bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"The Great Fight for Clean Government"
Authors: Nelles H. V. , Armstrong Christopher
Published: May 2014

There had come a moment - quite suddenly it seemed, - when it occurred to everybody at the same time that the whole government of the city was rotten. The word is a strong one. But it is the one that was used. Look at the aldermen, they said, - rotten! Look at the city solicitor, rotten. And as for the mayor himself, - phew! The thing came like a wave. Everybody felt it at once. People wondered how any sane intelligent community could tolerate the presence of a set of scoundrels like the twenty aldermen of the city.... Stephen Leacock, "The Great Fight for Clean Government" Whence came these great bursts of reforming zeal like the one that rocked Leacock1s Plutoria? According to much of the recent writing about reform in Canada's cities between 1890 and 1920 they sprang from the class interests of well-to-do businessmen and professionals. Typical of this interpretation is the claim that, "Restructured civic governments were meant to afford business interests a greater opportunity in moulding city developments." In the case of Winnipeg Alan Artibise concluded that "the source of reform was not the general public but the city's businessmen. Indeed, the vast majority of Winnipeggers - including organized labour - were effectively barred from taking an 3 active part in governing the city...." This new consensus on the nature of reform derives from work on the urban history of the United States which began to appear over a decade ago. Following the lead of Samuel P. Hays and other students of American Progressivism it focusses upon the elitism and self-interest of the reformers. The drive for boards of control, for city managers and for commission government is seen as the authoritarian reaction of the upper classes to disorder, inefficiency and dishonesty in local affairs. Centralized decision-making and scientific management were the cures prescribed by businessmen for log-rolling, ward-heeling and bribe-taking in a drive to make the city more like the modern corporation. In Hays' words, reform innovations "served as vehicles whereby business and professional leaders51 moved directly into the inner circles of government ... and dominated 4 municipal affairs for two decades." This sums up the current orthodoxy in urban history. But was it really that way? Already American historians are beginning to mount a challenge to this interpretation. Are Canadians wise to leap aboard another historiographical bandwagon from the United States just as they once embraced economic determinism or the frontier thesis with such enthusiasm?
Human Settlement in Canada
Authors: Artibise A. F. J.
Published: May 2014

This report on the status of human settlement in Canada is an attempt to sum up and assess Canada's experience as an urbanizing nation. It was published on the occasion of Habitat: United Nations Conference on Human Settlements (Vancouver, 31 May-11 June, 1976). Concentrating on the decade 1965-1975, the report is a factual account of human settlement with an emphasis on the role of government. The idea behind the report was to provide a "benchmark" against which Canadian achievement can be measured in the years following Habitat. Accordingly, the text includes a substantial amount of statistical data to facilitate future assessment. The orientation is thoroughly domestic; there is no analysis of international issues in human settlement nor are there extensive comparisons between Canada and other nations.
Stanford, G. H. To Serve the Community: The Story of Toronto's Board of Trade
Authors: Artibise A. F. J.
Published: May 2014

Covering the past 140 years, this history of the Toronto Board of Trade was written by a long time staff member of the Board. As an "official" history, it has obvious weaknesses in that it rarely takes a critical view of the activities of the Board. On the other hand, this book offers a much needed "inside" view of one of Toronto's most important organizations and for this reason alone is extremely valuable. Also, since the Board of Trade was intimately involved in numerous community activities, this history reveals and discusses many of the forces which shaped Toronto and are responsible for its present character.
Lane, Robert. Policing the City: Boston, 1822-1885
Authors: Muise D. A.
Published: May 2014

This book is a reprint of an important study that pioneered the field of the development of police forces in North America. Three threads are interwoven into the fabric of the narrative: how Bostonians73 outgrew their traditional fears of police officers as a threat to political liberty and personal freedom; how the city of Boston created a professional police force; and how political and social strife developed over police issues between city reformers and city leaders and later between state and city.
Collier, Robert W. Contemporary Cathedrals: Large-Scale Development in Canadian cities
Authors: Wilson J. Donald
Published: May 2014

The author has chosen seven major Canadian cities - Montreal, Vancouver, Edmonton, Winnipeg, Toronto, Ottawa, and Halifax - and for each sets forth a case study of a representative, large-scale, "superblock" development. For example, Place Ville Marie has been chosen for Montreal, and Place de Ville for Ottawa. The facts surrounding each development are laid out including the jockeying for position between developers on the one hand and interest groups and city government on the other. It is part of the author's technique to raise probing questions as part of his narrative, and thus the book might well serve as a senior high school text in urban geography.
The City of Ottawa Archives
Authors: Welch Edwin
Published: May 2014

Writing about the burning of Ottawa's City Hall in 1931, Dr. Lucien Brault, the city's Honorary Historian, said that the "valuable municipal archives were completely destroyed11. Fortunately for the future historians of Ottawa he was misinformed. The only serious loss of archives in 1931 seems to have been the property tax rolls before 1920, and even this was probably not complete because a few late nineteenth century volumes were accidentally discovered in a store last year. However the statement does underline the fact that no historian, either amateur or professional, has ever been able to systematically examine the city archives. There is evidence amongst the minute books that a few historical searches of an official nature have occured. There are markers and scribbled notes on such subjects as the first market building or the list of mayors, but nothing else. Most articles on the history of the city quote from local newspaper files or items at the Public Archives rather than the original sources at City Hall.
Gelfand, Mark. A Nation of Cities: The Federal Government and Urban America, 1933-1965
Authors: Artibise Alan F. J.
Published: May 2014

This volume traces the discovery of the "urban crisis11 by the American Federal Government and the gradual institutionalization of its concern, beginning with the calculated neglect of the nineteenth and the early twentieth century to the deepening involvement that originated in the Depression. The relationship is examined from both sides; if the Federal Government felt no obligation to cities, municipal leaders asked for none. The gradual drift to a new alignment stemmed from the crisis in the cities, not as a consequence of the bureaucracy in Washington seeking greater power.
Chudacoff, Howard P. The Evolution of American Urban Society
Authors: Taylor John H.
Published: May 2014

Chudacoff's guide to the American urban experience is one of first attempts to incorporate the developing social dimension of American historiography into an enveloping synthesis of the urban process in the United States. To succeed at the task requires the author to confront and overcome two major problems.
Stevens, John, editor. The Urban Experience
Authors: Artibise Alan F. J.
Published: May 2014

This collection of prose, poetry and drama is part of the "Themes in Canadian Literature Series" under the general editorship of David Arnason. At least ten other titles have already been published in this series, including one dealing with The Immigrant Experience, and several others are "in preparation."
The Resources of the Vancouver City Archives
Authors: McKee Bill
Published: May 2014

Since moving into its new home in Kitsilano in late 1972, the Vancouver City Archives has witnessed a major expansion in its holdings. In mid-1974, former City Archivist R. Lynn Ogden published a summary in the Urban History Review of the records and services then available at the City Archives. The present article is intended to suggest several ways in which urban historians might use those resources and several collections subsequently acquired.
"Canada's Urban Past": Canadian Urban History Conference
Authors: Stelter Gilbert A.
Published: May 2014

The abstracts which follow represent most of the papers to be presented at a conference at the University of Guelph, May 12-14, 1977. By way of introduction, several comments should be made about the character of the conference program. First, the program has been designed to emphasize only one of the major concerns of urban history, the city-building process. Ten years ago, in an article in the Journal of the American Institute of Planners, Roy Lubove called for an urban history that was more than synonomous with everything that had happened in cities. Specifically, he suggested a rekindling of the interest Patrick Geddes and Lewis Mumford had shown in their examination of the formation of the urban environment. In addition to Lubove, several scholars have been influential in giving this kind of direction to urban history, including H. J. Dyos with his Victorian Suburbs (1961) and Sam Bass Warner with Streetcar Suburbs (1962). The extent to which historians, geographers, planners and architects have adopted this approach in Canada is illustrated by the program of this conference. The papers will not cover all of the major topics possible within the general concept of the process of city-building over time, but at least three related topics will be discussed: 1) the factors involved in urban growth; 2) the role of planners, developers and builders in the shaping of cities; 3) the place of government, especially provincial and municipal, in determining urban form.
Les archives de la ville de Québec
Authors: Doyle-Frenière Murielle
Published: May 2014

L'organisation des archives de la Ville de Québec remonte a 1924, alors que le Conseil de Ville confère le rôle d'archiviste-statisticien à l'un des employes municipaux, Monsieur Valère Desjardins. Sous la responsabilité immédiate du greffier, le nouvel archiviste entreprend de regrouper et de classer les documents produits par l'administration municipale depuis l'incorporation, en 1833. Six ans plus tard, le Service des Archives emménage au troisième étage de l'hôtel de ville, dans une nouvelle aile, construite à l'épreuve du feu. Pendant les années qui suivent, l'archiviste et ses adjoints s'occupent du classement et de l'indexage des documents officiels, à savoir: les procès-verbaux du Conseil et du Comité administratif, les rapports des Comités permanents et spéciaux du Conseil (1833-1928), les règlements et les rôles d'évaluation et d'imposition. A cette époque, le Service des Archives reçoit des documents de quelques unités administratives: les Services du Contentieux, de l'Aqueduc, des Travaux Publics et de la Police. La majeure partie des documents versés provient cependant du Greffe de la Ville. En plus du travail archivistique proprement dit, l'archiviste se préoccupe de la compilation de données statistiques (population, superficie, répartition de la population, etc.). Il travaille aussi à la rédaction de textes relatifs à l'histoire municipale, pour répondre aux nombreuses demandes adressées au Service des Archives.
Bird's-Eye Views of Canadian Cities: A Review
Authors: Fox M. F.
Published: May 2014

Public Archives of Canada. Birdys-Eye Views of Canadian Cities; An Exhibition of Panoramic Maps (1865-1905). July-November, 1976, Ottawa. Exhibition organized by Edward H. Dahl, National Map Collection.
EVOLUTION PHYSIQUE ET POLITIQUES URBAINES: QUEBEC SOUS LE REGIME FRANÇAIS
Authors: Lafrance Marc
Published: May 2014

L'intervention sans cesse accrue de l'Etat sur les villes est l'un des facteurs primordiaux â considérer dans l'étude de l'évolution des villesdu XVIe au XVIIIe siècles. En effet, la juxtaposition de la ville moderne â la ville médiévale fait nettement ressortir l'existence de politiques urbaines de plus en plus définies et dirigées par les pouvoirs publics â partir du XVIe siècle.
Dechêne, Louise. Habitants et marchands de Montréal au XVIIe siècle.
Authors: Linteau Paul-André
Published: May 2014

Louise Dechêne n'accepterait certainement pas de voir accoler l'épithète "urbaine" à l'histoire de Montréal qu'elle a écrite. Ce serait là enfermer dans des cadres trop étroits une oeuvre qui a des ambitions très vastes. En effet, le Montréal dont il est ici question embrasse l'ensemble de l'île — la seigneurie — tant dans sa partie rurale que dans sa partie urbaine; et la description des campagnes — les cotes — occupe une part substantielle de l'ouvrage. Qui plus est, Montréal n'est ici qu'un prétexte — ou mieux, un cas-type — permettant de comprendre l'ensemble de la société coloniale. Louise Dechêne ne s'en cache pas: "l'île de Montréal est un bon point d'observation pour saisir les articulations du développement socio-économique de l'ensemble de la colonie".
Dahl, Edward H., Hélène Espesset, Marc LaFrance, and Thiery Ruddell. La Ville de Québec, 1800-1850: un inventaire de cartes et plans.
Authors: Crowley T.A.
Published: May 2014

During the past five years the bulldozer of progress has demolished some 2,500 lodgings in Quebec City to make way for temples to Quebec's modernization and burgeoning bureaucracy. The appearance of this inventory is a salutary reminder of an era when the walled city was still the pulsating nerve centre of Canada's chief metropolis rather than a Disney-like creation for tourists.
Social Structure in a Commercial City: Saint-John, 1871
Authors: Roberts David
Published: May 2014

The manuscript of the Dominion Census of 1871 remains a largely ignored source in Canadian historiography. Perhaps because Canadian historians have been slow to adapt quantitative methodology to the analysis of social and urban phenomena, our historiography has yet to show the influence of documents like the census and the assessment rolls which have been so much in evidence in recent work in the United States and in western Europe. The study described here represents an attempt to explore the usefulness of the census in examining historical societies.
Le Bossisme politique à Montréal : Camillien Houde remplace Méderic Martin (1923-1929)
Authors: Migner Robert-Maurice
Published: May 2014

L'urbanisation accélérée du Canada et des Etats-Unis depuis la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle a provoqué des changements politiques importants dans les grandes villes continentales. La conséquence la plus spectaculaire de l'essor urbain de cette période est certes l'apparition de puissantes machines politiques à direction personnelle ou limitée qui vont exercer un contrôle attentif et rigoureux sur les élections, les candidatures, le patronage et les choix collectifs de la population des grandes villes. Aux Etats-Unis, une abondante littérature a déjà été consacrée à ce phénomène du bossisme qui peut être sommairement défini comme l'accession au pouvoir politique municipal d'une machine généralement dirigée par un "boss". Historiquement, cette prise du pouvoir—ou ce contrôle des mécanismes de la prise du pouvoir—s'est produite au moment où les grandes agglomérations urbaines d'Amérique du Nord se sont gonflées d'une masse considérable de nouveaux habitants, emigrants étrangers ou ruraux en quête d'un gagne-pain et d'un niveau de vie supérieurs à ceux de leur milieu d'origine. Grâce à sa personnalité prestigieuse, le "boss" politique s'est gagné la confiance de cette masse d'électeurs et a pu contrôler les élections à tous les niveaux et la distribution des charges publiques. Souvent ces nouveaux chefs politiques sont d'origine assez humble—fils d'ouvriers ou d'emigrants étrangers ou campagnards—et leur action ne vise pas à changer le système mais à s'y insérer avantageusement, comme des parasites. Les liens qui unissent le "boss" à ses amis, alliés, collaborateurs et supporteurs sont généralement d'ordre financier, matériel, 2 ethnique ou personnel mais rarement idéologique. La nature et les attributs du leadership du "boss" peuvent changer d'une ville à l'autre selon les diverses caractéristiques sociales, économiques et ethniques des milieux urbains. Mais le "boss" puise toujours sa puissance de la confiance et de l'appui populaires et, à l'époque où les grandes législations sociales appartiennent toujours au monde de l'Utopie, le "boss" remplit la fonction sociale d'intégrer les masses urbaines à la vie politique et le rôle économique de les aider matériellement par la3 3 distribution dfemplois et de services grâce au patronage. Grâce au pouvoir populaire dont il se prétend le détenteur ou le représentant» le "boss" peut exercer une influence déterminante sur les niveaux supérieurs de lfadministration publique. C'est ainsi qu'il n'est pas rare qu'un "boss11 obtienne la construction d'un édifice public ou l'établissement d'un service d'Etat à l'endroit de son choix. Il peut ainsi accroître davantage son pouvoir par la distribution d'emplois dans ces nouveaux complexes.
Vancouver City Archives : A New Resource
Authors: Ogden Lynn
Published: May 2014

The City of Vancouver Archives until about three years ago consisted of miscellaneous material collected by Major J.S. Matthews, self-appointed, and later officially appointed, City Archivist from 1929 to 1970. After Major Matthews death in 1970, a new City Archives building was built, a professional staff was recruited, and an active acquisitions and inventory program was begun. Already some two hundred seventy-five private collections (additional manuscripts) have been organized and are available for research. As well, a Preliminary Inventory3 Volume 1, has been published and a second volume is off to the printers. As a result of the active acquisitions program, and the coincidence of the renovations program at City Hall with the opening of the new City Archives building, over one hundred tons of city records have been transferred to the archives in the past sixteen months. Though it will take considerable time and effort to organize all this material, the City Archives in Vancouver is now able to offer the professional urban researcher one of the most complete collections of urban material available anywhere in Canada. For not only does the total collection offer the privately donated materials of individuals, institutions, businesses, unions, clubs, associations, and societies, and the public records of civic departments and boards (in most cases from their origins) but it also includes historical photographs; maps, plans and charts; books, periodicals and pamphlets; and, paintings, drawings, and prints. As well, considerable quantities of microfilm, microfiche, and audio records have been donated, transferred, or loaned to the Archives.
Images of the Foreigner in Toronto, 1900-1930: A Report
Authors: Troper Harold
Published: May 2014

In the early spring of 1974 Robert Harney of the Department of History, University of Toronto, and I undertook an exploratory project designed to locate and, where possible, collect photographs and other related material on Toronto's immigrant history. Our undertaking grew from two related assumptions - that Toronto has long been ignored as a pre-Depression inland immigrant centre, and that much primary material relating to the history of immigration in this city continues to escape the attention of professional archivists and historians.
Some Quantitative Approaches to the Study of Central Places in the Guelph Area, 1851-1970
Authors: Dahms Frederic A.
Published: May 2014

This paper has two purposes. First it will demonstrate the value to the urban historian of several quantitative techniques more usually employed by urban geographers. Second, it will describe and explain the processes at work between 1851 and 1970 in the area comprising The Guelph Central Place System of 1970.
Ottawa: The City as Conglomerate
Authors: Taylor John
Published: May 2014

Ottawa (formerly Bytown) did not develop on the ecological principle that sociology has borrowed from biology. It developed as a conglomerate, to borrow an expression from geology. It was a lumpy, unintegrated and distressingly heterogeneous community that was fused in the nineteenth century into what might be called a city.
The Good Queen of Hogs: Toronto, 1850-1914
Authors: Spencer Stephen
Published: May 2014

English Canada's most populous city has been known variously as Hog Town, the Queen City and Toronto the Good. Each of these names reflects on the character of the place. Toronto was and is a commercial and industrial hub, the provincial (and sometimes national) focus for haut culture and modernity, and the self-proclaimed centre of goodness and righteousness.
Insurance Plans and Land Use Atlases: Sources for Urban Historical Research
Authors: Hayward Robert J.
Published: May 2014

With the current interest in historical urban research, dramatically shown by the number attending the recent Historical Urbanization in North America Conference at York University in January, there is a growing need for large scale urban plans. As a result, one group of cartographic works that is becoming increasingly more used is that produced for fire insurance and related purposes.
The Built Environment: A Planning Approach to the Study of Past Urban Settlement
Authors: Pressman Norman E. P.
Published: May 2014

The following four articles represent a precis of the session "Approaches to the Urban Past" held at the C.H.A. Conference in Kingston in June of this year. The papers were edited by the Review editors. Copies of the originals may be obtained by writing directly to the authors. It is the hope of the editors that they have rendered the original ideas of the contributors in a form that does at least partial justice to their original manuscripts.
The City of Toronto Archives
Authors: James R. Scott
Published: May 2014

As early as 1887 the issue of an Archives for the City of Toronto had been raised in Council, but still nothing had been done by 1956 when the management consultants J.D. Woods & Gordon were surveying the civic administration. Acting on one of the recommendations, City Council in 1959 created a Records Unit in the City Clerk's Department and appointed, in 1960, a City Archivist - the first in English-speaking Canada
La société montréalaise au 19e siècle : bilan des travaux
Authors: Linteau Paul-André
Published: May 2014

Il y a deux ans était formé le Groupe de recherche sur la société montréalaise au 19e siècle (GRSM) dirigé par Jean-Paul Bernard, Michel Grenon et Paul-André Linteau, professeurs au département d'histoire de l'Université du Québec à Montréal. Son objectif - bâtir une Tiistoire sociale de Montréal à l'époque du passage du capitalisme commercial au capitalisme industriel - a déjà été exposé dans cette revue (no. 3, novembre 1972). Notre intention dans le présent texte est d'informer les chercheurs en faisant le point sur les travaux réalisés jusqu'ici.
Comparative Study of Street Directories and Census Returns for 1871
Authors: Cross D. S. , Dudley J. G.
Published: May 2014

Social and urban historians are increasingly aware of the need to develop new methods of examining large populations. The literature shows the ingenuity with which these problems are being solved. Municipal, parish and census records, which have previously been ignored because their use was impractical, can now be processed with ease and efficiency. The historian must still select from the available sources the one that is most suitable for his particular purpose.
Latin American Cities in the Eighteenth Century: A Sketch
Authors: Borah Woodrow
Published: May 2014

In Latin America the eighteenth century was a time of approximate doubling of the population and considerable economic development and reorientation of the economy. Urban settlement reflected these changes. The bulk of urban growth was by replication of existing patterns into areas of new settlement. Some expansion of older cities and heightening of urban functions took place. In the reordering of regional economies, Buenos Aires, Havana, and Rio de Janeiro profited; Lima failed to prosper. Within existing and new cities, much building replaced older structures in more durable materials, and, in the largest, multi-family, multi-storied structures appeared. Following developments in Europe, beginnings were made in paving streets, providing lighting, installing drains, and so-forth. In similar wise, administration adopted new forms and social welfare was reorganized for more efficient response to natural disasters. Cultural models, copied from Europe, even included the beginning of cafés.
The Role of Commerce in the Growth of Towns In Central Highland Ecuador 1750-1920
Authors: Bromley Rosemary D. F.
Published: May 2014

Commerce was a key function of urban development in the Central Highlands of Ecuador. Three towns—Latacunga, Ambato, and Riobamba—are examined in some detail in order to understand why commercial functions developed more strongly in some towns than in others. A dynamic and prosperous agricultural hinterland was the key to growth. Ambato grew faster than the other towns because its hinterland, fairly densely populated by white smallholders, participated more readily in cash-crop production than did the Indian population surrounding the other towns.
Brazilian Modernization and Urban Planning In TheNineteenth Century
Authors: Schmidt Benicío Viero
Published: May 2014

The state has played a decisive role in the modernization cum urbanization of Brazil since 1850. Three examples of state intervention are described in some detail: the state guarantees of the paulista railway network, which integrated several regional economic complexes; the foundation of the regional capital, Belo Horizonte, which allowed a leading faction of the elite to expand its control; the building and organization of Brasilia, whereby the state redirected internal migration and regional occupation.
Canadian Cities as Social Technologies: An Exploratory Essay
Authors: Paquet Gilles , Wallot Jean-Pierre
Published: May 2014

In order to analyze cities as social technologies, it is necessary to focus on middle-range phenomena. The Polanyi/Akerman framework is used to carry out a meso-analytical survey of Canadian urban history in the 1850-1914 period. The Canadian urban system is seen as marginal to the American system in the same way that the Atlantic and Western regions are marginal to Central Canada. This relationship modifies the expected impact of technological and industrial change on the pattern of urban development.
The Cities of Spanish America 1825-1914: Economic and Social Aspects
Authors: Halperín Donghi Tulio
Published: May 2014

The paper distinguishes three stages in the history of Spanish- American cities in this period. The first (1825-1850) is one of slow and uneven urban growth; it is also one of social readjustment to the new political and economic realities of independence, republic and comparatively free external trade. The urban upper classes are deeply fragmented in the process; the largely peninsular mercantile group is replaced by a much more isolated and smaller one, dominated by the British; the base of political power becomes less urban, and the city elites linked with Church and state suffer in their income and prestige; the progress of egalitarian ideas corrodes traditional deference. The lower groups are affected by the decadence of slavery and in the middle of urban society free trade brings about a crisis of many traditional crafts and the flowering of other artisanal and trade activities. The second stage (from 1850 to the seventies) continues, under a veneer of modernization in the urban lifestyle, the trends of the previous quarter-century. Urban growth quickens, but is again very uneven; the role of the state begins to gain in significance in comparison with that of an expanding trade. During the third stage large cities finally receive the full impact of the development of the new economies, based in the growth of exports and the gradual unification of the internal market: the completion of railway systems, from Mexico to Chile and Argentina, is of course a decisive factor in this change. Demographic growth and a new mode of social differentiation (which includes the creation of a larger dependent middle class and a modern working-class of wage earners in large enterprises, in transportation and services rather than in manufacture) bring about a change in residential patterns and the use of urban space. Even so, Spanish-American cities retain many elements from their past, and are usually quite far from the model of the growing capitals of continental Europe during the same years.
L’apocalypse dans les représentations de l’épidémie du VIH/sida : du religieux au médiatique
Authors: Lévy Joseph Josy
Published: May 2014

Depuis les années 1980, l’épidémie du VIH/sida, à cause de sa gravité, a contribué à des représentations sociales et des interprétations dont certaines reprennent le thème de l’apocalypse. Cet article cerne cette notion dans trois ensembles de discours. Des mouvements religieux ont repris cette idée dans une perspective fondamentaliste, mais d’autres courants théologiques critiquent cet usage et proposent d’autres interprétations. Les textes philosophiques en font un emploi plus profane et hyperbolique pour signifier l’ampleur catastrophique de l’épidémie, une perspective remise aussi en question par des intellectuels critiques qui produisent des contre discours plus conformes à une vision immanente de l’infection. Les medias ont recours répétitivement à cette notion pour souligner la dimension sensationnaliste du VIH/sida, malgré les progrès pharmacologiques susceptibles d’entraîner un effacement de ce type de références.
“Sexualized Online Bullying” Through an Equality Lens: Missed Opportunity in AB v. Bragg?
Authors: Bailey Jane
Published: May 2014

In AB v. Bragg, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that fifteen-year-old AB should be allowed to use a pseudonym in seeking an order to disclose the identity of her online attacker. By framing the case as one pitting the privacy interests of a youthful victim of sexualized online bullying against principles protecting the free press and open courts, the SCC approached but ultimately skirted the central issue of equality. Without undermining the important precedent that AB achieved for youthful targets of online sexualized bullying, the author explores the case as a missed opportunity to examine the discriminatory tropes and structural inequalities that undergird the power of this kind of bullying. Viewed through an equality lens, enhanced access to pseudonymity for targets is not necessarily about privacy per se, but rather an interim measure to respond to the equality-undermining effects of sexualized online bullying—a privacy mechanism in service of equality.
La photographie sérielle et séquentielle. Origines et ambiguïtés
Authors: Chik Caroline
Published: May 2014

Cet article vise à poser les premiers jalons d’une histoire de la photographie séquentielle du mouvement. Après en avoir recherché les origines dans les premiers cas de prise de vue multiple ayant donné lieu à la variation des poses (série) ainsi qu’à leur succession (séquence), l’auteure entend démontrer que les premières formes séquentielles du mouvement sont apparues dès les années 1850. Un autre rapport de la photographie au mouvement existe en dehors des « incontournables » bougé, instantané et chronophotographie : un mouvement mis en scène, posé et composé image par image. L’auteure examine des formes photographiques obtenues notamment au moyen du châssis multiplicateur et de la chambre à objectifs multiples, qui souvent présentent une ambiguïté entre sérialité et séquentialité : le portrait multiple, le portrait-carte et le portrait tournant, en interrogeant en particulier les liens étroits entre ce dernier, expérimenté par Nadar, et la photosculpture.
Hsp70 chaperones are non-equilibrium machines that achieve ultra-affinity by energy consumption
Authors: De Los Rios Paolo , Barducci Alessandro
Published: May 2014

70-kDa Heat shock proteins are ATP-driven molecular chaperones that perform a myriad of essential cellular tasks. Although structural and biochemical studies have shed some light on their functional mechanism, the fundamental issue of the role of energy consumption, due to ATP-hydrolysis, has remained unaddressed. Here we establish a clear connection between the non-equilibrium nature of Hsp70, due to ATP hydrolysis, and the determining feature of its function, namely its high affinity for its substrates. Energy consumption can indeed decrease the dissociation constant of the chaperone-substrate complex by several orders of magnitude with respect to an equilibrium scenario. We find that the biochemical requirements for observing such ultra-affinity coincide with the physiological conditions in the cell. Our results rationalize several experimental observations and pave the way for further analysis of non-equilibrium effects underlying chaperone functions.
Plant quality declines as CO2 levels rise
Authors: Weigel Hans-Joachim
Published: May 2014

There is concern that crop plants are becoming less nutritious as the levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increase.
High‐resolution spectroscopy of the lunar sodium exosphere
Authors: Mierkiewicz E. J. , Oliversen R. J. , Roesler F. L. , Lupie O. L.
Published: May 2014

We have applied high‐resolution Fabry‐Perot spectroscopy to the study of the lunar sodium exosphere for the study of exospheric effective temperature and velocity variations. Observing from the National Solar Observatory McMath‐Pierce Telescope, we used a dual‐etalon Fabry‐Perot spectrometer with a resolving power of 180,000 to measure line widths and Doppler shifts of the sodium D2 (5889.95 Å) emission line. Our field of view was 360 km, and measurements were made in equatorial and polar regions from 500 km to 3500 km off the limb. Data were obtained from full moon to 3 days following full moon (waning phase) in March 2009. Measured Doppler line widths within 1100 km of the sunlit east and south lunar limbs for observations between 5 and 40° lunar phase imply effective temperatures ranging between 3260 ± 190 and 1000 ± 135 K. Preliminary line center analysis indicates velocity displacements between different locations off the lunar limb ranging between 100 and 600 m/s from the lunar rest velocity with a precision of ±20 to ±50 m/s depending on brightness. Based on the success of these exploratory observations, an extensive program has been initiated that is expected to constrain lunar atmospheric and surface‐process modeling and help quantify source and escape mechanisms.
Effect Size
Authors: Kraemer Helena Chmura
Published: May 2014

An effect size is a population parameter (estimated in a sample) designed to indicate the practical or clinical importance of a phenomenon under study. Increasingly, effect sizes are required either in place of or in addition topvalues in reporting the results of research studies. Common effect sizes are Cohen'sd(the standardized mean difference) for comparing two groups, and correlation coefficients to relate two random variables.
Bullying in preschool: The associations between participant roles, social competence, and social preference
Authors: Camodeca Marina , Caravita Simona C.S. , Coppola Gabrielle
Published: May 2014

The different roles of bullying participation (bully, follower, victim, defender of the victim, and outsider) have not been investigated in preschool children. The aims of this study were to use a peer‐report measure to assess these roles and to investigate their associations with social competence among pre‐schoolers. We also explored whether status among peers, indicated by being socially preferred, mediates the relationship between social competence and bullying roles. Three hundred twenty 3‐ to 6‐year‐old children participated in the study. Bullying roles and social preference were assessed by means of peer reports, whereas social competence was investigated with a Q‐Sort methodology, based on observations in classrooms. Bullying was also assessed by means of teacher reports. The results showed quite a clear distinction among roles and a correspondence between peer and teacher assessments, except for the role of outsider. The role of defender was positively associated with social competence, whereas the other roles were negatively associated. In a subsample, social preference statistically predicted the role of bully and mediated between social competence and bullying. The findings are discussed in terms of the importance of assessing bullying and its correlates at a very young age, although roles may further develop when children grow up. Aggr. Behav. 41:310–321, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biomimetic Miniaturized Platform Able to Sustain Arrays of Liquid Droplets for High‐Throughput Combinatorial Tests
Authors: Neto Ana I. , Correia Clara R. , Custódio Catarina A. , Mano João F.
Published: May 2014

The development of high‐throughput and combinatorial technologies is helping to speed up research that is applicable in many areas of chemistry, engineering, and biology. A new model is proposed for flat devices for the high‐throughput screening of accelerated evaluations of multiplexed processes and reactions taking place in aqueous‐based environments. Superhydrophobic (SH) biomimetic surfaces based on the so‐called lotus effect are produced, onto which arrays of micro‐indentations allow the fixing of liquid droplets, based on the rose‐petal effect. The developed platforms are able to sustain arrays of quasi‐spherical microdroplets, allowing the isolation and confinement of different combinations of substances and living cells. Distinct compartmentalized physical, chemical, and biological processes may take place and be monitored in each droplet. The devices permit the addition/removal of liquid and mechanical stirring by adding magnetic microparticles into each droplet. By facing the chip downward, it is possible to produce arrays of cell spheroids developed by gravity in the suspended droplets, with the potential to be used as microtissues in drug screening tests.
Arylation of Azlactones using Diaryliodonium Bromides and Silver Carbonate: Facile Access to α‐Tetrasubstituted Amino Acid Derivatives
Authors: Chai Zhuo , Wang Biao , Chen Jia‐Nan , Yang Gaosheng
Published: May 2014

With the combined use of silver carbonate, diaryliodonium bromides were successfully utilized as aryl source to realize the highly efficient arylation of azlactones under mild conditions. The reaction worked well with various alkyl‐ and aryl‐substituted azlactones, providing a range of α‐tetrasubstituted amino acid derivatives in moderate to high yields.

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Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Heck‐Type Allylation of β,β‐Disubstituted Enones with Allyl Carbonates
Authors: Jin Weiwei , Yang Qin , Wu Ping , Chen Jiping , Yu Zhengkun
Published: May 2014

The palladium‐catalyzed oxidative Heck‐type allylation of β,β‐disubstituted enones, i.e., α‐oxoketene dithioacetals, was efficiently realized with allyl carbonates, providing a concise route to highly functionalized dienes. The present synthetic methodology utilizes the substrate activation strategy to activate the CH bond of β,β‐disubstituted enones by introduction of a 1,2‐dithiolane functionality to make the enone substrate highly polarized and thus increase its reactivity, demonstrating rare examples for transition metal‐catalyzed allylic substitution of ß,ß‐disubstituted enones through a Heck‐type allylation process.

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Copper(I)‐Induced Sulfenylation of H‐Phosphonates, H‐Phosphonites and Phosphine Oxides with Aryl/alkylsulfonylhydrazides as a Thiol Surrogate
Authors: Kumaraswamy Gullapalli , Raju Ragam
Published: May 2014

Aerobic dehydrogenative sulfenylation of H‐phosphonites, and phosphine oxides with aryl/alkylsulfonyl hydrazides catalyzed by a sub‐stoichiometric amount of copper iodide has been accomplished. This protocol is compatible with functional groups, and results in various thiophosphate derivatives in good to high yields.

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One‐Pot Asymmetric Synthesis of Substituted Tetrahydrofurans via a Multicatalytic Benzoin/Michael/Acetalization Cascade
Authors: He Gu , Wu Fengbo , Huang Wei , Zhou Rui , Ouyang Liang , Han Bo
Published: May 2014

A sequential benzoin/Michael/acetalization tandem reaction catalyzed by NHC and amine together has been developed to assemble aromatic aldehydes and enals into chiral tetrahydrofuran derivatives bearing multiple functional groups and stereogenic centers with high stereoselectivity of up to 95:5 dr and 96% ee. The high yield and stereocontrol of this process may be due to both acid‐promoted symmetrization of racemic acyloins and iminium ion activation of enals.

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De novo deletion of TBL1XR1 in a child with non‐specific developmental delay supports its implication in intellectual disability
Authors: Tabet Anne‐Claude , Leroy Camille , Dupont Céline , Serrano Emilie , Hernandez Karen , Gallard Jennifer , Pouvreau Nathalie , Gadisseux Jean‐François , Benzacken Brigitte , Verloes Alain
Published: May 2014

We report on a 6‐year‐old child with a de novo 1.6 Mb deletion in the 3q26.31q26.32 region identified by SNP array, involving only one relevant gene: TBL1XR1. The girl shows non‐specific, mild to moderate intellectual deficiency but no autistic behavior. Point mutations in TBL1XR1 have recently been implicated in three patients with intellectual disability (ID) and autistic features. Our report supports that haploinsufficiency for TBL1XR1 could be implicated in non‐ASD autosomal dominant ID. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A PTPN11 allele encoding a catalytically impaired SHP2 protein in a patient with a Noonan syndrome phenotype
Authors: Edwards Jonathan J. , Martinelli Simone , Pannone Luca , Lo Ivan Fai‐Man , Shi Lisong , Edelmann Lisa , Tartaglia Marco , Luk Ho‐Ming , Gelb Bruce D.
Published: May 2014

The RASopathies are a relatively common group of phenotypically similar and genetically related autosomal dominant genetic syndromes caused by missense mutations affecting genes participating in the RAS/mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway that include Noonan syndrome (NS) and Noonan syndrome with multiple lentigines (NSML, formerly LEOPARD syndrome). NS and NSML can be difficult to differentiate during infancy, but the presence of multiple lentigines, café au lait spots, and specific cardiac defects facilitate the diagnosis. Furthermore, individual PTPN11 missense mutations are highly specific to each syndrome and engender opposite biochemical alterations on the function of SHP‐2, the protein product of that gene. Here, we report on a 5‐year‐old male with two de novo PTPN11 mutations in cis, c.1471C>T (p.Pro491Ser), and c.1492C>T (p.Arg498Trp), which are associated with NS and NSML, respectively. This boy's phenotype is intermediate between NS and NSML with facial dysmorphism, short stature, mild global developmental delay, pulmonic stenosis, and deafness but absence of café au lait spots or lentigines. The double‐mutant SHP‐2 was found to be catalytically impaired. This raises the question of whether clinical differences between NS and NSML can be ascribed solely to the relative SHP‐2 catalytic activity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polymicrogyria: A common and heterogeneous malformation of cortical development
Authors: Stutterd Chloe A. , Leventer Richard J.
Published: May 2014

Polymicrogyria (PMG) is one of the most common malformations of cortical development. It is characterized by overfolding of the cerebral cortex and abnormal cortical layering. It is a highly heterogeneous malformation with variable clinical and imaging features, pathological findings, and etiologies. It may occur as an isolated cortical malformation, or in association with other malformations within the brain or body as part of a multiple congenital anomaly syndrome. Polymicrogyria shows variable topographic patterns with the bilateral perisylvian pattern being most common. Schizencephaly is a subtype of PMG in which the overfolded cortex lines full‐thickness clefts connecting the subarachnoid space with the cerebral ventricles. Both genetic and non‐genetic causes of PMG have been identified. Non‐genetic causes include congenital cytomegalovirus infection and in utero ischemia. Genetic causes include metabolic conditions such as peroxisomal disorders and the 22q11.2 and 1p36 continguous gene deletion syndromes. Mutations in over 30 genes have been found in association with PMG, especially mutations in the tubulin family of genes. Mutations in the (PI3K)‐AKT pathway have been found in association PMG and megalencephaly. Despite recent genetic advances, the mechanisms by which polymicrogyric cortex forms and causes of the majority of cases remain unknown, making diagnostic and prenatal testing and genetic counseling challenging. This review summarizes the clinical, imaging, pathologic, and etiologic features of PMG, highlighting recent genetic advances. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemisch modifizierte guideRNAs verbessern die ortsgerichtete RNA‐Editierung in vitro und in Zellkultur
Authors: Vogel Paul , Schneider Marius F. , Wettengel Jacqueline , Stafforst Thorsten
Published: May 2014

Antagomir‐ähnliche guideRNAs adressieren die Adenosin‐zu‐Inosin‐Editierung an beliebige mRNAs. Vor allem in der Zelle verbesserte die massive chemische Modifikation die enzymatische Wirkung der kovalenten Konjugate aus guideRNA und SNAP‐ADAR. Die gezielte Modifikation der guideRNA mit einzelnen Modifikationen ermöglicht die Kontrolle der Selektivität und wurde zur Reparatur der Faktor‐5‐Leiden‐Mutation eingesetzt.
Towards a Sustainable Synthesis of Formate Salts: Combined Catalytic Methanol Dehydrogenation and Bicarbonate Hydrogenation
Authors: Liu Qiang , Wu Lipeng , Gülak Samet , Rockstroh Nils , Jackstell Ralf , Beller Matthias
Published: May 2014

Formate salts are important chemicals widely used in everyday products. The current industrial‐scale manufacture of formates requires CO at high pressure and harsh reaction conditions. Herein, we describe a new process for these products without the utilization of hazardous gases and chemicals. By application of ruthenium pincer complexes, a simultaneous methanol dehydrogenation and bicarbonate hydrogenation reaction proceeds, which provides a green synthesis of formate salts with excellent TON (>18 000), TOF (>1300 h−1), and yield (>90 %).
Indole Synthesis Based On A Modified Koser Reagent
Authors: Fra Laura , Millán Alba , Souto José A. , Muñiz Kilian
Published: May 2014

A new metal‐free method for the rapid and productive preparation of indoles has been developed. This process is based on sterically congested hypervalent iodine compounds of the family of Koser reagents, and iodosobenzene in combination with 2,4,5‐tris‐isopropylbenzene sulfonic acid provides the highest yields and fastest reaction times. This reagent alone promotes the chemoselective oxidative cyclization of 2‐amino styrenes to indoles in high yields under mild conditions.