bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a Nutrient Medium for the Growth of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Roots by tTissue Culture
Authors: Dlaigen Yousef I. , Said A. E. , El-Hamady M.A.
Published: March 2024

Several experiments were conducted in this investigation with the objective of determining the chemical components and the physical state of an optimal medium for the growth and elongation of excised date palm, cv Sukkari, roots. The chemical tests carried out included: Comparison of (MS)-salts with “White's”-salts mixture and different concentrations of (MS)-salts and its chelated iron; sugars; Modified White's Organics; inositol; adenine sulfate; growth regulators; and some antioxidants. The physical tests, on the other hand, included comparison of the growth and elongation of cultured roots in a liquid or on solidified nutrient media. The effects of various pH values were also tested. Roots were cultured in basal nutrient media composed of: (MS)-salts mixture, and (in mg·liter–1): NaH2PO4·H2O, 170; sucrose, 30,000; inositol, 200; Modified White's Organics; adenine sulfate, 120; activated charcoal, 1500; (2,4-D), 1; kinetin, 2. pH was adjusted at 5.7 ± 01. (MS)-salts mixture was found to be superior to “White's”-salts. No significant difference was observed between (1/2MS) and full-strength (MS)-salts. However, twice the concentration was found to be inhibitory. The normal concentration of (MS)-Fe was found to be optimum for root growth and elongation. The optimal concentration most suitable for the growth and elongation of excised date palm roots has been determined for each of: sugars; Modified White's Organics; inositol; and adenine sulfate. The only growth regulator that needs to be added to the nutrient medium is 2,4-D at 0.1–1.0 mg·liter–1. The study showed the importance of the inclusion of activated charcoal to the nutrient medium. The growth and elongation of roots were both stimulated at all concentrations tested. (PVP), on the other hand, was inhibitory at all concentrations tested. Shaken liquid media was recommended for better root growth and elongation at pH 7.0–8.0. Incidentally, the medium developed was found to support the growth and elongation of roots excised from two other cultivars, namely `Khudri' and `Khaias'.
Regulation and Function of a Pollen-specific ACC Synthase Gene from Petunia
Authors: Lei Chih-Hsien , Lindstrom Jon T. , Woodson William R.
Published: March 2024

At anthesis, petunia pollen contains large amounts of the ethylene precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC). This ACC is thought to contribute to the rapid burst of ethylene produced by the pistil following pollination. An analysis of ACC content in developing anthers revealed that ACC began to accumulate the day before anthesis, indicating its synthesis was a late event in pollen development. We employed degenerate DNA primers to conserved amino acid sequences of ACC synthesis to amplify a cDNA from anther mRNA by RT-PCR. The resulting cDNA (pACS2) was sequenced and found to represent ACC synthase. Use of pACS2 as a hybridization probe revealed an increase in ACC synthase mRNA concomitant with the increase in ACC content. Further analysis indicated the ACC synthase mRNA was localized specifically to the haploid pollen grain. In an attempt to determine the function of ACC in pollen maturation or pollen–pistil interactions, we have generated a series of transgenic petunias designed to inhibit the accumulation of ACC in pollen. For these experiments, we have employed a pollen-specific promoter (LAT52) from tomato to drive the expression of antisense pACS2 or the coding region of ACC deaminase. The results of the experiments will be discussed.
Transgenic Resistance to Virus Diseases in Squash and Cantaloupe
Authors: Clough George H. , Hamm Philip B.
Published: March 2024

Three transgenic yellow crookneck squash (Cucurbita pepo var. melopepo) and five transgenic cantaloupe (Cucumis melo, Reticulatus group) lines were field-tested in 1993 and 1994, respectively, for resistance to Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus and Watermelon Mosaic Virus II. During both years, non-transgenic plants were inoculated with virus before transplanting to provide a high virus threat to the transgenic plants. Before and after transplanting, serological (ELISA) testing was used to obtain baseline information on transformed plants and to confirm field virus infection. In both years, plant disease development was rated weekly; yield was assessed during 1993. Disease progression, yield, and end-of-season ELISA indicated a significant reduction in frequency of disease incidence in the transgenic lines. Total squash yields did not differ between the transformed and unchanged lines, but the transgenic lines yielded more marketable fruit than the non-transgenic line.
Apple Shoot and Trunk Growth as Affected by Rootstock
Authors: Rom C.R.
Published: March 2024

Annual shoot and trunk xylem growth increment of `Starkspur Supreme' in the 1984 NC-140 uniform rootstock trial was studied of 10 selected rootstocks representing a range of tree sizes. Shoot growth was measured weekly from budbreak through harvest in each of four seasons. After 11 seasons of growth, whole trees were cut, placed in water containing diffuse fuschin dye for 30 to 60 min during mid-day. After that, a section of trunk (10 to 15 cm long) was excised at 25 cm above the graft union. Trunk xylem thickness and percent of water transport active xylem were measured. Shoot length during the study was related to both the duration and rate of growth; however, growth duration contributed more to variation among stocks. In all stocks, it appears that almost all xylem translocated water and that there was very little “plugged” or active xylem. There were no differences among stocks for the relative percentage of active xylem. Annual xylem increment width varied with stock. The vegetative growth of these trees will be discussed relative to the production efficiency of scions on these stocks.
Imitation of Cold Stress in `Beautiful Arcade' Apple Root using Electrical Impedance Analysis
Authors: Prive Jean-Pierre , Zhang M.I.N.
Published: March 2024

2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining and electrical impedance (?) analyses of apple roots (Malus domestica Borkh. `Beautiful Arcade') taken in late March from either the field or from 3C refrigerated storage (cold-stored). LT50 levels using TTC were much lower than those found using electrical impedance. No loss of viability in the roots was detectable using TTC staining until a freeze–thaw stress of –9C whereas? analysis detected changes in cell viability after a freeze–thaw stress of only –3C. With increasing cold stress, two parameters: extracellular electrical resistance (Ro) and time constant?, decreased linearly for cold-stored roots and exponentially for field roots. Impedance analysis also revealed that the values for both extracellular Ro and total tissue electrical resistance (R?) for the field roots were approximately 5 and 8 times lower, respectively, than in the cold-stored roots. It is believed that the smaller Ro and R? values obtained from the field roots were due to natural in-field freeze–thaw cycling prior to the controlled stress tests in the laboratory. Based on the analyses of winter hardiness using the two methods, the impedance technique? provided the physiological information not only about the hardiness level, but also about freeze–thaw history prior to the hardiness assessment.
Contrasting Responses of Amur maackia and Black Locust to Culture in Hoagland Solution
Authors: Aiello Anthony S. , Graves William R.
Published: March 2024

Hydroponic culture of tree seedlings is commonly used to study root biology; however, we have found that species differ in their responses to this practice. Responses of 2-week-old seedlings of Amur maackia (Maackia amurensis Rupr. & Maxim.) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) to 1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, and 100% Hoagland solution #1 were determined over 5 weeks. Dry mass of black locust increased with increasing solution concentration up to 50%. For Amur maackia, dry mass was highest in 5% solution, and dry mass declined by ≈50% in 50% solution. Purpling, chlorosis, and necrosis occurred on leaves of Amur maackia in solutions ≥10%, and symptom severity increased with solution strength. Amur maackia leaf ion content increased dramatically with increasing solution strength; for instance, leaf P content increased 688% as solution strength increased from 5% to 50%. No symptoms occurred on Amur maackia grown in a soil-based medium and irrigated with 50% solution. These data indicate that black locust can be grown hydroponically using standard methods. However, growth of Amur maackia is inhibited at high solution concentrations, suggesting a sensitivity to the availability of ions, and perhaps an enhanced ability to sequester ions from its media.
Effects of Irrigation with Reclaimed Water on Citrus Tree Performance
Authors: Parsons Larry R. , Wheaton T. Adair
Published: March 2024

`Hamlin' oranges and `Orlando' tangelos on four rootstocks have been irrigated since planting in 1987 with highly treated reclaimed effluent water at application rates of ≈500, 1250, and 2500 mm/year. Reclaimed water treatments have been compared to a well water control at 500 mm/year. Tree growth, yield, and fruit quality have been satisfactory for all irrigation treatments. Growth and yield of `Orlando' tangelos was greatest at the 2500 mm rate and yield was highest on `Swingle' citrumelo and `Carrizo' citrange rootstocks. `Orlando' tangelos benefited more from the high irrigation rates than `Hamlin' oranges. Dilution of soluble solids in the juice by high irrigation rates has diminished as trees matured. Leaf nutrient content was influenced by irrigation, variety, and rootstock. Reclaimed water supplied all the phosphorous and boron needed for citrus production. Soil pH increased due to irrigation with reclaimed water. No disease problems have resulted from the high irrigation rates. Irrigation with high rates of reclaimed water on deep well-drained sands is not detrimental and has benefited citrus production.
A Propagation and Reintroduction Strategy for the Neches River Rose Mallow, Hibiscus dasycalyx
Authors: Smith Erin , Creech David
Published: March 2024

Hibiscus dasycalyx is known from less than 10 locations along the Neches River. A many-stemmed, woody-based, narrow-leafed perennial to 4 ft, the species displays showy white-petaled, 3-inch blooms in summer and fall. The species is federally endangered due to loss of habitat and interspecific hybridization with the Soldier Rose Mallow, Hibiscus militaris, a species that encroaches into the range of the Neches River Rose Mallow. A 1994 seed propagation study included nine collection dates (late July to late October) and stratification at 0, 2, 4, and 6 weeks prior to planting. Germination percentages were low; only the 7/22 and 9/10 collection dates exhibited a germination rate above 25% and stratification did not improve germination percentages. In late Fall 1994, container-grown plants exhibited an almost universal tendency to enter dormancy in a greenhouse maintained above 70F and provided with long-days via supplemental lighting. In two cutting propagation trials, cuttings collected 8/23 rooted at 65%; a 11/22 cutting collection failed to root. Seedling variation in leaf shape and growth rate is high. The results of 1995 cutting propagation trials will be presented. A reintroduction strategy for the species under the umbrella of the Stephen F. Austin State Univ. Arboretum includes establishing a sustainable planting of the species in the Arboretum and reintroduction into Mill Creek Gardens, a Nacogdoches county conservation easement.
Evaluation of Onion Lines for Resistance to Onion White Rot and Onion Maggot
Authors: McDonald M.R. , Lewis T. , Goldman I.
Published: March 2024

Onion lines were evaluated for resistance to Allium white rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk.) and onion maggot [Delia antigua (Meig.)] in field plots established on organic soil in the Bradford Marsh, Ontario. White rote valuations were conducted on 20 lines in 1992–1994, with follow-up laboratory trials in 1995. Onion maggot screening was conducted on these same lines in 1993 and 1994. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete-block design with four replications per line. Significant differences in susceptibility to white rot were found in 1992 and 1993, while differences in onion maggot resistance were identified in 1993 and 1994. Commercial cultivars Norstar and Fortress had relatively low levels of onion maggot damage and Fortress demonstrated some tolerance to white rot. Other lines with low levels of white rot infection were 1292-91, 1564-91, 124-93, 116-93, and 117-93, from the breeding program at the Univ. of Wisconsin. Line 1292-91 also had low levels of onion maggot damage. The horticultural characteristics of the onion lines will be discussed.
`Black Ruby', a Japanese-type Plum Adapted to the Humid Southeastern United States
Authors: Okie W.R.
Published: March 2024

`Black Ruby' is the newest plum released by the USDA stone fruit breeding program at Byron. This variety has large, firm fruit that ripens in early July, about 1 week after `Santa Rosa'. Fruit has reddish-black skin and yellow flesh. Eating quality is very good. `Black Ruby' has an upright tree similar to `Santa Rosa', except that tree health and vigor are much better than `Santa Rosa'. USDA has been breeding plums for the humid Southeast for 30 years. Goals are to combine large, firm, high-quality fruit with a disease-resistant tree that will live 8 to 10 years. Most plum varieties are short-lived in our area due to disease caused by Xanthomonas, Pseudomonas, and Xylella. Most existing varieties adapted to our climate have fruit unsuitable for commercial production. Previous USDA releases include “green plum” types `Robusto' (1980) and `Segundo' (1984); a yellow plum, `Byrongold' (1985); a black shipping plum, `Explorer' (1980); and the blood-fleshed, high-quality `Rubysweet' (1989).
Effects of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Compost Mulch on Growth, Yield, and Soil Analysis of Papaya (Carica papaya L.)
Authors: Ozores-Hampton Monica , Bryan Herbert H
Published: March 2024

Municipal solid waste compost was applied with a side delivery applicator on top of the bed as a mulch in May 1993, 6 months after transplanting at Homestead, Fla. Papaya (`Know You No 1') was grown with and without compost mulch. Compost was distributed on the surface of the bed ≈90 cm wide and 5 cm thick. There were no mulch effects on trunk diameter nor plant height. Plant height was affected by papaya sex 4 and 6 months after transplanting. Hermaphroditic plants were taller than female plants. There were no mulch effects on marketable yield per plant, marketable size, or number of cull fruit. Sex, however, influenced papaya size and total cull number. Hermaphroditic plants produced larger marketable fruit and more cull fruits than female plants. Lower plant mortality rates were found after 1.5 years in the mulched plants compared to unmulched plants. Soil and tissue analysis showed no differences in N, P, K, Mg, S, Mn, Fe, Cu, and B, except for Zn. Zinc contents in soil and tissue were higher in the mulched areas than unmulched areas.
Endosulfan Sprays on Bract Disorders of Poinsettia Gross Supjibi
Authors: Blom T.J.
Published: March 2024

Bract edge burn (BEB) has been observed in different greenhouse operations across North America over the past 10 years. The symptoms develop at anthesis or shortly after shipping. Varieties such as `Supjibi', `V-14 Glory', and `Celebrate 2' are considered susceptible cultivars. A number of trials using endosulfan (Thiodan) have been conducted. In 1993, `Supjibi' branched poinsettias were sprayed with either Thiodan, Decis, Thiodan + Decis, or water or remained unsprayed. The sprays were applied in week 39, 42 or 45. For each treatment period, plants were treated three times at 4-day intervals at label recommendations. At anthesis (week 47), plants sprayed with Thiodan or Thiodan + Decis during week 39 showed necrosis in the margin of the transitional bracts. In 1994, single spray applications in week 39, 40, 41, 42, or 45 of Thiodan, Ca (400 ppm), Thiodan + Ca in a tank mix, unsprayed, or Thiodan followed by four calcium sprays (weekly) in November. At week 48, all treatments except the latter showed necrosis, except this time it was marginal flecking in the transitional or primary bracts. In Spring 1995, single vs. multiple Thiodan applications were compared.
Morphological Characteristics of Evergreen Azaleas Correlate with Freezing Survival of Flower Buds
Authors: Gordon Susan H. , Hull Richard J.
Published: March 2024

Frequent winter injury to flower buds is a major deterrent to the widespread landscape use of evergreen azaleas in the northern United States and southern Canada. Field observations indicate that azalea cultivars differ greatly in their capacity for cold acclimation during the fall. Azaleas also express wide variation in morphological features, such as Ieaf number, density, percent abscission, twig Iength, flower bud development rate, number or bud scales, and petal color. We attempted to correlate these characteristics with the establishment of flower bud cold tolerance during the fall season. Young (3-year-old) plants of more than 60 azalea cultivars were investigated under nursery conditions. Twigs were subjected to controlled freezing to quantify frost tolerance of flower buds. Percent live florets per bud and number of dead florets per bud were correlated with morphological characters. Floret development (floret Iength and style Iength) correlated positively with cold acclimation. Stem and Ieaf characters showed no consistent correlation with bud cold tolerance. Petal coloration, although not expressed at time of study, also correlated with cold acclimation. The extent of flower bud development proved to be the best indicator of fall and early winter frost tolerance.
Effect of Temperature on Chemical Apple Thinning Results
Authors: Byers Ross E. , Smith Alson H.
Published: March 2024

An analysis of daytime high temperatures for the 10-year period from 1984 to 1993 indicated that, in the 21 days after full bloom (AFB) in 7 of 10 years, there were 3 days or more above 29.5C. In the 15- to 21-day period AFB, when fruit are considered at their optimum diameter (8 to 12 mm) for thinning, only 3 days above 29.5C were recorded. In the 15 to 21 days AFB, the high temperature was only 24C for 7 out of 10 years. Thus, growers would have to spray at temperatures 5.6C degrees lower if they were to choose to spray the warmest 3 days during the 15- to 21-day period when fruit are 8 to 12 mm in diameter. NAA caused thinning of `Golden Delicious' fruit at 8-mm fruit diameter. Tank mixing of one of several pesticides (regulaid or guthion, captan, carzol, imidan, polyram, lorsban, omite, or lannate) had no effect on NAA efficacy. Comparison of identical chemical thinning treatments (carbaryl + Accel + oil) applied to `York' and `Red Delicious' apple trees indicated that more thinning occurred with the PF treatments than at 8 mm. Average 2-day high temperatures at PF were 7.1C higher at PF for the `Red Delicious' experiment and 5.6C higher for the `York' experiment. The higher temperatures at PF could account for the differences in thinning response and not the spray timing. Pollination and fertilization inhibitors caused some fruit thinning at the highest rates and multiple applications. The MYX4801 caused more thinning and more injury to fruit than other materials. Endothall gave good thinning without fruit injury. Wilthin (GWN-6592) did cause some thinning, but fruit injury was a problem in one experiment.
Response of Several Grass and Legume Species to Paper Deinking Sludge
Authors: Fierro A. , Norrie J. , Gosselin A. , Beauchamp C.J.
Published: March 2024

Paper recycling generates large quantities of de-inking sludge, which is disposed of mainly by landfilling. More ecological disposal alternatives include land application and use as a container nursery medium. In this study, raw de-inking sludge was evaluated as a medium component supplemented with applications of four N fertilization regimes for the growth of three grass species (Festuca ovina duriuscula, Agropyron elongatum, Alopecurus pratensis), and four regimes of P fertilization for the growth of three Rhizobium-inoculated legumes (Medicago lupulina, Galega orientalis, Melillotus officinalis). Fertilizer was applied on the basis of sludge rate to maintain a uniform C: N ratio across sludge treatments. In one experiment, sand was mixed with 0, 10%, 20%, and 30% sludge by volume and 20% perlite, while in a second experiment, mineral soil was mixed with 0, 27%, 53%, and 80 % sludge and 20% perlite. Results indicate that shoot dry weight of all species increased with the amount of sludge in the mixture in tests with sand. In the soil mixture experiment, grasses showed the best response to treatments of 53% sludge mixture at the two highest N treatments. In general, shoot dry weight was more directly related to the total amount of N applied than to the C: N ratio of the substrate. The nutritional status (foliar N and P) also was investigated for one grass and one legume species.
Zonal Geranium Growth and Flowering Response to Chemical Growth Retardants
Authors: Whipker Brian E. , Hammer P. Allen
Published: March 2024

Chemical plant growth retardant (PGR) treatments (mg·liter–1) were applied as foliar sprays to three zonal geranium cultivars: chlormequat at 1500, applied two, three, and four times, a combination of chlormequat at 750 and daminozide at 1250, applied one and two times, and paclobutrazol applied once at 5, 10, 20, and 30; twice at 5, 10, and 15; and three times at 5, plus an untreated control. Two paclobutrazol drench treatments at 0.1 and 0.25 mg a.i. per pot were also applied. The results of the PGR applications were significant at the cultivar × treatment interaction for leaf canopy height and plant diameter. Paclobutrazol rates of 10 to 15 mg·liter–1 resulted in acceptable height control for `Medallion Dark Red' and `Aurora'. `Pink Satisfaction' is a less vigorous cultivar and lower paclobutrazol rates of 5 to 10 mg·liter–1 were more suitable. When the total concentration of the single and multiple applications were compared, no additional height control was realized with the multiple applications of paclobutrazol.
Variation in Micropropagated Trees of `Redspur Delicious' Apple
Authors: Zimmerman Richard H.
Published: March 2024

Small actively growing micropropagated trees of `Redspur Delicious' apple (Malus xdomestica Borkh.) were planted in an orchard at the end of May 1982. By Spring 1986, a lack of uniformity in tree size, appearance, and flowering was obvious. Only four of the 18 trees had a typical spur-type growth habit. These four trees had significantly more spurs per unit of shoot length, flowered sooner, had higher early fruit yields, and remained significantly smaller after 13 years in the orchard, but had significantly less cumulative yield than the nonspur types. Shoots from the spur-type trees were recultured in 1988 and the resulting trees planted in an orchard in 1990. These latter trees were uniform in appearance and all had typical spur-type growth with ≈30% more spurs per meter of shoot growth than the original trees from which they were propagated.
Study on Genetic Relationship of Peach Rootstocks by RAPD Markers
Authors: Lu Zhen-Xiang , Reighard G.L. , Baird W.V. , Abbott A.G.
Published: March 2024

Cluster analyses of 20 peach rootstocks by 40 RAPD markers produced a dendrogram of genetic relationship in good agreement with their putative pedigrees. BY520-9, BY520-8, SL1089, and SL1090, which are selections derived from a common ancestor, clustered together, with the normalized average distance (NAD) ranging from 0.20 to 0.55. Similarly, the clustering of Lovell with Halford and Boone County with Harrow Blood, whose respective NADs were 0.19 and 0.22, implied a high degree of genetic relatedness between each pair of genotypes. Okinawa and Yunnan, both introduced from eastern Asia, tied in a close group (NAD = 0.63) and share relatively similar phenotypes. The first major bifurcation in the dendrogram divided the 20 rootstocks into two groups. One group (Lovell, Halford, Montclar, Bailey, Harrow Blood, Boone County, Tennessee Natural, and GF 305) is susceptible to root-knot nematodes, whereas the second group (BY520-9, BY520-8, SL1089, SL1090, Higama, Nemaguard, Flordaguard, Yunnan, Okinawa, and Nemared), with the exception of Rubira and Siberian C, is tolerant or resistant.
Transfer of Lycopersicon chilense Chitinase Gene to Cultivated Tomato (L. esculentum)
Authors: Agharbaoui Zahra , Yu Long Xi , Poysa Viano , Tabaeizadeh Zohreh
Published: March 2024

We have isolated a drought-induced chitinase gene from L. chilense, a wild tomato species. Owing to our interests in genetic improvement of cultivated tomato, we have transferred the L. chilense chitinase gene to this species. The transformation plasmid constructed contained the coding sequence of L. chilense chitinase gene linked to CaMVS35 promoter as well as the NPT II gene linked to nopaline synthetase promoter. The leaf disk transformation regeneration technique was applied to one commercial tomato cultivar and four inbred lines. Shoots were produced on the selection medium through direct or indirect organogenesis. Plantlets that have been rooted on kanamycin-containing medium were transferred to soil where they grew to maturity and produced flowers and fruit. The transgenic nature of some of the analyzed plants was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Research is continuing to evaluate transgenic plants with regard to their level of tolerance to phytogenic fungi.
In Situ Prediction of Fresh and Dry Weight of Peach Fruit
Authors: Zegbe-D Jorge A.
Published: March 2024

To estimate the effect of treatments or cultural practices over fruit dimensions on peach, such as fresh and dry weight and equatorial and polar diameters (FW, DW, ED and PD, respectively), the use of destructive samples are frequent. These variables are generally not included, due to the time-consuming and research costs involved. With the purpose to determine in situ the FW and DW of fruit of seedling peach trees, two cubic regression models (CRM) were fitted with 1241 and 1119 field observations of FW, DW, and ED. To determine DW, fruits were cut off immediately and dried at 70C for 24-h. These measurements were taken during growing season of 1984 and 1985. At 2-week intervals, 12 samples were collected each year. Each sample consisted in harvesting randomly five fruits and around the middle part of trees. The CRM were fitted taking the mean of five fruits. FW and DW were used as dependent variables, while ED as independent variable. To validate both models, during the growing season of 1985, 11 samples (five fruits per sample) were taken again from other trees. The real and predicted values of FW and DW were analyzed by a linear regression model (IRM), to know the grade of adjustment between them. The CRM of both variables had significant fit (r2 = 0.975 and 0.941 for FW and DW, respectively). In contrast, the highest variation coefficient was observed in DW (29.14%), compared with FW (13.4%). In both cubic models, error mean square was the lowest compared to other models. The linear relation between real and predicted values ha values of r2 = 0.983 and 0.941 for FW and DW, respectively; while the variation coefficients were 9.59% (FW) and 17.32% (DW). The CRM's can be used in future seedling peach experimental works, to predict fruit weight after full bloom until harvest.
Yield of Three Cultivars of Muskmelon Growth on Transparent Mulch and Floating Rowcover in a Tropical Region
Authors: Farias-Larios Javier , Orozco-Santos Mario , Guzman-Gonzalez Salvador
Published: March 2024

Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) is the major cucurbit crop in the Colima state, Mexico. The use transparent plastic mulch continues to increase in that region for high production technology systems of muskmelon, and more recently floating rowcovers were introduced to protect cucurbits from insects (direct pests or vector of viruses) and to increase yield of cucurbit crops. During 1993, yield was evaluated of three cultivars of muskmelon (`Crushier', `Laguna', and `Durango') growing on transparent polyethylene mulch alone or with floating rowcover. The cultivar Crushier showed the higher yield 40 ton/ha (77% for export market), followed by `Durango' with 28.5 ton (77% for export quality) and `Laguna' with about 23 ton (only 40% of export fruit). There was no significant difference in yield between cultivar growth on transparent mulch plots alone and combined with floating rowcover. Also, floating rowcover excluded (until perfect flowering) beetles leafminers, sweetpotato whitefly, and aphids, reducing the use of insecticide by 50%.
Chemical and Physical Characteristics of Composts Derived from Waxed Corrugated Cardboard and Other Organic Wastes
Authors: Raymond D.A. , Voroney R.P. , Chong C.
Published: March 2024

Composting of organic wastes to use as soil amendments or in potting substrates offers great potential for diversion of these wastes from landfills. The chemical and physical characteristics of 12 composts containing (by volume) spent mushroom substrate (50%), waste waxed corrugated cardboard (WCC, 0%, 25% or 50%), and/or pulverized wood wastes (PWW, 50%, 25%, or 0%) were measured during two separate windrow composting periods (14 to 18 weeks). Supplemental N was added to some of the composts in the form of poultry manure and/or soybean processing wastes. During the first 8 to 10 weeks, composts containing 50% WCC tended to reach and maintain higher temperatures, but subsequently cooled more rapidly. Microbial activity (CO2 evolution) also was initially higher in these composts but fell by week 12 to levels, comparable to composts containing 50% PWW. The paraffin wax in WCC-containing composts was degraded almost completely (>95%). Total N (1.2% to 1.6% DW), P (0.30% to 0.55%), and K (0.9% to 1.2%) concentrations were within, typical ranges but highest in composts containing 50% WCC. KCI-extractable NH4-N (494 mg N/kg) and NO3 + NO2-N (281 mg N/kg) were highest and lowest, respectively, in composts containing 50% WCC. Electrical conductivity (4.5 to 8.5 mS·cm–1) and pH (7.5 to 8.5) were high in all composts and highest in composts with 50% WCC. Concentrations of phenolic compounds were highest in composts containing 50% WCC, manure, and soybean wastes. C:N ratios of all composts were within an acceptable range (18 to 23.1).
Biosolids–Yard Trimming Composts Increases Bell Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Yields
Authors: Roe Nancy E. , Stoffella Peter J.
Published: March 2024

Composts may improve crop growth in sandy soils. A biosolids-yard trimming compost (C) was incorporated into sandy soil at 134 t·ha–1 (49.7% moisture) before applying polyethylene mulch. Fertilizer (F) was applied at 0%, 50%, and 100% of the grower's rate (71N–39P–44K t·ha–1 broadcast and 283N–278K t·ha–1 banded in bed centers). `Elisa' pepper transplants were planted 20 Jan. 1994. Marketable fruit weights were 20, 31, and 32 t·ha–1 without C and 30, 35, and 32 t·ha–1 with C for 0%, 50%, and 100% F, respectively. Pepper fruit weights increased with increasing F rates and were higher in plots with C than without C. Without removing mulch, `Thunder' cucumbers were seeded on 26 Sept. 1994. Marketable fruit weights were similar at the three F levels, but were 23 and 27 t·ha–1 without and with C, respectively. One application of C significantly increased bell pepper yields and a subsequent cucumber crop.
Weed Control Strategies for Wildflower Plantings
Authors: Corley W.L.
Published: March 2024

Several approaches can be taken to minimize weed intrusion of wildflower plantings. To suppress existing weed seeds, the primary and most important cultural practice is proper seedbed preparation. Research has shown that short-term preemergent herbicides, multiple tillings, solarization, and fumigation can result in good weed control during the initial year of wildflower establishment. Other strategies include increased seeding rates, use of aggressive species, and selective herbicides.
Testing Petiole Sap for Nitrate and Potassium: A Comparison of Different Analytical Techniques
Authors: Rosen Carl J. , Errebhi Mohamed , Wenshan Wang
Published: March 2024

An important aspect of establishing critical sap nutrient concentrations for diagnostic purposes is to determine the accuracy and precision of the analytical method used. We compared a Cardy flat membrane NO3 electrode, a Hach portable NO3 electrode, and a Wescan N analyzer for their ability to determine NO3 concentrations in sap of potato petioles. The Hach and Wescan instruments require diluted sap, while nondiluted sap can be used with the Cardy. Nitrate-N concentrations in nondiluted petiole sap measured with the Cardy electrode were 100 to 200 mg·liter–1 higher than the other two methods. Using sap diluted with 0.15 M Al2(SO4)3 tended to lower Cardy NO3 readings to concentrations closer to the other methods, but made the procedure more complicated for practical use. We also compared a Cardy K electrode with flame emission spectroscopy for determining K concentrations in sap. Using nondiluted sap with the Cardy procedure resulted in K concentrations 1000 to 1700 mg·liter–1 lower than those determined by flame emission. Diluting sap with 0.15 M Al2(SO4)3 for use with the Cardy electrode resulted K concentrations similar to those determined by flame emission. Implications for using the electrodes for diagnostic purposes will be discussed.
Developing a Usage Plan for a University Teaching Garden
Authors: Hoel Heidi L.
Published: March 2024

The Allen Centennial Gardens are located at the Univ. of Wisconsin–Madison on the grounds of the National Historical site, the house of the first four deans of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences. The 2.5-acre garden, developed and managed primarily by the Dept. of Horticulture, replaced the old teaching and display garden space taken over in building additions. Within the past 10 years the grounds have been designed and transformed into a garden, with 26 individual collection gardens, including: turf, fruit and vegetable gardens, classic ornamental gardens (with both herbaceous and woody perennials), and a rock alpine garden. As it receives its finishing touches, an education plan is being developed to complement the education purpose of the garden; the goal of the garden is to become an active site for learning through both observation and interaction with the garden collections. The two main themes of the learning experience are: 1) the biology of the diverse and unique plant collections (including: culture, practices, and production), and 2) the aesthetics of the garden (the organization of space, form, topography, and color). Implementation of education programs will occur on the following four levels: first the university (first the horticulture department, second other departments and university functions); second, area high schools groups; third, community and professional groups; and fourth, elementary school groups. The education programs will include mapping, internships, classes, meetings, volunteerism, and tours. The Allen Centennial Gardens, with its education mission, has already and will continue to be a meeting grounds for the university community, and a meetings ground for both the professional community and Madison-area community.
The Effect of Bud Thinning on Yield Compensation in `Kotata' and `Marion' Trailing Blackberry
Authors: Mann Juliet , Strik Bernadine C.
Published: March 2024

Mature `Kotata' and `Marion' trailing blackberry plants were studied in 1994. In `Kotata', canes were subjected to 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% primary bud removal in Feb. 1994. In `Marion' 0, 55, or 100 primary buds were removed per dm2 from fruiting sections (panels). Primary bud removal did not subsequently affect yield per cane or per dm2 in either cultivar. Yield compensation occurred through production of secondary laterals, which were as fruitful as primary laterals.
Nahwu and Shorof Analyzing on Fi’il Majhul in Surah Yasin
Authors: Muhtadin Imam
Published: March 2024

The researcher discussed about fi’il majhul because it was necessary to understand some of  Arabic language, and because fi’il majhul is different with fi’il ma’lum, and many beginners feel difficult in differentiating between fi’il majhul and fi’il ma’lum. The researcher choose surrat Yassin because surah Yasin is the heart of Qur’an. . The number of fi’il majhul in Surah Yasin is fourteen (14) verses, that be found is twelve (12) verses. The most fi’il majhul in Surah Yasin consists of fi’il stulatsi mujarrod, with 8 verbs. And others consist of fi’il tsulatsi mazid bi harfin with six (6) verbs. The researcher does not bounded fi’il tsulatsi mazid biharfain or tsalatsah or fi’il ruba’i in this surah. The number of fi’il majhul in Surat Yassin consists of bina’ shahih with nine (9) verbs.  bina’  ajwaf wawi with tree (3) verbs,  one verb from bina’ naqis lam at 54th verse, one verb from  bina’ mitsal wawi at 63rd verse, and the researcher does not find another building in this surah.
Studying of Arabic Instruction System in Language Class and Non-language Class at Islamic State Junior High School of Tuban
Authors: Rouf Muhammad
Published: March 2024

Islamic State Junior High School of Tuban is an Islamic school where religious lessons are taught, including Arabic language subject. It has three main programs: Language Program, Mathematic and Science Program, and Social Science Program. Students at language department learn Arabic language matter more than students at other class. In fact, students at natural and social science class that learn Arabic language more little, could outperform students achievement in language class. The data of more superiority students at non language class than students at language class is talked by teacher of Arabic language.  The purpose of this research is to determine how developing curriculum in language and non-language classes. This research used a qualitative and descriptive method. Data were collected by observation, interview and documentation. The results, from the research, aren’t suitable with the purpose that was planned.. So that, all programs that have been set up don’t walk maximumly as expected.
المدخل الاتصالي في تعليم اللغة العربية
Authors: Asy'ari Hasyim
Published: March 2024

إن المدخل الاتصالي هي ألة التعامل مع المجتمع في مكان ما أو فهم ما من أفكارهم وشعورهم. والتعليم اللغوي لأجل التعامل مع المجتمع وتحقيق الاتصال بين الأفكار العادية بدون تخطيط أو تنظيم مقصور مسبق. وفي المدخل الاتصالي فرق بين الكفاية اللُّغويّة والكفاية الاتِّصاليّة. ويستخدم الباحث الطريقة الوصفية في بحثه. والحاصل من التحليل هي أن للكفاية الاتصالية في تعليم اللغة بالنسبة لهذا المدخل الاتصالي أربع كفايات فهي: الكفاية النحويّة   Grammatical Competence  هي الفرع المسؤول عن المواد المعجميَّة، وقواعد الأصوات، والنحو، والصرف، والدلالة. الكفاية الاجتماعية، وهي الأهم ارتباطها بمعرفة القواعد الاجتماعية، والثقافية للغة الخطاب. كفاية تحليل الخطاب Discourse Competence  وهي مكملة للكفاية النحوية، فكفاية الخطاب مهمتها الأساس الاهتمام بالعلاقات اللغويّة بين الجمل. الكفاية الاستراتيجيَّة، وهي عبارة عن مجموعة من القدرات العامة التي توظف كلَّ عناصر الكفاية اللغوية (وكذلك المهارات الحركية) في عملية استخلاص المعنى
أهمية خصائص الكفاءات لمعلم اللغة العربية بالجامعة في التربية والتعليم
Authors: Nurhayati Anin
Published: March 2024

نجاح تعليم اللغة العربية معتمدا على خصائص الكفاءات لمعلم اللغة العربية . وقررت حكومة  اندونيسيا عن الكفاءات لمعلم اللغة العربية فى الجامعة أربعة أنواع وهي الكفاءة التعليمية والكفاءة المهنية والكفاءة الاجتماعية والكفاءة الشخصية. وللوصول الي الانتاج ونيل نجاح التعليم الجيد يتعين الى توفير المعلمين الكفاءات حيث تنميتها بشكل فعال تبدأ من عملية القبول والتوظيف الي تنمية كفاءتها المستمرة. أرادت الباحثة في هذا البحث اكتشاف عن أهمية تقرير الحكومة في ترقية فعالية المعلمين اللغة العربية في تعليمهم. نظريا على هذا البحث أن له أثار على تصميم تعليم اللغة العربية. تمكين وتثبيت العوامل في تطوير أسلوب التعليم مستمدة من العوامل الداخلية والخارجية
مشكلات تدريس مهارة الكلام في المدرسة الثانويّة الإسلامية الحكومية الثانية تولونج أجونج للعام الدراسي ۲۰۱۷–۲۰۱۸
Authors: Nuryani Nuryani
Published: March 2024

إن الكلام هو أداة رئيسية ليبني التفاهم بوسيلة اللغة. ومهارة الكلام هي إحدى المهارات اللغوية التى يدرسها الطلاب في تعلم اللغة العربية. رغم أنها مهارة مهمة إلا أنها صارت احدى المشكلات التي يواجهها الطلاب أثناء تعلم اللغة العربية. كثير من الطلاب  الذين يجدون صعوبة في إتقان تلك المهارة. والمشكلات  يمكن  أن تكون من العاملين: الأول، العامل الداخلي مثل المواهب والحماسة أو غيرهما. والثاني، العامل الخارجي، فهو حالة البيئة، والكتب، والمدرس والطرق المستخدمة. وتلك المشكلات ظهرت في المدرسة الثانويّة الإسلامية الحكومية الثانية تولونج أجونج للصف العاشر للعام الدراسي ۲۰۱۷–۲۰۱۸. غير أن تلك المدرسة قد علمت مهارة الكلام تعليما طويلا إلا أنها لاتزال تواجه المشكلات في تعليمها. و من هذه المشكلة اراد الباحث أن يوصف مشكلات تدريس مهارة الكلام فيها. استخدم الباحث المنهج الكيفي بطريقة وصفية. ووجد الباحث أن المشكلات في هذا التعليم فهي: (أ) مشكلات المدرس، (1) التوجه إلى الكفاءة الأساسية وفقا بمعيار المنهج الدراسي، (2) صعوبة بحث مادة الناطقين، (3) المدرس لم يستطيع أن يتكلم اللغة العربية ك لهجة العربي، (4) ضيق الوقت و الشعر بالتعب في عملية تعليم مهارة الكلام. (ب) والمشكلات التي وجدها الطلاب، (1) تنوع الطلاب مع قدراتهم وخلفيات متنوعة، (2) لم يتقن الطلاب على المفردات، (3) هناك خطأ في نطق الطالب، (4) طلاب كسول لتعليم اللغة العربية. ويشعر الطلاب بالخوف في الكلام، (5) لا توجد بيئة اللغة في المدرسة، (6) مشاكل خارجية في التعلُّمِ اللغة العربية.
أثر اللغة الأم في نطق المفردات العربية بمعهد تحفيظ القرآن " ابن كثير " للبنات جمبير سنة 2017
Authors: NURCHAYATI SITI
Published: March 2024

Abstrak Indonesia adalah negara yang yang sangat kaya, Negara yang yang terdiri dari beribu- ribu pulau dan suku bangsa. Keberagaman suku bangsa ini menyebabkan keberagaman bahasa Daerah.  Di Indonesia ada lebih dari 250 bahasa Daerah, diantaranya bahasa Jawa, bahasa Madura, bahasa Sunda, bahasa Sasak, bahasa Bugis, bahasa Batak, bahasa Dayak, dan masih banyak lagi bahasa- bahasa Daerah yang tidak bisa kami sebutkan satu persatu. Bahasa Daerah ini semua menjadi bahasa Ibu atau bahasa yang pertama kali dipelajari oleh seseorang, dimana dia memulai kehidupannya. Keanekaragaman bahasa daerah tentu sangat mempengaruhi bagaimana bahasa dibunyikan atau diucapkan, terlebih bila bahasa daerah itu menjadi bahasa ibu yang cenderung lebih sering digunakan dalam percakapan sehari-hari. Dalam pembelajaran Bahasa Arab sebagai bahasa Asing atau sebagai bahasa Target keberagaman bahasa Daerah atau bahasa Ibu mempengaruhi pelafatan kosa kata dalam bahasa Arab. Namun pengaruh pelafatan itu ada kalanya yang merubah arti semula dan ada yang tidak merubah arti dari kata bahasa Arab tersebut. Bahasa Ibu, Kosa kata bahasa Arab.
تعليم كتب التراث لترقية مهارة القراءة في المرحلة الثانوية الإسلامية
Authors: الله محمد نصر
Published: March 2024

ملخص: كان استيعاب اللغة العربية مهما كاللغة الأجنبية الثانية بعد اللغة الانجليزية. ولذلك، كان تعلمها من حاجة ماسّة. وكذلك هناك المعلومات والعلوم سواء في مجال التقنيك والعلوم الخالصة والاقتصادية وعلم النفس تصدر عن الكتب العربية منها ما يسمى بالكتب التراث أو الكتب الصفراء. إن الكتب الصفراء  أو كتب التراث هي تسمية للكتب القديمة التي صارت مواد دراسية مهمة في المعاهد الإسلامية  كما تُدرس في بعض المدارس الإسلامية الآن. ومن الأهمية لابد من إجراء البحث حول تعليم كتب التراث كي يساعد بعض المدرسين في معرفة مشكلاتهم والطرق في تحليلها.
تطبيق لعبة "من أنا" لترقية مهارة الطلاب في إتقان المفردات العربية بمعهد المودّة الإسلاميّ للبنات فونوروغو
Authors: Alfarid Ummu Abidah
Published: March 2024

ملخص: إن نجاح التعلم عندما يتمكن أحد اختصاصيي التعليم من نقل المادة بشكل جيد، هو قادر على وضع استراتيجية تعلم مناسبة للطلاب حتى يمكن أن تعمل عملية التعلم بشكل جيد. بحيث يمكن تحقيق التعلم كما هو متوقع. من الطرق التي يمكن من خلالها تهيئة جو مريح ومبهج في التعلم هو اللعب أثناء التعلم. الهدف الذي يجب تحقيقه في هذا البحث هو معرفة تنفيذ لعبة "من أنا" لتحسين إتقان مفردات الطلاب.

هذا البحث هو دراسة وصفية نوعية. تم إجراء هذا البحث في معهد المودّة الإسلاميّ للبنات بقرية تسوفير، منطقة جيتيس الفرعية، منطقة بونوروغو. وكانت الموضوعات في هذه الدراسة معلمي اللغة العربية وطلاب الصف الأول. طرائق جمع البيانات باستخدام الملاحظة والمقابلات والوثائق. نتائج هذه الدراسة هي ألعاب "من أنا" يمكن أن تحسن نوعية واهتماما الطلاب في تعلم المفردات العربية. لعبة "من أنا" تعطي الطلاب فهماً للمفردات العربية من خلال عملية تعلم اللعب أثناء التعلم. لعبة "من أنا" تعطي حافزا للطلاب للتركيز على تعلم اللغة العربية. يمكن للعبة "من أنا" أن تعزز الذاكرة وأن تطلق منحنية المفردات العربية.
Taṣmīm Barnāmij Autoplay Fī Ta'līm Al-Lugah Al-'Arabiyyah Litarqiyyah Al-Mahārāt Al-Lugawiyyah Bimadrasah Wāhid Hāsyim As\-S\Ānawiyyah As\-S\Āniyyah Tāmān Sīdowārjo
Authors: Khanafi Mukhammad
Published: March 2024

The hope that never disappears and always demands the teacher is how the material delivered by the teacher can be mastered by students thoroughly, this is a pretty difficult problem felt by the teacher. The problem that occurs in the learning process at this school is that the material used is an Arabic conversation book which contains only all conversations and there are no text and practice questions. This makes students bored even though they learn Arabic by memorizing what is in the book, and students feel they need new material to be creative and innovative in their learning.With the autoplay application, it is hoped that it can increase interest and motivation to learn Arabic so they can succeed in learning. The research method used by researchers in this research is experimental quantitative method.From the results of the study that there is a high level of effectiveness and attractiveness based on learning outcomes in the post test 40% greater than the pre test, where the graduation rate at the beginning is 50% to 90%. Because the t value is greater than 13,887> 2,045 than the t table value, it means that there is an effect of using Autoplay in improving Arabic language skills in this school.So the researchers concluded that the use of autoplay media was very effective.
تصميم الأنشطة الصفية لتعليم اللغة العربية على أساس الذكاءات المتعددة في مدرسة سبيل الرشاد الثانوية الإسلامية كاسيك بمالانج
Authors: Yahya Muhyidin , Rosyidi Abdul Wahab , Taufiqurrochman Taufiqurrochman
Published: March 2024

تهدف هذا البحث لوصف تصميم الأنشطة الصفية لتعليم اللغة العربية على أساس الذكاءات المتعددة في مدرسة سبيل الرشاد الثانوية الإسلامية كاسيك بمالانج. واستخدم الباحث المنهج الوصفي بالمدخل الكيفي. استخدم الباحث الملاحظة والمقابلة والوثائق في جمع البيانات. ثم تحليل البيانات بنظرية التحليلية مايليس وهيبيرمان هي تكثيف البيانات، عرضها والاستنتاج. واستخدم الباحث فحص صحة البيانات بطريقة التثليث. أما نتائج البحث فهي: 1) الأنشطة الموسيقية تستخدم في مادة الاستماع، 2) والتعبير الصوري في مادة الكلام، 3) والمناقشة الجماعية في مادة القراءة، 4) واستخدام لعبة الكلمات في مادة الكتابة.
The Project-Based Learning Practices in the Teaching of Writing Course
Authors: Fatmawati Ayu , Musthafa Bachrudin , Gunawan Wawan
Published: March 2024

The qualitative research aimed to observe Project-Based Learning (PjBL) implementation in writing courses viewed from the project types and the teaching-learning activities. Several activities in project-based learning implementation could be modified to meet various students’ needs, unexceptionally in the same subject. The various patterns of PjBL often resulted in the bias of its implementation among teachers who wanted to conduct this teaching model. The participants were the lecturers who taught the Professional Writing course in the fourth semester. Data were collected using observation of classroom activities, semi-structured interviews, and documentation. The collected data were analyzed using thematic analysis, emphasizing identifying, analyzing, and interpreting patterns of meaning within qualitative data. The findings show that the project types are different in the form of the final output: business plans and video essays. The other findings find that there is a variety of teaching-learning activities, but they have identical project-based learning patterns, namely (a) preparation, (b) planning, (c) creating a project, (d) monitoring and revising, and (e) evaluation. PjBL provides some advantages for students. Thus, it is suggested that all EFL (English as a Foreign Language) lecturers implement those five project-based learning patterns in their classes.