bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-efficiency microwave-optical quantum transduction based on a cavity electro-optic superconducting system with long coherence time
Authors: Wang Changqing , Gonin Ivan , Grassellino Anna , Kazakov Sergey , Romanenko Alexander , Yakovlev Vyacheslav P. , Zorzetti Silvia
Published: December 2022

Frequency conversion between microwave and optical photons is a key enabling technology to create links between superconducting quantum processors and to realize distributed quantum networks. We propose a microwave-optical transduction platform based on long-coherence time superconducting radio-frequency (SRF) cavities coupled to electro-optic optical cavities to mitigate the loss mechanisms that limit the attainment of high conversion efficiency. We optimize the microwave-optical field overlap and optical coupling losses in the design while achieving long microwave and optical photon lifetime at milli-Kelvin temperatures. This represents a significant enhancement of the transduction efficiency up to 50% under incoming pump power of 140 μW, which allows the conversion of few-photon quantum signals. Furthermore, this scheme exhibits high resolution for optically reading out the dispersive shift induced by a superconducting transmon qubit coupled to the SRF cavity. We also show that low microwave losses enhance the fidelity of heralded entanglement generation between two remote quantum systems. Finally, high precision in quantum sensing can be reached below the standard quantum limit.
ChAdOx1 NiV vaccination protects against lethal Nipah Bangladesh virus infection in African green monkeys
Authors: van Doremalen Neeltje , Avanzato Victoria A. , Goldin Kerry , Feldmann Friederike , Schulz Jonathan E. , Haddock Elaine , Okumura Atsushi , Lovaglio Jamie , Hanley Patrick W. , Cordova Kathleen , Saturday Greg , de Wit Emmie , Lambe Teresa , Gilbert Sarah C. , Munster Vincent J.
Published: December 2022

Nipah virus (NiV) is a highly pathogenic and re-emerging virus, which causes sporadic but severe infections in humans. Currently, no vaccines against NiV have been approved. We previously showed that ChAdOx1 NiV provides full protection against a lethal challenge with NiV Bangladesh (NiV-B) in hamsters. Here, we investigated the efficacy of ChAdOx1 NiV in the lethal African green monkey (AGM) NiV challenge model. AGMs were vaccinated either 4 weeks before challenge (prime vaccination), or 8 and 4 weeks before challenge with ChAdOx1 NiV (prime-boost vaccination). A robust humoral and cellular response was detected starting 14 days post-initial vaccination. Upon challenge, control animals displayed a variety of signs and had to be euthanized between 5 and 7 days post inoculation. In contrast, vaccinated animals showed no signs of disease, and we were unable to detect infectious virus in tissues and all but one swab. No to limited antibodies against fusion protein or nucleoprotein antigen could be detected 42 days post challenge, suggesting that vaccination induced a very robust protective immune response preventing extensive virus replication.
Risk-factor model for postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean delivery: a retrospective study based on 3498 patients
Authors: Gong Jun , Chen Zhi , Zhang Yi , Liu Yi-yun , Pu Jun-cai , Xiong Chun-yan , Gui Si-wen , He Xiao-ling , Wang Hui-lai , Zhong Xiao-gang
Published: December 2022

This study aimed to investigate the risk factors of patients with postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) after cesarean delivery (CD) and to develop a risk-factor model for PPH after CD. Patients were selected from seven affiliated medical institutions of Chongqing Medical University from January 1st, 2015, to January 1st, 2020. Continuous and categorical variables were obtained from the hospital’s electronic medical record systems. Independent risk factors were identified by univariate analysis, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator and logistic regression. Furthermore, logistic, extreme gradient boosting, random forest, classification and regression trees, as well as an artificial neural network, were used to build the risk-factor model. A total of 701 PPH cases after CD and 2797 cases of CD without PPH met the inclusion criteria. Univariate analysis screened 28 differential indices. Multi-variable analysis screened 10 risk factors, including placenta previa, gestational age, prothrombin time, thrombin time, fibrinogen, anemia before delivery, placenta accreta, uterine atony, placental abruption and pregnancy with uterine fibroids. Areas under the curve by random forest for the training and test sets were 0.957 and 0.893, respectively. The F1 scores in the random forest training and test sets were 0.708. In conclusion, the risk factors for PPH after CD were identified, and a relatively stable risk-factor model was built.
Item memorability has no influence on value-based decisions
Authors: Li Xinyue , Bainbridge Wilma A. , Bakkour Akram
Published: December 2022

While making decisions, we often rely on past experiences to guide our choices. However, not all experiences are remembered equally well, and some elements of an experience are more memorable than others. Thus, the intrinsic memorability of past experiences may bias our decisions. Here, we hypothesized that individuals would tend to choose more memorable options than less memorable ones. We investigated the effect of item memorability on choice in two experiments. First, using food images, we found that the same items were consistently remembered, and others consistently forgotten, across participants. However, contrary to our hypothesis, we found that participants did not prefer or choose the more memorable over the less memorable items when choice options were matched for the individuals’ valuation of the items. Second, we replicated these findings in an alternate stimulus domain, using words that described the same food items. These findings suggest that stimulus memorability does not play a significant role in determining choice based on subjective value.
Semi-analytical solution for bottomhole pressure transient analysis of a hydraulically fractured horizontal well in a fracture-cavity reservoir
Authors: Hailong Liu
Published: December 2022

This paper study the role of hydraulic fracture properties on the transient bottomhole pressure (BHP) behavior of a horizontal well producing from a tight fracture-cavity reservoir. A combination of point source function, Laplace transformation and Perturbation transformation are used to obtain BHP step by step. Through literature comparison and numerical simulation, the results of BHP have a good consistency, which indicates the proposed method is scientific and reasonable. We divide the fluid flow into five stages, namely the wellbore storage stage, the karst cave fluid flows to the fracture stage, the radial flow stage of karst cave and fracture system, the matrix fluid flows to the fracture stage and the quasi-steady state stage. We come to the conclusion that the number of fractures and fracture direction mainly affect radial flow stage. In contrast, the length of horizontal subsection and skin factor mainly affect the karst cave fluid flows to the fracture stage. The matrix fluid flows to the fracture stage is more obvious when the fracture half-length and the horizontal segment spacing of the horizontal well are small. The study believes special attention should be paid to reforming the formations at both ends of the horizontal well. The advantage of this method is to incorporate well geometry (skin factor) and hydraulic fracturing design (fracture parameters), which is useful for well test interpretation through generating a new set of type curves. What’s more, this new method has the characteristics of easy calculation. The findings of this study can help for better understanding of well test analysis in fracture-cavity reservoir. However, the limitation of this study is that it is only suitable for this situation the horizontal well does not encounter karst caves and the karst caves in the reservoir are connected to the wellbore through fractures.
Chemistry, street canyon geometry, and emissions effects on NO2 “hotspots” and regulatory “wiggle room”
Authors: Dai Yuqing , Cai Xiaoming , Zhong Jian , MacKenzie A. Robert
Published: December 2022

The extent to which nitrogen dioxide (NO2) undergoes complex chemical-transport processes near strong nitrogen-oxide sources in street canyons is not fully understood. A multi-box framework with volatile organic compound (VOC) chemistry has been evaluated against large-eddy simulation (LES) data and observations, and then used to simulate NO2 at street-canyon “hotspots”. 42,000 sensitivity studies — varying nitrogen oxides (NOx) and VOC emission strength, and primary NO2 fraction ($$f_{{{{\mathrm{NO}}}}_2}$$

f

NO

2

) emitted within each of five streetscape cases — show the importance of detailed VOC chemistry, even in regular canyons (aspect ratio, AR = 1) when the ambient wind is weak. For a midsummer central London scenario, the inclusion of chemistry moves the canyon from compliance to out-of-compliance with the 1-hour NO2 standard. Ignoring street-canyon chemistry can lead, therefore, to false positives in regulatory air quality modelling. Neglecting VOC chemistry can underestimate NO2 by 6–22% in regular canyons, and even more (−51–31%) in deep canyons (AR = 2), particularly with lower $$f_{{{{\mathrm{NO}}}}_2}$$

f

NO

2

values resulting from gasoline-dominated vehicle fleets or by tighter control of primary NO2 from diesels. The very significant changes in regulatory “wiggle room” across sensitivity studies demonstrate the utility of this kind of chemistry-transport modelling for identifying efficient and effective regulatory pathways.
Reconstructing Mayotte 2018–19 Rift Valley Fever outbreak in humans by combining serological and surveillance data
Authors: Bastard Jonathan , Durand Guillaume André , Parenton Fanny , Hassani Youssouf , Dommergues Laure , Paireau Juliette , Hozé Nathanaël , Ruello Marc , Grard Gilda , Métras Raphaëlle , Noël Harold
Published: December 2022

Background

Rift Valley Fever (RVF) is a zoonosis that affects large parts of Africa and the Arabian Peninsula. RVF virus (RVFV) is transmitted to humans through contacts with infected animals, animal products, mosquito bites or aerosols. Its pathogenesis in humans ranges from asymptomatic forms to potentially deadly haemorrhagic fevers, and the true burden of human infections during outbreaks is generally unknown.

Methods

We build a model fitted to both passive surveillance data and serological data collected throughout a RVF epidemic that occurred in Mayotte Island in 2018–2019.

Results

We estimate that RVFV infected 10,797 (95% CrI 4,728–16,127) people aged ≥15 years old in Mayotte during the entire outbreak, among which only 1.2% (0.67%–2.2%) were reported to the syndromic surveillance system. RVFV IgG seroprevalence in people ≥15 years old was estimated to increase from 5.5% (3.6%–7.7%) before the outbreak to 12.9% (10.4%–16.3%) thereafter.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that a large part of RVFV infected people present subclinical forms of the disease and/or do not reach medical care that could lead to their detection by the surveillance system. This may threaten the implementation of exhaustive RVF surveillance and adequate control programs in affected countries.
An evolution towards scientific consensus for a sustainable ocean future
Authors: Gaill Françoise , Brodie Rudolph Tanya , Lebleu Lara , Allemand Denis , Blasiak Robert , Cheung William W. L. , Claudet Joachim , Gerhardinger Leopoldo Cavaleri , Le Bris Nadine , Levin Lisa , Pörtner Hans- Otto , Visbeck Martin , Zivian Anna , Bahurel Pierre , Bopp Laurent , Bowler Chris , Chlous Frédérique , Cury Philippe , Gascuel Didier , Goyet Sylvie , Hilmi Nathalie , Ménard Frédéric , Micheli Fiorenza , Mullineaux Lauren , Parmentier Rémi , Sicre Marie-Alexandrine , Speich Sabrina , Thébaud Olivier , Thiele Torsten , Bowler Martha , Charvis Philippe , Cuvelier Raphael , Houllier François , Palazot Sarah , Staub Francis , Poivre d’Arvor Olivier
Published: December 2022

The ocean has recently taken centre stage in the global geopolitical landscape. Despite rising challenges to the effectiveness of multilateralism, attention to ocean issues appears as an opportunity to co-create pathways to ocean sustainability at multiple levels. The ocean science community, however, is not sufficiently well organised to advance these pathways and provide policy input. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services demonstrate how knowledge consensus and integration have been instrumental in charting global pathways and eliciting commitments to address, respectively, climate change and biodiversity loss. An equally impactful global platform with a thematic focus on ocean sustainability is needed. Here we introduce the International Panel for Ocean Sustainability (IPOS) as a coordinating mechanism to integrate knowledge systems to forge a bridge across ocean science-policy divides collectively. The IPOS will enrich the global policy debate in the Ocean Decade and support a shift toward ocean sustainability.
Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Nanofluids
Authors: Angayarkanni A. , Philip J.
Published: December 2022

Nanofluids are dispersions of nanomaterials in fluids. As the particle size is so small, the thermal energy is often sufficient to keep the nanoparticles suspended in base fluids. Over the past few years, different types of nanofluids have been developed for applications such as heat transfer fluids, lubricants, dynamic sealants, refrigeration, solar devices, cosmetics, drug delivery, sensors, optical filters, hyperthermia, and biomedicine. One of the most widely investigated properties of nanofluids is their heat transfer properties, in view of their potential applications. Compared to their microsized counterparts, nanofluids are promising coolants due to their increased thermal conductivity and better stability. Traditionally, this field falls into the realm of colloid science; hence there is abundant knowledge on the preparation, characterization, and stabilization of nanofluids. This chapter reviews the preparation of nanoparticles and nanofluids using various techniques, detail their stabilization approaches, and the methods used in their characterization. This chapter provides ideal information for researchers practicing in the field of nanofluids and also serves as an excellent reference for freshers who intend to begin research on this topic.
Stability of Nanofluids
Authors: Iqbal M. , Sergis A. , Hardalupas Y.
Published: December 2022

Stability is key to sustaining the colloidal properties of nanofluids and by extension the beneficial thermophysical properties they exhibit for practical applications. Nanofluid suspensions are typically prepared through ultrasonic dispersion of nanoparticles, either using low-power ultrasonic baths or high-power ultrasonic probes. It has been observed that high-power probes, although achieving nanoparticle size reduction in a short time, can also cause considerable aggregation of particles and hence reduction in colloidal stability with excessive application. This effect is not observed in low-power ultrasonic dispersion applications. This discrepancy and its sources are explored and explained in the current chapter, through consideration of particle breakup mechanisms (fragmentation versus erosion) and the fusion of particles due to high-velocity interparticle collisions. Stability is known to be linked to solution pH; for example a pH value far from the isoelectric point yields a surface charge in the dispersed phase, which enhances stability through coulombic repulsion. Ultrasonication has been observed to affect the pH of nanofluid solutions. High-power devices are unable to affect pH change in dilute alumina–water nanofluids (ϕ < 0.01 vol%), whereas low-power devices can. This is hypothesised to be due to the dominant breakup mechanism, i.e., erosion in low-power baths versus fragmentation in high-power probes. Hence, to improve nanofluid stability, it is recommended to use low-power sonication where possible, and source nanoparticles in aqueous form. If a high-power ultrasonic probe must be used, the duration and amplitude should be reduced to avoid the induction of significant stability reduction.
Nanofluids Long-term Stability Challenges and Guidelines
Authors: Chakraborty S. , Kumar P. , Chakraborty S.
Published: December 2022

A nanofluid is a colloidal suspension of nanoparticles in any base fluid that displays a plethora of improved properties based on its field of applications, i.e., heat transfer, lubrication, and biomedical applications, over those of nanoparticles alone. Despite their improved properties, the real-world applications of nanofluids remain limited due to their gradual destabilization with time. Therefore, the stability of nanofluids remains a significant bottleneck that preventing their widespread application in numerous fields. Since a nanofluid is a colloidal suspension, Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) and non-DLVO theory have been utilized to elucidate the process of nanofluid destabilization. This chapter explores the underlying physics behind nanofluid destabilization and identifies significant factors that dictate the destabilization process. The roles of nanoparticle and base fluid properties, preparation method, external forces, operating conditions, and stabilizer presence on nanofluid stability have been examined in great detail. Different nanofluid stabilization strategies and stability evaluation methods are also discussed in the present chapter. This chapter discusses the desired properties for attaining long-term stability and identifies different challenges associated with the stability of nanofluids. Upon consideration of the abovementioned factors, the chapter provides summarized guidelines to ensure long-term nanofluid stability. This chapter concludes with a discussion on future research direction in nanofluid stabilization.
Fundamental and Critical Aspects of the Rheological Behaviour of Nanofluids
Authors: Estellé P. , Żyła G.
Published: December 2022

The goal of this chapter is to emphasize some fundamental and critical issues on the rheological behaviour of nanofluids. Some important key points are presented and discussed, in particular from an experimental point of view, considering the shear flow behaviour of nanofluids and the evaluation of dynamic viscosity, the viscoelastic nature of nanofluids and the possible time-dependence behaviour. Lastly, the impact of external stimuli such electric and magnetic fields on the rheological behaviour of nanofluids is also highlighted. Finally, some crucial steps in the rheological developments of nanofluids are suggested.
Parametric Research and Theoretical Models for the Viscosity of Nanofluids
Authors: Giwa S. O. , Sharifpur M. , Murshed S. M. S. , Meyer J. P.
Published: December 2022

Improved performance of nanofluids (NFs) in various thermal transporting devices is strongly linked to their enhanced thermal properties, of which the thermal conductivity and viscosity are crucial. For the static and dynamic application of NFs in thermal systems, increasing the concentration of nanoparticles in NFs correspondingly enhances heat transfer and flow by increasing the coefficient of heat transfer. However, beyond a certain nanoparticle concentration, viscosity has a negative impact on the thermo–hydraulic performance, resulting in increased pump power, frictional loss, pressure drop, etc. The viscosity of NFs depends largely on several parameters, such as dispersion characteristics (sonication time, frequency, and amplitude), base fluid, nanoparticle concentration, nano size, surfactant, temperature, etc. Theory-based generalized models for predicting NF viscosity are lacking, which are thus of great importance in the design and operation of energy systems using NFs. This study presents brief documentation on the parameters that influence the viscosity of NFs. In addition, literature exploration of classical and contemporary models for the prediction of NF viscosity is carried out based on the underlying mechanisms, theories, and influencing parameters. The need to develop more detailed generalized models based on the physics of nano-suspensions for better convergence of experimental data is recommended.
Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids – Experiments, Models, and their Advancements
Authors: Koller T. M. , Berger Bioucas F. E. , Fröba A. P.
Published: December 2022

In this chapter, the main scientific activities and findings in connection with experiments and models for the determination of the thermal conductivity of nanofluids and their advancements are reviewed. The experimental investigation of nanofluids includes their preparation and characterization as well as the accurate measurement of their thermal conductivity. For the latter task, particular attention is paid to methods that are favorable for their application to nanofluids. In connection with the modeling of the thermal conductivity of nanofluids, the focus lies on theoretical approaches for the prediction of this property. Experimental and modeling results for the thermal conductivity of selected nanofluid types are analyzed as a function of influencing parameters and mechanisms, and are discussed in the context of the new advancements in the field. Here, the probably biggest advancement, which seems to be propagating steadily throughout the scientific community and has been pointed out in this chapter, is the finding that there is no anomalous or significant change in the thermal conductivity of fluids upon the addition of nanoparticles. This conclusion can be drawn from the application of suitable experimental techniques and models, which are often lacking in the literature.
Modelling and Mechanisms of Nanofluid Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Fulmer R. , Vafaei S.
Published: December 2022

A mixture of solid particles with base fluid, sometimes in the presence of a surfactant, is referred to as a nanofluid. The effects of nanoparticles, the base fluid, and when present, the surfactant, on nanofluid thermal conductivity can be investigated experimentally. The purpose of this chapter is to explain how to predict the thermal conductivity of nanofluids theoretically. The main existing theoretical models are explained one by one, including the effective medium theory, Brownian models, nanolayer models, aggregation models, and models based on molecular dynamics simulation. Additionally, some of the recently developed models are examined. Finally, the level of accuracy of selected models is examined by comparison to existing experimental data.
Specific Heat Capacity and Density of Nanofluids
Authors: Choi T. J. , Kim S. H. , Jang S. P.
Published: December 2022

Nanofluids have been attracting great attention as new working fluids that can improve the heat transfer performance of cooling devices, leading to energy saving in many mechanical systems owing to their special properties. Therefore, many researchers have investigated the properties of nanofluids, such as thermal conductivity, convective heat transfer coefficient, and viscosity. In addition to these properties, the specific heat and density of nanofluids also play a crucial role in improving their heat transfer performance as these properties are closely related to the heat transfer capacity and thermal storage. Therefore, in this chapter, the experimental characteristics and prediction correlations, including the mechanisms of the specific heat and density of nanofluids, are introduced, based on the results at the present stage. Moreover, state-of-the-art technology for further increasing the specific heat and density of nanofluids is presented.
Dielectric and Magnetic Properties of Nanofluids
Authors: Timko M. , Kopcansky P. , Rajnak M. , Karpets M. , Paulovicova K. , Kovalchuk O. V. , Bulavin L. A.
Published: December 2022

This chapter provides an overview of the dielectric and magnetic properties of transformer oil-based magnetic fluids as unique materials with potential utilization in the field of technology as insulating and cooling media. The main idea of incorporating magnetic nanoparticles in transformer oil is the improvement of its insulating and cooling properties, thus achieving better conditions for its wide application in power engineering technology. Here, we review some selected dielectric, magnetic and structural properties of transformer oil based magnetic fluids reported in recent years, including our latest research results.
Numerical Development of the Thermal Convection Characteristics of Nanofluids
Authors: Ajeeb W. , Zhang J. Z. , Wu Z. , Murshed S. M. S. , Sundén B.
Published: December 2022

This chapter presents the numerical research and development on the thermal convection of nanofluids. It covers both single-phase and two-phase models relevant to the numerical simulation of nanofluids. A succinct introduction of various two-phase models, including the mixture, volume of fluid, Eulerian and Euler–Lagrange models, is provided. The numerical results of forced, natural, and mixed convection are critically analysed. The forced convective heat transfer of nanofluids in both simple and complex geometries is reported. If properly interpreted, numerical simulation can serve as an effective method to investigate the thermal convection performance of nanofluids.
Epistemic Stances in Action—Students’ Reasoning Process While Reflecting About Alternative Reaction Pathways in Organic Chemistry
Authors: Lieber Leonie , Graulich Nicole
Published: December 2022

A focus in chemistry education research often lies on the “product” of a problem-solving process and less often on the “process”. A process-oriented lens on problem-solving allows us to elicit how a reasoning process occurs and what students experience during the reasoning process, such as an interplay of conceptual knowledge and students' expression of epistemic stances. By explicitly examining students' expression of epistemic stances, it is also possible to elicit how these stances influence how students make judgements on claims and how they justify them with evidence and reasoning. In this chapter, we use an in-depth process-oriented lens to analyze students' reasoning processes while reflecting about alternative reaction pathways in organic chemistry. Two cases of two representative students are used to illustrate (1) how epistemic stances and argument components are linked in students' reasoning process and (2) how epistemic stances are related to turning points in students' reasoning process. We also draw implications for teaching and research to support students in their reasoning process.
Disciplining Perception Spatial Thinking in Organic Chemistry Through Embodied Actions
Authors: Stieff Mike , Scopelitis Stephanie , Lira Matthew
Published: December 2022

There is relative consensus that spatial thinking is a challenging aspect of organic chemistry. The dominant perspective has been that spatial thinking involves innate spatial abilities, but this concept of endowment has been challenged by research that has shown that spatial abilities can, in fact, be improved. Concomitantly, there has been an increase in studies that demonstrate spatial thinking in chemistry, and other science disciplines, involves more than a learner's spatial abilities. This work has demonstrated that spatial thinking requires students to apprehend a variety of models, diagrams, and heuristics that externalize spatial information in instructional settings. In this chapter, we argue that “how to” demonstrations, physically performed by chemistry instructors through embodied actions, effectively support students to perceive spatial information implicit in chemistry diagrams. We present two case studies of embodied actions in vivo to illustrate how instructors use their hands and bodies to help learners perceive spatial information in chemistry diagrams and to scaffold simulations of spatial transformations of molecular structure. Our analysis of instructors performing embodied actions in different settings suggests that in the pursuit of developing interventions for improving spatial thinking, the instructors' body must be centered as an integral pedagogical resource.
Building Bridges Between Tasks and Flasks—Design of a Coherent Experiment-supported Learning Environment for Deep Reasoning in Organic Chemistry
Authors: Trabert Andreas , Schmitt Catharina , Schween Michael
Published: December 2022

We present here the design of a learning environment for deep causal mechanistic reasoning in introductory organic chemistry at a secondary and tertiary level. It features an approach to meaningful explanation construction, combining sound theoretical arguments with experiment-based evidence in contrastive learning opportunities on reaction mechanisms and underlying concepts. These learning opportunities are arranged by the type of reactants (σ electrophiles, π nucleophiles and π electrophiles), reaction patterns (elimination, substitution, addition, and multistep reactions) and overarching concepts (intermediate stability and electronic substituent effects), enabling variable learning pathways and interrelations between subject matters. Driven by the leitmotifs of exemplarity, contrastivity, process orientation, concept application, experiment-based evidence, and coherence, learning contents are depicted in a discrete way not only theoretically but also in experiments, each addressing one specific structure–reactivity relationship in-depth. Our approach provides custom in situ analytics for the monitoring of reactions' progress, which guide theoretical reasoning with instant evidence and open up new possibilities for intervention design. Consequently, we expect positive impacts on students' explanation strategies, which are crucial for structured knowledge construction in organic chemistry. In this chapter, we introduce the theoretical framework, design principles and exemplary developments, and outline implications for implementation and teaching.
Novel synthesis of 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes with potential biological activity from cinnamic acids and diazonium salts of anilines
Authors: Vida Veronica , Minisini Martina , Mardirossian Mario , Brancolini Claudio , Scocchi Marco , Forzato Cristina , Berti Federico
Published: December 2022

Reacting diazonium salts from anilines with substituted cinnamic acids, novel 1,2-diaza-1,3-dienes with promising biological activities have been synthesized.
Comparative life cycle assessment of corn stover conversion by decentralized biomass pyrolysis-electrocatalytic hydrogenation versus ethanol fermentation
Authors: Das Sabyasachi , Anderson James E. , De Kleine Robert , Wallington Timothy J. , Jackson James E. , Saffron Christopher M.
Published: December 2022

Biomass fast pyrolysis followed by electrocatalytic hydrogenation (Py-ECH) with renewable electricity outperforms cellulosic ethanol in three environmental impact categories.
Interfacial synergy of Pt cocatalyst and oxygen defective Bi2MoO6 for boosting the photocatalytic redox reaction
Authors: Yang Xiaojing , Zhang Bao , Liu Taifeng , Chen Zhenpan
Published: December 2022

Photocatalytic redox reactions using dioxygen as the source of oxygen atoms provide an ideal route for transforming organic compounds into high-value chemicals under mild conditions.
Sustainability applications of rare earths from metallurgy, magnetism, catalysis, luminescence to future electrochemical pseudocapacitance energy storage
Authors: Chai Shan-Shan , Zhang Wei-Bin , Yang Jing-Lei , Zhang Lun , Theint Myat Myintzu , Zhang Xian-Li , Guo Shao-Bo , Zhou Xia , Ma Xue-Jing
Published: December 2022

Rare Earths (REs) are referred to as ‘industrial vitamins’ and play an indispensable role in a variety of domains.
Novel preventive effect of isorhamnetin on electrical and structural remodeling in atrial fibrillation
Authors: Aonuma Kazuhiro , Xu DongZhu , Murakoshi Nobuyuki , Tajiri Kazuko , Okabe Yuta , Yuan Zixun , Li Siqi , Murakata Yoshiko , Tominaga Kenichi , Nogami Akihiko , Aonuma Kazutaka , Ieda Masaki , Isoda Hiroko
Published: December 2022

Isorhamnetin, a natural flavonoid, has strong antioxidant and antifibrotic effects, and a regulatory effect against Ca2+-handling. Atrial remodeling due to fibrosis and abnormal intracellular Ca2+ activities contributes to initiation and persistence of atrial fibrillation (AF). The present study investigated the effect of isorhamnetin on angiotensin II (AngII)-induced AF in mice. Wild-type male mice (C57BL/6J, 8 weeks old) were assigned to three groups: (1) control group, (2) AngII-treated group, and (3) AngII- and isorhamnetin-treated group. AngII (1000 ng/kg/min) and isorhamnetin (5 mg/kg) were administered continuously via an implantable osmotic pump for two weeks and intraperitoneally one week before initiating AngII administration, respectively. AF induction and electrophysiological studies, Ca2+ imaging with isolated atrial myocytes and HL-1 cells, and action potential duration (APD) measurements using atrial tissue and HL-1 cells were performed. AF-related molecule expression was assessed and histopathological examination was performed. Isorhamnetin decreased AF inducibility compared with the AngII group and restored AngII-induced atrial effective refractory period prolongation. Isorhamnetin eliminated abnormal diastolic intracellular Ca2+ activities induced by AngII. Isorhamnetin also abrogated AngII-induced APD prolongation and abnormal Ca2+ loading in HL-1 cells. Furthermore, isorhamnetin strongly attenuated AngII-induced left atrial enlargement and atrial fibrosis. AngII-induced elevated expression of AF-associated molecules, such as ox-CaMKII, p-RyR2, p-JNK, p-ERK, and TRPC3/6, was improved by isorhamnetin treatment. The findings of the present study suggest that isorhamnetin prevents AngII-induced AF vulnerability and arrhythmogenic atrial remodeling, highlighting its therapeutic potential as an anti-arrhythmogenic pharmaceutical or dietary supplement.
Evolution of a low convergence collisional orogen: a review of Pyrenean orogenesis
Authors: Ford Mary , Masini Emmanuel , Vergés Jaume , Pik Raphael , Ternois Sébastien , Léger Julien , Dielforder Armin , Frasca Gianluca , Grool Arjan , Vinciguerra Constance , Bernard Thomas , Angrand Paul , Crémades Antoine , Manatschal Gianreto , Chevrot Sébastien , Jolivet Laurent , Mouthereau Frédéric , Thinon Isabelle , Calassou Sylvain
Published: December 2022

The Pyrenees is a collisional orogen built by inversion of an immature rift system during convergence of the Iberian and European plates from Late Cretaceous to late Cenozoic. The full mountain belt consists of the pro-foreland southern Pyrenees and the retro-foreland northern Pyrenees, where the inverted lower Cretaceous rift system is mainly preserved. Due to low overall convergence and absence of oceanic subduction, this orogen preserves one of the best geological records of early orogenesis, the transition from early convergence to main collision and the transition from collision to post-convergence. During these transitional periods major changes in orogen behavior reflect evolving lithospheric processes and tectonic drivers. Contributions by the OROGEN project have shed new light on these critical periods, on the evolution of the orogen as a whole, and in particular on the early convergence stage. By integrating results of OROGEN with those of other recent collaborative projects in the Pyrenean domain (e.g., PYRAMID, PYROPE, RGF-Pyrénées), this paper offers a synthesis of current knowledge and debate on the evolution of this immature orogen as recorded in the synorogenic basins and fold and thrust belts of both the upper European and lower Iberian plates. Expanding insight on the role of salt tectonics at local to regional scales is summarised and discussed. Uncertainties involved in data compilation across a whole orogen using different datasets are discussed, for example for deriving shortening values and distribution.
Experiential gifts and the construal of meaningful consumption episodes
Authors: Puente-Díaz Rogelio , Cavazos-Arroyo Judith
Published: December 2022

The examination of the affective consequences of the consumption of experiential and material gifts has increased in recent years, yet the attention paid to gratitude has been limited. Consequently, in five experiments, we tested the influence of type of gift, experiential versus material, on gratitude and social connection by increasing the construal of meaningful memories coming from the consumption of experiential gifts. In experiment 1, participants were randomly assigned to either an experiential gift consumption or material gift consumption condition and completed questionnaires assessing gratitude and social connection. Results showed that experiential gifts elicited greater gratitude, which then had a positive relationship with social connection. In experiment 2, participants were randomly assigned to the same conditions as study 1 and completed questions about the meaningfulness of the consumption memory and gratitude. Results showed that the consumption of experiential gifts elicited greater construal of meaningful memories, which then had a positive relationship with gratitude. In experiments 3 and 4, we manipulated the meaningfulness of gifts, special versus ordinary, and assessed the meaningfulness of the consumption memory and gratitude, with the addition of social connection in study 4. Results showed that special gifts were construed as more meaningful memories, which then had a positive relationship with gratitude. In addition, we also found a positive relationship between gratitude and social connection in study 4. Study 5 showed that the mediation effect of the construal of meaningful memories on the relationship between type of gift and gratitude was not moderated by whether the gift was special or ordinary.
A two-stage fuzzy nonlinear combination method for utmost-short-term wind speed prediction based on T-S fuzzy model
Authors: Ren Yaxue , Wen Yintang , Liu Fucai , Zhang Yuyan
Published: December 2022

Wind speed prediction is a complex task in the field of wind energy resource forecasting. For prediction, highly nonlinear temporal features are required for wind speed time series, which are highly variable data sources. In this paper, a two-stage fuzzy nonlinear fusion model is proposed for the utmost short-term wind speed prediction problem of 5 and 15 min ahead. First, empirical mode decomposition decomposes the wind speed time series, and the resulting intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) are employed as features in the later modeling study. The first stage of modeling follows. Each IMF feature is fed into one of the three sub-models of the T-S fuzzy model based on triangle, fuzzy C-mean clustering, and Gaussian, yielding three prediction outputs. The second stage is then modeled, which takes advantage of the IT2-based nonlinear aggregation mechanism to overcome the inherent flaws of single methods and linear combinations. Finally, two real cases from wind farms in Colorado, USA, are analyzed to demonstrate the validity of the TFG-IT2 model. The prediction effect of various approaches was measured using three assessment indicators and a statistical test. The simulation results reveal that the TFG-IT2 model outperforms the other seven models in terms of prediction accuracy.
Dissipation-optimized proper orthogonal decomposition
Authors: Olesen P. J. , Hodžić A. , Andersen S. J. , Sørensen N. N. , Velte C. M.
Published: December 2022

We present a formalism for dissipation-optimized decomposition of the strain rate tensor (SRT) of turbulent flow data using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD). The formalism includes a novel inverse spectral SRT operator allowing the mapping of the resulting SRT modes to corresponding velocity fields, which enables a complete dissipation-optimized reconstruction of the velocity field. Flow data snapshots are obtained from a direct numerical simulation of a turbulent channel flow with friction Reynolds number Reτ=390. The lowest dissipation-optimized POD (d-POD) modes are compared to the lowest conventional turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)-optimized POD (e-POD) modes. The lowest d-POD modes show a richer small-scale structure, along with traces of the large-scale structure characteristic of e-POD modes, indicating that the former captures structures across a wider range of spatial scales. Profiles of both TKE and dissipation are reconstructed using both decompositions, and reconstruction convergences are compared in all cases. Both TKE and dissipation are reconstructed more efficiently in the dissipation-rich near-wall region using d-POD modes, and in the TKE-rich bulk using e-POD modes. Lower modes of either decomposition tend to contribute more to either reconstructed quantity. Separating each term into eigenvalues and factors relating to the inherent structures in each mode reveals that higher e-POD modes tend to encode more dissipative structures, whereas the structures encoded by d-POD modes have roughly constant inherent TKE content, supporting the hypothesis that structures encoded by d-POD modes tend to span a wide range of spatial scales.
Energy performance evaluation of an axial-flow pump as turbine under conventional and reverse operating modes based on an energy loss intensity model
Authors: Kan Kan , Zhao Feng , Xu Hui , Feng Jiangang , Chen Huixiang , Liu Weidong
Published: December 2022

As a low-cost scheme for small-scale hydropower generation, pump as turbines (PATs) are used at different hydrosites around the world. Nevertheless, a big number of recently conducted studies on PAT performance have mainly focused on the centrifugal type, despite the fact that the axial-flow type has a comparatively large flow capacity, thus disposing of higher power density. Therefore, this article seeks to investigate the flow dynamics of an axial-flow PAT and associated energy loss characteristics, under both pump and turbine operating modes. It adopts the numerical simulation method and uses entropy production theory to propose an energy loss intensity model in the cylindrical coordinate system, which quantitatively gives the spatial variation pattern for energy losses in pump and turbine operating modes. In addition, the correlation between energy loss and flow instability is deeply analyzed, where the energy characteristics in pump and turbine modes are quantitatively evaluated. It is shown that the energy loss within the impeller and the guide vane flow fields, for both operating modes, is mainly because of the turbulent entropy production. The proportion of direct entropy production and wall entropy production is found to be relatively small. The velocity gradient, flow vorticity, turbulence intensity, and energy losses within the flow passages of the axial-flow PAT have been closely related. However, owing to the difference in PAT operating modes, there is a significant difference in the location of energy losses. The unstable flow phenomena, such as the impact at the blade inlet, flow deviation at the blade outlet, flow separation, back-flow, and vortex, are the main reasons for entropy production. This study serves as a reference for the design, optimization, and application of axial-flow PATs.
Numerical simulation of the behaviors of single bubble in shear-thinning viscoelastic fluids
Authors: Ji Jingbo , Li Shaobai , Wan Pan , Liu Zhuang
Published: December 2022

In this paper, the behaviors of single bubble in shear-thinning viscoelastic fluids were investigated using OpenFOAM. The volume-of-fluid method was used to capture the interface, and the Giesekus model was adopted for describing the rheological behaviors of shear-thinning viscoelastic fluids. The bubble cusp, negative wake, and velocity jump phenomenons in viscoelastic fluids were obtained, and the effects of wall effect, mobility factor α, and Weissenberg number (Wi) on bubble behaviors were investigated. The results showed that the viscoelastic stress is the main reason for the formation of bubble cusp, the relaxation of polymer macromolecules leads to the formation of negative wake, and the negative wake may be the main reason for the velocity jump. The open angle θ of the negative wake decreases and the distribution region in the vertical direction increases with the increasing Reynolds numbers (Re). In addition, the magnitude of the maximum negative velocity increases with Re and appears further away from the bubble cusp. Moreover, decreasing the wall effect can accelerate the formation of viscoelastic stress and make the bubble cusp appear earlier. As the mobility factor α increases, the viscosity and viscoelastic stress of the fluid near the bubble decrease; this causes the terminal velocity of the bubble to increase. As the Wi increases, both the maximum velocity and terminal velocity of the bubble increase, and the time lag occur. The viscoelastic stress τyy has a longer linear distribution at the tail of the bubble with the increase in Wi.
Update of the BIPM comparison BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Ra-223 of activity measurements of the radionuclide 223Ra to include the 2021 result of the POLATOM (Poland)
Authors: Coulon Romain , Michotte Carine , Courte Sammy , Nonis Manuel , Ziemek Tomasz , Marganiec-Gałązka Justyna , Lech Edyta , Saganowski Pawel , Tymiński Zbygniew , Listkowska Anna
Published: December 2022

Main text

Since 2014, 4 laboratories have submitted 4 samples of 223Ra to the International Reference System (SIR) for activity comparison at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM), with comparison identifier BIPM.RI(II)-K1.Ra-223. Recently, the POLATOM (Poland) participated in the comparison and the key comparison reference value (KCRV) has been updated. The degrees of equivalence between each equivalent activity measured in the SIR and the updated KCRV have been calculated and the results are given in the form of a table. A graphical presentation is also given.

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Sol–gel-derived nanoparticles coated liquid entities: liquid marbles, liquid plasticine, and flat interface
Authors: Lathia Rutvik , Sen Prosenjit
Published: December 2022

Particle-coated liquid entities are the basis of many useful products, such as foams, emulsions, bijels, and liquid marbles (LMs). Particles stabilized at the liquid–air interface have been widely explored during the past two decades. Such interfaces usually consist of micro- to nano-sized particles that often tend to aggregate and lose transparency as well as the smoothness of the interface. Recently, these obstacles have been overcome by using sol–gel-derived silica nanoparticle coating. Sol–gel-derived nanoparticles offer a monolayer structure at the interface with high transparency and reproducibility. This paper critically reviews three sol–gel-derived liquid entities: LMs, liquid plasticine (LP), and nanoparticle-coated flat interface. LM, a particle-covered droplet, was significantly explored for its application as a container in many biological and chemical processes. Unlike powder-derived LM, sol–gel-derived LM can be formed into any desired shape, commonly known as LP. Monolayer-covered sol–gel entities also offer a simple physical platform for investigating many fundamental properties of particle-coated interfaces. In the present review, starting from its preparation to the application, all critical aspects are summarized. Some unaddressed issues compared to the powder LM are also discussed for future research.