bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An optimized deep learning-based trust mechanism In VANET for selfish node detection
Authors: N. Jyothi , Patil Rekha
Published: December 2021

Purpose

This study aims to develop a trust mechanism in a Vehicular ad hoc Network (VANET) based on an optimized deep learning for selfish node detection.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors built a deep learning-based optimized trust mechanism that removes malicious content generated by selfish VANET nodes. This deep learning-based optimized trust framework is the combination of the Deep Belief Network-based Red Fox Optimization algorithm. A novel deep learning-based optimized model is developed to identify the type of vehicle in the non-line of sight (nLoS) condition. This authentication scheme satisfies both the security and privacy goals of the VANET environment. The message authenticity and integrity are verified using the vehicle location to determine the trust level. The location is verified via distance and time. It identifies whether the sender is in its actual location based on the time and distance.

Findings

A deep learning-based optimized Trust model is used to detect the obstacles that are present in both the line of sight and nLoS conditions to reduce the accident rate. While compared to the previous methods, the experimental results outperform better prediction results in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, computational cost and communication overhead.

Practical implications

The experiments are conducted using the Network Simulator Version 2 simulator and evaluated using different performance metrics including computational cost, accuracy, precision, recall and communication overhead with simple attack and opinion tampering attack. However, the proposed method provided better prediction results in terms of computational cost, accuracy, precision, recall, and communication overhead than other existing methods, such as K-nearest neighbor and Artificial Neural Network. Hence, the proposed method highly against the simple attack and opinion tampering attacks.

Originality/value

This paper proposed a deep learning-based optimized Trust framework for trust prediction in VANET. A deep learning-based optimized Trust model is used to evaluate both event message senders and event message integrity and accuracy.
Impact of R&D activities on the financial performance: empirical evidence from Indian pharmaceutical companies
Authors: Nandy Mithun
Published: December 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to study the impact of research and development (R&D) activities on the financial performance of Indian pharmaceutical companies listed with the national stock exchange (NSE) of India by conceptualizing R&D’s impact and financial performance framework (RDiFPF).

Design/methodology/approach

Strongly balanced panel data set was used for the period of 1999–2020 on the basis of secondary data subscribed from a reputable Capitalline, a corporate database as well as individual company-wise annual report extract for cross-validation.

Findings

The paper presents a novel conceptualized framework called RDiFPF with the help of financial performance related variables: sales turnover, return on assets, return on equity and market capitalization, where R&D impacts in a significant manner on the financial performance of the NSE-listed Indian pharmaceutical companies. The paper finally establishes a link between R&D activities and financial performance with respect to the Indian pharmaceutical companies listed with the NSE.

Research limitations/implications

The suggested framework opens new dimension of research with respect to R&D, innovative practices in the pharmaceutical business and financial performance. The research can also be used in teaching and may be beneficial for framing public policy. Though the study has been carried out in Indian context, it might have implications in the emerging economies.

Practical implications

To achieve financial returns, pharmaceutical companies need to adopt appropriate endeavour to invest substantial amount on R&D to bring innovation in the pharmaceutical business.

Social implications

A better allocation of R&D expenditure has the potential for bringing new medicine, which can cure unknown diseases and impact on the lives of the patient fraternities.

Originality/value

The contributions of the paper are twofold: on the one hand, the author proposes a framework where emphasis has been provided on the R&D investment in the pharmaceutical business and, on the other hand, significant financial performance has been shown which motivates every R&D-centric pharmaceutical companies. Notably, the novel RDiFPF framework, which has been proposed in this study, may ignite and inspire the pharmaceutical business leaders as well as entrepreneurs to take R&D and innovation in pharmaceutical business for impacting human lives as well as to enjoy significant financial returns by providing health-care solution for treating novel diseases and disorders.
Wine market segmentation by age generations in the Western US: expectations after the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Wolf Marianne McGarry , Wolf Mitchell , Lecat Benoit
Published: December 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate if differences exist between the four wine-consuming generations in wine purchasing behavior, the desirability of wine attributes when making a purchase decision and information sources used. It examines if generational market segmentation is an actionable and valuable strategy for the wine industry. Generation Z, Millennials, Generation X and Baby-Boomers are the four generations examined. This research also investigates if the generations behaved differently concerning wine consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further, expectations concerning future wine purchasing behavior are examined.

Design/methodology/approach

An online survey was conducted between April 29, 2020 and May 7, 2020, with a sample size of 944 consumers from Western US States (California, Washington, Idaho, Oregon and Nevada). One-way analysis of variance technique and Chi-square tests were used to examine differences.

Findings

Segmentation by generation is appropriate when creating products, pricing, determining channels of distribution and creating messaging for a specific wine brand. The COVID-19 pandemic caused channel shifting that is expected to continue after the pandemic.

Originality/value

This is the second academic paper that examines differences in wine purchasing behavior between generations including Generation Z and the only study that examines the purchasing behavior changes and expectations for the future by generation concerning the COVID-19 pandemic.

Research limitations/implications

A national survey should be conducted to confirm that the results from the sample that was mostly from California and neighboring states reflect the national wine consumer in the USA.

Practical implications

The research identifies the products, prices, channels of distribution and messaging that are appropriate to target each generation.
Earnings management and listing day performance of IPOs in India
Authors: Mangala Deepa , Dhanda Mamta
Published: December 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of earnings management during initial public offerings on the listing day returns.

Design/methodology/approach

The study collected data for 511 Indian IPOs that came between April 2003 and March 2019 for calculating earnings management. On the basis of the Cross Sectional Modified Jones Model 1995, the paper presents three proxies of earnings management as discretionary accruals (DA), discretionary current accruals (DCA) and discretionary long-term accruals (DLA). The study further used correlation and multiple regression analysis to assess the impact of earnings management on listing day returns.

Findings

The findings show that earnings management and listing day returns vary through issue-year and industry-type. Apart from it, the study reveals a greater contribution of short-term accruals in earnings management on the basis of higher DCA values. It also discloses that the aggregate level of earnings management (DA) influences listing returns, whereas DCA and DLA separately have no impact on the listing day returns of the Indian IPOs.

Research limitations/implications

The findings are useful to potential investors and analysts to observe, assess and understand the quality of financial reports that are based on fallacious disclosure of accounting figures. The study also reflects the efficacy of Indian regulatory norms for IPOs in constraining earnings management and underpricing, thus providing meaningful insight to the policy makers and the regulators.

Originality/value

This study is distinguished by its focus on determining the influence of earnings management on listing day returns in Indian IPOs by using three earnings management proxies.
Social media and new services: how a consulting firm leveraged LinkedIn
Authors: Benedic Michael
Published: December 2021

Purpose

This paper aims to explore how social media can be used strategically for delivering new services in a small- and medium-sized enterprise (SME) context.

Design/methodology/approach

Single case study: CONSULT+ (pseudonym), a consulting firm specialized in change management. Consultants use a social media network to develop their new services.

Findings

To take on the challenges of heightened competition, CONSULT+ has created thematic business units to encourage new service development. This research explored strategies, practices and benefits associated of using social media network by intrapreneurs at all levels of new service idea trajectory (idea generation, elaboration, championing and implementation).

Research limitations/implications

The research is based on a single case study. Further research should be conducted to establish the generalization of the results.

Practical implications

This paper highlights the key success factors in making such an approach successful: raising awareness of the benefits of using social media; analysing of complementarities of tools; accompanying the development of advanced practices; capturing the valuable potential for the organization and avoiding negative effects of individual practices.

Originality/value

The research provides a unique approach that can be practically implemented within knowledge-intensive SMEs to leverage social media network to deliver new services (best practices and insights for managerial support schemes).
Total quality management as driver for internationalization: a case study of a small family firm
Authors: Floris Michela , Marongiu Michela , Dessi Cinzia , Dettori Angela
Published: December 2021

Purpose

This study investigates the relationship between Total Quality Management (TQM) and internationalization in small family firms, focusing on the role that the dimensions of TQM may have as strategic resources to implement successful internationalization strategies.

Design/methodology/approach

Building on the Resource-Based View (RBV), the study is based on a single case study, and data were gathered through in-depth interviews with the family owner-manager.

Findings

Findings show that small family businesses that aim to operate in international markets have to invest constant attention toward TQM by developing strategies able to achieve excellence. More in detail, for small and medium family firms, TQM represents a driver to internationalize. Therefore, family-owned managers sustain that internationalization success depends on the increasing attention exhibited toward the following dimensions of quality, specifically on three main pillars: relationships, professionalization and long-term vision, which appear to be strategic resources in international markets. An interpretive model is proposed with a set of propositions.

Research limitations/implications

Scholarly implications are threefold. First, findings contribute to the RBV theory by introducing the long-term vision as a strategic resource able to activate a loop between TQM and internationalization success. Second, results contribute to TQM literature, highlighting that it represents a driver to internationalize, and following a long-term perspective, its enhancement is stimulated by internationalization. Third, findings contribute to family business studies, underlining the relevance done of owners on professionalization as a strategic resource to ensure excellence and obtain success in overseas markets. The main drawback refers to the fact that results stemmed from one single case study. Further studies could deepen the analysis on multiple cases.

Practical implications

The proposed case study represents a best practice and can stimulate other entrepreneurs and consultants to invest in TQM to thrive internationalization strategies.

Originality/value

The current study, elucidating that TQM is the driver to stimulate family business internationalization, proposes an interpretive model to study TQM and internationalization in small and medium family firms.
Reaction or anticipation? Resilience in small- and medium-sized enterprises
Authors: Marcazzan Enrico , Campagnolo Diego , Gianecchini Martina
Published: December 2021

Purpose

Building on the recent capability-based conceptualisation of resilience, this paper aims to explore whether the experience of a previous crisis and entrepreneur resilience are associated with Small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs') adoption of different anticipation strategies for adversities.

Design/methodology/approach

Using original survey data on 959 Italian and German SMEs, the research uses a multinomial logistic regression model in order to test the influence of the prior experience of a crisis and the entrepreneur resilience on the likelihood of adopting different anticipation strategies.

Findings

The paper shows that the previous experience of a crisis increases the likelihood of regularly adopting proactive but non-formalised anticipation actions while decreasing the likelihood of adopting a pure reactive strategy to adversities; in addition, entrepreneur resilience is nonlinearly associated with anticipation strategies.

Originality/value

The main originalities rely on eschewing a pure binary view in relation to the organisational choice of adopting a reactive or a proactive approach towards adversities and on considering the entrepreneur resilience as a factor with both “bright” and “dark” side effects in relation to the anticipation of adversities.
Uncovering the worth of the past: the relationship between corporate museums' strategic orientation and dual performance
Authors: Riviezzo Angelo , Mason Michela Cesarina , Garofano Antonella , Napolitano Maria Rosaria
Published: December 2021

Purpose

The main aim of the study is to empirically investigate the relationship between strategic orientation and a dual conceptualization of performance (i.e. non-economic performance and economic performance) in the research context of corporate museums, which are owned and run by private companies. Furthermore, the study aims to explore the nature of the relationship between the dual performance, shedding light on the relevance of non-economic results for this peculiar category of museums.

Design/methodology/approach

The study is based on survey data from 105 Italian corporate museums, which represent almost the entire population in the country (91%). A structural model was estimated using SmartPLS software in order to examine the direct and indirect effects of strategic orientation on corporate museums' non-economic and economic performance.

Findings

The findings show that only if corporate museums are able to achieve non-economic performance, creating value for the owning company and the local community, they can also have good results in economic terms. Thus, the non-economic performance acts as a mediator into the relationship between strategic orientation and economic performance.

Originality/value

The current work is a pioneer study for the empirical investigation of performance within corporate museums. The empirical model of the study, based on a dual conceptualization of performance and a mediation analysis, is completely innovative in this research context.
The implementation of activity-based costing by a local government: an actor-network theory and trial of strength perspective
Authors: Gosselin Maurice , Journeault Marc
Published: December 2021

Purpose

Some public sector organizations have decided to implement activity-based costing (ABC), a new cost calculation device and management accounting innovation initially designed for the private sector. The purpose of this study is to better understand the translation of this new calculation device in the context of a local government and to identify the trials of strength that actors faced during the implementation.

Design/methodology/approach

Building on actor-network theory and the concept of “trial of strength,” this study examines how a major change in a large local government’s structure, the merger of several cities, led to the adoption of ABC. This case study provides a setting for conducting a longitudinal analysis of the translation of a cost management innovation, ABC, in a public sector organization.

Findings

This study highlights how human and non-human actors interact when implementing a management accounting innovation in a local government and the trials of strength that they face. It also shows that although ABC helped the local government deal with issues such as setting fees, assessing outsourcing opportunities, increasing accountability and improving processes, the oversophistication of the technology used to implement the ABC model and the lack of links between the costing device and the budgeting process provoked a struggle among these two networks, leading actors to choose the budget over ABC.

Originality/value

This study’s findings extend the work on trials of strength of Christensen et al. (2019) and Laguecir et al. (2020). While those two studies focused on the struggles existing between opposing networks of human actors regarding the strategic orientation or the mission of public sector organizations, this study highlights that trials of strength may also occur when actors agree on the objectives of the new accounting innovation but not on how it is implemented.
Investigation of solder beading phenomenon under surface-mounted electrolytic capacitors
Authors: Straubinger Daniel , Toth Attila , Kerek Viktor , Czeczei Zsolt , Szabo Andras , Geczy Attila
Published: December 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the solder beading phenomenon (referring to larger-sized solder balls) of surface-mounted electrolytic capacitors. Solder beading could induce failures by violating the minimal electrical clearance on the printed circuit board (PCB). In modern lead-free reflow soldering, especially in high-reliability industries, such as automotive, aeroplane and aerospace, detecting and preventing such defects is essential in reliable and cost-effective manufacturing.

Design/methodology/approach

The large size of the involved components may block the view of automatic optical inspection; therefore, X-ray inspection is necessary. To detect the failure mode, X-ray imaging, cross-section grinding, optical microscopy and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy were used. High-resolution noncontact profilometry and optical microscopy were used to analyse component designs. The surface mounting process steps were also analysed to reveal their dependence on the issue. Test methods were designed and performed to reveal the behaviour of the solder paste (SP) during the reflow soldering process and to emphasise the component design relevance.

Findings

It was found that the reduction of SP volume only reduces the failure rate but does not solve the problem. Results show that excessive component placement pressure could induce solder beading. Statistical analysis revealed that differences between distinct components had the highest effect on the solder beading rate. Design aspects of solder beading-prone components were identified and discussed as the primary source of the problem.

Practical implications

The findings can be applied in surface-mount technology production, where the total failure count and resulting failure costs could be reduced according to the findings.

Originality/value

This paper shows that component design aspects such as the low distance between the underside of the component and the PCB and blocked proper outgassing of volatile compounds of the SP can be root causes of solder beading under surface-mounted electrolytic capacitors.
Efficacy and safety of WBRT+EGFR‐TKI versus WBRT only in the treatment of NSCLC patients with brain metastasis: An updated meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhou Kai , Cai Xiaoping , Wang Xiaoqiu , Lan Xiang , Zhang Xuexia
Published: December 2021

Background

To investigate the efficacy and safety of whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) combined with epidermal growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR‐TKI) versus WBRT only in the treatment of brain metastasis in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients by pooling open published data.

Methods

Prospective clinical studies relevant to WBRT+EGFR‐TKI versus WBRT only in the treatment of NSCLC brain metastasis were electronically searched in the Pubmed, EMbase, Cochrane, Wangfang, CNKI and Google scholar databases. The treatment response, 1‐year survival and treatment‐associated toxicity were pooled and expressed by odds ratio (OR) under a fixed or random effect model. The publication bias was evaluated by Begg's funnel plot and Egger's line regression test.

Results

Eighteen prospective clinical studies were included in the study. The combined results indicated that the objective response rate (ORR) in the WBRT+TKI group was superior to WBRT only with a statistical difference (OR = 2.67, 95% CI: 2.10–3.38, p < 0.05) under a fixed effect model. Ten studies reported the 1‐year survival rate between the WBRT+TKI and WBRT only groups. The combined results showed that 1‐year survival rate in the WBRT+TKI group was higher than that of the WBRT only group with a statistical difference (OR = 2.70, 95% CI: 1.95–3.74, p < 0.05). For treatment‐associated toxicity, the combined data indicated that the treatment‐related rash in the WBRT+TKI group was significantly higher than that of the WBRT only group with a statistical difference (OR = 2.72, 95% CI: 1.53–4.84, p < 0.05). However, the incidence of nausea/vomiting (OR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.60–1.17, p > 0.05), diarrhea (OR = 1.31, 95% CI: 0.83–2.07, p > 0.05), fatigue (OR = 1.40, 95% CI: 0.70–2.81, p > 0.05) and myelosuppression (OR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.56–1.32, p > 0.05) were not statistically different between the two groups.

Conclusions

Based on the current publications, WBRT+EGFR‐TKI can improve the treatment response and 1‐year survival rate but not increase the toxicity except for rash compared to WBRT alone in the treatment of brain metastasis in NSCLC patients.
Hospital re‐admission after critical care survival: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: McPeake J. , Bateson M. , Christie F. , Robinson C. , Cannon P. , Mikkelsen M. , Iwashyna T. J. , Leyland A. H. , Shaw M. , Quasim T.
Published: December 2021

Survivors of critical illness frequently require increased healthcare resources after hospital discharge. We undertook a systematic review and meta‐analysis to assess hospital re‐admission rates following critical care admission and to explore potential re‐admission risk factors. We searched the MEDLINE, Embase and CINAHL databases on 05 March 2020. Our search strategy incorporated controlled vocabulary and text words for hospital re‐admission and critical illness, limited to the English language. Two reviewers independently applied eligibility criteria and assessed quality using the Newcastle Ottawa Score checklist and extracted data. The primary outcome was acute hospital re‐admission in the year after critical care discharge. Of the 8851 studies screened, 87 met inclusion criteria and 41 were used within the meta‐analysis. The analysis incorporated data from 3,897,597 patients and 741,664 re‐admission episodes. Pooled estimates for hospital re‐admission after critical illness were 16.9% (95%CI: 13.3–21.2%) at 30 days; 31.0% (95%CI: 24.3–38.6%) at 90 days; 29.6% (95%CI: 24.5–35.2%) at six months; and 53.3% (95%CI: 44.4–62.0%) at 12 months. Significant heterogeneity was observed across included studies. Three risk factors were associated with excess acute care rehospitalisation one year after discharge: the presence of comorbidities; events during initial hospitalisation (e.g. the presence of delirium and duration of mechanical ventilation); and subsequent infection after hospital discharge. Hospital re‐admission is common in survivors of critical illness. Careful attention to the management of pre‐existing comorbidities during transitions of care may help reduce healthcare utilisation after critical care discharge. Future research should determine if targeted interventions for at‐risk critical care survivors can reduce the risk of subsequent rehospitalisation.
Letter: evaluation and proposed re‐classification of HCC prediction model in patients with chronic hepatitis C genotype 4
Authors: Shiha Gamal , Mikhail Nabiel N. H. , Soliman Reham
Published: December 2021

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Tahata et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16632 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16721
Letter: screening for infectious side effects in patients with IBD—the importance and potential of real‐world remote monitoring
Authors: Rezazadeh Ardabili Ashkan , Mujagic Zlatan , Jonkers Daisy M. A. E. , Pierik Marie J.
Published: December 2021

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Khan et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16610 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16738
Letter: screening for infectious side effects in patients with IBD—the importance and potential of real‐world remote monitoring. Authors' reply
Authors: Khan Nabel , Yang Yu‐Xiao
Published: December 2021

LINKED CONTENT

This article is linked to Khan et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16610 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16707
The effects of cannabidiol via TRPV2 channel in chronic myeloid leukemia cells and its combination with imatinib
Authors: Maggi Federica , Morelli Maria Beatrice , Tomassoni Daniele , Marinelli Oliviero , Aguzzi Cristina , Zeppa Laura , Nabissi Massimo , Santoni Giorgio , Amantini Consuelo
Published: December 2021

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by accumulation of immature cells in bone marrow and peripheral blood. Although successful results were obtained with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, several patients showed resistance. For this reason, the identification of new strategies and therapeutic biomarkers represents an attractive goal. The role of transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channels as possible drug targets has been elucidated in different types of cancer. Among natural compounds known to activate TRPs, cannabidiol (CBD) displays anticancer properties. By using FACS analysis, confocal microscopy, gene silencing, and cell growth assay, we demonstrated that CBD, through TRPV2, inhibits cell proliferation and cell cycle in CML cells. It promoted mitochondria dysfunction and mitophagy as shown by mitochondrial mass reduction and up‐regulation of several mitophagy markers. These effects were associated with changes in the expression of octamer‐binding transcription factor 4 and PU.1 markers regulated during cellular differentiation. Interestingly, a synergistic effect by combining CBD with the standard drug imatinib was found and imatinib‐resistant cells remain susceptible to CBD effects. Therefore, the targeting of TRPV2 by using CBD, through the activation of mitophagy and the reduction in stemness, could be a promising strategy to enhance conventional therapy and improve the prognosis of CML patients.
Role of the endoscope in cochlear implantation: A systematic review
Authors: Poutoglidis Alexandros , Fyrmpas Georgios , Vlachtsis Konstantinos , Paraskevas George K. , Lazaridis Nikolaos , Keramari Stergiani , Garefis Konstantinos , Dimakis Christodoulos , Tsetsos Nikolaos
Published: December 2021

Objective

To review the role of the endoscope in cochlear implantation (CI).

Methods

MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and the Cochrane Library databases, as well as other sources, were searched by two independent reviewers. Studies including patients undergoing either exclusively endoscopic or endoscopically assisted CI were eligible for inclusion. Endoscopic CI approaches and postoperative complications were the primary outcomes. Secondary endpoints included the degree of round window (RW) microscopic visualisation according to St Thomas’ Hospital classification and type of cochleostomy for electrode insertion in the scala tympani (ST).

Results

Fourteen studies met the inclusion criteria comprising 191 endoscopic or endoscopically assisted CI cases. The endoscope was used for better visualisation of the RW across all included studies, facilitated the insertion of the electrode in the ST and spared a mastoidectomy in a number of cases. No facial nerve palsy was reported in any of the studies. The most common complication was external auditory canal/tympanic membrane tear followed by chorda tympani injury.

Conclusion

The microscopic CI approach is still the gold standard. The endoscope facilitates the recognition of the RW area and leads to successful and safe implantation, particularly in difficult anatomical scenarios, ear malformations and advanced otosclerosis. Endoscopically assisted CI procedures offer the opportunity to avoid a posterior tympanotomy and reduce the risk of facial nerve injury. To date, the lack of long‐term data does not permit the widespread adoption of completely endoscopic CI procedures without a mastoidectomy.
Reduced M2 macrophages and adventitia collagen dampen the structural integrity of blood blister–like aneurysms and induce preoperative rerupture
Authors: Wen Dingke , Chen Ruiqi , Li Hao , Zheng Jun , Fu Wei , Shi Ziyan , You Chao , Yang Mu , Ma Lu
Published: December 2021

Objective

Blood blister–like aneurysms (BBAs) are extremely rare aneurysms. They are predisposed to preoperative rerupture with a high case‐fatality rate. Here, we attempt to interrogate the distinct clinicopathology and the histological basis underlying its clinical rerupture.

Methods

Three middle meningeal arteries, 11 BBA (5 reruptured, 6 non‐rerupture) and 19 saccular aneurysm samples were obtained for histopathological investigation. Three reruptured BBAs, 3 non‐reruptured BBAs and 6 saccular (3 ruptured, 3 unruptured) aneurysms were obtained for quantitative flow cytometry analysis.

Results

Compared with true saccular aneurysms, the BBA aneurysm wall lacks arterial stroma cells including CD31+ endothelial cells and α‐SMA + smooth muscle cells. Only fibroblasts and adventitial collagen were observed in the BBA aneurysm wall. Meanwhile, BBAs were enriched with infiltrated inflammatory cells, especially polarized macrophages. Based on the rerupture status, those reruptured BBAs showed drastically reduced fibroblasts and adventitia collagen. Moreover, M2‐polarized macrophages were observed dominant in BBAs and exhibit repairing cellular functions based on their interplays with arterial fibroblasts. Reduced M2 macrophages and arterial tissue repairing modulation may be responsible for the decreasing collagen synthesis and fibrosis repairment, which potentially dampens the aneurysm integrity and induces BBA aneurysm reruputre.

Conclusions

BBAs poses histopathological features of occult pseudoaneurysms or dissecting aneurysms. Reduced M2 macrophages and adventitia collagen may dampen the structural integrity of BBAs and induce preoperative rerupture.
Protected areas have remarkable spillover effects on forest conservation on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau
Authors: Shen Yu , Liu Guohua , Zhou Wei , Liu Yuqing , Cheng Hao , Su Xukun
Published: December 2021

Aim

Although protected areas (PAs) are assumed to reduce natural threats within boundaries, their spillover effects remain equivocal. It is necessary to determine whether PAs truly achieve conservation targets and whether they promote or inhibit natural habitat degradation in adjacent areas by blockage or leakage spillover. This study aims to choose 54 nature reserves (NRs) focusing on forest protection as a case study to assess PA conservation effectiveness and spillover prevalence.

Location

PAs on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau (QTP).

Methods

We used matching methods to compare deforestation rates inside PAs and their 20 km buffer zones with matched control areas based on the Global Forest Change dataset from 2001 to 2019. We contrasted the effects of NRs with different management levels, ages and areas. We designed five concentric buffer zones to assess spillover change with distance and estimated potential drivers of the spillover effect to explain its directions and magnitudes.

Results

75.9% of the NRs were effective in preventing deforestation within their boundaries. NRs with different properties showed similar performance on forest conservation. Spillover effects were heterogeneous around NRs. One hundred and twenty‐two buffer zones had positive spillover ranging from 0.1% to 5.3%. One hundred and nineteen buffer zones had leakages from −8.84% to −0.1%. Blockages slightly outnumbered leakages at different distances, while leakages happened more frequently when we treated buffer zones as a whole spillover area. The linear model indicated NR age and population density of buffer zones were the most relevant predictors to spillover value.

Main conclusions

Most PAs performed well in forest conservation. Leakages could undermine or offset PA conservation efforts and were related to multiple natural or socio‐economic factors. We recommend considering the plurality of PAs as well as spillover effect and incorporating a social‐ecological framework in further PA establishment and management.
Taiwan's COVID‐19 Response: The Interdependence of State and Private Sector Institutions
Authors: Siedlok Frank , Hamilton‐Hart Natasha , Shen Hsiao‐Chen
Published: December 2021

During 2020, Taiwan's facemask policy formed a critical part of its relatively successful response to the COVID‐19 pandemic. It also served to showcase capacities for coordinated action by state and business actors. This article demonstrates that Taiwan's ability to rapidly increase facemask production called for the government and key industry players to overcome a series of cooperation challenges. The authors show that the effective industry response required concerted action in three domains: the state sector, business–government cooperation, and cooperation among private firms. This article makes two contributions. First, it differentiates the dynamics attached to coordination, commitment and collective action challenges that actors in public and private sectors needed to overcome in order to deliver on the policy. Second, it contributes to the literature by endorsing the view that business–government cooperation and private sector coordination are complementary and interdependent. The findings presented here further illustrate the evolution of Taiwan's state institutions in their capacity to take on new tasks and modes of interaction with private sector actors.
Embedding genetics experiments in restoration to guide plant choice for a degraded landscape with a changing climate
Authors: Bailey Tanya G. , Harrison Peter A. , Davidson Neil J. , Weller‐Wong Akira , Tilyard Paul , Steane Dorothy A. , Vaillancourt René E. , Potts Brad M.
Published: December 2021

We overview an array of common garden genetics trials established across multiple sites and embedded in restoration plantings in the harsh, modified Midlands region of the island of Tasmania, Australia. The steps in establishing the common gardens, the diversity of experimental designs employed and their objectives are described. These trials provide a long‐term framework to test species choices and provenancing strategies, as well as enhance our understanding of adaptive genetic variation within key eucalypt species used for ecological restoration. Early results signal genetic‐based differences in early‐age performance, and we showcase the multiple benefits of integrating research infrastructure into restoration plantings.
From communities to individuals: Using remote sensing to inform and monitor woodland restoration
Authors: Harrison Peter A. , Camarretta Nicolò , Krisanski Sean , Bailey Tanya G. , Davidson Neil J. , Bain Glen , Hamer Rowena , Gardiner Riana , Proft Kirstin , Taskhiri Mohammad Sadegh , Turner Paul , Turner Darren , Lucieer Arko
Published: December 2021

The benefits of using remote sensing technologies for informing and monitoring ecological restoration of forests from the community to the individual are presented. At the community level, we link remotely sensed measures of structural complexity with animal behaviour. At the plot level, we monitor the return of vegetation structure and ecosystem services (e.g. carbon sequestration) using data‐rich three‐dimensional point clouds. At the individual‐level, we use high‐resolution images to accurately classify plants to species and provenance and show genetic‐based variation in canopy structural traits. To facilitate the wider use of remote sensing in restoration, we discuss the challenges that remain to be resolved.
A decade of restoring a temperate woodland: Lessons learned and future directions
Authors: Harrison Peter A. , Davidson Neil J. , Bailey Tanya G. , Jones Menna , Gilfedder Louise , Bridle Kerry , Bowman David M. J. S. , Baker Thomas P. , Richardson Benjamin J. , Wallis Louise , Potts Brad M.
Published: December 2021

We synthesise the findings from 10 years of ecological restoration in the Midlands of Tasmania, Australia, captured in the series of 14 papers in this special issue of Ecological Management and Restoration. The papers illustrate how expertise from disciplines as diverse as law, economics, social sciences, the arts, education, zoology, botany, genetics, climate modelling, agriculture, spatial sciences and fire ecology are necessary to address the complex social, ecological and financial questions that underpin restoration ecology. We highlight the complexity of the task, the multi‐disciplinary and collaborative approach needed, the importance of science to inform restoration practice and the problem of achieving functional connectivity. We also outline steps that need to be taken in the next 10 years. Together, the outcomes and recommendations from these studies provide a template for restoration in similar highly cleared and degraded agricultural landscapes affected by climate change in Australia and internationally.
Not your usual drug‐drug interactions: Monoclonal antibody–based therapeutics may interact with antiseizure medications
Authors: Berman Erez , Noyman Iris , Medvedovsky Mordekhay , Ekstein Dana , Eyal Sara
Published: December 2021

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have emerged as the fastest growing drug class. As such, mAbs are increasingly being co‐prescribed with other drugs, including antiseizure medications (ASMs). Although mAbs do not share direct targets or mechanisms of disposition with small‐molecule drugs (SMDs), combining therapeutics of both types can increase the risk of adverse effects and treatment failure. The primary goal of this literature review was identifying mAb‐ASM combinations requiring the attention of professionals who are treating patients with epilepsy. Systematic PubMed and Embase searches (1980–2021) were performed for terms relating to mAbs, ASMs, drug interactions, and their combinations. Additional information was obtained from documents from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA). Evidence was critically appraised ‐ key issues calling for clinicians’ consideration and important knowledge gaps were identified, and practice recommendations were developed by a group of pharmacists and epileptologists. The majority of interactions were attributed to the indirect effects of cytokine‐modulating antibodies on drug metabolism. Conversely, strong inhibitors or inducers of drug‐metabolizing enzymes or drug transporters could potentially interact with the cytotoxic payload of antibody‐drug conjugates, and ASMs could alter mAb biodistribution. In addition, mAbs could potentiate adverse ASM effects. Unfortunately, few studies involved ASMs, requiring the formulation of class‐based recommendations. Based on the current literature, most mAb‐ASM interactions do not warrant special precautions. However, specific combinations should preferably be avoided, whereas others require monitoring and potentially adjustment of the ASM doses. Reduced drug efficacy or adverse effects could manifest days to weeks after mAb treatment onset or discontinuation, complicating the implication of drug interactions in potentially deleterious outcomes. Prescribers who treat patients with epilepsy should be familiar with mAb pharmacology to better anticipate potential mAb‐ASM interactions and avoid toxicity, loss of seizure control, or impaired efficacy of mAb treatment.
The association of changes in body mass index and metabolic parameters between adults with overweight or obesity and their children in a family‐based randomized trial (DiOGenes)
Authors: Pang Michelle D. , Yilmaz Hülya , Astrup Arne , Blaak Ellen E. , van Baak Marleen A.
Published: December 2021

Background

Family‐based approaches have been reported to be effective in improving overweight or obesity in children.

Objectives

To investigate the relationship of changes in body mass index and metabolic parameters between adults with overweight or obesity and their children during a weight‐maintenance family‐based dietary intervention.

Methods

In a multicentre randomized controlled trial, families with at least one parent with overweight or obesity and one healthy child aged between 5 and 18 years, of which the parents completed an 8‐week weight‐loss phase successfully, were randomized into five different dietary intervention groups to achieve weight maintenance for 6 months. Anthropometric parameters and body composition were measured and blood samples were collected before and after the dietary intervention. Data were analysed using Pearson correlation coefficient analyses and multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for diet group, centre, child's sex and age.

Results

A positive association was found between the change in body mass index (BMI) of the mother and change in BMI‐for‐age Z‐score of first and second child (std = 0.248, p = 0.000; std = 0.326, p = 0.000, respectively). The change in BMI of the father was only significantly associated with the change in BMI‐for‐age Z‐score of first child (std = 0.186, p = 0.031). No consistent pattern of associations between parents and children was found for homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, fasting glucose and fasting insulin.

Conclusion

This study supports the inclusion of parents into family‐based dietary approaches for weight management of their children regardless of the child's weight status in eight different countries throughout Europe.
Children’s rights and parents’ rights: Popular attitudes about when we privilege one over the other
Authors: Berrick Jill Duerr , Skivenes Marit , Roscoe Joseph N.
Published: December 2021

The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC) is a widely accepted human rights document and has relevance for child protection policy. This study employs an experimental design with representative samples from Norway and California (USA) to test public perceptions of children's rights in child protection. The countries have welfare states and child protection contexts that differ, and their histories contrast with regard to the UNCRC. Results show that increased severity of risk to a child does not correspond with increased weight on children’s rights. However, residents of Norway are more likely to embrace a children's rights orientation, and participants in California are more likely to accept a parents’ rights perspective. Demographics such as immigrant status and age account for some of these differences. The study contributes to the literature on children's rights and the role of the state in aligning public policy with public attitudes about children.
Role of Sea Grant in Establishing Commercial Oyster Aquaculture through Applied Research and Extension
Authors: Walton William C. , Swann LaDon
Published: December 2021

Sea Grant programs, both separately and in collaboration, have supported growth of the off‐bottom oyster industry in all five U.S. states in the Gulf of Mexico. Here, we review the history of the Mississippi‐Alabama Sea Grant Consortium (MASGC) investments in research and extension to support the growth of this industry (particularly in Alabama and Mississippi). Notably, the integration of applied research with strategic extension efforts was essential to the success of this industry. The MASGC enabled the establishment of commercial off‐bottom oyster aquaculture in Alabama and Mississippi using a series of strategic, outcomes‐focused investments in applied research and extension efforts through an array of partnerships. In Alabama, the first commercial off‐bottom oyster farm was established in 2009. The industry grew to 22 farms by 2020 with a farmgate value of nearly $1.5 million, employing over 30 full time equivalents (FTE). Over 12 farms have been established in Mississippi in the last two years. The MASGC also leveraged additional support from other funding agencies that has multiplied the outcomes and impacts.
Study of antioxidant activity of fodder grasses using microbial test systems
Authors: Samoilova Zoya , Smirnova Galina , Bezmaternykh Ksenia , Tyulenev Alexey , Muzyka Nadezhda , Voloshin Vladimir , Maysak Galina , Oktyabrsky Oleg
Published: December 2021

Aim

To measure the biological activities of extracts of fodder grasses Onobrýchis arenária, Galéga orientális and Rhaponticum carthamoides that are commonly planted in Europe, Middle East and eastern Africa.

Methods and Results

Microbial test-systems based on Escherichia coli BW25113 that allow measurement of gene expression, growth and survival, biofilm formation (BF) in combination with the standard chemical procedures were used. The extracts studied had radical scavenging and metal-chelating activities and induced expression of antioxidant genes via generation of hydrogen peroxide. However, the extracts did not affect bacterial growth in planktonic cultures but dose-dependently inhibited BF.

Conclusions

The most remarkable effects were observed in G. orientalis, a high-yielding crop, rich in crude protein and fibres.

Significance and Impact of the Study

Taking into account the antibiofilm activities of the extracts, a perspective for decreasing colonization of ruminants’ gut with pathogenic bacteria might be suggested in case of feeding with all the grasses studied.