bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Development of Critical Consciousness and its Relation to Academic Achievement in Adolescents of Color
Authors: Seider Scott , Clark Shelby , Graves Daren
Published: May 2019

Critical consciousness, the process by which individuals come to understand, analyze, and take action against systems of oppression, is associated with several positive youth outcomes. However, little research has considered how the core components of critical consciousness (critical reflection, political agency, critical action) are associated with academic achievement. The present study explored the extent to which the developing critical consciousness of adolescents of color (N = 364) over 4 years of high school predicted academic achievement, as measured by grade point average (GPA) and the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT). Results demonstrated that adolescents’ critical reflection and critical action intercepts predicted SAT scores whereas critical reflection and critical action slopes predicted GPAs. Political agency was not predictive of either academic outcome.
Embracing Death: Mexican Parent and Child Perspectives on Death
Authors: Gutiérrez Isabel T. , Menendez David , Jiang Matthew J. , Hernandez Iseli G. , Miller Peggy , Rosengren Karl S.
Published: May 2019

A mixed‐method approach was used to explore parent and child perspectives on death in Mexico. Parents’ and children’s death‐related experiences and understanding of death were examined. While all children in this sample displayed a biological understanding of death, older children were less likely to endorse that all living things die. Children also displayed coexistence of beliefs related to death that can be attributed to both their biological and spiritual understanding of death. We also found that older children were more likely to report that a child should feel sad following the death of a loved one. These findings highlight how cultural practices shape the development of cognitive and affective processes related to death.
Distinctive functional deficiencies in axonal conduction associated with two forms of cerebral white matter injury
Authors: Mu Hong‐Feng , Gao Xu‐Guang , Li Si‐Cheng , Wei Peng‐Ju , Zhao Yong‐Fang , Zhang Wen‐Ting , Wang Yun , Gao Yan‐Qin
Published: May 2019

Aims

This study determines whether assessment with compound action potentials (CAPs) can distinguish two different forms of cerebral white matter injury at the functional levels.

Methods

A pure demyelination model was induced in C57/BL6 adult mice by dietary supplementation of cuprizone (0.2%) for 6 weeks. Callosal L‐N5‐(1‐Iminoethyl) ornithine (L‐NIO) hydrochloride (27 mg/mL) was injected into the corpus callosum (CC) to induce a focal white matter stroke (WMS), resulting in both demyelination and axonal injury. White matter integrity was assessed by performing CAP recording, electron microscopy, and immunohistological and luxol fast blue (LFB) staining.

Results

Immunohistological and electron microscopic analyses confirmed the induction of robust demyelination in CC with cuprizone, and mixed demyelination and axonal damage with L‐NIO. Electrophysiologically, cuprizone‐induced demyelination significantly reduced the amplitude of negative peak 1 (N1), but increased the amplitude of negative peak 2 (N2), of the CAPs compared to the sham controls. However, cuprizone did not affect the axonal conduction velocity. In contrast, the amplitude and area of both N1 and N2 along with N1 axonal conduction velocity were dramatically decreased in L‐NIO‐induced WMS.

Conclusions

Concertedly, parameters of the CAPs offer a novel functional assessment strategy for cerebral white matter injury in rodent models.
The effect of post‐stroke hyperglycaemia on the levels of brain damage and repair‐related circulating biomarkers: the Glycaemia in Acute Stroke Study II
Authors: Otero‐Ortega L. , Gutiérrez‐Fernández M. , Gutiérrez‐Zúñiga R. , Madero‐Jarabo R. , Alonso de Leciñana M. , Laso‐García F. , Lisbona A. , Delgado‐Mederos R. , Gállego‐Culleré J. , Martínez‐Zabaleta M. , Freijo M. , Portilla J. C. , Gil‐Núñez A. , Díez‐Tejedor E. , Fuentes B. ,   the GLIAS‐II investigators for the Stroke Project of the Spanish Cerebrovascular Diseases Study Group
Published: May 2019

Background and purpose

The aim was to identify whether post‐stroke hyperglycaemia (PSH) influences the levels of circulating biomarkers of brain damage and repair, and to explore whether these biomarkers mediate the effect of PSH on the ischaemic stroke (IS) outcome.

Methods

This was a secondary analysis of the Glycaemia in Acute Stroke II study. Biomarkers of inflammation, prothrombotic activity, endothelial dysfunction, blood–brain barrier rupture, cell death and brain repair processes were analysed at 24–48 h (baseline) and 72–96 h (follow‐up) after IS. The associations of the biomarkers and stroke outcome (modified Rankin Scale score at 3 months) based on the presence of PSH were compared.

Results

A total of 174 patients participated in this sub‐study. Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) at admission was negatively correlated with glucose levels. PSH was associated with a trend toward higher levels of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) at baseline. The EPCs in the PSH group then decreased in the follow‐up samples (−8.5 ± 10.3) compared with the non‐PSH group (4.7 ± 7.33; P = 0.024). However, neither BDNF nor EPC values had correlation with the 3‐month outcome. Higher interleukin‐6 at follow‐up was associated with poor outcomes (modified Rankin Scale > 2) independently of PSH.

Conclusion

Post‐stroke hyperglycaemia appears to be associated with a negative regulation of BDNF and a different reaction in EPC levels. However, neither BDNF nor EPCs showed significant mediation of the PSH association with IS outcome, and only higher interleukin‐6 in the follow‐up samples (72–96 h) was related to poor outcomes, independently of PSH status. Further studies are needed to achieve definite conclusions.
Contribution of fibroblasts to tunnel formation and inflammation in hidradenitis suppurativa/ acne inversa
Authors: Frew John W. , Navrazhina Kristina , Marohn Meaghan , Lu Pei‐Ju C. , Krueger James G.
Published: May 2019

The precise pathogenic mechanisms in the development, persistence and worsening of hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) remain ill‐defined. This chronic inflammatory dermatosis displays a strong Th1 and Th17 inflammatory signature with elevated levels of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐17 and IFNγ in lesional and perilesional tissue. HS significantly differs to other chronic inflammatory dermatoses due to the development of hypertrophic scarring and dermal tunnels. The development of scarring and tunnels suggests that fibroblastic stromal cells (including myofibroblasts, fibroblasts, pericytes etc) may be involved in the development and progression of disease. Heterogeneous populations of fibroblasts have been identified in other inflammatory disorders and malignancy which contribute to inflammation and present novel therapeutic targets for fibrotic disorders. Findings in HS are consistent with these fibroblast subpopulations and may contribute to tunnel formation, aggressive squamous cell carcinoma and the phenotypic presentation of familial HS variants. We describe the existing knowledge regarding these mechanistic pathways and methods to confirm their involvement in the pathogenesis of HS.
Epidermolysis bullosa: Advances in research and treatment
Authors: Prodinger Christine , Reichelt Julia , Bauer Johann W. , Laimer Martin
Published: May 2019

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is the umbrella term for a group of rare inherited skin fragility disorders caused by mutations in at least 20 different genes. There is no cure for any of the subtypes of EB resulting from different mutations, and current therapy only focuses on the management of wounds and pain. Novel effective therapeutic approaches are therefore urgently required. Strategies include gene‐, protein‐ and cell‐based therapies. This review discusses molecular procedures currently under investigation at the EB House Austria, a designated Centre of Expertise implemented in the European Reference Network for Rare and Undiagnosed Skin Diseases. Current clinical research activities at the EB House Austria include newly developed candidate substances that have emerged out of our translational research initiatives as well as already commercially available medications that are applied in off‐licensed indications. Squamous cell carcinoma is the major cause of death in severe forms of EB. We are evaluating immunotherapy using an anti‐PD1 monoclonal antibody as a palliative treatment option for locally advanced or metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the skin unresponsive to previous systemic therapy. In addition, we are evaluating topical calcipotriol and topical diacerein as potential agents to improve the healing of skin wounds in EBS patients. Finally, the review will highlight the recent advancements of gene therapy development for EB.
Effective monitoring of freshwater fish
Authors: Radinger Johannes , Britton J. Robert , Carlson Stephanie M. , Magurran Anne E. , Alcaraz‐Hernández Juan Diego , Almodóvar Ana , Benejam Lluís , Fernández‐Delgado Carlos , Nicola Graciela G. , Oliva‐Paterna Francisco J. , Torralva Mar , García‐Berthou Emili
Published: May 2019

Freshwater ecosystems constitute only a small fraction of the planet's water resources, yet support much of its diversity, with freshwater fish accounting for more species than birds, mammals, amphibians or reptiles. Fresh waters are, however, particularly vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts, including habitat loss, climate and land use change, pollution and biological invasions. This environmental degradation, combined with unprecedented rates of biodiversity change, highlights the importance of robust and replicable programmes to monitor freshwater fish. Such monitoring programmes can have diverse aims, including confirming the presence of a single species (e.g., early detection of alien species), tracking changes in the abundance of threatened species, or documenting long‐term temporal changes in entire communities. Irrespective of their motivation, monitoring programmes are only fit for purpose if they have clearly articulated aims and collect data that can meet those aims. This review, therefore, highlights the importance of identifying the key aims in monitoring programmes and outlines the different methods of sampling freshwater fish that can be used to meet these aims. We emphasize that investigators must address issues around sampling design, statistical power, species’ detectability, taxonomy and ethics in their monitoring programmes. Additionally, programmes must ensure that high‐quality monitoring data are properly curated and deposited in repositories that will endure. Through fostering improved practice in freshwater fish monitoring, this review aims to help programmes improve understanding of the processes that shape the Earth's freshwater ecosystems and help protect these systems in face of rapid environmental change.
Acetyl‐11‐keto‐β‐boswellic acid triggers premature senescence via induction of DNA damage accompanied by impairment of DNA repair genes in hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Wang Shikang , Wang Huijun , Sun Baoyou , Li Duanfeng , Wu Jing , Li Juan , Tian Xiaona , Qin Chengkun , Chang Hong , Liu Yongqing
Published: May 2019

Cellular senescence, a state of irreversible growth arrest, occurs in all somatic cells and causes the cells to exhaust replicative capacity. Recently, cellular senescence has been emerging as one of the principal mechanisms of tumor suppression, which can be induced by low doses of therapeutic drugs in cancer cells. Acetyl‐11‐keto‐β‐boswellic acid (AKBA), an active ingredient isolated from the plant Boswellia serrata, has been identified to induce apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. In this study, we found that low concentrations of AKBA treatment triggered cell growth arrest at G0/G1 phase with features of premature cellular senescence phenotype in both HCC cell lines HepG2 and SMMC7721, as observed by enlarged and flattened morphology, significant increase in cells with senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase staining, and decrease in cell proliferation and DNA synthesis. Furthermore, cellular senescence induced by AKBA occurred via activation of DNA damage response and impairment of DNA repair, as evidenced by strong induction of γH2AX and p53, and downregulated expressions of multiple DNA repair associated genes. Induction of p53 by AKBA caused a significant increase in p21CIP1, which had a critical involvement in the induction of cellular senescence. Additionally, in vivo study demonstrated that induction of senescence contributed to the anticancer efficacy of AKBA. Therefore, our findings suggested that induction of premature senescence by AKBA through DNA damage response accompanied by impairment of DNA repair genes defines a novel mechanism contributing to its growth suppression in HCC cells.
Stability of microencapsulated lactic acid bacteria under acidic and bile juice conditions
Authors: de Andrade Dayana Pereira , Ramos Cíntia Lacerda , Botrel Diego Alvarenga , Borges Soraia Vilela , Schwan Rosane Freitas , Ribeiro Dias Disney
Published: May 2019

The probiotic strains Lactobacillus brevis CCMA1284 and Lactobacillus plantarum CCMA0359 were microencapsulated by spray drying using different matrices – whey powder (W), whey powder with inulin (WI) and whey powder with maltodextrin (WM). Viability of the microencapsulated strains in acid and bile juices and during 90 days of storage (seven and 25 °C) was evaluated. The two strains exhibited high encapsulation efficiency (> 86%) by spray drying. The different matrices maintained L. plantarum viability above six log CFU g−1 at 7 °C for 90 days, whereas similar results for L. brevis were observed only for W. The use of inulin as matrix of encapsulation did not enhance bacterial viability in the evaluated conditions. In general, the use of W and WM as matrices was effective for L. plantarum viability. However, only W was effective for L. brevis in the evaluated conditions. The spray drying technique was successfully adopted for the encapsulation of L. plantarum CCMA0359 and L. brevis CCMA1284 strains.
The Troubling Legacy of Francis Galton
Authors: Langkjær-Bain Robert
Published: May 2019

Few figures stand taller in the history of statistics than Sir Francis Galton. But can we separate Galton's achievements in statistical science from his views on race and his association with eugenics? By Robert Langkjær-Bain
Turning Points Pearson and the Parameter
Authors: Raper Simon
Published: May 2019

In the third in our series of articles on key moments in the history of statistics, Simon Raper explores the philosophical ideas of Karl Pearson, and his belief that parameters and distributions, not things, are the proper object of scientific study
Long non‐coding RNAs in the spinal cord injury: Novel spotlight
Authors: Li Zheng , Ho Idy H. T. , Li Xingye , Xu Derong , Wu William K. K. , Chan Matthew T. V. , Li Shugang , Liu Xiaodong
Published: May 2019

Spinal cord injury (SCI) may lead to persistent locomotor dysfunction and somatosensory disorders, which adversely affect the quality of life of patients and cause a significant economic burden to the society. The efficacies of current therapeutic interventions are still far from satisfaction as the secondary damages resulting from the complex and progressive molecular alterations after SCI are not properly addressed. Recent studies revealed that long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are abundant in the brain and might play critical roles in several nervous system disorders. At the cellular level, lncRNAs have been shown to regulate the expression of protein‐coding RNAs and hence participate in neuronal death, demyelination and glia activation. Notably, SCI is characterized by these biological processes, suggesting that lncRNAs could be novel modulators in the pathogenesis of SCI. This review describes recent progresses in the lncRNA transcriptome analyses and their molecular functions in regulating SCI progression.
Immediate versus delayed loading of mandibular implant‐retained overdentures: A 60‐month follow‐up of a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Salman Arif , Thacker Sejal , Rubin Satoko , Dhingra Ajay , Ioannidou Effie , Schincaglia Gian Pietro
Published: May 2019

Aim

The purpose of this observational, post‐trial follow‐up study was to evaluate 60‐month outcomes of a randomized controlled clinical trial that compared immediately and delayed loaded two unsplinted implants, supporting a locator‐retained mandibular overdenture.

Materials and Methods

Patients from a randomized controlled clinical trial, treated with either immediate or delayed loading of two implants, supporting a locator‐retained mandibular overdenture, were recalled for 60‐month evaluation. Patients underwent a clinical and radiographic examination to evaluate the peri‐implant soft tissue parameters and bone. Prosthetic maintenance needs and complications were also recorded.

Results

Twenty three of the 30 patients were available for the 60‐month follow‐up. The mean radiographic bone level change measured using standardized periapical radiographs from baseline to 60 months was 0.89 mm (±0.74) and 0.18 (±0.41) for delayed loading and immediate loading groups, respectively. A statistically significant difference was observed at 60 months with a smaller radiographic bone level change in the immediate loading group. No implants were lost between 12 and 60 months. At 60 months, per‐protocol implant survival rate was 100% for both the groups. No difference was found in the peri‐implant soft tissue parameters and prosthetic needs between the groups.

Conclusion

Both immediately and delayed loaded implants supporting a locator‐retained mandibular overdenture showed similar clinical outcomes.
Long‐term metabolic syndrome is associated with periodontal pockets and alveolar bone loss
Authors: Tegelberg Paula , Tervonen Tellervo , Knuuttila Matti , Jokelainen Jari , Keinänen‐Kiukaanniemi Sirkka , Auvinen Juha , Ylöstalo Pekka
Published: May 2019

Aim

To investigate whether the metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with deepened periodontal pockets and alveolar bone loss.

Materials and Methods

This study was based on a subpopulation of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 survey (n = 1964). The criteria of the AHA/NHLBI were used to determine MetS. The analyses were based on the metabolic data at ages 31 and 46, and probing pocket depth and alveolar bone level data at age 46. Relative risks (RR, 95% CI) were estimated using Poisson regression models.

Results

Relative risks for PD ≥ 4 mm and BL ≥ 5 mm were higher in individuals with an exposure to MetS ≥ 15 years (RR 1.8, 95% CI 1.6–2.1 and RR 1.5, 95% CI 1.3–1.9, respectively) than in those whose exposure was <15 years (RR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.3 and RR 1.1, 95% CI 1.0–1.3, respectively). Consistently stronger associations were found in never smokers. Women showed stronger associations of MetS with PD ≥ 4 mm than men. The association with BL ≥ 5 mm was observed only in men.

Conclusion

A long‐term exposure by MetS was associated independently and in an exposure‐dependent manner with periodontal pockets and alveolar bone level.
The impact of a patient decision aid on shared decision‐making behaviour in oncology care and pulmonary medicine—A field study based on real‐life observations
Authors: Olling Karina , Stie Mette , Winther Bodil , Steffensen Karina Dahl
Published: May 2019

Objective

A patient decision aid (PtDA) is often developed and evaluated to support shared decision making (SDM) and a patient‐centred approach. In this study, a PtDA template was developed to support two different preference sensitive decisions: adjuvant therapy for breast cancer and diagnostic workup for lung cancer. The aim of the study was to explore whether a PtDA improved SDM and supported a patient‐centred approach from an observational point of view.

Methods

Real‐life observations were conducted using the validated observational instrument OPTION 12. Three nurses conducted observations of consultations in two different clinical settings.

The study consisted of a baseline cohort (phase 1) and an intervention cohort (phase 2). In phase 1, standard consultations were observed. Subsequently, the PtDA was introduced, and in phase 2, consultations with the clinician using the PtDA were observed.

Results

Twenty‐nine observations were conducted in phase 1 and 24 in phase 2. Using a PtDA increased the overall OPTION score significantly (P < .0001), both in decisions on adjuvant treatment for breast cancer and on diagnostic workup of lung cancer.

Items in the OPTION instrument regarding systematic conversation to obtain SDM had a higher increase of scores compared to items regarding a patient‐centred approach.

Conclusion

Real‐life observations and the use of a validated observational tool provided comprehensive knowledge as to how a PtDA affects SDM in consultations. Applying a PtDA resulted in a significant overall increase of SDM behaviour in decisions on adjuvant treatment after breast cancer surgery and diagnostic workup in case of a small suspicion of lung cancer. In conclusion, the PtDA supports SDM in consultations independently of type of decision and department.
Evaluation of open‐access global digital elevation models (AW3D30, SRTM, and ASTER) for flood modelling purposes
Authors: Courty Laurent Guillaume , Soriano‐Monzalvo Julio César , Pedrozo‐Acuña Adrián
Published: May 2019

Digital elevation models (DEM) are fundamental for hydrologic and hydraulic modelling. Many practitioners rely on open‐access global data sets due to the cost and sparse coverage of sources of higher resolution. In 2016, the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency released the ALOS World 3D‐30m (AW3D30), an open‐access global elevation model at an horizontal resolution of 30 m. So far no published study has done an assessment of the flood modelling capabilities of this new product. The purpose of this investigation is to (a) assess the utility of the AW3D30 for flood modelling purposes and (b) compare its performance with regards to computed water levels and flood extent maps calculated using other freely available 30m DEM (e.g., SRTM and ASTER). For this comparison, the reference to reality is given by the maps computed using a light detection and ranging (LiDAR)‐based digital terrain model. This study is carried out in two catchments with contrasting topographic gradients. Results show that AW3D30 performs better than the SRTM. In mountainous regions, the results derived with the AW3D30 are comparable in skill to those obtained with a LiDAR‐derived digital surface model. This encouraging performance paves the way to more accurate modelling for both data‐scarce regions and global flood models.
Adverse Effects of Pharmacologic Treatments of Major Depression in Older Adults
Authors: Sobieraj Diana M. , Martinez Brandon K. , Hernandez Adrian V. , Coleman Craig I. , Ross Joseph S. , Berg Karina M. , Steffens David C. , Baker William L.
Published: May 2019

OBJECTIVES

To assess adverse effects of pharmacologic antidepressants for treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) in adults 65 years of age or older.

DESIGN

Systematic review and meta‐analysis.

SETTING

Specialist or generalist outpatient setting, rehabilitation facility, and nursing facilities.

PARTICIPANTS

Persons 65 years and older with MDD.

INTERVENTION

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), bupropion, mirtazapine, trazodone, vilazodone, or vortioxetine compared with another antidepressant, placebo, or nonpharmacologic therapy.

MEASUREMENTS

Adverse events, arrhythmias, cognitive impairment, falls, fractures, hospitalization, mortality, QTc prolongation, serious adverse events, and withdrawals due to adverse events.

RESULTS

Nineteen randomized controlled trials and two observational studies were included. Most studies evaluated treatment of the acute phase (<12 wk) of MDD of moderate severity. SSRIs led to a statistically similar frequency of overall adverse events vs placebo (moderate strength of evidence [SOE]), but SNRIs caused more overall adverse events vs placebo (high SOE) during the acute treatment phase. Both SSRIs and SNRIs led to more study withdrawals due to adverse events vs placebo (SSRIs low SOE; SNRIs moderate SOE). Duloxetine led to a more falls vs placebo (moderate SOE) during 24 weeks of acute and continuation treatment of MDD.

CONCLUSION

In patients 65 years of age or older with MDD, treatment of the acute phase of MDD with SNRIs, but not SSRIs, was associated with a statistically greater number of overall adverse events vs placebo. SSRIs and SNRIs led to a greater number of study withdrawals due to adverse events vs placebo. Duloxetine increased the risk of falls that as an outcome was underreported in the literature. Few studies examined head‐to‐head comparisons, most trials were not powered to evaluate adverse events, and results of observational studies may be confounded. Comparative long‐term studies reporting specific adverse events are needed to inform clinical decision making regarding choice of antidepressants in this population. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:1571–1581, 2019
Influence of hyper‐harmonized fullerene water complex on collagen quality and skin function
Authors: Miljkovic Suzana , Jeftic Branislava , Sarac Dusan , Matovic Valentina , Slavkovic Marija , Koruga Djuro
Published: May 2019

Background

Fullerene water complex establishes the optimal order and function of biomolecules in natural, biophysical way by transducing the signal through water hydrogen bonds to biomolecules.

Objectives

This paper considers the effects of the patented hyper‐harmonized‐hydroxylated fullerene water complex (3HFWC) on biophysical properties of the skin collagen molecules.

Method

Optomagnetic imaging spectroscopy (OMIS) has been used for the analysis of the biophysical skin properties (diamagnetic/paramagnetic) after applying three groups of different cosmetic products. Tested cosmetic products were prepared by replacing the active ingredients with 3HFWC or with water in four commercial products. The original commercial creams and their vehiculums with water added served as control groups. Data were statistically analyzed using paired t test in R software.

Results

t Test gave statistically significant results for all of the products with 3HFWC, while within the control group, only body lotion and hand cream did show statistically significant results (P < 0.05). Significant improvements in abundance and quality of collagen in the dermis were achieved with body lotion with 3HFWC (p+/p−ranged from 0.82 to 0.97). While body lotion vehiculum made collagen‐water interaction more stable (p+/p−ranged from 0.3 to 0.55), hand cream with 3HFWC made it more dynamic (p+/p−ranged from 0.63 to 0.49). Body lotion vehiculum improved the compactness of the dermis (p+/p−ranged from 0.2 to 1.03), as well as commercial hand cream (p+/p− ranged from 0.28 to 0.85).

Conclusion

Compared to the control groups, cosmetic products with 3HFWC demonstrated positive effects on the biophysical properties of the skin. Increased paramagnetic properties are linked to more unpaired electrons, their faster movement, and, finally, better signal transduction. Thus, products with 3HFWC could enable faster regeneration of collagen and prompt skin reaction to the negative environmental influences.
Efficacy of high‐intensity focused ultrasound in facial and neck rejuvenation
Authors: Aşiran Serdar Zehra , Aktaş Karabay Ezgi , Tatlıparmak Aslı , Aksoy Berna
Published: May 2019

Background

High‐intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has recently been introduced in the treatment of facial wrinkles and laxity.

Objective

The purpose of the study was to evaluate efficacy and safety of HIFU in facial and neck rejuvenation.

Methods

High‐intensity focused ultrasound treatment was performed on face and neck by using two different probes with focal depth of 3 mm and 4.5 mm. Two independent, blinded clinicians evaluated the clinical improvement at 3 months after treatment. The patients also scored their satisfaction with the treatment. Adverse effects were assessed up to 3 months post‐treatment.

Results

Seventy‐five patients (73 female, 2 male) with Fitzpatrick skin phototypes 2‐4 were enrolled in the study. After treatment, improvement in nasolabial, jawline, submental, and neck areas was separately evaluated. The rate of improvement in each area was more than 80% according to the physicians' assessment, while patients' satisfaction degree in each area was over 78%. Most common adverse effect was pain, reported in 25.3% of the patients during the procedure while transient erythema was reported in 6.7%. Both resolved spontaneously after the procedure. Only one patient complained development of numbness on right mandibular region which resolved spontaneously within 10 days.

Conclusion

High‐intensity focused ultrasound can be an effective noninvasive treatment modality in facial and neck rejuvenation with an acceptable safety profile.
The Silent Backdrop: Colonial Anxiety at the Border
Authors: Carver Natasha
Published: May 2019

Through the categorization of movers, states determine and fix the belonging of migrants and thereby reproduce the nation‐state system as a global reality. Some movers, however, are deemed illegible and must be identified, labelled and thus brought within the system. This paper unpicks the legal consequences of a “coloniality of power” (Quijano, 2000) embedded within the border system as a whole. The paper demonstrates this process through a post‐colonial examination of Somali migration and the application of the 1951 Refugee Convention at the UK border. The Somali migrant, like his colonized predecessor, is constructed as an unreliable informant of him/herself; a “lying native” (Bhabha, 1994) whose identity can be ‘discovered’ by the tools of the enlightened West.
Circulating microRNAs in suspected stable coronary artery disease: A coronary computed tomography angiography study
Authors: de Gonzalo‐Calvo David , Vilades David , Martínez‐Camblor Pablo , Vea Àngela , Nasarre Laura , Sanchez Vega Jesus , Leta Rubén , Carreras Francesc , Llorente‐Cortés Vicenta
Published: May 2019

Objectives

To explore the diagnostic performance of circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) as biomarkers in patients with suspected stable coronary artery disease (CAD).

Methods

Plasma samples were collected from 237 consecutive patients referred for coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). Presence, extension and severity of coronary stenosis were evaluated using the indexes: presence of diameter stenosis ≥ 50%, segment involvement score (SIS), segment stenosis score (SSS) and 3‐vessel plaque score. A panel of 10 miRNAs previously associated with CAD was analysed using RT‐qPCR. Multivariate analyses were used to analyse the associations between biomarkers and indexes. Discrimination was evaluated using the area under the ROC curve (AUC). Decision trees were generated using chi‐squared Automatic Interaction Detector (CHAID) prediction models.

Results

After comprehensive adjustment including cardiovascular risk factors, medication use, confounding factors and protein‐based biomarkers (hs‐TnT and hs‐CRP), several circulating miRNAs were inversely associated with coronary atherosclerosis extension (SIS and 3‐vessel plaque score) and severity (SSS). In the whole population, circulating miRNAs showed a poor discrimination value for all indexes (AUC = 0.539–0.644) and did not increase the discrimination capacity of a clinical model of coronary stenosis presence, extension and severity based on conventional cardiovascular risk factors. Conversely, the inclusion of circulating miRNAs in decision trees produces models that improve the classification of cases and controls in specific patient subgroups.

Conclusions

This study identifies a group of circulating miRNAs that failed to improve the discrimination capacity of cardiovascular risk factors but that has the potential to define specific subpopulations of patients with suspected stable CAD.
Effects of chronic treatment with botulinum toxin type A in salivary glands of rats: Histological and immunohistochemical analyses
Authors: Regueira Luciana Silva , Baratella‐Evêncio Liriane , de Oliveira Jaciel Benedito , da Silva Priscilla Suelen Oliveira Carvalho , Valença Gabriela Andrade Lima , Conceição Juliana Cristina Peixoto , da Cruz Perez Danyel Elias
Published: May 2019

Background

The intraglandular application of botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT‐A) is used in patients with neuromotor disorders to control the escape of saliva. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of repeated treatment with BoNT‐A on the submandibular‐sublingual complex of rats.

Methods

A total of 35 Wistar rats were divided into three groups: control group (C), in which animals were not treated; group B, treated with 2.5 U intraglandular injections of BoNT‐A (Prosigne®) and group G, that received bovine gelatine (Prosigne stabilizer). Three applications were performed in intervals of 35 days. Twelve and 35 days after ending the treatment, submandibular‐sublingual complex was collected for histological analysis. Immunohistochemical reactions for calponin and specific muscle actin were also performed, besides detection of apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay.

Results

A decrease in mucosal and serous acini diameter was observed, with increased interstitial space after 12 days of treatment with BoNT‐A, which was observed in a lesser degree on the 35th day. At 12 days, immunohistochemical analysis revealed a decrease in myoepithelial cells of serous acini in group B. TUNEL methods evidenced apoptosis in animals from group B.

Conclusions

BoNT‐A caused histological and cellular changes in submandibular‐sublingual complex, followed by a tendency toward reversal after 35 days. The reversal characteristic of cellular changes in the submandibular‐sublingual complex suggests that this BoNT‐A formulation may be safely used for sialorrhea treatment.
Accuracy of School Staff‐Measured Height and Weight Used for Body Mass Index Screening and Reporting
Authors: Thompson Hannah R. , Linchey Jennifer K. , King Benjamin , Himes John H. , Madsen Kristine A.
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND

The accuracy of students' heights and weights measured by school staff for body mass index (BMI) screening/reporting has not been established. This study examined school staffs' measurement accuracy, comparing accuracy by staff‐ and student‐level characteristics.

METHODS

School staff and researchers measured the height and weight of 1008 4th–8th grade students, within 1 month of each other. Bland–Altman plots, mean differences, and intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to examine measurement accuracy. Linear mixed effects models assessed accuracy by staff‐ and student‐level characteristics.

RESULTS

Bland–Altman plots revealed no appreciable bias in differences between researcher and staff measurements. The mean absolute difference between researcher and school staff measurements were 1.0 ± 1.6 cm (height), 0.7 ± 1.8 kg (weight), and 0.4 ± 0.8 kg/m2 (BMI). Inter‐rater ICC values were ≥0.97, demonstrating “excellent” reliability. Categorical weight status was correctly classified for 94% of students (kappa 0.90), and for 96% with a BMI ≥95th% (kappa 0.94). Physical education (PE) teachers were slightly less accurate than school nurses in measuring height (0.4 cm less accurate; p = .045) and weight (0.4 kg; p = .015).

CONCLUSIONS

School staff conducted height/weight measurements on 4th–8th grade students with high accuracy. Resultant school‐based BMI reports using similar protocols should validly reflect weight status for almost all students.
Youth version, Case‐finding and Help Assessment Tool (YouthCHAT): An electronic, psychosocial screener for young people with long‐term physical conditions
Authors: Thabrew Hiran , Goodyear‐Smith Felicity
Published: May 2019

Aim

This study investigated the acceptability, clinical utility and preliminary effectiveness of Youth version, Case‐finding and Help Assessment Tool (YouthCHAT), a novel electronic, tablet‐based screener designed to identify issues similar to Home, Education/Employment, Activity, Drugs, Sexuality, Suicide/Depression, Safety assessment.

Methods

YouthCHAT was administered to a group of 30 young people aged 13–17 years with different long‐term physical conditions attending outpatient clinics between September and December 2017. Outcome measures were: (i) acceptability and feasibility of YouthCHAT as assessed via feedback from young people and clinicians and the time taken to complete YouthCHAT screening; and (ii) detection rates for each domain of YouthCHAT measured by mental health or life‐style issues ‘present’ or ‘absent’, and where relevant, validated symptom scores.

Results

YouthCHAT was quick to administer and positively received by both young people and clinicians. Rates of anxiety (37%) and depression (13%) detected using YouthCHAT were similar to those in previous studies of young people with long‐term physical conditions. Rates of other problems were similar to a previously screened high school sample.

Conclusions

YouthCHAT is a viable and acceptable psychosocial screener with the potential to improve the holistic care of young people with long‐term physical conditions attending outpatient clinics. Trial Registration: This study has been registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Network Registry ACTRN12616001243404p.
Effect of the β‐carotene oxygenase 2 genotype on the content of carotenoids, retinol and α‐tocopherol in the liver, fat and milk of rabbit does, reproduction parameters and kitten growth
Authors: Strychalski Janusz , Gugołek Andrzej , Brym Paweł , Antoszkiewicz Zofia
Published: May 2019

Mutations in the β‐carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2) gene can impair the function of the enzyme that breaks down carotenoids. As a result, gradual accumulation of unoxidized carotenoids in animal tissues gives them a yellow colour. The aim of the study was to determine the content of carotenoids, retinol and α‐tocopherol in the liver, fat and milk of rabbit does with three different genotypes determined by AAT‐deletion mutation at codon 248 of the BCO2 gene and to find out whether differences in the concentrations of the above compounds in the tissues and milk of the does affect reproduction parameters and the rearing rate of kittens. The experimental materials comprised 36 does, 12 of each genotype of the BCO2 gene, with their litters. Females with their litters were placed in individual cages, on deep litter. Between days 7 and 13 of lactation, samples of milk were collected from the does. The kittens stayed with their mothers until 35 days of age. After weaning, the does were sacrificed. Tissue samples of liver and perirenal fat were collected for chemical analyses. Additionally, based on samples taken from one female, RNA expression levels were determined from the mammary gland and liver, adipose tissue and skin. It was found that homozygous does with deletion at codon 248 of the BCO2 gene were characterized by considerably higher concentrations of xanthophylls and beta‐carotene in the liver, adipose tissue and milk than does with the remaining genotypes. However, the differences in the content of the above compounds in milk had no influence on litter weight or the number and rearing rate of kittens. Additionally, RNA expression of the BCO2 gene was found in the mammary tissue of lactating doe and its level was similar to those noted in the liver and adipose tissue.
Ultraprecise age and formation temperature of the Australasian tektites constrained by40Ar/39Ar analyses
Authors: Jourdan Fred , Nomade Sebastien , Wingate Michael T. D. , Eroglu Ela , Deino Al
Published: May 2019

The Australasian tektites are quench melt glass ejecta particles distributed over the Asian, Australian, and Antarctic regions, the source crater of which is currently elusive. New40Ar/39Ar age data from four tektites: one each from Thailand, China, Vietnam, and Australia measured using three different instruments from two different laboratories and combined with published40Ar/39Ar data yield a weighted mean age of 788.1 ± 2.8 ka (±3.0 ka, including all sources of uncertainties) (P = 0.54). This age is five times more precise compared to previous results thanks, in part, to the multicollection capabilities of theARGUS VInoble gas mass spectrometer, which allows an improvement of almost fourfold on a single plateau age measurement. Diffusion experiments on tektites combined with synthetic age spectra and Monte Carlo diffusion models suggest that the minimum temperature of formation of the Thai tektite is between 2350 °C and 3950 °C, hence astrict minimumvalue of 2350 °C.
An Early Jurassic age for the Puchezh‐Katunki impact structure (Russia) based on40Ar/39Ar data and palynology
Authors: Holm‐Alwmark S. , Alwmark C. , Ferrière L. , Lindström S. , Meier M. M. M. , Scherstén A. , Herrmann M. , Masaitis V. L. , Mashchak M. S. , Naumov M. V. , Jourdan F.
Published: May 2019

The Puchezh‐Katunki impact structure, 40–80 km in diameter, located ~400 km northeast of Moscow (Russia), has a poorly constrained age between ~164 and 203 Ma (most commonly quoted as 167 ± 3 Ma). Due to its relatively large size, the Puchezh‐Katunki structure has been a prime candidate for discussions on the link between hypervelocity impacts and extinction events. Here, we present new40Ar/39Ar data from step‐heating analysis of five impact melt rock samples that allow us to significantly improve the age range for the formation of the Puchezh‐Katunki impact structure to 192–196 Ma. Our results also show that there is not necessarily a simple relationship between the observed petrographic features of an impact melt rock sample and the obtained40Ar/39Ar age spectra and inverse isochrons. Furthermore, a new palynological investigation of the postimpact crater lake sediments supports an age significantly older than quoted in the literature, i.e., in the interval late Sinemurian to early Pliensbachian, in accordance with the new radioisotopic age estimate presented here. The new age range of the structure is currently the most reliable age estimate of the Puchezh‐Katunki impact event.
Host genetic determinants of the gut microbiota of wild mice
Authors: Suzuki Taichi A. , Phifer‐Rixey Megan , Mack Katya L. , Sheehan Michael J. , Lin Dana , Bi Ke , Nachman Michael W.
Published: May 2019

Identifying a common set of genes that mediate host–microbial interactions across populations and species of mammals has broad relevance for human health and animal biology. However, the genetic basis of the gut microbial composition in natural populations remains largely unknown outside of humans. Here, we used wild house mouse populations as a model system to ask three major questions: (a) Does host genetic relatedness explain interindividual variation in gut microbial composition? (b) Do population differences in the microbiota persist in a common environment? (c) What are the host genes associated with microbial richness and the relative abundance of bacterial genera? We found that host genetic distance is a strong predictor of the gut microbial composition as characterized by 16S amplicon sequencing. Using a common garden approach, we then identified differences in microbial composition between populations that persisted in a shared laboratory environment. Finally, we used exome sequencing to associate host genetic variants with microbial diversity and relative abundance of microbial taxa in wild mice. We identified 20 genes that were associated with microbial diversity or abundance including a macrophage‐derived cytokine (IL12a) that contained three nonsynonymous mutations. Surprisingly, we found a significant overrepresentation of candidate genes that were previously associated with microbial measurements in humans. The homologous genes that overlapped between wild mice and humans included genes that have been associated with traits related to host immunity and obesity in humans. Gene–bacteria associations identified in both humans and wild mice suggest some commonality to the host genetic determinants of gut microbial composition across mammals.
Fluid flow rate dictates the efficacy of low‐intensity anti‐vascular ultrasound therapy in a microfluidic model
Authors: DeOre Brandon J. , Galie Peter A. , Sehgal Chandra M.
Published: May 2019

Objective

Low‐intensity anti‐vascular ultrasound therapy is an effective means of disrupting the blood supply in the tumor microenvironment. Its diminished effect on the surrounding vasculature is thought to be due to higher blood flow rates outside the tumor that decreases the interaction time between the endothelial lining and the microbubbles, which transduce acoustic energy to thermal heat. However, investigating the effect of circulation rate on the response to low‐intensity ultrasound is complicated by the heterogeneity of the in vivo vascular microenvironment. Here, a 3D microfluidic model is used to directly interrogate the dynamics of ultrasound stimulation.

Methods

A 3D in vitro vessel consisting of LifeACT transfected endothelial cells facilitate real‐time analysis of actin dynamics during ultrasound treatment. Using an integrated testing platform, both the flow rate of microbubbles within the vessel and the magnitude of insonation can be varied.

Results

Morphological measurements and dextran transport assays indicate that lower flow rates exacerbate the effect of low‐intensity ultrasound on vessel integrity. Additionally, immunostaining for VE‐cadherin and transmission electron microscopy provide further insight into structural changes in cell‐cell junctions following insonation.

Conclusions

Overall, these results reveal that blood flow rate is an important parameter to consider during the refinement of anti‐vascular low‐intensity ultrasound therapies.
World Workshop on Oral Medicine VII: Functional pathways involving differentially expressed lncRNAs in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Pentenero Monica , Bowers Leah , Jayasinghe Ruwan , Cheong Sok Ching , Farah Camile S. , Kerr Alexander R. , Alevizos Ilias
Published: May 2019

Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNA) modulate gene expression at the epigenetic, transcriptional and post‐transcriptional levels and are involved in tumorigenesis. They can form complex secondary and tertiary structures and have been shown to act as precursors, enhancers, reservoirs and decoys in the complex endogenous RNA network. They were first reported in relation to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in 2013. Here, we summarise the functional roles and pathways of the most commonly studied lncRNAs in OSCC. Existing research demonstrates the involvement of lncRNA within pivotal pathways leading to the development and spread of OSCC, including interactions with key cancer‐associated microRNAs such as miR‐21. The number of studies on lncRNA and OSCC remains limited in this new field. As evidence grows, the tissue‐specific expression patterns of lncRNAs should further advance our understanding of the altered regulatory networks in OSCC and possibly reveal new biomarkers and therapeutic targets.