bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Species of Chiggers (Trombidiformes: Trombiculidae and Leeuwenhoekiidae) From the Conservation Unit Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões, Brazil
Authors: de Castro Jacinavicius Fernando , Bassini-Silva Ricardo , Huang-Bastos Matheus , Horta Maurício Claudio , Barros-Battesti Darci Moraes
Published: September 2020

The Piauí State, Brazil, has never had its chigger fauna recorded. In this study, we examined chiggers collected on marsupials, rodents, and lizards from the conservation unit Parque Nacional da Serra das Confusões (PNSC). Herein we describe four new species, Paraguacarus klompenin. sp., Neoschoengastia ochoain. sp., Quadraseta welbournin. sp., and Susa bauchanin. sp. Furthermore, an additional seven species are reported: Eutrombicula alfreddugesi (Oudemans, 1910), Microtrombicula brachytrichiaBrennan, 1971, Microtrombicula rhipidomysiGoff, Whitaker and Dietz, 1983, Parascoschoengastia aemulata (Brennan and Jones, 1964), Parasecia validaBrennan, 1969, Pseudochoengastia petrolinensis Jacinavicius, Bassini-Silva and Barros-Battesti 2019, and Quadraseta flochi (Brennan and Jones, 1960). This is the first report of chiggers in Piauí State, which includes one of the most biodiverse areas in the Caatinga biome and is of particular importance to conservation. The genera Paraguacarus Goff and Whitaker, 1984 and Susa Audy and Nadcharam, 1960 are reported here for the first time to Brazil.
Overexpression of Long Noncoding RNA HOTAIR Is a Unique Epigenetic Characteristic of Myxopapillary Ependymoma
Authors: Zheng Haiyin , Baranova Katherina , Song Jun , Yan Lei , Biswas Saumik , Chakrabarti Subrata , Zhang Qi
Published: September 2020

Ependymomas are a heterogeneous group of central nervous system tumors. Despite the recent advances, there are no specific biomarkers for ependymomas. In this study, we explored the role of homeobox (HOX) genes and long noncoding RNA (LncRNA) HOTAIR in ependymomas along the neural axis. Bioinformatics analysis was performed on publicly available gene expression data. Quantitative RT-PCR was used to determine the mRNA expression level among different groups of ependymomas. RNA in situ hybridization (ISH) with probes specific to HOTAIR was performed on tumor tissue microarray (TMA) constructed with 19 ependymomas formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. Gene expression analysis revealed higher expression of posterior HOX genes and HOTAIR in myxopapillary ependymoma (MPE), in comparison to other spinal and intracranial ependymoma. qRT-PCR confirmed the high HOXD10 expression in spinal MPEs. There was a significant upregulation of HOTAIR expression in spinal MPE and elevated HOTAIR expressions were further confirmed by RNA ISH on the TMA. Intriguingly, HOXD10 and HOTAIR expressions were not elevated in nonependymoma spinal tumors. Our collective results suggest an important role for the lncRNA HOTAIR and posterior HOX genes in the tumorigenesis of spinal MPE. HOTAIR may also serve as a potential diagnostic marker for spinal MPE.
Refugee Children’s Resilience: A Qualitative Social Ecological Study of Life in a Camp
Authors: Kuru Nİlüfer , Ungar Michael
Published: September 2020

A social ecological theory of resilience shows that the process of resilience not only depends on an individual child’s personal traits but also on the capacity of the child’s environment to provide the resources required for the child to use these traits to achieve psychological and physical wellbeing in contexts of adversity. The aim of this study is to investigate how refugee mothers influence their children’s developmental outcomes despite exposure to the large number of risk factors they experience living in a refugee camp. Ten Syrian mothers of children aged 5–7-years-old participated in both semi-structured interviews and focus groups conducted while they were living in a refugee camp in Turkey. Using an inductive thematic analysis, findings show that participants found unconventional ways to build their children’s social capital, provide an education and maintain culturally grounded values and beliefs when facing with multiple distal and proximal challenges. These findings highlight the importance of understanding resilience as a psychosocial and interactive process occurring at multiple systemic levels (in this case, child, mother, and camp). Improving the functioning of larger systems may be an efficacious way of creating stable and nurturing environments for children to experience greater resilience.
Omphalomesenteric duct resection using an intraumbilical round incision or a transumbilical vertical incision: report of two cases
Authors: Tatekawa Yukihiro
Published: September 2020

We report our experience with two patients who underwent omphalomesenteric duct resection: one for a patent omphalomesenteric duct and the other for a Meckel diverticulum connected to the umbilicus by a fibrous cord. We used an intraumbilical round incision and a transumbilical vertical incision, respectively. The first patient was a neonate with a patent omphalomesenteric duct who appeared to have a small stoma after ligature of the umbilical cord. Contrast media, injected through a catheter inserted into the stoma, entered the lumen of the small bowel. The second patient was an infant with a Meckel diverticulum connected to the umbilicus by a fibrous cord. After bloody stool was noted, nuclear imaging using 99m technetium pertechnetate revealed a small, round area of intense tracer activity in the midabdomen, suggesting the presence of ectopic gastric mucosa. Using either an intraumbilical or a transumbilical incision is safe and provides good cosmesis.
Trimodal structure of Hercules stream explained by originating from bar resonances
Authors: Asano Tetsuro , Fujii M S , Baba J , Bédorf J , Sellentin E , Portegies Zwart S
Published: September 2020

Gaia Data Release 2 revealed detailed structures of nearby stars in phase space. These include the Hercules stream, whose origin is still debated. Most of the previous numerical studies conjectured that the observed structures originate from orbits in resonance with the bar, based on static potential models for the Milky Way. We, in contrast, approach the problem via a self-consistent, dynamic, and morphologically well-resolved model, namely a full N-body simulation of the Milky Way. Our simulation comprises about 5.1 billion particles in the galactic stellar bulge, bar, disc, and dark-matter halo and is evolved to 10 Gyr. Our model’s disc component is composed of 200 million particles, and its simulation snapshots are stored every 10 Myr, enabling us to resolve and classify resonant orbits of representative samples of stars. After choosing the Sun’s position in the simulation, we compare the distribution of stars in its neighbourhood with Gaia’s astrometric data, thereby establishing the role of identified resonantly trapped stars in the formation of Hercules-like structures. From our orbital spectral-analysis, we identify multiple, especially higher order resonances. Our results suggest that the Hercules stream is dominated by the 4:1 and 5:1 outer Lindblad and corotation resonances. In total, this yields a trimodal structure of the Hercules stream. From the relation between resonances and ridges in phase space, our model favoured a slow pattern speed of the Milky-Way bar (40–45 $\mathrm{km \, s^{-1} \, kpc^{-1}}$).
Asteroseismic inference of subgiant evolutionary parameters with deep learning
Authors: Hon Marc , Bellinger Earl P , Hekker Saskia , Stello Dennis , Kuszlewicz James S
Published: September 2020

With the observations of an unprecedented number of oscillating subgiant stars expected from NASA’s TESS mission, the asteroseismic characterization of subgiant stars will be a vital task for stellar population studies and for testing our theories of stellar evolution. To determine the fundamental properties of a large sample of subgiant stars efficiently, we developed a deep learning method that estimates distributions of fundamental parameters like age and mass over a wide range of input physics by learning from a grid of stellar models varied in eight physical parameters. We applied our method to four Kepler subgiant stars and compare our results with previously determined estimates. Our results show good agreement with previous estimates for three of them (KIC 11026764, KIC 10920273, KIC 11395018). With the ability to explore a vast range of stellar parameters, we determine that the remaining star, KIC 10005473, is likely to have an age 1 Gyr younger than its previously determined estimate. Our method also estimates the efficiency of overshooting, undershooting, and microscopic diffusion processes, from which we determined that the parameters governing such processes are generally poorly constrained in subgiant models. We further demonstrate our method’s utility for ensemble asteroseismology by characterizing a sample of 30 Kepler subgiant stars, where we find a majority of our age, mass, and radius estimates agree within uncertainties from more computationally expensive grid-based modelling techniques.
Heliospheric energetic neutral atoms: Non-stationary modelling and comparison with IBEX-Hi data
Authors: Baliukin I I , Izmodenov V V , Alexashov D B
Published: September 2020

The interstellar boundary explorer (IBEX) has been measuring fluxes of the energetic neutral atoms (ENAs) using the IBEX-Hi (0.3–6 keV) instrument since 2008. We have developed a numerical time-depended code to calculate globally distributed flux (GDF) of hydrogen ENAs employing both (1) 3D kinetic-MHD model of the global heliosphere and (2) reconstruction of atom trajectories from 1 au, where they are observed by IBEX, to the point of their origin in the inner heliosheath (IHS). The key factor in the simulation is a detailed kinetic consideration of the pickup ions (PUIs), the supra-thermal component of protons in the heliosphere, which is ‘parental’ to the ENAs and originates in the region of the supersonic solar wind being picked by the heliospheric magnetic field. As a result of our study, we have concluded that (1) the developed model is able to reproduce the geometry of the multilobe structure seen in the IBEX-Hi GDF maps, (2) the GDF is extremely sensitive to the form of the velocity distribution function of PUIs in the IHS, and the accounting for the existence of an additional energetic population of PUIs is essential to explain the data, (3) despite a relatively good agreement, there are some quantitative differences between the model calculations and IBEX-Hi data. Possible reasons for these differences are discussed.
New high-frequency radio observations of the Cygnus Loop supernova remnant with the Italian radio telescopes
Authors: Loru S , Pellizzoni A , Egron E , Ingallinera A , Morlino G , Celli S , Umana G , Trigilio C , Leto P , Iacolina M N , Righini S , Reich P , Mulas S , Marongiu M , Pilia M , Melis A , Concu R , Bufano F , Buemi C , Cavallaro F , Riggi S , Schillirò F
Published: September 2020

Supernova remnants (SNRs) represent a powerful laboratory to study the cosmic ray acceleration processes at shocks, and their relation to the properties of the circumstellar medium. With the aim of studying the high-frequency radio emission and investigating the energy distribution of accelerated electrons and the magnetic field conditions, we performed single-dish observations of the large and complex Cygnus Loop SNR from 7.0–24.8 GHz with the Medicina and Sardinia Radio Telescopes, focusing on the northern filament (NGC 6992) and the southern shell. Both regions show a spectrum well fitted by a power-law function (S ∝ ν−α), with spectral index α = 0.45 ± 0.05 for NGC 6992 and α = 0.49 ± 0.01 for the southern shell and without any indication of a spectral break. The spectra are significantly flatter than the whole Cygnus Loop spectrum (α = 0.54 ± 0.01), suggesting a departure from the plain shock acceleration mechanisms, which for NGC 6992 could be related to the ongoing transition towards a radiative shock. We model the integrated spectrum of the whole SNR considering the evolution of the maximum energy and magnetic field amplification. Through the radio spectral parameters, we infer a magnetic field at the shock of 10 μG. This value is compatible with purely adiabatic compression of the interstellar magnetic field, suggesting that the amplification process is currently inefficient.
On the rotational velocity of Sirius A
Authors: Takeda Yoichi
Published: September 2020

With an aim of getting information on the equatorial rotation velocity (ve) of Sirius A separated from the inclination effect (sin i), a detailed profile analysis based on the Fourier transform technique was carried out for a large number of spectral lines, while explicitly taking into account the line-by-line differences in the centre–limb behaviours and the gravity darkening effect (which depend on the physical properties of each line) based on model calculations. The simulations showed that how the first-zero frequencies (q1) of Fourier transform amplitudes depends on ve is essentially determined by the temperature-sensitivity parameter (K) differing from line to line, and that Fe i lines (especially those of very weak ones) are more sensitive to ve than Fe ii lines. The following conclusions were drawn by comparing the theoretical and observed q1 values for many Fe i and Fe ii lines: (1) The projected rotational velocity (vesin i) for Sirius A is fairly well established at 16.3(±0.1) km s−1 by requiring that both Fe i and Fe ii lines yield consistent results. (2) Although precise separation of ve and i is difficult, ve is concluded to be in the range of $16 \le v_{\rm e} \lesssim$ 30–40 km s−1, which corresponds to $25^{\circ } \lesssim i \le 90^{\circ }$. Accordingly, Sirius A is an intrinsically slow rotator for an A-type star, being consistent with its surface chemical peculiarity.
Observations of [OI]63 μm line emission in main-sequence galaxies at z ∼ 1.5
Authors: Wagg J , Aravena M , Brisbin D , Valtchanov I , Carilli C , Daddi E , Dannerbauer H , Decarli R , Díaz-Santos T , Riechers D , Sargent M , Walter F
Published: September 2020

We present Herschel–PACS spectroscopy of four main-sequence star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 1.5. We detect [OI]63 μm line emission in BzK-21000 at z = 1.5213, and measure a line luminosity, $L_{\rm [O\, {\small I}]63\, \mu m} = (3.9\pm 0.7)\times 10^9$ L⊙. Our PDR modelling of the interstellar medium in BzK-21000 suggests a UV radiation field strength, G ∼ 320G0, and gas density, n ∼ 1800 cm−3, consistent with previous LVG modelling of the molecular CO line excitation. The other three targets in our sample are individually undetected in these data, and we perform a spectral stacking analysis which yields a detection of their average emission and an [O i]63 μm line luminosity, $L_{\rm [O\, {\small I}]63\, \mu m} = (1.1\pm 0.2)\times 10^9$ L⊙. We find that the implied luminosity ratio, $L_{\rm [O\, {\small I}]63\, \mu m}/L_{\rm IR}$, of the undetected BzK-selected star-forming galaxies broadly agrees with that of low-redshift star-forming galaxies, while BzK-21000 has a similar ratio to that of a dusty star-forming galaxy at z ∼ 6. The high [O i]63 μm line luminosities observed in BzK-21000 and the z ∼ 1−3 dusty and sub-mm luminous star-forming galaxies may be associated with extended reservoirs of low density, cool neutral gas.
A hand-off of DNA between archaeal polymerases allows high-fidelity replication to resume at a discrete intermediate three bases past 8-oxoguanine
Authors: Cranford Matthew T , Kaszubowski Joseph D , Trakselis Michael A
Published: September 2020

During DNA replication, the presence of 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG) lesions in the template strand cause the high-fidelity (HiFi) DNA polymerase (Pol) to stall. An early response to 8-oxoG lesions involves ‘on-the-fly’ translesion synthesis (TLS), in which a specialized TLS Pol is recruited and replaces the stalled HiFi Pol for lesion bypass. The length of TLS must be long enough for effective bypass, but it must also be regulated to minimize replication errors by the TLS Pol. The exact position where the TLS Pol ends and the HiFi Pol resumes (i.e. the length of the TLS patch) has not been described. We use steady-state and pre-steady-state kinetic assays to characterize lesion bypass intermediates formed by different archaeal polymerase holoenzyme complexes that include PCNA123 and RFC. After bypass of 8-oxoG by TLS PolY, products accumulate at the template position three base pairs beyond the lesion. PolY is catalytically poor for subsequent extension from this +3 position beyond 8-oxoG, but this inefficiency is overcome by rapid extension of HiFi PolB1. The reciprocation of Pol activities at this intermediate indicates a defined position where TLS Pol extension is limited and where the DNA substrate is handed back to the HiFi Pol after bypass of 8-oxoG.
Structural and functional insights into Archaeoglobus fulgidus m2G10 tRNA methyltransferase Trm11 and its Trm112 activator
Authors: Wang Can , van Tran Nhan , Jactel Vincent , Guérineau Vincent , Graille Marc
Published: September 2020

tRNAs play a central role during the translation process and are heavily post-transcriptionally modified to ensure optimal and faithful mRNA decoding. These epitranscriptomics marks are added by largely conserved proteins and defects in the function of some of these enzymes are responsible for neurodevelopmental disorders and cancers. Here, we focus on the Trm11 enzyme, which forms N2-methylguanosine (m2G) at position 10 of several tRNAs in both archaea and eukaryotes. While eukaryotic Trm11 enzyme is only active as a complex with Trm112, an allosteric activator of methyltransferases modifying factors (RNAs and proteins) involved in mRNA translation, former studies have shown that some archaeal Trm11 proteins are active on their own. As these studies were performed on Trm11 enzymes originating from archaeal organisms lacking TRM112 gene, we have characterized Trm11 (AfTrm11) from the Archaeoglobus fulgidus archaeon, which genome encodes for a Trm112 protein (AfTrm112). We show that AfTrm11 interacts directly with AfTrm112 similarly to eukaryotic enzymes and that although AfTrm11 is active as a single protein, its enzymatic activity is strongly enhanced by AfTrm112. We finally describe the first crystal structures of the AfTrm11-Trm112 complex and of Trm11, alone or bound to the methyltransferase inhibitor sinefungin.
Open Targets Genetics: systematic identification of trait-associated genes using large-scale genetics and functional genomics
Authors: Ghoussaini Maya , Mountjoy Edward , Carmona Miguel , Peat Gareth , Schmidt Ellen M , Hercules Andrew , Fumis Luca , Miranda Alfredo , Carvalho-Silva Denise , Buniello Annalisa , Burdett Tony , Hayhurst James , Baker Jarrod , Ferrer Javier , Gonzalez-Uriarte Asier , Jupp Simon , Karim Mohd Anisul , Koscielny Gautier , Machlitt-Northen Sandra , Malangone Cinzia , Pendlington Zoe May , Roncaglia Paola , Suveges Daniel , Wright Daniel , Vrousgou Olga , Papa Eliseo , Parkinson Helen , MacArthur Jacqueline A L , Todd John A , Barrett Jeffrey C , Schwartzentruber Jeremy , Hulcoop David G , Ochoa David , McDonagh Ellen M , Dunham Ian
Published: September 2020

Open Targets Genetics (https://genetics.opentargets.org) is an open-access integrative resource that aggregates human GWAS and functional genomics data including gene expression, protein abundance, chromatin interaction and conformation data from a wide range of cell types and tissues to make robust connections between GWAS-associated loci, variants and likely causal genes. This enables systematic identification and prioritisation of likely causal variants and genes across all published trait-associated loci. In this paper, we describe the public resources we aggregate, the technology and analyses we use, and the functionality that the portal offers. Open Targets Genetics can be searched by variant, gene or study/phenotype. It offers tools that enable users to prioritise causal variants and genes at disease-associated loci and access systematic cross-disease and disease-molecular trait colocalization analysis across 92 cell types and tissues including the eQTL Catalogue. Data visualizations such as Manhattan-like plots, regional plots, credible sets overlap between studies and PheWAS plots enable users to explore GWAS signals in depth. The integrated data is made available through the web portal, for bulk download and via a GraphQL API, and the software is open source. Applications of this integrated data include identification of novel targets for drug discovery and drug repurposing.
Media Coverage of Economic Inequality
Authors: Rieder Maria , Silke Henry , Theine Hendrik
Published: September 2020

Chapter 6 at first introduces the design of the empirical study (research agenda, approach, and methods adopted) of newspaper coverage of economic inequality in four countries. It describes the key selections and methods which defined the corpus of empirical materials at the heart of the authors’ original primary research. It then provides a summary overview of key aspects of our empirical research findings. Next, there is a summary discussion of the overall findings from the authors’ corpus of news media materials and data collection strategies. The chapter proceeds to examine the particular arguments in Piketty’s book which are either highlighted or neglected by the coverage in the newspaper articles forming the corpus of primary materials. It then moves on to present overall assessments of the coverage of Piketty’s book by the selected news media in the four countries. The authors identify and discuss how individual newspapers in the sample tend to agree or disagree with the key themes and argument in Piketty’s book. Responses engaging with the methods and data informing Piketty’s research and publications are also considered. Next, the chapter considers the newspapers’ engagement with discourses on economic inequality and the authors’ stances on whether or not economic inequality is problematic for the economy and society. An initial summary overview of trends in the discussion of Piketty’s policy proposals is presented, and the chapter concludes with the importance of sourcing. The following tables/graphs and figures—unless otherwise declared—are derived out of our empirical project and refer to original data generated throughout the project.
Meritocracy, Markets, Social Mobility
Authors: Grisold Andrea , Silke Henry
Published: September 2020

Chapter 7 examines the subset of the corpus of newspaper articles which reacted negatively with respect to key features of Piketty’s analysis and findings. The chapter focuses on those articles which advanced defensive discourses on inequality, seeking to either downplay, deny, or conflate the key findings related to the secular trend of growing inequality. The approach and treatment in this chapter proposes that such discourses can be found in a number of categories: firstly, where the challenges focus on the method used in Piketty’s research and/or the data; secondly, where inequality is defined and treated not as a problem but rather a necessity (i.e., for innovation); and finally, discourses that oppose regulation or other intervention (such as redistribution policies) with the argument or assumption that any regulation would make matters worse.
Conclusion
Authors: Perillo J. Lorenzo
Published: September 2020

The conclusion reflect on the meaning of Hip-Hop dance as witnessed in the U.S. embassy’s diplomatic convention “America in 3D: Diplomacy, Development, and Defense” (2011) in the Philippines. It argues for more engagement between Black feminist theory and Filipina performances, like “Pinays Rise,” a dance within the convention that challenged gender and class stereotypes of Filipinas as caregivers. The conclusion first analyzes “Pinays Rise,” and then connects the convention’s theme to the historical significance of stereoscopy, or the depth-enhancing imaging technique. The conclusion reviews the book’s main arguments and addresses the potential uses for performative euphemism in academic studies of culture and race. Finally, it calls for a holistic approach to Hip-Hop that reckons with discourses of Filipino cultural politics and dance.
Foot Voting in the Private Sector
Authors: Somin Ilya
Published: September 2020

This chapter explains how foot voting in the private sector can expand political freedom. Some 69 million Americans currently live in private planned communities, and such arrangements can offer better and more diverse foot-voting opportunities than public jurisdictions alone. This type of foot voting is not as clearly “political” as others, but it still enhances political freedom in the sense that it provides an alternative to the government. Much can be done to increase the availability of private planned communities, including for the poor. The chapter also addresses claims that private sector foot voting does not qualify as genuine political choice, that it can only benefit the affluent, and that it has severe limitations of scale.
Problems and Keyhole Solutions
Authors: Somin Ilya
Published: September 2020

This chapter addresses claims that expanded foot voting—particularly through international migration—must be prevented because it would have various negative side effects. These include negative effects on public policy, the spread of harmful cultural values, displacement of workers, burdens on the welfare state, increased crime and terrorism, and damage to the environment. The chapter outlines a three-part framework for dealing with such objections: (1) determine how severe the problem really is, (2) use “keyhole” solutions (fixes that do not require migration restrictions) to mitigate it, if necessary and (3) tap the vast wealth created by migration to mitigate negative side effects that are not susceptible to keyhole solutions.
Implications for International Law and Global Governance
Authors: Somin Ilya
Published: September 2020

This chapter explains the implications of the book’s arguments for international law and governance. Foot voting can be strengthened by expanding refugee status to cover a broader category of victims of oppression, increasing the range of people who can use foot voting to escape the tyranny of repressive regimes; they would qualify as “refugees” under international law and thus cannot be forcibly returned to their countries of origin. On the other hand, we should be wary of plans for world government and strong “global governance” as these could create a government that turns out be repressive, or even totalitarian, one from which there is no exit and thus no possibility of escape through foot voting.
The Kodály Approach to Teaching Music
Authors: Burns Amy M.
Published: September 2020

Glennis Patterson shares an overview to the approach created by composer, author, ethnomusicologist, educator, linguist, and philosopher Zoltán Kodály. She gives a thorough overview of his approach and the three-step sequence of prepare, present, and practice. Amy M. Burns offers ways to create visuals to assist with the presentation sequence. In addition, she demonstrates how to utilize technology to implement the practice sequence through lessons and manipulatives found in the book and on the supplemental website. The lessons can also be used for assessment purposes, lesson extensions, higher order thinking skills, and sharing their music-making with others outside the classroom. The lessons can be used by educators who have limited technology or those with 1:1 classrooms, and those with novice to advanced technological skills.
Project-Based Learning
Authors: Burns Amy M.
Published: September 2020

Amy M. Burns presents the approach of Project-Based Learning (PBL) in the elementary music classroom. The PBL approach focuses on the students learning the skills of research and problem-solving by answering essential questions over a period of time. Burns and Cherie Herring contributed to the PBL activities. In addition, they also address the process of Design Thinking, where students problem-solve solutions using the method of empathizing, defining, ideating, creating a prototype, testing, and going through the process again to redefine and improve. Burns and Herring demonstrate how PBL and DT can span across the curriculum, while still keeping music at the core of the learning process in the music classroom. The projects are versatile and can be used in young to older elementary classrooms from one device in the classroom to a 1:1 classroom.
An Overview of Newly Emerging Viral Plagues: The Hemorrhagic Fevers and a Newly Mysterious Suspect of Viral Disease, Acute Flaccid Paralysis
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter highlights three of the recently identified viruses: Lassa fever virus, Ebola virus, and hantavirus. All three are equally lethal infectious agents, but they are members of different viral families. They share the ability to cause hemorrhagic fever. Once infected with any of these viruses, the victim soon suffers profuse breaks in small blood vessels, causing blood to ooze from the skin, mouth, gastrointestinal tract, and rectum. Internally, blood flows into the pleural cavity where the lungs are located, into the pericardial cavity surrounding the heart, into the abdomen, and into organs like the liver, kidney, heart, spleen, and lungs. Eventually, this uncontrolled bleeding causes unconsciousness and death. There is currently no established vaccine to prevent these potential plagues, although several are in various stages of development, and an Ebola vaccine is currently undergoing trial in Africa. The chapter also considers a newly emerging and undefined but serious disease of children, which arose primarily in 2014. Based on clinical observations, the disease is identified by the signs and symptoms of acute flaccid myelitis.
Lassa Fever
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter discusses Lassa fever virus in detail. Lassa fever virus was first recognized in West Africa in 1969, but it has likely existed in that region for much longer. Lassa fever virus causes persistent infection in its natural rodent host, that is, a long-term infection that does not directly kill. The rodent host carries these viruses in its blood and passes them in its urine and feces. It is by contact with such excretions from the rodent that humans become infected. The rodent-to-human transmission is augmented by human-to-human transmission, which spreads the viruses via contaminated blood, excreta, or saliva. After the virus enters its host, a 4- to 12-day incubation period passes; then the symptoms of disease suddenly begin. Usually, a flu-like syndrome of fever, chills, and malaise with muscle and headaches is followed by abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting. The terminal stage adds poor coagulation, increased vascular permeability, hemorrhage, and neurologic symptoms. Those progressing to death have extremely large amounts of virus in their blood. Currently, a very modest amount of research is under way in the West African countries where Lassa fever virus is endemic.
Ebola
Authors: Oldstone Michael B. A.
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the Ebola virus in detail. Since 1976, with the exception of the 2013–2016 epidemic in West Africa, all outbreaks of Ebola virus infection have occurred in central Africa. The initial 1976 eruption of Ebola in Zaire in central Africa provided lessons for how to control future outbreaks of this disease. Unfortunately, those lessons were not well learned or sufficiently applied to the massive Ebola outbreak that followed in 2013–2016 in western Africa. Ebola virus can spread either through the air or by exposure to contaminated blood of infected humans. The clinical course of Ebola virus infection is that of a severe hemorrhagic fever. An Ebola vaccine was developed and administered to over 40,000 individuals for the 2018–2019 outbreak. However, the vaccine’s effectiveness in the outbreak has not been formally assessed, and critical scientific assessment will be difficult to achieve. Ultimately, Ebola virus remains endemic in Africa. Whether the fruit bat is the only natural reservoir for such viruses, how Ebola is transmitted, and where it lurks are still unresolved.
Teams That Work
Authors: Tannenbaum Scott , Salas Eduardo
Published: September 2020

Why do some teams thrive, while others struggle? If you are a team leader, team member, senior leader, or consultant, you need to know what really drives team effectiveness. Many books and consultants offer advice about teamwork based on opinion or conjecture. Some of that advice is useful, but much of it is overly simplistic or even misleading. Fortunately, a growing body of research is now available with which to separate the myths from the facts. For example, is it possible to “team away” talent deficiencies? Will more frequent communications improve performance? Is a team likely to perform better when members know each other? What do great team members know, do, and think? When and how can conflict be constructive? In Teams That Work, Scott Tannenbaum and Eduardo Salas answer these and other questions about team effectiveness. While reading the book you’ll learn: Eleven desirable team member competencies and three traits you’ll want to avoid; Four cooperative beliefs that consistently impact team effectiveness; Four coordination behaviors that you’ll want your teams to demonstrate; Eight types of shared cognitions team members need to possess; A dozen conditions that enable collaboration; and seven essential team leadership functions. The book culminates with specific, evidence-based tips along with tangible tools for putting the science of teamwork into practice.
Challenging University “Lad Culture”
Authors: Stenson Annis
Published: September 2020

The National Union of Students report Hidden Marks, which found that one in seven female students experience a serious physical or sexual assault during their time at college, impelled a call to arms from many feminist academics that sexual violence at universities must be investigated and challenged. The report from the Universities UK taskforce prompted university campaigns, demanding transformative changes to university culture requiring collaboration from activists, students, and university staff. This chapter draws on semistructured interviews with 10 activists at a collegiate university in England, describing their involvement with anti-lad culture campaigns. Thematic analysis draws out the strengths of, and difficulties in, university activism seeking to challenge cultures of sexual violence. In particular, this chapter discusses students’ strategies for transformation and their reflections on the successes of campaigns that oppose lad culture.
Feminist Activism Among Academic Staff in the Movement to Address Gender-Based Violence on Campus
Authors: Donovan Catherine , Chantler Khatidja , Fenton Rachel , Bracewell Kelly
Published: September 2020

Three ingredients underpin feminist campaigns against violence against women in universities: research, public activism, and political lobbying. Often discussed as if they are separate activities, this chapter demonstrates that conducting research constitutes activism resulting in and/or requiring lobbying and other activist activities. The chapter analyzes qualitative data collected in a UK national multimethod study exploring barriers and facilitators to implementing the recommendations of the 2016 Universities UK report on violence against women. Interviews with academics reveal how, in becoming cognizant of the power structures within their universities, participants identified how power operated to stall or block the gender-based violence agenda and pointed to transformative measures to circumvent barriers. These measures involve the three ingredients listed here. Collective action is apparent throughout their accounts with alliances being developed with students, external partners, and key individuals, as well as committees and services within their institutions. Cumulatively, the activism of these participants can be seen as transformative.
Slavery in the Early Church
Authors: Sommar Mary E.
Published: September 2020

This is the story of how the church sought to establish norms for slave ownership on the part of ecclesiastical institutions and personnel and for others’ behavior toward such slaves. Chronicles, letters, and other documents from each of the various historical periods, along with an analysis of the various policies and statutes, provide insight into the situations of these unfree ecclesiastical dependents. Although this book is a serious scholarly monograph about the history of church law, it has been written in such a way that no specialist knowledge is required of the reader, whether a scholar in another field or a general reader interested in church history or the history of slavery. Historical background is provided, and there is a short Latin lexicon. This chapter discusses slavery in the first three centuries of Christianity.
Ecclesiastical Slavery in the Germanic Kingdoms
Authors: Sommar Mary E.
Published: September 2020

This is the story of how the church sought to establish norms for slave ownership on the part of ecclesiastical institutions and personnel and for others’ behavior toward such slaves. Chronicles, letters, and other documents from each of the various historical periods, along with an analysis of the various policies and statutes, provide insight into the situations of these unfree ecclesiastical dependents. Although this book is a serious scholarly monograph about the history of church law, it has been written in such a way that no specialist knowledge is required of the reader, whether a scholar in another field or a general reader interested in church history or the history of slavery. Historical background is provided, and there is a short Latin lexicon. This chapter discusses slavery in the kingdoms of the Visigoths, the Franks, the Lombards, and other Germanic peoples from about 500 CE to the eighth century.
Silver Linings
Authors: Glasgow Joshua
Published: September 2020

Can we find any positive value in death, in which we can take solace? This question of the book is raised through recollection of the author’s confrontation with his mother’s cancer diagnosis. The issue is not whether slowly dying is bad. Nor is it whether we might benefit from some sort of afterlife. Rather, it is whether we can take solace from the fact that we will die.
Gratitude
Authors: Glasgow Joshua
Published: September 2020

This chapter examines the possibility that we might find positive value in death if we are grateful for the life of which death is a part. But can we be grateful for bad things? There are blessings in disguise, where we are grateful for a good result of some bad event. However, in these cases we’d rather have the good result without the bad event. And if we try to find these hidden values in death, we run into the problem that the usual ways in which death has good side-effects—it can cause us to reevaluate our priorities and live life fully—are elusive, unstable, and diminishing.
The Rise of Political Action Committees
Authors: Charnock Emily J.
Published: September 2020

This book explores the origins of political action committees (PACs) in the mid-twentieth century and their impact on the American party system. It argues that PACs were envisaged, from the outset, as tools for effecting ideological change in the two main parties, thus helping to foster the partisan polarization we see today. It shows how the very first PAC, created by the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in 1943, explicitly set out to liberalize the Democratic Party by channeling campaign resources to liberal Democrats while trying to defeat conservative Southern Democrats. This organizational model and strategy of “dynamic partisanship” subsequently diffused through the interest group world—imitated first by other labor and liberal allies in the 1940s and 1950s, then adopted and inverted by business and conservative groups in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Previously committed to the “conservative coalition” of Southern Democrats and northern Republicans, the latter groups came to embrace a more partisan approach and created new PACs to help refashion the Republican Party into a conservative counterweight. The book locates this PAC mobilization in the larger story of interest group electioneering, which went from a rare and highly controversial practice at the beginning of the twentieth century to a ubiquitous phenomenon today. It also offers a fuller picture of PACs as not only financial vehicles but electoral innovators that pioneered strategies and tactics that have come to pervade modern US campaigns and helped transform the American party system.
A Labor-Liberal Constellation
Authors: Charnock Emily J.
Published: September 2020

This chapter traces the initial diffusion of the PAC concept from the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) to other labor organizations, including the American Federation of Labor (AFL) and liberal ideological groups. Though the AFL had previously opposed the CIO’s partisan electoral strategy and the formation of P.A.C., it came to emulate both following passage of the Taft-Hartley Act by a Republican Congress in 1947, forming Labor’s League for Political Education (LLPE) to engage in elections. That same year, two avowedly “liberal” groups were created to bolster the anti-Communist Left and champion liberal Democrats: the Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) and the National Committee for an Effective Congress (NCEC). The chapter traces the intertwined electoral efforts and tactical innovations of these liberal and labor organizations through the AFL-CIO merger in 1955, the subsequent creation of their joint PAC, the Committee on Political Education (COPE), and the latter’s activities in the 1956 elections.
Open approach to rivers
Authors: Islam S. Nazrul
Published: September 2020

Chapter 10 provides an overview of the Open approach, focusing on its merits, progress, and prospects and showing how it can be more conducive to sustainable development. It shows that the Open approach is not a passive approach but requires sustained activities along many dimensions, including both flood-proofing and flood-regulating measures. The chapter follows the progression of the Open approach. It discusses the reflection of this approach in the European Union’s Directive on Floods and its implementation. It takes note of country level initiatives in many European countries, such as the Netherlands’ “Room for River” project, that conform with the Open approach. The chapter then examines some recent policy changes in the United States regarding the Mississippi levee system that also reflect the Open approach. It also reviews the progress of the Open approach in other parts of the world.
Open approach to rivers in a delta
Authors: Islam S. Nazrul
Published: September 2020

Chapter 12 presents the progress of and problems faced by the Open approach in the Bengal Delta and draws attention to the special merits of the Open approach in confronting the adverse effects of climate change in this delta. It surveys the findings of river scholars in the Indian part of the delta favoring the Open approach. Reviewing progress in the Bangladesh part of the delta, the chapter follows the struggle against the Flood Action Plan (FAP) that argued for big embankment projects in the wake of the historic flood of 1988. It notes the changes that took place in Bangladesh’s water-related institutional set up following the FAP process and the prospects they hold for promoting the Open approach. The chapter also presents a few examples of water projects that conform with the Open approach. It offers a critique of the recently formulated Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100 that fails to make a clear break from the Cordon approach. It reviews the development of the renewed, broad-based civic movement in Bangladesh for adoption of the Open approach.
Early Attempts at Revival in Massachusetts
Authors: Komline David
Published: September 2020

This chapter focuses on schooling in Massachusetts between the Revolution and the reforms commonly associated with Horace Mann and the Common School Awakening. After surveying the legislative history, especially focusing on laws passed in 1789 and 1827, it looks at two specific efforts to reform education in the 1820s. The first involved Lancasterian schools. After William Bentley Fowle’s success in launching a monitorial school in Boston, Josiah Quincy, the city’s mayor, attempted to implement this method on a broader scale. The second reform examined is James Carter’s campaign to found a state-sponsored teacher training college. Both of these efforts at reform failed. Notably, these campaigns lacked strong religious components. This chapter thus serves as a negative example, a foil that throws into relief the religious appeals treated in other chapters.
The Common School Awakening in Ohio
Authors: Komline David
Published: September 2020

This chapter narrates the key developments in the movement to systematize and professionalize Ohio’s schools, which culminated in 1837 with the creation of the office of the superintendent of common schools. In many ways, Ohio resembled Massachusetts: religious reformers pointed to the example of Prussia in a successful campaign to introduce legislative change. In other respects, however, the case of Ohio differed. One important contrast between the course of the Common School Awakening in the two states involves the scope of the legislative victories achieved in each. In Massachusetts, the board of education and state-sponsored normal schools that came into existence in the 1830s continued largely unchanged for decades. In Ohio, however, the awakening did not result in a state-sponsored normal school and the superintendent office that it created passed out of existence when its first occupant resigned.
Music and Science
Authors: Harney Kristin
Published: September 2020

This chapter explores connections between music and science. It includes rationales for integrating music and science, common links between the two disciplines, and a discussion of the Next Generation Science Standards and the National Core Arts Standards. Tables clearly show the standards that are incorporated throughout the lessons and examples. The chapter contains six detailed, full-length lessons that integrate music and science. These include lessons that explore the Ebola epidemic in Liberia; the classification of animals with Saint-Saëns’s Carnival of the Animals; connections between steady beat, heartbeat, tempo, and rate; layering and preservation in the song “Pompeii” and the city of Pompeii; creating musical instruments; and the role of butterflies as indicators of climate change. The chapter ends with an inventory of ideas detailing seventeen additional lesson topics, specific teaching strategies, and recommended activities.
The Middle Movements
Authors: Lester Joel
Published: September 2020

Chapter 4 explores the different ways that Brahms organized each of his violin sonatas’ middle movement(s) so as to contribute to the overall narrative of that sonata as a whole. The G-major Sonata has a single middle movement. A letter that Brahms sent to Clara Schumann concerning that slow movement provides an opportunity to explore in more detail the relationship between this sonata and the death of Brahms’s godson at age 24. The A-major Sonata’s single middle movement combines a slow movement with a scherzo. The D-minor Sonata is the only one of Brahms’s violin sonatas to have two middle movements—a slow movement and an intermezzo.
Brahms and the Violin
Authors: Lester Joel
Published: September 2020

How it is that Brahms, a consummate pianist, also wrote so imaginatively and extensively for violin? Chapter 6 explores various events that took place in 1853, the year that Brahms turned 20, when he left Hamburg to concertize with a violinist-colleague, met Joseph Joachim and began his lifelong friendship with him, and met Robert and Clara Schumann. Studying the sole movement for violin and piano that still exists from Brahms’s early works—the Scherzo that he contributed to the “F.A.E. Sonata”—we can assess the degree to which his mature compositional vision was already in place at such an early age.