bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The essential oil composition of Artemisia jacutica Drob. from the flora of Buryatia, Russia
Authors: Dylenova E P , Zhigzhitzhapova S V , Randalova T E , Radnaeva L D
Published: November 2021

This paper represents the results of the GC-MS analysis of the essential oil’s composition of Artemisia jacutica Drob. collected within the Republic of Buryatia in 2015-2020. A. jacutica is an East Siberian endemic plant which has been widely used in folk medicine of Yakutia for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases. 59 compounds were identified in total, which were represented by mono- and sesquiterpenoids. Neryl-2-methylbutanoate, neryl-hexanoate, γ-eudesmol, and chamazulene were constant components of the oil, whereas γ-eudesmol and chamazulene predominated (the content reaches over 40%). Essential oils of A. jacutica collected in different years were characterized by a stable set of dominant constituents, while the content of sesquiterpenoids was over 92%. The samples of the 2018-2020 years of collection had a greater variety of constituents (31-36 compounds): derivatives of nerol, geraniol, 1,8-cineole, seline-4-diene, compared to the 2015-2017 samples.
Microbiological activity in the soils of pingos and thermokarst depressions in the south of the Vitim Plateau (Transbaikalia, Eastern Siberia)
Authors: Chimitdorzhieva E O , Korsunova Ts D-Ts , Chimitdorzhieva G D , Tsybenov Yu B , Garankina V P
Published: November 2021

The intensity of microbiological processes in soils of pingos and thermokarst depressions in the south of the Vitim Plateau was studied. The number of dominant groups of microorganisms (Fungi; Bacteria, and Actinomycetes as a separate group) in Haplic Chernozems (Stagnic, Turbic) and Calcaric Gleyic Phaeozems were identified. Carbon accumulation in microbial biomass in soils of pingos and thermokarst depressions varies considerably in comparison with background soils. Bacterial microflora has been proven to prevail in soils under the study. The maximum indicators of actinomycete and fungal mycelium were found in the soils of thermokarst depressions. Microbiological activity for all studied parameters is higher in Calcaric Gleyic Phaeozems.
Species diversity of phyto- and zooplankton in the water bodies of Kharanorskaya State District Power Plant, Transbaikalia (according to 2019 data)
Authors: Afonina E Yu , Tashlykova N A
Published: November 2021

We described the taxonomic structure of planktonic associations in the water bodies of Kharanor State District Power Plant (cooling pond, water supply, drainage, and water intake channels of Kharanor reservoir located in the arid zone of the south-eastern Transbaikalia in a highly continental climate). Hydrobiological researches were conducted in April, July, and October 2019. We identified 141 algal taxa ranked below the genus, representing the divisions of Cyanobacteria (15 taxa), Bacillariophyta (41), Chrysophyta (10), Cryptophyta (3), Dinophyta (4), Charophyta (8), Chlorophyta (56), and Euglenophyta (4), and 52 zooplankton taxa, including 28 species and subspecies of Rotifera, 15 species of Cladocera, and 9 species of Copepoda. In the cooling reservoir, the plankton community included 135 phytoplankton taxa and 38 zooplankton species; 58 algal taxa and 27 invertebrate species were sampled in the water supply channel, 50 taxa and 26 species were sampled in the drainage channel, and 94 taxa and 24 species were collected from water intake channel respectively. Six diatom species (Stephanodiscus hantzschii, Nitzschia sigmoidea, Fragilaria radians, Asterionella formosa, Ulnaria ulna) and four zooplankton species (rotifers Asplanchna priodonta and crustaceans Daphnia galeata, Bosmina longirostris, Thermocyclops crassus) occurred in all water bodies during the entire study period.
Process optimization for enhanced tribological properties of Al/MWCNT composites produced by powder metallurgy using artificial neural networks
Authors: Turkoglu Turker , Celik Sare
Published: November 2021

In order to eliminate the agglomeration problem of reinforcement in the nanocomposite, a two-step dispersion process was employed. Under ultra-sonication and ball milling, 1 wt% of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were properly dispersed in pure aluminum (Al) (used as the matrix phase). The composite powder mixture was then consolidated in an inert Ar gas atmosphere by hot pressing under certain fabrication parameters. The powder mixture was characterized by Raman Spectroscopy, and it was found that MWCNTs did not cause structural defects in the pre-production process. The microstructural analysis of the sintered composites by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive x-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), revealed that the reinforcement was uniformly distributed in the matrix. Wear test results indicated that the wear resistance of the composites increased with increase of MWCNT reinforcement, and the wear mechanism was determined to be a mixing type by examining the wear traces by SEM. In order to determine the effects of different process parameters on wear loss, a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) based Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was used, and experimental and predicted values were compared. It was noticed that the MLP based ANN model effectively evaluated the wear properties of the Al/MWCNT composites.
Moiré flat bands in twisted 2D hexagonal vdW materials
Authors: Xu Qiaoling , Guo Yuzheng , Xian Lede
Published: November 2021

Moiré superlattices (MSL) in twisted bilayer graphene (TBG) and its derived structures can host exotic correlated quantum phenomena because the narrow moiré flat minibands in those systems effectively enhance the electron-electron interaction. Correlated phenomena are also observed in 2H-transitional metal dichalcogenides MSL. However, the number of moiré systems that have been explored in experiments are still very limited. Here we theoretically investigate a series of two-dimensional (2D) twisted bilayer hexagonal materials beyond TBG at fixed angles of 7.34∘ and 67.34∘ with 22 2D van der Waals layered materials that are commonly studied in experiments. First-principles calculations are employed to systemically study the moiré minibands in these systems. We find that flat bands with narrow bandwidth generally exist in these systems. Some of the systems such as twisted bilayer In2Se3, InSe, GaSe, GaS and PtS2 even host ultra-flat bands with bandwidth less than 20 meV even for such large angles, which makes them especially appealing for further experimental investigations. We further analysis the characters of moiré flat bands and provide guidance for further exploration of 2D MSL that could host strong electron correlations.
Fabrication of GeS-graphene composites for electrode materials in lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Li Chen , Xu Xiaoyun , Song Tingting , Zhu Xinyu , Li Yongtao , Jia Hong , Liu Yu
Published: November 2021

The new electrode materials are critically important for the development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, we report the synthesis of Germanium sulfide -graphene composite (GeS-G) by facile sonication which exhibits the excellent cycling performance for lithium-ion batteries. Under the condition of charge-discharge rate of 50 mA·g−1 and voltage window of 0.005–3 V, the specific capacity of GeS-G is 170 mAh·g−1 after 100 cycles, which is significantly higher than that of pure GeS. The results of the present work imply that the nanostructure of GeS-G is the potential electrode materials for application in high-performance lithium-ion batteries and enrich the gene bank of lithium-ion battery materials.
The microstructure and corrosion resistance of SiC reinforced magnesium matrix composites with laminated gradient structure
Authors: Peng Guigui , Liang Yilong , Li Wei
Published: November 2021

The laminated gradient of the SiC reinforced Mg-MMCs has been report few. In this paper, the laminated gradient structure of Mg-3Al-3Sn + xSiC alloys (x = 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 wt%) were prepared via powder metallurgy and spark plasma sintering method, and the effects of different sintering rate (60 °C min, 70 °C min−1 and 80 °C min−1) on the phase, morphology and corrosion resistance of as-sintered and rolled-state samples with laminated gradient structure are characterized. The results shows that, from the surface to core, the grain size of samples gradually decreased with the contents of SiC addition decreasing. Compared to the as-sintered samples, the micro-hardness of rolled-state reach to 105 HV, and the electrochemical test results shows that corrosion resistance of rolled states samples prepared at 70 °C min−1 increased by 88%, and the corrosion potential (Ecorr) value is −1.3162 VSCE, which is better than other samples; the samples prepared at 60 °C min−1 increased by 36%, and the samples prepared at 80 °C min−1 only decreased by 5%. It provides a new method to prepare the laminated gradient structure of magnesium alloy composites.
Silver mirror reaction metallized chromatography paper for supercapacitor application
Authors: Chen I-Hsuan , Chang Jung-Hsien , Xie Ren-Jie , Tseng Chia-Hui , Hsieh Sheng-Rong , Tsai Jui-Hsuan , Cheng I-Chung , Cheng I-Chun , Chen Chien-Fu , Chen Jian-Zhang
Published: November 2021

In this study, the easy-to-operate silver mirror reaction (SMR) was used for metallizing chromatography paper. The SMR-metallized paper was characterized by water contact angle measurements, a surface profiler, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV–Vis spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and electrical resistance measurement. The characterization results show that Ag was successfully synthesized on cellulose fibers and was electrically conductive after cyclic bending. Moreover, this SMR-metallized paper was used as electrodes for fabricating a supercapacitor. This SMR-metallized paper could be used for realizing cost-effective flexible electronics applied in on-site biochemical sensing in resource-limited settings.
Composability of global phase invariant distance and its application to approximation error management
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Priyanka
Published: November 2021

Many quantum algorithms can be written as a composition of unitaries, some of which can be exactly synthesized by a universal fault-tolerant gate set like Clifford+T, while others can be approximately synthesized. One task of a quantum compiler is to synthesize each approximately synthesizable unitary up to some approximation error, such that the error of the overall unitary remains bounded by a certain amount. In this paper we consider the case when the errors are measured in the global phase invariant distance. Apart from deriving a relation between this distance and the Frobenius norm, we show that this distance composes. If a unitary is written as a composition (product and tensor product) of other unitaries, we derive bounds on the error of the overall unitary as a function of the errors of the composed unitaries. Our bound is better than the sum-of-error bound, derived by Bernstein- Vazirani(1997), for the operator norm. This builds the intuition that working with the global phase invariant distance might give us a lower resource count while synthesizing quantum circuits. Next we consider the following problem. Suppose we are given a decomposition of a unitary, that is, the unitary is expressed as a composition of other unitaries. We want to distribute the errors in each component such that the resource-count (specifically T-count) is optimized. We consider the specific case when the unitary can be decomposed such that the R

z
(θ) gates are the only approximately synthesizable component. We prove analytically that for both the operator norm and global phase invariant distance, the error should be distributed equally among these components (given some approximations). The optimal number of T-gates obtained by using the global phase invariant distance is less than what is obtained using the operator norm. Furthermore, we show that in case of approximate Quantum Fourier Transform, the error obtained by pruning rotation gates is less when measured in this distance, rather than the operator norm.
Theoretical study on the sensitivity of dynamic acoustic force measurement through monomodal and bimodal excitations of rectangular micro-cantilever
Authors: Yilmaz Cagri , Sahin Ramazan , Topal Eyup Sabri
Published: November 2021

We present a detailed analysis on measurement sensitivity of dynamic acoustic forces via numerical simulation of the micro-cantilever responses. The rectangular micro-cantilever is regarded as a point mass in the dynamic model of forced and damped harmonic oscillator. We use single- and bimodal-frequency excitation schemes for actuation of the micro-cantilever in the presence of dynamic acoustic forces. In bimodal-frequency excitation scheme, the micro-cantilever is excited at its first two eigenmode frequencies simultaneously as opposed to single-frequency excitation. First, we numerically obtain micro-cantilever deflections by solving the equations of Motions (EOMs) constructed for the first two eigenmodes. Then, we determine oscillation amplitude and phase shift as a function of acoustic force strength within different frequency regions. Moreover, we relate amplitude and phase shift to virial and energy dissipation in order to explore the interaction between flexural modes in multifrequency excitation. The simulation results point out that bimodal-frequency excitation improves the measurement sensitivity of dynamic acoustic forces at particular frequencies. Herein, simultaneous application of driving forces enables higher sensitivities of observables and energy quantities as acoustic force frequencies become around the eigenmode frequencies. For our case, we obtain the highest phase shift (∼178°) for the acoustic force strength of 100 pN at the frequency of around 307.2 kHz. Therefore, this method can be easily adapted to improve measurement sensitivity of dynamic acoustic forces in a wider frequency window.
Nanoscale neuromorphic networks and criticality: a perspective
Authors: Dunham Christopher S , Lilak Sam , Hochstetter Joel , Loeffler Alon , Zhu Ruomin , Chase Charles , Stieg Adam Z , Kuncic Zdenka , Gimzewski James K
Published: November 2021

Numerous studies suggest critical dynamics may play a role in information processing and task performance in biological systems. However, studying critical dynamics in these systems can be challenging due to many confounding biological variables that limit access to the physical processes underpinning critical dynamics. Here we offer a perspective on the use of abiotic, neuromorphic nanowire networks as a means to investigate critical dynamics in complex adaptive systems. Neuromorphic nanowire networks are composed of metallic nanowires and possess metal-insulator-metal junctions. These networks self-assemble into a highly interconnected, variable-density structure and exhibit nonlinear electrical switching properties and information processing capabilities. We highlight key dynamical characteristics observed in neuromorphic nanowire networks, including persistent fluctuations in conductivity with power law distributions, hysteresis, chaotic attractor dynamics, and avalanche criticality. We posit that neuromorphic nanowire networks can function effectively as tunable abiotic physical systems for studying critical dynamics and leveraging criticality for computation.
The operator system of Toeplitz matrices
Authors: Farenick Douglas
Published: November 2021

A recent paper of A. Connes and W.D. van Suijlekom [Comm. Math. Phys. 383 (2021), pp. 2021–2067] identifies the operator system of

n
×
n

n\times n

Toeplitz matrices with the dual of the space of all trigonometric polynomials of degree less than

n
n

. The present paper examines this identification in somewhat more detail by showing explicitly that the Connes–van Suijlekom isomorphism is a unital complete order isomorphism of operator systems. Applications include two special results in matrix analysis: (i) that every positive linear map of the

n
×
n

n\times n

complex matrices is completely positive when restricted to the operator subsystem of Toeplitz matrices and (ii) that every linear unital isometry of the

n
×
n

n\times n

Toeplitz matrices into the algebra of all

n
×
n

n\times n

complex matrices is a unitary similarity transformation.

An operator systems approach to Toeplitz matrices yields new insights into the positivity of block Toeplitz matrices, which are viewed herein as elements of tensor product spaces of an arbitrary operator system with the operator system of

n
×
n

n\times n

complex Toeplitz matrices. In particular, it is shown that min and max positivity are distinct if the blocks themselves are Toeplitz matrices, and that the maximally entangled Toeplitz matrix

ξ
n

\xi _n

generates an extremal ray in the cone of all continuous

n
×
n

n\times n

Toeplitz-matrix valued functions

f
f

on the unit circle

S
1

S^1

whose Fourier coefficients

f
^

(
k
)

\hat f(k)

vanish for

|

k

|

≥
n

|k|\geq n

. Lastly, it is noted that all positive Toeplitz matrices over nuclear C

∗

^*

-algebras are approximately separable.
On symmetric-conjugate composition methods in the numerical integration of differential equations
Authors: Blanes S. , Casas F. , Chartier P. , Escorihuela-Tomàs A.
Published: November 2021

We analyze composition methods with complex coefficients exhibiting the so-called “symmetry-conjugate” pattern in their distribution. In particular, we study their behavior with respect to preservation of qualitative properties when projected on the real axis and we compare them with the usual left-right palindromic compositions. New schemes within this family up to order 8 are proposed and their efficiency is tested on several examples. Our analysis shows that higher-order schemes are more efficient even when time step sizes are relatively large.
Pharmacotherapy for nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease
Authors: Velagapudi Manasa , Sanley Michael J , Ased Sumaya , Destache Chris , Malesker Mark A
Published: November 2021

Purpose

To provide an updated review of the diagnosis and pharmacotherapy of nontuberculous mycobacteria pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) and summarize guideline recommendations for an interdisciplinary treatment approach.

A systemic approach was taken in which all articles in English in MEDLINE and PubMed were reviewed. The US National Library of Medicine's DailyMed database was used to assess drug package inserts. Analysis of NTM treatment guidelines is summarized in the article with a focus on medications, dosing, interactions, and medication monitoring.

Conclusion

It is critical to manage patients with NTM with a multidisciplinary team approach. Treatment is prolonged and expensive, and the potential for drug toxicity, adverse effects, and drug interactions requires monitoring. Clinical pharmacists play a role in the management of NTM.
Letter to the Editor: on the stability and internal consistency of component-wise sparse mixture regression-based clustering
Authors: Zhang Bo , He Jianghua , Hu Jinxiang , Koestler Devin C , Chalise Prabhakar
Published: November 2021

Understanding the relationship between molecular markers and a phenotype of interest is often obfuscated by patient-level heterogeneity. To address this challenge, Chang et al. recently published a novel method called Component-wise Sparse Mixture Regression (CSMR), a regression-based clustering method that promises to detect heterogeneous relationships between molecular markers and a phenotype of interest under high-dimensional settings. In this Letter to the Editor, we raise awareness to several issues concerning the assessment of CSMR in Chang et al., particularly its assessment in settings where the number of features, P, exceeds the study sample size, N, and advocate for additional metrics/approaches when assessing the performance of regression-based clustering methodologies.
Graph2MDA: a multi-modal variational graph embedding model for predicting microbe–drug associations
Authors: Deng Lei , Huang Yibiao , Liu Xuejun , Liu Hui
Published: November 2021

Motivation

Accumulated clinical studies show that microbes living in humans interact closely with human hosts, and get involved in modulating drug efficacy and drug toxicity. Microbes have become novel targets for the development of antibacterial agents. Therefore, screening of microbe–drug associations can benefit greatly drug research and development. With the increase of microbial genomic and pharmacological datasets, we are greatly motivated to develop an effective computational method to identify new microbe–drug associations.

Results

In this article, we proposed a novel method, Graph2MDA, to predict microbe–drug associations by using variational graph autoencoder (VGAE). We constructed multi-modal attributed graphs based on multiple features of microbes and drugs, such as molecular structures, microbe genetic sequences and function annotations. Taking as input the multi-modal attribute graphs, VGAE was trained to learn the informative and interpretable latent representations of each node and the whole graph, and then a deep neural network classifier was used to predict microbe–drug associations. The hyperparameter analysis and model ablation studies showed the sensitivity and robustness of our model. We evaluated our method on three independent datasets and the experimental results showed that our proposed method outperformed six existing state-of-the-art methods. We also explored the meaning of the learned latent representations of drugs and found that the drugs show obvious clustering patterns that are significantly consistent with drug ATC classification. Moreover, we conducted case studies on two microbes and two drugs and found 75–95% predicted associations have been reported in PubMed literature. Our extensive performance evaluations validated the effectiveness of our proposed method.

Availability and implementation

Source codes and preprocessed data are available at https://github.com/moen-hyb/Graph2MDA.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Bail-out intravascular lithotripsy for severe stent underexpansion during primary angioplasty: a case report
Authors: Ciardetti Niccolò , Ristalli Francesca , Nardi Giulia , Di Mario Carlo
Published: November 2021

Background

Intravascular lithotripsy is safe and effective for the treatment of de novo coronary artery calcifications. Its bail-out use in acute coronary syndrome and for underexpanded stents, although currently off-label, could be the best option when other conventional techniques fail.

Case summary

A patient with an inferior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction underwent a primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Stent underexpansion due to a heavily calcified lesion was refractory to high-pressure balloon dilatations. Complete stent expansion was achieved with intravascular lithotripsy, as evidenced by intravascular ultrasound, and no acute complications occurred.

Discussion

Treatment strategies for stent underexpansion due to coronary artery calcifications are still debated. High-pressure non-compliant balloon dilatations are rarely sufficient to gain a complete stent expansion. Rotational and orbital atherectomy are contraindicated in presence of a thrombus. Given the possible risks of stent damages, intravascular lithotripsy is currently not indicated in acutely deployed stents but could be the best bail-out technique for otherwise undilatable stents due to severely calcified plaques.
Cardiac rehabilitation for patients with heart failure: association with readmission and mortality risk
Authors: Thygesen Lau Caspar , Zinckernagel Line , Dalal Hasnain , Egstrup Kenneth , Glümer Charlotte , Grønbæk Morten , Holmberg Teresa , Køber Lars , la Cour Karen , Nakano Anne , Nielsen Claus Vinther , Sibilitz Kirstine Lærum , Tolstrup Janne Schurmann , Zwisler Ann Dorthe , Taylor Rod S
Published: November 2021

Aims

To examine the temporal trends and factors associated with national cardiac rehabilitation (CR) referral and compare the risk of hospital readmission and mortality in those referred for CR versus no referral.

Methods and results

This cohort study includes all adult patients alive 120 days from incident heart failure (HF) identified by the Danish Heart Failure Registry (n = 33 257) between 2010 and 2018. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the association between CR referral and patient factors and acute all-cause hospital readmission and mortality at 1 year following HF admission. Overall, 46.7% of HF patients were referred to CR, increasing from 31.7% in 2010 to 52.2% in 2018. Several factors were associated with lower odds of CR referral: male sex [odds ratio (OR): 0.85; 95% confidence interval: 0.80–0.89], older age, unemployment, retirement, living alone, non-Danish ethnic origin, low educational level, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV vs. I (OR: 0.75; 0.60–0.95), left ventricular ejection fraction >40%, and comorbidity (stroke, chronic kidney disease, atrial fibrillation/flutter, and diabetes). Myocardial infarction, arthritis, coronary artery bypass grafting, percutaneous coronary intervention, valvular surgery, NYHA class II, and use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors were associated with higher odds of CR referral. CR referral was associated with lower risk of acute all-cause readmission (OR: 0.92; 0.87–0.97) and all-cause mortality (OR: 0.65; 0.58–0.72).

Conclusion

Although increased over time, only one in two HF patients in Denmark were referred to CR in 2018. Strategies are needed to reduce referral disparities, focusing on subgroups of patients at highest risk of non-referral.
Homelessness, Disability and Education in Delphine de Vigan’s Coming-of-Age Narrative No et moi
Authors: Tribout-Joseph Sarah
Published: November 2021

Delphine de Vigan’s No et moi is a coming-of-age narrative which textually re-enacts the marginalization of the homeless No as her voice is appropriated into the first-person narrative of the precocious middle-class thirteen-year-old Lou, who persuades her parents to take No into their home. I argue that the marginalization of issues about social exclusion is systematically reinforced by the school system. Although No et moi features on literature syllabuses for both the baccalauréat in France and A Level in the UK, the text itself highlights a lack of pupil engagement with the school programme and challenges the privileging of abstract knowledge over self-development and engagement with contemporary social issues. I argue that the text makes a contribution to Disability Studies and is representative of Alexandre Gefen’s therapeutic turn in twenty-first-century French literature, whereby empathy and care for others can help us overcome our own disabilities and challenges, in this case what presents as autism.
Can Automated Vehicles Be Useful to Persons Living With Dementia? The Perspectives of Care Partners of People Living With Dementia
Authors: Haghzare Shabnam , Delfi Ghazaleh , Stasiulis Elaine , Mohamud Hodan , Dove Erica , Rapoport Mark J , Naglie Gary , Mihailidis Alex , Campos Jennifer L
Published: November 2021

Background and Objectives

Driving cessation is a complex challenge with significant emotional and health implications for people with dementia, which also affects their family care partners. Automated vehicles (AVs) could potentially be used to delay driving cessation and its adverse consequences for people with dementia and their care partners. Yet, no study to date has investigated whether care partners consider AVs to be potentially useful for people with dementia.

Research Design and Methods

This mixed-methods study assessed the views of 20 former or current family care partners of people with dementia on AV use by people with dementia. Specifically, questionnaires and semistructured interviews were used to examine care partners’ acceptance of AV use by people with dementia and their views about the potential usefulness of AVs for people with dementia.

Results

The results demonstrated that care partners identified possible benefits of AV use by people with dementia such as their anticipated higher social participation. However, care partners also voiced major concerns around AV use by people with dementia and reported significantly lower levels of trust in and perceived safety of AVs if used by the person with dementia in their care compared to themselves. Care partners’ concerns about AV use by people with dementia included concerns around the driving of people with dementia that AVs are not designed to address; concerns that are specific to AVs but are not relevant to the nonautomated driving of people with dementia; and concerns that arise from existing challenges around the nonautomated driving of people with dementia but may be exacerbated by AV use.

Discussion and Implications

Findings from this study can inform future designs of AVs that are more accessible and useful for people with dementia.
Friends in the Profession: Rebel Leaders, International Social Networks, and External Support for Rebellion
Authors: Huang Reyko , Silverman Daniel , Acosta Benjamin
Published: November 2021

What drives foreign state support for rebel organizations? While scholars have examined the geopolitical and organizational factors that fuel foreign support, the role of rebel leaders in this process remains understudied. In this article, we propose that rebel leaders’ personal backgrounds shape their ability to obtain foreign support during conflict. In particular, we argue that rebel leaders with significant prior international experiences—including study abroad, work abroad, military training abroad, and exile—are at an advantage in securing wartime external support for their organizations. These experiences provide opportunities for would-be rebel leaders to interact with a multitude of foreign individuals who may later enter politics or otherwise gain prominence in their respective societies, allowing them to build interpersonal social networks across borders. Such networks offer key points of contact when rebel leaders later seek foreign backing. We test this theory using data from the new Rebel Organization Leaders (ROLE) database, finding robust support for our argument as well as the broader role of rebel leader attributes in explaining external support. Our results underscore the value of incorporating individual leaders and their social networks more squarely into the study of modern war.
[W]hat Lies Beneath: Using Latent Networks to Improve Spatial Predictions
Authors: Dorff Cassy , Gallop Max , Minhas Shahryar
Published: November 2021

Spatial interdependencies commonly drive the spread of violence in civil conflict. To address such interdependence, scholars often use spatial lags to model the diffusion of violence, but this requires an explicit operationalization of the connectivity matrices that represent the spread of conflict. Unfortunately, in many cases, there are multiple competing processes that facilitate the spread of violence making it difficult to identify the true data-generating process. We show how a network-driven methodology can allow us to account for the spread of violence, even in the cases where we cannot directly measure the factors that drive diffusion. To do so, we estimate a latent connectivity matrix that captures a variety of possible diffusion patterns. We use this procedure to study intrastate conflict in eight conflict-prone countries and show how our framework enables substantially better predictive performance than canonical spatial-lag measures. We also investigate the circumstances under which canonical spatial lags suffice and those under which a latent network approach is beneficial.
Risky business: a scoping review for communicating results of predictive models between providers and patients
Authors: Walsh Colin G , McKillop Mollie M , Lee Patricia , Harris Joyce W , Simpson Christopher , Novak Laurie Lovett
Published: November 2021

Objective

Given widespread excitement around predictive analytics and the proliferation of machine learning algorithms that predict outcomes, a key next step is understanding how this information is—or should be—communicated with patients.

Materials and Methods

We conducted a scoping review informed by PRISMA-ScR guidelines to identify current knowledge and gaps in this domain.

Results

Ten studies met inclusion criteria for full text review. The following topics were represented in the studies, some of which involved more than 1 topic: disease prevention (N = 5/10, 50%), treatment decisions (N = 5/10, 50%), medication harms reduction (N = 1/10, 10%), and presentation of cardiovascular risk information (N = 5/10, 50%). A single study included 6- and 12-month clinical outcome metrics.

Discussion

As predictive models are increasingly published, marketed by industry, and implemented, this paucity of relevant research poses important gaps. Published studies identified the importance of (1) identifying the most effective source of information for patient communications; (2) contextualizing risk information and associated design elements based on users’ needs and problem areas; and (3) understanding potential impacts on risk factor modification and behavior change dependent on risk presentation.

Conclusion

An opportunity remains for researchers and practitioners to share strategies for effective selection of predictive algorithms for clinical practice, approaches for educating clinicians and patients in effectively using predictive data, and new approaches for framing patient-provider communication in the era of artificial intelligence.
Varied diets: implications for lamb performance, rumen characteristics, total antioxidant status, and welfare
Authors: Garrett Konagh , Beck Matthew R , Marshall Cameron J , Maxwell Thomas M R , Logan Chris M , Greer Andrew W , Gregorini Pablo
Published: November 2021

Intensive pastoral systems have moved away from diverse and varied diets towards overly simple monotonous diets. Feed choice through time is an obsolete way of providing forage to animals, as intensive management schemes generally allocate a single herbage or a dyad mixed sward. Monotonous feeding regimes impose nutritional repetition, which may impair animal performance and welfare. The objective of this experiment was to determine the impact of a diverse diet [DIV; free choice from perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) at all times], a varied diet [VAR; choice from ryegrass and plantain in the AM (0700–1600 h), and chicory and alfalfa in PM (1600–0700 h)], and a single forage diet of alfalfa [SFA; alfalfa at all times], on DMI, performance, and welfare of lambs. Six-month-old Coopworth ram lambs (n = 21) were offered their respective fresh-forage treatment (n = 7) diet indoors for 20 d. The DIV lambs consumed 1.64 ± 0.03 kg DM/d (mean ± SEm), which was 6% more (P < 0.05; 1.54 ± 0.03 kg DM/d) than the SFA and were not different (P > 0.05; 1.59 ± 0.03 kg DM/d) to the VAR lambs. Average daily gain (ADG) of DIV (296 g/d) and VAR (378 g/d) was 30% and 67% greater (P < 0.05) than that in the SFA lambs (227 g/d), respectively. The VAR lambs had 28% greater (P < 0.05) ADG than the DIV lambs. Differences among treatments were detected (P < 0.05) for the proportion of the day spent conducting the following behaviors: eating, ruminating, idling, lying, and standing. In addition, the number of bouts of stereotypic behaviors recorded from the SFA lambs (13.2 ± 2.2) was 150% greater (P < 0.05) than the DIV (5.1 ± 1.0) and VAR (5.5 ± 1.0) lambs. Our results suggest that the varied diet offered can improve animal performance and welfare compared to a monotonous SFA diet. Feeding management to provide a varied diet can improve performance relative to giving lambs free choice from taxonomically diverse forage options. Moreover, performance is affected by more than the primary chemical composition of the diet consumed, but how the diet is presented through time and the herbage species and quantities of each that are consumed to reach that chemical composition.
Pre-Colonial Religious Institutions and Development: Evidence through a Military Coup
Authors: Malik Adeel , Mirza Rinchan Ali
Published: November 2021

This paper offers a novel illustration of the political economy of religion by examining the impact of religious elites on development. We compile a unique database on holy Muslim shrines across Pakistani Punjab and construct a historical panel of literacy spanning over a century (1901–2011). Using the 1977 military takeover as a universal shock that gave control over public goods to politicians, our difference-in-differences analysis shows that areas with a greater concentration of shrines experienced a substantially retarded growth in literacy after the coup. Our results suggest that the increase in average literacy rate would have been higher by 13% in the post-coup period in the absence of shrine influence. We directly address the selection concern that shrines might be situated in areas predisposed to lower literacy expansion. Finally, we argue that the coup devolved control over public goods to local politicians, and shrine elites, being more averse to education since it undermines their power, suppressed its expansion in shrine-dense areas.
Real-time evaluation of glioblastoma growth in patient-specific zebrafish xenografts
Authors: Almstedt Elin , Rosén Emil , Gloger Marleen , Stockgard Rebecka , Hekmati Neda , Koltowska Katarzyna , Krona Cecilia , Nelander Sven
Published: November 2021

Background

Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of glioblastoma (GBM) are a central tool for neuro-oncology research and drug development, enabling the detection of patient-specific differences in growth, and in vivo drug response. However, existing PDX models are not well suited for large-scale or automated studies. Thus, here, we investigate if a fast zebrafish-based PDX model, supported by longitudinal, AI-driven image analysis, can recapitulate key aspects of glioblastoma growth and enable case-comparative drug testing.

Methods

We engrafted 11 GFP-tagged patient-derived GBM IDH wild-type cell cultures (PDCs) into 1-day-old zebrafish embryos, and monitored fish with 96-well live microscopy and convolutional neural network analysis. Using light-sheet imaging of whole embryos, we analyzed further the invasive growth of tumor cells.

Results

Our pipeline enables automatic and robust longitudinal observation of tumor growth and survival of individual fish. The 11 PDCs expressed growth, invasion and survival heterogeneity, and tumor initiation correlated strongly with matched mouse PDX counterparts (Spearman R = 0.89, p < 0.001). Three PDCs showed a high degree of association between grafted tumor cells and host blood vessels, suggesting a perivascular invasion phenotype. In vivo evaluation of the drug marizomib, currently in clinical trials for GBM, showed an effect on fish survival corresponding to PDC in vitro and in vivo marizomib sensitivity.

Conclusions

Zebrafish xenografts of GBM, monitored by AI methods in an automated process, present a scalable alternative to mouse xenograft models for the study of glioblastoma tumor initiation, growth, and invasion, applicable to patient-specific drug evaluation.
Introduction
Authors: Schaefer Sarah C.
Published: November 2021

This chapter introduces Gustave Doré’s biblical imagery with a brief analysis of several works, an overview of the conceptual parameters of the book (focusing on the role of the Bible in modern visual culture), a biographical and historiographical examination of Doré’s life and work, and an outline of the book’s chapters. It begins with an examination of Doré’s biblical imagery through several reproductions of his work in Milwaukee, Wisconsin—an illustrated Bible, a stained-glass window, an oil painting, and a paint-by-number—in order to demonstrate the various economic and cultural lenses through which this imagery has been recuperated. The relative lack of biblical imagery in existing narratives of modern art is introduced here, and is a subject that will be explored further in subsequent chapters.
The Good News
Authors: Schaefer Sarah C.
Published: November 2021

Chapter 2 examines the Doré Bible illustrations through the lens of the illustrated periodical press. Having begun his career as a newspaper illustrator, Doré approached the Bible with the same aim toward comprehensiveness and compositional variety that one finds in the illustrated press of the time. At the same time, Doré’s images are rooted in the history of biblical representation and are thus dialectically situated in the discourses of contemporaneity and tradition. This chapter also takes into account the role that wood engraving played in the realm of illustration and in Doré’s practice specifically. Used primarily for book and periodical illustration, wood engraving became the most ubiquitous printed form in nineteenth-century Europe. Doré’s aim to elevate the medium to a higher status resulted in a set of illustrations that simultaneously derive from the visual language of journalistic imagery and depart from it in significant ways.
Nomination
Authors: Müller Ralf , Drouin Nathalie , Sankaran Shankar
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses how teams are nominated in projects. As teams are also used in organizations, the chapter points out the differences between the characteristics of teams in organizations and those in projects. Projects use different types of teams at different times; the types of teams used in projects and the sequence in which they are acquired are explained. The selection of appropriate team members is critical to the success of projects. Hence, the processes used in selecting them in practice are described. However, project managers may find it difficult to recruit the team members they need as they lack authority over resources in organizations. To overcome this, project managers should understand the role that influence plays in organizations and how influence can be used to secure resources for projects. A research study is summarized that illustrates some influence tactics that project managers use in practice in nominating team members to their projects.
Balanced Leadership Case Study
Authors: Müller Ralf , Drouin Nathalie , Sankaran Shankar
Published: November 2021

This case study discusses the application of balanced leadership in Transport for New South Wales in Australia (Transport). It reports on three aspects of balanced leadership in Transport: how decisions are made regarding projects and programs; how leadership shifts between the vertical leader (project or program manager) and horizontal leader (subject matter experts in teams); and elements of socio-cognitive space that support the transition between vertical and horizontal leadership. The predominant methodology used to deliver programs in Transport was found to be agile, and all the programs delivered from the unit where the interviewees were located were aimed at supporting the creation of value from big data. The unit managing programs in this organization was not fully involved in implementing projects in the programs, creating an additional level of leadership where some tasks were also undertaken by project team members in a vendor’s organization.
The Way Ahead
Authors: Müller Ralf , Drouin Nathalie , Sankaran Shankar
Published: November 2021

This short chapter puts the book’s theme in the context of contemporary thinking, which perceives leadership as a shared experience among members of a community. It then anticipates and discusses some of the critiques that might come up while reading this volume, including the development of leaders in identifying situations for and training the use of balanced leadership. Subsequently, the chapter addresses some recent research results that show the pros and cons of balanced leadership in different situations, such as football teams and social media departments. That charts the path forward for future studies. Finally the chapter suggests dialogue and experience exchanges among the different leadership roles discussed in this volume to build a balanced leadership culture for the benefit of the individuals and the organization.
In a Split Second
Authors: Rubin Eileen
Published: November 2021

This chapter details the story of a critical illness survivor and highlights aspects of the patient’s experience during an intensive care unit admission. The former patient’s story is provided to add context and perspective while highlighting the psychological and rehabilitative aspects of critical illness.
Critical Care, Psychology, and Rehabilitation
Authors: Stucky Kirk J.
Published: November 2021

This chapter discusses the integration of psychological and rehabilitative interventions into critical care practice and indicates how it can have a positive impact on desired outcomes, both short and long term. While there is a specific focus on postintensive care syndrome, the author also outlines overlapping issues relevant to caring for those with critical injuries and physical trauma. The chapter reviews barriers to developing truly interdisciplinary teams and how to address factors that interfere with the coordination of care. The importance of psychology and rehabilitation involvement across the critical care continuum is emphasized while also providing a summary of the literature supporting the efficacy of rehabilitation on and after the intensive care admission.
The Psychologist’s Role in Pain Management in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Hayhurst Christina J. , Nordness Mina
Published: November 2021

This chapter reviews the psychologist’s role in pain management in critical care settings. Assessment and intervention strategies are discussed while also highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration. The authors describe how undertreated or unrecognized pain can lead to acute alterations in physiology and psychological stress that can worsen short- and long-term outcomes. Research is reviewed that emphasizes psychosocial factors that influence pain and suggests that a greater role is emerging in the critical care setting for psychologists. The chapter also explores the prevalence, causes, and consequences of pain in the intensive care unit, discussing not only possible pharmacologic treatment strategies but also opportunities for improved assessment and psychological treatment strategies. Areas of interest for future research are also addressed.
Burning Matters
Authors: Little Peter C.
Published: November 2021

This book explores the complex cultural, economic, and environmental health politics of electronic waste (e-waste) in Ghana. Global trade in e-waste has led to various global e-waste management challenges, and many regions of the Global South, like Ghana, have suffered the consequences. Based on ethnographic research, the book exposes the lived experience of Ghana’s e-waste workers as they navigate the health, social, and economic challenges of e-waste labor, especially e-waste workers burning electrical wires to extract copper, a valuable and ubiquitous tech metal. With a particular focus on e-waste workers working in an urban scrap metal market known as Agbogbloshie, the book examines the ways in which this labor practice has raised concerns about toxic exposures and urban environmental contamination and has drawn the attention of international organizations seeking to find “green” solutions to severe environmental and health risks posed by e-waste burning. Addressing the practices and risks of e-waste burning and the politics and optimism of environmental health interventions, the book explores the theoretical import of the “pyropolitical ecology of e-waste,” an approach developed to augment and synthesize the emerging anthropology and political ecology of e-waste ruination, environmental justice, and uncertainty in the Global South.