bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soziale Unterschiede im Gesundheitsverhalten Jugendlicher – Anforderungen an eine sozial-sensitive Präventionspolitik
Authors: Kuntz Benjamin , Lampert Thomas
Published: October 2010

Einleitung

Im Hinblick auf zentrale Gesundheitsverhaltensdimensionen ist von einer frühen Weichenstellung auszugehen. In jungen Jahren entwickeln sich Verhaltensmuster, welche sich im späteren Leben als relativ stabil erweisen. Aus Sicht von Prävention und Gesundheitsförderung erwächst hieraus die Chance, durch zielgruppengerechte Interventionen im Kindes- und Jugendalter nachhaltige Erfolge zu erzielen. Soziale Unterschiede im Gesundheitsverhalten Jugendlicher erfordern dabei eine sozial-sensitive Präventionspolitik.
Prävention kindlicher Adipositas: Was beeinflusst die Inanspruchnahme von Präventionsangeboten?
Authors: Warschburger Petra
Published: October 2010

Einleitung

Präventionsangebote werden selten, besonders Risikogruppen, angenommen. Mütter 3- bis 6 jähriger Kinder wurden u.a. zu hinderlichen und förderlichen Faktoren für die Teilnahmebereitschaft befragt. Viele Mütter betrachten demnach Übergewicht nicht als relevantes Problem und unterschätzen die damit verbundenen körperlichen und psychischen Belastungen. Die Teilnahmebereitschaft war gering ausgeprägt; Hinderungsgründe wurden v.a. bezogen auf organisatorische Aspekte benannt.
,,Es geht nur mit den Eltern!‘‘ - Kriterien erfolgreicher Präventionsprogramme
Authors: Hartung Susanne , Kluwe Sabine , Sahrai Diana
Published: October 2010

Einleitung

Für den Erfolg von Präventionsprogrammen für Kinder und Jugendliche ist die Einbeziehung ihrer Eltern unverzichtbar. Das gilt in besonderem Maße, wenn Familien aus niedrigeren sozialen Lagen mit den Programmen erreicht und unterstützt werden sollen. Wie Elternbildungsprogramme in die Lebenswelt der Familien eingebunden und auf bestehende Bedarfe und Bedürfnisse eingehen können, hat die an der Universität Bielefeld durchgeführte Evaluation dreier Elternbildungsprogramme (BEEP) untersucht.
Prävention durch Bewegung und Sport im Kindergarten
Authors: Roth Kristina , Mauer Sonja , Obinger Matthias , Hebestreit Helge
Published: October 2010

Einleitung

Eine vielseitige körperliche Aktivität ist für die frühkindliche Entwicklung von großer Bedeutung. Bewegungsmangel bei Kindergartenkindern wird mit Übergewicht, Haltungs- und Koordinationsmängeln assoziiert. Die Wirksamkeit primärpräventiver Interventionen zur Steigerung der körperlichen Aktivität ist für dieses Alter bislang aber nicht belegt. Ziel des vorliegenden Projektes war die Entwicklung eines Bewegungsprogramms für Kindergärten und die Evaluation der Durchführbarkeit und Effektivität.
Stressprävention im Jugendalter
Authors: Lohaus Arnold
Published: October 2010

Einleitung

Obwohl Jugendliche heute mit vielfältigen pubertätsbedingten Entwicklungsaufgaben oder vielfachen stressbezogenen Problemen konfrontiert sind, gab es bisher im deutschsprachigen Raum keine Präventionsmaßnahme, um das konkrete Bewältigungsverhalten von Jugendlichen zu unterstützen. Mit dem beschriebenen Projekt wird eine Präventionsmaßnahme zum Aufbau eines angemessenen Stressbewältigungsverhaltens für Jugendliche entwickelt und optimiert. Dabei wurden spezifische zielgruppenbezogene Maßnahmen (wie E-learning-Angebote) integriert, um die Jugendlichen besser zu erreichen.
Gesundheitsförderung übergewichtiger Auszubildender im Betrieb
Authors: Angerer Peter , Niedermeier Heike , Graf Thomas , Manthey Anke , Gündel Harald
Published: October 2010

Einleitung

Die Wirksamkeit gesundheitsförderlicher Maßahmen für übergewichtige Jugendliche im betrieblichen Setting wurde bislang nicht untersucht. Die vom BMBF und von Praxispartnern geförderte zweijährige Interventionsstudie zielt darauf, den Effekt eines multimodalen Programms aus Ernährungsberatung, Sport und Lebenskompetenztraining, verhältnispräventiv unterstützt, auf medizinische und psychologische Zielgrößen zu messen, sowie die persönliche Perspektive der Teilnehmer auf das Projekt durch Interviews zu erfassen.
Evaluation ernährungs- und bewegungsbezogener Prävention bei sozial benachteiligten Kindern, Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen - Evaluationstools für die Praxis
Authors: Mühlbach Andreas , Kolip Petra
Published: October 2010

Einleitung

Ernährungs- und bewegungsbezogene Interventionen haben in den vergangenen Jahren verstärkt Aufmerksamkeit erhalten, wobei wissenschaftliche Begleitforschungen eher selten sind. Dennoch sind Anbieter entsprechender Interventionen daran interessiert, die Wirkung ihrer Angebote zu evaluieren und leisten damit einen Beitrag zur Evidenz bevölkerungsbezogener Maßnahmen. Dies verlangt aber Ansätze, die zwischen wissenschaftlichem Anspruch und eher pragmatischer Herangehensweise vermitteln. Ein Versuch dazu stellt die Seite www.evaluationstools.de dar.
Mehr als gewohnt. Stadtteile machen sich stark für die Gesundheitsförderung von Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Böhme Christa , Reimann Bettina
Published: October 2010

Einleitung

Armut ist ein Gesundheitsrisiko. Menschen mit geringem Einkommen, niedrigem Berufs- oder Bildungsstatus leiden häufiger an gesundheitlichen Beeinträchtigungen, wobei Kinder und Jugendliche hiervon besonders betroffen sind. Obwohl sich diese Belastungen in sozial benachteiligten Stadtteilen konzentrieren, steckt die gesundheitsfördernde Stadtteilentwicklung noch in den Kinderschuhen. Stadtteilentwicklung und Gesundheitsförderung müssen daher - mit besonderem Augenmerk auf junge Menschen - stärker als bisher verknüpft werden.
Making room at the table: Incorporation of foreign workers in Israel
Authors: Harper Robin A , Zubida Hani
Published: October 2010

In this article, we explore how foreign workers’ presence is redefining the identity borders of Israeli society and the challenges posed to Israeliness by the inclusion of first, 1.5 and second generation foreign workers in the Israeli polity. We explore how these migrants perceive life in Israel, their own and their children‘s identities, prospects for incorporation and permanence and intersections between Israeliness and Jewishness. To inform our analysis, we conducted interviews in winter 2010 with 22 foreign workers who are first generation; about half are parents of children in Israel. Our analysis reveals that foreign workers seek acceptance into the Israeli polity, especially for their children who have been socialized into Israeli life and that their potential inclusion has real implications for the understanding of what it means to be Israeli.
Highly-skilled ‘guest-workers’ in the UK: Implications for ‘citizenship’ in naturalisation policy and integration policy
Authors: Kiwan Dina
Published: October 2010

Guestworker programmes have typically referred to programmes of a temporary nature, where guests are not integrated into the state, but are expected to leave (Hahamovitch, 2003). Critics argue that such programmes are discriminatory, and that long-term membership in a society should entitle such workers to the legal rights of membership, including citizenship (Carens, 2008). The UK's programme for highly-skilled migrants, introduced in 2008, is part of a five-tier points-based immigration system. It allows highly-skilled individuals to immigrate to the UK, initially for one year, without sponsorship from an employer, and on securing employment, this stay can be extended with subsequent entitlement to apply for British citizenship after five years. I examine the requirements and entitlements for these guestworkers, in relation to naturalisation and integration policy. I argue that a ‘moral’ conception of citizenship is invoked on economic grounds. Also, ‘integration’ is narrowly conceived in terms of the assumed unskilled or semi-skilled migrant's knowledge and skills ‘deficit’, rather than in terms of the integration of ‘highly-skilled’ guestworkers. Finally, I argue that methodologically, we cannot make judgements on either the economic validity, or the fairness of this programme without considering the managed migration system as a whole, integrated system of unskilled, semi-skilled as well as highly-skilled guestworkers.
‘Your astronomers and ours differ exceedingly’: the controversy over the ‘new star’ of 1572 in the light of a newly discovered text by Thomas Digges
Authors: PUMFREY STEPHEN
Published: October 2010

This article presents evidence that an anonymous publication of 1573, aLetter sent by a gentleman of England [concerning …] the myraculous starre nowe shyning, was written by Thomas Digges, England's first Copernican. It tells the story of how it arose out of research commissioned by Elizabeth I's privy counsellors in response to the conventional argument of Jean Gosselin, librarian to Henri III of France, that the star was a comet which presaged wars. The text is significant because it seems to contain the observations and opinions that Digges held before he completed his other astronomical treatise, the groundbreakingAlae seu scalae mathematicae. It also casts some light on the development of Digges's radical and puritan views about the star, Copernican astronomy, the infinity of the universe and a belief that the ‘latter days’ of the world had arrived.
Development of a nonlinear eddy-viscosity closure for the triple-decomposition stability analysis of a turbulent channel
Authors: KITSIOS V. , CORDIER L. , BONNET J.-P. , OOI A. , SORIA J.
Published: October 2010

The analysis of the instabilities in an unsteady turbulent flow is undertaken using a triple decomposition to distinguish between the time-averaged field, a coherent wave and the remaining turbulent scales of motion. The stability properties of the coherent scale are of interest. Previous studies have relied on prescribed constants to close the equations governing the evolution of the coherent wave. Here we propose an approach where the model constants are determined only from the statistical measures of the unperturbed velocity field. Specifically, a nonlinear eddy-viscosity model is used to close the equations, and is a generalisation of earlier linear eddy-viscosity closures. Unlike previous models the proposed approach does not assume the same dissipation rate for the time- and phase-averaged fields. The proposed approach is applied to a previously published turbulent channel flow, which was harmonically perturbed by two vibrating ribbons located near the channel walls. The response of the flow was recorded at several downstream stations by phase averaging the probe measurements at the same frequency as the forcing. The experimentally measured growth rates and velocity profiles, are compared to the eigenvalues and eigenvectors resulting from the stability analysis undertaken herein. The modes recovered from the solution of the eigenvalue problem, using the nonlinear eddy-viscosity model, are shown to capture the experimentally measured spatial decay rates and mode shapes of the coherent scale.
Numerical analysis of double layers in the downward current region of the aurora
Authors: LIU SANQIU , LIAO JINGJING
Published: October 2010

On the basis of two magneto-fluid model for two time-scales, the evolution of double layer in the downward current region of the aurora is numerically simulated under the non-static limit case. The results show that localized drop in density owing to collapsed high-frequency field can lead to the formation of double layer. The amplitude of the double layer is the order of the electron temperature, and the ramp potential is up to 36 V localized to tens of Debye lengths, which is around 100–200 m. These are consistent with the measurements in both the ramp potential and thickness by the Fast Auroral SnapshoT satellite in the downward current region of the aurora.
Using Identity and Recognition as a Framework to Understand and Promote the Resilience of Caregiving Children in Western Kenya
Authors: SKOVDAL MORTEN , ANDREOULI ELENI
Published: October 2010

Children around the world have been observed to assume caregiving responsibilities when a parent or other family members fall ill. Whilst the circumstances surrounding caregiving children in Anglophone countries have been looked at in detail, we know relatively little about how children in Africa experience young caregiving. This paper seeks to further our understanding of caregiving children in Africa by looking at how local constructions of childhood can facilitate their agency and resilience, paying particular attention to the role of identity and recognition. The study involved 48 caregiving children from Western Kenya who through individual interviews, photography and draw-and-write compositions articulated their experiences. The views of ten local adults have also been included. A thematic analysis revealed that caregiving children in Kenya are active participants in community life. Their participation is encouraged by local understandings of childhood and recognition of their efforts, enabling the children to construct positive identities that enhance their resilience. The paper argues that the way in which caregiving children in Kenya respond to their circumstances is influenced by a social recognition of their activities and agency. This recognition, mediated by local representations of childhood, allows the children to construct positive social identities that facilitate resilience. We conclude that there is a need for policy and practice on young caregiving, in all countries and contexts, to consider the role of social recognition and local constructions of childhood in shaping the resilience of caregiving children.
Lower bounds for Clifford indices in rank three
Authors: LANGE H. , NEWSTEAD P. E.
Published: October 2010

Clifford indices for semistable vector bundles on a smooth projective curve of genus at least 4 were defined in previous papers by the authors. In this paper, we establish lower bounds for the Clifford indices for rank 3 bundles. As a consequence we show that, on smooth plane curves of degree at least 10, there exist non-generated bundles of rank 3 computing one of the Clifford indices.
Factors influencing success among collaborative sage-grouse management groups in the western United States
Authors: BELTON LORIEN R. , JACKSON-SMITH DOUGLAS
Published: October 2010

Considerable efforts have been put into collaborative conservation efforts across the globe. In the western USA, concern about declines of two sage-grouse species (Centrocercus urophasianusandC. minimus) has led to the creation of over 60 collaborative wildlife management partnership groups to develop and implement local sage-grouse management plans. These sage-grouse local working groups (LWGs) share a common goal, information, and policy environment, but were implemented in diverse ways. As a result, they provide a rare opportunity to study systematically the impact of contextual, organizational, institutional and process factors on local collaborative group success. Data from document reviews and an extensive survey of over 700 group participants from 53 sage-grouse LWGs were used to assess the success of this collaborative conservation effort and identify those group attributes that were related to successful implementation and funding of projects. Specifically, external, internal and emergent group characteristics were considered as likely predictors of LWG implementation success. The LWGs varied broadly in their achievements. The presence of a neutral facilitator, participants' feelings of ownership, groups whose local plans had more authority and early-stage group successes were significantly related to implementation success at the group level.
Effects of fixational saccades on response timing in macaque lateral geniculate nucleus
Authors: SAUL ALAN B.
Published: October 2010

Even during active fixation, small eye movements persist that might be expected to interfere with vision. Numerous brain mechanisms probably contribute to discounting this jitter. Changes in the timing of responses in the visual thalamus associated with fixational saccades are considered in this study. Activity of single neurons in alert monkey lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) was recorded during fixation while pseudorandom visual noise stimuli were presented. The position of the stimulus on the display monitor was adjusted based on eye position measurements to control for changes in retinal locations due to eye movements. A method for extracting nonstationary first-order response mechanisms was applied, so that changes around the times of saccades could be observed. Saccade-related changes were seen in both amplitude and timing of geniculate responses. Amplitudes were greatly reduced around saccades. Timing was retarded slightly during a window of about 200 ms around saccades. That is, responses became more sustained. These effects were found in both parvocellular and magnocellular neurons. Timing changes in LGN might play a role in maintaining cortical responses to visual stimuli in the presence of eye movements, compensating for the spatial shifts caused by saccades via these shifts in timing.
ULF waves excited by negative/positive solar wind dynamic pressure impulses at geosynchronous orbit
Authors: Zhang X. Y. , Zong Q.‐G. , Wang Y. F. , Zhang H. , Xie L. , Fu S. Y. , Yuan C. J. , Yue C. , Yang B. , Pu Z. Y.
Published: October 2010

When a solar wind dynamic pressure impulse impinges on the magnetophere, ultra‐low‐frequency (ULF) waves can be excited in the magnetosphere and the solar wind energy can be transported from interplanetary space into the inner magnetosphere. In this paper, we have systematically studied ULF waves excited at geosynchronous orbit by both positive and negative solar wind dynamic pressure pulses. We have identified 270 ULF events excited by positive solar wind dynamic pressure pulses and 254 ULF events excited by negative pulses from 1 January 2001 to 31 March 2009. We have found that the poloidal and toroidal waves excited by positive and negative pressure pulses oscillate in a similar manner of phase near 06:00 local time (LT) and 18:00 LT, but in antiphase near 12:00 LT and 0:00 LT. Furthermore, it is shown that excited ULF oscillations are in general stronger around local noon than those in the dawn and dusk flanks. It is demonstrated that disturbances induced by negative impulses are weaker than those by positive ones, and the poloidal wave amplitudes are stronger than the toroidal wave amplitudes both in positive and negative events. The potential impact of these excited waves on energetic electrons at geosynchronous orbit has also been discussed.
Global MHD simulation of the Kelvin‐Helmholtz instability at the magnetopause for northward interplanetary magnetic field
Authors: Guo X. C. , Wang C. , Hu Y. Q.
Published: October 2010

The Kelvin‐Helmholtz (K‐H) instability is found to occur at the low‐latitude magnetopause through global magnetohydrodynamic simulations during a period of northward interplanetary magnetic field. The simulation results present the global picture of the nonlinear evolution of the K‐H instability at the magnetopause. At the low‐latitude boundary layer (within the latitude of about 30°), vortices are generated by the K‐H instability at the dayside magnetopause and transported to the far distant magnetotail region along the flank of the magnetosphere; two modes of surface waves propagate along the inner and outer edge of the magnetopause boundary layer, respectively, from the initial point to the tail region; the wavelengths of the inner and outer modes are estimated to vary from 1 to 8 RE as the longitude increases. The vortices are initiated at a longitude of about 28° relative to the Sun‐Earth line in the equatorial plane, and their evolution along the magnetopause boundary is studied in detail. We present the characteristics of the inner and outer mode suface waves near the magnetopause boundary layer and find different behaviors of the fast‐mode surface waves on the two sides of the magnetopause boundary: the variations of the density and the magnetic field strength of the quasi‐fast mode waves are in phase on the magnetosphere side (inner mode), while they are out of phase on the magnetosheath‐side (outer mode). The obtained period of the surface waves coincides with the generation period of the vortex at the dayside magnetopause, which is considered to be the intrinsic period of the magetopause for the corresponding interplanetary condition.
Influence of El Niño on the sea‐to‐air CO2 flux at the SEATS time‐series site, northern South China Sea
Authors: Sheu David D. , Chou Wen‐Chen , Wei Ching‐Ling , Hou Wei‐Ping , Wong G. T. F. , Hsu Chia‐Wei
Published: October 2010

The eastern equatorial Pacific is the predominant source area for atmospheric CO2, and the size of this source is significantly reduced during El Niño events. Here we apply a newly constructed 1999–2008 time series carbon chemistry trend to show a similar reduction can also be identified in the northern South China Sea. The net sea‐to‐air CO2 flux during the 2002–2003 El Niño event (1.57 ± 0.13∼1.61 ± 0.28 g C m−2 a−1) at the SEATS time series site was significantly lower than that during the 2007–2008 La Niña event (10.35 ± 0.66∼10.67 ± 0.93 g C m−2 a−1). The appreciable reduction (by ∼85%) is a direct response to the diminished vertical mixing of CO2‐rich subsurface waters from below and, possibly, an increase in the lateral flow transport from the western Pacific during the weakening winter monsoon in the El Niño years. Thus, the suppression of CO2 efflux during the El Niño events is a basin‐wide phenomenon across from the eastern equatorial Pacific to the western subtropical Pacific including the northern South China Sea.
Impact of air‐sea interaction on East Asian summer monsoon climate in WRF
Authors: Kim Eun‐Jung , Hong Song‐You
Published: October 2010

This study investigates the effects of air‐sea interaction on the simulated East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) climate in a regional climate model. An ocean mixed layer model with a revised surface roughness length formulation that was originally designed for tropical cyclone simulation and a prognostic sea surface skin temperature scheme that considers the heat budget at the water surface are systematically evaluated on the monsoonal climate over East Asia for July 2006 in the regional Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Also, 9‐year (2000–2008) June–August simulations are performed to evaluate the overall impacts of these three components on the simulated EASM climatology. The 1 month simulation for July 2006 reveals that the inclusion of the ocean mixed layer model cools the water surface due to enhanced mixing, in particular, when winds are strong. Such cooling is largely compensated by the inclusion of prognostic skin temperature since solar heating in daytime overwhelms the cooling in nighttime. The revised surface roughness length effectively reduces the surface heat flux by reducing the exchange coefficients, against the conventional Charnock formula. Consideration of the three components together results in the reduction of systemic biases of excessive precipitation and weakening of the North Pacific high in the summer climate from 2000 to 2008. It is concluded that the methodology designed in this study can be an efficient way to represent the air‐sea interaction in regional atmospheric models for numerical weather prediction and climate simulation.
Survey of ion plasma parameters in Saturn's magnetosphere
Authors: Thomsen M. F. , Reisenfeld D. B. , Delapp D. M. , Tokar R. L. , Young D. T. , Crary F. J. , Sittler E. C. , McGraw M. A. , Williams J. D.
Published: October 2010

A survey of the bulk plasma ion properties observed by the Cassini Plasma Spectrometer instrument over roughly the first 4.5 years of its mission in orbit around Saturn is presented. The moments (density, temperature, and flow velocity) of the plasma distributions below 50 keV have been computed by numerical integration of the observed counts in the “Singles” (non‐mass‐resolved) data, partitioned into species on the basis of concurrent determinations of the composition from the time‐of‐flight data. Moments are presented for three main species: H+, W+ (water group ions), and ions with m/q = 2, which are presumed to be H2+. While the survey extends to radial distances of 30 RS and thus includes some solar wind or magnetosheath values, our principal interest is the large‐scale spatial variation of the magnetospheric plasma properties, so we focus attention on radial distances inside of 17 RS. Principal findings include the following: (1) the densities of all three components are highly variable but are generally well organized by dipole L and magnetic latitude; (2) the density of ions with m/q = 2 varies from a few percentage of the H+ density in the inner magnetosphere to a maximum of several tens of percentage near the orbit of Titan, suggesting that Titan is an important source for H2+ in the outer magnetosphere; (3) water group ions are the dominant population in the inner magnetosphere, but only within ∼3 RS of the equatorial plane because of their strong centrifugal confinement; (4) derived latitudinal scale heights are largest for the light ions and generally increase with radial distance; (5) the L dependence of the calculated temperatures is not consistent with adiabatic transport but is in fair agreement with the expectations for plasma originating from ion pickup; (6) in agreement with the findings of Sergis et al. (2010), inside of L ∼ 11, the particle pressure is dominated by ions with energies below a few keV; (7) the derived flow velocities reveal the global circulation pattern of relatively dense populations in the magnetosphere, with no evidence for return circulation from the nightside to the dayside beyond ∼20 RS; and (8) the azimuthal flow speeds are typically less than full corotation over the entire L range examined, varying from ∼50% to 70% of full corotation.
A parametric study on outer radiation belt electron evolution by superluminous R‐X mode waves
Authors: Xiao Fuliang , Su Zhenpeng , Chen Liangxu , Zheng Huinan , Wang Shui
Published: October 2010

A parametric study is presented on the temporal evolution of the phase space density (PSD) of the outer radiation belt energetic electrons driven by the superluminous right‐hand extraordinary (R‐X) mode waves at the location L = 4.5. Bounce‐averaged diffusion rates in pitch angle and momentum are calculated by varying the peak wave frequency, the wave normal angle distribution, and the wave latitudinal distribution. Those diffusion rates are used as inputs to solve a 2‐D momentum‐pitch angle diffusion equation. In particular, three cases are considered: momentum diffusion rates alone, momentum +pitch angle diffusion rates, and momentum +pitch angle +cross diffusion rates. Numerical results show that at 24 h, electron PSDs can enhance substantially for 1 MeV energy at higher pitch angles. Momentum diffusion dominates the dynamic evolution of energetic electrons, whereas the contribution of pitch angle or cross‐diffusion rates is insignificant using the specified wave model. In addition, PSD evolutions are sensitively dependent on the assumed different wave normal angle distributions and tend to be located in lower pitch angles when wave normal angles move to smaller regions. Diffusion coefficients and PSD evolution are largely determined by the wave latitudinal distributions. High‐latitude R‐X mode waves primarily contribute to pitch angle scattering of energetic electrons, whereas equatorial (or lower latitude) R‐X mode waves yield efficient acceleration of electrons. This result supports the previous findings that superluminous R‐X mode waves potentially contribute to dramatic variation in the outer radiation belt electron dynamics under appropriate conditions.
Modeling of electro‐osmosis of dilute electrolyte solutions in silica microporous media
Authors: Wang Moran , Kang Qinjun , Viswanathan Hari , Robinson Bruce A.
Published: October 2010

Physicochemical transport due to electro‐osmosis of dilute electrolyte solutions (<1 × 10−3 mol/L) through microporous media with granular random microstructures has been modeled in this work by our three‐step numerical framework. First, the three‐dimensional microstructures of porous media are reproduced by a random generation growth method. Second, the effects of chemical adsorption and electrical dissociation at the solid‐liquid interfaces are modeled to determine the electrical boundary conditions, which vary with the ionic concentration, pH, and temperature. Finally, the nonlinear governing equations for electrokinetic transport are solved using a highly efficient lattice Poisson‐Boltzmann algorithm. The simulation results indicate that the electro‐osmotic permeability through the granular microporous media increases monotonically with the porosity, ionic concentration, pH, and temperature. When the surface electric potential is higher than about −50 mV, the electro‐osmotic permeability exponentially increases with the electric potential. The electro‐osmotic permeability increases with the bulk ionic concentration even though the surface zeta potential decreases correspondingly, which deviates from the conclusions based on the thin layer model. The electro‐osmotic permeability increases exponentially with pH and linearly with temperature. The present modeling results improve our understanding of hydrodynamic and electrokinetic transport in geophysical systems and help guide the design of porous electrodes in microenergy systems.
The history of p53
Authors: Soussi Thierry
Published: October 2010

The history of p53 and the various interpretations of its function in cells serves as an example of how scientific paradigms can influence research fields. It also offers some interesting lessons for young scientists in search of a rewarding research topic.
Physiologic Studies Provide New Perspectives on Early Speech Development
Authors: Wilson Erin M. , Nip Ignatius S. B.
Published: October 2010

Although certain speech development milestones are readily observable, the developmental course of speech motor control is largely unknown. However, recent advances in facial motion tracking systems have been used to investigate articulator movements in children and the findings from these studies are being used to further our understanding of the physiologic basis of typical and disordered speech development. Physiologic work has revealed that the emergence of speech is highly dependent on the lack of flexibility in the early oromotor system. It also has been determined that the progression of speech motor development is non-linear, a finding that has motivated researchers to investigate how variables such as oromotor control, cognition, and linguistic factors affect speech development in the form of catalysts and constraints. Physiologic data are also being used to determine if non-speech oromotor behaviors play a role in the development of speech. This improved understanding of the physiology underlying speech, as well as the factors influencing its progression, helps inform our understanding of speech motor control in children with disordered speech and provide a framework for theory-driven therapeutic approaches to treatment.
PIGMENT SIGNATURES AND PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF THE PAVLOVOPHYCEAE (HAPTOPHYTA)1
Authors: Van Lenning Kees , Latasa Mikel , Estrada Marta , Sáez Alberto G. , Medlin Linda , Probert Ian , Véron Benoît , Young Jeremy
Published: October 2010

Variations in the HPLC‐derived pigment composition of cultured Pavlovophyceae (Cavalier‐Smith) Green et Medlin were compared with phylogenetic relationships inferred from 18S rDNA sequencing, morphological characteristics, and current taxonomy. The four genera described for this haptophyte class (DiacronemaPrauser emend. Green et Hibberd,ExanthemachrysisLepailleur,PavlovaButcher, andRebeccaGreen) were represented by nine different species (one of which with data from GeneBank only). Chlorophyllsa,c1,c2and MgDVP (Mg‐[3,8‐divinyl]‐phytoporphyrin‐132‐methylcarboxylate) and the carotenoids fucoxanthin, diadinoxanthin, diatoxanthin, and β,β‐carotene were detected in all cultures. Species only differed in the content of an unknown (diadinoxanthin‐like) xanthophyll and two polar chlcforms, identified as a monovinyl (chlc1‐like) and a divinyl (chlc2‐like) compound. This is the first observation of the monovinyl form in haptophytes. Based on distribution of these two chlcforms, species were separated into Pavlovophyceae pigment types A, B, and C. These pigment types crossed taxonomic boundaries at the generic level but were in complete accordance with species groupings based on molecular phylogenetic relationships and certain ultrastructural characteristics (position and nature of pyrenoid, stigma, and flagella). These results suggest that characterization of the pigment signature of unidentified culture strains of Pavlovophyceae can be used to predict their phylogenetic affinities and vice versa. Additional studies have been initiated to evaluate this possibility for the haptophyte class Prymnesiophyceae.
Signaling by olfactory receptor neurons near threshold
Authors: Bhandawat Vikas , Reisert Johannes , Yau King-Wai
Published: October 2010

An important contributing factor for the high sensitivity of sensory systems is the exquisite sensitivity of the sensory receptor cells. We report here the signaling threshold of the olfactory receptor neuron (ORN). We first obtained a best estimate of the size of the physiological electrical response successfully triggered by a single odorant-binding event on a frog ORN, which was ∼0.034 pA and had an associated transduction domain spanning only a tiny fraction of the length of an ORN cilium. We also estimated the receptor-current threshold for an ORN to fire action potentials in response to an odorant pulse, which was ∼1.2 pA. Thus, it takes about 35 odorant-binding events successfully triggering transduction during a brief odorant pulse in order for an ORN to signal to the brain.
Roles and interactions among protease-activated receptors and P2ry12 in hemostasis and thrombosis
Authors: Cornelissen Ivo , Palmer Daniel , David Tovo , Wilsbacher Lisa , Concengco Cherry , Conley Pamela , Pandey Anjali , Coughlin Shaun R.
Published: October 2010

Toward understanding their redundancies and interactions in hemostasis and thrombosis, we examined the roles of thrombin receptors (protease-activated receptors, PARs) and the ADP receptor P2RY12 (purinergic receptor P2Y G protein-coupled 12) in human and mouse platelets ex vivo and in mouse models.
Par3
−/−
and
Par4
+/−
mouse platelets showed partially decreased responses to thrombin, resembling those in PAR1 antagonist-treated human platelets.
P2ry12
+/−
mouse platelets showed partially decreased responses to ADP, resembling those in clopidogrel-treated human platelets.
Par3
−/−
mice showed nearly complete protection against carotid artery thrombosis caused by low FeCl
3
injury.
Par4
+/−
and
P2ry12
+/−
mice showed partial protection. Increasing FeCl
3
injury abolished such protection; combining partial attenuation of thrombin and ADP signaling, as in
Par3
−/−
:
P2ry12
+/−
mice, restored it.
Par4
−/−
mice, which lack platelet thrombin responses, showed still better protection. Our data suggest that (
i
) the level of thrombin driving platelet activation and carotid thrombosis was low at low levels of arterial injury and increased along with the contribution of thrombin-independent pathways of platelet activation with increasing levels of injury; (
ii
) although P2ry12 acts downstream of PARs to amplify platelet responses to thrombin ex vivo, P2ry12 functioned in thrombin/PAR-independent pathways in our in vivo models; and (
iii
) P2ry12 signaling was more important than PAR signaling in hemostasis models; the converse was noted for arterial thrombosis models. These results make predictions being tested by ongoing human trials and suggest hypotheses for new antithrombotic strategies.
Dyslexic and typical-reading children use vowel digraphs as perceptual units in reading
Authors: Marinus Eva , de Jong Peter F.
Published: October 2010

Digraphs are graphemes that are composed of two letters like the “ou” in “soup”. We hypothesized that the serial-reading strategy of dyslexic readers might interfere with the processing of digraphs. We used a letter-detection task to compare the processing of vowel digraphs in dyslexic and typical-reading children. Both groups were found to be slower in detecting a letter within a vowel digraph than in detecting a letter of a single-letter grapheme. The slower response to target letters embedded in a digraph was position independent in both groups. We also found that dyslexic children did not differ from typical-reading children in the detection of letters in words. These results indicate that typical-reading and dyslexic children process vowel digraphs as perceptual units and that dyslexic children do not show impairments in this early visual process.
Influence of Ni/Mn concentration on the structural, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties in Ni50−xMn37+xSn13 Heusler alloys
Authors: Muthu S Esakki , Rao N V Rama , Raja M Manivel , Kumar D M Raj , Radheep D Mohan , Arumugam S
Published: October 2010

We report the structure, magnetism and magnetic entropy change in a Mn-rich Ni50−x
Mn37+x
Sn13 Heusler alloy system in the composition range 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 4. An excess Mn content stabilizes the cubic austenite phase at room temperature. Martensitic transition decreases from 305 to 100 K with increasing Mn concentration (x: 0 → 4) and also it was found to shift to a lower temperature with the application of a higher magnetic field. The exchange bias blocking temperature was found to decrease drastically from 149 to 9 K with increasing Mn concentration. A large magnetic entropy change (ΔS
M) of 32 J kg−1 K−1 has been achieved for a field change of 5 T in the x = 3 alloy.
Microscopic description of the thermalization process during pulsed laser deposition of aluminium in the presence of argon background gas
Authors: Vaziri M R Rashidian , Hajiesmaeilbaigi F , Maleki M H
Published: October 2010

The presence of background gases is typical in most pulsed laser deposition (PLD) applications and there is a need for methods which do not suffer from the oversimplified assumption of collisionless transfer of the target atoms onto the substrate in analytical descriptions. In this work, we give a microscopic description of a thermalization process by following the history of each ablated particle by Monte Carlo calculations. TRIM code (SRIM2010), which is capable of quantum mechanical treatment of ion–atom collisions, has been used in our simulations. Various kinetic parameters of ablated Al ions during target-to-substrate transfer have been calculated to demonstrate the efficient role of background gas atoms in thermalization of ions. Moreover, the growing parameters of interest in PLD have been calculated to achieve the optimal deposition conditions in the presence of a background gas. A base pressure of 1 × 10−1 Torr and 2–3 cm of target-to-substrate distance have been found to be the optimal conditions in PLD of Al in Ar gas environment. Our model can be used to obtain the first estimates of nonreactive PLD parameters, such as the background gas pressure and the target-to-substrate distance for the growth of even more complex materials in the presence of different background gases.
Processing and characterization of piezoelectric 0-3 PZT/LCT/PA composites
Authors: Babu I , van den Ende D A , de With G
Published: October 2010

PZT/LCT/PA (lead zirconate titanate Pb(Zr1−x
Ti
x
)O3/Liquid crystalline thermosets/polyamide) composites of 0-3 connectivity were fabricated by hot-pressing. Commercially available PZT powder was calcined at different temperatures for the optimization of the composite properties. The phase transition during calcination of the powder was studied by x-ray diffraction and the particle size by light scattering and scanning electron microscopy. The relative permittivity εr, piezoelectric charge constant d
33, conductivity σ and elastic modulus E of the composites were found to increase with increasing ceramic volume fraction φ. The obtained d
33 and g
33 values of this newly developed PZT/LCT/PA composite with 50 vol% PZT using a low poling voltage of 60 kV cm−1 and poling time of 30 min are 42 pC N−1 and 65 mV m N−1, respectively, which are high values for this volume fraction in comparison with the other 0-3 composites reported. Good agreement was found between the experimental data of relative permittivity and piezoelectric constants with several theoretical models (Jayasundere, Yamada and Lichtenecker) of 0-3 composites. In order to assess the correlation of the experimental data with the theoretical models, the experimental data obtained from PZT/PA composites were also included.
Impact of heating and current drive mix on the ITER hybrid scenario
Authors: Citrin J. , Artaud J.F. , Garcia J. , Hogeweij G.M.D. , Imbeaux F.
Published: October 2010

Hybrid scenario performance in ITER is studied with the CRONOS integrated modelling suite, using the GLF23 anomalous transport model for heat transport prediction. GLF23 predicted core confinement is optimized through tailoring the q-profile shape by a careful choice of current drive actuators, affecting the transport due to the predicted dependence of the turbulence level on the absolute q-profile values and magnetic shear. A range of various heating and current drive choices are examined, as are different assumptions on the pedestal height. The optimum q-profile shape is predicted to be one that maximizes the ratio of s/q throughout the bulk of the plasma volume. Optimizing the confinement allows a minimization of the plasma density required in order to achieve a defined target fusion power of 350 MW. A lower density then allows a lower total current (I
p) at the same Greenwald fraction (f
G), thus aiding in maintaining q > 1 as desired in a hybrid scenario, and in minimizing the flux consumption. The best performance is achieved with a combination of NBI and ECCD (e.g. 33/37 MW NBI/ECCD for a scenario with a pedestal height of 4 keV). The q-profile shape and plasma confinement properties are shown to be highly sensitive to the positioning of the ECCD deposition. Comparisons with the lower performing cases where some or all of the ECCD power is replaced with LHCD or ICRH are shown (e.g. 33/20/17 MW NBI/ECCD/LHCD or NBI/ECCD/ICRH). The inclusion of LHCD reduces confinement due to deleterious shaping of the q-profile, and the inclusion of ICRH, particularly in a stiff model, does not lead to significantly increased fusion power and furthermore does not contribute to the non-inductive current fraction. For the optimum NBI/ECCD current drive mix, the predictions show that a satisfactory ITER hybrid scenario (P
fus ∼ 350 MW, Q ⩾ 5, q
min close to 1) may be achieved with T
ped ⩾ 4 keV. In addition, predicted performance sensitivity analysis was carried out for several assumed parameters, such as Z
eff and density peaking.
Variation in Pathogenicity and Aggressiveness ofErysiphe necatorfrom DifferentVitisspp. and Geographic Origins in the Eastern United States
Authors: Frenkel Omer , Brewer Marin Talbot , Milgroom Michael G.
Published: October 2010

Eastern North America is considered the center of diversity for many Vitis spp. and for the grape powdery mildew pathogen, Erysiphe necator. However, little is known about populations of E. necator from wild Vitis spp. We determined the phenotypic variation in pathogenicity and aggressiveness of E. necator among isolates from wild and domesticated Vitis spp. from diverse geographic regions in the eastern United States. To test pathogenicity, we inoculated 38 E. necator isolates on three wild Vitis spp., two commercially grown hybrids and the European wine grape, Vitis vinifera. V. rotundifolia (muscadine grape) was the only host species on which complete host specialization was evident; it was only susceptible to isolates collected from V. rotundifolia. All isolates, regardless of source host, were pathogenic on the other Vitis spp. We found no differences in components of aggressiveness latent period and lesion size among isolates from different source hosts when inoculated on V. vinifera, which is highly susceptible to powdery mildew. However significant variation was evident among isolates on the more resistant V. labruscana ‘Niagara’. Isolates from the wild species V. aestivalis were the most aggressive, whereas isolates from V. vinifera were not more aggressive than isolates from other source hosts. Greater aggressiveness was also detected among isolates from the southeastern United States compared with isolates from the northeastern United States.
Mitochondrial Haplotype Analysis as a Tool for Differentiating Isolates of Verticillium dahliae
Authors: Martin Frank N.
Published: October 2010

The ability to monitor mitochondrial background in Verticillium dahliae may provide an additional tool for population studies and monitoring clonal populations. Published mitochondrial genome sequences of V. dahliae (DQ351941) were used to design primers for amplification of spacer regions for assessment of mitochondrial haplotype differences among isolates. Five regions were examined (5,229 bp, or 19% of the total genome size) for 30 isolates representing a range in vegetative compatibility group (VCG), host, and geographic origin. Observed differences among isolates were due to single nucleotide polymorphisms, different numbers of bases in specific homopolymeric regions, and copies of subrepeated sequences. When the differences observed for each locus were totaled there were 28 total groupings; when the results of each locus for individual isolates were combined there were 15 mitochondrial haplotypes. Some of the observed groupings correlated with VCG. For example, five VCG-1A and VCG-1B isolates from California, Spain, and Greece had identical haplotypes; however, this was not observed for VCG-2 or VCG-4 isolates. While some VCG-2 isolates also were identical and fell into a single haplotype, five haplotypes were found for this group (five other haplotypes were observed for other isolates that had not been characterized to VCG but grouped with VCG-2 isolates in the phylogenetic analysis). Likewise, five VCG-4 isolates fell into four mitochondrial haplotypes, one of which was identical to the largest VCG-2 grouping. A heterokaryon self-incompatible isolate that was reported in the literature to cluster with VCG-2 isolates by amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis was identical with VCG-1 isolates for four of the five loci, but was intermediate between VCG-1 and VCG-2 in the haplotype analysis. Phylogenetic analysis with these regions revealed the mitochondrial background of VCG-1 and VCG2-B to be monophyletic but VCG-2A and VCG-4 could not be separated. The results obtained indicate that there is variation in mitochondrial haplotypes and this type of analysis may be a useful for characterization of isolates. While data from all five regions was used for the haplotype separation in this study, depending on the VCG or the level of variability observed within a population it is possible to use fewer loci.