bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Movement patterns of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus in a marine reserve and an unprotected area in the NW Mediterranean
Authors: Hereu Bernat
Published: June 2005

Sea urchins can alter the composition and dynamics of algal communities by grazing. Changes in their displacement capability can influence their grazing and thus their effect on algal communities. The daily and monthly movement of Paracentrotus lividus inside and outside a marine reserve in the NW Mediterranean Sea was studied in order to determine the role of predation in sea urchin movements and its potential grazing impacts. During the 3‐month study, the total distance travelled by sea urchins ranged from 71.8 to 673.6 cm (mean = 379.2 cm, SD = 221.3). Home ranges (distances from the initial position) were between 50 and 302 cm (mean = 150.7 cm, SD = 99.4). Movements were not directional but random, with a mean of 150 cm around the initial position. The activity of Paracentrotus lividus was significantly higher at night than during daylight. Total displacement at the end of the experiment was significantly higher in the unprotected area than in the reserve, as was the home range. The linear distance travelled in a 24‐h period ranged between 6 and 220 cm with a mean home range of 51 cm. These results agree with those of other authors, and allow us to rule out major migratory processes of sea urchin populations in this area. Nevertheless, these results underline the role of predatory fishes in reducing herbivory pressure by trophic cascades, reinforcing the evidence that sea urchin escape behaviour may be an important factor in structuring algal communities.
A comparison of the contribution of zooplankton and nekton taxa to the near‐surface acoustic structure of three Turkish seas
Authors: Mutlu Erhan
Published: June 2005

The bioacoustics of upper waters of the Black Sea, the Sea of Marmara, and the Mediterranean Sea were studied in October 1999 with an echosounder with 120 and 200 kHz dual‐beam transducers. Net tows were taken to ground‐truth the acoustic volume backscattering. A forward solution was applied to determine significant scatterers of the three seas with regard to detection limits of the frequencies and background noise measured in each sea. The noise was 4 dB higher in the Sea of Marmara than in the other two seas. 200 kHz data showed significant correlation between measured and calculated volume backscattering strength, and density (biomass and abundance) of the taxa. Large‐sized copepods and chaetognaths in the Black Sea, Aurelia, Beroe, chaetognaths and large‐sized and abundant appendicularians in the Sea of Marmara, and fish larvae in the Mediterranean Sea contributed most to the volume backscattering.
Marine systems: moving into the genomics era
Authors: Wilson Karen , Thorndyke Michael , Nilsen Frank , Rogers Alex , Martinez Pedro
Published: June 2005

The study of biological systems has been revolutionized by the use of genomic technologies. Most of the knowledge gathered over the last few years refers to terrestrial models. The study of marine systems using genomic technologies has, apart from a focus on microbial systems, been generally neglected although there are signs that this situation may be changing. This review analyses recent progress made in the field of marine genomics and identifies the broad areas in which this new technology is having the greatest impacts. These studies include comparative, functional and environmental genomics of metazoan animals. In many cases, as well as benefiting marine science, studies on marine taxa are having wide‐ranging impacts on our global understanding of genomes and genomics.
Prioritizing health‐care funding
Authors: O'Donnell J. L. , Smyth D. , Frampton C.
Published: June 2005

Abstract

In the face of limited resources, on what basis should we prioritize health‐care funding? The most influential consideration should be the knowledge that an intervention does something beneficial for the person who receives it. Rather than using imposed knowledge or knowledge obtained by grace, modern medicine uses knowledge obtained by rational thought. Traditionally, two philosophical schools of rational thought support medical interventions: empiricism and rationalism. Empiricist knowledge underpins the treatment of risk, while rationalist knowledge underpins the treatment of disease. To introduce reasoned order into the rationing process we must understand the limitations inherent in the application of these two forms of knowledge. Why are screening programmes for breast and uterine cervical cancer supported while severe restrictions are placed on treatments for chronic arthritis? Can the benefits of cholesterol‐lowering drugs be measured? Empiricism has achieved an unchallenged ascendancy in modern health‐care delivery. Is this ascendancy justified? There is a need for reference criteria to compare the benefits of competing interventions across disciplines. As a starting point for debate we propose that interventions should be given a priority based on how closely they fulfil five criteria: knowledge of disease pathophysiology, measurability of short‐term and long‐term benefits, incidence of serious adverse effects and affordability. It is only by using and refining such funding criteria that better public understanding of the rationing process will be achieved and political interference minimized. (Intern Med J 2005; 35: 409–412)
QTc abnormalities in deliberate self‐poisoning with moclobemide
Authors: Downes M. A. , Whyte I. M. , Isbister G. K.
Published: June 2005

Abstract

Background:  Several medications have been found to prolong the QT interval in overdose. This can predispose to torsade de pointes‐type ventricular tachycardia.

Aims:  To analyse the effects of moclobemide deliberate self‐poisoning on the length of both QT and corrected QT (QTc) intervals.

Methods:  Electrocardiograms (ECG) of all patients presenting to a regional toxicology service with moclobemide ingestion were reviewed. Cases where a cardiotoxic agent was coingested were excluded. QT and QTc parameters were compared with a comparison group of patients ingesting paracetamol or benzodiazepines.

Results:  Of 75 patients where ECG were available, the median ingested dose was 4.5 g (interquartile range (IQR): 2.4–7.5; range: 0.6–18 g) and the median age was 34 years (IQR: 26–44). The mean QT interval was 415 ms (standard deviation (SD): 51 ms) with a mean QTc of 459 ms (SD: 44 ms), and were prolonged compared with the comparison group. Twelve female patients had a QTc > 500 ms and in seven of these causality was established based on a pre‐ or post‐ECG with a QTc < 500 ms. Only 10% of the moclobemide cases had a heart rate (HR) > 100 beats per minute, making overcorrection of HR by Bazett's formula an unlikely cause of the findings. No cardiac arrythmias were observed other than one case of first‐degree heart block.

Conclusions:  Moclobemide prolongs the QT and QTc intervals in overdose and a 12‐lead ECG should be done on all moclobemide deliberate self‐poisonings. Continuous cardiac monitoring for what is otherwise a relatively benign overdose would appear to be an inappropriate use of resources but can be considered in patients with a QTc > 500 ms or with known risks for QT prolongation. (Intern Med J 2005; 35: 388–391)
Mediastinal adenopathy: finding the answer with endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy
Authors: Walsh P. R. , Williams D. B.
Published: June 2005

Abstract

Background:  Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (EUS FNA) is a relatively new imaging modality that has been reported to be useful for mediastinal nodal staging of lung cancer and for the evaluation of mediastinal adenopathy of unknown cause. However, the technique is not commonly used in Australia.

Methods:  A retrospective review of all patients who had mediastinal EUS FNA was undertaken. Of a total of 787 patients who had undergone endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) studies from November 1999 to March 2004, 27 patients were identified to have had mediastinal EUS FNA. Details were recorded including study indication, history of malignancy, source of referral, prior attempts for tissue diagnosis, EUS and EUS FNA findings, complications, surgical pathology if available and clinical outcome after diagnosis.

Results:  Mediastinal EUS FNA was performed on an outpatient basis and no complications were recorded. Diagnostic material was obtained from all patients with a mean number of three passes. Nodal stations sampled included left paratracheal, subcarinal, aortopulmonary window and inferior mediastinum. Indications for the studies included mediastinal adenopathy of uncertain cause (17), lung cancer staging (7) and gastrointestinal cancer staging (3). EUS FNA confirmed malignancy in 16/27 patients, sarcoidosis in three patients, tuberculosis in one patient and seven patients were deemed to have reactive adenopathy. Primary cytopathological diagnosis of malignancy was determined by EUS FNA in nine patients.

Conclusions:  EUS FNA is a safe, efficient and effective modality for mediastinal staging of lung cancer and for the diagnosis of mediastinal adenopathy of uncertain origin. EUS FNA has the potential to significantly impact on patient management, avoiding more invasive procedures as well as unnecessary operations. (Intern Med J 2005; 35: 392–398)
Phase II study of prolonged ambulatory infusion carboplatin and oral etoposide for patients progressing through hormonal therapy for prostate cancer
Authors: Olver I. , Keefe D. , Myers M.
Published: June 2005

Abstract

Aim:  To develop a well‐tolerated outpatient chemotherapy regimen for hormone‐insensitive prostate cancer.

Method:  Forty patients received carboplatin 20 mg/m2 by continuous ambulatory infusion with oral etoposide 50 mg/day for 21 days repeated every 6 weeks.

Results:  Four patients had a partial response and 16 patients had stable disease. Two of the partial responders and three additional patients recorded falls in prostate specific antigen of 50% or more. The median freedom from progression was 24 weeks and median survival 32 weeks. Twenty‐four of 31 patients had decreasing pain scores and 20 of 34 patients recorded improved quality of life with at least one cycle of treatment. The main toxicity occurred in seven patients with World Health Organization (WHO) grade 4 neutropenia and in four patients with WHO grade 3 neutropenia. Only one patient developed febrile neutropenia. Six patients had grade 3 anaemia and three patients had grade 3 thrombocytopenia. Two patients reported grade 3 lethargy whereas 11 patients had grade 2 lethargy.

Conclusion:  This was a well‐tolerated regimen that improved symptomatic control of hormone‐insensitive prostate cancer. (Intern Med J 2005; 35: 405–408)
Corporate venture capital as a strategy for external innovation: an exploratory empirical study
Authors: Ernst Holger , Witt Peter , Brachtendorf German
Published: June 2005

By creating corporate venture capital (CVC) units, large corporations predominantly pursue strategic objectives, especially the realisation of external innovations. Theoretical and preliminary empirical results on corporate venturing suggest how to manage CVC in order to achieve strategic objectives. We analyse for a sample of 21 corporate venture units in Germany, if the respective CVC programmes pursue the strategic objective to leverage external innovation and if these programmes are managed accordingly. We find that the majority of German corporate venture programmes follow mixed objectives and are not organised and managed as suggested in the literature. We come to the conclusion that a short‐term focus on financial objectives of these CVC programmes prohibits the achievement of long‐term strategic benefits from external innovation.
Maximising the potential of university spin‐outs: the development of second‐order commercialisation activities
Authors: Leitch Claire M. , Harrison Richard T.
Published: June 2005

This paper examines the dynamics of university spin‐out company development, based on an in‐depth, longitudinal case study of some of the spin‐out activities of one of the longest established technology transfer organisations in the UK. The different types of resource flows between this organisation and some of the companies in which it has a stake are discussed. Specifically, the paper considers the efficacy and appropriateness of the university technology transfer office (TTO) becoming involved in what we term second‐order spin‐out activities. These are spin‐out companies that have been formed on technology developed in a spin‐out company, or by people working in that spin‐out, but which have no substantive connection with the research or personnel base of the university. We argue that in a peripheral non‐technology intensive regional economy, the role of the TTO may be more wideranging than has been commonly assumed and may include a focus on regional economic development as well as the commercialisation of university‐based research.
The influence of firms' technological capabilities on export performance in supplier‐dominated industries: the case of ceramic tiles firms
Authors: Flor Marisa , Oltra María J.
Published: June 2005

In this paper, we study the effects that firms' technological capabilities, as an expression of their technological innovation strategy, have on their international competitiveness. In doing so, we draw on export and international trade literature to justify the influence that the firms' technological activity has on their export performance. In addition, we use concepts derived from the literature on technological innovation to identify different capabilities that the firms may develop to manage their innovation process, i.e., those related to investment, production and co‐operation. These constitute the basis of our hypothesis, in which the technological innovation capabilities identified are related to firms' export performance. Empirical work is carried out on a sample of 88 Spanish exporting firms belonging to the ceramic tiles industry, which is characterized as being a supplier‐dominated industry. Data were mainly gathered through a postal survey directed at firm managers. Our findings show that technological innovation capabilities have a positive impact on export performance. Specifically, results show that investment in internal non‐R&D innovative activities, such as engineering design and pre‐production, exerts a positive influence on export performance. However, neither investment in R&D nor investment in external acquisition of technology exerts any influence on export performance. In addition, our findings show that production capabilities have a positive effect linked to both improvement and imitation of products and processes. Regarding co‐operation, export performance is related to capabilities that derive from co‐operation with universities and research institutes rather than co‐operation with other companies.
One of These Things Is Not Like the Others: The Idea of Precedence in Health Technology Assessment and Coverage Decisions
Authors: GIACOMINI MITA
Published: June 2005

Health plans often deliberate covering technologies with challenging purposes, effects, or costs. They must integrate quantitative evidence (e.g., how well a technology works) with qualitative, normative assessments (e.g., whether it works well enough for a worthwhile purpose). Arguments from analogy and precedent help integrate these criteria and establish standards for their policy application. Examples of arguments are described for three technologies (ICSI, genetic tests, and Viagra). Drawing lessons from law, ethics, philosophy, and the social sciences, a framework is developed for case‐based evaluation of new technologies. The decision‐making cycle includes (1) taking stock of past decisions and formulating precedents, (2) deciding new cases, and (3) assimilating decisions into the case history and evaluation framework. Each stage requires distinctive decision maker roles, information, and methods.
The Common Law Power of the Legislature: Insurer Conversions and Charitable Funds
Authors: HORWITZ JILL R. , FREMONT‐SMITH MARION R.
Published: June 2005

New York's Empire Blue Cross and Blue Shield conversion from nonprofit to for‐profit form has considerable legal significance. Three aspects of the conversion make the case unique: the role of the state legislature in directing the disposition of the conversion assets, the fact that it made itself the primary beneficiary of those assets, and the actions of the state attorney general defending the state rather than the public interest in the charitable assets. Drawing on several centuries of common law rejecting the legislative power to direct the disposition of charitable funds, this article argues that the legislature lacked power to control the conversion and direct the disposition of its proceeds and that its actions not only undermined the nonprofit form but also raised constitutional concerns.
Consulting as a Strategy for Knowledge Transfer
Authors: JACOBSON NORA , BUTTERILL DALE , GOERING PAULA
Published: June 2005

Academic researchers who work on health policy and health services are expected to transfer knowledge to decision makers. Decision makers often do not, however, regard academics' traditional ways of doing research and disseminating their findings as relevant or useful. This article argues that consulting can be a strategy for transferring knowledge between researchers and decision makers and is effective at promoting the “enlightenment” and “interactive” models of knowledge use. Based on three case studies, it develops a model of knowledge transfer–focused consulting that consists of six stages and four types of work. Finally, the article explores how knowledge is generated in consulting and identifies several classes of factors facilitating its use by decision makers.
Contact guidance in human dermal fibroblasts is modulated by population pressure
Authors: Sutherland Jennifer , Denyer Morgan , Britland Stephen
Published: June 2005

Morphogenesis is underpinned by orientated cell division, motility and growth. The substratum for migrating cells in vivo comprises either extracellular matrix or the surfaces of adjacent cells and both are believed to inform the dynamic behaviour of adherent cells through contact guidance. Collisions between migrating cells in vitro can induce the phenomena of contact inhibition of locomotion and division, suggesting that their sensitivity to substratum‐derived cues may also be influenced by population density. In the present study dermal fibroblasts, which are known to be motile in culture and are fundamental to the organization of the extracellular matrix, were used to examine the influence of population pressure on the ability of substratum topography to induce contact guidance. The findings suggest that sensitivity to substratum‐derived morphogenetic guidance cues, as revealed by alignment of cells to microtopography, is modulated by population pressure.
Anatomy of the lactating human breast redefined with ultrasound imaging
Authors: Ramsay D. T. , Kent J. C. , Hartmann R. A. , Hartmann P. E.
Published: June 2005

The aim of this study was to use ultrasound imaging to re‐investigate the anatomy of the lactating breast. The breasts of 21 fully lactating women (1–6 months post partum) were scanned using an ACUSON XP10 (5–10 MHz linear array probe). The number of main ducts was measured, ductal morphology was determined, and the distribution of glandular and adipose tissue was recorded. Milk ducts appeared as hypoechoic tubular structures with echogenic walls that often contained echoes. Ducts were easily compressed and did not display typical sinuses. All ducts branched within the areolar radius, the first branch occurring 8.0 ± 5.5 mm from the nipple. Duct diameter was 1.9 ± 0.6 mm, 2.0 ± 90.7 mm and the number of main ducts was 9.6 ± 2.9, 9.2 ± 2.9, for left and right breast, respectively. Milk ducts are superficial, easily compressible and echoes within the duct represent fat globules in breastmilk. The low number and size of the ducts, the rapid branching under the areola and the absence of sinuses suggest that ducts transport breastmilk, rather than store it. The distribution of adipose and glandular tissue showed wide variation between women but not between breasts within women. The proportion of glandular and fat tissue and the number and size of ducts were not related to milk production. This study highlights inconsistencies in anatomical literature that impact on breast physiology, breastfeeding management and ultrasound assessment.
Beyond the initial axon segment of the spinal motor axon: fasciculated microtubules and polyribosomal clusters
Authors: Li Yan‐Chao , Cheng Chang‐Xie , Li Yong‐Nan , Shimada Osamu , Atsumi Saoko
Published: June 2005

Dense undercoating, microtubular fascicles and scattered polyribosomal clusters have until now been considered to be the three structural features of the initial segment, and were thought not to extend beyond the initial segment into the myelinated parts of the axon. The aim of the present study was to make clear whether there is a sudden change in morphology between the unmyelinated and myelinated part. We followed spinal motor axons from the initial segment to the first internode by conventional electron microscopy and serial sectioning, and found that the microtubular fascicles and polyribosomal clusters do exist in the internodal axoplasm. The fasciculated microtubules were observed mainly in the first paranode. The polyribosomal clusters were found along the course of the first internode at a random distance, however, they occurred mainly in the proximal part of the first internode. The proportion of sections in which ribosomes were found, i.e. the incidence of ribosomes, in the first 30‐µm‐long portion was 71 ± 24% (mean ± SD, n = 4), and significantly different from that in the second 30‐µm‐long portion (3.2 ± 1.3%) (mean ± SD, n = 4) (P < 0.005). The more distal part of the first internode was not investigated.
Functional specialisation of pelvic limb anatomy in horses (Equus caballus)
Authors: Payne R. C. , Hutchinson J. R. , Robilliard J. J. , Smith N. C. , Wilson A. M.
Published: June 2005

We provide quantitative anatomical data on the muscle–tendon units of the equine pelvic limb. Specifically, we recorded muscle mass, fascicle length, pennation angle, tendon mass and tendon rest length. Physiological cross sectional area was then determined and maximum isometric force estimated. There was proximal‐to‐distal reduction in muscle volume and fascicle length. Proximal limb tendons were few and, where present, were relatively short. By contrast, distal limb tendons were numerous and long in comparison to mean muscle fascicle length, increasing potential for elastic energy storage. When compared with published data on thoracic limb muscles, proximal pelvic limb muscles were larger in volume and had shorter fascicles. Distal limb muscle architecture was similar in thoracic and pelvic limbs with the exception of flexor digitorum lateralis (lateral head of the deep digital flexor), the architecture of which was similar to that of the pelvic and thoracic limb superficial digital flexors, suggesting a functional similarity.
Growth patterns of fresh human crystalline lenses measured by in vitro photographic biometry
Authors: Schachar Ronald A.
Published: June 2005

The purpose of the study was to demonstrate and evaluate the use of digital‐image photography to measure the central thickness and equatorial diameter of whole fresh human crystalline lenses free of all zonular attachments. Forty‐one human donor postmortem intact clear crystalline lenses, with a mean age of 28.5 ± 16.4 years, were obtained by the contributing eye banks. The lenses were removed by the eye bank and shipped in Optisol‐GS, a physiologic preservative storage medium, at 7 °C. The lenses were stored at the same temperature and in the same preservative throughout this study. This medium has been demonstrated to maintain the morphometric characteristics of epithelial cells. After freeing the lenses of all residual zonular attachments, digital photographs were obtained within an average of 20.9 ± 13.4 h after death. The digital images were used to determine the central thickness and equatorial diameter of the crystalline lenses. By carefully calibrating the digital images and maintaining the lenses in physiological storage medium, reliable dimensional measurements were obtained. The dimensions for central thickness for each lens were compared to published, age‐matched lenses, measured in vivo, and were found to duplicate these in vivo measurements reliably.
Above‐ground space sequestration determines competitive success in juvenile beech and spruce trees
Authors: Kozovits Alessandra R. , Matyssek Rainer , Winkler J. Barbro , Göttlein Axel , Blaschke Helmut , Grams Thorsten E. E.
Published: June 2005

A 2‐yr phytotron study was conducted to investigate the intra‐ and inter‐specific competitive behaviour of juvenile beech (Fagus sylvatica) and spruce (Picea abies). Competitiveness was analysed by quantifying the resource budgets that occur along structures and within occupied space of relevance for competitive interaction.

Ambient and elevated CO2and ozone (O3) regimes were applied throughout two growing seasons as stressors for provoking changes in resource budgets, growth and allocation to facilitate the competition analysis. The hypothesis tested was that the ability to sequester space at low structural cost will determine the competitive success.

Spruce was a stronger competitor than beech, as displayed by its higher above‐ground biomass increments in mixed culture compared with monoculture. A crucial factor in the competitive success of spruce was its ability to enlarge crown volume at low structural costs, supporting the hypothesis.

Interspecific competition with spruce resulted in a size‐independent readjustment of above‐ground allocation in beech (reduced leaf : shoot biomass ratio). The efficient use of resources for above‐ground space sequestration proved to be a parameter that quantitatively reflects competitiveness.
Identification of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne(L.)) and meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis(Huds.)) candidate orthologous sequences to the riceHd1(Se1) and barleyHvCO1 CONSTANS‐like genes through comparative mapping and microsynteny
Authors: Armstead I. P. , Skøt L. , Turner L. B. , Skøt K. , Donnison I. S. , Humphreys M. O. , King I. P.
Published: June 2005

Microsynteny with rice and comparative genetic mapping were used to identify candidate orthologous sequences to the riceHd1(Se1) gene inLolium perenneandFestuca pratensis.

AF. pratensisbacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library was screened with a marker (S2539) physically close toHd1in rice to identify the equivalent genomic region inF. pratensis. The BAC sequence was used to identify and map the same region inL. perenne.

Predicted protein sequences forL. perenneandF. pratensisHd1 candidates (LpHd1 and FpHd1) indicated they were CONSTANS‐like zinc finger proteins with 61–62% sequence identity with rice Hd1 and 72% identity with barley HvCO1. LpHd1 and FpHd1 were physically linked in their respective genomes (< 4 kb) to marker S2539, which was mapped toL. perennechromosome 7.

The identified candidate orthologues of riceHd1and barleyHvCO1inL. perenneandF. pratensismap to chromosome 7, a region of theL. perennegenome which has a degree of conserved genetic synteny both with rice chromosome 6, which containsHd1, and barley chromosome 7H, which containsHvCO1.
Productivity, leaf traits and carbon isotope discrimination in 29 Populus deltoides × P. nigra clones
Authors: Monclus Romain , Dreyer Erwin , Delmotte Francis M. , Villar Marc , Delay Didier , Boudouresque Eric , Petit Jean‐Michel , Marron Nicolas , Bréchet Claude , Brignolas Franck
Published: June 2005

Here we tested whether some leaf traits could be used as predictors for productivity in a range of Populus deltoides × P. nigra clones. These traits were assessed in 3‐yr‐old rooted cuttings from 29 clones growing in an open field trial, in a five randomized complete block design, under optimal irrigation.

Variables were assigned to four groups describing productivity (above‐ground biomass, total leaf area), leaf growth (total number of leaves increment rate), leaf structure (area of the largest leaf, specific leaf area, carbon and nitrogen contents), and carbon isotope discrimination in the leaves (Δ).

High‐yielding clones displayed larger total leaf area and individual leaf area, while no correlation could be detected between productivity and either leaf structure or Δ. By contrast, Δ was negatively correlated with number of leaves increment rate and leaf N content.

Our study shows that there is a potential to improve water‐use efficiency in poplar without necessarily reducing the overall productivity.
Gene expression patterns of trembling aspen trees following long‐term exposure to interacting elevated CO2 and tropospheric O3
Authors: Gupta P. , Duplessis S. , White H. , Karnosky D. F. , Martin F. , Podila G. K.
Published: June 2005

Expression of 4600 poplar expressed sequence tags (ESTs) was studied over the 2001–2002 growing seasons using trees of the moderately ozone (O3)‐tolerant trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) clone 216 exposed to elevated CO2 and/or O3 for their entire 5‐yr life history.

Based on replication of the experiment in years 2001 and 2002, 238 genes showed qualitatively similar expression in at least one treatment and were retained for analysis. Of these 238 genes, 185 were significantly regulated (1.5‐fold) from one year to the other in at least one treatment studied. Less than 1% of the genes were regulated 2‐fold or more.

In the elevated CO2 treatment, relatively small numbers of genes were up‐regulated, whereas in the O3 treatment, higher expression of many signaling and defense‐related genes and lower expression of several photosynthesis and energy‐related genes were observed. Senescence‐associated genes (SAGs) and genes involved in the flavanoid pathway were also up‐regulated under O3, with or without CO2 treatment. Interestingly, the combined treatment of CO2 plus O3 resulted in the differential expression of genes that were not up‐regulated with individual gas treatments.

This study represents the first investigation into gene expression following long‐term exposure of trees to the interacting effects of elevated CO2 and O3 under field conditions. Patterns of gene‐specific regulation described in this study correlated with previously published physiological responses of aspen clone 216.
Genetic architecture of qualitative and quantitativeMelampsora larici‐populinaleaf rust resistance in hybrid poplar: genetic mapping and QTL detection
Authors: Jorge V. , Dowkiw A. , Faivre‐Rampant P. , Bastien C.
Published: June 2005

In order to elucidate the genetic control of resistance toMelampsora larici‐populinaleaf rust in hybrid poplars, aPopulus deltoides × P. trichocarpa F1progeny was analysed for qualitative and quantitative rust resistances.

This progeny was evaluated for three components of quantitative resistance (latent period, uredinia number and uredinia size) to sevenM. larici‐populinastrains in controlled conditions, and for one component of field susceptibility (rust colonization on the most infected leaf).

One qualitative resistance locus inherited fromP. deltoides,R1, was localized on the genetic map. It segregates 1 : 1 in theF1progeny and is effective against four of the studied strains. QTL analysis was performed separately onR1andr1genotype subsets. An additional detection was conducted on the entireF1progeny for the three strains able to overcomeR1and for MAX2. A total of nine QTLs were detected. Two had large, broad‐spectrum effects. One (RUS) is inherited from theP. trichocarpaparent; the other is inherited fromP. deltoides andcolocalized withR1. Seven QTLs had only limited and specific effects. Significant interaction effects were detected mainly between the two major QTLs.

Implications of these results for durable resistance breeding strategies, and possible benefits from thePopulusgenome sequence, are discussed.
Measuring tree root respiration using 13C natural abundance: rooting medium matters
Authors: Cheng Weixin , Fu Shenglei , Susfalk Richard B. , Mitchell Robert J.
Published: June 2005

Tree root respiration utilizes a major portion of the primary production in forests and is an important process in the global carbon cycle. Because of the lack of ecologically relevant methods, tree root respiration in situ is much less studied compared with above‐ground processes such as photosynthesis and leaf respiration.

This study introduces a new 13C natural tracer method for measuring tree root respiration in situ. The method partitions tree root respiration from soil respiration in buried root chambers.

Rooting media substantially influenced root respiration rates. Measured in three media, the fine root respiration rates of longleaf pine were 0.78, 0.27 and 0.18 mg CO2 carbon mg−1 root nitrogen d−1 at 25°C in the native soil, tallgrass prairie soil, and sand–vermiculite mixture, respectively. Compared with the root excision method, the root respiration rate of longleaf pine measured by the field chamber method was 18% higher when using the native soil as rooting medium, was similar in the prairie soil, but was 42% lower if in the sand–vermiculite medium.

This natural tracer method allows the use of an appropriate rooting medium and is capable of measuring root respiration nondestructively in natural forest conditions.
Nitrogen storage and seasonal nitrogen cycling in Populus: bridging molecular physiology and ecophysiology
Authors: Cooke Janice E. K. , Weih Martin
Published: June 2005

While both annual and perennial plants store nitrogen resources during the growing season, seasonal N cycling is a hallmark of the perennial habit. In Populus the vegetative storage proteins BSP, WIN4 and PNI288 all play a role in N storage during active growth, whereas BSP is the major form of reduced N storage during winter dormancy. In this review we explore cellular and molecular events implicated in seasonal N cycling in Populus, as well as environmental cues that modulate both the phenology of seasonal N cycling, and the efficiency and proficiency of autumn N resorption. We highlight recent advances that have been made using Populus genomics resources to address processes germane to seasonal N cycling. Genetic and genecological studies are enabling us to connect our understanding of seasonal N cycling at molecular and cellular levels with that at ecophysiological levels. With the genomics resources and foundational knowledge that are now in place, Populus researchers are poised to build an integrative understanding of seasonal N cycling that spans from genomes to ecosystems.
Characterization of transgenic poplar with ectopic expression of pine cytosolic glutamine synthetase under conditions of varying nitrogen availability
Authors: Man Hui‐min , Boriel Randall , El‐Khatib Rami , Kirby Edward G.
Published: June 2005

The present study addresses the hypothesis that enhanced expression of glutamine synthetase (GS) in transgenic poplar, characterized by the ectopic expression of pine cytosolic GS, results in an enhanced efficiency of nitrogen (N) assimilation and enhanced growth.

Transgenic and control poplar were supplied with low and high N levels and the role of ectopic expression of the pine GS in growth and N assimilation was assessed by using amino acid analysis, 15N enrichment, biochemical analyses, and growth measurements.

While leaves of transgenic poplar contained 85% less (P < 0.01) free ammonium than leaves of nontransgenic control plants, leaves of transgenics showed increases in the levels of free glutamine and total free amino acids. Transgenic poplar lines also displayed significant increases in growth parameters when compared with controls grown under both low (0.3 mm) and high (10 mm) nitrate conditions. Furthermore, 15N‐enrichment experiments showed that 27% more (P < 0.05) 15N was incorporated into structural compounds in transgenic lines than in nontransgenic controls.

Using the methods described here, we present direct evidence for increased N assimilation efficiency and growth in GS transgenic lines.
Correlates of Coparenting During Infancy*
Authors: Lindsey Eric W. , Caldera Yvonne , Colwell Malinda
Published: June 2005

Abstract: This study examined family characteristics associated with the coparenting behavior of 60 parents with an 11‐ to 15‐month‐old infant (30 boys, 30 girls) during a structured triadic play session. Mothers reported on family demographics, social support, and child temperament. Both parents reported on their self‐esteem and childrearing beliefs. Fathers displayed more supportive coparenting behavior than mothers. Mothers’ intrusive coparenting behavior differed based on the number of children, parent's employment status, and child gender. Social support, parental self‐esteem, and child temperament were significant correlates of individual coparenting behavior. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for family theory and family practice.
Latino Adolescents’ Adjustment, Maternal Depressive Symptoms, and the Mother‐Adolescent Relationship*
Authors: Corona Rosalie , Lefkowitz Eva S. , Sigman Marian , Romo Laura F.
Published: June 2005

Abstract: This study examined associations between adolescent behaviors, maternal depressive symptoms, and mother‐adolescent relationships. Latina mothers and adolescents (111 dyads) completed questionnaires and participated in videotaped discussions. Mothers’ depressive symptoms related to adolescents’ internalizing and externalizing behaviors and family satisfaction. Observed maternal behavior during a conflict conversation also related to adolescent substance use. Family satisfaction partially mediated the relation between maternal depressive symptoms and adolescents’ substance use. Clinical implications for working with Latino adolescents are discussed.
The Influence of Family Functioning and Parent‐Adolescent Acculturation on North American Chinese Adolescent Outcomes
Authors: Crane D. Russell , Ngai So Wa , Larson Jeffry H. , Hafen McArthur
Published: June 2005

Abstract: The present study investigated the associations between family functioning, acculturation between parents and their adolescents, and adolescent adjustment problems. Chinese adolescents and their parents (N= 41) living in the United States and Canada participated in this study. Results showed that differences in acculturation between parents and adolescents were related to adolescent depression and that family functioning was related to both depression and delinquency. Both parental and adolescent acculturation levels and their differences were important in predicting adolescent outcomes. Implications for conducting family therapy and parent education with Chinese North American adolescents and their parents are discussed.
Elder Abuse and Neglect in Israel: A Comparison Between the General Elderly Population and Elderly New Immigrants
Authors: Iecovich Esther
Published: June 2005

Abstract: The present study investigated differences between the general elderly population and elderly new immigrants from former Soviet Union countries in regard to the incidence of elder abuse and neglect, victims’ characteristics, and perpetrators’ characteristics. In addition, the study sought to examine predictors of various types of abuse and neglect. Data collection was conducted over a 1‐year period, during which 120 new cases of abuse and neglect were identified. Forty‐eight of these cases were elderly new immigrants from former Soviet Union countries. Both groups significantly differed in terms of victims’ and perpetrators’ characteristics. Being a new immigrant was found to be a significant predictor of physical abuse and neglect. Implications for intervention and policy are discussed.
Major Dissociation Between Medial and Lateral Entorhinal Input to Dorsal Hippocampus
Authors: Hargreaves Eric L. , Rao Geeta , Lee Inah , Knierim James J.
Published: June 2005

Hippocampal place cells are a model system of how the brain constructs cognitive representations and of how these representations support complex behavior, learning, and memory. There is, however, a lack of detailed knowledge about the properties of hippocampal afferents. We recorded multiple single units from the hippocampus and the medial and lateral entorhinal areas of behaving rats. Although many medial entorhinal neurons had highly specific place fields, lateral entorhinal neurons displayed weak spatial specificity. This finding demonstrates a fundamental dissociation between the information conveyed to the hippocampus by its major input streams, with spatial information represented by the medial and nonspatial information represented by the lateral entorhinal cortex.
Nodulation Signaling in Legumes Requires NSP2, a Member of the GRAS Family of Transcriptional Regulators
Authors: Kaló Péter , Gleason Cynthia , Edwards Anne , Marsh John , Mitra Raka M. , Hirsch Sibylle , Jakab Júlia , Sims Sarah , Long Sharon R. , Rogers Jane , Kiss György B. , Downie J. Allan , Oldroyd Giles E. D.
Published: June 2005

Rhizobial bacteria enter a symbiotic interaction with legumes, activating diverse responses in roots through the lipochito oligosaccharide signaling molecule Nod factor. Here, we show that
NSP2
from
Medicago truncatula
encodes a GRAS protein essential for Nod-factor signaling. NSP2 functions downstream of Nod-factor–induced calcium spiking and a calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. We show that NSP2-GFP expressed from a constitutive promoter is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum/nuclear envelope and relocalizes to the nucleus after Nod-factor elicitation. This work provides evidence that a GRAS protein transduces calcium signals in plants and provides a possible regulator of Nod-factor–inducible gene expression.
NSP1 of the GRAS Protein Family Is Essential for Rhizobial Nod Factor-Induced Transcription
Authors: Smit Patrick , Raedts John , Portyanko Vladimir , Debellé Frédéric , Gough Clare , Bisseling Ton , Geurts René
Published: June 2005

Rhizobial Nod factors induce in their legume hosts the expression of many genes and set in motion developmental processes leading to root nodule formation. Here we report the identification of the
Medicago
GRAS-type protein Nodulation signaling pathway 1 (NSP1), which is essential for all known Nod factor–induced changes in gene expression.
NSP1
is constitutively expressed, and so it acts as a primary transcriptional regulator mediating all known Nod factor–induced transcriptional responses, and therefore, we named it a Nod factor response factor.
Quantum Interference Device Made by DNA Templating of Superconducting Nanowires
Authors: Hopkins David S. , Pekker David , Goldbart Paul M. , Bezryadin Alexey
Published: June 2005

The application of single molecules as templates for nanodevices is a promising direction for nanotechnology. We used a pair of suspended DNA molecules as templates for superconducting two-nanowire devices. Because the resulting wires are very thin, comparable to the DNA molecules themselves, they are susceptible to thermal fluctuations typical for one-dimensional superconductors and exhibit a nonzero resistance over a broad temperature range. We observed resistance oscillations in these two-nanowire structures that are different from the usual Little-Parks oscillations. Here, we provide a quantitative explanation for the observed quantum interference phenomenon, which takes into account strong phase gradients created in the leads by the applied magnetic field.
Spectral Signatures of Hydrated Proton Vibrations in Water Clusters
Authors: Headrick Jeffrey M. , Diken Eric G. , Walters Richard S. , Hammer Nathan I. , Christie Richard A. , Cui Jun , Myshakin Evgeniy M. , Duncan Michael A. , Johnson Mark A. , Jordan Kenneth D.
Published: June 2005

The ease with which the pH of water is measured obscures the fact that there is presently no clear molecular description for the hydrated proton. The mid-infrared spectrum of bulk aqueous acid, for example, is too diffuse to establish the roles of the putative Eigen (H
3
O
+
) and Zundel (H
5
O
2
+
) ion cores. To expose the local environment of the excess charge, we report how the vibrational spectrum of protonated water clusters evolves in the size range from 2 to 11 water molecules. Signature bands indicating embedded Eigen or Zundel limiting forms are observed in all of the spectra with the exception of the three- and five-membered clusters. These unique species display bands appearing at intermediate energies, reflecting asymmetric solvation of the core ion. Taken together, the data reveal the pronounced spectral impact of subtle changes in the hydration environment.
Secondary Evolutionary Escalation Between Brachiopods and Enemies of Other Prey
Authors: Kowalewski Michał , Hoffmeister Alan P. , Baumiller Tomasz K. , Bambach Richard K.
Published: June 2005

The fossil record of predation indicates that attacks on Paleozoic brachiopods were very rare, especially compared to those on post-Paleozoic mollusks, yet stratigraphically and geographically widespread. Drilling frequencies were very low in the early Paleozoic («1%) and went up slightly in the mid-to-late Paleozoic. Present-day brachiopods revealed frequencies only slightly higher. The persistent rarity of drilling suggests that brachiopods were the secondary casualties of mistaken or opportunistic attacks by the enemies of other taxa. Such sporadic attacks became slightly more frequent as trophic systems escalated and predators diversified. Some evolutionarily persistent biotic interactions may be incidental rather than coevolutionary or escalatory in nature.
Breast cancer risk among Finnish cabin attendants: a nested case-control study
Authors: Kojo K , Pukkala E , Auvinen A
Published: June 2005

Background:Earlier studies have found increased breast cancer risk among female cabin crew. This has been suggested to reflect lifestyle factors (for example, age at first birth), other confounding factors (for example, age at menarche), or occupational factors such as exposure to cosmic radiation and circadian rhythm alterations due to repeated jet lag.

Aims:To assess the contribution of occupational versus lifestyle and other factors to breast cancer risk among cabin attendants in Finland.

Methods:A standardised self-administered questionnaire on demographic, occupational, and lifestyle factors was given to 1041 cabin attendants. A total of 27 breast cancer cases and 517 non-cases completed the questionnaire. Breast cancer diagnoses were confirmed through the Finnish Cancer Registry. Exposure to cosmic radiation was estimated based on self-reported flight history and timetables. A conditional logistic regression model was used for analysis.

Results:In the univariate analysis, family history of breast cancer (OR = 2.67, 95% CI: 1.00 to 7.08) was the strongest determinant of breast cancer. Of occupational exposures, sleep rhythm disruptions (OR = 1.72, 95% CI: 0.70 to 4.27) were positively related and disruption of menstrual cycles (OR = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.26 to 1.96) negatively related to breast cancer. However, both associations were statistically non-significant. Cumulative radiation dose (OR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.83 to 1.19) showed no effect on breast cancer.

Conclusions:Results suggest that breast cancer risk among Finnish cabin attendants is related to well established risk factors of breast cancer, such as family history of breast cancer. There was no clear evidence that the three occupational factors studied affected breast cancer risk among Finnish flight attendants.