefore, Serrin showed that the flow patterns of the resulting velocity field may have some realistic characteristics to model the mature phase of the lifetime of a tornado, in comparison with atmospheric observations. On the other hand, no reason has been given to motivate the restriction of the absence of a source/sink vortex line. Therefore, we present here the construction and the analysis of a fluid motion driven by the vertical shear near the ground, the rate of the azimuthal rotation and by the intensity of a central source/sink line. We prove the local existence and uniqueness of a family of fluid motions, leading to the genesis of such source/sink lines inside a non-rotating updraft which does not develop, before perturbation, a source nor a sink.
Alcohol Consumption and Plasma Concentration of C-Reactive Protein
Authors: Albert Michelle A. , Glynn Robert J. , Ridker Paul M
Published: January 2003

Background—

Moderate alcohol intake has been associated with lower cardiovascular mortality. However, data evaluating the relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP), a predictor of cardiovascular risk, and alcohol consumption are sparse.

Methods and Results—

The relationship between alcohol consumption and CRP was evaluated in a cross-sectional survey and over time among 1732 men and 1101 women participating in the Pravastatin Inflammation/CRP Evaluation Study. CRP levels were lower in those with moderate alcohol intake versus light or occasional intake: in 5 categories of alcohol intake (no alcohol or <1 drink monthly, 1 to 3 drinks monthly, 1 to 4 drinks weekly, 5 to 7 drinks weekly, and ≥2 drinks daily), median CRP levels were 2.60 mg/L (interquartile range (IQR), 1.20 to 5.30 mg/L), 2.20 mg/L (IQR, 1.00 to 4.40 mg/L), 1.70 mg/L (IQR, 0.80 to 3.80 mg/L), 1.60 mg/L (IQR, 0.80 to 3.30 mg/L), and 1.80 mg/L (IQR, 0.80 to 2.90 mg/L), respectively. This relationship was present among men, women not taking hormone replacement therapy, nonsmokers, and those individuals with and without a history of cardiovascular disease (all
P
<0.001). In multivariate analysis, the relationship between alcohol consumption and CRP remained significant after controlling for multiple traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Alcohol consumption did not significantly affect the change in CRP or lipid levels associated with statin use.

Conclusion—

Moderate alcohol consumption was associated with lower CRP concentrations than no or occasional alcohol intake, an effect that was independent of alcohol-related effects on lipids. Alcohol may attenuate cardiovascular mortality in part through an anti-inflammatory mechanism.
Dominant-Negative Suppression of HCN Channels Markedly Reduces the Native Pacemaker Current
I
f
and Undermines Spontaneous Beating of Neonatal Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Er Fikret , Larbig Robert , Ludwig Andreas , Biel Martin , Hofmann Franz , Beuckelmann Dirk J. , Hoppe Uta C.
Published: January 2003

Background—

The pacemaker current
I
f
contributes to spontaneous diastolic depolarization of cardiac autonomic cells. In heterologous expression, HCN channels exhibit a hyperpolarization-activated inward current similar to
I
f
. However, the links between HCN genes and native
I
f
are largely inferential, and it remains unknown whether
I
f
is essential for cardiac pacing.

Methods and Results—

To clarify this situation, we generated a GYG
402–404
AYA pore mutation of HCN2, which rendered the channel nonfunctional and suppressed wild-type HCN2 in a dominant-negative manner in Chinese hamster ovary cells. In addition, HCN2-AYA suppressed
I
HCN4
in a dominant-negative manner when coexpressed with wild-type HCN4, indicating that the 2 isoforms HCN2 and HCN4 are able to coassemble to form heteromultimeric complexes. Given that HCN2 and HCN4 are the dominant HCN mRNA transcripts in neonatal rat ventricle, we expressed HCN2-AYA in neonatal cardiocytes using adenoviral gene transfer to test the effect of HCN suppression on native
I
f
.
I
f
density was indeed reduced markedly, from 7.8±1.6 pA/pF (n=13) in control cells to 0.3±0.2 pA/pF (n=11) in HCN2-AYA–infected cells when measured at −130 mV (
P
<0.001). To probe the effect of HCN on cardiac pacing, we infected spontaneously beating neonatal monolayers with adenoviral vectors expressing wild-type and mutant HCN channels. Infection with HCN2 and HCN4 accelerated the beating rate significantly, to 230.5±8.6 bpm (n=12) and 223.5±12.3 bpm (n=10), respectively, compared with control cultures (83.4±4.5 bpm, n=13,
P
<0.001). Conversely, HCN2-AYA completely undermined spontaneous pacing of neonatal cardiocytes.

Conclusions—

HCN channels are the major molecular component of native
I
f
and are critical for spontaneous beating of neonatal cardiomyocytes.
ENACTING IMAGINATIVELY THE UNTHINKABLE: 1 SAMUEL 25 AND THE STORY OF SAUL
Authors: Green Barbara
Published: January 2003

By utilizing their dynamics but inverting the caution and restraint of chs. 24 and 26, ch. 25 makes shockingly obvious what deed lurks below the surface and shows it both dangerous and unnecessary. The reverie of ch. 25 provides a side-shadow of the action in its two framing episodes, rehearses representationally and bluntly what almost happens but which must ultimately be avoided. The king and kingship must not be destroyed by the most obvious opponent, the man most likely to gain from the death of the reigning king. The effect of the sideshadow is the presentation of a series of loopholes by which all characters involved can resist the worst of the possibilities that they might otherwise select in regard to the death of the king.
UNSAFE SEX: FEMINISM, PORNOGRAPHY, AND THE SONG OF SONGS
Authors: Moore Stephen , Burrus Virginia
Published: January 2003

How should the Song of Songs be read? As that rarest of biblical texts, one that gives voice to female desire in the context of a sexual relationship characterized by equality and mutuality rather than domination and submission? Or as yet another vehicle for male pornographic fantasy and sexual aggression? Attempting to shift the (dualistic) terms of this burgeoning debate on the Song, this article explicitly situates itself at the intersection of feminist and queer theories, focusing especially on s/m eroticism as a site where these theories forcefully collide and delicately collude, and arguing that feminist and queer politics can ill-afford to exclude each other.
A FISTFUL OF SHEKELS: SCRUTINIZING EHUD'S ENTERTAINING VIOLENCE (JUDGES 3:12-30)
Authors: Christianson Eric
Published: January 2003

In Judges violence is a typical means by which Yahweh orchestrates justice. It becomes the end for the good (such as, likely, Jephthah's daughter), the bad (such as enemy Sisera) and the ugly (such as the thoroughly unpleasant Abimelech). Just as Judges asks the question, 'Who is going to lead Israel?', it also implicitly questions the value of the means by which Israel shall be led. Likewise, the Western film genre creates a dialogue about violence; who may use it and when. It is also about access to the land and its governance. These mutual concerns are explored in a developed comparison between the Ehud narrative (Judg. 3:12-30) and some of the ambiguously virtuous violent heroes of Western films (particularly Clint Eastwood's Spaghetti Western creation, 'the Man with No Name'). It is argued that Judges presents a stylized violence that functions to romanticize and entertain. Ehud becomes an idealistic focus through the rhetoric of his violent act, as well as through his establishment as a hero in the form of a witty, tough-talking monolith. The conclusion explores some of the legend-making processes of the Western film genre as well as the way that process has been recently questioned

through

film—all of this for the purpose of reflecting on the ideological presentation of violence in the Ehud story and the possibility of its functioning as social satire.
THE SEDUCTION OF WORDS AND FLESH AND THE DESIRE OF GOD: A POSTSTRUCTURALIST READING OF JOHN 1:1, 14 AND THE PILLOW BOOK
Authors: Nutu Liliana
Published: January 2003

This paper looks at John 1:1, 14 and Peter Greenaway's film

The Pillow Book

with the intention of reading afresh the Incarnation of the Word in the former and the Inscription of the Flesh in the latter, while focusing on the seduction of word(s) and flesh, the dynamics of speech and writing, and the desire of God, through poststructuralist theory. It investigates the relationship between text and image, and text, image, and reader, and it exposes the

ocular-erotic

character of reading. Connected to one of the most valuable collections of writings in Japanese literature, namely

The Pillow Book of Sei Shonagon

, Greenaway's film treats the 'delights of the flesh and the delights of literature' as indistinguishable from each other. This paper defends the idea that the Incarnation exposes the

reciprocity

of desire of God: God desires our flesh as much as we desire his Word; and it identifies the Incarnation as the

hymen

which both unites and separates the human and the divine, the immanent and the transcendent, the flesh and the word, the audience and the book, this world and the other, foreplay and orgasm.
I WILL NOT LET YOU GO UNLESS YOU TEACH ME THE TANGO: SALLY POTTER'S THE TANGO LESSON
Authors: Vollmer Ulrike
Published: January 2003

This paper explores Sally Potter's film

The Tango Lesson

and the story of Jacob's fight with the angel that features in it.

The Tango Lesson

is not only about the tango and the relationship between the characters Sally and Pablo but also about their search for what it means to feel like a Jew. On this search, Sally and Pablo embody in a tango pose Jacob's fight with the angel as painted by Eugène Delacroix. This pose and the biblical story behind it act as a key to understanding the relationship between Sally and Pablo. In this paper, I show how Sally resembles Jacob and Pablo the angel of both the biblical story and Delacroix's painting. But I also argue that a role reversal takes place in Potter's film; that Pablo can be Jacob and Sally his angel. The experiences of being blessed and hurt as well as the importance of being remembered shape not only Sally's but also Pablo's life. To feel Jewish, I conclude, does not mean to be Jewish through birth or through belonging to a congregation but to search for a sense of self through a relationship. On this search, the ability to play different roles in different relational contexts is essential.
Happiness in the Euthydemus
Authors: Dimas Panos
Published: January 2003

Departing on a demonstration which aims to show to young Cleinias how one ought to care about wisdom and virtue, Socrates asks at 278e2 whether people want to do well (ευ πραττειν). Eυ πραττειν is ambiguous. It can mean being happy and prospering, or doing what is right and doing it well. Socrates will later exploit this ambiguity, but at this point he uses this expression merely to announce his conviction that every human being (pathological cases aside, perhaps) desires to be happy (278e2-7). He does not examine how this desire figures in the psychology of action. Instead, and more fundamentally, he seeks to identify the things that would make us happy, or the good things as he calls them (279a2-4). In this passage, only those things are said to be good that make their possessor happy. Socrates does not present his view on what it is to be happy. But he goes on to advance confidently controversial claims about which things are good for us to possess and which are not. In and of itself, this implies that he has a view on happiness which enables him to identify these things, even though he does not offer an explicit statement of it. Here, I attempt to articulate the conception of happiness that is presupposed by Socrates in this passage. Since he does not reveal it explicitly, I will have to use the information he offers in which it is revealed implicitly. More precisely, I am going to ask what sort of a conception of happiness and unhappiness we need to attribute to Socrates in order to explain adequately his claims about what makes us happy and unhappy. To test the adequacy of the articulation I develop, I examine whether it can help us make sense of these claims and his defence for them. The same test of adequacy I apply also to some influential interpretations already on offer.
DE ANIMA II 5
Authors: Burnyeat M.F.
Published: January 2003

This is a close scrutiny of De Anima II 5, led by two questions. First, what can be learned from so long and intricate a discussion about the neglected problem of how to read an Aristotelian chapter? Second, what can the chapter, properly read, teach us about some widely debated issues in Aristotle's theory of perception? I argue that it refutes two claims defended by Martha Nussbaum, Hilary Putnam, and Richard Sorabji: (i) that when Aristotle speaks of the perceiver becoming like the object perceived, the assimilation he has in mind is ordinary alteration of the type exemplified when fire heats the surrounding air, (ii) that this alteration stands to perceptual awareness as matter to form. Claim (i) is wrong because the assimilation that perceiving is is not ordinary alteration. Claim (ii) is wrong because the special type of alteration that perceiving is is not its underlying material realisation. Indeed, there is no mention in the text of any underlying material realisation for perceiving. The positive aim of II 5 is to introduce the distinction between first and second potentiality, each with their own type of actuality. In both cases the actuality is an alteration different from ordinary alteration. Perception exemplifies one of these new types of alteration, another is found in the acquisition of knowledge and in an embryo's first acquisition of the power of perception. The introduction of suitably refined meanings of 'alteration' allows Aristotle to explain perception and learning within the framework of his physics, which by definition is the study of things that change. He adapts his standard notion of alteration, familiar from Physics III 1-3 and De Generatione et Corruptione I, to the task of accounting for the cognitive accuracy of (proper object) perception and second potentiality knowledge: both are achievements of a natural, inborn receptivity to objective truth. Throughout the paper I pay special attention to issues of text and translation, and to Aristotle's cross-referencing, and I emphasise what the chapter does not say as well as what it does. In particular, the last section argues that the textual absence of any underlying material realisation for perceiving supports a view I have defended elsewhere, that Aristotelian perception involves no material processes, only standing material conditions. This absence is as telling as others noted earlier. Our reading must respect the spirit of the text as Aristotle wrote it.
Epicurus on 'Free Volition' and the Atomic Swerve
Authors: Purinton Jeffrey
Published: January 2003

The central thesis of this paper is that Epicurus held that swerves of the constituent atoms of agents' minds cause the agents' volitions from the bottom up. De Rerum Natura 2.216-93 is examined at length, and Lucretius is found to be making the following claims: both atoms and macroscopic bodies sometimes swerve as they fall, but so minimally that they are undetectable. Swerves are oblique deviations, not right-angled turns. Swerves must be posited to account both for cosmogonic collisions quite generally and for every "free volition," including those of animals. All volitions are fresh starts of macroscopic motion, caused by that "something in our chests" which later philosophers would call 'the faculty of will.' Since nothing can come to be from nothing, volitions must be caused from the bottom up by swerves, fresh starts in the mind's atoms motions caused by the atoms' inherent swerviness. This is what Lucretius is saying, and what Epicurus had to say in order to defend both libertarianism and atomism. Modern scholars are wrong, then, in rejecting the interpretation of Guissani and Bailey, which was crudely stated, but substantively correct. The rival interpretations of Furley, Fowler, and Englert do not do justice to Epicurus' libertarianism, and that of Sedley does not do justice to his atomism, which entails universal bottom-up causation. Epicurus did not himself draw much attention to his positive doctrine of the swerve, preferring to emphasize the untenability of the deterministic alternative. The notoriety of the doctrine in Cicero's day is due primarily to Chrysippus, who insisted that swerves cannot occur, since they would be 'uncaused' motions, and secondarily to Carneades and Zeno of Sidon.
Philo of Alexandria and the Origins of the Stoic Πρoπαειαι
Authors: Graver Margaret
Published: January 2003

The concept of πρoπαειαι or "pre-emotions" is known not only to the Roman Stoics and Christian exegetes but also to Philo of Alexandria. Philo also supplies the term πρoπαεια at QGen 1.79. As Philo cannot have derived what he knows from Seneca (despite his visit to Rome in 39), nor from Cicero, who also mentions the point, he must have found it in older Stoic writings. The πρoπαεια concept, rich in implications for the voluntariness and phenomenology of the passions proper, is thus confirmed for the Hellenistic period. It is not to be expected that Philo's handling of this or any concept will necessarily conform to the usage of his Stoic sources. His evidence is nonetheless of great value where it coincides with that of other witnesses. In QGen 4.73 the emphasis falls upon involuntariness and the mechanisms of impression and assent as in Epictetus fr. 9. The πρoπαεια saves the virtuous person's insusceptibility to emotion exactly as it does for the Stoic spokesman in Gellius NA 19.1; this point is of some interest in view of the Christological use of this concept in Origen and Didymus. QGen 1.55 and 3.56 indicate that the occurrence of the πρoπαειαι is dependent upon uncertainty, and further, that for Philo, as for Seneca in Ira 2.3.4, a thought not acted upon can count as a πρoπαεια. In QGen 4.15-17 and 1.79, Philo indicates that hope and perhaps laughter may be related to joy as πρoπαεια to παoς; these assertions are not paralleled in extant Stoic texts. Further, in QGen 2.57, he names "biting and contraction" as the ευπαεια corresponding to grief, supplying a helpful parallel for Cic. Tusc. 3.83 and Plut. Virt. Mor. 449a. The topic may well have been discussed by Posidonius, as suggested by Cooper and others, but Posidonius' attested innovations are rather different in character from the points which have caught the attention of Philo. Taking together the indirect evidence of Philo, Seneca, and Cicero, we may reasonably infer that the πρoπαεια concept belonged already to an earlier period of Stoicism.
More on 'Aναμνησις in the Meno
Authors: Sharples Bob
Published: January 2003

John Glucker, "A Platonic Cento in Cicero", Phronesis 44 (1999) 30-44, argues that the account of the mind's experiences at Cicero, De divinatione 1.115 derives from an unknown Platonist's combination of Plato, Meno 81c5-d1 and Republic 10 614d3-615a5. G.'s connection of what is said by Cicero with these two passages of Plato is persuasive; but in concentrating on the surface references to souls' memory of their experiences in previous lives the Ciceronian account fails to do justice to the underlying significance of both passages. It is also questionable whether an unknown Platonist needs to be invoked as a source; the interpretation of the two Platonic passages could be Cicero's own.
POLEMICAL IMAGES IN THE GOLDEN HAGGADAH (BRITISH LIBRARY, ADD. MS 27210)
Authors: Harris Julie
Published: January 2003

Careful examination of two miniatures in the fourteenth-century Golden Haggadah (British Library, Add. MS 27210) reveals polemical content which seems at odds with the tolerant atmosphere in which the Aragonese Jews associated with the manuscript are thought to have lived. Specifically, the Haggadah includes a rarely illustrated scene—the Spoiling of the Egyptians (fol. 13)—which draws its polemical flavor from a visual context in which spoils are shown as church plate, and Egyptians, one folio later, are shown as contemporary Spanish knights. Although the earlier scene's configuration depends on the Midrash, in contrast to this source and even to the biblical description of events, the illumination shows the Israelites plundering an unattended treasury. The miniature's divergence from text and its combative iconography point to historical and theological developments which are the subject of this paper. The meaning of its polemical interpolations will be considered in view of the Haggadah's special role in the Passover Seder—a ritual which conflates past and present so that participants feel as if they themselves experienced the Exodus and are awaiting a final redemption.
GERARD OF CREMONA: THE DANGER OF BEING HALF-ACCULTURATED
Authors: Weber Michael
Published: January 2003

This article calls for a nuanced reappraisal of the talents of Gerard of Cremona, the most prolific of the so-called "Toledan Translators" of the twelfth century. By carefully examining his translation of a wide-ranging text of al-Farabi and comparing it with the translation made by Dominicus Gundisalvus a tentative evaluation of his knowledge of specific content areas, of Islamic culture, and his skill and practices as a translator is put forth as a contribution to the increasingly sophisticated understanding of this important epoch in medieval intellectual history.
REVEALING THE OTHER: MORISCOS, CRIME, AND LOCAL POLITICS IN TOLEDO'S HINTERLAND IN THE LATE SIXTEENTH-CENTURY
Authors: Berco Cristian
Published: January 2003

This study examines the treatment of Moriscos in local secular courts as a barometer of their situation in late sixteenth-century Castile. Focusing on a 1575 criminal case in the Toledan village of Yebenes where three Morisco men were accused, and eventually acquitted, of murdering a Christian child found dead in a well, it argues that the impulse to discriminate against them based on prevailing constructions of Moriscos as "others" was diluted in the more urgent concerns of local politics and jurisdiction. Thus, while the national context of the Alpujarras revolt, increased fears of Morisco criminal activity, and growing inquisitorial vigilance over Islamic practices signalled greater government preoccupation with the Morisco problem, jurisdictional conflicts between Toledo and its dependent villages coupled with communal divisions regarding the role of Moriscos in village life subsumed the potential prejudice against the Moriscos and allowed for their acquittal. Although this criminal case might be seen as a mere anomaly in a larger trend towards increased intolerance of Moriscos that would result in the expulsion of 1609, this study argues that the fate of minorities in secular courts might provide greater nuance to a model that has become dogmatically teleological. Because the Inquisition, by its very nature, focused on cultural and religious divergences from orthodoxy, the prevailing use of its sources to examine attitudes towards Moriscos practically guarantees the emergence of a model of otherness rooted in the cultural differences between Moriscos and Old Christians. The largely untapped records of secular courts, on the other hand, might prove a better source for the task because civil courts had no special mandate or interest in addressing issues of religious difference and were thus devoid of an institutionalized drive towards cultural discrimination.
RELIGION AND PHILOSOPHY IN MAIMONIDES, AVERROES, AND AQUINAS
Authors: Buijs Joseph
Published: January 2003

On the problem of religion and philosophy, there are a number of points in common among Maimonides, Averroes, and Aquinas. They all attempt to incorporate Aristotelian philosophy into their respective religious framework and thus link faith closely to reason, to the rational justification offered by philosophy. Nevertheless, on the precise relationship between religion and philosophy, between faith and reason, Maimonides differs significantly from both Averroes and Aquinas. His approach is shown to be less rational than that of Averroes and yet more rational than that of Aquinas. Maimonides' approach is distinctive among his medieval counterparts and of interest to the contemporary debate concerning religion and science.
"SARACEN PHILOSOPHERS SECRETLY DERIDE ISLAM"
Authors: Tolan John
Published: January 2003

Thirteenth-century mendicant missionaries deployed rationalistic arguments to attempt to prove the irrationality of Islam. Yet at the same time, the works of Muslim philosophers, scientists and theologians became an integral part of the curriculum of European universities. This posed a problem: if Islam is as "irrational" as the polemicists and missionaries claim, how could the authors of such sophisticated works of learning adhere to its doctrines? This article examines the response to this problem offered by various medieval writers, in particular four writers of the thirteenth century: Ramon Martí, Roger Bacon, Ramon Llull, and Riccoldo da Montecroce. These authors claimed that learned Saracens did not in fact believe in the doctrines of the Qur'ān, that only the fear of physical punishment made them publicly proclaim their adherence to Islam. All four Christian polemicists were well read in Arabic philosophy; they base their claims on their (mis-)reading of Ibn Sinā, al-Ghazāli, and Ibn Rushd. The (real) philosophical and theological disagreements between Muslim thinkers become "proof" of the "irrationality" of Islam.
DRAMATIZED DISPUTATIONS: LATE MEDIEVAL GERMAN DRAMATIZATIONS OF JEWISH-CHRISTIAN RELIGIOUS DISPUTATIONS, CHURCH POLICY, AND LOCAL SOCIAL CLIMATES
Authors: Martin John
Published: January 2003

A comparison of the two Frankfurt Passion play manuscripts with two major dramatic works of Nuremberg dramatist Hans Folz reveals the impact of local social conditions on attitudes toward Christian-Jewish religious disputation between lay people. Though such debate was officially condemned by the Church from the thirteenth century onward, local attitudes determined whether the official condemnation would be respected or ignored. Further, dramatic engagement with theological issues produced, in Folz's work, toward a more benign depiction of Jews than commonly seen in late medieval German literature.