bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Family Policy Past As Prologue: Jimmy Carter, the White House Conference on Families, and the Mobilization of the New Christian Right1
Authors: Ribuffo Leo P.
Published: April 2006

The White House Conference on Families both exemplified the contested nature of “family policy” since the late nineteenth century and inaugurated the latest phase in the venerable invocation of “family values” as a tactic for political mobilization. In 1976 presidential candidate Jimmy Carter proposed a White House Conference on the American Family in order to shore up support among cultural conservatives, especially Roman Catholics. Four years later, after much debate within the Carter administration as well as in the country at large about what constituted a legitimate family, three sessions of a White House Conference on Families were held. Cultural moderates, feminists, gays rights activists, devout Catholics, and evangelical Protestants disagreed vehemently about policies ranging from legalized abortion to family leave. Following a long though little known tradition, women were especially active among grassroots conservatives. Ultimately conservatives mobilized much more effectively than their liberal and moderate opponents, and they quickly made restoration of family values an effective wedge issue for the new Christian right and the Republican party. In many ways, the debate over family policy in the early 21st century still echoes that of the 1970s—or the 1930s or the 1910s.
The Federal Concessioner System: Linking Policy to Opportunities for Local Service Providers
Authors: Kurtz Rick S.
Published: April 2006

Every year millions of tourists hit the open road to enjoy America's public recreation lands. Upon arrival at their destinations, visitors enjoy a host of service amenities ranging from hotels and lodges to ski resorts and back country adventures, all compliments of concessioners. These public lands concessioner operations are a multibillion dollar business. This decades‐long analysis finds that local service providers have generally failed to secure concessioner contracts on public lands. A focus among more politically adept participants upon other policy priorities has eclipsed local provider preferences despite periodic opportunities for change and economic need.
Systemic Interventions to Promote Institutional Change in the Russian Forest Sector
Authors: Olsson Mats‐Olov
Published: April 2006

Institutions govern the behavior of all actors in a society. The Russian transition to a market economy is mainly a matter of reshaping society's institutions to make them more conducive to a market efficient behavior. But how can suitable institutional changes be achieved? This article discusses the experiences gained through a series of policy exercises with stakeholders in the Russian regional forest sector. The purpose of the exercises was to initiate a participatory policy process leading to the elaboration of implementable proposals for a new regional forest policy. The prospects of such policy exercises to make an impact are best if the systemic interventionist manages to affiliate with active regional stakeholder groups and if support from the regional authorities and external financial sources can be secured. Such support will establish an effective incentive structure that will contribute to the legitimacy of the policy process. In the current Russian situation there is a lack of organized stakeholder groups with whom to conduct a dialogue.
Social Security Privatization and Market Risk
Authors: Weller Christian E.
Published: April 2006

Under Social Security privatization, workers would be allowed to divert some of the money that currently goes to Social Security into private accounts. This would expose them to market risk, that is, the risk of a substantial drop in equity prices or of a prolonged bear market. This could result in generations of workers with less money than they thought they would have for retirement. Depending on a worker's birth date, if the privatization approach proposed by President Bush's Commission to Strengthen Social Security had been enacted at the start of the Social Security program, the retirement benefits generated from putting 10% of earnings in a private account for 35 years would have ranged from 100% to less than 20% relative to pre‐retirement earnings. The extraordinarily high retirement income generated from the booming 1990s stock market was the equivalent of winning the generational lottery—unlikely to be repeated regularly. Even under these beneficial circumstances, a privatized system could have cost the government more than $1 trillion in today's dollars over the past 3 decades if the government decided to help out those who accumulated too little for retirement. The primary alternative to a government bailout of the Social Security system, older workers working longer, would likely not generate the desired results. Workers wanting to work longer would create labor market pressures typically at times when unemployment is already high.
The Policy of High‐Tech Industry Development: The Case of Location Assessment for Biotech Industry Parks in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Ren‐Shuai , Shyu Joseph Z. , Tzeng Gow‐Hshiung
Published: April 2006

Biotechnology will be the star industry of the 21st century, and will also be one of the main focal areas of Taiwan's future industrial development. Many scholars have suggested that the presence of geographical clusters is an important factor that determines an industry's international competitiveness. As an example of the clustering effect, when high‐tech industry was just starting to take off in Taiwan, the establishment of the Hsinchu Science‐Based Industrial Park successfully promoted the upgrading of the industrial structure. The goal of this study is to explore the development of an industrial park location selection model for Taiwan's biotech industry, while considering the influence of the clustering effect, with the ultimate intent of promoting the industry's development. Because clustering factors are certainly not necessarily independent, and may entail a feedback effect, this study uses the analytic network process (ANP) multiple criteria decision‐making (MCDM) model to construct a “biotech park” location selection model, and then determine the optimal location of a biotech park from three alternatives. The results suggest that Taipei City would be the optimal choice for a biotech park. This finding can serve to guide the government's biotech industry development policies.
The Process and Practice of Downtown Revitalization
Authors: Faulk Dagney
Published: April 2006

Efforts to revitalize downtown areas have gained momentum over the past few decades. This article reviews the literature on downtown revitalization, presents a model that illustrates the process of decline and the more recent process of revitalization that has occurred in downtown areas over the past half‐century, and discusses local policies that can facilitate the process. Revitalization policies and resulting projects in the cities of Jeffersonville, Indiana, and New Albany, Indiana, are used to illustrate components of the model that deal with the revitalization process.
The Effect of Triiodothyronine in Healing of Deep Dermal Burns and Marginal Scars of Skin grafts. A Histologic Study
Authors: Mehregan Amir H. , Zamick Paul
Published: April 2006

The effect of Triiodothyronine (T3) was evaluated in the healing of deep dermal burns and marginal scars of skin grafts in a group of 20 male Sprague‐Dawley rats versus a control series. Histologic examination revealed obvious differences, characterized by better organization of collagen bundles, fewer retraction spaces and smoother scars in the T3 treated group.
Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma Metastatic to Skin
Authors: Barr Ronald , Dann Frank
Published: April 2006

We are reporting the ninth case of cutaneous metastasis from earcinoma of the thyroid. One should consider any abnormal thyroid gland as a possibly primary site in an elderly patient with metastatic tumor in the skin.
Porocarcinoma Associated with Extramammary Paget's Disease
Authors: Eng Ana M. , Reyes Cesar
Published: April 2006

The coexistence of two tumors, porocarcinoma and extramammary Paget's disease (EMP) in one tissue section, facilitates a subtle but distinct differentiation of the two cell types. The adjacent occurrence of the two tumors perhaps indicates a common origin in their benign form. The biologic mechanism of the Pagetoid phenomenon is demonstrated.
Lichen Striatus
Authors: Robert Charles C. , Johnson Bernett L. , Robinson Terrance A.
Published: April 2006

An interesting case of lichen striatus occurring in a 56‐year‐old patient is presented. The light microscopic and ultrastructural characteristics of lichen striatus are discussed. Of particular interest is the ultrastructure of the dyskeratotic cell in this condition and its similarity to the corps rond cell of Darier's disease.
Regeneration of Subcutaneous Connective Tissue in Children A Histological Study with Application of the CELLSTIC Device
Authors: Raekallio Jyrki , Viljanto Jouko
Published: April 2006

Cellular patterns of healing subcutaneous connective tissue were studied histologically in 22 pediatric surgical patients using the CELLSTIC device. This wound drain, specially developed for this purpose, consists of a standardized, viscose cellulose sponge inside a thin silicone rubber tube. When left between the wound edges. wound exudate flows through the drain, allowing its cells to attach themselves to the sponge surface. The sponge serves as a framework within which the cells may migrate, divide and transform. During the first 12 h the cellular pattern in the sponge resembles that of peripheral blood, whereafter the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, almost exclusively neutrophils, gradually increases. Later on, monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes invade. Fibro‐blasts were usually seen at the end of the third day postoperatively, but in some cases the first fibroblasts appeared even earlier. CELLSTIC neither disturbs normal wound healing nor increases the rate of wound infections. CELLSTIC, as a cell culture in situ, provides a practical way to study human connective tissue regeneration under both physiological and pathological conditions.
Trichoepithelioma and Pigmented Nevus. A Combined Malformation
Authors: Rahbari Homayoon , Mehregan Amir H.
Published: April 2006

The occasional occurrences of combined hamartomas composed of nevus cell nevi and adnexal tumors are not chance happenings. Pigmented nevi are malformations consisting of nevus cells together with various connective tissue and epithelial components. The proliferation of these components results in the combined malformations, whose occurrence, we believe, is more supporting evidence for the idea that pigmented nevi may have other components besides nevus cells.
Human Orf
Authors: Johannessen Jan Vincents , Krugh Hans‐Kristian , Solberg Ingvar , Dalen Are , van Wijngaarden Hans , Johansen Bjørn
Published: April 2006

Human orf is usually considered a rare disease caused by a virus belonging to the para‐vaeeinia subgroup of pox viruses and transmitted to man from sheep and goats. This paper presents 119 new human cases with epidemiological, clinical, histopathological and ultrastructural findings. Erythema multiforme was found to be a common complication of human orf. Other complications tended to be caused by overtreatment. Electron microscopy of negatively stained suspensions from lesions was found to be the best and most rapid diagnostic method available.
Epidermal Apoptosis: Cell Deletion by Phagocytosis
Authors: Olson Robert L. , Everett Mark Allen
Published: April 2006

Apoptosis is a process found in many tissues by which devitalized cells are eliminated in an orderly manner. In skin, apoptosis occurs following sunburn, in Bowen's disease and in basal cell carcinoma. Scattered cells are observed in which the cytoplasm has become condensed and dyskeratotic. These dyskeratotic cells are phagocytized, either in toto or in fragments by surrounding keratinocytes. This process involves the condensation, fragmentation, phagocytosis and digestion of individually degenerated cells. The mass of a tissue is thus related to the balance between cell formation (mitosis) and cell destruction (apoptosis). In epidermal and other surface tissues, the rate of exfoliation must also be considered.
Lichen Striatus: A Model for the Histologic Spectrum of Lichenoid Reactions
Authors: Reed Richard J. , Meek Thomas , Ichinose Herbert
Published: April 2006

Three phases of lichenoid reactions are defined: 1) the primary phase, 2) the established phase; and 3) the senescent phase. Lichen striatus is characterized by a primary pattern that may be apparent in the epidermis, the hair follicles, and rarely the sweat glands and ducts. Focal areas of established lichenoid reaction, that are indistinguishable from lichen planus, are common. They usually are confined to the tips of elongated rete ridges. Established lichenoid patterns are occasionally present in hair follicles and are indistinguishable from those seen in lichen planopilaris. Eccrine hidradenitis, a feature of lichen striatus, is rarely seen in lichen planus. Lichen planus may be an adaptive epidermal response to a clone of aggressive lymphocytes and, as such, may be a manifestation of auto‐immunity. In lichen striatus, senescent lichenoid patterns resemble those seen in lichen nitidus.
α1‐Antitrypsin Deficiency and Skin Abnormalities
Authors: Ledoux‐Corbusier M. , Achten G.
Published: April 2006

A 19‐year‐old Moroccan male was found to have total absence of serum alpha1‐antitrypsin, a major inhibitor of elastase. This patient had chronic obstructive lung disease, hyperextensibility of the skin over the cheeks and wrists, and hyperlaxity of the hand joints. Microscopic sections of the skin revealed a thickened dermis with shortened and rarefied clastic fibers. Ultrastructural study showed collagen fibers with variable and irregular diameters. Elastic fibers were scarce and their relatively poor matrix was surrounded by numerous microfibrils. The outline of the fibers was irregular with deep recesses filled with microfibrils. The ergastoplasm of the fibroblasts was well developed. The differential diagnosis with other connective dystrophies showed the original characteristic of this case. Clinically and histopathologically, the skin abnormalities are probably related to the deficiency in elastase inhibitor.
Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus An Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: Kint A. , Geerts M. L.
Published: April 2006

The ultrastructural changes in seven cases of lichen selerosus et atrophicus are described. An interesting epidermal alteration was the presence of collagen fibrils in the intercellular space; furthermore, the basal cells were altered by condensation and homogenization of the tonofibrils. The basement membrane was not uniform and often multilayered. The anchoring fibrils were numerous. In the cutis intertwining strands of fine filaments, bundles of immature collagen and normal collagen could be found. In lichen sclerosus et atrophicus the dermo‐epidermal interrelationship is disturbed.
Preliminary Cutaneous Pathology Observations with the Freeze‐Fracture Technique
Authors: Caputo R. , Peluchetti D. , Monti M.
Published: April 2006

The freeze‐fracture technique was used to study acantholytic cells of untreated pemphigus patients and the cells of histocytosis X. On the membranes of acanthocytosis cells, the particles are randomly distributed and lack the typical desmosome organization, while tight and gap junctions are still found. The study of the cells of histocytosis X provided a better understanding of the structure of the Langerhans granule. The paracrystalline organization of the inner face of the disc‐shaped portion does not seem to involve the membranes limiting the granule, but rather to be confined to a periodically arranged, possibly proteic substance contained between them.
Hypopigmented Macules of Sun Exposed Skin in Xeroderma Pigmentosum. An Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: Césarini J. P. , Bioulac P. , Moreno G. , Prunieras M.
Published: April 2006

Patients with Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP) frequently exhibit small, white hypopigmented spots on the parts of the body not exposed to the sun. These hypopigmented spots, 1–5 mm in diameter, appear early in the life. Punch biopsies were performed for electron microscopic studies and DOPA reaction. Melanocytes were either absent or occasionally found along the basal layer of the hypopigmented area; Langerhans cells were numerous; DOPA positive cells were rare or absent. Thus a vitiligo‐like syndrome is realized. In clinically normal skin, Langerhans cells were observed within the basal layer. These findings may help explain the clinical appearance of the white macules and the fact that the absence of pigment protection on sun exposed areas exposes the skin widely to UV radiation. It seems logical to propose that apart from the genetic enzymatic defect of XP, there is a genetic melanocytic abnormality leading to conditions which increase the general sensitivity to UV radiation.
Ultrastructural Localization of Acid Phosphatase in Normal and X‐lrradiated Epidermis
Authors: de Rey B. M. , Itoiz M. E. , Frasch A. C. C. , Cabrini R. L.
Published: April 2006

Acid phosphatase activity has been studied in normal and X‐irradiated rat epidermis. A remarkable reaction increment was found in irradiated epithelium at the granular layer keeping the same pattern of distribution observed in the normal tissue. No reactive lysosomes or keratinosomes were observed in the cytochemical sections, while many keratinosomes but no lysosomes appeared in the electron microscopic preparations of irradiated animals. Irradiated epithelium is discussed as a suitable model to analyze the role of acid phosphatase in the keratinization mechanisms.
Familial Generalized Dyschromic Amyloidosis Cutis
Authors: Eng Ana M. , Cogan Lawrence , Gunnar Rolf M. , Blekys Irene
Published: April 2006

A generalized form of primary cutaneous amyloidosis was found in two siblings when microscopic examination was carried out on areas of scattered hypopigmentation. Multiple biopsies from different sites of the skin suggested that the pigmentary disorder was probably a process independent of the amyloidosis. One of the siblings died of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, congenital pulmonary stenosis and diabetes mellitus. Post mortem examination of the lungs showed the presence of few amyloid deposits in the diffusely fibrotic tissue, suggesting that these were secondary to the chronic pulmonary disease. Because of the absence of amyloid involvement in parenchymatous organs and the absence of cutaneous signs of systemic amyloidosis as macroglosia or petechiae, this case suggests that primary cutaneous amyloidosis is distinctly different from the cutaneous manifestation of primary systemic amyloidosis.
Deposition of Complement in the Lesions of Experimental Cutaneous Candidiasis in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Sohnle Peter G. , Kirkpatrick Charles H.
Published: April 2006

Deposits of C3 have been demonstrated at the dermo‐epidermal junction in the lesions of experimental cutaneous candidiasis in guinea pigs. The deposits were granular in character and similar to those previously found in the lesions of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis in humans. Immunoglobulin, C4 and candida antigen were not detected in the lesions. C3 was also found in a similar pattern at the dermo‐epidermal junction of candida‐infected skin from homozygous C4‐deficient guinea pigs. From these observations, it is postulated that complement deposition occurs in these lesions as a result of alternative pathway activation, perhaps by cell wall components from the infecting organisms.
Plasmacellular Angiodermatitis and Hypertrophy of Extremities
Authors: Niemi Kirsti‐Maria
Published: April 2006

Two males with enlargement of one upper extremity, deep purple in color, and one female with a long, deep‐red stripe along the lower extremity were found to have an increased number of tiny vessels in the dermis with dense round‐cell infiltration consisting mainly of plasmacells. There were no signs of arteriovenous shunts, venous malformations or diseases associated with plasmacells. Polycythemia and thrombocythemia were excluded. Some immunological abnormalities were found in all cases. This condition seems to be self‐healing.
Nevus Comedonicus Bilateralis Et Verruciformis
Authors: Cripps Derek J. , Bertram John R.
Published: April 2006

A case of nevus comedonicus is described which was bilateral, more prominent on the right side, worse on the buttocks with unusual verrucous nodules on the right helix, knee and elbows, and affecting the palms and soles. This patient would appear to have been the most seriously afflicted of the 130 reported cases. In addition to the more comedo‐like lesions on the trunk, a unique feature was the gradual development of verrucous nodules on the helix of the right ear, knee, hand and elbows. The pathologic changes on the nevus comedonicus on the trunk showed the epidermis to be invaginated, in some instances suggesting a tubular‐like quality, with a dilated orifice containing keratin protruding above the surface. Sebaceous glands and hair shaft were absent. The pathologic changes of the verrucous nodule could be described as a more severe form of nevus comedonicus with folding and involution of the epidermis forming large crypts and cysts filled with keratin. Lesions were generally more severe in areas of pressure, which might explain the production of verrucous nodules.
Cutaneous Nerve Lesions in Prurigo Nodularis
Authors: Sandbank Miriam
Published: April 2006

Skin biopsies from two patients with prurigo nodularis were studied with the electron microscope. Lesions were found in the cutaneous myelinated and unmyelinated nerves. Schwann‐cell cytoplasm showed large irregular, membrane‐bound, electron‐lucent vacuoles. Unmyelinated axons were distended and devoid of neurotubules and neurofilaments. Myelinated nerves showed various degrees of demyelination. Onion‐bulb formations with a centrally located myelinated fibre were also observed and numerous mast cells were found in the cellular infiltrate. All these findings indicate the presence of a chronic peripheral neuropathy, the etiology of which remains to be determined.
Enzymes of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Human Epidermal Tumors. 5
Authors: DE BERSAQUES J.
Published: April 2006

The activities of eight enzymes were determined by fluorometric micromethods in epidermal tumors (basal and squamous cell epithelioma, verruca seborroeica and keratoacanthoma) and compared to the activities in the adjoining, apparently normal epidermis. The activities were increased in basal cell epithelioma, variable in squamous cell epithelioma and verruca seborroeica and lowered in keratoacanthoma.
Topical Halcinonide in Alopecia Areata and in Alopecia Totalis
Authors: MONTES LEOPOLDO F.
Published: April 2006

When halcinonide cream was used for prolonged periods in patients affected by alopecia areata or alopecia totalis, marked and steady regrowth of hair was observed.
Alterations of Clinically Normal Skin in Early Eruptive Guttate Psoriasis
Authors: BRODY ISSER
Published: April 2006

In clinically normal skin of early eruptive guttate psoriasis, in patients with psoriasis for the first time, the epidermal changes were restricted to small tissue areas showing a slight hyperplasia and a condensed stratum corneum but no parakeratosis. The center (zone 1) of the small tissue areas was characterized by (1) exoserosis with spongiotic dilatation of the intercellular space in the non‐cornified epidermis, (2) derangement of keratinocytes with respect to shape, orientation, and number of desmosomes and fibrils, (3) dyskeratotic keratinocytes of two types, A and B, (4) agranulosis restricted to the dyskeratotic keratinocytes of type A, (5) exocytosis of mononuclear cells and Langerhans' cells into the entire non‐cornified epidermis, (6) large gaps in the basement membrane between the dermis and epidermis. No polymorphonuclear leukocytes were seen. The periphery (zones 2) of the small tissue areas showed slight changes. The alterations of the upper dermis were slight: besides a very mild general inflammatory reaction with capillary dilatation and perivascular cell infiltrate there was also a focal accumulation of inflammatory cells immediately beneath the epidermis, with cells seemingly infiltrating the stratum basale. It is postulated that the epidermal and dermal changes as shown here represent primary psoriatic changes.
Histology of Benign Virus Induced Tumors of the Skin
Authors: STEIGLEDER GERD‐KLAUS
Published: April 2006

The majority of findings in relation to warts have been passed on from one textbook to the other since the end of the last century. More recent studies have been carried out with the electron microscope. But information is lacking as to histology, histochemistry, examination with the phase‐contrast microscope, with the interference microscope, microradiography and other new techniques. Warts are a proliferation of the epidermis caused by a virus, and we know that the culprit acts in the epidermis itself. Warts are acanthomas, and a transition to malignancy is possible in predisposed persons. It is most remarkable that in the malignant tumors of epidermodysplasia verruciformis, no virus could be found. As the demonstration of viruses with the electron microscope and other techniques cannot be made as a matter of routine, we have to search for a simpler method with the light microscope. With the application of more elaborate procedures, new information about epidermal proliferation will certainly be obtained.
Ultrastructural Resemblance of Basal Cell Epithelioma to Primary Epithelial Germ
Authors: KUMAKIRI MASANOBU , HASHIMOTO KEN
Published: April 2006

Six examples of basal cell epithelioma were compared to fetal and adult skin. Five parameters were used in this study: abnormally large aggregates of melanosomes in epithelial cells; the paucity of half‐desmosomes; the increase of microfilaments in the cell periphery; clustered membrane‐limited granules; and desmosome‐like structures of stromal fibroblasts. All of these indicators were positive in both basal cell epithelioma and fetal hair follicle; but they were negative in both fetal and adult epidermis. Therefore, it was concluded that basal cell epithelioma seems to mimic fetal primary epithelial germ. Interestingly, stromal fibroblasts of basal cell epithelioma phagocytize collagen fibers, and membrane‐limited granules were found both inside and outside the tumor cells facing the digested collagen stroma. In view of the collagenolytic activity of the homogenate of basal cell epithelioma, membrane‐limited granules might represent zymogen granules for collagenases.
Cutis Laxa (Generalized Elastolysis) A Report of Four Cases with Autopsy Findings
Authors: MEHREGAN AMIR H. , CHUAN LEE SIONG , NABAI HOSSEIN
Published: April 2006

Four children with cutis laxa (generalized elastolysis) are reported. The first three cases were siblings from a Canadian Indian family and the fourth case was the only affected child in an American Black family. Loose and sagging skin folded over the face, neck and trunk, gave a premature senile appearance. Post‐mortem examination was performed on the first three cases. The most common and serious visceral involvement was development of pulmonary emphysema. This was present in two autopsied cases and was demonstrated by chest X‐ray in the fourth case. Other abnormalities included large inguinal and perineal hernia, rectal diverticulum and multiple diverticulae of the urinary bladder.
Melanoacanthoma
Authors: SCHLAPPNER O. L. A. , ROWDEN G. , PHILLIPS T. M. , RAHIM Z.
Published: April 2006

Electronmicroscopic studies confirmed that melanoacanthoma is a non‐nevoid elevated epithelial tumor composed of keratinocytes of both basaloid and spinous differentiation and of large dentritic melanocytes. The block in transfer of pigment from melanocytes to keratinocytes was found not to be complete. Langerhans cells, present in all the malpighian layers were normal in morphology. Immunofluorescent studies and an immunoprecipitin assay also showed our patient's melanoacanthoma not to be related to malignant melanoma.
3H‐Thymidine Labeling of Epidermis in Morbus Darier
Authors: SATO A. , ANTON‐LAMPRECHT I. , SCHNYDER U. W.
Published: April 2006

3H‐thymidine incorporation into epidermal cells of four patients with morbus Darier was studied by an in vitro technique. The labeling index counted on 0.5 μ thick plastic sections was 13.7 ± 5.3, indicating increased epidermopoieses in morbus Darier.
Recurrent Digital Fibroma of Childhood
Authors: CRUZ DANIEL J. SANTA , REINER CHARLES B.
Published: April 2006

Four cases of recurrent digital fibroma of childhood are presented, bringing the total of reported cases to 79. From our material and a review of the literature, the most characteristic features of this entity are delineated. There is no predilection for either sex. Seventy‐three percent (58 cases) occurred under one year of age with 14 observed at birth; only four patients were over 5‐years‐old and the oldest was 15. The localization is highly diagnostic, being limited to the second to fifth carpal and pedal digits and no reported involvement of thumbs or great toes. Two cases were observed in the sole and ulnar side of the hand but associated with others in classical locations. In 50% of cases, the lesions are single at the time of diagnosis. The recurrence rate, based upon cases with adequate follow‐up, was found to be 75%. To our knowledge no metastasis has ever been reported. The histology is that of a well‐differentiated fibroblastic tumor with pathognomonic eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. A review of the available electron microscopic data is presented and the histogenesis is discussed.
Pruritic Papules of Pregnancy
Authors: RAHBARI HOMAYOON
Published: April 2006

Sixteen cases of pruritic papules of pregnancy were collected during a 32‐month period. This dermatosis was introduced to the literature in 1962 but no histopathologic study of it has been published. Histopathologic presentation of pruritic papules of pregancy is that of toxic dermatitis. This finding is not characteristic of this condition and clinico‐pathologic correlation is needed for a definitive diagnosis.
Pitted Keratolysis (Keratolysis Plantare Sulcatum)
Authors: TILGEN W.
Published: April 2006

Biopsies from typical lesions of pitted keratolysis from five patients have been investigated by electron microscopy to provide information on colonization and morphology of the microorganisms involved in this disease. A part of the biopsies was inoculated in culture media, and Corynebacteria were selected for further examination. Electron microscopy revealed a great variability in the morphologic feature of bacteria concerning size, shape, capsule, cell wall, cross wall formation, plasma membrane, nucleoplasm, cytoplasmic organelles and constituents including mesosomes, ribosomes, volutin granules, and glycogen particles. The pleomorphism is thought to be due in part to the diversity of preparation techniques used in this study and in part to different growth conditions in vivo and in vitro. As a consequence the present findings are only partly comparable with previously published data on bacteria involved in skin diseases. Evidence is presented that bacteria inducing pitted keratolysis may be able to destroy keratin by means of hydrolytic enzymatic activity.
Multiple Keratoacanthomas and Squamous Cell Carcinomas Occurring at Psoriatic Treatment Sites
Authors: MADDIN W. S. , WOOD WILLIAM S.
Published: April 2006

A report on four patients with psoriasis who have developed multiple keratoacanthomas and squamous cell carcinoma at the treatment sites is presented. Two other reports have appeared in the literature which link the development of keratoacanthoma with psoriasis and pustular psoriasis. Although a number of etiologic factors have been suspected for the development of these new growths, this presentation will further assess the specific roles that treatment measures may have played in these cases. Furthermore, the significance of impaired cellular immune defense mechanisms will be discussed.
“Lumpy‐Bumpy” Elastic Fibers in the Skin and Lungs of a Patient with a Penicillamine‐Induced Elastosis Perforans Serpiginosa
Authors: BARDACH H. , GEBHART W. , NIEBAUER G.
Published: April 2006

Penicillamine‐induced cutaneous elastosis perforans serpiginosa associated with a large air‐cyst in the right lung is described in a 29‐year‐old female patient with Wilson disease. Identical light and electron‐microscopic changes were present in both dermal and pulmonary elastic tissue, suggesting a disseminated drug‐induced cutaneo‐visceral elastosis. Lung cysts have not been previously reported in association with long term penicillamine treatment. The electron‐microscopic morphology of the elastic fibers was found to be “specific” enough to allow separation of penicillamine‐induced elastosis perforans serpiginosa from other forms of this disease.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Dermatofibromas
Authors: WILBORN WALTER H. , MONTES LEOPOLDO F.
Published: April 2006

The three‐dimensional morphology of six dermatofibromas was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Hypertrophic epidermal ridges covered with large keratinized cells overlay each dermal lesion. Small collagenous fibers in the tumors contrasted with the bundles of much larger collagenous fibers in the normal dermis peripheral to the lesions.
Prurigo Nodularis: A Reappraisal of the Clinical and Histologic Features
Authors: DOYLE JOHN A. , CONNOLLY SUZANNE M. , HUNZIKER NICOLE , WINKELMANN R. K.
Published: April 2006

Study of 14 patients with prurigo nodularis revealed that clinically the lesions were multiple, verrucous, and discrete and were set in normal‐appearing skin. Microscopically, the lesions showed a vascular acanthomatous mass. The dermal nerves showed a tendency toward hyperplasia in parallel with the epidermal and vascular changes, but no evidence of neuroma formation was seen. Electron microscopic examination showed disorganization of the normal pattern of the myelin sheaths and axons of the dermal papillary nerves. The presence of epidermal mast cells was noted in the biopsy specimens of prurigo nodules from eight of the 14 patients.
Bronchial Carcinoid Metastatic to Skin
Authors: KEANE JOHN , FRETZIN DAVID F. , JAO WELLINGTON , SHAPIRO CHARLES M.
Published: April 2006

This case report illustrates the value of ultrastructural examination of an undifferentiated carcinoma metastatic to skin. In this patient, ultrastructural study of a cutaneous nodule demonstrated cytoplasmic neurosecrctory granules characteristic of an amino precursor‐uptake and decarboxylation cells (APUD) tumor and supported the diagnosis of metastatic bronchial carcinoid. Additional nine cases of bronchial carcinoids metastatic to skin are also briefly reviewed.
Multiple Cutaneous Fibromyxomas: a Light and Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: MARIA ZINA ALBERTO , BUNDINO SILVANA
Published: April 2006

A 27‐year‐old woman developed many nodular lesions, ranging in diameter from 3 mm to 15 mm and clinically indistinguishable from dermatofibromas. Light microscopic examination showed large amounts of mucin, fibroblasts and histiocytes throughout the dermis. Electron microscopic study revealed wide electron lucent areas and long branching winding electron dense threads occupying the ground substance. While dilated cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum containing a finely granular material characterized the fibroblasts, banded structures, intracellular collagen and myelinoid figures were prominent in the histiocytes. The term fibromyxoma is introduced to designate this tumor.
Verruciform Xanthoma of the Skin
Authors: BARR RONALD J. , JOSEPH PLANK C.
Published: April 2006

Verruciform xanthoma is an unusual lesion characterized by verrucous epithelial proliferation accompanied by a prominent replacement of the dermal papillae with large numbers of foamy histiocytes. Cases have been previously reported only as occurring in the oral cavity or, more rarely, on the vulva. A 16‐year‐old girl developed a verruciform xanthoma of the skin. The lesion appeared to arise within a large epithelial nevus involving the left inner thigh and inguinal area. This association supports the concept that verruciform xanthoma is a rare inflammatory reaction pattern that may be seen in a variety of squamous epithelial lesions characterized by verrucous hyperplasia.
Langerhans Cells in Dermoid Cysts: Transmission Electron Microscopic, Cytochemical and Immunofluorescent Observations
Authors: Shah Kishor H. , More Newton S. , Queen William , Rusnock Eileen , Rowden Geoffrey
Published: April 2006

Langerhans cells were detected in squamous, stratified epithelia lining human dermoid cysts. Their presence was assayed by ATPase staining and reactivity with heteroantisera against “Ia‐like” antigens. Transmission electron microscopic; studies demonstrated variations in the numbers of cells showing Birbeck granules in epithelia with different degrees of keratinzation. Indeterminate cells (i.e. lacking granules), were more frequent in epithelia showing combined mucous and keratinizing differentiation. Membrane‐coating‐granules and keratohyalin granules were present in epithelia containing Langerhans cells with clearly identifiable Birbeck granules. Interepithelial mast cells were observed in epithelia with mucous differentiation. A relationship between Langerhans cells and kerutinization was suggested. Such non‐immune functions are compatible with the known macrophage characteristics of the cell.
Neuroendocrine differentiation in basal cell carcinomas
Authors: Dardi Loren E. , Memoli Vincent A. , Gould Victor E.
Published: April 2006

Ten consecutive cases of basal cell carcinomas were reviewed. Nine of these displayed the typical histology of basal cell carcinoma, the other case was composed of small spindle to ovoid cells with scant cytoplasm and a high mitotic rate, resembling an “oat cell” carcinoma. These were studied using the immunoperoxidase technique for tissue localization of calcitonin, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, ACTH, gastrin and nerve growth factor. Three cases were negative for all hormones tested. Three cases were focally positive for a single hormone; one each for calcitonin, somatostatin, and ACTH. Two cases were focally positive for ACTH and somatostatin and two cases were focally positive for calcitonin, somatostatin and ACTH. None of the other hormones displayed activity. The positive staining was eliminated after absorption by the specific antigen.

This immunohistochemical study illustrated neuroendocrine differentiation in basal cell carcinomas as has previously been suggested by the Grimelius stain and electron microscopy. Thus, as demonstrated in other epithelial neoplasms, basal cell carcinoma may also display neuroendocrine differentiation. This illustrates the potential multidirectional differentiation in neoplastic epithelial cells.
Cutaneous smooth muscle hamartoma
Authors: Tsambaos D. , Orfanos C. E.
Published: April 2006

This is a report of a case of a 12‐year‐old boy with an asymptomatic papular eruption present since birth, which showed the histological features of a hamartomatous proliferation of cutaneous smooth muscle cells, most likely of the arrectores pilorum muscles. The present paper describes the fine structure of this condition, for which the term “cutaneous smooth muscle hamartoma” is suggested.
Separation of epidermal cells by density centrifugation: a new technique for studies on normal and pathological differentiation*
Authors: Fischer Susan M. , Nelson Karen D. G. , Reiners John J. , Viaji Aurora , Pelling Jill C. , Slaga Thomas J.
Published: April 2006

Murine keratinocytes, isolated by flotation trypsinization of skin, can be separated into five groups by centrifugation through Percoll, a colloidal silica gradient. Within each group a good correlation was found between density, plating efficiency, morphological appearance, DNA synthesis, and degree of keratinization/cornification. This method can be applied equally well to fetal, newborn, or adult keratinocytes and should be useful in a variety of studies including isolation of subpopulations of pathological cell types, work on chalones and hyperplastic diseases such as psoriasis, and in vitro transformation studies.
Vitiligo with an inflammatory erythema in Vogt‐Koyanagi‐Harada disease: demonstration of filamentous masses and amyloid deposits
Authors: Kumakiri Masanobu , Kimura Tetsunori , Miura Yusho , Tagawa Yoshitsugu
Published: April 2006

A 35‐year‐old Japanese woman developed vitiligo with an inflammatory erythema on the face two years after the onset of bilateral uveitis and dysacusis. Histological studies of the lesions revealed the loss of pigment and dense mononuclear cell infiltration around the blood vessels. At the dermoepidermal junction area, a few eosinophilic masses were found. Electron microscopy disclosed that the masses were filamentous masses (colloid bodies) and amyloid. After the oral administration of prednisolone, the erythema subsided, and the vitiligo showed some regimentation.
Focal dermal hypoplasia syndrome
Authors: Tsuji Takuo
Published: April 2006

An 11‐month‐old female with focal dermal hypoplasia syndrome is described. Historically, the skin lesions were characterized by a marked decrease in dermal connective tissue. Ultrastructurally, there were a number of fine filamentous structures measuring 5 to 70 mn within and between the bundles of collagen; most of the dermal fibroblasts of the lesions possessed no remarkably developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex. Multilocular fat cells which are regarded as young fat cells were often seen. It is suggested that this disease may be characterized by a decreased rate of collagen synthesis by fibroblasts and an overgrowth of adipose tissue.
Unusual features of nevocellular nevi
Authors: Weedon David
Published: April 2006

The microscopic examination of benign pigmented nevi is often cursory, with the result that interesting secondary changes within those nevi arc sometimes disregarded. Because the descriptions of these histologic variations in nevi are scattered through the literature of the last 30 years, it seems timely to review them. Age‐related changes (Maize & Foster 1979), the epidermal architecture of nevi (Bentley‐Phillips & Marks 1976) and general aspects of melanocytic nevi (Bhawan 1979) have all been reviewed in recent years and will not be considered further.
The healing of suction blisters in pig skin
Authors: Nanchahal J. , Riches D. J.
Published: April 2006

The healing of intact suction blisters in pig skin was studied using fluorescein‐labelled lectins as well as conventional histological techniques.

After blistering, initially overt separation was observed at the dermo‐epidermal junction, but the separated epidermis appeared to re‐attach within 9 h. Massive infiltration of the dermis and the epidermis by inflammatory cells, including eosinophils, was observed. By day 4 focal detachment of the epidermis occurred spontaneously, and towards day 9 the appearance of the blistered areas had almost returned to normal, apart from isolated patches of thin epidermis devoid of rete ridges.

It is proposed that the sloughing of the epidermis on day 4 is related to the presence of inflammatory cells and that the restoration of normal dermo‐epidermal relations is dependent on the basement membrane zone remaining intact.

The secondary blistering seen in day 4 specimens and the inflammatory cell involvement are in many ways similar to the blistering processes observed in certain human cutaneous disorders, such as dermatitis herpetiformis and bullous pemphigoid, and therefore suction blisters in pig skin might provide a suitable animal model for these diseases.
Comparison of macromelanosomes and autophagic giant melanosome complexes in nevocellular nevi, lentigo simplex and malignant melanoma
Authors: Horikoshi Takashi , Jimbow Kowichi , Sugiyama Sadao
Published: April 2006

This study compared the fine structure of macromelanosomes with that of giant melanosome complexes formed through melanosomal autophagocytosis in nevocytes and melanocytes of nevocellular nevi, lentigo simplex and malignant melanoma. While macromelanosomes were found only on rare occasions in these pigmentary disorders [2 of 79 nevocellular nevi (2 junctional nevi), 3 of 12 lentigo simplex and 2 of 93 malignant melanoma], the giant autophagic melanosome complexes were always present, indicating that macromelanosomes are not synthesized simply through melanosomal autophagocytosis. Although both macromelanosomes and giant melanosome complexes exhibited acid phosphatase activity similar to melanosomes, they showed many different ultrastructural features. Characteristically, macromelanosomes contained numerous vesiculoglobular bodies, whereas these bodies were absent in giant melanosome complexes. In those tissues where the presence of macromelanosomes had been ruled out by light microscopy, none of the giant melanosome complexes revealed ultrastructural features indicative of macromelanosomes. Various phases of melanosomal degradation were seen, indicating that they were not simply end‐products of lysosomal degradation of melanosomes. It was thought that the key process in the development of macromelanosomes was the accumulation of vesiculoglobular bodies.
Cytokeratins in human basal and squamous cell carcinomas: biochemical, immunohistological findings and comparisons with normal epithelia
Authors: Viac J. , Reano A. , Thivolet J.
Published: April 2006

The nature of epithelial cell cytokeratins from epidermal basal cell carcinomas (BCC) (8 cases) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) (5 cases) was investigated by biochemical and immunological analysis. Cytokeratin proteins were extracted with high salt buffer and triton X 100 and were comparatively analyzed by SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both types of tumor showed either an absence or a very low amount (5% of the total protein) of the major protein band (MW 67000) present in normal human epidermis. This correlated well with results of immunolabelling showing that 67000 keratin antisera, only reacted with some dyskeratotic cells in sections of these tumors. Gel electrophoresis showed in BCC and SCC, three distinct groups of predominant polypeptide bands of apparent relative MW: (1) 60–62000 (2) 54–56000 and (3) 49000, representing respectively about 43.0%, 31.0% and 20.4% of the total proteins.

Antibodies raised in animals against polypeptide bands C1 (MW 62000), C2 (MW 56000) and C3 (MW 49000) from SCC, strongly labelled (indirect immunofluorescence) all malignant cells present in the 2 kinds of tumors. These antisera showed a preferential reaction with the basal epithelial cells, in sections of human and animal epidermis and mucosa thus, suggesting numerous common antigenic determinants between epithelial cells from diverse origins. On the other hand, strong differences between mucosal and epidermal upper layers were noted with C1 C2, C3, and 67000 antisera. These results are further evidence for the existence of different pathways of keratinization in epidermis and mucosa.
Langerhans'cell tumor of the eyelid
Authors: Warner T. F. C. S. , Reza Hafez G.
Published: April 2006

Light microscopic examination of a cutaneous nodule excised from the eyelid of a 35 year‐old woman showed a monotonous proliferation of histiocytes with pagetoid infiltration of the epidermis. Following excision of this lesion, ipsilateral cervical lympadenopathy was noted. An infiltrate of cytologically similar cells was found. Electron microscopic examination showed features of Langerhans' cells including typical Birbeck granules in tumor cells from the lymph nodes. It is suggested that this localized neoplasm originated in the skin and metastasized to the regional lymph nodes.