bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analyse De La Rentabilité Economique Des Systèmes De Production Du Niébé (Vigna Unguiculata L.Walp), Dans La Région De Zinder
Authors: Loussou Abdoulkader Zakari , Abdou Laouali , M.Bahari Amadou Abdoulaye , Mahamane Ali
Published: November 2024

La culture du niébé joue un rôle important dans les moyens d'existence des producteurs. Cette étude a été conduite auprès des producteurs du niébé de la région de Zinder pour analyser la rentabilité économique des systèmes de culture. Les données ont été collectées auprès de 410 producteurs et huit focus groupes ont été organisés avec des groupes de dix (10) producteurs dans huit (8) villages. Il ressort de cette étude trois groupes de producteurs selon les systèmes de culture adoptés. Le groupe (1) est caractérisé par un système de culture basé sur l’utilisation de produits chimiques, sur une petite superficie et utilise peu de fumure organique. Le groupe (2) sont des producteurs utilisant une grande quantité de semence sur de grande superficie et possède un effectif agricole le plus élevés. Le troisième groupe caractérisé par des producteurs utilisant des mains d’œuvres familiales et salariales. L’analyse de la rentabilité économique à travers la marge nette et du ratio bénéfice /coût, montre que le groupe (2) est plus rentable soit (255 600 FCFA) nettement supérieur à 217 600 FCFA pour le groupe (3). Le groupe (1) est le moins rentable avec une marge nette de (179 400 F CFA), et cela est dû aux dépenses liées à l’utilisation des produits chimiques qui sont les principaux facteurs déterminants des groupes (1) et (3). Les résultats montrent que les producteurs appartenant aux groupes (1) et (3) n’ont pas besoin d’utilisation des produits chimiques pour accroître leurs productions et revenus. Cela indique que l’utilisation des produits chimiques augmente la production du niébé mais diminue la rentabilité de cette culture. Le ratio bénéfice/coût obtenu au niveau de chaque groupe de production est supérieur à 1, ce qui signifie que la production du niébé dans ces conditions est économiquement rentable pour tous les groupes
Modeling Ecological Niches And Sustainable Management Of Piper Guineense In Côte d'Ivoire For Conservation And Domestication
Authors: Anthelme Gnagbo , Djaha Kouamé , Mathieu Egnankou Wadja , Yves Adou Yao Constant
Published: November 2024

Background: Ecosystem degradation due to anthropogenic pressure is a major threat to biodiversity in Côte d'Ivoire. Piper guineense, a medicinal and aromatic plant, is particularly affected by overexploitation in the areas around the Taï and Azagny national parks. This study aims to model the ecological niches conducive to the domestication of P. guineense, to analyze current harvest levels and commercial dynamics. Materials and Method: Data on the presence and exploitation of Piper guineense in Côte d'Ivoire were collected from a literature review. The Maximum Entropy model was used to establish the ecological niche of the species and identify the most influential environmental variables. An ethnobotanical survey was conducted in the localities surrounding the Taï and Azagny national parks. Data on local dynamics around the exploitation of Piper guineense were collected. Results: Piper guineense is mainly present in the dense rainforests of southern Côte d'Ivoire, with a marked dependence on minimum and maximum rainfall. Ecological modeling indicates probable areas of presence in the studied parks, with an AUC of 0.822, demonstrating the robustness of the model. Furthermore, ethnobotanical surveys reveal that 55.79% of harvesters around Taï Park and 47.5% around Azagny Park are non-natives, suggesting a strong economic dependence of these populations on this resource. Reported harvests are more abundant around Taï Park (1968 kg) than Azagny (1274 kg). Conclusion: Domestication of P. guineense is proposed as a viable alternative to meet the growing demand, while reducing pressure on natural ecosystems. Conservation efforts will need to include awareness-raising initiatives, harvest quotas, and the introduction of agroforestry practices for sustainable management of this resource
Conceptual Understanding Of Environmental Assets And The Possible Benefits Arising From It
Authors: Matos Fernanda Gomes Almeida , Miranda José Fernando Bezerra , Marques Cejana Borges
Published: November 2024

Environmental issues have always been highlighted in Brazil and in the world, however, in recent decades the discussions have been narrowing since the demystification focused on natural resources as an infinite and inexhaustible good. From this perspective, environmental accounting focuses its concern on the rational use of such resources, presenting criteria for their rational use as a way to solve or minimize environmental impacts. The present work makes a conceptual approach to environmental assets and seeks to present the possible benefits arising from it. It had the contribution of authors such as Conceição, et, al. (2014), Silva and Rios (2014), Neves (2006), among others. In the course of the work, it is possible to perceive the awakening to the environmental issue from the perception that the environment is not something inexhaustible, thus offering the risk to society in general, starting with the means of production, affecting large, medium and small entrepreneurs, the community as a whole, from the interference in their quality of life
Neurociência Cognitiva E Educação: O Impacto Das Tecnologias Na Aprendizagem
Authors: Filho Francisco Rodrigues De França , Santana Adilson Rodrigues , Araujo Adeildo Mesquita De , Cruz Jesiel De Menezes , Farias Artunho De Araujo
Published: November 2024

Este artigo explora o impacto das tecnologias educacionais fundamentadas na neurociência cognitiva no processo de aprendizagem, através de uma revisão bibliográfica de estudos recentes. Com o aumento do uso de tecnologias digitais no ensino, surge a necessidade de compreender como essas ferramentas podem aprimorar a retenção de informações, engajamento e desenvolvimento cognitivo dos estudantes. Foram analisados diversos estudos de caso que implementaram tecnologias como plataformas de aprendizado adaptativo, jogos digitais, realidade aumentada e tecnologias assistivas, observando-se melhorias significativas em áreas como memória, atenção e motivação. Contudo, o uso dessas ferramentas apresenta desafios, incluindo a necessidade de adaptação ao contexto escolar e a capacitação dos educadores. A pesquisa também ressalta o papel fundamental
Impacto Da Atividade Física No Tratamento De Depressão E Ansiedade: Um Estudo Sobre A Regulação Emocional Através Do Exercício
Authors: Taborda Douglas Dos Santos , Tonello Laís , Miranda Eduardo Fernandes De , Ataides Wedna Lima De , Anjos Elivaldo Francisco Dos , Olivoto Robson Ruiz
Published: November 2024

O presente artigo examina o impacto da atividade física no tratamento de transtornos emocionais, com foco em depressão e ansiedade, e explora o exercício como regulador emocional. Diante do aumento global de transtornos mentais, a busca por alternativas complementares aos métodos convencionais é cada vez mais relevante. Estudos sugerem que a prática regular de exercícios físicos pode ser eficaz na redução de sintomas depressivos e ansiosos, promovendo uma melhora significativa no bem-estar psicológico. O exercício físico, ao estimular a liberação de neurotransmissores como endorfinas e serotonina, proporciona sensação de bem-estar e melhora do humor, atuando como um coadjuvante no tratamento de transtornos emocionais. Este estudo adota uma metodologia mista, que inclui revisão sistemática de literatura, meta-análise e entrevistas qualitativas com pacientes e profissionais de saúde. A abordagem mista permite uma compreensão aprofundada dos efeitos da atividade física na saúde mental, tanto quantitativamente, com a redução dos sintomas, quanto qualitativamente, explorando as percepções e experiências dos participantes. A revisão de literatura abrangeu estudos empíricos e experimentos clínicos que investigaram a eficácia de diferentes tipos de exercício, como atividades aeróbicas e ioga, no alívio de sintomas de depressão e ansiedade. Os resultados quantitativos da meta-análise indicaram uma redução significativa nos sintomas em pacientes que praticam exercícios regularmente, com uma média de 35% de diminuição nos níveis de ansiedade e 40% nos sintomas depressivos. Esses dados reforçam a atividade física como uma intervenção eficaz e acessível para transtornos emocionais. Os dados qualitativos, obtidos por entrevistas, revelaram melhorias na autoconfiança, na percepção de controle sobre a saúde e no bem-estar emocional. Pacientes relataram que o exercício alivia sintomas imediatos e proporciona uma sensação de conquista e autoestima, aspectos fundamentais para enfrentar desafios emocionais. Profissionais de saúde indicaram que o exercício é especialmente benéfico para pacientes com dificuldades em tratamentos farmacológicos, oferecendo uma abordagem mais holística. Conclui-se que a atividade física é uma ferramenta valiosa para a regulação emocional, proporcionando uma intervenção econômica e eficaz para a saúde mental. Ao promover benefícios físicos e psicológicos, o exercício contribui para uma abordagem integrada de cuidado com a saúde mental, sendo recomendado para compor programas de tratamento de depressão e ansiedade em práticas clínicas e políticas públicas
Internal Audit Function And Financial Accountability Of Laikipia County Government, Kenya: Application Of Internal Audit Independence
Authors: Maina Susan Mumbi , Musau Dr. Salome
Published: November 2024

The public sector has experienced a growing demand for accountability and the need to optimize value within the constraints of limited resources. This research sought to assess the effect of internal audit function on financial accountability in the county government of Laikipia, Kenya. The specific objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of independence of the Internal Audit function on financial accountability of Laikipia County Government. The study targeted 105 employees working in the finance and economic planning department. Out of these, a sample of 51 employees were chosen and 48 questionnaires were duly filled and qualified for analysis. Data was gathered, sorted, coded, and entered on SPSS for analysis. Descriptive statistical analysis was applied to provide a summary of the data using mean as well as standard deviation metrics. Correlation and multiple regression analysis were employed to explore relationships and provide insights into the variables. The outcomes were presented using tables and charts. The questionnaire was found to be reliable, and the data was normally distributed and homogeneous, with no intercorrelation between the variables under study. The model adopted in the study was confirmed significant using ANOVA. Independence of the audit function was found to be a positive and significant predictor of financial accountability. The study recommended that policymakers should: enhance the independence of the audit function in Laikipia County Government by structurally separating the internal audit section from the Finance and Economic Planning department to strengthen its oversight capacity; implement measures to manage conflicts of interest, minimize management interference, and ensure adherence to auditing standards. To enhance effective financial accountability in the public sector, future research should examine factors influencing internal audit effectiveness
O Espaço Rural De Timon (MA): Uma Análise De Suas Características A Partir Do Extrativismo E Escoamento Do Coco Babaçu (Attalea Speciosa Ssp)
Authors: Oliveira Bruno Américo Mezenga De , Menezes Domingos Albano Matos De , Machado Herus Orsano , Nascimento Anderson Lopes , Rezende Anna Eduarda Amorim Azevedo
Published: November 2024

Antecedentes: O presente estudo objetivou compreender as características da zona rural de Timon e, especificamente, analisar a produção do coco babaçu entre o período de 2018 a 2020, destacando sua importância econômica e logística na cadeia produtiva, bem como investigar a relevância dessa prática para as comunidades locais. A justificativa da pesquisa está na relevância do mapeamento das características da zona rural de Timon para subsidiar o planejamento de políticas públicas que visem fortalecer a economia local e para a disseminação de resultados científicos que possam ser aplicados a regiões com características semelhantes. Metodologia: Para a persecução dos objetivos, optou-se como caminho metodológico a pesquisa exploratória, e quanto aos procedimentos, pesquisa de campo; também foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico em repositórios; a abordagem de campo incluiu visitas técnicas a quatro comunidades da zona rural, selecionadas com o apoio do Sindicato dos Trabalhadores Rurais de Timon: Comunidade Zumbi, Povoado Bambus, Povoado Cupins e Povoado Inhumas. Resultados: Os resultados obtidos podem subsidiar a formulação de estratégias de desenvolvimento sustentável e políticas públicas que incentivem e fortaleçam essa cadeia produtiva tradicional. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a pesquisa contribui para a compreensão das dinâmicas da zona rural de Timon, destacando a importância do extrativismo do coco babaçu tanto para a subsistência das comunidades quanto para a economia regional.
Uma Análise de Viabilidade para Diversificação do Portfólio de Serviços da Empresa Júnior Lignum Ambiental JR
Authors: Mendonça Mariana Nunes , Sales Diego da Silva , Sales Camila Mendonça Romero , Vidigal Juliana Goncalves , Palma Manuel Antonio Molina
Published: November 2024

Este trabalho realizou uma comparação dos serviços ofertados pelas empresas juniores (EJs) da área ambiental dos estados do Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo e Espírito Santo com os serviços oferecidos pela Lignum Ambiental Jr, empresa júnior do Instituto Federal Fluminense Campus Campos Guarus (IFF Guarus), com o objetivo de propor uma diversificação do portifólio dessa empresa. As EJs analisadas são federadas pela RioJunior/RJ, Juniores/ES e FEJESP/SP. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, documental, de opinião com abordagem quantitativa. Na análise dos serviços ofertados pelas EJs, foram considerados apenas aqueles presentes em duas ou três federações. Após análise dos serviços e da pesquisa de opinião realizada com os docentes do núcleo profissionalizante do curso de Engenharia Ambiental do IFF Guarus, constatou-se que os serviços com maior potencial de diversificação para o portifólio da Lignum incluem captação e reuso de água, recuperação de áreas degradadas, recuperação de nascentes, energia solar, geoprocessamento e tratamento de efluentes. Por fim, destaca-se que, caso a Lignum opte por incluir esses serviços em seu portifólio, haverá um aumento de até 60% nos tipos de serviços oferecidos, o que pode atrair novos clientes e fortalecer a posição da empresa no mercado
Letramento Digital Na Educação: Perspectivas Para A Inclusão E Processo Pedagógico De Jovens E Adultos
Authors: Nascimento Francisco Junio Do , Gomes Giovana Calcagno , Silva Vanessa Machado Da , Batista Wagner Roberto , Gomes Priscila Mirele Lins
Published: November 2024

A pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar o letramento digital na educação de jovens e adultos, explorando as perspectivas dos professores sobre o uso das tecnologias no processo de ensino e aprendizagem. Adotou-se uma abordagem qualitativa e exploratória, com a aplicação de entrevistas em profundidade com quinze professores de uma escola pública brasileira. Os resultados revelaram que, embora a infraestrutura tecnológica da escola seja básica, o uso das ferramentas digitais é limitado, principalmente devido à falta de capacitação dos docentes e à escassez de recursos adequados, como computadores e acesso à internet de qualidade. Apesar disso, os professores reconhecem o impacto positivo das tecnologias na motivação dos alunos e no processo de aprendizagem, especialmente quando as ferramentas digitais são utilizadas de forma complementar aos métodos tradicionais de ensino. No entanto, o acesso desigual às tecnologias entre os alunos, especialmente devido a questões socioeconômicas, foi identificado como um dos maiores desafios para a inclusão digital. A pesquisa conclui que, para promover um letramento digital efetivo, é essencial que haja investimentos em formação contínua para os professores, melhorias na infraestrutura tecnológica e políticas públicas que garantam o acesso universal às ferramentas digitais. Apenas com essas medidas, será possível superar as barreiras estruturais e garantir uma educação mais inclusiva e eficaz no contexto digital
Nível Do Disclosure Dos Ativos Biológicos: Uma Análise Das Empresas Do Agronegócio Listadas Na B3
Authors: Xeres Gabrielle Silva , Aranha José Aparecido Moura , Neves Leonardo De Lima
Published: November 2024

O presente trabalho objetiva avaliar e classificar o nível de evidenciação na divulgação de ativos biológicos conforme requeridos pelos Pronunciamentos Técnicos CPC 29 e 46. Sendo assim, para realizar a pesquisa foram selecionadas as empresas do agronegócio inseridas na B3 dos segmentos de Agricultura, Açúcar e Álcool, Carnes e Derivados, Madeira, Papel e Celulose e Embalagens que possuem ativos biológicos em suas notas explicativas no ano de 2023. Desta forma, a metodologia utilizada foi definida como qualitativa, descritiva, documental e bibliográfico, e foi conduzida por meio da análise da Escala de Likert com até três pesos de verificação. Com isso, os resultados encontrados apontaram que as empresas não divulgam, em sua totalidade, as informações em conformidade com o estabelecido pelas normas, além de uma falha no que diz respeito a mensuração do valor justo dos ativos biológicos. Em suma, este estudo contribuiu para verificar o comprometimento que as companhias têm com as normas e o impacto que o descumprimento das mesmas têm sobre os relatórios contábeis.
Physical, Chemical And Bacteriological Indicators Of Well Water Around A Necropolis Located In The Urban Area Of The Municipality Of Paraíso Do Tocantins
Authors: Viroli Sérgio Luis Melo , Viroli Sérgio Guimarães , Junior Manoel Fonseca Dos Santos , Bittar Paulo Abdala
Published: November 2024

During the months of September 2023 to July 2024, groundwater samples were collected at 10 sampling sites, distributed in the Sector Oeste neighborhood, in the city of Paraíso do Tocantins, state of Tocantins, with the aim of assessing the quality of groundwater captured in tube wells potentially used for human consumption. For all the groundwater samples, the physicochemical parameters ammonia, chloride, apparent color, hardness, nitrate, nitrite, pH, turbidity and microbiological total and thermotolerant coliforms were analyzed. Based on these results and in order to better understand the physicochemical behavior of these waters, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to carry out a more complete evaluation of the original data. The physicochemical and microbiological parameters assessed in the groundwater collected showed that 90% of the wells had pH values below those recommended in Ordinance GM/MS No. 888/2021 and the presence of total and thermotolerant coliforms in all the water samples from the wells analyzed, which is in disagreement with the legislation. In addition, the PCA explained 49.84% of the total variance of the data, making it possible to assess the degree of similarity between the samples. It is important to have more reliable monitoring and assessment of groundwater in cemetery areas and prior knowledge of the chemical composition of this water, as this is the only way to assess whether any parameter is altered, even if its concentration is equal to or lower than that considered naturally occurring by current legislation.
Mental Health Status Of Nursing Professionals Working In The Surgical Center
Authors: Pereira Camila Miranda , Damasceno Rafael Teodoro Dos Santos , Almeida Augusto César Alencar De , Feio Ana Paula Silva , Neves Keitty Anne Silva
Published: November 2024

Background: In Brazil, nursing professionals, including Nurses, Nursing Technicians, and Nursing Assistants, represent the majority of healthcare workers. As of April 2024, there are over 2 million nursing professionals registered in the country. These workers face increasing stress levels, with mental disorders related to work activities now accounting for 30% of global mental health issues. Nursing professionals in surgical centers provide critical psychological support to patients, offering comfort, stress relief, and care throughout the surgical process. This proposal aims to conduct a literature review to assess the mental health of nurses working in surgical blocks. Materials and Methods: This research is a Systematic Literature Review focused on the mental health of nursing professionals in the surgical block, analyzing studies from the past five years. Searches were conducted in databases like LILACS, MEDLINE, and Scopus, using specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Articles were selected based on relevance, and data from these studies were extracted and critically evaluated. Results: This study reviewed seven articles on mental health issues among nurses in surgical centers, identifying stressors like work overload, lack of resources, and emotional strain. Key factors include poor work environment, long shifts, and insufficient support. Findings emphasize the need for better staffing, improved management, and emotional support to reduce burnout. The research advocates for structural interventions to improve nurses' well-being and patient safety. Conclusion: Stress and mental illness among nurses in surgical centers are influenced by organizational factors and workload. The review highlights the urgent need for interventions to improve their mental health and hospital efficiency
Gratuité De L’enseignement De Base : Causes Et Conséquences Du Manque A Gagner Dans L’augmentation Des Effectifs Scolaires Dans La Province Educationnelle Ituri 3 En Territoire De
Authors: . Mahagi
Published: November 2024

Pour faire face aux nouvelles données du monde contemporain, il faut promouvoir toutes les possibilités en matière de réflexion sur l’éducation. Les gestionnaires scolaires, les parents, les enseignants et les acteurs sociaux doivent pouvoir travailler dans une franche collaboration sur des questions telles que l’accès massif et gratuit des enfants à l’enseignement de base. Cette étude vise à démontrer les causes et conséquences de l’augmentation légère des effectifs scolaires des élèves dans plusieurs écoles dans la Province éducationnelle Ituri 3 malgré la mise en application de la gratuité de l’enseignement de base. La question principale sur laquelle est axée sa problématique est celle de savoir : étant à la cinquième année d’expérience de la gratuité, quelles sont les causes de la moindre augmentation d’effectif des élèves enregistrée au sein des écoles primaires dans la province éducationnelle Ituri et quelles en sont les conséquences sur l’avenir de la jeunesse ? La population ciblée de cette d’étude est composée des directeurs, d’autres gestionnaires du secteur éducatif et des enseignants de la place. Le recours à l’analyse du contenu a permis d’interpréter les informations recueillies. Les résultats auxquels nous avons abouti révèlent que nombreuses causes sont l’origine de la moindre augmentation d’effectif des élèves enregistrée dans la Province de l’ÉDU-NC Ituri 3. Il s’agit entre autres de l’analphabétisme des parents, de la débrouillardise (deal) et l’autoprise en charge dans lesquels se lancent les enfants en âge scolaire, la nuisance sonore, l’école buissonnière, l’accompagnement familial insuffisant, les atrocités vécues dans la contrée, le mariage précoce etc. Bref, tous ces faits ci-haut cités engendrent des conséquences sociales néfastes telles que : abandon, déperdition et décrochage scolaire avec corolaire directe incitation à l’incivisme social, la consommation des drogues etc.
"Does Small-Scale Mining Contribute To The Economies Of Developing Countries?" The Case Of Ghana
Authors: Dawudu Hassana Yunana
Published: November 2024

The impact of small-scale mining in the economic growth and development of many mineral rich countries cannot be over emphasized. However, this has not received the desired attention and focuses over time as most host governments tend to focus more on the large-scale mining companies thereby, neglecting the salient role and contribution of Small-scale miners. This paper focuses on small-scale mining with particular reference to the Ghanaian mining sector which is largely driven by gold and diamonds. Small-scale mining in Ghana has immensely contributed to the GDP of the Ghanaian economy by creating jobs, alleviating poverty and earning foreign exchange revenue for the government. This paper evaluates whether or not small-scale mining contributes to the economy of Ghana.
Epileptic Seizure Detection using an Advanced Deep Learning Model Applied to Epileptic EEG Signals: A Survey and Analysis
Authors: Santhalakshmi S. N. , Nirmaladevi Dr. P.
Published: November 2024

The chronic neurological disorder known as epilepsy is characterized by frequent, unprovoked seizures that impacts millions of people globally. In order to effectively treatment and management epilepsy, early and accurate diagnosis is essential. Automated detection and categorization of epilepsy using Electroencephalogram (EEG) signals has been made possible by Deep Learning (DL) models. Several DL models, such as Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, and hybrid models, have been used for epilepsy detection. The research also evaluates and contrasts the models according to their structures, data processing methods, and performance indicators like specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy. Furthermore, the survey delves into the pros and cons of each method, highlighting the potential for future improvements in terms of model interpretability and real-time application
3D‐Printed Sugar‐Based Stents Facilitating Vascular Anastomosis
Authors: Farzin Ali , Miri Amir K. , Sharifi Fatemeh , Faramarzi Negar , Jaberi Arian , Mostafavi Azadeh , Solorzano Ricky , Zhang Yu Shrike , Annabi Nasim , Khademhosseini Ali , Tamayol Ali
Published: October 2018

Microvascular anastomosis is a common part of many reconstructive and transplant surgical procedures. While venous anastomosis can be achieved using microvascular anastomotic coupling devices, surgical suturing is the main method for arterial anastomosis. Suture‐based microanastomosis is time‐consuming and challenging. Here, dissolvable sugar‐based stents are fabricated as an assistive tool for facilitating surgical anastomosis. The nonbrittle sugar‐based stent holds the vessels together during the procedure and are dissolved upon the restoration of the blood flow. The incorporation of sodium citrate minimizes the chance of thrombosis. The dissolution rate and the mechanical properties of the sugar‐based stent can be tailored between 4 and 8 min. To enable the fabrication of stents with desirable geometries and dimensions, 3D printing is utilized to fabricate the stents. The effectiveness of the printed sugar‐based stent is assessed ex vivo. The fabrication procedure is fast and can be performed in the operating room.
Immobilization of Water Drops on Hydrophobic Surfaces by Contact Line Pinning at Nonlithographically Generated Polymer Microfiber Rings
Authors: Hou Peilong , Steinhart Martin
Published: October 2018

Water drops used as reaction compartments are commonly immobilized on hydrophilic areas bordered by hydrophobic areas. For many applications, such as the trapping of nonadherent cells, it is desirable to exploit the inertness and the antifouling behavior of hydrophobic surfaces as well as their repulsive behavior toward adsorbates in lab‐on‐chip configurations. However, the immobilization of water drops on hydrophobic surfaces has remained challenging. A nonlithographic approach is reported to arrest water drops on hydrophobically modified macroporous silicon (mSi) with perfluorinated surface. Contact line pinning at rings of polystyrene‐block‐poly(2‐vinylpyridine) (PS‐b‐P2VP) fibers protruding from the mSi macropores immobilizes water drops when the hydrophobically modified mSi is moved or tilted and prevents dewetting within the PS‐b‐P2VP fiber rings. Without PS‐b‐P2VP fiber rings, water drops readily roll off. The PS‐b‐P2VP fiber rings are prepared by dropping PS‐b‐P2VP solution onto hydrophobically modified mSi. Selective swelling of the P2VP in the thus‐formed circular PS‐b‐P2VP films with hot ethanol followed by detachment of the latter yields hydrophobically modified mSi exhibiting annular areas, in which ruptured PS‐b‐P2VP fibers protrude from the mSi macropores. For example, PS‐b‐P2VP fiber rings with diameters of 6.5 mm and widths of ≈0.2 mm immobilize water drops with a volume of 50 µL.
Conductive and Catalytic Triple‐Phase Interfaces Enabling Uniform Nucleation in High‐Rate Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Yuan Hong , Peng Hong‐Jie , Li Bo‐Quan , Xie Jin , Kong Long , Zhao Meng , Chen Xiao , Huang Jia‐Qi , Zhang Qiang
Published: October 2018

Rechargeable lithium–sulfur batteries have attracted tremendous scientific attention owing to their superior energy density. However, the sulfur electrochemistry involves multielectron redox reactions and complicated phase transformations, while the final morphology of solid‐phase Li2S precipitates largely dominate the battery's performance. Herein, a triple‐phase interface among electrolyte/CoSe2/G is proposed to afford strong chemisorption, high electrical conductivity, and superb electrocatalysis of polysulfide redox reactions in a working lithium–sulfur battery. The triple‐phase interface effectively enhances the kinetic behaviors of soluble lithium polysulfides and regulates the uniform nucleation and controllable growth of solid Li2S precipitates at large current density. Therefore, the cell with the CoSe2/G functional separator delivers an ultrahigh rate cycle at 6.0 C with an initial capacity of 916 mAh g−1 and a capacity retention of 459 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles, and a stable operation of high sulfur loading electrode (2.69–4.35 mg cm−2). This work opens up a new insight into the energy chemistry at interfaces to rationally regulate the electrochemical redox reactions, and also inspires the exploration of related energy storage and conversion systems based on multielectron redox reactions.
Consequences of multiple flower–insect interactions for subsequent plant–insect interactions and plant reproduction
Authors: Soper Gorden Nicole L. , Adler Lynn S.
Published: October 2018

Premise of the Study

Plants often interact simultaneously with multiple antagonists and mutualists that can alter plant traits at the phenotypic or genetic level, subsequent plant–insect interactions, and reproduction. Although many studies have examined the effects of single floral antagonisms on subsequent pollination and plant reproduction, we know very little about the combined, potentially non‐additive effects of multiple flower–insect interactions.

Methods

We simulated increased florivory, nectar robbing, and pollination on field‐grown Impatiens capensis, which allowed us to determine interactive effects on five subsequent plant–insect interactions and 16 plant traits, including traits related to plant growth, floral attractiveness, floral defenses, and plant reproduction.

Key Results

All three manipulative treatments had significant non‐additive effects on the behavior of subsequent floral visitors, indicating that the effect of floral visitors generally depended on the presence or behavior of others. Pollination increased visitation by both pollinators and nectar larcenists (robbers and thieves), while florivory reduced pollinator and larcenist visits. Surprisingly, supplemental pollination also increased leaf herbivory. Florivores often responded to manipulations in opposite ways than did nectar larcenists and pollinators, suggesting different mechanisms influencing visitors that consume nectar compared to floral tissue. While our treatments did not affect any floral trait measured, they non‐additively impacted plant reproduction, with florivory having a larger overall impact than either nectar robbing or pollination.

Conclusions

These results emphasize the importance of understanding the context in which flower–insect interactions occur because the composition of the interacting community can have large and non‐additive impacts on subsequent insect behavior and plant reproduction.
Precise Polymer Synthesis by Autonomous Self‐Optimizing Flow Reactors
Authors: Rubens Maarten , Vrijsen Jeroen H. , Laun Joachim , Junkers Tanja
Published: October 2018

A novel continuous flow system for automated high‐throughput screening, autonomous optimization, and enhanced process control of polymerizations was developed. The computer‐controlled platform comprises a flow reactor coupled to size exclusion chromatography (SEC). Molecular weight distributions are measured online and used by a machine‐learning algorithm to self‐optimize reactions towards a programmed molecular weight by dynamically varying reaction parameters (i.e. residence time, monomer concentration, and control agent/initiator concentration). The autonomous platform allows targeting of molecular weights in a reproducible manner with unprecedented accuracy (<2.5 % deviation from pre‐selected goal) for both thermal and light‐induced reactions. For the first time, polymers with predefined molecular weights can be custom made under optimal reaction conditions in an automated, high‐throughput flow synthesis approach with outstanding reproducibility.
Non‐Peptidic Cell‐Penetrating Motifs for Mitochondrion‐Specific Cargo Delivery
Authors: Appiah Kubi George , Qian Ziqing , Amiar Souad , Sahni Ashweta , Stahelin Robert V. , Pei Dehua
Published: October 2018

Mitochondrial dysfunction is linked to a variety of human illnesses, but selective delivery of therapeutics into the mitochondrion is challenging. Now a family of amphipathic cell‐penetrating motifs (CPMs) is presented, consisting of four guanidinium groups and one or two aromatic hydrophobic groups (naphthalene) assembled through a central scaffold (a benzene ring). The CPMs and CPM‐cargo conjugates efficiently enter the interior of cultured mammalian cells and are specifically localized into the mitochondrial matrix, as revealed by high‐resolution confocal microscopy. With a membrane‐impermeable peptide as cargo, the CPMs exhibited ≥170‐fold higher delivery efficiency than previous mitochondrial delivery vehicles. Conjugation of a small‐molecule inhibitor of heat shock protein 90 to a CPM resulted in accumulation of the inhibitor inside the mitochondrial matrix with greatly enhanced anticancer activity. The CPMs showed minimal effect on the viability or the mitochondrial membrane potential of mammalian cells.
Synthesis of high molecular weight aromatic polyesters via integrated alternating ring‐opening copolymerization and chain extension methods
Authors: Cheng Shouyun , Rabnawaz Muhammad , Khan Fahad , Khan Burhan
Published: October 2018

Due to their good mechanical properties, high molecular weight polyesters (PEs) are highly desirable for a wide range of applications especially in the packaging industry. However, the synthesis of high molecular weight polymers by energy efficient methods is difficult. In this study, a series of semi‐aromatic PEs were synthesized via the alternating ring‐opening copolymerization (ROCOP) of phthalic anhydride (PA) and cyclohexene oxide (CHO) using a salen chromium(III) complex as a catalyst and 4‐(dimethylamino)pyridine as a cocatalyst. By varying the molar ratios between CHO and PA, PEs of different molecular weights were obtained. Hexamethylene diisocyanate was used as a chain extender that further increased the molecular weights of these PEs. These chain extended aromatic polyesters (PE‐Xs) showed significant improvement in the glass transition temperature (Tg) values. Thus, integration of ROCOP with the chain extension method can be used as an effective strategy to prepare high molecular weight PEs with improved thermal stabilities and enhanced mechanical properties. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47200.
Graphene oxide grafted poly(acrylic acid) synthesized via surface initiated RAFT as a pH‐responsive additive for mixed matrix membrane
Authors: Kochameshki Mahmoud Ghasemi , Mahmoudian Mehdi , Marjani Azam , Farhadi Khalil , Enayati Mojtaba , Mollayousefi Hamed Samadi
Published: October 2018

Incorporation of nanostructured materials into the membrane matrix is a new strategy to improve mechanical and performance properties. Graphene oxide (GO) is one of the advantageous carbon‐based nanomaterials, which recently has been used extensively in this field. However, in the most cases, the surface modification of GO has been considered for the creation of new properties like a response to different stimuli such as temperature, pH, and pressure. In the present study, a well‐defined poly(acrylic acid) was grafted on GO using reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization technique. This modified GO was incorporated into the mixed matrix membrane as a pH‐sensitive additive and its effect on the membrane performance was investigated. The membrane with 5 wt % of modified GO provides better hydrophilicity, flux, antifouling, and rejection properties and so the effect of pH change on the aforementioned characteristic properties was studied for this membrane. It is indicated that modified membrane shows different behaviors in acidic and alkaline conditions. In addition, excellent heavy metal separation was observed among rejection tests, especially for Hg ions. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47213.
Development and characterization of a Persian gum–sodium caseinate biocomposite film accompanied by Zingiber officinale extract
Authors: Khezerlou Arezou , Ehsani Ali , Tabibiazar Mahnaz , Moghaddas Kia Ehsan
Published: October 2018

Nowadays, instead of synthetic polymers, ecofriendly biopolymers are being widely used as packaging materials; this minimizes packaging waste and environmental pollution. In this study, we aimed to characterize edible films based on sodium caseinate (SC) with the simultaneous use of Zingiber officinale extract (ZOE) and Persian gum (PG). The functional, structural, morphological, and physicochemical aspects of manufactured samples were investigated. Response surface methodology was used to optimize the use of PG (0–1%) and ZOE (0–500 ppm) in the production of the edible films. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis was carried out to confirm the SC–PG–ZOE interactions. Statistical analysis revealed that the addition of ZOE led to a significant increase in the tensile strength and elongation at break (EB). However, the addition of PG, regardless of ZOE addition, decreased EB. In addition, the incorporation of ZOE into the biopolymer matrix improved the water resistance, water vapor permeability (WVP), and water solubility (WS), whereas the incorporation of PG reduced the transparency. Our findings indicated that minimum of transparency and EB and minimum of WVP and WS were obtained at 0.6% for PG and 360 ppm for ZOE. Therefore, the results of this study suggest a new biocomposite with desirable characteristics and promising potential for producing edible films. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47215.
Characteristics of Muscle Fiber‐Type Distribution in Moles
Authors: Ichikawa Hiroshi , Matsuo Taiki , Higurashi Yasuo , Nagahisa Hiroshi , Miyata Hirofumi , Sugiura Takao , Wada Naomi
Published: October 2018

Moles are a strictly fossorial Soricomorpha species and possess a suite of specialized adaptations to subterranean life. However, the contractile function of skeletal muscles in moles remains unclear. We compared muscle fiber‐type distribution in two mole species (the large Japanese mole and lesser Japanese mole) with that in four other Soricomorpha species that are semi‐fossorial, terrestrial, or semi‐aquatic (the Japanese shrew‐mole, house shrew, Japanese white‐toothed shrew, and Japanese water shrew). For a single species, the fiber‐type distribution in up to 38 muscles was assessed using immunohistochemical staining and/or gel electrophoresis. We found that slow and fatigue‐resistant Type I fibers were absent in almost all muscles of all species studied. Although, the two methods of determining the fiber type did not give identical results, they both revealed that fast Type IIb fibers were absent in mole muscles. The fiber‐type distribution was similar among different anatomical regions in the moles. This study demonstrated that the skeletal muscles of moles have a homogenous fiber‐type distribution compared with that in Soricomorpha species that are not strictly fossorial. Mole muscles are composed of Type IIa fibers alone or a combination of Type IIa and relatively fast Type IIx fibers. The homogenous fiber‐type distribution in mole muscles may be an adaptation to structurally simple subterranean environments, where there is no need to support body weight with the limbs, or to move at high speeds to pursue prey or to escape from predators. Anat Rec, 302:1010–1023, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Three‐dimensional Visualization Software Assists Learning in Students with Diverse Spatial Intelligence in Medical Education
Authors: Jamil Zehra , Saeed Amna A. , Madhani Sarosh , Baig Safia , Cheema Zahra , Fatima Syeda Sadia
Published: October 2018

This study evaluated effect of mental rotation (MR) training on learning outcomes and explored effectiveness of teaching via three‐dimensional (3D) software among medical students with diverse spatial intelligence. Data from n = 67 student volunteers were included. A preliminary test was conducted to obtain baseline level of MR competency and was utilized to assign participants to two experimental conditions, i.e., trained group (n = 25) and untrained group (n = 42). Data on the effectiveness of training were collected to measure participants’ speed and accuracy in performing various MR activities. Six weeks later, a large class format (LCF) session was conducted for all students using 3D software. The usefulness of technology‐assisted learning at the LCF was evaluated via a pre‐ and post‐test. Students’ feedback regarding MR training and use of 3D software was acquired through questionnaires. MR scores of the trainees improved from 25.9±4.6 points to 28.1±4.4 (P = 0.011) while time taken to complete the tasks reduced from 20.9±3.9 to 12.2±4.4 minutes. Males scored higher than females in all components (P = 0.016). Further, higher pre‐ and post‐test scores were observed in trained (9.0±1.9 and 12.3±1.6) versus untrained group (7.8±1.8; 10.8±1.8). Although mixed‐design analysis of variance suggested significant difference in their test scores (P < 0.001), both groups reported similar trend in improvement by means of 3D software (P = 0.54). Ninety‐seven percent of students reported technology‐assisted learning as an effective means of instruction and found use of 3D software superior to plastic models. Software based on 3D technologies could be adopted as an effective teaching pedagogy to support learning across students with diverse levels of mental rotation abilities.
Bis‐copper(II) Complex of Triply‐linked Corrole Dimer and Its Dication
Authors: Ooi Shota , Tanaka Takayuki , Ikeue Takahisa , Yamasumi Kazuhisa , Ueta Kento , Shimizu Daiki , Ishida Masatoshi , Furuta Hiroyuki , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: October 2018

Copper complexes of corroles have recently been a subject of keen interest due to their ligand non‐innocent character and unique redox properties. Here we investigated bis‐copper complex of a triply‐linked corrole dimer that serves as a pair of divalent metal ligands but can be reduced to a pair of trivalent metal ligands. Reaction of triply‐linked corrole dimer 2 with Cu(acac)2 (acac=acetylacetonate) gave bis‐copper(II) complex 2Cu as a highly planar molecule with a mean‐plane deviation value of 0.020 Å, where the two copper ions were revealed to be divalent by ESR, SQUID, and XPS methods. Oxidation of 2Cu with two equivalents of AgBF4 gave complex 3Cu, which was characterized as a bis‐copper(II) complex of a dicationic triply‐linked corrole dimer not as the corresponding bis‐copper(III) complex. In accord with this assignment, the structural parameters around the copper ions were revealed to be quite similar for 2Cu and 3Cu. Importantly, the magnetic spin–spin interaction differs depending on the redox‐state of the ligand, being weak ferromagnetic in 2Cu and antiferromagnetic in 3Cu.
Stable Inversion Based Precise Tracking for Periodic Systems
Authors: Zhu Qiuguo , Zhang Youling , Xiong Rong
Published: October 2018

Stable inversion based precise tracking for discrete‐time periodically time‐varying square systems is studied. By means of the lifting technique, the time‐varying system is reformulated equivalently to the time‐invariant lifted system that is analyzed for different cases such as the non‐singular case and the singular case. Combining the stable inversion method of these cases with the optimal state transition method for time‐varying systems, precise tracking is achieved from a limited initial time. The tracking performance of the proposed method is validated through simulations.
Fault‐Tolerant Control Based on Augmented State Estimator and PDF
Authors: Li Tao , Dai Zhuxiang , Chen Long , Cheng Yi
Published: October 2018

A new fault‐tolerant control based on augmented state estimator and probability density function (PDF) is proposed for a stochastic distribution system (SDS) with time‐delay and additive fault. First, a system model based on a PDF with the additive fault is constructed by using square‐root rational B‐spline neural networks. Second, an augmented system is obtained by converting the additive fault as an auxiliary state variable. In this framework, a robust augmented state estimator is designed to estimate the original states and the additive fault simultaneously. Then, based on the obtained estimation of fault, a delay‐dependent fault‐tolerant control is designed to compensate the fault. Finally, the numerical simulations show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Considerations from the 2017 IMFAR Preconference on Measuring Meaningful Outcomes from School‐Age to Adulthood
Authors: Bal Vanessa H. , Hendren Robert L. , Charman Tony , Abbeduto Leonard , Kasari Connie , Klinger Laura Grofer , Ence Whitney , Glavin Tara , Lyons Gregory , Rosenberg Erin
Published: October 2018

The autism spectrum disorder (ASD) research community is increasingly considering the importance of measuring outcomes that are meaningful to individuals with ASD and their families. The 2017 IMFAR preconference aimed to gain the perspectives of how to define and measure “meaningful outcomes” from 280 participants, including people with ASD and their families, service providers, and researchers. Six themes were identified: (a) the definition of “outcome” varies by context and perspective; (b) the need to broaden the scope of what researchers measure; (c) the need for new assessment tools; (d) the need to expand data analytic methods; (e) where to focus (with emphasis on considering different developmental stages and aspects of diversity); and (f) a need for community partnerships to bridge research and daily practice. The challenge that the research community now faces is how to move the evidence base for clinical practice forward while keeping alive the divergence of views and considerations that are relevant for thinking about complex outcomes for the highly heterogeneous group of individuals with ASD. This commentary provides recommendations, with an emphasis on lifespan viewpoints that encompass individual strengths and preferences. Autism Research 2018, 11: 1446–1454. © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

The 2017 IMFAR preconference aimed to gain the perspectives of how to define and measure “meaningful outcomes” from a variety of stakeholders. This commentary outlines the six themes identified from keynote and panel presentations and audience‐participated discussions. Recommendations are made to emphasize perspectives that look across the lifespan and encompass individual strengths and preferences.