bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wintering waterbird community responses to anthropogenic land cover at multiple spatial scales along the Nile in Egypt
Authors: Mossad Haitham , Hof Anouschka R. , Snijders Lysanne , Naguib Marc , de Boer Willem Frederik
Published: October 2024

The human population is growing rapidly, increasing pressure on natural habitats. Suitable habitats for resident and migratory waterbirds are, therefore, more threatened. This study analyses how the presence of anthropogenic land cover (urban area and cropland) at multiple spatial scales affects the community composition of waterbirds along the Nile in Egypt. We analysed data collected during the international waterbird census, 2017–2018, combined with data from satellite images on land cover from the same period. The census covered 970 km, compromising 194 transects of 5 km along the River Nile, Egypt. The area includes a broad gradient of human disturbance, making this dataset ideal for assessing effects of anthropogenic land cover on waterbird community composition. We tested whether the waterbird community indices (abundance, species richness, diversity and evenness) and guild composition were associated with urban area and cropland, and other land covers (e.g. grassland, wetland) at spatial scales of 100, 500, 1000 and 5000 m. We recorded over 96000 waterbirds and show that landscape characteristics at larger spatial scales (5000 m) explained more of the species and guilds' presence than smaller scales. Species richness increased with increasing water surface area of the river within the transect and decreased with increasing urban area. Waders were negatively associated with urban area. Overall, the guilds' composition was poorly predicted by anthropogenic land cover and other landscape compositions, probably because species within a guild do not react similarly to increasing human disturbance. The probability of observing red‐listed species decreased with increasing urban area. With this study, we expand on the existing evidence by showing that species richness negatively correlates with anthropogenic pressure, and we highlight the importance of studying the responses of species rather than guilds. Our study shows the relevance of considering the landscape at larger scales (5000 m) while planning for conservation measures.
Conspiracy Theories
Authors: Chapelan Alexis
Published: October 2024

A history of antisemitism is a history of the virality of fear and prejudice; and the main driver of that virality was the narrative of a nefarious conspiracy led by Jews to destroy society. Going beyond a purely descriptive definition—an assertion of the existence of a covertly operating group of people who seek to manipulate the course of events—conspiracy narratives can be mapped onto a specific perspective on power. They are fundamentally oversimplified ways, in which people attempt to make sense of power and how it is (unevenly) distributed in society. Antisemitism, on the other hand, constructs Jews as an abstract, intangible form of global power that dominates the world. This distinguishes antisemitism from most other forms of racism. Antisemitism tends to ascribe to the “Jew” an unlimited, albeit secretive, agency which justifies discrimination or even extermination. When looking at both antisemitism and conspiracy theories through the lens of power, their structural proximity becomes evident.
Self-victimisation
Authors: Chapelan Alexis
Published: October 2024

Victimhood is a complex notion, embedded into a variety of cultural norms and practices. It can be argued that the victim has become a central identity position in modern politics, which cuts across all ideologies. It constitutes a major gateway to social engagement, a pivotal means by which groups and individuals perceive themselves and constitute themselves as political actors. Antisemitism produces real-life victims, through demonisation and exclusion, oppression, violence and eventually large-scale extermination during the Holocaust. But, the memory of Jewish suffering has had to contend with virulent counter-victimisation narratives which have sought to justify continuing discrimination and marginalisation against Jews. Self-victimisation constitutes one of the core mechanisms of “moral disengagement:” by viewing themselves as faultless victims which merely acted in response to provocation, people evade moral responsibility; thus, not only are one's own injurious actions justified, but one even can feel self-righteous in the process. Nazi propaganda abundantly used this rhetoric, portraying Jews as aggressors and the German nation as a victim.
Demands for a Clean Break with the Nazi Past
Authors: Troschke Hagen
Published: October 2024

“Demands for closure,” “drawing a line under” or a “clean break” (Schlussstrich) from the Nazi past are a constitutive mode of post-Holocaust antisemitism. They were and are used to express the wish that the remembrance of the Holocaust should be ended, the confrontation with (Nazi) antisemitism discontinued and payments to the victims stopped. Demands related to the Holocaust are a phenomenon that is particularly widespread in Germany and Austria, the countries from which the Holocaust originated and where the main responsibility lies. Furthermore, such demands are found primarily in discourses of societies in which co-responsibility was accepted in the first place and where a corresponding sense of complicity is felt. In a German context, they first aimed at a legal and moral exoneration of the perpetrators and of Nazi society in general. After the phase of repressing Nazi crimes was gradually followed by confronting them, the advocates of a clean break have been making further demands. They claim that remembering historical crimes or taking responsibility for them imposes a significant and unjustified restriction upon the development of national identity, as well as potentially the personal development of individuals within that society.
Holocaust Distortion and Denial
Authors: Troschke Hagen
Published: October 2024

Holocaust Distortion

Holocaust Distortion differs from Denial in that it recognises the Holocaust's genocidal character in principle (or at least seeks to give that impression). However, it relativises the historical facts, which is tantamount to a partial denial. The forms of relativisation can be assigned to two basic fields according to their strategies and purposes. The strategies of the first field pursue the purposes of rejecting the guilt and whitewashing antisemitism or Nazism and serve as a basis for antisemitic attacks on Jews. In the strategies of the second field, the Holocaust is not the focus, but is only used to strengthen the effect of another message with its symbolic power.

Holocaust Denial

Denial of the Holocaust goes beyond distortion: it rejects the fact that the Holocaust took place at all. In doing so, the Holocaust is completely negated through the denial of its very occurrence or of its crucial characteristics. The latter can be achieved either by denying essential aspects, such as mass shootings and the existence of extermination camps or gas chambers, or by reinterpreting the victims of the genocide as war victims, or by claiming that they were missing survivors whose whereabouts were merely untraceable due to the turmoil of war.
Instrumentalisation of Antisemitism and the Holocaust
Authors: Becker Matthias J.
Published: October 2024

The accusation that Jews instrumentalise antisemitism contends that Jews seek to deliberately exploit concern about antisemitism in order to benefit, either financially or politically. Accusations that Jews seek to instrumentalise the Holocaust suggest that they attempt to use the memory of the Holocaust as a tool to obtain power, wealth or to further the interests of Jews or of Israel. In extreme cases, such ideas can lead to claims that Jews have exaggerated the scale or even manufactured the entire event of the Holocaust in order to impose feelings of guilt on the non-Jewish world, which can then be exploited for Jewish gain.
Nazi-Jewish Collaboration
Authors: Krasni Jan
Published: October 2024

This concept is rooted in the antisemitic imaginary of a—at least partial—Jewish guilt in the preparation and execution of the Holocaust. This stereotype, like many others, decontextualises and distorts historical facts in order to either exonerate the real perpetrators of the Holocaust—the German Nazi state and its actual collaborators—and ascribe it to the victims of this regime, or to relativise German guilt by insisting on the complicity of the victims and the perpetrators. Closely related to concepts of Jewish immorality and evil, it reappears in associations of Zionism and the State of Israel with Nazism.
Admonishers
Authors: Scheiber Marcus
Published: October 2024

The stereotype of admonishers accuses Jews or Israelis of (1) practising Holocaust remembrance excessively and making exaggerated claims in this regard against the German or Austrian society (or other societies which collaborated in the Holocaust), and (2) raising inflationary accusations of antisemitism. Both insinuations are linked to the claim that these are attempts to criticise, accuse or target non-Jews unjustifiably or unfairly. Further, this activity is said to be largely responsible for perpetuating a culture of commemoration in relation to the Holocaust which stifles the development of a positive national identity. Similar to the rejection of remembrance in the demands for a clean break with the Nazi past, the admonisher concept suggests that Holocaust remembrance stands in the way of a positive national and familial self-image. Moreover, the admonisher attribution paints Jews as troublemakers who, through their behaviour, produce or provoke antisemitism.
Taboo of Criticism
Authors: Chapelan Alexis
Published: October 2024

In 1892, one of France’s leading antisemitic agitators, Edouard Drumont, launched a new political newspaper which swiftly became the principal organ for disseminating conspiracy narratives and Jew-hatred. Its name was significant: La Libre Parole (“Free Speech”). The choice of such a title sheds light on a crucial dimension of the antisemitic imaginary, one that is still very prevalent and active in today’s climate. It claims to always be threatened with silencing, since their views are actively being suppressed and tabooed as a consequence of an alleged hegemony of Jewish interests in the public sphere and in particular in media and politics. Within the broader context of the anti-political correctness thrust of contemporary right-wing discourses, the revitalisation of such a legitimation device is hardly surprising. Nevertheless, while it is still a new legitimation tool in other forms of exclusionary ideologies (racist, anti-LGBTQ, anti-feminist), the topos of the taboo of criticism play a key structural role in the ideological architecture of antisemitism.
Jews Have Not Learned From the Past
Authors: Placzynta Karolina
Published: October 2024

The idea that jews have not learned from the past contends that, due to the history of Jewish suffering, Jews today should be held to higher moral standards than groups who have not experienced such a past. This suffering is presented as a “learning experience” from which Jews ought to have derived a particular set of idealised ethical and political positions. Their supposed failure to learn such lessons is then turned into an accusation of moral deficiency and used as a means of attacking Jews, Jewish institutions, and the State of Israel or its citizens.
Affirmation of Nazis, Hitler and the Holocaust
Authors: Chapelan Alexis , Bolton Matthew
Published: October 2024

Despite spanning only around 12 years, the Nazi regime bequeathed the modern world a vast and horrific legacy, with which its successor regimes, but also culture and politics writ large, need to contend to this very day. The national-socialist ideology and institutions are intimately tied to antisemitism and to the Holocaust, as the extermination of the European Jewry was one of the regime's main political projects. Therefore, attributing positive characteristics or praise to Nazism and to Adolf Hitler amounts to legitimising genocidal antisemitism; as such, it represents a clear and radical form of contemporary anti-Jewish hate speech.
Nazi Analogy/Fascism Analogies
Authors: Becker Matthias J.
Published: October 2024

Nazi Analogy

The nazi analogy draws comparisons between Israel (as the present-day ‘perpetrator concept’) and Germany during the Nazi period (as the historical ‘perpetrator concept’). By making such comparisons, Israel is demonised and singled out, being associated with a regime that committed unprecedented atrocities. According to this accusation, Israel is portrayed as engaging in an expansionist war of extermination, aiming to annihilate entire peoples, maintaining ghettos and concentration camps, and planning a “final solution to the Palestinian question.” Nazi crimes represented extreme forms of state-organised violence, perpetrated with the support of a significant portion of German society, and the Holocaust was a systematic and bureaucratic project of destruction. Therefore, comparisons with Nazi Germany distort the realities in the Middle East and portray Israel as an embodiment of evil. This comparison constitutes the most extreme form of delegitimising historical analogies and denies Israel’s right to exist. Ultimately, it represents a victim-perpetrator reversal, suggesting that the victims of past Nazi crimes are now the perpetrators.

Fascism Analogies

In the context of Middle East discourse, fascism analogies are also prominent among historical analogies used to demonise Israel. Such comparisons conceptualise and evaluate the
existence of the State of Israel as a resurgence of fascism. While the communicative functions of fascism analogies are similar to those of the Nazi analogy—such as demonisation
and relativisation—the term 'fascism' is often used more casually and may serve the function of exoneration in certain
contexts, such as in Italian discourses. Determining the antisemitic content of fascist analogies requires a nuanced and
context-dependent approach, focusing on essentialising and generalising aspects. While the Nazi analogy is categorically
antisemitic, the assessment of fascism analogies necessitates careful consideration of the specific context in which they are
used.
Evil/The Devil
Authors: Bolton Matthew
Published: October 2024

Evil

The alleged evil or malicious nature of Jews, Judaism and/or Jewish institutions is one of the most deeply rooted and enduring antisemitic stereotypes. Here, Jews are depicted as posing a constant, large-scale, destructive—even cosmic or eschatological—threat posed to a specific society, or all humankind. The historic roots of this stereotype lie in the religious rivalry between Judaism and early Christianity, in which advocates of the latter began to depict Jews as the murderers of Jesus, and portrayed Jews as seeking to prevent world salvation through Christ. In the Middle Ages, these ideas found literary and artistic expression in representations of Jews as monstrous, demonic or Satanic creatures. Such stereotypes would later emerge as a central aspect of modern anti-Jewish conspiracy theories, including Nazi propaganda, discernible within depictions of Jews as the wreakers of either capitalist or communist destruction, purveyors of immorality or sexual predators. Portrayals of the existence of Israel (or any Jewish state) as posing a threat to world peace or the community of nation-states as such, or conceptions of the Israel-Palestine conflict as being a cosmological battle between good and evil also fall into this category.

The Devil

Before the rise of Christianity, antipathy towards Jewish communities tended to be just one more expression of a general xenophobia towards outsider groups. The associations of Jews with the Devil, with demons and with a theological hell that emerged from early Christianity were thus a novel development in the history of anti-Judaism. Sources for the demonisation or “diabolisation” of Jews can be found in the scriptures of the New Testament. In the Gospel of John, Jesus is reported as describing his fellow Jews as “the children of your father the devil, and you love to do the 10 evil things he does.” The guilt that the Gospel of Matthew has the Jews take on themselves for the crucifixion of Jesus—“His blood be on us and on our children”—serves of further proof of the Jews “love” for the “evil things” of the Devil and makes a connection between the diabolic nature of the Jews and the idea that Jews committed deicide, the killing of God.
Terrorist State
Authors: Bolton Matthew
Published: October 2024

A depiction of Israel as a terrorist state is a generalised, essentialising description in which the state in its entirety is classed as a terrorist entity, and thus by definition excluded from the global community of legitimate nation-states. To accuse Israel of being a terrorist state is therefore to portray it as inherently evil and a potential target for retribution, while attacking Israel's legitimacy in a way that denies Israel's right to exist. Labelling Israel as a terrorist state in this way should be held distinct from accusations of Israeli ‘state terror,’ ‘state-sponsored terrorism,’ or the description of any particular Israeli military action or leader as ‘terroristic.’ While such descriptions may be wrong, hyperbolic or exaggerated, they are nonetheless fairly frequent within discourses criticising various states’ foreign or military policies and do not necessarily ascribe a particular evil to the state of Israel or call its legitimacy into question.
Denial of Israel’s Right to Exist
Authors: Vincent Chloé , Bolton Matthew , Troschke Hagen
Published: October 2024

The denial of Israel’s right to exist—either as a nation-state at all, a self-identified Jewish state or Jewish-majority state—is one of the most common antisemitic concepts today, and at the same time one of the most controversial. The denial of Israel’s right to exist, or the denial of the Jewish right to self-determination should be distinguished from criticism of the Israeli government, any specific policy of the Israeli state or the general trajectory of the Israeli state and society more broadly. Central to this concept is the idea that Jews, unlike virtually every other group of people in the world, have no right to make collective national territorial or political claims—either in general or in the Middle East in particular. Expressions of this idea commonly centre on attempts to delegitimise the existence of the State of Israel as a whole, often by describing it as an ‘entity’ rather than a state, or through negative and at times incendiary historical analogies with Nazi Germany, apartheid South Africa or European colonialism.
Israel’s Sole Guilt in the Conflict
Authors: Vincent Chloé , Bolton Matthew
Published: October 2024

The idea that the existence and actions of the State of Israel are the sole cause of conflict and violence in the Middle East is one of the most common concepts in contemporary antisemitic discourse. The roots of this concept lie in the classical stereotype that Jews are to be blamed for antisemitism of which they are a victim, that is, that Jewish actions are the only or principal factor motivating antisemitic acts, thereby diverting responsibility for attacks on Jews (and latterly Israelis) away from the perpetrators themselves and onto the Jewish victims. In its updated form, all blame for warfare, violence and wider suffering in Israel and the Palestinian territories—as well, at times, in the Middle East as a whole—is attributed to Israel, including blame for violent attacks on Israel and Israelis. In so doing, and in much the same way as the older concept, the notion of sole Israeli guilt enables and even justifies further antisemitic words and actions.
Insults
Authors: Ascone Laura
Published: October 2024

An antisemitic insult generally aims at offending, disqualifying and diminishing Jews or Israelis on the basis of, or related to, their Jewish or Israeli identity, against whom the speaker expresses their negative emotions. Insults can be considered a threatening speech act like threats, curses and death wishes. Yet, the goal of insults is not to elicit fear or physically harm but to show the speaker’s hostility and place themselves in a superior position.
Threats
Authors: Ascone Laura
Published: October 2024

A threat is a warning that something negative or violent will happen to a person or group, especially if a particular action or order is not followed. Through this action, the speaker aims at eliciting fear in the target in order to lead them to act in a certain way. More precisely, the fear is caused by the fact that threats “involve a harm of some kind […] that has not yet happened” and express “a warning that invites the person to take preventive steps in order to do what he or she can do to mitigate impending harm.” Together with insults, disdain and denigration, threats are then part of threatening speech acts. In other terms, through their discourse, the speaker places themselves in a position of strength by eliciting fear in the threat's target, thus modifying or hoping to modify their behaviour. Yet, the speaker does not intend to fulfil their part of the deal; they only want to prompt the target to act.
Blood Libel/Child Murder
Authors: Placzynta Karolina
Published: October 2024

The classic antisemitic topos of blood libel has a history spanning many centuries and still looms large in the present-day antisemitic discourse. The claim that Jews kidnap non-Jewish children in order to abuse and kill them in the religious rite of human sacrifice (especially around the Jewish holidays of Passover and Purim) paints a grotesque picture of Jews: not only separate and different, but irreconcilably and unacceptably so. While it could be read as an expression of the more general topoi of inherent Jewish “evil” or “immorality,” blood libel transmits distinct connotations of monstrousness and bloodthirst, emphasised further by the youth, innocence and vulnerability of the alleged victims. It carries considerable emotional intensity, which makes blood libel a powerful tool of antisemitic manipulation and misinformation, and its ability to capture imaginations is perhaps one of the reasons for its longevity. In Israel-related discourse, it is frequently utilised in updated form, through the accusation that Israel routinely and deliberately seeks to kill children as a central objective in the Arab-Israeli conflict.
Death Wishes
Authors: Placzynta Karolina
Published: October 2024

An antisemitic death wish is an ultimate form of a threat or curse, by virtue of an explicit, implicit, violent or non-violent reference to the death or destruction of Jews or Israelis, with the possible target also being the State of Israel or Zionism. Threats and curses express the suggestion or wish that something detrimental will, or should, happen to Jews. While they can encompass a broad range of unfavourable circumstances or incidents, death wishes refer specifically to the extreme end of the spectrum. All three of these categories can express their meaning violently, meeting the criteria of affirming, calling for and desiring violence. However, non-violent death wishes, constructed through linguistic strategies such as allusions or humour, tend to be more socially tolerable or acceptable and not recognised as hate speech and therefore more likely to evade detection in mainstream discourses—by both moderators and other web users.
Repulsiveness and Dehumanisation
Authors: Chapelan Alexis
Published: October 2024

Far from being a purely theoretical construct, anti-Jewish prejudice has also been inscribed into the very materiality of Jewish bodies, through a host of tropes and metaphors drawing on representations of physical corruption and repulsiveness. The pathologisation of the Jewish body predates biological antisemitism and has roots in Medieval antisemitism. Appearance, skin colour, hygiene or alimentation are external manifestations which mark the Jew as “other” or “foreign.” As the demonic Other was the archetype of maleficent alterity in Christian Europe, it was even believed that Jews have devilish horns, which explained the tradition of head-covering. Another bizarre medieval folk belief was that Jewish males menstruated; this allegedly “impure” bleeding was thought to be a punishment for Judas’ treason of Jesus. This also maps onto blood libel accusations, as the monthly loss of blood had to be compensated by consuming the blood of Christians. Such notions later fed into the stereotype of Jewish men being effeminate, weak and anaemic, as opposed to virile and healthy Aryans.
Immorality
Authors: Krasni Jan
Published: October 2024

The notion of Jewish immorality is a stereotype which ascribes to Jews complete alienation from, contempt for and deliberate acting against the common-sense norms of morality. The concept of immorality is anchored in the religious and early Christian view on the rival religion. Portraying Jews as alien to the type of moral constraints which bind other people or religions is a gateway towards their subsequent dehumanisation, casting them apart from the ethically “sound” humanity. This stereotype harks back to late antiquity and early Medieval conceptions of Jews as “godless” betrayers of Christ, and of Judaism as a religion bereft of the higher spirituality attributed to Christianity.
Lie and Deceit
Authors: Becker Matthias J.
Published: October 2024

The accusation of a Jewish tendency to lie takes two distinct forms: one, in which Jews allegedly assert the untruth with regard to themselves—in which their own traits of character, values, intentions, etc. are distorted (= hypocrisy)—and two, lies that concern the whole external world and non-Jewish groups (= mendacity). In contrast to the allegation of lying, which focuses on the production of untruth, the accusation of deceit pertains to the underlying purpose of the purported misleading activities. The assumption is that Jews misrepresent the truth in order to gain advantages for themselves or to further a secret agenda, whether for themselves as individuals or in support of wider “Jewish interests.” The concepts of lie and deceit have been an integral part of the antisemitic arsenal of accusations for centuries.
Vengefulness
Authors: Krasni Jan
Published: October 2024

The stereotype of Jewish vengefulness refers to the supposed irrational, misanthropic, egoistic drive to punish those who they perceive as having wronged them. This drive is allegedly accompanied by bitterness, intolerance and hate against non-Jewish society. The stereotype relies on the idea that there is a fundamental difference between the Old Testament, whose content to a large extent overlaps with the Hebrew Bible, and the New Testament around the notion of retribution. The idea of the flood and extermination of entire population as God's punishment for the sins described in the Genesis, the first book of the Old Testament, is emblematic for the concept of retaliation and is being used as an argument for the stereotype of Judaism as a vengeful religion. In opposition, Christianity and the New Testament are constructed as a religion of mercifulness, forgiveness and non-resistance, formulated as: “[b]ut if anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also.”
Disloyalty/Jewish Loyalty
Authors: Troschke Hagen
Published: October 2024

The stereotype that questions or denies the loyalty of Jews includes accusations of disloyalty to the home country or to non-Jews, insinuations of divided loyalty between the home country and Israel, of being more loyal to Israel or of being loyal exclusively to Israel, and finally accusations of being loyal first and foremost or only to Jews. Other variants of the disloyalty stereotype are highlighting connections and solidarity networks among Jews as something negative, or as something that would either bring disadvantages to non-Jews or be the main driver of success for Jewish individuals in society. Doubts about the loyalty of Jews and the claim that they show a lack of loyalty to the society they live in or to their home country have a long history and are closely linked to other antisemitic ideas. First, the stereotype builds on the notion of Jews as a distinct, self-contained community of outsiders perceived as categorically separate from the non-Jewish in-group and serves to exacerbate this separation and sow mistrust. As alleged non-members, they are assumed to pursue their own interests that do not correspond to, or even work against the interests of the society around them or their home country.
The Value of a Collaborative Platform in a Global Project. The Indico Case Study
Authors: Crespo Garrido Irene del Rosario , Loureiro García María , Gutleber Johannes
Published: October 2024

The rise of collaborative platforms has revolutionized the way individuals and organizations interact. The impact perimeter embraces interpersonal communication, knowledge sharing, and collective problem-solving. Indico, a web-based platform providing a free event management system, designed, implemented, maintained, and operated by CERN is a prime example of such type of platform. It provides a range of features and benefits for organizations and individuals hosting events of any kind. Indico improves work efficiency by streamlining the event management processes, reducing manual effort, and saving time. It also leads to sustainable practices and cost savings by eliminating paper-based processes and minimizing physical infrastructure requirements. It enhances accessibility by offering virtual event options, enabling wider participation, and promoting inclusivity. The platform fosters interdisciplinary knowledge sharing and collaboration among event participants by serving as a persistent and durable repository of presentations, articles, minutes, and writeups, including publication and protection mechanisms. Making event-relating materials available online contributes to knowledge dissemination and advancing research and professional communities. Additionally, Indico can further contribute to environmental sustainability by reducing carbon emissions through virtual events and reducing the use of paper. The data management and reporting capabilities of Indico enable data-driven decision-making for future events and resource allocation. This article reports on the socio-economic value of the Indico platform. The presented work used the stated preferences approach to estimate the socio-economic value that can be expected from a collaborative platform that a future large-scale international research infrastructure will require and put in place for its purposes. The approach taken to monetarize the socio-economic impact produced by the platform is the Choice Experiment Method. The monetary values obtained amounts to about 3.1 billion CHF discounted for a period of 29 years (2028–2057).
The Value of an Open Scientific Data and Documentation Platform in a Global Project: The Case of Zenodo
Authors: Crespo Garrido Irene del Rosario , Loureiro García María , Gutleber Johannes
Published: October 2024

Open Science is a movement aimed at promoting public access to all scientific research products, without barriers or restrictions. Open Data refers to the practice of sharing research data in a way that assures that the research is accessible, reusable, and reproducible for everyone. Leveraging these two principles, scientists can validate results, and findings, conduct new research, and promote scientific progress. Open data also enables interdisciplinary collaborations and the exploration of research questions beyond the original scope of the data. The most appropriate means used for implementing Open science and open data are digital, collaborative technologies. One notable example of a platform facilitating information dissemination is Zenodo, a free virtual repository based on the CERN developed Invenio software suite. Zenodo serves as an open access and open data platform, offering researchers, scientists, and individuals a centralized, durable, reliable, scalable, free, and accessible space to share, publish, and preserve their research outputs. Zenodo provides various features and benefits that foster knowledge advancement and collaboration within the research community. By promoting open access, Zenodo enables the global dissemination of research findings, eliminating obstacles such as geographic and financial constraints. It is challenging to accurately capture the impact of scientific dissemination, both social and economic. This is particularly the case for a free, “catch-all” repository, which permits any user to supply and access non-reviewed information. This report provides a quantitative estimate of the monetary value that a virtual repository represents based on a multi-component model in which the different parts of the system are quantified using appropriate distinct methods. This study uses the virtual repository Zenodo as a reference case for the ex-ante societal impact analysis for the Future Circular Collider (FCC) at CERN, assuming that in the lifetime of such a new research infrastructure, at least one comparable development will be required due to the collaborative nature of scientific physics research with particle accelerators and colliders. Our results indicate a discounted socio-economic impact potential of about 2.8 billion CHF for an observation period of 29 years, from 2028 to 2057.
Collaboration Between Science and Industry: Future Research Directions for Big Science Organizations
Authors: Dietrichson Erika Susan
Published: October 2024

Over the last few decades, science-industry collaboration has in large part been studied through the lens of universities, as key sources for industrial innovation. Surprisingly, relatively little attention has been paid to Big Science Organizations (BSOs), also known as large scale research infrastructures, despite them playing a great role in science, technology and innovation policy. Research has been conducted on both actors and their collaborations with industry, resulting in two streams of research. While the stream on University-Industry Collaboration (UIC) is rather established in quantity and quality, Big Science-Industry Collaboration (BSIC) research is yet an under-developed area, and there is a clear imbalance in the literature between the two streams. However, attention to BSOs is gaining traction, and as such, deciphering what can be learned and applied from UIC and what can be further studied in BSIC can be conducive. The objective of this work is thus to present a comparison of these two streams, with the aim of identifying some of the core differences between them, as well as to produce an agenda for future BSIC research. A review of UIC literature reviews is compiled, along with a systematic review of the BSIC literature to date. The results of this study have demonstrated many similarities between the two streams of research, where both streams have covered the same themes, and in most part, the same topics. Differences have arisen in subtle ways, such as through definitions of concepts, organizational perspectives, or differences in the temporal periods of collaboration studied. Various areas are highlighted for future research.
The Value of Open Science at CERN: An Analysis Based on a Travel Cost Model
Authors: Crespo Garrido Irene del Rosario , Loureiro García María , Gutleber Johannes
Published: October 2024

Open science is a fundamental root of the European Organization for Nuclear Research, known by its acronym CERN. This international organization, located between Switzerland and France, has distinguished itself since its inception by sharing its discoveries, innovative technologies, and the information generated by its most ambitious project, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) so that researchers around the world and society can benefit from the data gathered and the knowledge created. One of the main characteristics of the organization is the possibility to freely visit the particle accelerators and the experiments at these machines. On these occasions, visitors can meet the scientists and learn directly from them about the organization, its discoveries, and its daily activities. This study is one of the few assessing the economic value of these initiatives. It is based on a survey using a sample size of 900 visitors to CERN during one calendar year. Results from a travel cost application show that visitor would be willing to pay a total on average at least 0.72 € over the cost of the trip per person, owing to the experience and knowledge gained during their visit to the infrastructure.
Awareness and Attitudes Towards Science. The Case of CERN
Authors: Delugas Erica , Florio Massimo , Giffoni Francesco , Gutleber Johannes , Secci Luca
Published: October 2024

The chapter highlights the need for public understanding and support of scientific research, especially basic research with no immediate practical applications. It discusses the polarization in public attitudes towards science and emphasizes the importance of valuing curiosity-driven research for societal progress.
An experiment conducted in 2022 involving CERN and the FCC project surveyed 8,443 responses from adult laypersons outside the scientific community, expanding on previous surveys in France and Switzerland. Key findings indicate public awareness and generally positive attitudes towards CERN and particle physics research. The public’s attitudes vary according to respondents’ socioeconomic traits.
Application of Tower Type Cyclone Stabilizing Cylinder Concentration Technology in Wastewater Treatment of Sand and Gravel Processing System of Batang Hydropower Station
Authors: Zhang Wei , Li Xingyu , Zhang Dong
Published: October 2024

The artificial sand and stone processing plant has always been a major pollutant discharge household in hydropower station construction, and the problems of dust and waste water are more prominent. In order to solve the problem of waste water, the artificial sand and stone processing system often uses the wet production process, combined with the sewage treatment facilities to treat the waste water produced by the system, and the pollution particles are precipitated and dehydrated again. The proper measures can realize the zero discharge of waste water. The treatment method of flocculation sedimentation and mechanical dehydration is often used in domestic sand and stone processing system wastewater. The key of the treatment process is flocculation sedimentation, and the control of sludge floc formation speed and separation effect. This paper introduces a new flocculation and sedimentation technology “tower type cyclone stabilizing cylinder concentration technology”. This technology absorbs the advantages of tower type sedimentation technology and cyclone type sedimentation tank technology. By setting up mixed flow tank, stabilizing cylinder and other structures, and combining with field flocculation test and technical fine-tuning, the optimal dosage of flocculant is determined, so as to control the formation speed and separation effect of sludge flocs in a relatively ideal range Status. The process has been successfully applied in the no wastewater treatment of the sand and gravel processing system of Batang hydropower station, and good results have been achieved, which is worthy of reference.
Exploring the Untapped Potential of Existing Hydropower Resources in the Context of New Energy Development: A Case Study of the Liyuan-Ahai Hybrid Pumped Storage Power Station
Authors: Chen Hanmo , Miao Chuting , Lu Peng
Published: October 2024

In recent years, countries and regions worldwide have set goals to increase the proportion of new energy source in their energy transition plans. However, the intermittent nature of new energy sources, represented by wind power and solar photovoltaics, necessitates the support of flexible resources like pumped storage and hydropower. This study takes the established Liyuan and Ahai Hydropower Stations along the Jinsha River as typical cases, thoroughly exploring the potential benefits of utilizing the reservoirs of these two stations to construct a Liyuan-Ahai hybrid pumped-storage power station. Through comprehensive analysis, we propose an installed capacity scheme that aims to maximize the benefits of the three power stations. This scheme not only provides a feasible reference method for the design of similar engineering projects, but also holds significant importance in promoting the efficient utilization and sustainable development of hydroelectric energy. We hope that through this research, we can provide valuable reference and inspiration for experts and scholars in the field of hydropower engineering.
On n-unital and n-Mal’tsev categories
Authors: Bourn Dominique , Hoefnagel Michael
Published: October 2024

Inspired by some properties of the (dual of the) category of 2-nilpotent groups, we introduce the notion of 2-unital and 2-Mal’tsev categories which, in some sense, generalises the notion of unital and Mal’tsev categories, and we characterise their varietal occurrences. This is actually the first step of an inductive process which we begin to unfold.
The hotter the better: high mean annual temperature, not seed predation, hastens the decline of invasive Bromus tectorum
Authors: Humphries Talia , Faist Akasha M. , Callaway Ragan M. , Lucero Jacob E.
Published: October 2024

Bromus tectorum invasion degrades biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in the Great Basin Desert. To explain, predict, and manage B. tectorum invasion, we must understand the biotic and abiotic factors that influence its establishment and persistence. We explored interactions between two key constraints for invaders in general and B. tectorum in particular: post-dispersal seed predation and climate, including mean annual temperature, rainfall, snowfall, and aridity. At six study sites in undisturbed, climax Artemisia tridentata communities across northern Nevada and Utah, we performed one-time additions of 100 B. tectorum seeds to microsites outfitted with either a dummy (“open”) cage that exposed seeds to rodent foraging, or a functional (“closed”) cage that protected them from rodent foraging. Living Bromus tectorum plants within experimental cages were censused one and 5 years after seed additions. At both 1- and 5-years censuses, and regardless of climate, B. tectorum densities were similar in open and closed microsites, suggesting that rodent foraging did not affect B. tectorum establishment or persistence. Compared to 1-year censuses, B. tectorum counts declined by 47% across all sites after 5 years, but declines were sharpest at sites with the highest mean annual temperatures. Taken together, our findings suggest that undisturbed, climax A. tridentata communities can resist B. tectorum expansion, and this resistance increases with mean annual temperature, not rodent foraging. We suggest that controlling nascent populations of B. tectorum may be particularly urgent in intact climax A. tridentata communities in relatively cool climates, where community-level resistance against B. tectorum persistence is lowest.
Neurodivergent (Autism and ADHD) student experiences of access and inclusion in higher education: an ecological systems theory perspective
Authors: Butcher Luke , Lane Stevie
Published: October 2024

Higher Education (HE) can be a complicated and isolating experience for neurodivergent students. Many systemic barriers and injustices create challenges for the accessibility and inclusivity of learning environments and curriculums. However, with the appropriate accommodations, staff guided by neurodiversity-affirming practices, accessible curricula, and opportunities to connect with neurodivergent peers, it can be highly rewarding. Through 15 in-depth, lived-experience-informed interviews with neurodivergent HE students who are Autistic and/or ADHDers in Australia, we analyse experiences at different system levels. By validating the robust framework of ecological systems theory in this context, we extend the academic understanding and add to the limited research on HE experiences for this marginalised, often ignored, but important student segment. We discover pivotal micro-systems of curricula, assessments, reasonable adjustment plans, spaces, teachers, students, and support services. Further contributions are made through the first extension of ‘feedback loops’ into research of HE micro-systems, and descriptions of macro and chrono-systems. With many HE systems erected and emergent to cater to the student majority, illuminating the experiences of neurodivergent students with these intersecting HE systems provides concrete insights for leadership, teachers, and support staff to improve accessibility and inclusion in HE.
People of the Sea, or of the Soil? How the Balance of Marine and Terrestrial Resource Availability Informs Maximum Population on Four Polynesian Islands
Authors: Puleston Cedric O. , Kahn Jennifer G. , Chadwick Oliver A. , Belluzzo Nick , Kirch Patrick V.
Published: October 2024

Most studies of the food resource potential of early Polynesian populations focus exclusively on agricultural potential, and specifically starchy staples, despite the importance of marine resources to the Polynesians. To more accurately estimate total precontact food resource availability, we characterized the terrestrial and near-shore marine environments of four Polynesian islands: Moʻorea, Maupiti, Mangareva and Taravai. We estimate the agricultural potential of each island after a consideration of the ecological factors related to productivity. We also estimate the productivity of the near-shore marine environment as a function of surface area. Using a range of fish yield scenarios from Pacific subsistence systems we scale relative measures of faunal food biomass derived from local archaeological excavations to generate absolute biomass estimates. We convert our estimates of agricultural and fished/foraged food potential into a maximum population size based on calorie availability. Moʻorea’s fertile valleys and wetlands would potentially generate sufficient food energy, mostly from starchy staples, to support a considerable population, many times larger than the other islands. In the most likely fish yield scenario Moʻorea gets only 0.4% of its calories from marine sources, while the others range from 7–18%. These relative inputs reflect the vast superiority in productivity (in terms of calories per km2) of agricultural vs near-shore marine zones. We also find that population size on islands with smaller fringing reefs, such as Moʻorea, may have been limited by a lack of fish protein. Moʻorea’s maximum population is approximately halved when diet breadth is considered.
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid combined with selenium accelerates bone regeneration in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Tao ZhouShan , Yang Min , Shen Cai-Liang
Published: October 2024

More recently, increased studies have revealed that antioxidants can cure osteoporosis by inhibiting oxidative stress. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) and Selenium (Se) have been confirmed to possess potent anti-oxidative effects and accelerate bone regeneration. In addition, very little is currently known about the effects of a combination with Se and TUDCA on bone defects in osteoporotic states. We, therefore, aimed to assess the protective effect of combination with Se and TUDCA on bone regeneration and investigate the effect and underlying mechanisms. When MC3T3-E1 was cultured in the presence of H2H2, Se, TUDCA and Se/TUDCA therapy could increase the matrix mineralization and promote expression of anti-oxidative stress markers in MC3T3-E1, while reducing intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial ROS levels. Meanwhile, silent information regulator type 1 (SIRT1) was upregulated in response to Se, TUDCA and Se/TUDCA exposures in H2H2 treated-MC3T3-E1. In the OVX rat model, Se, TUDCA and Se/TUDCA showed a clear positive effect against impaired bone repair in osteoporosis. The results above demonstrate that Se/TUDCA exhibits superior efficacy in both cellular and animal experiments, as compared to Se and TUDCA. In conclusion, combination with Se and TUDCA stimulates bone regeneration and is a promising candidate for promoting bone repair in osteoporosis.

Graphical abstract