bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sexual dimorphism in bone growth as a function of body size in moderately malnourished Guatemalan preschool age children
Authors: Himes John H. , Martorell Reynaldo , Habicht Jean‐Pierre , Yarbrough Charles , Malina Robert M. , Klein Robert E.
Published: February 2006

The sexual dimorphism in second metacarpal bone growth was investigated in 710 malnourished Guatemalan children one to seven years old to determine if the sex differences seen are only the result of differences in stature and weight. The study sample was mixed‐longitudinal and consisted of 1,586 annual examinations. Boys have greater mean stature, weight, periosteal diameter, medullary diameter and cortical area than girls the same age, while girls have greater age specific mean cortical thickness and percent cortical area than boys. When the effects of stature, weight and age are removed boys still have significantly larger periosteal and medullary diameters and less cortical thickness and percent cortical area than girls. These differences between boys and girls therefore cannot be explained by sex differences in body size. However, no sex differences in cortical area remain after accounting for differences in stature, weight and age.
The Caribou Eskimo: General and specific disease
Authors: Buikstra Jane E.
Published: February 2006

Reported here are two forms of skeletal pathology identified in an inclusive sample of Caribou Eskimo skeletons. Harris Lines, nonspecific indicators of stress, show marked periodicity in approximately one‐half of the observable adults. This pattern is interpreted as the result of a recurrent, annual stress cycle, perhaps attributable to late winter famine.

A second form of pathological change comprises resorptive lesions primarily localized in the spinal column and infrequently found on articular surfaces of the appendicular skeleton. Differential diagnosis is developed utilizing attributes of lesion form, lesion distribution, and epidemiology. Emphasis is placed upon deriving objective models which reflect disease in the absence of modern medical intervention. Major forms of pathology known to produce vertebral lesions are included. The model which best fits the Caribou Eskimo data is that of tuberculosis.
New hominids from East Turkana, Kenya
Authors: Day M. H. , Leakey R. E. F. , Walker A. C. , Wood B. A.
Published: February 2006

Thirty‐five new fossil hominid specimens are described. They were recovered from the Plio‐Pleistocene sediments to the east of Lake Turkana (formerly Lake Rudolf). They include cranial and mandibular parts, teeth, and postcranial bones of upper and lower limbs. Parts of a single skeleton are also described.

All of the specimens are described in anatomical detail and selected measurements are given. Some of the specimens are illustrated. It is proposed that they should be attributed to the family Hominidae, with genus and species undetermined until detailed comparative studies have been undertaken.
Digital dermatoglyphics of three caste groups of Mysore
Authors: Basu Arabinda
Published: February 2006

An analysis of digital pattern types and digital ridge counts was made for samples of three endogamous Mysore castes, viz., Lingayat, Vokkaliga and Adi Karnataka. The pattern types exhibit significant variations between Lingayat and Vokkaliga, and between Adi Karnataka and Vokkaliga, though, in general, distributional trend of the three principal pattern types are of the same order in all the three castes, having high frequency of loops, moderate whorls and low arches. In pattern types, differences between sexes are highly significant.

The total ridge count (TRC) in both males and females is lower in the Adi Karnataka than in the Lingayat and Vokkaliga and the same holds good for the counts on each hand. Bimanual differences among the groups are small, and left hand counts in almost all the digits are consistently smaller than those of the right hand in all the castes irrespective of sex. TRC differences between sexes are not significant.

It is striking that by contrast with the pattern type frequency data very little difference among the three Mysore castes emerges from the analysis of finger quantitative features, i.e., in total ridge count and pattern intensity index. Overall finger pattern frequencies of the present caste samples fit generally with those observed in other caste groups of Mysore but differ from the frequencies in Madras samples.
The phylogeny and ontogeny of humeral torsion
Authors: Krahl Vernon E.
Published: February 2006

In a series of specimens extending from fossil material through recent vertebrates including man there occurs a gradual phylogenetic increase in the degree of humeral torsion. A further (ontogenetic) torsion is superimposed upon the phylogenetic one in man which increases from birth until the proximal epiphysial cartilage of the humerus disappears and bony fusion occurs. There is a distinct correlation between the calculated strength of humeral rotator muscles inserting above and below the proximal epiphysis; this suggests that they provide the forces involved in the production of humeral torsion. It is shown that ontogenetic or secondary torsion occurs proximally and not along the shaft of the bone.

Differences in the degree of humeral torsion in either sex of adult Whites and Negroes are given and discussed.
Anterior femoral curvature: Its probable basis and utility as a criterion of racial assessment
Authors: Gilbert B. Miles
Published: February 2006

Stewart ('62) and Walensky ('65) indicated that while the metrical expression of anterior femoral curvature alone will not always differentiate between Whites, American Negroes, and North American Indians, it was very useful as a racial criterion in combination with observed traits such as torsion, pilastry, and cross‐sectional shape.

Seven additional North American Indian groups reported here, representing both pre‐Columbian and post‐contact times, upheld the observation that anterior femoral curvature is a useful feature of racial assessment for Negroes, Whites and North American Indians. However, two South American groups studied (Ecuador and Peru) were only slightly more curved than American Negroes, and were less curved than Whites and North American Indians. The metrical expression of anterior femoral curvature therefore is not a useful feature of racial assessment for separating these two South American Indian groups from Whites and American Negroes.

Femora of American Negro and White individuals with low ponderal indices were found to be less bowed than the norms for their race; individuals with high ponderal indices were more bowed than the norm for their race. The assumed genetic basis for expression of anterior femoral curvature suggested by Stewart ('62) and Walensky ('65) seems to be a feature of human plastic response to body weight rather than to temporal, clinal, postural or equestrian influences.
Postpleistocene evolution of the brain?
Authors: Schwidetzky I.
Published: February 2006

The number of extraneurons (Nc) has been calculated with the formulae of Jerison ('63) for prehistoric population samples to check the hypothesis that Nc may not only increase by increasing of cranial capacity but also by decreasing of body‐weight (gracilisation). Body weight of skeletal populations has been estimated by the formula of Debetz ('67).

Samples from the Western part of Europe and Egypt support the hypothesis, but Eastern europoid samples display opposite relations: Nc increases with robusticity. It seems (as Jerison already suggested) that Nc is no measurement of the level of behavior in the populations of H. sapiens; but it may point towards allometric differences between West and East, which are also known for other characters.
Early Siberians from Lake Baikal and Alaskan population affinities
Authors: Laughlin W. S. , Okladnikov A. P. , Derevyanko A. P. , Harper A. B. , Atseev I. V.
Published: February 2006

Among the materials excavated by the 1975 joint USSR–USA team in Siberia are two burials from Shaman's Cape, Olkhon Island, Lake Baikal. One is a middle‐aged male of the Serovo culture, 6,000 B.C., and the other is a young male of the Glaskovo culture of 2,000 B.C. This later burial displays an unusual pathology affecting the nose and post‐cranial regions of the pelvic girdle and lower limbs. Osteon analysis confirms the determination of age at death and illustrates the difference between normal and pathological bone.

Numerous cultural materials were associated with these burials, including harpoon heads, knives, a compound fishhook and a pestle with the Serovo man, and nephrite ornaments with the Glaskovo man.

The skulls, though far apart in time, are pronouncedly Mongoloid and alike in their low cranial vaults. A low, broad and inclined ascending ramus resembles Chukchi, Eskimos and Aleuts. These two specimens document the Mongoloid character of the early inhabitants of Lake Baikal.
Prehistoric New World population size: Historical review and current appraisal of North American estimates
Authors: Ubelaker Douglas H.
Published: February 2006

Prehistoric North American tribal population estimates recently submitted for publication in the Handbook of North American Indians are markedly higher than those estimates published by Mooney in 1928 and subsequently used by Kroeber (1939) and others. Although these estimates reflect the current trend among prehistorians to accept larger prehistoric population estimates than suggested by Mooney, they fall considerably short of those recently predicted by Borah (1964) and Dobyns (1966).
Aboriginal New World epidemiology and medical care, and the impact of Old World disease imports
Authors: Newman Marshall T.
Published: February 2006

Various workers, including T. D. Stewart, claim that the aboriginal Americas were relatively disease‐free because of the Bering Strait cold‐screen, eliminating many pathogens, and the paucity of zoonotic infections because of few domestic animals. Evidence of varying validity suggests that precontact Americans had their own strains of treponemic infections, bacillary and amoebic dysenteries, influenza and viral pneumonia and other respiratory diseases, salmonellosis and perhaps other food poisoning, various arthritides, some endoparasites such as the ascarids, and several geographically circumscribed diseases such as the rickettsial verruca (Carrion's disease) and New World leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis. Questionably aboriginal are tuberculosis and typhus. Accordingly, virtually all the “crowd‐type” ecopathogenic diseases such as smallpox, yellow fever, typhoid, malaria, measles, pertussis, polio, etc., appear to have been absent from the New World, and were only brought in by White conquerors and their Black slaves.

My hypothesis is that native American medical care systems—especially in the more culturally advanced areas—were sufficiently sophisticated to deal with native disease entities with reasonable competence. But native medical systems could not cope with the “crowd‐type” disease imports that struck Indian and Eskimos as “virgin field” populations. Reanalysis of native population losses through a genocidal combination of disease, war, slavery and attendant cultural disruption by Dobyns, Cook and others strongly suggest that traditional estimates underplayed the death toll by a factor of the general order of ten. This would make for an immediately pre‐contact Indian population of some 90–111 million instead of the traditional 8–11 million. Evidence is growing that Indians may have been no more susceptible to new pathogens than are other “virgin soil” populations, and thus their immune systems need not be considered less effective than those in other people. Present‐day high mortality rates in Indians of both continents from infectious disease imports may be more socioeconomic than anything else.
Intentional cranial deformation in the preColumbian populations of ecuador
Authors: Munizaga Juan R.
Published: February 2006

Using 151 crania, 8 Preceramic, 86 Formative, 29 Regional Developmental, 28 Integration Period and some isolated skulls from Ecuador I can clarify some origins and diffusion of American cranial deformation. To Imbelloni's classification of Tabular erecta, Tabular obliqua, and Annular I add a new type, Cuneiform, marked by flattening of the entire occiput (not just the upper, membraneous‐derived bone) without evidence of counter pressure in front. The Cuneiform type starts in Guayas about 2000 B.C. (perhaps the earliest in America) with diffusion to coastal Peru in Chavin times. Tabular erecta, of coastal origin between Manabi province and the Guyas river basin, about 1,000 B.C., also spreads to coastal Peru. Tabular obliqua appears in Esmeraldas province probably from Mexico 2000 years ago, and diffuses south into Chile. Annular type starts early in the Southern Andes and appears late in the highlands of Ecuador.
Within and between race distances in population studies based on discrete traits of the human skull
Authors: Ossenberg Nancy S.
Published: February 2006

A battery of 24 discrete cranial traits has been tested for its power to discriminate within‐ and between‐race distances for the two principal North American indigenous populations: Indian (7 samples, N = 366) and Eskimo (7 samples, N = 451). One of the Indian samples, Dakota Sioux, has been split according to tribal subdivisions, the intra‐tribal mean distance providing a parameter of very close relationship. In addition, two Negro samples provide a parameter of relationship phylogenetically remote from the Amerinds.

Separate male‐female analysis of the three largest samples indicates that distances for pooled samples are not seriously affected by the sex component.

Within‐race distances (C. A. B. Smith's Measure of Divergence, MD), are smaller than between‐race at the .00001 level of significance (Mann‐Whitney U test) for both Indian‐Eskimo and Amerind‐Negro comparisons. The features most powerful for Indian‐Eskimo discrimination are revealed by their percent contribution to the mean of 49 MD's. The African heritage of American Blacks is reflected in a characteristic Negro pattern of trait frequencies different from the Amerind.

This battery of features yields valid taxonomical information useful in conjunction with other physical data to reconstruct affinities of extinct populations.
The skeletal biology of the Virginia Indians
Authors: Ortner Donald J. , Corruccini Robert S.
Published: February 2006

Statistical analysis of one eastern and two western Virginia Indian skeletal samples reveals a general association between geographical and biological distance. However, the data suggest the importance of gene flow as a factor in minimizing local microdifferentiation. Females appear to contribute a disproportionate share to gene flow. This may be attributed to the widespread and apparently frequent practice of acquiring females and children through capture during recurring warfare.
A unique course in anthropology
Authors: Morse Dan , Stoutamire James , Duncan Jack
Published: February 2006

The course in forensic anthropology presented at Florida State University is designed to train criminal investigators in the application of physical anthropological and archaeological techniques to the investigation of buried bodies. Modification of archaeological field techniques by experimentation using artificial graves allows the recovery of fragile and easy to overlook evidence and ensures the recovery of all possible material for analysis by the physical anthropologist. An introduction to physical anthropology enables the criminal investigator to effectively communicate his needs and understand the type of information required for adequate identification of remains by a physical anthropologist.
Palmar flexion creases and dermatoglyphics among diabetic patients
Authors: Eswaraiah G. , Bali R. S.
Published: February 2006

Palmar dermatoglyphics and flexion creases of 108 male and 65 female patients diagnosed as having diabetes mellitus have been analysed. The control population consists of 536 males and 234 females from the same population. Palmar flexion creases were analysed according to the method suggested by Bali and Chaube ('71). The flexion creases of diabetic patients and the control population are significantly different. The differences between main line formulae in diabetes and controls are significant among males. The differences between C‐line types of patients and controls are significant among both sexes. Axial triradii are significant among female patients and controls. The patterns in the interdigital areas IV and II are significantly lower among male and female patients respectively from their controls.
Gm and Inv studies on baboons,Papio cynocephalus: Analysis of serum samples from Kenya, Ethiopia and South Africa
Authors: Steinberg Arthur G. , Olivier Thomas J. , Buettner‐Janusch John
Published: February 2006

Serum samples from 526 baboons (Papio cynocephalus) from 10 troops from the Laikipia district of northern Kenya, from 60 baboons from two troops from the Awash National Park, central Ethiopia, and from 127 baboons from South Africa were tested for Gm and Inv allotypes. Four of the 10 troops from Kenya formed a western cluster and six formed an eastern cluster. The clusters were separated by approximately 10 miles.

The samples were tested for Gm (1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 21, 24) and for Inv (1, 2, 3). All samples were negative for Gm (2, 6, 14, 16, 24). All from Kenya and Ethiopia were negative for Inv (2), and all were positive for Gm (11, 17) and for Inv (3). The south African samples differed from the others in that 10 were negative for Gm (11) and four were positive for Inv (2). Taking all animals into account, polymorphism was present for Gm (1, 3, 5, 11, 13, 15, 21) and for Inv (1, 2). No two Kenya troops had the same array of phenotypes or of haplotypes, but the four western troops were more similar to each other than to the six eastern troops. Three haplotypes were present in the eastern troops that were not present in the western troops and five were present in the western troops that were not present in the eastern troops. Five haplotypes appeared in at least some troops of each cluster of troops. The samples from each of the two troops from Ethiopia show the same three phenotypes but with significantly different frequencies.

It is suggested that the variation in haplotype frequencies observed among the 10 troops from Kenya is the result of a founder effect deriving largely from fission of a large troop into two smaller troops.

The data show that speculations about the evolutionary origin of the allotypes are premature. For most species, too few animals have been tested and except for those in this study their origins are not known. Finally, the samples have been from too restricted an area.
Split‐line patterns of the mandible following masseterectomy in adult and growing monkeys
Authors: Madeira Miguel C. , Matheus Maria Tereza G. , de Oliveira J. Americo , Watanabe Ii‐Sei
Published: February 2006

Architectural changes of the mandibular ramus following masseterectomy were analyzed by means of the split‐line technique in both adult and growing monkeys. The right masseter muscle was resected in ten tufted capuchin monkeys(Cebus apella) and they were sacrificed following a 12‐month period. Along with modifications in the shape of the mandible, the masseterectomy induced structural changes as revealed by alterations in the split‐line patterns. These changes were much more evident in the adult animals. In growing monkeys, intrinsic forces determine an architecture of mandibular growth, represented by the direction of the splits. This is not influenced by the lack of mechanical factors like muscle action. Conversely, the final fibrous architecture of the bone in the adult monkey may be modified by extrinsic mechanical factors.
The dichotomous pattern of craniofacial expansion during aging
Authors: Israel Harry
Published: February 2006

The craniofacial skeleton expands during adult life and previous investigations have demonstrated non‐uniformity in continuing growth. This report confirms the fact that sella turcica, frontal sinus and the skull tables remodel at a rate per unit time which is twice the amount of the anterior‐posterior skull diameter. The dual enlargement pattern occurs in both males and females and has been observed longitudinally from the third through the eighth decades of life. Though associations in the continuing growth process of separate anatomical parts throughout the human skeleton remain obscure, the degree to which components vary within the craniofacial system is now clearly evident.
Chemical and physical methods in dating human skeletal remains
Authors: Facchini F. , Pettener D.
Published: February 2006

Chemical and physical methods for dating skeletal remains were examined. Benzidine reaction, ultra‐violet fluorescence, specific gravity and supersonic conductivity were carried out on 71 dated skeletal findings distributed over the span of the last 3,500 years. Results given by benzidine reaction and ultra‐violet fluorescence basically coincide, and positive readings were obtained up to about 200–350 years. Values measured in specific gravity and supersonic conductivity testing show a parallel trend, pointing out a clear difference between samples of the three first centuries and the ones belonging to more ancient periods examined.
A descriptive and comparative study of the deciduous dentition of prehistoric Ohio Valley Amerindians
Authors: Sciulli Paul W.
Published: February 2006

The deciduous dentition of 58 individuals from groups of prehistoric Ohio Valley Amerindians (2,000 B.C.‐1,600 A.D.) was measured for antero‐posterior and bucco‐lingual dimensions and scored for morphological characteristics and macroscopic pathology. Only five dimensions of the posterior teeth and the frequency of severe linear enamel hypoplasia showed significant differences in the groups. In all cases focal agriculturalists exhibited smaller teeth and a higher frequency of severe linear enamel hypoplasia.

These findings are explained as the result of changing diet and food preparation techniques, and/or sampling bias in the earlier burial cult groups where primarily higher status individuals may be the representatives.

Comparison of metric and morphological characteristics of the deciduous dentition in the prehistoric Amerindians and roughly contemporaneous European groups indicates morphological characteristics are the better means of discrimination.
Fluctuating dental asymmetry: Variation among skeletal populations
Authors: Perzigian Anthony J.
Published: February 2006

Recent investigations have shown that nongenetic, environmental factors can adversely affect dental growth and produce bilateral asymmetries in tooth size. When asymmetries do not favor either side, i.e., absence of directional asymmetry, the condition is termed fluctuating asymmetry.

Fluctuating asymmetry of the mesiodistal and buccolingual dimensions of the total permanent dentition was compared among human skeletal populations which differ socio‐economically and nutritionally. Odontometric data were collected from prehistoric hunters (Indian Knoll site), later aboriginal farming groups (Campbell and Larson sites), and a modern cadaver population (Hamann‐Todd). The magnitude of asymmetry is expressed by the familiar correlation coefficient, r. The proportion, then, of intra‐individual variation due to fluctuating asymmetry is equal to 1‐r.

With Wilcoxon's signed ranks test on the correlation coefficients no significant sex difference was shown within populations. Among groups, though, Indian Knoll was the most odontometrically asymmetrical; moreover, within Indian Knoll, the taller and ostensibly better nourished individuals had larger, less asymmetrical teeth than the shorter individuals. These results suggest that environmentally mediated growth disturbance may be sensitively reflected by dental asymmetry. A population exhibiting other signs of severe growth disturbance, e.g., enamel hypoplasia and Harris lines, was the most dentally asymmetrical.
Patterns of fight interference in free‐ranging rhesus monkeys
Authors: Kaplan Jay R.
Published: February 2006

Rhesus monkeys occasionally break up fights among conspecifics and this phenomenon may be called “interference.” The present study describes the patterns of interference in a group of free‐ranging rhesus monkeys and evaluates the effect of this behavior onMacaca mulattasocial organization. Data were collected at Cayo Santiago.

Strong sexual differences were found in the patterning of interference behavior. Females tended to help victims of aggression and animals from the interferer's own genealogy, especially juveniles. In addition, females were likely to interfere as subordinate to the target animal. Natal and non‐natal males oriented toward unrelated adult females and generally only interfered in fights if dominant to the target animal. Further, the males helped victims of aggression significantly less often than females did. Contrary to expectation, the dominant males were noteworthy neither for the quantity nor the effect of their interference. In general, the findings reinforce the notion that females are the stable and central part of a rhesus monkey social group. The findings also suggest that interference plays a role in the maintenance of group stability and cohesion.
Principal component analysis of the elongation of metacarpal and phalangeal bones
Authors: Takai Shozo
Published: February 2006

A hypothesis that the first principal component computed from the covariance matrix of logarithms reflected the specific growth rates of corresponding bones was taken to analyze the growth pattern of the tubular bones of the hand. The total length of 19 tubular bones of the right hand was measured on standardized radiographs of Japanese children (33 boys, 33 girls). Metacarpals in boys and bones of the fifth digit in girls showed higher growth coefficients. The second, third and fourth proximal, and the third and fourth middle phalanges showed lower coefficients for both sexes. These observations suggest the signs of proximal row dominance in boys and of fifth ray dominance in girls in the elongation of the hand bones. A marked sex difference was found in the fifth middle phalanx. In girls the growth coefficients of this bone was much larger than any other bones, but was moderate in boys.
The deflecting wrinkle on the teeth of Icelanders and the Mongoloid dental complex
Authors: Axelsson Gudjón , Kirveskari Pentti
Published: February 2006

Three local populations from Northeast Iceland are surveyed for the occurrence of the deflecting wrinkle of the metaconid on second deciduous and first permanent lower molars. The trait occurs more frequently on dm2 than on M1, and no sexual dimorphism is found, as expected. However, the frequencies are clearly within those predicted by the Mongoloid dental complex for Mongoloid populations. It is therefore suggested that the inclusion of the deflecting wrinkle in the Mongoloid dental complex be re‐evaluated, and the racial diagnostic value of the trait taken with reservation.
Function and fusion at the mandibular symphysis
Authors: Beecher Robert M.
Published: February 2006

The purpose of this investigation is to determine the functional significance of a fused mandibular symphysis, characteristic of all Anthropoidea. The trait may date to the origins of the suborder. A histological study of 11 prosimian species determined the anatomy of the symphysis. A cinefluorographic film ofGalago crassicaudatus mastication was studied to identify movements at the symphysis.

A similar pattern of fibrocartilage and ligaments characterizes all prosimians studied. These tissues are arranged to resist (a) movements seen during mastication inG. crassicaudatus, i.e., antero‐posterior shear and spreading of the inferior borders of the symphysis and (b) hypothesized dorso‐ventral shear resulting from the transfer of force from the balancing side muscles to the bite point.

Partial fusion of the symphysis was found in the folivorous speciesLemur fulvus, L. macaco, Propithecus verreauxi, andHapalemur griseus. Only those tissues associated with resisting occlusally or dorso‐ventrally directed forces were calcifying or ossifying. This research suggests that the added occlusal force necessary for leaf‐eating has resulted in the evolution of varying degrees of symphyseal fusion in the above species. It is suggested that the protoanthropoids also ate tough foods that required relatively large bite forces.
Some notes on the vértesszöllös occipital
Authors: Wolpoff Milford H.
Published: February 2006

An examination of the Vértesszöllös occipital bone indicates the need for taking its condition and preservation as well as certain aspects of its morphology into account prior to a metric assessment of its features. This analysis confirms the presence ofextrasutural bones on the lambdoidal suture as well as somedistortion in the sagittal curvature of this region. The advisability of using the endocranial sutures as well as other data fordefining lambda in cases such as this is discussed, and a procedure for determining theposition of opisthion is indicated. A metric and morphological analysis is used to support the claim that the specimen can be considered a large late representative ofHomo erectus in Europe.
Rocker jaws
Authors: Houghton Philip
Published: February 2006

Most adult Polynesian mandibles are of the rocker form. Polynesian crania possess a very open cranial base angle and a large upper facial height. The mandibular growth rotations necessary to maintain occlusion in the presence of this cranial morphology lead to development of an exceptionally closed ramus‐body angle, with consequent loss of the antegonial notch and appearance of the rocker form.
Genetic studies of free‐ranging macaques of Cayo Santiago I. Description of the population and some nonpolymorphic red cell enzymes
Authors: Buettner‐janusch John , Sockol Marlene
Published: February 2006

Phenotypes of eight red cell enzymes at nine genetic loci were determined in the semi‐free‐ranging population of rhesus macaques,Macaca mulatta, that inhabit Cayo Santiago. The following enzymes were examined electrophoretically: adenosine deaminase, glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, indophenol oxidase, lactate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase‐1, phosphoglucomutase‐2, and purine nucleoside phosphorylase. Hemolysates from at least 372 animals were analyzed, and no variants of the enzymes were observed with the exception of malate dehydrogenase. Three animals displaying a variant form of malate dehydrogenase were found.
Genetic studies of free‐ranging macaques of Cayo Santiago II. 6‐Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and NADH‐methemoglobin reductase (NADH‐diaphorase)
Authors: Buettner‐janusch John , Sockol Marlene
Published: February 2006

For the population of 395 semi‐free‐ranging rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) that inhabited Cayo Santiago in 1976, 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase phenotypes of 378 animals were determined. Three phenotypes, controlled by two autosomal codominant alleles,PGDA andPGDB, were found by electrophoretic methods. The frequencies of the alleles are 0.898 and 0.102, respectively. The population, composed of five troops and peripheral males, is in Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium at this locus. The allele frequencies at the 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase locus in the population in 1976 were compared with frequencies in 1973; a statistically significant difference was found in one troop. The phenotypes of NADH‐methemoglobin reductase (NADH‐diaphorase) were determined electrophoretically for 372 animals. These phenotypes are probably the products of two autosomal codominant alleles,Dia1 andDia2, with frequencies of 0.786 and 0.214, respectively. The population is in equilibrium at this locus also. Tests of homogeneity at the dehydrogenase and reductase loci indicate that the allele frequencies are significantly different among the five troops in the population. Observed and expected phenotypic ratios in progeny were compared at the dehydrogenase and the reductase loci. The only significant deviation from expectation occurs among offspring of mothers heterozygous at the reductase locus. The observed distributions of alleles at the 6‐phosphogluconate dehydrogenase locus and the NADH‐methemoglobin reductase locus are probably the results of stochastic processes.
Dental reductions and dental caries
Authors: Anderson D. L. , Popovich F.
Published: February 2006

Although first permanent molar hypoconulid absence, third molar agenesis, and small tooth size are all part of the evolutionary trend of dental reduction, each bears a different relationship to dental caries. Caries prevalence in the maxillary and mandibular permanent first molars of the Burlington Research Centre serial experimental group at age 16 years was less in the children whose first molars were missing the hypoconulid. Conversely, caries prevalence in mandibular first molars was greater in the children who had agenesis of third molars. The extraction of first molars due to caries was more frequent in children with agenesis of third molars, less frequent in those with absence of hypoconulids of the first molars and unrelated to tooth size. Caries prevalence was less in small teeth, and occurred least in the small mandibular first molars with four cusps. Whereas this is in harmony with the hypothesis that evolutionary dental reductions resulted from the pressure of caries, the increased prevalence of caries and extractions coinciding with third molar agenesis does not support this view. In addition, agenesis of hypoconulids and agenesis of third molars were related to changes in structures unrelated to caries.
Homologies of the anterior teeth in Indriidae and a functional basis for dental reduction in primates
Authors: Gingerich Philip D.
Published: February 2006

In a recent paper Schwartz ('74) proposes revised homologies of the deciduous and permanent teeth in living lemuriform primates of the family Indriidae. However, new evidence provided by the deciduous dentition ofAvahi suggests that the traditional interpretations are correct, specifically: (1) the lateral teeth in the dental scraper of Indriidae are homologous with the incisors of Lemuridae and Lorisidae, not the canines; (2) the dental formula for the lower deciduous teeth of indriids is 2.1.3; (3) the dental formula for the lower permanent teeth of indriids is 2.0.2.3; and (4) decrease in number of incisors during primate evolution was usually in the sequence I3, then I2, then I1. It appears that dental reduction during primate evolution occurred at the ends of integrated incisor and cheek tooth units to minimize disruption of their functional integrity.
Genetic and environmental determinants of skin color
Authors: Post Peter W. , Rao D. C.
Published: February 2006

Skin reflectance measurements on a sample of 154 Black and 191 White same‐sex twin pairs, attending Philadelphia area schools, are analyzed to determine the effects of genetic and environmental factors. The measurements obtained in July and August, on the forehead, inner upper arm, and flexor surface of the forearm with red, green, and blue filters, were reduced to one index which we call skin color. Analysis of this index using the path analysis of Rao et al. ('74) estimates the major variance components due to racial, residual genetic, and common environmental factors as 67%, 5%, and 22%, respectively.
Effects of occlusal attrition and continuous eruption on odontometry of rat molars
Authors: Moss‐salentijn Letty , Moss Melvin L.
Published: February 2006

Recurrent reports by others of posteruptive dimensional increase of the crowns of rat molar teeth were analyzed in the context of our present study of occlusal attrition, continuous eruption and alteration of the occlusal planes of rat maxillary molar teeth with age. Marked attrition of the anatomical crowns occurs, together with a considerable continuous eruption that increasingly brings the markedly convex mesial root of the maxillary first molar into the clinical crown. Further, a slight change in occlusal plane occurs. Previous workers used standardized planes of orientation and of registration prior to measurement, which masked the phenomena mentioned above. They thus mistakenly reported increased coronal dimensions.
Number of epidermal melanocytes, hair follicles, and sweat ducts in skin of Solomon Islanders
Authors: Garcia R. I. , Mitchell R. E. , Bloom J. , Szabo G.
Published: February 2006

The number of epidermal appendages and melanocytes in forearm skin of three groups of Solomon Islanders has been determined. There were no significant differences in the number of hair follicles or sweat ducts among Solomon Islander groups, nor between them and a Caucasian group used for comparison. The Nasioi and Kwaio, however, do have a significantly higher melanocyte population than Caucasian groups. This difference may in part be due to the exposure of the Solomon Islander skin used in this study to chronic solar radiation.
Blood groups of baboons. Population genetics of feral animals
Authors: Socha W. W. , Wiener A. S. , Moor‐jankowski J. , Jolly C. J.
Published: February 2006

Blood and saliva from 495 Ethiopan baboons were collected in the field and tested for their human‐type A‐B‐O groups while 493 blood samples were tested for their simian‐type blood factors Ap, Bp, Cp, Gp, Np, ca and hu. Four series of feral animals were tested: 194 olive baboons, a troop of 82 and another of 90 hamadryas baboons, and a series of 129 baboons classified as olive/hamadryas hybrids. In addition, 126 baboons from other sources were tested for their human‐type A‐B‐O groups and 131 for their simian‐type blood groups.

Human‐type groups A, B and AB but not group O were found in combined series of 621 animals. Gene frequency analysis also indicated the absence of group O. Population analysis of the data obtained for the 493 Ethiopian baboons has shown that the simian‐type blood groups Ap and Bp are independent of one another. In contrast Bp and Gp appear to be determined by corresponding allelic genes; if confirmed by population data on additional series of animals, this would define the first baboon blood group system found. There is a close association between the blood group specificities ca and hu, the exact nature of which still remains to be clarified. Blood group ca, originally believed to be species specific, is found to be polymorphic in both olive baboons and hamadryas as well as in the hybrids; hu, on the other hand, present in all hamadryas tested, is polymorphic only in olive baboons.
The craniofacial pattern of the Lengua Indians of Paraguay
Authors: Jacobson A. , Preston C. B. , Boettner V. A. , Pereira C. B.
Published: February 2006

Lateral cephalometric headfilms of 30 male and 30 female Lengua Indians taken in the Chaco area of Paraguay were compared with a sample of 23 male and 25 female South African Caucasoids with excellent occlusion.

The most obvious difference noted between the two population groups was the degree of prognathism evident in the Lengua. This was attributed to the generally shorter anterior cranial base in the latter group rather than to the size or forward positioning of their jaws.

The significantly larger ANB (Subspinale, Nasion, Supramentale) angle observed in the Lengua was attributed to one or both of two factors, namely, the short anterior cranial base or the clockwise rotation (forward tipping) of the jaws relative to the anterior cranial base.

Chinpoint position relative to the anterior cranial base in the Lengua is not much different from that of our Caucasoid sample.

The lower incisor teeth in the Lengua, but not the upper ones, are more labially inclined than those of the Caucasoids.
Growth characteristics of populations of Tibetan origin in Nepal
Authors: Pawson I. G.
Published: February 2006

Previous growth studies of highland‐dwelling populations in the ecologically diverse areas of Peru and Ethiopia have yielded highly varied results: the retarded growth of the Peruvian sample was attributed to the effects of hypoxia, while the increased height and weight of the highland Ethiopian sample could be traced to better health conditions in the highland village than in the lowland village studied. In an attempt to provide a basis for evaluating studies of growth at high altitude, the present study compared Sherpa children living in the Everest region of Nepal with Tibetan children living in Kathmandu. It was found that: (1) the growth of Sherpa and Tibetan children is considerably retarded compared to other high altitude populations; (2) despite conditions favorable for optimum growth among the Tibetans, their growth resembled that of the Sherpas and (3) increased chest circumference, which seems to reflect a developmental acclimatization to hypoxia among Peruvian high‐altitude natives, was not seen among the Sherpas.
The functional significance of skeletal allometry in Megaladapis in comparison to living prosimians
Authors: Jungers William L.
Published: February 2006

Slow vertical climbing and clinging are the dominant positional behaviors of the most convincing reconstruction of the primary spatial niche of Megaladapis, a giant extinct prosimian from Madagascar. The vertical support model of Cartmill ('74) predicts that clawless mammals should exhibit relatively elongated forelimbs in expanded size ranges. The allometric corollaries of this model are tested on closely related interspecific samples of Megaladapis and selected extant prosimians. Megaladapis and indriids (vertical leapers and clingers) conform to the structural predictions of the model, and are clearly distinguished from the more pronograde lemurids and cheirogaleids. Extreme hindlimb reduction (negative allometry) is coupled with moderate forelimb elongation (positive allometry) in Megaladapis. These body proportions effectively optimize pedal friction during vertical climbing and minimize the moment of body weight pulling the animal away from the trunk. Positive forelimb allometry occurs in the indriids, while isometry obtains for the hindlimb. The adaptive significance of these morphological strategies are discussed, as are possible selective mechanisms which effect the extreme hindlimb reduction in Megaladapis. Body weight estimates are also presented for Megaladapis edwardsi and Megaladapis grandidieri (50–100 kg and 40–75 kg, respectively).
Serum protein levels as anthropological markers: A statistical analysis in Binga Pygmies and Italians
Authors: Jayakar S. D. , Marcovina S. , Peracino A. , Siccardi A. G.
Published: February 2006

Data on serum protein levels in Binga Pygmies are presented, and these are compared with the levels in healthy Italians and in Italians suffering from liver diseases. Principal Component Analysis carried out on the three groups points out similarities in protein levels between the Pygmies and the Italian Hepatopaths on one hand and between healthy and liver diseased Italians on the other. Discriminant Analyses reveal the important differences between the populations. It is suggested that such analyses of protein levels could serve as tools in population biology.
Postnatal growth of the cranial base in Macaca nemestrina
Authors: Sirianni J. E. , van Ness A. L.
Published: February 2006

Postnatal growth of the cranial base was longitudinally studied in 21 male and 11 female Macaca nemestrina. The basicranium of each animal was marked with tantulum implants in order that the tracings of each serial roentgenogram could be superimposed. Between the ages of 3.0 and 5.0 years the degree of sexual demorphism in both angular and linear dimensions increased. The cranial base flattened as a result of the upward and forward migration of nasion and the upward and backward relocation of basion. The movement of basion was primarily due to differential growth recorded at the sphenooccipital synchondrosis. Sexual difference in the relative growth of this synchondrosis resulted in a longer and somewhat flatter male cranial base. Male and female velocity curves showed accelerations that coincide with their estimated age for the onset of puberty.
Discrete dental traits in four Tlaxcaltecan Mexican populations
Authors: Baume Robert M. , Crawford M. H.
Published: February 2006

Seven hundred dental casts from four Tlaxcaltecan Indian populations of Mexico were analyzed for the incidence of ten discrete dental traits. The populations are of known historical origin, with Cuanalan and Saltillo transplanted from the Valley of Tlaxcala approximately 400 years ago. Given this temporal and geographical separation of these transplanted populations from the parental gene pool, statistically significant morphological divergence was observed. However, varying degrees of admixture with Spanish and possibly African colonists have complicated the interpretation of the results. Shovelling of incisors was shown to be the best discriminator of group differences. Mandibular molar patterns and mandibular incisor extension indicate that Cuanalan is closest to Saltillo while the valley communities, Tlaxcala and San Pablo, are closest to each other.
The dentition of New Britain West Nakanai Melanesians. VIII. Peopling of the pacific
Authors: Turner Christy G. , Swindler Daris R.
Published: February 2006

The dental crown morphology and size of 48 male West Nakanai, New Britain, Melanesians is described and compared with other Pacific and Asian dental samples. The West Nakanai dentition is like those of other Melanesians, much less like those of Polynesians and Micronesians, and very dissimilar to teeth of modern and Neolithic Southeast Asians. It is suggested that the origin of the modern Melanesian dental pattern (large but simplified teeth) was probably in Melanesia, not Southeast Asia as the orthodox view of a Hoabinhian‐Australmelanesian relation claims.
A hominoid clavicle from the Mio‐Pliocene of Sahabi, Libya
Authors: Boaz Noel T.
Published: February 2006

The first definitive hominoid from the Libyan Mio‐Pliocene site of Sahabi is described. The specimen is a left clavicle, lacking a portion of the acromial end. In superior view it shows a marked sternal curvature, similar to hominids, but it also shows a curvature in the coronal plane, similar to the pongid condition. Muscle attachments for sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major and the anterior portion of deltoid are preserved. The robust attachment for the latter suggests relative hypertrophy of this muscle. These considerations and certain morphological similarities to hominids do not suggest a functional reconstruction of locomotor behavior similar to Miocene dryopithecines. Nevertheless, more complete functional and taxonomic discussions must await further work at Sahabi.
Effects of iodine deficiency on mental and psychomotor abilities
Authors: Bleichrodt Nico , Drenth Pieter J. D. , Querido Andries
Published: February 2006

Severe iodine deficiency may lead to endemic cretinism, which is characterized by a number of abnormalities, such as mental retardation, neurological abnormalities and hearing disorders. These abnormalities may occur in various combinations, but impaired mental development is always a component.

The present study was attempted to determine whether there is also evidence of mental retardation, perhaps to a lesser degree, in that part of the population that manifest no symptoms of cretinism, the non‐cretins, in an iodine‐deficient area.

Results of an extensive test battery have been collected in two village populations: one village in an area with severe iodine deficiency and a control village in a non‐iodine‐deficient area. Both villages were situated in Central Java, Indonesia. In the selected villages the total population between the ages of 6 and 20 years participated in this study.

No evidence of significant mental retardation has been detected in the non‐cretin group in the severely iodine‐deficient area. Significant differences between the two populations, however, have been found with regard to a number of perceptual and neuro‐motor abilities.