bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Exploration of the Diastereoselectivity in an Unusual Grignard Reaction and Its Application Towards the Synthesis of Styryl Lactones 7‐epi‐(+)‐Goniodiol and 8‐epi‐(‐)‐Goniodiol.
Authors: Chavan Subhash P. , Khatod Harshali S. , Das Tamal , Vanka Kumar
Published: September 2016

7‐Epi‐(+)‐goniodiol (X) and 8‐epi‐(‐)‐goniodiol (XI) can be prepared using this method as a key step starting from enantiomerically enriched substrate (IVb).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Incorporation of Atmospheric CO2: Efficient Synthesis of Functionalized Oxazolidinones.
Authors: Garcia‐Dominguez Patricia , Fehr Lorenz , Rusconi Giulia , Nevado Cristina
Published: September 2016

Starting from propargylamines and aryl halides an efficient procedure for the incorporation of atmospheric CO2 is developed which leads to a stereocontrolled, atom‐economic and high‐yielding synthesis of previously inaccessible heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Zinc Iodide‐Mediated Direct Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydroisoxazoles from Alkynes and Nitrones.
Authors: Xiao Zu‐Feng , Ding Ting‐Hui , Mao Sheng‐Wei , Ning Xiao‐Shan , Kang Yan‐Biao
Published: September 2016

The Zn‐mediated [3 + 2] cycloaddition of nitrones and non‐electron‐deficient terminal alkynes is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed C—N/C—O Coupling in Water: A Facile Access to N‐Coumaryl Amino Acids and Fluorescent Tyrosine & Lysine Labels.
Authors: Kumari Santosh , Shakoor S.M. Abdul , Bajaj Kiran , Nanjegowda S.h. , Mallu P. , Sakhuja Rajeev
Published: September 2016

A mild and efficient protocol is developed for the Ullman type coupling between 4‐chlorocoumarins and unprotected amino acids to give N‐coumaryl derivatives (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Catalyzed [3 + 3] Annulation of α,β‐Unsaturated Esters with Methyl Ketoimine.
Authors: Xia Wenjing , Yao Hong , Liu Dan , Zhao Linxiang , Zhou Yu , Liu Hong
Published: September 2016

A novel strategy for the asymmetric construction of δ‐lactams is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Deaminative Phenanthridinone Synthesis from Aniline via C—H Bond Activation.
Authors: Yedage Subhash L. , Bhanage Bhalchandra M.
Published: September 2016

A series of N‐methoxybenzamides is coupled with anilines to produce the desired phenanthridinone scaffold in one pot via C—C/C—N bond formation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐2‐amines from Arylamines and Nitriles via Sequential Addition and I2/KI‐Mediated Oxidative Cyclization.
Authors: Tian Xianhai , Song Lina , Wang Manman , Lv Zhigang , Wu Jie , Yu Wenquan , Chang Junbiao
Published: September 2016

A series of new imidazopyridinamines is prepared by a solvent‐free reaction of arylamines with aryl substituted acetonitriles followed by oxidative cyclization of the amidine intermediates.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Controlled Synthesis of Azoles via Ir‐Catalyzed Reactions of SulfoxoniumYlides with 2‐Amino Heterocycles.
Authors: Phelps Alicia M. , Chan Vincent S. , Napolitano Jose G. , Krabbe Scott W. , Schomaker Jennifer M. , Shekhar Shashank
Published: September 2016

The regioselective reaction under conditions A) produces a series of the desired, pharmaceutically relevant, N‐heterocyles together with low amounts of β‐ketoamines.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Iron‐Catalyzed Kumada Cross‐Coupling Reactions Utilizing Flow Technology under Low Catalyst Loadings.
Authors: Buono Frederic G. , Zhang Yongda , Tan Zhulin , Brusoe Andrew , Yang Bing‐Shiou , Lorenz Jon C. , Giovannini Riccardo , Song Jinhua J. , Yee Nathan K. , Senanayake Chris H.
Published: September 2016

The first continuous flow iron‐catalyzed Kumada cross‐coupling is developed for the coupling of 2‐chloropyrazine and various aryl Grignard reagents using low catalyst loadings (0.5 mol‐%).
ChemInform Abstract: A Facile Access to Novel Heterocyclic Analogues of Chalcone from Newly Synthesized Ketone Containing Isoxazole and a Benzoxazinone Ring.
Authors: Verma Nishant , Kumar Sumit , Ahmed Naseem
Published: September 2016

Compounds (IIIa‐c,e) and (Va,c,e) show antibacterial activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Solution Structure of 1H‐Benzo‐1,5‐diazepine Derivatives with a Perfluoroalkyl Side Chain.
Authors: Desens Willi , Winterberg Marleen , Michalik Dirk , Langer Peter
Published: September 2016

The reaction of perfluorinated 3,5‐dioxoesters with 1,2‐diaminobenzene and 2,3‐diaminonaphthaline is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Metal‐Free Photochemical Borylation of Aryl Halides under Batch and Continuous‐Flow Conditions.
Authors: Chen Kai , Zhang Shuai , He Pei , Li Pengfei
Published: September 2016

The reaction between aryl iodides or aryl bromides and diboron reagents shows a broad functional group tolerance.
ChemInform Abstract: Base‐Metal‐Catalyzed Regiodivergent Alkene Hydrosilylations.
Authors: Du Xiaoyong , Zhang Yanlu , Peng Dongjie , Huang Zheng
Published: September 2016

A series of iron and cobalt phosphine‐iminopyridine complexes is prepared and their ability to catalyze the hydrosilylation of alkenes is demonstrated.
ChemInform Abstract: Nambiscalarane, a Novel Sesterterpenoid Comprising a Furan Ring, and Other Secondary Metabolites from Bioluminescent Fungus Neonothopanus nambi.
Authors: Tsarkova Aleksandra S. , Dubinnyi Maxim A. , Baranov Mikhail S. , Oguienko Anastasia D. , Yampolsky Ilia V.
Published: September 2016

Novel nambiscalarane (I) is isolated together with six previously known compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Exploring Cooperative Effects in Oxidative NHC Catalysis: Regioselective Acylation of Carbohydrates.
Authors: Cramer David L. , Bera Srikrishna , Studer Armido
Published: September 2016

21 examples
ChemInform Abstract: A General, Concise Strategy That Enables Collective Total Syntheses of over 50 Protoberberine and Five Aporhoeadane Alkaloids within Four to Eight Steps.
Authors: Zhou Shiqiang , Tong Rongbiao
Published: September 2016

A 4‐step approach is developed which allows the access to the 13‐methylprotoberberine skeleton [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Constituents from Termite‐Associated Xylaria acuminatilongissima YMJ623.
Authors: Cho Ting‐Yu , Wang Guei‐Jane , Ju Yu‐Ming , Chen Mei‐Chuan , Lee Tzong‐Huei
Published: September 2016

Three unreported benzofurans namely acumifurans A‐C (I)‐(III) are isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of a fermented broth of termite nest fungus.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal Hydride Radical Cations
Authors: Hu Yue , Shaw Anthony P. , Estes Deven P. , Norton Jack R.
Published: September 2016

Review: 144 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Isolated Surface Hydrides: Formation, Structure, and Reactivity
Authors: Coperet Christophe , Estes Deven P. , Larmier Kim , Searles Keith
Published: September 2016

Review: 453 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cerium Intermetallics with TiNiSi‐Type Structure
Authors: Janka Oliver , Niehaus Oliver , Poettgen Rainer , Chevalier Bernard
Published: September 2016

Review: 303 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Coordination‐Cluster‐Based Molecular Magnetic Refrigerants
Authors: Zhang Shaowei , Cheng Peng
Published: September 2016

Review: [115 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Enantioselective Gold Catalysis
Authors: Zi Weiwei , Toste F. Dean
Published: September 2016

Review: [advances in enantioselective gold catalysis over the past five years; 109 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Valent Iron in Biomimetic Alkane Oxidation Catalysis
Authors: Grau Michaela , Britovsek George J. P.
Published: September 2016

Review: 169 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium Catalyzed Oxidative Aminations and Oxylations: Where Are We?
Authors: Lorion Melanie M. , Oble Julie , Poli Giovanni
Published: September 2016

Review: 40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Iron‐Based Oxidants and Their Stoichiometric Reactions
Authors: de Sousa David P. , McKenzie Christine J.
Published: September 2016

Review: 164 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Developments in Free‐Radical‐Promoted C—Si Formation via Selective C—H/Si—H Functionalization
Authors: Shang Xiaojie , Liu Zhong‐Quan
Published: September 2016

Review: [15 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: α,α‐Dicyanoolefins: Versatile Substrates in Organocatalytic Asymmetric Transformations
Authors: Kaur Jasneet , Chauhan Pankaj , Chimni Swapandeep Singh
Published: September 2016

Review: [72 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Isocyanates and Isothiocyanates as Versatile Platforms for Accessing (Thio)amide‐Type Compounds
Authors: Pace Vittorio , Monticelli Serena , de la Vega‐Hernandez Karen , Castoldi Laura
Published: September 2016

Review: [33 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Dynamic Covalent Chemistry of Esters, Acetals and Orthoesters
Authors: Brachvogel Rene‐Chris , von Delius Max
Published: September 2016

Review: [fundamental aspects of three related reversible covalent reactions and their uses in dynamic combinatorial libraries and the self‐assembly of stimuli‐responsive molecules and materials; 63 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Antidepressant‐Like Effects and Mechanisms of Flavonoids and Related Analogues
Authors: Guan Li‐Ping , Liu Bing‐Yu
Published: September 2016

Review: 104 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Inside HDACs with More Selective HDAC Inhibitors
Authors: Roche Joelle , Bertrand Philippe
Published: September 2016

Review: 194 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Discovery of Heparanase Inhibitors as Anticancer Agents
Authors: Jia Li , Ma Shutao
Published: September 2016

Review: 82 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Elastin‐Like Peptides (ELPs) — Building Blocks for Stimuli‐Responsive Self‐Assembled Materials
Authors: Navon Yotam , Bitton Ronit
Published: September 2016

Review: 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 over Heterostructure Semiconductors into Value‐Added Chemicals
Authors: Guo Ling‐ju , Wang Yan‐jie , He Tao
Published: September 2016

Review: 116 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Renewability Is Not Enough: Recent Advances in the Sustainable Synthesis of Biomass‐Derived Monomers and Polymers
Authors: Llevot Audrey , Dannecker Patrick‐Kurt , von Czapiewski Marc , Over Lena C. , Soeyler Zafer , Meier Michael A. R.
Published: September 2016

Review: [102 refs.
Management of Hypertension With a Fixed‐Dose (Single‐Pill) Combination of Bisoprolol and Amlodipine
Authors: Gottwald‐Hostalek Ulrike , Sun Ningling , Barho Christian , Hildemann Steven
Published: September 2016

Hypertension is currently one of the greatest global health care challenges. Although many effective drugs are available, combinations of 2 or more medications are often required to meet clinical targets. Combination therapy has several advantages over monotherapy: lower doses of each drug can be used to achieve therapeutic goals; lower doses may lead to fewer adverse events, facilitating patient adherence; and using multiple drugs with different modes of action may be more effective in treating multifactorial diseases, including hypertension. Adherence is an important consideration when requiring patients to self‐administer multiple medications; as the number of concurrent medications increases, patient adherence tends to decrease. Recent evidence suggests that fixed‐dose combinations (FDCs) may be more effective than free‐dose combinations, as they provide all necessary medications in a single convenient tablet/single‐pill combination. Among combinations of hypertension medications, a β‐blocker such as bisoprolol with a calcium channel blocker such as amlodipine is an effective combination therapy for hypertension, with distinct and complimentary modes of action. With advantages over free‐dose combinations, the FDC of bisoprolol/amlodipine is thus an effective and convenient treatment for hypertension, allowing more patients to achieve their therapeutic goals, while potentially reducing the burden of hypertension on health care systems.
Comparative study of dislocation density characterizations on silicon
Authors: Gallien B. , Bailly S. , Duffar T.
Published: September 2016

During production of silicon ingots for photovoltaic application, defects are created inside the crystal. Among these defects which impact photovoltaic efficiency, there are dislocations, linear defects mainly due to thermal stresses during ingot processing. Characterization of dislocations could take different ways. In this study, a comparison of 4 characterization methods for dislocation density in silicon is performed: one using manual counting, one using computer treatment of SEM pictures and two using optical dispersion evaluation. In order to show the strengths and weaknesses of each method, measurements are made on the same sample.

Characteristic features of the sample, used for characterization, and all methods are first described. Then the procedure used for pairwise comparison of these methods is given. These coupled results are discussed in order to explain the differences observed in the dislocation density measured on the sample.

Conclusions of this study give the application domain of each method. Remarks are formulated in order to help choosing a method consistent with the characterization purposes and the resources granted to it.
Reevaluation of phase relations in the chemical system neodymium lutetium oxide NdLuO3
Authors: Hirsch Tamino , Uecker Reinhard , Klimm Detlef
Published: September 2016

The phase relations in the system with the overall chemistry Nd2O3:Lu2O3 around 1:1 were investigated by x‐ray diffraction (XRD) of annealed powders and by differential thermal analysis (DTA). A mixture of rare earth oxide solid solutions in the cubic C and in the monoclinic B rare earth oxide structure was determined in the temperature range 1200 to 1650 °C. The C‐phase is dominated by Lu content while the B‐phase is Nd rich. With rising annealing temperature, the portion of Nd in the C‐phase is increased and lowered for the B‐phase. Different facilitation possibilities for P‐NdLuO3 perovskite formation were discussed and examined but no evidence for stability of this phase could be found experimentally. Two thermal signals of phase transitions were detected. The first occurs at 1908 °C and disappears in second heating run if the temperature is raised too much. Furthermore, a second one was detected at 2121 °C.
Solubility of Organosolv Lignin in γ‐Valerolactone/Water Binary Mixtures
Authors: Lê Huy Quang , Zaitseva Anna , Pokki Juha‐Pekka , Ståhl Marina , Alopaeus Ville , Sixta Herbert
Published: September 2016

The solubility of lignin in a mixture of γ‐valerolactone (GVL) and water at different weight ratios was measured using the Hildebrand solubility parameters. Based on the molecular structure of lignin, its solubility parameter (δ‐value) was calculated as 25.5 MPa1/2. The δ‐value for aqueous GVL solvent increased from 23.1 MPa1/2 for pure GVL to 45.6 MPa1/2 for pure water. Therefore, the lignin solubility was predicted to increase with increasing GVL concentration in the aqueous mixture up to approximately 92–96 wt % of GVL. A ternary diagram describing the phase behavior of water–GVL–lignin mixtures at room temperature was constructed based on the experimental results. The three‐component system exhibited a complex behavior with a liquid–liquid and solid–liquid–liquid phase split. The efficiency of the selected fractionation trials in a previous work was validated using the ternary solubility diagram. A promising recovery pathway and lignin isolation method were deduced from the results of this work.
Telomere content measurement in human hematopoietic cells: Comparative analysis of qPCR and Flow‐FISH techniques
Authors: Wand Taylor , Fang Mike , Chen Christina , Hardy Nathan , McCoy J. Philip , Dumitriu Bogdan , Young Neal S. , Biancotto Angélique
Published: September 2016

Abnormal telomere lengths have been linked to cancer and other hematologic disorders. Determination of mean telomere content (MTC) is traditionally performed by Southern blotting and densitometry, giving a mean telomere restriction fragment (TRF) value for the total cell population studied. Here, we compared a quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction approach (qPCR) and a flow cytometric approach, fluorescence in situ hybridization (Flow‐FISH), to evaluate telomere content distribution in total patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells or specific cell populations. Flow‐FISH is based on in situ hybridization using a fluorescein‐labeled peptide nucleic acid (PNA) (CCCTAA)3 probe and DNA staining with propidium iodide. We showed that both qPCR and Flow‐FISH provide a robust measurement, with Flow‐FISH measuring a relative content longer than qPCR at a single cell approach and that TRF2 fluorescence intensity did not correlate with MTC. Both methods showed comparable telomere content reduction with age, and the rate of relative telomere loss was similar. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Retain students with hearing loss by providing a few simple services
Authors: Williams Kate
Published: September 2016

Adult students with hearing loss are a diverse group. I know because I am one of them. We vary by age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, and degree of hearing loss. As a result, a one‐size‐fits‐all approach does little to help accommodate us in the classroom, but faculty attitudes about students with hearing loss can be a crucial component of their academic success.
Take a comprehensive approach to campus safety
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: September 2016

Your campus police department can do a lot on its own to keep students, faculty, and staff members safe. But your efforts will be even more effective if you work with divisions across campus to create a holistic approach to campus safety.
Be a champion for initiatives to help students succeed
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: September 2016

Universities serve important research and outreach roles. But at the core, adding value to the student experience from the time students enter programs until they graduate is what keeps administrators focused on their work, said Camille A. McKayle, provost and vice president of academic affairs at the University of the Virgin Islands.
Support for the elevational Rapoport's rule among seed plants in Nepal depends on biogeographical affinities and boundary effects
Authors: Feng Jianmeng , Hu Xiaokang , Wang Jie , Wang Yanmei
Published: September 2016

As one of the most important hypotheses on biogeographical distribution, Rapoport's rule has attracted attention around the world. However, it is unclear whether the applicability of the elevational Rapoport's Rule differs between organisms from different biogeographical regions. We used Stevens’ method, which uses species diversity and the averaged range sizes of all species within each (100 m) elevational band to explore diversity‐elevation, range‐elevation, and diversity‐range relationships. We compared support for the elevational Rapoport's rule between tropical and temperate species of seed plants in Nepal. Neither tropical nor temperate species supported the predictions of the elevational Rapoport's rule along the elevation gradient of 100–6,000 m a.s.l. for any of the studied relationships. However, along the smaller 1,000–5,000 m a.s.l. gradient (4,300 m a.s.l. for range‐elevation relationships) which is thought to be less influenced by boundary effects, we observed consistent support for the rule by tropical species, although temperate species did not show consistent support. The degree of support for the elevational Rapoport's rule may not only be influenced by hard boundary effects, but also by the biogeographical affinities of the focal taxa. With ongoing global warming and increasing variability of temperature in high‐elevation regions, tropical taxa may shift upward into higher elevations and expand their elevational ranges, causing the loss of temperate taxa diversity. Relevant studies on the elevational Rapoport's rule with regard to biogeographical affinities may be a promising avenue to further our understanding of this rule.
Reliability of U‐shaped steel dampers used in base‐isolated structures subjected to biaxial excitation
Authors: Ene Diana , Yamada Satoshi , Jiao Yu , Kishiki Shoichi , Konishi Yoshinao
Published: September 2016

A reliable performance of anti‐seismic devices when the upper‐structure is subjected to strong biaxial seismic excitation is of vital importance to ensure the latter doesn't reach critical behavior. U‐shaped steel dampers are hysteretic devices used to dissipate the earthquake‐induced energy of base‐isolated structures. In the framework of performance‐based design, which is gaining more and more recognition, it is of particular importance to assess the performance of base‐isolated structures with such dampers under different intensity levels of bidirectional ground motion. To achieve this goal, an analytical model able to simulate the bidirectional displacement response of an isolation system is adopted. Incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) is used to obtain the relation between the earthquake‐induced bidirectional damage of U‐shaped steel dampers and different intensity levels of the considered records. The performance of the dampers is categorized into 5 levels delimited by 4 limit states for which fragility curves are derived. The results obtained using the bidirectional approach are quantitatively compared to those given by employing an in‐plane model (widely used in current design practices in Japan) with the purpose of assessing whether the latter provides unconservative estimates of the performance of the dampers. The main conclusion is that, for large seismic intensities, the safety margin against fracture of the dampers is significantly overestimated when an in‐plane model is adopted. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Natural remedies for non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug‐induced toxicity
Authors: Simon Jerine Peter , Evan Prince Sabina
Published: September 2016

Abstract

The liver is an important organ of the body, which has a vital role in metabolic functions. The non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID), diclofenac causes hepato‐renal toxicity and gastric ulcers. NSAIDs are noted to be an agent for the toxicity of body organs. This review has elaborated various scientific perspectives of the toxicity caused by diclofenac and its mechanistic action in affecting the vital organ. This review suggests natural products are better remedies than current clinical drugs against the toxicity caused by NSAIDs. Natural products are known for their minimal side effects, low cost and availability. On the other hand, synthetic drugs pose the danger of adverse effects if used frequently or over a long period. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystal structure of a class‐mu glutathione S‐transferase from whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei: structural changes in the xenobiotic binding H‐site may alter the spectra of molecules bound
Authors: Juárez‐Martínez Ariadna B , Sotelo‐Mundo Rogerio R , Rudiño‐Piñera Enrique
Published: September 2016

Glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) are dimeric proteins that play a key role in phase II cellular detoxification. Here, the first crystal structure of a GST class‐mu from marine crustacean shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is reported at a resolution of 2.0 Å. The coordinates reported here have the lowest sequence identity with previously reported GSTs class‐mu deposited at the Protein Data Bank (PDB), although they have subtle conformational differences. One key feature of GST class‐mu from L. vannamei is the active site crevice markedly reduced when it is compared with other GSTs class‐mu. This finding together with the chemical change of residues into the cavity (F112 and Y210) points to a particular specialization in which smallest xenobiotics with nonstandard chemical characteristics can be bound to the H‐site. This suggests that marine organisms have evolved structural strategies to provide efficient selectivity toward xenobiotics to be disposed of by the phase II detoxification process.
Facile and Regioselective Synthesis of Substituted 1H‐Pyrazolo[3,4‐b]quinolines from 2‐Fluorobenzaldehydes and 1H‐Pyrazol‐5‐amines
Authors: Szlachcic Paweł , Kucharek Mateusz , Jarosz Bożena , Danel Andrzej , Stadnicka Katarzyna
Published: September 2016

The present article concerns the scope and limitations of the regioselective condensation of 2‐fluorobenzaldehydes with 1H‐pyrazol‐5‐amines, leading to the synthesis of substituted 1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]quinolines (PQ), in the presence of a base catalyst (DABCO and 2,4,6‐trimethylpyridine). A method to obtain these nitrogen heterocycles with fluorine or trifluoromethyl substituents in different positions in the carbocyclic ring was developed as a part of a systematic research on the influence of fluorine‐containing substituents on the parameters of PQ. Those compounds, characterized by high‐fluorescence intensity, have been tested as emitters for the organic light‐emitting diodes since 1997. The functionalization of PQ causes changes in various parameters, for example, HOMO and LUMO levels, which are important for the adjustment of fabricated organic light‐emitting diodes. One of the easiest methods of PQ preparation, namely, the condensation of substituted anilines with 5‐chloro‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐carbaldehydes, is not regioselective. The method described in this study allows synthesizing of 1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b]quinolines with good yields and high selectivity – only the expected isomer is obtained. As various different 2‐fluorobenzaldehydes are commercially available, and 1H‐pyrazol‐5‐amines with different substituents are easy to prepare, the method could be a good alternative to the already known procedures. All possible mechanisms of the reaction were also thoroughly studied.
Uptake of macro nutrients, barium, and strontium by vegetation from mineral soils on carbonatite and pyroxenite bedrock at the Lillebukt Alkaline Complex on Stjernøy, Northern Norway
Authors: Myrvang Mona B. , Hillersøy Maria H. , Heim Michael , Bleken Marina A. , Gjengedal Elin
Published: September 2016

Carbonatite originating from the Lillebukt Alkaline Complex at Stjernøy in Northern Norway possesses favorable lime and potassium (K) fertilizer characteristics. However, enrichments of barium (Ba) and strontium (Sr) in carbonatite may cause an undesired uptake by plants when applied to agroecosystems. A field survey was carried out to compare concentrations of Ba, Sr, and macronutrients in indigenous plants growing in mineral soil developed on a bedrock of apatite–biotite–carbonatite (high in Ba and Sr) and of apatite–hornblende–pyroxenite (low in Ba and Sr) at Stjernøy. Samples of soil and vegetation were collected from three sites, two on carbonatite bedrock and one on pyroxenite bedrock. Ammonium lactate (AL)‐extracted soil samples and nitric acid microwave‐digested samples of soil, grasses, dwarf shrubs, and herbs were analyzed for element concentration using ICP‐MS and ICP‐OES. Concentrations of magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) in both soil (AL) and plants were equal to or higher compared to values commonly reported. A high transfer of phosphorus (P) from soil to plants indicates that the apatite‐P is available to plants, particularly in pyroxenite soil. The non‐exchangeable K reservoir in the soil made a significant contribution to the elevated K transfer from soil to plant. Total concentrations of Ba and Sr in surface soil exhibited a high spatial variation ranging from 490 to 5,300 mg Ba kg−1 and from 320 to 1,300 mg Sr kg−1. The transfer of AL‐extractable elements from soil to plants increased in the order Ba < Sr < Ca < Mg < K, hence reflecting the chemical binding strength of these elements. Concentrations of Ba and Sr were low in grasses (≈ 20 mg kg−1), intermediate in dwarf shrubs and highest in herbs. Plant species and their affinity for Ca seemed more important in explaining the uptake of Ba and Sr than the soil concentration of these elements. The leguminous plant species Vicia cracca acted as an accumulator of both Ba (1.800 mg kg−1) and Sr (2.300 mg kg−1).
Adequate supply of potassium improves plant water‐use efficiency but not leaf water‐use efficiency of spring wheat
Authors: Jákli Bálint , Tränkner Merle , Senbayram Mehmet , Dittert Klaus
Published: September 2016

Enhancing crop water‐use efficiency (WUE) is a major research objective in water‐scarce agroecosystems. Potassium (K) enhances WUE and plays a crucial role in mitigating plant stress. Here, effects of K supply and PEG‐induced water deficit on WUE of spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL. var. Sonett), grown in nutrient solution, were studied. Plants were treated with three levels of K supply (0.1, 1, 4 mM K+) and two levels of PEG (0, 25%). WUE was determined at leaf level (WUEL), at whole‐plant level (WUEP), andviacarbon isotope ratio (δ13C). Effects of assimilation and stomatal conductance on WUELwere evaluated and compared with effects of biomass production and whole‐plant transpiration (EP) on WUEP. Adequate K supply enhanced WUEPup to 30% and by additional 20% under PEG stress, but had no effect on WUEL. EPwas lower with adequate K supply, but this effect may be attributed to canopy microclimate. Shoot δ13C responded linearly to time‐integrated WUELin adequately supplied plants, but not in K‐deficient plants, indicating negative effects of K deficiency on mesophyll CO2diffusion. It is concluded that leaf‐scale evaluations of WUE are not reliable in predicting whole‐plant WUE of crops such as spring wheat suffering K deficiency.
Pomegranate juice prevents development of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats by attenuating oxidative stress and inflammation
Authors: Noori Maryam , Jafari Bahar , Hekmatdoost Azita
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND

The effects of pomegranate juice (PJ) on the risk factors of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) have been reported previously; however, the effects on NAFLD and its prevention have not yet been clarified. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of PJ consumption with respect to the prevention of NAFLD/NASH development. Sprague–Dawley rats were fed either a high‐fat, high sugar diet (model group); a high‐fat, high sugar diet plus PJ (model+PJ); or a chow diet ad libitum for 7 weeks. Serum levels of fasting glucose, triglyceride, cholesterol, liver enzymes, insulin and hepatic tumor necrosis factor‐α and tissue growth factor‐β gene expression were determined. Hepatic histology was examined by hemotoxylin and eosin staining.

RESULTS

The model+PJ group had significantly lower hepatic steatosis, ballooning, lobular inflammation and portal inflammation (P < 0.001); lower hepatic pro‐inflammatory and pro‐fibrotic gene expression (P < 0.001); and lower plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.026), aspartate aminotransferase (P = 0.041), insulin (P < 0.001), triglycerides (P = 0.041) and glucose (P = 0.009) compared to the model group; however, weight gain, food intake and plasma high‐density lipoprotein levels were not significantly different between these two groups.

CONCLUSION

The data obtained in the present study indicate that the regular consumption of PJ can prevent NAFLD even in the presence of the other risk factors such as obesity, hypercholesterolemia, and high energy, fat and sugar intakes. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
The effects of animal age, feeding regime and a dietary beta‐agonist on tenderness of three beef muscles
Authors: Moholisa Ennet , Hugo Arno , Strydom Phillip E , van Heerden Ina
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND

Animal age as determined by number of permanent incisors (p. i.) is used in classification of beef carcasses to describe expected meat tenderness. However, animals differing in age are reared under different production systems (pasture or feedlot). In addition to age, other factors associated with particular production systems may also influence the palatability of meat. Therefore, the effects of age combined with feeding regime and the supplementation of a beta‐agonist (zilpaterol) on the tenderness of M. longissimus lumborum (LL), M. semitendinosus (ST) and M. biceps femoris (BF) muscles were investigated.

RESULTS

Tenderness of LL cuts was least affected by age but zilpaterol significantly decreased tenderness and ageing potential. Tenderness of high‐collagen cuts (BF and ST) was negatively affected by age due to reduced collagen solubility. The effect of zilpaterol on these cuts was less significant and BF and ST cuts of the grain‐fed A‐age animals (0 p. i.) supplemented with zilpaterol (AZ) were more tender than the same cuts of grass‐fed animals with 1–2 p. i. (AB‐age) and grass‐fed animals with 3–6 p. i. (B‐age) according to Warner–Bratzler shear force (WBSF) and sensory analysis for tenderness.

CONCLUSION

This study indicates that beta‐agonists may influence variation in tenderness within an age class more than age or feeding regime. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Surface Disturbance and Erosion by Pigs: A Medium Term Assessment for the Monsoonal Tropics
Authors: Hancock G R , Lowry JBC , Dever C
Published: September 2016

Introduced pigs (Sus scrofa) are recognised as having significant environmental impacts. Here, we quantify the effect of feral pigs in a catchment (undisturbed by Europeans) in the monsoonal tropics of northern Australia. Field data collected over a 5‐year period showed that the areal extent of pig disturbance ranged from 0·3 to 3·3% of the survey area (average 1·2%, σ = 0·9%). Mass of exhumed material was considerable and ranged from 4·3 to 36·0 Mg ha−1 y−1 (average 10·9 Mg ha−1 y−1). The excavations produce surface roughness which acts as sediment traps. Over the 5‐year study period, there was no evidence to suggest that pigs produce any rill or gully erosion. There does not appear to be any relationship between rainfall amount and area disturbed or volume of material exhumed. However, a significant positive relationship was observed between number of disturbances and rainfall. The location of any disturbance appears to be random and has no relationship with topography or geomorphic attributes such as slope, upslope contributing area or wetness indices derived from a high‐resolution digital elevation model of the site. While pigs are disturbingly relatively large volumes of soil, there is no clear evidence to support any increase in local erosion and soil structural change may be occurring slowly and only be observable over the long term. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liver transplantation after share 35: Impact on pretransplant and posttransplant costs and mortality
Authors: Nicolas Clara T. , Nyberg Scott L. , Heimbach Julie K. , Watt Kymberly , Chen Harvey S. , Hathcock Matthew A. , Kremers Walter K.
Published: September 2016

Share 35 was implemented in 2013 to direct livers to the most urgent candidates by prioritizing Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease (MELD) ≥ 35 patients. We aim to evaluate this policy's impact on costs and mortality. Our study includes 834 wait‐listed patients and 338 patients who received deceased donor, solitary liver transplants at Mayo Clinic between January 2010 and December 2014. Of these patients, 101 (30%) underwent transplantation after Share 35. After Share 35, 29 (28.7%) MELD ≥ 35 patients received transplants, as opposed to 46 (19.4%) in the pre–Share 35 era (P = 0.06). No significant difference in 90‐day wait‐list mortality (P = 0.29) nor 365‐day posttransplant mortality (P = 0.68) was found between patients transplanted before or after Share 35. Mean costs were $3,049 (P = 0.30), $5226 (P = 0.18), and $10,826 (P = 0.03) lower post‐Share 35 for the 30‐, 90‐, and 365‐day pretransplant periods, and mean costs were $5010 (P = 0.41) and $5859 (P = 0.57) higher, and $9145 (P = 0.54) lower post‐Share 35 for the 30‐, 90‐, and 365‐day posttransplant periods. In conclusion, the added cost of transplanting more MELD ≥ 35 patients may be offset by pretransplant care cost reduction. Despite shifting organs to critically ill patients, Share 35 has not impacted mortality significantly. Liver Transplantation 23:11–18 2017 AASLD.
Polyphosphoesters: New Trends in Synthesis and Drug Delivery Applications
Authors: Yilmaz Zeynep Ergul , Jérôme Christine
Published: September 2016

Polymers with repeating phosphoester linkages in the backbone are biodegradable materials that emerge as a promising class of novel biomaterials, especially in the field of drug delivery systems. In contrast to aliphatic polyesters, the pentavalency of the phosphorus atom offers a large diversity of structures and as a consequence a wide range of properties for these materials. In this paper, it is focused on the synthesis of well‐defined polyphosphoesters (PPEs) by organocatalyzed ring‐opening polymerization, improving the functionalities by combination with click reactions, degradation of functional PPEs and their cytotoxicity, and inputs for applications in drug delivery.

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Quaternionic spherical wave functions
Authors: Morais Joao , Le H. T. , Pérez‐de la Rosa Marco Antonio
Published: September 2016

The scalar spherical wave functions (SWFs) are solutions to the scalar Helmholtz equation obtained by the method of separation of variables in spherical polar coordinates. These functions are complete and orthogonal over a sphere, and they can, therefore, be used as a set of basis functions in solving boundary value problems by spherical wave expansions. In this work, we show that there exists a theory of functions with quaternionic values and of three real variables, which is determined by the Moisil–Theodorescu‐type operator with quaternionic variable coefficients, and which is intimately related to the radial, angular and azimuthal wave equations. As a result, we explain the connections between the null solutions of these equations, on one hand, and the quaternionic hyperholomorphic and anti‐hyperholomorphic functions, on the other. We further introduce the quaternionic spherical wave functions (QSWFs), which refine and extend the SWFs. Each function is a linear combination of SWFs and products of
‐hyperholomorphic functions by regular spherical Bessel functions. We prove that the QSWFs are orthogonal in the unit ball with respect to a particular bilinear form. Also, we perform a detailed analysis of the related properties of QSWFs. We conclude the paper establishing analogues of the basic integral formulae of complex analysis such as Borel–Pompeiu's and Cauchy's, for this version of quaternionic function theory. As an application, we present some plot simulations that illustrate the results of this work. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wearable textile bioinspired antenna for 2G, 3G, and 4G systems
Authors: Silva P. F. , Freire R. C. S. , Serres A. J. R. , Silva P. H. da F. , Silva J. C.
Published: September 2016

Wearable antennas present flexible dielectric and microstrip antenna normally used in Wireless Body Area Network systems with medical and no‐medical applications. This article presents a new wearable printed monopole antenna for second generation (2G), third generation (3G), and fourth generation (4G) systems on textile material and laminate cooper to flat cable. The bioinspired geometry of a gynkgo biloba leaf was generated by Gielis formula. The proposed antenna presents a bandwidth of 2.70 GHz, covering the ranges of 2G, 3G, and 4G systems, with an omnidirectional radiation pattern, 3.10 dBi gain, and a HPBW of 102°. Measurements were performed with the antenna nearly on the head, on hand and in the pocket of trousers. The biggest difference, in the resonance frequency, was observed with the antenna on hand, and the antenna nearly on head, showed greater difference in bandwidth. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:2818–2823, 2016
Compact super wideband patch antenna design using diversities of reactive loaded technique
Authors: Aziz Siti Zubaidah , Jamlos Mohd Faizal
Published: September 2016

Compact super wideband (SWB) patch antenna using diversities of reactive loaded technique is presented in this paper. The antenna is consists of two U‐slots in the radiating patch with two inverted U‐slot and a triangular slit on the ground plane. By having those structures, a super wide operating bandwidth is produced from 2.43 GHz to 32.93 GHz with a fractional bandwidth of 172.5%. Moreover, while only having a compact dimension of 25 × 26 mm2, the proposed antenna still can produced an acceptable gain from 2.73 dBi to 7.35 dBi over the frequency range. This compact SWB antenna is very potential to be used for SWB applications because it provides sufficient impedance bandwidth, high gain and stable radiation pattern that are near omni‐directional pattern. The performance of the proposed antenna is observed and analyzed comprehensively in this letter. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:2811–2814, 2016
General condition for ladder network prototype with equal terminations
Authors: Wang Kai , Zhang Qingfeng , Xia Fen , Liao Weiwei , Wong Saiwai , Chen Yifan
Published: September 2016

This article proposes, for the first time, a general condition for the ladder network prototype with equally terminated resistances. A rigorous proof of this theorem is provided. Three fourth‐order examples are subsequently given to illustrate and verify the proposed theorem. The prototype network is then applied to shunt‐stub lowpass filters. An experimental validation is finally provided to prove the validity of the proposed theorem. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:2833–2836, 2016
Small‐size dual‐wideband IFA frame antenna closely integrated with metal casing of the LTE smartphone and having decreased user's hand effects
Authors: Wong Kin‐Lu , Wu Yu‐Ching
Published: September 2016

A small‐size frame antenna based on the inverted‐F antenna (IFA) structure to cover 824∼960 and 1710∼2690 MHz for the LTE operation in the metal‐casing smartphone is presented. The antenna uses a short frame section of 53 mm (about 0.16 wavelength at 900 MHz) along the short edge of the metal casing as the IFA's radiating strip. The short frame section is closely integrated with the metal casing with a 2‐mm uniform gap and is easily fit within the short edge thereof. The frame section is connected to a feed circuit board (FCB), on which the IFA's shorting strip, feeding strip and matching network are disposed, to achieve the desired dual‐wideband operation. The FCB does not occupy the planar space on the metal casing and the system circuit board as well. In this regard, the occupied space of the antenna including the radiating frame section and the FCB in the smartphone is minimized. With the proposed antenna structure, effects of the user's hand on the antenna performance are also minimized, mainly because the small size of the antenna leads to no gaps along two long side edges of the metal‐casing smartphone. Details of the antenna structure and its working principle are addressed, and experimental results of the antenna are presented and discussed. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:2853–2858, 2016
60 GHz millimeter‐wave transceiver front‐end: Design and implementation
Authors: Shi X. , Xing Y. Y.
Published: September 2016

Based on the microwave integrated circuit and millimeter wave integrated circuit technology, a pair of TX and RX front‐ends operating at 60 GHz are designed and fabricated, with all the functional modules optimized and integrated from the aspect of system application. The integrated front‐end system fulfills the design requirements and provides technical and devices support for its application in short distance wireless communication. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:2894–2897, 2016
Design of a very compact U‐HI‐LO low‐pass filter using meander technique and quasi horn inductors for L‐band and C‐band applications
Authors: Boutejdar Ahmed
Published: September 2016

In this article, a novel very compact low pass filters, using Hi‐Lo technique and meander method are proposed. The several proposed filters are designed using a modification along the microstrip line by addition of U form and a meander shape. The compact meander LPF consists of two thin microstrip lines, which are connected with 50‐Ω microstrip feed lines and thus with the both SMA connectors and a width microstrip patch placed in the middle of the structure. This meander Hi‐Lo topology has been placed on the RO4003 substrate with a relative dielectric constant εr = 3.38 and thicknesses h = 0.813 mm and a loss tangent of 0.0027. Additionally to a very good compactness, the structure exhibits simple design and fabrication, very low insertion loss in the passband of 1.5 dB, and it achieves a wide rejection bandwidth with overall 20 dB attenuation from 5.7 to 6.3 GHz. The compact low pass structure occupies an area of (0.337 λg × 0.253 λg) where λg = 60 mm is the wavelength at the cut‐off frequency 2.75 GHz. The simulated and measured results show good agreement and validate the proposed approach. Such compact filter structures are used in various microwave system applications. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:2897–2901, 2016
Inverse class‐FX‐band SiGe HBT power amplifier with 44% PAE and 24.5 dBm peak output power
Authors: Song Ickhyun , Ulusoy Ahmet Çağrı , Oakley Michael A. , Ju Inchan , Cho Moon‐Kyu , Cressler John D.
Published: September 2016

An X‐band power amplifier (PA) implemented in a silicon‐germanium (SiGe) heterojunction bipolar transistor technology is presented. The SiGe PA was designed for inverse class‐F mode using thin‐film microstrip (TFMS) lines, eliminating the use of conventional band‐limiting lumped inductors and transformers. Thus, simultaneous high efficiency and minimized in‐band variation were achieved for X‐band (8–12 GHz) applications. In addition, for boosting peak output power (Pout), the common‐base transistor in the PA core was designed to operate in a weak avalanche region, which allowed dynamic collector‐to‐base voltage to swing beyond the collector‐base breakdown voltage with open emitter without performance degradation. The fabricated SiGe PA demonstrates a high power‐added efficiency (PAE) of 43.2% and a peak Pout of 24.3 dBm at 10 GHz. Benefitting from the utilization of TFMS lines, the PA exhibits a flat response for both PAE (33.3–44%) and peak Pout (23.1–24.5 dBm) for the entire X‐band frequency range. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:2868–2871, 2016
Performance of microstrip patch antenna due EBG/PBG arrangements insertion
Authors: da Silva José L. , de Andrade Humberto D. , Maia Anamaria S. , Fernandes Humberto C. C. , da Silva Isaac B. T. , Sombra Antônio S. B. , Pereira Jonathan P. P.
Published: September 2016

This paper aims to present microstrip patch antenna prototypes with rectangular patch, where structures of photonic band gap and electromagnetic band gap in cylindrical geometry for different drilling heights were performed in the substrate. The main radiations properties were simulated using Finite Element Method (FEM) and compared with the measured results of the manufactured devices. A current surface reduction can be observed due EBG/PBG insertion and a measurement matching of return loss values, enabling the application on wireless communication. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:2933–2937, 2016
A tunable bandstop filter using triangular patch resonator with defected ground structures
Authors: Pinheiro J.M. , Serrano A.L.C.
Published: September 2016

A tunable dual‐mode bandstop patch filter with two degrees of liberty controlling the filter's central frequency and bandwidth is presented. The bandstop filter uses a single triangular resonator miniaturized by two slots and two defected ground structures (DGSs) slots to improve rejection. Varactor diodes are used across the patch's slots to vary the frequency of each degenerate fundamental mode. The models used in simulations, varactors assembling, DC bias configuration and measured results are presented. The proposed filter presents 17% of center frequency tuning range in the 5.8 GHz WiMAX band and the fractional bandwidth can be varied from 1.8% to 18%. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 58:2930–2933, 2016