bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preclinical evaluation of a bispecific low‐molecular heterodimer targeting both PSMA and GRPR for improved PET imaging and therapy of prostate cancer
Authors: Eder Matthias , Schäfer Martin , Bauder‐Wüst Ulrike , Haberkorn Uwe , Eisenhut Michael , Kopka Klaus
Published: January 2014

BACKGROUND

It has recently been reported that metastases of prostate cancer usually show highly heterogeneous or partly lost prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression. In order to image and treat both PSMA positive and negative tissues PSMA targeting probes need to be extended by a further specificity. Since prostate cancer cells usually express both PSMA and gastrin‐releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) a bispecific low‐molecular heterodimeric molecule, addressing both targets at the same time, may significantly improve prostate cancer imaging and therapy.

METHODS

The nonapeptide BZH3 representing the GRPR binding part was combined with the urea‐based PSMA inhibitor Glu‐urea‐Lys(Ahx)‐HBED‐CC. The syntheses of the compounds were performed according to standard Fmoc‐solid phase peptide synthesis. The binding properties were analyzed by competitive cell binding and internalization experiments. The in vivo targeting properties were investigated by means of biodistribution studies.

RESULTS

Cell binding experiments revealed high binding affinities to both GRPR and PSMA expressing cell lines. The heterodimer bound with IC50‐values essentially matching the IC50 values of the respective monomers (25.0 ± 5.4 nM for PSMA and 9.0 ± 1.8 nM for GRPR, respectively). In vivo, the heterodimer showed dual targeting of PSMA (5.4%ID/g for PSMA‐positive tumors) and GRPR receptors (3.3% ID/g for GRPR‐positive tumors) while exhibiting fast pharmacokinetic properties. The clearance from background was comparable to the monomeric PSMA‐targeting reference.

CONCLUSIONS

The heterodimeric molecule is a promising agent for PET imaging of primary and recurrent prostate cancer covering two receptor entities which might lead to an improved diagnostic sensitivity and therapeutic efficiency. Prostate 74:659–668, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. The Prostate published byWiley Periodicals, Inc.
New quantitative risk criteria for US LNG facilities
Authors: McInerney Ellen H. , Hart Ryan J. , Morrison Delmar “Trey” , Kytömaa Harri K.
Published: January 2014

The recent increase in natural gas production has expanded the outlook for exporting domestically produced natural gas. As a result, many existing liquefied natural gas (LNG) import facilities in the United States are proposing to construct liquefaction facilities collocated with existing import terminals. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) reviews and approves applications for construction. As part of this process, the applicant must perform specific hazardous release consequence analyses to demonstrate flammable vapor dispersion exclusion zones, thermal radiation exclusion zones, and explosion overpressure exclusion zones to meet criteria established in 49 CFR 193 and NFPA 59A.

Over the last few years, FERC has refined the risk analysis criteria for LNG facility construction projects. While the current regulations do not specify quantitative risk assessment (QRA) as a necessary hazard analysis tool, FERC has recently issued guidance for the selection of leak sizes based upon failure frequencies for piping systems. In particular, scenarios with failure frequencies greater than 3 × 10−5 per year must be considered. The underlying studies that FERC relied upon to derive the failure frequency criterion for single accidental leak source size determination (i.e., 3 × 10−5 to 5 × 10−5 per year) are largely based on generic industry data not LNG‐specific data. The net result of this criterion has been to require elements of QRA as part of LNG facility permitting process to identify the scenarios that need to be considered and those that do not. This is a shift in the paradigm away from prescriptive leak sizes and single accidental release scenarios that had been used for receiving terminals constructed over the last decade.

This shift in paradigm coincides with and was likely motivated by the North American transition from receiving terminals to liquefaction export terminals. Receiving terminals are considerably simpler in their design than export terminals, which require refrigeration units to liquefy the gas. This article aims to provide an analysis and discussion of the FERC failure frequency arguments grounded in the strength and weaknesses of the underlying databases. An open question is whether this new criterion provides a reasonable improvement in safety over the prior requirements. The underlying historic databases and studies do not reflect the major differences on the safety records between the LNG industry and general industry. More specifically, they do not necessarily take into consideration the effects of cryogenic processes, management systems, materials of construction, or failure modes on the failure rate data. Given the basis of generic industry failure rates, the question arises as to whether the failure rate thresholds that trigger the requirement to consider certain scenarios are appropriate. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 33: 237–246, 2014
Safety systems design of VOC recovery process based on HAZOP and LOPA
Authors: Lee Sangick , Chang Daejun
Published: January 2014

Crude tankers emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are highly flammable and hazardous to human health and the environment. In light of these hazards, an international law has been enforced to regulate obligatory implementation of VOC management plans on board crude oil tankers. For the sake of safety, a risk assessment is performed to obtain information needed to make decisions about the safe design of a VOC recovery process. A hazard and operability analysis (HAZOP) is conducted to identify plausible hazardous scenarios. A layer of protection analysis (LOPA) is subsequently conducted to overcome the qualitative nature of HAZOP. A risk ranking method is used to select HAZOP results for use as inputs to LOPA for a more quantitative assessment. The initiating causes and existing protection layers are identified. The frequencies of the initiating causes and the probability of failure on demand (PFD) of each independent protection layers (IPL) are estimated quantitatively. The current mitigation is estimated by multiplying the initiating cause likelihoods by the PFDs for the applicable IPLs and adjustment values. The estimated current mitigation is then compared to a risk acceptance criterion to make recommendations for design improvements to further reduce risks to an acceptable level. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 33: 339–344, 2014
Improve safety and reliability with dynamic simulation
Authors: Rasel M. A. K. , Richmond P. C.
Published: January 2014

Chemical companies face a major transition as the current workforce ages and the number of retirements accelerates resulting in many years of lost operating experience. It will be challenging to maintain and improve the reliability and safety of operations as some of the best operators leave the workforce. Faults due to operator errors can be addressed by improving the operator's training and increasing the robustness of the control system to operator variability. In this article, we demonstrate how operator variability can be detected as a first step toward measuring and improving the control system's robustness. The characterization of a typical operator procedure caused transition, a reflux pump switch, and the resulting control system response was analyzed using the dynamic process simulation tool Honeywell UniSim Design. The best operator response and potential errors for other daily operator activities such as pump switches, reboiler switches, and similar operational transitions can be obtained offline by studying process history. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 33: 333–338, 2014
Glyphosate resistance: state of knowledge
Authors: Sammons Robert Douglas , Gaines Todd A
Published: January 2014

Studies of mechanisms of resistance to glyphosate have increased current understanding of herbicide resistance mechanisms. Thus far, single‐codon non‐synonymous mutations of EPSPS (5‐enolypyruvylshikimate‐3‐phosphate synthase) have been rare and, relative to other herbicide mode of action target‐site mutations, unconventionally weak in magnitude for resistance to glyphosate. However, it is possible that weeds will emerge with non‐synonymous mutations of two codons of EPSPS to produce an enzyme endowing greater resistance to glyphosate. Today, target‐gene duplication is a common glyphosate resistance mechanism and could become a fundamental process for developing any resistance trait. Based on competition and substrate selectivity studies in several species, rapid vacuole sequestration of glyphosate occurs via a transporter mechanism. Conversely, as the chloroplast requires transporters for uptake of important metabolites, transporters associated with the two plastid membranes may separately, or together, successfully block glyphosate delivery. A model based on finite glyphosate dose and limiting time required for chloroplast loading sets the stage for understanding how uniquely different mechanisms can contribute to overall glyphosate resistance. © 2014 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
High performance normally‐off self‐aligned metal gate GaN MISFETs on free‐standing GaN substrates
Authors: Ogawa Hiroki , Kasai Hayao , Kaneda Naoki , Tsuchiya Tomonobu , Mishima Tomoyoshi , Nakamura Tohru
Published: January 2014

This paper describes characteristics of normally‐off mode GaN MISFETs fabricated on free‐standing GaN substrates with high drain current Idss and specific low leakage current between adjacent devices. Nitrogen ion implantation isolation processes were adopted to fabricate isolation regions in self‐aligned GaN MISFETs for the first time. Maximum drain current of 98 mA/mm, maximum trans conductance of 10 mS/mm and threshold voltage of +0.4 V were obtained for the devices. The leakage current between adjacent devices was low, i.e., in the range of 10–6 mA/mm, which is three orders of magnitude lower than those on sapphire substrates. These supreme results indicate a definite availability of normally‐off self‐aligned GaN MISFETs for power switching device applications. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nonpolar GaN quantum dots: Impact of dot size and shape on the electron and hole wave function overlap
Authors: Schulz S. , Caro M. A. , O'Reilly E. P.
Published: January 2014

In this work we analyze the spatial overlap of electron and hole ground state wave functions in a‐plane GaN/AlN quantum dots. Special attention is paid to the impact of the quantum dot geometry, when taking Coulomb effects into account. Our analysis shows, comparing systems with almost identical volumes, that the shape of the quantum dot base is more important than the dimension of the dot along the c‐axis.

This initially surprising result is related to the change of the potential profile inside the nanostructure. Furthermore, our analysis confirms that Coulomb effects play an important role when describing the optical properties of nonpolar nitride‐based QD structures. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photoluminescence of magnesium and silicon doped cubic GaN
Authors: Powell R. E. L. , Novikov S. V. , Foxon C. T. , Akimov A. V. , Kent A. J.
Published: January 2014

We have studied time‐integrated and time‐resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectra and the transport properties of cubic GaN layers doped with different amounts of either magnesium (p‐type) or silicon (n‐type). In Mg doped material a broad blue peak was observed whose origin in cubic material has not been well established. Our temperature dependent and time resolved PL results as well as the observation of strong self‐compensation in Mg‐doped cubic GaN have allowed us to present a model for the origin of this emission in cubic material. (© 2014 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Conductive Nanomaterials for Printed Electronics
Authors: Kamyshny Alexander , Magdassi Shlomo
Published: January 2014

This is a review on recent developments in the field of conductive nanomaterials and their application in printed electronics, with particular emphasis on inkjet printing of ink formulations based on metal nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and graphene sheets. The review describes the basic properties of conductive nanomaterials suitable for printed electronics (metal nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and graphene), their stabilization in dispersions, formulations of conductive inks, and obtaining conductive patterns by using various sintering methods. Applications of conductive nanomaterials for electronic devices (transparent electrodes, metallization of solar cells, RFID antennas, TFTs, and light emitting devices) are also briefly reviewed.
Generic event‐based monitoring and adaptation methodology for heterogeneous distributed systems
Authors: Inzinger Christian , Hummer Waldemar , Satzger Benjamin , Leitner Philipp , Dustdar Schahram
Published: January 2014

The Cloud computing paradigm provides the basis for a class of platforms and applications that face novel challenges related to multi‐tenancy, adaptivity, and elasticity. To account for service delivery guarantees in the face of ever increasing levels of heterogeneity, scale, and dynamism, service provisioning in the Cloud has raised the demand for systematic and flexible approaches to monitoring and adaptation of applications. In this paper, we tackle this issue and present a framework for efficient runtime management of Cloud environments and distributed heterogeneous systems in general. A novel domain‐specific language termed MONINA is introduced that allows to define integrated monitoring and adaptation functionality for controlling such systems. We propose a mechanism for optimal deployment of the defined control operators onto available computing resources. Deployment is based on solving a quadratic programming problem, which aims at achieving minimized reaction times, low overhead, and scalable monitoring and adaptation. The monitoring infrastructure is based on a distributed messaging middleware, providing high level of decoupling and allowing new monitoring nodes to join the system dynamically. We provide a detailed formalization of the problem domain, discuss architectural details, highlight the implementation of the developed prototype, and put our work into perspective with existing work in the field. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Restorative Practices: A Systemic Approach to Support Social Responsibility
Authors: van Alphen Markus
Published: January 2014

Developing social responsibility creates an effective protective factor for social health. The ideal is that all members of any community naturally practise socially appropriate behavior. The reality is that wherever many people interact with one another, incidents will occur. Societal structures have changed drastically over the past century, yet the way society deals with inappropriate behavior is still stuck in a punitive approach. This approach judges the individual and seems to have little effect on the number and severity of incidents. Punishment is too soft. ‘Restorative practices’ is an effective alternative to the traditional punitive approach. It is rooted in the systemic view that behavior does not occur in a vacuum but in the context of a societal system. In the restorative view, offenders need to gain insight into the consequences of their actions and need to take an active role in repairing the harm they have incurred. Often, this harm is more in the social and relational realm than material. The restorative approach provides a practical strategy that allows both offenders and their victims to gain insight into each other's experience, to understand the consequences of their behavior and to find ways to ensure that the damage is repaired. The basic ingredient is that victim and offender together develop a solution, thereby increasing their own problem‐solving capacity and thus the ability to cooperate, naturally enhancing their intrinsic social responsibility. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Creep‐Induced Microstructure Evolution of Type 2205 Duplex Stainless Steel during Continuous Annealing Processing
Authors: Park Heeyong , De Cooman Bruno C.
Published: January 2014

Superplastic behavior at 1323 K (1050°C) results in the pronounced creep deformation of cold rolled type 2205 duplex stainless steel during continuous annealing process. This superplastic behavior was evaluated by strain rate sensitivity measurements carried out in the 1273–1373 K (1000–1100°C) temperature range. The superplastic behavior was associated with the grain boundary diffusion in the steady state creep stage. Continuous dynamic recrystallization of ferrite was observed during the creep deformation and static recrystallization of austenite was observed in the early stage of the creep deformation. The 3D phase morphology was investigated in specimens annealed with and without applied stress. The stress applied during continuous annealing had a clear influence on the phase morphology which changed from an elongated and flat “pancaked” microstructure into a microstructure with island‐like austenite embedded in a ferrite matrix.
Nitrogen and Ausforming to Improve Stainless Martensitic Steels
Authors: Berns Hans , Krasokha Nikolaj , Seifert Merlin
Published: January 2014

The chromium content of standard martensitic stainless steel X65Cr14 is raised to 17 mass% to enhance the solubility of nitrogen. Up to 4 mass% of nickel are added to suppress a partially ferritic solidification. This combination increases the nitrogen content soluble at 1 bar pressure from 0.14 to 0.24 mass%, which allows to reduce the carbon content to about 0.4 mass% without a loss of hardening capacity. The lower carbon level prevents the precipitation of coarse eutectic carbides in segregated areas encountered in X65Cr14. Instead of nickel pressure is applied to raise the nitrogen content up to 0.45 mass%. Calculations are verified by melts. As the hardening temperature is increased the CrMoN solute content of austenite is raised and so is the pitting resistance after hardening. However, retained austenite reduces the hardness and ausforming at 200°C is applied to transform it during subsequent deep freezing and raise the hardness.
Evaluation of Fracture Micromechanisms in a Fine‐Grained Dual Phase Steel during Uniaxial Tensile Deformation
Authors: Saeidi Navid , Ashrafizadeh Fakhreddin , Niroumand Behzad , Barlat Frédéric
Published: January 2014

Ductile fracture mechanism in fine‐grained high‐strength dual phase steel in sheet form, which incorporated martensite particles in a soft ferrite matrix, was studied through extensive quantitative metallography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) observations of polished sections as well as fracture surfaces analysis of failed specimens. The void characteristics in terms of area fraction, density, and average size were examined as a function of thickness strain in the sectioned specimens. Detailed microstructural analysis revealed that interface decohesion at triple junctions of ferrite–ferrite–martensite was the dominant void nucleation mechanism. EBSD analysis also revealed that void nucleation was predominantly promoted by the increase of ferrite–ferrite grain boundary misorientation with strain, especially at the boundaries incorporating adjacent martensite particles. Moreover, the study of voids nucleation and evolution behavior suggested that ductile fracture in this steel was nucleation controlled such that just before the final fracture incidence, a high density of voids would be nucleated or a sudden accelerated void nucleation could happen. Microscopic observations as well as statistical analysis confirmed this phenomenon.
A Sociology of No‐Self: Applying Buddhist Social Theory to Symbolic Interaction
Authors: Immergut Matthew , Kaufman Peter
Published: January 2014

Although fraught with complexity, the self is a central phenomenon of discussion and analysis within sociology. This article contributes to this discourse by introducing the Buddhist ideas of anatta (no‐self) and prattyasamutpāda (interdependence) as analytic frameworks to deconstruct and rethink the self within sociology. We argue that the sociological self, most clearly articulated by symbolic interactionism, is premised on a self‐other dualism. This dualism leads to a conceptualization of the self as constantly threatened and anxious. Using these Buddhist concepts we propose an alternative interpretive schema, a sociology of no‐self, for analyzing social interaction and understanding the roots of social angst.
Cooling the Mother Out: Revisiting and Revising Goffman's Account
Authors: Thomas Gareth M.
Published: January 2014

This article revisits Erving Goffman's important yet neglected metaphor of “cooling the mark out.” Drawing on a study of mothers whose child has Down's syndrome, I explore the value of Goffman's work for capturing how mothers interpret their child's diagnosis as a loss and rectify this breach by constructing an acceptance of their new situation. The mothers' accounts highlight how Goffman's contentions can be enriched by acknowledging the gendered, temporal, and public character of a loss. This article, thus, can be read both as a celebration and critical revision of his theoretical contribution.
Comparing three online testing modalities: Using static, active, and interactive online testing modalities to assess middle school students' understanding of fundamental ideas and use of inquiry skills related to ecosystems
Authors: DeBoer George E. , Quellmalz Edys S. , Davenport Jodi L. , Timms Michael J. , Herrmann‐Abell Cari F. , Buckley Barbara C. , Jordan Kevin A. , Huang Chun‐Wei , Flanagan Jean C.
Published: January 2014

Online testing holds much promise for assessing students' complex science knowledge and inquiry skills. In the current study, we examined the comparative effectiveness of assessment tasks and test items presented in online modules that used either a static, active, or interactive modality. A total of 1,836 students from the classrooms of 22 middle school science teachers in 12 states participated in the study as part of normal classroom activities. Students took assessments in the three different modalities on three consecutive days. The assessments tested key concepts about ecosystems and students' ability to use inquiry skills in an ecosystems context. Our in‐depth analyses focused on how the different modalities elicited specific content knowledge of ecosystems (e.g., producers, consumers, predator–prey relationships) and specific inquiry skills (e.g., designing and interpreting experiments). We also investigated student use of technology supports, such as replaying animations or inspecting graphs. The results showed that the interactive modality enabled the testing of more complex reasoning and that additional experience working in the online environment improved student performance for all the modalities, especially for the interactive modality. Each of the three modalities provided useful information about students' understanding of ecosystems and related inquiry skills as well as their misconceptions. The study begins to build a knowledge base of what types of science knowledge and skills may be effectively measured in three different modalities of online assessment. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 51: 523–554, 2014
AHCYL2 (long‐IRBIT) as a potential regulator of the electrogenic Na+‐HCO3− cotransporter NBCe1‐B
Authors: Yamaguchi Soichiro , Ishikawa Toru
Published: January 2014

Although AHCYL2 (long‐IRBIT) is highly homologous to IRBIT, which regulates ion‐transporting proteins including the electrogenic Na+‐HCO3
− cotransporter NBCe1‐B, its functions are poorly understood. Here, we found that AHCYL2 interacts with NBCe1‐B in bovine parotid acinar cells using yeast two‐hybrid, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and co‐immunoprecipitation analyses. Whole‐cell patch‐clamp experiments revealed that co‐expression of AHCYL2 reduces the apparent affinity for intracellular Mg2+ in inhibition of NBCe1‐B currents specifically in a HCO3
−‐deficient cellular condition. Our data unveil AHCYL2 as a potential regulator of NBCe1‐B in mammalian cells. We propose that cytosolic ionic condition appropriate for AHCYL2 to function might be different from IRBIT.
Better moods for better eating?: How mood influences food choice
Authors: Gardner Meryl P. , Wansink Brian , Kim Junyong , Park Se‐Bum
Published: January 2014

How do moods influence one's preference for foods? By introducing the role of enjoyment‐ versus health‐oriented benefits of foods in the mood and food consumption relationship, this research informs both temporal construal theory and mood management framework by positing that mood influences the choice between healthy versus indulgent foods through its impact on temporal construal, which alters the weights people put on long‐term health benefits versus short‐term mood management benefits when making choices. The results from four experiments show that a positive mood cues distal, abstract construal and increases the salience of long‐term goals such as health, leading to greater preference for healthy foods over indulgent foods. The results also show that a negative mood cues proximal construal and increases the salience of immediate, concrete goals such as mood management, leading to greater preference for indulgent foods over healthy foods.
Early Cretaceous granitoids of the Samarka terrane (Sikhote-Alin’): geochemistry and sources of melts
Authors: Kruk N.N. , Simanenko V.P. , Gvozdev V.I. , Golozubov V.V. , Kovach V.P. , Serov P.I. , Kholodnov V.V. , Moskalenko E.Yu. , Kuibida M.L.
Published: January 2014

We present new data on the geologic position, composition, and isotope characteristics of the Early Cretaceous granitoids of the Samarka terrane, Sikhote-Alin’, formed on a transform continental margin. Geological and geochronological data show that these granitoids were generated at two stages of magmatism: in the first half (Hauterivian–Barremian, 130–123 Ma) and second half (Albian–Cenomanian, 110–98 Ma) of the Early Cretaceous. Granitoids of the first stage form an autonomous (free of basic precursors) unimodal melanogranite–granite association and are characterized by normal alkalinity with domination of K over Na, low contents of Ca, and elevated contents of Al2O3. By composition, these are S-granites with a model Nd age of ∼1.3 Ga. Granitoids of the second stage are of more diverse petrogeochemical types. They show wider variations in K/Na and A/CNK, are richer in Ca and, sometimes, Sr, and are poorer in P than the granitoids of the first stage. Their compositions form a continuous trend from S- to I-granites, and their model Nd age is ≤1.2 Ga. Comparison of the petrochemical, trace-element, and isotope characteristics of the Early Cretaceous granitoids and upper-crustal rocks (sandstones and siltstones of the turbidite matrix of a Jurassic accretionary prism and basalts from the inclusions in it) of the Samarka terrane and the coeval garrboids has shown that the potassic S-granitoids formed at the early (Hauterivian–Barremian) stage of magmatism as a result of the anatexis of upper-crustal sedimentary rocks. At the late (Albian–Early Cenomanian) stage, the intrusion of mantle magmas led to a temperature increase in the lower crust, which favored more active anatexis, involvement of high-melting substrates (oceanic basalts) in the granite formation, and interaction of mantle and crustal magmas. This resulted in a great diversity of granitoids (from S- to I-type).
Pooling Capital and Spreading Risk: Maritime Investment in East Asia at the Beginning of the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Oka Mihoko , Gipouloux François
Published: January 2014

Foreign/long-distance trade has been one of the most popular themes in socio-economic history. However, the perceptions that we have of the role played by international trade in economic development is highly dependent on the actors we are focussing on. The universal actors of trade include ship owners, captains, crews, cargo owners, investors, mediators, agents, dealers, and so on. These actors, however, tend to be treated much like “merchants.” In this study, we focus particularly on capital investors to clarify the practical institutions of foreign trade that came to be organised in pre-modern maritime East Asia.

In Japan, the pooling of capital seems to have started in the early stages of foreign trade, although it can be clearly observed only in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries with the advent of Sino–Japan trade on the ships authorised by the Ming dynasty. In this trade, merchants from Hakata and Sakai were particularly active in making investments, even though the nominal ship owners were the central government and/or powerful lords like the Ōuchi () and Hosokawa () family. This fact ensured that these two port cities emerged as the centres of capital pooling in Japan, and remained so till the beginning of the seventeenth century.

The form of investment, which is mainly associated with a particular part of Japan and which we try to clarify in this paper, has been callednagegane() in previous studies. The termnageganeusually refers to a type of investment wherein the payments are exempt in the case of a shipwreck;nageganewas utilised in the trades through Nagasaki during the seventeenth century. This exemption is very similar tocambio maritimo(bottomry), which was used in the medieval and pre-modern Mediterranean trade and transformed intoprestamo à la gruesa(Spanish) oremprestimo ao risco(Portuguese), which was used in transoceanic Iberian trades.
The Factory and the People of Nagasaki: Otona, Tolk, Compradoor
Authors: Yoko Matsui
Published: January 2014

The Dutch East India Company was forced to move its factory in Japan from Hirado to Nagasaki by the order of the bakufu in 1641. Following that move, the Dutch were no longer allowed to freely go out into the city or to trade with city people. In order to have any contact with the people outside Deshima, they needed proper mediation of the Japanese officials. The interpreters (tolken, Oranda-tsūji, ) are well known as the intermediaries between the Japanese authorities and the Dutch residents of Deshima, but they were not the only ones who worked between the two sides. In this paper, I would like to deal with the Deshima Otona as the official responsible for the Dutch compound, and the compradoors, suppliers of the daily necessities for the Dutch factory, and to consider these officials within the context of the Nagasaki city system in order to compare this situation with that prevailing in Canton.

Otona literally means “head” or “chief” and indicates a prominent member who is in charge of a certain group. In the cities of Edo-period Japan, the townspeople were controlled through their organisation in groups, which were given a considerable amount of autonomy. These groups consisted, in their turn, of members who were officially recognised by both the group organisation itself and the lord of the domain in which the city was located, because they owned a house, ran a family business, and performed some kind of public service (kuyaku, ).
Stopping of a relativistic electron beam in a plasma irradiated by an intense laser field
Authors: Nersisyan H.B. , Deutsch C.
Published: January 2014

The effects of a radiation field (RF) on the interaction process of a relativistic electron beam (REB) with an electron plasma are investigated. The stopping power of the test electron averaged with a period of the RF has been calculated assuming an underdense plasma, ω0 > ωp, where ω0is the frequency of the RF and ωpis the plasma frequency. In order to highlight the effect of the radiation field we present a comparison of our analytical and numerical results obtained for nonzero RF with those for vanishing RF. In particular, it has been shown that the weak RF increases the mean energy loss for small angles between the velocity of the REB and the direction of polarization of the RF while decreasing it at large angles. Furthermore, the relative deviation of the energy loss from the field-free value is strongly reduced with increasing the beam energy. Special case of the parallel orientation of the polarization of the RF with respect to the beam velocity has been also considered. At high-intensities of the RF two extreme regimes have been distinguished when the excited harmonics cancel effectively each other reducing strongly the energy loss or increasing it due to the constructive interference. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that the energy loss of the ultrarelativistic electron beam increases systematically with the intensity of the RF exceeding essentially the field-free value.
Numerical study of positron production with short-pulse high-intensity lasers
Authors: Hanus Vaclav , Drska Ladislav , d'Humieres Emmanuel , Tikhonchuk Vladimir
Published: January 2014

One-dimensional particle-in-cell and Monte-Carlo (FLUKA) simulation methods were used together, in order to investigate the production of positrons in lead targets, illuminated by a short-pulse high-intensity laser. The study is focused on lead targets of 1 mm thickness and more and pulses of intensity in the range 1019–1022 W/cm2. The calculations provided an estimate of an absolute number of positrons and the ratio of electrons and positrons emerging from the target. The thickness of the target is scaled in order to find an optimal thickness that could provide a neutral electron-positron beam.
Simulations of femtosecond laser pulse interaction with spray target
Authors: Psikal J. , Klimo O. , Limpouch J.
Published: January 2014

Laser interactions with spray targets (clouds of submicron droplets) are studied here via numerical simulations using two-dimensional particle-in-cell codes. Our simulations demonstrate an efficient absorption of laser pulse energy inside the spray. The energy absorption efficiency depends on the inter-droplet distance, size of the cloud of droplets, and laser pulse intensity, as well as on the pre-evaporation of droplets due to laser pulse pedestal. We investigate in detail proton acceleration from the spray. Energy spectra of protons in various acceleration directions vary significantly depending on the density profile of the plasma created from the droplets and on laser intensity. The spray target can be alternative of foil targets for high intensity high repetition ultrahigh contrast femtosecond lasers. However, at intensities >1021 W/cm2, the efficiency of laser absorption and ion acceleration from the droplets drops significantly in contrast to foils.
Public Access to Environmental Information: A Comparative Analysis of Nigerian Legislation with International Best Practice
Authors: Etemire Uzuazo
Published: January 2014

Public access to environmental information is a recurring theme in many international environmental law regimes. Nigeria has ratified and committed itself to many such regimes over the years. And yet, until recently, it had a culture of secrecy in (environmental) governance that was sustained by legislation, with the attendant harm to the environment and public well-being. This changed in 2011, with the enactment of the Nigerian Freedom of Information (FOI) Act. This article uniquely assesses the value of the Nigerian FOI Act in relation to what may largely be considered international best practice principles on public access to environmental information as generally reflected in the UNECE’s Aarhus Convention. Even though Nigeria is not a party to it, it is argued that the Convention is still legally and politically relevant to Nigeria. This comparative analysis will reveal areas where the Nigerian FOI Act aligns with, probably goes beyond, but also falls short of best practice, thus leading to some suggestions for improvement in the Act in order to ensure better public access to environmental information.
Diagnose von Herzrhythmusstörungen – sinnvoller Einsatz von Holter, Event Rekordern, Loop Rekordern sowie Schrittmacher- und ICD-Speichern
Authors: Brenner Roman , Altmann David , Ammann Peter
Published: January 2014

Langzeit-EKG-Untersuchungen und die Speicherfunktion von implantierbaren Herzschrittmachern und Defibrillatoren stellen ein wertvolles Werkzeug dar, paroxysmale Herzrhythmusstörungen zu dokumentieren. Zu diesem Zweck stehen verschiedene Aufzeichnungsmodalitäten mit unterschiedlicher Registrierungsdauer zur Verfügung, welche vom extern getragenen 24-Stunden-EKG bis zu implantierbaren Geräten mit einer Aufzeichnungsdauer von einigen Jahren reichen. Die wohl häufigste Indikation für eine Langzeit-EKG-Aufzeichnung stellt die Synkope dar. Im Gegensatz zu den intermittierend auftretenden Palpitationen ist dabei die Hämodynamik und damit die zerebrale Perfusion so stark beeinträchtigt, so dass ein Gang zum nächsten Arzt zur Dokumentation eines Anfalls-EKG unmöglich ist. Weiterhin können Langzeit-EKG-Aufzeichnungen bei lediglich kurz dauernden Palpitationen von Nutzen sein. Schlussendlich ist ein selektiver Einsatz auch bei asymptomatischen Patienten aus prognostischen Gründen hilfreich, insbesondere bei der Suche nach asymptomatischem Vorhofflimmern. Diese Indikation ist im Hinblick auf die wachsende Anzahl von durchgeführten Pulmonalvenenisolationen als invasive Therapieoption des Vorhofflimmerns zur Qualitätskontrolle von grossem Interesse.
Interventionelle Therapie des Vorhofflimmerns – Indikation, Techniken und Erfolgsaussichten
Authors: Sticherling Christian , Knecht Sven , Kühne Michael , Osswald Stefan
Published: January 2014

Vorhofflimmern ist die häufigste Rhythmusstörung überhaupt und betrifft rund 2 % der Bevölkerung. Neben der oralen Antikoagulation von Patienten mit einem erhöhten Risiko für thromboembolische Ereignisse besteht die Therapie häufig aus dem Versuch der Rhythmuskontrolle, vor allem bei jüngeren und hochsymptomatischen Patienten. Als Alternative zur medikamentösen Therapie mit Antiarrhythmika hat sich bei Patienten mit symptomatischem paroxysmalem Vorhofflimmern die Ablationsbehandlung etabliert. Ziel ist eine Isolation der Pulmonalvenen, in denen sich arrhythmogene Foci befinden, die bei strukturell ansonsten weitestgehend normalen Vorhöfen Vorhofflimmern induzieren. Bei lange persistierendem Vorhofflimmern besteht keine Einigkeit über die Ablationstechniken und die Erfolgsaussichten sind deutlich geringer. Die vorliegende Arbeit gibt eine Übersicht über die pathophysiologischen Grundlagen, die Ablationstechniken, die Erfolgsaussichten und Risiken sowie alternative Behandlungsoptionen.
Aktuelle Indikationen für einen implantierbaren Defibrillator
Authors: Arenja Nisha , Schaer Beat , Sticherling Christian , Kühne Michael
Published: January 2014

Der plötzliche Herztod gehört zu den häufigsten Todesursachen in den Industrieländern. Der implantierbare Cardioverter/Defibrillator (ICD) stellt die effektivste Therapie zur Behandlung lebensbedrohlicher ventrikulärer Tachyarrhythmien dar. Die aktuellen Richtlinien empfehlen die Implantation eines Defibrillators zur Sekundärprävention bei Patienten mit ventrikulärer Tachykardie oder Kammerflimmern sowie zur Primärprävention bei Hochrisikopatienten. Jene sind Patienten mit einer eingeschränkten linksventrikulären Pumpfunktion ≤ 35 %. Bei anderen Kardiomyopathien, wie der hypertrophen Kardiomyopathie oder der arrhythmogenen rechtsventrikulären Kardiomyopathie (ARVC), sowie bei Ionenkanalerkrankungen wie dem Brugada-Syndrom oder dem Long-QT-Syndrom sind die Indikationen abgesehen von der Sekundärprävention komplex und stetigem Wandel unterworfen. Jede mögliche Indikation einer ICD-Implantation, sowie die damit möglicherweise verbundenen Komplikationen (inadäquate Schocks, Infektionsgefahr, Aggregat- oder Elektrodendysfunktion, Kosten, etc.) müssen im Voraus ausführlich mit dem Patienten und den Angehörigen diskutiert werden. Für die meisten Patienten mit ICD sowie ihr Umfeld entstehen durch das Gerät nur wenige relevante Einschränkungen im Alltag. ICDs können bei Bedarf durch Auflage eines Magneten vorübergehend (z. B. im Rahmen einer Operation) oder auf Wunsch durch Umprogrammieren des Geräts permanent ausgeschaltet werden (z. B. bei Palliation).
Interrater-Reliabilität und Übereinstimmung der Schweizer RAI-MDS Version 2.0
Authors: Gattinger Heidrun , Ott Stefan , Saxer Susi
Published: January 2014

Das in den USA entwickelte Minimum Data Set (MDS) des Resident Assessment Instruments (RAI) wurde in zahlreichen Studien auf seine Validität und Reliabilität hin untersucht. Dabei zeigten sich für einen Großteil der überprüften Items gute Interrater-Reliabilitätswerte. In der Schweiz kommt das Assessmentinstrument seit Ende der 1990er-Jahren zur Anwendung. Ziel dieser Studie war, erstmals die Interrater-Reliabilität und Übereinstimmung der Schweizer RAI-MDS Version 2.0 zu überprüfen. Dafür wurden in einem Schweizer Pflegeheim bei 61 Bewohnenden je zwei MDS Assessments durchgeführt. Die Einschätzung wurde einmal von der zuständigen Pflegefachperson des Heims, das andere Mal von einer Systemexpertin durchgeführt. Neben der absoluten Übereinstimmung in Prozent wurden als Maße der Interrater-Reliabilität Kappa- und Intraklassenkorrelationskoeffizienten (ICC) berechnet. Für die meisten überprüften Items konnte eine hohe prozentuale Übereinstimmung der beiden Rater festgestellt werden. Die Reliabilitätskoeffizienten lagen bei 47 % der Items zwischen 0,81 und 1,0. Bei 29 % der Items wurden Werte zwischen 0,61 und 0,80 erzielt. Bei 10 % der Items lagen die Werte zwischen 0,41 und 0,60. Zwei Items zum Zustand der Haut erzielten einen Wert von 0,25 bzw. 0. Die Ergebnisse der Reliabilitätsanalyse zeigen, dass vor allem Items zur Erfassung von Schmerzen, Stimmungslage und Verhalten und einzelne Items zur körperlichen Funktionsfähigkeit und zum Zustand der Haut weniger reliabel sind.
Pflegebedarfserfassungsinstrumente BESA und RAI: Vergleich der Outcomes in Minuten
Authors: Gattinger Heidrun , Ott Stefan , Saxer Susi
Published: January 2014

In der Schweiz wird der Pflegeaufwand von Pflegeheimbewohnenden entweder mit dem BESA Leistungskatalog 2010 (LK 2010) oder mit dem Minimum Data Set (MDS) des Resident Assessment Instruments (RAI) erhoben. Der Pflegeaufwand wird mit beiden Instrumenten in Minuten dargestellt, anhand derer eine Zuteilung zu einer Tarifstufe erfolgt. Ziel der Studie war, den gemessenen Pflegeaufwand beider Instrumente zu vergleichen. Dafür wurden in zwei Pflegeheimen je 60 Bewohnende mit dem LK 2010 und MDS eingestuft. Dies erfolgte einmal durch Pflegefachpersonen der jeweiligen Institution (Eigeneinschätzung), das andere Mal durch Systemexperten/Systemexpertinnen (Fremdeinschätzung). Neben einer deskriptiven Datenanalyse wurde ein Vergleich der Einschätzungen basierend auf Minuten und Pflegestufen durchgeführt. Die Eigeneinschätzung lag im Durchschnitt höher als die Fremdeinschätzung. In beiden Heimen wurde die Hälfte bzw. 54 % der Bewohnenden mittels Eigeneinschätzung in eine höhere Tarifstufe eingeteilt. Sowohl beim Vergleich der Minuten als auch beim Vergleich der Pflegestufen wurden signifikante Unterschiede festgestellt. Vor allem bei stärker pflegeabhängigen Bewohnenden kann es zu unterschiedlichen Einstufungen kommen, wodurch sich höhere oder niedrigere Pflegekosten ergeben.
Unklare Knieschmerzen nach Knie-Totalprothese bei einem Patienten mit chronischer Polyarthritis
Authors: Moser Annette , Ilchmann Thomas , Mendelin Roland , Clauss Martin
Published: January 2014

Persistierende Schmerzen nach KTP sind ein häufiges Problem. Die häufigsten Differenzialdiagnosen sind eine aseptische Lockerung, Fehlorientierung der Komponenten oder ein implantatassoziierter Infekt. Retropatelläre Schmerzen sowie funktionelle oder psychosomatische Ursachen kommen infrage. Beim Rheumatiker sollte ein akuter Rheumaschub, sowie wie im vorliegenden Fall eine Insuffizienzfraktur ausgeschlossen werden. Die im MRI nachgewiesene Fraktur zeigt eine ungewöhnliche, bisher nicht beschriebene Lokalisation. Gelenknah empfiehlt sich zur Vermeidung von Funktionsverlusten eine operative Stabilisierung, die in der Regel zu einer raschen Abheilung führt.
Levels of flame retardants HBCD, TBBPA and TBC in surface soils from an industrialized region of East China
Authors: Tang Jianfeng , Feng Jiayong , Li Xinhu , Li Gang
Published: January 2014

Brominated flame retardants hexabromocyclododecanes, tetrabromobisphenol A and tris-(2,3-dibromopropyl)isocyanurate are ubiquitous contaminants in the surface soils of an industrialized region of East China.
Microfluidic platforms for biomarker analysis
Authors: Nahavandi Sofia , Baratchi Sara , Soffe Rebecca , Tang Shi-Yang , Nahavandi Saeid , Mitchell Arnan , Khoshmanesh Khashayar
Published: January 2014

This review discusses biomarkers and outlines microfluidic platforms developed for biomarker analysis.
Geometric effect of the hydrogel grid structure on in vitro formation of homogeneous MIN6 cell clusters
Authors: Bae Chae Yun , Min Mun-kyeong , Kim Hail , Park Je-Kyun
Published: January 2014

Floating hydrogel–cell membrane constructs with a hexagonal grid structure were exploited for spontaneous formation of homogeneous MIN6 cell clustering, which can be used as pancreatic pseudo-islets enhancing insulin secretion.
Iridium-catalyzed ortho-C–H borylation of aromatic aldimines derived from pentafluoroaniline with bis(pinacolate)diboron
Authors: Sasaki Ikuo , Amou Tatsunosuke , Ito Hajime , Ishiyama Tatsuo
Published: January 2014

The development of an Ir-catalyzedortho-C–H borylation of aromatic aldimines derived from pentafluoroaniline is reported.
Total synthesis of phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids via asymmetric deprotonation of N-Boc-pyrrolidine
Authors: Deng Meng , Su Bo , Zhang Hui , Liu Yuxiu , Wang Qingmin
Published: January 2014

A concise synthesis of two typical phenanthroindolizidine alkaloids via an asymmetric deprotonation/diastereoselective carbonyl addition strategy is described.
A distinctive red Ag/AgCl photocatalyst with efficient photocatalytic oxidative and reductive activities
Authors: Cai Bin , Wang Jing , Gan Shiyu , Han Dongxue , Wu Zhijian , Niu Li
Published: January 2014

A large improvement of visible-light harvesting is obtained by using a distinctive kind of coloured Ag/AgCl photocatalyst.
Porous nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres derived from polyaniline for high performance supercapacitors
Authors: Han Jinpeng , Xu Guiyin , Ding Bing , Pan Jin , Dou Hui , MacFarlane Douglas R.
Published: January 2014

The porous nitrogen-doped hollow carbon spheres derived from polyaniline are promising electrode materials for high performance supercapacitors due to their hierarchical porous structure and nitrogen-doping.
Synthesis, structures and properties of self-assembling quaternary ammonium dansyl fluorescent tags for porous and non-porous surfaces
Authors: Porosa Lukasz M. , Mistry Kamlesh B. , Mocella Amanda , Deng Hellen , Hamzehi Shayan , Caschera Alex , Lough Alan J. , Wolfaardt Gideon , Foucher Daniel A.
Published: January 2014

Surface grafted silane, phosphate and benzophenone dansyl molecules.