bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Tánara Ótó (Dracocephalum palmatum Stephan), a Medicinal Plant Used by the North-Yakutian Nomads
Authors: Olennikov Daniil , Chirikova Nadezhda , Okhlopkova Zhanna , Zulfugarov Ismayl
Published: November 2013

Dracocephalum palmatum Stephan (Lamiaceae) is a medicinal plant used by the North-Yakutian nomads. From the crude ethanolic extract of the aerial parts of this plant, 23 compounds (phenylpropanoids, coumarins, flavonoids, and triterpenes) were isolated. Among these, eight compounds (salvianolic acid B, caftaric acid, cichoric acid, umbelliferone, aesculetin, apigenin-7-O-β-d-glucuronopyranoside, isorhoifolin, and luteolin-4'-O-β-d-glucopyranoside) were detected for the first time in the genus Dracocephalum. Their structures were elucidated based on chemical and spectral data. The levels of most of the compounds detected in the cultivated sample were close to that of the wild sample, indicating the reproducibility of the biologically active compounds of D. palmatum through cultivation. Investigation into the biological activity of D. palmatum under in vitro conditions demonstrated that its extracts have a strong antioxidant effect due to the presence of high concentrations of phenolic compounds.
Accurate Estimation of Airborne Ultrasonic Time-of-Flight for Overlapping Echoes
Authors: Sarabia Esther , Llata Jose , Robla Sandra , Torre-Ferrero Carlos , Oria Juan
Published: November 2013

In this work, an analysis of the transmission of ultrasonic signals generated by piezoelectric sensors for air applications is presented. Based on this analysis, an ultrasonic response model is obtained for its application to the recognition of objects and structured environments for navigation by autonomous mobile robots. This model enables the analysis of the ultrasonic response that is generated using a pair of sensors in transmitter-receiver configuration using the pulse-echo technique. This is very interesting for recognizing surfaces that simultaneously generate a multiple echo response. This model takes into account the effect of the radiation pattern, the resonant frequency of the sensor, the number of cycles of the excitation pulse, the dynamics of the sensor and the attenuation with distance in the medium. This model has been developed, programmed and verified through a battery of experimental tests. Using this model a new procedure for obtaining accurate time of flight is proposed. This new method is compared with traditional ones, such as threshold or correlation, to highlight its advantages and drawbacks. Finally the advantages of this method are demonstrated for calculating multiple times of flight when the echo is formed by several overlapping echoes.
Let's Talk Destination: Exploring Social Media (and) Marketing Strategies for the Destination Marketing Organization Vvv Hof Van Twente, the Netherlands
Authors: Zwienenberg Thijs , Hermann Inge , Barkel Christa
Published: November 2013

Currently, social media (and) marketing appears to be one of the most popular buzzwords in the tourism industry, especially among destination marketing organizations (DMOs). This study explores various definitions of social media (and) marketing and how this strategy can be implemented
within the DMO VVV Hof van Twente. Furthermore, the study elaborates on the findings from a visitor survey and benchmark study and, deriving from these insights, suggests approaches for implementing social media within the organization's marketing strategy. This study concludes with an overview
of limitations and suggestions for future research.
Consecutive cross-coupling reactions of 2,2-difluoro-1-iodoethenyl tosylate with boronic acids: efficient synthesis of 1,1-diaryl-2,2-difluoroethenes
Authors: Kim Ju Hee , Choi Su Jeong , Jeong In Howa
Published: November 2013

The cross-coupling reactions of 2,2-difluoro-1-iodoethenyl tosylate (2) with 2 equiv of boronic acids in the presence of catalytic amounts of Pd(OAc)2 and Na2CO3 afforded the mono-coupled products 3 and 5 in high yields. The use of 4 equiv of boronic acids in the presence of catalytic amount of Pd(PPh3)2Cl2 and Na2CO3 in this reaction resulted in the formation of symmetrical di-coupled products 4 in high yields. Unsymmetrical di-coupled products 4 were obtained in high yields from the reactions of 3 with 2 equiv of boronic acids in the presence of catalytic amounts of Pd(OAc)2 and Na2CO3.
Antimicrobial resistance among blood culture isolates of Salmonella enterica in New Delhi
Authors: Jain Sarika , Chugh Tulsi Das
Published: November 2013

Introduction: Enteric fever is a global public health problem, especially in developing countries. Antimicrobial resistance is a major issue enteric fever management. This study examined current pattern of antimicrobial susceptibility among Salmonella enterica isolates from enteric fever cases at a tertiary care centre in New Delhi, India. Methodology: Blood cultures from patients with enteric fever during January 2010- July 2012 were processed using the BACTEC automated system. Antimicrobial susceptibility was tested using Kirby Bauer’s disc diffusion method and/or Phoenix 100 automated system. Results: Of 344 isolates of Salmonella enterica, 266 (77.3%) were S. Typhi, 77 (22.4%) were S. Paratyphi A, and one (0.3%) was S. Paratyphi B. Resistance to nalidixic acid (NAR) (96.7%) was most common, followed by ciprofloxacin (37.9%), and azithromycin (7.3%). Multi-drug resistance was observed only in S. Typhi (3.4%). Among NAR strains, 61.8% were sensitive, 11.1% were moderately sensitive, and 23.9% were resistant to ciprofloxacin (0.8%, 57.4%, and 37.9% respectively according to revised CLSI breakpoint criteria for ciprofloxacin). Resistance to third-generation cephalosporin was found in seven (2%) strains of S. enterica. Conclusion: Increasing rates of nalidixic acid, fluoroquinolone and azithromycin resistance among S. enterica, particularly in S. Paratyphi A strains, is of concern, as S. Paratyphi A infection is becoming increasingly common and is not prevented by current vaccinations. Our results favour use of cefexime or possibly chloramphenicol as first choice for uncomplicated enteric fever. MICs for third-generation cephalosporins and susceptibility pattern must be closely monitored in view of its emerging resistance among Salmonella enterica.
Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in meat in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Iyer Archana , Kumosani Taha , Yaghmoor Soonham , Barbour Elie , Azhar Esam , Harakeh Steve
Published: November 2013

Introduction: Food-borne pathogens are the leading cause of illness and death in developing countries, killing approximately 1.8 million people annually. In developed countries, food-borne pathogens are responsible for millions of cases of infectious gastrointestinal diseases each year, costing billions of dollars. The objective of this study was to screen for two major food-borne pathogens, Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., from meat samples obtained from different strata of the consumer market in Jeddah. Methodology: A total of 60 meat samples, 20 each from large hypermarkets, groceries and small butcher shops were used in the study. Samples were transported to the laboratory in a cooler. They were macerated in peptone water and then seeded on selective media appropriate for each organism. Colonies were identified using conventional microbiological methods and suspected colonies were confirmed as E. coli and Salmonella spp. by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specific primers. Results: The results indicated a high degree of contamination in samples from butcher shops as compared to those from groceries or hypermarkets (high scale supermarkets). Both pathogens E. coli and Salmonella spp. were found in higher rates in the samples from butcher shops. In small butcher shops, E. coli was found at an incidence of 65%, and Salmonella at 45%. Conclusion: The results indicate an urgent need for applying proper food hygienic practices in food outlets, especially in small ones, to reduce the incidence of food-borne diseases. Vigilance by the right agencies must be implemented in order to prevent future food-borne outbreaks.
Diversity of Moraxella spp. strains recovered from infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis cases in Uruguay
Authors: Sosa Vanessa , Zunino Pablo
Published: November 2013

Background: Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is the most common ocular disease that affects cattle throughout the world and it has a very significant economic impact. IBK is caused by members of the genus Moraxella and therapeutic and preventive measures have shown limited success. Vaccines, most of them chemically inactivated bacterins, generally induce a limited protection. Methodology: In this study, the genetic diversity of Uruguayan clinical Moraxella bovis and Moraxella bovoculi isolates was assessed by RAPD-PCR, ERIC-PCR and BOX-PCR fingerprinting. Also, antibiotic resistance of the Moraxella spp. isolates was assessed utilizing the disk diffusion method. Results: When interspecific molecular diversity was assessed, different bands patterns were observed even within a single outbreak of IBK, showing the coexistence of different genotypes of Moraxella spp. The high genetic diversity within M. bovis and M. bovoculi isolates did not permit to correlate isolates DNA fingerprints with geographical origins, dates or even with both different Moraxella species. Antibiotics resistance patterns showed significant differences between M. bovis and M. bovoculi. Conclusions: This is the first study of diversity that includes M. bovis and M. bovoculi associated to IBK cases. Genetic diversity did not allow to correlate DNA fingerprints of the isolates with geographical origins, isolation dates or even both different Moraxella species. Antibiotics resistance patterns showed differences between M. bovis and M. bovoculi. This remarkable variation within isolates could explain the partial protection induced by commercial vaccines. All these findings could be important for the design of prevention or treatment strategies against IBK.
Relation of interleukin-1β gene to treatment response in chronic patients infected with HCV genotype 4
Authors: Omran Moataza Hassan , Ibrahim Noha E. , Youssef Samar S. , Fatouh Basma E , Nabil Wael , El-Shami Magdy M , El-Awady Mostafa K
Published: November 2013

Introduction: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection results in chronic hepatitis in more than 70% of infected patients, while 20-30% of patients recover spontaneously. This strengthens the role of the host genetic factors in either spontaneous or drug-induced viral clearance. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between interleukin-1β +3953 gene polymorphism and the response to interferon therapy in chronic HCV patients infected with genotype 4. Methodology: The interleukin-1β (+3953 C/T) (rs1143634) gene was amplified in 115 chronic HCV patients. Interleukin-1β single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) plus several clinical and pathological factors were statistically analyzed in correlation with response to therapy. Results: Genotypes C/T and T/T had a significant association with non-response to treatment compared to genotype C/C, which had a strong association with response to treatment (95% confidence; 6.4884-48.5818, p = 0.0001). Furthermore, analysis of allele frequency in this cohort revealed that the T allele is associated with non-response, higher fibrosis, and higher hepatic activity, while the C allele had a significant association with sustained virologic response lower fibrosis, and lower hepatic activity (p value = 0.0001). Conclusion: This is the first study to examine the correlation between interleukin-1β (+3953 C/T) (rs1143634) gene polymorphism and the response of interferon therapy in genotype 4 HCV-infected patients. The results encourage further assessment of this SNP as a marker  to predict response to therapy and disease progression, which can have major implications in saving money, time, and in avoiding unnecessary adverse effects.
Ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) of rice field banks and restored habitats in an agricultural area of the Po Plain (Lombardy, Italy)
Authors: Pilon Nicola , Cardarelli Elisa , Bogliani Giuseppe
Published: November 2013

An entomological investigation was carried out in an agricultural area, mainly rice fields, of the Po river plain, located in the municipalities of Lacchiarella (MI) and Giussago (PV) (Lombardy, Italy). In 2009 and 2010, ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) were sampled along rice field banks and in restored habitats, by means of pitfall traps. The area appeared as species-rich, compared to other anthropogenic habitats in the Po river pain. Most of the collected Carabids were species with a wide distribution in the Paleartic region, eurytopic and common in European agroecosystems. The assemblages were dominated by small-medium, macropterous species, with summer larvae. No endemic species were found. Species with southern distribution, rarely found north of the Po river, were also sampled. Amara littorea is recorded for the first time in Italy.
Using Blended Principles to Bridge the Gap between Online and On-Campus Courses
Authors: Gounari Panagiota , Koutropoulos Apostolos
Published: November 2013

Blended learning, and its relative HyFlex (Hybrid Flexible), are garnering up a lot of attention these days from both academics and administrators on college campuses. Organizations like the Sloan Consortium offer training in Blended Course Design; free Massive Online Open Courses (MOOC) such as BlendKit provide ways for educators to start thinking about and begin implementation of blended course design. Despite the pedagogical benefits, not all institutions are equipped to handle blended courses, instructors are not ready to jump on the blended bandwagon if there is no institutional support, and on-campus students are not very comfortable with it yet. One proposed way to ease the transition into blended learning is to combine two sections of the same course, one running online, and one running on-campus. In this chapter, the authors describe a pedagogical trial in which they adopted this proposal as a way, based on HyFlex principles, to get students thinking about the benefits of blending two sections, thus bringing in some benefits of blended learning, while retaining the “safety net” that some students feel they need when they sign up for on-campus courses.
Fantasy Workshop
Authors: Haugdal Marit Grande , Sundfaer Hilde
Published: November 2013

Fantasy Workshop is a project focused on the active use of a Learning Management System (LMS), itslearning, in teaching and learning in a K-12 blended environment. As teachers in this study, the authors used an LMS as a learning platform in their 6th grade literature class. The focus for the class was creative writing and learning about Fantasy, a fiction genre. The aim of the project was to enable all students, not only those students who love to read and write, to learn about the Fantasy genre in a way that would build on their previous knowledge and interests. In addition, the project was aimed at facilitating students’ writing processes in such a way that was meaningful and motivating for all students. Most importantly, as teachers, the authors used this project to establish an effective blended environment that worked for teaching and learning in the 6th grade classroom.
Poets and athletes: Olympic winners and losers in early Greek lyric
Authors: Henderson William J.
Published: November 2013

Ancient Greek society was extremely competitive; amongst the nobility especially there was the constant need for an ideal of achievement on the battlefield or athletics track and to integrate this into the family history. In the absence of the role the present-day media plays in our society, three poets in particular recorded, propagated and praised the achievements of athletes at the Olympic and other games: Simonides, Pindar and Bacchylides. For a winner they composed a special victory hymn, the epinikion, an elevated ode sung by a chorus with musical accompaniment. In this article extracts of such poems are analysed in order to illustrate the poets’ views regarding winners and losers.
Reliability testing of a portfolio assessment tool for postgraduate family medicine training in South Africa
Authors: Jenkins Louis , Mash Bob , Derese Anselme
Published: November 2013

Background: Competency-based education and the validity and reliability of workplace-based assessment of postgraduate trainees have received increasing attention worldwide.Family medicine was recognised as a speciality in South Africa six years ago and a satisfactory portfolio of learning is a prerequisite to sit the national exit exam. A massive scaling up of the number of family physicians is needed in order to meet the health needs of the country.Aim: The aim of this study was to develop a reliable, robust and feasible portfolio assessment tool (PAT) for South Africa.Methods: Six raters each rated nine portfolios from the Stellenbosch University programme, using the PAT, to test for inter-rater reliability. This rating was repeated three months later to determine test–retest reliability. Following initial analysis and feedback the PAT was modified and the inter-rater reliability again assessed on nine new portfolios. An acceptable intra-classcorrelation was considered to be > 0.80.Results: The total score was found to be reliable, with a coefficient of 0.92. For test–retest reliability, the difference in mean total score was 1.7%, which was not statistically significant. Amongst the subsections, only assessment of the educational meetings and the logbook showed reliability coefficients > 0.80.Conclusion: This was the first attempt to develop a reliable, robust and feasible national portfolio assessment tool to assess postgraduate family medicine training in the South African context. The tool was reliable for the total score, but the low reliability of several sections in the PAT helped us to develop 12 recommendations regarding the use of the portfolio, the design of the PAT and the training of raters.
Extranodal B Cell Lymphoma Spreading from Skin to Oral Cavity
Authors: Kaul Anirudh , Kalsotra Parmod
Published: November 2013

Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) belongs to a group of lymphoid neoplasms that is diverse in manner of presentation, response to therapy and prognosis. Usually oral manifestations of NHL are secondary to a more widespread involvement throughout th e bo dy. Tho ugh primary in traoral lesio ns in NHL are uncommon, it is important to be aware of them, since intraoral manifestations are the presenting symptoms in these patients.2 A 58-year-old man presented to our Department with swelling in the vestibule of mouth. CT scan revealed a mass on upper gingival without any bony involvement. Incisional biopsy of the lesion showed diffuse large B cell lymphoma. The patient was treated successfully with chemotherapy. One year after complete remission, patient developed recurrence of primary tumor for which patient was again given chemotherapy treatment but had no significant benefit and succumb to the disease.

How to cite this article

Kaul A, Kalsotra P. Extranodal B Cell Lymphoma Spreading from Skin to Oral Cavity. Int J Head Neck Surg 2013;4(3):126-128.
Assessment of uncertainties of an aircraft-based mass-balance approach for quantifying urban greenhouse gas emissions
Authors: Cambaliza M. O. , Shepson P. B. , Caulton D. , Stirm B. , Samarov D. , Gurney K. R. , Turnbull J. , Davis K. J. , Possolo A. , Karion A. , Sweeney C. , Moser B. , Hendricks A. , Lauvaux T. , Mays K. , Whetstone J. , Huang J. , Razlivanov I. , Miles N. L. , Richardson S. J.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Urban environments are the primary contributors to global anthropogenic carbon emissions. Because much of the growth in CO2 emissions will originate from cities, there is a need to develop, assess and improve measurement and modeling strategies for quantifying and monitoring greenhouse gas emissions from large urban centers. In this study the uncertainties in an aircraft-based mass balance approach for quantifying carbon dioxide and methane emissions from an urban environment, focusing on Indianapolis, IN, USA, are described. We investigate the uncertainties in our aircraft-based mass balance approach by (1) assessing the sensitivity of the measured flux to important measurement and analysis parameters including wind speed, background CO2 and CH4, boundary layer depth, and interpolation technique, and (2) determining the flux at two or more downwind distances from a point or area source in rapid succession, assuming that the emission flux is constant. When we quantify the precision in the approach by comparing the estimated emissions derived from measurements at two or more downwind distances from an area or point source, we find that the minimum and maximum repeatability were 12% and 52%, with an average of 31%. We suggest that improvements in the experimental design can be achieved by careful determination of the background concentration, monitoring the evolution of the boundary layer through the measurement period, and increasing the number of downwind horizontal transect measurements at multiple altitudes within the boundary layer. Here we also discuss the potential application of the aircraft-based mass balance approach to megacities.
Towards higher accuracy and better frequency response with standard multi-hole probes in turbulence measurement with Remotely Piloted Aircraft (RPA)
Authors: Wildmann N. , Ravi S. , Bange J.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. This study deals with the problem of turbulence measurement with small remotely piloted aircraft (RPA). It shows how multi-hole probes (MHPs) can be used to measure fluctuating parts of the airflow in flight up to 20 Hz. Accurate measurement of the transient wind in the outdoor environment is needed for the estimation of the 3-D wind vector as well as fluxes of heat, momentum, water vapour, etc. In comparison to an established MHP system, experiments were done to show how developments of the system setup can improve data quality. The study includes a re-evaluation of the pneumatic tubing setup, the conversion from pressures to airspeed, the pressure transducers, and the data acquisition system. In each of these fields, the steps that were taken lead to significant improvements. A spectral analysis of airspeed data obtained in flight tests shows the capability of the system to measure atmospheric turbulence up to the desired frequency range.
SI2N overview paper: ozone profile measurements: techniques, uncertainties and availability
Authors: Hassler B. , Petropavlovskikh I. , Staehelin J. , August T. , Bhartia P. K. , Clerbaux C. , Degenstein D. , Mazière M. De , Dinelli B. M. , Dudhia A. , Dufour G. , Frith S. M. , Froidevaux L. , Godin-Beekmann S. , Granville J. , Harris N. R. P. , Hoppel K. , Hubert D. , Kasai Y. , Kurylo M. J. , Kyrölä E. , Lambert J.-C. , Levelt P. F. , McElroy C. T. , McPeters R. D. , Munro R. , Nakajima H. , Parrish A. , Raspollini P. , Remsberg E. E. , Rosenlof K. H. , Rozanov A. , Sano T. , Sasano Y. , Shiotani M. , Smit H. G. J. , Stiller G. , Tamminen J. , Tarasick D. W. , Urban J. , van der A R. J. , Veefkind J. P. , Vigouroux C. , von Clarmann T. , von Savigny C. , Walker K. A. , Weber M. , Wild J. , Zawodny J.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Peak stratospheric chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) and other ozone depleting substance (ODS) concentrations were reached in the mid to late 1990s. Detection and attribution of the expected recovery of the stratospheric ozone layer in an atmosphere with reduced ODSs as well as efforts to understand the evolution of stratospheric ozone in the presence of increasing greenhouse gases are key current research topics. These require a critical examination of the ozone changes with an accurate knowledge of the spatial (geographical and vertical) and temporal ozone response. For such an examination, it is vital that the quality of the measurements used be as high as possible and measurement uncertainties well quantified. In preparation for the 2014 United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)/World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, the SPARC/IO3C/IGACO-O3/NDACC (SI2N) initiative was designed to study and document changes in the global ozone profile distribution. This requires assessing long-term ozone profile data sets in regards to measurement stability and uncertainty characteristics. The ultimate goal is to establish suitability for estimating long-term ozone trends to contribute to ozone recovery studies. Some of the data sets have been improved as part of this initiative with updated versions now available. This summary presents an overview of stratospheric ozone profile measurement data sets (ground- and satellite-based) available for ozone recovery studies. Here we document measurement techniques, spatial and temporal coverage, vertical resolution, native units and measurement uncertainties. In addition, the latest data versions are briefly described (including data version updates as well as detailing multiple retrievals when available for a given satellite instrument). Archive location information is for each data set is also given.
Near-magnetic-field scaling for verification of spacecraft equipment
Authors: Pudney M. A. , Carr C. M. , Schwartz S. J. , Howarth S. I.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Magnetic-field measurements are essential to the success of many scientific space missions. Outside of the earth's magnetic field the biggest potential source of magnetic-field contamination of these measurements is emitted by the spacecraft. Spacecraft magnetic cleanliness is enforced through the application of strict ground verification requirements for spacecraft equipment and instruments. Due to increasingly strict AC magnetic-field requirements, many spacecraft units cannot be verified on the ground using existing techniques. These measurements must instead be taken close to the equipment under test (EUT) and then extrapolated. A traditional dipole power law of −3 (with a field fall-off proportional to r−3) cannot be applied at these close distances without risk of underestimating the field emitted by the EUT, but we demonstrate that a power law of −2 is too conservative. We propose a compromise that uses a power law of −2 up to a distance equal to 3 times the unit size, beyond which a dipole power law can be applied. When extrapolating from a distance of 0.20 m to 1.00 m from the centre of a 0.20 m wide EUT, we demonstrate that this method avoids an under prediction of the field, and is at least twice as accurate as performing the extrapolation with a fixed power law of −2.
Appearance and Appliance of the Twin-Cities Concept on the Russian-Chinese Border
Authors: Mikhailova E. V.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The article is devoted to the city pair of Blagoveshchensk (Russia) and Heihe (People’s Republic of China), the only city pair in Russian-Chinese borderland that describes itself with the term "twin-cities". The current contribution reconstructs the history of appearance of the twin-cities concept in Russian-Chinese agenda. On the basis of interviews and questionnaires collected in the cities in question the paper examines specificity of understanding of "twin-cities" concept and its practical execution in the Asian context. Exploring the extent to which the twin-cities relations model is applicable to Russian-Chinese border cities, the author concludes that cooperation predominantly exists in a form of bilateral annual events in various spheres (culture, education, sport, etc.) and dialog between delegations of region's/city's representatives, not in a form of direct people-to-people or institution-to-institution cooperation. The lack of local initiatives to cooperate (almost zero-amount of initiatives not from region's/city's administrations) is named as a main drawback of Blagoveshchensk and Heihe relations. While planned character of cooperation makes the calendar of joint events stable and predictable, it also keeps Russian-Chinese cooperation staying on the ritual level and prevents it to become a necessary part of everyday life.
Borderlines: Maps and the spread of the Westphalian state from Europe to Asia Part One – The European Context
Authors: Pickering S.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. For researchers and students of International Relations (IR), one date looms larger than all others: 1648. The end of the Thirty Years War, formalised by the signing of the Treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, led to a period known as the 'Peace of Westphalia'. Westphalia represented a fundamental change in the power balance of European politics: instead of the Holy Roman Empire holding supreme authority, power would now rest with states themselves, manifested in terms of sovereignty, territory and equality. One of the chief ways in which these 'Westphalian' states would cement this authority was through the use of maps. Before 1648, there was little on a European map to indicate where one country ended and another one began. But after 1648, this all changes: these new Westphalian states are represented with bright colours and clearly marked boundaries, defining borders and becoming an important part in creating the state and justifying its sovereignty. The role which maps have played in the spread of the Westphalian state is only just beginning to be researched. Yet the limited efforts to date have all focussed on Europe. This is unfortunate, as today, while Europe has, according to some observers, moved into a stage in which Westphalia is no longer a useful model with which to understand the state and the ways in which it relates to sovereignty, government, power and the individual, the old Westphalian model of the state has more recently been exported all around the world. Many have contended that while the Westphalian state is no longer relevant to Europe, it was never relevant to the rest of the world. In existing work, the researcher has mapped the spread of the Westphalian state in the twentieth century, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS; see Pickering 2012). This paper, while complementary to the earlier research, will employ a quite different methodology. Having studied hundreds of European maps provided by European libraries, it is clear that the nature of cartography changes before and after 1648: political maps are seen as serving a different purpose (that of solidifying the state) and accordingly, they start using 'all the tricks of the cartographic trade – size of symbol, thickness of line, height of lettering, hatching and shading, the addition of color' (Harley 1989: 7). This paper will present findings on the representation of borders on European maps. However, it will do this with the aim of establishing the groundwork for a second project: to analyse the ways in which European maps have influenced how Asian borders are delimited, delineated and demarcated.
Cross-Cultural Understanding for Global Sustainability: Messages and Meanings from Asian Cultural Landscapes
Authors: Singh R.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Concept of 'multifunctionality' of cultural landscapes is a reflection of imbued meaning and aesthetics inherent there and also human manifestation of this spirit through existence and aliveness by human creation, love and continuance in various cultures and traditions. This sense helps envisioning landscapes that cross urban-rural divides in sustainable and an integrated way – characterised by wholeness and ecospirituality that developed in the cultural history of landscape sustainability. That is how, the idea of 'wholeness' (cosmality) is transformed into 'holiness' (sacrality) ― evolved and represented with sacred ecology and visualised through the cosmic frames of sacredscapes in Asian region that survived there as part of lifeworld. Understanding, feeling, living with, practicing and passing on these inherent meanings and aesthetics provide peace, solace and deeper feelings to human mind which are the ethereal breathe of sustainability. The rethinking should be based on the foundational value ― the reasoning that underlies the ethical sense of deeper understanding of Man-Nature Interrelatedness, the basic philosophy of coexistence ― referred in different cultures in their own ways, like multicultural co-living ('Old-comer') in Korea, harmonious coexistence (tabunka kyosei) in Japan, harmonious society (xiaokang) in China, wahi tapu (sacred places) in Maori’s New Zealand, global family (vasudhaiva kutumbakam) in Indian thought, and also African humanism (ubuntu) in South Africa. Think universally, see globally, behave regionally, act locally but insightfully; this is an appeal for shared wisdom for global sustainability in making our cultural landscapes mosaic of happy, peaceful and sustainable places crossing all the borders and transitions, especially interwoven links among Korea, Japan, China, and India.
Frontal structures in the West Spitsbergen Current margins
Authors: Walczowski W.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The structures of the hydrographic fronts separating the Atlantic-origin waters from ambient waters in the northern Nordic Seas are discussed. Flows of the western and eastern branches of the West Spitsbergen Current create the Atlantic domain borders and maintain these fronts. This work is based on previous research and on investigations carried out in the project DAMOCLES (Developing Arctic Modelling and Observational Capabilities for Long-term Environmental Studies). Most of the observational data were collected during the R/V Oceania cruises. The main focus of the paper is the western border of the Atlantic domain – the Arctic Front, alongfrontal and transfrontal transports, and the front instability and variability. The alongfrontal baroclinic jet streams were described as a significant source of the Atlantic Water and heat in the Nordic Seas. The baroclinic instability and advection of baroclinic eddies which occurs due to this instability were found to be the main transfrontal transport processes. Most of the Atlantic Water transported by the western branch recirculates west and southward. The eastern branch of the West Spitsbergen Current provides most of the Atlantic Water entering the Arctic Ocean. Both processes are very important for the Arctic and global thermohaline circulation.
The ring-shaped thermal field of Stefanos crater, Nisyros Island: a conceptual model
Authors: Pantaleo M. , Walter T. R.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Fumarole fields related to hydrothermal processes release the heat of the underground through permeable pathways. Thermal changes, therefore, are likely to depend also on the variation of these pathways. As these paths may affect or even control the temperature field at the surface, their understanding is relevant to applied and basic science alike. A common difficulty, however, in surface temperature field studies at active volcanoes is that the parameters controlling the ascending routes of fluids are poorly constrained in general. Here we analyze the crater of Stefanos, Nisyros (Greece), and highlight complexities in the spatial pattern of the fumarole field related to permeability conditions. There may be different explanations for the observed permeability changes, such as structural control, lithology, weathering, and heterogeneous sediment accumulation and erosion. We combine high resolution infrared mosaics and grain-size analysis of soils, aiming to elaborate parameters controlling the appearance of the fumarole field. We find a ring-shaped thermal field located within the explosion crater, which is dependent on contrasts of the soil granulometry and volcanotectonic history. We develop a conceptual model of how the ring-shaped thermal field has formed at the Stefanos crater and similarly at other volcanic edifices, highlighting the importance of local permeability contrast that may increase or decrease the thermal fluid flux.
On the complexity of surface ruptures during normal faulting earthquakes: excerpts from the 6 April 2009, L'Aquila (central Italy) earthquake (Mw 6.3)
Authors: Bonini L. , Di Bucci D. , Toscani G. , Seno S. , Valensise G.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Over the past few years the assessment of the earthquake potential of large continental faults has increasingly relied on field investigations. State-of-the-art seismic hazard models are progressively complementing the information derived from earthquake catalogues with geological observations of active faulting. Using these observations, however, requires full understanding of the relationships between seismogenic slip at depth and surface deformation, such that the evidence indicating the presence of a large, potentially seismogenic fault can be singled out effectively and unambiguously. We used observations and models of the 6 April 2009, Mw 6.3, L'Aquila, normal faulting earthquake to explore the relationships between the activity of a large fault at seismogenic depth and its surface evidence. This very well-documented earthquake is representative of mid-size yet damaging earthquakes that are frequent around the Mediterranean Basin, and is somehow paradigmatic of the nature of the associated geologic evidence along with observational difficulties and ambiguities. Thanks to available high-resolution geologic, geodetic and seismological data aided by analogue modeling, we reconstructed the full geometry of the seismogenic source in relation with surface and sub-surface faults. We find that the earthquake was caused by seismogenic slip in the range 3–10 km depth, and that the slip distribution was strongly controlled by inherited discontinuities. We also contend that faulting was expressed at the surface by pseudo-primary breaks resulting from coseismic crustal bending and by sympathetic slip on secondary faults. Based on our results we propose a scheme for hierarchizing normal faults through which all surface occurrences related to faulting at depth can be interpreted in the frame of a single, mechanically coherent model. Appreciating such complexity is crucial to avoid severe over- or under-estimation of the local seismogenic potential.
Palynological and physicochemical characteristics of three unifloral honey types from central Argentina
Authors: Naab O.A. , Tamame M.A. , Caccavari M.A.
Published: November 2013

The characteristics of 59 unifloral honeys of Condalia microphylla Cav. ("piquillín"), Centaurea solstitialis L. ("yellow starthistle") and Prosopis spp., from La Pampa, Argentina, were studied. Pollen features (abundance and frequency of pollen types) and some physicochemical parameters (colour, electrical conductivity, free acidity, glucose content, glucose: water ratio, moisture and pH) were determined. Two different but related sets of calculations were done: the first involved single-factor variance analysis, while the second set involved two multivariate methods, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. Variance and multivariate analysis allowed differentiation of the three honey types according to their physicochemical properties. The variables that best explained this differentiation were pH, electrical conductivity, colour, glucose content and the glucose:water ratio. Pollen analysis showed that the pollen frequency traditionally used (> 45%) for a botanical origin assignment in honey was not valid for the unifloral honeys studied. Therefore, pollen analysis should be combined with the above physicochemical analysis order to obtain a successful classification of these unifloral honeys.
Evaluation of casing materials made from spent mushroom substrate and coconut fibre pith for use in production of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach
Authors: Pardo Giménez A. , Pardo-González J.E.
Published: November 2013

The agronomic performance of different proportions of mixtures of coconut fibre (CF) pith and spent mushroom substrate (SMS) was studied for their use as casing material in mushroom cultivation. After chemical and biological characterisation of the casing substrates qualitative and quantitative production parameters were evaluated in a cycle of Agaricus production. An increase in the proportion of SMS reduced the number of carpophores and overall yield; while the first flush was delayed, mushroom size tended to increase and the mushrooms had a higher dry matter content and a better texture, although their colour was worse. Combinations of CF pith and SMS of 4:1 and 3:2 (v/v) gave biological efficiencies of 92.9 and 82.6 kg/100 kg compost, respectively. These values compare well with that obtained from the commercial casings used as a control. The high electrical conductivity of the mixture containing the highest proportion of SMS would limit its use. However, the results indicate the viability of reusing SMS as an ingredient of casing material for mushroom cultivation. This alternative could be considered to partially replace the organic substrates normally used for mushroom cultivation, with the double advantage of decreasing cost and reducing the environmental impact of waste disposal.
Interrelationships between seed yield and 20 related traits of 49 canola (Brassica napus L.) genotypes in non-stressed and water-stressed environments
Authors: Sabaghnia N. , Dehghani H. , Alizadeh B. , Mohghaddam M.
Published: November 2013

Development of new canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars requires efficient tools to monitor trait association in a breeding program. The efficiency of a breeding program depends mainly on the direction of the correlation between yield and its components and the relative importance of each component involved in contributing to seed yield. This research uses sequential path analysis to determine the interrelationships among seed yield and 20 related traits. Forty nine canola genotypes were grown in two environments (non-stressed and water-stressed conditions) to determine the important components of seed yield. Observations were recorded on 20 other canola traits. Correlation coefficient analysis revealed seed yield was positively correlated with all the traits except stem diameter and days to flowering in the non-stressed environment. Seed yield was significantly positively correlated with all measured traits except first pod height, first lateral branch height, number of lateral branches pod-1, number of pods plant-1 and stem diameter in the water-stressed environment. Sequential path analysis identified the 1000-seed weight (TSW) and main stem length as important first order traits that influenced seed yield in the non-stressed environment. Plant height and the TSW were important first order traits that influenced seed yield in the water-stressed environment. All direct effects were significant, as indicated by bootstrap analysis. The results suggest that TSW could be used as a selection criterion in selecting for increased seed yield in canola in both non-stressed and water-stressed conditions.
The newly graduated Canadian urologist: Over-trained and underemployed?
Authors: Welk Blayne , Kodama Ron , MacNeily Andrew
Published: November 2013

Introduction: There are two prevailing perceptions among urology residents (1) fellowship training is becoming a requirement after residency, and (2) there are few job opportunities after graduation. In this study, we examine postgraduate training patterns and employment choices of urology residents.Methods: All Canadian urology program directors provided a summary of fellowship training and employment of Canadian residents graduating between 1998 and 2009. Logistic regression models were used to detect linear trends.Results: In total, 258 Canadian urology residents graduated over the study period, with a median of 22 (interquartile range 21-22) graduating per year. Of these, 72% completed a fellowship. Of these fellowships, 62% included protected research time. The most common subspecialty area was minimally invasive surgery (MIS)/endourology (39% of fellowships). There was a significant increase in fellowship training over time (p < 0.0001); this was mostly due to an increase in MIS/endourology fellowships. The number of urologists obtaining graduate degrees after medical school has increased significantly over the study period. Almost all graduates are employed. Of the employed graduates in total, 34% are academic urologists. Among all graduates, 50% are practicing within 100 km of their residency site, 16% are practicing in the United States and 22% are in rural practice. There has been no significant change over time in the proportion of residents practicing within 100 km of their training program, practicing rurally, leaving their province of training, practicing in the United States, or choosing academic practice.Conclusions: Fellowship training, especially in MIS/endourology, has become significantly more common. Graduate degrees are more frequently being obtained. We did not find evidence that there has been a significant change in a urology resident’s ultimate ability to obtain employment upon graduation.
Technology and Medicine: Academic Dishonesty and Risks to Global Health
Authors: Liang Bryan A , Mackey Tim K , Lovett Kimberly M
Published: November 2013

Technology has promoted global health. Yet advancing technology has also allowed physicians and trainees to cheat, and inappropriate experimentation with medical technology has resulted in study patient deaths. Further, journal editors have not made significant inroads in employing technology to identify dishonesty. Unfortunately, this continues to be strongly within the culture of the profession. Due to corruption of medicine, global health promotion will be severely retarded by falsified and suspect data that lower-and-middle income countries cannot afford to reproducethemselves and must rely upon for clinical decisionmaking. Further, clinical environments that facilitate dishonesty will result in poorer patient care. In addition, emerging markets rely on research to produce advanced therapeutics such as biosimilars that will be used by developed and developing economies, compounding the potential risks of dishonesty globally. By employing relevant antiplagiarism technology and accessing funding sources for all parties including authors, reviewers, and journal editors; â€œhonestyâ€ accreditation that includes mandated participation by journals; and external audits and whistleblowing of dishonesty, medical culture globally can move toward honesty and take advantage of technological evolution to promote global health.
Technology and Global Health: Spy vs. Spy and SPOCs to Promote Global Drug Supply Safety
Authors: Kubic Thomas T
Published: November 2013

New anti-tampering technologies and security features along with coding of individual medicine packages can aid in identifying and then reducing harm associated with counterfeiting of medicines. Equally important, however, is effective communication between public sector and private sector actors; this has occurred in the past as evidenced in a joint effort to address a global criminal network. The Pharmaceutical Security Institute is participating in ongoing international efforts to promote the concept of a Single Point of Contact (SPOC) system to further enhance communication amongst the stakeholders. Using this approach, technology and human engagement can promote safety of the global drug supply.
Les bibliothèques numériques sont-elles solubles dans le Web sémantique ?
Authors: Gagnon Michel
Published: November 2013

Le Web sémantique, et plus particulièrement le réseau Linked Open Data, est appelé à transformer radicalement la manière dont les bibliothèques numériques rendent accessibles leurs documents et les métadonnées sur ceux-ci. Dans cet article, après une brève présentation des principales technologies du Web sémantique, et plus particulièrement du modèle de données RDF sur lequel il repose, nous montrons comment les bibliothèques numériques peuvent s’intégrer au réseau Linked Open Data. Puis nous abordons le problème crucial de l’extraction, à partir de contenus textuels, des métadonnées nécessaires à cette intégration.