bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Nicotinamide on Neurobehavioral Effects of 3-Acetylpyridine
Authors: Jolicoeur F.B. , Barbeau C.M. , Michele G. De , Barbeau A.
Published: July 2016

The purpose of the present study was to examine the ability of nicotinamide to prevent the appearance of neurobehavioral symptoms induced by 3-acetyl pyridine (3-AP) in rats. Nicotinamide in doses of 5,50 and 500 mg/kg was injected immediately after administration of 65 mg/kg 3-AP, and neurobehavioral measurements were made at 6, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after injections. The effects of 500 mg/kg nicotinamide injected at 3 and 6 hours after 3-AP treatment were also investigated. The results indicate that, starting at 50 mg/kg, nicotinamide can protect animals against most of the neurobehavioral effects of 3-AP. However, the muscular rigidity induced by 3-AP can only be reversed by 500 mg/kg nicotinamide, and the depressing influence of 3-AP on locomotor activity is not blocked by any of the doses of nicotinamide tested. In terms of time course, the protective action of 500 mg/kg is seen when injected 3, but not 6 hours after 3-AP.
Glutamate and Aspartate Do Not Modify the Ataxic Gait of Acrylamide Treated Animals
Authors: Michele G. De , Jolicoeur F.B. , Barbeau A.
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effects of intraventricular injections of glutamate and aspartate on the gait of animals rendered ataxic by the administration of acrylamide. Contrary to their previously reported corrective Influence on ataxia induced by 3-acetyl pyridine, these amino acids did not modify the ataxic gait of acrylamide treated animals. This suggests that glutamate and aspartate can act in cerebellar but not in peripheral types of ataxia in animals.
Pituitary Responses to a Neuroactive Tripeptide (TRH) in Friedreich’s Ataxia Families
Authors: Tolis G. , Mehta A. , Andermann E. , Harvey C. , Barbeau A.
Published: July 2016

Oral glucose tolerance, thyroid function tests, as well as thyrotropin, prolactin and growth hormone release after administration of thyrotropin releasing hormone, were evaluated in patients with Friedreich’s ataxia and unaffected family members. Impaired glucose tolerance was found in the majority of family members, affected or not. Thyroid hormone levels and PRL and TSH responses to TRH, were similar in all and normal. However, GH responses to TRH were abnormal in half of the patients, but in none of the unaffected family members. Paradoxical responses to neuropeptides may characterize some Friedreich’s ataxia patients, and may predict the possibility of therapeutic maneuvers with such peptides in these patients.
Plasma Lipoprotein Lipase and Hepatic Lipase Activities in Friedreich’s Ataxia
Authors: Blache D. , Bouthillier D. , Barbeau A. , Davignon J.
Published: July 2016

Plasma triglycerides although within the normal range have been shown to be higher in Friedreich’s ataxia than in control subjects. To determine whether this difference could be ascribed to a reduced catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, the activities of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic triglyceride lipase (HL), released into plasma after an heparin injection, were measured in 13 cases of Friedreich’s ataxia and 14 control subjects of comparable signs. LPL was found to be significantly lower in the ataxic patients. Moreover about half of the cases clustered below the normal range for both lipase activities. This subgroup of Friedreich’s patients had significantly higher plasma triglycerides than those with normal lipase activities. Further studies are needed to relate these findings to other characteristics of the disease.
Reduced Formation of Hippuric Acid After Oral Benzoic Acid in Friedreich’s Ataxia
Authors: Barbeau A. , Bouchard R. , Cloutier T. , Bouchard J.P.
Published: July 2016

We have observed a markedly decreased formation of hippuric acid after benzoic acid load in patients with typical Friedreich’s Ataxia compared to normal control subjects. Since there is evidence for normal or even enhanced tauro-conjugation in the bile of patients with this disease, with a decreased G/T ratio, it is unlikely that co-factor or enzyme concentrations are the cause of this defect. We postulate decreased availability of the enzyme for glycine conjugation either to bile acids in the usual situation or to benzoic acid in the artefactual test condition. This could be due to the enzyme’s preference for an increased amount of taurine substrate in the liver. The relationship of this observation to the other biochemical changes observed in Friedreich’s Ataxia must still be established.
Epidural Hematoma: Report of Seven Cases with Delayed Evolution of Symptoms
Authors: Benoit B.G. , Russell N.A. , Richard M.T. , Hugenholtz H. , Ventureyra E.C.G. , Choo S.H.
Published: July 2016

Epidural hematomas occasionally have a prolonged clinical course with gradual evolution of the neurologic symptoms. Seven such cases are reviewed in this report. Although the clinical course is insidious, there are certain features which should signal the presence of a slowly expanding hematoma. After an apparently minor head injury, the patient who is usually in the younger age group, develops headache. This persists and is accompanied by other non-specific neurologic symptoms which may lead to a mistaken diagnosis of “post-concussion syndrome”. Papilledema and focal neurologic deficits eventually appear. Definitive diagnosis is made by the CT scan, although contrast enhancement may be necessary to confirm the nature of the lesion. The treatment is craniotomy and evacuation of the hematoma before serious neurologic deterioration occurs.
Pathobiology of Neurosarcoidosis and Clinicopathologic Correlation
Authors: Manz Herbert J.
Published: July 2016

In a retrospective study of 4,294 consecutive postmortem cases, there were 15 with histologically proved sarcoidosis, including 4 with CNS involvement. Whereas in previously reported autopsy series the prevalence of neurosarcoidosis was 15%, it is 27% in this review. Five cases with incidental, clinically inapparent sarcoidosis died at a mean age of 54.6 years; those six with systemic sarcoidosis, not involving the CNS, died at a mean age of 47.0 years; while those four with a variety of neurologic manifestations in addition to systemic sarcoidosis died at a mean age of 38.2 years. Thus, it appears that at one end of the spectrum of morbidity, sarcoidosis may cause no or only trivial symptoms and permit prolonged survival. At the other extreme, sarcoidosis may affect a younger population more severely. CNS involvement occurs relatively early in the course and is rather rapidly progressive, accounting for the poor prognosis, despite appropriate medical and neurosurgical management. In its turn, neurosarcoidosis may present with a variety of signs and symptoms, depending on the site of involvement along the craniospinal axis. This feature is illustrated by the manifestations of compression myelopathy, hydrocephalus with dementia, hydrocephalus with seizures and ataxia, and anosmia, blindness, seizures, and diabetes insipidus. In addition, one patient developed a Nocardia brain abscess as a complication of the altered immune system in sarcoidosis.
Brain Swelling and Ventricle Size
Authors: Ross R.T.
Published: July 2016

Cerebral ventricle size was measured in one hundred normal people, age 10 to 50 years. The measurements were obtained from computed tomographic (CT) scan examinations, using the Huckman (1975) method. Normal ventricles were significantly bigger at age 45 than at age 15. These normals were compared to groups of patients with pseudotumor cerebri, water intoxication and cerebral edema, and cerebral hypoxia and edema due to cardio-respiratory arrest.

The relative ventricular size was the same in the normal group and all three disease groups. Measurement of ventricle size from CT scan images is not even a crude index of cerebral edema in these three diseases.
Sensorineural Deafness in Early Acquired Syphilis
Authors: Saltiel Philippe , Melmed Calvin A. , Portnoy David
Published: July 2016

A 36 year old male developed bilateral sensorineural deafness as the chief manifestation of secondary syphilis. Cerebrospinal fluid showed pleocytosis. Treatment with penicillin and prednisone resulted in good recovery of hearing. Initial recovery seemed dependent on corticosteroids. Deafness can complicate acquired syphilis in both early and late stages of the disease and may be its sole manifestation. Early acquired syphilitic deafness is usually the result of a meningitis affecting the eighth nerve and responds well to treatment. These features are contrasted with those of late acquired syphilitic deafness.
Delayed Auditory Tone Perception in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Quine Douglas B. , Regan David , Murray Thomas J.
Published: July 2016

Delays of auditory perception at three frequencies were measured in 30 multiple sclerosis patients using a pscyhophysical technique. Nineteen patients had abnormal delays at one or more tone frequencies, though 15 had normal audiograms at those frequencies. In addition, auditory acuity for left-right asynchrony was abnormally poor in 13 patients, 9 of whom had normal audiograms. Such delays of auditory perception within a restricted frequency band may provide a partial explanation for degraded speech comprehension in some multiple sclerosis patients.
Kinetics of CSF Phenytoin in Children
Authors: Koren G. , Barzilay Z. , Schachar E. , Brand N. , Danee S. , Halkin H. , MacLeod S.M.
Published: July 2016

The efficacy of intravenous phenytoin for the treatment of status epilepticus is related to the rapid entry of phenytoin into brain parenchyma. There is no information concerning the correlation between phenytoin serum and CSF concentrations in children, and the application of CSF data to clinical use. We report 7 children (2–11 yrs) who were treated or exposed to phenytoin in doses between 10.5–230 mg/kg. Lumbar puncture was performed 9 times in 6 of the patients. In one patient, an intraventricular catheter permitted successive assessment of CSF phenytoin concentrations. The ratio of CSF/serum phenytoin concentrations was 0.16 ± 0.08, with gradual increase over the first 8 hours as the serum phenytoin concentration decreased. There was good correlation between therapeutic outcome and CSF phenytoin levels higher than 2 mcg/ml. In one patient the coma state secondary to phenytoin intoxication was associated with high CSF concentration (6 mcg/ml).
Cauda Equina Paraganglioma
Authors: Tsao Ming-Sound , Bilbao Juan , Richardson Peter , Finlayson Morrison
Published: July 2016

Two paragangliomas resected from the cauda equina had similar morphology, both containing cells having dense core secretory granules with no associated sustentacular or supporting cells. The cells were arranged in characteristic lobules that were surrounded by basement membrane and separated by a fibrovascular stroma. This tumor, although rarely found elsewhere in the central nervous system, does occur in the region of the filum terminale, and causes a clinical syndrome typical of tumors in that area.
An Atypical Case of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
Authors: Gomori Andrew J. , Sima Anders A.F.
Published: July 2016

We report a 59 year old woman who presented with double vision, nuchal pain and mild dementia. On neurological examination she demonstrated third, sixth and seventh nerve palsies and ataxia. Following intravenous ACTH and oral prednisone therapy she showed a remarkable recovery which left her with only a left facial weakness. She remained well for two years. She then developed bulbar palsy and profound dementia. Pathological examination revealed progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). This patient demonstrated a greater variability in the course of PSP than has previously been recognized.
Spinal Epidural Lipomatosis: A Complication of Glucocorticoid Therapy
Authors: Russell N. A. , Belanger G. , Benoit B. G. , Latter D. N. , Finestone D. L. , Armstrong G. W.
Published: July 2016

A 21-year-old woman receiving prolonged high dosage glucocorticoids developed spinal cord compression due to excessive accumulation of epidural fat. Computerized tomographic scanning confirmed the diagnosis and revealed a peculiar pattern of spinal cord displacement which we believe to be unique to compression by fat. Laminectomy did not afford relief, possibly because of prolonged neural compression or because of compression at a higher spinal level. Although an unusual complication of Cushing’s syndrome, epidural lipomatosis should be considered when such a patient develops symptoms of spinal cord or cauda equina compression.
Inflammatory Myelopathy Presenting as a Cystic Intramedullary Spinal Cord Lesion
Authors: Tranmer B.I. , Gray T.A. , Horsey W.J. , Gonsalves C.G.
Published: July 2016

A case of subacute progressive spinal tetraparesis had myelographic evidence of cervical spinal cord swelling and a delayed metrizamide computed tomographic myelogram (MCTM) suggested cavitation within the swollen spinal cord. Surgical exploration of the cervical cord revealed inflammatory changes only. No syrinx or intramedullary tumour was found. The accumulation of metrizamide within the spinal cord, as demonstrated by MCTM, did not’respresent a syrinx or a cystic tumour, but more likely an area of inflammation. Because inflammatory myelopathy may simulate an intramedullary tumor or syrinx, careful analysis of all clinical and radiological information is necessary to help make a correct diagnosis.
The Impact of Head Trauma on Society
Authors: Ivan Leslie P.
Published: July 2016

In this address I shall discuss head trauma from an angle which may be unusual for neuroscientists. Our preoccupations are diagnostic challenges and management problems, but that which we experience at the bedside is only a narrow segment of a continuum which started with trauma somewhere in a war, on the road, at home, on the football field, in the boxing ring, and in many other distinct locations. When our role is over, there are only three places where head trauma victims can be found; in cemeteries, where every year, 5,000 new graves are made to accommodate fatal head injuries in Canada; in chronic hospitals, which are already overloaded with victims of various insults to the brain, and, of course, within society, which accepts the fully recovered or tolerates the subtle and not so subtle consequences of so-called ‘minor’ head injuries.
Visual Loss Secondary to a Giant Aneurysm in a Patient with Tuberous Sclerosis
Authors: Guttman Mark , Tanen S. Mark , Lambert Colin D.
Published: July 2016

We report a fifty three year old man who presented with progressive visual loss. Investigation disclosed a giant aneurysm with optic nerve compression, which was successfully treated surgically. The patient had typical skin lesions of tuberous sclerosis, but did not suffer from a seizure disorder or mental retardation. In the past he had had an enucleation for glaucoma secondary to a retinal phakoma.

Cerebral aneurysms are discussed in relation to the tuberous sclerosis disease process. After review of the literature, we propose that the aneurysms are secondary to dysplastic change in the vessel walls, this is in keeping with the abnormal tissue proliferations in this disease.
Is Parkinson’s Disease Acquired or Inherited?
Authors: Duvoisin Roger C.
Published: July 2016

A considerable proportion of patients with Parkinson’s disease report having affected relatives. However, anamnestic data obtained from probands on the occurrence of secondary cases among their relatives are of limited value. In considering the possible role of heredity in Parkinson’s disease it is necessary to carefully distinguish between the disease and other disorders such as essential tremor and olivopontocerebellar atrophy which may manifest parkinsonian features. Controlled family studies have shown only a very slight excess of secondary cases among index siblings as compared to spouse siblings. The concordance rate for Parkinson’s disease among identical twins is extraordinarily low and does not significantly exceed that among fraternal twins or that expected from the prevalence rate among siblings found in the controlled family studies. The available evidence indicates that heredity plays no significant role in the etiology of Parkinson’s disease. Consequently the disease must be considered to be acquired.
The Morphological Basis of Dementia in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Ball M.J.
Published: July 2016

The literature pertinent to the pathological anatomy subserving dementia in Parkinsonian patients is reviewed. Mechanisms discussed include cerebral cortical atrophy; hydrocephalus; Lewy body inclusions; neocortical lesions of the Alzheimer type; depletion of cholinergic, dopaminergic or noradrenergic transmitter systems; ‘subcortical’ dementia; and neuronal depopulation of the basal forebrain.

New autopsy data are presented to confirm that, contrary to published reports, most patients with parkinsonism who exhibit dementia do not have concomitant Alzheimer’s disease, and that some different pathogenetic mechanism must be sought to account for this increasingly common cause of cognitive decline in the sufferers of Parkinson’s disease.
Limitations of Long Term Use of Antiparkinson Drugs
Authors: Yahr Melvin D.
Published: July 2016

Effective control of parkinsonian symptoms can be achieved in a substantial number of patients by the judicious use of dopaminergic agents. To a considerable extent these drugs produce optimal therapeutic effects during the first 3–5 years of their use. Subsequently, efficacy diminishes with reemergence of parkinsonian symptoms as well as a number of untoward responses. The nature, frequency and mechanisms underlying the limitations of long term use of presently available anti-parkinson agents are discussed in this presentation.
Should Levodopa Therapy for Parkinsonism be Started Early or Late? Evidence Against Early Treatment
Authors: Fahn Stanley , Bressman Susan B.
Published: July 2016

We define the meaning of early and late treatments and present arguments opposed to early treatment with levodopa. These are based on the development of complications with long-term Sinemet which include clinical fluctuations, loss of efficacy, and painful dystonic cramps. By delaying the onset of levodopa therapy until the symptoms require this most potent of antiparkinsonian agents, we can delay the onset of these disabling problems. Also, using as low a dosage as possible should reduce the risk of any long-term complication related to accumulative dose.

We also present the serial evaluations of 26 patients followed for as long as 7.5 years before levodopa therapy was initiated. Three scoring scales on these patients are compared. Arguments are presented which suggest that the Columbia University and the ADL scales are superior to the UCLA scale, and more closely approximate the curve of the progressive clinical disability of the disease as assessed by global evaluation. We conclude that the ultimate answer to any clinical debate must come from well-designed, controlled studies to assess the differences between two treatment modalities.
Should Dopamine Agonists Be Given Early or Late? A Review of Nine Years Experience with Bromocriptine
Authors: Lieberman Abraham N. , Gopinathan Govindan , Hassouri Hassan , Neophytides Andreas , Goldstein Menek
Published: July 2016

Experience with bromocriptine in 106 patients treated over nine years was reviewed. Most of the patients were already being treated with levodopa (combined with a peripheral decarbosylase inhibitor). These patients, after having initially achieved a good response to levodopa, were no longer responding satisfactorily. Most of the patients were also experiencing diurnal oscillations in performance: “wearing off” and “on-off” phenomena. In these patients previous attempts at changing the dose (increasing or decreasing) or changing the scheduling of levodopa had been unsuccessful. Bromocriptine was added to levodopa beginning at a dose of 5mg/day, and each week was increased by another 5mg/day. At a dose of bromocriptine of at least 25 mg/day, there was a decrease in disability in the majority of patients with a decrease in the severity of the diurnal oscillations in performance (especially “wearing off” phenomena). In most patients, the addition of bromocriptine resulted in an approximately 10% reduction in the dose of levodopa. The majority of patients sustained their improvement at least one year. In some patients improvement was sustained for up to five years. The therapeutic efficacy of bromocriptine was limited in many patients by the occurrence of adverse effects including mental changes, dyskinesias, orthostatic hypotension, and nausea. These adverse effects could often be minimized by reducing the dose of bromocriptine or levodopa. All adverse effects were reversible upon stopping the drug. We have found bromocriptine to be a valuable adjunct in the treatment of these patients.
Pineal Region Tumors
Authors: Boyd Michael C. , Steinbok Paul
Published: July 2016

The management of pineal region tumors has changed considerably since the introduction of microsurgery and CT scanning. Analysis of our own series of 36 patients, comparing those treated in the pre-CT scan and microsurgery era with those treated afterwards, shows the important role these two techniques play. Current controversies in treatment and our own approach to management of pineal region tumors are discussed.
The Changing Picture of Pseudotumor Cerebri in Children
Authors: Couch R. , Camfíeld P.R. , Tibbies J.A.R.
Published: July 2016

Among 38 children with pseudotumor cerebri only 3 cases were due to ear disease or its complications. The commonest cause was a refeeding syndrome either due to nutritional deprivation or as an early finding in the treatment of cystic fibrosis. It is uncommon to find the cause of pseudotumor in older children but in those under 6 years the cause was found in 85%. Because of the adverse effects of steroids we use this treatment in the more resistant cases.
delta-Opioid Modulation of Striatal Dopaminergic Activity in Mice
Authors: Dua Ashok K. , Pinsky Carl
Published: July 2016

Mu- and delta-opioid subtype receptor antagonists were tested in the mouse for their effects on vertical climbing activity, an index of striatal dopaminergic activity. The selective delta-opioid antagonist ICI 154 129 (1/1) by itself enhanced vertical climbing activity in a dose-related manner, whereas the mu-opioid antagonist naloxone by itself was inactive on climbing behavior. Naloxone increased the climbing-stimulant effect of I/I. Unstimulated vertical climbing activity was reduced, and all opioid-antagonist enhancement of climbing behavior was antagonized, by the competitive dopamine antagonist haloperidol in dose-related fashion. The observed motor-enhancement effect of a selective delta-opioid receptor antagonist is the first demonstration of physiologically-significant tonic activity on a central opioid receptor. Our observations suggest that 1/1 may be useful clinically in striatal dopamine-deficient disease conditions such as parkinsonism.
Kenneth Edwin Livingston M.D., D.A.B.N., F.A.C.S., F.R.C.S. (C) (1914 – 1984)
Authors: Morley T. P.
Published: July 2016

Kenneth Livingston was born in 1914 in Pendleton, Oregon. He attended Stanford University and obtained his BA in 1936. His medical student days were spent at Harvard where he graduated MD in 1939.

His neurosurgical education began in 1942 at Strong Memorial Hospital, Rochester, N.Y.; then, after two years at the U.S. Naval Hospital in Oakland, California, he was appointed to the Attending Staff at the Lahey Clinic in Boston from 1946-1948. He returned to Oregon as Assistant Clinical Professor of Neurosurgery at the University of Oregon Medical School in 1948.
Pitfalls of Incomplete Myelography with Thoracic Spinal Lesions
Authors: Cohen Hart C.M. , Tucker William S.
Published: July 2016

This paper describes four patients with thoracic spinal lesions in whom the initial clinical presentation was highlighted by complaints in the lower back and lower extremities, in the absence of thoracic spinal or radicular symptoms. Initial myelography, confined to the lumbar region, failed to reveal a cause for the patients’ symptoms. Subsequently, diagnostic consideration of a thoracic spinal lesion prompted repeat myelography of the thoracic region which demonstrated a relevant lesion in each case. It is important to visualize the thoracic cord when myelography is performed for the investigation of pain or neurological symptoms in the lower back or lower extremities.
Pupillary Abnormalities in Congenital Neurosyphilis
Authors: Sundaram M.B.M.
Published: July 2016

Pupils in congenital neurosyphilis differ from the classic Argyll-Robertson pupil in acquired cases, and often tend to be large and unreactive. Constriction to pilocarpine in the reported patient would suggest that peripheral parasympathetic damage is responsible for such pupillary findings. Congenital neurosyphilis should be included among the causes of “tonic” pupil.
Hemorrhagic Changes in Experimental Spinal Cord Injury Models
Authors: Khan Moe , Griebel Robert , Rozdilsky Bodan , Politis Michael
Published: July 2016

Early hemorrhagic changes in the spinal cord were compared in three experimental spinal cord injury models in the rat in order to determine the nature and consistency of spinal cord hemorrhage following specific and quantitated forces of injury. The spinal cords were injured by weight-dropping, aneurysm clip and extradural balloon compression techniques. Hemorrhagic changes were assessed quantitatively by the image analyser at 1 and 3 hours after injury. Tissue damage was assessed by determining the percentage of total cross sectional area containing hemorrhage. The extent of hemorrhage at site of injury in the clip and balloon preparations was equal, but several times lower in the weight-drop induced injury. Within each experimental group no appreciable differences were observed at the site of injury between the 1 and 3 hours preparations. The variability of damage within experimental groups was most in the weight-dropping and balloon and least in the clip preparations. Differences were also indicated with respect to the distribution of hemorrhage in grey versus white matter. These findings may be of significance when functional recovery is considered in various experimental acute spinal cord injury models.
Aqueduct Gliosis Caused by Keratin and Cholesterol In a Case of Craniopharyngioma
Authors: Horoupian Dikran S. , Wisniewski Henryk M. , Gamble Robert , Liebeskind Arie L.
Published: July 2016

Keratin and cholesterol particles released by a craniopharyngioma were shown to be the agents involved in the production of a foreign-body granulomatous arachnoiditis and ependymitis. Some of the particles were seen embedded in the reactive subepen-dymal glial tissue along the aqueduct of Sylvius. It was thought they were a major factor leading to the aqueduc-tal stenosis. However, we have also considered that the change in cerebro-spinal fluid hydrodynamics following the ventriculopleural shunt contributed to the occlusion of the aqueduct.
Diphenylhydantoin and Pulmonary Function
Authors: Smith Ronald J. , Man Godfrey C. W. , Paul Man S. F. , McLean Donald R.
Published: July 2016

Thirty-nine epileptic patients underwent pulmonary function testing. Twenty-one of these patients, ranging in age from 16 to 44 years, had taken diphenylhydantoin (DPH) for 2 to 17 years. Eighteen patients, who had taken other anticonvulsants for similar time periods served as controls. Five patients in the DPH group had lung volume abnormalities, four had abnormal airway function, and five had abnormalities of alveolar gas mixing. One patient in the control group had lung volume abnormalities, two had abnormal airway function, and five had abnormalities of alveolar gas mixing. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences between the groups, or between either group and predicted values.
Vitamin E Deficiency and Seizures in Animals and Man
Authors: Ogunmekan A.O.
Published: July 2016

Study of 100 children with grand mal convulsive disorders and 100 medically healthy children of matching age showed significantly lower plasma levels of vitamin E in the former (means 632.2 ± 17.3 and 822.5 ± 2\.Zßg/dl respectively; p < 0.001). This finding accords with the ability to prevent seizures in rodents by giving a-tocopherol before exposing them to a convulsion-inducing environment.
Etude Histopathologique et Neurochimique Suite a des Lesions Unilaterales du Locus Coeruleus Chez le Rat et de la Region Postlocus Chez le Chat (Part 2)
Authors: Marchand R. , Chauvel P. , Fantino M. , Poirier L.J.
Published: July 2016

Unilateral lesions involving the area immediately caudal to the locus coeruleus in the cat are associated with slight decreases of noradrenaline (NA) in both sides of the spinal cord without any important change of serotonin (5-HT) concentration in the spinal cord and of N A and 5-HT concentrations in the cerebral cortex of both sides. In other cats with similar lesions involving the same area bilaterally (postlocus lesions) NA is markedly decreased and 5-H T slightly decreased in the hypothalamus and spinal cord but the concentrations of NA and 5-HT of the cerebral cortex, striât urn and thalamus are not conspicuously modified by such postlocus lesions.

Unilateral lesions in the area of the loci coeruleus and subcoeruleus in the rat are associated with a marked decrease of noradrenaline (NA) in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex without any important change of NA in the contralateral cortex and in the spinal cord of both sides. Under such conditions the concentrations of serotonin (5-HT) are not significantly modified in the cerebral cortex and spinal cord of both sides. NA and 5-HT concentrations of the cerebral cortex of both sides are unmodified by unilateral lesions of the cerebellar nuclei in the rat. In the latter group of animals slight increases of NA and 5-HT in the spinal cord are significant in comparison to the values obtained in the control animals but not from one side of the spinal cord to the other.

These results further support the suggestion that the noradrenergic coeruleo-cortical pathway originating in the loci coeruleus and subcoeruleus ascends on the same side and ends in the ipsilateral cerebral cortex. In the light of the results of this investigation and of those reported in a companion paper (Marchand et ai, 1979) NA fibers reaching the hypothalamus and spinal cord most likely arise from neurons located caudally in respect to the locus coeruleus. Moreover NA fibers ending in the hypothalamus do not ascend in the dorsolateral part of the isthmic area and, therefore, have a different course than the N A fibers reaching the cerebral cortex and thalamus.
Cerebellar Form of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Authors: Parr Justin , Horoupian Dikran S. , Winkelman A. Charles
Published: July 2016

A case of progressive multi-focal leukoencephalopathy (PML) with selective involvement of cerebellum and brain stem is compared with nine other published cases. Recognition of PML presenting with ataxia before cerebral manifestations is stressed especially, since promising results with some antiviral drugs have been claimed.
Computed Tomography of Posterior Fossa in Hereditary Ataxias
Authors: Langelier R. , Bouchard J.P. , Ouchard R.B
Published: July 2016

Nine cases of Friedreich's ataxia and seven cases of autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) were submitted to neuroradiological procedures to determine the extent of atrophie processes in the central nervous system. All cases had a computerized cerebral tomography and five were studied with pneumencephalo-graphy. The results show a correlation between the two tests and the comparison between Friedreich's ataxia and ARS ACS.

In Friedreich's ataxia, the radiological signs are variable and discrete in most of the cases. In A RSA CS there are constant signs of cerebellar atrophy almost limited to the superior parts of the vermis and anterior lobes.
Glucose Tolerance and Erythrocyte Insulin Receptors in Friedreich's Ataxia
Authors: Draper P. , Shapcott D. , Larose A. , Stankova J. , Levesque F. , Lemieux B.
Published: July 2016

Detailed in vivo and in vitro studies of glucose and insulin metabolism in Friedreich's ataxia patients and unaffected family members have further defined the extent of the abnormalities in carbohydrate metabolism. The high incidence of glucose intolerance and a hyper-insulinemic response to a glucose challenge in a high percentage of Friedreich's ataxia patients has been confirmed. An increased incidence of glucose intolerance among hétérozygotes is suggested, while the siblings show a more normal distribution of diabetes and a nearly normal insulin response to the glucose tolerance test. Human growth hormone patterns are normal for all groups.

Preliminary studies of insulin binding to erythrocytes suggest a difference in the binding characteristics among diabetic Friedreich's ataxia patients, while the binding in the non-diabetic Friedreich's ataxia group is similar to that of non-diabetic controls. Results from a small group of non-diabetic siblings suggest a normal insulin binding, while a tendency toward increased binding at low insulin concentrations among diabetic family members is noted.
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase, Lipoamide Dehydrogenase and Citrate Synthase Activity in Fibroblasts from Patients with Friedreich's and Charlevoix-Saguenay Ataxia
Authors: Melancon S. B. , Potier M. , Dallaire L. , Rollin P. , Fontaine G. , Grenier B.
Published: July 2016

The activity of lipoamide dehydrogenase and two closely related enzymes was studied simultaneously in early, mid, and late passage fibroblast cultures. Friedreich's ataxia fibroblasts tended to lose pyruvate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase activities, while lipoamide dehydrogenase activity remained constant with aging of the cells. Mean pyruvate dehydrogenase activity was lower over-all in fibroblasts from ataxies. Mean citrate synthase activity was higher in ataxie fibroblasts. Present tissue culture media do not represent the best conditions in which to reproduce cofactor binding defects such as those found in other genetic diseases with structural enzyme mutations.
Cognitive-behavioural Interventions in Pediatric Chronic Illness
Authors: Redlich Nicole , Prior Margot
Published: July 2016

This paper provides an overview of cognitive-behavioural interventions in pediatric behavioural medicine. Although the literature so far is sparse, the contribution of cognitive-behavioural therapy is reviewed in the areas of pediatric cancer, asthma, and diabetes mellitus. The future potential of cognitive-behavioural therapy for the management of other chronic conditions, including cystic fibrosis and rheumatoid arthritis, is recommended.
Analysis of Conditions Associated with Low Rates of Challenging Behaviour in Two Adolescents with Multiple Disabilities
Authors: Tucker Madonna , Sigafoos Jeff , Bushell Heidi
Published: July 2016

Analyses and interventions were conducted to reduce challenging behaviour in two adolescents with multiple disabilities. A functional analysis of each child's challenging behaviour was conducted initially. Although the results of this functional analysis showed that challenging behaviour occurred during roughly 30 to 60% of the assessment trials conducted under each of several conditions, there was one condition for each child that was associated with little or no challenging behaviour. These conditions were then manipulated using stimulusfading procedures. Initially, the stimuli associated with low rates of challenging behaviour were provided on a nearly continuous and noncontingent basis. Next, exposure to these stimuli was systematically reduced. The present studies suggest that analysis of the conditions associated with low rates of challenging behaviour may be helpful in designing interventions.
The Role of Phonemic Awareness in Beginning Reading: A Review
Authors: Hempenstall Kerry
Published: July 2016

In recent years there has been an abundance of research highlighting the pre-eminent status of phonemic awareness in the development of reading capability. This paper examines the concept of phonemic awareness, and reviews recent findings pointing to its causal links with reading. The importance of linking reading instruction with phonemic awareness is explored, as is the significance of early identification and intervention. Finally, obstacles to systemic implementation are considered, in conjunction with the bleak prognosis for students with a history of early reading failure.
Effect of Mood and Food Cues on Information Processing in Women with Bulimia Nervosa and Controls
Authors: Carter Frances A. , Bulik Cynthia M. , Lawson Rachel H. , Sullivan Patrick F. , Wilson Jenny S.
Published: July 2016

Information-processing speed and cue reactivity were evaluated in women with bulimia nervosa and controls in response to neutral, mood, and food cues in isolation, and mood and food cues in combination. Significant differences were consistently observed between women with bulimia nervosa and control women on information-processing speed for food/body-related words, but not for words unrelated to food/body concerns. As expected, women with bulimia nervosa demonstrated slower processing of information related to food/body concerns. In addition, the presentation of mood and food cues affected speed of information processing. Especially for women with bulimia nervosa, information processing was slowest when either mood or food cues were presented in isolation. Significant cue reactivity was also observed, again especially for women with bulimia nervosa. In conclusion, both transient and more enduring subject characteristics affected information-processing speed. Moreover, the way transient factors were presented significantly affected speed of information processing. This suggests a more complex relationship between cue presentation and information processing than was anticipated.
Commentary: Empirically Validated Treatments and Child Clinical Interventions
Authors: Sanders Matthew R.
Published: July 2016

This commentary argues that empirically validated treatments for child and youth behaviour and emotional difficulties are available, but they are relatively inaccessible to the vast majority of Australian children and their families. Although effective interventions have been developed, few children receive these services. There are many children who have identifiable problems or who are at increased risk for psychosocial problems whose needs have not been adequately addressed by either the research or the professional community. These include children in rural and remote areas, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children, children of migrants, and children with chronic physical illnesses. A comprehensive, preventively focused clinical science of prevention is needed to improve the reach and impact of psychological services for children.
Empirically Validated Interventions for Adult Disorders
Authors: Kavanagh David J.
Published: July 2016

The movement towards evidence-based practice in psychology and medicine should offer few problems in cognitive-behaviour therapies because it is consistent with the principles by which they have been developed and disseminated. However, the criteria for assessing empirical status, including the heavy emphasis on manualised treatments, need close examination. A possible outcome of the evidence-based movement would be to focus on the application of manualised treatments in both training and clinical practice; problems with that approach are discussed. If we are committed to evidence-based treatment, comparisons between psychological and pharmacological interventions should also be included so that rational health care decisions can be made. We should not be afraid of following the evidence, even when it supports treatments that are not cognitive-behavioural in stated orientation. Such results should be taken as an opportunity for theoretical development and new empirical inquiry rather than be a cause for concern.
Empirically Validated Learning Environments
Authors: Birnbrauer Jay S.
Published: July 2016

“Treatment” connotes “one off” and “short-term” and treatments are applied after problems have failed to respond to natural, culturally acceptable methods. In developmental disability, continuing interventions that begin early are our best hope; natural methods are part of the problem. Treatment methods are validated for particular problems and circumstances.need to be applied competently and monitored by therapists who have throrough grounding in scientific method and principles of behaviour. Nominating empirically validated treatments does not diminish the need for highly trained behaviour analysts.
Cue Reactivity and Bulimia Nervosa: Refining and Standardising Methodology
Authors: Carter Frances A. , Bulik Cynthia M.
Published: July 2016

Cue reactivity has been assessed in women with bulimia nervosa both in conjunction with treatment studies and in independent laboratory investigations. Methodology for investigating cue reactivity varies widely, providing little guideline for the optimal assessment parameters. The present pilot study describes the evolution of a methodology for assessing cue reactivity in response to in vivo cues in women with bulimia nervosa. Patients' responses are compared with those of health controls. Recommendations for the standardisation of the procedure are given. The guidelines proposed have equal applicability to research on cue reactivity in the fields of substance abuse and anxiety disorders.
The Cost of Child Behaviour Therapy: The First Step to Demonstrating Cost-effectiveness
Authors: Jackson Mervyn , Wilks Ray
Published: July 2016

There has been extensive debate over the last three decades about which professional groups should receive government-funded rebates in the mental health field. Cognitive-behaviour therapists appear to be in the best position to demonstrate clinical efficacy, but have failed to demonstrate cost-effectiveness of cognitive-behaviour therapy. There is a need to demonstrate the cost of behaviour therapy as the first step in determining the cost-effectiveness of behaviour therapy compared to the traditional (medical-based) interventions. Using archival data from a university-based psychology clinic specialising in cognitive-behavioural interventions with child and adolescent problems, the present research determined the cost of successful treatment programs with the clinic's major referral areas: nocturnal enuresis, behaviour management, and education-based problems. Analysing 77 cases, it was found that there were significant between group differences in the number and total duration of face-to-face interviews, in the number of other contacts between therapist and client, in total therapist time, and in the estimated average cost of cases. There emerged different treatment patterns for each clinical problem, and these were reflected in costing. A number of research and methodological issues are explored. Implications for future research on cost-effectiveness and the subsequent collection of comparative data across clinics and a variety of clinical problem areas are discussed.
Insensitivity of Salivation to Fear Arousal in Women with Spider Phobias
Authors: Lawson Rachel H. , Bulik Cynthia M.
Published: July 2016

We examined salivary reactivity in 11 women with simple phobia of spiders and 11 controls in response to a spider and a neutral cue. No differences in salivary reactivity were observed across diagnosis or conditions. Clear reactivity in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and subjective units of distress were observed. Salivary reactivity was unrelated to any other measure of reactivity. These results suggest that a decrease in salivation is not a universal response to acute anxiety.
Regionally Based Teams for the Treatment of Challenging Behaviour: A Three-year Outcome Study
Authors: Hudson Alan , Wilken Patrick , Jauernig Roland , Radler Gary
Published: July 2016

In 1990, 13 regionally based Behaviour Intervention Support Teams (BISTs) were established in Victoria to assist agencies providing support to persons with an intellectual disability who exhibited challenging behaviour. A primary function of the BISTs was to conduct intensive interventions for clients with severe challenging behaviours. The outcomes of the interventions conducted by eight of these teams were monitored over the period from 1991 to 1993. During this time, a total of 134 such interventions were completed by the teams. Many outcome measures were used for each intervention. These included direct observational measures of the challenging behaviours, measures of skill acquisition by the clients, and satisfaction with the results by caregivers. It was concluded that the interventions resulted in a high rate of success (approximately 75%). Additionally, it was concluded that the use of regionally based specialist teams was an effective way of treating severe challenging behaviours that had previously proven difficult to manage.
The Effect of Short-term Food Deprivation on the Reinforcing Value of Coffee in Bulimic and Control Women
Authors: Bulik Cynthia M. , Brinded Emma C. , Lawson Rachel H.
Published: July 2016

The effect of short-term food deprivation on the reinforcing value of coffee was examined, utilising behavioural choice methodology. Four women with bulimia nervosa and six healthy controls underwent one food-deprivation day (19 hours) and one nondeprivation day. Subjects made significantly more attempts to earn coffee, earned more points toward coffee, and drank more grams of coffee when food deprived than when nondeprived. The effect was observed in both bulimic and control women. There was a significant diagnosis-by-deprivation interaction with reference to grams of coffee consumed, with bulimic women consuming over twice as much coffee when deprived than nondeprived. The results are discussed with reference to the role of food deprivation in the pathogenesis of substance abuse.
Kia Marama: A Cognitive-Behavioural Program for Incarcerated Child Molesters
Authors: Hudson Stephen M. , Marshall William L. , Ward Tony , Johnston Peter W. , Jones Robin L.
Published: July 2016

A comprehensive cognitive-behavioural treatment program for incarcerated child molesters is described. This program operates within Kia Marama, a medium-security unit for sex offenders in the New Zealand prison system. It lasts 32 weeks and includes a four-week assessment process both before and after the 24 weeks of intensive treatment. Treatment covers a variety of issues including distorted cognitions, sexual issues, victim empathy, social skills, problem solving, life skills, stress management, and relapse-prevention training. In addition, when offenders are released they are supervised by professionals trained in relapse-prevention procedures. As this program began in late 1989, it is too early to properly estimate its success, but similar programs in North America have produced promising outcome data, and what tentative evidence we have to date suggests that the program is valuable.
A Consultation and Training Role for the Behaviourally Oriented Educational Psychologist in School Settings: A Clinical Note
Authors: Wilks Ray
Published: July 2016

A 1981 national survey of 335 American educational psychologists found psychological/educational assessment and consultation with teachers and parents are the two most frequently engaged in activities of school psychologists. A behavioural approach to these two activities is considered in the literature to be more effective than a number of other approaches and practices. This clinical note describes a behavioural consultation and training role for educational psychologists which was applied to the issue of improving the reading skills of 12 integrated primary school children. The behavioural consultation involved four phases: problem identification, problem analysis, intervention, and evaluation. Results of the consultation and training indicated a substantial increase in the number of books read, letter-sound knowledge, sight vocabulary, and passage comprehension of the 12 integrated children. Informal assessment of teacher satisfaction with this approach to consultation and training was found to be very positive.