bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does Diversity Mean Assimilation?
Authors: Marvasti Amir B. , McKinney Karyn D.
Published: March 2011

This article examines attitudes toward diversity at an academic institution. Research participants indicated their support for various forms of diversity in response to closed-ended questions and then described what the word ‘diversity’ meant to them. By comparing numerical data with open-ended definitions, we highlight the particulars of how our respondents interpret diversity. Specifically, we show that for about one-third of our sample, diversity programs are equated with ‘oneness’, ‘equality’, and ‘color-blindness’. We analyze this interpretation of diversity as a discursive construction that enables respondents to profess progressive views while at the same time upholding traditional American values of assimilation. We end the article with a critique of this emerging diversity regime and consider alternative models of promoting diversity.
The Public Service Bargains of Danish Permanent Secretaries
Authors: Balle Hansen Morten , Houlberg Salomonsen Heidi
Published: March 2011

Danish permanent secretaries, top civil servants in the Danish state administration, are formally both administrative heads of their ministries as well as prime advisers to Danish ministers. In this article we analyse whether and how the public service bargain (PSB) (Hood and Lodge, 2006) of Danish permanent secretaries primarily reflects elements of a managerial role as prescribed in many of the New Public Management reforms or whether their role as policy adviser is as important as their role as manager, as is formally prescribed. The PSB is assessed in terms of the typology of Hood and Lodge, including the dimensions: reward, competency, loyalty and responsibility. The analysis demonstrates that although elements of a managerial bargain have entered the role of Danish permanent secretaries, it is not more salient than the advisory aspect of the PSB.
‘Taken on board’: An evaluation of the influence of employee board-level representatives on company decision-making across Europe
Authors: Gold Michael
Published: March 2011

Employee board-level representation is a significant feature of industrial relations systems in the majority of EU member states. Even so, analyses of its impact on company board-level decision-making remain sparse, and very few focus on how employee board-level representatives conduct their relationships with shareholder representatives and maintain their independence from management beliefs, norms and values. This article examines the findings from interviews with 20 unionized representatives in 13 European countries. Representatives reflect on their influence on the board, their relationship with other board members and their achievements and disappointments. The article concludes that employee representation contributes towards a more broadly based corporate strategy by ensuring that it takes into account at an early stage the views and interests of organized labour.
Aquatic antiques: Swimming off this mortal coil?
Authors: Pike Elizabeth CJ
Published: March 2011

In recent years it has become widely accepted that one of the greatest demographic challenges facing most developed societies is the shift to an ageing population. Older people are often constructed as dependent and over-burdening societal resources, with many consequently experiencing marginalization, discrimination and social isolation. Public health messages, promoted through various national and international policies, suggest that physical activity may be a ‘solution’ to the ‘problem’ of becoming elderly. This article draws on the stories of Masters swimmers, all aged over 60, identifying the enabling and constraining factors influencing their involvement in this sport. The findings suggest that, for those with sufficient capital, swimming enables a challenge to perceptions of the burden and dependency of older people. In particular, swimming facilitates the development of a socially desirable identity, and is used as a form of resistance to the stigma of an ageing body. However, it is possible that this reinforces an individualistic healthist discourse and simultaneously reproduces the privileges of youth and social class.
Exploring Uncertainty in Advance Care Planning in African Americans
Authors: Melhado Lolita , Bushy Angeline
Published: March 2011

African Americans over 65 represent 3.5 of the 35.6 million Americans. Morbidity and mortality rates are highest among this group; associated with lack of resources and awareness of health problems. But health needs are the same at end of life, yet care is less than optimal. African Americans are less likely to have advance directives nonetheless desire communication, information, respect, and a trusting doctor-patient relationship. Low health literacy may contribute to this disparity. This scholarly review examines the health literacy in advance care planning and refines concepts of uncertainty in illness theory deriving a model for advance care planning in African Americans.
Spiritual Feasts: Meaningful Conversations between Hospice Volunteers and Patients
Authors: Planalp Sally , Trost Melanie R. , Berry Patricia H.
Published: March 2011

Conversations between hospice volunteers and patients provide patients with emotional and social support, and they are meaningful and satisfying to volunteers. Through questionnaires and interviews, hospice volunteers were asked to describe a meaningful conversation with a patient. Many volunteers stated that all conversations were meaningful. Most, however, were able to describe one specific conversation, though they noted that meaningful conversations cannot be forced and often arise after many interactions. Prominent themes were the meaning of life, experiences and life stories, talk about death and spirituality, discussions of families and relationships, and shared interests. Volunteers expressed appreciation for the opportunity to learn about patients' lives and to gain life lessons. They also indicated the need to listen and respond without judgment.
A Pilot Study of Taste Changes Among Hospice Inpatients With Advanced Cancer
Authors: Mahmoud Fade A. , Aktas Aynur , Walsh Declan , Hullihen Barbara
Published: March 2011

Identification of taste abnormalities can help understand difficulties in nutrition. We evaluated 15 hospice inpatients with advanced cancer for subjective taste changes. The majority had both subjective and objective taste changes. Most thought all food was tasteless followed by loss of sweet sensation and meat aversion. About half of the participants exhibited anorexia and weight loss with decreased energy intake. Both detection and recognition thresholds for these basic tastes were abnormal for the majority of participants. Reduced sensitivity for sweet and salt taste and altered perception for sour predominated in formal taste testing.
Strategic Geographic Targeting in Community Development: Examining the Congruence of Political, Institutional, and Technical Factors
Authors: Thomson Dale E.
Published: March 2011

Strategic geographic targeting (SGT) of community development resources has become increasingly common among cities attempting to enhance the impact of limited community development resources. Through an examination of a unique geographically targeted community development initiative undertaken by the City of Detroit, the author shows that despite environmental changes that made adoption of SGT politically viable, efforts to implement SGT, particularly efficiency-based SGT (EB-SGT), were hampered by political, institutional, and technical factors. The author discusses the likely impact that these factors have on the potential for adopting and successfully implementing EB-SGT as a community development strategy in other cities.
Operating Without a Safety Net
Authors: Bruce Douglas , Harper Gary W.
Published: March 2011

Health disparities among gay men (HIV, substance use, depression) have been described as a mutually occurring “syndemic” that is socially produced through two overarching dynamics: marginalization and migration. Although the syndemic theory proposes a developmental trajectory, it has been largely based on epidemiological studies of adult gay men and has not been examined using qualitative data from gay male adolescents and emerging adults describing their developmental experience. We conducted interviews with 54 HIV-positive gay and bisexual male adolescents and emerging adults at four sites in the United States. This study provides examples of developmental trajectories that help explain the early onset of socially produced health disparities among some gay male adolescents and emerging adults, but also the development of risk factors that may follow some gay men into adulthood.
Functional Analysis of HIV/AIDS Stigma
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Hassan , Hossain Syeda Zakia
Published: March 2011

Functional theory proposes that attitudes may serve a variety of purposes for individuals. This study aimed to determine whether stigmatized attitudes toward HIV/AIDS serve the same function for all (consensus function) or serve different functions for different individuals (divergence function) by assessing various aspects of HIV/AIDS stigma using a sample of 236 adults aged 20 to 65 years from the Iranian community living in Sydney, Australia in 2007. Respondents were classified as evaluatives or expressives based on their responses to attitude function inventory scale. HIV/AIDS-related attitudes in the study group were found to have more of an expressive (58.5%) than an evaluative function (32.2%). Multiple regression analyses revealed that various aspects of HIV/AIDS stigma were functionally divergent within the study group and could serve evaluative and expressive function. The study’s findings suggest that different messages should be presented to different audiences depending on whether the stigma performs an expressive or evaluative function.
How come the critters came to be teaching in business schools? Contradictions in the institutionalization of critical management studies
Authors: Rowlinson Michael , Hassard John
Published: March 2011

How is it that a collection of working class drifters, sociology graduates, and ex-leftist politicos have ended up teaching in UK business schools? Understanding the predicament of these ‘critters’ helps to explain the ironic contingencies that provide the conditions of possibility for institutionalizing critical management studies (CMS), in particular the historic ‘defeat of the Left’ and the lack of more practical activities for radical management academics. Unlike labour process theory (LPT), CMS has come to terms with its institutional location within business schools and has taken the opportunity provided by the continued expansion of research oriented UK business schools to institutionalize itself as a recognized business school constituency. This has even led to the creation of one or two critically oriented business schools in the UK, where the contradictions of CMS are played out. One such contradiction is that having provided an opening for a wider academic and leftist intellectual community to enter the business school, CMS now finds itself faced with an autonomist critique which insists that the mainstream management curriculum is ‘worthless’ and calls for nothing less than the abolition of business schools. Consideration of this critique provides an opportunity to explore the identity of critters and the cultural performativity of CMS in providing a sign for their disaffiliation from the business school.
Language dominance in Turkish-German bilinguals: methodological aspects of measurements in structurally different languages
Authors: Daller Michael H. , Yıldız Cemal , de Jong Nivja H. , Kan Seda , Başbaĝi Ragıp
Published: March 2011

The purpose of this study is to establish measures of language dominance in bilinguals who speak structurally different languages, in our case German and Turkish, with tools that are based on fluency and oral proficiency. A ‘balanced’ bilingual with equal proficiency in two (or more) languages is hardly ever found (e.g. Grosjean, 1982; Olsson, & Sullivan, 2005) but the identification of the dominant language is a huge methodological problem, especially in studies of structurally different languages (see Daller, van Hout, & Treffers-Daller, 2003). The participants in the present study are a group of Turkish—German bilinguals who grew up in Germany and returned to Turkey during their school career, the so-called ‘returnees’ (n = 60), and a group of Turkish secondary school students who grew up in Turkey and learned German as an L2, the so-called control group (n = 55). We firstly establish the language dominance of the two groups with a C-test. We then use oral picture descriptions in both languages to measure a variety of fluency measures, both manually and using scripts written in ‘Praat’ (Boersma & Weenink, 2007). On the basis of these scores, we are able to develop measures of fluency that correlate highly with the C-test scores and have a highly predictive value in a logistic regression in the prediction of group membership (returnee or member of the control group). We conclude that this corroborates the validity of the measures. Overall we conclude that it is possible to develop measures of language dominance based on fluency and overall oral proficiency.
Responding to group-based discrimination
Authors: Hersby Mette D. , Jetten Jolanda , Ryan Michelle K. , Schmitt Michael T.
Published: March 2011

In two studies we examined women’s willingness to engage in mentoring as a function of the perceived pervasiveness of gender discrimination and the appraised legitimacy of discrimination. In line with predictions, and confirming predictions from social identity theory, we found that perceiving discrimination against women to be illegitimate enhanced willingness to engage in mentoring when discrimination was seen to be pervasive compared to rare. In contrast, when gender discrimination was appraised as more legitimate, pervasiveness of discrimination attributions did not influence willingness to engage in mentoring. Study 2 provided evidence that the interactive effect of pervasiveness and legitimacy is explained by the extent to which mentoring is conceived of as support for collective goals. The results bring to the fore the impact of perceptions of the social context on women’s responses to career-development initiatives.
New majorities’ abuse of power
Authors: Prislin Radmila , Sawicki Vanessa , Williams Kipling
Published: March 2011

Two studies examined how new majorities (minorities-turned-majorities) abused power by claiming privileges (in-group favoritism) and disparaging new minorities (out-group hostility). Study 1 found that new majorities low in perceived control showed significantly more in-group favoritism than new majorities high in perceived control and stable majorities. The effect of control on new majorities’ in-group favoritism was mediated by certainty about status stability. Study 2 replicated the effect of control on new majorities’ in-group favoritism. In addition, Study 2 found that new majorities were most likely to engage in out-group hostility when they were low in perceived control and received social support for such discrimination. Our studies suggest that power abuse is most egregious among minorities who rise to majority status without a sense of control in the context where abuse is socially endorsed.
Assimilation ideology and outgroup attitudes among ethnic majority members
Authors: Verkuyten Maykel
Published: March 2011

Four studies were conducted to test whether assimilation ideology affects majority group members’ attitudes towards ethnic minorities. Assimilation affirms and justifies the identity of majority groups and highly-identified group members are motivated to think and behave in the ingroup’s best interest. Therefore, it was expected that assimilation would make higher identifiers more negative. The first two studies focused on the individual endorsement of assimilation and the other two used an experimental design to encourage participants to think in terms of assimilation. Results in all four studies show that assimilation is related to more negative outgroup attitudes, especially for higher majority group identifiers. The findings are discussed in relation to attempts to rethink and rehabilitate assimilation theory, and to other ideologies for dealing with cultural diversity.
Are mobile phones changing social networks? A longitudinal study of core networks in Kerala
Authors: Palackal Antony , Nyaga Mbatia Paul , Dzorgbo Dan-Bright , Duque Ricardo B. , Ynalvez Marcus Antonius , Shrum Wesley M.
Published: March 2011

Mobile telephony has diffused more rapidly than any Indian technology in recent memory, yet systematic studies of its impact are rare, focusing on technological rather than social change. We employ network surveys of separate groups of Kerala residents in 2002 and again in 2007 to examine recent shifts in mobile usage patterns and social relationships. Results show (1) near saturation of mobiles among both the professionals and nonprofessionals sampled, (2) a decrease in the number of social linkages across tie types and physical locations, and (3) a shift towards friends and family but away from work relationships in the core networks of Malayalis. We interpret these findings as support for the bounded solidarity thesis of remote communication that emphasizes social insulation and network closure as mobiles shield individuals from their wider surroundings.
Persuasion: Infusing advocacy practice with insights from anti-oppression practice
Authors: Curry-Stevens Ann
Published: March 2011

• Summary: The role of social work has not, to date, been sufficiently explored in persuasive policy practice. This article draws upon messages from a study about the motivators used by educators to reach more privileged learners on issues of social justice. Applying messages to policy practice allows advocates to comprehensively craft advocacy practices that draw from these motivators, which have been shown to enlist support from more privileged power holders in social justice issues.

• Findings: This article confirms the importance of Goodman’s motivators (2000 , 2001 ) of empathy, values and beliefs, spirituality, and self-interest; a deeper complexity about how to effectively use these motivators is explored. The research reveals that another four categories of motivators can be added to persuasion strategies: guilt, anger, desire to create a legacy, and a universal yearning for justice.

• Applications: The contribution of this article is to advance the strategic dimensions of advocacy efforts undertaken by social workers. It seeks to inspire practitioners of the need to move away from a value-neutral position of social work (where practitioners avoid using their influence to obtain specific outcomes) to exploring the strategic value of being as persuasive as possible, in order to advance social justice among policy-makers.
Spirituality vis-à-vis Muslim Filipino families: Implications for social work intervention
Authors: Hall Ronald E
Published: March 2011

• Summary: Although social work literature acknowledges spirituality, Islamic spirituality has been neglected as a practice resource.

• Findings: Among the various Muslim populations, Islamic spirituality was found to be fundamental. The psychological well-being of Filipino Muslims is thus contingent upon access to said spirituality. It is not compulsory that social workers endorse client belief systems, but they should acknowledge such systems as critical to the client’s frame of reference as in the case of Juvy.

• Applications: Toward the end of her first semester at a Christian college, Juvy became increasingly overwhelmed with stress. The Islamic support system applied by the social worker resulted in a therapeutic experience which significantly reduced the client’s level of stress. Thus, it is essential for social workers to become informed about Islamic spirituality vis-à-vis Filipinos and other Muslim clientele.
Scarce justice
Authors: Tucker Aviezer
Published: March 2011

The scarcity of resources required to produce justice is manifested in the relation between the accuracy, depth, and scope of materially possible forms of justice. Ceteris paribus, increases in the accuracy of justice must come at the expense of its depth and scope, and vice versa, though they are not linearly proportioned. The accuracy of justice is the degree of agreement between the possible results of attempts to implement a theory or principles of justice and the desired result according to that theory or those principles of justice. The scope of justice measures how broadly the principle or theory of justice is intended to apply. The depth of justice measures the gap between existing social norms and the theory or principles of justice we examine within the specified scope. This three-dimensional model explains public policies, laws, and regulations that increase the scope or depth of justice at the cost of a decrease in its accuracy – rough forms of justice such as measures of transitional justice, affirmative action, mandatory sentencing, simplified tax codes, collective guilt and victimhood, and general amnesties. The scarcity of resources necessary for justice can contract or expand. The normative choice between principles of justice that prefer accuracy and those that favor scope or depth usually corresponds, respectively, with rights-based deontological theories and consequentialist ethics.
Kissing Iliac Artery Stent Technique for Salvage of Hypogastric Artery Occlusion Secondary to Iliac Artery Dissection During Endovascular Aneurysm Repair
Authors: Stone Patrick A. , Campbell John E. , Hass Stephen M. , Jain Akhilesh , Kazmi Hamza
Published: March 2011

While undergoing endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), dissection occurred in bilateral common and external iliac arteries resulting in acute bilateral hypogastric artery occlusion. Attempts were made to reestablish flow to the left internal iliac artery via retrograde ipsilateral approach without success. A left brachial approach was used to gain access to the left internal iliac artery and kissing angioplasty and subsequent stent placement with 2 self-expanding stents was performed raising the iliac bifurcation to the level of the stent graft to salvage the internal iliac artery.
Pulmonary Artery Stenosis Secondary to Fibrosing Mediastinitis: Management with Cutting Balloon Angioplasty and Endovascular Stenting
Authors: Smith J. Shaun , Kadiev Steven , Diaz Phillip , Cheatham John
Published: March 2011

Cutting balloon angioplasty is a common treatment modality in the pediatric population for pulmonary artery stenosis. We present an adult with histoplasmosis induced fibrosing mediastinitis resulting in pulmonary artery stenosis that was successfully treated with cutting balloon angioplasty and subsequent stent deployment. Percutaneous endovascular stent placement has be shown to effectively alleviate pulmonary artery stenosis, however in-stent restenosis does limit durability. Pharmacologic therapy is indicated with either mediastinal adenitis or mediastinal granuloma with anti-fungal agents such as amphotericin B and itraconazole. Surgical intervention for histoplasmosis induced fibrosing mediastinitis is rarely indicated and may result in fatal complications that stem from mediastinal fibrosis due to resultant destruction of surgical planes. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of utilizing cutting balloon angioplasty and stent insertion for the treatment of histoplasmosis induced fibrosing mediastinitis complicated by pulmonary artery stenosis.
Endovascular Salvage of Complications Following Initial Open Repair of Blunt Traumatic Thoracic Aortic Injuries
Authors: Park Diane , Rajakumar Chandheeb , Forbes Thomas L.
Published: March 2011

Endovascular repair of blunt thoracic aortic injuries (BTAI) has largely replaced open repair at many trauma centers despite limited long-term data. It is important to remember that the ‘‘gold standard’’ open repair to which it is compared also suffers from a shortage of long-term follow-up and often less than ideal short- and long-term results. The following report describes 2 patients who initially underwent urgent open repair of a BTAI and represented with an acquired coarctation and aneurysmal degeneration 4 and 27 years following their initial repair, respectively. Both patients underwent successful endovascular salvage of these complications.
Combined Carotid Endarterectomy and Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Versus Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Alone: A Retrospective Review of Outcomes at Our Institution
Authors: Dick Amanda M. , Brothers Thomas , Robison Jacob G. , Elliott Bruce M. , Kratz John M. , Toole J. Matthew , Crumbley Arthur J. , Crawford Fred A.
Published: March 2011

Background: It remains controversial whether patients with concomitant carotid and coronary disease should undergo operative repair separately or in combination. Methods: Patients with documented cerebrovascular disease undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) alone were matched by propensity scoring with patients undergoing combined carotid endarterectomy (CEA)/CABG procedures and compared for the occurrence of stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and mortality. Results: Of the 4943 patients undergoing CABG, 908 had known cerebrovascular disease. Among these, 134 underwent concomitant CEA, and these were propensity matched with 134 patients undergoing CABG only. No differences were observed in the perioperative risks of stroke (4% vs 3%, odds ratio [OR] 1.5, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.4-5.5), MI (0.7% vs 0.7%, not significant [NS]), or combined cardiovascular events (6% vs 10%, OR 0.5, 95% CI [0.2-1.3]), although mortality (1% vs 8%, OR 0.2, 95% CI [0.04-0.8] was higher with CABG only. Discussion: Addition of CEA to CABG did not significantly alter the risk of perioperative stroke relative to propensity-matched patients undergoing CABG alone.
Examining Stress in Graduate Assistants
Authors: Mazzola Joseph J. , Walker Erin J. , Shockley Kristen M. , Spector Paul E.
Published: March 2011

The aim of this study was to employ qualitative and quantitative survey methods in a concurrent mixed model design to assess stressors and strains in graduate assistants. The stressors most frequently reported qualitatively were work overload, interpersonal conflict, and organizational constraints; the most frequently reported psychological strains were frustration, anger, and anxiety. The groups formed by the qualitative incident reported (e.g., work overload) partially discriminated between those scoring high versus low on the corresponding stressor scale. Finally, participants who qualitatively reported a stressor indicated more physical symptoms on a quantitative scale. The results show support for the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods in stress research, as the two types of measures provided different information about stressors and strains.
Rapid molecular screening for meticillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) carriage: an economic evaluation
Authors: Scott MA , Panesar P. , Grosso AM , Urquhart R. , Jeanes A. , Wilson APR
Published: March 2011

Aim: To establish the cost-effectiveness of screen-A ing and treating meticillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) carriers, potentially reducing both financial and clinical burdens of managing healthcare-acquired infections.

Methods: A decision health economic model analysed the impact of a ‘screen and treat’ strategy for Hospital inpatients from the perspective of the UK National Health Service.

Results: Cost savings in excess of £600k and around 840 potential infections could be avoided in a 70,000 patient cohort, at a nasal carriage prevalence of 30%. For 2000 high infection risk cardiothoracic surgery patients, cost savings could reach £8,636 per annum. The dominance of the ‘screen and treat’ strategy holds for plausible variations in the model parameter values and simple modelling of secondary transmission.

Conclusion: Adopting rapid screening and treating MSSA nasal carriers should be clinically and financially advantageous, compared to current strategies of not screening, even under conservative assumptions for costs and probabilities of managing infections.
Selling Rooms: Hotels vs. Third-Party Websites
Authors: Toh Rex S. , Raven Peter , DeKay Frederick
Published: March 2011

Hotels have a variety of internet distribution channels to help them sell rooms, including sites that have come to be called online travel agents (OTAs), or third-party websites, but the cost of using these intermediaries is considerable. This article examines how hotels can sell room inventory while maximizing net room revenues—chiefly, by steering customers to their own sites, rather than to the OTAs. Even though hotels want to sell rooms via their own channels, the hotel industry relies heavily on efficient and convenient OTAs to sell rooms. Based on eleven interviews (nine hotels, one third-party website, and one airline), we recommend the following ways to strengthen sales on hotels’ websites: maintain a best-rate guarantee, optimize the website for search engines, mine data from customer profiles to provide custom offers, retain premium rooms for sale on the hotel website, offer discounts or other promotions to customers who book on the hotel website, offer incentives for returning guests who book on the hotel website, avoid giving loyalty points for OTA bookings, and enrich the hotel’s website with information. Because the ability to offer low prices is a chief advantage of OTAs, many hotels have promoted price parity as one strategy for attracting customers. The results of tracking room rates of 13 hotels posted by third-party websites and hotels over a 17-week period demonstrated, however, that room rate parity is rare, even though all selling parties espouse such parity. Parity generally was found only for smaller hotels. The study also found that room rates fall as the date of arrival approaches, and it became clear that individual properties in a hotel chain follow the chain’s overall pricing strategy.
Formal and Informal Justice and Punishment
Authors: Morris Travis , Trammell Rebecca
Published: March 2011

For this article, the authors used ethnographic and interview data collected in 2008 to examine restorative justice rituals performed in Yemen. Interviewees explain that, in rural Yemen, police officers defer to local sheikhs to maintain peace in this region. At the same time, these sheikhs sometimes work with government officials to ensure the early release of prisoners who undergo restorative justice mediation rituals. The authors argue that this produced a hybrid model of rural and state justice in which state agents, such as the police, defer to indigenous, customary law to restore order and justice. This allows those living in rural Yemen to choose the conditions under which justice is meted out. The work advances Braithwaite’s theory of restorative justice by focusing on an understudied aspect of restorative justice, which is the tension and cooperation between formal and informal systems.
Experiencing Court, Experiencing Race
Authors: Longazel Jamie G. , Parker Laurin S. , Sun Ivan Y.
Published: March 2011

Critical race theorists (CRTs) posit that racism is endemic in American society, neutrality is a myth, experiential knowledge of racial minorities should be privileged and race is merely a social construction and is therefore unable to explain attitudes or behaviors. Analyzing a national sample of citizens with recent court experience, the present inquiry draws from these insights as it seeks to understand whether racial/ethnic groups differently experience court, and whether such differences could be accounted for by how actors in the court proceeding differently experience race. Our findings suggest that racial disparities in perceived procedural injustice indeed exist, but by following CRT we are able to get beyond a mere acknowledgment of their existence and work toward understanding how they exist. We also consider the role played by a number of other factors relating to one’s courtroom experience in shaping perceived procedural injustice and discuss both the theoretical and practical implications of our research.
Context-dependent function of “GATA switch” sites in vivo
Authors: Snow Jonathan W. , Trowbridge Jennifer J. , Johnson Kirby D. , Fujiwara Tohru , Emambokus Nikla E. , Grass Jeffrey A. , Orkin Stuart H. , Bresnick Emery H.
Published: March 2011

Master transcriptional regulators of development often function through dispersed cis elements at endogenous target genes. While cis-elements are routinely studied in transfection and transgenic reporter assays, it is challenging to ascertain how they function in vivo. To address this problem in the context of the locus encoding the critical hematopoietic transcription factor Gata2, we engineered mice lacking a cluster of GATA motifs 2.8 kb upstream of the Gata2 transcriptional start site. We demonstrate that the −2.8 kb site confers maximal Gata2 expression in hematopoietic stem cells and specific hematopoietic progenitors. By contrast to our previous demonstration that a palindromic GATA motif at the neighboring −1.8 kb site maintains Gata2 repression in terminally differentiating erythroid cells, the −2.8 kb site was not required to initiate or maintain repression. These analyses reveal qualitatively distinct functions of 2 GATA motif-containing regions in vivo.
Surface expression patterns of negative regulatory molecules identify determinants of virus-specific CD8+ T-cell exhaustion in HIV infection
Authors: Yamamoto Takuya , Price David A. , Casazza Joseph P. , Ferrari Guido , Nason Martha , Chattopadhyay Pratip K. , Roederer Mario , Gostick Emma , Katsikis Peter D. , Douek Daniel C. , Haubrich Richard , Petrovas Constantinos , Koup Richard A.
Published: March 2011

A highly complex network of coinhibitory and costimulatory receptors regulates the outcome of virus-specific CD8+ T-cell responses. Here, we report on the expression patterns of multiple inhibitory receptors on HIV-specific, cytomegalovirus-specific, and bulk CD8+ T-cell memory populations. In contrast to cytomegalovirus-specific CD8+ T cells, the majority of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells exhibited an immature phenotype and expressed Programmed Death-1, CD160 and 2B4 but not lymphocyte activation gene-3. Notably, before antiretroviral therapy, simultaneous expression of these negative regulators correlated strongly with both HIV load and impaired cytokine production. Suppression of HIV replication by antiretroviral therapy was associated with reduced surface expression of inhibitory molecules on HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, in vitro manipulation of Programmed Death-1 and 2B4 inhibitory pathways increased the proliferative capacity of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Thus, multiple coinhibitory receptors can affect the development of HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell responses and, by extension, represent potential targets for new immune-based interventions in HIV-infected persons.
Malignant hematologic diseases in adolescents and young adults
Authors: Wood William A. , Lee Stephanie J.
Published: March 2011

Adolescents and young adults (AYA) with cancer have been designated as a vulnerable population by the National Cancer Institute. This group, defined by the ages of 16-39 years, has not enjoyed the same survival improvements over the past several decades as older and younger cohorts. Several barriers prevent the optimal delivery of oncologic care in this subpopulation. This review will describe these challenges in the context of the major hematologic malignancies affecting this population (acute lymphoblastic leukemia [ALL], acute myeloid leukemia [AML], Hodgkin lymphoma [HL], and non-Hodgkin lymphoma [NHL]). For example, historical differences in care delivery between pediatric and adult health care systems have created confusion about optimal treatment planning for AYAs, a population that spans the pediatric-adult divide. In the case of ALL, retrospective studies have demonstrated significantly better outcomes when AYAs are treated according to pediatric and not adult protocols. Additional challenges more specific to AYAs include increased treatment-related toxicity relative to younger patients; less access to care and, specifically, access to clinical trials; lower adherence to medications and treatment plans; and psychosocial stressors relevant to individuals at this stage of life. Recognizing and responding to these challenges in AYAs may create opportunities to improve the cancer outcomes of this group.
Transatlantic Irishness: Irish and American Frontiers in Patrick McCabe'sThe Butcher Boy
Authors: Kirwan Padraig
Published: March 2011

Much has been written about the manner in which Patrick McCabe's The Butcher Boy explores Irish identity on the island of Ireland. This essay examines the novel from an international perspective, paying particular attention to the novel's transatlantic imagery and its intertextual relationship with Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Kirwan argues that McCabe locates Ireland in a global context, and does so in order to deconstruct notions of a quaint or insular Irishness, to examine stories concerning Irish marginality in the United States, and to interrogate overlapping narratives of nation and identity that connect Ireland and America.
The Unconscious Good Life inAnna KareninaandWomen in Love
Authors: Brown Catherine
Published: March 2011

This article compares Tolstoi and Lawrence in their attitudes towards consciousness and representations of conscious being. It notes that, although Lawrence criticized Tolstoi for his weakness of intellect and his anti-intellectualism, Lawrence's own anti-intellectualism had much in common with Tolstoi's. Both writers advocated lowered states of consciousness and warned against the dangers of self-consciousness and intellection, although the fact that they did so in a conscious and reasoned manner involved them in self-contradiction. The extent and nature of this contradiction is compared in Women in Love and Anna Karenina, with which Lawrence was preoccupied when he wrote Women in Love. The article discusses ideas on consciousness in the novels' own terms, its interpretative goal being comparative rather than thematic. Its method is to compare the states of consciousness, and ideas on consciousness, of several characters from each novel, focusing particularly on Levin and Birkin, who resemble their authors more than any other characters in their novels. Birkin is found to be less self-contradictory than Levin, since he is less anti-intellectual and more aware of the contradiction involved in his advocacy of low-consciousness. There is also an aspect of his characterization that has no equivalent in Anna Karenina: he exists in his speech, rather than diminishing his existence by reflecting upon it; the distinction and contradiction between his thought and action are therefore eliminated. This mode of characterization constitutes one way in which Lawrence distinguished his writing from that of the Russians, such as Tolstoi, whom he admired.
South African Truth and Tragedy: Yael Farber'sMoloraand Reconciliation Aesthetics
Authors: Odom Glenn A.
Published: March 2011

This article examines Yael Farber's Molora, an adaptation of The Oresteia, in the context of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission as a narrative form. I argue that, in performance, the play prevents the culmination of both reconciliation and the tragic form, leaving the audience in the same transitional space that South Africa is itself experiencing. Spatially, Molora forestalls both the universalizing impulse of tragedy and the monumentalizing impulse of reconciliation. Temporally, it provides neither the firm tragic telos nor the temporal conflations implied by reconciliation. Affectively, we are too close to judge, but too distant to experience catharsis. Molora thus dramatizes the dilemma of a reconciliation that cannot happen unless it has already begun to happen and the retributive tragic form that never stops happening.
Democracy, Perhaps: Collectivity, Kinship, and the Politics of Friendship
Authors: Limbu Bishupal
Published: March 2011

This article looks at how democracy is figured in Nepali writer Manjushree Thapa's novel The Tutor of History, which I read intertextually with Jacques Derrida's The Politics of Friendship. I begin by examining how Thapa's literary practice disrupts the privileged position of English, which is tied to the notion of South Asia as a postcolonial space. I argue that postcolonialism in this case functions as a catachresis, but that the inadequacy of the category is an enabling rather than disabling feature. Both Thapa and Derrida are preoccupied with the question of whether it is possible to go beyond the familial, fraternalist, and androcentric configuration of politics. Thapa presents the philosophically persuasive case for democracy as dharma—not the claiming of rights but the dispropriative structure of responsibility that sustains collectivities. I demonstrate, however, that a mode of reading attentive to the performance of parabasis in the text reveals that even this powerful message is constantly interrupted by the figure of woman as constitutive outside of democracy—that which makes possible its self-definition and simultaneously throws it into turmoil. Questioning the privileged position given to the family (and kinship in general) as the building block of collectivity, I argue that democracy as a politics of friendship must contend with the uncertainty of fully working out any present or future collectivity.
Le Rôle Des Femmes Dans L'évangélisation Protestante de Tahiti Et Des Îles « Adjacentes »
Authors: Malogne-Fer Gwendoline
Published: March 2011

Les écrits des circumnavigateurs contribuent à la fin du dix-huitième siècle à forger le mythe de Tahiti en décrivant la très grande liberté sexuelle des Polynésiens. Si cette liberté sexuelle est le plus souvent vantée dans les écrits des circumnavigateurs, elle est en revanche fortement critiquée par les missionnaires protestants. Cet article analyse, dans un premier temps, comment les missionnaires protestants britanniques de la London Missionary Society (1797–1863) puis les missionnaires protestants français de la Société des missions évangéliques de Paris ont contribué à l'élaboration de normes sexuées illustrées par l'obligation du mariage. Dans un second temps, la lecture de la littérature missionnaire fait apparaître un rôle actif des femmes, occidentales et polynésiennes, dans l'évangélisation de Tahiti et des « îles adjacentes ». Mais ce dynamisme suscite parfois l'inquiétude des missionnaires occidentaux soucieux dans le cadre de la « mission civilisatrice » de maintenir les hiérarchies de sexe et de « race ».

The accounts of eighteenth-century explorers forged the Tahitian myth of the great sexual freedom enjoyed by Polynesians. While these explorers were inclined to praise such freedom, Protestant missionaries strongly disapproved of it. This article examines how first the British Protestant missionaries from the London Missionary Society (1797–1863) and then the French missionaries from the Société des Missions Evangéliques de Paris contributed to the elaboration of new sexual norms, exemplified in the marriage commitment. The article also examines missionary literature to shed light on the active role played by both Western and Polynesian women in the evangelization of Tahiti and its “adjacent islands.” It shows how the dynamism of these women sometimes worried the Western male missionaries, who, as part of their “civilizing mission,” aimed to maintain hierarchies of gender and race.
The Machine Awakens: The Science and Politics of the Fantastic Automaton
Authors: Tresch John
Published: March 2011

Automatons of the eighteenth century testified to a faith in the rationality of a clockwork universe. During the early nineteenth century, in the Restoration and July Monarchy, images of self-moving machines were newly associated with the physics of ethers, conversions, steam and electricity, as well as with animal magnetism; they also frequently had magical and religious associations. This new generation of fantastic automatons can be seen as a reaction to the demiurgic power of mechanized industry and as a focal point for rethinking the past while facing an uncertain future. Images of animated matter and self-moving machines reveal the close partnership between romanticism and mechanization. Beyond highlighting the connections among the sciences of fluids, conversions and transmutations, fantastic literature, the emergence of mass entertainment, and early socialism, images of fantastic automatons reveal the supernatural undercurrents of the early industrial age.

Les automates du dix-huitième siècle témoignent d'une rationalité ayant foi en un modèle mécanique de l'univers. Pendant la Restauration et la monarchie de Juillet, les images de machines mues par leurs propres forces s'associent aussi bien à la puissance transformatrice de l'industrie mécanique qu'aux réévaluations causées par la Révolution. Cette nouvelle génération d'automates fantastiques est liée à la physique des éthers, des conversions, de la vapeur et de l'électricité, comme au magnétisme animal, souvent avec des connotations magiques ou religieuses. Les images de machines automatiques et de la matière animée révèlent que romantisme et mécanisation vont souvent de pair. Les automates démontrent le rapport entre les sciences des « forces vives », la littérature romantique, la presse populaire, la magie et les débuts du socialisme dans les années avant 1848; ils révèlent en outre les courants surnaturels qui soustendent les débuts de l'industrialisation.
Le Combat Par Tous Les Moyens: Colonial Violence and the Extreme Right in 1930s Oran
Authors: Kalman Samuel
Published: March 2011

This article examines the prevalence of extreme-rightist violence in 1930s French colonial Algeria, specifically in the department of Oran. Part of a larger pattern of symbolic, physical, and structural belligerence perpetrated by settlers and authorities, the assaults took multiple forms. Prior to 1936 Jews were the primary targets of the Algerian leagues. Yet the ascension to power of the Popular Front in June 1936, led by the Jewish socialist Léon Blum, broadened the scope of the attacks to include Muslims and leftists. The extreme Right perceived this government and its supposed colonial allies as a threat to the European domination of Algeria, in response embracing a popular phantasmatic vision of the colonial project known as algérianité, which defended the desires and values of the settler population. This included the rejection of metropolitan rule in favor of authoritarian local government, the formation of a strict racial hierarchy in Algeria, and the violent exclusion of all real and perceived enemies.

Cet article examine la prévalence des campagnes de violence perpétrée par l'extrême droite dans l'Algérie coloniale, en particulier dans le département d'Oran, pendant les années trente. Liés aux modes dominants de belligérance—physique, symbolique, et structurelle—caractéristiques de la vie et du système colonial, ces assauts prirent une série de formes diverses. Avant 1936, les ligues de l'extrême droite ont ciblé les juifs. Néanmoins, après l'ascension au pouvoir du Front populaire, avec le socialiste juif Léon Blum en tête, les attaques s'étendirent aux musulmans et aux gauchistes. En réponse aux ⪡ ennemis ⪢, les ligues ont adopté une vision fantasmatique et populaire du projet colonial : l'algérianité, une défense théorique des désirs et valeurs des colonisateurs, y compris le rejet de la métropole en faveur d'un gouvernement strictement autoritaire, la constitution d'une structure hiérarchique des races en Algérie, et l'exclusion systématique d'ennemis véritables ou perçus comme tels.