bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variables influencing the use of derivatives in South Africa – the development of a conceptual model
Authors: Schwegler Stefan , Viviers Suzette
Published: January 2017

This paper, which is the first in a two-part series, sets out the development of a conceptual model on the variables influencing investors’ decisions to use derivatives in their portfolios. Investor-specific variables include: the investor’s needs, goals and return expectations, the investor’s knowledge of financial markets, familiarity with different asset classes including derivative instruments, and the investor’s level of wealth and level of risk tolerance. Market-specific variables include: the level of volatility, standardisation, regulation and liquidity in a market, the level of information available on derivatives, the transparency of price determination, taxes, brokerage costs and product availability.
Derivatives in South Africa – an empirical investigation
Authors: Schwegler Stefan , Viviers Suzette
Published: January 2017

This paper, which is the second of a two-part series, presents the empirical findings of testing a number of variables influencing investors’ decisions to use derivatives in their portfolios. Five variables were deemed very important by a sample of 21 experts in the financial services industry in South Africa. These were: the level of information available (including the transparency of price determination); investor’s knowledge of different derivative instruments; investor’s level of risk tolerance; the level of liquidity in the market; and investor’s knowledge of and familiarity with financial markets. Education is required to change negative sentiments regarding derivatives and more regulation is called for, especially in over-the-counter markets.
The Next Steps: Thoughts of a Medical Student-Watcher
Authors: Kuperman Albert S
Published: January 2017

Speech given at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine Class of 2011 Transition Ceremony, April 2, 2009
Successful Endoscopic Clipping of Appendiceal Orifice Bleeding: A Technical Maneuver to Convert an Emergency to an Elective Procedure
Authors: Yakubov Stanley , Anyadike Emeka , Rahmani Rabin , Mayer Ira , Tsirlin Yurly
Published: January 2017

Objective: We report a rare case of an elderly man with appendiceal bleeding successfully treated with endoscopic placement of hemoclips. Methods: We describe the patient’s clinical presentation, laboratory test results, imaging, and treatment. Results: An 89-year-old man presented with two episodes of bloody diarrhea that occurred two hours apart. Colonoscopy revealed active bleeding from the appen- diceal orifice. Hemostasis was achieved with epinephrine injections followed by placement of five hemoclips to effectively close the appendiceal orifice. An abdominal computed tomography (CT) showed an irregular thick- ening of the appendix wall, raising the possibility of an appendiceal mass. On hospital day 4, the patient underwent appendectomy and partial cecectomy. Pathology revealed focal ulceration of the mucosa without malig- nancy. The remainder of the patient’s hospital course was uneventful.Conclusion: The endoscopic methods used in our case proved effective in achieving hemostasis and allowed the patient to be stabilized prior to surgery. It is unclear whether longer monitoring would reveal any possible long-term complications after endoscopic closure of the appendix. It would be of interest to further investigate this approach to assess the long-term safety and efficacy of this procedure.
Autophagy and Schizophrenia: A Closer Look at How Dysregulation of Neuronal Cell Homeostasis Influences the Pathogenesis of Schizophrenia
Authors: Schneider Jaime L. , Miller Ann M. , Woesner Mary E.
Published: January 2017

Autophagy, the process of degrading intracellular components in lysosomes, plays an important role in the central nervous system by contributing to neuronal homeostasis. Autophagic failure has been linked to neurologic dysfunction and a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. Recent investigation has revealed a novel role for autophagy in the context of mental illness, namely in schizophrenia. This article summarizes the phenomenology, genetics, and structural/histopathological brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia. We review studies that demonstrate for the first time a connection between autophagy malfunction and schizophrenia. Transcriptional profiling in schizophrenia patients uncovered a dysregulation of autophagy-related genes spatially confined to a specific area of the cortex, Brodmann Area 22, which has been previously implicated in the positive symptoms of schizophrenia. We also discuss the role of autophagy activators in schizophrenia and whether they may be useful adjuvants to the traditional antipsychotic medications currently used as the standard of care. In summary, the field has progressed beyond the basic concept that autophagy impairment predisposes to neurodegeneration, to a mechanistic understanding that loss of autophagy can disrupt neuronal cell biology and predispose to mood disorders, psychotic symptoms, and behavioral change.
Sección total del nervio neumogástrico posterior a trauma penetrante de cuello: descripción de un caso.
Authors: Neira Borja James , Manzo Verdezoto Colón , Caballero Pineda Boris , Luiz Guanoluiza Carlos
Published: January 2017

El cuello, cuya área representa aproximadamente el 1 % de la superficie corporal, es una región compleja con múltiples componentes anatómicos, casi todos con importancia vital, que están muy expuestos a diversos tipos de traumatismos como accidentes de tránsito, agresiones, y riesgos deportivos; ante lo cual hay que establecer prioridad de atención médica. Los traumas de cuello pueden ser contusos (o cerrados) causados en su mayoría, por accidentes de tránsito, en los que se deben valorar aspectos como aumento del volumen del cuello, edema o hematomas que pueden progresar y causar disnea, disfagia, enfisema subcutáneo y alteraciones de la voz; este mecanismo ha disminuido con el uso de los cinturones de seguridad. La segunda causa es penetrante o abierta, producida por agresiones con armas corto punzante en la cual el daño es limitado, y en menor medida por armas de fuego con consecuencias destructivas y desgarros secundarios. La actuación definitiva debe incluir realización de una cervicotomía lateral amplia con el fin de identificar las lesiones y proceder a repararlas precozmente, más que mantenerlos en observación. En este artículo se presenta el caso de sección total del nervio neumogástrico en un trauma penetrante de cuello con su manejo respectivo.
Copper-Free Palladium-Catalysed Desulfinative Homocoupling of Sodium Arylsulfinates under Mild and Aerobic Conditions
Authors: Zhang Wei
Published: January 2017

A Pd(II)-catalysed homocoupling of sodium arylsulfinates has been successfully achieved under mild conditions. This transformation is a new method for the homocoupling reaction of sodium arylsulfinates, thus providing an alternative synthesis of symmetric biaryls. The reported homocoupling reaction is tolerant to many common functional groups, such as ester, halo, cyano and nitro and works well in the presence of electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents. Notably, the reported desulfinative homocoupling does not require Cu salts, ligands and bases, making this newly developed transformation attractive.
Repeatability and accuracy testing of a weight distribution platform and comparison to a pressure sensitive walkway to assess static weight distribution
Authors: Bosscher Georgia , Tomas Andrea , Marcellin-Little Denis , Lascelles B. Duncan , Roe Simon
Published: January 2017

Objective: To evaluate the accuracy and repeatability of measurements collected using a weight distribution platform and a pressure sensitive walkway using an inanimate object with known weight distribution.

Methods: A custom-built jig with a range of weights was applied in a random order. Measurements were collected on both devices and compared to each other and to the known weight distribution.

Results: Weight distribution platform and pressure sensitive walkway measurements were highly correlated to each other (Pearson’s correlation coefficient R = 0.98) and to actual weights (R = 0.99 for the weight distribution platform; 0.98 for the pressure sensitive walkway). Repeatability from day to day for both devices was greater than 0.99. For the weight distribution platform, the 95% confidence interval was ± 2.5% from the true percentage and ± 3.3% for the pressure sensitive walkway. The coefficient of variation (COV) was highest for both devices at the lightest weights (weight distribution platform 11.28%, pressure sensitive walkway 16.91%) and lowest with the heaviest weights (weight distribution platform 3.71%, pressure sensitive walkway 5.86%).

Conclusion: Both the weight distribution platform and the pressure sensitive walkway provided accurate and consistent measures of weight distribution with no significant difference between devices. The rounded standard error was three percent for the weight distribution platform, and four percent for the pressure sensitive walkway. The higher variability when measuring the smallest weight suggests less accuracy at lower weights with both devices.

Clinical significance: The weight distribution platform is a repeatable and accessible device to measure static weight distribution, and if proven the same in a clinical setting, it will be a valuable addition to current objective measures of limb use.
Solution-phase automated synthesis of an α-amino aldehyde as a versatile intermediate
Authors: Masui Hisashi , Yosugi Sae , Fuse Shinichiro , Takahashi Takashi
Published: January 2017

A solution-phase automated synthesis of the versatile synthetic intermediate, Garner’s aldehyde, was demonstrated. tert-Butoxycarbonyl (Boc) protection, acetal formation, and reduction of the ester to the corresponding aldehyde were performed utilizing our originally developed automated synthesizer, ChemKonzert. The developed procedure was also useful for the synthesis of Garner’s aldehyde analogues possessing fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) or benzyloxycarbonyl (Cbz) protection.
Climate and Habitability of Kepler 452b Simulated with a Fully Coupled Atmosphere–Ocean General Circulation Model
Authors: Hu Yongyun , Wang Yuwei , Liu Yonggang , Yang Jun
Published: January 2017

The discovery of Kepler 452b is a milestone in searching for habitable exoplanets. While it has been suggested that Kepler 452b is the first Earth-like exoplanet discovered in the habitable zone of a Sun-like star, its climate states and habitability require quantitative studies. Here, we first use a three-dimensional fully coupled atmosphere–ocean climate model to study the climate and habitability of an exoplanet around a Sun-like star. Our simulations show that Kepler 452b is habitable if CO2 concentrations in its atmosphere are comparable or lower than that in the present-day Earth atmosphere. However, our simulations also suggest that Kepler 452b can become too hot to be habitable if there is the lack of silicate weathering to limit CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere. We also address whether Kepler 452b could retain its water inventory after 6.0 billion years of lifetime. These results in the present Letter will provide insights about climate and habitability for other undiscovered exoplanets similar to Kepler 452b, which may be observable by future observational missions.
In VitroFertilization in 37 Women with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus or Antiphospholipid Syndrome: A Series of 97 Procedures
Authors: Orquevaux Pauline , Masseau Agathe , Le Guern Véronique , Gayet Vanessa , Vauthier Danièle , Guettrot-Imbert Gaelle , Huong Du Le Thi , Wechsler Bertrand , Morel Nathalie , Cacoub Patrice , Pennaforte Jean-Loup , Piette Jean-Charles , Costedoat-Chalumeau Nathalie
Published: January 2017

Objective.

To compile and assess data about complication and success rates forin vitrofertilization (IVF) of women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and/or antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). To date, such data are sparse.

Methods.

This retrospective study described women with SLE and/or APS who have had at least 1 IVF cycle.

Results.

Thirty-seven women with SLE (n = 23, including 8 with antiphospholipid antibodies), SLE with APS (n = 4), or primary APS (n = 10) underwent 97 IVF procedures. For 43% of cases, the infertility was female in origin, for 19% male, 14% mixed, and 24% unexplained. No women had premature ovarian insufficiency because of cyclophosphamide. Median age at IVF was 34 years (range 26–46). The median number of IVF cycles was 2.6 (1–8). Patients were treated with hydroxychloroquine (72%), steroids (70%), azathioprine (3%), aspirin (92%), and/or low molecular weight heparin (62%). There were 27 (28%) pregnancies, 23 live births among 26 neonates (3 twin pregnancies), 2 miscarriages, and 2 terminations for trisomy 13 and 21. Six spontaneous pregnancies occurred during the followup. Finally, 26 women (70%) delivered at least 1 healthy child. Complications occurred in or after 8 IVF cycles (8%): SLE flares in 4 (polyarthritis in 3 and lupus enteritis in 1) and thromboembolic events in 4 others. One SLE flare was the first sign of previously undiagnosed SLE. Poor treatment adherence was obvious in 2 other flares and 2 thromboses. No ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome was reported.

Conclusion.

These preliminary results confirm that IVF can be safely and successfully performed in women with SLE and/or APS.
Clinical Orofacial Examination in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: International Consensus-based Recommendations for Monitoring Patients in Clinical Practice and Research Studies
Authors: Stoustrup Peter , Twilt Marinka , Spiegel Lynn , Kristensen Kasper Dahl , Koos Bernd , Pedersen Thomas Klit , Küseler Annelise , Cron Randy Q. , Abramowicz Shelly , Verna Carlalberta , Peltomäki Timo , Alstergren Per , Petty Ross , Ringold Sarah , Nørholt Sven Erik , Saurenmann Rotraud K. , Herlin Troels
Published: January 2017

Objective.

To develop international consensus-based recommendations for the orofacial examination of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), for use in clinical practice and research.

Methods.

Using a sequential phased approach, a multidisciplinary task force developed and evaluated a set of recommendations for the orofacial examination of patients with JIA. Phase 1: A Delphi survey was conducted among 40 expert physicians and dentists with the aim of identifying and ranking the importance of items for inclusion. Phase 2: The task force developed consensus about the domains and items to be included in the recommendations. Phase 3: A systematic literature review was performed to assess the evidence supporting the consensus-based recommendations. Phase 4: An independent group of orofacial and JIA experts were invited to assess the content validity of the task force’s recommendations.

Results.

Five recommendations were developed to assess the following 5 domains: medical history, orofacial symptoms, muscle and temporomandibular joint function, orofacial function, and dentofacial growth. After application of data search criteria, 56 articles were included in the systematic review. The level of evidence for the 5 recommendations was derived primarily from descriptive studies, such as cross-sectional and case-control studies.

Conclusion.

Five recommendations are proposed for the orofacial examination of patients with JIA to improve the clinical practice and aid standardized data collection for future studies. The task force has formulated a future research program based on the proposed recommendations.
La sociologie des organisations telle qu’elle (s’)est faite. Michel Crozier sur le terrain, 1954-1974
Authors: Paulange-Mirovic Alexandre
Published: January 2017

Cet article traite de l’existence de savoir-faire spécifiques à la sociologie développée par Michel Crozier. En recourant à l’observation historique des pratiques de recherche et en prêtant une attention particulière aux variations de configurations, on réalise une comparaison entre deux enquêtes de sociologie des organisations menées à vingt années de distance. Dans le premier cas (années 1950), le Centre des chèques postaux de Paris est une administration publique que l’activité financière rapproche d’une entreprise. Dans le second cas (années 1970), Saint-Gobain Pont-à-Mousson est un groupe industriel aux dimensions d’une administration. L’étude approfondie des pratiques de recherche laisse apparaître, au gré des contingences des premières expériences de terrain, la formalisation progressive de ce qui constitue le socle de la sociologie des organisations de M. Crozier : un répertoire de pratiques (tactiques d’accès au terrain, routines et protocoles d’enquête, mode de traitement des données, etc.) suffisamment flexible pour engendrer des déclinaisons selon le contexte, les objets et le type de demande.
Pasteur BioTop, la rage d’incuber
Authors: Altier Pascale
Published: January 2017

Afin de valoriser ses brevets via la création de start-ups, l’institut Pasteur a créé en décembre 2000 un incubateur d’entreprises, Pasteur BioTop, qui a développé un génie original de "couvage" des start-ups.
Housing production in Brussels: the neighbourhood city to stand the test of urban densification
Authors: Ananian Priscilla
Published: January 2017

In recent years, housing densification in the Brussels-Capital Region has become an urban development issue and tool to cope with demographic expansion and the widening gap between supply and demand as regards social and middle income housing. The choice of location is crucial in order to meet these challenges, identified in particular in the Sustainable Regional Development Plan project. Yet, with a social housing stock of 39 000 dwellings and more than 45 000 prospective tenant households, public real estate developers do not seem to consider location as a priority criterion to decide on new housing operations in the regional territory. The present article is intended to be an updated summary of research which began approximately ten years ago and whose objective was to analyse public and private housing production since 1989 with regard to the evolution of the city project [Ananian, 2010]. A second objective has been added to this initial one, namely to compare these results to the Regional Housing Plan (2005) production and the financial framework of Alliance Habitat (2015). This synopsis highlights the necessity to direct the efforts of the public authorities towards an integrated strategy of urban planning and public housing production which takes into account the proximity of the facilities, services and amenities of daily life.
Online Marketing Induced Performance Volatility
Authors: Kumar Manoj
Published: January 2017

This paper analyzes how revenue and cash-flow volatility are influenced by own and competitive online marketing spending volatility, by the level of online marketing spending, by the responsiveness of own online marketing spending, and by competitive reactivity. The author develops hypotheses about the influence of these variables on revenue and cash-flow volatility that are rooted in online market response theory. Based on a broad sample of 99 pharmaceutical brands in four clinical categories in India, the author tests these hypotheses and assess the magnitude of the different sources of online marketing-induced performance volatility. The results support our hypotheses and demonstrate that effective online marketing may incur negative financial side effects such as greater financing costs or higher opportunity costs of cash holdings. Thus, common volatility-increasing online marketing practices such as advertising pulsing are effective at the top-line, but may turn out to be ineffective at the bottom-line.
Age-Associated B Cells Express a Diverse Repertoire of VH and Vκ Genes with Somatic Hypermutation
Authors: Russell Knode Lisa M. , Naradikian Martin S. , Myles Arpita , Scholz Jean L. , Hao Yi , Liu Danya , Ford Mandy L. , Tobias John W. , Cancro Michael P. , Gearhart Patricia J.
Published: January 2017

The origin and nature of age-associated B cells (ABCs) in mice are poorly understood. In this article, we show that their emergence required MHC class II and CD40/CD40L interactions. Young donor B cells were adoptively transferred into congenic recipients and allowed to remain for 1 mo in the absence of external Ag. B cells expressing the T-bet transcription factor, a marker for ABCs, were generated after multiple cell divisions from C57BL/6 donors but not from MHC class II– or CD40-deficient donors. Furthermore, old CD154 (CD40L)-deficient mice did not accrue ABCs, confirming that they arise primarily through T-dependent interactions. To determine what Igs ABCs express, we sequenced VH and Vκ rearranged genes from unimmunized 22-mo-old C57BL/6 mice and showed that they had a heterogeneous repertoire, which was comparable to that seen in old follicular and marginal zone B cell subsets. However, in contrast to the follicular and marginal zone cells, ABCs displayed significant somatic hypermutation. The mutation frequency was lower than found in germinal center cells after deliberate immunization, suggesting that ABCs have undergone mild stimulation from endogenous Ags over time. These observations show that quiescent ABCs are Ag-experienced cells that accumulate during T cell–dependent responses to diverse Ags during the life of an individual.
A Combined Discontinuous Galerkin Method for Saltwater Intrusion Problem with Splitting Mixed Procedure
Authors: Zhang Jiansong , Zhu Jiang , Yang Danping
Published: January 2017

In this paper, a new combined method is presented to simulate saltwater intrusion problem. A splitting positive definite mixed element method is used to solve the water head equation, and a symmetric discontinuous Galerkin (DG) finite element method is used to solve the concentration equation. The introduction of these two numerical methods not only makes the coefficient matrixes symmetric positive definite, but also does well with the discontinuous problem. The convergence of this method is considered and the optimal L2-norm error estimate is also derived.
Natural Convection Cooling of an Array of Flush Mounted Discrete Heaters Inside a 3D Cavity
Authors: Nayaki V. P. M. Senthil , Saravanan S. , Niu X. D. , Kandaswamy P.
Published: January 2017

An investigation of natural convective flow and heat transfer inside a three dimensional rectangular cavity containing an array of discrete heat sources is carried out. The array consists of a row and columnwise regular arrangement of identical square shaped isoflux discrete heaters and is flush mounted on a vertical wall of the cavity. A symmetrical isothermal sink condition is maintained by cooling the cavity uniformly from either the opposite wall or the side walls or the top and bottom walls. The other walls of the cavity are maintained adiabatic. A finite volume method based on the SIMPLE algorithm and the power law scheme is used to solve the conservation equations. The parametric study covers the influence of pertinent parameters such as the Rayleigh number, the Prandtl number, side aspect ratio of the cavity and cavity heater ratio. A detailed fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics for the three cases are reported in terms of isothermal and velocity vector plots and Nusselt numbers. In general it is found that the overall heat transfer rate within the cavity for Ra=107 is maximum when the side aspect ratio of the cavity lies between 1.5 and 2. A more complex and peculiar flow pattern is observed in the presence of top and bottom cold walls which in turn introduces hot spots on the adiabatic walls. Their location and size are highly sensitive to the side aspect ratio of the cavity and hence offers more effective ways for passive heat removal.
Surgeon preparedness for mass casualty events: Adapting essential military surgical lessons for the home front
Authors: Remick, MD, FACS Kyle N. , Shackelford, MD, FACS Stacy , Oh, MD, FACS John S. , Seery, MD, FACS Jason M. , Grabo, MD, FACS Daniel , Chovanes, DO, FACS John , Gross, MD, FACS Kirby R. , Nessen, DO, FACS Shawn C. , Tai, QHS, MS, FRCS (Gen) Nigel RM , Rickard, PhD, FRCS Rory F. , Elster, MD, FACS Eric , Schwab, MD, FACS, FRCS (Glasg) C. W.
Published: January 2017

Military surgeons have gained familiarity and experience with mass casualty events (MCEs) as a matter of routine over the course of the last two conflicts in Afghanistan and Iraq. Over the same period of time, civilian surgeons have increasingly faced complex MCEs on the home front. Our objective is to summarize and adapt these combat surgery lessons to enhance civilian surgeon preparedness for complex MCEs on the home front. The authors describe the unique lessons learned from combat surgery over the course of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq and adapt these lessons to enhance civilian surgical readiness for a MCE on the home front. Military Damage Control Surgery (mDCS) combines the established concept of clinical DCS (cDCS) with key combat situational awareness factors that enable surgeons to optimally care for multiple, complex patients, from multiple simultaneous events, with limited resources. These additional considerations involve the surgeon's role of care within the deployed trauma system and the battlefield effects. The proposed new concept of mass casualty DCS (mcDCS) similarly combines cDCS decisions with key factors of situational awareness for civilian surgeons faced with complex MCEs to optimize outcomes. The additional considerations for a civilian MCE include the surgeon's role of care within the regional trauma system and the incident effects. Adapting institutionalized lessons from combat surgery to civilian surgical colleagues will enhance national preparedness for complex MCEs on the home front.
Cloud detection in all-sky images via multi-scale neighborhood features and multiple supervised learning techniques
Authors: Cheng Hsu-Yung , Lin Chih-Lung
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Cloud detection is important for providing necessary information such as cloud cover in many applications. Existing cloud detection methods include red-to-blue ratio thresholding and other classification-based techniques. In this paper, we propose to perform cloud detection using supervised learning techniques with multi-resolution features. One of the major contributions of this work is that the features are extracted from local image patches with different sizes to include local structure and multi-resolution information. The cloud models are learned through the training process. We consider classifiers including random forest, support vector machine, and Bayesian classifier. To take advantage of the clues provided by multiple classifiers and various levels of patch sizes, we employ a voting scheme to combine the results to further increase the detection accuracy. In the experiments, we have shown that the proposed method can distinguish cloud and non-cloud pixels more accurately compared with existing works.
Semi-brittle rheology and ice dynamics in DynEarthSol3D
Authors: Logan Liz C. , Lavier Luc L. , Choi Eunseo , Tan Eh , Catania Ginny A.
Published: January 2017

Abstract. We present a semi-brittle rheology and explore its potential for simulating glacier and ice sheet deformation using a numerical model, DynEarthSol3D (DES), in simple, idealized experiments. DES is a finite-element solver for the dynamic and quasi-static simulation of continuous media. The experiments within demonstrate the potential for DES to simulate ice failure and deformation in dynamic regions of glaciers, especially at quickly changing boundaries like glacier termini in contact with the ocean. We explore the effect that different rheological assumptions have on the pattern of flow and failure. We find that the use of a semi-brittle constitutive law is a sufficient material condition to form the characteristic pattern of basal crevasse-aided pinch-and-swell geometry, which is observed globally in floating portions of ice and can often aid in eroding the ice sheet margins in direct contact with oceans.
Tunisian Labor Market and Regional Heterogeneity: Application of PSTR Model
Authors: Koubaa Yosra
Published: January 2017

This paper is devoted to investigating the matching process for Tunisia using desaggregated data by assuming that the rising of the unemployment rate result from regional disparities which yield variation of matching efficiencies across regions. Since most econometric aspects of spatial heterogeneity can be handled by means of the standard panel data methods, we focus our discussion on the new technique: Panel Smooth Transition Regression models (PSTR). The distinction is that we can compute regional specific sensibilities for 23 regions over the period 1984-2004. Given this objective, we consider three structural factors that allow explaining the regional imbalances. Contrary to the previous econometric techniques of the matching theory, estimates of the coefficients depend, of three transition variables. The results show that women insertion, the qualification share and population density significantly contribute to explain the asymmetry of the matching process across regions. Our main conclusion is that the hiring in Tunisia is driven essentially by the stock of vacancies about is the region. The willingness of job seekers, obviously, remains low, although it is different between regions and seems relatively important in urban zones.
Analysis of Physical and Chemical of Starch Lindur (Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza), Pedada (Sonneratia Casiolaris) and Api-Api (Avicennia Marina)
Authors: Pentury Melkhianus Hendrik
Published: January 2017

Mangrove is one of the coastal ecosystem which highly beneficial for human, several type of mangrove that were commonly used as food source for human were Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Sonneratia casiolaris and Avicennia marina. With high carbohydrate content, these three mangrove has the potential to be processed into starch or flour. Characterization review of physical and chemical traits of starch from Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Sonneratia casiolaris and Avicennia marina was done in Health Laboratory of Health Agency in Maluku Province and Community Health Study Laboratory in Health Faculty of Universitas Kristen Indonesia Maluku. Physical and chemical analysis done consist of coarse fiber, protein, fat, water content, ash content, sucrose content, white degrees, water absorbance, starch and amylose analysis. Result of this study showed that sucrose content of Bruguiera gymnorrhyza was 19,5%, of Sonneratia casiolaris was 42,1% and of Avicennia marina was 21,4%. For sucrose content of starch were 10,85%, 15,25% and 11,15%. White degree of flour were 39,45%, 45,17% and 40,45% respectively. White degree for starch were 57,72%, 66,39% and 60,8%. Coarse fiber content for flour of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza was 1,24 ml/gr, of Sonneratia casiolaris 0,97 ml/gr, and of Avicennia marina 1,05 ml/gr. Water absorbance for starch of Bruguiera gymnorrhize was the highest with 3,57 ml/gr, followed by Sonneratia casiolaris with 1,46 ml/gr and Avicennia marina with 2,33 ml/gr. Water content of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza starch was between 9,02%-10,77%. Water content of Sonneratia casiolaris starch was between 10,72%-11,90%. Water content of Avicennia marina starch was between 7,69%-9,61%. Ash content of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza starch was about 4,65%-5,65%. Ash content of Sonneratia casiolaris starch was about 4,10%-4,17% and ash content of Avicennia marina starch was about 3,87%-4,16%. Highest protein content for each type was Bruguiera gymnorrhiza with 3,31%, Sonneratia casiolaris with 1,69% and Avicennia marina with 2,20%. Fat content for each type was 0,89%, 0,58% and 0,94% respectively. Coarse fiber content for each type was 1,40%, 0,51% and 0,99%. Starch of Bruguiera gymnorrhiza was 73,19%, of Sonneratia casiolaris was 61,95% and of Avicennia marina was 70,71%. Amylose content for those three were 31,45%, 20,28% and 27,69%. This study contribution was to obtain starch sources as food material.
Security Mapping of a Usage Based Cloud System
Authors: R Kamatchi , Ambekar Kimaya , Parikh Yash
Published: January 2017

The popularity of cloud computing technology is increasing tremendously. There is no disagreement about the effectiveness of the data storage and the data transition techniques of clouds. Earlier it used distributed computing just for sharing resources. However, with technology advancement, cloud computing has become more and more powerful as well as more adaptive in various business sectors. However, with the increase in number of users, there is also an increase in the security threats affecting the users’ privacy, personal data, identity and confidentiality. In this paper, we have aimed at categorizing security and privacy threats based on the kind of usage of cloud. We have also presented an algorithm to find the appropriate solution to address the security and privacy related issues as per the usage category. This paper helps in improving security and privacy of cloud technology users without compromising the benefits of data storage.
T-RBAC based Multi-domain Access Control Method in Cloud
Authors: Xiong Dapeng , Chen Liang
Published: January 2017

Access control technology protects cloud from being accessed illegal. However, traditional access control technology cannot meet the new features of the cloud environment. In order to improve the deficiency of the current multi domain access control in timeliness and flexibility. This paper put forward a dynamic access control policy on the basis of task driving idea. New method combined the advantage of RBAC and task driving model, joined with limit aging and real time strategy synthesis. Comparative trial show that new policy had an advantage in flexibility and availability of multi-domain access control model.
Legal and regulatory update
Authors: Wilkinson John , Dorey Frederick J
Published: January 2017

Cambridge Antibody Technology (CAT) won its High Court battle against healthcare company Abbott over the level of royalties due on sales of the potential blockbuster drug Humira. CAT argued successfully that it was due a royalty of just over 5 per cent of sales, rather than the 2 per cent that Abbott had been paying. It is believed that CAT is due back payments from Abbott as well as future royalty payments at the higher rate on sales predicted to rise to over US$2bn per year.
Is 'evergreening' a cause for concern? A legal perspective
Authors: Parker Scott , Mooney Kevin
Published: January 2017

A number of fundamental principles (and misconceptions) of patent law and of the system for granting and enforcing patents lie at the heart of the so-called 'evergreening' debate on patent protection for pharmaceutical products. The purpose of this paper is to consider 'evergreening' from a legal perspective and to evaluate the extent to which the patent system operates to safeguard against the claimed abuses. In the authors' view the allegation that pharmaceutical companies have been able to delay substantially the entry of generic competition by 'evergreening' many of their patents simply does not reflect the reality and mischaracterises how the patent system operates in the context of technological innovation. A patent over an improvement does not restrict a generic company from launching a competitor of the originator product and, in the UK at least, the procedure and attitude of the court is conducive to the speedy and cost-effective challenge of 'weak' patents.
Exploiting the business opportunities in biotech connections: The power of social networks
Authors: McCarthy Ian P , Pitt Leyland , Campbell Colin , Van der Merwe Rian , Salehi-Sangeri Esmail
Published: January 2017

Networks have a well-established importance in business. Here network analysis, grounded in social network theory, is used to analyse two international biotech business-to-business environments. Of additional value, the methodology employed is described for the benefit of academics and practitioners alike. Swedish and Australian biotech firms are analysed through the examination of internet networks. Once gathered and analysed following the described methodology, several features of the networks can be determined. Most critically, identification of important actors and structural holes within networks allows valuable entrepreneurial opportunities to be unearthed. Biotech firms and suppliers, particularly those with a global reach, are best positioned to take advantage of such information.
Beacon Sciences: Commercialisation from biothreat detection to beauty enhancement
Authors: Hanes Rob , Borich Damon
Published: January 2017

Beacon Sciences is an excellent example of how technology from an American university can be developed and commercialised resulting in applications across multiple industries and a spin-out company utilising the technology in totally new directions for the global marketplace. The pioneering work of renowned scientist, Dr Eric V. Anslyn, has led to new discoveries in the field of chemiluminescence. Financing from a life sciences venture firm, Emergent Technologies, Inc. (ETI), in an agreement with the University of Texas at Austin where the intellectual property was developed, led to the launch of Beacon Sciences and the commercialisation of the company's proprietary â€˜glow chemistryâ€™ technology and dye synthesis. The technology has wide-ranging applications, including medical diagnostics, biowarfare detection, molecular tools, environmental monitoring, food and beverage testing, chronic disease monitoring and pre-clinical drug safety testing. Funding and strong technology commercialisation management expertise provided by ETI has already led to Beacon Sciences spawning a spin-out company, Reveal Sciences, which is capitalising on Beacon Sciences technology in innovative applications for the cosmetics and personal care products industries.
Commercializing synthetic biology: Socio-ethical concerns and challenges under intellectual property regime
Authors: Saukshmya Trichi , Chugh Archana
Published: January 2017

Synthetic biology also termed as â€˜genomic alchemyâ€™ represents a powerful area of science that is based on the convergence of biological sciences with systems engineering. It focuses on building, modelling, designing and fabricating novel biological systems using customized gene components that result in artificially created genetic circuitry. As discussed in the present study, synthetic biology is an elegant consequence of amalgamation of various branches of science. It is speculated that the resulting synthetic organisms can successfully provide solutions for the problems where natural biological systems have failed. These artificially synthesized organisms can be tutored to meet diverse applications such as production of various biodrugs and creation of tailor-made metabolic pathways. Evidently, this revolutionary technology has the potential to transform human life directly and indirectly. The article provides an insight into the tremendous commercialization ability of synthetic biology in various sectors (bioenergy, medicine, and so on) as demonstrated by various initiatives, collaborative projects with huge investments. It is noteworthy that synthetic biology tools and organisms can be used for saving, creating â€˜orâ€™ destroying life; hence the study further deals with the socio-ethical implications of this rapidly advancing field of biology and also assesses the challenging role of intellectual property regime in commercialization of synthetic biology.
Commentary regarding decision in Bilski from a biotech perspective
Authors: Kowalski Thomas J , Lunasin Heidi E , Lu Deborah L , McGuire Brian M , DeRosa Frank J
Published: January 2017

Â Â
Patenting human genes: Reflections on the public debate
Authors: Sheard Andrew
Published: January 2017

Examines the public debate on the patentability of human genes. Nature of the debate;Â Analysis of the participants; Role of the media in the outcome of the debate; Impact on the issue concerning the appropriateness of patents for compounds.
New technologies for neglected diseases: Can tax credits help biotechnology companies advance global health?
Authors: Rao Aarthi
Published: January 2017

Biotechnology companies can play an important role in advancing technologies for global health. Initiatives such as Genzyme's Humanitarian Assistance for Neglected Diseases and Alnylam's Intellectual Property (IP) contributions to the Pool for Open Innovation against Neglected Tropical Diseases show a commitment to helping produce badly needed health technologies, but unmet needs for new drugs, vaccines and diagnostics for diseases affecting developing countries remain. Controlling malaria, visceral leishmaniasis and other infectious diseases that cause significant morbidity and mortality requires new and improved technological tools. Biotechnology companiesâ€™ expertise in biologics, point-of-care diagnostics and preclinical drug development is invaluable in this field, which is short of innovators.Most firms, however, face disincentives in conducting R&D for global health since product markets are small and uncertain, the scientific problems are tough to solve, and few existing financing or policy mechanisms compensate for the risk. Product Development Partnerships and other non-profit initiatives have taken on much of the work in this area through grant financing and have often partnered with industry, but biotechnology firms could play a greater role. New policy and financing mechanisms that can balance the investment equation and encourage biotechnology and pharmaceutical firms to include global health diseases in their R&D portfolios could unleash important advances in global health technologies.
Legal and regulatory update
Authors: Wilkinson John
Published: January 2017

The Office of Fair Trading (OFT) has recently found Genzyme Limited guilty of abusing its dominant position in the market for the supply of drugs for the treatment of Gaucher disease in breach of the 'Chapter II prohibition' of the Competition Act 1998. Genzyme supplies a drug called Cerezyme, which until recently was the only treatment for Gaucher disease, a rare inherited genetic disorder. Owing to the serious nature of the infringement, the OFT fined Genzyme Â£6.8m.
Legal and regulatory update
Authors: Wilkinson John , Dorey Frederick J
Published: January 2017

Article 81(1) of the Treaty of Rome prohibits all agreements, decisions and concerted practices that may affect trade between member states and that have as their object or effect the prevention, restriction or distortion of competition within the EU. Any agreement that is prohibited by this Article is automatically void.
Editorial: R&D in biotechnology â€“ The management challenges
Authors: Shohet Simon
Published: January 2017

Â Â
Regenerating an Arsenic Removal Iron‐Based Adsorptive Media System, Part 2: Performance and Cost
Authors: Sorg Thomas J. , Kolisz Raymond , Chen Abraham S.C. , Wang Lili
Published: January 2017

Replacement of exhausted, adsorptive media used to remove arsenic from drinking water accounts for approximately 80% of total operational and maintenance costs of this commonly used small system technology. Results of three full‐scale system studies of an onsite media regeneration process (discussed in the first article of this two‐part series) showed it to be effective in stripping arsenic and other contaminants from a granular ferric oxide (GFO) exhausted adsorptive media. This second article details the performance of the regenerated media to remove arsenic through multiple regeneration cycles and the approximate cost savings of regeneration over media replacement. Results indicated that media regeneration did not appear to have a major detrimental effect on the performance of the GFO media, and the regeneration cost was potentially less than the media replacement cost. Therefore, onsite regeneration offers small systems a possible alternative to media replacement when removing arsenic from drinking water using iron‐based adsorptive media technology.
Performance Data from the NIST Net-Zero Energy Residential Test Facility
Authors: Healy William M , Fanney A Hunter , Dougherty Brian P , Ng Lisa , Payne Vance , Ullah Tania , Omar Farhad
Published: January 2017

Data were collected over two separate year-long test periods at the Net-Zero Energy Residential Test Facility, alaboratory designed to evaluate a variety of technologies and operational strategies that lead to energy efficient houses with comfortable and healthful indoor environments. In a net-zero energy building, all energy consumption over the course of a year is offset by on-site renewable energy production; this facility attempts to meet that goal through use of a photovoltaic array installed on the roof. Data are presented for one-year test periods over which the research team examined whether the facility would reach net-zero status. In both years, the house was operated in an all-electric configuration, with slight modifications made in the second year related to control schemes and equipment selection. A virtual family of four was simulated to carry out the operations that would typically occur in a home (e.g., appliance usage, lighting usage, hot water usage). Data are being released for the second year of operation at the time of publication of this document, with an expectation that data from the first year will be released at a later date.
What the success of brain imaging implies about the neural code
Authors: Guest Olivia , Love Bradley C
Published: January 2017

The success of fMRI places constraints on the nature of the neural code. The fact that researchers can infer similarities between neural representations, despite fMRI’s limitations, implies that certain neural coding schemes are more likely than others. For fMRI to succeed given its low temporal and spatial resolution, the neural code must be smooth at the voxel and functional level such that similar stimuli engender similar internal representations. Through proof and simulation, we determine which coding schemes are plausible given both fMRI’s successes and its limitations in measuring neural activity. Deep neural network approaches, which have been forwarded as computational accounts of the ventral stream, are consistent with the success of fMRI, though functional smoothness breaks down in the later network layers. These results have implications for the nature of the neural code and ventral stream, as well as what can be successfully investigated with fMRI.
MAPK signaling promotes axonal degeneration by speeding the turnover of the axonal maintenance factor NMNAT2
Authors: Walker Lauren J , Summers Daniel W , Sasaki Yo , Brace EJ , Milbrandt Jeffrey , DiAntonio Aaron
Published: January 2017

Injury-induced (Wallerian) axonal degeneration is regulated via the opposing actions of pro-degenerative factors such as SARM1 and a MAPK signal and pro-survival factors, the most important of which is the NAD+ biosynthetic enzyme NMNAT2 that inhibits activation of the SARM1 pathway. Here we investigate the mechanism by which MAPK signaling facilitates axonal degeneration. We show that MAPK signaling promotes the turnover of the axonal survival factor NMNAT2 in cultured mammalian neurons as well as the Drosophila ortholog dNMNAT in motoneurons. The increased levels of NMNAT2 are required for the axonal protection caused by loss of MAPK signaling. Regulation of NMNAT2 by MAPK signaling does not require SARM1, and so cannot be downstream of SARM1. Hence, pro-degenerative MAPK signaling functions upstream of SARM1 by limiting the levels of the essential axonal survival factor NMNAT2 to promote injury-dependent SARM1 activation. These findings are consistent with a linear molecular pathway for the axonal degeneration program.