bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Investigation of Long-Range Exchange Interaction in Spin Valve Structures
Authors: Kim Petr D. , Patrin Gennady S. , Turpanov Igor A. , Marushchenko Dmitriy A. , Lee L.A. , Rudenko Tatyana V.
Published: April 2014

Magnetic spin valve structures have a great practical interest as sensors of magnetic fields, hard disk read heads and elements of magnetic random access memories (MRAM). Despite the large number of experimental and theoretical work on spin valve structures, the effects of interlayer interactions occurring in these structures, at present time are not fully understood. Introduction
Transformations of Space-Modulated Structures in BiFeO3 – Like Multiferroics
Authors: Gareeva Zukhra V. , Popkov Anatoly F. , Soloviov Sergey V. , Zvezdin Anatoly K.
Published: April 2014

The influence of variations of magnetic parameters on the transformations of antiferromagnetic space – modulated structure in BiFeO3– like multiferroics is investigated. The specificity of variations of magnetic parameters of different origin namely the magnetic anisotropy, the stiffness, the lattice mismatch between multiferroics film and oriented substrate which can change the conditions of space-modulated structures emergence and the character of space – modulated structures transformations in bulk crystals and thin films is discussed. Threshold parameters of phase transitions between cycloidal structures and homogeneous magnetic states have been found out. It has been shown that plane cycloid can be transformed into conical state during the transition from incommensurate phase into homogeneous phase.
Magnetic Bistability of the “Small Disk on Big Disk” Structure
Authors: Stebliy Maxim E. , Ognev Alexey V. , Samardak Alexander , Anisimova Margarita , Ryabov Vladimir , Kolesnikov Alexander , Chebotkevich Ludmila
Published: April 2014

On the basis of the micromagnetic simulations we reveal that in the small disk on big disk (d+D) nanostructure it is possible the sustained existence of a single-domain and vortex configurations of magnetization. The presence of the metastable state is possible due to the energy barrier, which is caused by magnetostatic interaction between disks. Switching between states can be performed by the external high frequency excitation. Magnetization switching of the small disk on big disk nanostructure is determined by the interaction of the vortex core in big disk with z-component of the magnetization of small disk.
The Investigation of Phase Transitions in Two-Dimensional 3-State Antiferromagnetic Potts Model on a Triangular Lattice with Interaction of Next Nearest Neighbors
Authors: Murtazaev Akai K. , Babaev A.B. , Kassan-Ogly Felix A.
Published: April 2014

The phase transitions and critical phenomena in two-dimensional 3-state antiferromagnetic Potts model with account of next-nearest neighbors are investigated by Monte-Carlo method. The systems with linear sizesL=20-144 are explored. Following parities of exchange interactions are considered. Moreover, we analyze the character of phase transitions and determine the critical temperatures.
Incommensurate Magnetic Structures in the Rhombohedrally Distorted Cubic Lattice
Authors: Martynov Sergey N.
Published: April 2014

The ground state of a rhombohedrally distorted magnetic cubic lattice with frustrated exchange in the thriangular base plane of spins and competition of exchanges between the nearest and next nearest planes was investigated. The dependence of helix vector components on the exchange parameters was calculated. The phase diagram of ground state was obtained.
The Effect of Mechanical Stresses on the Coercive Force of the System of Two-Phase Interacting Nanoparticles
Authors: Afremov Leonid L. , Iliushin Ilia G.
Published: April 2014

Within the framework of the two-phase grain model (by the example of γ-Fe203 cobalt coated particles) a theoretical analysis of the effect of uniaxial mechanical stresses on the magnetization of the system of hetero-phase interacting nanoparticle was held. It is shown that stretching leads to reduction when compression increases the coercive force Hc and doesnt change the residual saturation magnetization Irs of the system of interacting particles. "Smoothing" the hysteresis loop and "lowering" the magnetization curve, the magnetostatic interaction between particles decreases both Hc, and Irs, giving the fact that hysteresis characteristics of an ensemble of interacting nanoparticles change much more in stretching than in compression.
Dendritic Cell–Mediated Immune Humanization of Mice: Implications for Allogeneic and Xenogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation
Authors: Salguero Gustavo , Daenthanasanmak Anusara , Münz Christian , Raykova Ana , Guzmán Carlos A. , Riese Peggy , Figueiredo Constanca , Länger Florian , Schneider Andreas , Macke Laura , Sundarasetty Bala Sai , Witte Torsten , Ganser Arnold , Stripecke Renata
Published: April 2014

De novo regeneration of immunity is a major problem after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT). HCT modeling in severely compromised immune-deficient animals transplanted with human stem cells is currently limited because of incomplete maturation of lymphocytes and scarce adaptive responses. Dendritic cells (DC) are pivotal for the organization of lymph nodes and activation of naive T and B cells. Human DC function after HCT could be augmented with adoptively transferred donor-derived DC. In this study, we demonstrate that adoptive transfer of long-lived human DC coexpressing high levels of human IFN-α, human GM-CSF, and a clinically relevant Ag (CMV pp65 protein) promoted human lymphatic remodeling in immune-deficient NOD.Rag1−/−.IL-2rγ−/− mice transplanted with human CD34+ cells. After immunization, draining lymph nodes became replenished with terminally differentiated human follicular Th cells, plasma B cells, and memory helper and cytotoxic T cells. Human Igs against pp65 were detectable in plasma, demonstrating IgG class-switch recombination. Human T cells recovered from mice showed functional reactivity against pp65. Adoptive immunotherapy with engineered DC provides a novel strategy for de novo immune reconstitution after human HCT and a practical and effective tool for studying human lymphatic regeneration in vivo in immune deficient xenograft hosts.
Biodemography and Alpine populations: the human isolate of the Queyras
Authors: Prost M. , Girotti M. , Boano R. , Rabino E. , De Iasio S.
Published: April 2014

Not available.
A rapid, low-cost methodology for longitudinal evaluation of insecticide treated bednet distributions: a pilot survey coupling bednet usage with malaria prevalence at the household level
Authors: Jacobson Karen B. , Danforth Dennis , Lin James , Merjavy Steven , Milliner Brendan , Ooka Kohtaro , Hennig Nils
Published: April 2014

Tanzania’s National Malaria Control Program distributed 23.3 million insecticidetreated bed nets (ITNs) between 2009 and 2011. Annual randomized household surveys were conducted from 2009 to 2011 to assess the incremental effects of the distribution campaign on malaria prevalence and bednet usage in Kijumbura village in Kagera, Tanzania. Data was collected about household ITN ownership and individual use, and each household member was given a rapid malaria diagnostic test (RDT). In total, 1247 individuals from 285 households participated. From 2009 to 2011, household ITN ownership increased from 50.6 to 95.3% and individual usage increased from 9.7 to 55.3% in 2011. Malaria point prevalence decreased from 15.8% in 2009 to 6.5% in 2010, and increased from 6.5% in 2010 to 10.7% in 2011. The survey cost in 2011 was 23.50 USD per household; major expenses were transportation, personnel payment, and the purchase of the RDTs. Evaluations of bednet distribution programs generally rely on distribution data and selfreported net ownership, but it is important to also assess the goal endpoint of reduction in malaria prevalence. We show that this can be achieved quickly and cost-effectively through randomized surveys measuring bednet usage coupled with malaria prevalence at the household level.
Towards a more explicit writing pedagogy: The complexity of teaching argumentative writing
Authors: Dornbrack Jacqui , Dixon Kerryn
Published: April 2014

Advances in technology, changes in communication practices, and the imperatives of the workplace have led to the repositioning of the role of writing in the global context. This has implications for the teaching of writing in schools. This article focuses on the argumentative essay, which is a high-stakes genre. A sample of work from one Grade 10 student identified as high performing in a township school in Cape Town (South Africa) is analysed. Drawing on the work of Ormerod and Ivanic, who argue that writing practices can be inferred from material artifacts, as well as critical discourse analysis, we show that the argumentative genre is complex, especially for novice first additional language English writers. This complexity is confounded by the conflation of the process and genre approaches in the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS) document. Based on the analysis we discuss the implications of planning, particularly in relation to thinking and reasoning, the need to read in order to write argument and how social and school capital are insufficient without explicit instruction of the conventions of this complex genre. These findings present some insights into particular input needed to improve writing pedagogy for specific genres.
Managing the academic talent void: Investigating factors in academic turnover and retention in South Africa
Authors: Theron Marguerite , Barkhuizen Nicolene , Du Plessis Yvonne
Published: April 2014

Orientation: Globally, the demand for academic staff in higher education is expected to continue to increase. The South African situation is exacerbated by the so-called ‘retirement swell’ and turnover and retention problems; measurements to diagnose these factors remain limited.Research purpose: This study aimed to investigate the factors that influence turnover and retention of academic and to validate the developed talent retention diagnostic tool for use in South African higher education institutions.Motivation for the study: Limited research currently exists on the retention factors of academic staff in the South African context.Research approach, design and method: Using an investigative quantitative research approach, the tool was administered to a convenience sample of academics (n = 153) in 13 higher education institutions.Main findings: The results showed an array of distinguishing turnover and retention factors and proved the tool to be a valid and reliable measure. Over half the respondents indicated slight to strong dissatisfaction with compensation and performance management practices. Significantly, 34% indicated that they considered exiting their academic institution, citing unhappiness about compensation, as the most likely reason, whilst 74.5% have previously looked for another job.Practical/managerial implications: The research highlights key areas (i.e. compensation, emotional recognition, a bonus structure that reflects employee contribution, performance management systems, mentorship and career development opportunities) that higher education should attend to if they want to retain their key and talented academic staff.Contribution/value-add: The results contribute to new knowledge on the factors that contribute to turnover and retention of academic staff and present a valid and reliable measure to assess these retention factors.
Manifesting the grace of God to those with HIV or AIDS
Authors: Van Wyngaard Arnau
Published: April 2014

�The most terrible poverty is loneliness and feeling unloved� (Mother Teresa). Swaziland is in the unenviable position of having the highest HIV infection rate in the world, with an adult prevalence rate of 42%. This is a national crisis which, in the Swaziland context, has led to feelings of severe hopelessness and rejection and which needs to be addressed through a multidisciplinary approach. The church is in the unique position to demonstrate the love and grace of God in the midst of this pandemic. A small congregation of the Swaziland Reformed Church situated in the southern Shiselweni district of the country decided to take up this challenge. This article showed what the effects could be when the church becomes a vessel of love and grace within the community.
Community Satisfaction in Post-socialist Cities: Factors and Implications
Authors: Cirman Andreja , Ograjenšek Irena
Published: April 2014

Community satisfaction is an important determinant of the perceived overall quality of life, and can be defined as a function of opportunities a community provides to its residents. Although measurable at a specific point in time, it does not only reflect current communal activities, but also past developments and their path dependency. In this paper we identify and empirically verify factors influencing community satisfaction in post-socialist urban settlements. In the process we are using the Slovenian post-socialist cities of Nova Gorica and Velenje as illustrative examples, and the average Slovenian community satisfaction in urban settlements as a benchmark. This unique combination of data allows us to derive important lessons for community residents, community planners, and local policy-makers.
Contradictions in the Concept of Public Institutes in Slovenian Legislation
Authors: Brezovnik Boštjan
Published: April 2014

In the legislation in force on Slovenian territory, public institutes as a legal form of carrying out statutory utilities have a colourful history. Initially, they became very widespread in the 1950’s, when they were being established as independently financed institutes in many public service fields. With the introduction of a new constitutional and social-political system after 1991, the legislator introduced a special organisational model for the provision of non-profit activities, namely both for those that were to be performed in the public sector – as statutory utilities, as well as for those that were to be performed in the private sector – as non-profit activities. For the public sector, a form of public institutes was asserted, and a form of private institutes for the private sector. The purpose of this text is to display the legal status, assets, management and financing of public institutes in Slovenian legislation.
De plaats van tekstanalyse in een institutioneel-poëticale benadering
Authors: Dorleijn Gillis J.
Published: April 2014

In Netherlandic Studies, the so-called institutional approach of literature and close-reading of (literary) texts generally are considered to belong to different paradigms. This article explores the way the analysis of texts can be used in institutional-oriented research. After a brief survey of the institutional framework, mainly based on the work of Gisèle Sapiro and the outcomes of the research program ‘The Impact of Conceptions of Literature in the Literary Field’, in which developments on the bookmarket are considered to be elementary for the study of literary history, guidelines are formulated for the applicability of textual analysis to the study of institutions and literary history. To this end, a distinction is made between analysis of non-literary texts (essays, criticism, manifests and the like) and analysis of literary texts, while issues like the acquirement of symbolic capital and (self-)positioning (posture) including all kinds of discursive and esthetical options made by the author are put forward as possible points of relevance to a student of literary history.
Kellendonk, cultuurcriticus
Authors: Jaap Goedegebuure
Published: April 2014

After the secularization which, analogous to developments in western culture as a whole, established itself in nineteenth and twentieth century Dutch literature, a countermovement has recently been noticed. In the works of several authors one sees a distinct religious and ethical reorientation. This article focuses on the case of the novelist and essayist Frans Kellendonk (1952-1990), who articulated his social, political and religious ideas in a way which shows affinity with T.S. Eliot, Ezra Pound, Percy Wyndham Lewis, F.T. Marinetti and H. Marsman, authors who were part of the broad modernist movement during the period 1910-1930.
Postmodernisme en intertekstualiteit - Over beperkingen van de toepassing van al te postmoderne theorieën op postmoderne literatuur
Authors: Bundschuh-van Duikeren Johanna
Published: April 2014

The perception of texts as being postmodern fiction can lead to a somewhat reductive and defensive reading of those texts. Especially with an eye on intertextual relations, the theoretical postmodern or deconstructive approaches seem to be the only acceptable instrument to understand the complex dynamics of the texts. As a following, the attention is drawn exclusively on the particularly dominant aspects of self-reflexivity. In this paper, I address the limitations of such a view and I present an alternative biased reading which focuses on the affirmative relations between text and intertexts.
Avant-garde als strategie: het tijdschrift De Tafelronde - Het literaire tijdschrift als vertoog
Authors: de Geest Dirk
Published: April 2014

This article argues in favour of a functionalist, discourse-oriented approach to literary periodicals. More specifically, the literary periodical is seen as a discourse which stabilizes literary and metaliterary communication, via its productive tension between on the one hand repetition and variation and on the other hand innovation and surprise. This approach is analyzed on two levels. On the one hand, its theoretical and methodological implications are explored by analyzing the periodical as a discursive object, as a discursive event, as a discursive space and, finally, as a discursive structure; On the other hand, this approach is illustrated by considering the case of De Tafelronde (1953-1981: The Round Table), a Flemish experimental periodical which gradually developed into an internationalist forum for concrete poetry and poesia visiva.
Het gevaarlijke pad van pronomen tot suffix - Over grammaticalisatie en analogie
Authors: De Vogelaer Gunther
Published: April 2014

Most current views on grammaticalisation consider reanalysis to be the basic mechanism underlying grammaticalisation. A comparison of subject doubling data from West Germanic and Romance varieties shows that this view faces problems. The grammaticalisation of pronouns into clitics and agreement markers is less likely to proceed into the final stages in West Germanic than in Romance dialects. This difference can be related to the fact that some of the obvious analogical extensions for the use of clitics in Romance are not or to a lesser extent available in West Germanic. Hence, the grammaticalisation pathway of a certain pattern is crucially determined by the pattern’s potential for paradigmatic extensions rather than by its liability to reanalysis.
Air quality in Delhi during the CommonWealth Games
Authors: Marrapu P. , Cheng Y. , Beig G. , Sahu S. , Srinivas R. , Carmichael G. R.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Air quality during The CommonWealth Games (CWG, held in Delhi in October 2010) is analyzed using a new air quality forecasting system established for the Games. The CWG stimulated enhanced efforts to monitor and model air quality in the region. The air quality of Delhi during the CWG had high levels of particles with mean values of PM2.5 and PM10 at the venues of 111 and 238 μg m−3, respectively. Black carbon (BC) accounted for ∼10% of the PM2.5 mass. It is shown that BC, PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations are well predicted, but with positive biases of ∼25%. The diurnal variations are also well captured, with both the observations and the modeled values showing nighttime maxima and daytime minima. A new emissions inventory, developed as part of this air quality forecasting initiative, is evaluated by comparing the observed and predicted species-species correlations (i.e., BC : CO; BC : PM2.5; PM2.5 : PM10). Assuming that the observations at these sites are representative and that all the model errors are associated with the emissions, then the modeled concentrations and slopes can be made consistent by scaling the emissions by: 0.6 for NOx, 2 for CO, and 0.7 for BC, PM2.5 and PM10. The emission estimates for particles are remarkably good considering the uncertainty in the estimates due to the diverse spread of activities and technologies that take place in Delhi and the rapid rates of change. The contribution of various emission sectors including transportation, power, domestic and industry to surface concentrations are also estimated. Transport, domestic and industrial sectors all make significant contributions to PM levels in Delhi, and the sectoral contributions vary spatially within the city. Ozone levels in Delhi are elevated, with hourly values sometimes exceeding 100 ppb. The continued growth of the transport sector is expected to make ozone pollution a more pressing air pollution problem in Delhi. The sector analysis provides useful inputs into the design of strategies to reduce air pollution levels in Delhi. The contribution for sources outside of Delhi on Delhi air quality range from ∼25% for BC and PM to ∼60% for day time ozone. The significant contributions from non-Delhi sources indicates that in Delhi (as has been show elsewhere) these strategies will also need a more regional perspective.
On the hiatus in the acceleration of tropical upwelling since the beginning of the 21st century
Authors: Aschmann J. , Burrows J. P. , Gebhardt C. , Rozanov A. , Hommel R. , Weber M. , Thompson A. M.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Chemistry–climate models predict an acceleration of the upwelling branch of the Brewer–Dobson circulation as a consequence of increasing global surface temperatures, resulting from elevated levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases. The observed decrease of ozone in the tropical lower stratosphere during the last decades of the 20th century is consistent with the anticipated acceleration of upwelling. However, more recent satellite observations of ozone reveal that this decrease has unexpectedly stopped in the first decade of the 21st century, challenging the implicit assumption of a continuous acceleration of tropical upwelling. In this study we use three decades of chemistry-transport-model simulations (1980–2013) to investigate this phenomenon and resolve this apparent contradiction. Our model reproduces the observed tropical lower stratosphere ozone record, showing a significant decrease in the early period followed by a statistically robust trend-change after 2002. We demonstrate that this trend-change is correlated with corresponding changes in the vertical transport and conclude that a hiatus in the acceleration of tropical upwelling occurred during the last decade.
Technical Note: An X-ray absorption method for the identification of calcium phosphate species using peak-height ratios
Authors: Oxmann J. F.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) studies on calcium phosphate species (Ca-P) deal with marginal differences among subtle spectral features despite a hitherto missing systematic breakdown of these differences. Related fingerprinting approaches depend, therefore, on spectral libraries that are not validated against each other, incomplete and scattered among publications. This study compiled a comprehensive spectral library from published reference compound libraries in order to establish more clear-cut criteria for Ca-P determination by distinctive phosphorus K-edge XANES features. A specifically developed normalization method identified diagnostic spectral features in the compiled library, e.g. by uniform calculation of ratios between white-line and secondary peak heights. Post-processing of the spectra (n = 81) verified distinguishability among most but not all phases, which included hydroxylapatite (HAP), poorly crystalline HAP, amorphous HAP, fluorapatite, carbonate fluorapatite (CFAP), carbonate hydroxylapatite, β-tricalcium phosphate, octacalcium phosphate (OCP), brushite, monetite, monocalcium phosphate, amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), anapaite, herderite, scholzite, messelite, whiteite and P on CaCO3. Particularly, peak-height ratios significantly improved analyte specificity, e.g. by supplementary breakdown into OCP and ACP. The spectral analysis also revealed Ca-P standards that were rarely investigated or inappropriately synthesized, and thus provides a basis for standard selection and synthesis. The method developed and resulting breakdown by species were subsequently tested on Ca-P spectra from studies on bone and sediment. The test indicated that bone material likely comprises only poorly crystalline apatite, which confirms direct nucleation of apatite in bone. This biological apatite formation is likely opposed to that of sedimentary apatite, which apparently forms by both direct nucleation and successive crystallization. Application of the method to μXANES spectra of sediment particles indicated authigenic apatite formation by an OCP precursor.
Development and testing of a large, transportable rainfall simulator for plot-scale runoff and parameter estimation
Authors: Wilson T. G. , Cortis C. , Montaldo N. , Albertson J. D.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. There is increased interest in the interplay between vegetation conditions and overland flow generation. The literature is unclear on this relationship and there is little quantitative guidance for modeling efforts. Therefore, experimental efforts are needed and these call for a lightweight transportable plot-scale (>10 m2) rainfall simulator that can be deployed quickly and quickly redeployed over various vegetation cover conditions. Accordingly, a variable intensity rainfall simulator and collection system was designed and tested in the laboratory and in the field. The system was tested with three configurations of common pressure washing nozzles producing rainfall intensities of 62, 43, and 32 mm h−1 with uniformity coefficients of 76, 65, and 62, respectively, over a plot of 15.12 m2. Field tests were carried out in on a grassy field with silt-loam soil in Orroli, Sardinia in July and August 2010, and rainfall, soil moisture, and runoff data were collected. The two-term Philip infiltration model was used to find optimal values for the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the soil surface and bulk soil, soil water retention curve slope, and air entry suction head. Optimized hydraulic conductivity values were comparable to both the measured final infiltration rate and literature values for saturated hydraulic conductivity. This inexpensive rainfall simulator can therefore be used to identify field parameters needed for hydrologic modeling.
Large-scale quantification of suspended sediment transport and deposition in the Mekong Delta
Authors: Manh N. V. , Dung N. V. , Hung N. N. , Merz B. , Apel H.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Sediment dynamics play a major role for the agricultural and fishery productivity of the Mekong Delta. However, the understanding of sediment dynamics in the Mekong Delta, one of the most complex river deltas in the world, is very limited. This is a consequence of its large extent, the intricate system of rivers, channels and floodplains and the scarcity of observations. This study quantifies, for the first time, the suspended sediment transport and sediment-nutrient deposition in the whole Mekong Delta. To this end, a quasi-2-D hydrodynamic model is combined with a cohesive sediment transport model. The combined model is calibrated automatically using six objective functions to represent the different aspects of the hydraulic and sediment transport components. The model is calibrated for the extreme flood season in 2011 and shows good performance for the two validation years with very different flood characteristics. It is shown how sediment transport and sediment deposition vary from Kratie at the entrance of the Delta to the coast. The main factors influencing the spatial sediment dynamics are the setup of rivers, channels and dike-rings, the sluice gate operations, the magnitude of the floods and tidal influences. The superposition of these factors leads to high spatial variability of sediment transport, in particular in the Vietnamese floodplains. Depending on the flood magnitude, the annual sedimentation rate averaged over the Vietnamese floodplains varies from 0.3 to 2.1 kg m−2 yr−1, and the ring dike floodplains trap between 1 and 6% of the total sediment load at Kratie. This is equivalent to 29 × 103–440 × 103 t of nutrients (N, P, K, TOC) deposited in the Vietnamese floodplains. This large-scale quantification provides a basis for estimating the benefits of the annual Mekong floods for agriculture and fishery, and is important information for assessing the effects of deltaic subsidence and climate change related sea level rise.
Ex post damage assessment: an Italian experience
Authors: Molinari D. , Menoni S. , Aronica G. T. , Ballio F. , Berni N. , Pandolfo C. , Stelluti M. , Minucci G.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. In recent years, awareness of a need for more effective disaster data collection, storage, and sharing of analyses has developed in many parts of the world. In line with this advance, Italian local authorities have expressed the need for enhanced methods and procedures for post-event damage assessment in order to obtain data that can serve numerous purposes: to create a reliable and consistent database on the basis of which damage models can be defined or validated; and to supply a comprehensive scenario of flooding impacts according to which priorities can be identified during the emergency and recovery phase, and the compensation due to citizens from insurers or local authorities can be established. This paper studies this context, and describes ongoing activities in the Umbria and Sicily regions of Italy intended to identifying new tools and procedures for flood damage data surveys and storage in the aftermath of floods. In the first part of the paper, the current procedures for data gathering in Italy are analysed. The analysis shows that the available knowledge does not enable the definition or validation of damage curves, as information is poor, fragmented, and inconsistent. A new procedure for data collection and storage is therefore proposed. The entire analysis was carried out at a local level for the residential and commercial sectors only. The objective of the next steps for the research in the short term will be (i) to extend the procedure to other types of damage, and (ii) to make the procedure operational with the Italian Civil Protection system. The long-term aim is to develop specific depth–damage curves for Italian contexts.
Analysis of the ground vibration generated by debris flows and other torrential processes at the Rebaixader monitoring site (Central Pyrenees, Spain)
Authors: Abancó C. , Hürlimann M. , Moya J.
Published: April 2014

Abstract. Monitoring of debris flows using ground vibration sensors has increased in the last two decades. However, the correct interpretation of the signals still presents ambiguity. In the Rebaixader monitoring site (Central Pyrenees, Spain) two different ground vibration stations are installed. At the first station the ground velocity signal is transformed into an impulses-per-second signal (low frequency, 1 Hz). The analysis of the data recorded at this station show that the shape of the impulses signal is one of the key parameters to describe the evolution of the event. At the second station the ground velocity signal is directly recorded at high frequency (250 Hz). The results achieved at this station show that the differences in time series and spectral analysis are helpful to describe the temporal evolution of the events. In addition, some general outcomes were obtained: the attenuation of the signal with the distance has been identified as linear to exponential; and the assembly of the geophones to the terrain has an important effect on the amplification of the signal. All these results highlight that the definition of ground vibration thresholds for debris-flow detection or warning purposes is a difficult task; and that influence of site-specific conditions is notable.
A 24-hour dietary recall for assessing the intake pattern of choline among Bangladeshi pregnant women at their third trimester of pregnancy
Authors: Goon Shatabdi , Dey Sima Rani
Published: April 2014

Maternal choline intake during the third trimester of human pregnancy can modify systemic and local epigenetic marks in fetal-derived tissues, promoting better pregnancy outcomes, increased immunity, as well as improved mental and physical work capacity with proper memory and cognitive development. 103 pregnant women presenting to the antenatal care of Azimpur Maternity Hospital of Dhaka, Bangladesh in their third trimester of pregnancy were randomly selected for this cross sectional study exploring dietary intake patterns of choline. A dietary recall form was administered to estimate frequency and amount of food consumption of foods for the previous 24 hours. Most women reported diets that delivered less than the recommended choline intake (mean ± SD; 189.5 ± 98.2) providing only 42.72% of total RDA value. The results of this study may indicate that dietary choline among pregnant, Bangladeshi women may not be adequate to meet the needs of both, the mother and fetus. Further studies are warranted to determine clinical implications.
Gluteal Tendon Repair Augmented with a Synthetic Ligament: Surgical Technique and a Case Series
Authors: Bucher Thomas A. , Darcy Peter , Ebert Jay R. , Smith Anne , Janes Greg
Published: April 2014

We describe an augmented surgical repair technique for gluteus minimus and medius tears, along with a supportive case series. A consecutive series of 22 patients presenting with clinical and radiological findings consistent with hip abductor tears, who had undergone failed prior conservative treatments, were prospectively recruited. Patients underwent open bursectomy, Y-iliotibial release, debridement of the diseased tendon, decortication of the trochanteric foot-plate and reattachment augmented with a LARS ligament through a trans-osseous tunnel, together with suture anchors. All patients were assessed pre- and postoperatively to 12 months with the Oxford Hip Score (OHS), the Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) and a Visual Analogue Pain Scale (VAS), while a satisfaction scale was employed at 12 months. A statistically significant improvement (p≤0.05) was observed for all patient reported outcome measures, while all patients were at least ‘satisfied’ with the procedure at 12 months. One patient reported some lateral hip discomfort at 10 months, and removal of the LARS interference screw provided immediate relief. One patient had a urological catheter-related complication. With no other complications and no clinical failures of the repair, we believe the technique to be safe and reliable, whilst reducing the incidence of re-tears as reported in the existing literature.
Impaction Bone Grafting and Cemented Stem Revision in Periprosthetic Hip Fractures: A Novel Surgical Technique
Authors: Dearden Paul M. , Bobak Peter P. , Giannoudis Peter V.
Published: April 2014

With an ageing population, and increasing longevity of hip arthroplasty prostheses, the incidence of periprosthetic femoral fractures is rising. We present a simple and easily reproducible technique for reduction of any periprosthetic fracture that requires bone graft augmentation. This method facilitates impaction bone grafting to reconstitute lost bone stock and revision using a cemented implant.
Dynamics of Femoral Bone Remodelling in Well Fixed Total Hip Arthroplasty. a 20-Year Follow-Up of 20 Hips
Authors: Stucinskas Justinas , Clauss Martin , Tarasevicius Sarunas , Wingstrand Hans , Ilchmann Thomas
Published: April 2014

The aim of our study was to investigate the dynamics of cortical thinning around well fixed cemented Muller straight stems without osteolysis at different time periods during long term follow-up. We investigated patients operated on for osteoarthritis with a cemented Muller straight stem, all with more than 15 years follow-up and no radiological signs of osteolysis. Cortical thinning in 20 THA hips (19 patients) followed for a mean of 20 (16 to 22) years was measured medially and laterally at six levels from the first postoperative, five, 10 years and the last follow-up x-rays. Sixty percent of observed cortical thinning occurred during the first five postoperative years, which was more evident proximally. We conclude that significantly greater cortical bone loss occurs around cemented Muller straight stems during the first five years, than is seen subsequently. We feel that this is a non-pathological process mainly related to the Muller straight stem.
Bone Loss around a Stable, Partly Threaded Hydroxyapatite-Coated Cup: A Prospective Cohort Study Using Rsa and Dxa
Authors: Lazarinis Stergios , Milbrink Jan , Mattsson Per , Mallmin Hans , Hailer Nils P.
Published: April 2014

Study purpose

Aseptic loosening of the acetabular component is the most common reason for revision after primary THA, and periprosthetic demineralisation has been described as a potential cause for this process. The trabeculae-oriented pattern (TOP)-cup is a flat, hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated titanium shell with a threaded rim that was developed in order to minimise periprosthetic bone loss. We hypothesised that this cup provides good primary stability and improves preservation of periprosthetic bone mineral density (BMD).

Basic procedures

A prospective cohort study on 30 patients receiving the TOP cup was carried out. Preoperative total hip BMD and postoperative periprosthetic BMD in five periprosthetic regions of interest were investigated by dual energy radiographic absorptiometry (DXA), cup migration was analysed by radiostereometry (RSA), and the Harris hips score (HHS) was determined.

Main findings

Mean HHS increased from 49 (24-79) preoperatively to 99 (92-100) after two years. DXA after one year demonstrated substantial BMD loss in the proximal periprosthetic zones 1 (-18%), zone 2 (-16 %) and zone 3 (-9%, all p≤0.001 when compared with baseline BMD determined immediately postoperatively). The bone loss in these regions did not recover after two years. RSA (performed on 16 patients) showed that only very limited micromotion of the implant occurred: Mean cranial migration was 0.01 mm (95% confidence interval (CI): −0.09-0.12) and mean inclination decreased by 0.02° (CI: −0.43-0.39) after two years.

conclusion

We conclude that the TOP cup provides good primary stability in the short-term. However, substantial BMD loss in proximal periprosthetic areas indicates that the design of this cup cannot prevent periprosthetic bone loss that has also been observed around other uncemented cups.
Metal Ion Levels and Revision Rates in Metal-On-Metal Hip Resurfacing Arthroplasty: A Comparative Study
Authors: Robinson Patrick G. , Wilkinson Andrew J. , Meek Robert M.D.
Published: April 2014

Metal-on-metal (MoM) bearings in hip surgery are related to increased blood levels of metal ions. The nature of the relationship between ion levels and failure is still not fully understood. This study compares three cohorts of patients, 120 patients in each cohort, treated with a hip resurfacing arthroplasty, grouped by brand and diameter of femoral component on average four years postoperatively: Birmingham Hip Resurfacing ≥50 mm, Durom resurfacing ≥50 mm and Durom resurfacing ≤50 mm. The median blood ion levels of cobalt and chromium were significantly lower in the cohort with the large Durom resurfacing than the other two cohorts (P≤0.05). The large BHR and large Durom HRA had revision rates of 3.3%. The small Durom HRA had a revision rate of 8.3%. Elevated blood ion levels can indicate a failing MoM bearing. The large BHR and large Durom HRA have similar revision rates yet the large Durom HRA had significantly lower metal ion levels. When similar ion levels were reported for BHR and small Durom the latter had significantly higher revision rates. This suggests ion levels do not absolutely predict the rate of HRA failure. Since MoM generation of metal ions is not the sole reason of failure, regular clinical and radiographic follow-up should also be in place for patients with these joints.
Recognition of Minor Adult Hip Dysplasia: Which Anatomical Indices are Important?
Authors: Pereira Felipe , Giles Andrew , Wood Gavin , Board Tim N.
Published: April 2014

The rise in popularity of hip arthroscopy has led to a renewed interest in mild hip dysplasia. There is a lack of clarity in the literature regarding both the diagnosis and management of such patients. The aim of this study was to analyse the relative importance of and the inter-relationship between the classically described anatomical indices of dysplasia.

One hundred and fifty hips with varying degrees of hip dysplasia were studied. The following were measured: centre-edge (CE), Sharp's and Tönnis angles, acetabular head index (AHI), and acetabular index of depth to width (AIDW). Spearman's correlation coefficient was calculated.

Using the CE angle 82 hips were classified as normal and 68 dysplastic. Of the 82 patients with a normal CE angle, 20-39% were dysplastic on at least one other variable. The CE angle did not have a significant correlation to other variables. The remaining four variables showed inter-correlations between 0.26 and 0.54. Overall the Tönnis angle showed the strongest correlation with the other variables. In the patient group with CE angles 21° to 25° (minor dysplasia) 72% of hips had Tönnis angles greater than 10° and 28% had angles greater than or equal to 15° indicating the great variability in the level of dysplasia within this group.

In patients with mild dysplasia we have shown that measurement of a single anatomical variable may lead to under-diagnosis. We recommend the measurement the CE angle combined with at least one other variable and suggest the use of the Tönnis angle.
Reflexiones sobre el cumplimiento de la tregua entre maras en El Salvador
Authors: Sampó Carolina , Bartolomé Mariano
Published: April 2014

En marzo del año 2012, las dos maras más poderosas y numerosas de El Salvador, la mara Salvatrucha y la mara Dieciocho establecieron una tregua entre ellas y decidieron calmarse. Con el fin de reducir los niveles de violencia que afectaba a la sociedad en general, sus más altas cúpulas se comprometieron a parar los asesinatos, secuestros y extorsiones que tenían lugar en casi todos los rincones del país desde hacía más de dos décadas. Sin embargo, en los últimos meses han aparecido algunos elementos que parecen indicar que los objetivos de la implentaciópn de la tregua eran otros, íntimamente vinculados a los negocios del narcotráfico en territorio salvadoreño. A pesar del beneplácito de la Organización de los Estados Americanos (OEA) y de su rol como garante del proceso

de pacificación, la tregua está en manos de las maras más que de la socidedad civil, que desconfía de ella. En este contexto, correspondería a la clase política modificar el statu quo, en especial considerando la proximidad de las elecciones presidenciales.
A 7th Century BCE Bulla Fragment From Area D3 in The ‘City Of David’/Silwan
Authors: Gadot Yuval , Goren Yuval , Lipschits Oded
Published: April 2014

A bulla fragment was found in the excavations of Tel Aviv University at the City of David/Silwan. It is made out of local terra rossa soil, and the reading is: קם // ---לך --- The names אחיקם and אליקם are the best candidates for the name in the upper register. The title “עבד המלך” is the best candidate for the title in the lower register. The seal's quality and the reconstructed title of its bearer indicate that it was used by a high official in the royal Judahite administration.
An Emendation of Hab 2:4a in the Light of Hab 1:5
Authors: Renz Thomas
Published: April 2014

The first half of Hab 2:4 has long been a crux; numerous emendations have been proposed over the years. This essay returns to an earlier proposal that the letter sequence עפלה is the result of a metathesis and argues that פעל refers back to Hab 1:5 with the grapheme ה originally functioning as an interrogative pronoun with לא . The result is a reading of the vision which makes reference to the divine as well as human protagonists.
Jerubaal, Jacob and the Battle for Shechem: A Tradition History
Authors: Farber Zev
Published: April 2014

The Bible alludes to three different versions of the conquest/destruction of Shechem. The Jerubaal-Abimelech cycle, the conquest of Shechem by Jacob, and the Dinah story. The (later) Jacob story overtook the (earlier) Jerubaal story, a phenomenon I dub tradition cannibalism, as Jerubaal became identified with Gideon and shed his own story. When the idea of a conquering patriarch fell out of favor, the account reemerged as the Dinah story, with Simeon and Levi as the conquerors of Shechem.
Malbim's Approach to the Sins of Biblical Personages
Authors: Frisch Amos
Published: April 2014

This article examines one component of the exegetical method of Malbim (1809–1879), an Orthodox rabbi of a strongly conventional bent, and questions the scholarly assumption that he invariably defends outstanding biblical figures. After surveying the accepted scholarly view, I discuss three examples of Malbim’s advocative interpretations, and then seven examples of his critical attitude towards biblical figures (also taken from his commentary on the book of Genesis) as well as two additional examples from his commentary on the Former Prophets. An analysis of the findings reveals five characteristics of his exegetical approach on this question (which at times is comprised of two phases), and suggests that he occupies a middle ground between two of his contemporaries, R. Jacob Zvi Meklenburg and R. Samson Raphael Hirsch.
Double Meaning in the Parable of the Poor Man's Ewe (2 Sam 12:1–4)
Authors: Berman Joshua
Published: April 2014

The parable of the poor man's ewe (2 Sam 12:1–4) is best interpreted along two separate axes as a commentary upon the David and Bathsheba narrative in 2 Samuel 11. In one, the parable is an allegory for the sin of adultery with Bathsheba. In the other, the parable is an allegory for the sin of the murder of Uriah. This double interpretation of the parable matches Nathan's censure of David in 12:9–12. In this pericope the prophet twice uses the formulaic opening, “thus says the Lord,” introducing two separate censures, one that focuses exclusively on the sin of adultery, and one on the sin of murder.
Zechariah 9–14 and the Continuation of Zechariah during the Ptolemaic Period
Authors: Gonzalez Hervé
Published: April 2014

Despite its significance, the question of why the book of Zechariah was expanded with chs. 9–14 has largely been overlooked. By combining literary and sociohistorical insights, this article demonstrates that Zech 9–14 was composed as the continuation of Zechariah in order to bring the prophetic corpus up to date in light of the sociopolitical changes of the Ptolemaic period. As such, Zech 9-14 serves to enhance the authority of the prophetic revelation and to criticize these changes by means of a utopian/dystopian perspective.
In-Vitro Inhibition of Human Lipase PS by Polyphenols From Kiwi Fruit
Authors: Thomas Eidenberger , Manuel Selg , Sigrid Fuerst , Klaus Krennhuber
Published: April 2014

Polyphenols are widely distributed in higher plants. It is well recognized that they are responsible for many beneficial effects observed in humans after ingestion of vegetables and fruits. Kiwis (Actinidia chinensis) are an increasingly popular fruit in Europe and contain a wide range of polyphenols.

Different preparations from kiwi fruits were compared for the content of soluble and condensed polyphenols and tested in-vitro for inhibition of human pancreatic lipase. It is shown that human pancreatic lipase is substantially inhibited by kiwi polyphenols as long as the proportion of condensed polyphenols remains intact. Lipase inhibition is negligible when condensed polyphenols are hydrolysed by acidic treatment. It was also demonstrated that Kiwi polyphenols do not precipitate proteins as described for the tannin class of condensed polyphenols. Hence, the inhibitory effect of condensed Kiwi polyphenols is not considered to be related to unspecific enzyme inactivation by a tannin-like effect.