bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oceanic Basalt Leads: A New Interpretation and an Independent Age for the Earth
Authors: Ulrych T. J.
Published: October 2006

A modified form of a model proposed by Gerling and Shukolyukov is used to study the development of lead isotopic ratios in oceanic basalts. This modified model yields an age for the earth which is calculated to be 4530 ± 40 million years. The significance of this calculation is that it is independent of the knowledge of the ages of the samples studied. It is also found that although the source of the basalts is not generally homogeneous, the differentiation of this source from a closed system has occurred fairly recently geologically. The oldest time for the differentiation, 1230 ± 350 million years ago, has been found for Mid-Atlantic tholeiites.
Direction of Translation in Bacteriophage S13
Authors: Tessman Irwin , Kumar Santosh , Tessman Ethel S.
Published: October 2006

Suppressible (
amber
-type) mutants in gene IIIa of bacteriophage S13 show polarity in reducing the activity of only the neighboring gene IIIb. The polarity implies that the genome is translated in the direction of IIIa to IIIb. From the known homology of the messenger RNA with the single-stranded DNA, the orientation of the DNA with respect to the genetic map can also be inferred.
Enthalpy of Transformation of a High-Pressure Polymorph of Titanium Dioxide to the Rutile Modification
Authors: Navrotsky Alexandra , Jamieson John C. , Kleppa Ole J.
Published: October 2006

The enthalpy of transformation of a high-pressure form of titanium dioxide, which has the alpha lead dioxide structure, to the rutile modification was measured by the method of "transposed temperature-drop calorimetry." For the reaction, titanium dioxide (alpha lead dioxide form) transforming to rutile, the change in the heat content is -0.76 ± 0.17 kilocalorie per mole. From this value and the volume change (+ 2.8 percent) associated with the transformation, we estimate the equilibrium pressure at 294°K to be 60 ± 20 kilobars.
Dissociation of the Visual Placing Response into Elicited and Guided Components
Authors: Hein A. , Held R.
Published: October 2006

Kittens reared without sight of their limbs extended their forelimbs when carried down toward the edge of a horizontal surface. However, unlike normally reared kittens, they were not capable of guiding their paws accurately to the solid parts of an interrupted surface. This fractionation of the visually controlled placing response reveals that the guided reach requires an integration of sensorimotor systems not necessary for development of the elicited extension response.
Rabbit Hemoglobin Biosynthesis: Use of Human Hemoglobin Chains To Study Molecule Completion
Authors: Shaeffer Joseph R. , Trostle Patricia K. , Evans Richard F.
Published: October 2006

A cell-free protein-synthesizing system made from rabbit reticulocytes was used to incorporate
14
C-amino acids into hemoglobin. Electrophoretic analyses of the soluble products of this cell-free system revealed a fraction containing rabbit
14
C-alpha chains in addition to the rabbit
14
C-hemoglobin. The addition of isolated human hemoglobin beta chains to this system during active synthesis inhibited the release of newly synthesized rabbit
14
C-beta chains into solution from the ribosome fraction. This inhibition was possibly a result of hybrid hemoglobin formation between rabbit alpha and human beta chains. A model of hemoglobin construction in which soluble alpha chains are intermediates is suggested. These alpha chains may aid in the release of beta chains from the polyribosomes during the completion of the hemoglobin molecule.
Effect of Amantadine Hydrochloride on the Response of Human Lymphocytes to Phytohemagglutinin
Authors: Rawls W. E. , Melnick J. L. , Olson G. B. , Dent P. B. , Good R. A.
Published: October 2006

Amantadine hydrochloride (Symmetrel), which is an antiviral agent marketed for the prevention of infection by influenza virus, inhibits the mitogenic response of human lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin. The concentrations which effectively inhibited the response to phytohemagglutinin were similar to those which maximally inhibit virus replication. The drug inhibited the mitogenic response without affecting the ability of phytohemagglutinin to agglutinate leukocytes. The data suggest that phytohemagglutinin, amantadine, and certain lipid-containing RNA viruses take part in cell-membrane interactions of common nature.
Telescopes and Automation
Authors: Maran Stephen P.
Published: October 2006

In stellar astronomy, the future of automation techniques lies in their application to the largest telescopes. In such a case, the cost of automation is small compared to that of the telescope project as a whole, and is well repaid in the savings in observing time. A "stand-alone" capability for manual operation in event of computer breakdown is usually provided for systems like this; an example is the 107-inch (272-cm) telescope under construction at the McDonald Observatory of the University of Texas, which will be associated with an IBM 1800 computer.
Landslide Noise
Authors: Cadman John D. , Goodman Richard E.
Published: October 2006

Acoustical monitoring of real landslides has revealed the existence of subaudible noise activity prior to failure and has enabled prediction of the depth of the seat of sliding when conducted in boreholes beneath the surface. Recordings of noise generated in small slopes of moist sand, tilted to failure in laboratory tests, have been analyzed to determine the foci of discrete subaudible noise events. The noises emitted shortly before failure were plotted close to the true sliding surface observed after failure. The foci of earlier events lay either within the central portion of the sliding mass or in a region behind the failure surface. The head and toe zones were devoid of strong seismic activity.
Habitat Selection by Chemically Differentiated Races of Lichens
Authors: Culberson William Louis , Culberson Chicita F.
Published: October 2006

The maritime European lichens of the aggregate species
Ramalina siliquosa
represent six chemical races. Where the races are sympatric they populate different habitats. Such intensive local ecological sorting of morphologically similar individuals accumulating different, highly specialized metabolic end products appears to be unknown in other plants.
Gekkonid Lizards Adapt Fat Storage to Desert Environments
Authors: Bustard H. Robert
Published: October 2006

Coleonyx v. variegatus
is adapted to feed voraciously after deprivation of food and to withstand long periods without food. In 4 days specimens converted enough food into reserves to increase their weight by about 50 percent. Total deprivation of food resulted in very gradual loss of weight, which, if maintained, would result in 4 days of feeding being sufficient to sustain the animal for periods of 6 to 9 months.
Mice: Individual Recognition by Olfactory Cues
Authors: Bowers J Michael , Alexander Bruce K.
Published: October 2006

Mice discriminated between two male mice of the same inbred strain on the basis of olfactory cues. Mice could also discriminate by olfactory cues between two different species, C3H
Mus musculus
and
Peromyscus maniculatus
, and between males and females.
Causality, Consciousness, and Cerebral Organization
Authors: Hess Walter R.
Published: October 2006

This article is based upon data which are suitable for the correlation of behavioral research and experimental neurophysiology. Causal thinking manifests a sort of integrative activity which brings simultaneous and successive patterns of nervous excitation into a subjectively meaningful frame of reference. While neuronal patterns determine the content of consciousness, they fail to provide clues concerning the transformation of such patterns into subjective experience.
A Mutagenic Effect of Visible Light Mediated by Endogenous Pigments in
Euglena gracilis
Authors: Leff J. , Krinsky N. I.
Published: October 2006

Mutant cells lackng chlorophyll, chloroplasts, and chloroplast DNA were produced by irradiating
Euglena gracilis
in aerobic conditions with visible or red light (greater than 610 nanometers) of an intensity equivalent to that of direct sunlight. The photosensitizer is apparently the endogenous chlorophyll present in the chloroplasts. These mutants are comparable to those induced by ultraviolet light, x-rays, heat, or streptomycin. Our findings indicate that visible light can serve as a mutagenic agent in the absence of exogenous photosensitizers, thus directly effecting the course of evolution of organisms containing chlorophyll.
Celestial Mechanics Experiment
Authors: Anderson J. D. , Pease G. E. , Efron L. , Tausworthe R. C.
Published: October 2006

Equipment on Mariner V has yielded values for the masses of Moon and Venus more accurate than any previously reported. Range and Doppler radio tracking data necessary for precise space navigation of the spacecraft from Earth to Venus can also be used to obtain data on the orbits of Earth and Venus.
Nucleotide Sequence of KB Cell 5
S
RNA
Authors: Forget Bernard G. , Weissman Sherman M.
Published: October 2006

The nucleotide sequence of 5
S
RNA derived from KB carcinoma cell ribosomes has been determined. The molecule has a length of either 120 or 121 nucleotides with uridine at its 3′-terminus and guanylic acid at its 5′-terminus. If, in addition to Watson-Crick base-pairing, one accepts occasional base-pairing of guanylic acid to uridylic acid, long sequences of complementary nucleotides can be identified within the molecule. Two regions of the molecule contain sequences complementary to four or five bases in the pentanucleotide sequence guanylic acid, ribothymidylic acid, pseudouridylic acid, cytidylic acid, guanylic acid, which is common to most transfer RNA molecules. This is the first time the sequence of an animal-cell RNA has been determined.
The Matthew Effect in Science
Authors: Merton Robert K.
Published: October 2006

This account of the Matthew effect is another small exercise in the psychosociological analysis of the workings of science as a social institution. The initial problem is transformed by a shift in theoretical perspective. As originally identified, the Matthew effect was construed in terms of enhancement of the position of already eminent scientists who are given disproportionate credit in cases of collaboration or of independent multiple discoveries. Its significance was thus confined to its implications for the reward system of science. By shifting the angle of vision, we note other possible kinds of consequences, this time for the communication system of science. The Matthew effect may serve to heighten the visibility of contributions to science by scientists of acknowledged standing and to reduce the visibility of contributions by authors who are less well known. We examine the psychosocial conditions and mechanisms underlying this effect and find a correlation between the redundancy function of multiple discoveries and the focalizing function of eminent men of science—a function which is reinforced by the great value these men place upon finding basic problems and by their self-assurance. This self-assurance, which is partly inherent, partly the result of experiences and associations in creative scientific environments, and partly a result of later social validation of their position, encourages them to search out risky but important problems and to highlight the results of their inquiry. A macrosocial version of the Matthew principle is apparently involved in those processes of social selection that currently lead to the concentration of scientific resources and talent.
Mammoth-Bone Shaft Wrench from Murray Springs, Arizona
Authors: Haynes C. Vance , Hemmings E. Thomas
Published: October 2006

Archeological excavations at Murray Springs, Cochise County, Arizona, in July 1967 uncovered a unique bone tool in the Clovis occupation level and in association with bones of a mammoth. The tool may be a wrench for straightening shafts of spears; if so, shaft diameters ranging from 14 to 17 millimeters were most likely used in hafting Clovis projectile points.
Calcium Carbonate Concretions Formed by the Decomposition of Organic Matter
Authors: Berner Robert A.
Published: October 2006

Bacterial decomposition of butterfish and smelts in small sealed jars containing seawater and other solutions, for periods ranging from 65 to 205 days, results in a large increase in concentrations of dissolved bicarbonate, carbonate, and ammonia (plus volatile amines). Accompanying this is a rise in pH and the precipitation of Ca
++
ion from solution. The Ca
++
is not precipitated as CaCO
3
but instead as a mixture of calcium fatty acid salts or soaps with from 14 to 18 carbon atoms. This can be explained by the thermodynamic instability of CaCO
3
relative to Ca soaps in the presence of excess free fatty acid. It is suggested that some ancient CaCO
3
concretions, especially those enclosing fossils of soft-bodied organisms, may have formed rapidly after death in the form of natural Ca soap (adipocere) which was later converted to CaCO
3
.
Selective Solubilization of a Protein Component of the Red Cell Membrane
Authors: Marchesi V. T. , Steers E.
Published: October 2006

Approximately 20 percent of the membrane-bound protein of erythrocyte ghosts can be solubilized and obtained free of other membrane components by dialysis against adenosine triphosphate and 2-mercaptoethanol. This protein forms one major band on polyacrylamide gels and a single boundary in free-boundary electrophoresis, and it undergoes polymerization in the presence of divalent cations to form coiled filaments visible by electron microscopy. Antibodies to this membrane protein react specifically with red blood cells or their membrane ghosts but do not react with serum, erythrocyte cytoplasm, or other blood cells. The functional role of this protein is unknown, but it appears to be involved in maintaining the structure of the red cell membrane. We suggest that this protein be called Spectrin since it is obtained from membrane ghosts.
Tetraploid DNA Content of Purkinje Neurons of Human Cerebellar Cortex
Authors: Lapham Lowell W.
Published: October 2006

Microspectrophotometric analysis of single cells in Feulgen preparations revealed tetraploid amounts of DNA in Purkinje neurons of human cerebellar cortex.
Serial-Choice Reaction Time: Inadequacies of the Information Hypothesis
Authors: Kornblum Sylvan
Published: October 2006

The results of an experiment on serial-choice reaction time, specifically designed as a critical test of the Information Hypothesis, lead to rejection of the hypothesis; information is found to be neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition to account for the data. Where previously information had been interpreted as a determinant of reaction time, it was usually confounded with the probability of nonrepetition of a signal. Thus, to the extent that this confounding is present in previous experiments, the inference attributing an increase in reaction time to an increase in information is logically invalid.
Parathyroid Hormone Production in vitro by Human Parathyroid Cells Transformed by Simian Virus 40
Authors: Deftos L. J. , Rabson A. S. , Buckle R. M. , Aurbach G. D. , Potts J. T.
Published: October 2006

Cells from a human parathyroid adenoma were infected with simian virus 40 and maintained through 13 subcultures in monolayer tissue culture. For more than 9 months, these "transformed" cells continued to produce parathyroid hormone which was identified by radioimmunoassay and density-gradient ultracentrifugation.
Infrared Receptors in the Facial Pits of the Australian Python
Morelia spilotes
Authors: Warren James W. , Proske Uwe
Published: October 2006

There is a series of pits in the scales of the rostrum and posterior portion of the lower lips in some pythons and boas. In the Australian python
Morelia spilotes
, these pits are innervated by the maxillary and mandibular branches of the trigeminal nerve. Structural and neurophysiological evidence indicate that in the pits there are receptors that function as detectors of radiant heat flux.
Circadian Oscillation Controlling Hatching: Its Ontogeny during Embryogenesis of a Moth
Authors: Minis Dorothea H. , Pittendrigh Colin S.
Published: October 2006

Populations of eggs of the moth
Pectinophora gossypiella
develop a circadian rhythm of hatching activity under certain circumstances. This rhythm derives from circadian oscillations in each egg, which can be initiated or made synchronous by steps or pulses of either light or temperature, but only if these signals are administered after the midpoint of embryogenesis. Correlations between the development of the oscillation, appearance of a pigment, sensitivity to photoperiodic induction, and a possible effect of light on growth rate are discussed.
Natural Hybridization between Two Sibling Species of
Anolis
Lizards: Chromosome Cytology
Authors: Gorman George C. , Atkins Leonard
Published: October 2006

The Lesser Antillean lizards
Anolis trinitatis
and
Anolis aeneus
were both apparently introduced to Trinidad where they are hybridizing. The parental species have 36 and 34 chromosomes, respectively. Hybrids have 35 chromosomes. Meiosis in hybrids is abnormal. There is an accumulation of cells at metaphase I, and poor homolog pairing, characterized by a low frequency of chiasmata and numerous univalents.
Sphene: Uranium-Lead Ages
Authors: Tilton G. R. , Grunenfelder Marc H.
Published: October 2006

Uranium-lead ages were measured on 14 samples of sphene from rocks aged from 1000 to 2750 × 10
6
years. All samples gave concordant or nearly concordant ages, the maximum difference between the Pb
206
-U
238
and Pb
207
-Pb
206
ages being 10 percent. Sphene has more concordant ages than has the coexisting zircon in each of seven rocks in which they were compared. Sphene sometimes has greater ages than does coexisting biotite, although in two metamorphic rocks, in which metamorphism was sufficiently intense to cause redistribution of radiogenic strontium-87 between various mineral phases, sphene dates the time of metamorphism rather than of original crystallization of the rocks.
Human Granulocyte Collagenase
Authors: Lazarus Gerald S. , Brown Robert S. , Daniels John R. , Fullmer Harold M.
Published: October 2006

A collagenase, operative at neutral and alkaline
p
H, has been extracted from the granule fraction of human granulocytic leukocytes. It digests reconstituted collagen fibrils and reduces the viscosity of collagen solutions. Cleavage of collagen in solution with purified enzyme produces the discrete products characteristic of other animal collagenases.
Functional Specialization of Olfactory Glomeruli in a Moth
Authors: Hansson Bill S. , Ljungberg Håkan , Hallberg Eric , Löfstedt Christer
Published: October 2006

The specific function of the glomerular structures present in the antennal lobes or olfactory bulbs of organisms ranging from insects to humans has been obscure because of limitations in neuronal marking methods. By tracing individual neurons in the moth
Agrotis segetum
, it was determined that physiologically distinct types of pheromone receptor neurons project axons to different regions of the macroglomerular complex (MGC). Each glomerulus making up the MGC has a specific functional identity, initially processing information about one specific pheromone component. This indicates that, at least through the first stage of synapses, olfactory information moves through labeled lines.
Aspirin: Dissolution Rates of Two Polymorphic Forms
Authors: Tawashi R.
Published: October 2006

Two polymorphic forms of aspirin were characterized; the rates of dissolution of single crystals and of tablets were studied. One form dissolves 50 percent faster than the other.
Mummy Cave: Prehistoric Record from Rocky Mountains of Wyoming
Authors: Wedel Waldo R. , Husted Wilfred M. , Moss John H.
Published: October 2006

Archeological materials from 8.5 meters of deposits in a stratified rock shelter in the Absaroka Mountains near Yellowstone National Park provide a projectile point sequence and cultural record beginning more than 9000 years ago, and include evidence of human occupation during the Altithermal period.
Cytotoxic Action of Stimulated Lymphocytes on Allogenic and Autologous Erythrocytes
Authors: Perlmann Peter , Perlmann Hedvig , Holm Göran
Published: October 2006

Fowl erythrocytes are lysed when exposed to an excess of fowl blood lymphocytes in the presence of phytohemagglutinin. No significant cell damage is seen in the absence of phytohemagglutinin, or when the lymphocytes are replaced by malignant lymphoid cells, thymus cells, or nonlymphoid cells. The lymphocytes remain viable during the reaction. Differences in histocompatibility between lymphocytes and erythrocytes are not required. Autologous lymphocytes are cytotoxic to the same extent as allogenic lymphocytes over a wide range of experimental conditions.
Chick's Response to an Imprinting Stimulus: Heterosis and Evolution
Authors: Graves H. B. , Siegel P. B.
Published: October 2006

Tendencies of day-old chicks to respond toward, to approach, and to stay near a distant audiovisual imprinting apparatus were shown to be inherited in a heterotic manner. High correlations found among the traits suggest that these behavioral responses are not independent but sequential. The fitness value of such a behavioral sequence is explained in terms of imprinting.
Pulse Structure of the Pulsating Radio Source in Vulpecula
Authors: Drake F. D.
Published: October 2006

The pulses from the pulsating radio source at right ascension 19 hours 19 minutes, declination +22 degrees have the following characteristics: (i) they begin with a sharp leading edge; (ii) they terminate after 37 milliseconds; and (iii) they consist of three subpulses, the first of which is both the strongest and the best defined.
Junctional Physiology and Motor Nerve Distribution in the Fast Adductor Muscle of the Scallop
Authors: Mellon Deforest
Published: October 2006

Electrical recordings from single muscle cells in the fast portion of the scallop adductor have revealed a multiterminal distribution of motor nerves. All motor junctions appear to be of the fast designation, and several nerve fibers supply each muscle cell. The muscle fibers, by virtue of common innervation, are grouped into functional motor units. The pattern of innervation in scallops thus shares functional similarities with the motor distribution to skeletal muscle fibers of both vertebrates and arthropods.
Neonatal Castration: Influence on Neural Organization of Sexual Reflexes in Male Rats
Authors: Hart Benjamin L.
Published: October 2006

Most male rats castrated 4 days after birth and given exogenous testosterone in adulthood were sexually motivated but incapable of completing the mating sequence with an ejaculatory response. When tested for sexual reflexes after spinal transection, these animals displayed impairment of genital responses. Similarly treated 12-day castrates exhibited a complete mating sequence and had normal sexual reflexes. Thus neonatal testicular androgen appears to have an organizational influence at the spinal level on neural tissue mediating sexual reflexes.
Transverse Tubular System in Glycerol-Treated Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Eisenberg Brenda , Eisenberg R. S.
Published: October 2006

Horseradish peroxidase used as an extracellular marker fills 98.5 percent of the central triadic elements (tubules) in normal muscle and 97.2 percent in muscle soaked in Ringer solution to which 400-millimolar glycerol is added. A glycerol-soaked muscle rapidly returned to normal Ringer solution has a disrupted transverse tubular system and has only 3.2 percent of triads filled with peroxidase.
Homing Orientation by Olfaction in Newts (
Taricha rivularis
)
Authors: Grant David , Anderson Oscar , Twitty Victor
Published: October 2006

Newts displaced after perfusion of the olfactory epithelium with formaldehyde failed to orient toward home, whereas control animals subjected to oral perfusion with formaldehyde oriented as readily as did untreated controls. Newts with surgically extirpated olfactory nerves failed to home unless their nerves had regenerated. These results strongly suggest a critical role for olfaction in homing behavior.
Rejection of Renal Allografts: Specific Immunologic Suppression
Authors: Stuart Frank P. , Saitoh Tatsuo , Fitch Frank W.
Published: October 2006

Kidneys were transplanted across a major genetic barrier (Ag-B locus), from Lewis×BN F
1
hybrid rats into bilaterally nephrectomized Lewis rats. Survival of grafts is prolonged (indefinite?) in rats treated with a combination of (i) intravenous injection of donor spleen cells 1 day before the graft, and (ii) passive immunization with antiserum prepared in rats of the recipient strain against donor spleen and lymph-node cells. The recipient's immune response to other antigens is not impaired.
Lyme Disease in California: a Novel Enzootic Transmission Cycle of
Borrelia burgdorferi
Authors: Brown Richard N. , Lane Robert S.
Published: October 2006

Knowledge of zoonotic transmission cycles is essential for the development of effective strategies for disease prevention. The enzootiology of Lyme disease in California differs fundamentally from that reported from the eastern United States. Woodrats, not mice, serve as reservoir hosts, and
Ixodes neotomae
, a nonhuman-biting tick, maintains the agent of Lyme disease,
Borrelia burgdorferi
, in enzootic cycles. The western black-legged tick,
Ixodes pacificus
, is the primary vector to humans, but it appears to be an inefficient maintenance vector. Isolates of
B. burgdorferi
from California exhibit considerable antigenic heterogeneity, and some isolates differ strikingly from isolates recovered from this and other geographic regions.
Lymphoid Development in Mice Congenitally Lacking T Cell Receptor αβ-Expressing Cells
Authors: Philpott Karen L. , Viney Joanne L. , Kay Graham , Rastan Sohaila , Gardiner Edith M. , Chae Sarah , Hayday Adrian C. , Owen Michael J.
Published: October 2006

Vertebrate T cells express either an αβ or γδ T cell receptor (TCR). The developmental relatedness of the two cell types is unresolved. αβ
+
T cells respond to specific pathogens by collaborating with immunoglobulin-producing B cells in distinct lymphoid organs such as the spleen and Peyer's patches. The precise influence of αβ
+
T cells on B cell development is poorly understood. To investigate the developmental effects of αβ
+
T cells on B cells and γδ
+
T cells, mice homozygous for a disrupted TCRα gene were generated. The homozygotes showed elimination of αβ
+
T cells and the loss of thymic medullae. Despite this, γδ
+
T cells developed in normal numbers, and there was an increase in splenic B cells.
Transplantation of Marrow to Extramedullary Sites
Authors: Tavassoli Mehdi , Crosby William H.
Published: October 2006

Autologous fragments of transplanted marrow have survived in various extramedullary sites in the rat, rabbit, and dog. Survival of the fragments occurs with a complete reconstitution of the hemopoietic and adventitial structures. The process originates from a network of surviving reticular cells which proliferate and differentiate into osteoblasts and give rise to trabecular bone. Later, the reticular cells reconstruct the marrow's microcirculation. Hemopoietic repopulation of the marrow implant takes place only after its sinusoidal microcirculation has been established.
Cell Division in
Erwinia
: Inhibition of Nuclear Body Division in Filaments Grown in Penicillin or Mitomycin C
Authors: Grula E. A. , Smith Gerald L. , Grula Mary M.
Published: October 2006

Low concentrations of penicillin or mitomycin C in cultures of
Erwinia
sp. inhibit cell division. Electron-microscopic analysis of serial sections of these nondividing cells reveals that division of the nuclear body is also inhibited.
Histochemical Fluorescence after Application of Neurochemicals to Caudate Nucleus and Septal Area in vivo
Authors: Routtenberg Aryeh , Sladek John , Bondareff William
Published: October 2006

The movement of carbachol, norepinephrine, and dopamine from cannula sites in caudate nucleus and septal area of freely moving rats was traced by means of biogenic amine fluorescence. Fluorescent patterns seen after application of carbachol and norepinephrine to brain tissue did not appear to differ from controls. Three types of movement from the cannula site after administration of dopamine were observed. There was a spherical distribution approximately 2 millimeters in diameter. Fluorescence also followed axonal pathways in the orthodromic direction, suggesting that dopamine may have been transported by "axonal streaming" or by some other unknown mechanism in periaxonal spaces. Because fluorescence was present in both the ependymal lining and the choroid plexus, it was inferred that the cerebral ventricles were also involved in the movement of chemical. Any attempt to ascribe anatomical localization to behavioral effects resulting from chemical stimulation of the brain should take into account the widespread movement of chemicals after their local application to brain tissue.
Feeding and Core Temperature in Albino-Rats: Changes Induced by Preoptic Heating and Cooling
Authors: Spector N. Herbert , Brobeck John R. , Hamilton Charles L.
Published: October 2006

At an ambient temperature of 25°C, selective cooling of the area preoptica medialis to 24° ± 1°C produced a significant decrease in food intake together with hyperthermia. Heating the same area to 43° ± 1°C resulted in the opposite effects. At an ambient temperature of 35°C, heating the area preoptica medialis to 43°C resulted in a decrease in food intake despite concomitant hypothermia.
Temporal Relation Between Long-Lasting Aftercontractions and Action Potentials in Cat Papillary Muscles
Authors: Kaumann Alberto J. , Olson Camille B.
Published: October 2006

Sotalol, an adrenergic-blocking and antiarrhythmic agent, increases markedly and simultaneously the duration of both action potentials and contractions in papillary muscles. The active tension is manifested as a main twitch contraction followed by a maintained low level of residual tension (aftercontraction) which persists until the terminal phase of rapid repolarization. The strength of the aftercontraction is augmented when the extracellular concentration of calcium is increased.
Triassic Amphibian from Antarctica
Authors: Barrett Peter J. , Baillie Ralph J. , Colbert Edwin H.
Published: October 2006

A fossil bone fragment—the first record of tetrapod life from Antarctica—was found near Graphite Peak in the upper Beardmore Glacier area (85°3.3′S; 172°19′E). The fragment was embedded in a pebbly quartzose sandstone, probably of fluvial origin, in the lower part of the Triassic Fremouw Formation (as yet undefined), which contains
Dicroidium
in the upper part. The fossil horizon is only 76 meters, stratigraphically, above the
Glossopteris
-bearing Buckley Formation, a coal-bearing sequence of Permian age. The bone fragment is the back portion of a left mandibular ramus of a labyrinthodont amphibian. This identification is based on the characteristic labyrinthodont external surface sculpturing, with indications of "mucous grooves," as well as on other osteological features.
Pyrrhotites: Synthetics Having Two New Superstructures
Authors: Morimoto Nobuo , Nakazawa Hiromoto
Published: October 2006

Synthetic pyrrhotites Fe

1-
x

S, synthesized at various compositions and temperatures, show the presence of two new superstructures based on the hexagonal subcell of the NiAs type (axes
A
and
C
): one, in the range 1-
x
=0.89 to 0.93, has
a
= 90
A
and
c
= 3
C
; the other, in the range 1 -
x
= 0.935 to 0.975, has
a
= 2
A
but
c
irrationally related to
C
, varying with composition.
Seismic and Bathymetric Evidence of a Fracture Zone on Gorda Ridge
Authors: Northrop J. , Menard H. W. , Duennebier F. K.
Published: October 2006

Swarms of seaquakes have been located hydroacoustically on Gorda Ridge near 41.5°N, 127.6°W, where detailed bathymetric charts indicate a slight dextral offset of the rift valley in the center of the ridge. It is suggested that a fracture zone may be nascent in the area.
Magnesium Sulfate Interactions in Seawater from Solubility Measurements
Authors: Pytkowicz R. M. , Gates R.
Published: October 2006

The extent of association between magnesium and sulfate ions was determined in artificial seawater by a solubility technique. About 10 percent of the magnesium ions were found to be associated. This result supersedes the earlier value found in this laboratory and agrees with the results of Garrels and Thompson, Thompson, and Fisher.
Trophoblast Antigenicity Demonstrated by Altered Challenge Graft Survival
Authors: Hulka Jaroslav F. , Mohr Kathleen
Published: October 2006

Adult C57BL/6J male mice received either a primary ectopic transplant or a primary and a challenge ectopic transplant of trophoblast tissue obtained from the ectoplacental cones of 7½-day-old C3H/HeJ × C3H/HeJ embryos. Gross and histologic examinations of these grafts at 5, 7, and 12 days of growth indicated that the challenge grafts were inhibited in growth; there were a smaller percentage of grossly successful grafts, smaller hemorrhagic reactions, fewer viable cells at all stages of growth, and better host containment of the colony. The evidence indicates that exposure to pure trophoblast alters an animal's subsequent reaction to grafts syngeneic with the original trophoblast and can best be explained as evidence of immunologic sensitization of the host.
Remission of Aster Yellows Disease by Antibiotics
Authors: Davis Robert E. , Whitcomb Robert F. , Steere Russell L.
Published: October 2006

Suppression of symptoms of aster yellows by antibiotics supports the tentative hypothesis that the etiologic agent is a mycoplasma- or bedsonia-like organism rather than a virus. Development of symptoms was suppressed by chlortetracycline, tetracycline, or chloramphenicol, but not by penicillin. When plants were treated with chlortetracycline at 1000 parts per million before symptoms appeared, symptoms developed only after cessation of the treatment. Assay of the agent of aster yellows, extracted from plants, indicated inhibition of growth of the pathogen by treatment with chlortetracycline. Plants severely affected before treatment began developed new symptomless axillary growth, including flowers; previously yellowed leaves often became green. Acquisition of the agent of aster yellows by leafhoppers was drastically reduced when infected plants were treated with chlortetracycline continuously for 1 week before exposure to the vectors. Our data, and preliminary evidence from purification studies, are consistent with a possible mycoplasma- or bedsonia-like etiology of the aster yellows disease.
Cell Proliferation: Enhancement by Extracts from Cell Surfaces of Polyoma-Virus-Transformed Cells
Authors: Beierle John W.
Published: October 2006

Dispersion of confluent monolayers of BHK21 cells with ethylenediaminetetraacetate yields a material that inhibits cell proliferation, whereas identical extraction of polyoma-virus-transformed cells provides material which enhances cellular proliferation. The material was partially characterized.
Marine Diagenesis of Shallow Marine Lime-Mud Sediments: Insights from δO
18
and δC
13
Data
Authors: Choquette Philip W.
Published: October 2006

Shallow marine lime-mud sediments of the Ste. Genevieve Formation (Mississippian), in part of the Illinois Basin, underwent at least three diagenetic changes: (i) local dolomitization in seawater or a brine, producing dolostone having average δC
13
of +2.5 per mille and δO
18
of +1.9 per mille (versus PDB-1); (ii) more usually cementation of unreplaced CaCO
3
, in intrasediment seawater, yielding isotopically marine lime mudstone mainly composed of calcite, 4-micron or finer, with δO
18
of from -1 to +1 per mille; (iii) later partial alteration of CaCO
3
in permeable dolomitic rocks, by isotopically "lighter" waters, to calcite with an estimated δO
18
of -10 per mille or less. Isotope data appraised by petrographic analysis thus suggest "submarine" cementation of these carbonates in shallow marine conditions.
Inherited C′2 Deficiency in Man: Lack of Immunochemically Detectable C′2 Protein in Serums from Deficient Individuals
Authors: Polley Margaret J.
Published: October 2006

Monospecific antiserum to highly purified second component of human complement (C′2) was used to show the absence of the protein from the serums of four persons homozygous for a hereditary deficiency of second-component activity. Serum from an individual heterozygous for the deficiency contained a reduced amount of this protein as compared to the concentration in normal serum. These observations indicate that genetic deficiency of this component is due to failure of synthesis of normal amounts of the protein rather than to synthesis of an antigenically related, hemolytically inactive analog of C′2.
Gaucher's Disease: A Genetic Disease Detected in Skin Fibroblast Cultures
Authors: Danes B. Shannon , Bearn Alexander G.
Published: October 2006

Skin fibroblasts from three adult patients with chronic noncerebral Gaucher's disease, three children of one of the patients, three parents, and six normal individuals were grown in cell culture. Giant fibroblasts containing metachromatic material were seen in all cultures derived from affected individuals and heterozygous carriers but not in those derived from normal individuals.
Atmospheric Aerosols: Increased Concentrations during the Last Decade
Authors: Peterson James T. , Bryson Reid A.
Published: October 2006

Atmospheric turbidity values calculated each month from solar radiation observations at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, show an increase of aerosols from 1958 through the present. These data indicate that either the effects of the Mount Agung eruption are still being observed or a longer-term trend of increasing turbidity is in evidence.
Occupancy Principle for Radioactive Tracers in Steady-State Biological Systems
Authors: Orr J. S. , Gillespie F. C.
Published: October 2006

Bergner's theoretical analysis of tracer dynamics has important applications in biology, not only for the measurement of exchangeable mass (as he demonstrated) but also for elicitation of otherwise inaccessible information on total masses of particular elements in body organs or systems—as well as in chemical engineering and geophysics.
Insect Salivary Glands: Stimulation of Fluid Secretion by 5-Hydroxytryptamine and Adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate
Authors: Berridge M. J. , Patel N. G.
Published: October 2006

Low concentrations (10
-9
M
) of 5-hydroxytryptamine increase the rate of fluid secretion by isolated salivary glands of adult
Calliphora
. 5-Hydroxytryptamine is present in
Calliphora
brain. Adenosine-3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) also stimulates fluid secretion and may be involved in the mode of action of 5-hydroxytryptamine.
Pesticide Mobility: Determination by Soil Thin-Layer Chromatography
Authors: Helling Charles S. , Turner Benjamin C.
Published: October 2006

Pesticide movement was evaluated by the comparison of

R
F

values on thin layers of soils. Results from the new technique correlated well with existing information on pesticide movement, facilitating the grouping of pesticides into classes on the basis of mobility. Thin-layer chromatography may have broad applicability in soils research.
Lactate Dehydrogenase Isozymes: Dissociation and Denaturation by Dilution
Authors: Markert Clement L. , Massaro Edward J.
Published: October 2006

The tetrameric enzyme lactate dehydrogenase dissociates into its constituent monomeric subunits in a high ion to protein concentration ratio, in certain ionic environments when frozen, and at extreme dilution. Dissociation by dilution involves changes in tertiary conformation which inactivate the enzyme. The dissociation is strongly inhibited by homologous native proteins, but only slightly by denatured or unrelated proteins.
Frame Shift Mutations near the Beginning of the Lysozyme Gene of Bacteriophage T4
Authors: Okada Yoshimi , Streisinger George , Emrich Joyce , Newton Judith , Tsugita Akira , Inouye Masayori
Published: October 2006

A pair of frame shift mutations in the lysozyme gene of bacteriophage T4 results in the substitution of a glutamyl-tyrosyl sequence for the asparagine residue that is the penultimate amino-terminal amino acid in the lysozyme of the wild-type strain. One of the mutations has been identified as the insertion of two bases, the other as the insertion of a single base.
Chemical Carcinogenesis: Persistence of Bound Forms of 2-Fluorenylacetamide
Authors: Epstein Sheldon M. , McNary John , Bartus Barbara , Farber Emmanuel
Published: October 2006

The persistent binding of metabolites of hepatic carcinogen, 2-fluorenylacetamide, to glycogen and to DNA in a new population of liver cells, hyperplastic nodules, and to glycogen in liver cancer cells weeks to months after the carcinogen was removed from the animals' diet is indicated by spectrophotometric, chromatographic, and mass spectrographic data. This persistence of binding does not appear to occur in the nonhyperplastic or nonneoplastic liver surrounding the nodules or the cancer.
Boll Weevil Found in Pre-Columbian Cotton from Mexico
Authors: Warner Rose Ella , Smith C. Earle
Published: October 2006

A well-preserved, teneral adult female boll weevil,
Anthonomus grandis
Boheman (broad sense), was discovered in fragments of a cultivated cotton boll found in Guila Nacquitz Cave, Level A, dated about A.D. 900, near Mitla, Oaxaca, Mexico. This find antedates any previously known association of the boll weevil with cultivated cotton by about 900 years and negates the contention that this association began in the 18th century. The specimen is intermediate in form between
Anthonomus grandis grandis
Boheman and the thurberia weevil,
Anthonomus grandis thurberiae
Pierce.
Weddellite in a Marine Gastropod and in Antarctic Sediments
Authors: Lowenstam Heinz A.
Published: October 2006

The calcium oxalate dihydrate mineral, weddellite, has been identified in a microarchitectural component of the gizzard plates from the deepwater gastropod
Scaphander cylindrellus
. This is the first indication of nonpathologic precipitation of this mineral by an animal species. A new occurrence of weddellite in sediments from the Weddell Sea, Antarctica, is also reported, lending support to the earlier interpretation that the mineral is an authigenic constituent of the sediments in this area.
Kaolinite Layer Structure: Relaxation by Dehydroxylation
Authors: Brindley G. W. , Gibbon D. L.
Published: October 2006

Single-crystal electron-diffraction data reveal features of metakaolin. The basal plane parameters increase 2.2 percent in formation of metakaolin produced by heating kaolinite in air at 700°C for 12 hours. This increase results from removal of the distortion of sheet structure (relaxation).
Neurexins: Synaptic Cell Surface Proteins Related to the α-Latrotoxin Receptor and Laminin
Authors: Ushkaryov Yuri A. , Petrenko Alexander G. , Geppert Martin , Südhof Thomas C.
Published: October 2006

A family of highly polymorphic neuronal cell surface proteins, the neurexins, has been identified. At least two genes for neurexins exist. Each gene uses alternative promoters and multiple variably spliced exons to potentially generate more than a 100 different neurexin transcripts. The neurexins were discovered by the identification of one member of the family as the receptor for α-latrotoxin. This toxin is a component of the venom from black widow spiders; it binds to presynaptic nerve terminals and triggers massive neurotransmitter release. Neurexins contain single transmembrane regions and extracellular domains with repeated sequences similar to sequences in laminin A, slit, and agrin, proteins that have been implicated in axon guidance and synaptogenesis. An antibody to neurexin I showed highly concentrated immunoreactivity at the synapse. The polymorphic structure of the neurexins, their neural localization, and their sequence similarity to proteins associated with neurogenesis suggest a function as cell recognition molecules in the nerve terminal.
Role of Surface Dipoles on Axon Membrane
Authors: Wei Ling Y.
Published: October 2006

A physical model of nerve excitation and conduction is proposed based on the discovery of three new axon membrane properties: the negative fixed surface charge, the birefringence change, and the infrared emission.
Secretory Activity and Oncogenicity of a Cell Line (MDCK) Derived from Canine Kidney
Authors: Leighton Joseph , Brada Zbynek , Estes Larry W. , Justh Gerald
Published: October 2006

A cell line (MDCK) of dog kidney origin grows on a glass surface as a mosaic of epithelium with many multicellular hemispherical vesicles. The cells lining the blisters actively secrete into the cyst cavities. Suspensions of these cells injected intravenously in the chick embryo produce brain metastases resembling adenocarcinoma.
Satellite Observations of the Earth's Radiation Budget
Authors: Vonder Haar T. H. , Suomi V. E.
Published: October 2006

Meteorological satellites have provided the first complete data on energy exchange between earth and space. The planetary albedo is 29 percent for the mean annual case, and the entire earth-atmosphere system is in near radiative equilibrium. More energy is absorbed in tropical regions than previously believed, and major energy source and sink regions exist within latitude belts.
Action Spectra for Phase Shifts of a Circadian Rhythm in
Drosophila
Authors: Frank Kenneth D. , Zimmerman William F.
Published: October 2006

Action spectra were determined for light-induced phase shifts of the circadian rhythm of adult emergence in
Drosophila pseudoobscura
. The action spectra for advance and delay phase shifts are similar; the most effective wavelengths are in the blue region, with a sharp cutoff above 500 nanometers. This similarity suggests that the same photoreceptive pigment mediates both advance and delay phase shifts.
Coalescence of Two Immiscible Liquid Drops
Authors: Torza S. , Mason S. G.
Published: October 2006

When two immiscible liquid drops suspended in a third immiscible liquid are brought into contact, three equilibrium configurations which depend upon the spreading coefficients are possible. Experiments for a large number of systems, including three-phase emulsions, confirm the theory and indicate the mechanisms of reaching equilibrium.
Microspikes on the Lymphocyte Uropod
Authors: McFarland William
Published: October 2006

Lymphocytes have anatomic and functional characteristics reminiscent of the amoeba. The capacity to form microspikes on the uropod suggests a high degree of specialization essential to the lymphocyte's function in immunologic reactions.
Paramyosin: Molecular Length and Assembly
Authors: Kendrick-Jones John , Cohen Carolyn , Szent-Györgyi Andrew G. , Longley William
Published: October 2006

Paramyosin paracrystals formed with divalent cations have a 725-angstrom axial period and show simple negative staining patterns in the electron microscope. The structure of the aggregates is interpreted in terms of an array of polar molecules about 1275 angstroms long, with "gaps" and "overlaps" in the molecular assembly. Antiparallel relations between molecules lead to the assembly of paracrystals with opposite polarity at either end. Implications of the in vitro structures for filaments containing paramyosin in muscle are discussed.
Ribosomal RNA Synthesis during Cleavage of
Ascaris lumbricoides
Eggs
Authors: Kaulenas M. S. , Foor W. E. , Fairbairn D.
Published: October 2006

The appearance of well-defined nucleoli in 4-celled
Ascaris
embryos is associated with the synthesis of ribosomal RNA.
Collagenase Production by Lymphokine-Activated Macrophages
Authors: Wahl Larry M. , Wahl Sharon M. , Mergenhagen Stephan E. , Martin George R.
Published: October 2006

Macrophages incubated with products (lymphokines) secreted by stimulated spleen cells produced collagenase. Active lymphokines were obtained both from mitogen- and antigen-stimulated lymphocytes. These observations suggest that the degradation of collagen in chronic inflammatory lesions may be caused by macrophage collagenase.