bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feeding value of fish meal analog as a protein source for starter pigs
Authors: Adesehinwa A O K , Alalade A , Sokunbi O
Published: June 2019

Young pigs kept intensively, are very sensitive to the source of dietary protein (Maxwell et al., 2003). Many dietary proteins produce allergic reactions in which diarrhoea, reduced growth, and increased mortality can occur (Bimbo and Crowther, 1992). Various protein sources have been tested in early-weaned pig diets in an attempt to overcome these problems and to decrease diet cost. Fish meal analog (FMA), (a product of Mid-South Milling Co., Memphis, TN) based on animal proteins has been reported to have a composition very similar to fish meal, thereby possessing excellent protein and AA source for young pigs (Maxwell et al., 2003). It is less expensive and more readily available. This may therefore provide a high quality protein and AA source for use in starter pig diets at costs lower than those associated with fish meal. This study was therefore conducted to determine the potential of FMA as a replacement for 72% crude protein-imported fish meal (IFM) in diets of starter pigs.
Associations of objective physical measurements of beef meat samples and tenderness assessed by a trained taste panel
Authors: Ross D W , Richardson R I , Navajas E A , Prieto N , Hyslop J J , Marriott D , Simm G , Roehe R
Published: June 2019

Meat tenderness is the single most important quality attribute in consumer acceptance studies of meat eating quality. Several mechanical-based techniques have been developed to provide an objective measure of meat tenderness that have good correlation with sensory tenderness, as assessed by trained taste panel. The classic Warner-Bratzler shear force technique (WBSF) has shown correlations with sensory tenderness in the range of -0.39 to -0.77 (Van Oeckel et al., 1999; Shackelford et al., 1999a), whilst the Volodkevitch bite test attempts to imitate the incisor biting action by a compression method. A rapid slice shear force (SSF) test, which uses only one steak and hot meat (significant benefits in a commercial environment), had a stronger correlation with taste panel tenderness scores than WBSF (Shackelford et al., 1999b). The Meat Industry Research Institute of New Zealand (MIRINZ) test results, transformed into categories, was highly correlated (-0.97) with sensory tenderness (Bickerstaffe et al., 2001). The objective of this study was to evaluate the associations between objective physical measures (SSF, MIRINZ and Volodkevitch) and taste panel tenderness scores in beef.
The pigmeat supply chain: pre-assessment for a Life Cycle Inventory
Authors: Olea R , Guy J H , Edge H , Edwards S A
Published: June 2019

Formulating the inventory of relevant commodities to assess the life cycle of goods or services (LCI) is highly demanding on time and resources (Suh et al., 2004). Collected information is not always satisfactory to take account of all possible sources of environmental burdens (E-burdens) produced in the commodity supply chain. Several pre-assessment methods have been proposed to serve this function, although these have identified limitations; lack of previous experience and use of subjective cut off criteria are the most frequent weaknesses found (Suh, 2006). An objective pre-assessment method was developed as part of a life cycle analysis (LCA) for different pigmeat supply chain (PSC) scenarios.
Effects of dry period length on milk production and composition in early lactating Holstein cows
Authors: Soleimani A , Moussavi A Heravi , Mesgaran M Danesh , Safa S
Published: June 2019

Recently, there has been an interest in shortening the non-income-producing dry period (DP). Retrospective analysis of farm data and planned experiments both indicate about a 5 to 6% loss in milk yield during the subsequent lactation when the DP is reduced by approximately 30 d (Rastani et al., 2005). Additional milk produced during the extra 30 d of lactation can compensate for some of the loss in the subsequent lactation. There are, however, some advantages to reducing the dry period length, including increased income from milk in the current lactation, simplified management of dry cows through movement toward a one-group nutritional strategy, decreased metabolic disorders, and reduced strain on dry cow facilities. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dry period length on milk production and composition in early lactating Holstein cows.
Evaluation of measurements that may define venison quality parameters in UK farmed deer
Authors: Davies M H , Wheeler K P A , Chapple D G , Fisher A V
Published: June 2019

Early work established that carcasses of deer, compared with other species, were leaner, yielded a greater proportion of ‘first class meat’, that venison had a beneficial fatty acid composition and was dark in colour (Blaxter et al., 1974). More recently, Fisher et al. (1998) and Stevenson-Barry (2000) have reviewed and identified potential important ‘quality’ parameters for venison. From these, the UK deer industry needs to identify a suite of measurements to define ‘quality’, to improve on the current subjective assessments of carcasses in commercial abattoirs and to help guide future production systems. The aim of this study was to identify suitable quality measurements to characterize UK venison.
Evaluation of the direct effects of MyoMAXTMon carcass traits in crossbred lambs
Authors: Masri A , Macfarlane J M , Lambe N , Haresign W , Rius-Vilarrasa E , Bunger L
Published: June 2019

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) located on chromosome 2 in the region of the myostatin gene or polymorphisms in the myostatin gene have shown major effects on sheep carcass muscling (e.g. Clopet al., 2006). MyoMAXTM(MMQTL) is one such QTL/allele identified in Texel sheep, which increases carcass muscling and reduces carcass fatness (e.g. Lavilleet al., 2004; Johnsonet al., 2005). The UK sheep industry may benefit from using MM-QTL to increase meat yield in lamb carcasses once its effects are verified in a genetic background typical of the stratified UK system.
Isomerisation of trans-10 cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid during acidic methylation
Authors: Lee M R F , Tweed J K S
Published: June 2019

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been associated with numerous health benefits in animal models including modulation of immune response and fat deposition (Lock & Bauman, 2004). The most predominant CLA in ruminant products (meat and milk) is cis-9 trans-11 with traces of other isomers such as trans-10 cis-12 which can be increased according to dietary regimes such as increasing the proportion of concentrate in the diet (Sackmann et al. 2003). More recent findings into the health benefits of CLA in humans have found the trans-10 cis-12 isomer to be more potent than cis-9 trans-11 (Tholstrup et al. 2008). Whilst it has been reported that acidic methylation during analysis of milk fat results in isomerisation of cis-9 trans-11 (Lee & Tweed, 2008) little information is available on the effect of different methylation regimes on the increasingly important trans-10 cis-12 isomer. This study investigated the isomerisation of esterified and un-esterified trans-10 cis-12 CLA during three methylation regimes.
Effect of different levels of fish oil and canola oil on DMI, milk production and blood metabolites of high producing Iranian Holstein dairy cows in early lactation
Authors: Vafa T , Naserian A , Moussavi A Heravi , Valizadeh R , Mesgaran M Danesh
Published: June 2019

Supplemental fat sources are utilized in rations for dairy cows as a common method to increase the energy density of the diet to support energy demands for milk synthesis in early lactation (Heravi Moussavi et al, 2007). Although dietary fat supplementation increases the energy density of the diet, data on the relationship between the addition of dietary fat and the performance of lactating dairy cows are inconsistent because the impact of dietary fat is influenced by source of fat, method of processing, amount of fat included in the diet and stage of lactation. Canola seed which contains 40% fat is an excellent source of dietary fat high in unsaturated fatty acids and protein for dairy animals. Canola oil contains 51% oleic, 25% linoleic, and 14% linolenic acids. Fish oil (FO) also contains relatively high concentrations of two polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-3 family: (EPA, C20:5) and (DHA, C22:6). Combination of fish oil with different plant oils has been studied previously but there are few studies which have examined the inclusion of fish oil in combination with canola oil. The aim of the present study, therefore, was to study the effects of different levels of fish oil and canola oil in early lactating Holstein cows.
The effect of dietary soybean isoflavones on their concentration and total output in bovine milk
Authors: Krizova L , Svobodova J , Richter M , Homolka P , Hadrova S
Published: June 2019

Isoflavones belong to a large group of phytoestrogens that possess the most potent estrogenic activity. Raw soybeans contain 1.2 – 4.2 mg/g dry weight of isoflavones mainly genistein, daidzein and their conjugates (Kurzer and Xu, 1997). In ruminants, isoflavones are highly metabolized by rumen microorganisms that convert daidzein into equol and genistein into p-ethyl-phenol (Lundh, 1995). Isoflavones and their metabolites can be excreted in milk, thus, soybean products used in dairy cows feeding may represent, via milk, a source of isoflavones in the human diet. Isoflavones are particularly important due to their diverse pharmacological and antioxidant properties because they reduce the risk of several types of cancers including the breast, prostate and colon (Messina and Barnes, 1991), heart disease, menopausal symptoms (Chiechi, 1999) and bone health (Anderson and Garner, 1997).

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of dietary soybean isoflavones on their concentration and total output in bovine milk.
An on-farm evaluation of the effects of season of shearing on ewe and subsequent lamb performance
Authors: Keady T W J , Hanrahan J P
Published: June 2019

The weight of lamb carcass produced per hectare is one of the major factors influencing the efficiency of lamb production and is influenced by the litter size and subsequent lamb growth rate (Keady and Hanrahan, 2006). On many sheep farms ewes are housed during the winter to facilitate increased stock carrying capacity. Ewes are normally shorn once yearly, usually in early summer. Previous studies at Athenry (Keady et al., 2007, Keady and Hanrahan, 2008, 2009) have shown that shearing ewes at housing increased subsequent lamb birth and weaning weights by up to 0.6 and 2.5 kg, respectively. Therefore as a consequence of reducing age at slaughter by approximately 2 weeks, whilst increasing price received per kg of carcass. However, shearing at housing may increase management inputs as ewes are normally housed in smaller groups and need to be dry prior to shearing. Shearing in the autumn, prior to mating, enables the flock to be assembled under more favourable conditions. A previous study at this centre (Keady and Hanrahan, 2008) showed that shearing prior to mating tended to increase subsequent lamb birth weight (+0.3 kg) but did not alter litter size or lamb viability relative to lambs born from ewes which were shorn in late May. The aim of this study was to further evaluate the effects of season of shearing on fertility of March -lambing ewes and on subsequent lamb performance.
The effect of fluctuations in rumen pH on protozoa populations in rumen fluid as determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Vakili A , Mesgaran M Danesh , Mousavi A Heravi , Valizadeh R , Nassiry M R , Ruiz D R Yáñez , Newbold C J
Published: June 2019

Ruminal ciliated protozoa are similar to bacteria in that their numbers increase in response to increased substrate availability. Moderate increases in grain intake result in large increases in the numbers of ciliated protozoa (Dennis et al., 1983). In contrast, high-or all grain diets have variable effects, including total elimination of protozoa in some animals (Franzolin and Dehority, 1996). Ciliated protozoa are believed to be much more sensitive than bacteria to fluctuations and reductions in ruminal pH; hence, ruminal pH is a critical factor in the maintenance of ciliated protozoa in the rumen. The objective of the present experiment was to investigate the effect of fluctuation in ruminal pH on the population of protozoa in rumen fluid.
In vitrorumen fungi quantification in medium containing sodium hydroxide or formaldehyde treated sunflower meal using quantitative competitive PCR assay
Authors: Mohammadabadi T , Mesgaran M Danesh , Moussavi A Heravi , Nassiry M R , Sekhavati M H , Maleki A Fani , Chaji M , Alshowkany A R
Published: June 2019

The rumen anaerobic fungi are primary colonizers of fibrous plant materials that degrade lignin-containing plant cell walls. With the advancement of molecular enumeration methods, in particular 18S rDNA gene probing methods, researchers were able to monitor fungal species within the rumen (Stahlet al., 1998). Quantitative competitive PCR (QCPCR) techniques play an important role in nucleic acid quantification because of their significant lower cost of equipment and consumables (Franzet al., 2001). The aim of this study was to use the QC-PCR assay to evaluate the relative quantitative comparison of anaerobic fungi population in medium containing sunflower meal, either untreated or treated with formaldehyde (3 and 6 g/kg DM) or sodium hydroxide (40 g/kg DM).
The chemical composition, in vitro and in situ digestibility of whole crop canola silage mixed with different by-products
Authors: Naserian A , Bohluli A , Sari M
Published: June 2019

Canola (Brassica napus L.) recently has received consideration as a forage source for livestock (Lancaster et al., 1990). Canola is reasonably widely adapted and performs well in semiarid countries such as Iran. In addition to its low water requirements and high growth rate, its cultivation season is well matched with environmental condition in Iran. Canola could not reach to stage of blossom in some climates such as cold climate, so farmers could mow and making silage for animal nutrition. Application of silage additives is the most important factor in improving silage quality (Muck, 1993). The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of some additives on fermentation parameters, in vitro and in situ dry matter digestibility of experimental whole canola silage.
Evaluation of nutritional value in some tropical by-products using the in vitro gas production technique
Authors: Taghizadeh A , Besharati M
Published: June 2019

Anaerobic digestion of carbohydrates by ruminal microbes produces short chain fatty acids (SCFA), CO2, CH4, and traces of H2; hence, measurement of gas production in vitro can be used to study the rate and extent of digestion of feedstuffs (Hungate, 1966). When a feedstuff is incubated with buffered rumen fluid in vitro, the carbohydrates are fermented to SCFA, gases mainly CO2 and CH4 and microbial cells. Gas production is basically the result of fermentation of carbohydrates to acetate, propionate and butyrate (Wolin, 1960; Beuvink and Spoelstra, 1992; Blummel and Ørskov, 1993). High correlations between gas production and NDF disappearance, r2 = 0.99 (Pell and Schofield, 1993) or gas production and DM disappearance, r2 = 0.95 (Prasad et al., 1994) have been reported. In vitro techniques that estimate digestion kinetics indirectly by measuring gas production are a more viable option than other in vitro methods. Gas production technology allows for a more usable collection of digestion kinetics data and has allowed for a growing body of knowledge that is directly applicable to the feeding programs that are in daily practical field use. The range of data that can be acquired is broad and will no doubt grow over time. One of the most challenging problems associated with using gas production methods is that the amount of gas produced varies with different molar proportions of SCFA. For example, a higher propionate concentration is associated with lower gas production because an extra carbon atom in propionate would otherwise have appeared as CO2 (Wolin, 1960). The object of this study was to evaluate the nutritional quality of noodle waste (NW), tomato pomace (TP) and apple pomace (AP) using the gas production technique.
Determining of nutritive values of tomato pomace using in situ and gas production techniques
Authors: Taghizadeh A , Palanghi V , Safamehr A , Nobakht A , Mehmannavaz Y , Paya H
Published: June 2019

The amount of by-product feedstuffs generally increases as the human population increases and economies grow. Large quantities of by-products are used in the ruminant’s diet in agro-industrial areas. (Gasa, et al. 1989). However, little is known about their fermentation pattern in the rumen and a better understanding of their digestion and products of fermentation is necessary in order to properly balance their introduction into the diets and the knowledge about their potential feeding value is insufficient.
Intensive selection for growth in broilers has not altered normal feeding behaviour
Authors: Howie J A , Tolkamp B J , Avendano S , Kyriazakis I
Published: June 2019

Selection for increased growth rate in livestock may be accompanied by increases in requirements for energy and nutrients. It has been suggested that intensively selected broilers have altered food intake control mechanisms and could be constantly hungry, due to their high resource demands (Bokkers et al. 2004), which would be a major welfare issue. Such alterations in food intake control mechanisms as a side-effect of genetic selection would lead to changes in the feeding behaviour of birds, such as the clustering of visits into meals and the probability of birds starting a new meal in relation to the time since the last meal. The aim of this study was to test whether broilers intensively selected for growth showed any alteration in the structure of their feeding behaviour that would indicate a change in the underlying hunger and satiety control mechanisms.
Effects of different levels of canola meal on egg quality
Authors: Gaykani R , Zaghari M , Shivazad M
Published: June 2019

In recent years there has been increasing interest in cultivating canola in tropical areas. This product is used to supply edible oil for humans, and also as a high quality protein source for poultry (Baker and Chang 1992), soybean meal has been replaced by canola meal and there were some negative and positive effects on egg production, egg quality, egg shell quality (Roth-maier1999) In the present study, investigating the effect of canola meal on egg quality, different levels of soybean meal were replaced by canola meal in laying hen diets.
Analysis of inbreeding, effective population size and inbreeding depression in Iranian native fowls (Mazandaran Province)
Authors: Shad A Ghazi Khani , Javaremi A Nejati , Yeganeh H Mehrabani
Published: June 2019

Mating of related individuals produces an inbred progeny, with an inbreeding coefficient that is one-half the additive relationship between its parents. One of the consequences of inbreeding is reduction of the mean phenotypic value or inbreeding depression, particularly for reproductive and fitness characters. Another consequence of inbreeding is reduction in additive genetic variance within lines or increasing homozygosity and higher risk for the incidence of lethal or deleterious recessive alleles. In recent years many studies show that inbreeding reduces reproduction and fitness capacity, for example Inbreeding depression in reproductive and productive traits has been reported by Flock et al (1993), Smith et al (1998), Klemetsdal (1998), Thompson et al (2000a,b) and Nwagu et al (2007).

The purpose of this study was to investigation recent trends in inbreeding in Iranian Native Fowls and relationship between increase in inbreeding and decreases in economic traits including body weight, age at first egg, egg production and egg weight.
Effects of antibiotic and probiotic supplementation to diets containing fat on broiler performance
Authors: Sharifi S D , Tavazoee E , Khdem A A , Barin A
Published: June 2019

The use of supplementary fat in commercial poultry diets has been wide-spread since the 1960s. In addition to their value as a dense source of energy, supplemental fats are an excellent source of essential fatty acids and enhance the absorption of fat soluble vitamins. The efficiency of nutrient digestion in poultry largely depends on the microorganisms which live naturally in its digestive tract (Apajalahti et al. 2003). It has been reported that intestinal microflora influences the absorption of fats (Pesti, 2002).Today, antibiotics and probiotics are used for manipulating the gut microflora in poultry production and act as growth-promoting agents. Thus, using these growth promoters (GP) will probably affect nutrients absorption, especially of dietary fats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementary antibiotics and probiotics in diets containing different levels of fat on broiler performance.
Effects of enzyme and probiotic supplementation to diets containing wheat on broiler performance
Authors: Sharifi S D , Chelavi N Hashemi
Published: June 2019

Enzymes and probiotics are often used in feeding of poultry in intensive rearing systems. Beneficial effects of probiotics were observed in toxin neutralization, prevention of development and multiplication of specific bacteria, change in microbial metabolism and immunity stimulation. Administration of useful microorganisms as probiotic into diet usually cause enhancement of organic acids production such as lactic acid that in turn can reduce gastrointestinal pH and subsequent prevention of pathogen microorganisms such as salmonella to colonize the alimentary tract(Fuller, 1992). Exogenous enzymes have been shown to alleviate the adverse effects of high viscosity of digesta in the small intestine and to improve digestion (Petersen et al. 1999). Pervious studies demonstrate that simultaneously using probiotics and enzymes in broiler diets, improve their growth performance (Midili, and Tuncer, 2001). The objective of the present study was to examine the influence of probiotic (protexin) and enzyme (Natozyme) supplementation on the performance of broilers fed diets containing wheat.
Effect of dietary Phytase and NSP-degrading enzymes in diets containing rape seed meal on broiler carcass characteristics
Authors: Ghorbani M R , Fayazi J , Chaji M
Published: June 2019

In comparison to the 44% crude protein of soybean meal (SBM), the protein content of rapeseed meal (RSM) is about 35-40% and has a physiologically suitable amino acid profile for animal nutrition. However, RSM contains nutritionally unfavourable substances such as glucosinolates, sinapin, tannin, phytate and non starch polysaccharides (Kocher et al., 2000). Enzymes have potential to improve the nutrients availability of diets containing antinutritional factorst. NSPs include cellulose, B-glucans, arabinoxylans, and pectins that may increase viscosity of digesta and cause a decrease in nutrient digestibility and performance of broiler chickens. Phytase from digestive secretions, some feed ingredients, resident bacteria and exogenous microorganisms is present in the digestive tract of broiler chickens (Kornegay, 2001), but its efficiency at a practical level is very low. It accepted that broilers lack sufficient levels of phytase activity to effectively hydrolyse the phytate molecule. Phytate-bound P is not well digested, so inorganic P is added to broiler diets that increases feed costs (Lescoat et al., 2005). The purpose of this study was to investigate the replacement value of SBM with locally grown RSM and two enzymes (NSP-degrading and phytase) on the weight of carcass, some organs, and amount of blood-Ca and P of broiler chickens.
Efficient adaptation to climate change: Who adapts, how and when?
Authors: Moran D , Wall E , Wreford A
Published: June 2019

Climate change is characterised by uncertainty. But available economic assessments (e.g. Stern 2006) suggest that delaying action on emissions will lead to increasing global damage cost, with greatest incidence in poorer and vulnerable communities and sectors. There are thus efficiency and equity arguments for early coordinated global action on emissions reduction. In the UK the Climate Change Committee has been established to develop a route map for the “decarbonisation” of growth in all sectors including agriculture.
Altered patterns of helminth parasitic disease in Scottish livestock – a role for climate change?
Authors: Skuce P , van Dijk J
Published: June 2019

The study of the potential impacts of climate change on animal health and welfare is in its infancy and urgently needs to gather momentum. This presentation aims to provide a general overview of the current state of affairs, drawing on available information from a Scottish perspective. There is a now a broad consensus amongst scientists that the global climate is changing. All available predictions would indicate that, over the next decade, the weather in the UK will feature greater extremes of climatic conditions, with a general trend towards drier, warmer summers and milder, wetter winters. These changes will obviously impact on the health and welfare of farmed animals, both directly and indirectly. For example, we may anticipate having to protect animals from heat stress and dehydration or provide adequate shelter in more adverse weather conditions. Similarly, there may be indirect effects on livestock through availability of feed supply or a change in forage available for grazing, for example. However, where a changing climate is likely to have most impact is in the transmission and epidemiology of livestock disease. There has been much publicity surrounding the incursion of “exotic” diseases such as Bluetongue and West Nile virus and the spread of vector-borne disease such as Lyme disease and tick-borne encephalitis. However, endemic diseases have been largely ignored. Endemic infectious organisms likely to be strongly influenced by changes in the weather are the parasitic helminths, the causative agents of such diseases as parasitic gastroenteritis (PGE) and liver fluke disease. The larval stages of these parasites develop and survive at pasture and, in some cases, in an intermediate host for a considerable amount of time before being ingested by a host. If climate change alters the ability of some of these larval stages to over-winter on pasture, or survive arrested within the host, the epidemiology of these parasites may be altered accordingly and unexpected, ‘unseasonal’, clinical disease may be witnessed.
Milk and meat in our diet: Good or bad for health and wealth?
Authors: Givens D I
Published: June 2019

Although globally the demand for animal derived foods is growing rapidly driven by a combination of population growth, urbanisation and rising income, the contribution of milk and red meat to the UK diet has reduced considerably over the last 50 years. The contribution of poultry meat however, has increased enormously. Mainly because of their major contribution to saturated fatty acid (SFA) consumption, ruminant-derived foods have often been considered to be a major contributor to CHD/CVD and other chronic disorders. Given that we are living in an era of increasing risk of chronic disease as a result of increased obesity and an ever ageing population, it is important that risks and benefits associated with different foods are understood and that possible improvements to such foods are made with regard to the cost effectiveness and environmental impact.
Feed additives – over-regulation or measured response?
Authors: Graham H
Published: June 2019

A number of major food safety incidents in the 1990’s led to a crisis of confidence in EU consumers. These included the Mad Cow Disease outbreak, starting in the UK in the 1980’s, and the scandals across Europe involving the feeding of dioxins, sludge and pharmaceutical waste to food-producing animals. These incidents had one thing in common – all were connect with animal feed, suggesting this was the weak link in the food chain. In addition, the food industry continued to struggle with the negative publicity of salmonella, E. coli and campylobacter incidents.
A fully reconfigurable bandpass-to-bandpass-with-embedded-stopband filter with an ultra-wide 0.09–1.41 GHz bandwidth tuning range
Authors: Lan Bo-Zhang , Qu Yan , Guo Chen-Jiang , Ding Jun
Published: June 2019

A varactor-based fully reconfigurable microstrip bandpass-to-bandpass-with-embedded-stopband filter is presented in this paper. This filter offers wide center frequency and bandwidth tuning flexibility under both bandpass mode and bandpass-with-embedded-stopband mode. The entire tuning ability is based on multiple mode resonator theory and external quality factor tuning structure for bandpass mode and the introduction of transmission zeros (TZs) for bandpass-with-embedded-stopband mode. Under the bandpass mode, the center frequency tuning range is 0.96–1.45 GHz and the bandwidth can be tuned from 0.09 to 1.41 GHz with a fixed center frequency at 1.22 GHz. Under bandpass-with-embedded-stopband mode, the center frequency and bandwidth can be tuned from 0.94 to 1.61 GHz and 0.2–0.33 GHz, respectively. Good agreements are shown between simulated and measured results.
Remedies for Harm Caused by UN Peacekeepers
Authors: Rashkow Bruce
Published: June 2019

Since the creation of the United Nations, the need for the Organization to enjoy immunity from the juris-diction of Member States has been widely recognized as necessary to achieve its important and far ranging purposes. However, it has also been understood that this immunity was not intended to shield the Organization from responsibility as a “good citizen” on the world stage to respond to justifiable claims against the Organization by third parties resulting from the activities or operations of the Organization. The United Nations has generally achieved these dual objectives, although two recent situations in the peacekeeping context have raised questions about whether it continues to do so, namely the cases involving the Mothers of Srebrenica and the Haiti Cholera victims.
The International Law Commission Reinvents Itself?
Authors: Daugirdas Kristina
Published: June 2019

For most of its history, the International Law Commission has been in the business of producing draft articles. Yet, Sean Murphy’s coverage of the Commission’s sixty-fifth session reveals that the Commission has decisively turned away from this format. As Jacob Katz Cogan’s earlier post observes, the Commission is demonstrating a new-found preference for outputs that are explicitly non-binding and betray no aspiration to form the basis for multilateral treaties. The Commission’s embrace of alternative formats is a promising response to some of the risks and criticisms associated with producing draft articles. But it is also an incomplete response. To ensure that its work continues to be relevant, ambitious, and influential, the Commission must revise its working methods as well as its outputs. In particular, the Commission should develop procedures for engaging with and soliciting input from the non-state actors who are becoming an increasingly important audience for the Commission’s work.
Bond, Clear Statement Requirements, and Political Process
Authors: Bradley Curtis A.
Published: June 2019

In its decision yesterday in Bond v. United States, the Supreme Court carefully avoided addressing either the constitutional scope of the treaty power or the scope of Congress’s constitutional authority to implement treaties under the Necessary and Proper Clause. The decision is nevertheless important in holding that a federalism-based clear statement requirement, which was originally developed in the context of purely domestic legislation, applies even to legislation implementing a treaty. It also signals more generally (as had earlier decisions such as Medellín v. Texas) that the Court will be attentive to federalism values even in cases involving foreign affairs. In this post, I will highlight both a process point in support of the Court’s clear statement approach and a potential drawback of that approach. I conclude with some miscellaneous observations about the decision.
Bond v. United States and Congress’s Role in Implementing Treaties
Authors: Dodge William S.
Published: June 2019

Bond v. United States had long been anticipated as the case in which the Supreme Court would revisit Missouri v. Holland (1920) and limit Congress’s authority to implement treaties. In the event, the Court did nothing of the kind. Only three Justices would have recognized judicially enforceable limits on the Treaty Power (Thomas, joined by Scalia and Alito, concurring in the judgment), and only two would have adopted the crabbed reading of the Necessary and Proper Clause advocated by Professor Nicholas Rosenkranz (Scalia, joined by Thomas, concurring in the judgment).
The Idea of Effective International Law: Continuing the Discussion
Authors: Padmanabhan Vijay
Published: June 2019

The joint 108th American Society of International Law (ASIL) Annual Meeting and 76th International Law Association (ILA) Biennial Conference was organized under the theme “The Effectiveness of International Law.” In conjunction with this theme, the ASIL Legal Theory Interest Group hosted a panel discussion exploring the theoretical dimensions of the concept of “effectiveness” as understood in international law. Panelists discussed three related questions:

(1)

Is the effectiveness of international law an empirical question measured through evaluating compliance with international legal norms?

(2)

What conceptions of effectiveness might exist beyond compliance? Could such conceptions be captured in theoretical or moral terms?

(3)

Why is international law concerned with effectiveness at all?
He Got It Almost Right
Authors: Kirgis Frederic L.
Published: June 2019

Larry Johnson’s answer to his own question is a qualified “no.” Surely he is correct when he says that the General Assembly does not need the Uniting for Peace resolution in order to consider a matter that is on the UN Security Council’s agenda. The International Court of Justice made that clear in its Advisory Opinion on the Construction of a Wall. It is only when the Security Council is actively pursuing the matter that UN Charter Article 12(1) requires the General Assembly to defer to the Council.

Johnson is also correct when he says that Uniting for Peace does not serve to enhance the authority that the UN Charter itself supplies to the Assembly to adopt non-binding resolutions intended to keep or restore peace. The ICJ also made that clear in its Advisory Opinion on the Construction of a Wall. Without relying on the Uniting for Peace resolution, the ICJ in paragraphs 27 and 28 of its Opinion approved the practice of the General Assembly to deal with matters concerning maintenance of international peace and security. The Court turned to the Uniting for Peace resolution only in the ensuing paragraphs of its Opinion, dealing with procedural matters related to the Assembly’s request for an Advisory Opinion.
The True Meaning of Force—A Reply to Mary Ellen O’Connell
Authors: Ruys Tom
Published: June 2019

In her comment on my piece in the latest issue of the American Journal of International Law (The Meaning of “Force” and the Boundaries of the Jus ad Bellum: Are “Minimal” Uses of Force Excluded from UN Charter Article 2(4)? ), Mary Ellen O’Connell expresses strong objections to the piece’s central thesis, notably that small-scale or “targeted” forcible acts are not as such excluded from the scope of the prohibition on the use of force in UN Charter Article 2(4). What is more, she sees the central thesis and narrative of the piece as a mere veil, behind which hides the true aim of the article, notably to set forth an extensive reading of the right of self-defense—which was allegedly also the point of my book on armed attack of 2010. In other words, an argument pleading for a broad interpretation of the prohibition on the use of force is in reality used as a Trojan horse, to lure the unsuspecting reader into accepting a broader right of states to use force, doing considerable damage to the Charter regime on the use of force.
Delegitimizing Ivory: The Case for an Ivory Trade Ban Treaty
Authors: Adams Rachelle
Published: June 2019

In Romain Gary’s novel Roots of Heaven, Morel, a French national in despair over the plight of Africa’s elephants, resolves to promote an international convention that will ban all hunting of elephants. The setting is colonial Chad in French Equatorial Africa in 1953, and, evocative of the current crisis, the story relates that thirty thousand elephants had been killed that year alone. The theme of the use of international law to protect the elephant weaves throughout the narrative. Morel is obsessed with gathering signatures to his petition for the new treaty, to counter “the notoriously insufficient laws for the protection of the African fauna.” The key international treaty at that time was the 1933 Convention Relative to the Preservation of Fauna and Flora in their Natural State. This convention had been adopted at the urging of scientists anxious over the devastation of elephant (and other wildlife) populations, by colonial governments more concerned over the implications for the ivory trade. The convention regulated hunting for trade and for trophies, as well as subsistence hunting, and provided for the conservation of the elephant as part of a management plan for this very lucrative colonial trade. Admittedly, although its primary objective was the steadfast supply of elephants for their tusks, this treaty did stalwartly stand between traders, governments, and consumers on the one hand, and the final demise of elephants on the other.
Identifying the Rules for Identifying Customary International Law: Response From Michael Wood and Omri Sender
Authors: Wood Michael , Sender Omri
Published: June 2019

We are grateful to AJIL Unbound for organizing this symposium on the work of the International Law Commission on identification of customary international law. We are particularly grateful to all who have contributed to the symposium for their interest and insights.

We shall not here reply comprehensively to everything that has been said. Many points will be addressed in the Special Rapporteur’s third report, to be submitted to the UN Secretariat toward the end of March 2015 in preparation for the Commission’s session beginning in May 2015. We would only say that many of the points made in the symposium thus far seem eminently sensible, and will hopefully be seen as such by the Commission. It has to be noted, however, that the work of the Commission is collegiate, and the eventual output does not belong to the Special Rapporteur (who is just a facilitator) but to the Commission as a whole—and eventually to the General Assembly and the international community.
Democratic Legitimacy and Respect for Human Rights: The New Gold Standard
Authors: Cerna Christina M.
Published: June 2019

Erika de Wet argues that state practice reveals that democratic legitimacy has not established itself alongside effective control for the purpose of recognition of governments in customary international law. My response is that we do not need to look to custom, difficult as it is to identify, when we have legally binding obligations such as those set forth in both the OAS Charter and the Inter-American Democratic Charter (IADC), not to mention the comparable European and African instruments. The new gold standard for recognition, I submit, is democratic legitimacy and respect for human rights, which has replaced “effective control.”
Introduction to Symposium on Pierre-Hugues Verdier and Erik Voeten, “Precedent, Compliance, and Change in Customary International Law: An Explanatory Theory”
Authors: Wuerth Ingrid
Published: June 2019

AJIL Unbound is pleased to announce three commentators who will discuss the article by Pierre-Hugues Verdier and Erik Voeten entitled “Precedent, Compliance, and Change in Customary International Law: An Explanatory Theory.” The article argues that rational choice scholars have overlooked key characteristics of customary international law and that those characteristics undermine the enforcement of customary norms through decentralized punishment. Instead, Verdier and Voeten contend, states may comply with customary international law even if their short-term interests are to defect, because states know that their decision to defect generates precedent that undermines the norm as a whole. Our commentators on this article are, first, Professor Tim Meyer, from the University of Georgia, who maintains that Verdier and Voeten overstate the distinction between custom and treaties. Second, Professor Jens David Ohlin, from Cornell, asks what happens to custom when states cannot appeal to long-term interests. He argues that compliance in these “one-shot” scenarios can be understood partly by considering the formation of plans by states which may act rationally in carrying through on their obligations without re-evaluating their plans. Finally, Professor Alejandro Lorite Escorihuela, from the University of Quebec at Montreal, argues that the role of precedent is clear from both the doctrine and practice of customary international law, so that it is unclear what rational choice methodology is adding to our understanding of custom, a critique he buttresses in part through an examination of some of the examples discussed in the article.
Introduction to the AJIL Unbound Symposium on Elephant Law
Authors: Peel Jacqueline
Published: June 2019

In international environmental law, the elephant is an icon. Like other “charismatic megafauna” such as whales and pandas, the plight of the elephant has captured the imagination of the general public and generated a raft of international regulations. In efforts to protect the elephant, we can track many of the elements of international law that have been characteristic of the environmental field as a whole: historical beginnings in concerns to prevent the over-exploitation of a harvested species; the rise of notions of biodiversity that attribute intrinsic worth to nonhuman beings; the use of trade measures as part of international environmental agreements to aid enforcement efforts; the growing complexity of environmental problems with globalization; and the increasing inter-linkage of international environmental law with other fields of international law.
Some Observations on the Draft Conclusions on Identification of Customary Law Provisionally Adopted by the ILC’s Drafting Committee at the Sixty-Sixth Session (2014)
Authors: Oxman Bernard H.
Published: June 2019

This Commission project is a useful one. It rests on exemplary work by the Special Rapporteur. I would hope that brief mention of a few matters that may benefit from further reflection at this stage could be of some assistance as work on this matter continues.
The WTO, Self-Determination, and Multi-Jurisdictional Sovereignty
Authors: Fakhri Michael
Published: June 2019

In EC—Seal Products, the World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Body (AB) held that the European Union (EU) Seal Regime banning the importation of seal products could be justified under General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) Article XX(a) as a measure necessary toprotect public morals. It also held that the indigenous communities (IC) exception under the EU Seal Regime is inconsistent with GATT Article I:1 (Most-Favored Nation) because it discriminated against commercial fishers in Canada and Norway and was applied in a manner that favored the mostly Inuit seal hunters of Greenland, and thus ran afoul of Article XX’s chapeau. Since the entire EU Seal Regime is not likely to be done away with, the most important question for Inuit communities is: how will the EU change the discriminatory aspects of the Seal Regime and IC exception? The EU faces an October deadlineto pass its new legislation and this remains a very live issue.
Accommodating Divergent Policy Objectives under WTO Law: Reflections on EC—Seal Products
Authors: Qin Julia Y.
Published: June 2019

EC—Seal Products raises an important issue in World Trade Organization (WTO) law: How can WTO trea-ties be interpreted to accommodate divergent legitimate purposes of a domestic regulation? The European Union (EU) measure at issue is a ban on the placing of seal products on the EU market, coupled with excep-tions3 for seal products produced by Inuit and other indigenous communities (IC exception), and for seal products obtained from seals hunted for the purpose of marine resource management and sold on a nonprofit basis (MRM exception). The seal ban was imposed out of the public concern over the cruel manner in which seals are hunted and killed, whereas the IC exception was made to protect the traditional lifestyle of indigenous peoples and the MRM exception accommodated theneed for sustainable management of marine resources. The EU regulation, therefore, was designed to achieve divergent policy objectives. The exceptions derogate from the ban because they permit hunting and killing of seals which can cause the very pain andsuffering for seals that concerns the EU public.
The WTO Seal Products Case: Doctrinal and Normative Confusion
Authors: Trachtman Joel
Published: June 2019

The negotiators and drafters of the Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization(WTO), which includes the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1947(GATT) and the Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade(TBT), as well as other subagreements dealing with domestic regulation, such as the Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures(SPS), did not do a great job of doctrinal integration among the different documents that comprise the WTO Agreement. To be fair, at the end of the Uruguay Round, the hour was late and they may have felt that the basic ideas were sufficiently clear that it could all be sorted out in litigation. But in several contexts, including within the original GATT, the text of which dates from 1947, they covered the same ground in multiple places, without stating clearly how the different norms relate to one another,and without articulating plausible reasons for different treatment. For example, why is different language used for national treatment in three different places within Article III of GATT, and why is that language different from the language that appearsto have the same purpose in the TBT Agreement or in the SPS Agreement?
Dinosaur Studies in the Pre-K Through Junior High Curriculum
Authors: Dinah Zike M.
Published: June 2019

I have always loved dinosaurs, and I feel fortunate to be able to teach teachers and students about dinosaurs as part of my profession; and yes, my name is really Dinah. Every year for the past 10 years, I have worked with thousands of teachers and students across the United States. During this time, I have made a startling discovery not mentioned in any of the classic human growth and development textbooks. I have found that most Americans pass through the following developmental stages, based upon dinosaurs:
How to Fight Dinosaur Abuse
Authors: Lessem Don
Published: June 2019

We are surrounded by dinosaurs. From toilet paper to teacups, television specials and Hollywood films, and more than 300 current books, dinosaurs are as ubiquitous as Ninja Turtles. But dinosaurs are no fad, as merchandisers have belatedly realized. They are a rite-of-passage for the young, a fascination that grips every generation.

Our love for dinosaurs is beyond reason. We loved dinosaurs when they were presented as elephantine behemoths, as cold-blooded sluggards. And we love them all the more now that explorations indicate some were as smart as ostriches, as swift as foxes (not as swift as cheetahs nor as smart as chimpanzees, except in the imaginations of Messrs. Crichton and Spielberg), as small as turkeys, as maternal as Donna Reed, as hot-blooded as Madonna, and that all endured far longer than we. World-dominant and immensely varied in form, habitat and behavior for 160,000,000 years, dinosaurs were, arguably, the greatest of all evolutionary success stories.